I 
 
LONGMANS' 
 
 Gazetteer of the World 
 
LONGMANS 
 
 i^ZETTEER of tKeWoRLD 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 GEORGE G. CHISHOLM, M.A., B.Sc. 
 
 t( 
 FELLOW OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL AND 
 STATISTICAL SOCIETIES 
 
 LONDON 
 
 LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 
 
 AND NEW YORK 
 
 1895 
 
 lylll rights reserved] 
 

 76 /// 
 
 Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co. 
 At the Ballantyne Press 
 
INTRODUCTION ruNivERsiTY 
 
 However brief it is desirable to make the introduction to a volume already large, some preliminary 
 explanations are absolutely required. 
 
 In the first place, those who use the Gazetteer ought to be told what they may expect to find in it. 
 As regards the contents of the Gazetteer, the chief thing aimed at has been to make the selection of 
 names entered in alphabetical order as complete as possible for the purposes of those who are most likely 
 to consult it, and to localise the places entered by the method most likely to facilitate their being found 
 or placed on the map. 
 
 With respect to the selection of names, the British Isles have, of course, been more liberally dealt 
 with than any other parts of the world. All parishes with the exception of town parishes distinguished 
 by saints and other ecclesiastical names (like Allhallows) have been inserted ; so also have all places 
 with a railway station, and all places with a post-office, not being town sub-offices and branch offices ; 
 in Scotland also all villages separately entered in the census, and in Ireland all townlands with a popu- 
 lation above 250, and all electoral divisions not entered under some other heading. Under parishes in 
 England are included all those areas still known locally in the north of England as townships, but now 
 no longer distinguishable from parishes by definition, and not distinguished in the census returns. 
 Ecclesiastical parishes (formerly known as ecclesiastical districts) are all entered where they differ 
 wholly or partly in name from the civil parishes with which they most nearly correspond ; but to save 
 space such parishes are entered, wherever possible, under the same heading as the civil parish. This 
 rule is followed in Scotland as well as in England and Wales ; and here it may be as well to state that, 
 in accordance with the practice of the last census report, the same designations are used for Scotch as 
 for English civil and ecclesiastical parishes, instead of the designations quoad omnia and quoad sacra 
 parishes more familiar in that part of the kingdom. 
 
 Outside of the British Isles the criterion of selection most convenient to follow is that of population, 
 wherever census returns, or more or less complete official or non-official estimates, are available for this 
 purpose. But this criterion is not quite satisfactory,, inasmuch as it does not always allow of our dis- 
 tinguishing the more important aggregations of population in small towns and villages. Even in 
 England the census returns do not give the village population apart from that of the parish. In Spain 
 and the Spanish possessions the only populations obtainable for small areas are those of the communes, 
 often of considerable extent, and containing only small villages scattered over their area. Where there 
 is the means of distinguishing between village and communal population, the lower limit of population 
 adopted as the criterion of insertion for the more densely peopled parts of western Europe is 2000, 
 For the more densely peopled parts of Asia for which we have census or other population figures (India, 
 Japan, &c.), the limit adopted is 5000. It was considered that in densely peopled countries where 
 smaller places happened to be mentioned, it is not unlikely that wherever mentioned they would be 
 stated to be near some larger place ; but in the sparsely peopled parts of the world, such as Siberia, 
 no such presupposition can be made, and hence it was necessary to come below that limit in order 
 to make the selection of names sufficiently comprehensive. The reasons for inserting small places 
 are much stronger in the case of the British colonies and those parts of the United States which have 
 been most recently settled ; and in these parts of the world a great multitude of places utterly insigni- 
 ficant in respect of population (in a great many cases even below 100), but nevertheless not unlikely 
 to be referred to by those interested in them through the emigration of friends or in other ways, have 
 been included. 
 
 Even in those parts of the world where the criterion of population could be adopted, it has been 
 taken as an absolute criterion only for inclusion, not for exclusion. A large number of places below 
 the population limit have been entered on account of their geographical situation, historical interest, 
 mineral resources, and for other reasons. 
 
 The articles on countries and the larger divisions of the globe generally are mostly by specialists, 
 and are of sufficient length to allow of interesting information being given as to their features and 
 resources. To allow space for this, without unduly increasing the bulk of the work, the articles on 
 the minor subdivisions have been kept as short as possible, by confining the information contained 
 in them to characteristics that are strictly local (such as the occurrence of minerals), and the omission 
 of what is covered by the general articles on the countries or regions to which these subdivisions belong. 
 In many cases merely the position of the minor subdivisions is indicated ; but where this information 
 is important, as in the case of the ' counties ' of the British colonies and the United States, which are 
 so often named in accounts of the resources of these parts of the world, it is never omitted. But as 
 this is the sole purpose of making such entries, the entry is always made in the most concise manner 
 possible. For the most part the position of a county, province, circle, district, and the like, is indicated 
 
 V b 
 
vi INTRODUCTION 
 
 merely by mentioning the parallel of latitude and meridian of longitude that cross them or pass 
 nearest to them, and in many cases the mention of one or other, or both of these, is replaced by the 
 mention of some physical feature (such as an important river or a coast-line), or some important 
 political boundary. Where a town, village, or settlement that gives name to a county, province, &c., 
 is mentioned, it has been thought sufficient to refer to the division by an initial under the town or 
 whatever it may be. Where the area and population of a division are to be found in a table elsewhere, 
 a reference to the table is added. 
 
 Under seaports, information has always been given, where procurable, as to the accommodation 
 afforded by the harbour — depth of water available, facilities of access, facilities for loading and un- 
 loading, and the like. This information has usually been taken from Lloyd's list, as published in the 
 last issue of the Warships of the World; but occasionally consular reports or local correspondents have 
 supplied the means of giving later information. 
 
 Pains have been taken to supply information as to the healthiness of towns and districts, especially 
 in the warmer parts of the world. In the absence of other information on this head, particulars as to 
 the mean temperature (in nearly every case that of the months of January and July, or the coldest and 
 hottest months, whichever they may be, as well as the mean for the year) and the mean rainfall are 
 given for thousands of places all over the world. 
 
 Populations have always been inserted from the latest available censuses, or official or non-official 
 estimates for such parts of the world as are without censuses ; but here attention must be drawn to one 
 or two peculiarities in the present work. Populations are seldom given to the exact unit, according to 
 the authority from which they are taken. Generally only the nearest looo is given, or, in the case of 
 towns and villages below 5000, the 1000 next above the figure ascertained as the result of the last 
 census. For this there are two reasons, each of which seems to me in itself decisive. In the case of 
 the smaller towns it is desired, in any future edition issued subsequently to later censuses, to avoid 
 the necessity for making such trivial alterations as from a population of 2346 to 2420, so as to devote 
 the labour and expense that would be required for such useless changes to keeping the work thoroughly 
 up to date in matters of real importance. In speaking of such changes as useless, I am quite aware 
 that there are purposes for which it is necessary to have the exact census population even of small 
 places, but these are not purposes served by an alphabetical arrangement, which is the idea of a 
 gazetteer. The second reason for using round numbers is, that exact figures are more apt to be con- 
 fusing than instructive, and it is for this reason alone that round numbers are given for the population 
 of large towns. For small towns, villages, parishes, &c., the exact rules followed are these. For places 
 in the British Isles, the nearest 500 above the census figure is given for all places above 1000, the sign 
 < being used to indicate that the population is below the figure indicated. For places below 1000, the 
 nearest multiple of 250 above the census figure is given. For places in most parts of the world outside 
 the British Isles, the nearest 1000 above the census figure is given for all places below 5000, unless 
 they are below 2000; but <2ooo may mean any population from i to 1999. In the British colonies 
 and the United States, however, a distinction is made between places above and below 1500 but less 
 than 2000, the former being entered as <2ooo, the latter as <i5oo. 
 
 With the statistical portion of the work in general special pains have been taken, more particularly 
 with the view of making the statistical information supplied suitable to a permanent work of reference 
 rather than to a year-book. In former times much information of a year-book character might reason- 
 ably enough be looked for in a gazetteer ; but now, when so many cheap and excellent year-books, 
 official and non-official, are issued, it is time to recognise that year-book statistics are thoroughly out of 
 place in a gazetteer, which is bought perhaps once in a lifetime. Much labour has, therefore, been 
 expended in compiling tables furnishing data that it may be interesting to compare with year-book 
 returns twenty years or more hence, and in other ways to facilitate comparisons of statistical returns. 
 In the tables of countries and some of the great divisions of countries, figures are frequently given in 
 thousands (000 omitted) so as to allow of the introduction of more columns for comparison of different 
 dates. To allow of the direct comparison of the rates of increase of population between different 
 censuses, or in different countries with various census intervals, the rate of increase (or decrease) of 
 population per cent, per annum has been calculated more extensively than in any other work with 
 which I am acquainted. Where these rates are not copied from official returns (as they have been in 
 
 a few cases), they are all calculated by the formula, 100 ( \/- - 1 ) for rate of increase, 100 f \/-, ~ 
 
 for rate of decrease, where n = the number of years between the two censuses, a' the population at the 
 end, and a the population at the beginning of the period. Except in the case of the Russian articles 
 contributors are not responsible for tables of area and population. Statistics are generally avoided in the 
 articles on countries in the body of the book, except where they are useful to indicate growth or decay 
 within certain periods ; but various statistics are given in a form to facilitate comparison on pp. 3-5 
 in the Appendix. On p. 6 of the Appendix is a table giving the estimated population of various 
 countries for each year, from 1891 to 1901, on the assumption of the same rate of increase as obtained 
 between the last two censuses, or the last two at a decennial interval, being continued down to 1901, 
 This table may prove of interest or utility in two ways. First, when a new census is taken it will 
 serve to show at a glance whether the population has been increasing at a quicker or slower rate since 
 the last census than previously ; and second, for any calculations per head of population it will furnish 
 
INTRODUCTION vii 
 
 population figures that are almost certain to be nearer the truth than the last census returns. On pp. 
 7-12 of the Appendix, the agricultural statistics of the counties of the British Isles have been exhibited in 
 such a form as, first, to facilitate direct comparison between the different counties, irrespective of differ- 
 ences in area ; and secondly, to allow of a comparison between the two years in the second half of the 
 19th century in which the area under wheat has been greatest, and that in which so far it has been least. 
 Before leaving the subject of statistics, it may be well to explain, for the benefit of those who are 
 given to add up, the discrepancies that will be found in many of the tables between the totals and the 
 sum of the individual items as entered in the columns above. These discrepancies arise from two 
 causes. First, when populations or other numbers are given in thousands, i is of course added to the 
 thousands when the hundreds are 5 or above 5. In some cases the hundreds thus added may be 
 exactly balanced by the hundreds omitted below 5, and in such cases there will be no discrepancy. 
 But in other cases a discrepancy is unavoidable ; e.g. : — 
 
 Full figures. 
 234,689 
 482,728 
 
 1^7A^7 
 
 The same in thousands. 
 235 
 483 
 
 717 
 
 A similar result is often brought about where conversions are made from foreign measures, as from 
 kilometres or square kilometres into miles or square miles, the totals as well as the individual items being 
 obtained (as is right) by conversion. Thus if the hundreds in the example above represented decimals 
 of a mile or a square mile, the same discrepancy in the total would be the result. 
 
 In the spelling of foreign names the rules for the most part adhered to are those of the Royal 
 Geographical Society, of which the following are the most important : — 
 
 ' I. No change is made in the orthography of foreign names in countries which use Roman 
 letters ; thus Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, &c., names will be spelt as by the respective nations. 
 
 ' 2. Neither is change made in the spelling of such names in languages which are not written in 
 Roman character as have become by long usage familiar to English readers : thus Calcutta, Cutch, 
 Celebes, Mecca, &c., will be retained in their present form. 
 
 ' 3. The true sound of the word as locally pronounced will be taken as the basis of the spelling. 
 An approximation, however, to the sound is alone aimed at. . . . 
 The broad features of the system are : — 
 
 [a) That vowels are pronounced as in Italian, and consonants as in English. 
 {b) Every letter is pronounced, and no redundant letters are introduced. . . . 
 Indian names are accepted as spelt in Hunter's Gazetteer of India, 1881. 
 In the case of native names in countries under the dominion of other European Powers in 
 whose maps, charts, &c., the spelling is given according to the system adopted by that Power, such 
 orthography should be as a rule disregarded, and the names spelt according to the British system, 
 in order that the proper pronunciation may be approximately known. Exceptions should be in 
 cases where the spelling has become by custom fixed, and occasionally it may be desirable to give 
 both forms. . . .' 
 
 In this Gazetteer, where pronunciation is indicated by the re-spelling of a name with a small or 
 * lower case ' initial in parentheses after the name which forms the heading, the names are re-spelt 
 according to the same rules as are followed in the spelling of foreign names phonetically spelt. 
 Accordingly those who use the Gazetteer will be good enough to remember that where, for example, 
 kenz is given as indicating the pronunciation of Keynes in Ashton Keynes, that means that the 
 name rhymes with ' rains,' not with ' means.' 
 
 The following list gives the peculiarities of pronunciation of the scheme of the Royal Geographical 
 Society, along with certain additional signs (in brackets) that have been adopted in this Gazetteer, 
 those which have been adopted only in names re-spelt to indicate pronunciation being distinguished 
 by asterisks. Letters not included in this list have the same sounds as in English. 
 
 '4- 
 '5- 
 
 6. 
 
 '7. 
 
 Letters. 
 
 Pronunciation and Remarks. 
 
 Letters. 
 
 Pronunciation and Remarks. 
 
 a 
 
 ah, a as xn father. 
 
 ei 
 
 the sound of the two Italian vowels, but is fre- 
 
 e 
 
 eh, a as 'm.fate. 
 
 
 quently slurred over, when it is scarcely to be 
 
 (*e 
 
 like e vcvget.) 
 
 
 distinguished from ei in the English eight or 
 
 i 
 
 English e ; i as in ravine. 
 
 
 ey in the English they. 
 
 (*i 
 
 like i in pin. ) 
 
 ch 
 
 always as in church. 
 
 
 
 as in mote. 
 
 (*dh 
 
 like th in this.) 
 
 (♦6 
 
 like in not.") 
 
 g 
 
 always hard, as in give. 
 
 (S 
 
 like P>ench eti. ) 
 
 kh 
 
 the Oriental guttural, as in khan. 
 
 u 
 
 long ic as m flute. 
 
 gh 
 
 is another guttural, as in the Turkish Dagh. 
 
 (*u 
 
 like u in btit. ) 
 
 th 
 
 stands both for its sound in thing (*the only 
 
 (u 
 
 like French ti.) 
 
 
 sound for which it is used in this Gazetteer 
 
 ai 
 
 as in aisle, or English i in ice. 
 
 
 when names are re-spelt to indicate pronuncia- 
 
 au 
 
 ow as in ho%u. 
 
 
 tion), and as in this. 
 
 aw 
 
 when followed by a consonant or at the end of a 
 
 y 
 
 is always a consonant, as in yard. 
 
 
 word, as in law. 
 
 zh 
 
 the French y, or as s in treasure. 
 
Vlll 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 It should be added that in names phonetically spelt, c and g are never used, c being always replaced 
 by s or k,q always by k ; and that where ph is used it never has (except in Greek names) the sound oif, 
 but always of the two letters p and h separately. In this Gazetteer the mark ~ over a letter, as in e, is 
 sometimes used to indicate length, and to prevent the sound from being confounded with that indi- 
 cated by the mark ". 
 
 In the spelling of Hunter's Gazetteer of India, the accented vowels have the same sounds as the 
 unmarked vowels in the scheme of the Royal Geographical Society, the unaccented vowels mostly the 
 same sounds as those indicated in the list above by the mark ^ above the letter, but the unmarked a is 
 sounded like a in rural (or like u in but). 
 
 The tonic accent or accent of stress is indicated in the Gazetteer by an acute accent following the 
 syllable to which it belongs. 
 
 Russian and Greek names, though belonging to languages that do not use the Roman alphabet, 
 are in this work spelt by systems of transliteration, the same letters in the original always being repre- 
 sented by the same letters or combinations in the transcription. In Russian this indicates nearly the 
 correct pronunciation, but in Greek it is not so. In Greek, moreover, the transliteration is not quite 
 strict, two letters being used for the Greek v. Where not combined with any other vowel this letter 
 is represented byjj', but where it is so combined, by u. Ph is used for the Greek ^, v for ^. 
 
 In accordance with what seems to be implied in the first rule of the Royal Geographical Society, 
 all the diacritic marks used in French, German, Scandinavian, Spanish, Portuguese, Hungarian, 
 Roumanian, and the Slavonic languages using the Roman alphabet (including also those Slavonic 
 languages which, like the Servian and Bulgarian, use the Cyrillic alphabet, but have a recognised 
 mode of conversion into the Roman), are employed in this Gazetteer. The value of the French 
 and German diacritically marked letters may be presumed to be familiar. The following is a list 
 of the other letters with diacritic marks, along with their equivalents mostly in the scheme used for 
 phonetic spelling : — a, o (in the Portuguese combinations ao, oe) indicate that the sounds of the 
 letters are accompanied by the sound of the French semi-nasal heard in on), ^, ^ (in Polish) = ang 
 and eng respectively ; a in Hungarian = a (the Hungarian a being sounded like 6) ; a, e, i (in Rou- 
 manian frequently interchanged and all sounded alike, nearly) = u; c = ty (the sound heard at the 
 beginning of tulip), J = ch ; e, ^, i (see above, under a, a) ; i (final in Roumanian), not sounded ; 
 f (Polish) a hard doubled 1 ; n and ri = ny (French gne) ; ? = rzh ; § = sh ; ^, a softened s ; J = ts ; u (final 
 in Roumanian), scarcely sounded ; z (in Polish z) = zh ; f , a softened z. Some of the sounds indicated 
 by diacritically marked letters must, however, be heard from the lips of those who are acquainted 
 with them. The following combinations may also be noted : cs in Hungarian = ch ; cz in some Slavonic 
 languages = ch ; esci in Roumanian = eshti ; gy in Hungarian = dy (nearly j) ; rz in Polish = rzh, almost 
 zh (but prze, przi = pshe, pshi) ; sz in Hungarian = s (s sounding like sh), in Polish = sh ; szcz in Polish 
 similar to shch ; zs in Hungarian = zh. 
 
 Many phonetically spelt names are met with in English in spellings originally French or German, 
 and hence it will be of use to give here the equivalents according to the spelling of this Gazetteer for 
 French and German letters and combinations which differ from those of the Gazetteer. 
 
 French. 
 
 German. 
 
 In Gazetteer. 
 
 
 ch 
 
 kh 
 
 ci 
 
 sch 
 
 sh 
 
 dj 
 
 dsch 
 
 j 
 
 eu 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 i or y 
 
 j 
 
 y 
 
 ou (before a consonant or final) 
 
 u 
 
 u 
 
 ou (before a vowel, frequently) 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 s (frequently) 
 
 z 
 
 tch 
 
 tsch 
 
 ch 
 
 u 
 
 U 
 
 U 
 
 
 u (before a vowel, frequently) 
 
 w 
 
 V 
 
 w 
 
 V 
 
 .s 
 
 z 
 
 ts 
 
 If those who consult the Gazetteer will attend to the facts just mentioned, and will bear in mind 
 the frequency with which S and L, and n and u, are confounded in printing from MS., they will more 
 readily find in the Gazetteer a considerable number of names which they may meet with under other 
 spellings than are there entered. 
 
 All names are entered in strict alphabetical order, except those consisting of two or more words 
 entered in an inverted order, the inversion being indicated by a comma. Where there are simple 
 names identical with the name coming first in such inverted compound names, the inverted names 
 come immediately after the simple names. Hence the order would be : — 
 
 Jefferson. 
 Jefferson, South. 
 Jefferson City. 
 
INTRODUCTION ix 
 
 The following are the parts of names that are usually transposed in the alphabetical arrangement : 
 Great, Much, Little, High, Low, Nether, Upper, Long, New, Old, North, South, East, West (except 
 where the second part of the name is significant, like Town, Market, Street, Heath, &c.), Rio, Lago, 
 Punta ; La, Le, Les, Los, where they belong to a language still spoken where the names occur, other- 
 wise they are inserted in the natural order. Old World names that have been transferred to the New 
 World or colonies elsewhere, with the prefix New, East, West, &c., are entered in their natural order ; 
 e.g., New York. Many double names of English parishes are frequently written indifferently with the 
 parts of the name in either order, as Winterbourne Earls, or Earls Winterbourne. These if not found 
 under the one letter will be found under the other. 
 
 When there are numerous entries of the same name, the name of the country to which they 
 belong determines the alphabetical order ; and when there are more than one in the same country, the 
 name of the chief division to which they belong next determines the order. The convenience of this 
 arrangement will be apparent on referring to such entries as Franklin, Washington, Norton, Sutton, or 
 Neustadt. 
 
 In the body of articles cross-references are frequently indicated simply by brackets and Clarendon 
 type thus [Alexandria]. Such references are frequent after general observations on climate, to entries 
 at which illustrative details (as to temperature, rainfall, or both) will be found. Where a cross- 
 reference is given from a form of a name which is a mere variation in spelling (such as Dubhooee. See 
 Dabhoi), the form from which the reference is given will not always be found under the entry to which 
 reference is made. 
 
 With the exception of the articles belonging to the Russian Empire, both in Europe and Asia, all 
 of which, whether long or short, are by Prince P. Kropotkin, the more important contributions to the 
 Gazetteer are signed by the initials of the contributors, a list of whom is given below. Among these 
 I cannot sufficiently express my thanks to Mr. Bealby, formerly on the staff of the Encyclopedia 
 Britanntca, and afterwards of Chambers's Encyclopcedia, for the painstaking, valuable, and cordial 
 assistance he has rendered in the preparation for press of large portions of the MS., and in proof- 
 reading from the middle of M to the end of the alphabet. I have to thank Mr. I. P. A. Renwick, 
 M.A, LL.B., of the Statesman's Year-Book, and Mr. E. Heawood, for similar assistance, though on a 
 less extensive scale ; Mr. W. J. Turner, for assistance in the preparation of the MS. from H to K ; and 
 Miss E. J. Hastings, for assistance in the revision of the MS. of part of S and the beginning of T. 
 Dr. Robert Brown, F.R.G.S., F.L.S., author of The Countries and Peoples of the World, ^c, &c., 
 joint author with Sir Lambert Playfair of the Bibliography of Morocco, published by the Royal 
 Geographical Society, has kindly contributed several articles and revised the proofs of others on parts 
 of the world with which he is well acquainted. The statistical appendix was mainly compiled by 
 Mr. J. A. P. Mackenzie, librarian to the Royal Statistical Society. I am much indebted also to 
 Dr. C. H. Leete of New York for his kindness in revising all the proofs of the articles on the states 
 and more important geographical features of the United States in addition to those which he has 
 himself written. My thanks are also due to Miss E. G. Winter, Miss M. A. Leach, and Miss M. 
 Ransome, and other assistants who have worked under my immediate direction. 
 
 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS OF INITIALLED ARTICLES. 
 
 R. E. A. . . . R. E. Anderson, MA. 
 
 E. A Edw^ard Archer, Recco-Ligure. 
 
 J. B. R. . . . J. Batalha-Reis, Consul for Portugal, Newcastle-on-Tyne, formerly Regius Pro- 
 fessor of Natural Sciences, afterwards also special Professor of the Nosology 
 of Plants at the Agronomical Institute, Lisbon. 
 
 J. T. B. . . . J. T. Bealby, B.A. (Cantab.). 
 
 H. N. D. . . . H. N. Dickson, F.R.S.E. 
 
 E. J. H. . . . Miss E. J. Hastings. 
 
 C. H. L. . . . Dr. C. H. Leete, A.M. (Yale), New York. 
 
 H. G. S. . . . Dr. H. G. Schlichter. 
 
 W. S William Scudamore, M.A. (Cantab.), New York. 
 
 W. J. T. . . . William John Turner. 
 
 I have also to express my cordial thanks to a host of local revisers, who, at the request of the 
 publishers, have read and, where necessary, corrected and supplemented articles on the towns and 
 districts in which they reside. Thousands of articles, long and short, belonging to the British Isles 
 and English-speaking America have thus been sent out for revision; and, while of course it need 
 hardly be mentioned that these local revisers are in no way responsible for any errors that may remain 
 in the articles, it is a pleasure to me to acknowledge the appropriate way in which the articles have 
 generally been corrected, and hints given for extension. Many of the most interesting particulars in 
 the articles are due to the local correspondents. Among other things, it is to them chiefly that I am 
 indebted for information as to the local pronunciation of peculiarly pronounced English names. I 
 must not omit to take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to Mr. J. W. Bartram, of Messrs. 
 Longmans' establishment, who has had charge of the correspondence in connection with the 
 local revision, for the numerous notes on various points of interest with which he has himself 
 furnished me. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 It is not possible to enumerate all who have assisted in the work of revision ; but it may be 
 mentioned that among those to whom the articles have been sent in the United Kingdom are 
 County Clerks, Clerks of the Peace, Town Clerks, Clerks to Unions and Medical Officers, and Clerks 
 to Petty Sessions Courts ; Rectors and Vicars of Parishes ; Librarians ; Head Masters of Grammar 
 Schools, National Schools, Board Schools, Technical Schools, and Scotch Public Schools ; Post- 
 masters ; Organising Secretaries of Technical Instruction; Committees for County Councils ; H.M. 
 Inspectors of Schools ; the Engineers to the Thames Conservancy and the Severn Commission. 
 
 In America the slips, besides being sent to such authorities as Dr. C. H. Leete, Col. C L. Norton, 
 and R. G. Thwaites, Esq., have been sent broadcast to the librarians of state and public libraries, 
 of university and school libraries, of the libraries of literary, historical, and other societies ; to book- 
 sellers ; to clergymen ; to college professors ; to teachers of normal, public, and private schools ; to 
 town officers ; to prominent and well-informed citizens ; and, failing these, to the local postmasters. 
 
 The following list contains the names of those local correspondents to whom the publishers are 
 chiefly indebted for the revision of articles : — 
 
 Mr. J. Burton, Louth. 
 
 Mr. T. Morgan, Cork. 
 
 Mr. Samuel Andrew, Oldham. 
 
 Mr. VV. E. Clegg, Oldham. 
 
 Messrs. Bemrose & Son, Derby. 
 
 Messrs. Brown & Co., Salisbury. 
 
 Messis. Macneur & Bryden, Helensburgh, N.B. 
 
 Mr. W. Kidd, Dundee. 
 
 Mr. H. Gill (Messrs. Gill & Son), Dublin. 
 
 Mr. H. Grey, Alnwick, 
 
 Messrs. Henderson & Son, St. Andrews, N.B. 
 
 Messrs. Ledger & Son, Limerick. 
 
 Messrs. Griffin & Co., Portsea. 
 
 Messrs. Davies & Son, Gloucester. 
 
 Mr. W. D. Dobson, Harrogate. 
 
 Mr. J. Teal, Halifax. 
 
 Mr. Hobbs, Blandford. 
 
 Mr. H. M. Gilbert, Southampton. 
 
 Messrs. Claye & Son, Stockport. 
 
 Mr. E. W. Coates, Huddersfield. 
 
 Mr. W. J. Smith, Brighton. 
 
 Mr. J. Loder, Woodbridge. 
 
 Mr. J. B. Clark, Penzance and Tavistock. 
 
 Messrs. Phillips & Son, Newtown, Montgomery. 
 
 Messrs. Mylrea & Allen, Douglas, Isle of Man. 
 
 Mr. W. J. Knight, Ventnor. 
 
 Mr. J. Hawthorn, Uppingham. 
 
 Messrs. Mawson, Swan & Morgan, Newcastle- 
 
 on-Tyne. 
 Mr. J. C. Perfect, Burton-on-Trent. 
 Mr. E. C. Bird, Tring. 
 Mr. R. Pelton, Tunbridge Wells. 
 Mr. W. Blair, Free Press Office, Tonbridge. 
 Mr. A. Iredale, Torquay. 
 Miss Taylor, Totnes. 
 Mr. E. Bamford, Ashborne. 
 Mr. A. King, Thrapston. 
 Mr. Z. Wright, Thirsk. 
 Messrs. Tingle & Co., Stockton-on-Tees. 
 Mr. J. E. Arnett, Tenby. 
 Mr. A. Boardman, Bishop's Stortford. 
 Messrs. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, U.S.A. 
 Messrs. Dingwall & Wilson, Boston, Lincolnshire. 
 Messrs. L. & M. Merridew, Boulogne-sur-Mer. 
 The Misses Liddell, Bodmin. 
 Mr. S. Price, Ware. 
 Mr. J. Sampson, York. 
 Mr. W. Watts, Ryde, Isle of Wight. 
 Mr. S. Hawson, Swindon. 
 Mr. T. C. Sawtell, Sherborne. 
 Mr. W. J. Smith, Brighton. 
 Mr. Cooper, Huntingdon. 
 Miss Bates, Buxton. 
 Messrs. Baird & Hamilton, Airdrie. 
 Mr. T. Hagyard, Scarborough. 
 Mr. J. W. Hall, Berwick. 
 Mr. W. Mackay, Inverness. 
 Mr. T. Donnelly, Blackpool. 
 Messrs. Lupton Bros., Burnley. 
 
 Wm. Heaver, Esq., 29 Grover Street, West, 
 Norwich. 
 
 The Rev. W. Morgan Jones, Diocesan 
 Directory, Bangor. 
 
 Dr. Stewart, Deeside Hydropathic Establish- 
 ment, Heathcot. Aberdeen. 
 
 Mr. A. Stenhouse, Glasgow. 
 
 Mr. H. Walker, Leeds. 
 
 Mr. J. R. Tutin, Hull. 
 
 Mr. R. S. Shearer, Stirling. 
 
 Mr. E. T. Page, Bridgwater. 
 
 Messrs. Baily & Wood, Cirencester. 
 
 Messrs. Lyne & Son, Grantham. 
 
 Mr. J. E. Cornish, Manchester. 
 
 Messrs. Stephen & Pollock, Ayr. 
 
 Mr. T. Dargan, Belfast. 
 
 Mr. W. H. Barrett, Chichester. 
 
 Mr. J. R. Braithwaite, Wakefield. 
 
 Mr. R. I. Drake, Eton. 
 
 Messrs. Gardner & Co., Goole. 
 
 Mr. A. Gardner, Paisley. 
 
 Mr. W. Lewis, CardiflF. 
 
 Mr. W. R. Massie, Barnsley. 
 
 Mr. W. Eardley, Crewe. 
 
 Messrs. Riley Bros., Loughborough. 
 
 Mr. J. Stordy (Thurnam & Sons), Carlisle. 
 
 Mr. J. Thin, Edinburgh. 
 
 Mr. E. A. Walford, Banbury. 
 
 Messrs. Walford & Sons, Buckingham. 
 
 Miss Langley, Reading. 
 
 Mr. W. North, Tewkesbury. 
 
 Mr. Linnell (Messrs. Cornish Bros.), Birming- 
 ham. 
 
 Mr. F. Hockliffe, Bedford. 
 
 Mr. F. Hinde, Wolverhampton. 
 
 Mr. T. Mark, Kidderminster. 
 
 Messrs. Wood & Son, Perth. 
 
 Wm. George's Sons, Bristol. 
 
 Mr. H. Ling, Dorchester. 
 
 Messrs. Brear & Co., Bradford. 
 
 Mr. W. Masland, Tiverton. 
 
 Mr. R. F. Houlston, Chippenham. 
 
 Messrs. Read & Barrett, Ipswich. 
 
 Messrs. Adnitt & Naunton, Shrewsbury. 
 
 Messrs. Warren & Sons, Winchester. 
 
 Mr. J. Montgomery, Londonderry. 
 
 Mr. F. T. Groom, Bury St. Edmunds. 
 
 Mr. R. Bowes (Messrs. Macmillan & Bowes), 
 Cambridge. 
 
 Messrs. Warnock & Co., Newry. 
 
 Messrs. Andrews & Co., Durham. 
 
 Mr. H. S. Eland, Exeter. 
 
 Mr. T. Butcher, Brecon. 
 
 Messrs. Thew & Son, King's Lynn. 
 
 Messrs. Slatter & Rose, Oxford. 
 
 Mr. E. Fox, Stratford-on-Avon. 
 
 Mr. W. F. Westcott, Plymouth. 
 
 Mr. J. Wardleworth, Accrington. 
 
 Mr. M. Braithwaite, Bishop Auckland. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 XI 
 
 Mr. S. Whiles, Newark. 
 Messrs. Lake & Co., Falmouth. 
 Mr. J. Callander, Falkirk. 
 Mr. R. Pearse, Warrington. 
 Mr. F. W. Miller, Fakenham. 
 Mr. T. Forster, Colchester. 
 Mr. W. H. Smith, Evesham. 
 Messrs. Williams Bros., Egremont. 
 Mr. C. J. Saxby, Leominster. 
 Mr. J. Walton, Chesterfield. 
 Mr. E. W. B. Smith, Bury. 
 Mr. J. P. Weatherley, Earlston. 
 Mr. H. W. Keay, Eastbourne. 
 Messrs. J. & J. A. Watson, Elgin. 
 Mr. C. Hill, Ellesmere. 
 Messrs. Hill & Son, Ely. 
 Mr. William Macpherson, Dufftown. 
 Mr. J. Burt, Kirkcaldy. 
 Messrs. Albert & Co., Drogheda. 
 Mr. W. J. Clyma, Truro. 
 Mrs. F. A. Vaughan, Pembroke Dock. 
 Messrs. M'Dougal Bros., Paisley. 
 Messrs. Phillipson & Colder, Chester. 
 Messrs. J. Knott & Sons, Newton Abbot. 
 Mr. T. Hawkins, Newbury. 
 Mr. Ridge, Newark. 
 Mr. Watson, Nelson. 
 Mr. J. Bailey, Darlington. 
 Mr. W. Whittington, Neath. 
 Mrs. Peake, Newcastle, Staffordshire. 
 Mr. T. Dodsworth, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 Messrs. Christopher & Co., Newport, Mon- 
 mouthshire. 
 Mr. G. W. Rose, Trowbridge. 
 Mr. H. Tohall, Moy. 
 Mr. W. Burlington, Whitehaven. 
 Mr. E. P. Jarrett, Monmouth. 
 Mr. S. Fuller, Ramsgate. 
 Mr. J. Verity, Middleton, Lancashire. 
 Messrs. Smith & Woolston, Middlesbrough. 
 Messrs. Leach & Son, Wisbech. 
 Mr. J. W. Warner, Melton Mowbray. 
 Mr. J. H. Maggs, Melksham. 
 Messrs. Irvine & Son, Kilmarnock. 
 Mrs. Howe, Matlock Bath. 
 Mr. J. Adair, Maryport. 
 Messrs. Smith & Co., Great Marlow. 
 Mr. W. Ruck, Maidstone. 
 Mr. G. Green, Market Harborough. 
 Messrs. Woods & Co., Malvern. 
 Mr. G. Goodwin, Macclesfield. 
 Mr. J. Farncombe, Lewes. 
 Mr. J. Williamson, Lincoln. 
 Mr. L. Titley, Ledbury. 
 Mr. W. E. Franklin, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 Mr. G. T. Bagguley, Newcastle, Staffordshire. 
 Mr. B. R. Rees, Llanelly, Carnarvonshire. 
 Messrs. Hughes & Son, Wrexham. 
 Mr. A. C. Lomax, Lichfield. 
 Messrs. Burgis & Colbourne, Leamington. 
 Mr. T. Brimmell, Launceston. 
 Mr. J. Fairweather, Kingsbridge. 
 Mr. G. Parker, Ripon. 
 Mr. A. W. Lowe, Knaresborough. 
 Mr. W. J. Thompson, Ashford. 
 Mr. F. Dunster, Lyme Regis. 
 Messrs. Jackson & Son, Sedbergh. 
 Mr. T. Mathias, Saundersfoot 
 Miss Dunstone, Falmouth. 
 Mr. J. Warne, St. Austell. 
 Mr. J. Wearne, St. Ives, Cornwall. 
 Mr. R. W. Broomfield, St. Bees. 
 Messrs. Hoblyn & Taylor, Redruth. 
 Mr. E. A. Hodges, Redditch. 
 Mr. C. E. Cookes, Richmond, Yorks. 
 Mr. H. Pearse, Rochdale. 
 
 Mr. J. Lovick, Hythe. 
 
 Mr. C. Brown, Ring wood. 
 
 Mr. A. J. Lawrence, Rug'by. 
 
 Mr. C. Whittaker, St. Leonards. 
 
 Mr. H. Evans, Kettering. 
 
 Mr. D. Jones, Ruabon. 
 
 Mr. R. Powle, Ross. 
 
 Messrs. Warren Bros., Royston. 
 
 Mr. H. J. Pascoe, Rugeley. 
 
 Mr. Geo. Bellamy, Runcorn. 
 
 Messrs. J. & H. Piatt, Preston. 
 
 Messrs. Boak & Sons, Pickering. 
 
 Messrs. W. & C. Forth, Pocklington. 
 
 Mr. A. Coverdale, Redcar. 
 
 Mr. E. H. Briant, Croydon. 
 
 Messrs. G. & F. Pickering, Bath. 
 
 Messrs. White & Chignell, Havant. 
 
 Mr. George Phillipson, Kingston-upon-Thames 
 
 Messrs. Stanesby & Co., Chelsea. 
 
 Mrs. Kipling, Chatham. 
 
 Mrs. Griffiths, Chepstow. 
 
 Mr. H. Wheeler, Weymouth. 
 
 Messrs. Home & Bennion, Newport, Salop. 
 
 Mrs. Dent, Southport. 
 
 Mr. J. Clougher, Cardigan. 
 
 Mr. E. C. Evans, Carmarthen. 
 
 Messrs. Anderson & Son, Dumfries. 
 
 Mr. Baylis, Abingdon. 
 
 Mr. J. G. Robbers, Amsterdam. 
 
 Messrs. Kiessling & Co., Brussels. 
 
 Messrs. Boyveau & Chevillet, Paris. 
 
 Messrs. Tindall & Co., Newmarket. 
 
 Mr. C. Webster, Uttoxeter. 
 
 Messrs. Wright & Roberts, Stafford. 
 
 Mr. J. Henderson, Donegal. 
 
 Mrs. Goulden, Dover. 
 
 Mr. Backwell, Douglas, Isle of Man. 
 
 Mr. T. Bradshaw, Dollar. 
 
 Mr. D. Campbell, Dunfermline. 
 
 Messrs. M'Kelvie & Son, Greenock, 
 
 Mr. T. Hoskins, Dalton-in-Furness. 
 
 Messrs. P. & D. Lyle, Dalkeith. 
 
 Messrs. J. & W. Davis, Dartford. 
 
 Messrs. Giraud & Son, Deal. 
 
 Mr. R. Cranford, Dartmouth. 
 
 Messrs. S. Dawson & Son, Dewsbury. 
 
 Mr. Woodcock, Llandudno. 
 
 Mr. W. Cordwin, Cinderford. 
 
 Messrs. Edmondson & Co., Skipton. 
 
 Mr. W. W. Curtis, Coventry. 
 
 Mr. H. S. Wilson, Keswick. 
 
 Mr. G. B. Smith, Chipping Norton. 
 
 Mr. J. W. White, Christchurch. 
 
 Mr. W. Lawley, Much Wenlock. 
 
 Mr. J. Brackett, Hemel Hempstead. 
 
 Mr. T. Spencer, Richmond, Yorks. 
 
 Mr. L. Brigstocke, Haverfordwest. 
 
 Mr. T. Cowan, Haddington. 
 
 Mr. J. C. Wilbee, Harrow. 
 
 Messrs. H. Brown & Co., Northampton. 
 
 Mr. P. D. Lambe, Workington. 
 
 Mr. George Marsden, Wirksworth. 
 
 Mr. F. Sturt, Farnham. 
 
 Mr. J. Potter, Stamford. 
 
 Mr. W. H. Irlam, Glossop. 
 
 Mr. T. Darter, Cheltenham. 
 
 Mr. F. W. Count, East Dereham. 
 
 Mr. E. Mackay, Stirling. 
 
 Mr. R. B. Stedman, Godalming. 
 
 Mr. A. Gait, Grimsby. 
 
 Mr. S. J. Clarke, Gravesend. 
 
 Mr. W. Clark, Grantham. 
 
 Mr. M'Cullagh, Galway. 
 
 Mr. F. S. Moore, Castle Cary. 
 
 Mr. M'Phail, Galashiels. 
 
 Messrs. Amcoats & Co., Gainsborough. 
 
Xll 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Mr. A. Gillmor, Sligo. 
 
 Mr. T. Woolley, Ludlow. 
 
 Mr. W. Tempest, Dundalk; 
 
 Messrs. Deighton & Sons, Worcester. 
 
 Mr. H. S. Goulden, Canterbury. 
 
 Mr. J. J. Rutherford, Kelso. 
 
 Mr. J. Mitchell, Keith. 
 
 Messrs. Robinson & Co., Jarrow. 
 
 Mr. W. Easton, Jedburgh. 
 
 Messrs. Dennes Bros., Wellingboro'. 
 
 Mr. C. H. Bourne, Ilkeston. 
 
 Messrs. Reed & Co., Sunderland. 
 
 Mr. F. W. Buck, Hucknall Torkard. 
 
 Mr. W. Morton, Horncastle. 
 
 Mr. J. Bell, Nottingham. 
 
 Mr. R. W. Tucker, Honiton. 
 
 Mr. W. Michael, Barnstaple. 
 
 Mr. W. Kennedy, Hawick. 
 
 Messrs. Jakeman & Carver, Hereford. 
 
 Mr. Higgins, Henley-on-Thames. 
 
 Mr. Wakenell, Hitchin. 
 
 Mr. R. B. Coates, Warminster. 
 
 Messrs. Simson & Co., Hertford. 
 
 Mr. A. Hammett, Taunton. 
 
 Mr. F. Lucy, Teignmouth. 
 
 Mr. W. Savage, Burslem. 
 
 Mr. R. B. Marten, Sudbury. 
 
 Mr. Bate (Bromsgrove Messenger Co.), Broms- 
 
 grove. 
 Mr. T. Mark, Kidderminster. 
 Messrs. Mark & Moody, Stourbridge. 
 
 Mr. Lacey, Ludlow. 
 
 Messrs. Timmis & Son, Hanley. 
 
 Mr. C. Woodhall, Southport. 
 
 Mr. Linney, Mansfield. 
 
 Mr. J. Potter, Stamford. 
 
 Mr. C. Culverwell, Sidmouth. 
 
 Mr. C. PoUitt, Kendal. 
 
 Mr. W. D. Learmount, South Shields. 
 
 Mr. S. Cole, Sheerness. 
 
 Mr. Wills, Loughborough. 
 
 Mr. Bennett, Sherborne. 
 
 Mr. R. Lowe, Shifnal. 
 
 Messrs. Day & Sons, Shepton Mallet. 
 
 Mr. J. Relfe, Sevenoaks. 
 
 Messrs. S. S. & E. Lear, Shaftesbury. 
 
 Messrs. Burgis & Colbourne, Warwick. 
 
 Messrs. Warnock & Co., Newry. 
 
 Messrs. Bright & Son, Bournemouth. 
 
 Mr. W. Longman, Yealand Conyers. 
 
 Mr. Thomas, Worthing. 
 
 Mr. J. Loder, Woodbridge. 
 
 Mr. H. Richardson, 4 Church Street, Greenwich. 
 
 Mr. J. Bennet, Willenhall, Staffordshire. 
 
 Mr. Piatt, Wigan. 
 
 Messrs. Davies Bros., Weston-super-Mare. 
 
 Mr. Sharman, Wellington, Salop. 
 
 Mr. H. L. Barrett, Watford. 
 
 Messrs. Kirkby & Son, Walsall. 
 
 Messrs. Browne & Gradidge, Andover. 
 
 Mrs. Cleaver, Wells. 
 
 Mr. J. White, Stroud. 
 
 Au^. 25, 1895. 
 
 GEO. G. CHISHOLM. 
 
 LIST OF CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 ad. By aneroid barometer. 
 
 ac. acres. 
 
 alt. altitude. 
 
 aiict. ancient. 
 
 arr. arrondissement. 
 
 6. By barometer. 
 
 bor. borough. 
 
 d/. By boiling-point observations. 
 
 Brit. British. 
 
 €. R. Caledonian Railway. 
 
 cant, canton. 
 
 cap. capital. 
 
 col. colony. 
 
 coiiiiii. commune. 
 
 CO. county, in Himgary comitat. 
 
 COS. counties. 
 
 €. P. K. Canadian Pacific Railway. 
 
 ct. coast. 
 
 cy. century. 
 
 dep. department. 
 
 <llst. district. 
 
 dlv. division. 
 
 E. East. 
 
 eccles. ecclesiastical. 
 Eng. England. 
 
 F. Friday. 
 ft. feet. 
 
 gd.-iliicliy. grand-duchy. 
 
 G. E. K. Great Eastern Railway. 
 Geog: Jour. Geographical Journal. 
 tier. German, Germany. 
 
 d. Gopcevic.i 
 
 «. inq.i 
 
 govt, government. 
 
 Ci. N. K. Great Northern Railway (Eng. 
 or Ire.). 
 
 «. •& 8W. K. Glasgow and South- 
 Western Railway. 
 
 «. S. & W. K. Great Southern and 
 Western Railway. 
 
 d. W, K. Great Western Railway. 
 
 liarb. harbour. 
 
 Ire. Ireland. 
 
 l»l., Isls. island, -s (isl. of Riigen). 
 
 I., Is. island, -s (Riigen I., or Is.). 
 
 Jour. R. G. S. Journal of the Royal 
 
 Geographical Society. 
 Jmic. Junction. 
 kgd. kingdom. 
 I. bk. left bank. 
 L. B. & 8. t*. K. London, Brighton, and 
 
 South Coast Railway. 
 L. C. & D. R. London, Chatham, and 
 
 Dover Railway. 
 L. «& Wi. R. London & North- Western 
 
 Railway. 
 L. & SW. R. London & South- Western 
 
 Railway. 
 M. G. W. R. Midland Great Western 
 
 Railway. 
 M. R. Midland Railway. 
 .H. & SW. .lunc. R. Midland & South- 
 western Junction Railway. 
 M. S. & L. R. Manchester, Sheffield, 
 
 and Lincolnshire Railway. 
 ni. miles. 
 M. Monday. 
 
 luauof., nianufs. manufacture, -s. 
 mb. By mercurial barometer. 
 mt., mts., Mt. mountain, -s (Black 
 
 Mt.). 
 iiinn. municipal. 
 muulclp. municipality. 
 N. North. 
 
 N. B. R. North British Railway. 
 XE. R. North-Eastern Railway. 
 M. P. R. Northern Pacific Railroad. 
 X. T. New Testament. 
 O. T. Old Testament. 
 P. Population. 
 par. parish. 
 pari, parliamentary. 
 
 I peiiiu. peninsula. 
 
 I Petermann's Mitteil. Petermann s Mit- 
 
 1 teilungen. 
 
 PM.O. Post and money order office. 
 
 PMT.O. Post, money order, and tele- 
 i graph office. 
 j P.O. Post-office. 
 
 ' Proc. P. G. S. Proceedings of the Royal 
 j Geographical Society. 
 Iprov. province (Rhine Prov. ). 
 
 princlp. principality. 
 ! PT.O. Post and telegraph office. 
 
 r. bk. right bank. 
 
 Rfall. rainfall. 
 
 rlv., rlvs., R. river, -s (riv. Forth, 
 Forth R. ). 
 
 rly., Rly. railway. 
 
 R.R. Railroad (as the authority for 
 altitudes in U.S.). 
 
 S. South, and Saturday. 
 
 Scot. Scotland. 
 
 Scot, Geog. Mag. Scottish Geographical 
 Magazine. 
 
 scapt. seaport. 
 
 SE. R. South- ILastern Railway. 
 
 sq. ni. square miles. 
 
 stu. station. 
 
 S'witzd. Switzerland. 
 
 Temp, temperature. 
 
 terr. territory. 
 
 Th. Thursday. 
 
 tnld. townland. 
 
 tp., tps. township, -s. 
 
 tr. By triang[ulation. 
 
 trlb. tributary. 
 
 Ta. Tuesday. 
 
 r. P. R. Union Pacific Railroad. 
 
 U.S. United States. 
 
 val. valley. 
 
 vll. village. 
 
 W. West, and Wednesday. 
 
 » Makedonien und Alt-Serbien, by Spiridion Go|)Sevi(S. G. inq. after populations indicates that the population given is an estimate based oh 
 inquiries, not on personal observation. 
 
LONGMANS' (univ^sitV 
 
 califorh^L 
 
 GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD 
 
 A A - 
 
 V^ Aa, aach, ach, ach, d, d, different forms of a Teutonic root, 
 meaning ' flowing water,' met with in river names in Central and 
 Northern Europe and in Iceland. 
 
 Aa, the name of many rivs. in Europe, among which are : — 
 1. In N. France, enters the Strait of Dover below Gravelines, 
 becomes navigable at St. Omer, and communicates by canal 
 with Dunkirk. 2, 3. In Holland, N. Brabant ; the one joins 
 the Dommel at Bois-le-duc, the other joins the Beerse, a 
 trib. of Dommel, a little above Bois-le-duc. 4. In Holland, 
 Groningen, rises in the Bourtanger Moor, enters the Dollart on 
 the frontier of Holland and Germany. 5, 6. Two tribs. of the 
 Ems ; one with mouth at Greven (upper Ems), the other with 
 mouth at Elbergen. 1. In Switzd. , Unterwalden, traverses 
 L. Sarnen, and enters L. of Lucerne near Alpnach. 8, 9. 
 In Russia; the one (Treider-Aa) flows by Volmar into the 
 Gulf of Riga, 13 m. NNE. Riga, the other (Courland-Aa) past 
 Mitau, and sends one arm (Bolder-Aa) into the Diina, the other 
 into the Gulf of Riga NW. of Riga. 
 
 Aach, tn,. Gar., gd. -duchy of Baden, 19 m. NW. by W. 
 Constance. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Aacben, Prussia. See Alx-la-Cbapelle. 
 
 Aafjord, comm., Norway, prov. N. Trondhjem, on the 
 W. ct. , 40 m. N. Trondhjem. P. < 2000. 
 
 Aaklrkeby, tn., Denmark, in the SW. of Bornholm, 3 m. 
 from the coast. P. < 2000. 
 
 Aalborg, seapt. and industrial tn. , Denmark, in the NE. of 
 Jutland, prov. on the S. side of the Liim Fjord, across which 
 there is a rly. bridge here, 35 m. SW. Frederikshavn, with ship- 
 building yards and the royal residence of Aalborgshus ; greatest 
 depth of harb. 14-15 ft. P. 19,500. 
 
 Aalen, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, 30 m. N. by E. Ulm, 13 
 m. E. by N. Gmiind, with iron-mines. P. 7000. 
 
 Aalcsnnd, tn. , Norway, prov. N. Bergenhus, on a small isl. 
 on the W. ct., 68 m. SW. by W. Kristiansund, with important 
 cod-fisheries. Mean temp., yr. 44.1° F., Feb. 34.8°, July 56.3° ; 
 rainfall (18 jts.), 39.29 in. P. 8400. 
 
 Aalla Paakal, salt lake. Sandwich Is., near Honolulu, 
 within I m. of the sea-coast. See Nature, xlv. p. 29. 
 
 Aalsmeer, tn. , Netherland, N. Holland, 9 m. SW. Amster- 
 dam, on E. edge of Harlemmer Meer. P. <50oo. 
 
 Aalten, vil. , Holland, prov. Gelderland, 24 m. SW. by S. 
 Enschede. P. 6800. 
 
 Aamot, tn. , Norway, on the Glommen, 87 m. N. by E. 
 Christiania, with textile manufactures. P. <20oo. 
 
 Aar, or Aare, riv., Switzd., rises in the Upper and Lower 
 Aar glaciers in the SE. of cant. Bern, traverses Haslethal, 
 where it forms the Handeck Fall, traverses also Lakes Brienz 
 and Thun, is diverted by a canal into L. Bienne, from which it 
 issues by the Zihl Canal, enters the Rhine opposite Waldshut ; 
 navigable from Thun ; below Thun passes Bern, Solothum, and 
 Aarau ; length 175 m. , area of basin 6800 sq. m. 
 
 Aarad, a group of oases in theS. of Tunis, on theG. of Cabes. 
 
 Aaran, tn. , Switzd. , cap. Aargau, on r. bk. Aar ; has various 
 manufactures, among which those of scientific instruments are 
 noted. P. 6800. 
 
 Aarberg, tn., Switzd., cant, and 11 m. NW. Bern, on the 
 R. Aar, at the junc. of the Aar Canal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Aarbnrg, tn. , Switzd., cant. Aargau, 2 J m. S. Olten, on the 
 r. bk. of the Aar. P. < 2000. 
 
 Aardeubnrg, tn. , Holland, prov. Zeeland, 13 m. SSW. 
 Flushing. P. < 2000. 
 
 Aargnn, Ger.; Fr. Argovle, cant., Switzd., skirted by the 
 Rhine on the N. , and traversed by the Aar and its tribs. , Reuss 
 and Limmat. The surface is varied. The highest summits 
 (none above 3000 feet in height) belong to the Jura, in the 
 NW. In the S. and E. are some of the last spurs of the Alps. 
 The soil is well cultivated. There are about 5000 acres of 
 vineyards. The chief mineral is salt, produced at Rheinfelden 
 and elsewhere. Among the mineral springs are those of Schinz- 
 nach. Manufactures include cottons, ribbons, cutlery (see 
 Aaran), machinery, &c. The constitution is democratic. The 
 
 -ABAS 
 
 legislative body is a Great Council, elected by the people, and 
 this body elects the executive council and the supreme court of 
 justice. Cap. Aarau. Area 542 sq. m. P. (1888) 193,580. See 
 Switzerland, table. 
 
 Aar-glacler in the E. of the Bernese Alps, divided into Upper, 
 Lower, Lauter (clear), and Finster (dark) Aar-glacier. 
 
 Aarbus, or Aarlinas, seapt., Denmark, on the E. ct. of Jut- 
 land, prov. 22 m. S. by E. Randers, with the finest harb. on 
 the penin. formed by the mouth of the Molla-Aa ; depth at low 
 water 19 ft., at high water 21 ft. P. 33,300. 
 
 Aarl an der Veen, tn. , Netherlands, S. Holland, 10 ra. E. 
 by S. Leiden. P. 3000. 
 
 Aarmttble, or Ramell, suburb of Interlaken, Switzd. 
 
 Aaroe, small isl. off E. ct. of Schleswig, 55° 15' N. 
 
 Aarwangen, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 11 m. E. by N. Solo- 
 thum. P. < 2000. 
 
 Aarzleblebad, Switzd. , cold sulphur spring near Bern. 
 
 Aas, fortified tn. , Norway, Akershus, with excellent harb. at 
 mouth of Lindal, 9 m. S. Christiania. P. <20oo. 
 
 Aasgaardstrand, vil., Norway, prov. Jarlsberg and Laurvik, 
 on the W. side of Christiania Fjord, 4 m. NNE. Tonsberg. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Aasleagb, place. Ire., SW. co. Mayo, bar. Murrisk, 14 m. 
 S. by W. Westport, P.O. 
 
 Aasnas, tn. , Norway, prov. Hedemarken, on the Glommen, 
 68 m. NE. Christiania. P. < 5000. 
 
 A'asy, Nabr El. See Orontes. 
 
 Ab, Persian and Sanskrit, ' water," Murgh-ab, Dodb. In 
 Central Asia it often appears in the form au. The same root is 
 no doubt foimd in the Slavonic ap (Angerap), and awa or ava 
 (Zwittawa), and in the Celtic aw (Loch Awe), ow (Owenrea), 
 avon or (Welsh) afon (Gaelic abhain). 
 
 Ababdeb, Abab, or Habab, tribe scattered over the region 
 between the Nile and the Red Sea, Upper Nubia, the main 
 body of the tribe inhabiting the plateau of Nakfa, between the 
 Red Sea and the R. Anseba, between 17° and 18° N. They are 
 Mohammedans ; most of them speak Arabic, but a few in the 
 S. a language allied to the Amharic of Abyssinia. 
 
 A-Babn'a, African tribe, S. of Welle R. , about 23°-26° E. 
 
 Abacaxls, riv., Brazil, joins r. bk. Amazon about midway 
 between the Madeira and Tapajos. 
 
 Abaco, or Lucaya, Great and Little, two isls. , Bahamas, the 
 larger with lighthouse in 25° 51' N., 77° 11' W. 
 
 Abad, a Sanskrit and Persian suffix, ' a dwelling," ' town.' 
 
 Abadeb, tn. , Persia, prov. Irak Ajemi, 105 m. SSE. Ispahan. 
 
 Abadl, a member of the Ababdeh. 
 
 Abadln', tn. , Spain, prov. Lugo, dist. Mondoiiedo. P. < 5000. 
 
 Abal, seapt., SW. Borneo, 6° 21' N., with harbour admitting 
 vessels drawing 13 feet. 
 
 Abal (Abyssinian , ' father of waters ' ) , riv. See Babr>el- Azrek. 
 
 Abalte, riv. , Brazil, joining San Francisco on 1. bk. about 18° S. 
 
 Abakan, riv., Siberia, joining 1. bk. Yenisei, above Minu- 
 sinsk, about 53|° N. 
 
 Abakansk, vil. , at the mouth of the Abakan ; has coal-mines 
 and iron-works. P. 1000. 
 
 Abalak, vil., Siberia, on Irtish near Tobolsk, place of 
 pilgrimage. 
 
 Abancay, tn. , Peru, Apurimac, on river of same name, in a 
 dist. growing excellent sugar-cane, 3Sm. W. by S. Cuzco. P. 3000. 
 
 Abando, comm., Spain, prov. Vizcaya, dist. Bilbao. P. <5ooo. 
 
 A-Bsingba, African tribe, N. of Welle R. , about 3° N. , 28^ E. 
 
 Abanllla, tn. , Spain, prov. and 15 m. NNE. Murcia. P. 5600. 
 
 Abano, comm. , Italy, Padua, 5 m. SE. tn. of Padua, with hot 
 sulphur springs. P. 3500. 
 
 Abanto y Cl^rraua, comm., Spain, prov. Vizcaya, dist. 
 Valmaseda. P. 7000. 
 
 Abaran, tn., Spain, prov. and 20 m. NW. by N. Murcia. 
 P. <C4000. 
 
 Abars, indep. tribe, India, Assam, in N. of Lakhimpur dist. 
 
 Abasa, or Abasia. See Abkbasla. 
 
 AbaSBiven, vil. , E. Africa, Somaliland, 50 m. SW. Zeila. 
 
 A 
 
ABAS — ABBO 
 
 Abas-Tmnan, mineral waters, Caucasus, govt, and 103 m. 
 W. Tiflis, dist. Akhaltsykh. Alt. 4413 ft. New high level 
 astronomical observatory. 
 
 AbanJ, CO., Hungary, crossed by 48^° N., 21' E. ; largely 
 covered with spiu-s of the Carpathians siurounding the broad 
 valley of the Hernad. Has mines of gold, silver, iron, copper. 
 Chief tn. , Kaschau. See HniiKary. 
 
 Abazal, fort and vil. ontheNW. frontierof India, Peshawar dist. 
 
 Abb, fortified tn. of Arabia, Yemen, about 100 m. S. Sana. 
 
 Abbadla, seapt. , Brazil, prov. and 130 m. NE. Bahia. 
 
 Altbadla San SalTatore, comm. , Italy, Tuscany, Siena, 
 18 ra. S. Montepulciano. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Abbaretz, vil., France, dep. Loire InfSrieiu-e, 24 m. N. 
 Nantes. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Abbas, Lat. , ' abbot,' a common element in place names, Eng. , 
 in many of which Abbots, or Abbotts, is found as an alternative. 
 
 Abbas, or Abbots Worthy, vil. , Eng. , Hampshire, Andover 
 div. , on the Itchin, 2.^ m. NE. by N. Winchester, 2\ m. W. 
 Itchin Abbas stn. P. 1000. 
 
 Abbas and Temple Combe. See Temple Combe. 
 
 Abbasabad, tn. , Persia, on the Caspian Sea, 70 m. NE. by 
 E. Kazvin. 
 
 Abbasiyeh, vil., Egypt, 3 m. NE. Cairo. 
 
 Abbazla, watering-place, Austria, Istria, on the W. side of 
 the Gulf of Fiume, 9 m. W. by S. Fiume. P. <20oo. 
 
 Abbenhall. See Ablngball. 
 
 Abbeiirode, vil., Prussia, Saxony, on the Oker, 19 m. W. 
 Halberstadt. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Abbeoknta. See Abeokuta. 
 
 Abberley, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 7^ m. 
 SW. Kidderminster, P.O. P.<c75o. 
 
 Abberton, par., Eng., Essex, Colchester div., 4 m. S. by W. 
 Colchester, 3 m. WSW. W)rvenhoe stn. , P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Abberton, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Evesham div. , 7 m. 
 NNW. Evesham, 4^ m. N. Fladburystn. P. <25o. 
 
 Abber^vick, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div. , 3I m. W. Alnwick. P. < 250. 
 
 Abba Yared, mt., Abyssinia, in the N. of Tigre. Alt. 
 15,015 ft. {b. Riippell). 
 
 Abbaye = Eng. ' Abbey,' the name, or part of the name, of 
 many places in France and French Switzd. 
 
 I4' Abbaye, vil. , Switzd., Vaud, on Lake de Joux, 17 m. NW. 
 by W. Lausanne; near it remarkable caves with stalactites. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Abbess Rodlng. See Abbots Roothing. 
 
 Abbeville, tn., France, Somme, on both banks of R. 
 Somme, 26 m. NW. by W. Amiens, cap. arr. ; accessible by 
 vessels of about 150 tons ; manufactures fine woollens, velvets, 
 hosiery, carpets, &c. In the 9th cent, a dependency of the Abbot 
 of St. Ricquier, hence known as Abbatis Villa, from which name 
 the present form is derived. P. 18,100. 
 
 Abbeville, tn. , U.S., S. Carolina, cap. of A, co., ^^ m. 
 W. by N. Columbia. The co. is on the W. frontier. P. (of 
 tn.)<;2ooo. 
 
 Abbey, par. , Eng. See Dereham West. 
 
 Abbey, par. , Ire. , Clare. See Corcomroe. 
 
 Abbey, place. Ire., SE. co. Galway, bar. Leitrim, 10 m. SE. 
 Loughrea, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Abbey, tn. , Ire. , Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa East, 2 m. W. 
 Clonmel. P. <25o. 
 
 Abbey, par., Scot., NE. Renfrewshire, including part of 
 Paisley, all Johnstone, and several neighbouring vils. ; 15,924 
 ac. P. 42,887. 
 
 Abbey, stn. , Wales, Glamorganshire. See Neath. 
 
 Abbey Craig, rocky hill, Scot. , co. and i^ m. NE. of Stirling, 
 crowned by the Wallace Monument. 
 
 Abbeyewmhlr, or Gollan and Cefn Pawl, par. , Wales, 
 Radnorshire, 12^ m. NW. by N. New Radnor, 5 m. NW. by 
 N. Penybont stn. ; par. 11,345 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Abbeydale, eccles. par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, in ancient pars. 
 Dronfield and Norton. P. < 1000. 
 
 Abbeydore, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., on the 
 Golden Valley Rly., 10 m, SW. by W. Hereford, P.O. ; par. 
 5503 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Abbeydorney, Montanagay, or Montnagee, tn. , Ire. , NW. 
 CO. Kerry, bar. Clanmaurice, 5 m. N. Tralee, on the Waterford 
 and Limerick Rly., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Abbeyfeale, par. and tn. , Ire. , SW. co. Limerick, bar. Glen- 
 quin, 12 m. SE. by E. Listowel, on the Waterford and Limerick 
 Rly., PMT.O. Par. 18,149 ac, P.<5ooo; vil. P. 1000. 
 
 .tbbey Foregate, stn. , Eng. , Salop, on the L. & NW. R. , in 
 a northern suburb of Shrewsbury. 
 
 Abbeygormacan, par., Ire., Galway, bar. Longford; 11,756 
 ac. P. 1000. 
 
 Abbey Green, Scot. See Lesmahagow. 
 
 Abbey Head, cape, Scot., on the S. ct. of Kirkcudbright- 
 shire, in 30° 58' W. 
 
 Abbey HIU, stn., on the N. B. R., Edinburgh, Scot 
 
 Abbey Holme, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Eskdale div. See 
 Holme, Abbey, &c. 
 2 
 
 Abbey Hulton, lordship, Eng. Stafford, par. and 2^ m. E. 
 Burslem, partly in the bor. of Stoke-upon-Trent. 
 
 Abbey Isle, fishing stn. , Ire. See Aghamore. 
 
 Abbey Jerpolnt. See Jerpolntabbey. 
 
 Abbey Junction, rly. -stn. See Abbey Tomti. 
 
 Abbeyknockmoy, par., Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Tiaquin, 
 7 m. SE. Tuam ; par. 12,385 ac. P. 2500. 
 
 Abbeylands, hamlet, I. of Man, 6 m. S. Ramsey. 
 
 Abbeylara, par. and tn.. Ire., NE. co. Longford, bar. 
 Granard, 15 m. E. by N. Longford. Par. 8635 ^.c. , P. < 1500; 
 vil. P. <25o. 
 
 Abbeyleix, par. and market-tn.. Ire., SW. Queen's co., 
 bar. Cullenagh, 8 m. S. by W. Maryborough, on the Kilkenny 
 Junction Railway. Market-day, S. Par. 12,846 ac, P. <35oo; 
 tn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Abbeymahon, par. , Ire. , Cork, bar. Ibane and Barryroe, 7 m. 
 S. Bandon, 5 m. E. Clonakilty stn. ; 4481 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Abbey St. Bathans, par. and hamlet, Scot., Berwickshire, 
 on Whiteadder Water, 5^ m. NNW. Duns, 4 m. SW. by W. 
 Grant's House stn., P.O. ; 4797 ac. P. <250. 
 
 Abbeyshrule, par. and tn.. Ire., in SE. co. Longford, bar. 
 Shrule, 11^ m. SE. by S. Longford, P.O. Par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Abbeyslde, place. Ire. , Waterford, bar. Decies without Drum, 
 on the E. side of Dungarvan Harb. , PM. O. 
 
 Abbeystrowry, par.. Ire., Cork, bar. Carbery West, E. div., 
 containing part of Skibereen tn. ; 9374 ac. P. <350o. 
 
 Abbey Town, vil. , Eng. , Cumberland, Eskdale div. , on the 
 Waver, 12 m. NE. Maryport, on the N. B. R., with another stn. 
 {Abbey June.) \ m. NE. on the C. R. and N. B. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Abbey Wood, stn., Eng., Kent, Woolwich div., on the 
 S. E. R., 9i m. E. by S. St. Paul's, London, PMT.O. 
 
 Abbl Addl, tn. , Abyssinia, Tigre, 140 m. S. by W. Mas- 
 saua, on the road from Adua to Sokota. 
 
 Abbiategrasso, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, on the Naviglio Grande 
 Canal, prov. and 13 m. WSW. Milan. P. 5000. 
 
 Abbltibbe, or Abbitlbbl. 1. Riv., Canada, joins Moose 
 on r. bk. about 30 m. above mouth in Hudson's Bay. 2, 3. 
 Two lakes near the head of the riv. 4. Trading stn. on the shore 
 of the upper lake of the same name. 
 
 Abbondanza, Savoy. See Ahondance. 
 
 Abbots Ann, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Andover div. , 13 m. 
 NW. Winchester, 2 m. WNW. Clatford stn., PM.O. P.<:750. 
 
 Abbots Blckington, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock div. , 
 10 m. SSW. Bideford. P. <25o; eccles. par. (A. B. with 
 Bnlkworthy) P. <25o. 
 
 Abbots Bromley, par. and tn., Eng., Staffordshire, Burton 
 div., 10 m. E. Stafford, 5 m. ENE. Colwich stn., PMT.O. ; 
 par. 9476 ac. P. 1500. 
 
 Abbotsbnry, par. and fishing vil., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 
 'j\ m. WSW. Dorchester, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. Market- 
 day, Th. 4872 ac. P. 1000. 
 
 Abbots Cllir, a chalk cliff, Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 
 on the S. ct. , 3 m. SW. by W. Dover, with coastguard stn. 
 
 Abbotsford, vil., Canada, Quebec, Rouville co., 33 m. E. by 
 S. Montreal. P. < 1000. 
 
 Abbotsford, seat, Scot., Roxburghshire, li m. SE. by S. 
 Galashiels, on the r. bk. of the R. Tweed, the residence of Sir 
 Walter Scott, by whom it was built, 2 m. NE. A. Ferry stn., 
 on the N. B. R. 
 
 Abbotshall, par., Scot., Fife, i\ m. SW. and including 
 the royal and pari, burgh of Kirkcaldy ; 4135 ac. P. 6934. 
 
 Abbotsham, par., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., i^ m. 
 W. Bideford, P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Abbots Hill, hamlet, Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , i,\ m. SSW. 
 Yeovil, 3 m. SW. Yeovil June 
 
 Abbotside, High and Low, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , N. 
 Riding of York, in Aysgarth par. High A., 6289 ac, P. <50O. 
 Low A., P. <25o. 
 
 Abbotside Common, a piece of uninhabited moorland, 
 9701 ac. in extent, common to High and Low .Abbotside. 
 
 Ahbots IMsi^well, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 
 5^ m. NW. by W. Torquay, 2 m. SW. by S. Nevrton Abbot 
 stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Abbots Langley, par. and hamlet, Eng., Hertfordshire, 
 Watford div. , i m. E. Kings Langley stn. , 5 m. SW. by W. St. 
 Albans, PMT.O. ; par. 5281 ac. P. 3500. 
 
 Abbots Leigh, par. , Eng. , Somersetshire, N. div. , 4 m. from 
 the N. ct., 3 m. W. by N. Bristol, P.O. P. 500. 
 
 Abbots Lench, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham Union, 
 P. <25o. See Lench, Church. 
 
 Abbotsley, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and 9J m. S. 
 Huntingdon, 3 m. SE. St. Neots stn., P.O. P. 500. 
 
 Abbots Morton, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., 
 ■}\ m. N. Evesham, 3^ m. W. Wixford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Abbots Kipton, par. and vil. , Eng. , Huntingdonshire, Ram- 
 sey div., 3^ m. N. Huntingdon on the G. N. R., P.O.; par. 
 4191 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Abbots (or Abbess) Rodlng (or Roothing), par., Eng., 
 Essex, Epping div., 9^ m. WNW. Chelmsford, 5 m. NNE. 
 Ongarstn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
ABBO — ABER 
 
 Abbots Row, hamlet, Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock div. , 6 m. 
 NE. Plymouth, i m. E. Bickleigh stn. 
 
 Abbotstone, part of eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire. See 
 Itcheii Stoke. 
 
 Abbott, mt. , U.S., California, 220 m. E. by S. San Francisco. 
 
 Abbottkbild, tn. and cant. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Hazara, 
 95 m. E. by N. Peshdwar. Alt. 4120 ft. P. 10,200. 
 Abds, tn. , Brit, colony of Gold Coast on Volta. 
 Abdal, tn. , central Asia, Eastern Turkistan, on the Tarim, 
 a little above the head of Lob Nur, in 39° 31' N. , 88° 59' E. 
 (Przhevalsky). 
 
 Abdull, Arab tribe. See Aden. 
 
 Abd-al-Kurl, small isl. offE. ct. Africa, between C. Guardafui 
 and Socotra, of which it is a dependency. 
 
 'Abdeb, ruins, Palestine, Abdon in theO. T., 33° 3' N. , 35° 9' 
 E., 10 m. NE. by N. Acre. 
 
 Abd-en-Nur, tribe in Algeria, prov. Constantine. 
 
 Abdle, par., Scot., Fife, on the Firth of Tay, 6 m. NNW. 
 Cupar. The name of ' Wallace's Camp ' is given to a part of 
 the par. , said to have been the scene of a victory of the Scotch 
 under Wallace over the English in 1298; 6371 ac. P. <:icioo. 
 
 Abdoii, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 17J m. S. by E. 
 Shrewsbury, 5 m. SE. Rushbury stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Abegoudo, comm., Spain, prov. Coruna, dist. Betanzos. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Abeiili, tn. , Syria, seat of a Druse sheikh, and an American 
 mission stn., 11 m. S. by E. Beirut. 
 
 Abel Beth Maachah, place named in O. T. See Abl. 
 
 Abell, tn., Russia, govt. Kovno, 28 m. W. Diinaburg. 
 
 Abel Meholah, place named in O. T. See Aln Helweb. 
 
 Abenberg, tn., Ger., Bavaria, Middle Franconia, 17 m. S. 
 Furth. P. 2000. 
 
 Abeubnry Fawr, par., Wales, Denbighshire, Wrexham 
 Union. P. <5oo. 
 
 Abendberg, S. slope of the Dartiger Grat, a mt. ridge, 
 Switzd. , Bern, overlooking the L. of Thun above Interlaken. 
 
 Abeusberg, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Bavaria, 
 18 m. SW. by S. Regensburg. Here Napoleon defeated the 
 Austrians in 1809. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Abeoknta, or Abbeokuta (in Yoruba, ' underneath a rock,' 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1890, p. 611), tn. , Upper Guinea, cap. of the 
 kgd. of the Egba, on the Ogun, 48 m. N. Lagos ; centre of a 
 large trade in palm-oil. Alt. 570 ft. P. 100,000. 
 
 Aber, Celtic, ' at the mouth of.' 
 
 Aber (Abersee), lake, Austria. See St. Wolfgang. 
 
 Aber, hamlet, Wales, Brecknockshire, on R. Usk, 6 m, SE. 
 Brecknock, 2 m. SSW. Talybont stn. 
 
 Aber, par. and vil. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div. , on 
 the N. ct., 4J m. E. Bangor, on the L. & N. W. R., P.O. ; 7306 
 ac. P. 500. 
 
 Aber, hamlet, Wales, Pembrokeshire, 5 m. W. by S. 
 Cardigan. 
 
 Aberaerou, or Aberayron, eccles. par., small seapt. and 
 watering-place, Wales, Cardiganshire, on the ct., 12 m. NW. 
 Lampeter, at the mouth of the Aeron R., PMT.O. See 
 Heiifynyw. 
 
 Aberanian, eccles. par., Wales, Glamorganshire, 4 m. SW. 
 by S. Merthyr Tydfil, on the Taff Vale Rly. , included in the 
 pari. bor. of Merthyr Tydfil. Ironworks and coal-mines in the 
 neighbourhood, PMT.O. P. 10,200. 
 
 Aberangell, stn., Wales, in the S. of Merionethshire, on the 
 Mawddwy Rly. ,9 m. SE. by E. Dolgelly, slate-quarries near, P.O. 
 
 Aberarad, vil., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., on the 
 Teifi, 10 m. ESE. Cardigan. 
 
 Aberarder, hamlet, Scot., in co. and 12^ m. S. by W. Inver- 
 ness, on R. Nairn, P.O. 
 
 Aberargle, or Aberdargle, hamlet, Scot., E. Perthshire, on 
 the Farg, sjm. SE. by S. Perth, i^ m. WSW. Abernethystn. , P.O. 
 
 Aberarth, vil., Wales, Cardiganshire, onthect., ii^m. NW. 
 by N. Lampeter, P.O. 
 
 Aberavon, in Welsh spelling, Aberafon, par. and pari, and 
 mun. bor., Wales, Glamorganshire, 5 m. S. by. E. Neath, be- 
 longing to the Swansea dist. of pari. bors. , with a stn. (Port 
 Talbot) on the G. W. R. Port Talbot is also the name of a 
 dock about i^ m. long and 240 to 900 feet wide, with a depth of 
 22^ feet over the sill at ordinary spring tides. A. is an important 
 seat of the tinplate trade. The neighbouring works at Cwm 
 Avon include collieries, ironworks, tinplate, charcoal, and copper- 
 smelting works. Par. P. 6100; pari. bor. P. 15,300; mun. bor. 
 P. 6300. 
 
 Aberayrou, seapt. and watering-place, Wales. See Aber> 
 aeron. 
 
 Aberbank, hamlet, Wales, Cardiganshire, iij m. E. by S. 
 Cardigan, 4 m. W. by N. Llandyssil stn. 
 
 Aberbargoed, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, W. div., on the 
 Brecon and Merthyr Rly. , j\ m. W. Pontypool. 
 
 Aberbeeg Junction, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, on the 
 G. W. R., 4^ m. W. by N. Pontypool, coal-mines near, PM.O. 
 
 Aberbran, stn., Wales, Brecknockshire, on the M. R., 4 m. 
 W. by N. Brecknock. 
 
 Aberbrotbock. See Arbroath. 
 
 Abercalrney, stn., Scot., W. Perthshire, 4 m. E. Crieff, on 
 the C. R. 
 
 Abercauald, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, in the pari. bor. 
 of Merthyr Tydfil, on the G. W. R., 2 m. S. Merthyr Tydfil, 
 PM.O. 
 
 Abercar, hamlet, Wales, Brecknockshire, on the Taff, 4 m. 
 NW. by N. Merthyr Tydfil, 3 m. NNW. Cefn stn. 
 
 Abercam, tn., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 5^ m. SW. 
 Pontypool, on the G. W. R., with coal-mines. P. 10,500. 
 
 Abercastle, ct. vil., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 7^ m. WSW. 
 Fishguard ; coastguard stn. i^ m. to the W. 
 
 Aberceglr, vil., Wales, Montgomeryshire, iij m. SSE. Dol- 
 gelly, 2 m. SW. Cemmes Rd. stn. 
 
 Abercblrder, vil. , Scot. , Banffshire, 8 m. SW. by S. Banff, 
 4j m. E. by S. Glenbarry stn., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aberconway. See Conway, Wales. 
 
 Abercorn, stn. , Central Africa, at the SE. end of L. Tan- 
 ganyika, established in 1889; now attracting a considerable trade. 
 
 Abercorn, ct. par., Scot., Linlithgowshire, on the S. shore 
 of the Firth of Forth, 3 m. W. South Queensferry, 2 m. NE. 
 by E. Philipstoun stn. ; 4500 ac. P. <: 1000. 
 
 Abercorn, rly. stn., Scot., W. Renfrewshire, on the G. & 
 SW. R., § m. NNE. Paisley. 
 
 Abercorys, hamlet, Wales, Merionethshire. See Corrls. 
 
 Abercromble, par. , Scot. See St. Monauce. 
 
 Abercromby, W. div. of the pari. bor. of Liverpool, Eng. 
 P. 55.500. 
 
 Abercwm, hamlet, Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 7 m. 
 SW. Lampeter, 2^ m. SW. Llanybyther stn. 
 
 Abercynrlg, hamlet, Wales, Brecknockshire, 7^ m. N. by E. 
 Brecknock, 3^ m. S. by W. Erwood stn. 
 
 Aberdalgie, par., Scot., E. Perthshire, 3 m. SW. by W. 
 Perth, close to Forgandenny stn., P.O. ; 4165 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Aberdare, par. and market-tn., Wales, Glamorganshire, 4 
 m. SW. Merthyr Tydfil, on the Vale of Neath and Taff Vale 
 rlys. It is included in the pari. bor. of Merthyr Tydfil, and has 
 extensive collieries and iron and tin works. Par. 16,619 ac, 
 P. 40,900; tn. P. 38,400. 
 
 Aberdare, range of mts., Brit. E. Africa, trending NW. to 
 SE. , between 0° and 1° S. , E. of 36° E. Alt. about 14,000 ft. 
 So called by Thomson, Masai Land. See Settima. 
 
 Aberdare Junction, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., 
 on the Taff Vale Rly., 7 m. SE. Aberdare. 
 
 Aberdargle, vil. , Scot. See Aberargle. 
 
 Aberdaron, par. and vil., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion 
 div., on the S. ct., 26 m. WSW. Portmadoc, P.O. Par. 7240 
 ac., P. < 1500 ; eccles. par. (A. with Llanfaelrhys) P. < 1500. 
 
 Aberdeen, royal, mun., and pari, biurgh, Scot., cap. of 
 CO. of same name. The royal burgh stands on the 1. bk. of 
 the Dee at its entrance into the North Sea; the mun. and 
 pari, burghs, which nearly coincide, include all the district be- 
 tween the rivs Don and Dee (and thus embrace the town of 
 Old A., which is situated near the former river, and which, 
 despite the name, is not positively known to be the older of the 
 two), and also a rapidly extending part on the S. side of the 
 Dee. The pari, burgh is made up of a N. and S. div., each of 
 which sends one member to Parliament. The city on the Dee 
 is a handsome town, mostly built of a fine grey granite obtained 
 from quarries in the vicinity. It is the seat of Marischal College 
 (founded in 1593 by George Keith, fifth Earl Marischal), one of the 
 two colleges of Aberdeen University (see below), of a Grammar 
 School dating from about 1262, and a school known as Gordon's 
 College, founded in 1730 by the bequest of a merchant named 
 Robert Gordon. The City Cross is a structure originally erected 
 in 1686, but on a different site from that which it now occupies. 
 The manufs. include woollens, linens, cottons, carpets, chemicals, 
 machinery and hardware, tobacco and snuff, paper, whiskey, ale, 
 leather, cordage ; and there are shipbuilding yards, numerous 
 granite-polishing works, and meat-preserving establishments. 
 There is also a very extensive fish trade, and an excellent fish 
 market. The harbour has been greatly improved by works 
 executed at various dates. The principal dock is the Victoria 
 Dock, constructed between 1840 and 1848. It provides 33^ acres 
 of water-space and 2000 yards of quayage. The total area of the 
 wet docks is 37 acres, and the depth of water on the sill at 
 high-water springs is 26 ft. There is also a graving-dock, 524 
 ft. by 50 ft., with a depth of 20 ft. on the siU. To the S. of 
 the harb. entrance stands Glrdlencss Lighthouse, which has 
 a revolving light 185 ft. above mean tide. The exports include 
 manufactured articles, animals and animal produce, including 
 butter, eggs, and fish, and preserved meats, the last largely used 
 for supplying ships sailing from Glasgow, Liverpool, and London. 
 See Appendix, p. 13. Old A., which is now municipally 
 incorporated with Aberdeen, is the seat of a cathedral church 
 founded in the 14th cent. , and of King's College, founded in 1494. 
 The latter was united in i860 by the Universities Act (Scotland) 
 of 1858 with Marischal College to form the University of Aber- 
 deen, which now has 22 professors and a Principal. The classes 
 of arts and divinitv are held at King's College, those of law 
 
 3 
 
I 
 
 ABER — ABER 
 
 and medicine and natural philosophy at Marischal College. By 
 a grant of ^40,000 from the Government, and by ;^40,ooo of 
 local subscriptions, a great work of enlargement and reconstruc- 
 tion is about to be carried out at Marischal College, to afford 
 room for the increasing number of students, and probably soon 
 to give accommodation there to all the University classes. 
 Birthplace of Barbour, author of 'The Brus' (14th century); 
 J. Gibbs, architect of the Radcliffe Library, Oxford, d. 1754 ; 
 Cruden, author of the Concordance, d. 1770 ; John Gregory, 
 physician, d. 1773; ^^^ son James, physician, d. 1821; John 
 Phillip, R.A., d. 1867; John Hill Burton, historian, d. 1881 ; 
 Sir John Steel, sculptor, b. 1801. Alt. 66 ft. Mean temp. (20 
 yrs., 1861-80), yr. 46.4° F., Jan. 37.3°, July 57.7°. P., mun. 
 burgh (1891) 121,905 ; pari, burgh (1801) 27,000 ; (1851) 72,000 ; 
 (1881) 105,000; (1891) 110,162. 
 
 Aberdeen, tn., Cape Colony, cap. dist. A., 30 m. SW. by 
 W. Graaff Reinet. 
 
 Aberdeen, tp., New South Wales, Brisbane co., 75 m. S. 
 Tamworth, on the rly. to Brisbane, Queensland. 
 
 Aberdeen, co., Queensland, crossed by 26° S. and 149° E. 
 
 Aberdeen, city, U.S., Mississippi, Monroe co., 128 m. SE. 
 by S. Memphis (Tenn.). P. <4000. 
 
 Aberdeen, vil., U.S., Ohio, Brown co., on the R. Ohio, 50 
 m. SE. by E. Cincinnati. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Aberdeen, city, U.S., S. Dakota, Brown co., 115 m. NE. 
 by E. Pierre, a rly. centre. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Aberdeen, tn., U.S., Washington, Chehalis co., 50 m. W. 
 by N. Olpnpia. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Aberdeenshire, a co. in the E. of Scotland, bounded by the 
 North Sea both in the E. and N. Nearly half the surface is 
 made up of uninteresting lowlands less than 500 feet in height, 
 but there are some fine valleys, and the groimd rises in the SW. 
 to some of the grandest mountain scenery in Scotland [Ben 
 Macdbnl, €alrntonl, Locbnagar]. The principal rivers be- 
 ginning in the NW. are the Deveron (with trib. Bogie), 
 Ugie, Ythan, Don, and Dee. Geologically the surface is com- 
 posed mainly of archsean and metamorphic rocks with large 
 patches of granite. Much of the granite is of fine quality, and 
 forms an important export of the county. [See Aberdeen, Kern- 
 nay, Rnbl^la-w, Peterbead.] Serpentine occurs in Leslie 
 par. , and is worked into ornamental articles. Mineral springs 
 at Peterhead and Pannanich. The soil is mainly poor, though 
 much of it has been greatly improved by cultivation. There are 
 large areas of moorland and moss, and the surface of the moun- 
 tains consists for the most part either of bare rock or soil so thin 
 as to be unfit even for hill pasture. The mountains up to 1500 
 feet are in many places clothed with natural wood, in which the 
 Scotch pine is generally conspicuous. The principal crops are 
 rotation grasses (including clover), oats, barley, turnips, and 
 potatoes. Among live stock the cattle are most noted for 
 quality. Sheep are chiefly bred on the mountains, but fattened on 
 the lowlands and middle regions. [See Appendix, pp. 10-12.] 
 The coasts abound in herrings and other food-fishes, and the 
 towns of Aberdeen, Peterhead, and Fraserburgh are great fishing 
 centres. Pearls (from the Unio margaritifera) are obtained in 
 the Ythan. The principal manufactiu-es are all mentioned under 
 Aberdeen town, but are not confined to that town. The rlys. are 
 the Caledonian, Great North of Scotland, and North British. 
 The principal towns are Aberdeen, Peterhead, Huntly, Fraser- 
 burgh, Inverurie, and Turriff. Aberdeen, Inverurie, and Kintore 
 are royal burghs. Balmoral and Abergeldie castles are within the 
 CO. For pari, representation the co. is divided into an E. and W. 
 div. (electors in E. div. 11,803, iii W. div. 10,827). The territory 
 now forming Aberdeenshire was anciently inhabited by the Cale- 
 donian TcBxali. It afterwards formed the greater part of the earl- 
 doms of Buchan and Mar. Among the more notable events in the 
 history of the co. are the defeat of Comyn by Bruce at Barra 
 HiU, in the par. of Bourtie, in 1308 ; and that of Donald of the 
 Isles by the Earl of Mar in 141 1, at Harlaw. See Al. Smith, 
 New History of Aberdeenshire (2 vols., 1875). Area, 251,451 
 ac. P. 281,332. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Aberdonr, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Bruce co., 57 m. 
 W. by S. Collingwood. 
 
 Aberdonr, par. and vil. , Scot. , Fife, on the N. shore of the 
 Firth of Forth, 2^ m. W. Burntisland, on the N. B. R. , PMT.O. 
 Par. 5974 ac, P. < 2000; vil. P. <75o. 
 
 Aberdonr, New, ct., vil., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, in A. 
 par., 7i m. W. by S. Fraserburgh, 6\ m. NW. Strichen stn., 
 I m. S. A. Bay (in 2° gV to 2^ 12^' W.). Par. 15,508 ac, 
 P. <:25oo; vil. P. <75o. 
 
 Aberdovey, eccles. par. and seapt. vil., Wales, Merioneth- 
 shire, at the mouth of the Dovey, 15^ m. SSW. Dolgelly, on the 
 Cambrian Rly. , PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aberdylals, or Aberdnlals, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, 
 Mid div., on the G. W. R., i^ m. NE. by E. Neath, P.O. 
 
 Aberedw, par. and hamlet, Wales, Radnorshire, on R. Edw, 
 12 m. SW. New Radnor, on the Cambrian Rly. Par. 4861 ac. , 
 P.<;2So; eccles. par. (A. with Llanfaredd) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Aberereh, par. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div. , ii^ m. W. 
 by S. Portmadoc, on the Cambrian Rly. , P. O. ; 5731 ac. P. 2000. 
 4 
 
 Aberfan, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., on the 
 G. W. R., 4 m. S. by E. Merthyr Tydfil. 
 
 Aberfeldy, vil., Scot., W. Perthshire, on the r. bk. of the 
 Tay, 11^ m. WNW. Dunkeld, on the H. R. P. < 1500. 
 
 AberlTraw, par. and seapt. vil., Wales, Anglesey, on the 
 Aberffraw Bay, 9J m. WXW. Carnarvon, 2^ m. WSW. Bodorgan 
 stn., PM.O. ; par. 5669 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Aberford, par. and vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston 
 Ash div., 8| m. E. byN. Leeds, 3 m. N. by W. Micklefield stn., 
 PMT.O. Par. P.<7So. 
 
 Aberford, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding. See Lotherton. 
 
 Aberfoyle. I. Vil. , Canada, Ontario, Wellington co. , 22 m. 
 NW. Hamilton, 7 m. SE. by S. Guelph. 2. Par. , viL , and defile 
 of the Grampians, Scot., in theSW. of W. Perthshire, 8 m. SW. 
 by W. Callander, on the N. B. R. , PM.O. The par. , skirted by 
 Lochs Katrine and Achray, is noted for its picturesque beauty, 
 and as the scene of some of the incidents in Scott's Hob Hoy. 
 Mean rainfall (1866-80), 59.5 in. Par. 26,180 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 AbergaTenny, par. and market-tn., Eng., Monmouthshire, 
 N. div., 9 m. N. by E. Pontypool, on the L. & NW. R. 
 Market-days, Tu. and F. Mean rainfall (1866-80), 39.3 in. 
 Par. 4251 ac. , P. 9000 ; tn. P. 7700. 
 
 Abergeldie Castle, the Highland residence of the Prince of 
 Wales, Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, on the r. bk. of the Dee, i^ m. 
 E. by N. Crathie. The ' birks [birches] of Aberfeldy,' celebrated 
 by Bums, ai^e really the ' birks of Abergeldie,' which were re- 
 nowned long before Burns. 
 
 Abergele, par., market-tn., and watering-place, Wales, 
 Denbighshire, W. div., g\ NW. Denbigh, on the L. & NW. 
 R., with lead-mines, PMT.O. Market-day, S. Par. 9439 ac. , 
 P. <35oo ; eccles. par. (A. -with Pensarn) P. <3ooo. 
 
 Aberglaslyn, mt. pass, Wales, on the E. border of Carnarvon- 
 shire, Arfon div. , 5 m. N. by E. Portmadoc. 
 
 Abergorlech, vil. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., on the 
 Cothi, 91^ m. S. Lampeter, 7 m. NW. Glanrhyd stn., P.O. 
 
 Abergwaen. See Fislignard. 
 
 Abergwessin, Llanddewl and Llanflhangel, two adjoin- 
 ing pars. , Wales, Brecknockshire, the vils. , which are also con- 
 tiguous, situated in an enclosed valley, 19 m. NW. Brecknock, 
 
 4 m. NNW. Llanvwtyd stn. ; area respectively 10,536 and 
 11,611 ac. P. of each<:25o. 
 
 Abergwilly, or Abergwili, par. and vil. , Wales, Carmarthen- 
 shire, W. div., 2 m. ENE. Carmarthen, on the L. & NW. R., 
 PM.O. Par. 8395 ac, P. <20oo ; eccles. par. (A. with Capet 
 y Groes and Uanflhangel UMchgwlll) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Abergwynfl, coal-mining vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, 7 m. 
 from Maesteg, PM.O. 
 
 Abergivynolwyn, vil., Wales, Merionethshire, jh m. SSW. 
 Dolgelly, on the Tal-y-llyn Rly., with slate-quarries, PM.O. 
 
 Aberhafesp, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 3^ m. WNW. 
 Ne\vtown, 2 m. ENE. Moat Lane June. ; par. 4707 ac. P. <:500. 
 
 Aberkenflg, vil., Wales, Mid Glamorganshire, near Tondu, 
 PMT.O. SeeKenflg. 
 
 Aberlady, par. and vil., Scot., Haddingtonshire, on A. Bay, 
 
 5 m. NW. Haddington, 2^ m. NNE. Longniddry stn., PMT.O. 
 Par. 4319 ac. , P. <:i50o; vil. P. <750. 
 
 Aberlady Point, a cape on the S. of A. Bay. 
 Aberlenino, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 5 m. NE. by E. Forfar, 
 3 m. NE. by N. Clocksbriggs stn., P.O. ; 8914 ac. P. 1000. 
 Aberllefenny, or Aberlleflii, place, Wales, Merionethshire, 
 
 6 rn. SSE. Dolgelly, on the Corris Rly., P.O. 
 
 Aberlonr, vil. and par. , Scot. , on W. border of Banffshire, 
 13 m. S. by E. Elgin, on the G. N. of S. Rly., PMT.O. ; par. 
 14,781 ac. P. <:250o. 
 
 Aberlunvey, par. and hamlet, Wales, co. and 10 m. NE. 
 by E. Brecknock, i m. E. Three Cocks June Par. P. < 250. 
 
 Abermafon, vil, Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., 8 m. SSE. 
 Merthyr Tydfil, close to Aberdare June, and Quaker's Yard June. 
 
 Abennaw. See Barmonth. 
 
 Abermenrlg, P.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, 7 m. from Lam- 
 peter. 
 
 Abermnle, vil., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 4 m. NE. by E. 
 Newtown, on the Cambrian Rly., PM.O. 
 
 Abemant, par. and vil., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 
 
 5 m. WNW. Carmarthen, P.O. Par. 6458 ac. , P. <750 ; eccles. 
 par. (A. with ConwU Elfet) P. <:2Soo. 
 
 Abemant, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, in the pari. bor. 
 of MerthvT Tydfil, on the G. W. R. , i m. NE. Aberdare. 
 
 Abem'etby, par., Scot., Inverness-shire, 23 m. S. Forres, 
 near Nethybridge stn., PMT.O. ; 78,058 ac. P. <i3oo. 
 
 Abemethy, par. and vil., Scot., E. Perthshire and Fife, 
 
 6 m. SE. Perth, on the N. B. R. Par. 9544 ac, P.<2ooo; 
 vil. P. <iooo. 
 
 Abemyte, par. and hamlet, Scot., E. Perthshire, 6 m. SSK 
 Coupar Angus, 2 m. NW. by N. Inchture Vil. stn. Par. P. < 500. 
 
 Aberpergwm, eccles. dist., Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid 
 div., on the Neath, 9 m. NE. by E. Neath, close to Glyn Neath 
 stn. P. < 2000. 
 
 Aberporth, par. and seapt. vil., Wales, Cardiganshire, 5 J 
 m. NE. by E. Cardigan, PM.O. Par. P.<5oo. 
 
A B E R 
 
 AB RU 
 
 Abersee, or St. Wolfgangsee, an Alpine lake in Austria, 
 Salzburg, i8 m. E. by S. Salzburg. 
 
 Abersenny, hamlet, Wales, Brecknockshire, 7^ m. W. by S. 
 Brecknock, 2 m. S. Devynock stn. 
 
 Abersoch, vil., Wales, Carnarvonshire, S. ct., lyini. WSW. 
 Portmadoc, 6^ m. SW. Pwllheli stn. , with lead-mines, PMT.O. 
 
 Abersyclian, eccles. par. and tn. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, N. 
 div., 2 m. NW. by N. Pontypool, with a stn. on the G. W. R., 
 and another (A. and Talywaln) on the L. & N. W. R. ; with 
 collieries and ironworks. Eccles. par. P. 8800; tn. P. 15,300. 
 
 Abertarff and Bolesklue. See Boleskluc. 
 
 Abcrtay, sandbank, Scot., at the mouth of the Tay, with 
 light-vessel. 
 
 Aberttaani, tn., Austria, Bohemia, n m. N. by W. Karls- 
 bad, with silver, tin, and cobalt mines. P. < 2000. 
 
 Aberttaaw, small seapt., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 
 urn. SW. by W. Cardiff, 5^ m. SSE. Cowbridge stn. 
 
 AbertlUery, eccles. par. and tn., Eng., Monmouthshire, 
 W. div. , 4^ m. NW. Pontypool, on the G. W. R. , coal-mines, 
 PMT.O. ; eccles. par. P. 9100. 
 
 Abemthven, hamlet, Scot., W. Perthshire, on Ruthven 
 Water, 8 m. ESE. Crieff, i^ m. WSW. Dunning stn., P.O. 
 
 Aberwbeeler, par., Wales, W. Denbighshire, 3^ m. NE. 
 Denbigh, close to Bodfari stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Aberysclr, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 2^ m. WNW. 
 Brecknock. P. <2i^o. 
 
 Aberystmtli, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire and Brecknockshire, 
 7^ m. NW. Pontypool, N. of Blainastn.; 11,753 ac. P. 25,900. 
 
 Aberystwltli, mun. bor., par., seapt., and watering-place, 
 Wales, Cardiganshire, on the ct., 15 m. NNW. Tregaron, on 
 the Cambrian and the Manchester and Milford Rlys. ; has a 
 national college and an ancient castle. Market-days, M. and 
 S. Mean rfall. (Goginan, 1866-80), 46 in. Par. P. 6700; bor. 
 P. 8000. See Appendix, p. 13. 
 
 Abe^ilie, or Abesbr, tn. , Central Africa, cap. of Wadai, in 
 about 14° 10' N., 21° 5' E.; alt. about 1500 feet. /our. R. G. S., 
 1876, p. 410. 
 
 Abe's Spring, vil. , U. S. , Florida, Calhoun co. , on Appalachi- 
 cola R. , 53 m. W. Tallahassee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Abetoue (from abete, a 'fir' or 'pine'), Gol d', pass in the 
 N. Apennines between Modena and Pistoja. 
 
 Abez, place named in O. T. See El Beldali. 
 
 Abhain, Gaelic, 'water.' ^&q. Ab. 
 
 Abbebad, or Abbelbad, lake. En. Sudan. See Hawash K. 
 
 Ab-i. In Persian river names "water of." See under the 
 last part of the name. 
 
 .-f^/ao', Arabic, 'white.' 
 
 Ablad, Balir-el. See Nile. 
 
 Abila, vil. , Palestine, 33° 38' N. , 36° 5' E. , 14 m. NW. by W. 
 Damascus. 
 
 Abilene, region named in N. T. , near the modern Ablla. 
 
 Abilene, city, U.S., Kansas, Dickinson co. , on Smoky Hill 
 R., 85 m. W. by S. Topeka. P. <4000. 
 
 Abilene, tn., U.S., Texas, Taylor co., about 178 m. W. by 
 S.Dallas. P. < 4000. 
 
 Abingdon, mun. bor., Eng., Berkshire, in A. div., on the 
 Thames, at the confluence of the Ock, 6 m. S. by W. Ox- 
 ford, on the G. W. R. In former times it had a noted abbey, 
 to which it owes its name (corrupted from Abbaddun, that is, 
 Abbot's town). At this abbey Henry I. (Beauclerc) was edu- 
 cated, and to it Geoffrey of Monmouth retired in later life. It 
 has woollen and other manufactures. Bor. P. 6600 ; pari. div. 
 P. 49,100. 
 
 Abingdon, isl., S. America. See Galapagos. 
 
 Abingdon, city, U.S., Illinois, Knoxco., 77 m. N.W. by N. 
 Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Abingdon, tn. , Virginia, cap. Washington co. , 87 m. E. of 
 the SW. corner of the state. Alt. 2069 feet (R. R.). P. < 2000. 
 
 Ablnger, par. and vil. , Eng. , Surrey, Reigate div. , 4 m. SW. 
 by W. Dorking, 2 m. SE. Gomshall and Sheire stn. ; par. 
 7577 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ablnger Hanmier, i m. NNW. of A., PMT.O. 
 
 Ablngball, or Abbenball, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 Forest of Dean div., 10 m. W. Gloucester, \\ m. SW. Mitchel- 
 dean Rd. stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ablngton, Great, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Newmarket 
 div., 8 m. SE. by S. Cambridge, P.O. (Abington). P.<5oo. 
 
 Ablngton, Little, par., Eng., adjoining Great A. on the N., 
 with a stn. (Pamplsford) on the G. E. R. P. <50o. 
 
 Ablngton, par., Eng., Mid Northamptonshire, partly in- 
 cluded in the pari. bor. of Northampton (NE. border). P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Ablngton, par. and vil., Ire., NE. co. Limerick, bar. Owney- 
 beg, 7 m. E. by S. Limerick ; par. 30,398 ac. P. 5000. 
 
 Ablngton, vil., Scot., co. and 13 m. SSE. Lanark, on the 
 C. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Ablngton, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., 18 m. 
 SSE. Boston. P. < 5000. A., Soutb, 2 m. to the SSE. 
 
 Ablngton Plgotts, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Royston 
 Union. P. <25o. 
 
 Ablnskaya, Cossack vil., Cis-Caucasia, Kuban terr. , dist. 
 Temryuk. P. <400o. 
 
 Ablpones, a warlike tribe of S. America which once inhabited 
 the Gran Chaco, but of which only a small remnant now survives 
 in Paraguay. 
 
 Ablrdman, tn. , India, dist. and 40 m. SE. by S. Madura. P. 
 6000. 
 
 Ablstada, a lake in the SE. of Afghanistan, 67 m. S. by W. 
 Ghazni, 150 m. long by 50 broad, with no known permanent out- 
 let, but believed to have an occasional outlet southward to the 
 Arghasan R. ; alt. 7000 feet. Proc. R. G. S., 1879, pp. 198, 199, 
 333 ; map, 1892, p. 140. 
 
 Abltlbbl. See Abbltlbbe. 
 
 Ablverd, tn. , Russian Trans-Caspian terr. , 73 m. SE. by E. 
 Ashkabad, 11 m. SE. by E. Lutfabad. 
 
 Abkbasla, an old div. in the W. of Trans-Caucasia, corre- 
 sponding nearly to the modern dist. of Sukhum. It takes its 
 name, however, from a people, the Abazians or Abasians, of 
 whom the Abkhasians form a branch, and whose country, Abasa, 
 Abasia, or Abazia, occupied the whole of the narrow strip of 
 territory between the Caucasus Mts. and the Black Sea, now 
 forming the Black Sea dist. , as well as a smaller region to the 
 N. of the mountains. 
 
 Ab Kettleby, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 3 m. 
 NW. by N. Melton Mowbray, 2 m. WSW. Scalford stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o; eccles. par. (A. witb Hol-well) P. <5oo. 
 
 Abl, vil., Palestine, Abel Beth Maachah in the O. T. , 35° 15' 
 N. , 35° 34' E. , 22^ m. E. Tyre. 
 
 Ablallilt, a small vil. , Siberia, in the E. of Semipalatinsk, 
 with the ruins of a Lamaist monastery, whence the first Lamaist 
 books were brought to Europe in 1750. 
 
 Ablltas, tn. , Spain, Navarre, in the extreme S. , 58 m. S. 
 Pamplona. P. 2000. 
 
 Abney, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 10^ m. NE. by E. 
 Buxton. P. <25o. 
 
 Abo (Swedish 'river dwelling"), seapt., Russia, Finland, at 
 the mouth of Gulf of Finland, formerly cap. of Finland, now 
 of govt. Abo-Bjomeborg. Mean temp., yr, 39.8° F., Feb. 
 20.8°, July 63.3°. P. 20,000. 
 
 Abo, tn. , W. Africa, on the r. bk. of the Niger, about the 
 head of the Delta, in about 5° 32' N. , 6° 30' E. P. 8000. 
 
 Abo-BJomeborg. See Finland. 
 
 Abome, Abomeb, or Agbome, cap. of Dahome, 59 m. N. 
 by E. Whyda, in about 7° 10' N. , 2° 10' E. ; a walled town. 
 Alt. 1060 ft. (Burton, b.). P. 50,0001060,000. 
 
 Abona, vil. and seapt. , Teneriffe. 
 
 Abondance, Ital. Abbondanza, tn. , France, dep. Haute 
 Savoie, arr. Thonon-les-Bains, 29 m. E. by N. Geneva ; noted 
 for a kind of cheese called Vacherins. P. < 2000. 
 
 Abony, Hungary. See Nogy-Abouy. 
 
 Aboo, mtn. , India. See Abn. 
 
 Abors. See Abars. 
 
 Abonklr. See Abukir. 
 
 Abonlloula, or Aboullloute. See Abnllonla. 
 
 Above Derwent, par., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth 
 Union; 14,750 ac. P. <ci5oo. 
 
 Aboyne and Glentanncr, par. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Dee, 10 m. E. by N. Ballater, on the Deeside 
 Rly., PMT.O. ; 25,265 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Abra, prov. , Philippine Is., Luzon, named after a river which 
 is navigable by small boats. 
 
 Abrabam, Mount, U.S., Maine, P'ranklin co. , 53 m. NNW. 
 Augusta. Alt. 3388 ft. (Geol. Survey of Maine). 
 
 Abrabam, Plains of. See Quebec. 
 
 Abram, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Ince div. , 3I m. SSE. Wigan, 
 vrith a stn. (Bickershaw and A. ) on the Cheshire Lines. P. <45oo. 
 
 Abrantes, tn., near the coast of Brazil, Bahia, 18 m. ENE. 
 Sao Salvador. P. 2000. 
 
 Abrantes, fortified tn. , Portugal, prov. Estremadura, on the 
 r. bk. of the Tagus, and at the head of regular navigation on 
 that river, 33 m. NE. by E. Santarem. P. 6000. 
 
 Abridge, part of eccles. par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 
 on the Roothing, 5J m. NNW. Romford, 2 m. E. by N. Chig- 
 well Lane stn., PM.O. See Lambourne. 
 
 Abrolbos (Portuguese, 'open the eyes'), coral reefs off 
 the E. ct. of Brazil, and off the S. of the prov. of Bahia, divided 
 into two groups, the Parcel dos A. in the S. and the Parcel 
 dos Paredes in the NW. , separated by the Canal dos A. in 
 17° 52' S. There is a lighthouse on A. , or Santa Barbara I. , in 
 17° 57' 51" S. , 38° 39' 29" W. 
 
 Abrolbos de Houtman. See Houtman Rocks. 
 
 Abrudb4nya, tn. , Hungary, Transylvania, 45 m. SW. by S. 
 Klausenburg, centre of a gold-mining dist. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Abrupt, Mount, a precipitous peak at the southern end 
 of the Sierra Range in western Victoria, Australia, 48 m. 
 N. Belfast. 
 
 Abruzzl e Mollse, a territorial division of Central Italy, com- 
 prising the provinces of Aquila, Teramo, Chieti, and Campobasso. 
 The first three form the Abruzzi (in the 7th century Aprutium), 
 embracing some of the wildest and loftiest parts of the Apennines, 
 
ABSA — ABYS 
 
 including Gran Sasso d'ltalia and La Majella [Apennines, D.], 
 the prov. of Aquila comprising the tablelands traversed by 
 parallel ridges to the W. of the main chain of the Apennines, 
 and hence formerly known as Abruzzo Citeriore ('hither A.,' 
 so called with reference to Rome), the two others sloping down 
 from the Apennines to the Adriatic, and hence formerly known 
 asAbruzzo Ulteriore (' further A.'), Primo (Teramo), and Secondo 
 (Chieti). Campobasso is the former Neapolitan prov. of Molise. 
 The mt. slopes of the A. are clothed with dense forests, shelter- 
 ing in their less accessible portions numbers of bears, wolves, 
 and boars, and the principal agricultural wealth of the region 
 consists in cattle. The Molise, which extends W. to the Mon- 
 tagna del Matese, is rich in cereals, wines, and fruits. The 
 principal mineral product is asphalt in the N. of prov. 
 Chieti, at Manopello, San Valentino, &c. In ancient times the 
 Samnites, Marsi, and other tribes inhabited this region. See 
 Italy. 
 
 Absaui, vil. , Austria, Tyrol, 3 m. NE. Innsbruck, famous as 
 a place of pilgrimage. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Abscon, vil., France, Nord, arr. and 11 m. W. Valenciennes. 
 P. <:3C>oo. 
 
 Absecon, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Atlantic co., 49 m. SE. 
 Philadelphia (Penn.), 5 m. NW. Atlantic City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Absecon Beacli, the coast-line to the S. of Atlantic City, 
 U.S. 
 
 Absle, L', vil. , France, Deux Sevres, arr. Parthenay, near the 
 sources of the Vendue, with an anciently celebrated abbey. 
 P. <: 2000. 
 
 Abson, part of par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire. See Wick. 
 
 Abthorpe, par. and vil. , Eng. , S. div, of Northamptonshire, 
 8J m. NNW. Buckingham, i m. E. Wappenham stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Abt, Ger., 'abbot.' 
 
 Abu, mt. , India, Rdjputana, separated from the southern end 
 of the Aravalli Hills by a valley 15 m. wide. Alt. 5653 ft. It 
 is the summer residence of the Governor-General's Agent for 
 Rijputana. The climate throughout the greater part of the 
 year is agreeable and healthy, but there is a good deal of fe\ er 
 and ague, generally of a mild type, during the short period follow- 
 ing the autumn monsoon, that is, after the middle of September. 
 Earthquakes are frequent. Meteorological stn., alt. 3495 ft. 
 Mean temp. , yr. 68° F. , Jan. 58°, May 79° ; mean rainfall, yr. 
 63.1 in., June-Sept. 58.9 in., July-Aug. 44.7 in. 
 
 Abnacbanan, vil., Central America, San Salvador, 70 m. 
 SE. Guatemala, cap. dep. A. 
 
 Abnani, tn., Morocco, Tafilet, about 31° N., chief market 
 on the NW. frontier of the desert. 
 
 Abn-Arlsh, tn. , Arabia, cap. of petty state of same name, 
 155 m. NW. Sana. 
 
 Abnclil, W. Africa. See Abntslil. 
 
 Abn-Dliabl, tn. and bay, Oman , on Persian Gulf, in 54° 22' E. , 
 with population of pearl fishers. 
 
 Abufeda, mt. chain in middle Egypt, overlooking the 
 Nile. 
 
 Abu Hanunad, vil., Egypt, 11 m. SE. by E. Zagazig. 
 
 Abn-Hammed, tn., on r. bk. of the Nile, at the angle of the 
 great bend of the river between the fourth and fifth cataracts ; 
 southern terminus of the caravan route across the desert of 
 Nubia. 
 
 Abn-Haras, place of trade. En. Sudan, on the r. bk. of the 
 Bahr-el-Azrek, 48 m. N. Sennar, in about lat. 14° 12' N. ; start- 
 ing-point of a caravan route to the interior of Abyssinia. 
 
 Abu Kebtr, tn., Egypt, 13 m. NE. Zagazig. P. <20oo. 
 
 Abukir, or Abouklr, vil., on the coast of Lower Egypt, 
 13 m. NE. Alexandria, near the ruins of the ancient Canopus. 
 The bay opposite is celebrated for Nelson's victory over the 
 French, Aug. i, 1798. At A., Napoleon defeated the Turks, 
 July 25, 1799. Works for the drainage of the L. of A., a salt 
 marsh 30,000 ac. in extent, were begun in May 1887. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Abuklea, place with wells in the Eastern Sudan, to the W. 
 of the Nile, on the desert route from Korti to Metammah, 23 
 m. NNW. Metammah ; scene of a victory of the British over 
 the Mahdists early in 1885. 
 
 Abullonla, or AbonUlonte. a lake 18 m. long by 12, Asia 
 Minor, 20 m. NSW., Brussa. It receives the Adranos, and is 
 drained W. by the Olfer-chai into the Susur-lu, and by that N. 
 into the Sea of Marmora. 
 
 Aburatsu, tn., Japan, Kiushiu, on the E. ct., 120 m. SE. by 
 E. Nagasaki. P. < 3000. 
 
 Aburl, tn., Brit. Gold Coast protectorate, W. Africa, in 
 S° 51' N., 0° 9' W. , N. by W. Accra, with which it is connected 
 by road ; govt, sanatorium. Alt. 1540 ft.; annual rainfall, 42 in. 
 
 Abnry, par. , Eng. See Avcbnry. 
 
 Abu Serai, the ancient Circesium, tn. , Syria, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Euphrates, 167 m. SE. by S. Urfa. 
 
 Abiishehr. See ItuMhlre. 
 
 Abn-Simbel. See IpsanibnI. 
 
 Abn«Sir, tn. , Egypt, on the ct. , 28 m. SW. Alexandria, with 
 ruins of the ancient Taposiris. 
 6 
 
 Abu-Slr, tn., Egypt, on thel. bk. of Damietta mouth of Nile, 
 17 m. ENE. Tanta, with ruins of ancient Busiris. P. 5400. 
 
 Abnskun, an extinct seapt. , celebrated in the Middle Ages, 
 on the E. side of the Caspian Sea, probably in 38° 51' N., Froc. 
 R. G. S., 1879, p. 164. 
 
 Abn-Tlinbee. See Abn-Dhabl. 
 
 Abn-Tlg, tn., Egypt, W. of Nile, 14 m. SE. Siut. P. 10,800. 
 
 Abat.sbl, vil, W. Africa, on the 1. bk. of the Niger, in about 
 5° 10' N. , with botanical station of the Royal Niger Co. 
 
 AbnZabel, tn., Egypt, 14 m. NNE. Cairo. 
 
 Aby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 8 m. SE. 
 Louth ; with a stn. (A. for Claythorpe) on the G. N. R. P. 
 <5oo. See Belleau. 
 
 Abyssinia, or Habesh, an extensive country in the E. of 
 Africa. It is impossible to assign it any precise limits, but it 
 may be said to lie between about 8° and 16° N. , and 35^° and 41° 
 E. Within these limits we include the semi-independent pro- 
 vinces of Tigre in the N. and Shoa in the S., as well as the 
 central province of Amhara, but not the provinces in the S., 
 which have been subjugated by the tributary kings of Shoa and 
 Gojam on their own account. [See Shoa, Ciojam, and Gallas.] 
 The country within the limits indicated is mainly a wedge-shaped 
 portion of the plateau of E. Africa, and embraces the loftiest 
 portions of that plateau. The surface falls steeply on the E. 
 to the arid plains, which extend from the fortieth meridian to the 
 Red Sea. The height of the eastern edge above sea-level is from 
 7000 to 9000 ft. or more. The western edge, though well 
 marked, is lower, and is cut into by the deep valleys of the 
 Takazze and the Bahr-el-Azrek, the rivers which flow from these 
 highlands to the Nile valley. The valley of the Takazze is a 
 gorge of about 2000 ft. or more in depth, which in the part 
 that runs from E. to W. forms the southern boundary of Tigre. 
 That of the Bahr-el-Azrek forms part of the boundary between 
 Amhara and Shoa in the S. Groups of mountains, or relatively 
 narrow tablelands of great height, rise above the general surface 
 of the plateau. The highest elevations are in the Samen, or 
 Simen, Mts. , which lie to the S. and W. of different parts of the 
 covu-se of the Takazze (Ras Dashan and other summits, upwards 
 of 15,000 ft. in height). The mountains of Gojam occupy the SE. 
 of Amhara, their base being skirted by the upper part of the 
 Bahr-el-Azrek. The large lake of Tsana, or Tana, from which 
 this river issues, occupies the lower parts of the plateau of 
 Amhara. The differences in elevation divide the country into 
 three regions as regards climate and production. These are 
 known as the Kwolla, the Woina or Waina Dega, and the Dega, 
 in ascending order. The Kwolla consists of the lowlands that 
 skirt the plateau and the lower slopes up to the height of about 
 5000 ft., where a tropical climate prevails answering to the 
 latitude. In this region the principal grain crop is durrah, and 
 among the other crops are cotton, sugar-cane, dates, bananas, 
 coffee, indigo. The Tfolna Dega consists of the middle region 
 from about 5000 to 9000 ft. This region, the richest of all, con- 
 tains the most important towns of the country. The charac- 
 teristic vegetation is similar to that of southern Europe. Wheat, 
 some of it of excellent quality, is grown ; but the favourite and 
 most generally cultivated bread-plant is tef (Eragrosiis Abys- 
 sinica, Linn.), from the best kinds of which a fine white flour, 
 making very good bread, is made. The banana is represented 
 by a species of the same genus, Musa Ensete, Gm. , the fruit of 
 which is also used in making a kind of bread. Oranges, citrons, 
 apricots, and the vine all thrive, and the olive in some places 
 forms regular forests. Excellent pastures support all the 
 domestic herbivorous animals of Europe. The Dega embraces 
 all the higher elevations of the country. Barley is the principal 
 grain crop. The vegetation in general is scanty, but the pastures 
 nourish a fine breed of horses and abundance of game. A long- 
 woolled sheep is found here. The highest elevations almost 
 reach the lower limit of perpetual snow. The rainfall through- 
 out Abyssinia is almost confined to the summer months, being 
 due to the indraught of air from the Indian Ocean when the 
 land-surface N. of the Equator is most strongly heated. The 
 winds and rains have thus the character of monsoons. During 
 this season the rivers become torrents. Geologically, Abyssinia 
 is remarkable for its great extent of old lava-flows. The 
 minerals include deposits of sulphur, rock-salt, gold and 
 silver, and ores of antimony and iron. Economically, the most 
 important of these is rock-salt, small slabs of which form the 
 principal money of the country, except in the N. It is chiefly 
 obtained from lakes on the E. slopes of the plateau. The In- 
 habitants of the plateau are physically of a type similar to the 
 European. The skin is generally darker than that of people of 
 European race, but in the higher ranks of society is almost white, 
 esperially in the case of the women. At lower levels the negro 
 admi.<ture becomes more and more marked. There are two dif- 
 ferent languages spoken by the higher classes ; one in Tigre, and 
 the other, the Amharic, in the rest of Abyssinia. In the former 
 the basis gez ox gliez is Semitic, but the latter is of a different 
 stock, though it has many Semitic roots. Quite different from 
 both of these is a language spoken by the lower classes in a large 
 part of the country. This language is known as the Agao, and 
 
ACA A 
 
 AC HN 
 
 seems to be that of the aboriginal element of the population. 
 In religion the Abyssinians are Coptic Christians [Egypt], but 
 their religion is of a very corrupt form. There are besides many 
 Mohammedans and Jews. The mauufactnrlng Indastrles 
 of the country (the making of cotton and woollen cloths, the 
 working of metals, leather, &c. ) are mainly in the hands of the 
 latter. External commerce is very limited. Caravans start 
 every year for the Red Sea coast, proceeding generally through 
 Tigre (by Adua) to Massaua, taking gums, ivory, myrrh, coffee, 
 wax, honey, ostrich feathers, gold, musk, hides, &c. , in exchange 
 for manufactured articles. The salt slabs above mentioned cir- 
 culate nearly as far N. as Adua (about 14° N.), but to the N. 
 of that the only money freely accepted is Maria Theresia dollars 
 (g.v. ). The chief towns are Samara (in the dist. Debra Tabor), 
 the present capital, and Gondar in Amhara, Adua in Tigre, and 
 Ankobar and Antoto in Shoa. The chief event in the recent his- 
 tory has been the invasion of the country by a British force in 
 1868, to liberate a few British subjects and foreign missionaries 
 who were held captive by the king. In 1889 A. ceded to Italy 
 certain territory in the NE. Previously, however, the kingdom had 
 been extended by conquests of the king himself, or his vassals in 
 Shoa and Gojam, over Harrar and the southern Galla States. 
 The total area of the kingdom, including all these conquests, is 
 estimated at about 193,000 sq. m., the pop. at about 4^ millions; 
 the area, exclusive of Harrar and the Galla States, about 100,000 
 sq. m. , and the pop. under 4 millions. 
 
 See Bruce, Travels ; Riippell, Reise in Abyssinien, 1838 ; 
 Jour. R. G. S., 1840, 1842, 1844, 1850 (Beke); H. Rassam, 
 Britisk Mission to A. (Lond. 1869) ; W. T. Blanford, Geology 
 and Zoology of A. (1872); Dove, Kulturzonen von Nord-Abes- 
 sinien (Ergdnzungsheft zu Petermanti's Mitteil,, No. 97) ; Bar- 
 done, L' Abissinia e i paesi limitrofi (alphabetically arranged), 
 Florence, 1888 ; G. Portal, My Mission to A. (Lond. 1892). 
 
 Acaal, vil., Paraguay, 49 m. SE. by S. Asuncion. 
 
 Acadia. See Nova Scotia. 
 
 Acadia Mines, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Colchester co., 
 45 m. W. by S. Pictou, with iron and steel works. P. 3000. 
 
 Acajntla, seapt., Central America, San Salvador, on the 
 Pacific Ocean, 50 m. W. by S. San Salvador, 13° 35' N. 
 
 Acambaro, tn., Mexico, state and 76 m. SSE. Guanajuato. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Acanceli, tn., Mexico, Yucatan, 15 m. ESE. Merida. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Acapnlco, seapt. , Mexico, Guerrero, on the Pacific, 16° 50' 
 N. It has an excellent nearly landlocked harbour, from which 
 during the Spanish domination in Mexico a galleon laden with 
 goods and specie was annually despatched for Manilla. A rly. 
 to connect the port with the city of Mexico is projected. Climate 
 very hot and unhealthy. 
 
 Acartl, riv., Brazil, GrSo Pard, enters the Rio Pari, to the 
 S. of the town of Park. 
 
 Acaracn, vil. , near the N. ct. of Brazil, at the mouth of the 
 Rio A. , state and 122 m. WNW. Ceara. 
 
 Acaray, riv. , Paraguay, joins r. bk. Parana about 25° 30' S. 
 
 Acarl, tn. , Peru, Arequipa, on riv. A. (which enters the 
 Pacific in about 15° 45' S), 205 m. NW. Arequipa. P. < 2000. 
 
 Acarnanla and Aetolla (Akarnania and Aitolia), prov. 
 
 inomos) in the NW. of Greece, extending from the Gulf of 
 'atras to the Turkish frontier. See Greece. 
 
 Acaster DIalMs, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div. , on the Ouse, 3^ m. S. by W. York, i m. WSW. 
 Naburn stn. , P. O. P. <25o. 
 
 Acaster Selby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., on the Ouse, 6^ m. S. by W. York, 3 m. E. Bolton 
 Percy stn. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (A. S. fvltb Appleton Koe- 
 buck) P. <5oo. 
 
 Acatlau, tn. , Mexico, Puebla, 56 m. S. by E. Puebla. P. < 2000. 
 
 Acann Bridge, Ire., NE. co. Carlow, bar. Rathvilly, 11 m. 
 E. Carlow. 
 
 Acayucam, tn., Mexico, Vera Cruz, 120 m. SE. Vera Cruz. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Accadla, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 29 m. E. by 
 N. Benevento. P. 4500. 
 
 Accho. See Acre. 
 
 Accomac, co., U.S., Virginia, between Chesapeake Bay 
 and the Atlantic, adjoining Maryland. 
 
 Accomac Conrt House, vil., U.S., Virginia, cap. Accomac 
 CO., 98 m. E. by N. Richmond. P. < 1500. 
 
 Accous, large vil. , France, dep. Basses Pyr^n^es, 25 m. SW. by 
 S. Pau, in the valley of the Gave d'Aspe. P. 2000. 
 
 Accra, or Alura, tn.. Upper Guinea, in about 0° 10' W.; seat 
 of govt, of the British colony of the Gold Coast. P. 20,000. 
 
 Accrlngtou, mun. bor. , Eng. , Lancashire, A. div. , a junction 
 stn. on the L. & Y. R. , 5 m. E. Blackburn. It has coal mines ; 
 is an important seat of the weaving of cotton goods ; has also 
 calico-printing establishments, Turkey red dyeworks, large 
 machine works, chemical manufactures, &c. The town was 
 known in early times as Alkeryngton ; it received its charter ot 
 mcorporation in 1878. P. (1871) 31,000; (1891)38,600; pari, 
 div. (1891) 75,700. 
 
 Accamoll, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, in N. of prov. Aquila, 
 52 m. NW. Chieti. P. 2500. 
 
 Accnmoll, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, 
 dist. Cittaducale. Alt. 2820-2975 ft- P. < 3000. 
 
 Acerenza, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 14 m. NE. by N. 
 Potenza. P. 3000. 
 
 Acerno, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. and 16J m. E. by N. 
 Salerno. P. 3000. 
 
 Acerra, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 10 m. NE. 
 Naples. P. 15,000. 
 
 Aceucbal, comm., Spain, prov. Badajoz, dist. Almendralejo. 
 P. <: 5000. 
 
 Ach, Teutonic root, ' water.' See Aa. 
 
 Ach, Auch, Agh, Augh, Ah, all pronounced with strong 
 guttural, Celtic 'field,' generally found as a prefix. The forms 
 ach, auch prevail in Scotland, agh, augh in Ireland. Names 
 not found under one spelling may be found under another. 
 
 Ach. For places not found under this spelling see under Akh. 
 
 Acha, place, Scot. , Argyllshire, in the S. of Coll I. 
 
 Achagarve, place, Scot., Ross-shire, 8 m. N. by E. of the 
 head of Loch Ewe. 
 
 Acbagnas, tn. , Venezuela, Bolivar, 225 m. SSW. Cardcas. 
 
 Achaholsb, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, 6J m. SW. by S. 
 Ardrishaig, near the head of Loch Killisport. 
 
 Acbala and Ells, prov. (nomos), Greece, in NW. of Morea, 
 mountainous in the S. and E. , low-lying in the W. ; the chief 
 currant-producing region on the mainland of Greece. Chief 
 town and seapt. , Patras. See Greece. 
 
 Achalee, meteorological stn. , Scot. , Ayrshire. See Ayr. 
 
 Acballt, Locb, lake, Scot., Cromartyshire, in the SW., 
 drained W. by Ullapool R. into Loch Broom. Alt. 265 ft. 
 
 Achanalt, rly. stn. , Scot. , Ross-shire, 3 m. S. of the E. end 
 of Loch Fannich, on the Dingwall and Skye Rly., P.O. A., 
 IiOCh, a lake adjoining, drained ENE. by the riv. Bran into 
 Loch Luichart. 
 
 Actaanta, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Godavari, 53 m. 
 ENE. Masulipatam. P. 7000. 
 
 Acbaracle, or Aharacle, eccles. par. , Scot. , in the cos. of 
 Argyll and Inverness, at the foot of Loch Shiel, 11 m. WNW. 
 of the head of Loch Sunart, PT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Acham, vil., Scot., W. Perthshire, on the NE. shore of Loch 
 Tay, at the mouth of A. Burn, 7 m. SW. by W. Aberfeldy. 
 
 Achateny, small riv. and hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, on the 
 N. ct. of Ardnamiux:han, in 60° 3' W. , P.O. 
 
 Achbreck, hamlet, Scot., Banffshire, 21 m. S. Elgin, 6 m. 
 SE. Ballindalloch stn., P.O. 
 
 Achenean, small riv. , France, flows through L. Grand Lieu, 
 and joins 1. bk. Loire, 12 m. below Nantes. 
 
 Actaeusee, lake, Austria, Tyrol, 20 m. ENE. Innsbruck. 
 
 Acheutbal, romantic valley, Austria, Tyrol, enclosing Achen- 
 see and drained by Achen R. NW. into the Isar. 
 
 Achern, tn., Ger., Baden, 12 m. SSW. Baden, on the Achet 
 (trib. Rhine). P. <30oo. 
 
 Achlll, isl., Ire., off W. ct. co. Mayo, separated from the 
 mainland by A. Sound, PMT.O. 
 
 .4.cblll, par., in the S. of A. I., bar. Burrishoole, co. Mayo, 
 21 m. NW. by W. West port ; 51,521 ac. P. <6235. 
 
 Acltlllbeg, small isl.. Ire., off the SE. of Achill I., in the 
 W. of CO. Mayo. 
 
 Achlll Head, a cape on the W. ct. of A. I. 
 
 Aclilltlbnle, hamlet, Scot., Cromartyshire, on the W. ct., 
 on Baden Bay, 11 m. NW. Ullapool, PMT.O. 
 
 Achlm, vil. , Prussia, Hanover, 10 m. ESE. Bremen. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Achln, Aeheen, or Atjeh. 1. A kgd. , once powerful, in the N. 
 of Sumatra, extending southwards to about 3° N. [Sumatra]. %. 
 A seapt. in the extreme N. of the kgd., situated near the mouth 
 of a deltaic river, which falls into a broad but ill-sheltered road- 
 stead. The mouths of the rivers are all obstructed by sand-bars 
 which do not admit of the passage of large vessels. Exports 
 gold, copper, precious stones, betel, sulphur, benzoin, camphor, 
 pepper. P. 35,000. 3. A. Head, the NW. point of Sumatra. 
 
 Achinsk, dist. tn.. Southern Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, 108 m. 
 W. Krasnoyarsk, on the R. Chulym and the road to Tomsk. 
 P. 4000. 
 
 Achlolu, Bulgaria. See Anchlalos. 
 
 Achlpur, vil., India, in the dist. of the 24 Parganas, Bengal, 
 a telegraph stn. on the Hugh, 17 m. below Calcutta, to which 
 movements of vessels passing up and down are telegraphed. 
 
 Achkhol, vil., Russia, Cis-Caucasia, dist. Groznyi. P. 3000 
 (Chechens). 
 
 Achlnachrach, hamlet, Scot., Inverness-shire, Glen Spean, 
 13 m. ENE. Fort William, P.O. 
 
 Achmln, El. See Akhmln. 
 
 Achnacarry, hamlet, Scot., Inverness-shire, between Loch 
 Arkaig and Loch Lochy, P. O. ( Auchnacarry). 
 
 Achnaclolch, stn., Scot., Argyllshire, on the C. R., on the 
 S. shore of Loch Etive, 7 m. ENE. Oban. 
 
 Achnacralg, place, Scot., Argyllshire, E. ct. Mull, at mouth 
 of Loch Don, in 56° 25' N. , PMT.O. (Auchnacraig). 
 
 7 
 
ACHN — ACTO 
 
 Acluiacroish, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, E. ct. Mull, on 
 Duart B., in 56° 2/ N., PM.O. 
 
 Acbnasbeeu, stn. , Scot. , Ross-shire, 6 m. S. by E. of the W. 
 end of Loch Fannich, on the Dingwall and Skye Rly., PT.O. 
 
 Aclmasliellacli, stn. , Scot. , Ross-shire, on the Dingwall and 
 Skye Rly. , 7J m. SE. by E. of the head of Loch Torridon. 
 
 Achoury, par.. Ire., S. co. Sligo, bar. Leyny, 14^ m. SSW. 
 Sligo, P.O. ; 60,729 ac. P. 11,928. 
 
 Actarannlc, two falls on Isla R. , Forfarshire, 16 m. W. by N. 
 Forfar. 
 
 Achray (Gael, 'smooth field"), Loch, lake, Scot., in the 
 SW. of W. Perthshire, 6§ m. W. by S. Callander. At its head 
 are the Trossachs. Alt. 276 ft. 
 
 Acliriesglll, hamlet, Scot., Sutherland, on the W. ct. of 
 Loch Inchard, on A. Water, 12^ m. S. Cape Wrath. 
 
 Acliris, Ire. See Anghrns. 
 
 Achshaph, place named in O. T. See Kefr Yastf. 
 
 Acliterwasser, bay, Prussia, Pomerania, on the S. side of the 
 Usedom I., which it nearly divides into two portions; depth 
 8^ ft. It communicates with the Peene-strom. 
 
 Aclinyev, small seapt. , Russia, Cis-Caucasia, on the E. side 
 of the Sea of Azov, in 45° 43' N., 68 m. NE. Kerch; chief 
 fishing-place of Chernomorsk Cossacks. 
 
 Achzib, place named in O. T. See Aln Kezbeh. 
 
 Aci Catena, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 7 m. NNE. Catania. P. 
 5000. 
 
 Aclreale, manufacturing tn. and seapt., Sicily, prov. and 9 
 m. NNE. Catania. P. 38,000. 
 
 Aci Saut' Antonio, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 7J m. N. by E. 
 Catania. P. 6000. 
 
 Ackeu. See Akeu. 
 
 Ackergill, place, Scot., Caithness, 2 m. NNW. Wick, P.O. 
 
 Ackerness, cape in N. of Westray I. , Orkney Is. 
 
 Aeklam, West, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, adjoining 
 and partly in the co. bor. of Middlesbrough. P. <250. 
 
 Aeklam with Barthorpe, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Buckrose div. , 13 m. ENE. York, 3 m. SE. Kirkham Abbey stn. , 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ackleton, place, Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 15 m. N. by W. 
 Kidderminster, 5 m. NE. Bridgnorth, P.O. 
 
 Ackley, tn., U.S., Iowa, Hardin co., 84 m. WNW. Cedar 
 Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Acklin, a small isl. , Bahamas, in 74° W. 
 
 Acklington, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck div. , 7^ 
 m. SSE. Alnwick, with a stn. (A. for Felton) on the NE. R., 
 with coal-mines. P. <:25o. 
 
 Acklington Park, par., Eng., Northumberland, adjoining 
 Acklington, P. <25o. 
 
 Ackton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Normanton div., 
 4^ m. E. by N. Wakefield, 2 m. E. by S. Normanton stn. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Ackworth, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Ridmg, Osgoldcross 
 div., 6^ m. E. by S. Wakefield, with a stn. on the G. E. R. and 
 G. N. R.; PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Aclare, tn.. Ire., SW. co. Sligo, bar. Leyny, 11 m. ESE. 
 Ballina, PMT.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Aele, par. and vil., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 8 m. W. by N. 
 Yarmouth, on the G. E. R. ; an excellent station for anglers, 
 within easy reach of Ormesby and other broads, PMT.O. P. 
 ■<iooo. 
 
 Aeohamba, tn., Peru, dep. Junin, no m. NE. by E. Lima. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Acobamba, tn. , Peru, dep. and 35 m. E. Huancavelica, 180 m. 
 E. by S. Lima. P. < 2000. 
 
 Acocks Green, eccles. par., Eng., on the NE. border of 
 Worcestershire, E. div. , 4 m. SE. by E. Birmingham, on the 
 G. W. R., PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Acol, or Wood, par., Eng., Kent, I. of Thanet div., 3^ m. 
 SW. by W. Margate, ij m. SSE. Birchington-on-Sea stn. P. 
 <:5oo. See Blrchington. 
 
 Acomb, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk and Malton 
 div., i^ m. W. York, PM.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Acoiube, West, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Hexham div. , i^ 
 m. N. Hexham, P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Aeonbnry, par. and vil. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , 4 
 m. S. Hereford. P. <:250. 
 
 Aconcagua. 1. Prov., Chile, between about 31° 33' and 
 32° 50' S. , divided into deps. , Petorca in the N. , Ligua in the SW. , 
 Putaendo in the E. , San Felipe in the middle and E. , Los Andes 
 in the S. 2. Vole, which gives name to prov. A., though 
 situated in the Argentine prov. of Mendoza, lat. 32° 35' S. , 70° 
 W.; alt. 22,860 ft. (Giissfeldt, tr.). 3. A riv., flowing W. from 
 the slopes of the vole, through the prov. A. into the Pacific, 
 sometimes called in its lower course Rio de Quillota. 
 
 Aconquija, Sierra de, range of mts. , Argentine Rep. , on the 
 W. frontier of prov. Tucuman ; highest peak, Nevado de A., 
 15,250 ft. 
 
 Acores Is. See Azores. 
 
 Acoyapo, or San Sebastian, tn. , Central America, Nicaragua, 
 75 m. E. by S. Managua. P. <: 5000. 
 8 
 
 Acoz, vil., Belgium, Hainaut, 5 m. SE. Charleroi. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Acqua, Ital., 'water.' 
 
 Acquanegra, tn., Italy, prov. and 18 m. W. Mantua. 
 P. 4000. 
 
 Acquapendente, tn., Italy, prov. Rome, 25 m. NNW. 
 Viterbo. Alt. 1380 ft. P. 6000. 
 
 Acqaate, vil., Italy, Como, i m. NE. Lecco, with iron- 
 mines. P. 2000. 
 
 Acqnaviva, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 16 m. S. Bari. 
 
 Acqnl, tn., Italy, Piedmont, on the Bormida, prov. and 18 m. 
 SSW. Alessandria, an ancient town, with remains of a Roman 
 aqueduct ; long celebrated for its mineral (sulphurous) springs. 
 Here the French defeated the Austrians and Piedmontese in 
 1794. P. 11,000. 
 
 Acre, St. Jean d'Acre, Turkish Akka, in the O. T. Accho, 
 in the N. T. Ptolemais, a fortified city and seapt., Syria, on a 
 promontory N. of C. Carmel. The modern fortifications are 
 outside the older ones, which can still be traced, though with 
 many breaches made in sieges of the tovm. The fortress is noted 
 for its numerous sieges. In 1 191 it was taken by the Crusaders 
 under Richard Coeur de Lion and Philip Augustus, in 1291 by 
 the Saracens. In 1799 it successftiUy resisted the attacks of 
 Napoleon ; in 1832 it was taken by Ibrahim Pasha, adopted 
 son of the viceroy of Egypt, and it remained in his hands till 
 1840, when it was taken by the combined fleets of England, 
 Austria, and Turkey. The name of St. Jean d'Acre is due to 
 the fact that during the 100 years it was in the hands of the 
 Crusaders it was the headquarters of the military orders of 
 knights, among whom the Hospitallers assumed the title of 
 knights of St. Jean d'Acre. P. 7000. 
 
 Acre, Castle, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 13 m. ESE. 
 King's Lynn. P. < 1500 
 
 Acre, Klo. See Aqniry. 
 
 Acre, South, par., Eng., i m. S. Castle A., in the SW. 
 div. of Norfolk, 4 m. W. by N. Dunham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Acre, West, par., Eng., 2 J m. W. Castle A., in the NW. 
 div. of Norfolk. P. <500. 
 
 Acrefair, rly. stn., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., x\ m. E. 
 by N. Llangollen, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Acrl, tn., Italy, Calabria, prov. Cosenza, 42 m. NNW. 
 Catanzaro. P. 12,000. 
 
 Acrlse, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div. , 4^ m. NW. by 
 N. Folkestone, 2 m. E. by N. Lyminge stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Acs, tn. , Hungary, 6 m. W. by S. Komorn. P. 4000. 
 
 Actseon Is., three low wooded isls. belonging to the Low Is. 
 in the Pacific Ocean, in 21° 23' S. , 136° 32' W. 
 
 Acton, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , i| m. WNW. 
 Nantwich, on the Liverpool and Birmingham June. Canal, 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Acton, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Northwich div. , 4 m. W. by N. 
 Northwich, on the R. Weaver, i m. NW. A. Bridge stn., P.O. 
 P.<7So. 
 
 Acton, par. and tn. , Eng. , Middlesex, Ealing div. , 7 m. W. St. 
 Paul's, London, on the G. W. R. , with other stns. (A. and 
 South A.) on the N. and SW. June. Rly. P. 24,200. See also 
 Ealing and Chiswick Park. 
 
 Acton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 12J m. S. by E. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, 2 m. E. by N. Long Melford stn., P.O. 
 P. <:7So. 
 
 Acton, vil.. Ire., in the NE. of co. Armagh, bar. Lower 
 Orior, 8 m. SSE. Portadown, 2 m. from Scarva June. stn. 
 
 Acton, South A., and West A., three adjacent vils. , U.S., 
 Massachusetts, 14 m. SSW. Lowell. P. of A. < 2000. 
 
 Acton, par., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., 2 m. N. Wrexham, 
 ij m. ESE. Gwersyllt stn. P. <500. 
 
 Acton and Old Felton, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Alnwick 
 Union. P. < 250. 
 
 Acton Beauchanip, par. , Eng. , on the W. border of Wor- 
 cestershire, Bewdley div. , loj m. W. by S. Worcester, 2 m. S. 
 Suckley stn. , P. O. P. < 250. 
 
 Acton Bridge, rly. stn. , Eng. , Cheshire. See Acton. 
 
 Acton Burnell, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div. , 7^ m. S. by 
 E. Shrewsbury, 4 m. E. Dorrington stn., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Acton Grange, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 2 m. 
 SSW. Warrington, i m. E. Moore stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Acton Green, rly. stn. , London. See Chiswick Park. 
 
 Acton Plggott, chapelry, Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 7^ m. 
 SSE. Shrewsbury, 3 m. WSW. Cressage stn. 
 
 Acton Bound, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 14 m. SE. by 
 S. Shrewsbury, 3 m. S. by E. Much Wenlock. P. <25o. 
 
 Acton Scott, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 15 m. S. by W. 
 Shrewsbury, i m. SE. Marshbrook stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Acton and Bednall, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., on 
 R. Penk, 3 m. S. by E. Stafford, P.O. P.<5oo; eccles. par. 
 (A. Trussell with Bednall) P. < 500. 
 
 Acton Turville, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thombury div. , 
 8|m. SSE. Wotton-under-Edge, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Acton Vale, or St. Andr^ d' Acton, vil. , Canada, Quebec, 
 Bagot CO., on the R. Black, 48 m. S. Three Rivers. P. 
 1500. 
 
ACTO — ADDI 
 
 Acton West, vil., Canada, Ontario, Halton co., 27 m. N. by 
 W. Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Actopan, tn. , Mexico, 60 m. NNE. Mexico. P. 12,000. 
 
 I'Acal, seapt. and bay, N. ct. republic of Hayti, in 72° 27' W. 
 
 Acnsbnet, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co., 3I m. N. 
 New Bedford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Acworth, vil., U.S., Georgia, Cobb co., 25 m. NW. by 
 N. Atlanta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Acwortli and East A., two vils., U.S., New Hampshire, 
 Sullivan co. , about 35 m. W. Concord. Crystals of beryl occur 
 here. 
 
 Ada, Turkish, 'island'; Ashur-ada. 
 
 Ada,tn., Hungary, r. bk. Theiss, 30m. S. Szegedin. P. 11,100. 
 
 Ada, U.S., CO., Idaho, on W. frontier, bounded on the W. 
 and SW. by the Snake R. ; contains Bois6 City. 
 
 Ada, vil. , U.S. , Minnesota, Norman co. , on Wild Rice R. , 180 
 m. S. by E. Winnipeg, and 35 m. S. Crookstown. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ada, vil., U.S., Ohio, Hardin co., 70 ra. NW. Columbus. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Adabasar, tn., Asia Minor, near the 1. bk. of the Sakaria, 
 76 m. ENE. Brussa. 
 
 Adafti, tn., German W. Africa, Togo Land, on the Bight of 
 Benin, in 1° 32' E. 
 
 Adafadla, a large trading town of W. Africa, N. of Abome, 
 in about lat. 13° N. P. 24,000. 
 
 Adai Kbokli, a group of mts. in the Central Caucasus, also the 
 highest peak in the group, in 42° 47' N., 43° 48' E. , alt. 15,274 
 feet {Proc. /?. G. S. , 1892, map, p. 140). 
 
 Adaiil. See Adal. 
 
 Adair, vil., Canada, Ontario, Bruce co., on Georgian Bay, 
 53 m. NW. by W. Collingwood. 
 
 Adair, co., U.S., Iowa, N. of 41° N., and between 94° and 
 95° W. 
 
 Adair, CO., U.S., Kentucky, in the S., W. of 85° W., crossed 
 in the S. by 37° N. 
 
 Adair, co., U.S., Missouri, in the NE., N. of 40° N., and 
 E. of 93° W. 
 
 Adaja, riv. , Spain, in the SW. of Old Castile, flows E. through 
 the Val de Ambles, then N. to the Douro, which it joins a fev/ 
 miles to the SW. of Valladolid. 
 
 Adakli, isl. , Alaska, 177° W. , with active vole, and numerous 
 hot springs. 
 
 Adnkla, mt. , Ger. W. Africa, Togo Land, 95 m. N. by W. 
 of the mouth of the Volta. Alt. about 2700 feet. P. 89,561. 
 
 Adal, more properly Adaiil, a tribe in E. Africa, round the 
 bay of Tajurra, a section of the Afar or Danakil. 
 
 Adalla, or Satalla, ancient Attaleia, seapt., S. ct. Asia 
 Minor, in the NW. of the large Gulf of A., 118 m. SW. by W. 
 Konieh, in 30° 45' E. 
 
 Adam, place named in O. T. See Ed D&mleli. 
 
 Adamawa, the Fula name of a country of Central Africa, 
 situated on both sides, but chiefly to the S. , of the upper Benue. 
 It is now subject to a Fula dynasty. By the original inhabitants 
 it is more usually known as Fumbina. It has mts. from 3000 to 
 9000 feet high, is well watered, fertile, and rich in cattle. Cap. 
 Yola. Area and pop. not known. See Royal Niger Company. 
 
 Adam Bay, a bay in the W. of the N. Terr, of S. Australia, 
 opposite to the middle of Melville I. 
 
 Adame, vil. , W. Africa, 95 m. W. by N. Whydah. 
 
 Adamello, Mount. See Alps, Subdivision's, II., C. 2. 
 
 Adami, place named in O. T. See Admali. 
 
 Adamlnaby, New South Wales. See Seymour. 
 
 Adams, co., U.S., Illinois, on W. frontier, crossed by 40° N. 
 
 Adams, co. , U.S., Indiana, on E. frontier, and S. of 41° N. 
 
 Adams, tn. , U.S., Indiana, Decatur co. , 40 m. SE. by E. 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Adams, CO., U.S., Iowa, crossed by 41° N. and E. of 95° W. 
 
 Adams, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co., on Hoosac 
 R. , II J m. SE. of the NW. corner of the state. P. 9200. 
 
 Adams, CO. , U.S. , Mississippi, in the SW. , crossed by 31^° N. 
 
 Adams, CO. , U.S., Nebraska, in the S. , N. of 40° N. and E. 
 of 99° W. 
 
 Adams, vil., U.S., New York, Jefferson co., 35 m. NE. 
 Oswego, and 12 m. SSW. Watertown. P. < 1500. 
 
 Adams, CO., U.S., Ohio, on the R. Ohio, E. of 84° W. 
 
 Adams, CO., U.S., Pennsylvania, on the S. frontier, crossed 
 on the E. by ']j° W. 
 
 Adams, co., U.S., Washington, crossed by 47° N. and 
 118° and 119" W. 
 
 Adams, CO., U.S., Wisconsin, E. of 90° W. , and crossed 
 by 44° N. , bounded on the W. by the Wisconsin. 
 
 Adams, mt., U.S., Washington, Yakima co., 66 m. SE. 
 Olympia. 
 
 Adam's Bridge, a ridge of sand and rocks stretching from 
 the I. of Manar in the NW. of Ceylon to the I. Rameswardm off 
 the coast of India somewhat further N. At high tide the ridge is 
 covered in some places by 3 or 4 ft. of water [P&mbam Passage! 
 Adam's Mountain, mt. , U.S., New Hampshire, in the Sl^.* 
 of Coos CO., in the White Mts., 68 m. S. by W. of the NE. 
 corner of the state. Alt. 5776 ft. 
 
 Adam's Peak, a lofty mt. , Ceylon, in the middle of the island, 
 a place of pilgrimage for Buddhists and Moslems, noted for its 
 upright shadow (apparently projected on vapour) sometimes 
 seen in early morning from its summit. Alt. 7420 ft. 
 
 Adam's Point, cape, U.S., Oregon, in the extreme NE., at 
 the mouth of the Columbia, in 46° 12' N. 
 
 Adam's Run, vil., U.S., S. Carohna, Colleton co. , 22 m. 
 WSW. Charleston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Adamsto-wn, par.. Ire., W. co. Wexford, bar. Ban try, 10 
 m. E. New Ross, P.O. ; 8133 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Adamstown, ct. tn., New South Wales, Northumberland 
 CO., 4 m. SW. Newcastle. P. < 1500. 
 
 Adamstown, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co., 44 
 m. E. Harrisburg. 
 
 Adamnz, comm. , Spain, prov. and 19 m. ENE. Cordova. 
 P. 6500. 
 
 Adana, tn. , cap. of vilayet, in the SE. of Asia Minor, on the 
 r. bk. of the Seihun, since 1886 connected by a rly. with the 
 seaport of Mersina. P. 40,000. See Asia minor. 
 
 Adaora, El, an Arab tribe in the S. of the prov. Algiers, 
 Algeria. 
 
 Adar, dist. , W. Africa, N. of the Sokoto R. , about 14° N. , 
 
 Adare, par. and market-tn. , Ire. , co. Limerick, bar. Coshma, 
 10 m. SW. Limerick, on the Maigue R. , and Limerick and 
 Foynes Rly., PMT.O. Par. 11,938 ac, P. < 2000; tn. P. <7So. 
 
 'Adasah, ruins, Palestine {Adasan in the O. T.), 31° 51' N., 
 35° 12' E. , 5 m. N. by W. Jerusalem. 
 
 Adavalc, tp., Queensland, M'Kinlay co., 205 m. WSW. 
 Rockhampton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Adavoyle, stn., Ire., on the G. N. R. , a few miles N. of 
 Dundalk. 
 
 Adbaston, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, NW. div. , 10 m. W. by 
 N. Stafford, 6 m. NW. by N. Gnosall stn. ; 4638 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Adbeer, hamlet, Eng., Somerset, S. div., 3 m. NE. Yeovil. 
 
 Adbolton, hamlet, Eng., co. and 2 m. ESE. Nottingham. 
 
 Adda (ancient Addua), riv., N. Italy, rises near Bormio in 
 the Valtellina, enters L. Como from the E. , leaves the lake at 
 Lecco, and joins at r. bk. Po, 7 m. W. Cremona. Navigable 
 by steamers from its mouth to L. Como. Formerly it was the 
 boundary between the rep. of Venice and the duchy of Milan. 
 
 Addankl, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Nellore, 82 m. W. 
 by S. Masulipatam. P. 7500. 
 
 Adda Springs, settlement, W. Australia, E. div. , 390 m. SE. 
 by E. Derby. 
 
 Addel, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Adel. 
 
 Adderbury, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Oxfordshire, Banbury div., 3^ m. S. by E. Banbury, on the 
 G. W. R. A. East, P. <iooo; A. West, P. <5oo; eccles. par. 
 (A. with Milton) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Addergoole, par., Ire., N. co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, 11 m. 
 SW. by S. Balhna ; 33,263 ac. P. <4500. 
 
 Addergoole, or Adragoole, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. 
 Dunmore, 5 m. N. Tuam ; 8441 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Addergoole, or Adragoole, co. Cork. See Adrlgole. 
 
 Adderley Park, rly. stn., Eng., Birmingham, on the L. & 
 NW. R. 
 
 Adderly, or Adderley, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 8 
 m. S. Nantwich, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. 500. 
 
 Adders tone, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-on-Tweed 
 div., 12 m. N. Alnwick, near Lucker stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Addlewell, vil., Scot., Midlothian, on the C. R., on Breich 
 Water, 9 m. S. Linlithgow, with large paraffin works, PM.O. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Addl Garalit. See Adigrat. 
 
 Addlngham with Gamblesby, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cumber- 
 land, div. and 6J m. NE. Penrith. P. < 1000. 
 
 Addlugkam, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div. , 
 onthe Wharfe, 12 m. NNW. Bradford, on the M. R., PMT.O. 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 Addlngton, co., Canada, Ontario, extending 80 m. inland 
 from Lake Ontario, crossed by ^j" W. 
 
 Addlngton, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 4^ m. 
 SE. Buckingham, close to Vemey June. P. <:25o. 
 
 Addlngton, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 8 m. SW. 
 Rochester, 2^ m. WNW. MaUing stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Addlngton, par. and vil. , Eng. , Surrey, Wimbledon div. , 3 m. 
 ESE. Croydon, 2^ m. E. South Croydon stn., with a residence 
 of the Archbishop of Canterbury. A. Hills to the W., P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Addlngton, Great, par. , Eng. , N. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 6 m. NE. Wellingborough. P. < 500. 
 
 Addlngton, Little, i m. to the S., in the E. div. of North- 
 amptonshire, I m. W. Ringstead stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Addlscombe, eccles. par. and suburb of Croydon, Eng., 
 Surrey, Wimbledon div., 9 m. S. St. Paul's, London, with a 
 stn. (Croydon, A. Rd.) on the SE. R. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Addlsliam, or Adistaam, par. and vil., Eng., Kent, St. 
 Augustine div., 5^ m. ESE. Canterbury, on the L. C. & D. R., 
 P.O. P.<:soo. 
 
 9 
 
AD Dl 
 
 A D I E 
 
 Aildlson, tn. , U.S., Maine, Washington co., 52 m. E. by S. 
 Bangor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Addison, vil., U.S., New York, Steuben co., on Canisteo R., 
 74 m. S. by E. Rochester, and 22 m. W. Elmira. P. < 3000. 
 
 Addison, co. , U.S. , Vermont, crossed by 44° N. , and bounded 
 on the W. by L. Champlain ; white and variegated marbles 
 quarried. 
 
 Addison's Flat, settlement, New Zealand, South I., Butler 
 CO. , 50 m. NE. by N. Greymouth. 
 
 Addison Road, stn. , London, Eng. See Kensington. 
 
 Addle, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Adel. 
 
 Addlebrongta, hill, Eng., Yorkshire, in the SW. of the 
 Richmond div. of the N. Riding, i6§ m. SW. by W. Richmond. 
 Alt. 1564 ft. 
 
 Addlestone, eccles. par. , Eng. , Surrey, Chertsey div. , 10 m. 
 N. by E. Guildford, i J m. SE. Chertsey, on the L. & SW. R. , 
 PMT.O. P. 5100. 
 
 Addlestrop, par. and vil. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Cirencester 
 div., i6j m. SE. Evesham, on the G. W. R. P. <c25o. See 
 Broad^vell. 
 
 Addletliorpe, ct. par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Homcastle div., 
 18J m. SE. Louth, si m. ESE. Willoughby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Addo, vil. , W. Africa, 35 m. W. by N. Lagos. 
 
 Addo Bnsb, scrub forest. Cape Colony, near Port Elizabeth, 
 which it supplies with fuel. 
 
 Adegem, vil., Belgium, E. Flanders, 11 m. E. Bruges. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Adel, vil., U.S., Iowa, Dallas co., on Raccoon R., 23 m. W. 
 Des Moines. 
 
 Adel, tribe, E. Africa. See Adal. 
 
 Adelaide, city, cap. of S. Australia, 6 m. E. of St. Vincent 
 Gulf, on which stands Port Adelaide, the shipping port of the 
 city, 508 m. by rail from Melbourne, 1085 m. from Sydney, 1808 
 from Brisbane. The town is pleasantly situated on a large plain, 
 bounded on the E. and S. by the Mount Lofty range of mountains, 
 which rise at the distance of from 4 to 8 miles from the city. It 
 is remarkable for its regularity even among Australian cities, 
 being built in the form of a square, and originally laid out in 
 allotments of one acre each. The riv. Torrehs, which was 
 formerly a sluggish unattractive stream, but has been converted 
 by means of a dam into a fine sheet of water, divides the city 
 into two portions, called N. Adelaide and S. Adelaide, the 
 latter of which is the business half of the city. All round the 
 town are park lands, half a mile in width. A. is the seat of a 
 university, and of a Protestant and Roman Catholic cathedral, 
 and has fine botanic gardens with a museum of economic botany. 
 Distance in nautical miles from London or Liverpool to Port 
 Adelaide by Suez Canal direct, 10,800 ; by Cape of Good Hope, 
 11,950; by P. and O. route, 11,500; by Orient route, 11,330. 
 The voyage from London by steamer through the Suez Canal 
 has been accomplished within four weeks. The city was founded 
 in 1837 by Col. Light, and named after the queen of William 
 IV. Lat. of observatory 34° 55' 34" S., long. 138° 35' 6" E. 
 Mean temp., yr. 62.7° F. , Jan. 74.6°, July 51.0°; rainfall 
 (26 yrs.), 20.25 in. P., city proper (1861) 23,000; (1891) 
 37,800 ; including suburbs (1891) 133,000. 
 
 Adelaide, vil., Canada, Ontario, Middlesex co. , 23 m. W. 
 LL-ndon . P. < 1 500. 
 
 Adelaide, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. Fort Beaufort, 65 m. W. 
 by N. King William's Town. P. < 1500. 
 
 Adelaide, place, Tasmania, Kent co. , on the W. side of the 
 estuary of the Huon, 28 m. SW. by S. Hobart. 
 
 Aflelalde, vil., U.S., Missouri, Miller co., on Osage R., 
 32 m. SW. Jefferson City. P. 1000. 
 
 Adelaide Archipelago, group of isls., Chile, lying to the 
 N. of the W. end of the Strait of Magellan. 
 
 Adelaide Lead, mining tp. , Victoria, Talbot co. , 90 m. NW. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Adelaide Peninsula, in the N. of Brit. N. America, crossed 
 about the middle by 97° W. 
 
 Adelaide Blver, S. Australia, flows N. into Clarence Strait, 
 opposite Melville I., in about 131° 20' E., navigable nearly 50 
 m. for vessels of 12 ft. draught. 
 
 Adelaide River, tp., S. Australia, N. Terr.,' Palmerston 
 CO., 53 m. S. by E. Palmerston, on the A. R., and the rly. 
 to Pine Creek. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Adelboden, val, Switzd., Bernese Oberland, 32 m. S. Bern, 
 about 12 m. long, with vil. (alt. 4450 ft. ) of same name. 
 
 Adel-cnm-Eccnp, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston 
 Ash div., 4^ m. NNW. Leeds, 2 m. NE. Horsforth stn. ; 4890 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Adele, small isl. off the NW. ct. of Australia, in 15° 32' S., 
 about 56 m. from the mainland, almost equidistant from King 
 Sound and Collier Bay 
 
 .4dell, dist. in the interior of Togo Land, German W. 
 Africa ; mountainous and rocky ; contains Bismarckburg. 
 
 .4.delle, a tract of barren land in the Antarctic Ocean, in 
 66° 30' S., 136° to 142° E. 
 
 Adelmauusfelden, manufacturing vil., Germany, Wiirtem- 
 berg, 38 m. ENE. Stuttgart. P. < 2000. 
 10 
 
 Adelnan, tn., Prussia, Posen, circle A., on the Bartsch, 42 
 m. NE. by N. Breslau. P. < 3000. 
 
 Adelong, gold-mining tp. , New South Wales, Wynyard co. , 
 85 m. NE. Albury. P. < 1500. 
 
 Adelsberg, tn. , Austria, Carniola, 24 m. SW. Laibach ; 
 famous for its caves with underground streams, stalactites, 
 Proteus, &c. P. < 5000. 
 
 Adelso, isl., Sweden, in L. Malar. 
 
 Ademoz, tn. , Spain, on the Guadalaviar, prov. and 65 m. NW. 
 Valencia. P. < 4000. 
 
 Aden, a Brit, possession, under the govt, of the Indian presi- 
 dency of Bombay, situated on the S. ct. of Arabia, about 105 m. 
 E. of the Strait of Babelmandeb ; 4610 nautical m. from London. 
 The territory consists of the penin. of A. proper (in Arabic, 
 Jebel Sham Sham), connected with the mainland by a narrow 
 isthumus, the penin. of Little Aden or Jebel Ihsan to the W. , and 
 a small tract on the mainland beyond the isthmus. Between the 
 two penins. lies Aden harb. , known as Aden West Bay, or Aden 
 Back Bay, a sheet of water opening to the S. , about 8 m. long 
 by 4 broad, with a depth inside of from 3 to 4 fathoms. Large 
 vessels lie oflf Steamer Point outside the harb. , on the W. side of 
 the penin. of A. proper. This penin. contains the bulk of the 
 inhabitants of the possession. It consists of a huge crater walled 
 round by precipices, the highest peak of which is 1775 ft. above 
 the sea-level. It is a natural fortress, which additional fortifica- 
 tions have rendered almost impregnable. The town of A., or 
 A. Camp, is situated within the crater facing the E. , but the 
 favourite residence of Europeans is at Steamer Point, which is 
 rather cooler than the crater. The remainder of the inhabitants 
 are at Shaikh Othman, an oasis and old Arab village on the main- 
 land, 8 m. from A. Camp. The mortality among Europeans is not 
 excessive. A. ranks indeed as a rather healthy station for troops, 
 but prolonged residence impairs the faculties and undermines 
 the health of Europeans. The dearth of rain makes A. proper 
 a desert.^ Provisions, firewood, fodder, and even some of the 
 water used in the settlement, have to be imported from the sur- 
 rounding country. More than a quarter of a mill on of camels 
 enter A. yearly with produce from all parts of Yemen. Water 
 is also obtained, however, from wells within the valleys of the 
 crater, by condensation from sea-water, and (for washing) by 
 means of an aqueduct led from Shaikh Othman. The counter- 
 balancing advantages of A. , in its strength and favourable situa- 
 tion for commerce, have nevertheless made it an important seat 
 of trade at many periods of history. It is identified with the 
 Eden of Ezekiel xxvii. 23 ; it was an entrepot of commerce 
 between the ancient Roman Empire and the East ; under various 
 rulers it was the seat of a flourishing commerce in the early 
 centuries of Mohammedanism. In 1538 it was taken by the 
 Turks ; at a later date it passed into the hands of native Arab 
 chiefs ; and in 1839 it was acquired by the British, under whom 
 its trade has developed immensely. In recent years that trade 
 has been specially promoted by the town being made a free port 
 in 1850, and by the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. A. is 
 now the great seat of the commerce between Arabia and Africa, 
 and of rapidly growing importance as an entrepdt and a place of 
 transhipment of European and Asiatic commerce. The average 
 value of imports and exports combined is upwards of ;^2,ooo,ooo. 
 Arab tribes, occupying together a territory of about 140 m. in 
 length by 40 m. in width, are under British protection. The 
 chief of these are the Abddli in Lahej (q.v.), the Fadhli, and the 
 Akrabi. Area of British territory proper, about 13 sq. m. Mean 
 temp. (4^yrs. , 1880-84), yr. 8i.2°F. , Jan. 75.2°, July 84.9°. The 
 rainfall of the year varies from \ in. to 8^ in. , with an irregular 
 average of about 3 in. P. (1891) 42,000; including Perim and 
 cantonment, 44,000. 
 
 Adenara, or Sabrao, one of the Lesser Sunda Is., close to 
 the E. ct. of Flores. 
 
 Adenan, coal-mining vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle A. , 25 
 m. SSW. Bonn. P. < 2000. 
 
 Adendorp, vil. , Cape Colony, dist. and 6 m. S. GraafF Reinet. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ad'erar, or Aderer. 1. A dist. in the centre of NW. Africa, 
 near the northernmost part of the Niger, between Timbuktu 
 and Air. 2. A., or Adrar, a mountainous tract inhabited by 
 Moors in the Sahara, north of the Senegal ; cap. Wadau. The 
 name in the Berber language means ' mountain-land.' 
 
 Aderbaljan, prov. , Persia. See Azerbaijan. 
 
 Ademo, walled tn. , Sicily, at the foot of Mount Etna, prov. 
 and 17 m. NW. Catania; ruins of ancient .^rfra««»i. P. 16,000. 
 
 Adersbach, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, 9 m. NE. Trautenau ; 
 noted for its remarkable rock scenery (in Cretaceous sandstone). 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Adforton, Stanway, Paytoe, and Grange, par., Eng., 
 Herefordshire, div. and 10 m. NW. by N. Leominster, 3J m. 
 SE. Bucknell stn. P. <250. See Lelntwardlne. 
 
 Adlabo, Abyssinia, prov. in the W. of Tigre, 14° 30' N. 
 
 Adlaman, tn. , Asia Minor, 78 m. W. byS. Diarbekir. P. 5000. 
 
 Adida, place mentioned in O. T. See Haditlietta. 
 
 Adle's Pond, lake, Newfoundland, about 49^20' N., 57° 8' 
 to 57° 30' W. 
 
ADIG — ADST 
 
 Adlganga. See Hngll R. 
 
 Adlge, anct. Athesis, in German Etsch (A. being the Italian 
 form), a river which rises in Austria, on the Reschenscheideck, 
 near the W. frontier of Tyrol, flows S. then W. through the 
 Vintschgau, takes a more or less southerly course at Meran, 
 passes Trent and Roveredo, enters Italian territory at Borghetto, 
 passes Verona, and enters the Adriatic S. of Chioggia. It re- 
 ceives on the 1. bk. the Eisack below Bozen, and the Avisio. It 
 is navigable from a little below the confluence of the Eisack, but 
 with some difficulty, owing to the velocity of the current. 
 Length, 234 m. ; area of basin, 5365 sq. m. See Adlgetto. 
 
 Adlgetto, a navigable channel, partly canalised, connecting 
 the Adige at a point near Badia with the Po near its mouth ; 
 said to have been formed by an earthquake about the end of the 
 ninth century. 
 
 Adlgrat, Adlglierat, Addl Garaht, or Ategerat, tn. , Abys- 
 sinia, Tigje, cap. of Agame prov. , 90 m. S. Massaua, at the top 
 of the terraces which descend to the E. , surrounded on other 
 sides by lofty mountains. Alt. 8585 ft. (Markham, b.p. and an. ), 
 according to others about 8200 ft. P. 2000. 
 
 Adinkerke, vil. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 10 m. E. by 
 N. Dunkirk. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Adlrnas-clial. See Adraiios-clial. 
 
 Adirondack Mountains, a group belonging to the Appa- 
 lachian system, U.S. , extending from the NE. towards the centre 
 of the State of New York ; highest peak. Mount Marcy, Esse.x 
 CO. (5334, 5403 ft. , Adirondack Survey ; 5379 ft. , Guyot). They 
 are mainly composed of Archaean crystalline rocks. The scenery 
 is noted for its beauty, wildness, and grandeur. Fish abound in 
 the lakes and streams, and game is still met with. Fine forests 
 cover the slopes, the most valuable timber product being white 
 pine. Rich iron ore occurs in the E. See Chateangay. 
 
 AdJshani, or Addlsham, Eng. , Kent. See Addlsham. 
 
 Adjai, riv. , India, in the W. of Bengal, joins the r. bk. of 
 the Bhagirathf in about 23° 40' N. 
 
 Adjer, tribe, Africa, Sahara. See Azjer. 
 
 Adjnuta, tn. , India. See Ajauta. 
 
 Adjygnrb, tn. , India. See AJalgarta. 
 
 Adklns, cape, China, in the S. of Shantung, in 120° 55' E. 
 
 Adler Kostcletz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 18 m. ESE. Konig- 
 gratz. P. < 5000. 
 
 Adlershof, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Teltow, 
 dist. Kopenik. P. <40oo. 
 
 Adlershorst, vil., Prussia, Posen, circle and dist. Bromberg. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Adilgen.scbwyl, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 2| m. E. Lucerne. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Adlingfleet, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., 6 m. ESE. Goole, on the Lincolnshire frontier, P.O. P. < 
 250. 
 
 Adllngton, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Knutsford div. ,5 m. N. by 
 W. Macclesfield, on the L. & NW. R., PT.O. P.<iooo. 
 
 .4dllngton, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Chorley div. , 4^ m. N. by 
 E. Wigan, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. P. <45oo. 
 
 Adlis>vell, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Zurich, on the Sihl. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Adlnu, vil., Palestine, 33° 24' N. , 35° 17' E. , ii^ m. SW. by 
 S. Sidon. 
 
 Admali, ruins, Palestine, Adami in the O. T., 32° 38' N. , 
 33° 32' E. , 10^ m. S. Tiberias. 
 
 Adniastou, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co., 50 
 m. W. Ottawa. 
 
 Adniaston, hamlet, Eng. , Salop, Wellington div. ,9 m. E. 
 Shrewsbury, on the G. W. R., P.O. 
 
 Admaston, hamlet, Eng., Staffordshire, Burton div., 7 m. E. 
 Stafford, 3 m. NE. Colwich stn., P.O. 
 
 Admlngton, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Cirencester div. , 5I 
 m. S. Stratford-on-Avon. P. <25o. 
 
 Admiral li^land, small isl. , Brit. Columbia, separated by 
 Stunrt Channel from the SE. ct. of Vancouver I. 
 
 Admiralty tiiilf, a large inlet in the N. of the Kimberley 
 div. of \V. .Australia, crossed by 126° E. 
 
 Admiralty Inlet. 1. The E. arm of Puget Sound. 2. In 
 Tierra del Fuego, opening to the NW. in 54° S. , 70° W. 
 
 Admiralty Island, an isl. off the ct. of Alaska, in 58° N. , 
 
 134° 30' w. 
 
 Admiralty Islands, a group in the Pacific, NE. of New 
 Guinea, in 2° S., 147° E. ; the largest nearly 60 m. long. 
 
 Admont, tn., Austria, Styria, on the Ems, 32 m. S. Steyr ; 
 with scythe factories. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Adnet, vil. , Austria, Salzburg, 8 m. SE. by S. Salzburg, 3 m. 
 ENE. Hallein. P. 2000. 
 
 Ado, vil., W. Africa, Benin, in about 7° N. , ^ ^i! E., 60 m. 
 NNE. Benin. 
 
 Adoa, Abyssinia. See Adna. 
 
 Adofadia, tn. , formerly existing in W. Africa, to the N. of 
 Whydah, in about ioJ° N. , apparently no longer existing under 
 that name. Jour. R. G. S., 1846, p. 156; Proc. E. G. S., 
 1 891, pp. 46-7. 
 
 Adolphustown, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Lennox co. , on the 
 Bay of Qumte, 30 m. WSW. Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Adone, a small tribe, E. Africa, occupying the banks of the 
 Webbe Shebeyli, about sj° N., 44^° E. They are in every way 
 different from the Somali. Proc. R. G. S. , 1885, pp. 632-3. 
 
 Adoni, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Bellary, 40 m. NE. 
 Bellary, on the rly. from Madras to Bombay. P. 26,200. 
 
 Adony, tn. , Hungary, prov. and 23 m. E. by S. Stuhlweis- 
 senburg, near the r. bk. of the Danube. P. 3500. 
 
 Adoraim, place named in O. T. See Dara. 
 
 Adorf, vil., Ger., principality of Waldeck, 30 m. W. by N. 
 Kassel, with iron and copper mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Adorf, manufacturing tn.. Gen, kgd. Saxony, 30 m. SSW. 
 Zwickau. P. <sooo. 
 
 Adonr, ancient Aturits, riv., France, rises in the Tourmalet, 
 Pyrenees, flows N. and then W. to the Bay of Biscay, the last 
 18 m. through the Landes, passes Bagn^res-de-Bigorre, Tarbes, 
 St. Sever, Dax, Bayonne ; receives on the left the Gabas, the 
 united waters of the Gave de Pau and Gave d'Oloron, and the 
 Nive ; on the right the Midouze ; becomes navigable at St. Sever, 
 80 m. from its mouth ; length, 208 m. ; area of basin, 6572 sq. 
 m. See Dur. 
 
 Adowa. See Adua. 
 
 Adpar, tn. , Wales, Cardiganshire, on the r. bk. of the Teifi, 
 9J m. ESE. Cardigan, opposite Newcastle Emlyn. 
 
 Adra, seapt. , Spain, prov. and 27 m. W. by S. Almeria ; 
 important lead-mines near. P. 9000. 
 
 Adrampet, seapt., Brit. India, Madras dist., Tanjore, on 
 Palk Strait, 33 m. SSE. Tanjore. P. < 5000. 
 
 Adramyti (Greek, Turkish Edremld, the ancient Adraviyt- 
 iium), tn., Asia Minor, 83 m. N. Smyrna, 5 m. E. of the head 
 of the Gulf of A. P. 6000. 
 
 Adrauos-chal, improperly Adlmas-chal, riv., Asia Minor, 
 rises near Gediz, and flows N. , then W. , and finally again N. , 
 into Lake Abullonia. 
 
 Adrar. See .4derar. 
 
 Adrara san Martino, vil. , N. Italy, prov. and 14 m. E. Ber- 
 gamo, with an ancient castle noted in the wars of the Guelfs and 
 Ghibellines. P. 2000. 
 
 Adrar*n-Deren. See Atlas. 
 
 Adria, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. Rovigo, on the Po di Levante 
 (N. of the main stream), 25 m. SSE. Padua, 14 m. from the sea. 
 The remains of the ancient Adria, or Hatria, which was on the 
 coast, and is believed to have given its name to the Adriatic, 
 are buried under sediment, a little to the S. of the present town. 
 P. 15,000. 
 
 Adrian, city, U.S., Michigan, Lenawee co. , 60 m. SW. by 
 W. Detroit. P. 8800. 
 
 Adrian, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Nobles co. , 145 m. SW. by 
 W. Minneapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Adrlgole, vil.. Ire., SW. ct. , co. Cork, bar. Bear, on harb. 
 of same name, iij m. W. Bantry; with lighthouse on Roan- 
 carrig I., 2 m. from the mouth of the harb. ; PM.O. 
 
 Adrlanople, in Turkish Edlrne, an important tn. , Turkey, 
 surrounded by forts, cap. of vilayet Edirne, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Maritsa, which here becomes navigable, and both banks of the 
 Tunja, which here unites with the Maritsa. It is probably the 
 most populous town in European Turkey after Constantinople, 
 and is a great seat of trade and manufactures (various textiles, 
 perfumery, &c. ). The surrounding district is the principal centre 
 of raw silk production in European Turkey. The ancient Had- 
 rianopolis took its name from the Emperor Hadrian, by whom it 
 was founded (early in the second century A.D. ), on the site of the 
 more ancient Orestia. From 1366 to 1453 (the capture of Con- 
 stantinople) it was the cap. of the Ottoman Empire. The Eski 
 Serai, the old palace of the sultans, now decayed, stands on the 
 r. bk. of the Tunja. P. 60,000. 
 
 Adriatic Sea, that part of the Mediterranean which lies 
 between Italy and the Balkan Penin., including the Gulfs of 
 Venice, Trieste, and Quarnero in the N., that of Manfredonia 
 in the W. , and communicating with the Ionian Sea by the Strait 
 of Otranto. The name Gulf of Venice is sometimes applied to 
 the whole sea. The depth is in most places under 100 fathoms, 
 and the whole of the N. part between the mouths of the Po and 
 the opposite part of the coast of Istria, together with a strip on the 
 E. coast of Italy, is under 20 fathoms. A portion of more than 
 TOO fathoms in depth occurs in the middle of the sea, but the 
 greatest depths are in the S. , where the deepest sounding yet 
 made is one of 869 fathoms, about midway between Bari and 
 Durazzo. On the Dalmatian side beautiful channels, affording 
 a secure retreat from storms, are formed by the islands that border 
 the coast. During summer the navigation is safe, the prevailing 
 wind being then favourable for leaving the sea, but in winter the 
 SE. winds cause much destruction. As to saltness and tides, 
 see Mediterranean; as to name, see Adria. Length from 
 lat. of C. di Leuca, 500 m. ; greatest width, 130 m. ; area 
 about 60,000 sq. m. 
 
 Adstock, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 3I m. SE. 
 Buckingham, i^ m. E. by S. Padbury stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Adstone, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 12 m. 
 SW. by W. Northampton, i^ m. ENE. Morton Pinkney stn. 
 P. < 250. 
 
 11 
 
A DU A 
 
 A F G H 
 
 Ad'na, Adoa, or Ado^a, tn. , Abyssinia, Tigre, io8 m. 
 SSW. Massaua. Alt. 6400 ft. P. 3500. 
 
 Adnard, tn., Netherlands, prov. and 5 m. NW. Groningen. 
 P. <: 3000. 
 
 Adala Honntains. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 2. 
 
 Adnle, or Adnlls, former tn. on Red Sea. See Zola. 
 
 Adanunlm, place named in the O. T. See Tal' at ed Danun. 
 
 Adun>€Iialon, mts., S. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, on 
 Onon R. Remarkable beryls, topazes, &c. 
 
 Adnr, riv., Eng., Sussex, between the Ouse and the Anm, 
 rises SW. Horsham, flows S. and enters the English Channel at 
 Shoreham, after a course of 25 m. Not navigable. 
 
 Advent, par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 9^ m, N. 
 by E. Bodmin, i^ m. S. Camelford ; 4091 ac. P. <25o. See 
 Lanteglog by Camelford. 
 
 Adventare Bay, on E. side of Bruni I. , S. of Tasmania. 
 
 Advle, stn., Scot., Elginshire, on the G. N. of S. R., 18 m. 
 SSW. Elgin. 
 
 Advocate Harbour, seapt. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cumber- 
 land CO., on the Bay of Fundy, 79 m. NW. Halifa.x. P. < 1500. 
 
 Adwaltou, hamlet, Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Pudsey div. , 
 5 m. SW. by W. Leeds, on the G. N. R. (Drighlington and Ad- 
 walton stn.). 
 
 Adwell, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 12^ m. ESE. 
 Oxford, 2 m. NW. Aston Rowant stn. P. <:25o; eccles. par. 
 (A. wltb S. Weston) P. <250. 
 
 Adwick upon Dearue, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Doncaster div., on the Dearne, 6 m. NNE. Rotherham, i m. 
 SE. Bolton-on-Deame stn. P. <25o. See Watb upon D. 
 
 Advrick-le-Street, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. 
 and 4 m. NW. by N. Doncaster, with a stn. (Carcroft, or A. 
 le S.), on the G. N. R., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Adwyrclawdd, place, Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., 4 m. 
 W. Wrexham, PMT.O. 
 
 Adzliamka, vil., Russia, govt. Kherson, 55 m. SW. Kremen- 
 chug. P. 5000. 
 
 £gades, a group of isls. , Italy. See Egadl. 
 
 .£gean Sea, the branch of the Mediterranean between Greece, 
 Turkey, and Asia Minor, studded with the isls. of the Grecian 
 archipelago. It is mostly upwards of 100 fathoms in depth, but 
 most of the isls. are separated from the mainland by water of 
 less than that depth. The greatest depth ascertained, 638 
 fathoms, is between the isls. of Samos and Chios. Length about 
 300 m., greatest width about 180 m. 
 
 Aegerl, Switzd. See Egeri. 
 
 .Eglna, Greece. See Aiglna. 
 
 Aelen, German name of Aigle. 
 
 Aelst, Belg. Flemish form of the name Alost. 
 
 Aeltre, tn. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 12 ra. W. by N. 
 Ghent. P. 7000. 
 
 Aeng, tn. , Lower Burma. See An. 
 
 /Enon, place named in N. T. See Ainun. 
 
 Aemen, Aruen, or Erneu, vil. , Switzd. , Valais, 7 m. NE. 
 Brieg, birthplace of Walther von der Flue. P. < 1000. 
 
 Aeroe, isl. , Denmark. See Arro. 
 
 Aeron, or Ayron, small riv., Wales, Cardiganshire, flows 
 S. , SW. , and finally NW. into Cardigan Bay. Not navigable. 
 
 Aerscbot, tn., Belgium, prov. Brabant, on the Demer, 9 m. 
 NE. Louvain. P. 6300. 
 
 Aertrycke, vil., Belgium, W. Flanders, 8 m. SSW. Bruges. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Aerzeele, vil., Belgium, W. Flanders, 15 m. NNE. Courtrai. 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Aerzen, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 29 m. SW. Hanover. P. < 2000. 
 
 Aescbl, vil, Switzd., cant, and 6 m. S. Basel. P. < 2000. 
 
 Aescbl, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 8 m. SSE. Thun. P. 1500. 
 
 Aetas, name which the Tagals or Malay inhabitants of Luzon 
 give to the aborigines of the interior, called by the Spaniards 
 Negritos. 
 
 Aetna, Mount. See Etna. 
 
 .Etolia and Acamanla, prov. (nomos) of the kgd. of Greece 
 on the N. side of the Gulf of Corinth ; cap. Mesolonghi. See 
 Greece. 
 
 ^ngst, anct. Augusta, vil., Switzd., cant, and 7 m. SSW. 
 Zurich. Near is the Wengibad. 
 
 Afabad, tn., E. Africa, near the Red Sea, 60 m. NW. by N. 
 Massaua. 
 
 Afade, tn.. Central Africa, Bornu, 84 m. SE. Kuka. 
 
 Afaflt, vil., E. Africa, near the Red Sea ct., in the Barka val., 
 to the S. of Tokar. 
 
 Afar, the name of a tribe belonging to E. Africa, extending 
 from the Gulf of Tajurra N. along the coast of the Red Sea to 
 about 14^° N. , and inland to the frontiers of Abyssinia ; called 
 by the Arabs Dan4kil (in the sing. Dankali). Their country has 
 a very irregular surface, covered in large part with rugged vol- 
 canic rocks, and is extremely arid. The Afars of the coast are 
 zealous Mohammedans. 
 
 Afelele, a strip of tlie desert of Sahara, lying between about 
 21^" and 22^° N. and 2° W. and 2° E., with much underground 
 water, well adapted for the rearing of camels. 
 12 
 
 Aflaitrach, vil. and castle, Germany, Wiirtemberg, E. of 
 
 Heilbronn, noted for its wine. P. < 2000. 
 
 Affaue, par. and vil.. Ire., W. co. Waterford, bar. Decies 
 without Drum, 4 m. E. by S. Lismore ; 7772 ac. P. <;iooo. 
 
 AflOngham, vil. , Eng. , Devonshire, Honiton div. , 12J m. E. 
 by N. Exeter, i^ m. ESE. Sidmouth June. 
 
 Affleck, Scot. See Aucbinleck. 
 
 Affllgbem, vil., Belgium, S. Brabant, with ruins of a once 
 celebrated abbey, 3 m. E. Alost. P. <2ooo. 
 
 AiToltern, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 4 m. NNW. Zurich. P. < 
 1000. 
 
 Affoltern, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 8 m. SSW. Zurich, with 
 Roman antiquities. Alt. 2608 ft. ; mean rainfall (20 yrs. ), 
 49.05 in. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Affoltern, vil. , Switzd., cant, and 15 m. NE. by E. Berti. 
 P. 2000. 
 
 Aflt>uddle, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., on the Puddle, 
 7\ m. E. by N. Dorchester, 3 m. N. by E. Moreton stn., PT.O. 
 P. <50o. See Turner's Puddle. 
 
 Afl^evllle, vil. , Algeria, 60 m. SW. by W. Algiers. 
 
 Affile, lake and riv. , Scot. , in N W. of Inverness-shire. The 
 lake lies 14 m. NW. Fort Augustus, at the height of 744 ft. 
 above sea-level. The river passes through Lochs Affric and 
 Benevian, and joins 1. bk. Glass. 
 
 Afghanistan, an inland country of Asia, bounded on the W. 
 by Persia, on the N. by Russia and Bokharan territory, on the 
 E. by Eastern or Chinese Turkistan and India, with the terri- 
 tory of some independent mountain tribes between the NW. of 
 India and the Hindu Kush [Kaftristan, Cbltral], on the S. by 
 Baluchistan and the British assigned dists. round Quetta. The 
 W. frontier was long in dispute between Persia and A. , but in 
 1872 was settled by an award of Sir Frederick Goldsmid, w ho had 
 been appointed by the two powers concerned to determine the 
 matter. In the N. this boundary is formed by a portion of the 
 Heri-Rud, where that river flows from S. to N., and S. of that 
 it generally keeps near the meridian of 61° E. , except in the 
 neighbourhood of the Sistan swamp, where it advances to the 
 Helmand R. in 62° E. The NW. boundary with Russia was 
 mostly laid Aovm in 1885-86 by a joint Russian and English 
 Commission, and was finally settled by a direct agreement be- 
 tween the governments of Great Britain and Russia in July 1887. 
 It begins in the W. at the Zulfikar P. in 35° 35' N., east of the 
 Heri-Rud, assigns to Russia the well-watered dist. of Badghiz 
 between the Heri-Rud and the Murgh-ab, and passes thence 
 NE. between Maruchak and Penjdeh to a point on the Amu, 
 in about 65'^ 46' E. , and about 30 m. below Khoja Saleh. 
 Above this point the O.xus forms the boundary with Bokhara 
 to about 71° E. [Badakhshan] ; and in the NE. A. claims a 
 large section of that part of the Pamirs containing the two chief 
 headwaters of the Oxus, the Panj, and the Murgh-ab [Pamirs]. 
 The boundary with India runs mostly E. of the Sulaiman Mts. 
 The gi eater part of the surface is highly mountainous, and even 
 the plains are mostly above 4000 ft. in height, large areas being 
 upwards of 7000 ft. The parts below that elevation are a con- 
 siderable tract in the SW. and W. , including the lower part of 
 the val. of the Heri-Rud (Herat about 3000 ft. ) and the tracts 
 in the N. west of 71° E. , the lower parts of which, adjoining the 
 j Oxus, are even below 1000 ft. The principal mountain ranges 
 are the Hindu Kush, the Koh-i-baba (the continuation of the 
 former range trending SW. from the Bamian P.), the Siah Koh 
 and Safed Koh, respectively S. and N. of the Heri-Rud val., 
 and the SulAiman Mts. in the E. The principal rivers are the 
 Helmand with its trib. the Arghand-ab, the Heri-Rud, Murgh- 
 ab, the Amu or Oxus, and three tribs. of the Indus — the Kabul, 
 traversing the Khaibar P. ; the Kuram, through the Kuram P. ; 
 and the Gomul, traversing the Gomul P. The climate is, as 
 regards temperature, as varied as the surface. At the higher 
 elevations the range of temperature is very wide. At Ghaznl, 
 7300 ft. , the thermometer sinks in winter to 10° or 15° below 
 zero, Fahr. , while in summer, even at Kabul, 5800 ft., it may 
 rise to 100°. At the lower elevations an agreeable temperature 
 prevails for the greater part of the year. The rainfall in 
 winter is slight, and in summer rain seldom falls at alL Agri- 
 culture is therefore dependent on irrigation, which in the western 
 dists. is often effected hymezxisofkarezes, or channels dug into the 
 sides of mountains composed of highly porous rocks. In most 
 parts of the country two harvests are reaped, one in spring and 
 one in autumn. The crops of the spring harvest are wheat, 
 barley, and lentils ; those of the autumn harvest, rice, millets 
 (especially the spiked millet or bdjra of India, Pennisetum typhoi- 
 deum), maize, beans, tobacco, beet, turnips, &c. Sugar-cane 
 and madder, melons, grapes, and apples are also important pro- 
 ducts. In the natural vegetation of the country, timbelli- 
 ferous plants, some of gigantic size, are highly characteristic, 
 and some of them yield valuable gum-resins, known in commerce 
 as gum ammoniacum, gum galbanum, asafoetida, &c. Legu- 
 minous plants also abound ; among these numerous astragali, 
 including the species that yields the gum tragacanth of com- 
 merce. The domestic animals include camels (mostly the 
 single-humped species), horses, cattle, two varieties of the fat- 
 
AFI U 
 
 AFRI 
 
 tailed sheep, goats, &c. Minerals are said to be abundant, 
 but few are wrought. Iron ore, lead, antimony, and sulphur are 
 all produced more or less ; small quantities of gold are also 
 obtained in certain streams ; silver was formerly worked ; copper 
 ore exists, but is not known to be worked ; coal is said to be 
 found in more than one place in the E. ; nitre abounds over all 
 the SW. Indnstrlal products are unimportant. Silks are 
 made from material of native production. Wool is both woven 
 and felted for domestic use ; and sheepskins with the wool on 
 are made into pelisses by treating the skin with pomegranate rind 
 and other materials, so as to give it great softness and supple- 
 ness. These are now exported in considerable number to the 
 Punjab. Practically there are no navigable rivers in A. , and the 
 only road for wheeled carriages is one from Peshawar to Kabul, 
 made during the British occupation of the latter town in 1879-80. 
 Goods are carried on domestic animals, chiefly camels, to a 
 large extent through craggy defiles and stony vals. , across high 
 mountain passes, and waste plains. The chief exports are wool, 
 horses, silk, fruit (including much dried fruit from Kandahar), 
 madder, and asafoetida, silks and woollens, skins, and a few 
 other manufactured articles. The principal imports are cotton, 
 woollen, and silk goods (all largely British), coarse country 
 cloths, sugar, tea, indigo, drugs, &c., from India; silk, arms, 
 turquoises, horses, carpets, &c. , from Persia ; silk and silk 
 fabrics, gold and silver wire (Russian), horses, &c. , from Bok- 
 hara. There is also a transit trade in Bokharan goods to India. 
 The people of A. may be divided into Afghan and non-Afghan 
 tribes. The four great Afghan clans are the Duranis, in the 
 SW. , mainly between Herat and Kandahar ; the Ghihais, on 
 the high plateau in the E. , between Kandahar and the Kabul 
 R. ; the Yusufzais, a. very turbulent tribe in the NE., extending 
 into Brit. India (Peshiwar) ; the Kakars, among the spurs of the 
 Suldiman Mts. in the SE. All the Afghans proper are Sunnite 
 Mohammedans. Their language is an Aryan dialect known as 
 Pushtu, or Pukhtu. Among the non- Afghan elements of the 
 population are the Tajiks, who speak a dialect of Persian, and 
 are found all over the country, zealous Sunnites ; the Kizil- 
 bdshis, or ' Red Heads,' Persianised Turks, Shiite Mohamme- 
 dans in religion ; the Hazareh, a people with a Mongol type of 
 features, but speaking a Persian dialect, mostly nomadic, in- 
 habiting the mountainous country W. and SW. of the Hindu- 
 Kush, Shiites ; Aimaks, nomads living W. of the Hazareh, 
 Sunnites. Uzbeg Turks appear to be the ruling race in the 
 NE. , the region embracing Balkh, Kunduz, Badakshan, &c. 
 (Afghan Turkistan). The govenunent is nominally mon- 
 archical, but both in peace and war the sarddrs, or military 
 chiefs, act much according to their own liking, and it is only by 
 their mutual jealousies that the sovereign (Amir) can retain 
 some control over them. Many small tribes are practically 
 independent. The whole empire of A. has seldom been under 
 one rule. Kabul (the present cap.), Herat, and Kandahar have 
 each in turn been held by native rulers, or Tatar, Persian, or 
 Indian invaders, and occasionally native rulers have extended 
 the empire beyond its present limits. The relations of A. to 
 Brit. India have more than once been disastrous to the British. 
 In 1842 a British-Indian army was wholly destroyed on the march 
 from Kdbul to the Khaibar P. In 1879 the British resident 
 and his escort stationed at K4bul, in accordance with a treaty 
 concluded at Gandamak in the same year, placing the foreign 
 relations of A. under British influence, were massacred. The mas- 
 sacre was subsequently avenged ; the Amir under whom it hap- 
 pened deposed, and a new Amir set up in his place, but no new 
 resident was sent to Kabul. Length of A. from the W. of the 
 Herat Valley to the frontier of Brit. India, 600 m. ; to the NE. of 
 Afghan Turkistan, 800 m. ; breadth from N. to S. , 520 m. Area, 
 including territory claimed in the Pamirs, and up to the Indian 
 frontier in the E. , about 260,000 sq. m. , excluding Pamir and 
 eastern territory beyond the frontier of Brit. India proper, but 
 now practically under British control, about 210,000 sq. m. P. 
 about 4,000,000. 
 
 See Major H. G. Raverty, Notes on A. and part of Baliichistan, 
 London, 1881 ; Proc. R. G. S., 1885, pp. 39, &c., i6o, &c., 273, 
 &c. (on N. frontier and neighbouring regions) ; H. W. Bellew, 
 An Inquiry into the Ethnography of A., Woking, 1891. The 
 best map is that of Col. Thuillier, 4 sheets, Calcutta, 1889 
 (i : 1,520,640). The greater part of A. is included in Curzon's 
 map of Persia, in which the data of the previously mentioned 
 map are utilised. See also refs. under Hludn-Knsb and 
 Snl&lman Sits. 
 
 Aflnn (or Aflnm) Kara Hlssar (' opium black castle '), tn., 
 Asia Minor, on the Akkarsu, no m. E. by N. Alashehr, 184 m. 
 E. Smyrna, built at the base of a lofty dark -coloured rock 
 crowned with the ruins of a castle, in the midst of a plain in 
 which opium is largely cultivated. Alt. 2950. P. 25,000. 
 
 Afienz, vil. , Austria, Styria, 14 m. N. by E. Leoben. P. 2000. 
 
 Afogadas, vil. , Brazil, a short distance W. of Pernambuco. 
 
 Afognac, isL, Alaska, adjoining Kadiak I. on the NE. 
 
 Afon, 'water.' Se& Ab. 
 
 Afonwen, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, S. ct. of Eifion div. , 
 on the L. & NW. and Cambrian Rlys. , 8 m. W. by S. Portmadoc. 
 
 Afonwen, place, Flintshire, 5 m. SW. by W. Holywell, close 
 to Caerwys stn., P.O. 
 Aflragola, tn. , Italy, prov. and 6 m. NNE. Naples. P. 6000. 
 AfMca, the name applied since the time of the Romans to the 
 continent lying to the S. of the Mediterranean ; by the ancient 
 Greeks called AlBOt). Its coast-line is remarkable for its uni- 
 formity. Its principal gulfs, G. of Guinea in the W., those of 
 Cabes and Sidra in the N., are wide-mouthed. Minor indenta- 
 tions are comparatively few. The superficial features contrast 
 markedly with those of all other continents. Africa has no wide 
 plains near the coast, but consists principally of plateaux, vary- 
 ing from about 2000 to 9000 ft. in height, surmounted in many 
 places by mountain peaks or chains, and generally sinking 
 pretty rapidly to the coast, where the strips of lowland are 
 comparatively narrow. The principal mountain ranges are those 
 of the Atlas, which run parallel to the western half of the 
 Mediterranean, and the Drakensberg or Quathlamba Mts., in 
 the SE. The principal series of plateaux extends from N. 
 to S. towards the E. side of the continent, and is broken only 
 by the valley of the Zambezi. Within a few degrees of the 
 equator these plateaux are surmounted by several old volcanic 
 cones rising above the snow-line. The highest are Kilimanjaro 
 (nearly 20,000 ft.), and Kenia (about 18,500 ft.), both S. of the 
 equator, near the eastern border of the elevated region ; the next 
 in height, Ruwenzori, just N. of the equator, about seven 
 degrees to the W. of Motint Kenia. On these plateaux lie also 
 a number of great fresh-water lakes, Victoria Nyanza, Tangan- 
 yika, Bangweolo, Nyassa. In the E. this series of plateaux is 
 traversed longitudinally from about 6° N. to at least 6° S. by a 
 well-marked relative depression bounded by steep escarpments, 
 and containing a series of lakes with no outlet, Ls. Rudolf, Baringo, 
 Naivasha, and others. The principal rivers are the Nile, Niger, 
 Congo, and Zambezi. All except the Nile belong wholly to the 
 tropical portion of the continent. They are all great navigable 
 streams, but all of them have their navigation interrupted in their 
 lower course by falls and cataracts. In the Nile, however, these 
 are high enough up to allow of nearly 800 m. of unimpeded 
 navigation from the mouth. The rainfall over a great part of 
 A. is very scanty. A. lies in latitudes where the atmosphere is 
 always able to retain large quantities of vapour uncondensed, 
 and, consisting mainly of plateaux with bordering mountains, its 
 interior is in most parts reached only by winds that have been 
 deprived of the greater part of their moisture. Hence the only 
 regions with abundant rainfall are the western part of the equatorial 
 area and narrow strips on the S. and SE. coasts. Three regions 
 of exceptional drought occur, the Sahara in the N. , the eastern 
 horn (Somali-land, &c.), and the Kalahari in the S. To the S. 
 of the Sahara is a large region of inland drainage connected with 
 L. Chad, to the N. of the Kalahari a similar region connected 
 writh L. Ngami. Except in the moister parts of the equatorial 
 regions, where dense liana-bound forests occur, the prevailing 
 Tegetatlon, where there is any vegetation at all, consists of 
 treeless, or nearly treeless, grassy steppes. Euphorbias and, in the 
 S. , heaths are characteristic. In the desert thorny shrubs and 
 scattered tufts of coarse grass form the principal vegetation. 
 Among palms the most characteristic are the date in N. , the 
 deleb and doum further S. Among animals the quad- 
 rupeds that most abound are herbivora — antelopes, giraffes, 
 zebras, quaggas, &c. The single-humped camel is found solely 
 as a domesticated animal. A. possesses a peculiar species of 
 elephant, whose tusks furnish most of the ivory of commerce. 
 Monkeys and apies (chimpanzee and gorilla), rhinoceroses, 
 hippopotamuses, and crocodiles are all likewise abundant, besides 
 lions, hyaenas, and other beasts of prey. Among large birds 
 must be mentioned the ostrich, and among small birds the sun- 
 birds, which answer to the humming-birds of tropical America. 
 The animals just mentioned are specially characteristic of the part 
 of the continent S. of the tropic of Cancer, that part forming, along 
 with Madagascar, the Ethiopian Region in the great zoogeogra- 
 phical divisions of Wallace. The northern portion of the conti- 
 nent is referred to the Mediterranean subregion of the Paloearctic 
 Region [Europe]. In some respects the most important member 
 of the African insect-world is the tsetse-fly (^.w.), whose bite 
 is fatal to some of the more important domestic animals. 
 The Inhabitants of the N. and NE. of Africa, including the 
 Abyssinians (a Semitic people), Egyptians, and Berbers, as well 
 as the Asiatic settlers, the Arabs and Jews, are all markedly 
 different from those of the S. and the SW. , among whom the 
 negro features are more or less prominent [Bantu]. The 
 Jews are settled in considerable numbers in the Atlas States, and 
 the Arabs are more widely diffused, being settled in large 
 numbers in the N. and E. , and having the command of the trade 
 (largely a slave-trade) of a great part of E. and Central Africa. 
 The Mohammedan religion has been introduced by the Arabs 
 into all N. Africa, E. Africa as far as the Zanzibar coast, and into 
 the Sudan States between the Nile and the Niger basin ; and in 
 Central Africa Mohammedanism is constantly gaining ground. 
 Ancient Christian sects survive in Abyssinia and Egypt (in the 
 latter country called Copts). The rest of Africa is heathen, 
 except where there are European settlers (chiefly English and 
 
 13 
 
A F R I 
 
 AGH N 
 
 Dutch colonists in the S). Misgovernment, internal wars, and 
 the practice of slavery keep down the density of the pop. 
 almost everywhere in the interior. See €outineuts, and also, 
 besides the names of the principal countries, Sahara, Sudan; 
 Seuegambia, Niger Basin, Guinea (Upper and Irower), 
 Blssagus, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Slave Coast, French 
 Congo Terr., Congo Free State, Damara Land, Brit. E. 
 and Brit. S. Afirlca, German E. and German W. AfMca, 
 Portuguese E. and Portuguese W. Africa, Eritrea. 
 Africa, cape, Tunis, on the E. ct. , in 35° 30' N. 
 Af^la, small isl. , Asiatic Turkey, in the Sea of Marmora, 30 
 m. S. Rodosto. 
 
 Aftou, tn., U.S., Iowa, Union co., 50 m. SW. Des Moines. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Afton, vil., U.S., New York, Chenango co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Susquehanna, 62 m. SSE. Syracuse. P. < 1500. 
 
 Afton-Brldgend, vil., Scot., S. Ayrshire, adjoining New 
 Cumnock, of which it forms part, on the S. P. -c 500. 
 
 Afvestad, or Avesta, vil. , Sweden, Kopparberg, 37 m. SSE. 
 Falun, with iron- and copper-smelting furnaces, in the latter of 
 which the ores of Falun are smelted. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Afzalgarh, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Bijnaur, 62 m. 
 ENE. Meerut. P. 8400. 
 Agach, Turkish, 'tree.' 
 
 Agachltl, vil. , Turkey in Europe, on the Black Sea, prov. and 
 15 m. NNW. Constantinople. 
 Agadem, an oasis, Sahara, in 16° 52' N., I3°i6' E. (Vogel,i853). 
 Agades, or Aghades, tn. , Sahara, cap. of Air. 
 Agadir, a Berber word, a 'protecting wall,' or 'fortified place.' 
 Agadlr-n-Irlr, ct. vil., Morocco, W. ct. , 76 m. S. by E. 
 Mogador, at the end of a spur of the Lesser Atlas. 
 Agaete, comm., Canary Is., dist. Quia. P. <4000. 
 Agameutlcus, Mount, U.S., Maine, York co. , 35 m. SW. by 
 S. Portland. Alt. 673 ft. (Toner). 
 
 .Igao, Agau, or Ago, the name of the people regarded as the 
 aborigines of Abyssinia, and of their language. See Abyssinia. 
 Agar, tn., Central India, Gwalior, 95 m. WNW. Bhopal. 
 Alt. 1675 ft. P. 7700. 
 
 Ag^shl, tn. and seapt. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Thand, 
 on the 1. bk. of Vaitarani R. , 38 m. N. Bombay. P. 7500. 
 
 Agasslz, vil. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the Canadian 
 Pacific Railway, about 121° 50' W., 1411 m. by railway from 
 Winnipeg, 71 m. from Vancouver, with government experi- 
 mental farm. P. <;i5oo. 
 Agasslz Glacier, Alaska, to the S. of Mount St. Elias. 
 Agasslz, Lake, the name given to an extinct N. American 
 lake of Quaternary age, which embraced the whole basin of 
 the Red R. of the North and portions of adjoining basins, and 
 of which Lakes Winnipeg, Manitoba, Winnipegosis, Cedar, 
 Dauphin, St. Martin, Rainy Lake, and Lake of the Woods 
 are relics. Total area 110,000 sq. m. ; area of basin upwards 
 of 350,000, possibly upwards of 500,000 sq. m. See Geol. and 
 Nat. Hist. Survey of Canada, 1888-9, vol. iv. Div. E. 
 
 Agasslz Peak, mt. , U.S., Arizona, Yavapai co. , 180 m. SE. 
 of the NW. corner of the state. 
 
 Agathopolls, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Kirk-Kilise, on 
 the ct. , 34 m. SE. by S. Burgas. 
 Agan. See Agao. 
 
 .Igawam, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampden co. , 2J m. 
 SW. Springfield. P. < 3000. 
 
 Agay, picturesquely situated vil. , France, dep. Var, on the S. 
 ct. , 7 m. E. Fr^jus. 
 
 Agazzano, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 10 m. SW. 
 Piacenza. P. < 3000. 
 Agbome, or -ey. See Abome. 
 
 Agboto, vil. , W. Africa, on R. Ossa, 49 m. WSW. Benin. 
 Agda, tn., Persia, prov. Irak Ajemi, 112 m. E. by S. Ispahan. 
 .4gde, tn. , France, dep. H^rault, arr. and 13 m. E. by S. B^ziers, 
 on the Languedoc Canal, cap. arr. ; seaport with harb. admitting 
 vessels of 400 tons ; trade in coal. Originally a colony founded 
 by Greeks of Marseilles, and nam'ed ayadi) r^xv is^'^'^ fortune) ; 
 in 1562-77 a stronghold of the French Reformers. P. 6400. 
 
 Agden, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 10 m. SW. by W. 
 Nantwich, 3 m. S. by E. Malpas stn. P. < 250. 
 
 Agden, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 13 m. N. by W. Burnley, 3 m. NW. Newsholme stn. 
 
 Agden, par., Eng., Cheshire, Altrinchana div., 10 m. SW. by 
 W. Manchester, i| m. S. Heatley stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ageu, cap. dep. Lot et Garonne, France, on the r. bk. of the 
 Garonne, 38 m. WNW. Montauban, seat of a bishop, with 
 various manufactures and antiquities. P. (1891) 20,400. 
 
 Agger, riv. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , flows SW. and enters the 
 Sieg a little to the NE. of Bonn ; not navigable. 
 .Igger Canal, or Aggermlnde. See LllmQord. 
 Aggerso, or Agerso, isl., Denmark, off the SW. of Seeland. 
 Agglethorpe -^rlth Coverham, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. 
 Riding, div. and loj m. SW. by S. Richmond, 3 m. S. Wensley 
 stn. P. <:25o. 
 Aggtelek, Hungary. See Agtelek. 
 Agk. See Ack. 
 14 
 
 Agha, par., Ire., co. Carlow, containing part of Leighlin 
 bridge tn. ; 4183 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Aghadlr. See Agadlr-n-Irlr. 
 
 .Ighaboe, or Angh.>voc, par.. Ire., SW. Queen's co. , bar, 
 Clarmallagh, iiim. SW. Maryborough, P.O. (Aghavoe); 18,715 
 ac. P. <25oc. 
 
 Aghabog, par.. Ire., W. co. Monaghan, bar. Dartree, 9 m. 
 SW. by S. Monaghan, P.O.; 11,545 ac. P. <30oo. 
 
 Aghabulloge, par. , Ire. , W. co. Cork, bar. Muskerry E. , 6^ 
 m. NE. by E. Macrowne, P.O. (Aghabullogue) ; 18,733 ^'^• 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 Aghacrcw, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Lower Kilnamanagh, 
 
 2 m. W. Dundrum stn.; 1230 ac. P. <250. 
 
 Aghada, par. and ct. vil. , Ire. , SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 
 3J m. ESE. Queenstown. Par. 2458 ac. , P. <i5oo ; vil. P. <500. 
 
 Aghade, par. and vil., Ire., E. co. Carlow, bar. Forth, 9^ m. 
 SE. by E. Carlow; 1697 ac. P. <;250. 
 
 Aghaderg, or Aghaderrlck, par.. Ire., co. Down, bars. Upper 
 Iveagh, Upper Half III., and Lower Iveagh, Lower Half, with 
 Poyntzpass stn. ; 13,916 ac. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Aghades, or Agades, tn., Sahara, cap. of Air. ' 
 
 Aghadoe, par. and vil. , Ire. , E. co. Kerry, bar. Magunihy, 
 
 3 m. NW. Killarney; 16,926 ac. P. < 2500. 
 Aghadowey, par. and vil.. Ire., NE. co. Londonderry, bar. 
 
 Coleraine, 7 m. S. Coleraine, on the Derry Central Rly. , PMT.O. ; 
 16,306 ac. P. <4ooo. 
 AghadoMm, par.. Ire., SW. ct. , co. Cork, bar. W. Carberry, 
 
 4 m. WSW. Skibbereen, P.O.; 8952 ac. P. < 2500. 
 Aghafatten, or .Inghafatten, place, Ire. , E. co. Antrim, bar. 
 
 Lower Antrim, 11 m. NW. by W. Larne, P.O. 
 
 Aghagallon, or .lughagallen, par. and hamlet, Ire., SE. co, 
 Antrim, bar. Upper Massereene, 4^ m. NNE. Lurgan, P.O. ; 
 5571 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Aghagoogy, tnld., Ire., King's co., bar. EgHsh, 7 m. NE 
 Parsonstown. P. < 250. 
 
 Aghagower, Aghagour, or Ayle, par. and vil. , Ire. , W. co. 
 Mayo, bars. Burrishoole and Murrisk, 3^ m. SE. Westport, 
 P.O.; 55,046 ac. P. < 5000. 
 
 Aghalee, or Aughalee, par. and vil.. Ire., SE. co. Antrim, 
 bar. Upper Massereene, 5 m. NE. Lurgan, P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Aghaloo, or Anghloe, par. , Ire. , in the extreme SE. of co, 
 Tyrone, bar. Lower Dungannon ; 19,523 ac. P. <4ooo. 
 
 .Ighalurcher, large par. , Ire. , cos. Fermanagh and Tyrone, 
 bars. Magherastephana and Clogher ; 45,022 ac. P. 7900. 
 
 Aghamore, or Abbey Isle, fishing stn. , Ire. , in the SW. of 
 CO. Kerry, on Kenmare R. 
 
 Aghamore, par., Ire., SE. co. Mayo, bar. Costello, 19 m. E. 
 by S. Castlebar, P.O. ; 22,510 ac. P. 6600. 
 
 Aghauagh, par.. Ire., in the SE. of co. Sligo, bar. Tirerrill; 
 7747 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aghancon, par. and hamlet. Ire. , S. King's co. , bars. Bally 
 brit and Clonlisk, 9 m. SE. Parsonstown, P.O. ; 5615 ac. P. ■< 
 500. A. Church, 2| m. to the N. 
 
 .Ighanloo, par.. Ire., NE. co. Londonderry, bar. Keenaght, 
 
 8 m. SSE. Moville, P.O. ; 8251 ac. P. < 1000. 
 Aghanunshln, par. , Ire. , NE. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacre- 
 
 nan, 14 m. W. by S. Londonderry; 3847 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Agharra, par.. Ire., in the SE. co. Longford, bar. Moydow; 
 2596 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Aghavallen, par., Ire., in the N. co. Kerry, bar. Iraghti- 
 connor; 16,743 ac. P-<35oo- 
 
 Aghavas, P.O., Ire., in the SE. co. Leitrim, bar. Carrigallen, 
 
 Aghavea, par.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, bar. Magherastephana, 
 
 9 m. E. by S. Enniskillen; 17,157 ac. P. < 3000. 
 Aghavlller, par. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny, bar. Knocktopher ; 
 
 5670 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Aghavoe. See Aghaboe. 
 
 Aghavrln, tnld.. Ire., W. co. Cork, bar. Muskerry East, 6 m. 
 ENE. Macroon. P. <250. 
 
 Aghd, Persia. See Agda. 
 
 Aghenlsh, isl. , Ire. See Anglilnlsh. 
 
 Agher, par.. Ire., SW. co. Meath, bars. Upper and Lower 
 Deece, yh m. S. by E. Trim, P.O. ; 2029 ac. P. <250. 
 
 Aghern, par.. Ire., NE. co. Cork, bar. Kinnatalloon, 6| m. 
 SE. by E. Fermoy ; 3489 ac. P. 500. 
 
 Aghery Lough, a small lake. Ire., in the NW. of co. Down, 
 6| m. S. Lisburn, drained E. to Strangford Lough. 
 
 Aghlnagh, par. , Ire. , W. co. Cork, bar. Muskerry East, on the 
 1. bk. of the Lee, 3 m. SE. Macroone, P.O. ; 9420 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aghia, mt.. Ire., in the W. of co. Donegal, 12 m. N. Done- 
 gal ; height, 1961 ft. 
 
 Aghmacart, par. , Ire. , SW. Queen's co. , bar. Clarmallagh, 
 16 m. NW. Kilkenny; 9600 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aghnacllff, or AughnaclllTe, place, Ire. , NE. co. Longford, 
 bar. Granard, 15 m. NE. by E. Longford, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Aghnameadle, par., Ire., NE. co. Tipperary, bar. Upper 
 Ormond, 13^ m. NW. by N. Thurles ; 10,322 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Aghnamnllen, or Anghnamullen, par. , Ire. , S. co. Mona» 
 ghan, bar. Cremorne, 10^ m, S. Monaghan, P.O. ; 30,701 ac 
 P. 7635- 
 
AGHY — AHAU 
 
 Aghyarau, place, Ire., W. co. Tyrone, bar. W. Oniagh, 13J 
 m. SW. Strabane, on R. Derg, P.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 Aslnconrt, vil. , Canada, Ontario, York co. , 9 m. NNE. 
 Toronto, on a rly. P. < 1500. 
 
 Agliicoart, France. See Azlncourt. 
 
 Aglnsk Steppe, the south-eastern part of the Siberian dist. of 
 Trans-Baikal, between the Middle Onon and the Argun R. 
 
 Agira. 1. Tn. , Sicily, prov. Catania, 28 m. ENE. Caltanis- 
 setta. 2. The W. part of Corfu I. , Greece. 
 
 Aglvey, par., Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. and 7 m. NE. by 
 S. Coleraine; 1670 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Aglar. See Aqnlleja. 
 
 Aglem Bridge, Ire., co. and 5 m. E. Donegal, bar. Tirhugh, 
 
 Agile, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 22 m. N. by E. Turin. 
 P. 4000. 
 
 Agllsta, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Muskerry East, with Kilcrea 
 stn. ; 6770 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Agllsh, par. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bar. Magunihy, 5 m. NW. Kil- 
 larney ; 4857 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Agllsli, or AgUsli Martin, par. and vil. , Ire. , S. co. Kil- 
 kenny, bar. Iverk, 4 m. WNW. Waterford ; 1343 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 AgUsh, par., Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Carra, containing Castle- 
 bar ; 14,416 ac. P. 5800. 
 
 Agllsb, par. and vil.. Ire., SW. co. Waterford, bar. Decies 
 within Drum, 6J m. SE. Lismore; 6856 ac. P. < 2000; vil. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 AgUseornilck, or Llscormlek, par. , Ire. , in the E. of co. 
 
 Limerick, bars. Coonagh and Clanwilliam ; 1715 ac. P. <500. 
 
 Agllsbelogbaue, or Egbllsh, par.. Ire., N. co. Tipperary, 
 bar. Lower Ormond, 8 m. SW. by W. Parsonstown, P.O. (Eg- 
 hsh) ; 5897 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Aglu, small seapt., W. ct. Morocco, in 29° 51' N. 
 
 Agly, a small riv. in the SE. of France, deps. Aude and Py- 
 renees Orient. , flows E. into the Mediterranean, after a course of 
 50 m. , used for irrigation. 
 
 Aguello, Col d'. See Alps, Passes, I. (5). 
 
 Agiiew's Illll, mt. , Ire., in the E. of co. Antrim, 4 m. W. 
 Larne ; height, 1558 ft. 
 
 Aguo, vil., Switzd. , cant. Ticino, 3 m. W. Lugano. It gives 
 name to a fertile val., Val d'A., 15 m. long, traversed by a 
 branch of the St. Gothard Rly. leading to Lugano. 
 
 Agnone, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Campobasso, 
 44 ni. S. by E. Chieti. P. 10,000. 
 
 Aguuse, one of the Spalmatori Is. , Asiatic Turkey. 
 
 Agonie, tn. , Ger. W. Africa, Togo Land, 45 m. W. Whydah. 
 
 Agou, small seapt. , France, dep. Manche, 15 m. N. Granville. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Agong, or Gunong (Malay, 'high mountain'), mt., E. 
 Arch., in the E. of Bali I. 
 
 Agoomska, isl. , Canada, NW. Terr. , in James Bay, 60 m. 
 long N. to S. 
 
 Agordo, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. Belluno, on the Cordevole, 
 44 m. N. by W. Treviso ; copper works. P. 4000. 
 
 Agosta, Sicily. See Augusta. 
 
 Agotijue, a dist. in the interior of Togo Land, German W. 
 Africa. 
 
 AgouUnltza, fishing-tn., Greece, prov. Messenia, 45 m. SSW. 
 Patras, 8 m. W. of the site of the ancient Olympia. P. <3000. 
 
 Agout, riv. , France, deps. H6rault and Tarn, flows WNW. 
 into the Tarn, no m. long, partly navigable, but not actually 
 used for navigation. 
 
 Agra, city, British India, NW. provs. , cap. of dist. A., on the 
 r. bk. of the Jumna R. , at a bend where that river turns sharply 
 to the E. , no m. SE. by S. Delhi. It is well built, and possesses 
 a fort, with walls i^ m. in circumference and 70 feet high, but 
 without the strength necessary to withstand modern artillery. It 
 contains within the fort the palace of Shdh Jahdn, and outside of 
 the fort the Taj Mahdl, the mausoleum in white marble and red 
 sandstone erected by Shah Jahin in memory of his wife, the 
 finest existing specimen of Mohammedan architecture. For 
 miles around are the remains of palaces end tombs, with the 
 mausoleum of Akbar at Sikandra, 5 m. N. ; and the Jama Mas- 
 jid ('great mosque"), erected by the same emperor in memory 
 of his daughter. It has a British garrison. It has many manu- 
 factures, its most noted specialty being inlaid mosaic work, for 
 which it has been famous for centuries. Though off the main 
 line of the E. Indian Rly. , it is now an important rly. centre, and 
 heavy traffic is also carried on by the Jumna and the A. Canal. 
 The Emperor Babar died at the older Agra, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Jumna, in 1530. His grandson Akbar built the fort on the r. bk. 
 in 1566, and afterwards made the town his cap., and it remained 
 the cap. of the Mughal Empire for about 100 years. It was 
 taken by the British under Lord Lake from the Marathds Oct. 
 1803. Alt. 555 ft. Mean temp. (10 vrs), yr. 79° F., Jan. 60°, 
 June 95°; mean rainfall, yr. 26 in.; june-Sept. 23.7 in. See 
 H. G. Keene's Ha?idbook to Agra. P. including cantonment 
 (1881) 160,200; (1891) 168,700. 
 
 Agra, riv. , Spain, rises in the Pyrenees near Roncesvalles, and 
 flows S. past Pamplona to the Aragon, which it joins a few 
 miles above its confluence with the Ebro. 
 
 Agra €aiial, an irrigation and navigation canal, Brit. India, 
 led by the Jumna 10 m. below Delhi, and re-entering that river 
 about 20 m. below Agra, with branches to the cities of Muttra 
 and Agra. 
 
 Agrataan Bay, W. ct. of Caspian Sea, from which it is 
 separated by the Uch penin. ; receives one of the mouths of 
 Terek R. 
 
 Agram, Slav, name Zagrab, tn., Hungary, cap. of Croatia- 
 Slavonia, 73 m. E. by S. Laibach. See of a bishop, with a S. 
 Slavonic Academy ; in the neighbourhood the copper works of 
 Rude, and the warm baths of Stubitza. Alt. 535 ft. Mean 
 
 temp., yr. 51.5° F., Jan. 31.3°, July 71.7°; rainfall(2oyrs.)3S. 28 in. 
 P. 25,000. 
 
 Agram Pass. See Hindu Knsb. 
 
 Agrapbl, vil. , Greece, in the NW. of Corfu I. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Agrl, riv., Italy, in the E. It rises in the Apennines, in the 
 W. of Basilicata, and flows ESE. and E. to the Gulf of Taranto, 
 which it enters in the W. in about 40° 13' N. 
 
 Agrlmla, cape, Turkey in Europe. See Paxl, Cape. 
 
 Agrlnlon, or Yrakborl, tn., Greece, prov. Acarnania and 
 ^tolia, 19 m. N. by W. Mesolonghi. P. 7400. 
 
 Agrlo, riv. , Argentine Republic. See Neuqnen. 
 
 Agroba, old tn., India, Punjab, Hissar dist., no m. WNW. 
 Delhi ; original seat of the Agarevila Baniyas, a trading caste 
 now spread all over the penin. 
 
 Agropoll, small fishing vil., Italy, Campania, prov, Salerno, 
 on the ct., 26 m. SSE. Salerno. P. <:3oco. 
 
 Agror, the upper part of the Kagan valley, in the extreme N, 
 of Brit. India. 
 
 Agtelek, vil. , Hungary, Gomor co. , 39 m. WSW. Kaschau, 
 with celebrated limestone cavern (Baradla). 
 
 Agua, pi. Aguas, Spanish form of Latin aqua, ' water." 
 
 Aguacate, mt. range, Costa Rica, in about 10° N. , 84^° W. , 
 with gold-mines. 
 
 Aguamlro, vil. , Peru, dep. Huanuco, 170 m. N. by E. Lima. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Agua Jfueva, tn., Mexico, Coahuila, 60 m. SW. by W, 
 Monterey. 
 
 Agua, Volcan de ('water volcano"), a volcano, Guatemala, 
 18 m. SW by W. Guatemala, so called from its having ejected 
 an enormous quantity of water in 1541, by which the old town 
 of Guatemala was destroyed. 
 
 Aguas, small riv., Spain, on r. bk. trib. of the Ebro, which 
 it joins about 30 m. SE. Saragossa. 
 
 Aguas Bellas (' fine waters "), vil., Brazil, state and 175 ra. 
 WSW, Pernambuco. 
 
 Aguas Calleutes ('warm waters "), tn., Mexico, cap. of state 
 of A. C. [Mexico], 75 m. S. by E. Zacatecas, in the neighbour- 
 hood of the warm springs, 122° F., which gave name to the 
 town and state. Alt. 6400 ft. Mean rainfall (5 yrs.), 23.4 in. 
 P. 32,400. 
 
 Aguas Callentes, tn. and rly. stn., Peru, 27 m. inland from 
 Arequipa, with sulphur springs with a temperature of 94° F. 
 Alt. 9740 ft. 
 
 Agudo, Aguda, Spanish and Portuguese, ' acute.' 
 
 Agndo, tn., Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, 10 m. N, by W, 
 Almad^n. P. < 3000. 
 
 Agueda, a riv. in the W. of Spain, flows N. past Ciudad 
 Rodrigo to the Douro, which it joins on the frontier of Por- 
 tugal. 
 
 Agulla, Punta de la, cape, Spain, Balearic Is., the SW. 
 point of the I. of Formentera. 
 
 AguUar, tn., Spain, prov, and 27 m. S. by E. C6rdoba. 
 P. 12,500. 
 
 Agullas, seapt. , Spain, prov. Murcia, 37 m. WSW. Carta- 
 gena, connected by rail vnth Lorca. P. 10,000. 
 
 Agulmes, tn., on Lanzarote I., Canary Is. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Aguja, Punta, cape, Peru, in 5° 57' S. 
 
 Agulbas, Cape, the most southerly point of Cape Colony and 
 of Africa, in 34° 51' 15" S. , with a lighthouse. It gives name to 
 the large shallow called Agulhas Bank. 
 
 Agung, Malay, ' great or chief mountain." 
 
 Agurcblnsk. See Ogurcblnskl. 
 
 Agyla, vii., Greece, prov. Larissa, ao m, E. by N, Larissa. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Abaggar, Sahara. See Hogar. 
 
 Abamllsb, or Abampllsb, par.. Ire., NE. co. Sligo, bar. 
 Carbury, 14 m. SW. by W. Ballyshannon ; 16,418 ac. P. 5100. 
 
 Abams, or Aboms, Indian tribe. See Assam. 
 
 Abar, tn., Persia, Azerbaijan, 50 m. ENE. Tabriz. 
 
 Abaracle, Scot. See Acbaracle. 
 
 Abarney, or Usdowuey, par., Ire., Queen's co., and co. 
 Kilkenny, bars. Clarmallagh and Galmoy; 6938 ac. P. <75o. 
 See lilsdowney. 
 
 Abaseragb, par. and vil., Ire., NE. co. Galway, bars. Kil- 
 connell, Clonmacnowen, and Killian, 22 m. ESE. Tuam. 
 PMT.O. 17,341 ac. P. < 2500; vii. P. < 500. 
 
 Abaura, settlement, New Zealand, South I., Grey co., at the 
 confluence of Ahaura R. with Grey R. , 23 m. ENE. Greymouth, 
 in a well- watered timber country. P. < 1500. 
 
AHAU — AIHA 
 
 Allans, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 27 m. W. by N. 
 Miinster, cap. of circle A. P. <3000. 
 
 Ahenny, tnld.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa East. 
 P.<:25o. 
 
 Aheree, India. See Ahlrl. 
 
 Aherla Beg and A. More, hamlets. Ire., co. Cork, bar. 
 Muskerry East, 11 m. WSW. Cork, P.O. P. together<250. 
 
 Aberlow. 1. Rivulet, Ire., flows mainly E. in W. Tip- 
 perary, bar. Clanwilliam, along N. base of Galtz Mts., join- 
 ing the Suir above Cahr. 2, Alierlow, place in same co., 
 PM.O. 
 
 AMmbe, lake, Congo Free State, in the course of the 
 Lualaba, to the N. of 7!° S. 
 
 AUpara, settlement. New Zealand, North I., on A. Bay, 
 Mongonui co. , 150 m. NW. Auckland. 
 
 Alilrl, the S. portion of Chdndd dist., Central Provs., India, 
 with noted teak forests, now to a great extent felled. 
 
 Ahlab, place named in O. T. See El Jlsta. 
 
 Ahlbeck, fishing vil. and watering-place on the Baltic ct., 
 Prussia, Pomerania, on the isl. of Usedom, 3 m. W. by N. 
 Swinemiinde. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ablen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 19 m. SE. Miinster. 
 P. <:50oo. 
 
 Ahlsdorf, vil,, Prussian Saxony, mountain-circle Mansfeld, 
 dist. Eisleben. P. <3000. 
 
 Abmad&b^d, or Abmedabad, a walled tn. of Brit. India, 
 chief city of A. dist. [Bombay], 310 m. N. Bombay, and 
 about 50 m. N. of the head of the Gulf of Cambay, on the 1. 
 bk. of the Sabarmati R. , the headquarters of the Gujarat Jains. 
 In the i6th and 17th centuries a city of great splendour, with a 
 population estimated at 900,000 ; now noted for its numerous 
 architectural remains (mosques, tombs, mausoleums, &c. ), as 
 well as for its manufactures, the most important of which are 
 relics of industries once pursued on a much greater scale. 
 They include all those connected with the production of gold- 
 brocaded silks, pottery, paper, tin, and electro-plating ; and 
 now also spinning and weaving by steam. Military canton- 
 ment 3^ m. to the N. The present city was founded on the 
 site of the more ancient Ashdwal by Ahmad Shah (1413-43), 
 taken by the British from the Mardthds in 1818. The heat is 
 severe from February to June ; and the rainfall being light, 
 the climate is hot and close in the rainy season. October is the 
 least healthy month. Mean temperature, 82° F. ; maximum, 
 within doors 110°, minimum, 52° ; mean rainfall, 37 inches. 
 Alt. 170 ft. P. (1872)117,000; (1891) 145,000; including can- 
 tonment, 148,400. See Hope and Fergusson, Architecture of 
 Ahmaddb&d, Lond. 1866. 
 
 Ahmaduagar, or Acluiiednnggur, tn. , Brit. India, cap. 
 A. dist. [Bombay], 126 m. E. Bombay, on the plain of the 
 Sina, and on the riy. competing the NE. and SE. lines of the 
 Great Indian Penin. Rly. ; with manufactures of carpets, copper 
 and brass pots, &c. ; now well supplied with water by aqueducts. 
 The city is surrounded by an earthen wall, and there is a 
 fort half a mile to the E. The principal diseases in the dist. are 
 fever and small-pox. City founded by Ahmad Nizam Shdh in 
 1494, finally occupied by the British in 1817. Mean rainfall, 26 
 inches. Alt. 2140 ft. P. including cantonments (1881) 37,500; 
 (1891) 41,700. 
 
 Alunadpur, or Abmedpor, tn. , India, state of and 36 m. 
 WSW. Bahiwalpur, a few miles from the 1. bk. of the Indus. 
 P. 9800. 
 
 Abnapee, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Kewanee co., on L. 
 Michigan, 25 m. E. by N. of the head of Green Bay. P.< 
 1500. 
 
 AliogUl, par. and vil.. Ire., W. co. Antrim, bars. Upper 
 and Lower Toome, and Upper Antrim, 11 m. NW. by N. 
 Antrim, PM.O.; 12,184 ac. P-7300| vil. P. < 1000. 
 
 AhoTcados (' isle of the hanged'), islet, extreme S. of Iviza, 
 with lighthouse visible 16 m. 
 
 Abr, small riv. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., flows ENE. into the 
 Rhine, between Cologne and Coblenz ; not navigable. 
 
 Aluranra, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Mirzdpur, 20 
 m. S. Benares. P. 11,600. 
 
 Ahrweller, tn., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., on R. Ahr, 14 
 m. S. Bonn, cap. of circle, with deposits of iron ore. The 
 neighbourhood produces noted wines. In the circle of A. are 
 the springs producing ApoUinaris water. P. 4000. 
 
 Absa, El. See El Haza. 
 
 Almachapan, tn. , Cent. America, state of and 47 m. W. by 
 N. San Salvador. P. 8000. 
 
 Atann, tn., France, dep. Creuse, on the Creuse, 33 m. SW. 
 by W. Montlu9on, 10 m. SE. by E. Gu^ret; important coal- 
 mines. P. < 2000. 
 
 Alinraii, tn., Persia, prov. Mekran, 300 m. E. Bender Abbas. 
 
 Ahurlrl, New Zealand. See Napier. 
 
 Ahns, fishing-tn., Sweden, on the S. ct., prov. and 8 m. SE. 
 Christianstad. P. ■<2ooo. 
 
 Abfraz, small tn., Persia, at the rapids on the Karun R., 68 
 ra. NE. by N. Mohammera. See map, Proc. R. G. S., 1883, 
 p. 184, with drawing of rapids. See also Karnn. P. <2ooo. 
 16 
 
 AliMiltn, vil., New Zealand, North I., Manukau co. , on 
 Manukau Harb., 15 m. SW. Auckland. 
 
 Al, riv., Russia, govt. Ufa, flows N. to Zlatoust, then NW. 
 into the R. Ufa. 
 
 At, place named in O. T. See Haly&n. 
 
 Alas, Asia Minor. See Ayas. 
 
 Alba, vil., W. Africa, 23 m. W. Abbeokuta. 
 
 Albllng, small market-tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Bavaria, 28 m. SE. Munich. P. < 3000. 
 
 Albnglr, or Albnglilr. See Aral, Sea of. 
 
 Alch, small coal-mining vil., Bohemia, near Karlsbad. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Alcha, Bohmlscb. See Bobmlscb-Alcba. 
 
 Alcbacb, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 12 
 m. NE. by E. Augsburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Alcbl, a prefecture or ken, Japan, cap. Nagoya. 
 
 Aldar (Bfew and Old), vils., Russia, govt, and 140 m. SE. 
 Kharkov, on A. River. P. 4000. 
 
 Aldln, vil., Russian Trans-Caspian Terr., on the Trans- 
 Caspian Rly., 53 m. ESE. Mikhailovsk Wells. 
 
 Aldln, or Aldln-Gikzel-blssar, tn., Asia Minor, in the 
 valley of the Menderez, to the N. of the river, 55 m. SE. 
 Smyrna, with which it is connected by rail, cap. vilayet 
 Smyrna ; ruins of the ancient Tralles. P. 36,300. See Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 Aldlnjlk, tn., Asia Minor, near the S. shore of the Sea of 
 Marmora, 63 m. W. by N. Brussa, with ruins of the ancient 
 Cyzicus. P. 4000. 
 
 Mdonat, or Paramytbla, tn., Turkey in Europe, Albania, 
 22 m. SW. by W. Yanina, with citadel. P. 5000. 
 
 Aldone, comm., Sicily, prov. and 21 m. ESE. Caitanissetta, 
 with mineral springs. P. 7000. 
 
 Aldos, Eastern Roumelia. See Altos. 
 
 Algbnrtb, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Widnes div. , suburb 
 of and 4 m. SE. Liverpool, with a stn. (Mersey Road and A.) 
 on the Cheshire Lines Rly. P. <20oo. 
 
 Algen, vil., Austria, crownland Upper Austria, 27 m. NW. 
 by N. Linz. P. <20oo. 
 
 Algbton, Bailey, and Cbalgley, par., Eng., N. Lancashire, 
 to the N. of the Ribble, on the border of Yorkshire ; includes 
 Stonyhurst ; 6286 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alglua, isl., Greece, in the Gulf of A., between Attica and 
 the Morea ; rocky in the N. , fertile in S. , contains ruins of a 
 temple of Zeus Panhellenios on Mount St. Elias. Area 32 sq. m 
 
 Alglna, tn. and seapt., on W. side of A. I. P. < 5000. 
 
 Alglon, tn. and seapt., Greece, Achaia and Elis, on S. shore 
 of Gulf of Corinth, 18 m. E. Patras, known in Byzantine and 
 Turkish times, and still called by the Italians Tostlzza ; exports 
 currants. Destroyed by earthquakes in 1817, 1861, and 1888. 
 P. 7100. 
 
 Algle, small tn., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 7 m. N. by W. St. 
 Maurice, with salt-works in the neighbourhood. P. <4O0O. 
 
 Algnan, vil., France, dep. Gers, 36 m. NE. Pau. P. <3000. 
 
 Algnay le Dnc, vil., France, dep. C6te d'Or, 28 m. NW. 
 by N. Dijon. P. < 1000. 
 
 Algonal, mt.-mass, France. See €6vennes. 
 
 Algre, small tn., France, dep. Charente, i8 m. NNW. 
 AngoulSnie. P. -C2000. 
 
 Algrefenllle, vil., France, dep. Charente Inf^rieure, 11 m. 
 ESE. La Rochelle. P. < 2000. 
 
 Algrefenllle, small tn. , France, dep. Loire Inf^rieure, on 
 the Maine, 12 m. SE. by S. Nantes. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Aigue, pi. Aigues, Aix, in French proper names, ' waters.' 
 
 Algnebelle, ancient Aquabella, small tn. , France, dep. 
 Savoie, on the Arc, arr. and 19 m. E. Chamb6ry. Near it 
 begins the road over Mont Cenis. P. <20oo. 
 
 Aignepcrse, small tn. , France, dep. Puy de D6me, arr. 
 Riom, 19 m. NNE. Clermont-Ferrand, 6 m. S. Gannat, at one 
 time cap. of the Duchy of Montpensier. P. <3000. 
 
 Algnes-Mortes, fortified tn., France, dep. Gard, 3 m. from 
 the Gulf of A. -M., with which it communicates by the canal of 
 Grande Robine, 17 m. E. by S. Montpellier. As a seaport it lost 
 its importance in consequence of the silting up of its harb. and 
 the foundation of the port of Cette. Salt-works. P. <4000. 
 
 Aiguille, French, ' needle,' the name of various needle-like 
 peaks on the Alps, as the A. d'Argenti^ie. 
 
 Algnllles, vil, France, dep. Hautes Alpes, 62 m. ESE. 
 Grenoble, 14 m. SE. by E. Brianpon. Alt. 4765 ft. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Algulllou, tn., France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, on the Lot, 
 near its confluence with the Garonne, arr. and 16 m. WNW. 
 Agen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Algnlllon, Anse de 1% inlet, France, W. ct., in 46°. 
 
 Algnlllon (Snr-Mer), L', fishing vil., France, dep. Vendue, 
 14 m. NW. by N. La Rochelle. P. <20oo. 
 
 Algnn, Alkbnn, or Sakballn Ula, tn. , Manchuria, on the 
 Amur, 20 m. S. Blagovyeshchensk. P. 15,000. 
 
 Algnrande, vil., France, on the S. border of dep. Indre, 
 38 m. W. by N. Montlupon, 12 m. SW. by S. La ChAtre. 
 P. (coram. )< 3000. 
 
 Alba, walled tn., Manchuria, 100 ni. E. Niu-chwang. 
 
A I J E — A I N T 
 
 Aljerbaiigi.4. See Ayerbanggl». 
 
 Alkawa, tn., Japan, on the W. ct. of Sado I., 40 m. W. by 
 N. Niigata ; gold-mines near reduction works in town. P. 10,700. 
 
 Alice, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div.. 11^ 
 m. N. by W. Hull, i| m. NE. by N. Arram stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Aiken, tn., U.S., South Carolina, cap. A. co., 15 m. NE. 
 Augusta (Ga. ). P. < 3000. 
 
 Alketgate, hamlet, Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 7 m. 
 SE. Carlisle, i| ni. WNW. Armathwaite stn. 
 
 Alkliea«l, hamlet, Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 11 m. 
 WSW. C:arlisle, i m. NW. Wigton stn. 
 
 Alklns, rly. stn., Canada, Assiniboia, 504 m. by rail W. 
 Winnipeg. 
 
 Alktou, par., Eng., Cumberland, in the SW. of the Eskdale 
 div., 8 m. W. Carlisle, 4 m. NNE. Wigton stn. ; par. 6172 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Allet, large vil. , Abyssinia, 30 m. W. by S. Massaua. Alt. 
 650 ft. 
 
 AlUe, small riv.. Ire., S. of co. Mayo, flows first N. then 
 disappears in limestone caves, and finally flows S. into Lough 
 Mask. 
 
 Allsa Craig, vil., Canada, Ontario, Middlesex co. , 21 m. 
 NW. by W. London. 
 
 Ailsa Craig, rocky isl. , Scot., Ayrshire, 10 m. VV. Girvan. 
 Alt. 1114 ft. With a lighthouse at S. end, visible 13 m. 
 
 Allsli, Loch, lake, Scot., Sutherlandshire, 6Jm. SSE. Assynt. 
 
 Allswortli, par. , Eng. , Northamptonshire, N. div. , 5 m. W. 
 Peterborough, near Castor stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Almak, or Aymak, tribe. See Afghaulstau. 
 
 Almarali, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, on the 1. bk. of the Tigris, 
 100 m. SE. by E. Bagdad ; a place with a very mixed popula- 
 tion and a considerable caravan trade. P. about 7000. 
 
 Almargnes, vil., France, dep. Gard, 13 m. SW. by S. Nlmes. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Aliue, vil., France, dep. Savoie, arr. Moutiers, 36 m. E. 
 Chamb^ry, with anthracite mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Almores, tribe. See Botocndos. 
 
 Ain, pi. Aiyun, Arabic ' spring.' 
 
 Aln, in the middle ages called Danus, Idanus, or Indus, riv. , 
 France, rises in the Jura Mts. near Nozeroy, passes Poncin and 
 Pont d'Ain, and joins the Rhone on the right 18 m. above 
 Lyons ; chief affluent, the Bienne on the left ; total length 120 
 m. , used for floating timber from the Jura ; navigable down 
 stream from Port de la Saisse, 80 m. up, Ijut not navigable 
 up stream. 
 
 Aln, dep., France, bounded W. by the Sa6ne, on the S. and 
 mostly also on the E. by the Rhone ; divided into 5 arrs. , Bourg, 
 Nantua, Tr^voux, Belley, and Gex ; cap. Bourg. The riv. A. 
 divides the dep. into two sections with distinct physical features, 
 the W. consisting of plains and low undulating land, the E. tra- 
 versed by chains of the Jura, containing in the NE. of the dep. 
 the highest summits of these moimtains, the Cr6t de la Neige 
 (5650 ft.), and the Reculet (5640 ft.). The N. part of the low- 
 land region corresponds to the old dist. of Bresse, the S. por- 
 tion to the Dombes, a region remarkable for its numerous small 
 lakes resting upon a substratum of clay, artificially formed in the 
 ninth and tenth centuries. These lakes afford considerable fishing, 
 and every two years each of them is drained and cultivated. The 
 insalubrity arising from the presence of so much stagnant water 
 has, however, led on more than one occasion to the passing of 
 laws for the entire drainage of the dist. About two-thirds of 
 the former marshy area has now been reclaimed, and the insalu- 
 brity almost entirely overcome. The mountainous dist. in the 
 E. comprises the old dist. of Bugey, including the Val Romey 
 (Vallis romana, 'Roman valley'), the valley of the S^ran, a 
 small river flowing S. into the Rhone, and the bailiwick of Gex in 
 the NE. of the canton. Agriculture forms the principal industry ; 
 cheese-making is largely carried on in the Jura. Mining and 
 quarrying are carried on to some extent in the mountainous 
 regions, the principal minerals being the iron ores and litho- 
 graphic stones of Villebois and the asphalte of Seyssel. Area 
 2249 sq. m. P. (i8gi) 356,907. See France, table. 
 
 Aluajik, or luejlk, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Tekirdagh, 
 48 m. NE. Gallipoli. 
 
 Aln Arik, vil., Palestine, Archi in the O. T., 31° 55' N., 
 35° 8' E. , II m. NW. by N. Jerusalem. 
 
 'Aln 'At&n, well, Palestine, Etam, or waters of Nephtoah, in 
 the O. T., 31° 41' N., 35° 3' E., j\ m. SSW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Aln Belda, vil. , Algeria, 60 m. SE. Constantine. Alt. 2600 
 ft. P. < 3000. 
 
 Alnderby Myers wltli Holtby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. 
 Riding, Bedale union. P. <25o. 
 
 Alnderby Qaernhow, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in 
 the NW. of the Thirsk and Malton div., 6^ m. NNE. Ripon, 
 I m. E. by S. Sinderby stn. P. <:250. 
 
 Alnderby Steeple, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the 
 SE. of the Richmond div., 12 m. SE. by E. Richmond, with 
 a stn. (Alnderby) on the N. E. R., PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 ^Aln Dnk, well, Palestine, Docus in the O. T., 31° 54' N., 
 35 25' E. , 4 m. N W. of the ancient Jericho. 
 17 
 
 Aluegiil, or Inegol (' mirror lake'), small lake, Asia Minor, 
 30 m. E. by S. Brussa, with small town called A. near its shcire. 
 
 Alnegol, or Alnakttl, lake, Russian Central Asia, 20 m. 
 NW. Merv. 
 
 Alneroz. See Athos. 
 
 Ain-eslt-Sliehad, ruins, N. Africa, on the site of the ancient 
 Cyrene, no m. ENE. Bengazi. 
 
 Aln-esh-Sheinstyeh, well, Palestine, Beth Shemesh in the 
 O. T., 32° 23' N., 35° 31' E., 19 m. NE. by E. Nablus. 
 
 'Aln es Saltan, well, Palestine, near Eriha, Jericho in the: 
 O. r. , 31° 51' N., 35° 27' E., 14J m. ENE. Jerusalem. 
 
 'Aln Hajlah, well, Palestine, Beth Hoglah in the O. T., 
 31° 49' N. , 35^° E. , 3^ m. SE. the ancient Jericho. 
 
 'Aln Hani^l, well, Palestine, Hammon in the O. T. , 3;° 7'' 
 N., 35° ic* E., II m. S. by W. Tyre. 
 
 Aln Hand, well, Palestine, En Shemesh in the O. T., 31° 47' 
 N., 35° 16' E. , 2^ m. E. by S. Jerusalem. 
 
 Aln Helweli, well, Palestine, Abel Meholah in the O. T., 32° 
 20' N., 35° 30' li., 16^ m. NE. by E. Nablus. 
 
 Aln Jftlftd, well, Palestine, Harod in the O. T., 32° 33' N., 
 35° 2i' E. , 11^ m. SSE. Nazareth. 
 
 Aln Jldy, well, Palestine, En Gedi in the O. T., 31° 28' N., 
 35° 23' E., 17 m. E. by S. El Khulil (ancient Hebron), on tlie 
 W. shore of the Dead Sea. 
 
 Aln Kftrlm, vil., Palestine, Beth Haccerem in the O, T. , si* 
 46' N., 35° 10' E. , 4 m. W. Jerusalem. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ain Kernia, vil., Algeria, 8 m. NW. by W. Constantine. 
 
 AJn Kezbeh, site, Palestine, Achzib, or Chezib, in the O. T. ,. 
 31° 41' N. , 35° E. , 12! m. NW. lay N. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Aln Mahll, vil., Palestine, i\ahallal\n the O. T. , 32° 43' N., 
 35° 21' E. , 4 m. ENE. Nazareth. 
 
 'Aln Mlnyeta, site, Palestine, 31° 40' N., 35° 40' E., 12 m. 
 SW. the ancient Heshbon. The cliff above this spot is probably 
 the cliff of Peor of the O. T. 
 
 Aln IMtltlali, vil., Algeria, 24 m. S. Constantine. 
 
 Aln Mokra, vil., Algeria, 17 m. W. by S. Bona. In the 
 neighbourhood are the noted mines of Mokta-el-Hadid, which 
 produce excellent iron ore, and are connected with Bona by rail. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Alnos. See Alnn. 
 
 Aln Salab, or Insala, oasis in the Sahara, E. of Tuat, m 
 about 27° N., 2° 20' E. Alt. 450 ft. 
 
 Aln Sftrah, well, Palestine, Sirah in the O. T., 31° 33' N., 
 35° 6' E. , 2 m. N. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Alnsdale, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, Southport div., 4 m. 
 SSW. Southport, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Aln Sefra ('yellow spring'), small oasis, Algeria, 152 m. 
 SSE. Tlemsen, on the railway running S. from Arzeu. 
 
 Aln Slnia, Palestine, Jeshanah in the O. T., 31° 58' N., 35' 
 17' E., 15 m. N. by E. Jerusalem. 
 
 Alnslle, vil., U.S., Montana, Custer co., on the Yellowstone 
 R. and the N. P. R. R., 177 m. SSW. of the NE. corner of the 
 state. 
 
 Alnn (in their own language ' men '), or Aluos (a Japanese 
 term of contempt meaning ' mongrels'), a race of men inhabit- 
 ing most of the Kurile Is. , the southern part of Kamchatka, and 
 forming the aboriginal population of Yezo I. , Japan. They appear 
 at one time to have occupied all Japan, but to have been driven 
 out of the southern isls. They are of a copper-brown colour, 
 and have much hair on their bodies, speak a peculiar language, 
 but have no alphabet. See Cllyaks ; also Batchelor, The Ainu 
 of Japan, Lond. 1892. 
 
 Alnslle Lake, lake, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I., 
 drained N. by the riv. Margarie into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Alnstable, par., Eng., Cumberland, div. and 10^ m. N. 
 Penrith, 2 m. E. Armathwaite stn., P.O. ; 4433 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Alnsty, dist., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, stretching SW. 
 from York to the jurisdiction of which it was annexed under 
 Henry VI., now included in the pari. div. of Thirsk and Mal- 
 ton. P. (1891) 57,200. 
 
 'Aln Suweimeli, ruins, Palestine, Beth Jeshimoth in the 
 O. T., at the NE. end of the Dead Sea, in 31° 46' N., 35° 36' E. 
 
 Alnsworth, par., Eng., Lancashire, Hey wood div., 3 m. E. 
 by N. Bolton, i m. NW. Black Lane stn., P.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Alns-worth, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Brown co., 210 m. E. by 
 S. of NW. of the corner of the state. 
 
 Alns'vvortb, vil., U.S., Washington, Franklin co. , on the 1. 
 bk. of the Columbia at the confluence of the Snake R. 
 
 Alntab, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, cap. of sanjak A., 58 m. N. 
 by E. Aleppo, with a fort and various manufactures; vine-culture 
 rapidly spreading in the neighbourhood. P. 4.^,200. 
 
 Aln Taya, vil. , Algeria, on the N. ct. , 13 m. E. by N. Algiers. 
 
 Aln Tedl^s, tn. , Algeria, on the 1. bk. of the Shelif, 55 m. 
 ENE. Oran. 
 
 Aln Temuslient (French spelling, Tetnouchent), small tn., 
 Algeria, 30 m. N. by E. Tlemsen, on the fertile plain of Zidur. 
 In a gorge less than two leagues distant a Spanish army was 
 totally destroyed in 1545. P. <400o. 
 
 Alnthorp, vi!., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the N. of the 
 Whitby div. , on the Esk, 12 m. W. Whitby, close to Danby stn. 
 
 B 
 
A I N T 
 
 AIX 
 
 Alntree, par., Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., 5^ ni. NNE. 
 Liverpool, on the L. & Y. R. P. <5oo. 
 
 Aln^, site, Palestine, yEnon in the N. T., 32° 11' N. , 35° 
 21' E., 6ni. ESE. Nablus. 
 
 Aiqnlle, tn., Bolivia, dep. Cochabamba, 60m. N. by E. Sucre. 
 
 Air, or Asben, a kingdom of Central Africa, between 16° 
 and 20° N., 6° and 9° E. Chief town, Agades. Climate healthy. 
 The mountain group of A. is from 4000 to 5000 ft. in eleva- 
 tion, and has a considerable rainfall, since it rises above the 
 general level of the dry region surrounding. Soil fertile, and 
 produces the doom-palm, senna, and fruits. Area about 21,000 
 sq. m. P. about 60,000. 
 
 Air, Point of, cape, Wales, Flintshire, at the mouth of the 
 estuary of the Dee, with fixed light visible 9 m. 
 
 Alralne, tn., France, dep. Somme, arr. Amiens, 11 m. SSE. 
 Abbeville. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Aird, Celtic, ' a height,' ' high.' See Ard. 
 
 Alrd, riv., on the S. ct. of Brit. New Guinea, entering the Gulf 
 of Papua in 144^ m. E., one of the mouths of the Philp. 
 
 Alrd, The, a fertile dist. , Scot. , in the vale of Beauly, NE. of 
 Inverness-shire. 
 
 Alrd, or Eye, penin., Scot., on the E. side of Lewis L 
 
 Aird of Sleat, par., Scot., Argyllshire, L of Skye. See 
 Sleat. 
 
 Airdrie (Celtic, 'smooth height'), pari, and mun. burgh 
 and market-tn., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, 7 m. NNE. Hamilton, 
 on the C. R. and N. B. R. Its industry depends almost entirely 
 on the neighbouring coal and ironstone mines. Besides blast 
 furnaces, it has foundries, engineering and fireclay works, as 
 well as textile and other factories. Market-days, Tu. and S. 
 See Falliirk. Parliamentary burgh, P. 15,133 ; municipal 
 burgh, P. 19.135- 
 
 Airds, Tlio, dist., Scot., between Lochs Linnhe and Creran, 
 Argyllshire. 
 
 Alrd's Bay, Scot. , Argyllshire, in the S. of Loch Etive, at the 
 mouth of the riv. Awe. 
 
 Alrd's Moss, an upland tract, Scot., S. -■Ayrshire, 13 ni. SE. 
 by E. Kilmarnock, between the .-^yr and the head of the Lugar 
 Water ; scene of a skirmish in which Richard Cameron, the 
 Covenanter, was killed, July 1680. 
 
 Aire, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, issues from Malham Tarn, 5 m. 
 ENK Settle, disappears in the carboniferous limestone, and re- 
 issues about 2 m. to the S. at the foot of Malham Cove, a cliff 
 288 ft. high ; flows ESE. through Leeds, Castleford, and Knot- 
 tingley, and joins the Ouse above Goole ; 70 m. long ; navigable 
 from Knottingley, canalised from Castleford [Aire and Calder 
 Navigation]. 
 
 Aire. 1. Riv., France, deps. Meuse and Ardennes, r. bk. trib. 
 of Aisne. It, Riv., France, dep. Haute-Savoie, trib. Arve. 
 
 Aire, tn., France, dep. Landes, arr. St. Sever, on the Adour, 
 29 m. N. by E. Pau. P. < 3000. 
 
 Aire, or Ayre, islet, SE. of Minorca, with lighthouse visible 
 20 m. 
 
 Aire, fortified tn. , France, dep. Pas de Calais, 10 m. SE. by 
 S. St. Omer. P. < 5000. 
 
 Aire and Calder NaTlgation, system of navigable rivs. and 
 canals, Eng., Yorkshire, includes the navigable portion of the 
 Aire, with branch canal from Haddlesey to Selby, a canal from 
 Goole by Knottingley and Castleford to Leeds, where it unites 
 with the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, and a canal from Castle- 
 ford by Wakefield to Sowerby Bridge, where it unites with the 
 Rochdale Canal (to Manchesterl, with a branch from Wakefield 
 to Barnsley, and a short branch to Dewsbury and Halifax ; 
 navigable by boats of 7^ ft. draught, except on the Barnsley 
 branch, which does not admit vessels drawing more than 6 ft. 
 It uses mainly steam traction, and carries upwards of 2,000,000 
 tons annually. 
 
 Alrey, Canada, Ontario. See Aldborougii. 
 
 Airieqnldllart, Flow of, a dist. , Scot. , Wigtonshire, in the 
 SE.. 6 m. SW. by W. Wigton. 
 
 Alrlle, vil., Canada, Ontario, Dufferin co., 55 m, NW. by 
 N. Toronto. 
 
 Airlie, par. , Scot. , on W. border of Forfarshire, on the Isla, 
 8J m. NE. by N. Coupar Angus, 3 m. NNE. Jordanstone stn. ; 
 8923 ac. P. <;75o. 
 
 Airmyn, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding. P. < 
 1500. See Armin. 
 
 AlmtuUy, or Amtolly, hamlet, Scot., E. Perthshire, 7^ m. 
 N. by W. Perth, x\ m. NW. by N. Stanley June. 
 
 Alrobol, or Ireboli, small tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. 
 Tekirdagh, on R. .Anas, 43 m. SE. Adrianople. 
 
 Alrola, tn., Italy, prov. and 14 m. WSW. Benevento ; close 
 by is the famous gorge of the Furcm Caudinm. P. 5000. 
 
 Alrolo, small tn., Switzd., cant. Ticino, 24 m. S. Altdorf, at 
 the S. end of the St. Gothard tunnel. Alt. 3870 ft. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Alror, vil., Scot., Inverness-shire, on the ct. , lo^ m. ENE. 
 Point of Sleat. 
 
 Alrth, par. and vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, si m. S. by E. 
 Alloa, 2 m. E. Airth Road stn., on the N. B. R., P.O. Par. 
 5477 ac. , P. <: 2000 ; vil. P. < 500. 
 18 
 
 Airtli Road, stn. , Scot. , Stirlingshire. See Alrtli. 
 Alrton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., on 
 the Aire, i'] m. N. by E. Burnley, 2 m. N. Bell Busk stn. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Airranlt, small tn. , France, dep. Deux Sevres, arr. Par- 
 thenay, 28 m. NW. by W. Poitiers. P. < 2000. 
 
 Alryholme witli Howtliorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. 
 Riding, Malton Union. P. <:25o. 
 
 Alryllgg, vil., Scot., Wigtonshire, 9^ m. WSW. Newton 
 Stewart, 4^ m. NE. Glenluce stn. 
 
 Aisby, vil., Eng., Lincolnshire, Gainsborough div., 4 m. 
 NE. by E. Gainsborough, 2 m. ESE. Blyton stn. 
 
 Aislkolt, Eng. /Somerset. See Asbolt. 
 
 Aisliew, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the SE. of the 
 Richmond div., 10 m. SE. Richmond, close to Bedale stn. P. 
 <iooo. 
 
 Aislaby, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., on the 1. bk. of the 
 Tees, 5 m. SW. by S. Stockton, i m. SW. Yarm stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Aislaby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 17 
 m. W. Scarborough, 2 m. NW. Pickering stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Aislaby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the N. of the 
 Whitby div., on the Esk, 2\ m. SW. by W. Whitby, i m. 
 NNW. Sleights stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Aismuuderby with Bondgate, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Ripon Union. P. < 1000. 
 
 Aisne, riv. , France, flows N. then W. into the Oise, 1. bk. , 
 near Compiegne, after passing Vouziers, Rethel, and Soissons ; 
 length, 280 m. ; used for floating timber from Mouron, 175 m.; 
 navigable from Chiteau-Porcien, 75 m. ; frequented from Neuf- 
 chitel about 15 m. below Chiieau-Porcien ; with lateral canal 
 from Vouziers to Cond^ (above Soissons). The Canal des Ar- 
 dennes (62 m. long), beginning at Cond6, below which the riv. 
 is canalised, connects the A. with the Meuse. The lateral canal 
 of the A. is connected with that of the Marne at Cond6-sur- 
 Mame by a canal 36 m. long. 
 
 Aisne, a dep. of France touching the middle of the Belgium 
 frontier in the NE. ; divided into 5 arrs., Chateau-Thierry, 
 Soissons, Laon, Vervins, and St. Quentin ; cap. Laon. It is 
 for the most part a large undulating plain belonging almost 
 entirely to the basin of the Seine, though a small part on the 
 N. contains the head-waters of the Somme, Escaut, and Sambre. 
 The principal rivers of the Seine basin are the Oise, Ourcq, a 
 trib. of the Marne, and the Marne itself. These rivers, together 
 with canals, afforci a considerable amount of navigation. ^A/oods 
 occupy about one-seventh of the surface, and this extent of 
 forest, along with the very large number of small lakes, renders 
 the climate somewhat humid and cold. Cereals form the princi- 
 pal crops, but potatoes, flax, hemp, and oil-seeds are also largely 
 cultivated. The principal manufacturing industry is that of 
 cotton and other textiles at St. Quentin ; the plate-glass of St. 
 Gobain has been noted since the time of Colbert, its founder 
 (1665). The dep. has been formed out of various old dists. In 
 the N. the Vermandois, including the Thi6rache, in the middle 
 Laonnais and Soissonnais, and in the S. portions of Valois, Tar- 
 denois, and the Brie Pouilleuse or Champenoise. Area 2868 sq. 
 m. P. (1891) 545,493. See France, table. 
 
 Aisthorpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey or Gains- 
 borough div., 6 m. N. by W. Lincoln, 5 m. NE. by N. Saxilby 
 stn. P. <:25o ; eccles. par. (A. with West Thorpe) P. <25o. 
 
 Ait, Ida, or Man, Berber, ' tribe.' 
 
 Alt, or Eld, harbour in E. Afirica, on the Red Sea, N. of 
 Strait of Bab-el-mandeb, 13° 55' N. 
 
 Ait-Abbes, a once powerful Kabyle (Berber) tribe in Algeria, 
 in the W. of prov. Constantine, who held command of the Biban 
 or Iron Gates [Biban]. 
 
 Aith, vil., Scot., Shetland Is., Bressay I., in the NE. 
 Bressay par. , on A. Voe. 
 
 Aith, hamlet, Scot. , Shetland Is. , in the S. of Fetlar I. 
 
 Aith, hamlet, Scot. , Shetland Is. , Mainland, Sandsting par. , 
 on A. Voe, 12 m. NW. Lerwick. 
 
 Aith, vil., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Dunrossness par., 
 on A. Wick, 7J m. SSW. Lerwick. 
 
 Altlistlng, vil., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Sandsting 
 par., II J m. NW. by W. Lerwick. 
 
 Aitiiin, vil., U.S., Minnesota, cap. A. co. , on the 1. bk. of 
 the Mississippi, 75 m. W.' by S. Duluth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aitodor, cape, SE. extremity of Crimea. 
 
 Altos, tn. , Bulgaria, En. Roumelia, prov. and 17 m. NNW. 
 Burgas. P. 4000. 
 
 'AltAn, site, Palestine, Etam in the O. T., 31° 29' N., 34° 55' 
 E., II m. W. by S. El Khulll (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Aitntalci, one of the Hervey Is. P. <2ooo. 
 
 AlTalili, a tn. on the W. ct. of Asia Minor, 66 m. NNW. 
 Smyrna. 
 
 Aivei, riv. , New Guinea, entering the Gulf of Papua in about 
 145° 12' E. 
 
 Aix. See Aigues. 
 
 Aix, tn., France, dep. Bouches-du-Rh6ne, arr. Aix, 17m. N. by 
 E. Marseilles, the ancient Aqua Sextice, the earliest Roman settle- 
 ment in France. It has a hot saline spring, temp. 69°-98° F., 
 
AI X 
 
 A KEN 
 
 numerous manufactures, an academy connected with the Uni- 
 versity of France, a library of more than 100,000 vols., and 
 numerous antiquities ; birthplace of the navigator D'Entrecas- 
 teaux (i8th century). Alt. 670 ft. P. 24,700. 
 
 Alx d'Anglllon, les, vil. , France, dep. Cher, 12 m. NE. 
 Bourges. P. < 2000. 
 
 Alx-eu-Otbe, small tn. , France, dep. Aube, arr. and 17 rn. 
 WSW. Troyes. P. < 3000. 
 
 Alxe-snr-Vleiute, small tn. , France, dep. Haute-Vienne, 
 on the Vienne, 7 m. WSW. Limoges. P. <3000. 
 
 Alx, He d', small isl. , France, in Atlantic Ocean, 5 m. from 
 W. ct. , dep. Charente Infdrieure, in 46° 2' N. In the roadstead 
 of Aix, Napoleon I. gave himself up to the English on board 
 the Bellerophon in 1815. 
 
 Alx>la-CbapeUe (the French name, and the name most 
 familiar in England ; in German, Aachen ; the ancient Civitas 
 Aguensis), a city of Rhenish Prussia, cap. govt. Aachen, 40 m. 
 WSW. Cologne. It has a cathedral founded 796, a town-hall 
 on the site of the palace of Charlemagne, who is believed to have 
 been born here (742); celebrated mineral baths, temp, iii" to 
 143° Fahr. Situated between two small but productive coal- 
 fields, the Worm basin on the N. and the Inde basin on the S. , 
 it now carries on various manufacturing industries on a large 
 scale, the principal being those connected with iron and steel 
 (needles a specialty) and textile industries, above all that in wool. 
 Treaties of peace were concluded here — (i) in 1688, between 
 France and Spain, by which France secured possession of Flan- 
 ders ; (2) in 1748, which terminated the war of succession in 
 Austria. A European congress was held here in 1818, which 
 resulted in the withdrawal of the allied troops from France. Alt. 
 581 ft.; mean temp., yr. 50.2° F. , Jan. 36.3°, July 65.7°. P. 
 in 1815, when the town came into the possession of Prussia, 
 about 30,000 ; (1871)74,000; (1890)101,800; (comm.) 103,500. 
 
 Alx-les-Balus, tn., France, dep. Savoie, arr. and 8 m. N. 
 Chamb^ry, on the Lac du Bourget, with noted hot springs, the 
 Aqua Gratiance of the Romans, now much frequented. It is 
 proposed to construct a rly. up Mont Revard (5145 ft.), which 
 adjoins on the E. and commands magnificent views, including 
 Mont Blanc. Alt. 700 ft. P. < 4000. 
 
 AJacelo, fortified tn. and seapt. , cap. of Corsica, on the W. ct. , 
 on the N. side of the Gulf of A., with sardine fisheries and tr^ide 
 in coral and the products of the isls. ; birthplace of Napoleon I. 
 (1769). Mean temp., yr. 62° F., Jan. 51°, Aug. 77.2°. P. 17,200. 
 
 AJalgarb, native state and fort. Central India, 105 m. WSW. 
 Allahabdd. Alt. of fort, 1744 ft. ; estimated area of state, 802 
 sq. m. P. 80,000. 
 
 Ajalon, place named in O. T. See Y&lo. 
 
 Ajjampur, tn., India, Mysore, 102 m. NE. byE. Mangalore. 
 
 Ajan, a name formerly applied to the E. ct. of Africa from 
 Cape Guardafui to the Zanzibar coast. 
 
 AJanta, vil. and ravine, India, Haidardbid, 50 m. NE. by 
 N. Aurangabad, noted for its Buddhist cave-temples and monas- 
 teries hewn out of the solid rock, belonging to the period from 
 about 200 B.c to 600 A.D. 
 
 AJello, comm. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 27 m. NW. 
 by W. Catanzaro. P. 3000. 
 
 AJemor, a plain, Africa, in the W. of the Sahara, between the 
 Muydir and Tademait plateaus, crossed by 27° N. 4° E. 
 
 AJer, or Adzer, tribe, Sahara. See Azjer. 
 
 AJeta, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 48 m. S. Pot- 
 enza. P. 3000. 
 
 AJl-cliai, riv. , in the NW. of Persia, flows W. into Lake 
 Urumia, passing close to, and N. of, Tabriz. 
 
 AJl&n, vil., Palestine, Eglon in the O. T. , 31° 34' N. , 34° 43' 
 E. , 16 m. E. by N. Ghuzzeh (ancient Gaza). 
 
 Ajniere, city, Brit. India, cap. Ajmere-Merwara, 78 m. WSW. 
 Jaipur, situated on the lower slopes of Tdragarh hill, which 
 rises to the height of 2855 '^^- above sea-level, 1300-1400 ft. above 
 the plain lying at its base between ridges of the Aravalli hills, 
 and is crowned by a strong fortress commanding every part of 
 the city. Among its more noteworthy buildings are the Daulat 
 Bdgh, or Garden of Splendour, now the residence of the Chief- 
 Commissioner of A.-Merwdra; and a fine Mohammedan mosque, 
 originally a Jain temple, on the Tdragarh hill. On the S. of the 
 city is the Dargah, the burial-place of a saint of the 13th century, 
 a place sacred both to Mohammedans and Hindus. The city 
 has two institutions for the higher education — A. College, affili- 
 ated to Calcutta University, and Mayo College, for the education 
 of the sons of Rajput nobles. Alt. 1611 ft.; mean temp., yr. 
 74° F. , Jan. 58°, May 89° ; rainfall, yr. 22.5 in. , June-Sept. 20.1 
 in., July-Aug. 14.2 in. P. (1881) 49,000; (1891) 69,000. 
 
 AJmere-SIer'trdrd, an isolated Brit. Indian prov. occupying 
 the crest of the water-parting of Rajputdna, traversed by the Ari- 
 valli hills, with an area equal to rather more than 2^ times that 
 of the English co. of Durham. It is not naturally fertile, but has 
 been made productive by the construction of numerous tanks 
 made by damming up the small streams in the head of their 
 gorges. Lead, copper, and iron abound in the Tdrdgarh hill 
 LAJmere], and lead mines were worked till 1846. Ajmere pro- 
 'per was ceded in 1818 to the British, who two years later con- 
 
 quered the dist. of Merwara, which lies to the S. and forms 
 somewhat less than a fourth of the whole prov. Before this 
 conquest, Merwdra was inhabited only by savage predatory hill 
 tribes (Mers = 'hillmen'), but under British rule it has been 
 made peaceful and productive through the construction of tanks 
 similar to those of Ajmere. The climate is said to be healthy, 
 but fever is endemic in Ajmere city, and epidemics of cholera 
 are frequent. Ophthalmia and guinea-worm are also common. 
 See Riljpntiina and India. 
 
 AJnerlganJ, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. and 33 m. NW. 
 by W. Sylhet. 
 
 AJnod, vil.. Central India, 18 m. NNW. Indore. 
 
 AJodliya, an ancient tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Faizdbad, 
 on the r. bk. of the Gogra, 77 m. E. Lucknow, adjacent to the 
 tn. of Faizabdd ; at a remote period one of the largest and most 
 magnificent of Indian cities, the glories of which are recounted 
 in the Rdmdyana [Ondb]. Of this only ruins survive. The 
 modern town is a small place, but is the scene of the great annual 
 fair of Rdmndmi, which is attended by about 500,000 people. 
 P. 12,000. 
 
 AJ08, vil., Paraguay, 73 m. E. Asuncion. P. <:20oo. 
 
 AJnrnoca, tn. , Brazil, Minas Geraes, 100 m. NE. Rio de 
 Janeiro. P. 17,000. 
 
 Ak, Turkish, ' white." 
 
 Akabab ('steep slope,' Egli), Gulf of, the north-eastern 
 arm of the Red Sea, Arabia. See /our. R. G. S., 1879, p. i; 
 map, ab. i : 1,000,000. 
 
 Akabab-l-Holwan ('the defile of Holwan'), a pass often 
 called 'the Gates of Zagros,' to the NW. of Kirind, in the W. 
 of Persia, prov. Ardilan, on the road from Bagdad to Kirman- 
 shah. Alt. 4630 ft. 
 
 Akalbl, tn. , Africa, in the oasis of Tuat, Sahara, in 26° 24' N. , 
 1° 35' E. 
 
 Akalgarb, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gujranwala, 60 m. 
 NW. by N. Lahore. P. < 5000. 
 
 AkaUiot, tn. , India, cap. native state of A. in Bombay, 56 m. 
 NE. by N. Bijipur. P. 6000. 
 
 Akamagasekl, or Sblmonosekl, tn., Japan, 108 m. NE. 
 by N. Nagasaki ; considerable shipping centre. P. 33,700. 
 
 Akaples, vil., W. Africa, Upper Guinea, near the mouth oi 
 the Akba, on the Ivory Coast, in about 3° 32' W. 
 
 Akarknf, ruins, Asiatic Turkey, 12 m. WNW. Bagdad. 
 
 Akaruanla and AltoUa. See Acarnania and Greece. 
 
 Akaroa, seapt. and bor., New Zealand, South I., A. co. (which 
 is formed by Banks Penin.), on the E. side of A. harb. , 23 m. SE. 
 Christchurch. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Akashl, tn., Japan, 15 m. W. Kobe, for which it serves as a 
 summer resort. Its meridian gives standard time to Japan. 
 P. 18,800. 
 
 Akassa, stn. of the Royal Niger Co., at the mouth of the 
 Nun entrance to the Niger, place of transhipment from ocean to 
 riv. steamers, with repairing yard. Mean temp. (2 yrs. 1887-88), 
 yr. 78° F. 
 
 Akatou, pass separating the Kyrenia and Karpas ranges in 
 the N. of Cyprus in about 33° 45' E. 
 
 Akatul, silver-mine, S. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, 198 m. 
 ESE. Chita ; state prison. 
 
 Ak Baltal. See Tnjuk. 
 
 Akbarpur, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 25 m. 
 ESE. Faizdbad (Oudh), 80 m. NE. Allahdbad. P. 7400. 
 
 Akcbe, or Akcba, Uzbeg tn., Afghan Turkistan, 40 m. W. 
 by N. Balkh. P. 8000. 
 
 Ak-Dagb (' White Mountain '), short mt. range, Asia Minor, 
 parallel to and NW. of the upper Kizil Irmak, crossed by 39^" 
 N. , 36° E. 
 
 Akdagb-madeu, vil., Asia Minor, W. of the Ak-Dagh range, 
 70 m. NNE. Kaisarieh, with silver-lead mines. 
 
 Akebar, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Leyburn Union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Akela, dist. of the Sahara, to the N. of Timbuktu. 
 
 Akeld, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div.,on the Glen, 14 m. E. byS. Kelso, on the N. E. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Akeley, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 2J m. NNE. 
 Buckingham, P.O. P. <:500 ; eccles. par. (A. with Stockbolt) 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Akem, or Aklm, tribe and dist., W. Africa, Gold Coast, 
 between about 6° and 7° N. , and in about 1° W. 
 
 Akenian Street, Roman road, Eng., began at Bath (Akeman- 
 chester), passed NE. to Cirencester, then ENE. to Bicester in 
 Oxfordshire, passing near Woodstock, where traces can be 
 seen ; and from Bicester ESE. Ultimately it joined Watling 
 Street. 
 
 Akembet, vil. , Russia, govt. Bessarabia, on a lagoon parallel 
 to the Black Sea, 33 m. SW. by S. Odessa. 
 
 Aken, tn., Ger. Prussia, prov. Saxony, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Elbe, 8 m. W. by N. Dessau. P. 6ioo. 
 
 Akenbam, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 3 m. N. by 
 W. Ipswich, 2 ni. ESE. Claydon stn. P. <:2So. 
 
 Akeuyara, or Alexandra, lake, central Africa, in about 2^° 
 S., ^oi° E., probably drained E. into the Kagera. 
 
 19 
 
'A K E R 
 
 A K-S U 
 
 'Alter, vil., Palestine, Ekron in the O. T., 31° 51' N., 34° 48' 
 E. , 15 ni. S. by E. Jaffa (ancient Joppa). 
 
 Akeragta, Loagb, lake, Ire., NW. co. Kerry, 14^ m. SW. 
 by W. Listowel, parallel to the shore of Ballyheige Bay. 
 
 Akernian, Russia. See Akkerman. 
 
 Akershns. 1. Dist. (amt) in CHristiania stift, Norway. 
 See Norway and Cbrlstianla. 8. Citadel, Christiania (tn. ). ' 
 
 Akbalkalakl (Georgian, 'new town'), fortified tn., Trans- 
 Caucasia, in A. oasis, govt, and 70 m. WSW. Tiflis. Alt. 5610 
 ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Akbal-Tekke, a Turkoman tribe in the Russian Trans- 
 Caspian 'lerr., adjoining the Persian frontier between about 
 56° and 59° E. 
 
 Akkaltsykh (Georgian, 'new castle'), fortified tn., Trans- 
 Caucasia, govt. Kutais, on a 1. bk. trib. of the Kur, 67 m. E. 
 Batum, with a large number of Armenians among its inhabitants. 
 Alt. 3100 ft. P. 15,000. 
 
 Akhdar, akhdor, Arabic, 'green.' 
 
 Aktalssar ('white castle"), the ancient Thyatira, tn., in the 
 W. of Asia Minor, 47 m. NE. Smyrna, with marble quarries. 
 
 P. I2,OOD. 
 
 Akbladokampos, vil. , Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinthia, 
 II m. E. Tripolis. P. < 2000. 
 
 Akhlat, in Armenian Khelat, tn., Asiatic Turkey, on the N. 
 shore of L. Van, 95 m. SE. by S. Erzerum ; at one time a large 
 place, cap. of Armenian kings. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Akhmaclia, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. Kirk-Kilise, 36 m. 
 E. by N. Adrianople. 
 
 Aktamyn, or Akmyn, tn.. Upper Egypt, on the Nile, in 
 about 26^° N., about midway between Kenneh and Siut. 
 P. 18,800. 
 
 Akbtamar, an isl. rock in L. Van, Turkish Armenia, with 
 an Armenian monastery. 
 
 Akhtuba, riv. mouth. See f olga. 
 
 Akbty, vil. and fort, Caucnsia, Daghestan prov., 106 m. SW. 
 Derbent. Mineral waters. P. of vil. 6300. 
 
 Akbty-Cbal, riv., Ciscaucasia, flows SE. then NE. to the 
 Samur, which it joins at the fort of Akhty , in 41° 28' N. , 47° 44' E. 
 
 Akhtyrka, tn., Russia, govt, and 72 m. WNW. Kharkov. 
 P. 26,000. 
 
 Akhnlgo, ruins of fort, Ciscaucasia, govt. Daghestan, near 
 junction of the two Koisu rivs. in Andy Mts. ; refuge of Shamil. 
 
 Akburl, Armenian vil., on slope of Ararat, destroyed by 
 earthquake of August 20, 1840. 
 
 Akl, a kuni or old prov., Japan, now in Hiroshima ken. 
 
 Akik, or Port Mornlngton, a large and deep natural harb. , 
 belonging to Egypt, on the W. shore of the Red Sea, in 18^° N. 
 It is the best outlet for the valley of the Barka. 
 
 Aklm, tribe, V\'. .Africa. See Akem. 
 
 Aklm Swaldrn, vil. , in the interior of the Gold Coast Colony 
 between Anamabu and Insuaim. 
 
 Akindi Bnnm (' current cape'), cape, Turkey, at the nar- 
 rowest part of the Bosporus, where the current is strongest (Egii). 
 
 Akls Gol, lake in the W. of Asia Minor, in 32^° N., drained 
 W. into the Menderez. 
 
 Akita, tn. , Japan, 76 m. SW. by S. Aomori, on the W. ct. of 
 Honshiu. Mean temp. (6 yrs. 1881-86), yr. 50.6° F., Feb. 30°, 
 Aug. 74.8°; rainfall (4 yrs.) 66.7 in. P. 30,000. 
 
 Akjecbarl, vil, Asia Minor, on the N. ct., 120m. NE. by 
 E. Bnissa. 
 
 *Akka. See Acre. 
 
 Akka, a dwarf tribe in Central Africa, in the Upper Welle 
 basin (the NE. of the Congo basin), called by the Arabs Tlkkl- 
 Tfkkl, and by themselves in some places Anch^ka. They live 
 nomadically among other tribes. Stanley met with dwarfs 
 further S. in the Aruwimi basin, and others live S. of the Congo. 
 Dwarf tribes were known to the ancient Egyptians, and appear 
 to have extended N. to the lat. of Khartum. See Bittfra and 
 Petermann s MitteiL, Erganzungsheft, No. 92, p. 37. 
 
 Akkerman, commercial and dist. tn., Russia, govt. Bess- 
 arabia, on the W. side of the Dniester liman, 27 m. SW. Odessa. 
 P. 46,000 (Greeks, Jews, Armenians, Russians). 
 
 Akkeshl, vil. and bay, on the S. ct. of Yezo I. , Japan, just 
 W. of 145° E. Important oyster-beds, with oyster-canning 
 establishment. 
 
 Akknun, comm. , Holland, prov. Friesland, 10 m. S. Leeu- 
 warden. P. < 2000. 
 
 Akma-dagb. See Alma-dagh. 
 
 Ak Hectaet, small seapt., Russia, Crimea, govt. Taurida, on 
 the W. ct., 78 m. NW. by N. Sevastopol. Open roadstead, 28 
 ft. deep. 
 
 Akmolinsk, prov., Russian Central Asia, a little larger than 
 Germany, in the general governorship of the Kirghiz Steppes, 
 has Turgai in the W., Tobolsk in the N., Semipalatinsk in the 
 E. , Semiryechensk and Syrdariinsk in the S. Divided into five 
 dists., the chief tns. of which are : Akmolinsk, Atbasar, Kokche- 
 tav, Omsk, the cap. of prov. , and Petropavlovsk. Its northern 
 part is a high steppe, covered with numerous brackish and 
 fresh-water lakes, watered by the upp)er tribs. of the Ishim, and 
 chiefly occupied by nomadic Kirghizes, only a line of Cossack 
 20 
 
 settlements (formerly the ' Siberian Frontier Line ') running 
 along its N. frontier. The 500 to 600 ft. high spurs of the Tar- 
 bagatai Mts., rich in gold, silver, copper, iron, and coal, fill its 
 middle portion, .separating the tribs. of the Irtysh from the steppe 
 rivs. flowing S. , to be lost in sands before having reached the 
 Syrdaria. The valleys between these spurs being very fertile, well 
 watered, and interspersed with forest groves, are now the seat 
 of vils. of Russian, and partly Kirghiz, agriculturists. A dry, 
 stony desert (Bek p)ak dala, or Famine Steppe) spreads in the S. 
 toward the Chu riv. and L. Balkhash. Climate excessive; very 
 cold winter, severe snowstorms in spring, and burning hot winds 
 in summer, destroying all grass vegetation. Agriculture on 
 increase, both among Russians and partly Kirghizes. Wheat, 
 rye, and oats raised ; culture of tobacco ; extensive cattle breed- 
 ing, chiefly in the N. (597,000 horses, 300,000 cattle, 1,200,000 
 sheep, 84,000 camels) ; mining of recent origin (about 280 lbs. 
 gold, and 12,000 tons of coal every year) ; large quantities of 
 salt obtained from lakes ; the transport of Central Asian goods 
 from Khiva to Petropavlovsk, and of Russian goods from Petro- 
 pavlovsk vto Turkestan, is a considerable source of income; 
 active trade in tallow, hides, wool, and sheepskins exported ; 
 animated fairs (yearly return of 30 fairs, ;^85o,ooo), the chief of 
 which at Petropavlovsk and Akmolinsk. Area, 211,566 sq. m. 
 P. (1890) 500,180, out of whom 349,300 nomads, almost entirely 
 Kirghizes. 
 
 Akmolinsk, or Akmoly, Russian Central Asia, cap. of prov. 
 A., 287 m. SW. of Omsk (503 m. by high road from Ishim), on 
 Ishim R. Active trade, large fair. Alt. 1004 ft. ; mean temp. , 
 yr. 34.6°, Jan. 1.5°, 69.8°; mean rainfall (9 yrs.), yr. 9.1 in.; 
 June-Oct. 6.5 in. P. (1891) 5500. 
 
 Akola, tn., Brit. India, Berar, cap. dist. Akola, on a trib. of 
 Purna R. , 53 m. WSW. Amraoti. Alt. 930 ft. ; mean temp. , 
 yr. 78° F., Dec. 66°, May 93°; rainfall, yr. 30.2 in., June-Oct. 
 27.7 in. P. 21,500. 
 
 Akot, tn., Brit. India, Berdr, dist. and 30 m. N. Akola. 
 P. 16,000; Hindus, 12,100; Moham. 3800. 
 
 AkOTa, Turkey in Europe. See Byelopoye. 
 
 Akpatok, long isl, mouth of Ungava Bay, in N. of Labra- 
 dor, crossed by 60° N. , 68° W. 
 
 Akra, Gold Coast. See Accra. 
 
 Akrabeb, vil, Palestine, Ekrebel'ya. the O. T., 32° 8' N., 35° 
 20' E., 8 m. SE. by S. Nablus. 
 
 Akra, Jebel'el- ('the bald mountain'), the ancient Mons 
 Casius, mt., Syria, on the W. ct., 18 m. SW. Antioch, to the S. 
 of the mouth of the Orontes. Alt. 6400 ft. (P^vc. E. G. S., 
 1886, p. 94). 
 
 Akrabl, Arab tribe. See Aden. 
 
 Akreyrl, or Aknrelrl, seapt. , at the head of the Eyja Fjord, 
 about the middle of the N. ct. of Iceland. Mean temp., yr. 
 36.3° F., Feb. 26.3°, July 49.8°. P. <iooo. 
 
 Ak-robat, pass, Afghanistan, 12 m. NW. Bamian, on the 
 road to Khulm. Alt. 10,200 ft. [Proc. R. G. S., 1879, p. 253, 
 map, p. 160). 
 
 Ak Robat, vil, Russian Transcaspian Terr., 80 m. N. by 
 W. Herat. 
 
 Akron, vil, U.S., New York, Erie co., 20 m. ENE. Buffalo. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Akron, city, U.S., Ohio, cap. Summit co., 31 m. SSE. Cleve- 
 land, on the Ohio and Erie Canal, which, along with the Little 
 Cuyahoga R. , supplies the town vnth water-power. Alt. 230 ft. 
 (R.'R.). P. (1870) 10,000; (1890) 27,600. 
 
 Akroterion, Greek, 'cape.' 
 
 Aksal, riv. , central Asia, rises in a high valley of the Tian- 
 Shan, in the Russian prov. of Semiryechensk, flows E. into 
 Chinese Turkistan under the name of Kokshaal, but dries up 
 before reaching the Ak-su. 
 
 Aksal [Tash-kichu], vil, Ciscaucasia, govt. Terek, dist. 
 Khazav-yiirt, 50 m. SE. Kizlar. P. 4500 ; Kumyks. 
 
 Aksal, vil, Russia, govt. Astrakhan, dist. Chemyi Yar, 218 
 m. NW. Astrakhan. P. 3000. 
 
 Aksalskaya, vil, Russia, prov. Don Cossacks, on r. bk. of 
 Don, 7 m. NE. Rostov; active trade. P. 5650. 
 
 Akseral, tn., Asiatic Turkey, on the Beyassu, 95 m. NE. by 
 E. Konia. Alt. 3900 ft. 
 
 Ak>Seral, riv., Afghan Turkistan, collects several headwaters 
 from the Hindu Kush, and joins L bk. of Amu-daria in about 
 68° 20' E. 
 
 Aksha, dist. tn. , E. Siberia, prov, Transbaikalia, 170 m. E. 
 Chita, on Onon R. P. 1000. 
 
 Akstaehr, tn., Asia Minor. 70 m. NW. by W. Konia, a few 
 miles to the S. of Lake A. (salt) ; with celebrated carpet manu- 
 factures. P. 15,000. 
 
 Akstafa, dist. tn. , Transcaucasia. See Kazakh. 
 
 Ak-8U (Turkish, 'white water'), the name of several rivers 
 in Asia. 1. In Asia Minor, flowing S. into the Gulf of Adalia, 
 passing about 15 m. to the E. of Adalia. 8. In N. Syria, flow- 
 ing W. into the Jihan, which it joins to the SW. of Merash, in 
 about 37^° N. See also towns A. 
 
 Ak-sn, vil, Russian Central Asia, prov. Semiryechensk, 230 
 m. NE. Khokand, on the A. River, which flows N. to the Chu. 
 
A K-S U 
 
 A LAP 
 
 Ak-sn, tn., Eastern Turkistan, centre of an oasis, on the A. 
 IWv. (1. bk. trib. of Tarim), in about 41° 10' N. , 80° 40' E. ; an 
 important centre of trade, the foreign traders (about 100) mostly 
 Russian subjects. Alt. about 3500 ft. P. of circle about 180,000. 
 In the town 4000 houses. 
 
 Akareiri. See Akreyrl. 
 
 Aknrlkc, or Aknuakiiiia, vil. , Brit. W. Africa, on the 1. bk. 
 of Cross R. , in 8° 10' E. , 5° 43' N. 
 
 Aknslia, vil., Ciscaucasia, Daghestan, 62 m. NW. Derbent, 
 dist. Darghinsk. Alt. 4600 ft. P. 6000. 
 
 Akutau, one of the Aleutian Is. , crossed by 165^° VV. 
 
 Ak-wamn, Akwaplni. See Aquanibo, Aquaplm. 
 
 Akyiib, tn. and seapt., Burma, cap. of A. dist. andof Arakan 
 div. , at the mouth of the Kuladan R. , in 20° 7' N. It has a good 
 harb., protected from the SW. monsoon. The dist. has a 
 malarious climate, with a very heavy rainfall. See Burma. 
 Alt. 20 ft. ; mean temp. , yr. 79° F. , Jan. 69°, May 84° ; rainfall, 
 yr. 195.7 in.. May to Oct. 188 '8 in., June-July 102.6 in. P. of 
 tn. (1881) 34,000 ; (1891) 38,000. 
 
 Akyad el Ciliato^vlre, vil., Egypt, 25 m. WNW. Ismailia. 
 
 Al, or El, Arabic definite article. 
 
 Ala, Turkish, •variegated,' as in .\Ia-tau, a name applied to 
 several mt. ranges in which the snow is seen in patches (Egli). 
 
 Ala, tn. , Africa, Bornu, to the S. of L. Chad, in about 12° 13' 
 N. (Overweg). 
 
 Ala, tn., Austria, Tyrol, 23 m. SSW. Trent, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Adige. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ala-arctaa, Russian Central Asia. See Plshpek. 
 
 Alabama, riv. , U.S., in the state of A., formed by the confl. 
 of the Coosa and Tallapoosa a little above Montgomery ; winds 
 tortuously W. and SW. till it unites with the Tombigbee to form 
 the Mobile R. (50 m. long), which flows S. into the head of 
 Mobile B. Just above its confl. with the Tombigbee it gives oft' 
 the Tensaw arm or bayou, which also flows S. into Mobile B. 
 It is 312 m. long, navigable for vessels of 6 ft. to Claiborne (60 
 m. above the confl. with the Tombigbee), and for smaller vessels 
 to its head. Its volume is, however, very variable. 
 
 Alabama, one of the U.S. , to the E. of Mississippi and N. of 
 Florida, with a coast-line of 60 m. on the Gulf of Mexico between 
 these two states ; cap. Montgomery (since 1847) ; other chief 
 tns. , Mobile (the only seapt.), Birmingham, Anniston, Selina, 
 Huntsville, Florence, Pratt Mine, Gadsden, Bessemer. The 
 surface is highest in the NE. , where the last ranges of the Ap- 
 palachian system enter the state. To the S. these are followed by 
 extensive plains, which in the extreme S., in some places for 60 
 m. inland, are little above sea-level. Montgomery is only 160 
 ft. above the sea; Birmingham, just to the S. of the Appala- 
 chians, about 600 ft.; Fort Payne, in an Appalachian val. in the 
 NE. , nearly 900 ft. The chief rivers besides those named under 
 A. Riv. are the Tennessee, which traverses the N. of the state from 
 E. to W. , the Black Warrior, and the Chattahoochee. The 
 climate tow ards the S. is sub-tropical ; malaria prevailsalongthe 
 Gulf coast and the rivers, and all the low-lying tracts are subject 
 to intermittent and congestive fevers. [Montgomery, Mobile.] 
 The state is divided into four regions : the cereal region in the 
 N. producing grains as well as cotton and fruits ; the mineral 
 region, including all the mountainous and hilly tracts in the 
 NE. ; the cotton or cane-brake region, or black belt, extending 
 from about 33° to 31° 40', in which negroes predominate, and 
 large quantities of cotton are grown in very rich soil ; and the 
 timber region, in which low sandy plains are covered with forests 
 of yellow- and pitch-pine, yielding turpentine and rosin as well as 
 lumber. Cotton is the staple agricultural product of the state ; 
 among others of importance are maize, oats, tobacco, hay, and 
 rice. Since the civil war of 1861-5 the agricultural production 
 of A. is declined, in consequence partly of exhaustion of the soil, 
 partly of the indolence of the freed negroes. The mineral re- 
 gion of the state, of which Birmingham is the centre, is that which 
 is now being most rapidly developed. It includes 5500 sq. m. of 
 rich coal-measures (the principal coalfields being the Warrior, 
 Cahaba, and Coosa), along with vast deposits of easily accessible 
 iron ore and limestone. The Red Mountain vein of iron ore ex- 
 tends for more than 100 m. across the state, with a width of half a 
 mile, and includes throughout a stratum of red hematite 2-8 ft. 
 thick. Brown hematites also abound in Bibb, Shelby, Jefferson, 
 and other COS. In 1870 no regular coal-mining was carried on m 
 the state, buttwenty years later A. produced upwards of 3,000,000 
 tons, and within the same period it had risen to be the third state 
 in the production of pig iron. Among other minerals are beauti- 
 ful white as well as coloured marble (near Talladega), various 
 other stones, besides gold, graphite, lead, and copper, which, 
 however, are of little or no economic importance. Manufac- 
 tures have grown with the coal and iron production. The chief 
 are ironworks of various kinds ; next in importance, cotton. 
 Education is backward. The number of illiterates is very large. 
 There is a state university at Tuscaloosa. A. was first visited by 
 Europeans under the Spanish cavalier De Soto in 1540. The 
 present site of Mobile was occupied in 1711 by the French, who 
 ceded A. , with the rest of their possessions E. of the Mississippi, 
 to the English in 1763. .'^fter the constitution of the U.S. it 
 
 belonged first to Georgia, then to Mississippi, till it was admitted 
 as a state in 1819. For various statistics see United States, table. 
 
 Alabara, ct. vil., W. Africa, on the Bight of Benin, 18 m. E. 
 Lagos, in 3° 4' E. 
 
 Alabuga, two vils. , Russia, govt, and 90 m. SE. Tambov, 
 dist. Borisoglyebsk, near Vorona R. P. 3000 and 5000. 
 
 Alacapo, vil., Roumania, in the Dobruja. prov. and 12^ m, 
 W. by N. Kustenje. 
 
 Alacbna, co., U.S., Florida, S. of 30° N., and W. of 82° W. 
 P. 17,000. 
 
 Alacraues ('scorpion islands,' Egli), group of small isls. or 
 reefs in the Gulf of Mexico, 80 m. N. of the ct. of Yucatan, 
 affording a good anchorage on their S. side. 
 
 Alada, or AUada, tn., W. Africa, Dahome, in about 6° 35' 
 N. , 2° 10' E. , 25 m. inland from Whydah. 
 
 Alaejos, tn., Spain, Leon, 34 m. SW. Valladolid. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Alagbir, viL and silver-mine, Cis-Caucasia, 25 m. W. by S. 
 Vladikavkaz. Alt. 2050 ft.; mean rainfall (10 yrs.), 37J inches ; 
 rainiest months. May to .August. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Alagboz, mts., Transcaucasia, run W. to E. , crossed by 
 highway from Tifiis to Erivan at the height of 7837 ft. Mount 
 A. of this ridge, 30 m. NW. Ararat, an extinct volcano, 
 
 13.454 ft- 
 
 Alagoas, state, Brazil, on tiie Atlantic Ocean, to the S. of 
 Pernambuco. See Brazil. 
 
 Alagoas, or Villa da Hagdalena, tn., prov. A., 140 m. 
 SW. by S. Pernambuco ; exports sugar, cotton, hides, Brazil 
 wood, and rosewood. P. 5000. 
 
 Alagoinbas, vil., Brazil, Bahia, 63 m. N. by E. Sao Salvador. 
 
 Aiagon, tn., Spain, prov. and 15 m. NW. by W. Saragossa, 
 near the mouth of the Jalon on the Imperial Canal. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Aiagon, riv., Spain, Leon and Estremadura, flows SW. 
 between the Sierra de Gata and the Sierra de Gredos, and joins 
 the Tagus a few miles above Alcantara. 
 
 Alagna, German-speaking comm. , N. Italy, prov. Pavia, 
 on the Sesia. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Alai, range of mts., Russian Central Asia, partly on the N. 
 frontier of Bokhara, stretching 160 m. E. and W. , in about 
 39^ "-40° N., 71° 73° 40' E. ; average height about 16,000 ft., 
 peaks 18,000-19,000 ft. On the S. the longitudinal val. of the 
 Kizil-Su separates it from the Trans-.-\lai Mts. [Pamirs]. On 
 the N. numerous streams flow transversely towards the Syr 
 Daria. 
 
 Alais, industrial tn. , France, dep. Gard, 24 m. NW. by N. 
 Nimes, in the middle of a considerable coalfield, and possessing 
 a great variety of other mineral wealth, iron, zinc, lead, copper, 
 &c. Alt. 550 ft. P. 23,700. 
 
 Alaise, vil., France, dep. Doubs. 16 m. S. Besan9on, regarded 
 by some as the Alesia taken by Julius Caesar. P. <2000. 
 
 Alajuela, tn., Costa Rica, cap. of prov. A., 11^ m. WNW. 
 San Jos6. -Alt. 3000 ft. P. 10,000. 
 
 Ala-kul, the largest of a group of lakes, Russian Turkistan, 
 to the E, of Lake Balkhash (q.v.), NE. of the Dzungarian 
 Alatau. A narrow isthmus separates it from Lake Sasyk-kul. 
 
 Alamance, co. , U.S., N. Carolina, E. of 8o°W. , and crossed 
 by 36° N. 
 
 Alameda, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, 135 m. SE. 
 by E. Regina, on the Souris branch of the C. P. R. 
 
 Alameda, city, U.S., California, A. co. , on San Francisco 
 Bay, 10 m. SE. San Francisco. P. 11,200. 
 
 Alameda, vil., U.S., New Mexico, Bernalillo co. , 48 m. SW. 
 Santa F6. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alamos, tn., Mexico, Sonora, 140 m. ESE. Guaymas ; with 
 gold and silver mines. P. 6000. 
 
 Alamos de Catorce, vil. , Mexico, state of and 106 m. N. San 
 Luis Potosi. 
 
 Alamparai, vil., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Chengalpat, on 
 E. ct. , 27 m. S. Chengalpat, the scene of several events of im- 
 portance in the struggle between the French and the English in 
 India. 
 
 Alampur, tn., India, on theS. frontier of Haidarabad, on R. 
 Kistna, 95 m. ENE. Bellary. 
 
 Alan, or Camel, riv., Eng. See Camel. 
 
 Aland, riv., Ger., in the Prussian prov. of Magdeburg, flows 
 N. then NW. into the Elbe, 1. bk., at Schnackenburg in the 
 extreme E. of prov. Hanover ; navigable from Seehausen. 
 
 Aland Is., a group of numerous small isls., nearly 300 in 
 number, many of them mere rocks and skerries, in the mouth of 
 the Gulf of Bothnia, belonging to Finland. The chief isl., A.t 
 formerly contained the fortress of Bomarsund. 
 
 Alanje* vil., Colombia, Panama, 144 m. W. Panama. 
 
 Ala'otra, or Alautra, lake, Madagascar, in about 17° 9'-3S' 
 S., 48° 4o'-49° 4' E., 37 m. long, formerly larger ; drained NE. 
 into the Indian Ocean. 
 
 Alapakam, vil. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. South .Arcot, near 
 the E. ct. , 8 m. SSW. Cuddalore. 
 
 Alaply, tn., Asia Minor, on the N. ct., 115 m. NW. Angora, 
 7 in. S. by W. Eregli. 
 
 Alapur, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Budaun, 31 m. 
 SSW. Bareillv. P. 6000. 
 
 21 
 
ALAP — ALBA 
 
 Alapayevsk, iron and copper works, Russia, govt. Perm, on 
 the Neiva, 80 m. NNE. Ekaterinburcr. p. (1890) 8400. 
 
 Alara, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, 95 m. SSW. Konia. 
 
 Alas, strait, Eastern Archipelago. See Alias. 
 
 Alastaan, the southern part of the desert of Gobi, Mongolia, 
 inhabited by the Oliits. 
 
 Alashehr, the ancient Philadelphia, tn. , in the W. of Asia 
 Minor, 74 m. E. Smyrna, with which it is connected by rail ; 
 seat of a Greek archbishop ; a place held sacred by the Turks, 
 with whom it is a favourite place of burial. Alt. 950 ft. P. 
 22,000. 
 
 Alaska, a territory of the U.S., forming the north-western 
 portion of the continent of N. America, extending inland to 141° 
 W. , as far S. as the point where that meridian touches the sum- 
 mit of the ct. mts., and thence to the summit line of these mts., 
 but at a distance of not more than 30 m. from ct. to the point 
 where a line beginning at 54° 30' N., and ascending Portland 
 Channel, touches the mts. It was acquired by the U.S. from 
 Russia by purchase in 1867. The Coast Range of N. America ex- 
 tends through the southern portion of Alaska and the penin. of 
 Alaska, and is continued in the Aleutian Is., which also belong 
 to the territory. It contains some of the highest summits of the 
 chain (Mount St. Elias, Mount Fairweather, Mount Crillon), 
 several of which are voles. There are also some detached peaks 
 further inland, including the still active Mount Wrangel, at the 
 distance of 120 m. from the ct. Large glaciers (Muir, Guyot, 
 &c.) descend at different places to the ct. The chief riv. is the 
 Yukon, rising in the Rocky Mountains of the British possessions, 
 and flowing in a westerly course through the centre of the terri- 
 tory to its delta, on the ct. of Bering Sea. The territory may be 
 divided into three distinct dists., differing in climate, agricultural 
 capacity, and physical character: — (i.) The northern or Yukon 
 dist., between the riv. and the Arctic Ocean, with rolling or 
 rocky hills and broad marshy plains, without roads, except an 
 occasional trail, with a soil always frozen at a depth of 3 or 4 ft. , 
 and with an excessive climate. Summer temperature (at Fort 
 Yukon) 59°, winter 23° Fahr. (2.) The Aleutian or middle dist., 
 comprising the Aleutian isls., with a generally warmer and 
 moist climate ; the average of the snow-line is 3510 ft. above the 
 sea, the interior covered with forests, though in the Aleutian 
 isls. there is no wood larger than a shrub, whilst grasses are 
 luxuriant. The average temperature of this dist. is from 36° to 
 40° Fahr. (3.) The Sitkan dist., from the southern boundary of 
 the territory to the Alaskan penin., is rugged and mountainous, 
 and covered with forest. The fisheries of Alaska extend over 
 the banks from the ice limit in Bering Sea southward. Codfish 
 are most abundant and valuable, besides which are the halibut, 
 herring, and mullet. The herring fishery is carried on princi- 
 pally at Killisnoo, on the small isl. of Kenesaw, and for the sake 
 of the oil and manure furnished by the fish. The fresh waters of 
 Alaska abound in salmon, white fish, turbot, and pike. More 
 than 3,000,000 salmon have been taken in one year at Karluk, 
 where the largest salmon cannery in the world is situated. The 
 pursuit of the whale, seal, and walrus is another source of 
 revenue. The fur trade is the most important business of the 
 territory, and has been fully developed. Among the more im- 
 portant fur-bearing animals are the sea-otter, now greatly 
 reduced in numbers ; the fur seal, which appears on all the isls. 
 of the coast from June to October, but chiefly on the Pribylov 
 group; the fox, martin, mink, beaver, otter, musk-rat, and 
 bear (both black and brown), in the interior lands. The pro- 
 ductive mineral deposits are those of gold, silver, and lignite. 
 There are now several quartz-crushing gold-mines, the principal 
 being the Treadwell Mine on Douglas I., and gold is obtained 
 in the form of dust in the Yukon region. The production of 
 silver is insignificant. Lignite is worked at Herendeen B., on 
 the N. side of the Alaskan penin., and on the Shumagin Is., to 
 the S. of that penin. Copper, cinnabar, and galena are known 
 to exist, but have not yet been worked with success. Ice is largely 
 exported to San Francisco. Forests cover the ct. regions as far 
 west as Kadiak I. , and about one-fourth of the interior is esti- 
 mated to bear forests where not higher than 1000 ft. above sea- 
 level ; but the valuable forest trees (yellow cedar, pine, and 
 hemlock) are found only in scattered clumps amidst vast areas 
 of stunted Sitka spruce. Exportation of forest products is at 
 present forbidden by the govt. Cap. Sitka, on Baranoff I. 
 Area, 577,390 sq. ni. P. (1890) 31,795, of whom 23,274 were 
 Indians, 2287 Mongolians (chiefly Chinese, engaged for the 
 summer as labourers in the salmon-canning establishments, &c.). 
 See Elliot, An Arctic Province, London, 1886; Allen, Report 
 of an Expedition in the Territory of Alaska, Washington, 1887; 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1887, p. 269, with map (about 1:2,950,000) 
 of the S. coast from Kadiak Island to Sitka; U.S. Census 
 Bulletin, No. 39 (1891). 
 
 Alasslo, fishing-tn., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, 24 m. NE. 
 by E. San Remo. P. < 5000. 
 
 Alata, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, on the S. ct., 57 m. SW. by W. 
 Adana. 
 
 Alatan, several chains of mts. in Central Asia and Siberia. 
 1. Trans-Ill A. [Zailiiskiy A.), between L. Issyk-kul and the 
 22 
 
 val. of Hi R. , 180 m. long, 8000 to 12,000 ft. high, snow-clad ;; 
 highest peak, Talgarnyn, 14,000 ft. Consists of two parallel 
 chains, of which the southern has the name oi Kungei A. 'i. 
 Terskel A., on the S. shore of same lake, joins the Muz-art 
 group of peaks in the E., 200 m. long, 11,000 to 18,000 ft. high 
 (chief peak Alexandrovskiy). 3. Dzungarlnn A. or Semi- 
 ryeclienskly A., on the border of high plateau in SE. of Lake 
 Balkhash, nearly 270 m. long, alt. 11,000 to 13,000 ft., snow-clad,, 
 few passes. 4. Knznetskly A., a complicated Alpine region 
 on the frontier between Tomsk and Yeniseisk, 400 m. long, 100 
 m. wide, joins Sayan in S., 6000 to 7000 ft. high ; gold-bearing. 
 
 Alatoz, comm., Spain, prov. and 20 ni. ENE. Albacete. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Alatrl, tn., Italy, prov. Rome, on R. Cosa, 32 m. SE. by E. 
 Tivoli ; with remarkable remains of Cyclopean walls. P. 14,000. 
 
 Alatsata, tn., in the W. of Asia Minor, 42 m. W. by S. 
 Smyrna. 
 
 Alatyr, dist. tn., Russia, Simbirsk, on the 1. bk. Sura, at 
 confluence of riv. A., 115 m. SW. by W. Kazan. P. 14,100. 
 
 Alannsk Plateau, name once given to the W. portion of 
 the plateau running from the S. ot the Baltic to the Ural Mts. 
 See Valdai. 
 
 Alausl, tn., Ecuador, 65 m. E. Guayaquil ; with hot springs. 
 P. 4000. 
 
 A'lava, prov. , Spain. See Basque Provs., and Spain, table. 
 
 AlaM', small riv. , Wales, Anglesey, rises in the N. and flows 
 SW. into St. George's Channel. 
 
 A14walpnr, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 47 m. E. by 
 .S. Amritsar. P. 4000. 
 
 Alaya, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, on the Gulf of Adalia, 95 m. S. 
 by W. Konieh, close by the old fortress of Castello Lombardo. 
 P. 2000. 
 
 Alaykan, tn.. Upper Burma, on the 1. bk. of the Irawadi, 
 53 m. N. Prome. 
 
 Alazan, riv., Trans-Caucasia, flows SE. then S. to the Kur, 
 which it joins to the NE. of Elizavetpol, there called Yora. 
 
 Alazeya, riv.. En. Siberia, flowing N. into the Arctic Ocean 
 in about 156° E. , between the rivs. Indighirka and Kolyma. 
 
 Alb. See Jura, German. 
 
 Alba, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, on the Tanaro, 27 
 m. E. by N. Saluzzo ; with numerous remains of the ancient 
 A. Pompeia. P. 6000. 
 
 Albacete, tn. , Spain, prov. A., 85 m. WSW. Valencia. 
 Alt. 2251 ft.; mean temp., yr. 56.6° F. , Jan. 40.6°, Aug. 76.4°; 
 rainfall (14 yrs.), 12.91 in. P. 20,700. For the prov., see 
 Spain, table, and Blurcla. 
 
 Alba de Tormes, tn., Spain, prov. Salamanca, 14 m. SE. 
 Salamanca ; scene of a victory of the French over the Spaniards, 
 November 26, 1809. P. < 3000. 
 
 Albdlda, tn., Spain, prov. Valencia, 45 m. S. by W. Valencia. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Albak, bay, Denmark, on the E. ct., in the N. of Jutland. 
 
 Albnnl, or Lazlall, Monti, a group of volcanic mountains, 
 Italy, 13-20 m. SE. Rome. In ancient times their highest sum- 
 mit was crowned by the temple of Jupiter Latialis or Latiaris. 
 Alt. 2535 ft. 
 
 Albania, a region in the W. of European Turkey, having no 
 fixed limits, but inhabited by a people usually called Albanians, 
 but called by themselves Sbklpetnrs, or Sklpetars (their land 
 Shkiperia), and by the Turks Aruauts. Their land extends from 
 Montenegro in the N. to the Gulf of Arta in the S., and from 
 the Adriatic eastwards to the Shar Dagh and the mts. running 
 S. from that range, and thus embraces the Turkish vilayets of 
 Skodra (Scutari) and Yania (Yanina), with portions of those of 
 Kossovo and Monastir. It is mainly occupied by mts. and high 
 plains. The principal rivs. are the Boyana and Drin in the N. , 
 Shkumbi, Semeni, and Viosa in the middle, and the Artino in 
 the S. ; the principal lakes, Scutari, Okhrida, and Yanina. The 
 Albanian is an Aryan language of the Thraco-Hellenic family, 
 and is divided into two chief dialects : the Gegh, spoken by the 
 people to the N. of the Shkumbi, and the Tosk, to the S. of that 
 riv. The Albanians are partly Mohammedan, partly Christian, 
 the Gegh Christians adhering to the Latin rite, the Tosk Chris- 
 tians to the Greek rite. They are not confined to A., but are 
 found also in many parts of Greece, and also in Lower Italy, 
 Sicily, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Slavonia, and Dalmatia. Their 
 total number is estimated at < 2,000,000. 
 
 Alba'no, comm., Italy, prov. and 15 m. SE. by S. Rome, on 
 the SW. side of Lake A., a small crater lake, 970 ft. above sea- 
 level. The Pope's villa of Castel Gandolfo is among tiiose which 
 surround this lake. The duct which the Romans pierced through 
 the solid rock to drain off the surplus waters of the lake during 
 the siege of Veil (396 B.C.) is still to be seen. P. <7000. 
 
 Albano, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 5 m. SW. by W. Padua. 
 P. <:5oc)0. 
 
 Albano dl Lucanla, tn., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and i2§ m. 
 E. by S. Potenza. P. < 3000. 
 
 Albany, riv., Canada, forming part of the NW. frontier of 
 Ontario, issues from L. St. Joseph, and flows E. then NE. into 
 James B. ; length, 400-500 m. ; navigable up to Martin's Fall, 
 
ALBA — A L BE 
 
 in about 86§° W. ; receives from the S. the Kenogaml, in about 
 84° 40' W. , which is navigable about 70 m. up. 
 
 Albany, dist. in the E. of Cape Colony, bounded N. and E. 
 by the Great Fish R., cap. Grahamstown. 
 
 Albany, co., Queensland, crossed in the middle by 22° S. and 
 in the W. by 146° E. 
 
 Albany, tn. , U.S., Georgia, Dougherty co., on r. bk. of Flint 
 R., 86 m, N. by E. Tallahassee, Fla. P.<sooo. 
 
 Albany, co., U.S., New York, in the E., bounded on the E. 
 by the Hudson R., and partly on the N. by the Mohawk R. 
 
 Albany, city, U.S., cap. (since 1797) of New York State, also 
 cap. of A. CO., on r. bk. of Hudson R., 142 m. from its 
 mouth, and at the E. end of the Erie Canal, 4 m. SW. by S. 
 Troy. It has a state museum of natural history, state library, 
 and the Dudley observatory. It is a port of survey in the customs 
 dist. of New York, has manufactures of stoves, and other articles 
 in iron, &c. A fort called Fort Nassau (after 1623 Fort Orange) 
 was founded here by the Dutch in 1614. Near the fort a settle- 
 ment grew up, which was known as Beaverwyck till 1664, when 
 it came into the hands of the English, who named it A. after the 
 Duke of York and Albany, afterwards James II. In 1673 it 
 came again into the hands of the Dutch, who during this second 
 occupation named it Willemstadt. Alt. 16-30 ft. (R. R.|. Mean 
 temp., yr. 48.3° F., Jan. 23.6°, July 72.8°; rainfall (36 yrs.), 
 40.16 in. P. (1810) 11,000; (1850) 51,000 ; (1880) 91,000; (1890) 
 
 94.923- 
 
 Albany, tn. , U.S., Missouri, Gentry co. , 45 m. NE. by N. 
 St. Joseph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Albany, city, U.S., Oregon, Linn co., on Willamette R. , 62 
 m. SSW. Portland. Alt. 600 ft.; mean rainfall (7 yrs.), 46.81 in. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Albany, vil. , U.S. .Texas, Schackelford co. , 148 m. W. Dallas. 
 Alt. 1401 ft. (R. R.). P. <isoo. 
 
 Albany, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Green co., on Sugar R. , 80 
 m. W. by S. Milwaukee. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Albany, municip. , W. Australia, Plantagenet co., on the fine 
 harb. formed by King George Sound, 245 m. SE. by S. Perth, 
 with which it is connected by a railway 362 m. long. It is the 
 principal calling port for mail steamers in the colony. Mean 
 temp. (6 yrs.), yr. 58.6° F., Feb. 66.1°, July 52.6°; rainfall (2 
 yrs.), 35.55 in. P. < 3000. 
 
 Albany, Jie'w, U.S., Indiana. See New Albany. 
 
 Albaredo, comm. , Italy, Venetia, on the Adige, prov. and 
 16 m. SE. by E. Verona. P. <sooo. 
 
 Albarracln, tn., Spain, prov. Teruel, 118 m. E. Madrid. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Albasan, Turkey. See Elbasan. 
 
 Albaston, P.O., Eng. , Devonshire, 3 m. W. Tavistock. 
 
 Albatera, tn., Spain, prov. Alicante, 19 m. NE. Murcia. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Albatross I., a small isl. in the NW. of Tasmania. 
 
 Albatross I., Indian Ocean. See Cargados Is. 
 
 Albatross Point, cape. New Zealand, on the W. ct. of the 
 North I., in about 38° 7' S. 
 
 Albay, tn. , Philippine Is., near the E. ct. of the penin. of 
 Camarines, Luzon I., in 13° 10' N., cap. prov. A. It gives 
 name to a large bay. P. 13,000 
 
 Albazln, in Chinese Yaksa, vil. , Eastern Siberia, Amur prov. , 
 on the Amur, about 115 m. below the confluence of the Argun 
 and Shilka. Formerly Chinese and Russian fort. P. 1000. 
 
 Albegna, a small riv. , Italy, in the S. of Tuscany ; it rises in 
 Monte Labbro, and flows SW. into the Tyrrhenian Sea to the 
 N. of Orbetello. 
 
 Albemarle, co., U.S., Virginia, crossed by 33° N. and 78^° 
 W., bounded on the NW. by the Blue Ridge (AUeghanies). 
 
 Albemarle I. See Galapagos. 
 
 Albemarle Sound, a channel, U.S., North Carolina, in the 
 NE., stretching 55 m. along the parallel cf 36° N. ; named 
 after Lord Albemarle, one of the noblemen to whom the adjoin- 
 ing land was granted by Charles II. in 1663. 
 
 Albendorr, vil., Prussia, Silesia, 8 m. WNW. Glatz. Near 
 it is a sanctuary visited by numerous pilgrims. P. < 2000. 
 
 Albenga, seapt. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the ct., 22 
 m. SW. by S. Savona. P. < 5000. 
 
 Albens, tn., France, dep. Savoie, 15 m. N. Chamb^ry. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Alberbary with Cardeston, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry 
 div., 9 m. W. by N. Shrewsbury, 2^ m. N. Westbury stn., 
 PM.O. ; 7908 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Alberche, riv. , Spain, rises in the Sierra de Guadarrama, and 
 flows SW. to the Tagus, which it joins at Talavera. 
 
 Alb(tres, Nonts, the name given to the low range of the Py- 
 renees lying between the Col de Pertus and Cape Cerbera on the 
 Mediterranean ; highest peak, 4125 ft. The road from Port 
 Vendres (France) to Figueras (Spain) leads across this range by 
 the Col de Banyuls (1190 ft.). 
 
 Alberlqne, tn., Spain, prov. Valencia, 25 m. SSW. Valencia, 
 on the Jucar. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Albermarle, co., U.S., Virginia, E. of 70° W., and crossed 
 by38°N. ^ 
 
 Alberobello, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 32 m. SE. by S, 
 Bari. P. < 5000. 
 
 Albersweiler, comm., Bavaria, Palatinate, 20 m. WSW. 
 Spires. P. <3ooo. • 
 
 Albert, co. , Canada, New Brunswick, at the head of the B. 
 of Fundy, crossed in the N. by 46° N. 
 
 Albert, dist., Cape Colony, on the N. frontier, crossed by 
 26° E. , cap. Burghersdorp. 
 
 Albert, France, dep. Landes. See Labrlt. 
 
 Albert, tn., France, dep. Somme, arr. Peronne, on the Ancre, 
 18 m. ENE. Amiens. P. 5900. 
 
 Albert, the former name of a large region in the NW. of 
 New South Wales beyond the Darling, now divided up into cos. 
 
 Albert, riv. , Queensland, flows NNE. into the Gulf of Car- 
 pentaria, a little to the west of 140° E. 
 
 Albert, CO., S. Australia, bounded on the N. and W. by the 
 Murray, and crossed by 140° E. 
 
 Albert (Nyanza), or Mwatan Nzlge, lake, Central Africa, Nile 
 basin, in about 1° 10' -2° 20' N., 3oJ°-3i^° E., about no m. long 
 by 20-26 m. wide, receives at its head the Semliki R., at its NE. 
 end the (Somerset) Nile, which issues from it again in the 
 extreme N. as the White Nile. Alt. 2400 ft. 
 
 Alberta, one of the North-West Territories of Canada, 
 bounded on the S. by the U.S., on the W. by the Rocky Mts., 
 on the N. by the ' i8th correction line,' which is near 55° N., 
 and on the E. by Saskatchewan and .Assiniboia ; with an area at 
 least one-ninth larger than that of Great Britain ; cap. Calgary. 
 Its surface rises from an elevation of about 2000-2200 ft. in 
 the E. to about 3500 ft, at the base of the Rocky Mts. Its 
 chief rivs., all remarkable for their clear cold water, and rich in 
 trout, are the Smoky R., flowing N. ; the Atiiabaska, NE. ; the 
 N. Saskatchewan, Battle, Red Deer, Bow, Belly, and Milk, 
 flowing E. or SE. The southern portion of the territory is 
 mainly rolling prairie land, with isolated plateaux ('ridges'} 
 roo-200 ft. above the general surface. The principal vegetation 
 is short buffalo grass, and trees are confined to the vals. In the 
 E. the prairie extends to about 52^° N,, and this is succeeded to 
 the N. by a transitional region, between the Battle R. and the 
 N. Saskatchewan, in which the short buff'alo grass is replaced 
 by grasses of a better quality interspersed with poplar forests. 
 This has been called the * fertile belt. ' The NW. is a forest 
 region with a more broken surface, and the same character 
 belongs to the Beaver Hills to the S. of the N. Saskatchewan. 
 The climate is healthy. In winter its severity is frequently miti- 
 gated by the ' chinook ' {fohn) winds, which blow from the SW. 
 across the Rockies. Mean temperature, winter months (January, 
 February, March) at Fort M'Leod in the S., 21° Fahr. ; summer 
 months (July, August, September) 62.2° Fahr. ; at Calgary (at 
 the base of the Rockies, 3389 ft.), winter 12 2° Fahr., summer 
 58.3° Fahr, ; at Edmonton, in the N., winter 11.3° Fahr., summer 
 55.2° Fahr. Average rainfall at Edmonton, 9J in., snowfall 
 33^ in. \. is specially adapted for cattle-ranching and dairy- 
 farming, but wheat and other grains thrive. There are enormous 
 fields of coal and hgnite. Coal is mined at Lethbridge and 
 anthracite at Banff and Canmore, at the base of the Rockies. 
 Petroleum is known to be present, and iron, gold, silver, galena, 
 and copper are among the other minerals. 'There are hot 
 sulphur springs at Banff", which is included in the Rocky 
 Mts. National Park of the Dominion. [Jfortb-West Terri- 
 tories.] P. (1891) 26,123. 
 
 Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Canada, Report of Prog., 
 1882-84 [Dawson on the Bow and Belly Rivers), Montreal, 1885 ; 
 and vol. ii., E. , 1887 [Tyrrell on North Alberta). 
 
 Albert, lake, U.S., Oregon, Lake co. ; no outlet. 
 
 Albert Canyon, stn., Canada, Brit. Col., on the C. P. R., 
 1081 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 401 m. from Vancouver. 
 
 Albert Edward (Nyanza), lake. Central Africa, belonging to 
 the upper part of the Nile basin, lying for the most part just 
 S. of the equator, drained N, by the Semliki into the Albert 
 Nyanza ; discovered and named in honour of the Prince of Wales 
 by Stanley in 1889. Alt. 3300 ft. 
 
 Albert Edward, mt.. New Guinea, Owen Stanley range, to 
 the N. of Mt. Owen Stanley. Alt. 12,500 ft. 
 
 Albert Lake, a sheet of brackish water, S. Australia, 10 by 
 8 m., communicating by a narrow channel with Lake Alex- 
 andrina on the NW. 
 
 Albert Lea, city, U.S., Minnesota, cap. of Freeborn co., 85 
 m. S. by W. St. Paul. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Albert Dllne, silver mine. South African Republic, about 50 
 m. NE. Pretoria. 
 
 Albert Hlnes, coal-mining vil., Canada, New Brunswick, 
 Albert co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Albcrton, seapt. tn., Canada, Prince Edward I., Princes co , 
 on Cascumpeque harb., 62 m. NW. Charlottetown. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alberton, tp. , Queensland, Stanley co., on the ct., 25 m. SE. 
 Brisbane. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alberton, tn., S. Australia, Adelaide co., a suburb of and 
 7 m. NW. Adelaide, on the rly. 
 
 Alberton, tin-mining locality, Tasmania, Dorset co., 35 m. 
 ENE. Launceston. 
 
 23 
 
 k 
 
A I. B E — A L C A 
 
 Alberton, tp. , Victoria, Buln Buln co., on a small riv. called 
 Albert, 3 m. from its mouth, 177 m. SE. Melbourne. P. < 1000. 
 
 Albert Tofm, settlement, New Zealand, South I., Vincent 
 CO. , at the outlet of the Clutha from lakes Hawea and Wanaka, 
 90 ni. WNW. Oamaru. 
 
 Albertvllle, stn. , Congo Free State, W. side of Tanganyika, 
 in 6° 4' S. , 13 m. S. of the Lukuga, 
 
 Albertvllle, tn., France, dep. Savoie, on the Isere, 24 m. 
 ENE. Chamb^ry ; cap. arr. ; with silver-lead mines. The town 
 was formed in 1835 by King Charles Albert of Sardinia by the 
 union of the two vils. of L'Hopital and Confians, on opposite 
 banks of the R. Arly. Alt. 1030 ft. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 AIM, the ancient Albiga, tn., France, cap. dep. Tarn, on the 
 Tarn, 23 m. N. byW. Castres ; with various manufactures ; seat 
 of an archbishop ; its cathedral, Ste. C6cile, one of the finest in 
 the S. of France ; formerly cap. of the co. of A., annexed to the 
 French crown in 1249 at the close of the religious war waged 
 against the Albigenses, who were denounced as heretics. Birth- 
 place of the navigator La P^rouse (died 1788). Alt. 574 ft. ; 
 mean temp., yr. 56° F., Jan. 40,6°, Aug. 72.5°. P. 14,200. 
 
 Albla, city, U.S., Iowa, Monroe co., 58 m. SK Des Moines. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Alblna,, city, U.S., Oregon, Multnomah co., i m. from 
 Portland. P. 5100. 
 
 Albino Point, cape, Canada, Ontario, on L. Erie, 12 m. W. 
 by S. Buffalo, N.Y. 
 
 Albion, VII., Canada, Ontario. See Bolton. 
 
 Albion, stn., Eng., S. Staffordshire, on the L. & NW. R., 
 2^ m. S. Wednesbury, included in the pari. bor. Wednesbury. 
 
 Albion, vil.. U.S., Idaho, Cassia co., 155 m. SE. by E. Bois6 
 City. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Albion, vil., U.S., Illinois, Edward co., 117 m. E. by S. St. 
 Louis, Mo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Albion, tn., U.S., Indiana, Noble co. , ^o m, SW. by W. of 
 NE. corner of state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Albion, tn. , U.S. , Maine, Kennebec co. , 24 m. N E. Augusta. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Albion, city, U.S., Michigan, Calhoun co., on Kalamazoo 
 R., 88 m. W. Detroit. P. < 4000. 
 
 Albion, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Boone co., 108 m. W. by N. 
 Omaha. P. < 1500. 
 
 Albion, vil., U.S., New York, Orleans co., 30 m. W. by N. 
 Rochester, on the Erie Canal. P. 5000. 
 
 Albion, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Erie co., 21 m SW. Erie. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Albion, vil., U.S., Rhode I., Providence CO., on Blackstone 
 R. , 10 m. N. by W. Providence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Albion Mines, or Stellarton, coal-mining vil., Canada, 
 Nova Scotia, Pictou co. , 10 m. S. by E. Pictou. P. < 2000. 
 
 Alblssola, comm., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, 2 m. ENE. 
 Savona, with manufactures of porcelain vases. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Alblstan, or El Bostau, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, vilayet and 122 
 m. N. Aleppo, on the Jihan. P. 6500. 
 
 Alblasser Waard, dist., Holland, in the SE. of prov. S. 
 Holland, to the S. of the Lek ; noted for its hemp. 
 
 Alboctlcer, comm., Spain, prov. and 23 m. N. by E. Castellon 
 de la Plana, 47 m. SW. Tortosa. P. <4000. 
 
 Albona, tn., Austria, Istria, 23 m. SW. Fiunie, on the Gulf 
 of Quarnero. P. < 5000. 
 
 Alboran, small isl. in the Mediterranean belonging to Spain, 
 ^ m. long by J m. broad, in 35° 56' N. , 3° o' 40" W. 
 
 Alboraya, tn. , Spain, prov. and 4 m. NE. Valencia. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Albonrne, par. and hamlet, Eng., Sussex, Lewes div. , 8 m. 
 NNW. Brighton, 2i m. E. Henfield stn., P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Albox, tn. , Spain, prov. and 42 m. NNE. Almeria. P. 10,100. 
 
 Albrechtsbnrg. See Meissen. 
 
 Albrecbtsdorr, tn. and comm., .Austria, in the NE. of 
 Bohemia, 10 m. E. by S. Reichenberg ; with large glass-works. 
 P. tn. < 5000. 
 
 Albreda, British trading stn. at the mouth of the Gambia, 
 W. Africa. 
 
 Albrlghton, par. and vil., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 18 m. 
 N. Kidderminster, 5 m. ESE. Shiffnal, on the G. W. R., 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Albrlghton, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 3^ m. N. 
 Shrewsbury, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Albaera, vil., Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 13 m. SE. 
 Badajoz ; scene of a battle in which Marshal Soult was defeated 
 by Lord Beresford, May 16, 1811. P. < 1000. 
 
 Albnfelra, small seapt. on the S. ct. of prov. Algarve, Portu- 
 gal, 41 m. E. by N. Cape St. Vincent. P. <:50oo. 
 
 Albofera (from Arabic, Al Bafuirah, ' the small sea '), shal- 
 low ct. lake, Spain, to the S. of Valencia, abounding in fish and 
 water-birds, separated from the Mediterranean by a narrow strip 
 of wooded sand-dunes ; 13 m. long. 
 
 Albala, mts. , Switzd. See Alps, Subdivisions, H. A., 3 (c). 
 
 Albala, pass, Switzd. See Alps, Passes, III. (10 b.). 
 
 Albala, riv., Switzd., cant. Grisons, flows W. from the vici- 
 nity of the A. Pass to the Hinter-Rhine, which it joins a little 
 below the Via Mala. 
 24 
 
 Albujlol, tn., Spain, prov. and 35 m. SE. by S. Granada, 
 near the ct. P. 9400. 
 
 Albuqnerqne, fortified tn. , Spain, prov. and 26 m. N. by 
 W. Badajoz. P. 7000. 
 
 Albuquerque, Xew, tn., U.S., New Mexico, Bernalillo co. , 
 57 m. SW. Santa Y€. Alt. 4933 ft. (R. R.). Mean temp. 
 (13 yrs.), yr. 55.8° F., Jan. 32.6^, July 78.1°; rainfall, 7.19 in. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Albuquerque, Old, tn., to the SE, of New A. P. <20oo. 
 
 Albuquerque de Velba, riv. -port, Brazil, prov. Matto 
 Grosso, on the Paraguay, in about 19° 26' S. 
 
 Alburg, tn., U.S., Vermont, Grand Isle co., 34 m. N. Bur- 
 lington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Albnrgh, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 13^ m. S. Norwich, 
 i^ m. NW. Homersfield stn., P.O. P.<7So. " 
 
 Alburno, Monte, a mt. , or rather small plateau, about 15 m. 
 long by 6 ni. broad, Italy, near the W. ct. , in the S. of Campania, 
 bounded on the NE. atid E. by the Tanagro valley and the Val 
 di Diano. Alt. 5715 ft. 
 
 Alburtls, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lehigh co., 20 m. NE. 
 by E. Reading. P. < 1500. 
 
 Albury, par. and hamlet, Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 
 II m. NE. Hertford, 3^ m. NW. Bishop Stortford, P.O. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Albury, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 9 m. E. by S. 
 Oxford, close to Tiddington stn. P. <2So. 
 
 .Albury, par. and vil., Eng., Surrey, Guildford div., 4 m. 
 ESE. Guildford, 2 m. ENE. of its stn. (Chllivorth and A.), on 
 the S. E. R., PMT.O.; par. 4418 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Albury, tn. , New South Wales, Goulburn co. , at the head of 
 steam navigation on the Murray, 115 m. ESE. Deniliquin, in 
 146° 55' E. The Murray is here crossed by two bridges, one of 
 them a rly. bridge connecting the Victorian and New South 
 Wales rly. systems. Alt. 572 ft. Mean temp., yr. 59.6° F., 
 Jan. 75.2°, July 45.4°; rainfall (23 yrs.), 26.39 in. P. 6000. 
 
 Albury, vil., New Zealand, South I., Geraldine co. , 20 m. 
 WNW. Timaru, on a rly. 
 
 Albury Heath, place, with P.O., 2 m. from Albury, Surrey. 
 
 Alburz Mts. See Elburz Mts. 
 
 Alby, tn., France, dep. Haute Savoie, on the Cheran, 18 m. 
 N. by E. Chamb^ry, 8 m. SW. Annecy. P. <20oo. 
 
 Alby with Thwalte, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 6 m. S. 
 by W. Cromer, 4 m. W. Gunton stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Alcacer do Sal, tn., Portugal, Estremadura, on the Sado, 
 23 m. SE. by E. Setubal, starting-point of the high road leading 
 SE. by Beja to Mertola on the Guadiana. P. 3000. 
 
 Alcalg, hamlet, Scot., Nairnshire, on the E. ct., on the S. 
 shore of Cromarty Firth, i^ m. SE. Dingwall, P.O. 
 
 AlcaU de Chlsbert, tn., Spain, prov. Castellon de la Plana, 
 40 m. SSW. Tortosa, 3 m. from the ct., from which it is separ- 
 ated by the Irta Mts. P. 5800. 
 
 AlcaU de duadalra, tn., Spain, prov. and 7 m. SE. by S. 
 Seville, with a large Moorish fort. P. 9000. 
 
 AlcaM de Henares,an old walled tn. , Spain, prov. Madrid, on 
 the r. bk. of the Henares, opposite the site of the ancient Roman 
 tn. of Complutum, 20 m. ENE. Madrid ; birthplace of Cervantes 
 (1547-1616) ; once seat of a famous university, founded in 1508 
 by Cardinal Jimenez, but transferred to Madrid in 1836; the 
 place in which was printed the Complutensian (polyglot) Bible, 
 the original of which is preserved here. P. 13,500 (in the time 
 of the Arabs 60,000). 
 
 Alcala de los Gazules, tn., Spain, prov. Cadiz, 32 m. E. by 
 S. Cadiz. P. 9800. 
 
 Alcald la Real, tn., Spain, prov. Jaen, 23 m. SSW. Jaen. 
 P. 16,000. 
 
 Alcanio, tn., Sicily, prov. and 24 m. E. by S. Trapani. 
 P. 23,000. 
 
 Alcanadre, riv., Spain, prov. Huasca, flows S. then ESE. to 
 the Cinea. 
 
 AlcaJUz, fortified tn., Spain, prov. Teruel, on the Guadalope, 
 38 m. NW. by W. Tortosa ; with large alum works. P. 7800. 
 
 Aleantara, tn., Brazil, Maranham, on the W. side of the B. 
 de Sao Marcos, in 2° 22' S. , 44° 25' W. , and 16 m. NW. by W. 
 Maranham. P. 5000. 
 
 Alcantara (Arabic, 'the bridge'), fortified tn., Spain, prov. 
 Cdceres, on the 1. bk. of the Tagus, 58 m. WNW. Trujillo, 
 once the seat of the Order of A. The town owes its name to a 
 fine Roman bridge built by Trajan. P. <4000. 
 
 Alcantarllla, coram., Spain, prov. and 5 m. W. Murcia. 
 P. -c 5000. 
 
 AlcAraz, tn., Spain, prov. Albacete, 40 m. SW. by W. Alba- 
 cete, at the N. base of the Sierra A. (6000 ft.) ; with zinc (cala- 
 mine) mines near. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Alearraehe, small riv., Spain and Portugal, flows W. to the 
 Guadiana, about 38* 20' N. 
 
 Alcarrl'a, La, a large, well-watered, and fertile tract in Spain, 
 prov. Cuenca and Guadalajara, traversed by the head-waters of 
 the Tagus. 
 
 Aleatrax, a small isl., U.S., California, in San Francisco 
 harb., with U.S. post hospital 
 
ALC A 
 
 AL D F 
 
 Alcatrazes, Illias dos (' Portuguese, ' pelican islands'), two 
 groups of small isls. , one on the W. ct. of Africa, in 10° 37' N. , 
 the other on the coast of Brazil, in 24° 6' S., about 45 m. ESE. 
 Santos. 
 
 Alcandete, tn., Spain, prov. Jaen, 22 ni. SW. by W. Jaen ; 
 built almost entirely of black marble. P. 9200. 
 
 Alc&zar de San Jnan, tn. , Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, 
 55 m. SE. by E. Toledo ; with calamine and iron mines. 
 P. 9500. 
 
 Alcester, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Stratford- 
 on-Avon div., on the Arrow, yh m. W. by N. Stratford-on-Avon, 
 on the G. W. and M. Rlys., PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. P. < 
 2500 ; eccles. par. (A. wltli WeetMey) P. <:25oo. 
 
 Alcester, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Union co., 40 m. E. by N. 
 Yankton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Alclinku, Manchuria. See Aslielio. 
 
 Alctra, tn. , Spain, prov. Valencia, on the r. bk. of the Jucar, 
 23 m. S. by W. Valencia. P. 18,500. 
 
 Alclstou, par., Eng., Sussex, East Grinstead div., 7 m. ESE. 
 Lewes, i^ m. SW. Berwick stn. P. <25o. See Selmestou. 
 
 Alcobaca, seapt. , on the E. ct. of Brazil, in the S. of Bahia, 
 in 17° 31' S. , its entrance between the Recife Timbebas and the 
 Abrolhos Reefs. 
 
 Alcobaca, tn., Portugal, prov. Estremadura ; with a fine 
 Gothic church containing the tombs of several Portuguese kings 
 and of liies de Castro. P. < 2000. 
 
 Alcochete, tn. , Portugal, Estremadura, on the E. side of the 
 Bay of Lisbon, 11 m. E. by N. Lisbon. P. <4coo. 
 
 Alcock, prov., on the N. ct. of Brit. N. Borneo. 
 
 Aicombe (al'kum), hamlet, Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 
 20 m. N. Tiverton, i m. S. Minehead stn., P.O. 
 
 Alco'na, co., U.S., Michigan, in the NE., on L. Huron, S. 
 -of45°N. 
 
 Alconbary, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and 3^ m. 
 NW. Huntingdon, PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Alcoubnry Hill, i^ m. N. of Alconbury. 
 
 Aleonbnry Weston, par., i m. to the N. of A., P.O. P. <:500. 
 
 .Alcorcon, comm., Spain, prov. Madrid, 7 m. SW. by W. 
 Madrid. P. < 1000. 
 
 Alcorn, co., U.S., Mississippi, on the N. frontier, E. of 89°W. 
 
 Alcdy, tn. , Spain, prov. and 24 m. N. Alicante ; situated in 
 a fine huerta ; centre of the Valencian paper manufactures. 
 P. 30,000. 
 
 Alcadia, tn. , Spain, giving name to the larger of the two 
 bays on the NE. of Majorca I. P. -c 3000. 
 
 Alcudla, Val de la, val. , Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, in the 
 dist. of La Mancha ; with antimony mines. 
 
 Alcumlow. See DIoreton >vlth A. . 
 
 Aldabra, or Aldebra, a group of small isls. in the Indian 
 Ocean, in the N. of Mozambique Channel, 9° 24' S., 46° 22' E.; 
 comprising A. (the largest, 20 m. long, ' a solid madreporic 
 mass'), Astove, Cosmoledo, and Assumption, dependencies of 
 Mauritius, with no permanent inhabitants, but visited for turtle- 
 fishing. See Colonial Office Report, No. 40. 
 
 Aldaniph, vil., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on the Don, 8 m. 
 N. Crathie. 
 
 Aldan, navigable riv. , Siberia, Yakutsk, rises in A. Mts., part 
 of Stanovoi, winds NE. then W. into the Lena, which it joins 
 in 63^° N., 70 m. below Yakutsk ; 1370 m. long. 
 
 Aldansk, vil.. En. Siberia, on the Aldan, and on the route 
 from Yakutsk to Okhotsk. 
 
 Aldborongh, Nctt Glasgow, or .Airey, vil. , Canada, Ontario, 
 Elgin CO. , on Lake Erie, 40 m. SW. by S. London. 
 
 Aldborougta, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 6 m. SSW. 
 Cromer, 4 m. N. Aylsham stn., PMT.O. P. <:500. 
 
 Aldborongh, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 
 7 m. SE. by E. Ripon, i m. SE. Boioughbridge stn., P.O. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Aldborongb Hatcb, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Essex, Rom- 
 ford div., 2 m. NE. by N. Great Ilford stn., 9I m. NE. by E. 
 St. Paul's, London. See Ilford, Great. 
 
 Aldbouru, par. and vil., Eng., Wilts., Devizes div., 9 m. SE. 
 by E. Swindon, 4^ m. E. Ogbourne stn., PM.O. ; 8490 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Aldbrongb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., on Lambwath Str. , 11 m. NE. by E. Hull, 4^ m. E. by S. 
 Burton Constable stn., PM.O. ; 4904 ac. P. <75o; eccles. par. 
 <A. -wltb Colden Parva) P<:iooo. 
 
 Aldbrongb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the N. of 
 the Richmond div., 5^ m. W. by S. Darlington, PMT.O. 
 P. <soo. See Stanwlck. 
 
 Aldbnry, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, Watford div. , 9J m. E. 
 Aylesbury, i^ m. E. "Tring stn.; with monument to the Duke of 
 Bridgwater, the celebrated promoter of inland navigation, 
 PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 AldcUffe, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Lancaster union. P. <:25o. 
 
 Aldclnne, vil. , Scot. , W. Perthshire, on the Garrv, 2 m. SE. 
 by E. Blair Athole, i m. NW. Killiecrankie stn., P.O. 
 
 Aide, riv., Eng., Suffolk, flows SE. then E. to Aldeburgh, 
 where it takes the name of the Ore, and flows in a southerly 
 
 direction parallel to the coast till it enters the sea at Orford 
 Haven, 6^ m. NE. of Felixstow, in 52° 2' N. The Ore is also 
 the name of a trib. which joins it on the r. bk., where it turns 
 to the E. 
 
 Aldebra. See Aldabra. 
 
 Aldebnrgh, cr Aldborongh, mun. bor. and par., Eng., 
 Suffolk, Woodbridgediv. , on the ct. and the Aide, 20 m. ENE. 
 Ipswich, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. Market-day, S. P. mun. 
 bor. and par. < 2500. 
 
 Aldeby, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 10 m. SW. by S. Yar- 
 mouth, I m. S. of its stn. on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Aldela Gallega, tn., Portugal, Estremadura, 7^ m. E. Lis- 
 bon, at the head of an arm of the B. of Lisbon, starting-point of 
 the high-road to Elvas and Badajoz. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Aldelaniento, vil., Brazil, on the Yatapu R., 135 m, ENE. 
 Manaos. 
 
 Alden, vil., U.S., Iowa, Hardin co., 97 m. WNW. Cedar 
 Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alden, vil., U.S., New York, Erie co., 18 m. E. Buffalo. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Aldenhaui, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, St. Albans div., 7 m. 
 S. by W. St. Albans, i^ m. SW. Radlett stn. ; 6113 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Alder Bay, Scot., Inverness-shire, on the W. shore of Loch 
 Ericht, 2^ m. N. of the foot of the loch. 
 
 Alderbnry, par. and vil. , Eng. , Wilts. , Wilton div. , 3^ m. 
 SE. by E. Salisbury, with a junc. stn. on the L. &SW. R., P.O. 
 P. <:7S0. 
 
 Alderford, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. , 10 m. N W. Nor- 
 wich, I m. E. Lenwade stn., P.O. P. <25o; eccles. par. (A, 
 with Attlebridge) P. <25o. 
 
 Aldergrove, stn.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Massereene, 
 on the G. N. R. , 5 m. S. Antrim. 
 
 Alderholt, eccles. par., Eng., Dorsetshire, on the E, border 
 of the E. div. , 10^ m. S. by W. Salisbury, close to Daggens Rd. 
 stn., P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Alderley, par. and vil., Eng., Gloucestershire, Thornbury 
 div. , i^ m. S. by E. Wotton-under-Edge, 3 m. E. by N. Wick- 
 war stn.; in the church is the tomb of Sir Matthew Hale, born 
 in this par. in 1609 ; P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Alderley Edge, or Chorley, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, 
 Knutsford div., 8 m. SSW. Stockport, with stn. on the L. & 
 NW. R. The name originally belongs to a short hill-ridge 
 adjoining the stn. PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Alderley, Nether and Over, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Cheshire, Knutsford div., 9J m. SSW. Stockport. N. A., P. < 
 750 ; O. A. , P. < 500. 
 
 Aldermaston, par. and vil. , Eng. , Berkshire, Newbury div. , 
 9^ m. SW. by W. Reading, 2J m. SW. of its stn. on the 
 G. W. R.,PM.O. P.<:75o. 
 
 Aldermaston Soak, hamlet to the SE. of Aldermaston. 
 
 Aldermlnster, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., 
 4^m. SSE. Stratford-on-Avon, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Alderney, in French Anrlgny, the ancient Riduna, one of 
 the Channel Is., 10 m. W. Cape de la Hague; cap. St. Anne. 
 It forms part of the bailiwick of Guernsey, but has also a local 
 legislative body, and local civil but not criminal jurisdiction. It 
 is well cultivated, and noted for its breed of cows. On the N. 
 side there is a breakwater and harb. of refuge ; 1962 ac. P. 2000. 
 
 Alderney, Race of, the channel between Alderney I. and 
 France. 
 
 Aldersey, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 7 m. SE. by 
 S. Chester, 2 m. SW. Tattenhall stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Aldersgate Street, stn., London, Eng., on the Metropol. 
 Dist. Rly. (Inner Circle), \ m. N. St. Paul's. 
 
 Aldershot, par. and tn., Eng., in the NE. of Hampshire, 
 Basingstoke div., 14^ m. E. Basingstoke, with two stns. on the 
 L. & SW. R., (i) Aldershot Town, (2) North Camp. In 1854 
 a permanent camp was established on an adjoining heath for 
 ao.ooo men, and in the vicinity there are barracks for 2000 men. 
 4178 ac. P. (including 13,000 military) 25,600. 
 
 Alderton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 6^ m. E. 
 Tewkesbury, 2 m. SE. Beckford stn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. 
 par. (A. or Aldrlngton) P. <5oo. 
 
 Alderton, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 8J m. S. 
 by W. Northampton, 3 m. SSW. Roade stn. P. <25o. See 
 Grafton Regis. 
 
 Alderton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 12^ ni. 
 NNE. Bath, P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Alderton, ct. par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., ii| m. 
 E. by S. Ipswich, 6 m. SE. Woodbridge stn., P.O. P.<750- 
 
 Alderton, stn., Queensland, Bulwer co., 195 m. W. by N. 
 Brisbane. 
 
 Alderwasley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div., 4^ m. SSE. 
 Matlock, I m. W. Whatstandwell Bridge stn., with coal-mines. 
 P. -c 500. 
 
 Aldfleld, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 3J m. 
 WSW. Ripon. P. <25o; eccles. par. (A.wlthStudley) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Aldford, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 5 m. SSE. 
 Chester, on the r. bk. of the Dee, 4 m. W. Tattenhall stn., 
 PM.O. P. <:5oo ; eccles. oar. (A. with Bnerton) P. <750- 
 
A L D G — A L E 
 
 Aldgate, sin., London, Eng. , on the Metropol. Dist, Rly. 
 (Inner Circle), i m. E. St. Paul's. East A., stn. adjoining, on 
 the Whitechapel branch of the same rly. 
 
 Aldg^lmalg, vil., Scot., W. Perthshire, on the Garry, 3 m. 
 SE. by E. Blair Athole, close to Killiecrankie stn. 
 
 Aldbam, pan, Eng., Essex, Maldon div. , 6^ m. W. Col- 
 chester, I m. NW. by N. Marks Tey stn. P. <;500. 
 
 Aldtaam, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 8 m. W. Ipswich, 
 2 m. NNE. Hadleigh, i^ ni. NNE. Hadleigh stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Aldlnga, settlement, S. Australia, Adelaide co. , 25 m. S. by 
 W. Adelaide. 
 
 Al«llngbonm, par. and vil., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 
 4 m. E. Chichester, 2^ m. K by N. Drayton stn., PM.O.; 3098 
 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Aldliigliam, part of eccles. par., Eng., Kent. See Tbom- 
 kam. 
 
 Aldlngliam, par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 5 m. 
 E. by N. Barrow ; 4812 ac, and 17,732 ac. foreshore. P. <:i500. 
 
 Aldln Grange, rly. stn., Eng., co. Durham, Mid div., on the 
 N. E. R. , 2 m. W. by N. Durham. 
 
 Aldington, par. and vil., Eng., Kent, in St. Augustine div., 
 5i m. SE. Ashford, i^ m S. by E. Sraeeth stn. , PM.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Aldington, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., on 
 the Avon, 2 m. E. Evesham. P. <25o. 
 
 Aldon, hamlet, Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 21 m. S. by W. 
 Shrewsbury, ij m. WNW. Onibury stn. 
 
 Aldreth, hamlet, Eng., Cambridge, Chesterton div., 7 ni. 
 SW. by W. Ely, 2 m. SSW. Haddenham stn. 
 
 Aldrldge, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Handsworth div. , 3J m. 
 NE. by E. Walsall, on the M. R., with coal-mines, PMT.O. 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 Aldringbam, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 20 m. NE. by 
 E. Ipswich, 2 m. from the ct. , i^ m. S. Leiston stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o; eccles. par. (A. with Tborpe) P. <75o. 
 
 Aldrlngton, Gloucestershire. See Aldertou. 
 
 Aldrlngton, or Atberlngton, ct. par. , Eng. , Sussex, Lewes 
 div., 3 m. W. Brighton. P. < 2500. 
 
 Aldstone Moor, an old spelling of Alston Moor. See Alston. 
 
 Aldswortb, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 7^ 
 m. NNW. Lechlade, P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Aldwark, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 5 m. WSW. 
 Matlock. P. <25o. 
 
 Aldwark, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Maltondiv., on the Ouse, 11 m. NW. York, 3 m. SW. Alne 
 stn. P. <:25o. See Alne. 
 
 Aldwark, or Aldwarke, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, on the M. S. &. L. R., 2J m, NE. Rotherham, P.O. 
 
 Ald^vlnkle, St. Peter, par., Eng., N. div. of Northampton- 
 shire, II m. NE. Wellingborough, i| m. WNW. Thorpe stn.; 
 birthplace of the poet Dryden ; P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Aldwortb, or AUder, par. and vil., Eng., Berkshire, New- 
 bury div., 9 m. NE. by N. Newbury, 2 m. E. Compton stn., 
 P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Aleaninrl, settlement. New Zealand, North I. , E. Taupo co. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the Waikato, 93 m. NW. by N. Napier. 
 
 Aledo, city, U.S., Illinois, Mercer co., 90 m. S. by W. 
 Dubuque, lo. P. < 2000. 
 
 Alejandra, col., Argentine Republic, Santa F6, on Rio San 
 Javier, 126 m. NE. by N. Santa Fe. 
 
 Alekslnac, tn., Servia, cap. prov. A., on the r. bk. of the 
 Morava, 18 m. NW. by N. Nish. P. 5800. 
 
 Alele, or ^Vlckbam, riv. , New Guinea, entering the Gulf of 
 Papua in about 145° 14' E. 
 
 Alemeth, place named in O. T. See AUnlt. 
 
 Alemqner, tn., Portugal , dist. and 25 m. NNE. Lisbon. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Alemtejo ('beyond the Tagus'), prov., Portugal, divided 
 into the three dists. of Portalegrc, Evora, and Beja ; cap. Evora. 
 It stretches along the Spanish frontier from the Tagus S. to 
 Algarve, and has about 30 m. of coast between Algarve and 
 Estremadura. Except in the E. , where branches of the mts. of 
 Spanish Estremadura and (in the S.) of the Sierra Morena ex- 
 tend into the prov., the surface is level or hilly. In the W. these 
 lower tracts are mostly covered with cistus heaths and cattle 
 pastures, and are generally treeless, in places marshy, and have 
 only a small cultivated area ; but the E. has fine fruitful valleys, 
 with considerable stretches of forest (especially chestnuts and 
 cork-oaks) on the mountain slopes. The principal products are 
 grain (above all, wheat), oil, fruit, chestnuts, and cork. Horses 
 and mules are reared on a large scale round Evora, sheep in the 
 NE. The only mineral of importance is copper pyrites, beds of 
 which (continuations of those of Spain) are worked in the SE. at 
 S§o Domingo. Communications are very defective. It has no 
 navigable river. A rly. runs S. to Beja, and then branches to the 
 E. and SW. Till lately the bay of Lisbon was the only harb. 
 with which it was connected by rail. Neither its own ct. , nor that 
 of Estremadura S. ofSetubal, has any good harb. These defects, 
 along with the nature of the surface, accounts for its being the 
 most sparsely jjeopled prov. in Portugal. It was, however, much 
 more poDulous in the time of the Moors. See Portagal, table. 
 "26 
 
 Alen, a small riv., Eng. , Cornwall, flows SSW. to the Camel. 
 
 Alencon, cap. dep. Orne, France, on the S. border of the dep. , 
 on the Sarthe, 30 m. N. by W. Le Mans ; with manufactures of 
 lace called point d'A., established by Colbert in 1676, but now 
 greatly declined ; noted also for its cut pebbles, called ' A. dia- 
 monds.' It was held by the English from 1415 to 1449. Alt. 475 
 ft.; mean temp., yr. 50.9° F., Jan. 37.9°, July 65.7°. P. 15,700. 
 
 Alepe, India. See AUeppl. 
 
 Aleppo, or Haleb-es-Sbabba, the ancient Berwa, which is 
 probably the same as Chalybon, a city of Asiatic Turkey, cap. 
 vilayet, in the N. of Syria, and one of the chief centres of trade 
 in the Ottoman Empire, on the Koeik (ancient Chalus), 70 m. 
 E. the Mediterranean, in 36° 11' N. , 37° 10' E. ; inhabited by 
 Turks, Armenians, Greeks, Jews, Maronites, Syrians, and a few 
 Europeans. About four-fifths of the inhabitants are Moham- 
 medans, the remainder mainly Christians of the Greek Church. 
 The city rose to importance on the destruction of Palmyra, and 
 became the great emporium of trade between Europe and the 
 East. The Italian form of the name A. dates from the time 
 when Italians commanded the trade with the East. Many 
 Venetian families still survive from this period and carry on 
 Venetian industries. Manufactures silks, cottons, gold and sil- 
 ver thread stuffs. Trade is chiefly in the hands of the Christians. 
 Large caravans arrive from Bagdad, Diarbekir, Mosul, Kurdis- 
 tan, and Armenia. The trade with Europe is carried on princi- 
 pally by Alexandretta (Scanderoon). Its trade reached its high- 
 est development towards the close of the 15th cy. , just before the 
 discovery of the sea-way to India. In recent times it has suffered 
 somewhat by the opening of the Suez Canal. The tn. is healthy, 
 but a curious skin disease, manifesting itself by the appearance, 
 generally in the face, of a spot which undergoes various changes, 
 and ultimately leaves a permanent mark, is very prevalent. The 
 same disease is met with in Bagdad and in several Syrian towns. 
 The city was conquered by the Saracens, 636 A. D. It was 
 ravaged by Tamerlane in 1402, and it fell to the Turks in 1517. 
 It was ruined by an earthquake in 1170, and again in 1822. On 
 the latter occasion, when its population was estimated at 
 250,000-300,000, it is said to have lost two-thirds of its inhabi- 
 tants. Alt. 1140 ft. Mean temp., Jan. 39.5° F., July 83.9*. 
 P. 127,000; Moham. 97,000; Greeks, 8000; Armenians, 5500. 
 
 Aleppo, a vilayet, Asiatic Turkey, and one of the four sanjaks 
 composing that vilayet. The vilayet is traversed by the upper 
 Jihun, the middle portion of the Euphrates, and the lower part 
 of the Orontes. The N. portion is mountainous, the itmainder 
 chiefly composed of plains upwards of 1000 feet high, on which 
 cultivation everywhere depends on irrigation. The sanjak ex- 
 tends from the MediteiTanean to the Euphrates, and is in large 
 part a region of inland drainage. It contains numerous oases, 
 the principal being Aleppo and Aintab. Agriculture very back- 
 ward ; no modem agricultural machines are in use, but the 
 government has established a model farm near the city of A.- Chief 
 exports, butter, oil, cotton, and silk. See Tnrkey. 
 
 Alesbkl, Genoese Elice, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Taurida, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Dnieper, cap. of Dnieprovsk dist., 7 m. SE. 
 of Kherson ; considerable trade. P. 10,000. 
 
 Alessandria, fortified tn. , Italy, Piedmont, cap. prov. A., 
 on the Tanaro, 47 m. ESE. Turin; founded in 1168 by the 
 Lombard league to oppose the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, 
 and named in honour of Pope Alexander III. It is an imjjor- 
 tant rly. centre and seat of trade with Genoa, Turin, and Milan. 
 See Marengo. Alt. 318 ft.; mean rainfall (17 yrs.), 26.3 in. 
 P. 60,000. 
 
 Alessandria delta Kocca, tn., Sicily, prov. Girgenti, 33 m. 
 W. Caltanissetta. P. 6000. 
 
 Alessano, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 19 m. SSW. 
 Otranto. P. 3000. 
 
 Alesslo, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Scutari, on the Drin 
 Lyuniit, 21 m. SSE. Scutari. Burial-place of Scanderbeg. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Alet, vil., France, dep. Aude, picturesquely situated in a 
 Pyrenean defile, on the R. Aude, 16 m. S. by W. Carcassonne ; 
 with hot and cold medicinal springs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Aletborpe,par., Eng., Norfolk, Walsingham union. P. <25o. 
 
 Aletsch (from local patois, avaUnz, alens, ' avalanche,' Egli), 
 peak (A.-hom) and glaciers. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. B. 1. 
 
 Alenkimos, Cape, Greece, Corfu I., E. ct., in 39° 28' N. 
 
 Aleutian Is., a chain of treeless, grassy, and mostly moun- 
 tainous isls. , with numerous volcanic jseaks, stretching about 
 1650 m. W. from the narrow penin. of Alaska, and belonging to 
 the U.S. The principal isls. of the group are Unimak and 
 Unalaska, the most westerly Attu. The climate is humid and 
 stormy, but free from extremes, the temperature rarely falling 
 below zero or rising above 75°. The inhabitants are mainly 
 Aleuts, a people allied to the Eskimo. They live chiefly by 
 fishing. They have been partly civilised under Russian rule, and 
 are adherents of the Greek Church. Fur-traders visit the isls. 
 for the capture of the seal, sea-otter, and Arctic fox. P. about 8000. 
 
 Ale Water, riv. , Scot. , flows NE. then E. through Selkirk- 
 shire and Roxburghshire till it joins the Teviot about i m. below 
 Ancrum. 
 
ALEX ~ A L. EX 
 
 Alexander, rly. stn. , Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R. , 
 
 149 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Alexander, city, U.S., Alabama, Tallapoosa co. , 44 m. NE. 
 by N. of Montgomery. Alt 742 ft. (R.R.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Alexander, co., U.S., Illinois, in extreme SW. 
 
 Alexander, co., U.S., N. Carolina, W. of 8i°W., crossed 
 in the N. by 36° N., bounded on the S. by the Catawba R. 
 
 Alexander Bay, E. side of the Caspian Sea, in 43° 10' N. 
 
 Alexander Islands, the name given to the Alaskan Is., ad- 
 joining the W. ct. of N. America from 54° 40' to 58° 25' N. ; 
 principal, Prince of Wales and Baranov. 
 
 Alexander Range, a chain of mts. , Russian Central Asia, 
 govts. Semiryechensk and Syr Daria, trending about 200 m. W. 
 by N. from near the W. end of L. Issyk-kul, and sending down 
 from its N. slopes numerous affluents to the Chu ; near its E. 
 end Mount Semenov, 15,400 ft. 
 
 Alexander Wttrtemberg, or Wttrtemberg Canal, Russia, 
 connecting tlie Volga with the N. Dvina with the aid of the 
 Sheksna, trib. of the Volga, and the Porozovitsa, Lake Kuben- 
 skoye, the Sukhona, tribs. of the N. Dvina. 
 
 Alexander's Bay, or Port Alexander, Portuguese W. 
 Africa, in 15° 50' S. 
 
 Alexandra, lake, Central Africa. See Akenyara. 
 
 Alexandra, vil.. Natal, on the E. ct. , 38 m. SW. by S. 
 Durban. P. <:2000. 
 
 Alexandra, bor.. New Zealand, North I., Waipa co. , on the 
 Waipa, 78 m. SSE. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alexandra, Sontb, settlement. New Zealand, South I., Vin- 
 cent CO., 72 m. NW. Dunedin. 
 
 Alexandra, vil., U.S., Arizona, Yavapai co. , 195 m. NE. of 
 the .SW. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Alexandra, tn., Victoria, Anglesey co. , 60 m. NE. Mel- 
 bourne. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Alexandra Dock, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on L. & NW. R. 
 See Liverpool. 
 
 Alexandra Land, a name once given to the N. terr. of S. 
 Australia. 
 
 Alexandra Park, stn., Scot., Lanarkshire, in the pari, burgh 
 of Glasgow, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Alexandra Park, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Stretford div. , 
 on the M. S. & L. R. , 4 m. S. Manchester. 
 
 Alexandretta, Turkish Iskendernn, corrupted into Scan- 
 deroon, seapt. , Asiatic Turkey, on the E. side of the Gulf of A., 
 in the angle between Asia Minor and Syria. It has an excellent 
 anchorage, but, lying at the N. end of a low marshy plain, is 
 unhealthy, so that the consuls and other Europeans reside at 
 Beilan, among the hills to the S. , on the route leading across the 
 mts. to Aleppo, of which A. is the port. Average value of ex- 
 ports (wheat, native manufactures, wool, &c.), about ;^i, 000, 000; 
 of imports (Manchester goods, &c.), about ^^i, 500,000. P. 6900 ; 
 Moham. 3300 ; Christians, 3550 (Cuinet). 
 
 Alexandria, Turkish Iskenderleh, the principal seapt. of 
 Egypt, 113 m. NW. Cairo, built on a narrow isthmus between 
 the Mediterranean and L. Mariut, partly on a small artificial 
 penin. which runs out to sea between the old harb. on the SW. 
 and the new harb. on the NE. , and unites to the mainland the 
 ancient isi. of Pharos, now the NW. side of the old harb., sur- 
 mounted at its extremity by a lighthouse, with a light visible for 
 18^ m.; connected by rail with all the chief tns. of Egypt, and 
 by the Mahmudiye Canal (10 ft. deep) with the Rosetta arm of 
 the Nile, which lies to the E. It is fortified, is the stn. of the 
 Egyptian fleet, and has a palace of the pasha, naval arsenal, 
 military and naval hospitals, and a custom-house. The old 
 harb., which is the principal one, has a depth at low water of 
 from 15 to 28 ft ; quays nearly 2 m. long. At present it does 
 not admit vessels of the largest size, and is so difficult of entrance 
 tliat it cannot be entered at night ; but the entrance is being 
 made wider and safer, so that it can be entered at all times, and 
 being deepened to 30 ft. The port has also a floating dock 463 
 ft. long, 79 ft. wide, and 20 ft. deep. Nine-tenths of the foreign 
 commerce of Egypt is carried on by this port [Egypt], which 
 has direct telegraphic communication with Port Said, Suez, 
 Beirut, Cyprus, Crete, Malta, Bona, and Gibraltar. Of the 
 ancient city, the cisterns, catacombs, and Pompey's Pillar are 
 the principal remains. A. was built or enlarged by Alexander 
 the Great, 332 B.C. Under the Ptolemies it was the cap. of 
 Egypt, and the most important commercial city in the world ; 
 the chief centre of Greek science and literature, with a popula- 
 tion probably exceeding 500,000. The famous libraries estab- 
 lished by the Ptolemies in the museum and Serapeion suffered 
 on several occasions through wars and local uprisings. The 
 latter was the last great stronghold of heathen learning, and 
 after its capture by the Christians, towards the close of the 4th 
 century, became one of the chief seats of Christian theology and 
 learning till the capture of the city in 640 or 641 a.d. by Amru, 
 general of Khalif Omer, who is said to have destroyed what was 
 left of the library. A. lost its importance on the discovery of the 
 route by the Cape of Good Hope, and recovered it only in 1819, 
 under Mehemet Ali. On March 21, 1801, the French were de- 
 feated by the British under Sir Ralph Abercrombie, who was 
 
 mortally wounded in the battle of Alexandria. Shortest sea 
 route from London direct 3110 nautical m., by Brindisi 3465 m. 
 Mean temp., yr. 69° F., Jan. 58°, Aug. 78.9°; rainfall (15 yrs.), 
 8.6 in. P. 210,000. 
 
 Alexandria, vil., Canada, prov. Brit. Col., on the 1. bk. of 
 Fraser R. , in 52° 31' N. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alexandria, tn.. Cape Colony, cap. dist. A., 45 m. ENE. 
 Port Elizabeth. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Alexandria, tn., Roumania, prov. Teleorman, on R. Vede, 
 28 m. NE. Nikopoli. P. 12,300. 
 
 Alexandria, tn. , Russia. See Alexandrlya. 
 
 Alexandria, tn., Scot., Dumbartonshire, on the N. B. R. 
 and the r. bk. of the riv. Leven, 3 m. N. by W. Dumbarton, 
 PMT.O. ; has large calico-printing and dye-works, and various 
 manufactures. P. (1871)5100; (1881)6600; (1891)7800. 
 
 Alexandria, tn., U.S., Louisiana, Rapides par., on the r. bk. 
 of the Red R., 118 m. SW. Vicksburg (Miss.); with uninter- 
 rupted steamboat navigation. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Alexandria, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Douglas co., 118 ra. 
 NW. by W. Minneapolis. Alt. 1382 ft. (R.R.). P. < 3000. 
 
 Alexandria, vil., U.S., Missouri, Clark co., on the Missis- 
 sippi, 6 m. SW. by W. Keokuk (la.). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Alexandria, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co. , 30 m. 
 NNW. Concord; with mica mines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Alexandria, tn., U.S., S. Dakota, Hanson co., 57 m. NNW. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alexandria, city and seapt., U.S., Virginia, cap. of A. co., 
 on r. bk. of the Potomac, 5 m. S. by W. Washington ; with a 
 growing foreign trade. P. (1880) 13,700; (1890) 14,300. 
 
 Alexandria Bay, viL, U.S., New York, Jefferson co., on the 
 St. Lawrence, 92 m. N. by E. Syracuse. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alexandrlna, Lake, large shallow lake, S. Australia, tra- 
 versed by the Murray. It communicates on the S. with another 
 shallow lake called I^. Albert, and with a long narrow shallow 
 lagoon called the Coorong, which is separated from the sea 
 by a low sandy ridge. Its outlet is obstructed by a bar, the depth 
 of water above which is too little to allow of the passage of ships. 
 The lake was discovered in 1830 by Captain Sturt, who named 
 it after the present Queen, then Princess Alexandrina Victoria. 
 
 Alexandrlya, vil., Caucasia, govt. Terek, dist. and 19 m. 
 NE. Pyatigorsk rly. stn. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Alexandrlya, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Kherson, on the In- 
 gulets, 93 m. SW. Poltava. P. 12,500. 
 
 Alexandropol, or Gamry, tn. and fortress, Transcaucasia, 
 Erivan, 40 m. E. by N. Kars. Alt. 4823 ft.; mean temp. (2c 
 yrs., 1849, 1851-70), yr. 41.8° F., Jan. 12.4°, Aug. 65.7° ; mean 
 rainfall (21 yrs.), yr. 15 in., April-Sept. 10. 1 in. P. 22,700. 
 
 Alexandrov, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Vladimir, 65 m. NE. 
 Moscow ; residence of Ivan the Terrible ; considerable dye- 
 works. P. 5700. 
 
 AlexandroT (Polish A leksandrdw) , tn., Russian Poland, 
 govt. Piotrkow, 7 m. NW. Lodz. P. 6000. 
 
 AlexandroT-gal, vil., Russia, govt. Samara, dist. Novo- 
 uzensk, 140 m. SE. Saratov. P. 6oco. 
 
 AlexaudroT>Grashevskol, tn., Russia, prov. Don, 27 m. 
 NE. Novocherkask. Important coal-mine. P. 13,200. 
 
 Alexandrovka, name of many tns. and vils. in Russia. 1 . Tn. , 
 govt, and 100 m. SE. of Voronezh, on Oserda R. P. 6000. 3. 
 Vil. , govt. , and 35 m. ESE. Ekaterinoslav. P. 4000. 
 
 Alexandrovo (Polish Aleksandrowo), tn. and important 
 custom-house, Russian Poland, govt. Kalisz, on railway from 
 Warsaw to Thorn, 140 m. WN W. of Warsaw. 
 
 Alexandrovsk, tn., Russia, on the 1. bk. of the Dnieper, 
 172 m. from the mouth of the riv., just below the rapids, govt, 
 and 56 m. S. Ekaterinoslav ; with ironworks and considerable 
 river trade. P. 6700. 
 
 Alexandrovsk, Novo, tn., Russia, govt. Kovno, 15 m. SW. 
 Diinaburg. P. 7300. 
 
 Alexandre vskaya, vil., Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, 30 m. E. 
 Tyumen. 
 
 Alexandrovskaya Mannfactura, vil. , Russia, suburb 7 m. 
 E. of St. Petersburg. Important cotton-mills, glass and china 
 wares, and manufactures of playing cards of the Crown. P. 
 about 10,000. 
 
 Alexandrovskaya Sloboda, tn. , Ciscaucasia, govt, and 57 
 m. SE. of Stavropol, on Upper Kalaus R. P. 8800. 
 
 Alexandrovskly Fort, Russia, Transcaspian terr., dist. 
 Manghishlak, at W. extremity of Manghishlak penin. 
 
 Alexandrovskly Zavod, two iron-works, Russia. 1. Govt. 
 Olonets, subvirb of Petrozavodsk ; supplies Russian artillery. 
 P. <5ooo. 2. Govt, and 120 m. N. of Perm, dist. Solikamsk, 
 on Lytva R. P. 2000. 
 
 Alexandrovskly Zavod, crown works and central prison, 
 Eastern Siberia, govt, and 53 m. NW. Irkutsk. P. <4000. 
 
 Alexandrovskoye, vil., Ciscaucasia, govt, and E. Stavropol, 
 on Buivol R. P. 5500. 
 
 Alexeyevka, tn., Russia, govt, and 74 m. SSW. Voronezh. 
 P. 14,100. 
 
 Alexeyevskoye, vil. , Russia, govt, and 45 m. SSE. Kharkov ; 
 considerable trade in corn. P. 3500. 
 
 27 
 
ALEX 
 
 ALGE 
 
 Alexin, tn., Russia, govt. Tula, 90 m. S. by W. Moscow. 
 Alexlnatz. See Alekslnac. 
 
 Alexton, par., Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 6 m. SW. 
 by S. Oakham, 2 m. E. of East Norton stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Alfaques, Puerto de los. See Ebro. 
 
 Alfaro, tn., Spain, prov. Logrono, 40 m. ESE. Logrono, 
 near the r. bit. of the Ebro. P. 5000. 
 
 Alfedena, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, 44 
 m. NE. by N. Gaeta. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Alt'eld, tn., Ger. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, 28 ni. S. by E. 
 Hanover, on the Leine. P. <:5c>oo. 
 
 Alfen, vil., Holland, prov. S. Holland, on the Old Rhine, 8 
 m. ESE. Leiden. P. < 5000. 
 
 Alfen, vil., Holland, N. Brabant, 11 m. SE. Breda. P. < 2000. 
 
 Alfenas, tn., Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, 185 m. N. Santos. 
 
 AlferoTka (Olferovka), tn., Russia, govt. Kharkov, on 
 Khoper R. , 95 m. S. Tambov Fairs. P. 4500. 
 
 Alflngton, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire, Ottery St. Mary 
 par. P. < 250. 
 
 Alfiild. See Hungary. 
 
 Alfold, par. and vil. , Eng. , Surrey, div. and 10 ni. S. by E. 
 Guildford, partly in the Horsham div. of Sussex, 2^ m. WSW. 
 Baynards stn. , PM. O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Alfonslne, tn., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 9 m. NW. by W. 
 Ravenna. P. 9000. 
 
 Alfonso Duodecimo (XII.), tn. , Cuba, 53 m. ESE. Havana. 
 
 Alford, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey 
 or Horncastle div., 11 m. SE. Louth, on the G. N. R., and on 
 the route of the Lancashire, Derbyshire, and East Coast Rly., 
 PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. P. < 3000; eccles. par. (A. wl'tb 
 Blgsby) P. <3000. 
 
 Alford, par. and vil., Eng., Somerset, E. div., on the Brue, 
 8 m. SE. by E. Glastonbury, P.O. P. <25o; eccles par. (A. 
 fvltb Hornblotton) P. <:25o. 
 
 Alford, par. and vil., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 15 m. S. by 
 E. Huntly, on the G. N. of S. R., PMT.O. Par. 9102 ac, 
 P. < 1 500; vil. P. <:75o. 
 
 Alfi*ed, CO., S. Australia, on the E. frontier, bounded on 
 the N. by the Murray. 
 
 Alfred, tn., U.S., Maine, York co., 26 m. SW. by W. Port- 
 land. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alfired Centre, vil., U.S., New York, Allegany co. , 64 m. 
 S. by W. Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alfredton, settlement, New Zealand, North L, Wairarapa 
 North CO. , 72 m. NE. by E. Wellington. 
 
 Alfreton, par. and market-tn., Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div., 
 7^ m. ESE. Matlock, on the M. R., with coal-mines and blast 
 furnaces. Market-day, M. Par. 4626 ac, P. 15,400. 
 
 Alfrick, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 6J m. W. 
 by S. Worcester, i^ m. S. Knightwick stn. P. <c5oo. See 
 Snekley. 
 
 Alfrlston, par. and vil. , Eng. , Sussex, E. Grinstead div. , on 
 the Cuckmare, 6^ m. WNW. Eastbourne, 3 m. S. Berwick stn., 
 PM.O. P.<750. 
 
 Alfter, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and dist. Bonn. P. 
 <:3ooo. 
 
 Alfnras, Alforas, Alforlas, Arafliras, Haraforas, names 
 of doubtful origin, applied, originally by thePortuguese, to certain 
 wild tribes inhabiting the interior of the Moluccas, Celebes, and 
 other isls. in the E. of the Malay Archipelago. 
 
 Algajola, ancient Allalia, vil., Corsica, on the N. ct. , arr. 
 Calvi, 30 m. W. by S. Bastia. P. < 2000. 
 
 Algarklrk (al'jer-kerk), par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland 
 div., 6 ni. SSW. Boston, with a stn. (A. and Sutterton) on the 
 G. N. R. P. <50o; eccles. par. (A. -with Fosdyke) P. <iooo. 
 
 Algarrobo, tn., Spain, prov. and 18 m. ENE. Malaga. 
 P. 4000. 
 
 Algarve (Arabic, 'the west'), the southernmost prov. of 
 Portugal, made up of the single dist. of Faro ; cap. Faro. It is 
 in large part mountainous or hilly (Serra de Monchique in the 
 W., Serra de Malhao in the E.), especially on its N. frontier, 
 where it borders on Alemtejo, but the ct. and the picturesque 
 well-watered tract of Barrocal in the extreme SW. of Portugal 
 (to the S. and SW. of the Serra de Monchique) are fertile, care- 
 fully cultivated, and populous. The principal agricultural pro- 
 ducts are southern fruits (figs, almonds, oranges, and carobs), 
 which are exported. The S. ct. has numerous good but small 
 harbs. (Sagres, Faro, Olhio), and here the fisheries are of great 
 importance, the inhabitants of this coast being regarded as the 
 best fishermen and seamen of Portugal. Bay salt is also an im- 
 portant product. A. was once the name of an important Moor- 
 ish caliphate, which at the time of its greatest glory extended to 
 the Tagus both in Portugal and Spain. The shape of the face 
 and the dark tint of the inhabitants still bear witness to Arab 
 admixture. Area 1873 sq. m. P. (1878) 199,000. 
 
 Algiln, or Algau, a name sometimes applied in a wider sense 
 to include the whole region of the Iller in the SW. of Bavaria, 
 sometimes confined to the Bavarian dists. of Immenstadt and 
 Sonthofen. See Alps, SUBDivisiO.NS, II. B. 4. 
 
 Algeclras, tn. and seapt., Spain, prov. Cadiz, 5 m. W. Gib- 
 28 
 
 raltar, on the W. side of Gibraltar B. ; with harb. , defended by 
 forts, accessible for vessels of considerable size. P. 12,400. 
 
 Algemesi, tn. , Spain, prov. and 20 m. S. by W. Valencia. 
 P. 7500. 
 
 Alger, CO., U.S., Michigan, in the NW. , on L. Superior, 
 crossed by 86° and 87° W. 
 
 Algeria, French L'AIg^rlc, a territory of N. Africa, situated 
 on the Mediterranean, between 30° and 37° N. ; extending from 
 20° W. to 10° E.; length 550 m., breadth 200 m. It is now 
 mainly under civil govt., though a small area in the S. belong- 
 ing to the Sahara (where its limits are most defined) is still 
 under military govt.; divided into the deps. of Algiers in the 
 centre, Constantine in the E. , and Oran in the W. , which have 
 area and population as follow : — 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Area_ in 
 
 sq. miles. 
 
 P. (1872). 
 
 P. (1891). 
 
 Per 
 sq. m. 
 
 Algiers (Alger) 
 Oran . 
 Constantine . 
 
 Algeria . 
 
 65,929 
 49,616 
 
 73.929 
 
 872,951 
 
 513-492 
 
 1,029,782 
 
 1,468,127 
 
 942,066 
 
 1,714,539 
 
 22 
 21 
 23 
 
 184,474 
 
 2,416,225 
 
 4,124,732 22 
 
 Of this total, 3,637,000 were under civil, 488,000 under military 
 administration. The territory is regarded as a detached part of 
 France (under a civil governor-general), each dep. sending one 
 senator and two deputies to the National Assembly. A. is tra- 
 versed by the plateau of Barbary, bordered on the N. by the 
 Little or Tell Atlas, the ranges of which are in many places close 
 to the ct., on the S. by the Great or Sahara Atlas, both of which 
 contain peaks above 7600 ft. in height (see Atlas). The plateau 
 has an average width of about 100-130 m., and an elevation of 
 1800 to 2750 ft. The Tell is the region comprising the northern 
 slopes of the Little Atlas and the plains at their base (the princi- 
 pal being that of Oran, the Metija, round Algiers, and that on 
 the banks of the Shelif), and is the only region with a sufficient 
 amount of rain to be cultivable without irrigation. The princi- 
 pal rivs. are the Shelif, the Wad Rummel or Wad el Kebir, and 
 the Seybus, and in the Saharan region the Wad el Jedy. The 
 principal permanent lakes are the Zaghes or Zahres, E. and W., 
 two salt lakes in the dep. of Constantine. Temporary lakes, 
 called shots or sebkhas, occasionally appear in depressions, 
 which are mostly wholly or partly dry sandy or saline expanses. 
 The most important of these is the Shot Melrhirh, in the E. of 
 the Algerian Sahara, a large depression 102 ft. below sea-level, 
 which always contains some sheets of water or marsh. Climate 
 temperate and healthy on the N. slopes of the mts. , but pesti- 
 lential in the marshy plains. Heat often excessive under the 
 influence of the sirocco or hot wind of the desert. From April 
 to October the sky is serene ; winter mild, and marked by 
 abundant rains. [Algiers, Aumale, Constantine, Tebessa, 
 Sldi-bel>Abbes, Tlemsen.] The Algerian Sahara consists of 
 two distinct regions— the Lower Sahara, a vast depression of 
 clay and sand, with a store of underground water, stretching on 
 E. as far as frontier of Tunis ; and the Upper Sahara, a rocky 
 plateau, frequently high, extending on W. to the border of 
 Morocco. Southward it is not, as v^'as supposed, a sterile 
 desert, but a vast archipelago of oases, each of which pre- 
 sents an animated group of towns and villages, surrounded 
 by date-palms, olives, figs, &c. Throughout the Tell, potatoes, 
 barley, wheat, millet (sorghum), legumes, and tobacco are 
 cultivated. The vine thrives on the hill slopes from 1000 up 
 to about 2600 ft. , and wine is becoming every year a more im- 
 portant product. Almost the sole economic product of the 
 plateau is alfa, but another fibre-plant, called diss {Ampelodesmos 
 tenax), also promises to be of importance as a paper-making 
 material. Among domestic animals the most important is the 
 sheep. Among wild animals are the lion, panther, jackal, and 
 antelope. The harvests are sometimes ravaged by locusts. 
 Coral and sponge are fished on the coasts. The industry of the 
 natives, which formerly consisted chiefly of weaving and the pre- 
 paration of morocco leather, is, since the French domination, 
 nearly confined to mining. The rising exports of the country 
 are wine, sheep, and wool, and early potatoes ; among others of 
 importance are alfa, or esparto, under which name are included 
 several grasses, especially Stipa ienacissima (the ' Hulfa ' of the 
 Arabs) and Lygeum sparteum (the esparto of the Spaniards), 
 nearly all of which is exported to England. Grapes and other 
 fruit, tobacco, olive-oil, salt, and ' Numidian ' marbles. Various 
 metallic ores are known to exist, but the only ones of economic 
 importance are those of iron. Iron ores of excellent quality 
 are worked both in the E. (at Ain Mokra, near Bona) and in 
 the W. (at Benisaf, 50 m. W. of Oran). Civilisation is making 
 rapid progress in the state under French rule. Roads have 
 been made, telegraphic communications established, bridges 
 built, colleges and schools instituted, and trees planted. A line 
 of railway has been completed throughout nearly the whole 
 
ALG E 
 
 A LI N 
 
 length of the country from the frontier of Tunis to the region 
 W. of Oran, and several rlys. run S. into the interior for the 
 conveyance of alfa, one of these running from Oran to the Great 
 Atlas Mts. Irrigation works have been constructed, and for 
 these great numbers of artesian wells have been sunk, especially 
 in the neighbourhood of the Wad Rhirh, to the S, of the Shot 
 Melrhirh. (For statistics, see Appendix, pp. 3-5. ) The country, 
 originally inhabited by the Numidians (Berbers), was after- 
 wards under the power of the Romans and Vandals. In the 
 i6th century it was invaded by Spain, but Barbarossa expelled 
 the Spanish, and founded under the sovereignty of Turkey the 
 state of Algiers, which became redoubtable on account of its 
 corsairs, and compelled many of the European states to pay 
 tribute for the protection of their merchant vessels. Repeated 
 attempts were made by the different European powers to subdue 
 this nest of pirates, without effect, until 1816, when the city of 
 Algiers was bombarded by the British under I^ord Exmouth, 
 after which they continued comparatively quiet until 1827, when 
 the French govt., to revenge an insult to their consul, resolved 
 to send an expedition on a great scale to take possession of the 
 country. This was accomplished in 1830. 
 
 Algersdorf, vil., Austria, Styria, 2 m. NW. by W. Graz, on 
 the r. bk. of tlie Mur. P. 3000. 
 
 Algbero, tn., on the W. ct. of Sardinia, prov. and 17 m. SW. 
 Sassari. P. 10,000. 
 
 Algiers [Al-jezair, 'the islands'; French, Alger), a city 
 and seapt. of Africa, cap. of the French territory of Algeria, 
 built in the form of an amphitheatre, on the W. side of a bay 
 of same name, in the Mediterranean. Lat. of lighthouse, 
 36° 4/ 20" N. , long. 3° 4' 32" E. The city, situated on a slope 
 facing the sea, and crowned by a citadel, is 2 m. in circumfer- 
 ence, and strongly walled ; since 1830 the French have greatly 
 extended its defences and improved its port, and the streets have 
 been widened. It has palaces, synagogues, mosques, good 
 shops, bazaars, markets, hotels, libraries, museums, club-houses, 
 and in the suburbs on both sides and on the slopes of the Buza- 
 rea (1350 ft.), the hill overlooking the town, crowds of villas 
 amidst olive, orange, pomegranate, and fig-trees, palms, cactuses, 
 and American aloes. Several forts and outworks protect it 
 on the land side ; by sea it has in front two rocky isls. (whence 
 its name) connected with the mainland by a mole ; this and 
 another mole, both furnished with batteries, enclose the harb. 
 It has extensive quays, two govt, dry-docks (one 455 by 86J ft., 
 with a depth of 30 ft. on the sill, the other 248 by 73^ ft. and 
 22J ft. deep on the sill) ; regular steam communication with 
 Marseilles, Toulon, and Cette in France, and most of the ports 
 in Africa. Submarine cables connect it with Marseilles. Mean 
 temp., yr. 64.3° F., Jan. 54°, Aug. 78.1°; rainfall (5 yrs.), 26.72 
 in. P. (1862)58,000; (1886)71,000; (1891)81,800(38,000 French). 
 
 Algiers, the former name of a vil., U.S., Louisiana, on r. bk. 
 Mississippi, opposite New Orleans, with which it is now incor- 
 porated. 
 
 Algoa Bay, SE. ct. of Africa, Cape Colony, between Capes 
 Recife and Padron, 425 m. E. Cape of Good Hope. The Baa- 
 ken R. flows into the bay, and at its mouth (W. side) is Port 
 Elizabeth. Fort Frederick is on a hill adjacent. Lat. of St. 
 Croix isl. , in the bay, 33° 47' 6" S. , long. 25° 49' 7" E. 
 
 Algodor, riv., Spain, flows NE. then NW. to the Tagus, 
 which it joins about 12 m. E. Toledo. 
 
 Algodouar, tn., Cuba, 220 m. SE. by E. Havana, 30 m. 
 ESE. Trinidad. 
 
 Algoma, a large co. , Canada, comprising the whole of W. 
 Ontario, N. of Lakes Huron and Superior. It is well watered, 
 and has numerous large and small lakes ; the largest, L. Nepi- 
 gon. It is ill adapted by its climate for agriculture, but is rich 
 in minerals, including iron ores (near Sault St. Mary and near 
 Port Arthur), silver (near Port Arthur), nickel, platinum, and 
 copper (all near Sudbury). Area, 43,132 sq. ra. P. (1871) 
 7000; (1881)24,000; (1891)41,856. 
 
 Algoma, vil., Canada, prov. Ontario, A. co. , a few miles to the 
 N. of the N. Channel of Lake Huron, on the Sault St. Mary line 
 of the C. P. R., 539 m. by rail W. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Algoma, vil., U.S., Idaho, Kootenai co., on the N. P. R. , 
 124 m. N. by E. Levviston. Alt. 2214 ft. (R. R.). 
 
 Algona, city, U.S., Iowa, Kossuth co. , on Des Moines R., 
 no m. NNW. Des Moines. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Algonklns, or Algouqnlns, a tribe of N. American Indians, 
 formerly numerous, inhabiting the country on both sides of the 
 St. Lawrence and to the N. and NW. of the great lakes, now 
 mostly confined to the regions near L. Michigan and L. 
 Superior and the Canadian NW. 
 
 Algnada (Portuguese name), a reef in the Bay of Bengal, 
 opposite the mouth of the Bassein R. , in 15° 42' N., 94° 12' E., 
 with lighthouse visible 18 m. 
 
 Altaama (from the Arabic, ' warm waters'), tn., Spain, prov. 
 and 25 m. WSW. Granada ; with warm sulphur springs. 
 Suffered greatly from an earthquake, Dec. 25, 1884. P. 8000. 
 
 Alhama, tn. , Spain, Murcia, at the base of the Sierra de 
 Espuna, 19 m. WSW. Murcia; with warm sulphur springs. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Alliama de Almerla, or Alliama la Seca, tn., prov. and 3 
 m. NNW. Almeria, with warm springs. P. <i,ooo. 
 Albambra, palace. See Granada. 
 
 Alhambra, settlement, U.S., Montana, Jefferson co. , 40 m. 
 NE. Butte City. 
 Albamllla, Sierra. See Aljamllla. 
 
 Albanrln de la Torre, tn., Spain, prov, Malaga, 3 m. E. 
 by S. Alhaurin-el-Grande. P. < 4000. 
 
 Altaanrln-el-Grande, tn., Spain, prov. and 14 m. WSW. 
 Malaga. P. 8400. 
 
 Albncemas, a rocky islet on the N. ct. of Morocco, in 
 3° 54' W. , one of the Spanish Presidios. 
 
 All, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 14 m. SW. by S. Messina. P. 3000. 
 
 Alia, tn., Sicily, prov. and 30 m. SE. by S. Palermo. P. 5000. 
 
 All-abad, vil., Trans-Caucasia, dist. Zakataby. P. < 5000. 
 
 AUabad, Bnznrg ('Great A.'), tn. , Persia, on the Caspian 
 Sea, 72 m. ENE. Kazvin. 
 
 Allabad, Kttcbttk (' Little A.'), vil., Persia, on the Caspian 
 Sea, 70 m. NNE. Teheran, 25 m. E. of A. Buzurg. 
 
 Ali-Agha, vil., on the W. ct. of Asia Minor, 28 m. NNW. 
 Smyrna. 
 
 AUaska, name formerly given to the narrow penin. of 
 Alaska, now generally out of use. 
 
 Alibilgb, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Kolaba, on the W. 
 ct., 23 m. S. by E. Bombay. Close to the shore is Kold.ba fort 
 on a small rocky islet, once the stronghold of a Mardthd pirate. 
 P. 5900. 
 
 Allbert, mt., S. Siberia, Sayan Mts. Alt. 8000 ft. Noted 
 graphite-mine, now abandoned. 
 
 Alicante, prov. Spain, in the S. of Valencia. See Valencia. 
 
 Alicante, tn., Spain, prov. A., 43 m. NE. by E. Murcia, at 
 the base of a cliff 850 ft. high, which is crowned by the strong 
 Fort St. Barbara, and on one side sinks sheer down to the sea. By 
 the construction of a safe harb., accessible to the largest vessels, 
 and by the establishment of rly. communications, which are 
 being rapidly increased, it has been made a thriving seapt. and 
 manufacturing town. In 1873 it was bombarded by Communist 
 insurrectionists. Mean temp., yr. 63.9° P., Jan. 51.5°, Aug. 
 78.9°. P. (1877)36,000; (1887)40,000. 
 
 Allcata, Sicily. See Llcata. 
 
 Alice, tn.. Cape Colony, dist. Victoria, 30 m. WNW. King 
 William's Town. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alice, settlement. New South Wales, Drake co., 47 m. 
 NNW. Grafton. 
 
 Alice, Pnnta dell', cape, Italy, in the SE., on the Gulf of 
 Taranto, in 39° 20' N. 
 
 Alice Dale, vil. , Cape Colony, dist. Alexandria, 50 m. NNE. 
 Port Elizabeth, on the rly. to De Aar June. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Alice Downs, settlement, Queensland, Orrery co. , 315 m. 
 SW. Rockhampton, on the rly. running W. from Brisbane. 
 
 Alice Do'wns, settlement, Queensland, Tambo co. , 310 m. 
 SW. Mackay. 
 
 Alice Hoit, royal forest, Eng., on the E. border of Hants, 
 2 m. SW. Farnhara. 
 
 Alice Springs, telegraph stn., S. Australia, on the line to 
 Port Darwin, 1120 m. N. Adelaide, in 23° 38' S. , 133° 37' E. 
 Alt. 2100 ft. Mean temp. (5 yrs., 1878-82), yr. 70.6° F., Jan. 
 85.4°, July 53° ; mean rainfall (9 yrs.), 12.6 in. 
 
 Alicbnr Pamir. See Pamirs. 
 
 Allck, Longb, Ire., N. co. Mayo, 2| m. SSW. Ballina. 
 
 AUcnrl, or AUcudi (the ancient Ericusa,'\\&2L\h island '), the 
 westernmost of the Lipari Is., Italy. Alt. 2185 ft. P. <5oo. 
 
 Alle, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Clanwilliam, 60 m. W. 
 Calvinia. 
 
 Alife, tn., Italy, 'Campania, prov. Caserta, 41 m. E. by N. 
 Gaeta. P. 3000. 
 
 Allganj, tn. , Brit. India, NW. provs. , dist. Etah, 62 m. SSW. 
 Bareilly. P. 5400. 
 
 Allganj Sewdn, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Saran, 70 m. 
 NW. Patna. P. 17,700. See SeM'An. 
 
 Aligarb, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., cap. dist. A., 47 m. 
 N. Agra, adjoining large native town of Koll, with old fort (alt. 
 740 ft. ), the capture of which in 1803 by Lord Lake secured 
 the Upper Doab for the British. P., including Koil (1872), 
 58,500; (1891)61,500. 
 
 All Cibez, mt. , Armenia. See Alagboz. 
 
 Allgnddy. See Hadas. 
 
 Allma, riv., French Congo Terr., flows NE. then SE. to the 
 Congo, virhich it joins in about 1° 35' S. ; a waterway between 
 the Congo and the Ogowe valley. 
 
 Allmena, tn., Sicily, prov. Palermo, 14^ m. N. by E. Caltan- 
 issetta. P. 5000. 
 
 Allmnla, small Turkish isl. , 4 m. W. of the middle of the 
 W. ct. of Rhodes. 
 
 Aline, Locb, an inlet, Scot., Argyllshire, in the S. of the 
 Morven Pen., in 5° 45' W. 
 
 Allngar, riv.. Central Asia, Kafiristan, flows S. into the 
 Kabul to the W. of Jelalabad. 
 
 Allugs&s, tn., Sweden, prov. Elfsborg, 26 m. NE. by EX 
 Gothenburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 29 
 
A L I P — A L L E 
 
 AUpnr, vil., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Muzaifargarh, 68 m. 
 SW. by S. Miiltan. P. <3cxx). 
 
 Allpur, a southern suburb of Calcutta, India. 
 
 Allpura, tn., Central India, cap. of native state A. in Bun- 
 dekhand, no m. SW. by S. Cawnpur. P. 3000. 
 
 All Kajpnr, tn.. Central India, 73 m. E. Baroda. P. 4000. 
 
 Alige-Ste.-Relne, France, dep. Cdte D'Or, 30 m. NW. by 
 W. Dijon, 8 m. ENE. Senmr-en-Auxois, on tiie piateau of Mont 
 Auxois ; mineral springs. It is believed to be the ancient Alesia, 
 cap. of the Mandubii, defended by Vercingetorix against Julius 
 Caesar, but taken by the latter in 52 B.C. P. < 2000. 
 
 Alistratl, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. Seres, 23 ni. NNE. 
 of the mouth of the Struma. 
 
 Alltka, one of the Aleutian Is. 
 
 AllwiU, vil., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 9 m. W. Ludhi- 
 ana, on the 1. bk. of the Sutlej ; scene of the great battle of the 
 first Sikh war, in which Ranjtir Singh was defeated by Sir Harry 
 Smith, June 28, 1846. 
 
 Allwal North, tn. , in the E. of Cape Colony, on the Orange 
 R. , cap. dist. A. N., 280 m. by rail N. of East London. Alt. 
 4400 ft. ; mean temp., yr. 59.8° F., Jan. 72.8°, July 43.5° ; rain- 
 fall (25 yrs. ), 25.2 in. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Aliwal Soutb, Cape Colony. See Mossel Bay. 
 
 Aljamllla, or Alhamllla, Sierra, mt. range, Spain, in S. 
 of prov. Almeria, stretching ENE. from the R. Almeria. 
 
 Al (or El) Jezlreta. See Mesopotamia. 
 
 Alkassar (or Alkazar) el Ketolr, Morocco. See Ksar-el- 
 Keblr. 
 
 Al (or El) Kan'tara ('the bridge'), tn., Egypt, on the E. 
 side of the Suez Canal, 28 m. S. Port Said, on the caravan track 
 between Egypt and Syria. P. 2000. 
 
 Alkborongb, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey or Brigg 
 div., 9 m. E. by S. Goole, P.O. P.<5oo; eccles. par. (A. iritlt 
 WUtton) P.<75o. 
 
 Alkemade, in., Holland, prov. S. Holland, close to Leiden. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Alkerton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury div., 5 m. W. 
 by N. Banbury. P. <;25o. 
 
 Allcliaiii, par., Eng., Kent, St. .-Augustine div., 4 m. W. by 
 N. Dover. 2 m. WSW. Kearsney stn. , P.O. P. <7So; eccles. 
 par. (A. -with Capel le Feme) P. < 1000. 
 
 Alkban-yurt, Cossack vil., Ciscaucasia, govt. Terek, on 
 Sunzha R., 46 m. NE. Vladikavkaz. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Alkington, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Thombury union ; 
 4114 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Alkmaar, tn., Holland, prov. N. Holland, 18 m. N. by K 
 Haarlem ; trade in butter and cheese ; contains church with a 
 celebrated organ. P. 16,000. 
 
 Alkmonton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Ashbourne union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Alkrington, par., Eng., Lancashire, Prestwich div., 4^ m. 
 N. by E. Manchester, with coal-mines. P. <5oo. See Tonge. 
 
 Aliada, Allabdab, Upper Guinea. See Alada. 
 
 Allah^bsld, called by the Hindus Pray&g (A. being a 
 Mussulman name meaning 'house of God'), tn., Brit. India, at 
 the confi. of the Ganges and Jumna, 72 m. W. Benares, cap. dist. 
 A. and seat of govt of the NW. Provs. Its fort stands in the angle 
 between the two rivs., where a stronghold has always stood, 
 though the present fort and city were founded by Akbar only in 
 1575. Its commercial prosperity was originally due to the great 
 navigable rivers on which it stands, but it is now also an impor- 
 tant rly. centre. The E^st Indian Rly. here crosses the Jumna 
 by a fine bridge, and there are two bridges of boats across the 
 Ganges. The Muir Central College at A. (foundation stone 
 laid 1874) is the principal educational fetablishment in the 
 NW. Provs. Among other objects of interest is a subterranean 
 temple, built over an ' undying ' banyan tree, which is an 
 object of religious reverence. The Magh MelA, a great religious 
 fair attended by about 250,000 persons, is held in December and 
 January on a plain near the fort. For the dist. see Nortli-West 
 Provinces. Alt. 307 ft.; mean temp., yr. 78° F., Jan. 6i°, 
 May 92°; rainfall, yr. 37.6 in., June-Sept. 32.8 in., July-Aug. 
 21.5. P. (1872) 105,926; (1891) including cantonment, 175,200. 
 
 Allaire, vil., France, dep. Morbihan, 26 in. N. St. Nazaire, 
 4 m. W. by S. Redon. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Allaltntaom, mt. , Switzd. See Alps, SUBDIVISIONS, D. A. 1. 
 
 Allamakee, co., U.S., Iowa, in extreme NE. 
 
 AUaman, vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, on the N. side of L. 
 Leman, 12 m. WSW. Lausanne. P. <iooo. 
 
 Allan, vil., France, dep. Drdme, arr. Montelimart, where 
 the first mulberries were planted in France for the rearing of 
 silkworms ( 1494). P. < 2000. 
 
 Allan, Bridge of. See Bridge of Allan. 
 
 Allandale, vil., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., on L. Simcoe, 
 52 m. N. by W. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Allandale, rly. stn,, Canada, prov. Manitoba, 160 m. E. 
 Regina, on the Manitoba and NW. Rly., about 135 m. W, 
 Portage La Prairie. 
 
 Allandale, East, settlement, South Australia, Grey co., 13 
 m. S. bv W. Mt. Gambler. 
 '30 
 
 AUaudale, North, settlement, South Australia, Light co., 
 46 ni. NNE. Adelaide, 5 m. N. Kapunda. 
 
 Allan-myo, tn.. Lower Burma, dist. Thayet-myo, 40 m. N. 
 Prome, with which it is connected by rail. P. 9000. 
 
 AUanton, vil., Scot,, Lanarkshire, Mid Lanark div., li m. 
 SE. by E. Hamilton. P. <:50o. 
 
 Allantown, vil., U.S., Arizona, Apache co., 115 m. S. of the 
 SE. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Allanto\t'u, vil., U.S., New Mexico, Valencia co., 175 m. 
 W. by S. Santa F6. P. < 1500. 
 
 Allan Water, two small non-navigable streams, Scot., one in 
 Perthshire, flowing SW. and S. to the Forth, which it joins 2 m. 
 above Stirling ; the other in Roxburghshire, flowing N. to the 
 Teviot. 
 
 Alias, or Alas Strait, between Sumbawa and Lombok Is., 
 En. .'Xrchipelago. 
 
 Allbrlghts, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Essex. See Ovlngton. 
 
 All Cannings, par. and vil. , Eng. , Wilts. , Devizes div. , 14 m. 
 E. by N. Trowbridge, 3 m. WNW. Woodborough stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o ; eccles. par. (A. C. with Etchilhampton) P. < 1000. 
 
 Allder. See Aldworth. 
 
 Alle, riv. , East Prussia, principal trib. of the Pregel, S. of 
 1. bk. , canalised from Friedland, 34 m. , used for floating limber 
 from Schippenbeil, 56 m. 
 
 All^e blanche. See Mont Blanc 
 
 Allegan, vil. , U.S., Michigan, A. co., on Kalamazoo R., 125 
 m. SW. by W. Bay City, and 20 m. NW. Kalamazoo. P. <3000. 
 
 Allegany, co., U.S., Maryland, E. of 79° W., between the 
 N. frontier and the Potomac. 
 
 Allegany, co., U.S., New York, in the SW., on the S. 
 frontier, crossed by 78° W. 
 
 Allegany, vil., U.S., New York, Cattaraugus co., on Alle- 
 gany R., 58 in. SSE. Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alleghanlcs. See Appalachian Mountains. 
 
 Alleghany, co. , U.S. , N. Carolina, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 in the E. by 81° W. 
 
 Alleghany, co., U.S., Virginia, on the W. frontier, S. of 38" 
 N. , with iron mines (hematite). 
 
 Alleghany Mountains. See Appalachian Mountains^ 
 
 Allegheny, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, A. co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Ohio, opposite Pittsburg. Alt. 738 ft. (R.R.). P. 105,300. 
 See Pittsburg. 
 
 Allegheny, or Alleghany (the former is the prevailing 
 spelling in Pennsylvania, the latter more usual elsewhere in the 
 U.S.), riv., U.S., chiefly in Pennsylvania, rises in Potter co. in 
 that state, winds N. into New York, then flows SW. and S. to 
 Pittsburg, where it imites with the Monongahela to form the 
 Ohio ; length over 400 m., navigable by steamers at high-water 
 about 150 m. 
 
 Allure, tn., France, dep. Haute Loire, 37 m. WSW. St. 
 Etienne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Allen, isl. in the Wellesley group. Gulf of Carpentaria, 
 Australia. 
 
 Allen, small isl., one of the Solomon group, SW. of 
 Choiseul, Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Allen, CO., U.S., Indiana, on E. frontier, crossed by 41° N. 
 
 Allen, CO., U.S., Kansas, in the SE., crossed in the N. by 
 38°N., W. of95°W. 
 
 Allen, CO., U.S., Kentucky, on the S. frontier, W. of 86° W. 
 
 Allen, CO., U.S., Ohio, in the W. to the S. of 41° N. , crossed 
 in the E. by 84° W. 
 
 Allen, riv. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, flowing S. to the Stour, which 
 it joins on the 1. bk. at Wimbome Minster ; not navigable. 
 
 Allen, Bog of, morass, Ire., King's and Kildare cos., E. 
 end (Clane Bog), 17 m. W. Dublin. It is 250 ft. above the sea, 
 and divided into sections by ridges of dry ground. Average 
 depth of peat 25 ft., resting on clay and marl. The name is 
 sometimes applied to the whole series of bogs in the middle of 
 Ireland S. of the Slievebloom Mts. 
 
 Allen, Lough, lake, Ire, N. co. Leitrim, 17 m. SE. by E. 
 Sligo, mean height above sea-level in summer 159 ft., in winter 
 163 ft. , the highest of the lakes on the Shannon. Large deposits 
 of ironstone exist on both sides of the lake. P.O. 
 
 Allen, West, Eng., Northumberland. See Ninebanks. 
 
 Allenburg, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 30 m. SE. 
 by E. Konigsberg, on the r. bk. of the Alle. P. <20oo. 
 
 Allenburgh, vil., Canada, Ontario, Welland co. , 25 m. 
 NW. Buffalo (N. Y.). 
 
 Allendale, jjar. and market-tn. , Eng., Northumberland, 
 Hexham div., with lead-mines and lead-mills, 8^ m. SW. 
 Hexham ; 37,469 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Allendale Common, an upland tract to the SW. of A. 
 
 Allendale, East and West, two valleys in the S. of the 
 Hexham div. of Northumberland, Eng. They unite about 9J 
 m. WSW. Hexham. Both with important lead-mines. 
 
 Allende, San Miguel. See San Miguel Allende. 
 
 AUendorf, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 22 m. E. 
 by S. Kassel, on the r. bk. of the Werra. P. -C3000. 
 
 Alleuford, par., Eng., Wiltshire. See Toyd Farm with 
 Allenford. 
 
AL LE 
 
 ALL 
 
 AUeuIieads, eccles. par., Eng;., Northumberland, in the S. 
 of the Hexham div. , 13 m. SSW. Hexham, with zinc and lead 
 mines, PM.O. Alt. 1360 ft. Mean temp. (19 yrs. 1861-79), 
 yr. 44.1° F., Jan. 33.9°, July 56.5°. P. < 1500. 
 
 Allensmore, par., Eng. , Hereford, Ross div., 4 m. SW. 
 Hereford, 2 m. N. Tram Inn stn., P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 AUenstelu, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 50 m. SE. by E. 
 Elbing. Founded 1353. Has iron-foundries, machine-works, 
 steam carpentry, &c. P. (1871) 5500 ; (1880) 7600 ; (1891) 18,800. 
 
 Alleusto'wu, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Merrimack co., on 
 Suncook R. , 7^ m. SE. by E. Concord. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Alleutou. See Alwlutou. 
 
 Alien Town, hamlet, Eng., Derbyshire, near Derby, P.O. 
 
 Allento'wn, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Monmouth co. , 10 m. E. 
 by S. Trenton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Al]ento>¥U, vil., U.S., Ohio, Fayette co., 42 m, SW. 
 Columbus. P. <i5,ooo. 
 
 Allentown, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, Lehigh co. , on the 
 Lehigh R., 31 m. NE. by E. Reading; important beds of iron- 
 stone and anthracite in the neighbourhood, and iron works in 
 the town. The city was originally called Northampton, but 
 had its name changed to A. in 1838 after its founder (W. 
 Allen) ; inhabitants largely of German descent. P. 25,200. 
 
 Allenwood, P.O., Ire., co. Kildare, near Robertstown. 
 
 Alleppt, tn. , India, chief seapt. of Travancore, on the W. 
 ct., 32 m. S. by E. Cochin, near the head of the large lagoon 
 which has its mouth at Cochin, with lighthouse visible 18 m. 
 P. (1891) 23,000. 
 
 Aller, par. and vil., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 8 m. SE. 
 Bridgewater, i| m. N, Laiigport stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Aller, riv. , Prussia, provs. Saxony and Hanover, flows NW. 
 to the Weser, 100 m. long, navigable from Celle 65 m. 
 
 Allerby, par., Eng., Cumberland. See Ongkterslde. 
 
 AUerfurd, place, Eng., Somersetshire, Wellington div., 22 
 m. N. by W. Tiverton, P.O. 
 
 Alleriielllgen, vil., Austria, Styria, near Judenburg, with 
 iron, tinplate, and scythe works. P. <2000. 
 
 Allerstun, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the extreme 
 S. of the Whitby div., 11 m. WSW. Scarborough, i m. E. 
 Wilton stn. , P.O. ; 10,043 ac. P. <5oo. See Ebl>er8ton. 
 
 Allerston Moor, an upland tract to the N. of A., between the 
 Dalby Beck and the Derwent, 8 m. W. Scarborough. 
 
 Allertborp, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 12 ni. E. by S. York, li ni. WSW. Pocklington stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. See Thornton. 
 
 Allerthorpe, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding. See Sivaiuby. 
 
 AUertou, par., Eng., Lancashire, Widnes div., 5 m. SE. 
 Liverpool, on the L. & NW. R. P. < 1000. 
 
 Allerton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in co. bor. 
 Bradford, PMT.O. P. < 4000. See also WUsden. 
 
 Allerton, vil., U.S., Iowa, Wayne co., 120 m. W. Burling- 
 ton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Allerton -By water, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Osgoldcross div., 7 m. NE. by E. Wakefield, 2 m. N. Castle- 
 ford stn., P.O. P.<2i^OO. 
 
 Allerton Cbapcl, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 8J m. 
 SE. by S. Weston-super-Mare, P.O. (Allerton). P. <5oo. 
 
 Allerton Chapel, par., Eng., Yorkshire, in the N. of the 
 CO. bor. of Leeds, PMT.O. P. <:4Soo. 
 
 Allerton Nauleverer with Hopperton, par. , Eng. , York- 
 shire, W. Riding, Ripon div., 4 m. E. by N. Knares borough, 
 ij m. NE. Allerton stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Allerton, Point, cape, U.S., in the E. of Massachusetts, 
 Plymouth co., in 42° 18' N. 
 
 Allesley, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., 3 ni. 
 NW. by W. Coventry, P.O.; 4257 ac. P. "tiooo; eccles par. 
 (A. with Eastern Green) P. < 1000. 
 
 Allestree, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 2 m. N. by W. 
 Derby, P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 AUevard, tn. , France, dep. Isere, arr. Grenoble, 15 m. SE. 
 by S. ChamWry. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Allexton, Eng. , Leicestershire. See Alextou. 
 
 Alley, settlement. New South Wales, Parry co., 25 m. SE. 
 Tamworth. 
 
 All Hallows, par., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., ci m. 
 SW. by S. Wigton. P. < 1000. 
 
 All Hallows, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 5 m. WNW. 
 Sheerness, 3^ m. NE. by E. Sharnal Street stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Alliance, city, U.S., Ohio, Stark co., 66 m. NNW. Wheel- 
 ing (W. Va.). P. 7600. 
 
 Alller, dep., near the middle of France. Mainly formed out 
 of the old prov. of Bourbonnais, traversed from S. to N. by the 
 Cher and Allier, partly bordered on the E. by the Loire, divided 
 into four arrs., Moulins, Gammat, La Palisse, Montlu9on ; cap. 
 Moulins. The surface is mainly undulating, but partly wild and 
 rugged in the SW. ; soil for the most part poor, but there is a 
 small but very fertile district in the S., a prolongation of the 
 Limagne. Another fertile district lies to the W. of the Allier, 
 and a third in the valley of the Cher below Montlu9on. A large 
 part of the NW. is occupied by desolate heaths [brandes) N. of 
 
 Moulins. The forest area is large, especially in the N. Rye is 
 the prevailing grain. Cattle-rearing is important, and sheep- 
 rearing, on the heaths, still more so. Minerals abundant ; six 
 coal-fields, Commentry, Doyet, L'Aumance, the Valley of the 
 Cher, Queune, and Bert. There are also mines of iron, man- 
 ganese, antimony, copper, and lead, granite and marble quarries. 
 The mineral waters of Bourbon-l'Archambault, Vichy, and 
 Nerisse have long been celebrated. Several manufacturing 
 industries flourish, especially those connected with metallurgy. 
 The Allier and Loire are both navigable within the dep. The 
 lateral canal of the Cher ascends to Montlu9on, and the lateral 
 canal of the Loire traverses the whole of the dep. in the E. Area, 
 2850 sq. m. P. (1891) 424,400. See France, table. 
 
 Allier, large riv. of central France, rises among the mts. of 
 dep. Lozere, at the height of 4670 ft., flows N. through daps. 
 Haute Loire, Puy de D6me, A. , and between deps. Cher and 
 Ni6vre, and joins the Loire (with a greater volume of water than 
 that riv.) about 4 m. below Nevers, length 233 m., navigable 
 from Fontanes near Brioude (145 m.), but too rapid and shallow 
 to be of much use for commerce. It carries chiefly the coals of 
 Brassac, timber, and wine. Discharge below the confl. of the 
 Poule at low water 880 cubic ft. per second, in flood 21,200 
 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Alligator, two rivs.. East A. and South A., flowing into Van 
 Diemen Gulf, N. Terr, of South Australia. 
 
 Alligator Pond Bay, Jamaica, on S. ct., in 77° 34' W. 
 
 Alligator Swamp, a marsh, U.S., North Carolina, in the 
 extreme E. , in Tyrrell, Dare, and Hyde cos. , in 35° 4o'-58' N. 
 
 AUlgln, hamlet, Scot., Ross-shire, on the N. shore of Loch 
 Torridon, 4^ m. W. by N. of the head of the loch. 
 
 Alligny-en-Morvaud, tn., France, dep. Nifevre, 61 m. ENE. 
 Nevers, arr. and 12 m. NE. Chateau-Chinon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Alllhles, tnld. , Ire. , on the ct. , co. Cork, bar. Bear, 25 m. W. 
 byS. Ban try, PMT.O. P.<2SO. 
 
 Alllnge, fishing vil., Denmark, on the E. ct. of the N. end 
 ofBornholm. P. (with Sandvig)<2ooo. 
 
 Alllugtou, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., \ m. N. by W. 
 Bridport. P. < 2000. 
 
 AUlngton, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., on the Medway, 
 I m. NW. by N. Maidstone. P. <25o. 
 
 AUlngton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven or Stam- 
 ford div., 5 tn. NW. Grantham, i^ m. N. Sedgebrook stn., 
 P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 AUlngton, par., Eng., Wilts., Devizes div., 14 ni. SSW. 
 Swindon, 4^ m. ENE. Devizes. P. <250. 
 
 AUlngton, par., Eng., Wilts., Wilton div., on the Bourne, 
 7 m. NNE. Salisbury, 2 m. NNE. Porton stn, P. <25o. 
 
 AUlngton, par., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., 5 m. NE. by 
 N. Wrexham, 2 m. SE. by E. Rossett stn. P. < 1000. 
 
 AUlngton, East, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 7 m. 
 WSW. Dartmouth. P. <:soo. 
 
 AUlson, a small isl. in the Pacific, to the N. of German New 
 Guinea, in about 1° 25' S. , 143° 26' E. 
 
 AlUston, vil. and rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., 43 
 m. NW. by N. Toronto. 
 
 AUlthwalte, lower and Upper, two pars., Eng., Lanca- 
 shire, N. Lonsdale div., 11^ m. NW. by N. Lancaster, close to 
 Kents Bank stn., P.O. ; L. A., P. < 1000; U. A., P. < 1000. 
 
 AUoa, par. and seapt., Scot., Clackmannanshire and Perth- 
 shire, at the head of the Firth of Forth, on the N. side, 5J m. 
 SW. by W. Dollar, on the N. B. R. There are large coal-mines 
 near, and the town has manufactures of glass, woollens, machin- 
 ery, and pottery. The port has a wet-dock 635 by 195 ft., with 
 depth over sill at ordinary neap-tides 13J ft., ordinary spring 
 tides, 17^ ft.; and a dry-dock, 210 by 37 it.; depth at ordinary 
 high water, 11^ ft. Market-day, S. Par. 5502 ac, P. 13,728; 
 tn. P. 12,643. See Appendix, p. 13. 
 
 AUoa, South, hamlet, Stirlingshire, i m. SW. Alloa, on the 
 r. bk. of the F'orth. 
 
 AUoa Inch, isl., Scot., in the Forth, i m. WSW. Alloa. 
 
 AUonby, par. and seapt. vil., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale 
 div., on AUonby Bay, 5^ m. NE. by N. Marvport, 3 m. N. bv W. 
 Bull Gill stn. , PMT.O. See Newton, West. 
 
 AUoug, Along, or Halong, bay, in the NE. of the Red River 
 delta, Tongking, crossed by 20° 55' N., 107° E. ; has only one 
 tide in 24 hours. 
 
 AUora, municip. , Queensland, Merivale co,, 65 m. SW. by 
 W. Brisbane. 
 
 AUostock, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 5I m. E. by 
 S. Northwick, 3^ m. NW. Holmes Chapel stn. P. <:75o. 
 
 AUoway, hamlet, Scot., S. Ayrshire, 2| m. S. Ayr, on the 
 Doone ; birthplace of the poet Burns, to whom a monument 
 has been erected ; PMT. O. 
 
 AUoway'stown, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Salem co. , 27 m, 
 SSW. Philadelphia (Pa.), at the head of navigation of AUoway's 
 Creek, a small trib. of the Delaware. P. < 1500. 
 
 Allred, co., U.S., N. Dakota, on the W. frontier, bounded 
 on the N. by the Missouri R. 
 
 All Saints, par., Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Raphoe, North, 7 
 m. W. Londonderry ; io,4<3i ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 31 
 
ALL — ALMO 
 
 All Saints Bay, Brazil. See Bahla de Todos os Santos. 
 
 All Saints Green, hamlet, Eng. , Suffolk, in the W. of Lowes- 
 toft div.. P.O. 
 
 Allstedt, tn. , Ger. , in a portion of the gd. -duchy of Saxe- 
 Weimar, surrounded by the Prussian prov. of Saxony, 29 m. 
 N. Weimar ; has sugar refineries. P. <4000. 
 
 All Stretton, vil., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 11 m. S. by W. 
 Shrewsbury, i m. NNE. Church Stretton, P.O. 
 
 Alltma'wr, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, on the Wye, 12 m. 
 N. by E. Brecknock, close to Aberedw stn. P. <25o. 
 
 411tiren, hamlet, Wales, Glamorgan, I m.S.Pontardawe, P.O. 
 
 AUtycoed, hamlet, Wales, Pembrokeshire, on Cardigan Bay, 
 4 m. NW. by W. Cardigan. 
 
 Allna iHtugb, lake, Ire., W. co. Cork, 8i m. SW. Macroom, 
 traversed by the Lee. 
 
 Allnmette, isl., Canada, Quebec, in the R. Ottawa, crossed 
 by 77° W. Lower and Upper Lakes A., wide reaches of the 
 Ottawa below and above this island. 
 
 Alltiur and Kottapatnani, vil. and port, British India, 
 Madras, dist. Nellore, 63 m. N. by E. Nellore. P. 6300; 
 Hindus, 5900. 
 
 AUygiinJ, Allygnrli. See AllganJ, AJlearlt* 
 
 'Alma, vil., Palestine, Umma in the O. T. , 33° 6' N., 
 35° 11' E., 12 m. S. Tyre. 
 
 Alma, riv. , Russia, Crimea, flows from Chatyr-dagh Mts. W. 
 to Cape Lukul. Banks covered with fruit orchards ; ruins of 
 forts and palaces of Khans. Great battle in 1854. 
 
 Alma, settlement, S. Australia, Gawler co. , 45 m. N. Adel jide. 
 
 Alma, vil., U.S., Arkansas, Crawford co., 123 m. WNW. 
 Little Rock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alma, city, U.S., Kansas, Wabaunsee co., 32 m. W. Topeka. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Alma, vil., U.S., Michigan, Gratiot CO., on Pine R., 43 m. 
 WSW. Bay City. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Alma, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Harlan co., on 1. bk. of Repub- 
 lican R. , 95 m. SE. of the confl. of the N. and S. Platte. P. <isoo. 
 
 Alma, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Buffalo co. , on the Mississippi, 
 76 m. SE. by E. St. Paul (Minn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Almada, fonified tn., Portugal, prov. Estremadura, on the 
 1. bk. of the Tagus, opposite Lisbon. It owes its name (see 
 Almaden) to the fact that grains of gold are sometimes found 
 in the bed of the river here, and at one time were regularly 
 searched for by the inhabitants (Egli). P. 10,000. 
 
 Alma-Dasb, or Elma-dagta, according to some Akma- 
 dagb, the ancient Amanus, a range of mts. in Syria, stretching 
 from the ct. N. of the mouth of the Orontes NNE. to the S. 
 side of the val. of the Aksu (trib. Jihun), keeping in its S. half 
 close to the E. and SE. side of the Gulf of Alexandretta ; crossed 
 by two carriage roads, one across the Beilan P. (about 2000 ft.) to 
 the S. of Alexandretta, on the caravan road to Aleppo, the other 
 first leading across a spur to the N. of Alexandretta through 
 the Toprak Kaleh (the Amanian Gate) to Osmaniyeh, and then 
 NE. across the Hassan Beyley P. (about 3000 ft.) to the table- 
 land of Aintab. See Proc. /?. G. 5., 1884, p. 320, and map, p. 
 364; and 1886, pp. 94-98. 
 
 Almaden (Arabic, 'the mine'), tn., Spain, prov. Ciudad 
 Real, 65 m. N. Cordova ; with noted quicksilver and cinnabar 
 mines, and a mining academy. P. 8200. 
 
 Almagel, vil., Switzd., cant. Valais, in the Saas Valley, 11 m. 
 ENE. Zermait. P. < 2000. 
 
 Almagro, tn., Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, 63 m. E. by N. 
 Almaden, 12 m. ESK Ciudad Real. P. 8700. 
 
 Almagner, tn., Colombia, prov. Cauca, 40 m. SSW. Pop- 
 ayan, in about 1° 55' N.; with gold mines. Alt. 7440ft. P. 5000. 
 
 Almali, Almalii, or Elmaly (Turkish, 'apple-place'), Asia 
 Minor. See Elmaly. 
 
 Almalii, tn., Bulgaria, En. Roumelia, prov. Burgas, 33 m. 
 SW. by S. Burgas. P. < 2000. 
 
 Almansa, tn., Spain, prov. Albacete, 43 m. E. by S. Alba- 
 cete. P. 9700. 
 
 Almanza, tn., Spain, prov. Leon, on the Cea, 23 m. K Leon. 
 
 Almanzor, Plaza de, the highest summit of the Sierra de 
 Gredos, Spain, in the SW, of prov. Avila. Alt. 8730 ft. 
 
 Aluianzora, riv., Spain, prov. Almeria, flows E. then SE. 
 into the Mediterranean. 
 
 AlmlU, comm. , Hungary, co. B4cs-Bodrog, cap. dist. Bacs-A. , 
 16 m. W. by N. Maria TheresiopeL 
 
 Almaskat, mt. range, Somaliland. See Darror. 
 
 Almatl. See Vyernyl. 
 
 Almazan, tn., Spain, prov. Soria, 19 m. S. by W. Soria. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Alniazorn, tn. , Spain, prov. and 3 m. SSW. Castellon de 
 la Plana, 37 m. NNE. Valencia. P. 6000. 
 
 AlmetUnilla, comm., Spain, prov. C6rdoba, dist. Priego de 
 C6rdoba. P. <4000. 
 
 Almeida, fortified tn., Portugal, prov. Beira, near the Span- 
 ish frontier, 21 m. NW. by W. Ciudad Rodrigo. Here the 
 allies under Wellington defeated the French under Massena, 
 August 5, 1811. P. 2000. 
 
 Almeida, ct. tn., Brazil, prov. Espiritu Santo. P. 4000. 
 .{2 
 
 Almeida, bay, Portuguese E. Africa, in about 13° 40' S. 
 
 Almeirlm, vil. , Brazil, Grao Para, on the 1. bk. of the Amazon, 
 at the mouth of the Para, in 52^° W. 
 
 Almeley, or Almerley, par., Eng., Hereford, Leominster 
 div. , 11^ m. WSW. Leominster, on the G. W. R. , P.O. P. <7SO. 
 
 Almelo, tn., Holland, prov. Overijssel, 14m. NW. Enschede; 
 with cotton and linen manufactures. P. 5000. 
 
 Almendralejo, tn., Spain, prov. Badajos, 16 m. S. by W. 
 Merida. P. 12,000. 
 
 Aimer, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., 8 J m. NW. Poole, 
 2 m. WSW. Bailey Gate stn., P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Almeria, prov., in the SE. of Spain, on the Mediterranean 
 ct. , formerly included in the kingdom of Granada. It has a varied 
 surface, containing the Sierra de Gador, the eastern (lower) 
 portion (about one-third) of the Sierra Nevada, besides lower 
 ranges to the E. , and between these the broad valleys of its four 
 chief rivers, the Rio de Velez, R. Almanzora, Rio de A., and 
 Rio de Adra. Rich in mineral veins and springs and in salt. 
 Among its agricultural products are included sugar-cane, cotton, 
 and cochineal. Several thousands of the inhabitants live in 
 caves hollowed out in the soft rock of the hill-sides. The Riv. 
 A. flows SE. from the N. slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and enters 
 the Mediterranean a little to the E. of the town of A. Area 
 3302 sq. m. P. 339,383. See Spain, table, and dranada. 
 
 Almeria, the Partus Magnus of the Romans, a seapt. in the 
 S. of Spain, prov. A. on the Gulf of A., 64 m. ESE. Granada; 
 situated amidst sterile rocky hills, one of which, immediately 
 overlooking the town, is crowned by a Moorish fort, which still 
 serves as a citadel. Many of the streets still have a thoroughly 
 Moorish aspect, though in recent years the town has been largely 
 Europeanised. Commerce active ; principal exports, grapes and 
 other southern fruits. Its roadstead, formerly unsafe and in 
 stormy weather almost inaccessible, has been converted into a 
 good harbour by the construction of large breakwaters, and 
 quays are being provided with accommodation for the largest 
 vessels. Sulphur mines near (Balsas de Gador). A railway 
 being made to iron-mines in the Sierra Aljamilla. P. (1887) 
 36,200. 
 
 .limes ClilT, crag, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 5 m. SW. 
 Harrowgate, commanding an extensive vievv. 
 
 Almese, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 14 m. WNW. 
 Turin. P. < 2000. 
 
 Almholme, hamlet, Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Doncaster 
 div., 3 m. NNE. Doncaster, x\ m. SE. Askern Junction. 
 
 Almijara, Sierra de, mt. range on the W. frontier of prov. 
 Granada, partly in prov. Malaga, Spain, a continuation east- 
 wards of the Sierra de Alhama. 
 
 Almtngton and Stonydelpb. See Amington and S. 
 
 Almira, vil., U.S., Washington, Lincoln co., 75 m. W. 
 Spokane Falls. 
 
 Almit, ruins, Palestine, Alemeth in the O. T. , 31° 50' N., 
 35° 16' E. , 4 m. NE. by N. Jerusalem. 
 
 Almodlngton, part of eccles. par., Eng., Sussex. See 
 Earnley. 
 
 AlmodoTar, tn., Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, 73 m. SSW. 
 Evora. P. <400o. 
 
 Almod6Tar del Campo, tn., Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, 50 
 m. NW. by N. Lindres. with silver mines. P. 8000. 
 
 Almoddrar del Rio, comm., Spain, prov. C6rdoba, dist. 
 Posadas. P. < 4000. 
 
 Almogia, tn. , Spain, prov. and 10 m. NW. Malaga. P. 8300. 
 
 Almonacid de Zorita, comm. and tn., Spain, prov. and 19 
 m. SE. Guadalajara, near 1. bk. Tagus, near which the French 
 defeated the Spaniards, Aug. II, 1809. P. <20oo. 
 
 Almonaster la Real, comm., Spain, prov. Huelva, dist. 
 Aracena. P. <: 5000. 
 
 Almond, two small unnavigable rivs., Scot. I. Lanarkshire, 
 Linlithgowshire, and Midlothian, enters the Firth of Forth at 
 Cramond. 3. Perthshire, flowing E. to join the Tay near Perth. 
 In Glenalmond is Trinity College, a public school and theo- 
 logical hall founded in 1841 in the interest of the Scotch 
 Episcopal Church. 
 
 Almondbank and Bridgeton, vil., Scot., E. Perthshire, 
 with a stn. on the C. R. , 3^ m. WNW. Perth, PMT. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Almondbory, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, SE. of and 
 included in the pari. bor. of Huddersfield, PMT.O. Par. P. 
 14,900. 
 
 Almondsbory, par., Eng., Gloucester, Thornbury div., 7 m. 
 N. Bristol, 2 m. N. Patchway and Stoke Gifford stn., PMT.O.; 
 7009 ac. P. <;25oo. 
 
 Almont, vil., U.S., Michigan, Lapeer co., 40 m. N. Detroit. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Almonte, tn., Canada, Ontario, Lanark co., on R. Missis- 
 sippi, 25 m. SW. by W. Ottawa. P. <:3000. 
 
 Almonte, comm., Spain, prov. Huelva, dist. La Palmn. 
 P. 6200. 
 
 .41mora, municip., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Kumaun, 
 85 m. NNE. Bareilly. P. (with cantonment) 7800. 
 
 Almoradi, comm., Spain, prov. Alicante, dist. Dolores. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
ALMO — ALPI 
 
 Aliuorltla, par. , Ire. See Ballyuioriu. 
 
 Almorness Point, cape, Scot., on the S. ct. of Kirkcud- 
 brightshire, in 3° 48' W., 9i m. E. Kirkcudbright. 
 
 Almosa, vil, U.S., Colorado, Conejos co., on the Rio Grande, 
 175 m. E. by N. of the SW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Almsford, or Ausford, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 9 J m. 
 ESE. Glastonbury. P. <soo. 
 
 Almnil^car, seapt.-tn., S. ct. Spain, prov. and 35 m. S. by 
 W. Granada ; sugar-cane and sweet potatoes cultivated in the 
 adjoining vega ; historically notable as the place where Abdur- 
 rahman Ibn Moavia, the last scion of the house of the Omma- 
 yades, founder of the caliphate of Cordoba, landed in 755. 
 P. 8800. 
 
 AlnKinla de Doiia Godlna, La, comm., Spain, Aragon, in 
 theval. of the Jalon, prov. and 28 m. WSW. Saragossa. P. <4000. 
 
 Aln, riv., Eng., in the Berwick-on-Tweed div. of North- 
 umberland, flowing into the North Sea at Alnmouth. 
 
 Alne, two small rivs. , Eng. 1. Warwickshire, entering the 
 Avon, from the N. at Evesham. 2. = Aln in Northumber- 
 land. 
 
 Alnc, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the S. of the 
 Thirsk and Malton div., 11 m. NW. by N. York, with a stn. 
 (A. for Kaslngwold) on the NE. R., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. 
 par. (A. witli Aldwark) P. < 1500. 
 
 Alne, Great, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon 
 div. , on the Alne, 6 m. NW. by W. Stratford-on-Avon, on the 
 G. W. R., P.O. P. <5oo. See Klnwarton. 
 
 Alnesbonrn Priory, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Woodbridge Union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Alness, par. and vil. , Scot. , Ross-shire, on the E. ct. , on the 
 
 N. shore of Cromarty Firth, i m. inland from A. Bay, 9. m. 
 NE. Ding;wall, on the H. R., PMT.O. Par., 44,041 ac, P. 
 <:i5oo; vil. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alney, isl., Eng., in the Severn, opposite Gloucester, where, 
 according to a story now discredited, Edmund Ironside and 
 Cnut (Canute) met in single combat, and afterwards agreed to 
 share the kingdom between them (1016). 
 
 Alnbam, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-on-Tweed 
 div., on the Aln, 12^ m. W. Alnwick, 6 m. W. Whittingham 
 stn.; 10,346 ac. P. <2SO. 
 
 Alnniontb, par. , seapt., and watering-place, Eng., North- 
 umberland, Berwick-on-Tweed div., at the mouth of the Aln, 
 on A. Bay, 3^ m. ESE. Alnwick, i m. E. Bilton June, PT.O. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Alnii, isl., Sweden, Gulf of Bothnia, opposite Sundsvall ; with 
 iron mines. 
 
 Alnwick (an'ik), par. and market-tn., Eng., Northumber- 
 land, Berwick-on-Tweed div., on the Aln, 17^ m. N. Morpeth, 
 on the NE. R., with coal-mines. Close by is A. Castle, a seat 
 of the Duke of Northumberland. Market-day, S. Par. 16,749 
 ac, P. 7400 ; tn. (A. and Canongate) P. 6700. 
 
 Aloasl, tn. , Ecuador, 26 m. SW. by S. Quito. 
 
 Alon, tn. , Upper Burma, on the Chindwin, 60 m. W. by N. 
 Mandalay. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Along Bay. See Allong. 
 
 Alonl, small isl., Asiatic Turkey, to the W. of the Kapu 
 Dagh penin. , Sea of Marmora. 
 
 Alora, tn., Spain, prov. Malaga, 17 m. WNW. Malaga; 
 with mineral springs. P. 10,500. 
 
 Alosno, comYn., Spain, prov. and 23 m. NNW. Huelva ; con- 
 tains the celebrated Tharsis copper and lead-mines. P. 12,000. 
 
 Alost (French), or Aelst (Flemish), fortified tn., Belg., prov. 
 E. Flanders, on the Dender, 7 m. SSW. Dendermonde ; formerly 
 the cap. of Austrian Flanders. P. 25,500. 
 
 Alp&r, vil., Hungary, near NagyAbony, where Arpdd gained 
 the victory over the Slavs and Bulgars, by which he acquired 
 Hungary for the Magyars (889 A.D.). 
 
 Alpbach, mt. torrent, Switzd., cant. Bern, enters r. bk. of 
 Aar near Meyringen ; waterfall in Upper Haslethal. 
 
 Alpe Apnane, offshoot of the Apennines, in the N. of Italy, 
 to the N. and W. of the R. Arno, prov. Tuscany, where Car- 
 rara marble is quarried. 
 
 Alpena, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Jerauld co., 98 m. E. by S. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alpena, city, U.S., Michigan, cap. A. co., on Thunder Bay, 
 80 m. S. by E. of the Straits of Mackinac. Alt. 609 ft.; mean 
 temp., yr. 41.7° F., Jan. 19.1°, July 66.1°; rainfall (11 yrs.), 
 38.21 in. P. 11,300. 
 
 Alpera, the ancient Apiarum, tn. , Spain, prov. and 30 m. 
 E. Albacete. P. 4000. 
 
 Alperton, hamlet, Eng., Middlesex, Harrow div., 3 m. SE. 
 by S. Harrow, \ m. S. Sudbury and Wembley stn., P.O. 
 
 Alpes, Basses, dep. in the SE. of France, one of the four 
 formed out of tlie old Provence ; divided into five arrs., Barce- 
 lonnette, Castellane, Digne, Forcalquier, and Sisteron ; cap. 
 Digne. It is entirely a mountainous region, the E. portion 
 belonging to the crystalline Alps, withsummitsrising to upwards 
 of 11,000 ft. ; the W. portion to the hmestone Alps. This latter 
 portion is one of the most arid and desolate in France, and 
 indeed in Europe ; its vallevs filled with tumbled rocks rent from 
 33 
 
 the mountain-sides, the slopes of which have to a large extent 
 been deprived of their soil and vegetation by torrential waters. 
 This process has gone on for hundreds of years, leading to a 
 steady depopulation of the valleys, and attempts at reafforesta- 
 tion meet with great difficulties. W. of the Durance, the 
 principal riv. of the dep., a chain of the limestone Alps runs 
 westwards under the name of the Montagne de Lure. The 
 Durance partly bounds the dep. on the N. Its principal tribs., 
 all on the 1. bi<. , are the Ubaye in the N. , leading up to the Col 
 d'Argenti^re [Alps], the Bldonne, the Asse, and the Verdon, 
 which partly separates B. A. from dep. Var. None of these 
 rivers is navigable. The principal wealth of the higher parts of 
 the dep. consists in its mountain pastures, to which every spring 
 large numbers of sheep from the lower Rhone are led. Cattle, 
 horses, mules, and asses are also reared. Cereals are grown in 
 many places, and in the southern dists. olives and great quan- 
 tities of almonds are produced, and the silkworm is reared. 
 Mineral wealth is small, though lead, alum, a little coal, marble, 
 and asphalt are produced. Area 2699 sq. m. P. (1891) 124,285. 
 See France, table. 
 
 Alpes, Hantes, dep. in the SE. of France, adjoining the 
 Italian frontier, formed almost entirely from the Dauphin^, but 
 including a small part of the old Provence in the S. ; divided 
 into three arrs.. Gap, Brian9on, and Embrun ; cap. Gap. In 
 physical features it corresponds closely with Basses Alpes. Here 
 also the mountain slopes of the limestone Alps have been devas- 
 tated by torrents, but reafforestation is being slowly but success- 
 fully carried out. In the N., on the borders of dep. Isfere, the 
 granitic mass of Pelvoux rises to the height of 13,460 ft. out of 
 the limestone Alps. At its northern base runs the road from 
 Grenoble by the Col du Lautaret (6800 ft.) to Brianqon and the 
 Col de Geii^vre. The principal river is the Durance, which 
 partly separates it from Basses Alpes, and among its tribs. are 
 the Buech, which flows from N. to S. in the W. of the dep., its 
 valley being traversed by the railway from Grenoble to Sisteron ; 
 and the Guil, a small 1. bk. trib. in the extreme E. which leads 
 up to the Col de la Traversette [Alps]. About the middle of the 
 dep. a line of valleys belonging to different river basins runs from 
 N. to S. , and is traversed by a road leading from Grenoble to 
 Sisteron by Gap. From the N. part of this line of valleys the 
 beautiful valley of Valgodemar leads E. to the southern base oi 
 Pelvoux, and on the E. side of a dividing ridge is continued by 
 the Vallouise. The climate is generally healthy, except in some 
 of the high valleys, where cretinism prevails. The dep. is the 
 poorest in France in natural resources. Its principal wealth 
 consists in its mountain pastures, in which fine merino sheep are 
 reared. The only important metallic ore is argentiferous lead. 
 Marble of all shades is abundant, and there is a considerable 
 extent of anthracite near Brianfon. The French language is 
 everywhere understood, but various local patois, differing con- 
 siderably from one another, are spoken in the different valleys. 
 Area 2178 sq. m. P. (1891) 115,522. See France, table. 
 
 Alpes Harltlmes, dep. in the extreme SE. of France, formed 
 mainly from the prov. of Nice ceded by Italy in i860, but con- 
 taining also the arr. of Grasse, detached from dep. Var ; divided 
 into three arrs., Nice, Grasse, and Puget-Th6niers ; cap. Nice. 
 The physical features are similar to those of Basses and Hautes 
 Alpes. The limestone region in the SW. is specially remarkable 
 for its magnificent scenery, its deep and dark defiles or clus, and 
 its numerous swallow-holes, in which streams disappear to re- 
 appear in fine springs. Principal river the Var, with its tribs. 
 the Tin^e, flow S. to the 1. bk., and Esteron, flowing E. to the 
 r. bk. Its climate is noted for its mildness and general equabi- 
 lity, except when the mistral prevails, a violent wind from the 
 NNW., which brings great cold with remarkable suddenness. 
 It blows chiefly in the W. of the dep. The mildness of the 
 climate has caused several places on the ct. to become favourable 
 health resorts, especially Cannes, Antibes, Nice, and Mentone. 
 The dep. surrounds on the land side the principality of Monaco. 
 Among the products are vines, mulberries, olives, oranges, and 
 citrons. Flowers are cultivated on a large scale lor the making 
 of perfumes, which forms the principal industry of the dep. 
 Silkworms and bees are reared, and oil and soap manufactured. 
 Area 1444 sq. m. P. (1891) 258,571. See France, table. 
 
 Alplianistone, par., Eng., Essex, in the E. of the Saffron 
 Walden div. , 10^ m. NW. Colchester, i^ m. N W. by W. Bures 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Alphen. See Alfen. 
 
 Alpbeton, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Sudbury div. , 8i m. S. Bury 
 St. Edmunds, 3 m. W, by N. Lavenham stn., P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 AlpMngton, par. and vil., Eng., Devonshire, Tivertor> div., 
 2 m. S. Exeter, PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alptaonse Islands, two small isls. in Indian Ocean, sur- 
 rounded by reefs, S. of the Amirante Is., in 6° 59' S., 52° 41' E. 
 
 Alpine, CO., U.S., California, on E. frontier, N. of 38° N., 
 and crossed bv 120° W.; has rich silver mines. 
 
 Alpine, tn.', U.S., Colorado, Chaffee co., 98 m. SW. Denver, 
 and 40 m. S. Leadville. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Alplngton, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 6 m. SE. Norwich. 
 P. <25o. See Yelverton. 
 
 C 
 
ALPI — ALPS 
 
 Alplrsbach, tn. , Ger. , Wiirtemberg, circle Schwarzwald, on 
 the Kinzig, close by the mineral springs of Krahenbad. P. <2C)Oo. 
 
 Alpnach, vil., Switzd., cant. Unterwalden, 4 m. W. by S. 
 Stanz. P. < 2000. 
 
 Alport Helgbts, hill, Eng., Derbyshire, 5 m. S. Matlock; 
 height, 1018 ft. 
 
 Alport Hoor, an upland tract, Eng., in the NE. of the High 
 Peak div. of Derbyshire, about 5 ni. ESE. Glossop. 
 
 Alpowa, vil., U.S., Washington, Garfield co. , 57 m. ENE. 
 Walla Walla. P. 30. 
 
 Alprabam, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisburv div., 8 m. 
 WNW. Crewe, i m. WNW. Calveley stn., PMT.'O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Alps (from Celtic, alp, 'high,' in a special sense 'a high 
 summer pasture," EgU), the gfreat mt. system of Central Europe, 
 enclosing the great plain of N. Italy on the N. , W. , and SW. 
 In the SW. they are connected with the Apennines, the limit 
 between the two systems being fixed here by some at one place 
 by others at another. The lowest pass in this region is that of 
 the Col deir Altare (1600 ft. ), which is often on that account 
 taken as the limit. In the E. the true Alpine chains gradually 
 merge in hills and mts. , having no Alpine character in the W. of 
 the Austrian dominions. The total length of the system is about 
 680 m.; the least width, between Mondoviand theGulf of Genoa, 
 about 30 m. ; the greatest width, about the meridian of Verona, 
 about 160 m. ; the area covered by the system, about 80,000 sq. 
 m. Divisions. — Vertically the A. are divided into Fore A. 
 {German, Voralpen), up to a height of about 5300 ft. ; the middle 
 region (German, Mittelgebirge), about 5300-9000 ft.; and the 
 High A. (German, Hochalpen), from 9000 ft. upwards. The 
 last region is almost entirely above the snow-line. By the 
 brothers Von Schlagintweit the average height of the snow-line 
 was determined to lie, in about 46^° N., at about 8900 ft. on S. 
 slopes, 9200 ft. on N. slopes. In the higher valleys 2X^ glaciers, 
 the longest of which, the Aletsch, descends to about 4400 ft. 
 The Boden glacier (lower end of the Gomer) descends to about 
 5250 ft. The size and extent of glaciers fluctuate with the sea- 
 son, and to a greater extent in long periods of years. Within 
 the last 300 years they have advanced, according to E. Richter, 
 at periods separated by intervals of 20-45 years, on the average 
 just 35 years. (See Geschichte der Schwankungen der Alpen- 
 gUtscher, in Zeitschrift d. Deut. und oester. Alpenvereins, 1891 ; 
 but com p. F. A. Forel in Jakrbuch d. Schweiz. Alpenclubs, 
 xxv. and xxvi.) With regard X.o geological sti~ucture , an import- 
 ant division of the A. into zones is made. The Central Zone, 
 containing most of the highest peaks, is composed mainly of 
 hard crystalline rocks (granite, gneiss, mica-schist, and clay- 
 slate). The Outer Zone, or zone farthest from the Italian 
 plain, and the Inner Zone, where it exists, are composed 
 mainly of limestones and dolomites. The outer zone is found 
 throughout the whole length of the system. A longitudinal 
 division of the system by Mojsisovich has been based partly on 
 this division into zones, partly on surface features. According 
 to him, the A. form only two great divisions, the Western A. 
 and the Eastern A., the line of demarcation being formed by 
 the valley of the Rhine from the L. of Constance, the valley of 
 the Hinter Rhine, the Bernardino P., the Val Mesocco, the 
 lower part of the valley of the Ticino, and the Lago Maggiore. 
 In the Western A., according to this division, there is no inner 
 zone, and in the outer zone limestones and dolomites are 
 decidedly the most prevalent rocks. In the Extern A. an inner 
 {ox southern) zone exists throughout, and in the outer (or north- 
 ern) zone, sandstones and slates are largely intermixed with the 
 limestones and dolomites. In another mode of longitudinal 
 division only situation and surface features are regarded. Three 
 great divisions are then recognised : — I. The Western A., the 
 part of the system stretching mainly from N. to S. , between 
 France and Italy, from Mont Blanc to the Col dell' Altare. II. 
 The Middle A., from the pass of the Great St. Bernard (E. of 
 Mont Blanc) and the L. of Geneva, to a well-marked series of 
 valleys, beginning in the S. with the valley of the Adige, and 
 continued northwards by the Eisack valley, the Brenner Pass, 
 the Wipp-thal joining the valley of the Inn at Innsbruck, and 
 below that town the Inn valley. III. The Eastern A., the 
 remainder of the system. Subdivisions. — This threefold 
 division is adopted in the following enumeration of the sub- 
 divisions : — I. The Western Alps. A. Central Zone. 1. The 
 Maritime A., from the Col dell' Altare to the valley of the 
 Stura (Italy) and the valley of the Durance basin (France), com- 
 municating with the head of that valley; highest peak, the 
 Punta Argentera (11,140 ft.) 2. The Cottlan A., extending 
 northwards to the Mont Cenis Pass and the valleys of the Dora 
 Riparia (Italy) and Arc (France) ; with the Monte Viso (12,605 
 ft.), at the source of the Po, and the Roccia Melone (11,600 ft.) 
 N, of the Dora Riparia. 3. The Ciratan A., stretching N. to 
 the Col de la Seigne, S. of Mont Blanc ; with La Levanna 
 (11,870 ft.) on the Franco-Italian frontier, and Gran Paradiso 
 (13,320 ft.) in Italy to the S. of Aosta. 4. Mont Blanc (15,775 
 ft). B. Outer Zone. To the SW. and W. of these extending 
 to the Rhone. In the midst of this zone rises the great Massif 
 d'Olsans, to the W. of the Cottian A. , with Mont Pelvoux (a 
 34 
 
 mass of granite and gneiss), the highest peak of which belongs 
 to the Barre des Ecrins (13,460 ft.). Further N. are the \. of 
 Savoy, which include the Chablais, extending to the L. of 
 Geneva; highest peak, the Dent du Midi (10,690 ft. ), on the 1. bk. 
 of the Rhone. II. Middle Alps. A. Central Zone. 1. Pen* 
 nine A. From the Great St. Bernard Pass to the Simplon, the 
 chain on the border of Switzd. and Italy, to the S. of that part 
 of the Rhone valley in which the river flows most nearly from 
 E. to W. In this chain, in the order from W. to E. , are Mont 
 Velan (12,070 ft.), the Grand Combin (14,160 ft.), Mont Blanc 
 de Seilan (12,695 ft-)- Tfite Blanche (12,300 ft.). Dent d'H^rens 
 (13,710 ft.). Grand Cornier (13,020 ft.), to the N. of the Dent d' 
 H6rens ; the Matterhorn, or Mont Cervin (14,775 ^0- Breithom 
 (13,680 ft.), Monte Rosa, highest peak Dufourspitze (15,215 ft.), 
 Strahlhorn (13,745 ft.), and to the N. of the last, between the 
 Niklaus-thal and the Saas-thal, the Mischabelhorner, with the 
 Dom (14,935 ^^■)> the Taschhorn (14,755 ft.), and the AUalin- (or 
 Fee-) horn (13,230 ft.) and glacier. To the N. of Monte Rosa 
 is the Gomer Glacier, separated by the Gomer Grat from the 
 Findelen Glacier, both descending W. to the head of the 
 Niklaus-thal. 8. The Lepontlne A., from the Simplon to the 
 Bernardino P., with the St. Gothard mass between the upper 
 parts of the valleys of the Reuss and Ticino, highest peak the 
 Piz Centrale (9850 ft.), and the Adula group, at the source of the 
 Hinter-Rhine ; highest peaks, the Rheinwaldhorn (11,045 ft.), 
 and the Guferhom (11,130 ft.). 3. The Rhaetlan A., from the 
 Bernardino P. and the Hinter-Rhine valley to the E. limit of the 
 Middle A., and from the Klosterthal and the Stanzerthal (the 
 valleys running E. and W. through Vorarlberg and the NW. of 
 the Tirol in the N. to the valley of the Adda and its connection 
 with the Etsch (Stelvio P. ) in the S. To this group belong (aj 
 the Rhaetikon chain in the NW., with Scesaplana (9740 ft.); {b) 
 the Silvretta group, to the N. of the Lower Engadine, with the 
 large Silvretta glacier and the Piz Linard (11,205 ^'O '< (^) ^^ 
 Albula group, to the NW. of the Upper Engadine, with the Piz 
 Kesch (11,210 ft.) ; and [d) the Bernina group, to the S. of the 
 Upper Engadine, with the Piz Bernina (13,290 ft. ), and to the 
 N. the Morteratsch peak (12.315 ft.), not the next in height, but 
 very conspicuous from the valley. 4. The Oetztkal and Stubat 
 A., with the Samthal A. to the SE., all enclosed by the valleys 
 between the Inn, Etsch (Adige), and Eisack, and those which 
 connect the latter with the Inn ; highest peak, the Wildspitze 
 (12,365 ft.), in the Oetzthal group. B. Outer Zone. 1. The 
 Bernese A., from the Lake of Geneva to the head of the Aar 
 valley, between the cants, of Bern and Valais, the highest peaks 
 occurring in the Bernese Oberland and the eastern part of Valais, 
 namely, to the E. of the Simmenthal and the valley of Sierre. 
 To the W. of this limit the highest peaks are the Diableret 
 (10,645 ft-) and the Wildhorn (10,720 ft.); to the E., in the 
 order from W. to E., the Wildstrubel (10,710 ft.), theBalmhorn 
 (12,170 ft.), the Tschingelhom (11,745 f^.), the Aletschhom 
 (Valais, 13,770 ft.) ; to the N. of the Aletschhom, in close suc- 
 cession on or near the Bern-Valais border, the Breithom (12,410 
 ft.), the Jungffrau (13,670 ft.), the Monch ('Monk,' 13,460 ft.), 
 the Viescherhomer (Gross V.-horn, 13,280 ft.; Hinter- V., 13,185 
 ft.; Klein V., 12,810ft.), Finsteraarhom (14,020 ft.); and to 
 the N. in Bern, the Eiger (13,040 ft.), Schreckhorn (13,380 ft.), 
 and Lauteraarhorn (13,260 ft.). To the SW. of the Aletschhom 
 is the Upper (Ober), and to the SE. the Great Aletsch Glacier, 
 about 12 m. long. 2. A. of the Four Forest Cantons, between 
 the Aar and the Reuss valleys; highest peaks all in the SE. ; 
 Titlis (10,625 ft.), and farther S. the Dammastock (11,915 ft.), 
 and Galenstock (11,800 ft.). 3. A. of Glarus, Schwyz, and 
 St. Ciall, with Tbdi (11,885 f'- )• '" the extreme S. of Glarus, and 
 the Mythenstock (6240 ft.) in Schwyz. 4. The Algiiuer A., 
 round the head of the lUer basin, followed to the E. by the N. 
 Tlrolese A., with the Zugspitze (9710 ft.), near the head of the 
 Loisach valley. C. Inner, or S. Zone. 1. The Bergamese 
 A., from the Lago Maggiore to Lake Como and the lower part of 
 the Oglio valley, including a well-marked chain to the S. of the 
 Valtellina, in which is Monte Redorta (9970 ft.). 2. The Ortler 
 and Adamello groups, and to the E. of these the Trldentlne 
 A., extending eastwards to the valley of the Adige ; Ortlerspitze 
 (12,810 ft.), above the Stelvio P., to the S. Monte Adamello 
 (11,655 ft.). m. The Eastern A. A. Central Zone. I. The : 
 Holie Tauem, including in the W. the Zillerthaler A., from | 
 the Brenner P. to the Arlscharte, the pass connecting the basins j 
 of the Salzach and Drave, in about 13° 20' E. ; with the Gross j 
 Venediger (12,045 ^^t.) on the SW. frontier of Salzburg, and the i 
 Gross Glockner (12,455 ft. ), at the point of junction of Carinthia, | 
 Salzburg, and the Tirol. 8. The Styrlan, or Norle A., includ- j 
 ing the Niedere Tauern. B. Outer or N. Zone. 1. A. of the [ 
 Salzkamniergut, between the Inn and the Enns. 2. A. of 1 
 Upper and Lower Austria. C. Inner, or S. Zone. 1. The I 
 Dolomite A. of S. Tyrol and Venetla, between the Adige 
 and the Piave (including the Ampezzo A. in the NE. ; with 
 the Marmolate (11,460 ft.) on the Austro- Italian frontier be- 
 tween the Fassa-thal and the Val Agordo. 2. The Camlan, 
 and, to the S., the Venetian A., between the upper waters of 
 the Piave and Tagliamento, the former a chain to the S. of the 
 
ALPS 
 
 ALS A 
 
 Gail-thal. 3. The Karawankeu, between the valleys of the 
 Drave and Save. 4. The Julian. A., to the S. of the Save, 
 between the Tagliamento and the Laibach R. (r. bk. trib. 
 of the Save) ; with Triglav or Terglou (9395 ft.). 
 
 Passes and Railways. — In the following enumeration all 
 those crossed by carriage-roads are printed in thick type. I. 
 From Turin:— (i) The Col dell' Altare (1600 ft.), by Mondovi 
 to Savona ; a rly. now follows nearly the same route as the road. 
 (2) Col dl Tenda (6260 ft. ), by Cuneo to Ventimiglia. (3) Col 
 della Maddalena (6545 ft.), de Larche (a place on the French 
 side), or d'Argentl^re (the French name of a place on the Italian 
 side), by Cuneo and the Stura valley to the Ubaye valley (Dur- 
 ance basin). (4) Col de Louget (8900 ft.) ; and (5) Col d'Agnello 
 (9000 ft.), both by Saluzzo and the Varaita into higher parts of 
 the Durance basin. (6) The Col de la Traversette (9675 ft.), by 
 Saluzzo and the Po into the Durance basin N. of Monte Viso. 
 (7) The Col dl denevra, or de Cienivre (6080 ft.), by the 
 Dora Riparia, then SW. to the valley of the Durance ; a pass 
 also reached by Pinerolo, the valley of the Chisone, and the Col 
 de Sestriferes (6630 ft.). (8) Col des Echelles (5870 ft.), a little 
 to the N. of the Col de Genfevre, much less used. (9) Mont 
 Cenls (6835 ft.), by the Dora Riparia, and then from Susa NW. 
 to the Arc valley (Is6re basin), the pass most used at the time 
 when the traffic was mainly diverted to the rly. through the 
 Mont Cenis tunnel (opened in 1871, length 7.59 m., highest 
 point 4380 ft.), about midway between this pass and the Col de 
 Genfevre. (10) Little St. Bernard (7170 ft.), by the Dora 
 Baltea and Aosta to the Isere valley, a little to the S. of Mont 
 Blanc. (11) Great St. Bernard (8110 ft.), to the E. of Mont 
 Blanc, by Aosta to Martigny in the Rhone valley. H. From 
 drenoble: — ^The Col 4le Balme (7220 ft.), NW. of Mont 
 Blanc by Chamonix to Martigny. III. From Milan : — (i) The 
 Matterjoch, St. Th6odule P., or Col du Cervin (10,895 ft.), 
 always covered with snow, connecting the Val Tournanche in 
 Piedmont with Zermatt in the Niklaus-thal. (2) The Weissthor 
 (11,520 ft.), the highest glacier pass, connecting Macugnaga in 
 the Val d'Anzasca with Zermatt. (3) The Mondelli P. (9320 
 ft.), connecting Macugnaga with the Saasthal. (4) The Slmp- 
 lon P. (6595 ft.), on the road leading NW. by the W. side of 
 the Lago Maggiore by the R. Toce and the Val di Vedro to 
 Brieg in the Rhone valley. Across this pass was laid (1800-1806), 
 by order of Napoleon, the first well-made carriage road across 
 the Alps, and a rly. tunnel by this route is now projected. 
 (S) The St. Gotbard P. (6935 ft.), on the road following the E. 
 side of the Lago Maggiore and the Ticino to the upper Reuss 
 valley and the Bay of Uri ; now largely superseded by a rly. 
 tunnel, the longest in the world (opened for traffic in 1882 ; 
 length 9.28 m. ; height of summit, 3785 ft.). (6) The Lukmanler 
 P. (6290 ft.), on the road leading N. by the Ticino, then farther 
 N. , then NW. by the Breno, and finally into the head of the 
 Mittel-Rhine valley. (7) The Bernardino P. (6765 ft.), by the 
 Ticino and the Val Mesocco (ascending NNE.) to the valley of 
 the Hinter-Rhine. (8) The Spliigeu P. (6945 ft.), on the road 
 leading NE. to Lecco, then N. by the E. side of Lake Como to 
 the valley of the Hinter-Rhine. (9) The Septimer P. (7580 ft.), 
 on the same route as far as Chiavenna, then E. up the Val Bre- 
 gagha, thence N. into the Rhine valley by Oberhalbstein and 
 the Albula valley. (10) The Maloja P. (5940 ft.), on the same 
 route, then leading from the Val Bregaglia into the head of the 
 Inn valley (the Engadine). The next five {loa)-(ioe) all lead 
 from the Engadine or Swiss portion of the Inn valley. (loa) 
 The Julier P. (7500 ft.), then from the Upper Engadine into 
 Oberhalbstein and the Rhine vallev. hob) The Albnla P. 
 (7585 ft-)> NW. to the head of the Albula R. {loc) The Flttela 
 ^« (783s ft. ), N. into the Davos valley, (lod) The Bernlna P. 
 (7640 ft.), SE. through Poschiavo to the Adda valley. (loe) 
 Ofeuberg P. (7070 ft.), SE. into the valley of the upper Etsch 
 at Glurns. The Inn valley may be followed to its mouth, but 
 the shortest road to Augsburg and Munich leads by (iq/') the 
 Fern P. (4100 ft. ), across the outer zone of the A. to the head of 
 the valley of the Loisach. (11) The Stelvlo P. (in German, 
 Stilf^er Jocb, 9040 ft.), on the road from the N. end of Lake 
 Como E. then NE. up the Valtellina (valley of the Adda), into 
 the upper Etsch (Adige) valley. (12) Tonale P. (6145 ft.), on 
 the road branching off eastwards from the upper part of the 
 Valtellina, and proceeding by the Val Corteno and Val Camon- 
 ica to the Val di Sole, and finally joining the valley of the Adige 
 above Trent. IV. From Yenice (Mantua, Verona) up the 
 valley of the Adige to its head, thence by (i) the Reschenscbetd- 
 eck (4890 ft.) down to the Inn valley above the place where 
 the road branches off to the Fern P. (see above, m. 10/), 
 thence westwards up the Stanzerthal across (la) the Arlberg P. 
 into the Klosterthal and the Rhine valley ; or up the Adige and 
 its trib. the Eisack to its head, thence by (2) the Brenner P. 
 (4470 ft.) to Innsbruck on the Inn at the mouth of the Wipp- 
 thal. Thence the shortest wav to Augsburg or Munich leads 
 first a short way up the Inn valley, then NW. by (20) the See- 
 feld P. (3860 ft.) across the outer zone of the A.' to the sources 
 of the Isar and Loisach. The Brenner and Arlberg passes are 
 now superseded by rly. tunnels, the Brenner tunnels, 27 in 
 
 number, the longest being a little more than half a mile long ; 
 opened in 1867; the Arlberg tunnel, 6.37 m. long, summit 
 4300 ft. ; opened in September 1884. It may be noticed that to 
 reach the Lake of Lucerne from Milan only one pass has to be 
 crossed (St. Gothard), and that there is likewise only one pass 
 crossed in reaching the Rhine valley by the Lukmanier, Ber- 
 nardino, Spltigen, or Septimer routes, only one also in reaching 
 the valleys of the Inn and Adige, and that there are only two 
 passes on the route from Milan to Augsburg and Munich (by the 
 Inn valley Stnd the Fern P.), and only two from Venice to Augs- 
 burg and Munich (by the Brenner and Seefeld passes) or the 
 Rhine valley (by the Brenner and Arlberg passes). In the East- 
 em A., to which the remaining roads leading from Venice 
 belong, at least three passes have to be crossed on any route 
 crossing the whole system. (3) By the valley of the Piave and 
 the Ampezzo Road there is easy communication with the 
 Puster-thal, whence one may proceed westwards to the valley of 
 the Adige, or eastwards by the Drave valley to Klagenfurt, the 
 whole valley being now traversed by rly. From Klagenfurt one 
 proceeds N. into the Mur valley by (3a') the Neumarkt Saddle 
 (3300 ft.), following a route traversed for the most part by rivs. 
 of the Drave basin, and now wholly by a rly. Proceeding still 
 farther N. , one may pass from near the source of the Mur across 
 the Niedere Tauern range by (3^) the Radstiidter Tauern P. 
 (5700 ft.) into the head of the Enns valley, and lower down into 
 the same valley by (3^) the Scbober P. (2785 ft.), now also a 
 rly. route; still lower, by (3^) the Prebiibel P. (4025 ft); or 
 one may ascend the Miirz-thal northwards and cross into Lower 
 Austria by (35) the Semmering P. (3215 ft.) or rly. (2970 ft.). 
 There are several easy communications between Venice and the 
 Drave basin by riv. valleys of the Tagliamento basin, the easiest 
 being that by the Fella valley, leading to (4) the Saifluitz P. 
 (2625 ft.), also followed by a rly. V. From Trieste, up the 
 Isonzo valley to the Predll or Raibl P. (3810 ft.), across the 
 Julier A., communicating with the Drave basin. VI. From 
 Laibaeb, the Loibl P. (449S ft.), leading from the Save valley 
 across the Karawanken into the valley of the Drave (Klagen- 
 furt). VII. From tbe bead of tbe Rbone valley (a) north- 
 wards by ^i) the Grimsel P. (7195 ft.) into the Hasle-thal (upper 
 Aar valley), and then farther N. from near a point above the head 
 oftheLakeofBrienzacross(2) theBrttnigP. (3275 ft.), leading 
 to the valley of the Aa and the Lake of Lucerne ; U>) ENE. (con- 
 tinuing the lineof the Upper Rhone valley) across (i) theFurka P. 
 (7990 ft.) into the upper Reuss valley, and (2) across the Ober> 
 Alp P. (6730 ft. ) into the valley of the Vorder-Rhine. See also 
 above, II. and m. (t)-(4). 
 
 Alpstein, mt. -chain of the Alps, Switzd., cant. Appenzell ; 
 highest peak, Santis (8215 ft.). 
 
 Alpujarras, Las (from Arabic, a/ Busherat, ' the place of 
 grass'), a region of mts. and high valleys, Spain. See Anda- 
 Incia. 
 
 Alresford (arls'ford), par., Eng., Essex, Colchester div., 
 on the N. shore of the estuary of the Colne, 4^ m. SE. by E. 
 Colchester, on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Alresford, market-tn. and par. (New A.), Eng., Hampshire 
 Petersfield div., 6^ m. E. by N. Winchester, on the L. & SW. 
 R. Market-day, Th. PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alresford, Old, par., i ra. N. Alresford. P. <5oo. 
 
 Alrewas (awl're-was), par. and vil. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Lich- 
 field div., 4^ m. NE. Lichfield, on the Trent and Mersev Canal 
 and the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. ; 6115 ac. P.<2ooo ;' eccles. 
 par. (A. -witb Fradley) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Alsace-Lorraine, Ger. Elsass-Lotbringen, imperial terr. 
 [Reichsland) in the SW. of Germany, bounded E. by the Rhine, 
 which separates it from the grand-duchy of Baden, and on the W. 
 and SW. by France, the W. frontier being formed by the water- 
 parting of the Vosges (q.v.), from the Elsasser-Belchen in 
 47° 49' N. to 48 J° N., divided into the districts [Bezirke] of 
 Upper Alsace [Oberelsass, corresponding nearly to the old 
 French dep. of Haut-Rhin), Lower Alsace [Unterelsass, Bas- 
 Rhin), and Lorraine [Lothringen, made up of parts of the former 
 deps. of Meurthe and Moselle). These are subdivided into twenty- 
 two circles. The Vosges Mts. occupy the whole of the W. of 
 Alsace, the northern portions belonging partly to Lorraine. The 
 extreme S. of Alsace is an undulating tract, but N. of Miilhausen 
 the E. half belongs entirely to the plain of the middle Rhine 
 [Germany]. Lorraine, the NW. part of the terr., is entirely un- 
 dulating, without any prominent physical features. Nearly the 
 whole terr. belongs to the Rhine basin, the principal tribs. of that 
 river in Alsace being the 111 and Moder ; in Lorraine, the Saar and 
 Mosel (Moselle). Railway communication from theAlsatian plains 
 westward is interrupted by the Vosges over a distance of 75 m. 
 [Vosges, mts. J. The Marne and Rhine Canal crosses the Vosges 
 towards the N. ; the Rhone and Rhine Canal passes through the 
 undulating country in the S. of the prov. The agricultural pro- 
 ducts are those of SW. Germany generally, those requiring a 
 warm climate being more abundant in Alsace, where the vine 
 occupies about 3 per cent, of the surface, than in Lorraine, 
 where it occupies only about i per cent. Forests cover the 
 greater part of the Vosges, but in the N. are confined to the 
 
 35 
 
ALSA — ALTC 
 
 Lorraine side. In the plain of Alsace there is also a large forest 
 to the N. of Hagenau in the N., and between the Rhine and the 
 111 in the SE. Altogether forests cover about 35 per cent, of 
 the surface. The principal mineral product is iron ore, which 
 occurs abundantly in Jurassic oolites in the Diedenhofen circle 
 in the NW. of Lorraine ; and there also are the principal blast- 
 furnaces of the terr. Coal is also produced, the Saar coalfield 
 extending from the Rhine prov, across the Lorraine border; and 
 there is a small detached coalfield at St. Pilt, in Alsace. Large 
 salt deposits at Chateau Salins (Lorraine). Upp^r Alsace is 
 the seat of some of the most important textile industries, especi- 
 ally cotton, in Ger. ; centres, Miilhausen and Kolmar. Glass 
 and porcelain manufactures are largely carried on in Lorraine, 
 near the Vosges, and at no great distance from the Saar 
 coalfield. German is the language of Alsace, with the excep- 
 tion of some small districts, and the boundary between the 
 French and German languages runs from NW. to SE. nearly 
 through the middle of Lorraine. The terr. of A.-L., which 
 is under the direct administration of the empire, was acquired 
 in 1871 from France. In early times Alsace was a part of the 
 older German empire, and in the twelfth century was formed 
 into the two counties of Upper and Lower Alsace, which had 
 varying fortunes until in 1648 the greater part of Alsace was 
 ceded by the Peace of Westphalia to France, which in 1681 
 seized Strassburg and the terrs. subject to that town. Area 
 5602 sq. m. P. (1890) 1,603,506. See Ciermany, table, and 
 Nordgau, Sundgau, and liOrraine. 
 
 Alsager(awrsa-ger), par., Eng., Cheshire, Crewe div., 5m. E. 
 Crewe, with a stn. on the N. StEuffordshire Rly., and 2 m. NW. 
 A. Bd. stn. , PMT. O. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Alsager Bank, vil., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 3 m. 
 NW. by W. Newcastle-under-Lyme, ^ m. SE. Halmer End stn. 
 
 Alsasna, comm. , Spain, prov. Pamplona, 25 m. E. Vitoria. 
 P. <:3C)oo. 
 
 Alsdorf, vil., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 8 m. NNE. Aix-la- 
 Chajjelle, with iron-mines and smelting-fvu-naces. P. <:3000. 
 
 Alseu, isL, Prussia, in the Baltic, govt, of and separated 
 from Schleswig by a narrow channel, called at its N. or wider 
 end the A. Folirde (firth), and at its S. end the A. Snnd 
 (sound). At the S. end of the A. Sund is a bar, over which 
 there is only a depth of 23 ft. Principal exported product, fruit. 
 Chief towns, Norburg and Sonderburg. Area, 130 sq. m. 
 P. 25,000. 
 
 Alsfeld, tn., Ger., grand-duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, cap. circle 
 A., 31 m. ENE. Giessen. P. <4000. 
 
 Alsfeldt, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Grey co. , 50 m. SW. by W. 
 Collingwood. 
 
 Alsli, Locb, a channel, Scot., Ross-shire, on the SW. between 
 the mainland and the I. of Skye. 
 
 AlslebeB, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Saale, 13 m. NNE. Eisleben. P. <3000. 
 
 Alsd, Hungarian, ' Under,' ' Lower.' For some places having 
 this prefix, see under the second part of the name. 
 
 Alson, hamlet, Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 6J m. NNW. 
 Lyme Regis, z\ ra. N. Axminster stn. 
 
 Alsop, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 9J m. WSW. Mat- 
 lock, 5 m. N. by E. Ashbourne stn. ; eccles. par. (A.-le-Dale) 
 P. <25o. See Eaton. 
 
 Alstaden, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on the Ruhr, 7 m. W. 
 Essen ; has coal-mines. P. 5700. 
 
 Alstahong, maritime vil., Norway, prov. Nordland, on the 
 shore of Alsten I., in 65° 55' N., the most northern bishopric in 
 Europe. P. < 2000. 
 
 Alsten, isl., Norway, off the coast of Nordland, with seven 
 snow-capped mountain peaks (the ' Seven Sisters '). 
 
 Alster, riv., Prussia, prov. Holstein, rises about 20 m. N. 
 Hamburg (q.v.), through which it passes to the Elbe. 
 
 Alsterweiler. See Haikanuner-A. 
 
 Alston, par. and market-tn., Eng., Cumberland, in the E. of 
 the Penrith div., on the S. Tyne, 16 m. NE, Penrith, on the 
 N. E. R., with zinc, lead, and umber mines. Market-day, S. 
 36,968 ac. P. <35oo, A. Common or Moor is an upland tract 
 to the S., with a coal-mine. Eccles. par. (A. Moor with 
 Garrlglll) P. <:25oo. 
 
 Alston, par., Eng., Lancashire, Blackpool div., 4 m. NE. by 
 E. Preston. P. <20oo. 
 
 Alstonby, vil., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 6^ m. N. 
 Carlisle, 2 m. E. by N. Lyneside stn. 
 
 Alstone, par., Eng., Gloucestershire. Tewkesbury div., 5 
 m. E. Tewkesbury, 2^ m. S. Beckford stn. P."<25o. See 
 Overbnry. 
 
 Alstonefleld, par. and vil., Eng., Staffordshire, Leek div., 
 9 m. E. Leek, PM.O. P.<500. 
 
 Alstonrllle, tn.. New South Wales, Rous co., 75 m. NE. by 
 N. Grafton. P. < 1000. 
 
 Alt, German, ' old.' For some places having this prefix, see 
 under the second part of the name Alt. 
 
 Alt, riv. , Transylvania and Roumania. See Alnta. 
 
 Alta, tn., S. America, Peru, dep. Lima, 8 m. from the W. ct., 
 120 m. SE. by S. Lima. 
 36 
 
 Alt-agrncla, tn., Venezuela, Zulia, on the E. side of the 
 entrance to the Gulf of Maracaibo. 
 
 Altai, extensive highlands of Siberia, covering an area three 
 times as large as Switzerland (53,000 sq. m.), in SE. Tomskand 
 on the Chinese frontier, in 47°-52° N. lat. and 8o°-90° E. long., 
 join the Sayan highlands in NE. , and separated from the Tar- 
 bargatai and Tian Shan Mts. by the broad depression of the 
 upper Irtysh. The name of Great A., or Altain Nauru, is 
 also given to the border ridge (600 m. long) of NW. Mongolia, 
 which faces the above depression, continued by that of the 
 Urungu, and runs WNW. to ESE. from the A. proper to the 
 desert of Gobi. The Kuzneiskiy Alatau [Alatan] is also often 
 reckoned as belonging to the .■\. system. The highest ridge of 
 the A. is the Sailughem, a border ridge of the high plateau 
 which runs .SW. to NE. along the frontier of China. Its peaks 
 are snow-clad, and the passes across it reach altitudes over 
 10,000 ft. It is accompanied on the NW. by the 7000 to 8200 
 ft. high tabular highlands of Ukek, Chuya, and Juvlu kul, as 
 well as by a series of shorter, partly snow-clad chains (Korgon, 
 Uibinsk, Kholzun, Azaluk, and Katunsk), of which the Ka- 
 tunskiye Byelki is the highest (Kuitun, 12,000 ft.; Byelukka, 
 11,000 ft,;' Izhik tu, 10,200 ft. — all surrounded b) mighty 
 glaciers). They are intersected by deep valleys (Bukhtarma, 
 200 m. long ; Uba, Ulba), the lower parts of which are covered 
 with a rich vegetation, and offer great facilities for agriculture. 
 Several picturesque Alpine lakes (Teletskoye, the largest) are met 
 with in the highlands. The A. is built up of granite, porphyry, 
 and crystalline slates, covered with Silurian, Devonian, and 
 coal-bearing Jurassic deposits. Climate characterised by ex- 
 tremes of heat and cold [Barnaul]. Gold (3600 to 4300 lbs. in 
 1860-72, 2500 to 2900 lbs. since), silver (16,500 to to 23,750 lbs. 
 yearly, 36,000 lbs. previously), copper (about 10,000 cwt. ), coal 
 117,000 to 20,000 tons), lead (20,000 to 33,000 cwt.), some iron 
 (3000 tons), and decorative stones are extracted. "The popula- 
 tion, which is increasing by immigration, is estimated at about 
 700,000 Russians and 45,000 indigenes (Altayans, Telenghites, 
 Kalmucks, and Tartars, mostly Shamanists). Chief occupation, 
 agriculture (3,000,000 acres under culture), cattle breeding, bee- 
 culture (400,000 hives), mining, gathering of cedar-nuts (3000 to 
 10,000 cwts. yearly), and hunting. Active trade with Khobdo, 
 in China, and NW. Mongolia, in cattle and furs. Most of the 
 A. region, including the mining region of the Kuznetskiy Alatau 
 (chief town Kuznetsk), covering an area of nearly 170,000 sq. m., 
 forms, under the name of Altai Mining District, a domain of 
 the Imperial family. Its chief town is Barnaul. 
 
 Altamaba Sound, a bay, U.S., Georgia, between Macintosh 
 CO. and Glynn co. , 54 m. S. Savannah. 
 
 Alta Sllra, tn., isl. of Hayti, repub. of Santo Domingo, 106 
 m. NW. by N. Santo Domingo. 
 
 Altamlrano, settlement, Argentine Republic, Buenos Aires, 
 51 m. SSE. Buenos Aires. 
 
 Altamont, tn. , U.S., Illinois, Effingham co. , 83 m. EXE. 
 St, Louis, Mo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Altamont, settlement, U.S., Kansas, La Bette co., 138 ra. 
 S. by W. Kansas City. 
 
 Altamullan, hamlet. Ire. , W. co. Tyrone, bar. West Omagh, 
 14 m. SW. Strabane. P. <:25o. 
 
 Altamura, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. Ban, 25 m. SW. by S. 
 Bari. Alt. 1420-1550 ft. P. 18,000. 
 
 Altamuskln, place. Ire., co. Tyrone, 3 m. from Sixmile- 
 cross, P.O. 
 
 Altan, Lough, inlet, Ire., in the NW, of co. Donegal, 30 
 m. W. by N. of Londonderry. 
 
 Altano, or Giordano, Capo, a cape, Italy, Sardinia, in the 
 SW., in 39° 14' N. 
 
 Altar, or CoUares, volcano, Ecuador, 100 m. ENE. Guaya- 
 quil. Alt. 17,710 ft. 
 
 Altare, Coll dell', Alpine pass, N. Italy, on the route from 
 Savona to Turin. Alt. 1600 ft. See Alps, Passes, I. (i), and 
 beginning of article. 
 
 Altarnon, par., Eng., Cornwall, div, and 7 m. WSW.' 
 Launceston, P.O. 15,017 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Altasmor and Altasbeg, two adjacent hamlets, Scot. , on the 
 S. border of Sutherland, on the L bk. of the Oykell, 6 m. S\\'. 
 by W. of the foot of Loch Shin, 5^ m. NW. by W. In\er- 
 shin stn. 
 
 Altass, name of P.O., Scot., Sutherlandshire. See Altas- 
 mor. 
 
 Altata, fishing vil,, Mexico, Sinaloa, on the W. ct., 180 m. 
 WNW. Durango, about 24° 40' N. 
 
 AltavlUa Mlllcla, tn., Sicily, on the coast, prov. and 11 in.^ 
 SE. bv E. Palermo. P. < 4000. 
 
 Altavllla Sllentlna, tn., Italy, prov. Salerno. P. <40oo. 
 
 Alt-Bunzlau, market-tn., Austria, Bohemia, 13 m. NE. by 
 E. Prague. P,<sooo. 
 
 Altcar, par., Eng., Lancashire, Southport div., 7\ m. S. by^ 
 W. Southport ; with a stn. (Altcar and Hlllhonse) on the, 
 Ciieshire lines ; 4083 ac. P. <750. j 
 
 Altcar, Little, vil., Eng., Lancashire, Southport div., li ra.. 
 W. Altcar ; with a stn. (Altcar BiHe Bange) on the L. & Y. R. 
 
ALT — ALTO 
 
 Ait>Danun, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, at the 
 head of the Dammscher See, 4 m. ESE. Stettin. P. 5200. 
 
 Altdorf, tu., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle Franconia, 
 12 m. ESE. Nuremberg. P. <:3000. 
 
 Altdorf, market-tn., Switzd. , cant. Uri, 10 m. S. by W. 
 Schvvvz ; with a monument to William Tell. Alt. 1635-1785 
 ft.; mean rainfall (20 years), 52.5 in. P. <:3000. 
 
 Altea, seapt., Spain, prov. Alicante, 30 m. NE. by E. Ali- 
 cante. P. 6qoo. 
 
 Alteu, or Altengaard, seapt. , Norway, Finmark, in 69° 55' 
 N., 105 ni. E. by N. Tromso, at the head or S. end of the 
 Alten-fjord, where it receives from the S. the Alten-elf, a rapid 
 mountain-stream about 100 m. long. On the neighbouring 
 shores of the fjord, even to the N. of the 70th parallel, barley is 
 grown, this being the highest latitude at which cereal cultivation 
 is regularly carried on. On the shores of the fjord are raised 
 beaches. Mean temp., yr. 32.8° Fahr., Feb. 17°, July 53.9°; 
 rainfall (9 years), 10.55 '"• P- <2ooo. 
 
 Altcna, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 17 m. SE. 
 by S. Dortmund ; manufactures iron wares and especially articles 
 in iron wire. P. 10,500. 
 
 Altenan, tn., Ger,, Prussia, prov. Hanover, 29 m. NE. 
 Gottingen; with smelting furnaces. P. <30oo. 
 
 Altenbeken, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, 35 m. SSW. Minden ; with 
 iron foundries. P. < scoo. 
 
 Alteuberg, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony ■ 20 m. S. Dresden. The 
 Kahlenberg, with a meteorological observatory at a height 
 of 3050 ft. above sea-level, is in the neighbourhood. P. 2000. 
 
 Altenberg, comm., in the neutral territory on the E. frontier 
 of Belgium, prov. Liege, 5 m. SW. by S. Aix-la-Chapelle. See 
 Moresnet. 
 
 Altenbcrge, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 8 m. NW, by 
 W. Miinster. P. <30oo. 
 
 Altcnbochnm. See Buchnui. 
 
 Altenbrucli, par., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 21 m. NNE. 
 Bremerhaven, near the mouth of the Elbe. P. <;3000, 
 
 Altenburg, tn. , Ger. , cap. duchy Saxe-Altenburg, 24 m. S. 
 Leipzig, 18 m. N. by W. Zwickau ; has various manufactures 
 and important horse-markets. Alt. 580 ft. P. (1871)20,000; 
 (1890) 31,400. 
 
 .llteuburg, I'Ugarlsch-, Hungarian Magyar-OTar, market- 
 tn., Hungary, cap. prov. Wieselburg (Mosony), 16 m. S. by E. 
 Pressburg, P. <40oo. 
 
 Alteudorf, vil., Austria, prov. Moravia, 30 m. W. by N. 
 Troppau ; with paper factories. P. < 5000. 
 
 Altendorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, near Chemnitz. P. <40oo. 
 
 Altendorf, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , ij m. W. Essen ; with 
 a colony of artisans belonging to Krupp's steel factory. 
 P. 17,800; comra. , including the adjacent vils. (Bauern- 
 schaften) of Holsterhausen (9600) and Frohnhausen (4500). 
 P. 32,000. 
 
 Altendorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, near Ratibor. P. <4000. 
 
 Alteudorf, tn., Prussia, prov. West ph aha, 5^ m. SE, by E. 
 Essen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Alten-elf. See Alteu. 
 
 Alteuessen, vil., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., i^ m. N. Essen, 
 with manufactures of machinery. P. 12,300. 
 
 Altenfiord. See Alteu. 
 
 Altengaard. See Alteu. 
 
 Alteuhageu, vil. , Ger. See Eckesey. 
 
 Altenhetm, comm., Ger., Baden, circle Middle Rhine, 7 m. 
 W. Offenburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Alteu Hnudem, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 40 m. 
 E. by S. Barmen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Alt«ukessel, col. , Ger. See Fiittliugeu. 
 
 Alteukircheu, place, Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., in A. 
 circle, 24 m. E. by S. Bonn ; iron and lead mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Altenmarkt, vil., Austria, Styria, 25 m. SSW. Graz, with 
 important coal deposits. P. <20oo. 
 
 Alteustadt, vil., Ger., Wiirtemberg, Danube circle, dist. 
 Geislingen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Alteusteig, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 28 m. WSW. 
 Stuttgart, on the Nagold R. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 AlteuM'ald, hamlet, Ger. See Snlzbach. 
 
 Alteuweddlugen, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 10 m. 
 SW. by S. Magdeburg, with lignite mines. P. <30oo. 
 
 -llteuMerder, vil., Prussia, prov. Hanover, on the Elbe, 
 near Harburg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Alter-do-CMo, tn., Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, 14 m. SW. 
 Portalegre. It has an old castle and fortifications. P. <30oo. 
 Alternon, par., Eng., Cornwall. See Altamon. 
 
 Alt-Georgs>valde, tn., .'\ustria, Bohemia, 26 m. N\^^ 
 Reichenberg, 3 m. NNE. Rumburg, with mineral springs. 
 P. 5800. 
 
 Altgersdorf, weaving vil, in the E. of kgd. Saxony, 10 m. 
 NW. Zittau. P.<4ooo. 
 
 Altbaldeuslebeu, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 15 m. 
 NW. Magdeburg. P. < 4000. 
 
 Althani, par., Eng., Lancashire, Accrington div. , 4 m. W. 
 Burnley, i m. S. Simonstone stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Aitlianuuer, vil., Austria, Silesia, 36 ni, SE. by S. Troppau, 
 and 3 m. SSE. Friedland. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Althorue, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 6 m. SE. by S. 
 Maldon, on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <soo. See Creeksea. 
 
 .iLlthorp, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, Mid div., with stn. 
 (A.Park) on the L.&NW. R., 6m. NW. Northampton. P.<2So. 
 
 Altborpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey or Gains- 
 borough div., on the 1. bk. of the river Trent, io| m. SE. by S. 
 Goole, with a stn. (A. and Keadby) on the M. S. & L. R., P.O. 
 P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (A. -with Keadby) P. < 1500. 
 
 Althrey, hamlet, Wales, in a detached part of Flint, 5^ m. 
 SE. Wrexham. 
 
 AltbtLtten, vil., Bohemia, near Dobri§, with iron-mines, and 
 iron and other works. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Alt-Klusberg, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, 4 m, SSE. Eger, with 
 glass manufactories. P. < 2000, 
 
 Altklrcb, tn., Ger., govt, of Alsace-Lorraine, 10 m. SSW, 
 Miilhausen, with various manufactories. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Alt-Laudsberg, tn. , Ger., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 13 
 m. E. by N. Berlin. P. < 3000. 
 
 Alt-Lnblau, in Hungarian, 0>Lublo, tn., Hungary, co. 
 Szepes, 48 m. NW. by N. Kaschau. P. <300o. 
 
 Altmark, a dist., Ger., Prussia, in the N. of the prov. 
 Saxony, corresponding pretty nearly with the circles of Oster- 
 burg, Salzwedel, Stendal, and Gardeleben ; formerly a prov. of 
 the electorate of Brandenburg. 
 
 Altuilttwelda, vil, kgd. Saxony. See Mlttwelda. 
 
 Altmover, place, Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. Keenaght, 14 
 m. E. by S. Londonderry, P.O. 
 
 Altmiilil, riv. , Bavaria, flows on the whole SE. to the 
 Danube, which it joins at Kelheim, a few miles above Regens- 
 burg ; canalised in its lower course, which is connected with the 
 Main by the Lud wig's Canal. 
 
 Altuabreac, stn., Scot., Caithness-shire, on the H. R., 15J 
 m. SSW. Thurso, P.O. 
 
 Altnabarra, hamlet, Scot., Sutherland, 13 m. NE. by E. of 
 the head of Loch Shin, P.O. 
 
 Altnamackau, tnld. , Ire., co. Armagh, bar. Upper Fews, 
 near Newtown Hamilton, P.O. (Altnamachln). P. <2SO. 
 
 Altuapaste, tnld.. Ire., S. co. Donegal, bar. Raphoe, South, 
 on the Finn, 16 m. W. Lifford. P.<25o. 
 
 Alto, vil., Argentine Republic, Catamarca, 105 m. S. by W. 
 Tucuman, 26 m. E. by N. Catamarca. P. <20oo. 
 
 Altofts, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire.W. Riding, Normanton div. , 3^ 
 m. NE. bv E. Wakefield, with a stn. (Altofts and lYUtwood) 
 on the M.'R., PMT.O. P.<4000. 
 
 Altolka, settlement. New South Wales, Yantara co., 125 m, 
 NNW. Wilcannia. 
 
 Altonionte, comm., Italy, Calabria, prov. Cosenza, 60 m. 
 NNW. Catanzaro, with iron and silver mines. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Alton, vil., Canada, Ontario, Peel co., 39 m. WNW. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Chesterfield div., 4J m. NE. 
 Matlock, 3 m. W. Clay Cross stn. See Idrldgehay. 
 
 Alton, P.O., Eng., Dorsetshire. See Alton Pancrag. 
 
 Alton, par. and market-tn., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield 
 div., 9^ m. SE. by S. Basingstoke, on the L. & SW. R., 
 PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. P. <5ooo ; eccles. par. (A. ivltb 
 Tbedden) P. <30oo. 
 
 Alton, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Leek div., io| m. SE. by S. 
 Leek, on the N. Staffordshire Rly., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alton, settlement, Queensland, Elgin co., 230 m. W. by S. 
 Brisbane. 
 
 Alton, city and river-port, U.S. , Illinois, Madison co., on 1. bk. 
 of Mississippi R. , a few miles above confluence of the Missouri ; 
 coal and limestone obtained near. P. 10,300. 
 
 Altona, tn. , Ger., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, govt. 
 Holstein, on the r. bk. of the Elbe, adjoining Hamburg on the 
 NW. It arose in the sixteenth century, when numerous inhabi- 
 tants of Hamburg, driven out of that city on account of their 
 religion, settled here. In its business and shipping relations it 
 is now one with Hamburg. It possesses an observatory. Mean 
 rainfall (14 years), 25.65 in. P. (1871)74,000; (1880) 91,000; 
 (1890) 139,500; comm., 143,000. 
 
 Altona, vil., U.S., Illinois, Knox co., 93 m. N. by W. 
 Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alton Barnes, par. , Eng. , Wilts. , Devizes div. , 14 m. S. by 
 W. Swindon, 2 m. N. Woodborough stn., P.O. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (A. B. or Bemers) P. <25o. 
 
 Alton Bay, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Belknap co., S. 
 shore of Winnipiseogee Lake, 24 m. NE. Concord. P. <i5oo. 
 . Alton Pancras, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., j\ m. N. 
 Dorchester, P.O. (Alton). P. <25o. 
 
 Alton Priors, par., Eng., Wilts., Devizes div., 14 m. S. by 
 W.Swindon. P. <:25o. See Overton. 
 
 Altoona, vil., U.S., Iowa, Polk co., 9 m. NE. by E. Des 
 Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Altoona, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, Blair co., 85 m. E. Pitts- 
 burgh, with railway carriage factories and machine shops. The 
 railway leading W. climbs the Alleghanies with steep gradients 
 
A L T O — A M A K 
 
 for II m. Alt. 1179 ft- (R- R-)- P- (1880) 19,000; (1890) 
 30,300. 
 
 Altore, Lough, a small lake, Ire., in the NE. of co. Galway, 
 7 m. NNW. Tuam. 
 
 Altos, vil., Paraguay, 24 m. E. by N. Asuncion. P. <2000. 
 
 Altos de Hnessos, mtn. pass in S. Peru, across which lies 
 the road from Arequipa to Puna. Alt. 13,570 ft. 
 
 Alto Tero, extinct volcano, Spain, prov. and 25 m. NNE. 
 Burgos ; its crater filled with rock-salt and pumice. 
 
 AltPassai^e, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 25 ra. NE. 
 by N. Elbing, 3 m. NW. Braunsberg, on the Frisches HaflF, at 
 the mouth of the Passarge. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Alt Plllan, vil., Ger., Prussia. See Flllan. 
 
 Alt Pllsenetz, comm., Austria, Bohemia, on river Uslawa, 5 
 m. SE. Pilsen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Altranstiidt, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, near Liitzen, where 
 peace was concluded between Charles XII. of Sweden and 
 Augustus II. of Poland and Saxony in September 1706, and in 
 the following year a convention between Charles XII. and the 
 Emperor Joseph I., in which freedom of worship for the Protes- 
 tants of Silesia and Hungary was stipulated for. P, <20oo. 
 
 Altrttdnltz, vil., Prussia, Brandenburg, near Zehden. P.<: 
 2000. 
 
 Altrincliain (awl'tring-am), par. and tn., Eng., Cheshire, A. 
 div., 8 m, W. by S. Stockport, on the M. S. & L. R. and the 
 Cheshire Lines (A. and Bowdon stn.). Market-day, Tu. P. 
 12,400; pari. div. (1891)63,400. 
 
 Alt-Scbalkowitz, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 38 m. 
 SE. by E. Breslau. P. < 3000. 
 
 Altsekb, riv., Alaska, flows SW. into Dry Bay (about 59° 10' 
 N,). Petermanns Mitteil., 1890, p. 256. 
 
 Altstaansen, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 37 m. SW. by S. 
 Ulm, formerly an imperial city. P. <3000. 
 
 AltsoU, Hungary. See Zolyom. 
 
 Altstadt, tn., Austria, Moravia, 42 m. NNW. Olmiitz, at the 
 foot of the Schneeberg. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Altstadteu, or Altstetten, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Zurich, 2^ m. 
 NW. by W. Zurich. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Altstatten, tn., Switzd., cant, and 8 ni. ESE. St. Gall. 
 Alt. 1542 ft. ; mean rainfall (20 years), 51.22 in. P. <:8ooo. 
 
 Alt-StreUtz, tn., Ger. See Strelltz, Alt. 
 
 Alt-Tabor. See Tabor. 
 
 Alt-Tnra, Hungary. See <i-Tiira. 
 
 Altwasser, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 40 m. SW. by 
 W. Breslau, with coal-mines and manufactories of porcelain, 
 mirror-glass, &c. P. 9500. 
 
 Altyn-Inrel (Kalmuck, 'Golden Saddle'), mt. pass across 
 Semiryechensk Alatau, leading from Russian Turkistan to the 
 Chinese town Kulja. Alt. 4660 ft. 
 
 Altyn Tagb ('gold mts.'), a range of mts.. Central Asia, 
 stretching WSW. to ENE. from about 86° to 95° E., in about 
 38°-39° N., on the S. of the Tarim and Gobi deserts, discovered 
 by Przhevalsky on his second journey, 1876-7. Alt. 13,000- 
 14,000 ft., known passes 11,000-13,000 ft. 
 
 Altyre Woods, dist., Scot., Elginshire, in the W., on the 
 r. bk. of the Findhorn, 3 m. S. Forres. 
 
 Alnm Bay, bay, Eng. , at the W. end of the Isle of Wight, 
 noted for its cliffs with bright-coloured nearly perpendicular 
 geological strata (Eocene). 
 
 Alnpka, vil., Russia, on the S. ct. of the Crimea, 7 m, SW. 
 Yalta. Large vineyards. Rich acclimatised flora. 
 
 Alnsbta, vil. , Russia, on SE. ct. of Crimea, and at the foot 
 of Chatyrdagh Mts. Ruins of Justinian's Aluston ; immense 
 vineyards, the best in Crimea ; deep but exposed anchorage. 
 
 Alnta, Alt, Olt, or Oltnl, a trib. of the Danube, rises in the 
 Carpathians ot Transylvania, flows westward, then S. through 
 the chain of the eastern Carpatiiians, and across Roumania to 
 the Danube, opposite Nikopoli, 260 m. long; too rapid for 
 navigation. 
 
 Alva, par. and tn., Scot., Stirlingshire, on the Devon, 2^ m. 
 N. Alloa, on the N. B, R., PMT.O. Par. 5458 ac, P. 5360; 
 tn. P. 5225. 
 
 AlTah, par., Scot., Banffshire, 2 m. S. by W. Banff; 11,488 
 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alvanley, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 7 J m. NE. 
 by E. Chester, i^ m. SE. Helsby stn., P.O. P.<50o. 
 
 AlTarado, seapt. , Mexico, Vera Cruz, on the Gulf of Mexico, 
 33 m. SE. by E. Vera Cruz, with which it is connected by rail. 
 
 AlTarado, vil., U.S., California, Alameda co., near the E. 
 side of San Francisco Bay, 29 m. SE. by E. San Francisco, with 
 beet-sugar factories. P. < 1500. 
 
 AlTarado, city, U.S., Texas, Johnson co., 150 m. NNE. St. 
 Austin. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 AlTaston, par., Eng., Cheshire, Nantwich Union. P. <2SO. 
 
 Alvaston and Boalton, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, S. div. , 3 m. 
 SE. Derby, li m. S. Spondon stn,, PMT.O. P.<:3500. 
 
 Alvechnrcb, par. and vil. , Eng. , Worcestershire, E. div. , 5 m. 
 E. bvN. Bromsgrove,ontheM, R.,PMT.O.; 6800 ac. P, <20oo. 
 
 AiTCley, par,, Eng., Salop, Ludlow div,, 7 m. NW. Kidder- 
 minster, 2 m. SE. Hampton stn., P.O. ; 5462 ac. P. <iooo. 
 38 
 
 AlTerdlscott, par,, Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., 5 m. 
 
 E. Bideford. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (A. or Alscott) P. <:5oo. 
 Alverstoke, par. and vil., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., 
 
 on Stokes Bay, 2J m. W. by S. Portsmouth, close to Stokes Bay 
 stn. P. 25,500 ; eccles. par. (A. M'lth Anglesey and Newtown) 
 P. 10,700. See Ciosport and AlTerstoke. 
 
 AlTerstone, vil., Eng., Isle of Wight, 4^ m. S. by W. Ryde, 
 on the Isle of Wight Central Rly. 
 
 AlTcrthorpeandThornes, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Normantondiv. ,2 m. NW. Wakefield, on the G.N. R. P. 11,700. 
 
 AlTerton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 7^ m. 
 S. Newark, 2 m. NE. Elton stn. P. <:250. 
 
 AlTes, par., Scot., Elginshire, 5 m. W. Elgin, with a stn. on 
 the H. R., P.O. ; 940430. P. < 1500. 
 
 AlTes, New, hamlet, i m. SE. Alves stn. 
 
 AlTescot, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div,, 13J m. 
 SW. by W. Woodstock, on a branch of the G. W. R., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 AlTesdiston, par., Eng., Wilts., Wilton div., 12 m. WSW. 
 Salisbury, 4^ m. SE. by S. Tisbury stn. P. <250. 
 
 AlTeston, par. and place, Eng., Gloucestershire, Thornbury 
 div., 9 m. NNE. Bristol, 3 m. SW. by W. Tytherington stn., 
 P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 AlTeston, par. and vil., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 2J 
 m. NE. by E. Stratford-on-Avon, PM.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Alvie, par., Scot., Inverness-shire, with vil. on the S. shore 
 of Loch A., 8^ m. NE. Kingussie, 2^ m. SW. Aviemore stn. ; 
 86,618 ac. P. <750. 
 
 AlTlgnano, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 5 m. N. 
 Caj azzo. P. < 4000. 
 
 Alvlngbam, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey or Louth 
 div., 3J m. NE. Louth, P.O. P. <50o; eccles. par. (A. with 
 N. Cockerlngton) P. <5oo. 
 
 AlTtngton, par. and place, Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of 
 Dean div., 7 m. NE. Chepstow, 2 m, N. WooUaston stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. See WoUastone. 
 
 AlTlngton, West, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnesdiv., 11 
 m. SW. by W. Dartmouth. P. < 1000. 
 
 AlTtnston, vil., Canada, Ontario, Lambton co. , 35 m. 
 WSW. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Alvlto, tn., Italy, Campania, prov, Caserta, 35 m, N. by E. 
 Gaeta. P. 4000. 
 
 AlTito, tn., Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, 21 m. S. by W. E^ra, 
 with iron ores. P. <20oo. 
 
 Alwalton, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div,, 4 m. 
 WSW, Peterborough , 2 ni. WSW. Overton stn. , P. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Alwar, tn., cap. of native state A., India, Rijputina {q.v.), 
 60 m, NE. Jaipur, with fort, P, (1891) 52,000. 
 
 Alweston, vil,, Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 3 m. SE. Sher- 
 borne, P.O. 
 
 Al'wlngton, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Barnstaple div. , 4 m. 
 SW. Bideford. P.<5oo. 
 
 Alwlnton, or AUenton, par., Eng., Northumberland, in the 
 N. of the Hexham div., on the Coquet, 17^ m. W. by S. 
 Alnwick, 11 m. WSW. Whittingham stn., PT.O. P.<'25o; 
 eccles. par. (A. with Holystone and Kidland) P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Alwoodley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., 4^ m. N. by E. Leeds. P. <:25o. 
 
 Alwyn Water. See Allan Water. 
 
 Alyn, small riv., Wales, Denbigh and Flint, winds past 
 Mold and Caergwrle to the 1. bk. of the Dee. 
 
 Alyth, par. and tn. , Scot. , E. Perthshire and Forfarshire, on 
 the Barn of A., 5^ m. NNE. Coupar-Angus, on the C. R., 
 PMT.O.; 23,296 ac. P, <35oo; tn. P. <:250o. 
 
 Aljrth, Forest of, a dist. lying to the NW. of A. 
 
 .llyth Junction, rly stn., Scot., on the C. R., 5 m. ENE. 
 ( '.)upar-Angus. 
 
 Alzey, tn. , Ger., grand-duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, cap. circle 
 A. , 13 m. NW. by W. Worms. P. 5800. 
 
 Alzonne, tn., France, dep. Aude, 10 m. WNW, Carcas- 
 sonore, on the Canal du Midi. P. <20oo. 
 
 Amacura, riv., S. America, falls into the Orinoco, in 8° 34' 
 N., 60° 7' W. It is navigable for small vessels to the influx 
 of the Yarakita, in 8° N. 
 
 Antad, place named in O. T. See El AmM. 
 
 Aniadens, a large shallow salt lake in the W. of S. Australia, 
 between about 24° and 25° S., discovered in 1872 by E. Giles, 
 named after the King of Spain. 
 
 Amadla, or Amadieh, or Amedl, dist. and tn., Asiatic 
 Turkey, Kurdistan, the town 65 m. NNW. Mosul ; important 
 ibr its trade in gall-nuts. Situated in vilayet Van, sanjak 
 Hekkiari. P. 5000; Kurds, 2100; Jews, 1900 (Cuinet). 
 
 Amador <Sty, vil., U.S., California, Amador co., 40 m. E. 
 bv S. Sacramento. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aniadnn, tn,, Brit. Baluchistan, 28 m. NE. by E. Quetta. 
 
 Amagasakl, tn., Japan, in the S. of Honshiu, Hyogo ken. 
 
 F. 12,800. 
 
 Amager, isl., Denmark, off the E. ct. of Seeland, contain- 
 ing part of Copenhagen. P. 8000. 
 Amakosa, African tribe. See Kafn>arla. 
 
A'M AK — AM B 
 
 A'makaru", riv., on the NW. frontier of Brit. Guiana, navig- 
 able to its first falls in about 8° N., 60° 7' W. Proc. R, G. S., 
 1892, p. 672. 
 
 Amaknsa, isl., Japan, to the S. and W. of Kiushiu. 
 
 Am&I, tn., Sweden, prov. Elfsborg, on the W. side of Lake 
 Wener, 46 m. E. by S. Fredrikshald. P. < 3000. 
 
 Amalliptirani, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Goddvari, 64 
 m. ENE. Masulipatam. P. <9300. 
 
 Amalfl, tn., Colombia, 50 m. NNE. Medellin/ P. <7000. 
 
 Amalfl, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. and 8 m. WSW. Salerno, 
 on the Gulf of Salerno, with old walls and bastions. In the 
 eleventh century the centre of commerce for the Levant. Birth- 
 place of Flavio Gioja, one of the improvers of the mariner's 
 compass. P. < 8000. 
 
 AmallapoUs, Greece. See Nea Mlntsela. 
 
 Amallas, tn., Greece, in the demos of Elis, in the SW. of 
 nomos Achaia and Elis. P. < 5000. 
 
 AmaUenstein, viL, Cape Colony, dist. Oudtshoorn, 75 m. 
 NE. byE. Swellendam. Alt. 1493 ft. ; mean rainfall (16 years), 
 13.74 in. P. < 1500. 
 
 Amalner, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khdndesh, 125 m. 
 SSW. Indore. P. 8000. 
 
 AmalyAra, tn., India, Gujarat, 32 ENE. Ahmaddbdd. 
 
 Amambay, Amambaya, or Amambahy, a plateau or range 
 of mts. on the E. frontier of Paraguay, N. of 24° S., forming 
 the water-parting between the rivers Paraguay and Parana. 
 
 Amandelboom, vil., Cape Colony, dist. Fraserburg, 68 m. 
 E. by N. Calvinia. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Amandola, tn., Italy, The Marches, prov. Ascoli, 44 m. S. 
 by W. Ancona. P. < 5000. 
 
 Amanlan Gate. See Alma Dagh. 
 
 Amantea, comm., Italy, on the W. ct. of Calabria, prov. 
 Cosenza, 32 m. NW. by W. Catanzaro. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Amanweller, vil., Ger., Lorraine, frontier stn. on the rly. 
 to Metz. Near it are deposits of iron-ore and the battlefields of 
 St. Privat-la-Montagne, Ste. Maria- aux-Ch6nes, and Gravelotte. 
 P. <2ooo. 
 
 Aniapala, sea-pt. , Central America, Honduras, on A. Island, 
 in the Gulf of Fonseca, 73 m. SSW. Tegucigalpa. 
 
 Aniapo, an india-rubber trading stn., Bolivia, on the Madre 
 de Dios, in about 11° S., 67° 25' W., 93 m. S. of Novo York on 
 the Aquiry. 
 
 Amara, tn., eastern Sudan, on the r. bk. of the Nile, in 
 about 2of° N. , with ruins of ancient temples. 
 
 Amarn-mayn, riv. , Bolivia. See Mad]re>de-Di08. 
 
 Amaraniba, Lake, S. Africa. See Lnjenda K., also Proc. 
 R. G. S.. 1888, p. 31. 
 
 Amaranth, rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, Dufferin co., 49 m. 
 NW. by W. Toronto. 
 
 Amardpnra (' the city of the gods '), tn. , Upper Burma, on 
 the r. bk. of the Irdwadi, in 21° 5/ N., a few miles below Man- 
 dalay, founded in 1783, cap. of Burmese empire till 1822, and 
 again from 1838 to about i860, with a celebrated temple con- 
 taining a colossal bronze statue of Buddha. The town suffered 
 greatly from an earthquake in 1839. It is connected by a steam 
 ferry with the terminus of the Mu Valley Rly. P. estimated in 
 1810 at 170,000, (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Amaravatl, tn., India. See AmrAotl. 
 
 Amargo, vil., U.S., New Mexico, Rio Arriba co., 105 m. 
 NW. by N. Santa F6; with coal mines. Alt. 6987 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Amargnlllo, riv., Spain, in the SE. of prov. Toledo, r. bk. 
 trib. of the Giguela. C5n the nth and 12th of September 1891 
 this river overflowed its banks, causing a disastrous flood. See 
 Consuegra. 
 
 Amargura, the northernmost of the Tonga Is., in the 
 Pacific Ocean, with active volcanoes. 
 
 Amarkantak, vil.. Central India, in the extreme S. of the 
 state of Rewd, in the Mdikal Range, close to the source of the 
 Narbadd, and also to those of feeders of the Son and Mahdnadf. 
 
 Amaro, Monte, mt., Italy, in the Apennines, 20 m. S. 
 Chieti. Alt. 9170 ft. 
 
 Amarosa, riv., U.S., rising in Nye co. , Nevada, and flowing 
 first S. and then NW. through Inyo co. , California, into Death 
 Valley Sink. 
 
 Amaru-Mayn, riv. See Madre de Dlos. 
 
 Amasla, tn., Asiatic Turkey, 105 m. SSE. Sinope, cap. of 
 sanjak, with several Jewish high schools. P. (once 200,000) 
 now about 8000. 
 
 Amassera, Amasra, or Amasreh, tn. , Asia Minor, on the 
 N. ct. , 126 m. N. by W. Angora. P. 4000. 
 
 Aniat Forest, Scot., Ross-shire, on the 1. bk. of the Carron, 
 about 12 m. SW. by S. of the foot of Loch Shin. 
 
 Amatlllo, vil., Central America, on the S. frontier Oi 
 Honduras, 75 m. S. Tegucigalpa. 
 
 Amatlqne, bay, Guatemala and Brit. Honduras, at the head 
 of the bay of Honduras. 
 
 Amatltlan, tn. , Central America, state and 12 ni. SW. by 
 S. Guatemala, cap. A. dep. P. 9500. 
 
 Amatltlan, tn. , Mexico, Jalisco, 32 m. W. Guadalajara. 
 
 Amatola, a short mtn. range, Cape Colony, to the SE. of the 
 Little Winterberg, N. of King Williamstown, with government 
 forests. Alt. 6500 ft. 
 
 Amatouga. See Tonga Land. 
 
 Amatrlce, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, on riv. 
 Tronto, 32 m. E. by N. Terni. Alt. 3130 ft. P. 7000. 
 
 Amay, comm., Belgium, prov. Liige, on the Meuse, 13 m. 
 WSW. Liege, 3I m. ENE. Huy. P. < 5000. 
 
 Amazon, Maralion, or SoltmSes, the chief river of S. 
 America, and the largest in the world, in regard to its volume 
 and extent of basin. The name Rio de las Amazonas, was first 
 applied by the Spanish expedition under Orellana, which de- 
 scended the river in 1541, and the members of which thought 
 they saw female warriors among the tribes on its banks. In S. 
 America this name is applied only to the lower course of the 
 river. The middle part of the river (above the mouth of the Rio 
 Negro) is called the Rio dos SolimOes (after a once numerous 
 and powerful Indian tribe), and the name Maranon, originally 
 applied (as early as 1499) to the estuary of the A., discovered by 
 Pinzon, is now confined to what is usually regarded as the head- 
 stream of the A., and is called by the Indians the Tunguragua. 
 This headstream, which rises in about io|° S., 76° 40' W,, is 
 far from being the largest, but it is that which enables one in 
 ascending to continue a westerly course furthest. The longest 
 headstream is the Ucayali, the principal headstream of which, 
 the Apurimac, originates about 15° 20' S., 72° W. Both rivers 
 have a course at first northward ; the Maranon, near lat. 6° S. , 
 bends, and after receiving the Huallaga from the S. , joins the 
 Ucayali about 4° 30' S. , 73° 25' W. Here the stream has depth 
 sufficient for any class of ships. Thenceforth the Amazon 
 flows generally E., through the Brazilian terr. to the Atlantic, 
 which it enters nearly under the equator, and between 48° and 
 50° W. Its estuary widens until it is 180 m. across. Its length 
 from the source of the Maranon is estimated at 3050 m. ; and 
 from the head of the Apurimac at 3415 m. ; for great part of 
 which (viz., from the ocean to Pongo de Manseriche, in 4° 29' S., 
 77° 33' W. , where the Marafion issues from the Andes) it is navig- 
 able and uninterrupted by any rapid or cataract. At least twenty 
 rivers, navigable to near their sources, pour their waters into it, 
 besides numerous less important streams. Chief tributaries the 
 Napo, Putumayo, Yapura, and Rio Negro from the N. ; the 
 Yavari, Jutai, Jurua, Coari, Purus, Madeira, Tapajos, and 
 Xingu from the S. By the Casiquiare {^.v. ), a branch of the Rio 
 Negro, the Amazon has a direct and remarkable connection 
 with the Orinoco. The Amazon and its tributaries afford an 
 immense inland navigation, estimated at 50,000 m. ; and the 
 extent of its basin (excluding that of the Tocantins) has been 
 computed at about 2,320,000 sq. m. Its depth is great ; at 
 Nauta, to which steamers of 1000 tons can ascend (2000 m. from 
 the mouth), it is 7 fms. ; at Tabaiinga, 11 ; and on the average 
 27 fms. below Manaos. At Obidos the depth is 40 fms. The 
 velocity is at the average rate of 3J m. an hour below Tabatinga, 
 and its waters remain distinguishable from those of the ocean 
 400 or 500 m. from its mouth. Tides ascend for more than 500 
 m. from the Atlantic, and near full moon occasion a formidable 
 bore (locally called pororoca), when the water rushes into the 
 channel, with waves of about 5, or very rarely 15 ft. in height. 
 The tropical rains swell the river annually to 40 or 50 ft. above 
 its ordinary level. The Marafion attains its greatest height in 
 January, the SolimQes in February, the Amazon in the middle 
 of March. In the lower part of its course the Amazon abounds 
 with islands, and in its estuary are the large islands Marajo and 
 Caviana. A pecuhar feature of the A. river is presented by the 
 igarapes or paranamerins, natural channels running through the 
 dark forest parallel to the main stream, and connecting the 
 different tribs., making it possible to go in a canoe for at least 
 1000 m. above Santarem without once entering the main stream. 
 The A. has no true delta, the islands at its mouth having to a large 
 extent a rocky basis ; but in the sea to the E. of the mouth 
 extensive shallows have been caused by the deposition of river 
 sediment. The main exit of the A. has not yet been surveyed, 
 and no route is known up the river from that exit, so that 
 Atlantic steamers ascending the river pass from the town of Para 
 to the A. by a number of channels (furos), so narrow that the 
 steamers almost graze the bushes on each side. The most im- 
 portant trade is in india-rubber, derived from forests on the banks 
 of its tribs., in cacao, and in pirarucu, or the codfish of the A., 
 which forms the principal food of the natives. See Para (R.). 
 
 Amazonas, a vast state in the W. of Brazil, bordering on 
 Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia, traversed by 
 the Rio Negro, Yapura, Amazon, Jurua, Purus, and Madeira, 
 the last of which partly separates it from the prov. of Matto 
 Grosso ; principal product india-nibber. See Brazil. 
 
 Amazonas, terr. in the SW. of Venezuela, the southern part of 
 which belongs to the basin of the Amazon. See Venezuela. 
 
 Amb, an estate {jdgir), consisting of mountainous terr. in 
 the NW. of the Hazdra dist., Punjab, India, the owner of 
 which is also feudal superior of Tandwal, between Hazdra dist. 
 and the Indus, and chief of the independent state of A., with 
 village of A. on the r. bk. of the Indus. 
 
 39 
 
AMB A 
 
 AM EL 
 
 Ambaea, Ambaka, or Pamba, tn. , Portuguese W. Africa, 
 150 m. E. by S. Loanda, in 9° 14' S., 15° E. Alt. 2340 ft. 
 
 Ambabto, tn., Brit. India, NW. Pro v., dist. Sahiranpur, 50 
 m. SE. Ambala, P. 6000. 
 
 Ambahy, tn. , Madagascar, on the E. ct. , in about 22° 50' S. 
 
 Amb&la, or Vmballa, city, Brit. India, Punjab, cap. dist. 
 A., in A. div. [Punjab], 54 m. SSW. Simla, starting-point of 
 the branch line to K41ka. on the route to Simla. There is a 
 cantonment 4 m. SE. Alt. 900 ft. ; mean rainfall, yr. 35.4 in., 
 June-Sept. 28.3 in. P. (1872) 51,000; (1891) including canton- 
 ment, 79,300; Hindus, 40,300; Moham. 30,500. 
 
 Ambalema, tn. , Colombia, Tolima, on 1. bk. Magdalena, 
 50 m. W. by N. Bogota ; e.xcellent tobacco grown. P. 6000. 
 
 Aiuban Ashkan Da wan, pass, central Asia. See Colam- 
 bas Honntalns. 
 
 Ambarab, tn., eastern Sudan, 37 m. SE. by E. Kassala. 
 
 AmbaraTa, tn. , Java, 18 m. S. by W. Samarang, with fort 
 Willem I. at alt. 1650 ft. 
 
 AinbiUamlkdrain, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 16 m. 
 W. Tinnevelli. P. 9900. 
 
 Ambas Bay, bay, Ger. W. Africa, Kamerun terr., in 4° N., 
 9° 10' E. 
 
 Anibaston, vil. , Eng. , Derbyshire, S. div., 54 m. SE. by E. 
 Derby, on the Derwent, i m. W. by S. Draycott stn. 
 
 Ambatala, settlement, Queensland, McKinlay co., 360 m. 
 WSW. Rockhampton. 
 
 Ambatlkl, one of the Fiji Is. , in the S. Pacific, in 17° 4/ S. , 
 179° 11' W. 
 
 Ambato, tn. , Ecuador, cap. prov. Tunguragua, situated 
 in a sheltered hollow 78 m. S. by W. Quito. Alt. 8500 ft. 
 P. 13,000. 
 
 Ambato, Sierra de, mt. range, Argentine Republic, on the 
 W. side of the valley of Catamarca. Highest peak above 8000 ft. 
 (Moussy, in Latzina). 
 
 Anibelakla, Greece. See Ampelakla. 
 
 Amber, a small isl. off the NE. ct. of Mauritius. 
 
 Amber, tn., India, Rajputdna, 5 m. NNE. Jaipur, pic- 
 turesquely situated at the mouth of a mountain gorge, formerly 
 cap. of state of Jaipur, but now decayed. P. 5000. 
 
 Amber, cape, the most northerly point of Madagascar. 
 
 Amberg, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, 
 34 m. E. Nuremberg, with royal gun factory and various other 
 manufactories. P. 19,000. 
 
 Amberg, a rocky ridge about 6 m. long on the E. shore of 
 Lake Wettern, Sweden ; limestone and slate quarries, with 
 many fossils. 
 
 Ambergate, vil.^ Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div., 9J ra. N. 
 Derby, on the M. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Ambergris Cay, or Key, isl., Brit. Honduras, off the N. 
 f)art of the coast, separated by a very narrow strait from the SE. 
 of Yucatan ; named from the ambergris found on its shores. 
 
 Amber Hill, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 6 
 m. WNW. Boston, 2 m. WSW. Langrick stn., P.O. ; 5439 ac. 
 P. <750. 
 
 Amb^rlen-en-Bugey, tn., France, dep. Ain, arr. Belley, 30 
 m. ENE. Lyons. P. < 2000. 
 
 Amberley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Stroud div. , 
 8 m. NE. Wotton-under-Edge. P. < 1500. 
 
 Amberley, eccles. par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 6 
 m. NNE. Hereford, 3I m. NE. by E. Moreton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Amberley, par. and vil., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 4 m. 
 NNE. Arundel, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PM.O. P.<75o; 
 eccles. par. (A. wltb Houghton) P. < 1000. 
 
 Amberley, tn.. New Zealand, South I., Ashley co., 24 m. N. 
 E. by Christchurch, on a rly. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ambemo, riv., Dutch New Guinea, flows N. into the Pacific 
 in about 147° 45' E. , navigable by small steamers about 60 m. up. 
 
 Ambersham, North and South, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Sussex, Horsham div., 10 m. NNE. Chichester, 2 m. E. Mid- 
 hurst stn. A., North, P. <25o; A., South, P. <25o. 
 
 Ambert, tn. , France, dep. Puy de Dome, arr. A. , on the Dore, 
 33 m. W. by N. St. Etienne. Alt. 1740 ft. P. <:4000. 
 
 Amblka, riv. , India, flows W. into the Arabian Sea about mid- 
 way between Surat and Damin, navigable for about 11 m. up for 
 boats of 50 tons, bar at mouth, with 2 or 3 ft. of water at low tide. 
 
 Ambln, mt. , in the Western Alps, on the border of France 
 and Italy, 39 m. W. by N. Turin. Alt. 11,095 ft. 
 
 Amble, hamlet, Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 7 m. NW. 
 by N. Bodmin. 
 
 A3mble, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., on 
 Warkworth barb., 7 m. SE. Alnwick, on the N. E. R.; P.MT.O. 
 P. <3ooo ; eccles. par. (A. with Hanxley) P. <45oo. 
 
 Amblecote, hamlet and par., Eng., Staffordshire, suburb of 
 Stourbridge, with coal and iron-stone. P. <30oo. 
 
 Ambler Thorn, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, Shipley div., 2jm. 
 N. Halifax, P.O. 
 
 Ambler, bor. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, Montgomery co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ambles, Val de, Spain. See AdaJa, K. 
 
 Ambleside, par., Eng., Westmorland, in the SW. of the 
 Appleby div., i m. from the N. end of Windermere Lake, iij 
 40 
 
 m. NW. Kendal, 4^^ m. NNW. Windermere stn. ; with slate 
 quarries. Market-days, W. and S. Noted tourist resort. Par. 
 4384 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Ambleston, par. and place, Wales, Pembrokeshire, 7 m. 
 SSE. Fishgward, P.O. ; 4072 ac. P. <500. 
 
 Ambleteuse, fishing vil. and watering-place, France, dep. 
 Pas de Calais, on the coast, 7 m. N. Boulogne ; a fort and excel- 
 lent port when in the hands of the English, but which lost its 
 importance thfough the silting up of its harbour. James II. 
 disembarked here after his flight from England in 1689. The 
 harbour is believed to be the Portus Citerior of the Romans. 
 P. <: 2000. 
 
 Ambl^ve, riv., Belgium, prov. Li^ge, flows NW. and W.,and 
 joins the Ourthe, 12 m. to the S, of Lifege. Length about 52 
 m. , of which only about 5 m. are navigable. 
 
 Ambohimandroso, tn., Madagascar, Betsileoprov., in about 
 21° 48' S. , 46° 57' E. 
 
 Ambohimanga, tn. , Madagascar, 14 m. NNE. Antananarivo. 
 P. about 5000. Jour. R. G. S., 1875, p. 144. 
 
 Ambohlpeno, tn., Madagascar, on the E. ct., in about 
 22° 23' S. 
 
 Amboina, or Amboyna, in Malay, Ambon, one of the 
 Molucca Is., lying to the S. of the W. end of Ceram. It is one 
 of the smaller islands, but one of the most important of the 
 group ; surface hilly but fertile, producing great quantities of 
 cloves, along with cassia, coffee, &c. The town of A. , situated 
 on a long bay indenting the S. side, is the cap. of the Moluccas 
 {q-vX Mean temp., Jan., 80.5 ; July, 77.1 ; year, 79.2. Area 
 of island, 264 sq. m. P. 238,000 (2100 Europeans) ; tn. 7800 
 (700 Europeans). 
 
 Ambolse, tn., France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Loire, 14 m. E. Tours, commanded by a castle built by 
 Charles VII. (who made it a royal residence) and Louis XII., 
 and in which Charles VIII. was born and died. The town has 
 long been noted for its excellent steel wares and files ; birthplace 
 of Cardinal d'A., one of the ministers of Louis XII. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Ambolo, a beautiful valley in the SE. of Madagascar, in 
 24° 15' S., with town of the same name. 
 
 Ambosltra, tn. , Madagascar, iiom. S. by W. Antananarivo. 
 
 Amboy, city, U.S., Illinois, Lee co., 87 m. SE. Dubuquea I. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Amboyna Cay, uninhabited sandbank in the middle of the 
 S. China Sea, NW. of Labuan, annexed by the British in 1877, 
 and leased for the collection of guano. 
 
 Ambras, or Amras, castle and vil., Austria, Tirol, on the 
 Inn near Innsbruck, with the health resort of Egerbach in its 
 vicinity. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ambrl6res, tn. , France, dep. Mayenne, on the Mayenne, 25 
 m. NNE. Laval, 8 m. N. Mayenne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ambrlm, or Ambrym, isl. in the Pacific, one of the New 
 Hebrides, south of 16° S. , crossed in the W. by 168° E. , with 
 active volcano. 
 
 Ambrlz, tn. and seapt., Portuguese Lower Guinea, at the 
 mouih of the Loje, in about 7° 50' S. , cap. of dist. A. Chief 
 export, coffee. Exports also ivory, copal, &c. Large deposits 
 of copper at Bemble near A. 
 
 Ambrlzette, seapt. , W. Africa, Portuguese Lower Guinea, 
 at the mouth of the M'Brije, in 7° 14' S. 
 
 Ambrosden, par. and vil., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock 
 div., 10 m. E. Woodstock, 2 m. SSE. Bicester, P.O. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (A. with Arncot and Blackthorn) P. <75o. 
 
 Ambrozetown, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Bargy, near 
 Taghmon ; 2197 ac. P. <500. 
 
 Ambukol, place. Eastern Sudan, on the L bk. of the Nile, in 
 about 18° N. , starting-p>oint for caravans crossing the Bayuda 
 Steppe. 
 
 Ambur, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. N. Arcot, on PAldr 
 R., 28 m. W. by S. Vellore, with fort on the almost inaccessible 
 A Dnig, commanding an important pass into the Carnatic. 
 P. 10,600. 
 
 Amby Downs, settlement, Queensland, Kennedy co. , 280 m. 
 SW. by S. Rockhampton. 
 
 Amcotts, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div. , on I. 
 bk. Trent, 9 m. SE. Goole, 4^ m. ENE. Crowle stn., P.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Amden, comm. , Switzd. , cant. St. Gall, 8^ m. NE. by N. 
 Glarus. P. <20oo. 
 
 Amdo, prov. , Tibet, bordering on Western China. 
 
 Ameca, tn., Mexico, Jalisco, 65 m. WSW. Guadalajara. P. 
 10,000. 
 
 .Imecameea, plateau, Mexico, situated to the SW. of the 
 capital. 
 
 Amelde, vil. , Holland, prov. S. Holland, on the Lek, 10 m. 
 SW. Utrecht. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Ameland, isl., Holland, in the North Sea, included in the 
 prov. of Friesland, 13 m. long by 2-3 m. broad, separated from 
 the I. of Terschelling (prov. N. Holland) by the channel called 
 A. Cat ( • gate ' ). P. < 3000. 
 
 Amelia, tn., Italy, Umbria, prov. Perugia, 12 m. W. Terni. 
 P. <900o. 
 
i 
 
 AMEL — AMER 
 
 Amelia, co., U.S., Virginia, N. of 37° N., and crossed by 
 78° W. 
 
 Ani^lle-les-Baliis, watering-place, France, dep. Pyr^n^es- 
 Orient, in the valley of the Tech, 20 m. SW. Perpignan ; with 
 sulphurous saline mineral springs, 7i°-i72° F. P. <20oo. 
 
 Amendolara, tn., Italy, Calabria, prov. Cosenza, 49 m. 
 SW. by S. Taranto. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ajnenl, the largest of the Laccadive Is. 
 
 America, or the Jiew World, the great division of the globe 
 between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, along with the adjacent 
 islands and Greenland. It was discovered by Norsemen about 
 1000 A.D., and various parts of the coast, to which they gave the 
 names of Helluland or Stone-land, Markland or Wood-land, 
 Vinland or Vine-land, and Hvitramannaland or White Men's 
 Land, were settled by them, but they were driven out by the 
 Skrolinger (Eskimo), and the knowledge then gained became 
 only a Norse tradition. The continent was subsequently dis- 
 covered and forgotten on other occasions (see /our. R. G. S. , 
 1873, p. 156), and was finally made known to Europe by the 
 voyage of Columbus, who landed on Watling I., Bahamas, on 
 the I2th of October 1492. Its southern part was in large part 
 explored in 1501-2 by the Florentine Amerigo Vespucci, and 
 the continent was named after him by Waltzemiiller or Waldsee- 
 muUer (Hylacomylus) in his Cosmographice Introductio (1507). 
 Long after that it continued to be known in the Pyrenean 
 Penin. as the West Indies, the continent having been at first 
 believed to be tlie eastern part of Asia. The Isthmus of Panama 
 divides the continent into two great sub-divisions, North A. and 
 South A. The name Central A. is applied in a political sense 
 to the five republics of North A. to the S. of Mexico, and 
 usually in a geographical sense to the region occupied by these 
 republics, but it is also applied by some in the latter sense to 
 the land extending from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to that of 
 Panama. The prevailing feature of the continent, in respect of 
 which it contrasts in a marked manner with the Old World, 
 consists in the fact that the great mountain ranges have a more 
 or less southerly trend. Such ranges are nearly continuous on 
 the W. side of the continent from N. to S. , and stretch over a 
 great length on the E. side also, both in North and South A. , 
 vast plains being interposed between. The only notable excep- 
 tion to this character is found in the highlands in the N. of 
 South A. The original natives of A., known as American Indians, 
 are believed to be all of one stock. They now form less than 
 one-fourth of the entire population, and are most numerous 
 in South A. The remaining inhabitants are mainly de- 
 scendants of European immigrants, and of African negroes 
 originally introduced as slaves, with a smaller admixture of 
 Chinese and other immigrants. The entire population is com- 
 paratively small [Continents], and A. has no considerable 
 extent of territory with a population comparable in density to 
 Europe, China, or India in the Old World, even though there 
 are large tracts fitted by nature for the maintenance of a dense 
 population. The explanation of this contrast is to be found in 
 the history of the continent. Compared with the Old World, 
 A., before its discovery by Europeans at the close of the 
 fifteenth century, was very poorly furnished with the cultivated 
 plants and domestic animals that favour the growth of civilisa- 
 tion. A. had only one kind of cultivated grain, maize, to 
 take the place of wheat, oats, rice, and other grains of the Old 
 World; and it had no animal that could be used for the 
 labours of the field, no animal except the reindeer of the far 
 north yielding milk, and North A. had not even any beast of 
 burden. Hence civilisation was little developed among the 
 natives, and indeed only two important civilised nations existed 
 before the advent of Europeans, one on the tableland of Mexico 
 and the other on that of Peru. 
 
 America, Central, is the long and narrow region between 
 8° (Gulf of Darien) and 21° 30' N., 'jj" and 94° W., connecting 
 the continents of North and South A. In a more limited 
 sense the term is applied to the following five Spanish-speaking 
 republics, together with Brit. Honduras, between 7° and 18° 30' 
 N., 82° 30' and 92° 30' W. : — 
 
 States. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. in. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Guatemala . 
 Salvador . 
 Honduras . 
 Nicaragua . 
 Brit. Honduras . 
 Costa Rica . 
 
 Total . 
 
 48,301 
 
 8.13s 
 46,262 
 
 47.857 
 
 7.562 
 
 23,001 
 
 1,452,000 
 777,900 
 381,900 
 282,800 
 31.500 
 243,200 
 
 Guatemala. 
 San Salvador. 
 Tegucigalpa. 
 Managua. 
 Belize. 
 San Jose. 
 
 181, n8 3,169,300 
 
 Geographically, the state of Panama is a part of Central A., 
 but politically it belongs to the republic of Colombia. The 
 greatest length from SE. to NW. is about 300 m. ; breadth 
 varying from 70 to 310 m. In the narrowest part to the S. 
 
 (Costa Rica) mountains extend from sea to sea. In the broader 
 part further N. mountains stretch almost continuously from 
 NW. to SE., with a steep slope towards the Pacific, while on 
 the E. a tableland, with a very varied surface, however, slopes 
 gradually towards the Atlantic, beginning in the W. with an 
 elevation of upwards of 2000 ft. Two well-marked features vary 
 the surface in this northern portion. One is a series of valleys 
 and lake-filled hollows stretching SE. from the Gulf of Fonseca 
 to the W. of the Pacific slope of the mountains ending to the S. of 
 the Gulf of Nicaragua. The other is a line of valleys stretching 
 from sea to sea due N. from the Gulf of Fonseca, traversed in 
 the S. by the river Goascoran, in the N. by the river Humuya. 
 Here grassy savannahs interrupt the forests, otherwise continuous 
 on the Atlantic slope. Throughout Central A. volcanoes are 
 numerous and earthquakes frequent. Columbus discovered this 
 region in 1502 ; in 1527 it was made a Spanish capt. -generalship, 
 and it belonged to Spain until 1821, when Guatemala first 
 declared its independence. The several states subsequently 
 formed a confederation, which was dissolved in 1839. See 
 also Sontb America, fanna. 
 
 America, North. The coast-line of this continent is most 
 varied in the northern half. The W. coast is for the most part 
 steep. The long Gulf of California here forms a very con- 
 spicuous feature, but apart from that the coast S, of 48° N. is 
 broken only here and there by small rocky bays and gulfs, 
 which, however, in many cases form excellent natural harbours. 
 The islands on the W. coast of British Columbia and Alaska 
 guard an inner channel, with very sheltered navigation stretch- 
 ing through about 12° of latitude. On the E. side the estu- 
 ary of the St. Lawrence, the mouth of the Hudson, Delaware 
 Bay, and Chesapeake Bay, form important inlets in middle 
 latitudes. South of Delaware Bay the E. and S. coasts are 
 generally low, and in many places double, A series of natural 
 levees, formed of alluvial sand by the mutual action of river- 
 currents and sea-waves, run parallel to the mainland coast, 
 from which they are .separated by quiet lagoons and sounds. 
 Surface. — A great plain stretches down the middle of the 
 continent from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, sloping 
 gradually up to the Rocky Mountains in the W., and the 
 Appalachian Mountains and other highlands in the E. In the 
 S. of the United States this plain spreads eastwards to the 
 Atlantia Almost the entire area W. of the Rocky Mountains is 
 at a high elevation, and so also is the greater part of the surface 
 in the S. of the United States, the principal plains and lowlands 
 in the latter area being in the penin. of Yucatan, and the E. of 
 the penin. belonging to Honduras and Nicaragua. The highest 
 mountains are volcanic peaks in the NW. of the continent (Mount 
 Logan, about 19,500 ft.), and in Mexico (Popocatapetl and 
 Orizaba, both about 18,000 ft. in height). There are two areas 
 below sea-level, both in the S. of California — the Death Valley, 
 225 ft., and the San Felipe Sink, 300 ft. The principal 
 rivers are the Mississippi and its tribs,, and the St. Lawrence, 
 belonging to the Atlantic basin, the Columbia and the Yukon 
 belonging to the Pacific basin, and the Mackenzie and other 
 rivers of the Arctic basin [Canada]. The great fresh-water 
 lakes belonging to the basin of the St. Lawrence are without 
 a parallel elsewhere. The largest of them is the largest body 
 of fresh-water in the world, and there is no other chain of lakes 
 to be compared with them in importance. [Warren Lake.] 
 The following table furnishes the most important particulars 
 regarding them : — 
 
 
 Water 
 
 Drainage 
 
 Height 
 above 
 
 Greatest 
 
 Discharge 
 
 Name. 
 
 Surface. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Depth. 
 
 cubic ft. 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 ft. 
 
 ft. 
 
 
 L. Superior , 
 
 31,200 
 
 51,600 
 
 601.8 
 
 1008 
 
 86,000 
 
 L. Michigan , 
 
 22,450 
 
 37,700 
 
 581.3 
 
 870 -) 
 
 
 Huron and 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 225,000 
 
 Georgian Bay 
 
 23,800 
 
 31,700 
 
 581.3 
 
 702 J 
 
 
 L. St. Clair . 
 
 410 
 
 3.400 
 
 
 
 
 L. Erie . 
 
 9,960 
 
 22,700 
 
 572.9 
 
 210 
 
 265,000 
 
 L. Ontario . 
 
 7,240 
 
 21,600 
 
 246.6 
 
 738 
 
 300,000 
 
 i 
 
 To the N. and NW. are numerous lakes, large and small, often 
 very irregular in outline, presenting a marked correspondence 
 to the lakes of Finland. Of the larger of these lakes, however 
 (Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake, Athabasca, Winnipeg), 
 even the smallest greatly exceeds in size the largest of those of 
 Finland. In accordance with the general correspondence be- 
 tween North A. and Eurasia, the climate of the W. of the 
 former continent answers to that of western Europe, that of the 
 E. to that of eastern Asia ; but the climate of the K of North 
 A. is not so severe as that of eastern Asia, while, in consequence 
 of the superior warming effect of the Gulf Stream Drift as com- 
 pared with the Kuro Siwo Drift, the W. coast is not so mild as 
 in corresponding latitudes of Europe. Hence the most populous 
 (warm temperate) regions of the E. in A. are somewhat farther 
 
 41 
 
AMER — AMHE 
 
 N. than the corresponding regions of eastern Asia, those of the 
 W. of North A. somewhat farther S. than the corresponding 
 regions of Europe. Important differences in climate are due to 
 the direction of the mountain chains. The Rocky Mountains, 
 shutting off the moisture from the Pacific, cause a large part of 
 the interior of the United States to be too dry for agriculture 
 without irrigation, and the open plain between these mountains 
 and the Appalachians allows even the most southerly points of 
 the United States, as well as the E. coast of Mexico, to be swept 
 from time to time by icy winds from the N., so that ice forms at 
 the mouth of the Mississippi, in lat. 30° N. ; and even in the 
 extreme S. of Texas (lat. 26° N., about the same latitude as that 
 of Patna, in Bengal), as much as nine degrees of frost has some- 
 times been experienced. [Canada, United States, Mexico.] As 
 regards fanna, almost the whole of North A. , exclusive of Central 
 A. and the lowlands of Mexico, is referred by Wallace to the 
 Nearctic zoogeographical region, the most abundant animals in 
 which are in many cases closely allied to those of the Palaearctic 
 region of Asia and Europe (the once abundant but now nearly 
 extinct bison or ' buffalo' had a congener in the European bison 
 of western Russia), but distinguished by the possession of three 
 peculiar genera of moles, including the highly remarkable star- 
 nosed mole ; of the raccoons, a peculiar family of carnivora ; of 
 peculiar rodents, including pouched rats and the prairie-dog ; 
 and of the opossum, and a few other peculiar mammalian forms, 
 and by the absence of hedgehogs, wild pigs, and dormice. 
 Information as to the Yegetatlon will be found in the articles 
 on the principal countries, but a few general facts may be 
 mentioned here. The northern limit of forests runs from about 
 69^° N. in the N. of Alaska SE. to about Fort Churchill on 
 Hudson Bay, from about the middle of the E. side of Hudson 
 Bay to the middle of the W. side of Ungava Bay, and then runs 
 SE. , leaving a strip of about 50 to 80 m. treeless on the coast 
 of Labrador. There are large areas treeless, except along the 
 river banks, or with no more than 20 per cent, of the surface 
 occupied by trees, over a large part of the drier parts of the 
 interior (the ' plains ' and ' prairies '), the area of this character 
 extending in Athabasca, in about ii7°-ii8° W., nearly to the 
 6oth parallel of latitude. But the absence of trees over a large 
 part of this area is not due to the insufficiency of rain, but 
 appears to be chiefly attributable to the prevalence of prairie 
 fires, and forests are spreading in certain places as settlement 
 advances. The prevailing forest-trees in the N. and W. are 
 conifers, the forests of the western mountains being remarkable 
 for their giant conifers (Douglas fir, sequoias, &c.). (See the 
 ninth vol. of the Census Report of the U.S. for 1880, with the 
 accompanying maps, and Petermann's Mitteil., 1886, Plate 12.) 
 Among the most noteworthy ficts with regard to the consti- 
 tuents of the North American flora are the prevalence of 
 Compositae (asters, golden-rods, &c.) in the prairie flora; the 
 prevalence in modern times of European invaders over a large 
 part of the continent ; and the close resemblance between the 
 native temperate flora of the eastern parts of the continent, and 
 that of the eastern parts of Asia, including Japan, a resemblance 
 not found to exist between that flora and the flora of Europe on 
 the western parts of the North American continent. This last 
 fact was explained by Prof. Asa Gray as due to a flora origin- 
 ally flourishing in Arctic regions in a warm period being driven 
 southwards by the oncoming of a colder chmate, and the survival 
 of similar forms in regions that correspond with one another in 
 climate. See Appendix, p. 2, and the articles on the countries 
 there enumerated. 
 
 America, South. The coast-line of this continent is almost 
 as uniform as that of Africa, except in the southern part on the 
 W. side, where, from the island of Chiloe southwards, there is a 
 long chain of islands, backed by a coast broken by numerous 
 fiords similar to the Alaskan and British Columbian coast in 
 the W. of North A. The channel on the inner side of these 
 islands is much used by ocean steamers on account of the 
 shelter which the islands afford. The W. coast generally is 
 rocky, like that of North A., but, except in the part just 
 mentioned, presents hardly any inlets, however small, forming 
 good natural harbours. Within the tropics the eastern coasts 
 are generally low, and for hundreds of miles bordered by 
 mangrove swamps. In certain places, especially in southern 
 Brazil, there is a double coast-line similar to that described 
 under North A. Surface. — The Andes Mountains stretch 
 along the whole of the W. of the continent [Andes]. In the 
 E. there is a region of tablelands and mountains, the highest 
 ranges of which (Serra da Mantequeira, &c. ) face the Brazilian 
 coast S. of the Tropic of Capricorn. In the N. there is 
 another highland region, with ranges having a more or less E. 
 and W. trend in the S. of Venezuela and Guiana. Elsewhere 
 the surface consists mainly of vast plains. The principal 
 rivers are the Amazon, Parana, and Paraguay, Orinoco, 
 Araguaya, and Tocantins, and the San Francisco. The 
 principal lakes lie on the great elevated area of inland 
 drainage in the Andes, and at the base of the Andes in Pata- 
 gonia [Andes, D., E., F.]. The climate of South America is 
 greatly affected by the chain of the Andes, the two sides of 
 42 
 
 which present striking contrasts as regards rainfall and vege- 
 tation everywhere except in the extreme N. In the N. 
 copious rains, with a rich tropical vegetation, occur on both 
 sides. The contrast of climate begins about 4° S. Thence to 
 about 30° S. the E. (trade) winds, which blow from the 
 Atlantic for the greater part of the year, deluge the eastern 
 slopes of the Andes with rain, and cover them with dense forests 
 as high as trees can reach. Dense tropical forests (selvas) like- 
 wise occupy the valley of the Amazon to its mouth. South of 
 the Amazon, however, the Brazilian coast-mountains deprive 
 the Atlantic winds of much of their moisture, so that the table- 
 lands and plains intervening between them and the Andes have 
 only a scanty rainfall. On the W. of the Andes, between the 
 latitudes mentioned, no rain whatever falls except high up on 
 the mountain sides, and moisture appears on the low grounds 
 only in the form of mist {garua). Vegetation is consequently 
 scanty except beside the rivers, and for six or seven degrees 
 north of 28° S. the strip of coast is a desolate wilderness. South 
 of latitude 30° S., the contrast is opposite to that just described. 
 There the prevailing winds are from the NW., and bring 
 plenteous rains from equatorial seas to the western slopes of the 
 Andes, and still farther S. to the lowlands at their base ; 
 while on the eastern side the plains (the treeless pampas of the 
 Argentine Republic and the bleak steppes of Patagonia) get 
 drier and drier as one goes southwards. In this southern part 
 the western slopes of the Andes are as densely clothed with 
 forests as the eastern slopes farther N. (See also Andes, 
 snowline.) As regards its fanna. South A., including Central 
 A. and the lowlands of Mexico, together with the West Indies, 
 forms the neotropical zoogeographical region, characterised by 
 the possession of prehensile tailed monkeys, marmosets, blood- 
 sucking bats, coatimundis, peccaries, llamas, and alpacas, 
 chinchillas, agoutis, capybaras, sloths, armadillos, and ant- 
 eaters, and by the absence of sheep, oxen, and antelopes. 
 Among its best-known vegetable forms may be mentioned the 
 cinchona tree, the Brazilian rubber tree, manioc, castor-oil, and 
 a great variety of cabinet woods. See Appendix, p. 2, and the 
 articles in the countries there enumerated. 
 
 American Fork, tn., U.S., Utah, Utah co., 27 m. S. by E. 
 Salt Lake City, on the N. of L. Utah. P. < 1000. 
 
 American River, U.S., California, formed by two head- 
 streams, the N. and S. Forks, flows through a gold-mining 
 region SW. then W. into the Sacramento just below Sacra- 
 mento City. 
 
 Amerlcns, city, U.S., Georgia, Sumter co., 65 m. SW. by 
 S. Macon. P. 6400. 
 
 Amerongen, vil., Holland, prov. Utrecht, on the Lower 
 Rhine, 15 m. ESE. Utrecht. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Amersfoort, tn. , Holland, prov. Utrecht, on the Eem, 12 m. 
 ENE. Utrecht. P. 15,500. 
 
 Amersliam, par. and tn., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe 
 div., xz\ m. N. Windsor, on the Aylesbury branch of the 
 Metropolitan Rly. Par. 6119 ac. , P. < 3000; eccles. par. (A. 
 ■with Coleshlll) P. <35oo. 
 
 Ames, comm., Spain, prov. Corufia, dist. Negreira. P. 7000. 
 
 Ames, city, U.S., Iowa, Story co., on Skunk R., 30 m. N. 
 Des Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ameslmry, par. and tn., Eng., Wilts., Wilton div., on the 
 Avon, 7 J m. N. Salisbury, 4 m. NNW. Porton stn., PMT.O. ; 
 5936 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Amesltnry, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., 4 m. NW. 
 Newburyport. P. 9800. 
 
 Amet, tn., India, Rdjputdna, 86 m. SE. Jodhpur. 
 
 Ametlii Dnngar, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. and 18 m. 
 SE. by E. Lucknow. P. 6000. 
 
 Amethyst, mt. , U.S., Wyoming, Uintah co., 18 m. N. by 
 E. of the outlet of Yellowstone Lake. Alt. 9423 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 Amga, riv. , Eastern Siberia, flows NE. and NNE. to the Aldan. 
 
 Amgid, oasis in the Sahara in the Wady Igharghar, in about 
 26° 20' N. , 5° 20' E. Alt. 1950 ft. 
 
 Amginskaya, vil. , Eastern Siberia, on the Amga to the E. of 
 Yakutsk, on the road to Okhotsk. 
 
 Amherst, small tn. and seapt., Burma, A. dist. [Tenas- 
 serlm], near the mouth of the Wdkani, 30 m. S. MAulmain, 
 on a healthy elevated site. P. 3000. 
 
 Amherst, seapt.-tn., Canada, Nova Scotia, Cumberland co., 
 74 m. W. by N. Pictou. P. <4000. 
 
 Amherst, seapt. , Canada, Quebec. See Magdalen Islands. 
 
 Amherst, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire co. , 12J m. 
 NNE. Holyoke. P. < 5000. 
 
 Amherst, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Hillsborough co., 25 
 m. S. by W. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Amherst, co., U.S., Virginia, N. of 37° N., crossed in the 
 E. by 79° W., bounded on the SW. and SE. by the James R. 
 
 Amherst, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Portage co., 62 m. W. of 
 the head of Green Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Amherst, vil., Victoria, Talbot co., 42 m. SW. Sandhurst. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Amherstbarg, port, Canada, Ontario, Essex co., on the 
 Detroit R., 14 m. S, by W. Windsor. P. <:3000. 
 
AM H E 
 
 AM R I 
 
 Amherst Island, isl., Canada, Ontario, Addington co., at 
 the E. end of L.ake Ontario. 
 
 Amlierst, North, vil. and tp., U.S., Ohio, Lorain co., 28 
 m. WSW. , Cleveland. P. of tp, 3000. 
 
 Amlata, Monte, mt., Italv, in the S. of Tuscany, 42 m. 
 WSW. Perugia. Alt. 5690 ft.' 
 
 Amldeh, vil., E. Sudan, 78 m. E. Kassala, formerly an 
 Egyptian military station. 
 
 Amiens, cap. , dep. Somme, France, 26 m. SE. by E. Abbe- 
 ville, on the Somme, which here receives the Avre and Celle, 
 and breaks up into eleven canals, on which account it has been 
 called the ' Little Venice ' ; with a beautiful Gothic cathedral 
 (built 1120-1288) and museum of paintings and antiquities, 
 and numerous manufactures (velvet, cotton, and other textiles, 
 machinery, &c. ). In ancient times it was the capital of the 
 Ambiani. The peace of A. was signed in the town-hall (built 
 by Henry IV.) in 1802. Birthplace of Peter the Hermit, the 
 promoter of the first crusade, and of the scholar Ducange. 
 Mean temp., yr. 51.2° F., Jan. 37.6°, Aug. 67°. P. (1872) 
 64,000; (1891)78,500. 
 
 Amington (or Almington) and Stonydelph, par., Eng., 
 Warwickshire, div. and 2 m. ENE. Tamworth {g.v.), P.O. 
 P. <:75o. 
 
 Amlrante, or A<lmlral Islands, group of small coral isls. in 
 the Indian Ocean, between about 4^° and 6J° S. and S3°-S3i° E. ; 
 dependencies of the British colony of Mauritius, sparsely popu- 
 lated ; produce coco-nut oil ; have stations for fishing and 
 turtle-catching. 
 
 Amlsfleld, vil., Scot., Dumfries-shire, 4im. NNE. Dumfries, 
 on the C. R., P.O. 
 
 Amite City, vil., U.S., Louisiana, Tangipahoa par., 60 m. 
 NNW. New Orleans. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Amlt^, CO., U.S., Mississippi, on the S. frontier, E. of 91° W. 
 
 Amity, vil, U.S., Oregon, Yam Hill co., 40 m. SW. Port- 
 land. P. < 1500. 
 
 Amltyvllle, vil., U.S., New York, Suffolk co., on Long I., 
 31 m. E. Brooklyn. P. <300o. 
 
 Amjhera, tn.. Central India, 50 m. WSW. Indore. Once 
 populous, now deserted. 
 
 Amka, vil, Palestine, Bei/i Emek in the O. T., 32° 58' N., 
 35° 10' E., 7 m. NE. by E. Acre. 
 
 Amllkon, vil, Switzd., cant. Thurgau, near Weinfelden. P. 
 <iooo. 
 
 Amlwch, par., seapt., and watering-place, Wales, Anglesey, 
 on the N. ct., 14 m. ENE. Holyhead, on the L. & NW. R., 
 PMT.O. ; with copper, lead, zinc, and ochre mines. Market- 
 day, S. 9271 ac. P. <:45oo. 
 
 Ammanford, hamlet, Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., on 
 theG. W. R., i2ira. N. Swansea, PMT.O. 
 
 Ammapet, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Salem, 48 m. NE. 
 Salem. P. 7000. 
 
 Ammeberg, tn. , Sweden, prov. Orebro, on the N. side of Lake 
 Wetter, 24 m. N. Motala. 
 
 Ammeloe, vil., Prussia, Westphalia, in the NW. of West- 
 phalia, 35 m. W. by N. Miinster. P. <:4000. 
 
 Amnier, riv. , Ger. , Bavaria, rises on the southern frontier, 
 and flows N. into Lake Ammer. 
 
 Ammer, Lake (German, Ammer<See), Ger., kgd. Bavaria, 
 govt. Upper Bavaria, 21 m. WSW. Munich, 10 m. long by 
 1^3^ m. wide, drained NE. by the Amper into the Isar. 
 
 Ammergan, Oher- and Enter-, two adjoining vils., Ger., 
 Upper Bavaria, in the higher part of the valley of the Ammer, 
 42 m. SW. by S. Munich. Ober-A. is noted for its Passion- 
 play, performed in Passion Week every tenth year since 1600. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Ammerlnud, dist. , Ger., grand-duchy Oldenburg, in the W. , 
 about 53° 8-15' N. 
 
 Ammertenthal, the lower part of the Lauterbrunnen valley, 
 Switzd., cant. Bern, traversed by the Liitschine; with the Schma- 
 dribach cataract. 
 
 Anunonoosnc, Lower, riv., U.S., New Hampshire, in the 
 W., rises in the S. of Coos co., flows W. then SW. to the Con- 
 necticut, which it joins on the 1. bk. at Bath. 
 
 Amney Down. See Ampney Down. 
 
 Amnok River. See Yalu. 
 
 Amoatnl, vil., W. Africa, Ashanti, S. of Kumassi, scene of 
 defeat of Ashantis by the British, Jan. 1874. 
 
 Amod, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Broach, 20 m. NNW. 
 Broach. P. 5000. 
 Amoelro, comm., Spain, prov. Orense, dist. Orense. P. 5000. 
 Amol, tn., Persia, 22 m. W. by S. Barfrnsh. P. about 8000. 
 Amorbach, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 34 m. WSW. Wiirzburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Amorevleta 6 Zornoza, comm., Spain, prov. Viscaya, dist. 
 Durango. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Amorgopula, small isl, Greece, in the .^Egean, 10 m. SSW. 
 of Amorgos I., in 36° 37' N., 25° 42' E. 
 
 Amorgos, isl, Greece, one of the Cyclades, 105 m. SE. of 
 the S. point of Eubcea, with town of Khora or A. on the SE. 
 ct. ; area, 50 sq. m. P. 3400. 
 
 Amotherby (am'er-bi), par., Eng., Yorkshire, North Riding, 
 Thirsk and Malton div., 17 m. NE. by N. York, 2^ m. WNW. 
 Malton, on the NE. R., P.O. P. <soo. See AppIeton-le< 
 Street. 
 
 Amon, Anion Darya, Amour. See Amn, Amur. 
 Amon, tn. , France, dep. Landes, arr. St. Sever, 7 m. N. by 
 E. Orthez. P. < 2000. 
 
 Amonndemess, htmdred, Eng., N. Lancashire, occupying 
 the whole width of the county. 
 
 Amoy, tn. and (since 1842) treaty port, China, prov. Fo- 
 kien, on the small isl. of Hiamen on the E. ct., 114 m. NE. by 
 E. Swatow. It has three dry docks, but is without wet docks 
 or quays, but has an admirable anchorage, well sheltered by 
 other islets and accessible for the largest vessels at all states of 
 the tide. Principal exports, black tea and sugar. Total annual 
 value of exports and imports combined above ;^2,ooo,ooo. P. 
 100,000. 
 Amozoc, tn., Mexico, state and 11 m. E. Puebla. 
 Ampagnan, large tin mine in the SE. of the British pro- 
 tectorate of Selangor, Malay Penin. 
 
 Amparo, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, Sao Paulo, 88 m. NNW. 
 Santos. 
 Ampelakla, vil. , Greece, prov. and 15 m. NE. by N. Larissa. 
 Ampelakion, vil., Greece, S. of Salamis, on the site of the 
 ancient Salamis. 
 
 Amper, riv. , Ger. , Bavaria, issues from Lakfe Ammer and flows 
 NE. then E. into the Isar, 14 m. above Landshut ; not navi- 
 gable, but used throughout its length for floating timber. 
 
 Ampezzo, comm., Austria, in the SE. of the Tirol, 37 m. E. 
 Bozen. Principal vil. Cortina. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ampezzo, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 32 m. NW. 
 Udine. P. < 2000. 
 Ampezzo Alps. See Alps, Sub-divisions, ni. C. 1. 
 Ampezzo Road. See Alps, Passes, IV. (3). 
 AmpfleM, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., Hampshire, in the 
 extreme S. of the Andover div., 6 m. SW. by W. Winchester, 
 2^ m. NW. Chandlers Ford stn., P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Ampflng, vil, Ger., Upper Bavaria, 23 m. SE. by S. Land- 
 shut. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Amphlon, watering-place, France, dep. Haute Savoie, on the 
 S. shore of the Lake of Geneva, 24 m. NE. by E. Geneva, 4 ra. 
 NE. by E. Thonon, with mineral springs. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Amphlssa, or Salona, tn., Greece, prov. Phthiotis and 
 Phocis, 31 m. ENE. Lepanto. P. 8400. 
 Am Platz, Switzd. See DaTOZ-Platz. 
 
 Ampleforth, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in extreme 
 SW. of Whitby div., 17^ m. N. York, on the NE. R., PM.O. 
 P. <c 1000. 
 Ampleforth Oswaldklrk. See Oswaldklrk. 
 Amplepnls, tn., France, dep. Rhone, 13 m. ESE. Roanne, 
 with textile manufactures. P. <50oo. 
 
 Ampney Crncls, St. Mary, and St. Peter, 3 pars., Eng., 
 Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., near Cirencester, P.O. at 
 A. C. P. <5oo; St. M., P. <25o; St. P., P.<25o. 
 
 Ampney (or Amney) Down, Eng., Gloucestershire, Ciren- 
 cester div., 6 m. SE. by E. Cirencester, 2 m. N. Cricklade. 
 
 Amport, pan, Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 13 m. NE. 
 Salisbury, 4J m. W. by S. Andover, i.\ m. SSW. Weyhill stn,, 
 PM.O. P.<:750. 
 
 Amposta, tn., Spain, prov. Tarragona, 9 m. S. Tortosa. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Ampthlll, par. and tn., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade 
 div., 7J m. S. by W. Bedford, i m. NE. of its stn. on the M. R, 
 Market-day, Th. P. <25oo. 
 
 Ampton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 4J m. N. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, close to Ingham stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 Amran, dist. and small tn. , Arabia, Yemen. 
 Amr^otl, IJmrawntty, Oomrawnttee (spelt also in various 
 other ways), walled tn., Brit. India, Berar, cap. dist., 88 m. W. 
 by S. Ndgpur, on a branch of the rly, to Ndgpur, important 
 centre of cotton trade (giving name to a class of raw cotton), 
 with cotton-mills in town and neighbourhood. Mean rainfall, yr. 
 32.2 in., June-Sept. 28.0 in. P. (1891) 29,000; A. Camp, 4700. 
 
 Amr&Tatl, tn., Brit. India, Madras, Kistna dist., on r, bk. 
 of Kistna R., 62 m. from its mouth, with remarkable Buddhist 
 tope, P. < 3000. 
 
 Amrell, tn. , India, Kathidwdr, 65 m. N. by E. Diu. P, 14,000. 
 Amrlswyl, vil, Switzd., cant. Thurgau, 10 m. SE. by S. 
 Constance. P. < 3000. 
 
 Amrltsar, or llmrltsnr, an important commercial city of the 
 Punjab, Brit. India, cap. dist. A., div. A., 32 m. E. Lahore, situ- 
 ated in a depression of the Bdri DoAb, on the NW, R. at the 
 junction of a branch to Pathdnkot ; founded in 1574 by Guru 
 Rd.m Dds, the apostle of the Sikhs, round a sacred tank, to 
 which the city owes its name, meaning ' pool of immortality, 
 and from the midst of which rises the Darbir Sdhib, the great 
 temple of the Sikh faith. A, carries on manufactures of cash- 
 mere shawls, of inferior quality, however, to those made in 
 Kashmir. P. including cantonment (1881) 152,000; (1891) 
 including cantonment, 137,000. 
 
AMRO — AMUR 
 
 Amrolia, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Morad4bdd, 
 69 m. NW. by W. Bareilly. P. (1891) 35,000. 
 
 Amrotb, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 5 m. NNE. Tenby, 
 P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Amnun, isl., Ger. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, off 
 the W. ct., in 54° 42' N. , 8° 20' E. 
 
 Amselfeld (in Servian Kossovopolje), the German name of 
 a plain in the W. of Turkey in Europe, 30-65 m. NNW. Ush- 
 kub, traversed by the Sitnitsa ; celebrated in history as the scene 
 of numerous battles. 
 
 Amselgrnnd, a beautiful level tract in ' the Saxon Switzer- 
 land,' kgd. of Saxony, with the Aniselstein (rock) and a waterfall. 
 
 Ajmsmlz, tn., Morocco, 35 m. SSW. Morocco, on the Wady 
 A. Alt. 3000 ft. 
 
 Am Steg, vil., Switzd., cant. Uri, 7^ m. S. by E. Altdorf. 
 Alt. 1715 ft. 
 
 Amstel, riv. , Holland. See Amsterdam. 
 
 Amsterdam, vil., Brit. Guiana, on the 1. bk. of the Demerara, 
 in about 6° 6' N. 
 
 Amsterdam, an important commercial city, cap. of the 
 kingdom of the Netherlands, in the prov. of N. Holland, is 
 built in the form of a crescent, on the S. side of the Y or IJ. 
 The city is built on piles of wood, divided into two parts by the 
 small river Amstel, from which it takes its name (Latinised from 
 Amstelodamum), and intersected by numerous canals. A. has 
 a branch of the government navy department, with extensive 
 magazines and building-yards. Its docks are of great extent. 
 Among its many scientific and literary establishments may be 
 noted a university with over 1000 students, an observatory, botanic 
 garden, zoological garden, a cabinet of natural history, royal 
 museum (with paintings, prints, and historical collections). 
 Amsterdam, still one of the most commercial places in Europe, 
 attained its greatest prosperity after the closing of the Shelde 
 by the Spaniards in 1648, when it monopolised nearly all 
 the commerce of the Indies. Its trade decreased with 
 the decline of the republic of Holland, by the opening of the 
 Schelde, and the rivalry of Antwerp and Rotterdam. I'ill 1825 
 its only communication with the sea was through the Zuider 
 Zee, and the largest vessels that could then reach the port were 
 only of about 10 ft. draught. In that year the Helder Canal, 
 with a depth of 26 ft., running to the N. end of the mainland 
 was opened, and A. has since been brought into more direct 
 communication with the ocean by the North Sea Canal (to 
 IJmuiden, constructed in 1875-76). Since the opening of this 
 canal its shipping has greatly increased. In 1871 the tonnage 
 entered was 527,312, in 1891, 1,507,525. In 1892 its landward 
 connections were greatly improved by the opening of the Mer- 
 wede Canal [q.v.]. See also I.lmnlden. The bank of the 
 Netherlands was established here in 1814. Its manufactures 
 are numerous. There are several factories for the making of 
 steam-engines and other machinery, and shipbuilding, cigar- 
 making, distilling, beer-brewing, and sugar-refining are all im- 
 portant, but industrially the city is most noted for the cutting 
 and polishing of diamonds, an employment chiefly in the hands 
 of Jews. Mean temp, yr., 49° F., Jan. 36.4°, July 63.7° ; rain- 
 fall, 26.3 in. P. {1869)264,000, (1890)418,500. See Hague, Tbe, 
 
 Amsterdam, city, U.S., New York, Montgomery co., on the 
 Mohawk R. and the Erie Canal, 30 m. WNW. Troy. P. 
 (1870) 7700, (1890) 17,300. 
 
 Amsterdam, or New Amsterdam, isl. in the Indian Ocean, 
 in 37° 48' S., 75° 25' E., to the N. of St. Paul ; discovered by the 
 Dutch navigator Van Vlaming in 1696 ; taken possession of, 
 along with St. Paul, by France, in 1892 ; uninhabited. 
 
 Amsterdam, tn. , S. African Republic, Ermelo dist. , 54 m. 
 S. by W. Barberton, two hours' ride from the Forbes Reef gold 
 mine in Swaziland. P. <20oo. 
 
 Amsterdam, small isl. W. of Jaffna I. , in N. of Ceylon. 
 
 Amsterdam, isl. in the Arctic Ocean, W. of Spitzbergen. 
 
 Amsterdam, small isl. , Java. See Batavla. 
 
 Amt, the name given in Denmark to the provs. , in Norway 
 to the subdivisions of the stift or diocese, and in Germany, in 
 the compound forms Amtsgerichi, Amtshaupimannschaft, and 
 Bezirksamt, to certain minor administrative subdivisions. 
 
 Amu, riv., .Africa. See Yolta. 
 
 Amu, Oxus, or Jlbun, a great river of central Asia, more 
 than 1500 m. long, which rises on the Pamir table-lands and 
 enters Lake Aral. It takes its origin from the junction, at Kala 
 Vamar in Roshan, of two large rivers: the Ak-su, which rises 
 in Lake Chatmak (13,850 ft.) in Vakhan, describes a wide curve 
 towards the E. on the Pamir, and takes the names of Murghab 
 and Bartang in Roshan ; and the Panj, which is formed by the 
 junction of the Vakhan-su with the Pamir river (rises in Aidin- 
 kul, and flows through Zor-kul, or Lake Victoria), and flows 
 SW. along the base of the Hindu-kush, towards Ishkashem, 
 and thence northwards between the khanates of Badakshan and 
 Shignan. From Kala Vamar, the A., after having described 
 two sharp bends and pierced high chains, flows W. and SW., 
 past Kala-i-khumb, towards its junction with the Kokcha, in 
 37° 10' N., 41° 15' E., where it issues from the highlands into 
 the Aral-Caspian plains. Thence it flows W. past Kelif (795 
 44 
 
 ft.), receiving the Vaksh, the Kafirnagan, and the Surkhan from 
 the right, and the Ak-serai or Kunduz from the left ; and NW. 
 past Kerki, Charjui, where it is crossed by the Transcaspian 
 railway, Pitnyak, and Petro-Alexandrovsk, to enter Lake Aral 
 after having divided below Nukus into several branches. Bok- 
 hara, Khiva, and Kunya Urghenj are situated within short dis- 
 tances from its banks ; Kungrad is on the Taldyk branch of its 
 delta. l"he A. is navigable to about 69° E. (956 m. from 
 Lake Aral, 49 m. above its confluence with the Vaksh). Its 
 width varies from 220 to 380 yards in its lower course, and from 
 380 to 650 yards below Kelif, occasionally attaining two miles. 
 Wide spaces are irmndated on its right bank in May and June. 
 Below Kelif none of the former tributaries of the A. reaches 
 the river, and its own water is largely drawn off by canals to 
 irrigate the Charjui and especially the Khiva oasis. Many old 
 beds of the A. intersect Khiva and the Turkoman terr. At 
 a time when the level of the Caspian Sea stood much higher, 
 and had large gulfs spreading E. as far as 57° E. long., the A. 
 followed at the foot of the Kopet dagh, receiving the Tejen and 
 the Murghab. Later on it took a more northerly direction (old 
 bed Unguz) ; and in historical times it entered the Sary-kamysh 
 depression (30 m. SW. of the recently desiccated Aibughir gulf 
 of Lake Aral), which was at one time in permanent, and, later 
 on, in periodical communication with the Caspian Sea. 
 
 Amu-darllnskly Otdyel, a prov. of Russian Turkestan, 
 on the right bank of the lower Amu, making part of the Syr- 
 dariinsk prov., but placed under a separate mihtary governor ; 
 bound by the Khanate of Khiva in the W. , Lake Aral in the 
 N., Syr-dariinsk in the E. , and Bokhara in the S. Apart 
 the Bukan-tau hills in the E. , the delta of the Amu, and 
 a narrow strip of land along the right bank of the Amu, it is 
 covered by the sand deserts of South Kizyl-kum. The delta, 
 which is formed by the Taldyk branch on the W., and the 
 Kuzan-jerma, or Yany-su, on the E. , and their secondary 
 branches (the Kuvansh-jerma reaching Lake Aral no more) is 
 covered with hard clay in its middle, and marshes and 
 rushes elsewhere. The population consists of settled Uzbegs, 
 Tajiks, liberated Persian slaves formerly kept by the Turko- 
 mans, and a few Russian settlers, and of nomad Karakalpaks, 
 Kirghizes, and Turkomans. More than 4,000,000 acres are 
 under culture. Divided into two districts, the chief towns of 
 which are Fort Shurakhan, on the Amu, and Chimbai (P. 1610) 
 in its delta. Area, 39,976 sq. m. P. (1885) 133,360. 
 
 Amnlree, eccles. par., Scot., W. Perthshire, on the Bran, 8^ 
 m. WSW. Dunkeld, P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Amur, a great riv. of Eastern Asia, which is formed at Ust- 
 Stryelka (52° 20' N. lat., 121° E. long.) by the confluence of the 
 Shilka with the Argun. Total length, taking the Onon for its 
 source, 2700 m. ; area of basin, about 787,000 sq. m. On the 
 first 337 m. of its course it flows past Albazin, Tolbuzina, and 
 Kumara in a narrow valley deeply cut into the plateau, attaining 
 a width of from 250 to 930 yards, and a depth of 7 to 20 
 ft., but is intersected by thirteen bars, covered by only 3 to 5 
 ft. of Vkfater during periods of droughts. Issuing from the 
 plateau below Kumara, its valley widens on the next 263 m. 
 above Blagovyeschensk, and patches of fertile plains are met 
 with on its banks. On the next 260 m. below Blagovyeschensk 
 the A., which flows past the Chinese town of Aigun, waters 
 the fertile high plains (alt. about 1000 ft.) of its middle course 
 which are stretching far NE. and SW. between the Ilkhuri-alin 
 and the Dousse-alin, or Bureya (also Little Khingan) Mts. The 
 stream divides into several branches, sometimes 5 m. apart, 
 has an average depth of 45 ft., occasionally reduced to 5 ft. on a 
 few bars, and receives from the lelt the Zeya, not much inferior 
 to itself, and the Bureya. At Pashkova it enters a picturesque 
 gorge 87 m. long, piercing the Little Khingan (width 580 to 700 
 yards, depth 30 to 50 ft.), and then issues into the lowlands, 
 attaining in 47° 50' N. lat. and 132° 20' E. long., at its junction 
 with the Sungari, the most southern part of its course. In 
 the lowlands the A. widens still, dividing into several large 
 branches which enclose large islands. During the summer rains, 
 the water of the A. , being swollen by that of the Zeya, and especi- 
 ally of the Sungari, whose volume of water is nearly equal to that 
 of the A., rises considerably, and inundates both banks, so as 
 to give origin to lakes 10 to 12 m. wide. From its junction with 
 the Sungari the A. bends north-eastwards and continues in the 
 same direction after having received from the S. the Usuri, the 
 only line of overland communication between Russia and its 
 settlements on the Pacific at Vladivostok. On the last 735 m. 
 of its course the A. flows along the foot-hills of the Sikhota-ahn 
 Mts., having to its left extensive lowlands, interspersed with 
 immense lakes and marshes. A line of settlements is maintained 
 with difficulty on the right bank, the left bank being only in- 
 habited by nomad indigenes. At Mariinsk the stream approaches 
 the N. Pacific coast, from which it is separated by but a narrow 
 and low ridge of hills, bends northwards and eastwards, and 
 enters at Nikolaevsk (53° 8' N. lat., 140° 43' E. long.) its 40 m. 
 long estuary, which has its mouth in the Strait of Lapeyrouse, or 
 Tartar Strait, between the mainland and the island of Sakhalin. 
 The A , which is open for navigation from the end of April to 
 
AMUR — ANCO 
 
 the beginning of November, is the chief line for the intercourse 
 between Russia and its doniinions on the N. Pacific coast, but 
 it did not realise the hopes which were expressed at its annexa- 
 tion to Russia in 1856-1859 as to its becoming a great line for 
 external trade, the hilly and wild character of its banks, the 
 consequent sparseness of population, and the difficulties of 
 navigation in its estuary and the Tartar Strait being the chief 
 obstacles. It is now navigated by 45 steamers, chiefly engaged 
 in the transport of goods for the State. 
 
 Amar, prov. of Eastern Siberia, on the 1. bk. of the Amur R. , 
 includes all its 1. bk. tribs. as far as the Stanovoi water- 
 parting; has Transbaikalia in the W., Yakutsk in the N. , the 
 Coast or Maritime Province in the E, , and Manchuria, from 
 which it is separated by the Amur R. , in the S. and SW. 
 Its northern part is occupied by the high plateau (3000 ft. 
 over the sea), its border ridge, which is a continuation of the 
 Great Khingan, and a belt of smaller chains running parallel to 
 the border ridge. The fertile plains, 1000 to 1200 ft. high, of 
 the lower Zeya and the Bureya occupy its middle, and are separ- 
 ated by the 5000 to 7000 ft. high Bureya Mts., or Little Khingan, 
 from the lowlands which stretch between the latter and the 
 Alpine tracts of Sikhota-alin. Climate continental [Blago- 
 Tyeshcbensk]. A rich flora, Manchurian in character, appears 
 on the banks of the Amur as soon as it issues from the plateau. 
 The population consists of Amur Cossacks, who are settled in 
 villages 15 to 18 m. apart along the 1. bk. of the Amur, and 
 of immigrants from Russia, whose villages are scattered on 
 the plains of the Zeya, Silinja, and Bureya, all settled since 
 1858, and of Manchus, who, though settled on what is now 
 Russian terr. around Blagovyeshchensk, continue to remain 
 under Chinese administration. Agriculture is carried on all 
 over the terr., especially on the plains, the yearly crop attain- 
 ing 700,000 cwt. of various corn. Hunting and fishing are 
 notable sources of income. Rich gold-mines, yielding 10,000 
 lbs. of gold every year, in the Stanovoi highlands. Domestic 
 trades (linen, felts, wooden goods) begin to develop among the 
 peasants. Communications chiefly along the Amur and the Zeya, 
 maintained in summer by steamers and in winter on the ice of 
 the frozen river, the overland route along the Amur being mostly 
 simple footpath for riding on horseback. Chief town Blago- 
 vyeshchensk. The terr. was annexed to Russia in 1858. Area, 
 172,848 sq. m. The total P. (34,860 in 1879) attained 87,705 
 in 1891 (17,93s Cossacks, 25,488 peasants, 20,242 urban, 14,000 
 Manchus and Chinese, 990 Koreans, 3000 nomad indigenes, 
 and 6000 workers coming in summer to work in the gold- 
 mines). 
 
 Aninrl, co.. New Zealand, South I., crossed in the N. by 
 42° S. and in the E. by 193° E. 
 
 Amtv&s, vil. . Palestine, Em?naus Nicopolis in the O. T. , 
 31° 51' N., 34° 59' E. , 15 m. W. by N. Jerusalem. 
 
 Amwell, Great, par., Eng. , Hertfordshire, on the Lea, div. 
 and 2J m. E. Hertford, i m. SE. Ware, P.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Amwell, Little, par., i^ m. SW. by W. Great Amwell, 2 m. 
 SE. Hertford. P. < 1000. 
 
 Amyot, rly. stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 727 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 An-. Many Chinese names beginning vsdth this syllable are 
 also spelt Ngan«. 
 
 An, or Aeng, tn. , Lower Burma, Arakan, dist. Kyauk-pyu, 
 73 m. E. by S. Akyab. 
 
 Ana, place, Colombia, prov. Tolima, near Mariquita, with 
 important silver-mines. 
 
 Ana, tn., Turkey in Asia, on the r. bk. of the Euphrates, in 
 about 34° 26' N. P. 3000. 
 
 AnAb, ruins, Palestine, Anab in the O. T., 31° 24' N,, 
 34° 56' E., 14 m. SW. El KhuUl (anct. Hebron). 
 
 Anabara, riv., Siberia, flows N. into the Arctic Ocean, which 
 it enters in about 116° E. 
 
 Anacapa, isl., U.S. , California, 11 m. from the ct., in 34° N. ■ 
 
 Anaconda, city, U.S., Montana, Deer Lodge co. , 20 m. 
 NW. by W. Butte City ; with large smelting works for treating 
 the ores of the A. mine in Butte City. P. <4000. 
 
 Anacortes, seapt. and rly. terminus, U.S., Washington, 
 Skagit CO. , on an island in the N. of Puget Sound. P. < 1500. 
 
 Anadolctaloi, Ger. colony, Dobruja. See Knstenjl. 
 
 Anadoll Bay, Turkey in Europe, in the S. , in 25° 20' E. 
 
 AnadoU-hlssar, vil., Asia Minor, on the Bosporus, 7 m. 
 NE. Constantinople. 
 
 Anadoll-kavak, vil., Asia Minor, on the Bosporus, 12 m. 
 NNE. Constantinople. 
 
 Anadyr, new prov. of Russian Empire, in the NE. extremity 
 of Siberia and the penin. of the Chukchis, created in 1893 out 
 of parts of the prov. of Yakutsk. N. of 62° lat. , and E. of 134° 
 E. long. Pop. (composed of Yukaghirs, Lamutes, Koryaks, 
 Chukchis, and Kamchadals) estimated at 200,000. 
 
 Anadyr, Gnlf of, a large bay in the NE. of Siberia, in the 
 NW. of the Bering Sea. It receives at its head the A. Blrer 
 (450 m. long). 
 
 Anagnl, tn., Italy, prov. Rome, 24 m. SE. Tivoli. P. <9ooo. 
 
 Anaharath, place named in O. T. See En N'd-di-ah. 
 
 Anahellt, Scot. , Argyllshire, to the N. of Lake Sunart, 20 
 m. E. by N. Tobermory. 
 
 Anabelm, city, U.S., California, co, and 24 m. SE. Los 
 Angeles, an important wine and fruit-growing irrigation settle- 
 ment. Alt. 250 ft. ; mean temp. (13 yrs.), Jan. 54.8° F., Aug. 
 74.8° F., yr. 65° F. ; rainfall, yr. 12.56 in., Dec. to Feb. 7.1 in. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Anahuac. See Mexico. 
 
 Anak&palle, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 18 m. W. 
 Vizagapatam. P. 17,000. 
 
 Anaklen, settlement, Victoria, Grant co., 23 m, N. by W. 
 Geelong. 
 
 AnalAbu, tn. , Sumatra, in the N W. , on the W. ct. , in 4° 7' N. 
 
 Anam, Indo-China. See Annam. 
 
 Anama, settlement. South Australia, Stanley co., 86 m. N. 
 Adelaide. 
 
 Anamabn, tn, and fort, Africa, Gold Coast col. (Brit. ). P. 5000, 
 
 Anamalal Hills ('elephant mountains'), a range, southern 
 India, trending N. and S. to the S. of the Pdlghdt Gap, partly 
 in Coimbatore dist., Madras, partly in Cochin and Travancore ; 
 composed of two ranges, a lower and a iiigher ; the lower about 
 2000 ft. in height, unhealthy, but densely wooded, and contain- 
 ing valuable timber — teak, venge [Pterocarpus marsupium), and 
 blackwood {Dalbergia latifolia), besides bamboos, &c. ; the 
 higher, 6000-8000 ft., mainly open grassy hills, remarkably 
 healthy, soil and climate well adapted for coffee-culture, which 
 is carried on there. Besides elephants, ' bison,' s4mbhar deer, 
 and ibex are numerous. Apart from the settlers on the few 
 plantations, the inhabitants consist only of a few scattered 
 colonies of Kaders, Malassers, and other tribes. Highest peak 
 Anamudi, the highest in southern India, 8850 ft. 
 
 Ananibas Islands, group of isls.. Eastern Archipelago, E. 
 of the Malay penin., residency Rhio, crossed by 3° N. 
 
 Anamosa, city, U.S., Iowa, Jones co., on Wapsipinicon R,, 
 43 m. SW. Dubuque. P. < 3000. 
 
 Anamnka, or Namnka, one of the Tonga Is. 
 
 Anamur, cape, the southernmost point of Asia Minor, 130 m. 
 S. by E. Konieh ; also a port with open roadstead 10 m. E. 
 
 Anand, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Kaira, 23 m. NW. 
 Baroda. P. 9200. 
 
 Anandpnr, tn. , India, Punjab, 10 m. W. by N. Simla. P. 
 5100. 
 
 Ananlev, dist. tn., Russia, Kherson, 95 m. NNW. Odessa. 
 P. 13,000. 
 
 Ananiah, place named in the O. T. See Belt llannlna. 
 
 Anantdpnr, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. A., on a trib. of 
 the N. Penner R. , 58 m. SE. Bellary. P. 7000. 
 
 Anapa, fortified tn., Transcaucasia, dist. of the Black Sea, 
 on the Black Sea, 58 m. SE. by E. Kerch, 44° 53' N., 37° 20' E. 
 P. 7600. 
 
 AnapIiS, or Nanfi, isl., Greece, one of the Cyclades, 128 m. 
 SE. by S., the S. point of Eubcea P. (1889) 658. 
 
 Anarek, vil,, Persia, 94 m. NNW. Yezd. Alt. 4700 ft. 
 
 Anas, riv., "Turkey in Europe, in the SE. ; it is formed by 
 the confluence of the Poja-Derisi and the Sazlii, flows N, to the 
 Ergene, which it joins on the 1. bk. at Mandra, 35 m. SE. of 
 Adrianople. 
 
 Anascanl, or Annascalle, tn.. Ire., W. co. Kerry, bar. 
 Corkaguiny, 16^ m. WSW. Tralee, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Anaserd, lough. Ire., extreme W. co. Galway, bar. Bally- 
 nahinch, 33 m. SW. Westport. 
 
 AnastaslCTO {Bondari), vil, Russia, govt, and 35 m. NE. of 
 Tambov. Woollen cloth mills, sugar works. P. 3500. 
 
 Anata, vil., Palestine, Anathoth (city of Jeremiah) in the 
 O. T., in 31° 49' N., 35° 15' E., 3 m. NE. by N. Jerusalem. 
 
 Anathoth, place named in the O. T. See Anata. 
 
 Anatollkon, or Altollkou, fortified tn,, Greece, prov. 
 Acarnania and Aetolia, 6 m. NW. Mesolonghi. P. <50oo. 
 
 Anan, vil, , Russian Trans-Caspian Terr. , on the rly. , 9 m. SE. 
 by E. Askhabad ; salt petre. 
 
 Auawai-za, ruins, in the SE. of Asia Minor, 40 m. NE. by 
 E. Adana. 
 
 An-byon, tn., Korea, 20 m. SSE. Won-San. 
 
 Ancachs, or Hnaylas, dep. Peru. See Peru. 
 
 Ancaster, par. and vil., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven or 
 Sleaford div., 6 m. NE. Grantham, on the G. N. R., PM.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Ancaste, Sierra de, mt. -range in the NW. of the Argentme 
 Republic, on the E. side of the valley of Catamarca. 
 
 Ancenls, tn. , France, dep. Loire Inf^rieure, on the r. bk. of 
 the Loire, 21 m. NE. by E. Nantes, cap. arr. P. <40oo. 
 
 AncervlUe, tn., France, dep. Meuse, arr. and 11 m. SW. by 
 S. Bar-le-Duc. P. <2000. 
 
 Anclilalos, or Aclilolu, tn., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, on 
 the ct., prov. and 10 m. ENE. Burgas, at the mouth of the 
 Gulf of Burgas. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ancoats, All Sonls and St. Andrew, eccles. pars., Eng., 
 Lancashire, Manchester par. A. All Souls, P. 9500 ; A. St. 
 Andrew, P. 8700. 
 
 Ancon, Peru. See Puerto Ancon. 
 
 45 
 
ANCO — ANDE 
 
 Ancona (from Greek ayK^v, 'elbow,' a name due to the 
 shape of the coast where the town stands), a maritime city of the 
 kgd. of Italy, cap. prov. A. , on the Adriatic, 43° 38' N. , 134 m. 
 NE. Rome, 56 m. SE. Rimini. The city slopes to the sea be- 
 tween two hills, one crowned with a cathedral and the other 
 with a citadel. The port, one of the best in Italy (harbour with 
 two quays available for vessels drawing 22 ft.), is defended by 
 several forts, and enclosed by two moles, on one of which is an 
 arch erected to the Emperor Trajan, A.D. 112. On the new 
 mole is the arch of Benedict XIV., and a lighthouse at its ex- 
 tremity. The chief industries are connected with flour and 
 maccaroni. A. was founded by a colony of Greeks in 394 B.C. , 
 but was first provided with a good harbour by the Emperor 
 Trajan. On Oct. 29, i860, Ancona surrendered to the Pied- 
 montese troops when the Marches (La Marca) of A. were united 
 to the kingdom of Italy. Mean temp., yr. 59.3° F., Jan. 41.90°, 
 July 78.8°; rainfall (17 yrs.), yr. 28.6 in. P. (1871) 45,700; 
 (1881) 46,400. 
 
 Anclam, Prussia. See AiLklam. 
 
 An Conr Ellean, isl., Scot., in Loch Eriboll, off the N. ct. of 
 the CO. of Sutherland, in 4° 42^' W. 
 
 Ancroft, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., 5 m. S. Berwick-upon-Tweed, 2^ m. SSW. Scremerston 
 stn., P.O. ; 11,452 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Aiicnun, par., Scot., Ro.xburghshire, on the Ale Water, 3 m. 
 NNW. Jedburgh, 2 m. W. by N. Jedfoot Bridge stn., PMT.O.j; 
 par. 10,295 ac. P. < 1500. A. Moor, to the N., scene of a 
 battle in 1545. 
 
 Ancnd, seapt. , Chile, on the N. side of Chiloe I. , cap. prov. 
 Chiloe ; founded in 1768 under the name of San Carlos de 
 Chiloe. Mean temp. (3^ yrs. 1869-71, '86) yr. 51° F., Feb. 
 56.7°, Aug. 45.8°. P. < 4000. 
 
 Ancud, Golf of, a channel between the mainland of S. 
 America and the island of Chiloe, about 150 m. long, and 60 
 wide. Shores everywhere high. In the middle of the Gulf are 
 a great number of rocky islands. 
 
 Ancy-le-Franc, vil. , France, dep. Yonne, on the Armanpon, 
 37 m. S. by E. Troyes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Andalinaylas, tn., Peru, dep. Apurimac, cap. prov. A., 85 
 m. W. Cuzco. 
 
 Andalncia, in Anglicised form Andalu'sla, an ancient 
 division of the S. of Spain, now divided into the following 
 provinces, which are named from their chief towns : Almeria, 
 Granada, Jaen, Malaga, Cadiz, Cordova, Huelva, and Sevilla. 
 Piiysically it is divided into Upper and Lower A., Upper 
 A. comprising the mountains and other highlands enclosing 
 the valley of the Guadalquivir, in the N. the southern slopes 
 and ranges of the Sierra Morena, in the E. the sparsely- 
 peopled esparto-clad tablelands at the head of that river- 
 basin, in the S. the Sierra Nevada and the coast-ranges and 
 mountain-gn^oups extending from the Atlantic all along the 
 S. coast ; Lower A. consisting of the valley of the Guadalquivir, 
 mainly composed of the southern portions of provs. Cordoba and 
 Sevilla and the SE. of Huelva. Upper A. includes the most 
 southerly and warmest valleys in Spain, where sugar-cane, 
 cotton, and other subtropical products are added to the other 
 products of Spain. To it belongs the district of Las Alpu- 
 jarras (provs. Granada and Almeria), a complicated region of 
 high and romantic well-watered valleys, many of them filled 
 with the most luxuriant vegetation, lying between the Sierra 
 Nevada on the N. and the coast-ranges of Sierra Contraviesa 
 and Sierra de Gador on the S. Upper A. is also rich in iron, 
 silver, and lead (provs. Jaen and Malaga). Lower A. is for the 
 most part fertile, except in the tracts bordering the lower Jenil 
 ('the Baetic steppe'), the marismas, or salt-marshes traversed 
 by the lower Guadalquivir, and the Arenas gordas, the region 
 of sand-dunes on the coast between the Guadalquivir and the 
 Rio Tinto. A. generally is celebrated for its breed of horses, 
 and sheep, which yield fine wool. Manufactures, formerly im- 
 portant, have greatly declined. Alans, Visigoths, and Vandals 
 settled in A. early in the fifth century. The so-called Moors 
 (Arabs) held A., or part of it, from 711 to 1492, their power 
 and splendour reaching their climax under the Ommayades in 
 the caliphate of Cordoba. This caliphate was overthrown in 
 1031, and was followed by the sultanate of Seville and the king- 
 dom of Jaen, afterwards by the kingdom of Granada, the last 
 Moorish dominion in Spain. For area and pop., see Spain. 
 
 Andalusia, vil., U.S., Alabama, cap. Covington co. , 72 m. 
 S. by W. Montgomery. P. < 1500. 
 
 Andalusia, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Bucks co., on the r. bk. 
 of Delaware R., 17 m. NE. Philadelphia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Andaman Islands, a group of isls. in the Bay of Bengal, be- 
 tween ioJ° and I3f° N., 160 ni. to the SW. of Cape Negrais, 
 now placed (along with the Nicobar Is. ) under a chief-commis- 
 sioner in direct correspondence with the supreme government of 
 India. They are volcanic and hilly, rising in one place to an 
 alt. of 2400 ft. There are three main isls., North. Middle, and 
 South A. — lying close together, stretching from N. to S., and 
 separated only by narrow channels, the northern of which is 
 not navigable. These islands possess two magnificent natural 
 46 
 
 harbours, one called Port Blair, on the E. side of South A., 
 the other Port Cornwallis, on the same side of North A. The 
 island known as Little A. lies about 35 m. to the S. of the main 
 group, from which it is separated by Duncan Passage. The 
 islands appear to be a complete epitome of tropical luxuriance 
 and beauty. Dense forests, overshadowing and carrying a rich 
 vegetation of other kinds, cover the surface, except where one 
 small clearing has been made. The natives are a small black 
 race (the men averaging somewhat less than 5 feet), utterly 
 uncivilised, but pleasant among themselves, and now in the 
 larger group friendly also to strangers. They go naked, and do 
 not practise agriculture, but live on anything they can gather or 
 kill by land or sea. They are wonderfully expert in the use 
 of the bow and arrow. They appear to be dying out. The 
 natives of Little A. were till quite recently invariably hostile to 
 strangers who visited or were driven by shipwreck oa their 
 shores, but at last the attempts to gain their confidence and 
 goodwill have met with some success. The first settlement 
 was formed at Port Blair in 1789 by Lieut. Blair, but was trans- 
 ferred to Port Cornwallis in 1792. This settlement was aban- 
 doned in 1796 on account of its extreme unhealthiness. Since 
 1858 the Indian government has had a penal settlement at Port 
 Blair, and there about 12,000 convicts are employed in reclaim- 
 ing land, which is planted with vegetables for the use of the 
 settlement, as well as tea, Liberian coffee, cacao, arrow-root, 
 and other plants. Many thousands of coco-nut palms (rarely 
 seen wild) have been planted. Of the natural products of the 
 islands, the most valuable is padiik, a fine timber which takes on 
 a polish like mahogany. Mean temp. (Port Blair, 12 yrs.) yr. 
 80° F. ; rainfall, yr. 116.7 in., May-Dec. 111.7 in., May-Sept. 
 85.1 in. Area about 2500 sq. m. P. (Port Blair) in 1891, 
 15,700. See monograph on the A. islanders by E. H. Man 
 in /our. Anthrop. Soc, vols. xii. and xiv., and Scot. Geog. Mag., 
 1889, p. 57. 
 
 Andeer, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 18 m. S. by W. Chur, 
 on the Hinter-Rhine, in the Schams Valley, about 2 m. S. 
 of the upper end of the Via Mala. P. < 1000. 
 
 Andelflngen, vil., Switzd., cant, Zurich, on the Thur, 7 
 m. NNW. Winterthur. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Andelot, tn., France, dep. Haute Marne, 37 m. S. by E. Bar- 
 le-Duc. P. <20oo. 
 
 Andelys, Les, cap. dep. Eure, France, on the r. bk. of the 
 Seine, 19 m. SE. Rouen. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Andeuas, or Andeues, fishing vil. , Norway, Lofoten Is. , at 
 the N. end of Ando I., with lighthouse. Mean temp., yr. 
 37.4° F., Feb. 27.2°, Aug. 51°. P. < 2000. 
 
 Andennc,tn., Belgium, prov. Namur, 10 m. E. by N. Namur. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Anderby, par. and vil., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey or 
 Horncastle div., 2 m. from the E. ct. , 15 m. SE. by E. Louth, 
 2 m. E. Mumby Rd. stn., P.O. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (A. with 
 Cnnit>erwortlt) P. <5oo. 
 
 Anderleclit, tn. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, on the Senne, 2 m. 
 W. by S. Brussels. P. 32,200. 
 
 Anderlues, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 7jm. W. Charleroi. 
 P. 7100. 
 
 Andenuatt, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Uri, 17 m. S. by W. Altdorf, 
 in the Urseren Valley. Alt. 4735-4840 ft. P. <iooo. 
 
 Andei*nacli, tn., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 9 m. NW. 
 Coblenz, on the 1. bk. of the Rhine ; principal seat of trade in 
 the hydraulic cement called trass made from volcanic ash and 
 scoriae. P. 5300. 
 
 Andersey, vil., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., on the 
 Parret, 3 m. SE. Bridgwater. 
 
 Anderson, riv., Brit. Columbia, flows NNW. into the Eraser, 
 which it enters about 20 m. above Yale. 
 
 Anderson, vil., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the S. end 
 of Lake Anderson, 85 m. NNE. Vancouver. 
 
 Anderson, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, on the W. border of the 
 E. div., c,\ m. NW. by W. Poole, 3J m. SSW. Spettisbury stn. 
 P. <:25o. See 'WinterlMrne A. 
 
 Anderson, city, U.S., Indiana, Madison co., 33 m. NE. 
 Indianapolis. P. 10,700. 
 
 Anderson, co., U.S., Kansas, N. of 38°, W. of 95°. 
 
 Anderson, co., U.S., Kentucky, crossed by 38° N. and 
 85° W. 
 
 Anderson, tn., U.S., South Carolina, A. co., 80 m. NW. by 
 N. Augusta (Ga.) P. <4000. 
 
 Anderson, co. , U.S., Tennessee, crossed in theS. by 36° N. 
 and in the E. by 84° W., traversed by the CUnch R. 
 
 Anderson, co., U.S., Texas, in the E., crossed in the N. by 
 32° N., bounded on the W. by Trinity R. 
 
 Anderson's Bay, subiu-b of Dunedin, New Zealand. 
 
 Anderson's Town, tn.. Ire., SE. co. .■\ntrim, bar. Upper 
 Belfast, 2 m. SW. Belfast, P.O. 
 
 Anderston, eccles. par. , Scot. , Glasgow. P. 7800. 
 
 Anderton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Northwich div., 2 m. NW. 
 North wich. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Anderton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div. , 4J m. NNE. 
 Wigan, I m. N. of Blackrod stn. P. <5oo. 
 
ANDES 
 
 Andes (Span. Cordillera de los Andes), the great mountain 
 system of South America, extending from Cape Horn to the 
 Isthmus of Panama over 65° of lat., or 4500 m., with a breadth 
 of from 40 to 400 m., and a mean height of 11,800 ft. above 
 the sea, covering, with its mountains, plateaus, and declivities, 
 nearly a sixth part of the continent. The A. comprise a series 
 of chains, which extend in a nearly continuous line close to, 
 or within a short distance of, the Pacific Ocean. They are 
 composed partly of granite, gneiss, mica, and clay slate, but 
 chiefly of greenstone, porphyry, and basalt, with limestone, red 
 sandstone, and conglomerate. Salt and gypsum are also found, 
 and seams of coal at a great elevation. Gold, silver, copper, 
 mercury, lead, tin, and iron are abundant, and among gems the 
 topaz and amethyst. Volcanoes are numerous in the Chilean 
 Andes ; and the mountains of Ecuador consist almost altogether 
 of volcanic summits, two of which, Cotopaxi and Sangai, are 
 described as in a state of constant activity. No portion of the 
 globe is subject to such frequent and destructive earthquakes 
 as the countries within the range of the A., and those lying 
 between them and the Pacific Ocean. The cities and towns of 
 Bogoti, Riobamba, Callao, Arica, Copiapo, Valparaiso, and 
 Concepcion, have all at dififerent times been devastated by their 
 agency. The potato is cultivated in the A. at an elevation 
 of 9800 to 13,000 ft. Within the tropics wheat grows luxuri- 
 antly in certain places at a height of 10,000 ft., and oats ripen 
 in the vicinity of Lake Titicaca, at an elevation of more than 
 12,600 ft. The highest town in the A. is Cerro de Pasco 
 (14,100 ft.), but there are silver-mining camps at the height of 
 about 16,000 ft. or more. Owing to differences in the amount 
 of rainfall [America, Soatb], as well as the enormous range of 
 latitude, the elevation of the snoTr-line varies greatly. Within 
 the tropics the height at which snow is constantly present in 
 certain situations varies from about 15,000 to 17,000 ft. In 
 the Argentine-Chilean A. the snow-line between 32° and 33° S. 
 is placed by Giissfeldt at about 4200 metres (about 13,800 ft.), 
 on the slopes of Maipo in 34° 10' S. at about 4000 metres (13,100 
 ft.). The most noteworthy fact with regard to the snow-line 
 of' the A. is the great fall in its elevation between 32° and 35° 
 S. , in consequence of the great increase in the amount of the preci- 
 pitation from N. to S. between these parallels. The lower limit 
 of glaciers falls correspondingly. In 46° 30' S. , a latitude corre- 
 sponding to that of La Rochelle in France in the northern hemi- 
 sphere, a glacier descends to the water's edge. For convenience 
 of description the A. may be divided into six great sections, 
 taking their names from the countries or regions to which they 
 mainly belong : A. The Colombian and Venezuelan A., 
 including the whole of the system to the N. of the high 
 plateau or mountain-knot in the S. of Colombia, called the 
 Paramo de las Papas, on which stands the volcano of Pasto 
 (13,985 ft., R. and S.), and from which the rivers Cauca and 
 Magdalena flow northwards to the Caribbean Sea, the Caqueta 
 and 19a eastwards to the Amazon. From this knot the A. 
 diverge more or less northwards in three main chains or sub- 
 ordinate systems, separated by the valleys of the Cauca and the 
 Magdalena. I. The Western Chain. — In this the highest peak 
 is the Cerro Munchique (9880 ft.), in about 2° 32' N., and the 
 most important pass that on the route from Call to the B. of 
 Choco in about 3° 40' N. II. The Middle Chain, with the 
 volcano of Tolima (about 18,300 ft.), in about 4° 45' N. , the pass 
 of Quindiu (about 11,500 ft.l, immediately to the S. of Tolima, 
 and the Nevado de Huila (about 18,700 ft.), another volcano, 
 in about 3° N. III. The Eastern Chain, or rather system, for 
 it breaks up in the NE. into several parallel chains, the north- 
 easternmost of which are continued under the name of the 
 Maritime A. [Venezuela] eastwards along the coast of the 
 Caribbean Sea. The highest peaks in III. are Pic Concha 
 (about 15,400 ft.) and the Pan de Azucar (about 15,200), both 
 in the Venezuelan state of Los A., to the S. of the Gulf of 
 Maracaybo in about 71° W., and the Nevado de Suma Paz 
 (about 15,800 ft., the same as Mont Blanc), in about 4° N. to the 
 S. of Bogota, B. The A. of Ecuador, stretching from the 
 Paramo de las Papas to the Paramo de Loja in the S. of 
 Ecuador. In this section the A. do not form well-marked 
 chains, but are broken up into a number of basins at the height 
 of about 7000 to 10,000 ft. , with lofty peaks on different sides of 
 them, but without any well-marked parallelism in the arrange- 
 ment of these peaks. The following are the chief peaks in this 
 section, with their heights, according to Whymper (Wh.), by 
 mercurial barometer, Reiss and Stiibel (R. and S.), as given 
 by Whymper or Wolff (W.), as given in Proc. R. G. S., 1892, 
 pp. 125-30:— 
 
 North of Quito. 
 Cotacachi, 0° 24' N., 78° 12' W., 16,301 ft. (Wh.). 
 Imbabura, 15,033 ft. (R. and S.), 15,020 ft, (W.). 
 Cayarabe, 0° 4' N., 77° 49' W., 19,186 ft. (Wh.), 19,450 ft. 
 (W.). 
 Majanda, 0° 9' N.. 78° 6' W., 14,088 ft. (R. and S.). 
 Sara-urcu, 0° 4' S., 77° 44' W., 15,502 ft. (Wh.), 
 Pichincha, 0° 8' S., 78° 28' W., 15,918 ft. (Wh.), 15,804 ft. 
 (W.). 
 
 South of Quito. 
 Atacatzo, 0° 20' S., 78° 30' W. , 14,892 ft. (R. and S.). 
 Antisana, 0° 27' S., 77° 59' W., 19,335 ft. (Wh.i), 18,885 ft. 
 (W.). 
 Sincholagua, 16,365 ft. (R. and S.). 
 
 Illiniza, 0° 40 S., 78° 36' W,, 17,405 ft. (R. and S.), 17.380 ft. 
 (W.). 
 
 Cotopaxi volcano, 0° 43' S., 78° 18' W., 19,613 ft. (Wh.), 
 19,480 ft. (W.). 
 Tunguragua, 16,690 ft. (Wh.), 16,690 ft. (W.). 
 Chimborazo, 1° 30' S., 78° 47' W. , 20,498 * ft. (Wh. ). 
 Carihuairazo, 1° 25' S., 78° 43' W., 16,515 ft. (Wh.). 
 Altar, 1° 42' S., 78° 24' W., 17,730 ft. (R. and S.). 
 Sangai volcano, 2° S., 78° 40' W., 17,465 ft. (R. and S.). 
 Whymper has given the name of the Pacific Range of Ecuador 
 to a range with peaks of 13,000-14,000 or probably nearly 
 15,000 ft., trending N. and S. to the W. of the A. of Ecuador, 
 but, according to him, completely separated from them by the 
 valley of the Chimbo (just W. of 79° W. ) C. Peruvian A.— This 
 name may be applied to the section extending from the S. of 
 Ecuador to the gorge traversed by the Mollendo-Arequipa-Puno 
 Rly. in the SW. , and the knot or cross-ridge of Raya or Vilcanota 
 (about 14^° S.) in the BE. In this section the A. widen out and 
 in most places form three chains, the western chain being tra- 
 versed by short coast rivers, or giving rise to such on their western 
 slopes, while in the E. the prevailing feature is longitudinal 
 valleys drained by rivers belonging to the Amazon basin (Uru- 
 bamba, Apurimac, Pachitea, Mantaro, &c.). In this section the 
 peak of Huascan in about 9° S. in the Western Cordillera attains 
 the height of about 22,000 ft. The principal passes are San 
 Mateo or La Piedra Parada (about 15,750 ft.), on the road from 
 Lima to Oroya, in about 11° 45' S., and the Alto de Toledo 
 (about 15,600 ft.), in 16° 2' S. on the road from Arequipa to 
 Puno. The highest point on the Arequipa-Puno Rly. is about 
 15,000 ft. Another railway is being made across the western 
 chain from Lima to Oroya, and a tunnel has already been pierced 
 for this railway (the Galera tunnel, at the height of 15,660 ft.). 
 D. The Bolivian A.— This name may be applied to that part of 
 the system in which the most notable feature is a lofty area of 
 inland drainage enclosed by two well-marked chains extending 
 from the cross-ridge of Raya or Vilcanota in the N. to the 
 Despoplado in the SW. of Bolivia, the E. of Chile (Antofagasta), 
 and the NW. of the Argentine Republic. The passes of Los 
 Puquios, in 27° 10' S., and San Francisco (about 15,000 ft.), 
 further E. , in about 26° 40' S. , 68° 20' W. , on the route from 
 Copiap6 to Antofagasta, may be taken as the southern limit. 
 This area of inland drainage includes the large fresh-water lake 
 of Titicaca (12,640 ft.), and the large salt or brackish lake of 
 Aullagas (about 12,000 ft.). The eastern chain enclosing this 
 area is connected in its northern portion with a tableland or 
 elevated mountainous area running far out to the E., and cut 
 up by deep valleys belonging to the basins of the Madeira and 
 Pilcomayo. The Misti volcano (about 20,000 ft. ) is situated im- 
 mediately to the S. of the Arequipa-Puno gorge, to the W. of the 
 western chain enclosing the area of inland drainage. In this 
 chain are Sajama (about 21,000 ft.), just N. of 18° S. ; Lican- 
 caur (about 19,500 ft.), in 22° 50' S., at the angle formed by two 
 sides of the Chilean prov. of Antofagasta in the SW. of Bolivia ; 
 Llullaillaco (about 20,250 ft.), at the angle of the Chilean provs. 
 Antofagasta and Atacama, in about 24° 45' S., 68° 15' W., and 
 Dofia Inez (about 18,250 ft. ), in 26i° S. To the NW. of Sajama, 
 in 17° 40' S., is the Tacora Pass (10,600 ft.), on the route from 
 Tacna to Oruro. In the eastern chain, within an interval of less 
 than one degree of lat. to the E. and SE. of L. Titicaca, are the 
 peaks of Sorata or Illampu (about 21,500 ft.), Huaina Potosi 
 (about 20,200 ft.), and Illimani (about 21,000 ft.) ; and in about 
 25° S. on the Argentine-Chilean frontier stands the Nevado de 
 Cachi (about 21,300 ft.3). The pass called Abra de la Cortadera 
 (about 13,000 ft.), in about 22° 20' 8., 65° 10' W., leads N. from 
 Jujuy in Argentina to that part of Bolivia which belongs to the 
 basin of the Pilcomayo. The rly. from Antofagasta to Oruro 
 crosses the western chain of this section of the Andes in about 
 21° 45' S., at the height of upwards of 12,000 ft. E. The 
 Chilean-Argentine A.— Under this name we include only that 
 part of the system which lies to the N. of the Chilean Is., and S. 
 of the great area of inland drainage. This section contains the 
 highest peak of the whole system, Aconcagua, and numerous other 
 lofty peaks as well as important passes. Aconcagua stands in 32 
 39' S. , 70° o' W. , and attains the height of 22,860 ft. [tr. , G."*). In 
 this section two parallel chains can generally be made out, the 
 Argentine-Chilean frontier following the western, but the eastern 
 chain is not everywhere well-marked. At the S. end of this 
 section lie L. Llanquihue on the W. side and L. Nahuel-huapi 
 
 1 The highest point actually reached by Whymper was determined by 
 him at 17,623 ft. j t 1 
 
 2 Mean deduced from different readings on January 4 and J uly 3. 
 
 3 Moussy in Latzina (Geografia de la Republica Argentina, JJuenos 
 Aires, 1888). , ^ ^. . „ ,. 
 
 4 Gussfeldt {_Reise in den Andes von Chile und Argentimen, Berlin, 
 1888). ^^ 
 
ANDE — ANDR 
 
 on the E. side, at the base of the mountains. None of the passes 
 across this section is capable of being used by wheeled vehicles, but 
 three railways across the mountains are in progress or projected, 
 one from Mendoza to Valparaiso across the Uspallata Pass 
 [Vspallato], another leading to the Chilean seaport of Con- 
 cepcion, and crossing the mountains to the S. of 2,7" N., and the 
 third by way of Lake Nahuel-huapi. Peaks and Passes N. of 
 Aconcagua. — (i.) Peaks: Cerro del Cobre (about 18,300 ft.), in 
 28J° S. ; Cerro del Mercedario (22,300 ft. ), in 32° S. (2. ) Passes. 
 For a detailed account of the passes in this section, as far as 35° 
 S., see Brackebusch (cited below as Br.) in the Zeitschrift der 
 Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin, 1892, pp. 249-348 (with 
 map, 1 : 3,000,000). Among the principal passes may be men- 
 tioned Pircas Negras, in 27° 58' S., 69° 20' W. (13,580ft., Moussy 
 in Br.), or Come CaballosC horse-eater,' that is, 'killer'), in 28° 5' 
 S., 69°3i' W. (14,100 ft., Br.), in the western chain, succeeded by 
 Barrancas Blancas, 28° 4' S., 69° 12' W. (14,630 ft., Moussy in 
 Br. ), and the Estanzuelo Pass, in 28'' 5' S. , 68° 43' W. (13,600 ft. , 
 Br.), all on the route from Copiapo to Tinogasta, and thence 
 to Rioja or Catamarca ; the Paso de las T6rtolas, in 29° 49' 
 S., 70° 10' W. (14,750 ft.), in the W. chain, followed by the 
 Paso de Colanguil, in 29° 51' S., 69° 49' W. (15,400 ft.), or the 
 Paso de Conconta, in 29 53' S. , 69° 52' W. (14,750 ft. ), in the E. 
 chain on the route from Coquimbo to San Juan by Rodeo ; the 
 Hurtd.do Pass or Paso de Dona Rosa, in 30° 33' S. , 70° 30' W. 
 (about 14,400 ft.), in the W. chain, and then that of Tocota or 
 Coquimbito, in 30° 40' S. , 69° 55' W. (only used when there is 
 little snow on the summit ; alt. not known), or the Paso de la 
 Ollita, in 30° 57' S., 69° 59' W. (summit about 12,450 ft., but 
 with constant ups and downs, in which 11,300 ft. is four times 
 exceeded in other places), in the E. chain on the more direct 
 route south-eastwards from Coquimbo to San Juan ; Los Patos 
 or Boquete de Valle Hermoso (11,700 ft., mb. G.^), in 32° 21' 
 S. , on the route from San Felipe to San Juan. Peaks and Passes 
 S. of Aconcagua. — (i.) Peaks: Tupungato (22,000 ft. 2), in 33° 
 20' S. ; Maipo volcano (17,765 ft., bp., G.i; 17,665 ft., tr. G.'), 
 in 34° 10' S, ; Tronador (8500-10,000 ft. ), in 41° 10' S. (2. ) Passes : 
 rspallata (Cumbre Iglesia, ' church summit," often known 
 simply as La Cumbre, 'the summit,' 12,330 ft., G.^), in 32° 
 50' S. , 70° 4' W. , on the route from Valparaiso to Mendoza by 
 Los Andes and San Felipe (valley of the Rio Aconcagua) and 
 the valley of the Rio de Mendoza ; Portillo de los Piuquenes 
 (13,775 ft. 2), in 33° 37' S. , on another route from Santiago 
 to Mendoza; Maipo Pass (11,390 ft. G.^), in the western 
 chain at the S. foot of the Maipo volcano, and Atravieso de 
 la Cruz de Piedra (12,400 ft., G.^), in the eastern chain, 
 both in 34° 14' S., on the Rio Maipo-San Carlos route; 
 Atravieso de la Lefia (13,480 ft. , G. i), in the western chain, in 34° 
 28' S. ; Cajon Ancho Pass (11,970 ft. , G.i), and La Iglesia (11,285 
 ft., G.i), on the Roncagua-San Rafael route, by the Rio Cacha- 
 pual and the Rio Diamante valleys ; Planchon (8200 ft.), in 35° 
 n' S. , connecting Curico in Chile with the Rio Colorado valley 
 in Argentina; Pichachen (6530 ft.), in 37^° S. , connecting the 
 Chilean seaport of Concepcion by the basin of the Biobio with 
 the valley of the Neuquen ; Copalhue, in 37° 50' S. , connecting the 
 valleys of the Biobio and Agrio ; Nahuel-huapi or Boquete de 
 Pedro Rosales (2750 ft.^), in 41" 20' S., connecting Llanquihue 
 with the valley of the Rio Limay. The large lake of Nahuel- 
 huapi lies at the base of this section of the A. on its E. side 
 near the S. end. F. Patagonlan A., including the whole system 
 from the S. of section E. to its termination in Tierra del Fuego. 
 In this section the main chain is single, but there are numerous 
 isolated peaks to the W. of the main chain either on the main- 
 land or coast islands. At the base of this section of the A. , on 
 the E. side, lie the large lakes of Fontana (45° S.), and the con- 
 nected series of San Martin, Viedma, and Argentino, between 
 about 47° and soi" S. In about 43^° S. the Corcovado, flowing 
 W. into the Pacific, makes a breach through the system, and in 
 521° S. a winding inlet from the Pacific passes right across the 
 chain, terminating in Last Hope Inlet, on the plains to the E. 
 of which the GaUegos (Atlantic basin) takes its rise. The prin- 
 cipal summits are the volcano of Corcovado (about 7400 ft.), an 
 isolated mountain rising from the Pacific coast in 43° 10 S. ; 
 Yanteles (6725 ft.), in 43° 28' S. ; Chalten (about 7100 ft.), in 49° 
 10' S. ; Stokes (about 6400 ft.), in 50!° S. ; and Sarmiento (about 
 6800 ft.) and Darwin (about 6900 ft.), on Tierra del Fuego. 
 
 Andes, Los, tn. , Chile. See Santa Bosa de los Andes. 
 
 Andevorando, tn., Madagascar, on the E. ct., in about 
 18° 50' S. 
 
 Andljan* tn., Russian Central Asia, prov. Ferghana, on the 
 Syr Daria, 73 m. ENE. Khokand. P. 30,600. 
 
 Andijk, tn., Holland, prov. N. Holland, on the N. ct., 20 
 ni. ENE. Alkmaar. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Andllly, vil. . France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 11 m. N. by W. Notre 
 Dame, Paris; birthplace of Arnauld, the jansenist. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Andlyikr, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Coimbatore, 39 m. 
 W. Salem. P. <6ooo. 
 
 1 Gnssfeldt (Jieise in den Andes von Chile und Argentinien, Berlin, 
 1888). 
 
 2 Pissis in Latzina. ^ Fonch and Hers in Latzina. 
 
 48 
 
 Audkbni, oasis and tn., Afghanistan, 85 ni. W. by N. 
 Balkh. It uses up the last waters of the A. river, which flows 
 NNE. from the Tirband-i-Turkistan Mts. 
 
 Andlan, tn., Ger. , govt, of Alsace-Lorraine, on Andlau R., 
 21 m. SW. Strassburg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ando, the most northerly of the Lofoten Is., off W. ct. of 
 Norway, in 66° 20' N., 15° 15' E. ; area, 285 sq. m. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Andomo, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 27 m. 
 NW. by N. Vercelli, 4 m. N. by E. Biella, with iron, copper, 
 and lead mines. P. <30oo. 
 
 Andorra, tn., 76 m. NE. by N. Lerida, Spain, cap. of the 
 small republic of A., the chief judicial power in which is vested 
 in a civil judge and two vicars or priests. The civil judge and 
 a vicar are appointed by France and the Spanish Bishop of 
 Urgel alternately ; an arrangement based on an arbitrament 
 passed in 1278, France now possessing by inheritance the rights 
 then assigned to the Counts of Foix. The terr. of the republic, 
 which lies between the French dep. of Ari^ge and the Spanish 
 prov. of Lerida, consists of the upper part of the valley of the 
 Balira (r. bk. trib. of Segre) and two or three other Pyrenean 
 valleys opening into it. Area of republic, 175 sq. m. P. <:6ooo. 
 
 AndOTer, vil. and port, Canada, New Brunswick, Victoria 
 CO., on R. St. John, 76 m. NW. Fredericton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 AndOTer (' passage of the Ande '= Anton R.), mun. bor. and 
 par., Eng., Hampshire, A. div. , 12J m. N^V. by N. Win- 
 chester, with a stn. (A. Junction) on the L. & SW. R. ; an old 
 town well known to the Romans. Market-day, F. Par. 9456 
 ac. , P. 6000; mun. bor. P. 5900; pari. div. P. 51,200; eccles. 
 par. (A. wltb Foxcott) P. 5200. 
 
 Audorer, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Esse.x co., on Shawshen 
 R. , 3 m. S. by E. Lawrence, with extensive water-power; seat 
 of A. Theological College (Congregational). P. 6100. 
 
 Andover, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Merrimack co., 20 m. 
 NW. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 AndoTer, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Sussex co. , 30 m. W. by 
 N. Paterson. P. <: 1500. 
 
 AndOTer, vil., U.S., New York, Allegany co., 68 m. S. by 
 W. Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Andover, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Day co. , 130 m. NE. by K 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 AndoTersford, vil. , Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div. , 
 a,\ m. ESE. Cheltenham, on the G. W. R. and the M. & SW. 
 June. RIy. (A. and Dowdeswell), PMT.O. 
 
 AndoToranto, tn., Madagascar, on the E. ct., in about 
 18° 50' S. 
 
 Andrabombe, tn., Madagascar, on the SE. ct., in about 
 25° 10' S. 
 
 Andraix, comm., Spain, prov. Baleares, dist. Palma. P. 6000. 
 
 Andrauovelona, tn., Madagascar, on the E. ct. , in about 
 
 15° 15' s. 
 
 Andraylda, tn. , Greece, prov. Elis and Achaia, 36 m. SW. 
 Patras. P. < 2000. 
 
 Andravlua Bay, Madagascar, in the NE., in 12° 55' S. 
 
 Andreas, or Kirk A., par. and vil. , Isle of Man, 4 m NW. 
 Ramsey, PM.O. ; 7871 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Andreas, isl. , in the Danube. See Szent Andras. 
 
 Andreasl»erg, or St. A., tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 28 m. 
 ENE. Gottingen ; with mines of silver, lead, copper, and iron, 
 one of which, the deepest in the Harz, is 2870 ft. deep. P. <:400o, 
 
 Andreev, dist. tn. , Poland. See JedrzeJ6w. 
 
 Aiidr^evka, vil., Russia, govt. Taurida, 19 m. NNW. 
 Berdyansk. P. 7000. 
 
 AndrecTO {Enderi), vil., Caucasia, govt. Terek, dist. Khasav' 
 yurt. P. 3000 (Kumyks). 
 
 Andretta, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 32 m. ESE. 
 Benevento. P. < 5000. 
 
 Andrew, co. , U.S., Missouri, in the NW. , crossed in the S. 
 by 40° N. , and in the W. by 95° W. , partly bounded by the 
 Missouri. 
 
 Andrew Bay, on the W. ct. of Burma, Arakan div., in 
 18° 45' N. 
 
 Andrews, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW. , on the W. frontier 
 just N. of 32° N. 
 
 Andrews, tn. , U.S., Indiana, Huntington co. , 78 m. NNE, 
 Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Andrezleux. See St. Etlenne. 
 
 Andrla, tn,, Italy, Apulia, prov. Bari, 42 m. ESE. Foggia, 
 favourite residence of the Emperor Frederick II. P. 37,000. 
 
 Andrltzalna, tn., Greece, prov. Messenia, 26 m. W, Tripolis. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Andros, a group of isls. belonging to the Bahamas, lying 
 close together on the Great Bahama Bank, between 23° 41' and 
 25° 10' N. , crossed by 77° W. See Sau Andres I. 
 
 Andros, isl., Greece, one of the Cyclades, 7 m. ofif the S. 
 ct. of Etiboea, with the town and seaport of A. on the E. ct. 
 The best harb. is that of Ano-Gaurion, on the W. ct. Area of 
 island, 156 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). P. 18,100; tn. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Androscoggin, co., U.S. Maine, in the SW., W. of 70° W., 
 crossed in the S. by 44° N. 
 
 Androscoggin, riv., U.S., rises in the W. of Maine near 
 
ANDR— ANGO 
 
 the NE. corner of New Hampshire, flows S. partly through 
 New Hampshire, then E. re-entering Maine, then S. and SE. 
 passing Auburn and Brunswick, and finally joins the Kennebec 
 a few miles above Bath ; not navigable. 
 
 AndrosoTka, vil. , Russia, govt, and 37 m. SW. Samara. 
 P. <500o. 
 
 AJidriisa, tn. , Greece, prov. Messenia, 19 m. NE. Navarino. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Andrnsovo, vil., Russia, govt, and 40 m. SW. Smolensk, 
 where peace was concluded between Russia and Poland in 
 1667. 
 
 Andiijar, tn. , Spain, prov. Jaen, on the r. bk. of the Guadal- 
 quivir, 26 m. NW. Jaen ; the place in which the porous jars 
 used throughout Andalusia for cooling water are nnade. P. 
 15,200. 
 
 Auduze, tn. , France, dep. Gard, 24 m. NW. Nimes, arr. 
 and 7 m. SW. Alais. P. <40OO. 
 
 Aiidwell, par., Eng., Hampshire, Basingstoke Union. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Auegada, one of the British West Indian Is., one of the 
 Virgin group, 75 m. ENE. of the NE. point of Porto Rico, in 
 18° 45 N. , 64° i4'-23' W. 
 
 Anekal, tn., India, Mysore, 20 m. SSE. Bangalore. P. 
 600D. 
 
 Anem, place named in O. T. See Anfm. 
 
 Aner, place named in O. T. See Ell&r. 
 
 Anerley, vil. , Eng. , Surrey, in the Penge div. of Camberwell 
 pari, bor., 7 m. S. by E. St. Paul's, London, on the L. B. & 
 S. C. R. 
 
 , Anet, tn. , France, Eure-et-Loir, on the Eure, 18 m. SE. 
 Evreux. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Aiieta, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Nelson cc, 94 m. SSW. 
 Pembina. 
 
 Aucy. See Knockaluy. 
 
 Aiiej'sa, oasis, Arabia, one of the two principal towns in Nejd, 
 about 400 m. NE. by N. Mecca, P. <70co. Proc. J?. G. S., 
 1884, p. 389. 
 
 Augad, a large tribe composed of numerous sections dwelling 
 on the frontiers of Algeria and Morocco. 
 
 Angaugeo, mining-tn., Mexico, in the NE. of Michoacan 
 state, about 75 m. W. of the city of Mexico. 
 
 Angara, riv. , Siberia, flows first SW. into the N. end of Lake 
 Baikal, issues from that lake on W. side near the S. end, and 
 flows first NW. past Irkutsk, then W. into the Yenisei above 
 Yeniseisk ; called Upper A. before entering Lake Baikal, Lower 
 A. or Upper Tunguska after its issue from the lake. The 
 Lower A. is navigable below Irkutsk (q.v.), but its navigation is 
 rendered difficult by rapids above Bratskoi Ostrog, in 56° N. 
 
 Angaraes, tn., Peru, dep. Huancavelica, with mercury mines. 
 
 Augastou, tp. , South Australia, Light co. , 38 m. NE. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Angavoke'ly, mt. , Madagascar, 18 m. E. by N. Antanarivo. 
 
 Angazlya. See Comoro. 
 
 Angdapliorang, tn. , Bhutin, 15 m. S. by E. Punakhi. 
 
 Ange, vil., Sweden, prov. W. Norrland, on the Ljungan R., 
 53 m. W. by N. Sundsvall. 
 
 Angeja, tn. , Portugal, dist. Aveiro. P. < 3000. 
 
 Angel de la Cluarda, large isl., Mexico, off" the E. ct. of 
 California penin., in 29° -29^° N., separated from the mainland 
 by Ballenas Channel. 
 
 Angeles, Los, Chile. See Anjeles. 
 
 Angeles, Los, bay, Mexico, in the middle of the E. ct. of 
 California penin. , in 29° N. 
 
 Angeles, Los, U.S., California. See Los Angeles. 
 
 Angelica, vil., U.S., New York, Allegany cc, 62 m. SSW, 
 Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Angelina, co. , U.S., Texas, in the E., to the W. of 94° W., 
 N. of 31° N. 
 
 Augeline, vil., Canada, Quebec, Rouville co. , 37 m. ESE. 
 Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Angell Town, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , co. London. See 
 Lambeth. 
 
 Angeln, dist., Prussia, Schleswig-Holstein, between the 
 inlets of Schlei and Flensburg. 
 
 Angel Island, small isl. , U.S. , California, in San Francisco 
 harbour. 
 
 Augcl Road, stn., Eng., Middlesex, on the G. E. R.. 7 m. 
 N. b\- E. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Angerapp ('eel river'), riv., Prussia, in the E. of prov. E. 
 Prussia, issues from Lake Mauer, just above Angerburg, flows 
 N. then W. , and unites with the Inster to form the Pregel ; not 
 navigable. 
 
 Angera, coram., Italy, Lombardy, on the E. shore of Lake 
 Maggiore, prov. and 24 m. W. Como. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Angerljurg, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 60 m. SE. 
 by E. Konigsberg. P. <4000. 
 
 Angernian-Elf, the most beautiful river in Sweden, flows 
 SE. through W'esterbotten and West Norrland into the Gulf of 
 Bothnia at Hernosand ; navigable from SoUeftea downwards 
 (about 65 m.). 
 49 
 
 Angenuanland, or Angermania, an old prov. of Sweden, 
 now part of prov. of West Norrland. 
 
 Angermttnde, manufacturing tn., Prussia, prov. Branden- 
 burg, in A. circle, 36 m. S"V\^ Stettin, 25 m. NNW. Berlin. 
 P. 6500. 
 
 Augern, tn., Austria, crownland Lower Austria, on the 
 March, 24 m. NE. by E. Vienna. P. <20oc. 
 
 Ange Robert, Canada. See Canrobert. 
 
 Angers (the ancient Juliomagus), tn., cap. dep. Maine-et- 
 Loire, France, on the Maine, just below the confluence of the 
 Sarthe and the Mayenne, 42 ra. S. by E. Laval. Divided by 
 the Maine into two portions. La CitizxiALa D outre ; possesses 
 a cathedral of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and some 
 curious houses built of wood or stone of the fifteenth and six- 
 teenth centuries, the finest known as the Logis Barrault, con- 
 taining the museum, which includes an important collection of 
 sculpture ; formerly cap, of Anjou ; birthplace of Menage, 
 scholar, and Chevreul, chemist. Alt. 153 ft. ; mean temp., 
 yr. 52.5° F., Jan. 39.0°, July 66.2°. P. (1891) 64,600. 
 
 Angersleigh, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 4J m. 
 SSW. Tatmton. P. <:25o. 
 
 Angerton, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Ulverston Union. P. <250. 
 
 Angertou, High and Low, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Nor- 
 thumberland, Wansbeck div. , 7 m. W. by S. Morpeth, with stn. 
 (Angerton) on the Morpeth branch of the N. B. R. A. High, 
 P. <25o ; A. Low, P. <25o. 
 
 Anges, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Portneuf co., on the R. 
 Batiscan, 53 m. W. Quebec. 
 
 Anghlari, tn., N. Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 10 m. NE. 
 Arezzo. In 1440 a victory was gained here by the Florentines 
 over the Milanese. P. 7000. 
 
 Angkor Tom, tn., Siam, 225 m. E. byS. Bangkok, 10 m. N. 
 of the Caman Dai Lake. Two or three miles to the S. is the 
 temple of .Angkor Wat, one of the most remarkable monuments 
 of ancient Cambodian civilisation. See Garnier, Voyage d' Ex- 
 ploration en Indo-Chine, i. p. 25. 
 
 Angle, or Nangle, par. and vil. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3 m. 
 SW. bv W. Milford, on Angle Bay, which opens on the S. off 
 Milford Haven, PM.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Anglesborongh, tnld., Ire., SE. co. Limerick, bar. Coshlea, 
 14 m. N. Fermoy, P.O. P, <:250. 
 
 Anglesea, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Cape May co., on the E. 
 coast, 65 m. SSE. Philadelphia, 10 m. NE. Cape May. 
 
 Anglesey, part of eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire. See 
 AlTerstoke. 
 
 Anglesey, or Anglesea (' isle of the Angles '), an island and 
 CO. of North Wales, forming the most NW. part of the princi- 
 pality, separated from the mainland by Menai Strait, and con- 
 nected by the Menai bridges. Surface little diversified (highest 
 point, Holyhead Hill, 703 ft.), most of the land unenclosed. 
 As to crops and live-stock, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. Geolo- 
 gically, it is mainly composed of archaean and metamorphic 
 rocks, but has in the E. patches of carboniferous, including the 
 coal-measures, but no productive coal-mines. Its mineral pro- 
 ducts are lead, copper, and zinc ores, all produced near Amlwch. 
 The copper-mines, discovered in 1768, were, until 1800, the 
 most productive in the kingdom. Anglesey is divided into six 
 hundreds (which are also deaneries), and consists of 78 parishes, 
 all in the diocese of Bangor and circuit of North Wales, and 
 contains one municipal and four parliamentary boroughs. Chief 
 towns — Beaumaris, the capital, Amlwch, and Holyhead. It 
 sends one member to the House of Commons for the county. 
 Anglesey is the Mona of Tacitus, and has numerous Druidic 
 remains. It is traversed by the North Wales line of the L. & 
 NW. R. to Holyhead, which is carried over Menai Strait by the 
 Britannia tubular bridge, and by the Anglesey Central, which 
 runs from Caerwen to Almwch. 175,836 ac. Pari, co, P. (1891) 
 50,100. See Wales. 
 
 Anglesey, co. , Victoria, crossed in the N. by 37° S. , between 
 145° and 146° E. 
 
 Angleur, comm. , Belgium, prov. Lifege, on the Vesdre, 3 m. 
 SSE. Li^ge, P, 6100. 
 
 Angle Vale, settlement, S. Australia, Adelaide co., 20 m. 
 N, Adelaide. 
 
 Anglezark, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Chorley Union. P. <2So. 
 
 Anglnre, tn. , France, dep. Marne, arr. Epernay, on the Aube, 
 24 m. NW. by N. Troves. P. < 2000. 
 
 Angmering, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 3^ m. SE. 
 by E. Arundel, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O. ; 4557 ac. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Angoche, riv. , E. Africa. See Mlnll. 
 
 Angoche Cape, 12 m. to the S. of A. river, in 16° 23' S. 
 
 Angol, tn., Chile, cap. prov. Malleco, and dep. A., 70 m. 
 SSE. Concepcion. P. 6300. 
 
 Angola, the general name for the Portuguese possessions m 
 Lower Guinea, W. Africa, the main portion bounded N. by the 
 Congo Free State, E. by the Congo Free State and the sphere of 
 British influence, S. by the sphere of German influence. It in- 
 cludes also the detached tract of Cabinda to the N. of the Congo 
 on the coast between the French Congo Terr, and the terr. of the 
 
 D 
 
ANGO — ANKL 
 
 Congo Free State. By the agreement of 1891, the boundary with 
 the Congo Free State is formed by the Congo R. as far up as a point 
 near Nokki, in about 5° 52' S. , then by a parallel of lat. eastwards 
 from that point to the Kwango, by the parallel of 8° S. between the 
 Kwango and Kwilu, and by that of 7° S. between the Kwilu 
 and Kassai, then by that river upwards to the neighbourhood 
 of L. Dilolo, and afterwards mainly by the water-parting between 
 the Zambezi and Congo to the meridian of 24° E. The boundary 
 with the German sphere of influence on the S. , as determined by 
 treaty in 1886, is formed by the lower course of the Kunene to 
 the falls on that river in about 17° 20' S. , 14° 20' E. , from this point 
 by a parallel of lat. to the Kubango, by that watercourse to 
 Andara in about 17° 26' S. , 21° 20' E. , and thence by a straight 
 line to the Katima Falls on the Zambezi. By the treaty with 
 Great Britain in 1891, the boundary with the British sphere of 
 influence is formed by the Zambezi from the Katima Falls north- 
 wards to the Barotse country, the whole of which is assigned to 
 the British sphere. The whole terr. is divided into five districts 
 — Congo (which includes the detached area N. of the Congo 
 and the area S. of the Congo to about 7° 40' S. ), Loanda, Am- 
 briz, Benguela, and Mossamedes, and the capital is Loanda, or 
 Sao Paulo de Loanda. The interior of the older parts of the 
 terr. W. of the Congo basin is very mountainous, the ground 
 gradually rising on the whole from the coast inwards, in places 
 to altitudes above 8000 ft. There are vast tracts in the interior 
 at an average elevation of 5000 ft. , and with an almost European 
 climate. The low-lying coast strip begins to assume an arid 
 character about 50 m. S. of the Congo, and the width of the 
 arid tract increases from about 5 m. at Ambriz (in 7° 40' S. ) to 
 about 70 m. at Mossamedes (in about 15° 15' S.). The principal 
 rivers in the order from N. to S. are the Loge, Bengo, Kwanza 
 (Coanza), the finest of all, navigable for more than 200 m. up ; 
 the Kuyo, Katumbela, and Kunene. The interior contains a 
 good deal of forest-land. The oil-palm does not reach further 
 S. than 10° S. Coffee grows wild on nearly all the hilly dis- 
 tricts, and is the chief export of Ambriz. Cotton is grown 
 largely in the S. , and especially in the district of Mossamedes, 
 and sugar in all the low-lying tracts. Indiarubber, from the 
 Landolphia florida, is an important export. The domestic 
 animals of Europe are reared. Among wild animals the elephant 
 is no longer abundant, except far in the interior and on the S. 
 border. The ostrich extends northwards to about 12° S. 
 Railways to the interior from each of the three chief ports, 
 Loanda, Benguela, and Mossamedes, are projected, and that 
 from Loanda has already been opened to a distance of 
 more than 100 m. Area estimated at 517,160 sq. m., P. at 
 2,400,000. 
 
 Angola, tn,, U.S., Indiana, Steuben co., 13 m. SW. of NE. 
 comer of state. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Angola, vil., U.S., New York, Erie co., 18 m. SSW. Buffalo. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Angolala, tn., Abyssinia, Shoa, 185 m. SE. by S. Debra 
 Tabor, 28 m. W. Ankobar. 
 
 Angonl, tribe, Brit. S. .A.frica, to the SW. 01 L. Nyassa. 
 
 Angora, Ankara, or (Turkish) Engnrl, tn., Asia Minor, on 
 the river A., which flows W. to the Sakaria, 140 m. N. by E. 
 Konieh. Seat of an Armenian bishop. Noted for the wool of 
 its goats ; with water-power, but not used ; coal abundant in 
 the neighbourhood, though not mined, P. 20,000. 
 
 Angostura, Venezuela. See Clndad Bolivar. 
 
 Angonl^me, tn. , France, dep. Charente, on the Charente, cap. 
 arr. , 24 m. E. by S. Cognac, built at an alt. of 230 ft. above the riv. 
 Charente. A. possesses a fine cathedral of the twelfth century, 
 and a castle ; birthplace of Marguerite de Valois, sister of 
 Francis L (1492) ; birthplace also of Balzac. The numerous 
 paper factories of A. are situated mostly within a radius of 
 1&-13 m. from the town, on the Touvre and on the beautiful 
 clear streams in the valley of the Charente. P. (1872) 26,000; 
 (1891)31,000. 
 
 Angoiunols, an old prov. of France, of which the cap. was 
 Angoul^me. 
 
 Angra do Herolsmo, tn., cap. of the Azores, on the \. of 
 Terceira. Mean rainfall (6 yrs.), 42.17 in. P. 1200. 
 
 Angra dog Reyes, seapt., Brazil, prov. and 73 m. W. Rio de 
 Janeiro. P. 4000. 
 
 Angram, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 5^ m. W. by S. York, 3^ m. WNW. Copman- 
 thorpe stn. P. <2so. 
 
 Angra Peqnefta, in Portuguese spelling A. Peqnentaa, 
 (Spanish and Portugiiese, 'little bay'), bay, on the W. ct. of 
 Amca, in 26° 38' S. ; discovered by Diaz, i486. Deposits of nitrate 
 of potash and soda in its vicinity. It now belongs to Ger. W. 
 Africa, but there are three small isls. in its mouth — Seal, Pen- 
 guin, and Shark — belonging to Cape Colony. 
 
 Angram, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, in the extreme W. of the 
 Richmond div. of the N. Riding, \^\ m. SE. Appleby, 6 m. N. 
 by E. Hawes stn. A. Common is an upland tract to the W. , 
 extending to the border of Westmorland. 
 
 Angram drange, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Easing- 
 wold Union, sub.-dist. of Coxwold. P. <250. 
 50 
 
 Angri, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, 7 m. N. by W. 
 Amalf]. P. 11,000. 
 
 Angs&, Angsoe, or Angeso, isl. on the ct. of Sweden, in the 
 Gulf of Bothnia, in about 61° 40' N. 
 
 Augtong, in., Siam, on a branch of the Mei-Nam, 56 m. N. 
 Bangkok. 
 
 Angnllla, or Snake, British West India isL, Leeward group, 
 8 m. N. St. Martin ; chief products, cattle, ponies, and garden 
 stock, phosphate of lime and salt. P. <;3000 (about 100 whites). 
 
 Angnllle Cape, Newfoundland, on the W. ct. , in 47° 57' N., 
 at the S. of the entrance to St, George's Bay. 
 
 Angus, vil., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., 53 m. NNW. 
 Toronto. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Anbalt, a duchy of central Germany, between 51° 35' and 
 52° 10' N. , 11° and 12° 30' E., formed by the combined duchies 
 of Anhalt-Dessau-Kothen and Anhalt-Bernburg ; the terr. made 
 up of detached areas, the largest of which in the E, (circles 
 Bernburg, Kothen, Dessau, and Zerbst) is a plain traversed by the 
 Elbe, Mulde, and Saale, all nearly surrounded by the Prussian 
 prov. Saxony ; the SW. area (circles Ballenstedt and Quedlin- 
 burg), near the Harz Mrs,, is hilly. There are mines of lignite, 
 silver and lead ore, copper, and brown and red hematite, and 
 the duchy contains the valuable rock-salt and potash-salt 
 deposits of Leopoldshall near Stassfurt. Area, 886 sq. m. 
 P. 272,000. See Cerniany, table. 
 
 Anbembl. See Tlete. 
 
 AnUd, or Athnett, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Coshma, 
 II m. SSW, Limerick; 980 ac. P. <2So. 
 
 Anbolt, isl., Denmark, off the E. ct, of Jutland, in 56° 45' 
 N. P.-C250. 
 
 An-bivel, prov., China. See Xgan-Iiwel.-^ 
 
 Anl, or Anlsl (ancient Arnicum), tn,, Trans-Caucasia, on 
 the Kars R. , dist. and 28 m. E. by S. Kars ; formerly the cap. 
 of Armenia, 
 
 Anlane, tn., France, dep. H6rault, on the H6rault, 15 m. 
 WNW. Montpellier. P. < 3000. 
 
 Anlche, tn. , France, dep. Nord, 8 m. ESE. Douai ; coal 
 mined here since 1778 ; glass-works, &c. P. 6300. 
 
 Aulene, riv. , Italy, prov, Rome, flows N W, then SW. past 
 Tivoli, where it forms important falls, into the Tiber. Supplies 
 Rome with drinking water. 
 
 Anim, place named in O. T. See El Ghuweln. 
 
 Anin, site, Palestine [Anem in the O. T.), 32° 20' N., 35° 10' 
 E., 9 m. NW. by N. Nablus. 
 
 Anita, vil., U.S., Iowa, Cass co., 63 m. E. by N. Omaha 
 (Neb.). P. < 1500, 
 
 Anltagnlpan, cape, on the E, ct. of the isl. of Samar 
 Philippine Is. 
 
 Anltba, vil., Palestine [Beth Anath in the O. T.), 33° 8' N.. 
 35° 26' E. , 17 m, SE. by E. Tyre. 
 
 AnlTa Bay, the large bay at the S. end of Sakhalin I. 
 
 AuiTa Cape, at the end of the penin. on the E. of A, Bay, 
 
 Anjang&on, tn,, Brit, India, Berar, dist. EUichpur, 32 m. 
 NW. by W. -Amrdoti, P. 10,600. 
 
 Anjang&on Bilrl, tn., Brit. India, Berar, dist. and 9 m. SSE, 
 Amrdoti. P. < 3000. 
 
 Anjanwel, seapt., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Katnigiri, on 
 the W. ct., at the mouth of the Vashishti R., 87 m. SW. 
 Poona. 
 
 Anjar, tn., India, Cutch, 164 m. W. Ahmadabad. P. 
 13,000. 
 
 Anjeles, Los, tn., Chile, prov, Biobio, 62 m, (72 m. by rail) 
 SE, Concepcion, cap. dep. La Laja. Alt. 550 ft. P. 8300. 
 
 Anjer, seapt., Java, on the W. ct., 60 m. W. Batavia. 
 
 Anjera, an Arab tribe in the extreme N. of Morocco. 
 
 Anjlr Pass, Persia, prov. and 30 m. ENE. Kernian, on the 
 road to Khabis. Alt. 6460 ft. 
 
 Anjou, an old prov. of France, intersected by the Loire, and 
 now forming the dep. Maine-et-Loire, and parts of Sarthe, 
 Mayenne, and Indre-et-Loire ; its cap. was Angers, 
 
 Anjouan, the French name of Hinzuan, one of the Comoro 
 Is., Africa. 
 
 An-Jn, tn,, Korea, 90 m. WNW, Won-san, in a strong 
 military position, Proc. R. G. S. 1886, p. 300. 
 
 Anjnman Pass. See Hindu Kusb. 
 
 Ankara, Asia Minor. See Angora. 
 
 Ankara, the dist. forming the extreme N. of Madagascar. 
 
 Ankarana, tn., Madagascar, about 7 m. from the E. ct., in 
 about 23° S. 
 
 Ank&rat, or Anfcar'atra, a group of mts. in central Mada- 
 gascar, 20 m. SW, Antananarivo, Alt, 8000-8950 ft. Jour. R. 
 G. S., 1875, p. 137, 
 
 Ankay", a high plain or terrace, Madagascar, between the 
 two parallel mountain ranges or plateau-slopes running from 
 N, to S, between Antananarivo and the E. coast, 
 
 Anklstrlon, isl,, in the Gulf of .^gina, to the W. of the isL 
 of .iEgina. 
 
 Anklam, or Anclam, tn, and seapt,, Prussia, Pomerania, 
 on the Peene, 24 m, W, by S. Swinemiinde, accessible by ships 
 of 14 ft. draught. P. 12,900. 
 
AN KL 
 
 ANNA 
 
 Ankleswar, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Broach, on the 
 1. bk. of the Narbada, opposite Broach. P. 10,700. 
 
 Aiiliobra, riv., W. Africa, flows S. through the W. of the 
 Gold Coast colony, entering the sea a little to the W. of Axini. 
 
 Aukober, or Ankobar, tn., Abyssinia, on the E. slope of the 
 mts. bounding the tableland of Shoa, 200 m. SE. by S. Debra 
 Tabor, carries on a caravan trade with the Red Sea, about 370 
 m. from the Gulf of Tajurra, 350 m. from Zeila. Alt. 8700 ft. 
 Mean temp, (i yr.), yr. 55.5° F. , Jan. 51.9°, July 58.1°. P. 
 7000. 
 
 Aukogl, mt. , Austria, in the E. of the Hohe Tauern range, 
 on the frontier of Salzburg and Carinthia. Alt. 10,665 ft. 
 
 Auko'le, country, Brit. E. Africa. See Ankorl. 
 
 Aiiku I'l, or Ankole, country, central Africa, in the sphere of 
 British influence, to the E. of L. Albert Edward, with plains over 
 5000 ft. in height. Scot. Geog. Mag., 1890, p. 19. 
 
 An'laby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div., 
 4 m. W. by N. Hull, I m. SSE. Willerby and Kirk Ella stn,, 
 PM.O. P. <750. See Kirk Ella. 
 
 Aunier, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 10 m. NE. by E. 
 King's Lynn, 3 m. NE. by N. Hillington stn. P, <25o. 
 
 Ann, Cape, U.S., Massachusetts, in the NE., in 42° 39' N. 
 
 Anna, Ire. See Aunagb. 
 
 Anna, city, U.S., Illinois, Union co., 95 m. SE. by S. St. 
 Louis (Mo.). P.<30oo. 
 
 Annaberg, mining tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 17 m. S. by E. 
 Chemnitz. P. 13,000. 
 
 Anuabon. See Annobon. 
 
 Annabnrg, formerly Locliau, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, 12 
 m. N. by E. Torgau. In the neighbouring castle of Lochau 
 was concluded the secret treaty between the Elector Maurice of 
 Saxony and the plenipotentiary of Henry II. of France, Oct. 5, 
 1551. P.<3000. 
 
 Aunacarty, hamlet. Ire., SW. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower 
 Kilnamanagh, 6 m. N. by E. Tipperary, P.O. 
 
 Anuaclone, par., Ire., W. co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Upper Half (i), 10 m. NE. by N. Newry, P.O. ; 6544 ac. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Auuacloy, vil.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Lower Lecale, 3 m. 
 NW. Dovvnpatrick, P.O. 
 
 Annaduff, a large par., Ire., co. Leitrim, bars. Leitrim and 
 Mohill ; 9675 ac. P. <;25oo. 
 
 Annagary, place, Ire. See Auuagry. 
 
 Annagassan, tn.. Ire., E. ct. co. Louth, bar. Ardee, 9 m. S. 
 by E. Dundalk, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Anuagelllir, par., Ire., co. Cavan, bar. Loughtee, Upper, 
 near Cavan ; 8261 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Annagh, tnld. , Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Kilconnell, 
 18^ m. SE. by E. Tuam. P. <250. 
 
 Annagli, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Costello ; 20,315 ac. 
 P. < 6000. 
 
 Annagh, par.. Ire., co. Cavan, bars. Loughtee, Lower, and 
 Tullygarvey ; 19,014 ac. P. 5360. 
 
 Annagli, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bars. Corkaguiny and 
 Trughanacmy ; 13,756 ac. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Annagtadown, par.. Ire., N. co. Galway, bar. Clare, 8^ m. 
 N. Galway ; 19,550 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Annagber, place with coal-mines. Ire., near Coalisland, 
 Tyrone. 
 
 Annagb Head, cape. Ire., W. ct. co. Mayo. 
 
 Annagh Island, Ire. , W. co. Mayo, between Achill I. and 
 the mainland. 
 
 Annagh Lough, Ire., the upper part of L. Conn. 
 
 Annaghmore, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Armagh, bar. Oneil- 
 land West, 6^ m. NW. by W. Portadown, on the Portadown, 
 Dungannon, and Omagh Rly., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Annaghmore, tnld.. Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. Roscom- 
 mon, 4 m. from Mohill, with P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Auuaghmore Lough, a small lake. Ire., co. Roscommon, 
 9^ m. S. by W. Carrick-on-Shannon. 
 
 Annagry, P.O., Ire., NW. ct. co. Donegal, bar. Boylagh, 
 on Gweedore Bay, 26 m. N. by W. Donegal. 
 
 Anuahllt, par.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, Lower 
 Half, 4J m. SSE. Lisburn, P.O. ; 6774 ac. P.<20oo. 
 
 Annalee, riv.. Ire., issues from L. Egish in the S. of co. 
 Monaghan, and flows W. through co. Cavan into L. Oughter. 
 
 Annalong, tn.. Ire., SE. ct.. co. Down, bar. Mourne, 18 m. 
 E. by S. Newry, with a coastguard stn., PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Annalore, place, Ire., co. Monaghan, 3 ni. from Clones, P.O. 
 
 Annam, or Anaiu, a French protectorate in the E. of Indo- 
 ■China, formerly an independent empire, which included also 
 Lower Cochin-China in the S. and Tongking in the N. It 
 ■consists of a strip of land from about 30 to 50 m. in width, 
 stretching from the S. China Sea to the mts. bounding the 
 basin of the Mekong on the E. , between about 11° and 20° N., 
 and is divided into the following eleven provs. in the order from 
 N. to S. : — Tanh-hoa, with cap. of the same name ; Nge-an, 
 cap. Binh or Vinh ; Kwang-binh, cap. Dong-hoi or Dong-heui ; 
 Kvyang-tri, with cap. of same name ; Kwang-duk, the cap. of 
 which is Hu6, the cap. of the dominion ; Kwang-nam, with 
 
 cap. of same name ; Kwang-ngai, with cap. of same name ; 
 Binh-dinh, cap. Kwi-nhon or Quin-nhon ; Fu-yen, Kanh-hoa, 
 and Binh-thuan, all three with caps, of same' name as prov. 
 The two first mentioned or northernmost provs. are similar in 
 character to the adjoining parts of Tongking, being traversed 
 by rivers (Tanh-hoa by the Song-nia, and Nge-an by the Song- 
 ka), which form in the lowlands densely peopled, rice-growing 
 deltas, seamed by an intricate network of navigable river- 
 mouths, the two main rivers themselves being also connected 
 by a navigable channel. These two provs. are separated from 
 the others to the S. by a ridge, the Deo-ngan, about 3400 ft. 
 high, running out from the mts. in the W. to the sea, and 
 terminating in the promontory of Vung Shwa, a little to the S. 
 of 18° N. The provs. S. of this ridge differ in character from 
 those to the N. The rivers are all short mountain-streams, rolling 
 down immense quantities of sand, which have formed along the 
 coast long hues of sand-dunes, separated for the most part from 
 the mainland by narrow and shallow malarious lagoons, the out- 
 lets of which are all obstructed by bars. The rivers themselves 
 are mostly not navigable, even by small gunboats, for more 
 than a few miles above their mouths. These provs. are con- 
 sequently much less densely peopled than those to the N. The 
 higher tracts are similar throughout, the foot-hills extending 
 over a width of 15 to 30 m. , mostly forest-clad, and very sparsely 
 peopled, the slaty, schistose, or granitic mts., in some places 
 clothed with forests, in some places bare, but with an equally 
 scanty population. The climate, like that of Indo-China 
 generally, is governed by the prevalence of monsoon-winds, 
 giving rise to a rainy and a dry season. In middle A. the rainy 
 season lasts from September to April, the heaviest rains fall- 
 ing before December ; the dry season from April to Septem- 
 ber [Hu6]. The transition from the dry to the rainy season 
 is usually very unhealthy for Europeans. Dysentery is the 
 most prevalent and fatal disease. The great bulk of the 
 people live by agriculture. Rice is the principal product 
 only in the northernmost provs. ; elsewhere millets and other 
 cereals, pine-apples, areca-nuts, yams, sweet-potatoes, cinna- 
 mon, sugar-cane, oil-seeds, mulberries, tea, and a number 
 of other products are grown. The coffee shrub was intro- 
 duced into the hill-tracts by Portuguese missionaries two hun- 
 dred years ago, and flourishes admirably, now growing wild in 
 many places, but is not cultivated to any great extent. Among 
 miueralB, gold and silver mines are or have been worked, and 
 there are considerable deposits of iron ore and coal. Iron ore 
 occurs in the mountainous tract of the prov. of Nge-an, and in 
 a district claimed also by Siam on the W. side of the water- 
 parting of the Mekong in the prov. of Binh-dinh, where rich 
 deposits of magnetic iron ore are worked by the Sedan tribe. 
 Coal occurs among the foot-hills of Nge-an prov., and about 
 40 m. up a navigable influent of the Bay of Turan. The latter 
 deposit is now worked by Europeans. The total value of the 
 e.xternal commerce of A., imports and exports combined, is 
 under ;ir5oo,ooo, and is almost entirely carried on with China 
 (including Hong-Kong) and Japan. The principal imports are 
 rice, opium, and cottons ; the principal exports, cinnamon and 
 raw silk. The monetary unit of A. is a string of copper coins 
 consisting of 600 sapeks. The Mexican dollar and the tael also 
 circulate. The unit of length is the /ao>6 (18.6 to 19.2 in.), the unit 
 of weight the picul, varying in different provs. from about 137 
 to 139 lbs. The people are mainly of Mongolic stock, speak- 
 ing an isolating language like the Chinese. The Annamese 
 proper are confined to the coast-plains and the lowlands. Some 
 of the towns contain also considerable numbers of Chinese. 
 The inhabitants of the hill-tracts and mts., known collectively 
 as Mois, differ considerably in physical appearance from the 
 lowlanders, being generally taller and of lighter complexion. 
 Government. — The intervention of France in A. arose out of a 
 dynastic war in A. before the close of the eighteenth century. 
 In 1790 the Emperor Gia-long was victorious over a usurper with 
 the aid of the French, who stipulated that they should receive 
 in recompense a settlement in A. For the purpose of enforcing 
 the fulfilment of this promise, various expeditions were sent out 
 in 1858 to 1861, and in 1862 the three provs. of Cochin-China 
 north of the Mekong delta were ceded to France. In 1867 the 
 three provs. S. of that delta were also occupied by the same 
 power. In 1874 a treaty was concluded by which the Emperor 
 of A. engaged to regulate all the foreign relations of the state 
 only in agreement with France. Subsequently French expedi- 
 tions, sent to put down the piratical 'black-flags,' led to the 
 renewal of war with A., at the conclusion of which, in June 
 1884, the treaty now regulating the relations of France and A. 
 was concluded. According to this the French protectorate 
 extends over the whole of A., including Tongking, but the 
 Emperor of A. retains the internal administration over the whole 
 terr., from the N. limit of French Cochin-China to the S. 
 frontier of the Tongking prov. of Ninh-binh. France, however, 
 has the control of the customs and public works. The ports of 
 Kwi-nhon, Turan, and Xuan-day were opened to foreign trade, 
 and that of Thuan-an, on the coast in front of Hu6, was ceded 
 to France. Hu6 is the residence of the French resident-general 
 
 51 
 
ANNA 
 
 AN ST 
 
 for A. and Tongking. Area roughly estimated at about 46,000 
 sq. m., including the terr. acquired by France from Siam in 
 1893, 100,000 sq. m. P. probably about 5,000,000. See also 
 Indo-China. 
 
 Annanioe, place. Ire., E. co. Wicklow, bar. Ballinacor 
 North, 9 m. WNW. Wicklow, PMT.O. 
 
 Annamnka, or Namuka, one of the Tonga Is. P. 2000. 
 
 Annan, par., pari, and royal burgh, Scot., Dumfriesshire, 
 on the 1. bk. of the river A., about 2 m. from its mouth, 15 m. 
 ESE. Dumfries, on the C. R. and the G. & SW. R. Par. 
 10,915 ac. , P.5,941; pari, burgh, P. <;35oo; royal burgh, 
 P. <:5000. 
 
 Annanes, isl. , Greece. See Klinia. 
 
 Annapolis, co., Canada, Nova Scotia, on the Bay of Fundy, 
 crossed in the N. by 45° N. 
 
 Annapolis, seapt.-tn., Canada, Nova Scotia, A. co. , on the 
 I. bk. of the river A., 100 m. W. Halifax. P. <3000. 
 
 Annapolis, city, U.S., Maryland, Anne Arundel co., on 
 Chesapeake Bay, 28 m. E. by N. Washington, with U.S. 
 Naval Academy (established here 1845) and an observatory. 
 The city was originally called Providence, but named Annapolis 
 in 1708 in honour of Queen Anne. P. 7600. 
 
 Annapolis Rlrer, Canada, Nova Scotia, rises in King's co., 
 and flows SW. into A. Basin, an inlet of the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 Ann Arbor, city, U.S., Michigan, Washtenaw co., on 
 Huron R. , 36 m. W. Detroit ; seat of Michigan University, and 
 with an observatory in 83° 43' 48" W. , 42° 16' 48" N. Alt. 771 
 ft. (R. R.). P. 9400. 
 
 Annaszorg, vil., on the coast of Dutch Guiana, in 54° 55' W., 
 20 m. NE. by E. Paramaribo. 
 
 Aunat, hamlet, Scot., Ross-shire, at the head of Loch Torri- 
 don, 7i m. WNW. Achnashellach stn. 
 
 Anuatoni. See Ancltlnm. 
 
 Annbank, mining vil., Scot., S. Ayrshire, 4 m. E. bv N. 
 Ayr, on the G. & SW. R., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Anne Arundel, co., U.S., Maryland, bounded on the E. by 
 Chesapeake Bay, crossed by 39° N. 
 
 Annecy, tn. , France, cap. of dep. Haute-Savoie, at the NW. 
 extremity of lake of same name, 22 m. S. Geneva, with blast- 
 furnaces, iron, cotton, paper, and other works. The Lake of A. 
 is 9 m. by 2, 1511 ft. above the sea. At NW. end it empties 
 by the Ficran into the Rhone. The vil., A. le Vleux, 2J m. 
 NE. of A., has many Roman remains. P. (of A.) 11,000. 
 
 Annefleld, place. Ire., co. Mavo, bar. Kilmaine, 8 m. S. 
 Clare, P.O. 
 
 Anneniasse, tn., France, dep. Haute-Savoie, arr. St. Julien, 
 on the Arve, 4 m. E. by S. Geneva. P. <:2ooc. 
 
 Annen-Wnllen, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, Westphalia, near Arlberg, 
 with coal-mines and iron and steel foundries. P. 8300. 
 
 Annenzovo, vil., Russia, govt. Simbirsk, dist. Korsufi, 48 m. 
 SW. Simbirsk. P. 2000. 
 
 Annesley, par. and hamlet, Eng., Nottinghamshire, Mans- 
 field div., 6 m. SSW. Mansfield, i m. SW. Anneslev stn. , on 
 the G. N. R., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Annesley Bay, Ghnbbct Daknu, or Znla Bay, a bay run- 
 ning 30 m. S. on the W. side of the Red Sea, a little to the S. 
 of Massaua. Several easy passes [Hadas, Nebkagaddy] lead 
 up from its shores to the Abyssinian tableland, and in ancient 
 times under the Ptolemies the bay was the starting-point of a 
 brisk trade carried on by Greeks with Axum. 
 
 Annesley Woodhonse, hamlet, Eng., Nottinghamshire, 
 Mansfield div., 5^ m. SW. bv S. Mansfield, with stn. (Annes- 
 ley) on the G. N. and M. Rlys., PMT.O. 
 
 Annestown, small seapt. vil.. Ire., co. and 10^ m. SSW. 
 Waterford, bar. Middlethird, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Annette Island, in S. of Alaska, crossed by 55° N. , 131^° W. 
 Contains New Metlakahtla, a colony of Christianised Tsimsians. 
 
 Annfleld, suburb of Leith, Scot., close to Leith stn. (C. R.). 
 
 Annl, Russian Armenia. See Anl. 
 
 Annleslaud, vil., Scot., in par. and co. Renfrew. P. <5oo. 
 
 An-nlng, an impetuous, shallow, and unnavigable stream 
 which flows from N. to S. through Kien-Chang dist., in the S. 
 of the Chinese prov. of Siichwan, and unites with the Ta-chung 
 a few miles above the confluence of the latter with Kin-sha- 
 kiang. 
 
 An-nlng-Chau, tn., China, Yiin-nan, 17 m. SW. b^ W. 
 Yiin-nan-fu. 
 
 Annls, riv., New Guinea, entering the Gulf of Papua in 
 about 145° 25' E. 
 
 Annlnskaya, vil., Russia, prov. Don Cossacks, 65 m. SE. 
 Borisoglebsk ; coal-mines. P. 4500. 
 
 Anniston, city, U.S., Alabama, Calhoun co. , 58 m. E. by N. 
 Birmingham, picturesquely situated amidst wooded spurs of the 
 Blue Ridge, and amidst vast fields of brown hematite ; hence a 
 rapidly rising seat of the iron industry. P. (i88o)<:iooc; (1890) 
 10,000. 
 
 Annlvlers, Ger., ElTlsch-thal, val., Switzd., cant. Valais, 
 ascending S. by E. from Sierre. 
 
 Anno, or Mango, dist., W. Africa, Upper Guinea, in about 
 7i° N.. 3° is'-3o' W. 
 52 
 
 Annobou, or Anuabuu, Spanish isL, W. Africa, in the Gulf 
 of Guinea, in about 1° 24' S. and 5° 38' E., 4 m. long ; moun- 
 tainous. Jour. R. G. S., 1832, pp. 276-278. 
 
 Annouay, tn., France, dep. Ardeche, arr. Toumon, 20 m. 
 SE. St. Etienne, noted for its paper manufactures, and also 
 carrying on manufactures of cloth, hosiery, gloves, &c. ; birth- 
 place of Montgolfier. P. 14,500. 
 
 Annone, tn., Italy, prov. and 16 m. WSW. Alessandria, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Tanaro. P. <300o. 
 
 Anuotta Bay, Jamaica, in the N., in 76° 45'-48' W. 
 
 Annsborongb, tn.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Lecale, 9^ 
 m. SW. Down Patrick, PM.O. P. <750. 
 
 Annscroft, eccles. par. , Eng. , Shropshire, near Shrewsburv. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Aiuivllle, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lebanon co. , 20 m. E. 
 by N. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Annweiler, tn. , Ger. , Bavarian Palatinate, on the Queich R. , 
 23 m. WSW. Spires. P. < 3000. 
 
 Anoka, city, U.S., Minnesota, Anoka co., on 1. bk. of the 
 Mississippi, 22 m. NNW. St. Paul. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Alio Nnevo, small isl., U.S., on the coast of California, in, 
 37° 7' N. ; with lighthouse. 
 
 Anor, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. Avesnes, 19 m. W. by 
 N. Rocroy. P. < 3000. 
 
 Anory, fertile prov. and tn. in the extreme SE. of Madagas- 
 car, noted for its magnificent limestone cHffs. 
 
 Auptng-b.slen, or Nganplng-hslen, tn., China, Kweichou, 
 27 m. WSW. Kwei-yang-fu. See also Tainan (seapt. , Formosa^ 
 
 Anrath, vil. , Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 15 m. W. by N. 
 Diisseldorf, with iron-mines and large peat-beds. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ans, tn., Belgium, prov. Liege, 2 m. NW. bv W. Lifege. 
 P. 6800. 
 
 Ansa, tn., India, Haidardbid, 108 m. NE. by N. Bijapur. 
 
 Ansbacta, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle Franconia, 
 22 m. SW. by W. Fiirth, formerly cap. of a margraviate; 
 birthplace of Baron von Stein. P. (1890) 14,200. 
 
 Anse k Vean, tn., isl. and republic of Haiti, SW. ct. , 68 m, 
 W. Port-au-Prince, in 73° 20' W. 
 
 Anseba, or Alnseba, riv.. Eastern Africa, upper Nubia, flow- 
 ing NNW. into the Barka. 
 
 Anse d'Algnlllon. See Aigulllon, Anse d'. 
 
 Ansegbem, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 6 m. W. 
 Oudenarde. P. < 4000. 
 
 Anses d'Arlet, tn., W. Indies, on the SW. ct. of Martinique 
 I. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ansford. See Almsford. 
 
 Anshnu>fti, or Ngansknn-fu, tn., China, Kweichou, 59 m. 
 SW. by W. Kwei-yang-lu. 
 
 Ansicbon, Mongolia. See Nganslchon. 
 
 Anslet, isl, Greenland, off' the W. ct., on the S. side of 
 Disko Bay, containing the small settlement of Egedesminde. 
 P.<:500. 
 
 Ausley, par. , Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div. , 9 m. SE. by 
 S. Tamworth, 2J m. WNW. Stockingford stn., P.O. P. <iooo'. 
 
 Ansley Bay. See Annesley Bay. 
 
 Ansllebnry, vil. , Eng. , Surrey, Reigate div. , 3J m. S. by W. 
 Dorking. 
 
 Anslow, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Burton div. , 2^ m. NW. 
 Burton-upon-Trent. P. <5oo. 
 
 Anso, tn. , Spain, prov. and 43 m. N. by W. Huesca. P. <2Cioo. 
 
 Anson, bay, China, in the Canton R. , at the mouth of the 
 Boca Tigris, E. side. 
 
 Anson, large bay, on W. side of N. Terr, of S. Australia, 
 crossed by 13^° S. 
 
 Anson, co. , U.S., N. Carolina, S. frontier, crossed by 80° W. 
 
 Anson, tn., U.S., Maine, Somerset co., 38 m. N. Augusta. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 Ansonla, tn., U.S., Connecticut, New Haven co. , 8 m. 
 WNW. New Haven, on the E. bk. of the Naugatuck R., 
 which affords much water-power ; with large brass and copper 
 works; also the original seat of the A. Clock Co. P. (1880} 
 2700; (1890)10,300. 
 
 Ansonvllle, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Clearfield co., 82 m. 
 ENE. Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Anspach, another spelling of Anstach, now given up in- 
 Germany. 
 
 Anstey, vil., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 10 m. NE. by N. 
 Dorchester, 7 m. W. by S. Blandford. 
 
 Anstey, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 13^ m. 
 NNE. Hertford, 3^ m. NE. Buntingford stn., P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Anstey, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Loughborough div., 3J 
 m. NW. Leicester, i m. N. Glenfield stn., PMT.O. (Ansty). 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Anstey, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., 5^ m. NE. 
 by E. Coventry, close to Shilton stn., P.O. P. ■<25o"; eccles. 
 par. (A. wltto SbUton) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Anstey, or Ansty, par., Eng., Wilts., Wilton div., 12^ m. 
 W. by S. Salisbury, 2 m. S. Tisbury stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Anstey, East, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., lo^^ 
 m. NW. by N. Tiverton, on the G. W. R. P. <25o. 
 
ANST — ANTl 
 
 Anstey Pastnres, par., Eng. , Leicestershire, Soar Union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Anstey, West, par. , i| m. WNW. of East A. P. <25o. 
 
 Aiiston, North and Sontli, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Rid- 
 ing, Doncaster div. , 7J m. SE. Rotherham, i^ m. NNE. Kive- 
 ton Parle stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Anstruther, seapt. and market-tn., Scot., Fifeshire, including 
 the pars, of A. Easter, A. Wester, and Kilrenny. P.<45oo. 
 
 Anstrather, Easter, par. and pari, and royal burgh, Scot., 
 E. Fife, on E. ct., 9 m. SSE. St. Andrews. P. < 1500. 
 
 Anstratlier, Wester, par. and pari, and royal burgh, ad- 
 joining A. Easter on W., with a stn. (Anstrntber) on the N. B. 
 R. ; par. 911 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Austy, pars., Eng., cos. Leicester and Wilts. See Austey. 
 
 Ansty Cross, vil., Eng., Sussex, E. Grinstead div., 9 m. SE. 
 by E. Horsham, 2 m. WSW. Hay wards Heath stn. 
 
 Ant, riv. , Eng., Norfolk, trib. of the Bare, which it joins on 
 the 1. bk. about 10 m. ENE. Norwich. See Broads. 
 
 Antaklyeh, or Antakleh, Syria. See Antioch. 
 
 Anta, tn., Argentine Rep., Salta, 143 m. NNE. Tucuman. 
 
 Antananibalana, riv., Madagascar, flows SE. into the head 
 of Antongil Bay ; navigable for large canoes 30 m. up, but 
 obstructed by rapids 22 m. from mouth. P7-oc. R. G. S., 1889, 
 p. 295 (with map). 
 
 Auta'lo, tn., Abyssinia, Tigre (of which it was at one time 
 the cap.), 142 m. ENE. Gondar. Alt. 8432 ft. (Markham, 
 b.p. anda«., 1868). P. probably < 5000. 
 
 Autau'anarl"TO (' at the town of a thousand '), cap., Mada- 
 gascar, situated near the middle of the island, on a rock crown- 
 ing a small plain belonging to the plateau of Imerina. Mean 
 rainfall (10 yrs., 1881-90), yr. 53.1 in., Nov. -March 45.7 in. P. 
 80-90,000. Proc. R. G. S., 1B92, pp. 744, 750. 
 
 Antarctic Regions, the regions S. of the Antarctic Circle in 
 66|° S. Compared with the Arctic Regions they are remarkable 
 for the uniformity of their low temperatures. To the S. of 62° 
 S. the mean temperature of both sea and air is at or below the 
 freezing-point of fresh water even in summer. Still nearer the 
 south pole, ice barriers have stopped the advance of explorers 
 at a lat. about 5° lower than that attained in the Arctic Regions. 
 The highest lat. ever reached in southern seas was 78° 10' S. , 
 the lat. at which the progress of Sir James Ross was arrested in 
 1842, after he had sailed along an icy barrier about 300 m. in 
 length, and from 150 to 200 ft. in height. He had previously 
 sighted land, the coast of which he traced from the paralld of 
 72°. To this land, the most extensive that has been seen in 
 the A. R. , he gave the name of Victoria Land, and on it he 
 observed in the course of his voyage an active volcano, Slonnt 
 Erebns, nearly 13,000 ft. in height. Elsewhere land has 
 hitherto been seen only on or near the Antarctic Circle 
 ■{Graham's Land, to the S. of Tierra del Fuego, Alexander 
 Land further to the SW., Enderby I. in 50° E., and Wilkes 
 Land, known in isolated capes and segments at many places 
 between about 100° and 160° E. ). The icebergs of the A. R. 
 are remarkable for generally liaving the form of vast tabular 
 masses. One seen during the Challenger expedition was 3 
 p. in length and about 200 ft. high. The swarms of these 
 icebergs that have been seen in and near the Antarctic seas, 
 and the deposits of terrestrial origin that have been found in 
 the vicinity of the ice-barriers, afford clear evidence of the 
 existence of an Antarctic continent. See also report of a 
 voyage toward the Antarctic Sea in Geog. Jour. II. {1893) pp. 
 429-38. 
 
 Autas, comm., Spain, prov. Almeria, dist. Vera. P. < 
 40C0. 
 
 Autas, comm., Spain, prov. Lugo, dist. Chantada. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Autelope, CO., U.S., Nebraska, in the NE., crossed in the 
 S. by 42° N., and in the E. by 98° W. 
 
 Autelope, tp., U.S., Nebraska, Cheyenne co., on Lodge 
 Pole Creek, 150 m. W. of confluence of N. and S. Platte. 4712 
 ft. (R. R.). ^' 
 
 Antenna, Plzo, mt., in the N. of Sicily. See 9Iadonle, Le. 
 
 Autequera, tn., Spain, prov. Malaga, 22 m. N. by W. 
 Malaga. P. 27,000. 
 
 Anteqnera, Sierra de, range of mts., Spain, prov. Malaga ; 
 rich in marble. 
 
 Anthony, city, U.S., Kansas, Harper co., 184 m. SVV. 
 Topeka, and 35 m. W. bv S. Wellington. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Anthony, vil., U.S., Rhode Island, Kent co., 11 m. SW. 
 Providence. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Anthony's Xose, three mountain peaks, U.S., New York, 
 in the highlands E. of the Hudson, and one on the Mohawk 
 River. 
 
 Autlbes, fortified tn., France, dep. Alpes Maritimes, arr. 
 Grasse, on the S. ct., 7 m. E. by N. Cannes, 11 m. SW. Nice, 
 with a deep harbour of easy access, and a lighthouse visible 
 24 m. on the peninsula of the Garoupe. P. -csooo. 
 
 Antlcostl Island, isl. , Canada, prov. Quebec, Saguenay dist. , 
 m the estuary of the St. Lawrence, 135 by 30 to 40 m. ; interior 
 mountainous and v/ooded ; N. coast high and without harbours, 
 
 S. shore low and dangerous ; pnncipal industries, salmon and 
 trout fishing and seal-catching. The lighthouse on its SW. 
 point is in 49° 23' 53" N., 63° 38' 47" W. ; 100 ft. high. Dis- 
 covered by Jacques Cartier, 1534, who named it Assomption. 
 Mean temp. (SW. pt.), yr. 35.4° F., Jan. 11.7°, Aug. 58°; 
 mean rfalL (1882-88), 20.9 in. ; snowfall, 76.8 in. P. (1891) 253. 
 
 Autletam, riv., N. America, trib. of the Potomac, rises in 
 the Alleghany Mts., and flows through Pennsylvania and Mary- 
 land ; scene of battle between the Union and Confederate 
 armies, Sept. 17, 1862. 
 
 Antlgnana, comm., Austria, Istria, 30 m. S. Trieste. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Antlgo, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Langlade co., 70 m. NW. of 
 the head of Green Bay. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Antlgonish, seapt. -tn., Canada, Nova Scotia, A. co. , on St. 
 George's Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence, 38 m. E. by S. Pictou. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Antigua (an-ti'ga), a Brit. West India isl., colony of Leeward 
 Is., of which it is the seat of government, in 17° 6' N., 6i°45' W. , 
 50 m. N. Guadeloupe. The island was discovered by Columbus 
 in 1493, and the first settlement of British took place in 1632. 
 Coasts deeply indented and rugged, interior diversified but 
 almost treeless, though considerable tracts have been overrun 
 with ' bush.' There are no rivers and few springs, water being 
 chiefly provided by catchment reservoirs ; irrigation works now 
 in progress. Climate remarkable for dryness. Chief products, 
 sugar ; pine-apples are also grown for export, and yams, sweet 
 potatoes, &c. , grown for home consumption. Experiments are 
 being made with fibre-plants of the genera Sansevieria, 
 Boehmeria, and Furcrma. Value of combined imports and 
 exports about ;^400,ooo. Cap. St. John, which is also the seat 
 of the Bishop of Antigua. Average rainfall about 30 in. 
 Area, 108 sq. m. P. (1871) 34,300; (1891) 36,700 (mostly 
 negroes). 
 
 Antigua, tn., Central America, state of and 15 m. WSW. 
 Guatemala. P. 18,000. 
 
 Antigua, stn. and prov., Philippine Is., with a fort, and the 
 only good anchorage on the island Panay. 
 
 Autihythera, isl. , Greece. See Cerlgotto. 
 
 Anti-Lehanon, mt. range, Syria, running parallel to and E. 
 of Lebanon, the two ranges enclosing the valley of Coele-.Syria, 
 watered by the Litani and Orontes. It extends from about 
 33° 30' to 31° 30' N. , and some of its summits are upwards of 
 9000 ft. in height ; geologically, it consists mainly of cretaceous 
 strata. See lleruioii. 
 
 Antilles. See West Indies. 
 
 Autill Pouds, post-tn., Tasmania, Somerset co., 45 m. 
 N. Hobart. 
 
 Autina, tn., Asia Minor, on the Black Sea, 60 m. E. by N. 
 Trebizond. 
 
 .Intingham, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 6^ m. S. by E. 
 Cromer, 2 m. S. Gunton stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. (A. with 
 Thorpe Market and Bradfleld) P. <5oo. See Walsham, 
 North. 
 
 Antioch, Turkish Antakleh, or Antaklyeh, tn., Syria, 
 vilayet and 57 m. W. Aleppo, on 1. bk. of the Orontes (Nahr- 
 el-Asy), about 20 m. above its mouth. It has warm springs, and 
 a trade in silk and other products of the district. Shattered 
 remains of the city walls, a ruined aqueduct, two bridges, and a 
 portion of pavement are the only vestiges of ancient magnifi- 
 cence. A. was embellished and named by Seleucus Nicator, 
 B.C. 300. Although it suffered severely by successive earth- 
 quakes, it maintained its importance till taken by the Saracens 
 in 658. Its ancient population was estimated at 400,000, in its 
 most flourishing state. Chrysostom computes the population 
 in his time at 200,000, more than one-half of whom were 
 Christians. It was the capital of a Christian princijjality from 
 1098 to 1269, since which time it has progressively declined. 
 Near it was Daphne, the sanctuary of Apollo. It was here that 
 the followers of Christ were first called Christians. In 1872 
 was almost destroyed by an earthquake, but has since recovered. 
 P. 23,600 ; Moham. 16,000 ; Greeks, 3500 ; Armenians, 3900 
 (Cuinet). 
 
 Antloche, Pertuls d', strait between the isls. of R6 and 
 OMron, W. ct. France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure. 
 
 Autioco, Sardinia. See Sant' Antloco. 
 
 Autloqula, state, Colombia. See Colombia. 
 
 Autloqnla, Santa Fe d^, tn. , Colombia, dep. A. , 280 m. S. 
 by W. Cartagena ; outside the mining region. Founded 1541, 
 and formerly flourishing; seat of a bishop. Alt. 1875 ft. P. 13,000. 
 
 Antlparos, the ancient Oliaros or Olearos, isl., Greece, one 
 of the Cyclades, 70 m. SSE. of the S. point of Euboea, just W. 
 of Paros, with a famous stalactite cavern. P. <20oo. 
 
 Antipatris, place named in N. T. See K^s el Aln. 
 
 Antipaxos, small isl., Greece, little more than i sq. m. in 
 area in the Ionian Sea, i| m. SE. Paxos. 
 
 Antipodes, small isl. in S. Pacific Ocean, SE. of New 
 Zealand, so called from being the land most nearly oppo- 
 site to Great Britain in the S. hemisphere, in 49° 32' S., 
 178° 42' E. 
 
 53 
 
ANTI 
 
 ANT W 
 
 Antlpovxa, vil. , Russia, govt, and 115 m. SW. by S. Saratov, 
 on the r. bk. Volga. P. 3000. 
 
 Antlrrhlon, fort, Greece, on the N. of the strait con- 
 necting the Gulfs of Patras and Lepanto, 5 m. SW. by S. 
 Lepanto. 
 
 Autlsaua, mt., Ecuador. Mean temp, at alt. 13,320 ft. 
 (i yr., 1845-46), yr. 40.8° F., Jan. 43.2°, July 37.4°. See 
 Andes, B. 
 
 Antl-Tanms, a series of mt. -chains stretching about 140 m. 
 NE. by N. to SW. by S. in the SE. of Asia Minor, mainly 
 between the Zamanti-chai and the Gok-su, the two chief head- 
 waters of the Seihun, but including also the Binbogha-Dagh, E. 
 of the Gok-su. 
 
 Autlvari, fortified tn., Montenegro, 23 m. SSE. Cetinje, 2^ 
 m. from the bay and roadstead of A. 
 
 Antler, vil., Canada, in theSE. of dist. A.ssiniboia, on North 
 Antler R., 162 m. SE. by E. Regina. P. < 1500. 
 
 Antofagasta, the largest prov. of Chile, stretching from the 
 Pacific to the Bolivian and Argentine frontier at the widest part 
 of the country, nearly bisected by the Tropic of Capricorn. It 
 is in the rainless region of Chile, and is without agriculture, 
 except in a few places capable of irrigation. Its original de- 
 velopment is due to the working of the silver mines of Cara- 
 coles, discovered in 1870, and it contains also deposits of nitrate 
 of soda of economic value, besides other vast saline deposits or 
 salt lakes. See Cblle, Antofagasta (seapt.), and Atacania 
 (town). 
 
 Antofagasta, seapt. , Chile, cap. prov. A. , on the W. ct. , about 
 23° 43' S., with poor harbour. The railway connecting it with 
 the silver-mining dist. of Caracoles has been continued to 
 Oruro in Bolivia, so that it now exports the silver ores of 
 Huanchaca and Potosi in Bolivia, as well as nitrate of soda. 
 P. 7600. 
 
 Antofagasta, vil., Chile, in the SE. of prov. A., 200 m, ENE. 
 Copiapo. 
 
 Antogast, place with mineral springs, Ger. , Baden, at the 
 foot of the Kniebis, 23 m. E. by S. Strassburg. 
 
 Antolng, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the Scheldt, 5 m. 
 SE. by S. Tournay. P. < 5000. 
 
 Antoniboka, or Diego Snarez, bay, Madagascar, in the 
 NE., in 12° 15' S. 
 
 Anton, or Test, riv. , Eng. , Hampshire, flowing SE. and S. 
 past Stockbridge and Romsey into Southampton Water, at 
 Redbridge ; not navigable. 
 
 Anton Chlco, tn., U.S., New Mexico, San Miguel co., 57 
 m. SE. by E. Santa F6. P. < 1000. 
 
 Antongll Bay, large bay in the E. of Madagascar, E. in 
 about 15^° 20' to 16° 15' S., opening S. , with anchorage at its 
 head (to the S. of the small bay called Port Choiseul, at the 
 mouth of the Antanambalana R.) for vessels of 500 tons. 
 
 Antonlenhtttte, estate, Prussia, prov. Silesia, 31 m. ENE. 
 Ratibor, and 4 m. SW. by W. Konigshiitte. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Antonlna, tn., Brazil, state of Parana, on the bay of and 18 
 m. NW. Paranagua. P. 6000. 
 
 Antonlnns, Wall of ( Vallum Antonini), an entrenchment 
 raised by the Romans across the N. of Britain from the Firth of 
 Clyde to the Firth of Forth in 140 A.D., supposed to have con- 
 nected a line of forts erected by Agricola in 80 A. D. The work 
 was composed of a rampart, ditch, and military « ay, called by 
 the people of the dist. through which it passes Graham's Dyke, 
 probably a corruption of Celtic, greim, a place of strength, and 
 diog, a trench or rampart. 
 
 Antonio, riv. mouth, Portuguese E. Africa, in 15° 56' S. 
 
 Antonio Dlas Abalxo, vil. , Brazil, Minas Geraes, in 19° 42' 
 S., 42° 39' W. 
 
 Anton Llzardo, tn., Mexico, Vera Cruz, on the E. ct., 14 m. 
 SE. Vera Cruz. 
 
 AntonoTTa, vil., Russia, govt, and 102 m. WNW. Poltava, 
 dist. Piryatin. P. 2500. 
 
 Antony, par., Eng., Cornwall, Bodmin div., 4 m. W. Ply- 
 mouth, PM.O. P. <40oo. 
 
 Antony, viL, France, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, on LaBievre R., 
 7 m. SSW. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Antotto, or Antoto, tn., Abyssinia, Shoa, 197 m. S. by E. 
 Debra Tabor, sometimes the residence of the King of Shoa. 
 Alt. 9480 ft. 
 
 Antoto, Old, tn. , Shoa, a few miles to the SW. of A. , on the 
 outer slope of the tableland. Alt. 8530 ft. 
 
 Antralgnes, vil., France, dep. Ardeche, 47 m, NNW. 
 Orange, 12 m. W. Privas, in a valley full of the traces of extinct 
 volcanoes, among these the Chaussie des Giants ('giants' 
 causeway'), 700 yds. in length, formed of columnar basalt. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Antrim, vil., Canada, Ontario, Kent co. , on L. Erie, in 
 42° 20' N. , 64 m. E. Windsor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Antrim, par. and market-tn., Ire., SW. co. Antrim, bar. 
 Upjjer Antrim, 13 m. NW. by W. Belfast, on the Six Mile 
 Water, i m. above its mouth in A. Bay, Lough Neagh, on the 
 G. N. R. (Ire.). Market-day, M. Par. 8439 ac, P. 4000; tn, 
 P. < 2000. 
 54 
 
 Antrim, a maritime co. in the extreme NE. of Ireland, 
 Ulster, including Rathlin I. on the N. , divided into the follow- 
 ins: baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. j Acres. 
 
 P. 1891. 
 
 Antrim, Lovs'er .... 
 Antrim, Upper .... 
 Belfast, Lower .... 
 Belfast, Upper .... 
 
 Cary 
 
 Dunluce, Lower .... 
 
 Dunluce, Upper. 
 
 Glenarm, Lower .... 
 
 Glenarm, Upper .... 
 
 Kilconway • . , . . 
 
 Massereene, Lower , 
 
 Massereene, Upper 
 
 Toome, Lower . 
 
 Toome, Upper . 
 
 Belfast City (part of) . 
 
 Carrlckfergus (town) . 
 
 80,826 
 36,490 
 56,160 
 32,942 
 75.036 
 30,576 
 .52,789 
 64,945 
 24,032 
 68,649 
 27,229 
 56,862 
 
 36,135 
 
 47.580 
 
 4.322 
 
 16,702 
 
 20,048 
 10,868 
 22,204 
 17,136 
 12,901 
 
 8,246 
 13.353 
 
 8,427 
 
 7,671 
 16,590 
 
 4.791 
 
 24.517 
 
 23.944 
 
 15,610 
 
 212,899 
 
 8,923 
 
 Total, Antrim . 
 
 711,2751 
 
 428,128 
 
 1 Exclusive of 50,804 aa, under the larger rivers, lakes, and tideways. 
 
 Surface near the coast rises in some places to 1600 ft. in height 
 In the SW. much of the soil is boggy [Ireland, table]. Chief 
 rivers, the Bann , forming the W. , and the Lagan, the S. boundary. 
 The Lagan Canal connects L. Neagh with Belfast L. Volcanic 
 rocks cover the greater part of the surface. In the E. archaean 
 and metamorphic rocks prevail, with strips of carboniferous. 
 The famous Giant's Causeway, one of the most perfect speci- 
 mens of columnar basalt in Europe, is on the N. coast of this 
 CO. As to agriculture, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. The minerals 
 are important. Iron ore (aluminous hematite) is worked at 
 various places from Larne to Cushendall, and also at Portrush. 
 Rock-salt is mined at Carrickfergus, and alum clay or bauxite 
 at Glenarm, Ballintoy, Bally nure, and Ballymena. Chief in- 
 dustry, especially about Belfast, spinning linen and cotton yarn, 
 and weaving. Salmon and other fisheries on the coast are im- 
 portant. The CO. returns four members to Parliament, repre- 
 senting the N., S., E., and Mid divs., besides four members 
 for the borough of Belfast. Apart from Belfast the pop. ha.s 
 steadily decreased since 1841 (in that year, 281,000, in 1891, 
 215,000). See Ireland, table. 
 
 Antrim, co., U.S., Michigan, in the NW., crossed by 45° N. 
 and by 85° W., bounded on the W. by Grand Traverse Bay. 
 
 Antrim, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Hillsborough co., 25 
 m. WSW. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Antrim, Lower, bar. , Ire. , in the Mid of co. A. 
 
 Antrim, Epper, bar. , adjoining it on the S. , touching L. 
 Neagh in the SW. 
 
 Antrobns, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Knutsford div. , 4 m. N. by 
 W. Northwich. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Antrodoeo, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, 24 m. 
 ESE. Terni. P. 4000. 
 
 Antrona, val., Italy, Lombardy, dist. Domo d'Ossola. 
 
 Antneo, vole, in the Andes, Chile, prov. Bio-bio, in 37° 22' 
 S. Alt. 9060 ft. 
 
 Antw^erp, Fletn. Antwerpen, Fr. Anvers (from Flem. 
 aen't weff, ' at the wharf), a famous fortified city and naval 
 arsenal of Belgium, and the centre of its foreign trade, cap. 
 prov. of same name, on r. bk. of the Scheldt, 47 m. from its 
 mouth, 27 m. N. Brussels. Lat. of cathedral, 51° 13' 2" X., 
 long. 4° 24' 2" E. Its old fortifications, including a citadel 
 built by Alba in 1567-8, have been destroyed, but since 
 i860 it has been provided with a new and larger fortification 
 wall, as well as a semicircle of forts. Its cathedral, originally 
 dating from the fifteenth century, was nearly destroyed in the 
 eighteenth, and rebuilt at the beginning of the present century. 
 It has a noted tower (the only one of two which has been finished) 
 403 ft. high. A. has also a gallery of sculpture, and museum of 
 pictures with masterpieces of Rubens (some also in the cathedral, 
 which has the tomb of Rubens), botanic garden, &c. Its situa- 
 tion for shipping is admirable. It has 2^ m. of quay along the 
 Scheldt, with a depth at low water of from 26.8 to 28.4 ft., and 
 12 docks, most of which have a depth over sill of 21 to 23 ft. It 
 has ample railway facilities, besides communication with 930 m. 
 of Belgian inland waterways connected with the Meuse and the 
 Seine, and navigable for vessels of 300 to 400 tons. Its principal 
 drawback as a port is that the navigation of the Scheldt below 
 the town being difficult the port dues are heavy. In winter too 
 the mouth of the Scheldt is sometimes closed by ice, in 1891, for 
 example, for nearly an entire month. In the sixteenth century, 
 till about 1560, A. was the richest and also the most commercial 
 city in Europe, and contained 200,000 inhabitants. Its im- 
 portance afterwards declined from political causes, and its 
 revival in modern times dates from 1863, when the navigation 
 
ANTW — APEN 
 
 of the Scheldt was made free. In i860, the gross tonnage that 
 entered the port was 546,444; in 1870, 1,362,609; in 1880, 
 3,063,825 ; in 1890, 4,493,043 ; see also Appendix, p. 14. Its 
 principal trade is with the ports of Western Europe, including 
 Great Britain, and the chief American ports. It shares with 
 Bremen the emigrant trade to America, and has a large import 
 trade from the Argentine Rep., and Uruguay. More than half 
 the tonnage visiting the port is under the British flag. It carries 
 on numerous industries, among which lace-making, ship-building 
 (at the suburb of Hoboken), and diamond-cutting may be 
 specially mentioned. A. w^as taken by the Spaniards in 1576 
 and 1585, and by the French in 1792 and 1794. Birthplace of 
 the painters Teniers, Jordaens, and Vandyck, the geographer 
 Ortelius, and the engraver Edelinck. P. (1846) 100,000, (1869) 
 127,000, (1890) 225,500; including suburbs, 303,000. 
 
 Autwerp, prov. , on the N. frontier of Belgium, bounded on 
 the W. by the Scheldt, divided into the arrs. of A., Mechlin, 
 and Turnhout ; surface level. In the NE. are extensive heaths 
 (the Campine) ; elsewhere the soil is fertile. See Belgium. 
 
 Antwerp, vil. , U.S., New York, Jefferson co., 66 m. NE. 
 Oswego, with iron-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Antwerp, vil., U.S., Ohio, Paulding co., 72 m. WSW. 
 Toledo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Annngtaoy, isL, China, at the mouth of the Canton R., E. 
 side, with fort, taken by the British in 1841. 
 
 AnApshnhr, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Bulandshahr, 
 on the r. bk. of the Ganges, 58 m. SE. by S. Meerut. P. 8000. 
 
 Antkr^dbapAra, or Anarajapnra, a deserted and ruined 
 city, Ceylon, North Central prov., 64 m. W, by S. Trincomali, 
 the ancient cap. of the island, with a bo-tree, or pfpal (Ficus re- 
 ligiosa), sprung from a shoot derived from the tree under which 
 Gautama is said to have sat at Buddh Gayd when he became 
 Buddha. P. < 3000. 
 
 Aunre Longb, lake. Ire., in the extreme W. of co. Donegal, 
 23 ni. N. by W. Donegal, drained by the Gweedore R. into the 
 Atlantic. 
 
 Anvers, French ; Anversa, Italian. See Antwerp. 
 
 Auwlck (an'ik), par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 
 14 m. WNW. Boston, 4 m. NE. Sleaford, 2 m, E. Ruskington 
 stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. See Brauncewell. 
 
 Anwoth, par., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 7 m. WNW. Kirk- 
 cudbright, and 4^ m. SE. by S. Dromore stn. ; 11,774 ac. P. 
 <75o. 
 
 Anyalla, P.O., Ire., co. Monaghan, 4 m. from Castleblaney. 
 
 Anjul, dreat and Little, two rivs. , Eastern Siberia, entering 
 the Kolyma from the SE. a little above Nizhne-Kolymsk, the 
 Great A. a few miles above the Little A. 
 
 Anzasca, Aal d', an Alpine val., Italy, Piedmont, prov. 
 Novara, opening eastwards into the valley of the Toce, to the 
 S. of Domo d'Ossola. 
 
 Anzell, tn. , Persia. See Euzelll. 
 
 Anzerma, gold-mining tn., Colombia, Cauca, near 1. bk. of 
 R. Cauca, 140 m. W. by N. Bogotd. 
 
 Auzlo, Porto d', small seapt., Italy, prov. and 33 rn. S. by 
 E. Rome, with which it is connected by rail. 
 
 Anzln, comm. and tn. , France, dep. Nord, on the railway from 
 Douai, 2| NW. Valenciennes. It is the principal coal-mining 
 centre in France, the industry dating from 1734. P. 11,400. 
 
 Aomorl, tn., Japan, at the head of the SW. portion of the 
 large bay, forming a fine natural harb. in the N. of Honshiu 
 (the main isL). P. 15,200. 
 
 Aoula, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 17 m. WSW. 
 Bareilly. P. 13,600. 
 
 Aor, or Anr, small isl. in S. China Sea, off the E. ct. of the 
 Malay Penin., in 2° 29' N., 104° 34' E. , with harb. on NW. 
 sheltered from NE. monsoon. 
 
 Aorangl (' cloud-capped'), the native name of Mount Cook, 
 the highest summit of the Southern Alps, New Zealand, in 
 43° 3S' S. Alt. 12,349 ft. {tr.). 
 
 Aosta, the ancient .^Wjfaj'/a PrcBtoria, tn., Italy, Piedmont, on 
 the Dora Baltea, prov. and 49 m. NNW. Turin, at the meeting 
 of the roads leading W. over the Little St. Bernard and NW. 
 over the Great St. Bernard. Alt. 1910 ft. P. 7000. 
 
 Aotea Harbour, a bar harb. , on the W. side of the North I. 
 of New Zealand, just N. of 38° S. The population round about 
 is mainly Maori. 
 
 Af, 'water.' See .<4^. 
 
 Apa, Colonla del, a colony, Paraguay, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Paraguay, in 28° 18' S. 
 
 Apacha, extinct volcano, Kamchatka, 52° 30' N. 
 
 Apache, co. , U.S., Arizona, in the NE. corner of the state. 
 
 Apache Slonntalus, a range of mts. , U.S., in the W. of 
 Texas, Presidio co. , stretching for about 130 m. from NW. to SE. 
 
 Apaches, a warlike tribe belonging to the arid region of N. 
 America in the SW. of the U.S. (Arizona, New Mexico, &c.), 
 and the adjoining parts of Mexico. For centuries they have car- 
 ried on war against Spain, Mexico, and the people of the U.S. 
 Apalach'ee Bay, U.S., Florida, Gulf of Mexico, in 30° N., 
 84° W. 
 
 Apalachlco'Ia, or Appalaclilcola, riv. , U. S. , Florida, formed 
 
 by the union of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers at the SW. 
 angle of Georgia, flows S. into St. George's Sound, Gulf of 
 Mexico ; navigable by steamers throughout (75 m.). 
 
 Apalachlco'Ia, city and seapt., U.S., Florida, Franklin co., 
 at the mouth of the A. river, with timber trade ; bar harbour, 
 depth on bar at ordinary high water, 'j\ ft. (springs 10 ft) ; good 
 anchorage ; vessels discharge into lighters or steam-tugs. P. 
 <300o. 
 
 Apam, or Appam, ct. tn.. Gold Coast Colony, W. Africa, 
 52 m. WSW. Accra. 
 
 Apani, tn., Mexico, Hidalgo, 48 m. ENE. Mexico. 
 
 Apana, tn., Asiatic Turkey, on the N. ct. , 56 m. W. Sinope. 
 
 Aparrl, seapt. , Philippine Is. , at the mouth of the Rio Grande, 
 near the middle of the N. ct. of Luzon. 
 
 Apatln, market-tn., Hungary, prov. Zombor, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Danube, 45 m. SW. Maria "Theresiopel. P. 12,800. 
 
 Apeldoom, comm. and vil., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 9 
 m. WSW. Deventer. P. (comm.) 19,300. 
 
 Apennines, Italian Appennlno, the ancient Mons Apen- 
 ninus (probably from Celtic pen, a mountain), a long chain of 
 mountains which unites in the NW. with the Maritime Alps, 
 from which it may be said to be separated by the Col dell' 
 Altare [Alps], and the main chain of which describes a great 
 curve to the eastwards, passing through the peninsular portion 
 of Italy, and ending, at least on the mainland, in the 'toe' of 
 that country. The mountains of Sicily are mostly a continuation 
 of this chain. On the mainland, this chain, with its numerous 
 branches, fills up the greater portion of Italy, S. of the valley 
 of the Po. It is divided into the Ligurian A. , in Liguria ; the 
 Etruscan A., the main chain of which runs alopg the NE. 
 frontier of Tuscany; the Roman A., the main chain of which 
 lies between Urobria and the Marches ; and the Abruzzi, in the 
 prov. to which this division of the chain gives its name. To 
 the S. of Abruzzi no general name is given to any considerable 
 section of the range. A. The Ligurian A. are for the most 
 part narrow, and rise more or less abruptly from the sea. Down 
 to recent times, the principal pass across this section was the 
 Bocchetta P.-(256o ft.), on the road from Genoa to Alessandria, 
 but this pass has been superseded by the railway which crosses 
 the more easterly Clovl P. at the height of 1550 ft. The 
 highest peak in this section is the llIont« Bne (5915 ft.), in the 
 E. of Liguria. B. The Etruscan A. may be taken as beginning 
 in the NW. with JLa Clsa P. (3410 ft.), on the road from Parma 
 to Pontremoli, between the Monte Molinatico on the NW. 
 and the Monte Orsaro on the SE. In former times the most 
 important pass across this section was La Fnta, or Pletra Mala 
 (2960 ft.), on the road running nearly direct from Florence to 
 Bologna ; but this pass is also superseded by a railway which 
 passes first NW. to Pistoja, then winds up the mountains, and 
 finally traverses the main ridge in a tunnel near the head of the 
 valley of the Reno. The highest peak in this section is the 
 3Ionte Clmone (7110 ft.), in the S. of Emilia, NNW. of Pis- 
 toja. The region to the SW. of the main chain in this section 
 is mainly mountainous, but the basin of the Arno, which belongs 
 to it, includes one of the largest lowland valleys of the whole 
 chain. The elevated L. Trasimeno, W. of Perugia, may, though 
 beyond the frontier of Tuscany, be referred to this section. 
 C. The Roman A. have their principal peaks in the short chain 
 of the Monti SlbilUnl, in the SW. of Umbria, where the 
 Monte Rotondo rises to 6900 ft. in the N. , the Monte Pretara 
 and Vettore in the S. to 8125 ft. and 8005 ft. respectively. In 
 ancient times the principal road leading N. from Rotne across 
 the A. , the Via Flaminia, entered the moimtains near the modem 
 town of Foligno (to the SE. of Perugia), crossed the Scaletta 
 P. to the NE. of Monte Catria (S. of Urbino), traversed the 
 defile bounded by walls 1650 ft. high, now known as the Fnrlo 
 P., or Pletra Pertnsa, and then descended the valley of the 
 Metauro to Fano. Another important road, the Via Salaria, 
 crossed the main chain of the A. by a pass immediately to the 
 S. of the Monti Sibillini, which may be taken as the limit between 
 the Roman A. and the Abruzzi. No part of the main chain of 
 the Roman A. is as yet crossed by a railway. The W. of this 
 section is covered with volcanic rocks, en which lies a series of 
 round lakes, Bolsena, Vico, Bracciano, Albano (in the order 
 from N. to S.), occupying the craters of extinct volcanoes. D. 
 The Abruzzi constitute the loftiest and most rugged part of 
 the whole system, sloping steeply down on all sides, but espe- 
 cially towards the E. They culminate in the short chain known 
 as the Gran Sasso d'ltalia ( ' great rock of Italy '), the highest 
 peak of which is Monte Corno (9580 ft.), the upper part of 
 which, on the E. side, shoots precipitously up to the height of 
 about 6500 ft. Further to the S. lies the group called La Ma- 
 Jella, the highest of which is the Monte Amaro (9170 ft.). 
 Between these two mountain masses, the A. are now crossed by 
 a railway which ascends the valley of the Pescara, or Aterno, to 
 Aquila, and is continued thence NW. to Terni. E. The southern 
 A. are confined mainly to the western part of the penin. Their 
 higher parts are scattered, and the general elevation is lower 
 than in the N. and Middle A. Still the region occupied by 
 them is generally wild, and affords passage for few easy cross- 
 
 55 
 
AP EN 
 
 APP A 
 
 roads. In ancient times the Via Appia, the great S. road from 
 Rome, after descending the Campanian plain to about 41° N. , 
 turned ENE., and passed through the gorge known as the 
 Caudine Forks [Arlenzo], on a route running nearly direct from 
 Naples to Benevento. In modem times the railway makes a 
 sweep to the N., round the mountains lying N. of this defile. 
 Now, as in ancient times, Benevento is the point of divergence 
 of several routes on the E. side of the passes. In modern times 
 a railway proceeds from Salerno by valleys belonging to the 
 basin of the Sele, into the wild highland 'compartment' of 
 Basilicata, then through that compartment past Potenza, down 
 the valley of the Basento. A branch from this railway ascends 
 the marshy Val di Diano between the Basilicata on the E. , and 
 the isolated plateau of Alburno and the mountainous penin. 
 between the gulfs of Salerno and Policastro on the W., and a 
 road continues southwards across a rugged highland tract into 
 the valley of the Crati, the large N. Calabrian valley which has 
 its mouth at the western angle of the Gulf of Taranto. Among 
 the principal groups and peaks of this section are the follow- 
 ing : — Between Campania and the prov. of Molise the Hontagna 
 del Ilatese, highest peak Monte Miletto (6725 ft, ) ; on the S. 
 frontier of Basilicata, Houte Polllno (7375 ft.) and Dolce- 
 dorme (7450 ft.); in the extreme S. behind Reggio, Aspro- 
 monte, highest peak Montalto (6420 ft. ). In this section vol- 
 canic areas, with remains of extinct volcanoes, occur in the W. 
 of Campania, round the Bay of Naples, in the N. of Campania, 
 and in the N. of Basilicata, and in the first-mentioned district. 
 Mount Vesuvius (4200), the only active volcano on the mainland 
 of Europe, rises isolated from the plain on the E. of the bay. 
 Geologically, the A. generally, apart from the volcanic areas 
 mentioned, are composed principally of limestones of Cretaceous 
 or Tertiary age. Old crystalline rocks, plutonic or metamorphic, 
 occur principally in the extreme S. (Calabria) and the extreme 
 NW. The mountains are poor in metals. Iron is found in 
 small quantities, and extensive saliferous dep6ts occur near 
 Cosenza. The celebrated marble of Carrara, Serravezza, and 
 Siena constitutes the chief riches of the Apennines. Below 
 3000 ft. in elevation, the flanks of the principal chain are 
 covered with a varied vegetation, of which the orange, citron, 
 olive, and palm form the lower zone ; but forests are rare. 
 Above 3200 ft, the mountains are generally arid and compara- 
 tively bare of vegetation, but green bush is found on Monte 
 Corno as high as 5500 ft. With regard to the Middle A, , see 
 Partsch in Verhanalungen d. Gesell.fUr Erdkunde, Berlin, 1889, 
 pp. 427-42, and abstract of the same in Proc. R, G. S., 1889, 
 pp. 743-6. 
 
 Apenrade, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, in 
 A. circle, 18 m. N. Flensburg, at the bead of the Apenrader 
 Fohrde (firth), which admits vessels of the largest size; vdth a 
 school of navigation. P. 5200. 
 
 Ape's Hill, Arabic Jebel Zatnt, the anct. Abyla, the ex- 
 tremity of a mt. range in the N. of Morocco, opposite Gibraltar ; 
 one of the ' Pillars of Hercules.' 
 
 Apethorpe, par., Eng., N. div, of Northamptonshire, j\ m. 
 S. by W. Stamford, \\ m. SE. King's Cliffe stn., P.O. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (A. witb Wood Newton) P. <7So. 
 
 Aphek, place named in O. T. See Ftk. 
 
 Apl, Cape, Dutch Borneo, in the NW. , in about 2° N. 
 
 Apl, Gnnong, mt., Eastern Archipelago, S. ct. of Flores I. 
 
 Api, Ciluuoug, mt.. Eastern Archipelago, in the S. of Sangir I. 
 
 Api, Oanong (Dutch spelling, CU>enong), a volcanic isl,. 
 Eastern Archipelago, in the Banda Sea, about no m. S. of 
 Bum, and 180 m. SE. of Celebes, 
 
 Apl, Gnnong, a lofty volcanic isL, Eastern Archipelago, in 
 Flores Sound, off the NE. of Sumbawa I. 
 
 Apia, tn. , with good harb, , about the middle of the N, ct. of 
 Upolu I., Samoa group, with British, German, and U.S. con- 
 sulates ; centre of trade with the Samoan Is. Plan of harb, in 
 Scot. Geog, Mag., 1889, map, p, 280. 
 
 Apice, comm., S. Italy, prov. and dist. Benevento. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Aplerbeck, viL, Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 3^^ m. ESE. 
 Dortmund, with coal and iron mines. P. 6200, 
 
 Apley, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Louth div., 9 m. E, by 
 N. Lincoln, 2 m. W. Kingthorpe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 ApUchan, or Apleechow, small isl. off S. ct. Hongkong, 
 included in the colony. 
 
 Apody, riv., Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte, flows on the whole 
 NNE. into the Atlantic, which it enters by a barred mouth in 
 37° 7' ^V. 
 
 Apobaqnl, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, King's co., 36 ni, 
 NE. by N. St. John. P. < 1500, 
 
 Apoinga, tn. , S. Australia, 86 m. N. by E. Adelaide. P. <: 1000. 
 
 Apolda, tn., Ger., grand-duchy Saxe- Weimar, 8 m. ENE. 
 Weimar, with woollen, especially hosiery manufactures. P. 
 (1871) 10,500; (1890) 20,900, 
 
 Apolllnarls Springs. See Abrweiler. 
 
 Apollo, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Armstrong co., on Kiski- 
 minetas R. , 26 m. E. by N. Pittsburgh. P. < 3000. 
 
 Apollo Bay, Victoria, S. ct., between Capes Otway and 
 Patton, 60 m. SW. of the entrance to Port Phillip. 
 56 
 
 ApoUonla, tn,, Greece, E. ct. Siphnos I. P. <20oo. 
 Apolobaniba, tn., Bolivia, dep. El Beni, 150 m. N. by W. 
 La Paz. P. <2ooo. 
 Apooterie, British Guiana. See Rapnnunl River. 
 
 Apostle Islands, a group of beautiful isls., U.S., Wisconsin, 
 Ashland co. , in the W. of Lake Superior, in 90° 25' to 91° W. ; 
 settled by the French in 1680 ; have several Jesuit missions. 
 
 Appaiacb'ian Slonntatns {ach, like aich in 'catch'), the 
 general name for the great mountain system in the E. of 
 North America, extending with a general south-westerly trend 
 over a length of 1320 m. from Maine and the SE. of Quebec 
 in the NE., to Georgia and Alabama in the SW. A. It is 
 divided in a marked manner into two unequal sections by the 
 line of valleys affording direct communication between New 
 York and Montreal, namely, the valley of the Hudson and that 
 of the Richelieu, with L. Champlain, this breach separating the 
 Green and Wblte Mts., the Hoosac and Taconic Mts. from 
 all the rest of the system. To the W. of this breach the Adir> 
 ondacks in the N. are isolated by the Mohawk Valley, in which 
 lie the Erie Canal and the railway that carries most of the traffic 
 from New York to the western states. B. The remainder of the 
 system is more continuous, and is characterised by general topo- 
 graphical features not belonging to the northern ranges and 
 groups, and hence the name of A. Mts. is sometimes confined 
 to mountains S. and SW. of the valleys mentioned. The main 
 features in this part of the system are two series of nountain 
 ranges running nearly parallel to one another, and separated in 
 the N. at the widest section of the system by ranges of mountains 
 known as the Middle Belt of the A., and further S. merely by a 
 wide valley. I. Tbe Eastern Members of tbe System. The 
 name of Blue Ridge is sometimes applied to the whole of the 
 eastern series of mountains, but sometimes confined to the part 
 in which the series is most continuous, from Virginia southwards. 
 In Pennsylvania the mountains of this series are sometimes called 
 the SouUi Mts. In its southern part (N. Carolina) the Blue 
 Ridge spreads out laterally, having mountain ranges on the E. 
 and W. connected by transverse ridges. The western ranges 
 are here known as the Iron Mts., Great timo.vy Mts., and Unaka 
 Mts. (in the order from N. to S.), the eastern ranges forming the 
 Blue Ridge proper. To this latter part of the Blue Ridge, and 
 in particular to the Black Mts., belong the highest peaks of 
 the whole system. Here Clingman's Mountain, or the Black 
 Dome, attains the height of 6707 ft. (Guyot), and several other 
 peaks rise above 6500 ft. Immediately to the W, of the eastern 
 seriesof mountains, a great longitudinal valley, sometimes known 
 generally as the Great Valley, runs through the whole length of 
 the southern section of the system. It begins in the extreme 
 SE. of New York, where it communicates with the mouth of the 
 Hudson valley. In New Jersey and Pennsylvania, where it is 
 bounded on the W, by the Kittatinny Range, it is called the 
 Kittatinny Valley, in Virginia the Great Valley (including the 
 Shenandoah Valley), and in Tennessee also the Great Valley, 
 or the Valley of E'. Tennessee, n. The Middle Belt of tbe 
 A. can be traced in the S. of New York state, but in that state, 
 in which the only striking topographical feature S. of the 
 Mohawk Valley is the Catskill Mts., it has no importance. 
 It attains its greatest extent in Pennsylvania, and is a prominent 
 feature only in that state and Virginia, and a narrow tract in 
 Maryland. In Tennessee it dies away, merging in the Great 
 Valley, which there extends across the whole width between the 
 eastern and western members of the system. Where well de- 
 veloped, this belt is characterised by long, straight, or gently 
 curving ridges, having the same general direction as the whole 
 system (NE. to SW.), for the most part with narrow sharp 
 crests of remarkably equable elevation, these ridges separated 
 by narrow valleys, which in most cases are open at both ends, 
 but in some instances are closed at one end by the meeting of 
 two adjacent ridges, m. Tbe Western member of tbe 
 system is for the most part not properly a mountain range, 
 but only the eastern escarpment of a plateau which extends for 
 a long distance westwards, gradually mergmg in the low plains 
 of the Mississippi basin. In the northern section, Pennsylvania 
 and on the E. frontier of W. Virginia, this escargment forms 
 the Allegbany Mts.,^ according to the proper application of ' 
 that name (sometimes used as equivalent to A. Mts. ) ; in the 
 southern section, Tennessee and the E; frontier of KentHcky, 
 it forms the Cumberland Plateau, or, seeing that in places, 
 especially in Tennessee, it slopes somewhat abruptly to the W. 
 as well as the E. , the Cumberland Mts. The plateau stretching 
 to the W. of this escarpment is broadest in the N. ; narrowest, 
 but at the same time loftiest, most rugged, and most sparsely 
 peopled in the S. (Tennessee). C. It is the western member of 
 the A. system S. of the Potomac that offers the principal barrier 
 to communication. That river crosses the whole of the system 
 except the western member, and an easy passage across this 
 part of the system also is afforded for the railway that ascends 
 the lower valley of the Potomac. The Chesapeake and Ohio 
 Canal followed the same route. To the N. of the Potomac 
 manyriver valleys (those of the Juniata, Susquehanna, Delaware, 
 &c.) intersect the ranges of the Middle Belt, or both the Middle 
 
I 
 
 APPA — APPL 
 
 Belt and the E. member of the system. The Susquehanna crosses 
 the entire system. The famous Delaware Water Gap is where 
 the Delaware breaks through the Kittatinny Range on the 
 border of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. These and other 
 valleys allow of the passage of numerous railways. S. of the 
 Potomac a transverse division of the A. Mts. is formed where 
 the Great Kanawha R. , which crosses the western members of 
 the system from SE. to NW. , approaches nearest to the James 
 R., which crosses the eastern members of the system east- 
 wards. At this division a railway crosses from Virginia into 
 W. Virginia at the height of about 2000 ft., but there is no 
 other railway across the western A. from Maryland to the 
 Cniuberland Gap (1675 ^'O' ^^ ^^e meeting-place of the 
 states of Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, a distance of 
 nearly 400 m. Through this gap, which long afforded the 
 only practicable route westwards in this region, a railway was 
 laid only about 1890. To the S. of this gap two railways have 
 been laid for a longer period across the Cumberland Mts., one 
 by a route running NW., another by a route running SW, from 
 Clinton on the Clinch R., Tennessee ; but to the S. of that there 
 is no other railway crossing till the Cumberland Mts. begin to 
 die away to the NW. of the Tennessee R. , in the S. of the same 
 state. This paucity of westerly railways makes the Great Valley 
 of the A. system of special importance in the traffic between E. 
 and W. Access to this valley from the E. is afforded even across 
 the highest part of the A. system by a railway which crosses the 
 Blue Ridge by the Sivanauoa Gap to the S. of the Black Dome, 
 connecting the upper parts of the Catawba and French Broad 
 valleys (N. Carolina and E. Tennessee). D. Archasan, Cam- 
 brian, and Silurian rocks are found throughout the length of 
 the system, the newer rocks following the older, SW. of the 
 Hudson, in the order from E, to W. S. of the Mohawk 
 Valley Devonian rocks prevail in the N., and can be traced in 
 most cases to the W. of the Silurian strata, and further W. the 
 great Carboniferous area of the U.S. is met with ; and produc- 
 tive coal-measures are found from Pennsylvania to Alabama. 
 Next to coal (including anthracite), iron ore is the most im- 
 portant mineral, this being abimdant in Pennsylvania in the 
 N. and Alabama in the S. All the A. highland was covered 
 originally with a great forest of maple, oak, ash, chestnut, 
 hickory, butternut, walnut, and other trees. Much woodland 
 still remains, especially on the Cumberland Plateau and the 
 southern Alleghanies. 
 
 Appalaclilcola, tn. , U.S. See ApalacUcola. 
 
 Appalaga, vil., U.S., Florida, Gadsden co., 38 m. WNW. 
 Tallahassee. 
 
 Appani, Gold Coast colony. See Apam. 
 
 Appanoose, co., U.S., Iowa, onS. frontier, crossed by 93° W. 
 
 Appelland, small sand isl. , Prussia, off W. ct. Schleswig, in 
 54°38'N., 8°44'E. 
 
 Appeiuell, a cant, in the NE. of Switzerland, wholly sur- 
 rounded by the cant. St. Gall. Is subdivided into the Outer 
 Rhodes and Inner Rhodes. The former division is nearly all 
 Protestant, and the latter Roman Catholic ; the inhabitants 
 speak the German language. Surface mountainous in the S. , 
 where Mount Sentis is 8232 ft., and the lowest part of the sur- 
 face is 1300 ft. in elevation. Chief river the Sittern, which runs 
 through its centre. Inner Rhodes is agricultural. In Outer 
 Rhodes, cotton and linen weaving, embroidering and dyeing, 
 are branches of industry. Cap. of Inner Rhodes, Appenzell ; 
 of Outer Rhodes, Trogen ; Herisau is the only other town of 
 importance. Government in both subdivisions is vested in a 
 grand council, which meets the assembled population once a 
 year for legislative business. Appenzell holds the thirteenth 
 place in the Swiss confederacy. Area 162 sq. m. P. 67,000. 
 See Switzerland. 
 
 Appenzell, tn., Switzd., cap. of Inner Rhodes, cant. A., 7 
 m. S. by E. St. Gall. P. < 5000. 
 
 Appenweier, market-tn., Ger., Baden, 10 m, ESE. Strass- 
 burg, important junction of E. and W. and N. and S. rlys. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Apperknowl, vil., Eng., Derbyshire, NE. div., 4^ m. N. 
 Chesterfield, i^ m. E. by S. Dronfield stn. 
 
 Apperley, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury 
 div., on the 1. bk. of the Severn, 3^ m. SW, by S. Tewkesbury, 
 P.O. See Deerhnrst. 
 
 Apperley Bridge, vil, Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Shipley 
 div., on the .A.ire, 3jm. NNE. Bradford ; with a stn. (Apperley 
 and Ra-wdon) on the M. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Applla-Yarrowle, tn., S. Australia, Frome co., 53 m. SE. 
 Port .A^ugusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Appin, post vil., Canada, Ontario, Middlesex co,, 26 m. 
 WSW. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Appln, tn. , New South Wales, Cumberland co. , 30 m. SW. 
 Sydney. P. <ci5oo. 
 
 Appln, dist. , Scot., Argyllshire, in the NW., adjoining Loch 
 Linnhe. 
 
 Appln, eccles. par., Scot., Argyllshire, part of the civil par. 
 of Lismore and A., 11 m. NNE. Oban, and 7^ m. N. by E. 
 Connel Fe^.-y stn., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Appin, Port. See Port Appln. 
 
 Applngedam, tn., Holland, prov. Groningen, 14 m. NE. by 
 E. Groningen, important cattle and horse markets. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Appleby, par. and vil., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., partly in 
 the Bosworth div. of Leicestershire, 8 m. ENE. Tamworth, 2 
 m. SW. Meashamstn., PMT.O. P.<:soo. 
 
 Appleby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Ashby de la Zouch 
 Union. P. <5oo. 
 
 Appleby, par., Eng,, Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey or Brigg 
 div., 14 m. ESE. Goole, on the M. S. & L. R., P.O.; 5693 ac. 
 Alt. 50 ft. Mean temp. (20 yrs. 1861-80), yr. 48° F., Jan, 36.6°, 
 July6o.9°. P.<75o. 
 
 Appleby, mun. bor., market and co. tn., Eng., Westmorland, 
 Appleby div., on the Eden, 12^ m. SE. by E. Penrith, on the 
 M. R, Market-day, S. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 26 in. P. < 
 2000 ; P. pari. div. (1891) 31,200. 
 
 Appleby, settlement. New Zealand, South I., Waimeaco., 
 on Tasman Bay, 9 m. W. by S. Nelson, 
 
 Applecross, par., Scot., Ross-shire, with small vil. on 
 A. Bay, II m. NW. by W. Strome Ferry, PM.O. 112,895 a^c- 
 P, <:2Soo. 
 
 Appledore, eccles. par, and seapt. vil., Eng., Devonshire, 
 Tavistock div., at the mouth of the Torridge, 3 m. N. Bideford, 
 with a lifeboat, PMT.O. Par. P. < 2500. 
 
 Appledore, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 6 m. NNE. Rye, 
 
 1 m. W. of its stn. on the SE. R., PMT.O.; 3007 ac. P. <75o; 
 eccles. par. (A. wltb Ebony) P. < 1000. 
 
 Appledram, par., Eng., Sussex, on the W. border of the 
 Chichester div., on the estuary of the Lavant, 2 m. SW. Chi- 
 chester. P. <250. 
 
 Appleford, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 3 m. SE. Abing- 
 don, I m. S. by W. Culham stn., P.O. P. <soo. See Sutton 
 Courtney. 
 
 Applegartb, vil., Eng., Westmorland, in the SE. of the 
 Kendal div., 8| m. SE. Kendal, i m. N. Barbon stn. 
 
 Applegartb and Sibbaldbie, par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 
 
 2 m. NE. by E. Lochmaben ; 11,869 ^<^- P. < 1000. 
 
 Apple River, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cumberland 
 CO. , 30 m. from Londonderry, 
 
 Apple Blrer, settlement, U,S,, Illinois, Jo Daviess co,, on 
 the N. frontier of state, 30 m. E. Dubuque, lo. 
 
 Applesbaw, par. and vil., Eng., Hampshire, in the W. of 
 the Andover div., 15I m. SW. Newbury, 4^ m. NW. by W, 
 Andover, \\ m. N. by W. Weyhill stn., P.O.' P. <:250. 
 
 Applethwalte, vil., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 2m. N, 
 Keswick, P.O. 
 
 Applethfvalte, par., Eng., Westmorland, .'Appleby div., in- 
 cludes the greater part of Lake Windermere ; 9121 ac. (3657 ac. 
 water). P. < 2500. 
 
 Appleton, post vil., Canada, Lanark co. , on Mississippi R, , 
 26 m. from Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Appleton, par. and hamlet, Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 
 2^ m. S. by E. Warrington. P. < 3000. 
 
 Appleton, vil. , Eng. , Lancashire, Widnes div. , 6 m. W. by 
 S. Warrington, on the L. & NW. R, 
 
 Appleton, hamlet, Eng. , Norfolk, NW, div. , 7^ m. NE. by E. 
 King's Lynn, 2 m. NW. Hillington stn. 
 
 Appleton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 5^ m. 
 SE. Richmond, 3 m. S. by E. Catterick Bridge stn. P. <2SO. 
 
 Appleton, tn., U.S., Maine, Knox co., 27 m. E. by S, 
 Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Appleton, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Swift co., on Pomme de 
 Terre R. , 24 m. SW. Benson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Appleton, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Outagamie co. , on 1. bk. of 
 Fox R., 25 m. SW. of the head of Green Bay. P. 11,900. 
 
 Appleton and Eaton, par. , Eng., Berkshire, 5 m. SW. by W, 
 Oxford, div, and 4 m. NW. Abingdon stn., PM.O. P, <750, 
 
 Appleton City, vil., U.S., Missouri, St, Clair co., 72 m. 
 SSE. Kansas City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Appleton-le-Moors, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. 
 and 18 m. SW. bv S. Whitbv, 2^ m. ENE. Kirby Moorside 
 stn., PM.O. (A.-le-Moor), P,<25o. 
 
 Appleton-le-Street, par. and tp., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Rid- 
 ing, in the NE. of the Thirsk and Malton div., i6| m. NE. by 
 N. York, 3I m. WNW. Malton, i m. SE. Barton-le-Street stn. 
 P. <25o ; eccles. par. (A. le S. wltb Amotberby) P. < 1000. 
 
 Appleton-on-Wlske, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on 
 the S. border of the Cleveland div. , on the Wiske, 8^ m. SE, 
 Darlington, i m, W. of West Rounton Gate stn., P.O. (A. 
 Wlske). P. <5oo. See Smeaton, Great. 
 
 Appleton Boebuck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Thirsk and Malton div., 6\ m. SSW. York, 2 m. E. by N. 
 Bolton Percy stn., P.O. P. <5oo. See Acaster Selby. 
 
 Appletree, par., Eng., Northampton, Banbury Union, 
 P. < 250. 
 
 Appletree-n-lck, par. and vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 in the E. of Skipton div., on the Wharfe, 18 m. WSW. Ripon, 
 4I m. N. by W. Bolton Abbey stn. ; 7689 ac. P. <:25o. 
 . 'Appley Bridge, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the L, & Y. R., 
 4 m. NW. by W. Wigan, P.O. 
 
 57 
 
A PPL— ARAB 
 
 Appling, CO., U.S., Georgia, S. of 32° N., and W. of 82° W. 
 
 Appoloiila, maritime dist. in W. of Gold Coast colony, 
 Upper Guinea, crossed in the W. by 3° W. 
 
 Appomattox, settlement, U.S., 'South Dakota, Potter co., 
 48 ra. N. by E. Pierre. 
 
 Appomattox, co., U.S., Virginia, N. of 37° N., and 
 crossed in the extreme W. by 79° W. , bounded on the NW. 
 by the James R. 
 
 Appomattox Ktrei*, U.S., Virginia, flows E. into the James 
 R., navigable for vessels of 100 tons to Petersburg, 12 m. , where 
 falls occur, navigable by boats higher up. 
 
 Apponang, or Warwick, tn., U.S., Rhode Island, Kent 
 CO., 8^ m. SSW. Providence. P. 17,800. 
 
 Apricena, comm. and vil. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 22 m. N. 
 by W. Foggia. P. (of comm. and vil.) 6000. 
 
 AprlgUano, comm., Italy, Calabria, prov. Cosenza, 27 m. 
 NW. by N. Catanzaro. P. 4000. 
 
 Aproni^ae,vil. and fortified post, French Guiana, S. America, 
 on river of same name, near its mouth, 5 m. SSE. Cayenne. 
 
 Aps, the anct. Alba Augusta, comm. and vil., France, dep. 
 Ardeche, 12 m. S. Privas; formerly important; many Roman 
 antiquities. P. < 2000. 
 
 Apsberon', a penin., Trans-Causasia, govt. Baku, extends 
 for 40 m. into the Caspian Sea. Soil impregnated in some 
 places with inflammable gas ; famous as the place of the sacred 
 flame so highly venerated by the fire worshippers of Asia ; 
 now noted for the immense quantities of petroleum which it 
 produces. Saffron, cotton, and madder grown. On its S. coast 
 is the port of Baku (q.v.). 
 
 Apsley, tn., Tasmania, Monmouth co., 30 m. N. by W. 
 Hobart. 
 
 Apsley, tn., Victoria, Lowan co. , 108 m. W. by N. Ararat. 
 P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Apsley End, eccles. par., Eng., Hertfordshire, near Hemel 
 Hempstead. P. < 1500. 
 
 Apsley River, New S. Wales. See M'I<eay River. 
 
 Apsley Strait, Timor Sea, between Melville and Bathurst 
 islands, off the NW. coast of Australia. Length 46 m. , breadth 
 from i^ to 4 m. 
 
 Apt (anct. Apta Julia Vulgientium), comm. and tn., France, 
 dep. Vaucluse, 25 m. N. Aix. Alt. 730 ft. P. <sooo. 
 
 Aptar, seapt., Asia Minor, on the N. ct., 80 m. W. Trebizond. 
 
 Apnan Alps. See Alpe Apuane. 
 
 Apa^, Caxoelra de, falls on the Tapajoz R., Brazil, in 
 4° 34' S. , 55° 55' W. 
 
 Apulia, in Italian Paglla, a territorial div. in the extreme 
 SE. (' heel ') of Italy, consisting of the provs. Foggia, Bari, and 
 Lecce, a vast plain almost without undulation, and for the most 
 part treeless, bounded on the E. by the Adriatic, on the W. by 
 the Apennines and Gulf of Taranto, but includes in the N. the 
 Monte Gargano. The northern portion of the Apulian plain is 
 pasture land, known as the Tavoliere(' chess-board ') diPuglia, 
 a region of about 1200 sq. m. in extent, or nearly one-seventh of 
 the entire div., upon which great flocks of sheep, the chief 
 wealth of the dist., feed — the name probably referring to the 
 regular arrangement of the distinct pasturages in which the area 
 is divided. This pastoral dist. is the characteristic feature of 
 A. , and has been in existence under all the governments that 
 have prevailed in this region from the time of the Romans. The 
 region is traversed in every direction by grassy roads (tratturi) 
 over 100 yards in width, and with a total length of 940 m., by 
 which the sheep descend to these lowland pastures for the winter 
 season. During the summer the region is a scorched and arid 
 waste [Italy, climate]. The soil is poor, there being only a 
 thin layer of humus upon a substratum of clay. Among the 
 crops of A. the most noted is wheat, which is renowned for its 
 weight and quality, and is that mostly used in the manufacture 
 of maccaroni. In Bari and Lecce large quantities of excellent 
 oil are produced. The wine is generally poor, but the industry 
 is making progress, and production is rapidly increasing, large 
 areas of corn-fields being converted into vineyards. The mineral 
 products are unimportant, with the exception of the fine marbles 
 quarried round Monte Gargano. Salt is scarce. The coasts 
 both on the Adriatic and on the Gulf of Taranto are in many 
 places (round the Monte Gargano, round Brindisi, Otranto, 
 Taranto, &c.) malarial, owing to lack of drainage. In other 
 parts irrigation is required. Pellag[ra is unknown. See Italy, 
 table, and with regard to the history, Naples. 
 
 Apnre, riv. , Venezuela, S. America, and one of the tribs. 
 of the Orinoco, rises in the Andes of the U.S. of Colombia, near 
 7° N. to 72° W., flows E., and joins the Orinoco in about 
 7° 40' N. ; navigated by steamers. On it are the towns of Nutrias 
 and San Fernando. 
 
 Apnrimac, riv. , S. America, one of the head-streams of the 
 Amazon (q.v.). Its course, till its junction with the Ucay, is be- 
 tween 500 and 600 m. ; navigable for small steamers even in the 
 dry season up to the confluence of the Mantaro, in about iij° S. 
 
 Apnrimac, dep. Peru, comprising the provs. of Abancay, 
 Aymareas, Anta, and Cotabambas, and a portion of Ayacucho. 
 Chief town, Abancay. See Pern. 
 68 
 
 Aqnafort Harbonr, port, Newfoundland, E. ct., in 47° N, 
 
 Aqualate Mere, a small lake, Eng., Staffordshire, in the 
 extreme W., 9 m. W. by S. Stafford. 
 
 Aqnambo, or Akwamn, a country of Africa, Upper Guinea, 
 on the river Volta, on the interior border of the British protected 
 terr. , with a town of same name. 
 
 Aqiiaplm, or Akwaplm, a maritime state of Africa, British 
 protected terr.. Upper Guinea, in 6° N. to 0°. Soil barren 
 near the coast, but fertile inland. 
 
 Aqne, or Azigo, vil., French W. Africa, on the Bight of 
 Benin, in 1° 42' E. 
 
 Aqnidaban, riv. , Paraguay, rises in the NE. of the country, 
 flows SW\ then W. into the Paraguay, which it enters in 23° 12' 
 S. ; useless for navigation on account of its numerous rapids. 
 
 Aqnlla, a fortified and episcopal city of central Italy, cap. 
 prov. Aquila [Abrnzzi], on the Aterno, 40 m. ESE. 'Terni. 
 The city was much injured by earthquakes in 1688, 1703, and 
 1706. Aquila was built by the Emperor Frederick II., from 
 Tnmsoithenx\Q\&n\. Amiternutn, the birthplace of Sallust, vestiges 
 of which city are still traceable. Alt. 2105-2365 ft. ; mean 
 temp., yr. 52.4° F., Jan. 34.9°, July 72.7°; rfall. (1874-91), yr. 
 25.6 in. , Oct.-Nov. 6.2 in. P. 17,000. 
 
 Aqnlla, vil., Switzd., cant. Ticino, 16 m. E. by S. Airolo. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Aqnlleja, or Aglar, vil., Austria, Gors and Gradisca, to the 
 W. of the Isonzo, 18 m. SW. Gorz, connected with the Adriatic 
 by the navigable canal of Ansoca. In the reign of Marc 
 Aurelius it was the strongest fortress of the Roman empire, and 
 its pop. was reckoned at 10,000 before it was taken and burned 
 by Attila (452). It was the frequent residence of the Emperor 
 Augustus. See Venice. P. < 2000. 
 
 Aqnilonia, ruined city, Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 38 
 E. by S. Benevento. P. < 3000. 
 
 Aqnin, or Yaqnimo, vil., isl. , and repub., Haiti, on the S. 
 ct. , 72 m. WSW. Port au Prince, in 73° 20' W. 
 
 Aquino, col., Argentine Republic, Terr. Formosa, 75 m. 
 NNE. Corrientes, on the r. bk. of the Paraguay. 
 
 Aqniqni, a river-arm, Brazil, connecting the 1. bk. of the 
 mouth of the Xingu with the Amazon. 
 
 Aquiry, or Acre, riv., Bolivia and Brazil, flows N. by E. into 
 the Purus, which it joins in about 8° 45' S. , 67° 20' W. , navigable 
 by steamers during the rainy season, by smaller boats in the dry 
 season, to the india-rubber trading station of Novo York at the 
 confluence of the Irariape, in about 10° S. Proc. R. G. S., 
 1889, p. 500 ; 1890, p. 240. 
 
 Ara, tn., W. Africa, Yoruba country, 137 m. NE. Lagos. 
 
 Arab, place named in O. T. See Er Rabtyeh. 
 
 Arabah, Wady El, a great valley extending from the Dead 
 Sea to the Gulf of Akaba. 
 
 Arabat, a Russian fortress, Crimea, on the Sea of Azov, 70 
 m. ENE. Simferopol, on the Bay of A., at the S. end of the 
 penin. of A. See Azov, Sea of. 
 
 Arabet, the ancient Araba, vil., Palestine, 32° 51' N., 35° 20' 
 E., II m. N. by E. Nazareth. 
 
 Arabia [Arabistan of the Turks), the most westerly of the 
 three great penins. of S. Asia, between the Persian Gulf and the 
 Gulf of Oman on the E. and the Red Sea on the W. On the 
 NW. it is connected with Africa by the Isthmus of Suez, is divided 
 in two parts by the Tropic of Cancer. Length from N. to S. 
 about 1500 m. ; average breadth, 800 m. Ptolemy subdivided 
 the country into Arabia PetrcEa (the stony), Arabia Felix 
 (Araby the blest), and Arabia Deserta (Araby the desert); the 
 first comprising its NW. portion, with the penin. of Sinai be- 
 tween the Gulfs of Suez and Akabah ; the second, the terr. 
 along the W. and S. coasts ; and the last, all the rest of its ex- 
 tent ; but this partition is unknown to the inhabitants and to 
 Arab geographers. A. is mainly composed of a tableland with 
 an average elevation of about 3500 ft., sloping steeply down on 
 the W. and SW. , but for the most part more gradually in other 
 directions. Where the steeper slope occurs the strip between the 
 low coast-lands and the tableland is in some places occupied 
 by a succession of terraces or broken by ranges of mts. parallel 
 to the coast. The low coast-strip is called by the Arabs tehatna, 
 the ascent to the tableland hejaz, and the tableland nejd or negd, 
 but the two latter terms are also the names of certain regions. 
 The highest elevation is in the mts. of Oman (9900 ft. ), in the SE. 
 Mount Sinai in the NW. attains the height of 8535 ft. The 
 middle portion of the interior is known as Nejd [q.v.), a. region 
 studded with numerous oases, and having on its N. and S. vast 
 sand-deserts. The southern sand-desert is called the Roba-el- 
 Khali, and is by much the larger, the northern the Nefud (q.v.), 
 and to the N. the Nefud is succeeded by the stony Syrian desert 
 (El Hamid, ' the stony '), which begins to the S. of 30° N. , and 
 in the SW. of which lies the remarkable depression of Wady 
 Sirhan (q.v.). Several mt. ranges traverse the N. half of the 
 penin. , and there are also a number of vast elevated platforms 
 composed of volcanic outpourings known as harrats (Proc. 
 R. G. S., 1884, pp. 386-8, 395). The climate is among the driest 
 in the world ; the rainy season, which in general lasts from the 
 middle of June to the end of September, and in Oman from 
 
ARAB 
 
 ARAL 
 
 November to the middle of February, occurs only in December 
 and January in the northern deserts. Heat excessive in the 
 plains [Aden, Jedda, Dlaskat], but temperate in the moun- 
 tainous regions of Yemen and Hadramaut, and the winters are 
 rigorous in the elevated regions of Nejd. The Simoom or 
 Samiel, the hot wind of the desert, blows from the interior to- 
 wards the coast in all directions. The most fertile tracts of A. 
 are in Yemen {q.v. ), in the SW. The products are dates, durra, 
 and other cereals, tamarinds, bananas, and in the SW. coffee, 
 spices, drugs, gums, resins, cotton, and sugar. Minerals com- 
 prise ores of lead, iron, silver, sulphur, and precious stones. 
 Arabia is famous for the horse and camel (especially in Nejd) ; 
 wild animals comprise the wild ass, goat, and sheep, musk 
 deer, antelope, hare, monkeys ; in the S., bears, wolf, hyaena, 
 fox, eagle, vulture, hawk, pheasant, ostrich, tortoise, serpents, 
 and locusts. Lions were formerly numerous. The sperm 
 whale is found on the coasts. Politically, A. is divided. The 
 penin. of Sinai belongs to Egypt. The strip W. of the table- 
 land forms the Turkish provs. of Hejaz and Yemen, and a 
 narrow strip on the Persian Gulf called El Haza (improperly 
 El Ahsa) also belongs to Turkey. Aden in the SW. is British, 
 and the remainder is under independent rulers (sheikhs or 
 emirs), the principal being those of Oman, Hadramaut, Mahra, 
 and Kara. The inhabitants settled around the coast appear to 
 have a distinct origin from the Beduins or true Arabs, who are 
 the traditionary reputed descendants of Ishmael, and wander 
 with their flocks and herds, dweUing in tents, and subsisting 
 partly by plunder. The Wahdbis, who form a distinct sect of 
 Mohammedans, occupy the interior of the country, having sub- 
 jected a great portion of it to their dominion at the commence- 
 ment of the present century. Agricultural processes are rude, 
 and manufactures at a low ebb. The Beduin women weave hair 
 tent-covers and bags, and coarse linen and woollen fabrics. 
 The trade of A. is considerable, and large quantities of mer- 
 chandise are brought by caravans and by sea from the sur- 
 rounding countries, partly for internal consumption, and partly 
 for distribution among the numerous pilgrims and merchants 
 who resort to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. The prin- 
 cipal seaports are Jedda and Hodeida on the Red Sea, and 
 Maskat on the Gulf of Oman. The religion of the country is 
 Islamism, which had its origin here towards the end of the sixth 
 century, replacing the Sabasism and Judaism which had pre- 
 viously been the prevailing forms of worship. The Arabic 
 language, called vulgar to distinguish it from that of the Koran, 
 IS used all over the N. of Africa, and extends even to the SE. of 
 Asia. The literary Arabic is still used in the liturgy of all Mus- 
 sulmans. It was long the language of the sciences, arts, and 
 civilisation, and its literature is the richest of all the ancient 
 nations of the East. Area estimated at 1,172,000 sq. m, P. 
 about 3,500,000. 
 
 Arabian Sea, the northern part of the Indian Ocean, be- 
 tween the Indian penin. and Arabia. 
 
 Arabkir, or Arabglr, tn. , Asia Minor, 107 m. N W. Diarbekir. 
 P. 20,000. 
 
 Arni-ajii, seapt. , Brazil, Sergipe, in 11° 56' S. P. 15,000. 
 
 Aracan. See Arakan. 
 
 Aracaty, tn., near the NE. ct. of Brazil, and the mouth of 
 the Rio Jaguaribe, state and 75 m. SE. Ceard. P. i6,oco. 
 
 Araceua, tn., Spain, prov. Huelva, 45 m. NW. Seville. 
 Pleasantly situated in a small carefully cultivated valley at the 
 foot of a hill crowned by a large Moorish castle. P. 6000. 
 
 Arad, place named in O. T. See Tell Ar&d. 
 
 Arad, co., Hungary, bounded S. by the Maros, traversed by 
 the White Koros, a plain in the W. occupied by spurs of the 
 Bihar Mts. in the E. 
 
 Arad, (German, Alt A.), municip. and fortified tn., 
 Hungary, on the r. bk. of the Maros, 30 m. N. Temesvar, seat 
 of a bishop of the non-united Greek Church, and of a Theo- 
 logical School. P. (1850) 22,400; (1869)32,700; (1890)42,100. 
 
 Arad, llj (German, Neu A.), tn., 4 m. to the SE. of 6. A., 
 some distance from the 1. bk. of the Maros. P. 5600. 
 
 Aradan, tn., Persia, prov. Irak Ajemi, 70 m. SE. by E. 
 Teheran. 
 
 Arafale, tn., Eastern Sudan, at the head of Annesley Bay, 
 42 m. SSE. Massaua. 
 
 Arafat, a sacred area with a naked granite hill, called the 
 Hill of Mercy, in the middle, about 15 m. SE. Mecca, Arabia. 
 To ' stand ' on this area is the principal ceremonial of the 
 Mohammedan pilgrimage to Mecca. 
 
 Arafhras. See Alfnras. 
 
 Arafara Sea, a name sometimes given to the sea between 
 the NW. of Australia and the W. of New Guinea. 
 
 Aragltn, place. Ire., NE. co. Cork, bar. Condons and 
 Clangibbon, 7 m. NE. by E. Fermoy, P.O. 
 
 Aragoii, Kingdom of, one of the provs. into which, pre- 
 vious to 1833, the Spanish monarchy was divided, bounded N. 
 by the Pyrenees, separating it from France, E. by Catalonia 
 and Valencia, S. Valencia, and W. by New and Old Castile 
 and Navarra ; now divided into the provs. of Huesca in the N., 
 Zaragoza in the middle, and Teruel in the S., cap. Zaragoza. 
 
 Surface largely mountainous, spurs of the Pyrenees, which in 
 this prov. attain their highest altitudes, reaching down towards 
 the left, and outliers of the Iberian tableland (Sierra Moncayo in 
 the W., and Sierra Albarracin in the S.) advancing towards the 
 r. bk. of the Ebro, which traverses the lowlands in the middle, 
 and here receives the Jalon and Guadalope on the r. bk., the 
 Gallego and Segre (the latter chiefly in Catalonia) on the 1. bk. 
 The other chief rivers are the Cinca (trib. Segre) and its affluent 
 the Isuela. The principal railways are that traversing the low- 
 lands from Navarre to Catalonia and that which ascends the valley 
 of the Jalon into Old Castile. Upper A. is a picturesque well- 
 wooded region with climate and vegetation of a central European 
 character [Huesca] ; lower A., a dreary timberless tract, mostly 
 incapable of cultivation, but containing here and there some 
 irrigated and very fertile oases, producing corn, pulse, fruit, 
 wine, olives, and mulberries ; with saline streams and salt lakes 
 and ponds, which in the exceedingly hot and hazy summers 
 [Zaragoza] get wholly or partly replaced by incrustations of 
 salt. The present barrenness of the prov. is largely due to the 
 expulsion of the Moors by Philip III. (1609- 10) and other his- 
 torical causes. The minerals include salt, salt-petre, iron and 
 copper ores, and coal, but owing to the deficiency of the com- 
 munications are little worked. The kingdom of Aragon was 
 founded in 1034, and united to the crown of Castile by Ferdi- 
 nand the Catholic. See Spain, table, and Pyrenees. 
 
 Aragon, riv. , Spain, rises in the Pyrenees on the slopes of 
 the Pic du Midi, and flows on the whole W. and then SW. to 
 the Ebro, which it joins about 1° 48' W. ; not navigable. Only 
 its headwater belongs to the old kingdom, to which it gives 
 name. 
 
 Aragona, tn., Sicily, prov. and 7 m. N. by E. Girgenti. P. 
 11,000. 
 Aragon Canal, Spain. See Imperial Canal. 
 Aragua, tn. , Venezuela, Bermudez, 165 m. ESE. Caracas. 
 Aragna, tn., Venezuela, Bermudez, no m. W. of the SW. 
 point of the isl. of Trinidad. 
 
 Araguaya, Araguay, or Rio Clrande, a large riv., Brazil, 
 rises in the Serra Cayapo in about i8^° S. , 53° W. ; flows 
 northward between the provs. Goyaz and Grao Para on the 
 W., and Matto Grosso on the E., and joins the Tocantins, 
 length 1000 m. Navigable at all seasons of the year in its 
 middle course— from Itacayu in 15° 7' S. , 51° 11' W. , to the 
 rapids of Sta. Maria in 9° 25' S. , below which there is a succes- 
 sion of rapids as far as the Cachoeira Grande in 6° io'-i4' S. , 
 the second that of Sta. Maria ( 10° 22' to 9° 48' S. ). In its middle 
 course it twice separates into two arms, enclosing two large 
 islands, the first that of Santa Anna or Bananal (13° 27' to 10° 
 29' S.), more than 200 m. in length. See Scot. Geog. Afag., 1893, 
 pp. 44-46. 
 
 Aragva, riv., Trans-Caucasia, 1. bk. trib. of the Kur, which 
 it joins a few miles above Tiflis. 
 
 Arahal, El, tn., Spain, prov. Seville, 24 m. E. by S. Seville. 
 P. 8200. 
 
 Ar'alr, ruins, Palestine, Aroer in the O. T. , 31° 27' N., 35° 
 51' E., 20 m. NNE. Kerak (ancient Kir of Moab). 
 Aralsh, El, seapt., Morocco. See Arista, El. 
 Arakan, or Arracan, a div. of Lower Burma, a prov. of 
 British India, Burma, extending along the E. side of the Bay 
 of Bengal, between 18° and 21° 33' N., separated from Upper 
 Burma and the Pegu and Irawadi divs. of Lower Burma on the 
 E. by the A. Yoma Mts. ; divided into four dists., Akyab, N. 
 Arakan, Kyauk-pyu, and Sandoway ; cap. Akyab. Coast 
 swampy and unhealthy. Among the numerous islands, two, 
 Ramri and the Eastern Boronga I., are noted for the produc- 
 tion of excellent petroleum. Chief rivers, the Kuladan, An, 
 and Sandoway, all in some degree navigable. See Burma, 
 Louver. 
 
 Arakan, riv. See KAladan. 
 Arakan, tn. See 9Iro-hanng. 
 
 Arakan Hill Tracts, a wild and backward dist., between 
 4000 and 5000 sq. m. in extent, to the N. of the Arakan div. of 
 Lower Burma, between Chittagong and the Arakan Yoma Mts. 
 It is composed of parallel ridges of sand-stone clothed with 
 dense forest, and is sparsely peopled by a number of wild hill- 
 tribes described as 'demon-worshippers.' 
 
 Arakan Toma Mountains, a range 700 m. long, stretching 
 from the mountains of the Naga city downwards along the E. of 
 Chittagong div., Bengal, and Arakan div.. Lower Burma, and 
 through the Irawadi div. , and terminating in C. Negrais ; 
 highest peak. Blue Mt., 7100 ft. The range is very steep, and 
 there are few practicable passes. The principal are one on the 
 road leading from An, alt. 4663 ft. ; and one on the road from 
 Sandoway to Padaung, in Prome dist. 
 
 Araktaova, tn., Greece, Laconia, 15 m. N. by E. Sparta. 
 P. <4000. 
 Araktathos, riv. See Artinos. 
 
 Arakoon, tn.. New South Wales, Macquarie co., on Trial 
 Bav, 125 m. E. Tamworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aral [Khovaresm, Aral-den^hiz), an extensive brackish lake 
 of Asia, Russian Turkestan, between 43° 42' to 46° 44' N. lat. 
 
 .59 
 
ARAL — ARBO 
 
 and 58° 19' to 61° 47' E. long., 170 m. E. of the Caspian Sea ; 
 158 ft. above the level of the Black Sea, 243 ft. above that of 
 the Caspian ; length, NE. to SW. , 280 m. ; NW. to SE. , 80-180 
 m. Area, 26,166 sq. m. ; depth, 75-220 ft. The slopes of the 
 desert plateau of Ust Urt, 200-500 ft. high, rise on its W. 
 shore ; the sands of Kara-kum stretch NE. , where it receives 
 the Syr-daria ; those of Kyzyl-kum in the E. ; and the low 
 delta of Amu in the S. Its shores are uninhabited, and 
 only visited by a few Kirghizes. Kazahnsk, 35 m. E., and 
 Kungrad and Chimbai in the Amu-delta, are . the nearest 
 settlements. There are a number of small islands, the number 
 and size of which are rapidly increasing — Lake A. rapidly 
 desiccating. The 80 m. long Gulf of Aibughir, in the SW. , 
 which was crossed on boats in 1859 by a Russian mission, is 
 now quite dry and partly covered with fields. A. is very 
 stormy, but freezes entirely in the N. , and partially in the 
 S. Rich in fishes, some fishing now carried on. Since 1847 
 Russia has kept a small flotilla on Lake A. 
 
 Aralar Mountains, a chain of the Cantabrian Mts., Spain, 
 separating Navarre from Guipuzcoa. Alt. 3300 ft. 
 
 Aralnen, tn. , New South Wales, St. Vincent co. , 65 m. S. 
 Goulburn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aralykh, fort, Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 26 m. S. 
 Erivan, near Persian frontier. 
 
 Aramac, tn. , Queensland, Rodney co. , 270 m. SSW. 
 Townsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Arameugo, old tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, 
 dist. Asti. P. < 2000. 
 
 Aramon, tn. , France, dep. Gard, arr. Nimes, on the r. bk. of 
 the Riione, 7 m. WSW. Avignon. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Aran, riv., India, in S. of Berar, flows E. then S. into the 
 Penganga. 
 
 Aran, a Pyrenean val. in the Spanish prov. of Lerida, though 
 on the N. side of the main chain, being enclosed on the S. and 
 SE. by the Maladetta, and containing the source of the Garonne; 
 chief village. Viella (alt. 2875 ft.), whence the Puerto (pass) de 
 Viella (alt. 8200 ft. ) leads S. over the Maladetta to the valley 
 of the Noguera-Ribagorzana. 
 
 Aran Benllyn, mt. , Wales, Merionethshire, 9 m. NE. by E. 
 Dolgelly. Alt. 2902 ft. 
 
 Aranda de Daero, tn., Spain, prov. Burgos, on the r. bk. of 
 the Douro, 47 m. S. Burgos. P. 5700. 
 
 Arandjelovac, tn., Servia, prov. Kraguyevatz, 30 m. SW. 
 by S. Semendria. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Aranga,comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Betanzos. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Aran Island, Ire., off the W. ct. ofco. Donegal, bar. Boylagh. 
 Lat. 55° N. 
 
 Aran Isles, a group of isls. forming the barony of Aran, Ire., 
 CO. Galway, Connaught, at the entrance to Galway Bay, largest 
 Inishmore. Soil e.xtremely sandy. The people depend mainly 
 on the fisheries, which have been fostered by the Congested 
 District Board, partly on kelp burning. The principal village 
 is Kilronan (^.T'.). The islands contain many antiquities. There 
 is a lighthouse visible 16 m. on Eeragh I., the westernmost of 
 the group, and another visible 15 m. on the S. side of Inisheer 
 I., the SE. member of the group. 
 
 Araiijnez, the ancient Ara Jovis, tn., Spain, prov, Madrid, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Tagus, 25 m. ENE. Toledo ; castle with 
 celebrated art treasures and fine park, the spring residence of 
 the Court. P. 9600. 
 
 Aran Mowddwy, mt., Wales, Merionethshire, 9 m, ENE. 
 Dolgelly. Alt. 2972 ft. 
 
 Aransas, co. , U.S., Texas, on the Gulf of Mexico, crossed by 
 28° X., divided into three sections by A. Bay, which com- 
 municates with Gulf of Mexico by A. Pass, which has a light- 
 house visible 13 m. in 27° 52' N., 97° 3' W. 
 
 Ardnyos, Hungarian, 'golden.' 
 
 Aranyos, riv., Hungary, Transylvania, flows E. from the 
 Bihar Mts., then SE. into the Maro's ; carries gold. 
 
 Ardnyos-Gy^res, tn. , Hungary, Transylvania, 22 m. SE. 
 Klausenburg. 
 
 Ardnyos-9Iarot, tn. , Hungary, 44 m. NNE. Komorn, 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Araona, or Aranna, a tribe of American Indians inhabit- 
 ing the N. of Bolivia between the rivers Madre de Dios and 
 Beni. 
 
 Arapahoe, co. , U.S., Colorado, bounded on the N. by 40° 
 N., and stretching from the E. frontier to 105° W. 
 
 Arapahoe Peak, mt. , U.S., Colorado, 43 m. NW. by W. 
 Denver. Alt. 13,520 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 Arapahoes, or Arrapahoes, a tribe of N. American Indians, 
 called by early French travellers Gros Ventres, originally found 
 to the E. of the Rocky Mts. between the S. Platte and upper 
 Arkansas. A retrograding and intractable remnant is now 
 settled in Oklahoma. 
 
 ArapatAk, Hungary. See Eliipatak. 
 
 Arapi^s, vil., Greece, Acarnania and .j^tolia, on the Gulf of 
 Arta, 43 m. NNW, Mesolonghi. P. <2ooa 
 
 Araplles. See Salamanca. 
 60 
 
 'Ar'arah, ruins, Palestine, Aroer in the O. T,, 31° 8' N., 35° 
 E. , 14 m. SE. by E. Beersheba. 
 
 Araraquara, vil. and rly. stn., Brazil, Sao Paulo, 187 m. 
 NW. Santos. 
 
 Araras, an isl. in the Madeira, Brazil, 600 m. SW. by S. 
 Manaos, 25 m. from the Bohvian frontier. 
 
 Ararat, a famous volcanic mt. of Armenia, and the culmina- 
 ting point of Western Asia, at the junction of the Russian, 
 Turkish, and Persian empires, on the NW. border of the prov. 
 Azerbaijan, in 39° 42' N. , 44° 35' E. The two peaks, Agri Dagh 
 (16,925 ft.) and Allah Dagh (12,850 ft.), surpass the limit of 
 perennial snow. A. is the supposed place where the ark rested 
 after the flood, but a similar distinction is claimed for several 
 other heights in Asia. 
 
 Ai*arat, tn., Victoria, Ripon co. , 82 m. WSW. Sandhurst. 
 Alt. 1072 ft. ; rainfall (14 yrs.) 24.37 in. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Araranania, tn., Brazil, on a lagoon on the S. ct. of the 
 prov. Rio de Janeiro, 57 m. E. Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 Arary, riv., on the isl. of Marajo, Brazil, flows N. into the 
 mouth of the Amazon. 
 
 Ai'ary, vil., Brazil, Maranhao, on the r. bk. of the Guajahu, 
 opposite the mouth of the Pindare, 39 m. S. by W. Maranham. 
 
 Aras (Araxes), riv., Armenia, rises in the Turkisii vilayet 
 Erzerum, near 41° 30' N., 41° 10' E., flows E., dividing for the 
 greater part of its length the terrs. of Russia and Persia, and 
 joins the Kur 60 m. W. of its mouth in the Caspian Sea. Course is 
 635 m. , very rapid. Chief affluents, the Arpa-chai and Kara-Su. 
 
 Arasalg, or Arlsalg, place, Scot., Inverness-shire, on W. ct. , 
 3J m. NE. of A. point, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Arasalg, Sonnd of, bay, Scot., SW. of Inverness-shire, in 
 56° 50-53' N. A. Point is a cape in 56° 53^' N. 
 
 Arashkol, Jebel, a mt. group, Eastern Sudan, rising abruptly 
 from the plain to the W. of the White Nile, crossed by 14° N., 
 100 m. long, NE. to SW. 
 
 Arassnahy, vil., Brazil, Minas Geraes, 360 m. SW. by S. 
 Sao Salvador. 
 
 Ai-atapn, tn., New Zealand, North I., Hobson co., on the 
 W. side of the Wairoa R. , 70 m. NW. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aranca, riv. , S. America, rises in Colombia, flows E. partly 
 in the frontier of Colombia and Venezuela, and then through 
 Venezuela, enters the Orinoco. Length about 450 m. ; al] 
 except the headwaters navigable. 
 
 Arancanlans, S. American Indians. See Chile. 
 
 Aranco, city, Chile, prov. A., on A. Bay, which offers bad 
 anchorage, 28 m. S. by W. Concepcion, in 37° 13' S. ; coal- 
 mines near, the production of which is increasing. P. <4000. 
 
 Aranrc, tn., Venezuela, Zamora, 170 m. SW. by W. Cardcas. 
 P. 4000. 
 
 Arslvalll, or AraTnlli, range of mts., India, stretching 30a 
 m. NE. through Rdjputdna and Ajniere-Merwdra, 6-60 m. in 
 width. Average alt. 1000-3000 ft. See Abn. 
 
 Ara\*'aks, a gentle race of American Indians, numerous in 
 the W. Indies at the time of their discovery by the Spaniards, 
 but now confined to Guiana (the banks of the Surinam and 
 Essequibo). 
 
 Arawala, settlement. New Zealand, North I., E. Taupo co., 
 67 m. N. by W. Napier. 
 
 Arawan, or Aranan, oasis, Africa, Sahara, NW. of Tim- 
 buktu, in about 18° 55' N., 3° W., a centre of trade between 
 W. and NW. Africa." Alt. 835 ft. (Lenz, ab.). 
 
 Arawls, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Namaland, 37 m. N. 
 by VV. Ookiep. 
 
 Aray lUver, Scot. See Clen Aray. 
 
 Arhe, in., Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on the W. side of 
 A. I., 45 m. E. by S. Pola. P. < 2000. The Island is 13 m. 
 long NW. to SE., and 2-5 m. broad. P. < 5000. 
 
 Arbela, place named in O. T. See Irhld. 
 
 Arber, the highest summit of the Bohemian Forest, Bavaria, 
 50 m. E. Regensburg. Alt. 4765 ft. 
 
 Arbla, small riv., Italy, Tuscany, flows SSE. to the Om» 
 brone, which it joins about 15 m. SSE. of Siena. 
 
 Arbll, Turkey in Asia. See Erbil. 
 
 Arblrlot, ct. par. and vil., Scot., Forfarshire, on Elliot 
 Water, 2^ m. W. Arbroath, i^ m. NW. by W. Elliot stn., 
 P. O. ; 6747 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Arbo, comm. , Spain, prov. Pontevedro, dist. Caiiiza. P. 5200. 
 
 Arboe, par., Ire., NE. co. Tyrone, bar. Upper Dungannon, 
 8 m. E. by S. Cookstown, 2 m. from Arboe Point in L. Neagh, 
 P.O.; 12,67230. P. <:45oo. 
 
 ., Arboga, tn., Sweden, prov. Vestmanland, 25 m. ENE. 
 Orebro. P. < 5000. 
 
 Arboga, small riv., Sweden, prov. Vestmanland, falls into L. 
 Malar, and is connected by the A. canal with L. Hjelmaren. 
 
 Arbols, comm. and tn., France, dep. Jura, 26 m. SW. by S. 
 Besan^on, 6 m. NE. by N. Poligny, formerly the residence of 
 several of the counts of Burgundy. P. <40oo. 
 
 Arbon, tn., Switzd. , cant. Thurgau, on the S. side of L. 
 Constance, 7 m. N. by E. St. Gall. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Arborfleld, par. and vil., Eng. , Berkshire, Wokingham div., 
 4 m. SE. Reading. P. <25o. 
 
i 
 
 ARBO — ARCT 
 
 Arborneld Cross, i m. to the SE. of A., PMT.O. 
 Arbory, par., Isle of Man, 2 m. NW. Castletown ; 4477 ac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Arbresle, L', small vil, France, dap. Rhone, 12 m. NW. by 
 W. Lyons. P. <40oo. 
 
 Arbroatb, formerly Aberbrotliock (mouth of the Brothock), 
 par., and pari, and royal burgh and seapt., Scot., Forfar- 
 shire, on E. ct., 13 m. ESE. Forfar, on the N. B. R. ; one of the 
 chief seats of the linen manufacture in the E. of Scotland, intro- 
 duced into the town early in last century, has several other 
 manufactures, bleach-fields, and a ship-building yard ; signal 
 tower communicating with Bell Rock lighthouse, 12 m. distant ; 
 picturesque ruins of an old abbey founded by William the Lion 
 about 1178. The harb. has 3! ac. of water area, 15 ft. deep at 
 entrance at high water, 2 ft. at low water. There is a patent 
 slip 450 ft. long, with 600 tons lifting power. Alt. 71 ft. Mean 
 temp. (2oyrs. 1861-80), yr. 47.5°?., Jan. 38°, July sg.i"" ; rainfall, 
 29 in. Par. P. 9647; pari, burgh, P. 22,800; royal burgh, 
 P. 22,587. See Appendix, p. 13. 
 
 Arbnclas, comm. , Spain, prov. Gerona, dist. Sta. Coloma de 
 Farn^s. P. < 4000. 
 
 Arbnry, par., Eng. , Lancashire. See Houghton. 
 
 Arbus, vil, Italy, Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 14J m. N. by E. 
 Iglesias. P. < 4000. 
 
 Arbuthnott, par. , Scot. , Kincardineshire, on Bervie Water, 
 2 m. NW. by W. Bervie, P.O. ; 9585 ac. P. <:iooo. , 
 
 Arc, riv., France, dep. Bouches-du-Rh6ne, enters the Etang 
 de Berre, after a W. course of 30 m. 
 
 Arc, riv., France, dep. Savoie, rises in Mount Isefen, and joins 
 the Isere near Aiguebelle. The lower part of its valley is followed 
 by the railway that passes through the Mont Cenis tunnel. See 
 Savoie, dep. 
 
 Arcacbon, tn. , France, dep. Gironde, 33 m. WSW. Bordeaux, 
 on the S. side of the Bassin d'A. Noted for its fine beach and 
 mild climate, one of the most popular watering-places in France. 
 The Bassin d'A. is a nearly land-locked bay communicating 
 with the Bay of Biscay by a mouth less than 2 m. wide, and 
 with a shifting navigable channel of about 1700 ft. and only 22- 
 25 ft. deep, but which it is proposed to regulate by means of 
 moles. On the shores of the bay are the most important oyster- 
 parks of France, whence between 200 and 300 million oysters 
 are now exported annually (in 1870, only 6,500,000). Mean 
 temp., yr. 59° F. ; winter months, on the bc-ich, 46° F. ; under 
 the shelter.of the adjoining sand-dunes, 50° F. P. <:78oo. 
 
 Arcade, vil., U.S., New York, Wyoming co. , 33 m. SE. 
 Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Arcadia, vil.. Nova Scotia, on Chebogue R. , co. and 3 m. 
 from Yarmouth. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Arcadia, vil., U.S., Kansas, Crawford co. , 100 m. S. Kansas 
 City. Alt. 813 ft. (R. R.). P.<i5oo. 
 
 Arcadia, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Trempealeau co., on Trem- 
 pealeau R., 98 m. SE. St. Paul (Minn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Arcadia Downs, settlement, Queensland, Denison co. , 170 
 m. SW. Rockharnpton. 
 
 Arcadins, a group of small isls. in St. Marc Channel, to the 
 NW. of Port au Prince, Haiti, with a lighthouse visible 9 m. on 
 the centre islet, in 18° 47' N., 72° 38' W. 
 
 Arcangelo (di Romagna). See Argaugelo. 
 
 Arcanum, vil, U.S., Ohio, Darke co., 63 m. N. Cincinnati. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Areata, vil., U.S., California, Humboldt co., 82 m. S. of 
 NW. corner of state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Arce, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 27 m. N. Gaeta. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Arcevia, tn. , Italy, The Marches, prov. and 29 m. WSW. 
 Ancona. P. 10,000. 
 
 Arclianibault Laiie, Quebec, Montcalm co. See Tremb- 
 ling Lake. 
 
 Archangel, in Russian Arkhangelsk, govt. , occupying the 
 whole of N. Russia from Lapland to the Ural Mts., and includ- 
 ing the White Sea and the Kola penin. The islands of Bfovaya 
 Zenilya, Vaigach, and many others are also reckoned in A. 
 The spurs of the Ural Mts. and the Timanskiy ridge in the E.; 
 granitic and schistose plateau, cut through by deep valleys, in 
 Kola penin.; low and marshy tracts in middle portions, and 
 wide tundras in the E. of White Sea, entirely devoid of tree 
 vegetation. Watered by several large rivers : Pechora, Northern 
 Dvina, and its large tribs. Pinega and Vaga ; Mezen, Onega, 
 Kem, and many smaller rivers. The two former are connected 
 by canals with tribs. of the Volga, Some gold in Kola penin.; 
 iron and copper ores. Immense forests, partly used for ship- 
 building. Population consists chiefly of Russians ; Lapps (about 
 2500), and Karelians (about 15,000) in the W.; Zyryans (about 
 8000), and Samoyedes in the E. Agriculture in the S. only; 
 grain imported ; cattle-breeding, especially in Kholmogory dist. 
 Seal-hunting gives occupation to nearly 3000 men ; important 
 fishing (cod, herring), especially on the Norman (Murman) 
 coast of Kola penin.; extensive hunting; timber, grain, shipped 
 from the S. ; charcoal, tar, pitch, and wooden goods exported; 
 considerable trade in timber, wooden goods, ropes, &c., ex- 
 
 ported; and corn, fish, grocery, and manufactured goods im- 
 ported (White Sea). Divided into 7 dists., the chief towns of 
 which are: Arkhangelsk, Kem, Kholmogory, Mezen, Onega, 
 Pinega, and Siienkursk. Area 331,505 sq. m. , out of which 
 nearly 45,000 sq. m. occupied by two large islands. P. (i860) 
 282,180; (1887)340,251. 
 
 Archangel (Russian, Arkhangelsk), Russia, cap. govt. A., 
 at the mouth of the Northern Dvina, in 64° 33' N. , 731 m. NE. 
 St. Petersburg. Important seaport for export of corn, flax, 
 linseed, timber, tar, pitch, and tallow. Harbour free from ice 
 from about the middle of May to the first week of November. 
 Great fair. Mean temp., yr. 32.1° F. , Jan. 7.7°, July 60.8° ; mean 
 rainfall (18 yrs. ), yr. 15.6 in., June to Nov., 10.3 in. P. 18,000. 
 
 Archbald, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Lackawanna co. , on 
 Lackawanna R. , 9 m. NE. Scranton. P. <5coo. 
 
 Archbishop's Palace, precinct, Eng., Kent, St. Augustine 
 div. , 2 m. NW. Canterbury ; 14 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Archbold, vil., U.S., Ohio, Fulton co., 42 m. W. by S. 
 Toledo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Archdeacon Newton, par., Eng., Durham, in the SW. of the 
 SE. div., 3 m. NW. Darlington. P. -=250. 
 
 Archeua, tn., Spain, prov. and 14 m. NW. Murcia, on the 
 Segura, with saline mineral springs (122^° F.), and Roman 
 antiquities. P. <40oo. 
 
 Archennes, comm. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, 9 m. S. Louvain. 
 P. <:2000. 
 
 Archer, co., U.S., Texas, in the N. , S. of 34° N. and W. of 
 98° W. 
 
 Archerstown, place. Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Delvin, 13^ 
 m. NE. Mullingar, P.O. P.<250. 
 
 Archldona, tn. , Ecuador, 120 m. ESE. Quito. P. 2000. 
 
 Archldona, tn., Spain, prov. Malaga, 25 m. N. by E. 
 Malaga. P. 7800. 
 
 Archiestown, vil. , Scot., Elginshire, 13m. WSW. Keith, and 
 2 m. N. by E. Carron stn., PM.O. P. <:500. 
 
 Archuleta, co., U.S., Colorado, in the SW., on the S. 
 frontier, crossed by 107° W. 
 
 Arcidosso, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Grosseto, 43 m. NW. 
 Viterbo. P. 7000. 
 
 Arcis-sur-Aube, tn. , France, cap. dep. Aube, 17 m. N. by 
 E. Troyes, with hosiery manufactures and cotton-spinning ; 
 birthplace of Danton. P. <3000. 
 
 Ajrcild, par., Eng., Cheshire, Crewe div., 6 m. NE. by E. 
 Crewe, 3 m. E. Sandbach stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Arco, tn., Austria, Tirol, 17 m. SW. Trent, 3 m. N. of the 
 Lago di Garda. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Areola, city, U.S., Illinois, Douglas co. , 50 ra. W. by N. 
 Terre Haute, Ind. P. <c2O0O. 
 
 Areola, settlement, U.S., Texas, Fort Bend co., 21 m. SW. 
 by S. Houston. 
 
 Arcoua, or Arkona, cape, Ger., in the NE. of the island 
 of Riigen, 28 m. NNE. Stralsund, with a lighthouse visible 
 21 m. Alt. 177 ft. 
 
 Arcos de la Frontera, tn., Spain, prov. Cadiz, on the 
 Guadalete, 20 m. E. by N. Jerez. P. 16,200. 
 
 Arcos de Valle do Vez, tn., Portugal, prov. Minho, 48 m. 
 N. by E. Oporto. P. < 3000. 
 
 Arcot, tn., Brit. India, Madras, cap. dist. North A., on 
 Pdlar R. , 15 m. E. by S. Vellore. It is enclosed by walls ; has 
 fine mosques, tombs, and a ruined palace of its former nabobs. 
 The ramparts of a former fort, memorable for its brilliant 
 defence by Clive in 1751, still remain, and protect the city 
 from the inundations of the river. P. 11,000. 
 
 Arcot, North and South, two contiguous dists. of Brit. 
 India, presidency Madras, stretching N. from the Coleroon R., 
 South A. on the coast, but North A. separated from the sea by 
 the dists. of Chengalpat and Nellore ; traversed in the W. by 
 the Eastern Ghdts. In North A. the rivers in the plains are dry 
 for most of the year, but there is always an underflow, which is 
 tapped by channels for irrigation. Both liable to drought ; most 
 serious recent famines, 1866, 1875-76, a less serious one in 1891. 
 Both dists. contain abundance of iron ore, North A. also copper. 
 South A. also liable to floods. Malarious fever endemic in 
 many places ; smallpox very prevalent in North A. ; cholera 
 epidemics frequent in South A. See Madras. 
 
 Arctic Ocean, or Northern Icy Sea, is that part of the 
 ocean which extends from the Arctic Circle, lat. 66° 30' N. , to 
 the North Pole ; it bathes the whole of the N. coasts of Europe, 
 Asia, and America, and communicates on the NW. of Europe 
 with the Atlantic ; on the NE. of Asia with the Pacific by 
 Bering Strait. It forms the White Sea in Europe, and the 
 Gulfs of Kara, Obi, and Yenisei, in Siberia ; in N. America, 
 where it takes the name of the Polar Sea, it forms Baffin Bay. The 
 principal rivers which flow into the Arctic Ocean are the Obi, 
 Yenisei, Olenek, Lena, and Kolima in Asia; the Mackenzie, 
 Coppermine, and Back in America. The ocean is mostly 
 shallow, but a tongue-shaped area exceeding 2000 fathoms in 
 depth advances southwards to within about one degree of the 
 .Arctic Circle, about midwav between the coasts of Norway and 
 Greenland. During the w'inter ice extends in every direction 
 
 61 
 
ARCT — ARDE 
 
 round the pole, covering a space of from 3000 to 4000 ni. in 
 diameter ; and even during the four months of summer the sur- 
 face is at the freezing-point. Icebergs and fields of ice are con- 
 tinually drifting southwards into the Atlantic — the latter some- 
 times extending to 100 m. in length, and from 25 to 30 m. in 
 diameter. This ocean is remarkable for the abundance of its 
 animals, and it is the principal field of the northern whale 
 fishery. 
 
 Arctic Regions, the regions lying N. of the Arctic Circle ; 
 chief islands, Spitzbergen, the Lofoten Is., Kolguev, Franz 
 Josef Land Archipelago, Vaigach, and Novaya-Zemlya, in 
 Europe; the islands of New Siberia, Kotelnoi, and Wr'angell 
 Land in Asia; and the Polar Archipelago in America. The 
 coast-line of the Arctic Ocean in .Asia and Europe has been 
 pretty well ascertained by English, Russian, German, and 
 Swedish navigators. Scoresby, in 1822, traced the E. coast of 
 Greenland as far as 77° N., and the German expedition of 1870 
 reached 77° i' N.; the portion intervening between Franz Josef 
 Sound and Cape Farewell being for the most part traced by 
 Graah (1829-30) and other Danish expeditions (1883 and 1892) ; 
 and Cook, Hearne, Parry, Franklin, Back, Ross, Inglefield, 
 Lyon, Richardson, Dease, Simpson, Beechy, Collinson, Rae, 
 M'CIintock, and the -American explorers Kane, Hayes, and 
 Hall, have made known most part of the coast-line in N. 
 America, the last-named discoverer having succeeded in reach- 
 ing by ship the lat. of 82° 16' in Robeson Channel. Sir E. 
 Parry, in 1827, penetrated as far N. as lat. 82° 45' 15" by boat 
 sledges over the ice N. of Spitzbergen ; and great additions 
 have been made to our knowledge of the Frozen Regions by the 
 expeditions sent in search of Sir John Franklin, who left Eng- 
 land in 1845, with two ships and a crew of 138 men, all of whom 
 perished, and whose sad fate was unknown till the document 
 containing news of the ships was discovered in 1859 by Captain 
 M'CIintock on a small island in the estuary of the Back R. 
 In one of the search expeditions the long-sought-for NW. 
 passage was at last discovered, Captain M'Clure having sailed, 
 between 1850 and 1853, from Bering Sea along the N. coast of 
 America into Baffin Bay, but the route is too encumbered by ice 
 to be of any use to commerce. Subsequent to the discovery of 
 Franklin's remains, the most important expeditions to the A. R., 
 apart from Greenland (g'.v.), have been the .American expedition 
 under Hall, in 1871, which reached 82° 26' N. , and by which 
 it was ascertained that the Atlantic tides enter Robeson Chan- 
 nel from the N.; the Austro-Hungarian expedition, under Wey- 
 precht and Payer, in 1872-74, in search of a NE. passage, in 
 the course of which Franzjosef Land was discovered ; the expedi- 
 tion under Nordenskiold, a Swede, by which the NE. passage 
 round Eurasia was effected in 1878-9 ; the British expedition 
 under Nares, in 1876, when lat. 83° 20' was reached ; Leigh 
 Smith expedition in 1880 to Franz Josef Land, by which 118 m. of 
 new coast were explored ; the U.S. Jeannette expedition imder 
 De Long, which, after ascertaining the extent of Wrangel Land, 
 and discovering several small islands, was in i88i lost off 
 New Siberia in Iceland, to which the vessel had drifted ; and the 
 U.S. expedition under A. W. Greely, in 1883, when lat. 83° 24' 
 was reached ; these last two expeditions having sailed up through 
 Smith Sound. In the .American expedition, a series of ice-free 
 valleys, with pastures grazed by herds of musk-oxen, were dis- 
 covered, stretching from Hall Basin (N. of Smith Sound) to the 
 W. coast between Grinnell Land and Grant Land, in about 81° N, 
 At present a project is entertained for another expedition to try 
 to reach the North Pole, the expedition to be under the com- 
 mand of Dr. Nansen, the Norwegian who first crossed Green- 
 land in 1888. The following may serve as examples of the mean 
 temperatures that have been experienced in .Arctic expeditions : — 
 
 
 Period of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Place. 
 
 Lat. j Long. 
 
 Observa- 
 tion. 
 
 Date. Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 July. 
 
 Year. 
 
 
 j 
 
 Years. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr 
 
 Ooglamie . . . 
 
 71" 33' N.' 156° 40' W. 
 
 2 
 
 1881-3 -16.3° 
 
 
 39-7° 
 
 9.8. 
 
 Northumberland 
 
 ! 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 Sound . . . '76°5a'N. 97° o'W. 
 
 I 
 
 1852-3 I-3&6 
 
 
 36.7 
 
 0.6 
 
 Gulf of Boothia .70° 6* N. 91° 45* W. 
 
 2) 
 
 1829-33 -25.8 
 
 -3tV 
 
 41.3 
 
 4-2 
 
 TtifiAUrt. . . !8a'27'N. ei-ayw.; i 
 
 1875-6 -33-0 
 
 -3^0 
 
 38.3 
 
 -3.6 
 
 ItiK Disccvtry . 8i°44'N.' 65° 3' W i 
 
 -40.7 
 
 -15-0 
 
 37-a 
 
 -4-2 
 
 Fort Conger. . 8i%4' N. 64.° 45' W. 3 
 Weyprecnt and " 
 
 1881-3 -374 
 
 -42.7 
 
 36.5 
 
 -3-8 
 
 
 
 
 
 Payer Exped. Te'So* N.' sg'-ja" E.r 2 
 
 1 ■ 1 
 
 1872-4 -10.3 
 
 -25.0 34.7 
 
 3.6 
 
 See a map in Petermann's Mitteil., 1891, PI. 11, showing 
 the present and former limits of human habitations, as well as 
 the position of coal deposits, the occurrence of driftwood, &c. 
 
 Arctnms, settlement, Queensland, Denison co., 135 m. W. 
 by S. Rockhampton. 
 
 Arcnell, vil., France, dep. Seine, 3 m. S. of Paris, on the 
 railway from Paris to Sceaux, with the ruins of a Roman aqueduct 
 (Arcus Juliani) ; a modern one, constructed by Salomon de 
 Brosse, conveys water from Rungis to Paris. P. 5000. 
 
 .Ircnentn, Mont, mt., Sardinia, near the W. ct., 20 m. N. 
 Iglesias. Alt. 2715 ft. 
 
 Ard, Aird, Celtic, ' a height,' 'high.' 
 62 
 
 .Irda, riv., Turkey in Europe, rises in the SW., and flows 
 XE. through the Rh'odope Mts., and E. to the Maritsa, which 
 it joins on the r. bk. at Adrianople. 
 
 Ardabll, tn. , Persia, prov. .Azerbaijan. See Ardebll. 
 
 Ardagh, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Imoldlly, 5^ m. NNW. 
 Youghal ; 7880 ac. P. <750. 
 
 .Ardagta, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, 3 m. WSW. 
 Ballina ; 5494 ac. P. 1000. 
 
 Ardagli, par., Ire., co. Meath, bars. Morgallion and Slane, 
 17 m. NW. by W. Drogheda, P.O.; 3978 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 -4rdagb, par. and tn.. Ire., NW. co. Limerick, bars. Glen- 
 quin and Shanid, 18 m. E. by N. Listowel, on the Waterford and 
 Limerick Rly., PM.O. Par. 9030 ac, P. <2ooo; vil. P. <:25a 
 
 .Aniagli, par.. Ire., SE. co. Longford, bars. Ardagh and 
 Moydow,6Jm. SE. Longford (^.z/.), P.O.; 11,421 ac. P.<:2ooa 
 
 Ardagh, bar. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Longford. 
 
 Ardaban, fortified dist. tn., Russia, Trans-Caucasia, govt, 
 and 40 ni. NNW. Kars. Alt. 6020 ft. P. 1000. 
 
 Ardaklllln Longb, lake. Ire., co. Roscommon, 8 m. N. 
 Roscommon, 172 ft. above sea-level. 
 
 Ardales, comm., Spain, prov. Malaga, dist. Campillo. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Ardallle, ^woai/ sacra par., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, P.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Ardamtne, par.. Ire., E. ct., co. Wexford, bar. Ballaghkeen 
 N., 12 m. S. by W. Arklow ; 4214 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ardandrldge. See Ardcandrlsk. 
 
 Ardaunclf^ dist. tn., Russia, Trans-Caucasia, govt, and 53 
 m. SSE. Batum, on Chorokk R. P. 1000. 
 
 Ardara, tn. , Ire., W. co. Donegal, bar. Banagh, 13I m. 
 NW. bv W. Donegal, 1 m. from the bead of Loughros More 
 Bay, P^IT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Ardara, comm., Sardinia, prov. and 14 m. ESE. Sassari. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Ardarragb, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Down, bar. Lordship of 
 Newry, 5 m. NE. by N. Newry, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 -4rdatoY, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 93 m. WNW. Simbirsk. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 Ardattln, P.O., Ire., co. Carlow, bar. Forth, near Tullow. 
 
 .Ardavasar, or ArdTasar, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, Isle oJ 
 Skye, E. ct., 5 m. NE. by E. Point of Sleat, PT.6 (Ardvasar). 
 
 Ard Buy, small bay. Ire., W. co. Galway, in lat. 53° 18' N 
 
 Ardbear, bay. Ire. , W. ct. , co. Galway, 29 m. SW. Westpo. .. 
 
 Ardbeg Point, cape, Scot., co. and I. of Bute, in the E., in 
 55° 52' N. , on the NW. of Rothesay Bay. 
 
 Ardbraccan, par. and vil.. Ire., W. co. Meath, bar. Lower 
 Navan, 2J m. W. by N. Navan. Par. 6494 ac, P. < 1500; vil. 
 P.<5oo. " 
 
 Ard Bnidbe, place, Scot., Inverness-shire, in theS. of South 
 Uist, on L. Boisdale. 
 
 Ardcandrlsk, or Ardandrldge, par., Ire., co. Wexford, 
 bar. Shelmaliere W., 4 m. WNW. >X'^exford. P. <25o. 
 
 Ardcanny, par.. Ire., in co. and 8 m. W. Limerick, bar. 
 Kenry ; 3029 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ardcam, par.. Ire., N. co. Roscommon, bar. Boyle, 6 m. 
 WSW. Leitrim, on the Longford and Sligo Rly. ; 19,099 ac 
 P. < 3500. 
 
 Ardcath, par., Ire., co. Meath, bar. Duleek, Upper, '6 m. 
 SW. Drogheda ; 4380 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 ArdcATan, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Shelmaliere E., 
 4 m. NE. Wexford ; 2457 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Ardctaattan and Mnckalm, par. , Scot. , Argyllshire, on the 
 NW. shore of Loch Etive, 6^ m. NE. Oban, and 2 m. NEX 
 Connel Ferry stn. ; 144,916 ac. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Ardcbyle, Scot. , W. Perthshire, on the r. bk. of the Dochart, 
 4 m. SW. of the head of L. Tay, close to Killin Junction. 
 
 Ardclacb, par., Scot., Nairn, on R. Findhorn, 8^ m. SE. by 
 S. Nairn, and 4^ m. WSW. Dunphail stn., P.O. ; 40,317 ac 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 .Ardclare, par.. Ire. See Cloonygarlnlcan. 
 
 Ardcllnls, par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Glenarm, 
 13 m. NNW. Larne ; 15,699 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ardcolm, par., Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Shelmaliere E., 
 3 m. NE. Wexford ; 2232 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ardcrony, par.. Ire., N. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower Ormond, 
 7 m. N. Nenagh, P.O. (Ardcroney) ; 6428 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Ardderry, Lough, lake. Ire., NW. co. Galway, 23 m. NW. 
 by W. Galway, drained S. into Camus Bay. 
 
 Arddleen, or Arleen, rly. stn., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 
 on the Cambrian Rly., 6 m. N. by E. Welshpool, P.O. 
 
 Ardea, par.. Ire., Queen's co., bar. Portnahinch (containing 
 part of Mount Mellick town) ; 7724 ac. P. <2soo. 
 
 Ardebll, tn., Persia, prov. Azerbaijan, 97 m. NW. Resht, 
 30 m. W. of the Caspian Sea, in a mountain-enclosed plain at 
 the height of 4480 ft. ; centre of trade on the routes to the 
 Caspian port of Astara. P. 20,000. 
 
 Ard^he, a dep. in the SE. of the Central Plateau of France, 
 hounded on the E. by the Rhone, divided into three arrs., 
 Privas, Largentiere, and Toumon, cap. Privas. A. is one of the 
 most nigged and mountainous deps. of France, decreasing in 
 
I 
 
 AR D E 
 
 fertility as it recedes from the Rhone, the Cevennes, here called 
 the Moms Vivarais, occupying the W. of the dep. The cal- 
 careous rocks whicli border that river are succeeded by schistose 
 rocks containing coal, then by granite, over all of which are 
 spread immense fields of lava from volcanoes now extinct, by 
 which most of the valleys originally descending to the Rhone 
 across the granitic regions have been filled up. All the craters 
 are situated in the granitic zone not far from the junction with 
 the calcareous rocks. The chief natural curiosity among the 
 many of this volcanic region is the Pont de la Beaume. The 
 character of the surface causes the communications with the 
 W. 10 be defective. The dep. is indeed traversed by excellent 
 roads made at the time of the revolution, but the only railway 
 across the mountains is in the narrow angle in the N., where a 
 railway runs from the valley of the Rhone to that of the Loire 
 (St. Etienne). Owing to the great differences in altitude and the 
 shelter which the mountains afford to the valleys, there is great 
 diversity in the vegetation of the dep. The olive flourishes as far 
 N. as 44° 50' (about the middle of the dep.), the highest latitude 
 which it reaches in France. The vine and mulberry grow 
 throughout the lowlands of the dep. and attain higher altitudes 
 than the olive. A. is the principal silk-producing dep. in France. 
 Chestnuts abound, and besides being exported under the name 
 of Lyons chestnuts, form a large part of the food of the people, 
 especially in the districts where the production of grain is small. 
 ' Skirting the more fertile districts is a region of treeless plateaux, 
 ! snow-covered during six or eight months of the year, and pro- 
 j ducing little but pasture grasses. Iron-mines are numerous, 
 ! those of Lavoulte, Veyras, and Aubenas being the most con- 
 siderable ; lignite, antimony, galena, and copper also occur, 
 and silver ore was formerly mined [Largentl4re]. A. corre- 
 sponds very nearly to the old prov. of Vivarais, which in former 
 times belonged in turn wholly or partly to the duchy of Bur- 
 gundy or the county of Toulouse, and part of which was united 
 to the crown of France in 1271, the remainder in 1308. Area 
 2145 sq. m. P. (1891) 371,269. See France, table. 
 
 Ardee, bar.. Ire., in the middle of co. Louth. See Louth. 
 
 Anlce, par. and tn. , Ire., W. co. Louth, bar. Ardee, on R. 
 Dee, 12 m. NW. Drogheda, 6 m. WNW. Dunleer stn., PMT.O. 
 Par. 4884 ac, P. <:3ooo; tn. P. < 2500. 
 
 Ardeer Iron Works, Scot., N. Ayrshire, 3 m. WNW. Irvine, 
 close to Stevenston stn. 
 
 Ardekau, or Ardekun, dist. and tn. , Persia, Fars, the town 
 46 m. NW. Yezd. 
 
 Ardeley, long known under the corrupt form of Yardley, 
 par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 10 m. N. Hertford. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Artlelly Poiut, cape, Ire. , W. ct. , co. Mayo, W. side Blacksod 
 Bay, with a coastguard station. 
 
 Awlelve, vil., Scot., Ross-shire, at the head of Loch Alsh, 
 25 m. NE. Point of Sleat, PMT.O. 
 
 Arden, settlement, Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the Manitoba 
 and N W. Rly. , 52 m. by rail W. Portage La Prairie. 
 
 Ardeu, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Frontenac co., 38 m. 
 NNW. Kingston. 
 
 Arden, the name once given to a large forest in England to the 
 E. of the Severn. It survives in the name of Henley-in-Arden, 
 and as name of part of the par. of Temple Grafton in Warwick- 
 shire, supposed to be Shakespeare's Forest of A. See Ardenue. 
 
 Arden, hamlet, Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, 3 m. NE. by E. 
 Airdrie, I m. E. Whiterigg stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ardendranght Bay, Scot. See Port Errol. 
 
 Anlen irltli Ai-denslde, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 in the N. of the Thirsk and Makon div., 17 J m. NE. by E. 
 Ripon, 7^ m. NW. by W. Helmsley stn ; 4524 ac. P. <250. 
 
 Ardenne, or Ardennes, the Silva or Saltus Arduenna of 
 the Romans, a name undoubtedly of Celtic origin, probably 
 meaning 'the forest' (ar dean), though by some connected 
 with the root ard, ' high,' applied in ancient times to a vast 
 forest extending from the Seine and Oise to the Rhine in the 
 NE. of the ancient Gaul, now applied to a tract extending from 
 the N. of France through the SE. of Belgium to Luxemburg 
 and the Prussian Rhine prov. N. of the Moselle, and when used 
 with most precision to a curved strip on the NW. of the slate 
 plateau occupying this region, beginning in the NE. of the 
 French dep. of Aisne and ending near Aix-la-Chapelle, and 
 having a total length of about 140 m. with a width of 25-30 m. 
 This strip is still wooded in places, marshy in others, but for the 
 most part made up of uncultivated heaths and poor pastures. 
 
 Ardennes, a dep. on the N. frontier of France, with a tongue 
 of land advancing N. into Belgian terr. to enclose the platform 
 on which stands the fortress of Givet ; formerly belonging mainly 
 to the prov. of Champagne ; now divided into five arrs. M^zieres, 
 Rethel, Rocroy, Sedan, and Vouziers, cap M^zieres. The eleva- 
 tions of this dep. take the form rather of plateaux than of mts. 
 The central tableland which parts the basin of the Meuse from 
 that of the Aisne is a continuation of the wooded highlands of 
 Argonne (dep. Meuse). The eastern region (Meuse basin) lies 
 higher and presents more irregularities than the western (the fer- 
 tile valley of the Aisne). The Canal des A., completed in 1832, 
 
 A R D M 
 
 connects the Meuse (midway between Sedan and M6zi6res) and 
 Aisne (at Rethel). The NW. region is of schistose formation, 
 covered with wood and moorland, with very important slate 
 quarries, but the rest of the Meuse valley is more fertile, and fur- 
 nishes the greater part of the cereals raised in the dep. To the 
 SW. lies a chalky plain, on the pastures of which large flocks of 
 sheep are reared, noted for excellent wool, which as far back 
 as the end of the sixteenth century gave rise to an important 
 woollen industry [Sedan]. Iron-mines are worked chiefly in 
 the cantons of Grandpr6 and Buzancy, and the blast-furnaces 
 of the dep., now numerous, date back to the same period. The 
 arr. of M6zi^res produces nails, and in the neighbourhood of 
 Givet are important copper-works. Area 2028 sq. m. P. (1891) 
 324,923. See France, table. 
 
 Ardeutlnny, eccles. par. , Scot. , Argyllshire, on the W. shore 
 of Loch Long, 7J m. WNW. Helensburgh, P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Ardeoualg, hamlet, Scot., W. Perthshire, on the SE. 
 shore of Loch Tav, 6 m. E. by N. of the head of Loch Tay, 
 P.O. 
 
 Arderra, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Iverk, 6^ m. ESE. 
 Carrick-on-Suir ; 776 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Ardersler, par., Scot., Inverness-shire, 6 m. W. by S. Nairn, 
 and 2 m. NNW. Fort George stn. , PMT.O. ; 3824 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ar<Ieslian, Asia Minor. See Artaslien. 
 
 Ardetz, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, on the 1. bk. of the Inn, 
 in the Lower Engadine, 25 m. NE. St. Moritz. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ardfern, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, 10 m. NW. Lochgilp- 
 head, PT.O. 
 
 Ardfert, par. and tn.. Ire., NW. co. Kerry, bars. Clan- 
 maurice and Trughanacmy, 5 m. NW. Tralee, on the Waterford 
 and Limerick Rly., PMT.O. Par. 10,132 ac, P. <250o; vil. 
 P. < 250. 
 
 Ar«lfleld, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bars. Ibane and Barryroe, near 
 Clonakilty, P.O. ; 2645 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ardflnnan, par. and tn.. Ire., S. co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa 
 and Offa W., 8 m. WSW. Clonmel, on the r. bk. of the Suir, 
 PM.O. Par. i8i2ac., P. <5oo; vil. 37 ac, P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ardfry Point, cape. Ire., on the ct. of co. Galway, in the 
 E. of Galway Bay, with a lighthouse. 
 
 Ardgay, vil. , Scot. , in the N. of Ross-shire, at the mouth ot 
 the Oykell, 10 m. S. by E. of the foot of Loch Shin, close to 
 Bonar Bridge stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Ardglass, par. and tn., Ire., SE. ct. of co. Down, bar. Upper 
 Lecale, 6 m. SE. Downpatrick, PMT.O. Par. 2022 ac, P. < 
 1500; tn. P. <:75o. 
 
 Ardgonr, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire and Inverness-shire, 9 m. 
 SW. Fort William, forming with Ballachulish an eccles. par. 
 P. (of par.) <iooo. 
 
 Ardgroom Harbour, inlet. Ire., on SE. side of Kenmare 
 R. , between cos. Cork and Kerry. 
 
 Ardllan, prov. in the NW. of Persia, on the W. frontier, S. 
 of Azerbaijan ; largely inhabited by Kurds. See Kurdistan 
 and Persia. 
 
 Ardlngly, par. , Eng. , Sussex, E. Grlnstead div. , 10^ m. E. 
 Horsham, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ardlngton, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 7 m. SW. by 
 S. Abington, 2^ n:. SE. Wantage Rd. stn., PMT.O. P.<500. 
 
 Ardlstau, tn., Persia, prov. Irak Ajemi, 74 m. NE. by N. 
 Isfahan, on the road from Kashan to Yezd. 
 
 Ardlvacliar Point, cape, Scot., Inverness-shire, on the 
 NW. ct. of South Uist, in 57° 23' N. 
 
 Ardjlz, Turkish Armenia. See Erjlsb. 
 
 Ardkeen, par. and vil., Ire., E. co. Down, bar. Upper Ards, 
 13 m. SE. by S. Newton Ards, on the E. side of Strangford L., 
 P.O. ; 4809 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ardklll, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Carbury, near Eden- 
 derry ; 5848 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Ardlamout Point, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, on the S. ct., 
 in 5° 13' W. A. Bay, to the NW., at the entrance to L. Fyne. 
 
 Ardlaw, place, Scot., 3 m. from Rosehearty, P.O. 
 
 Ardleen, stn., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Cambrian 
 Rly., 6 m. NNE. Welshpool. 
 
 Ardlelgb, oar., Eng., Essex, Colchester div., 4 m. NE. 
 Colchester, on' the G. E. R., PMT.O. ; 5062 ac P.<:20oo. 
 
 Ardler, stn. , Scot. , on the W. border of Forfarshire, on the 
 C. R., 2im. ENE. Coupar Angus, P.O. 
 
 Ardley, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 9 m. NE. 
 Woodstock, 4 m. NW. Bicester, 3 m. E. by S. Somerton stn., 
 P.O. P.<250. 
 
 Ard, locb, lake, Scot., in the extreme SW. of Perthshire, 
 9i m. WSW. Callander. Alt. 105 ft. 
 
 Ardlongher, place. Ire., NW. co. Cavan, bar. Tullyhunco, 
 10 m. WNW. Cavan, with a P.O. (Ardlogher). 
 
 Ardniayle, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 3J m. 
 N. by W. Cashel ; 4940 ac. P. <:750. 
 
 Ardmlnlsb, place, Scot., Argyllshire, on A. Bay, in the E. 
 of Gigha I. 
 
 ArdmoUcb Bridge, place, Scot. , Inverness-shire, at the head 
 of L. Moidart, on R. Moidart, lo^ m. NW. by W. of the head 
 of L. Sunart. 
 
 63 
 
A R D M— A REN 
 
 Ardmore, stn., Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. Keenaght, on 
 Limavady and Dungiven Rly. 
 
 Ardmore, par. and tn., Ire., SW. ct. of co. Waterford, bar. 
 Decies within Drum, 6 m. E. Youghal, near Ardmore Head, 
 PM.O. Par. 24,215 ac, P. <400o; vil. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ardmore, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery co., 8 m. 
 NW. Philadelphia. P. <300o. 
 
 Ardmore Point, cape. Ire. , on the E. co. Wicklow, 5 m. S. 
 Wicklow. 
 
 Ardmore Point, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, the N. extremity 
 of the I. of Mull. A. Bay, a small bay to the W. 
 
 Ardmore Point, cape, Scot. , Argyllshire, on the SE. ct. of 
 Islay I., in 55° 41' N. 
 
 Ardmore Point, cape, Scot., Ross-shire, on the S. shore of 
 Dornoch Firth, 5J m. WNW. Tain, in 4° 11' W. 
 
 Ardmncluilsli Bay, Scot. See Nell, Loch. 
 
 Ardmnlclian, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Skreen, 2 m. 
 NE. Navan ; 3582 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ardnacmslia, place. Ire., SE. co. Clare, bar. Lower Bun- 
 ratty, 2^ m. N. Limerick, P.O. 
 
 Ardnagectay, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, near 
 Rathcormack ; 16,334 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ardnalilen, place, Scot., Argyllshire, on the SW. shore of 
 L. Goil, 9 m. NW. Helensburgh. 
 
 Ardnamnrcban, par., Scot., Argyllshire and Inverness-shire, 
 9J m. NW. by N. Tobermory, PM.O. ; 216,969 ac. P. <4000. 
 
 Ardnamnrcban Point, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, in the W. , 
 in 56° 43' N. , with a lighthouse, exhibiting a white flashing 
 light 180 ft. above high water, visible 18 m. Mean rfall. (1861- 
 90), 00 in. 
 
 Ardnave Point, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, on the N. ct. of 
 Islay I. , in 6° 20' W. 
 
 Ardnlsb, penin., Scot., Inverness-shire, in the SW., at the 
 head of the Sound of Arisaig, in 56° S'^'~S3k' N. 
 
 Ardnnrcber, or Horseleap, par., Ire., S. cos. Westmeath 
 and King's, bars. Moycashel and Kilcoursey, 9J m. NNW. 
 TuUamore ; 12,010 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ardocb, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Frontenac, 70 m. from 
 Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ardocb, place, Scot., Kircudbrightshire, 3^ ni. N. New 
 Galloway, and 8 ni. N. by W. New Galloway stn. 
 
 Ardocb ('high field'), par. and vil., Scot., Perthshire, 7 m. 
 S. by W. Crieff; 22,127 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ardocb, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Walsh co., 53 m. S. by W. 
 Pembina. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ai-don, vil., Switzd., Valais, 5 m. WSW. Sion. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ardon, two vils. , Russia, Caucasia, on the A. Riv. (1. bk. trib. 
 Terek), govt. Tifiis, 25 m. NW. by W. Vladikavkaz. P. 3000 
 and 2000. 
 
 Ardore, tn., Italy, Calabria, prov. and 29 m. E. by N. 
 Reggio. P. 5000. 
 
 Ardoye, market-tn., Belgium, prov. West Flanders, cap. 
 cant., 16 ra. SW. Bruges. P. (with comm.) 6100. 
 
 Ardoyne, place, Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 8 m. WNW, In- 
 verurie, I m. NNW. Oyne stn. 
 
 Ardoyne, par., Ire., cos. Carlow and Wicklow, bars. Forth 
 and Rathvilly (Carlow) and Shillelagh (Wicklow) ; 6613 ac. 
 P.<750. 
 
 Ardpatrlck, par. and vil., Ire., SE. co. Limerick, bar. 
 Coshlea, 22 m, S. by E. Limerick, P.O. ; 624 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Ardpatricli, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, i m. from A. Point., 
 PM.O. 
 
 Ardpatrlck Point, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, on the SW. ct., 
 in 56° 46' N., the S. end of Knapdale. 
 
 Ardqnln, par.. Ire., E. co. Down, bar. Upper Ards, 9 m. 
 NE. Downpatrick ; 3044 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ardraban, par. and vil.. Ire., S. co. Galway, bar. Dunkellin, 
 10 m. WSW. Loughrea, on the Waterford and Limerick Rly., 
 PMT.O. ; 17,946 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ardree, par., Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Kilkea and Moone, near 
 Athy; 323 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ardres, tn., France, dep. Pas de Calais, 10 m, SE. Calais, 
 arr. St. Omer. Near A. was held, in 1520, the interview of the 
 ' Field of the Cloth of Gold," between Henry VIII. of England 
 and Francis I. of France. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ardrlsliaig, eccles. par. and small seapt., Scot., Argyllshire, 
 on the W. shore of Loch Gilp, at the SE. end of the Crinan 
 Canal. Mean rainfall (20 yrs., 1866-85), 67.2 in.; PMT.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Ardrlstan, par.. Ire., co. Carlow, bar. Rathvilly, near 
 Tullow ; 1571 ac. P. 250. 
 
 Ardross, hamlet, Scot. , Ross-shire, 12 m. WNW. Tain, 3 m. 
 from Alness, P.O. 
 
 Ardrossan, par., seapt., and watering-place, Scot., N. Ayr- 
 shire and Bute, 6 m. WNW. Irvine, on the G. & SW. R. ; two 
 wet docks, one of which, Eglinton Dock, includes an inner and 
 outer tidal basin, 18 ft. deep at low, 28 ft. at high water ; exports 
 coal and pig iron. Mean rfall. (20 yrs., 1866-85), 38.54 in. 
 Par. 7341 ac. , P. 9897 ; tn. P. 5294. See Appendix, p. 13. 
 
 Ardrossan, New, eccles. par., adjoining Ardrossan. 
 64 
 
 Ai'drossan, tn., S. Australia, Fergusson co. , 53 m. NW. 
 Adelaide, on the W. side of the Gulf of St. Vincent. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ard Rndba 9Ior, penin., Scot., Inverness-shire, on the SE. 
 ct. of Barra I. 
 
 Ardrnmkilla, tnld.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Clare, 4^ m. W. 
 Tuam. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ardsallagb, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Lower Navan, near 
 Navan ; 1740 ac. P. <;25o. 
 
 Ards Beg, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 33 m. WNW. Londonderry. P. <25o. 
 
 Ardscalpsie Point, cape, Scot., co. and on the W. ct. of 
 the I. of Bute, in 55° 46' N. 
 
 Ardscnll Moat, place, Ire., S. co. Kildare, bar. Narragh 
 and Reban East, 3^ m. NE. Athy. 
 
 Ardsbnlbane, riv.. Ire., S. co. Kerry, flows into estuary of 
 Kenmare R. at Sneem. 
 
 Ardskeagb, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Fermoy, near Charle- 
 ville; 1928 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ardsley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barnsley div., 
 2^ m. E. by S. Barnsley, on the M. S. & L. R., P.O. P. <450o. 
 
 Ardsley, East, par., Eng., Yorkshire. W. Riding, on the 
 E. border of the Morlev div., 3^ m. NW. bv N. Wakefield, 
 I m. S. A. June, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. ' P. < 3500. 
 
 Ardsley, West, par., Eng., Yorkshire, 2 m. W. by S. East 
 Ardslev, with a stn., >Voodklrk, or W, Ardsley^ on the 
 G. N. R., P.O. P. < 4000. 
 
 Ards, Lower and Upper, two bars.. Ire., co. Down, com- 
 posing the penin. on the E. side of Strangford L. 
 
 Ardsollus, vil., Ire., co. Clare, bar. Upper Bunratty, 4^ 
 m. SE. by E. Ennis, on the Limerick and Ennis Rly., P.O. 
 
 Ardstraw, par. and vil.. Ire., NW. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower 
 Strabane, 6 m. S. Strabane, on the Derg, P.O. ; 51,699 ac. 
 P. 9800. 
 
 Ardtalla, place, Scot., Argyllshire, on the E. ct. of Islay I., 
 in 55° 43' N. 
 
 Ardtalualg, hamlet, Scot. , Perthshire, 15 m. NW. Crieff, P.O. 
 
 Ardtoe, place, Scot., Argyllshire, at the mouth of Kentra 
 Bay, 14 m. WNW. of the liead of Loch Sunart. 
 
 Ardtornisb Point, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, on the S. ct. of 
 the Morven Penin., in 5° 45' W. A. Bay, a small bay to the E. 
 
 Ardtramont. See Artramont. 
 
 Ardtrea, or Artrea, par.. Ire., cos. Tyrone and London- 
 derry. See Artrea. 
 
 ArdTar, or Ardvare, Locb, inlet, Scot., Sutherland, on the 
 W. ct. , in 58° isl' N. 
 
 Ardvar, Gleu, bounded on the W. bv Loch A. , about g\ m. 
 E. by S. Storr Head. 
 
 Ardvasar. See Ardavasar. 
 
 Ardwall, Higb, place, Scot. , co. and jh m. WNW^. Kirk- 
 cudbright. 
 
 Ai'dwell, Higb and Low, hamlet, Scot., Wigtownshire, 7^ 
 m. SE. Portpatrick, PMT.O. 
 
 Ard-^vick, par., Eng., Lancashire, in the E. div. of the pari, 
 bor. of Manchester, on the L. & NW. R. P. 35,000. 
 
 Ardyutt Point, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, on the S. ct. , in 
 5° 3' W. , at the entrance to L. Striven. 
 
 Areas, tn., Brazil, prov. SSo Paulo, 100 m. W. by N. Rio de 
 Janeiro. P. 5000. 
 
 Arecibo, tn., isl. of Porto Rico, N. ct., 41 m. W. San Juan, 
 in 66° 41' W. P. 11,000. 
 
 Areclfe, seapt.-tn., Canaries, Lanzarote, on the SE. ct. , the 
 best port of the islands. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Areg, or Erg, El, a region of sand-dunes, Sahara, to the S. 
 of Algeria. 
 
 Aregna, vil., Paraguay, 14 m. E. Asuncion. P. <20oo. 
 
 Areley Kings, or Regis, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewd- 
 ley div., on the r. bk. of the Severn, opposite Stourport, 4 m. 
 SW. by S. Kidderminster. P. <75o. 
 
 Arena, tn., Italy, Calabria, prov. and 31 m. SW. Catanzaro. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Arena, Point, cape, U.S., California, in 38° 53' N. 
 
 Arenac, co., U.S., Michigan, on the NW. of Saginaw Bay. 
 
 Arenas, the N. point of Sebastian Bay, on the E. ct. ot 
 Tierra del Fuego, at the entrance to the Strait of Magellan. 
 
 Arenas de San Pedro, comm., Spain, prov. Avila, 73 m. W. 
 by S. Madrid, on the S. slope of the Sierra de GredoS; P. <4000. 
 
 Arenas, Pnnta, cape, Chile, in about 21° 40' S. 
 
 Arenas Clordas, Las, the vast sand-dunes on the S. ct. of 
 Spain, in the lowlands between the lower Guadalquivir and 
 Rio Tinto. 
 
 Arenberg-meppen, formerly a portion of the bishopric of 
 Miinster, annexed in 1814 to the kingdom of Hanover. 
 
 Arendal. See Arudal. | 
 
 Arendsee, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 52 m. N. j 
 by W. Magdeburg, on a small lake very deep and rich in fish. I 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Areueitberg, or Arenaberg, seat, Switzd., cant. Thurgau, 
 on the Lake of Constance, 6 m. W. Constance, at one time the 
 residence of the ex-Queen of Holland, Hortense, and of her 
 son Napoleon III. 
 
I 
 
 AREN 
 
 Areulg, stti. , Wales, Merionethshire, on the G. W. R. , 6 m. 
 WNW. Bala. 
 
 Arcuig Bach, mt., Wales, in the N. of Merionethshire, 17 
 m. E. by N. Portmadoc. Alt. 2264 ft. 
 
 Areiiig Mawr, or Fawp, mt. , Wales, Merionethshire, to the 
 W. of Bala, 16 m. E. Portmadoc. Alt. 2800 ft. 
 
 Areultas, Panta, cape, Costa Rica, on the W. side of the 
 Golfo Dulce, in 8° 32' N. , 83° 17' W. 
 
 Areusbnrg (Esthonian Kurre-Saare), dist. tn., Russia, govt. 
 Livonia, on SE. ct. of Oesel I. , 58° 15' N. , 22° 29' E. Roadstead 
 open to S. winds. P. 3600. 
 
 Arenys de Mar, seapt.-tn., Spain, prov. Barcelona, on the 
 ct., 25 m. NE. by E. Barcelona. P. < 5000. 
 
 Areiizano, vil. , Italy, Liguria, on the ct., prov. and 11 m. 
 W. Genoa. P. < 4000. 
 
 Areopolls, or Tlslmova, vil., Greece, prov. Laconia, near 
 the E. shore of the Gulf of Messenia, 21 m. N. by W. of Cape 
 Matapan. P. < 2000. 
 
 Areqnlpa, a littoral dep. of Peru, extending along the 
 Pacific, between 15° and 17° 20' S. , 70° 40' and 74° W. Chief 
 ports, Islay and Chala. See Pern. 
 
 Arequlpa, tn. , Peru, cap. dep. A., 50 m. NE. Mollendo, 
 situated on the SW. slope of the volcano of Misti, and subject 
 to earthquakes, almost entirely destroyed by one on August 13, 
 1868. Large deposit of sulphur near the town ; carries on a 
 large trade with the port of Islay, on the Pacific, and with the 
 interior of Peru. A line of railroad passes from Mollendo 
 through Arequipa, and on to Puno, and is being continued on 
 to Cuzco. The Arequipa-Puno section is one of the most 
 remarkable railways in the world. It is 218 m. long, and 
 its summit-level is 14,460 ft. above the sea. Seat of a high 
 level observatory (alt. 16,275 ^'^■)- ^^- of tn. 7850 ft. P. 30,000. 
 
 Arera, Monte, mt. , Italy, in the N. , in the Alps, 18 m. 
 NNE. Bergamo. Alt. 8235 ft. 
 
 Ares, seapt.-tn., W. ct. of Spain, prov. Corunna, on the bay 
 (ria) of A. , 6 m. SSW. Ferrol. P. <400o. 
 
 Areskiitan, an isolated mt. , Sweden, prov. of Jemttland. 
 Height. 4919 ft. 
 
 Aretaka Kaplds. See Essequibo. 
 
 Ar^valo, tn., Spain, prov. Avila, 32 m. W. by N. Segovia. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Arezzo (the ancient Arretium), city, Italy, Tuscany, cap. 
 prov. A., on a healthy elevated site overlooking the plain of 
 Chiana, to the S. of the upper Arno, 34 m. NW. by N. Peru- 
 gia ; see of a bishop, with cathedral of the thirteenth century, 
 and numerous remains of antiquity. Arretium, one of the 
 principal towns of the ancient Etruria, was famous for its terra- 
 cotta vases. Birthplace of Mecaenas, Petrarch, Vasari, Guit- 
 tone (Guido d'A. ), the inventor of musical notation, and the 
 physiologist Redi. P. 11,000. 
 
 Arezzo, prov., Italy. See TiLscaiiy. 
 
 Arfak, mts., Dutch New Guinea, W. of the mouth of Geel- 
 vink Bay. 
 
 Arfon, N. pari, div., Carnarvonshire, Wales. P. (1891) 
 45,800. 
 
 Argalastl, vil., Greece, prov. Larissa, 20 m. SE. Volo. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Argam, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Bridlington Union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Argamasilla de Alba, comm., Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, 
 dist. AlcAzar de S. Juan. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Argaiuasilla de Calatrava, tn., Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, 
 dist. Almod6var del Campo. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Argauda, tn., Spain, prov. Madrid, 15 m. ESE. Madrid. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 Argandab, riv., Afghanistan. See Arghaudab. 
 
 Argangelo, tn. , Italy, Emilia, prov. Forli, 7 m. W. Rimini. 
 P. 8000. 
 
 Apgelis de Blgorre, tn., France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n6es, on 
 the Pau, 14 m. W. by S. Bagneres de Bigorre, cap. arr. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Argcl*8-snr-Mer, vil., France, dep. Pyr6n6es Orient., on the 
 ct., 12. SE. by S. Perpignan. P. <:3000.' 
 
 Argenan, or Ctuieivkowo, tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, 12 
 m. SW. Thorn. P, <3ooo. 
 
 Argenta, tn., Italy, Emilia, prov. Ferrara, 22 m. NW. by 
 W. Ravenna. P. 6000. 
 
 Argeutan, tn., France, dep. Orne, on the Orne, 13 m. SE. 
 Falaise; cap. arr. P. 5000. 
 
 Argentarlo, Monte, or Argentaro, mt., Italy, on the W. 
 ct., 37 m. NW. Civita Vecchia. It forms a penin., which is 
 connected with the mainland by two strips of land enclosing a 
 lagoon. Alt. 2085 ft. 
 
 Argentat, tn., France, dep. Corr^ze, on r. bk. Dordogne, 
 73 m- SW. Clermont, arr. and 15 m. SE. by S. Tulle; cap. 
 cant. P. < 2000. 
 
 Argcntera, Pnnta. See Alps, Subdivisions, I. A. i. 
 
 Argentenil, co., Canada, Quebec, bounded on the S. by the 
 R. Ottawa, between 74° and 75° W. 
 
 Argenteull, tn., France, dep. Seine et Oise, on the r. bk. of 
 65 
 
 - ARGE 
 
 the Seine, ^\ m. NW. by N. Notre Dame, Paris, with clock 
 and watchmaking industry. P. 11,600. 
 
 Argentlera, isl. , Greece. See Klniolos. 
 
 Argentlera, Capo dell', cape, Sardinia, in the NW., in 
 40° 43' N. 
 
 Argenti^re, Col d'. See Alps, Passes, I. (3). 
 
 Argenti^re, \!, tn., France, dep. Ard^che. See Largenti^re. 
 
 Argenti^re, L', tn., France, dep. Hautes Alpes, on the 
 Durance, 49 m. SE. by E. Grenoble, arr. and 10 m. SW. by S. 
 Brian9on ; with silver-lead mines (whence the name). P. <2000. 
 
 Argentine, city, U.S., Kansas, Wyandotte co., adjoining 
 Kansas City (^.^'.). P. < 5000. 
 
 Argentine Republic, a republic of S. America, occupying 
 the greater part of the continent to the S. of Bolivia and 
 Paraguay, between the Andes and the Uruguay R., N. of the 
 estuary of La Plata, and between the Andes and the Atlantic S. 
 of that estuary. By the treaty of 1881 the crest of the eastern 
 chain of the Andes forms the boundary with that country, except 
 at the Straits of Magellan, both sides of which belong to Chile. 
 The R. Uruguay separates the republic from Uruguay and 
 the Brazilian prov. of Rio Grande do Sul. Besides the terr. on 
 the mainland, the republic also includes the eastern half of the 
 main island of Tierra del Fuego. The following table shows its 
 divs., area, and pop. : — 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. in 
 Thousands. 
 
 Pop. 
 (Latzina) 
 persq.m. 
 
 1869. 
 
 Latzina 1 
 
 Buenos Aires, tn. and dist. 
 
 83 
 
 178 
 
 433 
 
 } 9-9 
 
 Buenos Aires, prov. 
 
 120,140 
 
 495 
 
 761 
 
 Entre Rios 
 
 29.13s 
 
 134 
 
 180 
 
 6.2 
 
 Corrientes 
 
 31.332 
 
 129 
 
 190 
 
 6.0 
 
 Santa F6 . ... 
 
 50,804 
 
 89 
 
 220 
 
 4.3 
 
 Cordoba 
 
 67.479 
 
 211 
 
 310 
 
 4.6 
 
 San Luis 
 
 29.313 
 
 53 
 
 11 
 
 2.6 
 
 Santiago del Estero 
 
 39.519 
 
 133 
 
 150 
 
 3-8 
 
 Jujuy .... 
 
 17.485 
 
 40 
 
 65 
 
 3-7 
 
 Salta .... 
 
 49.524 
 
 89 
 
 15s 
 
 3-1 
 
 Tucuman 
 
 9.343 
 
 109 
 
 170 
 
 18.2 
 
 Catamarca 
 
 34.999 
 
 80 
 
 92 
 
 2.6 
 
 Rioja .... 
 
 34.376 
 
 49 
 
 80 
 
 2-3 
 
 San Juan 
 
 37.648 
 
 60 
 
 85 
 
 2-3 
 
 Mendoza 
 
 62,091 
 
 65 
 
 75 
 
 1.2 
 
 Northern Terrs. (Gober- 
 
 
 
 
 
 naciones) — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Misiones 
 
 20,833 
 
 
 
 
 Formosa 
 
 44,661 
 
 
 
 
 Chaco 
 
 48,198 
 
 
 
 
 Southern Terrs. — 
 
 
 
 160 
 
 0.3 
 
 Pampa 
 
 55.953 
 
 
 
 Rio Negro . 
 
 81,916 
 
 
 
 
 Neuquen . 
 
 42,116 
 
 
 
 
 Chubut 
 
 95.495 
 
 
 
 
 Santa Cruz . 
 
 106,916 
 
 
 
 
 Tierra del Fuego 
 
 8,127 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 Total . 
 
 1 
 
 1,117,4862 
 
 
 3203 
 
 2.8 
 
 1 Geogrqfia de la Republica Argentina, Buenos Aires, 1888. 
 2 According to the calculations of Wagner and Supan, 1,077,000 sq. m. 
 
 The surface consists for the most part of low plains, sloping 
 SE. or E. from mountains in the W. and NW. Most of the 
 mountains are branches of the Andes, and all of them, like the 
 Andes, trend nearly N. and S. In the NW., the most mountain- 
 ous area of the whole republic, the Sierra Lumbre, and the Sierras 
 de Aconquija, Ambato, and Ancaste, succeed one another from 
 N. to S. close to but detached from the Andes. To the W. of 
 the more southerly of these ranges lie the Sierra Velasco and 
 Sierra Famatina, the latter closely connected with the Andes. 
 Further to the SE. , and separated from all the other mountains 
 mentioned by a wide plain, is the Sierra de Cordoba, about the 
 meridian of 65° W. to the S. of 30° S. The country E. of the 
 Parana is varied by low hills, especially in the densely forest- 
 clad terr. of Misiones in the extreme NE. The plains vary 
 in character. In the N., in the terrs. of Chaco and Formosa, 
 to the N. of the Salado, forming part of the region known 
 as El Gran Chaco ('the great hunting-ground'), the surface is 
 covered, so far as it is known, with open forest, and slopes to 
 the SE. so gently that in times of rain large areas adjoining the 
 rivers are apt to be flooded. Further S. grass-covered prairies 
 extend between the Parana R. and the Cordoba Mts., and 
 within about the same meridians over the region still further 
 S. as far as the Rio Colorado. Further W. the dryness of the 
 climate causes the surface to be almost devoid of vegetation 
 unless where irrigated. In this region vast Salinas, or salt- 
 incrusted surfaces, partly converted for short periods by heavy 
 rains into shallow lakes, occur here and there, the largest being 
 
 E 
 
ARGE — ARGO 
 
 the Salinas grandes, in the area between the Cordoba Mts. and 
 the Sierra de Ancaste. In Patagonia, to the S. of the Rio 
 Negro, the surface is for the most part higher than further N. 
 and becomes very varied in character, for the most part arid, 
 stony, and unfit for cultivation, but not without valleys here and 
 there suitable for pasture. In this region, indeed, at the base 
 of the Andes, recent explorers have discovered large well- 
 watered valleys, with a mild climate, likely at some future period 
 to be the seats of a dense population. By far the most impor- 
 tant rivers are the Parana and Paraguay, which are navigable 
 for steamers everywhere within the terr. of the A. R. The 
 navigation was thrown open to all nations in 1852. The 
 three long r. bk. tribs. of the Parana, the Pilcomayo, Bermejo, 
 and Salado, are all shallow and difficult of navigation. The 
 Rios Dulce (Saladillo), Desaguadero, Nueyo Salado, and other 
 rivers in the interior end in marshy tracts or shallow lagoons. 
 Further S. the more important rivers, the Rios Colorado, Negro, 
 Chubut, Chico, and Santa Cruz flow directly into the Atlantic. 
 The principal lakes north of the Rio Negro are shallow lagoons 
 such as the Mar Chiquita (prov. Cordoba) and the Laguna 
 Ibera (prov. Corrientes). Innumerable small lakes are scat- 
 tered over the pampas. Further S. there are several large and 
 beautiful lakes, Nahuel-Huapi, Fontana, Viedma, and Argen- 
 tine, at the base of the Andes, and there are two large lakes. 
 Musters and Colhue, adjoining one another further E. in the 
 course of the Senger (trib. of the Chubut). The rainfall 
 declines on the whole from N. to S. and from E. to W. The 
 following particulars may serve for illustration, the places being 
 arranged roughly in order from N. (top) to S. (bottom), and 
 from W. (left) to E. (right), the figures giving the average 
 annual rainfall in inches (altitudes in brackets) : — 
 
 Salta (3950 ft.), 25. 
 
 Tucuman (1520 ft. ), 38 ; Santiago del Estero, 28 ; Corrientes, 52. 
 
 Rioja (1770 ft.), 12. 
 
 San Juan ^2160 ft.), 3 in. ; Cordoba (1460 ft.) 28 ; Parana, 38. 
 
 Mendoza(264oft.), 8 in. ; San Luis (2490 ft.), 22; Rosario, 46. 
 
 Buenos Aires, 34. 
 
 The exceptional position of Tucuman is noteworthy, and is no 
 doubt due to the fact that it lies in a plain immediately to the 
 E. of a lofty range of mountains, the Sierra de Aconquija. The 
 following figures may serve to illustrate the temperature : — 
 
 
 Mean Temperature. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 July. 
 
 Year. 
 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 Corrientes .... 
 
 79-3° 
 
 61.0° 
 
 70.6° 
 
 Tucuman .... 
 
 77-7 
 
 54-0 
 
 66.9 
 
 Rioja 
 
 81.5 
 
 56.3 
 
 69-3 
 
 Mendoza .... 
 
 73-4 
 
 46.4 
 
 60.6 
 
 Buenos Aires 
 
 75-6 
 
 50.0 
 
 63.0 
 
 Chubut (Rawson). 
 
 70.0 
 
 42.4 
 
 56.2 
 
 The staple products of the A. R. are live-stock, above all, 
 horned cattle, sheep, and horses ; the principal producing 
 provinces those nearest the estuary of the La Plata — Buenos 
 Aires, Entre Rios, Santa F6, and Cordoba; the next in im- 
 portance, Corrientes, Santiago, and the Pampa terr. Arable 
 agriculture is rapidly extending, the chief crops being maize, 
 wheat, lucerne, flax, oats, the vine and sugar-cane. The wine 
 is cultivated principally on irrigated land near the principal towns 
 at the base of the western mountains. Sugar-cane is grown 
 principally in Tucuman, but also to a considerable extent in 
 Santiago, Jujuy, and Salta. The orange, peach, apple, and 
 other fruit-trees now grow wild in many places. (For a table 
 showing the area under different crops in the separate provs. 
 in 1891, see Peter mannas Mitteil., 1893, p. 164.) The 
 guanaco, llama, and vicuna abound in the vicinity of the 
 Andes ; and the native animals comprise the puma, jaguar, 
 and armadillo; the biscacha, and the small quadrupeds which 
 furnish the nutria and chinchilla skins. The mineral pro- 
 dnetion of the A. R, is as yet unimportant. Enormous 
 deposits of good coal are said to exist along the base of 
 the Andes from the prov. of San Luis to the terr. of Neu- 
 quen, but they are not yet worked. So far the most im- 
 portant mineral is salt. Even it is not yet largely produced, 
 but arrangements have been made for utilising for salt pro- 
 duction large salt lakes between the Rios Negro and Colorado. 
 The means of communication have been enormously in- 
 creased since 1880. The first railways were opened after i860. 
 In 1880 the total mileage opened was 1536 ; in 1891 the number 
 of miles open was nearly 7000, and upwards of 4800 m. were 
 then under construction. The railways belong partly to com- 
 panies, partly to the state. The cheapness of horses favours 
 the use of tramways. One horse tramway with cars for goods 
 as well as passengers runs from Buenos Aires for hundreds of 
 miles across the pampas towards Bahia Blanca. As to the 
 trans-Andine railways, see Andes, E. The foreign conunerce 
 has grown rapidly with the development of internal communica- 
 66 
 
 tions (see Appendix, pp. 3-5). The principal articles of export 
 are wool (nearly or quite half the total value), dried and saited 
 ox-hides, sheep-skin, salted and hung beef, tallow, wheat, flax. 
 Among minor exports may be mentioned, fresh mutton, maize, 
 bones. Considerable numbers of live cattle and other animals 
 are exported to Chile across the passes of the Andes. The 
 principal imports are cotton and other manufactures, metal 
 wares, wine and spirits, coal, and olive oil. France and Bel- 
 gium are the principal countries receiving the exports, nearly all 
 the wool and sheepskins of the A. R. being sent to the mainland 
 of Europe. The United Kingdom, Germany, the United States 
 and Italy, rank next. The United Kingdom ranks first among 
 the countries supplying the imports, and is followed by France, 
 Germany, and the United States. The bulk of the foreign 
 trade is carried on through the port of Buenos Aires, which 
 has been greatly improved. A considerable ocean trade is also 
 carried on at Rosario. Honey, ireigbts, and measures. — 
 The chief money of account is the dollar or peso, of the value of 
 47. 57^., divided into 100 centavos. Both gold and silver are 
 unlimited legal tender, but only gold is received in unlimited 
 amount by the mint. Since the beginning of 1885 there has 
 been a forced pajjer currency, the value of which is greatly 
 depreciated, especially since a great financial crisis which took 
 place in 1890. Since Jan. i, 1887, the use of the French metric 
 system of weights and measures is compulsory. The bulk of 
 the population are of Spanish origin, and Spanish is the 
 official and prevailing language. Large numbers of immigrants, 
 principally from Italy, Spain, and southern France, arrive 
 annually, but the financial crisis above mentioned put a check 
 to the growth of their numbers. In each of the three years 
 1886-88, the number considerably exceeded 100,000, in 1889 
 the excess of the number of immigrants over that of the emigrants 
 was nearly 250,000, but in 1890 this excess was only 55,400. 
 CiOTemment. — The constitution, dated 1853, with modifica- 
 tions in i860, places a president, elected for a term of six years, 
 at the head of the executive, and vests the legislative authority 
 in a National Congress composed of a Senate of thirty members 
 (two for the cap. and two for each prov.) elected for three 
 years, one-third retiring for re-election every year, and a House 
 of Deputies, consisting of one member for every 20,000 inhabi- 
 tants, the members elected by the people for four years, one- 
 half retiring for re-election every two years. The president is 
 elected by a body of representatives of the provs., equal in 
 number to double the number of the senators and deputies 
 combined. Each prov. has a governor and local legislature, 
 and these local legislattu-es elect the senators representing the 
 provs. The senators representing the capital are elected by 
 a special electorate. There is a small standing army and a 
 militia, composed of men between seventeen and forty-tive. As \ 
 to Berenne, &c. , see Appendix, pp. 3-5. Primary education- 
 in the cap. and the terrs. is under the control of the gen- 
 eral government, and in the provs. under that of the local 
 governments. In the cap. and the provs. the elementary 
 schools are supported by special taxation. Secondary edu- 
 cation is controlled by the general government. There are 
 two universities (Buenos Aires and Cordoba). The principal 
 towns are Buenos Aires, the seat of the general government, 
 La Plata, cap. of the prov. of Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Rosario, 
 Tucuman, Mendoza, Parana, Salta, Corrientes. 
 
 The most comprehensive Enghsh work on the A. R. is Mul- 
 hall's Handbook of the R. Plate. The best map is that of 
 Brackebusch, on the scale of i : 1,000,000 (13 sheets), 1891. 
 
 Argenton-snr-Creuse, tn., France, dep. Indre, on the 
 Creuse, 57 m. E. Poitiers, 18 m. SSW. Chateauroux. P. 5500. 
 
 Arges, dist. and tn. See Curtea de Arges. \ 
 
 Arges, riv. , Roumania, rises in the Transylvanian Alps, andv 
 flows S. and SE. to the Danube, which it joins on the L bk.,' 
 opposite Tutrakan, in about 26° 39' E. 
 
 Argliana, tn., Asiatic Turkey, vilayet and 35 m. WNW. 
 Diarbekir , cap. sanjak A. ; important copper-mines at A. Sladen* 
 10 m. NW. , on the Tigris, near its source. P. (Arghana) 6200; 
 (A. Maden)<4ooo. 
 
 Arghand&b, riv. , in E. of Afghanistan, flowrs SW. , passing a 
 few miles to the W. of Kandahar, then W. into the Helmand. 
 
 Argo, isL, in the Nile, Nubia, between 19° 10' and 29° 32' N.,. 
 25 m. by 5 m. On it are several villages. 
 
 Argoed, stn., Eng., Moimaouthshire, on the L. & NW. R., 
 6J m. W. Pontypool, PM.O. 
 
 Argoed and Tstrad, vil., Wales, Cardiganshire, with rly.,| 
 stn. (Ystrad) on the Taff Vale Rly. 1 
 
 Argolls and Corlntliia, prov. {nomas) of the kingdom ofl 
 Greece, Morea, cap. Nauplia, forming a small part of tb«| 
 ancient Argolis, and extending along the N. shore of the 
 of same name. See Greece. 
 
 Argonia, settlement, U.S., Kansas, Sumner co., 215 m. S\ 
 Kansas City. 
 
 Argonnes, two chains of hills in the NE. of France, stretching^ 
 NNE. from the plateau of Langres and the Monts Faucilles, on 
 opposite 'sides of the Meuse ; the name of Foret d'Argonne, or 
 Argonne simply, is applied in a special sense to the part of the 
 
ARGO — ARIZ 
 
 W, chain N. of the sources of the Aisne, forming a short but 
 continuous ridge, forming an important line of defence inter- 
 sected only by narrow defiles, one of which, that of Islettes, 
 just S. of Ste. Menehould, is now traversed by the rly. from 
 Paris to Verdun. 
 
 Argos, in., Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinthia, 7 m. NW. 
 Nauplia. P. (1889) 9800. 
 
 Argos, tn., U.S., Indiana, Marshall co., 79 m. SE. by E. 
 Chicago. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Argostolion, or Argostoll, tn., Greece, on the W. ct. of 
 •Cephalonia I. P. 9100. 
 
 Argovla. See Aargan. 
 
 Argnello, Point, cape, U.S., California, in 34° 35' N. 
 
 Argueuon, riv. , France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, passes Jugon, 
 and falls into the English Channel at the port of Guildo, 10 m. 
 W. St. Malo. Length 35 m. 
 
 Arg^in, bay, Africa, on the W. ct. , S. of Cape Blanco, with 
 three isls. , the largest called A. I. Upon the mainland oppo- 
 site is A. town, which has a caravan trade with Timbuktu. A 
 fort built here by the Portuguese in 1448, and a stn. founded by 
 a Brandenbiu-g company about the end of the 17th century. 
 
 Argiui, riv., Cis-Caucasia, mainly in the Terek dist., rises in 
 govt. Tiflis, and flows NNE. , then NE., entering the Terek in 
 about 46° 10' E. 
 
 Argn ji, riv. , En. Siberia, forming, by its confluence with the 
 Shilka at Ust-Stryelka, the Amur. Its sources were formerly in 
 the Kentei, or Guntu Mts. , near Urga, whence the Kerulen flows 
 to Lake Dalai-nor ; but since the last century, this lake, vvhich 
 is rapidly drying up, ceased to send its water into the A., whose 
 headwater is now in the Khailar, which rises on the W. slope of 
 the Great Khingan, flows 170 m. W. and SW. , and, suddenly 
 turning NE. at Tsurukhaitui, receives the name of Argun. The 
 A. forms the frontier between Russia and China along the whole 
 of its course, 440 miles. It first waters the high prairies of Trans- 
 baikalia, then enters the Nerchinsk Mts., flows past Nerchinskiy 
 Zavod, pierces the Gazimur chain, and in its lower course runs 
 through a wild, almost uninhabitable valley. 
 
 Argyle, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, Yarmouth co., on 
 the W. ct., 128 m. WSW. Halifa.x. 
 
 Argyle, or Argyll, a maritime co. of Scotland, on its W. 
 side, greatly indented by arms of the sea between the Firth of 
 Clyde and Inverness-shire. It includes the islands of Mull, Islay, 
 Jura, Tiree, Coll, Zona, &c. Surface mostly rugged and moun- 
 tainous. The only railway as yet is that which, after ascending 
 the Fillan valley in Perthshire, crosses the Grampians on the 
 frontier, and proceeds to Oban, skirting the N. shores of Loch 
 Awe. The total area of fresh water is estimated at 52,000 ac. 
 Average annual rainfall is upwards of 80 inches. Many cattle 
 are reared here for export to southern markets. See Appendix, 
 pp. 10-12. The salmon and herring fisheries are important 
 branches of industry. The rocks are mainly Silurian, with large 
 patches of granite N. and E. of Loch Etive and near Inveraray, 
 I and volcanic outpourings S. of Loch Etive and in Mull, and 
 I to the N. of Mull. The only minerals are slate, quarried at 
 Ballachulish, on the I. of Luing and elsewhere, and coal mined 
 at Campbeltown. Chief towns, Inveraray, Campbeltown, and 
 Oban. It returns one member to the House of Commons. 
 .\rea 2,056,402 ac. P. (1891) 75,003. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Krgyll, CO., New South Wales, crossed by 35° S., and in the 
 y 15° E. 
 rgyrades, vil., Greece, in the S. of Corfu I. P. <20oo. 
 rg-yrokastron, Turkey. See Ergerl. 
 
 Arhelligen, vil., Ger., grand-duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, 14 m. 
 S. Frankfurt. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Aria, Monte, mt., Italy. See Vnlcano Island. 
 
 Arlano, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. Rovigo, 8 m. SSE. Adria, 
 on a branch of the Po delta. P. < 5000. 
 
 Arlano dl Pnglia, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 16 
 m. E. by N. Benevento. P. 14,000. 
 
 Arlea, seapt., Chile, prov. Tacna, cap. dep. A., on the ct.. in 
 18° 28' S., connected by rail with the town of Tacna ; built on 
 a flat close to the sea-shore, having a high promontory to the 
 S., vvhich protects the roadstead, there being no harbour; cli- 
 mate unhealthy, on account of stagnant waters and the presence 
 of hills, vvhich impede the circulation of the air ; water-supply, 
 however, good. Chief exports are copper, ore, and silver. The 
 port is one of the chief outlets for the products of Bolivia. The 
 dist. is subject to frequent shocks, and was devastated by the 
 great earthquake of 1868. A. was sacked by Sir Francis Drake 
 "1 1579. and in 1880 was taken by the Chileans from Peru. 
 Mean temp, (ij yr., 1854-55), yr. 67.5° F., Jan. 71.6°, Aug. 
 03-1 • P. < 4000. 
 
 Ariccla, vil. , Italy, prov. Rome, summer resort of German 
 artists. P. < 3000. 
 
 Aricliat, seapt., Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I., 
 Richmond co., on S. ct., 58 m. SW. Sidney. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Arlfege, dep., France, on the frontier of Spain, divided into 
 three arrs., Foix, Pamiers, St.-Girons ; cap. Foix ; traversed by 
 offshoots of the Pyrenees, vvhich diminish in height, and become 
 more mterspersed with fertile valleys towards the N. Mont- 
 
 calme (the culminating peak of the dep.) is 10,100 ft. in height, 
 and peaks of nearly equal importance are numerous in the S. 
 This main portion of the chain abounds in passes (ports), the 
 most frequented being that of Puymorenns (alt. 6335 ft.), along 
 which runs the highway from Toulouse via Foix, following the 
 course of the river A. into the Cerdagne. These highlands offer 
 pasturage to great flocks of sheep, but possess little else in the 
 way of vegetation except half-devastated forests. The plains of 
 the lower-lying districts, however, yield grain of all kinds, and 
 potato-culture is very extensive. The iron-mines of A. yield 
 excellent ores, the iron made from which is reputed to be the 
 best in France for steel-making. The most noted mine is worked 
 at Rancid, near Vicdessos, where enormous masses of the metal 
 exist. In addition to this chief mineral wealth, lead, copper, 
 zinc, and manganese occur in different parts of the dep. Mineral 
 and warm springs are very numerous. The dep. corresponds to 
 the old county of Foix, together with the dists. [pays) of Don- 
 n^zan and Cous^rans. Area 1893 sq. m. P. (1891) 227,491. 
 See France, table. 
 
 Ari^ge, riv. , France, rises on the Spanish side of the Pyrenees, 
 and flows N. through dep. A. , then NW. through dep. Haute 
 Garonne, and joins the Garonne, r. bk., about 5 m. above Tou- 
 louse, regarded as navigable from Cintegabelle, but, in fact, 
 scarcely used even for floating timber. Length 95 m. 
 
 Arlenas, Locb, lake, Scot., Argyllshire, drained S. by E. into 
 Loch Aline by the river Aline, in the W. of the Morven Penin. 
 
 Arienzo, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 16 m. SW. by 
 W. Benevento. At Arpaia, 2J m. ENE., are the FurculasCau- 
 dinae, or Caudine Forks, a narrow pass in the mountains, where 
 the Roman army surrendered to the Samnites, and was sent 
 under the yoke, B.C. 321. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Aries, dist., Scot., Wigtonshire, on the W. ct., 7 m. NW. 
 Stranraer. 
 
 Arlezo, vil., Sardinia, prov. and 41 m. N. by E. Cagliari, at 
 the foot of Monte Gennargentu, W. side. P. <20oo. 
 
 Arlgna, place. Ire., N. co. Roscommon, bar. Boyle, 6 m. 
 NNW. Leitrim, formerly with iron mines and works, P.O. 
 
 Arlgna River, Ire., in the extreme N. of co. Roscommon, 
 trib. of river Shannon, which it joins on the r. bk. just below 
 Lough Allen. 
 
 Arlma, hill station, Japan, 9 m. from Kobe ; favourite 
 summer resort. Alt. 1400 ft. 
 
 Arlma, inland tn. , Trinidad, W. Indies, 15 m. E. by S. Port 
 of Spain, with which it is connected by rail. P. 3000. 
 
 Arlsalg, Scot. , Inverness-shire. See Arasalg. 
 
 Arlsb, El, a wady, in the SW. of Syria, its mouth forming 
 the frontier between Egypt and Syria. 
 
 Arlsh, El, tn.. Lower Egypt, at the mouth of the wady El A. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Arlsb, or Aralsb, EI, seapt. , Morocco, W. ct. , in about 35° 12' 
 N. , 45 m. SSW. Tangier. 
 
 Arlspe, tn., Mexico, prov. Sonora, at the foot of the Sierra 
 Madre, no m. NNE. Hermosillo. P. <20oo. 
 
 Arlstazable, isl., Brit. Columbia, crossed by 52" 35' N., 
 129° W. 
 
 Arlta, tn. , Japan, in the W. of the isl. of Kiushiu, N. of 
 Nagasaki ; one of the chief seats of Japanese porcelain manu- 
 facture (established 1592). Clay from Hirado and the Goto Is. 
 is now generally used for glazing. P. 6000. 
 
 Arlza, vil., Spain, prov. Zaragoza, 31 m. SE. by S. Soria. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Arizona (a name of native, Pima, origin), a terr., U.S., 
 nearly equal in extent to the British Isles, bounded on the 
 S. by Mexico, and mainly bounded on the W. by the Colo- 
 rado, which traverses the terr. in the NW. , composed of terr. 
 acquired from Mexico mainly at the cession of 1848, but partly 
 included in the Gadsden purchase of 1853 ; admitted as an 
 organised territory in 1863. The surface is mainly composed 
 of high plains or mesas, with sides sloping steeply down to 
 lower plains. More than half the area is upwards of 5000 ft. 
 above sea-level, and there are two systems of summits rising to 
 above 7000 ft. The Grand Canon, and other cafions of the 
 Colorado [q.v.), with the Shiwits (or Sheavwitz), Uinkaret, 
 Kanab, and Kaibab plateaux, are included in the state in the 
 N. The Mogollon and Pinal Mts. occupy the middle. The 
 geological structure is extremely complicated, but Cretaceous 
 and Eocene rocks prevail in the W., Archaean in the NE. , and 
 volcanic deposits in the SE. At least six-sevenths of the surface 
 is composed of rock or soil of irreclaimable barrenness, and the 
 remainder demands irrigation. There are, however, rich allu- 
 vial bottom lands in the valleys of the Colorado, Gila, Salt R. , 
 Rio Verde, and Hassayampa, all in the SW. of the terr., well 
 suited for grain-growing and the cultivation of the vine. The 
 area, with a rainfall above 20 in. annually, is comparatively small, 
 but according to the report cited below, there occurs twice each 
 year a sufficient amount of aqueous precipitation to reclaim 
 every acre of land worthy of being reclaimed. The most abund- 
 ant rainfall is in July and August [Fort Apaclie, Benson, Fort 
 Bowie, Florence, Tncson, Prescott], but winter rains occur 
 from December to Februarv. In former times irrigation has 
 
 67 
 
ARJI — ARLE 
 
 been practised on a large scale in the valley of the Santa Cruz, 
 near Tucson, by people of whom nothing is known beyond the 
 ruins of their aqueducts, by the Aztecs in the Colorado valley, 
 and by the Indians who were found in possession of the region 
 by the Spaniards, and whose descendants have continued the 
 practice down to the present day. The total area already 
 irrigated at the date of the report referred to was less than 
 600,000 acres, chiefly in Maricopa co. The terr. is remarkably 
 rich in minerals, above all silver, gold, and copper. The 
 principal silver-mining dists. are round Tombstone, Cochise 
 CO. , in the SE. , and Pioneer dist. , to the W. and SW. of Globe, 
 in Gila and Pinal cos. , and in the Bradshaw dist. , SSE. of Pres- 
 cott. The most remarkable deposit of copper, pure or nearly 
 pure, occurs at Clifton, Graham co.; and other copper mines 
 are worked in Cochise co. and elsewhere. Coal occurs in the 
 NE. See Tnlted States, table; and also Report of the Chief 
 Signal Officer of the Army in response to the House \of Represent- 
 atives'\ Resolution . . . relating to Irrigation and Water 
 Storage in the Arid Regions, Washington, 1891. Area 113,916 
 sq. m. P. (1890) 59,620. 
 
 Arjlsli, Turkish Armenia. See Erjlsh. 
 
 Arjlsb Dagh, mt. , Asia Minor. See Erjlas Dagta. 
 
 Arjona, comm. , Spain, prov. Ja^n, dist. Andujar. P. 7200, 
 
 Arjonllla, comm. , Spain, prov. Ja^n, dist. Andujar. P. <4000. 
 
 Arjnno, or Ardjano, mt. , in the E. of the I. of Java, to the 
 S. of Surabaya. 
 
 Arkaba, settlement, S. Australia, Hanson co. , 67 m. NE. 
 Port Augusta. 
 
 Arkaflelphla, tn. , U.S., Arkansas, Clark co., 65 m. SW. 
 Little Rock. P. < 3000. 
 
 Arkadla, Greece. See Kyparlssla. 
 
 Arkalg, Loch, lake, Scot., in tiie SW. of Inverness-shire, 
 12 m. long, drained E. into Loch Lochy by the Arkaig. Alt. 
 140 ft. 
 
 Arkansas, riv., U.S., rises in the Rocky Mts. , near 39° N., 
 106° W. , in the state of Colorado, to the W. of the S. Park, 
 flowing generally ESE. ; it waters the central parts of Kan- 
 sas and Arkansas states, and joins the Mississippi in 33° 40' N. 
 after a course, including windings, of more than 2000 m. , un- 
 obstructed by rapids, and navigable when exceptionally high to 
 Fort Gibson in the Indian Terr., 462 m. ,^t other times across 
 the state of A. In the dry season it is only i or 2 ft. deep in 
 places hundreds of miles below the Rocky Mts. Its water is in 
 places so salt as to be unfit for drink. Its valley is generally 
 fertile, and it is estimated to drain 178,000 sq. m. of country. 
 Chief trib. the Canadian R. , flowing through the Indian terr. from 
 New Mexico. Little Rock and A. towns are on its banks. 
 
 Arkansas (official pronunciation, ar-kan-sa'), one of the 
 United States of N. America, somewhat larger than England, 
 between 33° and 36° 30' N., 89" 30' and 94° 30' W., bounded on 
 the E. by the Mississippi R. Length 240 m. , breadth 228 m. 
 Surface swampy and extensively wooded in the E. , where lies 
 one of the most important cotton-growing regions of America ; 
 undulating and drier in the centre ; hilly in the W. ; and in the 
 SW. , which is renowned for its apples, mountainous (alt. 2850 
 ft. ). Chief rivers, the Mississippi, on which the state has a shore 
 line of about 400 m.; the Arkansas, Washita, St. Francis, Black, 
 Red, and White rivers, and the Saline, all navigable in part. 
 The length of navigable river highways in the state is upwards 
 of 3000 m. Climate mild [Little Rock, Fort Smith] ; healthy 
 in the higher parts, but unhealthy in the low grounds in the E. 
 The forest trees include yellow pine (the pine lands covering 
 more than one-fourth of the area of the state), oaks, yellow pop- 
 lar, walnut, &c. Carboniferous rocks, comprising productive 
 coalfields, which yield both anthracite and bituminous coal, and 
 are being rapidly developed, cover the greater part of the NW. 
 of the state. The SW. is mainly composed of cretaceous and 
 eocene rocks, and in the E. all the rocks are overlaid by aqueous 
 deposits of pleistocene age. Besides coal, the chief minerals 
 are manganese ore, lignite (in the S. ), granite, and whetstone 
 rock. Iron ores are widely distributed — in the NE. of the state, 
 in the Washita Mts., and in the S. ; but it is only in the NE., 
 where limonites containing 23-58 per cent, of iron occur, that 
 the conditions are favourable for an iron industry. Chief 
 towns. Little Rock, the cap.. Fort Smith, Pine Bluff, Hot 
 Springs {q.v.), and Helena. A. takes its name from a tribe 
 of Indians once settled on the Mississippi near the mouth of 
 the A. River. It was first visited by Spaniards under Hernando 
 de Soto in 1541, afterwards by Marquette in 1673 ; first settled 
 by Frenchmen in 1686 ; held by Spain as part of Louisiana from 
 1763 to 1800, when it was restored to France, and acquired by 
 the U.S. with the rest of Louisiana in 1803. Area 52,203 sq. m. 
 P. 1,128,179. See Vnlted States, table. 
 
 Arkansas, co., U.S., Arkansas, bounded on NE. by White 
 R. , and on SW. by A. R. , crossed in extreme S. by 34° N. 
 
 Arkansas City, citv, U.S., Kansas, Cowley co., 159 m. 
 SSW. Topeka. P. 8300. 
 
 Arkendale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., 
 3^ m. NE. bv N. Knaresborough, \\ m. SE. Copgrove stn., 
 PTO. P.<:25'o. 
 
 Arkengarthdale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, and 
 about 13 m. W. by N. Richmond ; includes a large upland tract 
 called A. Moor ; PM.O.; 14,566 ac. P. 1000. 
 
 Arkesden, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 4^ m. SW. by W; 
 Saffron Walden, 2^ m. WNW. Newport stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Arkholme Tvlth Cawood, par., Eng., Lancashire, Lancaster 
 div., on the Lune, 9J m. NE. Lancaster, on the M. R. , PM.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Arkl, a small Turkish isl. on the W. of Asia Minor, 20 ni. S. 
 Samos, in 37° 23' N. , 26° 45' E. 
 
 Arklk, Arklko, or Arkeko, in Italian spelling, Archlco, tn., I 
 on the E. ct. of Africa, on a bay on the Red Sea opp. Massaua, | 
 formerly cap. of the Danakil country, now an Italian possession. 
 
 Arkle Beck, riv., Eng., in the W. of the N. Riding of 
 Yorkshire, rising in Sleightholme Moor, in the extreme W. of 
 the Richmond div., and flowing SW. through that div., trib. of 
 the Swale, which it joins on the 1. bk. , about 7 m. W. Richmond. 
 
 Arklehy, place, Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., near 
 Aspatria, P.O. 
 
 Arklet, Loch, lake, Scot. , on the E. border of Stirlingshire, 
 5^ m. SE. of the head of Loch Lomond. Alt. 463 ft. 
 
 Arkleton BDUI, Scot., Dumfriesshire, 5 m. NE. by N. Lang- 
 holm. Alt. 1708 ft. 
 
 Arkley, vil., Eng., Middlesex, Barnet div., i^ m. W. by S. 
 Chipping Barnetstn.,iim. NW. bvN. St. Paul's, London, PM.O. 
 
 Arklo'w, bar. , Ire, , in the SE. of co. Wicklow. 
 
 Arklow, seapt.. Ire., SE. ct. co. Wicklow, bar. A., 13^ m. 
 SSW. Wicklow, at the mouth of the -Avoca, on the Dublin, 
 Wicklow, and Wexford Rly. Market-day, Th. 1595 ac. P. 450a 
 
 Arklow Bank, a shallow off the E. ct. of co. Wexford, Ire.,, 
 with two lightships, one in 52° 53' 40" N. , 5° 50' 40" W. ; the 
 other in 52° 41' 15" N. , 5° 56' 40" W. 
 
 Arklow Head, a cape 2 m. to the S. of Arklow. 
 
 Arkona, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Lambton co. , 29 m. 
 W. by N. London. 
 
 Arkouam, tn. , Brit. India, Madras dist., N. Arcot, 42 m. 
 W. Madras. P. < 4000. 
 
 Arksey, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Doncaster div., 
 2^ m. N. by E. Doncaster, on the G. N. R. See Beutley. 
 
 Arkwrlght, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Bruce, 22 m. from 
 Owen Sound. P. < 1500. 
 
 Arlanc, vil., France, dep. Puy de D6me, on the Dore, 33 m. 
 W. St. Etienne, arr. and 10 m. SW. by W. Ambert. P. <20oo. 
 
 Arlanzou, riv., in the N. of Spain, flows SW. past Burgos to- 
 the Pisuerga. 
 
 Arlay, vil. , France, dep. Jura, 32 m. E. Chalons-sur-Saone, 
 arr. and 5 m. NNW. Lons-le-Saulnier. P. <20oo. 
 
 Arlberg, pass and tunnel. See Alps, Passes, IV. (la). 
 
 Arle, place, Eng. , Gloucestershire, 2 m. from Cheltenham, P.O. 
 
 Arlecdon, par., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 5 m. E. 
 Whitehaven, close to Rowrah stn., P.O.; 5556 ac. P. 5700. 
 
 Arlee, settlement, U.S., Montana, Missoula co. , on the 
 N. P. R., 102 m. NW. Butte City. Alt. 3057 ft. (R. R.). 
 
 Arleen. See Ardleen. 
 
 Aries (the ancient Arelas or Arelate), a city and river-port 
 of France, dep. Bouches-du-Rhone, cap. arr., on 1. bk. main 
 branch of Rhone, 15 m. from the Mediterranean, and 44 m. 
 NW. Marseilles, 18 m. SE. Ntmes : in the middle ages a sea- 
 port whose ships vied with those of Marseilles. Remains of a 
 Roman amphitheatre, two temples, aqueduct, triumphal arch, 
 and cemetery. It has manufactures of silk, twist, soap, glass 
 bottles. Arelate was the metropolis of the Gauls. Among 
 many celebrated councils, the first, held in 314, was the most 
 important. The canal d' Aries, which is capable of being used 
 by vessels of 300 tons, commences on the Rhone at Aries, and 
 extends to Port du Bouc, on the Mediterranean, 25 m. P. (1872) 
 24,700; (1890)23,800. 
 
 Arlesey, par. and vil., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 
 11^ m. NE. by N. Luton, 5^ m. S. Biggleswade, with a stn. 
 (Arlesey) on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. <250o; eccles. par. 
 (A. with Astwlck) P. <;25oo. 
 
 Arlesheliu, vil., Switzd., cant, and 4 m. S. by E. Basel. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Arles-sur-Tech (the ancient Arulce), tn., France, dep. 
 Pyr6n6es Orient. , arr. C6ret, at the foot of Mount Canigou, 22 
 m. SW. Perpignan ; frequented for its mineral waters and hot 
 sulphur baths. P. < 2000. 
 
 Arleston and Slnfln, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 4^ m. 
 S. by W. Derby, 2 m. W. by S. Chellaston stn. P. <250. " 
 
 Arleston, hamlet, Eng., Salop, Wellington div., 11 m. E. by 
 S. Shrewsbury, 5 m. WNW. Shiffnal, i^ m. SE. Wellington stn. 
 
 Arlenx, tn., France, dep. Nord, 6 m. S. Douai. P. <20oo. 
 
 Arley, vil., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 4J m. N. bv E. 
 North wich, PM.O. 
 
 Arley, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Nuneaton div. , 8 m. NNW. 
 Coventry, with a stn. (Arley and Flllongley) on the M. R. 
 P.<25o; 
 
 Arley, Upper, par.. Eng., Staffordshire, Kingswinford div., 
 on the Severn, 5 m. NW. bv W. Kidderminster, with a stn. 
 (Arley) on the G. W. R., PT^O. P. <75o. 
 
A R L I 
 
 ARMS 
 
 Arlingbam, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 
 on the 1. bk. of the river Severn, g^ m. SW. by W. Gloucester, 
 
 P.O. P.<75o- 
 
 Arlington, par. , Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., 5^ m. 
 NE. Barnstaple, P.O. P. <250 ; eccles par. (A. with Loxbore) 
 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Arlington, par., Eng., Sussex, Eastbourne div., on the 
 Cuckmare, 7 m. NW. by N. Eastbourne, ij m. NE. Berwick 
 stn. ; 5231 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Arlington, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 7 m. 
 NW. Boston. P. 5600. 
 
 Arlington, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Hudson co., 7 m. NW. 
 Jersey City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Arlington, vil., U.S., Oregon, Gilliam co., on the 1. bk. of 
 Columbia R., 120 E. by N. Portland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Arlington, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Kingsbury co. , 104 m. N. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Arlington, vil., U.S., Vermont, Bennington co. , on Batten 
 Kill R. , 38 m. S. by W. Rutland, with marble quarries. P. < 1500. 
 
 Arlington Helgbts, vil. , U.S., Illinois, Cookco., 23 m. NW. 
 Chicago. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Arlon, tn., Belgium, cap. prov. and 15 m. NW. Luxem- 
 bourg. P. 8300. 
 
 Armada, vil., U.S., Michigan, Macomb co., 38 m. N. by 
 E. Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Amiadale, tn., Scot., Linlithgowshire, i m. N. of its stn. on 
 the N. B. R., 6| m. SW. by S. Linlithgow, in the midst of coal 
 and ironstone fields ; large chemical and paraffin works near, 
 PMT.O. P. < 3500. 
 
 Armadale, fishing vil., Scot., Sutherland, on A. Bay, 17^ m. 
 NNE. of the foot of Loch Naver, P.O. 
 
 Armadale Bay, Scot., 1. of Skye, in the SE., in the W. of 
 the Sound of Sleat, in 57° 4' N. 
 
 Armagh, or St. Cajetan, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. Belle- 
 chasse, 24 m. from St. Valier. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Armagh, an inland co., Ireland, Ulster, bounded on the N. 
 by Lough Neagh, on the NW. by the Blackwater, divided into 
 the following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Armagh 
 Fews, Lower 
 Fews, Upper 
 Oneilland, East 
 Oneilland, West 
 Orior, Lower 
 Orior, Upper 
 Tiranny 
 
 Total of county 
 
 Acres. 
 
 313.035^ 
 
 P. 1801. 
 
 47,864 
 
 23,683 
 
 29.757 
 
 8,394 
 
 47.434 
 
 14.165 
 
 21,422 
 
 24.853 
 
 57.512 
 
 29,392 
 
 32,151 
 
 10,453 
 
 49,500 
 
 25.703 
 
 27.393 
 
 6,646 
 
 143,289 
 
 1 Exclusive of 15,050 ac. under the larger rivers and lakes. 
 Surface hilly and even mountainous in the S., where Slieve- 
 Gullion rises to 1893 ft. in height ; elsewhere flat and undulating. 
 Chief rivers, the Blackwater, Bann, Callan, and Newry Water. 
 Soil fertile, apart from 27,460 ac. of bog and other waste 
 land. For agricultural products, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. 
 Geologically, the surface is mainly composed of Silurian and 
 Carboniferous rocks, but the volcanic rocks of Antrim stretch 
 across the Bann in the NE. ; granite stretches from co. Down 
 into the SE. , and there are Pliocene deposits in the N W. A. 
 is traversed by several lines of the G. N. R. , skirted in the E. 
 by the Newry Canal, and in the NW. partly by the Ulster 
 Canal. Weaving is often combined with agriculture, linen 
 being the staple manufacture. A. is mostly in the NE. circuit, 
 mostly in the archdiocese of A. , and for parliamentary purposes 
 IS divided into a N., Mid, and S. div,, each returning one 
 member. Chief towns, Armagh city, Lurgan, Portadown, and 
 a part of Newry. 
 
 Armagh, bar.. Ire., in the NW. of co. A. 
 
 Armagh {Ard Magha, ' Magha's height'), munic. bor. and 
 par., Ire., cap. of A. co., and the archiepiscopal seat of the 
 primate of ' all Ireland,' on the slope of a hill crowned by the 
 Protestant cathedral, 34 m. SW. Belfast, on the G. N. R. , 4 m. 
 from the Ulster Canal. A. has also an observatory and a Roman 
 Cathohc cathedral. A. had great repute as a seat of learning 
 from the sixth to the ninth century, and was much frequented 
 by students from England. In 1765 there were only three stone 
 houses in the city ; since then it has been entirely rebuilt. Alt. 
 206 ft. Mean temp. (20 yrs. 1861-80), yr. 49° F., Jan. 39.7°, 
 July 60.5°. Par. 3763 ac, P. 9490; tn. P. 7438. 
 
 •*^''m«Son, or Armeghon, shoal and lighthouse, Brit. India, 
 Madras, on an island off the E. ct., 40 m. S. by E. Nellore. 
 
 Armaucon, riv., France, rises in the dep. Cote d'Or, passes 
 ^emur, Ancy-le-Franc, and St. Florentin, and falls into the 
 Yonne, 5 m. above Jorgny ; length, 67 m. Affluents Brenne 
 and Armance. 
 
 Armand, or St. Honors, vil., Canada, Quebec. Temiscouata 
 CO., 26 m. from Riviere du Loup. P. < 1500. 
 
 Armathwaite, vil., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 8^ m. 
 SE. Carlisle, on the M. R., PM.O. 
 
 Armavir, old cap. of Armenia, on SE. slope of Mount 
 Ahaghoz. 
 
 Armavir, vil., Russia, Cis-Caucasia, Kuban terr., 40 m. W. 
 Stavropol, on Caucasian Rly. P. 6400. 
 
 Armeghon, India. See Armagon. 
 
 Armenia (the Minni of the Scriptures), a country of western 
 Asia, extending from Caucasia on the N. to the mountains of 
 Kurdistan on the S. , and to near the Caspian on the E., being 
 between about 38° and 42° N. and 38° and 48° E. , now forming 
 the Turkish vilayet of Erzerum, with the greater part of that of 
 Diarbekir (Kara Amid), the Russian govt, of Erivan, with the 
 dist. of Kars and part of the govt, of Tiflis, and part of the 
 Persian prov. of Azerbaijan. The greater part of the surface 
 constitutes a tableland, or congeries of tablelands, with an 
 average elevation of about 5000 to 5250 ft. in height, contain- 
 ing the headwaters of the Kur and its trib. the Aras, the two 
 chief headstreams of the Euphrates, and those of the Tigris, the 
 first four streams all rising in the W. of A. in a small area, with 
 a radius of about 55 m. Two of the tablelands are so com- 
 pletely isolated as to contain salt lakes, Van and Urmia, and a 
 third, occupied by Lake Gokcha, or Sevanga, has only a narrow 
 outlet, by which the surplus waters of that lake escape to the 
 Aras. The climate in the higher regions is very cold, and the 
 valleys in summer are scorched with heat. Soil various ; has 
 many fertile cornlands and pastures, and its valleys produce 
 excellent cotton, maize, tobacco, grapes, and other fruits. 
 Manufacturing industries unimportant. The Armenians proper, 
 who form only a fraction of the whole population, which is very 
 mixed, are a people of Caucasic type, speaking a language 
 of the Aryan family, and adherents of a peculiar rite of 
 Christianity which was introduced among them in the early 
 part of the fourth century. From an early date large numbers 
 of them have emigrated into adjoining countries in Asia and 
 Europe, always retaining their language and religion, and 
 generally acquiring a large share of the commercial and bank- 
 ing business of the countries in which they settle. According 
 to native tradition, Armenian kings ruled in A. at a very remote 
 period, but the first dynasty known to history is that which 
 reigned from the early part of the sixth century B.C. to B.C. 328, 
 when it was overthrown by one of the generals of Alexander the 
 Great. Other Armenian dynasties subsequently ruled at various 
 times, but the country was invaded and subjugated, in whole or 
 in part, by Romans, Persians, Arabs, and Turks in turn. It 
 was entirely subjected by the Turks about the middle of the 
 sixteenth century. At the beginning of the present century 
 Armenia was shared by Turkey, Persia, and Georgia, the last 
 of which had already recognised the suzerainty of Russia in 
 1783, and was annexed by that power in 1802. Russia thus 
 acquired some of the .Armenian terr. between the upper Aras 
 and upper Kur, and all the remainder of A. north of the Aras 
 was acquired from Persia in 1827. Parts of the pashalic of 
 Akhaltsykh were acquired by the same power from Turkey be- 
 tween 1829 and 1833, and the dist. of Kars from Turkey in 
 1877. Armenia Minor is the ancient name of the country 
 forming the modern Turkish pashalics Kaisariyeh, Sivas, and 
 Marash, included in Asia Minor, but which were respectively 
 termed First, Second, and Third Armenia, Fourth Armenia 
 having been the modern pashalic of Diarbekir in Mesopotamia. 
 
 Armenlerstadt, tn. , Hungary. See Szamos-IJjvar. 
 
 Armentl<!res, manufacturing tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. 
 and 9 m. WNW. Lille, formerly cap. of the Pays de Weppes. 
 P. 26,200. 
 
 Arnil, Capo «lell, cape, in the SW. of Italy, 11 m. S. by W. 
 Reggio, with a lighthouse visible 11 m. 
 
 Armidale, city, New South Wales, Sandon co., 60 m. NE. 
 Tamworth, on the railway to Brisbane. Gold and antimony 
 found near. Alt. 3278 ft. ; mean temp., yr. 57.7° F., Jan. 70.3°, 
 July 44° ; rainfall (22 yrs.), 32.72 in. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Armiu, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross div., 
 on the Aire, 2 m. WNW. Goole. P. < 1500. 
 
 Armlnghall, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 3 m. SSE. Nor- 
 wich, 2 m. SE. Trowse stn. P. <250. 
 
 AriMltage Bridge, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Holmfirth div., near Huddersfield. P. <35oo. 
 
 Armltage, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Lichfield div., 5 m. 
 NW. bv N. Lichfield, on the Trent and Mersey Canal and the 
 L. & NW. R., PM.O. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Arinley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, included in the 
 pari. bor. of Leeds, on the M. R. , PMT.O. P. 19,000. 
 
 Armorl, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs. , dist. Chindd, on the 
 Wainganga R. , 70 m. SE. Nagpur. P. 6000. 
 
 Armour, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Douglas co. , 57 ni. NW. by 
 W. Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Armoy, par. and tn. , Ire. , N. co. Antrim, bar. Cary, 14 m. E. 
 Coleraine, on the Ballycastle Rly. , PO. Par. 9668 ac. , P. < 1500; 
 vil. P. <:25o. 
 
 Arm.scote, hamlet, Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., 7 m. 
 S. by E. Stratford-on-Avon. 
 
 69 
 
ARMS — ARQU 
 
 Armston, par. , Eng. , Northampton, Oundle Union. P. <25o. 
 Armstrong, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, in the W., traversed by 
 the Alleghany R. , crossed in the N. by 41° N. 
 
 Armstrong, co. , U.S. , Texas, in the NW. , crossed by 35° N. , 
 bounded on the E. by 101° W. 
 
 Armstrong's Corner, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, 
 Queen's co. , 24 m. from St. John. 
 
 Armthorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Doncaster 
 div., 3^ m. E. by N. Doncaster, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Armyanskly Bazar, vil. , Russia, govt. Taurida, suburb of 
 Perekop, now more important than the town. P. 5500. 
 
 Armyn, par., Eng., Yorkshire. See Alrmyu. 
 
 Arnnge, stn. , Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 13 m. NE. Inverurie, 
 on the G. N. of S. R. 
 
 ArnartJordr, inlet in the S. part of the NW. penin. of Ice- 
 land. 
 
 Arnan, tn., Austria, Bohemia, on the Elbe, 8 m. W. by S. 
 Trautenau. P. < 5000. 
 
 Arnnud, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on the Emerson branch of 
 C. P. R. , 44 m. S. Winnipeg. 
 
 Arnaut-Kol ('Arnaut Village'), vil., Turkey in Europe, on 
 the Bosporus, 5 m. NE. by N. Constantinople. 
 
 Aruavatn, desert in the interior of Iceland. 
 
 Arnay-le-Duc, tn., France, dep. C6te d'Or, arr. Beaune, 
 16 m. NE. by N. Autun. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Arncllffe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the N. of 
 the Skipton div., on Halton Beck, 24 m. W. Ripon, 8 m. E. 
 Horton stn., P.O.; 34,079 ac. P. <25o. A. Cote, i* m. to 
 theE. 
 
 Arncllffe Ingleby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleve- 
 land div., 7 m. NE. Northallerton. P. <5oo. 
 
 Arucot, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., on the 
 Ray, 10 m. NE. Oxford, 3 m. SE. by S. Bicester. P. <25o. 
 See Ambrosdeu. 
 
 Arncroacli, vil., Scot., E. Fife, 7J m. S. St. Andrews, 2^ m. 
 NW. by W. Pittenweem stn., P.O. 
 
 Arndal, or Arendal, seapt., Norway, prov. Nedenas, on the 
 S. ct. , 34 m. NE. by E. Kristiansand ; called 'the Norwegian 
 Venice,' because partly built on piles, with bridges of boats con- 
 necting different parts ; harb. about 87 ft. deep ; rich ironstone 
 mines near. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Arne, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, I. of Purbeck, E. div., 3 m. 
 WSW. Poole, on the S. side of Poole harb., 3I m. E. Wareham 
 stn. P. <25o. See Wareham. 
 
 Arneburg, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Elbe, 28 m. NW. Brandenburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Amedo, tn. , Spain, Old Castile, prov. and 27 m. SE. Logrono. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Arnemnlden, tn. , Holland, on the E. ct. of the island of Wal- 
 cheren, prov. Zeeland, 3 m. E. Middelburg. P. 2000. 
 
 Arnensee, lake, Switzd., cant. Bern, near Saanen. 
 
 Arnesby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 8 m. 
 S. by E. Leicester, 4 m. SW. Glen stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Arney, hamlet. Ire., SW. co. Fermanagh, bar. Clanawley, 
 5 ni. SSW. Enniskillen, P.O. 
 
 Arngask, par., Scot., in cos. Perth, Fife, and Kinross, on 
 the Farg, 5^ m. N. by E. Kinross, close to Glenfarg stn. ; 6452 
 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Ambem, formerly spelt also Arnbelm, fortified tn. and riv. 
 port, Holland, cap. prov. Gelderland, on the Rhine, 9 m. N. 
 by E. Nijmegen. P. 50,000. 
 
 Arnbem Bay, Australia, on the N. ct. , in 12° S. , 136° E. 
 
 Arnhem Cape, headland, Australia, on the N. ct. , the 
 easternmost point of A. Land. 
 
 Arnhem Land, N. ct. of Australia, between the Gulf of 
 Carpentaria and Anson Bay, discovered by the crews of the 
 Arnhem and Per a in 1618. 
 
 Arnl, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. N. Arcot, 22 m. SE. by 
 S. Vellore. P. 5000. 
 
 Arnisdale, vil., Scot., Invewiess-shire, on the N. shore of 
 Loch Hourn, 18J ni. ENE. Point of Sleat. 
 
 Amlsh, Loch, an inlet, Scot., Ross-shire, on the NW. of 
 Raasay I., in 57° 28' N., P.O. 
 
 Arulsort, hamlet, Scot., in the NW. of Skye, Inverness- 
 shire, on an arm of Loch Snizort, 2 m. from Edinbane, P.O. 
 
 Arnlston Colliery and Hanterfleld, vil. , Scot. , Midlothian, 
 5 m. S. Dalkeith, on the S. Esk, x\ m. SW. Gorebridge stn. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Aruloss Colliery and Balqahatson Row, vil. , Scot. See 
 Plmle Lodge. 
 
 Arno, riv. , Italy, Tuscany, rises on the Monte Falterona, in 
 the E. of the compartment, and after making a large loop to 
 the S. finally flows W. , past Florence and Pisa, into the Medi- 
 terranean ; 140 m. long ; navigable for small boats from Florence. 
 See Chlana, Val dl. 
 
 Arno, isl., off the ct. of Norway, prov. Finmark, in 70° 10' 
 N. , 20° 30' E. P. < 2000. 
 
 Arnol, vil., Scot,, Ross and Cromarty, in Barvas par. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Arnold, par. and tn., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe 
 70 
 
 div., 4I m. N. by E. Nottingham, ij m. NNE. Daybrook stn.; 
 par. 4612 ac. P. 7800. 
 
 Arnot, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Grey co. , 31 m. W. by 
 S. Collingwood. 
 
 Arnot, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Tioga co. , 78 m. W. by N;. 
 Scranton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Arnoya, comm., Spain, prov. Orense, dist. Rivadavia. 
 P. <4ooo, 
 
 Arnprlor, tn. , Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co., on the r. bk. 
 of the river Ottawa, at the confluence of the Madawaska, 29 m. 
 W. Ottawa. P. <40oo. 
 
 Aruprlor, vil., Scot., Perthshire, 11 J m. W. Stirling, i m. 
 SE. Port of Menteirh stn., P.O. 
 
 Arnsberg, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, cap. govt.. 
 and circle A., 27 m. ESE. Dortmund, in the valley of the Ruhr^ 
 with manufactures of rod and sheet iron, hosiery, &c. P. 6400. 
 
 Arnsdorf, vil., Austria, prov. Bohemia, i m. N. Haida. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Arnsheen, eccles. par. and hamlet, Scot., Ayrshire, Col* 
 monell par. P. <: 1000. 
 
 Arnslde, eccles. par. and ct. vil., Eng., Westmorland,. 
 Kendal div., io| m. N. Lancaster, PMT.O. P.<iooo. 
 
 Arnstadt, tn., Ger., princip., Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 
 10 m. SW. Erfurt. Near it the brine-pits and rock-salt mines of 
 Arnshall. P. (1890) 12,800. 
 
 Arnswalde, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 40 ra. 
 ESE. Stettin, in A. circle. P. 7000. 
 
 ArutuUy. See Almtiilly. 
 
 Arnn, tn., India, Rdjputana, 40 m. E. by N. Jaipur. 
 
 Aroa, tn., Venezuela, Lara, 155 m. W. Cardcas ; copper- 
 mines ; connected by rail with Tucacas. 
 
 Aroau^oa (Portuguese spelling), rivs., S. Africa. See Ar» 
 ivangtva. 
 
 Aroche, comm. , Spain , prov. Huelva, dist. Aracena. P. < 5000. 
 
 Aroche, Plcos de, mts. , Spain. See Plcos de Aroche. 
 
 Aroer, places named in O. T. See Ar'alr and 'Ar'arah. 
 
 Ar of Moab, place named in O. T. See Rabba. 
 
 Ari), isl. , Denmark. See Arrii. 
 
 Arogy, a high plain, Abyssinia, NW. of the fortress of 
 Magdala. Here an action took place between the British and' 
 Abyssinian troops in 1868. 
 
 Arokszdllds, in Hungarian Jdsz-A., market-tn., Hungary,, 
 40 m. E. by S. Waitzen (Vicz). P. 11,200. 
 
 Arolsen, tn., Ger., principality Waldeck, 22 m. WNW... 
 Kassel, with a fine library and collection of antique bronzes^ 
 Birthplace of the sculptor Rauch. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Aroma, dist. , on the S. ct. Brit. New Guinea, crossed in the- 
 W. by 148° E. 
 
 Ai-ona, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, on the SW. 
 shore of Lake Maggiore, 25 m. W. Como. P. <:4000. 
 
 Aroo Islands. See Arrn. 
 
 Aroona Mine, settlement, S. Australia, Taunton co. , 100 m. 
 NE. by N. Port Augusta. 
 
 Aroostook, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Victoria co., on^ 
 Aroostook R. , 79 m. NW. by N. Fredericton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aroostook, CO., U.S., Maine, in the N. and NE. 
 
 Aroostook, riv., U.S., Maine, and Canada, New Brunswick, j 
 trib. of the St. John, which it joins on the r. bk., in 46° 45' N. i 
 
 Aropakl, settlement. New Zealand, North I., Whakatane- | 
 CO. , 90 m. N. Napier. ! 
 
 Aros, vil., Scot., Mull I., Argyllshire, 7 m. SE. by S. Tober ! 
 mory, PMT.O. I 
 
 Aros, short riv,, Scot., Argyllshire, in the E. of Mull, flowing 
 E. into the Sound of Mull. ! 
 
 Arosa, vil., W. ct., Spain, prov. Pontevedra, on a small isl, : 
 in the Rla (bay) de A., 28 m. SW. Santiago, 15 m. NW. by N. j 
 Pontevedra. 
 
 Aroskjobing. See Arroskjoblng. i 
 
 Arowaks. See Arawaks. 
 
 Arowhenna, settlement. New Zealand, South I., Geraldine ( 
 CO., on the Opihi, and the railway to Christchurch, 9 m. NNE. ! 
 Timaru. ] 
 
 Arpala, val. , Italy. See Arlenzo. j 
 
 Arpajon, tn., France, dep. Seine et Oise, arr. Corbeil, 16 m. 
 SSE. Versailles. P.<:3000. ; 
 
 Arpatallek, mt. range, central Asia, to the E. of the Zaraf- j 
 shan (upper Yarkand), crossed by 37° N., E. of 76° E.; also » 1 
 pass (alt. 12,435 ft-)' o'l the road from Kilian to the Tagh Dum- i 
 bach Pamirs. i 
 
 Arpluo (anct. Arpinum), tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, I 
 31 m. N. Gaeta. Birthplace of Cicero and Marius. P. 12,000. | 
 
 Arqna, vil., Italy, prov. and 13^ m. SW. Padua, residence j 
 and burial-place of Petrarch. 
 
 Arquata del Tronto, comm., Italy, The Marches, prov. 
 Ascoli, 35 m. ENE. Terni. P. <sooo. 
 
 Arquata Scrlvla, comm., Italy, prov. Alessandria, dist. 
 Novi Ligure. P. < 3000. 
 
 Arquellos, tn. , Spain, prov. Jaen, 12 m. E. by N. Lindres. 
 Arquennes, vil., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the Samme, 3 
 m. NNE. Seneffe. P. (with comm.) <5ooo. 
 
ARQU — ARTH 
 
 _ ]nes, tn., France, dep. Pas de Calais, 2 m. SE. St. Omer ; 
 a strong castle, one of the finest feudal ruins of Normandy. 
 
 P. <20OO. 
 
 Arqnes, riv., France, dep. Seine Inf^rieure, navigable from 
 the town of A. to the English Channel. 
 
 Arracourt, viL, France, dep. Meurthe et Moselle, 9 m. 
 NNE. Lun^ville. P. < 2000. 
 
 Arrad Foot, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div. , at 
 junction of the rivers Crake and Leven, 10 m. NE. Barrow, i m. 
 SW. Greenodd stn., P.O. 
 
 Arragon. See Aragon. 
 
 Arrata, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Shihdbdd, 33 m. W. 
 Patnd,. P. (1891) 47,000. 
 
 Arram, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holdernessdiv., 
 II m. NNW. Hull, on the NE. R. 
 
 Arra Mountains, range of hills, Ire. , in the NW. of co. Tip- 
 perary, to the S. of Lough Derg ; highest point, 1517 ft. 
 
 Arran, isl., Scot., in the Firth of Clyde, forming the 
 larger part of the co. Bute, about 5 m. SW. Bute I. and E. 
 Kintyre. Length 21 m., extreme breadth 11 m. Its N. part is 
 mountainous and wooded, culminating point Goatfell, 2866 ft. ; 
 its S. undulating, and destitute of timber. It has several bays, 
 that of Lamlash being one of the best natural harbours in the 
 Firth of Clyde. Exports cattle, sheep, oats, and fish. The 
 island is divided into the parishes of Kilmory and Kilbride. It 
 is celebrated for its picturesque beauty, and for its interesting 
 geological and botanical features. It is mainly composed of 
 granite, archsean, and volcanic rocks. It has many Druidical 
 and Danish remains. Ac, including islet of Pladda (28) and 
 Holy I. (620), 106,084. P. (1871) 5234, (1881) 4730, (1891) 4824. 
 See Bnte. 
 
 Arran, Ire. See Aran. 
 
 Arranniore, or North Arraiti, isl.. Ire., co. Donegal, PM.O. ; 
 4350 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Arrapalioe.s. See Arapalioes. 
 
 Arras, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div., 
 14 in. NW. Hull, li m. S. Kipling Cotes stn. See Market 
 l>yelghtou. 
 
 Arras, the ancient Nemetocena, cap. of the Atrebates, fortified 
 tn. , France, cap. dep. Pas-de-Calais, 16 m. WSW. Douai ; with 
 a citadel of the first-class, and flourishing industries dating from 
 the Roman period. Noted for its manufacture of agricultural 
 instruments and lace. Birthplace of Robespierrre. Mean 
 temp., yr. 50° F. , Jan. 37.4°, Aug. 64.8°. P. 20,100. 
 
 Arrathorne, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 5^ m. 
 SSE. Richmond, i\ m. N. by E. Finghall Lane stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Arrawatta, co.. New South Wales, on the N. frontier, 
 crossed by 151° E. 
 
 Arre, lake, Denmark, in N. of Seeland, E. of the mouth of 
 the Roeskilde Fjord. 
 
 Arrean, vil, France, dep. Hautes Pyr6n6es, 16 m. SE. 
 Bagneres de Bigorre, in the Valine d'Aure. P. (with comm.) 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Arreclfe. See Areclfe. 
 
 Arreclfes, tn., Argentine Republic, prov. and iiom. WNW. 
 Buenos Aires. P. <4000. 
 
 Arreskov, lake, Denmark, in the S. of Fyen, drained N. by 
 the Odense-aa into the Odense Fjord. 
 
 Arretou, par. and vil., Eng., Hampshire, Isle of Wight div., 
 2^ m. SE. by E. Newport, i m. NNW. Horringford stn. , P.O.; 
 9192 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Arrlate, comm. , Spain, prov. Malaga, dist. Ronda. P. <40oo. 
 
 Arrington, par. and vil., Eng., Cambridge, Chesterton div., 
 10 m. SW. by W. Cambridge, 3 m. SSE. Old North Road stn., 
 PMT.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Arrlno, tn. , W. Australia, Victoria dist. , 170 m. N. Perth. 
 
 Arro, isl., Denmark, off the S. ct. of Fyen I. P. 13,000. 
 
 Arro Dyb, channel , Denmark, between Arro and Langeland Is. 
 
 Arrochar, par., Scot., Dumbartonshire, on the C. R. , at the 
 head of Loch Long, 13 m. E. Inveraray, PT.O. Mean rfall. 
 (1866-85) 89 in. 25,858 ac. P.<i5oo. ' 
 
 Arro, Aro, or Acroe, isl., Denmark, to the S. of Fyen, at the 
 S. end of the Little Belt, 31^ sq. m. P. 13,000. 
 
 Arronches, tn., Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, 18 m. NNW. 
 Elvas. P. < 2000. 
 
 Arrone, small riv., Italy, prov. Rome, issues from L. Bracci- 
 ano, where it drains S. to the Tyirhenian Sea. 
 
 Arroskjiiblng, or Aroskjoblng, cap. of Arro I. , Denmark, 
 on its NE. ct. P. <20oo. 
 
 Arrow, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 3 m. SW. Birken- 
 head. P. <25o. 
 
 Arrow, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon div., 
 on the Arrow, 8 m. W. by N. Stratford-on-Avon, i m. S. Al- 
 cester stn. P. <soo; eccles. par. (A. with ©Tersley) P. <7So. 
 
 Arrow, Lough, lake, Ire. , in extreme SE. of co. Sligo, 13! m. 
 SSE. Sligo, drained NW. into Ballysadare Bay. Height 181 ft. 
 
 Arrow, lake, Canada, Brit. Columbia, an expansion of the 
 Columbia R. , about 95 m. in length. A narrowing in the middle 
 divides it into two portions, called Upper and Lower Arrow 
 Lake. 
 
 Arrow, lake, Canada, Ontario, on the borders of Minnesota 
 (U.S.), crossed by 90° W. 
 
 Arrow, riv., Canada, Ontario, flows E. by S. into Pigeon 
 R., on the frontier of Minnesota, U.S. 
 
 . Arrow, riv. , Eng. , rises in Radnor, Wales, and flows NE. past 
 Kington, then E. intotheLugg below Leominster. Length 30m. 
 Arrowsnilth, isl.. Pacific Ocean, one of the Mul grave group, 
 to the E. of the Caroline Is. 
 
 Arrowsmith, or Irwin, riv., W. Australia, enters the 
 Indian Ocean in 29° S. 
 
 Arrowtown, bor., New Zealand, South I., Lake co., 106 
 m. N. by E. Invercargill. P. < 1500. 
 
 Arroyo, tn., I. of Porto Rico, S. ct., 36 m. S. by E. San 
 Juan, in 65° 59' W. 
 
 Arroyo del Puerco, tn., Spain, prov. Cdceres, 25 m. SE. 
 Alcantara. P. 6000. 
 
 ArroyomoUnos de Leon, vil., Spain, prov. Huelva, 48 m. 
 NW. by N. Seville. P.<20oo. 
 
 Arroyos y Esteros, vil., Paraguay, 30 m. NE. by E. 
 Asuncion. P. <20oo. 
 
 Arru, Am, or Aroo, a group of isls. in the Eastern Archi- 
 pelago, between 5° and 7° S., 134° and 136° E. The largest 
 (Tanah Bessar) is divided into several parts by narrow straits. 
 To the E. of the group is an extensive coral reef, and the islands 
 themselves are entirely coralline in structure. The inhabitants, 
 who can be distinguished from Papuans only by the absence 
 of woolly hair, are a kind of fetish-worshippers, but there are a 
 number of Christians and Mohammedans. Sago is the princi- 
 pal food. Principal trade-products, pearl, mother-of-pearl, 
 tortoise-shell, birds of paradise, and trepang, which are ex- 
 changed for arrack, brandy, calicoes, hardwares, axes, knives, 
 arms, and gunpowder. The sea between these islands and 
 New Guinea is shallow, and the similarity of the fauna shows 
 that they were once connected with the larger island. See 
 Scot. Geog. Mag., 1889, p. 207. Area, 3000 sq. m. P. 25,000. 
 
 Ars, tn., Ger. , govt, of Alsace-Lorraine, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Moselle R., 5 >m. SW. Metz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Arsa, a small group of isls., En. Arch., in the Strait ol 
 Malacca, between the E. ct. of Sumatra and the Malay Penin. 
 
 Arsachena, gulf, Sardinia, in the NE. , in 41° 8' N. 
 
 Ars-eu-R^, tn., France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, on the W. 
 ct. of He de R6, 17 m. W. La Rochelle ; with a system of 
 dykes to protect the town, which is below the high-water line, 
 from the encroachments of the sea. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Arslero, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 20 m. NNW. 
 Vicenza. P. (with comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Arsoll, vil., Italy, prov. Rome, 12 m. ENE. Tivoli. P. 
 (with comm. )< 2000. 
 
 Arsuf, tn., Palestine, the site of the ancient Apollonia, near 
 thect., about 10 m. NNE. Y^fa. 
 
 Arsns, tn., Asiatic Turkey, on the Gulf of Iskanderun, 21 m. 
 NW. Antioch. 
 
 Art, vil., Switzd. See Arth. 
 
 Arta, tn., Greece, prov. Arta, on R. Arta, 59 m. NNW. 
 Mesolonghi, the scene of the victory of the Turks over the 
 Greeks, July 16, 1822. The naval battle of Actium was fought 
 near the entrance to this gulf, B.C. 29. See Artlnos. P. 
 (1889) 7048. 
 
 Arta, Clnlf of, a gulf of the Ionian Sea (Mediterranean), 
 forming part of the N. frontier of the kgd. of Greece. 
 
 Arta, comm. and vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. Udine, dist. 
 Tolmezzo. P. < 3000. 
 
 Arta, tn., I. of Majorca, 40 m. E. by N. Palma. P. 5900. 
 
 Artafallle, place, Scot., Black Isle, Ross-shire, 6^ m. E. 
 Muir of Ord, P.O. 
 
 Artalne, or Artane, par. and hamlet, Ire., co. and 4 m. 
 NE. Dublin, bar. Coolock ; 952 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Artakl [Greek], Turkish, Erdek, ct. tn., Asia Minor, on 
 the SW. ct. of the Kapu Dagh penin. , and on the N. side 
 of the Gulf of Artaki, 68 m. W. by N. Brussa. 
 
 Artashen, tn. , Asia Minor, on the N. ct. , 38 m. S W. Batum. 
 
 Arieljo, comm., Spain, prov. and dist. Corunna. P. 7800. 
 
 Artemesla, Canada, Ontario. See Flesherton. 
 
 Artemlsa, place, Cuba, 35 m. SW. Havana. 
 
 Artern, tn. , Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, at the head of 
 navigation on the canalised Unstrut, 29 m. NNE. Erfiu-t ; with 
 roval salt refineries, &c. P. < 5000. 
 
 Artesian City, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Sanborn co., 83 m. 
 NNW. Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Artfleld Fell, hill, Scot., Wigtonshire, in the N., 11 m. W. 
 Newton Stewart. Alt. 888 ft. 
 
 Arth, vil, Switzd., cant. Schwyz, at the S. end of L. Zug, 7 
 ni. S. Zug, starting-point of one of the railways up the Rigi. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Arthahaska, co., Canada, Quebec, crossed in the middle b> 
 46° N. and 72° W. 
 
 Arthabaska, vil. , Canada, Quebec, A. co. , 62 m. SW. by S. 
 Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Arthington, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley div. , 7 
 m. S. by W. Harrogate, on the NE. R., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
ARTH — ASCO 
 
 ArtlUngwortli, par., Eng., Middiv. of Northamptonshire, 12 
 m. NW. Wellingborough, i^ in. SE. Desborough stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Arthog, vil. , Wales, Merionethshire, on the S. side of Bar- 
 mouth Bay, 6 m. WSW. Dolgeily, on the Cambrian Rly. 
 
 Artliratta, place, Scot. , Aberdeenshire, near Ellon, with a P. O. 
 
 ArUmr, tn., Canada, Ontario, Wellington co., 69 m. NEL 
 by N. London. P. < 1500, 
 
 Arthur, co., Tasmania, on the SW. ct., crossed by 43° S. 
 and 146° E. 
 
 Arthnret, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdalediv., 9 m. N. by 
 W. Carlisle, with stn. (Longtoivn) on the N. B. R. ; 12,942 ac. 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 Artbnrette, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, co. Vic- 
 toria, 15 m. from Andover. 
 
 Artliur Blver, settlement, W. Australia, Wicklow co., 120 
 m. SE. by S. Perth. 
 
 Arthur's Pike, hill, Eng., Westmorland, Appleby div., 7 
 m. SSW. Penrith. Height 1747 ft. 
 
 Arthur's Seat, the highest point of Nova Scotia, Canada. 
 
 Arthur's Seat, hill, Scot. , near Edinburgh. Alt. 822 ft. 
 
 Arthurstotm, tn.. Ire., SW. co. Wexford, bar. Shelburne, 
 7 m. E. Waterford, on the E. side of Waterford harb., PMT.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Arthnrton, settlement, S. Australia, Daly co., 67 m. NW. 
 Adelaide. 
 
 ArticlaTe, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Londonderry, bar. Coleraine, 
 4 m. WNW. Coleraine, P.O. P.<:2So. 
 
 Artigarvan, place. Ire., N. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower Strabane, 
 2^ m. NE. Strabane, P.O. 
 
 Artlnos, Arahhthos, or Arta, riv. , mainly on the frontier 
 of Greece and Albania, flows S. through a narrow defile into 
 the Gulf of Arta. 
 
 Artlnsh, iron-work, Russia, govt, and 146 m. SE. of Perm, 
 dist. Krasnoufimsk. P. 5000. 
 
 Artnagross, P.O., Ire., co. Londonderry, near Kilrea. 
 
 Artney, Glen, vaL, Scot., W. Perthshire, stretching along 
 the course of Ruchill W. , about 6J m. NE. by N. Callander. 
 
 Artols, an old prov. of France, which, with part of Picardy, 
 forms the present dep. of Pas-de-Calais ; Arras was its capital. 
 Artesian wells derive their name from this prov. 
 
 Artramon, or Ardtramont, par.. Ire., co. and 5 m. N. 
 Wexford, bar. Shelmaliere, E. ; 2376 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Artrea, par.. Ire., cos. Londonderry and Tjrrone, bars. 
 Loughinsholin and Upper Dungannon, containing part of 
 Mone5nnore tn. ; 18,762 ac. P. 6900. 
 
 Artro, small riv., Wales, Merionethshire, which flows W. 
 into Cardigan Bay, to the S. of Harlech. 
 
 Artrln, tn. , Russian Armenia, cap. of prov. Kutais, 30 m. S. 
 by E. Batum, on the Chorokh. P. 6700. 
 
 Aruha, isL, one of the Dutch Antilles, near the ct. of 
 Venezuela. Lat. (of Fort Zoutman) 12° 28' 30" N., long. 70° 
 11' W. Area, 64 sq. m. P. 6000. 
 
 Aracas, comm. , Canary Is. , dist. Las Palmas. P. 7900. 
 
 Arudy, viL , France, dep. Basses- Pyr6n6es, arr. Oloron, on the 
 Gave d'Ossau, 14 m. S. by W. Pau. P. <:2000. 
 
 Aru Islands. See Arm. 
 
 Arun, riv. , Eng. , Sussex, rising in the NW. border of the co, , 
 flows W. then S. past Horsham and Anmdel, and enters the 
 English Channel at Littlehampton, after a coiu-se of 37 m. ; 
 canalised to Newbridge, 14 m. , for boats of 3^ ft. draught. 
 Area of basin, 390 sq. m. 
 
 Arundel, settlement, Canada, Quebec, 00. Argenteuil, on 
 R. Rouge, 28 m. from Grenville. 
 
 Arundel, mun. bor. and par. , Eng. , Sussex, Chichester div. , 
 9^ m. E. Chichester, on the Arun, and the L. B. & S. C. R. ; 
 with ruins of an old castle dating from the time of Edward the 
 Confessor, and with a fine modern structure known as A. 
 Castle, the possession of which carries with it the title of Earl of 
 A. (now belonging to the Dukes of Norfolk). P. <3000. 
 
 Aruppakotal, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Madura, 28 m. 
 S. by W. Madura. P. 12,700. 
 
 Aruwiml, Blyerre, or Itnri, riv., in the E. of the Congo 
 Free State, flows W. from the highlands on the W. of Lake 
 Albert Nyanza to the Congo, which it enters in about 1° 10' N., 
 23° 50' E. Navigable to Yambuya, in about 25° 10' E. , above 
 that navigable in various stretches, but obstructed by numerous 
 rapids. 
 
 Arva, or Arvagh, tn.. Ire., SW. co. Cavan, bar. Tully- 
 hunco, 10 m. SW. by W. Cavan, 5 m. SW. by W. Arva Rd. 
 stn., PMT.O. P.<750. 
 
 ArTe, riv., France, rises near the Col-de-Balme, waters the 
 valley of Chamonix, and joins the Rh6ne after it leaves the 
 Lake of Geneva, near Geneva. Length, 45 m. It is very 
 rapid, and often inundates the surrounding coimtry. 
 
 Arvl, tn., Brit. India. Central Provs., dist. Wardhi, 32 m. 
 E. by N. Amrioti. P. 8600. 
 
 Arrika, tn. , Sweden, prov. Vermland, 58 m. NE. by E. 
 Fredrikshald. P. <20oo. 
 
 Arrllla, vil. , U.S., N. Dakota, Grand Forks co., 72 m. S. 
 by W. Pembina. P. < 1500. 
 72 
 
 Arwangwa, 1. bk. trib. Zambezi. See Loaug^a. 
 ArvrangTva, riv. , Portuguese E. Africa. See Pungwe. 
 Aryalur, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Trichinopoli, 26 m. 
 N. by W. Tanjore. P. 6700. 
 
 Arzamas, dist. tn. , Russia, on the Tesha, govt, and 64 ni. 
 S. of Nizhniy Novgorod. P. 10,400. 
 
 Arzano, comm. , Italy, prov. and4 m. N. by E. Naples. P. 5500. 
 
 Arzberg, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Franconia, 
 28 m. ENE. Baireuth, with iron and coal mines. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Arzeu (ar-ze-u), small seapt. , Algeria, on the NW. ct. , 22 m. 
 NE. by E. Oran, near the ancient Arsenaria. Salt obtained 
 from a salt lake near. P. 5100. 
 
 Arzlgnano, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 10 m. W. by S. 
 Vicenza. P. 8000. 
 
 Arzila, small seapt. , W. ct. Morocco, 25 m. SSW. Tangiers. 
 
 Arztka, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. A. P. 8700. 
 
 Asaba, tn. , W. Africa, on the r. bk. of the Niger, in 6° 30' N. , 
 6° 41' E. , well situated on the slope of a hill, with a sandy soil, 
 cap. of the British Niger protectorate. 
 
 Asal, salt lake, E. Africa, Adel, 28 m. WSW. Tajurra (on 
 the Red Sea), in a volcanic basin. Alt. - 570 ft. 
 
 Asama-yama, active volcano, Japan, Honshiu, about 80 m. 
 NW. Tokyo ; last great eruption, 1783 ; subsequent eruptions 
 have produced mere showers of ashes. Alt. 8315 ft. (Nauniann). 
 
 A-Sand^, tribe. Central Africa. See Klam-Mam. 
 
 Asangaro, Peru. See Azangaro. 
 
 Asansol, vil., British India, Bengal, Bardwin dist., 8 m. 
 NW. by W. Raniganj, place of junction of the East Indian and 
 Bengal-Ndgpur R. 
 
 Asaorta, tribe, E. Africa, in the lowlands of Eritrea, Hamitic 
 in language, Mohammedan in religion. 
 
 Asawad, large oasis in tiie W. of the Sahara, mainly to the 
 S. of 20° N. , crossed about the fniddle by 2^° W. ; chief place, 
 Arawan. 
 
 Asben, Sahara. See A'ir. 
 
 Asbury Park, sea-bathing-place, U.S., New Jersey, Mon- 
 mouth CO., 30 m. S. Brooklyn. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Asby, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, div. and 4J m. S. Appleby, 
 3 m. SW. Ormside stn. ; 8494 ac P. <soo. 
 
 Ascalon, place named in O. T. See Askalftn. 
 
 Ascension, bay, in the middle of E. ct. of Yucatan penin. 
 
 Ascension, isL , in the Atlantic, belonging to Great Britain, 
 800 m. NW. St. Helena. Lat of the fort, 7° 55' 55" S. , long. 
 14° 25' 5" W. It is of volcanic origin. Mountainous in the 
 SE. , where one peak is 2820 ft. high. Surface nearly destitute 
 of verdure. Climate healthy, but so dry that until wells were 
 sunk water was very scarce. Mean temp. (2 yrs. 1863-5), yr. 
 77.2° F. Green turtles, 600-800 lbs. in weight, are caught in 
 great numbers from Christmas to midsummer, when they come 
 to the island to lay their eggs. On its NW. side is an open 
 roadstead, opposite George Town, a station (the only one in 
 the island) consisting of a fort, military quarters, and a few 
 detached residences. The island is named from having been 
 discovered on Ascension Day in 1501. It was taken possession 
 of by the English in 1815, and is used as a victualling station 
 for the African squadron. Area, 38 sq. m, P. about 200. 
 
 Ascension, isL , Pacific Ocean. See Ponape. 
 
 Ascension, par., U.S., Louisiana, in the SE., N. of 30° N., 
 crossed in the W. by 91° W., bounded on the E. by Lake 
 Maurepas. 
 
 Ascension, W. Indies. See Grenada. 
 
 Asch, manufacturing tn., Austria, Bohemia, 13 m. NW. by 
 N. Eger. P. 15,600. 
 
 Aschaffenbnrg, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Fran- 
 conia, on the r. bk. of the Main, 22 m. ESE. Frankfurt, cap. 
 of dist. A., with a castle, once the summer residence of the 
 prince-bishops of Mainz. Alt. 450 ft. ; mean temp. , yr. 47.7° F. , 
 Jan. 30.2°, July 65.1°. P. 13,400. 
 
 Aschbach, tn., Austria, Styria, 23 m. NNE. Leoben, with 
 iron-mines and an iron industry in the neighbourhood. P. 500a 
 
 Ascheberg, vil., Prussia, Westphalia, 11 m. S. Miinster. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Aschendorf, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle A., 
 22 m. S. by E. Emden. P. 3000. 
 
 Aschersleben, manufacturing tn. , Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 
 17 m. N. by W. Eisleben, cap. circle A. ; lignite and brine-wells 
 near. P. 22,600. 
 
 Asdano, comm., Italy, Tuscany, on theOmbrone, prov. and 
 13 ni. ESE. Siena. P. 8000. 
 
 Asco, comm., Spain, prov. Tarragona, on the r. bk. of the 
 Ebro, 25 m. N. Tortosa. P. <3000. 
 
 Ascog, viL , Scot. , CO. and I. of Bute, on A. Bav, i^ m. SE. 
 by E. Rothesay, PT.O. A., Loch, a small lake to the SW. 
 
 Ascoli Piceno, the ancient Asculum Picenum, manufacturing 
 tn. , Italy, The Marches, cap. prov. A., on the Tronto, 50 m. 
 ENE. Terni. P. 23,000. 
 
 Ascoli Satrlano, the ancient Asculum Appulum, tn., Italy, 
 Apulia, prov. Foggia, 41 m. E. by N. Benevento. P. 6500. 
 
 Ascona, vil., Switzd., cant. Ticino, 12 m. W. by S. Bellin- 
 zona, 2 m. SW. Locarno, on Lake Maggiore. P. < 1000. 
 
ASCO — ASHB 
 
 Ascope, tn., Peru, dep. Libertad, 350 m. NNW. Lima; 
 dist. irrigated by restored Indian canals. P. 2000. 
 
 Ascot, vil., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., 4^ m. SSW. 
 Windsor, i| m. N. of its stn. (A. and SnnnlngMll), on the 
 L. & SW. R. See A. Heatli. 
 
 Aseot, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 8^ m. SE. 
 Oxford. P. <25o. 
 
 Ascot, settlement, Victoria, Bendigoco., 5 m. NE. Sandhurst. 
 
 Ascot, vil., Victoria, Talbot co., 13 m. NW. by N. Ballarat. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ascotan, tn., Chile, prov. Antofagasta, 170 m. SE. Iquique, 
 close to A. volcano (13,300 ft.) and the borax lake of A., 
 which is rather a bed of borate of soda, though water is found 
 3 ft. below the crust, and numerous pools of salt water occur. 
 P. <; 2000. 
 
 Ascot Heatb, eccles. par., Eng., in the E. of Berkshire, 
 Wokingham div. It has a racecourse 2 m. long. P, <:25oo. 
 
 Ascott, hamlet, Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon div., 
 9J m. WSW. Banbury, 3 m. WNW. Hook Norton stn. 
 
 Ascot-nnder-Wycliwood, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, 9 m. W. 
 by N. Woodstock, on the G. W. R., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Ascq, vil., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 5 m. ESE. Lille. P. 
 <30oo. 
 
 Asdee. See Astee. 
 
 Ascatney, mt., U.S., Vermont, 57 m. S. Montpelier, 3 m. 
 WSW. Windsor, an isolated mass of granite, about 2 m. from 
 the 1. bk. of the Connecticut, commanding a fine view from its 
 summit. Alt. 3320 ft. (Geol. Survey of Vermont.) 
 
 Asdnd, vil. , Palestine. See Esdnd. 
 
 Asek, Persia. See Ask. 
 
 Asele, tn., Swedish Lappland, on the Angerman, in 64° 10' N., 
 107 m. N. by W. Hernosand. 
 
 Asenby, Alsenby, or Azenby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N, 
 Riding, Thirsk and Malton div., 6 m. ENE. Ripon. P. <25o. 
 
 Aserei, Idoute, mt., Italy, Emiha, in the Apennines, 27 m. 
 SSW. Piacenza. Alt. 4695 ft. 
 
 Aserradero, tn., Cuba, S. ct. , 19 m. WSW. Santiago de 
 Cuba, in 76° 8' W. 
 
 Aserrl, vil., Costa Rica, 6 m. SSE. San Jos6. 
 
 AsU, Morocco. See Safli. 
 
 Asfordby, or Ashfordby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton 
 div., 3 m. W. Melton Mowbray, on the M. R., PT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Asgar, Sahara. See Asjer. 
 
 Asgarby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 13 m. 
 W. by N. Boston, 3 m. E. Sleaford stn. P. <250. See Klrkby 
 la Thorpe. 
 
 Asgarby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsay or Horncastle 
 div., 13 m. S. Louth, 4J m. ESE. Horncastle. P. <25o. See 
 Iiosby. 
 
 Asli, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Burton-upon-Trent Union, 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Ash, hamlet, Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., 7 m. SW. 
 by W. Bideford. 
 
 Ash, hamlet, Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., 2^ m. SW. 
 Axrainster. Birthplace of the first Duke of Marlborough. 
 
 Ash, hamlet, Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div,, 12J m. SSE, 
 Bideford, 8 m. SSE. Torrington stn. 
 
 Ash, hamlet, Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 14J m. E. by S. 
 Sherborne, 3 m. NNW. Blandford. 
 
 Ash, par., Eng., Kent, Dartford div., 7 m. SW. by S. Graves- 
 end, 3 m. S. Fawkham stn., PM.O. ; 3074 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Ash, par., Eng., Kent. See Ash-next-'Sandwlch. 
 
 Ash, eccles. par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 10 m. SW. 
 by S. Nantwich, 2 m. SE. Whitchurch, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Ash, par., Eng., Surrey, Chertsev div., 4 m. NE. Farnham, 
 on the SE. R., PM.O.; 6324 ac. P^ <3ooo. 
 
 Ash-iii-Martock, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, S. div,, 5^ 
 m. NW. by W. Yeovil, i m, E. Martock stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ashampstead, par., Eng., Berkshire, Newbury div., 8 m. 
 NE. Newbury, 2| m. E. by N. Hampstead Norris stn. P. <;soo. 
 
 Ashanggl, lake, Abyssinia, Tigr6, on the E. slope of the 
 plateau, 150 m. E. Gondar, 4 m. long by about 3 m. broad ; 
 surrounded by volcanic mountains ; fresh-water, though with- 
 out any apparent outlet. Alt. 8ocoft. /owr. i?. G. 5.,i868,p. 39. 
 
 Ashantl, a country of Africa, one of the most powerful 
 native states of Upper Guinea, to the N. of the British Gold 
 Coast Colony and W. of Volta R. It is mountainous, well 
 wooded and watered, and healthy in the more elevated dists. 
 Exports, gold dust and palm oil. The inhabitants are cour- 
 ageous, intelligent, and excel in several manufactures. Chief 
 town and seat of trade, Kumassi (Coomassie), which was burnt 
 in 1873 by a British expeditionary force sent to punish an in- 
 vasion of British terr. Area about 21,000 sq. m. P. vaguely 
 estimated at 2-4,000,000. 
 
 Ashap, copper- works, Russia, govt, and 90 m. SSW. Perm. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Asha-way, vil., U.S., Rhode I,, Washington co,, 25 m, 
 W. by S. Newport. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ash Bocklng, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 6^ m. 
 N, Ipswich, 4^m. E.by S. Needham stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ashbourne, or Ashborne, par. and tn., Eng., Derby- 
 shire, W. div., II J m. SW. Matlock, with a stn. (Ashbourne) 
 on the N. Staffordshire Rly. Market-day, S. Par. P. 2000; 
 eccles. par. (A. with Mappleton) P. <sooo. 
 
 Ashbourne, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Meath, bar. Ratoath, 13 m. 
 NNW. Dublin, PM.O. ; 34 ac. P.<25o. 
 
 Ashbourne, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery co., 14 
 m. NE. by N. Philadelphia. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Ashbourne Green, place, Eng., Derbyshire, 2 m. from 
 Ashbourne, P.O. 
 
 Ashbrlttle, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 8 m. NE, 
 Tiverton, 2 m. S. Venn Cross stn., PM.O. P. <25o, 
 
 Ashburu, settlement, U.S., Missouri, Pike co., on the 
 Mississippi, 82 m, NW. by N. St. Louis, 
 
 Ashbumhani, co,. New South Wales, crossed in the N, by 
 33° S. , and in the W. by 148° E. , partly bounded on the S. by 
 the Lachlan R. 
 
 Ashbnrnham, vil., Canada, Ontario, Peterborough co. , 
 adjoining the town of Peterborough, 69 m, NE, by E, Toronto. 
 P, < 2000. 
 
 Ashbnrnham, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 9J m, WNW, 
 Hastings, 4 m. W. Battle stn., P.O.; 4079 ac. P, <7So; 
 eccles. par. (A. with Penhurst) P, <iooo, 
 
 Ashbnrnham, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., 
 31 m. W. Lowell. P. <yxx). 
 
 Ashburton, par. and tn., Eng., Devonshire, A. div., 11 m. 
 WNW. Torquay, on the G, W, R,, PMT.O. ; par. 6963 ac. 
 Market-day, S. P. < 3000; eccles. par, (A. with Buckland 
 In the Moor) P. <3ooo. 
 
 Ashburton (or Mid) Division, pari, div,, Eng,, in the S, of 
 Devon. P. 53,000. 
 
 Ashburton, tn.. New Zealand, South I,, A, co., on the A, 
 R., 40 m, NE. by N. Timaru, on the railway to Christchurch. 
 P. <2ooo. Upper A., settlement, 25 m. to the NW, 
 
 Ashburton, riv., W. Australia, in the NW. of the colony, 
 flows into the Indian Ocean to the NE. of Exmouth Gulf, 
 
 Ashbury, par,, Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 14 m, 
 NE. Launceston, 2 m. NE. of its stn., on the L. & SW. R. 
 P. <25o. See I-ew, North. 
 
 Ashbury, par. and vil., Eng,, Berkshire, Abingdon div,, 
 64 m, E. Swindon, 2 m. SE. Shrivenham stn. Near it are the 
 blocks of hard sandstone (greywethers), which form Wayland 
 Smith's Cave or Forge, P.O. ; 5609 ac. P, <75o, 
 
 Ashbnry's, rly. stn,, Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. E. by S, 
 Manchester, on the Manchester, Sheffield, & Lincolnshire Rly. 
 
 Ashby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Brigg div., 6 m. S. by W. 
 Great Grimsby, 2 J m. W. by S. Holton-le-Clay stn. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ashby, vil., Eng., Lincolnshire, Brigg div., 13 m. SE, 
 Goole, 2 m. SSW. Froriingham and Scunthorpe stn., PM.O. 
 
 Ashby, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 7^ m. SE. by E. Nor- 
 wich, 4 m. W. by S. Cantley stn. P. <:25o. See Carleton. 
 
 Ashby, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 5 m. NW, by W. 
 Lowestoft, 2 m, E. by N. Herringfleet June, P, <250, See 
 Somerleyton. 
 
 Ashby, settlement, New South Wales, Clarence co,, on the 
 Clarence R, , 20 m. NE, Grafton, 
 
 Ashby, settlement, Queensland, Belmore co,, 220 m, W, by 
 S. Brisbane. 
 
 Ashby-by-Partney, or Ashby East, par., Eng., Lincoln- 
 shire, Horncastle div., 14J m. SSE. Louth, 2 m. E. by N. 
 Spilsby stn. P. <c25o. 
 
 Ashby-de-la-Lannde, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven 
 or Sleaford div., 11^ m. SSE. Lincoln, 2 m. W. Digby stn. 
 
 P. <250, 
 
 Ashby-de-la-Zouch (zush), par. and market-tn,, Eng., 
 Leicestershire, div, and 9 m, NNW, Bosworth, with a stn, 
 (Ashby) on the M. R, ; with coal-mines and hosiery, hat and 
 leather manufactures, Mary Queen of Scots was confined for 
 a time in Ashby Castle, now a ruin. Market-day, S, Par, 
 6061 ac, P, 7700, 
 
 Ashby East. See Ashby-by-Partney. 
 
 Ashby Folville, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 5 m. 
 SW. by S. Melton Mowbray, 3 m. SW. Great Dalby stn. P. < 250, 
 
 Ashby Magna, par, , Eng, , Leicestershire, Harborough div. , 
 10 m. NNE. Rugby, 2 m, ESE, Broughton Astleystn,, P,0, 
 P. <:500. 
 
 Ashby Parva, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 
 8^ m. N. by E. Rugby, i m. E. by N. UUesthorpe stn. P. <250, 
 
 Ashby Pnerorum, par,, Eng,, Lincolnshire, div. and 5 m. 
 ENE. Horncastle, 10 m. S. Louth, P.O. P,<25o, 
 
 Ashby St. Legers, par,, Eng,, Mid div, of Northampton- 
 shire, 6 m. SE. Rugby, 2 m, NW. Welton stn,, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ashby West, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 2 m. N. 
 "Horncastle, 10^ m. SSW, Louth, P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ashby-with-Fenby, par,, Eng., Lincolnshire, Brigg div., 6 
 m. S. by W. Great Grimsby, 2J m. W, by S, Holton-le-Clay 
 stn, P. <250, 
 
 Ashby-with-Oby, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 12 m. ENE. 
 Norwich, P.<:25o ; eccles, par, (A. with Ohy and Thnrne) 
 |P,<500, 
 
 ^ 73 
 
AS H C 
 
 AS H L 
 
 Asbcbnrch, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 2 m. E. 
 by N. Tewkesbury, on the M. R. ; 4274 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Ajslicombe, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div., 6 m. W. 
 by S. Exmouth, 4 m. E. Chudleigh stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Ashcott, or Aiihcot, formerly Asbebolt, par. , Eng. , Somerset, 
 Bridgwater div., 3^ m. WSW. Glastonbury, on the M. R., 
 PM.O. P.<75o. See Sbap-n-lck. 
 
 Asbcroft, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on 
 the C. P. R., about 121° 30' W., 1278 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 
 204 m. from Vancouver. 
 
 Ashdod, place named in the O. T. See Esd^kd. 
 
 Asbdon, par. and vil., Eng., Essex, div. and 3^ m. NE. by 
 E. Saffron Walden, 2 m. S. by W. Barilow stn., PMT.O.; par. 
 4156 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ashdoth Pisgah, place named in O. T. See Aynn Mftsa. 
 
 Asbdo-nii Forest, dist., Eng., in the E. Grinstead div. of 
 Sussex, about 7 to 12 m. SW. by W. Tunbridge Wells. Highest 
 point, 615 ft. See Haresfleld. 
 
 Asbe, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 6J m. W. 
 Basingstoke, i^ m. ESE. Overton stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Asbe, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, in the extreme NW. 
 
 Asbebolt. See Asbcott. 
 
 Asbebo, or Asbekbo, in Manchu Alcbnkn, tn., Man- 
 churia, 125 m. N. by E. Kirin, 30 m. S. of the Sungari. P. 
 30-40,000. Jour. R. G. S., 1869, p. 27. 
 
 Asbeldbam, or Asbeldon, par. , Eng. , Essex, SE. div. , 8^ m. 
 ESE. Maldon, 3 m. W. by N. Southminster stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Asben, or Esse, par. , Eng. , Essex, Saffron Walden div. , 12 
 m. N. Braintree, i m. S. by E. Stoke stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Asbendon, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Buckingham div., 
 7 m. W. Aylesbury, i m. SE. Church Siding stn. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (A. -wltb Dorton) P. <:5oo. 
 
 AsbeTllle, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, Buncombe co., 105 m. 
 ENE. of the SW. comer of the state, situated amidst pictur- 
 esque scenery in the gap of the Blue Ridge of the Appalachians, 
 traversed by the French Broad R., with a mild and equable 
 climate, hence a favourite resort and place of residence both in 
 summer and winter. Alt. 2350 ft. Mean temp. , jr. 54. 3° F. , 
 Jan. 38.9°, July 72.4°. Mean rainfall, 40 in. P. (1880) 2600; 
 (1B90) 10,200. 
 
 Asbey (for Nun well), stn., Eng., on Isle of Wight Central 
 Rly., 2im. SSW. Ryde. 
 
 Asb Fell, a hill, Eng., Westmorland, div. and 10 ra. SSE. 
 Appleby. 
 
 Asbfleld, hamlet, Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 6 m. 
 NW. by N. Southampton, 2 m. SSE. Romsey stn. 
 
 Asbfleld, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 12 m. N. by E. 
 Ipswich, 5 m. W. Framlingham stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (A. ivltb Tborpe) P. <25o. 
 
 Asbfleld, place, Ire., NW. co. Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, 6 m. SE. Lurgan, i^ m. N. Mullafemaghan stn., 
 P.O. 
 
 Asbfleld, tn. , New South Wales, Cumberland co. , 5 m. S. 
 Sydney. P. 11,700. 
 
 Asbfleld, settlement, U.S., Montana, Dawson co., on the 
 N. P. R. , 164 m. WSW. of the NE. comer of the state. 
 
 Asbfleld, tn. , U. S. , Massachusetts, Franklin co. , 25 m. NNW. 
 Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Asbfleld Green, hamlet, Eng. , Suffolk, Sudburv div. , 8 m. 
 SW. by W. Bury St. Edmunds. 
 
 Asbfleld Magna, or Great, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Stowmarket 
 div. , 9 m. E. bv N. Bury St. Edmunds, 3 m. N. by E. Elmswell 
 stn., P.O. (Asbfleld). P.<soo. 
 
 Asbford, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 9 m. E. by S. 
 Buxton, I m. S. Longstone stn., PM.O. (Asbford). P. <75o; 
 eccles. par. (A. In tbe Water wltb Sbeldon) P. <iooo. 
 
 Asbford, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and i^ m. NW, 
 by W. Barnstaple, on the N. side of the estuary of the Tawe, 
 P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Asbford, par. and niarket-tn., Eng., Kent, A. div., on the 
 Stour, loi m. NW. by W. Hythe, with stns. on the L. C. & 
 D. R. and the SE. R. ; contains works of the SE. R., and an 
 important piano factory. Market-day, Tu. P. 10,700; parL 
 div. (A. or South) P. 67,800. 
 
 Asbford, par., Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge div., 2 m. E. 
 Staines, with a stn. on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. <300o. 
 
 Asbford, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Wicklow, bar. Newcastle, 3 m. 
 NW. by N. Wicklow, PMT.O. ; 77 ac. P.<:2SO. 
 
 Asbford, hamlet. Ire., SW. co. Limerick, bar. Glenquin, 19 
 m. ESE. Listowel. P.O. 
 
 Asbford, vil., New South Wales, Arrawatta co., no m. W. 
 by N. Grafton. P. < 1000. 
 
 Asbford Bowdler (baudler), par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow 
 div., 7^ m. NNE. Leominster, i^ m. N. Woofferton Junction. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Asbford Carbonell, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., on the 
 Teme, 20 m. W. by S. Kidderminster, 2J m. S. by E. Ludlow, 
 P.O. P.-C500. 
 
 Asbford Street, hamlet, Eng. , Devonshire, div. and 6^ m. 
 EXE. Tiverton, 2 m. SW. Burlescombe stn. 
 74 
 
 Asb GroTe, tn., U.S., Missouri, Greene co., 115 m. SW. 
 by S. Jefferson City, and 18 m. NW. by W. Springfield. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Asbie, Locb, lake, Scot., Inverness-shire, 6 m. SS\\'. Inver- 
 ness. Alt. 716 ft. 
 
 Asbikaga, tn. , Japan, 64 m. NNW. Tokyo ; great centre of 
 trade in native cotton goods, mostly woven, however, from foreign 
 yarns. Has a noted academy of Chinese learning. P. 13,900. 
 
 Asblll, hamlet, Eng., Devonshire, div. and 8 ni. E. Tiverton, 
 ij m. SE. Uffculme stn. 
 
 AsblU, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 20 m. SE. by E. 
 King's Lynn, 5^ m. SE. Swatfham, 2 m. S. bv E. Holme 
 Hale stn., PM.O. P.<:75o. 
 
 Asblll, par. and vil., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 8 m. 
 SE. Taimton, 3 m. NW. Ilminster, P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Asbingdon, or Asbington, par., Eng., Essex div., 5^ m. 
 N. by W. Southend, 2^ ra. NNW. Rochford stn., the Assandun 
 of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the place at which Canute finally 
 defeated Edmund Ironside in 1016. The pronimciation Assan- 
 dim was heard locally as late as 1867 {Proc. R. G. S., 1892, 
 p. 403). P.<250. 
 
 Asbington, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 3 m. N. Yeovil. 
 P. <25o. See Cbllton Cantelo. 
 
 Asbington and Sbeepwasb, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 
 Wansbeck div., 4m. ENE. Morpeth, on the N. E. R., PMT.O. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Asbington wltb Bnncton, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester 
 div., 9 m. NE. by E. Arundel, 5 m. SE. Pulborough stn., P.O. 
 P. <;25o. 
 
 Asblnbarst, settlement, Queensland, Belyando co., 220 m. 
 SW. Mackay, on the rly. running W. from Rockhampton. 
 
 Asblnoyv, famous sulphur springs, Japan, near Hakone, 42 
 m. SW. by W. Tokyo, in a deep valley. Alt. 2300 ft. 
 
 Asblo, or Asbi'wo, tn., Japan, 68 m. N. by W. Tokyo, 10 
 m. WSW. Nikko ; with the most productive copper-mines in 
 Japan, employing electric motors. P. 6000. 
 
 Asbkabad (Arabic and Persian, 'abode of love"), im- 
 properly Askabad, cap. of Russian Trans-Caspian Terr., on 
 the Trans-Caspian Rly., just S. of 38° N., 135 m. NW. by N. 
 Meshed (Persia) ; a new Russian settlement founded since the 
 annexation of the Turkoman terr. , but now a flourishing place, 
 containing barracks for 4000 soldiers. P. (including garrison) 
 11,000, chiefly Turkomans. 
 
 Asbklrk, par. and vil., Scot., Roxburghshire and Selkirk- 
 shire, 3^ m. S. Selkirk, 4^ m. WNW. Hassendean stn., P.O. ; 
 1 1 , 708 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Asbland, \aL, Canada, New Brunswick, co. Carleton, 5 m. 
 from Hartland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Asbland, tn., U.S., Illinois, Cass co., 50 m. SSW. Peoria. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Asbland, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Boyd co., on the 1. bk. of 
 the R. Ohio, no m. ESE. Cincinnati (Ohio). P. <5ooo. 
 
 Asbland, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 22 m. 
 WSW. Boston. P. < 3000. 
 
 Asbland, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Saunders co., 27 m. SW. 
 Omaha. P. < 2000. 
 
 Asbland, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co., on the 
 Merrimack R., 34 m. N. by W. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Asbland, vil., U.S., Ohio, A. co., 55 m. SW. Cleveland. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Asbland, tn., U.§., Oregon, Jackson co., 78 m. E. by N. of 
 the SW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Asbland, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co. , 46 m. NE. 
 Harrisburg, and 11 m. NW. Pottsville. P. 7300. 
 
 Asbland, vil., U.S., Virginia, Hanover co., 14 m. N. Rich- 
 mond. P. <i50o. 
 
 Asbland, co. , U.S. , Wisconsin, on Lake Superior, W. of 90° W. 
 
 Asbland, city, U.S., Wisconsin, A. co., at the head of 
 Chaquamegon Bay, 60 m. E. by S. Duluth (Minn.). P. 10,000. 
 
 Asbland City, settlement, U.S., Tennessee, Cheatham co., 
 on Cumberland R., 16 m. NW. by W. Nashville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Asblewortb, or Asbelwortb, par. , Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 Tewkesbm-y div., on the r. bk. of the Severn, 4 m. N. by W. 
 Gloucester, P.O. P. < 500. 
 
 Asbley, par., Eng., Cheshire, Altrincham div., 8i m. SW. by 
 W. Stockport, on the Cheshire Lines Rly., P.O. P. <:500. 
 
 Asbley, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 6 m. W. by 
 N. Winchester, 2 m. E. Horsebridge stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Asbley, hamlet, Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 9 m. 
 NNE. Bournemouth, i* m. W. Ringfwood stn. 
 
 Asbley, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, on the 
 Welland, 15^ m. NNW. Wellingborough, with a stn. i.4. 
 Weston) on the L. & NW. R., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Asbley, par., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 9 m. SW. by 
 W. Stoke-upon-Trent, 4 m. W. bv N. Standon Bridge stn., 
 P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ashley, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 7^ m. SW. 
 by W. Cirencester, 4J m. N. Malmesbury stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Asbley, settlement, New Zealand, South I., Ashley co., 20 
 m. N. bv W. Christchurch. 
 
ASHL — ASHW 
 
 Ashley, co., U.S., Arkansas, on S. frontier, and bounded on 
 the W. by the Sabine and Ouachita rivers. 
 
 Ashley, vil., U.S., Illinois, Washington co., 59 m. ESE. St. 
 Louis, Mo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ashley, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, M'Intosh co., 85 m. SE. 
 Bismarck. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ashley, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co., 18 m. SW. 
 Scranton, 2 m. SSW. Wilkesbarre, with coal-mines and iron- 
 works. P. <40oo. 
 
 Ashley, vil. , U.S., Utah, Uintah co., 124 m. E. by S. Salt 
 Lake City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ashley-cnm-Sllverley, pax., Eng., Cambridge, Newmarket 
 div., 3i m. SSE. Newmarket stn., P.O. (Ashley). P.<soo. 
 
 Ashley Green, eccles. par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 3 m. 
 from Berkhamsted, PM.O. P. <;75o. 
 
 Ashleyhay, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, Belper Union. P. < 250. 
 
 Ashley Hill, stn. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , on 
 the G. W. R. , 3 m. N. Bristol. 
 
 Ashley Walk, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, New Forest div. , 10 m. 
 SSE. Salisbury, 4 m. E. Fordingbridge stn.; 8399 ac. P. <Soo. 
 
 Ashley River, riv., U.S., S. Carolina, flows SE. into Charles- 
 ton harb. ; extensive deposits of phosphatic rock on its banks. 
 
 Ashling, East and West, two tithings, Eng., Sussex, div. 
 and si m. WNW. Chichester, i| m. NE. Bosham stn. West A. 
 with P.O. 
 
 Ashmanhangh, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 10 m. NE. by 
 N. Norwich, 3 m. E. Coltishall stn. P.<2So. See Beeston. 
 
 Ashmansivorth, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 7^ 
 m. W. by S. Newbury, 3^ m. W. by S. Burghclere stn. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Ashniansworthy, hamlet, Eng., Devon, Barnstaple div., 
 9J m. SW. Bideford. 
 
 Ash Mill, place, Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 12 m. 
 NW. by W. Tiverton, with a P.O. 
 
 Ashmore, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, on the N. border of the 
 N. div., i6i m. WSW. Salisbury, 6^ m. SSE. Semley stn., 
 P.O. P.<2so. 
 
 Ashmore, small British isl. , Indian Ocean. 
 
 Ashniuuein, vil., Upper Egypt, a few miles from the 1. bk. 
 of the Nile, in about 27° 45' N., with ruins of the ancient Her- 
 mopolis Magna. 
 
 Ash next Sandfrlch, par. , Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div. , 
 2^ m. W. Sandwich, PMT.O, ; 7021 ac. P. <2500. 
 
 Asholt, or Alsholt (both pronounced ash'olt), par., Eng,, 
 Somerset, div. and 6 m. W. by S. Bridgwater, 4I m. E. Crow- 
 combe stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Ashop, riv., Eng., in the NW. of Derbyshire, trib. of the 
 R. Derwent, which it joins on the r. bk. 
 
 Ashopton, hamlet, Eng., Derbyshire, High Peak div., loj 
 m. W. Sheffield. 
 
 Ashover, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, Chesterfield div. , 4 m. ENE. 
 Matlock ; \\ ith calcareous and fluor spar mines and manufactures 
 of l.osiery and lace, PMT.O. ; par. 9564 ac. P. 2500. 
 
 Asho>v, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 4 m. NNE. 
 Warwick, i^ m. SE. Kenilworth stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ash Parva, vil. , Eng. , Shropshire, Newport div. , 9^ m. SW. 
 Nantwich, with P.O. 
 
 Ashperton, par., Eng., Hereford, Ross div., 9 m. E. by N. 
 Hereford, on the G. W. R. P. <5oo. See Stretton Grandison. 
 
 Ashprlugton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 5 m. 
 NW. Dartmouth, near the r. bk. of the Dart, 2J m. SE. by S. 
 Totnes stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ash Prlops, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 5^ m. 
 NW. by W. Taunton, \ m. W. Bishops Lydeard stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ashraf, or Ashrcf, tn., Persia, prov. Mazanderan, 50 m. W. 
 Astrabad, at the end of the sixteenth century the residence of Shah 
 Abbas. P. (very mixed) < 5000. Jour. R. G. S., 1876, p. 119. 
 
 Ashreigney (ash-re'ni), orRingsash, par., Eng., Devonshire, 
 S. Moiton div., 13 m. SSE. Barnstaple, 3 m. SW. of S. Molton 
 Rd. stn., P.O. ; 5723 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Ash Street, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Southport. 
 
 Ashta, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Sitdra, 80 m. W. by 
 N. Bijapur. P. 11,400. 
 
 Ashta, tn., Central India, state of and 48 m. WSW. Bhopdl. 
 P. 6300. 
 
 Ashtalm'la, co., U.S., Ohio, in the extreme NE. 
 
 Ashtabnla, vil., U.S., Ohio, A. co., 54 m. ENE. Cleveland, 
 3 m. from Lake Erie. P. <83oo. 
 Ashtagriini, civil div. , India, in the extreme S. of Mysore. 
 Ashtead, par., Eng., Surrey, Epsom div., 2 m. SW. Epsom, 
 on the L. B. & S. C, and L. & SW. Rlys., PMT.O. P. 1500. 
 Ashted, eccles. par., Eng., in the NE. of Birmingham. 
 P. 16,600. 
 
 Ashteroth Karnaim, place named in O. T. See Tell 
 Ashterah. 
 
 Ashti, tn. , Brit. India. Central Provs. , dist. Wardha, 35 m. 
 ENE. Amraoti. P. 6000. 
 
 Ashton, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Carleton, 23 m. bv rail 
 from Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 Ashton, Eng., Cheshire. See Ashton-on-Mersey. 
 
 Ashton, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 6^ m. E. by N. 
 Chester, i m. S. by W. Mouldsworth stn., P.O. P.<:soo. 
 
 Ashton, Eng. , Cornwall. See Astatown. 
 Ashton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div., 7 m. SW. 
 by S. Exeter, on the Teign and the G. W. R. P.<2SO. 
 
 Ashton, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire. See Eye. 
 
 Ashton, part of par., NW. suburb of Preston. See A.-on- 
 Rlbble and Lea. 
 
 Ashton, hamlet, Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 5 m. 
 E. by S. Stamford, 2 m. W. Helpstone stn. 
 
 Ashton, par. , Eng. , N. div. of Northamptonshire, loj m. SW. 
 by W. Peterborough, i m. E. Oundle. P. <:250. See Onndle. 
 
 Ashton, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 7 m. S. 
 Northampton, i^ m. SSE. Roadestn., P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Ashton, hamlet, Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 8^ m. NW. by 
 N. Glastonbury, 3^ m. SSW. Axbridge stn. 
 
 Ashton, watering-place, Scot., W. Renfrewshire, on the ct., 
 2\ m. W. Greenock, near Gourock stn. 
 
 Ashton, vil., U.S., Rhode I., Providence co., on Blackstone 
 R. , 9 m. N. Providence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ashton, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Spink co., 100 m. ENE. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ashton, Long, par. , Eng. , Somerset, N. div. , 2J m. WSW. 
 Bristol, P.O.; 4239 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Ashton, Steeple, par. and" vil. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Westbury 
 div., 3I m. E. by S. Trowbridge, PM.O. Par. P.<75o ; eccles. 
 par. (8. A. vrith Semiugton) P. < 1500. 
 
 Ashton Gate, eccles. par. , Eng. , Somerset, Bedminster par. 
 P. 5800. 
 
 Ashton Hayes, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 6| m. 
 E. by N. Chester. P. <75o. 
 
 Ashton-ln-Hakerfleld, tn. and par., Eng., Lancashire, 
 Newton div., 4^ m. ENE. St. Helens, i m. SE. Bryn stn. ; 
 par. 6250 ac. P. 13,400. 
 
 Ashton Keynes (kenz), par., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade div., 
 5 m. S. by E. Cirencester, 2 m. SSW. Cerney and A. K. stn. , on 
 the M. & SW. June. Rly., PM.O. P. < 1000; eccles. par. (A. 
 K. with Leigh) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ashton-on-SIersey, par., Eng., Cheshire, Altrincham div., 
 S m. SW. Manchester, with a stn. (Sale and A.-on-M.) on the 
 L. & NW. R. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Ashton-on-Rlhble, part of par. , Eng. , Lancashire, included 
 in the pari. bor. of Preston. 
 
 Ashton-nnder-Hlll, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkes- 
 bury div., 4 m. SW. by S. Evesham, on the M. R., P.O. 
 P. <500. See Beckford. 
 
 Ashton-onder-Lyne, pari, and mun. bor., market-tn., and 
 par., Eng., cos. Lancaster and Cheshire, on the Tame, 6 m. 
 E. Manchester. It is well placed for manufacturing industry, 
 coal being plentiful, and canals from Manchester, Huddersfield, 
 and Derbyshire meeting here, by which communication is esta- 
 blished throughout the country ; it has also stations on branch 
 lines of L. & N W. , M. S. & L. , and L. & Y. Rlys. It has many 
 collieries, extensive cotton manufactories (especially weaving), 
 engineering works, &c. The borough sends one member to the 
 House of Commons. Alt. 350 ft. Par. 9486 ac, P. 8i,ooo ; 
 pari. bor. P. (1891) 47,300; mtin. bor. P. (1871) 37,400, (1891) 
 40,500. 
 
 Ashton West, par., 2 m. W. of Steeple A., PT.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Ashton-Mlth-Stodday, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 2 
 m. S. by W. Lancaster. • P. <250. 
 
 Ashto'wn, or Ashton, hamlet, Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., 
 %\ m. E. by S. Penzance, 3^ m. W. Helston stn., P.O. 
 
 Ashnapnionchonan, or Chamouehonan, riv., Canada, 
 Quebec, flows SE. and enters L. St. John S. of the Mistassini R. 
 
 Ashnrada (Turkish, 'opposite'), Russian naval stn., on a 
 small island in the SE. of the Caspian Sea, 30 m. WNW. 
 Astrabad. Alt. — 79 ft.; mean temp., yr. 63° F., Jan. 45.2°, 
 Aug. 83.4°; mean rfall. (19 years), 17.2 in., Sept. to Jan. 9.8 in. 
 
 Ashnrst, hamlet, Eng., Hampshire, 4m. W. Southampton, 
 P.O. 
 
 Ashnrst, par. , Eng. , Sussex, in the extreme NW. of the Lewes 
 div., 9^ m. S. Horsham, 2 m. W. Henfield stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ashnrst, par., Eng., on the S. border of Kent, Tunbridge 
 div., on the Medwav, 4 m. W. Tunbridge Wells, on the 
 L. B. &S. C. R. P.'<25o. 
 
 Ashnrst Wood, hamlet, Eng. , Sussex, E. Grinstead par. , P.O. 
 
 Ash Vale, suburb of Aldershot, Eng., Hampshire, with stn. 
 (Sf. Camp and A. V.), PMT.O. 
 
 Ashivanlpl, or Aswanlpl, lake, Canada, Labrador, in52°N., 
 crossed in the E. by 65° E. , drained E. into the Grand R. 
 
 Ashwater, par. and vil., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div,, 
 7 m. NNE. Launceston, on the L. & SW. R., P.O.; 8710 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Ash-weU, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, on the N. border of the 
 Hitchin div., i6| m. NE. Luton, 2\ m. W. of its stn. on the 
 G. N. R., PMT.O. Market-day, Th. 4109 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 AshweU, par. , Eng. , Rutland, 3 m. N. Oakham, on the M. R. , 
 PT.O. P.<2so. 
 
 AshweU Thorpe, par. and vil, Eng., Norfolk, S. div., lo 
 
 75 
 
ASHW — ASIA 
 
 m. SW. Norwich, on the G. E. R. P. <5oo; eccles. par. 
 (A. T. with Wrenlngham) P. <iooo. 
 
 Asbwick, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Frome div. , 5^ m. E. by N. 
 Wells, 2 m. E. Binegar stn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ash Wlchen, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, NW. div. , 5 m. E. by S. 
 King's L5rnn, 2 m. N. by W. Winch stn. P. <250 ; eccles. par. 
 (A. -vrltli Lezlate) P. <5oo. 
 
 Ash worth, par., Eng., Lancashire, Heywood div., 3 m. W. 
 Rochdale. P. <:250. 
 
 Asia, the largest of the continents, is about five times as large 
 as Europe, the smallest. Its coast-line is the most varied in 
 outline except that of Europe, but it has comparatively few good 
 natural harbours in the latitudes most frequented by shipping. 
 Most of the small bays affording a good shelter are on the E. 
 coast, a few in Annam, more in China, and on the W. side of 
 the Sea of Japan, on the E. or S. side of the islands of Japan, 
 and on some of the islands of the Eastern or Malay Archipelago. 
 Snrfiice. — The highland regions lie chiefly in the middle and 
 towards the E., and in the southern penins. The extreme N. is 
 one vast low plain, and this increases in extent from E. to W. , 
 spreading southwards in the W. through nearly 40° of lat. as far 
 as the mountains in the N. of Persia and Afghanistan. The 
 whole of Central Asia is a series of plateaux varying from 2000 
 to 20,000 ft. in height, enclosed and partly cut off from one 
 another by mountains, the chief of which take their origin in 
 an elevated and complicated region to the N. and NW. of 
 India. From this centre the Himalayas proceed south-east- 
 wards, the Karakorum Mts. for a shorter distance in the same 
 direction; the Kuenlun Mts. proceed E. and slightly S.; the 
 Tian-shan Mts. more towards the NE. The Himalayas (highest 
 Mount Everest, 29,000 ft.) are the highest mountains in the 
 world, having more than a score of peaks higher than the 
 highest of the Andes. The principal rivers are the Yang- 
 tse-kiang, Hwang-ho, Amur, Mekong, Irdwadi, Ganges, Indus, 
 all flowing from the highland region in the middle E. , SE. , or 
 S. , into the Pacific and Indian oceans, the Ob, Yenisei, and 
 Lena flowing N. into the Arctic Ocean, and the Tigris and 
 Euphrates, which enter the Persian Gulf as one stream. In the 
 interior, both on the high plains from which the encircling 
 mountains cut off the suppUes of rain, and in the plains of the 
 W. , between the Caspian Sea and the mountains, there are 
 numerous rivers, which after a longer or shorter course dry up 
 in sandy deserts, their water being partly absorbed by the porous 
 soil, partly evaporated. Such rivers are, however, of the 
 highest importance, since on their banks are found fertile oases, 
 sometimes with large towns for their centre. The fresh-water 
 lalies are comparatively few and small The largest is Lake 
 Baikal, which is less than half the area of the largest lakes of 
 Africa and N. America, not quite twice the size of Lake 
 Ladoga. On the other hand, there are large inland seas of salt 
 or brackish water, besides an immense number of small salt 
 lakes in the low-lying region adjoining Europe, S. of the Ural 
 Mts. , and other salt lakes elsewhere. The Caspian Sea is the 
 largest sheet of inland water in the world. Next in size are 
 the Sea of Aral and Lake Balkhash. Elsewhere among the 
 salt lakes are Tengri Nur and Koko (or Kuku) Nor in Tibet, 
 Urmia and Van on the Armenian tableland. From its more 
 easterly position, A. has a climate subject to greater ex- 
 tremes of temperature than Europe. The mean temperature 
 of the year is everywhere lower than in corresponding latitudes 
 in the western continent, the mean temjjerature of January, the 
 coldest month, relatively still lower, but the mean temperature 
 of July, the hottest, everywhere higher, notwithstanding that on 
 and near the E. coast the sea has a certain effect in moderating 
 extremes. Owing to the great width from E. to W. of the land- 
 mass to which it belongs, the coldest area in the world lies 
 towards the NE. of this continent, and it is a fortunate thing 
 for that part of A. which lies to the S. that the mountains 
 intervene to shelter it from the cold winds that would otherwise 
 sweep down on it from this area. The following particulars 
 may serve for illustration. 
 
 Mean temperature, places in about 52°-54° N. : — 
 
 '^r.H^-w. 
 
 Jan. . . 
 July . . 
 Year. . 
 
 Fahr. 
 39-4° 
 59-6 
 48.9 
 
 Fahr. 
 33-1° 
 63-4 
 47.1 
 
 Barnaul 
 
 (459 ft-X 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 —0.9 
 
 68.6 
 
 33-7 
 
 Irkutsk 
 (1536 ft.). 
 
 Fahr. 
 
 —6.8' 
 
 65-9 
 
 30-3 
 
 Niko- 
 laevsk. 
 
 Fahr, 
 
 -9.2' 
 63.6 
 28.2 
 
 Places in about 40° N. 
 
 :- 
 
 
 
 
 Naples. 
 
 Samarkand 
 (2379 ft.). 
 
 Peking. 
 
 Aomori. 
 
 Jan. . . 
 July . . 
 Year . . 
 
 Fahr. 
 47-7° 
 76.5 
 61. 1 
 
 Fahr. 
 30.8" 
 81.9 
 
 57-4 
 
 Fahr. 
 23-4° 
 79-3 
 
 53-3 
 
 Fahr. 
 27.6° 
 69.4 
 47.8 
 
 76 
 
 The rainfall is insufficient, not only in many parts of the 
 interior, but also in the SW. (as far E. as the Indus valley), 
 where the southerly winds of summer blow not over the ocean 
 but over Africa, or both Africa and Arabia. On the other hand, 
 in the monsoon region in the SE. , where the winds blow in 
 summer from the ocean, and especially in the tropical portion 
 of it, the summer rains are very abundant. The region just 
 referred to, including the whole area from India to the N. of 
 China, together with the islands of the Eastern Archipelago 
 and Japan, is that which contains the great mass of the 
 Asiatic population. It comprises, according to the best esti- 
 mates, seven-eighths of the inhabitants, although not much 
 more than a quarter of the area. In the rest of A. , the average 
 density of the population is only about eight to the square mile, 
 or about half that of Norway ; the principal parts in which a 
 greater density is found are the western skirts of the central 
 tablelands and some districts in A. Minor. With regard to its 
 fauna, A. is referred by Wallace to two great regions, the 
 Palasarctic, embracing the whole of the continent N. and W. of 
 India, and N. of an irregular line drawn through the S. of 
 China, and the Oriental Region, embracing India, the Eastern 
 Peninsula, the S. and SE. of China, and all the islands as far 
 as a line drawn through the deep channel between Bali and 
 Lombok, and through the straits and seas separating Celebes 
 from Borneo and the Philippine Is., this line, known as 
 ' Wallace's Line," marking the boundary between the Oriental 
 and Australian zoogeographical regions. In the Palaearctic 
 Region the animals are the same as or similar to those of 
 Europe, those S. of the Black Sea, the Caspian, the Elburz Mts., 
 and the Hindu-Kush corresponding to those of the Mediter- 
 ranean sub-region. In the Oriental Region the characteristic 
 animals include the orang-utan or mias, the tiger, sun-bear, and 
 honey-bear, the tapir, chevrotain, Indian elephant, the semno- 
 pitheciis, nycticebus, and several peculiar prosimians, flying 
 squirrels, &c. The great divisions of the flora correspond 
 roughly with those of the fauna. Most of the Inhabitants of 
 A. belong to two types, the Mongolian and Caucasian — the 
 former characterised among other things by yellow complexions 
 without ruddy tinge, small almond-shaped obliquely set eyes, 
 and high cheek-bones ; the latter by a fair complexion usually 
 with a ruddy tinge, low cheek bones, and round eyes set 
 straight. Of the Mongolian type (most abundant in the E.) 
 the Chinese are the most numerous representatives, as the 
 Hindus are of the Caucasian. Each type is broken up into 
 great groups, the languages of which are entirely distinct from 
 each other, while the groups are themselves sub-divided into 
 smaller groups, speaking allied languages. Among the races 
 of the Mongolian type, the most important of the great groups 
 are the Chinese and Anamese, the Finno-Tatars, inhabiting 
 Siberia and Western A. , and the Malays in the SE. Of those 
 of the Caucasian type, the chief great linguistic groups are the 
 Aryan (comprising Hindus and Iranians), and the Semitic (of 
 which the Arabs are now the principal representatives). To 
 this type belong also the majority of the inhabitants of the 
 Caucasus (whence the name Caucasian). As regards religion, 
 A. is remarkable as the cradle of all the great religions of the 
 world — Judaism, Christianity, and Mohammedanism ; Zoro- 
 astrianism, Brahmanism, Buddhism ; and three of these (the 
 first three) arose among Semitic peoples, the others among 
 Aryans. Brahmanism or Hinduism, Buddhism, and Moham- 
 medanism are now the prevailing religions, the first in India, 
 to which it is confined, the second throughout the monsoon 
 area except in India, the land of its birth, and the third in 
 Western A., and partly in India and the Eastern Archipelago. 
 See Appendix, p. i, the articles on the different countries 
 of A., and the article on Continents. 
 
 Asiago, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 23 m. N. Vicenza, cap. 
 of the Sette Comuni. P. <6ooo. 
 
 Asia Minor, Anatolia, or Auadoli, an oblong penin. which 
 forms the W. of Asia, extending between 36° and 42° N. to 26' 
 and 41° E. , having E. Transcaucasia, tlje Armenian vilayet of 
 Erzerum, Kurdistan, and the Syrian vilayet of Haleb or Aleppo, 
 S. the Mediterranean, W. the .i^gean Sea, and N. the Sea of 
 Marmora and Black Sea. Greatest length about 750 m. , greatest 
 width 410 m. The penin. consists mostly of a tableland, the 
 greater part of which is upwards of 3000 ft. in height, but the 
 tableland is partly bordered, partly traversed by mountain- 
 ranges, and here and there studded with isolated cones (extinct 
 volcanoes). The highest chains meet in the S. , where the 
 Taurus range (mean lieight, 9800 ft.) has only one passage, the 
 narrow gorge of the Cilician Gates, leading through it from the 
 tableland to the plain of Adana. To tihe N. of this range 
 the extinct volcano of Erjias Dagh (ancient Argcsus) rises 
 to the height of 13,000 ft. In the NW. of the penin., to the 
 SE. of Brussa, the Keshish Dagh (ancient Olympus) attains the 
 height of 8300 ft. The sutface is for the most part arid, and 
 in great part desert. Even the largest rivers, the Kizil-Irmak, 
 and Sakaria flowing into the Black Sea, the Gediz-chai and 
 the Menderes into the .(Egean Sea, and the Seihun and Jihun 
 into the E. of the Mediterranean, are too shallow for navigation 
 
ASIE — ASPE 
 
 except for short distances. The principal valleys are those 
 traversed by the last four of these rivers, and by the Kuchiik 
 (little) Menderes, whose valley lies between those of the Men- 
 deres and Gediz-chai. The broad and fertile valley watered by 
 the Seihun and Jihun is called the plain of Adana. The tableland 
 contains several areas of inland drainage, the rivers ending in 
 large salt lakes. Lake Tuz-gol, the largest, is 50 m. by 15 m. , and 
 2525 ft. above the sea. Its water contains 32 per cent, of saline 
 matter. There are also several large freshwater lakes— Beishehr, 
 Egerdir, and Soghla in the S. ; Maniyas, AbuUonia, and Isnik in 
 the NW. The coasts are bold and present many fine inlets. 
 These are the Gulfs of Adalia and Makri, on the S. ; those of 
 Symi, Kos, Scala-Nova, Smyrna, and Adramyti on the W. , 
 and Ismid and the Injir Liman on the N. coast (Sea of Mar- 
 mora). The minerals comprise copper [Argbana], silver 
 [Uuniusbkhaue, Deuek, Akdagh-madeu], lead [Bereketlii- 
 luarteu], and iron ores, alum, nitre, and rock-salt ; but mining is 
 carried on only to a small extent. The climate of A. M. has been 
 celebrated for excellence in all ages [Smyrna, Scutari, Brassa, 
 Samsnu, Treblzoiid, Brnssa]. The mountains are covered 
 with forests of oaks, beeches, planes, and ash. The flora is very 
 beauiiful, and evergreens, myrtle, bay, laurel, and holly abound. 
 Sheep, goats, and horses are of excellent breeds. Manufactures 
 leather, carpets, cotton and woollen stuffs. Exports raisins and 
 figs, produced principally in the western valleys, cotton, a rapidly 
 increasing product of the Adana valley as well as the western 
 valleys, valonia (a forest product), opium (a product of the table- 
 land), excellent barley, liquorice, wool and mohair (hair of the 
 Angora goat), carpets, sponges, chrome ore, and meerschaum 
 clay. Smyrna, Trebizond, and Brussa are the principal seats of 
 commerce. Railways lead from Smyrna up all the three princi- 
 pal western valleys, the northernmost at present terminating 
 at Alashehr;one in the NW. from Scutari to Ismid, and 
 thence to the valley of the Sakaria and up that valley and 
 ttiat of one of its tribs. past Angora, this railway being 
 intended ultimately to lead to Bagdad ; and one in the SE. 
 from the port of Mersina to the town of Adana. Another 
 was constructed in the NW. from Mudania on the Injir Liman 
 to beyond Brussa, but was rendered unfit for use by the weather 
 before it was opened. This railway is now (1893) being restored. 
 The name Anatolia (from tiie Greek, meaning ' land of the 
 rising sun') was given to the country under the Byzantine 
 emperors, and is retained under the form of Anadoli by the 
 modern Turks. Ruins scattered over almost every portion of its 
 surface attest its former wealth and prosperity. The present 
 population consists mainly of Ottoman Turks ; the other people 
 are Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Kurds, wandering Arabs, and a 
 few Zingari or gypsies. The Asia of the N. T. refers to a Roman 
 prov. which embraced the W. part of the penin. of A. M., and 
 of which Ephesus was the capital. Area about 159,000 sq. m. 
 P. about 8.500,000. See Tnrkisb Empire. 
 
 Aslentob de Ibarra, mining-tn., Mexico, Aguas Calientes, 
 14 m. SSE. Zacatecas. 
 
 AsiJ, Berber, ' river. ' 
 
 A.sigliano, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, dist. Vercelli. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Asiualauga, Italy, Tuscany. See Slnalnnga. 
 
 Asiuara, fsola dell, isL, Italy, off tlie NW. ct. of Sardinia, 
 crossed in the S. by 41° N. 
 
 Asirgarb, strong fortress, Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. 
 Nimar, 87 m. SSE. Indore, on a spur of the Satpura range, 
 850 ft. above its base, 2280 ft. above sea-level. P. 2500. 
 
 Asjer, or Asgar, an elevated region in the Sahara, to the W. 
 of southern Fezzan. Alt. 4000-5500 ft. 
 
 Ask, or Asek, tn., Persia, Mazanderan, at the SE. foot of 
 Mount Demavend, in a nook shut in by its spurs. Alt. about 
 5900 ft. 
 
 Aska, tn., Bnt. India, Madras, dist. and 28 m. WNW. 
 Ganjam. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Askabail, or Askbabad. See Ashkabad. 
 
 Askal&u, vil., on the ct. of Palestine, Ascalon in the O. T., 
 31° 40' N. , 34° 33' E., 12^ m. NNE. Ghuzzeh (ancient Gaza). 
 
 Askam. See Askbam. 
 
 Askainore, vil., Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Scarawalsh, W. of 
 Gorey, with P.O. 
 
 Aske, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div., 2 m. 
 N. Richmond. P. <25o. 
 
 Askcaton, par. and tn. , Ire. , N. co. Limerick, bar. Lower Con- 
 nello, 15 m. W. by S. Limerick, on the Limerick and Foynes Rly. , 
 PMT.d. Par. 6478 ac, P. < 1500; tn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Askeru, par. and vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgold- 
 cross div., 6| m. N. Doncaster, 3 m. NNW. A. Janctlon, 
 on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. <:75o... 
 
 Askersnnd, tn. , Sweden, prov. Qrebro, on the N. side of 
 Lake Wetter (Vettern), 30 m. SSW. Orebro. P. <2ooo. 
 
 AskcrsweU, par., Eng., Dorsetsiiire, W. div., 10 m. W. by 
 N. Dorchester, i^ m. S. by E. Powerstock stn., P.O. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Askerton, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., izh m. 
 NE. Carlisle, 5I m. WNW. Gilsland stn.; 11,30230. P. <;500. 
 
 A.skham, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlawdiv., lom. 
 E. by S. Worksop, 3 m. N. by W. Tuxford stn. P. <250. 
 
 Asktaam, par., Eng., Westmorland, in the N. of the Appleby 
 div., 4^ m. S. Penrith, 2 m. SW. Clifton and Lowther stn., 
 P.O.; 4484 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Aakbam, or Askam (-iu-Famess), part of eccles. par. and 
 vil., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 6 m. N. Barrow, on 
 the Furness Rly. , with deposits of red hematite. See Ireletb. 
 
 Askbam Bryan, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div., 3J m. SW. by W. York, i^ m. NNW. Cop- 
 manthorpe stn., P.O. P. <:500. 
 
 Askbam Rlcbard, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div., 4^ m. WSW. York, 2 m. WNW. Copman- 
 thorpe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Askja, the largest volcanic crater in Iceland, crossed about the 
 middle by 65° N. , 17° W. Proc. R. G. S. , 1881, pp. 471-83, map 
 (about I : 2,000,000), p. 512 ; Scot. Geog. Mag., 1885, pp. 613-26. 
 
 Asknlsh, Scot., Argyllshire, 13 m. S. by W. Oban, on Loch 
 Melfort. 
 
 Asko, small isl. , Denmark, in the bay on the N. of LaalancL 
 2. An isl. , Norway, off the W. ct. , to the NW. of Bergen. 
 
 Askold, small isl., Siberia, at the E. of the entrance to 
 Ussuri Bay, about 32 m. SE. Vladivostok. Mean temp. (10 
 yrs. 1875-85), yr. 40.2° F. , Jan. 10.3°, Aug. 69". 
 
 Asko'le, vil., Kashmir, Baltistan, in the upper valley of the 
 Shigar, near E. end Biafo glacier, 122 m. NNE. Srfnagar. 
 
 Askrlgg, par. Eng. , Yorkshire, in the SW. of the Richmond 
 div. of the N. Riding, on the Ure, 15^ m. WSW. Richmond, 
 on the NE. R. A. Common, an upland tract to the N., 
 between the Swale and Ure ; height 1853 ft. PMT.O. Market- 
 day, Th. 4914 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Askwlth, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley div., 9^ 
 m. N. Bradford, i| m. NE. by N. Burley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Askyz, vil.. En. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, dist. and 108 m. 
 SW. of Minusinsk, at confluence of A. with Abakan. Centre for 
 Tartar administration. P. <5oo. 
 
 Aslackby (e'zel-bi), par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven 
 div., 11^ m. ESE. Grantham, 2jm. NW. Rippingalestn., P.O.; 
 4078 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Aslactou, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 12^ m. SSW. 
 Norwich, 2 m. N. Tivetshall stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Aslocton, or Aslactou, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. 
 and 9m. SW. by S. Newark, on the G. N. R. , P.O. ; birthplace 
 of Archbishop Cranmer (1489). P. <5oo. See Scarrington. 
 
 Aslnj, site, Palestine, probably the Ziklag of the O. T. , 31° 
 3' N. , 34° 45' E. , 14 m. S. by W. Beersheba. 
 
 Asmar, tn. and small independent state in Kafiristan, on the 
 Kunar or lower Chitral R. , to the NE. of Jalaldbad, Afghanistan. 
 
 Asmara, tn. , Abyssinia, 47 m. SW. by W. Massaua. 
 Alt. 7535 ft. 
 
 Asui^res, a suburb of Paris, on the 1. bk. of the Seine, 5 m. 
 N W. by N. Notre Dame ; favourite boating resort. P. 19, 100. 
 
 Aso, riv., Italy. See Pedaso (tn.). 
 
 Asola, tn., Italv, Lombardy, on the Chiese, prov. and 19 m. 
 WNW. Mantua. ' P, 6000. 
 
 Asolo, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 18 m. NW. by W. 
 Treviso, at the base of a hill 1025 ft. high, a place with numer- 
 ous beautiful country-seats. Residence of Browning at the time 
 of publication of his poem of Asolando. P. 5500. 
 
 Asotin, vil., U.S., Wasliington, A. co. (SE. corner of the 
 state), on the Snake R. (E. frontier), 64 m. ENE. Walla Walla. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Asoyama, vole, in middle of Kiushiu I., Japan. Alt. 5000 ft. 
 
 Aspall, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 12I m. N. Ipswich, 
 6 m. S. by E. Eye stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Aspang, vil., Austria, crownland Lower Austria, 18 m. 
 SSW. Wiener-Neustad. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aspatrla and Brayton, par., Eng., Cumberland, in the 
 SW. of the Eskdale div., 7^ m. ENE. Maryport, on the Mary- 
 port and Carlisle Rly., with coal-mines and an agricultural 
 college, PMT.O. Market-day, Th. P. 3000. 
 
 Aspe, tn., Spain, prov. Alicante, 15 m. W. Alicante, in the 
 midst of land irrigated by the waters of the Vinalapo. P. 7300. 
 
 Aspe, Gave d', a Pyrenean torrent, 30 m. long, flowing N. 
 from the Col de Somport (5380 ft. high), in 0° 31' W., which 
 connects this valley with that of the Aragon in Spain, to 
 Oloron. See Oloron. 
 
 Aspeden. See Aspenden. 
 
 Aspen, city, U.S., Colorado, Pitkin co., 104 m. WSW. 
 Denver, and 28 m. W. by S. Leadville, with important silver- 
 mines. P. (i88o)<5oo; (1890)5100. 
 
 Aspen, vil., U.S., Wyoming, Uintah co., 18 m. NE. by 
 E. of the SW. corner of the state, on the U. P. R. R. Alt. 
 7405 ft. (R. R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Aspenden, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 10 m. 
 N. by E. Hertford, \ m. SW. Buntingford stn., P.O. P. <750- 
 
 Asper, vil., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 5* m. NNE. Oude- 
 narde. P. < 5000. 
 
 Asperen, vil., Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the Linge, 
 14 m. S. Utrecht. P. < 2000. 
 
 77 
 
ASPE — ASSE 
 
 Asperg, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 8^ m. NNW. Stutt- 
 gart, overlooked by a hill 1300 ft. high, crowned by a strong- 
 hold and state prison. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Aspern, or Asparn, vil. , Austria, crownland Lower Austria, 
 4 m. E. Vienna, in a plain to the N. of the Danube, containing 
 also the village of Esslingen, scene of a sanguinary battle in 
 which the Austrians under Prince Charles were defeated by 
 Napoleon, May 21-2, 1809. P. <20oo. 
 
 Aspet, tn., France, dep. Haute-Garonne, 34 m. E. by S. 
 Bagn^res de Bigorre, arr. and 8 m. SE. by S. St. Gaudens. 
 Alt. 1375 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 AsplMMlel, or ITestwood, tn. , Canada, Ontario, co. Peter- 
 borough, 3 m. from Hastings. P. < 1500. 
 
 Asplnwall, Colombia, See Colon. 
 
 Aspiring, mt., Southern Alps, New Zealand, to the W. of 
 Lake Wanaka, in 44° 20' S. Alt. 9940 ft. 
 
 Aspley, part of eccles. par., Eng., Warwickshire. See 
 VUenbaU. 
 
 Aspley, Guise (gaiz), and Heatb, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 CO. and 11 m. SW. Bedford, ij m. E, by S. Woburn Sand stn. 
 Deposits of fullers' earth on A. Heath. PMT.O. (A. Guise). 
 P. < 1500 ; (A. Heath) P. <5oo. 
 
 Aspraspetta (ancient Anticyra), vil., Greece, Phthiotis and 
 Phocis, at the head of a bay on the N. side of the Gulf of 
 Corinth, 49 m. E. by N. Patras. P. <2000. 
 
 Asprl^res, tn., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. Villefranche, 43 
 m. N. Albi, 8 m. SE. by E. Figeac ; zinc and lead mines ; silver- 
 lead mines near. P. <20oo. 
 
 AsprokaTos, or Bianco, Cape, Greece, in the extreme S. of 
 Corfu L 
 
 Aspromonte, range of mts. , Italy. See Apennines, E. 
 
 Aspropotamo ('white river'), the ancient Acheloos, the 
 longest river in Greece, nemos Acamania and ^tolia, flows on 
 the whole S., and finally turns W. into the Ionian Sea a little to 
 the N. of the mouth of the Gulf of Patras. Length 115 m.; not 
 navigable. 
 
 Aspnll, par., Eng., Lancashire, West Houghton div., 2^ m. 
 NE. Wigan, with coal-mines, P.O. (A. Hoor). P. 9000. 
 
 Aspy Bay, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton L , on the E. 
 ct. , in 46° 55' N. 
 
 Assab, bay and vil. , on the N. shore of the bay, E. Africa, 
 on the Danakil ct. of the Red Sea, in 13° N., annexed by Italy 
 in 1882. The coast here is without vegetation. Proc. B. G. S. , 
 1885, pp. 111-16, map, p. 136. Mean temp, (i yr. 1882), yr. 
 86.1° F., Jan. 79.3°, Aug. 93.4°. 
 
 Assaban, coalfield, Dutch Borneo, 28 m. E. Banjermassin. 
 
 Assaban, vil. , Straits Settlements, 28 m. NE. by E. Malacca. 
 
 Assaban, riv., Sumatra, formed by several streams (one 
 being the outlet of Lake Toba), which unite at a great water- 
 fall, flows E. into the Strait of Malacca, in about 3° N. 
 
 Assaban, inland viL , on A. River, Sumatra. 
 
 Assal, salt lake, E. Africa. See Asal. 
 
 Assala, a large village in the S. of Arabia, 21 m. NE. Aden. 
 
 Assam, chief commissionership, in the extreme NE. of India, 
 The prov. consists of three parts ; in the N. , that part of the 
 valley of the Brahmaputra which runs from E. to W. to the 
 S. of the Himalayas, the hill-region to the S. of that valley, 
 and the part of the valley of the SurmA which lies to the S. of 
 that again. Its subdivisions are given in the following table : — 
 
 Districts. 
 
 Area in 
 
 Population (in 
 
 Thousands). 
 
 
 
 Per 
 
 In- 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1891. 
 
 sq. m. 
 1891. 
 
 crease 
 
 per 
 Cent. 
 
 Cachar Plains . 
 
 2,472 
 
 294 
 
 368 
 
 149 
 
 25 
 
 Sylhet 
 
 5.414 
 
 1,969 
 
 2,15s 
 
 398 
 
 9.4 
 
 Snrm^ Valley 
 
 7,886 
 
 2,263 
 
 2,622 
 
 319 
 
 11 
 
 Godlpdra . 
 
 3.954 
 
 446 
 
 452 
 
 114 
 
 1-4 
 
 Kdmriip . 
 
 3,660 
 
 64s 
 
 634 
 
 173 
 
 1-7 
 
 Darrang . 
 
 3.418 
 
 273 
 
 308 
 
 90 
 
 12 
 
 Nowgong . 
 
 3.258 
 
 3" 
 
 344 
 
 106 
 
 10.8 
 
 Sibsagar . 
 
 2,855 
 
 370 
 
 457 
 
 160 
 
 23 
 
 Lakh im pur 
 
 3.724 
 
 180 
 
 254 
 
 68 
 
 41 
 
 Brabniapntra ) 
 VaUey ) ' 
 
 20,869 
 
 2,226 
 
 2,460 
 
 117 
 
 10 
 
 North Cachar . 
 
 1,728 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 5-8 
 
 Gdro Hills 
 
 3.270 
 
 no 
 
 122 
 
 37 
 
 II 
 
 Khdsiand Jaintii Hills 
 
 6,041 
 
 169 
 
 198 
 
 33 
 
 17 
 
 NdgA Hills 
 
 5.710 
 
 94 
 
 123 
 
 21 
 
 30 
 
 North Lushai . 
 
 3.500 
 
 
 44! 
 
 12 
 
 
 Hill Districto 
 
 20,249 
 
 393 
 
 506 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 Total 
 
 49,004 
 
 4,881 
 
 6,477 
 
 112 
 
 12-2 
 
 1 Mainly estimated. 
 
 For religions, see India, table. The whole prov. is less 
 densely peopled than any other part of India situated imme- 
 78 
 
 diately to the S. of the Himalayas. The most sparsely peopled 
 part of all is the hill country in the middle. The Brahmaputra 
 valley, in Assam, notwithstanding the fact that it communicates 
 freely at its mouth with the valley of the Ganges, has had in a 
 great measure a separate history from the rest of India. This 
 is to be ascribed to its narrowness and the peculiarities of its 
 situation in other respects. The valley is upwards of 400 m. 
 long, but only from 25 to loo m. wide, the higher width being 
 attained only at the mouth. Of this width the Brahmaputra 
 alone, with the area of dense grassy jungle incapable of culti- 
 vation on its banks, occupies a space from 6 to 20 m. wide, and 
 the inhabitants of the fertile plains were thus restricted to narrow 
 limits, exposed to incursions from hill tribes on both sides, as 
 well as to invaders across the passes on the E. and SE. These 
 seem to have been the chief causes that kept down the destiny 
 of population in former times. The Ahams, the inhabitants 
 who gave name to this valley, a name afterwards extended to 
 the whole prov., entered it from the E., apparently in the 
 thirteenth century, but they had to maintain an almost constant 
 struggle against Mohammedans in the W. , who were ever trying 
 to annex the prov. to Bengal. These attempts were unsuccessful, 
 and it was from the kingdom of Burma that the valley was 
 ultimately acquired by the British in 1826. The Go41p4r4 
 dist. had previously become British with Bengal in 1765. The 
 hill, or rather moimtain, tract to the S. of the Brahmaputra 
 valley is made up of a mmiber of ridges and plateaux separated 
 by deep valleys. The plains to the S. form the most thickly- 
 peopled part of the whole prov. That of Sylbet, in the W. , is 
 similar in character to the neighbouring plains of Bengal— a 
 region of countless rivers flowing along ridges, with gently 
 curving hollows (locally called hdors) between them. The 
 Cacbar valley is narrower, and has numerous long minor valleys 
 opening into it from the Lushdi hills on the S., that is, from the 
 region in which a succession of moimtain chains, trending N. 
 and S., separate Bengal from Burma. The hill tracts and 
 southern valleys were brought under British rule at different 
 dates, mostly after the annexation of the Brahmaputra valley. 
 Under British rule the whole prov. has been rapidly increasing 
 in population, largely in consequence of the rapid spread of tea- 
 cultivation, first tried in northern Assam in 1835. The tea- 
 plant had already, in 1823, been discovered growing wild in 
 the prov. The labourers on the European tea plantations are 
 mostly coolies, introduced from the crowded dists. of western 
 Bengal, and working under contracts for a term of years. 
 The introduction of these coolies is under the close supervision 
 of the Government to prevent abuses. The ordinary crops of 
 the natives are similar to those of Bengal. Dense forests of 
 tropical evergreens cover nearly all the mountainous and hilly 
 tracts of the prov. , but the forest products are as yet compara- 
 tively small in amount, the working of the forests being nearly 
 confined to the dists. of Kdmnip and Go41pdr4, at the mouth 
 of the Brahmaputra valley. The principal forest product is 
 rubber, obtained from the Fictis elastica. The chief hard-wood 
 tree is the s41 (Shorea robusta), but others, including the sisu, or 
 sissoo, abound. The lacquer tree of Japan is said to be found 
 growing freely. Among minerals, the most important is coal, 
 which is of exceptional quality, forming a good steam-coal. It 
 is at present worked only in the M4kum coal-field, which is con- 
 nected by a short railway with the river-port of Dibrugarh, but 
 the coal is said to extend along the foot of the Naga Hills for 
 over 100 m. Petroleum is also found in abundance, and is now 
 worked. Iron ore is plentiful, and is worked to some extent by 
 native methods. Immense beds of limestone exist on the S. 
 side of the hills, and have been a source of supply for Bengal 
 from time immemorial. There are only a few short railways in 
 Assam unconnected with the general railway system of India, 
 but a line is now being constructed from the Dibrugarh to the 
 port of Chittagong in Bengal, and from this line it is intended 
 to have a branch to Chandpur on the Meghni. The towns of 
 Assam are for the most part merely groups of agricultural 
 villages, and none of them had at last census as many as 20,000 
 inhabitants. The seat of administration of the prov. is Shillong, 
 on a tableland of the Khdsi Hills, nearly 5000 ft. high. It is 
 now connected by a well-made road with GauhAtf, on the 
 Brahmaputra, the old capital of the prov. 
 
 Assamctqnagan, rly. stn., Canada, Quebec, Bonaventure 
 CO. , on the Matapedia R. , i8 m. WN W. of the head of Chaleur 
 Bay. 
 
 Assawad, oasis, Sahara. See Asa^ad. 
 
 Assaye, vil, India, in the NW. of Haidara.bad, 46 m. NE. 
 by E. Aurangibiid ; scene of the victory of Gen. Wellesley 
 (Duke of Wellington) over the MarAthds, Sept. 23, 1803. 
 
 Asscbe-les-Brnxelles, manufacturing vil., Belgium, Brabant, 
 8 m. NW. by W. Brussels. P. 7000. 
 
 Asse, riv. , France. See Alpes, Basses. 
 
 Asse Jlrlba, vil., Tunis, on the Gulf of Hammamet, 48 m. 
 SSE. Tunis. 
 
 Assel, par., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 24 m. WNW, 
 Hamburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Asselby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div. , 
 
ASSE — ASTO 
 
 3^ m. NW. by N. Goole, 2 m. W. Howden stn., on the Hull 
 and Barnsley Rly. P. <250. 
 
 Asseln, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 5 m. E. by N. 
 Dortmund, coal-mines. P. < 3000. 
 
 Asi^en, tn., Holland, cap., prov. Drenthe, 15^ m, S. Gron- 
 ingen. P. (comm.) 9200. 
 
 Asseudelflt, vil., Holland, prov. N. Holland, 8 m. NE. 
 Haarlem. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Asseudou. See Asseutou. 
 
 Asseuede, vil,, Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 11 m. N. Ghent. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Asseiibeim, tn. , Ger. , grand-duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, 10 m. 
 ENE. Homburg, on the 1. bk. of the Nidda. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Assents, small tn. and seapt., on the Little Belt, W. ct. of 
 Fyen I., Denmark. P. < 5000. 
 
 Assens, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Vaud, 6 m. N. Lausanne. P. < 500. 
 
 Asseutou, or Asseudou, place, Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley 
 div., 7 m. N. by E. Reading, 2 m. NNW. Henley, P.O. 
 
 Asserby, hamlet, Eng., Lincolnshire, Homcastle div., 12 m. 
 SE. by E. Louth, 3^ m. ENE. Alford stn. 
 
 Assesse, comm., Belgium, prov. and 9 m. SE. Namur, with 
 quarries of good marble. P. <2000. 
 
 Asslit, inland dist. of Gold Coast colony, Upper Guinea, W. 
 of i°W., S. of6°N. 
 
 Asslugton, par., Eng. , Suffolk, Sudbury div., 15 m. W. by S. 
 Ipswich, 4 m. ESE. Sudbury stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Asslui, or Asslnle, viL , on the Ivory Coast, Upper Guinea, 
 in about 3° 17' W. , a French trading stn. Mean temp. (3 3n-s. 
 1847-48, 57-58, 63) 82.8° F. 
 
 Assiulboia, one of the three dists. forming the govt, of the 
 NW. Terrs, of Canada, situated on the S. frontier of the 
 Dominion between Manitoba and Alberta. Its NE. halfbelongs 
 to what is called the second prairie steppe, average alt. about 
 1600 ft. ; the SW. half to the third prairie steppe, alt. above 
 2000 ft. The boundary between the two, formed in the S. by 
 the Grand Coteau du Missouri, begins on the S. frontier in 
 about 104° W., and runs northwestwards. The NE. section 
 contains many tracts well suited for tillage, above all in the 
 valley of the Qu' Appelle R. ; the higher steppe to the SW. , 
 which contains the greater part of the S. Saskatchewan R. 
 included in the dist., is better suited for stock-rearing. Out- 
 crops of coal occur on the Souris R. , near the U.S. frontier, in 
 the Wood Mts. further W. (io6°-i07° W.), on the White Mud 
 R., between about 108° and 109° W. (also near the frontier), and 
 near Medicine Hat. Natural gas occurs at Medicine Hat and 
 at Langevin, the latter close to the W. frontier. The cap., 
 Regina, is the seat of the general legislature for the NW. Terrs. 
 Area about 95,000 sq. m. P. (1891)30,400. See also North- 
 West Territories (Canada) and Assiulbolne. 
 
 Assiiiiboiue, riv. , Canada, rises in the SE. of Saskatchewan 
 dist. and flows SE. through Assiniboia into Manitoba, then 
 E. to the Red R. of the North, which it joins at Winnipeg. 
 Length about 600 m. ; navigable for vessels of 100 tons to Fort 
 EUice, near the W. frontier of Manitoba. It takes its name 
 from the A. or Stone ludiaus, a branch of the Siou.x family, 
 which gives its name also to the dist. of Assiniboia, and is 
 settled both in the neighbourhood of this valley and in the 
 Rocky Mts. 
 
 Assisl, tn. , Italy, Umbria, prov. and 12 m. E. by S. Perugia ; 
 native place of St. Francis, founder of the Franciscan order. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Assmannsbansen, vil. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, on the 
 r. bk. of the Rhine, 16 m. W. Mainz ; noted for its wines. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Assou, vil., France, dep. Basses-Pyr^n^es, arr. and 13 m. 
 SSE. Pau; iron-mines near. P. < 2000. 
 
 Assoro, comm., Sicily, prov. Catania, 22 m. ENE. Caltanis- 
 setta. P. < 4000. 
 
 Assos, small seapt., Greece, on the NW. ct. of Cephalonia I. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Assu, tn., Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte, on the Rio A., 210 
 m. NW. Pernambuco. 
 
 Assnau, Assonau, Aswan, or Es-snan, tn. , Upper Egypt, 
 on the r. bk. of the Nile, just below the ' first cataracts ' 
 (rapids), in 24° 5' 23" N. (Nouet). It is the ancient Syene, 
 which gives the name of syenite to a variety of granite quarried 
 in the neighbourhood, largely used in building by the Pharaohs 
 of the eighteenth dynasty. Opposite A. is the beautiful island 
 of Elepha?itine (the Jeziret-ez-Zaher, or ' flowery isle ' of the 
 Arabs), a large mound on which marks the site of numerous 
 remains of antiquity, now all destroyed. The island of Philce, 
 6 m. to the S. above the cataracts, is still covered with remains 
 of temples, obelisks, and other ancient structures. 
 
 Assumption, small isl. in Indian Ocean, S. of Aldabra, a 
 dependency of Mauritius. 
 
 Assumption, Paraguay. See Asuncion. 
 
 Assumption, vil., U.S., Illinois, Christian co., 38 m. SE. 
 by E. Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Assumption, par., U.S., Louisiana, in the SE., crossed by 
 30° N. and 91° W., bounded on the W. by Grand Lake. 
 
 Assunguj, Ger. colony, Brazil, Parana, 430 m. WSW, 
 Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 Assyut, par., Scot., in the W. of Sutherland. The church 
 and hamlet (with P.O.) are at the head (SE. end) of Loch A. ; 
 par. iio.iii ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Assynt, Locb, lake, Scot., Sutherland, 8| m. W. by S. of 
 the head of Loch Shin, 6| m. long by \-\ m. wide ; in places 
 more than 600 ft. deep ; drained W. into the Minch. Alt. 
 215 ft. 
 
 Astalios, tn., Greece, prov. Acarnania and .^Etolia, on the 
 W. ct., 22 m. NW. by W. Mesolonghi. P. < 2000. 
 
 Astaninsliaya, vil., Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, 45 m. SE. by 
 E. Tyumen. 
 
 Astara, tn., Trans-Caucasia, govt. Baku, on the Caspian 
 Sea, and on the Persian frontier ; considerable export trade. 
 
 Astbnry, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., Cheshire, Macclesfield 
 div., 9 m. ENE. Crewe, and a m. SW. Congleton, P.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Astee, or Asdee, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Kerry, bar. Iraghticonnor, 
 6| m. SSW. Kilrush, P.O. ; 1304 ac. P.<5oo. 
 
 "Asten, comm., Holland, N. Brabant, 30 m. ESE. Tilburg. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Asterabad, Persia. See Astrabad. 
 
 Asterby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 6^ m. SW, 
 Louth, 2 m. SE. Donington-on-Bain stn, P, -<25o ; eccles. 
 par. (A. with Gonleeby) P. <5oo. 
 
 Asterlelgb, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock Union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Asthall, par. and vil. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Woodstock div. , 
 on the Windrush, io| m. W. by S. Woodstock, 4J m. W. by 
 N. Witney. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (A. with Asthalleigh) P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 Asthalleigh, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire. See 
 AsthaU. 
 
 Asti, tn., Italy, Piedmont, on the Borbore, just above its 
 confluence with the Tanaro, prov. and 21 m. W. Alessandria ; 
 noted for its wine ; birthplace of the poet Alfieri (1749). 
 
 Astley, par., Eng., Lancashire, Leigh div., 5^ m. S. by W. 
 Bolton, on the Bridgwater Canal, 2 m. N. of ils stn. on the 
 L. & NW. R. ; coal-mines, PM.O. P. <3000. 
 
 Astiey, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 5 m. NE. by N. 
 Shrewsbury, i m. SE. Hadnallstn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Astley, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., 7 m. N, 
 by W, Coventry, 2 m. E. Arley and Fillongley stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Astley, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 6^ m. 
 SSW. Kidderminster, 4 m. WSW. Hartlebury Junction, P.O. 
 (A. Cross). P. < 1000. 
 
 Astley Abbotts, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 15 m. NW. 
 by N. Kidderminster, 2 j m. N. Bridgnorth. P. <75o. 
 
 Astley Bridge, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., Lancashire, W. 
 Houghton div., near Bolton-le-Moors, PMT.O. P. 6200. 
 
 Aston, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Nicolet co. , 66 m. SW. 
 by W. Quebec. 
 
 Aston (by Budworth), par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 
 3 m. NNE. Northwich. P. <50o. 
 
 Aston (by Sutton), par., Eng., Cheshire, div. and 7 m. 
 WNW. Northwich, \\ m. SE. Sutton Weaver stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Aston, par., Eng., Derbyshire, High Peak div., 11 m. W. by 
 S. Sheffield. P.<25o. 
 
 Aston (on Trent), par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 6m. SE. by 
 S. Derby, %\ m. NE. Weston-on-Trent stn., PM.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Aston, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 9 m. N. by W. 
 Leominster, 4 m. SW. by W. Ludlow stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Aston, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., on the 
 Beane, 7 m. NNW. Hertford, 2 m. NE. Knebworth stn., 
 PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Aston, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, Forden Union. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Aston and Cote, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 
 II m. W. Oxford, 3 m. SE. Bampton stn., P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Aston(-on-Clnn), vil., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 19 m. ESE. 
 Newtown, i m. W. Broome stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Aston, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Salop, div. and 3 m. SE. 
 by E. Oswestry. See Uppington. 
 
 Aston, tp., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 6| m. SW. by 
 W. Newcastle-under-Lyme, close to Pipe Gate stn. 
 
 Aston, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 4% m. N. 
 by W. Stafford, 2 m. S. by E. Stone Junction, P.O. (A. with 
 Bnrston). P. <75o. 
 
 Aston, par., Eng., Warwickshire, partly in pari. bor. of 
 Birmingham, on the L. & NW. R. ; 14,074 ac. P. 249,300. 
 
 Aston, Little, eccles. par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Lichfield div. , 
 5 m. E. by N. Walsall, i4 m. W. Blake Street stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Aston, middle, par., Eng. , Oxfordshire, Banbury div., 2 m. 
 NW. Heyford rly. stn., j\ m. N. by E. Woodstock. P.<25o. 
 
 Aston, North, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury div., on 
 the Cherwell, 7^ m. S. by e! Banbury, \\ m. WNW. Somerton 
 stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Aston, White Ladies. See White Ladies Aston. 
 
 79 
 
AS T O 
 
 AT AH 
 
 Aston Abbots, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 4^ 
 m. NNE. Aylesbury, 3 m. NW. Marston Gate stn., P.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Aston Blank, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Cirencester div. , 
 11^ m. E. by S. Cheltenham, 2^ m. WSW. Bourton-on-the- 
 Water stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Aston BottereU, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 13^ m. 
 WNW. Kidderminster. P. <250. 
 
 Aston Brook, eccles. par., Eng., Warwickshire, A. par. 
 P. 13,300. 
 
 Aston Cantlow, par,, Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 5 
 m. NW. Stratford-on-Avon, i m. NE. Great Alne stn., P.O. ; 
 4894 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Aston Clinton, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 3^ m. 
 E. by S. Aylesbury, 3 m. S. by W. Marston Gate stn., PM.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Aston Cross, place, Eng,, Gloucestershire, div. and 3 m. 
 ENE. Tewkesbury, with P.O. 
 
 Aston Eyre, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 15J m. SE. 
 Shrewsburv, 4 m. W. by N. Bridgnorth. P. <:2So. See 
 norrlUe.' 
 
 Aston FlaniTllle, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Bosworth div. , 
 7^ m. SSE. Bosworth, 2^ m. E. by S. Hinckley stn. P. <25o ; 
 eccles. par. (A. F. 'with Burbage) P. < 2000. 
 
 Aston Grange, par., Eng., Cheshire, Runcorn Union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Aston Heath, hamlet, Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 4 
 m. SW. by S. Nantwich, i m. E. Wrenbury stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Aston ittghani, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, div. and 5^ m. 
 E. Ross, 2 m. W. Newent. P. <5oo. 
 
 Aston-juxta-Mondrnni, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury 
 div., 3^ m. N. Nantwich. P. <250. 
 
 Aston-le->Valls, par.. Ens;., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 15^ m. S. Rugby, 2 m. WSW. Byfield stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Aston Magna, eccles. par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 
 II m. ESE. Evesham, i m. S. Blockley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Aston Slanor, pari, bor., Eng., Warwickshire, NE. Bir- 
 mingham. P. 68,600. 
 
 Aston Bowant, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henlev div., 14J 
 m. ESE. Oxford, on the G. W. R. P. <7So- 
 
 Aston Sandford, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 5I 
 m. SW. by W. Aylesbury, 3 m. NNW. Bledlow stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Aston Somervllle, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury 
 div., 3^ m. S. by E. Evesham, 2 m. SE. Hinton stn. P. <:2So. 
 
 Aston-sub-Edge, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester 
 div., 7 m. E. by S. Evesham, 2 m. NW. Campden stn. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Aston Tlrrold, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 8 m. SE. 
 by S. Abingdon, 2^ m. E. by S. Upton stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Aston rpthorpe, par. , Eng. , Berkshire. See Upton. 
 
 Aston with Aughton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 div. and 5 m. SSE. Rotherham, i| m. E. Woodhouse Mill 
 stn. The poet Mason was rector of this par. PMT.O. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Astor, garrison tn. , India, Kashmir, 85 m. N. Srinagar ; with 
 fortress crowning a height precipitous on three sides. 
 
 Astorga, tn., Spain, prov. Leon, 30 m. WSW. Leon ; the 
 ancient capital of the Astures, with a cathedral of the 15th 
 century, Alt. 2900 ft. P. 5300. 
 
 Astoria, tn., U.S., IlHnois, Fulton co. , 43 m. NW. by W. 
 Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Astoria, city, U.S., Oregon, Clatsop co., on the 1. bk. of 
 the Columbia, 8 m. ESE. of the mouth of the river (Adam's 
 Point). Mean rainfall (23 jts. ) 76.48 in. P. <6ioo. 
 
 Astove, small isl. in the Indian Ocean, N. of Madagascar, 
 SE. of Aldabra, a dependency of Mauritius. 
 
 Astrabad, or Asterabad. a walled tn., Persia, prov. Mazan- 
 deran, 100 m. E. by N. Barfrusli, 23 m. E. of A. Bay, in the 
 SE. corner of the Caspian Sea. See Ashnrada. 
 
 Astrakhan, a govt, of European Russia, on the Lower 
 Volga, has Saratov and Samara in N. , Don Cossacks in W, , 
 and the terr. of the Buk6ev Horde in the E. With the ex- 
 ception of the low hills along the course of the Volga in the 
 NW. , it is flat and consists of sandy deserts, large parts of 
 which are below the level of the ocean, and gradually slope to 
 the Caspian Sea (85 ft. below the level of the Black Sea). They 
 are intersected by many old beds of the Volga, and covered 
 with hundreds of brackish lakes, from which salt is extracted 
 to the amoimt of about 150,000 tons every year (Elton and 
 Baskunchak, now connected by rail with the Volga, being the 
 most important). Gypsum, rock-salt, and grinding-stones are 
 extracted from the hills. Climate continental, very hot in 
 summer and cold in winter (average temp., yr. 49° F., Jan. 
 19°, July 78° ; yearly rainfall, 6. i in. ). Only the delta and 
 the banks of the Volga have a settled population, chiefly 
 Russian. The Russians make about 60 per cent, of the popu- 
 lation, the remainder being Kirghizes (23 per cent.), Kalmucks 
 (14 per cent.), Tatars (4 per cent.), Armenians, Turkomans, 
 a few Hindus, &c. Cattle-breeding is the chief occupa- 
 tion ; agriculture insufficient for population. Vineyards cover 
 80 
 
 several thousand acres, and wine is exported. Fishing and 
 seal-hunting in the Caspian and the Volga delta are impor- 
 tant trades (100,000 to 125,000 seals, and nearly 30,000 tons 
 of fish every year), fish and caviare being largely exported* 
 Manufactures in infancy. Divided into five dists. , the chief 
 towns being: Astrakhan, Chornyi Yar (5070), Krasnyi Yar 
 (6230), Tsarev (6860), and Yenotaievsk (2450), and six Kalmuck 
 dists. The Astraklian Cossacks (about 25,000) constitute a sepa- 
 rate voisko under their own military administration. Area 
 91,237 sq. m. P. (i860) 475.000. (1888) 932,539. 
 
 Astrakhan, cap. of above prov., 1021 m. SE. of Moscow, 
 and 271 m. from nearest railway station, at Tsaritsyn, on 
 1. bk. of Volga, 40 m. from its mouth ; 46° 21' N., 48' 4' E. 
 Formerly a Tatar fortress, annexed to Russia in 1551-54 ; 
 has an old citadel (Kreml), a botanic garden, a small 
 admiralty, and is a considerable entrepot for Caspian fisheries 
 and for trade between Russia, Transcaucasia, Transcaspian 
 region, and Persia. Regular steam communication with upper 
 Volga, asweUasBaku, Krasnovodsk, and Ashur-ada ; extensive 
 vineyards in suburbs. P. (i860) 44,587, (1888) 73,710. 
 
 Astrolabe, large bay in the E. of Ger. New Guinea, 5°-S^° S. 
 
 Astropalla, Turkish isl. See Astypaltea. 
 
 Astros Paralla, viL, Greece, prov, Arcadia, on the W. 
 shore of the Gulf of Nauplia, 11 m. S. by W. Nauplia. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Astndlllo, comm., Spain, Old Castile, prov. and 18 m. NE. 
 Palencia. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Astnra, vil., Italy, prov. Rome, on a penin. in the Mediter- 
 ranean {Insula AsttircB) ; at the mouth of the riv. A. , 39 m. SE. 
 Rome. A lofty tower is supposed to occupy part of the site of 
 the villa of Cicero, near which he was put to death, B.C. 43. 
 Here Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaufen family, was 
 betrayed after the battle of Tagliacozzo, in 1268. 
 
 Asturlas, a former principahty of Spain, now forming the 
 prov. of Ovledo. It has given the title of ' Prince of A.' to 
 the eldest son of the kings of Leon, Castile, or Spain since 
 1388. See Spain, history, and CUngas de Onls. 
 
 Astwlck, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div. , 12^ m. 
 SE. by E. Bedford, 4 m. SSE. Biggleswade, i^ m. NNE. 
 Arlesey and Shefford Rd. stn, P. <250. See Arlesey. 
 
 Astwood, par., Buckinghamshire, on the E. border of tha 
 Buckingham div., 6 m. W. by S. Bedford, 3 m. S. by W. 
 Turvey stn. , P. O. P. <25o. 
 
 Astwood Bank, vil. , Eng. , on the E. border of Worcester- 
 shire, Evesham div. , 7^ m. SE. Bromsgrove, \\ m. W. Studlev 
 and A. B. stn. on the M. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Astypalaea, or Astropalia, or Stanipalla, a] dumb-bell 
 shaped isl. , Asiatic Turkey, in the .iEgean Sea, crossed by 36^" 
 N. , and just W. of 26^ E. P. 2000. 2. A tn. on the S. ct. 
 
 Asuncion, frequently called in English Assumption, city, 
 cap. of Paraguay, on a high cliff on the 1. bk. of the R. Para- 
 guay, 1040 m, by water above Buenos Aires, with which it is 
 in communication by river steamers. It presents a curious 
 mixture of primitive conditions with the most recent modern 
 improvements. It has few streets capable of being used by 
 ordinary carriages, but has a tramway leading 5 m. through 
 the forest to the residential suburb of Villa Morra. Its principal 
 streets are lighted by electricity, and it has numerous telephones. 
 Alt. 322 ft. ; mean temp, (i^ yrs., 1874-75) 74.1° F. P. (1887) 
 25,000. 
 
 Asuncion, tn., Venezuela, E. end of Margarita I. P. <300o. 
 
 As'wan, Egypt. See Assuan. 
 
 Aswanlpl, lake. See Ashwanlpl. 
 
 As'warby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Sleaford div. , 10 m. E. 
 by N. Grantham, on the G. N. R., P.O. P, <:25o ; eccles. par. 
 (A. with Swarby) P. <5oo. 
 
 Aswardby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey or Horn- 
 castle div., II m. S. by E. Louth, 3^ m. NNW. Spilsby stn. 
 P. <2So ; eccles. par. (A. with Sausthorpe) P. <25o. 
 
 Atacama, prov. , Chile, situated between the Andes and the 
 coast, and between about 24° 40' and 29° 10' S. Two-thirds of its 
 area in the N. is mainly an elevated and partly mountainous 
 stony or sandy desert. In the S. there are a few rivers which 
 afford the means of irrigation, and in this part of the prov. the 
 bulk of the population is collected. The great wealth of the 
 prov. consists in its deposits of silver, gold, and copper. The 
 prov. is divided into four deps. , Chaflaral in the N. , Coplapd 
 in the middle, Frelrlna in the SW. , and Vallenar in the SE. 
 Easter I., about 2000 m, off, and San Felix and San Ambrosio 
 Is. , nearly 600 m, off, belong to the prov. ; cap. Copiap6 ; chief 
 ports Caldera and Carrizal Bajo. Area 28,400 sq. m. P. (1870) 
 83,000, (1885) 64,000. See Jour. R. G. S., 1877, p. 250 (map 
 about 1 : 1,500,000). 
 
 Atacama, or San Pedro de A., tn. , Chile, prov. of Antofa- 
 gasta, 240 m. SE. by S. Iquique, to the N. of a great salt 
 desert of A. , the point of convergence of several trade-routes 
 across the Andes. Alt. 7900 ft. P. < 1000. 
 
 Atacamcs, small seapt., Ecuador, in 0° 57' N. 
 
 Atahnalpa, vil, Uruguay, dep. and 5 m. NNE. Montevideo. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
ATM — ATHE 
 
 Atairo, mt., Asiatic Turkey, the highest summit of Rhodes 
 I. , near the middle of the island and towards the W. side. Alt. 
 4065 ft. 
 
 Atak, Atok, Turkish, 'mountain-skirt,' a name applied m 
 Persia to the northern country bordering on the mountains. 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1883. pp. 14-15. 
 
 Ataki, tn. , Russia, govt. Bessarabia, dist. Soroki, on r. bk. 
 of Dniester, opposite Mohilev ; considerable trade. P. 7000. 
 
 Atanil, tn., Japan, 40 m. WSW. Yokohama, on the SE. ct. 
 of Honshiu, on Odawara Bay ; protected from N. and W. 
 winds ; favourite winter resort of the Japanese nobility and 
 higher official class. P. <3000. 
 
 Atamisqnl, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 56 m. SE. by 
 S. Santiago del Estero, 144 m. SE. by S. Tucuman. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Atanl, stn. of Royal Niger Co., on 1. bk. Niger, in about 
 6° 2' N. 
 
 Ataroth, place named in O. T. See Att&rns. 
 
 Ataroth Adar, place named in O. T. See Ed Dftrleh. 
 
 Atascosa, co. , U.S., Texas, S. of 29° N. and W. of 98° W. , 
 traversed by A. Riv. (trib. R. Frio). 
 
 Atbara, r. bk. trib. of the Nile, the lowest of all its tribs. , 
 rises in Abyssinia, among the mountains to the NW. of Lake 
 Tsana, and flows NNW. then WNW. , entering the Nile in 
 about 18' X., 25 m. S. Berber; navigable from June to Sep- 
 tember as high as Guras6 or Korasi, a few miles below El 
 Fasher, in about 15° 20' N. It receives the Setit (Takazze) on 
 the r. bk. just below Tomat. As to upper course see Peter- 
 mann's Mitteil., 1888, p. 66. 
 
 Atbasar, dist. tn., Russian Central Asia, prov. Akmolinsk, 
 280 m. S. Ishim, 300 m. SW. Tomsk. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Atcbafalay'a ('lost water '), riv., U.S., Louisiana, a large 
 bayou issuing from the Mississippi on the r. bk. , and flowing 
 S. into Grand Lake at Grande Riviere. 
 
 Atrbafalaya, settlement, U.S., Louisiana, St. Landry par., 
 on Riv. A., no m. WNW. New Orleans. 
 
 Atebafalaya Bay, U.S., Louisiana, in the N. of the Gulf 
 of Mexico, and S. of St. Mary par., in 91° 2o'-3o' W. 
 
 Atrbaiu, par., Eng. , Salop, Newport div. , 4 m. SE. by E. 
 Shrewsbury, 2^ m. S. by W. Upton Magna stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Atcbiii. See Acblu. 
 
 Atcbliigtoii, hamlet, Eng., Salop, Newport div,, 15 m. NE. 
 by E. Shrewsbury, 5 m. S. Market Drayton. 
 
 Atcbison, city, U.S., Kansas, A. co. , on the r. bk. of the 
 R. Missouri, 20 m. NNW. Leavenworth, centre of an important 
 railway system. Alt. 973 ft. (R. R.). P. 14,000. 
 
 Atciiison, CO., U.S., Missouri, in the extreme NW. 
 
 Atcbisoii, East, settlement, U.S., Missouri, Buchanan co. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the Missouri, 18 m. SW, St. Joseph. 
 
 Ateca, tn. , Spain, prov. Zaragoza, 45 m. SE. by E. Soria, 
 on the Jalon. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Ategerat, Abyssinia. See Adlgrat. 
 
 Atenas, tn. , Costa Rica, 20 m. W. San Jos6, with gold-mines. 
 
 Atesbgab ('place of fire'), a place in Trans-Caucasia, 
 about 10 m. E. Baku, formerly celebrated as a seat of Zoroas- 
 trian fire-worship. 
 
 Atessa, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Chieti, 24 m. SE. 
 by S. Chieti. P. 10,000. 
 
 Ateyba, a Beduin tribe, inhabiting a granitic and basaltic 
 plateau to the N. of Mecca, Arabia. 
 
 Atll, vil. , Lower Egypt, r. bk. Nile, 40 m. S. Cairo, on the 
 site of ancient Aphroditopolis. 
 
 Atford, hamlet, Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 7 m. E. 
 Bath, 2| m. S. Corsham stn. 
 
 Atb, manufacturing tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the 
 Dender, 15 m. NW. by N. Mons. P. 9900. 
 
 Atbabasca, a provisional dist. in the NW. Terrs, of Canada, 
 bordering on Alberta dist. on the S., and Brit. Columbia on 
 the W. ; not yet settled, and inhabited by a small pop., mainly 
 of Indians. Area, about 122,000 sq. m. See Nortb-West 
 Territories (Canada). 
 
 Atbabasca, a large shallow lake, about 200 m. long W. to E. , 
 the W. end of wh-ch forms part of the E. boundary of A. dist. 
 It receives the A. Riv. at its W. end, and one of the outlets of 
 WoUaston Lake at its E. end, and discharges its surplus waters 
 northwards by the Slave R. into the Great Slave Lake from its 
 W. end. 2. A difficult pass across the Rocky Mts., between 
 Mounts Brown and Hooker, in about 52° 20' N. 3. A river, 
 rises in Alberta dist. to the E. of Mount Hooker, and flows 
 NE. then on the whole N., forming part of the E. boundary of 
 A. dist. into A. Lake ; navigable by steamers from A. Landing 
 to the Grand Rapids in about 56° 13' N. , from that point ob- 
 structed by bad rapids for 60 m., then again navigable bv 
 steamers from Fort M 'Murray, where it begins to form the 
 boundary of A. dist. to its mouth ; thus navigable in all for 
 about 400 m. out of a total of nearly 1000. 
 
 Atbaltasca Landing, place, Canada, dist. Alberta, on the 
 A. Riv. , 80 m. N. by E. Edmonton. 
 
 Atbassel and Kelickninrry, par. , Ire. , S. co. Tipperary, 
 bars. Middlethird and Clanwilliam, 5 m. SW. Cashel, on the 
 r. bk. of the Suir; 12,768 ac. P. < 2000. 
 81 
 
 Atb boy, par.. Ire,, W. co. Meath, bar. Lune, 7 m. NW. 
 Trim, connected by rail with Trim, PMT.O. ; 11,880 ac. 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 Atbea, or Attea, tn,, Ire., NW. co. Limerick, bar. Shanid, 
 8 m. E. Listowel, PM.O. ; estimated area, 21 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Atbelbampton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, near Dorchester. 
 P. <:25o ; eccles. par. (A. wltb Barlestone) P. <25o. 
 
 Atbellngton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div,, 17 m. N. by E. 
 Ipswich, and 4^ m. E. by S. Eye. P. <25o. 
 
 Atbeluey, isl. in the Parret, Eng., Somerset, div. and 5 J m. 
 SE. by S. Bridgwater, with stn. on the G. W. R. ; place of 
 refuge of Alfred the Great in 878. 
 
 Atbelstan, or St. Mlcbael, vil. , Canada, Quebec. , co. and 
 5^ m. from Huntingdon, on R. Hinchinbrooke. P, <i5oo. 
 
 Atbelstaneford, locally called Elsblnford, par., Scot., 
 CO. and 2^ m. NNE. Haddington, 2 m. SE. Drem Junction; 
 said to owe its name to the victory of a Pictish king of the 
 eighth century over a Northumbrian leader named Athelstane ; 
 P. O. 5077 ac. P, < 750. 
 
 Atbenry, par. and market-tn.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. A., 
 10 m, NW. Loughrea, on the Midland Great Western Rly. 
 Market-day, F. Par. 14,950 ac. , P. < 3000 ; tn. 42 ac. , P. < 1000. 
 
 Athens, Greek Atbenal, cap. of the kgd. of Greece or 
 Hellas, and of the dep. Attica and Boeotia, situated in a small 
 plain on the NW. side of the Gulf of .(Egina, between the rivers 
 Ilissos E. and Kephissos W., and between the Acropolis on 
 the S. and the hills of Strephon and Lykabettos on the NE., 
 4^ m. by rail from its harbour, the Piraeus. Lat. of the Par- 
 thenon, 37° 58' 20" N. , long. 23° 43' 8" E. It is the residence 
 of the sovereign, and the seat of an archbishop, a university 
 (founded in 1836), an observatory, and a botanic garden. 
 The Acropolis or citadel, on which most of its noble monuments 
 are placed, is a square craggy rock, about 510 ft. high. Summit 
 enclosed by walls. The cathedral is a handsome Byzantine 
 structure with a modern steeple. A. has recently been rapidly 
 growing in importance as an industrial city, manufacturing 
 chiefly coarse cotton yarns and tissues, morocco leather, and 
 silks. A. is reputed to have been foimded by Cecrops, leader 
 of an Egyptian colony; it fell to Rome, B.C. 86; since then it 
 has belonged successively to Goths, Byzantines, Franks (1204), 
 Catalans (1312), the kings of Sicily (1326), Venetians, and 
 Turks (1456). Principal antiquities, the Acropolis, surmounted 
 by the Parthenon, an edifice of white marble, 228 ft. in length 
 by 100 ft. in breadth, and still tolerably perfect ; the Erech- 
 theion, a building 90 ft. in length ; remains of the Temple of 
 the Wingless Victory ; the Propylaia, or grand entrance, in 
 front of the foregoing temples ; and the theatre of Herodes 
 Atticus, at the SW, angle of the Acropolis. N. of tiie Areo- 
 pagos is the Temple of Theseus, one of the most perfect 
 monuments of ancient A. , having thirty-four remaining Doric 
 columns outside, and containing a rich museum of antiquities. 
 Areopagos or Mars' Hill, where St. Paul addressed the Athe- 
 nians ; the Pnyx, where popular meetings were held ; the Eleu- 
 sinion, the prison of Socrates, and Tower of the Winds, ves- 
 tiges of the Temple and Theatre of Dionysos (Bacchus), the 
 Grotto of Apollo and Pan. Outside of the city, sixteen Corin- 
 thian columns, 60 ft. in height, on a raised platform, remains of 
 the Temple of Zeus Olympios ; and near the Ilissos, the Stadium, 
 or ancient race-course, is still traceable, A. became the seat of 
 the Greek government (removed hither from Nauplia) in 1835. 
 Shortest sea track to Liverpool, 2566 nautical miles. Alt. 337 
 ft.; mean temp. (yrs. 1859-82), yr. 63.1° F. , Jan. 46.4°, July 
 80.6°; rainfall (12 yrs.), 15.04 in. P. (1870) 25,000; (1879) 
 68,700 ; (i88g) 107,250. See also Greece, climate. 
 
 Athens, vil., U.S., Alabama, Limestone co., 86 m. N. by W. 
 Birmingham. Alt. 707 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Atbens, city, U.S., Georgia, Clarke co., 63 m. ENE. At- 
 lanta, with a university. P. 8600. 
 
 Athens, tn., U.S., Maine, Somerset co. , 43 m. N, by E. 
 Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Atbens, vil,, U.S., New York, Greene co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Hudson, 29 m. S. by W. Albany. P. < 3000. 
 
 Athens, vil., U.S., Ohio, A. co. , on Hocking R., 65 m. SE. 
 Columbus. P. < 3000. 
 
 Athens, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Bradford co., on the 
 Chemung, 58 m. NW. Scranton. P. <4000, 
 
 Athens, vil., U.S., Tennessee, M'Minn co., 48 m. NE. by 
 E. Chattanooga, P, <3000. 
 
 Atbens, tn., U.S., Te.xas, Henderson co,, 70 m. SE. by E. 
 Dallas. P. < 1500. 
 
 Atberfleld Point, cape, Eng., on the S. ct. of the Isle of 
 Wight, 3I m. NW. St. Catherine's Point. 
 
 Atherington, par. and vil., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple 
 div., 9 m. E. by S. Bideford, i^ m, W. Umberleigh stn., P.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Atherington, vil., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., on the S. 
 ct. , 3I m. S. by W. Arundel, ij m. SW. Ford Junction. 
 
 Atberly, or Atherley, vil., Canada, Ontario, Ontario co., 
 on Lake Simcoe, 46 m. E. CoUingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Atherstone, par. and market-tn,, Eng., Warwickshire, 
 
 F 
 
ATHE — ATLA 
 
 Nuneaton div., 8 m. SE. by E, Tamworth, on the L. & NW. R. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Atlierstone-on-Stour, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 
 3 m. S. Stratford-on-Avon, with coal-mines. P. <:25o. 
 
 Atberton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Leigh div., 4^ m. SW. by 
 S. Bolton, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. P. 15,800. 
 
 Atligarvaa and Blackrath, tnld. , Ire. , E. co. Kildare, bar. 
 Connell, 6 m. E. Kildare, PT.O. ; 617 ac. P.<:5oo. 
 
 AtU, riv. , Brit. E. Africa. See SabaU. 
 
 Atblacca, par. , Ire. , S. co. Limerick, bar. Coshma, 14 m. S. 
 Limerick, on Cork and Limerick Rly., P.O. ; 5511 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 AtUeaene, par. and tn., Ire., cos. Galway and Roscom- 
 mon, bars. Killian and Athlone, N., 5 m. SW. Roscommon, 
 PM.O. Par. 13,011 aa, P. < 2000; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 AtUone, viL, Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., 38 m. NW. 
 Toronto. 
 
 Athlone, market- tn., Ire., on botji banks of the Shannon, 
 here navigable by large river steamers, partly in co. Westmeath, 
 bar. Brawny, partly in co. Roscommon, bar' Athlone, on which 
 side it is secured by strong military works, 17 m. SE. by S. 
 Roscommon, on a branch of the Great Southern and Western 
 Rly ; has a woollen mill, saw-mills, and a valuable fishery. 
 Market-day, Tu. A. and Parsonstown, alt. 304 and 182 ft.; 
 mean temp. {i5yrs., 1866-80), yr. 48.6° F., Jan. 39.3°, July 59.8°. 
 1 1 29 ac. P. 7000. 
 
 Athlamney, Ire. See Factory. 
 
 Atbmallln, trib. state, Brit. India, Bengal, Orissa, crossed 
 about the middle by 84^° N. , 2o|° E ; 730 sq. m. P. 22,000. 
 
 Atlineasy, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bars. Coshlea and Small- 
 county, near Kilmallock ; 2836 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Atlmett. See AnUd. 
 
 Atbnl, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Belgiimi, 44 m. W. 
 by S. Bijapur. P. 10,400. 
 
 Atlinowen, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Muskerry E., near 
 Cork ; 4837 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Athol, viL, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Cumberland, 12 m. by 
 rail from Amherst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Athol, viL, Canada, Ontario, Glengarry co., 68 m. W. by 
 S. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Athol, settlement, New Zealand, South I., Southland co., 65 
 m. N. by E. Invercargill, on the rly. to Lake Wakatipu. 
 
 Athol, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., on Millers 
 R., 33 m. NE. by N. Holyoke. P. 6300. 
 
 Athol, viL, U.S., S. Dakota, Spink co. , 95 m. NE. by E. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Athos, the ancient name, still current in western countries, 
 for the mountainous penin. in Turkey forming the eastern- 
 most of three narrow penins. in the NW. of the .(Egean Sea, 
 and more particularly for the mountain at the end of that 
 penin. ; called by the Greeks Hagion Oros {' sacred mountain'), 
 which has been corrupted by the Turks into Alneros ; called by 
 the Italians Monte Santo (same meaning). The mountain is 
 composed of a white marble or limestone, rising about 3000 ft. 
 above the pine-forests to a total alt. of 6345 ft. At an early 
 date it became the seat of a Greek theological seminary, and it 
 now possesses twenty monasteries, in which are preserved the 
 remains of the famous libraries which supplied the MSS. of 
 many masterpieces of ancient Greek literature. No female is 
 p>ermitted to enter the penin. Vestiges of the canal cut by 
 Xerxes at the narrow N. end of the penin. have been discovered. 
 Jour. R, G. S., 1837, pp. 61-74; 1847, pp. 145-150; Ausland, 
 1885, pp. 184, 211, 228. 
 
 Athpadl, tn. , India, native state Aundh, Satdra dist , Bom- 
 bay, 66 m. NW. Bijipur. P. 6000. 
 
 Athy (a-thai'), market-tn.. Ire., SW. co. Kildare, bar. 
 Narragh and Reban W., 12 m. S. by W. Kildare, at the head 
 of navigation on the Barrow, terminus of a branch of the 
 Grand Canal. Market-days, Tu. and S. 961 ac. P. < 5000. 
 
 Athy St. John, par., Ire., cos. Kildare and Queen's, bars. 
 Narragh and Reban W. , and Ballyadams, near Athy. P. <25oo. 
 
 Athy St. Michael, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, including the town 
 of Athy ; 1880 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Atlbala, vil. , Brazil, prov. and 35 m. N. by E. Sao Paulo. 
 
 Atlco, tn. , Peru, dep. Arequipa, on W. ct. , m about 16° 13' S. 
 
 Atina, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 31 m. NNE. 
 Gaeta. P. < 5000. 
 
 Atlqnlpa, riv., Peru, rises in the .A.ndes, flows SW. and 
 enters the Pacific Ocean, about 15° 50' S. 
 
 Atira, viL, Paraguay, 32 m. E. by N. Asuncion. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Atltlan, or Santiago de A., tn., Guatemala, on the S. side 
 of the large mountain lake of A., 49 m. W. Guatemala. P. 
 2000 (Indians). 
 
 Atla, one of the Cook or Hervey Is. 
 
 Atkank, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 50 m. WNW. Saratov. 
 P. 8000. 
 
 Atkins, viL, U.S., Arkansas, Pope co., 48 ra. NW. Little 
 Rock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Atlanta, city, U.S., Georgia, cap. of the state, Fulton co., 
 114 m. SE. of NW. comer of state, an important rly. centre, 
 with large trade in grain, cotton, and tobacco, and with 
 82 
 
 rapidly rising cotton and other manufactures. Seat of a uni- 
 versity (coloured). Alt. 1050 ft. (R. R.) ; rainfall (6 yrs.) 56.23 
 in. P. (i85o)<3ooo; (1870)21,900; (1890)65,500. 
 
 Atlanta, city, U.S., Illinois, Logan co., 39 m. NE. by N. 
 Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Atlanta, tn., U.S., Texas, Cass co., 50 m. NNW. Shreve- 
 port (Louisiana). P. < 2000. 
 
 Atlantic, CO., U.S., New Jersey, on the Atlantic, crossed in 
 the N. by 39^° N. 
 
 Atlantic, city, U.S., Iowa, Cass co., 50 m. E. by N. Omaha, 
 Neb. P. < 5000. 
 
 Atlantic City, city and seaside resort, U.S., New Jersey, 
 Atlantic co., 53 m. SE. Philadelphia (Penn.), on Absecum 
 Beach. Mean temp., yr. 51.9° F., Jan. 32.5°, Aug. 72.3° ; rain- 
 fall (11 )TS.) 43.23 in. P. 13,100. 
 
 Atlantic Highlands, ct. viL, U.S., New Jersey, Mon< 
 mouth CO., on Sandy Hook Bay, 15 m. S. Brooklyn. 
 
 Atlantic Mine, settlement, U.S., Michigan, Houghton ca, 
 70 m. NW. by W. Marquette. 
 
 Atlantic Ocean (ancient Atlanticus Oceanus, from Mount 
 Atlas), one of the five great hydrographical divisions of the globe, 
 occupies an immense longitudinal val. , extending from the Arctic 
 circle on the N. to the Antarctic circle on the S. , bounded W. 
 by the coast of America to Cape Horn, and E. by the shores <rf 
 Europe and Africa to the Cape of Good Hope. It is naturally 
 divided into three portions : ist, the N. ; 2nd, the S. ; and 3rd, 
 the intertropical Atlantic. The North Sea, the Caribbean Sea, 
 and the Irish Sea form portions of the Atlantic ; but the Baltic 
 and the Mediterranean, which communicate with the ocean 
 only by narrow channels, are properly considered separate seas. 
 The principal gulfs of the Atlantic are, in Europe, the Bay of 
 Biscay ; in Africa, the Gulf of Guinea ; in America, the Gulfs of 
 Mexico and St. Lawrence. The chief islands are, in Europe, 
 the British Isles and Iceland ; in Africa, the Azores, Madeira, 
 and Canary islands, and the archipelago of the Gulf of Guinea ; 
 in America, the Antilles, Newfoundland, and the islands of the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Atlantic, with its branches, receives 
 the drainage of nearly the whole of Europe W. of the Volga, 
 of N. America E. of the Rocky Mts. and the mountains of 
 Mexico, of S. America E. of the Andes, and the greater por- 
 tion of Africa. Its chief affluents are, in Europe, the Rhine, 
 Loire, and Tagus ; in Africa, the Senegal, Niger, and Congo ; 
 and in America, the St. Lawrence, Mississippi, Orinoco, 
 Amazon, and La Plata. The bed of the Atlantic rises in some 
 places in immense sand-banks to within a few fathoms of the 
 siu-face, and in others sinks to considerable depths. The bed 
 of this ocean in the N. as far S. as 60° N. is for the most 
 part under 1000 fathoms in depth, and down to 50° N. in most 
 places between 1000 and 2000 fathoms. S. of that line the 
 principal feature of the bed of the ocean is a submarine tract 
 1000 to 2000 fathoms in depth, running from N. to S. about 
 midway between the opp)osite shores, the Azores Is. and the 
 island of St. Paul, resting on this tract in the N. hemisphere 
 the islands of Ascension, Tristan da Cunha, and Gough in the 
 southern. It ends a little to the S. of Gough I. E. of this 
 tract there is a single trough upwards of 2000 fathoms in depth, 
 but to the W. of it the areas exceeding that depth are divided 
 into two by a branch from the median shallower tract running 
 SW. to the coast of S. America between the mouths of the 
 Amazon and Orinoco. Large areas more than 3000 fathoms 
 deep occur on both sides of the median tract both in the N. and 
 S. Atlantic [Oceans]. The most extensive banks are New- 
 foundland, the Dogger in the North Sea, and the Agulhas, off 
 the S. point of Africa. Many of the shallower and smaller 
 banks rise out of deep water, and even the several members of 
 the island groups, such as Tristan da Cunha and Madeira 
 islands, are separated by deep channels. A submarine tele- 
 graph cable was laid across the Atlantic in 1858, but failed after 
 transmitting a few messages ; another, attempted in 1865, also 
 failed ; but in July 1866 a new cable was successfully laid be- 
 tween Valentia I., Ireland, and Heart's Content, Newfound- 
 land, and in September the cable of 1865 was recovered and 
 successfully spliced. There are now three cables between these 
 two places, one between Ballinskelligs Bay, Ireland, and Tor 
 Bay, Nova Scotia ; one between Ballinskelligs Bay and Dover 
 Bay, Nova Scotia ; one between Sennen Cove, Cornwall, and 
 Dover Bay ; two from Brest, in France, to the islands of St. 
 Pierre and Miquelon, which are connected by cable with 
 Boston, U.S. ; two from Lisbon by Madeira and the Cape 
 Verde Is. to Pemambuco. Another cable is being laid from 
 Senegal to BraziL Submarine cables following the coast con- 
 nect the principal ports of Africa with Teneriffe and Europe ; 
 others connect the principal ports of S. America with each 
 other, the West Indies, and the U.S. Immense numbers of 
 fish are found in the Atlantic, and herring and cod fishing are 
 important branches of industry in Northern Europe. Animal life 
 occurs in profusion at all depths. Fordimensions, greatest depths, 
 prevailing winds, currents, tides, and floating ice, see Oceans. 
 
 Atlantic Peak, mt., U.S., Wyoming, Fremont co., 152 m. 
 NE. of the SW. corner of the state. Alt. 12,794 ft. (Hayden). 
 
ATLA — ATTI 
 
 Atlas Mountains, the general name given to a number of 
 
 mountain-ranges in the NW. of Africa, stretching nearly con- 
 tinuouslv from near the W. coast of Morocco to the E. coast of 
 Tunis, for the most part with a SW. by W. to NE. by E., or 
 WSW. to ENE., trend. They are known by different special 
 names in different parts and to different writers. They are 
 most conveniently divided first into (A.) the Morocco Atlas, and 
 (B.) the Atlas of Algeria and Tunis. A. The Morocco Atlas. 
 — Four great chains, running nearly parallel to one another, 
 have been distinguished in this division :^(i.) The Hlgb Atlas 
 (sometimes called the Great Atlas), which contains the highest 
 elevations, and is also the longest, beginning about 40 m. to the 
 E. of Cape Gir, where a valley traversed by a trib. of the Wady 
 Sus separates it from the tableland of Haha-Mtuga, and ending 
 on the N. margin of the Shot Tigri in the W. of Algeria (about 
 ii° W. ). The name of Adrar-u-Deren is sometimes applied 
 to the whole of this chain, but properly that is merely a general 
 term, meaning ' snow-mountains.' Sometimes this name is used 
 to denote the part of the chain to the S. and SE. of Morocco, 
 wliere the highest elevations occur. The Tlzl Llknmpt, in 
 this portion of the chain, SSE. of Morocco, ascended by Thom- 
 son in 1888, had its altitude determined by him at 13,150 ft., 
 but another summit was seen by him to the SW., the Tizi 
 Tanijurt, which lie believed to be from 1500 to 2000 ft. higher. 
 This chain offers a serious hindrance to communication. The 
 passes across it are mostly high and difficult. The principal 
 pass to the S. of the city of Morocco, the Tizi Tagherat, is 
 nearly 12,000 ft. in height. E. of the pass called Tlzl-n-Xel- 
 gliemt (about 4° 15' W.) this chain rapidly diminishes in height, 
 till at last it merges in the Algerian plateau. See also Mlltsln 
 and Bibawau. (2.) The MldtUe Atlas, to the N. of the 
 High Atlas, stretching from about 7° to 3° W., terminating in 
 the E. at the valley of the Muluya ; named on account of its 
 being intermediate in altitude between the High Atlas and the 
 chain to the S. of the High Atlas, namely — (3.) The Antl- Atlas, 
 also called the Little Atlas, which, beginning on the coast a 
 little to the N. of 29° N. , and ending in about 2^° W. , is con- 
 nected with the High Atlas by transverse ridges lying between 
 the basins of the Wady Sus and Wady Draa. (4. ) The Jebel 
 Bant, a short distance S. of the previous, with which it unites 
 in the E. to the NW. of the oasis of Tafilet. B. The Atlas 
 of Algeria and Tunis. — In this section two series of chains 
 or short ranges are distinguished, one in the N. called the Tell 
 Atlas, or Little Atlas (the Atlas minor of Ptolemy), the other 
 in the S. , the Great Atlas, or Atlas of Sahara (the Atlas major 
 of Ptolemy), the two series being for the most past separated by 
 a plateau 50 to 80 m. in width. According to Rothpletz, how- 
 ever, these two series cannot be distinguished by their position 
 with reference to the plateau. In the Great Atlas the ranges all 
 have a more or less SW. to NE. trend, while those of the Little 
 Atlas trend more nearly E. and W. The two series being 
 distinguished by this test, the Great Atlas is found to advance 
 further to the N. as one goes eastwards, until in Tunis it 
 embraces all the mountainous parts of the country. The 
 highest range in the Great Atlas is that of Aures, between 
 about 6° and 7° E. (highest peak Sheliya, 7635 ft.); in the 
 Little Atlas the Jurjura, or Jerjera, between about 3^° 
 and 4^° E. (highest peak Leila Khedlja, 7570 ft.). Both 
 in an orographical and a geological sense the Wady Draa in 
 the W. and the Wady Jedi in the E. may be taken as forming 
 the southern limit oiF the A. Mts. S. of that limit are the 
 tablelands of the Sahara, distinguished by the absence of the 
 older mesozoic rocks, while the region to the N. is characterised 
 by the abundance of synclinal and anticlinal folds, and the com- 
 plete development of a geological series, from the earliest to 
 the most recent period, closely allied to that of south-western 
 Europe. See Proc. R. G. S., 1889, pp. 1-17, map, p. 64 (about 
 i: 1,030,000); De Foucauld's Itiniraire au Maroc in Bull. 
 Sac. Giog., Paris, 1887, pp. 118-125, with numerous maps; 
 Schnell, Das Marokkan. Atlasgebirge (Erg. -heft. , No. 103 to 
 Petermann's Mitieil.), with map (i : 1,750,00c), Gotha, 1892; 
 and Rothpletz in Petermann's Mitteil., 1890, p. 188. 
 
 AtUxco, tn., Mexico, Puebla, 17 m. WSW. Puebla. Alt. 
 5460 ft. P. 8000. 
 
 Atlow, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , 8^ m. SW. by S. 
 Matlock, 3^ m. ENE. Ashbourne stn. P. <250. 
 i Atmagea, Ger. col., Roumania, Dobruja, 31 m. SE. Braila. 
 
 Atniath, riv. , E. Prussia. See Memel. 
 
 Atmlda, tn. , Egypt, prov. Dakahliye. P. 5700. 
 
 Atna, or Copper River, riv. , Alaska, flowing E. then S. past 
 the base of Mount Wrangell, and entering the Pacific by a wide 
 island-studded estuary, in 60° 20' N. , 145° 20' W. 
 
 Atuah, a tribe of N. American Indians, in Brit. Columbia and 
 the adjoining parts of the U.S. 
 
 Atnya, Tartar vil. , Russia, govt, and 40 m. N. of Kazan ; 
 cotton mills. P. 2500. 
 
 Atoll, formerly also Aiollon, the name applied to ring-shaped 
 coral islands or reefs. 
 
 At«rlck Lough, lake, Ire. , in the extreme NE. of co. Clare, 12 
 m. S. Loughrea, drained by the Bleach R. into Lough Graney. 
 
 Atosanohori, large convict stn. , Japan, in E. of Yezo I. 
 
 Atotolnlco el Clilco, Mexico. See Chico. 
 
 Atonal, Sandwich Is. See Kauai. 
 
 Atoyac, Rio. See Balsas, Rio de las. 
 
 Atrafa Balda, the dist. of Haidarabad (Nizam's dominion), 
 India, which surrounds the city of Haidarabad. 
 
 Atrani, ct. viL, Italy, prov. and Gulf of Salerno, i^ m. NE. 
 Amalfi. P. < 3000. 
 
 Atrato, riv., Colombia, dep. Cauca, flows N. into the Gulf 
 of Uraba (bead of Gulf of Darien) ; length about 350 m. , for 
 two-thirds of which it is navigable by steamers ; has fifteen 
 mouths, eight of which are navigable by canoes, two by small 
 sea-going vessels. It rolls down a good deal of gold. 
 
 Atranli, or Atrowlee, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. 
 Aligarh, 60 m. N. by E. Agra. P. < 15,400. * 
 
 Atravieso, Spanish, 'pass,' 'crossing-place.' 
 
 Atreli, riv., in the N. of Persia, partly (from Fort Chat near 
 the confluence of the Sumbar to its mouth) on the frontier, flows 
 WNW. , then SW., into the SE. comer of the Caspian Sea. 
 Length about 250 m. ; almost dry at its mouth in summer. 
 
 Atri, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Teramo, NW. by 
 N. Chieti. P. 10,000. 
 
 Atripalda, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 15 m. S. 
 Benevento. P. <;6ooo. 
 
 Atrowlee, India. See Atrauli. 
 
 Atsuta, tn., Japan, 70 m. E. Kyoto, on the SE. ct. of 
 Honshiu. P. 17,000. 
 
 Attadale, stn. , Scot. , Ross-shire, on the Dingwall and Skye 
 Rly., 4i m. NE. Strome Ferry. 
 
 Attalia, or Ataka, Jehel, mt., Egypt, overlooking Suez from 
 the W. Alt. 2770 ft. 
 
 Attala, CO., U.S., Mississippi, E. of 90° W., crossed in the 
 S. by 33° N. 
 
 Attalla, tn., U.S., Alabama, Etowah co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Attanagh, par.. Ire., NE. cos. Kilkenny and Queen's, bars. 
 Fassadinin and Clarmallagh, 12 m. N. by W. Kilkenny, on 
 the Kilkenny June. Rly. , P. O. ( Attanna) ; 2560 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Attaran, riv., Burma, Amherst dist., flows NW. into the 
 Salwin at Maulmain ; navigable for nearly its whole length. 
 
 Att&rns, ruins, Palestine, Ataroth in the O. T., 31° 35' N., 
 35° 42' E. , 17 m. SSW. of the ancient Heshbon. 
 
 Attawahplskat, riv., Canada, flows E. into James Bay 
 (Hudson Bay), which it enters in about 53° 6' N., 65 m. N. of 
 Fort Albany ; navigable by steamers in high water 250-300 m. up. 
 
 Attayaro, mt. , Rhodes. See Ataiiro. 
 
 Attea. See Athea. 
 
 Attenhorongh, vil., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div., 
 4J m. SW. Nottingham, near the 1. bk. of the Trent, on the 
 M. R. Eccles. par. (A. ivith Bramcote) P. < 2500. 
 
 Attendorn, tn. , Prussia, in the S. of Westphalia, circle 
 Olpe, 32 m. ESE. Barmen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Atter, or Kanimer Lake, in the SW. of Upper Austria, the 
 largest lake in the prov. It belongs to the basin of the Traun. 
 Alt. 1525 ft. , depth 560 ft. ; area 18 sq. m. 
 
 Atterby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 11 m. E. by N, Gains- 
 borough. P. <25o. See Bishop Norton. 
 
 AtterclUTe, vil., Canada, Ontario, Haldimand co., on R. 
 Welland, 29 m. SE. by S. Hamilton. 
 
 AtterclUTe, the easternmost div. of the pari. bor. of ShefiBeld, 
 Eng. P. (1891) 72,500. 
 
 Attercllffe- wlth-Darnall, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 included in pari. bor. of Sheffield, with a stn. (Attercllffe) on the 
 M. S. & L. R. , and another stn. (A. Road) on the M. R. , in 
 the Brightside div. of the bor. P. 35,900. 
 
 Atterton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Atherstone Union. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Attica, city, U.S., Indiana, Fountain co., 56 m. N. by E. 
 Terre Haute. P. < 3000. 
 
 Attica, vil., U.S., Kansas, Harper co., 240 m. SW. Kansas 
 City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Attica, vil., U.S., New York, Wyoming co., 30 m. E. 
 Buffalo. P. < 2000. 
 
 Attica, vil., U.S., Ohio, Seneca co., 53 m. SE. Toledo. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Attica and Boeotia, a prov. (nomos) of the kingdom of 
 Greece, extending from the .^gean Sea and the Channel of 
 Egripos W. to the Gulf of Corinth. Surface hilly, in places even 
 mountainous. The eastern or Attic portion of the prov. is rich 
 in vines and ohves, and is noted stili, as it was in ancient times, 
 for its honey. The Boeotian portion is better adapted for the 
 cultivation of cereals and the rearing of cattle. The prov. com- 
 prises the Greek cap. Athens, its port Piraeus, and contains 
 the silver-mines of Lauriiun and marble quarries of Pentelicus. 
 See Greece. 
 
 Attigny, small tn., France, dep. Ardennes, on the Aisne, 
 23 m. SW. Sedan, arr. and 8 m. NW. Vouziers. Here Witikind, 
 the leader of the Saxons, was baptized in presence of Charle- 
 magne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Attili, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Godavari, 49 m. NE. 
 Masulipatam. P. 7400. 
 
 00 
 
ATTI — AUCH 
 
 Attlugtou, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Thame Union. P. < 250. 
 See Tetsworth. 
 
 'Attlr, ruins, Palestine, Jattir'xa. the O. T., 31° 22' N., 35° E., 
 13 m. SSW. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Attleborongh, par. and small market-tn., Eng., Norfolk, 
 Mid div., 14^ m. SW. by W. Norwich, on the G. E. R., 
 PMT.O. Market-day, Th. 5410 ac. P. <2Soo. 
 
 Attleborongh, eccles. par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Nuneaton 
 div., 8 m. NNE. Coventry, 2 m. SSE. Nuneaton, PM.O. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 AttleboTongli, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co., 10 m. 
 WNW. Taunton. P. 7600. 
 
 AttlebrMge, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, on the border of N. div. , 
 8| m. NW. Norwich, on the E. & M. R., P.O. P. <:25o. See 
 Aiderford. 
 
 Attock, tn., with fort, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Riwal 
 Pindi, on the 1. bk. of the Indus, opposite the influx of the Kabul, 
 and immediately above a dangerous whirlpool on the main 
 river,, which since 1883 has here been crossed by a railway 
 bridge with a subway for passengers on foot and carriage 
 traffic, 42 m. E. by S. Peshawar, about 74 m. by rail and road 
 from the mouth of the Khaibar Pass. It is an important 
 station on the military road to the frontier. The fort was built 
 by Akbar in 1583. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Attopen, tn. , French Indo-China, 120 m. SSW. Hu6. 
 
 Attn, the westernmost of the Aleutian Is. , with a small pop. 
 of Aleuts. Alt. 3100 ft. 
 
 Atlyniachngli, P.O., Ire., 6 m. from Foxford (co. Mayo). 
 
 Attymass, or Altyniass, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Gallen, 
 near Foxford rly. stn., P.O. ; 11,154 ^-c. P. <30oo. 
 
 Attymon, rly. stn.. Ire., co. Gal way, near Athenry, on the 
 M. G. W. R. 
 
 AtAr, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 30 m. E. by S. 
 Salem, with a fort commanding the pass from Salem to San- 
 karidriig. P. 9300; Hindus, 8200. 
 
 hXiiv, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 33 m. NW. by N. 
 Madura. P. 7000. 
 
 Attir, tn., Brit. India, Madra";, dist. and 30 m. ESE. Tinne- 
 velli, on the Tanibraparnf R. P. 6000. 
 
 Atnres, tn., Venezuela, terr. Alto Orinoco, on the r. bk. of 
 the Orinoco, in 5^° N., about 90 m. above the confluence of 
 the Meta. 
 
 Atvld&berg, copper-mining vil. , Sweden, Ostergotlind, 30 m. 
 SW. by S. Norrkoping. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Atwlck, par. and hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Holderness div., on the ct., 15 m. NNE. Hull, 2 m. NNW. 
 Hornsea stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Atworth, par. and vil., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 5 
 m. N. Trowbridge, PM.O. P. 1000; eccles. par. (A. 'vrlth S. 
 WraxUall) P. < 1500. 
 
 Atzendorf, vil., Ger. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, 15 m. S. by W. 
 Magdeburg ; with lignite mine. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Atzgersdorf, manufacturing vil. , Lower Austria, a few miles 
 to the SW. of Vienna. P. 5800. 
 
 Au, 'water.' See Aa, Ab. 
 
 Au, Aue, Ger., 'a valley,' or more particularly 'a fertile dist. 
 bordering on a river ' ; frequent as a suffix in German names, as 
 Ilmenau. Die goldene Aue, 'the golden valley,' the sheltered 
 and fertile valley between the Thuringian Mts. and the eastern 
 end of the Harz, between Nordhausen and Eisleben, watered in 
 its upper part by the Helme. Die blaue Aue, ' the blue valley,' 
 round Plaue in Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. 
 
 An, suburb of Munich, Bavaria, on the r. bk. of the Isar. 
 
 Aubagne, tn., France, dep. Bouches du Rhone, arr. and 11 
 m. E. Marseilles. P. 5400. 
 
 Anbe, central dep. of France, in the SE. portion of the 
 Seine basin, divided into five arrs., Arcis-siur-A. , Bar-sur-A. , 
 Bar-sur-Seine, Nogent-sur-Seine, and Troyes ; cap. Troyes. 
 A. is a lowland dep. through which flows the upp)er course of 
 the Seine and its trib. the A. The dep. consists of two dists. 
 physically opposite in character; that of the NW., an arid, 
 treeless, nearly sterile plain, with a gravelly or chalky soil (part 
 of Champagne Pouilleuse), and that of the S., fertile, and still 
 in places covered with extensive remains of forests, which were 
 formerly of even greater extent. The contrast between these 
 two regions is most sudden and striking. The mineral products 
 of the dep. are marble, lithogfraphic stone, and iron, the last 
 principally worked at Vendeuvre. Principal manufactures, 
 hosiery and cotton and woollen goods. A. belonged in former 
 times mainly to the prov. of Champagne, but partly also to the 
 S^nonais (the N W. ) and partly to Burgundy (the SE. ). Area, 
 2327 sq. m. P. (1891) 255,548. See fttince, table, and Troyes. 
 
 Anbel, vil., Belgium, prov. Li^ge, 11 m. WSW. Aix-la- 
 Chapelle. P. <40oo. 
 
 Anbenas, commercial and manufacturing tn., France, dep. 
 Ardeche, 39 m. NW. by N. Orange, 8 m. NE. L'Argenti^re, 
 cap. of arr. P. 5300. 
 
 Anberchlconrt, coal-mining vil. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 
 8 m. ESE. Douai. P. <3000. 
 
 AnberTlIllers-les-Vertua, vil., France, dep. Seine, i m. 
 84 
 
 from the city wall, arr. St. Denis, 4I m. NNE. Notre Darne, 
 Paris. P. 24,800. 
 
 Aubl^re, viL, France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. and 3 m. SE. 
 by S. Clermont-Ferrand. P. < 4000. 
 
 Aublgny, or Anblgny>Tille, small manufactiuring tn., 
 France, dep. Cher, arr. Sancerre, 29 m. N. Bourges ; taken and 
 burnt by the Enghsh after the battle of Poitiers. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Aubiguy, CO., Queensland, just N. of 28^ S. , and crossed in 
 the E. by 152° E. 
 
 Aubln, tn., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. Villefranche, 42 m. 
 N. Albi, 12 m. ESE. Figeac. It gives name to a productive 
 coal-basin, the principal mining centres in which are A. itself, 
 Decazeville, and Cransac, and possesses also mines of iron and 
 alum. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Aubonue, tn. , Switzd., cant. Vaud, on the riv. A., which 
 flows from the Jura to the Lake of Geneva, 12 m. W. by S. 
 Lausanne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Aubom, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven or Sleaford 
 div. , 6 m. SW. by S. Lincoln, 2| m. W. Harmston stn. P. <2S0. 
 
 Aiibrac, mts. and forest, France. See Avesrron, dep. 
 
 Aubrey City, landing-place, U.S., Arizona, Mohave co.. 
 on the Colorado R. , 134 m. NNE. of SW. corner of state. 
 
 Auburn, vil., Canada, Ontario, Halton co. , on R. Maitland, 
 10 m. from Goderich. P. < 1500. 
 
 Auburn, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Bridlington 
 Union. P. <25o. 
 
 Auburn, tn. , New South Wales, Cumberland co., 12 m. W. 
 Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Auburn, settlement, Queensland, Newcastle co. , 175 m. 
 NW. by W. Brisbane. 
 
 Auburn, vil., S. Australia, Stanley co., 62 m. N. Adelaide, 
 8 m. E. by N. A. Road stn. Mean rainfall (18 yrs.), 25.08 in. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Auburn, vil., U.S., Alabama, Lee co. , 50 m. E. by N. of 
 Montgomery. P. < 1500. 
 
 Auburn, city, U.S., California, Placer co., 34 m. NE. by 
 N. Sacramento. Mean temp. (19 yrs.), yr. 60° F. , Jan. 45.3°, 
 July 76.5°; rainfall, yr. 32.55° in., Nov. to March 25.46 in. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Auburn, vil., U.S., lUinois, Sangamon co. , 16 m. SSW. 
 Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Auburn, tn., U.S., Indiana, De Kalb co., 30 m. SSW 
 NE. comer of state. P. < 3000. 
 
 Auburn, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Logan co. , 45 m. N. Nash- 
 ville (Tenn.). Alt. 603 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Auburn, city, U.S., Maine, Androscoggin co., on the r. 
 of the R. Androscoggin, 29 m. SW. by W. Augusta. Alt. 
 ft. (R.R.). P. 11,200. 
 
 Auburn, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co. , 4 J 
 SSW. Worcester. P. < 2000. 
 
 Auburn, city, U.S., Nebraska. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Auburn, city, U.S., New York, Cayuga co., 22 m. WSW.. 
 Syracuse, with Presbyterian Theological Seminary. P. 25,900k' 
 
 Auburn, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Walsh co., 33 m. SSW.i 
 Pembina. P. < 1500. ^ 
 
 Auburn, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co., on the 
 Schuylkill R., 48 m. ENE. Harrisburgh, and 9 m. SE. by Sw*" 
 Pottsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Auburn, vil., U.S., Rhode I., Providence co., 3 m. SSW. 
 Providence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aubumdale, vil., U.S., Ohio, Lucas co. P. < 2000. \ 
 
 Aubusson, old manufacturing tn., France, dep. Creuse, oil 
 the Creuse, 34 m. SW. Montlu9on ; cap. of arr. ; noted for its 
 tapestries since the fifteenth century, now possessing also other 
 textile manufactures. The tapestry industry is said to hav0 
 been introduced by Saracens, who are credited with having 
 founded the town after their defeat at Tours in 732 A. D. Alt. 
 1450 ft. P. 6100. 
 
 Aucli, cap. dep. Gers, France, arr. A., on the Gers, 38 m. & 
 Agen ; in ancient times cap. of the Auscii. P. 11,700. 
 
 Auetael, coal-mining vil., France, dep. Pas de Calais, 20 m, 'j 
 NW. Arras. P. < 5000. 
 
 Auchen — , some places in Scotland beginning with this prefix < 
 may be found under the spelling Aucliln — . See also Ach. 
 
 Aucheneairn, eccles. par., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 7 m, 
 E. by N. Kirkcudbright, on A. Bay, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Anchenclolch, hamlet, Scot., Ayrshire, ■j\ m. SE. by E, 
 Kilmarnock, P.O. 
 
 Anchcncraw, vil., Scot., Berwickshire, 6 m. NE. Duns, i\ 
 m. WSW. Reston Junction, P.O. 
 
 Auchcngray, hamlet, Scot., S. Lanarkshire, on the C. R.|i 
 9i m. NE. Lanark, P.O. 
 
 Auclienbalrig, hamlet, Sept., Banffshire, 8 m. NW. by N. 
 Keith, 2 m. SE. by S. Fochaberis-on-Spey stn. 
 
 Auchenlieath, colliery vil., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, on the 
 Nethan, 4^ m. W. Lanark, on the C. R., P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Auehenmade, stn., Scot., N. Ayrshire, on the C. R., 8 tsk 
 ENE. Ardrossan. 
 
 Auclienttbber, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, Mid div., Blantyre 
 par., near Hamilton. P. <5oo. 
 
 
I 
 
 AUCH — AUDU 
 
 Anclieutlbber, hamlet, Scot., N. Ayrshire, i2§ m. SSW. 
 Paisley, and 3 m. SW. by W. Dunlop stn. 
 
 Auchiiiairn, vil. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, NW. div. , 3J m. NNE. 
 Glasgow. P. <75o. 
 
 Aucliinblae, vil., Scot., Kincardineshire, 7J m. WNW. 
 Bervie, 2^ m. NW. Fordoun stn., PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Aucliinclolcb, hamlet, Scot., Ayrshire, 13J m. SSE. Kil- 
 marnock. 
 
 Ancblncrnlve, stn. , Scot. , S. Ayrshire, on the G. & S. W. R. , 
 2j m. ENE. Ayr. 
 
 Aucbludacby, stn., Scot., Banffshire, 2^ m. SW. by S. 
 Keith, on the G. N. of S. R. 
 
 AiicbiutUiiny, vil., Scot., Midlothian, on the N. Esk, 6 m. 
 SW. by W. Dalkeith, on the N. B. R. P.<:5oo. 
 
 AiiC'biurtolr and Kearn, par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 10 m. 
 SSW. Huntiy , containing Lumsden P.O. ; 15,310 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aucbliileck (af-flek'), par. and tn., Scot., S. Ayrshire, 12^ 
 m. SE. by S. Kilmarnock, on the G. & SW. R. ; coal-mines. 
 PMT.O. Par. 24,129 ac, P. 6200; tn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aucbiustarry, vil., Scot., Cumbernauld par., in detached 
 part of Dumbartonshire. P. <75o. 
 
 Aucblutore, hamlet, Scot., Inverness-shire, on the E. shore 
 of Loch Linnhe, just S. of Fort William. 
 
 Ancbleeks, hamlet, Scot. , Perthshire, 8| m. W. by S. Blair 
 Athole, P.O. 
 
 Auchleven, vil., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on Gady Burn, 
 9^ m. W. by N. Inverurie, 2 m. S. by W Insch stn., P.O. 
 
 Ancbmltbie, fishing vil., Scot., Forfarshire, on E. ct., 3^ m. 
 NE. Arbroath, P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Aucbiunll, or Ancbinlll, tn., Scot., W Aberdeenshire, on 
 the r. bk. of the Don, 3^ m. NW. Aberdeen, close to Buxburn 
 stn., PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Aucbiiiuty and Balbirule Mills, vil. , Scot. , Fifeshire, 4 m. 
 SSE. Falkland. P.<5oo. 
 
 Aiicluiacarry, hamlet, Scot., with P.O. See Acbnacarry. 
 
 Aiirbiiacraig, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, with PMT.O. 
 See Acbiiacraig. 
 
 AiK'biiagalt, vil., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 13 m, W. by S. 
 Peterhead, on the G. N. of S. R., P.O. 
 
 Ancluiasbeen. See Acbiiastaeeii. 
 
 Auobuasbellacb, stn., with P.O., Scot. See Acluia- 
 sbellacb. 
 
 .4 uchter, Gaelic nachdar, ' upper. ' 
 
 Ancbterarder ('upper high land'), par. and market-tn., 
 Scot., W. Perthshire, on Ruthven Water, 7 m. SE. Crieff, on 
 the C. R. ; manufactures tartans and other woollens, agricul- 
 tural implements, &c., and has dye-works, flour-mills, and 
 breweries. Market-day, S. Par. 11,181 ac, P. <350o; tn. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Aucbterderrau, par., Scot., Fife, 5 m. NW. by W. Kirk- 
 caldy, I m. N. by W. Cardenden stn. ; 7818 ac. P. 6185. 
 
 Auebtcrgaveu, par., Scot., E. Perthshire, to the S. of 
 Dunkeld ; 12,941 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Aucbterboiise, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 6 ni. NW, by N. 
 Dundee, on the C. R., P.O. ; 5708 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Aiicbterlcss, par., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on the G. N. of 
 S. R., 12J m. SSE. Banff, P.O. ; 16,826 ac P.<2ooo. 
 
 Aiicbtennucbty, par., royal burgh and market-tn. Scot., 
 E. Fife, 3 m. NNW. Falkland, on the N. B. R.. PMT.'l) . Par. 
 3530 ac, P. <25oo; tn. P„<i5oo; royal burgh, P. <750. 
 
 Aucbteruced, or Aeblerneed, hamlet, Scot., Cromartyshire, 
 4 m. W. Dingwall, on the Dingwall and Skye Rly., P.O. 
 
 Aucbtertool, par., Scot., Fife, 3 m. NNW. Burntisland, 
 P.O. ; 2738 ac. P. <:7So. 
 
 Anchtertyre, hamlet, Scot., Forfarshire, 4 m. E. by N, 
 Coupar Angus, close to Newtyle stn. 
 
 Auckland, vil. , Canada, Quebec, co. Compton, 30 m. from 
 Sherbrooke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Auckland, co. , New South Wales, in the extreme SE. 3. 
 Prov. dist. , New Zealand, comprising about three-fifths of the 
 North I. in its N. portion. It has more safe harbours than any 
 other part of the colony. Principal minerals, gold (largely 
 produced in the Thames district) and coal (produced in the 
 valley of the Waikato, about 60 miles S. A. , and at Whangerei, 
 and on the Bay of Is. in the northern penin.). Other im- 
 portant products (apart from those of agriculture, as to which, 
 see Xew Zealand), are kauri gum and timber. The gum is 
 the resin of a tree, Davimara australis, confined to this prov. , 
 and indeed to its northern portion ; but is also found fossil, 
 sometimes at a considerable depth, where the tree no longer 
 e.xists. 3. An important seaport in this prov., in Eden co., 
 picturesquely situated on the S. shore of Waitemata Harbom- 
 (a western arm of Hauraki Gulf) and on the N. side of an 
 isthmus only six miles in width, having on the other side the 
 much shallower harbour of Manukau, which it is proposed to 
 connect with Waitemata Harbour by a canal ; lat. 36° 50' S. , 
 long. 174° 51' E., 1270 nautical miles from Sydney, about 5440 
 nautical miles from San Francisco. The harbour is broad and 
 deep, so that the wharves of the port can be reached in any state 
 of the tide by the largest vessels afloat. A. is a port of call for 
 
 the Californian mail-steamers. It has two graving-docks, a uni- 
 versity college, a free public library, and another public library, 
 including a valuable collection of MSS. presented by Sir G. 
 Grey ; numerous manufacturing industries, including sugar- 
 refineries and glass-works. A. was founded in 1840, and named 
 after Lord Auckland. It was the seat of govt, of New Zealand 
 till 1864. Average rainfall (4 yrs.), 43.62 in. ; mean temp., yr. 
 59.3°F., Jan. 66.6°, July 51.9°. P. of municipality (1881)26,083 ; 
 (1891) 25,773 ; including suburbs, 51,287. 
 
 Auckland, fVest, par., Eng., Durha.m, Barnard Castle div., 
 on the Gaunless, 3J m. SW. Bishop A. , on the N. E. R. ; with 
 coal-mines, PMT.O. P. < 4000. 
 
 Auckland Islands, a group belonging to, and to the S. of 
 New Zealand, in 50^° to 51" S. , 166° E. ;' uninhabited, but occa- 
 sionally visited by whalers in search of water and wood. 
 
 Auckland St. Andrew, par., Eng., Durham, including 
 town of Bishop A., on the N. E. R. (Blsbop A.). P. < 3500. 
 
 Auckland St. Helen, par., Eng., Durham, 2^ m. SW. 
 Bishop A. , P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Auckley, or Awk'ley, par., Eng., Yorkshire (W. Riding) 
 and Nottinghamshire, 5 m. SE. Doncaster, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Aude, maritime dep. of France (formed with other deps. out 
 of the ancient prov. of Languedoc), on the W. shore of the Gulf 
 of Lyons ; divided into four arrs. , Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, 
 Limoux, and Narbonne ; cap. Carcassonne ; a;lso, locally, into 
 various dists. , of which the most noteworthy are, Rasez, on the 
 W. of the A. to the S. of Carcassonne, and the Pays de Sault, 
 the part of the basin of the A. above Rasez. It is mainly 
 mountainous, the Canal du Midi marking the division between 
 the spurs of the Pyrenees on the S. and those of the Cevennes 
 on the N. The Pyrenean portion is divided by the upper (S. to 
 N.) course of the riv. A. into two sections, the eastern including 
 the Corbieres, between which, following the course of the river, 
 runs the highway from Carcassonne to the Col de la Perche 
 (dep. Pyr^n^es Orientales). In the N. are the granitic Mon- 
 tagues Noires, culminating in a peak of 3970 ft. The coast- 
 line of A. is characterised by extensive lagoons (dtangs), of which 
 the principal are those of Sigean, Gruisson, and Leucate. 
 Wheat is grown throughout the dep. , rye chiefly in northern 
 portion, but barley rarely. Buck-wheat is cultivated to some 
 extent, and maize, which forms the customary food of the 
 people in rural districts, much more largely. The vine cultiva- 
 tion of the dep. is second only to that of grain, and is combined 
 with fig and almond culture. The dep. is fairly wooded, and 
 is noted for the fine quality of its wool, more particularly that 
 of the Corbieres. The mineral products include iron, copper, 
 lead, tin, and manganese, and from the calcareous rocks on 
 either bank of the R. A. fine marbles are quarried. In the S. 
 iron-mines are numerous and important. Area, 2448 sq. m. 
 P. (1891) 317,372. See France, table. 
 
 Aude, riv., France, rises in the dep. of Pyr6n6es Orientales, 
 flows first N. then below Carcassonne turns E. , and finally enters 
 the Mediterranean by two branches, one of which, canalised, 
 and bearing the name of La Robine, passes south-eastwards 
 by Narbonne, and by its upper end is connected with the Canal 
 du Midi, the other continues the easterly course of the river ; 
 used for floating timber from Quillan, a distance of 90 out of a 
 total of 129 \w. ; navigable only in the canalised portion. 
 
 Andenarde, in Flemish Oudenaerden, in English frequently 
 spelt Oudenarde, manufacturing tn., Belgium, E. Flanders, 
 on the Scheldt, 15 m. SSW. Ghent, at one time noted for its 
 tapestries (it furnished the first workmen for the manufactory 
 of the Gobelins) ; scene of the great battle in which Marlborough 
 defeated the French under the Dukes of Burgundy and Vendonie 
 in 1708. P. 5500. 
 
 Audensha^v, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., Lancashire, on the 
 L. & NW. R. , Gorton div. , 4 m. E. Manchester, P.O. P. 7900. 
 
 Audergbem, comm. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Brussels, 
 2 m. SE. Ixelles, on the Woluve. P. <40oo. 
 
 Audierne, fishing vil., France, on the W. ct. of dep. Finis- 
 tere, arr. and 21 m. W. Quimper, a little to the N. of 48° N. , 
 once a place of much more importance. It gives name to 
 the large bay in the dep. looking to the SW. P. <20oo. 
 
 Audincourt, small industrial tn. , France, dep. Doubs, arr. 
 Montb61iard, on the Doubs, 11 m. S. Belfort ; with iron- 
 mines and an iron industry. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Audleni, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 5^ m. S. 
 Nan twich, on the G.W.R., PMT.O. Market-day, Th. Pr<:i5oo. 
 
 Audley, par., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 4^ m. NW. 
 Newcastle under Lyme, on the N. Staffordshire Rly., PM.O. ; 
 8727 ac. P. 12,900. 
 
 Audley End, place, Eng., Essex, div. and i m. SW. by W. 
 Saff"ron Walden, on the G. E. R., P.O. 
 
 Audrain, co., U.S., Missouri, N. of 39° N., crossed 
 by 92° W. 
 
 Audrulc, or Audrnlck, vil., France, dep. Pas de Calais, 
 arr. St. Omer, 12 m. SE. by E. Calais ; with salt-refinery. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Audubon, tn., U.S., Iowa, A. co., 62 m. ENE. Omaha,, 
 Neb. P. <:ii;oo. 
 
 85 
 
AU E — AU LI 
 
 Aue. See Au. 
 
 Ane, industrial tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 13 m. 
 SE. Zwickau ; with a technical school connected with the tin- 
 plate industry. P. 6000. 
 
 Ane, small riv., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 1. bk. trib. of the 
 Weser, which it enters about midway between Bremen and 
 Minden ; not navigable. 
 
 Aner, comm., Austria, TvtoI, ii m. S. by W. Botzen. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Auerbacb, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 14^ m. S. by 
 W. Zwickau ; with lace and other manufactures. P. 7500. 
 
 Anertmcli (an der Bergstrasse), vil., Hesse, 12 m. S. 
 Darmstadt; health resort. P. < 3000. 
 
 Anerberg, mt., Ger., in the Harz, 21 m. S. by W. Halber- 
 stadt ; noted for its crystals. Alt. 1890 ft. 
 
 Anersperg, vil., Austria, Carniola, 15 m. S. by E. Laibach ; 
 with the seat of a noted princely family. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Anerstadt, or Auerstedt, vil., near the S. frontier of the 
 Prussian prov. Saxony, 32 m. SW. by S. Halle ; scene of a 
 victory of Napoleon over the Prussians, Oct. 14, 1806, with a 
 monument to the Duke of Brunswick, who fell here. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Angathella, post-tn. , Queensland, on 1. bk. Warrego, in 
 25° 47' S. . 146° 34' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ange, Valine d% dist. , France, dep. Calvados, in the English 
 Channel, just W. of the mouth of the Seine. 
 
 Anghafatten. See Agliafatten. 
 
 Augbagallen. See Agbagallon. 
 
 Aiigbalee. See Agbalee. 
 
 Angbamore, vil. , Ire., co. Roscommon, near Dromod rly. 
 stn., P.O. 
 
 Angbaval. See Ongbaval. 
 
 Aiigbavoe. See Agbaboe. 
 
 Angher, tn., Ire., S. co. Tyrone, bar. Clogher, 13 m. SSE. 
 Omagh, PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Aagblls, place. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy, on N. 
 shore of Castlemaine Harbour, 10 m. SW. Tralee ; with coast- 
 guard stn. 
 
 Angblnista, isl. and tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Clare, bar. Burren, 
 7 m. S. Galway ; tnld. P. <:25o. 
 
 Angblnlsb, isl. , Ire. , NW. co. Limerick, in R. Shannon. 
 
 Angbinlsb Point, cape. Ire., co. Clare, in the SW. of 
 Lough Derg. 
 
 Angbintain, or Aglilntain, place. Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. 
 and 4 m. W. Clogher, P.O. 
 
 Angbloe. See Agbaloo. 
 
 AngbnacllfTe. See AgbnaelifTe. 
 
 Anghnacloy, market-tn. , Ire., SE. co. T)T0ne, bar. Lower 
 Dungannon, 10 m. SW. Dungannon, PMT.O. ; 152 ac. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Angbnamnllen. See Aglinamnllcn. 
 
 Angbnasbeelan, place, Ire., near Carrick-on-Shannon, 3 m. 
 from Ballinamore, P.O. 
 
 Angbnlsb, par.. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, near 
 the head of Lough Swilly, W. side ; 9192 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Angbrlm, par. and tn. , Ire., E. co. Galway, bar. Kil- 
 connell, 12^ m. NE. by E. Loughrea, scene of a battle in which 
 the forces of William III., tmder Gen. De Ginkell, inflicted a 
 decisive defeat on those of James II., tmder Gen. St. Ruth, July 
 12, 1691, PMT.O. Par. 7251 ac, P. <iooo; tn. P. <500. 
 
 Angbrlm, par.. Ire., co. and bar. Roscommon, 4 m. S. 
 Carrick-on-Shannon; 8119 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Angbrlm, tn.. Ire., S. co. Wicklow, bar. Ballinacor S., 
 on R. Aughrim, 8|_ m. WNW. Arklow, on the Shillelagh 
 Branch Rly., PMT.O. ; 2 ac. P.<250. 
 
 Angbrls, tnld.. Ire., N. ct co. Sligo, bar. Tireragh, 11 J 
 m. W. Sligo ; near A. Head, a cape adjoining. P. <25o. 
 
 Angbms Point, cape. Ire. , W. ct. , co. Galway. 
 
 Angbton, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Lancaster div., 
 on R. Lune, 6 m. NE. Lancaster, i^ m. NNE. Caton stn. 
 See Halton. 
 
 Angbton, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Ormskirk div. , 9 m. SSE. 
 Southport, with a stn. (Town Green and Angbton) on the 
 L. & Y. R., PMT.O. ; 4610 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Angbton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 9^ m. N. by W. Goole, 2 m. N. by W. Bubwith stn.; 
 P. <25o; eccles. par. (A. wltb Cottingwlth) P. <5oo. 
 
 Angbton, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Rotherham div., 4^ m. SSE. Rotherham, li m. ESE. Freeton 
 stn. , P. O. See Aston. 
 
 Anglla, oasis, Africa. See Anjiia. 
 
 Anglaize, co., U.S., Ohio, in the W., crossed in the SW. by 
 40^° N. , and in the E. by 84° W. 
 
 Anglaize, riv., U.S., in the W. of Ohio, flows N. into the 
 Maumee. 
 
 Aogpadlartoii, glacier, on the W. ct. of Greenland, behind 
 the settlement of Upernivik, in about 73° N. It has been ob- 
 served to advance in August at the rate of 99 ft. in 24 hours. 
 See Petermann's Mitteil., 1888, pp. 68 and 70. 
 
 Angsbnrg, the ancient Augusta Vindelicorum, a city of 
 Germany, Bavaria, cap. govt. Schwaben and Neuburg, on a 
 86 
 
 hill between the confluence of the rivers Lech and Wertach, on 
 rly. 35 m. WNW. Munich. Principal buildings, the Rathhaus, 
 or Golden Hall, palace of the former prince-bishops, one of the 
 finest old buildings in Germany, in which the memorable ' Con- 
 fession of Augsburg ' was presented by the Protestants to Charles 
 V. in 1530 ; cathedral of the sixth century, academy of arts, poly- 
 technic and other schools, library, and picture-gallery. Towards 
 the close of the middle ages A. was the great centre of commerce 
 between S. Germany and N. Italy (see Alps), and was even the 
 principal money-market of Europe. It is to this city and period 
 that the Fuggers, a wealthy family of weavers and bankers, be- 
 longed. The city reached the height of its prosperity about the 
 beginning of the sixteenth century, and gradually declined after 
 the commerce between Europe and the East began to follow the 
 sea-route round the Cape of Good Hope. It still retains im- 
 portance as a manufacturing town, deriving great advantage as 
 such from the water-power afforded by the rapid Lech. Prin- 
 cipal manufactures, textiles and machinery. It is also an im- 
 portant centre of the book-trade. A. was a free and imperial 
 city from 1628, until annexed to Bavaria by Napoleon I. in 
 1806. Alt. 1638 ft.; mean temp., yr. 45.1° F., Jan. 27.9°, July 
 64.0°. P. (1871) 51,000; (1880) 61,000; (1890) 75,600; in- 
 cluding suburbs, more than 100,000. 
 
 Angst, two adjoining vils., Switzd., 6 m. E. by S. Basel, on 
 thel. bk. oftheRhineat the mouth of the Ergolz, which separates 
 one of the two villages in cant. Basel-land from the other (dis- 
 tinguished as Kaiser A.) in Aargau. They represent the ancient 
 Augusta Rauracorum, of which these are remains. P. of each 
 <5oo. 
 
 Angnsta, or Agosta, tn. , Sicily, on an isl. on the E. ct. , con- 
 nected with the mainland by a bridge, and 12 m. NNW. Syra- 
 cuse. In a naval battle between the Dutch and French, foiight 
 off" this town, the Dutch admiral Van Ruyter was mortally 
 wounded, April 2, 1676. P. 13,000. 
 
 Angnsta, S. Australia. See Port Angnsta. 
 
 Angnsta, vil. , U.S., Arkansas, Woodruff co., on 1. bk. of 
 White R., 78 m. W. by N. Memphis, Tennessee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Angnsta, city, U.S., Georgia, cap. of Richmond co., on 
 r. bk. of, and at the head of navigation on. Savannah R. , 113 
 m. ENE. Macon. The A. canal, which conducts the waters 
 of the Savannah R. , affords inexhaustible water-power, which 
 is used in large cotton-mills, A. being one of the chief seats of 
 the southern cotton manufactures. Mean temp., yr. 64.8° F., 
 Jan. 48.3°, July 82°; rainfall (14 yrs.), 49.56 in.; alt. 134ft. 
 (R. R.). P. (1880) 22,000; (1890) 33,300. 
 
 Angnsta, vil. , U.S., Illinois, Hancock co., 115 m. NN\\'. 
 St. Louis (Missouri). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Angnsta, city, U.S., Kansas, Butler co., 120 m. SW. Topeka, 
 and 20 m. E. by N. Wichita. Alt. 1212 ft. (R. R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Angnsta, city, U.S., Kentucky, Bracken co., on the 1. bk. of 
 the Ohio, 36 m. SE. Cincinnati (Ohio). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Angnsta, city, U.S., Maine, Kennebec co., on the r. bk. of 
 the riv. Kennebec (q.v.), 58 ra. SW. by W. Bangor. P. 10,500. 
 
 Angnsta, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Sussex co., 39 m. NW. 
 Newark. P. < 1500. 
 
 Angnsta, co., U.S., Virginia, in the W., crossed in the S. 
 by 38° N. , and in the E. by 79° W. 
 
 Angnsta, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Eau Claire co., 102 m. E. 
 by S. St. Paul (Minn. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Angnstenbnrg, vil., in the centre of Alsen I., Baltic Sea, 
 belonging to Prussia. From its castle a branch of the Dukes 
 of Holstein take their name. 
 
 Angnstine Friars, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Leicester 
 Union. P. <25o. 
 
 Angnstwd, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt. Suvalki, on the 
 A. Canal (connecting the Nyeman and the Vistula), 48 m. 
 WNW. Grodno. P. 10,300. 
 
 An Hante, Isle, U.S., Maine, off" the S. ct. of Hancock co., 
 in 68° 35' W. 
 
 Anbeim, Gross and Klein, Ger. See Gross-Anbelm. 
 
 Anjezd, the name of many small places in Bohemia and 
 Moravia. Fnter>A., vil., Bohemia, 33 m. SE. by S. Kdnig- 
 gratz, 4 m. SW. Leitomischl. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Anjiia, oasis and tn., Tripoli, 220 m. S. by E. Bengali. 
 .'Mt. 135 It. [ah. , Stecker, 1879, calculated by Hann). 
 
 Anlaliis, a tribe in S. of Arabia, in two sections, one on tiu' 
 coast, the other inland, between about 46° and 47^° E. 
 
 Anldbar Road, stn., Scot., on the C. R., co."and 5 m. 1'. 
 Forfar. 
 
 Auldclnne, vil. , Scot. See Aldclnne. 
 
 Anldearn, ct., par., and vil., Scot., co. and 2^ m. ESl^ 
 Nairn, PMT.O. Par. 14,035 ac, P.<isoo; vil. P.<500. 
 
 Anidglrtb, hamlet, Scot., in co. and 8 m. by rail N\\'. 
 Dumfries, on G. & SW. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Anlendor, vil., Ger., Wiirtemberg, Donau-Dreis, 29m. Nl,. 
 Constance. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Anlie-ata, dist. tn. and fort, Russian Central Asia, prov. 
 Syr-Daria, 155 m. NE. Tashkent. Alt. 1620 ft. ; mean temp. 
 (6 yrs. 1870-1875), yr. 51.5° F., Jan. 24.8°, July 73.4°. P. 5700- 
 
 Anils, Greece. See Vatby. 
 
AULI — AUST 
 
 Anllston Point, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, in the extreme W. 
 of the Morven Penin., in 56° 39' N. 
 
 Anlla, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Massa, on the Magra, 10 m. 
 NE. Spezia. 
 
 Anllagas, large lake, Bolivia, Oruro, to the S. of LakeTiticaca, 
 of which it receives the siirplus waters by the Desaguadero ; 
 80 m. long by 20 m. broad ; no outlet, water brackish, Alt. 
 about 12,000 ft. Proc. R. G. S., 1882, map, p. 712 (about 
 1 : 1,100,000). See Poopo. 
 
 AnlBay, or Annay-sur-Odon, manufacturing vil., France, 
 dep. Calvados, arr. Vire, 17 m. SW. Caen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Auliiay, or Anlnay-de-Salntonge, the ancient Roman stn. 
 of Aunedonacum, tn., France, dep. Charente Inf^rieure, arr. St. 
 Jean d'Ang^ly, 22 m. S. by E. Niort ; a fortress in the middle 
 ages. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Anlne, or Anne, small riv., France, Brittany, flows W. into 
 the roadstead of Brest, navigable to Port Launay, 20 m., for 
 sea-going vessels of 10 ft. draught, higher up connected with 
 the canal from Brest to Nantes. 
 
 Anlt, fishing vil. and watering-place, France, dep. Somme, 
 arr. Abbeville, on the coast, 21 m. NE. by E. Dieppe. P. <20oo. 
 
 Anltbea, ct. -hamlet, Scot., Ross-shire, on the E. shore of 
 Loch Ewe, 5 m. N. by E. the head of the loch, P.O. 
 
 Anltgowrle Inn, Scot., Ross- shire, on the Orrin, 6 m. SW. 
 Dingwall, 2^ m. W. by N. Muir of Ord stn. 
 
 Ault Hncknall, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Chesterfield div., 
 5 m. NW. by W. Mansfield; 4429 ac. P. < 1500; eccles. par. 
 (A. H. with Heath) P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Aultuabreac, stn., Scot., Caithness, on the Highland Rly., 
 15^ m. SSW. Thurso. 
 
 Aultnacallagacli Inn, Scot. , on the borders of Sutherland 
 and Cromartyshire, on the N. shore of Loch Borrolan, 11 m. 
 SW. of the head of Loch Shin. 
 
 AnltSTllle, vil., Canada, Ontario, Dundas co., on 1. bk. of 
 St. Lawrence, 44 m. SE. Ottawa. 
 
 Anma, manufacturing tn. , Ger. , gd. -duchy Saxe- Weimar, on 
 the Auma R. , 22 m. SE. Jena. P. < 3000. 
 
 Anmule, tn., Algeria, 55 m. SE. Algiers, on the site of the 
 ancient Roman stn. Auzea. Alt. 2972 ft. ; mean temp., yr. 
 60.2° F., Jan. 43.5°, July 82.5°; rainfall (5 yrs.), 15.40 in. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Auniale, formerly Albemarle (original seat of the English 
 family of that name), tn., France, dep. Seine Inf^rieure, arr. 
 Neufchatel, 24 m. S. by W. Abbeville. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Anmenau, vil. , Prussia, Hesse-Nassau, 29 m. E. Koblenz ; 
 with iron -mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Annay-snr-Odon. See Auliiay. 
 
 Annljy, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 4I m. N. 
 by W. Stamford, 2m. NW.Essendine stn. P.<:25o. SeeCareby. 
 
 AunOli, tn. and native state, India, Bombay, 75 m. SSE. 
 Poona; state, P. 60,000; tn. P. <3000. 
 
 Annean, vil., France, dep. Eure et Loir, arr. and 13 m. E. 
 Chartres ; scene of a victory of the Duke of Guise over the Pro- 
 testants in 1587. P. < 2000. 
 
 Annis, old prov., France, between Saintonge, Poitou, and 
 the Atlantic, forming, with Saintonge, the modern dep. 
 Charente-Inf^rieure. 
 
 Ann.sl>y, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Sleaford div., 8^ m. E. by 
 N. Grantham, 3 m. WSW. Aswarby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Anp, riv., S. Africa. See Onp. 
 
 Anpa, riv. , Bohemia, flows SE. from the base of the Sohnee- 
 koppe (Riesengebirge) then SW. to the Elbe, which it joins 
 near Josephstadt. 
 
 Anpa, comm. , Austria, Bohemia, composed of several 
 villages near the head of the valley of the A. P. <5ooo. 
 
 AnrdlyA, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Etdwah, 52 m. 
 W. Cawnpur. P. 6300. 
 
 Anranga, small riv. , India, Bombay, Surat dist. , flows W. 
 into the Arabian Sea ; navigable 6 m. up. 
 
 Anrang&b&d, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 40 m. W. 
 Gaya. P. < 5000. 
 
 Aurang^bsid, walled tn. , India, Haidarabad, 67 m. NE. by 
 N. Ahmadnagar, cap. of prov. A. ; with ruins of a palace built 
 by Aurangzeb ; with noted caves (partly Buddhist) near canton- 
 ments I m. W. ; trade reviving. P. (estimated 1825) 60,000 ; 
 (estimated about 1880) 25,000. 
 
 Anrang^b^d Sayyld, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. 
 Bulandshahr, 40 m. SSE. Meerut. P. 5000. 
 
 Anray, tn., France, dep. Morbihan, arr. A., at the mouth 
 of the small river A., 14 m. NNE. Quiberon. P. 5100. 
 
 Aure, small riv., France, Normandy, dep. Calvados, fiows 
 first N. , then W. , after which its waters mostly disappear in 
 marshes to the NW. of Bayeux, part, however, reappearing 
 lower down and then flowing W. into the mouth of the Vire. 
 
 AnreUa, vil., Argentine Rep., Santa Fe, 51 m. NW. by W. 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 AnreUa, vil., U.S., Iowa, Cherokee co., 52 m. ENE. Sioux 
 City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Anres, a range of the Great Atlas Mts. , Algeria. See Atlas. 
 
 Anrtch, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, cap. circle A., 13 
 
 m. NE. by E. Emden, connected by canal with the Ems. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 Anrlgnac, vil. , France, dep. Haute Garonne, arr. St. Gaudens, 
 39 m. E. by N. Bagneres-de-Bigorre ; in the neighbourhood 
 noted bone-caverns. P. < 2000. 
 
 Anrlgny, French name of island of Alderney. 
 
 Aurlllac, cap. dep. Cantal, France, arr. A., on the Jordane, 
 a stream flowing SW. from the Plomb du Cantal, 72 m. N. by 
 E. Albi ; birthplace of Pope Sylvester II. Alt. 2193 ft. ; mean 
 temp., yr, 49.2° F., Jan. 36.3°, July 63.2°; rainfall, 44.49 in. 
 P. 13,700. 
 
 Aurliio-vres, vil., Austria, Bohemia, 8 m. ESE. Prague. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Anrlol, manufacturing tn. , France, dep. Bouches-du-Rhone, 
 arr. and 15 m. ENE. Marseilles ; with coal-mine. P. < 2000. 
 
 Anronzo, tn. , Italy, in the N. of Venetia, prov. Belluno, 63 
 m. N. by E. Treviso; with zinc-mines. P. < 5000. 
 
 Aurora, or Macliell's Corners, vil., Canada, Ontario, 
 York CO., 25 m. N. by W. Toronto. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Aurora, island group in the S. Atlantic Ocean, ESE. of the 
 Falkland Is. ; precise position not known. 
 
 Anrora, or Malwo, one of the New Hebrides, crossed by 
 .15° S., just E. of 168° E. 
 
 Anrora, co., U.S., S. Dakota, S, of 44° N., between 98° 
 and 99° W, 
 
 Anrora, city, U.S., lUinois, Kane co., 35 m. W. by S. 
 Chicago, said to have been the first town in the world to light 
 its streets with electricity (1881). P. (1870) 11,200; (1890) 
 19,700. 
 
 Anrora, city, U.S., Indiana, Dearborn co., on r. bk. of 
 Ohio R., 80 m. SE. by E. Indianapolis. P. <4000. 
 
 Anrora, city, U.S., Missouri, Lawrence co., 140 m. SW. by 
 S. Jefferson City, and 63 m. ENE. of the SW. corner of the 
 state. Alt. 1357 ft. (R,R.). P. < 4000. 
 
 Anrora, city, U.S., Nebraska, Hamilton co., no m. W. by 
 S. Omaha, and 25 m. NE. Hastings. P. (of precinct) < 2000. 
 
 Anrora, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Brookings co., 103 m. NNE. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Anrora, East, vil., U.S., New York, Erie co., 15 m. SE. by 
 E. Buffalo. P,<:i5oo. 
 
 Anmngabad, India. See AnrangAbdd. 
 
 Ans, trading stn. , Ger. W. Africa, Liideritz Land, 49 m. E. 
 Angra Pequena Bay. 
 
 Ansable, city, U.S., Michigan, Iosco co., on Lake Huron, 
 63 m. NNE. Bay City. P. < 5000. 
 
 An Sable, riv., U.S., Michigan, in the NE., rises in Otsego 
 CO., and flows S. then E. into Lake Huron, which it enters 
 about 8 m. N. of Saginaw Bay. 
 
 An Sable Forks, vil., U.S., New York, Essex co., on Au 
 Sable R., 25 m. W. Burlington (Vt.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Auschwitz, tn. , Austria, in the W. of crownland Galicia, a 
 little to the S. of the Vistula, 32 m. W. Cracow. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ansonla, comm. and tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 
 dist. Gaeta. P. < 3000. 
 
 Auspitz, tn. , Austria, in a detached part of the principahty 
 of Liechtenstein, 11 m. NNE. Nikolsburg (Moravia). P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Anssa, the dist. on the 1. bk. of the Niger, W. Africa, includ- 
 ing Timbuktu. 
 
 Anssa, tn., NE. Africa, Adel country, on the Hawash and 
 the brackish Lake A., about 50 m. W. of the head of the Gulf 
 of Tajurra, cap. of a terr. since 1889 under Italian protection. 
 P. (tn.)<5ooo. 
 
 Ausschlag, a suburb of Hamburg, Ger. , between the Dove 
 Elbe and the Bille. 
 
 Aussee, market-tn., Austria, Styria, 36 m. ESE. Salzburg, in 
 a valley producing large quantities of salt. P. < 2000. 
 
 Anssen, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 24 m. SSE. Trier; with 
 iron- works. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ansslg, manufacturing tn., Austria, Bohemia, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Elbe, 8 m. E. Teplitz, with large chemical and other 
 works ; birthplace of the painter Raphael Mengs. Alt. 470 ft. 
 P. 23,600. 
 
 Anst, par. , Eng. , Gloucester, Thombury div. , on the 1. bk. of 
 the R. Severn, on a small isolated coal-basin, 3I m. SE. Chep- 
 stow, 3^ m. N. Pilning stn.; owes its name to the ancient 
 Roman passage across the Severn Trajectus Augusti. P. <2So. 
 See Henbury. 
 
 Ansterlleld, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 7^ 
 m. SE. Doncaster, close to Bawtry {q.v.) stn. P. <50o. 
 
 Austerlltz, tn., Austria, Moravia, on R. Littawa, 12 m. E, 
 by S. Briinn ; scene of the defeat of the Austrians and Russians 
 by Napoleon, Dec. 2, 1805 (' three emperors' battle '). Alt. 690 
 ft. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ansterson, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., on the 
 Weaver, 2^ m. SSE. Nantwich. P. <25o. 
 
 Austhorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., 4 m. E. Leeds. P. <25o. 
 
 Austhwalte, par. , Eng. , Cumberland. See Birker. 
 
 Austin, rly. stn. , Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R, , 
 85 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
AUST — AUST 
 
 Austin, vil., U.S., Illinois, Cork co., 7 m. W. by N. Chiicago. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Austin, city, U.S., Minnesota, Mower co., 80 m. S. St. Paul. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Austin, city, U.S., Nevada, Lander co., 142 m. E. by N. 
 Carson City, and 58 m. W. Eureka. Alt. 6594 ft. (Wheeler). 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Austin, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Potter co. P. <:20oc. 
 
 Austin, city, U.S., cap. Texas, Travis co., in a basin-shaped 
 valley, on the Colorado, 75 m. NE. San Antonio. The capitol, 
 of red Texan granite, is the largest in the States. State uni- 
 versity opened 1883. Alt. 501 ft. (R.R.). P. (1870) 4400; 
 (1890) 14,600. 
 
 Austin, CO., U.S., Texas, W. of 96° W., crossed in the N. 
 by 30° N. , and bounded on the E. by Brazos R. 
 
 Austin, coal-mining tn., U.S., W. Virginia, Preston co. 
 (adjoining W. frontier of Maryland). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Austin, large salt-pan, or salt lake, in the interior of W. 
 Australia, crossed by 27^° S., ii8|°E. ; discovered by Robert 
 Austin, 1854. Alt. about 1400 ft. 
 
 Austral Islands. See Tubuai. 
 
 Australasian Colonies. — For details, see the articles on the 
 separate colonies. The following table gives a comparative 
 view of the growth of population in all of them : — 
 
 Area of the Australasian colonies, -with the population, in thousands, 
 and increase per cent, per annum, between the successive censuses, 
 for -which particulars are here gizien : — 
 
 Colonies. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. 
 about 
 1851. 
 
 Pop. 
 1861. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 Pop. 
 1871. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 Pop. 
 1881. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 X:^- 
 
 Pop. 
 
 per 
 
 sq. ni. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Victoria . 
 New S. Wales 
 Queensland . 
 S. Australia . 
 W. Australia . 
 
 Total . 
 
 Tasmania 
 Mew Zealand . 
 
 87,884 
 311.098 
 668.497 
 903,690 
 1,060,000 
 
 76. 2» 
 266* 
 
 63.0* 
 S.9* 
 
 540 
 358 
 
 34.9 
 127 
 
 iS-7 
 
 19-52 
 2.74 
 
 6.58 
 9-31 
 
 732 
 504 
 120 
 186 
 25-4 
 
 3.09 
 .3.48 
 13.1S 
 3.89 
 4.93 
 
 862 
 751 
 214 
 280 
 29.7 
 
 1.65 
 383 
 5.96 
 4.18 
 1.58 
 
 3-iS 
 
 1.29 
 6.71 
 
 1140 12.83 
 1132 14-19 
 
 394 |6-29 
 320 I1.34 
 49.8 5-30 
 
 3036 3-57 
 
 147 2.40 
 627* 2.49 
 
 12.98 
 3-64 
 ■59 
 
 •35 
 .05 
 
 3.031.169 
 
 26,215 
 104,458 
 
 26.7t 
 
 1076 
 
 90.0 
 99.0 
 
 14.0 
 
 1567 
 256J 
 
 3-832137 
 
 1.26 116 
 9-97 490I 
 
 I.OO 
 
 • Census 1850. t Census 1851. 
 
 } Excluding Maori as well as Moriori in the Chatham Is., estimated at 37,502 
 in 1871, 44,097 in 1881, and 4r,993 in i8gt. § Including Maori, 6.40. 
 
 Australia, a vast island lying between the Indian and Pacific 
 Oceans, separated from New Guinea and the Eastern Archi- 
 pelago by Torres Strait, the Arafura Sea, and the Sea of Timor, 
 from Tasmania by Bass Strait ; extreme points of mainland, in 
 the N. Cape York in about io° 40' S. , in the S. Wilson's Promon- 
 tory in about 39° 11' S., in the W. Steep Point in about 113° 
 E., in the E. Cape Byron in about 153° 38' E. ; greatest length 
 from W. to E. (in about lat. 27° S. ) more than 2300 m. , greatest 
 breadth , from Cape York to Wilson's Promontory, about 2000 m. , 
 breadth from the Gulf of Carpentaria on the N. to the head of 
 Spencer Gulf on the S. , about 1050 m. ; area, including small 
 islands adjacent, about 3,000,000 sq. m. [Continents]. The 
 coast-line of A., like that of Africa, is remarkable for its 
 long stretciies of uniform character, without inlets that can be 
 made use of by shipping even for shelter. As in the part of 
 Africa which corresponds in lat. to A., the portion of the 
 coast-line which is richest in inlets and natural harbours is that 
 in the E. and SE. On the S. coast, on the other hand, there 
 is, along the Great Australian Bight, one unbroken stretch of 
 sandy beach backed by barren cliffs a few hundred feet high, 
 and the only good natural harbour W. of Spencer Gulf is that 
 of King George's Sound, within 200 m. of Cape Leeuwin, the 
 cape first sighted by vessels coming from Europe by Suez or 
 the Cape of Good Hope. Equally uninviting is a large part of 
 the W. and N. coast. In some places the shore presents to 
 view a line of hills and cliffs, in other places low flats of sand 
 or mud, and on the shores of the warmer seas within and near 
 the tropics the mud-flats are generally covered with mangroves. 
 A more varied and more beautiful coast-line, and one more 
 convenient for shipping, is met with in the NW., where the 
 map shows numerous creeks bordered by small islands. As to 
 the NE. coast, see dreat Barrier Reef. The principal sur- 
 face feature of A. is the Great Dividing Range given to the 
 series of mountain ranges, which run from N. to S. near the 
 E. coast, and then turn westwards, where the coast begins to 
 trend to the W. , terminating a little to the E. of the W. fron- 
 tier of Victoria. The highest summit of the Dividing Range 
 which is in many places only the steep outer edge of a tableland, 
 is in the Australian Alps, 7350 ft. [Australian Alps]. The 
 interior of A. consists for the most part of broad level or rolling 
 plains of greater or less height. In the E. the tableland ex- 
 tends at its widest only to about 100 m., and slopes away to 
 plains under 1000 ft. in height, and in places not much, if at 
 all, above, if not below, sea-level. In the very heart of A., how- 
 ever, just on the Tropic of Capricorn, the Macdonnell Ranges 
 approach 4000 ft. in height, and further to the SW. the Mus- 
 grave Range reaches about 4500 ft. The western half of A, , so 
 88 
 
 far as it has been explored, consists mainly of a tableland 
 1000 ft. high or less. All the great rivers of A. take their rise 
 on the inner slopes of the tableland, and flow towards the W. 
 or SW. Only one, the Murray, enters the sea by an indepen- 
 dent mouth. Of the other long rivers of the interior shown on 
 the map many are merely water-courses, filled at times with 
 nmning water, but often empty except for a few days in the 
 year. Many, such as the Diamantina, dry up after a longer 
 or shorter course, partly through evaporation, partly through 
 absorption by the porous soil. Others, such as tlie Barcoo or 
 Coopers' Creek, terminate in large shallow salt lakes. Over 
 extensive areas much of the water lost by sinking into the 
 ground can be recovered by means of artesian wells. Most of 
 the rivers on the E. and SE. of the Dividing Range are com- 
 paratively short, but well supplied with water all the year round. 
 Many of them are navigable for a shorter or longer distance up, 
 but they bring down so much sediment from the neighbouring 
 highlands, that bars are formed in most cases at their mouths. 
 The largest lakes of A. are shallow sheets of salt water which 
 in summer become almost dry. The principal are Lakes 
 Eyre, Torrens, Frome, Gairdner, all in S. Australia, Amadeus 
 in S. and W. Australia, Austin, Barlee, and Moore in W. 
 Australia. The principal freshwater lakes are coast lagoons, 
 like Lakes Alexandrina and Albert in S. Australia, Lakes 
 Wellington and King in Victoria. 
 
 The Dividing Range not only divides two regions with differ- 
 ent physical features, but which also present marked contrasts 
 in climate. As the greater part of A. lies in latitudes in which 
 the trade-winds blow over the ocean from the SE. towards a 
 belt near the equator, these winds on the E. side tend to blow 
 over the land, but on the W. side away from it. But the pre- 
 sence of the land has an influence on the direction of the winds. 
 The fact that the broad plains in the interior are more rapidly 
 heated in summer than the surface of the ocean causes the air 
 above to be rarefied, so that there is a tendency for the winds to 
 blow inwards on all sides from the ocean. But this has differ- 
 ent results on opposite sides of the continent. On the E. side it 
 strengthens the winds which at all times tend to blow towards 
 the land, but on the W. side it has to act against the tendency 
 of the wind to blow away from the land, so that the currents of 
 air that blow inwards are only feeble, and bring with them so 
 little moisture, that that little is retained in the hot atmosphere 
 of the interior as vapour without falling as rain. On the E. side 
 of the continent, on the other hand, the mountains and edges of 
 the tablelands have their usual effect in causing the moisture- 
 charged winds to let fall their moisture, hence the coast strips 
 on this side are in general plentifully supplied with moisture. 
 It is, however, an unfortunate circumstance for A. that the 
 highlands lie in close proximity to the E. coast, thus causing 
 the rain-bearing winds to be so soon deprived of the greater 
 part of their moisture. The amount of rain that falls on the 
 coast strip increases on the whole from S. to N. , seeing that the 
 further N. we go the winds that bring the moisture come from 
 warmer seas, and are hence more heavily charg:ed with moisture. 
 Within the tropics, where true monsoon winds prevail, the 
 amount of rain that falls in the year, mainly in the summer 
 months, is in some places near the coast twice as much as at 
 Sydney and three times as much as at Melbourne. In winter, 
 when the land gets cooled more rapidly than the adjoining seas, 
 and the air over the land becomes in consequence denser and 
 heavier than that over the sea, the effect on the direction of the 
 wind is opposite to that which exists in summer. The wind 
 then tends to blow away from the land, and thence does not 
 carry as a rule a great deal of vapour. But the greater cold- 
 ness of the season favours the condensation of vapour into rain, 
 especially on mountain slopes and near mountains, so that 
 winter is in some parts more rainy than summer. In general, 
 rain, when it does fall, falls in a deluge, so that A. may 
 be described as a land of drought and flood There is one 
 part of A. which receives nearly all its rain in winter from 
 winds blowing directly from the sea. That is the SW. corner, 
 and the districts further E. which lie near that part of the coast 
 which looks to the SW. , including chiefly the more populous 
 parts of S. Australia. That part of the continent lies outside 
 of the trade-wind zone in winter, when the traJe winds move 
 further to the N. It then comes to lie within the region in 
 which the prevailing winds are from the N W. , and these coming 
 vapour-laden from warm seas deposit their moisture on the 
 colder land, and especially where they approach mountains or 
 hills. As regards its fiiuua, A. belongs to a great zoogeo- 
 graphical region, which includes the neighbouring islands in the 
 N. , NE. , and E. , the boundary of which on the N W. is described 
 under Asia. The great feature of this region is 'the almost 
 total absence of all the forms of the mammalia which abound in 
 the rest of the world, their place being supplied by a great 
 variety of Marsupials ' (kangaroos and wallabies, phalangers, 
 koales, wombats, &c.). A. with Tasmania forms one of the 
 sub-regions of this great region, and is characterised by the 
 entire absence of Insectivora, Camivora (for the dingo or native 
 dop was almost certainly introduced by man), and Ungulata, 
 
AUST — AUST 
 
 while even the rodents are represented only by a few small rats 
 and mice. The flora is as peculiar as the fauna. Its main 
 distinguishing feature is the great variety of eucalypts among 
 its forest trees, the genus Eucalyptus numbering about 150 
 species, most of which are confined to A. They include the 
 tallest trees in the world, some specimens of the taller species 
 reaching nearly 500 ft. in height. Besides eucalypts, acacias 
 abound in A. , and various species of casuarina (including the 
 she-oak, swamp-oak, &c.), banksia, xanthorrhcea, &c., are also 
 characteristic. The native grasses of A. are numerous and 
 nutritious, and among these the tall kangaroo grass is not- 
 able for its power of withstanding long drought. The native 
 Australians are a dark-coloured race, as black as negroes, but 
 without the woolly hair and thick protruding lips which distin- 
 guish the latter. Their weapons are spears, wooden axes, clubs, 
 and the curious boomerangs, which when skilfully thrown return 
 to within a short distance of the thrower. Very few even have 
 bows and arrows. A few boughs or pieces of bark form their 
 only shelter, and their only clothing consists of a scanty covering 
 of skins or matting. A few of the natives have taken employ- 
 ment as shepherds under European settlers ; and others, especi- 
 ally in Queensland, where the natives are very fierce, are employed 
 against the people of their own race as a kind of police. At no 
 time were tiie natives numerous, and since the arrival of Euro- 
 peans they seem to be quickly dying out. In Queensland, 
 where they are most numerous, they are not believed to number 
 much above 50,000. The great majority of the present inhabit- 
 ants are immigrants or descendants of immigrants of British or 
 Irish origin, with an admixture of Germans and other Europeans, 
 along with a few Chinese and Polynesians. The first settlers 
 were a body of convicts sent from England in 1787, who landed 
 in Botany Bay early in 1788. Discovery, Xaine, and History 
 of Exploration. — Old maps show that A. was known to the 
 Portuguese before 1540. Early in the seventeenth century some 
 knowledge of the coasts was gained by several Dutch navigators, 
 to whom we owe the Dutch names for several coast features 
 and maritime tracts. Towards the close of the same century 
 several parts of the coast were visited by Dampier. In 
 1770 Cook sailed along the E. coast and through Torres 
 Strait, and in 1791 some important discoveries were made by 
 Vancouver on the S. coast. In 1801-3, Flinders made important 
 explorations on the SE. and N. coasts, and it was he who, in 
 the account which he publislied of these voyages in 1814, first 
 proposed A. as the name of tlie vast island now so called. 
 The name Terra Australis (southern land) had previously been 
 in use as a general name for all the lands of the southern seas, 
 and the name of New Holland, which was bestowed by the 
 Dutcli navigator Tasman in 1644, remained in use long after 
 that date. Our knowledge of the interior of A. has been gradu- 
 ally accumulated since the date of the first settlement by the 
 British. In 1813, Wentworth, Lawless, and Blaxland first 
 crossed the Blue Mts. and discovered the plains to the W. At 
 various dates between 1817 and 1823, J. Oxley explored the 
 regions on the Upper Lachlan and Macquarie, and discovered 
 the Brisbane R. In 1824, Hume and Hovell crossed a river 
 now known to be the upper part of the Murray, but which was 
 then called the Hume. In 1827, Allan Cunningham passed 
 iiorthwards across the Liverpool Range, and discovered the Dar- 
 ling Downs. In 1828-30, Captain Sturt made two important 
 journeys in which he traced the Macquarie R. to the Darling, 
 the Murrumbidgee to the Murray, and the Murray to its mouth 
 in Alexandrina Lake {Jour. K. G. S., 1833, pp. 248, &c.). In 
 1831, Major Mitchell made important discoveries in the N. and 
 W. of New South Wales, and what is now Victoria, and it was 
 on this occasion that the Darling was shown to flow into the 
 Murray (Jonr. R. G. S., 1837, pp. 271, &c.). In 1837-39, Lieut., 
 afterwards Sir George Grey, made two arduous journeys in the 
 NW., discovering the Glenelg, Gascoyne, and other streams 
 {Jour. R. G. S., 1838, pp. 454, &c.). In 1840, E. ]. Eyre first 
 proceeded NE. from the head of Spencer Gulf to Mount Hope- 
 less, then turned SW. to Eyre's Penin., and proceeded along 
 the shores of the Great Australian Bight to King George's 
 Sound {Jotir. R. G. S., 1841, p. Ixii. ; 1842, p. Ixxix.). In 1845, 
 Capt. Sturt penetrated northwards to about 26° S., 139^° E. 
 {Jour. R. G. S., 1847, pp. 85, &c.). In 1844 and 1846-47, Dr. 
 Ludwig Leichardt made three expeditions in the NE. regions. 
 The last expedition, through Cape York Penin. , never returned, 
 and its fate was never definitely known. In the course of an 
 expedition in the same penin. in 1848 Kennedy was killed by 
 the natives a few miles to the S. of Cape York {Jour. R. G. S. , 
 1849, PP- Ixxiii., 193; extracts from his journal, 1852, pp. 
 228, &c. ). In 1848 also J. S. Roe, proceeding NE. from the 
 settled districts of W. Australia, reached the Russell Ranges 
 >n 33FS. {Jour. R. G. S., 1852, pp. i, &c.). In 1856, A. C. 
 Gregory proceeded SE. from Cambridge Gulf, and reached a 
 point in about 2oJ° S., and thence continued eastwards to 
 Moreton Bay {Jour. R. G. S., 1858, pp. i, &c.). In Aug. 
 i860, Burke and Wills started from Melbourne to cross the con- 
 tment to the Gulf of Carpentaria, and in Feb. 1861, Wills, with 
 the other survivors of the party, which underwent extreme 
 
 hardships in consequence of which Btu-ke and other memberj 
 perished, arrived at the destination of the expedition. In 
 1861-62, J. M. Stuart, after various preliminary joiu-neys to the 
 neighbourhood of Lakes Eyre, Gairdner, and Torrens, and to 
 other parts of S. Australia, crossed the continent from S. to N. 
 (Van.Diemen,'s Gulf), following the route afterwards adopted 
 for the overland telegraph {Jour. R. G. S., 1863, pp. 276, &c.). 
 In 1870 John Forrest travelled from Perth to Adelaide, keeping 
 for the most part near the coast, except on the route from 
 Perth to 120° E. and in Eyre's Penin. {Jour. R. G. S., 1871, 
 pp. 361, &c. ). In 1871, Alex. Forrest made a journey E. from 
 Perth to beyond the Hampton Plains, returning by the coast 
 from about 123° E. by the same route that John Forrest had 
 taken eastwards {Jour. R. G. S., 1872, pp. 388, &c. ). In 1873, 
 Major Warburton explored about 10° of long, between about 
 20° and 22° S. in W. Australia. In 1874, John Forrest, starting 
 at Champion Bay on the W. coast in about 28° 45' S. , explored 
 about 20" of long, chiefly between 25° and 27° S. (Jour. R. G. S. , 
 1875, pp. 449, &c.). In 1875, Ernest Giles, starting from 
 Fowler's Bay on the S. coast in 132^° E. , proceeded W. to 
 Perth, keeping mainly between 29° and 31° S. {Jour. R. G. S., 
 pp. 328, &c.). In 1875-76, W. O. Hodgkinson explored first 
 the Cloncurry and then the Diamantina, proceeding down the 
 latter to the frontier of Queensland. In 1876, E. Giles, after 
 proceeding from the W. coast north-eastwards to the upper 
 part of the Ashburton R., ascended that river to its source, and 
 then continued eastwards mainly between the Tropic of Capri- 
 corn and 25° S. to the frontier of S. Australia, and then SE. to 
 the telegraph line. In 1879, John Forrest explored some fine 
 sheep country in the NW. on the De Grey R. , and Alex. 
 Forrest some similar country on the Fitzroy R., which he 
 traced to its source {Proc. R. G. S., 1880, pp. 512-14). In 
 1883, C. Winnecke explored the region in the SW. of Queens- 
 land and the adjoining parts of S. Australia between about 22° 
 and 28° S. {Froc. R. G. S., 1884, pp. 566-69). In 1885-86, D. 
 Lindsay explored the Finke R., and travelled thence N. to 
 Palmerston {Froc. R. G. S., 1889, pp. 650, &c.), and in 1887 
 made a second transcontinental journey from Palmerston to 
 Adelaide. In 1888, E. Favenc explored the regions of the 
 Upper Gascoyne and Ashburton rivers {Proc. R. G. S., 1889, 
 pp. 492, &c.). In 1891, D. Lindsay made an attempt to pene- 
 trate N. in the E. part of W. Australia, but was baffled by 
 want of water. In all directions from the point whence he 
 turned back, the 90-Gallon Rock Hole, in 27° 40' S., 126° E., he 
 found nothing but sandy desert, sandstone hills, and plenty of 
 spinifex, but no water. See Appendix, pp. 3-5, and the articles 
 on the different colonies. 
 
 Australia Felix. See I'lctorla. 
 
 Australian Alps, a range of mountains in the SE. of 
 Australia, forming part of the great Dividing Range, stretching 
 from the neighbourhood of Melbourne, about 37° 40' S. , 145^° E. , 
 to the SE. of New South Wales, about 35° S. , 149° E. , over a 
 length of about 400 m., with a width of about 100 to 150 m. 
 The highest peaks are in New South Wales, and the highest of 
 all, according to Lendenfeld, is the peak called by him Mount 
 Townsend (7350 ft., ad.), belonging to a group which he calls 
 the Kosciusko group, the latter name having been previously 
 applied to andther peak (called Mueller's Peak by Lendenfeld), 
 a few miles to the N., which was long believed to be the highest. 
 The peaks next ,in height belong to the Bogong group in Vic- 
 toria and the W. of the Mitta Mitta, the highest of which is 
 Mount Bogong (6508 ft.. Survey of Victoria). They do not 
 reach the snow-line, though snow lies in the higher valleys all 
 the summer. Geologically the A. A. are composed mainly of 
 very ancient metamorphic rocks, and have been worn down in 
 the course of ages to tablelands, which slope down rather steeply 
 on all sides, and are crowned by the higher peaks. Volcanic 
 rocks cover the tableland to the S. of Mount Bogong. Forests 
 of lofty trees reach to about 5500 ft. in height, passing gradually 
 over into a dense scrub, which reaches about 1000 ft. higher. 
 There are no railw ays as yet across these mountains. See Len- 
 denfeld, Forschungsreisen in den A. Alpen {Ergdnzungsheft, 
 No. 87, to Fetermann s Mitteil.), Gotha, 1887. 
 
 Austria, Arcliducliy of, the terr. which formed the nucleus 
 of the Austro-Hungarian empire, occupying both sides of the 
 valley of the Danube between the Salzach and Inn on the W., 
 which form the boundary with Bavaria to the S. of the Danube, 
 and the March and Leitha on the E., which form together the 
 greater part of the boundary with Hungary ; now divided into 
 the crownlands of tpper and Lower A., the boundary between 
 which S. of the Danube is partly formed by the lower Enns ; chief 
 towns, Vienna in Lower, Linz in Upper A. Surface for the 
 most part mountainous or hilly, but sinking down to plains on 
 both sides of the Danube in the E., the Marchfeld {q.v.) on the 
 N. of that river between Vienna and the March being remark- 
 ably level. S. of the Danube the mountains and hills belong 
 chiefly to the Alps, which stretch along the S. frontier between 
 A. and Styria and Salzburg, the highest peaks being found in 
 thedist. of the Salzkammergut {q.v.)\vi the extreme S. of Upper 
 A. (Dachstein, at the meeting-place of Upper A., Salzburg, and 
 
 89 
 
AUST — AUST 
 
 Styria. 9821; ft.). In the E. of Lower A., the valley of the 
 Triesting (now traversed by a railway) separates the range 
 known as the Wienerwald (highest peak Schopfl, 2930 ft.), 
 which stretches NE. to Vienna, from the Alps proper, and in 
 the W. of Upper A. the Volcka and Traun valleys (also traversed 
 by a railway) separate the Kobemauser-Wald and the Hausruck 
 (2630 ft. ) from the Alps in a much more marked manner. N. 
 of the Danube the hills are all connected with the Bohemian- 
 Moravian plateau. The Salzkammergut is occupied by a 
 number of deep Alpine lakes (Atter, Traun, Mond, Hallstatt), 
 which are all drained by or into the Traun. The valleys of the 
 Traun and Enns are both ascended by railways, whicii connect 
 Upper A. with Stjrria, and the railway connecting Lower A. 
 with the Miirzthal in the same prov. crosses the frontier at the 
 Semmering Pass. The only special agricultural product that 
 need be mentioned is wine, some choice kinds being produced 
 on the sunny slopes of the Wienerwald. The most important 
 mineral product is the salt of the Salzkammergut, the centre of 
 which is IschL As regards other minerals, the chief mining 
 dists. are Wels in Upper, St. Polten in Lower A., and the 
 principal products lignite in Upper, and coal, iron ore, lignite, 
 and graphite in Lower A. The principal manufacturing centres 
 in Lower A. are Vienna (miscellaneous), Wiener-Neustadt 
 (cottons, &c.), and, in the W., Waidhofen (iron) ; in Upper A., 
 Steyr (iron), and Linz (woollens, &c.). Originally a margravi- 
 ate, A. was erected into a duchy in 1156, and the title of arch- 
 duke (home solely by members of the Habsburg family) was first 
 formally conferred by imperial letters patent in 1453, though it 
 had previously been assumed by some of the Dukes of A. See 
 Aastrla-Hangary, table and historical notes, and Tlenna. 
 
 Anstrla, Circle of. See Anstria-IInngary, end of historical 
 notes. 
 
 Anstrla-Hungary, in German CEsterrelcliiBcli-nngarlsctae 
 Nonarcble. a dual state in Central Europe, situated chiefly 
 between 42V'' and 51° N. (but extending in Dalniatia to 42° 3' N. ), 
 and 9° 35' and 26" 25' E. The two sections of the state, which 
 have independent legislatures (see below), are known as the 
 Austrian or Cis-Leithan and the Hungarian or Trans-Leithan 
 fMDrtion, the Leitha being a r. bk. trib. of the Danube, which 
 forms a small part of the frontier between the two. The provs. 
 of Bosnia and Herzegovina, still nominally forming a part of 
 the Ottoman Empire, are now (since 1878) under the adminis- 
 tration of the monarchy, but do not belong to either section, 
 and the sanjak of Novi-Bazar is occupied by an Austro-Himgarian 
 military force. The whole monarchy forms a single customs 
 union, in which Bosnia and Herzegovina and the small inde- 
 pendent principality of Liechtenstein are also included. The 
 following table gives the names of the provs. of the two sec- 
 tions of the monarchy : — 
 
 Population in Thousands, and Annual Increase per Cent. 
 1869-80 and 1880-90. 
 
 
 Area in 
 
 Pop. 
 1869. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 Official. 
 
 Dec. 
 3x,'8o. 
 
 1869- 
 
 1880. 
 
 Dec. 
 3'. '90. 
 
 p.sq. 
 m. 
 18901 
 
 p. ct. 
 1880. 
 1890. 1 
 
 Austrian, or Cis-Leithati 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Provs. — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lower Austria . 
 
 7,654 
 
 1,991 
 
 2,331 1-43 
 
 2,662 
 
 348 
 
 1.34 
 
 Upper Austria . 
 
 4,636 737 
 
 760 
 
 0.23 
 
 786 
 
 X70 
 
 0.34 ' 
 
 Salzburg . 
 
 2,761 153 
 
 164 
 
 0.60 
 
 174 
 
 63 
 
 0.59 i 
 
 Styria . 
 
 8,659 1,138 
 
 1,214 
 
 0.58 
 
 1.283 
 
 148 
 
 0.55 1 
 
 Carintnia . 
 
 3,988 338 
 
 349 
 
 0.29 
 
 361 
 
 91 
 
 0.34 '' 
 
 Camiola . 
 
 3,844 466 
 
 fl 
 
 0.29 
 
 499 
 
 130 
 
 0.37 
 
 Coastland . 
 
 3,076 6oi 
 
 648 0.69 
 
 69s 
 
 226 
 
 a 70 
 
 Tirol and Vorarlberg. 
 
 11,308 886 
 
 9130.27 
 
 929 
 
 82 
 
 1-75 
 
 Bohemia . 
 
 20,058 5,141 
 
 5,56110.71 
 
 5,843 
 
 29 X 
 
 0.50 
 
 Moravia . 
 
 8,580 2,017 
 
 2,153,0.59 
 
 2,277 
 
 26s 
 
 0.56 
 
 Silesia . . 
 
 1,987 
 
 513 
 
 5650.88 
 
 606 
 
 305 
 
 0.70 
 
 Galicia 
 
 30,309 
 
 5,444 
 
 5,959 
 
 0.82 
 
 6,608 
 
 218 
 
 X.04 
 
 Bukowina . 
 
 4,036 
 
 513 
 
 572 
 
 0.98 
 
 647 
 
 160 
 
 1.24 
 
 Dalmatia . 
 
 4,955 
 115.851 
 
 4S7 
 
 476 
 
 0-34 
 
 527 
 23,895 
 
 106 
 206 
 
 1.02 1 
 0.76 
 
 Total, Austria . 
 
 20,395 
 
 22,144 
 
 0.75 
 
 Hungarian, or Trans- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Leithan Provs. — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hungary (including ) 
 Transylvania) f 
 
 109,183 
 
 13,561 
 
 13,8x2 
 
 0.09 
 
 15,232 
 
 140 
 
 0.99 
 
 Croatia and Slavonia . 
 
 16,424 
 
 1,838 
 
 1,905 
 
 0.33 
 
 2,aox 
 
 134 
 
 1-45 
 
 Town of Fiume . 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 1.61 
 
 30 
 
 X39 
 T71 
 
 3H5 
 1.04 
 
 0.88 
 
 Total, Hungary . 
 
 125,615 
 
 15,417 
 
 15,739 
 
 0.1 X 
 
 17,463 
 41,358^ 
 
 Total, Austria- \ 
 Hungary J 
 
 241,466 
 
 3S,8i2 
 
 37,884 
 
 0.48 
 
 1 Including military abroad, 41,384,638. 
 
 The principal part of the terr. presents the form of an oblong 
 square, parallel with the equator lengthwise, and its centre is 
 indicated, nearly, by the position of Pest, on the Danube. 
 Three-fourths of its area is mountainous, and there are three 
 90 
 
 great mountain systems — the Alps in the SW., the Bohemian 
 and Moravian moimtains in the NW., and the Carpathians, the 
 latter forming a great curve, the one extremity of which abuts on 
 the Danube at Pressburg in the NW., and the other at Orsova 
 in the SE. The most elevated summits are in the Alps of Tirol, 
 where the Ortlerspitze attains the height of 12,810 ft. [Alp», 
 Subdivisions, B. III.]. The most mountainous provs. are the 
 Tirol, Salzburg, Upper Styria, the W. part of Upper Carinthia 
 (all belonging to the Alps), and the E. part of Transylvania 
 (belonging to the Carpathians). A.-H. has many plains, re- 
 markable for uniform level, the principal being the plains of 
 Lower Austria, on both sides of the Danube, the plains of 
 Hungary, and the plains of Slavonia. It is abundantly supplied 
 with water, nearly all of which is collected into five great rivers, 
 viz., the Danube and the Dniester, flowing to the Black Sea; 
 the Adige to the Adriatic ; the Vistula to the Baltic ; and the 
 Elbe to the North Sea. The most important lake is Lake Bala- 
 ton or the Plattensee. [See also Neosledler-see.] Of the 
 Italian lakes, only the N. end of Garda is now within the Austrian 
 empire. The principal gulfs are those of Trieste, Quarnero, and 
 Cattaro. Earthquakes occur in Dalmatia, lUyria, Hungary, 
 and Transylvania. 
 
 As to climate, the inner lowlands are more especially sub- 
 ject to those extremes of temperature which become more char- 
 acteristic as we go eastwards. With the exception of the mari- 
 time tracts, even the warmest parts of the empire have at least 
 two months in the year in which the mean daily temperature is 
 under the freezing point, and all the lowlands of the Hungarian 
 section have three or four months in which the mean daily 
 temperature is above 68° F. N. of the Carpathian Mts. the 
 summer temperatiu-e is more moderate, and in the eastern part 
 of the empire it is only within that system that a summer 
 temperature lasts long enough for the cultivation of the vine. 
 The dists. in which the rainfall is most scanty are the interior 
 of Bohemia and Moravia, and the tract between the Danube 
 and Theiss in Hungary, in all of which the mean annual amount 
 is imder 23 inches. The following particulars may serve for 
 illustration. In all cases the mean terajjeratures are those o\ 
 the fifteen years 1870-84. The places are arranged roughly in 
 the order from W. (left) to E. (right), and from N. (top) to S. 
 (bottom) : — 
 
 
 Eger 
 
 
 Prague 
 
 Lemberg 
 
 
 (1943 ft.) 
 
 
 (660 ft.) 
 
 (978 ft.). 
 
 Mean ( Jan. 
 
 27.6° 
 
 
 30.2° 
 
 24.4° 
 
 temp. < July 
 
 63-4° 
 
 
 67.1° 
 
 65-4° 
 
 Fahr. (.Year 
 
 44-3° 
 
 
 48.0° 
 
 44.6° 
 
 Mean rainfall 
 
 
 
 18.5 in. 
 
 26.9 in. 
 
 
 Salzburg 
 
 
 Vienna 
 
 Debreczen 
 
 
 (1430 ft.) 
 
 
 (664 ft.) 
 
 (453 ft.). 
 
 Mean [Jan. 
 
 28.3° 
 
 
 29.6° 
 
 17.4° 
 
 temp. < July 
 
 65.2° 
 
 
 68.5" 
 
 71.0° 
 
 Fahr. (.Year 
 
 46.8° 
 
 
 48.8° 
 
 49.3° 
 
 Mean rainfall 
 
 45.6 in. 
 
 
 23.4 in. 
 
 
 
 Laibach 
 (943 ft.)- 
 
 
 Szeged. 
 
 Hermannstadt 
 (138 1 ft.). 
 
 Mean ( Jan. 
 
 27.8° 
 
 
 29.0° 
 
 23.8° 
 
 temp. < July 
 
 68.0° 
 
 
 72.1° 
 
 67.2° 
 
 Fahr. (Year 
 
 48,2° 
 
 
 51-1° 
 
 47-1° 
 
 Mean rainfall 
 
 
 
 20.3 m. 
 
 25.9 m. 
 
 
 Trieste 
 
 
 Ragusa. 
 
 Mean ("Jan, 
 
 
 40.5° 
 
 
 47.7° 
 
 temp. < July 
 
 
 76.3" 
 
 
 77.2° 
 
 Fahr. (Year 
 
 
 57- 1° 
 
 
 61.2° 
 
 Mean rainfall 
 
 
 ^3-9 in 
 
 
 65.7 in. 
 
 The flora of the Atistrian empire comprises the different grains 
 and plants common to the countries of Central Eurof>e, as 
 vines, hops, tobacco, saffron, and a great variety of fruit-trees. 
 A third part of the productive soil is covered by forests. The 
 Alps and the mountains of Bohemia and Moravia produce pine, 
 beech, and larch ; while the forests of Hungary, Galicia, Tran- 
 sylvania, and Croatia-Slavonia fiunish oak, beech, and elm. 
 The vegetation of these zones is modified by the elevation of 
 the soil ; thus the vine ceases at a height of 1750 ft. , the oak 
 at 3000 ft., cereals generally at 4500 ft., pines at 6000 ft., 
 and pastiu-e at the limits of snow in the Alps. Among the 
 animals of Austria may be noticed, in the Alps and Carpa- 
 thians, the bear, wolf, fox, lynx, and chamois ; in the high 
 Alps, the jackal ; in Dalmatia, the marten, otter, marmot, 
 beaver, wild boar, wild cat, stag, deer, hare, and rabbit. 
 Eagles and other birds of prey are found in the mountains, and 
 herons are plentiful in the plains. Fish is abimdant in most 
 of the streams, and leeches are exported from the marshes. 
 AgTlcnltnre is rapidly being improved in many parts of the 
 empire, above all perhaps in Himgary, where the great demand 
 for Hungarian wheat and flour, renowned for their high quality, 
 have greatly stimulated this industry. Among corn crops rye 
 and oats predominate on the whole in the Austrian provs., 
 maize and wheat in the Hungarian. Among other important 
 
AU ST 
 
 crops are potatoes, common beet, hemp, and rape, in both 
 sections ; flax, mostly in Austria ; sugar-beet, principally in the 
 Austrian provs., and especially in Bohemia ; hops, chiefly in 
 Bohemia ; tobacco, principally in Hungary. Even a little rice 
 is grown in the irrigated dists. of the Banat, in the SE. of 
 Hungary. In Styria, lUyria, and the Tirol the rearing of 
 cattle forms the chief branch of agricultural industry, and the 
 produce of wine is abundant. Sheep and pigs are reared prin- 
 cipally in the Hungarian provs. The rearing of silkworms is 
 also a source of wealth in the southern provs. Mules are 
 numerous in Dalmatia, and donkeys in Hungary, goats in the 
 provs. adjoining the Mediterranean. Of the mineral pro- 
 dnction about two-thirds of the annual value falls to the 
 Austrian provs., the remainder to Hungary. In the Austrian 
 section the most productive provs. in order are Bohemia (yield- 
 ing about half the total value of the Austrian production), 
 Silesia, Styria, Moravia, Carinthia, and Carniola ; and the 
 principal minerals produced are coal (in Bohemia, Silesia, 
 Moravia, &c. ), lignite (four-fifths in Bohemia, the remainder 
 chiefly in Styria), salt (in Galicia, Upper Austria, Salzburg, 
 Istria, Styria, Tirol, &c.), silver ore (chiefly in Bohemia), iron 
 ore (chiefly in Styria and Bohemia), lead ore (chiefly in Carin- 
 thia and Bohemia), quicksilver (nearly all in Carniola), graphite 
 (in Bohemia, Moravia, Styria, &c.), copper ore (chiefly in Salz- 
 burg and Tirol), zinc ore (chiefly in Styria and Galicia), sulphur 
 ore and alum slates, gold, tin, bismuth, antimony, arsenic, 
 manganese, uranium, asphalt. The principal minerals of 
 the Hungarian provs. are coal and lignite, salt, silver, gold, 
 lead, copper, and iron ores. IMannflactnriug ludastrles 
 are advancing rapidly, especially in the Austrian provs. The 
 regions in the neighbourhood of the chief coal supplies, northern 
 Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia, which have long been the prin- 
 cipal seats of such industries, have naturally remained so under 
 the changed conditions due to the application of machinery. 
 Elsewhere manufactures are carried on chiefly in the capital 
 and other large or considerable towns of the eastern Alpine 
 provs. The most important articles produced are woollens, 
 linens, cotton, jute, raw iron, and iron and steel wares, glass, 
 porcelain, wooden wares, sugar, beer. Among the specialties 
 of the woollen industry of Austria may be mentioned the fez 
 caps made for the eastern markets, which are of great impor- 
 tance for the products of Austrian manufacturing industry 
 generally. Raw, including cast, iron is made chiefly in Styria 
 and Carintiiia, and the northern coal-producing provs., and is 
 worked chiefly in Upper Austria and Styria. Agricultural im- 
 plements (scythes, &c.) and agricultural machinery take a high 
 place among the wares of this class. Glass-making has long 
 been a specialty of Bohemia. In Hungary the principal manu- 
 facturing industries, so far, are flour-milling and others con- 
 nected with the preparation of agricultural produce. Tlie 
 means of communication include, besides a network of rail- 
 ways, a great length of navigable rivers. Among the more 
 noteworthy railways are the Brenner and Semmering lines 
 [Alps, Passes, IV. (2) and (3 e)]. There is no railway as yet 
 across the Stelvio Pass, the route followed by the shortest carriage 
 road between Vienna and Milan, and none from Trieste up the 
 valley of the Isonzo and across the Predil Pass. There are only 
 one or two railways across the eastern and southern Carpathians 
 ig.v.). Both in Austria and Hungary, part of the railway 
 system belongs to the state. It was on the Hungarian state 
 railways that the system of zone tariffs, according to which tiie 
 fare is increased only at intervals of several miles (in Hungary 
 after the first two stations, 10 to 16 m.) was first tried (for pas- 
 sengers on the ist of August 1889, for goods on the ist of 
 January 1891). It was afterwards adopted on the Austrian 
 railways. Of the waterways, the most important is the Danube, 
 which is navigable by steamers throughout the empire. Of the 
 tribs. of the Danube, the Theiss is navigable by steamers to 
 Tokay, the Drave to the confluence of the Mur (which is navig- 
 able to Graz), and the Save to Sissek, at the confluence of the 
 Kulpa. The Moldau-Elbe steamer navigation is of importance, 
 from Prague downwards. The principal imports are raw- 
 cotton, grain (principally maize), raw wool, coffee, and tobacco; 
 the principal exports grain (principally wheat and barley), sugar 
 and molasses, timber, animals, and woollen manufactures. The 
 only commercial seaports of consequence are Trieste (Austrian) 
 and Fiunie (Hungarian), but there are numerous small ports 
 and fishing towns on the islands and coasts of Dalmatia. The 
 monetary system of A.-H. is on a silver basis. The money 
 of account is a florin (gulden) of 100 kreutzers, and the standard 
 coin a twd-flnrin piece of the gross weight of 385.209 grains troy, 
 nine-tenths fine. For many years, however, the actual currency 
 has consisted of inconvertible paper, which has circulated at the 
 rate of about 12 florins nominal value to the ^i sterling. Steps 
 are now being taken to introduce a metallic currency on a gold 
 basis. The metric system of -weights and measures is now 
 obligatory. The population is one of the most diverse in 
 Europe. Its constituents, on the basis of language, are shown 
 in thousands in the following table, according to the census of 
 1890:— 
 
 
 Austria. Hungary. 
 
 Non-Slavon ic — 
 
 German 
 
 Italian 
 
 Roumanian 
 
 Magyar 
 
 Gipsies 
 
 Others 
 
 Slavonic — 
 
 Bohemian, Moravian, and Slovaks 
 
 Polish 
 
 Ruthenian 
 
 Slovene 
 
 Servian and Croatian .... 
 
 8,462 
 
 674 
 
 209 
 
 8 
 
 S.473 
 3.721 
 3.107 
 1,176 
 644 
 
 2,106 
 
 21 
 
 2.592 
 
 7.431 
 
 95 
 
 85 
 
 1.938 
 
 '383 
 
 2,604 
 
 The Germans inhabit the Alpine provs. N. of the Drave, and in 
 Tirol N. of Trent, the outer parts of Bohemia on the SW. and 
 N., the N. and S. of Moravia, and the NW. of Silesia, and are 
 found scattered in larger or smaller districts in other parts of 
 the empire. The Italians are foimd in the S. of Tirol, and on 
 the coasts and islands of the Mediterranean. The Roumanians 
 are almost confined to the S. and SE. of Transylvania. The 
 Magyars, a people speaking a languagte belonging to the Finno- 
 Tatar or Uralo-Altaic family, form the great bulk of the popu- 
 lation in the lowlands of Hungary. Of the Slavonic-speaking 
 peoples, the Bohemians and Moravians (or Czechs) are nearly 
 confined to the interior of Bohemia and Moravia and the middle 
 portion of Silesia ; the Slovaks inhabit the mountainous or hilly 
 tracts in the N. of Hungary, the E. of Silesia, and the SE. of 
 Moravia ; the Poles belong chiefly to Galicia ; the Ruthenians to 
 eastern Galicia, Bukovina, and the NE. of Hungary (the middle 
 Carpathians) ; the Slovenians to the Alpine provs. S. of the 
 Drave (Carniola, Gorz, and Gradisca, and the SE. of Carinthia), 
 and the Servians and Croatians to the Hungarian provs. S. of 
 the Drave, along with the E. of Istria and the islands in the 
 Gulf of Quarnero. Large numbers of Jews speaking the 
 languages of the people among whom they are settled are 
 scattered over the eastern parts of the empire N. of the Drave, 
 where they form the trading population. Of late years, about 
 35-50,000 of the population have emigrated annually, the 
 principal destination being North America, Government. — 
 Austria formerly held the first rank in the Germanic confedera- 
 tion, which was dissolved in 1866, the event leading to the for- 
 mation (1867) of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Under this 
 organisation the western and the eastern part of the empire form 
 two virtually independent states, the connection between both 
 being formed by the hereditary sovereign — called emperor in 
 Austria proper, and king in Hungary— and by a legislative body 
 for common purposes (chiefly foreign affairs, military and naval 
 affairs, and finance), entitled Delegations. These are two in 
 number, each composed of sixty members, twenty in each from 
 the upper, and forty in each from the lower houses of the Austrian 
 and Hungarian parliaments respectively. They meet and vote 
 separately, except after three interchanges of opinion on some 
 question, when, in case of continued disagreement, the question 
 is settled without discussion by a vote of the combined delega- 
 tions. The legislation for Austria is vested in a parliament, 
 called Reichsrath, formed of a chamber of lords (of princes of 
 the imperial house, nobles or hereditary members, seventeen 
 archbishops and bishops, and life members nominated by the 
 crown, this last class outnumbering all the others together), 
 and a chamber of representatives composed of members 
 elected indirectly to represent rural districts, and directly 
 to represent towns, chambers of commerce, and the larger 
 landed proprietors. The franchise is exercised by all males 
 paying at least five florins in taxes annually. The Hunga- 
 rian constitution was first granted in 1222 by the golden bull 
 {bulla aurea) of King Andrew II., often suspended, and finally 
 re-established in 1867, but modified in 1885. Parliament (in 
 German Reichstag, in Hungarian Orszaggyiiles) has likewise two 
 chambers. The upper chamber, called the House of Magnates, 
 is composed of the archdukes of full age, all hereditary peers 
 paying at least 3000 florins a year in land tax, 40 archbishops, 
 bishops, and other dignitaries of the Roman Catholic and Greek 
 Churches, 11 representatives of the Protestant confessions, 82 
 life members appointed by the crown, 17 ex-officio members, 
 and 3 delegates of Croatia-Slavonia. The first two classes make 
 up about two-thirds of the chamber. The lower chamber is com- 
 posed of representatives elected by all male citizens of 20 years 
 of age paying direct taxes to a small amount, or belonging to 
 certain classes (professional and other), whether paying such taxes 
 or not. The provs. both of Austria and Hungary have legis- 
 latures (diets) of their own for dealing with local affairs. The 
 Joint revenue of A.-H. is mainly derived from the common 
 customs duties, Austria paying 70 per cent., Hungary 30 per 
 cent, of the net proceeds of these duties ; 2 per cent, of the defici- 
 ency is paid by Hungary. A fixed sum of 30,312, 920 florins is paid 
 annually by Hungary towards the expenses of the common debt 
 
AUST— AUST 
 
 contracted before 1868. The separate revenue of the Austrian 
 provs. is derived mainly from direct taxes, excise duties, customs 
 duties, salt and tobacco duties, and government properties (posts 
 and telegraphs and railways). The Hungarian revenue is derived 
 from similar sources, the government properties in this case 
 including, however, crown domains and forests, horse-breeding 
 establishments, mines, and factories. Military service is 
 obligatory on all. Normally it begins at the end of the twentieth 
 year. From that age men are liable for ten years' service in the 
 army (three years in the line) or its reserve, or twelve years in 
 the Landwehr or its reserve, or twelve years in one of the 
 branches of the navy, viz. , the marines, the naval reserve, or the 
 Seewehr. The Landwehr, the marines, and Seewehr are called 
 out in time of peace only for periodical instruction and drill. 
 All men from the end of their eighteenth to the end of their 
 forty-second year belong to the Landsturm, which is called out 
 only by special command of the emperor, but which can be 
 used for filling up gaps in the army and Landwehr. The 
 principal fortresses are Josephstadt, Theresienstadt, Olmiitz, 
 Cracow, and Przemysl (a fortified and entrenched camp) in the 
 N. ; Karlsburg, Arad, and Temesvar in the E. of Hungary ; 
 Orsova, Peterwardein, Eszek, Brod, Alt-Gradiska, and Karl- 
 stadt in the S. There are entrenchments round Lemberg in 
 the SE. , and Komorn on the Danube in western Hungary is 
 also fortified. Pola in Istria is the chief naval station, and the 
 coast towns of Zara, Ragusa, Cattaro, Sebenico, and Budua, 
 and the harb. of Lissa, all have fortifications. As regards reli- 
 gion, the empire is divided into archbishoprics, bishoprics, Pro- 
 testant superintendencies, and parishes. In the Austrian provs. 
 in 1890 nearly 80 per cent, of the population were Roman 
 Catholics, nearly 12 per cent. Greek Catholics, 2.4 per cent, 
 non-united Greeks, or members of the Greek Oriental Church, 
 1.8 per cent. Protestants, and 4.8 per cent. Jews; in Hungary, 
 in 1890, about one-half Roman Catholics, one-fifth Protestants, 
 15. 1 per cent, non-united Greeks, g.6 per cent. Greek Catholics, 
 and 4.2 per cent. Jews. Education has made rapid strides in 
 German Austria, and is very general in Hungary proper ; the 
 law requiring that in every prov. of the empire every child 
 between the ages of six and twelve (in all the Austrian provs. 
 except Istria and Dalmatia, Galicia and Bukowina, every child 
 from six to fourteen) shall be educated either in the school or at 
 home. There are eleven universities : those of Vienna, Prague 
 (one German and one Bohemian), Budapest, Cracow, Lemberg, 
 Graz, Innsbruck, Czernowitz, Klausenburg, and Agram ; 
 and there are seven government technical high-schools, at 
 Vienna, Prague (one German and one Bohemian), Graz, Lem- 
 berg, Briinn, and Budapest. Historical Notes. — The history 
 of A.-H. is to a large extent a dynastic and family history. It 
 may be held to begin with the conquest of the Avars m the 
 region now belonging to Lower Austria in 791-99. Soon after 
 this conquest the margraviate of the Eastern Marches (Ostmark) 
 was there founded, and this subsequently came to be known as 
 the Oeiterreich (E. kingdom, in Latin form Ostarrichi), a name 
 first met with in documents in 996. For more than two and a 
 half centuries this margraviate belonged to the family of Baben- 
 berg (Bamberg), and during their tenure Upper was united to 
 Lower Austria, and the two were erected into a duchy (1156). 
 The house of Babenberg came to an end in 1246, and after that 
 date Austria was held till 1276 successively by the Margrave of 
 Baden and the King of Bohemia, who in the latter year was 
 compelled to cede Austria and Styria (which had already been 
 joined to Austria under the Babenbergs) to Rudolf of Habsburg, 
 and in 1278 lost his life in battle with Rudolph. Since then the 
 Austrian dominions have belonged uninterruptedly to the Habs- 
 burg family, but have at different times been subdivided among 
 branches of that family. In 1335 the Habsburgs came into 
 the permanent possession of Carinthia and part of Carniola ; in 
 1363 acquired the Tirol proper, and most of the remainder of 
 Carniola, and about the same date some of the counties and other 
 terrs. of Vorarlberg, the remainder being acquired at different 
 dates down to 1523. In 1379 the Habsburg possessions were 
 divided between two houses, one holding Lower Austria and 
 the other Inner Austria, which at first comprised Styria, Car- 
 inthia, and Tirol, and in 1382 added Trieste and its terr. In 
 1496 all the Habsburg dominion was again united in the hands 
 of one ruler, Maximilian (the son of Frederick III. ), under whom 
 the possessions of the family were permanently increased by the 
 acquisition of Gorz and Gradiska, parts of Tirol in the NW. in 
 1507, and other parts of the S. in 1518. In 1526 the family 
 possessions were further increased by the addition of Bohemia, 
 Moravia, and the greater part of Silesia (including most of the 
 terr. afterwards ceded to Prussia), as well as Croatia and Hun- 
 gary, or rather western Hungary, that is, so much of the king- 
 dom as was not then held by the Turks. After the long wars 
 with Turkey that ensued, the possession of the whole of Hungary 
 except the Banat of Temesvar, along with Transylvania (pre- 
 viously surrendered by Prince Michael II. in 1696) and Croatia, 
 was conceded to Austria in the peace of Karlowitz in 1699. 
 The Banat of Temesvar was added in the peace of Passarowitz 
 in 1718. In 1772 eastern Galicia and half of Cracow were 
 92 
 
 acquired in the first partition of Poland ; in 1776 Bukowina 
 (which had been occupied in the previous year) was ceded by 
 Turkey ; and in 1795 the remainder of Galicia and Cracow 
 became Austrian in the third partition of Poland, although 
 these last acquisitions were not finally confirmed till 1846, at the 
 close of the changes of the Napoleonic period and the period 
 following. Meanwhile the Austrian terr. was increased in the 
 W. and SW. by the addition of the Innviertel, a narrow strip 
 on the r. bk. of the Inn and Salzach, between the Danube on I 
 the NE. and the Salzach on the SW. , ceded by Bavaria in 1779 ; i 
 Istria and Dalmatia, ceded by Venice in the peace of Campo ! 
 Formio in 1797 ; the secularised bishoprics of Trent and | 
 Brixen in Tirol, annexed in 1803 ; and the terr. of Salzburg, 1 
 assigned to Austria by the peace of Pressburg in 1805. Since 
 1878 Bosnia and Herzegovina have been occupied and adminis- 
 tered, and the sanjak of Novi-bazar occupied by Austria, 
 under the treaty of Berlin, though all three remain under the 
 suzerainty of Turkey. In the preceding sketch only those terrs. 
 are mentioned which still remain under Austrian rule, and the 
 sketch accordingly requires to be completed by an enumeration 
 of the principal terrs. that have been at one time Austrian, 
 although they are so no longer. Already in the thirteenth cen- 
 tury, when Rudolf of Habsburg came into possession of Austria, 
 the family held considerable terrs. in the Aargau, Thurgau, and 
 Ziirichgau (Switzerland), in the Black Forest, in the Sundgau 
 (S. of Alsace), in Alsace proper, and elsewhere. Several dists. 
 in Switzerland were lost through the defeats of Sempach and 
 Nafels in 1386-88, others in Aargau, &c., in 1415-17, Thurgau 
 in 1461, and the last remnants in the peace of Lun^ville in 1801. 
 The possessions in Alsace and the Sundgau were ceded to France 
 in the peace of Westphalia in 1648. The Breisgau in Baden 
 was Austrian from about 1368 to the peace of Campo Formio in 
 1797. The Netherlands (that is, the whole of the present Bel- 
 gium and Holland, with Luxembourg and the county of Artois, 
 but excluding the large bishopric of Liege) and Burgundy were 
 claimed after the death of Charles the Bold in 1477 by his son- 
 in-law, Maximihan of Austria, but ultimately Burgundy was 
 divided in the peace of Senhs (1493), the duchy falling to France, 
 and the part known as the Franche Comt6 assigned to Philip 
 the Fair, son of Maximilian. The Netherlands were also 
 handed over by Maximilian to his son, who married Johanna, 
 heiress of Aragon and Castile, Naples and Sicily, and became 
 the father of the Emperor Charles V. In 1519 Charles succeeded 
 to the Austrian dominions, and thus united these under his rule 
 along with his Spanish inheritance, including Burgundy and the 
 Netherlands, as well as Spanish America, Naples, and Sicily, 
 which had already fallen to iiim ; but in 1521 he handed over 
 the Austrian terrs. to his brother Ferdinand, retaining the 
 Spanish for himself Among the Austrian possessions at that 
 time was Wiirtemberg, acquired in 1520, and retained till 1534. 
 Lusatia, which was acquired along with Bohemia in 1526, was 
 ceded in 1635 to Saxony. In 1714 the Spanish Netherlands 
 (nearly equivalent to the modern Belgium and Lu.xemburg, with 
 the exception of the bishopric of Liege) became Austrian once 
 more in the peace of Rastatt (confirming that of Utrecht), and 
 remained so till the peace of Campo Formio in 1797. The 
 Milanese terr. , also acquired in 1714, and the rest of Lombardy, 
 acquired in 1735, were Austrian till 1859. Silesia, which had 
 been increased in 1675 by the acquisition of the duchies of 
 Liegnitz, Brieg, and Wohlau, was all ceded to Prussia in the 
 peace of Breslau in 1742, excepting only the small strip that re- 
 mains under the name of Austrian Silesia. Parma and Piacenza 
 were Austrian from 1735 to 1748 (peace of Aix-la-Chapelle). 
 The peace of Passarowitz, in which the Banat of Temesvar was 
 ceded to Austria, also handed over to that power Ser\ia as far 
 as the Timok, and Little Walachia, or the Banat of Craiova 
 (Roumania as far E. as the Aluta), but these latter were retained 
 only till 1739. Venetia, which was annexed to Austria by the 
 Congress of Vienna in 1814-16, was given up in 1866 at the 
 close of the war with Prussia and Italy. See also Tuscany. 
 Though from 1437 onwards the emperors of the old German 
 empire always belonged to the house of Habsburg, and were 
 for the most part rulers of the Austrian dominions, the portions 
 of those dominions lying E. of Moravia and E. and S. of the 
 Alpine provs. never belonged to that empire. The title Emperor 
 of Austria was first assumed by Francis I. in 1806, when the old 
 empire of Germany came to an end. The circle of Austria, 
 one of the ten circles into which the German empire was divided 
 in 1495-1512, embraced nearly all that portion of the present 
 Austrian dominions lying to the W. of Hungary ^nd S. of 
 Bohemia and Moravia, with the exception of Salzburg and 
 territory not belonging to the empire (Trieste, Dalmatia, 
 &c.). 
 
 Anstrallnd, post-tn., W. Australia, Wellington co., near 
 the W. ct. , 90 m. S. by W. Perth. 
 
 Anstonley, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Colne Valley 
 div. , near Huddersfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Anstrey, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 6 m. ENE. 
 Tam worth , P. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Austwlck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the W. ol 
 
AU S W - 
 
 the Skipton div., 22 m. SE. Kendal, 5 m. NW. Settle, 2\ m. 
 ENE. Clapham stn., PM.O.; 7912 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 AnsMell Koek, hill, Eng., in the E. of Devonshire, 13 m. 
 W. by S. Teignmouth, 2 m. NW. Ashburton stn. 
 
 Antaiiga, co., U.S., Alabama, S. of 33° N., and midway 
 between E. and W. frontiers. 
 
 Autelbas, vil. and comm., Belgium, prov. and 13 m. W. by 
 N. Lu.xemburg. P. (comm.)<sooo. 
 
 Aiiterive, tn., France, dep. Haute Garonne, arr. Muret, on 
 the Ariege, 17 m. S. by E. Toulouse. P. < 2000. 
 
 Auteiill, arr. of the city of Paris, near the r. bk. of the Seine 
 and the Bois du Boulogne. 
 
 Authle, riv. , France, flows WNW. into the English Channel 
 (Bale d'A.), its lower part on the border of dep. Somme and 
 Pas-de-Calais ; navigable at high tide 7 m. up ; length 60 m. 
 
 Authion, riv., France, deps. Indre-et-Loire and Maine-et- 
 Loire, flows in the latter dep. parallel to the Loire at a short 
 distance from it, and finally enters the Loire almost due S. of 
 Angers ; 65 m. long. 
 
 Anthorpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 6m. SE. Louth, 
 on the G. N. R., P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Aatlan, tn., Mexico, Jalisco, 140 m. SW. by W. Guadalajara. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Autrey l^s dray, vil., France, dep. Haute Saone, 24 m. 
 NE. by E. Dijon, arr. and 6 m. NW. by W. Gray, with blast- 
 furnaces producing e.xcellent iron. P. <;2000. 
 
 Autun, tn. , France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, at the confluence 
 of the Arroux and Ternin, 44 m. SW. by W. Dijon ; finely 
 situated on a hill in a rather broad high valley surrounded by 
 mountains ; cap. of arr. , with a bishop's see held at the time of 
 the revolution by the celebrated Talleyrand ; a seat of trade and 
 manufactures, among which may be mentioned as a specialty 
 the making of a kind of thick cloths used as horse-wrappings. 
 Its present name is a corruption of Augtistodunum, the cele- 
 brated and flourishing Roman town which succeeded Bibracte, 
 cap. of the yEdui. Among the remains of the Roman period 
 may be mentioned the gates of Arroux and St. Andr6, and the 
 ruins of a temple of Janus. Its cathedral, twelfth century, has 
 a fine bell-tower of the fifteenth century. Alt. 940 ft. P. 
 11,300. 
 
 Anvei^nc, an old prov. in central France, taking its name 
 from the ancient Arverni, now forming, for the most part, the 
 deps. of Piiy-de-D6me, Cantal, and Haute- Loire ; cap. Cler- 
 mont. 
 
 Auvergne, Sloiintalns of, France, chiefly in the deps. Puy- 
 de-D6me and Cantal, separating the basins of the AUier, Cher, 
 and Creuse from those of the Lot and Dordogne. These moun- 
 tains extend over an area about 70 m. long by 15-40 m. broad, 
 and form intricate groups, which throw out contreforts to the 
 N. and S. , and present the highest points of the interior. They 
 consist principally of volcanic masses (basalts, trachytes, scoriae) 
 heaped up in cones or poured out irregularly over a granite plat- 
 form, presenting scenes of the wildest and most picturesque 
 grandeur. There are three great volcanic centres : in the N. 
 the Domes, the highest of which is the Puy-de-D6me (4805 ft.) ; 
 immediately to the S. the Monts Dore, including the highest 
 summit of all, the Puy-de-Sancy (6185 ft.); somewhat further 
 to the S. the group containing the Plomb du Cantal (6095 ft.), 
 and the Puy Mary (5850 ft.). 
 
 Auvemler, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 3 m. SW. by W. Neu- 
 chatel, on the W. side of Lake Neuch3,tel ; noted for its white 
 wines. P. < 1000. 
 
 Anvers-le-Hanion, vil. , France, dep. Sarthe, arr. La Fleche, 
 26 m. W. by S. Le Mans, with .anthracite mines. P. < 2000. 
 
 Auvlllar, vil., France, dep. Tarn et Garonne, arr. Moissac, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Garonne, 17 m. SE. by E. Agen. P. 
 
 <20OO. 
 
 Aux C'aycs, small seapt. , isl. and repub. , Hayti, S. ct. , 98 m. 
 W. by S. Port au Prince, in 73° 45' W. 
 
 Auxerre, tn. and busy riv. port, on the Yonne, France, cap. 
 dep. Yonne, arr. A. , 43 m. SW. by S. Troyes. It is an old Roman 
 town, with boulevards taking the place of Roman and middle 
 age fortifications. P. 15,200. 
 
 Aaxi-le-Ch&tcan, See Anxy-le-Ch&teau. 
 
 Auxois, an old dist. of France, in the NW. of Burgundy ; the 
 pagus Alesiensis, or dist. round Alesia (Alise) of the Romans. 
 
 Anxonuals, France, an old dist. round Auxonne. 
 
 Auxonne, fortified tn. , France, dep. Coted'Or, on the Saone, 
 19 m. SE. by E. Dijon, 9 m. NW by N. Dole; cap. of arr.; 
 called by the Romans Ad Sonam ('on the Saone'), then by 
 corruption Axona. P. <3000. 
 
 Anxy-le-Chriteaa, small tn., France, on the S. border of 
 dep. Pas de Calais, arr. St. Pol, on the Authie, 15 m. NE. 
 by E. Abbeville. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Auzat-snr<Allier, coal-mining vil., France, dep. Puy-de- 
 Dome, arr. Issoire, 25 m. SSE. Clermont. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Auzou, coal-mining vil., France, dep. Haute-Loire, arr. 
 Brioude, on the AlHer, 32 m. SSE. Clermont. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ava, 'water.' S&e Ab. 
 
 Ava, tn.. Burma, on the 1. bk. of the Irdwadi, in 21° 52' N., 
 
 -AVER 
 
 a few miles below Mandalay, defended on the E. by the Myt- 
 nge, on the S. and W. by the Myt-tha (both tribs. to Irawadi) ; 
 divided into an inner and outer town, both fortified ; usual cap. 
 of Burma from its foundation in 1364 to the foundation of 
 Amarapura in 1783, and again from 1822 to 1837-8 ; now 
 declining. P. 25,000. 
 
 Avaeha, or Avatclia Bay. See Petropavlovsk. 
 
 Avaghon Lougli, a small lake. Ire., co. Monaghan, 12 m. S. 
 Monaghan. 
 
 Avail, tn., Persia, in the Karaghan Plain, 68 m. SW. Kazvin. 
 
 AvaUIes-Llmonsine, vil., France, dep. Vienne, on the 
 Vienne, arr. Civray, 35 m. SSE. Poitiers, 8 m. N. by W. Con- 
 folens, with noted medicinal springs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Avala, hill, Servia, 9 m. SSE. Belgrade, with ruins of a 
 castle noted in the history and popular songs of Servia. 
 
 Avalloii, or Avalon, tn., France, dep. Yonne, abovfe the 
 gorge of the Cousin, 42 m. NNW. Autun ; cap. arr. P. 
 
 5500- 
 
 ATaloirs, IMoiit des, range of hills, France, at the source of 
 the Mayenne R. , on the borders of deps. Mavienne and Orne. 
 Alt. 1370 ft. 
 
 Avalon, penin., Newfoundland, in the SE., bounded N. by 
 Trinity Bay, W. by Placentia Bay. 
 
 Av&nl, sacred vil., India, Mysore, 53 m. E. by N. Bangalore. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Avaria, khanate, NE. Caucasia, Daghestan, between the 
 Avarian Koisu and Kondi Koisu rivers. Annexed to Russia in 
 1727, remained till lately a separate khanate. P. about 25,000 
 (Avarians). 
 
 Avasak^a, or Avasaxa, isolated hill, Russian Lapland, on the 
 1. bk. of the Tornea, 40 m. N. of its mouth, in 66° 25' N. ; noted 
 in the history of science as a station used by Maupertuis and his 
 companions in measuring a degree of latitude in 1736-37, and 
 again by the Swedes Svanberg and Oefverbom for the same 
 purpose in 1801-3. 
 
 Ave, riv., Portugal, flows SW. then W., entering the Atlantic 
 in 41° 20' N., 50 m. long. 
 
 Avebnry, or Abnry, par. and vil., Eng., Wilts., Devizes 
 div., 10 m. SSW. Swindon, 6 m. W. Marlborough, with Druid- 
 ical remains formed of greywethers or sarsen stones. Close by 
 is Silbury Hill, one of the largest artificial mounds in Europe, 
 formed of chalk rubble. PMT.O. 4690 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Avehy, Lough, lake. Ire. , in the extreme S. of co. Donegal, 
 10 m. ENE. Ballyshannon. 
 
 Aveiro, vil., Brazil, on ther. bk. oftheTapajoz R., in 3° 15' S. 
 
 Avelro, tn. and seapt., Portugal, prov. Beira, 35 m. S. 
 Oporto, on a coast lagoon from which great quantities of salt 
 are obtained ; cap. dist. A. P. 6000. 
 
 Aveley, par. and vil. , Eng. , Essex, SE. div. , 6J m. SE. by S. 
 Romford, i^ m. NE. Purfleet stn., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Avelghem, manufacturing tn. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 
 on the Scheldt, 9 m. ESE. Courtray, with coal-mines. P. <:4000. 
 
 Avella, tn. , Italy, prov. Avellino, 20 m. ENE. Naples. 
 Near it are the remains of Abella. P. <:4C)oo. 
 
 Avellaneda, colony, Argentine Republic, prov. Santa Fe, 
 130 m. SW. by S. Corrientes. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Avellino, tn., Italy, Campania, cap. prov. A., 28 m. E. by 
 N. Naples, in a fertile but unhealthy dist. at the foot of the 
 Monte Vergine, a noted place of pilgrimage. Alt. 1280 ft. 
 P. 21,000. 
 
 Avenal, bor. , New Zealand, South I. , Southland co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aventoury, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div., 13 
 m. NE. Hereford, i| m. S. Bromyard stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Avcnches, the ancient Aventicutn, called in German Wlllls- 
 biirg ('castle of Wiflis,' a Burgundian count of the seventh 
 century), vil., Switzd., in a detached part of Vaud, 7 m. NW. 
 Freiburg, at one time on the Lake of Morat, about i| m. to the 
 S. of the present shore of that lake ; with Roman remains. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Avenel, vil., Victoria, Anglesey co. , 55 m. E. by S. Sand- 
 hurst. P. < 1000. 
 
 Avenliorn, vil., Holland, prov. N. Holland, 9 m. E. by S. 
 Al kmaar. P. < 2000. 
 
 Avenlng, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., 62 m. 
 NW. by N. Toronto. 
 
 Avenlng, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Stroud div., 8 m. 
 ENE. Wotton-under-Edge, 3 m. S. Brimscombe stn., P.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Avenue, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Avenue Road, rly. stn., S. Australia, Robe co., 167 m. SE. 
 by S. Adelaide. 
 
 Avenwe«lde, vil, Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 36 m. E. 
 Miinster, 7 m. S. by W. Bielefeld ; spinning and weaving of 
 linen. P. 3000. 
 
 Averliani, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Trent, 2 m. W. by N. Newark. P.<25o; 
 eccles. par. (A. wltU Keltaam) P. <5co. 
 
 Avei-ia»«, vil., Uruguay, dep. Treinta y Tres, 132 m. NE. by 
 N. Montevideo. 
 
 Averno, small lake, Italy, 9 m. W. Naples, occupymg the 
 
 m 
 
AVER 
 
 AVON 
 
 crater of an extinct volcano which in ancient times gave forth 
 mephitic vapours, and was hence believed to be the entrance 
 to the infernal regions. 
 
 Avers, val. , Switzd. , in the S. of cant. Grisons, ojjening 
 from the SE. into the Hinter-Rhine valley, containing the 
 hamlet of A. or Cresta ( i6 m. W. St. Moritz), one of the highest 
 inhabited places in Europe (alt. 6400 ft. ). 
 
 Averss, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 9 m. N. Naples. 
 P. 24,000. 
 
 Aves, or Bljrd Islands, a group of small Venezuelan islands 
 to the E. of the Dutch island of Buen Ayre, producing guano. 
 2. A small barren islet in the E. of the Caribbean Sea, 140 m. 
 W. Dominica. 
 
 Avesnes, fortified tn., France, dep. Nord, 24 m. S, Mons, 
 cap. of arr. P. 5300. 
 
 Af esnes-Ics>Anbcrt, vil. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 7 m. 
 ENE. Cambrai, manufactures of linens and cambria P. <sooo. 
 
 Aresnes-le-Conite, vil., France, dep. Pas de Calais, 11 m. 
 W. Arras. P. < 2000. 
 
 Avestad, Sweden. See Afvestad. 
 
 Aveton Glfford, par. and viL, Eng. , Devonshire, Totnes 
 div., on the Avon, 11^ m. W. by S. Dartmouth, PM.O. P. < 
 1000. 
 
 Aveyron, riv. , France, a shallow stream flowing W. , S. and 
 again W. through deps. A. and Tam-et-Garonne, partly on the 
 NW. frontier of dep. Tarn, finally joining the R. Tarn, 6 m. 
 below Montauban ; length, 150 m. ; not navigable. 
 
 Aveyron, a dep. in the SW. of the Central Plateau of 
 France, partly bounded on the N. by the R. Lot, and traversed 
 from E. to W. by the Riv. A. , in the S. by the Tarn ; divided 
 into five arrs. , Espalion, Millau, Rodez, Saint- Affrique, and 
 Villefranche ; cap. Rodez. Its siu-face is high (Rodez, 2075 ft.) 
 and very varied, presenting a perpetual succession of moun- 
 tains, plateaux, grassy valleys and deep ravines, and the exter- 
 nal communications are consequently very defective, esjjecially 
 in the country dists. In the region N. of the R. Lot, a group 
 of granite mountains succeeds the barren plateau of calcareous 
 rock [Causses] of the centre and S. of the dep. In this group 
 extinct craters abound, and the mountains of Aubrac, which 
 form the NE. boundary of A. , are entirely volcanic in character. 
 The canton to \\ hich these mountains form the E. border is 
 called Viad^ne, and is distinguished for its wild scenery. The 
 Lot is the only river navigable within the dep. About two- 
 fifths of the surface is arable. It is only in the W. dist. that 
 vineyards are found, but all sorts of grain are cultivated, though 
 in quantities barely sufficient for the consumption. The 
 Laguiole and Roquefort cheeses are noted, the latter even in 
 foreign coimtries. The most extensive forest is that of Aubrac. 
 Foremost amongst the mineral products is coal, Aubin and 
 Millau being the chief mining centres. The slate and marble 
 quarries are productive, and the silver mines of this dep. were 
 formerly prosperous. In ancient writings the inhabitants of A. 
 are called Ruteni, and the name of Rouergue came to be applied 
 to the dist. In 859 the county of Rouergue became the appan- 
 age of the eldest sons of the Counts of Toulouse. In 1589 it was 
 finally imited to the crown of France. Area, 3386 sq. m. P. 
 (1891) 400,467. See France, table. 
 
 Avezzano, tn., Italv, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, 32 m. 
 E. by N. Tivoli. Alt' 2285 ft. P. 6400. 
 
 Avlano, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. Udine, 33 m. NE. by N. 
 Treviso. P. 6000. 
 
 Avlcb, Locb, a lake, Scot., Argyllshire, in the W., drained 
 E. by R. Avich into Loch Awe. ^t. 311 ft. 
 
 Aviemore, stn., Scot., Inverness-shire, on the H. R., 27 m. 
 S. Nairn, PMT.O. 
 
 Avlgliaua, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 13 m. W. Turin, 
 on the r. bk. of the Dora Riparia. P. 3500. 
 
 Avigliano,tn., Italy, Basilicata,prov. and 8 m.NW.Potenza. 
 P. 17,000. 
 
 Avignon (the ancient Avenio), city, S. France, cap. dep. Vau- 
 cluse, occupying a plain on 1. bk. of the Rhone, 14 m. S. Orange, 
 just above the influx of the Durance ; seat of an archbishop. 
 It has many scientific and literary establishments, among these 
 the Calvert Museum, which includes a large public library ; also 
 nmnerous manufactures, those of silk being the chief. In the 
 fourteenth century the city had a population of nearly 100,000. 
 It was the residence of the popes from 1309 to 1376 (a relic of 
 which epoch is to be seen in the fine ramparts and the ancient 
 palace of the popes), and remained under the jurisdiction of the 
 Holy See till 1791, when it was united to France, Mean temp., 
 yr. 56.8° F. , Jan. 40.6°, July 73.4° ; rainfall, 22.44 i"^- P- 37i6oo. 
 
 Avlla, walled tn., Spain, prov. A., 37 m. SW. by W. Segovia, 
 55 m. WNW. Madrid, on the R. Adaja, at the lower end of the 
 beautiful Val de Ambles ; from 1482 to 1807 the seat of a univer- 
 sity. P. 10,900. 
 
 Avlla, prov., Spain, occupies the southernmost angle of Old 
 Castile, is in a large measure a region of romantic highlands 
 belonging to the Sierra de Gredos, a range separated by the 
 picturesque longitudinal valleys of the upper Alberche and 
 Tonnes from the high plain of Alava, which slopes towards 
 94 
 
 the N. The lower tracts produce grain, the higher in the S, ; 
 principally fine wool (merino). See ^paln. 1 
 
 Avlles, tn., Mexico, Coahuila, 115 m. NE. by N. Durango. ' 
 
 Avll^s, seapt., Spain, prov. Oviedo, 14 m. W. by N. Gijon. j 
 P. (comm. ) 10,200. j 
 
 Avlngton, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, Newbury div. , 6 m. W. by ! 
 N. Newbury, 2^ m. E. Hungerford stn. P. <25o. ' 
 
 Avlngton, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., on thei 
 Itchin, 3^ m. ENE. Winchester, i m. S. Itchin Abbas stn. i 
 P. < 500. I 
 
 Avlngton, settlement, Queensland, Mitchell co. , 330 m. SW. I 
 Mackay. | 
 
 Avlo, comm., Austria, Tyrol, 25 m. SSW. Trent, on the' 
 r. bk. of the Adige. P. < 5000. ; 
 
 Avldn, comm., Spain, prov. Orense, dist. Ribadavia. P.< ' 
 5000. I 
 
 Avlsford, post-tn.. New South Wales, co. Wellington, 186, 
 m. NW. Sydney. P. < 1500. | 
 
 Avlslo (//a/.), Avis (Ger.), riv., Austria, Tyrol, flows SW. 
 into the Adige above Trient. The upper part of its valley, 
 which is bounded on the E. by the Dolomite Alps, is called 
 the Fassa-tbal, the middle portion the Flelmser-thal, and 
 the lower portion the Val Cembra. 
 
 , Avlze, vil. , France, dep. Marne, arr. and 5 m. SE. by S. 
 Epernay ; with fine champagne cellars. P. 3000. 
 
 Avlona (//a/. Yalona), seapt., Turkey in Europe, prov. 
 Berat, on the Adriatic, 58 m. S. Durazzo, in a very unhealthy 
 situation, at the S. end of a lagoon, ij m. inland from the Bay 
 of A. Mean rainfall (142 yrs. ), 42.2 in. P. 6000. 
 
 Avoca, riv. , Australia, in the W. of Victoria, flows N. into 
 Lake Tyrrell, which has no outlet. 
 
 Avoca, settlement, Canada, Quebec, co. Argenteuil, 6 m. 
 from Point au ChSne. P. < 1000. 
 
 Avoca, Cape Colony, dist. Herbert, at the confluence of the 
 Vaal and the Riet, 62 m. WSW. Kimberley. 
 
 Avoca, Ire. See Ovoca. 
 
 Avoca, settlement, Queensland, Belyando co., 225 m. SW. 
 by S. Mackay. 
 
 Avoca, tn., Tasmania, Cornwall co., on the S. Esk, and a 
 branch railway, 40 m. SE. Launceston. P. < 1000. 
 
 Avoca, vil., U.S., Iowa, Pottawattamie co., 33 m. ENE. 
 Omaha, Neb. P. < 1500. 
 
 Avoca, viL, U.S., New York, Steuben co., on Conhocton 
 R., 52 m. S. by E. Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Avoca, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Avoca, tn., Victoria, Gladstone co., on A. Riv., 32 m. ENE. 
 Ararat. P. < 2000. 
 
 Avocet Rock, a small isolated patch of coral in the S. part of 
 the Red Sea, with only 15 ft. of water over it, in 14° 22' 8" N., 
 42° 41' 32" E. 
 
 Avocb, par. and fishing viL, Scot., Ross-shire, on the W. 
 shore of Inner Moray Firth, 6 m. NNE. Inverness, PMT.O. 
 Par. 8030 ac. , P. < 2000 ; viL P. < 1500. 
 
 Avola, tn. , Sicily, on the E. ct. , prov. and 13^ m. SW. 
 Syracuse, at the foot of a hill once crowned by an older town 
 called A. , which was destroyed by an earthquake in 1693. The 
 famous honey of Hybla is still produced near. P. 13,000. 
 
 Avon, 'water.' See. Ab. 
 
 Avon, riv., Canada, Nova Scotia, flows N. into Minas Basin. 
 
 Avon, hamlet, Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., on the 
 A., 6 m. NE. Boiurnemouth, i m. NE. Heme stn. 
 
 Avon, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Wilton div. , on the A. , 2§ m. 
 NW. by N. Salisbury. P. <2so. 
 
 Avon, or East Avon, riv., Eng., rising in Wiltshire, and 
 flowing S. through that county and Hampshire into the English 
 Channel at Christchurch ; passes Amesbury, Salisbury, and 
 Downton in Wiltshire, Ringwood in Hampshire ; not navigable. 
 
 Avon, or Lo'wer Avon, riv,, Eng., rises in the Cotswold 
 Hills, Gloucestershire, flows S. through Wiltshire, and W., 
 partly through, partly on the N. boundary of Somerset, past 
 Bath and Bristol, to the estuary of the Severn ; 62 m. long. See 
 Bristol and Kennet and Avon Canal. 
 
 Avon, or Upper Avon, riv. , Eng. , rises near Naseby, North- 
 amptonshire, and flows SW. partly on the border of Leicester- 
 shire, then through Warwickshire and Worcestershire, and 
 enters the Severn at Tewkesbury in Gloucestershire ; passes 
 Rugby, Warwick, Stratford, and Evesham ; navigable to Har- 
 vington, about 5 m. above Evesham ; 96 m. long, 
 
 Avon, riv. , Eng. , in the S. of Devonshire, flows S. into Big- 
 bury Bay, in 3° 50' W. 
 
 Avon, riv., Scot., Banffshire, flows NE. then N. to the Spey. 
 
 Avon, riv. , Scot. , flows NE. then NN W. , and joins the Clyd 
 at Hamilton. 
 
 Avon, riv., Scot., forms part of the W. frontier of LinUthgoW' 
 shire, and enters the Forth below Grangemouth. 
 
 Avon, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Hartford co. , on Farmington 
 R., 9 m. W. by N. Hartford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Avon, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Avon, vil., U.S., New York, Livingston co., 19 m. S. of 
 Rochester by rail. P. < 2000, 
 
 :i 
 
i 
 
 AVON 
 
 Avon, small riv. , Wales, Glamorganshire, flows SW, into the 
 Bristol Channel at Aberavon. 
 
 • Avon, riv., W. Australia, flows NW., and joins the Swan at 
 Mortham. 
 
 ■ Avon, Loch, lake, Scot., Banffshire, at the source of the 
 \von, ish m. E. Kingussie. 
 
 Avon, Kether. See \etlieravon. 
 
 Avonbeg, riv., Ire., in the E. of co. Wicklow, flows from 
 Mount Lugnaquilla SE. to the Avonmore. 
 
 Avonbrldge, vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, on the N. B. R., on 
 :he Avon, 4 m. SSE. Falkirk, PM.O. 
 
 Avondale, par., Scot., Lanarkshire, S. div., containing 
 Strathaven town ; 37,533 ac. P. 5100. 
 
 Avondale, tn., U.S., Alabama, Jefferson CO. P. < 2000. 
 
 Avondale, vil., U.S., Ohio, Hamilton co., a suburb of Cin- 
 cinnati. P. < 5000. 
 
 Avon Dassett, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 6J m. 
 NNW. Banbury, 2i m. SW. by W. Fenny Compton stn., 
 PM.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Avon Downs, settlement, Queensland, Bellco., 130 m. W. 
 by S. Mackay. 
 
 Avonhead, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, in New Monkland par. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Avonmore, place. Ire., E. co. Wicklow, bar. Ballmacor 
 North, 9^ m. W. by N. Wicklow, barracks i m. to the W. 
 
 Avonmore, riv.. Ire., in the E. of co. Wicklow, flows SE. 
 
 ■ then S. till it unites with the Avonbeg to form the Avoca. 
 
 I Avonmonth and Avonmoatb Dock, stns. , Eng. , Glouces- 
 tershire, at the mouth of the Avon, on the r, bk., PMT.O. 
 (Ayonmontli). See Bristol. 
 
 Avon Plains, tn., Victoria, Kara-Kara co., 175 m. NW, 
 Melbourne. P. (oftn. and dist.)< 3000. 
 
 Avonport, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, King's co. , on R. 
 .^von, 57 m. by rail from Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Avontnnr, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. and 3 m. SSE. 
 Uniondale, 100 m. SSE. Beaufort West. 
 
 Avonwlck, place, Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., near S. 
 Brent stn., P.O. 
 
 Avoyelles, par., U.S., Louisiana, cro'ssed by 31° N. and 92° 
 W. , bounded on the E. by the Atchafalaya R. 
 
 Avranches, tn., France, dep. Manche, on a hill near the W. 
 ct. and the mouth of the Se6, 16 m. SE. Granville, cap. of arr., 
 with a library containing some valuable MSS. which belonged to 
 the old abbey of Mont St. Michel. On the site of its old cathedral, 
 demolished 1799, is preserved the stone on which Henry II. of 
 England is said to have knelt to receive absolution for the 
 murder of Becket. P. 7600. 
 
 Avratynsklya {Ov];atynskiya), hills, Austria and Russia, 
 spurs of Carpathians, stretching through Galicia and Volhynia, 
 1 1 20 ft. at Bialozorki. 
 
 Avrc, two rivs. , France, one joining the 1. bk. of the Somme 
 above Amiens, navigable for 19 m. by small vessels ; the other 
 tiowing E. into the Eure, its lower course partly on the frontier 
 of deps. Eure and Eure-et-Loir, used for irrigation and as a 
 source of water-power. 
 
 Avtnra, vil., Russia, Caucasia, govt. Terek, dist. and S. of 
 Groznyi. P. 3020. 
 
 Atv, awa, ' water.' See Al>. 
 
 Awah, mun. tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Etah, 34 m. 
 NE. by E. Agra. P. 5700. 
 
 Awaji, less properly Awadzi, isl. and prov., Japan, between 
 Honshiu and the NE. of Shikoku I. Noted potteries. 
 
 Awaniasoko. See Avranyakusa. 
 
 Awaiuba, tribe, central Africa, inhabiting the forest region 
 of the Semliki valley. 
 
 Awanyaknsa, or Awamasoko, a tribe occupying a rich but 
 marshy plain at the head of Lake Nyassa. Scof. Geog. Mag., 
 1890, pp. 281, 282. 
 
 Awarna Uarbonr, same as Bluff Harbour, New Zealand. 
 
 Awas, mt. , Ger. SW. Africa, about 160 m. E. Walfisch Bay. 
 Several spots at its base seem to be fit for cultivation. 
 
 Awatere, settlement, New Zealand, South I., Marlborough 
 CO. , 46 m. SE. Nelson, on the Awatere R. , which flows NE. into 
 Cook stn. 
 
 Awbrldge, eccles. par. and hamlet, Eng., Hampshire, New 
 Forest div., lo m. WSW. Winchester, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Avi'e, Loch, lake, Scot., in the W. of Argyllshire, 23 m. long 
 SW. to NE., ^-i m. wide, fed by the Orchy from the NE. and 
 the Strae from the NNE. , drained by the K. Awe WNW. into 
 Loch Etive from an arm near its N. end to the S. of Ben 
 Cruachan (pass of Brander). At its N. end is the fine ruin of 
 Kilchurn Castle on an island connected at low water with the 
 mainland. Alt. 116 ft. Area 15.6 sq. m. 
 
 Awe, Loch, lake, Scot., Sutherland, 10 m. SW. by W. of 
 the head of Loch Shin. 
 
 'Awertah, vil., Palestine, Gibeah Phineas in the O. T. 
 32° 10' N., 35° 17' E., 4 m. SSE. Nablus. 
 
 Awkley. See Auckley. 
 
 AwUs Combe, par. and vil. , Eng. , Devonshire, Honiton div. , 
 13m. SE. by E. Tiverton, 2 m. WNW. Honiton, P.O. P<soo. 
 
 - A Y AT 
 
 Awol, tn. , W. Africa, Sokoto, about 15 m. N. of the Benue, 
 and 175 m. E. by N. of its confluence with the Niger. 
 
 Awomorl, Japan. See Aomori. 
 
 Awre, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div., 10 
 m. SW. by W. Gloucester, on the G. W. R. , P.O.; 4329 ac. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Awsworth, eccles. par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushclifi'e 
 div., 7 m. WNW. Nottingham, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Awyaw, W. Africa. See Oyo. 
 
 Ax, small tn. , France, dep. Arifege, on the r. bk. of the R. 
 Ari^ge, 54 m. W. Perpignan, arr. and 20 m. SE. by S. Foix ; 
 with noted hot medicinal (sulphurous) springs. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Axbrldge, par. and small tn. , Eng. , Somersetshire, div. and 
 9I m. NW. Wells, on the G. W. R., PMT.O, Market-days, 
 Tu. and S, P, <75o. 
 
 Axe, two rivs., Eng., one in the N. of Somerset, rises in the 
 Mendip Hills, and flows NW. to the Bristol Channel, which it 
 enters about 3 m, S. of Weston-super-Mare, with a navigable 
 estuary; the other in Dorset and Devon, flows W. , then SW, 
 past Axminster, and finally S, into Lyme Bay, about midway 
 between Sidmouth and Lyme Regis ; not navigable. 
 
 Axedale, tn., Victoria, Bendigo co., 15 m. E, by S. Sand- 
 hurst. P. < 1000. 
 
 Axe Edge, hill, Eng., Derbyshire, High Peak div., i^ m, 
 SSW. Buxton. Alt. 1810 ft. 
 
 Axel, tn. and fortress, Holland, prov. Zeeland, 17 m. NE. 
 by N. Ghent. P. <30oo. 
 
 Axenberg, mt. , Switzd. , cant. Uri, rising sheer from the 
 E. side of the bay of Uri, above which the road called the 
 Axenstrasse (completed in 1866) has been hewn out of the face 
 of the rock ; now pierced by a railway tunnel, 1222 yds. long, 
 on the route of the St. Gothard Rly. 
 
 Axford, hamlet, Eng., Hampshire, div. and 6 m. SSW. 
 Basingstoke, 5^ m. E. Micheldever stn. 
 
 Axford, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Wilts. See Kamsbnry. 
 
 Axholme, ISle of, a dist. in the NW. of Lincolnshire, Eng., 
 enclosed by the Trent, the Idle, the N. Idle Drain, and the 
 old R. Don ; chief tn. Epworth. Much of the land here is cul- 
 tivated by small landowners. 
 
 Axlm, vil. and fort, on the Brit. Gold Coast, W. Africa, in 
 about 2° 15' W. , acquired from Holland in 1872, The place is 
 well supplied with water, and is said to be the healthiest on 
 the coast. 
 
 Axminster, par. and raarket-tn. , Eng. , Devonshire, Honiton 
 div., on the 1. bk. of the Axe, and on the L. & SW. R., 24 m. 
 E. by N. Exeter, with brush factory. A. gives name to a kind 
 of carpet manufactured here from 1755-1835. PMT.O. Mar- 
 ket-days, Th. and S. 6867 ac. P. < 3000; eccles. par. (A« 
 with Kilmlngton and Membury) P. <4000. 
 
 Axmouth, par. and fishing vil., Eng., in SE. of Devonshire, 
 Honiton div. , i m. from the mouth of the Axe (1. bk. ) and Seaton 
 stn., 5^ m. SW. by S. Axminster, P.O. ; 4244 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 AxteU, vil., U.S., Kansas, Marshall co., 68 m. NW. by N, 
 Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Axnm, Axoum, or Aksum, an ancient but decayed tn., 
 Abyssinia, Tigre, 113 m. SSW. Massaua, 12 m. WSW. Adua, 
 in the middle ages cap. of a great Christian kingdom, to which 
 it gave name. It possesses many interesting ruins, some bear- 
 ing inscriptions. Lat. 14° 6' 55" N. , long. 38° 43' 40" E. ; alt. 
 7120 ft. (Capt. Galinier, 1841). 
 
 , Ay, tn. , France, dep. Marne, arr. Reims, 3 m. NE. by E. 
 Epernay. P. 5100. 
 
 Ayacucho, dep., Peru, nearly equally bisected by the 
 meridian of 74° W., and extending from about 11 J" to 15^° S., 
 traversed by the main chains of the Andes. See Peru. 
 
 Ayacucho, tn., Peru, cap. dep. A., 200 m. ESE. Lima; 
 formerly called Huamanga, its name having been changed in 
 1824, after the victory over the Spaniards in the neighbouring 
 plain of A. in the War of Independence ; seat of a university 
 since 1677. P- 12,000. 
 
 Ayaguz. See Sei^lopol. 
 
 Ayaklkdl, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 67 m. NW. 
 Madura. P. 10,000. 
 
 Ayamonte, fortified tn. and seapt. , Spain, on 1. bk. of the 
 Guadiana at its mouth, prov. and 23 m. W. Huelva, P. 6600. 
 
 Ayan, small seapt.. Eastern Siberia, on the W. side of 
 the Sea of Okhotsk, in 56° 28' N. , 125° 33' E, Mean temp, 
 (si yrs. 1843-45, '47-' 50). yr- 24° F,, Jan. -8.5°, July 54,2° 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Ayar-nor, lake, Dzungaria, in 85° E. , just N. of 45° N., 
 receives the Manas ; no outlet. 
 
 Ayas, Asia Minor, on a bay on W. side of Gulf of Iskanderun, 
 33 m. SE. by E. Adana, the ancient yEgcz, the Layas of Marco 
 Polo ; frequented port in middle ages. 
 
 Ayash, tn., Asia Minor, on S. ct., 68 m, SW. by W. Adana. 
 
 Ayasolnk, vil., in the W. of Asia Minor, near the ruins of 
 the ancient Epkesus, 35 m. SSE. Smyrna. 
 
 Ayat, vil., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Riom, on the 
 Sioule, 21 m. NW. by N. Clermont-Ferrand, with a castle 
 in which Gen. Desaix was born in 1768. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 95 
 
AYAV — AYUT 
 
 Ayavaca, tn., in the NW. of Peru, dep. Piura, 170 m. S. 
 Guayaquil. 
 
 Ayavlrl, tn. , Peru, dep. and 66 m. N. by W. Puno, 150 m. 
 SE. Cuzco. P. < 3000. 
 
 Aycllffe, Great, par. and vil. , Eng. , Durham, SE. div. , on the 
 Skerne, 5^ m. N. Darlington, on the N. E. R., PM.O. P. 
 
 Aydon, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., 4^ m. E. 
 by N. Hexham, 2 m. NNE. Corbridge stn. P. <;250. 
 
 Aydon Castle, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham 
 Union. P. <:25o. 
 
 Aydon Forest, an upland tract, Eng. , Northumberland, Ber- 
 wick-upon-Tweed div. , a short distance to the SW. of Alnwick. 
 
 Ayen, vil. , France, dep. Correze, arr. Brive, 30 m. E. by N. 
 P^rigueux ; iron, copper, antimony, and silver-lead mines near. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Ayent, vil., Switzd., cant. Valais, 4 m. NEL Sion. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Ayer, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 15 m. WSW. 
 Lowell. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ayerbanggis, seapt., on theW. ct. of Sumatra, in 0° 11' N., 
 port of Rau. 
 
 Ayer's Flat, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. Stanstead, 18 m. by 
 rail from Lennoxville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ayer's Range, a small range of mts. , S. Australia, just N. of 
 the tropic of Capricorh, and E. of 133° E. 
 
 Aylbnrton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean 
 div., 7^ m. NE. Chepstow, i| m. W. Lydney Junction, P.O. 
 P. <750. See lydney. 
 
 Ayle, or AJle, place, Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Burrishoole, 4 m. 
 E. by S. Westport, P.O. 
 
 Aylesbeare, par. and vil. , Eng. , Devonshire, Honiton div. , 
 7 m. E. Exeter, 3 m. S. by W. Whimple stn. P. <iooo. 
 
 Aylesbury, settlement and rly. stn. , Canada, Assiniboia, 58 
 m. NW. by W. Regina. 
 
 Aylesbnry, par. and market-tn., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 
 A. div., 15 m. SE. by S. Buckingham, on the G. W. R. and 
 L. & NW. R. ; lace and straw-plait manufactures. Market- 
 day, S. P. 8900 ; pari. div. (1891) 58,500. 
 
 Aylesby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Brigg div., 5 m. WSW. 
 Great Grimsby, 3 J m. S. Stallingborough stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Aylesford, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, King's co. , 87 m. by 
 rail from Halifax. P. <i500. 
 
 Aylesford, par. and tn., Eng., Kent, Medway div., on the 
 Medway, 2J m. NW. Maidstone, on the SE. R., PMT.O.; 
 4057 ac. P. <3oco. 
 
 Aylestone, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 3 
 m. S. by W. Leicester, i| m. NW. by N. Glen Parva stn., 
 P.O. P. 5400. 
 
 Aylestone Park, place, Eng., Leicestershire, in Aylestone 
 par., with PMT.O. 
 
 Aylmer, lake, Canada, Quebec, Wolfe co. , 69 m. S. Quebec, 
 drained S. by the St. Francis R. 
 
 Aylmer, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Ottawa co. , on the r. bk. of 
 the Ottawa, 8 m. above Ottawa. 
 
 Aylmerton, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. , 2 m. from the N. 
 ct., 3 m. SW. by W. Cromer, zit m. WSW. Cromer (Beach) 
 stn., P.O. P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (A. -with Ronton) P. < 1000. 
 
 Aylmer West, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Elgin co. , 19 m. SE. 
 London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aylsham, par. and market-tn., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 10 
 m. S. by W. Cromer, with two stns. , one on the G. E. R. , and 
 another (A. Town) on the Eastern and Midlands Rly. Market- 
 day, Tu. 4330 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Aylton, par., Eng., Hereford, Ross div., 10 m. E. by S. 
 Hereford, 2 m. S. Ashperton stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Aylwln, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Ottawa co. , on the Gatineau 
 R. , 40 m. NN W. Ottawa. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ay'maras. See Pern. 
 
 Ayniestrey, par. and vil. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Leominster 
 div., 6 m. NW. Leominster, P.O.; gives name to a formation 
 of Silurian limestones ; 6441 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Aynboe, par. and vil. , Eng. , S. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 11^ m. W. Buckingham, on the G. W. R., P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Ayora, tn., Spain, prov. Valencia, 50 m. SW. by W. Valen- 
 cia. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Ayotla, tn. , Mexico, state of and 15 m. ESE. Mexico. 
 
 Ayot St. Lawrence, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, on the S. 
 border of the Hitchin div., 2 m. NE. Wheathampstead stn., 6J 
 m. NNE. St. Albans, P.O. P.<250. 
 
 Ayot St. Peter, par., Eng., ij m. SE. by E. Ayot St. Law- 
 rence, with a stn. (Ayot) on the G. N. R., P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Ayr, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Waterloo co., 46 m. ENE. 
 London. 
 
 Ayr, riv., Scot., flows W. through the middle of Ayrshire, 
 entering the Firth of Clyde at the town of A. ; not navigable 
 except at its mouth. The ' Water of A. ' stone, used for whet- 
 ting fine-edged tools and for polishing marble and metals, is 
 found in its bed near the town. 
 
 Ayr, royal and pari, burgh, seapt. tn. and par., Scot., cap. 
 CO. , at the mouth of the A. Riv. , 32 m. SSW. Glasgow, on the 
 96 
 
 G.^& SW. R. Lat. of lighthouse, 55" 28' 17" N., long. 4' 3!T 
 26" W., with a fixed light on the N. pier. Of the two bridges 
 ('twa brigs') celebrated by Burns, the ' auld brig ' is the upper, and 
 probably dates from about the end of the fifteenth century. The 
 new bridge was built in 1785-88, but had to be rebuilt in 1878-79. 
 The Wallace Tower, built in 1834 to replace an older structure 
 so-called, is 113 ft. high. The A. Academy, founded in the 
 thirteenth century, received a royal charter in 1798. A. is the 
 seat of carpet, flannel, and other woollen manufactures, shoe- 
 making on a large scale, &c. Its harbour is composed of a 
 tidal basin, with 5000 ft. of quays and a depth of 19 ft. at ordi- 
 nary high water ; another basin', 300 ft. by 250 ft., with a depth 
 of 23 ft. at ordinary spring tides ; and a dock, 600 ft. by 400 ft., 
 with a depth of 21 ft. at ordinary spring tides. There is a patent 
 slip 800 ft. long, with 1200 tons lifting power. AUoway, the 
 birthplace of Burns, and Burns's monument, are within 2^'m. of 
 A. on the S. A. itself was the birthplace of Macadam, the cele- 
 brated road engineer (bom 1756). It unites with Campbeltown, 
 Inveraray, Irvine, and Oban (forming the A. dist. of burghs), 
 to send one member to House of Commons. P. royal burgh 
 (1891)9512; mun. burgh (1851) 17,600; (1871) 17,900; (1891) 
 24,800; pari, burgh, 23,800; pari. dist. of burghs, 46,200. 
 
 Ayre, small isl. , Balearic Is. , S. of Minorca. 
 
 Ayre, Point of, the most northerly point of the Isle of 
 Man. 
 
 Ayron, riv., Wales, Cardigan. See Aeron. 
 
 Ayr Road, stn., Scot., Mid Lanarkshire, on the C. R., 2i m. 
 SSW. Wishaw. 
 
 Ayrshire, maritime co. , Scot. , having W. the Firth of Clyde. 
 Surface in the E. and SE. mountainous, elsewhere hilly ; 
 and along the coast, especially in the N. , the land is fertile. 
 For principal crops and Uve-stock, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. 
 Agriculture has been much improved, and drainage carried to a 
 large extent. Great attention is paid to the breeding of stock 
 (A. gives name to a breed of cattle long valued for their milking 
 qualities), and manufacture of cheese, for both of which the 
 county is famed. The rocks belong chiefly to the Carboniferous 
 system, including a large area of coal-measures, in the N. , to the 
 Silurian system in the S. , and to the Old Red Sandstone in the 
 middle (between the Ayr and Girvan rivers). Coal is mined at 
 Ayr, DalmeHington (/'/.), Patna, Maybole, Drongan, Coylton, 
 Irvine, Stevenston [bl.), Beith, Kilwinning (^/.), Dairy, Kilbirnie 
 (.bl.V Dreghorn, Kilmarnock (bl.), Galston, Hurlford, Muirkirk 
 \bl.), Auchinleck, Cumnock [bl.), and New Cumnock; and iron- 
 stone is also produced at the places in italics, while there are 
 blast-furnaces at the places with {bl. ) after their names. Fire- 
 clay, gamster, limestone, and honestone [Ayr, river] are also 
 obtained. The principal manufactures are various branches of 
 the woollen industry, and the chief manufacturing towns are 
 Kilmarnock, Kilmaurs, Stewarton, and Ayr. A. consists of 
 three dists., Carrick in the S. , Cunningham in the N., and Kyle 
 in the centre ; it comprises 46 pars. For parliamentary purposes 
 the CO. is divided into North and South Ayr, each sending one 
 member to House of Commons. 722,229 ac. P. (1891) 226,283. 
 
 Ayrshire, co., Queensland, crossed by 22° S. and bounded 
 on the W. by the Diamantina. 
 
 Ayrshire Downs, settlement, Queensland, Ayrshire co., 325 
 m. SW. by W. Townsville. 
 
 Aysgarth, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, in the SW. of the Richmond 
 div. of the N. Riding, on the Ure, 13I m. SW. by W. Richmond, 
 on the NE. R., PM.O. P. <25o. Near it A. Force, a fine 
 waterfall {Scot. Geol. Mag., 1885, p. 411). 
 
 Ayston, par., Eng., Rutland, 4I m. S. Oakham, 2 m. SW. 
 Manton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Aythorpe Roothlng, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., on the 
 Roothing, 9^ m. NW. by W. Chelmsford, 4 m. SSE. Takeley 
 stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ayton, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., York- 
 shire, N. Riding, Cleveland div. , 7^ m. SE. bv S. Middlesbrough. 
 Great A., with PMT.O. and a stn. on the NE. R. P. <2ooo. 
 Little A. P. < 250 ; eccles. par. (Great A., or A. In Cleveland 
 with Easby) P. <25oo. 
 
 Ayton, East, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the SE. 
 of the Whitby div. , on the Derwent, 4 m. SW. by W. Scar- 
 borough. P. <:500. See Seamer. 
 
 Ayton, West, par. , Eng. , adjoining E. Ayton on the W. , 
 close to Forge Valley stn., PM.O. P. <500. 
 
 Ayton, ct. par. and vil., Scot.. Berwickshire, on Eye Water, 
 5 m. S. St. Abb's Head, on the N. B. R. Par. 6699 ac, 
 P. 2000 ; vil. P. < 1000. 
 
 'Ay6n esh Sh'atn, site, Palestine, Shihon in the O. T., 
 34° 43' N., 35° 20' E., 2^ m. NE. by E. Nazareth. 
 
 'Aynn MAsa, site, Palestine, Askdoth Pisgah in the O. T., 
 31° 45' N., 35° 45' E., 4 m. WSW. the ancient Heshbon. 
 
 Ayathia, Yuthla, or Krnng-Kao, tn., Siam, 43 m. N. 
 Bangkok, at the confluence of two branches of the Meinani, 
 partly composed of floating dwellings, partly built on piles 
 driven into the bed of the river ; founded in the 14th century, and 
 for four centuries (till it was sacked by the Burmese in 1767) cap. 
 of the kingdom ; still an important centre of trade. P. 50,000. 
 
AYWA — BAAL 
 
 Aywaille, manufacturing tn., Belgium, prov. Liege, on the 
 Amble ve, 9 m. W. Spa. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Aywick, hamlet, Scot., Shetland Is., Yell I., Mid and S. 
 Yell par. , 1 1 m. SE. by E. of the N. end of the mainland. 
 
 Ayyaukere, artificial lake, India, Mysore, 85 m. NE. by E. 
 Mangalore. 
 
 Azaliik Kange. See Altai. 
 
 Azaiiibiija, col., Brazil, in the SE. of Santa Catharina, in 
 28f S., 49i" W. 
 
 Azambuja, tn., Portugal, dist. and 39 m. NE. by N. Lis- 
 bon. P. < 2000. 
 
 Azaiiigarli, mun. tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. A., 
 52 m. N. by E. Benares. P. 19,000. 
 
 Azaiuor, or Azeniuinr, seapt. , on the W. ct. of Morocco, in 
 33° i7i' N., 10 m. E. by N. Mazagan, at the mouth of the 
 Um-er-Rbia, which forms its harbour ; difficult of approach on 
 account of a bar. 
 
 Azaiigaro, tn. , Peru, dep. and 66 m. N. by W. Puno, 170 
 m. SE. by E. Cuzco, about 30 m. from the N. end of Lake 
 Titicaca. Alt. 12,850 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 AzcoKia, tn., Spain, prov. Guipuzcoa, 19 m. SW. by W. 
 San Sebastian. P. 5000. 
 
 Azegllo, vil. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, 23 m. WNW. 
 Vercelli. P. <30CO. 
 
 Azemnr, vil. , Tunis, 39 m. E. by N. Tunis. 
 
 Azerbaijan, or Aderbaijan (the ancient Media Atropaiene), 
 prov. in the extreme NW. of Persia. It includes part of 
 Armenia, and is inhabited by Persians, Armenians, Tatar- 
 Turks, Kurds, Arabs, and others ; in religion Shiah and Sunni, 
 Mohammedans and Christians. Surface mountainous ; high- 
 est mountains, Ararat, about 17,000 ft. , in the NW. corner of the 
 prov. , partly also in Turkish and Russian Armenia ; Savalan 
 Dagh, between the N. end of Lake Urumia and the Caspian, 
 15,792 ft. (Curzon) ; Mount Sahend, 11,630 ft. (Curzon), to the 
 E. of the southern half of Lake Urumia. Its valleys are fertile, 
 yielding wheat, maize, rice, cotton, hemp, madder, tobacco, 
 and saffron, so that it is reckoned one of the most productive 
 regions of Persia. Its great deficiency is that which is general 
 in Persia, the lack of means of communication. ' There are no 
 roads, not even the most elementary ones, between village and 
 village, hamlet and hamlet' [Cotisular Report, Annual Series, 
 No. 423). Principal rivers, the Aras {Araxes), forming its N. 
 frontier, its trib. the Kara Su, and in the S. the Kizil Uzen. 
 Lake Urumia, 4360 ft. above the sea (Curzon), is wholly com- 
 prised in this prov. Chief cities, Tabriz, Urumia, Ardebil, and 
 Khoi. Area about 40,000 sq. m. ; P. <i, 000,000. See Persia, 
 and as to ethnology, Scot. Geog. Mag., 1890, pp. 84-93. 
 
 Azcrley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the N. of the 
 Ripon div., 3^ m. NW. by W. Ripon. P. <5oo. 
 
 Azgar. See Azjer. 
 
 Azigo, W. Africa. See Aque. 
 
 Azila, Azella, or Arzeilah, seapt., W. ct. Morocco, in 
 35° 30' N., 21 m. SSW. Tangiers. 
 
 Azlmglinr, India. See Azamgliar. 
 
 Aziiicourt, usually spelt in English history Aginconrt, vil. , 
 France, dep. Pas de Calais, 20 m. S. by W. St. Omer; scene 
 of the victory of the English under Henry V. over the French 
 under Charles VI., on Oct. 25, 1415. P. < 1000. 
 
 Azizie, vil., W. of Asia Minor, 39 m. SSE. Smyrna, on the 
 railway to ATdin 
 
 Asjer, Azgar, Ajer, or Adzer, tribe, Africa, inhabiting the 
 plateau of Tassili, western Sahara, adjoining the SW. of Fezzan. 
 
 Azmaveth, place named in O. T. See Hlzmeh. 
 
 Azualc<illar, comm. , Spain, prov. Seville, dist. Sanlucar la 
 Mayor. P. < 4000. 
 
 Az6gnes, tn. , Ecuador, cap. prov. Canar, 73 m. ESE. Guay- 
 oquil. Near it are exhausted mines of mercury (Spanish azdgue), 
 and to the NE. the silver-mines of Pilzhun. P. 4000. 
 
 Azores, or Western Islands (Portuguese A cores = ' hawk ' 
 islands), a group of nine islands in the N. Atlantic Ocean, 
 between 36° 55' and 39° 44' N. , 25° and 31° 16' W. , belonging 
 to Portugal, from which they are distant about 800 m. W. 
 Shortest sea route to Liverpool 1460 nautical miles. They con- 
 sist of the following islands : — St. Mary (Santa Maria), St. Michael 
 (San Miguel), the two easternmost, the second being the largest 
 
 of all ; Terceira, Graci6sa, San Jorge, Pico, Fayal, these five 
 forming the middle group (27°-29'' W. ) ; Flores and Corvo, both 
 W. of 31°, with some rocky islets. They are of volcanic origin, 
 with steep and rugged coasts, and abound in deep ravines and 
 elevated mountains, the highest being on the island of Pico (whence 
 the name meaning ' peak '), 7610 ft. The cUmate of the islands 
 is healthy ; in the summer months dry and fine, but throughout 
 the rest oif the year often stormy or foggy, and very moist. 
 The islands are subject to violent earthquakes, are well watered 
 and fertile, producing excellent wines, all kinds of grain and 
 pulse, with bananas, oranges, pine-apples, and other fruits, 
 tobacco, and sweet potatoes, these last used in distilling a 
 kind of spirit. After prolonged cultivation, the leading veget- 
 able prociucts seem to become subject to disease, necessitating 
 a change of culture. All the quadrupeds are of European in- 
 troduction. The chief exports are the products above men- 
 tioned, the chief imports manufactured articles, tropical pro- 
 ducts (coffee, tea, sugar), and wood. The inhabitants are a 
 mixture of Portuguese and negroes, with traces of Flemings 
 descended from a colony introduced by Isabella of Burgundy 
 in 1466. There is a large emigration from the islands, princi- 
 pally to Brazil, the United States, and the Sandwich Is. The 
 Azores were first colonised by the Portuguese in the fifteenth 
 century, at which time they were uninhabited and covered with 
 forests. They form a colonial government, of which the cap. 
 is Angra, in the island of Terceira ; but Ponta Delgada and 
 Ribeira Grande, in St. Michael, are larger towns. Horta is a 
 town on Fayal. Since Aug. 1893 the islands have been con- 
 nected by cable with Lisbon. Mean temp., Jan. 36.7° F. , July 
 73.4°. Area, 922 sq. m. P. 270,000 (293 to the sq. m.). 
 
 Azotus, place named in N. T. See Esdud. 
 
 Azov, or Azof, tn. , Russia, govt. Ekaterinoslav, near mouth 
 of the Don, 29 m. ESE. Taganrog. P. 16,600. 
 
 Azov, Sea of (the ancient Palus McBotis), an extensive lagoon 
 of S. Europe, between 45° 20' and 47° 18' N., 35° and 39" E., 
 entirely surrounded by the Russian dominions NE. of the Black 
 Sea, with which it communicates only by the Strait of Kerch or 
 Yenikale (ancient Ci-m^nerian Bosporus), in which the navigable 
 channel is now being deepened to 22 ft. Another entrance to 
 it is now being cut across the isthmus of Perekop. Length 
 SW. to NE. about 235 m. , greatest breadth no m. ; water 
 brackish. The Don enters it at its NE. extremity. The SE. 
 shore is low ; the NW. shore, and both shores of the narrower 
 part of the sea in the NE. rise to 150-75 ft. The SW. is formed 
 by the long and narrow sandy penin. of Arabat, which separates 
 it from the Sivash or Putrid Sea. It is very shallow [Berd- 
 yansk, Taganrog, Mariupol], but of great importance to 
 Russian commerce. Chief trade in corn, wool, &c. , exported 
 from S. Russia, linseed, iron, copper, &c. It appears to be 
 gradually filling up, and its muddy shores are very unhealthy. 
 The fisheries of this sea are important. It is usually frozen 
 from the beginning of December to the end of March. 
 
 Azpeitla, tn., Spain, Guipuzcoa, 17 m. SW. by W. San 
 Sebastian. About i| m. up the valley is the monastery of 
 Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuits. The building includes 
 a tower of the house in which he was born. Close by are hot 
 medicinal (sulphurous) springs. P. 66co. 
 
 Azru, Berber, 'rock.' 
 
 Aztecs. See Mexico. 
 
 Azna de Conipostela, tn., isl. of Haiti, repubhc Santo Do- 
 mingo, 59 m. W. by S. Santo Domingo, near the S. ct. , in 
 70° 42' W. P. 2000. 
 
 Aznaga, tn., Spain, prov. Badajoz, 54 m. NW. by W. Cor- 
 doba. P. 8300. 
 
 Azaay, El, a knot of the E. chain of the Andes of Ecuador, 
 in 2° 20' S. It gives name to a prov. of Ecuador ; cap. Cuenca. 
 
 Aznear, Pan de, isl., S. America, Chile, near the coast, in 
 about 26^ 10' S. 
 
 Aznl, tn. and stn., Argentine Repubhc, Buenos Aires, 156 m. 
 SW. by S. Buenos Aires. P. 7800. 
 
 Aznn, val., France, in the SW. of dep. Hautes-Pyr^n^es, 
 sometimes called 'the Eden of the Pyrenees;' watered by a 
 trib. of the Gave de Pau. 
 
 Azzano Declnio, tn. , Italy, prov. and 28 m. WSW. Udine. 
 P. 5500. 
 
 B 
 
 Ba, Loch, two lakes, Scot. 1. In the NE. of Argyllshire, 
 104 m. WSW. of the head of Loch Rannoch. Alt. 957 ft. 
 2. In the E. of Mull I., drained NW. by the R. Ba into Loch- 
 na-Keal. Alt. 41 ft. 
 
 Ba, or Wa, Bantu prefix meaning ' people' ; Balolo, Waregga. 
 
 Ba, in Western Sudan, ' water,' ' a river ' ; Joliba, Bakhoy. 
 
 Baabda, vil. , Syria. See Lebanon. 
 
 Baago, isl. , Denmark, between Falster and Zeeland. P. 550. 
 97 
 
 Baago, small isl., Denmark, in the Little Belt, between Fyen 
 
 (Funen) and Schleswig, separated from Fyen by B. Sound, with 
 
 vil. of same name ; with a lighthouse, visible 10 m. Mean temp., 
 
 yr. 45.6° F., Feb. 32.3°, July 60.7°. P. 875. 
 
 i Ba'albek, Syrian, ' city of the sun ' (the Baalath of Scripture, 
 
 I and Heliopolis of the Greeks), a ruined city of Syria, formerly 
 
 \ of great size and magnificence, situated on the lower declivity 
 
 i of Anti-Libanus, in a valley, opening into the plain of Beki'a, 
 
 G 
 
BAAL 
 
 B AC O 
 
 35 m. N, by W. Damascus, in 34° o' 36" N., 36° 11' 40" E. Its 
 remains, more extensive than those anywhere else in Syria except 
 at Palmyra, comprise three temples, two formed with immense 
 stones, besides nimierous columns, altars, and the vestiges of 
 the city walls, 2 m. in circuit. Tiie date of its origin is lost in 
 remote antiquity. A great temple, one of the wonders of the 
 world, was erected by Antoninus Pius. It continued a place of 
 importance down to the time of the Moslem invasion ; was 
 sacked in 748, and finally pillaged by Timur Bey in 1400. The 
 present village, to the E. of the ruins, contains about a hundred 
 mean houses. Alt. 3840 ft. 
 
 Baalath, place named in O. T. See Bel'aln. 
 
 Baal Hazor, place named in O. T. See Tell 'AsAr. 
 
 Baal Meon, place named in O. T. See Tell M'ain. 
 
 Baal Shalisha, place named in O. T. See Hcl'r Tlulth. 
 
 Baar, a plateau traversed by the headwaters of the Danube, 
 Baden and Wiirtemberg, Ger. , formerly a county belonging to 
 the once independent principality of Furstenberg in the SE. of 
 Baden. 
 
 Baarderadeel, comm., Holland, prov. Friesiand, SW. of 
 Leeuwarden. P. 6100. 
 
 Baarle-Xassau, or Baarle-Hertog, French Bar-lc-dnc, 
 vil., Netherlands, N. Brabant, to the SW. of Tilburg, near the 
 Belgian frontier. P. < 3000. 
 
 Baarn, comm., Holland, prov. and 11 m. NE. by N. 
 Utrecht. P. < 5200. 
 
 Bab, pi. Bibdn, Arabic, 'gate.' 
 
 B^ba BAdan, a spur of the W. Ghdts, India, Mysore, which 
 strikes E. for 15 m. , leaving a narrow opening at its W. end for 
 the passage of the Bhadra, then S. in an unbroken line for 
 20 m. , enclosing between itself and the main chain of the Ghats 
 a rich but imhealthy valley. To this spur belong three peaks 
 above 6000 ft. high, among these Miilaina-giri, 6317 ft., the 
 highest in the W. Ghats. On the slopes of Kalhatti, one ot 
 these peaks, is a bill station, a resort of Europeans during the 
 heat. Coffee was first planted in India on another part of tliis 
 spur towards the close of the seventeenth century, by a Moham- 
 medan saint named Baba Budan. 
 
 Baba-t>aran (the ancient Lectum promontorium), cape, Asia 
 Minor, at the mouth of the Gulf of Adramyti, opposite the I. of 
 Mitylene, in 39° 28' N., to the SE. of Mount Ida. 
 
 Babadagb (Babadag), tn. , Roumania, Dobruja, prov.Tulcea, 
 31 m. S. by W. Izmail. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 BalMt-Eski, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Kirk-Kilise, 33 m. 
 SE. by E. Adrianople. P. 8000. 
 
 Babalian, tn., Persia. See Bebbebau. 
 
 Bababoyo. See Bodegas. 
 
 Baba Kacb, tn., Brit. Baluchistan, 70 m. ESE. Quettau 
 
 Baba Konak Pass. See Balkan Mountains. 
 
 Babangl, tribe, Congo Free State. See Bayansi. 
 
 Babber, one of the isls.. Eastern Archipelago, between Timor 
 and Timor Laut, in about 8° S. , 129° 45' E. 
 
 Babbicombe, or Babbaconibe,eccles. par. and ct. vil. , Eng. , 
 Devonshire, div and i^ m. NE. Torquay, PMT.O. P. (of par.) 
 <;2ooo. 
 
 Babcary, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., on the Gary, ^\ m. 
 SE. by S. Glastonbury, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Bab«el-!Maudeb (Arabic, ' the Gate of Tears ' or ' of danger '), 
 a strait uniting the Red Sea with the Indian Ocean, 14 m. 
 broad, divided by the I. of Perim into two channels, only the 
 narrower of wliich (on the Asiatic side) is navigable. Cape 
 Bab-el*3Iaudeb [Jebel Manhali), on its N. side, is a conical 
 basaltic rock 865 ft. in height, in 12° 41' N., 43° 28' E. See 
 Perim. 
 
 Babenbansen, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse- Darmstadt, 16 
 m. SE. Frankfurt. P. < 3000. 
 
 Baber, isL , Eastern Archipelago. See Babber. 
 
 Babi, in the Philippine Is. babuy, Malay, ' pig. ' 
 
 Babi, isl., Eastern Archipelago. See Simalu. 
 
 Babiagora (Slavonic, ' woman's mountains '), short range and 
 peak of the Carpathians (Galician Beskids), 37 m. SSW. Cracow. 
 Alt. 5660 ft. 
 
 Babinberg, city, Ger. See Bamberg. 
 
 Bablnc, lake, Brit. Columbia, crossed by 54° 30' N. , and in 
 about 125° 45' W. , drained by the riv. B. into the Skeena. 
 
 Babtnigley, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 5 m. NE. King's 
 Lynn, 2 m. S. Wolferton stn. P. <:25o. See Sandrlngbam. 
 
 Bablngton, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., 4^ m. NW. 
 by W. Frome. P. < 250. 
 
 Bablsa, tribe, Brit. S. Africa, dwelling SE. of Lake Bangweolo. 
 
 Bablti, or Dwarkik, riv., Bengal, flows first E. then SE., 
 finally falling into the Bhagirathi. Navigable in its lower 
 course, and connected in Murshidabdd dist. by numerous cross- 
 channels with the Bhdgirathf. 
 
 Babor, or Babonr, group of mountains overlooking the 
 Gulf of Bougie, Algeria. Alt. (of Grand B. ) 6490 ft. 
 
 Babrabam, par. and vil., Eng., Cambridge, Newmarket 
 div. , 6 m. SE. by S. Cambridge, if m. NW. Pampisford stn. , 
 P.O. P.<500. 
 
 Babuyanes (Malay, ' pig ' islands), group of islands to the N. 
 98 
 
 of Luzon, Philippine Is. ; the more noted islands are Babuyan, 
 Calayan. and Camiguen. Very mountainous. Area, 212 sq. m. 
 
 Babuk, vil. , Tibet, on the N. border of Nepil, in 84° 38' E. , 
 a considerable mart between Tibet and Nepdl. 
 
 Babwortb, par. and vil. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw 
 div., 10 m. SW. by W. Gainsborough, i m. NW. by W. Ret- 
 ford stn., P.O.; 6344 ac. P. < 1000; eccles. par. (B. with 
 Ranby) P. <750. 
 
 Babylon, ancient city on the 1. bk. of the Euphrates, the 
 ruins of which are 5 m. N. Hilleh. See Irak Arabi. 
 
 Babylon, tn. (tp.), U.S., New York, Suffolk co., in Long I., 
 a summer resort, 35 m. E. Brooklyn; including the vils. of 
 Amityville and Breslau. P. 6000. 
 
 Babylon Hill, hill, Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 3 m. WSW. 
 Sherborne. 
 
 Bacalar, or San Felipe de B., tn., Mexico, in the SE. of 
 Yucatan, on the W. side of Lake B., which is drained E. into 
 the Bay of Chetumal. Proc. R. G. S., 1889, pp. 23-5. 
 
 BaeAu (bako), tn. , Roumania, prov. B., on the Bistrija, 50 
 m. S\\''. by S. Yassy, centre of internal trade. P. (comm. ) 12,700, 
 
 Bac Beag. See Bac Mor. 
 
 Baccarat, tn., France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, on the 
 Meurthe, arr. and 16 m. SE. Lim^ville, with the most important 
 manufactory of plate glass in France. P. 5200. 
 
 Baccaro Point, settlement, Nova Scotia, 12 m. from Shel- 
 bume. P. 250. 
 
 Bacchlglione, riv., Italy, Venetia, rises in the Alps, flows 
 S. past Vicenza, then E. past Padua into the Venice lagoon ; 
 canalised up to Padua, and connected by canal leading thence 
 to Este on the Frassine. 
 
 Baccbus Marsb, municip., Victoria, co. Bourke, 31 ni. 
 NW. Melbourne. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Bach, Ger., in old high German bah qx pah, Anglo-Saxon bcc 
 (modernised beck). Old Norse bekr. Low German beke, 'brook.' 
 
 Bach, hamlet, Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div., 14 m, 
 W. by N. Hereford, x\ m. NW. Dorstone stn. 
 
 Bacharach, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on the 1. bk. of 
 the Rhine, 8 m. N VV. Bingen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bache, par., Eng., Cheshire, Chester Union. P. <;2so. 
 
 Baeheldre, hamlet, Wales, co. and 3 m. SSE. Montgomer)'. 
 
 Bachbraon, tn., Brit. India, NW. R-ovs., dist. Moradabdd, 
 35 m. E. by S. Meerut. P. 7000. 
 
 Bachi, Bashi, or Bashee, group of small isls. belonging 
 to tiie Philippines, about 3° N. of Luzon, separated by B. 
 Channel from the S. end of Formosa. 
 
 Bachia, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 27 m. NW. by 
 W. Novibazar. 
 
 Bachian (Dutch spelling, Batjan), isL, Eastern Archipelago, 
 one of the Moluccas, immediately to the SW. of Halmahera I., 
 with vil. of B. (P. 2000), about a mile N. of which is the Dutch 
 fort of Barnevelt. 
 
 Bachlnovo, tn. , Turkey in Europ)e, prov. and 6 m. E. by N. 
 Ushkub. 
 
 Back, vil., Scot., Lewis I., Ross-shire, 7 m. NNE. Storno- 
 way, PT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Backbarrow, PM.O., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 
 iij m. WSW. Kendal, i m. NE. Haverthwaite stn. 
 
 Back Bay, an inlet or lagoon, U.S., in the extreme SE. of 
 Virginia. See also Bombay. 
 
 Back Bum, riv., Eng., in the W. of the Hexham div. of 
 Northumberland, trib. of the N. Tyne, which it joins on the 
 r. bk. 3 m. above Yarrow. 
 
 Back Cove, settlement, Newfoundland, on Fogo I. 
 
 Back Creek, tp. , New South Wales. See Copeland. 
 
 Back Creek, post-tn. , Tasmania, Dorset co., 36 m. NE. 
 Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Backei^unge. See Bikkarganj. 
 
 Backford, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 3 m. N. by W. 
 Chester, i m. NE. Mollington stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Biickholm, Sweden. See Beckholm. 
 
 Back Land, Brit. N. America, is a name applied to the 
 region around the Arctic circle, between 95° and 108° W. , ex- 
 plored by Captain Back in 1831. 
 
 Backnang, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 16 m. NE. Stutt- 
 gart. P. 6100. 
 
 Back Beach. See Canton. 
 
 Back's Biver. See Great Fish Klver. 
 
 Backstairs Passage, strait, S. Australia, separating the 
 E. end of Kangaroo I. from the mainland, contains Yatala 
 shoal. 
 
 Backwell, par., Eng., Somersetshire, N. div., 7 m. SW. 
 Bristol, i^ m. SW. by W. Flax Bourton stn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Backworth, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 
 4 m. NW. by W. North Shields, on the NE. R., PMT.O. 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 Bac Mor, islet, Scot. , Argyllshire, off the W. ct. , in 56° 2/ 
 N. , 6° 28' W. Bac Beag, a smaller island adjoining on the S. 
 
 Bac-nlnh, tn., Tongking, 17 m. ENE. Hanoi, cap. of prov. 
 of same name, with a citadel. 
 
 Bacolor, vil., Philippine Is., Luzon, 40 m. NW. by N. 
 
B AGO — BADE 
 
 Manila, cap. of the Philippines during the English occupation 
 of 1762. P. 13,000. 
 
 Bacolot, vil., Philippine Is., on the W. ct. of the Isle of 
 Negros, in 10° 40' N. P. 7100. 
 Bacoit, CO., in the extreme SE. of Colorado, U.S. 
 Bacoustliorpe, par., Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. , 7 m. WSW. 
 Cromer, aj m. SE. by E. Holt stn. , P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Bacs, comm. , Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, 30 m. WNW. 
 Neusatz. P. < 5000. 
 Biics-Almiis, dist. Hungary. See Almds. 
 Bdcs-Bodrog, co. , Hungary, the southernmost portion of 
 the plain between the Danube and Theiss, which rivers are 
 joined by the Bacs- or Franzens-Canal. Produces the best Hun- 
 garian wheat. 
 
 Bsicsfala, vil, Hungary, in the SE. of Transylvania, one 
 of the Seven Walachian Villages formerly enjoying special 
 privileges. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bactou, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , 10 m. WSW. 
 Hereford, i^ m. NW. Abbey Dore stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bactou, ct. par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 9 m. SE. Cromer, 
 4 m. NE. of N. Walsham stn., PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Bacton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 123 m. E. by N. Bury 
 St. Edmunds, i m. WSW. Finningham stn., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Bacnba, riv. , Colombia. See liCon. 
 
 Bacup, mun. bor. (incorporated in 1882), Eng., East Lanca- 
 shire, Rossendale div. , 6 m. SSE. Burnley, on the L. & Y. R. 
 The town has grown rapidly ; in 1798 the population was 
 1426. This rapid growth is due to the extension of various 
 manufactures, especially cotton, spinning and weaving (in the 
 district are many large co-operative cotton mills). There are 
 also large iron and brass foundries, machine shops, and at 
 Irweli Springs (near the source of the Irwell) a large work for 
 Turkey-red dyeing. P. (1881) 25,000; (1891)23,500. 
 
 Bad, German, ' bath,' in place-names frequently Baden. 
 
 Bailacsuiiy, hill in the SW. of Hungary, co. Zala, noted for 
 its wine (so-called Tokay). 
 
 Badtlgara, tn., Brit India, Madras, dist. Malabar, on the 
 W. ct., 26 m. NNW. Cahcut. P. 8000. 
 
 Badajoz (the ancient Pax Augusta), a. strongly fortified 
 frontier city of Spain, cap. prov. B., on 1. bk. of the Guadiana, 
 at the mouth of the Rivillas, 132 m. E. Lisbon and 12 m. E. 
 the fortress of Elvas (Portugal). It is strengthened by out- 
 works, and by the fortified height of San Cristobal, and has a 
 cathedral, hospital, and arsenal. Manufactures, soap, coarse 
 woollens, and kather. B. was taken by the French under 
 Soult, March 10, 1811, and by the Enghsh under Wellington, 
 April 6, 1812. Birthplace of the painter Morales. Alt. 561 ft. ; 
 mean temp., yr. 61.4° F., Jan. 46.2°, Aug. 79.7°. P. 27,000. 
 
 Badajoz, prov. See Spain, table, and E.stremadnra. 
 
 Badakshau, a territory of central Asia, recognised by 
 Britain as belonging to the Afghan dominion, between the 
 Hindu Kush Mts. and the R. Amu (Oxus), bounded E. by 
 that part of the Panj headwater of the Amu which flows 
 from S. to N. , and on the W. by the state of Kunduz. The 
 country has rich well-watered valleys. In the B. hills, gold, 
 silver, iron, copper, and lead abound ; there are also mines of 
 lapis lazuli, emeralds, rubies, and a variety of other valuable 
 stones. Its inhabitants appear to be of pure Aryan race, of the 
 same stock as the highland Tajiks, and are Mohammedans of 
 the Shiah sect, speaking the Persian language. The country 
 has been conquered by the Chinese, by the Sultans of India, by 
 the Afghans and Uzbegs of Kunduz ; but in 1859 the Afghans 
 conquered the whole country from Balkh to the Pamir, and 
 reinstated the ancient line of Amirs of B. on the throne, at 
 the capital Faizabad. The dist. of Wakhan (in the Wakhdn 
 valley, and S. of that part of the Panj which flows from E. to 
 W. ) is a dependency of B. See an exhaustive account of B. in 
 /our. R. G. S., 1872, pp. 440-448. 
 
 Badaloua (the Betulo of the Romans), tn., Spain, prov. 
 and 6 m. NE. Barcelona. P. 16,000. 
 
 Biiddml, tn., Bombay, dist. Kalddgi, noted for its Jain 
 cave temple, and three Brahmanical caves. P. <4000. 
 
 Baddrlysi, vil. , India. See Sorou. 
 
 Bad Axe, vil., U.S., Michigan, Huron co., 45 m. ENE. Bay 
 City. P. < 1000. 
 
 Badby, par. and vil. , Eng. , S. div. of Northamptonshire, on 
 the Nen, 11 m. SSE. Rugby, 2^ m. S. by W. Daventry, P.O. 
 P. <75o; eccles. par. (B. wltli Xewnliam) P. < 1000. 
 
 Badcaul, or Badcall, hamlet, Scot., Sutherland, on the W. 
 ct. , on B. Bay, 9 m. ENE. Storr Head. 
 
 Baddagyle, Loch, lake, Scot., Cromartyshire, 9^m. NNW. 
 Ullapool, communicating in the SE. with Loch Lurgan, and 
 drained N.W. through Loch Owskeich into Eriard Bay. 
 
 Baddau, Locb, lake, Scot., Sutherland, in the middle, 
 drained SE. into the R. Ullie. Alt. 392 ft. It is divided 
 into three portions by narrow straits, the middle portion being 
 called Loch a' Chlair, the upper Loch nan Cuinne. 
 
 Baddeck, seapt. tn. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I. , 
 Victoria co., on Lake Bras d'Or, 28 m. W. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Baddesley, North, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, in the extreme 
 
 NE. of the New Forest div., 6 m. N. by W. Southampton, 2 
 m. W. Chandlers Ford stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Baddesley, tionth, eccles. par. , Eng. , Hampshire, New Forest 
 div., I m. from ct., lo^ m. SW. by S. Southampton, 2 m. E. 
 Lymington. P. <:75o. 
 
 Baddesley Cliutou, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Tamworth 
 div., 7 m. NW. by W. Warwick, x\ m. ESE. Kingswood stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Baddesley Ensor, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton 
 div., 5 m. SE. Tamworth, 3 m. ESE. Wilnecote stn., PM.O, 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Baddiley, par. and hamlet, Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 
 3 m. WSW. Nantwich. P. <25o. 
 
 Baddiugham, par., Eng., Suffolk. See Badiugham. 
 
 Baddlngtou, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 2 m. SW. 
 Nantwich. P. < 250. 
 
 Baddow, Great, par. and vil., Eng., Essex, div. and i| m. 
 SE. by E. Chelmsford, PMT.O. P. <25oo ; eccles. par. (B., 
 Great, with Galley wood Commou) P. <iooo. 
 
 Baddow, Little, par. and vil. , on the Chelmer, 2 J m. ENE. 
 Great B., P.O. Par. P.<750. 
 
 Badema, African tribe, on the N. banks of the Zambezi, in 
 about 32 J°-33° E. , just above the place where the river turns SE. 
 
 Baden (Aqucs Pannonim), tn., Austria, crownland Lower 
 Austria, 17 m. SSW. Vienna, with mineral springs and several 
 palaces. P. 7700. 
 
 Baden, vil., Canada, Ontario, Waterloo co., 42 m. NE. 
 London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Baden, gd. -duchy, SW. Germany, between Wiirtemberg 
 and the Rhine, 47° and 50° N. lat., and 7° and 10° E. long., 
 about yV of the side of Great Britain ; divided into the following 
 eleven circles, which are named roughly in the order from N. to 
 S., the last four from W. to E. : — Mosheim, Mannheim, Heidel- 
 berg, Karlsruhe, Baden, Offenburg, Freiburg, Lorrach, Walds- 
 hut, Villingen, Konstanz (Constance) ; cap. Karlsruhe. Larger 
 part of B. mountainous and hilly ; there is no great plain except 
 the valley of the Rhine. Chief mountains, Schwarzwald 
 [Black Forest], Odenwald, and Kaiserstuhl. The Odenwald, 
 N. of the Neckar, is less elevated than the Black Forest, and in 
 its western part descends abruptly to the Rhine valley ; it is 
 densely covered with oaks, beeches, and pines. Highest point, 
 Katzenbuckel (2060 ft.). The Kaiserstuhl (1825 ft.), between 
 the Rhine and the Dreisam, is entirely isolated from the Black 
 Forest, in the plains NW. of Freiburg. The most important 
 of the rivers is the Rhine ; it enters B. W. of the Lake of Con- 
 stance, and leaves the gd. -duchy N. of Mannheim; rectifica- 
 tion of its course (' Rheincorrektion ') between Basel and Mainz, 
 186 m. in length. B. tribs. of the Rhine : the Main (with the 
 Tauber), bordering B. near Wertheim ; the Neckar, Murg, 
 Rench, Kinzig, Elz (with Dreisam), Wiese, Wutach. The Brege 
 and Brigach flow E. , and at Donaueschingen form the Danube. 
 The Rhine, Main, and Neckar are all navigable ; Mannheim, on 
 the Rhine, near the mouth of the Neckar, one of the most im- 
 portant river ports in Europe [Rhine]. The Kinzig and Murg 
 are used for timber-floating. The largest lake is the Bodensee 
 (Lake of Constance), the western portion of which belongs to B. , 
 viz., the Zeller-See (with island of Reichenau), and the Uber- 
 linger-See (with island of Mainau). Other lakes : Schluch-, Titi-, 
 Feld-, Mummel-, Wild-, Eichner-, Ilmen-, and Mindel-See. Geo- 
 logically the Black Forest region consists of granite and gneiss, 
 overlaid with triassic sandstone ( ' Btmtsandstein ' ). The forma- 
 tions of the Odenwald are similar, sandstone prevailing in its 
 eastern parts. The Kaiserstuhl is of volcanic origin. The 
 Rhine valley (within the B. terr.) consists of tertiary and 
 diluvial deposits. In the lower regions, especially in the 
 Rhine valley, the climate is mild and healthy (mean temp. , yr. , 
 at Mannheim and Freiburg, 52° F. , at Heidelberg and Karls- 
 ruhe, 50° F. ). In the higher regions of the Black Forest and 
 Odenwald the climate is raw and inclement. More rainfall on 
 the western than on the eastern side of the mountainous dists. : 
 rainfall, yr., Odenwald, 39.4 in.; Black Forest, 78.0 in. Vine- 
 yards are chiefly found on the hill-slopes skirting the valleys 
 of the Rhine and Main ; the wines of Kaiserstuhl, Durlach, 
 Miilheim, and Wertheim, are known for their good quality. 
 (As to agriculture generally, see Germany.) I'imber is plenti- 
 ful, especially in the Black Forest, and the central and upper 
 parts of B. : fir, pine, oak, beech, birch, alder, aspen, and ash. 
 The principal minerals are iron, silver, copper, lead, cobalt, 
 bismuth, salt, alabaster, gypsum, chalk, coal. 
 
 Mineral waters occur at Baden, Badenweiler, Griesbach, 
 Antogast, Petersthal, Rippoldsau, and Langenbrucken. Most 
 of the lakes and rivers (the Neckar excepted) abound in fish. 
 The sturgeon is found in the Danube and in the Lake of Con- 
 stance. Among manufacturing industries are textiles (especially 
 in the southern parts of the Black Forest), wooden ware, clocks, 
 and musical instruments (Black Forest), chemical products, 
 gold and silver manufactures ; many tobacco factories and 
 paper mills. The railways belong mostly to tne state. S. of 
 Karlsruhe the only railway that crosses B. is that which follows 
 the valleys of the Kinzig and Brigach [Black Forest]. The 
 
 99 
 
BADE — BAGD 
 
 principal commercial centres are Mannheim, Karlsruhe, Pforz- 
 heim, Freiburg, Lahr, Offenburg. Two-thirds of the Inhabi- 
 Uint« are Catholics, one-third Protestants. There are two 
 universities, Heidelberg and Freiburg. Oldest inhabitants of 
 B.: Celtic tribes, Marcomanni, Alemanni. In the Middle Ages, 
 the two reigning lines were those of Baden-Baden and Baden- 
 Durlach. The former became extinct in 177 1, the present 
 reigning house is descended from the latter. In 1803 B. be- 
 came an electorate, in 1806 a gd.-duchy. In 1869 it entered 
 the N. German confederation, and since 1871 it has formed part 
 of the German Empire. Area, 5823 sq. m. P. (1890) 2,035,000. 
 See Germany, table. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Badeit, or Baden-Baden (the ancient A urelia Aquensis), tn. , 
 Ger. , gd.-duchy B. , cap. circle B. , in a narrow valley of the 
 Black Forest, traversed by the Oosbach, 19 m. SSW. Karls- 
 ruhe ; owes its name to its celebrated warm mineral springs 
 (containing sulphur, salt, and alum, 116° to 160° F.), which 
 were known even to the Romans, and the bathing establish- 
 ments connected with which attractabout40,ooo visitors annually; 
 in former times, when gaming tables (suppressed in 1872) e.x- 
 isted here, an even greater number. The mild climate makes it 
 also a winter resort. The seat of the former Margraves of Baden- 
 Baden is about 2 m. distant. Alt. 600 ft. P. (comm.) 13,900. 
 
 Baden (ancient AqucB Helveticce), tn., Switzd., cant. Aargau, 
 on the Limmat, 13 m. NW. by W. Zurich ; in the Middle Ages 
 an important stronghold of the Habsburgs. P. <4000. 
 
 Baden, vil. , U.S., Missouri, co. and 6 m. NNW. St. Louis. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Badenscoth, hamlet, Scot., Aberdeenshire, with P.O., Aucb- 
 terless par. See Ancbterless. 
 
 Baden weiler, vil., Ger., Baden, 16 m. N. by E. Basel, with 
 warm calcareous springs (79°-82° F.). P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Badger, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 15I m. NNW. 
 Kidderminster, 5 m. NE. Bridgnorth. P. <25o. 
 
 Badger Bay Pond, lake, Newfoundland, in 49° 15' N,, 55° 
 46' W. 
 
 Badgewortb, par. and vil., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkes- 
 bury div., 5^ m. SW. by W. Cheltenham, 2 m. SE. Churchdown 
 stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Badgblz, or Badkblz (Persian, 'the place where the wind 
 rises'), dist. in the NW. of Afghanistan, between the Heri-rud 
 and the Murgh-ab; fertile in the SE. , where it is watered by 
 numerous headwaters of the Kushk and other tribs. of the 
 Murgh-ab ; inhabited by Jamshidis and Hazaras. See P^-oc. 
 R. G. S. , 1885, pp. 562-64, 592 ; map, p. 624, and map, 1892, p. 140. 
 
 Badgiugton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire. See Bagendon. 
 
 Badgtrorib, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 8 m. SE. by 
 S. Weston-super-Mare, 3 m. SW. Axbridge stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Bad Hills, Canada, Assiniboia, in 51° 33' N., 108° W. 
 
 Badl, vil. , French W. Africa, to the N. of the Gambia, in 
 13° 6' N., 13° 15' W. 
 
 Badla Cavalena, tn., Italy, cap. of the former Thirteen Ger- 
 man Communes, in the N. of prov. Verona. P. <3000. 
 
 Badla Poleslne, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. Rovigo, on R. 
 Adige, 28 m. W. by N. Adria, cap. of circle. P. <3000. 
 
 Badiari, vil. , Poriugfuese Upper Guinea, in 12° 24' N. , 14° 4' W. 
 
 Ba-dlniau, riv. , W. Africa. See Gambia. 
 
 Badingbam, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 17 m. NE. by N. 
 Ipswich, 3^ m. NNE. Framlingham stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Badls, seapt. , Morocco. See Telez de la Gomera. 
 
 Badkblz. See Badgblz. 
 
 Badland, par., Wales, Radnorshire. See Kinnerton. 
 
 Badlesmere, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 4 m. S. Faversham, 
 3 m. WSW. Selling stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. (B, wltb 
 Leareland) P. <:25o. 
 
 Badley, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 9^ m. NW. 
 Ipswich, 2 m. WNW. Needham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Badminton, Great, par. and vil. , Eng. , Gloucester, Thorn- 
 bury div., 6 m. SSE. Wotton-under-Edge, PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Bad Nanbelm, tn., Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse, 17 m. N. by E. 
 Frankfurt. P. < 3000. 
 
 Badnera, tn. , Brit. India, Berir, dist. and 8 m. SSW. Am- 
 rdoti ; with cotton factory, whence the cotton of the dist. is 
 despatched to Bombay. P. 9900 ; Hindus, 7500. 
 
 Badnnr, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Betul, 65 m. 
 N. by E. Anirdoti. P. 5000 ; Hindus, 3700. 
 
 Badolato, comm., Italy, near the E. ct. of Calabria, prov. 
 and 23 m. S. by W. Catanzaro. P. 4000. 
 
 Badolatosa, tn. , Spain, prov. Seville, dist. Estepa. P. 5^3000. 
 
 Badnmbc, stn., French W. Africa. See Badumbe. 
 
 Badung, state, with cap. of the same name, on the S. end of 
 Bali I., Eastern .A.rchipelago. 
 
 Badonvlller, comm., France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, art. 
 and 20 m. ESE. Lun6ville. P. < 2000. 
 
 Badorf, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and dist. Cologne. 
 P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Badrairar, tn., India, Kashmir, 53 m. ENE. Jammu. 
 
 Badrln^tb, peak, India, NW. Provs., Garhwal dist. ; with 
 a shrine of Vishnu at the height of 10,400 ft., and 56 m. NE. 
 Srinagar. Alt. 23,210 ft. 
 100 
 
 Badsey, par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 2^ m. E. Eves- 
 ham, I ni. S. Littleton and Badsey stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Badsb&pur, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Jaunpur, 
 27 m. NE. by E. Allahabad. P. 6000. 
 
 Badswortb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., 9 m. ESE. Wakefield, i^ m. NNW. Upton and N. Elm- 
 sail stn., P.O. P. <;250. 
 
 Badulla, tn., Ceylon, Uva Prov., 38 m. SE. by E. Kandy. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Badnmbe, or Badombe, a French stn. , W. Africa, on the 
 1. bk. of the Bakhoi, at the head of navigation, in 13° 35' N., 
 10° 10' W. , 690 m. by water above St. Louis. 
 
 Badnrla, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. of the 24 Parganas, 30 
 m. ENE. Calcutta. P. 12,700 ; Hindus, 7200 ; Moham. 5600. 
 
 Badvel, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Cuddapah, 68 m. 
 WNW. Nellore. P. 5400 ; Hindus, 4300. 
 
 Badwell Asb, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Stowmarket div. ,9 m. ENE. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, 3 m. N. by E. Elmswell stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Badirrog, hamiet, Wales, Anglesey, 10 m. ESE. Holyhead, 
 5 m. NE. Ty Croes stn. 
 
 Baelen, comm., Belgium, prov. Antwerp, arr. Turnhout. 
 P<5ooo. 
 
 Ba^na, dist. tn. , Spain, prov. and 31 m. SE. by E. Cordoba. 
 P. 12,000. 
 
 Baependy, vil. , Brazil, Minas Geraes, 166 m. NE. by N. Santos. 
 
 Baesrode, comm., Belgium, E. Flanders, arr. Termonde. 
 P<40oo. 
 
 Baeza, tn., Spain, prov. Jaen, 22 m. NE. Jaen. P. 14,000. 
 
 Bafala Bay, Madagascar, in the NW., in about 14° S. 
 
 Baffa, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Hazara, 100 m. ENE. 
 Peshawar. P. 7400 ; Moham. 6700. 
 
 BaflBn Land, large isl. , Canada, crossed by the Arctic Circle, 
 W. of Davis Strait. Area about 236,000 sq. m. 
 
 Baffin Sea (erroneously styled a Bay), N. America, between 
 Greenland and the lands or islands N. of Hudson's Bay, 
 extending from 68° to 78° N. , and 55° to 80° W. It communi- 
 cates with the Atlantic Ocean by Davis' Strait on the S. , with 
 the Arctic Ocean by Lancaster Sound and Jones Sound on the 
 W. , and with the Polar Sea by Smith Sound and Robeson 
 Channel on the N. Depth 200-1050 fathoms. The tides do 
 not rise more than 10 ft. The surface of the sea is covered with 
 ice during the greater part of the year, which extends from 
 shore to shore in winter, though possessing a slow southward 
 movement. In spring and summer the great mass, known as 
 the ' middle ice,' begins to move less slowly southward, leaving 
 navigable passages on the side of Greenland and America, and 
 occasional channels, or ' crossings,' between these coasts. The 
 coasts are mountainous, barren, and deeply indented with gulfs. 
 Whale and seal fishing is followed. This sea was discovered 
 by the English navigator Baffin in 1616, while in search of a 
 passage to the Pacific. 
 
 Baflla, tn., W. Africa, to the N. of Togo-land, NE. of 
 Salaga ; has 10-15,000 huts. 
 
 Baflng ('black river'), riv., W. Africa, the W. headwater of 
 the Senegal iq.v.). 
 
 Baflra, or Bafta, tn. , Asia Minor, vilayet Trebizond, on the 
 r. bk. of the Kizil Irmak, 53 m. SE. Sinope. P. 6000. 
 
 Bafk, vil., Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 65 ra. ESE. Yezd. 
 
 Bafolabe, French stn. , W. Africa, on the 1. bk. of the Sene- 
 gal, just below the confluence of its two main headwaters, the 
 Bakhoiand the Bafing, 640 m. by water from St. Louis, connected 
 by rail with Kaye-;, in 13° 47' N., 10° 51' W. Mean temp. (2 
 yrs. , 1882-84), yr- 81.7° F. , Jan. 74.6°, July 80.4°. 
 
 Bafuros, tribe, French Congo Terr., on the r. bk. of the 
 Congo, between about 0° and 2° S. 
 
 Baga, tn. , Cuba, N. ct. , 136 m. NW. Santiago de Cuba, in 
 77° 17' W. 
 
 Bagaces, tn. , Costa Rica, 75 m. NW. by W. San Jos6. 
 
 Bagagem, tn., Brazil, Minas Geraes, 375 m. NW. Rio de 
 Janeiro. P. 10,000. 
 
 Bagalkot, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Bijdpur, on Ghat- 
 prabha R., 44 m. S. Bijdpur. P. 18,000; Hindus, 13,600. 
 
 Bagamoyo, seapt., German E. Africa, in about 6° 26' S. ; 
 starting-point of caravans, but with no harbour. P. 30,000. 
 
 Bagasra, tn. , India, KAthidwar, 55 m. N. Diu. P. 8000. 
 
 Baga Ynlduz, valley. See Ynlduz. 
 
 Bagborongb, West, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wellington div. , 
 7 m. NW. by N. Taunton, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bagby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirskand Malton 
 div., II m. NE. by E. Ripon, 2^ m. ESE. Thirsk, P.O. P.< 
 250. See Klrby Knowle. 
 
 Bagdad, or Bagbdad, a city of Asiatic Turkey, cap. vilayet 
 B., and formerly of the Saracen caliphate, on the Tigris 
 (q.v.), 220 m. above where the Shat-el-Arab enters the Persian 
 Gulf. The city stands on both sides of the river, its two portions 
 being connected by a bridge of boats ; is enclosed by a brick 
 and earthen wall flanked with towers, and is 5 m. in circum- 
 ference. A citadel, though of no great strength, here commands 
 the passage of the Tigris. This city was long the great em- 
 porium of all the surrounding countries ; but its commerce has 
 
B A G D 
 
 B A GR 
 
 declined since Persia has received European goods from the 
 N. by way of Trebizond, and on the S. direct from India 
 and the Persian Gulf. Its transit trade with that country is still, 
 however, important, and constitutes about one-fourth of its local 
 commerce. Imports, — Merchandise (chiefly Manchester goods, 
 also continental and Indian manufacture) ; loaf-sugar (chiefly 
 from Marseilles), coffee, indigo, pepper, tobacco. Exports. — 
 Wool, gum, galls, opium, carpets, dates. Steamers ply regu- 
 larly between B. and Busrah. The climate is trying owing 
 to great variations in temperature. The summer heat is ex- 
 cessive but dry, and the inhabitants then dwell chiefly in serdabs 
 or semi-subterranean rooms. A cutaneous disease known as the 
 ' Bagdad button ' is prevalent [Aleppo], and cholera recurs 
 periodically. This city, built out of the ruins of Ctesiphon and 
 Selucia, was founded by Al Mansur in 762 or 763, and originally 
 named Medinet-es-Salam, 'the city of peace.' It continued to 
 flourish under succeeding caliphs, until sacked by Haluku in 
 1258. It has been held by the Turks since 1638. Mean temp, 
 (i yr. 1861-62), yr. 73.9", Jan. 49°.5 F., July 94.8° ; mean 
 rainfall, 6 in. P. estimated at 150,000 (mostly Mohammedans, 
 about one-eighth Jews). 
 
 Bagdad, vilayet, Asiatic Turkey, comprising the northern 
 portion of Irak Arabi and the southern and eastern portion of 
 Mesopotamia (Al Jezireh). See Turkey-in-Asia, Irak Arabl, 
 and Mesopotamia. 
 
 Bagdad, post-tn. , Tasmania, co. Monmouth, 23 m. from 
 Hobart. 
 
 Bag<^, tn., Brazil, state of and 125 m. WNW. Rio Grande do 
 Sul, with which it is connected by rail. P. 22,000. 
 
 Bag'elen, Baglen, Bageloii, or Begaleln, dist. Java, on 
 the S. ct. , about 109° 20' to 110° E. 
 
 Bagenal.sto>vn, or Bagnalstown, market-tn. , Ire., W. co. 
 Carlow, bar. Idrone E. , on the 1. bk. of the Barrow, 9 m. 
 S. Carlow, connected by rail with Athy, Wexford, and Kil- 
 kenny. The ruins of Ballymoon Castle are 2 m. to the E. 
 P. < 2000. ^ 
 
 Bagenbon, Cape, Ire. See Baglnban. 
 
 Bag Enderby, par., Eng. , Lincolnshire, 10 m. S. Louth, 
 div. and 6 m. ENE. Horncastle. P. <250. See Somersby. 
 
 Bagendon, or Badglngton (baj'n-d'n), par., Eng., Glouces- 
 tershire, div. and 2J m. N. by W. Cirencester, 4 m. SW. 
 Cheltenham. P. <:25o. 
 
 Baggrow, stn., Eng., Cumberland, on the NW. border of 
 the Penrith div., gj m. ENE. Maryport, on the Maryport and 
 Carlisle Rly. 
 
 Baggy Point, cape, Eng. , on the N W. ct. of Devonshire, 9^ 
 m. WNW. Barnstaple. 
 
 Bdgli, vil. , Baluchistan, on the plain of Kachh Ganddva, 65 
 m. NW. Jacobabad. P. 3000. 
 
 Bsigli, riv. , India, Central Provs. , Bhandara dist., partly 
 navigable and falling into the Wainganga at Satona. 
 
 Bagh^r, one of the mouths of the Indus, Sind, diverges a 
 little below Tatta, winds W., and enters the Arabian Sea about 
 25 m. SE. Karachi ; navigable. 
 
 Baghche, Turkish, 'garden.' 
 
 Baghche, vil., in the SE. of Asia Minor, at the N. end of 
 the Alma-Dagh [q.v.), 74 m. E. by N. Adana. P. 3000. 
 
 Baghcbe-Kiil, pleasvu-e resort on the Bosporus, near Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 Baghdad, city, Asiatic Turkey. See Bagdad. 
 
 Bagbclkliaud, agency, India, in the E. of what was once 
 known as the Bundelkhand dist. , chiefly made up of the native 
 state of Rewa. As to climate, see Sntna. 
 
 Bi^gherliiU, vil., cap. of B. sub-div., Bengal, dist. Khulna, 
 on the Bhairab. 
 
 Bagherla, tn., on the N. ct. of Sicily, prov. and 8 m. ESE. 
 Palermo. P. 11,000. 
 
 Baglieriul, central Africa. See Baglrnil. 
 
 Baghrash-kul, lake, central Asia. See Bagracli-kul. 
 
 Baghscii, mt. , in the Sahara, in the S. of Air or Asben. 
 Alt. 4400 ft. 
 
 Bagida, tn., German W. Africa, Togo-land, on the Bight 
 of Benin, in 1° 23' E. 
 
 Baglllt, eccles. par., Wales, Flintshire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Dee, i| m. E. Holywell, on the L. & NW. R., belonging to the 
 Flint dist. of pari, bors., with coal-mines, PMT.O. P. <35oo. 
 See Holywell. 
 
 Bagina Basta, tn. , Servia, prov. Uzice, on the r. bk. of the 
 Drina, 65 m. W. Kragujevac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bagiiibnu Head, cape. Ire. , on the S. ct. of co. Wexford, in 
 6° 50' W. ; landing-place of Strongbow in 1171. 
 
 Bagiutou, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., 3 m. 
 S. by E. Coventry. P. <25o. 
 
 Baglrmi, Begbarml, or Bagherml, central African sul- 
 tanate, S. of Lake Chad. The greater part of the country con- 
 sists of large plains which have a slight slope to the N. , and 
 only in the northern dists. of the terr. are there some hills and 
 mountains, forming the watershed between Lake Chad and 
 Lake Fitri. Average alt. 950 ft. The soil consists partly of 
 lime and partly of sand, and accordingly the two principal 
 
 cereals are Pennisetum and Sorghum ; much Sesamum is also 
 cultivated. The principal river is the Shari, flowing into Lake 
 Chad ; its chief tribs. are the Serbewuel. Ba-Irr, and Aukadebbe. 
 Raw products, valuable for industrial purposes, are cotton and 
 indigo. No valuable minerals. Cattle-rearing is practised by 
 the Shoa or Shua, a tribe of Arabs, who have numerous flocks 
 of cattle, horses, and sheep. The majority of the inhabitants 
 are negroes, but, according to Lepsius, their language is in 
 some way connected with those of the Bantu races. Area about 
 71,000 sq.m. P. estimated at about i,oco,ooo. [H. Ci. S.| 
 
 Baglan, Hlgber and Lower, two adjoining' pars. , Wales, 
 Glamorganshire, Mid div., 3^ m. S. Neath, I5 m. SE. Briton 
 Ferry stn. B. Higher, P. <25o; B. Lower, P. <;5oo. 
 
 Baglen, Java. See Bagelen. 
 
 Bagley Wood, par., Eng., Berkshire, Abingdon Union. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Bagnacavallo, tn. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 10 m. W. 
 Ravenna. P. 15,000. 
 
 Bagnall, part of eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire. See 
 ! Biicknall. 
 
 j Bagnalstowii. See Bageualstown. 
 I Bagnara Calabra, tn., on the W. ct. of Italy, Calabrie, 
 
 prov. Reggio, 16 m. NE. by N. Reggio. P. 9000. 
 1 Bagnasco, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 25 m. E. by 
 S. Cuneo. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bagne, Baignes, Bagnires, Bagnols, Bagno, Bagnolo, &c. , 
 different forms found in French and Italian names, from the Latin 
 balneum, balnearium, meaning 'bath,' 'bathing-establishment.' 
 
 Bagu6res-de-Bigorre (the ancient Aquensis Victis), a town of 
 France, celebrated for its mineral springs, dep. H. Pyr^nfes, 
 cap. arr. , on 1. bk. of the Adour, at the entrance of the valley 
 of Campan, 31 m. SE. by E. Pau. It has various manufactures, 
 the most noted being those of ' bareges,' and has several marble- 
 works utilising the products of numerous quarries round about. 
 Its waters (sulphurous and ferruginous) vary in temp, from 
 66° to 125° F. They were resorted to by the Romans, and are 
 annually visited from May to October by thousands of strangers. 
 The neighbourhood abounds in places of interest, among which 
 may be mentioned the works by which the waters of the Lac 
 Bleu are used for the irrigation of the valley. P. 6800. 
 
 Bagn^res-de-Lnclion (the ancient Agues Onesice), tn. , France, 
 dep. H. Garonne, cap. cant. , in valley of same name in the 
 Pyrenees, arr. St. Gaudens, 5 m. from the Spanish frontier, 
 30 m. SE. Bagneres-de-Bigorre. It has sulphurous thermal 
 springs (ioo°-i36° F.), and a bath establishment, frequented 
 from May to October. P. < 4000. 
 
 Bagnes, Val de, a branch of the Rhone valley, about 30 
 m. long, running W. to SE., Switzd., cant. Valais, watered by 
 the Dranse, with vast glaciers, among them the Getroz glacier 
 (r. bk. Dranse), the lower end of which has occasionally blocked 
 the course of the river, causing the formation of a large lake, 
 which on the bursting of the ice-barrier, as in 1597 and 1818, 
 has caused disastrous floods. P. < 5000. 
 
 Bagno-a-Klpoll, tn., Italy, prov. and 2 m. E. Florence. 
 P. 14,000. 
 
 Bagno-ln-Romagua, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Florence, 
 33 m. WSW. Rimini, with mineral springs. P. 8000. 
 
 Bagnoles, or Bagnolles, vil., France, dep. Orne, in a 
 valley, 13 m. SE. Domfront. It has hot saline springs (temp. 
 82° F.), and cold ferruginous springs and baths. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bagnolo, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 8 m. SSW. 
 Brescia. P. 3000. 
 
 Bagnols, tn., France, dep. Gard, on the Ceze, arr. Uz6s, 10 
 m. W. by N. Orange ; centre of a coalfield. P. <4000. 
 
 Baguols-les-Baius, vil., France, dep. Loz^re, 58 m. NW. 
 by N. Nimes, arr. and 8 m. E. Mende ; with sulphurous and 
 ferruginous spring. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bagnone, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Massa, 17 m. 
 NNE. Spezia. P. 5000. 
 
 Baguor, tithing, Eng., Berkshire, div. and 2 m. NW. by 
 W. Newbury. 
 
 Bagnorea, comm., Italy, prov. Rome, 15 m. N. Viterbo. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Bago, settlement. New South Wales, Wynyard co., 63 m. 
 NE. by E. Albury. 
 
 Bagolino, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 23 m. NNE. 
 Brescia. P. 4000. 
 
 Bagot, CO. , Canada, Quebec, bounded on the W. by the R. 
 Yamaska, crossed by 45^' N. 
 
 Bagot, settlement, Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R., 
 71 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Bagot, vil., Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co., on R. Mada- 
 waska, 45 m. W. by S. Ottawa. 
 
 Bagot's BlnfT, the W. point of Anticosti I., Canada. 
 
 Bagots Well, post-tn. and rly. stn. , S. Australia, Light co. , 
 48 m. NNE. Adelaide. 
 
 Bagotvllle, or St. Alpbonse de la Grande Bale, vil., 
 Canada, Quebec, Saguenay co. , 10 m. from Chicoutimi, at the 
 head of Ha Ha Bay, on Saguenay R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bagrach-knl, or Bagbrash-kul, lake, central Asia, 42° N., 
 
 101 
 
B A GR 
 
 B AH R 
 
 87°- 88° E. , to the E. of Karashar, receives the Khaidugol ; 
 no outlet, but water said to be fresh ; abounds in fish. 
 
 Bagrll>ari, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Goalpara, 100 m. 
 W. Gauhati, on the r. bk. of the Brahmaputra. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bagrot, valley and glacier, in the Western Himalayas, sloping 
 S. from Mount Rakaposhi, crossed by 36° N. , 74° 35' E. 
 
 Bagra, riv. , Upper Guinea. See Mano Bagrn. 
 
 Bagstaot, hamlet, Eng., Berkshire, Newbury div., 10 m. 
 W. by S. Newbury, 3 m. SSW. Hungerford stn. 
 
 Bagshot, tp. , Victoria, 112 m. N. Melbourne, on the Sand- 
 hurst and Echuca Rly. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bagsliot, eccles. par. and vil. , Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div., 10 
 m. NW. by N. Guildford, on the SW. R. ; gives name to the 
 uppermost beds of the Middle Eocene series of rocks, these beds 
 being found on the adjoining B. Heath. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Bagslate, place, Eng., Lancashire, i^ m. W. Rochdale, 
 with coal-mines. 
 
 Bagtborpe, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 14 m. NE. by 
 E. King's Lynn, 4 m. S. by E. Docking stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bag'iiley, or Brooklantl.s, par., Eng., Cheshire, Altrincham 
 div. , on the Cheshire Lines Rly. , 6m. SSW. Manchester. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bagnr, Cape, in the NE. of Spain, 21 m. E. Gerona, 
 
 Bagtvorth, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Boswortli div., 4 m. 
 NE. Bosworth, on the M. R., P.O. ; with coal-mines. P. <75o. 
 See 'Tliornton. 
 
 BahAdikrgarli, tn, , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Rohtak, 22 m. 
 W. Delhi. P. 6100 ; Hindus, 3400 ; Moham. 2600. 
 
 Babddnr Kliel, vil., Brit; India, Punjab, dist. Kohat, 65 m. 
 SW. by S. Peshdw ar, near B. K. salt-mine. 
 
 Babkdnrpnr, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. and 23 m. ESE. 
 Sylhet. 
 
 Bahagbs, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Caher, 
 
 Bahal, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Dera Ismail Khan, 90 
 m. NNW. Multdn. 
 
 Babauia, or Lncayos Islands, a group of 29 islands and 
 661 islets (called Cayos or Keys), in the W. Indies, belonging to 
 Great Britain, lat. 21° to 27^° N., long. 72° to 79° W., separated 
 from Cuba and Florida S. and W. by the Great and Little 
 B. channels. Only twenty of the islands are inhabited. 
 Guanahani {q.v.), one of the group, was the first part of the 
 new world discovered by Columbus in 1492. First settlement of 
 English in 1629. Possessed by Spain in 1641, and restored to 
 England in 1783. Most of the islands are mere coral rocks, but 
 some are of tolerable size, as Abaco, the Great B., Eleuthera, 
 Cat Island, Andros, New Providence, Watling [see Gaanabanl], 
 Exuma, Long and Crooked Is., Mayaguana, Great Key, and 
 Great Inagua. The soil is mostly composed of heaps of 
 limestone and shell, with a thin covering of vegetable 
 mould. Chief products, cotton, maize, Guinea corn, salt, 
 sugar, turtle, pine-apples, and vegetables. The cultivation of 
 sisal fibre has nov/ become an important industry. Labour is 
 deficient for the successful culture of cotton. Government vested 
 in a governor, a council of 9 members, and a House of Assembly 
 of 29 members elected by the inhabitants, of whom the majority 
 are negroes. The colony now forms a diocese of itself, under a 
 bishop. Salt and pine-apples and sponges are important items 
 of export. Connected (1892) by telegraph cable with Jupiter 
 Inlet, Florida. Numerous wrecks and casualties occur in this 
 archipelago, and the islands are subject to severe cyclonic gales. 
 Annual rainfall, 45 in., rainy season June to Oct. Nassau, or 
 New Providence, is the cap. and seat of govt. Annual revenue 
 about ;^5o,ooo ; exports about ^^120,000 to ;^i8o,ooo (mainly to 
 the United States). Area, 4466 sq. m. (three-fifths of that of 
 Wales). P. (1871) 39,200; (1891)47,565. 
 
 Babama, Grand or Great, one of the Bahama Is., near the 
 N. extremity of the group, 70 m. E. Florida, and 80 m. W. to 
 E. , by 10 ni. in breadth. P. < 1000. 
 
 Babama Bank, Great and Little, are shoals among the 
 W. India Is. ; the former between 22° and 26° N. , 75° and 
 79° W,, having S. and W. the Bahama old and new channels. 
 On it are the islands Providence, Andros, and Exuma. The 
 Little Bank, NW. of the foregoing, between 26° and 27° N., 
 77° and 79° W., has on it the Great Bahama and Abaco islands. 
 
 Babama Bank, a shifting sand across Ramsey Bay, Isle of 
 Man, with a light-vessel, i| m. SE. of SE. tail of the bank, in 
 54° 19' 40" N., and 4° 12' 55" W., visible 11 m. 
 
 Babama Cbannel, Old and Nevr. The former separates 
 the Great Bahama Bank and Cuba ; the latter, also called the 
 Golf of Florida, is between the Great and Little Bahama 
 Banks and Florida, and forms a part of the channel of the great 
 Gulf Stream, which flows here at the rate of from 2 to 5 m. an hour. 
 
 Bahar-Kuta, riv. , central Africa. See Sbarl. 
 
 Baharutse, an African tribe in the SE. of the Protectorate of 
 Bechuanaland and the W. of the S. African Republic. 
 
 Bab&walpnr, tn., India, cap. of B., 55 m. S. by E, MiiMn, 
 about 2 ni. from the 1. bk. of the Sutlej, surrounded by a mud 
 wall 4 m. in circuit ; 5 m. from B. the Indus Valley Rly. crosses 
 the Sutlej by an iron bridge 4258 ft. in length. P. (1881) 13,600 ; 
 (1891) 18,700; Moham. 11,100; Hindus, 7500. 
 
 BabAwalpnr, native state, India, in relation with the govt. 
 102 
 
 of the Punjab, and, except Kashmir, the largest of the native 
 states connected with that prov. ; bounded W. by the Indus and 
 Sutlej, E. by Rajput4na ; two-thirds desert. See Pnnjab, table. 
 Babbola, tn. See Babila. 
 Bahia, Spanish and Portuguese, 'bay.' 
 
 Babla, state of Brazil, on the Atlantic Ocean, to the S. of 
 Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Piauhy, E. of Goyaz, N. of 
 Minas, Espirito Santo. Cabral landed at Cabralix Bay (Porte 
 Seguro) on his discovery of Brazil (24th April 1500). Healthy 
 and suited for white colonisation in the interior, viz., Caetete, 
 Monte Alto, Maracai, Jacobina, Feira de St. Anna, 400 m. of 
 sea-coast. See Brazil. 
 
 Babla, or 8. Salvador da B., tn., state B., 13° S., 38° 31' 
 W., 800 m. NNE. from Rio de Janeiro, at the entrance of 
 B. de Todos os Santos (Bay of All Saints), founded in 1510 by 
 Thomar de Sousa, was the first capital of Brazil (1549-1763). It 
 is the second seaport in Brazil. The commercial or lower town 
 {Cidade Baixa or Praia\ extends for 3 m. along the bay. The 
 upper town ( Cidade alto) is in amphitheatre form on a range of 
 hills to an alt. of 270 ft. , from which a splendid panorama of 
 the bay and sea is obtained. The 'Hoisting Machinery Co.' 
 (English) connects the two towns. There is a natural his- 
 tory museum, gallery of paintings, public library, theological 
 seminary, technical college {artes e officios), academy of fine 
 arts, academy of physical science and medicine. It is the 
 residence of the Roman Catholic Metropolitan of Brazil. Some 
 of the most important cotton, tobacco, and sugar factories in aU 
 Brazil are there. Shipbuilding yards (merchantmen). Un- 
 healthy. Exports, tobacco, coffee, feathers, rubber, medicinal 
 plants, coco-nuts, piassava and coquilla nuts, tapioca, hides, 
 dye and cabinet woods, brandy, diamonds, bullion. Submarine 
 cable to Pernambuco, Pard, Rio. To Southampton, 4366 m. 
 Mean temp. (3I yrs., 1881-84), 79-2° F. ; rainfall (5 yrs.), 95.1 
 in. P. 200,000 (60,000 white). 
 
 Babla Blanca (' white bay '), large bay, Argentine Republic, 
 in 39°-39i° S. 
 
 Babla Blanca, tn., Argentine Republic, in the S. of prov. 
 Buenos Aires, terminus of railway from La Plata, 3 m. from its 
 harbour on bay of same name, in dist. suitable for viticulture. 
 Mean temp. (14 yrs., 1870-83), yr. 59.5° F., Jan. 73.2°, July 
 46.8°; rainfall (20 yrs.), 19.25 in. P. <20oo. 
 Babla de Campo-Azul, Central America. See Blewfleld.s. 
 Babla de Todos os Santos, or All Saint's Bay, Brazil, in 
 13° S., 7 m. in circuit, 12-32 fathoms deep, with numerous 
 islands, viz., Itapasica, Beinbarra, Fontes, Bom Jesus, Medo, 
 Cajahiba, dos Frader, da Mar6. The soil {Massaper) of the 
 country around the B., the Reconcavo (for 20-40 m. ), is very 
 rich, and well adapted for tobacco and sugar-cane cultivation. 
 
 Babla Honda, seapt., Cuba, 53 m. W. by S. Havana, at the 
 head of a bay of the same name, on the N. ct. , in 83° 11' W., 
 with roadstead for large vessels ; copper and coal obtained in 
 the vicinity. P. 8500. 
 Babla, Islas de la. See Bay Islands. 
 Babila, or Babbola, tn. , in the interior of Oman, E. of 
 Arabia, said to be strongly fortified. 
 
 Bahira, or Baheira, Arabic, 'lake,' applied as a proper 
 riame to the Lake of Tunis. See Tunis. 
 Bahluda, desert. See Bayada, 
 
 Babllngen, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle Breisgau, 
 dist. Emmendingen. P. <3000. See also Ballngen. 
 Babmesblr, or Bbankusl, riv. arm, Persia. See Karun. 
 Babn, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 22 m. S. by E. 
 Stettin. P. < 3000. 
 Bahr, Bakhr, ox Bahar, Arabic, 'lake,' 'river,' 'sea.' 
 Babralcb, dist. , Brit. India. See Nortb-West Provinces. 
 Babralcb, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, cap. dist. B., 65 m. NE. 
 Lucknow. P. 24,000. 
 Baliramabad, tn., Persia, prov. Kerman, 57 m. W. Kerman. 
 Babramgb&t, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, Bara Banki dist., on 
 the r. bk. of the Gogra, here spanned by a bridge of boats ; 
 connected by rail with Lucknow, 39 m. distant. 
 
 Babr^mpnr, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gurddspur, 50 
 m. NE. by N. Amritsar. P. <3O0O. 
 
 Babreln, or Aval Island (Arabic, ' two seas ' ; the ancient 
 Tyi-os or Tylos and Tharras), surrounded by smaller islands 
 and shoals ; in the Persian Gulf, B. Bay, near the coast of 
 Arabia, 200 m. S. of Bushire. Supposed by Bent to be the 
 ancient land of Punt and original home of the Phoenicians. 
 Second island Moharek, NE. of B., separated from it by strait 
 I m. broad, fordable at low water. Other islands are mere 
 rocks. Commercial cap., Manameh, in NE. of B. Moharek, 
 on island Moharek, is the seat of govt. Islands ruled by sheikh 
 under British protection. Mohammedans. B. I. , 27 m. long, 
 and 10 m. broad, chiefly of coral formation ; in centre are 
 limestone hills, Jebel Dukhan, 400 ft., the rest flat, mainly- 
 desert, with cultivated patches and palm groves yielding excel- 
 lent dates. Several submarine fresh -water springs off the coasts. 
 Entrance to harbour too narrow for large vessels ; basin of 
 moderate depth, except near the shore, to which no boats can 
 approach ; no docks or wharves. The pearl fishery here em- 
 
BAHR — BAJI 
 
 ploys about four hundred boats. Annual value of pearls about 
 yTsoOiOoo. The proximity of B. to the Arabian coast, and the 
 ■shallowness of the intervening sea, render it well suited to be a 
 Lommercial emporium, such as it was under the Portuguese 
 rule in the sixteenth century. Climate very unhealthy during 
 summer on account of prevailing mists. P. (?) 68,000. See 
 Proc. R. G. S. , 1890, p. I. 
 
 Bahrein, oasis, with salt lake in the Libyan desert, in 28° 31 
 N. , 26° 3o'-33' E. 
 
 Babr-el-Ablad, and Bahr-el-Azrek, rivs. , Africa. See Nile 
 and Sbarl. 
 
 Bahr-el-Gliazal ('river of the gazelles '), riv. , Africa, Sudan, 
 issues from Lake Chad and flows 300 m. NE. before spreading 
 out in the marshy tract of the Bodele, where it comes to an end. 
 
 Balir-el-Uliazal, one of the chief tribs. of the White Nile, 
 1, bk. , flows E. through a marshy country to the E. of Darfur, 
 and enters Lake No in about 9° N. Its principal feeders come 
 from the Niam-Niam country to the S. 
 
 Bahrikh, oasis. See Beliarieta. 
 
 Balir-Kntl, riv. , central Africa. See Sharl. 
 
 Balir-i^cflcl-Bogliaz. See Dardanelles. 
 
 Balir Ynsaf ('river of Joseph,' so called because popularly 
 ascribed to Joseph the Israelite), an artificial irrigation channel, 
 270 m. long, led from the 1. bk. of the Nile a little below Siut, 
 and ending in the Fayum (^.w. ). 
 
 Balsidgl, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 65 m. SSE. 
 Diidrwdr. P. 5100 ; Hindus, 4600. 
 
 Balan-Kara-ula, range of mts., Tibet, to the SW. of lakes 
 Jering and Oring, between the headwaters of the Hwang-ho 
 and the Yang-tse-kiang (Di-chu), crossed by 35° N., 95° E. 
 
 Balas, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Paias. 
 
 Balbnrt, tn. , Turkish Armenia, 60 m. WNW. Erzerum ; 
 beautiful carpets manufactured. Alt. 5370 ft. P. 12,000. 
 
 Baldarsknya, vil. , W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, near Tobol 
 R. , 300 m. W. Omsk. 
 
 Baidyab^ti, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Hiiglf, 15 m. N. 
 by W. Calcutta. P. 18,400 ; Hindus, 16,300. 
 
 Balers broiin, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 30 m. W. 
 Tiibingi-n. P. 6coo. 
 
 Baigal-Dalal, orKo990-gol,lake, Mongolia, in5o°N. , 118° E. 
 
 Baignes. See Bagne. 
 
 Baigorry, val, France, dep. Basses-Pyrfefes, arr. Mauleon, 
 watered by the Nive. The inhabitants speak Basque. 
 
 Baikal, an extensive lake of Eastern Siberia, between 51° 20' 
 and 55° 30' N., 103° and 110° E. It is crescent-shaped, and is 
 surrounded by high and wild mountains rhing 3000 to 4000 ft. 
 above its surface. Length, SW. to NE. , 370 :n. ; breadth, 20 
 10 70 m. ; alt. about 1400 ft. Greatest ascertained depth, 4500 
 ft. ; average depth of its southern part, about 800 ft. Divided 
 by Olkhon I. and Svyatoi Nos Penin. into two basins, which 
 may be considered as two longitudinal valleys connected to- 
 ! ether by a transverse passage. Receives the Upper Angara, 
 ISarguzin, and Selenga, all from the E. , and very many moun- 
 tain streams ; its waters are discharged through the Lower 
 Angara into the Yenisei. Frozen from January to the first part 
 of May. Forms part of the line of communication between 
 Russia, the Amur, and China, steamers plying between List- 
 venichnoye, at the outlet of the Lower Angara, and Posolskoye, 
 in the delta of Selenga, smaller steamers plying up this latter 
 to Verkhneudinsk, while in the winter the lake is crossed on the 
 ice, and a temporary station is established half-way. Besides, 
 a road has been built around its S. coast, past Kultuk, at the 
 foot of the very steep slopes of the mountains. The Siberian 
 railway will follow this road ; but a temporary connection will 
 be established from Listvenichnoye to Posolskoye by means 
 of steamers, and, perhaps, also by means of a temporary 
 railway on the ice. Shores very thinly peopled. Great fisheries 
 in the N. (60,000 cwts. of cured salmon ; 7000 fishermen). 
 Area, 13,197 sq. m. 
 
 Balkanttapur, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Patnd, on the 
 r. bk. of the Ganges, 13 m. SE. Patna. P. 7000. 
 
 BaUdon, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley 
 div. ,4 m. N. by W. Bradford, on the M. R. , PMT.O. P. 5800. 
 
 Balldon Hill, a hill with ancient entrenchments, Eng., 
 Yorkshire, W. Riding, 5 m. N. Bradford. Alt. 922 ft. 
 
 Ballen, tn., Spain, prov. Jaen, 7 m. WSW. Linares; has 
 mines of galena and blende. Scene of a victory of General 
 Castahos over the French under Dupont, July 19, 1808. P. 9000. 
 
 Bailey, par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Alghton. 
 
 Bailey, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW., on the W. frontier, 
 crossed by 34° N. 
 
 BaUey Gate, stn., Eng., Dorset, on the M. R., 2J m. SE. 
 Spettisbury. 
 
 Balleyhead, hamlet, Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on 
 BaileyWater, i7jm. NNE. Carlisle, 3 m. SE. Kershope Foot stn. 
 
 Bailey's Brook, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Pictou co., 21 
 m. from New Glasgow. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ballleborough, par. and market-tn.. Ire., SE. co. Cavan, 
 bar. Clankee, 17 m. ESE. Cavan, PMT.O. Par. 12,415 ac, 
 P. <40oo; tn. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Bailiff Bridge, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the 
 L. & Y. R., between Bradford and Huddersfield, with 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Baillamont, comm., Belgium, prov. Namur, 15 m. NNE. 
 Sedan. P. < 2000. 
 
 Baillenl, tn., France, dep. Nord, 17 m. NW. by W. Lille, 
 arr. and 9 m. E. by N. Hazebrouck ; has an academy of art, 
 and manufactures of lace, linen, &c. P. 13,300. 
 
 Balllle Setllenient, Canada, New Brunswick, co. Charlotte, 
 13 m. from St. Stephen. P. < 1500. 
 
 Baillles Mills, place, Ire., co. Down, 5 m. from Ballvna- 
 hinch, P.O. 
 
 Baillleston, par. and mining tn. , Scot. , N W. Lanarkshire, 
 on the C. R., 5 m. W. by S. Airdrie, with coal-mines, PMT.O. 
 Par. P. <;4ooo; eccles. par. (B. or Crossbill) P. <4ooo; tn. 
 P. < 4500. 
 
 Ballllestou, post-tn. , Victoria. See Coy's Diggings. 
 
 Bailnndn, or Bailundo, tn. , Portuguese W. Africa, 172 m. 
 E. by N. Benguella, on the interior plateau, watered by tribs. of 
 the Kwanza, in 12° 8' S. , 15° 54' E. Alt. 5250 ft. 
 
 Bally, place. Ire., E. ct. co. Dublin, bar. Coolock, 9 m. E. 
 by N. Dublin, with a lighthouse, P.O. 
 
 Balnbridge, par. and vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, in the W. of the 
 Richmond div. of the N. Riding, at the confluence of the Ure 
 and Cogill Beck, i6| m. WSW. Richmond, i m. SW. Askrigg 
 stn. , P.O. ; 15,434 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Balnbridge, tn., U.S., Georgia, Decatur co., 41 m. NNW. 
 Tallahassee, Florida, at the head of navigation on Flint R. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Balnbridge, vil., U.S., New York, Chenango co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Susquehanna R., 16 m. SE. by S. Syracuse. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Balnbridge, vil., U.S., Ohio, Ross co., on Paint Creek, 66 
 m. E. by N. Cincinnati, in Paxton tp. 
 
 Balnbridge, tn. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co. , on the 
 1. bk. of the Susquehanna R. , 16 m. SE. by S. Harrisburg. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Bain de Bretagne, tn., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, arr. 
 Redon, 19 m. S. Rennes. P. <20co. 
 
 Balndir, tn., Asia Minor, 31 m. ESE. Smyrna. P. 9600. 
 
 Bains, tn., France, dep. Vosges, 43 m. S. by W. Lun^ville, 
 arr. and 15 m. SW. by S. Epinal. The warm springs of B. were 
 much frequented by the Romans. P. 2000. 
 
 Bainsbole, hamlet, Scot., Aberdeenshire, 6 m. ESE. 
 Huntley, 5 m. from Insch stn., with P.O. 
 
 BalnsTille, rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, Glengarry co., on 
 Lake St. Francis, 48 m. WSW. Montreal. 
 
 Bainton, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 4 m. E. 
 by S. Stamford, li m. E. by S. Uffington and Barnack stn., 
 P.O. P. <50o. SeeVfford. 
 
 Bainton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div. , 17 
 m. NNW. Hull, on the NE. R., P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Baira, seapt. , E. Africa. See Belra. 
 
 Balram All, stn., on the Transcaspian Rly., 22 m. E. by 
 N. Merv, adjoining the ruins of Old Merv. 
 
 Balrdm Ghdt, place of great sanctity, India, Berar, dist. 
 Ellichpur, 14 m. E. of EUichpur tn. , site of an annual fair at 
 which 50,000 people gather. 
 
 Bairamlcta, tn., in the NW. of Asia Minor, 40 m. S. 
 Gallipoli. 
 
 Balratta, tn. , India, Rdjputana, 40 m. NNE. Jaipur. P. < 6000. 
 
 Batrds, rly stn. , Canada, Ontario, on the Grand Trunk Rly. , 
 5 m. W. of St. Thomas. 
 
 Balrds Rows, Scot. , Lanarkshire, part of the vil. of Stonefield. 
 
 Balrentb. See Bayrenth. 
 
 Baimsdale, tp., Victoria, Tanjil co., on the Mitchell, 37 m. 
 NE. by E. Sale, PMT.O. ; 6250 ac. P. tn. <isoo. 
 
 Baise, or Bayse, riv., SW. France, 1. bk. trib. of the Garonne, 
 rises near Lannemezan, flows N. through the deps. Haute- 
 Pyr^ndes and Lot-et-Garonne. Course 112 m. ; canalised to 
 Condom, 35 m. 
 
 Baiso, comm., Italy, prov. and dist. Reggio nell' Emilia. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Baitaranl, riv., India, Orissa, flows first SW. then E. to 
 join the Brdhmani, the united stream, under the name of the 
 Dhamra, flowing into the Bay of Bengal ; navigable 15 m. up. 
 
 Baja, municip. , Hungary, prov. Bdcs-Bodrog, 33 m. W. by 
 N. Maria Theresiopel. P. (1850) 14,000 ; (1869)18,100; (1890) 
 19,500. 
 
 Bajana, tn., India, Guzerdt, 52 m. W. Ahmaddbid, cap. 
 native state B. 
 
 Bajanr, a dist. belonging to the independent area NE. of 
 Afghanistan, N. of the Kabul R. and W. of the Swat, separated 
 from Kunur and Chitral on the W. by the Lahori Mts., about 
 34° 2o'-35'= N. , 7i°-7i° 45' E. 
 
 BaJ-baj, vil. , Bengal, 15 m. by river below Calcutta, with 
 which it is now connected by rail, site of a fort captured by Clive 
 in 1756. 
 
 Bajll, tn. , Yemen, 36 m. ENE. Hodaida, with large Turkish 
 fort. P. about 3000. 
 
 103 
 
BAJI— BALA 
 
 Bajlstan, tn., Persia, 125 m. S. by E. Sebzevar, prov. 
 Khorassan. 
 
 Bajltpnr, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, 50 m. NE. Dacca. P. 
 {1881) 4600; (1891) 9400; Hindus, 5200; Moham. 4200. 
 
 Bajmok, comm. , Hungary, W. Bacs-Bodrog, 14 m. SW. 
 Maria TheresiopeL P. 7200. 
 
 Bajone, Cape, Portuguese E. Africa, at the mouth of 
 Mokambo Bay, 13° S., 13 m. SSW. Mozambique. 
 
 Bakalaharl. See Kalahari. 
 
 Bakalal, or Bakelal, tribe in the French Congo Terr. , between 
 Gabun R. and the mouth of the Ogowe. 
 
 Bakalau, Madura. See Bangkallan. 
 
 Bakamba, viL, W. Africa, French Congo Tern, 168 m. 
 NNW. Boma, in 3° 30' S. , 12° 20' E. 
 
 Bakana, \'il., Niger Coast Protectorate, 4° 44' N., 7° E. 
 
 Bakangai, vil., Congo Free State, in 2° 41' N., 26° 45' E. 
 
 BsikarganJ, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. B., 82 m. S.Dacca. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 B^karganj, dist., Brit. India, Bengal, the southernmost 
 dist. of the Dacca div. and a typical part of the alluvial delta, 
 with extensive marshes and swamps, and subject to disastrous 
 floods. In November 1876 the islands at the mouth of ;the 
 Meghnd were swept by a terrible cyclone and storm- wave, which 
 caused great loss of life. The climate is said to be one of the 
 healthiest in Eastern Bengal, owing to the strong SW. monsoon, 
 which keeps the atmosphere cool. 
 
 Bakasl, penin. or isl. , Brit. W. Africa, between the estuaries 
 of the Old Calabar R. and Rio del Rey. 
 
 Bakel, a vil. and French stn. , W. Africa, with fort on a hill 
 commanding native village at its base, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Senegal, 475 m. by water above St. Louis, in 14° 52' N. , 1 2° 28' W. 
 Mean temp, (i yr., 1860-61), yr. 83° F., Jan. 77.7°, Feb. 82°. 
 P. 4000. 
 
 Bakelal, tribe, Africa. See Bakalal. 
 
 Baker, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Hastings co., 70 m. 
 NW. by W. Kingston. 
 
 Baker, co., U.S., Florida, on the N. frontier, W. of 82° W. 
 
 Baker, co., U.S., Georgia, N. of 31° N., and bounded on 
 SE. by Flint R. 
 
 Baker, Mount, U.S., Washington, Whatcom co., 65 m. 
 SE. by E. New Westminster (B. C). Alt. 10,827 ft. (U.S. 
 Coast and Geodet. Survey). 
 
 Baker City, city, U.S., Oregon, Baker co., 95 m. SSW. of 
 the NE. corner of the state. Alt. 3418 ft. (R.R.). P. < 3000. 
 
 Baker Island, a guano island. Pacific Ocean, in 0° 13' 27" N. , 
 176° 29' 26" W., belonging to the U.S., without water and with 
 dangerous anchorage. 
 
 Bakers FalLs, U.S., New York, on the Hudson R., about 
 the place where it finally turns S. , of remarkable beauty, and 
 furnishing a great amount of water-power. 
 
 Bakersfield, tn., U.S., California, Kern co. , 105 m. NNW. 
 Los Angeles. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bakersfield, tn., U.S., Vermont, co. Franklin, about 30 
 m. NE. Burlington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Baker Street, hamlet, Eng., Essex, SE. div., 9 m. SE. by E. 
 Romford, 3 m. W. Stanford le Hope stn., PM.O. 
 
 Baker Street, stn., Eng., London, on the District Rly. 
 (inner circle), the junction for the St. John's Wood line, 2^ m. 
 W. by N. St. Paul's. 
 
 BakersvUle, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, Mitchell co., included 
 in B. tp. P. (of tp.)<:3ooo. 
 
 Bakewell (ancient Badican-Wylla, 'the bath wells'), par. 
 and market-tn., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., loj m. ESE. 
 Buxton, on the R. Wye and the M. R. It has chalybeate 
 springs, with bath-rooms and museum ; a woollen factory estab- 
 lished by Arkwright. Chatsworth House, seat of Duke of 
 Devonshire, is in the vicinity. Market-days, M. and F. Par. P. 
 <30oo. 
 
 Bakharleli, oasis, Egypt. See Beharleb. 
 
 Bakliclieisli-kol, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Chatalja, at 
 the mouth of riv. Kara-Su, 22 m. W. by N. Constantinople. 
 
 Bakbclilsaral {Bagclu-serai, Turkish, 'garden-palace'), tn. , 
 Russia, Crimea, 18 m. SW. Simferopol. Formerly residence of 
 Khans of Crimea ; has now ruins of their palaces, and many 
 mosques and gardens. P. 15,650. 
 
 Baklimach, tn. and rly. junc, SW. Russia, govt. Chernigov, 
 120 m. by rail ENE. Kiev. P. 6000. 
 
 Bakhmut, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 125 m. E. Ekaterinoslav, 
 important coal-mines round it (1,000,000 tons in 1891). P. 15,400. 
 
 Bakbol, or Bakhoy ('white river'), the E. headwater of 
 the Senegal, navigable to Badombe, 50 m. above its confluence 
 with the Bafing. 
 
 Bakhtegan, or Derla Nnmnk, a large salt lake, Persia, to 
 the E. of Shiraz, communicating in the N. with Lake Tashk or 
 Nargis, which receives the Bundamir R. from the NW. The 
 lake sometimes dries up, leaving a wide expanse of saline 
 deposit. Alt. 5100 ft. Proc. R. G. S., 1891, pp. 288-9, 1892, 
 map, p. 140; Jour. R. G. S., 1872, p. 202. 
 
 Baklita, riv. , E. Siberia, r. bk. trib. of Yenisei, which it joins 
 at Chulkovo, 435 m. below Yeniseisk. 
 104 
 
 Bakhtlari, a semi-civilised tribe inhabiting the mountains 
 and high valleys on the borders of the provs. Irak-Ajemi and 
 Luristan in the W. of Persia, between Ispahan and Khurama- 
 bad ; estimated to number 29,100 families, or about 232,800 
 persons (Mrs. Bishop). 
 
 Bakke, tn. , Norway, prov. Lister and Mandal, 50 m. WN W. 
 Kristiansand. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bakkereen, tn. , Holland, prov. Friesland, 15 m. SW. by 
 W. Groningen. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Bakony, in German Bakonyer-wald (' forest of Bakony'), a 
 mountain range of Hungary, S. of the Danube, between the 
 Raab R. and Lake Balaton, and separating the Great and 
 Little Hungarian plains, the former of which is on its SE. , and 
 the latter on its NW. side.; highest summit Koroshegy, alt. 
 2340 ft. It is densely wooded, and contains quarries of excellent 
 marble. 
 
 Baksaleb, ruins, Asiatic Turkey, near the Persian frontier, 
 118 m. ESE. Bagdad. 
 
 Baksan, glacier, Persia. See Elbruz. 
 
 Baku, prov. , Russia, Caucasia ; has Daghestan and Elisa- 
 bethpol in W. , Persia in S. , and Caspian Sea in E. The spurs 
 of the main Caucasus ridge occupy its N. part, attaining to 
 12,000 ft. above the sea ; valley of the Kur, with Mugan Steppe, 
 in the middle ; and slopes of Anti-Caucasus (Talysh), also 
 12,000 ft. high, in S. Watered by Kur and Arax, but deficient 
 in water in the flat lands. Climate extreme ; the average temp, 
 at B. being, yr. 59° F. , Jan. 38°, July 80° ; yearly rainfall, 10 in. 
 Immense quantities of rain (47 in.) are poured down on the 
 slopes of Anti-Caucasus at Lenkoran. Agriculture sufficiently 
 productive for population ; extensive cattle-breeding, gardening, 
 vine- tree, and sericulture. The extraction of naphtha on the 
 Apsheron Penin. is growing rapidly, and from 4000 tons in i860, 
 it has now attained 4,600,000 tons every year. Divided into six 
 dists. : Baku, Gheokchai, Jevat (chief town Saliany), Kuba, Len- 
 koran, and Shemakha, i^ea, 15,095 sq. m. P. (chiefly Tartars) 
 708,100. 
 
 Baku, cap. of above prov., on Caspian Sea, on S. ct. of 
 Apsheron Penin., 42° 21' N., 49° 50' E. Old fortress; large 
 city of an Asiatic character, surrounded by paraffin oil works. 
 Good roadstead, visited every year by several hundred ships. 
 Considerable trade with Persia and Astrakhan. P. 103,000. 
 
 Bakuba, tn., Asiatic Turkey, 28 m. NNE. Bagdad. Noted 
 for the quality of its dates. 
 
 Bakuba, important Bantu tribe of the Congo basin, inhabiting 
 the terrs. on the 1. bks. of the Sankurru R. Intellectual!/, the 
 B. show a higher development than that possessed by the sur- 
 rounding tribes. (See Wolf, Verhandl. der Gesell. fUr Erdkunde 
 zu Berlin, 1887.) [H. G. 8.] 
 
 B^kud Creek, a short deep branch of the Mahinadi R., 
 Bengal, the more southerly of the two channels leading inland 
 from the anchorage at False Point. A bar across its mouth is 
 dry during the last quarter of the ebb. 
 
 Baknndl, tn. , western Sudan, in SE. of Sokoto, on a S. 
 affluent of the Benue, in 8° 3' N., 10° 35' E. Alt. 620 ft. 
 
 Bakundu-ba-lXanibeleb, vil. , German W. Africa, Kamerun 
 Terr. , near the r. bk. of the Mungo, in about 4° 33' N. , 9° 27' E. 
 
 Bal. Bally, Celtic, ' a dwelling,' ' a village,' combined with 
 article an in the form Ballin, as in Ballintubbert ; or Ballyn, as 
 in Ballynure. 
 
 Bala, Celtic, in Wales, 'river-head.' 
 
 Bala, Persian, Turkish, 'high,' 'upper' ; Bala Murgh-ab. 
 
 Bala, part of eccles. par. and tn., Wales, Merionethshire, 
 on the Dee, 17^ m. NE. DolgeUy, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. 
 Market-day, S. See Manycll. 
 
 Bala Lake, to the SW. of B., about 3^ m. long by | m. 
 broad, traversed by the R. Dee. 
 
 Balilbac, isl., En. Archipelago, SW. of Palawan, in 7° 50' N., 
 117° E. (south end), separated from N. Borneo by B. Strait. 
 
 Balachiillsb. See Ballachullsb. 
 
 Balaclava, part of the bor. of St. Kilda, Victoria, 5 m. E. 
 Melbourne. 
 
 Balade, place, in NE. of New Caledonia, where Captain 
 Cook first saw the island, with gold and copper in its vicinity 
 (valley of Diahot). 
 
 Baiado, stn. , Scot. , Kinross-shire, on the N. B. R. , 2 m. W. 
 by S. Kinross. 
 
 Balafl>usta, tn. , Persia. See BarfTush. 
 
 BilMganJ, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. and 15 m. S. by W. 
 Sylhet. 
 
 Balagansk, dist. tn., Siberia, govt, and 120 m. NW. of 
 Irkutsk, on 1. bk. of Angara. P. < 2000. ' 
 
 BsilAgbjit (' above the Ghdts '), upland country of Berdr, Brit. 
 India, above the Ajanta ridge (in contradistinction to the Payan- 
 ghdt or lowland tract). 
 
 BM^ghdt, dist., Bnt. India, Central Provs., Ndgpur div., 
 cap. Burha. See Niigpnr (div.). 
 
 Balagiier, tn., Spain, prov, L^rida, on the R. Segre, 15 m. 
 NE. by N. L^rida. P.<5ooo. 
 
 Balakhauy, tn. , Russia, Transcaucasia, govt. , dist. , and 8 m. 
 N. Baku. Centre of naphtha wells ; salt-springs. P. <3ooo. 
 
BALA — BALE 
 
 nala-isliem, rly. stn., Russian Transcaspian Terr. See 
 Bnlln-islicui. 
 Balak-Hlssar, tn., Asia Minor. See BallkesrI. 
 
 Balakhua, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 23 m. NW. of 
 Nizhniy Novgorod, on r. bk. of Volga. P. 4200. 
 
 BalaklaTa (ancient Palakion), seapt. tn., Russia, govt. 
 Taurida, 8 m. SE. of Sebastopol. Battle of Crimea war, Oct. 
 25, 1854. Excellent harbour, occupied by the British during 
 the siege of Sebastopol. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Balaklava, post-tn. , S. Australia, Gawler co. , 54 m. NNW. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bdlakot, tn. , India, Hazara dist., on the 1. bk. of the Kun- 
 liar, 20 m. in a straight line from the junction with the Jhelum. 
 
 Balallau, hamlet, Scot., Lewis, 14 m. SW. Stomowav, with 
 PT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Balambaiigan, small isl., Brit. N. Borneo, off the N. ct., 
 crossed in the E. by 117° E. 
 
 Bala IMiirgbab, vil., Afghanistan, on the Murghab, no m, 
 NE. Herat. 
 
 Balaucaii, tn., Mexico, Tabasco, 94 m. E. San Juan Bau- 
 tista, 230 m. NNW. Guatemala. 
 
 Balanda, vil., Russia, govt, and 90 m. NW. of Saratov. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Balaiiga, comm. , Philippine Is., Luzon, 30 m. W. by N. 
 Manila, on the W. side of Manila Bay. P. 8400. 
 
 Balaiitcs, negro tribe on the ct. of Sencgambia, between 
 rivs. Geha and Kasamanza. 
 
 Balapnr, tn. , India, Berar, dist. and 12 m. W. by S. Akola. 
 P. 10,300; Hindus, 5300; Moham. 4400. 
 
 Balarnc>les-Bal]i.s, vil. , France, dep. H^rault, arr. Mont- 
 pellier, on Etang de Thau, 4 m. N. by W. Cette. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bala Samac, Bosnia. See §amac. 
 
 BalashoT, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 180 m. W. of Saratov, 
 on Khoper. P. 11,200. 
 
 Baliislnor, cap. of B. state, India, Bombay, Gujarat, in 23° 
 N. , 73'' 24' E. P. 10,000. 
 
 Balasor, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. of dist. B. , 118 m. 
 SW. Calcutta. P. 20,800; Hindus, 16,900; Moham. 3400. 
 
 Balasor, isolated peak, India, Madras, Malabar dist., in the 
 W. Ghats, in 11° 41' 45" N. , 75° 57' 15" E. Alt. 6762 ft. 
 
 Balassa Oyarmat, tn., Hungary, cap. of co. Nbgrad, 22 m. 
 N. by E. Waitzen. P. 7700. 
 
 Balaton. See Blatt. 
 
 Balaton-Fiired, vil. , Hungary. See Ftired. 
 
 Balaton Lake, Ger. , Flatten See, the largest lake in Hun- 
 gary, 5S m. SW. Pesth. Lengtii, SW. to NE., 48 m. ; breadth, 
 3 to 10 m. Its waters are brackish. Receives 30 streams, the 
 largest being the Zala ; and its surplus waters are carried to the 
 Danube by the Sio. It has flat, marsiiy shores ; abounds in fish. 
 Area, 266 sq. m. Alt. 350 ft.; depth, 10-13 ^^• 
 
 Balayan, seapt. and bay, Philippine Is., in the S. of Luzon, 
 due S. of the Bay of Manila. P. 16,200. 
 
 Balay Domu, upland tract, Eng., in the extreme NW. of 
 Dorsetshire. Highest point, 808 ft. 
 
 Balazote, comm. , Spain, prov. and 16 m. WSW. Albacete. 
 
 P. < 2COO. 
 
 Balbane Head, cape, Ire., NE. ct. of Donegal, in 6° 56' W. 
 
 Balbarriip, small tn., W. Australia, Nelson co., no m. 
 NW. by W. Albany, P.O. 
 
 Balbeggle, vil, Scot., E. Perthshire, 5 ™- NE. Perth, 
 4I m. SE. by E. Stanley Junction, P.O. 
 
 Balbirule Mills, vil, Scot., Fifeshire. See Aucbninty. 
 
 Balblair, vil., Scot., in a detached part of Ross-shire, 5^ m. 
 W. Cromarty, on the S. side of Cromarty Firth, opposite Inver- 
 gordon, with which it is connected by ferry, PT.O. 
 
 Balbriggan, market and seapt. tn., Ire., NE. ct. co. Dublin, 
 bar. Balrothery E., 10 m. SE. Drogheda; on the Dublin and 
 Drogheda Rly., with hosiery manufacttu'es and power-loom 
 weaving. Market-days, M. and S. Tp. 516 ac. P. <:250o. 
 
 Balby -\vitb Hexthorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Doncaster div., on the Don, i| m. SW. Doncaster, PM.O. 
 P. < 4500. 
 
 Balcairn, post-tn., New Zealand, co. Ashley, 30 m. N. 
 Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Balcastle and Brownrlg, vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, part of 
 Slam an nan. 
 
 Balclk, tn., Bulgaria, on the ct., prov. and 18 m. NE. Varna. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Balclutba, post-tn. and borough. New Zealand, South I., 
 Clutha CO. , on the r. bk. of the Clutha, 47 m. SW. by W. 
 Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Balcombe, par. and vil. , Eng. , Sussex, E. Grinstead div. , 
 8^ m. E. Horsham, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PM.O. Par. 
 4795 ac. , P. < 1000. 
 
 Bald Eagle Creek, riv., U.S., Pennsylvania, in the middle. 
 It rises in the Bald Eagle Ridge, and flows NE. to the Susque- 
 hanna, which it joins on the r. bk. at Lockhaven. 
 
 Bald Eagle Moontains, U.S., Pennsylvania, NE. Juniata 
 R., to the E. of B. E. Creek. B. E. Valley lies on the E. side, 
 lying above a bed of limestone. 
 
 Baldegg, lake, Switzd., Lucerne, drained by the B. Aa 
 into Lake Hallwyl. Area, 2 sq. m. Alt. 1205 ft. 
 
 Baldeubiirg, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 71 m. 
 NW. Bromberg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Balder, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, in the NW. of the Richmond 
 div. of the N. Riding, trib. of the Tees, which it joins about 4 
 m. above Barnard Castle. 
 
 Balder, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on the N. Pacific and 
 Manitoba Rly., 102 m. WSW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Balder'uock, pan, Scot., Stirlingshire, 6| m. N. Glasgow, 
 2 m. WNW. Balmore stn. ; 4322 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Baldersby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the NW. 
 of the Thirsk and Malton div., 5* m. NE. by N. Ripon, on the 
 NE. R., PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Balderstoue, par., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., 4 m 
 NW. by N. Blackburn. P. <75o. 
 
 Baldcrstone, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Middleton div., 
 2 m. S. Rochdale. P. 5900. 
 
 Balderton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 2 m. 
 SE. Newark, PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Baldface, mt., U.S., New Hampshire, exceptionally rich in 
 red hematite and magnetic ironstone. 
 
 Bald Head, promontory, N. America, N W. ct. , in 64° 43' N. 
 
 Bald Head, cape, Western Australia, S. ct. , at the entrance 
 to King George's Sound. 
 
 Baldhill, settlement, New Zealand, South. I., Vincent co., 
 on the r. bk. of the Clutha, 70 m. NW. by W. Dunedin. 
 
 Bald Hills, small tp. , Victoria. See Seaton. 
 
 Baldbii, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cornwall, near Truro. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bald Mountain, Canada, New Brunswick, just E. of 67° W., 
 and S. of 46^° N. 
 
 Bald Mountain, U.S., Colorado, a peak of the Front Range. 
 Alt. 11,493 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 Baldo, Monte, mt., N. Italy, partly on the frontier of the 
 Tirol, between Lake Garda on the W. and the valley of the 
 Adige on the E. , commanding beautiful views of Lake Garda. 
 Important marble quarries and coal-mines. Alt. 7210 ft. 
 
 Baldock, par. and tn., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 
 13 m. NE. by E. Luton, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. Market- 
 day, F. P. <25oo. 
 
 Baldongan, ct. par.. Ire., NE. co. Dublin, bar. Balrothery 
 E. , ism. SE. Drogheda; 850 ac. P. <;250. 
 
 Baldon-Marsh and B. Toot, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , in co. 
 and 6 m. SE. Oxford, Henley div.; B. Marsh, P.O. (Marsli 
 Baldon). P. <:soo ; B. Toot, P. <:5oo. 
 
 Baldovan, vil., Scot., Forfarshire, 3 m. NNW. Dundee, on 
 the C. R. 
 
 Baldovie, hamlet, Scot., Forfarshire, 3^ m. NE. by E. 
 Dundee, \\ m. N. by W. West Ferry stn., P.O. 
 
 Baldoyle, par. and fishing-tn.. Ire., E. ct., co. Dublin, bar. 
 Coolock, 7 m. ENE. Dublin, on the railway to Howth, P.O. 
 Par. 1236 ac, P. < 1000; tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Bald Point Island, Canada, Ontario, co. Durham, in Lake 
 Scugog. 
 
 Baldragou, rly. stn., Scot., Forfarshire, 3^ m. NW. by N. 
 Dundee, on the C. R. 
 
 Baldrashane. See Ballyrasliane. 
 
 Baldrine, hamlet, Isle of Man, on Garwick Bay, 5^ m. NE. 
 by N. Douglas. 
 
 Baldry, settlement, S. Australia, Stanley co., 98 m. SE. by 
 S. Port Augusta. 
 
 Baldwin, chapelry. Isle of Man, on the Glass, 4^ m. NNW. 
 Douglas, 2 m. N. Union Mills stn., P.O. 
 
 Baldwin, co. , U.S., Alabama, in extreme S. , bounded on 
 W. by Mobile Bay and River, and on S. by Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Baldwin, settlement, U.S., Colorado, Gunnison co., 130 m. 
 SW. by W. Denver. 
 
 Baldwin, vil., U.S., New York, Queen's co., on Long I., 
 22 m. E. by S. Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Baldwin, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, St. Croix co., 37 m. E. St. 
 Paul (Minn.). P. <iooo. 
 
 Baldwin-Brightwell, par. and vil., Eng., Oxfordshire, 
 Henley div., 12 m. SE. Oxford, 2^ m. W. Watlington stn. P. 
 <25o. 
 
 Baldwin City, city, U.S., Kansas, Douglas co., 30 m. SE. 
 byE. Topeka. Alt. 1046 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Baldwins, settlement, Queensland, Belmore co., 315 m. 
 WSW. Brisbane. 
 
 Baldwinstown, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Dublin, bar. Bal- 
 rothery W., 10 m. S. Drogheda. P. <25o. 
 
 BaldwinSYille, vil., U.S., New York, Onondaga co. , on 
 Seneca R. , 11 m. NW. Syracuse by rail; a branch of the 
 Oswego Canal runs to B. P. < 4000. 
 
 Baldy, mt. , U.S., New Mexico, co. and 14 m. NE. by E. 
 Santa F6. Alt. 12,661 ft. (Wheeler). 
 
 Bale, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 14 m. W. by S. Cromer, 
 i,\ m. E. by S. Walsingham stn., P.O. P. <250. See Gun- 
 tliorpe. 
 
 Bale, tn., Switzd. See Basel. 
 
 Balearic Isles, Spanish Baleares, a group of five islands in 
 
 105 
 
BALE 
 
 BALK 
 
 ihe Mediterranean, consisting of Majorca, Minorca, Iviza, For- 
 mentera, and Cabrera, and forming an administrative prov. of 
 Spain, cap. Palma. Climate temperate and healthy rpalma], 
 soil fertile. The salt-pans of Iviza and Formentera are among 
 the most important of Spain. The lighthouses of the islands 
 are models of their kind. Submarine telegraph cables connect 
 the group with the mainland. The name, meaning ' slingers' 
 islands,' and having reference to the skill of the inhabitants in 
 the use of the sling, is said by Egli to be of Phoenician or Car- 
 thaginian origin. It v^as originally applied only to the two 
 larger islands. The inhabitants long remained independent. 
 The islands came under the rule of Rome in 123 B.C. From 
 798 to 1238 they were under Arab rule, and for some time seat 
 of a separate sultanate. In 1238 Majorca was conquered by 
 the King of Aragon, and made the seat of an independent king- 
 dom, which subsequently included the other islands, and which 
 in 1343 was reannexed to Aragon, and under Charles V. was 
 made part of the Spanish monarchy. See Spain, table, and 
 the articles on the separate islands. 
 
 Baledore, vil., Canada, Ontario, Bruce co., on Lake Huron, 
 66 m. W. by S. Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Baledore Bay, Canada, Ontario, Bruce co., on Lake Huron, 
 just S. of 44|° N. 
 
 Balelra, comm., Spain, prov. Lugo, dist. Fonsagrada. P. 
 <:400o. 
 
 Balen, vil., Switzd. , cant. Valais, 11 m. SSW. Brieg. P. < 
 20CO. 
 
 Balerna, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Ticino, 5 m. NW. by W. Como. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Balerno, vil., Scot., Midlothian, on the C. R. , 7J m. SW. 
 by W. Edinburgh, PMT.O. P. <:750. 
 
 Balesford, settlement, Victoria, Grant co. , 5 m. NW. 
 Geelong. 
 
 Balesbare, or Balisbare, isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, off the 
 W. ct. of N. Uist, P.O. P. (B. and lUeray) 318. 
 
 Baleswar (' Lord of Strength'), ri v., India. See Haring- 
 bdta. 
 
 Balfeagban, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Deece, Upper; 
 1617 ac. P. <;25o. 
 
 Balfour ('cold dwelling'), hamlet, Scot., Orkney, 5 m. 
 NE. Kirkwall, with PM.O. Alt. 130 ft.; mean temp. (15 yrs., 
 i86i-7s), yr. 46.7° F., Jan. 37°, July 58.5°. 
 
 Ballrou, par. and vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, 10^ m. ENE. of 
 the foot of Loch Lomond, i| m. E. of its stn. on the N. B. R. , 
 PMT.O. Par. 7820 ac, P.-C1500; vil. P,<iooo. 
 Bain'nsb, Persia. See Barfrnsb. 
 
 Balgaon Jaglr, tn., India, Berar, dist. Amraoti. P. 5900; 
 Hindus, 5200. 
 
 Balgouie, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the 
 C. P. R. , 341 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Balgonle, Coalton of, vil. , Scot. , Fifeshire, Markinch par. , 
 9i m. SSW. Cupar, P.O. (Coaltown). P. <:750. 
 
 Balgonle, Milton of, vil., Scot., Fifeshire, Markinch par., 
 9 m. SSW. Cupar, PT.O. P.<:50o. 
 
 Balgowan, settlement, S. Australia, Fergusson co., 75 m. 
 NW. by W. Adelaide. 
 
 Balgo>ran, stn. , Scot. , on the borders of E. and W. Perth- 
 shire, on the C. R., 8 m. E. Crieff. 
 
 Balgo>rn, small bay, Scot., Wigtownshire, on the W. shore 
 of Luce Bay, 9^ m. SE. Portpatrick. 
 
 Balgray, hamlet, Scot., Forfarshire, 5 m. N. Dundee, 3 m. 
 NE. Baldragon stn. 
 
 Balgray Reservoir, Scot., Renfrewshire, in the S. , 4^ m. 
 SSE. Paisley. 
 
 Balgrlffln, par. and tnld.. Ire., E. co. Dublin, bar. Coolock, 
 6 m. NE. Dublin, on the Dublin and Drogheda Rly. Par. 1053 
 ac, P. <:5oo; tnld. P. <25o. 
 
 B albam, a suburb of London, Eng., Surrey, Wandsworth 
 bor., 5 m. SSW. St. Paul's, London, on the L. B. & S. C. R. 
 (B. and Upper Tooting stn.). 
 
 Balhanna, post-tn. and rly. stn., S. Australia, Adelaide co., 
 14 m. ESE. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bali, Bally, or Little Java, an is1. of the Asiatic archi- 
 pelago, E. of Java, from which it is separated by B. Strait (at 
 Its narrowest 3 m. wide). Island 70 m. long by 35 m. in breadth. 
 With Lombok, from which it is separated by the deep Lombok 
 Strait [Eastern Arcblpelago], it forms a residency of the 
 Dutch East Indies {q.v. ). Two mountain chains traverse it from 
 E. to W. Culminating point, the volcano of Gunung Agnng, 
 11,400 ft. Island abundantly supplied with water from numer- 
 ous large rivers and lakes. Exports, rice, cotton, coffee, tobacco, 
 hides, oil , edible birds'-nests, catechu, &c. The people are said to 
 be adherents of Hinduism, and they have certamlysome Hindu 
 institutions and practices, such as the caste-system and the burn- 
 ing of widows (rare), but otherwise there are few traces of that 
 religion. Principal tovwis, Badong in the S., Billing or Beliling, 
 the chief seaport and seat of the Dutch resident in the N., and 
 Karang-Assam on E. coast. 
 
 Ball, stn., far in the interior of the Kamerun Terr., Ger. W. 
 Africa, in about 6° 10' N. , 9° 5' E. 
 106 
 
 Bsili, or Bally (census), tn. , Brit. India, Hugh dist., on r. 
 bk. Hiigli, 4 m. N. HowTah. P. 16,700 ; Hindus, 14,900. 
 
 Balicnatro, cape in NW. of Samar I., Philippines, 12° 33' 
 N., 124° 15' E. , also small island a few miles to E. 
 
 Ballef, place. Ire. , co. Kilkenny, 3 m. from Johnstown, P.O. 
 
 Bs^liganj, or Ballygnnge, SE. suburb of Calcutta, India. 
 
 Ballbri, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., Jabalpur dist., in 
 33° 48' N. and 80° 19' E. Anciently a flourishing city, 24 
 m. in circumference, on the main line of communication be- 
 tween the valleys of the Ganges and the Narbadd, containing 
 hundreds of temples, to which pilgrims flocked from all parts 
 of India, P. -e 3000. 
 
 Ballkesrl, Balak-blssar, or Baltk-sbebr, tn., in the NW. 
 of Asia Minor, 75 m. WSW. Brussa, cap. sanjak, in a fertile 
 plain. P. 13,000. 
 
 Ballmba-a-Yem, vil. , German W. Africa, on the 1. bk. of 
 the S. branch of the Edea, in 3° 36' N. , 9° 45' E. 
 
 Ballngcn, or Balilli^en, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 20 
 m. SW. by S. Tiibingen. P. < 4000. 
 
 Ballntore, fishing vil. , Scot. , Forfarshire, 22 m. S. Crathie, 
 P.O. P.-csoo. 
 
 Ballqiiatro. See Balicnatro. 
 
 Ballra, torrent, Pyrenees Mts., after watering the Republic 
 of Andorra enters the S^gre R., at a short distance from S60 
 de Urge). 
 
 Balls, tn., Syria, on the r. bk. of the Euphrates, 53 m. E. by 
 S. Aleppo, with extensive ruins. It has been suggested as the 
 starting-point of a railway to the Mediterranean. 
 
 Balise, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Humansdorp, on the 
 S. ct., 55 m. W. by S. Port Elizabeth. 
 
 Ballsiiare, isl. , Scot. See Balesbare. 
 
 Balize, Brit. Honduras. See Belize. 
 
 Ballze, pilot stn., U.S. See Belize. 
 
 Balje, comm., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 30 m. NE. Bremer- 
 haven, 2 m. S. of the Elbe. P. < 3000. 
 
 Baljnan, tn., central Asia, khanate and 300 m. ESE. of 
 Bukhara, on Kichi-Siu-khab, trib. of Ak-su, which flows into the 
 Amu. Alt. 2720 ft. 
 
 Balk, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton 
 div., 12 m. NE. by E. Ripon, 3 m. E. by S. Thirsk. P. <:250. 
 
 Balkan, Turkish, 'mountains.' 
 
 Balkan Monntalns, ancient HcBmus, a name applied at one 
 time, when the orography of the easternmost of the great 
 Mediterranean penin. of Europe was even less known than it 
 now is, in a rather loose way to a great assemblage of moun- 
 tains in the N. of that penin. , now confined to a range stretch- 
 mg E. and W. for the most part on the frontier of Bulgaria and 
 Eastern Roumeh'a, then curving north-westwards through the W. 
 of Bulgaria and on the Servian frontier, and terminating in the 
 Danube to the E. of the valley of the Timok. The whole range 
 is called in Turkish Kodza (Koja) B. , and in Servian Stara 
 Planina, both names meaning 'old mountain,' though these 
 names are sometimes restricted on maps to certain portions of 
 the chain, the name KodJa B. being confined to the highest 
 part of the chain, between about 23^° and 25!° E. , and that of 
 Stara Planina to the part lying to the W. of the narrow and 
 tortuous defile of the Isker, the only river that crosses these 
 mountains. Different portions of the chain are sometimes also 
 distinguished by names belonging to towns in their neighbour- 
 hood, such as the Etropol B., NE. of Sofia and S. of Etropolje, 
 the Kamabat B., N. of Karnabat, and the Emine B. (in which 
 name some recognised the ancient HcBmus), the low range in 
 the E. stretching W. from Emine. The highest peak is the 
 JumrukCal (7790 ft.), N. by E. of Philippopolis ; the next in 
 height are Kadimlja (7475 ft.), to the E., and VeSen (7215 ft.), 
 to the W. of JumrukCal, and Mid2ur (7105 ft.), on the Servian 
 frontier, N. by E. of Pirot. The B. in their highest parts slope 
 down for the most part very steeply to plains in the S. , but on 
 the N. they present a succession of terraces with easy slopes, 
 vine-clad near the base, bearing forests higher up, and still 
 higher covered with pastures, and intersected by numerous 
 tribs. of the Danube, flowing through narrow defiles, leading up 
 to mountain passes. The passes are for the most part merely 
 baggage-tracks for animals. The principal pass-roads in the 
 order from W. to E. are (i) across the Sveti Nikolaja Pass (4505 
 ft.), on the road from Lom Palanka on the Danube to the 
 Nishava valley in Servia; (2) the Ginci Pass (4730 ft.), in the 
 W. of Bulgaria, on the road from Lom Palanka to Sofia ; (3) 
 the road following the narrow and tortuous defile of the Isker from 
 Sofia north-eastwards ; (4) the Baba-Konak Pass (3240 ft.), on 
 the road leading first eastwards from Sofia, then N. to Orchanie, 
 and thence NE. to Plevna; and (5) the Sipka (Shipka) Pass 
 (4370 ft.), on the road from Kezanlik to Tmova. Other less 
 important passes are the Trojan Pass (3445 ft.), to the W. , and 
 the Rosalita Pass (6155 ft), to the E. oif the JumrukCal, both on 
 routes from Plevna to Philippopolis ; the Haiduci Cokar Pass 
 (3600 ft.), to the W. of Sliven ; the Demir Kapu, or Iron Gate 
 (3600 ft.), further E., but still a little to the W. of Siiven ; and 
 the Karnabat or Dobral Pass (2735 ft.), SE. of Sumla(Shumla). 
 
BALK 
 
 BALL 
 
 Still further E. the mountains are nowhere of great altitude. No 
 railways as yet cross the B. Mts. , and tlie steepness of the 
 southern slopes and the narrowness of the Isl^er defile place 
 difficulties in the way of their construction in the regions where 
 improved means of communication could be of most importance. 
 Railways connecting Plevna with Sofia, and Trnova with Nova 
 Zagora (Yeni Zagra) are, however, projected. Geologically the 
 higher parts of the B. Mts. have a core of granite, gneiss, and 
 metamorphic rocks. Triassic strata also abound, succeeded by 
 Cretaceous in the N. and E. , and Jurassic in the NW. See 
 also Cerna-gora and Sredna-gora. 
 
 Balkan Peninsula, the name commonly applied to the 
 easternmost of the tliree great Mediterranean penins. of Europe, 
 between the Adriatic and the Black and .(Egean Seas, now 
 divided among various powers. See Dalmatia, Bosnia and 
 Herzegovina, Serrla, Roumaula, Bulgaria, Eastern Rou> 
 niclia, Turkey-in-Europc, and Greece. 
 
 Balkli, a prov. of central Asia, the ancient kingdom of 
 Bactria, noted for its fertility, even in its present state one of 
 the most productive tracts in Turkistdn, now subordinate to 
 Afghanistan, having N. the Oxus, E. Badakhshan, S. the 
 Hindu Kush Mts., and W. the desert. Climate very unhealthy. 
 Length, 250 m. ; breadth, 120 m. 
 
 Balkh (the ancient Bactra), city, Afghanistan, 86 m. E. by 
 S. Andkhui, now fallen to decay, with ruins extending a circuit 
 of about 20 m; New B. is open, with a central citadel at an 
 hour's journey N. from Old B. The road from B. to Kabul, 
 a thirteen days' march, leads over six highly difficult mountain 
 passes. P. 6000. 
 
 Balklian, or Balkan, Great and Little, two mountain 
 groups in the W. of the Russian Transcaspian Terr. , separated 
 by a sandy plain, through which runs the Transcaspian Rly. 
 Great B. (5450 ft.) to the N. of the line ; Little B. (2625 ft.) to 
 theS. 
 
 Balkliasb (Kirghiz, Ak-Denghlz, or Ala>Deuglilz), lake, 
 Russian Turkistan, 45°-47° N., 74°-78'' E. , separates prov. 
 Akmolinsk from Semiryechensk ; receives Hi R. and several 
 smaller streams from the Alatau Mts. The Lepsa, Ak-su, and 
 Karatal are lost in the marshes of its low SE. ct. Length, NE. 
 toSW.,280 m. ; breadth, 10-55 m.; depth, 50-135 ft.; alt. 900ft. 
 Surface frozen from November to the middle of April. In com- 
 paratively recent times it probably extended eastwards so as to in- 
 clude the present lakes Sassyk-kul and Ala-kul, and possibly even 
 Ebi-Nor, in one large freshwater or slightly brackish lake, and it 
 is still contracting, its level being lowered at the rate of about 3 
 ft. in 14 or 15 years. See Nature, xxxv. , p. 182, and xxxix. , p. 67. 
 
 Balkholme, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Hovvdenshire, 
 NE. Goole, I m. SW. by S. Eastrington stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Balking, or Baulking, par., Eng., Berkshire, Abingdon 
 div. , II m. ENE. Swindon, 3 m. SE. by S. Faringdon, \ m. 
 
 N. Uffinj -^ • - 
 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 N. Uffington stn. P. <:25o; eccles. par. (B. with Woolstone 
 
 by S. 
 . (B. ' 
 
 Balla, par. and tn., Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Clanmorris, 8 111. 
 SE. by E. Castlebar, on the Midland Great Western Rly., 
 PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. Par. 550930., P. < 1500; vil. P. < 500. 
 
 Ballaarat. See Ballarat. 
 
 Ballabeg, rly. stn.. Isle of Man, i m. NW. Castletown, on 
 the Isle of Man Rly., P.O. 
 
 Ballabgarli, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 23 m. S. bv 
 E. Delhi. P. 6000. 
 
 Ballal)unt, hamlet, Isle of Man, 2\ m. WNW. Douglas, \\ 
 m. S. Union Mills stn. 
 
 Ballacamane, hamlet. Isle of Man, 5 ni. NE. Peel, 2 m. 
 SW. Kirkmichael stn. 
 
 Ballachnllsb ('the dwelling on the narrow strait'), vil., 
 Scot., Argyllshire, on the S. shore of L. Leven, 8 m. NNW. of 
 the head of L. Etive, with slate quarries, PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ballacliulish, North, hamlet, on the opposite side of the 
 loch, in Inverness-shire, in the eccles. par. of B. and Ardgour. 
 P. (of par. )< 1000. 
 
 BallacoUa, place, Ire. See Bally colla. 
 
 Ballagli, electoral div., Ire., co. Clare, dist. Ennistimon. 
 
 Ballagli, electoral div.. Ire., co. Tyrone, dist. Fivemiletown. 
 
 Ballagli, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Roscommon, bar. Athlone, 8 m. 
 SE. by S. Roscommon. P. < 250. 
 
 Ballagli, vil., Ire., W. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower Kilna- 
 managh, b\ m. NW. Cashel, on the Great Southern and 
 Western Rly. , P. O. P. < 250. 
 
 Ballaghaderrecu, tn. , with rly. stn., Ire., E. co. Mayo, 
 bar. Costello, 20 m. W. by S. Carrick-on-Shannon. P. < 1500. 
 Market-day, F. 
 
 Ballagliameelian, electoral div., Ire., co. Leitrim, dist. 
 Lurganboy. 
 
 Ballagliassaan, electoral div. , Ire. , King's co. , dist. Eden- 
 derry. 
 
 Ballaglikeen, bar. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Wexford. 
 
 Ballaglimoon, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Kilkea and 
 Moone ; 2157 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballagbniore, Upper, tnld.. Ire., W. Queen's co., bar. 
 Clandonagh, 12^ m. SE. Parsonstown. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballaglinatrilllck, place. Ire., near Sligo, 4 m. from 
 Cliftoney, with P.O. 
 
 Ballagilley, hamlet, Isle of Man, 2^ m. S. by E. Ramsey. 
 
 Ballah, lake, south-easterly continuation of Lake Menzaleh, 
 to the E. of the Damietta branch of the Nile. 
 
 Ballaliig, hamlet, Isle of Man, 4 m. SE. by S. Peel, close to 
 Waterfall stn. 
 
 Ballaliot, hamlet, Isle of Man, z\ m. N. Castletown, i m. 
 NW. Ballasalla stn. 
 
 'Balla-L<)lieni, rly. stn. of Transcaspian Rly. , Russia, Trans- 
 caspian Terr. , 54 m. ESE. of Uzun-ade. 
 
 Ballaklnuag, hamlet. Isle of Man, on the NW. ct. , 7 m. W. 
 Ramsey, 2 m. N. Ballaugh stn. 
 
 Ballallan, vil. , Scot. , Ross and Cromarty. See Balallan. 
 
 Ballalgna, settlement, Queensland, Belmore co. , 250 m. W. 
 by S. Brisbane. 
 
 Ballamacskelly, hamlet, Isle of Man, 5 J m. NW. Ramsey. 
 
 Ballamauaiigli, hamlet. Isle of Man, 3I m. W. by S. 
 Ramsey, i m. S. Sulby Glen stn. 
 
 Ballandean, post-tn., Queensland, co. Bentinck, 221 m. 
 SW. Brisbane. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ballanagare, or Ballyiiagarliagh, hamlet. Ire., co. Mayo, 
 near Frenchpark, with P.O. 
 
 Ballaugelcli, Scot. See Stirling. 
 
 Ballangeicli, post-vil., Victoria, co. Villiers, 151 m. W. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ballanruan, P.O., Ire., co. Clare, 11 m. from Ennis. 
 
 Bailantrae, vil., Canada, Ontario, York co. , 26 m. N. by 
 E. Toronto. 
 
 Bailantrae ('the dwelling on the sea-shore'), ct. par. and 
 fishing-vil., Scot., Ayrshire, on B. Bay, 9 m. NE. by N. Corse- 
 wall Point, 9 m. W. Barrhill stn., PMT.O.; 33,561 ac. P. < 
 1500; vil. P. <75o. 
 
 Ballantyne, vil., Canada, Ontario, Frontenac co. , 9 m. NE. 
 Kingston. 
 
 Ballarat, or Ballaarat, tn. , Victoria, Grenville co. , 63 m. 
 WNW. Melbourne (74 m. by rail), composed of the two muni- 
 cipalities of B. and East B. , separated by the Yarrowee Creek. 
 It stands on the richest alluvial goldfields ever opened up, but 
 the yield of alluvial gold has greatly declined, and gold is now 
 chiefly obtained by quartz-crushing, which is also becoming less 
 productive. There are iron foundries, woollen mills, and other 
 factories. Alt. 1438 ft. ; mean temp., yr. 55.2° F. , Jan. 66.7°, 
 July 43.5°; rainfall (17 yrs.), 27 in. P. (1871)38,200; East B., 
 16,000; (1891)24,300; East B. , 16,600. 
 
 Ballard, co., U.S., Kentucky, on R. Ohio, crossed by 89° W. 
 
 Ballard, tn., U.S., Washington, King co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ballard, Cape, Newfoundland, E. ct., in 46° 44' N. 
 
 Ballard Bay, Ire., in the SW. of co. Clare, about 52° 43' N. 
 
 Ballarheiuiy, hamlet, Isle of Man, 7^ m. NE. Peel, i m. N. 
 Kirkmichael stn. 
 
 Ballasalla, vil.. Isle of Man, 2^ m. N. by E. Castletown, on 
 the Isle of Man Rly., PMT.O. 
 
 Ballas liongh, a small lake. Ire. , S. King's co. , bar. Bally- 
 boy, 5 m. SW. TuUamoie. 
 
 Ballater ('the town on the sloping hill'), vil., Scot., W. 
 Aberdeenshire, on the 1. bk. of the Dee, 6| m. E. Crathie, on the 
 Deeside Rly., a favourite summer resort on account of its 
 bracing air. Alt. 670 ft. ; mean temp. 44.6° F. ; mean rainfall, 
 33.4 in. PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ballaugh, par. and viL, Isle of Man, 6| m. W. by S. 
 Ramsey, on the Manx Northern Rly. , PMT. O. Par. 6086 ac. , 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Bailee, or Bally, par.. Ire., SE. co. Down, bar. Lower 
 Lecale, 3 m. SE. Downpatrick, P.O. ; 5716 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Balleen, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, Galmoy bar., 3 m. NW. 
 Freshford, with the ruins of B. Castle, principal stronghold of 
 the Earls of Ormond ; 2559 ac. P. <500. 
 
 Ballelln, hamlet. Isle of Man, 5 m. S. by E. Ramsey. 
 
 Ballenas, Bahla de ('whale bay'), bay, Mexico, Lower 
 California, on the W. ct. , in 26° 55' N. 
 
 Ballenas Channel. See Angel de la Guarda. 
 
 Ballcnclench Law, hill, Scot., S. Lanarkshire, 9 m. W. 
 Moffat. Alt. 2267 ft. 
 
 Ballengara, settlement. New South Wales, Macquarie co. , 
 105 m. E. by S. Tamworth. 
 
 Ballenstedt, tn., Ger. , duchy Anhalt, 14 m. SE. by S. 
 Halberstadt, cap. of circle B. , which has mines of argentiferous 
 lead, iron ore, and iron pyrites. P. < 5000. 
 
 Balleny, group of five small volcanic islands in the Antarctic 
 Ocean, discovered by the whaler Balleny in 1839, almost under 
 the polar circle and in the meridian of New Zealand. 
 
 Balleroy, tn., France, dep. Calvados, arr. and 10 m. SW. 
 Bayeux, with lace and tulle manufactures and iron-works. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Balleshare, isl. , W. ct. , Scot. See Baleshare. 
 
 Ballesta Islands, a group of small isls., Peru, in about 
 
 13° 45' s. 
 
 Ballestero, comm., Spain, prov. Albacete, 36 m. W. by S. 
 Albacete. P. < 2000. 
 
 107 
 
BALL 
 
 Ballla, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., cap. of dist. B., 70 m. 
 ENE. Benares ; great bathing fair held here in Nov., attended 
 by from 200,000 to 400,000 people. P. (1891) 16,400. 
 
 BaUlckmoyler, tn.. Ire., SE. Queen's cc, bar. Slievemargy, 
 4^ m. NW. Carlow, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Ballldon, par., En?., Derbyshire, W. div., 7 m. SW. by 
 W. Matlock, 5 m. NNE. Ashbourne stn. P. <25o. See 
 Bradbonrne. 
 
 Ballig, hamlet, Isle of Man, on the Neb, 3 m. SE. by E. 
 Peel, close to St. John's stn. 
 
 Ballllogae, tnld. , Ire., E. co. Kilkenny, bar. Ida, 3 m. 
 NNW. New Ross. P.<25o. 
 
 Ballin. See Bal. 
 
 Ballina. For places in Ireland beginning with this prefix 
 see also under Ballyna. 
 
 Ballina, market and seapt. tn.. Ire., N. co. Mayo, bar. 
 Tirawley, on the Moy, which is navigable to within i m. of the 
 town, 17! m. N. by E. Castlebar. Important salmon-fishery. 
 The harbour is 16 ft. deep (13 ft. at the quays) at high 
 water in ordinary spring tides. This town was laken by the 
 French when they landed in Killala in 1798. PMT.O. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Ballina, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, dist. Portroe. 
 
 Ballina, seapt.. New South Wales, Rous co., 65 m. NE. by 
 N. Grafton, in 28^ 50' S. P. 2000. 
 
 BalUnaboy, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bars. Cork, Kerrycurrihy, 
 Kinalea, and Muskerry E., 7 m. SW. Cork ; 7970 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Ballinabrackey, place. Ire., co. Westmeath, 8 m. from 
 Killucan, with P.O. 
 
 Ballluararrig, par., Ire., co. and bar. Carlow, 2^ m. SE. 
 Carlow; 2605 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Balllnaclasli, vil.. Ire., SE. co. Wicklow, bar. Ballinacor 
 S., 9 m. NW. by N. Arklow, on R. Avonbeg, 2J m. SW. 
 Rathdrum stn., P.O. 
 
 Ballinacor, par. and tnld., Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. B. South, 
 13 m. W. by S. Wicklow. Par. 17,451 ac. , P. <5oo. 
 
 Ballinacor, Nortb and South, two bars. , Ire. , in the Mid and 
 S. of CO. Wicklow. 
 
 Ballinacnrra, iiamlet. Ire., co. Cork. See Ballynacorra. 
 
 Balllnadee, par. and tnld.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bars. E. Car- 
 bery, E. div., and Muskerry, West, 4J m. W. Kinsale, P.O. 
 Par. 8334 ac, P. < 1500; tnld. P.<25o. 
 
 Ballinafad, posi-vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Welling[ton, 6 
 m. from Georgetown. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ballinafad, electoral div., Ire., co. Mayo, dist. Balla. 
 
 Ballinafad. vil.. Ire., SE. co. SUgo, bar. Tirerril, 18 m. SSE. 
 Sligo, P.O. P.<250. 
 
 Balliiiafid,P. O. , Ire. , near Mullingar, 2 m. from Multifamham. 
 
 Ballinagli, place, Ire., co. Cavan. See Bellauanagli. 
 
 Balliiiaglera, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Dowra (Cavan). 
 
 Balliiiagrce, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 6 m. from Macroom. 
 
 BaUiiialicKlista, P.O. Ire., 9 m. from Roscommon. 
 
 Balllnabowen, place. Ire. See Ballynabown Court. 
 
 Ballinaklll, small tn.. Ire., S. Queen's co. , bar. CuUenagh, 
 II m. S. Maryborough, PMT.O. P. <:750. 
 
 Balllnalack, tn.. Ire., NW. co. Westmeath, bar. Corkaree, 
 
 9 111. XW. by N. Mullingar, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballinalee, viL, Ire., NW. co. Longford, bar. Granard, 
 7 m. XE. by E. Longford, PMT.O. 
 
 BaUlnamallagbt, place. Ire., 7 m. from Clady, with P.O. 
 
 Ballinamallard, stn. , Ire. See Bellananiallard. 
 
 BallLuamara, or BaUynemara, par., Ire., NW. co. Kil- 
 kenny, bar. Crannagh, 6 m. WNW. Kilkenny. P. <500. 
 
 Ballinameen, place. Ire., N. co. Roscommon, bar. French- 
 park, 9 m. WSW. Carrick-on-Shannon, with P.O. 
 
 Ballinameesda, tn. , Ire. See Kilbride. 
 
 Balliuaniore, P.O., Ire., co Donegal, 13 m. from Glenties. 
 
 Ballinamore, market-tn.. Ire., SE. co. Leitrim, bar. Cari- 
 gallen, it m. ENE. Leitrim, on the Erne and Shannon June. 
 Canal, PMT. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Balllnamore, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Kiltamagh. 
 
 Ballinamore Bridge, Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Killian, 
 20 m. E. Tuam, P.O. 
 
 Ballinamnck, East and West, two electoral divs.. Ire., co. 
 Longford, dist. Drumlish. 
 
 Balllnaninck, place. Ire., N. co. Longford, bar. Longford, 
 
 10 m. NNE. Longford, with P.O. 
 
 Ballinard, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Smallcovmty, 5 m. 
 NE. Bruff; 1441 ac. P. <;500. 
 
 Ballinascarty, vil., Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. E. Carbery, E. 
 div., 7 m. SW. Bandon, on Cork and Skibbereen Rly., P.O. 
 
 Balllnasloe, market-tn.. Ire., E. co. Gaiway, bar. Clonmac- 
 nowen, on the Suck, i2i m. SW. by W. Atlilone, on tiie Midland 
 Great Western Rly., terminus of the Grand Canal. A great 
 sheep, cattle, and horse fair, lasting five days, is held here 
 annually, beginning on the first Tuesday in October, PMT.O. 
 Market-days, W. and S. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Balllnastack, electoral div.. Ire., co. Galway, disc Williams- 
 town. 
 
 108 
 
 Ballinrhalla, par.. Ire., cos. Galway and Mayo, bars. 
 Kilmaine and Ross, near Ballinrobe; 11,546 ac. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Ballinclogber, or Ballincloher, electoral div., Ire., co. 
 Kerry, 9^ m. SW. by W'. Listowel. 
 
 Ballincolllg, tn. , Ire. , S. co. Cork, bar. Muskerry E. , 5 m. 
 W. Cork, on the r. bk. of the Lee, and on the Cork and 
 Macroom Rly., PMT.O. Market-day, W. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ballincor, electoral div. , Ire. , King's co. , dist. Shinrone. 
 
 Ballincreagb, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny, dist. Kil- 
 makevoge. 
 
 Ballincnrrig, tnld., Ire., SE., co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 10 
 m. XXE. Queenstown, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ballincnrry, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Ballingarry (Tipperary). 
 
 Ballincn^lane, or Ballycnslane, par. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bar. 
 Trughanacmy, 10 m. NE. Killarney ; 39,737 ac. P. <4000. 
 
 Ballindaggan, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Wexford, 6 m. NW. 
 Enniscorthy. 
 
 Ballindalloch, hamlet, Scot., Banffshire, 16 m. S. by W. 
 Elgin, on the G. N. of S. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Ballindangan, tnld., Ire., NE. co. Cork, bar. Fermoy, ^\ 
 m. NNW. Fermoy. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballindarra, place. Ire. , co. Fermanagh, 3 m. from Lisna- 
 skea, P.O. 
 
 Balllnderry, par. and tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Antrim, bar. 
 Upper Massereene, 6^ m. XE. by N. Lurgan, on the G. N. R., 
 P.O. Par. 10,895 ac, P. < 2500; tnld. P. <5oo. 
 
 Balllnderry, Tpper, vil., 2m. E. Ballinderry,co. Antrim, P.O. 
 
 Balllnderry, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Tuam. 
 
 Balllnderry, par. and hamlet,. Ire., cos. Londonderry and 
 Tyrone, bars. Loughinsholin and Dimgannon, Upper, near 
 Cookstown, with P.O. (B. Bridge). Par. 4922 ac, P. < 2000. 
 
 Balllnderry, place. Ire., N. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower 
 Orniond, 13^ m. WSW. Parsonstown, with P.O. 
 
 Balllnderry, electoral div.. Ire., co. and 10 m. WSW. 
 Wicklow, bar. Ballinacor, North. 
 
 Balliuderry, riv., Ire., co. Tyrone, flows E. into Lough 
 Neagh, forming in its lower part the boundary between cos. 
 Tyrone and Londonderry. 
 
 Balllndine, tn. , Ire. , SE. co. Mayo, bar. Clanmorris, 18 m. 
 SE. Castlebar, PMT.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Balllngdoo, PM.O., Ire., co. Mayo. See Doocastle. 
 
 Ballindooly, tnld. , Ire. , N. co. Galway, bar. Galway, 3J ra. 
 NE. Galway. P. <250. 
 
 Ballindoon, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Ballynahinch, near 
 Clifden ; 20,033 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ballindooii, hamlet. Ire., co. Sligo, bar. Tirerril, 7 m. from 
 Boyle, with P.O. 
 
 Ballindrait, tn., Ire., E. co. Donegal, bar. Raphoe, 2 m. 
 WNW. Lifford, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Balllnduff, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Headford. 
 
 BalUuea, PM.O., Ire., co. Westmeath, 4 m. from Mullingar. 
 
 Balllneen and Ennlskean, stn. , Ire. See Ballyneen. 
 
 Balliufnll, place, Ire., NE. co. Sligo, bar. Carbury, 8 m. 
 NW. Sligo, with PM.O. 
 
 Ballingaddy, par. , Ire. , co. Limerick, bar. Cosblea, 3 m. S, 
 Kilmallock ; 5998 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ballingarrane, tnld. , Ire. , co. Limerick. See Balllngrane. 
 
 Ballingarry, par. and tn.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Upper 
 Connello, i6| m. SW. Limerick, PMT.O. Par. 17,732 ac, 
 P. <30oo; tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Ballingarry, par. and tnld.. Ire., N. co. Tipperary, bar. 
 Lower Ormond, 7 m. SW. by S. Parsonstown, PMT.O. Par. 
 6683 ac, P. <;75o; tnld. P. <;25o. 
 
 Ballingarry, par. and tnld. , Ire. , co. Limerick, bar. Cosh- 
 lea, 8 m. E. Kilmallock; 6113 ac. P.<:i5oo; tnld. P.<25o. 
 
 Ballingarry, par. and tn. , Ire., E. co. Tipperary, bar. 
 Slieveardagh, 13 m. ESE. Thurles, P.O. Par. 13,714 ac, P. < 
 2500; tn. P. <500. 
 
 Ballingate, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Wicklow, dist. Coolattin 
 and Clonegall. 
 
 Ballingdon, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury Union. P. <7so. 
 See Sudbury. 
 
 Balllngeary, P.O., Ire., S. co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 
 81 m. SSE. Cashel. 
 
 Ballingliam, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , 5 m. SE. 
 Hereford, 3 m. SE. Holm Lacey stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (B. with Bolstone) P. <250. 
 
 Ballinglen, stn. , Ire., co. Wicklow, 3m. NE. Tinahely, P.O. 
 
 Ballingleu, riv. , Ire. , Mayo, flows into Bunatrahir Bay. 
 
 Ballingly, par., Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Shelmaliere W., 
 12 m. SW. Wexford ; 765 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballingrane, or Ballingarrane, tnld. , Ire. , N. co. Limerick, 
 bar. Lower Connello, 15I m. SW. by W. Limerick, at the 
 junction of the Limerick and Foynes and the Rathkeale and 
 Newcastle Junction Rlys. , P. O. P. < 250. 
 
 Ballingry, par. and hamlet, Scot., Fife, 8 m. NW. by 
 W. Kirkcaldy, 2 m. NNW. Lochgelly stn. Par. 4621 ac, 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 Balliiigiiile, electoral div.. Ire., co. Wicklow, dist. Kiltegan. 
 
 Balliugnrteen, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cork, dist. Ballineen. 
 
BALL 
 
 Ballinhasslg, stn. , Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Kerrycurrihy, lo 
 m. WSW. Queenstown, with P.O. 
 
 Ballinkilliii, tnld.. Ire., S. co. Carlow, bar. Idrone, E., 
 135 m. E. Kilkenny, 3 m. N. Borris stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballinlceny, place, Ire. ,S. co. Limerick, bar. Upper Con- 
 nello, 152 m. SSW. Limerick, with P.O. 
 
 Ballliiiciia, tnld.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, on W. 
 shore of Killala Bay, iij m. N. by W. Ballina. P. <25o. 
 
 Balliiilougta, par., Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Smallcounty, 3 
 m. SW. Pallas-Grean ; 2340 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Balllnlougb, tnld.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Ratoath, 7 m. 
 from Oldcastle, with P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 BallliQongli, tn., Ire., NW. co. Roscommon, bar. Castle- 
 reagh, 20 m. WNW. Roscommon, PMT.O. Market-day. F. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Ballliilongb, electoral div. , Ire., co. Westmeath, dist. Clon- 
 melon. 
 
 BalUnlnig, vil. and rly. junc. , Scot. , in the NE. of W. 
 Perthshire, on the 1. bk. of the Tummel, 7 m. NW. by W. 
 Dunkeld, on the H. R., PMT.O. 
 
 BalUuode, P.O., Ire. See Bellanode. 
 
 Balliuree, tnld.. Ire., S. co. Carlow, bar. Idrone E., 16 
 m. E. Kilkenny. P. <250. 
 
 Balllurobe, par. and market-tn.. Ire., cos. Galway and Mayo, 
 17 m. SE. by E. Westport, PMT.O. Par. 21,203 ^c., P. 6000; 
 tn. P. < 2000. 
 
 Balliuskelllgs, tnld.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Iveragh, on B. 
 Bay, which has the E. ends of two submarine cables, one to 
 Tor Bay, and the other to Dover Bay, Nova Scotia, PM.O. 
 P.<50o'. 
 
 Balllnsplttle, tn.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Courceys, 4 m. SW. 
 Kinsale, PM.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Balllnlaylor, hamlet. Ire., co. Waterford, 6 m. from Dun- 
 garvan, with P.O. 
 
 Balllutemple, electoral div.. Ire., co. Carlow, dist. Tullovv, 
 
 Balllutemple, par. and tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Cavan, bar. 
 ClanmahoB, 6^ m. S. by W. Cavan. Par. 10,637 ac, P. 3000. 
 
 Balllntemple, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Oranmore. 
 
 Ballintcmple, tn.. Ire., co. and 2 m. E. Cork. P. <5oo. 
 
 BaUlutcniple, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 7 m. SE. 
 Micidleton ; 2659 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Balllutemple, hamlet. Ire. , co. Londonderry, 2 m. from 
 Garvagh, P.O. 
 
 Balllutemple, par.. Ire., SW. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower 
 Kilnamanagh, 6J m. NE. Tipperary; 4207 ac. P. <;500. 
 
 Ballintemplc, par.. Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. and 5 m. NW. 
 Arklow ; 4094 ac. P. <.75o. 
 
 Balliutober, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Limerick, dist. Broadford. 
 
 Balllutober, par.. Ire., NW. co. Roscommon, bar. Castle- 
 reagh, 11 m. NW. Roscommon, with P.O. (Ballliitubber) ; 
 6351 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Balllutober, par.. Ire., S. co. Mayo, bar. Carra, 6 m. S. 
 Casilebar, with P.O. (Balllntnbber) ; 21,886 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Balllutober, Nortb, bar.. Ire., co. Roscommon, bordering 
 on cos. Leitrim and Longford. 
 
 Balllutober, Sontli, bar., Ire., in the E. of co. Roscommon. 
 
 Balliutogbcr, tn. , Ire., NE. co. Sligo, bar. Tirerrill, 7 m. 
 SSE. Sligo, on the Sligo, Leitrim, and Northern Counties Rly., 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Balllutogber, East and West, two electoral divs. , Ire. , co. 
 Sligo, dist. CoUooney. 
 
 BalUntore, vil., Scot., Ross and Cromarty, Fearn par. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Balliutoy, ct. par. and tn., Ire., N. ct., co. Antrim, bar. 
 Cary, 12 m. E. by N. Portrush, with beds of alum-clay, PMT.O. 
 Par. 12,757 ac, P.<3ooo; tn. P.<25o. 
 
 Balllutra ('the town on the strand"), tn. , Ire., S. co. Done- 
 gal, bar. Tirhugh, 5 m. S. Donegal, PMT.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Balllutrae, par., Scot. See Ballautrae. 
 
 Balllutiibber, pars. See Balllutober. 
 
 Balliutubbert, tnld.. Ire., E. Queen's co., bar. Ballyadams, 
 4 m. W. Athy, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 BalllutaiJU, vil., Scot., Inverness-shire, 26 m. S. by E. 
 Forres, and 5 m. SE. by E. Nethybridge stn., PT.O. 
 
 Balllniire, tnld.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Slieveardagh, 
 6| m. NE. Cashel. P.<25o. 
 
 BalUuvober, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 13 m. 
 SW. Tralee ; 16,661 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ballluvoucar, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 4 m. from Buttevant. 
 
 BalUol Road, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Bootle div., on the 
 Alexandra Dock (Liverpool) branch of the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Balllsk, tn., Ire., NE. co. Dublin, bar. Nether Cross, 11^ 
 m. NNE. Dublin, on the Dublin and Drogheda Rly. P. <25o. 
 
 Balllsodare, tnld. , Ire. See Ballysadare. 
 
 Ballltore, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Kildare, bar. Narragh and 
 Reban E., 7 m. ENE. Athy, 2 m. W. CoUinstown stn., 
 PMT.O. (Ballytore). P.<5oo. 
 
 BalUvor, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Meath, bar. Lune, yh m. 
 WSW. Trim, P.O. P.<250. 
 
 Ballmat-lellau, par. , Scot. See Balmaclellau. 
 
 Ballocb, vil., Scot., at the foot of Loch Lomond, on the 
 N. B. R. , CO. and 4^ m. N. by W. Dumbarton, PM.O. 
 
 Ballocb ('a pass"), Scot., Inverness-shire, 4 m. E. by N. 
 Inverness, and near Culloden stn. Alt. 94 ft. Mean temp. 
 (2 yrs.), yr. 47.8° F., Jan. 38.5°, July 59.3°. 
 
 Ballocbbule Forest, Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, about 4 m. 
 SW. by W. Crathie. 
 
 Ballon, par. and tn.. Ire., E. co. Carlow, bar. Forth, gh m. 
 SE. Carlow, 4^ m. SSW. Tullow, P.O. Par. 3697 ac, P. 
 <;7So ; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballon d' Alsace, and B. de Gnebwlller. See Vo.sges. 
 
 Balloolymore, tnld.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Iveagh Upper, 
 Lower Half, Garvahy par. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballongbter, electoral div., Ire. , co. Wexford, dist. Camolin. 
 
 Ballsbrldge, tnld. , Ire. , co. and bar. Dublin, now included 
 in Pembroke tp. 
 
 Ball's Cross, P.O., Eng., Sussex, 3 m. from Petworth. 
 
 Ballsmlll, place. Ire., co. Armagh, near Forkhill, with P.O. 
 
 Ball's Pond (St. Paul), eccles. par., Eng., London. See 
 Islington. 
 
 BaUstonSpa,vil., U.S., New York, Saratoga co., 22 m. NW. 
 by N. Troy, with acidulous chalybeate springs. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Ballston, settlement, U.S., Oregon, Polk co., 40 m. SW. 
 by S. Portland. 
 
 BallSYllie, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Haldimand co. , 
 22 m. SSW. Hamilton. 
 
 Bally, Bal, Celtic, ' a dwelling.' See Bal. 
 
 Bally, isl. , Asiatic Archipelago. See Ball. 
 
 Bally, tn. , India. See BAll. 
 
 Bally, par. , Ire. See Bailee. 
 
 Ballyadams, bar. , Ire. , in the E. of Queen's co. 
 
 Ballyadams, par., Ire., Queen's co., bars. B. and Strad- 
 bally, 3 m. W. Athy ; 6898 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Ballyagbrau, par.. Ire, co. Londonderry, bar. ami 3 m. 
 NW. Coleraine ; 3893 ac. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Ballyagraii, tnld. , Ire. , S. co. Limerick, bar. Upper Con- 
 nello, 19 m. SSW. Limerick, P.O.; 321 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballyalinau, electoral div.. Ire., co. Limerick, dist. Rath- 
 keale. No. 2. 
 
 Ballyaltou, tnld. , Ire. , co. Down, 3 m. from Downpatrick, 
 with P.O. 
 
 Ballyaune. or Ballynaue, par. and tnld., Ire., co. Wex- 
 ford, bar. Bantry, near Ross. Par. 4577 ac, P. <75o; tnld. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Ballyardel, tnld., Ire., SE. co. Down, bar. Moume, 15 m. 
 E. by N. Dundalk, P.O. (BaUyardle). P.<250. 
 
 Ballyards, electoral div., Ire., co. and dist. Armagh. 
 
 Ballyarr, electoral div.. Ire., co. Donegal, dist. Rathmelton. 
 
 Ballyartlmr, electoral div. , Ire., co. Cork, dist. Mitchels- 
 town. 
 
 Ballyarttaur, electoral div.. Ire., co. Wicklow, dist. New- 
 bridge. 
 
 Bally angblls, P.O., Ire., co. Antrim, 4 m. from Lisburn. 
 
 Ballybacou, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa, 
 W., 10 m. SW. Clonmel ; 11,120 ac P.<;i500. 
 
 Bally barrack, par. and tnld.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. Dun- 
 dalk, Upper, 2 m. SW. Dundalk. Par. P. <75o; tnld. P<;25o. 
 
 Ballybay, par. and market-tn. , Ire., E. co. Monaghan, bars. 
 Monaghan and Cremorne, 81^ m. SSE. Monaghan, on the Dun- 
 dalk and Enniskillen Rly.," PMT.O. Market-day, S. Par. 
 8741 ac. , P. <35oo; tn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bally beagb, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny, dist. Tullaroan. 
 
 Ballybeg, electoral div.. Ire., co. Wexford, dist. Camolin. 
 
 Ballybeg, electoral div.. Ire., co. Wicklow, dist. Tinahely. 
 
 Ballybeg Crossing, rly. stn., Ire., on the G. N. R., co. 
 Meath. between Drogheda and Oldcastle. 
 
 Ballyblood, electoral div.. Ire., co. Clare, dist. Kilkishen. 
 
 Ballybodeu, tn. , Ire., co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown, near 
 Rathfarnham, with P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballyboi'ey, or Ballybopliay, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Donegal, 
 bar. South Raphoe, 12 m. W. by S. Lifford, on the R. Finn, and 
 the Finn Valley Rly. , PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ballyboggau, par. and tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Meath, bar. 
 Upper Moyfenrath, 15 m. SW. Trim. Par. 6229 ac. , P. <75o; 
 tnld. P. <25o. 
 
 Bally bogbUl, or Ballybonghal, par. , Ire. , NW. co. Dublin, 
 bar. Balrothery W. , 12 m. N. Dublin, P.O.; 2789 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballybogy, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Dun- 
 luce, 5 m. E. Coleraine, P.O. (Ballybogey). P. <25o. 
 
 Ballyboley, stn., Ire., on the Belfast and Northern Counties 
 Rly., between Lame and Doagh, co. Antrim. 
 
 Bally boy, bar.. Ire., in the S. of King's co. 
 
 Ballyboy, par. andtn. , Ire., S. King's co., bar. Ballyboy, 
 II m. SW. Tullamore. Par. 14,276 ac, P. < 2000. 
 
 Ballyboyland, place. Ire., co. Antrim, 3 m. from Bally- 
 money. P.O. 
 
 Ballyboys, par., Ire., co. Louth, bar. Dundalk, Lower, 3m. 
 ENE. Dundalk ; 1483 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ballybrack, tnld.. Ire.. SE. co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown, 3J m. 
 N. by W. Bray, with a rly. stn., PMT.O. ; 879 ac P.<2i;o 
 
 109 
 
BALL 
 
 Bally brack, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Darryhane. 
 
 Ballybrackan, par., Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Offaly W., 
 6 m. SW. Kildare ; 3057 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 BallybrazU, par., Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Shelburne, 6 m. 
 S. New Ross ; 2370 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ballybrciiuau, par., Ire., in co. and 5 m. SE. Wexford, 
 bar. Forth; 1041 ac. P. <250. 
 
 Ballybrlck, tnld. , Ire., co. Down, bar. Iveagh Upper, 
 Lower Half, Drumballyroney par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bally brlcken, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Limerick, dist. Caher- 
 conlish. 
 
 Ballybrltt, bar. , Ire. , in the SW. of King's co. 
 
 Ballybrlttas, tn.. Ire., NE. Queen's co., bar. Portnahinch, 
 
 4 m. SE. by S. Portarlington, PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 Ballybrodcr, electoral div. , Ire. , Westmeath, dist. Moate. 
 Ballybrood, par., Ire., NE. co. Limerick, bar. Clanwilliam, 
 
 ID m. SE. Limerick; 2355 ac. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Ballybrophy, stn.. Ire., Queen's co., on the Great Southern 
 and Western Rly., 67 m. by rail SW. Dublin, PMT.O. 
 
 Ballybnnniou, tnld.. Ire., NW. ct. co. Kerry, bar. Iraghti- 
 connor, 8^ m. NW. by W. Listowel, PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballybur, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Shillelogher, 4 m. 
 SW. Kilkenny; 667 ac. P. <250. 
 
 Ballybarly, par. , Ire. , NE. King's co. , bars. Warrenstown 
 and Lower Philipstown, 13 m. SE. by S. Mullingar ; 7083 ac. 
 P. <:iooo. 
 
 Bally cahalan, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Ardrahan. 
 
 Bally caliaue, par.. Ire., N. co. Limerick, bars. Pubblebrien 
 and Smallcounty, 8 J m. S. by W. Limerick ; 2417 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bally cabill, par., Ire., NE. co. Tipperary, bars. Eliogarty 
 and Upper Kilnamanagh, 3^ m. W. Thurles, P.O. ; 3843 ac. 
 P.<7SO. 
 
 Ballycallau, par., Ire., NW. co. Kilkenny, bar. Crannagh, 
 
 5 m. WSW. Kilkenny ; 6834 ac. P. <7SO. 
 Ballycanew, par. and tn. , Ire. , E. co. Wexford, bar. Gorey, 
 
 14 m. SSW. Arklow, PMT.O. Par. 3627 ac, P.<:75o; tn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Ballycannan, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Clare, dist. Coolacasey. 
 
 Ballycar (and Xewmarket), stn., Ire., co. Clare, on the 
 Waterfotd and Limerick Rly., between Limerick and Ennis. 
 
 Ballycarney, par. and tnld., Ire., W. co. Wexford, bar. 
 Scarawalsh, 5^ m. N. Enniscorthy, on R. Slaney, 3 m. W. 
 Milltown stn., PM.O. Par. 8233 ac, P. < 1500 ; tnld. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballycarroll, electoral div.. Ire., Queen's co., dist. Mary- 
 borough. 
 
 Bally carron, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, dist. Bansha. 
 
 Bally carry, tn. , Ire., E. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Belfast, 
 
 6 m. SSE. Lame, on the Carrickfergus and Larne Rly., PM.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Bally cassidy, hamlet, Ire., E. co. Fermanagh, bar. Tirken- 
 nedy, 4 m. N. Enniskillen, with P.O. 
 
 Ballycastle, market-tn., Ire., N. ct. co. Antrim, bar. Cary, 
 16 m. E. Portrush, on B. Bay, connected by rail with Bally- 
 money, with coal and iron-mines and salmon fisheries ; to the 
 E. ruins of Bonamargy Abbey, PMT.O. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Ballycastle, tn. and watering-place. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. 
 Tirawley, 14 m. N. by W. Ballina, PMT.O. P.-csoo. 
 
 BaUycbatrigan, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, on the SE. 
 ct. of Islay I. 
 
 Bally Clare, market-tn., Ire., SE. co. Antrim, bars. Antrim 
 and Lower Belfast, 9 m. ENE. Antrim, on the Belfast and 
 Northern Counties Rly., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ballycleraban, par. and tn., Ire., S. co. Tipperary, bar. 
 Iffa and Offa E., 9 m. SE. by S. Cashel. Par. P. <500. 
 
 Bally clog, par., Ire., NE. co. Tyrone, bar. Upper Dun- 
 gannon, 4 m. SE. by E. Cookstown ; 4774 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ballyclogb, par. nnd tn. , Ire., N. co. Cork, bars. Orrery 
 and Kilmore, and Duaallow, 4 m. WNW. Mallow, PM.O. 
 (Ballyclongb). Par. 9709 ac, P. < 1500; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballyclng, par.. Ire., W. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Antrim, 
 8^ m. N.Antrim; 8264 ac. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ballycogly, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Wexford, bar. Forth, 6 m. 
 S. Wexford, P.O. ( Bally cogley). P.<25o. 
 
 Ballycolla, tn.. Ire., SW. Queen's co., bar. Clarmallagh, 11 
 m. SSW. Maryborough, with PM.O. (Ballacolla). P. <25o. 
 
 Ballycommon, par. and tnld.. Ire,, N. King's co., bar. 
 Philipstown, Lower, sj m. E. by N. Tullamore, P.O. Par. 
 6640 ac, P. <:75o; tnld. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballyconimou, P.O., Ire., co. Tipperary, 3 m. from Nenagh. 
 
 Ballyconlonght, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Galway, bar. Clare, 13 
 m. N. by W. Galway. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballyconneely, tnld. , Ire., W. ct., co. Galway, bar. Ballyna- 
 hinch, on the harb. of the same name, 33 m. SW. by S. West- 
 port, PM.O. P. <250. 
 
 Ballyconnell, market-tn.. Ire., NW. co. Cavan, bar. TuUv- 
 han, 12 ni. NW. Cavan, PMT.O. P.<50o. 
 
 Bally coiuiell, electoral div., Ire., co. Meath, dist. Trim. 
 
 Ballycoiuiell, ct. tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Sligo, bar. Carbury, 9 
 m. NW. Sligo. P. <750. 
 
 Ballyconnelly, electoral div.. Ire., Antrim, dist. Ahoghill. 
 110 
 
 Bally coniilck, par., Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Bargy, 8 m 
 SW. Wexford ; 1610 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballyconra, electoral div.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, dist. Balleen, 
 
 Ballycoiiree, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Clifden (co. Galway). 
 
 Ballyconry, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Iraghticonnor, 6 m. 
 NW. Listowel; 1205 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ballycor, par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Upper Antrim, 3 ni. 
 NE. Ballyclare; 7328 ac. P. <i50o. 
 
 Ballycotttn, tn., Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, i2| m. E. 
 byS. Queenstown, on B.Bay,PMT.O. (Ballycotton). P. <:75o. 
 
 Bally coMan, bar. , Ire. , in the middle of King's co. 
 
 Ballycregagh, electoral div.. Ire., co. Antrim, dist. Dervock. 
 
 Bally crissaue, P.O., Ire., co. Galway, 5 m. from Eyrecourt. 
 
 Bally crogiie, par.. Ire., co. and bar. Carlow, 3 m. SE. 
 Carlow ; 369 ac. P. < 250. 
 
 Ballycrossanu, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Galway, bar. Longford, 
 12^111. S. Ballinasloe, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 BaUycroy, place. Ire., NW. ct. co. Mayo, bar. Erris, 28 m. 
 W. by S. Ballina, PMT.O. 
 
 Bailycnilaue, tnid.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Shelburne, 7 m. 
 from Arthurstown, with P.O. P. <;250. 
 
 Ballycnlleu, electoral div.. Ire., Wicklow, dist. Annamoe. 
 
 Ballycnlter, par. and tnld., Ire., co. Down, bar. Lecale, 
 Lower, 5 m. ENE. Downpatrick, with P.O. Par. 5469 ac, 
 P. < 1500; tnld. P. <2so. 
 
 Ballycnmber, tnld.. Ire., N. King's co., bar. Garrvcastle, 
 8| m. WNW. Tullamore, on the Great S. & VV. R., P.O. 
 
 Ballycniuiulu, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Limerick, dist. Clarina. 
 
 BaUyenrrany, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 5 m. 
 NW. Middleton ; 3939 ac. P. <500. 
 
 Ballycaslane, par., Ire. See Ballincnslaue. 
 
 Ballydablu, suburb of and partly included in tn. of Mallow, 
 Ire., N. CO. Cork, bar. Fermoy, on the r. bk. of the Blackwater. 
 
 Ballydangan, electoral div.. Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. 
 Creagh, with P.O., 7 m. from Ballinasloe. 
 
 Ballydarrog, tnld., Ire., NW. co. Londonderry, bar. Keen- 
 aght, 13 m. E. by N. Londonderry. P. <;25o. 
 
 Ballydavld Head, cape. Ire., W. ct. , co. Kerry. Alt. 831 ft. 
 
 Ballydebob, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Cork, bar. W. Carbery, 
 W. div., 8^ m. W. by N. Skibbereen, PMT.O. 
 
 Ballydeloher, sometimes called Kilroan, par. , Ire. , co. and 
 5 m. NE. Cork, bar. Barrymore; 2101 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ballydeloughy, or Ballylougb, par. and tnld.. Ire., co. 
 Cork, bar. Fermoy, 4 m. SW. Mitchelstown ; 1999 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Baliydoucgan, fishing tnld.. Ire., SW. ct., co. Cork, bar. 
 Bear, on Bay of B., 25 m. W. by S. Bantry. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ballydoiicgau, tnld., Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. Tirkeeran, 
 14^ m. SE. Londonderry. P. <250. 
 
 Ballydoolagb, electoral div.. Ire., Fermanagh, dist. Ennis- 
 killen. 
 
 Ballydoolcy, tnld., Ire., NW. co. Roscommon, bar. Bally- 
 moe, 6^ ni. NW. by W. Roscommon, with P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Ballydraln, P.O., Ire., co. Down, 4 m. from Comber. 
 
 Ballyduff, or Ulauvers, settlement, Canada, Ontario, co. 
 Durham, 6 m. from Bethany, and 30 m. from Port Hope. 
 
 Ballyduff, tn.. Ire., NW. co. Kerry, bar. Clanmaurice, 7J 
 m. W. Listowel, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballyduff, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 18 m. W. 
 by S. Tralee ; 6983 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Ballyduff, tn., Ire., N.W. co. Waterford, bar. Coslmiore 
 and Coshbride, 9^ m. E. Fermoy, on the 1. bk. of the Black- 
 water ; on the Fermoy branch of the Great Southern and 
 Western Rly., PMT.O. P.<250. 
 
 Ballydngau, tnld.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Lecale, Upper, 3 
 m. from Downpatrick, with P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballydnneen, P.O., Ire., 10 m. from Kildysart (co. Clare). 
 
 Ballydurn, electoral div. , Ire. , Waterford , dist. Rathgormuck. 
 
 Ballyea, electoral div. , Ire., co. Clare, dist. Ennistimon. 
 
 Ballyeastou, place, Ire., S. co. Antrim, bar. Upper Antrim, 
 8i m. WNW. Carrickfergus, with P.O. 
 
 Ballyederlan, tnld.. Ire., co. Donegal, SW. ct., bar. 
 Banagh, 11 m. WSW. Donegal. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballyegau, electoral div., Ire., co. Kerry, dist. Ballyduff. 
 
 Ballyelghter Lough, lake, Ire., NW. co. Clare, 20 m. S. 
 by E. Galway. 
 
 Ballyegan, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Castleisland. 
 
 Ballyellin, par., Ire., co. Carlow, bars. Forth, Idrone, E., 
 and St. Mullin's, Lower, 3I m. NW. Borris ; 4963 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Ballyellis, electoral div.. Ire., co. Wexford, dist. Camolin. 
 
 Ballyfadd, P.O., Ire., 6 m. from Arklow,(co. Wicklow). 
 
 Ballyfariia, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 5 m. from Claremorris. 
 
 Ballyfarnan, tn. , Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. Boyle, 18 m. 
 SSE. Sligo, PMT.O. (Ballyfaruou). P.<5oo. 
 
 Ballyfeard, par.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Kinalea, 6 m. NE. 
 by E. Kinsale, P.O.; 2461 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ballyfermot, par.. Ire., co. Dublin, bar. Uppercross, 2 m. 
 W. Dubhn ; 1185 ac. P. <250. 
 
 Ballyfcrris i'oint, cape. Ire., E. ct. co. Down, 54° 35' N. 
 
 Ballyferriter, tnld. , Ire., W. co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 
 30 m. W. by S. Tralee, vvitli P.O. P. <25o. 
 
BALL 
 
 Ballyfln, P.O., Ire., Queen's co., 7 m. from Mountrath. 
 
 Ballyfiiiboy, riv. , Ire., in the extreme N. of co. Tipperary ; 
 flows NW. into Lough Derg. 
 
 Ballyforau, vil., Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Killian, 23 m. 
 E. by S. Tuam, P.O. 
 
 BaUyfornioyle, electoral div., Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. 
 Keadew. 
 
 Ballyfoyle, tnld., Ire., co. and 6 m. from Kilkenny, bar. 
 Gowran, with P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballyfoyle, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Kinalea, 7 m. NE. 
 Kinsale ; 2882 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ballygalley Ilead, cape, Ire., on the E. ct. of co. Antrim ; 
 with a coastguard stn., 3^ m. N. by W. Larne. 
 
 Ballygar, tnld. , Ire. , NE. co. Galway, bar. Killian, 22 m. 
 E. Tuam, PM.O. 
 
 Ballygar«len, electoral div., Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. 
 Roosky. 
 
 Ballygnrrett, electoral div.. Ire., Wexford co. , dist. Kil- 
 lenagh and Wells. P. < 1000. 
 
 BallygarrLs, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 4 m. from Hollymount. 
 
 Ballygartli, par., Ire., co. Meath, bar. Duleek, Upper, 5 m. 
 SE. Drogheda; 760 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballygarvan, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 5 m. from Carrigaline. 
 
 Ballygawlcy, small market-tn., Ire., S. co. Tyrone, bar. 
 Clogher, 15 m. SE. Omagh, PMT.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Ballygeary Bay, Ire., SE. ct. of Wexford, near Wexford 
 Harbour. 
 
 Ballyglbbon, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Ormond, Upper, 
 5 m. NE. Nenagh ; 3293 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Ballygiass, tnld.. Ire., S. co. Mayo, bar. Carra, 10 m. SE. 
 by S. Castlebar, PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballyglass, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Clare, dist. Coolacasey. 
 
 Ballygluulu, seat. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Tiaquin, 7 m. 
 S. by E. Tuam, on the Athenry and Tuam Rly., PM.O. 
 
 Ballygoniartiu, electoral div. , Ire. , Belfast. 
 
 Ballygorniaii, tnld., Ire., NE. ct., co. Donegal, bar. East 
 Inishowen, 16 m. NW. Moville, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ballygowaii, tn.. Ire., N. co. Down, bar. Lower Castlereagh , 
 7J m. SW. by S. Newtown Ards, on the Belfast and co. Down 
 Rly., P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Ballygraluey, tnld., Ire., NE. co. Down, bar. Lower Ards, 
 3 m. SW. Donaghadee, P.O. (Ballygraiiey). P. <25o. 
 
 Ballygraut, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, SE. Islay I., 
 with P.O. 
 
 Ballygreiiuan, electoral div.. Ire., co. Limerick, dist. 
 Castletown. 
 
 Ballygrlfflii, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Clanwilliam, 
 3 m. W. Cashel ; 2862 ac. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Ballygroman, electoral div., Ire., co. Cork, dist. Temple- 
 martin. 
 
 Ballygungc, or BiillganJ, India, SE. suburb of Calcutta. 
 
 Ballygnuitcr, par., in co. and 3 m. SE. Waterford, bar. 
 Gaultiere ; 2266 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ballygiirrlm, par. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny, bar. Ida, 3 m. SW. 
 New Ross ; 1923 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ballyback, tishing-tn.. Ire., SW. co. We.xford, bar. Shel- 
 burne, 6 m. E. Waterford, on the E. side of Waterford Harb. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Ballybackaniore, tn,, Ire., co. Down, bar. Castlereagh, 
 Lower. P. <75o. 
 
 Ballybacket Cross, place. Ire., co. Carlow, 4 m. from 
 Tullow, with P.O. 
 
 Ballybadeu, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower 
 Ormond, lo m. SW. Parsonstown. P. <250. 
 
 Ballybahill, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Limerick, bar. Shanid, 
 14^ m. NE. by E. Listowel, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballybaise, tn. and seat. Ire., N. co. Cavan, bar. Upper 
 Loughtee, 4^ m. NNE. Cavan, on the R. Annalee, on the 
 G. N. R.; PM.O. P.<2S0. 
 
 Ballybalbert, or St. Andrews, ct. par. and fishing-tn. , Ire. , 
 E. ct., CO. Down, bar. Upper Ards, 11 m. SE. Newton Ards, 
 PM.O. Par. 4031 ac, P. <250o; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ballybale, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Galway, bar. Clare, 12 m. N. 
 by W'. Galway. P. <:250. 
 
 Ballybale, tn.. Ire., co. and 13 m. S. by E. Kilkenny, bar. 
 Knoclaopher, on the Waterford and Kilkenny Rly. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballyliauc, electoral div.. Ire., co. Waterford, dist. Cappo- 
 quin. 
 
 Ballybar, place. Ire., co. Kerry, 5 m. from Farranfore, P.O. 
 
 Ballybanuiis, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Mayo, bar. Costello, 22 m. 
 ESE. Castlebar, on a branch of the M. G. W. R. Market- 
 day, Tu. PMT.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Ballybay, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bars. Orrery and Kilmore 
 and Fermoy, 2 m. S. Charleville ; 4835 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Ballybealy, electoral div.. Ire., co. Westmeath, dist. Delvin. 
 
 Ballybeaii, par.. Ire., W. co. Mayo, bar. Carra, 8^ m. E. 
 Westport ; 7674 ac. P. 1500. 
 
 Ballybceiiy, electoral div.. Ire., co. Waterford, dist. Clash- 
 more. 
 
 Ballyhelge, par. and tn.. Ire., NW. ct. , co. Kerry, bar. 
 
 Clanmaurice, on B. Bay, 15 m. SW. by W. Listowel, P.O. 
 (Bally bclgue). Par. 11,260 ac, P. < 2500; tn. P. <250. 
 
 BallybiUin, hamlet, Ire., in the extreme N. of co. Donegal, 
 bar. E. Inishowen, 18 m. NW. Moville, with a coastguard stn. 
 
 Ballyboc, electoral div.. Ire., co. Antrim, dist. Castlequarter. 
 
 Ballyboc, JLougb, a small lake. Ire. , in the extreme N. of 
 CO. Meath, 14 m. SW. Dundalk, drained by the R. Lagan into 
 the R. Clyde. 
 
 Ballyboge, par. , Ire. , co. Wexford, bars. Bantry and Shel- 
 maliere W., 5 m. S. Eaniscorthy, with P.O. (Ballybogue) 
 4268 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Ballyboolabau, electoral div., Ire., bar. Duhallow, 21 m 
 ENE. Killarney. 
 
 Ballybooly, par. and tn.. Ire., NE. co. Cork, bar. Fermoy, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Blackwater, and on the Fermoy Branch 
 Rly., 5 m. W. Fermoy, PMT.O. Par. 5252 ac, P. <;75o; tn, 
 P. < 250. 
 
 Ballyboorisky, place, Ire., N. ct. , co. Donegal, bar. Kil- 
 macrenan, 24 m. NW. Londonderry, with coastguard stn. 
 
 Ballyborgau, electoral div.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Clan 
 maurice, 6^ m. W. Listowel. 
 
 Ballybornau, fishing-tn., Ire., E. ct., co. Down, bar, 
 Lower Lecale, 6^ in. E. by S. Downpatrick. P. <250. 
 
 Ballybowley, electoral div.. Ire., co. Mayo, dist. Clare- 
 morris. 
 
 Ballybowrac Hills, range of hills. Ire. , in the extreme N. of 
 CO. Cork. 
 
 Ballybiiskard, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Ballaghkeen 
 S. , 4 m. SE. Enniscorthy; 7947 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ballylii, electoral div.. Ire., co. Waterford, dist. Lismore. 
 
 Ballyjamesdufl', market-tn.. Ire., S. co. Cavan, bar. Castle- 
 rahan, ir m. SSE. Cavan, PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Ballykecl, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, 
 lower half, 7 m. S. Lisburn, P.O. P. <:50o. 
 
 Ballykeau, par. , Ire. , King's co. , bars. Geashill and Philips- 
 toun. Upper, 4m. SE. Geashill; i2,926ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ballykeeran, tnld., Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Brawny, 3 m. 
 from Athlone, with P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballykelly, tn. , Ire. , N W. co. Londonderry, bar. Keenaght, 
 i2i m. ENE. Londonderry, on the Londonderry and Coleraine 
 Rly., P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Ballykllbeg, place. Ire., co. Down, bar. Lecale, Upper, 4 
 m. SE. Clough, with P.O. 
 
 Ballykilmore, electoral div., Ire., co. Westmeath, dist. 
 Tyrrellspass. 
 
 Ballykiue, par.. Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. Ballinacor S., 4 
 m. SW. Rathdrum ; 11,052 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ballykluler, par.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Lecale, Upper, 5 
 m. SW. Downpatrick; 2032 ac. P. <500. 
 
 Ballyklsteeu, electoral div.. Ire., co. and dist. Tipperary. 
 
 Ballykuockan, tn. , Ire., co. Carlow, bar. Idrone E. , 9 m. 
 NE. Kilkenny. P. <250. 
 
 Bally lagan, electoral div.. Ire,, co. Londonderry, dist. Port- 
 rush. 
 
 Ballylauders, par. and tn., Ire., SE. co. Limerick, bar. 
 Coshlea, 23 m. SE. by S. Limerick, P.O. Par. 7717 ac, P. < 
 2000 ; tn. P. < 500. 
 
 Ballylanuau, par.. Ire., co. 'Wexford, bar, Shelmaliere W., 
 6 m. SW. Taghmon ; 2493 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ballylaneeu, par. and tn., Ire., S. co. Waterford, bar. 
 Decies without Drum, 11 m. NE. by E. Dungarvan. Par. 6307 
 ac, P. < 1500; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballylar, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 10 m. from Kerrykeel. 
 
 Ballylarkin, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Crannagh, near 
 Freshford ; 1394 ac. P. <2SO. 
 
 Ballylarkiu, electoral div.. Ire., co. Wexford, dist. Cool- 
 greaney. 
 
 Ballylcuy, tnld., Ire., co. Armagh, bar. Oneilland W., 5 
 m. from Lurgan, with P.O. (Ballyleeiiy). P. <25o. 
 
 Ballyleiiy, electoral div.. Ire., co. Down, dist. Moira. 
 • Bally lebaue, electoral div.. Ire., Queen's co. , dist. Ballick- 
 moyler and Newtown. 
 
 Ballyllffln, tnld. and tn., Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. E. 
 Inishowen, 15 m. WNW. Moville. P. <250. 
 
 Ballylliicb, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Gowran, 2 m. NW. 
 Thomastown ; ii67ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballylliuiy, par. and tnld., Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Belfast, 
 Lower, 6 m. W. Carrickfergus. Par. 5685 ac. , P. < 2000 ; tnld. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Ballylougford, tn.. Ire., N. co, Kerry, bar. Iraghticonnor, 
 6 m. S. Kih-ush, PM.O. P.<;750. 
 
 Ballylooby, place, Ire., SW. co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and 
 Ofla, W., iij m. W. by S. Clonmel, with P.O. 
 
 Ballylougii, par. , Ire. , co. Cork. See BaUydelongby. 
 
 Bally Longb, lake. Ire., in the SE. of co. Waterford, 5 m. 
 SE. Waterford, drained SW. into Tramore Bay. 
 
 Ballylougbloe, par. , Ire. , SW. co. Westmeath, bar. Clon- 
 lonan, 7 m. E. Athlone; 13,577 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ballylusky, electoral div., Ire., co. Tipperary, dist. Clogh- 
 jordan. 
 
 Ill 
 
BALL 
 
 Ballylyiiau, tn., Ire., Queen's co., bar. Ballyadams, 4J m. 
 SW. Athy, with PMT.O. (Ballyllnan). P.<25o. 
 
 Ballymacarliry, tnld., Ire., NW. co. Waterford, bar. 
 Glenahiry, 5^ ni. S. Clonmel, PM.O. (Ballymacarberry). 
 P.<:2SO. 
 
 Kallymacarret, an eastern suburb of Belfast, Ire., co. Down. 
 
 Ballyinacart, par.. Ire., SW. co. Waterford, bar. Decies 
 within Drum, 5^ m. S. by W. Dungarvan ; 2538 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ballymacashen, tnld. , Ire. , co. Down, bar. Dufferin, 5 m. 
 from Saintfield, with P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballymaca^v, tnld. , Ire. , SE. ct. co. Waterford, bar. Gaul- 
 tiere, 8h m. SSE. Waterford. P. ^250. 
 
 Bally macbrennan, electoral div.. Ire., co. Down, dist. Lis- 
 burn. 
 
 Ballymacelllgott, par., Ire., N. co. Kerry, bar. Trughan- 
 acmy, 5 m. ESE. Tralee, P.O.; 14,018 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Ballymaelingli, par., Ire., co. Cavan, bar. Clanniahon, 4 m. 
 from Mount Nugent, with P.O.; 6044 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ballymackean, electoral div. , Ire., co. Cork, dist. Courceys. 
 
 Ballymackey, par.. Ire., N. co. Tipperary, bar. Upper 
 Ormond, 5 m. E. by N. Nenagh, P.O.; 9713 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ballymackuey, place, Ire., co. Monaghan, bar. Farney, 3 
 m, from Carrickmacross, with P.O. 
 
 Ballymacoda, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 5^ m. 
 SSW. Youghal, P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Ballymaconnelly, tnld.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Kilconway, 
 
 2 m. from Kilrea, with P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Ballymacool, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Donegal, dist. Letter- 
 kenny. 
 
 Ballymacormlck, par.. Ire., co. Longford, bars. Ardagh 
 and Moydow, 3 m. SW. by W. Longford ; 8909 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ballyniacsbaueboy, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Limerick, dist. 
 Charleville. 
 
 Ballymacivard, par., Ire., NE. co. Galway, bars. Kilcon- 
 nel and Tiaquin, 18 m. SE. by E. Tuam, P.O.; 17,258 ac. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Ballymacivllllain, par.. Ire., King's co., bar. Warrenstown, 
 
 3 m. NW. Edenderry ; 4978 ac. P. <5oo. 
 Ballymadnn, par.. Ire., in co. and 13 m. NW. Dublin, bar. 
 
 Balrothery W. ; 3438 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballyniagan, I'pper and Louver, and Clonblosk, tnld., 
 Ire., CO. Donegal, bar. Fahan, Lower, 3 m. from Buncrana, 
 with P.O. P.-C250. 
 
 Ballymagarvey, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Duleek, Lower, 
 
 4 m. SW. Duleek; 903 ac. P. <;25o. 
 Ballymagauran, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cavan, dist. Bally- 
 
 connell. 
 
 Ballynu^lair, electoral div.. Ire., co. Down, dist. Comber. 
 
 Ballymaglassan, par.. Ire., SE. co. Meath, bar. Ratoath, 
 5i m. N. by E. Maynooth ; 3476 ac. P. <250. 
 
 Ballymagorry, tn.. Ire., N. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower Stra- 
 bane, 3 m. N. by E. Strabane, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ballymagran, electoral div. and dist.. Ire., co. Tyrone, in 
 the poor law union of Dungannon. 
 
 Ballymagulgan, tnld. and tn. , Ire. , SE. co. Londonderry, 
 bar. Loughinsholin, 9 m. NE. by E. Cookstown, P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ballymaliaue, riv.. Ire., in the S. of co. Cork, trib. of the 
 Bandon, which it joins on the t. bk. about 4 m. below Bandon. 
 
 Ballymabou, market-tn.. Ire., co. and 11 m. S. by E. 
 Longford, bars. Rathcline and Shrule. Oliver Goldsmith spent 
 much of his early life here. PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ballymakeery, tn. , Ire. , W. co. Cork, bar. Muskerry W. , 
 7J m. WNW. by W. Macroom, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Ballymakollet, tnld., Ire., NE. co. Louth, bar. Lower 
 Dundalk, 4^ m. NE. Dundalk. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballymakeuny, par.. Ire., S. co. Louth, bars. Ferrard and 
 Drogheda, 3 m. N. Drogheda, P.O.; 1581 ac. P. -csoo. 
 
 Ballymaleel, P.O., Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. Kilma- 
 crenan, 14 m. W. Londonderry, i m. W. of Lough .Swilly. 
 
 Ballyiuaiiy, par.. Ire., in co. and 4 m. E. Kildare, bar. 
 Offaly E. ; 506-ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballymarlln, par., Ire., in co. and 8 m. E. Antrim, bars. 
 Belfast, Lower and Upper; 2805 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ballyniartin, tnld.. Ire., co. Carlow, bar. St. MuUins, 
 Lower, 14 m. E. by S. Kilkenny, 2 m. N. by E. Borris stn. 
 P. < 250. 
 
 Ballymartln, tnld., Ire., SE. ct., co. Down, bar. Mourne, 
 16^ m. ESE. Newry, with P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ballymartle, par.. Ire., S. co., Cork, bars. Kinalea and 
 Kinsale, 4 m. N. Kinsale, with rly. stn.; 5502 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Ballymartrlm, electoral div. , Ire. , co. and dist. Armagh. 
 
 Bally mas caulau, par., Ire., N. co. Louth, bars. Lower 
 and Upper Dundalk, 2J m. NNE. Dundalk, P.O.; 12,876 ac. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Ballymena ('middle town'), market-tn., Ire., W. co. 
 Antrim, bar. Lower Toome, 10^ m. N. by W. Antrim, an 
 important rly. centre, with iron ores (aluminous hematite), and 
 a large linen, esp)ecially brown linen, trade, introduced in 1733. 
 Market-days, Tu., W., Th., and S. P. (1831) 4100; (1871) 
 7900; (1891) 8700. 
 112 
 
 Ballymichael, Scot., I. of Arran, 6 m. SW. by W. Brodick. 
 
 Ballyiultty, par. , Ire. , co. Wexford, bar. Shelmaliere W. , 
 3 m. SW. Taghmon, with P.O. ; 1364 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballymodau, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bars. Carbery E. (E. div.), 
 and Kinalmeaky, containing Bandon ; 8080 ac. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ballymoe, bar.. Ire., in the NE. of co. Galway. 
 
 Ballymoe, bar. , Ire. , in the W. of co. Roscommon. 
 
 Ballymoe, tn. , Ire. , N W. co. Galway, bar. B. , on the Suck, 
 iij m. NW. by W. Roscommon, with a station, 2 m. distant, 
 on the G. N. & W. R., PMT.O. Market-day, F. P.<;25o. 
 
 Ballymoghau, electoral div.. Ire., co. Londonderry, dist. 
 Magherafelt. 
 
 Ballymolle, place. Ire. , co. Wicklow. See Ballymoyle. 
 
 Ballymoney ('town of the shrubbery'), market-tn.. Ire., 
 NW. CO Antrim, bar. Upper Dunluce, 7^ m. SE. by E. Cole- 
 raine, on the Ballymena and Portrush Rly. Market-day, Th. 
 P. (with tp. of B. ) < 3000. 
 
 Ballymoney, par. , co. Cork, bar. Carbery E. , E. div. , 9 m. 
 W. Bandon; 7309 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ballymoney, par.. Ire., cos. Londonderry and Antrim, 
 bars. NE. Liberties of Coleraine, Upper Dunluce, and Kil- 
 conway, 12 J m. ESE. Londonderry, P.O.; 23,088 ac. P. 
 9000. 
 
 Ballymoney Fishery, Ire., off the NE. ct. of co. We.xford. 
 
 Ballymoon, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Carlow, dist. Bagenals- 
 town ig'.v.). 
 
 Ballymore, par. and tnld.. Ire., co. Armagh, bar. Orior, 
 Lower, containing Tanderagee Town. Par. 14,151 ac. , P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Ballymore, place. Ire., N. co. Roscommon, bar. Boyle, 
 10 m. W. Carrick-on-Shannon, with P.O. 
 
 Ballymore, par. and tn. , Ire., SW. co. Westmeath, bar. 
 Rathconrath, 12 m. ENE. Athlone, P.O. Par. 10,454 ac. , 
 P. < 1500; tn. (partly in Killare par.) P. <5oo. 
 
 Ballymore, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Forth, 7 m. S. 
 Wexford ; 2525 ac. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Ballymore £ustace, par. and tn. , Ire. , E. co. Kildare, bar. 
 S. Naas, 6 m. SSE. Naas, 3 m. E. of its stn., PMT.O. Par. 
 8676 ac, P. < 1500; tn. P. <:75o. 
 
 Ballymorln, Almorltia, or Slorausto^vu, par., Ire., co. 
 Westmeath, bar. Rathconrath, 12 m. W. Mullingar. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ballymote, vil., Canada, Ontawo, co. Middlesex, 7 m. 
 from London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ballymote, market-tn.. Ire., SE. co. Sligo, bar. Corran, 
 13 m. S. by W. Sligo. Market-day, Th. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ballymoyle, place. Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. and 5 m. from 
 Arklow, with P.O. (Ballymolle). 
 
 Ballymnlgh, electoral div.. Ire., co. Longford, dist. Street. 
 
 BallymolUns, electoral div.. Ire., co. Londonderry, dist. 
 Claudy. 
 
 Ballymuru, place, Ire., E. co. Wexford, bar. Ballaghkeen, 
 S., 6 m. SE. Enniscorthy, with P.O. 
 
 Ballymnrpby, electoral div.. Ire., co. Antrim, dist. Belfast 
 (No. 10). 
 
 Ballymnrpby, electoral div.. Ire., co. Carlow, dist. St. 
 MuUins. 
 
 Ballymnrpby, electoral div. , Ire.,co. Cork, dist. Inishannon. 
 
 Ballymurray, rly. stn.. Ire., E. co. and 3 m. SE. by E. 
 Roscommon, bar. Athlone, on the G. N. & W. R.; P.O. 
 
 Ballymnrreeii, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Eliogarty, 5 
 m. SE. Thurles ; 3845 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Ballymyre, par.. Ire., SE. co. Armagh, bar. Upper Fews, 
 8 m. NW. by W. Newry ; 7380 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ballyn. See Bal. 
 
 Ballyua-. For places in Ireland beginning with this prefix 
 see also under BalUna-. 
 
 Ballynabanoge, electoral div., Ire., co. Limerick, dist. 
 Croom. 
 
 Ballynabola, tnld.. Ire., W. co. Wexford, bar. Bantry, 5 
 m. E. by S. New Ross, P.O. 
 
 Ballyiiabragget, place. Ire., NW. co. Down, bar. Lower 
 Iveagh, Upper Half, 4 m. SE. by S. Lurgan, with P.O. 
 
 Ballynacally, electoral div.. Ire., co. Clare, Killadysert 
 Union. 
 
 Ballynacally, tn. , Ire. , SW. co. Clare, bar. Clonderalaw, g 
 m. S. by W. Ennis, PM.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Ballynacarrlga, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Cork, bar. E. Car- 
 bery, E. div., i8 m. E. by N. Bantry, with P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Ballynacarrlga, tnld., Ire., N. co. Limerick, bar. Kenry, 
 7^ m. W. Limerick. P. < 250. 
 
 Ballynacarrlgy, tn.. Ire., NW. co. Westmeath, bar. Moy- 
 goish, 9 m. WNW. Mullingar. on the Royal Canal, PMT.O. 
 (Ballynacargy). P. < 500. 
 
 Ballynacarrow, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Sligo, bar. Leyny, 10 
 m. SSW. Sligo, with P.O. P.<250. 
 
 Ballyuaclogb, par. and tnld.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. 
 Coonagh, 2 m. N. Pallas Grean. P. <50o; tnld. P. <250. 
 
 Ballyuaclogb, par. and tnld., Ire., NW. co. Tipperary, 
 bar. Upper Ormond, 3 m. SE. by S. Nenagh, with P.O. 
 (Balliuaclongb). Par. 3869 ac, P.<:5oo; tnld. P. <25o. 
 
BALL 
 
 Ballynacor, tnld., Ire., NE. co. Armagh, bar. Oneilland, 
 E., 3 m. W. by S. Lurgan, on the Ulster Rly., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ballynacorra, or Ballynacnrra, tn., Ire., SE. co. Cork, 
 bar. Imokilly, 7 m. ENE. Queenstown, PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Ballynaconrty, par., Ire., co. Galway, bar. Dunkellin, 6m. 
 S. Oranmore ; 6293 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ballynacourty, par. and tnld., Ire., W. co. Kerry, bar. 
 Corkaguiny, 16 m. WSW. Tralee ; 5318 ac. P. < 1500; tnld. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Ballynaconrty, tnld. and low headland, Ire., S. ct. co. 
 Waterford, bar. Decies without Drum, 2^ m. E. Dungarvan, 
 with a lighthouse and coastguard stn. P. <500. 
 
 Ballynadrentagh, electoral div.. Ire., co. Antrim, dist. 
 Crumlin. 
 
 BaUynadrammy, par. , Ire. , co. Kildare, bar. and 5 m. N. 
 Car bury ; 4286 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Ballynafagh, par. and tnld.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Clane, 
 3^ m. NW. Prosperous. Par. 4154 ac. , P. <500 ; tnld. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballynafle, place. Ire., 3 m. from Portglenone, with P.O. 
 
 Ballyuagappoge, meteorological stn., Ire., co. Down, 8 m. 
 from CuUybackey stn. (N W. Ballymena, on Belfast & N. Cos. R. ). 
 
 Ballynagar, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Woodford. 
 
 Ballynagarhasb, hamlet. Ire. See Ballanagare. 
 
 BallyiiagarricK, tnld.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, 
 Upper Half, 3 m. from Gilford, with P.O. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Ballynaglogh, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cork, dist. Carrig- 
 navar. No. 2. 
 
 Ballynagoraher, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Castle- 
 bar, No. 2. 
 
 Bailynagore, tnld., Ire., S. co. Westmeath, bar. Moycashel, 
 on R. Brosna, 10 m. SW. Midlingar, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 BallynahagUsh, par., Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy, 
 6 m. W. Tralee ; 3005 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ballynahagllsli, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, 6 m. 
 S. Ballina ; 11,961 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Bally nahlnch, electoral div., Ire., co. Clare, dist. TuUa. 
 
 Bally nalilncli,, place, Ire., 2 m. from Birdhill (near 
 Limerick), with P.O. 
 
 Ballynalilncb, bar. , Ire. , in the NW. of co. Galway. 
 
 Ballynahinch, lake. Ire., NW. co. Galway, bar. Bally- 
 nahinch, 27 m. SW. by S. Westport. 
 
 Ballynaliiiicb, market-tn., Ire., co. Down, bar. Kinelarty, 
 9 m. SE. by S. Lisburn, with two stns. (B, and B. June.) on a 
 branch of the Belfast and co. Down Rly. Market-day, Th. 
 PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bally nalioiv^ Court, tnld., Ire., SW. co. Westmeath, bar. 
 Clonlonan, 6 m. SSE. Athlone, with PM.O. (Ballynaliowen). 
 
 BallynakUI, ct. par.. Ire., NW. co. Galway, bar. Ballyna- 
 hinch, on B. barb., 27 m. SW. by S. Westport; 47,962 ac. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Ballynakill, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Killian, 5 m. N. 
 Castleblakeney ; 5220 ac. P. <500. 
 
 Ballynakill, par., Ire., co. Galway, bar. Leitrim, containing 
 Woodford tn. ; 55,625 ac. P. 6000. 
 
 Ballynakill, par.. Ire.-, cos. Galway and Roscommon, bar. 
 Ballymoe, 10 m. NW. Athleague ; 14,577 ac. P. <2500. 
 
 Ballynakill, par.. Ire., King's co., bar. Coolestown, 4 m. 
 SW. Edenderry ; 6753 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Ballynakill, par.. Ire., co. Sligo, bar. Tirerrill, 5 m. SE. 
 Collooney ; 4593 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ballynakill, par. and tnld. , Ire. , co. Waterford, bar. Gaul- 
 tiere, 2 m. SE. Waterford. Par. 1877 ac, P. <5oo; tnld. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballynameen, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Londonderry, bar. Cole- 
 raine, 11 m. S. Coleraine, i^ m. S. Garvagh stn. P. <250. 
 
 Ballynamona, vil.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Barretts, 3 m. S. 
 Mallow, on the Great Southern and Western Rly., with P.O. 
 
 Ballynamona, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Smallcounty, 4 
 m. ENE. Bruff; par. 1497 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ballynamona, electoral div.. Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. 
 Brideswell. 
 
 Ballynamore, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Londonderry, bar. Tir- 
 keeran, 5 m. SE. by E. Londonderry. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ballyiiamnlt, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Waterford, bar. Decies 
 without Drum, 9^ m. NW. by N. Dungarvan, with P.O. 
 
 Ballynauc, place. Ire., 3 m. from Portglenone, with P.O. 
 
 Ballyiiaiie, par. , Ire. See Ballyanne. 
 
 Ballynapark, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Abbey. 
 
 Ballyuare, P.O., Ire., co. Meath, 3 m. from Maynooth. 
 
 Ballynarry, P.O., Ire., co. Cavan, 2 m. from Kilnaleck. 
 
 Ballyuasaggart, place. Ire., co. Tyrone, 3 m. from Bally- 
 gawley, with P.O. 
 
 Ballynascreen, par.. Ire., S. co. I^ondonderry, bar. Lough- 
 insholin, 11 NW. Cookstown ; 32,520 ac. P. 6000. 
 
 Ballynasbanuagli, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Kerry keel. 
 
 Bally iia$ibee, electoral div.. Ire., co. Sligo, dist. Bally farnon. 
 
 Ballynasbce, stn. , Ire. , on Belfast and Northern Counties 
 Rly. , between Lame and Ballymena. 
 
 Ballynaskeagb, electoral div.. Ire., co. Westmeath, dist. 
 Delvin. 
 
 Ballynaskeagb, tnld.. Ire., W. co. Down, bar. Upper 
 113 
 
 Iveagh, Upper Half (1), 8 m. NNE. Newry, P.O. (Balllua- 
 skeagb). P. <25o. 
 
 Ballynaslaney, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bars. Ballaghkeen 
 S. , and Shelmahere E. , 6 m. N W. Wexford. P. < 500. 
 
 Ballynasollns, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, dist. Pomeroy. 
 
 Ballyneal, or Ballyneill, hamlet. Ire., SE. co. Tipperary, 
 bar. Iffa and Offa East, 3 m. NW. Carrick-on-Suir, P.O. 
 
 Ballyneaner, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Clady, co. Tyrone. 
 
 Ballynease, place. Ire., co. Londonderry, 3 m. from Port- 
 glenone, with P.O. 
 
 Ballyneen, tn.. Ire., SW. co. Cork, bar. E. Carbery, E. 
 div., 9 m. W. Bandon, with stn. (Balllneen and Ennlskean) 
 on the Cork, Bandon, and S. Coast Rly., PMT.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ballyneety, tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Limerick, bar. Clanwilliam, 
 5 J m. SE. by S. Limerick, with P.O. 
 
 Ballyness Bay, Ire., on N. ct. co. Donegal, in long. 
 8° 8' W. , with coastguard stn. 
 
 Ballynestragb, electoral div.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Gorey, 
 8 m. SW. by S. Arklow. 
 
 Ballyneir, tnld.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Ballynahinch, par. 
 Ballynakill. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ballynoe, par. and tn. , Ire. , E. co. Cork, bar. Kinnatalloon, 
 9I m. SE. by E. Fermoy. Par. 7715 ac, P. < 1000; tn. P. 
 
 <250- 
 
 Ballynoe, stn.. Ire., co. Down, on the Belfast and co. Down 
 Rly. , between Downpatrick and Ardglass. 
 
 Ballynoe, electoral div.. Ire., co. Limerick, dist. Castletown. 
 
 Ballynoe, electoral div., Ire., co. Limerick, dist. Feenagh. 
 
 Bally uonty, P.O., Ire., 2 m. from Killenaule (co. Tipperary). 
 
 Ballynorlg, electoral div.. Ire., co. Kerry, dist. Ardfert. 
 
 Ballynure, par. and tn.. Ire., E. co. Antrim, bar. Lower 
 Belfast, 7^ m. SW. Lame, on a branch of the Ballymena and 
 Lame Rly. , with alum clay, P. O. Par. 8533 ac. , P. < 3000 ; 
 tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ballynure, par.. Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. Talbotstown, 
 Upper, 4 m. SW. Dunlavin ; 7403 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Ballyorgan, tnld. , Ire. , SE. co. Limerick, bar. Coshlea, 24 
 m. S. by E. Limerick, P.O. 
 
 Ballyougbtera, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 5 m. E. 
 Middleton ; 4532 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Ballyougbteragb, place. Ire. , W. ct. co. Kerry, bar. Corka- 
 guiny, 31 m. WSW. Tralee, with coastguard stn. 
 
 Ballyoukan, hamlet, Scot. , Perthshire, 2 m. from Pitlochry, 
 with P.O. 
 
 Ballyovey, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Carra, 7 m. NW. 
 Ballinrobe ; 19,842 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ballypatrlck, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and 
 Offa E., 7 m. ENE. Clonmel, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballypbtllp, par.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Ards, Upper, con- 
 taining Portaferry ; 4964 ac. P. <c25oo. 
 
 Ballypbillp, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, dist. Ballin- 
 garry. 
 
 Ballyporeen, tn.. Ire., SW. co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and 
 Offa W., 14 m. S. by E. Tipperary, 7 m. E. Mitchelstown, 
 P.O. P.<500. 
 
 Ballyauintin Point, cape, Ire. , on the E. ct. of co. Down, 
 at the N. of the entrance to Strangford Lough, in 54° 20' N. 
 
 Ballyragget, market-tn.. Ire., N. co. Kilkenny, bar. Fassa- 
 dinin, 10 m. NNW. Kilkenny, on the Kilkenny June. Rly., 
 PMT.O. P. <:7SO. 
 
 Ballyrasbane, or Baldrasbane, par. , Ire. , cos. Antrim and 
 Londonderry, bars. Dunluce, Lower, and NE. Liberties of 
 Coleraine, 4 m. SW. Bushmills; 6344 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ballyreagb, tnld.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, bar. Tirkennedy, 
 3 m. from Tempo, with P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballyreagb, tnld.. Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. Dungannon, 
 Upper, 3 m. from Ballygawley, with P.O. 
 
 Ballyroan, par. and tn.. Ire., S. Queen's co., bar. CuUenagh, 
 5^ m. S. Maryborough, P.O. Par. 9694 ac, P. <:i5oo; tn. P. 
 <Soo. 
 
 Ballytobln, electoral div. , Ire. , co. and dist. Antrim. 
 
 Ballyronau More, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Londonderry, bar. 
 Loughinsholin, on Lough Neagh, 9 m. ENE. Cookstown, 
 PM.O. (BaUyronan). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ballyroney, tnld., Ire., W. co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, 9^ m. NE. Newry, connected by rail with Scarva 
 June, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Ballysadare, riv. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Sligo, drains Lough 
 Arrow, and flows NW. into B. bay. 
 
 Ballysadare, par. and tn., Ire., NE. co. Sligo, bars. Leyny 
 and Tirerrill ; 4^ m. S. by W. Sligo, at the head of B. Bay, 
 with a stn. (Ballysodare) on the Sligo, Leitrim, and Northern 
 Counties Rly. Par. 16,256 ac, P. <:35oo; tn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ballysaggartmore, electoral div., Ire., co. Waterford, dist. 
 Ballyduff. 
 
 Ballysakeery, par.. Ire., N. co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, 5 m. 
 N. Ballina, P.O.; 12,692 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ballysallagb, tnld.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, 3 m. from Dromore, with P.O. (Ballysallougb). 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 H 
 
BALL — BALS 
 
 Ballysa.v, par. and tnld., Ire., E. co. Kildare, bar. Offaly 
 E., 5 m. SE. by E. Kildare. Par. 7207 ac, P. 6000; tnld. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Ballyscaddan, par., Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Coshlea, 8 m. 
 NE. Kilmallock ; 94330. P. <;25o. 
 
 Ballyscolly, electoral dlv., Ire., co. Antrim, dist. Glenavy. 
 
 BallyscnlUon, par.. Ire., W. cos. Antrim and London- 
 derry, bars. Upper Toome and Loughinsholin, 9^ m. NW. by 
 W.Antrim; 10,77230. P. < 4500. 
 
 Ballyscnllloii, Grange of, par., Ire., co. Antrim, bar. 
 Upper Toome, 5 m. NW. Randalstown ; 4269 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Ballyseedy, par. , Ire. , NW. co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy, 
 
 3 m. SE. Tralee; 348930. P. <75o. 
 Bally-Shanassy, viL , Victoria. See Burwood. 
 Ballyskannon, market and seapt. tn.. Ire., co. Donegal, 
 
 bar. Tirhugh, at the mouth of the Erne, which here forms a 
 fine fall ('the salmon leap'), 11 m. S. by W. Donegal, with 
 important salmon fishery. Great annual fair on the i6th of 
 Sept. On the Great Northern (Ire. ) and Donegal Rly. PMT. O. 
 P. < 2300. 
 
 Ballyshannon, par., Ire., co. Kildare, bars. Offaly E. and 
 W., 5 m. SE. Kildare; 2816 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Ballyshear, electoral div. , Ire., King's co. , bar. Philipstown 
 Upper, 4 m. NW. Portarlington. 
 
 Ballysheetaan, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 
 
 4 m. NE. of Cashel ; 921530. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ballysheil, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Arm3gh, dist. Tsnderagee. 
 
 Ballysillan, electoral div. , Ire. , Belfast. 
 
 Ballysimon, tnld.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Clanwilliam, 
 3 m. from Limerick, with P.O. 
 
 Ballysodare, rly. stn. , Ire. , co. Sligo. See Ballysadare. 
 
 Ballyspillane, par., Ire., 00. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 2 m. 
 N. Middleton ; 208830. P. <:250. 
 
 BaUysteen, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Claxe, dist. Roadford. 
 
 Ballysteen, P.O., Ire., co. Limerick, 5 m. from Askeaton. 
 
 BaUysumaghan, par. , Ire. , E. co. Sligo, bar. Tirerrill, 7 m. 
 SSE. Sligo; 4216 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ballytarsney, par. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny, bar. Iverk, 7 m. SE. 
 Carrick-on Suir ; 8953c. P. <;250. 
 
 Ballytelge Bay, Ire. , co. Wexford, S. ct., 6° 38' to 6° 48' W. 
 
 Ballytoblii, par.. Ire., 00. Kilkenny, bar. Kells, 3 m. SE. 
 Callan ; 23933c. P. <:500. 
 
 Ballytore, place. Ire., co. Kildare. See Ballltore. 
 
 Ballytriicklc, tn. , Ire., co. Waterford, bar. Gaultiere. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Ballytrastau, par.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Ards, Upper, i m. 
 SE. Portaferry ; 168 1 30. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bally vaghau, or Bally vangban, fishing-tn., Ire., NW. ct. 
 CO. Cl3re, b3r. Burren, 12 m. SSW. Galway, on Blackhead 
 Bay, with a coastguard stn., PMT.O. P. <250. 
 
 Ballyvagtaan Bay, Ire. See Blackhead Bay. 
 
 Ballyvaldon, par. and tnld.. Ire., co. Wexford, b3r. 
 Bsllaghkeen, S., 11 m. E. Enniscorthy. Par. 3911 ac. , P. < 
 1000 ; tnld. P. < 250. 
 
 Bally^alloo, par. , Ire. , in co. and 7 m. NE. Wexford, bar. 
 Ballaghkeen, S. ; 189130. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Bally varra, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Limerick, dist. Annscotty. 
 
 Ballyvary, or Bellavary, tnld. , Ire. , co. Mayo, bar. Gallen, 
 
 5 m. ENE. C3stlebar, with PM.O. P.<25o. 
 BallyTaskln, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Clare, dist. Milltown- 
 
 m3lb3y. 
 Bally volge, tnld.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. E. Carbery, E. div., 
 
 6 m. from Macroom, with P.O. 
 
 Ballyvool, electoral div., Ire., co. Kilkenny, dist. Inistioge. 
 
 Ballyvonmey, par. , Ire. , W. 00. Cork, bar. Muskerry W. , 
 9 m. W. by N. Mscroom, P.O.; 26,602 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ballyvoy, tnld., Ire., NE. co. Antrim, bar. Gary, i8j m. E. 
 Portrush, 3 m. E. Ballycastle, P.O. 
 
 Ballyvoyle Head, cape. Ire. , on the S. ct of co. Waterford, 
 in 7° 29' W. 
 
 Ballywalter, par. and fishing-tn., E. ct. co. Down, bar. 
 Upper Ards, 9 m. SE. by E. Newton Ards, with a coastguard 
 stn., PMT.O. Par. 301330., P. < 1500; tn. P. <750. 
 
 Bally^ard, place. Ire., W. co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, 14 m. NE. by E. Newry, 4 m. W. Ballyroney 
 stn., P.O. 
 
 BallyM'att, place, Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Dunluce, Lower, 
 5 111. from Coleraine, with P.O. 
 
 Bally William, stn.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Bantry, 6 m. 
 NE. New Ross, on the Bagenalstown and Wexford Rly., P.O. 
 
 BaUywilUn, psr.. Ire., cos. Antrim 3nd Londonderry, bars. 
 Dunluce, Lower, and NE. Liberties of Coleraine, containing 
 Portrush; 467530. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ballyi«'Ulin, tnld., Ire., NE. co. Longford, bar. Granard, 
 16^ m. ENE. Longford, with a stn. (Ballywillan) on the 
 Cavan June. Rly. P. <:2So. 
 
 Ballyworiy, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Down, dist. Hillsborough. 
 
 Balmaclellan, par., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, i^ m. NE. 
 New Galloway, and sj m. N. New Galloway stn,, P.O. ; 
 ■23,01930. P. <:75o. 
 114 
 
 Balmaghle, par., Soot., Kirkcudbrightshire, near Castle 
 Douglas; 21,06930. P.<:iooo. 
 
 Balmaha, steamboat pier, Loch Lomond, on the E. side of 
 the ioch, 4^ m. NNE. of the foot of the loch. 
 
 Balmaln, suburb of Sydney, new South Wales. P. 27,000. 
 
 Balmangan, par., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire. See Borgue. 
 
 Balmaz Ujvilros, comm., Hungary, co. 3nd 14 m. WNW. 
 Debreczen. P. 10,300. 
 
 Balme, Col de. See Alps, Passes and Railways, n. 
 
 Balmedle, place, Scot., Aberdeenshire, with PMT.O. 
 
 Balmerino (' town on the ses-shore'), par., Soot., E. Fife, on 
 S. shore of estu3ry of Tay, 4^ m. SW. Dundee, 2| m. WSW. 
 Worniitstn. ; 343130. P. <75o. 
 
 Balmbom, mt. See Alps, Subdivisions, D., B., I. 
 
 Balmoral, setdement, Canada, New Brunswick, 00. Resti- 
 gouche, 10 m. SW. Dalhousie. 
 
 Balmoral, pl3ce. Ire., SE. 00. Antrim, bar. Lower Belfast, 
 3 SW. suburb of Belfast, with 3 rly. stn., PT.O. 
 
 Balmoral, vil., Victoria, Dundas co., 61 m. W. Ararat. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Balmoral (' the majestic dwelling") Castle, royal residence, 
 Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on the r. bk. of the Dee, close to 
 Crathie on W, The estate was purchssed by Queen Victoria in 
 1848, and in 1853 the present castle was built in place of the 
 old one. 
 
 Balmore, vil. , Soot. , Stirlingshire, 5^ ra. N. by E. Glasgow, 
 on the N. B. R. 
 
 Balmullo, vil, Scot., E. Fife, 5 m. NE. Cupar, ij m. W. 
 by N. Leuchars Junction, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Balmnrrle FeU, hill, Scot., Wigtownshire, in the N., 10^ 
 m. ENE. Stranraer. Alt. 807 ft. 
 
 Balnagnard, viL , Scot. , Perthshire, on the r. bk. of the Tay, 
 6 ni. E. by N. Aberfeldy, 2 m. W. Ballinluig stn. 
 
 Balnatana, or Balnahnalgli, isl., Scot., W. Argyllshire, 
 in Jura par. P. <25o. 
 
 Baliiamore, place. Ire., 3 m. from Ballymoney, with PM.O. 
 
 Balne, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W, Riding, Osgoldcross div., 9 
 in. N. Donoaster, on the G. N. R. P. <5oo. See Polllngton. 
 
 Baluellsn, ferry, on R. Spey, between Elginshire 3nd Banff- 
 shire, near mouth of R. Avon. 
 
 Balolo, 3 large Bantu nation in the Equatorial Prov. of 
 the Congo Free State. They inh3bit the forests on the banks 
 of the Chviap3, Bussera, and Lom3mi, 3nd their settlements 
 3re interspersed with the villages of the Batwa dw3rfs. The 
 principsl tribes of the B. 3re the Boruki, B3ngombe, Dulingo, 
 Imballa, and Kimcma. Agriculture exists smong them to a 
 certain extent, but they follow no pastor3l pursuits. According 
 to V. Fr3n9ois, 3II B. tribes are addicted to cannibalism. The 
 territories inh3bited by the B. belong to the most promising of 
 Equatorial Africa, especially as the climate is more favourable 
 to Europeans than it is in many other parts of the Congo Free 
 State. See V. Fr3n9ois : Die Erforschung des Tschuapa und 
 Lulongo, 1888. [H. C S.] 
 
 Balonne, riv. , Austr3li3. See Condamlne. 
 
 B^lotra, tn., India, Rijputdna, 55 m. SW. by W. Jodhpur. 
 Estimated P. 7000. 
 
 Balqnliatson Row and Araloss Colliery, vil. , Scot. See 
 Plrnle Lodge. 
 
 BalqnUdder (' the town at the back of the country"), par., 
 Soot. , W. Perthshire, at the foot of Loch Voil, 8 m. SSW. of the 
 head of Loch Tay, 2 m. W. by N. King's House stn., the scene 
 of many of the exploits of Rob Roy, whose tomb is in the grave- 
 yard ; PM.O.; 54,67430. P. <:75o. 
 
 Balrabeen, p3r. , Ire. , co. Kild3re, b3r. Ikesthy 3nd Ought- 
 erany, 4 m. SW. M3ynooth; 3372 ao. P. <500. 
 
 Balrdmpnr, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Gonda, 85 m. ENE. 
 Lucknow. P. 14,800. 
 
 Balranald, tn. , New South Wales, Caira 00. , 70 m. W. by 
 S. Hay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Balrath, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Meath, b3r. Lower Duleek, SJ 
 m. SW. by S. Drogheda, 3 m. SW. Duleek, with P.O. 
 
 Balrathboyne, par.. Ire., 00. Meath, bars. Upper Kells, 
 and Navan, Lower, 2 m. SE. Kells. P. <5oo. 
 
 Balrotbery, par. and tn., Ire., NE. co. Dublin, bar. Bal- 
 rothery E., loi m. SE. Drogheda, i^ m. S. Balbriggan. Par. 
 6887 30., P. <3Soo ; tn. P. <:250. 
 
 Balrotliery, East and West, two bars. , Ire. , in N. co. Dublin. 
 
 BalsM, tn., Indi3, Bombay, dist. Siu-3t. P. 14,800; Hindus, 
 10,800. 
 
 Balsall, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, 9 m. SW. Coventry ; 
 509530. P. < 1500. 
 
 Balsall Heath, two eccles. pars., with stn. (Camp Hill and 
 B. H.), Eng., Worcestershire, near Birmingham, on the M. R. 
 B. H. St. P3ul, P. 22,800 ; B. H. St. Thomas in the Moors, P. 
 7700. 
 
 Balsall Street, hamlet, Eng., Warwickshire, Tamworth 
 div., 7 m. W. by S. Coventry, i^ m. W. Berkswell stn., with 
 P.O. (B. Common). 
 
 Balsam Lake, Canad3, Ontario, Victoria co. , 62 m. NE. by 
 N. Toronto, communicating with Sturgeon Lake. 
 
B A LS 
 
 B A LU 
 
 Balsan, one of the Punjab Hill States, India, crossed by 
 31° N. and 77^° E. Area, 51 sq. m. 
 
 Balsas, Rio de las, riv., Mexico, rises in state of Tlaxcala, 
 where it is called the Atoyac, flows S. then W. past Mexcala 
 (known in this part of its course as Rio Mexcala), and finally 
 SSW. , entering the Pacific by a delta crossed by 18° N. ; rendered 
 unnavigable by innumerable rapids and shoals ; length about 
 500 m. Principal tribs. , the Zahuapam, Coetzal, Amatzinac, 
 and Amacusac. 
 
 Balscaddan, par. and tn.. Ire., NE. co. Dublin, bar. Bal- 
 rothery E., 8^ m. SE. by S. Drogheda, ij m. NW. Balbrig- 
 gan. Par. 3947 ac, P. <75o; tn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Balscott, part of eccles. par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury 
 div., 4 m. W. by N. Banbury, P.O. See Wroxton. 
 
 Balsliam, par. and vil., Eng., Cambridge, div. and 9 m. 
 SSW. Newmarket, 3 m. NNE. Linton stn., PM.O.; 4550 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Balsoun, par., Ire., co. Meath, bar. Deece, Lower, 4 m. E. 
 Trim; 1271 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 Balsover, or Bolsover, vil, Canada, Ontario, co. Victoria, 
 30 m. from Lindsey. P. < 1500. 
 
 Balstlial, vil., Switzd., cant, and 10 m. NE. Solothurn. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Balta, dist. tn., Russia, govt Podolia, 128 m. NW. of Odessa, 
 
 10 m. from Birzula rly. junc. Considerable trade. P. 31,400. 
 Baltasound, hamlet, Scot., Shetland Is., Unst I., at the 
 
 head of an inlet of the same name, on the E. ct. , with PMT. O. 
 Baltcagb, par.. Ire., NE. co. Londonderry, bar. Keenaght, 
 
 11 m. SW. Coleraine, 3 m. SE. Newtown Limavady ; 10,410 ac. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Balterley, par., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 6 m. NW. by 
 W. Newcastle-under-Lyme, 22 m. E. Betley Road stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Biiltl. See B&ltistdn. 
 
 Baltic Provinces, name applied to the Russian govts, of 
 Courland, Esthonia, and Livonia, situated on the Baltic Sea. 
 
 Baltic Lake Plateaa, a low plateau in N. Ger. , parallel to 
 the S. ct. of the Baltic Sea ; 750 ni. in length, extending from E. 
 Prussia to Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland. Its eastern parts 
 form broad elevations, the highest points being the Thurmberg, 
 near Dantzig {1086 ft.), and the Kernsdorf Mt. (1027 ft.) ; more 
 to the W. , in Mecklenburg and Schleswig-Holstein, the altitudes 
 decrease and the elevations become less defined, but even the 
 last offshoots of the plateau in Schleswig and Jutland are of 
 importance, as they form the watershed between the basins of 
 the Baltic and North Sea. A characteristic feature of the B. L. P. 
 is the large number of lakes and ponds, some with very irregular 
 outlines, others occupying wide basins, or narrow river-like 
 channels. The largest of these lakes are the Miiritz-See (93 sq. 
 m.), in Mecklenbiu-g, and the Spirding-See (46 sq. m.), in E. 
 Prussia. Many of these lakes (mostly very small) in the E. 
 section (Pomerania and W. Prussia) are without visible outlet. 
 According to the most recent investigations, the lake basins date 
 from the glacial period, when a massive sheet of ice covered N. 
 Germany, the ridges and hollows of the B. L. P. being due to 
 the action of the ice. See Geog. Jour. , vol. i. , 1893, pp. 61-62 ; 
 Petermann s MUteil., 1891, p. 38-41. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Baltic Sea, a large sea of N. Europe, between 54° and 66° N. 
 lat., and 9^° and 30° E. long., surrounded by Sweden, Russia, 
 Germany, and Denmark. Its principal direction is from SW. 
 to NE. Three straits, viz., the Sound, the Great Belt, and 
 the Little Belt, connect the B. S. with the North Sea. More- 
 over, there are communications between the two seas by means 
 of the Gota and Eider Canals, and another very important canal 
 is at present in course of construction, the North Sea Canal [q. -j. ). 
 The characteristic features of the B. S. are those of an inland 
 sea. It has hardly any tides, there being at Copenhagen i foot, 
 and further to the E., on the average, not more than i in. 
 difference between high and low water mark. The B. S. is colder, 
 and contains less salt than the Atlantic (total salts from \ to i^ 
 per cent. ). On the whole the B. S. is very shallow, its average 
 depth being not more than 20 fathoms ; towards the N. it 
 deepens to 100 fathoms. The greatest depth which has been 
 sounded is 216 fathoms, near the isl. of Gotland. Important 
 parts of the B. S. are the Gulfs of Bothnia, Finland, and Riga. 
 The German coast is characterised by the Kurische-, Frische-, and 
 Stettiner-Haffs. The southern coasts are flat and sandy, but in the 
 northern parts rocky coast-lines prevail. Besides the Danish isls. 
 which partly close in the B. S. on the W. , Bornholm, Oland, Got- 
 land, Osel, Dago, as well as the Alands and Quarken Is. , must be 
 mentioned. There are also innumerable cliffs, called Skaeren, 
 surrounding the coasts of Sweden and Finland. More than 
 200 rivers belong to the basin of the B. S., but only five of 
 them are large, viz., the Oder, Vistula, Niemen, Diina, and 
 Neva. The navigation of the B. S. is of the utmost import- 
 ance, but, unfortunately, more or less suspended during the 
 winter months, many ports being blocked by ice. In severe 
 winters large psirts of the B. S. are frozen up, e.g., the Gulf of 
 Bothnia in 1875-76 ; and there are three cases on record that the 
 whole of the B. S. was covered with a massive sheet of ice, viz. , 
 in 1323, 1459, and 1709. For centuries past it has been observed 
 
 that the Baltic coasts of S. Sweden and N. Germany are sub- 
 siding, whilst the coasts of the Gulf of Bothnia show signs of 
 upheaval. Greatest length, 960 m. ; greatest breadth, 390 m.; 
 area, 160,000 sq. m. ; length of coast- lines, 500c m. [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Baltimore, vil., Canada, Ontario, Northumberland co., 66 
 m. ENE. Toronto. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Baltimore, seapt. tn.. Ire., SW. ct. of co. Cork, bar. Car- 
 bery W., E. div., 5^ m. SW. Skibbereen, on B. Bay, now a 
 thriving fishing stn. , connected with Skibbereen by rail, PMT. O. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Baltimore, city and seapt., U.S., Maryland, co. Balti- 
 more, on 1. bL of the Patapsco R., 12 m. from its entrance 
 into Chesapeake Bay, 34 m. NE. Washington, in 39° 17' N., 
 76° 36' W. The city has for its harbour a deep basin of 27 ft. 
 of water in the channel, formed by one of the arms of the 
 Patapsco. A stream called Jones' Falls run through the northern 
 and eastern portion of the city, and another stream, known as 
 Gwynn's Falls, runs through the western and southern portion 
 of what was formerly the county but now included in the city. 
 Six lines of railway lead into the city, and an underground 
 system connects the principal lines with the wharves and immense 
 elevators for the storage of grain, B. being now one of the 
 principal grain markets of the U.S. The leading industries are 
 iron, copper, glassware, bricks, leather, flour, tobacco, clothing, 
 furniture, and bell casting, in which it excels, also the finest 
 quality of pottery. The canning industry is large, especially 
 that of oysters. Rich deposits of coal, copper, and clay are 
 found ; also marble, granite, limestone, slate, and chrome. 
 Imports include iron, salt, coffee, sugar, and fruits. Exports, 
 petroleum, grain, flour, tobacco, cotton, macliinery, and Hve 
 stock. Splendid system of waterworks. Several parks and 
 cemeteries, including Druid Hill (880 ac.) and Green Mount 
 cemetery. Washington and Battle monuments (the former 
 212 ft. high) commemorate the struggle for independence. 
 Seat of the Johns-Hopkins university (unsectarian, opened 1876), 
 and hospital. Mean temp., yr. 55.8° F., Jan. 35.4°, July 78.5" ; 
 rainfall (22 yrs.), 42.87 in. P. (1850) 169,054 ; (1870) 267,354; 
 (1890) 434.439- 
 
 Baltimore, co., U.S., Maryland, between the upper part of 
 Chesapeake Bay and the N. frontit^r. 
 
 Baltimore, Nortb, vil., U.S., Ohio, Wood co., 34 m. S. by 
 W. Toledo. P. < 3000. 
 
 Baltluglass, par. and market-tn., Ire., W. cos. Carlow and 
 Wicklow, bars. Rathvilly and Upper Talbotstown, 12 m. ESE. 
 Athy, on the Naas and Tullow branch of the Great Southern 
 and' Western Rly., PMT.O. Market-day, F. Par. P. <25oo ; 
 tn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Baltlnglass, settlement, Queensland, Waldegrave co., 230 
 m. SSW. Rockhampton. 
 
 Baltlscliport, seapt. tn. , Russia, govt. Esthonia, at entrance 
 into Gulf of Finland, 32 m. W. of Reval. Terminus of Baltic 
 Rly. Roadstead freezes but for a few days. P. 1000. 
 
 Bdltlstdu, Baltl, or Little Tibet, a div. of Kashmfr, 
 India, traversed by the Indus, wiiere it receives the Shigar and 
 Shyok, between Ladakh and Gilghit ; mainly mountainous ; 
 cap. Iskardo (Skardo). 
 
 Baltonsborongb, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 3^ m. SE. 
 Glastonbury, PMT.O. P. <7So. See Butlelgh. 
 
 Bal'toro, glacier, in the N. of Baltistan, between the Mustagh 
 Range and Masherbrum, in about 35" 45° N., 76° 10-30' E. 
 See maps, Jour. R. G. S., 1864, p. 19; Proc. R. G. S., 1892, 
 p. 272. 
 
 Baltrasna, tnld., Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. Fore, 16 m. 
 N. by E. Mullingar. P. <25o. 
 
 Baltray, tn.. Ire., SE. ct. co. Louth, bar. Ferrard, on R. 
 Boyne, 3 J m. ENE. Drogheda. P. <5oo. 
 
 Baltrnm, a low isl., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 3 m. from 
 the ct., in 53° 43° N., 7° 25' E. 
 
 Balu, isl. , Burma. See Bild-Gywon. 
 
 Balnba, a large Bantu tribe of the Congo basin, living 
 between the Kasai and Lubilash Rivs. 
 
 Bal<lcblstdn, or Belnclilstau (the ancient Gedrosia, which 
 comprised the coast tracts, together with the country of the 
 Oritce, &c.), is the country to the S. of Afghanistan, composed 
 mainly of arid [Qaetta] and rugged tablelands, but including, 
 in the prov. of Kachh-Gandiva, in the E. , an area of low-lying 
 plains, traversed by the Ndri, Bolan, and Badra rivers. The 
 soil is generally stony, except in these plains, where it is rich 
 and loamy, requiring only irrigation to make it highly produc- 
 tive. On the E., B. is separated from Sind mainly by the Kir- 
 thdr Mts. (average height about 7000 ft.) and the Pab Hills 
 (average height about 2000 ft. ), which succeed the Kirthir range 
 on the S. , and terminate in C. Monze in Sind. Where not entirely 
 desert B. is inhabited only by sparsely scattered tribes subject to 
 the Khan of Khelit. The principal tribes belong to two main 
 stocks, the Baluchis, who speak an Aryan language, and the 
 Brahuis, whose language has no known affinities with any other. 
 The agricultural products are similar to those of Afghanistan. 
 Special attention is given to the cultivation of the date-palm in 
 Mekran or Makran (the SW. ). Khelat, the capital, is a fortified 
 
 115 
 
B ALU 
 
 B AN A 
 
 town at the height of 6800 ft., occupying the W. side of a well- 
 cultivated plain. The coast-line, 600 m. long, mostly craggy, 
 though not very high, but in some places low and sandy, has 
 not a single harbour, but has two or three fair roadsteads, at 
 which a small trade is carried on with British India, the best 
 being Sonmiani, Ormarah or Homara, and Gwadar, the last of 
 which belongs to Oman. In the tables of the trade of Brit. 
 India this branch of trade is entered as with Mekran and Son- 
 midni. The government of the whole area is now under the 
 supervision of the agent of the Governor-General of India, and 
 parts of B. (including the fortress of Quetta) are now included 
 in the British districts. The part under British rule extends 
 from the Suleiman Mts. westward nearly to 60° E. , includes in 
 the W. the high valley of Pishin (average height about 5000 ft.), 
 with the Khwija (Khoja or Khojak) Amrin Mts., which form 
 the western boundary of this valley ; in the SW. , the whole 
 route of the railway which has been laid from Sukkur in Sind to 
 Pishin, and for the continuation of which towards Kandahdr a 
 tunnel nearly 2| m. long has been pierced through the Khwdja 
 Amrdn range, and on the NW. the valley of the Zhob, a trib. 
 oftheGumal (Gomul). Almost the whole region is high and 
 mountainous, being traversed by spurs of the Suldiman Mts., 
 but it embraces also part of the desert plain of Kachh to the S. 
 The railway just mentioned forms a loop before entering Pishin, 
 one branch ascending by the N4ri Pass, the other (western) 
 branch by the Bolan Pass (5800 ft.) and the town and fortress 
 of Quetta (5600 ft. above sea-level). Workable deposits of coal 
 and petroleum have been found on or near the route of this 
 railway. Area of the whole of B. about 130,000 sq. m. P. 
 about 500,000; Brit. B. (1891) 173,00. 
 
 See /our. J?. G. S., 1874, pp. 163-182 (Southern B.); Notes 
 on Afghanistan and Balrichistdn, by Major H. G. Raverty, 
 Lond. 1881 ; Unexplored Baltichisfdn, by E. A. Floyer, Lond. 
 1882 ; Across the Border ; or, Pathan and Bilooch, by E. E. 
 Oliver, Lond. 1891. The whole of B. is included in Curzon's 
 map of Persia {Proc. R. G. S., 1892, p. 140). 
 
 Balnk Ool, or Ak Deniz, lake, Syria, 15 m. long, 12 m. 
 NE. Antioch, drained SW. into the Orontes. 
 
 Balnmbo, vil., W. Africa, French Congo Terr., 178 m. 
 NNW. Boma, in 3° 25' N., 12° 3' E. 
 
 Baitin, cantonments, India. See Dalbonsle. 
 
 Balve, vil., Prussia, Westphalia, 10 m. WSW. Arnsberg, 
 formerly belonged to the Hanseatic League. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Balwearle, ruined fort, Scot., Fife, 2 m. W. by S. Kirkcaldy, 
 the residence of the famous Sir Michael Scot (1210-1291). 
 
 Baly Bay, Madagascar, in the W. , in about 16° S. 
 
 Balzar, vil., Ecuador, on the Rio Daule, in 1° 21' S., 55 m. 
 N. Guayaquil ; head of steam navigation. 
 
 Balzaa, Bio de las. See Balsas. 
 
 Bam, fortified tn., Persia, prov. Kerman, 105 m. SSE. 
 Kerman. P. (estd. by Col. Goldsmid in 1872 at) 8-10,000. 
 
 Bamakn, tn., W. Africa, on the Niger. See Bammakn. 
 
 Bamangwato, an African tribe, inhabiting the NE. of the 
 Protectorate of Bechuanaland, cap. Palapye. 
 
 Bamba, gorge on the Niger, W. Africa, about 65 leagues 
 below the port of Timbuktu. 
 
 Bambarra, or Banibara, W. African tribe, inhabiting both 
 banks of the Niger, mainly in the sultanate of Segu [q.v.]. 
 
 Bamber Bridge, eccles. par. and vil., Eng. , Lancashire, 
 Darwen div.,3 m. SE. by S. Preston, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. 
 
 P. SSOo- 
 
 Bamberg (in the 9th century Babiuberg), city, Ger., 
 Bavaria, govt. Upper Franconia, 42 ni. E. by N. Wiirzburg, on 
 the Regnitz, 3 m. above its confluence with the Main. Formerly 
 the cap. of the independent bishopric of B. founded by the 
 Emperor Henry II. in 1007. It was secularised in 1801, and 
 in 1803 annexed to Bavaria. The diocese covered an area of 
 1430 sq. m. It has a cathedral and palace, formerly the resi- 
 dence of its prince-bishops. B. is an archbishop's see. Iron- 
 works, sugar-refining, and cotton-spinning are largely carried 
 on. Manufs. woollen stuffs, gloves, leather, sealing-wax, starch, 
 gunpowder, musical instruments, tobacco, and beer. Alt. 796 ft. ; 
 mean temp., yr. 46.4° F., Jan. 28.9°, July 64.8°. P. 35,800. 
 
 Bamberg, vil., U.S., S. Carolina, Barnwell co., 52 m. E. 
 by S. Augusta (Ga.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Bamberrys, Brit. Guiana, 50 m. NW. by N. Georgetown. 
 
 Bamborongh, Eng. See Bambnrgb. 
 
 Bambuk, a country, French W. Africa, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Senegal, between 13° and 15° N. Gold-washings numerous, 
 and veins of iron are worked. The inhabitants of the Man- 
 dingo race have few arts or manufactures ; they import cotton, 
 cloth, ornaments, and salt, mostly in exchange for gold-dust. 
 The Portugfuese were masters of this country in the 15th century. 
 P. about 800,000. 
 
 Bambnrgb, or Bamborongh, and Bambnrgb Castle, two 
 adjoining pars., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div.. on the coast, 13 J m. N, Alnwick, 3^ m. E. Belford stn.; 
 B. Castle contains apartments for shipwrecked seamen, schools 
 for the education and maintenance of thirty girls, &c.; PMT.O. 
 (Bamborongli). B. par. P. <scio; B. Castle, P. <2So. 
 116 
 
 Bamdioota, settlement, S. Australia, Blackford co., 47 m. 
 NE. by N. Port Augusta. 
 
 Bamford, par., Eng., Derbyshire, High Peak div., gi m. 
 W. by S. Sheffield, PMT.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Bamford, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, 3 m. W. Rochdale, with 
 PT.O. See Blrtle. 
 
 Bamftarlong, stn., Enjr. , Lancashire, on the L. & NW. 
 R., 4 m. N. Newton, with PM.O. 
 
 Baml, vil., Russian Turkistan, Transcaspian Terr., 196 m. 
 SE. of Uzun-ade ; chief town of dist. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bamlan, tn. , Afghanistan, 80 m. W. by N. Kabul, at the 
 angle where the Kohibaba and the Hindu-kush meet, near the 
 head of the Surkh-ab, in a high valley, where wheat, barley, 
 lucerne, and maize are grown. The name of B. Pass is often 
 given to the Dajikhak Pass (alt. about 12,000 ft.), the middle 
 one of three passes leading from B. to the upper valley of the 
 Helmand, the other two being the Pusht-Hajikhak to the S., 
 and the Irak Pass (about 13,000 ft.) to the N. Alt. of town 
 8350 ft. (Curzon). 
 
 Bam-i-I>nnya. See Pamirs. 
 
 Bammakn, or Bammako, vil., W. Africa, on the Upper 
 Niger, in about 12° 36' N., 7° 50' W., at the lower end of the 
 rapids that extend from Sigiri ; with a French fortified post, 908 
 m. from St. Louis. Alt. 1035 ft. (Binger) ; mean temp, (i yr. 
 1883-84), yr. 82.4° F. 
 
 Bamnid'fvds, tn., India, Rdjputina, 50 m. ESE. Jaipur. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Bamo, tn. , Upper Burma. See Bbamo. 
 
 Bamoni, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Rangpur, 75 m. SSE. 
 Darjlling. P. 7000. 
 
 Bamoth Baal, place named in O. T. See El MasKkbtyeh. 
 
 Bamptou (B.x\ct.. Bathomton), tn. and par., Eng., Devonshire, 
 div. and 6 m. N. Tiverton, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. Market- 
 days, W. and S. Par. 7799 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bampton Proper, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 12 
 m. SW. Woodstock, 2 m. S. of its stn. on the G. W. R., 
 PMT.O.; 4530 ac. P. < 1500; eccles. pars. (B. Aston wltb 
 ShifTord) P. < 1000 ; (B. I-ew) P. <25o ; (B. Proper) P. < 1500. 
 
 Bampton, par. and vil. , Eng. , Westmorland, Appleby div. , on 
 thel. bk. of the Lowther, i m. \V. B. Grange, 7^ ni. S. Penrith, 
 P.O.; 10,925 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bampnr, tn. , Persia, prov. Mekran, 260 m. E. Bender Abbas. 
 Very unhealthy. Temperature liable to sudden and extreme 
 changes. 
 
 Bamra, native state, India, attached to Sambalpur dist., 
 crossed by 21^° N. , and 85° E. ; area 1988 sq. m. P. 81,000. 
 
 BamsArn, pass, India, NW. Provs. , Garhw41 State, across 
 the Jamnoti range, in 30° 56' N., 78° 36' E. Alt. 15,447 ft. 
 
 ' Ban,' Gaelic, ' white, fair.' 
 
 Banabe'a, tribe, S. Africa, S. of the Zambezi, between about 
 27° and 28° E. 
 
 Banada, electoral div.. Ire., co. Sligo, bar. Leyny, on the 
 Moy, 14 m. ESE. Ballina. 
 
 Banaganapalll, tn., India, cap. native state B., 89 m. E. by 
 N. Bellary, with diamond mines nearly worked out. P. <3000. 
 
 Banagb, bar.. Ire., in the extreme SW. of co. Donegal. 
 
 Banagher, tn.. Ire., King's co. , bar. Garrycastle, on thel.bk. 
 of the Shannon, 5J m. NNW. Parsontown, connected by rail 
 with Clara, with a royal school. Market-day, F. P. < 1500. 
 
 Banagber, par. , Ire., S. co. Londonderry, bars. Keenaght 
 and Tirkeeran, 20 m. SW. by S. Coleraine. P. <2500. 
 
 Baiia, Iia,comm. , Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Negreira. P. 5600. 
 
 Banalya, or Bonalya, Upper and Lower, vils. , Congo Free 
 State, on the Aruwimi, in about 25° 5o'-26° E. , 1° 30' N. 
 
 Banam, tn. , Cambodia, on the Tien, 103 m. WNW. Saigon, 
 cap. prov. B. P. (tn.) 28,000. 
 
 Banana, vil., Queensland, Ferguson co. , 80 m. SSW. Rock- 
 hampton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Banana, isl. , W. Africa, at the N. of the mouth of the Congo, 
 in 6° i' S. , with town of B. , a stn. of the Congo Free State, cap. 
 dist. B., which stretches from the mouth of the Congo to the 
 Portuguese terr. of Kabinda. Mean temp., yr. 78° F., April 
 82°, July 71° ; rainfall (1889-90), 24.4 in.; (1890-91) 15 in. _ 
 
 Banana Islands, a group of small isls. off the SW. point of 
 Sierra Leone Renin., in about 8° 8' N. 
 
 Bananal, isl., Brazil. See Araguaya. 
 
 Bananal, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, in the E. of prov. Sao 
 Paulo, 72 m. W. by N. Rio de Janeiro. Alt. 1255 ft. 
 
 Bananelra, fall on the R. Madeira, S. America, on the 
 frontier of Brazil and Bolivia, in about 13° 23' N. 
 
 Banankoro, tn. , W. Africa, in the Sangara country, in about 
 9° 50' N., 9° 25' W. About 1500 houses. Proc. R. G. S., 
 1892, p. 452. 
 
 Bands, riv., India, Bengal, dist. ShihibAd, the drainage 
 channel between the Arrah Canal and the Bihiyd branch of the 
 Son Canal System. 
 
 Bands, riv., India, Eastern Rdjputina, rises in the ArAvalli 
 Range, and flows on the whole NE. to the Chanibal. 
 
 Bands, rly. stn., India, Rdjputdna, state Sirohi, 105 m. S. 
 Jodhpur. 
 
BAN A 
 
 B AN F 
 
 Banas-Chal, riv., Asia Minor, flows SW. to the Menderes, 
 which it joins 45 ni. ESE. Alashehr. 
 
 Banat (Slavonic, 'lordship'), formerly the name of that por- 
 tion of S. Hungary between the Maros and the Danube, having 
 W. the Theiss, and E. Transylvania and Walachia. Surface 
 mountainous in the E, and marshy in the W., traversed by the 
 femes, Alt-Bega, and Karas rivers, and highly productive of 
 wheat, spelt, and other grains. The marshy dists. are notori- 
 ously unhealthy. The mountains yield iron, copper, and gold. 
 The chief town was Temesvar. History mentions the Banats 
 of Craiova, Belgrade, and others, at the time when Hungary 
 extended into Walachia, Servia, and Bosnia. 
 
 B&n^t Koinl^s (Hungarian, Nagy-Komlos), market-tn., 
 Hungary, prov. Torontal, 30 m. WNW. Temesvar. P. 5200. 
 
 Bantitnjfalu, Hungary. See Neudorf. 
 
 Banaviisl, tn., India, Bombay, N. Kdnara dist., on Varada 
 R., 61 m. S. DhArwir. P. <20oo. 
 
 Banavle, vil., Scot., Argyllshire, on the Caledonian Canal, 
 2^ m. N. by E. Fort-William, PT.O. 
 
 Banawn, electoral div., Ire., co. Kerry, dist. Tuosist. 
 
 Baubritlgc, tp. , Ire., W. co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Upper Half (i), 9 m. SE. Portadown, on the R. Bann, and on 
 the Banbridge and Lisburn and the Ballyroney Branch Rlys. , 
 with several linen factories. Market-days, M., Tu., and F. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Baubnry, ancient Beriniuri^ {' Bera's town'), mun. bor. (also 
 pari. bor. till 1885), par., and market-tn., Eng., Oxfordshire, B. 
 div., i5^m. N. Woodstock, on the riv. Cherwell and G. W. R. 
 and L. & NW. R. The town was incorporated by Queen Mary, 
 and the boundaries of the bor. were extended in 1889. B. has 
 been noted since Tudor times for cakes which bear its name. 
 Principal manufactures, agricultural implements and plush. 
 Mines of brown hematite. A modern cross replaces the B. 
 cross of nursery rhyme fame. Market-day, Th. Alt. 340 ft. Mean 
 temp., Jan. 38.2° F., June 63.4°; annual rainfall, 21 in. Pari, 
 div. P. (1891)43,900; par. P. <4ooo; mun. bor. P. (1891) 12,800; 
 eccles. pars. (B. with Neithrop) P. 5900 ; (B. South) P. 6900. 
 
 Bancalis. See Bangkalls. 
 
 Baucallau. See Baugkalan. 
 
 Banchory ('the fair valley'), vil., Scot., Kincardineshire, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Dee, i6| m. W. by S. Aberdeen, on the Dee- 
 side Rly., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bauchory-Devenick, par., Scot., Aberdeenshire and Kin- 
 cardineshire, on either side R. Dee, P.O.; 10,040 ac. P. <40oo. 
 
 Banchory-Ternan, par., Scot., Aberdeenshire and Kin- 
 cardineshire, containing vil. of Banchory ; 20,079 ^'^- P- <3500' 
 
 Banco, tn. , Colombia, Magdalena, on the Magdalena R. at 
 its junction with the Rio Cesar, 150 m. SE. Cartagena. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bancoorata, India. See Bdnknrd. 
 
 Bancran, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Londonderry, dist. Drapers- 
 town. 
 
 Bancroft, vil., Canada, Ontario, Hastings co., on R. Sha- 
 washkong, 88 m. NW. Kingston. 
 
 Bancroft, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Kingsbury co., 112 
 m. N. by W. Yankton. 
 
 Bancroft, vil., U.S., Michigan, Marquette co., 3 m. W. 
 Marquette. 
 
 Bancyfelln, hamlet, Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., on 
 the Cywyn, 6 m. W. by S. Carmarthen, 2^ m. E. St. Clears 
 stn., PM.O. 
 
 Bdnda, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., cap. dist. B., i m. E. 
 of the r. bk. of the Ken, 70 m. S. Cawnpur ; has declined 
 through the growth of Rdjdpur as a rival cotton emporium. The 
 cantonments are i m. from the town. The climate of the dist. 
 is healthy for natives, but produces fever and ague among Euro- 
 peans. Malarial fever is the only endemic disease. P. (1853) 
 42,000 ; (1891) 23,000. 
 
 Banda Gonge, vil. , Portuguese W. Africa, in 9° S. , 17° 20' E. 
 Alt. 2525 ft. 
 
 Banda Islands, a group of 12 small but important isls. , 
 Molucca Archipelago, belonging to the Dutch, in 4° 30° S. , 
 129° 50' E. , 50 m. S. Ceram. The largest are Lontor, B. or 
 B. Neira (with the residence of the governor), and Gunong- 
 Api, the last of which is the highest, and has an active volcano 
 of same name. Principal product, nutmegs. The islands form 
 a part of the residency of the Moluccas, and have an area 
 together of 17 sq. m. P. about 8000. 
 
 Baiidajunia, vil., in the SE. of the British colony of Sierra 
 Leone, about 33 m. from the coast. 
 
 Bandar, seapt. and municip. , India. See Hasnlipataui. 
 
 Bandar Abbas. See Bender Abbas. 
 
 Banda Oriental. See Uruguay. 
 
 Bandairban, principal vil., in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, 
 Brit. India, Bengal, 28 m. ESE. Chittagong. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Bandar Baru, vil., Malay Renin., Perak, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Perak, at tlie confluence of one of the mouths of the Kinta, 
 in 4° 8' N. 
 
 Bandar Bnshire. See Bnshlre. 
 
 Bandar Slaharani. See Maharanl, Bandar. 
 
 Ban'da-we, mission stn., Brit. S. Africa, Nyassaland, on the 
 
 W. shore of Lake Nyassa, in 11° 56' S.; on a sandy pro- 
 montory at the base of the Angoni Mts. ; unhealthy. 
 
 Bande, stn., Nyassa-land, on the W. shore of Lake Nyassa, 
 in 11° 17' S. 
 
 Bande, comm., Spain, prov. Orense, dist. B. P. 5700. 
 
 Bandeia, volcano, W. Africa, Futa Jallon, between the 
 Senegal and Gambia. 
 
 Ban-de-Ia-Roche. See Stelnthal. 
 
 Bander, a roadstead of S. Arabia, Akrabi terr. , about 12 m. 
 W. Aden. 
 
 Bandera, co., U.S., Texas, S. of 30° N., crossed in the E. 
 by 99° W. 
 
 Bandlat, riv., SW. of France, deps. Haute Vienne and 
 Charente, for the most part disappears in clefts in limestone 
 rock, but after heavy rains joins the Tardoire. 
 
 Banditti, isl. , Eastern Archipelago. See Pandita. 
 
 Bandjermassing. See Banjeruiassln. 
 
 Baudjoeuias. See Banyumas. 
 
 Bandjoevaugl. See Banynvangi. 
 
 Bandols, comm. and seapt., France, dep. Var, on the S. ct., 
 arr. and 9 m. W. Toulon. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bandon, or Melville's Mills, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. 
 Huron, 9 m. from Clinton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bandon Grore, vil. , New South Wales, Forbes co. , 75 m. 
 W. Bathurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bandong, tn. , Java, 64 m. ESE. Buitenzorg, cap. residency 
 Preanger ; bird's nest cave near. P. 18,000 (340 Europeans). 
 
 Bandon, market-tn.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Kinalmeaky, on 
 R. Bandon, 9^ m. W. by N. Kinsale, connected by rail with 
 Cork and Bantry, with important corn and provision trade. 
 The town dates from 1610, when Richard Boyle, first Earl of 
 Cork, established here a settlement of English Protestants. 
 Market-days, W. and S. P. (of tp.)<3Soo. 
 
 Bandon, riv.. Ire., co. Cork, flows E. into Kinsale Harb. , 
 which it enters in about 51° 40' N. 
 
 Bandon, ct. tn., U.S., Oregon, Cook co., in 43° 7' N. 
 Mean rainfall (9 yrs.), 62.8 in. P. < 1500. 
 
 Biiudra, tn., Brit. India, Thdna dist., on the SW. end of 
 Salsette I., at the point at which it is connected with the isl. of 
 Bombay by a causeway and bridge. P. (1881) 15,000; (1891) 
 18,300 ; Hindus, 8,700 ; Christians, 6300. 
 
 Bandu, tn., Siam, near E. ct. Malay Renin., about 9° 5' N. 
 
 Bandurnia ( Turkish, Greek Panormo), tn., Asia Minor, on 
 the S. shore of the Sea of Marmora, 57 m. W, by N. Brussa. 
 
 Bane Lough, small lake. Ire. , on the border of Meath and 
 Westmeath, 13 m. NNE. Mullingar, drained by the Deel R, 
 into the Boyne. 
 
 Baueras, comm. , Spain, prov. Alicante, dist. Alcoy. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Baueza, La, comm., Spain, prov. and 29 m. SW. Le<5n. 
 P. < 40G0. 
 
 Banff, tn., Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R., 921 m. 
 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, with hot sulphur springs ; situated 
 amidst some of the grandest scenery of the Rocky Mountain 
 National Park. P. < 1500. 
 
 Banff (bamf), a royal and pari, burgh, seapt. tn., and par. 
 of Scot., cap. Banffshire, at the mouth of the Deveron, 6 m. E. 
 by S. Portsoy, with two stns., B. Bridge, and the Harbour 
 stn. , on the G. N. of S. R. ; birthplace of Archbishop Sharp ; has 
 various small factories, including ironworks ; shipbuilding carried 
 on. The harbour has a water area of 4 acres, and 12-14 ft- 
 of water on the sill in ordinary spring tides. Par. 6037 ac. , 
 P. < 5000 ; royal burgh, P. <400o; tn. and pari, burgh, P. 7600. 
 
 Banffshire, co., Scotland, stretching from SW. to NE., 
 where it has a coast-line on the North Sea, between Elgin and 
 Inverness cos. on the W. and Aberdeenshire on the E. There 
 is also a small detached part surrounded by Aberdeenshire to 
 the S. of Huntly. Less than a third of the surface is under 500 
 ft. in height. This lies wholly in the N., to which part also the 
 railways (Great North of Scotland and Highland) are confined. 
 From the N. the surface rises on the whole to the S. frontier, 
 which is formed by the granitic Grampian knobof the Cairngorms 
 (Cairngorm 4084 ft., Ben Macdhui 4296 ft., the second highest 
 mountain in the British Isles). The NE. belongs to the basin 
 of the Deveron, which traverses a great part of the county, and 
 in two places separates it from Aberdeenshire (principal trib. 
 the Isla, also a B. river). The SW. belongs to the basin of 
 the Spey, which forms part of the W. boundary, and receives 
 from B. the Avon, with its affluent the Livet Water [GlenllTCt], 
 and the Fiddich. As regards agriculture, the rearing of cattle is 
 of more importance than cropping. [See Appendix, pp. 10-12.] 
 Besides the S., granite occurs towards the NE., and tlie greater 
 part of the remainder of the county is composed of archasan and 
 metamorphic rocks, small areas of Old Red Sandstone occur- 
 ring, however, in the extreme NE. and extreme NW. There 
 are no minerals of great economic importance, but there is an 
 interesting outcrop of serpentine at Portsoy. Chief towns, Banff 
 and Macduff, Portsoy, Cullen, Buckie, Keith, the last of which 
 is the only inland town. Area, 410,112 ac. P. 64,200, See 
 Scotland, table. 
 Banffy>Hunyad. See Hnnyad-Banffy. 
 
 117 
 
BANG — BANK 
 
 Banga, tn., India, Punjab, dist. Jalandhar, 72 in. ESE. 
 Amritsar. P. 5000 ; Hindus, 3100 ; Sikhs, 1000. 
 
 Bangiihal, val., India, Punjab, dist. Kdngra. The northern 
 hah contains the headquarters of the Ravi. 
 
 Bangala, or Llboko, stn., Congo Free State, on the r. bk of 
 the Congo, in about 1° 50' N., 18" 45' E., in marshy unhealthy 
 situation. 
 
 Bangalore, tn. , India, in the SE. of Mysore, near the main 
 water-parting of the state. Since 1811 the chief mihtary station 
 in Mysore, now also the seat of the British Resident. It is also 
 a manufacturing town, noted for its carpets. In the beautiful 
 botanical gardens numerous experiments have been made with a 
 view to the introduction of various tropical exotics (vanilla, cacao, 
 ipecacuanha, &'c.). The climate both of B. and the surrounding 
 country is healthy, but in the hilly jungles W. and S. malarious 
 fever is endemic. The city is not ancient ; its fort, which lies on 
 the SW., is said to have been founded in 1537. Lord Corn- 
 wallis besieged and took B. in 1791. The cantonments lie on 
 the NE. Alt. 3113 ft.; mean temp., yr. 73° F., Jan. 67°, April 
 80°; rainfall, yr. 35.6 in., May-Oct. 30.8 in. P., includmg 
 Brit. stn. (1852) 134,000; (1871) 142,000; (1891) 180,000. 
 
 Biingarman, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Unao, 30 m. 
 NNW. Cawnpur. P. 6000. 
 
 Bangasi, a fortified tn. of W. Africa, Senegambia, Mandingo 
 country, on the R. Vulima, 
 
 Bangeston, hanilet, Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3^ m, SW. by S. 
 Milford, on Angle Bay. 
 
 Banggaal, or Bongay, a group of small isls., Eastern Archi- 
 pelago, to the E. of the middle of Celebes. 
 
 Bangl, tn., French Congo Terr., on the Ubangi, opposite 
 Zongo, in 4° 20' N. 
 
 Bangka, isl. See Banka. 
 
 Bangk&lan, Bangkallan, or Bakalan, tn.. Eastern Archi- 
 pelago, on the ct., near the W. end of Madura I. . 
 
 BangkiUls, vil., Sumatra, on an isl. on the E. ct., at the 
 mouth of the Siak, in about 1° 30' N. 
 
 Bangkok, or Bankok, the cap. city and only important 
 seapt. of Siam, on the Menam, 20 m. above its mouth, in a flat 
 marshy situation ; it is the ' Venice ' of the E. ; in 13° 38' N. , 100° 
 34' E. It consists of three portions — the palace or citadel, on 
 an island enclosed by walls, and comprising the residences of 
 the sovereign and court, with many Buddhist temples and 
 gardens; the city proper ; and the floating town, composed of 
 movable bamboo rafts, each bearing rows of eight or ten 
 houses. The more solid buildings are of brick, but the dwell- 
 ings are mostly of wood mounted on posts. Intercourse is 
 carried on by water, and the Menam is navigable to the city ; 
 but a bar 5 miles from the mouth of the river, with a depth 
 about it of only 13 to 14 ft. at ordinary spring tides, prevents the 
 access of large vessels, the largest that can reach the wharves 
 being of about 1500 tons burden. Railways are now in progress 
 [Slam] ; tramways and the electric light have been introduced ; 
 and European shipbuilding yards, rice-husking works, and 
 works for timber-sawing have been established. For the princi- 
 pal exports see Slam. The average value of the exports 
 is about ;^i,ooo,ooo to ^3,500,000, imports ;^i, 500,000 to 
 jf3,ooo,ooo. B. is a modern city, and succeeded A)nithia as 
 cap. of Siam. Mean temp. (10 yrs. 1858-67), yr. 80.1° F.; 
 mean rainfall (10 yrs.), 58.55 in. (five-sixths of this amount from 
 May to Oct. ). P. about 600,000. 
 
 Bangor, par., seapt., and fishing -tn., Ire., N. ct. co. 
 Down, bars. Lower Castlereagh and Lower Ards, near the 
 mouth of Belfast Lough, 5 m. N. by E. Newton Ards, con- 
 nected by rail with Belfast ; with a coastguard station ; carries 
 on flowering and embroidering of muslin ; also a sea-bathing 
 resort. Market-day, Tu. Par. P. 7600; tp. P. < 4000. 
 
 Bangor, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Mayo, bar. Erris, 24 m. W. 
 Ballina, with P.O. (B. Erris). 
 
 Bangor, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Walworth co., 70 m. 
 N. by E. Pierre. 
 
 Bangor, tn., U.S., Maine, Penobscot co., at the head of 
 the navigation, and on the r. bk. of the R. Penobscot, 58 m. 
 NE. by E. Augusta, 60 m. from the open sea. The Penobscot 
 is navigable to B. for vessels of 300-400 tons ; about 2000 
 vessels annually freight lumber and timber, besides those 
 engaged in the fisheries. P. (1880) 16,900; (1890) 19,100. 
 
 Bangor, vil., U.S., Michigan, Van Buren co., 51 m. NE. of 
 the SW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bangor, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Northampton co., 46 m. 
 SE. by S. Scranton. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bangor, par. , Wales, Cardiganshire, 5 m. E. Newcastle in 
 Emlyn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bangor (Celtic, said to mean 'high choir'), a city, mun. 
 and contributory pari, bor., seapt., and par. of N. Wales, at the 
 N. entrance of Menai Straits, co. and 9 m. NE. Carnarvon, on 
 the L. & NW. R. The tidal basin is 1 1 ft. deep at ordinary neap, 
 17 ft. at ordinary spring tides. The trade consists principally in 
 the shipping of slate from several slate-yards. It is a favourite 
 watering-place. During the summer steamers ply daily between 
 Liverpool, Llandudno, and B. St. Daniel founded a college at 
 118 
 
 B. in 525, and about 25 years later the cathedral was built. 
 The borough was incorporated in 1883. B. has the University 
 College of N. Wales, and a Normal College. The borough 
 forms part of the Carnarvon dist. of boroughs, sending one 
 member to House of Commons. The diocese comprises the 
 CO. Anglesey, nearly the whole of Carnarvonshire, and parts of 
 Merioneth and Montgomery. Market-day, F. Par. 6524 ac. , 
 P. 12,300 ; con. pari. bor. and mun. bor. P. 9900. 
 
 Bangor Errls, Ire. , Mayo. See Bangor. 
 
 Bangor (Monacliomm, or Isycoed), par., Wales, in a 
 detached part of Flint, on the r. bk. of the Dee, 4J m. SE. by 
 E. Wrexham, PMT.O. (B. Isycoed). P.<75o. 
 
 Bangor Telvl M'ltb Henllan, par. , Wales. See Henllan. 
 
 Bang-pa-kong, riv. , Siam, flows W. then SW. into the Gulf 
 of Siam, which it enters about 25 m. E. of the mouth of the 
 Menam, with which it is connected by canal. 
 
 Bang Pla Sol, tn., Siam, 40 m. SE. by E. Bangkok, on the 
 E. side of the Gulf of Siam. 
 
 Bang-Tapan, tn., Siam, on the E. ct. of the Malay Penin., 
 in about 11° 12' N. 
 
 Bang-tse, tn., Manchuria, prov. Liautung, 102 m. SW. 
 Kirin. 
 
 Bangney, a small isl. , Brit. N. Borneo, off the N. ct. , to the 
 E. of 117° E. ; turtle plentiful. 
 
 Bangwaketse, African tribe inhabiting the SE. of the Pro- 
 tectorate of Bechuanaland. 
 
 BangTf eolo, or Bemba, a lake of Central S. Africa, between 
 29^° and 3oJ° E., and extending permanently from about 10° 
 40 to 11^ S., while it spreads during the rains over a marshy 
 fiat reaching to about 12^° S. Discovered by Livingstone in 
 1868. The R. Chambeze is the chief affluent of the lake, joining 
 it from the E., but it also receives numerous tributaries from 
 the SE. and S. , drained from the S. by the Luaptila {^.v.). It 
 contains several islands, the largest called Chiribe, Chirube, or 
 Kirwe. Alt. 4000 ft. (Livingstone), 4260 ft. (Giraud), 3750 ft. 
 (J. Thomson). See Scoi. Geog. Mag., 1889, pp. 125-34; Geog. 
 Jonr., 1893, p. 109. 
 
 Banhaglog, vil., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 11 m. SW. 
 Newtown, close to Tylwch stn. See Llandinam. 
 
 Banliam, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, Mid div. , 17 m. SW. Norwich, 
 3 m. SE. by E. Eccles Road stn., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Banhos, Portuguese, ' baths. ' See Bagne. 
 
 Banl, tn., I. of Haiti, S. ct., rep. and 39 m. WSW. Santo 
 Domingo, in 70° 21' W. 
 
 Banlak Islands, a group in the Indian Ocean, off the W. 
 ct. of Sumatra, residency Tapanuli, in 2° N., 97° E. A conical 
 hill on the Pulo Baniak I. is a conspicuous sea-mark. 
 
 Banians. See Banlyds. 
 
 B&ni&s, vil., Palestine, Ccesarea Philippi in the N. T., 33° 
 18' N., 35° 41' E., 29 m. E. Tyre. 
 
 Banlas, vil., Syria, on the ct., 25 m. SSE. Latakieh. 
 
 Bdnilial Pass, India, Kashmir, 50 m. SSE. Srinagar, con- 
 necting the basin of the jehlam with that of the ChenAb, in 33° 
 21' N. , 75° 20' E. Alt. 9200 ft. 
 
 Banl, Jc1>cl. See Atlas (of Morocco). 
 
 Banlyds, Banians, or Banyans, an Indian trading caste, 
 Vishnuites in religion, originally from Gujarat, but found in 
 Bombay and many other parts of western India, as well as in 
 Aden, Zanzibar, &c. In the NW. Provs. and Oudh the name is 
 applied generally to the merchant class. See AgToka. 
 
 Banja, Banya, Slavonic form of the Latin balneum, 'bath,' 
 ' mineral spring. ' See Bagne. 
 
 BanJa, tn., Servia, prov. Aleksinac, 24 m. N. Nish, with 
 warm springs (upwards of 110° F.), which were known to the 
 Romans. P. < 3000. 
 
 Banja, vil., Servia, dist. Krusevac. See JoSanlca-Banja. 
 
 BanJa, Dolnje, tn., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. 
 Tatar-Pazardzik, 50 m. W. by N. Philippopolis. Alt. 2170 ft. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Banjalnka, tn., Bosnia, cap. prov. B., on R. Vrbas, 47 m. 
 SW. by W. Brod, with hot springs. Alt. 535 ft. P. 11,400. 
 
 Banjermasln, or Banyermasslng, cap. of Dutch Borneo, 
 and also cap. of E. ct. and S. ct. residency (see Borneo), on 
 the Martapura, about 8 miles above its junction with the Barito, 
 in 3° 19' S., 114° 35' E. The houses are built on piles. It is 
 the seat of an active trade, in the hands of Chinese and Arabs, 
 in spices (especially pepper), diamonds, gold-dust, ratans, wax, 
 drugs, and other exports, and in salt, cotton stuffs, iron goods, 
 glass, rice, &c., imported. Mean temp. (8 yrs., 1851-58), yr, 
 80.6°; rainfall (12 yrs.), 95 in. P. 39,350, of whom 36,000 are 
 Dayaks and Malays. For the former independent state of this 
 name, see Borneo. [J. T. B.] 
 
 Banjnmas, Banjnvanggi. See Banynmas, Banynvangi. 
 
 Banka, Banca, or Bangka, isl., Dutch E. Indies, situated 
 between 1° 30' and 3° 5' S., 105° 10' and 106° 53' E., on the E. 
 of Sumatra, from which it is separated by the Strait of Banka, 
 7 to 17 m. wide; area, 4895 sq. m. (officially, 5024), being 
 five-sevenths the size of Wales. An irregular oblong, B. stretches 
 NW. to SE.; is hilly in the N. and S., with isolated granite 
 peaks, reaching 2500 ft. ; consists of ferruginous clays and 
 
BANK — BANT 
 
 sandstones (laterite) in the middle ; and has for the most part 
 low flat coasts, marshy on the W., sand-dunes on the E. 
 alternating with numerous cliffs, especially on the E. The W. 
 coast is gradually rising (or the sea receding). The rivers are 
 numerous, but of no great size. The climate is moist, the 
 annusil rainfall averaging (12 yrs.) 118 in. Heavy storms are 
 frequent during the rainy season. The coastlands are unhealthy, 
 particularly for Europeans. The thermometer ranges between 
 80° and 87° F., but goes down to 40° in the mountainous peaks 
 of the interior. The chief vegetable productions are wax and 
 honey, coco- and areca-nuts, fruits, and drugs. The crocodile 
 and numerous birds are the principal fauna. The most valuable 
 product, however, is tin, which is obtained both from the sand 
 of the river-valleys and from the mountain rocks ; 3900 to 5400 
 tons are extracted annually, principally by Chinese. Magnetic 
 iron exists. Rice and salt rank first among the imports ; cap. 
 Muntok, in 105° 10' E. , 2° 4' S. , on the N W. coast. B. forms 
 a separate residency of 10 dists. , and has been a Dutch possession 
 since 1608. P. of island, 80,500, of whom 56,000 are Malays 
 and 24,000 Chinese. [J. T. B.] 
 
 Banka, tn. , China, Formosa I. , on the Sintiam R. , a few 
 miles above Tamsui, close to the tea-producing dists. P. 40,000. 
 
 Bankalan, tn., Eastern Archipelago. See Bangkalait. 
 
 Bankiipnr, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Dhdrwdr, 42 m. 
 SSE. Dhdrwdr. P. 6500 ; Hindus, 4400. 
 
 Bankend, vil., Scot., Dumfriesshire, on the Lochar, 6 m. 
 SE. Dumfries, 4 m. S. Racks stn., P.O. 
 
 Bankfoot, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Brad- 
 ford par. P. <4000. 
 
 Bankfoot, vil., Scot., E. Perthshire, 8 m. NNW. Perth, 3 
 m. WNW. Stanley Junction, PMT.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Bank Hall, stn., Eng., Liverpool, on the L. & Y. line to 
 Bootle and Southport. 
 
 Bankliead, vil., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 2 m. NW. Aberdeen, 
 on the G. N. of S. R. P. <;750. 
 
 Bauktaead and Sprlngside Colliery, vil., Scot., Ayrshire, 
 Dreghorn par. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bankhead, stn., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, 6 m. E. Lanark, on 
 the C. R. 
 
 Bank Island, in Torres Strait, in about 10° 10' S. , 142° 15' E. 
 
 Bsinkipnr, suburb of Patna, India, Bengal, cap. of Patna dist. 
 
 Bdnkipnr, ancient vil., India, on the Hiiglf R., near the 
 modern Palta above Barrackpur, site of the principal settlement 
 of the Ostend Company. 
 
 Bank Newton, par.', Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton 
 div., on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 13J m. NNE. Burnley, 
 2 m. W. Gargrave stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Bauknock, hamlet, Scot. , Stirlingshire, 7 m. W. Falkirk, on 
 the N. B. R. , with coal-mine. 
 
 Bankok, city, Siam. See Bangkok. 
 
 Bslnkot, seapt., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Ratnagiri, on the 
 S. side of the mouth of the Savitri R. , 70 m. WSW. Poona, in 
 17° 58' 30" N. The bar has a depth of 9 ft. at low water. Fort 
 Victoria is on the S. side of entrance to its harbour, on a high 
 barren hill. 
 
 Banks Quay, St. Barnabas, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, 
 in Warrington town. P. 5900. 
 
 Banks, hamlet, Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on the 
 Irthing, 11^ m. ENE. Carlisle, i m. NW. Low Row stn. 
 
 Banks, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, near Southport, with 
 PM.O., on the W. Lancashire and Preston June. Rly. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Banks, or 9Iand, vil. , Scot. , Aberdeenshire. See Maud. 
 
 Banks, co., Queensland, on the NE. ct. , S. of 14° S., crossed 
 in the S. by 16° S. 
 
 Banks, CO., U.S., Georgia, N. of 34° N., and midway between 
 83° and 84° W. 
 
 Banks, Sir Joseph (1743-1820), a distinguished naturalist, 
 after whom many islands, &c. , were named. 
 
 Banks Cape, New South Wales, at the entrance to Botany 
 Bay, N. side, a few miles S. Port Jackson. 
 
 Banks Island, Brit. N. America, in the Pacific, in 53° 20' 
 N.,i30°W. 
 
 Banks Islands, a group of 17 isls. , Pacific, N. of the 
 New Hebrides, in 14° S., 169° E., the principal being Vanua 
 Lava and Santa Maria. 
 
 Banks Islands, group, S. Australia, in Spencer's Gulf, in 
 about 34° 30' S., 136° 20' E. 
 
 Banks Land, isl., Brit. N. America, in Arctic Ocean, SW. 
 of Melville I. , from which it is separated by Banks Strait, in 
 about 7i°-74° 30' N., 115°- 125° W. 
 
 Banks Laud, penin., New Zealand, Middle I., near the 
 centre of its E. ct., in 43° 40' S., 173° W. Length 50 m., 
 breadth 25 m. , forming a high tableland. It is a volcanic mass, 
 with several inlets (one forming the harbour of Port Lyttelton), 
 representing breaches made in the sides of extinct craters. 
 
 Banks Strait, between Tasmania and Fourneaux Is. ; breadth, 
 15 m. 
 
 Bankstown, vil. , New South Wales, Cumberland co. , 12 m. 
 S. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bilnknrii, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. of B. dist., 90 m. 
 NW. by W. Calcutta ; the station is dry and regarded as very 
 healthy. P. 18,700 ; Hindus, 17,900. 
 
 Baitkyfelin, place, Wales, Carmarthen, 4 m. from St. 
 Clears, with PM.O. 
 
 Bann, riv.. Ire., in the E. of co. Wexford, flows SW. to the 
 Slaney. See also Bann, Lower and Upper. 
 
 Bann, Lower, riv.. Ire., flowing from Lough Neagh, 
 between cos. Antrim and Londonderry, NW. to the Atlantic. 
 Navigable to Coleraine. 
 
 Bann, Upper, riv. , Ire. , cos. Down and Armagh, rises in the 
 Moume Mts., flows SW. past Banbridge into Lough Neagh^ 
 which it enters in about 54" 30' N. 
 
 Banna, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Ardfert. 
 
 Bannalee, tn., France, dep. Finist^re, 20 m. NW. Lorient, 
 8 m. N. by W. QuimperM. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bannatyne House, seat, Scot., Forfarshire, 7^ m. NW. 
 Dundee, with famous collection of ancient Scottish poems 
 gathered by George Bannatyne, in honour of whom the Banna- 
 tyne Club was named. 
 
 Baunbrook, electoral div., Ire., co. Londonderry, dist. 
 Articlave. 
 
 Bannl, penin., India, on the N. of the Cutch Penin. 
 
 Bannlugbam, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. ,8 m. S. Cromer, 
 4 m. W. of N. Walsham stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Bannlo, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 44 m. NW. by 
 N. Novara, in the Val d'Anzasca. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bannister, settlement, W. Australia, Wicklow co., 100 m. 
 SE. Perth. 
 
 Bannockbum, vil.. New Zealand, South I., Vincent co., on 
 the r, bk. of the Kaw arau, 90 m. W. Oamaru. P. < 1500. 
 
 Baunockburn ('the stream of the white knoll'), tn., Scot., 
 CO. and 2J m. S. Stirling, on the N. B. R. and C. R. Famous for 
 the victory gained here, June 24, 1314, by the Soots, under Bruce, 
 over the English, commanded by Edward II., the site of which 
 is marked by a block of granite called the Bored Stane. Near 
 it, at Sauchie Burn, in 1488, James III. of Scotland was defeated 
 by his son. Coal in dist. , and carpet, tweed, and other woollen 
 factories. PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Baunoek Bum, small riv., Scot., Stirlingshire, rises in the 
 NE. of the CO., and flows E. and NE. , passing Bannockburn, 
 to the Forth, which it joins 2| m. E. Stirling. 
 
 Bannockbum, or Leigh Koa«l, settlement, Victoria, Grant 
 CO., 15 m. NW. by W. Geelong. 
 
 Baunow, par.. Ire., S. ct. co. Wexford, bar. Bargy, 16 m. 
 SW. by W. Wexford, on Bannow Bay, with a coastguard 
 station, PM.O.; 6551 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Baiinu, tn. , India. See Edwardcs^btld. 
 
 Banogue, P.O., Ire., co. Limerick, 3 m. from Croom. 
 
 Banolas, comm. , Spain, prov. and 10 m. N. Gerona. P. 5000. 
 
 j5(2^?(?i, Spanish, 'baths.' See Bagne. 
 
 Bauos, hot mineral springs (130° F.), Ecuador, at the base of 
 Tunguragua, 105 m.NE. by E.Guayaquil, 20m. ENE. Rio-bamba. 
 
 Bauos de la Euclna, comm., Spain, prov. Ja^n, dist. La 
 Carolina. P. <:4oco. 
 
 Baitos de Holgas, comm., Spain, prov. Orense, dist. AUariz. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Ban Pao, tn., Siam, on the Mei-Ping, 75 m. SE. by S. 
 Rahang, in about 16° i' N. 
 
 Bansan, vil. , W. Africa, a little to the S. of the Gambia, in 
 13° 30' N., 14° 43' W. 
 
 B^nsb&rl^, tn., India, Bengal, on Hugh' R., 29 m. N. Cal- 
 cutta. P. 6800 ; Hindus, 6300. 
 
 B^usd4, tn., India, Bombay, Gujarat, cap. of B. state, 131 
 m. NNE. Bombay. At Unai, 7 m. from B., is a hot-spring, 
 with temperature generally little below boiling-point. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bansdlh, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. BaUia, 65 m. WNW. 
 Patnd.. P. 9400. 
 
 B^usg&ou, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Gorakhpur, 
 85 m. N. by E. Benares. P. 6000. 
 
 Bansha, tn., Ire., SW. co. Tipperary, bar. Clanwilliam, 4 
 m. ESE. Tipperary, on the Waterford and Limerick Rly., 
 PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Banstachlkova, place in Siberia, govt. Irkutsk, in 58° 3' N., 
 108° 3s' E., with meteorological stn. Alt. 985 ft.; mean temp., 
 yr. 23.4° F. , Jan. - 22.6°, July 66.6°. 
 
 Banstead, par. , Eng. , Surrey, Epsom div. , 3I m. E. by S. 
 Epsom, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O.; 5557 ac. P. <50oo. 
 
 Banstead Downs, Eng., NE. Surrey, Epsom and Wimble- 
 don divs. , a chalky tract slightly elevated above the surround- 
 ing country, now in large part under cultivation. The Epsom 
 Downs are a continuation of B. Downs. 
 
 Bsinswdra, tn., India, Rajputana, cap. of B. state, 108 m. 
 NW. bv W. Indore. The palace is surrounded by a high wall. 
 P. 8000'. 
 
 Bant, comm., Ger., gd.-duchy Oldenburg, circle and dist. 
 Jever. P. 8300. 
 
 Bantam, tn. , Java, on the N. ct. , in about 106° 13' E. , 45 m. 
 WNW. Batavia, on B. Bay, the first settlement founded by the 
 Dutch in Java (in 1602). 
 
 ■^ ^ ' 119 
 
BANT — BARA 
 
 Banteer, tn., Ire., N. co. Cork, bar. Duliallow, ii m. W. 
 Mallow, on the Killamey June. Rly., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 BantUy, tn., India. See If'anthall. 
 
 Banton, eccles. par. , Scot. , Stirlingshire, Kilsvth par. , 8^ m. 
 W. Falkirk, 2 m. W. by N. Banknock stn. , P. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bantry, market and seapt. and fishing tn., Ire., SW. co. 
 Cork, bar. B., on the large inlet of B. Bay, 12 m. NW. Skib- 
 bereen, a resort of tourists ; with slate-quarries and mines of 
 barytes, and rly. stn. Market-day, S. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bantry, bar. , Ire. , in the SW. of co. Cork. 
 
 Bantry, bar. , Ire. , in the W. of co. Wexford. 
 
 Bantry Bay, Ire., extreme SW. co. Cork, with fixed light at 
 E. entrance, visible 12 m. See Adrlgole. 
 
 Bantu, collective name of the great majority of the inhabi- 
 tants of S. Africa. The Bantu races extend from the Kameruns, 
 the Mobangi, and Upper Nile to Cape Colony, only the SW. 
 parts of S. Africa being occupied by the Hottentot races, and 
 the districts E. of the Victoria Nyanza by the Masai, Wakwafi, 
 and Wandorobbo tribes belonging to the Nuba races. About 
 the most important B. nations see Congo Free State, more- 
 over, Waganda, Wanyamwezi, Barotse, Matabili, Bechuanas, 
 Zulu, Ovambo, and Ovaherero. All B. languages are entirely 
 different from those of the negroes proper and of the Hottentot 
 races. In the eastern and south-eastern territories mixtures 
 between B. and Arabs have taken place in ancient and modern 
 times (Suahili, Kafirs, Barotse). In many countries occupied 
 by the B. , small settlements df the old aborigines of S. Africa, 
 the Batwa, are found. [H. G. S.] 
 
 B^nt-H'^, tn. , India, Kathidwdr, cap. of B. state, 80 m. NW. 
 Diu. P. 8000. 
 
 B&ntwAI, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. S. Kdnara, 15 m. 
 E. Man£;alore, on the Netravati R. P. <4ooo. 
 
 BanCir, tn. , India, Punjab, Patiala state. P. 6500 ; Hindus, 
 2800; Moham. 2800. 
 
 BauTanlste, vil., Hungary. See Baranlste. 
 
 Banw, small riv., Wales, Montgomeryshire, flows SE. to 
 Llanfair, then NE. into the Vymwy. 
 
 Bantvell, par. and vil., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 5 m. E. 
 by S. Weston-super-Mare, on the G. W. R. (Sandford and 
 Banwell stn.), PMT.O. ; 4974 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Banya, Hungarian, 'mine.' 
 
 Banya, Slavonic, 'bath.' See Banja. 
 
 Banya, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Salonica, on the Vardar, 
 53 m. NE. by E. Monastir, just above the Demir Kapn Pass. 
 
 Biinya, FeLso-, tn. , with magistracy, Hungary, prov. Szatmir, 
 60 m. N. Klausenburg. Alt. 1185ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 B^nya. ?fagy., tn. , 6 m. W. Fels6-B. Alt. 750 ft. P. 9800. 
 
 Banyal, S. African tribe on ther. bk. of the Zambezi, between 
 about 28° and 31° E. 
 
 Banyans, Indian trading caste. See BanlyAs. 
 
 Banyena, settlement, Victoria, 177 m. NW. Melbourne. 
 
 Bnnyermasslng. See Banjermasln. 
 
 Banynls-snr-lHer, small seapt. tn. at the foot of the Pyrenees. 
 See Alb^res. 
 
 Banynnias ('golden water'), tn., Java, cap. residency B., 72 
 m. WNW. Jokjokarta. P. 5200 (220 Europeans). 
 
 Banyuvangl, or Banjuvan^^, tn. , Java, about the middle 
 of the E. ct. ( 1 14° 23' E., 8° I VS.) ; mean temp. (8yrs., 1850-57), 
 jrr. 79.9° F. ; rainfall (12 yrs.), 55 in. 
 
 Banza, p>art of the name of many tns. and vils. in equatorial 
 Africa. Sometimes met with as a prefix, sometimes as a suffix. 
 
 Banza Manteka, viL, W. Africa, Congo Free State, about 
 60 m. ENE. Boma. 
 
 Banza Mpnta, vil., W. Africa, Congo Free State, about 100 
 m. S. by W. Leopoldville. 
 
 Baol, country, Africa, in the W. of Senegal, near the penin. 
 of Cape Verd. The principal vil. is Lambay6. 
 
 Baoll, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. and 7 m. N W. by 
 N. Meerut. P. 6000. 
 
 Baonl, state, India, the only Muhammadan state in Bundel- 
 khand, enclosed on all sides by British terr. Crossed by 26° N. 
 and 80° E. 
 
 Baor-Tleb, lake, Africa. See Bebo. 
 
 Bao-ttaang, tn. , Tongking. See l4iokai. 
 
 Ba-onle, riv. , French W. Africa. See Ba-nle. 
 
 BiipatU, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Kistna, 46 m. WSW. 
 Masulipatam. P. 6900 ; Hindus, 6300. 
 
 Bapanme, tn. , France, dep. Pas de Calais, arr. and 14 m. 
 S. by E. Arras, scene of a battle between the French and the 
 Germans, Jan. 1871. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bapclilld, par. and vil., Eng., Kent, Faversham div., sj m. 
 W. by N. Faversham, i^ m. ESE. Sittingboume stn., PT'.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Baptiste, riv., Canada, Alberia, rises in the Rocky Mts., 
 flows first SE. then NE. into the Athabasca R. , which it enters 
 in about 54° 6' N. 
 
 Baptlstgrange, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 
 5 m. N'E. Clonmel; 2857 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bapton, hamlet, Eng. , Wiltshire, Wilton div., 11 m. NW. by 
 W. Salisburv, i m. NW. Wylye stn. 
 120 
 
 ' 5ar,' Celtic, 'a summit.' 
 
 Bar, riv., France, dep. Ardennes, flows N. into the Meuse. 
 
 Bar,tn., Russia, govt. Podolia, 50 m. NE. Kamenets-Podolsk. 
 P. 13,500. 
 
 Bara, riv. and val. , India and Afghanistan. The river flows 
 eastwards from Afghanistan a few miles to the S. of the Khaibar 
 Pass, and joins the Kabul R. about 10 m. ENE. of Peshawar. 
 
 Baraba (Barabln.skaya) Steppe, wide prairies of W. Siberia, 
 between the Obi and Irtysh Rivs. , making part of govts, of 
 Tobolsk and Tomsk. N. part is known as Tasyngan Steppe ; 
 S. part (in the Altai) as Knlnnda Steppe ; and middle part, 
 crossed by the great highway, as B. proper. Less than 300 ft. 
 above sea-level. Immense marshes, numerous lakes (Chany, 
 Abyshkan, Sumy, &c. , all rapidly decreasing in size) ; no lack 
 of forests, especially in N. Soil very fertile in B. proper, which 
 contains a numerous p>opulation of Russian immigrants. 
 
 Bar^b&r, hills, India, Bengal, Gay4 dist., between 25° i' and 
 25° 2' 30" N. and 85° 3' and 85° 7' E., containing many remark- 
 able antiquarian remains. Scene of an annual fair held in Sept. 
 
 Barabara, riv. , Brit. Guiana, part of the waterway connect- 
 ing the Barama with the Moruka [Baramanni]. 
 
 Barilb:itl Fort, India. See Cuttack. 
 
 Baraboo, riv., U.S., Wisconsin, flows S. then E. into the 
 Wisconsin R. , which it enters some miles below Portage City. 
 
 Baraboo, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Sauk co., 96 m. WNW. 
 Milwaukee, the centre of the Wisconsin hop-growing dist. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Barabool HUIs, dist. , Victoria, co. Grant, in the neighbour- 
 hood of Geelong. 
 
 Barabra, Barabtrali, Berabra, or Danagla, tribe in the 
 N. of Nubia, E. Africa, now in great part mixed with Funj and 
 Bejas. 
 
 Baracaldo, comm., Spain, Basque Provs., Vizcaya, dist. 
 Valmaseda. P. 9000. 
 
 Baracbals Point, cape, Newfoundland, S. ct. , 57° 53' W. 
 
 Barachols de Malbale, viL , Canada, Quebec, Gasp6 co. , on 
 the Mai Bay, in 48° 35' N. P. < 1500. 
 
 Baracoa, seapt., Cuba, at the E. end of the isl., N. ct., 92 
 m. ENE. Santiago de Cuba, in 74^° W., the first settlement of 
 the Spaniards on the island. P. 18,100. 
 
 Barada (ancient Abana), riv., Syria. It rises to the NW. of 
 Damascus, flows first S. then SE. through the Anti-Libanus, 
 enters the plain of Damascus by a deep ravine, and converts a 
 desert into a fruitful paradise. It winds through and copiously 
 waters the city, and then continues eastward for 20 m. , when it 
 is lost in the Lake Bahret-el-Ateibeh. 
 
 Baradlne, co., New South Wales, crossed by 31° S., and in 
 the middle by 149° E. 
 
 Baradlne, settlement. New South Wales, 240 m. N. Sydney. 
 
 Baradla, cave, Hungary. See Agtelek. 
 
 Baraga, co., U.S., Michigan, on Lake Superior, crossed in 
 the extreme E. by 88° W. 
 
 Barilgiion, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Ballia, 65 m. 
 NE. Benares. P. 11,000. 
 
 Bar^iiri, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 17 m. NE. by 
 E. Rangpur, 112 m. SE. Darjfling. P. 6000. 
 
 Baragna Point, cape, Burma, the most southerly point of the 
 Irawadi delta. 
 
 Barahona, Altos de, mts., Spain, between the prov. of 
 Guadalajara (New Castile) on the S., and of Soria (Old Castile) 
 on the N. , between the basins of the Douro and Tagr.s. 
 
 B&rak, riv. , India. See Snrma. 
 
 Bar'aka, riv. , Ethiopia. See Barka. 
 
 Biirakbar, riv. , Brit. India, in the W. of Bengal, flows ESE. 
 into the Damodar ; several coalfields in its basin. 
 
 Bar^khar, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, Bardwan dist, 18 ni. 
 WNW. Riniganj, a place with both coal and iron ore near, 
 where iron-works on a large scale have several times been 
 attempted. 
 
 Bar&kbatl, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Rangpur, 80 m. 
 SE. Darjfling. P. 11,400. 
 
 Baral, riv., India, Bengal, Rajshdhi dist., offshoot of the 
 Ganges, flowing E. through the southern portion of the dist. 
 
 B&ra Ii&cta& Pass, Brit. India, Punjdb, dist. Kangra, iia 
 m. N. by E. Simla ; can be crossed by laden yaks. Alt. 16,500 ft. 
 
 Baralong Location, dist. Orange Free State, crossed in the 
 N. by 29° S. , and in the middle by 27° E. 
 
 Baram, riv. and cape, Sariwak. See Barram. 
 
 Bara'ma, riv. in the NW. of Brit. Guiana, flows ENE. into 
 the Waini, navigable up to falls in about 7° 18' N., 59° 55' W., 
 alluvial gold-field worked to N. of these falls. (Proc. R. G. S., 
 1892, p. 673.) 
 
 BAi^mahal, a former div., India, Madras, including parts 
 of the present Salem and N. Arcot dists. 
 
 Baramanni, settlement, Brit. Guiana, on the Waini, in about 
 7° 49' N., 59° s' W., where the B., a river-like lagoon, con- 
 nected in wet seasons at its upper end with the sea, joins the 
 Waini, which at this point is brought into communication with 
 the Moruka by a waterway, partly artificial, of which the B. 
 lagoon forms part. (Proc. R G. S., 1892, p. 675.) 
 
BARA — BARC 
 
 BArAmstl, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 53 m. SE. by 
 E. Poona. P. 540°; Hindus, 4700. 
 
 B^amiU, river-gorge, India. See Mabdnadl. 
 
 Baramnla, nit.-gorge, India, Kashmir State. See JeMam R. 
 
 Baran, tn. , Brit. India. See Balandslialur. 
 
 Baran, tn. , India, Rdjputdna, 133 m. SSE. Jaipur. P. 8000. 
 
 Bariinagar, a northern suburb of Calcutta, Brit. India. 
 
 Baranello, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 6 ni. 
 WSW. Campobasso, 50 m. W. Foggia. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Barania, mt., in the Carpathians, source of the Vistula. Alt. 
 4200 ft. 
 
 Barano d' Iscbla, comm., Italy, prov. Naples, dist. Pozzuoli. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Barano'w, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, on the r. bk. of 
 the Vistula, 67 m. SW. Lublin. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Barauow, tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, 43 m. E. byN. Breslau. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 BarauqnlUa, tn. , S. America. See Barranqnllla. 
 
 Baranya, co. , Hungary (^.v.), between the Drave and Danube. 
 
 Barapa, tn., W. Africa, on Fernando Po I., in the Bight of 
 Biafra. 
 
 Barasat, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist of the 24 Parganis, 14 
 m. NE. by N. Fort- William, Calcutta. P. 9800; Hindus, 
 5300 ; Moham. 4400. 
 
 Barassle, stn., Scot., Ayrshire, on a branch of the Glasgow 
 & SW. Rly. , 4 m. SSE. Irvine. 
 
 Barataria, bay, U.S., in the SE. of Louisiana, NW. of the 
 mouth of the Mississippi in Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Baran, or Bavarov, comm., Austria, Bohemia, 21 m. NW. 
 by W. Budweis. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bara'vn, more properly Bara'^wa. See BraTa, tn. , E. Africa. 
 
 Bnrba, active volcano, Costa Rica, 15 m. N. San Jos6. 
 
 Bar1>acena, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, Minas Geraes, on the 
 W. slope of the Serra Mantiqueira, 130 m. NW. by N. Rio de 
 Janeiro, 64 m. SSW. Ouro Preto. Alt. 3725 ft. P. 6000. 
 
 Barbacoas, tn., in SW. of Colombia, Cauca, 140 m. N. by 
 E. Quito. Accessible from sea by river steamers. P. 6000. 
 
 Barbacoas, bay, Colombia, NW. ct., separated by Baru I. 
 from Cartagena Harbour on the N. 
 
 Barbacoas, tn., Venezuela, Miranda, 75 m. S. Cardcas, 
 on E. bank of Guarico R. P. 13,000. 
 
 Barbadaucs, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and dist. Orense. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Barbados, or Barbadoes (said to have been first visited by 
 the Portuguese, and named by them Los Barbados, ' the 
 bearded,' with reference to tlie bearded fig-trees which they 
 observed there), the most easterly of the W. India Is., 100 m. 
 E. St. Vincent ; a little more than half the size of Anglesey ; 
 length 21 m., breadth 14 m.; cap. and only seapt., Bridgetown, 
 on W. side of island. Lighthouse on S. point of island, visible 
 18 m., in 13° 3' N., 59° 31' W. The island is composed of 
 stratified rocks (including clays used in making fire-bricks and 
 pottery), on which rest unconformably chalky-looking calcareous 
 and silicious deposits (including infusorial earth), all of deep- 
 sea origin, above which again a crust of coral limestone lies 
 over a large part of the surface. The island is almost encircled 
 by coral reefs, which in some parts extend 3 m. seaward. 
 Shore low, except on the E. side ; surface level, but towards the 
 N. Mount Hillaby rises to 1104 ft. The island is free from 
 swamps, and has a generally healthy climate, but hurricanes 
 occur, though at long intervals. B. was taken possession of in 
 the name of England in 1605, when it was almost uninhabited, 
 but first received an English colony in 1625. At first indigo, 
 cotton, ginger, and aloes were grown, and it was not till later 
 that sugar, now the staple product, was grown with success. 
 Aloes [Aloe vulgaris) is still cultivated to a small extent, and 
 renewed experiments are being made with ginger, as well as with 
 cacao, and other tropical products. Annual imports and exports 
 each more than _!ri, 000,000 in value ; sugar and molasses making 
 up three-fourths of value of exports, imports chiefly manufac- 
 tures, food-sttiffs, coal, timber, &c. B. is a separate colony. 
 The government is vested in a governor, a legislative council of 
 9 members nominated by the crown, and a house of assembly 
 composed of 24 elected members. B. is the headquarters of 
 H.M. forces in the W. India command, the see of a bishop, and 
 possesses a college, affiliated to Durham University, called Cod- 
 rington College in memory of its founder. Gen. Codrington (died 
 1710). B. has direct steam communication with Southampton, 
 London, Liverpool, New York, and Quebec. Shortest track to 
 Plymouth 3498 nautical miles. It is a station of the W. India 
 and Panama Telegraph Company [West Indies]. Mean temp. , 
 yr. 80.7° F.; rainfall (Bridgetown, 30 yrs.), ^5.6 in. ; rainy 
 season, June to Nov. Area, 166 sq. m. P. (1851) 136,000 ; 
 (1891) 182,306= 1096 to the square mile, the great majority being 
 negroes or ' coloured. ' 
 
 Barbajeda, mts. , Spain, belonging to the Serrania de Cuenca, 
 prov. Cuenca, with two considerable lakes. 
 
 Barbanla, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 16 m. N. by W. 
 Turin. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Barbara, harb. , on the S. side of Curapao I. , W. Indies. 
 
 Barbara Channel, a strait, S. America, filled with rocky 
 islands leading S. from the Froward Reach of the Strait of Ma- 
 gellan, between Santa Ines and Clarence Is. 
 
 Barbara Hoofd, cape, Dutch Guiana, in 55° 42' W. 
 
 Barbarano, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. Vicenza, 17 m. W. 
 by N. Padua. P. < 3000. 
 
 Barbary (ancient Mauritania, Numidia, Africa Propria), an 
 extensive region, comprising all the N. portion of Africa, from 
 Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean, and from the Mediterranean to 
 beyond the Greater Atlas, and extending between 25° and 37° 
 N., 10° W. and 25° E. It was peopled chiefly by Moors, 
 Numidians, and Phoenician colonists; attained celebrity imder 
 the dominion of the Carthaginians, was afterwards subject to 
 the Romans, and occupied for nearly a century by the Vandals. 
 The Arabs took it finally from the Romans in the year 697. 
 See Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli, Barka, and Berbers. 
 
 Barbastro, tn., Spain, prov. Huesca, 30 m. E. by S. Huesca. 
 P. 8200. 
 
 Barbata, riv. , Spain. See Gnardal. 
 
 Barbate, torrent, Spain, prov. Cadiz, flows SW. into the 
 Straits of Gibraltar, nearly opposite Tangier. 
 
 Barber, co., U.S., Kansas, on the S. frontier, crossed in the 
 W. by 99° W. 
 
 Barberlno dl Mngello, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 16 
 m. N. Florence. P. 10,000. 
 
 Barberlno dl Yal d'Klsa, vil., Italy, prov. and 15 m. S. 
 by W. Florence, with the palace of the Barberini, birthplace of 
 Pope Urban VIII. P. 11,000. 
 
 Barbers Bridge, stn., Eng., Gloucestershire, on the G. W. 
 R., 2^ m. WNW. Gloucester. 
 
 Barbers Creek, settlement, Victoria, 21 m. NE. Melbourne. 
 
 Barberton, tn., S. African Republic, 70 m. W. Louren90 
 Marquez, centre of the De Kaap goldfields. Alt. about 3000 
 ft. Founded in 1885. P. (1888) about 4000, since declined. 
 
 Barbezlenx, tn., France, dep. Charente, 18 m. SE. by S. 
 Cognac ; cap. arr. P. < 3000. 
 
 B&rbigbfl, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Monghyr, 43 m. 
 SE. Patnd. P. 8000, 
 
 Barbon, par., Eng., Westmorland, Kendal div., g\ m. SE. 
 Kendal, on the L. & NW. R., P.O.; 4261 ac. P,<5oo. 
 
 Barbon Fells, an upland tract, Eng., on the borders of 
 Westmorland and the W. Riding of Yorkshire, about 3 m. E. 
 Barbon, and about 11 m. SE. by E. Kendal ; height, 2250 ft. 
 
 Barbonr, co., U.S., W. Virginia, in the N., crossed by 80' 
 W., and in the S. by 39° N., traversed by the Monongahela. 
 
 Barbonr, co., U.S., Alabama, on E. frontier, and crossed 
 in N. by 32° N. 
 
 Barbonme, eccles. par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, near Claines. 
 P. < 3500. 
 
 BarboursTllle, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Knoxco., on Cumber- 
 land R., 116 m. SE. Frankfort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barbonrsvllle, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Cabell co., on 
 Guyandotte R., 36 m. W. by N. Charleston. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Barbrldge, hamlet, Eng., Cheshire, 3 m. from Alpraham, 
 with P.O. 
 
 Barbnda (Portuguese, ' the island of the bearded men '), one 
 of the Brit. West India Is., Leeward group, in the Atlantic, 
 20 m. N. Antigua, of which it is a dependency. The greater 
 part of the island is flat. It produces some salt and phosphate 
 of lime and exports cattle to Antigua. There is no harb. , but 
 a roadstead on W. side. Area, 62 sq. m. P. 580. 
 
 Barby, par. and vil., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 
 34 m. SE. Rugbv, P.O. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (B. with Olney) 
 P:<750. 
 
 Barby, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Elbe, 16 m. SE. Magdeburg. P. 5300. 
 
 Barca. See Barka. 
 
 Barcarrota, tn. , Spain, prov. and 19 m. S. Badajoz. P. 5200. 
 
 Barcaldlne, vil., Queensland, Portland co., 310 m. SW. by 
 W. Mackay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barcellona, tn., Sicily, prov. and t8 m. W. by S. Messina. 
 P. 21,000. 
 
 Barcellos, vil., Brazil, Amazonas, on the r. bk. of the Rio 
 Negro, about 300 m. above its confluence with the Amazon, 
 260 m. NW. by W. Manaos. 
 
 Barcellos, tn., Portugal, prov. Minho, on r. bk. Cavado, 
 27 m. N. Oporto. P. < 3000. 
 
 Barcelona, prov., Spain, ancient co., part of the ancient 
 principality of Catalonia, traversed from N. to S. by riv. 
 Llobregat ; cap. B. See Spain, table ; Catalonia. 
 
 Barcelona, tn. , Spain, near the mouth of riv. Llobregat, on 
 the Mediterranean, 310 m. ENE. Madrid, 440 m. by rail. 
 Lat. 41° 21' 44" N., long. 2° 30' 32" E. Cap. prov. B. , and of 
 military dep. (Capitania) of Catalonia. Bishopric under Arch- 
 bishop of Tarragona. The most important commercial and 
 industrial centre of Spain. Good harbour, with two long piers ; 
 entrance 300 yds. wide, 20-26 ft. deep, 346 acres. On a plain sur- 
 rounded by high hills, with villas, ' torres' {towers formerly circled 
 as a refuge against Barbaresque pirates), picturesquely intermixed 
 with vines, pine, orange, lemon, fig, and pomegranate trees. 
 
 121 
 
BARC — BARF 
 
 Supposed to have been founded by Hamilcar Barca some 230 B. C. 
 [Barcina, Carthago nova) ; Roman colony, 200 B.C. (Faventia- 
 Julia-Augusta-Pia) ; cap. of Gothic Septimania, 533 A.D. 
 (Barcinoma) ; conquered by the Moors, 713 ; cap. of Aquitania 
 under the Franks and Charlemagne, and cap. of county of B. 
 since 762 ; cap. of united Catalonia and Aragon (twelfth 
 century), and then great commercial centre of E. trade 
 (thirteenth to fourteenth century) ; united to Castilla under 
 Ferdinand and Isabella (fifteenth century). Here the first com- 
 mercial code, ' Consulado del Mar,' was promulgated (1279). 
 Here Blasco de Garay tried his first steamship (1543). B. was 
 taken by Berwick (1660), by Peterborough (1705), by Duhesme 
 (1808). Long siege in 1823. Seat of a university (medicine, 
 law, natural sciences, with valuable library rich in old MSS.). 
 The archives of the ancient kingdom of Aragon are second only 
 to Simancas (documents from 844). Several libraries (the 
 Episcopal, with 2000 ancient MSS. ). The ' Liceo ' is the largest 
 theatre in Europe (5000 spectators). All important branches of 
 manufacture carried on, those of textiles taking the lead. Some 
 120,000 workmen are employed in the cotton mills. Exporta- 
 tions : manufactured goods, principally for the Spanish colonies, 
 agricultural products (cork-wood, wine, saffron, anise, fruits), 
 quicksilver, and lead. Importation : coal (from England), raw 
 cotton (from the W. Indies). Average annual value of imports 
 to foreign countries _!^i,5oo,ooo to _^2,ooo,ooo, to Spanish posses- 
 sions abroad, ^4,000,000 to _^5,ooo,ooo. The most important 
 port of Spain after Cadiz — 12,000 ships of 2,000,000 tons yearly. 
 Mean temp. (15 yrs.), 61° F., Jan. 47.7°, Aug. 77°; rainfall 
 (14 yrs.), 22.8 in. Average number of rainy days, 69. The 
 area now occupied is twice as large as that in 1868. P. 
 (1868) 167,000; (1877) 248,943; (1887) 272,481 ; with suburbs, 
 400,000 to 450,000. 
 
 Barcelona, tn., Venezuela, cap. Bermudez, 150 m. E. 
 Caracas, 3 m. from the coast, now connected by rail with the new 
 port of Guanta 12 m. distant; coal deposits near. P. 12,800. 
 
 Barceloneta, fishing suburb of Barcelona, Spain. 
 
 Barcelonnette, tn. , France, dep. Basses- Alpes, almost at the 
 middle of the long valley of the Ubaye, 58 m. NW. by N. 
 Nice, 15 m. SE. by S. Embrun. B. received its name from 
 Reymond B^renger, then Count of Provence, whose family 
 belonged to Barcelona. Cap. arr. Alt. 3714 ft. ; mean temp. , 
 yr. 45.8° F., Jan. 27.7°, July 65.3°. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Barchestou, par. and vil., Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 
 10^ m. SSE. Stratford-on-Avon, 7 m. E. Campden stn. P, 
 <25o. 
 
 Barclifeld, vil., Prussia, Hesse-Nassau, circle and dist. 
 Schmalkalden. P. <:3000. 
 
 Barclay, rly. stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. 
 1204 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Barclay, vil., U.S., Illinois, Sangamon co., 8 m. NE. Spring- 
 field. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barclay, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Bradford co., 55 m. W. 
 by N. Scranton, with mines of bituminous coal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barclay Sound, inlet, Canada, Brit. Columbia, on W. side 
 Vancouver I. , crossed by 49° N. ; 35 m. long. 
 
 Barco, El, comm., Spain, Galicia, on the Sil, 86 m. ESE. 
 Santiago. P. 6400. 
 
 Barcombe, par., Eng., Sussex, on the E. border of the 
 Lewes div., 3 m. N. Lewes, with two stns. (B. and B. Mills) 
 on the L. B. & S. C. R., PM.O. ; 5032 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barcoo, riv. , Australia. See Cooper's Creek. 
 
 B&rda, div. , SW. ct. of Kdthidwdr Renin. , Gujarat, India. 
 
 B4rda Hills, a circular cluster in B4rda div. , near Porbandar, 
 30 m. round, 12-18 m. from the coast ; highest 1730 ft. 
 
 Bardanue, riv. , Prussia, govt. Frankfurt, a branch of theOder. 
 
 Barden, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div. , 
 5 m. SSW. Richmond, 2^ m. NE. Leyburn stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Barden, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 7 m. NE. 
 Skipton ; 7338 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Bardenberg, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 4 m. N. by E. Aix- 
 la-Chapelle. P. < 3000. 
 
 Barde'ra, Somali village, E. Africa, occupying a height on the 
 1. bk. of the jub {q.v. ), in about 2° 18' N. , at the crossing-place of 
 the caravan route from the Borani country to Brava. P. < 1200. 
 
 Bardficld-end Green, hamlet, Eng., Essex, div. and 7^ m. 
 SE. Saffron Walden, 6 m. N. Dunmow stn. 
 
 Bardfleld, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Essex, Saffron Walden div., 6^ m. NW. Braintree. Great B. 
 P. < 1000; Little B. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bardfleld Sallng, par., Eng., Essex, on the S. border of 
 the Saffron Walden div. , 5 m. NW. by W. Braintree, 3^ m. 
 NW. Rayne stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bard Head, cape, Scot., Shetland Is., in the extreme SE. 
 of Bressay I. , in 60° 6' N. 
 
 Bardl, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. Piacenza, 31 m. SW. by 
 W. Parma. P. 7000. 
 
 Bardney, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 9^ m. E. 
 by S. Lincoln, on G. N. R., PMT.O. Par. 5418 ac. P.<isoo. 
 
 Bardollno, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. Verona, on the E. 
 shore of Lake Garda, 8 m. N. by E. Peschiera. P. <:300o. 
 122 
 
 Bardon, par., Eng., co. and 10 m. NW. Leicester, P.O. 
 P. <25o. See Tliornton. 
 
 Bardon Hill, Eng. , co. and g m. NW. Leicester, the sum- 
 mit of the Chamwood range. Height, 912 ft. Commanding 
 one of the finest views in the kingdom, with stn. on the M. R. 
 
 Bardon Mill, stn., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., 
 on the NE. R. , 10 m. W. Hexham, with coal in neighbour- 
 hood, PM.O. 
 
 Bardonueccbla, French Bardonn^cbe, vil., Italy, Pied- 
 mont, prov. Turin, 19 m. W. Susa, near the Italian end of 
 Mont Cenis tunnel. Alt. 4265-44S0 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bardowlek, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 23 m. SE. 
 Hamburg, on the Ilmenau R. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bardsea, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div. , 7 
 m. NE. by E. Barrow, close to Conishead Priory stn., PMT.O. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Bardsea Bank, a sandbank, Eng., Lancashire, in the 
 estuary of the Leven, Morecambe Bay. 
 
 Bardsea Cbannel, a navigable channel, Eng., Lancashire, 
 Morecambe Bay, leading N. to the estuary of the Leven. 
 
 Bardsey -witb Rlgton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Barkston Ash div., 7 m. NE. by N. Leeds, on the NE. R. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Bardsey (' Bard's Island,' said to be so called from having 
 been the last retreat of the Welsh bards), an island of N. Wales, 
 CO. Carnarvon, in the Irish Sea, near the N. point of Cardigan 
 Bay, separated from the mainland by B. Sound. Lat. of light- 
 house (with fixed light, seen 17 m.), 52° 45' N., 4° 48' W. It is 
 accessible only at a small harbour on the SE. side. 430 ac. P. 77. 
 
 Bardsley, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, i m. from Hather- 
 shaw, PM.O. P. <:35oo. 
 
 Bardstofvn, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Nelson co., 35 m. SE. 
 by S. Louisville. Ah. 635 ft. (R.R.). P. < 2000. 
 
 Bardswell Islands, group, Brit. Columbia, to the S. of52°N. 
 
 BardwAn, div. , India. See Bengal. 
 
 BardwAn, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, cap. of dist. B., 55 m. NW. 
 by N. Calcutta, on the 1. bk. of the Damodar R. Since 1866 
 the dist. has suffered seriously from malarious endemic fever, 
 in the lower and purely alluvial tracts. Alt. 99 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 78° F., Jan. 66°, April 86°; rainfall, yr. 57.7 in., 
 May-Oct. 52.3 in., June-Sept. 42.7 in. P. 34,500; Hindus, 
 24,200; Moham. 10,100. 
 
 Bardii^ell, par. and vil., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 
 8 m. NE. Bury St. Edmunds, 6 m. SE. Bamham stn., PM.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Barefleld, place. Ire., 4 m. from Ennis, with P.O. 
 
 Bare, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, div. and 2| m. NNW. 
 Lancaster, with a stn. (Bare Lane) on the Morecambe branch 
 of the L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 
 Barea, tribe, E. Africa. See Barrea. 
 
 Bareges, vil., France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n6es, 12 m. SSW. 
 Bagneres-de-Bigorre, with sulphurous thermal springs (88°-ii3° 
 F.). The Valine de Bastan, in which B. stands at an altitude 
 of 4040 ft. , is subject to terrible avalanches. P. < 2000. 
 
 Barellly, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , cap. of dist. B. , 146 
 m. NNW. Cawnpore, for half a century the cap. of the Rohilld 
 race. Has a government college. P. (including cantonment) 
 (1872) 103,000 ; (1891) 121,000 (half Hindu, half Mohammedan). 
 
 Biirengrund, deep valley in the Riesengebirge, Bohemia, 
 not far from the source of the Elbe. 
 
 Barensteln, vii. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 17^ m. S. by E. Dresden. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Barentlu, comm. and vil. , France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, arr. 
 and 10 m. NW. Rouen. The railway crosses the valley of B. 
 by a cemarkable viaduct of twenty-seven arches. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Barents Land, isl. , in the E. of Spitzborgen Archipelago, 
 crossed by 78!° N. , named in honour of the Dutch navigator, 
 i6th century. Will. Barents [Spltzbergen]. 
 
 Barents Sea, between Spitzbergen and Novaya Zemlya. 
 
 Bareppa, hamlet, Eng. , Cornwall, Truro div. , q.\ m. SW. 
 by S. Falmouth. 
 
 Bares, cape, Spain, N. ct. See Tares. 
 
 Baretnn, El, ruins on the N. ct. of Africa, about 180 m. W. 
 Alexandria, site of the ancient Paraetonium. 
 
 Barilenr ('the summit or projection on the channel"), tn., 
 France, dep. Manche, on the N. ct., 16 m. E. Cherbourg, i^ 
 m. S. of the Pointe de B., with tidal harbour 9-16 ft. deep at 
 high water. P. < 2000. See GatteTllle. 
 
 Barford, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 7J m. W. Norwich, 
 3 m. E. Thuxton stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Barford, par., Eng., Northampton, 2 m. NE. Rothwell. 
 P. <:250. 
 
 Barford, par. and vil., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on- 
 Avon div., on the Avon, 3^ m. SW. by S. Warwick, PMT.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Barford, Great, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade 
 div., 5 J m. ENE. Bedford, x\ m. NW. Blunham stn.^ P.O. 
 P. <7So. See Roxton. 
 
 Barford, Little, par., on the Great Ouse, 4 m. NE. by E. 
 Great B., 2 J m. SSW St. Neots stn. P. <2so. 
 
BARF 
 
 BARK 
 
 Barford St. John, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury div., 
 on the 1. bk. of the Swere, 5 m. S. by W. Banbury. P. <:25o. 
 
 Barford St. Martin, par. , Eng. , Wilts. , Wilton div. , on the 
 Nadder, 2J m. W. Wilton, PM.O. P. <:750. 
 
 Barford St. Mlcbacl, par., adjoining B. St. John on the 
 S. , 4J m. W. Aynho stn. P. < 500. 
 
 Barfortta, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 6 m. SW. Dar- 
 lington. P. <250. 
 
 Barfreston (local pron., bars'ton), par., Eng., Kent, St. 
 Augtistine div. , 6 m. N W. by N. Dover, i^ m. NNE. Shep- 
 herd's Well stn. P. <250. 
 
 Barf^nsb, Balaf^nsh, or Balft-nsh, Persian Barftamsh 
 ('market-place'), important commercial tn., Persia, Mazan- 
 deran, 95 m. NE. Teheran, 12 m. from the roadstead of 
 Meshed-i-Ser on the Caspian Sea. Though nearer Teheran 
 than Resht, it has the disadvantage of a more difficult route to 
 that cap., crossing the Elburz Mts. by the Imamzade-Hashim 
 Pass, 7550 ft., and hence is more a seat of provincial than of 
 international commerce. P. estimated in 1874 at 50,000, much 
 less, according to Curzon, in 1890. 
 
 Barga, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 16 m. N. Lucca. P.I8000. 
 
 Bargagll, comm., Italy, prov. and dist. Genoa. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Bargas, comm., Spain, Nev^r Castile, prov. and dist. Toledo. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Barge, comm. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, 29 m. SW. by 
 S. Turin, manufactory of arms, slate quarries. P. 11,000. 
 
 Bargeddle, eccles. par., Scot., Lanarkshire, Old Monkland 
 par., 2 m. from Baillieston, with PM.O. P. <3000. 
 
 Bargeddle and Dykehead, vil. , Scot., Lanarkshire, Old 
 Monkland par. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bargoed, vil. , Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div. , 8 m. SE. by 
 E. Merthyr Tydfil, with stns. on the L. & NW. and Brecon 
 and Merthyr Rlys., PM.O. 
 
 Bargrcnnan, eccles. par. , Scot. , in cos. Kirkcudbright and 
 Wigtown, on R. Cree, 8 m. NW. by N. Newton Stewart, P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Bargnzin, riv., Siberia, govt. Irkutsk, flowing into Lake 
 Baikal on its E. side, after a course of 200 m. Considerable 
 fishing at the mouth of the river. Higher up the Bargusin R. 
 a wide steppe, peopled with Buryates. 
 
 Bargnzin, dist. tn., Transbaikaha, Siberia, on the B. riv., 
 govt. 220 m. ENE. Irkutsk, in 55° 56' N., 109° 47' E. Near it 
 are thermal springs and baths, and gold is found in the sur- 
 rounding country. This is believed to be the Bargu of Marco 
 Polo, and it is one of the oldest settlements in Siberia. P. < 
 2000. See Tnrka. 
 
 Bargy, bar., Ire., in the S. of co. Wexford. 
 
 Bi'trii, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Patna, on the r. bk. of 
 the Ganges, 31 m. E. by S. Patnd. P. 12,400 ; Hindus, 9300. 
 
 Barham, par. , Eng. , co. , div. , and 7 m. WN W. Hunting- 
 don, 4 m. NNW. Grafham stn. P. <:25o. See Spaldyrlck. 
 
 Barham, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., on the Little 
 Stour, s^m. SE. by S. Canterbury, on the SE. R.; PMT.O.; 
 4698 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barham, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , 4J m. NNW. 
 Ipswich, i| m. NE. Claydon stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bar Harbor, vil., U.S., Maine, Hancock co. , on the E. side 
 of Mount Desert I., 42 m. SE. Bangor. 
 
 Barliolme, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 4^ m. ENE. 
 Stamford, \\ m. N. by W. TaUington stn. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (B. -with Stowe) P. <25o. 
 
 B&ri, tn., India, Rdjputdna, 40 m. S. by E. Bhartpur. 
 P. 12,000. 
 
 Barl, negro tribe, Africa, White Nile, between 4° and 6° N., 
 independent and powerful, inhabiting a dist. 40 m. in extent be- 
 tween dists. of Madi and Gondokoro ; the terror of ivory-traders. 
 
 Bari, tn. and seapt., on the E. ct. of Italy, Apulia, cap. prov. 
 B. , 65 m. NW. by W. Brindisi, with nautical school and 
 arsenal, and various manufactures. Good anchorage in all 
 weathers. Average depth of harbour, 25^ ft. P. 55,000. 
 
 Bari, conical mt. , Tongking, on 1. bk. of He-ho, at its conflu- 
 ence with the Song-koi. 
 
 B&rla, tn., India, Rewd Kdntha, 50 m. NE. Baroda. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Barichara, tn., Colombia, Santander, 150 m. N. by E. 
 Bogota. P. 11,000. 
 
 Biiri Dodb, tract of country, India, Punjab, between the 
 Ravi, with the Trimab, on the N W. , and the Beas, with the 
 Sutlej, on the SE. See B. D. Canal and SntleJ. 
 
 B^ri Dodb Canal, a canal irrigating with its main branches 
 (in all 362 m.) the N. part of the B. D.; headworks 7 m. NW. 
 Pathankot ; completed in financial year 1859-60. In 1890-91 
 its net revenue was equivalent to a return of 8.08 per cent, on 
 capital outlay. 
 
 Barlgan, settlement, New South Wales, Phillip co., 70 m. 
 NNE. Bathurst. 
 
 Barlgazzo, vil., Italy, prov. Modena, at base of Monte 
 Cimone. Near this is observed a phenomenon similar to that 
 at Pietramala. Natural fire issues from the soil, ascends several 
 feet, and continues for some days without intennission. 
 
 Barlgazzo, Slonte, mt., Italy, in the Apennines, prov. and 
 26 m. SW. Parma. Alt. 4200 ft. 
 
 Barika, tonent, Algeria, prov. Constantine, flows SW. to- 
 wards the Salt Lake, Hodna, which it only reaches at high 
 flood, after a course of 81 m. 
 
 Barile, comm., Italy, Basihcata, prov. and 23 m. NNW. 
 Potenza ; was destroyed by an earthquake, Aug. 14, 1851. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Barlloche Pass, a low pass across the Andes said to exist to 
 the S. of Lake Nahuel Huapi, in about 41° 40' S. According 
 to Siemiradzki, no such pass exists in that region. See Peter- 
 mann's Mitteil., 1893, p. 58. 
 
 Bari'ma, a riv. in the NW. of Brit. Guiana, flows E. then 
 NW. into the Atlantic, which it enters just E. of the mouth of 
 the Orinoco : navigable about 80 m. up for vessels of 15 or 16 
 ft. draught. The first falls (ascending) occur in about 7° 35' N. 
 60° W. {Proc. R. G. S., 1892, p. 668.) 
 
 Barlnas, vil., Venezuela, Zamora, 270 m. SW. by W. 
 Caracas. 
 
 Barlngen, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 11 m. NNW. Karlsbad. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Barlnghnp, tp., Victoria, Talbot co., 22 m. SW. by W. 
 Sandhurst. P. <; 1500. 
 
 Barlngo, lake. Central Africa, just W. of 36° E. , crossed in 
 the S. by 0° 30' N.; 18 by 10 m.; with no visible outlet, but 
 apparently a copious hidden one, for though fed by several 
 streams its level rises very little even in the wet season, and its 
 water is quite fresh ; abounds in fish. Alt. 3217 ft. {ab. Thomson), 
 3725 ft. {ab. Teleki and Hohnel), 3300 ft. [ab. Geog. Jour. , II. 125). 
 
 Barisdl, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Bikarganj, 70 m. S. 
 Dacca. P. 15,500; Hindus, 8000; Moham. 7100. 
 
 Barlsclano, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Mohse, prov. Aquila, 
 30 m. W. Chieti. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Barltbog Kiver, Great, riv., Canada, New Brunswick, 
 flows SE. into Miramichi Bay. 
 
 Barito, riv. , Dutch Borneo, flowing S. into the Java Sea, 
 passing a little to the W. of Banjermassin ; estimated total 
 length, 550 m. Steamers can ascend for five days. The bar 
 at its mouth has 11-16 ft. of water at high tide. An arm 
 flowing SW. joins the Kapuas below 3° S. , and from the 
 junction a canal runs SE. into the main stream again. 
 
 Barjac, tn., France, dep. Gard, arr. Alais, 32 m. N. Nimes, 
 with mineral springs and coal-mines. P. < 2000. 
 
 Barjols, tn., France, dep. Var, 29 m. E. by N. Aix, arr. and 
 10 m. NNW. Brignoles. P. <3000. 
 
 Barka, or Baraka, riv., E. Africa, Upper Ethiopia, flows 
 W. then N. , passing Tokar and entering the Red Sea to the 
 SE. of Suakim, receives the Anseba on the r. bk. Its valley is 
 followed by an important road leading to the country of the 
 Beni Amer. 
 
 Barka, or Bengazl (the anct. Cyrenaica), Turkish vilayet on 
 the Mediterranean, in the N. of Africa, between Tripoli and the 
 Gulf of Sidra on the W. and Egypt on the E. , extending south- 
 wards to the Libyan desert, where its limits are undefined. It 
 is mainly a desert plateau, but has a fertile strip along the 
 coast, yielding com and including tracts of fine pasturage. On 
 the N. and W. slopes of the plateau are forest of pines, date 
 and ohve trees, and flowering shrubs. There are no permanent 
 rivers. The region was anciently the seat of the Pentapolis, or 
 five Greek cities of Berenice, Arsinoe, Barca, Apollonia, and 
 Cyrene ; of which the first, now called Bengazi, the cap. and 
 only seaport of the vilayet, is the only one retaining any import- 
 ance. Area about 60,000 sq. m. P. 500,000. 
 
 Barkadl, place, Africa, Sahara, S. of Ghadames. 
 
 Barkal, Jebel, an isolated sandstone rock in Nubia, in 18° 
 31' N., 36° 46' E. Between it and the Nile are the remains of 
 several temples. 
 
 Barkal Kapids, India. See Kamaphnli. 
 
 Barkala, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Cachar, 52 m. E. by 
 N. Sylhet. 
 
 Barkathnlla, settlement, Queensland, M'Kinlay co., 350 m. 
 SW. by W. Rockhampton. 
 
 Barkby, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 4I m. E. 
 Leicester, close to Syston June, with P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Barkby Thorpe, par., Eng., co. and 3 m. N. Leicester. 
 P.<;25o. 
 
 Barker's Creek, vil., Victoria, co. Talbot, 83 m. N. by W. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barker, Mount, hill-range, to the SE. of Adelaide, S. 
 Austraha. Alt. 1300 ft.; mean temp., yr. 57.4° F., Jan. 68.1°, 
 July 46.6° ; rainfall (22 yrs.), 29.12 in. 
 
 BarkervlUe, vil., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, 270 m. 
 NNE. Vancouver. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barkestone (bark'ston), par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton 
 div., 8^ m. W. Grantham, on the Nottingham and Grantham 
 Canal, 1 m. SSW. Redmile stn., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Barkham, par., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., 6 m. 
 SE. Reading, 2 m. SW. Wokingham stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Barkhamsted, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co. P, 
 <iSoo. 
 
 123 
 
BARK— BARN 
 
 Barking, par. and market-tn., Eng., Essex, Romford div., 
 5 m. SW. by W. Romford, on the London, Tilbury, and 
 Southend Rly., with jute and other factories and extensive 
 market-gardens. Market-day, S. Par. P. 14,300. 
 
 Barking Soa4l, part of eccles. par., Eng., Essex. See 
 Ham, IVest, and Canning Town. 
 
 Barking Side, part of eccles. par., Eng., Essex, Romford 
 div., 2 m. E. Woodford (George Lane) stn., 9 m. NE. by E. 
 St. Paul's, London, PM.O. See Uford, Great. 
 
 Barlilng, par. and vil., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 2 
 m. from Needham Market, i| m. WSW. Needham stn. P. < 
 2000 ; eccles. par. (B. yviOk Dannsden) P. <50o. 
 
 Barklsland, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. from 
 Ripponden, vrith a stn. (Rippondeu and B.) on the L. & Y. R. , 
 P.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bark Lake, vil., Canada, Ontario, Nipissing co., 103 m. W. 
 Ottawa, at the N. end of a lake of the same name, drained E. 
 by the R. Madawaska into the R. Ottawa. 
 
 Barkly, tp., Victoria, Kara Kara co., 146 m. NW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barlily East, mun.. Cape Colony, cap. dist. B. E., 60 m. 
 ESE. AliwalN. Alt. 5830 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barkly West, mun.. Cape Colony, cap. dist. B. W., in 
 Griqua Land West, on the Vaal, 23 m. NW. Kimberley, 
 centre of the (Vaal) River diamond diggings. Alt. 3800 ft. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Barlistcad, vil. , Victoria, co. Grant, 60 m. NW. Melbourne. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Barkston, Eng. , Leicestershire. See Barkestone. 
 
 Barkston, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div. , 5 m. S. Tadcaster. P. <: 500. 
 
 Barkston Ask, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, B. A. div. , 
 12 m. SW. by S. York, ij m. WSW. Church Fenton stn., P.O. 
 
 Barkston Ash, parL div., in the E. of the W. Riding of 
 Yorkshire, Eng. , the eastern portion of it occupying the angle 
 between the Ouse and the Aire. P. (1891) 48,500. 
 
 Barkstoue, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Stamford div., 4 m. 
 NNE. Grantham, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Barknl, or Barkynl, tn., in the E. of Dzungaria, at the 
 N. base of the Tian-shan Mts., to the NW. of Hami, 12 m. 
 SE. Lake B., composed of two parts, one Manchu (the garri- 
 son town), and one Chinese, both walled. Alt. 5300 ft. (of lake 
 5100 ft.). P. 3-4000. (Proc. R. G. S., 1890, p. 78.) 
 
 Bdrklir, Brit. India, Madras. See Hangarkatta. 
 
 Barknt, or Barkkat, a range of mts. in the NW. of 
 Afghanistan, forming part of the water-parting between the 
 basins of the Heri Rud and the Kushk. 
 
 Barkway, par. and vil., Eng., Hertfordshire, in the NE. of 
 the Hitchin div., 15 m. N. by E. Hertford, 4 m. SSE. Royston 
 stn., PT.O. P. <:iooo ; eccles. par. (B. with Beed) P. < 1500. 
 
 Bark with. East, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 11 m. 
 WSW. Louth, on the G. N. R. P.<5oo. 
 
 Barkwlth, West, par., i m. SW. of East B. P. <25o. 
 
 Bitrlad (Berlad), tn., Roumania, prov. Tutova, 62 m. S. 
 Yassy, on the Bihrlad R., which flows S. and joins the Seret. 
 P. 20.000. 
 
 Barlasslna, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Como, 14 m. 
 N. by W. Milan. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bar'laston, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W^ div., 4 m. S. by E. 
 Stoke upon Trent, on the N. Staf. Rly., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Barlavlngton, or Barlton (the second form giving the 
 pronunciation), par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 6^ m. NNW. 
 Arundel, 2 J m. S. Petworth stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Barlbonmgh, par., Eng., Derbyshire, NE. div., 7^ m. ENE. 
 Chesterfield, ij m. NW. Clown stn., with coal, PMT.O. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Barlby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshirediv., 
 on the Ouse, 10 m. NW. Goole, li m. NE. by N. Selby stn., 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Barle, a small riv., Eng., in the W. of Somerset, flows SE. 
 to the Exe. 
 
 Barleben, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 5 m. NNW. 
 Magdeburg. P. <40oo. 
 
 Bar-lc-Dnc, or Bar-snr-Ornaln, trading tn., cap. dep. 
 Meuse, France, arr. B. le D. , on the Ornain, 29 m. SSW. Verdun. 
 Noted for its mines, cotton, and hosiery, also for its church, con- 
 taining the tomb of the Prince of Orange. B. is the ancient 
 Taturigis, and was aftenvards the cap. of Barrois, a dist. still 
 known familiarly as the county or duchy of Bar. P. 15,900. 
 
 Bar-le-Dnc, Netherlands. See Baarle-Kassan. 
 
 Barlee Lake, large lake in W. Australia, crossed by 29° S. , 
 just W. of 120" E. ; discovered by John Forrest in 1869. (jour. 
 R. G. S., 1870, p. 234.) 
 
 Barlee Range, range of mts., W. Australia, between the 
 Tropic of Capricorn and 24° S., mainly east of 116° E. 
 
 Barlestone, or Barlston, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, div. and 
 2^ m. NE. Bosworth, with P.O. P. -ciooo. 
 
 Barletta, a fortified seapt. city of Apulia, Italy, ancient 
 Bardulum, in the Middle Ages Barulum, prov. and 40 m. E. 
 by S. Foggia, on a rocky island in the Adriatic, connected by 
 124 
 
 a bridge with the mainland. It has a citadel, now almost in 
 ruins, cathedral, college, and a colossal statue of the Emperor 
 Heraclius. Its harbour, formed by a mole on which is a light- 
 house, admits only small vessels. Among its exports is salt 
 from the salt-pans of Slargherlta dl SaToia (producing annually 
 40-50,000 tons of salt), 7 m. NW. P. 30,000. 
 
 Barley, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, in the extreme NE. of the 
 Hitchin div., 17 m. N. by E. Hertford, 3^ m. SE. Royston stn., 
 PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Barley- wlth-Wheatley-Booth, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Cli- 
 theroe div., 5 m. E. by S. Clitheroe. P. <5oo. 
 
 Barley Cove, harbour. Ire., SW. co. Cork, between Mizen 
 Head and Brow Head. 
 
 Barley Hill, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Newmarket. 
 
 Barleythorpe, par. , Eng. , Rutland. See Oakham Deans- 
 hold. 
 
 Barling, Great, par. , Eng. , Essex, SE. div. , on the E. ct. , 
 3i m. NE. by E. Southend, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Barlings, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey or Gains- 
 borough div., 7 m. ENE. Lincoln, 2 m. ESE. Langworth 
 stn. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Barlocco, penin. and hamlet, Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 6 
 m. WSW. Kirkcudbright. 
 
 Barloge, place. Ire., SW. ct., co. Cork, bar. W. Carbery, 
 E. div., 4 m. S. Skibbereen, with coastguard station. 
 
 Barlow, Great, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Chesterfield div., 
 3 m. NW. Chesterfield, 2 m. WNW. Sheepbridge stn. , with 
 coal in dist., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barlow, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash div. , 
 'j\ m. NW. by W. Goole, 2^ m. SE. Selby stn., P.O. P. <:2So. 
 
 Barlow, a small isL, Madagascar, ofif the W. ct., in about 
 20° 50' S. 
 
 Barlow, settlement. New South Wales, Hardinge co. , 55 m. 
 NXE. Tam worth. 
 
 Barlow DIoor, eccles. par., Eng., near Manchester, PMT.O. 
 (B. M. Road). P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Barlton, Eng. See Barlavlngton. 
 
 Barma. See Burma. 
 
 Barmbek, or Barmbeck, a NE. suburb of Hamburg, Ger., 
 3^ m. NE. of the centre of the city. P. 32,800. 
 
 "Barmbrongh, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Doncaster 
 div., 5^ m. W. Doncaster, 2 m. E. by N. Bolton-on-Deame stn., 
 PM.O."(Bamiborongh). P. <;75o. 
 
 Barmby moor, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howden- 
 shire div., 11 m. E. by S. York, i^ m. W. by N. Pocklington 
 stn., P.O. P. <;5oo; eccles. parr (B. on the Moor with 
 Faugloss) P. <750. 
 
 Barmby •ou-the-9Iarsh, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Howdenshire div., on the Ouse, 5 m. NW. Goole, 3I m. W. 
 Howden stn. , PM. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Barmedman, tp. , New South Wales, Bland co., 145 m. 
 WSW. Bathurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barmen, a manufacturing tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., in the 
 valley of the Wupper contiguous to Elberfeld {q.v.). Separate 
 P. (1864)60,000; (1890) tn. P. 115,700; comm. P. 116,100. 
 
 Barmer, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 15 m. NE. by E. 
 King's Lynn, 3J m. S. by E. Stanhoe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Barmer, tn., India, Rdjputana, dist. Mallani, no m. WSW. 
 Jodhpur. 
 
 Barmill, vil., Scot. See Barrmlll. 
 
 Barming, par. , Eng. , Kent, Medway div. , on the Medway, 
 2^ m. WSW. Maidstone, on the L. C. & D. R., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Barming, West, par. , Eng. , Kent, near Alaidstone. P. < 
 250. See Xettlestead. 
 
 Barmouth, called by the Welsh Abermaw or Llanaber, 
 par., seapt. tn. , and watering-place, Wales, Merionethshire, 
 on B. Bay, which forms the estuary of the Eden and Mawd- 
 dach rivers, 'j\ m. W. by S. Dolgelly, with two stns. (B. and 
 B. June.) on the Cambrian Rly. ; with manganese ore. Market- 
 day, F. P. < 3000; tn. P. < 2500. 
 
 Barmpton, par., Eng., Durham, in the S. of the SEL div., 
 on the Skeme, 3 m. NE. Darlington, i^ m. NE. North Road 
 (Darhngton) stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Barmstcdt, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 19 
 m. NW. by N. Hamburg ; carries on shoemaking. P. < 3000. 
 
 Barmston, par., Eng., co. Durham, 5 m. W. Sunderland. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Barmston, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E Riding, Buckrosc div., 
 on Bridlington Bay, 19^ m. N. by E. Hull, 4 m. SE. by E. 
 Burton Agnes stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 B^rm<ll Pass. See Sfahanadi. 
 
 Biirn, tn. , Austria, Moravia, on R. Bistrica, 23 m. SW. by 
 W. Troppau. P. < 4000. 
 
 Bama, place. Ire. , N. co. Galway, bar. Galway, 5 m. WSW. 
 Galway, on N. of Galway Bay, with P.O. 
 
 Bariia, hamlet and electoral div.. Ire., King's co., bar. 
 Clonlisk, 11^ m. S. Parsonstown. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bama, P.O., Ire., co. Kilkenny, 3 m. from Freshford. 
 
 Barna, place. Ire., NE. co. Limerick, bar. Coonagh, 15 m. 
 SE. by E. Limerick, P.O. 
 
BARN 
 
 Barnabas, cape, the E. point of Sitkalidak I. , off the SE. ct. 
 of Kndiak I., S. of Alaska. 
 
 Barnaby Island, isl., Canada, Quebec, Rimouski co., in 
 the St. Lawrence, in 48° 25' N., 68° 32' W. 
 
 Barnaby-on-the-9Ioor. See Barnby Moor. 
 
 Barnack, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 3 J m. 
 ESE. Stamford, with a stn. on the G. N. R., and i^ m. S. of 
 Uppington and B. stn., on the M. R., PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Barnacre with Bonds, par., Eng., Lancashire, Garstang 
 Union ; 4957 ac. P. <I500. 
 
 Baritacurra, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 20 
 m. NE. by E. Killarney. P. <25o. 
 
 Barnadi, riv. , India, Assam, flowing S. from Bhutdn into 
 the Brahmaputra, which it enters in about 91° 48' E. In the 
 rainy season navigable by large country boats. 
 
 Barnaderg, P.O., Ire., co. Galway, 7 m. from Tuam. 
 
 Barnagee Hills, Ire. , Mayo, between Loughs Conn and Beltra. 
 
 Barnagh, stn., Ire., co. Limerick, on the Waterford and 
 Limerick Rly., 6 m. from Newcastle. 
 
 Barnahcly, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Kerricurrihy, 7 m. 
 SE. Cork ; 894 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bamameenagh, electoral div.. Ire., co. Leitrim, dist. 
 Drumshanbo. 
 
 Barnauc-cly, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Ikerrin, 3 m. 
 NW. Templemore ; 2166 ac. P. <25o, 
 
 Barnard Castle, par. and market-tn., Eng., Durham, 
 B. C. div., on the 1. bk. of the Tees, 13 m. SW. Bishop- 
 Auckland, on the NE. R. It has a dispensary for poor persons, 
 founded in 1229 by John Baliol, King of Scotland (a native of 
 this place), an extensive art museum, and north-eastern county 
 school. The ruined castle was founded in 1180 by Barnard 
 Baliol, grandfather of John BalioL A short distance from B. C. 
 is the manor of Rokeby, which gives name to one of Sir W. 
 Scott's poems, the scene of which is laid there and in the 
 neighbourhood, the attractions of which are making the town a 
 favourite summer resort. Alt. 526 ft. Market-day, W. 7790 ac. 
 P. < 5000; tn. P. < 4500; pari. div. P. 59,500. 
 
 Barnardls'ton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., lo^ m. 
 SSE. Newmarket, 3 m. NE. by E. Haverhill stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Barnard's Green, vil., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div. , 
 7 m. SSW. Worcester, i^ m. E. Great Malvern stn., PM.O. 
 
 Barnaul, dist. tn. , Russia, W. Siberia, govt, and 258 m. 
 SW. of Tomsk, on 1. bk. Obi ; chief town of the Altai mining 
 dist. Magnetical and meteorological first-class observatory, 53 
 20' N. , 83" 48' E. Alt. 481 ft. Average temp. , yr. 32. 5° F. , Jan. 
 3°, July 76° ; yearly rainfall, 10. i in. Mining school, museum, and 
 laboratory. Gold, silver, and lead works ; considerable trade ; 
 steamers ply to Tomsk. P. 17,500. 
 
 Barnawatha, tn., Victoria, Bogong co., 15 m. W. Albury. 
 P. <i3oo. 
 
 Bambrongb, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Barmbrongb. 
 
 Bamby, par., Eng., Suffolk, 5 m. from Beccles, with P.O. 
 P. <5oo. See Mutford. 
 
 Barnby Dun, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Doncaster 
 div., on the Don, 4^ m. NE. Doncaster, on the M. S. & L. R., 
 P.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Barnby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 
 4^ ni. WNW. Whitby, 2 m. W. Sandsend stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bnrnby-npon-Don, Yorkshire. See Barnby Dun. 
 
 Barnby In tbe Willows, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, 
 Newark div., 4 m. E. by S. Newark, 2| m. NE. by N. Claypole 
 stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Barnby Moor, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 
 4 m. from Retford, near Sutton stn., with P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Barnegat Bay, a lagoon, U.S., New Jersey, about 30 m. 
 long, in about 39^° to 40° 5' N., separating Long Beach, Island 
 Beach, and Squan Beach from the mainland ; communicates 
 with the Atlantic by B. Inlet in 39° 46' N. , on the S. side of 
 which there is a lighthouse, visible 19 m. Mean temp., yr. 
 51.5° F., Jan. 32.2°, July 72°; rainfall (11 yrs.), 50.18 in. 
 
 Barnes, par. and vil. , Eng. , Surrey, Kingston div. , on the 
 r. bk of the Thames, 3 m. NE. by E. Richmond, on the L. & 
 SW. R. P. 8400. 
 
 Barnes, co., U.S., N. Dakota, crossed by 47° N. and 98° W. 
 
 Barnes dreen, hamlet, Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 3 J m. 
 SW. by W. Horsham, P.O. 
 
 Barnesmore, hamlet, Ire. , SW. co. Donegal, bar. Tirhugh, 
 4i m. NE. Donegal, on the E. Donegal Rly., P.O. 
 
 Barnesmore, mt.. Ire., in the SW. of co. Donegal, 8 ra. 
 NE. by E. Donegal. Height, 1491 ft. 
 
 Barnesmore Gap, an opening in the hills to the N. , through 
 which the W. Donegal Rly. passes. 
 
 Bamcss, cape, Scot., on the NE. ct. of Haddingtonshire, in 
 55° 59' N. 
 
 BarnesTllle, tn., U.S., Georgia, Pike co., 36 m. NW. by 
 W. Macon. P. < 2000. 
 
 BamesvUle, city, U.S., Minnesota, Clay co. , 218 m. NW. 
 St. Paul. P. < 1500. 
 
 BamesvUle, vil., U.S., Ohio, Belmont co., 25 m. W. by S. 
 Wheehng(W. Va.). P. < 4000. 
 
 Barnet, market-tn., Eng., Hertfordshire, St. Albans div., 
 and Middlesex, Enfield div., partly in the par. of Chipping B. , 
 with a stn. (New B.) on the main line of the G. N. R. An obelisk 
 near the town commemorates the battle in which the Lancastrian 
 army was defeated, and its leader, the Earl of Warwick, killed 
 by the Yorkists in 1471. 
 
 Barnet, tn., U.S., Vermont, Caledonia co., on Connecticut 
 R., 15 m. N. St. Johnsbtu-y by rail. P. < 2000. 
 
 Barnet, C'blpplng, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, 
 St. Albans div., 8^ m. NE. Harrow, with a stn. (Hlgb B.), 
 terminus of a branch line of the G. N. R, Market-day, W. 
 P. <5ooo ; tn. P. 5500. 
 
 Barnet, East, par,, in the extreme SE. of the St. Albans 
 div. of Hertfordshire, 2 m. SE. by E. Bametj with a stn. 
 (Oaklelgb Park) on the G. N. R. P. 5100. 
 
 Bametby, or Bametby-le-Wold, par. and vil. , Eng. , Lin- 
 colnshire, div. and 4 m. ENE. Brigg, 13^ m. W. Great Grimsby, 
 on the M. S. & L. R., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bametby, New, part of eccles. par., Eng., Lincolnshire. 
 See Melton Ross. 
 
 Barnet Gate, hamlet, Eng., Middlesex, Barnet div., 2 m. 
 W. by S. High Barnet stn. , 11 m. NW. by N. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Bameveld, tn. and comm., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 17 
 m. NW. Amhem. P. comm. 7100. 
 
 BaraeTllle-snr-Mer, tn. , France, dep. Manche, arr. Valognes, 
 on the W. ct., 19 m. SSW. Cherbourg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Barney, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 16 m. WSW. Cromer, 
 close to Thursford stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Barney Downs, settlement. New South Wales, Clive co., 68 
 m. NW. Grafton. 
 
 Barney, settlement, U.S., Nebraska, Otoe co., on the r. bk. 
 of the Missouri, 50 m. S. by E. Omaha. 
 
 Barney's River, Canada, Nova Scotia, Pictou co. , flows N. 
 to Northumberland Strait. 
 
 Bam Green, hamlet, Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 7^ 
 m. N. by E. Portsmouth, 4 m. N. Cosham stn. 
 
 Barnbam, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Chichester div. , 4 m. WSW. 
 Arundel, the junc. stn. for Bognor, L. B. & S. C. R., P.O. (B. 
 Junction). P. <25o. 
 
 Barnbam, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., on the Little 
 Ouse, 84 m. N. by E. Bury St. Edmunds and 3 m. S. Thetford, 
 on the G. E. R. P. <5oo. See Enston. 
 
 Barnbam Broom, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 9 m. W. 
 Norwich, 3 m. E. Thuxton stn., PM.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. 
 (B. B. with Blxton and Klmberley) P. <:75o. 
 
 Barnhardt's Island, isl., U.S., New York, in the N. of St. 
 Lawrence co., in the St. Lawrence R. 
 
 Barnhlll, vil., Scot., Forfarshire, 4^ m. ENE. Dundee, on 
 theC. R. P.<5oo. 
 
 Barnhlll, vil. , Scot. , NW. Lanarkshire, 2 m. NE. Glasgow, 
 on the N. B. R. 
 
 Barnhlll, hamlet, Scot., Perthshire, on 1. bk. of the Tay 
 opposite Perth, with P.O. 
 
 Barnhlll and Larkfleld, vil., rly. stn., Scot., Lanarkshire, 
 on Rotten Calder Water, 3 m. WNW. Hamilton, ^ m. N. 
 High Blantyre stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bamlngiiam, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., loj m. 
 NE. Bury St. Edmunds, 7^ m. SE. by E. Thetford stn., P.O. 
 P. < 500 ; eccles. par. (B. with Coney Weston) P. <75o. 
 
 Bamingham, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, in the N. of the Rich- 
 mond div. of the N. Riding, 8 m. NW. Richmond, 5 m. SSE. 
 Barnard Castle stn. , PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Bamingham Norwood, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. , 5J m. 
 SW. by W. Cromer. P. <25o. 
 
 Barnlngham Parva, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. , 7^ m. SW. 
 Cromer, 3 m. NE. by N. Corpusty and Saxthorpe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bamingham Town, or B. Winter, 4^ m. SE. Holt stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Bamklrk Point, cape, Scot. , on the S. ct. of Dumfriesshire, 
 at the mouth of the R. Annan, with a lighthouse. 
 
 Barnoldby le Beck, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey 
 or Brigg div., 5I m. SW. by S. Great Grimsby, 3 m. W. by S. 
 Waltham stn. P. < 250. 
 
 Barnolds'wlck, par. and local board dist. , Eng. , Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, Skipton div., on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 
 9 m. N. by E. Burnley, on the M. R., PMT.O. P.<45oo. 
 
 Bamsallle Fell, an upland tract, Scot., Wigtownshire, in 
 the S. , near the head of Luce Bay. 
 
 Bamsbnry. stn., Eng., London, on the N. L. R., 2 m, 
 NNW. St. Paul's. 
 
 Barnsbnry St. Clement, eccles. par., Eng., London, N. 
 See Islington. 
 
 Bams, East, vil., Scot., Haddingtonshire, 3 m. SE. by E. 
 Dunbar, 2 m. NW. Innerwick stn. 
 
 Barns, West, vil., Scot., Haddingtonshire, 1^, m. WSW. 
 Dunbar, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Barns Green, place, Sussex, 3 m. from Southwater, with P.O. 
 
 Barnshaw, part of par. , Eng. , Cheshire. See Goostrey. 
 
 Barnsley, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of the 
 C. P. R., 44 m. SW. bv W. Winnipeg. 
 
 125 
 
BARN — BARR 
 
 Barusley, par,, Eng., Gloucester, Cirencester div., 4 m. 
 ENE. Cirencester, P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Barusley, par. and mun. bor. (incorporated 1869), Eng. .York- 
 shire, W. Riding, B. div., on the Dearne, 12 m. N. Sheffield, 
 with stns. on the L. & Y. R. , M. R. , and M. S. & L. R. The B. 
 canal, connecting the town with Leeds and Wakefield, takes boats 
 of 6 ft. draught. B. is the principal centre of the S. Yorkshire 
 coal district ; good stone quarries near. Chief manufactures, 
 linen and paper ; there are also iron foundries, extensive glass- 
 bottle works, manufactures of down clothing, ready-made cloth- 
 ing, boot and shoe factories, bobbin-miUs, &c. The town 
 possesses a fine pubhc hall and park. P. {1871) 23,000 ; (1891) 
 35,400 ; pari. div. P. (1891) 78,800. 
 
 Barusole, hamlet, Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 3^ m. W. 
 by S. Sandvnch. 
 
 Barnstable, co., U.S., Massachusetts, formed by the penin. 
 in the extreme SE. See Cape Cod. 
 
 Barnstable, tn. , U.S., Massachiisetts, B. co., 32 m. E. New 
 Bedford, on B. Harb., an inlet running W. from B. Bay, in 
 the S. of Cape Cod Bay. A summer resort. P. < 5000. 
 
 Barnstaple (barn'sti-p'l), pari, div., Eng., in the NW. of 
 Devonshire. P. (1891) 61,300. 
 
 Barnstaple, sometimes called locally Baram, mun. bor., 
 seapt., and par., Eng., Devonshire, B. div., at the head of the 
 estuary of the Taw, 6 m. from its mouth, in B. Bay, 8 m. NE. 
 by E. Bideford, on the G. W. and L. & SW. Rlys. ; with tidal 
 harbour empty at low water, 13 ft. deep at high water. At one 
 time a considerable seaport, which supplied a contingent to the 
 fleet sent out to oppose the Spanish armada. Its former broad- 
 cloth manufacture has died out, but it still manufactures lace, 
 gloves, pottery (' Barum ware'), &c., and has large cabinet- 
 works. Mean temp. , Jan. 41.7° F. , June 62.9° F. Market-days, 
 Tu., F. Mun. bor. P. (1891) 13,100; par. P. 11,400. 
 
 Barnstead, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Belknap co., 17 m. 
 NE. by E. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barustou, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 4^ m. SW. by 
 S. Birkenhead, 2 m. N. by E. Heswall stn., P.O. P.<500. 
 
 Barnston, or Blmston, par. , Eng. , Essex, Epping div. , 9 
 m. NNW. Chelmsford, ij m. SW. by W. Felstead stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Barnston, orBamstone, part ofeccles. par., Eng., Notting- 
 hamshire, Newark div., 10 m. E. by S. Nottingham, on the 
 G. N. R., with P.O. See Langar. 
 
 Barnt Green, stn., Eng., Worcestershire, on the M. R., 
 between Redditch and Birmingham. 
 
 Barnton, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Northwich div. , 2 m. WNW. 
 Northwich, on the Grand Trunk Canal, PMT.O. P.<:25oo. 
 
 Barntotvn, place. Ire. , co. and 4 m. from Wexford, with P.O. 
 
 Baruivell, ancient par. , Scot. , S. Ayrshire, 5^ m. E. by S. 
 Troon, 3J m. NW. Tarbolton stn. 
 
 Barnwell, stn., Eng., Cambridgeshire, on the G. E. R., 
 between Cambridge and Mildenhall for Fen Dilton. 
 
 Barnwell, pars., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 12^ m. 
 SW. Peterborough, 2^ m. S. Oundle, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 B. All Saints, P. <25o ; B. St. Andrew, P. <5oo. 
 
 Barnwell, co., U.S., S. Carolina, on the Savannah R. (SW. 
 frontier), crossed in the S. by 33° N. 
 
 Barnwell, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, Barnwell co., 40 m. ESE. 
 Augusta ( Ga, ) . P. < 1 500. 
 
 Bam wood, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 
 2 m. E. Gloucester. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Barnyards, vil., Scot., Fifeshire, Kilconqtahar par. P. < 
 250. 
 
 Barocb'an, hamlet, Scot. , W. Renfrewshire, 5^ m. WNW, 
 Paisley, and 2 m. W. by S. Bishopton stn. 
 
 Barocbe, La. See Zell. 
 
 Baroda, vil. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Rohtak, 50 m. N W. 
 Delhi. P. 6000. 
 
 Baroda, non-trib. state, India, in different parts of Gujarat, 
 Bombay Presidency, in direct political relation with the govern- 
 ment of India ; area, 8550 sq. m. P. 2,185,000. 
 
 Baroda, tn., India, cap. of B. state, 37 m. E. Cambay, a 
 city of temples and bankers. P. (of city) 102,000 ; (of canton- 
 ment) P. 5000. 
 
 Baroda, tn., India, Punjab, dist. Rohtak, in 29° 10' N., 76° 
 41' E. P. 6200 ; Hindus, 5800. 
 
 Baro'gll Pass, a high but easy pass across the Hindu Kush 
 Mts., leading from the Little Pamir into Chitral, immediately 
 to the NW. of the Darkot Pass, in about 36° 52' N. , 73° 30' E. 
 Alt. 12,460 ft. {Proc. R. G. S. , 1892, Map, p. 272). 
 
 Baro'long, African tribe, Brit, colony Bechuanaland, to the 
 NW. of Vryburg. 
 
 Baromapnlana, or Batsntla, tribe inhabiting the NE. of 
 the S. African Republic. 
 
 Barombl, stn.. Gar. Kamerun Terr., on Elephant Lake, in 
 4° 40' N. , 9° 26' E. 
 
 Baronlssl, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. and 5 m. N. 
 Salerno. P. 8000. 
 
 Baron's Court, domesne, Ire. , NW. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower 
 Strabane. 8 m. NNW, Omagh, P,0. 
 126 
 
 Barons Point, cape, Scot., Dumbartonshire, in the ex- 
 treme W. on Locia Long, in 55° 59' N. 
 
 Barony, par., Scot., Lanarkshire, in Glasgow. P. 309,800. 
 
 Baroondah, settlement, Queensland, Labouchere co., 175 
 m. SSW. Rockhampton. 
 
 Barop, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 3 m. SW. 
 Dortmund, with coal-mines and machine factories. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Barossa Goldfleld, tp., S. Australia, Adelaide co., 25 m. 
 NE. by N. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barot, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Meerut, 32 m. 
 N. Delhi. P. 6800. 
 
 Barotse, or Marotse, important Bantu tribe inhabiting the 
 banks and the regions E. of the Upper Zambezi, from i4°-i8° S. 
 lat. In Livingstone's time the Makololo were the dominant 
 tribe in these parts of S. Africa, but since then they have been 
 almost entirely annihilated by the B. , who now occupy the vast 
 territory from the Kabompo R. to the Victoria Falls. Formerly 
 they were inhabitants of Mashonaland, where many of them 
 were destroyed by the Matabili, whilst the others retired into 
 the Upper Zambezi valley. Selous, who has carefully studied 
 them, is of opinion that they are not of pure Bantu origin, but 
 that they commingled in ancient times with the Arabian colonists 
 who built the fortress and temple of Zimbabye. See Selous, 
 Twenty Years in Zambesia, Geog. Jour., April 1893. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Barotse Valley, a low-lying, marshy, and unhealthy valley, 
 inundated during the rainy season, on both banks of the 
 Zambezi, where it flows from N. to S. between 15° and 16° S. ; 
 fertile, producing sugar-cane, bananas, sweet potatoes, and 
 manioc. {Proc. R. G. S., 1889, p. 220.) 
 
 Bar-panJ, Sbngnan. See Kalal-bar-panj. 
 
 Barpeta, tn., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Kdmnip, 48 m. W. 
 by N. Gauhati. P. 9300 ; Hindus, 9200. 
 
 Baranero y Yares, Rla del, inlet, N. ct. of Spain, imme- 
 diately to the E. of the northernmost point of Galicia, receives 
 from the S. the Barquero or Sor R. , which is accessible to vessels 
 of 150 tons. 
 
 Barqnlslmeto, tn., Venezuela, cap. of Lara, 168 m. W. by 
 S. Caracas. Alt. 1700 ft. P. 31,000. 
 
 Barr, Bar, Celtic, 'a summit." 
 
 Barr, tn., Ger., govt, of Alsace-Lorraine, 18 m. SW. Stras- 
 burg, with mineral baths of Biihl. P. 5700. 
 
 Barr, par. and vil., Scot., S. Ayrshire, 6 m. ESE. Girvan, 
 4I m. ENE. Pinmore stn., PMT.O. ; 54,876 ac. P.<75o. 
 
 Barr, Great, par. and vil. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Handsworth 
 div. , 3 m. SE. by E. Walsall, 2^ m. N. of its stn. on the L. & 
 NW. R., P.O.; 5252 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barra, Portuguese, 'bar.' 
 
 Barra, isL, Scot., Hebrides, near the S. extremity of 
 the group, 5 m. SW. of S. Uist, and forming, with Bemera, 
 Flodday, Fluda, Hellisay, Mingallay, Pabbay, Sanderay, and 
 Watersay isls. , a par. of the co. Inverness. Length 8 m. , by 2 
 to 4 m. in breadth. P.O. Par. 22,212 ac, P. <:25oo. 
 
 Barra, or Barra do Rio Grande, tn. , Brazil, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Rio Sao Francisco, at the confluence of the Rio Grande, 
 in 11° 56' S. Alt. 1245 ft. P. 4000. 
 
 Barraba, tp.. New South Wales, Darling co., 50 m. NNW. 
 Tamworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barrabool Bange, a chain of low hills, co. Grant, Victoria, 
 Australia, about 2^ m. SW. of Geelong. The vine is g^own on 
 the slopes, and sandstone abounds. 
 
 Barraccas, SE. suburb of Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Barracb'ule, vil., Scot., NW. Lanarkshire, 5 m. E. Glasgow, 
 close to Mountvemon stn. 
 
 Barrack Bridge, stn. , Ire. , co. and 6 m. from Donegal, on 
 the Donegal Rly. 
 
 Barrackpur, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. of the 24 Par- 
 ganis, 15 m. N. Fort William, Calcutta. The natives call B. 
 ' Charnak,' after Job Charnock, the founder of Calcutta, who 
 occasionally lived here. P. (including NawAbganj) 18,000. 
 
 Barraek Village, electoral div.. Ire., W. co. Wexford, bar. 
 Bantry, 8 m. W. by S. Enniscorthy. 
 
 Barraconda, tn., W. Africa, near the Gambia, 95 m. from 
 its mouth. 
 
 Barracouta, Cape, Cape Colony, on the S. ct., 35 m. SE. 
 by E. Swellendam. 
 
 Barracoota Point, cape, Portuguese E. Africa, in 15° 30' S., 
 37 m. SSW. Mozambique. 
 
 Barra do Corda, vil., Brazil, on the r. bk. of the Mearim, at 
 the mouth of the Corda, 195 m. SSW. Maranham. See Mearim. 
 
 Barradero, riv. , S. America, one of the mouths of the Parana. 
 
 Barra do Rio Contas. See Contas. 
 
 Barra do Rio Xegro, a name sometimes given to Manaos, 
 Brazil. 
 
 Barra do SSo Jo£o. See S&o Jofto. 
 
 Barrafranca, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 12 m. SE. Caltanissetta. 
 P. 8000. 
 
 Barragh, par. , Ire. , co. Carlow, bars. Forth and St. MuUins, 
 Upper, 10 m. E. Bagenalstown. P. < 2000. 
 
 Barra Head, cape, Scot., Inverness-shire, on the S. ct. of 
 
B ARR 
 
 Berneray I,, in 56° 47' N., 7° 39' W., with light seen at a dis- 
 tance of 33 m. , 683 ft. above high water, the highest in the 
 British Isles. 
 
 Barrahlll. See Bonrtie. 
 
 Barra Longli, lake, Ire., in the NW. of co. Donegal, 21 m. 
 N. Donegal. 
 
 Barram, cape and riv. , Borneo, on the W. ct., the cape in 
 4° 37' N. B. Klver rises in Sarawak, and winds N. then NW. 
 into the China Sea close to this cape, forming in its lower course 
 the boundary of Brunei and Sarawak ; navigable for the greater 
 part of its length ; rapids begin (going up) in about 3^° N. ; 
 receives the Tinjar on the 1. bk. See Geog. Jour., 1893, p. 193. 
 
 BArra Manza, tn. , Brazil, prov. and 69 m. WN W. Rio de 
 Janeiro. Alt. 1240 ft. P. 12,000. 
 
 Barranagh, isl., Ire., off W. ct. co. Mayo, in the NW. of 
 Blacksod Bay. 
 
 Barranca Bermeja ('green gorge'), riv. port, Colombia, 
 Santander, on the Magdalena, 175 m. N. Bogota. 
 
 Barrancas, tn. , S. America, Venezuela, Bermudez, on the 
 I. bk. of the Orinoco, 120 ni. SSW. of the SW. point of the I. 
 of Trinidad. 
 
 Barranqnllla, tn. and riv. port, Colombia, Bolivar, on the 
 !. bk. of the Magdalena, 65 m. NE. by E. Cartagena, connected 
 by rail with Sabanilla. P. about 35,000. See Magdalena. 
 
 Barras, stn. , Eng., Westmorland, Appleby div. , on the 
 N. E. R., 11^ m. SE. by E. Appleby. 
 
 Barrasford, vil., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., on 
 the N. Tyne, 6 m. N. by W. Hexham, on the N. B. R., PM.O. 
 
 Barraway, hamlet, Eng., Cambridge, Newmarket div., -zh 
 m. S. by E. Ely, 2 m. E. by S. Stretham stn. 
 
 Barraza, riv. , Chile. See limarl. 
 
 Barr Beacon, a hill, Eng. , Staffordshire, in the extreme SE. , 
 4 m. E. by S. Walsall. Alt. 734 ft. 
 
 Barre, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., 19 m. NW. 
 by W. Worcester. P. < 3000. 
 
 Barre, tn., U.S., Vermont, Washington co., 6 m. SE. by S. 
 Montpelier, with granite quarries. P. 6800. 
 
 Barrea, African tribe. Upper Ethiopia, near the N, confines 
 of Abyssinia, S. of the road from Kassala to Keren ; live partly 
 by agriculture, partly by rapine ; number about 1,500,000. 
 
 Barrages, or Bar(;ges, watering-place, France. See Bareges. 
 
 Barrelros, comm., Spain, Galicia, in N. of prov. Lugo, 
 dist. Ribad^o. P. < 5000. 
 
 Barr Elyas, vil., Palestine, 33° 47' N., 35° 56' E., in the 
 valley of the Leontes (Nahr-el-Litany), 29 m. NW. Damascus. 
 
 Barren, co., U.S., Kentucky, crossed by 37° N. and 86° W. 
 
 Barren, isl. , Tasmania. See Cape Barren. 
 
 Barren Island, an active volcano forming a small island, Bay 
 of Bengal, about 60 m. E. of Middle Andaman I. 
 
 Barren Island, on W. ct. of Placentia Bay, Newfoundland. 
 
 Barren Island, sandy tract of land, U.S., New York, King's 
 CO., on the S. shore of Long I. 
 
 Barren Islands, t;roup of islets and reefs, off the W. ct. of 
 Madagascar, in the Mozambique Channel, in about i8^° S. 
 
 Barrepper, hamlet, Eng., Cornwall, Camborne divT, 7^ m. 
 E. by S. St. Ives, i m. E. Gwinear Road stn. , P. O. (Barrlpper). 
 
 Barretts, rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, Parry Sound dist., iii 
 m. NE. by N. CoUingvvood. 
 
 Barretts, bar. , Ire. , in the middle of co. Cork. 
 
 Barretts Grange, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Middle 
 Third, 2 m. from Fethard; 1051 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Barrhead, manuf. tn., Scot., W. Renfrewshire, on the 
 Glasgow, Barrhead, & Kilmarnock Joint Rly., 3^ m. SSE. 
 Paisley, with calico-printing, cotton-spinning, bleaching, en- 
 gineering, and other works, PMT.O. P. 8200. 
 
 Barrlilll, hamlet, Scot., S. Ayrshire, 15 m. NW. Newton- 
 Stewart, with a stn. on the G. & SW. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Barrle, tn., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., on Kempenfeldt 
 Bay, Lake Simcoe, 56 m. N. by W. Toronto. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Barrier, isl. , New Zealand. See Great Barrier. 
 
 Barrier, or Stanley Range, range of hills. New South Wales, 
 near the W. frontier, in about 3i°-32° S., with the silver- 
 mining towns of Silverton and Broken Hill at their S. end. 
 
 Barrier Reef, Great. See Great Bak-rier Reef. 
 
 Barrigone, place, Ire., NW. co. Limerick, bar. Shanid, 22 
 m. NE. by E. Listowel, with P.O. 
 
 Barriugton, one of the Galapagos Is. , in 0° 50' S. , 90° 10' W. 
 
 Barrington, tn., Canada, Nova Scotia, Shelburne co., on 
 the S. ct., 123 m. SW. by W. Halifax. P. <20oo. 
 
 Barrington, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. Himtingdon, 4 m. 
 from Hemmingford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barrington, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, Chesterton div. , 6^ m. 
 SW. Cambridge, with phosphate of Ume deposits, i m. WNW. 
 Foxton stn . , P. O. P. < 750. 
 
 Barrington, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., loj m. W. by 
 N. Yeovil, 3 m. NE. Ilminster. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Barriugton, settlement, New S. Wales, Gloucester co., 164 
 m. N. Sydney, on B. river, 6 m. S. of Copland goldfields. 
 
 Barrington, tn., Tasmania, co. Devon, 60 m. NW. Laun- 
 ceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barrington, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Stafford co., 20 m. 
 NW. Portsmouth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barrington, tn. , U.S., Rhode I., Bristol co., 9 m. WNW. 
 Fall R. , Massachusetts. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Barrington, Great, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester 
 div., 9 m. N. Lechlade, 6m. SW. Shipton stn., PMT.O. P. <500. 
 
 Barrington, Great, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co., 
 on Housatonic R., 12 m. NE. by N. of the SW. corner of the 
 state. P. < 5000. 
 
 Barrington, Little, par., Eng., adjoining Great B. on the 
 SE. P. <:250. 
 
 Barriugton, Lower, tn. , Tasmania, 84 m. W. Launceston. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Barrington Colliery, place, Eng., Northimiberland, 2 m. 
 from Choppington, with P.O. 
 
 Barringtonsbridge, place. Ire., NE. co. Limerick, bar. 
 Owneybeg, 6 m. E. by S. Limerick, P.O. 
 
 Barringnu, tp.. New S. Wales, Culgoa co., 75 m. N. by 
 W. Bourke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barrios, Los, comm., Spain, prov. Cadiz, dist San Roque. 
 P- 5500- 
 
 Barrlpper, place, Eng. , Cornwall, with P. O. See Barrepper. 
 
 Barrlsdale, a small riv., Scot., Inverness-shire, in the W. ; 
 it flows through a glen of the same name to B. Bay, in the S. 
 of Loch Hourn, which it enters in 57° 5' N. 
 
 Barrmill, vil., Scot. , N. Ayrshire, on the Glasgow, Barrhead, 
 and Kilmarnock Joint Rly. , 10^ m. SW. by S. Paisley. P. <5oo. 
 
 Barro, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. Pontevedra, dist. Caldas. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Barrocal, dist. Portugal. See Algarve. 
 
 Barrock, hamlet, Scot., Caithness, 9 m. E. by N. Thurso, 
 and 8^ m. NNE. Bower stn., P.O. 
 
 Barr of Inch, or Miutlaglis, par. , Ire. , co. Donegal, bar. 
 Inishowen, W. , 6 m. N. Buncrana; 3258 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Barrois. See Bar-le-Duc. 
 
 Barron, settlement, U.S., Oregon, Jackson co., 80 m. E. of 
 the SW. corner of the state. 
 
 Barron, city, U.S., Wisconsin, B. co., 71 m. ENE. St. Paul 
 (Minn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Barrona, co. , New S. Wales, crossed by 30° S. and 145° E. 
 
 Barronsfleld, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Cumberland, 
 12 m. from Maccan. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barroustowu, electoral div.. Ire., co. Wexford, dist. Car- 
 rickbyrne. 
 
 BarroustoM'n, par. , Ire. , Louth, bar. Dundalk, Upper, 3 m. 
 SW. Dundalk ; 2208 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Barroosliy, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Knocknalower. 
 
 Barrow, Scandinavian, ' a moimd of earth,' especially over a 
 grave. 
 
 BarroM', par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbmy div. , 4J m. E. by N, 
 Chester, i m. S. of Barrow stn. on the Cheshire Lines, PT.O. 
 (Great Barrow). P. <75o. 
 
 Barrow, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, div. and 2 m. S. 
 Clitheroe. 
 
 Barrow, par., Eng., Northumberland, Rothbury Union. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Barrow, par., Eng., Rutland, 4I m. NE. by N. Oakham, 
 23 m. ENE. Ashwell stn. P. <25o. See Cottesmore. 
 
 "Barrow, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 13 m. SE. Shrews- 
 bury, 2| m. E. Much Wenlock. P. < 500. See Wllley. 
 
 Barrow, hamlet, Eng., Somerset, E. div., 10 m. S. by W. 
 Frome, 3 m. ESE. Bruton stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Barrow, par, and vil. , Eng. , Suffolk, Stowmarket div. , 6 m. 
 W. Rury St. Edmunds, 2 m. W. by S. Saxham stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Barrow, group of sandbanks, Eng. , in the North Sea, about 
 6 m. from the SE. ct. of Essex, E. of the Maplin Sands. 
 
 Barrow, riv.. Ire., rises in the Slievebloom Mts. , Leinster, 
 flows generally southward, and, after a course of about 90 m., 
 joins the Suir to form the estuary, Waterford harbour. It 
 divides the cos. Kildare, Carlow, and Wexford, on the E., 
 from Kilkenny and Queen's cos. on the W. ; affluents, the 
 Nore, Blackwood, and Greese rivers. It is navigable for ships 
 from the sea to Ross, and for barges to Athy, 70 m. above 
 its mouth, and where it is joined by a branch of the Grand 
 CanaL Length, 119 m. Area of basin, including that of the 
 Suir, 3555 sq. m. 
 
 Barrow, cape, U.S., Alaska terr., in 71° 23' N., 156° 31' W 
 Mean temp. (4 yrs., 1852-54, 1881-83), y- 8.4° F., Jan. — 17.5°, 
 July 38.1°. 
 
 Barrow, East and West, shoal, Eng., at the mouth of the 
 Thames, about 8 m. from the SE. ct. of Essex, 13 m. long by 
 \-2 m. broad, between the Middle Swln on the NW., and the 
 B. Deep on the SE. 
 
 Barrow, Nortb, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 8 m. NNE, 
 Yeovil. P. < 250. 
 
 Barrow, Sontli, par. , 2 m. to the S. of North B. , in the S, 
 div., I m. NW. Sparkford stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Barro wby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 3 m. from Grantham, 
 PM.O.; 4440 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 127 
 
B AR R 
 
 BART 
 
 Barrow Common, tract of land, Eng., Cumberland, 2 m. 
 from Keswick. 
 
 Barrowdcn, par. , Eng. , co. Rutland, 7^ m. SE. Oakham, with 
 a stn. (Wakerley and B.) on the L. & NW. R. , PM.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Barrowfleld, eccles. par., Scot., Glasgow, in Barony par. 
 P. 9000. 
 
 Barrowford Booth, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Clitheroe div. , 
 4^ m. NNE. Burnley, on the Leeds and Liverpool canal, i m. 
 W. Calne stn., PMT.O. (Barrowford). P. < 5000. 
 
 Barrowgarroo, hamlet. Isle of Man, 5 m. ENE. Peel, 2^ m. 
 SSE. Kirkmichael stn. 
 
 Barrow^ Gnmey, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 4 m. 
 SW. by W. Bristol, 4 m. E. Flax Bourton stn., P.O. P. < 
 500. 
 
 Barroi*' HaTen, stn., Eng., Lincolnshire, on the M. S. & 
 L. R., 2 m. from New Holland, with P.O. 
 
 Barrow Hill, PMT.O., Eng., Derbyshire, near Chesterfield. 
 
 Barrowbonse, electoral div., Ire., Queen's co., dist. Bally- 
 lynan. 
 
 Barrow In Fnmess, mun. bor. , pari. bor. , co. bor. , par. , and 
 seapt., Eng., co. Lancaster, on Morecambe Bay, opposite 
 Walney I. , which is included in the bor. ; till about 1850 a village, 
 now an important town. In 1847 the Fumess railway was ex- 
 tended to Barrow, in order to facilitate the exportation of iron 
 ore (the valuable red haematite foimd in the neighbourhood) ; 
 and in 1859 the erection of blast-furnaces was commenced. 
 Foundries on a large scale, and engineers' shops, have been 
 established ; docks and timber-yards have been formed ; and 
 it has large shipbuilding yards, iron-rolling mills, wire-works, 
 works for the making of ship-armour, haematite steel- works, 
 and manufactories of jute and flax, paper pulp, and tubular 
 wagons. The first of its magnificent docks was opened in 
 Sept. 1867. The Buccleuch dock, opened in 1873, has a depth 
 of 24 ft. ; the Devonshire dock 26 ft., with a basin adjoining 
 with a depth of 18 ft. at ordinary neap, 25I ft. at ordinary 
 spring tides ; the Ramsden dock and basin (for Anchor Liners) 
 with 24 ft. at neap, and 31^ ft. at spring tides. There is also 
 the Cavendish timber basin with a water area of 142 ac. , 
 besides a large graining dock, a depositing dock, and a patent 
 slip ; and Piel Roads afford good anchorage in all weathers for 
 vessels not drawing more than 21 ft. There is a large export 
 trade in pig-iron, steel-raik, and ore, and a large trade in cattle 
 is carried on with Belfast. Steamers go daily between B. and 
 Belfast, and in the summer to the Isle of Man and Glasgow. 
 See Appendix, p. 13. The town contains a town-hall, which 
 includes a free public library, reading-room, and museum. The 
 bor. was incorporated in 1867, and has returned one member to 
 Parliament since 1885 ; co. bor. under Act of 1888. 10,987 ac. 
 ParL, mun. bor., and par., P. (1871) 18,200; (1881) 47,300; 
 (1891) 51,700. 
 
 Barrow Island, an isl. off the NW, ct. of Australia, in 
 about 20° 50' S. , 115° 20' E. 
 
 Barrow on Hnmber, par. and vil., Eng., Lincolnshire, 
 N. Lindsey or Brigg div., 15 m. NW. by W. Great Grimsby, 
 a^ m, E. by S. Barton upon Humber, 2 m. W. Goxhill stn., 
 PMT.O. ; 5065 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Barrow-on-Soar, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 3 m. 
 SE. Loughborough, on the M. R., with limestone quarries; 
 manufactures cements and hosiery. PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Barrow's Creek, stn. on the trans-continental telegraph line, 
 about the middle of S. Australia, in 21° 30' S., 133° 44' E. ; 
 rainfall (9 yrs.), 15.5 in. 
 
 Barrow Strait, the passage from Baffin Bay westward into 
 Prince Regent inlet, in 74° N., and between 84° and 90° W., 
 averaging 40 m. in breadth. Coasts rugged and mountainous. 
 
 Barrow upon "Trent, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, S. div. , on the 
 Trent, 5^ m. S. Derby, 2 m. WSW. Chellaston stn. , P.O.; 5840 
 ac. P. < 500 ; eccles. par. (B. upon T. wltb Twyford) P. <75o. 
 
 Barmelo de Santnll&n, comm., Spain, prov. Palencia, dist. 
 Cervera de Pisuerga. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Barry, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 7^ m. SW. by W. Arbroath, 
 on the N. B. R., P.O. Alt. 38 ft. Mean temp. (20 yrs. 1861- 
 80), yr. 47° F., Jan. 37.1°, July 59°. 5328 ac. P.<4ooo. 
 
 Barry, city, U.S., Illinois, Pike co., 85 m. NW, by N, St. 
 Louis, Missouri. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barry, co., U.S., Michigan, in the SW., to the S, of 43° N., 
 and W. of 85° W, 
 
 Barry, co., U.S., Missouri, in the SW., on the S. frontier, 
 crossed in the W. by 94" W, 
 
 Barry, par. and seapt., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 7 m. 
 SW, Cardiff, terminus of the Barry Rly. (from Cardiff), on which 
 it has two stns. (B. and B. Dock). It lies opposite the small 
 Barry I., between which and the mainland there are a dock 
 and tidal basin, both with a depth of 29 ft. at high water 
 ordinary neap tides. It forms with Porthkerry (y.f.) an eccles. 
 par. , and with Cadoxton an urban sanitary dist. , the popula- 
 tion of which in 1891 was 13,300 (in i88i<:5oo). Par. P. < 
 1000. 
 
 Barrydale, viL , Cape Colony, dist. and about 25 m. ENE. 
 Swellendam. P. < 1500, 
 128 
 
 Barrymore, bar. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Cork. 
 
 Barryroe, bar. , Ire. See Ibane and Barryroe. 
 
 Barry's Head, cape. Ire., on S. ct. co. Cork, in 8° 24' W. 
 
 Barry's Point, cape. Ire., on the S. ct. of co. Cork, S. of 
 Courtmacsherry Bay, 51° 36' N. , 8° 41' W. 
 
 Barry's Beef, tn. , Victoria, co. Bourke, 72 m. NW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. (with dist.) < 1500. 
 
 Barrysiray, vil., Newfoundland, Burin Penin., on Fortune 
 Bay, in 55° 30' W. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barsac, tn., France, dep. Gironde, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Garonne, arr. and 20 m. SE. by S. Bordeaux, vrith cloth factory ; 
 excellent white wine produced in the neighbourhood. P. < 2000. 
 
 Barsby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 6 m. SW. 
 by S. Melton Mowbray, 3 m. WNW. John o" Gaunt stn. P. < 
 250. 
 
 Barsham, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 11 m. W. by S. 
 Lowestoft. P. < 500. 
 
 Barsham, East, par., i m. S. of North B. P. <;250 ; eccles. 
 par. (B. East with Little Snoring) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Barsham, North, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N W. div. , 20 m. W. 
 by S. Cromer, 2 m. SW. Walsingham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Barsham, West, par., i| m. W. of East B. P. <25o. 
 
 Barsl, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Sholdpur, 123 m. E. 
 by S. Poona. P. 20,600; Hindus, 17,800. 
 
 Barslnghansen, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 12 m. 
 WSW. Hanover. A health resort ; has coal-mines. P. < 4000. 
 
 Barsl Takll, tn., India, Berdr, dist. and 11 m. SE. by S. 
 Akola. P. 5000 ; Hindus, 3500 ; Moham. 1500. 
 
 Barso, small isl., in the little Belt, in the Prussian govt. 
 Schleswig, circle Appenrade. 
 
 Barston, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Tamworth div., 8 m. 
 W. Coventry, 2^ m. S. Hampton stn., P.O. P. <500. See 
 Berkeswell. 
 
 Barstow, June, stn., on the Atlantic & Pacific Rly. for San 
 Bernardino, U.S., California, 88 m. NE. Los Angeles. 
 
 Barsukl, great desert, Wn. Siberia, N. of the Sea of Aral. 
 
 Bar'Snr-Anbe, tn., France, dep. Aube, arr. B.-sur-A., on the 
 Aube, 30 m. E. by S. Troyes. Formerly the cap. of the portion 
 of Champagne knovni as La Vallage. P. < 5000. 
 
 Bar-sor-Ornaln. See Bar-le-Dnc. 
 
 Bar-snr-Selne, tn., France, dep. Aube, arr. B.-sur-S., on the 
 Seine, 19 m. SE. Troyes. P. < 3000. 
 
 BarsM'lck, headland, Scot., on W. side of S. Ronaldshay I., 
 Orkney, 
 
 Bart, tp., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co., 50 m. W. 
 Philadelphia, with mines of nickel. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bart&n, or Bartln, walled tn. , Asia Minor, near the N. ct. , 
 120 m. N. by W. Angora, on river B. , which admits vessels 
 drawing 6| ft. to the town. P. 4000-6000. 
 
 Bartang, riv. See Amu. 
 
 Bartensteln, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 35 m, SSE. 
 Konigsberg, on the R. AUe. P. 6000. 
 
 Bartestrec, par., Eng., co. and 6 m. NE. Hereford, P.O. 
 P. <25o. See Dormlngton. 
 
 Bartfeld (German, in Hungarian Bdrtfa), tn., with magis- 
 tracy, Himgary, prov. Siros, 40 m. N. Kaschau, with much 
 frequented hot mineral springs. P. 5100. 
 
 Barth, seapt. , Prussia, Pomerania, on the Binnensee, 17 m. 
 WNW. Stralsund, with fisheries and large export of salt and 
 dried herrings. P. 5400. 
 
 Barthol Chapel, or Ciordon Memorial, eccles. par. , Scot. , 
 Aberdeenshire, 6 m. from Old Meldrum, with P.O. P. <75o, 
 
 Bartholomew, CO., U.S., Indiana, N. of 39° N. , and crossed 
 in W. by 86° W. 
 
 Bartholomew Bayou, riv., U.S., Arkansas and Louisiana, 
 winds SE, then SW. into the Washita R. Navigable for steam- 
 boats for about 200 m. (to Baxter, Arkansas, in 33^° N.). 
 
 Bartholomew Blver, riv. , Canada, New Brunswick, North- 
 umberland CO. , flows NE. intp the SW. Miramichi. 
 
 Barthomley, par., Eng., Cheshire, Crewe div., 4^ m. SE. 
 by E. Crewe, i^ m. SSW. Radway Green stn., P.O. "P. <500. 
 
 Barthorpe, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding. See Acklam. 
 
 Bartl'ka, or Bartlca, vil. , Brit. Guiana, at the confluence ot 
 the Mazaruni and Essequibo. 
 
 Bartlngton, par., Eng., Cheshire, 4 m. NW. Northwich. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Bartle, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, Blackpool div., 4 m. 
 NW. Preston, 2 m. WSW. Barton and Broughton stn. 
 
 Bartlemy, place. Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 13 m. NE, 
 Cork, 6i m. S. Fermoy, P.O. 
 
 Bartlett, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Carroll co., 72 m. 
 NW. Portland by rail. P. <:i500. 
 
 Bartlett, settlement, U.S., Tennessee, Shelby co., 10 m. E. 
 by N. Memphis. Alt. 263 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 Bartley, hamlet, Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 7i m. 
 W. by N. Southampton, 2 m. NW. Lyndhurst Road stn., P.O. 
 
 Bartley dreen, part of eccles. par., Eng., Worcestershire, 
 3 m. from Harbome, vrith P.O. See NorthUeld. 
 
 Bartlow, par., Eng., Cambridge, Newmarket div., 12 m. 
 SE. Cambridge, on the G. E. R., P.O. P.<2So, 
 
BART 
 
 BASE 
 
 Bartlow End, par. , Eng. , Essex, 3 m. SE. Linton. P. <:25o. 
 
 Barton, par., Eng., Cambridge, Chesterton div. , 3^ m. 
 WSW. Cambridge, i m. NE. Lords Bridge stn. , P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Barton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 8^ m. SSE. 
 Chester, 2 m. W. Bro.xton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Barton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, in Gloucester tn. 
 P. 15,500. 
 
 Barton, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., on 
 the coast, 9 m. E. Bournemouth, 2 m. SE. by E. Hinton 
 Admiral stn., with coastguard stn. P. <20oo. 
 
 Barton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., 5J m. S. by 
 E. Southport, on the W. Lancashire and Liverpool Rly., 2 m. 
 ENE. of B. and Halsall stn., on the Cheshire Lines. P. <50o. 
 
 Barton, Eccles div. , Lancashire. See Bartoii-on-Irwell. 
 
 Barton, hamlet, Eng., Warwickshire, on the Avon, div. and 
 6|- m. WSW. Stratford-on-Avon, zh m. E. Salford Priors stn. 
 
 Barton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, >J. Riding, in the N. of the 
 Richmond div., 6 m. NE. Richmond, 4 m. W. by S. Croft 
 stn., PMT.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Barton, co., U.S., Kansas, N. of 38° N., crossed in the W. 
 by 99° W. 
 
 Barton, dist., U.S., Maryland, Allegany co., 28 m. SE. by 
 E. of the NW. corner of the state. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Barton, co., U.S., Missouri, on the W. frontier, S. of 38°N. 
 
 Barton, tn., U.S., Vermont, Orleans co., 15 m. S. Newport, 
 by rail. P. < 3000. 
 
 Barton, Cireat, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 2 J 
 m. NE. by E. Bury St. Edmunds, 2 m. W. by N. Thurston 
 stn., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Barton, High, par., Eng., Westmorland, on R. Eamont. 
 P. <^ 500 ; eccles. par. (B. -vvlth Pooley Bridge) P. < 1000. 
 
 Barton, .^Ilddlc, PT.O., Eng., co. and 13 m. NNW. Oxford. 
 See also Steeple B. and Westcott B. 
 
 Barlon and Broughton, stn., Eng., Lancashire. See 
 Broiighton. 
 
 Barlon Bendlsh, par. and vil., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 
 II m. SE. by S. King's Lynn, 5 m. SW. by S. Narborough 
 stn., P.O.; 4123 ac. P.<500. 
 
 Barton Blount, par., Eng., co. and 10 m. W. Derby. 
 P. < 250. 
 
 Barton Earls, par., Eng., Northamptonshire. See Earl's 
 Barton. 
 
 Barton Hartshorn, par., Eng., on the W. border of 
 Buckinghamshire, div. and 3^ m. WSW. Buckingham, 2 m. 
 SSW. Fulwell and Westbury stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Barton In Fabls, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe 
 div., 5^ m. SW. by S. Nottingham, on the r. bk. of the Trent, 
 
 1 m. S. Attenborough stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 Barton-ln-the-Beans, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 
 
 2 m. N. Bosworth, i^ m. E. Shackerstone June. P. <25o. 
 See Nallstone. 
 
 Bartou-lii-the«€Iay, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Luton div., 
 65 m. N. Luton, 3 m. E. Harlington stn., PM.O. P. <;iooo. 
 
 Barton Landing, vil., U.S., Vermont, Orleans co., 40 m. 
 NNE. Montpelier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Barton-le-Street, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div., 16^ m. NE. by N. York, 4^ m. WNW. 
 Malton, on the NE. R., P.O. P. <2So; eccles. par. (B.-le-S. 
 with Butterwlck) P. <5oo. 
 
 Barton - le - Willows, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Thirsk and Malton div., 10 m. NE. York, i m. SSE. Barton 
 HUlstn., P.O. P. <:250. 
 
 Barton Hills, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., on the 
 Lark, SI m. NE. Newmarket, i m. SE. Mildenhall stn., 
 P.O. Pr<:5oo. 
 
 Barton Hoss, the N. part of Chat Moss, also the name of a 
 stn., Eng., Lancashire, Eccles div., on the L. & NW. R., 7 m. 
 W. Manchester. 
 
 Barton-on-Homher, par. and tn. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. 
 Lindsey or Brigg div. , on the S. bk. of the Humber, 18 m. E. 
 Goole, on the M. S. & L. R. Manufactures brick, tile, pottery, 
 and sailcloth. PMT.O. Market-day, M. 6345 ac. P. 5200. 
 
 Barton-on-Irwell, par., Eng., Lancashire, Eccles div., 4J 
 m. W. Manchester, i m. S. Patricroft stn., PM.O. The aque- 
 duct by which Brindlev here carried the Bridgewater Canal over 
 the Irwell was replaced in 1893 by a movable bridge over the 
 Manchester Ship Canal. 10,621 ac. P. 35,800. 
 
 Barton-on-the-Heath, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Strat- 
 ford-on-Avon div. , 14 m. WSW. Banbury, 3^ m. E. Moreton 
 stn., P.O. P. <25a 
 
 Barton Seagrave, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 6 m. N. Wellingborough, i^ m. ESE. Kettering stn., P.O. 
 P.-C250. 
 
 Barton Stacey, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andoverdiv., yjm. 
 NNW. Winchester, 2 m. SE. Long Parish stn., P.O.; 5026 ac. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Barton St. David, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 5 m. SE. 
 by S. Glastonbury, P. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Barton Tnrf, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 14I m. NW. 
 Yarmouth, 2^ m. W. Catfield stn. P. <soo. 
 129^ 
 
 Barton-nnder-Needwood, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. 
 and 4^ m. SW. Burton ; with a stn. (B. and Walton) on the 
 
 L. & NW. R. and M. R., PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bartonvllle, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Wentworth, 3 m. 
 from Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bartow (formerly Cass), co., U.S., Georgia, N. of 34° N., 
 and crossed in W. by 85° W. 
 
 Bartow, tn., U.S., Florida, Polk co., 45 m. E. Tampa, 
 205 m. NNW. Cape Sable. P. < 1500. See Florida. 
 
 Bartragh Island, Ire. , off N. ct. co. Mayo, in Killala Bay. 
 
 Bartsch, riv. , in the SE. of Prussia, flows W. by N. into the 
 Oder, which it enters 10 m. above Glogau; not navigable. 
 Length, 102 m. 
 
 Barn, small isl. of the ct. of Colombia, in the Gulf of Darien, 
 to the SW. of Cartagena ; fertile, well-peopled, and having 
 a good port. 
 
 Barn, place, Celebes I., in the Macassar residency, in- 
 habited by Europeans. 
 
 Bama, tn., central Africa, Bornu, on W. shore of Lake 
 Chad, about 60 m. N. Kuka. See Niger Territories. 
 
 Baruchella. See Glacelano con Baruchella. 
 
 Barne, tribe inhabiting the borders of Brit. S. Africa and 
 Portuguese E. Africa, S. of 18° S. 
 
 Baragh, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 2^ m. 
 WNW. Barnsley, 2 m. N. Dodworth stn., with PM.O. (B. 
 Creen). P. < 3000. 
 
 Barngh, Great, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the 
 S. of the Whitby div., on the Seven, 19^ m. NE. by N. York, 
 3 m. N. by E. Barton-le-Street stn. 
 
 Bamghs Ambo, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 4 m. 
 SW. Pickering. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bsirnl, iron ore field, Brit. India, Bengal, Bardwdn dist., 
 crossed in the middle by 23° 44' N. , and 87" 9' E. 
 
 Barnm, Eng. See Barnstaple. 
 
 Barnng, isl. , Eastern Archipelago, off the S. ct. of Java, in 
 113° 20' E. 
 
 Bartkr, or Wartkd (census), tn., Brit. India, Berdr, dist. and 
 15 m. NNW. Amraoti. P. 7300. 
 
 Barnth, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 30 m. SE. by S. 
 Potsdam; large glass-works near. P. < 2000. 
 
 Barvas, par. and two vils. (Upper and Lower B.), Scot., 
 Lewis I., Ross-shire, 12 m. from Stornoway, with. PT.O. Par. 
 85,043 ac, P. < 6000; vil. P. <:75o. 
 
 B&rwa, tn. and port, Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 45 m. 
 SW. Ganjam. P. < 5000. 
 
 B^rwal, tn., Central India, 30 m. SSE. Indore. 
 
 Barw^la, tn., India, Bombay Presidency, dist. and 80 m. 
 SW. Ahmaddbdd. P. < 5000. 
 
 Barwalde, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 15 m. NNW. 
 Kiistrin. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Barwalde, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 43 m. SE. Col- 
 berg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Barw&nl, tn.. Central India, cap. of B. state, 77 m. SW. 
 by W. Indore, near the 1. bk. of the Narbada. P. 6000. 
 
 Barwa Ssisar, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., Jhdnsi dist., 
 128 m. SW. by W. Cawnpur. P. 6oco. 
 
 Barway, Eng. , Cambridgeshire. See Soham. 
 
 Barwell, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 5 m. SE. by S. 
 Bosworth, 2 m. WNW. Elmsthorpe stn. , PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Barwlck, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., I J m. S.Yeovil. P. <5oo. 
 
 Barwlck, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 15 m. NE. by E. 
 King's Lynn, 2J m. S. Stanhoe {g.v.) stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Barwlck In Elmet, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Barkston Ash div. , 6^ m. ENE. Leeds, i| m. E. Scholes stn. 
 PM.O.; 6957 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Barwon, riv., Australia, New South Wales. See Darling. 
 
 Barzdorf, comm. , Austria, Silesia, 48 m. NW. by W. Trop- 
 pau, 19 m. E. by S. Glatz. Alt. 846 ft. Mean temp., yr. 47° 
 F., Jan. 29.9°, July 66°. P. < 4000. 
 
 Basahld, comm. , Hungary, co Torontal, dist. Nagy-kikinda. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Basantpnr, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Muzaffarpur, 32 
 m. NNW. Patni. P. 5000. 
 
 Basarl, tn., W. Africa, to the N. of Togo-land, NE. of 
 Salaga. 3-4000 huts. 
 
 Basarjnsl, mt. , Caucasus, Daghestan, in 41° 14° N., 47°S2'E. 
 Alt. 14, 722 ft. {Proc. H. C7. S., 1891, map, p. 380). 
 
 Baschl, tn., Italy, Umbria, on the Tiber, 29 m. NNW. 
 Perugia. P. 5000. 
 
 Baschnrch, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 7^ m. NW. 
 Shrewsbury, i m. W. of its stn. on the G. W. R., PMT.O.; 
 8491 ac. P. < 1500 ; eccles. par. (B. with Little Ness) P. < 1500. 
 
 Bas^cles, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 13 m. ESE. 
 Tournay, with excellent marble. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Basedale, valley, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the S. of 
 the Cleveland Hills, traversed by a trib. of the Esk. 
 
 Basel, comm., Belgium, E. Flanders, arr. St. Nicolas. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Basel (German), or BMe (French), sometimes spelt in English 
 Basle, one of the cants, of the Swiss Confederation since 1501, 
 
 I 
 
BASE — BASQ 
 
 in the NW. , on the frontiers of France and the grand duchy of 
 Baden ; divided since 1832 into two portions, Basel-town {Bale 
 Ville), including only the city of B. and its immediate environs, 
 and 'Qa.s&\-\2in6.{Bdle Cantpagne); cap. of latter, LiestaL Surface 
 undulating, traversed by the N. spurs of the Jura, Principal 
 rivers, the Rhine (which forms the greater part of the N. 
 boundary), and its tribs. the Birs and Ergolz, the valley of the 
 former traversed by the railway to Delemont, of the latter by that 
 to Olten. Excellent pastures ; considerable amount of fruit and 
 wine produced. The legislative body in Basel-town is the Great 
 Council, elected for six years, from which the Small Coimcil, 
 forming the executive body, is chosen. In Basel-land the 
 legislative body, also elected for six years, is called the National 
 Council, and elects the executive council, which holds office for 
 four years. See Switzerland, table. 
 
 Basel, a city in the N. of Switzd., 42 m. N. by E. Bern, on 
 the Rhine, where it changes its course from W. to N.; divided 
 by the Rhine into Great Basel on the left, and Little Basel on 
 the right bank. It has scientific and literary establishments, 
 and a cathedral built on the site of the Roman fort Basilia. 
 Its university was founded in 1460. It has also a botanic 
 garden, museum, and library. It is one of the chief seats in 
 Europe of the manufacture of silk ribbons, and has also manu- 
 factures of yarns, machinery, chemical products, &c. Great 
 works have been constructed for the purpose of utiUsing the 
 water-power of the Rhine in the neighbourhood by means of 
 dynamos for electric lighting and working machinery. B. 
 dates from the fourth century. In the eleventh century it was 
 the most powerful city of Helvetia ; was the seat of a great 
 council from 1431 to 1449, and of a memorable treaty between 
 France and Prussia in 1795. Near it the French were defeated 
 by the Swiss at the battle of St. Jacob in 1444. Birthplace of 
 John and J ames Bernouilli and Euler, and temporary residence of 
 Hans Holbein, the younger, and Erasmus, the latter of whom 
 died here in 1536. Alt. 912 ft.; mean temp., 49.3° F., Jan. 32.8", 
 July 66.7°. P. (i860) 38,000 ; (1870) 45,000 ; (1888) 69,800. 
 
 Bas-en- Basset, tn. , France, dep. HauteLoire, arr. Yssingeaux, 
 on the Loire, 17 m. SW. by W. St. Etienne, with mineral springs 
 and manufactures of lace, ribbons, &c. P. < 2000. 
 
 Baseiiga, S. African tribe, dwelling N. of the Zambezi, 
 between the Loangwa and Pajozi rivers, about 30°-32^° E. 
 
 Basento, riv., Italy, in the E., it rises in the Apennmes, and 
 flows E. past Potenza, then SE. to the Gulf of Taranto, which 
 it enters in 40° 20' N. 
 
 Basford, par., Eng., Cheshire, Nantwich Union. P. 050. 
 
 Basford, par. and northern suburb of Nottingham, Eng., 
 included in the pari. bor. of Nottingham, with stns. on the 
 M. R. and G. N. R. Par. P. 22,800 ; eccles. par. (B. Old with 
 Clnderhlll) P. 11,300; (Xew B.) P. 5400. 
 
 Basliad, vil., Persia, prov. Khuzistan, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Shat-el-Arab, 22 m. SSE. Mohammera. 
 
 Bash, Turkish, head. 
 
 Bashalir, one of the Punjab Hill States, India, crossed by 
 31^° N. and 78° E. 
 
 Bashakerd, a rugged region in the S. of Persia, to the E. of 
 the mouth of the Persian Gulf, having a scanty population of 
 half-naked savages with a marked infusion of negro blood. 
 
 Basball Eaves, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the 
 extreme SW. of the Skipton div. , 10 m. NW. by W. Biu-nley, 
 i| m. W. Horrocksford stn. ; 3806 ac. P. <;250. 
 
 ~Baslil, or Bashee, riv., Cape Colony, flows SE. between 
 Transkei and Bomvanaland, and enters the Indian Ocean in 
 
 32° 15' s. 
 
 Basiil-bnzuks. See Cherkesses. 
 
 Baslii Islands. See Baclil Islands. 
 
 Basliklres, Finnish stem, inhabiting E. Russia, on the slopes 
 of the UralMts., govts. Ufa, Orenburg, Perm, Samara, and 
 partly Vyatka. Part of them are settled, and carry on agri- 
 culture, gardening, and cattle-breeding ; the others are nomade. 
 They owned in 186035,000,000 ac. of land, of which half under 
 forests, but much of it has been appropriated since by Russians. 
 They are Mussulmans, but have maintained many of their pagan 
 customs. They are divided into cantons and yurts, and possess 
 self-government under Russian supervision. They supply to 
 the army, together wnth the Meshcheryaks, regiments of irregular 
 cavalry. Total number, about 500,000. 
 
 BJisi, vil. and rly. stn., India, RdjputAna, 18 m. SE. by E. 
 Jaipur. 
 
 Basl, tn., India, Punjab, Patiala, 140 m. SE. Lahore. 
 P. 13,800 ; Moham. 9400 ; Hindus, 4000. 
 
 Basida, Basidoh, or Bassailore, vil. , Persia, at the W. end 
 of Kishra I., N. ct., 75 m. WSW. Bender Abbas. A British 
 establishment which once existed here was abandoned on 
 account of the heat and the lack of water. 
 
 Baslgnana, comm., Italy, Piedmont, on the r. bk. of the Po, 
 prov. and 8 m. NNE. Alessandria. 
 
 Basllan, the largest isl. in the Sulu Archipelago, SW. of 
 Mindanao I., from which it is separated by the Straits of B., 
 cap. Isabela, on the NW. ct. 
 
 Basildon, par., Eng., Berkshire, Newbury div., on the 
 130 
 
 Thames, 8 m. NW. by W. Reading, li m. S. Goring stn. 
 
 P.<75o- 
 
 Basildon, par., Eng., Essex, div. and \o\ m. S. Chelmsford, 
 2 m. E. Laindon [q.v.) stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Basildon Wood Green, hamlet, 2 m. S. of Basildon, Berk- 
 shire, 2 m. W. Pangboum stn. 
 
 Basilicata, the ancient Lucania, div. [compartimento ierri- 
 toriale), S. Italy, composed solely of the prov. of Potenza ; so 
 called after the Emperor Basilius II., who reconquered it from 
 the Saracens and Lombards in the nth century. It is moun- 
 tainous, several peaks rising to upwards of 4500 ft. (Monte 
 Pollino, 7375 ft.). The Apennines here divide into two parts, 
 which branch off to the E. and W. From these the rivs. 
 Bradano, Basento, Salandrella, Agri, and Sinni take their source, 
 and, after draining this fertile dist., fall into the Gulf of Taranto 
 in the Ionian Sea. There are also many lakes, some of volcanic 
 origin. The chief are Monticchio, Pesole, Maorno, and Santa 
 Palagina. The bulk of the people are poor and ignorant, and 
 talk a dialect called 'basilisco.' Its coast-line being for the 
 most part marshy, and as a consequence unhealthy, the prov. 
 derives next to no commercial benefit from it. Nevertheless, 
 there are works of amelioration at present in progress or pro- 
 jected under the Acts of 1882 and 1886. The railway runs 
 across the terr. from N W. to SE. , where there is a junction at 
 Metaponto with the Unes from Reggio and Brindisi. There 
 are, moreover, four other lines in course of construction or pro- 
 jected. Notwithstanding the great fertility of the soil agriculture 
 is backward, and emigration to S. America compai-atively large. 
 The products are varied. On the slopes of the Apennines, 
 forests and pasture-grounds are numerous, and the chestnuts 
 plentiful. But even in the mountain valleys the vine is grown. 
 In the vast plains that extend to Apulia and Calabria wheat is 
 the principal product, while towards Melfi and the neighbour- 
 hood of Melfi it is noted for its excellent wine. The orange 
 and lemon grow well nearer the coast. Among other products 
 are cotton, flax, silk, honey, wax, liquorice, dried fruit, saffron, 
 tobacco, &c. Mineral springs are many, chiefly sulphureous. 
 There are marble quarries at Avigliano, Latronico, Muro, 
 Lucano, and Picerno ; chalk at Mauro Forte and Montemuro ; 
 transparent quartz at Lagonegro ; tufa at Matera ; and excel- 
 lent lignite at San Chirico Raparo and Rotonda. [E. A.] 
 
 Basilisk Island, Brit. New Guinea, in 10° 35' S., 150" 45' E. 
 
 Basilisk Passage, New Guinea. See Port Moresby. 
 
 Basilnzzo, one of the smaller of the Lipari Is., Italy, 15 m. 
 NE. by N. of the middle of Lipari I. 
 
 B^ini, tn. , Brit. India, Berar, cap. dist. B. , 7om.SW.Amrioti. 
 Alt. 1758 ft. . 12,400; Hindus, 9400; Moham. 2700. 
 
 Basing, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 2 m. E. by N. 
 Basingstoke stn.; 5635 ac. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (B. with 
 Up Xately) P. < 1500. 
 
 Basingstoke, par. andmun. bor., Eng., Hampshire, B. div., 
 14J m. W. Aldershot, on the G. W. R. and L. & SW. R. , terminus 
 of the London and Hampshire Canal, in a fertile dist. at the 
 source of the Loddon ; incorporated under James I. ; formerly 
 noted for its druggets and shalloons, now possessing manufac- 
 tories of agricultural implements, clothing factories, &c. ; has a 
 school called Queen Mary's School, enjoying the revenues of a 
 guild instituted by the BishojD of Winchester in the reign of 
 Henry VIII.; numerous charities; with remains of a castle 
 which was stormed by Cromwell, Oct. 14, 1645, 3-"^ burned to 
 the ground. Market-days, W. and S. Mean rainfall (1861- 
 90) 00 in. 4172 ac. Par. P. (1871)5600; (1891)8000; mun. 
 bor. P. (1891) 8200; pari. div. P. (1891) 70,500. 
 
 Basinn, vil. , Egypt. See Besiynn. 
 
 Ba$ka, Austria. See Besca Xnova. 
 
 Baskahegan Lake, U.S., Maine, in the N. of Washington 
 CO., 62 m. NE. Bangor, drained N. into the Mattawamkeag. 
 Alt. 400 ft. (Water-Power of Maine). 
 
 Baskanskaya, vil., Russian Turkistan, prov. and 323 m. S. 
 of Semipalatinsk, on highway to Vyernyi. 
 
 Baskerviile, cape on the W. ct. of Dampier Land, Kimber- 
 ley div. of W. Australia, in about 17 °i2' S. 
 
 Basknnchak, salt-lake, Russia, govt. Astrakhan, near Great 
 Bogdo Mt. 
 
 Basle, Switzd. See Basel. 
 
 Baslick, par. , Ire. , co. Roscommon, bar. and 5 m. E. Castle- 
 reagh ;i5,39sac. P.<i 500. 
 
 Baslow and Babnell, par. and vil. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. 
 div., on the Derwent, 7^ m. W. Chesterfield, 2^ m. ENE. 
 Hassopstn., PMT.O.; 5635 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bteoda, tn., India, Centml India, cap. of B. state (22 sq. m.), 
 50 m. NE. by N. Bhopd.1, in 23° 51' N. and jf 55' E. 
 
 Bason Bridge, stn., Eng., Somersetshire, on Somerset and 
 Dorset Rly. , between Bumham and Edington June. 
 
 Basongo, or Basoko, stn., Congo Free State, on the Aru- 
 wimi, a few miles from r. bk. of Upper Congo, in 1° 10' N. 
 
 Basque Cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I., on the 
 W. ct. , in 46° 39' N. 
 
 Basque Provinces (Spanish Vascongadas), a country of 
 France and Spain, on the Bay of Biscay, traversed by the 
 
B A S R 
 
 B A S U 
 
 Pyr^n^es. The four Basque provs. belonging to Spain, forming 
 the old provs. of Navarra and Vascongadas, are Vizcaya (Bis- 
 cay), cap. Bilboa ; Guipuzcoa, cap. Tolosa; Alava, cap. Vitoria; 
 and Navarra, cap. Pamplona. The three Basque dists. in the 
 French dep. Basses-Pyr6n6es are Labourd, Basse-Navarre, and 
 Soule. The Basques, who are nearly all shepherds, are cele- 
 brated for their bravery and vivacity. They speak a language 
 which has no analogy with any other living tongue, and 
 which, in remote ages, appears from the occurrence of Basque 
 roots in place-names in many parts of Spain and Portugal to 
 have been used all over the penmsula. It is still spoken in the 
 French Basque dists., and in two-thirds of Vizcaya, the whole 
 of Guipuzcoa, the half of Navarre, and a small part of Alava 
 in Spain. In their own language the Basques call themselves 
 Euscaldunherri , their country, Euscaldun, and their language 
 Euscara, in the first syllable of which names there probably 
 survives the same root as is found in Basque itself, Vizcaya, 
 and Gascony (ancient Vasconia). 
 
 Basra, Asiatic Turkey. See Basrah. 
 
 Biisrii, vil. , India, Bengal, in the 24 Pargands, on the Bidydd- 
 hdri R. , 8 m. from Port Canning. Important depot of the 
 timber trade of the Sundarbans. 
 
 Bass, tn., Victoria, co. Mornington, on Bass R., 68 m. SE. 
 Melbourn e. P . < 1 500. 
 
 Bass, Great and Little, ledges of rocks in the Bay of Bengal, 
 off the SE. ct. of Ceylon, in 6° 11' 48"-6° 25' 53" N. and 8i° 39' 
 28" E. B. , Little, is the more dangerous group. 
 
 Bassa, Great, seapt. , W. Africa, Liberia, in 10° W. 
 
 Bassa, Little, or FlsIitoM'ii, seapt., Liberia, about 30 m. 
 NW. Great B. 
 
 Bassadore, Persia. See Basldn. 
 
 Bassak, one of the arms of the Mekong [q. v. ) below Pnompenh. 
 
 Bassak, tn. , Siani. See Chompasak. 
 
 Bassaleg, eccles. par., Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div., 3 m. 
 W. Newport, on the G. W. and L. & NW. Rlys., PMT.O. 
 P. •<40oo. 
 
 Bassam, Grand, tn., Africa, Upper Guinea, on the Gold 
 Coast, near the mouth of the Assini R. Products, gold-dust, 
 palm-oil, and ivory. The French established a station here in 
 1844, but abandoned it in 1871. Mean temp. (2 yrs. , 1858-59, 
 1863), yr. 82.2° F. 
 
 Bassauo, tn., Italy, Venetia, on the Brenta, prov. and 17 m. 
 NE. by N. Vicenza ; scene of a signal victory of General Bona- 
 parte over the Austrians, Sept. 9, 1796. P. 50,000. 
 
 Bass<^e, La, tn. , France, on the borders of deps. Nord and 
 Pas de Calais, arr. and 13 m. SW. by W. Lille, on the Canal 
 la Deule. P. <4000. 
 
 Basseln, riv., Burma, Irawadi div., the most westerly of the 
 main channels by which the Irawadi reaches the sea, divided at 
 its mouth by Haing-nyi I. into two channels, the eastern of 
 which is rendered dangerous by reefs ; navigated by steamers 
 from B. to Henzada all the year round. 
 
 Basselu, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Thdud, on the W. 
 ct. , 28 m. N. by E. Bombay, ceded in 1534 to the Portuguese 
 by the King of Guzerdt, and whilst in their hands came to be 
 called the Court of the North. Towards the end of the seven- 
 teenth century B. suffered severely from the plague. In 1739 
 the town passed into the power of the Marathds, and in 1818 
 came under British rule. P. 11,300; Hindus, 7100. 
 
 Bnsscm, seapt. , Lower Burma, cap. dist. B. , on both banks 
 of the B. Riv. , 90 m. W. Rangoon. Said to have been founded 
 in 1249 A.D. Cholera and fever are endemic in the dist. 
 P. (including port) 30,200; Buddhists, 19,900; Hindus, 5400. 
 
 Bassentbwalte, par., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., on 
 the E. shore of B. Lake, i,\ m. NW. by N. Keswick, PM.O. 
 6915 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Bassenthwalte Lake, Eng., Cumberland, in the W. of the 
 Penrith div. , 3 m. NW. Keswick, 4J m. long, with a stn. on the 
 Cockermouth, Keswick, & Penrith Rly., drained N. into the 
 Derwent, P.O. Alt. 226 ft. Greatest depth about 72 ft. 
 
 Basses-Alpes. See Alpes, Basses. 
 
 Basse PoLute, vil., W. Indies, NE. ct. of Martinique I. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Basseterre, seapt., W. Indies, cap. and on the SW. ct. of 
 St. Christopher I. , in about 17° 25' N. P. 8000. 
 
 Basse Terre, seapt.. West Indies, cap. and on SW. ct. of 
 Guadeloupe I., in about 16° 10' N. P. 9000. 
 
 Bassetlaw, pari, div., Eng., in the N. of Notts. P. 51,600. 
 
 Bassett, hamlet, Eng., Hampshire, near Southampton, v/ith 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Bassett House, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire. See Knoll. 
 
 Bassevelde, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 12 m. N. 
 Ghent. P. < 4000. 
 
 Bassla, tn., W. Africa, on the Great Skarcies R., about 60 
 m. NNE. Freetown, Sierra Leone. 
 
 Bassllly, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 15 m. N. Mons. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Bassingbonrne, par. and vil., Eng., Cambridge, Chester- 
 ton div., 12 m. SW. Cambridge, 2 m. NNW. Royston stn., 
 with phosphate of lime, PMT.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Basslngtaam, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven or 
 Sleaford div., on the Witham, 8 m. SW. by S. Lincoln, 3^ m. 
 SW. Harmston stn., PMT.O. P.<:750. 
 
 Basslngtborpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven or 
 Stamford div., 5^ m. SE. by S. Grantham, 2^ m. ESE. Great 
 Ponton stn. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (B. with Westl>y) P. <;25o. 
 
 Basslngton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Alnwick Union. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Bass Island, N., Middle, and S., three isls., U.S., Ohio, 
 Ottawa CO., in Lake Erie, the S. isL, 37 m. E. Toledo. 
 
 Bass Lake, settlement, Canada, prov. Ontario, on the 
 C. P. R. , 255 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Basso, tn., Abyssinia, Gojam, to the N. and W. of the Abai, 
 about 170 m. S. by E. Gondar, an important centre of trade. 
 
 Basso Narok, lake, E. Africa. See Rndolf, Lake. 
 
 Bassonge, a tribe, Congo Free State, inhabiting the district 
 stretching from about 4° so'-to 5° 50' S., in about 26° E. 
 
 Bass Klver, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Colchester, 14 
 m. from Londonderry. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bass Strait, separates Australia from Tasmania. Explored 
 in 1787 by Bass, a surgeon in the British Navy. Breadth 80- 
 ti5o m. The small isls. in the strait supply guano to Australia. 
 
 Bass Rock, a rocky islet, Scot., in the Firth of Forth, i^ 
 m. off the N. ct. of Haddingtonshire, 2^ m. ENE. of North 
 Berwick. Alt. 350 ft. 
 
 Bass wood, settlement, Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the 
 Manitoba and NW. Rly. , 89 m. W. Portage la Prairie. 
 
 Basta, hamlet, Scot., Shetland Is., Yell I., on the W. ct., on 
 B. Voe, 8^ m. E. of the N. end of the mainland. 
 
 Bastak, tn., Persia, prov. Laristan, 120 m. W. Bender 
 Abbas. 
 
 Bastaui, Persia. See Bostani. 
 
 Bastan, valley, Spain. See Baztau. 
 
 Bastan, valley, France. See Bareges. 
 
 Bastilr, or Bnstar, feudatory state, India, the largest in the 
 Central Provs., traversed in the middle from E. to W. by the 
 Indravatl, which then forms the W. boundary down to the con- 
 fluence with the Godavari ; the E. half a continuation of the 
 plateau of Jaipur, the N W. occupied by the Mardian Hills, the 
 last stronghold of the Maria Gonds, the SW. low-lying; nearly 
 everywhere wild, poor, and unhealthy, and hence very sparsely 
 peopled. See Central Provinces, and Proc. R. G. S., 1879, 
 pp. 372-82 and map (i : 1,500,000), p. 416. 
 
 Bastead, hamlet, Eng., Kent, Medway div., 5I m. N. by E. 
 Tunbridge, i| m. S. Wrotham and Borough Green stn. 
 
 Bastel, a remarkable piece of sandstone rock scenery, Ger. , 
 in the so-called ' Saxon Switzerland," 17 m. ESE. Dresden. 
 
 Bastellca, tn., Corsica, 18 m. E. by N. Ajaccio. P. < 1000. 
 
 Basteuaekeu, tn. , Belgium. See Bastogne. 
 
 Bastl, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. B., iii m. E. 
 Lucknow. P. (1881) 5500; (1891) 13,600. 
 
 Bastla, seapt. tn., Corsica, on the E. ct., in 42° 42' N. 
 Occupied for some time by the English, after a siege (1794), in 
 which Nelson lost an eye. Birthplace of Casibianca, killed at 
 Abukir, 1798. P. 23,400. 
 
 Bastide, old French ' dwelling,' ' building ' (from hasiir, 
 b&tir). 
 
 Bastlde-de-Clalrence, La, tn. , France, dep. Basses-Pyr6n6es, 
 arr. and 13 m. ESE. Bayonne, with copper and iron mines. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Bastlde-de-Seron, La, tn., France, dep. Ari^ge, 40 m. S. 
 Toulouse, arr. and 10 m. WNW. Foix. Yellow and grey clay 
 foimd in the neighbourhood, used in making glass-melting 
 pots. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bastlde-Murat, La, tn., France, dep. Lot, 45 m. N. by 
 E. Montauban, arr. and 11 m. SE. by E. Gourdon. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Bastide-Ronalronx, La. tn., France, dep. Tarn, arr. and 
 21 m. SE. Castres. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bastlfell, a hill, Eng., Westmorland, 12 m. SE. Appleby. 
 
 Bastogne (Flemish Bastenaeken), tn., Belgium, prov. and 
 32 m. NW. by N. Luxembotirg ; cap. arr. P. < 4000. 
 
 Baston, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 7 m. NE. by E. 
 Stamford, 2^ m. E. Braceborough Spa stn., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Bastonnals, riv., Canada, prov. Quebec, issues from Grand 
 L. , and flowing SW. , enters the St. Maurice in about 47° 30' N. 
 
 Bastrop, tn., U.S., Louisiana, Morehouse par., 68 m. 
 WNW. Vicksburg (Miss.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Bastrop, tn., U.S., Texas, B. co., on the 1. bk. of the 
 Colorado, 28 m. ESE. Austin. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Bastwlck, part of eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 9^ m. 
 NW. Yarmouth, close to Potter Heigham stn. See Repps. 
 
 Basnrh&t, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. of the twenty-four 
 Pargands, 30 m. E. by N. Calcutta. P. 15,100; Hindus, 
 9400 ; Moham. 5700. 
 
 Basuto-Iaud, Brit, crown col. , in the eastern portion of S. 
 Africa, bounded by the Orange Free State on the W. and partly 
 on the N., by Cape Colony on the S., and separated on the E. 
 and NE. from Griqua Land East and Natal by the Quathlamba 
 Mts. ; divided into six dists. , namely, in the order from N. to 
 S., Leribe, Berea, Thaba Bosigo or Maseru, Mafeteng, Komet 
 
 131 
 
BASV — BATH 
 
 Spmit, and Quthing ; cap. Maseru, near the middle of the W. 
 frontier. Surface mostly above 5000 ft. high, mountainous, 
 divided into three almost equal portions by two ranges of 
 mountains (the Maluti and Molappo) running parallel to the 
 Quathlamba, and fertilised by the head-waters of the Orange 
 R., Kornet Spruit, and Caledon R. Climate temperate ; mean 
 temp, in SW. (i yr. 1882-3), yr. 58.1° F. , Feb. 70.2°, July 47.8°; 
 mean rainfall at Leribe, in NW. (5 yrs.), 33 in. Very fertile, 
 large quantities of grain (maize or ' mealies,' wheat, Kaffir com) 
 being harvested. B. is known for its hardy, sure-footed ponies ; 
 and its sheep and cattle thrive well. Throughout the terr. 
 there is but little wood, and many parts are uninhabited, or 
 nearly so — particularly the eastern dists. , where the winter 
 climate is excessively cold ; the most populous part being the 
 country between the Caledon R. and the Maluti Mts. The 
 natives are perhaps the most intelligent members of the Kaffir 
 race. They are both industrious and warlike. Their mountain 
 fastnesses, to which they invariably retire during war, are 
 almost inaccessible ; and the Basutos, by artfully constructed 
 defences, have added to their impregnability. These people, 
 after waging a tedious and disastrous war with the Free State, 
 placed themselves in 1868 under British protection. In 1871 
 the country was annexed to Cape Colony ; but a rebellion 
 breaking out in 1880, consequent on the Colonial Government 
 trying to enforce the disarmament of the natives, the country 
 was placed in 1884 under the direct administration of the 
 Imperial Government. Area about 9720 sq. m. P. (1891) 
 219,000 (of whom 578 Eiu-opean), or about 22 to the sq. m. 
 See Proc. R. G. S., 1888, pp. 519-25, and map, p. 548 
 (i : 1,100,000). 
 
 BasTa Patn&, vil., India, Mysore, no m. NE. by N. Man- 
 galore. P. < 1000. 
 
 Basiira, tn., India, Rdjputana, 112 m. E. Bflcaner. P. 6000. 
 
 BasMlcb, or Berkswlcli, par., Eng., Staflfordshire, W. div., 
 2 m. SE. Stafford. P. <:75o. 
 
 B&ta, comm. , Hungary, co. Tolna, dist. Kozpont. P. <40oo. 
 
 Bataan, prov., Phihppine Is. [q.v.), Luzon, on W. side of 
 Bay of Manila. 
 
 Batat>ano, seapt. , Cuba, S. ct. , 32 m. SE. by S. Havana, in 
 82° it' W. p. 8000. 
 
 Batak, vil., Bulgaria, Eastern Roiunelia, prov. Tatar-Pazar- 
 dzik, 30 m. WSW. Philippopolis. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bat^la, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 26 m. NE. by E. 
 Amritsar. P. (1891)27,200; Moham. 17,300; Hindus, 9600. 
 
 BataLha, tn., Portugal, dist. and 7 m. S. Leiria, named in 
 honour of a victory of John I. over the King of Castille, at 
 Aljubarrota, near Alcoba9a, in 1385. 
 
 Batalpaslilnsk, dist. tn. , Russia, N. Caucasia, govt Kuban, 
 57 m. S. of Stavropol, on Kubafi R. P. 6760. 
 
 Batau, one of the Bashi Is., group situated between the 
 Philippines and Formosa. Seat of the governor of the Bashi 
 and Babuyanes Is. 
 
 Batang, isl. , opposite Singapore. See Battam. 
 
 Batang, Malay, ' river.' 
 
 Bat'ang, tn., China, Siichwan, near the frontier of Tibet, in 
 the valley of the Kin-sha-kiang (upper Yangtse-kiang), in 
 about 30° N. , 99i° E. ; recently for some time the seat of a French 
 Roman Catholic mission. Rebuilt since its total destruction by 
 an earthquake in 1871. Alt. 8150 ft. See /our. J?. G. S., 1878, 
 p. 92. 
 
 Batanga, or Moanya, riv., Kamerun Terr., West Africa, 
 flows SW. into the Atlantic, which it enters in about 3° 18' N., 
 navigable to the Neven du Mont falls about 20 m. up, but 
 obstructed by a bar at its mouth, which can be crossed only by 
 vessels of less than 10 ft. draught. At its mouth are the Eng- 
 lish and German factories of Little B. Scot. Geog. Mag., 1885, 
 
 P- 387- 
 
 Bafaiiga, Big (or, in Ger., Cross), country in the SW. of 
 the German Kamerun Terr. , S. of the Lokunje R. , with English 
 and German factories ; climate said to be one of the healthiest 
 and most agreeable on the coast. Petermanri s Mitteil., 1886, 
 pp. 145-6. 
 
 Batangan, Cape, on the E. ct. of Annam, in about 15° 15' 
 
 Batangas, comm., Philippine Is. (q.v.), on the Golf of B., 
 S. ct. of Luzon, 60 m. S. by E. Manila, cap. prov. B. P. 35,600. 
 
 Batang Harl, riv., Sumatra, flows E. into Brahala Strait, 
 which it enters by several arms to the S. of 1° S ; navigable for 
 small craft up to confluence of Seliti, in about 1° 15' S., 101° 20' 
 E. , 470 m. Petermann' s Mitteil., 1880, p. 13. 
 
 Batang Lnpar, riv., in the S. of Sariwak, flows W. into the 
 China Sea, which it enters in about i^° N. and in° E. Navi- 
 gable for large vessels to Lingga, about 30 m. above its mouth, 
 but only with difficulty higher up ; the entrance obstructed by 
 a bar with 3^ fathoms at high water, 10 ft. at low water. Proc. 
 R. G. S.. 188 1, p. 196. 
 
 Batang Padang, a range of mts., Malay Penin., on the 
 E. frontier of Perak, in about 4° 5'-2o' N, The riv. B. P. flows 
 from these mountains SW. to the lower part of the Perak. 
 
 Batant«, or Battanta, isl. , off the W. end of New Guinea, 
 just S. of Dampier Strait. 
 132 
 
 Bata8z<l>]£, Hungary. See Battasz^k. 
 
 Batataes, vil., Brazil, Sao Paulo, 220 m. NW. Santos. Alt. 
 2625 ft. 
 
 BataTla, vil., Dutch Guiana, on the r. bk. of the Coppe- 
 name, 36 m. W. Paramaribo. 
 
 Batavla, the cap. of the Dutch East Indies, called ' the 
 Queen of the East,' lies, in 106° 50' E. and 6° i' S., on a 
 bay of the Java Sea, on the N. coast of the island of Java, 
 and near its W. end. The town consists of an old part next 
 the bay, built in the Dutch fashion on a network of canals and 
 small streams, and several newer handsome suburbs — Rijswijk, 
 Koningsplein, Weltevreden, &c. — situated further inland, where 
 the Europeans mostly live, and where the government build- 
 ings stand. The old town contains the business quarters, and 
 is the seat of the commercial activity. B. is the principal 
 trading-place in the Dutch East Indies, exporting all the pro- 
 ducts the islands yield, notably sugar, coffee, tin, rice, tea, 
 hides, spices, &c. , and supplying them with a large part of 
 the European and other commodities they require, especially 
 cottons and woollens, petroleum, ironmongery, provisions, 
 coals, and earthenware. The total annual trade is valued at 
 ;^3,ooo,obo. Some islands and sandbanks in the bay shelter 
 the roadstead and the entrance to the R. Chilivung, which 
 served as the port before a new harbour was made at Tanjong 
 Prick, 6 m. to the NE., in 6° 6' S. and 106° 53' E. This 
 new harbour has a depth of 24 ft. at ordinary neap, 28 ft. at 
 ordinary spring tides, and has 4000 ft. of quayage, besides two- 
 government cylinder docks, and a floating iron dock, the last 
 295 ft. long, with 4000 tons lifting-power. At Amsterdam I., 
 one of the small islands adjacent, there is a floating dock 200 
 by 45 ft. , with 2000 tons lifting-power. It is connected with B. 
 by rail, road, and canal. B. itself is not healthy in the old 
 districts, but fairly healthy in the new. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), 
 yr. 78.6°, Jan. 77.5°, July, 78.2°; annual rainfall, 70 in. 
 Founded in 1619, B. has been in the possession of Holland 
 ever since, except during the period 1811-1816, when it was 
 held by the English. P. 105,000, of whom 68,000 are Javanese, 
 27,000 Chinese, and 8000 Eiu^opeans. See Java. [J. T. B.] 
 
 Batavla, riv. , N. Queensland, entering the Gulf of Carpen- 
 taria, just N. of 12° S. 
 
 BataTla, tn., U.S., Illinois, Kane co., 35 m. W. Chicago. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 BataTla, vil., U.S., New York, Genesee co., on Tonawanda 
 R. , 31 m. WSW. Rochester. P. 7000. 
 
 BataTla, vil., U.S., Ohio, Clermont co. , 20 m. E. Cincinnati. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Batchewalinnng, bay, Canada, prov. Ontario, in the ex- 
 treme SE. of Lake Superior. 
 
 BatcbTV'ortli, hamlet, Eng., Hertfordshire, 2 m. SE. Rick- 
 mansworth, with P.O. (B. Heath). 
 
 Batcombe, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 8 m. SSW. 
 Sherborne, 2 m. E. Evershot stn. P. <250. See Frome 
 Vancbnrcb. 
 
 Batcombe, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 7 J m. SW. 
 Frome, 3 m. SW. Wanstrow stn., PM.O. P. <750. 
 
 Batcombe, par. , Eng. , Somerset. See Nylaud. 
 
 Bate, isl. , Gulf of Cutch. See Beyt. 
 
 Batekes, W. African tribe, inhabiting sandy plateaux at the 
 height of 1300-2500 ft. , in the French Congo Terr. , between the 
 Congo and the source of the Ogowe. 
 
 Batelan, comm. , Austria, Moravia, 10 m. SW, by W. Iglau. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Batemau's Bay, seapt. , New South Wales, in 35° 40' S. , OQ 
 the Clyde R. , a little alxjve its entrance into the bay of the same 
 name, 130 m. N. Cape Howe. P. < 1500. 
 
 Baten Abenet, plateau, Africa, western Sahara, S. of Tuat. 
 
 Batenburg (the anct. Oppidum Batavorum), comm., Hol- 
 land, prov. Gelderland, on the Maas, 15^ m. SW. Arnhem. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Bates, CO., U.S., Missouri, on the W. frontier, N. of 38° N. 
 
 Batesar, tn. , India., NW. Provs., dist. and 35 m. SE. 
 Agra, on the r. bk. of the Jumna; holds great commercial 
 fair. 
 
 Batesbni^, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, Lexington co., 52 m. E. 
 Augusta. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Bates Cottages, place, Eng., Northumberland, 2 m. from 
 Seaton Delaval, with P.O. 
 
 Batesford, tri., Victoria, co. Grant, 48 m. SW. Melbourne. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 BatesTllle, tn., U.S., Arkansas, Independent co., on the 
 White R. (navigable for small steamboats to this point), 100 
 m. WNW. Memphis (Tenn.). P. <3000. 
 
 BatesTllle, tn., U.S., Indiana, Ripley co., 54 m. NW. 
 Cincinnati by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Batb, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Carleton co., 61 m 
 NW. Fredericton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Batb, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Addington co., on the 
 Bay of Quinte, 16 m. W. by S. Kingston. 
 
 Batb, city, pari. , mun. , and co. bor. , and fashionable inland 
 watering-place, Eng., co. Somerset. Frome div., on the Avon,^ 
 
BATH 
 
 B A TT 
 
 1 1 m. ESE. Bristol, 107 m. from London by the G. W. R. , like- 
 wise connected with the M. R., and L. & S'W. R. It has water 
 communication with Bristol by the Avon, and with London by 
 the Kennet and Avon Canal. B., a British settlement from 
 the earliest times, was known to the Saxons as Caer Badon (' the 
 city of baths '). By the Romans, who founded a city, of which 
 important remains have been discovered, it was called Aqua 
 Soils ('waters of the sun '). The first Bishop of Batli was John 
 de Villula, in the reign of Rufus. His successor Gilbert adopted 
 the title of Bath and Wells, which is still retained, though since 
 the reformation Bath has had no chapter. The city was in- 
 corporated by Queen Elizabeth in 1590. On the site of the 
 Temple of Minerva, Villula built a church, which in 11 36 was 
 almost destroyed by fire. This structure rebuilt and beautified 
 was the predecessor of the church or abbey, as it is now called, 
 erected during the reign of Henry VII. In the W. of the city 
 is the Royal Victoria Park, 2i| ac. in extent. Bath has many 
 educational and other institutions, a Roman Catholic college, 
 a Wesleyan college, and the Grammar School, founded by 
 Edward VI. The hot springs, which are sahne and chalybeate, 
 temp. 110° to 117° F., rise in the centre of the city, and supply 
 five establishments : the King's, Queen's, Cross, Hot Baths, and 
 the Baths of the Grand Pump Room Hotel. The old Roman 
 Baths are closed. To the King's bath is attached the grand 
 pump-room, 85 ft. by 48, and 34 in height, built in 1797. Pari, 
 bor. P. (1891) 54,600; mun. bor. (now also co. bor.) (1881) 
 51,814; (1891)51,844. 
 
 Batli, tn., Jamaica, Surrey co., 29 m. E. Kingston, in a great 
 fruit-growing dist., and with a famous mineral spring. 
 
 Batb, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Brown co., 121 m. NE. 
 by E. Pierre. 
 
 Bath, CO., U.S., NE. Kentucky, N. of 38° N., E. of 84° W. 
 
 Batb, city and port of entry, U.S., Maine, Sagadahoc co. , 
 on the r. bk. of the Kennebec (which here never freezes), 29 m. 
 S. Augusta, 12 m. from the ocean, with extensive shipbuilding. 
 P. (1880) 7900; (1890) 8700. 
 
 Bath, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co. , at the con- 
 fluence of the Lower Ammonoosuc R. and the Connecticut, 69 
 m. NNW. Concord; copper-mines. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Bath, vil. , U.S., New York, Steuben co. , on Conhocton R., 
 57 m. SSE. Rochester. P. < 4000. 
 
 Bath, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Northampton co., 39 m. 
 NE. Reading. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bath, CO., U.S., Virginia, on the W. frontier, crossed by 38° 
 N., containing many mineral springs. 
 
 Bath, U.S., Wn. Virgina. See Berkeley Springs. 
 
 Bathamptou, par., Eng. , Somersetshire, suburb of Bath, 
 on the G. W. R., with P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Bathang, tn. , China, Siichwan. See Bataiig. 
 
 Bath Beach, vil., U.S., New York, King's co., on the Long 
 I. shore of the Narrows, 7 m. S. Brooklyn. A summer resort. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Bathealton, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div. , 10 m. 
 NE. by E. Tiverton, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Batheaston, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., on the Avon, 
 2 m. NE. Bath, PMT.O. P. <:2ooo; eccles. par. (B. with 
 St. Catherine) P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Batherton, par., Eng., Cheshire, 2 m. S. Nantwich. P. < 
 250. 
 
 Bathford, par. and vil., Eng., Somersetshire, 4 m. NE. 
 Bath, P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bathgate, par., manufacturing and market-tn., Scot., co. 
 and 5 m. S. by W. Linlithgow, on the N. B. R. ; coal-mines 
 producing the Torbanehill ' parrot ' or cannel coal, and paraffin 
 works [Linlithgowshire]. Market-day, Tu. Alt. 446 ft. 
 Par. 10,876 ac, P. 11,400; tn. P. 5300. 
 
 Bathgate, tn., U.S., N. Dakota, Pembina co., 14 m. WSW. 
 Pembina. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bathley, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 4 m. 
 NNW. Newark. P. <25o. 
 
 Bath on the Hudson, vil., U.S., New York, Rensselaer co. , 
 on the Hudson R. , opposite E. Albany. P. < 3000. 
 
 Balhpool, P.O., Eng., Somersetshire, 3 m. from E. Reach. 
 
 Bath'sheba, tn. , on the middle of the E. ct. of Barbados ; 
 favourite sea-bathing resort. 
 
 Bathnrst, isl., off N. Australia, just W. Melville I.; length 
 and greatest breadth 30 m. 
 
 Bathnrst, port of entry, Canada, New Brunswick, Gloucester 
 CO. , on Nepisiguit Bay, Chaleur Bay, 125 m. NNE. Fredericton. 
 Mean temp., yr. 39.4" F., Jan. 10.6°, July 65.9. P. <:300o. 
 
 Bathnrst, lake, near the centre of Newfoundland, 40 m. long 
 W. to E., drained E. by the Exploits R. 
 
 Bathnrst, municip., Cape Colony, cap. dist. B. , 52 m. SW. 
 by S. King William's Town. P. < 4000. 
 
 Bathnrst, municip.. New South Wales, B. co. (which con- 
 tains the oldest goldfields in Australia), in 33° 25' S., 149° 42' 
 E. , on the r. bk. of Macquarie R. , 145 m. W. Sydney, with slate 
 quarries and silver mines in dist., which is, however, mainly 
 agricultural. Alt. 2200 ft. Mean temp., yr. 57.6° F., Jan. 72.6°, 
 July 43- 3°- P- 9000. 
 
 Bathnrst, seapt. tn., W. Africa, cap. of the British settlement 
 on the Gambia, on the island of St. Mary, a sandbank about 
 3^ m. long and ij m. broad, separated from the mainland by 
 Oyster Creek, across which, however, there is now a metalled 
 road connecting it with British Cumbo. B. is situated at the 
 mouth of the Gambia R. , in 13° 24' N. , and has a government 
 house and hospital for liberated Africans. Very malarious in 
 rainy season, July to September. P. 6000. 
 
 Bathnrst Islands, a group of small isls. to the NE. of 
 King's Sound, Kimberley div. of W. Australia. 
 
 Bathvllle Kow, vil., iScot., Linlithgowshire, near Bathgate, 
 with coal. 
 
 Bathwlck, par. , Eng., Somerset, in Bath bor. P. < 5000; 
 eccles. par. (B. vrltb Woolley) P. <4000. 
 
 Balh Zacharias, placed named in O. T. See Belt Sk&rla. 
 
 Batlcala, Bombay. See Bhatkal. 
 
 Batlcalo, Ceylon. See Battlcaloa. 
 
 Batlgnolles, Les, one of the arrs. in the NW. of Paris. 
 
 Batlscan, vil., Canada, Quebec, Champlain co., on the 1. 
 bk. of the St. Lawrence, 57 m. WSW. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Batlscan, (ireat, riv., Canada, Quebec, flows S. and finally 
 ESE. into the St. Lawrence, 2 m. below Batiscan. 
 
 Batlscan Lake, Canada, prov. and co. Quebec, 45 m. NW. 
 Quebec, drained by the river Batiscan into the river St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 Batjan Island. See Bachlan. 
 
 Batla'ro, African tribe, Brit, colony, Bechuanaland, in about 
 
 26°-27'' S. , 22"-23'' E. 
 
 Batler's Cireen, hamlet, Eng., Hertfordshire, St. Albans 
 div., I m. SW. Radlet stn., 15 m. NW. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Batley, par. and mun. bor., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 included in the pari. bor. of Dewsbury, with stns. on the L. & 
 NW. Rly., theG. N., and the Leeds and Manchester Rlys. It 
 is in the archdeaconry of Craven ; the principal seat of the heavy 
 woollen trade, and manufactures army cloths, pilots, druggets, 
 shoddy, &c. The town was incorporated in 1868, and has 
 a free grammar-school and a technical school. P. (1851) 9038 ; 
 (1871) 20,871 ; (1891) 28,700. 
 
 Batley Carr, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on 
 the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. < 4500. 
 
 Batloko, a tribe inhabiting the NE. of the S. African Re- 
 public, to the SW. of the Zoutpansberg Range. 
 
 Batua, vil., Algeria, 62 m. SSW. Constantine, arr. B. , trading 
 stn. between the Sahara and Tell. Headquarters of a military 
 sub-div. , magnificent cedar woods on the slopes of Mount 
 Tugurt, fertile soil, 6 m. to the SE. lie the ruins of LambcBsis. 
 Alt. 3471 ft. ; rainfall (5 yrs. ), 12.35 in. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Batoebe, settlement, Canada, dist. Saskatchewan, 31 m. 
 SSW. Prince Albert, on the S. Saskatchewan R. 
 
 Batonga, or Batoka (the latter form a Makalolo corrup- 
 tion), a tribe, Brit. S. Africa, dwelling to the N. of the Zambezi, 
 between 24!° and 28^° E. ; also found S. of the Zambezi, be- 
 tween 33° and 34° E. Pruc. H. G. S. , 1889, p. 219. 
 
 Baton Bonge, city, U.S., cap. Louisiana, E. Baton Rouge 
 par., on the 1. bk. of the Mississippi, 75 m. WNW. and 117 m. 
 by river above New Orleans, standing on a bluff 25 ft. above 
 the highest inundations. P. (1880)7200; (1890) 10,500. 
 
 Baton Rouge, East and West, two pars, (cos.), U.S., 
 Louisiana, S. of 31° N. , separated by the Mississippi. 
 
 Batonya, tn., Hungary, prov. Csanad, 13 m. NW. by W. 
 Arad. P. 12,000. 
 
 Batramsley, hamlet, Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 
 10^ m. SW. Southampton, 2 m. NNW. Lymington. 
 
 Batmn, small seapt., Syria, on the Mediterranean Sea, 12 m. 
 S.Tripoli. P. < 4000. 
 
 Batsford, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div. , ix 
 m. SE. by E. Evesham, 2 m. WNW. Moreton-in-the-Marsh 
 stn. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (B. fvltb SIoreton-In-the-Marsb) 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 B&tstad, comm., Sweden, prov. and 20 m. S. Halmstad, on 
 an inlet of the Kattegat, in 12° 50' E. P. < 1000. 
 
 Batsutia, tribe, S. African Republic. See Baroniapnlana. 
 
 Battalen, isl. , North Sea, on W. ct. Norway, in 61° 38' N. 
 
 Battam, isl., Eastern Archipelago, SE. Singapore I. 
 
 Bnttanibang, Indo-China. See Patabang. 
 
 Battauta, isl. , New Guinea. See Batante. 
 
 Battas, Battaks, or Battahs, a race akin to the Malays, in- 
 habiting the central highlands of Sumatra, from the volcano 
 Ophir (or Pasaman) northwards to Achin. Their national 
 centre is Lake Toba {q.v.). They are partly independent and 
 heathen ; partly subject to the Dutch, and these are mostly 
 converts to Islam. They cultivate the soil, growing rice and 
 maize, and keep cattle, horses, buffaloes, goats, and pigs, are 
 clever iron-smiths, and possess a written literature. Canni- 
 balism, to which they were formerly addicted, has almost 
 ceased amongst them. P. 400,000 (1,000,000?). See A. 
 Schreiber, Die Battas in ihrem Verhdltniss zu den Malaien 
 von Sumatra (1874), and Nature, vol. xlvi. (1892). [<J. T. B.] 
 
 Battasz^k, or Batasz^k, tn., Hungary, co. Tolna, 25 m. 
 ENE. Fiinfkirchen. P. 8200. 
 
 133 
 
BATT — BAUX 
 
 Battenbcrg, tn., Prussia, govt. Wiesbaden, 15 m. NNW. 
 Marburg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Battersby, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, with stn. (B. 
 Junction) on the NE. R. , 10 m. SE. by S. Middlesbrough. 
 
 Battersea, par., a suburb of London, Eng., on the r. bk. 
 of the Thames, 3-4^ m. SW. St. Paul's, with a stn. (B.) on 
 the W. London Rly. ; another (B. Park) on the L. B. & S. 
 C. R., a third (B. Park Kd.) on the L. C. & D. R., and a 
 fourth (Queen's Kd.) on the L. & SW. R. Par. P. 150,600; 
 eccles. pars. (B. with Lavender Hill) P. 8700 ; (Nine Elms) 
 P. 8900 ; (Wandsworth Common) P. 6200. 
 
 Battersea and Clapham, pari, bor., in the SW. of Lon- 
 don, composed of two divs. (Batte]*sea and Clapham), each 
 returning one member to Parliament. P., B. div. (1891) 98,200. 
 
 Batterstown, hamlet. Ire., SE. co. Meath, bar. Ratoath, 
 6^ m. NNE. Maynooth, P.O., on the M. G. W. R. 
 
 Battert, ruined castle, Ger. , gd-duchy of Baden, adjoining 
 the town of Baden on the N. Alt. 1605 ft. 
 
 Batticala, or Batecala, Bombay. See Bhatkal. 
 
 Batticaloa, seapt. tn., Ceylon, E. prov., on the E. ct., 69 m. 
 SSE. Trincomali. Mean rainfall (15 yrs.), 59.12 in. P. (local 
 board dist. ) 7300. 
 
 Battlsford, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 10 m. 
 NW. Ipswich, and 3 m. S. Stowmarket. P. <5oo. 
 
 Battlsford Tye, hamlet, Eng., Suffolk, Battisford par., 4 m. 
 W. Needham stn. 
 
 Baitle, or Bottle, Teutonic, 'a dwelling.' See Bold. 
 
 Battle, riv. , Canada, flows E. from Alberta into Saskatche- 
 wan, and enters the N. Saskatchewan R. near Battlefiord. 
 
 Battle, market-tn. and par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 6 
 m. NW. Hastings, on the SE. R. ; scene of the so-called 
 battle of Hastings, in which Harold of England was defeated 
 by William the Conqueror in 1066. B. Abbey, now one of the 
 seats of the Earl of Rosebery, was founded by William to com- 
 memorate this battle. 8253 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Battle, par., Wales, co. and 3 m. NW, by W. Brecknock. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Battle bnrn, par., Eng., Yorks, E. Riding. See Klrkhnrn. 
 
 Battle Creek, city, U.S., Michigan, Calhoun co. , on Kala- 
 mazoo R., 107 m. W. Detroit, and 42 m. SW. Lansing. P. 
 (1880) 7100 ; (1890) 13,200. 
 
 Battlefield, par., Eng., Shropshire, 3 m. NE. Shrewsbury. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Battleford, chief tn., dist. of Saskatchewan, Canada, on the 
 Battle R. , near the confluence of the N. Saskatchewan R. , 114 
 m. W. by S. Prince Albert, Alt. 1615 ft. Mean temp. (3 yrs., 
 1876-78, 1881-82), yr. 34.2° F., Jan. - 1.3°, July 65.0°. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Battle narbonr, chief port, Labrador, Strait of Belle Isle. 
 
 Battlehill, P.O., Ire., Armagh co., 4 m. from Portadown. 
 
 Battle Lake, Canada, NW. Terr., dist. Alberta, drained 
 SE. into a stream which enters Battle R. , in about 53° N. , and 
 W. of 114° W. 
 
 Battle Mountain, vil., U.S., Nevado, Lander co., 175 m. 
 NE. by E. Carson City, and 78 m. N. by E. Austin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Battles Bridge, vil., Eng., Essex, div. and 9 m. SE. by S. 
 Chelmsford, on the G. E. R., PM.O. 
 
 Battlcsden, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, div. and 9^ m. NW. 
 by W. Luton, 4 m. NE. by E. Leighton June. P. <:250 ; eccles. 
 par. (B. with Potsgrove) P. <25o. 
 
 Batts Comer, P.O. , Eng., Surrey, 3 m. from Frensham. 
 
 Battu(^cas, valley, Spain. See Batuecas. 
 
 Battyeford, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. 
 SW. Dewsbury, PMT.O. P. < 4000. 
 
 Batu, a place in the British protectorate of Selangor, Malay 
 Penin., in about 3° 20' N., 101° 52' E., remarkable for its lime- 
 stone caves. Proc. i?. G. S., 1882, p. 398. 
 
 Batu, isls. , Eastern Archipelago, off the W. ct. of Sumatra, 
 most of them just S. of the equator ; volcanic and densely- 
 wooded. Estimated area, 400 sq. m. P, 3000. 
 
 Bdtna, a dwarf tribe S. of the Congo. 
 
 Batu Bara, tn. , Sumatra, in the N., on the E. ct. 
 
 Batuecas, Valle de las, remarkable valley, Spain, SE. 
 Salamanca, on the borders of Estremadura, with small chapel 
 annually visited by great numbers of pilgrims. 
 
 Batnm, seapt. and dist. tn., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt. 
 Kutais, situated in SE. corner of Black Sea, 41° 40' N., 41° 
 38' E. , 108 m. E. of Trebizond, and 83 m. S. Poti, with which 
 it is connected by a railway, which brings it in connection with 
 Tiflis and Baku. The town is built on marshy and unhealthy 
 ground, on a terrace at the foot of the mountains. Climate 
 very wet. Average temp. (1882-86), yr. 59°, Jan. 42°, July 75° ; 
 torrential rains, yearly rfall. reaching 90 in. (23 in. in Aug. and 
 Sept.). The harbour is pretty well protected, but artificial 
 works are required, and have been lately began, as well as 
 fortifications for protecting the naval station. B. is a great 
 emporium for the export of naphtha, corn, and other goods from 
 Transcaucasia ; and partly for import. Total shipping entered 
 and cleared, 1,100,000 tons, value ;^3, 826,000. Kerosene refin- 
 ing works. P. 20,200. 
 
 Batu' Pahat, riv. , Malay Penin. See Johor. 
 134 
 
 Baturlr, tn. , Russia, govt, and 63 m. E. Chernigov, on the 
 Seim. It was the residence of the Hetman of the Ukraine 
 Cossacks from 1669 to 1708. P. 3600. 
 
 Batz, tn., France, dep. Loire-Inf6rieure, on the W. ct., 
 arr. and i m. W. St. Nazaire ; with salt-pans. P<2ooo. 
 
 Baj^, German, ' a building.' 
 
 Baud, tn. , France, dep. Morbihan, arr. Pontivy, 18 m. 
 ENE. Lorient. P. < 2000. 
 
 Baudas, a medieval form of the name of Bagdad, used by 
 Marco Polo, and explained by Col. Yule as due to the Mongol 
 habit of slurring gutturals, a habit seen also in the form Pacta, 
 used for Bagdad by Chinese historians. 
 
 Bando, tn., Colombia, Cauca, 125 m. SW. by W. Medellin, 
 about 15 m. from the W. ct. 
 
 BaudolnTllle, stn. , on Mrumbi Bay, W. shore Lake Tan- 
 ganyika, central Africa, in 7° S. 
 
 Baudonr, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 5^ m. 
 WNW. Mons. P. 4000. 
 
 Banerwitz, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 12 m. WNW. 
 Ratibor. P. < 3000. 
 
 Baug^, tn., France, dep. Maine et Loire, on the Couasnon, 
 
 22 m. E. by N. Angers ; cap. arr. The English, under the 
 Duke of Clarence, were defeated here in 1421. P. <;40oo. 
 
 Bauges, Les, plateau, France. See Savoie, Haute. 
 
 Bangh Fell, upland tract, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 13 
 m. E. Kendal ; height 2216 ft. 
 
 Baughurst (bog'hurst), par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Andover div. , 
 6 m. NW. by N. Basingstoke, 4^ m. S. Midgham stn., P.O. 
 P.<7';o. 
 
 Bankau, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle and dist. 
 Bochum, on the Emscher. P. <:4000. 
 
 Baikl, tn., Venezuela, Zamora, 102 m. S. by W. Valencia. 
 
 Baulby, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 
 on the coast, 9^ m. NW. by W. Whitby, 2 m. E. Loftus stn. 
 
 Ba-ule ('red river'), riv., French W. Africa, one of the head 
 waters of the Senegal, flows N. then W. into the Bakhoy, 
 which it enters about 65 m. above its confluence with the Ba-fing. 
 
 Bauld, Cape, Newfoundland, off the N. ct., in 55° 23' W. 
 
 Baulking, par. , Eng. , Berkshire. See Balking. 
 
 Banlmes, Baume, or Beanmes, vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 
 6 m. W. by S. Grandson. P. < 1000. 
 
 Baum (Ger.), beam (A. S.), boom (Dutch), ' a tree.' 
 
 Bauma, tn. , Switzd., cant, and 15 m. E. Ziirich. P. <3000. 
 
 Banman Island. See Samoa. 
 
 Banmanns Hohle, a famous cavern of the Harz Mts. , duchy 
 of Brunswick, 5 m. SE. Blankenburg, on the 1. bk. of the Bode 
 R. Profusely hung with stalactites. 
 
 Banmber, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 10 m. SW. 
 Louth, 4 m. NNW. Horncastle stn., PT.O. P. <5oo; eccles. 
 par. (B. with Great Sturton) P. <5oo. 
 
 Baume, La, vil., France, dep. Ard^che, arr. Largenti^re, 
 near Joyeuse ; near it is a mass of columnar basalt, called the 
 Causeway of B. P. < 2000. 
 
 Baume-les-Dames, tn. , France, dep. Doubs, on the Doubs, 
 18 m. ENE. Besan9on ; cap. arr. Alt. 1750 ft. P. <30oo. 
 
 Banmholder, tn., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 33 m. ESE. 
 Treves ; the grinding and polishing of agates, found in the 
 neighbourhood, forms a considerable industry. P. < 2000. 
 
 Baunmore, tnld., Ire., NW. co. Kilkenny, bar. Galmoy, 
 
 9 m. NE. by E. Thurles. P. <5oo. 
 
 Baunt, lake, Siberia, prov. Trans-Baikal, traversed by the 
 Tsipa, trib. of the Vitini. 
 
 Bauuton, or Botlienhampton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 Cirencester div., i m. N. Cirencester. P. <25o. See Stratton» 
 
 Bauphal, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Bdkarganj, 80 m. W. 
 Chittagong. P. 5000. 
 
 Bauraneag, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Limerick, bar. Shanid, 14 
 m. NE. by E. Listowel. P. <25o. 
 
 Baures, riv., S. America, Bolivia, a trib. of the Guapore, 
 into which it falls in about 64° 12' W. ; about 300 m. long. 
 
 Banrleigh, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Kilbrittain. 
 
 Banrroe and Feakle, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Clare, bar. Upper 
 Tulla, 12 m. NW. Killaloe. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Bauseley, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 10 m. NE. 
 Welshpool. P. <500. 
 
 Ba-usl, tribe, in SE. of Congo Free State, W. and SW. of 
 Lake Bangweolo. 
 
 Banske, dist. tn. and old castle, Russia, govt. Courland, 
 
 23 m. SE. Mitau, on the Aa. P. 7100. 
 Bautregaun, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Tralee. 
 Bautsch, or Budissow, tn., Austria, Moravia, 15^ m. SW. 
 
 Troppau. P. 4000. 
 
 Bautzen, Slavonic Budlssiii, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, on 
 R. Spree, 31 m. ENE. Dresden, cap. of circle, formerly cap. of 
 Margraviate of Upper Lusatia, with Roman Catholic cathedral, 
 and leather, paper, textile, metal, and other manufactures. P. 
 (1871) 13,200; (1890) 21,500. 
 
 Baux, Les, vil., Fnmce, dep. Bouches-du-Rh6ne, arr. and 
 
 10 m. NE. Aries, with ruins of an old castle demolished by 
 Richelieu in 1631 ; once the seat of powerful barons. P. <20ocx 
 
B A V A 
 
 Bavanlste, or Bauvanlste, vil. , Hungary, prov. Temes, 
 23 m. E. Belgrade (Servia). P. 6000. 
 
 Bararla, Ger. Bayern (name derived from the Bo'ioarii, or 
 Batuvari, German tribes, which settled in B. in the 6th century 
 of the Christian era), a kingdom of S. Germany, one-third of 
 the size of Great Britain, in size and population second state of 
 the German Empire. B. is situated between 47° and 50^° N. 
 lat., and 7° and 14° E. long. B. consists of two separate parts, 
 B. proper and the Rhine Palatinate, which is treated of in a 
 separate article, the present article dealing with B. proper only, 
 though the palatinate is included in the following table showing 
 the divisions of the kingdom : — 
 Area of the prov s. of Bavaria, with the population in thousands 
 
 on the 2,ist December, and increase or decrease per cent, per 
 
 annum between the successive censuses for which particulars 
 
 are here given. 
 
 
 Area 
 
 in sq. 
 m. 
 
 Pop. 
 1871. 
 
 Pop. 
 1880. 
 
 In& 
 
 Pop. 
 1890. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 or 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 per 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Upper Bavaria 
 Lower Bavaria 
 Upper Palatinate . 
 Swabia . 
 
 Upper Franconia . 
 Middle Franconia . 
 Lower Franconia . 
 Palatinate of the\ 
 Rhine . . / 
 
 Total . 
 
 6,458 
 4)153 
 3,731 
 3,792 
 2,702 
 2,924 
 3,244 
 2,289 
 
 842 
 604 
 498 
 583 
 
 584 
 586 
 
 615 
 
 952 
 647 
 529 
 635 
 
 644 
 626 
 
 677 
 
 1-37 
 •77 
 .67 
 .96 
 .68 
 
 1.09 
 •74 
 
 1-33 
 
 1 103 
 66= 
 538 
 668 
 573 
 701 
 618 
 
 728 
 
 1.48 
 0.26 
 0.17 
 0.51. 
 
 -0.03 
 a 8s 
 
 -0.13 
 
 0.73 
 
 171 
 i6o 
 144 
 X76 
 212 
 240 
 191 
 
 318 
 
 29,293 
 
 4,863 
 
 5.28s 
 
 •93 
 
 5595 
 
 O.S7 
 
 191 
 
 It is on the whole a mountainous country, walled in by moun- 
 tains on S. and N. , and intersected by various elevated ranges. 
 But it contains also extensive plains and a number of valleys. 
 The principal mountain ranges are the following : — the moun- 
 tains S. of the Danube, which form part of the Alps {q.v.) (Sub- 
 divisions II. B. 4), consisting of three parts, which stretch along 
 theS. of Swabia and Upper Bavaria ; the Algauer, Bavarian, and 
 Salzburger Alps. The highest summit of this part of the Alps 
 is the Zugspitze (9710 ft.), which is the highest mountain of the 
 German Empire. N. of the Danube are the mountains of the 
 Bohemian Forest [q.v.), running along the E. frontier of B. , 
 and forming the watershed between Danube and Elbe. SW. 
 of this range rise the Bavarian Forest Mts. , a range lower 
 than the Bohemian Forest Mts. , and separated from them by 
 the valley of the Regen. In the NE. corner of B. rises the 
 Fichtelgebirge (3415 ft.), a group of mountains forming the 
 centre of the surrounding mountain ranges (Thuringian Forest, 
 Erzgebirge, Bohemian Forest). N. of the Fichtelgebirge are 
 the Franconian Forest Mts. and more to the W. , and N. of the 
 Franconian Saale, the peculiar Rhon Mts. (3115 ft.), isolated 
 and differing from all the surrounding ranges, the characteristic 
 features being plateaux and conical peaks. SW. of the Rhon 
 extends the Spessart, separated from the Odenwald — the NE. 
 parts of which also belong to B. — by the Main. S. of this river 
 axe two more mountain ranges, viz. , the Franconian Jura and 
 the Steigerwald. Between the Alps and the Danube extends a 
 large elevated plain, with an average altitude of 1650 ft. Most 
 of the rivers of B. are tribs. of the Danube and Main, the Danube 
 traversing the country from W. to E. , and becoming navigable 
 at Ulm, just before crossing the Wiirtemberg frontier, the Main 
 winding from E. to W. in the N. of B. , and becoming navigable 
 at Bamberg. Danube and Main are connected by the Ludwigs 
 Canal, 108 m. in length. A characteristic feature of the country 
 between Alps and Danube are numerous lakes and morasses 
 (the latter called ' Moose ' and ' Filze '). The largest lake is the 
 Lake of Constance, which, however, belongs only in part to B. 
 More to the E. are situated a number of picturesque lakes, of 
 which the Starnberger-, Tegern-, and Chiem-See are the most 
 important. Widely extending morasses are the Dachauer-, 
 Erdinger-, and Donau-Moos. Geologically, the above-men- 
 tioned groups of the Alps present the characteristic features 
 of the Alpine Triassic and Tertiary formations ; Jurassic and 
 Cretaceous rocks are likewise found. The plain N. of the 
 Alps belongs chiefly to the Tertiary and Diluvial formations, and 
 N. of the Danube Triassic and Jurassic formations prevail. The 
 Bohemian Forest Mts. consist of gneiss and granite, and these 
 rocks are likewise met with in the Fichtelgebirge. The Rhon 
 Mts. are of volcanic origin, and rest on Triassic rocks. The 
 climate of B. is on the whole temperate and healthy, but 
 varies greatly in different parts of the country. In the higher 
 regions of the mountains it is raw and inclement, the Alpine 
 dists. , the Bohemian Forest Mts. , and the higher parts of the 
 Franconian Jura having in many places a mean annual temp, 
 of 40° F. , and even less, whilst the lower parts of the country 
 have a mean temp, of 48° F. , and more. For further details 
 as to temperature, see Bamberg, Bayrentli, Regensbnrg, 
 nianlcta, Asebaffenbnrg. SW. and NW. winds prevail. 
 B. is principally an agricultural country ; 57J per cent, of its 
 
 area are cultivated soil, which is very productive, and emin- 
 ently adapted for the cultivation of grain, especially in the 
 very fertile dists. of Lower Bavaria, and Middle and Upper 
 Franconia. The total annual production of cereals amounts 
 to 2^ millions of tons, rye yielding the largest crop. Next 
 in quantity follow oats, barley, and wheat. The cultivation of 
 potatoes, hops, pease, lentils and beans is likewise of great 
 iniportance. Considerable quantities of tobacco are grown in 
 the dists. of Nuremberg and Fiirth, in Middle Franconia. 
 Flax is cultivated in Upper Bavaria and Swabia. Excellent 
 wines are produced in Lower Franconia, especially near 
 Wiirzburg, whose Stein and Leisten wines are among the very 
 best produced in Germany. Forests cover not less than 33 
 per cent, of the surface of B. ; oaks, beeches, firs, pines, and 
 junipers are the principal trees. The largest forests are those 
 of the Alpine dists., in the southern parts of Upper Bavaria 
 and Swabia ; but there are also large forests in Lower Franconia 
 and the Upper Palatinate, the Bavarian Forest, and the so-called 
 ' Reichsforst ' of Nuremberg. The value of the annual produc- 
 tion of timber amounts to about ^^3, 000, 000. Excellent pastures 
 are plentiful in the southern parts of B., and cattle-rearing is 
 accordingly of very great importance in Upper and Lower 
 Bavaria and Swabia. The celebrated Algau cattle are reared 
 in the last-named dist. Sheep-breeding is likewise of import- 
 ance, fine merino breeds being met with in Upper Bavaria and 
 Swabia. The lakes and rivers of B. abound in fish ; the Munich 
 fish-market is one of the largest in Germany. The mineral pro- 
 duction of B. is limited. The most important minerals are coal, 
 lignite, iron, and salt. Coal-mining is carried on in Upper Bavaria 
 (at Miesbach, Hausham, Penzberg), and in Upper Franconia(near 
 Kronach) ; lignite occurs in Upper and Lower Bavaria (at Gross- 
 weil and Kelheim), and in Lower Franconia (near Bischofsheim). 
 Iron ores are found in Upper Franconia (at Arzberg, Wolfsdorf, 
 Grundfeld, and Burgheim), and in Upper Bavaria (Achthal). 
 Salt is plentiful in the Berchtesgaden dist. (SE. corner of B.); 
 celebrated are the brine-springs and salt-works of Reichenhall, 
 Traunstein, Rosenheim, and Berchtesgaden ; rock-salt is found 
 at the last-named place. Of other mineral products must be 
 mentioned graphite (in the district of Passau), and the excellent 
 lithographic stones, which are obtained from the quarries of 
 Solnhofen (Middle Franconia). Mineral waters occur at various 
 places ; the brine and carbonic acid springs of Kissingen (in 
 Lower Franconia) are famous. Although B. is chiefly an 
 agricultural country, her industries have greatly developed 
 since the middle of our century. Munich, Nuremberg, Fiirth, 
 and Augsburg are the chief industrial centres. One of the 
 principal industries of B. is beer-brewing. There are more 
 than 6000 breweries in the country, and very large quantities 
 of beer are produced at Munich, Kulmbach, Erlangen, and 
 Nuremberg. In recent years the export of this beverage has 
 enormously increased. Bavarian beer being consumed all over 
 the globe. The towns of Middle Franconia, especially Nurem- 
 berg and Fiirth, are world-famed for their industry in toys, 
 machinery, iron ware, gold and silver articles, pencils, and 
 paper. Textile fabrics are also of very great importance ; the 
 principal dist. of this industry is Swabia, which has numerous 
 factories of woollen and cotton yarns and cloths. The railways 
 of B. belong mostly to the state. The most important lines are 
 those which connect B. with Italy (across the Brenner Pass, 4470 
 ft.) and with Austria (Munich- Vienna line). The navigation of 
 the Danube and Main and of the Lake of Constance is of con- 
 siderable importance. B. is a constitutional kingdom, forming 
 part of the Clerman Empire {q.v. ). B. is inhabited by German 
 tribes only, and nothing but German is spoken. The Bavarian 
 tribe occupies the S. and SE. parts of the country, the riv. Lech 
 forming the boundary towards the Swabians, who inhabit the 
 SW. dists. The Franks, on the other hand, occupy nearly 
 the whole of N. Bavaria. Three-fourths of the inhabitants are 
 Roman Catholics, one-fourth Protestants; Middle and Upper 
 Franconia are the only parts of B. where the latter are in the 
 majority. Education is progressing slowly but steadily, but in 
 many parts of B. the lower classes are still very ignorant. There 
 are three universities, Munich, Wiirzburg, and Erlangen ; the 
 Academy of Fine Arts at Munich is one of the first of Europe. 
 Among the towns, Munich, the cap. of B. , take the first place ; 
 other towns, like Augsburg and Nuremberg, were famous 
 throughout the world in the Middle Ages, and, with Munich, 
 they still form the political and industrial centres of the country. 
 In the early times of antiquity B. was inhabited by Celtic tribes 
 (Vindelici), and shortly before the commencement of the Chris- 
 tian era a considerable portion of its terr. became part of the 
 Roman Empire. During the peoples' migration B. suffered 
 greatly, and in the 6th century German tribes (Boioarii, Alemanni) 
 settled in it. Later on it became a dependency of the East 
 Franconian Empire, and in 1070 it passed by imperial grant 
 into the possession of the Guelfs, and in 1180 was transferred to 
 Otho, Count of Wittelsbach. In 1623 it became an electorate. 
 The direct Wittelsbach line became extinct in 1777, and the 
 Elector Palatine Charles Theodor succeeded to the sovereignty. 
 B. was a member of the Confederation of the Rhine, and became 
 
 135 
 
BAVA — BAYR 
 
 a kingdom in 1806. Since 1871 it has belonged to the German 
 Empire (^.z/.)- [H. G. :$.] 
 
 Bavaria, Lower, govt., kgd. Bavaria, in the E., between 
 48° and 49^° N., and iiJ^° and 14° E. 
 
 Bavaria, Epper, govt., kgd. Bavaria, in the S., between 
 47^° and 49° N., and io^° and 13° E. 
 
 BavaroT, comm. , Austria. See Barau. 
 
 Bavay, or Baval (the ancient Bagacum, cap. of the Nervii), 
 tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. Avesnes, 13 m. ESE. Valenciennes, 
 with iron-works and marble-quarries, &c. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Baverstoek, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 3 m. W, by 
 N. Salisbury, i^ m. ENE. Dinton stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bavlaan's Kloof ('baboon's gorge'), viL and native location 
 in the E. of Willowmore dist.. Cape Colony. The Baviaan's 
 Kloof R. is one of the head waters of the Gamtoos. 
 
 Bavlan, isl. , in the Java Sea, between Borneo and Java, or 
 the W. end of Madura ; hilly, but with fine valleys, producing 
 rice, indigo, &c. ; cap. Singkapura, S. side. P. (isL) 33,000. 
 
 Bavlngtou, Great, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham 
 div. , 10 m. NNE. Hexham, 4 m. S. Knowe's Gate stn. P. < 250. 
 
 Bavington, Uttle, par., i m. NE. Great B. P. <2So. 
 
 B&vrik, tn. , India, Bombay Pres. , cap. petty chiefship Kolha- 
 pur, i6''33'N.,73°5i'E. Alt. 2800ft.; mean rfall. (i3yrs.),252in. 
 
 B^-wal, tn., India, Punjab, Nabha state. P. 5100; Hindus, 
 3300 ; Moham. 1800. 
 
 Bawbnrgli, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, 5 m. W. Norwich ; with 
 P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Bawdeswell, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 14 m. NW. by 
 W. Norwich, 3 m. W. by S. Whitwell stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bawdrlp, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., on the R. 
 Cary, 3 m. NE. by E. Bridgwater, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bswdsey, par. and vil., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 
 12 m. E. by S. Ipswich, with P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bawean, isl. , Eastern Archipelago. See Bavlan. 
 
 Ba'^'n, electoral div. , Ire. , King's co. , dist. Clara. 
 
 Bawnt>oy, or Kllsnb, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Cavan, bar. Tully- 
 haw, i5i m. NW. by W. Cavan, PMT.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Bawncross, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Slilford. 
 
 Ba-nsey, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 2^ m. E. King's 
 Lynn, 2 m. W. by S. GrimstorfRoad stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bawtry, par. and market-tn, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 8 
 m. SE. Doncaster, on the G. N. R. Market-day, Th. P. < 
 1000; eccles. par. (B. -wltb Ansterfleld) P. < 1500. 
 
 Bax^, military cantonment, India, Bengal, dist. Jalpaigurf, 
 on a small gravel plateau, in a valley in the lower range of 
 Bhutan Hills, 32 m. from the town of Kuch Behar. 
 
 Bax^r, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. ShdhabM, on the r. 
 bk. of the Ganges, 65 m. E. by N. Benares. Scene of the 
 defeat of the last independent Nawib of Murshiddbad in a 
 battle which finally won the lower provs. of Bengal for the 
 British (Oct. 22, 1764). A place of great sanctity. P. 15,500 ; 
 Hindus, 11,700; Moham. 3600. 
 
 Baxenden, eccies. par., Eng., Lancashire, Accnngton div., 
 2 m. SSE. Accrington, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Baxley, tn., U.S., Georgia, Appling co., 80 m. WSW. 
 Savannah. P. < 1500. 
 
 Baxter, co. , U.S., Arkansas, on N. frontier, W. of 92° W. 
 
 Baxterley, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., 5 m. 
 SE. by S. Tamworth, 2^ m. ENE. Kingsbury stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Baxter Springs, city, U.S., Kansas, Cherokee co., 5 m. W. 
 of the SE. corner of the state ; zinc and coal near. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bay, CO., U.S., Michigan, on the W. side of Saginaw Bay. 
 
 Bay, large lake, Philippine Is. , on Luzon I. , SE. of Manila. 
 
 Bayamo, tn. , Cuba, 60 m. WNW. Santiago de Cuba. P. 
 17,700. 
 
 Bayansi, or Babaugl, a tribe, Congo Free State, occupying 
 the 1. bk. of the Congo to the N. of 3° S. 
 
 Bayard's Leap, hamlet, Eng., Lincolnshire, Sleaford div., 
 II m. NE. by N. Grantham, 2^ m. E. by N. Gaythorpe stn. 
 
 Bayazld, or Bayazet, tn., Turkish Armenia, vilayet Erzerum, 
 near the frontier of Persia, 155 m. NW. Tabriz ; cap. sanjak B. 
 P. 2000 (more than half Armenians). 
 
 Bayble, Lower and Upper, vils., Scot., Lewis I., near 
 Stornoway. P. (Lower)<50o; P. (Upper)<75o. 
 
 Baybridge, hamlet, Ens^., Hampsiiire, Petersfield div., 5J 
 m. SE. Winchester, 3 m. N. by W. Bishops Waltham stn. 
 
 Bay Centre, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Pembina co., 26 
 m. W. Pembina. 
 
 Bay City, city, U.S., Michigan, Bay co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Saginaw R. , 95 m. NNW. Detroit, with many sawmills 
 and salt wells and factories. The export of lake fish is large. 
 Alt. 592 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 20,700; (1890) 27,800. 
 
 Bay City, West, or Wenona, city, opposite Bay City, on the 
 1. bk. of the Saginaw R. P. 13,000. 
 
 BayclilT, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 6 m. 
 ENE. Barrow, 2 m. SW. Conishead Priory stn. 
 
 Bay de Verds, fishing settlement, Newfoundland, on N. side 
 of Conception Bay. 
 
 Baydon, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 9 m. ESE. 
 Swindon, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 136 
 
 Bay dn Vln, settlement, Canada, New Brimswick, 20 m. 
 from Chatham. 
 
 Bayentbal, manufacturing tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle 
 and dist. Cologne. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bayern, Ger. name of Bavaria {q.v.). 
 
 Bayenx (theanct. Augustodurum, cap. of the Daiocasses), tn., 
 France, dep. Calvados, on the Aure, 17 m. WNW. Caen. 
 Manufactures of lace, china, &c. In its cathedral is preserved 
 the tapestry of Bayeux, said to be the work of Matilda, wife of 
 WiUiam the Conqueror, and representing his exploits in the 
 conquest of England. Cap. arr. P. 7100. 
 
 Bayfield, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Huron co., on Lake 
 Huron, 43 m. NNW. London. 
 
 Bayfield, part of par. , Eng. , Norfolk. See Glandford. 
 
 Bayfield, city, U.S., Wisconsin, B. co., on Lake Superior, 
 60 m. E. Duluth (Minn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Bayfield, Mount, Canada, Quebec, Rimouski co. , in 48° 4/ 
 N. , 67° W. Alt. 3973 ft. 
 
 Bayford, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hertford div., 2h m. 
 SSW. Hertford, PT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Bayford, hamlet, Eng., Somerset, Eastern div., adjoining 
 Wincanton, 12 m. SSW. Frome. It forms part of the eccles. 
 par. of Cacklington wltb Stoke Trister and Bayford. 
 P. (entire eccles. par. )< 750. 
 
 Bayham, hamlet, Eng., Sussex, on the N. border of the 
 Rye div. , 4^ m. ESE. Tunbridge Wells. 
 
 Bay Head, PM.O. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, NW. ct. of N. Uist, 
 
 Bay Horse, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on L. & NW. R., be- 
 tween Preston and Lancaster, 3 m. from Galgate, with P.O. 
 
 Bay Horse, settlement, U.S., Idaho Custer co. , 115 m. NE. 
 by E. Bois6. 
 
 Baylen. See Bailen. 
 
 Bay Islands (Islas de la Babla), a group of islds. , prin- 
 cipal, Roatan (30 m. long), Utila, and Bonaca or Guanaja, off 
 the N. coast of the republic of Honduras, of which they were 
 recognised as part in 1859. 
 
 Bayltaam, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , s^m. NW. 
 Ipswich, 2 m. NW. Claydonstn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Baylln, P.O., Ire., co. Westmeath, 5 m. from Athlone. 
 
 Baylor, co. , U.S., Texas, in the N. , S. of 34° N., bounded 
 on the E. by 99° W. 
 
 Baynard's, stn. , Eng. , Surrey, div. and 10^ m. SE. by S. 
 Guildford, on the L. B. & S. C. R., P.O. 
 
 Baynes' Hill, India. See Nandldrdg. 
 
 Bayuet, bay and seapt., republic of Haiti, S. ct. , 39 m. 
 SW. Port au Prince, in 72" 45' W. 
 
 Baynton, tn., Victoria, co. Dalhousie, 52 m. N. Melbourne. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Bay of Islands, co.. New Zealand, on the E. ct. of the 
 North I. , crossed by 35!° S. Named from a bay of irregular 
 outline on the E. side containing many islands. 
 
 Bay of Islands, inlet with settlement, W. ct. Newfoundland, 
 in 49° N. 
 
 Bayon, tn. , France, dep. Meurthe et Moselle, on the Moselle, 
 arr. and 12 m. SW. Lun^viUe. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bayona, seapt. tn., Spain, Galicia, prov., Pontevedra, about 
 12 m. SW. Vigo, with harbour admitting vessels of 10 ft. 
 draught. P. < 5000. 
 
 Bayona, Rio de, riv. , Mexico. See Canas, Rio de las. 
 
 Bayonne, a fortified city of France, near its SW. extremity, 
 dep. Basses-Pyr^n^es, cap. arr. at the confluence of the Adour 
 and Nive, 4 m. E. by N. Biarritz, and 18 m. NE. the Spanish 
 frontier at Fuenterrabia. Its industries include shipbuilding, 
 leather-dressing, distilling, manufacture of pottery, chocolate, 
 &c. The R. Adour now admits vessels of 2500 tons. Depth at 
 entrance to harbour, 15 to 19 ft. at high water. It is commonly 
 said that the bayonet takes its name from this place, but the 
 statement rests on no sufficient authority ; birthplace of Lafitte. 
 This city, though often besieged, has never been taken. Mean 
 rainfall, 56.3 in. P. 27,200. 
 
 Bayonne, city, U.S., New Jersey, Hudson co. , 4 m. SW. 
 Jersey City, from which it is separated by the Morris Canal. 
 Vast refineries of petroleum, which is shipped here to all parts 
 of the world. P. (1880)9400; (1890) 19,000. 
 
 Bayor^ca, important mining-tn., Mexico, Sonora. 
 
 Bayou (from French, hoyau), in the southern U.S., a side arm 
 of a river or similar water-course. 
 
 Bayon Boenf, a large bayou of the Mississippi, U.S., Louis- 
 iana, issues from the Atchafalaya bayou to the S. of 31° N. , and 
 flows into the S. end of Grand Lake. 
 
 Bayon la Fonrcbe, one of the mouths of the Mississippi. 
 
 Bayou Sara, tn. , U.S., Louisiana, W. Feliciana par., on 
 1. bk. Mississippi, 96 m. NW. by W. New Orleans. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bay Port, vil., U.S., New York, Suffolk co., on S. shore of 
 Long I., 53 m. E. Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bayra Bil, marsh, India, Bengal, dist. Khulnd, E. of the 
 Jamuna R. , crossed by 22° 35' N., ^g" 5' E. Area, 40 sq. m. 
 
 Bayreutb, city, Ger., Bavaria, cap. govt. Upper Franconia, 
 31 m. E. Bamberg, 126 m. N. Munich, on the Roter Main, at the 
 W. base of the Fichtelgebirge ; in the 17th and i8th centuries 
 
BAY — BEAM 
 
 cap. of the margraviate of Brandenburg-B. ; has a large 
 opera-house constructed under the superintendence of Richard 
 Wagner, a monument to Jean Paul Richter, who resided here ; 
 manufactures of cottons and other textiles, &c. Near it are the 
 seats of the Hermitage (in which the memoirs of Frederick the 
 Great were written by his sister the Margravine) and Fantasie. 
 Alt. 1 132 ft.; mean temp., 5T. 44.9° F., Jan. 27.7°, July, 63.1°. 
 P. (1871) 17,800; (1890) 24,600. 
 
 Bay Bldge, vil., U.S., New York, King's co., 5 m. SW. 
 Brooklyn. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bayse, riv. , France. See Baise. 
 
 Bay St. Louis, city, U.S., Mississippi, Hancock co., on 
 Mississippi Sound, 48 m. ENE. New Orleans. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bay Sliore, vil. , U.S. , New York, Suffolk co. , Long I. , S. ct. , 
 40 m. E. Brooklyn. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bay Side, vil., U.S., New York, Queen's co. , 12 m. ENE. 
 Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bays, Lake of, Canada, Ontario, in the NE. of Muskoka 
 CO. , traversed by the R. Muskoka. 
 
 Bayston Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Shropshire, 3 m. S. Shrews- 
 bury, P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Baysville, vil., Canada, Ontario, Muskoka co. , on the R. 
 Muskoka, 72 m. NE. by E. ColHngwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bayswater (Queen's Road), parts of two eccles. pars., 
 London, Eng., on the Metropol. Dist. Rly. (inner circle), 4 m. 
 W. St. Paul's. See Paddiugton and Keusingtoii. 
 
 Baytliorn End, P.O., Eng., Essex, 4 m. from Haverhill. 
 
 Baytou, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div. , 9 m. W. 
 by S. Kidderminster, 2 m. S. by W. Cleobury Mortimer stn., 
 P.O. P. <:5oo. See MamUe. 
 
 Baytown, Eng., Yorkshire. See Robin Hood's Bay. 
 
 Bayuda, or Babluda, desert or steppe, E. Africa, Nubia, 
 between Khartum and the angle of the Nile to the NNW.; 
 studded with rocky mountains, and sparsely occupied with 
 mimosa thickets. 
 
 Bay Tcrte, seapt. , Canada, New Brunswick, on Northumber- 
 land Strait, about 3 m. from frontier of Nova Scotia. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Bayvil, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 6| m. SW. by W. 
 Cardigan. P. <250. 
 
 Bay wood, vil., Canada, Ontario, Grey co., on E. of Owen 
 Sound, 31 m. WNW. Collingwood. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Baza, vil. , Brit. E. Africa, near Haraeye, the head of steam 
 navigation on the Tana. 
 
 Baza, tn., Spain, prov. Granada, 52 m. ENE. Granada, 
 having on its NW. an immense plain [hoya de B.), and in the 
 town the remains of an Arab fortress. 
 
 Baza, small isl. , in the Bight of Biafra, W. Africa. 
 
 Bazaraii Pass. See Hindu Kusli. 
 
 Bazarjik, and Tatar-B. See Pazardfik and Tatar-P. 
 
 Bazarnto, isl. , 20 m. long, off the E. ct. of Portuguese E. 
 Africa, in 21° 30-48' S., surrounded by a pearl-bank. 
 
 Baza, Sierra de, chain of mts. , Spain, uniting the Sierra de 
 Filabres with the Sierra Nevada, and rising to the S. and SE. 
 of the town of B. Alt. 6230 ft. 
 
 Bazaleti,tn. , Russia, Transcaucasia, govt. Tiflis, dist. Dusheti. 
 P. 7900. 
 
 Bazas, tn., France, dep. Gironde, 33 m. SE. by S. Bordeaux, 
 cap. arr. ; trade in cattle, wood, and wine. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Bazeilles, tn., France, dep. Ardennes, arr. and 2 m. SE. 
 Sedan, near the 1. bk. of the Meuse ; almost totally destroyed 
 in the battle of Sedan, Sept. i, 1870. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bazer, salt lake (or sebkha), Algeria, prov. Constantine, 17 
 m. SE. Si^tif. 
 
 B&zias, tn., Hungary, 45 m. E. Belgrade, at the head of the 
 gorge in which the lowest series of rapids of the Danube occur. 
 
 Baziluln, S. African tribe, S. of the Zambezi, in about 29'^ 30' E. 
 
 Bazin, Hungary. See Bosing. 
 
 Bazol, Seno de, gulf, Philippine Is., on the W. side of 
 Luzon, in 15° 50' N. 
 
 Bazougers, tn., France, dep. Mayenne, arr. Laval, cant, 
 and I m. from Meslay, with coal-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bazouges, tn., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, arr. Fougeres, 
 25 m. NNE. Rennes. InteUigent cultivation has here rendered 
 fertile tracts of land unproductive for centuries. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Baztan, or Bastan, valley, in the extreme N. of Spain, 
 watered by the upper course of the Bidassoa, about 9 m. long 
 and 4i m. broad; chief vil., Elizondo. 
 
 Bazuki, tn., of residency, Java. See Bezuki. 
 
 Bazzano, comm., Italy, Eraiha, prov. and 12 m. W. by N. 
 Bologna. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Beaac, tn., Victoria, co. Grenville, 56 m. from Geelong. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Beachamp'ton, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, on the Ouse, 
 div. and 5^ m. ENE. Buckingham, 3J m. SW. Wolverton stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Bcacbaniwell, vil. , Eng. , with PM.O. See Beeclianiwell. 
 
 Beachburg, or South Westmeath, vil, Canada, Ontario, 
 Renfrew co., 57 m. WNW. Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Beach Haven, summer resort, U.S., New Jersey, Ocean co., 
 on Long Beach, 20 m. NE. Atlantic City. 
 
 Beachley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean 
 div., on r. bk. Severn, ij m. SE. by E. Chepstow, P.O. P. <2so. 
 
 Beachport, tp., S. Australia, Grey co., 190 m. SE. by S. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Beachy Head, cape, Eng., on the S. ct. of the co. of Sussex, 
 the E. end of the South Downs, with light (on Belle Toute cliff) 
 visible at 23 m. Oft' this cliff was fought the great naval battle 
 of 1690, when the French vanquished the English and Dutch 
 fleets. Alt. 512 ft. 
 
 Beacon, tn., U.S., Iowa, Mahaska co., 73 m. SW. Cedar 
 Rapids. JP. <i5oo. 
 
 Beacon Hill, Eng. , in the E. of Devonshire, 12 m. E. Exeter, 
 2^ m. N. by W. Sidmouth. 
 
 Beacon Hill, Eng. , Hants,6|m. S. byW. Newbury. Alt.863ft. 
 
 Beacon Hill, Eng., Hants, 11 m. NE, by N. Salisbury. 
 Alt. 565 ft. 
 
 Beacon Hill, Eng., Hampshire, 3J m. W. Aldershot. 
 
 Beacon moor, an upland tract, Eng. , in the NW. of Devon- 
 shire, about 14 m. SE. by S. Barnstaple Alt. 694 ft. 
 
 Beacon Point, cape, Eng., Northumberland, 7J m. ENE. 
 Morpeth. 
 
 Beaconsfield, municip.. Cape Colony, dist. and 2 m. SW. 
 Kimberley, with which it is connected by tramway. Diamond- 
 mining. P. (1881) 4259; (1891, including the former tps. of 
 Bultfontein and Du Toit's Pan) 10,478. 
 
 Beaconsfield (bgk'onz-fild), par. and tn., Eng., Buckingham- 
 shire, Wycombe div., 7J m. N. by W. Windsor, 2 m. ENE. 
 Wooburn Green stn., PMT.O.; 4504 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Beaconsfield, or Brandy Creek, tn. , Tasmania, Devon co. , 
 23 m. NW. Launceston, 47 m. E. by S. Emu Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Beaconsfield, co. , Queensland, crossed in the middle by 
 21° S. and in the W. by 140" E. 
 
 Beaconsfield, tn. , Victoria, 28 m. SE. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Beacontree Heatli, vil., Eng., Essex, Romford div., 2 m. 
 SW. by W. Romford, i m. NNW. Dagenliam stn., P.O. 
 
 Beadlam, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 
 22 m. N. by E. York, ^ m. NW. Nawton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Beadle, co., U.S., S. Dakota, between 44° and 45° N., 
 crossed in the E. by 98° W. 
 
 Beaduell, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., on the coast, on the N. shore of B. Bay, loj m. N. by E. 
 Alnwick, 3^ m. E. by N. Newham stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Beaford, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 9^ m. SE. 
 Bideford, 5 m. SE. Torrington stn., PM.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Beag, Beg, Celtic, 'little.' 
 
 Beagh, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Kiltartan, containing 
 part of Gort Town ; 13,838 ac. P. <2soo. 
 
 Beaghall, or Beal (both pronounced 'bil'), par., Eng., 
 Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross div., on the Aire, 12J m. E. 
 by N. Wakefield, 2 m. NW. Whitley Bridge stn. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Beaghmore, electoral div.. Ire., co. Galway, dist. Headford. 
 
 Beaglimore, electoral div.. Ire., co. Tyrone, dist. Pomeroy. 
 
 Beagh, Lough, lake. Ire., in the NW. co. Donegal, 26 m. 
 W. by N. Londonderry, 149 ft. above sea-level. 
 
 Beagle Channel, strait, 180 m. long, on the S. of the main ■ 
 isl. of Tierra del Fuego ; named after the ship commanded by 
 Captain Fitzroy, in which Darwin made a voyage round the 
 globe in 1831-36. 
 
 Beaksbourne. See Bekesbourne. 
 
 Beal, Gaelic, ' a mouth, entrance.' See Bel. 
 
 Beal, vil., Eng., Northumberland, on the ct., div. and 8 m. 
 from Berwick-upon-Tweed, on the NE. R., with coal, PMT.O. 
 
 Beal, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Ballylongford. 
 
 Bealad, West, tnld., Ire., SW. co. Cork, bar. E. Carbery, 
 13 m. SW. Bandon. P. <25o. 
 
 Bealadangan, P.O., Ire., co. Galway, 17 m. from Spiddal. 
 
 Bealanageary, two electoral divs., Ire., co. Cork, one in 
 dist. Coolmountain, the other in dist. Inchigeelach. 
 
 Bealby (Hayton with), par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Bielby. 
 
 Beale, Cape, Brit. Columbia, W. ct. of Vancouver I., in 
 48° 45' N. 
 
 Bealiba, tn. , Victoria, Gladstone co., 40 m. W. Sandhurst. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Beallngs, GreatandLlttle, twoadjoiningpars. , Eng. , Suffolk, 
 Woodbridge div., 5 m. NE. by E. Ipswich, on the G. E. R. 
 Great B., with P.O.. P. <5oo; Little B., with PT.O., P.<25o. 
 
 Bealnaniulla, P. O. , Ire. , co. Roscommon, 4 m. from Athlone. 
 
 Bealock, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cork, dist. Coolmountain. 
 
 Beam, Anglo-Saxon, ' a tree.' See Baum. 
 
 Beamhnrst, vil., Eng., Staffordshire, Burton div., ii| m. 
 NE. Stafford, 2| m. NW. by W. Uttoxeter stn. 
 
 Beamiuster fbem'in-ster), par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 
 io| m. NE. by E. Lyme Regis, 4J m. SSE. Crewkerne stn., 
 PMT.O. ; 5190 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Beamish, eccles. par. , Eng. , Durham, near Chester-le-Street. 
 P. 6300. 
 
 Beamsley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 6 m. NE. 
 Skipton. P. <25o. 
 
 Beamsville, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Lincoln co. , 22 m. ESE, 
 Hamilton. P. <ii;oo. 
 
 137 
 
BEAN — BEAU 
 
 Beane, riv., Eng., Hertfordshire, rises in the N. of the 
 county, and flows S. , SE. , and S. to the Lea at Hertford. 
 
 Reanfleld Lawns, par. , Eng., Northampton, near Kettering. 
 P. -^250. 
 
 Beanley, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., yh m. WNW. Alnwick, i^m NE. Hedgeley stn. P. <:250. 
 
 Bcaunachaii, Loch, lake, Scot. , Ross-shire, in the middle, 
 drained E. and then NE. by R. Meig. Alt. 465 ft. 
 
 Beansbnrn, vil. , Scot., a N. suburb of Kilmarnock. 
 
 Bear, Teutonic, ' a dwelling.' See Beer, 
 
 Bear, hamlet, Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 9J m. N. 
 byE. Launceston, 3^ m. SSE. Holsworthy stn. 
 
 Bear, bar.. Ire., in the SW. co. Cork, N. of Bantry Bay. 
 
 Bear, isl.. Ire., SW. co. Cork, in the N. of Bantry Bay. 
 
 Bear Cape, Canada, Prince Edward I., on the E. ct. 
 
 Bear Creek, stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Col., on the C. P. R., 
 1050 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 432 m. from Vancouver. 
 
 Bear Creek, Little, riv., Canada, in the SW. of Ontario, 
 flows W. into Lake St. Clair. 
 
 Beard, part of eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire. See Mills, 
 Xcw. 
 
 Beardlvllle, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Antrim, dists. Bushmills 
 and Portrush. 
 
 Beardstown, city, U.S., Illinois, Cass co., on 1. bk. of 
 Illinois R., 43 m. WNW. Springfield. P. <:50oo. 
 
 Bear Green, hamlet, Eng., Surrey, Reigate div., 4 m. S. by 
 E. Dorking, near Holmwood stn. 
 
 Bear Green, hamlet, Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 6^ 
 m. E. by N. Taunton, 2 m. SW. Athelney stn. 
 
 Bear Gnlcli, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Lawrence co. , 94 
 m. N. of the SW. corner of the state. 
 
 Bearliaven, Ire. See CaslletOMn Bcarhaven. 
 
 Bear Ilaven, sound. Ire., SW. co. Cork, N. of Bear I. 
 
 Bear Head, cape, Newfoimdland, on the W. ct. , in 49° N. 
 
 Bear Island, an isl. in the Nelson R., Canada, Keewatin, 
 crossed by 54° 50' N. 
 
 Bear Island, Arctic Regions, 2^° S. of the S. end of Spits- 
 bergen. Alt. 1785ft. ; mean temp. (lyr., 1865-6), yr. 22.4'' P., 
 Jan. 4°. 
 
 Bear Island, Ire., co. Cork. See Bere Island. 
 
 Bear Island, or M'Pherson's Ferry, settlement, Nova 
 Scotia, CO. Richmond, 3 m. from Port Hawkesbury, in S. of 
 Cape Breton I. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bearl, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Hexham div. , 7^ m. E. 
 Hexham, i^ m. N\V. by N. Mickley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bear Lake, Great, Canadian NW. Terrs., in 65° to 67° N., 
 117° to 123° W. Shape irregular. Discharges its waters by 
 the Bear R. W. into the Mackenzie, and has been known to 
 remain frozen over from October to the middle of July. Area, 
 14,000 sq. m. 
 
 Bear Lake, U.S., Michigan, Manistee co., 126 m. NW. by 
 W. Bay City, drained into the Manistee R. 
 
 Bear Lodge, or Devil's Tower, a great rectangular obelisk 
 of granite, rising 625 ft. from its base, in the Black Hills, U.S., 
 S. Dakota. 
 
 Bcarley (bir'li), par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 4 m. 
 NNW. Stratford-on-Avon, on the G. W. R. P.<25o. 
 
 Beam, old prov. , France, of which the cap. was Pau, now 
 forming, with a small part of Guienne, dep. Basses-Pyr6n6es. 
 
 B^arn, cape, France, dep. Pyr^n^es-Orientales, with a light- 
 house visible 24 m. , in 42° 31' N., 3° 7' 30" E. 
 
 Bearney, P.O., Ire., co. Tyrone, near Strabane. 
 
 Bear Park Colliery, PM.O., Eng., CO. and3m. fromDurham. 
 
 Bear Point, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Shelburne, 8 m. 
 from Barrington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bear River, U.S., Utah and Idaho. 
 
 Bear Klvcr, riv., Canada, Nova Scotia, flows NW. into 
 Annapolis Basin. See also Bear Lake, Great. 
 
 Bearsden, or Neiv Kllpatrlck, vil., Scot., Dumbartonshire, 
 on the N. B. R., 5^ m. NW. Glasgow, PMT.O. P.<2ooo. 
 
 Bears Island, small isl. , Canada, Ontario, at the mouth of 
 Georgian Bay, in 45° 19' N. 
 
 Bearsted, or Bearstead, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 2 
 m. ESE. Maidstone, on the L. C. & D. R., PMT.O. . P. <7So. 
 
 Bears Tooth, settlement, U.S., Montana, Lewis and Clarke 
 CO., 60 m. NNE. Butte City, near B. T. Mt. , a rocky peak at 
 the end of a canon of the Missouri. 
 
 Bearwardcote, par., Eng., co. and 6 m. SW. Derby. P. 
 050. 
 
 Bearwood, hamlet, Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 7^ m. W. 
 by S. Leominster, i^ m. S. Pembridge stn. 
 
 Bearwood, eccles. par., Eng., Berks., near Wokingham. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Beas (the anct. Hyphasis of the Greeks, Sanscrit Vipasa), 
 one of the five rivers of the Punjab, rises in the Himalaya Mts. , 
 in Kulu, Kdngra dist. , 13,200 ft. above the sea level, in about 
 31° 50' N., 77° 17' E. ; flows first W. then SW., passing 
 tnrough the Siwilik Hills to the plains of the Punjab, where 
 it becomes navigable for broad flat-bottomed boats, and joins 
 the Sutlej 35 m. SSE. Amritsar, after a course of 290 m. At 20 
 138 
 
 m. above this confluence it has, during August, been found 740 
 yards in width, but in winter it is in most places fordable. 
 
 Beas, vil. and rly. stn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Amritsar, on 
 the r. bk. of the Beas, 26 m. E. by S. Amritsar. 
 
 Beas de Segnra, comra. , Spain, prov. Ja6n, dist. Villacarillo. 
 P. 5900. 
 
 Beast Point, cape, Eng. , on the S. ct. of Cornwall, 3 m. E. 
 Lizard Head. 
 
 Beata, cape, the southernmost point of the I. of Haiti, W. 
 Indies ; also a small island to the SW. of that cape. 
 
 Beath, par. , Scot. , Fifeshire, 5 m. ENE. Dunfermline ; 6345 
 ac. P. 8000. 
 
 Beath, Hill of, vil., Scot., Fifeshire, in B. par. P. < 1000. 
 
 Beatley, hamlet, Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., 7J m. 
 SE. by S. Tamworth, 3^ m. E. Whiteacre June. 
 
 Beaton Fell, upland "tract, Eng., N. Lancashire, 8 m. N, 
 Preston. 
 
 Beatrice, city, U.S., Nebraska, Gage co., on the Big Blue 
 R., 80 m. SW. by S. Omaha. Alt. 1261 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 
 <300o; {1890)13,800. 
 
 Beatrice Gulf, NE. arm of Albert Edward L. , central Africa. 
 
 Beats, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Lincoln- 
 shire, Boston Union, Parts of Holland. P. (of each)<250. 
 
 Beattock, stn., Scot., Dumfriesshire, li m. SSW. Moffat, 
 on the C. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Beatyestonn, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Warren co. , 36 m. W. 
 by N. Newark. P. < 1500. 
 
 j5^<2«, French, 'beautiful.' See Bel. 
 
 Bean Bols, fishing settlement, Newfoimdland, on Placentia 
 Bay, dist. and 4 m. from Burin. 
 
 Beancage, settlement, Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. 
 R. , 374 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Beancalre, tn., France, on the E. border of dep. Gard, on the 
 r. bk. of the Rhone, 10 m. N. Aries, arr. and 13 m. E. Nimes, 
 opposite Tarascon, at the head of the Canal de B. (leading to 
 Aigues-Mortes, 49 m. long) and near an important rly. junc. 
 Its annual fair, instituted in 1217 by Raymond VI. , Count of 
 Toulouse, July 22nd to 28th, is attended by merchants from all 
 parts of Europe and Asia, to the number of 100,000, in former 
 times by much larger numbers. P. (1872) 8800 ; (1891) 7600. 
 
 Beance, co. , Canada, Quebec, crossed by 46° N., 71° W. 
 
 Beauce, dist., France, composed of the calcareous plateau 
 lying to the N. and NW. of the great northerly bend of the 
 Loire, singularly monotonous in character, devoid of wood, 
 trees, springs, and rivers, but very fertile notwithstanding, 
 esf>ecially in cereals, and rich in artificial meadows. B. con- 
 sists of portions of the deps. Eure-et-Loir, Loiret, Loir-et-Cher, 
 and Seine-et-Oise, and is without particular history. 
 
 Beance Junction, rly. stn., Canada, Quebec, Beauce co. , 
 34 m. SSE. Quebec. 
 
 Beanchamp, vil., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 5 m. 
 SE. by E. Taunton, on the G. W. R. 
 
 Beanchamp Compton, par. , Eng. , Berkshire. See Comp- 
 ton, B. 
 
 Beanchamp Roothlng (or B. Rodlng), par., Eng., Essex, 
 Epping div., 8| m. W. by N. Chelmsford, 4 m. NE. by N. 
 Ongar stn. P. < 500. 
 
 Beanchesne, the most southerly of the Falkland Is. 
 
 Bcauehlef, par., Eng., Derbyshire, 3m. SW. Sheffield, with 
 stn. (B. and Abbey Dale) on the M. R. P. <250 ; eccles. par. 
 (B. Abbey) P. <25o. 
 
 Beandesert, par., Eng., Warwickshire, 4 m. from Hatton. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Beandesert, settlement, Australia, Queensland, 47 m. by 
 rail from Brisbane. 
 
 BeandolnvUle, stn. , W. Africa, French Congo Terr. , on the 
 1. bk of the Kwilu, 137 m. NW. by N. Boma, 4° 10' S. , 12° o' E. 
 
 Beaufort, cap)e, N. America, Alaska Terr. , a coaling stn. , in 
 about 69° 6' N. 
 
 Beaufort, tn., France, dep. Jura, 32 m. ESE. Chalon sur 
 Sione, arr. and 9 m. SW. Lons-le-Saulnier. P. < 2000. 
 
 Beaufort, tn. , France, dep. Savoie, 35 m. ENE. Chamb^ry, 
 arr. and 10 m. E. by N. Albertville, with copper and silver-lead 
 mines, and the richest pastures of the dep. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Beaufort, place, Ire., co. Kerry, bar. N. Dunkerron, 4^ m. 
 W. Killarney, with PT.O. 
 
 Beaufort, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the E., on both sides 
 of Pamplico R., N. of 35° N., crossed in the W. by 77° W. 
 
 Beaufort, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, Cartaret co., on Bogue 
 Sound (here defended by Fort Macon), 80 m. ENE. Wilming- 
 ton. P. (1880)209; (i89o)<3ooo. 
 
 Beaufort, co., U.S., S. Carolina, in the extreme S. 
 
 Beaufort, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, B. co., 50 m. SW. by W. 
 Charleston, on Port Royal I. ; a favourite summer resort, with 
 spacious harbour, having 24 ft. of water on the bar; one of the 
 chief places of export of phosphate rock. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Beaufort, tn. , Victoria, Ripon co. , 25 m. WNW. Ballarat. 
 P. <; 2000. 
 
 Beaufort, eccles. par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 8 m. ENE. 
 Merthyr Tydfil, on the L. & NW. R., with coal-mines. P. 6000. 
 
BEAU — BE CA 
 
 Beanfort, co., W. Australia, crossed by 32° S. and 18° E. 
 
 Beanfort-en- Valine, tn., France, dep. Maine-et- Loire, arr. 
 Baug^, 17 m. E. by S. Angers ; carries on sail-making. P. <3000. 
 
 Beaufort West, municip. , Cape Colony, cap. dist. B. W., 
 115 m. W. Graaff-Reinet, on the rly. to Kimberley. Alt. 2850 
 ft. ; rainfall (6 years), 9.17 in. P. < 3000. 
 
 Beangeucy, tn. and riv.-port, France, dep. Loiret, on the 
 r. bk. of the Loire, 20 m. NE. Blois, with manufactories of 
 woollens. B. was a Roman settlement, and in the 7th century 
 was made the site of an abbey. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Beantaarnol8, tn., Canada, Quebec, B. co. , on Lake St. 
 Louis, 21^ m. SW. Montreal. P. < 2000. See St. Lawrence. 
 
 Beanjen, tn., France, dep. Rhone, 27 m. E. by N. Roanne, 
 arr. Villefranche. P. <:3000. 
 
 Beanjolais, France. See Rhone (dep. ). 
 
 Beaallen, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. Montmorency, 4^ m. 
 from Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Beanllea (byu'li), or Bewley, par., Eng., Hampshire, New 
 Forest div. , at the head of the estuary of the Beaullen R., 6| 
 m. SSW. Southampton, 5 m. NE. Lymington stn., PMT.O. ; 
 8632 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Beaullen, tn., France, dep. Corr^ze, arr. Brive, on the 
 Dordogne, 74 m. N. by W. Albi, with lead-mines. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bcanllen, vil., France, dep. Maine-et- Loire, arr. Angers, 
 near Thouarc(5. with coal-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Beanllen, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. Ferrard,on riv. Boyne, 
 2 m. NE. Drogheda ; loii ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Beanly, vil., Scot., Inverness-shire, near the mouth of the 
 riv. Beauly, 7^ m. S. by W. Dingwall, on the H. R. The name 
 is a corruption of the French Beaulieu. P. < 1000. 
 
 Beanly River is the name given to the Glass R. below the 
 influx of the Farrar. It flows NE. into the head of B. Firth, 
 which stretches 7 m. E. and W. , and opens into the head of 
 the Inner Moray Firth at Inverness. 
 
 Beaumaris, mun. bor. (since 1295), par., seapt. tn., and 
 watering-place, Wales, Anglesey, on B. Bay, 2| m NNE. Ban- 
 gor, with steamboat communication with Liverpool, PMT.O. 
 Par. P. < 2000; bor. P. < 2500. See Llandegran. 
 
 Beaumaris Bay, bay, Wales, between Anglesey and the 
 Arfon div. of Carnarvonshire, affords safe anchorage ; exports 
 some of the produce of the copper-mines of Amlwch and the 
 slate-quarries of Penrhyn. 
 
 Beanmes, vil. , Switzd. See Baulmes. 
 
 Beaumont, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 15 m. SW. by S. 
 Charleroi ; iron foundries and marble quarries near. P. < 3000. 
 
 Beaumont, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. Bellechasse, on S. 
 shore of St. Lawrence, 9 m. below Quebec. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Beaumont (bi'mont), par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 
 on the Eden, 4 m. NW. by W. Carlisle, i m. NW. Kirkandrews 
 stn. P. <soo. See Klrkandrews-on-Eden. 
 
 Beaumont Chase, par., Eng., Rutland, i^m. from Upping- 
 ham. P. <250. 
 
 Beaumont Leys, par., Eng., co. and 2 m. N. Leicester. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Beaumont-'wlth-llloze, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 7 m. 
 SW. Harwich, 2 m. N. by W. Thorpe stn., P.O. (Beaumont). 
 P. <Soo. 
 
 Beaumont (la FerrK^re), vil., France, dep. Nifevre, arr. 
 Cosne, 14 m. N. by E. Nevers, with iron and steel works. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Beaumont, vil., Jersey, near St. Helier, with PM.O. 
 
 Beaumont, city, U.S., Texas, Jefferson co., on the Neches 
 R., 80 m. ENE. Houston. P. < 4000. 
 
 Beauniont-de-IiOmagne, tn. , France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, 
 arr. Castlesarrasin, 20 m. WSW. Montauban. P. < 4000. 
 
 Beaumont-Hague, vil., France, dep. Manche, arr. and 10 m. 
 W. by N. Cherbourg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Beaumont-snr-Sarthe, tn. , France, dep. Sarthe, arr. 
 Mamers, 14 m. S. Alencon. P. < 2000. 
 
 Beaumont-sur-Vlngeanne, vil., France, dep. Cote-d'Or, 
 arr. Dijon, near Mirebeau, with iron-mine. P. <:2000. 
 
 Beauue, an anct. tn. of France, dep. Cote-d'Or, cap. arr., at 
 the foot of the Cote-d'Or Mts. , on railway, 23 m. SSW. Dijon, 
 with large trade in Burgundy wines ; those raised on the hill 
 above the town being in high repute. • Alt. 720 ft. P. 12,500. 
 
 Beaupark, seat and rly. stn.. Ire., NE. co. Meath, bar. 
 Lower Duleek, 5^ m. NE. by E. Navan, PT.O. 
 
 Beauport, vil., Canada, Quebec, on the 1. bk. of R. St. 
 Lawrence, co. and 3^ m NNE. Quebec. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Beanpr^. See Loyalty Is. 
 
 Beaupreau, tn. , France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, arr. Cholet, 
 on the Evre, 27 m. E. Nantes. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Beauralng, tn. , Belgium, prov. and 24 m. S. Namur. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Beauregard Islands, small gfroup, Canada, prov. Quebec, 
 in St. Lawrence R. , about 20 m. below Montreal. 
 
 Beanrepaire, tn., France, on the W. border of dep. Is^re, 
 on the Dolon, arr. and 16 m. SE. by S. Vienne. P. <30oo. 
 
 Beaurlvage River, Canada, Quebec, flows N. into the 
 R. Chaudi^re, about 71° 25' W. 
 
 Beausale, par., Eng., co. and 4 m. N. Warwick. P, <250. 
 
 Beausejour, rly. stn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the 
 C. P. R., 1388 m. by rail W. Montreal, 36 m. E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Beautiful Valley, or Wilmington, tn., S. Australia, co. 
 Frome, 30 m. from Augusta. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Beauvals (anciently cap. of the Bellovaci), cap. dep. Oise, 
 France, on the Th^rain, 34 m. SSW. Amiens. It was formerly 
 fortified and held by the English from 1420 to 1430, when, after 
 the victory of Joan of Arc at Gerberoy, they were expelled along 
 with the Bishop of B. , who in 1431 presided over the court that 
 condemned her as a sorceress ; defended against Charles the 
 Bold by the female inhabitants under Jeanne Fouquet, sur- 
 named J. Hachette, in 1472. It has manufactures of tapestry 
 in the Gobelin style, and other woollen manufactures, &c. P. 
 19,400. 
 
 Beauvolr-sur-Mer, tn., France, dep. Vendue, arr. Les Sables 
 d'Olonne, near the W. ct., 26 m. SSE. St. Nazaire. P. <20oo. 
 
 Beauworth (locally, byu' worth or bo'worth), par., Eng., 
 Hampshire, Petersfield div., 6^ m. ESE. Winchester, 4 m. S. 
 by W. Alresford stn. P. <2S0. See Kllmeston. 
 
 Beaver, riv., Canada, Ontario, Grey co., flows N. into Notta- 
 wasaga Bay, about 80° 30' W. 
 
 Beaver, place, with P.O., Eng., Kent, i m. from Ashford. 
 
 Beaver, riv., LJ.S., New York, in the NW., flows W. to the 
 Black R. , in about 43° 50' N. 
 
 Beaver, riv., U.S., Pennsylvania, in the W., it rises in 
 Crawford co. in the NW. of the state, and flows S. to the 
 Ohio, which it joins on the r. bk. at Rochester, 21 m. NW. 
 Allegheny. 
 
 Beaver, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, B. co. , on the Ohio, 2 m. 
 below the mouth of B. Riv., 22 m. NW. Allegheny. P. <20oo. 
 
 Beaver, vil., U.S., Utah, B. co., 117 m. NE. of the SW. 
 corner of the terr. P. < 1500. 
 
 Beaver Brook, or Germanto^vn, vil. , Canada, New Bruns- 
 wick, on Shepody Bay (head of Bay of Fundy). P. < 1500. 
 
 Beaver Cove, vil. , Canada. See Bolsdale. 
 
 Beaver Creek, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Logan co., 
 64 m. SE. by E. Bismarck. 
 
 Beaverdam, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Dodge co., 55 m. NW. 
 by W. Milwaukee. P. < 5000. 
 
 Beaver Falls, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Beaver co., on 
 Beaver R. , 25 m. NW. Allegheny. Manufacturing place, with 
 coal in vicinity. P. (1880) 5100 ; (1890) 9700. 
 
 Beaver Harbour, vil., Canada, in the S. of New Brunswick, 
 CO. Charlotte. P. < 1500. 
 
 Beaver Head, co., U.S., Montana, in SW. corner of state. 
 
 Beaver Hill Lake, Canadian NW. Terrs., crossed by 54° 
 N., and at its E. end by 95° W. 
 
 Beaver Hills, a plateau or hilly tract, Canada, in the NE. 
 of Assiniboia. 
 
 Beaver Hills, a plateau or hilly tract, Canada, dist. Alberta, 
 between Beaver Lake and its outlet on the E., and the N. 
 Fork of the Saskatchewan on the W. 
 
 Beaver Islands, a group, U.S., Michigan, Manitou co., in 
 the N. of Lake Michigan, in 45° 25'-5o' N. 
 
 Beaver Lake, lake, Canada, dist. Alberta, about 17 m. long N. 
 to S., drained N. into the N. Fork of the Saskatchewan, about 
 30 m. below Edmonton. B. L. Settlement is on the E. side 
 of the lake. 
 
 Beaver Meado>vs, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Carbon co. , 12 
 m. NW. Mauch Chunk (by rail). P. < 1500. 
 
 Beaver Mouth, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, 
 on the C. P. R. , about 117° 40' W., 1035 m. by rail from 
 Winnipeg, 447 m. from Vancouver. 
 
 Beaver Tall, cape, U.S., Rhode I., Newport co., at the S. 
 end of Conanicut 1., in 41° 26' N., 71° 24' W. 
 
 Beaverton, vil., Canada, Ontario, Ontario co. , on the E. 
 side of Lake Simcee, 56 m. NNE. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Besttvar, tn. , Brit. India, .Ajmere-Merw4rd, 35 m. SW. by S. 
 Ajmere. P. 21,000. 
 
 Beaworthy (bi'worthy), par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock 
 div., 13 m. NE. by N. Launceston, x\ m. ESE. Halwill June, 
 PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Beban-el-9Ialuk. See Luxor. 
 
 Bebawan Pass, Morocco. See Blbawan. 
 
 Bebek, vil. , Turkey in Europe, on the Bosporus, 5 m. NE. 
 by N. Constantinople, with biscuit-bakery for the Turkish fleet. 
 
 Bebedero, lagoon impregnated with salt, Argentine Rep., 
 prov. and 30 m. SW. San Luis. 
 
 Beblngton, Lower, par., Eng., Cheshire, W^irral div., 3 m. 
 S. Birkenhead, on the L. & NW. R. P. <450o. 
 
 Beblngton, Higher, par., Eng., adjoining B. P. 5200. 
 
 Bebra, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 27 m. SSE. 
 Kassel, on the r. bk. of the Fulda. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bebslde, par., Eng., Northumberland, 5^ m. ESE. Morpeth, 
 included in pari. bor. Morpeth, on the NE. R.,PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Becancour, tn., Canada, Quebec, Nicolet co., 66 m. WSW. 
 Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Becancour, riv., Canada, Quebec, rises in Beauce co., and 
 flows W. then NW. into the St. Lawrence. 
 
 139 
 
BECC 
 
 B E D A 
 
 Becdes, par., mun. bor., and market-tn., Eng., Suffolk, on 
 R. VVaveney (here navigable for vessels of loo tons), div. and 
 8 m. W. Lowestoft, on the G. E. R., with large printing works. 
 It has an interesting church, a large common and fen or marsh 
 lands, 940 ac. in extent, the income from which belongs to the 
 corporation. Market-day, F. P. < 6700. 
 
 Becconsall, par. , Eng. See I£esketh. 
 
 BecerreA, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. Lugo, 70 m. E. 
 Santiago. P. 8100. 
 
 B^cherel, vil. , France, dep. lUe-et-Vilaine, arr. Montfort, 
 18 m. NW. Rennes, with mineral springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bechthetm, vil., Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse, 7 m. NNW. 
 Worms. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bechnana-land (usually spelt in accordance with a practice 
 which the English of S. Africa have learnt from the Dutch, 
 Bechuanaland), vast terr. in S. Africa, inhabited chiefly by the 
 Kaffir race of the Bechuanas, who settled here after being driven 
 from homes further E. by the Zulus. It extends from Cape 
 Colony in the S. , to the wedge of German terr. bounded by the 
 parallel of 18° S. and the riv. Chobe, and from the frontier of 
 German SW. Africa (Great Namaqua-land, Damara-land, and 
 Ovampo-land) in the W. , to the Orange Free State and Mata- 
 bili-land on the E. An arbitrary boundary has been drawn on 
 maps in the NE. from the confluence of the Chobe and Zambezi 
 to a point on the Shashi below Tati, that river forming the 
 remainder of the boundary between Bechuana-land and Mata- 
 biU-land to a point near Fort Tuli ; but in the N. this boundary 
 runs through the terr. of one of the chief Bechuana tribes, the 
 Bamangwato, who occupy land to the S. of the Zambezi below 
 the Victoria Falls. The whole area is now under British ad- 
 ministration or protection, the area to the S. of the rivs. Molopo 
 and Nosob forming a British crowoi colony, the remainder a 
 protectorate. The B. Cro'wn Colony was established by royal 
 proclamation in 1885 as far as the Molopo, and in 1891 it was 
 extended westwards to the meridian of 20° E. , as far N. as the 
 Nosob. It consists of a plateau ranging in the E. from 3200- 
 4200 ft. above sea-level, with a gradual slope towards the W. 
 and SW. In the E. there is a rainfall of about 25 in. annually, 
 which is adequate for tillage even without irrigation (principal 
 crops, maize or mealies, and millet), but the rainfall diminishes 
 rapidly towards the W. [Kalabarl], so that there are now no 
 permanent rivers beyond about 23 E. Even in the rains the 
 Molopo does not reach beyond about 24^° E. The remainder of 
 the so-called Molopo is merely a dry water-course with occa- 
 sional water-holes, and such also is the character of the Nosob, 
 Oup, and Hyghab, the last being the name of the water-course 
 inclined southwards below the junction of the Molopo and 
 Nosob. There are, however, extensive stores of underground 
 water, likely in the future to afford the means of considerably 
 increasing the cultivated area. Apart from the inadequate 
 rainfall, the climate is one of the best in the world, at least 
 for man. Horse-sickness causes tremendous mortality among 
 horses, but the country is well adapted for cattle-ranching, 
 and the Cape sheep and common goat thrive. At present 
 the terr. is mostly unsuited for the merino sheep. Gold has 
 been discovered in the neighbourhood of Vryburg and Ma- 
 feking. Vryburg, the seat of govt, of the colony, is the pre- 
 sent terminus of the Cape railway system, which is now being 
 extended to Mafeking. Since the terr. came under British ad- 
 ministration it has been thrown open to settlement by Euro- 
 peans, but large areas have been set apart as native reserves. 
 The three principal Bechuana tribes are the Batlapin, or Batlap- 
 ing (cap. Taungs), Barolong (cap. Mafeking), and Batkro (cap. 
 Kuruman). In the W. of the colony the Bakalahari (known to 
 Europeans by the nickname of Vaalpense) live in a state of com- 
 plete subjection to their Bechuanalords. TheNW. isinhabitedby 
 a mixed race, known as Bastards, who immigrated from the Cajje 
 Colony. For administrative purposes the colony is divided into six 
 divs. , namely Taungs, Vryburg, and Mafeking, on the E. border, 
 in that order from S. to N. ; Kuruman in the middle, Gordonia in 
 the SW. , and Mier in the N W. Area about 60,800 sq. m. P. 
 (1891) 60,400, of whom 5200 were of European origin (including 
 Boers), about 48,000 inhabitants of the Bechuana native reserves, 
 and the remainder (7500) Hottentots, Kaffirs, Malays, and 
 others not belonging to the native reserves. The B. Pro- 
 tectorate is on the whole similar in physical features and 
 climate to the crown colony, but in the N., where the terr. 
 includes Lake Ngami, the Zuga (or Botletli) R. , and the great 
 Makarikari salt-pan, the slope is towards the E. It includes 
 the goldfields of Tati in the E. All kinds of S. African game 
 were formerly found here in great abundance, but their numbers 
 have greatly diminished in recent years. The principal tribes 
 are the Bamangwato (cap. Palapye, or Palachwe), the Bakhatla, 
 or Bakathlu (cap. Mochudi), the Bakwena (cap. Molopolole), 
 the Bangwaketese (cap. Kanye), and the Bamaluti (cap. Ram- 
 outsa). Area about 386,000 sq. m. P. unknown. 
 
 Beck, 'brook.' See Bach. 
 
 Beckbnry, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 16^ m. NNW, 
 Kidderminster, 5 m. S. by E. Shiffnal, P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Beckenham, par. and tn., Eng., Kent, 2 m. W. Bromley, 
 140 
 
 on the L. C. & D. R., with two stns. (B. and B. HIU). 
 P. 20,700. 
 
 Beckenried, vil. , Sw itzd. , cant. Unterwalden (nid dem Wald), 
 on the S. side of the Lake of Lucerne, 10 m. SE. by E. Lucerne; 
 noted for its cheese {Mayenzieger). P. < 2000. 
 
 Becker, co., U.S., Minnesota, in the W., crossed by 47° N., 
 and in the W. by 96° W. 
 
 Beckermet, St. Bridget, par., Eng., Cumberland, Egre- 
 mont div., on the Ellen, 8| m. SSE. Whitehaven; 5063 ac. 
 P.-C750. 
 
 Beckermet, St. John, a par. adjoining St. B. B. on the 
 N., with a stn. (Beckermet) on the L. & NW. R., PM.O. 
 P.<:75o. 
 
 Beckermoud, locality, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the 
 extreme N. of the Skipton div., on the Wharfe, 23 m. ESE. 
 Kendal, 7 m. E. by N. Ribblehead stn. 
 
 Becket, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co., 26 m. 
 WNVV. Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Beckfoot, rly. stn., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., on 
 the Duddon, 14 m. N. Barrow. 
 
 Beckfoot, hamlet, Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on the 
 NW. ct., 8^ m. NNE. Maryport, 3 m. SSW. Black Dyke stn. 
 
 Beckfoot, Low, hamlet, Eng., Westmorland, on the Lune, 
 div. and 9^ m. SE. Kendal, i m. S. by W. Barbon stn. 
 
 Beckford, par. and vil., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury 
 div., 5 m. ENE. Tewkesbury, on the M. R., PMT.O. P. 
 <:5oo; eccles. par. (B. with Ashton-under-Hill). P. < 1000. 
 
 Beckbam, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Norfolk, N. div., 5 m. W. by S. Cromer, i m. SW. Shering- 
 ham stn. B. East, P. <;25o; B. West, P. <5oo. 
 
 Beckbanipton, tithing, Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., lo^ 
 m. SSW. Swindon, 6J m. W. Marlborough stn. 
 
 Beckliolm, Biickliolm, small rocky isL , Sweden, close to 
 Stockholm, with large warehouses for pitch and tar. 
 
 Becklugham, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Stamford div., on 
 the Witham, 5 m. E. Newark, 3 m. NNE. Claypole stn., 
 P.O. P. <:50o; eccles. par. (B. wltb Straggletborpe and 
 Fenton) P. <5oo. 
 
 Becklngbam, par., Eng., Notts., Bassetlaw div., 2^ m. 
 WNW. Gainsborough, on the G. E. & G. N. Joint Rly., P.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Becklngton, par. and vil., Eng., Somerset, div. and 3 
 m. NE. by N. Frome, PMT.O. P. < 1000; eccles. par. (B. 
 irltb Standerwlck) P. <iooo. 
 
 Bcckley, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 4^ m. 
 NE. O.xford, P.O. P.<500. 
 
 Beckley, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 5 m. NW. by W. 
 Rye, PMT.O.; 5620 ac. P.<isoo. 
 
 Beck Row, hamlet, Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 9 m. 
 NNE. Newmarket, z^m. NNW. Mildenhall stn. , P.O. 
 
 Beckton, part of Woolwich bor., Eng., Kent, on the 1. or 
 Essex bk. of the Thames, 8 m. E. St. Paul's, London, on the 
 G. E. R. 
 
 Becknm, par., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Arns- 
 berg, with iron mines and foundries. P. < 3000. 
 
 Becknm, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphaha, in circle B., 
 30 m. NE. by E. Dortmund, with important limestone beds. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Beckvllle, vil., U.S., Texas, Panola co., 43 m. WSW. 
 Shreveport (La). P. < 1500. 
 
 Beckwltb, rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, co. Lanark, 35 m. 
 from Ottawa. 
 
 Beckwltb Island, Canada, prov. Ontario, Simcoe co., in 
 the SE. of Georgian Bay. 
 
 Beckwlttasbaw, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, 3 m. from 
 Harrogate, with P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Becse, <J, vil. , Hungary, prov. Bdcs Bodrog, on the r. bk. 
 of the Theiss, 45 m. S. by W. Szeged. It is now proposed to 
 construct a large vdnter harbour here, and to make it the 
 terminus of the Franzens canal. P. 17,000. 
 
 Becse, Torok (German, Tiirklscb-Becse), vil., Hungary, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Theiss, in prov. Torontal, 5 m. ESE. 
 of 6 Becse. P. 7300. 
 
 Bectlvc, par., Ire., co. Meath, bar Upper Navan, 4 m. S. 
 Navan, on the Midland G. W. R. B. Abbey, a fine ruin, is 2 
 m. SW., PT.O.; 3383 ac. P. <500. 
 
 Bedale, par. and market-tn., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Richmond div., 9^ m. SE. by S. Richmond, on the NE. R. 
 Market-day, Tu. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (B. wltb Bnrrlll) 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 Bedanga, tn., India, Bengal, dist. MurshidAbdd, in about 
 23° 56' N. , 88° 18' E. P. 5500. 
 
 BMar, comm., Spain, in E. of prov. Almeria, dist. Vera. 
 Important mines of red hematite. A railway is projected from 
 the mines to the small port of Garrucha. P. <4jooo. 
 
 BMarleax, tn. , France, dep. H6rault, arr. and 19 m. N. 
 bv W. B6ziers, with glass manufactures and copper-smelting at 
 Clairac, near the town. P. 5900. 
 
 B^darrldes, tn., France, dep. Vaucluse, arr. Avignon, 8 m. 
 SE. by S. Orange. P. <2000. 
 
BEDA — BEDN 
 
 Bed&wlnj, Bedaweens. See Bednlna. 
 
 Bedbnrdyk, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Diisseldorf, 
 circle and dist. Grevenbroich. P. <4000. 
 
 Bedbnrg, mining, manufacturing, and market tn., Prussia, 
 Rhine Prov., on R. Erft, 17 m. W. by N. Cologne. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bedbnrn, North, par. , Eng. , 2 m. E. by N. of South B. , close 
 to Witton-le-Wear stn.; 2858 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Bedbnrn, Sonth, par. , Eng. , Durham, Barnard Castle div. , on 
 the Bed Bnru, a small trib. of the Wear, 7 m. W. by N. Bishop 
 Auckland, 3 m. W. Witton-le-Wear stn.; 10,046 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Bedbnry, hamlet, Eng., Essex, div. and 3 m. NE. Col- 
 chester, close to Ardleigh stn. 
 
 Bedclster, hamlet, Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 13^ m. E. 
 Sherborne, 4 m. ENE. Sturminster stn. 
 
 ' Bedd,' Welsh, ' a grave.' 
 
 Beddadanol, vil., Brit. India, Madras Presidency, dist. 
 Godavari, 38 m. N W. Rajamahendri ; centre of a coal-bearing 
 formation. P. <20oo. 
 
 Beddgelert, par. and vil. , Wales, on the SE. border of Car- 
 narvonshire and Merionethshire, Eifion div., on the Glas Llyn, 
 near the Pass of Aberglasslyn, at the foot of Snowdon, 6 m. 
 N. by E. Portmadoc, PMT.O.; 26.060 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Beddlcote, hamlet, Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury div., 2 m. 
 S. by E. Banbury. 
 
 Beddiiighain, par., Eng., Sussex, P.O. P. <soo. See 
 Fine, West. 
 
 Beddlugton, par. and vil., Eng., Surrey, Wimbledon div., 
 I m. W. Croydon, with stn. (B. Lane) on the L. B. & S. C. R. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Beddington Corner, locality, Eng., Surrey, Wimbledon 
 div., 9 m. SSW. St. Paul's, London, ^ m. S. Mitcham June. 
 
 Beddington, Soath, vil., Eng., Surrey, in B. par., PM.O. 
 
 BMellhac, or BMellbac-et-Aynat, vil., France, dep. 
 Ari^ge, arr. Foix, 5 m. NW. Tarascon, on R. Ariege, with 
 many vast stalactite caves. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bedeqne Harbour, Canada, Prince Edward I. , on the SW. 
 ct. , in 46° 20' N. , 63° 48' W. 
 
 Bederkesa, vil. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, 26 m. W. Stade, on 
 Lake B., which is drained by a stream connected with the 
 Geeste canal. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bedfield, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 14 m. NNE. Ipswich, 
 P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Bedfont, East, par. , Eng. , Middlesex, Uxbridge div. , 3 m. 
 ENE. Staines, i\ m. ENE. Ashford stn., PMT.O. P.<20oo. 
 
 Bedford, vil., Canada, Quebec, Missisquoi co. , 40 m. SE. 
 Montreal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bedford, rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, co. Addington, 30 m. 
 from Kingston. 
 
 Bedford, municip. , Cape Colony, cap. dist. B., 75 m. W. by 
 N. King William's Town. P. <i50o. 
 
 Bedford, isl.. South Pacific, in 21° 18' 30" S., 136° 38' W. 
 It is low and wooded, a coral reef, enclosing a lagoon. 
 
 Bedford (called by the British Lettuydier, or Liswidur, 
 and by the Saxons Bedicanford, both names signifying ' a 
 resting-place for wayfarers,' or 'inns upon a ford'), mun. and 
 pari. bor. (i member), and par. , Eng. , cap. Bedfordshire, on both 
 sides of the Ouse, 45 m. NNW. London, with stns. on the M. R. 
 and branch line of the L. & NW. R. B. has a large manufac- 
 tory of agricultural implements. B. was incorporated by Henry 
 II. In Saxon times there was a monastery in the town, where 
 Offa was buried, and there are remains of two other monasteries. 
 B. has many educational endowments and other charitable 
 institutions, many of which are supported by a bequest of Sir 
 W. Harpur, Lord Mayor of London in 1561. The town con- 
 tains many memorials of John Banyan (who was born in the 
 neighbouring village of Elstow), one of which is Boehm's fine 
 bronze statue of him on St. Peter's Green. The site of the gaol 
 in which Bunyan was imprisoned, and where he wrote his 
 ' Pilgrim's Progress,' is now occupied by houses. The Bunyan 
 (Congregational) Chapel, at the entrance to which are a pair of 
 massive bronze doors, their ten panels, by F. Thrupp, illustrat- 
 ing passages in the ' Pilgrim's Progress,' occupies the same site 
 as that in which he often preached ; his chair is in the vestry, 
 P. (1871) 16,850; (1891) 28,000. 
 
 Bedfordsblre, inland co. , Eng., enclosed by the cos, 
 Northampton, Huntingdon, Cambridge, Herts, and Bucks ; 
 divided into the following pari. divs. : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 189 1. 
 
 Northern, or Biggleswade 
 Southern, or Luton .... 
 Bedford, pari, borough 
 
 201,419 
 
 94.852 
 2,223 
 
 64.457 
 68,224 
 28,023 
 
 Total (anct and administrative co.) 
 
 298,494 
 
 160,704 
 
 Surface generally level, or slightly undulating, except in the S. , 
 where it is traversed by the chalk range of the Luton and Dun- 
 stable Downs, a continuation of the Chiltern Hills from Buck- 
 inghamshire. To the N, of these downs, which are chiefly used 
 
 as sheep-walks, greensand and gault stretch from Leighton 
 Buzzard to Potton (SW. to NE.), and in the higher parts of 
 this dist. the soil is poor, though the sands of the greensand 
 formation contribute greatly to the fertility of the market-gardens 
 in the valley of the Ivel. The remainder of the county, including 
 the Vale of Bedford, one of the finest corn- producing dists. in 
 the kingdom, and containing deposits of a rich and gravelly 
 loam, on the river banks is mainly oolitic. For principal crops 
 and live stock see Appendix, pp. 7-9. Principal rivers, Ouse, 
 Ivel, and Lea. Phosphate of lime is found at Potton, Sandy 
 Heath, and Leighton Buzzard ; stone and silver sand at Leigh- 
 ton Buzzard ; and fullers' earth at Apsley Heath and Woburn 
 Sands. Principal manufactures, straw plait for bonnets, and 
 pillow lace (the latter has greatly declined), and matting made 
 from the rushes of the Ouse. B. is in the Midland circuit and 
 diocese of Ely. Principal towns, Bedford, Biggleswade, Leigh- 
 ton Buzzard, Dunstable, and Luton. The county is intersected 
 by the G. N. R. , M. R. and branches, and branch lines of the 
 L. & NW. R. In Saxon times the county was included in the 
 kingdom of Mercia. See England, table. 
 
 Bedford, par., Eng., Lancashire, 6 m. SE. by E. Wigan, on 
 the Bridgwater Canal, ^ m. E. Leigh stn., PM.O. P. 9500; 
 eccles, par. (B. Leigh) P. 9000. 
 
 Bedford, city, U.S., Indiana, Lawrence co., 61 m. S. by W. 
 Indianapolis. Important quarries of limestone similar to the 
 Portland stone. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bedford, tn., U.S., Iowa, Taylor co., 76 m. SE. by E. 
 Omaha, Neb. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bedford, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 15 m. 
 NW. Boston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bedford, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Hillsborough co. , on 
 Merrimac R. , 21 m. S. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bedford, vil., U.S., Ohio, Cuyahoga co., 14 m. SE. Cleve- 
 land by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bedford, co. , U.S., Pennsylvania, S. frontier, E. of 79° W. 
 
 Bedford, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, B. co., on Roystown 
 branch of the Juniata R., 85 m. W. by S. Harrisburg, with 
 mineral springs. P, <3000. 
 
 Bedfonl, CO., U.S., Tennessee, crossed by 35^° N., 86^° W. 
 
 Bedford (formerly Liberty), city, U.S., Virginia, cap. of B. 
 CO., 25 m. W. by S. Lynchburg by rail. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bedford Basin, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, at the head of 
 Halifax Harbour. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Bedford Bay, Canada. See Glenaladale. 
 
 Bedford Circus, par., Eng., Devonshire, Exeter Union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Bedford Level, dist. , Eng. , including the isle of Ely, in co. 
 Cambridge; Peterboro' Fen, Northamptonshire; the parts of 
 Holland in Lincolnshire ; about 60,000 ac. in Huntingdonshire, 
 63,000 in Norfolk, and 30,000 in Suffolk, in all 400,000 ac. , com- 
 prising most of the ' Fens,' a marshy flat, intersected by the Nene, 
 Cam, Ouse, and Welland rivers. The Romans formed an im- 
 mense embankment here, which excluded the tide, and rendered 
 the dist. for a time very fertile, until the sluices became choked, 
 and the level was gradually converted into one vast morass, in- 
 creased by inundations of the sea in the 13th century. Various 
 attempts were made to drain it in the reigns of Henry VI. and 
 Charles I., and it was finally reclaimed in the 17th century, 
 mainly by Sir Cornelius Vermuyden at the charge of the Earl 
 of Bedford in 1649-52. The sea again burst the barriers in 1863, 
 when 10,000 ac. were submerged, but the drainage was restored 
 by Mr. Hawkshaw. This tract produces fine crops of grain. 
 
 Bedford Ne^w Town, part of eccles. par., Eng., London. 
 See St. Pancras. 
 
 Bedgbnry, hamlet, Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 9 m. ESE. 
 Tunbridge Wells, 5 m. E. Wadhurst stn. 
 
 Bedhampton, par. and vil., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield 
 div., on Langston Harbour, 6 m. NE. Portsmouth, i m. W. 
 Havant stn., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Bedingfleld, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Eye div. , 15 m. N. Ipswich, 
 with P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bedlngham, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 10 m. S. by E. 
 Norwich, 4 m. NW. by W. Bungay stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bedllngton, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the Blyth, 4 
 m. SE. by E. Morpeth, included in the pari. bor. of Morpeth, 
 on the NE. R.; 8470 ac. P. 17,000. With urban sanitary dist. 
 known as Bedlingtonshlre, identical with par. of B. 
 
 Bedllngton Colliery, vil., Eng., Northumberland, 2 m. 
 from Bedhngton, with PM.O. 
 
 Bedllnog, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, 3 m. from Troe- 
 dyrhiw, on the G. W. and Rhymney Joint Rly., PM.O. 
 
 Bedloe's Island, U.S. , in New York harbour, with a colossal 
 statue of Liberty, presented by France to the U.S. 
 
 Bedminster, par. and suburb of Bristol, Eng. , in the S. div. , 
 on the G. W. R. , with blast-furnaces ; 4167 ac. P. 54.200. 
 
 Bcdmont, vil. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, Watford div. , 4 m. SW. 
 by W. St. Albans, 2 m. NW. Bricket Wood stn., P.O. 
 
 BednaU, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 4I m. SSE. 
 Stafford, 2^ m. SSW. Milford and Brocton stn., P.O. See 
 Acton and Acton Trnssell. 
 
 141 
 
BEDO— BEGA 
 
 Bedoula, comni., Italy, Emilia, prov. Parma, 29 m. NNW. 
 Spezia. P. 6000. 
 
 Bedoniia, Manchuria. See Petiina. 
 
 Bedous, comm. and vil. , France, dep. Basses- Pyr^n^es, arr.and 
 12 m. S. Oloron, last post-house on the route to Spain. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Bed-pak-dala, desert, central Asia. See Akuiolinsk. 
 
 Bedreli>clial, riv. , Asia Minor. See Gok-sn. 
 
 Bedreli, to. , Asiatic Turkey, 87 m. E. by S. Bagdad. 
 
 Bedretto, vil., Switzd., cant. Ticino, on the R. Ticino, on 
 the S. side of the St. Gothard, 5 m. WSW. Airolo. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Bedrnle, par. and hamlet, Scot., Roxburghshire, 3^ m. 
 WSW. Jedburgh ; par. 3917 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Bedstone, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 18 m. SE. by E. 
 Newtown, i| m. SSW. Hopton Heath stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bed'ulus, Bedouins, Beda^rlns, Bedaweens, the name 
 applied to the pastoral and nomadic Arabs as distinguished 
 from those who practise agriculture. Properly the singular form 
 is Beduin, or Bedawin, the plural Bedui, or Bedawi. 
 
 Bedoju, comm., Holland, prov. Groningen, 6 m. N. by E. 
 Groningen. P. 5000. 
 
 Bedw, Cymric; beith, Gaelic; beawen, Welsh; 'birch tree.' 
 
 BedM-as, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 9^ m. W. 
 by N. Newport, on the Brecon and Merthyr Rly., with coal, 
 PM.O.; 4195 ac. P. < 200c; eccles. par. (B. Mltli Knddry) 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 Bedwellty, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, W. div., ■/\ m. W. 
 Pontypool, containing the mining vils. of Rhj'mney and Sirhowy, 
 and part of Ebbw Vale, the church close to Aberbargoed stn., 
 4 m. S. B. Pits stn., on the L. & NW. R.; 16,244 ac. P- 39. 000 1 
 tn. (urban sanitary dist.) P. 6800; eccles. par. (B. wltlk 
 Blackwood) P. < 5000. 
 
 Bed-.cen, Welsh, ' birch tree.' See Bedw. 
 
 BedMin, Great, or Bedwyu Magna, par. and tn., Eng., 
 Wilts., Devizes div., on the Avon, 15 m. SE. by S. Swindon, 
 with a stn. (Bedwin) on the G. W. R., PM.O. Market-day, 
 Tu. Par. 9933 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bedwin, Little, or Bedwyu Parva, par. , i J m. NE. Great 
 B. ; 4343 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bedwortli, par. and tn., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton 
 div., 5I m. N. by E. Coventry, on the L. & NW. R., with coal 
 and iron. Market-day, S. P. 5500. 
 
 Bedzlu (Russian Bcudiu), tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 
 80 m. SSW. Piotrkow, near to the Austrian frontier. Crown 
 zinc works. P. 9600. 
 
 Bee, CO., U.S., Texas, in the S., to the N. of 28° N., and 
 crossed in the W. by 98° W. 
 
 Beeby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 5^ m. ENE. 
 Leicester, 2^ m. NNE. Thumby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Beechamtrell, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 12 m. SE. by 
 S. King's Lynn, 5 m. WSW. Swaffham stn. , PM.O. (Beacliant- 
 well). P. <soo; eccles. par. (B. witli Sliingbam) P. <5oo. 
 
 Beecbbnm, stn., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., on 
 the NE. R., 2,1 m- WNW. Bishop Auckland. 
 
 Beechdale, hamlet, Eng., Staffordshire, on the border of the 
 W. div. , 5 m. SSW. Stoke-upon-Trent, 2J m. W. Barlaston stn. 
 
 Beectaey, islet, N. America, in the Arctic Archipelago, in 
 the Barrow Strait, in about 74° 43' N., 91° 54' W. Franklin 
 wintered here in 1845, and memorials have been erected on it 
 to the members of this and a later e.^pedition of the British 
 government, as well as a marble tablet in memory o^ Lieut. 
 Bellot,. who perished in a British expedition in 1853. Mean 
 temp. (2 yrs., 1852-54), yr. 3.8° F., Jan. -33.5°, July 39.0°. 
 
 Beecbey, cape and bay, N. America, N. ct. Alaska. 
 
 Beecb Hill, par., Eng., Berkshire, 2 m. from Mortimer, with 
 P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Beecbtng Stoke, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 15 m. 
 E. Trowbridge, 2 m. W. Woodborough stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Beecb Lanes, place, Eng., Staffordshire, 2 m. from Har- 
 borne, with P.O. 
 
 Beeehwortb, tp. and rly. stn., Victoria, Bogong co., 25 m. 
 SW. by S. Albury, New South Wales ; chief town of the Ovens 
 gold-fields. Alt. 1783 ft.; mean temp., yr. 55.2° F., Jan. 69.7°, 
 July 41.0° ; rainfall (4 yrs.), 29.29 in. P. <3000. 
 
 Beeck, comm., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 12J m. W. by 
 N. Essen, 2 m. N. Ruhrort. P. 6300. 
 
 Beeck, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Erkelenz, dist. 
 Wegberg. P. <40oo. 
 
 Beeding, Lower, par., Eng., Sussex, 5 m. NE. Horsham, 
 PMT.O.; 10,153 ac. P.<iSoo. 
 
 Beeding, I'pper, or Sele, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Lewes div. , 7^ m. 
 NW. by W. Brighton, 2 m. SE. Steyning stn., PM.O. P. <750. 
 
 Beedon, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 7 m. N. by E. 
 Newbury, 3 m. NW. Hampstead Norris stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Beef Island, a small isl., W. Indies, one of the Brit. Virgin 
 Is. , separated by a strait from Tortola. 
 
 Beeford, par. Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 t6§ m. N. by E. Hull, 4^ m. SSE. Lowthorpe stn., PM.O. P. < 
 750 ; eccles. par. (B. wjtth Dnnnlngton) P. <iooo. 
 
 Beeleigb Abbey, hamlet, Eng., Essex, Maldon div., on the 
 Chelmer, li m. NW. by W. Maldon, close to Langford stn. 
 142 
 
 Beeley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 5 m. NNW. Mat- 
 lock, I m. NNE. Rowsley stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Beelitz, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 21 m. SE. 
 by E. Brandenburg. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Beelsby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Brigg div., 7 m. SW. 
 Great Grimsby, 5^ m. W. Holton le Clay stn. P. <250. 
 
 Beeniab, riv., India. See Bbinia. 
 
 Beenister, comm.,* Holland, the largest of the polders, or 
 drained grounds, 28.2 sq. m., prov. N. Holland, 7 m. SE. by 
 E. Alkmaar. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Beenbaiu, par., Eng., Berkshire, Newbury div., 8 m. WSW. 
 Reading, i m. NW. Aldermaston stn., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Beenbani Hill and Beeubani Tillage, two post-ofhces, 
 Eng. , Berkshire, each 2 m. from B. 
 
 Beeuleigh, tn. , with rly. stn. , Queensland, Ward co. , 20 m. 
 SSE. Brisbane. P. < 1500. 
 
 Beer, Bear, Bure?i, or Beuren, Teutonic; Buur, Dutch, 'a 
 farm, cottage, or dwelling.' 
 
 Beer, fishing vil., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., 20 m. E. 
 by S. Exeter, i^ m. WSW. Seaton (q.v.) stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Beer Alston, small tn., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 
 8 J m. N. by W. Plymouth, on the L. & SW. R. , tin smelting 
 carried on ; PMT.O. 
 
 Beerberg. See Tburiiigian Forest. 
 
 Beerbbooni, dist., Bengal. See Birbhnni. 
 
 Beer Crocombe, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 6 
 m. ESE. Taunton, i m. E. Hatch stn. P. <250. 
 
 Beereiiberg, mt. See Jan Mayeu. 
 
 Beerfelden, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, 24 m. 
 E. by N. Mannheim. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Beer Ferrers, or B. Ferris, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock 
 div. , 6 m. N. by W. Plymouth, on the estuary of the Tavy (r. bk. ), 
 and the L. & SW. R., P.O.; 6188 ac. P.<20oo. 
 
 Beer Uackett, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, near Yeovil. P. <25o. 
 
 Beer Head, cape, Eng., S. ct. Devon, 16 ra. ENE. Exmouth. 
 
 Beerueni, comm., Belgium, W. Flanders, arr. Bruges. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Beeroth, place named in O. T. See Bireh. 
 
 Beersheba, place named in O. T. See Bir es Seb'a. 
 
 Beerstaeba Springs, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Grundy co.. So 
 m. SE. Mashville, with medicinal springs. P. < 1500. 
 
 Beerta, comm., Holland, prov. Groningen, NE. of Wins- 
 choten. P. <:5000. 
 
 Beesby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Hawerby. 
 
 Beesby-iu-Marsb, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Horncastle div. , 
 10 m. SE. by E. Louth, 4 m. E. Authorpe stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Beeskow, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 1. bk. Spree, 17 
 m. SW. Frankfurt, cap. circle B.-Storkow. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Beeston, P.O., Eng., Bedfordshire, 2 m. from Sandy. 
 
 Beestou, par., Eng., co. and 11 m. SE. Chester, on the 
 L. & NW. R. (B. Castle and Tarporley). P. <:soo. 
 
 Beeston, par. and suburb of Leeds, Eng., in the S. div. of 
 the pari. bor. , on the G. N. R. , with PMT.O. P. <3O0o ; eccles. 
 par. (B. Hill) P. 9000. 
 
 Beeston, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div., 3^ 
 m. WSW. Nottingham, on the M. R. P. 6900. 
 
 Beestou Castle, stn. , Eng. , Cheshire. See Beestou. 
 
 Beeston>next-lMilebaui, vil. , Eng. , Norfolk, Mid div. , 18J 
 m. E. by S. King's Lynn, 5 m. WNW. of E. Dereham, i^ m. 
 NE. Fransham stn., P.O. 
 
 Beeston Kegis, ct. par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. , 3 m. W. by 
 N. Cromer, close to W. Runton stn. P. <2so. 
 
 Beeston St. Andrew, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 4 m. 
 NE. by N. Norwich, 2^ m. SW. Salhouse stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Beeston St. LaMrence, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 11 m. 
 NE. by N. Norwich, 3 m. WSW. Stalham stn. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (B. St. L. with Ashnianhaugh) P. <250. 
 
 Beeston witb Bittering, par., Eng., Norfolk, 6 m. NE. 
 Swaffham. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Beeswing, hamlet, Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 6 m. SW. 
 Dumfries, close to Killywhan stn., P.O. 
 
 Beetbam, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 9 m. S. by W. 
 Kendal, 2 m. NW. Burton and Holme stn., P.O.; 5170 ac. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Beethwaite Green, hamlet, Eng., Westmorland, Kendal 
 div., 5 m. SSW. Kendal, 3^ m. NW. by N. Milnthorpe stn. 
 
 Beetley, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 18 m. WNW. Nor- 
 wich, lim. SW. N. Elmhamstn., P.O. P. <:soo. SeeBilney,E. 
 
 Beeton,' settlement, Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., 37 m. 
 NNW. Toronto, a rly. junc. 
 
 Beeville, tn. , U.S., Texas, cap. of Bee co., 95 m. SE. San 
 Antonio. P. < 1500. 
 
 B^fort, France. See Belfort. 
 
 Beg, Beag, Celtic, ' little.' 
 
 Beg, Longb, lake. Ire., cos. Londonderry and Antrim, about 
 2 m. N. of Lough Neagh, drained N. by the Bann. 
 
 Bega, riv. , SE. Hungary, joins the 1. bk. Theiss, 21 m. E. 
 Peterwardein, forming in its lower course part of the Bega 
 canal, extending 86 m. from Facset (46 m. E. by N. Temesvir) 
 by Temesvdr to Nagy-Becskerek. 
 
B EG A 
 
 BEIT 
 
 Bega, tn., New South Wales, Auckland co. , 60 m. N. Cape 
 Howe. P. < 3000. 
 
 Begaleln, Java. See Bagelen. 
 
 Begbrokc, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Woodstock div. , ai m. 
 SE. Woodstock. P. <25o. 
 
 Begelly, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 5 m. N. Tenby, with 
 a stn. (Kllgctty and Begelly) on the Pembroke and Tenby 
 Rly. ; coal in dist. P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (B. "witli 
 ^llllamstou) P. < 1000. 
 
 Begharml, central Africa. See Bnglrml. 
 
 Begljar, comm., Spain, prov. Jaen, dist. Baeza. P. <:400o. 
 
 Beglnlsli, isl., Ire., off N. ct. Valencia I., W. co. Kerry. 
 
 Bugles, tn., France, dep. Gironde, arr. and 3 m. SSE. 
 Bordeaux. P. 10,500. 
 
 BegUeve, P.O., Ire., co. Cavan, 4 m. from Bailieborough. 
 
 Begonle, comm., Spain, prov. Lugo, dist. Villalba. P. 5600. 
 
 Beg-sliclir, tn. and lake, Asia Minor. See Beishehr. 
 
 Begnildy, Radnorshire. See Llanfiliangel Begnlldy. 
 
 Begum, tn., India, Rdjputdna, 108 m. S. by E. Ajmere. 
 P. 5000 (?). 
 
 Beliar, or Bihar (census), tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 
 36 m. SE. by S. Patna, having considerable trade ; manufac- 
 tures silk, cotton, and muslin goods. P. 47,700 ; Hindus, 
 32,500; Moham. 15,100. 
 
 Beharleli, or BalirLkh, the Oasis parva of the ancients, 
 oasis in the Libyan Desert, running from SW. to NE. in about 
 27°-28'' 20' N. , and 28° 3o'-29° E. 
 
 Behbeban, or Bababan, tn., Persia, 155 m. SW, by S. 
 Ispahan, in a fertile plain, enclosed by an earthen wall, and 
 with a citadel. P. 10,000. 
 
 Behesnl, tn., Asiatic Turkey, 60 m. NW. by W. Urfa. 
 
 Bebistaii, or Begitnn, mt. range, Persia. See Besltnn. 
 
 Betanessa, or Bebueseta, tn.. Middle Egypt, prov. and 53 m. 
 SW. Benisuef, on the Bahr Yusuf, in 28° 33 N., with ruins of 
 anct. Oxyrrynckos and numerous monasteries. 
 
 Behobebo, vil., Ger. , E. Africa, N. of the Rufiji, about no 
 m. W. of its mouth, situated amidst dense forest ; the place 
 where Keith Johnston, the younger, died, June 28, 1879. 
 
 B^boble, hamlet, France, dep. B. Pyr6n6es, cant. St. Jean- 
 de-Luz, with a custom-house in the pass of the Pyr6n6es, on 
 the route to Spain. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Behondeu Passage, or Prince's Strait, channel between 
 the SW. penin. of Java and Prince's I., in Sunda Strait. 
 
 Bebrlng Island, Sea, and Strait. See Bering. 
 
 Behror, tn., India, Rajputana, Alwar State. P. 5500. 
 
 Belbazar, tn., Asia Minor, on the r. bk. of R. Sakaria, 
 44 m. W. by N. Angora. 
 
 Beidah, tn., in the S. of Arabia, 122 m. NE. by N. Aden. 
 
 Belghton, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, NE. div. , 6 m. SE. by E. 
 Sheffield, li m. SE. Woodhouse June, on M. S. & L. R., 
 PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Belghton, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 10 m. E. Norwich, 
 i^ m. ESE. Lingwood stn., P.O. P. <:50o. 
 
 Belgirkale, tn., Turkish Armenia, a few miles from the NE. 
 end of Lake Van. 
 
 Belgna, Monte, mt. , Italy, Liguria, in the Apennines, 
 II m. NNE. Savona. Alt. 4220 ft. 
 
 Belby, electoral div.. Ire., co. Leitrim, dist. Rinn. 
 
 Beljerlanden, the general name for the three communes of 
 Ond (Old) Beijerland, Menw (New) B., and Znld (S.) B., 
 in the W. of the island of Hoeksche Waard, between the Oude 
 Maas and the Hollandsch Diep, to the W. of Dortrecht, 
 Holland, prov. S. Holland. Oud B., P. 5300; market-tn., 
 P. 4000; Nieuw B. , P. 2000; Zuid B. , P. 2000. 
 
 Bel-khein, upper part of Yenisei, rises in Erghik-targak-targa 
 Mts. , near Russian frontier, flows SW. on the high plateau of 
 NW. Mongolia, and makes, by its junction with Khua-khem, 
 the Ulu-khem. 
 
 Belkoz, vil. , Asia Minor, on the Bosporus, io\ m. NE. by 
 N. Constantinople. 
 
 BeU (bll), vil., Scot., Haddingtonshire, 3^ m. SW. by W. 
 Dunbar, 3 m. E. by S. East Linton stn. 
 
 Bellan, tn. and pass of Syria, at its N. extremity, on the 
 E. side of the Gulf of Scanderoon. The pass (about 2000 ft. 
 high) between the Alma-dagh {q.v.) and the Jebel-el-Ahmar, 
 is considered identical with the Syrian Pass of antiquity. It 
 is now crossed by a macadamised road. The town, 6 m. S. 
 Alexandretta [q.v.), W. of the pass, has numerous aqueducts. 
 Here the Egyptians defeated the Turks in 1832. P. 5000. 
 
 Bellen, comm., Holland, prov. Drenthe, 17 m. NW. by N. 
 Coevorden. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Beilngrles, tn., Bavaria, govt. Upper Palat. , 19 m. N. by 
 E. Ingolstadt, on the Ludwig's Canal. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Beinn, Ben, Gaelic, 'a mountain.' 
 
 Belnn an Armulun, Scot. See Ben Arnilne. 
 
 Rclnn Biiidbc, Scot. See Ben Bnl. 
 
 Belnn >Ilieadboln. See Ben SIbeon. 
 
 Belnwil, vil., Switzd. , cant. Aargau, 11 m. SE. Aarau, on 
 the W. side of Lake Hallwil. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Belra, name of the central part of Portugal (from the riv. 
 
 Douro to rivs. Tagus and Mondego), between the original provs. 
 of the county and kingdom (Entre-Minho-e-Douro and Traz- 
 os-Montes), to the N., and the last conquered terrs. on the 
 Tagus and S. thereof. In its centre it has the highest mountain 
 range in Portugal (Estrella). Here Viriatus resisted the Romans 
 for a long time. It gives (1734) the princely title to the eldest 
 child of the king. It was at one time divided into B. Alta 
 ('High B.') and B. Balxa ('Low B.'). Modern Portuguese 
 naturalists consider it as one of the natural sections of the 
 country, and divide it into four sub-regions : — B. Central (Serras 
 of Montemuro, Caramullo, and Estrella) ; B. Transmontana, 
 from riv. Douro to the Serras; B. meridional, from the 
 Serras to the Tagus ; B. Littoral, from the Serras to the sea. 
 Part of B. was taken in 1835 to form the new prov. of Douro. 
 In 1842 B. disappeared as a prov., and was replaced by the 
 administrative dists. of Vizeu (the former B. Alta), Guarda, and 
 Castello Branco (the former B. Baixa). See Portugal. 
 
 Belra (bai'ra), seapt., Portuguese E. Africa, 25 m. NE. by N. 
 Sofala, on a tongue of sand at the mouth of the Pungwe, which 
 forms an excellent harbour, 6 m. by 2 m. , in which the tide rises 
 10 ft. It is the nearest port to Mashona-land. See Pungwe. 
 
 Beirut, or Beyrout, the anct. Berytus, a fortified seapt. and 
 commercial town of Syria, on a bay of the Mediterranean, 
 formed by a projecting headland, in 33° 5' N., 26 m. NNE. 
 Sidon, 55 m. WNW. Damascus, of which city it is the port, and 
 with which it is connected by a well-made and well-maintained 
 road, crossing the Lebanon range by the Mughitheh Pass (5200 
 ft. ) and the Anti-Lebanon by the valley of the Barada ; seat 
 of European consuls, of a Greek and a Maronite bishop, with 
 English and other mission schools, and various European 
 benevolent institutions. Its walls are 3 m. in circumference, 
 outside of which are new suburbs equalling the town in extent. 
 It has well supplied bazaars. Water is conveyed in pipes for 10 
 m. from the Nahr el Kelb. The plain round the city is of the 
 highest fertility. The harbour, protected by a mole, is adapted 
 only for small boats, but in the bay beyond it ships may 
 anchor in from 6 to 11 fathoms. Manufactures silk stuffs, 
 and gold and silver thread. The principal trade of Syria is 
 in the hands of B. merchants. Principal exports, silk (more 
 than three-fourths of total value), wool, oils, soap, lemons, and 
 oranges ; imports mainly European manufactures, among which 
 Manchester cottons hold the first place. Total value exports, 
 ;^8oo,ooo to ;^i,ooo,ooo ; imports above ;^i,ooo,ooo. The posi- 
 tion of B. as the port of Damascus is now threatened by the pro- 
 posed Acre and Haifa-Damascus Rly. [Damascus, Syria], but 
 a rly. from B. to Damascus partly on the rack system is also 
 projected. Mean temp. (11 yrs., 1876-86), yr. 68.3° F., Feb. 
 55.4°, Aug. 80.8°; rainfall (8 yrs.), 37.8° in. P. 100,000. 
 
 Bels&n, or Besan, tn. , Palestine, Bethshean in O. T. , 3i|° N. , 
 35^° E. , 20 m. S. Tiberias, on the route of the Acre-Damascus 
 Rly. The neighbouring streams might afford a large amount 
 of water-power. Many ruins and other remains of antiquity. 
 
 Beisbebr, tn. , Asia Minor, on the E. shore of the B. Gol 
 (lake), 40 m. WSW. Konieh. The lake, also called Klrili *iol, 
 from a tn. near its NE. shore, is 38 m. long NW. to SE. by i m. 
 broad, and is drained SE. into the Soghla Gol. Alt. 3070 ft. 
 
 Beit, Arabic, ' a house.' See Beth. 
 
 Beit Aln^ln, ruins, Palestine, Beth Anoth in the O. T., 31° 
 34' N., 35° 7' E., 3 m. NNE. El Khulil (anct. Hebron). 
 
 Belt Al&m, site, Palestine, perhaps the Holon of the O. T. , 
 31° 35' N., 34° 47' E., 18 m. W. by N. Hebron. 
 
 Beit 'Andn, vil., Palestine, Elon Beth Hanan in O. T., 
 31° 51' N., 35° 6' E. , 9 m. NW. by W. Jerusalem. 
 
 Belt 'At&b, vil., Palestine, Etam (rock) in the O. T., 31° 
 44' N., 35° 3' E., II m. W. by S. Jerusalem. 
 
 Belt Dejan, vil., Palestine, Beth Dagon in the O. T., 32° 
 N. , 34'' 50' E. , 5^ m. SE. Jaffa (anct. Joppa). 
 
 Beit-ed-din, vil. , Syria. See Lebanon. 
 
 Beith, Gaelic, 'birch tree.' See Bedw. 
 
 Beltb, par. and market-tn. , Scot. , N. Ayrshire and Renfrew- 
 shire, loj m. SW. Paisley, on the Glasgow, Barrhead, and 
 the Kilmarnock Joint Rly. , with a stn. on the G. & SW. R. i 
 m. to NNW. ; coal and fireclay in neighbourhood. Market- 
 day, F. Par. 11,222 ac. , P. 7000; tn. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Belt Hannlna, vil, Palestine, Anmiiah in the O. T., 31° 
 50' N., 35° 12' E., 4 m. NNW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Beittn, vil., Palestine, Bethel in the O. T., 31° 56' N., 35° 
 14' E. , 10 m. N. Jerusalem, with fine ruins. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Belt .lUla, tn. , Palestine, perhaps the Gallim of the O. T. , 
 31° 43' N., 35° 11' E., 5 m. SW. by S. Jerusalem. 
 
 Belt Jibrln, vil., Palestine, 31° 36' N., 34° 53' E., 14 m. 
 WNW. El Khulil (anct. Hebron). 
 
 Belt Kad, vil, Palestine, Beth Eked, in the O. T., 32° 28' 
 N. , 35° 21' E., x6\ m. S. by E. Nazareth. 
 
 Beit Labm, the Bethlehem (of Judah) of the O. and N. T. , tn., 
 Palestine, 31° 42'' N. , 35'' 12' E. , 5 m. S. by W. Jerusalem. 
 
 Beit Lahni, vil, Palestine, Bethlehem in the O. T., 32° 44' 
 N., 35° 11' E., 7 m. WNW. Nazareth. 
 
 BeltLif, site, Palestine, probably the He leph oi the Q. T., 
 33° 8' N., 35° 20' E. , 12^ m. SE. by S. Tyre. 
 
 143 
 
BEIT — BELE 
 
 Belt Llkla, vil. , Palestine, probably the Eltekeh of the O. T, , 
 31° 52' N., 35" 4' E., 12 m. NW. by W. Jerusalem. 
 
 Beit DIlzzcli, site, Palestine, Mozah in the O. T. , 31° 49' N., 
 35° 9' E. , 6 m. NW. by W. Jerusalem. 
 
 Belt NeMIa, vil., Palestine, Neballat in the O. T., 31° 59' 
 N., 34° 57' E., 13 m. ESE. Jaffa (anct. Joppa). 
 
 Belt Kettif, vil., Palestine, in 31" 42° N., 35° E., 14 m. NW. 
 by N. El Khulll (anct. Hebron). 
 
 Beit Kuba, vil., Palestine, 31° 51' N., 35'^ 2' E., 13 m. 
 WNW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Belt Xusfb, ruins, Palestine, Nezih in the O. T., 31° 56' N., 
 34° 59' E., 8 m. NW. by W. El Khulil (anct. Hebron). 
 
 Belt Sfra, vil., Palestine, Uzzen Sherali in the O. T. , 31° 
 53' N. , 35° 2' E., 14^ m. NW. by W. Jerusalem. 
 
 Beit Sk&rla, ruins, Palestine, Bath Zacharias in the O. T., 
 31° 40' N., 35° 7' E., 10 m. SW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Belt Snr, ruins, Palestine, Beth Zur in the O. T., 31° 35' N., 
 35° 6' E., 4^ m. N. by W. El Khulil (anct. Hebron). 
 
 Belt TtA, site, Palestine, perhaps the JethLah of the O. T., 
 31" 49' N., 35° 4' E., 9J m. WNW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Belt rmmar, vil., Palestine, Maarath in the O. T., 31° 37' 
 N., 35° 6' E., 6 m. N. El Khuhl (anct. Hebron). 
 
 Beltnnya, vil., Palestine, 31° 53' N., 35° 10' E., 8J m. NW. 
 by N. Jerusalem. 
 
 Belt 'lir el Foka, vil. , Palestine, Upper Beth Horon in the 
 O. T. , 31° 54' N., 35° 6' E. , lo^ m. NW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Belt 'Ur et Teabta, vil., Palestine, Nether Beth Horon in 
 the O. T. , 31° 54' N. , 35° 5' E. , 11 m. NW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Beja (corrupt from the Latin Pax-Julia), tn., Portugal, prov. 
 Alemtejo, 37 m. S. Evora, cap. of the dist. of B. P. 6600. 
 
 Bi^ja, or Elbadja, tn., Tunis, 55 m. W. Tunis, to the N. of 
 the Mejerda, on the site of the ancient Carthaginian emporium, 
 afterwards Roman colony of Vacca, Vaga, or Vaba. 
 
 Beja, Blsbari, or Bistaarin, people of E. Africa, forming 
 the stock to which belong many tribes spread over the region 
 between the lower part of the Blue Nile and the Highlands 
 of Abyssinia, throughout which region their language is the 
 general medium of intercourse ; Mohammedans in religion. 
 
 Bejapoor, India. See Bljsipnr. 
 
 B^Jar, tn., Spain, prov. and 41 m. S. Salamanca. Sur- 
 rounded by old walls ; with saline springs (108° F.) and cloth 
 manufactures; noted also for its hams. P. 12,100. 
 
 Bejarano, tn., Mexico, Tamaulipas, 180 m. ENE. San 
 Luis Potosi. 
 
 Bejucal, tn. , Cuba, 18 m. S. by E. Havana. P. 7900. 
 
 Bekaa, El, valley, Syria. See El Bekaa. 
 
 Bekal, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. S. Kdnara, W. ct., 38 
 m. S. Mangalore, with large fort in fair preservation. 
 
 Bekan, par.. Ire., SE. co. Mayo, bar. Costello, 19 m. ESE. 
 Castlebar, P.O. (B.Cross); 15,202 ac. P. <sooo. 
 
 B^k^s, tn. , Hungary, cap. prov. B., 42 m. WSW. Gross- 
 wardein, formerly an imperial free town, with a ruined fortress. 
 P. 25,100. 
 
 Bekesbonrue, par., Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div., on the 
 Little Stour, 3 m. ESE. Canterbury, on the L. C. & D. R., 
 P.O. P. <5oo. See Beaksbonrne. 
 
 B6k^s>Csaba, vil. , Hungary. See Csaba. 
 
 B^k^-Szeut-Andriis, tn. , Hungary. See Szent-Andriis. 
 
 Bek-pak-dala, or Famine Steppe, Russian Turkistan, govt. 
 Akmolinsk, between Lakes Aral and Balkhash, on r. bk. Chu. 
 
 Bel^ Belle, Beau, French ; Bello, Bella, Portuguese, Spanish, 
 and Italian, 'beautiful,' 'fine.' 
 
 Bel, Byel, Biala, Slavonic, 'white.' 
 
 Bel, Deal, Gaelic, 'a mouth,' 'an entrance.' 
 
 Bela, or Lns Bela, tn., Baluchistan, on the Purali R., 108 
 m. NNW. Karachi, cap. dist. Lus. P. 10,000. 
 
 Bela, vil., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Partdbgarh, 35 m. N. by 
 E. Allahdbad. P. 6500. 
 
 Bela, tn., Hungary, co. Szepes (Zips), on the Poprid, 50 
 m. NW. Kaschau, with sulphur springs. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Belabanya, tn. , Hungary. See Dllln. 
 
 Be lad, Arabic, 'a district.' See Beled. 
 
 BeFain, vil., Palestine, Baalath in the O. T., 31° 56' N., 
 35° 4' E. , 14 m. NW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Belalr, rly stn., Canada, prov. and 12 m. W. by S. Quebec. 
 
 Belalr, m., S. Australia, 14 m. by rail from Adelaide. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Belalr, tn., U.S., Maryland, Harford co., 20 m. NE. byN. 
 Baltimore. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Belalciizar, comm., Spain, Andalucia, prov. and 52 m. 
 NNW. C6rdoba. P. 7500. 
 
 Belan, par. , Ire. , co. Kildare, bar. Kilkea and Moone, 6 m. 
 SE. Athy ; 1197 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 Belang, tn.. Eastern Archipelago, Celebes I., in the NE., 
 on the E. ct. 
 
 Belangerg Island, off the W. ct. of Labrador penin., in 
 Hudson Bay, in about 56° N. 
 
 Belascoaln, comm., Spain, prov. Navarre, dist. Pamplona, 
 with noted hot springs. P. < 1000. 
 
 Belaagh (locally pronounced both bi'-law and bi'16), par., 
 144 
 
 Eng., Norfolk, E. div., on the Bure, 16 m. 8. by E. Cromer, 
 I m. NNW. Wroxham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Belaugh, or Bellaugta, tn.. Ire., co. Roscommon, now 
 included in Athlone. 
 
 Belbank, par., Eng., Cumberland, Longtown Union. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Belbels, or Belbes, tn. , Lower Egypt, 13 ra. S by E. Zaga- 
 zig, on the Ismailiyeh Canal, and the great caravan route to 
 Syria. P. 7300. 
 
 Belbek {Kubarta), a small riv. of the SW. Crimea, falling 
 into the Black Sea, N. of Sevastopol. 
 
 Belbina, isl. , Greece. See Hagios Georglos. 
 
 Belbo, riv., Italy, Piedmont, rising in the Apennines, prov. 
 Cuneo, and falling into the Tanaro, W. of Alessandria. 
 
 Belbronghton, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Droitwich div., 
 5 m. NW. byN. Bromsgrove, 3 m. ESE. Churchill stn., PMT.O.; 
 4749 ac. P. <:20oo ; eccles. par. (B. with Falrfleld) P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Belby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div., 
 4 m. NNE. Goole, i^ m. WSW. Eastrington stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Belcarra, place. Ire., with PM.O. See Ballycarra. 
 
 Belcfcle, comm., Belgium, E. Flanders, arr. and near St. 
 Nicolas. P. <4000. 
 
 Belchalwell, part of eccles. par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. 
 div., 10^ m. ESE. Sherborne, 3 m. S. Sturminster stn. See 
 Ibberton. 
 
 Belctaamp Otten, par., Eng., Essex, Saffron Walden div., 
 12 m. NNE. Braintree, 3 m. S. by W. Cavendish stn. P. <50o. 
 
 Belchamp St. Paul, par., Eng., Essex, 4 m. from Clare, 
 with P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Belchamp Walter, par. , Eng. , Essex, Saffron Walden div. , 
 12 m. NNE. Braintree, 2^ m. W. Sudbury stn., P.O. P. -=750. 
 See Bnliner. 
 
 Belcber Islands, two small groups in Hudson Bay, Canada, 
 in se-'N., 80° W. 
 
 BelchertOTvn, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire co. , 11 
 m. ENE. Holyoke. P. <3000. 
 
 Belcbford, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Horncastle div., 8 m. 
 SSW. Louth, 5 m. SSE. Donington on Bain stn., PM.O. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Belchlte, tn., Spain, prov. and 22 m. SSE. Saragossa. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Belclare, or Clare Taam, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. 
 Clare, 5 m. from Tuam, with P.O.; 7847 ac. P. <i50o. 
 
 Belcoo, tn.. Ire., W. co. Fermanagh, bar. Clanawley, 10 m. 
 WSW. Enniskillen, on the Northern Counties Rly. P. <:25o. 
 
 Beldeh, vil. , Syria, on the ct. , 22 m. SSE. Latakieh. 
 
 Belderg Harbour, small bay. Ire., N. ct. co. Mayo, 22 m. 
 NW. BaUina; P.O. (Belderrlg). 
 
 Beldei^more, electoral div. , Ire. , Mayo, dist. Ballycastle. 
 
 Beldlng, vil., U.S., Michigan, Ionia co., about 14 m. NW. 
 Ionia. P. < 2000. 
 
 Belebei, dist. tn. , E. Russia, govt and 1 12 m. SW. Ufa. P. 4500. 
 
 Beled, or Belad, Arabic, ' a district,' ' country.' 
 
 Beledngn, a region, French W. Africa, to the N. of the 
 Niger, between about 7^° and 8|° W. 
 
 Beledzoni Canal, a channel connecting the rivs. Tana and 
 Ozi, Brit. E. Africa, near their mouths. Proc. R. G. S. , 1892, 
 
 P- 514- 
 
 Beled'-el-Haram ('interdicted country'), a region, Arabia, 
 having Mecca almost in its centre, considered sacred ground. 
 
 Beled'-ul-Jerid ('country of dates'), a name sometimes 
 applied by Europeans to the whole region of N. Africa S. of 
 the Atlas from Morocco to Fezzan, containing many oases pro- 
 ducing abundance of dates, but confined by the Arabs to the 
 dist. in the S. of Tunis just N. of the Shot-el- Kebir. 
 
 Belem, vil. and rly. stn., Brazil, Sao Paulo, 53 m. NW. by 
 N. Santos. See also Para. 
 
 Belem, tn., Portugal, 2 m. SW. Lisbon, from which it is 
 separated by the valley of Alcantara, on r. bk. and near the 
 mouth of the Tagus. It has a fortress, and a monastery built 
 by King Manoel, to commemorate the discovery, by Vasco da 
 Gama, of the route to the Indies. Being founded on piles, this 
 building resisted the earthquake of 1755. It is now used as an 
 orphan asylum. B. was taken by the French in 1807. P. 7000. 
 
 Belem de Desealvados, vil. and rly. stn., Brazil, Sao Paulo, 
 163 m. NW. by N. Santos. 
 
 Belen, African tribe. See Bogos. 
 
 Belen, tn. , Argentine Republic, Catamarca, 137 m. WSW. 
 Tucuman. P, 3000. 
 
 Belen, tn., Colombia, on the N. ct. of the isthmus of 
 Panama, 85 m. W. Panama. 
 
 Belen, vil. , Uruguay, on the R. Uruguay, dep. and 42 m. 
 NNE. Salto. 
 
 BelenJ, the ancient Balacria, tn., Tripoli, Barka, 95 m. NE. 
 by E. Bengazi. 
 
 Belenyes, market-tn. , Hungary, co. Bihar, in a dist. rich in 
 copper, iron, lead, and black marble. P. <4000. 
 
 B^lesta, small tn. , France, dep. Ari^ge, arr. Foix, 5 m. ESE. 
 Lavelanet, with quarries of alabaster and marble, and the inter- 
 mittent spring of Fontestorbe. P. <2000. 
 
BELF— BELG 
 
 Belfast, vil., Canada, Ontario, Huron co., 67 m. N. by W. 
 London. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Belfast, or Eldon, vil., Canada, Prince Edward I., Queen's 
 CO. , 24 m. from Charlottetown. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belfast (ancient Bel-feirsde, ' the ford of the farset or sand- 
 bank'), pari, and mun. bor., seapt., and principal manufactur- 
 ing and commercial tn., Ire., cap. of Ulster, and county town 
 of Antrim, at the head of Belfast Lough, where it receives the 
 Lagan, 12 m. from the Irish Sea, and 86 m. NNE. Dublin. 
 Among its educational institutions are Queen's College, opened 
 in 1849, with eighteen professorships in arts, medicine, and law ; 
 the General Assembly's College (Presbyterian theology), the 
 Royal Academical Institution, Campbell College, Methodist 
 College, St. Malachy's College (Roman Catholic), and the Royal 
 Academy. Among the public buildings may be mentioned the 
 White Linen Hall, erected in 1785 to be the centre of the linen 
 trade ; the Ulster Hall, and the Museum. There is a free public 
 library, built by the corporation, besides other public libraries. 
 In the suburbs are five parks— Ormeau, Falls, Alexandra, Wood- 
 vale, and Dunville, besides the Royal Botanic Garden. The 
 neighbouring streams afford a great amount of water-power, 
 which at one time constituted the chief motor used in the impor- 
 tant textile industries of the town. B. is the principal depot of 
 the Irish linen trade, and indeed the principal centre of that in- 
 dustry in the British Isles, and has also distilleries, breweries, 
 foundries, bobbin, hat, and shoe factories, alabaster and barilla 
 works, rope and sailcloth factories, flour-mills, and bleaching 
 grounds, &c. The cotton manufacture introduced here in 1777 
 is now extinct. In the harb. are three iron shipbuilding yards, 
 one of which is placed in the Admiralty list as suitable for 
 building for the royal navy, and, among other ships, has built 
 the steamers of the White Star line. The harb. , which is under 
 the control of commissioners elected by the ratepayers, has 
 several docks and basins, the largest of which are Abercorn 
 basin and Spencer dock (tidal), the latter having a depth on the 
 sill at high water of 24 ft. 10 in. in ordinary neap, and 25 ft. 8^ 
 in. in ordinary spring tides. There are four graving docks, the 
 largest of which is 825 ft. long, and has a depth of 25 ft. 8^ in. 
 on the sill. The inland trade of B. is facihtated by a canal 
 connecting the Lagan with Lough Neagh, and by railways 
 crossing the country in all directions, and extending by direct 
 communication to Cork, Galway, and Londonderry. B. has 
 constant steam communication with the neighbouring ports of 
 Great Britain, by means of which it carries on a large part of 
 its foreign trade. [See Appendix, p. 13. 1 For parliamentary 
 purposes it is divided into four divs. , N. , S. , E. , and W. , each 
 returning one member. Market-days, Tu. (cattle and sheep), 
 W. (general), F. (flax). Mean rainfall (1866-80), 34 in. Area 
 of mun. bor. 5992 ac. (including 1670 ac. in the suburb of 
 Ballymacarrett, co. Down). P. (1841)64,000; (1851) 73,000; 
 (1861) 91,500; (1871) 133,000; (1881) 161,000; (1891) 256,000; 
 pari. bor. (1891) 273,000. 
 
 Belfast, city, U.S., Maine, Waldo co., on the W. side of the 
 estuary of the Penobscot R. , 30 m. SSW. Bangor, with harbour 
 rarely obstructed by ice. P. 5300. 
 
 Belfast, vil., U.S., New York, Allegany co., on Genesee R. , 
 53 m. SE. Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belfast, seapt., Victoria, Villiers co., 35 m. E. Portland. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Belfast Loagli, an inlet. Ire., between the cos. Antrim and 
 Down, with five lighthouses. 
 
 Belfast, Lower and Upper, two bars. , Ire. , in the E. of co. 
 Antrim. 
 
 Belfaux, vil., Switzd., cant, and 2^ m. WNW. Freiburg. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Belfleld, settlement, Brit. Guiana, Demerara, on the E. ct. 
 
 Belford, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Northumberland, di v. and 
 13 1 m. SE. byS. Berwick-upon-Tweed, ontheNE. R., PMT.O.; 
 coal in neighbourhood. Market-day, Tu. Tn. P. <iooo. 
 
 Belford, tn., New South Wales, co. Northumberland, 138 
 m. N. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belfort, or B^fort, fortified tn. , France, cap. arr. not 
 belonging to any dep. , on the Savoureuse, 35 m. W. by N. 
 Basel, in a position commanding the opening between the 
 Vosges and the Jura. It was besieged by the Germans during 
 the war of 1870-71, and capitulated Feb. 16, 1871, but was re- 
 tained by France under the treaty of 1871, when the rest of the 
 dep. of Haut-Rhin, to which it belonged, was ceded to Ger- 
 many. Since that date its fortifications have been greatly 
 strengthened. In former times cap. of the Sundgau. Alt. 
 (base of church) 1195 ft. P. 17,900. 
 
 Belgard, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the Persante 
 R., 21 m. SE. by E. Colberg. P. 6900. 
 
 Belgtinm, tn. , with large military cantonment, Brit. India, 
 Bombay, cap. dist. B. , 43 m. NW. Dhdrwdr, connected by rail 
 with Marmagdo (Goa). At the close of the rainy season fevers 
 are common in the dist. , which at other times is considered 
 healthy. Alt. 2550 ft. ; mean temp. , yr. 74° F. , Aug. 70°, April 
 Bi° ; mean rainfall, yr. 48.8 in., June-Oct. 41.9, June- Aug. 33.5. 
 P. 28,400 (Hindus, 21,200) ; cantonment, 12,300. 
 145 
 
 Belgern, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Elbe, 8 m. SE. Torgau, with lignite mines. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Belgium (French Belglqne, German Belglen, anciently 
 a part of Gallia Belgica), a European kingdom, forming the 
 southern division of the ' Low Countries,' on the North Sea 
 between Holland and France, is about one-eighth of the size of 
 Great Britain. The frontier line inland is purelv arbitrary, not 
 being marked by any well-defined physical features. It is 
 divided into eight provs., the names, &c., of which are given in 
 the following table : — 
 
 Area of the Provinces of Belgium, with the population in 
 thousands on the 2^si December, and increase per cent, per 
 annum between the successive censuses, for which particulars 
 are here ?iven. 
 
 
 Area 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Tnr 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Tnr 
 
 Pop. 
 
 per 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 1856. 
 
 1866. 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 
 1890. 
 
 
 Antwerp . . 
 
 T093 
 
 43* 
 
 466 
 
 .-I 
 
 577 
 
 i.'i4 
 
 700 
 
 1-95 
 
 640 
 
 Brabant . . . 
 
 1258 
 
 749 
 
 814 
 
 .83 
 
 983 
 
 1-37 
 
 1 106 
 
 1.20 
 
 872 
 
 West Flanders 
 
 1249 
 
 625 
 
 642 
 
 •27 
 
 
 
 738 
 
 0.65 
 
 591 
 
 East Flanders 
 
 HS8 
 
 777 
 
 806 
 
 .14 
 
 882 
 
 0.64 
 
 95° 
 
 0.75 
 
 820 
 
 Hainaut . . 
 
 1437 
 
 769 
 
 84s 
 
 •9=; 
 
 978 
 
 
 1049 
 
 9.70 
 
 730 
 
 I.i6ge . . . 
 Limbourg . . 
 
 1118 
 
 504 
 
 557 
 
 1. 00 
 
 664 
 
 1.26 
 
 757 
 
 1.32 
 
 677 
 
 931 
 
 192 
 
 195 
 
 .15 
 
 311 
 
 0.S6 
 
 223 
 
 0.56 
 
 240 
 
 Luxemburg . 
 
 1700 
 
 
 200 
 
 .31 
 
 209 
 
 a 32 
 
 213 
 
 0.14 
 
 124 
 
 Namur . . . 
 Grand total 
 
 14 13 
 
 286 
 
 303 
 
 •58 
 
 323 
 
 0.46 
 
 335 
 
 0-37 
 
 237 
 
 ".373 
 
 4559 
 
 4828 
 
 .64 
 
 5520 
 
 1. 19 
 
 6069 
 
 0.95 
 
 534 
 
 The greater part of the surface, including the provs. of Lim- 
 burg, Antwerp, Brabant, Hainaut, and the two Flanders, is flat 
 or slightly undulating. In the SE. are the forest-covered hills 
 of the Ardennes, which occupy a considerable part of the dist. 
 lying beyond the Sambre and the Meuse, comprising the provs. 
 of Li^ge, Namur, and Luxemburg. One branch of the Ardennes 
 separates the Meuse from the Sambre. General elevation about 
 2000 ft., Baraque Michel 2230 ft. In the prov. of Limburgin the 
 NE. is a tract known as the Campine, formerly entirely composed 
 of sand and bog, but now in a great measure reclaimed, partly 
 planted with fir-trees, and in some places producing rich pasture- 
 grasses. The coast is of very limited extent and with no 
 indentations of importance, and no good natural harbours. 
 The coast is bordered with dunes or sandhills, which protect it 
 against the inroads of the sea. Tracts of land wrested from the 
 sea and enclosed by dykes are here, as in Holland, known as 
 polders. About one-sixtieth of the surface has been reclaimed 
 from the sea and the rivers. The chief rivers are the Meuse 
 and the Scheldt, only the middle courses of which, however, 
 are in Belgium. Both rivers have their source in France, and 
 their outfall into the North Sea through Holland. The Meuse 
 {q. v. ) drains the eastern provs. , both it and its chief tribs. (Sambre, 
 1. bk. , and Ourthe, r. bk. ) flowing through narrow valleys which 
 intersect the high grounds of this part of the country. The 
 Scheldt {q.v.) and its tribs. (Lys, 1. bk. , Dendre or Dender, r. 
 bk.) wind through the western plains. Geology. — In the SE. 
 the stratified rocks belong mainly to the Palneozoic group (set- 
 below under minerals), overlying the granitic and other 
 Plutonic rocks which crop out in the Ardennes, To the NW. 
 these are covered by secondary deposits, which occupy an 
 extensive area in the central part of the country. Still more to 
 the NW. Tertiary deposits predominate, as they do also in the 
 E. The climate is similar to that of England, but subject to 
 gfreater extremes. The mean annual temp, for the whole 
 country is about 50^° F., Jan. 37°, July 60°; rainfall about 
 28 in. Of >vlld animals, the bear, wolf, and boar are still 
 found in the forests, but their numbers are few. Agriculture 
 is. pursued with great industry, though in a rather primitive 
 fashion, the Flemings especially being very reluctant to adopt 
 new methods. About 67 per cent, of the land is under cultiva- 
 tion, and more than 20 per cent, of the population are engaged 
 in it. Subdivision of the land prevails to such an extent that 
 the number of distinct holdings exceeds 900,000. The western 
 provs. are the most fertile. In the S. and E. the soil is gener- 
 ally poor. The principal objects of culture are — cereals (wheat, 
 oats, rye, which together cover about a third of the entire sur- 
 face), potatoes, flax, beet-root (including sugar-beet), turnips, 
 and other root crops ; and among the minor crops are hemp, 
 hops, chicory, madder, tobacco, &c. The flax is noted for its 
 quality, and is principally grown in the Lys dist. , where the 
 water is remarkably free from lime salts, and hence peculiarly 
 suited for the cleansing of the fibre. Forests cover about 17 
 per cent, of the surface ; the principal are those of Ardennes 
 and Soignies [q.v.]. The mineral wealtb of Belgium con- 
 sists chiefly in coal, iron, and zinc. The region of production 
 may be described as occupying the valleys which intersect the 
 Belgian plateau from the eastern frontier, near Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 to about the middle of the Franco- Belgian frontier, the princi- 
 pal valleys in this respect being those of the Sambre and Meuse, 
 more especially that part of the Meuse valley which continues 
 the line of the valley of the Sambre, and is traversed by the 
 railway from St. Quentin in France to Liege. Geologically, 
 
 K 
 
BELG — BELI 
 
 this strip is formed by a series of carboniferous strata lying on 
 the north-western margin of a Devonian plateau which extends 
 eastwards into Germany. The carboniferous area is occupied 
 by a large proportion of productive coalfields, the chief coal- 
 mining regions being round Mons, in Hainaut, near the French 
 frontier, and round Charleroi in eastern Hainaut. Iron ores 
 are chiefly found in the more easterly provs. of Namur and 
 Lifege, and zinc is obtained at Moresnet, close to the eastern 
 frontier, between Verviers and Aix. There are also productive 
 lead-mines near Verviers. The iron-ore production in B. 
 is only about one-tenth of the amount consumed. This de- 
 ficiency is, however, of less moment on account of the proximity 
 of the very abundant iron ores of the grand-duchy of Luxemburg 
 and the NE. of France. The coast and deep-sea fisheries 
 form an important industry, employing about 360 vessels. 
 Ostend is the headquarters of the herring-fishery. Manufac- 
 tures are extensive and varied, giving employment to about 
 one-seventh of the population. The textile industries, above 
 all, woollen and linen, iron industries, and glass-making, are 
 the most important. B. having local supplies of sand as well 
 as coal, and manufacturing soda compounds for itself, has the 
 most extensive manufacture of window-glass in Europe, and 
 also makes excellent mirror-glass. The principal seats of the 
 manufactures of iron and steel (Li^ge, Seraing, Namur, 
 Charleroi) ; firearms (Liege) ; machinery (Seraing) ; cutlery 
 (Namur) ; nails and glass (Charleroi) ; cotton (Ghent) ; woollens 
 (Verviers, Liege, Ypres) ; linen (Ghent, Bruges, St. Nicolas, 
 Courtrai] ; silk and velvet (Antwerp and Lierre) ; hosiery 
 (Toumai) ; lace (Brussels, Louvain, Bruges) ; carpets (Brussels, 
 Tournai) ; beet-sugar (Hainaut) ; beer (Louvain) ; shipbuilding 
 (Antwerp) ; paper, &c. Railway system. — Railways, first 
 introduced in 1835, now form a complete network throughout 
 the coxmtry. I'he centre is at Malines (Mechlin), whence 
 main lines radiate in all directions, and these again are united 
 by numerous branch lines. Two-thirds of the railways are the 
 property of the state. A great extent of Inland navigation is 
 afforded by the two large rivers, which, with their numerous 
 tribs. , ramify through the country, and this has been nearly 
 doubled by the construction of canals, the total length of navi- 
 gable waterways for vessels of from 300 to 400 tons being over 
 900 m. Amongst the principal canals are the Lieve, between 
 Ghent and Heyst ; the canal from Ghent to the estuary of the 
 Scheldt (Terneuzen-Ghent canal) ; the Bruges and Ostend 
 canal ; the Brussels and Charleroi ; and the Canal du Nord, 
 which connects the Nethe, a small trib. of the Dyle, with the 
 Meuse at Liege. The last-named canal has a very circuitous 
 route through Antwerp and Limburg to Maastricht in Holland, 
 from which point it follows the valley of the Meuse to Li^ge. 
 With regard to the amount of the foreign commerce, see 
 Appendix, pp.4-5. In the special commerce, which includes 
 all articles that have paid customs duty, grain, wool, vegetable 
 fibres, and raw hides make up considerably more than one- 
 fourth of the imports. Among others of importance are animals, 
 oil-seeds, timber, metals, and minerals, petroleum, and coffee. 
 Grain, coal, flax, yarns (linen, hemp, and woollen), machinery, 
 glass and glass wares, make up more than a third of the value 
 of the exports. Amongst minor exports may be noted eggs, 
 butter, rabbits, clocks and watches, and gloves. The countries 
 with which commerce is chiefly carried on are France, Germany, 
 Netherlands, England, the United States, and Russia. The 
 external trade is mainly in the hands of foreign carriers (chiefly 
 England), the mercantile marine being very limited. The 
 great bulk of the shipping trade is carried on at Antwerp. 
 Of the other ports the principal are Ghent, Bruges, Nieuport, 
 Ostend, Blankenberghe, and Heyst, all, with the exception of 
 the first, in West Flanders. The system of money, weights, 
 and measures is the same as in France. Cioverument, 
 Army, and Fleet. — The government is a constitutional heri- 
 ditary monarchy, dating from 1831. The executive autho- 
 rity is vested in the King, and the legislative in the King, 
 the Senate, and the Chamber of Representatives. Senators are 
 elected for a period of eight years in the proportion of i to 
 80,000 inhabitants, and Deputies for four years in the propor- 
 tion of I to 40,000. The franchise is limited to citizens paying 
 direct taxes amounting to 40 francs annually. Service in the 
 Army is compulsory. Every man over nineteen years of age 
 is liable to serve, but may provide a substitute. The period 
 of service is nominally eight years, of which two years and 
 eight months are with the colours. B. has no navy. The 
 population is partly of Teutonic and partly of Romance 
 origin, the former represented by the Flemings, who pre- 
 dominate in the N. and W., and the latter by the Walloons 
 in the S. The Flemings speak the Flemish, and the Walloons 
 French, or a Romance dialect closely akin to it. French is the 
 official language, and that of the upper classes generally. Im- 
 migration is slightly in excess of emigration. The difference, 
 which has been decreasing for some years, is still over 1000. 
 The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. Protestants num- 
 ber about 10,000, and Jews 4000. Complete religious toleration 
 is established, and the clergy of all denominations may be paid 
 14G 
 
 by the state. Education, though free for the children of the 
 poor, is not compulsory, and a large proportion of the com- 
 munity is quite illiterate, as shown by the fact that of the 
 military recruits about one-eighth are imable to read or write. 
 Higher education is provided for by the Universities of Ghent, 
 Liege, Brussels, and Louvain ; by special academies for art 
 and music, and by various technical schools. There are many 
 middle-class schools subsidised by the state. The following 
 are the principal towns, in order of population, above 20,000 : 
 — Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Liege, Bruges, Malines (Mechlin), 
 Verviers, Louvain, Tournai, Seraing, Courtrai, Namur, St. 
 Nicolas, Mons, Alost, Ostend, Charleroi. Historical Notes. 
 — Under the Roman dominion Belgium formed part of GauL 
 Afterwards, for several centuries, it was niled by the Franks, 
 and then divided into several independent states, as the 
 duchies of Brabant, Limburg, and Luxemburg, and the 
 counties of Flanders, Hainaut, and Namur, &c. In course 
 of time the Coimts of Flanders acquired the supremacy, but in 
 1385 their dominions passed to the House of Burgundy, whose 
 sway was soon extended over the whole of the Netherlands. 
 The marriage of Mary of Burgundy with Maximilian in 1477 
 transferred these provs. to the Austrian rule, from which they 
 passed to that of Spain. When the northern provs. asserted 
 their independence, the southern or Belgian still adhered to 
 Spain. For a short period in the beginning of the 17th 
 century B. was formed into an independent state under the 
 Archduke Albert, but on his death it reverted to Spain. In 
 1713 it was ceded to Austria, from which it was taken by 
 France during the revolutionary war. In 1814 it was united 
 with Holland imder the rule of the House of Orange. This 
 union proved uncongenial, and in 1830 the Belgians asserted 
 their independence, and formed themselves into a separate 
 kingdom. See Luxemburg, duchy of. [E. J. H.] 
 
 Belgodere, tn., Corsica, on the Golo, arr. and 13^ m. E. by 
 N. Calvi. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Belgooly, vil. , Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Kinalea, zh m. NE. 
 Kinsale, P.O. 
 
 Belgrade, Servian Beograd ('white fortress'), the anct. 
 Singidunuvi, a. fortified city, cap. of Servia, prov. B. , at the 
 confluence of the Save and Danube. The fortress, situated on 
 a spur of the Avala Mts. , on the tongue of land between the 
 rivers, was formerly a Turkish stronghold, and was of special 
 importance as long as the Danube and Save formed the frontier 
 between Turkey and Austria. Seat of a metropolitan of the 
 Greek Church. B. was taken by the Turks tmder Solyman 
 II. in 1522, and retaken by Prince Eugene in 1717. It was 
 partly ruined diuing the Servian insurrection in 1813, but the 
 defences were strengthened diuing the Crimean war. Partly 
 lighted with electricity. P. (1872) 26,700; (1890) 54,300. See 
 Niiiidor Feherrar. 
 
 Belgrade, tn., U.S., Maine, Kennebec co., 59 m. NE. 
 Portland. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Belgrano, NW. suburb of Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic, 
 connected with the city by tramway and railway. 
 
 Belgrave, par., Eng. , Leicestershire, included in the pari, 
 bor. of Leicester, PMT.O. P. 11,400; eccles par. (B. with 
 Blrstal) P. 6200. 
 
 Belgroye, stn., Scot., in the E. of Glasgow, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Belgrove, post-tn. and rly. stn., New Zealand, co. Waimea, 
 22 m. from Nelson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belhavel, Lough, lake, Ire., NW. co. Leitrim, bar. Druma- 
 haire, 12 m. ESE. Sligo, drained SE. into Lough Allen. 
 
 Belhaven, eccles. par. and ct. vil. , Scot. , Hadingtonshire, 
 on the N. ct., i m. W. Dunbar. Vil. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Belhelvie, ct. par. , Scot. , E. Aberdeenshire, 7 m. N. Aber- 
 deen, 4 m. ENE. Parkhill stn., P.O.; 12,184 ^c. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Bellan, tn.. Eastern Archipelago, on the N. ct. of Battam 
 I., 17 m. SE. by E. Singapore. 
 
 Bellao, islet, New Guinea. See Friedrich-Wilhelms- 
 hafen. 
 
 BelMpatam, tn. , India, Madras Presidency, dist. Malabir, 
 on 1. bk. of B. Riv. , 4 m. from the cantonment of Cannanore. 
 
 Beli'llng, chief seapt. isL Bali (g.v.). 
 
 Belln, tn., France, dep. Gironde, on the Leyre, arr. and 26 
 m. SSW. Bordeaux. P. <:20oo. 
 
 BellTat, P.O., Scot., co. and 7 m. SE. Nairn. 
 
 Belize, or Ballze (originally the Spanish prommciation of 
 Wallace, the name of a Scottish buccaneer), the cap. and chief 
 seapt. of Brit. Honduras, on the Bay of Honduras (Carribbean 
 Sea), in 17° 29' N., at the mouth of the B. Riv., which is 
 obstructed by a bar, on which there is only 3 ft. of water, but 
 which it is proposed to deepen to 10 ft. Vessels anchor at a dis- 
 tance of I to 2 m. from shore, and load and discharge by lighters. 
 See Honduras, British. Mean temp. (5 yrs., 1865-69), yr. 
 80.1° F., Jan. 76.1°, Aug. 83.0°; mean rainfall (7 yrs.), 79.30 
 in. P. 7000. 
 
 Belize, or Ballze, pilot stn., U.S., on the Mississippi, a few 
 miles above the head of its delta. 
 
 Belize, or Old Kiver, Brit. Honduras, flows NE. from 
 Guatemala, then SE. into the Bay of Honduras ; navigable for 
 
BELI— BELL 
 
 vessels of light draught for a considerable distance up ; Garbutts 
 Falls occur on the frontier in 17° 3' 40" N. 
 
 Belize lulet, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, opposite Queen 
 Charlotte Sound. 
 
 Belkas, tn., Egypt, 32 m. WSW. Damietta. 
 
 Belkiiap, CO., U.S., New Hampshire, in the SE., crossed 
 by7irW.,43i°N. 
 
 Belkofskl, trading stn. , near the end of Alaska Penin. , S. ct. , 
 at the foot of Mount Pavlof, centre of sea-otter trade. 
 
 Bell, hamlet, Eng., Kent, div. and 9 m. W. Ashford, i^ m. 
 ESE. Headcorn stn. 
 
 Bell, CO. , Queensland, crossed in the N. by 22° S. , touching 
 in the E. 148° E. 
 
 Bell, CO., U.S., Kentucky, in the SE., on the S. frontier. 
 
 Bell, CO., U.S., Texas, E. of 98° W., and crossed by 31° N. 
 
 Bella, Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian, ' beautiful.' See Bel. 
 
 Bella, comm., Italy, Basihcata, prov. and 16 m. NW. by 
 W. Potenza. P. 5000. 
 
 Bellac, tn., France, dep. Haute Vienne, 22 m. NNW. 
 Limoges ; cap. arr. P. <4000. 
 
 Bellacliat, mt. , France, dep. Savoie, 28 m. SW. of the 
 summit of Mont Blanc. Alt. 8140 ft. 
 
 Bellacorlck, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 11 m. from Crossmolina. 
 
 Bellacraglier Bay, Ire., W. co. Mayo, and E. of Curraun 
 Penin. 
 
 Bellagan Point, cape. Ire., on the NE, ct. of co. Louth, at 
 S. of entrance to Carlingford Lough. 
 
 Bellaghy, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Antrim, bar. Kilconway, 14 
 m. SE. Coleraine, on the BaUymena and Portrush Rly. , PMT. O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Bellagby, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Londonderry, bar. Loughin- 
 shohn, 14^ m. NE. by N. Cookstown. P. <500. 
 
 Bellagglo, place, Eng., near E. Grinstead, consisting chiefly 
 of country residences, with grounds for recreation, PMT.O. 
 
 Bellaglo, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Como, at the N. 
 end of the penin. in the S. of Lake Como. P. <4000. 
 
 Bellaboiiston ( — hus'ton), eccles. par., Scot., Lanarkshire, 
 2 m. WSW. Glasgow, included in the pari, burgh of Glasgow, 
 on the G. & SW. R. P. 8400. 
 
 Bellaliy, tn.. Ire., E. co. Sligo, bar. Leyny, 17 m. SE. by 
 E. Ballina. P. <25o. 
 
 Bellaire, city, U.S., Ohio, Belmont co., on the R. Ohio, 
 5 m. SSW. Wheeling (W. Va.). P. (1880) 8000; (1890) 9900. 
 
 Bellamy's, rly. stn. , Canada, Ontario, Leeds co. , 49 m. S. 
 by W. Ottawa. 
 
 Bellamy's Mills, vil. , Canada. See Claytou. 
 
 Bellauagare, electoral div.. Ire., Roscommon, dist. French- 
 park. 
 
 Bellaualack, electoral div. , Ire., Westmeath, dist. Moate. 
 
 Bellauamallard, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Fermanagh, bar. Tir- 
 kennedy, 6 m. NNE. Enniskillen, with stn. (Balllnamallard) 
 on the G. N. R. P. <soo. 
 
 Bellauanagta, tn., Ire., W. co. Cavan, bar. Clanmahon, 5 
 m. SSW. Cavan. P. < 500. 
 
 Bellauo, comm., Italy, Lombardy, on the E. shore of Lake 
 Como, prov. and 19 m. NE. by N. Como. P. <4000. 
 
 Bellauocb, vil., Scot., Argyllshire, N. Knapdale, with 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Bellanode, tn.. Ire., co. and 3 m, WNW. Monaghan, 
 P.O. (BalUnode). P.<25o. 
 
 Bellarena, rly. stn. and seat. Ire., NE. co. Londonderry, 
 bar. Keenaght, $\ m. SE. Moville, on the r. bk. of the Roe. 
 Mean rainfall (18&-80), 37 in. 
 
 Bellary, strongly fortified tn. and mihtary stn., Brit. India, 
 Madras, cap. dist. B., 122 m. E. by S. Dharwdr, on an arid 
 plain in the middle of the wedge between the terrs. of Haidar- 
 abad and Mysore, an important railway station at the crossing- 
 place of the railways to Bombay and Goa (Marmagdo). It has 
 a fort on a rocky height, 450 ft. high, below which is the town, 
 with a bazaar, barracks, and military cantonments. Climate 
 healthy. Alt. 1455 ft. Mean temp., yr. 80° F., Jan. 73°, April 
 89°; mean rainfall, yr. 17.6 in., Aug.-Oct. 9.9. P. (i88r) 
 53,500; (1891) (with cantonment) 59,500; Hindus, 37,200; 
 Moham. 17,700. 
 
 Bellaslze, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, 4 m. E. Howden. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Bellatraln, electoral div., Ire., co. and 15 m. S. by E. 
 Monaghan, bar. Cremorne. 
 
 Bellaugh, tn. , Ire. , co. Roscommon. See Belangb. 
 
 Bellangbley, P.O. , Ire. , 4 m. from Warren point (co. Dovra). 
 
 Bellavary, tnld. , Ire. , E. co. Mayo. See Ballyrary. 
 
 Bellavlsta, isl. , Philippines. See Dlmagar. 
 
 Bell Bar, hamlet, Eng., Hertfordshire, near Hatfield, with 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Bellbeaver, hill, Eng., Cmnberland, in the extreme SE. of 
 the Penrith div. , 16 m. E. by N. Penrith. 
 
 Bell Bask, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton 
 div., 15J m. N. by E. Burnley, on the M. R., PM.O. 
 
 BellcbalweU, Eng. See Ibberton. 
 
 Belle, French, 'beautiful.' See Bel. 
 
 Bellean, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Horncastle div. , 7 m. SE. 
 by S. Louth, i m. WSW. Aby stn. P. <250 ; eccles. par. 
 (B. >vltb €laytborpe aud Aby) P. <50o. 
 
 Belle Bay, Newfoundland, on the S. ct., in 55° 10-30' W, 
 
 BeUecbasse, co. , Canada, Quebec, stretching SE. from the 
 St. Lawrence R. to the E. of 71° W. 
 
 Belleconrt, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 3 m. S. Seneffe, 
 9 m. NW. by W. Charleroi. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bellednne, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Gloucester co. , on 
 Chaleur Bay, 140 m. N. by E. Fredericton. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Belleek, tn.. Ire., S. co. Armagh, bar. Lower Fews, 6 m. W. 
 Nevwy, with P.O. (Belleeks). P. <25o. 
 
 BeUeek, par. and tn. , Ire. , co. Fermanagh, on R. Erne, bar. 
 Lurg, 4 m. ESE. Ballyshannon, with a stn. on the G. N. (Ire.) 
 and Donegal Rly. Near it is a bed of excellent clay, which 
 is utilised in the manufacture of high-class pottery. PMT.O. 
 Market-day, F. Par. 10,789 ac, P. <20oo; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bellefontaine, vil., U.S., Ohio, Logan co., 49 m. NW. by 
 W. Columbus. P. < 5000. 
 
 Belief oil te, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Centre co. , 67 m. NW. 
 Harrisburg. P. <:40C)0. 
 
 Bellegarde, vil., France, dep. Ain, arr. Nantua. Near it is 
 the celebrated Perte du Rh6ne. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bellegarde, hill-fortress, France, dep. Pyr6n6es-Orientales, 
 on the Spanish frontier, 17 m. S. Perpignan. 
 
 Bellegbem, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. 
 Courtrai. P. <40oo. 
 
 Belle Haveu, vil., U.S., Virginia, Accomack co., on an inlet 
 of Chesapeake Bay, 88 m. E. Richmond. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belle- Ile-en-DIer, isl., France, off the S. ct. of Brittany, dep. 
 Morbihan, in 47° 20' N., 3° 10' W. , with a citadel, and good 
 anchorage, and pilchard fishery. It was taken by the EngUsh 
 in 1761 and held by them till 1763. P. 10,000. 
 
 Bellelsle, electoral div., Ire., co. Fermanagh, dist. Maguires- 
 bridge. 
 
 Belle Isle, isl. , Newfoundland, midway between that isl. and 
 Labrador, at the entrance to the Strait of B. I. from the Atlantic 
 Ocean ; 9 m. long by 3 m. broad, with lighthouse visible 28 m. 
 Alt. 405 ft. Mean temp. (4 yrs., 1877-78, 1883-85), yr. 29.4° F., 
 Jan. 4.9°, Aug. 50.9°. 
 
 Belle Isle, isl. , Newfoimdland, in Conception Bay, 13 m. W. 
 by N. St. John's. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belle Isle Creek, vil. , Canada, in the S. of New Brunswick, 
 King's CO., 44 m. from St. John. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belle Isle, Strait of, between Newfoimdland and Quebec 
 and Labrador, at the mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 70 m. 
 long by 10-15 ™' wide. 
 
 Belle-Isle-en-Terre, tn., France, dep. C6tes du Nord, 52 m. 
 E. by N. Brest, 11 m. W. Guingamp. P. <:2O0o. 
 
 Belleme, tn. , France, dep. Orne, arr. Mortagne, 23 m. E. 
 by S. Alen9on. P. <30oo. 
 
 Belleud, hamlet, Eng., Worcestershire, Droitwich div., a,\ 
 m. N. by W. Bromsgrove, 3J m. W. by S. Rubery stn. 
 
 Bellenden Ker Hills, the highest of the ct. -ranges of Queens- 
 land, S. of Cairns, in 17^ S. Alt. 5240 ft. 
 
 Belleplalne, city, U.S., Iowa, Benton co., 34 m. W. by S. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. <3000. 
 
 Belle PJlalne, vil., U.S., Kansas, Sumner co., 145 m. SW. 
 by S. Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belle Plalue, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Scott co., on the 
 Minnesota R. , 32 m. SW. Minneapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bellerby, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div. , 
 6m. SW. byS. Richmond, 2 m. N. Leyburnstn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 BeUerive, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 4 m. NE. by N. Geneva, 
 on the E. side of the Lake of Geneva. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bellerive, place, Tasmania, Monmouth co. , on the 1. bk. of 
 the Derwent opposite Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belle River, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Essex co., on 
 Lake St. Clair, 13 m. E. Windsor. 
 
 Belle Rlvl^re, vil., Canada, 33 m. NW. Montreal, co. Two 
 Mountains. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belle vernon, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Fayette co., on Ohio 
 R., 26 m. SSE, Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bellevlew, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Campbell co., near New- 
 port. P. <:40OO. 
 
 BelleviUe, tn., Canada, Ontario, Hastings co., on Bay of 
 Quint6, 45 m. W. Kingston. P. (1881) 9500; (1891) 9900. 
 
 Belleville, electoral div. , Ire. ,co.Galway,dist.Turloughmore. 
 
 BellevUle, city, U.S., lUinois, St. Clair co., 15 m. SE. by E. 
 St. Louis, Mo. P. (1880) 10,700; (1890) 15,400. 
 
 Belleville, city, U.S., Kansas, Republic co., 120 m. WNW. 
 Topeka. Alt. 1536 ft. (R,R.). P.<2ooo. 
 
 BellevUle-sur-Sadnie, tn., France, dep. Rhone, 25 m. N. 
 by W. Lyons, arr. and 8 m. N. by E. Villefranche. P. <3000. 
 
 Belle Vue, stn., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. from Manchester, 
 on the M. S. & L. R., with P.O. 
 
 Bellevue, city, U.S., Iowa, Jackson co., on r. bk. of Missis- 
 sippi R. , 21 m. SE. Dubuque. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bellevne, vil., U.S., Michigan, Eaton co., 100 m. SW. by S. 
 Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 ^ OF THS '^ 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
BELL — BELP 
 
 Belle vue, viL, U.S., Nebraska, Sarpy co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Missouri, lo m. S. Omaha, P. < 1500. 
 
 BeUevne, vil., U.S., Ohio, Huron co., 46 m. SE. by E. 
 Toledo. P. <4000. 
 
 Belleme, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny co., on the 
 Ohio R., sh m. NW. Pittsburg. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Bell Efvart, vil., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co. , on Cook's 
 Bay, Lake Simcoe, 46 m. N. by W. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belletvgtown, tnld. , Ire. , E. co. Meath, bar. Upper Duleek, 
 5 m. S. Drogheda, P.O. 
 
 Belley, tn., France, dep. Ain, in the Val Romey [Aln], 
 18 m. NW. by N. Chamb^ry. The best lithographing stones 
 in France are found in the neighbourhood. Cap. arr. Alt. 
 910 ft. P. <4000. 
 
 Bellezma, small region of plateaux and mts. , Algeria, prov. 
 Constantine, to the W. of Batna. 
 
 Bellflelds, place, Eng. , Surrey, 2 m. from Stoke, near Guild- 
 ford, with P.O. 
 
 Bell Green, stn. , Eng. , Kent, Levvisham bor. , 6i m. SSE. 
 St. Paul's, London, on the SE. R. 
 
 Bell Harbour, place, Ire., co. Galway, 5 m. from Bally- 
 vaughan, with P.O. 
 
 Bellheim, comm., Ger., Bavarian Palatinate, 12 m. SW. by 
 S. Spires. P. < 3000. 
 
 BeU HiU, hill, Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 12 m. SE. by E. 
 Sherborne. 
 
 Bellle, par., Scot., cos. Elgin and Banff, containing Focha- 
 bers tn. ; 13,212 ac. P. <;25oo. 
 
 Bellinge ^Volde, comm., Holland, prov. and 26 m. E. by S. 
 Groningen, on the German frontier. P. < 5000. 
 
 Belllngliaiii, par. and vil. , Eng. , Northumberland, Hexham 
 div., on the 1. bk. of the N. Tyne, 13J m. NNW. Hexham, 
 on the N. B. R. , with coal-mines. The' lands belonged to the 
 Earl of Derwentwater, but were forfeited to the crown in 1715, 
 and granted to Greenwich Hospital PMT.O. Market-day, S. 
 19,724 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belllngham, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co., 24 m. 
 NW. by W. Taunton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belllngliain Bay, U.S., Washington, in almost the extreme 
 N. of the state ; lignitic, bituminous coal is mined here. 
 
 BeUlngsbansen Island, Pacific Ocean, Society Is., in 15° 
 48' S., 154° 30' w. 
 
 Belltnzona, tn. , Switzd. , cant. Ticino, 8 m. ENE. of the 
 head of Lake Maggiore, since 1881 sole cap. of the cant., situ- 
 ated at the entrance to the defile closing the Riviera valley 
 at the junction of the roads from the St. Gothard and San 
 Bernardino passes. Alt. 750 ft. ; mean rainfall (15 yrs.), 66.8i 
 in. P. < 3000. See Tlclno. 
 
 Bell Island, isl. , Newfoundland, ofFE. ct., in 50° 42'-5i' N. 
 
 Be//o, Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, 'beautiful.' See Bei. 
 
 Belllster, par., Eng., Northumberland, Haltwhistle Union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Bellochantny, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, 3 m. from Glen- 
 barr, with P.O. 
 
 Bellocq, vil., France, dep. Basses-Pyr6n6es, on the Pau, 
 arr. and 8 m. W. by N. Orthez. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bellot Strait, Polar Regions, between N. Somerset and 
 Boothia Felix, named after Lieut. Bellot. See Beecbey (isl. ). 
 
 Bellows Falls, vil., U.S., Vermont, Windham co., on the 
 Connecticut, which here affords much water-power, 42 m. SE. 
 by S. Rutland. P. < 4000. 
 
 Bell Pat, vil., Brit. Baluchistan, Gandava, 55 m. NNW. 
 Jacobabid, on the Quetta Rly. 
 
 Bell Bock, or Incb Cape, a reef of rocks in the N. Sea, 
 12 m. SE. Arbroath ; 6 ac. The reef is 2000 ft. long, and at 
 spring ebbs a portion is uncovered to the height of 4 ft. Be- 
 tween 1808 and 181 1 a lighthouse was built on it, which is 100 
 ft. high, and 42 ft. in diameter at its base, with a revolving 
 light ; in 56° 26' 3" N. , 2° 23' 6" W. At the distance of 100 
 yards all around the rock, at low water of spring tides, there is 
 a depth of three fathoms of water. It owes its name to the 
 tradition that a bell was attached to the rock by one of the 
 abbots of Arbroath to give warning to mariners in storms. 
 
 Bell's, rly. stn. , Canada, Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 13J m. 
 from Brockville. 
 
 Bell's Comers, vil., Canada, Ontario, Carleton co., 9 m. 
 SW. by S. Ottawa, P. < 1500. 
 
 Bell's Dep6t, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Crockett co., on the S. 
 fork of Forked Deer R., 65 m. NE. by E. Memphis. P. 
 <;i500. 
 
 Bellsbleld, hamlet, Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., 
 on the Rede, i6j m. SE. by S. Jedburgh, 8 m. NNE. Thorney- 
 bum stn. 
 
 Bellshill, mining tn., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, 3 m. N. 
 Hamilton, on the C. R. and the N. B. R. P. <3500. 
 
 Bellsqnarry, vil. , Scot., Midlothian, 8 m. SSE. Linlithgow, 
 close to New Park stn., P.O. 
 
 Bells ¥ew Green, P.O., Eng., Kent, near Tunbridge Wells. 
 
 Bellthorpe, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding. See Bishop 
 ^'llton. 
 
 148 • 
 
 Bellton, settlement, U.S., W. Virginia, Marshall co., 21 m. 
 SSE. Wheeling. 
 
 Bellano, tn. , Italy, Venetia, cap. prov. B. , on R. Piave, 33 
 m. N. Treviso ; seat of a bishop. Alt. 1358 ft. Mean temp. , 
 yr. 50. 1° F. , Jan. 29. 9°, Aug. 69. 8" ; rainfall (1875-91), yr. 54.4 in. , 
 April-Nov. 43.7 in. P. 16,000. 
 
 Bellnrgau, stn.. Ire., co. Louth, 4 m. from Dimdalk, on the 
 L. & NW. R. 
 
 Bellns. See Belnsz. 
 
 BeUvllle, vil, U.S., Ohio, Richland co., on Mohican Creek, 
 53 m. NNE. Columbus. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 BeUTlUe, vil., U.S., Texas, Austin co., 92 m. E. by S. 
 Austin. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 BellTllle Mines, tn., U.S., Missouri, Jasper co., near 
 Joplin City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bellirood, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Blair co., 8 m. NNE. 
 Altoona. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belly, riv. , Canada, Alberta, flows NE. from the Rocky Mts. , 
 and joins the Bow {^.v.) : named with reference to the 'Big 
 Belly ' Indians who used to dwell on its banks. 
 
 Belmez, tn., Spain, prov. Cordoba, 35 m. NW. by N. Cor- 
 dova. P. (comm.) 12,000. 
 
 Belmond, vil., U.S., Iowa, Wright co., 120 m. NW. by W. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belmont, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on the N. Pacific & 
 Manitoba Rly., no m. W. by S. Winnipeg. 
 
 Belmont, viL, Canada, Ontario, Middlesex co., 11 m. SE. 
 London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belmont, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Herbert, 58 m. 
 SW. by S. Kimberley, on the rly. to Kimberley. 
 
 Belmont, eccles. par., Eng., co. and 2 m. from Durham. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Belmont, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, W. Houghton div., 
 5 m. NW. by N. Bolton, 3^ m. NNE. Horwich stn., PM.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Belmont, stn., Eng., Surrey, Epsom div., on the Epsom 
 Downs branch of the L. B. & S. C. R., 13 m. SSW. St. Paul's, 
 London, PM.O. 
 
 Belmont, tn., France, on the NE. border of dep. Loire, arr. 
 and 16 m. NE. by E. Roanne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Belmont, tn. and watering-place. New South W'ales, North- 
 umberland CO., on the ct. , 8 m. SW. by S. Newcastle, about 
 32° 52' S. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belmont, tn., Victoria, co. Grant, 47 m. SW. Melbourne. 
 P. (of dist.) < 1500. 
 
 Belmont, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 6 m. 
 WNW. Boston. P. < 3000. 
 
 Belmont, vil., U.S., Missouri, Mississippi co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Mississippi, 18 m. S. by E. Cairo (IlL). P. < 1500. 
 
 Belmont, vil., U.S., Nevada, Nye co., 150 m. E. by S. 
 Carson City, and 60 m. S. by E. Austin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belmont, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Belknap co., 17 m. 
 NNE. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belmont, vil., U.S., New York, Allegany co., 62 m. SE. 
 Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belmont, co., U.S., Ohio, bounded on the E. by the R. 
 Ohio, crossed by 40° N. 
 
 Belmonte, tn., on the E. ct. of Brazil, Bahia, at the mouth 
 of the Rio Jequitinhonha (sometimes called Rio B. ), in 15° 50' 
 S. P. < 1000. 
 
 Belmont Lake, Canada, Ontario, Peterborough co., 70 m. 
 WNW. Kingston, drained W. into Stony Lake. 
 
 Belmore, vil., Canada, Ontario, Huron co., 67 m. N. 
 London. P. <isoo. 
 
 Belmore, co. , Queensland, S. frontier, crossed by 148° E. 
 
 Belmore, Slonut, Ire., in the W. of co. Fermanagh, 6 J m. 
 W. by S. Enniskillen. Height, 1312 ft. 
 
 Belmore Harbonr, S. Africa. See Femfto Veloso Bay, 
 also Chart, Proc. R. G. S., 18S5, p. 416. 
 
 Belmonnt, or Lisderg, tnld.. Ire., King's co., bar. Garry- 
 castle, iii m. S. by E. Athole, P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Belmnllet, fishing-tn.. Ire., NW. ct. co. Mayo, bar. Erris, 
 on Broad Haven, 34 m. W. by N. BaUina, PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Beloell, vil., Canada, Quebec, Verchferes co., on R. Riche- 
 lieu, 18 m. E. by N. Montreal. P. <i5O0. 
 
 Belolt, city, U.S., Kansas, Mitchell co., on R. Solomon, 
 140 m. W. by N. Topeka. P. <3000. 
 
 Belolt, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Rock co., 67 m. SW. by W. 
 Milwaukee. P. 6300. 
 
 Belokany, vil. , Russia, Transcaucasia, dist. Zakataly, 84 m. 
 E. of Tiflis. P. 7020. 
 
 Belov<lr, free tn. , Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, cap. prov. B. , 
 43 m. E. by N. Agram. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Belovely, hamlet, Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 7 m. 
 WSW. Bodmin, i m. N. Victoria stn. 
 
 Belp, tn., Switzd., cant, and 5 m. SSE. Bern. P. < 3000. 
 
 Belpasso, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 8 m. NW. Catania. P. 7000. 
 
 Belper, par. and market-tn., Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div., 
 7 m. N. Derby, on the M. R.; with manufactures of cotton 
 nails, earthenware, and silks. Market-day, S. Par. P. 10,400 
 
BELP — BENA 
 
 Belpre, vil. , U.S., Ohio, Washington co. , on the Ohio, 72 
 m. SW. Wheeling (W. Va.). Alt. 630 ft. (R. R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Bel Royal, rly. stn., Channel Is., Jersey, between St. 
 Aubin and St. Helier. 
 
 Belsay, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the W. border of 
 the Wansbeck div., i m. S. of the Blyth, 7I m. SW. by W. 
 Morpeth, 3 m. SSW. Meldon stn., PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Belses, stn., Scot., Roxburghshire, on the N. B. R. , 5^ m. 
 NW. by W. Jedburgh. 
 
 Belsize Park, part of eccles. par., Eng., London. See 
 Ilampstead. 
 
 Belstead, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , 3 m. SW. 
 Ipswich, 2 m. NNE. Capel stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Belstone, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 19 m. 
 W. Exeter, 2 m. E. Okehampton stn., with arsenical pyrites 
 mines, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Belt, Clreat and Little, two straits of the Baltic Sea, by 
 which it communicates with the Kattegat. Both extend from 
 about 54° 50' to 55° 40' N.; the Great Belt in n° E., between 
 the Danish islands Seeland on the E., and Fyen (Funen) on the 
 W.; the Little Belt, 9° 50' E., between Fyen on the E. and the 
 mainland of Schleswig and Jutland on the W. , is 70 m. long and 
 4 to 20 m. broad. The navigation of the Belts, both of which 
 have a navigable channel of at least 30 ft. depth throughout, 
 is dangerous from the number of shoals, and their liability to 
 storms in winter, when they are sometimes frozen over. In 
 1893 Denmark resolved to keep them open by ice-boats. 
 
 Beltana, tn. and rly. stn., S. Australia, co. Frome, 144 m. 
 N. Port Augusta. Mean rainfall (9 yrs.), 9. 11 in. P. < 1500. 
 
 Beltaunii, vil., Egypt, 12 m. S. Tanta. 
 
 Beltany Circle, a circle of ancient stones, Ire., E. co. 
 Donegal, bar. Raphoe, 4 m. WNW. Lifford. 
 
 Beltliorn, place, Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. SE. Blackburn, 
 with coal. 
 
 Beltiiige, hamlet, Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., on the N. 
 ct., 7 m. NNE. Canterbury, i m. ENE. Heme Bay stn. 
 
 Beltingbam ivlth Henslia^v, eccles. par., Eng., North- 
 umberland, near Haltwhistle. P. < 1000. 
 
 Belt DIonntains, a range, U.S., Montana, stretching NNW. 
 -SSE. to the E. of and parallel to the Missouri, in about 46°- 
 47° 10' N. Little Belt Monntalns, a range further E. 
 
 Beltoft, hamlet, Eng., Lincolnshire, Gainsborough div., 11 J 
 m. SSE. Goole, 3 m. SSW. Althorpe and Keadby stn. 
 
 Belton, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Middlesex co. , 13 m. 
 NNE. London. 
 
 Belton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 6 m. NW. 
 Loughborough, with P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Belton (All Saints), par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Gainsborough 
 div., II m. S. by E. Goole, 3 m. S. Crowle stn., PM.O.; 8307 
 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Belton (Grautbam), par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Stamford 
 div., 2^ m. NE. by N. Grantham, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Belton (I'ppingliam), par., Eng., Rutland, 5I m. SW. by 
 S. Oakham, 2 m. ENE. East Norton stn., P.O. P. <500. See 
 Wardley. 
 
 Belton, par., Eng., Suffolk, near Yarmouth, 4 m. from 
 Gorleston, on the G. E. R., with PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Belton, vil., U.S., Missouri, Cass co. , 20 m. S. by E. Kansas 
 City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belton, city, U.S., Texas, Bell co. , on Little R., 56 m. 
 NNE. Austin. P. 3000. 
 
 Beltonford, hamlet, Scot., Haddingtonshire, 2J m. WSW. 
 Dunbar. 
 
 Beltra, hamlet. Ire., co. and 6| m. SW. Sligo, P.O. 
 
 Beltra Loagb, Ire., NW. co. Mayo, 15 m. SW. Ballina, 
 drained by the Newport into Newport Bay. 
 
 Beltrami, co. , U.S., Minnesota, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 by 95° W. partly bounded on the N. by the Lake of the Woods 
 and Rainy Lake R. ; contains the Red Lake and part of the 
 White Earth Indian reservation. 
 
 Beltring Green, hamlet, Eng., Kent, div. and 5 m. E. 
 Tunbridge, 2 m. N. Paddock Wood Jimc. 
 
 Belturt>et, market-tn.. Ire., N. co. Cavan, bar. Lower 
 Loughtee, 8 m. N. by W. Cavan, r. bk. Erne, terminus of the 
 Cavan, Leitrim, & Roscommon Rly. Market-day, Th. Mean 
 rainfall (1866-80), 36 in. P. <2ooo. 
 
 BeltzIiooTer, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny co., near 
 Pittsburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Belnchistan, or Beloocbistan. See Balncliistan. 
 
 Bclu'dan, Syria. See Bludan. 
 
 Belur-tagb, or Bolor-tagli. See Pamirs. 
 
 ICelu.sz, Ger. Bellns, vil., NW. Hungary, cd. and 24 m. NE. 
 Trencs6n, with warm sulphur spring. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Belvedere, eccles. par. , Eng. , Kent, Dartford div. , on the 
 S. E. R., II m. E. by S. St. Paul's, with PMT.O. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Belvedere Itlarittimo, vil., on the W. ct. of Italy, Calabria, 
 prov. Cosenza, 63 m. NW. by N. Catanzaro. 
 
 Belves, tn., France, dep. Dordogne, 32 m. SSE. P6rigueux. 
 P. <:3ocio. 
 
 Belvidere, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Westmeath, dist. Mullingar. 
 
 Belvidere, vil. , Cape Colony, dist. Knysna, near Millwood. 
 P. <:i50o. 
 
 Belvidere, tn. , S. Australia, Hindmarsh co., 33 m. SE. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Belvidere, city, U.S., Illinois, Boone co, 67 m. WNW. 
 Chicago. P. <4000. 
 
 Belvidere, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Warren co., on the 1. bk, 
 of the Delaware R., one of the tribs. of which affords water- 
 power, 48 m. W. by N. Newark. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Belvoir, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 6 m. W. by 
 S. Grantham. Mean rainfall (1866-80), 27 in. P. <25o. 
 
 Belvoir, Vale of, Eng., in the extreme N. of the Melton 
 div. of Leicestershire, and the SE. of the Newark div. of Notts. 
 
 Belvne, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, Pictou co. , on 
 Northumberland Strait, 18 m. W. by N. Pictou. 
 
 Belyando, riv., Queensland, flows N. from B. dist. into the 
 Suttor. 
 
 Belyando, co. , Queensland, crossed in the S. by 24° S. , and 
 in the E. by 147° E. 
 
 Belz, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, 38 m. N. Lemberg. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Belz, tn. , France, dep. Morbihan, arr. and 11 m. ESE. Lorien 
 on the Etel inlet. P. <20oo. 
 
 Belzig, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 18 m. S 
 Brandenburg, cap. circle B. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bemba, lake, S. Africa. See Baugweolo. 
 
 Bembe, lake, Congo Free State, in the course of the Lualaba 
 to the N. of 7° S. 
 
 Bembe, riv. , S. Africa. See Limpopo. 
 
 Bembibre, comm., Spain, prov. Le6n, dist. Ponferrada. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Bemble, place near Ambriz, Angola ; deposits of copper. 
 
 Bembrldge, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., Isle of Wight div., 
 on the E. ct., 4^ m. SE. Ryde, with stn., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bement, vil., U.S., Illinois, Pitt co., 59 m. E. by N. Spring- 
 field. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bemerside, hamlet and seat, Scot., Berwickshire, 3 m. E, 
 by S. Melrose, i^ m. NE. St. Boswell's stn. 
 
 Bemerton, paxt of eccles. par. , Eng. See Fngglestone. 
 
 Bemflca, vil., Portugal, Estremadura, 8 m. NW. Lisbon. 
 P. -<4ooo. 
 
 Bemidji, Lalie, U.S., Minnesota, Beltrami co., 140 m. 
 WNW. Duluth, traversed by the Mississippi. 
 
 Bernini, a group of islets belonging to the Bahamas E. of 
 Florida Strait, which is sometimes called the Strait of B. 
 
 Bemmel, comm. , Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the Waal, 
 6 m. S. by W. Arnhem. P. 5700. 
 
 Benipton and Newsbolm, ct. par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. 
 Riding, Buckrose div., 14^ m. SE. Scarborough, 2^ m. NE. by 
 N. Bridlington, on the NE. R., PM.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ben, Gaelic, ' a mountain.' See Beinn. 
 
 Bena, post-tn. and rly. stn., Victoria, Momington co, 65 m. 
 SSE. Melbourne. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ben A'an, mt., Scot., in the W. of W. Perthshire, 8 m. NE. 
 by E. of the head of Loch Lomond. Alt. 3827 ft. 
 
 Benabarre, tn. , Spain, prov. and 44 m. E. Huesca. P. <3000. 
 
 Beuacazdn, tn., Spain, prov. and 11 m. W. Seville. P. <40oo. 
 
 Benacre, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 6^ m. SW. by S. 
 Lowestoft. P. <25o; eccles. par. (B. 'witb Covebitbe and 
 Easton Ba vents) P. <5oc. 
 
 Benadir, El ('the ports'), name of the ct. of the Arabian 
 Sea from Brava to Mokdishu. 
 
 Ben Aflen, desert, Tripoli, Fezzan. 
 
 Benagalbdn, comm., Spain, prov. and dist. Mdlaga. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Benagnacil, tn., Spain, prov. and ii m. NW. Valencia, 
 P. <5coo. 
 
 Bena Kaniba, stn. , Congo Free State, near head of naviga- 
 tion on the Lomami (Lubilash), about 2° 58' S. , 24° 50' E. 
 
 Ben Alder, mt. , Scot., Inverness-shire, in the extreme S. , 
 5 m. N. of the foot of Loch Ericht. Alt. 3757 ft, 
 
 Benalla, tp., Victoria, Delalite co., 43 m. SW. by W. 
 Beechworth. P. 3000. 
 
 Ben AUigin, mt., Scot., Ross-shire, in the W., 4 m. NW, of 
 the head of Loch Torridon. Alt. 3232 ft. 
 
 Benamargosa, comm., Spain, prov. and 20 m. NE. Malaga, 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Ben Am Binnein. See Ben A'an. 
 
 Benambra, co. , Victoria, N. frontier, crossed by 148° E, 
 
 Beuamejl, tn., Spain, prov. Cordoba, 40 m. N, by W, 
 Malaga. P. < 5000. 
 
 Benarba, co. , New S. Wales, crossed by 29° S. and 149° E, 
 
 Benares, div. and dist., Brit. India. See NW. Provinces. 
 
 Benares, city, India, NW. Provs., cap. of B. dist., 390 m, 
 NW. Calcutta, 72 m. E. Allahabid, the anct. cap. of Hinduism. 
 It stands on the edge of the R. Ganges, 1. bk. , where it makes 
 a bend to the left, thus presenting at one view the whole series 
 of the imposing ghdts or steps descending to the river-bank, 
 along with the temples and mosques by which these ghdts are 
 surmoimted. The river is still accessible here to large steamers, 
 
 149 
 
BENA — BENG 
 
 and is now crossed by a railway bridge ; but the town, in spite 
 of its size, is not specially remarkable as a seat of trade and 
 manufactures. It is enriched rather by the concourse of 
 wealthy pilgrims. B. has shown a tendency to shift its posi- 
 tion. The oldest town occupied the site of Sdrnath, where 
 colossal Buddhist remains still lie thickly scattered over the 
 ground. Three-fourths of the inhabitants are Hindus, less 
 than one-fourth Muhammadans. The chmate in the dist. is 
 one of the hottest and dampest in the NW. Provs. Alt. 267 ft. ; 
 mean temp., yr. 78"" F., Jan. 61°, June 91°; mean rainfall, yr. 
 39.6 in., June-Sept. 35.0, July- Aug. 23.5. P., including canton- 
 ment (1881) 199,700; (1891) 219,500. 
 
 Ben Armlne, or Belnn an Armnlnn, mt. , Scot. , Suther- 
 land, in the middle. 
 
 Ben Arthur, or The Cobbler, mt., Scot., Argyllshire, to 
 the W. of the head of Loch Long. Alt. 2891 ft. 
 
 Benasqne, fort, Spain, prov. Huesca, on the Sera, 60 m. 
 NE. by E. Huesca. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ben Anler, mt. , Scot. See Ben Alder. 
 Benaventa Camp, an anct. camp, Eng., Northampton- 
 shire, S. div. , 2 m. E. Daventry. 
 
 Benavente, dist. tn., Spain, Le6n, prov. Zamora, 56 m. 
 WNW. Valladolid. P. < 5000. 
 
 BenaTldes, tn., U.S., Texas, Duval co., 140 m. NW. by N. 
 of the S. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 Benbann, mt. , Ire. See Bnnnebeola. 
 Benbecnla, isl. , Scot., Inverness-shire, between N. and S. 
 Uist. P. < 2000. 
 
 Benbeoch, mt., Scot., S. Ayrshire, i| m. NE. Dalmellington, 
 12 m. E. Maybole. Alt. 1521 ft. 
 
 Ben Bhan, mt. , Scot. , Ross-shire, in the SW. , 7 m. N W, 
 by N. Strome Ferry. Alt. 2936 ft. 
 
 Benbrack, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cavan, dist. Swanlinbar. 
 Ben Bni, or Beinn Bnldhe, mt., Scot., Argyllshire, 9 m. 
 NE. Inveraray. Alt. 3106 ft. 
 
 Ben Bnle, mt. , Scot., Argyllshire, in the S. of Mull I. 
 Alt. 2354 ft. 
 
 Benburb, tn. , Ire. , Tyrone, bar. Middle Dungannon, 6| m. S. 
 by E. Dungannon, on the Blackwater, PMT.O. P. <:250. 
 
 Ben Chaorach, mt., Scot., Dumbartonshire, 6 m. N. by W. 
 Helensburgh. Alt. 2338 ft. 
 
 Ben Chonzle, or Ben>y-hone, mt., Scot., W. Perthshire, 
 8 m. NW. Crieff. Alt. 3048 ft. 
 Bencoolen, Sumatra. See Benknlen. 
 Bencorr, electoral div., Ire., co. Galway, dist. Roundstone. 
 Bencorr, mt.. Ire. See Bnnnebeola. 
 
 Ben Crnachan, mt., Scot., Argyllshire, 9I m. S. by W. 
 of the head of Loch Etive, just N. of Loch Awe. Alt. 
 3689 ft. 
 
 Ben Dearg, mt., Scot., Ross-shire, in the N., 5I m. ESE. 
 of the head of Loch Broom. Alt. 3547 ft. 
 
 Bendemeer, Bendamir, or Bnndamlr, riv. , Persia. See 
 Bakhtegan (lake). 
 
 Bendemeer, tp.. New South Wales, Inglis co., 20 m. NE. 
 Tam worth. P. < 1500. 
 Bender, Persian, 'a harbour.' 
 
 Bender' (Bandar, or Bonder) Abbas (at one time called 
 also Ciombroon, but renamed after Shah Abbas the Great 
 after he had, in 1622, with the aid of the English, driven the 
 Portuguese out of Ormuz), seapt., Persia, on the Persian Gulf, 
 at the most northerly point of the Strait of Ormuz, and about 
 10 m. NW. Ormuz I., starting-point of the caravan route to 
 Kerman and Yezd ; roadstead exposed to the SE. , otherwise 
 sheltered. It is a dirty town, and so hot and unhealthy that 
 the wealthier native merchants mostly retire during the greater 
 part of the year to Minab, 50 m. to the E. , though healthy 
 residences could, it is said, be obtained on hills a few miles oft". 
 Trade chiefly with Brit. India and Arabia; total value exports 
 (mainly cotton, opium, asafoetida, and henna) about ^^500, 000. 
 P. variously estimated at 5000 to 12,000. 
 Bender Bushehr, Persia. See Bnshlre. 
 Bender Eregll, Asia Minor. See Eregli. 
 Bender-I-Gez, Persia. See Cez. 
 
 Benderloeh, dist., Scot., Argyllshire, in the NW. between 
 Loch Etive and Loch and Glen Creran. 
 
 Bendery, dist. tn. and fortress, SW. Russia, govt. Bessarabia, 
 on r. bk. Dniester, 48 m. from its mouth ; has a citadel on an 
 eminence. The boats floated down the Dniester are unloaded 
 here, and goods are sent by rail to Odessa and Roumania. P. 
 31,000. 
 
 Bendigo, mining locality. New Zealand, co. Vincent, 153 m. 
 NW. Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bendigo, co., Victoria, betweeen 36° and 37° S., crossed in 
 the W. by 144° E. See also Sandhurst. 
 
 Bendochy, par. , Scot. , E. Perthshire, on the Isla, i m. N. 
 Coupar- Angus ; 9368 ac. P. <7SO. 
 
 Bendooragh, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Antrim, bar. Upper 
 Dunluce, 7 m. SE. Coleraine, on the Ballymena and Portrush 
 Rly.,P.O. P.<250. 
 Bendorr, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., on the r. bk. of the 
 150 
 
 Rhine, 5 m. N. Coblenz ; important iron and other industries ; 
 in the neighbourhood iron-ore mming. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Bene, small tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 18 m. NE. 
 Cuneo. P. 6000. 
 
 Bene Berak, place named in O. T. See Ibn Ibrak. 
 
 Beneckenstein, tn., Prussia. See Beuneckenstein. 
 
 Benedetto, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, near the r. bk. of the Po, 
 prov. and 11 m. SE. Mantua. P. (comm. ) 6700. See San B. 
 
 BencUcld, par., Eng., N. div, of Northamptonshire, 12 m. 
 S. by W. Stamford, 3 m. W. Oundle, P.O. ; 4748 ac. P.<:5oo. 
 
 B^n^jacq, tn. , France, dep. Basses-Pyr6n6es, arr. Pau, cant. 
 Nay. P. < 2000. 
 
 Benenden, par. and vil., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 103 m. 
 NW. Rye, 7 m. NE. by E. Etchingham stn., PMT.O. ; par. 
 6693 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Beneschan, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 18 m. SSE. Budweis. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 Benet, tn., France, dep. Vendue, arr. Fontenay-le-Comte, 
 7 m. NW. by W. Niort. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Beneveian, loch. See AfTric, R. 
 
 B^n^vent I'Abbaye, tn., France, dep. Creuse, arr. Bour- 
 ganeuf, 27 m. NE. Limoges. P. < 2000. 
 
 Benevento, tn. , Italy, Campania, cap. prov. B. , on the Galore, 
 33 m. NE. Naples, occupying the site of the ancient town out of 
 the ruins of which it was built. B. is an archbishop's see. Under 
 the Lombards B. was made, in 589 A.D., the cap. of a duchy, 
 which, after sundry vicissitudes, became in 1053 part of the 
 papal domain. In 1806 Napoleon I. erected it into a princi- 
 pality, but it was again restored to the Pope in 1814, and in 
 i860 was incorporated in the kingdom of Italy. See Apen- 
 nines, E. Ah. 380 ft. 
 
 Ben Fad, or Ben Fhada, mt. , Scot. , Argyllshire, in the W. 
 of Mull I., adjoining Ben More on the NE. Alt. 2302 ft. 
 
 Benfeld, cant. , Ger. , govt, of Alsace-Lorraine, on the 1. Dk. 
 of the 111 R., 16^ m. SSW. Strassburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Benfleldslde, par., Eng., Durham, near Shotley Bridge. 
 P. 6300. 
 
 Benfleet, North, par., Eng., Essex, Chelmsford div., 8 J m. 
 WNW. Southend, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Benfleet, Sonth, ct. par. , SE. div. , SE. of North B. , on the 
 London, Tilbury, & Southend Rly., PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Bengal, a presidency of Brit. India, one of the three great 
 divisions of the country, roughly embracing ail India N. of the 
 Vindhya Mts. , at one time under a single administration, but 
 now divided into several provinces, which are .still united, 
 however, as regards military organisation. The provinces are 
 the lieutenant-governorships of Bengal, the NW. Pro\ances and 
 Oudh, and the Punjab, the chief commissionership of Assam, 
 and the commissionership of Ajmere. See India, table. 
 
 Bengal, or lo'wer Bengal, a lieutenant-governorship of Brit. 
 India, composed principally of the lower basin of the Ganges 
 and the Brahmaputra. In ancient times Banga was the name 
 of an Aryan kingdom practically conterminous with the 
 Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, and tlie name Bangala, a form 
 which first appears in the works of Marco Polo, and other 
 writers of the 13th century, was applied under Mohammedan 
 rule to the same region. The present lieutenant-governorship is 
 made up of the nine divisions enumerated in the following table. 
 Of these Orissa (q.v.) in the SW., and Chutii Ndgpur (q.v) in 
 the W., correspond to two old provs. The divisions of 
 Bhdgalpur and Patni in the NW. are equivalent to the old 
 prov. of Behar. The remaining divisions form Bengal proper. 
 Bardwdn, Presidency, Dacca, and Chittagong succeed one 
 another from W. to E. in the S., and Rdjsh^i lies between 
 Bhdgalpur and Assam. 
 
 Area in sqrtare miles and population in thousands at tlu 
 Censuses of \^T2, 1881, and 1891, -with increase per cent, 
 between 1881-91, and population per square mile 1891 of 
 the divisions and districts of Bengal. 
 
 
 Area in 
 
 Pop. 
 
 ^foP- 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Inc. 
 p. cent. 
 
 Pop. por 
 sq. m. 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 1872. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1881-91. 
 
 1891. 
 
 24 Parganis 
 
 2,108 
 
 1,528 
 
 1,618 
 
 1,892 
 
 17 
 
 898 
 
 Calcu tta& suburbs 
 
 20 
 
 687 
 
 685 
 
 682 
 
 -0.4 
 
 37,057 
 
 Nadiyd 
 
 2.794 
 
 1,813 
 
 1,663 
 
 1,644 
 
 — i.i 
 
 l^f 
 
 Jessore 
 Khdlna 
 
 2,92s 
 
 1.452 
 
 1,939 
 
 1,889 
 
 -2.6 
 
 646 
 
 2,077 
 
 1,047 
 
 1,080 
 
 1,178 
 
 9 
 
 567 
 
 Murshiddbid 
 
 2,144 
 
 1,214 
 
 1,227 
 
 1,251 
 
 2 
 
 583 
 
 Presidency div. 
 
 ia,o68 
 
 7,740 
 
 8,212 
 
 8,535 
 
 4 
 
 707 
 
 Dacca . 
 
 2.797 
 
 I,8S3 
 
 2,113 
 
 2,421 
 
 15 
 
 865 
 
 Faridpur 
 
 2,267 
 
 1,502 
 
 1.637 
 
 1.797 
 
 10 
 
 792 
 
 B4karganj . 
 
 3.649 
 
 1,888 
 
 1,901 
 
 2,154 
 
 13 
 
 590 
 
 Maimansingh 
 
 ■6.332 
 
 2.349 
 
 3,055 
 
 3.472 
 
 14 
 
 548 
 
 Dacca div. 
 
 15.04s 
 
 7,S9» 
 
 8,706 
 
 9.844 
 
 13 
 
 654 
 
 Chittagong . 
 
 2,563 
 
 1,127 
 
 1,132 
 
 1.290 
 
 14 
 
 503 
 
 No4kh4H . 
 
 1.645 
 
 840 
 
 821 
 
 tjOIO 
 
 23 
 
 614 
 
 Tipperah 
 HflfTracts . 
 
 2,491 
 
 1,409 
 
 1,514 
 
 1.783 
 
 18 
 
 716 
 
 5.419 
 
 70 
 
 102 
 
 107 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 Chittagong: div. 
 Carry forward . 
 
 la.iiS 
 
 3.44« 
 
 3,570 
 
 4,190 
 
 17 
 
 345 
 
 39,231 
 
 18,778 
 
 20,488 
 
 32,569 1 
 
 
BEN G 
 
 Area in square miles and pofulation in thousands, dfc, of the 
 divisions and districts of Bengal — continued. 
 
 Brought forward 
 
 Dinajpur 
 
 Rajshahi 
 
 Rangpur 
 
 Bogra . 
 
 Pabna . 
 
 Darjiling 
 
 Jalpaiguri . 
 Rajshahi div. . 
 
 Monghyr 
 
 Bhdgalpur . 
 
 Pumiah . , 
 
 Maldah 
 
 Santal Parganas 
 Bhagralpur div. 
 
 Patna . 
 
 Gayd . 
 
 Shdh4bad , 
 
 Muzaffarpur 
 
 Darbhangah 
 
 Saran . 
 
 Champaran . 
 Patna div. 
 
 Bardwan 
 
 Bdnkura 
 
 Blrbhum 
 
 Midnapur . 
 
 Htigli . 
 
 Howrah 
 Bardwan div. . 
 
 HazAribagh . 
 
 Lohardaga . 
 
 Singhbhum . 
 
 Manbhum . 
 
 Palamau 
 Chutia Nagpur div, 
 
 Cuttack 
 
 Purl . 
 
 Balasor 
 
 Angul and Kandh \ 
 Mehals . / 
 Orissa div. 
 
 Total Brit. Terr. 
 
 Native States in con- 
 nection with the 
 govt, of Bengal — 
 Kuch Behar 
 Hill Tipperah 
 Tributary States — 
 Orissa 
 Chutia Nagpur 
 
 Total Native \ 
 States . j 
 
 Grand Total 
 
 Area in 
 
 Pop. 
 
 ^^■ 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Inc. 
 p. cent. 
 1881.91. 
 
 Pop. per 
 sq. m. 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 1872. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1891. 
 
 39.231 
 
 18,778 
 
 20,488 
 
 22,569 
 
 
 
 4,118 
 
 1,502 
 
 1,514 
 
 1,556 
 
 2.8 
 
 378 
 
 2. 330 
 
 t,3ii 
 
 1,331 
 
 1,313 
 
 -1.4 
 
 564 
 
 3,486 
 
 2,: 54 
 
 2.098 
 
 2,065 
 
 -1.6 
 
 592 
 
 1.452 
 
 689 
 
 735 
 
 817 
 
 II 
 
 563 
 
 1,839 
 
 1,212 
 
 1,312 
 
 1,362 
 
 3-8 
 
 741 
 
 1,164 
 
 94-7 
 
 156 
 
 223 
 
 42.9 
 
 192 
 
 2,962 
 
 419 
 
 581 
 
 681 
 
 17 
 
 230 
 
 17,351 
 
 7,.38i 
 
 7,727 
 
 8,019 
 
 3-8 
 
 456 
 
 3.921 
 
 1,815 
 
 1,970 
 
 2,036 
 
 3-3 
 
 5^9 
 
 4,226 
 
 1,825 
 
 1,968 
 
 2,033 
 
 3-3 
 
 481 
 
 4,993 
 
 1,71s 
 
 1,850 
 
 1,945 
 
 5-2 
 
 389 
 
 1,902 
 
 676 
 
 711 
 
 815 
 
 14.0 
 
 428 
 
 S,4<59 
 
 1,259 
 
 1,568 
 
 1,754 
 
 11.9 
 
 321 
 
 20,SH 
 
 7,290 
 
 8,066 
 
 8,582 
 
 6.4 
 
 418 
 
 2,076 
 
 1,560 
 
 1,752 
 
 1,769 
 
 0.97 
 
 852 
 
 4,712 
 
 1,948 
 
 2,125 
 
 2,138 
 
 0.6 
 
 454 
 
 4,365 
 
 1,724 
 
 1,953 
 
 2,063 
 
 5.6 
 
 473 
 
 3,003 
 
 2.245 
 
 2,582 
 
 2,711 
 
 5 • 
 
 903 
 
 3,335 
 
 2,139 
 
 2,630 
 
 2,802 
 
 6.5 
 
 840 
 
 2,653 
 
 2,064 
 
 2,297 
 
 2,467 
 
 7-4 
 
 930 
 
 3,531 
 
 1,441 
 
 1,722 
 
 I,8S9 
 
 8 
 
 527 
 
 23,675 
 
 13,121 
 
 15,061 
 
 15,811 
 
 5 
 
 667 
 
 2,697 
 
 1,484 
 
 1,394 
 
 1,392 
 
 -0.14 
 
 H 
 
 2,621 
 
 969 
 
 1,042 
 
 1,070 
 
 2.7 
 
 408 
 
 1.753 
 
 854 
 
 792 
 
 798 
 
 0.76 
 
 455 
 
 5,186 
 
 2,545 
 
 2,516 
 
 2,632 
 
 4.6 
 
 507 
 
 1,223 
 
 1,157 
 
 1,015 
 
 1,077 
 
 6.1 
 
 880 
 
 476 
 
 596 
 
 635 
 
 721 
 
 13-5 
 
 1,515 
 
 13,956 
 
 7,605 
 
 7.394 
 
 7.689 
 
 4 
 
 550 
 
 7,021 
 
 772 
 
 1,105 
 
 1,164 
 
 5-3 
 
 166 
 
 7,140 
 
 1,237 
 
 1,058 
 
 1,129 
 
 6.7 
 
 155 
 
 3.753 
 
 318 
 
 454 
 
 545 
 
 20 
 
 145 
 
 1 4.147 
 
 821 
 
 1,058 
 
 1,193 
 
 12.8 
 
 288 
 
 4,905 
 
 
 552 
 
 597 
 
 8.3 
 
 122 
 
 26,966 
 
 3,148 
 
 4,226 
 
 4,629 
 
 9-5 
 
 172 
 
 3,633 
 
 1.495 
 
 1,795 
 
 1.938 
 
 8 
 
 533 
 
 2,473 
 
 770 
 
 889 
 
 945 
 
 6.3 
 
 382 
 
 ] 2,066 
 
 770 
 
 945 
 
 995 
 
 5-3 
 
 481 
 
 1,681 
 
 
 161 
 
 170 
 
 5-6 
 
 101 
 
 9.853 
 
 3,162 
 
 3,790 
 
 4.047 
 
 6.8 
 
 411 
 
 151.543 
 
 60,484 
 
 66,751 
 
 71.347 
 
 6.9 
 
 471 
 
 1,307 
 
 533 
 
 603 
 
 579 
 
 -4.0 
 
 443 
 
 4,086 
 
 35-3 
 
 95-6 
 
 137 
 
 42.7 
 
 34 
 
 14,387 
 
 1,156 
 
 1,410 
 
 1.697 
 
 20.4 
 
 118 
 
 16,054 
 
 499 
 
 678 
 
 883 
 
 30.2 
 
 55 
 
 35,834 
 
 2,222 
 
 2,786 
 
 3.296 
 
 18.3 
 
 92 
 
 187,377 ,62,706 
 
 69,537 
 
 74.643 
 
 7-3 
 
 398 
 
 The greater part of the area of the lieutenant-governorship 
 consists of plains. These plains are widest in the S. , where 
 they spread out along the seaboard. They are narrowest in an 
 E. to W. direction, about the place where the Ganges and the 
 Brahmaputra turn southward, the Ganges skirting the Rdjmahal 
 Hills on the W. of the plains, the Brahmaputra washing the 
 base of the Gdro Hills on the E. The width of the plain is here 
 about 130 m. Farther N. the plain expands in an E. to W. 
 direction, the narrower dimensions being that from N. to S. 
 between the Himdlayas and the southern tableland. The width 
 in this direction is about the same as that in the neck between 
 the Rdjmahil and the Giro Hills. The plains to the S. of this 
 neck form one of the most extensive regions of river alluvium in 
 the world. The greater part of the area made up of these 
 plains belongs to the delta of the Ganges and Brahmaputra, 
 which is about equal in extent to the whole of Ireland [Deltas]. 
 The main streams of these rivers now unite at Godldnda ; the 
 bulk of their water is carried to the sea by the Meghnd. estuary, 
 whereas the Huglf (Hooghly) has throughout the historical 
 period formed the principal highway for ships [HtkgU, 
 Ganges, Calcutta]. The principal rivers of this basin, belong- 
 ing at least in part to Bengal, are the Gogra (the lower course 
 of which forms part of the frontier on the side of the NW. 
 Provs.), Gandak, and Kiisi, three 1. bk. tribs. of the Ganges, 
 the Son, a r. bk. trib. of the Ganges, and the Surmd, a river 
 joining the main stream on the left in the delta. Orissa 
 has a separate river system from Lower Bengal. The chief 
 rivers are the Mahdnadf, Brdhmanf, and Baitaranf, together 
 with the Subarnarekhd, on the confines of the prov. in the 
 N. The chief river of Chittagong division, the Karnaphulf, 
 also has a basin wholly distinct. Its upper waters flow 
 between the parallel ranges of mountains which bound the 
 Ganges delta on the E. The climate of Bengal generally is 
 
 more tropical than might be expected from the situation of the 
 province, seeing fully half of it lies outside of the torrid zone. 
 The mean temp, at all the stations at moderate elevation (less 
 than 400 ft.) N. of Orissa is from 77° to 79° F. at Cuttack in 
 Orissa, 3° S. of the Tropic of Cancer, 81° F, The mean rain- 
 fall in the half of the prov. E. of the meridian of 88° (near that 
 in which the Ganges turns to the SE.), as well as in Orissa 
 [Cuttack], is generally above 50 in. [Calcutta, Bertaampur, 
 Jessore, Dacca, Puruiah], at hill-stations and places near 
 the W. base of hills [Darjilliig, Dacca, Cblttagong], much 
 higher ; in the half W. of that meridian the mean rainfall is 
 generally below 50 in. , as in Behar [Patna, Darbbanga], and 
 the Chutid Ndgpur div. [HazHrlb^b, Gaysi]. Everywhere the 
 rainiest months are June to Sept. The less rainy parts in the 
 NW. are almost the only parts that can be called healthy. The 
 rest suffer from malarious diseases, and in many of the dists. 
 cholera is endemic. Irrigation works are not required in the 
 E. half of the prov. The only irrigation works, indeed, are 
 those of the deltaic system in Orissa, the Midnapur Canal 
 running W. from the Htiglf, and the Sdran and Son canals in the 
 NW. of the prov., the Saran canals, between the lower Gogra 
 and Gdndak, being principally designed to supply water for the 
 manufacture of indigo. Famine is seldom experienced E. of 
 the Hugh. In 1865-6 the whole of the W. half of the prov. was 
 visited by famine, which was intense in Orissa, and in 1873-4 the 
 NW. was visited by famine, which was very severe to the N. of 
 the Ganges between the Gandak and the Tfsta. Agricultural 
 Products. — Rice is the great staple, but numerous other grains 
 besides pulses are grown. Among other products of the soil 
 are oil-seeds, sugar-cane, pepper, ginger, indigo, jute, tropical 
 fruits, the silk-mulberry — in fact, almost everything that tropical 
 India can furnish. A large proportion of the silk of the prov. 
 is tasar or tussur silk, the produce of ' wild moths' in the hill- 
 forests of Chutid Ndgpur. On the Himalayan slopes in Dar- 
 jfling {q.v.) are grown tea and cinchona [India]. Among 
 minerals the coal and iron of the W. , on the outskirts of the 
 Indian tableland, are the most important. Here, in the valley 
 of the Ddmodar R. , a r. bk. trib. of the Hiiglf , and in that o< 
 the Barakhar, a 1. bk. trib. of the Damodar, are several coal- 
 fields, which together produce about four-fifths of the coal raised 
 in India, the principal being that round RsinlganJ, about 120 
 m. NW. of Calcutta. The coalfield of Karharlislrl yields a 
 better quality of coal, and the amount of its output is rapidly 
 increasing. It is connected by a branch line with the East 
 Indian Railway, which possesses some of the mines belonging 
 to it. The same railway is projecting the laying of another 
 branch line to the Jharid coalfield, about 30 ra. to the S. of 
 that of Karharbdri. The principal beds of iron ore are near 
 Raniganj, but are not of good quality, while the Raniganj 
 coal is not suitable for iron-smelting. Karharbdri coal can, 
 however, be used for the purpose ; but hitherto the attempts 
 to develop a great iron industry in this neighbourhood have 
 not been successful [Barilkbar]. Coal also exists among the 
 eastern hills, though here there is as yet but a scanty production. 
 The northern plains of Behar have long been noted for their 
 yield of saltpetre, which appears as an incrustation on the surface, 
 and is regularly renewed after its removal. Other salts incrust 
 the stirface elsewhere, but only in the drier parts of the prov. 
 Common salt is obtained in the dist. of Balasor, in the N. of 
 Orissa, by the boiling of sea-water in earthenware pots, and in 
 that of Purf, in the S. of Orissa, by solar evaporation. Muslins 
 [Dacca], cotton piece goods, diaper, pack-thread, sailcloth, 
 chintzes, silks, calicoes, blanketing, and other woven goods 
 are occasionally manufactured, but the bulk of the native manu- 
 factures have now been superseded by European imports. Jute 
 cloth and gunny-bags are now, however, made in Bengal in large 
 and increasing quantity in mills working modem machinery. 
 As to the foreign commerce, see India and Calcutta. In the 
 delta the rivers form the principal means of comninuication. 
 Almost every cottage there has a navigable stream at its door, 
 and the Bengal rayat keeps his boat almost as regularly as an 
 English farmer keeps his gig. The Brahmaputra is the princi- 
 pal means of communication with the valley of Assam. A rail- 
 way is, however, being constructed from Chittagong to Assam 
 {q.v.). The principal railways of the prov. are those which 
 run from Calcutta (or Howrah on the r. bk. of the Huglf 
 opposite Calcutta) westwards ; the most important being the 
 E. Indian Rly. , which ascends the Ganges valley, and communi- 
 cates with the Bengal-Ndgpur Rly. , by means of which com- 
 munication has since March 1891 been established between 
 Calcutta and Bombay. The Eastern Bengal State Rly. runs 
 first E. to Godldnda, the starting-point of steamer-trafific on the 
 Brahmaputra, and then by means of a ferry effects communica- 
 tion with another line running N. to the base of the Himalayas, 
 where a narrow gauge (2 ft. ) movmtain railway, the highest in 
 the Old World (reaching a height of 7300 ft.), takes one up to 
 the hill-station of Darjlling. The principal and most cele- 
 brated towns are Calcutta, the seat of government, its suburb 
 Howrah, Murshidabad, Dacca, Patna, Gayd, Cuttack, and 
 Purf; the only seaports of any consequence Calcutta and 
 
 151 
 
B E N G — B E N L 
 
 Chittagong. As regards language, nearly all the inhabitants 
 of B. proper speak Bengali, and the allied Uriya is the pre- 
 vailing dialect of Orissa. In the N\V. divs., on the other 
 hand (Behar and Chutia Nagpur), the main dialects are Hindi 
 [India]. The principal ' aboriginal ' tribes [India] are Santils 
 and Kols, who are most numerous in the hill-tracts of Chutii 
 Ndgpur {q.v. ). About one-third of the population are Moham- 
 medans in religion, and the remainder principally Hindus. 
 [See India, table.] In early times the chief seat of power in 
 this part of India was in Behar [Patna], and Hindu princes 
 ruled in petty principalities in Bengal proper down to the end 
 of the twelfth century. From about that date to 1336, B. was 
 ruled by governors dependent on the Mohammedan emperors 
 in the N. From 1336 to 1539, it remained under independent 
 Mohammedan kings. From 1539 to 1576 it was governed by 
 an Afghan or Pathan dynasty, and from the latter date till 
 1765 it formed part of the Mughal empire. Meantime, the 
 British East Indian Company had been acquiring influence in 
 the delta, and becoming involved in war with the Mughal 
 empire, succeeded after several victories (Plassy, 1757 ; Baxar, 
 1764) in obtaining in 1765 the cession of most of the terr. now 
 constituting the lieutenant-governorship. 
 
 Bengazl, or Bengbazl, seapt., on the N. ct. of Africa, 
 Barka, in 19° 54' E., starting-point of caravans proceedings, 
 by the oases of Aujila, Kufra, and Kebabo, to Wanjanga and 
 Wadai, and SE. by those of Siwah and Beharieh to Egypt ; 
 shallow harbour but good roadstead. A breakwater is now being 
 constructed to divert the currents which encumber the harbour 
 with sandbanks. Principal exports, sheep and other animals 
 (including camels sent by land to Egypt), wool, barley, butter, 
 salt, sponges (from Gulf of Sidra), ivory. Annual value, 
 ;^2oo,ooo to ;/^30o,ooo. Mean temp, (i yr., 1882), yr. 69.0° F. , 
 Jan. 54.7°, Aug. 80.4°. P. 15,000. 
 
 Bengeo, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, Hert on the Lea, i m. N. 
 Hertford, PMT.O. P.<;30oo. 
 
 Bengororth, eccles. par., Eng., Worcestershire, on the 
 M. R., I m. SW. Evesham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bengore Head, cape. Ire. , NW. co. Antrim, in 6° 28' W. 
 
 Bengorlff, mt. , Ire. , extreme N. co. Galway, 12J m. S. West- 
 port. Height, 2039 ft. 
 
 Bengorm, mt., Ire., in the SW. of co. Mayo, 13 m. SSW, 
 Westport. Height, 2303 ft. 
 
 Bcngonr, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Murragh. 
 
 BengOM'er, or Bencorr, mt.. Ire. See Bnnnel>eola. 
 
 Bengnela, or Bengnella, seapt., Portugfuese W. Africa, in 
 12" 34' S., giving name to one of the govts, of the prov. of 
 Angola {q.v.), 20 m. from Katumbela, 26 days' march from 
 Bihe, to which it is proposed to lay a railway by way of 
 Kakonda ; open roadstead. Exports, good rubber, ivory, skins, 
 and coffee ; annual value, _^ioo,ooo to ^^150,000. Site swampy 
 and unhealthy. 
 
 BengM'aue, a name of the Limpopo R. , S. Africa. 
 
 Benba-el-Asl, tn., Egypt, on the r. bk. of the Damietta arm 
 of the Nile, 22 m. WSW. Zagazig. P. 8400. 
 
 BenbalJ, par., Eng., Suffolk, 2 m. from Sa.xmundham, with 
 P.O. (B.Green). P. <:75o. 
 
 Benhar, East, vil., Scot., Linlithgowshire, in Whitburn 
 par. P. <:75o. 
 
 Benliar, West, or Sfnlrhead, vil., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, 
 8| m. E. by S. Airdrie, 2 m. NW. Fauldhouse stn. P. <i500. 
 
 Benliead, cape. Ire., on the E. ct. of co. Meath, 53° 40' N. 
 
 Ben Hee, mt. , Scot. , in the W. of Sutherland, 6 m. NNE. 
 of the head of Loch Shin. Alt. 2864 ft. 
 
 Benlillton,eccles.par.,Eng.,SiUTey,nearCroydon. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Benliolni, ct. par. , Scot. , Kincardineshire, 3 m. SW. Bervie, 
 \\ m. NNE. Johnshaven stn.; par. 4891 ac. P. <2000. 
 
 Ben Hope, mt. , Scot., in the N. of the co. of Sutherland, 
 5 m. ESE. of the head of Loch EriboU. Alt. 3040 ft. 
 
 Ben Bowth. See HoMtb Head. 
 
 Beni, Arabic, ' tribe. ' 
 
 Benl, riv. , S. America, Bolivia, formed by the junction of all 
 the streams descending from the eastern Cordillera, between 14° 
 and 18° S. It flows N. then NE. till it unites with the Mamore 
 on the Brazilian frontier in about 10° 20' S. to form the Madeira. 
 Falls occur at Esperanfa, about 22 m. up, but above that it is 
 navigable with ease to the confluence of the Madre de Dios (about 
 11° S.), and with more tiifficulty, especially during the dry 
 season (Aug. to Nov.) to San Buenaventura, about 14^° S. ; 
 alt. 790 ft. — 300 ft. above the mouth. Total length, reckoned 
 from the source of its principal headwater, the La Paz (about 
 i6^° S., 68° W.), 850 m., in which there is a fall of 9840 ft. 
 
 Benl, or El Benl, the northernmost dep. of Bolivia ^q-v.) 
 traversed by the riv, B. 
 
 Benl-Adln, vil., Upper Egj'pt, prov. Siut, caravan stn., on 
 the Bahr Yusuf. 
 
 Benl Amer (or Hamer), E. African tribe dwelling on both 
 sides of the Barka, Upper Ethiopia, near the Red Sea, in about 
 i6°-i8° N. Mohammedans. One halfspeak the Tig^e dialect of 
 the Abyssinian ; the rest a Hamitic dialect (Beja), which they have 
 learnt from the Hadendoa. Proc. R. G. S., 1892, pp. 546, 706. 
 152 
 
 Benl Arros, an Arab tribe, in the N. of Morocco, in about 
 35-2o'N.,5|°-5rw. 
 
 Benlcarl4), tn., Spain, prov. and 42 m. NE. Castellon de la 
 Plana, on the shores of the Mediterranean, at the mouth of the 
 small riv. B. Superior wine. P. 7900. 
 
 Benl Cbamara, an Arab tribe in' the N. of Morocco, in 
 about 35° 20' N. , 5°-5° 20' W. 
 
 Benicla, city, U.S., California, Solano co., 24 m. NE, by 
 N. San Francisco. P. <30oo. 
 
 Benldorm, tn. , Spain, prov. and 25 m. NE. Alicante, on 
 the Mediterranean, with sardine-fisheries. P. <:4cc)o. 
 
 Benlfayo de Esploca (or de Falc6), comm., Spain, prov, 
 Valencia, 5 m. SE. San Fdipe de Jativa. P. «=4ooo, 
 
 Benlganim, tn., Spain, prov. Valencia, near San Felipe de 
 Jativa. P. <:4000. 
 
 Benl Ghorrad, an Arab tribe in the N. of Morocco, in 
 about 35° 10' N., 5° 20' -40' W. 
 
 Benl Hamar, an Arab tribe in the N. of Morocco, to the S. 
 of Tetuan. 
 
 Benl Hassan, vil. , Upper Egypt, on the r. bk. of the Nile, 
 about 75 m. below Siut, with celebrated rock-tombs. 
 
 Benl Hassan, an Arab tribe in the W. of Morocco, to the S. 
 of the R. Sebu. 
 
 Benl Mansur, vil., Algeria, on the Sahel, 50 m. SW. by W. 
 Bougie, with a fort commanding the roads from Algiers to 
 Constantine and from Aumale to Bougie. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Benl M'sgllda, an Arab tribe, Morocco, on both banks of 
 the Sebu, to the N. of Fez. 
 
 Benl Nairn, vil., Palestine, Janum in the O. T., 31° 31' N., 
 35° 9' E., 3 m, E. by S. El Khulil (anct. Hebron). 
 
 Benin, riv. , W. Africa, about 70 m. long, flows W. into the 
 Atlantic, in about 5° 46' N., 5° 3' E. ; bar at mouth 13-14 ft. 
 deep at high tide, in consequence of which large steamers enter 
 the Forcados R. , which is connected with the B. by creeks ; 
 forms the W, boundary of the Oils River Protectorate. Geog. 
 Jour., 1893, p. 122. 
 
 Benin, kgd., W. Africa, of large but undefined extent, lying 
 to the NW. of the Brit. Niger Coast Protectorate, and now 
 itself included under British protection. Surface rises gradually 
 inland to the height of 2500 ft. A mountain range in the 
 W. has peaks estimated at 5000-8000 ft. Principal river the 
 Benin. Produces large quantities of palm-oil, a trade in which 
 is carried on with the Lagos colony and the Niger Coast Pro- 
 tectorate through the Jakris coast tribes, who act as middlemen. 
 The B. people are utterly barbarous. The cap. , B. city, is the 
 seat of a powerful theocracy of fetish priests. Human sacrifices 
 are frequent, the victims generally being crucified. Geog. Jour., 
 I. (1893), pp. 122-30. Area, 50,000 sq. m. (?). P. unknown. 
 
 Benin, tn. , W. Africa, cap. state of B. , on the Gwato Creek, 
 a navigable arm of the Benin R. , about 25 m. above the mouth 
 of the creek, and about 50 m. from the Atlantic, and 135 m. E. 
 Lagos ; a stray collection of houses here and there in a situation 
 naturally defended by forests, but without artificial defences; 
 wood-cutting and brass-work practised. Numbers of mines 
 testify to the city having been much larger, as it was described 
 to be in the 17th and i8th centuries. P. 15,000 (?). 
 
 Benin, Blgbt of, the large open bay, W. Africa, to the W, 
 of the Niger delta, 
 
 Benlngton, par. , Eng. See Bennington. 
 
 Benin, Ne'w, vil., W. Africa, near the mouth of the riv. B., 
 45 m. SW. by W. Benin, in about 5° 50' N., 5° 7' E. 
 
 Benlngnet, small isl. , France, dep. Finistere, on the W, ct, , 
 12 m. SE. Ushant. 
 
 Benl-01ed,tn., Africa, Tripoli, on theroadtoFezzan. P. 2000. 
 
 Benlsa, tn., Spain, prov. and 39 m. NE. Alicante. P. 5200. 
 
 Benlsaf, seapt. , Algeria, NW. ct. , arr. and 30 m. N. Tlemsen, 
 in 1° 23' W. ; exports large quantities of good iron ore obtained 
 near ; harbour with a depth of 26. 2 ft. at the loading berth. 
 P. <:30oo. 
 
 Benl Shongnl, tn.. Eastern Soudan, 53 m. S. Fazokl. 
 
 Benl-Staugran, range of the Atlas Mts. , Algeria, prov. Oran, 
 on the N. of the plain of Eghris, facing the mountains of 
 Saida, S. of that plain. 
 
 Benl I'deb, ah Arab tribe in W. of Morocco, S, of 35° N. 
 
 Benl Vlld. See Benl Oled. 
 
 Benkensteln, tn. , Prussia. See Benneckensteln. 
 
 BenblUen, or Bencoolen, in Dutch spelling Benkoelen, 
 seapt. , W. ct. Sumatra, in 3° 47' S. , cap. of assistant-residency 
 B. Situation unhealthy. It was founded in 1685 by the English, 
 and ceded to the Dutch in exchange for Malacca in 1824. P. 
 5000 (150 Europeans). 
 
 Ben Laogbal. See Ben Loyal. 
 
 Ben Laolgb, Scot. , Argyllshire. See Ben liOy. 
 
 Ben Lawers, mt., Scot., W. Perthshire, 6 m. NE. by N, of 
 the head of Loch Tay. Alt. 3984 ft. 
 
 Ben Ledl, mt., Scot., in the SW. of W. Perthshire, 4 ra. W, 
 by N. Callander. Its scenery has been described by Sir Walter 
 Scott in the ' Lady of the Lake.* .Alt. 2875 ft. 
 
 Ben Lomond, mt, , Scot. , Stirlingshire, 8 m. SSE. of the head 
 of Loch Lomond. On the N. this mountain terminates by a 
 
BEN 
 
 BENT 
 
 precipice 2000 ft. high. It gives rise to the Duchray Water, 
 one of the headstreams of the Forth. Alt. 3192 ft 
 
 Ben Lomond, mt. , Tasmania, Cornwall co. , 33 ra. SE. by 
 E. Launceston. Alt. 5010 ft. 
 
 Ben Iiomoud, post-tn., Tasmania, co. Monmouth, 122 m. 
 from Hobart. P. < 150b. 
 
 Beu Loy (Laolgh), or Ben Lnl, mt., Scot., on the border of 
 Argyllshire and Perthshire, 15 m. NE. Inveraray and 9 m. E. 
 Loch Awe stn., at the junction of the roads from Oban, Loch 
 Tay, and Loch Lomond. Alt. 3708 ft. 
 
 Ben Hacdhal, second highest mountain in Scotland, on 
 borders of Banffshire (S. end) and Aberdeenshire. Alt. 4296 ft. 
 
 Ben 9Ibeon, mt., Scot., Argyllshire, in the NW., 13^ m. 
 NNW. Oban. Alt. 2425 ft. 
 
 Ben Mbor, mt. , Scot. , Argyllshire, in the SE. , 12^ m. WNW. 
 Helensburgh, on the W. side of Loch Eck. Alt. 2433 ft. 
 
 Ben ^Oior, mt. , Scot. , in the S. of Ross-shire, 15 m. N. by W. 
 of the head of Loch Arkaig ; highest peak, Sgurr Fhuaran or 
 Scour Ouran, 3505 ft. 
 
 Ben More, mt. , Scot. , Argyllshire, in the W. of Mull I. , 14 m. 
 S. Tobermory. Alt. 3169 ft. 
 
 Ben More, mt., Scot., in the W. of W. Perthshire, 9 m. NE. 
 by E. of the head of Loch Lomond. Alt. 3843 ft. 
 
 Benmore, or Fair Head, cape. Ire., on the NE. ct. of co. 
 Antrim, in 6° 8' W., a columnar basaltic rock. Alt. 636 ft. 
 
 Benmore Head, cape. Ire., N. ct. co. Mayo. 
 
 Ben More Assynt, mt. , Scot. , Sutherland, 4 m. SW. by W. 
 of the head of Loch Shin. Alt. 3273 ft. 
 
 Benuan Head, cape, Scot., S. ct. Arran I., in 5° 10' W. 
 
 Beunane Head, cape, Scot., S. Ayrshire, in 55° 8J' N. 
 
 Benneltola, mts.. Ire. See Bunnebeola. 
 
 Benneckenstein, Beneckeusteln, or Benkenstein, tn. , 
 Prussia, in a detached part of prov. Saxony, 22 m. SW. Halber- 
 stadt ; iron-mines in the vicinity. P. <30oo. 
 
 Bennekerry, P.O., Ire., in co. and 3 m. from Carlow. 
 
 Beunetkead, hamlet, Eng. , Cumberland, in the S. of the 
 Penrith div., 6 m. SW. Penrith, 3 m. SSE. Penruddock stn. 
 
 Bennett, large Arctic isl., N. of the New Siberian Is., in 76° 
 40' N. , 148° 20' E. 
 
 Bennetsvllle, niral vil.. Cape Colony, Paarl dist., 25 m. 
 ENE. Cape Town. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Bennettsltridge, tn. , Ire., E. co. Kilkenny, bars. Gowran 
 and Shillelogher, 5 m. SSE. Kilkenny, on the 1. bk. of the Nore, 
 and on the Kilkenny June. Rly., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ben Nevis, mt., Scot., Inverness-shire, in the S., 4J m. ESE. 
 Fort William. The loftiest mountain in Britain, terminating 
 on its NE. side by a precipice 1500 ft. high. The base of the 
 mountain consists of granite and gneiss, the upper part is com- 
 posed of porphyritic greenstone. Meteorological observations 
 have been made here since 1881 at a station near the top, now 
 belonging to the Scottish Meteorological Society. Alt. 4406 ft. 
 
 Bennie'8 Comers, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Lanark, 5 m. 
 from Almonte. P. < 1500. 
 
 Benningbrongli, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div. , on the Ouse, 6^ m. NW. York, i m. W. 
 Shipton stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bennlngholme and Grange, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. 
 Riding, 7 m. SE. Beverley. P. <25o. 
 
 Bennington, par. and vil., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin 
 div., 7 m. N. by W. Hertford, 4 m. ESE. Stevenage stn., 
 PM.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Bennington, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Spalding div., on the 
 ct., 6h m. E. by N. Boston, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Bennington, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, Hillsborough co., 
 on the Contoocook R. , 22 m. SW. Concord. P. <isoo. 
 
 Bennington, tn., U.S, Vermont, Bennington co. , 52 m. S. 
 by W. Rutland, largest manufacturing village in the state, with 
 deposits of brown hasmatite. P. 6400. 
 
 Bennington, Long, and Grange, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Lincolnshire, Stamford div. , on the Witham, 6 m. SSE. Newark, 
 3 m. SE. by S. Cotham stn. B. Long, 4333 ac. , P. <. 1000 ; 
 eccles. par. (B. Long wltb Foston) P. < 1500; B. Grange, 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Bennington, Nortb, vil., U.S., Vermont, 5 m. NNW. Ben- 
 nington, also with deposits of brown hematite. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bennington Fnrnace, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 Blair co., 76 m. E. Pittsburg, 7 m. W. Altoona. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bennington Ultra, hamlet, Lincolnshire, ij m. W. Ben- 
 nington, 3^ m. SE. Sibsey stn. 
 
 Bennlscta, tn., Austria, Silesia, 14 m. W. by N. Troppao. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Bennlwortb, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 5^ m. NE. Wragby, 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Benone, P.O., Ire., co. Londonderry, 4 m. from Magilligan. 
 
 Benoskee, mt. , Ire. , W. co. Kerry, 17 m. W. by S. Tralee. 
 Height, 2713 ft. 
 
 Benqnbat, vil. , Scot. , Ayrshire, Dalmellington par, P. < 750. 
 
 Benratb, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 6 m. SE. Dussel- 
 dorf. P. < 4000. 
 
 Ben Rbyddlng, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley 
 
 div., 9 m. NNW. Bradford, with a noted hydropathic establish- 
 ment, on the NE. R., PMT.O. Alt. 1320 ft. 
 Beurldge, par., Eng., Northumberland, 2 m. NW. Morpeth. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Ben Rlunes, mt., Scot., Banffshire, in the NW., 14* m. 
 SW. Keith, Alt. 2755 ft, 
 
 Bensberg, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 9 m. ENE. Cologne, 
 with lead, zinc, and iron mines. P. (coram., 1890) 10,300. 
 
 Ben Sereel, mt., Scot., Inverness-shire, to the N. of Loch 
 Houm, 18^ m. NE. by E. Point of Sleat. Alt. 3196 ft. 
 
 Benflfort, vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Northumberland, 20 m. 
 from Port Hope. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bensbam St. Cutbbert, vil. , Eng. , Durham, near Gateshead, 
 with stn. (Bengbam) on the NE. R. 
 
 Bensbelm, tn., Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse, 14 m. S. Darmstadt, 
 cap. of circle B. P. 6300. 
 
 Benslngton, or Benson, par. and vil., Eng., Oxfordshire, 
 Henley div., 11^ m. SE. by S. Oxford, 2 m. NE. Wallingford, 
 with PMT.O. (Benson). Par. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ben SUoch, mt., Scot,, Ross-shire, in the W., 3 m. NNW. 
 of the E. end of Loch Maree. Alt. 3217 ft. 
 
 Benson, par., Eng., Oxfordshire. See Benslngton. 
 
 Benson, vil., U.S., in the SE. of Arizona, Cochise co., in 32" 
 N., 110° 22' W. Alt. 3580 ft. ; mean temp. (9 yrs.), yr. 66.1° F., 
 Jan. 44.6°, July 86.6° ; rainfall, yr. 8.06 in., July- Aug. 4.00 in. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Benson, viL, U.S., Minnesota, Swift co., 117 m. W. by N. 
 Minneapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Benson, co., U.S., N. Dakota, crossed by 48° N. and 99° W. 
 
 Benson Landing, vil., U.S., Vermont, Rutland co., on Lake 
 Champlain, 21 m. WNW. Rutland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ben Starav, mt,, Scot., Argyllshire, 2 m, S. by E, of the 
 head of Loch Etive. Alt. 3541 ft. 
 
 Bent, CO., U.S., Colorado, in the SE., crossed by 38° N., 
 103° W. ; traversed by the Arkansas R. 
 
 Ben Tarsnln, mt., Scot., I. of Arran, 5 m. NW. Brodick. 
 Alt. 2706 ft. 
 
 Bentball, par,, Eng., Shropshire, 9 m. NW. Shrewsbury, 
 with coal. P. <:500. 
 
 Bentball, par., Eng,, Salop, WeUington div., 12 m. SE. by 
 E. Shrewsbury, 3 m. NE. Much Wenlock. P. <500. 
 
 Bentbam, par. and market-tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Skipton div. , on the Wenning, i6| m. SE. by S. Kendal, on the 
 M. R., PMT.O. ; 7711 ac. Par. P.<25oo. 
 
 Bentbam, Lower, vil. , i m. W. by N. Bentham, Yorkshire. 
 
 Ben Tharsnlnn, mt., Scot., Dumbartonshire, 5^ m. N. 
 Helensburgh. Alt. 2149 ft. 
 
 Bentbelm, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 37 m. W. 
 Osnabriick, cap. of circle B. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ben-tbnoug, port, Tongking. See Langglang. 
 
 Bentlnck Arm, inland part of Burke Channel, Canada, Brit, 
 Columbia. 
 
 Bentlnck Island, wooded isL in the Gulf of Carpentaria, 10 
 m. from the mainland of the Northern Terr, of S. Australia, in 
 17° S. , 139° 40' E. 
 
 Bentley, par. and liberty, Eng. , Hampshire, Petersfield div. , 
 7 m. SW. by W. Aldershot, on the L. & SW. R. P. <75o. 
 
 Bentley, par., Eng., S. Staffordshire, Kingswinford div., on 
 the M. R. , 4^ m. E. by N. Wolverhampton. P. <5oo, 
 
 Bentley, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 5 m. SW. 
 Ipswich, on the G. E. R,, with PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bentley, place, Eng., Surrey, near Farnham, with PMT.O. 
 
 Bentley, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, 3 m. SW. Atherstone. 
 P. <c2So. See Shustoke. 
 
 Bentley, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div.. 7 m. NW. Hull, 2I m. SW. by S. Beverley stn. 
 
 Bentley, Great, par. and vil. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 7 m. 
 ESE. Colchester, on the G. E. R. P. <isoo. 
 
 Bentley, Little, par., zh m. N. by E. Great Bentley, 
 PM.O. P.<:500. 
 
 Bentley, Panncefoot, or Lower, par. , Eng, , Worcestershire, 
 Droitwich div., 3 m. SE. by S. Bromsgrove. P. <25o. 
 
 Bentley, Upper, hamlet, i m. to the E. of Lower Bentley. 
 
 Bentley wltb Arksey, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 div. and 2 m. N. Doncaster, close to Arksey stn. , PM. O. ; 5133 
 ac. P. <2000. 
 
 Benton, hamlet, Eng., Devonshire, div. and 6J m. E. by N. 
 Barnstaple, 4 m. NE. by N. Swimbridge stn. 
 
 Benton, stn. , Eng. , Northumberland. See Benton, Long. 
 
 Benton, co., U.S., Arkansas, in the extreme NW. 
 
 Benton, vil., U.S., Arkansas, Saline co., 25 m. SW. Little 
 Rock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Benton, viL, U.S., Illinois, Frankhn co., 83 m. SE. by E. 
 St. Louis. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Benton, co., U.S., Indiana, W. frontier, crossed by 40° 40' N. 
 
 Benton, co., U.S., Iowa, intersected by 42° N. and 92° W. 
 
 Benton, tn., U.S., Maine, Kennebec co., 20 m. NE. Augusta. 
 P. <:i500. 
 
 Benton, co., U.S., Minnesota, S. of 46° N,, bounded on the 
 W. by the Mississippi. 
 
BENT 
 
 B E RC 
 
 Benton, co., U.S., Mississippi, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 in the NE. by 89° W. 
 
 Benton, co., U.S., Missouri, N. of 38° N., E. of 94° W. 
 
 Benton, U.S., Montana. See Fort Benton. 
 
 Benton, co., U.S., Oregon, on the ct., crossed by 44^^ N. 
 
 Benton, co. , U.S., Tennessee, in the NW. , bounded on the 
 E. by the Tennessee R. , crossed by 36° N. 
 
 Benton, Long, par., Eng., Northumberland, Tvneside div., 
 3| m. NNE. Newcastle, i m. SW. Benton stn., PMT.O.; 8981 
 ac. P. 22,200. 
 
 Benton Harbor, vil., U.S., Michigan, Berrien co., on Paw 
 Paw R., 32 m. NE. by N. of the NW. comer of the state. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 Benton ville, tn., U.S., Arkansas, Benton co., 23 m. ESE. 
 of the NW. comer ol the state. Alt. 1796 ft. (Smithsonian Inst.). 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Bentpatb, hamlet, Scot., Dumfriesshire, 6 m. from Lang- 
 holm, with P.O. 
 
 Bents, stn., Scot., Linlithgowshire, on the N. B. R., 9^ m. 
 S. by W. Linlithgow. 
 
 Bentschen, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. and 44 m. W. by S. 
 Posen. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bentivorth, par. and vil. , Eng. , Hampshire, Petersfield div. , 
 7^ m. S. by E. Basingstoke, 3 m. N. Medstead stn. , P. O. P. <75o. 
 
 Benty, French stn., W. Africa, 47 m. N. Freetown, Sierra 
 Leone 
 
 Benne (or Bennwe, Blnne, Cbadda), the most important 
 trib. of the Niger. It takes its rise in the mountains N. of 
 Ngaundere (Adamawa), following first northwards to a pnaint 
 a little below Dinghi, and then westwards tiU it joins the Niger 
 opposite Lokoja in about 7° 50' N. ; navigable by boats of 5 ft. 
 draught at least as high as Garua, about 600 m. up, in about 
 13° 26' E. Its mouth first seen in 1830 by Lander, who calls it 
 ' the Benue or Tchadda ' (Chadda), though this latter name 
 does not appear to be known on its banks ; its upper waters 
 visited by Barth in 1851. Its chief tribs. are the Faro, Tarabba, 
 Katsena, Kebbi (^.v-), Gongola, Kaddera, and Okwa. During 
 the rainy season the Binue inundates all the surrounding country. 
 Yola in Adamawa is the most important town on the Benue, it 
 is noted as an ivory centre. Other towns on or near the B. are 
 Muri, Shebu, Wukari, Awoi, and Loko. The B. as far as Yola 
 is now within the British sphere of influence. See Proc. R. G. S. , 
 1891, pp. 448-465, and map, p. 512. [H. Cr. S.] 
 
 BenvanUn, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Antrim, dist. Dervock. 
 
 Ben Venne, mt. , Scot., in the SW. of W. Perthshire, 9 J m. 
 W. Callander. Alt. 2393 ft. 
 
 Ben vie, hamlet, Scot., on the W. border of Forfarshire, 5 m. 
 W. by N. Dundee, i J m. W. Liff stn. See Llff. 
 
 Ben Vorllch, mt., Scot., Dumbartonshire, 12 m. E. by N. 
 Inveraray. Alt. 3092 ft. 
 
 Ben Vorlich, mt., Scot., W. Perthshire, 6Jm. N. Callander. 
 Alt. 3224 ft. 
 
 Benwee, or Kllcnmniln Head, cape, Ire., N. co. Mayo, at 
 the W. entrance to Killala Bay. 
 
 Ben well, par., Eng., Northumberland, Tyneside div., on 
 the Tyne, 2h m. W. Newcastle, close to Scotswood stn., 
 PMT.O. P. 10,400; urban sanitary dist. (B. and Fenliam) 
 P. 10,500. 
 
 Benwlck, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, I. of Ely, Wisbech div. , 
 on the Old Nen, 6J m. SW. by W. March, 4 m. NW. by N. 
 Chatteris stn. , P. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Benwood,tn., U.S., Western Virginia, Marshallco. P. -csooo. 
 
 Ben-y-(iloe, mts., Scot., Perthshire, forming the eastern 
 side of Glen Tilt. 
 
 Ben-y-hone. See Ben Chonzie. 
 
 Ben Ynb, Algeria. See Clianzy. 
 
 Benzert, the native name of Bizerta, tn. and lake, Tunis. 
 
 Benzie, co., U.S., Michigan, on Lake Michigan, S. of 
 parallel 45°. 
 
 Beodra, tn., Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. Torok-Becse. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Beojxrad, Servia. See Belgrade. 
 
 Beoley, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, E. div. ,7 m. E. Broms- 
 grove, zh m. NE. Redditch stn., PM.O. ; 4718 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Beorald, IXKSh, small lake, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the 
 SW.. in 56° 54^' N., drained NW. by R. Meoble. 
 
 Beowawe, settlement, U.S., Nevada, Eureka co., 190 m. 
 ENE. Carson City, 75 m. NNW. Eureka. Alt. 4695 ft. 
 
 Bepaalde-Hoek, cape, on the SW. ct. of New Guinea, in 
 7° 12' 30" S. , 139° E. 
 
 Bepton, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 8^ m. N. Chi- 
 chester, i^ m. W. Cocking stn. P. <:500. 
 
 Beqnla, one of the Brit. W. Indies, the northernmost of the 
 Grenadines, 8 m. S. of Vincent I., just N. of 13° N. 
 
 Berabra, tribe, Africa. See Barabra. 
 
 Beragta, tn., Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. East Omagh, 7 m. SE. 
 bv E. Omagh, with a stn. on the Portadown, Dungannon, and 
 Omagh Rly., PMT.O. Market-day, W. P. «r5oo. 
 
 Berane, viL, Turkey in Europ>e, on R. Lim, prov. and -39 m. 
 SW. by W. Novibazar. P. < 1000. 
 154 
 
 Berar, or Haidardb&d Assigned Districts, a terr., India, 
 to the S. and W. of the Central Provs. and to the E. of Bombay, 
 properly belonging to the dominions of the Nizam of Haidara- 
 bdd (Hyderabad), but placed in 1853 under British administra- 
 tion by a treaty in which the British Government undertook the 
 maintenance of the Haiddrabad contingent of troops in return 
 for this cession. The dists., five in number, named in the 
 following table, are under the administration of the resident at 
 Haidarabad, who is chief commissioner for this terr. : — 
 
 District. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 1867. 
 
 Pop. 
 1881. 
 
 Pop. 
 1891. 
 
 Increase 
 or Dec., 
 
 1881-91. 
 
 Pop. per 
 sq. m. 
 
 1 891. 
 
 Amrdoti . 
 Akola . . 
 EUichpur , 
 Buldina . 
 Wtin . . 
 Bisim . . 
 
 2759 
 2660 
 2623 
 2809 
 
 39" 
 2956 
 
 501 
 
 481 
 279 
 366 
 
 324 
 277 
 
 575 
 593 
 314 
 440 
 392 
 359 
 
 656 
 
 575 
 316 
 481 
 472 
 398 
 
 14.1 
 
 -30 
 
 .6 
 
 9.3 
 ao.4 
 10.9 
 
 238 
 216 
 120 
 171 
 120 
 135 
 
 Total . 
 
 17,718 
 
 2228 
 
 2673 
 
 2897 
 
 8.4 
 
 164 
 
 The southern portion of the terr. belongs to the tableland 
 bordered by the Ajanta Hills, but the northern, and by far the 
 richer half, consists mainly of the valley between these hills and 
 the Sdtpura range, drained W. by the Purna (trib. of the Tapti). 
 This valley, now traversed by the railway from Bombay to 
 Nagpur, is filled with the rich black cotton soil widely spread over 
 the tableland of India (f.v.), and has a regular and ample rain- 
 fall [Akola, Amr^oti, Cblkalda], so that famine is here un- 
 known. More than three-fifths of the whole area of B. is under 
 cultivation, the cultivated area being principally in this valley. 
 Great millet {Jodr) and cotton are by far the most important 
 crops, wheat and oil-seeds ranking next in order. The only 
 mineral of importance is coal in the SE. (Wardha Valley), but 
 it is as yet little if at all worked. Chief towns, Amraoti, EUich- 
 pur, Akola. See India, table. 
 
 Berat, called by the Slavs Blelagorad (' white town '), by 
 the Turks Arnant Bellgradl, tn., Turkey in Europ)e, cap. 
 prov. B. , occupying an important strategic situation on a high 
 and picturesque rock overlooking the R. Osum, 50 m. SE. by 
 S. Durazzo, near the ancient Eiyma, with a castle ; Greek 
 archbishopric. P. 10-12,000. 
 
 Berann, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on riv. B. , at the confluence 
 of the Litawa, 18 m. WSW. Prague, with blast-furnaces and 
 rolhng-mills, and cotton and other manufactures. In the 
 neighbourhood the castle (formerly the church) and cave of St. 
 John under the Rock, a place of pilg^mage. P. 730c. 
 
 Berannka, or Berann, riv. , Bohemia, trib. of the Moldau, 
 rises in the Bohemian Forest, where it is called the Mies, and 
 joins the Moldau at Konigssaal. 105 m. long. 
 
 Berbenno dl Yaltelllua, comm., Italy, prov. and dist. 
 Sondrio. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Berber, tn.. Nubia, on the r. bk. of the Nile, to the N. of 
 the Atbara mouth, in 18° N., the nearest place on the Nile to 
 Suakim. P. 30,000. 
 
 Ber'bera, seapt. , E. Africa, cap. of Somali-land, under British 
 influence, on a bay of the Gulf of Aden, forming a safe and 
 capacious harbour, 11-13 fathoms deep at the mouth, decreas- 
 ing to 5 fathoms at 400 yds. from the town. An annual fair is 
 held from October to April, attended by 10,000 to 20,000 per- 
 sons. See Harrar. 
 
 Berbers, the name given to the aboriginal inhabitants of the 
 Barbary States, N. Africa, a people belonging to the Hamitic 
 branch' of the Caucasic stock ; now largely intermixed with 
 Arabs. In Algeria they are called Kabyles. 
 
 Berblce, the westernmost dist. of Brit. Guiana [dnlana], 
 extending along the coast, and up the Berbice R. , and mostly 
 between 6° and 7° N. , 57° and 58° W. Principal town New 
 Amsterdam. 
 
 Berblce, riv. , Brit. Guiana, has at first a N. , and afterward; 
 a NE. course, between the Essequibo and the Corentyn Rivs., 
 and joins the Atlantic by an estuary 5 m. wide, 10 m. N. New 
 Amsterdam, and in 6° 21' N., 57° 30' W. In 1837 it was as- 
 cended as far as 3° 55' N., where it was 33 yds. wide, with a 
 depth of from 8 to 10 ft. In its upper part it has rapids and 
 cataracts ; but it is navigable for 165 m. from the sea, for 
 vessels drawing 7 ft. of water. Among the vegetation on its 
 banks, the magnificent water-lily, the Victoria regia, was dis- 
 covered in 1837. 
 
 Berceto, comm. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 25 m. SW. by S. 
 Parma. P. 6000. 
 
 Berctaem (lea- An vers), comm., Belgium, prov. Antwerp, 2 
 m. SSE. Antwerp. P. 15,300. 
 
 Berctaem (lez>Andenarde), comm. , Belgium, prov. E. Flan- 
 ders, on the r. bk. of the Scheldt, 6 m. SW. by W. Audenarde. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Berchlng, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, 
 24 m. N. Ingolstadt, on the Ludwig's Canal. P. <2ckx>. 
 
BERC — BERH 
 
 Berchtesgaden, tn. , Ger. , in the SE. of the kgd. Bavaria, 
 govt. Upper Bavaria, 12 m. S. by W. Salzburg, with a royal 
 castle, formerly a Franciscan hospice, and mines of rock salt. 
 Frequented as a health-resort on account of its climate and 
 saline springs. P. < 3000. 
 
 Berden, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 7 m. SW. Saffron 
 Walden, 4 m. SW. by W. Newport stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Berdlcher, dist. tn. , SW. Russia, govt, and 115 m. by rail 
 WSW. Kiev. Important centre of commerce, great fairs ; one 
 of the chief enirepdis in SW. Russia. P. (i860) 54,000; {1890) 
 98,800. 
 
 Iterdyaiisk, dist. tn. and seapt., Russia, Crimea, on NW. 
 coast of Sea of Azov, 100 m. WSW. Taganrog. Extensive 
 orchards and vineyards in suburbs. Harbour good, but shallow 
 — 6 to 10 ft. deep, according to the direction of the wind. Con- 
 siderable export, chiefly of corn. P. 23,800. 
 
 Bere, hamlet, Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div., 7^ m. NE. 
 by N. Exeter, close to Hele and Bradninch stn. 
 
 Berea, dist., Basuto-land, extending from the E. to the W. 
 frontier about the middle of the country ; it contains the mission 
 stn. of B. , a few miles E. of Maseru. 
 
 Berea, vil., U.S., Ohio, Cuyahoga co., 11 m. SW. Cleve- 
 land, producing excellent sandstone and grinding-stone. Alt. 
 787 ft. (R.R.). P. < 3000. 
 
 Berea, hamlet, Wales, Pembrokeshire, i m. from the NW. 
 ct., 12 m. WSW. Fishguard, P.O. 
 
 Berecburch, par., Eng., Essex, 2^ m. SW. by S. Colchester, 
 included in the pari. bor. of Colchester. P. < 250. 
 
 Bere Ferrers, par. , Eng. See Beer Ferrers. 
 
 Bere, Forest of, dist. , Eng. , on the borders of the Peters- 
 field and Fareham div. of Hampshire, about 6^ m. N. Ports- 
 mouth. 
 
 Beregoulnm, or i!;eliua, vitrified fort, Scot., Argyllshire, on 
 the E. shore of Loch Nell, 5^ m. NNE. Oban. 
 
 Beregsziisz, tn., with magistracy, Hungary, cap. prov. Bereg, 
 57 m. E. by N. Tokay. P. 8100. 
 
 Beregnardo, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 8 m. NW. 
 by W. Pavia. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bereidnli, tn. , central Arabia. See Boreyda. 
 
 Bere Island, or Bear Island, place. Ire., off co. Cork, 2 m. 
 from Berehaven (or Bearhaven), with P.O. 
 
 Bereket, Jebel. See Glanr Dagta. 
 
 Bereketlii-Maden, vil., with lead-mine, Asia Minor, 137 m. 
 E. Konieh, 17 m. SE. Nigde. 
 
 Bereniboke, settlement, Victoria, Grant co., on Little River 
 Creek, 43 m. W. Melbourne. 
 
 Berent, tn.. Gen, Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 32 m. SW. by 
 W. Danzig, in circle B. P. < 5000. 
 
 Bere Uegls, par. and anct. tn., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., 
 loh m. E. by N. Dorchester, 5^ m. NW. Wareham stn. , PMT.O. ; 
 8313 ac. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Beresford, co.. New S. Wales, crossed by 36° S., 149° E. 
 
 Beresford, tn., U.S., S. Dakota, Union co., 34 m. ENE. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Berethalom, market-tn., Hungary, co. Nagykiikiillo, 27 m. 
 NE. Hermannstadt, seat of the Superintendent of the Protes- 
 tant Church of Transylvania. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Berettyti IJJfaln, vil. , Hungary, prov. Bihdr, 23 m, NW. by 
 W. Grosswardein. P. 6900. 
 
 Berezina, riv. , W. Russia, govt. Minsk, r. bk. trib. of Dnieper ; 
 length, 333 m. Channel for floating timber. Part of the system 
 of canals connecting Dnieper with Neva. Famous passage of 
 Napoleon 1. during his retreat in 1812. 
 
 BerezoT (BerlozoT), dist. tn. , W. Siberia, govt, and 706 m. 
 N. of Tobolsk, on Sosva R. Place of exile of Menshchikov, 
 Dolgomkiy, and others in last century. P. 2300. 
 
 £erg, German, 'a hill, mountain.' 
 
 Berg, suburb of Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg, Ger. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Berg, vil., gd. -duchy of Luxemburg, 14 m. N. Luxemburg. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Berg, Duchy of, on the Rhine, between Cologne and 
 Coblenz, formed by Napoleon I. in 1806, and ceded to Prussia 
 in 1815, now comprised in Prussian Westphalia. 
 
 Berga, tn., Ger., gd.-duchy Saxe- Weimar, 14 m. W. by N. 
 Zwickau, kgd. Saxony. P. <r20oo. 
 
 Berga, tn., Spain, prov. Barcelona, on the R. Llobregat, 52 
 m. N. by W. Barcelona. P. < 5000. 
 
 Bergama (the anct. Pergamos), tn., in the W. of Asia 
 Minor, in the valley of the Bakir-chai, 58 m. N. Smyrna ; the 
 place where parchment was invented, and whence it takes its 
 name. P. 12,000. 
 
 Bergamese, Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. C. 1. 
 
 Ber'ganto [Bej-gomum), fortified city, Italy, Lombardy, cap. 
 prov. B. , 29 m. WNW. Brescia, with manufactures of silks, 
 woollens, and other textiles, fine iron wares, &c., and a trade 
 in grinding-stones, quarried in the vicinity. P. 35,000. 
 
 Bergantes, riv., in the E. of Spain, flows N. \o the Guada- 
 lope, which it joins about 40° 50' N. 
 
 Berge, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 15 m. E. 
 Kottbus, I m. NE. Forst. P. 5200. 
 
 Bergedorf, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 
 10 m. SE. by E. Hamburg, on the Bille. P. 7000. 
 
 Bergell. See Bregaglla, Val. 
 
 Bergen, rly. stn. , Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R. , 
 7 m. by rail W. Winnip)eg. 
 
 Bergen, market-vil. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle and 
 dist. Hanau. P. <400o. 
 
 Bergen, a fortified city and seapt. of Norway, cap. of 
 diocese [stift) and dist. [amt) B. [Norway], built round the 
 head of a deep bay, on the Atlantic, 190 m. WNW. Christiania. 
 Lat. of castle 60'^ 24' N., long. 5° 18' E. B. is surrounded by 
 elevated hills on the land side, which renders the climate 
 humid. It has a cathedral, museum, diocesan college, naval 
 academy, &c. Its harbour, which includes those of Nyhavn, 
 Holmen, Skudevigtsbugten, and Puddefjorden, besides Vaagen, 
 which forms the inner harbour, is deep and sheltered, but 
 rocky, and is defended by several forts. Manufactures earthen- 
 ware, tobacco, and cordage; distilling and shipbuilding are 
 carried on ; the fishery is, however, the principal source of 
 employment, and large fleets of small vessels come from the 
 N. provs. in summer, bringing to Bergen cod-fish for salting, 
 fish-roes, fish-oil, blubber, skins, and feathers, and taking back 
 goods in return. The Stdvne, a kind of fish-fair, attended 
 by fishermen and other seamen of all nations, is held here in 
 May to June and July to August. The foreign trade is mostly 
 with the countries of N. Europe, besides Spain and Portugal, 
 but it has direct steam communication even with N. America. 
 In the Middle Ages the Hanseatic League had an important 
 factory here, and their old quarter still survives under the 
 name of the Bryggen or Tydske Bryggen ('German bridge'). 
 Mean temp., yr. 44.2° F., Feb. 32.3"., July 58.5°. ; rainfall (19 
 yrs.), 67.72 in. P. (1870) 30,300 ; (1891)52,800. 
 
 Bergen, co., U.S., New Jersey, in the extreme NE. 
 
 Bergen, vil., U.S., New York, Genesee co., 19 m. WSW. 
 Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bergen anf Riigen, tn. , Prussia, Pomerania, in the middle 
 of the isl. (and circle) of Riigen. P. <4000. 
 
 Bergenhus, North and South, two dists. (amis) of the 
 diocese of Bergen, Norway (q.v). 
 
 Bergen op Zoom, tn. and comm., Holland, prov. N. 
 Brabant, 18 m. NNW. Antwerp, on the Zoom, a canalised 
 trib. of the E. Scheldt ; important in history on account of its 
 situation, being naturally defended by marshes, to which were 
 added in 1 699-1700 fortifications by Coehorn ; taken by the 
 French in 1747 and 1794. P. (comm.) 12,700. 
 
 Bei^en Point, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Hudson co., 6 m. 
 SW. Jersey City, now annexed to Bayonne. 
 
 Bergerac, tn. , France, dep. Dordogne, arr. B. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Dordogne, 26 m. SSW. P6rigueux ; trade in grain, truffles, 
 and wine {petit Champagne). P. 10,200. 
 
 Bergglesshiihel, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, near Pima, with 
 iron-mines and smelting- works. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bei^h, or Burgh Apton, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 7 m. 
 SE. Norwich, 5 m. WSW. Cantley stn., PM.O. P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (B. A. -with Holrerstone) P. <:75o. 
 
 Berghelni,tn. , Ger., Upper Alsace, 9 m. N.Colmar. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Berghelm, tn., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., cap. circ. B., on 
 R. Erft, 16 m. W. by N. Cologne ; lignite near. P. < 2000. 
 
 Berghofen, vil., Prussia, Westphalia, circle and dist. Horde. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Bergholt, East, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., on 
 R. Stour, 9 m. SW. Ipswich, 3 m. WSW. Bentleystn., with 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bergholt, West, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 2 m. WNW. 
 Colchester stn. , PT. O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bei^hTllle, vil., Cape Colony, dist. Tulbagh. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Bei^lsch-Clladhach, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 8 m. ENE. 
 Cologne, with lignite mines and textile and other manufactures. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bergneustadt (formerly Neustadt), tn., Prussia, Rhine 
 Prov. , circle and dist. Gummersbach. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bergondo, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Betanzos. 
 P. 5400. 
 
 Bergrelchensteln, or Hory KaSpersk*^, comm., Austria, 
 Bohemia, 42 m. S. by E. Pils^n. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bergsat-Cilaclers, three large glaciers, Norway, prov. (ami) 
 N. Bergenhus, in the Jostedal, also called Krondal glaciers. 
 
 Bei^ues, fortified tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 5 m. SE. 
 by S. Dunkirk, with which and the sea it communicates by the 
 canal of B., which admits vessels of 300 tons. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bergiin, vil., Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 10 m. NNW. St. 
 Moritz, in the Albula Valley ; alt. 4550 ft. The Bergiinerstein 
 Pass leads over the Albula Mts. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bergzabern, tn., Ger., Bavarian Palat., 20 m. W. by N. 
 Karlsruhe. P. < 3000. 
 
 Berhampur, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. of dist. and 10 
 m. S. Murshidibad. Scene of the first overt act of mutiny in 
 1857, Alt. 66 ft. Mean temp., yr. 78° F., Jan. 65°, May 85°; 
 mean rainfall, yr. 55.4 in. , June-Oct. 45.9. P. 23,500 ; Hindus, 
 18,800 ; Moham. 4200. 
 
 155 
 
B ER H 
 
 B ERL 
 
 Berhampnr, tn., Brit. India, Madras, cap. of dist. and i6 
 ra. WSW. GanjAm ; unhealthy. P. (with cantonment) 25,700 ; 
 Hindus, 23,800. 
 
 Beri, raunicip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Rohtak, 40 m. W. 
 Delhi. Great mercantile centre. P. 9800 ; Hindus, 9000. 
 
 Berlci, Hontl, range of hills, Italy, Venetia, about midway 
 between Padua and Verona. Alt. 1300 ft. 
 
 Berlkat Cape, Eastern Archipelago, in the SE. of Banka I. 
 
 Berinibal, tn., Egypt. See Berma. 
 
 Bering Cape, Alaska, in 65° N. 
 
 Bering Island, the larger of the two Kommandor Is., 
 115 m. from the E. ct. of Kamchatka, crossed by 55° 10' N., 
 with the tomb of Bering, who died here after being ship- 
 wrecked in Dec. 1741. Important resort of sea-hunters. Mean 
 temp. (4 years., 1882-86), yr. 35.8° F., Jan. 26.4°, Aug. 51.0°. 
 
 Bering Sea is that part of the N. Pacific Ocean between 
 the Aleutian Is., in 55°, and B. Strait, in 66° N., by which 
 latter it commvmicates with the Arctic Ocean. It has on its 
 W. side Kamchatka and the Chukchi country, with the Gulf 
 of Anadyr, and on its E. the terr. of Alaska, with Norton 
 Sound and Bristol Bay. Contains several islands, and receives 
 the Yukon R. from N. America and the Anadyr R. from Asia. 
 Fogs are almost perpetual in this sea. Ice is formed and 
 melted in the sea every year, the northern part becoming 
 closed to na\agation about the beginning of November. Pack- 
 ice gradually extends southwards to a little below the lat. of 
 St. Matthews I. (60^°), beyond which ice is found in floes. 
 The S. limit of the ice usually extends from Bristol Bay, 
 Alaska, to about 35 m. S. of Pribilof I. , though in exception- 
 ally severe winters it reaches as far S. as Unimak Pass. It 
 usually leaves Pribilof I. about May ist, and vessels follow- 
 ing in its wake may reach B. Strait between about the 15th 
 and 25th of June. A strong and comparatively warm current 
 sets northwards at about 2 to 3 knots an hour, through B. Strait, 
 and after following the Siberian shore turns N. towards Herald 
 I. A cold current also passes out through the strait. The 
 United States having claimed the exclusive right of seal- 
 fishing in the B. Sea in virtue of the purchase of Alaska from 
 Russia, and this right having been disputed by the British, it 
 was decided in Aug. 1893 by an arbitration tribunal, to which 
 the question was referred, that no such right existed, but at the 
 same time regulations for the protection of the fur-seal were 
 drawn up and agreed to between the two powers, the chief 
 being the prohibition of the seal-fishery within a zone of 60 m. 
 round the Pribilof Is., inclusive of the territorial waters, and 
 the establishment of a close season for the fur-seal fi-om 
 May I to July 31 inclusive, applying to the part of the Pacific 
 and B. Sea N. of 35° N. and E. of the i8oth meridian from 
 Greenwich. 
 
 Bering Strait, the channel which separates Asia and America 
 at their nearest approach to each other, and connects the Arctic 
 with the Pacific Ocean (B. Sea). Between East Cape (Asia), 
 and Cape Prince of Wales (America), it is 36 m. wide, and 
 generally of small depth. Shores rocky, bare, and greatly 
 indented. Discovered by Bering in 1728, and first explored 
 by Cook in 1788. See Bering Sea. 
 
 BerlslaT (Borislar), tn., SW. Russia, govt and 46 m. NE. 
 Kherson, on 1. bk. Dnieper. P. n,8oo. 
 
 Berja, tn., Spain, prov. Almeria, 21 m. W. Almeria, with 
 lead-mines. P. 13,600. 
 
 Berk, Teutonic, ' birch tree.' See Birce. 
 
 Berka, tn. and watering-place, gd. -duchy Saxe- Weimar, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Ilm R., 6^ m. SSW. Weimar. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Berliel, riv. , Prussia and Holland. See Borkal. 
 
 Berkeley, vil., Canada, Ontario, Grey co., 26 m. WSW. 
 CoUingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Berkeley (locally always pronounced 'bark'li ' ; means ' birch- 
 field'), par. and market-tn., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury 
 div., 6 m. NW. Wotton-under-Edge, with a stn. on the M. R. 
 The place of birth (1749) and death (1823) and long the residence 
 of Dr. Jenner, to whom vaccination is due. B. Castle, on an 
 eminence SE. of B. town, is the place in which Edward II. was 
 murdered in 1327. B. Vale is noted for rich pasturage, and 
 once produced the famous 'double,' now chiefly 'single Glo'ster' 
 cheese. Par. P. < 1000. B. Koad stn. , on the M. R. , is 2 m. E. 
 
 Berkeley, tn., U.S., California, Alameda co., near the E. 
 side of San Francisco Bay, 9 m. ENE. San Francisco. Seat 
 of the University of California and of the State Agricultural 
 College. P. (1880) 400; (1890) 5100. 
 
 Berkeley, viL, U.S., Rhode I., Providence co., on Black- 
 stone R. , 8 m. N. Providence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Berkeley, co., U.S., S. Carolina, in the SE., bounded on 
 the S. by the Atlantic, crossed by 33° N. 
 
 Berkeley, co., U.S., West Virginia, in the NE., crossed by 
 78° W. , bounded on the N. by the Potomac. 
 
 Berkeley Canal. See Gloucester. 
 
 Berkeley Springs, or Bath, tn., U.S., W. Virginia, cap. of 
 Morgan co., 74 m. ENE. of the SW. corner of Maryland, with 
 springs of 74° F. temperature. P. <i500. 
 
 Berkeswell, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., 5J 
 156 
 
 m. W. Coventry, on the L. & NW. R., PM.O.; 6169 ac. P. 
 <i5oo; eccles. par. (B. Mith Barston) P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Berkbampstead, Great, par. and market-tn., Eng., Hert- 
 fordshire, W atford div., 10 m. W. St. Alban's, on the L. & N. 
 W. R. (Berkhamstead stn.). Cowper the poet was bom here 
 in 1731, while his father was rector of the parish. Market-day, 
 S. Par. 4364 ac. , P. <:50oo ; B. with Potteu End, P. 5000. 
 
 Berkhanipstead, Little, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and 
 3I m. SW. by S. Hertford. P. <500. 
 
 Berklianipstead St. Mary, or Xorthchurch, par., Eng., 
 Hertfordshire, Watford div., i m. ESE. Great Berkhampstead, 
 io| m. ESE. Aylesbury. P. <:25oo; eccles. par. (B. St. Mary 
 with Northchnrch) P. < 2500. 
 
 Berkley, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., 2 m. ENE. 
 Frome. P. <5oo. 
 
 Berkley, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co., 3 J m. S. by 
 E.Taunton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Berkley, tn., U.S., Virginia, Norfolk co., 80 m. SE. Rich- 
 mond. P. <4000. 
 
 BerkOTica, tn., Bulgaria, prov. Lom-Palanka, 28 m. E. by 
 N. Pirot. P. <:50oo. 
 
 Berks, CO., U.S., Pennsylvania, N. of 40° N., crossed by 76° 
 W. , traversed by the Schuylkill R. 
 
 Berlcshlre, co., Eng., to the W. of Surrey, bounded N. by 
 the Thames, divided into the following pari. divs. : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1 891. 
 
 N. or Abingdon . 
 S. or Newbury . 
 E. or Wokingham 
 Pari. bors.i. 
 
 170,240 
 
 178,582 
 
 107,470 
 
 5.932 
 
 49,082 
 S4.800 
 60,207 
 74,620 
 
 Total . 
 
 462,2243 
 
 238,7092 
 
 1 Reading, Windsor, and part of Oxford. 
 
 2 The administrative co., which includes part of the urban sanitary 
 di:it. of Abingdon in the co. of Oxford, and excludes part of Oxford co. 
 bor., has 461.742 ac, witli 236,163 inhabitants. 
 
 Besides the Thames, the chief rivers are the Kennet, Loddon, 
 and Ock. Chalk covers the middle of the county W. of the 
 Thames, and a ridge of chalk-hills running E. and W. divides 
 the valley of the Thames (the Vale of the White Horse) from the 
 valley of the Kennet. Scattered over the chalk in the W. are 
 numerous blocks of hard sandstone, grey wethers, or sarsen 
 stones [Ashbnry]. Bagshot Heath, an eocene tract in the SE., 
 has from early times been waste land, but a large portion has 
 been lately planted with fir. Excellent crops are raised on the 
 oolitic formation, which is mainly N. of the Ock. For agricul- 
 ture, see Appendix, pp. ^-<). Various manufactures are carried 
 on at Reading ; there is a paper-mill at Bisham, and at Kintbury 
 whiting is made from the soft upper chalk. The county formed 
 part of the kingdom of Wessex, but was some time under the Mid- 
 English. B. is in the Oxford circuit, and the assizes are held 
 at Reading. See England, table. 
 
 Berkshire, co., U.S., Massachusetts, extending along the 
 whole of the W. frontier. 
 
 Berkshire, tn., U.S., Vermont, Frankhn co., 40 m. NE. 
 BurUngton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Berkshire Valley, telegraph stn., W. .Australia, Victoria 
 dist. , 100 m. N. by E. Perth. 
 
 Berkswell, par. , Eng. See Berkeswell. 
 
 Berkswich, par. , Eng. See Baswich. 
 
 Berlaer-lez-Llerre, comm., Belgium, prov. Antwerp, 9 m. 
 NE. Malines. P. <:4000. 
 
 Berlaere-lez-Termonde, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 
 4 m. W. Termonde. P. <5000. 
 
 Berlalmont, tn. , France, dep. Nord, 17 m. SE. Valenciennes, 
 arr. and 7 m. NW. Avesnes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Berlanga, comm. , Spain, prov. Badajoz,dist. Llerena. P. 5100. 
 
 Berlebnrg, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 23 m. NW. 
 Marburg, circle B. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 jBerlengas, called by English sailors the Burllngs, a group 
 of small isls., Portugal, off the W. ct. , prov. Estremadura, 
 39° 25' N., near Cape Carvoeiro, with lighthouse visible 25 m. 
 
 Berlin, viL, Brit. Guiana, 1. bk. Demerara. in 6° 20' N. 
 
 Berlin, tn., Canada, Ontario, cap. Waterloo co., 49 m. NE. 
 London. P. 7400. 
 
 Berlin, cap. of Ger. and Prussia (origin of name un- 
 certain, meaning either ' vmcultivated land,' or ' ford,' ' crossing- 
 place'). After London and Paris B. is the largest town in 
 Etirope. B. is situated on the Spree, in the middle of the N. 
 German plain, between the Oder and the Elbe. B. Observatory : 
 lat. 52° 30' 16.7" N., long. i3°23' 43.5" E. The environs of B. 
 are very unattractive, consisting chiefly of sandy plains, heaths, 
 swamps, small rivers, and lakes. But nevertheless the rapid 
 development of B. is chiefly due to its geographical position, as 
 the diluvial elevations N. and S. of the town (Teltowand Barnim) 
 here closely approach the R. Spree, the site of B. thus being by 
 far the best crossing-place in the whole river system of the 
 
BERL — BERN 
 
 Spree and Havel, forming the commercial centre of the terrs. 
 between the Elbe and the Oder, and connecting the highroads 
 of Brandenburg, Silesia, and Saxony with those of Pomerania, 
 Mecklenburg, and Hanover. The R. Spree, about 300 ft. broad 
 in this part of its course, winds through B. from SE. to NW. , 
 and divides it into two nearly equal parts. Most of the principal 
 buildings of B. are built on a very small area in the insiilar 
 quarter surrounded by the Spree. The chief divs. of B. are : 
 the old town, old and new KoUn, the Konigsstadt, Stralauer 
 Viertel (within and without), Spandauer Viertel, Friedrich- 
 Wilhelms Stadt, Friedrichswerder, Dorotheenstadt, Friedrichs- 
 stadt (within and without), Louisenstadt, Vogtland, and the 
 suburb of Oranienburg. Other suburbs are those of Charlotten- 
 burg, Schoneberg, Tempelhof, Rixdorf, Lichtenberg, Weissen- 
 see, Pankow, and Lietzow, which are gradually being absorbed 
 by the town. A little more distant are Spandau, Teltow, 
 Lichterfelde, Potsdam, and Kopenick. B. is the seat of the 
 civil and military government for the whole kingdom of Prussia. 
 The University of B. is the first of the German universities. 
 The city possesses a large state library, botanical and zoological 
 gardens, and an aquarium. The museums contain very valuable 
 collections. The celebrated Brandenburg gate on the W. side 
 of the town is a copy of the Propylasa of the Acropolis of 
 Athens, but on a much larger scale. B. is one of the first 
 manufacturing towns of Prussia ; the chief productions are 
 Berlin porcelain, pottery, machinery, telegraph apparatus, and 
 paper. The founding of B. is uncertain. It is first mentioned 
 at the beginning of the 13th century. It was origfinally a village 
 of Wendish fishermen. During the 13th century there were 
 two separate settlements, Berlin and Kolln, but these were 
 united in 1307. In the middle of the 15th century the town 
 became the residence of the reigning house of Hohenzollern. 
 During the Thirty Years' War it was several times occupied and 
 pillaged by the Imperialist soldiery and by the Swedes. B. 
 owes its importance to Frederic William, the Great Elector. 
 There are at the present time no fortifications there. B. has 
 grown much more rapidly than any of the other great cities of the 
 world, as the following figures show : (1648) 6000 ; (1688) 18,000 ; 
 (1788^ 150,000 ; (1850)440,000; (1870)825,000; (1880)1,222,000; 
 (1890) 1,579,000. Mean temp., yr. 48.5° F., Jan. 32.8°, July 
 66.7° ; annual rainfall, 29.98 in. [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Berlin, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, Hartford co., 10 m. by rail 
 SW. Hartford. P.<3ooo. 
 
 Berlin, city, U.S., Maryland, Worcester co., room. ESE. 
 Washington (D. C.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Berlin, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co. , 13 m. NE. 
 Worcester. P. <: 1 500. 
 
 Berlin, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Coos co., 60 m. S. by 
 W. of the NE. comer of the state. The Androscoggin Rly. 
 here falls more than 200 ft. in i^ m. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Berlin, tn., U.S., Vermont, Washington co., 4 m. S. by 
 W. Montpelier. P. <20oo. 
 
 Berlin, city, U.S., Winconsin, Green Lake co., on Fox R., 
 80 m. NW. by N. Milwaukee ; granite quarries. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Berlin, vil. , Uruguay, dep. Rio Negro, on the R. Uruguay, 
 20 m. NE. Fray Bentos. 
 
 Berlin, Victoria. See Klieola. 
 
 Berllncheu, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 40 m. 
 SE. Stettin. P. 5000. 
 
 Berlin Falls, hamlet, U.S., New Hampshire, Coos co., on 
 the r. bk. of the Androscoggin, 59 m. S. by W. of the NE. 
 corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Berma, or Berlm1>al, tn., Egypt, 6J m. WNW. Tanta. 
 P. 6200. 
 
 Berniejo, Klo ('red river'), riv., in the N. of the Argentine 
 Republic, flows SE. into the Parana, which it enters in about 
 27° S. In its middle course it divides into two arms, the NE. 
 arm called the Rio Teuco. The lower B. and the Rio Teuco 
 can, it is said, be easily made navigable for boats of 4 ft. 
 draught. Total length, including windings, more than iioom. 
 
 Bermeo, fishing tn., Spain, prov. Vizcaya, W. of the mouth 
 of riv. B., on the Bay of Biscay, 14 m. NE. Bilbao. P. 8400. 
 
 Bermondsey, par., Eng., London, B. div. Par. P. 84,700; 
 pari. div. P. 82,800. See Sonthwark. 
 
 Bermuda, Bermndas, or Vomers Islands, a group of 
 about 300 small islands, of which 15 or 16 are inhabited, belong- 
 ing to Great Britain, in the Atlantic, 580 m. SE. of Cape 
 Hatteras, in S. Carolina. The group is about 20 m. in length, 
 and is surrounded by sunken coral reefs, through which access 
 is gained only by a few long, narrow, tortuous channels. Sur- 
 face mostly low, and composed of a shelly, coralline rock. 
 Climate mild and delightful, and highly salubrious, but severe 
 thunderstorms frequently prevail, and the atmosphere is some- 
 times charged with excessive humidity. The islands were de- 
 vastated by hurricanes in 1780 and 1813. The soil is poor, 
 three-fourths quite unfit for cultivation ; but the fruits of both 
 tropical and temperate regions are raised ; early potatoes, 
 tomatoes, beetroot, and arroviroot are sent in great quantities to 
 New York. Govt, vested in a governor, a council of eight 
 members, and an assembly of thirty-six members, four being 
 
 returned by each parish. Annual revenue abont ;^30,ooo; 
 value of exports ;^6o,ooo-;^i3o,ooo. The principa. islands are 
 Bermuda, or Main I., about 14 m. long, by i m. broad (with 
 Hamilton the cap. , situated at the head of a deep inlet, two or 
 three miles long, which forms a safe and convenient harbour) ; St. 
 George, Somerset, St. David, Boaz, and Ireland. St. George I. 
 fin the NE.) and Ireland I. (in the NW.) are strongly fortified. 
 Ireland I. is entirely occupied by its fortress, arsenal, and dock- 
 yards. There is a govt, floating-dock, 381 ft. by 124 ft., 53 ft. 
 deep, and large enough to lift an ironclad of 10,400 tons. The 
 principal islands form an almost continuous chain, and all 
 those from St. George to Ireland are connected by roads, bridges, 
 and causeways, with only one break between Somerset and 
 Watford Is. This group of islands was discovered in 1515 by 
 Bermudez, a Spaniard, from whom it derives its name, spelt in 
 former times Bermoothes, in accordance with Spanish pro- 
 nunciation of the letter d. They remained uninhabited until 
 Sir G. Somers was wrecked here in 1609, soon after which date 
 they were colonised from Virginia and England. Shortest track 
 to England 2858 nautical m. Mean temp., yr. 70.4° F. , Feb. 
 62.6°, Aug. 80.4°. Never below 40°. Annual rainfall about 
 60 in. Area, 19 sq. m. P. 15,013 (whites, 5690). 
 
 Bermndez, state, Venezuela, on the N. ct., crossed by 63°, 
 64°, and 65° W. ; cap. Barcelona. 
 
 Bern, tn., Switzd., cap. cant. B. , and, since 1848, of the 
 Swiss Confederation, situated on a high platform washed at its 
 base on three sides by the R. Aar, in the middle of the Swiss 
 plateau, 80 m. NE. Geneva. Commands a magnificent view 
 of the Alps of the Bernese Oberland ; contains an old cathedral 
 (founded 144), and among its chief modern structures the 
 Federal Palace (building of the Swiss legislature). Principal 
 streets bordered by covered foot pavements, the houses resting 
 on arcades. The crest of the city is a bear, in allusion to the 
 popular though erroneous derivation of the name (Ger. Bdren, 
 ' bears'), and a bear-pit, maintained at the cost of the city, is 
 one of the chief objects of interest. Seat of a university, with a 
 natural history museum, and of an observatory (46° 57' 8" N., 
 7° 26' 25" E. ). Birthplace of Haller the physiologist. Alt. (riv. ) 
 1635 ft. , (meteorological stn. ) 1880 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 46. 8° F. , 
 Jan. 29.4°, July 64.8°; rainfall (20 yrs.), 39.61 in. P. (1870) 
 36,000; (1880)44,000; (1888)47,150. 
 
 Bern (French Berne), cant., Switzd., stretching from 
 the centre NW. to the French and German frontiers. The 
 country is mountainous, comprising, in the S. , many of the 
 highest points of the Alps, as the Finster-Aarhom, the Jung- 
 frau, Schreckhorn, and Monch, belonging to the Bernese Ober- 
 land, celebrated for the beauty of its valleys, the chief of which 
 are the Simmenthal, Lautcrbrunnen, Grindelwald, and Hasle. 
 The NW. part of the canton is covered by the Jura Mts. , the two 
 regions being separated by the valley of the Aar. Nearly the 
 whole terr. is drained by the Aar and its tribs. ; the Birs flows to 
 the Rhine, and the Doubs is partly within, and partly iorms the 
 NW. boundary of this canton. The Lake of Bienne is formed by 
 the Thiele, and those of Brienz and Thun by the Aar. Climate 
 healthy; excessively cold in the region of the Alps, where 
 perennial snow forms some of the largest glaciers in Switzerland, 
 but mild at the foot of the Jura and in Interlaken. Forests 
 (chiefly pine and beech) cover one-sixth of the country ; pastures 
 one-sixth ; the vine, about 2500 ac. Emmenthal is noted for 
 its horses and cattle. Principal mineral products, iron (in the 
 Jura), coal (Simmenthal), marble, granite. Among numerous 
 mineral springs are those of Leissingen and Blumenstein. 
 Chief objects of industry are the manufactures of linens and 
 woollens, lace, watchmaking, the wooden wares of the Oberland, 
 and cheese. The canton is traversed by several lines of railway, 
 and has excellent roads ; steam-packets ply on the lakes and on 
 the R. Aar. Religion chiefly Protestant. The govt, is demo- 
 cratic. The legislative body is a Great Council elected by the 
 people, and this body chooses from itself an executive council 
 and the Landamann, or president. Language mainly German. 
 Cap. Berne. See Switzerland, table. 
 
 Bernagh, electoral div.. Ire., co. Tyrone, dist. Dungannon. 
 
 Bernalda, comm., Italy, Basilicata, prov. Potenza, 28 m. 
 W. by S. Taranto. P. 6000. 
 
 Bernalillo, vil., U.S., New Mexico, B. co., 43 m. SW, bv 
 W. Santa F6. Ah. 5031 ft. (R.R.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bernam, a riv. which flows W. into the Strait of Malacca, 
 in about 3° 37' N., in the S. of Perak ; navigable 100 m. up. 
 
 Bemardniyo, hill stn., Upper Burma, ruby mines dist., 
 70 m. N. by E. Mandalay, with British barracks. Alt. 6000 ft. 
 
 Bernardino Pass. .See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 3; 
 Passes, III. (7). 
 
 Bernardo, vil., Brazil, on the 1. bk. of the Rio Jaguaribe, 
 state and 90 m. SSE. Ceard. 
 
 Bernardston, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co., 33 m. 
 N. Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bernard Town, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire. 
 See IMalndee. 
 
 Beruaregglo, comm., Italy, prov. Milan, dist. Monza. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 157 
 
BERN 
 
 BE R V 
 
 Bernau, tn., Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 42 m. SE. by E. 
 Munich, near the S. shore of the Chiem-see. P. 7700. 
 
 Beruay, tn., France, dep. Enre, on the Charentonne, 17 m. 
 E. by S. Lisieux ; cap. of arr. B. P. 5800. 
 
 Berubni^, tn., Ger., duchy Anhalt, 22 m. W. Dessau, on the 
 Saale; cap. circle B. ; with various manufactures. P. 28,300. 
 
 Berne, or Drysdale, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Huron, 16 
 m. from Seaforth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Berue, cant, and tn. , Switzd. See Beru. 
 
 Berucastel. See Bernkastel. 
 
 Berneck, tn., Ger., Bavaria, Upper Franconia, on the 
 Olsnitz, where it enters the White Main ; with pearl-fishery, 
 glass-blowing, and iron-mining. Much resorted to for the 
 ' whey-cure ' and pine-leaf baths. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Berneck, vil., Switzd., cant, and 11 m. E. St. GalL P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Bernera, a small isl. , Scot. , Argyllshire, off the SW. ct. of 
 Lismore I. , in Lynn of Morven, in 56° 29 J' N. 
 
 Bernera, or Berneray, isl. , Scot. , off the W. ct. Inverness- 
 shire, in ^6° 47' N. , separated from Mingulay I. on the N. by 
 the Sound of B. 
 
 Bernera, or Berneray, isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, part of 
 Harris par., separated from the N. ct. of N. Uist by the Sound 
 ofB., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bernera, or Berneray, Great, isl., Scot., Ross-shire, Outer 
 Hebrides, Uig par., in Loch Roag, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Berners Boding, or Bootblng, par., Eng., Essex, Epping 
 div. , 6i m. WNW. Chelmsford, 5 m. NE. Ongar stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bernese Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. B. 1. 
 
 Bernesga, small riv., in the N. of Spain, pro v. Le6n, flows 
 S. to the Esla. 
 
 Bemex, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 4 m. SW. by W. Geneva. 
 
 P. <2C>00. 
 
 Berney Arms, stn.. Eng., Norfolk, E. div., on the G, E. R., 
 4i m. WSW. Yarmouth. 
 
 Bernezzo, comm., Italy, prov. and circle Cuneo, near Cara- 
 glio. P. <40oo. 
 
 Bernbausen, vil., Ger., Wiirtemberg, near Stuttgart, birth- 
 place of the engraver Gottfried von Miiller (1747). P. <:200o. 
 
 Bernlce, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Sullivan co., 38 m. W. by 
 N. Scranton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bernlcla, Scot., ancient div. of Northumbria, immediately 
 S. ofthe Firth of Forth. 
 
 Berulna Mountains. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 3 (d). 
 
 Bernina Pass. See Alps, Passes, HI. 10 (d). 
 
 Bernkastel, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on the r. bk. of 
 the Moselle, 22 m. NE. by E. Treves ; cap. of circle B. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bernonilll, or JafTa, sandy cape at S. of Lacepede Bay, 
 S. Australia, in 36° 57' S. 
 
 Bernsbacb, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. 
 Schwarzenberg, with manufactures of tin-plate, &c. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Bernsdorf, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and dist. Chemnitz. 
 P. <:300o. 
 
 Bernstadt, tn. , Ger. , in the E. of the kgd. of Saxony, 9 m. 
 SW. Gorlitz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bernstadt, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 22 m. E. Bres- 
 lau ; sheep extensively reared round about, and a considerable 
 woollen industry in town and neighbourhood. P. <:5000. 
 
 Bernstein, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 42 m. SE. 
 Stettin. P. <30oo. 
 
 Berow, Cinlf of. See Mac €luer. Gulf of. 
 
 Berre, tn. , France, dep. Bouches-du- Rhone, on the N. shore 
 of the Etang de Berre, arr. and 15 m. W. by S. Aix. Pre- 
 paration of bay salt and olive-oil. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Berriau, one of the towns of the Mzab confederation, in the 
 Algerian Sahara, 275 m. S. Algiers. P. 3500. 
 
 Berrlck (or Berwick) Salome, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, 
 Henley div. , 10 m. SE. Oxford, 3^ m. N. by E, Wallingford. 
 P. <:25o. See Ctaalgrove. 
 
 Berriedale, eccles. par., Scot., Caithness, at the mouth of 
 Berriedale Water, 22 m. SW. by S. Wick, PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Berriedale Water, riv., Scot., Caithness, rises in the SW. , 
 and flows E. then SE. into the German Ocean at Berriedale. 
 
 Berrien, co. , U.S. , Georgia, N. of 31° N. and W. of 83° W. 
 
 Berrien, co. , U.S., Michigan, in the extreme SW. 
 
 Berrien Springs, vil., U.S., Michigan, Berrien co. , on St. 
 Joseph R., 28 m. NE. by E. of the SW. comer of the state. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Berrler and Mnrrab, par., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith 
 div., 7^ m. W. Penrith, 2 m. NW. Penruddock stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Berrlew (Aber-Rhiw, 'at the mouth ofthe R. Rhiw'), par., 
 Wales, Montgomeryshire, 5 m. SW. Welshpool, 2i m. W. 
 Forden stn., PMT.O.; 12,131 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Berrlgan, post-stn., New South Wales, Denison co,, 442 m. 
 by rail and road SW. Sydney. I^. <i500. 
 
 Berrlma, tp. , New South Wales, Camden co. , 40 m. NE. 
 by E. Goulbum, PMT.O. P.<isoo. 
 
 Berrlng, place. Ire. , co. Cork, 5 m. from Coachford, with P.O. 
 
 Berrlngton, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 4^ m. SE. by 
 S. Shrewsbiuy, on the G. W. R., P.O.; 4374 ac. P. <iooo. 
 168 
 
 Berrlngton and Eye, stn. , Eng. See Eye. 
 
 Berrow, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wells div. , on the W. ct. , 6 
 m. S. by W. Weston-super-Mare, 2 m. W. Brent Knoll stn., 
 P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Berrow, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., 7 m. W. 
 by N. Tewkesbury, P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Berry, old prov. of France, nearly corresponding to the 
 modern deps. Cher and Indre ; divided into Haul (Upper) B., 
 cap. Bourges, in the E. , and Bas (Lower) B. , cap. Chateauroux, 
 in the W. 
 
 Berry, isls. , in the N W. of the Bahamas. 
 
 Berry, formerly Brougbton Creek, viL , New South Wales, 
 Camden co., on Berry R. , 70 m. S. by W. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Berry Brow, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the 
 L. & Y. R., 2 m. from Huddersfield, with PM.O. 
 
 Berry, Canal de, one of the most important canals in France 
 as regards the amount of its traffic ; begins at Montlu9on on the 
 Cher, the chief trading centre of the coalfields of the AUier ; 
 descends the Cher valley to St. Amand, then proceeds E., and 
 soon after branches, one branch going NE. and joining the 
 lateral canal of the Loire about 9 m. NW. of Nevers, the other 
 branch proceeding N. and rejoining the valley of the Cher, and 
 ultimately entering the Cher itself near St. Aignan, below 
 which point the canalised Cher continues the line of navigation 
 to Tours. Length of navigation 200 m. , of which 36^ m. belong 
 to the canalised Cher. Constructed 1807-1841. 
 
 Berry Head, cape, Eng. , in the E. of Devonshire, in the S. 
 of Tor Bay, 43 m. SSE. Torquay, with a lighthouse. 
 
 Berryl's Point, cape, Eng., NW. Cornwall, in 50° 28' N. 
 
 Berrynarbor, ct. par. and vil. , Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple 
 div., 3 m. E. Ilfracombe, PT.O. ; par. 4980 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Berry Pomeroy, or Bridgetown, par. and vil., Eng., 
 Devonshire, Totnes div., 6^ m. WSW. Torquay, i^ m. E. 
 Totnesstn.; 4483 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Berryvale, settlement, U.S., California, Siskiyou co., on 
 1. bk. of Sacramento R. , 11 1 m. ESE. of NW. comer of state. 
 
 Berryrllle, vil., U.S., Virginia, Clarke co., 53 m. WNW. 
 Washington (D. C). P. <:isoo. 
 
 Bersbo, copper-mining vil., Sweden, prov. Ostergotland, 23 
 m. S. by W. Norrkoping. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Berseba, vil. , Great Namaqualand, in about 26° S. , 17° 42' E. , 
 about 150 m. E. by N. Angra Pequena Bay. 
 
 Bersenbriick, comm. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, 20 m. N. by 
 W. Osnabriick, in circle B. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bersham, par., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., 2 m. WSW. 
 Wrexham, PM.O. P. 5200. 
 
 Berste, riv., Prussia, 1. bk. trib. ofthe Spree, which it joins 
 near Liibben. 
 
 Bersted, Nortb, tithing, Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 4J 
 m. SE. by E. Chichester. 
 
 Berst«d, Sontb, par. and vil. , i m. ESE. North B. , i m. 
 NE. Bognor. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bert, electoral div., Ire., co. Kildare, dist. Athy. 
 
 Berta, Capo, cape, Italy, Liguria, 17 m. ENE. San Remo. 
 
 Bert&t, dist.. Eastern Sudan, in the S. of Sennar, bounded 
 on the E. by the Blue Nile, with gold-mines. 
 
 Bertbengam, hamlet, Wales, Flintshire, 5 m. NW. by W. 
 HolyweU, 2^ m. WSW. Mostyn stn. 
 
 Bertbier, riv. port. , Canada, Quebec, B. co. , on the 1. bk. of 
 St. Lawrence, 35 m. WSW. Three Rivs. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bertbier, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Montmagny co. , on 
 the r. bk. of St. Lawrence, 26 m. ENE. Quebec. 
 
 Bertboud, tn. , Switzd. , cant. Bern. See Burgdorf. 
 
 Bertie, rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, Welland co., 11 m. W. 
 by N. Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bertie, co. , U.S., N. Carolina, in the NE., crossed by 77° 
 W. , and in the S. by 36° N. , bounded on the S. by the Roanoke, 
 and on the E. by the Chowan R. 
 
 Bertlnoro, tn., Italy, Emilia, prov. Forli, 16 m. SE. Faenza; 
 seat of a bishop. P. 7000. 
 
 Bertragbboy Bay, Ire. , in the W. of co. Galway, in about 
 53° 20' N. 
 
 Bertrlcb, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 4^ m. from the 1. bk. of 
 the Moselle, 32 m. SW. Koblenz, with warm medicinal springs. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Bertrlx, comm., Belgium, prov. Luxemburg, 17 m. NE. by 
 E. Sedan. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bertry, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and ir m. SE. by E. 
 Cambrai . P. < 3000. 
 
 Bertsdorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and dist. Zittau. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Beru-FJord, inlet, Iceland, on the E. ct., with mouth in 64' 
 40' N. ; rainfall (10 yrs.), 47.05 in. 
 
 Bemn, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 39 m. E. Ratibor, 
 12 m. SSE. Konigshiitte. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bervle (contains the Gaelic root bior, 'water'), par., pari, 
 and royal burgh, market-tn., and seapt., Scot., Kincardineshire, 
 on the E. ct. , at the mouth of B. Water, on B. Bay, 8i m. 
 SSW. Stonehaven, on the N. B. R., PMT.O. Market-day" W. 
 Par. P. < 2500 ; burghs and tn. P. < 1500. 
 
B E R W 
 
 BESS 
 
 Berwick, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, King's co., 65 m. NW. 
 by W. Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 Berwick, Northumberland. See Berwick-upon-Tweed. 
 
 Berwick, vil., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 3^ m. E. by S. 
 Shrewsbury, i^ m. SW. Upton Magna stn., P.O. 
 
 Berwick (ber'ik), par. and vil., Eng., Sussex, div. and 7 m. 
 NW. by W. Eastbourne, on the L. B. & S. C. R., P.O. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Berwick, settlement, U.S., Louisiana, St. Mary par. (co.), 
 on the Myrtle Bayou, 73 m. WSW. New Orleans. 
 
 Berwick, tn., U.S., Maine, York co., 40 m. SW. Portland. 
 P. < 300C. 
 
 Berwick, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Columbia co., on N. 
 branch Susquehanna, 38 m. SW. by W. Scranton. P. <300o. 
 
 Berwick, small tn. , Victoria, Mornington co. , 24 m. SE. by 
 E.Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ber'ivlck, \orth, Scot. , Haddingtonshire. See Nortb B. 
 
 Berwick, Nortb, tn., U.S., Maine, York co., 35 m. SW. by 
 S. Portland. P. < 2000. 
 
 Berwick, Soatb, tn., U.S., Maine, York co., 40 m. SW. 
 by S. Portland. P. < 4000. 
 
 Berwick Bassett, par., Eng., Wilts, Devizes div., 7J m. 
 SW. by S. Swindon, P.O. P. <:2So. See Wlnterbonrne 
 Moiikton. 
 
 Berwick Hill, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck div. , 
 6 J m. S. by W. Morpeth, 4J m. SW. Plessey stn. P.<:2So. 
 
 Bertvlck St. Leonard, par., Eng., Wilts, Wilton div., 14 
 m. W. by N. Salisbury, 3 m. NNW. Tisbury stn. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (B. St. L. wltk SedghUl) P. <2So. 
 
 Berwick St. James, par. , Eng. , Wilts, Wilton div. , 8 m. 
 NW. by N. Salisbury, 3 m. N. Wishford stn., P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Berwick St. John, par., Eng., Wilts, Wilton div., 14 m. 
 WSW. Salisbury, 4^ m. S. Tisbury stn., P.O.; contains Winkle- 
 bury or Vespasian's Camp, alt. 851 ft.; 4569 ac. P. <500. 
 
 Berwick Salome, par. , Eng. See Berrlck Salome. 
 
 Berwickshire, co. , Scot. , forming its SE. extremity on the 
 coast of the North Sea. The 500 ft. contour line running from 
 near St. Abb's Head SW. divides the county roughly into two 
 halves, the lower and richer portion, to the SE., called the 
 Merse (formerly March — it gives the title of Earl of March to 
 the Earl of Wemyss), the higher composed mainly of the broad 
 uplands connected with the so-called Lammermuir Hills. In 
 the W. , opening from N. to S., is the valley of Lauderdale, the 
 greater part of which, including the town of Lauder itself, is 
 above 500 ft. in height, but which, nevertheless, is fertile and 
 well cultivated. Towards the E. of the county the higher tracts 
 are divided by the narrow valleys of the Eye and the Pease- 
 burn, and the low water-parting separating the two, and this de- 
 pression is that followed by the highroad from Edinburgh to the 
 E. of England, now also by the N. B. R. The only other railway 
 in the county is a branch of the same company from Reston June, 
 to St. Boswells, by Duns and Greenlaw. Principal rivers, the 
 Tweed, Eye, and the Leader (traversing Lauderdale), White- 
 adder, Blackadder, and other affluents of the Tweed. Lower 
 and Upper Silurian rocks and members of the Old Red Sand- 
 stone cover the greater part of the county, but a small area in 
 the SE. is occupied by Carboniferous strata (not coal-bearing). 
 There are no minerals of economic importance. As to agri- 
 culture, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. Chief towns, Greenlaw, 
 Lauder, Duns, Coldstream, and Eyemouth. The county returns 
 one member to the House of Commons. Area, 294,805 ac, P. 
 (1891) 32,400. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Berwlck-npon-Tweed, seapt. tn., mun. bor., and par., 
 Eng., in the N., or B.-upon-T. div. of Northumberland, on 
 the N. bk. of the Tweed, at its mouth, ■with terminal station of 
 the N. B. R. and NE. R., 57 m. ESE. Edinburgh. The town 
 is connected with its suburbs, Tweedmouth and Spittal, which 
 are within the borough, by a bridge. It has an iron-foundry, at 
 which steam-engines and mill machinery are built ; sulphuric 
 acid and manure works are carried on ; and near the town are 
 coal-mines. The harbour has a depth at ordinary high tides of 
 17 ft. 6 in. ; highest springs 21 ft. Imports timber, staves, 
 bones, iron, flax, hemp, tallow, and oil. Exports agricultural 
 produce, wool, ale, whisky, coal, and fish, especially salmon — 
 its fisheries once formed the chief industry, though it has now 
 greatly declined. For shipping statistics see Appendix, p. 13. 
 The possession of B. was long disputed between England and 
 Scotland, but was finally secured by England in 1482. It had 
 previously been fortified by Henry II., and ruins of the old for- 
 tifications still remain, and the walls erected at a later date 
 sxirvive entire. Market-day, S. Fairs for cattle and horses, first 
 Saturday in March, May, and November. Par. 5367 ac, P. 
 8500; bor. P. (1891) 13,400; pari. div. P. 52,400. 
 
 Berwinne, riv., Belgium, enters the Meuse r. bk., in the N. 
 of prov. Liege. 
 
 Berwyn, range of hills, N. Wales, on the borders of cos. 
 Merioneth, Montgomery, and Denbigh, to the SE. of the valley 
 of the Upper Dee ; highest, Moel-sych, 2716 ft. 
 
 Berwyn, stn., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., ij m. WNW. 
 Llangollen, on the G. W. R. 
 
 Berzava, riv., in the S. of Hungary, 1. bk. trib. of the Temes, 
 canalised in its lower part for the drainage of the dist. 
 
 Besan, tn. , Palestine. See Bcis&u. 
 
 Besaucon (ancient Vesontio), city, France, cap. dep. Doubs, 
 arr. B., 47 m. E. by S. Dijon, on the Doubs, mainly within a 
 loop on the 1. bk. , and on the canal of the Rhone and Rhine. 
 It has an important strategical situation at the convergence of 
 roads and railways from the opening between the Vosges and 
 the Jura and from Switzerland, and has from early times been 
 a fortified city. It now has a citadel, on an elevated rock, and 
 a number of outlying forts on both banks of the river. It is an 
 archbishop's see, and has a royal college, academy of sciences 
 and arts, school of horology, a large public library, and arsenal 
 and schools of artillery and medicine. It has various manu- 
 factures, but its principal industry is the making of watches and 
 clocks, especially the putting together of parts made in the Swiss 
 Jura, with the watch-making districts of which it communicates 
 by two lines of railway, one leading E. to La Chaux de Fonds 
 and Le Locle, the other NE. past Porrentruy. It was twice 
 taken by Louis XIV., and united to France in 1678. The 
 Austrians besieged it without success in 1814. Alt. 845 ft. 
 Mean temp., 51.2° F., Jan. 35.1°, July 68.2°. P. (1872) 49,400; 
 (1881)54,400; (1891)56,100. 
 
 Besaya, small riv., Spain, flows N. from the gorge of Reinosa 
 through the middle of prov. Santander into the Bay of Biscay. 
 
 Bescahy, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, 6 m, NE. Melton Mow- 
 bray. P. <250. 
 
 Besca Nuova, or Baska, market-tn., Austria, crownland 
 Istria, I. of Veglia, on the S. ct. P. <30oo. 
 
 Bescar Lane, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., on the 
 L. & Y. R., 4 m. SE. by E. Southport. 
 
 Bescott, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , S. Staffordshire, 2 m. S. 
 Walsall, on the L. & NW. R. (Bescot .Junction). SeePleck. 
 
 Bestttsa, vil., Turkey in Europe. See Besvitsa. 
 
 Besford, par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 8 m. W. by 
 N. Evesham, 2 m. N. by W. Defford (q.v.) stn. P. <:250. 
 
 Beshi, vil., W. Africa, Lagos, on a lagoon parallel to the 
 Slave Coast, 12 m. W. Lagos. 
 
 Besigheiiii, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 16 m. N. Stuttgart, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Neckar, cap. of circle B. P. <3000. 
 
 Besltnn, small range of mts. , Persia, prov. Ardilan, over- 
 looking B. village, a short distance to the E. of Kirmanshah ; 
 noted for two cuneiform inscriptions written on the face of the 
 rock at the height of 300 ft. above the ground. The village of 
 B. is supposed to be the Baghistan of the Greeks. 
 
 Beslynn, or Basinn, vil. , Egypt, 16 m. N W. Tanta. P. 5700. 
 
 Beskld, or Bieskid, mts. See Carpathians. 
 
 Besiiltsa, vil. , Turkey in Europe. See BesTltsa. 
 
 Bessarabia, prov. of SW. Russia, separated by the Pruth 
 and the Lower Danube from Roumania in the W. , and by the 
 Dniester from Podolia and Kherson in N. and E. , touching the 
 Black Sea from the Sulina mouth of the Danube to the estuary 
 {liman) of Ovidiopol. Hilly in N. , flat and low in S. (Budzhak 
 Steppe), the two parts being separated from each other by the 
 Trajan's wall. Climate moderate, the temp, at Kishinev being 
 as follows : )t. 50.4°, Jan. 26.6°, July 71.7° ; yearly rainfall 18^ 
 in., summer 11 in. Bessarabia was ceded by Roumania in 
 1812. Its population is extremely varied : Moldavians make 
 the chief bulk of it ; Galicians and Little Russians, Bulgarians, 
 Greeks, Jews, Armenians, Tsigans, &c., grouped into large 
 villages. Soil fertile throughout ; forests in middle portions. 
 Agriculture and cattle-breeding, gardening, culture of tobacco, 
 vineyards. Manufactures in infancy ; considerable export trade. 
 Area, 17,619 sq. m. P. 1,588,330. 
 
 Bess Brook, market-tn.. Ire., SE. co. Armagh, bar. Upper 
 Orior, 2| m. NW. Newry. 
 
 Besse-en-Chendesse, tn., France, dep. Puy-de Dome, arr. 
 Issoire, 20 m. SSW. Clermont. In the neighbourhood are the 
 cascades of Entraig^es, and the mineral springs of Condat. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Bess^ges, tn. , France, dep. Gard, arr. Alais, on the C6ze, 34 
 ra. NNW. Nlmes, with iron, coal-mining, and glass manufs. 
 P. 8IOO-. 
 
 Besselslelgh, par., Eng., Berkshire, Abingdon div., 5 m. 
 SW. Oxford, 4 m. NW. .■\bingdon stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bessemer, tn. , U.S., in the iron and coal dist. of Alabama 
 (g.v.), Jefferson co., 16 m. SW. Birmingham, with blast-furnaces, 
 rolling-mills, and other large iron-works. Founded 1887. P. 
 (i89o)<500o. 
 
 Bessemer, city, U.S., Colorado, Pueblo co. P. < 4000. 
 
 Bessemer, city, U.S., Michigan, Gogebic co., 129 m. W. 
 Marquette. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bessemer, settlement, U.S., Ohio, Athens co., 55 m. SE. 
 Columbus. 
 
 Bessemer, tn. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny co. , 11 m. E. 
 Pittsburg, with large steel-works. 
 
 Besses o' th' Barn, place, Eng., Lancashire, i m. from 
 Whitefield, near Manchester, PM.O. 
 
 Bessl, isl. , Eastern Archipelago, one of the Sula Is. E. of 
 Celebes I. , separated by Pitt's Passage from Buru I. 
 
 159 
 
BESS 
 
 B ETT 
 
 Bessingby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div. , 
 i6 m. SSE. Scarborough, i^ m. SW. Bridlington. P. <230. 
 
 Besslngham, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 5 m. SW. 
 Cromer. P. <:250. 
 
 Bessikni, site, Palestine, Zaanaim (plain) in the O. T., 32° 
 44' N^- ' 35° 29' E. , 5 m. SW. Tiberias. 
 
 BesterczebAnya, Hungary. See Nensolil. 
 
 Besttaorpe, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 14 m. SW. by 
 W. Norwich, i m. NE. Attleborough stn., P.O. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Bestliorpe, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 7 m. N. 
 by E. Newark, 2 m. E. Carlton-o»-Trent stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 See Scarle, South. 
 
 Bestwood Colliery* stn., Eng., Nottinghamshire, between 
 Daybrook and Newstead, on the G. N. R., with P.O. 
 
 Bestwood Park, par. , Eng. , co. and 4 m. N. Nottingham, 
 with coal and iron. P. <:7So. 
 
 Besnkl, tn., Java. See Beznkl. 
 
 BesTltsa, Besultsa, or Besfitsa, viL, Turkey in Europe, 
 65 m. NW. by N. Salonica. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bes'^rlck, par. , Eng. , Manchester. P. 9700. See Bradford. 
 
 Beswlek, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holdemess div. , 
 13I m. NNW. Hull, I m. NW. Lockington stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 See Watiou. 
 
 Besztereze, Hungary. See Blstrltz. 
 
 Beszterczebikuya, Hungary. See XensoU. 
 
 Betafo, tn. , Madagascar, 82 m. SW. by S. Antananarivo. 
 
 BetaghstoiTn, tnld. , Ire. , co. Meath. See Bettystonii. 
 
 Bet^nzos (the ancient Flavium Brigantium), tn. , Spain, prov. 
 and II m. ESE. Corunna. P. 8100. 
 
 Bet&nzos, Bay of, an inlet of the Atlantic, branches of which 
 form the harbours of Ferrol and Corunna. 
 
 Bet^wad, tn., India, Bombay Presidency, dist. Khdndesh, 
 in 21° 13' N., and 74° 5/ E. P. 5300. 
 
 Bet Bet, tp., Victoria, Gladstone co., 30 m. WSW. Sand- 
 hurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Betctaton, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, 2 m. SE. Sandbach. P. < 1000. 
 
 Betcbwortb, par. and vil. , Eng. , Surrey, Reigate div. , 3 m. E. 
 Dorking, i m. S. of its station on the SE. R. , PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bet-el-Faklb, tn. , Arabia. See Belt-el-Faklh. 
 
 Beten, place named in O. T. See El B'aiieb. 
 
 Beth, Hebrew, Beit, Arabic, 'a house.' 
 
 Bethabara, place named in N. T. See Makbadet *Ab&rah. 
 
 Betbalto, vil., U.S., Illinois, Madison co., 21 m. NNE. St. 
 Louis ( Mo. ). P. < 1 500. 
 
 Beth Anath, place named in O. T. See 'Alnitha. 
 
 Bettaanga, tn. , Victoria, Benambra co. , on the Mitta-Mitta, 
 15 m. SE. Albury. Gold, silver, and copper in small quanti- 
 ties are foimd near. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Beth Anoth, place named in O. T. See Belt AlnAn. 
 
 Betbany, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Durham co. , 52 m. NE. by 
 E. Toronto. 
 
 Bethany, place named in N. T. See El 'Azlrtyeb. 
 
 Betbany, or Betbanlen, Rhenish mission stn. , founded 1842, 
 Great Namaqualand, about 100 m. E. Angra Pequena Bay. 
 
 Betbany, tn., S. African Republic, div. and 20 m. WNW. 
 Pretoria. 
 
 Betbany, tn., U.S., Missouri, Harrison co., 57 m. NE, St. 
 Joseph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Beth Aram, place named in O. T. See Tell R^meb. 
 
 Beth Baal Mean, place named in O. T. See Tell M'atn. 
 
 Beth Dagon, place named in O. T. See Belt Dejan. 
 
 Beth Dagon, O. T. locality (Josh. xix. 27). See TeU D'aAk. 
 
 Beth Eked, place named in O. T. See Belt KM. 
 
 Bethel, place named in O. T, See Beltin. 
 
 Bethel, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Namaland, 55 m. 
 S. by W. Ookiep. 
 
 Bethel, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co. , 17 m. NW. 
 Bridgeport. P. <4000. 
 
 Bethel, tn., U.S., Maine, Oxford co., on Androscoggin R. , 
 50 m. W. Augusta. P. <30oo. 
 
 Bethel, vil., U.S., Ohio, Clermont co., 25 m. E^E. Cin- 
 cinnati. Alt. 1255 ft. (R.R.). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Bethel, tn., U.S., Vermont, Windsor co., 21 m. NE. Rut- 
 land. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bethel, place, Wales, Carnarvonshire, 3 m. from Port 
 Dinorwic, near Carnarvon, with P.O. 
 
 Betbelsdorp, missionary stn. , Cape Colony, dist. and 8 m. 
 NW. Port Elizabeth. P. isooo. 
 
 Beth Ernek, place named in O. T. See Anika. 
 
 Bethersden, par. and vil., Eng., Kent, div. and 5 m. W. 
 by S. Ashford, PM.O. ; par. 6376 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bethesda, well or pool named in N. T. See Sll-wfin. 
 
 Bethesda, vil. and mission stn. , in the SW. of Basutoland, 
 55 m. ENE. Aliwal North. 
 
 Bethesda, viL, S. Australia, in the electoral dist. of Flinders, 
 62 s m. N. Adelaide. P. < 1500 (principally natives). 
 
 Bethesda, tn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., on the 
 Ogwen, 4i m. SE. by S. Bangor, with slate quarries, on the 
 L. & NW^ R., PMT.O. P. (1881) 7000; (1891) 6000. 
 
 Betbesda Springs, U.S. See liVankesha. 
 160 
 
 Beth Gamul, place named in O. T. See Jematl. 
 
 Beth Haccerem, place named in O. T. See 'Aln K&rlm. 
 
 Beth Hoglah, place named in O. T. See 'Aln HiUlah. 
 
 Beth Horon, Nether and Upper, places named in O. T. See 
 Belt 'Cr et Teabta and Belt 'Vr el Foka. 
 
 Beth Jeshimoth, place named in O. T. See *Aln Suwelmeh. 
 
 Bethlehem, now Belt-Laiun (q.v.), tn., Palestine, which 
 will be ever memorable as the birthplace of Christ. It stands 
 on a narrow ridge, 5 m. SW. Jerusalem. It is a large strag- 
 gling place, with magnificent church, erected a.d. 327, by the 
 Empress Helena, over the site (the 'Grotto of the Nativity') 
 traditionally celebrated for the birth of the Saviour, and to 
 which belong convents, schools, and hospitals of the Roman 
 Catholics, Greeks, and .Armenians. P. said to be 3000, all 
 Christians — a bold and hardy race, who have successfully re- 
 sisted Turkish oppression. 
 
 Bethlehem, tn.. Orange Free State, cap. of B. div., 125 m. 
 NE. Bloemfontein. Alt. 5400 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bethlehem, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co., 75 m. 
 N. by W. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bethelehem, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Northampton co. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the Lehigh R., 34 m. NE. by E. Reading, 
 founded in 1741 by the Moravians. P. 6800. 
 
 Bethlehem, South, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, adjoining B. 
 on the r. bk. of the river, seat of Lehigh University, with large 
 iron-works, including plant for the manufactiu-e of gun-steel, 
 large guns, armour plate, and shafting. P. (1880) 4900 ; (1890) 
 10,300. 
 
 Bethlem, tn., Brazil, Sao Paulo, 69 m. NW. by W^. Santos. 
 
 Bethiem, hamlet, Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 10 m. 
 W. by S. Carmarthen, x\ WSW. St. Clears stn. 
 
 Beth Mean, place named in O. T. See Tell M'ain. 
 
 Betbnal Green, pari. bor. and par., in the NE. of London, 
 divided into a NE. and a SW. div. , each returning one member. 
 It contains part of Victoria Park, and the East London museum. 
 P. (1891) NE. div. 62,400; SW. div. P. 66,700; par. P. 129,100; 
 eccles. pars. (B. G. with Sboredltcb) P. <35oo ; (B. ۥ. with 
 Bfaggerston) P. 6200. 
 
 Beth Nimrah, place named in O. T. See Tell Xinirin. 
 
 Beth Peor, place named in O. T. See El Mareighiit. 
 
 Beihphage, place named in N. T. See Keflr-et-Tor. 
 
 Bethsaida, place named in N. T. See Ed Dlkkeh. 
 
 Bethshean, place named in O. T. See Belsftn. 
 
 Beth Shemesh, places named in O. T. See 'Ain esh 
 Shemstyeb and Sliemstn. 
 
 Beth Shitta, place named in O. T. See Sbntta. 
 
 Beth Tappuah, place named in O. T. See TolTdb. 
 
 Bethulia, place named in O. T. See MltbUla. 
 
 Bethnlle, vil.. Orange Free State, cap. of B. div., on the 
 S. frontier, 48 m. WNW. Aliwal North, on the railway route 
 from Burghersdorp to Springfontein ; coal mined a few miles 
 away. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bethune, settlement and rly. stn., Canada, Assiniboia, 32 m. 
 NW. by W, Regina. 
 
 B^thnne, fortified tn., France, dep. Pas de Calais, 17 m. 
 NNW. Arras ; cap. arr. with coal-mines, sugar and salt re- 
 fineries, &c. P. 9900. 
 
 Bethnngra, small tn.. New South Wales, Clarendon co., 
 115 m. W. Goulbum. P. < 1500. 
 
 Beth Zur, place named in O. T. See Belt Sor. 
 
 Betljoque, tn., Venezuela, Los Andes, 190 m. WSW. 
 Valencia. Alt. 2600 ft. P. 5000. 
 
 Betley, par. and vil., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 6 m. 
 W. by N. Newcastle-tmder-Lyme, aj m. SE. by E. Betley Rd. 
 stn., on the L. & NW. R., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 BetUs, Asiatic Turkey. See Bltlis. 
 
 Betsche, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. and 49 m. W. by N. 
 Posen. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Betsham, PM.O., Eng., Kent, 2 m. from Gravesend. 
 
 Betsbanger, or Bettesbanger, par. , Eng. , Kent, St. Augiis- 
 tine div. , 3^ m. W. Deal. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (B.Mlth Ham) 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Betslamltes, riv., Canada, Quebec, co. Saguenay, flowing 
 SE. into the St. Lavtrence at B. Point, in 68° 37' W. 
 
 Betslbo'ka, riv., Madagascar, rises in Imerina, N. of Antan- 
 anarivo, and flows N. then NW. into Bombetoke Bay ; receives 
 on the left the Iko'pa. 
 
 Betsizaralna, tn., Madagascar, E. ct., in about 20° S. 
 
 Bettelar (in Marco Polo). See Puttalam. 
 
 Bettembnrg, vil. , Ger. , gd.-duchy and 7 m. S. by W. Luxem- 
 burg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Betten, vil., Switzd., cant. Valais, 6 m. NE. by N. Brieg. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Bettenbansen, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle and dist. 
 Cassel. P. <3000. 
 
 Bettesbanger, par. , Eng. , co. Kent. See Betstaanger. 
 
 BettlA, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Champdran, 90 m. 
 NNW. PatnA. P. 22,800; Hindus, 14,700; Moham. 6700. 
 
 Bettle, vil., W. Africa, Upper Guinea, on the Akba R., in 
 6°N., 3°ii' W. 
 
BETT— BEWC 
 
 Bettlugen, vil., gd.-duchy and 9^ m. W. by N. Luxemburg. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Bettisconibe, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 5^ m. NE. 
 Lyme Regis. P. <25o. 
 
 Bettisfleld, par., Wales, in a detached part of Flintshire, 
 12 m. SE. Wrexham, on the Cambrian Rly., includes B. Park 
 tp.,P.O. P.<:soo. 
 
 Bettola, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 19 m, S. by W. 
 Piacenza. P. 3000. 
 
 Betton Strange, eccles. par., Eng., Shropshire, Oswestry 
 div., 2| m. S. by E. Shrewsbury. P. <250. 
 
 Betts Creek, vil. , Queensland. See Peutland. 
 
 Bettsville, vil., U.S., Ohio, Seneca co. , 32 m. SE. by S. 
 Toledo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Beitws, Cymric, ' a portion of land between a river and a hill.' 
 
 BcttTvs, hamlet, Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., 4 m. N. 
 Abergavenny, i^ m. W. Llanfihangel stn. 
 
 Bettws, par-j^Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 3 m. NW. New- 
 port. P. <:25o. See Henllys. 
 
 Bettws, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., on the 
 Amman, 11 m. NE. Llanelly, close to Ammanford stn. ; 
 6511 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Bettws, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div., 11^ m. SE. 
 by E. Meath, 2 m. NNE. Tondu June; 5023 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bettws, par. , Wales, Montgomeryshire, 5 m. N. Newtown ; 
 5428 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Bettws, hamlet, Wales, Radnorshire, 8J m. S. New Radnor, 
 3 m. N. Hay stn. 
 
 Bettwsabergele, or Bettws yn RIi6s, par. , Wales, Denbigh- 
 shire, W. div. , 9 m. ESE. Conway, 3I m. S. by E. Llandulas 
 stn., PM.O.; 6588 ac. P.<75o. 
 
 Bettws Blcddrws, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 3 m. NNE. 
 Lampeter, i\ m. SW. Llangybi stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bettws Coedewen, eccles. par. and vil., Wales, Mont- 
 gomeryshire, 4 m. N. by E. Newtown, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bettws-Clyro, part of eccles. par., Wales, Radnorshire. See 
 Clyro. 
 
 Bettws-Dissertli, par. , Wales, Radnorshire, 7 m. W. by S. 
 New Radnor. P. <25o. See Llansalntfflrald In Elvel. 
 
 Bettws Evan, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 8 m. E. by N. 
 Cardigan. P. <50o; eccles. par. (B. E. witk Brongwyn) 
 P. <7S0. 
 
 Bettws Garmon, par. and hamlet, Wales, Carnarvonshire, 
 Eifion div., 5^ m. SE. Carnarvon, on the N. Wales Narrow 
 Gauge Rly. , P. O. P. <25o; eccles. par. (B. G. with Waen- 
 fa>vr) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bcttwsgwerfll-gocli, par. and hamlet, Wales, on the N. 
 border of Merionethshire, i2| m. WNW. Llangollen, 3 m. W. 
 by N. Gwyddelwern stn. , P.O. Par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bettws Leikl, par. , Wales, Cardiganshire, on the Aeron, 4J 
 m. W. by S. Tregaron, 2^ m. WNW. Pont Llanio stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Bettivs Jfewydd, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , 6J m. 
 E. Abergavei — -- - _ _ _ 
 
 See Trostrey. 
 
 Id, p; 
 
 SE. Abergavenny, 2^ m. E. Nantyderry stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bettws-l'enpont, eccles. par., Wales, Brecknockshire, in 
 ancient par. of Llanspyddid. P. <2so. 
 
 Bettws-y-Coed, par. and vil. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon 
 div., on the Conway, 14 m. S. Conway, on the L. & NW. R.; 
 noted for its picturesque scenery. PMT.O. Par. P. < 750. 
 
 Bettws-y-Crwyn, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 9 m. 
 SE. Newtown ; 9038 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bettws yn Rhds, par., Wales, Denbighshire. See Bettws- 
 abergele. 
 
 Bettyhlll of Farr, hamlet, Scot., Sutherland, at the mouth 
 of the R. Naver, PMT.O. 
 
 Bettystown, or Bctaglistown, tnld. , Ire., co. Meath, bar. 
 Duleek, Lower, 2 m. from Laytown, with P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 BetAl, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. B., 62 m. N. by 
 E. Amraoti. P. 5300 ; Hindus, 4900. 
 
 Betuwe, fertile dist., Holland, between the Waal and the 
 Rhine, prov. Gelderland. 
 
 Bctrwd, riv., India, Central India Agency, Bundelkhand, 
 flows mainly NE. , and finally joins the Jumna about 3 m. below 
 Hami'rpur. Above the dist. of Jhansi its valley presents a wild, 
 picturesque appearance ; nowhere navigable. 
 
 Betzdorf, vil. Gen, Prussia, Rhine Prov., 34 m. E. Bonn. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Betzingen, vil., Ger. , Wiirtemberg Black Forest circle, dist. 
 Reutlingen. P. ^yooo. 
 
 Benel, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and dist. Bonn. 
 Lignite and iron ore near. P. <2000. 
 
 Benlali, tn., Tasmania, Buckingham co. , 9 m. from Dunor- 
 lan rly. stn. 
 
 Benlali, place, Wales, co. Brecknock, 3 m. from Llangam- 
 march Wells, near Garth, with P.O. 
 
 Beult, riv., Eng., in the S. of Kent, flowing WNW. to the 
 Medway, which it joins at Yalding. 
 
 Bennlngen, comm. , Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Waal, 10 m. SW. Arnhem. P. <:300o. 
 
 Beuren, TexAordc, 'a dwelling." See Beer. 
 161 
 
 Benthen, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 36 m. ENE. 
 Ratibor, 2 m. from the frontier of Poland. Chief seat of mining 
 and smelting in upper Silesia. In or near the town are zinc 
 (calamine) and coal mines, and zinc and iron works. P, (1871) 
 15,700; (1890)30,800; including the large iron-smelting works 
 of Friedenshiitte (3000) and other places in the comm., 36,900. 
 
 Beuthen an der Oder, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle 
 Freistadt, dist. Glogau. P. < 4000. 
 
 Bentiiersdorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle and dist. 
 Ortelsburg. P. <:3000. 
 
 Benvron, small riv., France, rises near Chatillon-sur- Loire, 
 dep. Loiret. Passes Chaon, Lamotte-Beuvron, and Neimg, 
 and falls into the Loire. 78 m. long. 
 
 Benzeval, tn,, France, dep. Calvados, arr. Pont L'Evgque, 
 on the N. ct., 16^ m. NE. by E. Caen, P. <20oo. 
 
 Benzeville, tn. , France, dep. Eure, arr. Pont-Audemer, 7 m. 
 SE. Honfleur. P. <20oo. 
 
 Benzeville, vil., France, dep. Seine Inf^rieure, arr. and 
 16 m. ENE. Havre. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bevagna, tn. , Italy, Umbria, prov. and 18 m. SE. Perugia. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Beveland ('land of oxen or beeves'), North, isl., Holland, 
 prov. Zeeland, at the mouth of the E. Scheldt (Ooster Schelde), 
 13 m. long by 3-5 in. broad. 
 
 Beveland, South, a former isl. , to the SE. of North B. , from 
 which it is separated by the Zuidvliet, now connected with 
 the mainland and the former island of Walcheren by railway 
 embankments, along which runs the railway from Bergen-op- 
 Zoom to Flushing ; traversed from N. to S. by a canal con- 
 necting the E. and W. Scheldt. 
 
 Bever, Teutonic, 'beaver.' See Bider. 
 
 Bevercotes(l!llarkhaiu Clinton with), par., Eng., Notting- 
 hamshire, 2^ m. NW. Tuxford. P. <25o. See Sfarkhani, 
 West. 
 
 Beveren, tn., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 6 m. W. Antwerp, 
 with cotton and lace manufactures. P. 8600. 
 
 Beverldge, tn. and rly. stn., Victoria, Bourke co. , 24 m. N. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1000. 
 
 Beverln, Plz, granite mt. in Switzd., cant. Grisons, near 
 Heinzenberg. Alt. 9840 ft. 
 
 Beverley (ancient Bever lac, 'beaver lake'), par., mun. bor. 
 since 1573 (till 1870 also a pari, bor.), and market-tn., Eng., 
 Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div., on the NE. R., 8 m. 
 NNW. Hull, with which it has also water communication by the 
 B. Beck and the R. Hull. Has iron foundries, agricultural imple- 
 ment works, tanneries, &c. The beautiful minster of B. , with 
 two towers, one of which is 198 ft. high, has forty stalls in the 
 choir, a noble screen and altar, and the finest carved work in 
 England. In it are several tombs of the Percys, Earls of North- 
 umberland. Market-day, S. Mun. bor. P. (1801)6000; (1851^ 
 8900 ; (1891) 12,500 ; eccles. par. (B. Minster with Tlckton) 
 P. 6900. 
 
 Beverley, small tn. , W. Australia, York co. , 68 m. E. by S. 
 Perth, on the railway to Albany. P. <i500. 
 
 BcTcrley Parks. See Woodniansey. 
 
 Beverly, suburb of Adelaide, S. Australia. P. <20oo. 
 
 Beverly, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., on the coast, 
 
 2 m. N. Salem. P. (1880) 8500; (1890) 10,800. 
 
 Beverly, city, U.S., New Jersey, Burlington co., on the 
 Delaware R., 13 m. SW. by S. Trenton. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Beverly, vil., U.S., Ohio, Washington co., on Muskingum 
 R. , 62 m. SW. by W. WheeUng (W. Va.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Bevem, tn., Ger., gd.-duchy Brunswick, on the Bever, 
 37 m. N. Kassel, P. < 3000. 
 
 Bevem, Ost- and West-, vils. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 
 respectively 11 and 8 m. NE. by E. Miinster. Ost-B. P. < 
 3000; West-B. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bevers, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 4^ m. NE. by N. St. 
 Moritz, in the Upper Engadine. Alt. 5610 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Beverstone ( ' beaver stone ' ) , par. and vil. , Eng. , Gloucester- 
 shire, Cirencester div., 6 m. E. Wotton-under-Edge, 2 m. W. 
 by N. Tetbury. Par. P. <25o. 
 
 Beverangen, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, on the 
 1. bk. of the Weser, 24 m. N. by W. Kassel. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Beverwljk, comm., Holland, prov. N. Holland, 7 m. N. 
 Haarlem. In the vicinity of B. the expedition of the Prince of 
 Orange to England in 1688 was planned. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bevler, vil., U.S., Missouri, Macon co., 75 m. SW. by W. 
 Keokuk (lo.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bevlngton, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Liverpool par. 
 P. 8300. 
 
 Bevlngton, hamlet, Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbiu-y 
 div., 7 m. WNW. Wotton-under-Edge, 3 m. SW. by S. 
 Berkeley stn. 
 
 Bewaldeth and Snlttlegarth, par., Eng., Cumberland, 
 on the E. border of the Cockermouth div. , 8 m. NNW. Keswick, 
 
 3 m. N. by E. Bassenthwaite Lake stn. P. <25o. 
 Bewcastle, par., Eng., in the extreme N. of Cumberland, 
 
 Eskdale div., 11 m. from Brampton, with P.O.; 28,563 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
BEWC — BHIL 
 
 Bewcbnrch, Much, hamlet, Eng. , Hereford, Ross div., 
 6J m. SSW. Hereford, 2 m. SSE. Tram Inn stn. 
 
 Bewdley, vil., Canada, Ontario, Northumberland co. , 10 m. 
 from Port Hope. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bewdley, pari, div., Eng., Worcestershire. P. 52,000. 
 
 Bewdley, par. and mun. bor. (incorporated by Edward IV. 
 under the name of Beau-de-ley , referring to the beauty of its 
 situation), Eng., Worcestershire, B. div., on the slopes of a hill 
 rising from the r. bk. of the Severn, 3^ m. W. by S. Kidder- 
 minster, on the G. W, R.; has coal and iron-stone mines, 
 and brass-works, and carries on tanning, malting, and comb- 
 making. Market-day, S. Par. and mun. bor. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bewdley Far Forest, eccles. par., Eng., Worcestershire, 
 Rock par. P. <75o. 
 
 Bewerley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on R. Nidd, 
 div. and 12 m. WSW. Ripon; 5771 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bewholiue, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Holderness div., 14 m. NNE. Hull, 3 m. NW. by W. Hornsea 
 stn., P.O. See Xnukeellng. 
 
 Bewick, New, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., on the Breamish, 8| m. NW. by W. Alnwick, \\ 
 m. E. by S. Wooperton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 BeM'ick, Old, par., i m. N. New B.; 5519 ac. P. <25o. 
 See Eglliigbam. 
 
 Bewley, par. , Eng. , Hampshire. See Beanllea. 
 
 Bex, vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 2i m. N. St. Maurice, with 
 salt-mines, discovered in 1823, and saline springs discovered 
 in 1554. Alt. 2610 ft. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bexar, co., U.S., Texas, S. of 30° N., and W. of 98° W. 
 
 BexUil, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., on the S. ct., 5^ m. 
 W. by S. Hastings, on the L. B. & S. C. R.; 8015 ac. P. 5200. 
 
 Bexley, par., Eng., Kent, Dartford div., on the Cray, 5 
 m. SE. Woolwich, on the SE. R. ; 5328 ac. P. 10,600. 
 
 Bexley Heatli, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Dartford div. , i m. 
 N. by W. Bexley stn., 11 m. ESE. St. Paul's, London. P. 6400. 
 
 Bexton, par., Eng., Cheshire, i m. SW. Knutsford. P. <25o. 
 
 Bexwell, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 10^ m. S. King's 
 Lynn, 2 ra. E. Downham stn. P. <250. 
 
 Bey-Bazar, or Bey Pazarl. See Bclbazar. 
 
 Beyern, vil. , Ger. , duchy Brunswick, 30 m. N W. Gottingen. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Beylan, tn., Syria. See Bellan. 
 
 Beylerbcy-Koi, vil., Asia Minor, on the Bosporus, 2^ m. 
 NE. by E. Skutari. 
 
 Beyne-Hensay, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. and 4 m. 
 E. Li^ge ; coal-mines and manufactures of nails. P. <40oo. 
 
 Bey-Pazarl. See Bclbazar. 
 
 Beypnr, small tn. and port, Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 Malabar, on the W. ct. , 7 m. S. by E. Calicut, near the mouth 
 of B. riv. P. 6700. 
 
 Beyront, tn. , Sjrria. See Belrat. 
 
 Beyt, or Bate, island, India, at the mouth of the Gulf of Cutch, 
 S. side, with a fort and many temples to the honour of Krishna. 
 
 Beyton, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Stowmarket div. , 5 m. E. by S. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, 2 m. SE. Thurston stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bezddn, tn., Hungary, 25 m. NE. by N. Eszek. P. 8400. 
 
 Besek, place named in O. T. See Ibztk. 
 
 B^zlers, tn., France, dep. H^rault, arr. B. , on the Orb, 15 
 m. NE. Narbonne, beautifully situated on the slope of a hill 
 commanding a magnificent panorama. B. has wool spinneries 
 and manufactures of chemical products, &c. , and an ancient 
 cathedral. In the church of Madeleine, 7000 Albigenses were 
 massacred in 1209. Birthplace of P. Riquet, engineer of the 
 Canal du Midi (died 1680). P. 45,500. 
 
 Bezons, tn., France, dep. Seine et Oise, arr. Versailles, 
 on the Seine, 7^ m. NW. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bezopasuoye, vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, govt. , dist. , and 40 
 m. N. Sta%Topol, on Yegorlyk R. P. 6850. 
 
 BezoTlnk, riv. , Russia. See Buznlnk. 
 
 Bezskorbiiaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, govt. 
 Kuban, dist. Labinsk, 42 m. SW. Stavropol, on Urup R. 
 P. 6600. 
 
 Beznkl, tn., in the E. of Java, N. ct., in about 113° 40' E., 
 75 m. ESE. Surabaya, cap. of residency of B. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bezw^a, or Bezv^da, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 Kistna, on the 1. bk. of the R. Kistna, 44 m. Masulipatam ; an 
 important centre of river and canal navigation, and now also 
 of railway traffic; railway bridge over the Kistna opened 
 March 1893. B. contains rock-cut Buddhist temples. P. (i88i) 
 9300; (1891)20,700; Hindus, 18,200. 
 
 Bsam Kope, W. Africa. See Gum Hoffl. 
 
 Bhabuii, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Shdhibdd, 45 m. 
 SE. by E. Benares. P. (i88i) 5700; (1891) 10,200; Hindus, 
 8400 ; Moham. 1800. 
 
 Bhadaur, tn. , India, Punjab, state of and 65 m. W. by N. 
 Patiala. P. 7200; Hindus, 2900; Sikhs, 2100; Moham. 2100. 
 
 BhadglLon, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khandesh, on 
 Girna R., 55 m. N. Aurangabad. P. 7300; Hindus, 5700. 
 
 BbadrA, riv., India, Mysore, which unites in 14° N. with its 
 twin stream the Tunga, to form the Tungabhadrd. 
 162 
 
 Bbadr&cbalain, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Godavari, 
 on the 1. bk. of the R. Godavari, 103 m. N. by W. Masuli- 
 patam, celebrated for its temple of Ramachandra, and for its 
 largely attended April fair. P. 1900. 
 
 Bbadreswar, tn. , India, Bengal, on the r. bk. of the Huglf. 
 P. 9600; Hindus, 8800. 
 
 Btaadreswar, site of an ancient city, India, Bombay Presi- 
 dency, in the SE. of Cutch ; now a petty village. 
 
 Bliiulriuatb, tn., India. See Badrln&tta. 
 
 Bbagalpnr ('tiger city ), in., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. of 
 dist. B., 112 m. E. by S. Patna, on the r. bk. of the Ganges. 
 Malarious fevers are endemic in the dist. , which is occasionally 
 visited by deadly epidemics of cholera. P. (1872) 69,70c ; (1891) 
 69,100; Hindus, 48,900; Moham. 19,700. 
 
 Bbiigalpnr, div. and dist. , India. See Bengal. 
 
 Bbiiglratbi, riv., Bengal. See mkgll. 
 
 Bbngpat, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Meerut, on the 
 1. bk. of the Jumna, 23 m. N. Delhi. 
 
 Bhalnsror, tn. and fort, India, Udaipur, Rajputana, 120 m. 
 SE. by S. Ajmere, on the summit of a lofty rock at the angle of 
 confluence of the Bhamani and Chambal rivs., with vast ruins 
 of ancient temples to Siva. 
 
 Bbajjl, a hill state, India, on 1. bk. of Sutlej, N. of Simla. 
 
 Bbakkar, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Dera Ismail Khan, 
 103 m. N. by W. Mult4n. P. 5200 ; Hindus, 2700 ; Moham. 
 2400. 
 
 Bbamo, or Bamo, tn. , Upper Burma, the principal mart of 
 its trade with China (by the Ta-peng valley, Momein and 
 Tali-fu) at the junction of the Ta-peng with the Irawadi (1. bk.), 
 in 24° 16' N., 50 m. W. the Chinese frontier, at the head of 
 navigation on the Irawadi {q.v.); unhealthy. Alt. 430 ft. P. 
 6900 (Buddhists, 4300) ; cantonment, 1200. 
 
 Bbandikra, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., cap. of dist. B., 
 32 m. E. Ndgpur, on the Wainganga R. Built entirely on red 
 gravel; dry and healthy. P. 13,300; Hindus, 11,500. 
 
 Bbiinder, ancient tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Jhansi, 
 mm. WSW. Cawnpur. P. 5600. 
 
 Bbauknsl, riv. arm, Persia. See Kanui. 
 
 Bbanwdd, tn., India, Kathidwdr Penin., 115 m. NW. Diu. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Bliartpnr, fortified tn. , India, R4jputana(^.i'.), cap. B. state, 
 32 m. W. Agra, named after Bharat, a legendary character of 
 Hindu mythology ; unsuccessfully besieged by the British under 
 Lord Lake in 1805, but taken by Lord Combermere in 1827. 
 P. (1881)66,200; (1891)68,000. 
 
 Bb^tbacbagarl, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 10 m. 
 NW. Rangpur, 102 m. SE. by S. Darjiling. P. 5300. 
 
 Bbiltgsion, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 6 m. SE. 
 Purniah, 50 m. NE. Bhagalpur. P. 5700. 
 
 Bbhtg&on, tn. , Nepal, 4 m. SE. Khatmandu, with which it 
 is connected by a carriage road, 8 m. in length. 
 
 Bbatlnda, tn., India, Patiala, 95 m. S. Amritsar. 
 
 Bbatkal, tn., Brit. India, in the extreme S. of Bombay, 
 dist. N. Kanara, on the W. ct. , 80 m. N. by W. Mangalore, 
 from the 14th to the i6th century, under the names of Batticala, 
 Batecala, and Baticala, a flourishing centre of trade. P. 5900 ; 
 Moham. 3500 ; Hindus, 2400. 
 
 Bbatnalr, now called Uannmslngarb, fortified tn., India, 
 RAjputana, state and 123 m. NE. by N. Bfkaner; of historical 
 celebrity. 
 
 Bbattldna, tract, India, Punjab, dist. Sirsa, named from the 
 Bhattfs, a vrild Rdjput clan. 
 
 Bbattn, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Hissar, 108 m. SW. 
 by W. Ambala. 
 
 Btaann, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Jehlam, 55 m. SSW. 
 Rawal Pindi. P. 5200 ; Moham. 3500 ; Hindus, 1200. 
 
 Bbannagar, tn. and port, India, Kathiawar Penin., on the 
 W. side of the Gulf of Cambay, 50 m. W. by N. Broach, cap. 
 of B. state. It has a good and safe harbour for shipping ol 
 light draught, but difficult of access. P. (1891) 57,700. 
 
 BbaT^ni, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Coimbatore, at the 
 confluence of the B. Riv. with the Cauvery (r. bk.), 36 m. W. 
 by S. Salem, at the meeting-place of seven roads. P. 7300; 
 Hindus, 7100. 
 
 Bb^y&wadar, tn., India, Kdthidwir, 95 m. NW. by N. 
 Diu. P. 5200. 
 
 Bbera, municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Shahpur, 80 m. 
 S. Rawal Pindi. P. 17,400; Moham. 11,000; Hindus, 6ioo. 
 
 Bberagbilt, vil., India, Central Provs., on the Narbada; 
 remarkable for the scenery in its neighbourhood, about 12 m. 
 SW. Jabalpur tn. 
 
 Bbewsa, a Himalayan lake in the SW. of Sikkim. Alt. 
 about 12,000 ft. Proc. R. G. S. , 1881, p. 329. 
 
 Bbils, an aboriginal tribe inhabiting principally the rough 
 and jungle country round the Vindhyd, Sdtpura, and Ajanta 
 Hills, in Central India, the Central Provs., and the N. of 
 Bombay Presidency. A few are found in villages in the plains of 
 Khandesh. Their terr. is traversed by the Narbadd, which is 
 regarded by them with veneration and terror. They are in a 
 very low state of civilisation, having been from the earliest 
 
BH I L — B I C 
 
 times treated by the Aryan conquerors of India as little better 
 than wild beasts, but under British rule their condition has been 
 much improved, and they are gradually becoming less savage. 
 Their deities are water, fire, and the heavens. They eat the 
 flesh of animals, except the monkey, which is universally wor- 
 shipped. Like many other mountain tribes they are remark- 
 able for their truthfulness and fidelity. 
 
 Bbllsti, fortified tn., India, Central India, 30 m. NE. 
 Bhopal, on R. Betwa, and now also on the Bhopdl-Jhansi Rly. ; 
 noted for its tobacco, and for the temples in neighbourhood in 
 the bed of the Betwa, as well as for the Buddhist topes, in- 
 cluding the great Sanchi tope, a httle to the SW. P. 9700. 
 
 BMIA-Gywou, Brit. Burma. See Bllu-Gy^von. 
 
 BhilfV^ra, tn., India, Rajputana, state of Udaipur. 
 
 BhilwiiTa, tract, Central India, occupied by a collection of 
 native states, on the Vindhya range, forming the Bhfl or 
 Bhopawar agency, and inhabited principally by Bhils. 
 
 Bbim Gtaor^, place of Hindu pilgrimage, India, NW. 
 Provs., in Sahdranpur dist., in 29° 58' N., 78° 14' E. 
 
 Bhiind, riv., India, rises in Bombay Presidency, and flows 
 first S. then SE. through Haidarabad, joining the Kistna on 
 the S. frontier of that state a little S. of 16° N. ; 394 m. long. 
 
 Bblnd, tn.. Central India, Gwalior, in about 26° 33' N., 
 78° 50' E. P. 9200. 
 
 Bhludar, tn., India, Rajputdna, 137 m. S. by W. Ajmere. 
 P. 6500. 
 
 BUng^r, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Ahmadnagar, 5 m. 
 E. Ahmadnagar. P. 5500 (Hindus, 5300) ; hamlets, 550. 
 
 Bhlnmal, tn., India, Rajputana, state of and 100 m. SW. 
 by S. Jodhpur. 
 
 Bliir, tn., India, Haidarabid, on Pandsura R., 64 m. E. by 
 S. Ahmadnagar. 
 
 Btalwandi, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Thdna, 30 m. 
 NE. by N. Bombay. P. 14,400 ; Hindus, 7900 ; Moham. 6300. 
 
 Blilwdnl, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Hissar, 70 m. W. 
 by N. Delhi. P. 35,500; Hindus, 31,000. 
 
 Bliogdab^ri, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Rangpur, 65 m. 
 SE. by S. Darjiling. P. 10,900. 
 
 Bhojpnr, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist Shahdbdd, 70 m. 
 ENE. Benares. P. 9300. 
 
 Bhougtion, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Mdinpuri, 
 80 m. S. by. W. Bareilly. P. 5100. 
 
 Blionglr, tn. , India, Haidarabad, 31 m. ENE. Haidarabad. 
 
 BhooJ. See Bhtij. 
 
 Bhopdl, tn. , India, Central India, cap. of B. state, 105 m. 
 ENE. Indore, surrounded by a masonry wall, within which is a 
 fort. Alt. 1670ft. P. 70,300; Moham. 35,80c; Hindus, 32,500. 
 
 Bhopiil, native state, in Malwd,, Central India (q.v.). The 
 B. dynasty was founded early in the i8th century by Dost 
 Muhammad, an Afghan in the service of Aurangzeb. 
 
 Bbor (ihdt, important pass across the Western Ghits, Brit. 
 India, Bombay, 38 m. NW. by W. Poona. See Bombay (tn.). 
 
 Bbraoln, Locb a. See Vmln, Locb a. 
 
 BhdiJ, tn., India, cap. of Cutch, in the middle of Cutch 
 penin. P. 25,400. 
 
 Bbnkarberl, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Muzaffar- 
 nagar, 35 m. NNE. Meerut. P. 5600. 
 
 Bhilni, Sanskrit, 'land,' 'country.' 
 
 Bbnssiwal, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khdndesh, 115 m. 
 S. Indore. P. 13,200; Hindus, 9500. 
 
 Bbat;in is the Himdlayan region to the N. of the Brahma- 
 putra Valley, extending only as far N. as the southern chain of 
 the Himalayas. It is a lofty and rugged region, abounding in 
 picturesque scenery, and very sparsely peopled by a hardy and 
 vigorous but oppressed and very backward people, the Bhutias. 
 The products of cultivation are similar to those of western 
 Europe. The manufactures are coarse woollens, cottons, 
 bjjffalo leather, &c. Their houses are chimneyless, but other- 
 wise well built, generally in three or four stories, and remark- 
 able for their neat joinery. The lower ranges of the hills 
 abound in animal life, elephants, leopards, deer, and wild 
 hogs, besides pheasants, jungle fowls, pigeons, &c. , being re- 
 markably abundant. A strong and well-made pony, the 
 tangan, apparently indigenous in B. , and not found in any of 
 the neighbouring countries, is domesticated. The trade is 
 very scanty. The state religion is Buddhism, and B. swarms 
 with priests, the monastic endowments absorbing a large part 
 of the national property. The Buddhism of B. , however, is one 
 of the most corrupt forms of the northern type of that religion , 
 and consists chiefly in the mechanical recital of a few sacred 
 sentences, and the propitiation of evil spirits. The custom of 
 polyandry is prevalent, but polygamy is also common. Formerly 
 the country included the hill tract known as the Dwars (Duars), 
 at the base of the Himalayas, containing the entrances to the 
 passes leading into the Himalayan valleys ; but the Bhutids 
 took advantage of this position to make such frequent descents 
 upon the occupants of the plains, that the British government 
 was obliged to interfere, and, after various disputes, the Dwirs 
 were formally ceded to the British in 1865. They are now 
 annexed partly to Assam, partly to Bengal. The capital of 
 
 B. is Panakhd or Dosen, a place of great natural strength. 
 Among other towns are Tasichozong and Angdaphorang. 
 
 BbuTanesM'ar, temple city of Siva, India, Bengal, dist. 
 Puri, for six centuries cap. of the Kesari dynasty of Orissa. 
 
 Biacbe, tn., France, dep. Pas de Calais, arr. Arras, 8 m. 
 SW. by W. Douai. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Biafo, large Himilayan glacier. See Hispar. 
 
 Blafra, Blgbt of, the large open bay, W. Africa, to the E. 
 of the Niger delta, containing the island of Fernando Po. 
 
 Biala, Slavonic, 'white.' See Bel. 
 
 Biala, small riv. , Austria, flows N. into the Vistula, forming 
 the boundary between Galicia and Austrian Silesia. 
 
 Biala, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, on the Riv. B. (W. 
 frontier), 43 m. WSW. Cracow, opposite Bielitz in Silesia; 
 has woollen and linen manufactures. Alt. 1025 ft. P. 7600. 
 
 Biala, comm., Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. and 2J m. 
 NW. Czortkow. P. < 4000. 
 
 Blala (Russian Byeia), dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 
 30 m. ESE. Siedlce, on main line Warsaw to Moscow. P. 9900. 
 
 Blaiacerkleii. See Byelaya Tserkov. 
 
 Blalla, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 99 m. SE. by S. 
 Konigsberg. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 BlafoM'leska Puszcza. See Byelovyezhskaya Pusbcba. 
 
 Blalykamlcu, tn. , Austria, Galicia, near the source of the 
 Bug. P. <40oo. 
 
 Blalystok. See Byelostok. 
 
 Blaiia, tn., India, Rajputana, 25 m. SW. by S. Bhartpur. 
 P. 8800. 
 
 Blancavllle, comm., Sicily, at the foot of Mount Etna, prov. 
 and 15 m. NW. Catania. P. 13.000. 
 
 Bianco, Italian, 'white.' See Blauc. 
 
 Blanco, comm., Italy, Calabria, on the E. ct., prov. and 27 
 m. E. Reggio. P. <3000. 
 
 Blandrate, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 8J m. W. by 
 N. Novara. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Blanze, comm., Italy, prov. Novara, dist. Vercelli. P. 
 <;4000. 
 
 Biar, vil., Tunis, 11^ m. W. by S. Tunis. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Blar, tn., Spain, prov. and 30 m. NW. Alicante. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Biarritz, watering-place, France, dep. Basses-Pyr^n&s, on 
 the Bay of Biscay, arr. and 4 m. W. by S. Bayonne, with fine 
 sandy beach. P. 7200. 
 
 Blasca (Ger. Ablentscb), tn., Switzd. , cant. Ticino, 11 m. 
 NW. by W. Roveredo, P. <3000. 
 
 Bibau (Arabic, ' gates '), a defile in Algeria, called by the 
 French Fortes defer {' iron-gates '), through which the road, and 
 now also the railway from Algiers to Constantine, pass in cross- 
 ing the chain (also called B.) between the Jurjura on the N. 
 and the mountains of Hodna on the S. 
 
 Biban-el-Melnk (Arabic, ' gates of the kings '), a rock-bound 
 valley containing the tombs of the ancient Egyptian kings of 
 the 18th, 19th, and 20th dynasties, near the ruins of ancient 
 Thebes. See Lnxor. 
 
 Blbart. See .^larktblbart. 
 
 Blbatvan, pass across the High Atlas Mts., 100 m. SW. 
 Morocco, on the: road to Tarudant. Alt. 3900 ft. 
 
 Bibb, CO., U.S., Alabama, intersected bv 33° N. and 87° W. 
 
 Bibb, CO., U.S., Georgia, S. of 33° N. and E. of 84° W. 
 
 Blbbenluke, post-tn.. New South Wales, Wellesley co., 
 65 m. NW. by N. Cape Howe, on riv. B. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blbblano, comm. , Italy, prov. and dist. Reggio-nell'-Emilia. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Blbbleua, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 17 m. N. Arezzo. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Blbboua, comm. , Italy. See Ceclna. 
 
 Biber, Sever, Teutonic, Bober, Slavonic, 'beaver.' 
 
 Blber, riv., Ger., flows S. from the Hardt Mts. into Lor- 
 raine, then E. into the Rhine to the W. of Rastatt. 
 
 Biberacb, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 23 m. SSW. Ulm. 
 P. 8200. 
 
 Blberlst, vil, Switzd., cant, and 2 m. SE. Solothurn. P. 
 <:20oo. 
 
 Biblana, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, dist. Pinerolo. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Blblnlanl, vil. , Baluchistan, in the Bolan Pass, 45 m. SE. 
 by S. Quetta. Alt. 2420 ft. 
 
 Blblls, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, 5 m. NE. 
 Worms. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Blbra, vil., Ger., duchy Saxe-Meiningen, on the Werra R., 
 6J m. S. by E. Meiningen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Blbra, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 19 m. NE. by N. 
 Weimar, with saline chalybeate spring. P. <2oco. 
 
 Blbstone, hamlet, Eng., Gloucester, Stroud div. , 4 m. 
 WSW. Wotton-under-Edge, 2 m. WSW. Charfield stn. 
 
 Blbundl, ct. vil. , W. Africa, Kamerun Terr. , 4° 12' N. 
 
 Blbnry, par. , Eng. , Gloucester, div. and 6| m. ENE. Ciren- 
 cester, 4^ m. NNW. Fairford stn., PM.O.; 5198 ac. P. <;7SO. 
 
 Blbnry and Wlnson, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 including B, P. < 1000. 
 
 Blc, or St. C^cUe de Blc, vil., Canada, Quebec, Rimouski 
 
 163 
 
BICC — BIEL 
 
 CO., on the r. bk. of the R. St. Lawrence, in 68° 43' W. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Biccarl, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 18 m. WSW. Foggia. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Bicester (bis'ter), par. and market-tn., Eng., Oxfordshire, 
 Woodstock div. , 9^ m. ENE. Woodstock, on a branch of the 
 L. & NW. R., PMT.O. Market-day, F. Comprises the two 
 pars, of B. King's End and B. Market End. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Blcetre, vil. , France. See Cieutllly. 
 
 Blche, Lac, and Rlvl^re a la, French names of the Red 
 Deer Lakes and River, Canada. 
 
 Blcheno, post-tn. , Tasmania, Glamorgan co. , on the E. ct. , 
 65 m. SE. by E. Launceston, in 41° 51' S. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Blcliara, viL, E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, 107 m. S. of 
 Verkhne-udinsk. P. 2500. 
 
 Blc Island, isl., Canada, Quebec, in the St. Lawrence, in 
 48= 20' N., 68°5o' W. 
 
 Blckendorf, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and disL 
 Cologne. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Blckenliall, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 5 m. 
 SE. Taunton, i| m. W. Hatch stn. P. <25o. See Staple 
 Fltzpalne. 
 
 Blckeuhlll, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Tamworth div. , 8 m. 
 ESE. Birmingham, i m. NW. Hampton stn., P.O. P. <;75o. 
 
 Bicker, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven or Sleaford 
 div., 7 m. SW. by W. Boston, 2^ m. NE. Donington Road stn., 
 P.O. P.<:750. 
 
 Bickeru, vil., Prussia, Westphalia, circle and dist. Gelsen- 
 kirchen. Coal-mines near. P. 8900. 
 
 Blckersha^f-, place, Eng., Lancashire, 6 m. N. Wigan, 
 PM.O. , with coal-mines. 
 
 Blckerstaffe, par., Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., 9 m. 
 W. by S. Wigan, i§ m. WSW. Skelmersdale stn., P.O.; 6444 
 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Blckerton, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbiu-y div. , 8^ m. W. 
 by N Nantwich, 2^ m. E. Broxton stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Blckerton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., 15 
 m. SW. by W. Alnwick, 4^ m. WSW. Rothbury stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Blckerton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 7 m. SE. by E. Knaresbrough, 3 m. ENE. 
 Wetherby stn., P.O. P. <2"5o. 
 
 Blcklngton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 9 m. 
 W. Teignmouth, 4^ m. W. Newton Abbot stn., P.O. P. ^zso. 
 
 Blcklngton, hamlet, Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., 2 m. 
 W. by S. Barnstaple, P.O. 
 
 Blcklngton, Hlgli, par., Eng., Devon, S. Moltondiv., 8^ m. 
 SSE. Barnstaple, i^ m. S. Umberleigh stn.; 4053 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Blcklelgk, East, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, div. and 4 m. S. 
 by W. Tiverton, on the 1. bk. of the Exe, close to Upper Exe 
 stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Blckleigh, West, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 5^ 
 m. NE. by N. Plymouth, on the G. W. R. P. <5oo. 
 
 Blckley, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 7^ m. WSW. 
 Nantwich, 3 m. E. Malpas stn. P. <500. 
 
 Blckley, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., on the 
 L.C.&D. R., 10 m. SE. St. Paul's, London, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Blcknacre, hamlet, Eng., Essex, div. and 5^ m. SE. Chelms- 
 ford, P.O. 
 
 Blcknoller, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 12 m. 
 NW. Taunton, li m. N. Stogumber stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Blckuor, par. , Eng. , Kent, Faversham div. , 6J m. E. Maid- 
 stone, 3 m. NE. HoUingbourne stn. P. <250. 
 
 Blcknor ivltb Hacking, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, includ- 
 ing B. hamlet. P. <25o. 
 
 Blcske, tn. , Hungary, co. Stuhlweissenburg, 22 m. W. Buda- 
 pest. P. 6000. 
 
 Blckton, hamlet, Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 13 m. ESE. 
 Newtown, 5 m. SW. by S. Bishops Castle stn. 
 
 Blcols, people, Philippine Is., inhabiting the large penin. in 
 the SE. of Luzon I. 
 
 Blcton, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Honiton div. , 10^ m. ESE. 
 Exeter, 4 m. WSW. Sidmouth stn. P. <250. 
 
 Blcton, par. , Eng. , Salop, Oswestry div. , on the Severn, 4 m. 
 NW. by W. Shrewsbury, P.O. (B. Heath) ; 5311 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Blda, or Bldda, tn., cap. of Nupe, W. Africa, Sudan, to the 
 N. of the Niger, about 90 m. NNW. of the confluence of the 
 Benue. Alt. 450 ft. P. nearly 100,000. 
 
 Bldache, tn., France, dep. Basses -Pyr6n6es; before 1789, 
 cap. of a principality dependent on the duchy of Gramont, arr. 
 and 17 m. E. Bayonne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bldan-tso, a Himalayan lake in the W. of Bhut4n, near the 
 SE. frontier of Sikkim, remarkable for the very dark colour of 
 its water. Alt. about 12,000 ft. Proc. R. G. S., 1881, pp. 335-6. 
 
 Bldar, tn. , India, state of and 72 m. NW. by W. Haidard- 
 bad, noted for metal-ware, an alloy of copper, lead, tin, and 
 zinc, to which it has given its name. 
 
 Bldart, vil. , France, dep. Bfeisses-Pyr6n6es, on the W. ct. , 6 
 m. WSW. Bayonne. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bldassoa, small riv., Spain, at the W, end of the Pyre- 
 nees, describes a ctirve to the S., and finally flows NW. into 
 164 
 
 the Bay of Biscay at Fuenterrabia, the lower part of its course 
 being on the French frontier. On an island in its mouth the 
 treaty of the Pyrenees was concluded in 1659. 
 
 BidlMrongta, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 3 m. SSW. Tun- 
 bridge, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bldconibe Hill, eminence, Eng., on the W. border of Wilts, 
 
 12 m. S. by W. Trowbridge, 5^ m. SW. Warminster. 
 Bldda, tn. , Africa. See Blda. 
 
 Biddel'ord, city, U.S., Maine, York co., 16 m. SW. by S. 
 Portland, on the r. bk. of the R. Saco, which here falls 42' ft., 
 supplying water-power to cotton-mills, &c. B. has also a large 
 lumber trade. P. (1880) 12,700; (1890) 14,400. 
 
 Blddenden, par. and vil., Eng., Kent, div, and 10^ no. W. 
 by S. Ashford, 2>h ™' S. by E. Headcorn stn., P.O.; 7191 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Blddenden Green, hamlet, 3J m. NE. Biddenden, i m. 
 WSW. Pluckley stn. 
 
 Blddenhani, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 
 i^ m. W. by N. Bedford, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Blddestone, par., Eng., Wilts, Chippenham div., 9 m. 
 NE. by E. Bath, 4^ m. W. Chippenham stn., P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Blddestone -with Slaughterford, eccles. par. , Eng. , Wilts, 
 including B. P. <75o. 
 
 Biddlsham, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wells div. , 7 m. SE. by 
 S. Weston-super-Mare, 3 m. WSW. Axbridge. P. •<25o. 
 
 Blddlesdon, par. and vil., Eng., on the N. border of Buck- 
 inghamshire, div. and s\ m. NW. by N. Buckingham, 4 m. 
 NE. by E. Brackley stn. P. <250. 
 
 Biddlestone, par., Eng., Northumberland, 7 m. NW. Roth- 
 bury ; 4860 ac. P. <250. 
 
 Blddulph, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Leek div. , 5^ m. N. by 
 E. Burslem, close to Gillow Heath stn. ; 5671 ac. P. 5300 ; 
 eccles. par. (B. yiitb Knypersley) P. <:45oo. 
 
 Blddulpb 3Ioor, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, near 
 Congleton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bldean-nam-Blau, mt., Scot., Argyllshire, 5^ m. NE. of 
 the head of Loch Etive. Alt. 3756 ft. 
 
 Bidean, riv. , Canada, Ontario, falls into Lake Superior, NE. 
 side, W. of 86° W. 
 
 Bldeford (' by the ford '), mun. bor., seapt., market-tn., and 
 par., Eng., co. Devon, div. and 8 m. SW. by W. Barnstaple, 
 on the Torridge, about li m. above its influx into the estuary 
 of the Taw, on the L. & SW. R. The quay near the centre of 
 the town is at full tides, when there is a depth of 16-18 ft., 
 accessible to vessels of 500 tons. In the 17th century it was 
 one of the principal ports trading with Virginia, the W. Indies, 
 and Newfoundland, and it still carries on a trade with America, 
 Sweden, Norway, and Russia, though its principal trade is 
 with Ireland and Wales. Manufactures ropes, sails, earthen- 
 ware (using a black clay found near), and collars. Exports 
 clay and black paint from a local mine. Market-days, Tu. 
 and S. Mun. bor. and par. 3196 ac, P. (i8oi)<3ooo; (1851) 
 5800; (1891) 7800. 
 
 Bldeford Bay, Eng. Same as Barnstaple Bay. 
 
 Bldford, par. and \i\., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 6J m. 
 W. bv S. Stratford-on-Avon, with a stn. on the East & West 
 Junc.'Rly., PM.O. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Bldlck, South, par. , Eng. , Durham, 6 m. S W. Sunderland. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Bidonze, 1. bk. trib. of the Adour, France, dep. Basses- 
 Pyr^n^es, 50 m. long, navigable for 10^ m. 
 
 Bidston, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Wirral div. , 2 m. W. 
 Birkenhead, with a lighthouse. P. <2Soo. 
 
 Bldstou with Ford, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, 3 m. W. Birken- 
 head. P. <:soo. See Docks. 
 
 Bleber, vil., Ger. , gd. -duchy Hesse, circle and dist Offen- 
 bach. P. <:3000. 
 
 Blebrlch, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, on the r. 
 bk. of the Rhine,' 3 m. S. Wiesbaden, formerly summer residence 
 of the Duke of Nassau. Iron-rolling mills and foundries, and 
 other works. Tn. P. 10,900; comm. P. 11,000. 
 
 Blecz, tn. , Austria, cro^sTiland Galicia, 40 m. ESE. Bochnia. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Biedenkopf, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hesse- Nassau, 13 m. 
 NW. by W. Marburg, in circle B. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Biederltz, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 4 m. NE. 
 Magdeburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Blegonice, comm., Austria, Galicia, dist. and 2 m. NE. 
 Alt-Sandec, with coal-mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Blel, and Bleler-see, Switzd. See Bienne, tn. and lake. 
 
 Blela, trib. of the Elbe, in Bohemia, rises in the Erzgebirge, 
 flows into the Elbe near Aussig. 
 
 Blela, or Blelltz, trib. of the Elbe, kgd. of Saxony, rises in 
 the Erzgebirge, and flows into the Elbe near Konigstein. 
 
 Blelach, small trib. of the Danube, in Upper Austria, flows 
 into the Danube near Molk. 
 
 Bielagorad, tn. , Turkey. See Berat. 
 
 Bielby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div., 
 
 13 m. ESE. York, 3 m. NNW. Everingham stn. P. <250. See 
 Hay ton. 
 
B I E L 
 
 B I G 
 
 Bielefeld, tn. , Ger. , Prassia, prov, Westphalia, 28 m. SE. 
 by E. Osnabriick, centre of the hnen industry of Westphalia, 
 with numerous iron-works, &c. ; at one time cap. of the county 
 of Ravensberg, which fell to the house of Brandenburg 
 (Prussia) in 1648 after the Thirty Years' War. P. 40,000. 
 
 Bielltz, trib. of the Elbe. See Blela. 
 
 Bielitz, tn. , Austria, on the E. frontier of Silesia, on R. 
 Biala, 51 m. E. by S. Troppau ; with important manufactures 
 of textiles and machinery. P. 14,600. 
 
 Blella, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, at the foot of the 
 Alps, 25 m. NW. Vercelli. Seat of a bishop ; chief seat of the 
 Italian woollen industry, which has existed here for about 1000 
 years, and which now uses, in addition to steam-power, the 
 abundant water-power afforded by tlie neighbouring mountain 
 streams ; numerous iron and steel works, &c. Alt. 1330-1425 
 ft. P. 12,000. 
 
 Bielschowltz, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 29 m. ENE. 
 Ratibor, with coal-mines and zinc-smelting works. P. <3000. 
 
 Blelsboble, celebrated stalactite caves, Ger., in the Harz 
 Mts. , near Baumannshohle. 
 
 Bien-bo, lake, Cambodia. See Tonle-Sap. 
 
 Blen-taoa, fortified tn. , Lower Cochin China, cap. prov. B. , 
 15 m. NE. by N. Saigon. P. 19,000. 
 
 Bienne, in German Blel, tn., Switzd., cant. Bern, 14 m. 
 WSW. Solothurn, about i m. from the NE. end of the Lake 
 of Bienne ; enclosed by old walls ; has cotton and other 
 manufactures, and trade in watches. P. (1870) 8100 ; (1888) 
 
 15,300- 
 
 Bienne Lake, German Bieler-see, Switzd. , cant, and 16 m. 
 NW. Bern, and 3 m. NE. the Lake of NeuchS,tel, 10 m. by i 
 to 3 m. It is traversed by the R. Thiele, which joins the Aar 
 {q.v.) 4 m. E. Bienne, and contains the island St. Pierre, the 
 residence of Rousseau in 1765. Alt. 1417 ft.; area, 16 sq. m. ; 
 greatest depth, 256 ft. 
 
 Bleuvenida, comm. , Spain, prov. Badajoz, dist. Fuente de 
 Cantos. P. < 5000. 
 
 Bienville, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, N. of 32° N., crossed 
 by 93° W. 
 
 Bleqne. See Vieques. 
 
 Blerbeek, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Louvain. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Blere, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Kalbe, dist. Gross- 
 salze ; has lignite-mine. P. <3000. 
 
 Bierley, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, Bradford. P. <35oo. 
 
 Bierley, North, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Shipley 
 div., i^ m. S. by E. Bradford, i m. NNE. Low Moor stn. 
 P. 16,200. 
 
 Bierstadt, vil., Ger., prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle and dist. 
 Wiesbaden. P. <3000. 
 
 Blertou wltb Bronghton, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 
 div. and I5 m. NE. Aylesbury, P.O. (Blerton). P. <75o. 
 
 Bierton ^vitb. Ctnarrendon, eccles. par. , Eng. , Buckingham- 
 shire, div. and i^ m. NE. Aylesbury, P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blervllet, tn., Holland, prov. Zeeland, 8 m. SE. by S, 
 Flushing ; birthplace of Beukelszoon, the reputed inventor of 
 the art of curing herrings. P. <30oo. 
 
 Blesbosch ('bent thicket'), dist., Holland, on the borders 
 of provs. N. Brabant and S. Holland, now composed of a 
 large number of islands separated by arms of the Meuse, was 
 originally an area of polders about 180 sq. m. in extent, which 
 was submerged through the bursting of the dykes on the i8th 
 of November 1421, when 72 villages were laid under water, and 
 about 100,000 people drowned. Of the villages 42 have since 
 been reclaimed, 
 
 Blese, riv., Prussia, prov. Saxony, flows E., and unites with 
 the Uchte to form the Aland ; not navigable. 
 
 Blesentbal, tn. , Ger., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 20 m. 
 NE. by N. Berlin. P. <:3000. 
 
 Bleskld, mts. See Carpatbians. 
 
 Biesnie, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 8 m. SW. Charleroi. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Bleston, par., Wales, Denbighshire, Wrexham Union. P. 
 
 <2SO- 
 
 Bictlgbeini, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, 13 m. N. by W. 
 Stuttgart. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Bletschorn, mt. peak, Switzd., Valais. Alt. 12,965 ft. 
 
 Bi^T^ne, comm. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 25 m. NE. Toumai. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Biinre, comm. , Belgium, prov. Namur, 17 m. N. by E. Sedan. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Blfara, or Bipara, tn., W. Africa, on Lake Nabarat, in 
 9° 46' N., 13° 59' E. 
 
 Blferno, riv., Italy, in the SE. of Abruzzi e Molise, rises in 
 the Montagna del Matese, and flows NNE. to the Adriatic, 
 emptying itself a little to the S. of Termoli. 
 
 Blfertenstock,. an Alpine peak, Switzd., on the S. frontier 
 of cant. Glarus, SE. ofTodi. Alt. 11,240 ft. {md. 638). 
 
 Big Black River, U.S., Mississippi, rises in Choctaw co., 
 flows SW. by S. for 200 m. , and enters the Mississippi about 20 
 m. S. Vicksburg ; navigable to Boonia. 
 
 Big Bone Lick, a salt 'lick,' or spring, U.S., Kentucky, 
 Boone co., 11 m. S. Burlington, about 25 m. SW. Cincinnati. 
 It takes its name from the fossil bones found here of the masto- 
 don and other animals. 
 
 Blgbnry, par. and vil, Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 13^ 
 m. W. by S. Dartmouth, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Blgbury Bay, Eng. , in the S. of Devonshire, between about 
 3° 53' and 4° 2 W. , beset with rocks and dangerous to navigation. 
 
 Bigby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey or Brigg div., 
 13^ m. W. by S. Great Grimsby, 4 m. E. Brigg, 2 m. S. by 
 W. Barnetby stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Big Creek, riv., Canada, Brit. Columbia, falls into Eraser R. 
 
 Big Creek, riv., Canada, Ontario, flows E. then S. into Lake 
 Erie, opposite the W. end of Long Point I. 
 
 Big Dover Island, small isl., Canada, Nova Scotia, oif the 
 E. ct., in 45° 15' N. 
 
 Blge, isl. , in the Nile. See Philce. 
 
 Blggar, par. and tn., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, 10 m. ESK. 
 Lanark, on the C. R., PMT.O. Market-day, Th. Par. 727a 
 ac, P. <2ooo; tn. P. <isoo. 
 
 Blggarsberg, a mt. spur running E. from the Quathlamba 
 Mts., in the N. of Natal; also a railway junction at the E. end 
 of the range. 
 
 Biggenden, Queensland. See Mount Blggenden. 
 
 Blgges (orCarllsles) Quarter, par., Eng., Northumberland, 
 6 m. NW. Morpeth. P. <:25o. 
 
 Biggin, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div., 8 m. SSW. Matlock, 
 2 m. WSW. Idridgehay stn. P. <250. 
 
 Biggin, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., II m. SSW. York, 2 m. N. by W. Hambleton stn. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Biggin, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire. See Newton and Biggin. 
 
 Biggleswade, par. and market-tn., Eng., Bedfordshire, B. 
 div., on the Ivel, which is navigable to this place, 9^ m. ESE. 
 Bedford, on the G. N. R. ; has cycle and carriage works. Par. 
 4647 ac, P. < 5000; P. of pari. div. 64,500. 
 
 Bigba, tn. , in the NW. of Asia Minor, 95 m. W. Brusa, 10 
 m. S. of the Sea of Marmora. P. 10,000 ; Moham. 8400. 
 
 Big Uorii Hills, Canada, Alberta, in about 52° 45' N. 
 
 Big Horn River, U.S., Wyoming and Montana, the largest 
 trib. of the Yellowstone, called in its upper course Wind R.; 
 rises in the NW. part of Wyoming, flows SE. then N. for about 
 350 m. , joining the Yellowstone R. in Montana ; navigable to 
 Fort Custer, where it is joined by the Little B. H. 
 
 Big Horn, settlement, U.S., Montana, Custer co., at the 
 confluence of the B. H. and Yellowstone Rivs. , 240 m. E. Butte 
 City. 
 
 Blgbton, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 8J m. 
 ENE. Winchester, i^ m. NW. Ropley stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Big, or Indian Lake, Canada, Keewatin, in about 54°-57° 
 30' N. and 96°-i02° W., traversed by the Churchill R., by which 
 it is drained NE. into Hudson's Bay. 
 
 Big Island, isl.. Lake Winnipeg, Canada, Manitoba, 
 crossed at its S. end by 51° N. 
 
 Big Island, isl.. Ire., in Wexford Harbour. 
 
 Big Lake, U.S., Maine, in the W. of Washington co., 52 m. 
 ENE. Bangor. It receives the surplus waters of Grand Lake 
 in the same county, and is drained NE. into the St. Croix. 
 
 BlgnaU End, vil. , Eng. , Staffordshire, NW. div. , 4 m. NW. 
 Newcastle-under-Lyme, PMT.O. 
 
 Biguasco, vil., Switzd., cant. Ticino, 13 m. S. Airolo. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Bignor, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 5^ m. NNW. 
 Arundel, 2| m. WNW. Amberley stn. , with interesting Roman 
 remains. P. <25o. See Sutton. 
 
 Blgorre, an old subdivision of SW. France, prov. Gascony, 
 now forming part of the dep. Hautes-Pyrenfees, cap. Tarbes ; 
 chief vils., Vic-de-Bigorre, Lourdes, Luz, Campan. 
 
 Big Otter Creek, riv. , Canada. See Otter Creek, Big. 
 
 Big Rapids, city, U.S., Michigan, Mecosta co., on R. Mus- 
 kegon, 80 m. W. by N. Bay City. P. 5300. 
 
 Big Reed Lake, Canada, Saskatchewan, 21 m. N. of Lake 
 Winnipeg, communicating with the W. branch of the Nelson R. 
 
 Bigrigg, place, Eng. , Cumberland, Egremont div. , with red 
 haematite iron ore, P.O. 
 
 Big Sandy Bay, Canada, Ontario, Prince Edward co. , on 
 Lake Ontario, in 77° i5'-2o' W. 
 
 Big Saugcen, riv. , Canada. See Saugeen, Big. 
 
 Big Sioux, riv., U.S., Dakota, rises in the E. of state, and 
 after a S. course of about 285 m., enters the Missouri R. near 
 Sioux City. 
 
 Big Spring, tn., U.S., Texas, Howard co., 280 m. W. by 
 S.Dallas. P. < 1500. 
 
 Big Stone, co., U.S., Minnesota, on the W. frontier, S. of 
 46° N. , bounded on the W. by B. S. Lake. The lake of this 
 name stretches for 25 m. from N W. to SE. , and is drained SE. 
 by the Minnesota R. Alt. 978 ft. (U.S. Engineer Corps), or 
 only 28 ft. higher than that of Lake Traverse, 5 m. to the N. 
 
 Big Stone City, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Grant co., 170 m. 
 NNE. Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 165 
 
B I G S — B I I. L 
 
 Big8>velr, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., on the G. 
 W. R. , 5 m. SSE. Monmouth. 
 
 Big Tracadle, riv., Canada, New Brunswick, Gloucester co., 
 flows E. into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Blliac, fortified tn. , Bosnia, on the Una, cap. prov. B., 57 m. 
 NE. by N. Zara (Dalmatia). P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Bihan, Breton, 'little'; Morbihan, 'little sea.' 
 
 Bihar, range of mts. , on the borders of Hungary proper and 
 Transylvania, containing the sources of the principal head- 
 streams of the Koros, and on the E. side those of the Aranyos ; 
 highest peak, Bihar or Cucurbeta. Alt. 6065 ft. 
 
 Bihar, tn., India. See Behar. 
 
 Bihe, native kingdom, Portuguese W. Africa, in about 12° 
 40' S. , i6J°-i7|° E., about 250 m. E. Benguela ; cap. Kan- 
 gombe. Alt. 5300 ft. P. about 100,000. 
 
 BUiipur, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, cap. dist. B. , 106 m. 
 NE. by N. Dhdrwar, with remains of former Muhammadan 
 grandeur. P. (1881) 11,400; (1891) 16,800; Hindus, 12,100. 
 
 Bijar, tn., Persia, prov. Ardilan, 92 m. NW. by N. Hama- 
 dan. P. about 5000. 
 
 BlJ&>var, native state, Central India, Bundelkhand. 
 
 Bij^war, tn., Central India, Bundelkhand, cap. of native 
 state B. , T40 m. SSW. Cawnpur. P. 7500. 
 
 Bijbalisir, tn., Kashmir. See Bijbham. 
 
 Bijbharn, tn., India, Kashmir, on the R. Jhelam, 25 m. SE. 
 Srfnagar, second city in the Kashmir valley. 
 
 Bljnaiir, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs. , cap. dist. B. , 35 m. 
 NE. Meerut. The climate of the dist. is on the whole pleasant 
 and healthy. P. 16,200 ; Moham, 7900 ; Hindus, 7800 
 
 Bijuga Islands. See BIssagos Islands. 
 
 Bikaner, native state, India. See Kdjput&ua. 
 
 BHianer, walled tn., India, Rajput4na, 120 m. N. by E. 
 Jodhpur, cap. of B. state. Situated on a slight elevation, amid 
 a scene of singular dreariness, on soil totally unfit for cultivation. 
 Alt. 744 ft. ; mean temp. , yr. 80° F. , Jan. 61°, June 95° ; mean 
 rainfall, yr. 12.5 in., May-Sept. 11.5 in., July-Aug. 6.6 in. 
 P. (1881) 43,300"; (1891) 56,300. 
 
 Biklty, tn. , Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. Baja. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Bikllsta, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Koritsa, 31 m. SSW. 
 Monastir. 
 
 Bila, riv., I. of Sumatra, which flows into the Strait of 
 Malacca, in about 2° 35' N., navigable for 30 m. for vessels 
 drawing 13 ft. of water. 
 
 Bilaran, one of the Philippine Is., N. of Leyte, crossed by 
 iii° N., 1244° E. 
 
 Bil^spnr, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., cap. of dist. B., 
 123 m. WNW. Sambalpur. P. 11,100; Hindus, 9500. 
 
 Biliispnr, tn., India, 34 m. NW. by W. Simla, picturesquely 
 situated on the 1. bk. of the Sutlej ; cap. of state of B. or 
 Kahliir. Alt. 1460 ft. 
 
 Bilbao, tn. and principal port of the N. of Spain, fre- 
 quented by a larger tonnage than any other Spianish port, cap. 
 prov. Vizcaya (Biscay), on the Nervion, 6 m. from its mouth 
 at Portugalete, and 31 m. NNW. Vitoria. It is enclosed by 
 lofty mountains. The town owes all its prosperity to the 
 neighbouring deposits of valuable iron ore, which have been 
 known since the time of the Romans, and are exported in 
 immense quantity (between 3,500,000 and 4,500,000 tons 
 annually), principally to Great Britain, but also to Holland (for 
 Germany), France, Belgium, and elsewhere. The Nervion R. 
 has been deepened so as to have a depth of 22 ft. on the bar at 
 ordinary spring tides, and at different parts of the river there 
 are more than twenty shoots for loading the ore. The ore is 
 also smelted in the neighbourhood, and for this purpose large 
 quantities of coal and coke are imported from Great Britain 
 and elsewhere, this forming the principal import, the pig-iron 
 forming a considerable export. Other manufacturing industries, 
 including paper, steel, files, tin-plate, glass, and chemicals, are 
 rising, and there are large shipbuilding works. The port has two 
 graving docks, and a dry dock, the last 430 ft. long and 23 ft. 
 deep on sill. A large breakwater is in progress. A submarine 
 cable connects B. with the Lizard. B. was founded in 1300 ; at 
 the end of the 15th century it became the seat of the famous con- 
 sulado, originally established at Burgos, and having the highest 
 authority in Spain as a commercial tribunal. It was the scene 
 of frequent contests in the late Carlist wars. It was bombarded 
 in i873andi874. Meantemp.,yr. 58.7° F., Jan. 47.7°, Aug. 71.6°; 
 rainfall (13 yrs.), 48.42 in. P. (1877) 35,200; (1887)50,800. 
 
 Bilberry, electoral div., Ire., co. Cavan, dist. Ballyconnell. 
 
 Bllboa, place. Ire., co. Carlow, bar. Idrone W. , 5 m. SW. 
 by W. Carlow, P.O. 
 
 Bilboa, tnld. , Ire., NE. co. Limerick, bar. Coonagh, 14 m. 
 E. by S. Limerick. P. <25o. 
 
 Bilborongh, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div. , 4 
 m. WNW. Nottingham, 2 m. W. Basford stn. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (B. -with Strellcy) P. <5oo. 
 
 Bilbrook, hamlet, Eng., Staffordshire, Kingswinford div., 
 4 m. NW. by N. Wolverhampton, \ m. E. Codsall stn. 
 
 Bllbrongh, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Kit; 
 
 Malton div., 5^ m. SW. by W. York, 2 m. W. Copmanthorpe 
 stn., P.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 BUbstcr, stn., Caithness, on the H. R., 5 m. WNW. Wick. 
 
 Blldestoii, or Bilson, par. and vil. , Eng. , Suffolk, Sudbury 
 div., 6 m. NW. Hadleigh, PMT.O. P.<750. 
 
 Blldstock, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Saarbrucken, 
 dist. Sulzbach ; coal-mining. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Bildt, dist., Holland, in the NW. of prov. Friesland. 
 
 Biled-nl-Jerld. See Beled-nl-Jerld. 
 
 Bllejlk, tn. , Asia Minor, 50 m. E. Brusa. The old castle 
 was taken by the Turks in 1299 in their first victory over the 
 Byzantines. 
 
 Bilga, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Jalandhar, 60 m. SE. 
 by E. Amritsar. P. 6600. 
 
 BllgoraJ, or BlelgoraJ, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 
 48 m. SSE. Lublin. P. 7850. 
 
 Bi^rAni, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Hardoi, 52 m. NNW. 
 Cawnpur. P. 11,500. 
 
 Bllhaui, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 6 m. NW. 
 Doncaster. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bllhanr, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 30 m. NW. 
 by N. Cawnpur. P. 5900. 
 
 Blllnibnl, two iron-works, Russia, Urals, govt. Perm, 27 m. 
 WNW\ Ekaterinburg. P. 9800. 
 
 Bilimbayevskli, vil. and iron-works, Russia, govt. Perm, 
 on the Chusovaya, 32 m. W. by N. Ekaterinburg. 
 
 BllLn, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 7 m. SSW. Teplitz. It has 
 two castles, one of which, the castle of Prince Lobkovicz, has 
 a collection of arms and minerals ; also frequented mineral 
 springs, the acidulated waters of which form an article of export, 
 similar to those of Vichy. P. 6700. 
 
 Billn, riv., Lower Burma, Tenasserim div., rises among the 
 mountains between the rivers Sittaung and Salwin, and after a 
 southerly course of 282 m. enters the Bay of Bengal, E. of the 
 mouth of the Sittaung ; subject to ' bores ' which, in the dry 
 season, are felt as far as B. town. During rains the B. over- 
 flows its banks. 
 
 Bllke, Ruthenian market-tn., Hungary, co. Bereg-Ugocsa, 
 on one of the upper tribs. of the Theiss, 21 m. SE. by E. 
 Munkdcs, with iron- works. P. < 4000. 
 
 Bill, Old German, ' plain,' or ' level.' 
 
 Blllabong, or Illabo, tp. , New South Wales, Ashburnham 
 CO., 175 m. NNE. Wilcannia ; mining. P. < 1500. 
 
 Billbroiigh, par., Eng., Yorkshire. See Bllbrongh. 
 
 Bille, r. bk. trib. of the Elbe, Ger. , flows into it at Hamburg, 
 canalised from Bergedorf, where it enters the terr. of Hamburg. 
 
 Billed, tn. , Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. Gene. P. < 5000. 
 
 Blllerbeck, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 45 m. NNE. 
 Brunswick. P. < 2000. 
 
 Blllerbeck, par., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 13 ra. W. 
 Miinster. P. < 3000. 
 
 Blllerica, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 6 m. S. 
 by E. Lowell. P. <:3O0O. 
 
 Billerlcay, eccles. par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 
 8 m. SSW. Chelmsford, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 BiUesdon, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 9 m. E. by 
 S. Leicester, 2^ m. SE. Ingersby stn. , with Roman remains, and 
 manufactures of earthenware and hosiery, PMT.O. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Billesdoii with KoUestou and Goadby, eccles. par. , Eng. , 
 Leicestershire, including B. hamlet. P. < 1000. 
 
 Blllesley, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon div., 
 3^ m. WNW. Stratford-on-Avon. P. <:250. 
 
 Bllllers, vil., France, dep. Morbihan, on the W. ct. , 22 
 m. NW. by N. St. Nazaire. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Billlngboroagli, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Stamford div., 
 ii| m. NW. Spalding, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Bllllnge, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Newton div., 3^ m. 
 N. by E. St. Helens, ij m. N. Garwood stn., with building 
 stone, PM.O. P. <350o ; urban sanitary dist. P. <4000. 
 
 Billluge, Chapel End, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, 4J m. SW. 
 Wigan. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bllllnge, Higher End, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, 4 J m. SW. 
 Wigan. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bllllngford, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 16 m. NW. by 
 W. Norwich, 2 m. E. of N. Elmham stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bllllngford (or Pryleston), par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., on 
 the Waveney, 18^ m. S. by W. Norwich, 2^ m. E. by S. Diss 
 stn., P.O. P. <25o; eccles. par. (B. ■with 'Thorpe Parva) P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Billing, tireat, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 
 4 m. ENE. Northampton, i| m. N. by W. Billing stn., on the 
 L. & NW. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Billing, Little, par., i m. SW. Great B. P. <25o. 
 
 Billingham, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 2 m. NNE. 
 Stockton, on the NE. R., P.O. P. <3000. 
 
 Bllllnghay, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Sleaford div., 13 m. 
 NW. by W. Boston, 3^ m. W. Dogdyke stn., PMT.O. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Bllllnghay with Walcott and Uogdyke, eccles. par. , Eng. , 
 Lincolnshire, including B. hamlet. P. <:25oo. 
 
BILL — BIN G 
 
 Bllllngley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 
 6 m. E. by S. Barnsley, 2 m. NW. Bolton-on-Dearne stn. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Billings, citv, U.S., Montana, Yellowstone co. , 1. bk. 
 Yellowstone R., 187 m. E. by S. Butte City. Alt. 3115 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Billings, CO., U.S., N. Dakota, on the W. frontier, crossed 
 in the N. by 47'' N. 
 
 Billingsliarst, par. and vil. , Eng., Sussex, Horsham div. , 
 6i m. WSW. Horsham, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O. ; 
 6862 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bllllngsley, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 10 m. NW. by 
 W. Kidderminster, 2^ m. W. by S. Hampton stn., P.O. P. < 
 250 ; eccles. par. (B. ^vlth Sldbury) P. <25o. 
 
 Billlngton, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Luton div., gj m. W. 
 by N. Luton, 2 m. W. Stanbridgeford stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Billlngton, par. , Eng., Lancashire, Darwendiv., 4m. NNE. 
 Blackburn, close to Wilpshire stn. P. <i5oo. 
 
 BIllls Bridge, place. Ire., SE. co. Cavan, bar. Castlerahan, 
 II m. SE. Cavan, P.O. 
 
 Billiton, Bllton, or Biltong, isl., Dutch East Indies, lies 
 E. of Banka and W. of Borneo, with the Java Sea to the S. 
 Its extreme points are in 107° 31' and 108° 18' E. long., and 
 2° 31' and 3° 16' S. lat. ; one-fourth the size of Wales. The sur- 
 face is undulating, but rises into gfranite mountains in the 
 interior. The coast-lands are flat, consisting principally of 
 marshes and sand-dunes. The soil is little suited for cultiva- 
 tion ; but the island is exceptionally rich in tin, of which 3600 
 to 5700 tons are extracted every year, chiefly by Chinese. Iron 
 ore and the topaz are also obtained. The climate is not healthy 
 for Europeans; annual rainfall (12 yrs.), 113 inches. Since 
 1852, when, shortly after the discovery of the tin, the Dutch 
 authorities first gave any attention to the island, B. has formed 
 a separate residency ; cap. Tanjung Pandan, on the W. coast. 
 P. 2500. Area, embracing 154 small islands, 1800 sq. m. 
 (officially 2520 sq. m.). P. of island, 38,000, of whom 27,000 
 are Mohammedan Malays, and 11,000 Chinese. See Peiermann s 
 Mitteilungen, 1887. [J. T. B.] 
 
 Blllockby, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 7^ m. NW. by 
 W. Yarmouth, 3 m. NNE. Acle stn. P. <25o. See Burgh 
 St. Margaret. 
 
 Billom, tn., France, dep. Puy de Dome, arr. and 14 m. ESE. 
 Clermont-Ferrand. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bill Quay, vil., Eng., Durham, on R. Tyne, 3 m. E. Gates- 
 head, with lead-ore smelting-works, bottle-works, and ship- 
 building yards, PMT.O. 
 
 Bills Rocks, islets. Ire., about 12 m. from the entrance to 
 Clew B. , CO. Mayo. 
 
 Blllwerder (or Billwarder) an der Bille, comm., Ger. , 
 4 m. ESE. Hamburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Billwerder- (or Billwarder-) Ausclilag, an E. suburb 
 of Hamburg, Germany. P. 24,000. 
 
 Billy, par.. Ire., NW. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Dunluce, 6 
 m. E. by S. Portrush. P. 5000. 
 
 Billy Row, par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 5 J 
 m. NW. by N. Bishop Auckland, \\ m. N. Crook (ij.v.) stn. 
 Bilnia, Sahara. See Kawar. 
 
 Bilney, East, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 19 m. WNW. 
 Norwich, 5 ni. NW. by N. of E. Dereham, 2^ m. W. by S. of 
 N. Elmham stn., P.O. P. <25o; eccles. par. (E. B. witb 
 Beetley) P. <7So. 
 
 Bilney, West, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 7 m. SE. by 
 E. King's Lynn, i^ m. SE. of E. Winch stn. P. <25o. 
 Biloela, New South Wales. See Cockatoo Island. 
 Blloxi, city, U.S., Mississippi, Harrison co. , onthect. , 55 
 m. WSW. Mobile (Ala.) ; summer resort, with lighthouse visible 
 13 m. P. <4ooo. 
 Bllsborougli, par., Eng., near Preston, Lancashire, P.O. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Bllsby, par. , Eng., Lincolnshire, Horncastlediv., iiim. SE. 
 Louth, 2 m. E. by N. Alford stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bilsdale, Alidcabie and Westslde, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on W. side of Bilsdale Vale, 13 m. 
 S. byE. Middlesbrough. B. Midcable, 14,290 ac, P. <75o; B. 
 Westside, P. <25o; eccles. par. (B. St. Hilda) P. <75o. ' 
 
 Bilsdean, hamlet, Scot., in the extreme E. of Haddington- 
 shire, 6| m. SE. by E. Dunbar, i m. NW. Cockburnspath. 
 
 Bilsen, comm., Belgium, prov. Louvain, 'j\ m. W. by N. 
 Maastricht; mineral springs. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bilsi, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Budaun, 35 m. 
 WSW. Bareilly. P. 5800. 
 
 Bilsington, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 5^ m. SSE. Ashford, 
 2J m. E. Ham Street stn., P.O. P. <^oo. See Bonnington. 
 
 Bilson, par., Eng., Suffolk. See Blldeston. 
 
 Bilsthorpe, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 
 7 m. E. Mansfield, 2 m. NNE. Farnsfield stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bilston, market-tn. and par., Eng., co. Stafford, 2I m. SE. 
 Wolverhampton, of which pari. bor. it forms a part ; with 
 stations on the G. W. R. and L. & NW. R. Coal and iron- 
 stone abound, also fine sand used in casting, and stone suitable 
 
 for grindstones. B. is a great centre of hardware trade, and 
 has blast-furnaces. Market-days, M. and S. P. 23,500. 
 
 Bilstone, par. , Eng. , Leicester, 3 m. N W. MarketBosworth. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Bllton, hamlet, Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., 2^ m. SE. by E. Alnwick, on the NE. R. 
 
 BUton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk and Malton 
 div., 7^ m. W. York, 3^ m. NE. Thorp Arch stn., P.O. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Bllton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 
 4^ m. NE. by E. Hull, 2^ m. E. Sutton-on-Hull stn. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (B. in Holderness) P. <5oo. 
 
 Bllton, New, par. and vil., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 
 2 m. SW. by W. Rugby, P.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bllton- witli-ilarrogate, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 near Knaresborough ; 4201 ac. P. 14,100. 
 
 Bil6-C>ywou, or Balu, isl. , Btu-ma, Amherst dist. , in mouth of 
 Salwln R. , 20 m. by 6 m. Area, 107 sq. m. P. 28,000. 
 
 Blma, seapt. tn., Dutch E. Indies, Sumbawa I., cap. of B. 
 state, on a bay of the N. ct. , 100 m. E. Sumbawa, in b^ 26' S. , 
 117° 46' E. Chief exports, timber and horses. 
 
 Bimar, rocky islet, Scot., Fifeshire, in Firth of Forth, | m. 
 SW. of N. Queensferry. 
 
 Bimbia, a creek or channel, German W. Africa, running 
 parallel to the estuary of the Kamerun R. , N W. of that estuary. 
 It communicates, at its head, with the Modeaka Creek. 
 
 Bimbia, or Konig Wlllielms Dorf, vil., German W. Africa, 
 on the ct., at N. of the mouth of the Bimbia, in 3° 58' N. 
 
 Bimbilla, tn., W. Africa, NE. of Salaga, in 8° 50' N., 0° 12' 
 W. Contains about 2000 huts. 
 
 Bimlni Islands. See Bernini Islands. 
 
 BinUlpatam, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Vizagapatam, 
 on the E. ct., 15 m. NE. by N. Vizagapatam. An open road- 
 stead, but somewhat protected by the Upada and Sugar- Loaf 
 headlands, with good anchorage, in 6| fathoms at 2 m. from 
 shore. .A.lt. 30 ft. ; mean rainfall, yr. 32.6 in., June -Oct. 25.6 
 in. P. 9800 ; Hindus, 9200. 
 
 Binab, tn., Persia, prov. Azerbaijan, 53 m. SSW. Tabriz, 
 10 m. E. of Lake Urmia. 
 
 Binalong, tp. , New South Whales, Harden co. , 65 m. W. by 
 N. Goulburn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Binangonam, tn., Philippine Is., Luzon, 47 m. ENE. 
 Manila. 
 
 Blnaseo, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 9 m. SSW. 
 Milan ; Parmesan cheese. P. < 2000. 
 
 Blnbane, electoral div.. Ire., Donegal, dist. Mountcharles. 
 
 Binboglia, range of mts., in the E. of Asia Minor, trending 
 NNE. and SSW. to the N. of 38^" F., separated from the Anti- 
 Taurus by the valley of the GiJk-Su. 
 
 Binbrooke, par. and vil. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey or 
 Louth div., 8^ m. NW. by W. Louth, 5^ m. W. by S. Lud- 
 borough stn., PMT.O. ; 5391 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Binctae, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Thuin, on the 
 Haine, 12 m. W. Charleroi. P. 10,100. 
 
 Bincbester, par., Eng., Durham, Bishop Auckland div., on 
 the r. bk. of the Wear, i m. N. Bishop Auckland. P. <25o. 
 
 Blncombe, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., 3^ m. S. Dor- 
 chester, I m. E. Upway June. P. <25o. 
 
 Bindertou, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 3^ m. N. by 
 W. Chichester, on the L. B. & S. C. R. P. <:25o. 
 
 Blndki, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Fatehpur, 32 m. 
 SSE. Cawnpur. P. 7200. 
 
 Bindon, liberty and hamlet, Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., 10^ 
 m. W. by S. Poole, \ m. E. Wool stn. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Bindrdban, India. See Brlnddban. 
 
 Binegar, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 4J m. NE. by E. 
 Wells, on the M. R. P. <5oo. 
 
 Binfleld, par. and vil., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., 
 8 m. E. Reading, 2 m. NNW. Bracknell stn., PMT.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bingara, tp.. New South Wales, Murchison co., 140 m. W. 
 Grafton, centre of diamond-fields. P. 1500. 
 
 Bingen, tn., Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, at junction 
 of rivs. Rhine and Nahe, 17 m. W. by S. Mainz, cap. of circle 
 B. In the Rhine, where it enters the defile called the ' Binger- 
 loch,' on a small island, is the Mouse or Hatto's Tower. P. 
 7600. 
 
 Bingfleid, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., 6 m. 
 NNE. Hexham, 3 m. ENE. Chollerton stn. P. <25o. See lee. 
 
 Blngbani, par. and market-tn., Eng., Nottinghamshire, 
 Newark div., 8 m. E. Nottingham, with two stns. (B. & B. 
 Road) on the G. N. R., PMT.O. Market-day, Th. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bingham Canyon, U.S., Utah, Salt Lake co., 20 m. SW. 
 by S. Salt Lake City. 
 
 Binghamstown, North and South, two electoral divs. , Ire. , 
 CO. Mayo, 35 m. NW. by N. Westport. 
 
 Bing'hamton, city, U.S., New York, Broome co. , on the 
 Susquehanna R., 65 m. S. by E. Syracuse, with large trade in 
 iron and coal. Alt. 846 ft. (R.R.) P. (1880) 17,300; (1890) 
 35,000. 
 
 Bingley, par. and market-tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 
 167 
 
BING — BIRG 
 
 Otley div., on the Aire, 5I m. NW. Bradford, on the M. R., 
 with coal-mines and manufactures of worsted, cotton, and paper. 
 Market-days, Tu. and S. Par. 10,336 ac, P. 19,300; Local 
 Government dist. , P. 10,000; Improvement Act dist. P. 9300. 
 
 Bingdl Dagh ('mountain of the thousand springs'), mt., 
 Asia Minor, 40 m. S. by E. Erzerum, whence streams flow to 
 the Euphrates on the S. and the Aras on the N. Alt. 11,000 ft. 
 
 Binh, tn., Annam, cap. prov. Nge-an. See Yinli. 
 
 Bliiliam, par. and vil., Eng. , Norfolk, N. div., 15 m. W, 
 Cromer, 3 J m. ENE. Walsingham stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Biuli Tlinan, cap. of prov. B. T. , Annam, 127 m. E. by N. 
 Saigon. 
 
 Blulc, tn., France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, arr. and 7 m. NNW. 
 St. Brieuc, sending boats to the Newfoundland fisheries, outer 
 harb. 25 ft. , inner (tidal) 17.3 ft. deep at high water. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bliiignet, isl., on the NW. ct. of France, dep. C6tes-du- 
 Nord, arr. St. Brieuc. 
 
 Blnlsalem, comm., Spain, Majorca (Balearic Is.), dist. Inca. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Bliiley, tithing, Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 9J m. 
 SSW. Newbury, 2h m. W. Litchfield stn. 
 
 Biiiley, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., on the 
 Sow, 3 m. E. Coventry, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Binnauess, cape and bay, Scot. , Shetland, Tingwall par. 
 
 BInnel Bay, bay, Eng., Hampshire, on the S. ct. of the 
 Isle of Wight, 3I m. SW. Ventnor. 
 
 Blunend, vil., Scot., co. Fife, Burntisland par. P. <75o. 
 
 BtnnicliJll and Soutbfleld, tn. , Scot. , Stirlingshire, 5^ m. 
 SSW. Falkirk, ^ m. SW. by W. Slamannan stn. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Blnoudo, tn., Philippine Is., on the I. of Luzon, a suburb of 
 Manilla. 
 
 Binscartli, rly. stn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the 
 Manitoba & NW. Rly., 155 m. W. Portage la Prairie. 
 
 Blnsey, par. and vil., Eng., Oxfordshire, on the r. bk. of 
 the Thames, 2 m. NW. Oxford, included in the pari. bor. of 
 Oxford. P. <25o, 
 
 Binstead, par. and vil., Eng., Isle of Wight, on the NE. 
 ct., I m. W. by N. Ryde stn., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Binsted, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Petersfield div. , 9I m. SW. 
 Aldershot, li m. SW. Bentleystn., P.O.; 6920 ac. P. < 1500; 
 eccles. par. (b. wltli Kingsley) P. < 1500. 
 
 Binsted, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Chichester div. 2^ m. W. by S. 
 Arundel. P. < 250. 
 
 Bliitaug, isl.. Eastern Archipelago, off the SE. end of the 
 Malay Penin, 
 
 Blnth, vil., Persia, Mekran, 197 m. ESE. Bender Abbas. 
 
 Bliitou, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 3^ m. W. by 
 S. Stratford-on-Avon. P. <25o. 
 
 Blntree, or Blntry, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. , 16 m. NW. 
 by W. Norwich, close to Foulsham stn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. 
 par. (B. wltb Themeltborpe) P. <;5oo. 
 
 Blntnln, tn., Borneo, Sarawak, on the W. ct. near the 
 mouth of the riv. B. , in 3° 10' N. 
 
 Blnae, riv., W. Africa. See Benne. 
 
 Blobio, riv., Chile, rises in the Andes, flows WNW., 
 traversing prov. B. (cap. Los Anjeles) and forming in part the 
 boundary between that province and Concepcion, and enters 
 the Pacific Ocean at Concepcion. Course, 220 m. ; basin, 7180 
 sq. m. ; discharge, 15,900 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Bipara, W. Africa. See Blfara. 
 
 Blpp, Ober-, Nleder-, two vils., Switzd., cant. Bern, 9 m. 
 NE. by E. Solothurn. Ober-B. P. < 1000; Nieder-B. P. <:3000. 
 
 Bir, Himalayan vil., Brit. India, Punjab, Kangra dist., in 
 32° 3' N., 76° 46' E. , with mines of excellent iron ore (magnetic 
 oxide), but Uttle worked owing to the difficulty of communication. 
 
 Blp, tn. , on the Euphrates. See Blrejlk. 
 
 BIT AU, tn., S. ct. Arabia, 236 m. ENE. Aden, in 48° 24' E. 
 
 Birbbimi, dist., India, Bengal (q.v.), Bardwin div. 
 
 Birce, Birke, Berk, Teutonic, 'birch-tree.' 
 
 Bircb, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 5I m. SW. by W. Col- 
 chester, 3 m. SE. byS. Marks Teystn., PMT.O. P. < 1000; 
 eccles par. (B. Cireat and Little) P. < 1000. 
 
 Blrcb, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Middleton div, , 3^^ m. 
 SE. Bury, 2 m. S. Broadfield stn., PM.O. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Blrcb, Little, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 5 J m. 
 S. Hereford, 3I m. ESE. Tram Inn stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Blrcb, SIncb, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , 6 m. S. 
 by W. Hereford, 4 m. E. St. Devereux stn., PM.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Blrcbam, Cireat, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 12^ m. 
 NE. by E. King's Lynn, 4 m. S. Docking stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Blrcbant Xewton and Blrcbam Tofts, i m. to the N. B. 
 Newton, P. <2?o; B. Tofts, P. <25o. 
 
 Blrchanger(berch'ang-ger),par. ,Eng. , Essex, Saffron Walden 
 div., 10^ m. S. by W. Saffron Walden, i^ m. S. by W. Stan- 
 stead stn. P. <500. 
 
 Blrcbfleld, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Handsworth 
 par. P. 7400. 
 
 Blrcbfleld, stn., Scot., Elginshire, in the Glen of Rothes, 
 b\ m. SSE. Elgin, on the G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Blrcb Grove, P.O., Eng., Sussex, 4 m. from Forest Row. 
 168 
 
 Blrcb Grove, place, Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., 4 
 m. W. Neath, PM.O. 
 
 Blrcb Grove, place, Wales, Glamorganshire, 3 m. from 
 Cardiff, with P.O. 
 
 Blrcblgilou, mt. pass, India, NW. Provs., dist. Kumdun, 
 in 30° 12' N., 80° 17' E., on the route from Almord by the R. 
 Gori to south-western Tibet. Alt. 15,000 ft. 
 
 BlrchlUs,stn., Eng., S. Staffordshire, on the L. & NW. R., 
 4 m. N. by W. Walsall. 
 
 BlrcblncUffe, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, near 
 Huddersfield. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bircblugton, par. and vil., Eng., Kent, I. of Thanet div., 
 3 m. WSW. Margate, on the L. C. & D. R., PMT.O. P. <2ooo; 
 eccles. par. (B. wltb Acol) P. <25oo. 
 
 Blrcb-ln-Rusbolme, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, 2| m. 
 SE. Manchester. P. < 2500. 
 
 Blrcblp, post-tn., in the NW. of Victoria, Karkarooc co. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Blrcb Island, in the middle of Lake Winnipegosis, Canada, 
 Manitoba ; 18 m. long. 
 
 Blrcb Island, Canada, Quebec, co. and in R. St. Maurice, 
 a few miles from its mouth. 
 
 Blrcliolt ('birch wood'), par., Eng., Kent, near Ashford. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Blrcbover, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 4^ m. WNW. 
 Matlock,2jm. W. Darleystn. P. <25o. See Stanton In Peak. 
 
 Blrcb St. Agnes, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, near B. in 
 Rusholme. P. <25oo. 
 
 Blrcb Vale, stn. , Eng. , Derbyshire, High Peak div. , on the 
 M. R., 5 m. S. by W. Glossop, PMT.O. 
 
 Blrcle, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Bury and Middleton 
 par. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bird, or Cbaos Islands, a group of small isls. , Cape Colony, 
 off the S. ct., 38 m. E. by N. Port Elizabeth, on one of which 
 the navigator Bartholomew Diaz perished in 1500. On one of 
 them is a red light, visible 14 m. 
 
 Blrdbrook, par. Eng., Essex, div. and xo\ m. E. Saffron 
 Walden, i m. S. of its stn. on the G. E. R,, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Blrdfortb, par., Eng., Yorkshire. P. <25o. Seellnstbwalte. 
 
 Blrdbani, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 4 m. SW. 
 Chichester, at the W. end of the Arundel and Portsmouth 
 canal, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Birdblll, tnld.. Ire., W. co. Tipperary, bar. Owney and 
 Arra, 2| m. S. Killaloe, on the G. S. & W. R. , PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Blrdbolme, P.O., Eng., near Chesterfield, Derbyshire. 
 
 Blrdlngl»nry, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 6\ m. 
 SW. Rugby, on the L. & NW. R. P.<:25o. 
 
 Bird Island, Canada, off the E. ct. of Cape Breton I. 
 
 Bird Island, isl. , Ire. , co. Cork, in Dunmanus Bay. 
 
 Bird Island, isl.. Ire., co. Down, in Lough Strangford. 
 
 Bird Island, one of the Seychelles. 
 
 Bird Island, in the mouth of the Gambia, W. Africa. 
 
 Bird Island, Pacific, near the middle of the Low Is. 
 
 Bird Island, a small isl.. Pacific, in the Norfolk Is. group. 
 
 Blrdjan, tn. , Persia. See Birjand. 
 
 Birdllng's Flat, tp.. New Zealand, South I., 31 m. from 
 Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blrdllp, hamlet, Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 5 
 m. S. by W. Cheltenham, PT.O. 
 
 Bird Rocks, Canada, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in 47' 
 51' N., 61° 8' W. Mean temp., yr. 38.3'' F., Feb. 17.5°, Aug. 
 61.3°. 
 
 Blrdsall, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 16^ m. NE. by E. York, 4^ m. SSE. Malton, 2 m. SW. North 
 Grimston stn. ; 4031 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Blrdsboro, bor. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, Berks co. , on Schuylkill 
 R., 8 m. SE. Reading. P. < 3000. 
 
 Birds Hill, vil., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R. , 
 1416 m. by rail W. Montreal, 8 m. E. Winnipeg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Birds Isle, hamlet, Eng., Kent, div. and 8^ m. SW. by W. 
 A&hford, 5 m. S. by W. Pluckley stn. 
 
 Birds Point, settlement, U.S., Missouri, Mississippi co., on 
 the r. bk. of the Mississippi, 5 m. SSE. Cairo (111.). 
 
 Blrdstown, electoral div.. Ire., co. Donegal, dist. Kilderry. 
 
 Birdsvllle, post-tn. , Queensland, Rosebery co. , on the W. bk. 
 of the Everard R., 565 m. S. by W. Normanton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bird-well, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 4 m. SE. 
 Barnsley, on the L. & Y. R., PM.O. 
 
 Btreb, vil., Palestine, Beeroth in the O. T., 31° 54' N., 35* 
 13' E., 9 m. N. Jerusalem. 
 
 Blrejlk, or Blr, tn. , Syria, on the 1. bk. of the Euphrates, 
 at the head of navigation on that river, 50 m. W. by S. Urfa. 
 P. 10,200. 
 
 Bir es Seba, ruined border tn., Palestine, Beersheba in the 
 O. T., 31° 14' N., 34° 47' E., 27 m. SE. Ghuzzeh (anct. Gaza) ; 
 a station of the patriarch Abraham, and the S. limit of the 
 Promised Land. Here are still two deep wells of pure water, 
 very ancient. 
 
 Blrgbam, vil, Scot., Berwickshire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Tweed, 3 m. W. Coldstream, i^ m. N, Carham stn., P.O. 
 
B I R I — B I R M 
 
 Blrld, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Ballia, 44 m. W. 
 by N. Patnd. P. 9200. 
 
 Blribizl Lake, Portuguese E. Africa. See Mtepwesl Klver. 
 
 Bir Islands, Ire., Gal way, at entrance to Kilkieran Bay. 
 
 Blrjaitd, tn., Persia, prov. Khorassan, 205 m. NE. by N. 
 Kerman, with citadel in very bad repair ; seat of an amir enjoy- 
 ing a certain amount of independence. P. 14,000. 
 
 Blrkacre, place, Eng., Lancashire, with coal-mines, PT.O. 
 
 Blrkby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the E. of the 
 Richmond div., on the Wiske, 8 m. SSE. Darlington, i m. SSE. 
 Cowton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Birkdale, ct. par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and i^ m. S. 
 by W. Southport, with a stn. on the L. & Y. R. (B.), and another 
 (B. Palace) on the Southport & Cheshire Lines Extension Rly., 
 PMT.O. P. 12,400. 
 
 Birkdale, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, Richmond div. of the N. 
 Riding, 15^ m. SE. Appleby, 7^ m. N. by W. Hawes stn. 
 
 Birke, Teutonic, 'birch tree.' See Birce. 
 
 Blrkenan, vil., Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, 13 m. 
 ENE. Mannheim. P. < 2000. 
 
 Btrkenberg, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 27 m. E. by S. Pilsen, 
 li^ m. WSW. Pribram ; silver and lead mining. P. 5100. 
 
 Blrkenfeld, principality, W. Germany, belonging to the 
 gd.-duchy of Oldenburg, enclosed by Rhenish Prussia. Surface 
 mountainous and well wooded. Chief river the Nahe. Chief 
 industry, the setting and polishing of precious and other stones, 
 the rocks of the principality containing large numbers of agates. 
 
 Blrkenfeld, tn., Ger., cap. principality B. , 25 m. ESE. 
 Treves. P. <;30oo. 
 
 Blrkeuhaln, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and dist 
 Beuthen ; zinc and lead mining. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Birkenhead ('the head of the birches'), munic, pari., and 
 CO. bor. , par. , market-tn. , and seapt. , Eng. , co. Chester, on the 
 W. side of the estuary of the Mersey, about 3 m. from the sea, 
 opposite Liverpool, and 15 m. NNW. Chester, with terminal 
 stations on the L. & NW. R., the G. W. R., and the Birken- 
 head and Hoylake Rly. The town originated in the foundation 
 of a Benedictine priory in 11 53, but its development dates from 
 the opening of the first wet dock here at Wallasey Pool, a creek 
 of the R. Mersey, in 1824. The town was incorporated in 
 1877, when the townships of B., Claughton, Tranmere, and 
 Oxton, and part of that of Higher Bebington were united to 
 form the borough. The gas and water supply (the latter de- 
 rived by pumping from old red sandstone underlying the town) 
 are the property of the ratepayers. The area of the docks and 
 basins is 164^ acres, and there is quay space extending to nearly 
 9I miles ; and these, along with extensive cattle lairages, are the 
 property of the Mersey Dock and Harbour Board [Liverpool]. 
 There are also numerous graving docks and a large shipbuilding 
 yard. The ferries to Liverpool are the property of the corpora- 
 tion, but the number of passengers has been greatly reduced 
 since B. became connected in 1886 by a railway passing by a 
 tunnel under the Mersey. B. has two public parks, the B. Park 
 (114 acres), opened in 1847, and the Mersey Park, on the heights 
 of Tranmere. It also has a valuable free library and public 
 baths. It returns one member to House of Commons. P. 
 mun. bor. (which is conterminous with county, and nearly con- 
 terminous with pari, bor.), (1851) 24,300; (1871)43,000; (1881) 
 84,000; (1891)99,900; par. P. 58,300. 
 
 Birkenhead, bor., New Zealand, North I., on the N. side 
 of Auckland Harb. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Birkenhead, S. Australia. See Port Adelaide. 
 
 Blrkcnshaiv -with Hnnsworth, eccles. par., Eng., York- 
 shire, W. Riding, Spen Valley div., 3^ m. SE. Bradford, with 
 a stn. (B. and Tong) on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P.<:4ooo; 
 urban sanitary dist. (Blrkensbaw) P. <3ooo. 
 
 Blrkenslde, place, Eng., Northumberland, in the SE. 
 of Hexham div., 10 m. SE. Hexham, 4 m. NW. by W. 
 Consett stn. 
 
 Blrker and Ansthwaite, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, 6| m. NE. 
 Ravenglass; 8243 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Blrkesdorf, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle and dist. Diiren. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Blrket-el-HaJjl(' lake of pilgrims'), small lake, Egypt, 10 m. 
 NE. Cairo. 
 
 Blrket-el-Kemn (or Knmn), lake, Lower Egypt, in the 
 NW. of the Fayum {j.v.), from which it receives ttie whole of 
 the surface irrigation water ; in 29'^ 54' to 30° 44' E. , crossed by 
 29^° N. , 28 m. long by 5 m. broad. Alt. 141 ft. below sea-level ; 
 deepest part probably 200 ft. below sea-level. 
 
 Blrket-er-Uam, small lake, Palestine, 4 m. ESE. Banias, 
 the Z,. Phiala of Josephus, occupying crater of an extinct vole. 
 
 Blrk Fell, hill, Eng., Westmorland, on E. side of Ullswater. 
 
 Blrkhall, royal seat, Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on the Minch, 
 2 m. SW. Ballater. 
 
 Blrkhlll, mountain pass, Scot., between cos. Selkirk and 
 Dumfries, 10 m. NE. Moffat. Alt. iioo ft. 
 
 BlrkhlU Fens, vil., Scot., Forfarshire, 4I NW. by W. 
 Dundee, x\ m. SE. by S. Dronley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Blrkln, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 
 div. , 6 m. ENE. Pontefract, 2\ m. ESE. Burton Salmon stn. , P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Blrkln Klver, Eng., in the NE. of Cheshire, afHuent of R. 
 BoUin, which it joins on the left bank, S. of Bowdon. 
 
 Btrkrlgg, hamlet, Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the extreme 
 NW. of the Skipton div. , on the Clough, 13 m. E. by S. Kendal, 
 4I m. ESE. Sedbergh stn. 
 
 Birknl, vil. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Midnapur, on the Bay 
 of Bengal, 83 m. SW. by S. Calcutta, from which it is a pleasant 
 hot-weather retreat ; a favourite resort of Warren Hastings. 
 
 Blrlada, tn. and riv. , Roumania. See Bftrlad. 
 
 Blrlenhach, vil., Prussia, Wiesbaden, dist. Diez ; iron-mines 
 and mineral springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Blrley, par., Eng., Hereford, div. and 5 m. SW. by S. Leo- 
 minster, 3I m. WSW. Ford stn. P. <25o. See King's Pyon. 
 
 Blrley hay, hamlet, Eng., Derbyshire, NE. div., 5 m. SE. by 
 S. Sheffield, 2\ m. W. Killamarsh stn. 
 
 Blrllng, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 6 m. NW. by W. 
 Maidstone, 2 m. WSW. Snodland stn., P.O. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Blrllng, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., on Alnmouth Bay, i m. E. Warkworth stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Blrllng Gap, a break in the South Downs, Eng. , on the ct. 
 of Sussex, about 3 m. W. Beachy Head ; coastguard station. 
 
 Blrllngham, par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 6| m. W. 
 Evesham, on the Avon, i m. E. Defford stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 See NaflTord. 
 
 Blrma. See Burma. 
 
 Birmingham (in Domesday Book Bermingeha, a name de- 
 rived from the tribe of the Beorms, spelt in 140 different ways, 
 including such forms as Bromwycham, which still survives in the 
 popular form of Brummagem), a pari, bor., mun. bor. (since 
 1838), city (since 1880), and co. bor. , comprising the parishes 
 of B. and Edgbaston, and parts of that of Aston, one of the 
 principal manufacturing towns of England, in the extreme 
 NW. of Warwick, in the angle between the counties of Stafford 
 and Worcester, almost exactly in the centre of the plain between 
 the rivers Trent, Severn, and Avon ; 20 m. NW. Warwick, 112^ 
 m. (by rail) NW. London, 97^ m. SE. Liverpool. The town, 
 about 21 m. in circumference, built on undulating ground, at the 
 confluence of the Rea with the Tame, has numerous educational 
 and charitable institutions (among the former Queen's College, 
 theological, and Mason College, science, arts, and medical). 
 There is a Corporation School of Art, with branch schools, 
 a Gallery of Art, and a Corporation Technical School, be- 
 sides other handsome buildings. Reference free library, built 
 1883 to replace one opened in 1861, burned down 1879, when 
 nearly the whole collection was destroyed. The new library 
 has about 120,000 vols., and Shakespeare, Cervantes, Burns, 
 and Milton collections. There are eight public parks, including 
 Aston, which was opened by the Queen in 1858 ; the borough and 
 two other cemeteries, of which the first covers 105 ac. The old 
 Roman road, ' Icknield Street,' passes through the SW. and 
 NE. of the town. B. has been one of the chief seats of the 
 hardware industry from an early date, the rise of this industry 
 having no doubt been determined by the abundant supplies 
 of iron-stone in the neighbourhood, and by the existence of the 
 great forests which once covered the Midlands, and supplied 
 the charcoal used in smelting the ore before coal came to be 
 used for that purpose about the middle of last century. The 
 S. Staffordshire coalfield, which approaches to within 3 m. of 
 the town, still further stimulated its industries in modern times. 
 The smiths of B. were mentioned by Leland as being numerous 
 as early as 1538. During the civil war it was sacked and partly 
 burned by Prince Rupert in 1643, but it speedily recovered, and 
 acquired commercial importance. Sword-niakingwas introduced 
 in 1651, g^n-making in 1687. In 1727, though still a village in 
 govt. , B. was estimated to support 50,000 persons by its hard- 
 ware manufactures. In 1736 Wyatt and Paul here made the 
 earliest attempts at cotton-spinning by rollers. In 176 1, its 
 ' ingenious manufactures ' supplied not only this country and its 
 colonies, but were known throughout the world. Its leading 
 manufactures at the present day are iron and brass founding, 
 rolling, stamping, plating, and drawing of metals; manufactures 
 of iron-roofs, girders, steam-engines, gasometers, hydraulic and 
 gas engines, railway waggons and carriages, guns and rifles, 
 electric-light apparatus and fittings ; machines, tools, and im- 
 plements of all kinds ; bell-founding, and general metal-working 
 of all kinds ; electroplating, gold and silver working, watch 
 and clock making, &c. In addition, glass-blowing, brewing, 
 coachmaking, and chemical works are largely carried on. 
 Matthew Boulton's famous Soho steam-engine factory, with 
 which the name of Watt is associated, is still carried on under 
 the name of the James Watt & Company Foundry and Mint. 
 At Smethwick are the only lighthouse works in the kingdom. 
 Two special government offices connected with local industries 
 are the Assay Office (of which the first master was appointed in 
 1773), for gold and silver ware, and the Gun-proof House, where 
 more than 400,000 gun-barrels are annually proved, \yages 
 are higher than in most of the manufacturing towns in the 
 N. of England. Social features of industry are the great 
 
 169 
 
B I RM 
 
 B I S H 
 
 number of small employers, 'little masters,' and the general 
 employment of female workers in the lighter trades. Bir- 
 mingham enjoys great facilities for transport and intercom- 
 munication. It is a great railway centre, being a principal 
 station on the L. & NW. R., M. R., G. W. R., and S. Staf- 
 fordshire systems. Additional advantages are afforded by 
 canals, of which the principal are the Birmingham and Wor- 
 cester, which communicates with the Severn and western 
 towns ; the Grand Junction, which unites the Thames and 
 the Mersey ; the canal which runs through the Potteries, and 
 that which joins the Trent, and thereby connects with Hull 
 and the German Ocean ; and the Warwick and Birmingham. 
 For local conveyance there is an excellent tramway service. 
 Town very healthy ; little epidemic disease. The pari. bor. is 
 divided into 7 divs., the N., S., E., W. , and Central, and the 
 Bordesley and Edgbaston divs., each returning one member. 
 Highest alt. 640 ft.; alt. meteor, stn. 406 ft. Mean rainfall 
 (1861-90), 00 in. P. (1851) 232,500; (1871) 342,500; (1881) 
 400,800; (1891)429,200; parl.,co., and mun. bor. (1891)478,100. 
 See England, table 11. 
 
 Birmingham, city, U.S., Alabama, Jefferson co. , 86 m. 
 NNW. Montgomery, 6 m. from Red Mt. Founded in 1871, 
 has rapidly growing iron and steel industry of all kinds 
 [Alabama]. Alt. 596 ft. (R.R.). P. (i88o)<4ooo; (1890) 26,200. 
 
 Birmiugliam, bor., U.S., Connecticut, New Haven co. , at 
 the confluence of the Naugatuck and Housatonic Rivs. , 8 m. W. 
 by N. New Haven. P. < 5000. 
 
 Birmingham, vil. , U.S., Iowa, Van Buren co. , 44 m. W. 
 Burlington. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Birmingham, vil., U.S., Michigan, Oakland co., 18 m. 
 NW. by N. Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Birmingham, Neiv, place, Ire., E. co. Tipperary, bar. 
 Slieveardagh, SJ m. SE. by E. Thurles, PM.O. 
 
 Birnam, vil., Scot., Perthshire, on the r. bk. of the Tay, close 
 to Dunkeld on the SE., with slate quarries, PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Birnam, hill, Scot., co. and 12 m. NW. Perth, and about an 
 equal distance WNW. Dunsinane. It was anciently included in 
 a royal forest, which Shakespeare has made famous as ' B. Wood ' 
 in his tragedy of ' Macbeth,' and has remains of a vitrified fort. 
 
 Birnbanm (Polish MieAzychod), tn., Prussia, in circle B. , 
 prov. and 45 m. WNW. Posen, on the 1. bk. of the R. Warthe ; 
 lignite mines (the oldest in Posen) near. P. <400o. 
 
 Blrnhanmer-Wald, part of the Karst, Austria, Camiola, 
 between Idria and Adelsberg. 
 
 Blrncss, hamlet, Scot. , Aberdeenshire, 5 m. from Ellon, P.O. 
 
 Blrnie, par., Scot., co. and 2| m. S. by W. Elgin, and i| 
 m. W. Longmorn stn. ; 6777 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Birnston, par. , Eng. , Essex. See Barnstou. 
 
 Birr, par. and tn. , Ire. , King's co. See Parsonstown. 
 
 Birreencorragh, mt.. Ire., NW. co. Mayo, i6h m. WSW. 
 Ballina. Height, 2295 ft. 
 
 Birregnrra, post-tn., Victoria, Polwarth co., 25 m. SW. by 
 W. Geelong. P. < 1500. 
 
 Birrenswarli, Brnns'warit, or BurnsMark, conspicuous 
 hill, Scot., Dumfriesshire, 7^ m. N. Annan, 2 m. N. Eccle- 
 fechan stn.; anciently a central station of the Romans, with 
 well-marked remains of tv^fo Roman camps. Alt. 920 ft. 
 
 Birrier, place, Scot. , Shetland Is. , Yell I. , 4i m. SE. by E. 
 of the N. end of the Mainland, vrith ' Picts' houses.' 
 
 Birs, riv., in the NW. of Switzerland, flows NE. then N. into 
 the Rhine to the E. of Basel. 
 
 BlrMiy and Harray, a united par. , Scot. , on the Mainland 
 of Orkney, PMT.O. (Blrsay) ; 26,743 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Birse, par. and vil., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on the S. side 
 of the Dee, ii| m. E. Ballater, 2 m. SE. by E. Aboyne stn., 
 P.O.; includes the Forest of B. ; 31,218 ac. P. <i50o. 
 
 BIrsig, small riv., Switzerland and Alsace, flows NE. into 
 the Rhine through the terr. of Basel. 
 
 Birsli, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 45 m. NNW. Ufa, on 
 Byelaya R. Considerable trade. P. 9000. 
 
 Birstal, eccles. par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Spen Valley di v., 5 m. SE. Bradford, on the L. & NW. R., 
 PMT.O. Par. P. <:45oo; tn. P. 6500. 
 
 Blrstall, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 3 m. N. by 
 E. Leicester, on 1. bk. of Soar, P.O. P. <75o. See Belgrave. 
 
 Blrstwith, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., 
 on the NE. R., 4J m. NW. Harrogate, PMT.O. P.<5co. 
 
 Birthelm. See Bcrethalom. 
 
 Birthorpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Parts of Kesteven, 3 m. 
 SE. Folkingham. P. <25o. 
 
 Blrtirhny Bay, Ire. , in W. co. Galway. 
 
 Blrtle, munic, Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the Manitoba & 
 NW. Rly., 138 m. from Portage la Prairie. P. ^1500. 
 
 Birtle-cnni-Biimford, par., Eng., Lancashire, 2J m. NE. 
 Bury. P. < 2000. 
 
 Birtles, par., Eng., Cheshire, near Macclesfield. P. <25o. 
 
 Birtley, par., Eng., Durham, Chester le Street div., 5J m. 
 S. by E. Newcastle, on the NE. R. , with coal-mines. P. <45oo. 
 
 Birtley, par. , Northumberland, div. and 9J m. NNW. Hex- 
 ham, I m. NNE. Warkstn., P.O.; 6980 ac. P. <5oo. 
 170 
 
 BlrtoMii, place. Ire., co. Kildare, 4 m. from Athy, P.O. 
 
 Birts Morton, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., 6^ 
 m. WNW. Tewkesbury, 4^ m. S. Malvern Wells stn. P. <: 250. 
 
 Birts street, place, Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., 5 
 m. from Malvern Wells, P.O. 
 
 Biru, W. Africa. See Walata. 
 
 Birnr, tn., India, Mysore, 95 m. NE. by E. Mangalore. 
 P. <'4ooo. 
 
 Birynch, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 103 m. SSW. of Voro- 
 nezh, on a trib. of Don. P. 4500. 
 
 Blrynsa, riv. , Siberia, govts. Tomsk and Irkutsk, 1. bk. trib. 
 of Angara; rises in Sayan Mts., flows 270 m. NW. Rich gold- 
 mines on its tribs. 
 
 Blrynsinslily, important gold-mine of E. Siberia, govt. Yeni- 
 seisk, on Biryusa R. , 223 m. SE. Krasnoyarsk. 
 
 Bisaccla, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 32 m. E. 
 by S. Benevento ; seat of a bishop. P. 5000. 
 
 Blsacqiiino, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 29 m. S. by W. Palermo. 
 P. 9000. 
 
 Bisalnagar, tn. , India, Bombay Presidency, dist. Kadi, 47 
 m. N. Ahmadabad. P. 19,600. 
 
 Blsalpnr, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Pilibhft, 25 m. 
 E. by S. Bareilly, P. 9200. 
 
 Bisbal, La, tn., Spain, prov. and 10 m. E. by S. Gerona. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Blsbee, tn., U.S., Arizona, Cochise co., 38 m. SE. Charleston. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Blsbrook, par., Eng., Rutland, 6 m. S. by E. Oakham, 2 m. 
 NW. by W. Seaton and Uppingham stn. P. <:250. 
 
 Biscarl, coram., Sicily, prov. and 44 m. W. Syracuse. 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Biscarosse, £tang de, lake, France, near the W. ct., dep. 
 Landes, 44 m. SW. Bordeaux. 
 
 Blscathorpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 6 m. WSW. 
 Louth, 2 m. NNW. Donington-on-Bain stn. P. <25o. See 
 Gayton le Wold. 
 
 Biscay, bay, Newfoundland, on the S. ct. , in 53° 15' W. 
 
 Biscay, Bay of (French Golfe de Gascogne, anct. Cantabri- 
 cum Mare, Aquitanicus Sinus), a bay or gulf formed by the 
 Atlantic, and extending between Ouessant I. , on the W. ct. of 
 France, and Cape Ortegal, on the N. ct. of Spain. Chief islands, 
 Belleisle, R6, and Oleron, on the coast of France. Its N. and 
 S. coasts are bold and rocky; but on the E. , from the mouth 
 of the Gironde to the Adour, the coast is composed of sand 
 downs, and interrupted by numerous lagoons. The depth 
 varies from 20 fathoms on the W. coast of France, to 200 
 fathoms on the N. of Spain. Navigation is much impeded by 
 the heavy seas produced by NW. winds. 
 
 Biscaya, prov. , Spain. See Vizcaya and Basque Provinces. 
 
 Biscayne Bay, a bight 40 m. long in the SE. of Florida, 
 U.S. On its shores are thickets of sisal hemp, which was 
 introduced here by Dr. Perrine in 1836 and 1837. 
 
 Biscayne, isL, in the Gulf of Florida, in 25° 55' N., 82° 43' W. 
 
 Bisceglie, tn. and seapt. , on the E. ct. of Italy, Apulia, prov. 
 and 20 m. WNW. Bari ; seat of a bishop. P. 22,000. 
 
 Blschhclm, vil., Ger., govt, of Alsace-Lorraine, 2 m. N. 
 Strassburg. P. 6000. 
 
 BischofT, mount, Tasmania. See Mount Blschoff. 
 
 Bischofsbnrg, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 62 m. S. by E. 
 Konigsberg. P. < 4000. 
 
 Blsoliofsheim, vil., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Fran- 
 conia, 14 m. N. by W. Kissingen, near the frontier of Hesse- 
 Nassau. In the neighbourhood are lignite-beds. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Bischol^tein, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 46 m. 
 SSE. Konigsberg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Blschoft>verda, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 11 m. WSW. 
 Bautzen. P. 5600. 
 
 Bischofswerder, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 45 m. 
 NE. Thorn. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bischofteinitz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 25 m. SW. Pilsen, 
 and 6 m. N. by E. Taus. P. <300o. 
 
 BischTreiler, tn. , Ger. , govt, of Alsace-Lorraine, on the r. 
 bk. of the Moder R., 14 m. NNE. Strassburg. P. 6500. 
 
 Biscoe Islands, a group of isls. in the South Polar Sea, near 
 Graham's Land. 
 
 Blscot, eccles. par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, near Luton. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Biscotasing, rly. stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. 
 R., 532 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Blscovey, hamlet, Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 8A m. 
 S. Bodmin, 2 m. from St. Blazey, P.O. 
 
 Bisenti, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Teramo, 22 
 m. NW. by W. Chieti. P. <3000. 
 
 Blsenz, or Bzanzc, comm., Moravia, 10 m. W. Ostrau. The 
 best wine in Moravia is made here. P. <4000. 
 
 Blserta. See Bizcrta. 
 
 Bisli'am, par., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., on the 
 Thames, 9 m. NW. by W. Windsor, i| m. S. by W. Great 
 Marlow stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bls'hampton, par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 6 m. 
 
B I S H 
 
 BISK 
 
 NW. by N. Evesham, 3J m. N. by W. Fladbury stn, P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Blsbaiipnr Narhan Khiis, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. 
 Uarbhangah, 49 m. E.Jay N. Patna. P. 6000. 
 
 Bisliari, African people. See Bcja. 
 
 Blsbbalik, name in the middle ages of Urumtsi, Dzungaria. 
 
 Blshe, or Kala'at B., inland tn., Turkish Arabia, Azir, 
 about 150 m. from the ct. , in about 20° N.; said to be the most 
 important place between Taif (E. of Mecca) and Sana. 
 
 BLshniipiir, or Blsbenpur, municip., Brit. India, Bengal, 
 anct. cap. of Bankurd dist., in about 23° 5' N., 87° 23' E. P. 
 18,200 ; Hindus, 17,500. 
 
 Blsbop and Clerks, isls. in St. George's Channel, off the 
 W. ct. of Pembrokeshire, to the N. of St. Bride Bay, with 
 lighthouse (on S. Bishop) visible 18 m. 
 
 Blsbop Aucklaiul, pari. div. , Durham, Eng. P. 61,800. 
 
 Bisbop Auckland, market-tn., Eng., Durham, B. A. div., 
 on the Wear, 9 m. SW. by S. Durham, on the NE. R. Ad- 
 joining the town is the palace of the Bishop of Durham, with a 
 large and beautiful park annexed. Several coal-mines, large 
 coke-works, and engineering works in the neighbourhood. 
 Market-day, Th. P. 10,500 ; par. (B. A. and Pollard's Lands) 
 P. IT, 800. 
 
 Blsbop-Brlggs, vil. , Scot. , in the NW. and Partick divs. of 
 Lanarkshire, 3^ m. NNE. Glasgow, on the N. B. R., with coal 
 and iron-stone, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bisbop Burton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holder- 
 ness div., 9I m. NW. Hull, 3 m. W. Beverley stn., PMT.O.; 
 4263 ac. P. <500. 
 
 Bisbop Dale, val., Eng., Yorkshire, in the SW. of the Rich- 
 mond div. It opens into the Ure valley about 5 m. below Askrigg. 
 
 Blsbopdale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 4^ m. SE. 
 Askrigg ; 4735 ac. P. < 250. 
 
 Bisbop Middlebani, par., Eng., Durham, Mid div., 7J m. 
 E. Bishop Auckland, 2 m. N. Sedgefield stn., PM.O.; 6240 ac. 
 P. <50o. 
 
 Bisbopmlll, tn. , Scot. , Elginshire, i m. N. Elgin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bisbop Monkton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon 
 div., 3I m. SSE. Ripon, 2 m. NE. by E. Wormald Green 
 stn., P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Bisbop, Nortb, small isl. in St. George's Channel, 3^ m. W. 
 St. David's Head, Pembrokeshire. 
 
 Bisbop Kock, insular rock, Eng., Scilly Isles, SW. of the 
 main group, with lighthouse visible at 18 m. 
 
 Blsbop's (or Bisbop) Norton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. 
 div., loj m. E. by N. Gainsborough, 5^ m. SE. Kirkton 
 Lindsey stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Blsbop's Norton wltb Atterby, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lincoln- 
 shire. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Bisbopsbonrne, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 4 m. 
 SE. by S. Canterbury, on the SE. R., P.O. P. <5co. 
 
 Bisbopsbonrne, vil., Tasmania, Westmoreland co. , 14 m. 
 SW. Launceston. 
 
 Blsbops Cannings, par. and vil., Eng., Wilts., Devizes 
 div., 13 m. ENE. Trowbridge, 3 m. NE. Devizes, P.O. ; 8873 
 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Blsbops Castle, par., mun. bor. , and market-tn., Eng., 
 Salop, Ludlow div., 13^ ui. E. by S. Newtown, connected by 
 a short railway with Stretford Junction on the G. W. R. , 
 PMT.O. Market-day, F. Par. 5872 ac, P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Blsbop's Caundle, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 5 m. 
 SE. by E. Sherborne, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Blsbop's Cleeve, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury 
 div., 3 m. N. by E. Cheltenham, with a stn. (Cleeve) on the 
 M. R., PM.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. (B. C. witb Stoke 
 Orcbard) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Blsbop's Court, place. Ire., SE. co. Down, bar. Lower 
 Lecale, 4I m. ESE. IJownpatrick, P.O. 
 
 Blsbop's Cove, fishing settlement, Canada, Newfoundland, 
 on the W. side of Conception Bay. 
 
 Blsbop's Fronie, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Leominster div. , 
 11^ m. NE. by E. Hereford, 3I m. SSW. Suckley stn., PM.O. 
 P. <7S0. 
 
 Bisbopsgate, two stns. , Eng. , London. 1. On the G. E. R. , 
 I m. NE. by E. St. Paul's. 2. On the Metropol. Dist. Railway 
 (Inner Circle). 
 
 Blsbop's Head, cape, Canada, New Brunswick, in the N. 
 of Grand Manan I. , Bay of Fundy. 
 
 Blsbop's Hull, Wltbln and Wltbout, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Somerset, WeUington div., i^ m. W. Taunton, on the 
 Great Western Canal, P.O. B. H. Within, P.<:75o; B. H. 
 Without, P. < 1500. 
 
 Blsbopside, Higb and Iiow, par., Eng., Yorkshire, 11 m. 
 SW. Ripon ; 6005 ac. P. <;25oo. 
 
 Blsbop's Island, a small isl.. Ire., SW. Clare, in 52° 40' N. 
 
 Blsbop's Islands, isls., Ire., in the R. Shannon, a mile or 
 two below the confluence of the Suck. 
 
 Blsbop's Itcblngton, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby 
 div., on the Itchen, 7 m. SE. Leamington, 2 m. SE. Southam 
 Road stn. , P. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Blsbop's Locb, Scot., Lanarkshire, one of the reservoirs of 
 the Forth and Clyde Canal, 2^ m. NW. Coatbridge. 
 
 Blsbop's Lydeard (lid'yard), par. and vil., Eng., Somerset, 
 WeUington div., 5 m. NW. bv W. Taunton, on the G. W. R., 
 PMT.O. ; 4832 ac. P. <isoo'. 
 
 Blsbop's Kympton, par. and vil., Eng., Devonshire, South 
 Molton div., 13^ m. ESE. Barnstaple, and 3 m. ESE. South 
 Molton, on the G. W. R., P.O. ; 9623 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Blsbopsoll, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howden 
 Union. P, <25o. 
 
 Blsbop's Road, stn. , Eng. , London. See Paddlngton. 
 
 Blsbop's Seat, hill, Scot., Argyllshire, in the SE. , 3 m. W. 
 Dunoon. Alt. 1651 ft. 
 
 Blsbop's Sutton, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 
 8 m. E. by N. Winchester, i m. E. by S. Alresford stn., PT.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Blsbop's Sutton wltb Stowey, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, 
 N. div. , 8 m. S. Bristol, 3 m. W. Glutton stn. , PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Blsbop's Tacbbrook, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford- 
 on-Avon div., 3 m. SE. by S. Warwick, P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Blsbop's Tawton, par. and vil., Eng., Devonshire, on R. 
 Taw, 2 m. SE. Barnstaple, P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Blsbopstelgnton, par. and vil., Eng., Devonshire, Ash- 
 burton div., 2 m. W. Teignmouth, PMT.O. ; 4449 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blsbopstoke, par. and vil. , Eng., Hampshire, in the extreme 
 S. of the Andover div., on the Itchin, 5^ m. NNE. Southampton, 
 with a stn. (Eastlelgb and B.) on the L. & SW. R,, PMT.O. ; 
 3431 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Blsbopstone, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Cricklade div. , 6 m. E. 
 Swindon, 2 m. S. Shrivenham stn., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Blsbopston, eccles. par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, near Bristol. 
 P. 5700. 
 
 Blsbopston, hamlet, Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 2 m. 
 NW. by N. Stratford-on-Avon. 
 
 Blsbopston, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Wilton div. , on the Chalk, 
 4^ m. WSW. Salisbury, P.O. ; 4649 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Blsbopston, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., 1 m. 
 from the S. ct., 6 m. SW. by W. Swansea, 2^ m. S. by W. 
 Killaystn., P.O. (Blsbopstone). P, <:75o. 
 
 Blsbopstone, part of eccles. par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 
 div. and 2 m. SW. by S. Aylesbury. See Stone. 
 
 Blsbopstone, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div. , 6 
 m. WNW. Hereford, i^ m. ESE. Moorhampton stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Blsbopstone, ct. par., Eng., Sussex, Eastbourne div., 7 m. 
 SE. by S. Lewes, on the L. B. & S. C. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bisbop Stortford, par. and market-tn., Eng., Hertford- 
 shire, in the extreme NE., div. and 11^ m. ENE. Hertford, a 
 junction on the G. E. R., PMT.O. Market-day, Th. P. 6600. 
 
 Bisbopstrovf, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 9I m. S. 
 by E. Trowbridge, i^ m. SSE. Warminster stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Blsbop's Waltbam, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Hampshire, 
 Petersfield div., 8i m. ENE. Southampton, on the L. & SW. 
 R. , PMT.O. Par? 7429 ac. , P. <30oo. 
 
 Blsbopswood, P.O., Eng., co. Somerset, 6 m. from Chard. 
 
 Blsbopswood, eccles. par., Eng., Hereford, on R. Wve, 3^ 
 m. SW. Ross, P.O. P.<500. 
 
 Blsbopswood, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, near Bre- 
 wood, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bisbop Tliornton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 5J m. 
 SW. Ripon. P.<5oo. 
 
 Bisbop Tborpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div., on the Ouse, 2 m. S. by W. York, i m. N. 
 by W. Naburn stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Blsbopton, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 5J m. W. by N. 
 Stockton, ih m. S. Stillington stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Blsbopton, hamlet, Eng. , Warwickshire, 2 m. NW. Stratford- 
 on-Avon. 
 
 Bisbopton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and | m. 
 W. Ripon. P. <25o. 
 
 Bisbopton, vil., Scot., W. Renfrewshire, 55 m. NW. Paisley, 
 with a stn. on the C. R., PMT.O. P. <5oo.' 
 
 Bisbop Wearmoutb, par. , Eng. , Durham, mainly in the co. , 
 bor. of Sunderland. P. 87,600; part outside the bor. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bisbop Wilton wltb Beltborpe, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. 
 Riding, in B. W. par. ; 4573 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bisbop Worth, or Blsbport, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset- 
 shire, 3 m. SW. Bristol, P.O. (Blsbop's Wortb). P. <250o. 
 
 Blsbton, par., Eng., Monmouth, S. div., 5 m. E. Newport, 
 i-l m. E. Llanwern stn. P. <25o. See Llanwem. 
 'Bisbnnpur, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal. See Blsbnnpur. 
 
 Blsignano, tn. , Italv, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 45 m. NNW. 
 Catanzaro ; seat of a bishop. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Biskra, or Blskara, tn., or rather collection of villages, 
 Algeria, on the B., 117 m. SSW. Constantine, at the S. base of 
 the last spurs of the Aures, on a site with remarkably deep 
 alluvial soil ; numerous date-palms and olives, said to date from 
 the time of the Romans ; centre of transit trade between the 
 Sahara and the Tell ; with iron-mines and deposits of salt- 
 petre. Formerly a much more important town ; said to have 
 
 171 
 
BISK — BIT T 
 
 lost 71,000 people by the plague in 1663. Alt. 409 ft. ; mean 
 temp., yr. 69.6° F., Jan. 52°, July 90°; rainfall (5 yrs.), 2.76 in. 
 Tn. P. <3000. 
 
 Blskapltz, viL, Ger., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 30 m. NE. by 
 E. Ratibor, 5 m. WSW. Beuthen ; large iron- works. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Blsley "n'ltb France Lynch, par. and market-tn., Eng., 
 Gloucestershire, Stroud div., 8 m. WNW. Cirencester, 3 ni. 
 NE. by N. Brimsconibe stn., PM.O. ; 7399 ac. P. 5200. 
 
 Bisley, par., Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div., 7 m. NNW. 
 Guildford, 2 m. N. by W. Brookwood stn. On B. Common, 
 E. side of the Chobham ridges, the National Rifle Association 
 now has its annual competition in July. P. <7So. 
 
 BlsUch, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 28 m. NW. by W. Essen, 
 on the r. bk. of the Rhine. P. <3000. 
 
 Blsllg, tn., Philippine Is., on the E. ct. of Mindanao, in 
 8° 11' N.; cap. prov. B. 
 
 Bismarck, post-tn., Tasmania, Monmouth co., 12 m. from 
 Hobart. 
 
 Bismarck, city, U.S., cap. N. Dakota, Burleigh co., on the 
 1. bk. of the Missouri, and on the N. P. R., 170 m. ENE. from 
 the SW. comer of the state. Alt. 1668 ft. (R.R.) ; mean temp, 
 (lojyrs., 1874-84), yr. 39.3°F., Jan. 5.8°, July 69.4° ; mean rain- 
 fall (9 yrs.), yr. 21.27 in. P. <30oo. 
 
 Bismarck, Victoria. See Callawadda. 
 
 Bismarck Arcliipelago, the name now given to the group 
 to the N. of the E. end of New Guinea and NW. of the 
 Solomon Is., formerly called the New Britain Is., but named 
 B. A. after the group was assigned to the German sphere of 
 influence byan agreement with Great Britain in 1885 ; principal 
 islands, Neii-Pommem (New Pomerania), formerly New Britain, 
 in the S. , separated from New Guinea by the Dampier Strait ; 
 Neu-Mecklenburg, formerly New Ireland, separated from Neu- 
 Pommern by St. George's Channel, which is remarkable for 
 its violent and capricious currents ; and Neu-Hannover, to the 
 W. of the NW. end of Neu-Mecklenburg, from which it is 
 separated by an intricate network of reefs. They are all in- 
 cluded in the German protectorate of the New Guinea Company. 
 The natives are careful agriculturists, but practise cannibalism. 
 The islands are said to be fairly healthy, and well suited for 
 tropical plantations under white management, and cotton 
 plantations, on which the natives have been induced to work 
 as labourers, have been started by the Germans. The principal 
 German stations are on Blanche Bay in the N. of the Gazelle 
 Penin., the NE. portion of Neu-Pommern, namely, Herberts- 
 hohe, on the S. side of the bay, the seat of government both 
 of the B. A. and the German portion of the Solomon Is. , and 
 Matupi, on a small island in the bay. At present the chief 
 articles of trade with the whites are coco-nuts and dried coco- 
 nut kernels (copra), and the principal article of barter is tobacco. 
 The money used by the natives in their dealings with each other 
 is shells threaded on long strips of split cane. The islands were 
 discovered by Dampier in 1699. 
 
 Bismarcklmrg, a stn. in the interior of Togo-land, Ger. 
 W. Africa, in 8° 12' N., 0° 33' E., about 130 m. from the coast. 
 Alt. 2330 ft. 
 
 Bismarck Kange, mts. , in the E. of Ger. New Guinea, trend- 
 ing WNW. to ESE. ; highest mountain. Otto, said to be snow- 
 capt. 
 
 Bismark, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 10 m. W. by 
 N. Stettin. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bismark, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 37 m. N. by W. 
 Magdeburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bispliam wltbi Norbreck, ct. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, div. 
 and 2I m. N. Blackpool, on the L, & Y. R., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bispfeiam (bis'pam), par., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., 
 8 m. NW. by W. Wigan, i^ m. N. Parbold stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bisr&mpnr, coalfield, India, Bengal, in the centre of Sar- 
 guji State, Chutii Ndgpur. 
 
 Biss, riv., Eng., Wiltshire, trib. of the Avon, which it enters 
 i^ m. below Bradford. 
 
 Bissagos, Bissao, or Bijuga Islands, a group of about thirty 
 isls. , on the W. ct. of Africa, opposite the mouths of the Rio 
 Grande and of the Rio de Geba. They are of volcanic origin, 
 and surrounded by many rocks and reefs. The soil is very fer- 
 tile, chiefly consisting of decomposed lava and vegetable matter. 
 The chief products are cotton, indigo, rice, wax, and hides. 
 They are inhabited by the Bissago or Bijuga, a strong and war- 
 like tribe, who are good sailors. Their chief occupation is 
 cattle-rearing. The most important of the B. Is. are Bolama, 
 Galinhas, and Orango. Most of the islands belong to Portugal. 
 The climate is unhealthy to Europeans ; June, July, and August 
 being the worst months of the year. See Proc. R. G. S., 1889, 
 vol. xi. pp. 595-601. 
 
 Blssandagn, Bissandn, or Blssan, tn., W. Africa, in the 
 Sangara country, in about 9° 55' N., 9° 20' W. Nearly 3000 
 houses. Proc. H. G. S., 1892, p. 450. 
 
 Bissao, seapt., Portuguese Guinea, at the E. end of an isl. 
 in the estuary of the R. Geba, in 11° 52' N., 15° 44' W. 
 
 Bissau, tn., India, RAjputdna, in native state Shaikhawati, 
 no m. E. by N. Bfkaner. P. 6500. 
 172 
 
 Bissett, settlement, Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 284 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Bissoe, vil., Eng., Cornwall, 2 m. from Perranwell stn., with 
 arsenic-relining and tin-smelting worksf P.O. 
 
 Bistagno, comm., Italy, Piedmont, on the Bormida, prov. 
 and 22 m. SW. by S. Alessandria. P. <:3000. 
 
 Bistan, tn., Persia, prov. Khorassan, 130 m. N. by W. Ker- 
 man, on the road from Yezd to Birjand. 
 
 Bisteme, hamlet, Eng. , Hampshire. See Ringft'ood witli 
 narbridge and B. 
 
 Bistinean, lake, U.S., Louisiana, to the W. of 93° W., and 
 crossed in its extreme N. by 32^° N., drained SW. by a short 
 outlet into Red R. ; navigable for steamboats. 
 
 Bistran, tn., Bohemia, 32 m. NNW. Briinn. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Bistre, eccles. par. , Wales, Flintshire, 2 m. E. Mold. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Bistritsa, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 47 m. NW. by 
 W. Novibazar. 
 
 Bistritz, tn., Moravia, 23 m. SE. by E. Olmiitz. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Bistritz, two rivs. of Galicia, trib. to the Dniester. 
 
 Bistritz (German, in Hungarian Besztercze), tn., Hungary, 
 48 m. NE. by E. Klausenburg, in 47° 7' N. , 24° 30' E. Alt. 1204 
 ft. Mean temp., yr. 47.1° F., Jan. 23.7°, July 67.6°. P. 9100. 
 
 Bistritz, riv. , Transylvania, rises in the Bistritz Mts. , and joins 
 the Szamos after a W. course of 50 m. 
 
 Bistritz, Goidene, in Roumanian Bistrifa, riv. , En. Europe, 
 rises in the E. of Transylvania, flows SE. through Bukowina 
 and Roumania (Moldavia), passes Patria and Bacatl, and joins 
 the Seret near Bacati after a course of no m., named the 
 ' Golden Bistritz ' from its auriferous sands. 
 
 Bisutan, or Bisntnn. See Besitnn. 
 
 Bls'w&n, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Sftapur, 40 m. N. 
 Lucknow. P. (1891) 7300 ; Hindu, 3700 ; Moham. 3600. 
 
 Blswanatb, vil. , Brit. India, Assam, dist. Darrang, on the 
 r. bk. of the Brahmaputra, 90 m. ENE. Gauhati. 
 
 Bitbnrg, tn., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle B. , 16 m, 
 NNW. Treves. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bitche, French spelling of Bitscb. 
 
 Bitcbe, vil. , Algeria. See Ksiir. 
 
 Bitcbfield, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Stamford div., 6^ m. 
 SE. by S. Grantham, 2k m. ESE. Great Ponton stn., P.O. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Bitcbfield, par., Eng., Northumberland, 9 m. SW. Mor- 
 peth. P. <250. 
 
 Bltetto, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. Bari, 9 m. SW. Bari ; seat 
 of a bishop. P. 5000. 
 
 Bitbdr, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. and 10 m. NW. 
 by N. Cawnpur, on 1. bk. Ganges. P. 5800 ; Hindu, 5100, 
 
 Bitlls, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, cap. vilayet and sanjak B. , 62 m. W. 
 Van, 120 m. ENE. Diarbekir, 9m. (i6byroad)from W. shore of 
 Lake Van. Built in a ravine, with hills 2000 ft. above its valley. 
 Summer cool ; winter dry, but with snow so deep that horses 
 are confined to their stables for months. Manufactvires, cotton 
 cloths, celelebrated for their bright red dye, also fire-arms and 
 silver articles, and exports tobacco. Near it the army of 
 Solyman the Magnificent was defeated by the Persians in 1554. 
 Alt. 5115 ft. P. 39,000; Moham. 20,800; Armenians, 16,100 
 (Cuinet). 
 
 BitolJ, or Bitolla, Turkey in Eiu-ope. See Honastir. 
 
 Bitonto, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 9J m. W. Bari ; seat 
 of a bishop. P. 26,000. 
 
 Bitritto, comm., Italy, prov. and 6\ m. WSW. Bari. P.< 
 4000. 
 
 Bitscb, in French spelling Bitcbe, fortified tn. at the foot 
 of the Vosges, Ger. Alsace-Lorraine, 23 m. W. Weissenburg ; 
 besieged 1870-71. P. <:3000. 
 
 Bitscb weiler, vil. , Ger., govt. Alsace-Lorraine, on the Thur 
 R., i2| m. WNW. Mulhausen. Iron-smelting, and manu- 
 factures of machinery and cotton. P. <3000. 
 
 Bittadon, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Barnstaple div. , 4 m. SSE. 
 Ilfracombe. P. <250. 
 
 Bltterfeld, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, on the Mulde, cap. 
 circle B., 18 m. NE. Halle, with lignite-mines, and earthen- 
 ware-pipe, paraffin, machine, and other manufactures. P. 9000. 
 
 Bittering, Great, hamlet, Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 18 m. 
 WNW. Norwich, 2J m. NW. by N. of E. Dereham. 
 
 Bittering, Little, eccles. par. , 2 m. NW. by W. Great B. 
 P. <:25o. See Beeston. 
 
 Bitterley, par. , Eng. , Salop, div. and 4 m. ENE. Ludlow, 
 17 m. W. Kidderminster ; 6879 ac. P. < 1500 ; eccles. par. (B. 
 witb DUddieton) P. <750. 
 
 Bitteme, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, 2 m. NE. South- 
 ampton, included in the pari. bor. of Southampton, i m. E. 
 B. Road stn., PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Bitter Root Mountains, a range, U.S., forming part of the 
 frontier between the terrs. of Idaho and Montana and the water- 
 parting between the B. R. and Snake or Lewis Rivs., which 
 are tribs. to the Columbia. 
 
 Bittesby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, 3 m. NW. Lutterworth. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
BITT — BLAC 
 
 Bltteswell (bit'ez-wel), par., Eng., Leicestershire, Har- 
 borough div., 7 m. NNE. Rugby, 2^ m. SE. by E. Ullesthorpe 
 sm., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Bittl, comm. , Italy, prov. and 45 m. ESE. Sassari. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Blttir, vil., Palestine, 6 m. SW. by W. Jerusalem, stn. on 
 the Yafa-Jerusalem rly. P. < 1000. 
 
 Blttkow Blit Hohenlohehtttte, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. 
 Silesia, 37 m. ENE. Ratibor, 2J m. E. by N. Konigshiitte ; 
 coal-mines. P. <30oo. 
 
 Blttoii, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , on the 
 S. border, 4J m. NW. by W. Bath, on the M. R., with coal- 
 mines, P.O. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Bltz, vil., Ger., Wurtemberg, dist. Balingen, with deposits of 
 iron ore and potter's clay. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bivlere, Blveri, or lientlnl, lake, Sicily, 17 m. WNW. 
 Agosta. In winter it is about 19 m. in circumference, but 
 much of it is mere marsh in the summer. In its fisheries of 
 eels, mullet, &c., 50 to 60 boats are usually employed. 
 
 Blvolyak, vil. , Turkey in Europe, on R. Sitnitsa, sanjakand 9 
 m. WNW. Prishtina. 
 
 Bivoua, tn., Sicily, prov. Girgenti, 34 m. WNW. Caltanis- 
 setta, with petroleum wells. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Biwa, lake, Japan, about 40 by 15 m., a few miles NE. of 
 Kyoto, drained SW. into the Bay of Ozaka, connected with the 
 Kamogawa, the river which waters Kyoto, by a canal (opened 
 in the spring of 1890) 6| m. long, having a secondary branch 
 for irrigation and water-power 5J m. long ; total fall, 143 ft. 
 
 Blx, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, in the E. of the Henley div. , 8 
 m. N. Reading, 3 m. NW. Henley, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Bi3dey, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 3 m. SE. byS. Norwich, 
 ij m. SE. Trowse stn. P. <25o. See Framinghani Earl. 
 
 Blxter, voe or bay, Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Sandsting 
 par., II m. NW. by W. Lerwick, P.O. 
 
 Blxton, Eng. , Norfolk. See Bamtaam Broom. 
 
 Biyala, tn., Egypt, 30 m. NNE. Tanta. P. 5100. 
 
 Biyerre, riv. , Congo Free State. See Arawiml. 
 
 Biysk, dist. tn., W. Siberia, govt, and 357 m. SW. of Tomsk, 
 on r. bk. Biya R., near its junction with the Obi. Steamers ply 
 from here down the Obi. Important centre of trade for Altai 
 region with Siberia and NW. Mongolia. P. 18,400. 
 
 Bizarre Island, isl., Canada, Quebec, Jacques Cartier CO., 
 in the Ottawa R. , 14 m. W. Montreal. 
 
 BLze, vil., France, dep. Aude, arr. Narbonne, 5 m. N. 
 Ginestas, with caves that have furnished flint implements, pierced 
 shells, worked antlers of deer, &c. P. <2oco. 
 
 Blzerta, in French Blzerte, called by the natives Benzert, 
 seapt., Tunis, 37 m. NNW. Tunis, on the outlet of a lake which 
 takes its name from the town ; on its seaward side fortified, and 
 defended by batteries. Its port, formerly one of the best in the 
 Mediterranean, had become silted up, but a new harbour was 
 opened in 1894. P. 8000. 
 
 BLciat, vil., France, dep. Ain, arr. Trevoux, with mineral 
 springs. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bjela, tn. , Bulgaria, on the ct. , prov. and 22 m. S. Varna. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 BJela, tn., Bulgaria, prov. Rustchuk, on the Jantra, 26 m. N. 
 by E. Tirnova. P. <5ooo. 
 
 BjelaQeld, mt., Norway, on the S. bk. of the Sognefjord. 
 Alt. 6230 ft. 
 
 BJela Slatlna, tn., Bulgaria, prov. Rahova, on the Skit, 38 
 m. W. by N. Plevna. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Bjeleue, tn., Bulgaria, prov. Svistov, on a branch of the 
 Danube, 12 m. ESE. NikopoU. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bjeli, Servian, 'white.' 
 
 BJellna, tn. , Bosnia ,intheNE.,6om. W. Belgrade. P. 7800. 
 
 Bjorko, isl., Sweden, on the E. ct., in 59° 53' N., 19° E. .. 
 
 Bjiirbolm, comm., Sweden, prov. Vesterbotten, on the Ore 
 Elf, 100 m. NNE. Hernosand. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Blaavands link, cape, Denmark, the most westerly point of 
 Jutland, in the S. of the penin., with a lighthouse visible 15 m. 
 
 Blabheln, mt. , Scot. , Inverness-shire. See Blaveu. 
 
 Blaby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 4J m. 
 S. by W. Leicester, on the L. & NW. R., PM.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Blacbford, co., S. Australia, N. of 32° S., crossed by 138° E, 
 
 Blacbl, tn., Turkey, prov. Serfije, 41 m. S. by E. Monastir. 
 
 Blackadder Water, small riv., Scot., Berwickshire, flows 
 SE. to Greenlaw, then NE. past Fogo to join Whiteadder 
 Water at Allanton. 
 
 Blackall, mun. bor., Queensland, Tambo co., 320 m. SW. 
 Mackay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blackawton, par. and vil., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 
 4^ m. W. Dartmouth, P.O. ; 7455 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Black Ball llead, cape, Ire., SW. ct., co. Cork, N. of 
 Bantry Bay. 
 
 Black Bank, stn., Eng., Cambridgeshire, on the G. E. R., 
 4 m. N. by W. Ely. 
 
 Black Barrow Down, an upland tract, Eng., in the W. of 
 Somerset, on the E. of Exmoor Forest. 
 
 Black Bird, co., U.S., Nebraska, in the NE., on the 
 Missouri, N. of 42° N. 
 
 Blackborongb, hamlet, Eng., Devonshire, div. and 4^ m. 
 SE. Tiverton, P.O. 
 
 Blackbonrton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 12 J m. 
 SW. by W. Woodstock, i m. E. Alvescot stn., P.O. P. <25o ; 
 eccles. par. (B. or Burton Abbots) P. <25o. 
 
 Blackboy, vil., Eng., Sussex, E. Grimstead div., 10 m. NE. 
 Lewes, 3 m. SE. Buxted stn., PM.O. (Blackboys). 
 
 Blackbraes, vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, 3^ m. SE. Falkirk, 
 with coal-mines. P. <750. 
 
 Black Brook, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, Nor- 
 thumberland CO. , on Miramichi R. 
 
 Black Brook, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, Boularderie I. 
 
 Blackbrook, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, Newton div., near 
 Prescot, PM.O. 
 
 Black Brnsli, post-tn., Tasmania, Monmouth co., 7 m. E. 
 by N. Brighton. 
 
 Black Ball, stn., Eng., on the N. Staffordshire Rly., 
 between Stoke and Congleton. 
 
 Blackbnrn, pari., mun., and co. bor. (all conterminous), and 
 par., Eng., Lancashire, 5 m. W. Accrington, on the L. & Y. R. , 
 connected also with the L. & NW. R. and M. R. It has been a 
 manufacturing town since about the time of the Commonwealth, 
 when it became noted for ' Blackburn checks,' a fabric made 
 with a linen warp and cotton woof ; now one of the chief seats 
 of cotton weaving. Hargreaves, the inventor of the ' spinning 
 jenny,' was a resident at Blackburn at the time of the invention 
 (1767). It has a free grammar school, founded in 1567 by Queen 
 Elizabeth, a large technical and trades school, and a ' Corpora- 
 tion Park.' The corporation has adopted the Free Libraries 
 Act. B. was incorporated in 1851, and its boundaries were 
 extended in 1879. Market-days, W. and S. P. (1851) 46,500; 
 (1871)83,000; (1881) 104,000; (1891) 120,100; par. P. 104,300. 
 
 Black Burn, riv. , Scot. , Roxburghshire, trib. of R. Liddel, 
 with beautiful falls. 
 
 Blackbnrn, vil. , Scot. , Linlithgowshire, on the Almond, 7 m. 
 S. Linlithgow, i m. E. by N. Whitburn stn., P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Blackbnrn, vil., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 6\ m. SE. by S. 
 Inverurie, i\ m. S. by W. Kinaldie stn. 
 
 Black Carts and Ryehill, par., Eng., Northumberland, 9 
 m. NW. Hexham. P. <250. 
 
 Black Castle, Ire. See Wlcklow. 
 
 Blackcare Head, Ire., co. Antrim, E. ct. , near Lame. 
 
 Black Chapel, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Essex. See Wal- 
 tham. Great. 
 
 Black Combe, hill, Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 
 12 m. NNW. Barrow. Height, 1969 ft. 
 
 Black Craig, hill, Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, on the E. 
 side of Loch Doon, 15^ m. SE. by E. Maybole. Alt. 1730 ft. 
 
 Blackcraig, vil., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 2 m. E. by S. 
 Newton-Stewart. 
 
 Blackcraig Hill, Scot. , S. Ayrshire, 8 m. W. by S. Sanqu- 
 har. Alt. 2298 ft. 
 
 Black Creek, port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Welland co. , 
 on the W. bk. of the R. Niagara, i2| m. N W. Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blackden, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Knutsford div. , 8 m. W. by 
 S. Macclesfield, 2J m. NE. by N. Holmes Chapel stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Black Dog, P.O., Eng., Devonshire, 3 m. from Morchard 
 Bishop. 
 
 Black Dome. See Appalachian lllonntains, B. I. 
 
 Black Down, an upland tract, Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock 
 div., about 11 m. E. by S. Launceston, on the NW. of Dart- 
 moor Forest. 
 
 Black Down, a hill, Eng. , in the S. of the Totnes div. of 
 Devonshire, about 10 m. W. Dartmouth. 
 
 Black Down, a hill, Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , 5 m. WSW. 
 Dorchester. Height, 790 ft. 
 
 Blackdown, part of eccles. par. , Dorsetshire. See Broad- 
 wlnsor. 
 
 Black Down Hills, an upland tract, Eng., on the border of 
 Devonshire and Somerset, to the S. of Wellington. 
 
 Black Dykes, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on the 
 N. B. R., 17-I m. W. by S. Carlisle. 
 
 Blacker, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3 m. NW. 
 Barnsley, PM.O. 
 
 Blackett Street, PMT.O., Eng., near Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 
 Blackfalds, stn., Canada, Alberta, on the Calgary and 
 Edmonton Rly., about 100 m. N. Calgary. 
 
 Blackfeet, a tribe of American Indians, Montana, on the 
 E. of the Rocky Mts. , between the Yellowstone and Missouri 
 Rivs., of Algonquin stock. Once a powerful and ferocious 
 tribe. 
 
 Black Fell, hill, Eng., in the W. of the Hexham div. of 
 Northumberland, 15 m. WNW. Hexham. 
 
 Blackiellows Creek, settlement, S. Australia, Taunton co. , 
 no m. NNE. Port Augusta. 
 
 Blackfoot, settlement, U.S., Idaho, Bingham co., 105 m. 
 NW. by N. from the SE. corner of the state. 
 
 Blackford, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Eskdale div. , 4 
 m. N. Carlisle, i m. NE. Rockliffe stn. P. <750. 
 
 Blackford, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 9 m. NE. Yeovil, 
 
 173 
 
B L AC 
 
 3^ m. WSW. Wincanton stn. P. <25o. See Comptou 
 Pnnucefoot. 
 
 Blackford In Wedniore, eccles. par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wells 
 div. , 8 m. NW. Glastonbury, P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Blackford, par. and vil., Scot., W. Perthshire, on Allan 
 Water, 8 m. S. by E. Crieff, 4 m. SW. Auchterarder, on the 
 C. R. , PM.O. Par. 21,453 ac, P. <2ooo; vil. P. <75o. 
 
 Blackford, co. , U.S., Indiana, midway between 40^ and 41° 
 N., and W^ of85° W. 
 
 Blackford Bridge, PMT. O. , Eng. , Lancashire, 2 m. from 
 Bury. 
 
 Blackfordby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Bosworth div., 10 
 m. NNW. Bosworth, i^ m. NE. by N. Moira stn. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Blackford Hill, stn., Scot., Midlothian, on N, B. R., on 
 the S. border of the pari, burgh of Edinburgh. 
 
 Black Forest, German, Schwarzwald (name derived from 
 the dark forests of firs and pines), a mt. range in SW. Germany, 
 to the E. of the valley of the Middle Rhine, stretching (from 
 47i~49° N. lat.) 98 m. from SSW. to NNE. It belongs chiefly 
 to Baden, but some of its eastern parts lie in Wiirtemberg. 
 The mountains of the B. F. are broad masses with rounded 
 summits, separated from one another by deeply cut valleys, and 
 covered with pines, firs, and other conifers up to 3800 ft. On 
 the W. side the range slopes steeply down to the Rhine valley, 
 whilst the E. parts merge almost imperceptibly into the plains 
 of Swabia. Orographically analogous to the B. F. are the 
 Vosges [q. V. ). The valley of the Kinzig separates the B. F. 
 into two distinct and well-defined parts, the southern having 
 more prominent mountains, and covering a larger area than the 
 northern, which is lower, and presents at many places a plateau- 
 like appearance. In the southern half the most important 
 mountains are the Feldberg (4900 ft.) and the Belchen (4640 ft.), 
 whilst the highest point of the northern div. is the Hornisgrinde 
 (3820 ft.). Geologically, the B. F. consists of gneiss, granite, and 
 Triassic sandstone (' Buntsandstein ') ; porphyry is also met with 
 at many places. During the glacial period the B. F. region was 
 covered with enormous glaciers, much larger than the present 
 glaciers of the Alps. Vestiges of this period are to be found in 
 a number of small lakes at high elevations (Feld-, Mammel-, 
 Wild-, Schluch-, Titi-See), the presence of which is due to the 
 action of the glaciers. For rainfall and climate, see Baden. 
 Valuable minerals are found in many localities : silver, copper, 
 and lead occur in the Kinzig and Miinster valleys ; iron is found 
 near Freudenstadt, Kandern, and Neuenbiirg ; coal near Offen- 
 burg ; and salt near Diirrheim. Mineral waters occur at various 
 places, the springs of Baden-Baden and Wildbad being specially 
 celebrated. Timber constitutes the chief wealth of the B. F. : 
 saw-mills are very numerous, and large quantities of timber are 
 floated down the Rhine and Neckar. In the southern parts a 
 special industry is flourishing, viz. , the manufacture of clocks 
 and musical instruments, of which more than 2,000,000 are 
 annually exported to all parts of the globe. Two railway lines 
 are of great strategical and commercial importance : first, the 
 Black Forest Rly. , which follows the valley of the Kinzig, and 
 crosses the whole B. F. , connecting Wiirtemberg with S. 
 Baden; and, secondly, the Hollenthal Rly., more to the S., 
 following the valley of the Dreisam, and connecting Freiburg 
 with Neustadt. These lines are the most picturesque railways 
 of the German Empire, the dists. through which they run being 
 celebrated for their grand scenery. [H. £. S.] 
 
 Black Friars, par. , Eng. , Leicester co. and Union. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Blackfiriars (or College), eccles. par., Scot., Lanarkshire, 
 in Glasgow City. Par. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Blackft-Iars, stn., Eng., London, on the Metropolitan Rly. 
 (Inner Circle), adjoining the bridge of the same name. 
 
 Blackgang Chine, a small, deep, and narrow valley, Eng. , 
 Isle of Wight, I m. NW. by W. St. Catherine's. 
 
 Blackball, stn. , Scot. , Mid Lanarkshire, on the N. B. R. , 
 5I m. E. by N. Wishaw. 
 
 Blackball, vil. , Scot., Midlothian, 2| m. W.by N. Edin- 
 burgh, close to Craigleith stn., P.O. 
 
 Black Hall Mill, P.O. , Eng. , Durham, 4 m. Shotley Bridge. 
 
 Blackball Point, cape, U.S., Connecticut, on the E. side 
 of the mouth of the Connecticut R. 
 
 Black Hawk, tn., U.S., Colorado, Gilpin co., 25 m. W. by 
 N. Denver, with gold and silver mines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Blackhavrk, co. , U.S., Iowa, between 42° and 43° N. , and 
 W. of 92° W. 
 
 Black Head, two capes, Eng., S. ct. Cornwall, one in 4° 45' 
 W. , near St. Austell, the other 7 m. ENE. Lizard Head. 
 
 Black Head, cape. Ire., E. ct. Antrim, in 54° 48' N. 
 
 Blackbead, or Bally vagban, bay. Ire., NW. co. Clare, in 
 the SE. of Galway Bay. 
 
 Black Head, fishing settlement, Newfoundland, on NW. 
 side of Conception Bay. 
 
 Blackbead Bay, in the E. of Newfoimdland, off Bonavista 
 Bay, in 48° 30' N. 
 
 Blackbeatb, an open common and suburb of London, 
 Eng., CO. Kent, Lewisham and Greenwich divs., 5 m. SE. 
 174 
 
 by E. of St. Paul's, on the SE. R., with another stn. (B. Hill) 
 on the L. C. & D. R.; contains Morden College, founded for 
 decayed merchants in the Levant trade by Sir J. Morden, Bart, 
 in 1695. It is crossed by the Roman Watling Street, and was 
 the scene of several insurrectionary movements, including those 
 of Wat Tyler and Cade. 
 
 Blackbeatb, a large elevated tract of heath, Eng. , Surrey, 
 from 3 to 5 m. SE. Guildford ; P.O. i m. from Chilworth. 
 
 Blackbeatb, P. O. , Eng. , Esse.x, 3 m. from Colchester. 
 
 Blackbeatb, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, near 
 Dudley, PMT.O. P. 9000. See KoMley Regis. 
 
 Blackbeatb, post-tn. and rly. stn. , New South Wales, Cook 
 CO., 58 m. W. by N. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Black Heddon, par., Eng., Northumberland, He.xham div., 
 10 m. SW. by W. Morpeth, 5 m. S. Angerton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Blackblll, vil., Eng., Durham, i m. W. Shotley Bridge, 
 with blast-furnaces, with stn. (B. and Consett), on NE. R., 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Blackblll, eccles. par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, chiefly in the 
 civil par. of Peterhead. P. < 1500. 
 
 Black Hill, eccles. par. , Eng. , Durham, in the N. of the NW. 
 div., 12 m. SW. by W. Newcastle, i m. S. Shotley Bridge 
 stn. P. <45oo. 
 
 Blackblll, place. Ire. , NE. co. Londonderry, bar. Coleraine, 
 7 m. S. Coleraine, 2 m. W. Aghadowey stn., P.O. 
 
 Blacklillls, hamlet, Scot., Aberdeenshire, 4 m. from Peter- 
 head, P.O. 
 
 Black Hills, mt. range, U.S., in the SW. of S. Dakota 
 and the NE. of Wyoming, near parallel 44° N., and between 
 103° and 105° W.; covered with forests of magnificent pine- 
 trees and rich in minerals, including gold, tin, iron, coal, and 
 lead. [United States, Minerals.] 
 
 Black Island, an isl. in Lake Winnipeg, Canada, Manitoba, 
 crossed by 51° 10' N. , with deposits of iron ore. 
 
 Black Islands, small isls. , Ire. , in Lough Ree, SW. of co. 
 Longford. 
 
 Black Lake, lake, U.S., New York, St. Lawrence co., in 
 the W., no m. W. Burlington (Vt.), traversed by Indian R., 
 which drains it N. into the Oswegatchie R. 
 
 Blackland, part of eccles. par., Eng. See Calstone 
 Wellington. 
 
 Blacklands, settlement, Canada, New Bnmswick, Resti- 
 gouche CO. , 10 m. from Dalhousie. 
 
 Black Lane, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire, Radcliffe div. , on the 
 L. & Y. R., 2 m. SW. by W. Bury, PM.O. 
 
 Blaclilai^, rat. , Scot. , on the SE. border of Dumfriesshire, 
 8^ m. WSW. Sanquhar. Alt. 2231 ft. 
 
 Blacklaw, hamlet, Scot., Banffshire, 3 m. from Aber- 
 chirder, P.O. 
 
 Blackley, par., Eng., Lancashire, Prestwich div., 3 J m. 
 NNE. Manchester, i^ m. W. Moston stn. P. 7300. 
 
 Black Lion, tn. , Ire. , NW. co. Cavan, bar. Tullyhaw, 10^ 
 m. WSW. Enniskillen, PMT.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Black Locb, small lake, Scot., Renfrewshire, 8 m. S. by E. 
 Paisley, drained NE. into White Cart R. 
 
 Blacklow iiill, Eng., co. and i^ m. N. Warwick. A 
 stone cross here marks the spot where Piers Gaveston, favourite 
 of Edward II., was beheaded by the barons in 1312. 
 
 Blackmanstone, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 6^ m. 
 SW. by W. Hythe, 3 m. N. by E. New Romney stn. See 
 Dymchnrcb. 
 
 Black Mill, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, on the SE. border 
 of the Mid div., on the G. W. R., 13 m. SE. by E. Neath, 
 with coal-mines, PM.O. 
 
 Blackmoor, eccles. par., Eng., E. Hampshire, Selbome 
 par. P. <75o. 
 
 Blackmore, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 7J m. WSW. 
 Chelmsford, 3I m'. NW. by W. Ingatestone stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Black Mountains, in the NW. of India, on W. frontier of 
 Hazara dist. . Punjab, between 34° 25' and 34° 35' N. , to the 
 W. of a 1. bk. trib. of the Indus flowing through the KdjAn 
 valley and joining the main river to the N. of Amb. 
 
 Black Mouutalus, U.S. See Appalacblan Mts. ; B. I. 
 
 Blackness, ct. hamlet, Scot., Linlithgowshire, on the S. 
 shore of the Firth of Forth, 3^ m. NE. by E. Linlithgow, 2 m. 
 N. Philipsioim stn. Its old castle is one of the four kept up 
 by the Articles of Union. James I. and Charles I. made it a 
 state prison. 
 
 Black Xotley, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., near Brain- 
 tree. P<75o. 
 
 Blackplll, rly. stn. , Wales, Glamorganshire, on the ct. , 2 m. 
 N. Mumbles, PM.O. 
 
 Black Point (Polnte Noire), seapt., W. Africa, French 
 Congo Terr. , 4° 45' S. 
 
 Blackpool, mun. bor. and seapt.-tn., Eng., W. ct. Lan- 
 cashire, B. div., 8 m. S. by W. Fleetwood, on the L. & Y. R., 
 with a lifeboat. It is a sea-bathing place, with a theatre, winter- 
 garden, piers, promenade, and public park, &c. Visited by 
 hundreds of thousands of people during the summer. Mun. 
 
B L AC 
 
 bor. incorporated January 1876, area extended 1879. P. (1881) 
 14,200; (1891) 23,800; pari. div. P. 73,000. 
 
 BInckpool, a suburb of Cork, Ire. 
 
 Black Prince's Cbautry, par., Eng., Kent, Canterbury 
 Union. P. <;25o. 
 
 Blackratli, par.. Ire., co. and 3 m. NE. Kilkenny, bar. 
 Gowran ; 1758 ac. P. <:500. 
 
 Black Rath, Ire. , SE. , co. Kildare. See Athgarvau. 
 
 Blackrldge, vil. , Scot., Linlithgowshire, on Barbauchlaw 
 Burn, 8 m. S. Falkirk, close to Westcraigs stn., P.O. 
 
 Black River, vil., Canada, Quebec, Lotbiniere co. , on a 
 trib. of Beaurivage R., 21 m. SW. by S. Quebec. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Black River, riv. , Canada, Quebec, flows S. then W. to the 
 Yamaska. 
 
 Black River, riv. , Ire. , forms part of the boundary between 
 CO. Mayo and co. Galway, and flows into Lough Corrib. 
 
 Black River, vil., Jamaica, Cornwall co., on the S. ct. , at 
 the mouth of the Black R. , 32 m. S. Montego Bay, in -j-f 52' W. 
 
 Black River, post-tn., Tasmania, co. Wellington, 45 m. 
 NNW. Waratah. 
 
 Black River, Tongking. See Ile-ho. 
 
 Black River, U.S., New York, in the NE. , rises by two 
 branches in the E. of Herkimer co. , and flows WSW. , NNW., 
 then W. into the E. end of Lake Ontario, through B. R. Bay. 
 
 Black River Falls, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Jackson co., on 
 Black R., 122 m. ESE. St. Paul (Minn.). P. <3000. 
 
 Black (or West) Road River, Canada, Brit. Columbia, flows 
 on the whole E. , entering the Eraser R. in about 53° 40' N. 
 
 BInckrock, tn.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Cork, 2^ m. SE. 
 Cork, on the Cork, Blackrock, and Passage Rly., PMT.O. B. 
 Castle is one of the lighthouses of Cork Harbour. P. <75o. 
 
 Black Rock, tp.. Ire., co. Dublin, on Dublin Bay, bar. 
 Rathdown, 2 m. WNW. Kingstown, on the Kingstown Rly. ; 
 a bathing-resort. P. 8000. 
 
 Black Rock, tn.. Ire., E. ct. co. Louth, bar. Upper Dun- 
 dalk, 3 m. SSE. Dundalk; a bathing-resort, PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Blackrock, isl. , Ire. , off W. ct. co. Mayo, with a lighthouse, 
 in 54° 4' N., visible at 22 m. 
 
 Black Rock, small islet. Ire., in the E. of Sligo Bay, with a 
 lighthouse visible 13 ra. 
 
 Black Rock, islet. Ire., off the SE. ct. of co. Wexford, 3 m. 
 WSW. Carnsore Point. 
 
 Blackrock, settlement, S. Australia, Dalhousie co. , 62 m. 
 ESE. Port Augusta, on the Great Northern Line. 
 
 Blackrock, P.O., 2 m. from Brynmawr (Brecknockshire). 
 
 Black-Rock Desert, or Mud Lakes, tract of barren low- 
 lying land, U.S., Nevada, nearly 1000 sq. m. in area, N. of 
 Pyramid Lake. 
 
 Black Rock Raugc, mts., U.S., Nevada, Humboldt co., in 
 the NW., trending about 75 m. NNE. from the N. side of 
 B. R. Desert. 
 
 Blackrod, par. and vil., Eng., Lancashire, W. Houghton 
 div., 3^ m. NNE. Wigan, on the L. & Y. R. P. <45oo. 
 
 Blacks, New Zealand. See Opiiir. 
 
 Blacksboat, stn., Scot., Banffshire, on the G. N. of S. R. , 
 i4i m. S. by W. Elgin, P.O. 
 
 Blacksbnrg, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, York co., 80 m. NNW. 
 Columbia. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Blacksbnrg, vil, U.S., Virginia, Montgomery co., 165 m. 
 W. by S. Richmond, 74 m. W. by S. Lynchburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Black or Euxlne Sea [Pontus Euxinus), a great inland sea 
 between Europe and Asia, surrounded by Russia, Caucasia, 
 Asiatic and European Turkey, Bulgaria and Roumania, and 
 communicating by the Strait of Yenikale or Kerch (ancient Cim- 
 merian Bosporus) with the Sea of Azov on the NE. , and by the 
 Bosporus with the Sea of Marmora in the SW. The shores of 
 the Euxine are bold and high on the NE. , E. , and SW. , but 
 flat on the N. and NW. The loo-fathom line generally 
 keeps close to the shore, except in the NW., where the whole 
 of the area between the Crimea and the Roumanian and N. 
 Bulgarian shores is below that depth. The depth then increases 
 somewhat rapidly to 800 fathoms, then slowly to an oval sur- 
 rounded by the 1200-fathom line, within which 1219 and 1227 
 fathoms are the greatest depths yet sounded. Owing to the 
 large influx of fresh water from the Danube, Dniester, Bug, 
 Dnieper, Don (through the Sea of Azov), besides smaller Euro- 
 pean rivers, as well as the additional supplies furnished by the 
 Kur, Kizil-Irmak, Sakaria, and other Asiatic rivers, the surface 
 waters may be described as brackish. The density varies from 
 1. 01206 to 1. 01372, gradually increasing to i. 01678 at the depth 
 of 100 fathoms, and 1.01721 at 900 fathoms. The distribution 
 of temperature is very remarkable. The upper layer, about 25 
 fathoms in thickness, varies in temperature with the seasons. 
 Then next comes a lower of colder water, below which the tem- 
 perature gradually rises to 48° F. at 100 fathoms, below which 
 that temperature i§ constant. This seems to prove that the 
 vertical circulation of the water in the sea is confined to the 
 upper 100 fathoms or so, a consequence probably of the nature 
 of the horizontal circulation. A surface current constantly runs 
 out through the Bosporus with a maximum velocity in the 
 
 middle of about 6\ feet per second, or about 4^ m. an hour, 
 and this is balanced by an inflowing current of salt water, the 
 upper part of which at the E. end of the strait is at a depth of 
 about 27 fathoms, at Constantinople only 11 fathoms. The 
 lower layers contain a large amount of dissolved sulphuretted 
 hydrogen, but a great lack of dissolved oxygen, in consequence 
 of which organic life is restricted to the upper 100 fathoms. In 
 the ooze at depths of 100 to 600 fathoms, remains of Caspian 
 brackish-water mussels have been discovered, which, with other 
 circumstances, seems to indicate that at the close of the Pliocene 
 period, the Black Sea was part of a vast inland sea of brackish 
 water. The Black Sea has no perceptible tide ; it is liable to 
 frequent storms, such as are generally met with in great lakes 
 and enclosed seas ; but its navigation is so far from being very 
 dangerous, as formerly represented, that probably no sea of 
 equal extent is more safe. It has neither islands, rocks, nor 
 reefs in the tracks of navigation, and has excellent anchorage. 
 The freezing of the Black Sea even near its shores is exceptional 
 [Odessa], but, according to P. de Tchihatchef, there are seven- 
 teen instances recorded in history of its total or partial congela- 
 tion — total in 762 A.D. {Bospkore et Constantinople, pp. 268- 
 318). Greatest length, 715 m. ; greatest breadth, 380 m. ; area 
 (according to Strelbitsky), 163,700 sq. m. See Geog. Jour. , 1893, 
 pp. 49-51; Scot. Geog. Mag., 1887, pp. 77-80; Petermann's 
 Mitteil., 1891, pp. 33-7, and plate 3. 
 
 Blacksliear, vil., U.S., Georgia, Pierce co., 86 m. SW. by 
 W. Savannah. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blackslilels, hamlet, Scot., Haddingtonshire, PMT.O. See 
 Fala and B. 
 
 Blacksknll, place, Ire., co. Down, 5 m. from Dromore, P.O. 
 
 Black Snake, settlement, Queensland, Lennox co. , on B. S. 
 Creek, 170 m. N. by W. Brisbane ; copper-mine near. 
 
 Blacksod, bay. Ire., W. ct. co. Mayo, lighthouse visible 10 m. 
 
 Blacksod Point, cape. Ire., Mayo, at the entrance to B. Bay. 
 
 Blacks Point, post-tn., New Zealand, South I., 51 m. from 
 Greymouth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blackstalrs, mt., Ire., in the W. of co. Wexford, 9 m. NW. 
 by W. Enniscorthy. Height, 2409 ft. 
 
 Blackstalrs, mt. range. Ire., between cos. Carlow and 
 Wexford. Mount Leinster, the highest point, is 2610 ft. 
 
 Blackston, stn. , Scot. , Stirlingshire, on the N. B. R. , on the 
 Avon, 5 m. SSE. Falkirk. 
 
 Blackstone, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co. , 23 m. 
 SE. by S. Worcester, on B. River. P. 6100. 
 
 Blackstone Edge, hill, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding and 
 Lancashire, 7 m. SW. by W. Halifax. Mean rainfall (1866- 
 80) J 2 in. Height, 1428 ft. 
 
 Blackstone River, U.S., Massachusetts, rises jn Worcester 
 CO., flows SE. into Rhode I., and enters Narragansett Bay. 
 Below the town of Pawtucket it receives the name of Pawtucket 
 R. Length about 75 m. 
 
 Black Sturgeon, riv., Canada, Ontario, passing through 
 several lakes enters Black Bay in Lake Superior. 
 
 Blackstown, vil., Scot., co. Renfrew, 2 m. NW. Paisley. 
 P. <500. 
 
 Blackthorn, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., loj 
 m. SW. by S. Buckingham, •z\ m. SE. Bicester. P. <5oo. See 
 Ambrosden. 
 
 ,, Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 m. E. Goole, 3 m. ESE. Laxton stn. , 
 
 Blacktoft, par., Eni 
 div., on the Humber, 5; 
 PT.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Black Torrlngton, 
 
 Hatherleigh. P. <75o. 
 Blackto'tvn, post-tp. 
 21 m. WNW. Sydney, 
 
 par., Eng., Devonshire, 6 m. NW. 
 
 New South Wales, Cumberland co. , 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Blackvllle, ppst-settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, Nor- 
 thumberland CO., on the Miramichi R., 73 m. NE. by E. 
 Fredericton. 
 
 Blackvllle, vil., U.S., S. Carolina, Barnwell co., ,\i m. E. 
 by S. Augusta (Ga. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Blackvi-all, dist. , Eng., London, Middlesex, Tower Hamlets 
 bor., 4 m. E. St. Paul's, at the confluence of the Lea and the 
 Thames, on the G. E. R., and the G. N. R. Here are the East 
 and West India docks. 
 
 Black Warrior River, U.S. , Alabama, formed by the union 
 of two rivers near the S. extremity of Walker co. ; it flows SW. , 
 and enters Tombigbee R. about 2 m. above Demopolis. Navig- 
 able for steamboats up to Tuscaloosa. Length about 175 m. 
 
 Blackvvater, rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, Ontario co. , 40 m. 
 NNE. Toronto. 
 
 Blackvvatcr, place, Eng., Cornwall, Camborne and Truro 
 divs., 5i m. W. by N. Truro, close to Chacewater stn., P.O. 
 
 Biackvvater, vil., Eng., Hampshire, on the NE. border of 
 the Basingstoke div., on the Biackvvater R. (trib. of the 
 Loddon), 5 m. N. by W. Aldershot, on the SE. R., PMT.O. 
 See Arretou. 
 
 Biackvvater, hamlet, Eng. ,. Isle of Wight, on the Medina, \\ 
 m. S. by E. Newport, on the Isle of Wight Central Rly., P.O. 
 
 Biackvvater, riv. , Eng. , Essex. It rises in the N W. of the 
 CO., where it is known as the Pant, and flows on the whole 
 
 175 
 
BLAC — BLAI 
 
 ESE. past Braintree, until it reaches Coggeshall, where it turns 
 S. , and flows to Maldon, where it forms an estuary, which opens 
 eastwards into the North Sea. 
 
 Blackwater, riv., Eng., co. Dorset, rises near Cranbrook, 
 and enters the Stour, near Christ Church, Hants. 
 
 Blacktvater, vil., Ire., E. co. Wexford, bar. Ballaghkeen, 9 
 m. N. by E. North Wexford, li m. NW. Blackwater Harbour, 
 P.O. ^ 
 
 Blackwater, riv., Ire., rises in the SW. of co. Tyrone, and 
 flows E., SE. (past Aughnacloy), and NE. (past Benburb and 
 Charlemont) into the SW. of Lough Neagh. It forms the 
 boundary between cos. Tjrrone and Armagh, and part of that 
 between cos. Tyrone and Monaghan. See Ulster Canal. 
 
 Blackwater, riv. , Ire. , in the SW. of co. Cork, rises about 
 16 m. NE. Killarney, flows first S., then E. to Cappoquin, 
 where it turns abruptly S. , and enters the sea at Youghall after 
 a course estimated at 104 m. Navigable up to Cappoquin. 
 Tlie towns of Mallow, Fermoy, Lismore, and Youghal are on 
 its banks. 
 
 Blackwater, riv., Scot., Banffshire. See Deyeron. 
 
 Blackwater, riv., Scot., Perthshire and Forfarshire, flows 
 SE. through the narrow vale of Glenshee in the E. of Perth- 
 shire, and unites with the Ardle to form the Ericht, about 8 m. 
 NW. by N. Coupar-Angus. 
 
 Blackwater Bridge, hamlet. Ire., co. Kerry, on riv. B., 8 
 m. from Kenmare, P.O. 
 
 Blackwater Foot, hamlet, Scot., I. of Arran, on the W. ct., 
 9 m. SW. by W. Brodick, P.O. 
 
 Blackwatertown, tn., Ire., NW. co. Armagh, bar. Armagh, 
 on R. Blackwater, 5 m. NNW. Armagh, PT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Blackivell, stn. , Eng. , Worcestershire, on the M. R. , 2 m. 
 from Bromsgrove, between Birmingham and Worcester. 
 
 Blackwell, par., Eng., Derbyshire, 3 m. SW. Tideswell. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Blackwell, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div., 6 m. W. by 
 S. Mansfield, on the M. R., PM.O. P. < 3500. 
 
 Blackwell, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., on the 1. bk. of 
 the Tees, i^ m. SW. Darlington. P. <5oo. 
 
 Blackwell, rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, Lambton co., on 
 Grand Trunk Rly., 5 m. E. Samia. 
 
 Blackwell's Island, U.S., part of New York city, lying in 
 East R. , with numerous handsome public buildings. 
 
 Blackwood, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, W, 
 div., on the L. & NW. R. (Tredegar branch), 7 m. WSW. 
 Pontypool, with coal-mines, PMT.O. See Bed'wellty. 
 
 Blackwood, vil., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, 5^ m. W. Lanark, 
 on the C. R. See Sonthfield. P. <7So. 
 
 Blackwood, post-tn. and rly. stn., S. Australia, Adelaide 
 CO., 5 m. S. by E. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blackwood, post-tp., Victoria, Bourke co., 30 m. E. by 
 N. Ballarat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blackwood, post-stn. , W. Australia, Sussex co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Blackwood, 165 m. S. by W. Perth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blackwood, riv., in the SW. of W. Australia, flows SW. 
 then S. into Flinders Bay, a little to the E. of Cape Leeuwin. 
 It traverses a well- wooded and good grazing country, and is 
 navigable for boats 25 m. from the sea. 
 
 Blackwoodblll Dam. See Goln, Locb. 
 
 Blacon-cnm-Crabhall, par., Eng., Cheshire, 2 m. SW. 
 Chester, stn. (Blacon) on the Cheshire Lines Rly. P. <500. 
 
 Blad-el-Jerld. See Beled-nl-Jerid. 
 
 Bladen, co. , U. S. , N. Carolina, E. of 79° W. , and S. of 35° 
 N. , traversed by Cape Fear R. 
 
 Bladenocb, riv. , Scot. , Wigtownshire, in the E. , issues from 
 Loch Maberry, and flows on the whole SE. till it enters Wig- 
 town Bay at Wigtown. , 
 
 Bladenocta, vil., Scot., Wigtownshire, 4^ m. W. by N. 
 Wigtown, P.O. (Bladnoch). 
 
 Bladensborg, vil., U.S., Maryland, Prince George's co., on 
 the E. branch of the Potomac, 6 m. NE. Washington ; the 
 scene (August 24, 1814) of the battle between the British and 
 Americans, which resulted in the capture of Washington by the 
 British. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bladen Springs, vil., U.S., Alabama, Choctaw co., 118 m. 
 WSW. of Montgomery. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bladlngton, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire. See Bledlngton. 
 
 Bladon, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., on the 
 Glyme, i^ m. S. by E. Woodstock, P.O. P. <5oo ; eccles. par. 
 (B. witb >Vood8tock) P. <25oo. 
 
 Bladworth, settlement and rly. stn., Canada, Assiniboia, 
 about 90 m. NW. Regina. 
 
 Blaen, Cymric, ' river source. ' 
 
 Blaenau (or Blalnan) Festlnlog (or Ffestiniog), eccles. 
 par. and tn., Wales, Merionethshire, 9 m. ENE. Portmadoc, 
 3 m. N, Festiniog, with branch terminal stns. of the L. & N W. R. 
 and G. W. R. , and two stns. (B. F. and DnflTws, the latter ter- 
 minal) of the 2 feet gauge Festiniog rly. , constructed for the 
 conveyance of slate from the extensive quarries to which the 
 town owes it rise. P. 7700. 
 
 Blaenavou, tn. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, N. div. , on the Avon, 
 17ti 
 
 4^ m. SW. Abergavenny, on the G. W. and L. & NW. Rlys., 
 with coal-mines, PMT.O. P. 11,500; eccles. par. (B. with 
 Capel Xewydd) P. 11,400. 
 
 Blaenclydacta, place, Wales, near Pontypridd, i m. from 
 Clydach Vale, PM.O. 
 
 Blaengwaltbnoab, hamlet, Wales, Pembrokeshire, 13 ni. 
 NE. by E. Pembroke, 3 m. SE. by E. Narberth stn. 
 
 Blaeng'tvrach, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div., on 
 the Neath, 9^ m. NE. by E. Neath, i m. NE. Glyn Neath stn. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Blaen Gwynfy, stn. , Wales, Glamorganshire, on Rhondda 
 branch of Taff Vale Rly. , 8 m. WSW. Merthyr Tydfil. 
 
 Blaen-bonddan, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div., 2 
 m. N. Neath. P. <3000. 
 
 Blaenllecba, place, Wales, Glamorganshire, near Ponty- 
 pridd, I m. from Femdale stn., PM.O. 
 
 Blaenpenal, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, on R. Aeron, 4 
 m. NW. Tregaron ; 4231 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Blaenportb, ct. par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 5^ m. ENE. 
 Cardigan. P. <:75o. 
 
 Blaen-Rbondda, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, on the 
 Rhondda branch of the Taff Vale Rly. , near Treherbert stn. 
 
 Blaen-y-Ffos, place, Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3 m. from Crym- 
 mych Arms, PM.O. 
 
 Blagdon, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wells div. , 10 m. SW. by S. 
 Bristol, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Blagdon, vil., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 5 m. S. 
 Taunton, P.O. 
 
 Blagdon Hill, Eng., Somerset, 12 m. N. Tiverton. 
 
 Blaglll, place, Eng., Cumberland, in the E. of the Penrith 
 div. , xj\ ra. NE. Penrith, with lead- mines. 
 
 Blagodat, mt., Russia, Urals, govt, and 127 m. ENE. of 
 Perm, near Kushva rly. stn. Alt. 1260 ft. Contains rich ores 
 of magnetic iron, and a group of important Crown iron-works 
 (Gorobl^odat dist.) is scattered round it, KnsbTlusk being 
 the chief. P. of dist. over 50,000. 
 
 Blagoryesbcbensk, tn. , E. Siberia, cap. of the Amur prov. , 
 2 m. above the confluence of the Amur with the Zeya, 1014 m. E. 
 of Chita (5035 m. from Moscow). It was founded in 1858, and 
 is now the seat of administration for the prov. and the Amur 
 Cossacks, as well as an entrepot for the gold-mines on the 
 upper Zejra, Regular steamer communication with Sryetensk 
 in Transbaikalia, Nikolaievsk, at the mouth of the Amur, and 
 Lake Khangka, in the basin of the upper Usuri. Alt. 361 ft. ; 
 mean temp., yr. 32.1° F., Jan. -13.4°, July 72.8°. P. (1873) 
 3385; (1889) 20,212. 
 
 Blalch, vil. , Scot. , Argyllshire, on the S. shore of Loch Eil. 
 4i m. WNW. Fort William. 
 
 Blaln, tn., France, dep. Loire Inf^rieure, arr. St. Nazaire, 
 21 m. NNW. Nantes, vrith zinc-mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Blalna, viL , Eng. , Monmouthshire, W. div. , on the G. W. R. , 
 6J m. NW. Pontypool, PMT.O., with coal-mines and blast- 
 furnaces. 
 
 Blalnan Festiniog, tn. , Wales. See Blaenan F. 
 
 Blaine, co., U.S., Nebraska, crossed in the N. by 42° N., 
 and in the middle by 100° W. 
 
 Blaine, city, U.S. , Washington, Whatcom co. , in the extreme 
 NW. of the state. P. <20oo. 
 
 Blair, Blar, Gaelic, ' a plain.' 
 
 Blair, city, U.S., Nebraska, Washington co., 20 m. NW. by 
 N. Omaha. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Blair, CO., U.S., Pennsylvania, W. of 78° W., crossed by 
 40F N. 
 
 Blalradam, hamlet, Scot. , Kinross-shire, on the N. B. R. , 
 7 m. NNE. Dunfermline, PMT.O., with coal-mines. 
 
 Blair Atbole, par. and vil., Scot., W. Perthshire, on the 
 Garry, 15 m. ENE. of the foot of Loch Rannoch, on H. R., 
 PMT.O. Par. 181,114 ac, P. <2ooo; vil. (B. A. and Bridge of 
 Tilt) P. < 500. 
 
 Blalrderry Moss, dist. , Scot. , Wigtovmshire, in the S. , about 
 5 m. NE. of the head of Luce Bay. 
 
 Blairdrnnunond, P.O., Scot., Perthshire, 2 m. from Doune. 
 
 Blairgowrie, par. and tn. , Scot. , E. Perthshire, 4 m. NW. 
 Coupar-Angus, on the Ericht, which supplies abundant water- 
 power to flax and other mills; stn. on the C. R. Par. 15,303 
 ac. , P. <5ooo, tn. P. <4coo. 
 
 Blairlngone, eccles. par., Scot., Perthshire, i^ m. ESE. 
 Dollar, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Blairlogle, vil., Scot., Perthshire, 3 m. NE. Stirling, \\ m. 
 W. Menstriestn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Blalrmore and Strone, watering-place, Scot., Argyllshire, 
 on the SW. of Loch Long, 6\ m. W. Helensburgh, PMT.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Blair's Falls, settlement, Canada, Ontario, on Parry Sound, 
 62 m. N. by E. CoUingwood. 
 
 Blalrs^Smithy, P.O., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 3 m. from Cults. 
 
 BlalrstOT^Ti, vil., U.S., Iowa, Benton co., 23 m. W. by S. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blalrsvllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Indiana co., on the 
 Kiskiminetas R., 39 ra. E. Pittsburg. P. < 4000. 
 
B L A I 
 
 B L A N 
 
 Blairton, vil., Canada, Ontario, Peterborough cc, 64 m. 
 W. by N. Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blalsdon, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div. , 
 8 m. W. Gloucester, 2 m. WNW. Grange Court stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Blaise, riv., France, dep. Haute- Marne, trib. Marne. 
 
 Blalsols, former div. of France in Orl6annais, of which 
 Blois was cap., now forming a great part of dep. Loir- 
 et-Cher. 
 
 Blaltbvralte, VUgb, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 
 on the Maryport and Carlisle Rly. , 9 m. ENE. Maryport.- 
 
 Blake, settlement, U.S., Florida, Volusia co., on a lagoon 
 on the E. ct. , 90 m. S. by E. of the mouth of St. John's R. 
 
 Blakedovrn, part of eccles. par., Eng., Worcestershire, on 
 the G. W. R. See Cliarclilll. 
 
 Blake Hall, stn., Eng., Essex, Epping div., on the G. E. 
 R., 9 m. N. by E. Romford. 
 
 Blakely, or Port Blakely, seapt., U.S., Washington, on 
 an island in Puget Sound to the W. of Seattle ; mean rainfall 
 (9 yrs. ), 46.4 in. P. <:i50o. 
 
 Blakely, vil., U.S., Georgia, Early co., 80 m. NW. by N. 
 Tallahassee (Florida). P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Blakely, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lackawanna co. , 7 m. 
 by rail NE. Scranton, with anthracite coal-mines. P. <30oo. 
 
 Blakemere, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div., 10 
 m. W. Hereford, 2 ra. NE. Peterchurch stn. P. <250. See 
 Preston-on-Wye. 
 
 Blakemore, or White Hart Forest, Eng. , co. Dorset, is a 
 large tract in the N. and W. parts of the county. 
 
 Blakeney, eccles. par. and vil. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Forest 
 of Dean div., 11 m. ESE, Monmouth, ij m. W, Awre stn., 
 PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Blakeney, par. and seapt., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., on the 
 N. ct., 12 m. W. by N. Cromer, 5 m. NW. by N. Holt stn., 
 PMT.O. P. < 1000; eccles. par. (B. with Cockthorp® and 
 Glandford) P. <iooo. 
 
 Blakenliall, P.O., Eng., Staffordshire, i m. E. Bloxwich. 
 
 Blakcuhiill, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 6 m. SE. 
 by E. Nantwich, 2 m. S. Betley Road stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Blakentaall Heath, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, near 
 Wolverhampton. P. 5300. 
 
 Blakeuhnm, Great, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , 
 3I m. SE. Needham Market, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Blakenham, Little, par., Eng., Suffolk, 5 m. SE. Needham 
 Market. P. <:25o; eccles. par. (B., Little, with Nettle- 
 stead) P. <:25o. 
 
 Blakesley, par. and vil., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 10 m. SW. by W. Northampton, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Blake Street, stn. , Eng. , on the N. border of Warwickshire, 
 on the L. & NW. R. , 3 m. N. Sutton Coldfield. 
 
 BlAmont, tn., France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, arr. and 17 
 m. E. Lun^ville. P. <20oo. 
 
 Blanc, French ; Blanco, Spanish ; Bianco, Italian ; Branco, 
 Portuguese; Blank, German, 'white.' 
 
 Blanc, le, tn. , France, dep. Indre, on the Creuse, arr. Le B. , 
 34 m. E. Poitiers, with woollen and other manufactures, formerly 
 a stronghold of the prov. of Berry. Mean rainfall, yr. 28 in. P. 
 5100. 
 
 Blanca, tn., Spain, prov. and 20 m. NW. Murcia. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Blancafort, vil., France, dep. Cher, 32 m. N. by E. Bourges, 
 connected with La Motte-Beuvron by a canal (the Canal de la 
 Sauldre), used to convey the marls of B. for the amelioration of 
 the Sologne. 
 
 Blaucliard, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Traill co., 37 m. 
 NW. by N. Fargo. 
 
 BlaiLcliardstowii, tn. , Ire., W. co. Dublin, bar. Castle- 
 knock, 5 m. WNW. Dublin, on the Midland Great Western 
 Rly., PMT.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Blanche Bay, at NE. end of Neu-Pommem (New Britain) 
 I. See Bismarck Archliielago. 
 
 Blauchester, vil., U.S., Ohio, Clinton co., 31 m. ENE. 
 Cincinnati. P. <i500. 
 
 Blanchetown, tp., S. Australia, Eyre co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Murray R. , 70 m. NE. by E. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blanchlaud, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, on the Derwent, 
 div. and 8| m. S. by E. Hexham, PMT.O. P. <500. 
 
 Blanch vllleskill, par.. Ire., co. and 5 m. SE. Kilkenny. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Blanco, Spanish, 'white.' See Blanc. It is the name of 
 numerous capes in different parts of the world, some of which 
 are mentioned below. 
 
 Blanco, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. George, 115 m. E. Swellen- 
 dani. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blanco, tn., Cuba, 225 m. ESE. Havana. 
 
 Blanco, seapt., I. of Haiti, N. ct., republic and 120 m. 
 NW. by N. Santo Domingo, in 70° 52' W. 
 
 Blanco, cape, Argentine Republic, E. ct. , govt. Santa Cru?,, 
 in about 47° 25' S. 
 177 
 
 Blanco, cape, W. Africa, Sahara, in 20° 47' N. ; first rounded 
 in modern times by Antonio Gonsalvez, a Portuguese, in 1443. 
 
 Blanco, cape, W. ct. Morocco, in 33" 8' N. 
 
 Blanco, co., U.S., Texas, crossed in the S. by 30° N., and 
 W. of98°W. 
 
 Blanco, cape, U.S., Oregon, in 42° 50' N. 
 
 Blanco, cape, in the NW. of Peru, in about 4° 20' S. 
 
 Blanco, cape, Tunis. See Ras al Ablad. 
 
 Blanco, Rio, riv. , Ecuador. See Esmeraldas, Rio. 
 
 Blanco Encalada, roadstead, Chile, prov. Antofagasta, on 
 the W. ct. , about 24° 25' S. 
 
 Bland, co. , NSW. , crossed by 34° S. and 148° E. 
 
 Bland, CO., U.S., Virginia, on the NW. frontier, crossed in 
 the E. by 81° W. 
 
 Blandfonl, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Lunenberg co. , 44 
 m. W. Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blandfbrd, post-tp. and rly. stn. , New South Wales, Bris- 
 bane CO., 43 m. S. Tamworth. The neighbourhood yields 
 silver, lead, and kerosine. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blandford, settlement, U.S., Massachusetts, Hampden co. , 
 18 m. W. by N. Springfield. 
 
 Blandford, St. Diary, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, on R. Stour, 
 \ m. S. Blandford Forum. P. < 500. 
 
 Blandford Forum, par., mun. bor., and market-tn., Eng., 
 Dorsetshire, N. div., near the ford called by the Romans 
 Trajectus Belaniensis, on the Stour, 13 m. NW. Poole, with 
 a stn. (Blandford) on the L. & SW. R.; once noted for its 
 lace, a manufacture now extinct. Market-days, W. and S. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Blandsfort, electoral div., Ire., Queen's co., dist. Bal- 
 linakill. 
 
 Blanefleld, vil. , Scot. , Stirlingshire, on the N. B. R. , 7J m. 
 NNE. Renfrew, PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Blanes, tn., Spain, prov. Gerona, at the mouth of the R. 
 Tordera, 20 m. S. by W, Gerona. P. < 5000. 
 
 Blaney, hamlet. Ire., N. co. Fermanagh, bar. Lurg, on 
 Lough Erne, 7 m. NW. by N. Enniskillen, P.O. 
 
 Blanja, vil., Malay Penin., Perak, on the 1. bk. of the Perak, 
 in 4*= 33' N. 
 
 Blank, German, 'white.' See Blanc, 
 
 Blankenberghe, comm. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, on 
 the ct. , 8 m. NW. by N. Bruges. The B. Canal, 8 m. long, 
 connects the Bruges-Ostende canal with a point on the coast E. 
 of B. P. < 5000. 
 
 Blankenbnrg ('white town'), tn., Ger., duchy Brunswick, 
 31 m. SE. by S. Wolfenbiittel, 8^ m. SW. by S. Halberstadt, 
 resorted to for the pine-needle baths. P. 7700. 
 
 Blankenbni^, small tn., Ger., principality of Schwarzburg- 
 Rudolstadt, 6 m. SE. Rudolstadt. P. <3000. 
 
 Blankenese (' white cape'), fishing- vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. 
 Schleswig-Holstein, on the Elbe, 7^ m. W. Hamburg, with 
 numerous villas scattered over a wooded height, the summit 
 of which (300 ft.) is a favourite resort of the people of Ham- 
 burg. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Blankenhaln, tn., Ger., gd.-duchy Saxe- Weimar, 8^ m. S. 
 Weimar, with manufactures of porcelain and cotton, and pine- 
 needle baths. P. <3000. 
 
 Blankenhelmerdorf, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , dist. Blan- 
 kenheim, with iron and lead mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Blankensee, lake, Ger., on the borders of Liibeck and 
 Lauenburg, with good fishing. 
 
 Blankensteln, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, dist. Hat- 
 tingen, with iron and lead ores, and coal-mines. P. <:20co. 
 
 Blankuey, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven or Slea- 
 ford div. , 9 m. SE. by S. Lincoln, on the G. N. & G. E. Joint 
 Rly., P.O. ; 6781 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Blanquefort, tn., France, dep. Gironde, arr. and 6 m. NW. 
 by N. Bordeaux. B. Castle was the cap. of an important 
 lordship, and was the last place occupied by the English after 
 the defeat of Castillon in 1453. P. <20oo. 
 
 Blanqnllla Island, isl., Venezuela, off the N. ct., in 11° 52' 
 N. , 64° 40' W. , having on its W. ct. the village of Agueda. 
 
 Blansko, tn., Austria, Moravia, on R. Zwittawa, 12 m. N. 
 by E. Briinn, %vith blast-furnaces, alum and vitriol works, lime- 
 stone caves. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Blantyre ('the warm retreat'), par., Scot., Mid- Lanark- 
 shire, including the town of B. and the village of B. Works, 
 PMT.O. ; 3954 ac. P. 11,000. 
 
 Blantyre, or High B., tn., Scot., on the C. R., i m. SW. 
 Blantyre Works, with coal-mines. Here Dr. Livingstone, the 
 African traveller, was born in 1817. PMT.O. P. (including 
 Anchenwralth and Cansewaystone8)<:25oo. 
 
 Blantyre, mission stn. and settlement, in a healthy situation 
 on the Shire Highlands (^.f.), Brit. S. Africa, in 15° 47' S., 35° 
 3' E. ; named after the birthplace of Livingstone. Alt. 3300 ft. 
 
 Blantyre Port, a name sometimes given to Katunga, the 
 nearest navigable point on the Shire to Blantyre, S. Africa. 
 
 Blantyre Works, vil. , Scot. , Mid- Lanarkshire, on the Clyde, 
 2| m. NW. Hamihon, on the C. R. , with dye-works and weav- 
 ing-mill. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 M 
 
BLAN — BLET 
 
 Blanzy, coal-mining viL, France, dep. Saone-et- Loire, arr. 
 Autun, 8 m. S. by W. Le Creuzot. P. <3000. 
 
 Blar, Gaelic, ' a plain.' See Blair. 
 
 Blarls, par., Ire., cos. Down and Antrim, containing Lis- 
 burn ; 5891 ac. P. 14,200. 
 
 Blarney, tn., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Muskerry, East, 4^ m. 
 NW. Cork, on the Great Southern & Western Rly. Here, 
 about 20 ft. from the top of an old castle, is the ' B. stone,' the 
 kissing of which is reputed to secure for one the gift of a per- 
 suasive tongue. It has a noted hydropathic establishment, said 
 to have been the place where Turkish baths were first introduced 
 into western Europe. Manufactures tweeds. PMT.O. P. < 
 1000. 
 
 Blarn, vil., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Mantes, with 
 mineral springs. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Blase'wltz, vil., Ger. , kgd. Saxony, near Dresden, on the E. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Blastaeim, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle and dist. 
 Liibbecke. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bliisibad, watering-place, Ger. , Wiirtemberg, near Tiibingen. 
 
 Blaskets, isls. , Ire., W. ct. Kerry, in N. of Dingle Bay. 
 
 Blaston, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 9 m. SSW. 
 Oakham, i| m. ESE. Hallaton {q.v.) stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Blatchtngtoii, East, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Eastbourne div. , 8 
 m. SE. by S. Lewes, close to Seaford stn., PM.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Blatcbtngton, M'est, par., Eng., Sussex, 2^ m. NW. 
 Brighton (y.z'.). P. <25o. 
 
 Blatchln worth and Calder brook, par., Eng., Lancashire, 
 Middleton div., 5 m. NE. Rochdale; 4781 ac. P. 8400. 
 
 BlatberM'tck, or Blattaerwycke, par., Eng., N. div. of 
 Northamptonshire, 8i m. SW. by S. Stamford, 3^ m. E. by S. 
 Harringworth stn., P70. (Blalberwyck). P. <25o. 
 
 Blatna, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 32 m. SE. Pilsen. P. <3000. 
 
 Blaton, comm., Belgium, Hainaut, arr. Tournai. P. <4000. 
 
 Blatt, Teutonic, ' a marsh.' See Bloto. 
 
 Blanbenren, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 10 m. W. Ulm, 
 cap. of circle B. , with a Protestant theological seminary lodged 
 in a building which was once a Benedictine convent (founded 
 1085). P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Blanda, comm., Austria, Moravia, 29 m. NW. by N. 
 Olmiitz, and 3 m. SW. Schonberg. P. <3oc)o. 
 
 Blanort Sand, sandbank, Ger., Prussia, prov. Schleswig- 
 Holstein, off the W. ct. , in 54° 10' N. , and 8° 42' E. 
 
 BlauTeltville, vil., U.S., New York, Rockland co., 25 m. 
 N. New York. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blaven, or Blabheln, mt. , Scot. , in the S. of the I. of Skye, 
 14 m. N. by W. Point of Sleat. Alt. 3042 ft. 
 
 Blavet, riv., France, Brittany, rises in dep. C6tes-du-Nord, 
 and flows S. through Morbihan, and after traversing a deep 
 granitic valley passes Ponti\'y where the canal between Nantes 
 and Brest divides, one branch descending the B. under the 
 name of the B. Canal, finally forming the Bay of Lorient. 
 Navigable with the aid of twenty-seven locks from Pontivy 
 (47 m.), and for sea-boats to Hennebont. Length, 90 m. 
 
 Blawhom Moss, a moss, Scot., on the W. border of Lin- 
 lithgowshire, about 7 m. S. Falkirk. 
 
 Blawitb, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div. , 13 m. 
 NNE. Barrow, 5 m. E. Broughton stn., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Blaxhall, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 15 m. NE, 
 by E. Ipswich, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Blaxland, co. , New South Wales, bovmded on the S. by the 
 Lachlan R. , and crossed by 146° E. 
 
 Blaxton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 5 m. NE. 
 Bawtry. P. <:25o. 
 
 Blaydon, tn., Eng., Durham, on the N. border of the 
 Chester le Street div., on the r. bk. of the Tyne, 4^ m. W. 
 Newcastle, on the NE. R., PMT.O.' P. 13,400. 
 
 Blaye (the anct. military stn. of Blavia), tn. and fortress, 
 France, dep. Gironde, on the E. shore of the estuary of the 
 Gironde, 7 m. SE. Pauillac, 21 m. N. by W. Bordeaux ; cap. arr. 
 It has a strong citadel (reconstructed by Vauban in 1688), in 
 which the Duchess de Berri was imprisoned in 1832-3 ; exports 
 wine, brandy, &c. Its harbour is defended by Forts M6doc 
 and P^t^. P. <4000. 
 
 Blayney, tp.. New South Wales, co. and 20 m. WSW. 
 Bathurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blazo°<ra, comm., Austria, Galicia, 74 m. WNW. Drhobycz, 
 II m. SSE. Rzeszow. P. < 5000. 
 
 Bleadon, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., on the r. bk. of 
 the Axe, 3^ m. SSE. Weston-super-Mare, i^ m. E. Bleadon 
 and Uphilfstn., P.O. P.<;75o. 
 
 Blea Moor, an upland tract, Eng. , in the extreme N. of the 
 W. Riding of Yorkshire, about 17^ m. ESE. Kendal. 
 
 Blean, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 2 J m. NW. 
 Canterbury, P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 •Bleasby, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 6 m. 
 WSW. Newark, on the M. R. P.<:soo; eccles. par. (B. with 
 Halloaghton) P. <5oo. 
 
 Bleasdale, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 11 m. SE. by 
 S. Lancaster, P.O.; 7298 ac. P. <soo. 
 178 
 
 Blea Water, lake, Eng., Westmorland, on the S. border of 
 the Appleby div., 12 m. NNW. Kendal. 
 
 Blea TVyke Point, cape, Eng. , on the ct. of the N. Riding 
 of the CO. of Yorkshire, 8i m. SE. Whitby. 
 
 Blebo, Scot. See Dura Den. 
 
 Bleckede, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Elbe, 34 m. SE. by E. Hamburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bleddva, or Bleddfa, par. , Wales. See Blethvangh. 
 
 Bledington, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 
 on the E. border, 15 m. N. by E. Lechlade, i m. NW. Chip- 
 ping- Norton June, P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Bledlow, par. and vil. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, on the W. 
 border of the Aylesbury div. , 8 m. SSW. Aylesbury, i m. S. by 
 E. of its stn. on the G. W. R., P.O.; 4169 ac' P. < 1000; 
 eccles. par. (B. Ridge) P. <5oo. 
 
 Bledsoe, co., U.S., Tennessee, crossed by 35^° N., and in 
 the extreme NE. by 85° W. 
 
 Bled-nl-Jerld. See Beled-nl-Jerld. 
 
 Blegno, riv. and valley, Switzd. See Blenlo. 
 
 Blelberg, comm. and vil., Austria, Carinthia, 9 m, W. 
 Villach, 28 m. W. Klagenfurt, with very rich lead-mines (to 
 which it owes its name, meaning ' lead-mine"). P. (comm.)< 
 4000. 
 
 Blelcherode, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, 11 m. WSW. 
 Nordhausen. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Blelstadt, tn., Bohemia, circle Eger, 7 m. NW. Falkenau, 
 with lead-mines and garnets. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bleklnge, Ian, Sweden, on the Baltic, cap. Karlskrona. 
 See Sweden, table. 
 
 Blencarn, par., Eng., Cumberland, in the S. of the 
 Penrith div., 8 m. E. Penrith, 2.\ m. NE. by E. Culgaith stn. 
 See Klrklaud. 
 
 Blencogo, par., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 13^ m. 
 WSW. Carlisle, i^ m. N. by W. Broomfield stn. P. <250. 
 
 Blencow, Little, par., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 
 on the Petterill, 4 m. WNW. Penrith, with a stn. (Blencow) 
 I on the Cockermouth, Keswick, and Penrith Rly., P.O. See 
 I Grey stoke. 
 
 Blend worth, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 10 m. 
 I NE. by N. Portsmouth, 2 m. NW. by N. Rowlands Castle stn. 
 P. <:500. 
 
 Bl^neau, tn. , France, dep. Yonne, arr. Joigny, on the Loing, 
 50 m. NE. by N. Bourges, 15 m. E. Gien. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bleng, riv., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., trib. of the 
 Irt, which it joins on the 1. bk. near its head. 
 
 Blenheim, tn. , New Zealand, South I., Marlborough co. , 
 40 m. ESE. Nelson. Mean rainfall (20 yrs.), 26.81 in. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Blenheim Park, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 
 at the confluence of the Glyme and the Evenlode, \ m. S. by W. 
 Woodstock, on the G. W.' R. P. <2So. 
 
 Blenheim Park, seat of the Duke of Marlborough, the 
 masterpiece of the architect Vanbrugh, built with funds voted 
 by Parliament to the first duke after the victory of Blenheim 
 (Rlindheim) ; is in the vicinity of B. village. 
 
 Blenheim Passage. See Canton. 
 
 Blenlo, Blegno, or Brenno, in German Bollenz, valley, 
 Switzd., in NE. of cant. Ticino, communicating at S. end with 
 the Ticino valley ; stretching mostly N. and S., but at its upper 
 end leading NW. to the Lukmanier Pass (6290 ft. ). Another 
 branch leads directly N. , and then communicates eastwards by 
 the Greina Pass (7740 ft.) with the Val Someix, and so v«th the 
 Vorder-Rhine valley. 
 
 Blenklnsopp, par,, Eng., Northimiberland, in the W. of the 
 Hexham div., 17 m. W. Hexham, \ m. S. Greenhead stn. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Blenuerhasset and Klrkland, par., Eng., Cumberland, in 
 the W. of the Penrith div., on the Ellen, 9I m. ENE. Mary- 
 port, near Baggrow stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Blennervllle, fishing viL , Ire. , N W. co. Kerry, bar. Trugh- 
 aiiacmy, li m. WSW. Tralee, P.O. 
 
 Bl^onne, riv. , France. See Alpes, Basses. 
 
 BWr^, tn. , France, dep. Indre et Loire, on the Cher, arr. 
 and 15 m. ESE. Tours. P. <20oo. 
 
 Blessberg, mt. peak, Ger., in the Thuringian forest, near 
 Eisfeld, in which the Werra and the Itz rise. Alt. 2845 ft. 
 
 Blesslngton, par. and market-tn.. Ire., NW. co. Wick- 
 low, bar. Lower Talbotslovra, 6§ m. SE. by E. Naas, on the 
 Liffey, PMT.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Bletetalngley, par. and viL , Eng. , Surrey, Reigate div. , 4J 
 m. E. Reigate, i^ m. NE. Nutfield stn., PMT.O.; 5621 ac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Bletchlngton, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Woodstock div. , 3^ 
 m. E. Woodstock, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P.<750. 
 
 Bletchley, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 10 m. E. 
 Buckingham, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. <:50o ; eccles. 
 par. (B. with Water Eaton) P. <7So. 
 
 Bletchley, vil. , S. Australia, co. Frome, 348 m. N. Adelaide. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Bletchley, post-tn., S. Australia, Hindmarsh co., 30 m. SE. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
BL ET 
 
 B L O S 
 
 Bletherstoii, par. , Wales. See Oa>¥baden. 
 
 Bletbvaagli, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 4^ m. N. New- 
 Radnor, 3 m. SE. Llanbister Road stn., P.O. (Bleddfa) ; 4139 
 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Bletliig, vil., on the N. ct. of Timor I., in the Malay 
 Archipelago ; seat of an assistant resident for the Netherlands. 
 
 Bletsoe, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 6 m. 
 N. by W. Bedford, 2 m. SE. Sharnbrook stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 B16vllle, tn., France, dep. Seine-Inf6rieure, arr. and near 
 Havre, with mineral springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Blewburton lUll, Eng., Berkshire, Abingdon div., near 
 Blewbury. 
 
 Blewl>iury> par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 8 m. S. by E. 
 Abingdon, i^ m. SE. Upton stn., P.O.; 4246 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Blewfields, Blneflelds (named after the Dutch pirate 
 Blauvelt), or Balila de Cainpo-Azul, seapt. , Central America, 
 Nicaragua, 165 m. E. Managua, on a lagoon on the E. ct., 
 which receives, 5 m. N. of the town, the river B., formed by 
 the union of the rivers Escondido and Mico, in about 12° 5' N. 
 The lagoon admits vessels of not more than 15 ft. draught ; 
 entrance so narrow, that two vessels could scarcely pass at once. 
 Mean temp. (3 yrs. , 1883-86), yr. 80.4° F. P. 8000 (chiefly of 
 Jamaican origin). 
 
 Bleymartl, tn., France, dep. Loz^e, 55 m. NW. by N. 
 Nimes, arr. and 12 m. E. by S. Mende. Alt. 3300 ft. P. <:20oo. 
 
 BUckllng, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 9 m. SSW. 
 Cromer, i m. W. Aylsham Tovra stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bllckliiig witb Erplngbam, eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk, 
 including B. village. P. <7So. 
 
 Bllda, fortified tn. , Algeria, 23 m. SW. by S. Algiers, at the 
 foot of the Atlas Mts., in the plain of Metija, cap. arr., with 
 copper and lead mines, and cedar forests. P. 10,600 (over 5000 
 Europeans). 
 
 Blldwortb, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 5 m, SE. 
 Mansfield, i^ m. SSW. of its stn. on the M. R., PM.O.; 5473 
 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Biles, riv. , Prussia, in the Rhine Prov. , it flows S. and then 
 W. into the Saar at Saargemiind, 46 m. long. 
 
 Blleskastel, tn., Ger., Bavarian Palatinate, on the Blies R., 
 50 m. E. by N. Metz, Alsace-Lorraine, 4^ m. W. by S. Zwei- 
 briicken. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bllgb, CO. , New South Wales, crossed in the N. by 32° S. , 
 and in the middle by 150° E. 
 
 Bllgb Entrance. See Great Barrier Beef. 
 
 Billing, chief seapt. , I. of Bali (t/.z>.). 
 
 BUndbotbel, par., Eng., Cumberland, 2 m, W. Cocker- 
 mouth. P. <250. 
 
 Bllndcrake, Isell and Redmaln, par., Eng., Cumberland, 
 Cockermouth div., 7^ m. E. Maryport, 31^ m. NE. Cocker- 
 mouth stn. ; 4251 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Blind Harbour, Ire. , on SW. ct. co. Cork, in about 9° 8' 
 W. , with coastguard stn. 
 
 Blludbelm, vil., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Swabia, 15 m. SSE. 
 Nordlingen, close to the 1. bk. of the Danube ; scene of the 
 so-called battle of Blenheim, in which the English and the 
 Imperialists under Marlborough and Prince Eugene defeated 
 the French and Bavarians in 1704. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bllndley Ileatb, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, Reigate div., 
 8 m. ESE. Reigate, 2 m. NW. by W. Lingfield stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Blind River, settlement, Canada, prov. Ontario, on the 
 Sault St. Mary line of the C. P. R., 546 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Bllukbonny, hamlet, Scot., Midlothian, 3^ m. SE. by S. 
 Dalkeith, i^ m. E. Gorebridge stn. 
 
 Bllukbonny, portion of Slamannan vil. , Scot. , co. Stirling. 
 P.<:5oo. 
 
 Bllnkllp, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Hay, 70 m. SSW. 
 Kuruman (British Bechuana-land). 
 
 Bllnman, post-tn. , S. Australia, Fhnders co., 114 m. NE. 
 by N. Port Augusta. P. <:i50o. 
 
 Blisco, Pike of, a hill at the meeting-place of the counties 
 of Westmorland, Cumberland, and Lancaster. Height, 2304 ft. 
 
 Bllslaud, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, Laimceston div. , 4 m. NNE. 
 Bodmin, P.O. ; 6445 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Bllssfleld, settlement, Canada, New Brxmswick, North- 
 umberland CO., on the SW. branch of the Miramichi R., 55 m. 
 NE. by E. Fredericton. 
 
 Blissfield, vil., U.S., Michigan, Lenawee co., on Raisin R., 
 55 m. SW. Detroit. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bllssvllle, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Sunbury co., 25 m. 
 S. by E. Fredericton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bilswortb, par. and vil., Eng., S. div. of Northampton- 
 shire, 5 m. SSW. Northampton, on the L. & NW. R., with 
 iron (brown hematite) mines. PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bllthfleld, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Burton div., on R. 
 Blythe, 7^ m. E. Staff"ord, 3 m. ESE. Great Haywood stn. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Biltong, the true Malay form of the name of Billiton I. 
 
 Blockbouse, par., Eng., Worcester co. and Union. P. 
 
 <2500. 
 
 Block Island, U.S., Rhode I., between the S. extremity of 
 
 Long I. and Port Judith, with lighthouse at its south-eastern 
 end, visible 21 m. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Blockley, par. and vil., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham 
 div. , 10 m. SE. by E. Evesham, 2 m. WSW. of its stn. on the 
 G. W. R. , PMT.O. ; 7896 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Blocks berg, mt. , Ger. See Brockeu. 
 
 Blocksberg, hill, Hungary. See Budapest. 
 
 Blocktou, coal-mining vil. , U.S., Alabama, in the Cahaba 
 coalfield, about 30 m. SW, Birmingham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blockzljl, or Blokzljl, comm. , Holland, prov. Overijssel, 
 on E. shore of ZuiderZee, 15^ m. NNW. Zwolle. P. <2ooo. 
 
 B/od, Teutonic, ' a dwelling.' See Bold. 
 
 Bloemendaal, comm., Holland, prov. N. Holland, 2 m. 
 NNW. Haarlem. P. <50oo. 
 
 Bloeml'outeln, tn., cap. of Orange Free State and of B. 
 dist,, occupying a healthy situation in an extensive plain on 
 the railway to Pretoria, 95 m. ESE. Kimberley. Alt. 4500 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 61.6° F. , Jan. 73.5°, July 46.6°. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bloembof, tn., S. African Republic, cap. of B. dist., in the 
 SW. corner of the republic, 95 m. NNE. Kimberley. 
 
 Blofleld, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 6| m. E. Norwich, 
 close to Brundall stn. , PMT.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Blols, cap. dep. Loir-et-Cher, France, on the Loire, 33 m. 
 ENE. Tours ; an archbishop's see. Its ancient castle belonged 
 to the Counts of B. , of the house of Champagne and Chatillon. 
 Little of the original structure remains. Manufactures gloves 
 and porcelain. Mean rainfall, 27.56 in. P. 23,500. 
 
 Blomberg, tn., Ger., princip. Lippe, 25 m. S. by E. Minden, 
 9 m. E. Detmold. P. <3000. 
 
 Blomldon, Cape, Canada, in the W. of Nova Scotia, on 
 Minas Basin, in 45° 17' N. 
 
 Bio Norton, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., on the Wave- 
 ney, 23 m. SW. by S. Norwich, 6^ m. W. Diss stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Bloodswortb, isl. , U.S., Maryland, in Chesapeake Bay, in 
 38° 10' N. 
 
 Bloodybusb Edge, hill, Eng., Northumberland, in the N. 
 of the Hexham div. , 16^ m. E. by S. Jedburgh. Height, 2001 ft. 
 
 Bloody Foreland, cape, Ire. , NW. ct. Donegal, 55° 8' N. 
 
 Bloom, settlement, U.S.; N. Dakota, Stutsman co. , 85 m. 
 W. Fargo. 
 
 Bloomfleld, vil., Canada, Ontario, Prince Edward co., 17 
 m. Belleville. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bloomfleld, stn.. Ire., co. Down, near Belfast, PM.O. 
 
 Bloomfleld, tn., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 6 m. NW. 
 Hartford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bloomfleld, tn. , U.S., Indiana, Greene co., 36 m. SE, 
 Terre Haute. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bloomfleld, city, U.S., Iowa, Davis co. , 60 m. WNW. 
 Keokuk. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bloomfleld, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Essex co., 4 m. NNW, 
 Newark, P. < 1500. 
 
 Bloomfleld, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Perry co. , 19 m. 
 NW. by W. Harrisburg. Alt. 1460 ft. (R.R.). P.<i5oo. 
 
 Bloomfleld, Xortb, vil., U.S., California, Nevada co., 67 
 m. NNE. Sacramento. P. <;i500. 
 
 Bloomfleld Klver, locality, Queensland, 40 m. S. Cooktown, 
 in 16° 5' S. , and 145° 16' E, 
 
 Bloomlugburg, viL, U,S., Ohio, Fayette co. , 35 m. SW. 
 Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bloomlugton, city, U.S., Illinois, cap, of M'Lean co. , 35 
 m. ESE. Peoria. Coal-mines in vicinity. P. (1880) 17,200 ; 
 (1890) 20,500. 
 
 Bloomlugton, city, U.S., Indiana, Monroe co., 44m. SSW. 
 Indianapolis, seat of the State University. P. (1880) 2800; 
 ( 1 890) < 5000. 
 
 Bloomlugton, viL, U.S., Nebraska, Franklin co., on the 1. 
 bk. of the Republican R., no m. SE. by E. of the confluence 
 of the N. and S. Platte, P. <i50o. 
 
 Bloomlugton, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Somerset co., on 
 Rariton R., 30 m. SW. by W. Jersey City. P. <:i500. 
 
 Bloomlugton, vil., U.S., S. DaJiota, Charles Mix co., 75 
 m. WNW. Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bloomlugton, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Grant co., 25 m. 
 NNW. Dubuque (la.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bloomsbnrg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Columbia co. , on 
 the N. branch of the Susquehanna, 56 m. NNE, Harrisburg, 
 with iron and limestone in vicinity. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Bloomsbury, part of eccles. par,, Eng., London. See St. 
 Giles In tbe Fields. 
 
 BloomvUle, vil., U.S., Ohio, Seneca co. , 50 m. SE, by S. 
 Toledo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blore wltb Swlnscoe, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div, and 
 lo^ m. SSE, Leek, 3^ m. NW. by W. Ashbourne stn. The 
 second battle between the forces of York and Lancaster was 
 fought on B. Heath in 1459. P. <25o ; eccles. par, (Blore 
 Itay)P,<soo, 
 
 Blossbnrg, tn,, U.S., New Mexico, co. Colfax, 117 m. NE, 
 Santa F6 ; with coal-mines, P. <i5oo. 
 
 Blossborg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Tioga co. , on Tioga 
 
 179 
 
BLOS — BOAR 
 
 R., 75 m. W. by N. Scranton ; coal and iron mines. P. 
 <;30oo. 
 
 Blossevllle-bou-Seeonrs, tn., France, dep. Seine-Inf(5rieure, 
 on the r. bk. of the Seine, arr. and 2 m. SE. Rouen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Blossom Prairie, vil., U.S.. Texas, Lamar co., 103 m. NE. 
 by E. Dallas. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bloto, Blatt, Slavonic, ' a marsh.' 
 
 Blotzhelm, vil., Ger., govt, of Alsace-Lorraine, i2| m. SE. 
 by S. Mulhausen ; artificial fish-breeding. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Blount, CO., U.S., Alabama, crossed by 34° N.,and midway 
 between E. and W. frontiers. 
 
 Blount, CO., U.S., Tennessee, SE. frontier, S. of 36^ N. 
 
 Blowlck, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, div. and lira. ESE. 
 Southport, on the L. & Y. R., PM.O. 
 
 Bloxliani, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 3J m. SW. by 
 S. Banbtiry, PMT.O. ; 4397 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 BloxboLme, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, i2| m. SSE. Lincoln, 
 div. and 5 m. N. Sleaford, x\ m. SW. Digby stn. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (Bloxliolm Mltb Dlgby) P. <5oo. 
 
 Blox^vlch, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., S. Staffordshire, in 
 the N. of the pari. bor. of Walsall, with stn. on the L. & NW, 
 R., with coal and ironstone in neighbourhood, also blast- 
 furnaces, PMT.O. P. 6700. 
 
 Bloxwortli par., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., 8i m. WNW. 
 Poole. P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Bliibberhouses, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the 
 N. of the Otley div., on the Washburn, 8 m. W. Harrogate, 
 3^ m. SW. by S. Darley stn., P.O. ; 3736 ac. P. -<25o. See 
 Fefvston. 
 
 BludSn, vil., at the foot of Anti-Lebanon, amongst gardens 
 and vineyards, 19 m. NW. by N. Damascus, the summer resi- 
 dence of many of the Europeans of that city. 
 
 Bludeuz, tn. , Austria, Vorarlberg, 24 m. S. by E. Bregenz. 
 Alt. 1900 ft. P. <40oo. 
 
 Blue Anchor, ct. vil., Eng., Somerset, with stn. on the G. 
 W. R., 18 m. W. by N. Bridgwater. 
 
 Blue Ball, place. Ire., SW. King's co., bar. Ballyboy, 6 
 m. SW. by W. TuUamore, P.O. 
 
 Blue Bell Hill, P.O., Eng., near Aylesford, Kent. 
 
 Blue Cllffe, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Uitenhage, 33 
 m. N. by W. Port Elizabeth. 
 
 Blue Earth, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Faribault co., 96 m. 
 SSW. Minneapolis, on B. E. Riv., which flows N. to the 
 Minnesota, and joins that river at Mankato. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Bluelield, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Mercer co. P. <20oo. 
 
 Blneflelds. See Blewflelds. 
 
 Blue Cirotto. See Capri. 
 
 Blnehlll, tn. , U.S., Maine, Hancock co., 30 m. SSE. 
 Bangor. P. < 2000. 
 
 Blue Island, vil., U.S., Illinois, Cook co., 16 m. S. by W. 
 Chicago. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Blue John JMlne, chambered cave, Eng., at the foot of 
 Mam Tor, N. Derbyshire, i^ m. W. Castleton, so called from 
 containing a blue or purple nodular variety of fluorspar, called 
 blue John. 
 
 Blue Lick Springs, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Nicholas co., on 
 Licking R., 8 m. N. Carlisle, celebrated for its mineral waters. 
 
 Blue Mountain, U.S., New York, Hamilton co., one of the 
 Adirondacks, 75 m. SW. by W. Burlington (Vt.). Alt. 3825 ft. 
 (Adirondack Survey). 
 
 Blue Mountains, the name given to that part of the Divid- 
 ing Range of Australia, which lies to the W. of Sydney. See 
 Neii*- South >yales. 
 
 Blue Mountains, Canada, Ontario, in the E. of Grey co., 
 to the S. of Georgian Bay, in 44° 25' N., 80° 15-30' W. 
 
 Blue Mountains, the highest mountains in Jamaica {,q.v.). 
 
 Blue Mountains, U.S., Maine, 39 m. NW. Augusta. 
 
 Blue Mountains, U.S., Oregon, a ridge stretching from N. 
 to S., to the frontier of Utah terr., about 200 m. E. of the 
 Coast Range. 
 
 Blue Mountains, U.S., Pennsylvania. See Klttatlnny. 
 
 Blnemnll Sound, Scot., Shet^nd Is., between the NE. of 
 Yell I. and the SW. of Unst I. 
 
 Bine Kaplds, vil., U.S., Kansas. Marshall co., on Blue R., 
 72 m. NW. by W. Topeka. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Blue Bldge. See Appalachian Mountains, B. I. 
 
 Bine River, Canada, Brit. Columbia, flows NE. into N. 
 Thompson R. 
 
 Blueskln, vil.. New Zealand, South I., Waikouaiti co., 9 
 m. N. by E. Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blue Springs, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Gage co., on Big Blue 
 R., 88 m. SSW. Omaha. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bluespnr, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Westland co. , 
 63 m. from Dunedin. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bluestack, mt. , Ire., in the S. of co. Donegal, 8 m. N. by 
 E. Donegal. Height, 2219 ft. 
 
 Bluestone, stn., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., on the Eastern and 
 Midlands Rly. , 12 m. NNW. Norwich. 
 
 Blue Tier, or Polemena, post-tn., Tasmania, co. Dorset, 
 180 m. from Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 180 
 
 Blue Tier Junction, post-tn., Tasmania, 40 m. from St. 
 Mary's. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bluevale, vil., Canada, Ontario, Huron co. , 60 m. N. 
 London. 
 
 Bluevale, eccles. par., Scot., Glasgow. P. < 4500. 
 
 BlnflT, settlement, U.S., Utah, San Juan co., 32 m. NW. of 
 the SE. corner of the terr. 
 
 BlulT Harbour, New Zealand, co. Southland, on the E. 
 side of New Ross estuary, 17 m. distant from, and port of, 
 Invercargill, bounded on the W. by penin. called The BluflT, 
 on which stands Campbelltown. 
 
 Bluflfton, vil., U.S., Alabama, Chambers co., about the 
 middle of E. frontier of state, with cliffs of hematite iron ore 
 all round, and with blast-furnaces. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bluffton, city, U.S., Indiana, cap. of Wells co., 82 m. NE. 
 by N. Indianapolis. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bluffton, vil., U.S., Ohio, Allen co., 57 m. SSW. Toledo. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Blnmberg, tp., S. Australia, Adelaide co., 22 m. ENE. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blumenau, Ger. col. , Brazil, state of Sta. Catharina, on the 
 r. bk. of the Itajahy (q.v. ) founded 1852 ; tn. of B. in 26° 57' S. , 
 49° 6' W. Healthy. Mean rainfall (7 yrs.), 42.8 in. Tn. P. 5000. 
 
 Blunienfeld, tn., Ger., Baden, 25 m. WNW. Constance. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Blnnienort, settlement, Canada, on the S. frontier, Mani- 
 toba, 64 m. SSW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Blumenthal, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 12 m. NW. 
 Bremen, cap. circle B. , on the r. bk. of the Weser. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Bliiinllsalpstock, a beautiful and conspicuous mountain 
 mass in the Bernese Oberland, Switzd., 14 m. SSW. Interlaken, 
 between the Kandergrund and the Kienthal. Alt. 10,560 ft. 
 
 Bluniut, group of hills. See Johor. 
 
 Bluiidell Sands, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, with stn. 
 (B. and Crosby) on the L. & Y. R., 6 m. NNE. Liverpool. 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Blundeston, par., Eng., Suffolk, 3^ m. NW. Lowestoft, 
 PM.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. (Blundeston with FUxton) 
 P. <;iooo. 
 
 Blnnham, par. and vil., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade 
 div., 6| m. E. by N. Bedford, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Blunsdon, Broad, eccles. par. , Eng. , Wilts, Cricklade div. , 
 42 m. N. by W. Swindon. P. <iooo. 
 
 Blunsdon, St. Andrevr, par. , i m. SW. Broad B. P. < 1000. 
 
 Blunt, vil., U.S., South Dakota, Hughes co., 18 m. ENE. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blnntlsham (blQn'tis-ham) with Earlth, par., Eng., Hunt- 
 ingdonshire, Ramsey div. , 8^ m. E. Huntingdon, on the G. E. R. , 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Blunt's Reef, off" Cape Mendocino, California, U.S. 
 
 Blurton, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 2.m. 
 SSE. Stoke-upon-Trent, ij m. SW. Longton stn. P. <500. 
 
 Bly borough, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 8 m. ENE. 
 Gainsborough, 2^ m. ESE. Northorpe stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Blyford, or Blythford, par., Eng., Suffolk, on R. Blyth, 
 div. and 13 m. SW. Lowestoft, close to Wenhaston stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Blynihlll, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , 10^ m. SW. 
 Stafford, 4^ m. N. by W. Albrighton stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Blyth, vil., Canada, Ontario, Huron co. , 53 m. N. by W. 
 London, 12 m. E. Goderich. 
 
 Blyth, South, par. and seapt. , Eng. , Northumberland, on 
 the ct. at the mouth of the Rlv. B., 7 J m. ESE. Morpeth, 
 included in the pari. bor. of Morpeth, on the NE. R., with 
 coal-mines, PMT.O. See Kewshani. 
 
 Blyth, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 5^ m. 
 NNE. Worksop, 2^ m. W. by S. Ranskill stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Blyth, settlement, S. Australia, Stanley co., 75 m. N. by W. 
 Adelaide. 
 
 Blyth Bridge, hamlet, Eng., Staffordshire, 5^ m. SE. 
 Stoke, on the N. Staffordshire Rly., PM.O. (Blythe Bridge). 
 
 Blythburgh, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 13 m. SW. by S. 
 Lowestoft, on the Southwold Rly., P.O. ; 4325 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Blythe, riv. , Eng., Staffordshire, in the E. , trib. of the Trent, 
 which it joins on the 1. bk. near Bromley Regis. 
 
 Blythfleld, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, 20 m. SW. 
 Winnipeg. 
 
 Blythford, par. , Eng. , Suffolk. See Blyford. 
 
 Blythswood, eccles. par. , Scot. , Glasgow. P. 6200. 
 
 Blyton, par. Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 4 m. NE. by N. 
 Gainsborough, with a stn. (B. for Corringham) on the M. S. 
 & L. R., P.O. ; 4705 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Z^(7, Scandinavian, 'a dwelling.' See Bo/d. 
 
 Boa, Bom, Portuguese ; Buen, Spanish (Latin bonus), ' good." 
 
 Boa Island, Ire., co. Fermanagh, in Lough Erne, 3 m. 
 from Pettigo (co. Donegal), P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Boal, tn., Spain, prov. and 49 m. W. Oviedo. P. 6000. 
 
 Boara Plsanl, comm., Italy, prov. and 20 m. SSW. Padua, 
 on the Adige. P. <300o. 
 
BOAR 
 
 BODE 
 
 Boara Poleslne, comm., Italy, prov. Rovigo, on r. bk. 
 Adige, opposite B. Pisani. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Boardnillls, place, Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Castlereagh, 
 5 m. SE. by E. Lisbum, P.O. 
 
 Boarhllls, vil. , Scot. , E. Fife, 4J m. ESE. St. Andrews, on 
 the N. B. R., P.O. 
 
 Boarliuut, par., Eng. , Hampshire, Fareham div. , 6 m. N. 
 by W. Portsmouth, i^ m. NNW. Porchcster June. P. <500. 
 
 Boarbuut >vltli Soutbwlck, eccles. par., Eng., Hamp- 
 shire, near Fareham. P. <iooo. 
 
 Boar's Head, stn. , Eng., Lancashire, in the pari. bor. of 
 Wigan, between Wigan and Standish on the L. & NW. R., 
 the junction for Chorley and Blackburn on the L. & Y. R. 
 
 Boarsliead Street, hamlet, Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 5 m. 
 SW. Tunbridge Wells, ij m. SW. Eridge stn., P.O. 
 
 Boars Isle, hamlet, Eng., Kent, div. and 9 m. SW. by W. 
 Ashford, sh ™- SSW. Pluckley stn. 
 
 Boarstal, part of eccles par. , Eng. , Kent. See Kocliester. 
 
 Boarstall, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, Buckingham div. , 
 12 m. W. Aylesbury, 3 m. W. by S. Brill (t/.v.) stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Boat Harbour, tp.. New South Wales, 340 m. by post route 
 N. Sydney, 30° 30' S., 152° 58' E. P. <i50o. 
 
 Boat of Ctarten, June, stn., Scot., Inverness-shire, close to 
 the R. Spey, 23 m. S. by E. Nairn, on the H. R. and the G. 
 N. ofS. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Boaveutura, coram., N. ct. of Madeira I. P. <3000. 
 
 Boavlsta, Bonavlsta, or (Spanish) Bnena vista ('fine 
 view '), isl. , Africa, the most E. and next to Santiago the largest 
 of the Cape Verde Is. , about 20 m. in length ; has three ports, 
 Porto Sal Rey'on the W. , Porto do Norte on the NE. , and Porto 
 Curralinho on the SE. P. 5000. 
 
 Boavlsta, place, Brazil, Amazonas, on the Rio Branco, 320 
 m. SW. by S. Georgetown (Brit. Guiana). 
 
 Boaz Island, one of the Bermudas, in NW. of the group. 
 
 BobadlUa, comm., Spain, prov. and 27 m. NW. by N. 
 Malaga, on the r. bk. of the Guadalhorce, rly. junc. on the 
 Cordoba-Malaga line. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bobbers Mill, hamlet, Eng., Nottinghamshire, i m. from 
 New Basford, P.O. 
 
 Bobblll, tn., India, Madras Presidency, dist. and 60 m. N. 
 Vizagapatam. P. 14,500; Hindus, 14,100. 
 
 Bobbing, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 8 m. WNW. Faver- 
 sham, 2 m. E. Newington stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bobblugtou, par., Eng., Staffordshire (Kingswinford div.), 
 Shropshire (Ludlow div.), 8^ m. W. Dudley, 5 m. NE. by E. 
 Hampton Loade stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bobblng'wortb, or Bovluger, par., Eng., Essex, 2| m. 
 NW. Ongar, P.O. (Bovluger). P.<5oo. 
 
 Bobblo, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Pavia, on R. Trebbia, 
 23 m. SSW. Piacenza. P. < 5000. 
 
 Bobcaygeou, vil., Canada, Ontario, Victoria co., on Lake 
 Sturgeon, 74 m. NE. by N. Toronto. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bober, Bobr, Slavonic, ' beaver.' See Biber. 
 
 Bober, riv., Prussia, flows N. from the Riesen-gebirge, in 
 the S. of the prov. of Silesia, enters Brandenburg, and after 
 approaching within 2 m. of the Oder, flows W. for about 
 14 m. parallel to that river, which it finally enters just above 
 the confluence of the Neisse. It receives from the S. the 
 Queiss, 1. bk., and from the E. the Sprotte, r. bk. ; not 
 navigable. 
 
 Bobl, vil. , Paraguay, 135 m. SE. by S. Asuncion. 
 
 Biibllngen, tn. , Ger., Wiirtemberg, 9J m. SW. Stuttgart, 
 with textile manufactures. P. < 5000. 
 
 Boboras, comm., Spain, prov. Orense, dist. Carballino. P. 
 7200. 
 
 Bobrek, vil. , Prussia, Upper Silesia, circle and dist. Beuthen. 
 P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Bobrlnets, tn. , SW. Russia, govt, and 120 m. NNW. of 
 Kherson. Tobacco works. P. 10,400. 
 
 Bobrltsc-b, riv., kgd. Saxony, flows NNW. into the Frei- 
 berger Mulde ; not navigable. 
 
 B6brka, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, 18 m. SE. Lem- 
 berg. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bobrov, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 65 m. SE. of Voronezh, 
 on Bityug R. P. 3550. 
 
 Bobruisk, first class fortress and dist. tn. , W. Russia, govt, 
 and 108 m. SE. of Minsk, on a main line connecting Libau 
 with SE. Russia, and on Berezina R. P. (i860) 23,760; (1888) 
 58,100. 
 
 Boca, Spanish, Portuguese; Bocca, Italian, 'a mouth'; ap- 
 plied to numerous straits and river-mouths. 
 
 Boca, tn., N. Italy, prov. and circle Novara. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Boca (or Bocca) Tigris, or the * Bogne.' See Canton R. 
 
 Bocabec, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, co. Charlotte, 10 m. 
 from St. Andrews. P. < 1500. 
 
 Boca Chlca, channel, 28 m. below and leading to the port 
 of Cartagena, United States of Colombia. 
 
 Boca tie Dragos. See Dragon's Moutb. 
 
 Boca del Drago and B. del Toro. See Drago, Isla del. 
 
 Boca del Tlgre. See Chlrlqul. 
 
 Boca de Navlos, the S. and largest mouth of the Orinoco 
 R. , S. America. 
 
 Bocage, liC, two dists., France. See Calvados and 
 ^ eud<^e, La. 
 
 Bocalreute, comm., Spain, prov. Valencia, dist. Onteniente. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Bocas Islands, small isls. NW. of Trinidad, W. Indies. 
 
 Bocca Grande and Boccbe dl Cattaro. See Cattaro. 
 
 Bocca Tigris. See Canton K. 
 
 Bocchetta Pass. See Apennines, A. 
 
 Boccolo de Tassl, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Piacenza, 
 near Fiorenzuola d'Arda. P. <:3000. 
 
 Boclinla, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 17 m. E. Wielickza, 
 with large rock-salt mines belonging to the state. Alt. 740 ft. 
 P. 8900. See Wlellczka. 
 
 Bocbold, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., 2^ m. NW. by W. Essen. 
 P. 7800. 
 
 Bocliolt, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov, Westphalia, 33 m. NW. 
 by N. Essen. P. 13,000. 
 
 Bochragh mountains, range of mts.. Ire., in the W. of 
 CO. Cork. Highest summit, 2118 ft. 
 
 Bocbum, tn. , Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 9 m. E. by 
 N. Essen, cap. circle B., in the middle of the Ruhr coal-basin, 
 one of the busiest manufactimng towns of Germany (iron and 
 steelworks, carpet and paper-mills, coke-furnaces, zinc-smelting 
 works, &c.). P. (1871) 21,200 ; (1890)47,600. 
 
 Bockau, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 15 m. SE. by S. Zwickau, 
 centre of the cultivation of medicinal herbs (angelica, valerian, 
 rhubarb, gentian, &c.) in the Erzgebirge. P. <:3000. 
 
 Bockeneni, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 20 m. SW. 
 by W. Wolfenblittel ; has sugar factories. P. <3000. 
 
 Bockenlleld, par., Eng., Northumberland, 8 m. N. Morpeth. 
 P. <:250. 
 
 Bockenhelm, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, now 
 practically a NW. suburb of Frankfurt. P. (1871) 8500 ; (1890) 
 18,700. 
 
 Bockbampton, P.O., Eng., Dorsetshire, 2 m. from Dorset. 
 
 Bocklug, par. and vil., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., i| m. N. 
 by E. Braintree. B. Cburcb Street, in the vicinity, was 
 formerly famous for its baize manufacture, and has a PMT.O.; 
 PM.O. (B. Street) ; 4639 ac. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bocklugen, vil., Ger., Wiirtemberg, dist. Heilbronn, with 
 many Roman antiquities. P. < 5000. 
 
 Bockleton, par., Eng. , Worcestershire, Bewdleydiv. , \t\ m. 
 W. by N. Worcester, 4^ m. S. by W. Tenbury stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bocks, electoral div.. Ire., co. Monaghan, dist. Raferagh. 
 
 Bocknni, vil., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., on the r. bk. of 
 the Rhine, 7 m. N. by W. Dlisseldorf. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bock'wa, coal-mining vil., kgd. Saxony, circle and dist. 
 Zwickau, on the Zwickau Mulde. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bocognano, vil., Corsica, 21 m. ENE. Ajaccio. P. <3000. 
 
 Bocounoc, par., Eng., Cornwall, 4 m. NE. LostwithieL 
 P. <;5oo. 
 
 Boconnoc vrlth Braddock (or Broadoak), eccles. par., 
 Eng., Cornwall, including B. hamlet. P. <;750. 
 
 Bod, Cymric, ' a dwelhng.' 
 
 Bod, the most westerly of the trib. states of Orissa, India, 
 crossed by 2oJ° N., and 84° E. 
 
 Boda, harb. , Sweden, on the NE. ct. of Oland I. 
 
 Bodalla, vil. , New South Wales, Dampier co. , 90 m. S. by 
 E. Goulburn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Boddam, vil., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on the E, ct. , 2 m. 
 S. Peterhead. In the vicinity is B. Castle, an old seat of the 
 Keith family. PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Boddam, vil., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Dunrossness 
 par. , 5 m. N. Sumburgh Head. 
 
 Boddeu, I>er, str. , SW. of Riigen I., Prussia, separating the 
 island from the mainland of Pomerania. 
 
 Boddeu Town. See Caymans. 
 
 Boddlcot, Eng. , Oxfordshire. See Bodlcote. 
 
 Boddlngton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div,, 
 2^ m. NW. Cheltenham. P. <;5oo. See Staverton, 
 
 Boddlngton, tipper, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, S. div., 
 14 m. S. by W. Rugby, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Boddlngton, Lower, \ m. to the S., 2^ m. W. Byfield 
 stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Bode, riv., Ger., rises in the Harz Mts., flows NE. past 
 Quedlinburg (Prussian Saxony), then N. past Halberstadt to 
 Gross-Oschersleben, and then SE. past Stassfurt into the Saale, 
 which it joins at Miinchen-Nienburg, about 12 m. above the 
 mouth of the Saale ; not navigable. 
 
 Bodederu, par. and viL, Wales, Anglesey, 6 m. E. by S. 
 Holyhead, 3 m. E. Valley stn., PMT.O. ; 4283 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Bode'ga, bay, U.S. , on the W. ct. of California, in 38° 18' N. 
 
 Bodegas, or B. de Bababoyo, tn. , Ecuador, 35 m. NNE. 
 Guayaquil, on the road to Quito. P. 2000. 
 
 Bodegraven, comm., Holland, prov. S. Holland, on the 
 Old Rhine, 12 m. ESE. Leiden. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Bodele, dist., central Africa, to the NE. of Lake Chad, of 
 which it receives the drainage through the Bahr-el-Ghazal ; a 
 
 181 
 
BODE — BOGO 
 
 system of shallow valleys, rich in little water-holes and isolated 
 moving dunes. {Jour. R. G. S., 1876, p. 407.) 
 
 Bodelei, level tract in the Swiss canton of Bern, between 
 Lakes Thun and Brienz. 
 
 Bodelwyddan, eccles. par. and vil., Wales, Flintshire, 3 m. 
 W. St. Asaph, PT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Boden, German, 'the ground,' 'soil.' 
 
 Bodenliain, par. and vil. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Leominster 
 div., on the Lugg, 5I m. SSE. Leominster, i^ m. E. Dinmore 
 stn., PMT.O.; 529530. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bodenham, par., Eng., Wiltshire, 3 m. SE. Salisbury, P.O. 
 See Knnton and B. 
 
 Bodenheim, vil., Ger. , gd.-duchy of Hesse, prov. Rhine- 
 Hesse, 5^ m. NNW. Oppenheim. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Boden>see. See Constance, Lake. 
 
 BodenstOM^, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, on the R. Liffey, con- 
 tains Sallins ; 2831 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bodesbeck Law, hill, Scot., Dumfriesshire, 6 m. NE. by 
 E. Moffat. Alt. 2173 ft. 
 
 Bodethal, ' valley of the Bode. ' See Bode. 
 
 Bodewryd, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 3^ m. WSW. Amlwch, i 
 m. NW. Rhosgoch stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bodewryd -VFlth Rhdslietrlo, eccles. par., Wales, Angle- 
 sey, near Amlwch. P. <250. 
 
 Bodfhrl, par. and vil. , Wales, Flintshire, 3^ m. NE. Den- 
 bigh, on the L. & NW. R., with iron-mines, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bodferln, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, 4I m. NW. Aber- 
 daron. P. <25o. 
 
 BodfTordd, P.O., Wales, Anglesey, 3 m. from Llangwyllog. 
 
 Bodbam, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 6J m. W. by S. 
 Cromer, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bodbam Street, i m. to the N. , 3 m. E. by N. Holt stn. 
 
 Bodb Ciayd. See Bnddb Gayik. 
 
 Bodiam, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Peddie, 22 m. S. 
 King William's Town. 
 
 Bodiam, par. and vil., Eng., Sussex, on the Rother, div. 
 and 10 m. WNW. Rye, 3 J m. ENE. Robertsbridge stn. , P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Bodlcote, or Boddicot, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, 2 m. S. 
 Banbury, PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Bodte, vil., U.S., California, Mono co., 4m. from E. frontier 
 of state, and 18 m. N. of 38° N. P. < 1500. 
 
 BodlnHyakan^r, tn., India, Madras Presidency, Madura 
 dist., in 10" i' N. , jj" 25' E. P. 15,000. 
 
 Bodio, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Ticino, on the R. Ticino, 17I m. 
 SE. by E. Airolo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bodle Street, hamlet, Eng., Sussex, div. and loi m. N. by 
 E. Eastbourne, 4 m. ENE. Hellingly stn., P.O. 
 
 Bodle Street Cireen, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, near Hails- 
 ham. P. <75o. 
 
 Bodmin (from Bod-manach, 'the dwelling of the monks'), 
 mun. bor. and par. (pari. bor. till 1885), co. tn., Eng., Cornwall. 
 B. div., 20 m. SW. by \\'. Launceston, on the G. W. R. , had 
 an Augustinian monastery and cathedral till the Reformation ; 
 manufactures boots and serges, PMT.O. Market-day, S. 
 Mean rfall. (1866-80), 53 in. Bor. P. 5200 ; pari. div. (1891) 
 P. 52,300. 
 
 Bodmin Moor, hill tract, Eng., Cornwall, about midway 
 between Bodmin and Launceston. 
 
 Bodmin Koad, stn., Eng., Cornwall, on the G. W. R., and 
 the Fowey R. , 3 m. ESE. Bodmin. 
 
 Bodney, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 19 m. SE. King's 
 Lynn, 6 m. W. by S. Watt on stn. P. <:250. See dressing- 
 ham. Great. 
 
 Bodo, seapt., Norway, Nordland, at the entrance to the 
 Salten Fjord, in about the same lat. as the southernmost of the 
 Lofoten Is. Mean temp., yr. 39.0° F., Feb. 26.4°, Aug. 55.3°; 
 rainfall (11 yrs.), 31.78 in. P. <4000. 
 
 Bodo, Fort, in Congo Free State. See Fort Bodo. 
 
 Bodoney, Lower, par. , Ire. , NE. co. Tyrone, bar. Upper 
 Strabane, %\ m. N. by E. Omagh ; 47,921 ac. P. 5500. 
 
 Bodoney, Fpper, par. , 3 m. to the NE. ; 38,209 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Bodorgan, stn., Wales, Anglesey, on the L. & NW. R., \\\ 
 m. W. Bangor, PMT.O. 
 
 Bodrog, riv., in the NE. of Hungary, flows SW. into the 
 Theiss, just above Tokay. 
 
 Bodrog Kereszt'nr, tn., Hungary, co. Zemplin, on the 
 Bodrog, 3 m. NW. Tokay. P. 5000. 
 
 Bodrnm, tn. , Asia Minor. See Bndmm. 
 
 Bodvean, par. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div. , 16 m. 
 W. Portmadoc, 3^ m. WNW. Pwllheli .stn., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Bodvari, eccles. par., Wales. See Bodfarl. 
 
 Bodwad, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khindesh, 110 m. 
 W. Amrdoti. P. 5700 ; Hindus, 4700. 
 
 Bodwrog, par., Wales, Anglesey, 12 m. W. Beaumaris, 2i 
 m. WSW. Llangwyllog stn. P. <5oo. See Llandrygarn. 
 
 Bodyke, hamlet, Ire., NE. co. Clare, bar. Upper TuUa, 8 
 m. NW. Killaloe, P.O. 
 
 Body's Island, a long, low, sandy strip, U.S., N. Carolina, 
 between Roanoke and Albemarle Sounds, lighthouse vis. 19 m. 
 182 
 
 Bodza Nonntalns. See Carpatblans (Transylvanian Mts.). 
 Boen, vil., France, dep. Loire, arr. Montbrison, 20 ni. S. by 
 W. Roanne. P. <30oo. 
 Boeo, or Llllbeo, Capo, cape, Sicily, in the extreme W. , in 
 
 37° 48' N. ; the ancient promontory of Lilybceum. 
 
 Bceotla, Greece. See Attica and B. 
 
 Boeroe (Dutch spelling), isl. See Bum. 
 
 Boers, a Dutch word, meaning ' peasants ' ; the name given to 
 the Dutch colonists of S. Africa, founders of the Transvaal (S. 
 African) Republic and the Orange River Free State. 
 
 Boesingbe, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 4 ra. NNW. 
 Ypres. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Boetsap, vil. , Cape Colony, Barkly West dist. , 75 m. NW. 
 by N. Kimberley. 
 
 Boenf, Bayou. See Bayon Boenf. 
 
 BoflTa, stn. , French Upper Guinea, on the W. ct. , at the 
 mouth of the Pongo, in 10' 6' N. , 14^ 4' W. 
 
 Bonn, harb., Ire., in S. of Inishbofin I., co. Galway. 
 
 Bofln, Longb, lake. Ire., mainly in the SW. of co. Leitrim, 
 partly in the E. of co. Roscommon, traversed by the Shannon. 
 
 Bofo, vil., W. Africa, on the r. bk. of the Niger, in 7° 8' N., 
 6° 40' E. 
 
 B<)g, riv. , Russia. See Bag. 
 
 Bogachko, or Bogaskoi, in Servian Bogaclkon, tn., Turkey 
 in Europe, sanjak Serfije, 44 m. S. Monastir. P. about 3000 (G. ). 
 
 Bogaclc (bogachits), vil., in the NW. of Servia, 47 m. W. 
 Belgrade. P. <:4000. 
 
 Bogados, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Chatalja, on the Sea 
 of Marmora, 30 m. W. Constantinople. 
 
 Bogan, or Xew Tear's River (the ' Allen Water' of Oxley), 
 riv. , E. Australia, rises in Harvey Range, near 33" S. , 148° 30' 
 E. , flows generally NW. , and joins the Darling R. about 30° 
 N. , 146° E. Total course upwards of 300 m. 
 
 Bogantnngan, tn., Queensland, Plantagenet co., 200 m. 
 SW. by S. Mackay, on the rly. from Rockhampton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bogany Point, cape, Scot., I. of Bute, on the SE. of Rothe- 
 say Bay. 
 
 Bogay, place. Ire., co. Donegal, 7m. from Londonderry, P.O. 
 
 BogayeTSkaya, Cossack tn. , Russia, Don Cossacks, on 1. bk. 
 Don, 20 ra. SE. Novocherkask. Chief town of First Don dist. 
 
 Bogeador, cape, Philippine Is., NW. Luzon, in 18° 30' N. 
 
 Bogen, German, ' a bend,' or ' bow.' 
 
 Bogen, tn. , Ger. , Bavaria, govt. Lower Bavaria, on 1. bk. of 
 the Danube, 6 m. E. Strubing, with large breweries. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bogenberg, vil. , Ger. , Bavaria, govt. Lower Bavaria, near 
 the 1. bk. of the Danube, on a mountain of the same name, 20 
 m. E. by S. Regensburg, with a chapel, a celebrated place of 
 pilgrimage. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Bogense, tn. , Denmark, on the N. ct. of Fyen I., prov. and 
 17 m. NW. Odense, with lighthouse. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Boggabri, tn., New South Wales, Pottinger co., 60 m. NW. 
 by W. Tamworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bogbadlcb, tn. , Asia Minor, 85 m. NE. Smyrna, in a dist. 
 producing the best quality of Turkish opium. 
 
 Boghar, probably the ancient Castellu?n Afauritanum, tn. , 
 Algeria, 60 m. SSW. Algiers, on a height to the W. of the 
 Shelif, with a fort. Alt. 3180 ft. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Bogbarl, vil., Algeria, on the Shelif, to the SE. of Boghar ; 
 an important seat of trade. 
 
 Boghaz, Turkish, 'mouth,' 'gorge,' 'pass,' 'strait.' 
 
 Bogbaz-kol, vil. , Asia Minor, E. of the Kizil-Irmak, 90 m. 
 E. Angora, with remains of by far the most extensive city 
 (Pteria) of the penin. See R. G. S. Supp. Papers, vol. iv. , p. 28. 
 
 Boghazlian, or Bogbazlayan, tn., Asia Minor, vilayet 
 Angora, 35 m. NNW. Kaisarie. P. 8000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Boghead, vil., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, b\ m. W. by S. 
 Lanark, r^ m. SW. Blackwood stn. 
 
 Bogie, small riv. , Scot. , Aberdeenshire, flows N. through the 
 par. of Auchindoir, and joins the Deveron near Huntly. 
 
 Bogllpore. See Bh^alpnr. 
 
 Bognor, ct. tn. and watering-place, Eng., Sussex, on the S. 
 ct., div. and 5J m. SE. Chichester, on the L. B. & S. C. R. 
 Market-days, "Tu., Th., S. P. <45oo. 
 
 Bogo, German spelling of Danish islands, Baag«>. 
 
 BogodnkhOT, dist. tn. , Russia, go\t. and 40 m. NW. of 
 Kharkov. P. 11,150. 
 
 Bogojampl, place, with meteorological stn., E. ct. Java, a 
 few miles S. of Banyuvangi, in 8° 24' S. , 114° 24' E. Mean temp. 
 (2J yrs.), yr. 77.5° F. ; Jan. 79.2^ July 72.3°. 
 
 Bogong, CO. , Victoria, on the N. frontier, crossed by 147° E. 
 
 Bogoroditsk, dist. tn., Russia, go\t. and 40 m. SW. "Tula. 
 P. 8000. 
 
 Bogorodsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 27 m. ENE. Moscow, 
 on railway to Nijniy. P. 2700. 
 
 Bogorodskoye, vil., W. Siberia, govt, and 40 m. WNW. 
 Tomsk, on Ob R. 
 
 Bogos, a pastoral and agricultural tribe of E. Africa, in- 
 habiting the region to the N. of Abyssinia and W. of Massaua, 
 speaking an Ago or Agao language [Abyssinia] called Bilen 
 or Belen, mostly Christians, the remainder Mohanmiedans. 
 
BOGO — BOHN 
 
 Their cap. is the fortified town of Keren, which was assigned 
 to Abyssinia in 1884. Total number, at least i8,oco. 
 
 Bogoslof, volcanic isl. , with sea-lion rookeries, W. of Una- 
 laska, Alaska. Rose from the sea in 1796. 
 
 BogosloTSk, iron and copper works and gold-mines, Russia, 
 Urals, govt, and 170 m. NE. of Perm ; meteorological observa- 
 tory, 59° 45' N. , 60° 2' E. Centre of a large mining dist. Mean 
 rainfall (45 yrs.), yr. 16.2 in., May-Sept. 11 in. P. 4500. 
 
 Bogota, formerly Santa F6 de B., cap. of the United States 
 of Colombia, state of Cundinamarca, situated in 4° 35' N., 74° 
 14' W., on the SE. edge of a moimtain-enclosed plain, 20 by 45 
 m., 8500 ft. high, drained SW. by the Funza or Bogot4 R. into 
 the Magdalena at Jirardot, which place (52 m. in a direct line 
 SW. by W. Bogotd. ; alt. about 800 ft. ) is now being connected 
 with B. by rail. The highest point on the road to Jirardot is 
 only about 8660 ft. above the sea, on that to Honda (lower 
 down, on the Magdalena), 9000 ft., on the road leading E. 
 10,920 ft. It has a cathedral, palace of the president, palaces 
 of the deputies and senate, mint, and a university. The Rio 
 Francisco, which traverses the city, joins the Rio B. in the 
 centre of the plain, and the conjunct waters descend in a SW. 
 direction through a ravine nearly 40 m. long. At the cataract 
 of Tequendama the cleft between the rocks is only 36 ft. wide, 
 and the waters descend in an unbroken mass 600 ft. On the 
 Suma Paz, a feeder of the Rio B., are the natural bridges 
 of Icononzo or Pandi, formed: by two rocks that unite the 
 opposite sides of a deep mountain cleft, about 250 or 300 ft. 
 above the surface of the torrent. The plain (Campo) of B. con- 
 tains coal-fields, and towards the N. border the salt-mines of 
 Zipaquira. Alt. of tn., 8630 ft. (Reiss and Stiibel) ; mean 
 temp. (2 yrs., 1823-4), yr. 57.9° F. ; rainfall (10 yrs.), 43.62 in. 
 P. 100,000. 
 
 Bogrd, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, cap. of dist. B. , 83 m. NE. 
 by E. Murshidabid ; cholera occasionally breaks out in the dist. 
 with great severity. P. 6600 ; Moham. 3500 ; Hindus, 3000. 
 
 Bogrle IIlll, Scot., Dumfriesshire, 13 m. WNW. Dumfries. 
 Alt. 1416 ft. 
 
 Bogsan, Nemet-, vil., Hungary, co. Krasso, circle and 20 
 m. SSW. Lugos ; important iron-mines. P. <30oo. 
 
 Bogslde, stn., Scot., Perthshire, on Bluther Bum, 8 m. W. 
 by N. Dunfermline, on the N. B. R., P.O. 
 
 Bogston, stn., Scot., W. Renfrewshire, on the C. R. , 2 m. 
 SE. by E. Greenock. 
 
 Bogton, Locli, small lake, Scot., S. Ayrshire, a little to the 
 W. of Dalmellington, 10^ m. E. by S. Maybole, about i m. 
 long, drained NW. by the R. Doon. 
 
 Bognchar, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 150 m. SE. of Voro- 
 nezh, near the Don. P. 4200. 
 
 Bogne. See Canton Rlyer. 
 
 Bognslar, tn. , Russia, govt, and 69 m. SE. Kiev. P. 9000. 
 
 Bogntschiitz, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 38 m. E. by 
 N. Ratibor, and 4^ m. SE. by E. Konigshiitte. P. 6400. 
 
 Boll, riv. , Russia. See Bng. 
 
 Bobadoon, electoral div. , Ire., co. Waterford, dist. Seskinan. 
 
 Bohaln, tn., France, dep. Aisne, arr, and 12 ra. NE. by N. 
 St. Quentin. P. 6600. 
 
 Boharm, par., Scot., cos. Elgin and Banff, 6 m. W. Keith, 
 near Mulben stn. ; 16,741 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bohemia, Ger. Biilunen, part of the Austrian empire. It is 
 surrounded on all sides by mountain ranges : W. and SW. by 
 the Bohemian Forest Mts. , NW. by the Erzgebirge, NE. by 
 the Sudetes Mts., and S. and SE. by an elevation called 
 Bohemian- Moravian Mts. Several inferior mountain ranges 
 intersect, the principal ones being the Trapp Mts. and the Mittel- 
 gebirge (Midland Mts.). The interior of B. consists chiefly of 
 undulating plains, which have a general slope towards the interior 
 of the country. The most extensive of these plains are in the pro- 
 vinces of Koniggratz and Chrudin. In the NE. rampart of B. 
 rises the largest river of N . Germany, the Elbe. The whole of B. 
 (with the exception of a few border districts) belongs to its river 
 system. The upper Elbe is, however, inferior to its trib., the 
 Moldau, the latter being in reality the great artery of B. The Mol- 
 dau is connected by a canal with the Danube and the Black Sea. 
 Geologically, the mountains of B. consist principally of palaeozoic 
 rocks, gneiss being prevalent. Near Prague are silurian deposits 
 of great geological interest. The carboniferous formation is also 
 met with in various parts of the country. There are also some 
 tertiary basins, viz., near Wittingau, Falkenau, Teplitz, and 
 Zittau. B. is rich in coals and ores. Coal is found near the 
 Upper Elbe, and at Pilsen, Kladno, Teplitz, and Polish Ostrau. 
 Extensive silver mines are worked at Pribram, and lead mines 
 at Stfibro (Mies). Budweis is noted for its graphite works; 
 and nickel, antimony, tin, iron, sulphur, alum, and porcelain 
 clay are found in various parts of the country ; the largest iron- 
 works being at Kladno, and those of tin on the southern slopes 
 of the Ore Mts. As regards agriculture B. is one of the most 
 productive countries of the Austrian empire, but is, in this respect, 
 still capable of great development. Many districts are very fer- 
 tile, e.g., the region adjoining the Upper Elbe, around Konig- 
 gratz; the 'Golden Road,' in the valley of the Eger; the 
 
 ' Paradise,' near Teplitz ; and the ' Gai^den of Bohemia,' in the 
 Midland Mts. Saaz is noted for the culture of hops. Manufac- 
 tures and industries are of very great importance, the annual value 
 of the articles produced being estimated at about ;^5o,ooo,ooo. 
 Bohemian glass is celebrated on account of its good qualities, 
 especially lightness and brilliancy of colour ; most of the glass- 
 works are in the neighbourhood of the mountains, where silica 
 and fuel are plentiful. Moreover, there are many textile fac- 
 tories, where cotton, woollen, and linen goods are manufactured, 
 print and dye works, iron-works, machine-shops, chemical- 
 works, breweries, and paper-mills. The principal manufactur- 
 ing districts are in the northern parts of B. , Reichenberg, the 
 second town of B. , being specially celebrated for its cloth manu- 
 factories, in which it is unsurpassed by any other town of the 
 Austrian empire. The high road connecting Vienna with Berlin 
 goes through this place, and makes it an important commercial 
 centre. Pilsen, Kladno, Leitmeritz are other towns of great 
 industrial importance. Karlsbad, Marienbad, Teplitz, Bilin, 
 Pullna, and Sedlitz are renowned watering-places. As regards 
 cUniat«, B. is, on the whole, a healthy country, and has a clear 
 and salubrious atmosphere. In the higher parts of the regions 
 the climate is, however, rough and inclement. The dist. near 
 Gottesgab in the Erzgebirge is considered the coldest of B. , it is 
 unfit for the cultivation of grain. The prevalent winds are W. 
 and SW. B. derives its name from the Boii, the ancient in- 
 habitants of the country. These were followed by the Quadi 
 and Marcomanni, who were in possession of the principal parts 
 of B. at the beginning of the Christian era. After them came 
 the Rugii and Langobardi, and later on, in the beginning of the 
 6th century, the Slavs, who have remained the dominant race 
 in B. up to the present day. As a rule, the Bohemian Slavs are 
 called Chechs or Czechs. But during the Middle Ages the 
 German element spread over the whole of B. Land and privi- 
 leges were granted to German colonists, and the Germans 
 founded most of the Bohemian towns. At present the Germans 
 preponderate in the mountainous dists. , and the Czechs in the 
 lower and level parts of the country. Bitter animosity exists 
 between the Germans and the Slavs in B. , the aristocracy and 
 the peasants being for the most part Czech, whilst the inhabit- 
 ants of the towns are mostly German. The Jewish influence is 
 also considerable. The mean temp, of B. is 46.5° F. , whilst in 
 the higher parts of the country is about 41° F. See Austria- 
 Hungary. [H. e. s.] 
 
 Bohemian Forest (Biihmerwald), mt. range, running 
 SE. to NW. , and forming the boundary, mostly also the water- 
 parting between Bohemia and Bavaria. It consists chiefly of 
 palaeozoic rocks (gneiss, granite), and is characterised by its wild 
 features. It slopes abruptly towards Bavaria, and gradually 
 towards Bohemia. The highest points, the Arber (4840 ft.), 
 and Rachel (4780 ft.), rise within the frontier of Bavaria ; on the 
 Bohemian side the highest parts are the Heidelberg (4500 ft.), 
 the Kubani or Boubin (4220 ft.), and the Dreisesselberg (3800 
 ft. ). Metals are found in many parts of the range : silver, lead, 
 iron, antimony, zinc, cobalt, cinnabar ; coal is met with in a few 
 places [Bavaria, Bohemia]. [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Boher, stn. , Ire. , co. and 7 m. SE. Limerick, on the Water- 
 ford and Limerick Rly. 
 
 Boherboy, tn., Ire., NW. co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 19I m. 
 ENE. Killarney. P. <soo. 
 
 Boherboy, electoral div., Ire., co. Meath, dist. Kilskcer. 
 
 Boherbne, place. Ire., co. Cork, 6 m. from Newmarket, P.O. 
 
 Boherglass, electoral div., Ire., co. Clare, dist. Feakle. 
 
 Botaerlahan, vil.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 8 
 m. SSW. Thurles, i^ m. E. of the Suir, P.O. 
 
 Bohermeen, vil., Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. Lower Navan, 
 4 m. W. by N. Navan, P.O. 
 
 Boherqnlll, electoral div.. Ire., co. Westmeath, dist. Street. 
 
 Bolilllaiic, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 2 m. S. 
 Castlemartyr ; 1096 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Bohle, vil. , Prussia, Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, circle and 
 dist. Hagen. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bohmisch, German, ' Bohemian.' 
 
 Bohmlsch Alcha, or I>ub desky, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 8 
 m. SSW. Reichenberg, with textile manufactures. Near it is a 
 basaltic dyke known as the Teufelsmauer (' devil's wall '). P. 
 <:3000. 
 
 Bohmlsch-Brod, or Brod ^esky, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 19 
 m. E. Prague. P. <:50oo. 
 
 Buhmlsch-Kamnltz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 28 m. ENE. 
 Teplitz, and 5 m. SW. by S. Kreibnitz. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bohmlsch-Lelpa, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 23 m. W. by S. 
 Reichenberg, with woollen-spinning mills and other factories. 
 Alt. 860 ft. Mean temp., yr. 45.7° F., Jan. 28.2°, July 64.5°. 
 P. 9300. 
 
 Bohmlsch-Skalltz, or 4&eskii Skallce, comm., Austria, 
 Bohemia, 13 m. SE. by S. Trautenau. P. <30oo. 
 
 Bohmlseh-TTiiban, or ^skU Trebova, comm., Austria, 
 Bohemia, 3s m. SE. Koniggratz, with cloth-mills. P. <c5ooo. 
 
 Bohmlscii-WleseMthal. See Wlesenthal, Bohmlsch. 
 
 Bohnltz, comm., Bohemia, 3^ m. N. Prague. P. <:20oo. 
 
 183 
 
BOHN — BOLI 
 
 Botansack, vil. , Ger., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, on the r. 
 bk. of the Vistula, 8 m. E. Danzig. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Boho, par. and hamlet. Ire., W. co. Fermanagh, bar. 
 Magheraboy, 7 m. W. Enniskillen, P.O. P. <:i500. 
 
 B6I10I, Isla de, one of the Philippine Is., crossed by 10° 
 N., and 124° E. Mountainous, well- wooded ; produces rice and 
 gold. Area, 1184 sq. m. P., including Siquijor and smaller 
 islands belonging to the prov., 227,000. 
 
 Bohola, par., Ire., E. co. Mayo, bar. Gallen, 9 m. NE. by 
 E. Castlebar, P.O. ; 8674 ac. P. <:3000. 
 
 Boliorodczany, comm., Austria, crownland Galicia, 60 m. 
 SE. Drohobycz. P. < 5000. 
 
 Bohns, ruined fortress, Sweden, at the head of the island 
 formed by the two arms at the mouth of the Gota. It gave 
 name to a neighbouring part of the coast, and is now a part of 
 the name of a prov. (Ian). See dothenbiirg. 
 
 Bolestoff'n, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Northumberland 
 CO. , on the SW. branch of the Miramichi R. , 40 m. N. by E. 
 Fredericton. 
 
 Boimorto, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. Corunna, dist. 
 Arziia. P. <400o. 
 
 Bolnlca, vil., Bulgaria, prov. and 17 m. W. by S. Viddin. 
 P. <;3000. 
 
 Bolro, comm,, Spain, prov. Conmna, dist. Noya. P. 7700. 
 
 Bols Blauc Island, U.S., Michigan, Cheboygan co., in 
 the extreme NW. of Lake Huron, in 84^° W. 
 
 Bolsdale, or Beaver Core, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape 
 Breton co. , on Little Bras d'Or. P. <;i50o. 
 
 Bolsdale, par. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, in the SE. of S. Uist. 
 
 Bolsdale Lock, inlet, nearly dividing the island of S. Uist. 
 
 Boise (boi'ze), co., U.S., Idaho, crossed by 116° W., 44° N. 
 
 Boise, tn., U.S., cap. Idaho, Ada co., 115 m. NE. by N. 
 of the NW. comer of the state, with rich placer and quartz 
 gold mines, within 50 m. to the E. and NE. ; U.S. Assay 
 Office. Alt. (signal stn. ) 2768 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). Mean 
 temp., yr. 48.9° F., Jan. 29.5^, July 73.6"; mean rainfall (6 yrs.), 
 16. 19 in. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Bols Forts Indian Reservation, U.S., Minnesota, in St. 
 Louis and Itasca cos. , crossed by 48° N. , and 93° W. 
 
 Bols le Dnc, Holland, N. Brabant. See s'Hertogenboseli. 
 
 Bolssevaln, rly. stn., Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of the 
 C. P. R., 140 m. WSW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Bols Vert River, Canada, Quebec, Sag^enay basin, flows 
 N. into Kenogami Lake, about 71° 30' W. 
 
 Bolzenbnrg, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 32 m. SW. 
 by W. Schwerin, on the r. bk. of the Elbe. P. <4000. 
 
 Bojador, cape, on the W. ct. of Africa, S. of the Canary Is., 
 in 26" 7' N. , with a dangerous coast ; first rounded in modern 
 times by Gil Eannes, a Portuguese, in 1434. 
 
 Bojador, NW. promontory of Luzon, Philippine Is. 
 
 Bojan, vil., Austria, Bukovina, 9 m. E. Czemowitz. P. <6200. 
 
 Bojana, riv. , European Turkey. See Boyana. 
 
 Bojano, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 11 m. WSW. 
 Campobasso, 54 m. W. Foggia. P. 6000. 
 
 BoJanoMo, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Posen, 29 m. E. by N. 
 Glogau. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bojewyan, P.O., Eng., 4 m. from St. Just, Cornwall. 
 
 Bojkowltz, comm., Austria, Moravia, 46 m. SE. by S. 
 Olmiitz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bojol, one of the Philippines. See Boliol. 
 
 Bok&ro, coalfield, Brit. India, in the W. of Bengal dist., 
 Hazaribagh, to the N. of the Damodar R. 
 
 Boke, fortified trading stn.. French W. Africa, Futa-jallon, 
 in 10" 55' N., 14° 13' W., on the Nunez R., at high tide navi- 
 gable to this point ; 20 leagues from the sea ; comparatively 
 healthy. Alt. 600 ft. Mean temp, (i^ yr. 1878-79), yr. 80.2° F. 
 
 Bokhara. See Bokhara. 
 
 Bokharaka, tribe, Africa. See Bonyal. 
 
 Bokore, stn. , Brit. E. Africa, on the Tana, 0° 26' S. , 39° 6' E. 
 
 Bok Point, cape. Cape Colony, 25 m. N. by W. Cape Town. 
 
 Boksbnrg, mining tn., S. African Republic, 34 m. S. by E. 
 Pretoria, about 12 m. E. Johannesburg, which it supplies with 
 coal ; cap. of B. div. 
 
 Bokstel, or Boxtel, comm. and tn., Holland, prov. N. 
 Brabant, on the Dommel, 7 m. S. s'Hertogenbosch. P. 6100. 
 
 Bol, Scandinavian, ' a dwelling." See Bold. 
 
 Bola, La, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. Orense, dist. Celanova. 
 P. <4coo. 
 
 Bolahola. See Borabora. 
 
 Bolaboy, electoral div. , Ire., co. Wexford, dist. Oulart. 
 
 Bolac, fresh-water lake, Victoria, Ripon and Hampden cos., 
 55 m. WSW. Ballarat, drained into the Hopkins R. 
 
 Bolam, par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 5 m. S. by 
 W. Bishop Auckland, 3 m. S. by E. West Ar.ckland stn. P. 
 <25o. 
 
 Bolam, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 7 m. 
 W. by S. Morpeth, i m. SSE. Angerton stn. P. <250. 
 
 Boian, pass on the road leading from the plains of Kachh 
 Ganddva, India, across the Brahui Mts. to Quetta, Baluchis- 
 tan ; now traversed by the western of the two railways that 
 184 
 
 nin from Sibi to Quetta. Alt. 5800 ft. For historical notes see 
 Proc. K. G. S., 1879, p. 59. 
 
 Bolaftos, tn. , Mexico, Jalisco, 70 m. NW. Guadalajara ; 
 rich silver-mines near. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bolaftos, comm., Spain, prov. Ciudad-Real, dist. Almagro. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Bolilram, military cantonment, India, 11 m. N. Haidarabdd 
 (Nizam's Dominion), on a piece of high groimd 6 or 8 m. in 
 circumference. Alt. 1890 ft. 
 
 Bolas, dreat, par,, Eng., Salop, Newport div., 11^ m. NE. 
 by E. Shrewsbury, 2 m. ESE. Peplow stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Bola'wadnn, tn., Asiatic Turkey. See Bolo-ivodun. 
 
 Bolbec, tn. , France, dep. Seine-Inf6rieure, arr. and 17J m. 
 ENE. Havre, with cotton, linen, and other manufactures. P. 
 11,000. 
 
 Bolchen, French Bonlay, tn., Ger., govt. Alsace-Lorraine, 
 15 ni. E. by N. Metz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Biileske, tn., Hungary, co. Tolna, dist. Dimafoldvar. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bold, Battle, or Bottle, Battel, Blod, Teutonic ; Bol, or Bo, 
 Scandinavian, ' a dwelling." 
 
 Bold, par. and hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, 4 m. SE. Prescot ; 
 4483 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Boldniere, eccles. par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Aston par. , near 
 Birmingham. P. <2,ooo. 
 
 Boldon, par., Eng., Durham, in the S. of the Jarrow div., 
 on the Don, 3I m. NW. by W. Sunderland, x\ m. W. Cleadon 
 Lane stn., PM.O. ; 4215 ac. P. <:5000. 
 
 Boldre, par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., on the B. 
 Rlv. (a small stream that enters the Solent at Lymington), 9^ 
 m. SW. Southampton, 2 m. SE. Brockenhurst stn., P.O. ; 9887 
 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Boldre, East, eccles. dist., Eng., Hampshire, near South- 
 ampton. P. <7So. 
 
 Boldron, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, li m. S. Barnard 
 Castle, div. and ii^ m. NW. Richmond, 3 m. "E. Bowes stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Bole, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 2 m. 
 SW. Gainsborough, P.O. P. <:25o; eccles. par. (Bole with 
 Sanndby) P. <soo. 
 
 Bole, or Bohle, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 7^ m. S. 
 Dortmund. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Bole, or BnlO^ vil. , W. Africa, in the Worodugu country, in 
 about 12° 15' N. , 6° 34' W. 
 
 Bolea, P.O., Ire., co. Londonderry, 4 m. from Limavady. 
 
 Bolechofv, tn. , Austria, Galicia, 14 m. S. by E. Stry ; has 
 salt-works. P. <5oc)0. 
 
 Bolehall and Glascote, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire and Staf- 
 fordshire, 2 m. SE. Tamworth. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bole Hill, Eng., in the W. of Derbyshire, 9 m. ESE. 
 Buxton. Height, 1179 ft. 
 
 Bolengam, seapt. , N. ct. of Celebes. 
 
 Bolesklne and Abertarff, par., Scot., Inverness-shire, 19 
 m. SW. by S. Inverness; 110,047 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bolghar, or Bolgara, celebrated seat of trade in the Middle 
 Ages, on the 1. bk. of the Volga, in 54° 54' N., 90 m. below 
 Kazan ; seems to have perished early in the 15th centiury ; now 
 represented by the \'illage of Bolgari, where old ruins survive. 
 
 Boll (the ancient Hadrianopolis), tn., Turkey, cap. of sanjak 
 B. , 84 m. NW. Angora, with warm springs. P. 10,000. 
 
 Bollda, plain stretching E. and W. , in SW. of Baluchistan. 
 
 BoUnao, tn., Philippine Is., Luzon, at the mouth of Lin- 
 gayen Gulf, in 16° 25' N. , 119° 55' E. P. 6900. 
 
 Bollngbroke, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Horncastle div.. 14 
 m. N. by E. Boston, 3 m. W. by S. Spilsby stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bollngbroke, Ne'w, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., Lincoln- 
 shire, Horncastle div. , 10 m. N. Boston, 6 m. W. by N. E^st- 
 ville stn., PM.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Bollngbroke with Hareby, eccles. par., Eng., Lincoln- 
 shire, near Spilsby. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bollngy, hamlet, Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., i m. from the 
 NW. ct., 6^ m. NW. by N. Truro, P.O. 
 
 Bolivar ,~ dep., Colombia (g.v.), on the Caribbean Sea, 
 bounded on the E. by the Magdalena ; cap. Cartagena. 
 
 Bolivar, tn. , Colombia, Cauca, 177 NE. by N. Quito. 
 
 Bolivar, seapt. , in N. of Ecuador. See ^utlago, riv. 
 
 Bolivar, co., U.S., Mississippi, on the Mississippi R., 
 crossed in the N. by 34° N. 
 
 Bolivar, city, U.S., Missouri, Polk co., 95 m. SW. Jefferson 
 City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bolivar, vil., U.S., Ohio, Tuscarawas co. , 55 m. NW. 
 Wheehng(W. Va.). Alt. 907 ft. (Canal). P. < 1500. 
 
 Bolivar, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Westmoreland co., on 
 Kiskiminetas R., 46 m. E. by S. Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bolivar, tn., U.S., Tennessee, cap. Hardeman co., 60 m. 
 E. Memphis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bolivar, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Jefferson co., near Harpers 
 Ferry. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bolivar, colony, Venezuela, Miranda, 25 m. E. Caracas. 
 See also C'lndad BoUvar. 
 
BO L I 
 
 Bolivar, state, Venezuela, comprising the gi-eater part of 
 Venezuelan Guiana, bounded on the N. by the Orinoco, 
 above the delta, and the Apure as far W. as 69° 35' W.; cap. 
 Ciudad B. 
 
 Bolivar Point, U.S. , Texas, Chambers co., at the N. side of 
 the entrance to Galveston Bay, with lighthouse, in 29° 22' N. 
 
 Bolivia (named in honour of Bolivar, the hero of the War of 
 Independence), a republic of S. America, five times the area 
 of Great Britain, divided into the eight departments named in 
 the following table : — 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Area 
 sq. m. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 
 Thou- 
 sands. 
 
 Per 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 La Paz de Aya-\ 
 cucho . / 
 
 Potosi . 
 
 Oruro . 
 
 Chuquisaca, or ) 
 Sucre . 1 
 
 Cochabamba 
 
 Beni . 
 
 Santa-Cruz de ) 
 la Sierra . | 
 
 Tarija . 
 
 171,081 
 52,084 
 21.331 
 39.871 
 21,417 
 
 100,551 
 
 126,305 
 34.599 
 
 362 
 
 229 
 in 
 
 123 
 188 
 17 
 97 
 63 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 0.2 
 
 0.8 
 
 2 
 
 La Paz . 
 
 Potosi . 
 Oruro 
 
 Sucre 
 
 Cochabamba . 
 Trinidad . 
 Santa-Cruz de ) 
 la Sierra | 
 Tarija . 
 
 4S.OOO 
 
 12,000 
 15.000 
 
 17,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 10,000 
 8,000 
 
 Total . 
 Uncivilised ) 
 Indians f 
 
 567, 240^^ 
 
 i,igo2 
 245 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 1,435 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1 Uncertain, owing to the uncertainty of the frontiers. 
 
 2 Estimates based on partial enumerations. 
 
 Boundaries : W. , Peru and Chile ; S. , Chile, the Argentine 
 Republic, and Paraguay; N. and E., Brazil. B. occupies the 
 mountainous region forming the loftiest and largest plateau in 
 all America [Andes, B.], known in B. as the AUiplanicie central 
 ('high central plain'), which forms an interior basin (500 m. 
 long, and 80 m. wide), with a mean alt. of 12,500 to 13,000 
 ft., containing in the N. the fresh-water lake Titicaca 
 (12,640 ft.), and in the S. lands which are alternately sub- 
 merged swamps or arid saline deserts {Pampas, Cienagas de 
 Salinas, or Desiertos de Lipez), with somewhat isolated heights 
 (Tahua, 17,393 ft.). The N. portion of the region, described in 
 the article Andes, under the head of Bolivian Andes, belongs 
 politically to Peru ; the Bolivian section in a political sense 
 beginning in the W. or coast Cordillera, to the SW. of 
 Lake Titicaca (half of which belongs to Peru), and in the 
 E. chain or Cordillera Real, to the NE. of that lake. The 
 S. portion begins with the Nudo (' nucleus,' or ' knot ') of Apolo- 
 baniba (17,614 ft.), and continues by Illampu or Sorata (the 
 highest, about 21,500 ft.), Huaina Potosi, Illimani, to the 
 Nudo of Cochabamba-Tunari (16,170 ft.), which branches 
 out to the E. up to the sierra of Missiones. In the S. the 
 ' high central plain ' is closed by the Todos os Santos, or All 
 Saints Mts. (19,375 ft.), connecting the Cordillera Real with the 
 W. mountains. N. and E. B. extends in immense undulating 
 plains {Llanos) to the high valleys of the Amazon basin, and to 
 the basin of the Paraguay, with occasional isolated groups of 
 hills, probably separated by erosion from the Andes. The 
 westernmost heights of the Brazilian plateau, forming the water- 
 parting between the basins of the Amazon and Paraguay, form 
 a small mountainous district called ' the Chiquitos.' South- 
 wards the Llanos or Pampas merge into the Gran Chaco [q.v.). 
 Hydrogrsiphy.— I. All the waters of the central high plain 
 terminate in Lake Titicaca, the Pampas lakes (Aullagas, &c.), 
 or enter the riv. Desaguadero (200 m. long), which links the 
 two chief lakes. At the foot of Mount Illimani, in the middle 
 of the Cordillera Real, the riv. Beni (Veni or Paro) excavates 
 a deep valley, through which the waters of the N. and NE. 
 slopes of the Cordillera are drained N. to the Amazon. It 
 seems that in ancient times the waters of Lake Titicaca flowed 
 this way into the Amazon valley. The waters of the E. Cocha- 
 bamba Mts. are drained by riv. Mamor6 (Guapay or Rio 
 Grande) to the Madeira. Another resion is drained S. by the 
 Pilcomayo-Pilaya and Bermejo to the Paraguay. The Guapor^ 
 (or Itenez), affluent of the Mamor^, conveying the waters of the 
 Brazilian plateau, and of the Llanos (with the rivs. S. Miguel, 
 Blanco, Baures), forms the E. boundary of B. Finally, in the 
 extreme N. many rivs. (Purus, Embira, Jurua, Aquiry, Manu 
 or Madre de Dios) pass through B. , having their sources in the 
 Peruvian Andes, and, most of them, their outlets in the selvas 
 of Brazil. Geology. — The central high plain shows principally 
 Secondary or Mesozoic rocks, with Quaternary deposits along 
 riv. Desaguadero, and Lakes Titicaca and Aullagas, and thence 
 to Potosi. In the E. Cordillera the rocks are largely eruptive 
 (porphyry, trachyte). The bulk of the Cordillera Real is Palaeo- 
 
 zoic (Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous), with great masses of 
 granitic and schistose rocks, and red and yellow sandstones. Some 
 ofthe greatest heights, like the Sorata and Illimani, are of schistose, 
 fossiliferous, Silurian rocks. Carboniferous deposits are met with 
 along the E. slopes. The Llanos and Pampas are, from N. 
 to S. , Quaternary, with hiUs of gneiss and granite, which seem 
 to have been separated from the main Cordillera by erosion, 
 and some Carboniferous regions (Chiquitos). Active volcanoes 
 are numerous (see Andes). B. has great mineral vfealth, 
 partially undeveloped for want of means of communication. 
 Still, in 1890 the value of the mineral products amounted 
 to £^2, 2%%, 000. Metallic ores are principally met with in 
 trachytic porphyries. Gold is usually mixed with antimony, 
 silver, &c. Silver is the traditional and most important object 
 of all mining operations (ores from 75 per cent, to i, Oruro — 
 and 7 per 1000, Huanchaca). Huanchaca is now the most pro- 
 ductive silver-mine in the world (in 1890, ^^883, 470). Next in 
 importance are the once famous Potosi mines (with gold and 
 platinum, discovered in 1545, /6oo,ooo,ooo in 320 years), Portu- 
 galete (Chichas), Oriuo (with mercury and tin), Aullagas, Guade- 
 lupe, Cochabamba (with lead), Chorolque (with tin), Corocoro 
 (copper). Tipuani {Lavaderos) is now the most important gold 
 region (from 1818-68, 340,000 tons of ore, worth ^2,000,000). 
 There is gold also in the valleys of rivers flowing to the W. 
 Coal and iron are found at Oruro, Chuquisaca, Beni, also bis- 
 muth, cobalt, borax. Diamonds and emeralds in the valley of 
 the Beni ; hyacinth and opals at St. Cruz ; petroleum (Yungas, 
 Pilcomayo). The climate is tropical, modified by the altitude 
 and orientation ; trade winds (SE.) blow regularly from July to 
 October. In some parts rains begin in November and last 
 until February or March. There are considerable hailstorms 
 both at the beginning and end of the rainy season. B. is 
 between the 60° and 70° July, and the 70° and 80^ January 
 Isothermes. May, June, and July are the coldest months. E. 
 winds blowing along the slopes of the Andes give them their 
 humidity. Dry winds [Pern] bring about great evaporation on 
 the mountains. In central B. the snow-line reaches 17,250 ft. 
 The glaciers reach some 1600 or 1700 ft. lower down. The 
 Punas are the highest and coldest regions; the Yungas the 
 warmest [Peru]. The Puna brava (wild P. ) extends from the 
 snow-line to 12,800 ft. The Puna hes above 11,000. Temp., 
 maximum 73° F. , minimum 44°, mean 50° (La Paz, 11,942 
 ft.). Near Lake Titicaca (12,643 ft.) temperatures are less 
 extreme. In the Cabeceras de Valles ('heads of valleys'), 
 or Bolsones (' piu'ses,' or basin-shaped hollows siurounded 
 by hills), above 9570 ft., the temp, is very mild. In the median 
 Yunga (or Valle, 9570-5300 ft. ) the temp, is better distributed 
 [Cochabamba]. The last two regions have regular rainy and 
 dry seasons. "Towns lie principally between 12,400 and 8200 ft. 
 alt. The Yungas proper (or ' Yuncas,' hot valleys) are tropical ; 
 the name has been given to the valleys which permit the in- 
 fluence of the Atlantic to enter the Andine regions, but it is now 
 used principally to designate the valleys of the Beni basin. The 
 temp, is high and uniform (mean 73° F. at Tipuani, 1903 ft.). 
 Saturated winds travel along the slopes of the mountains from 
 the Amazonian Selvas. Rains occur all the year round. The 
 Llanos to the E. and N. are hot and damp, in some places very 
 variable (W. Chiquitos). There are two meteorological obser- 
 vatories (1893), Potosi and Santa Cruz. On the mountains the 
 flora has the character of that of the Peruvian Andes [see 
 Peru], on the Llanos that of the upper part of both the Amazon 
 and La Plata basins [Argentine Republic, Brazil] ; all plants 
 can, however, find suitable climates in B. On the Punas the 
 vegetation is scanty {Espeletia, Senecio glacialis, and others at 
 Sorata, 16,400 ft.), Deyeuxia, Cactus bolivianus, Cereus , Bacharis 
 Tola, Stipa Jehu. Potatoes, barley, and the Quinoa {Cheno- 
 podium Quinoa) are cultivated. Forests, however, reach as 
 high as 11,500 ft. On the Sorata, Alnus, Escallonia. Some 
 palms {Euterpe atidicola) ascend to about 10,000 ft. In the 
 Cabeceras de Valles cereals (Indian corn) are grown. The 
 Yungas are very fertile, and covered with tropical fruits and 
 plants : coffee, cacao, sugar cane, banana, pine-apple, tobacco. 
 On the upper part of the Andine forest belt {Ceja, or 'Hd' of 
 the mountain, 4700-7500 ft.) grow the cinchona plants, Cas- 
 carilla {Calisaya, and some ten more species most largely culti- 
 vated), and the coca {Erythroxylon Coca) ; the Syphocampylus 
 yields caoutchouc, the pacay {Prosopis dulcis) yields pods used 
 for food, the copal sumach {Rhus copalinum), copaiba, Pessoe, 
 Mapajo (vegetable silk), sarsaparilla, goiac, textiles, woods for 
 building (mahogany), dyeing and tanning. On the S. slopes 
 vines are cultivated (Camargo to Conception, Chayanta, Mojo- 
 toro). The fauna is also very hke that of Peru. Very rich in 
 birds and insects. Birds of prey (Condor) inhabit the highest 
 regions. Humming-birds are found at 14,460 ft. (Potosi). In 
 the Puna the wild American camehdse {Auchenia), the Huanaco 
 and Vicuna, and the Chinchilla ^valuable for its fur) are met 
 with, and domestic lamas, alpacas (the domesticated Auchenias), 
 as well as sheep, are kept. In the S. , the African camel has been 
 introduced. The Cabiai or Capybara is plentiful in the Yungas 
 (where it destroys the plantations), and the tapir, the jaguar, and 
 
 185 
 
BOLI — BOLO 
 
 almost all Amazonian wild animals [Brazil]. Among the 
 people the Quichuas and the Aymara, whom they appear to 
 have conquered, are now the representatives of the celebrated 
 Incas [Pern]. Tradition says they first came from the Bolivian 
 part of Lake Titicaca (Tiahuanaco and Coati), where ruins of 
 magnificent buildings are still to be seen.and where those tribes 
 still live, as they (Apolistas, Yucar6, Mocetenes, Tacanas, Lecos) 
 also do on the central moimtains of B., extending from the 
 Altiplanicie to the Beni valley. The Inca or Quichua language 
 is even now prevalent in central B. The Chiquitos (hunters, 
 agriculturists) live between the Cordillera and riv. Paraguay on 
 the small detached mountainous region. The Jesuits tried to 
 make their language prevalent on the Llanos. S. of the Cordil- 
 lera, as far as the rivs. Pilcomayo and Paraguay, the existing 
 Indians represent a stream of Guarani, coming from the 
 E. (Chiriguanos, Guarayos, from Guara-Tu 'yellow men'). 
 N. of the Chiquitos, and between the Mamor6 and Guapor^, 
 the Mojos (Canichanas, Itonamas, It^nes), are the navigators 
 of the Amazonian Rivs. Towards the extreme N W. , between 
 theMadre de Dios and Purus, live the An tis {Chunchos, ' wild'), 
 robbers and savages. The means of commnnlcatlon are 
 still very imperfect. Ultimately there will be two outlets to 
 the Pacific and two to the Atlantic. On the Pacific side : i. In 
 theN. , Puno (on Lake Titicaca) is already the head of the Peruvian 
 railway, MoUendo-Arequipa. From Puno, or Puerto Perez, to 
 Chililaya (Lake Unimarca) there are ii6 m. by steamer, and, 
 from this, one road to La Paz and Oruro. A railway is in 
 construction between La Paz and Ayagacha (Lake Titicaca). 
 2. In the S. , the Chilean railway Antofagasta-Mejillones-Calama 
 already reaches Huanchaca and Omro (574 m. ). From these 
 two points there are roads, better or worse, to Cochabamba, 
 Santa Cruz, Villa Bela (Matto Grosso), on the Guapor6, Puerto- 
 Pacheco, on the Paraguay, Sucre, Potosi, Huanchaca, Tarija, 
 Jujuy, and Oran (in the Argentine). Puno and Oruro will shortly 
 be united by a railway along the Altiplanicie. On the Atlantic 
 side: i. Towards the S. (a) the Argentine Railway system already 
 reaches Jujuy and Oran ; [b) two railways are in construction 
 betw^een Sucreand Puerto-Pacheco (Chamacoco), on rivs. Para- 
 guay-Otuquis(75S m. ), and between Santa Cruz and LakeCaceres, 
 both ports on the navigable part of Paraguay (587 m. ). There is 
 a good road between Sucre and Santa Cruz. 2. On the N. , the 
 rivs. Guapor^, Mamor6, and Beni are navigable for more than 
 3000 m., 2000 of which for steamers drawing 6 ft. of water. 
 But riv. Madeira {q.v.), which these rivers form in Brazil, is 
 interrupted by impassable falls (for 230 m. ). There are tele- 
 graphs between Puno (Peru) and La Paz (145 m.), thence to 
 Oruro, Sucre, Potosi, and the Argentine. The Mining Com- 
 pany of Huanchaca has established an extensive telegraphic net 
 open to the public. About one-half of the Imports are from 
 Great Britain, vid Arica (cotton goods, iron, machinery, carri- 
 ages, coals). Silver makes up two-thirds of the value of the 
 exports, the others including gold, copper, tin, bismuth, 
 cinchona bark, and medicinal plants, indiarubber, gum, coca, 
 coffee, tobacco, cereals, wool, and chinchilla furs. (For 
 statistics, see Appendix, p. 5). Metals and wools are gene- 
 rally exported by the Pacific ; barks and gums by the Atlantic. 
 The decimal metric system of weights and measures is the legal 
 one, but the old Spanish measures are still in general use. 
 {Libra = 1.014th; Quintal, 100 Lib. or 4 Arrobas ; Arroba, 
 25 lb., or 6.74 gall.; vara, 0.927 yard). The Dollar, Peso, or 
 Bolivia?io, in silver, is the unit = 5 Fr. (2 S. ). Th& quinto \, 
 the real ^, the medio 1?^. Gold onjsa = 17.5 silver Bolivianos. 
 The eonstitntlon of B. dates from 1880 (October 28). The 
 President is elected for four years by direct vote. Parliament of 
 two chambers both by popular election (sixteen senators and sixty- 
 four deputies). The right of the suffrage belongs to all who can 
 read and write. Principal revenues : import and export duties, 
 besides a land-tax on Indians. The eight departments of B. are 
 officially divided into thirty-four provinces and about 400 cantons. 
 The capital is now La Paz, but has been Sucre and Oruro. 
 Military service is compulsory (since 1892) from 21 to 40 years of 
 age. Roman Catholic is the established religion, but the exer 
 cise of all others is permitted. Primary instruction is free and 
 obligatory by law. 'There are five universities. There is much 
 Indian blood even among the so-called whites. The population 
 is increasing most rapidly in the mountainous dists. At lower 
 elevations the births are more numerous, but great epidemics 
 are frequent. A special kind of yellow fever is prevalent. B. 
 was conquered by the Incas (13th century). During the Spanish 
 dominion was first under the Viceroyalty of Lima as ' Upp)er 
 Peru ' ; then ( 1776) under the Viceroyalty of Buenos Aires (A udi- 
 encia de Charcas). From 1809-25 B. fought against the Spanish 
 dominion, and finally secured her independence under Bolivar. 
 Numerous political troubles since. From 1878 aUied to Peru 
 against Chile. B. lost (1882) the lands she had on the Pacific, 
 from the riv. Loa to 24° S., a stretch of about 185 m. Total 
 population (1880-88) about 2,300,000 (estimated in 1825 = 
 979,000; 1846 = 1,379,000; 1868 = 2,600,000). [J. B. K.J 
 
 Boljevlcl, tn., Montenegro, near the NW. shore of Lake 
 Scutari, 10 m. NNW. Antivari. 
 186 
 
 Bolkeulialn, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. of circle B. , 20 
 m. S. by W. Liegnitz. P. ■<4000. 
 
 BolklioT, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 35 m. N. of Orel ; 
 considerable trade. P. 26,800. 
 
 Boll, vil., Ger., Wiirtemberg, circle Danube, 5 m. SW. Gop- 
 pingen. It has much-frequented mineral springs and baths 
 (Bollerbad). P. -=2000. 
 
 Boll, tn. , Switzd. See Bnlle. 
 
 Bollands, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the W. 
 of the Skipton div., 15^ m. N. by W. Burnley, 4 m. WSW. 
 Long Preston stn. 
 
 Bollate, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 6 m. NW. Milan. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Bourne, tn. , France, dep. Vaucluse, on the Lez, arr. and 11 
 m. N. by W. Orange. P. <3000. 
 
 Bollenz, vaL , Switzd. See Blenlo. 
 
 BoUes Junction, settlement, U.S., Washington, co. and 15 
 m. NNE. WaUa Walla. 
 
 Bolllgen, or Bolllngen, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 3 m. NE. 
 Bern. P. < 5000. 
 
 Bolllliope, riv., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., trib. of 
 the Wear, which it joins on the r. bk. 2 m. below Frosterley. 
 
 Bollln, 1. bk. trib. of the Mersey, Eng., confluence about 
 midway between Manchester and Warrington. 
 
 Bollln Fee, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, 6 m. SW. Stockport. P. 
 <35oo. 
 
 Boiling, strait. Eastern Archipelago, between Sabrao I. and 
 Lomblem I., in about 8° 15' S., 123° 15' E. 
 
 Bollinger, co.. U.S., Missouri, in the SE., N. of 37° N., 
 and crossed by 90^ W. 
 
 Bolllngham, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Herefordshire. See 
 Eardlsley. 
 
 Bolllngton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Altrincham div., 8 m. E. 
 by S. Warrington, on the Bridgwater Canal, i^ m. S. Dunham 
 Massey stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Bolllngton, par. andtn., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., on 
 R. Dean, 2^ m. NNE. Macclesfield, on the M. S. & L. R., with 
 silk and cotton factories. P. 5300 ; tn. P. <4ooo. 
 
 BoUls Law, hill, Eng., Durham, 12 m. S. Hexham ; 1772 ft. 
 
 Bolln&s, comm., Sweden, prov. Gefleborg, on the Voxna, 
 51 m. NNW. Gefle. 
 
 Bollo, El, comm., Spain, prov. Orense, dist. Viana del B. 
 P. 5400. 
 
 BoUnllos par del Oondado, comm., Spain, prov. and 23 
 m. E. by N. Huelva. P. 7300. 
 
 Bolmen, lake, Sweden, provs. Kronoberg and Jonkoping, 
 53 m. NNW. Christianstad, 20 m. long and 7 m. broad. 
 
 Bolney, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire. See Harps- 
 den. 
 
 Bolney, par and vil. , Eng. , Sussex, E. Grinstead div. , 7^ m. 
 SE. Horsham, 5 m. E. of W. Grinstead stn., PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Bolnlinrst, par. , Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div. , 6 J m. 
 NNE. Bedford, 5 m. E. by S. Shambrook stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Bolobo, stn., Congo Free State, in a remarkably fertile dist., 
 on the 1. bk. of the Congo, in 2° 13' S. , 16° 39' E. 
 
 Bologna (ancient Felsina, afterwards Bononia), city, Italy, 
 Emiha, cap. prov. B. , in a plain N. of the Apennines, 23 m. 
 SE. by E. Modena, and 27 m. SW. Ferrara, close to the r. bk. 
 of the Reno, surrounded by forts. Lat. of observatory, 44° 29' 
 47" N., 11° 21' 14" E. It is one of the series of towns at the 
 mouths of valleys on the NE. of the Apennines, and the most 
 important of all, as Ijring on the direct road from the principal 
 plains of Tuscany to the populous region in the NE. of Italy 
 ^^Italy (physical features), Apennines, B.]. It is enclosed by 
 a brick wall entered by twelve gates, and is supplied with water 
 by a subterranean aqueduct constructed by Augustus and re- 
 stored in the present day by Zannoni. B. is one of the great 
 centres of public instruction in Italy, and has a university said 
 to have been founded by the Emperor Theodosius II. early in 
 the sth century, though its celebrity dates only from the time of 
 its refoundation by Imerius or Wemerus in the 12th century, 
 an academy of arts, with galleries of painting and sculpture, a 
 school of music, an engineering school, an artillery school, 
 libraries, cabinets, and botanic gardens. Principal churches, 
 San Stefano, the cathedral, with the meridian of Cassini traced 
 on the floor ; St. Dominic, and St. Bartholomew. The other 
 principal edifices are the palazeo pubblico, podesti palace, the 
 tower of Asinelli, the loftiest in Italy (256 ft.), and the leaning 
 tower of Garisenda. Outside of the city an arcade, nearly 3 m. 
 in length, leads to the church of the Madonna di San Luca. 
 Manufactures of silks, wax candles, musical instniments, paper, 
 cards, artificial flowers, straw hats, leather-work, glass, soap, 
 maccaroni, and sausages, in high repute; and trade in other 
 products. It has been an archbishop's see since the 4th 
 century, is the residence of a cardinal legate, and was the seat 
 of the court of appeal for the four N. legations of the Pontifical 
 States. Birthplace of Galvani, Aldrovandi, Malpighi, Massighi, 
 the Zanotti, the painters Guido, Albano, Domenichino, and the 
 three Caracci, the founders of the far-famed Bolognese school 
 of painting, of Pope Benedict XIV., and several other Popes. 
 
B O LO 
 
 BOMB 
 
 B. fell into the hands of the Lombards in the 8th century ; at 
 the end of the loth century it became a republic. During the 
 wars of Guelfs and Ghibellines [Italy, history], it sided with 
 the Guelfs, and after various changes it was annexed to the 
 Pontifical States in 1506, with which it remained connected till 
 it was transferred to the kingdom of Italy in i860. Alt. 150- 
 180 ft. ; mean rainfall (1813-gi), yr. 25.3 in. P. (1871) 89,100; 
 (1891, estimated) 143,000. 
 
 Bolola, riv. and tn. , Africa. See Biilola. 
 
 Bolonchen ('new springs'), or B. Ticnl, tn., Mexico, 
 Campeche, 60 m. S. by W. Merida ; takes its name from a pit 
 containing springs which furnish the only water for drinking to 
 be found in the neighbourhood. P. 7000. 
 
 Bolong, or Bomaderry, tp., New South Wales, Camden 
 CO., 119 m. by rail S. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bolor Tagil. See Pamirs. 
 
 Bolotana, comm., Sardinia, prov. and 35 m. SE. by S. 
 Sassari. P. < 4000. 
 
 Bolotwa, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Queenstown, 65 m. 
 N. by W. King William's Town. 
 
 Bolowodnu, Bnlawadln, or Bnlavadln, the ancient 
 Polybotos, tn. , Asia Minor, 205 m. E. Smyrna, 30 m. E. Afiun- 
 Karahissar, with many remains of antiquity. P. 3000. 
 
 Bolsena {Volsinitem), tn., central Italy, 20 m. NNW. 
 Viterbo, on the N. shore of the Lake of B. It was one of the 
 twelve Etruscan cities, cap. of the Volsci. P. <3000. 
 
 Bolsena, Lake of [Lacus Volsiniensis), is 10 m. long and 8 
 m. broad. It is drained SW. by the Marta R. into the Medi- 
 terranean, and contains the two small islands Bisentina and 
 Martana. Alt. 1000 ft. See Apennines, C. 
 
 Bolsliezenielskaya Tnndra, tundra region of N. Russia, 
 govt. Arkhangelsk, dist. Mezen. Covers 35,000 sq. m. on the 
 shores of the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 Bolson de Maplml, El, a rocky depression in the Mexican 
 statesof Coahuila and Durango, roamed over by wild Indian tribes. 
 
 Boisover, vil. , Canada. See Balsover. 
 
 Bolsover, par. and tn., Eng. , Derbyshire, NE. div., 6 m. 
 E. by S. Chesterfield, 2J m. SE. Netherthorpe stn., with coal- 
 mines. In the par. are quarries of magnesian limestone, from 
 which the Houses of Parliament were built. PMT.O. Par. 
 4955 ac. P. <40oo. 
 
 Bolsterstone M'lth Deepcar and Stocksbrldge, eccles. 
 par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Hallamshire div., yj m. 
 SW. Barnsley, 2 m. WSW. Deepcar stn., P.O. P. < 5000. 
 
 Bolstoue, par., Eng., Hereford co. and Union. P. <:25o. 
 See BaUlngham. 
 
 Bolsward, tn., Holland, prov. Friesland, 14 m. SW. by W. 
 Leeuwarden. Butter trade and woollen manufactures. P. 6000. 
 
 Bolszowce, comm., Austria, Galicia, 56 m. E. by S. Dro- 
 hobycz. P. <40oo. 
 
 Boltby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the N. of the 
 Thirsk and Malton div., 14^ m. NE. by E. Ripon, 4I m. NE. 
 by E. Thirsk, P.O. ; 4570 ac. P. <25o. See Fellsklrk. 
 
 Bolt Head, cape, Eng. , in the S. of Devonshire, 3 m. WNW. 
 Prawle Point, in 3° 48' W. 
 
 Boltlgen, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, in the Simmenthal, 14 
 m. SW. Thun. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bolton, or Albion, vil., Canada, Ontario, Peel co., 24 m. 
 NW. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bolton, or Bolton-le-Moors (so-called on account of its 
 situation in the midst of bleak moorlands), par., pari. bor. 
 (returning two members), and mun. and co. bor., Eng., Lanca- 
 shire, 10 m, NW. Manchester, on the L. & Y. and L. & NW. 
 Rlys. It lies in a dist. abounding in coal, and is one of the 
 chief seats of the cotton industry, its specialty being the spin- 
 ning of the finer yarns, mainly from Egyptian cotton ; has 
 also large machine works, iron and steel works, chemical and 
 bleaching works, hosiery works, paper-mills, &c. ; are said 
 to date from 1^7, when the woollen industry was introduced 
 by Flemings, its ' cottons ' (that is, mixed fabrics composed of 
 linen or woollen warp with cotton weft) being mentioned by 
 Leland (1549) ; and this branch of industry was stimulated by 
 the settlement of Flemings in 1569, and of French Huguenots 
 after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). The town 
 was incorporated in 1838. It has two public parks and four 
 recreation grounds, an excellent library and two museums, 
 technical school, &c. Market-days, M. and S. Mean rainfall 
 (1866-80) 48 in. Par. 35,406 ac. ; B., Great, P. 47,100; B., 
 Little, P. 44,300; mun. bor. P. (1851)61,200; (1871) 82,900; 
 mun. and CO. bor. P. (1891) 115,000; pari. bor. P. (1891) 118,700. 
 
 Bolton, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., 5^ m. W. Alnwick, 2 m. E. Glanton stn. P. <25o. See 
 Edllngham. 
 
 Bolton, par., Eng., Westmorland, Appleby div., on the 
 Eden, 3^ m. NW. by W. Appleby, 2 m. WSW. Long Marton 
 stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Bolton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div. , 
 II m. E. York, t.\ m. E. by S. Fangfoss stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Bolton, or B. Bradford, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 NE. of CO. bor. of Bradford. P. <35oo. 
 
 Bolton, par. and hamlet, Scot., Haddingtonshire, on Gifford 
 Water, 2^ m. S. by W. Haddington ; 3106 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bolton, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester CO., i5 m. NE. 
 by N. Worcester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bolton Atol)ey, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the E. 
 border of the Skipton div., i m. N. Bolton Bridge, 14^ m. 
 NNW. Bradford, on the M. R., PMT.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bolton by Boivland (or Bolland), par., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, in the SW. of the Skipton div., 11 m. N. by W. 
 Burnley, 3^ m. W. Gisburn stn., PMT.O. ; 5942 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Bolton Centre, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. Brome, on R. 
 Missisquoi, 8 m. from Knowlton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Boltongate, hamlet, Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., on the 
 Ellen, \Q.\ra. E. by N. Maryport, i^m. SE. Mealsgatestn., P.O. 
 
 Bolton-le-Moors. See Bolton, Lancashire. 
 
 Bolton-le-Sands, par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 
 4 m. N. Lancaster, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Bolton on Dearne, par. and vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Rid- 
 ing, Doncaster div. , on the Dearne, 6\ m. NNE. Rotherham, 
 with two stns. on the M. R. , that on the main line being called 
 Wath and Bolton, PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Boltou-on-Swale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Rich- 
 mond div., 5 m. E. by S. Richmond, x\ m. SE. Catterick 
 Bridge stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bolton Percy, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div. , 8 m. SW. by S. York, on the NE. R. and 
 G. N. R., PMT.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Boltons, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, in the NW. of the Penrith 
 div. , near Wigton ; 8456 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bolt Tall, cape, Eng., in the SE. of Devonshire, io| m. W. 
 by N. Start Point, in 3" 53' W. 
 
 Bolns Head, cape. Ire., SW. ct. co. Kerry, W. ct. Ballin- 
 skelhgs Bay, in 51° 48' N., 10° 15' E. 
 
 Bolventor, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cornwall, 9 m. SW. Launces- 
 ton. P. <500. 
 
 Boly, Asia Minor. See Boll. 
 
 Bolzano, Vicentino, comm., Italy, prov. and dist. Vicenza. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bolzano, Tirol. See Bozen. 
 
 Bom, Portuguese, 'good.' ^z& Boa. 
 
 Boma, IH'Boma, formerly called also Embomma, or lonibi, 
 W. Africa, Congo Free State, on r. bk. of the Congo, in 13° 11' 
 E., cap. of dist. B., which extends from the Congo to the 
 Chiloango (frontier of French Congo Terr. ) ; its harbour, formed 
 by the Congo between its r. bk. and the I. of Nkete, is nearly 
 I m. wide, with a depth varying from 20 to 66 ft. Mean temp, 
 (i yr., 1884-85), yr. 77.6° F., Feb. 80.8°, July 73°. 
 
 Bom Abrlgo (' good shelter'), islet, Brazil. See Cananea. 
 
 Bomackatall, electoral div. , Ire. , Tyrone, dist. Drumquin. 
 
 Bomaderry, tp. , New South Wales. See Bolong. 
 
 Bomarsnnd, straits, Baltic Sea, at entrance of Gulf of Bothnia, 
 between Aland and Vardo Is. The B. fortifications on the E. ct. of 
 Aland were destroyed by the English and French fleets in 1854. 
 
 Bomba, comm. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 25 ra. SSE. 
 Chieti ; excellent wine and oil. P. <:4000. 
 
 Bomba, isl., Tripoh, off the NE. ct. of Barka, in the Gulf 
 of Bomba, in i8|° E., with good roadstead. 
 
 Bombala, tp. , New South Wales, Wellesley co. , 319 m. 
 SSW. Sydney ; 36° 54' S., 149° 15' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bombay. "The Presidency of Bombay embraces the whole of 
 western India down to about 14° N. (the place where the native 
 state of Mysore advances nearest to the W. coast). It includes 
 also the distant possessions of Aden and the other British pos- 
 sessions in or on the Arabian and Red Seas (Sokotra, Kuria- 
 Muria Is., Perim I., and the Somali-land Protectorate). The 
 terr. belonging to it in India comprises a large area under the 
 direct administration of the governor, the commissionership of 
 Sind, and many native states. 
 
 Area in square miles and population in thousands at the censuses 
 ofzZ'j'z, 1881, and 1891, with increase per cent, between 1881 
 and 1891, and population per square mile 1891 of the divi- 
 sions and districts of Bombay : — 
 
 
 Area in 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 Pop. per 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 1872. 
 
 1881. 
 
 IS9I. 
 
 1881-91. 
 
 sq. m. 
 1891. 
 
 Ahmadabdd 
 
 3.949 
 
 832 
 
 856 
 
 922 
 
 8 
 
 233 
 
 KSira . 
 
 
 1,609 
 
 783 
 
 805 
 
 872 
 
 8 
 
 542 
 
 Panch Mahals 
 
 
 1,613 
 
 241 
 
 255 
 
 313 
 
 23 
 
 194 
 
 Broach 
 
 
 1.463 
 
 350 
 
 327 
 
 341 
 
 4 
 
 233 
 
 Surat . 
 
 
 1,662 
 
 608 
 
 614 
 
 650 
 
 6 
 
 391 
 
 Gujarat . 
 
 
 10,296 
 
 2,814 
 
 2,858 
 
 3.098 
 
 8 
 
 301 
 
 KhAndesh . 
 
 
 10,907 
 
 1,030 
 
 1,252 
 
 1,461 
 
 'Z 
 
 134 
 
 NSsik . 
 
 
 S.94>3 
 
 738 
 
 781 
 
 844 
 
 8 
 
 142 
 
 1 Ahmadnagar 
 
 
 6,645 
 
 778 
 
 750 
 
 889 
 
 19 
 
 134 
 
 i Poona (Puna) 
 
 
 S.36? 
 
 921 
 
 902 
 
 1,068 
 
 18 
 
 199 
 
 I Sholdpur . 
 
 
 4,542 
 
 719 
 
 583 
 
 751 
 
 29 
 
 i6s 
 
 Satdra 
 
 
 4.987 
 
 1,062 
 
 1,062 
 
 1,226 
 
 IS 
 
 246 
 
 Deccan . 
 
 
 38.390 
 48,686 
 
 S>249 
 
 S.331 
 
 6,»38 
 
 17 
 
 162 
 
 Carry forward . 
 
 8,063 
 
 8,189 
 
 9.336 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 187 
 
BOMB 
 
 
 Area in 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 Pop. per 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 1872. 
 
 1S81. 
 
 .891. 
 
 1881.91. 
 
 sq. m. 
 1891. 
 
 Brought forward . 
 
 48,686 
 
 8,063 
 
 8.189 
 
 9.336 
 
 
 
 
 
 Belgaum . 
 
 4.657 
 
 945 
 
 866 
 
 1,013 
 
 17 
 
 217 
 
 Dhdrwdr . 
 
 4,603 
 
 990 
 
 894 
 
 1,051 
 
 18 
 
 228 
 
 Bijdpur . . . 
 Kamatik 
 
 5,668 
 
 8i6 
 
 627 
 
 796 
 
 27 
 
 140 
 
 14,928 
 
 ",7Si 
 
 a,386 
 
 2,861 
 
 20 
 
 192 
 
 Thana 
 
 3.935 
 
 847 
 
 807 
 
 905 
 
 12 
 
 230 
 
 Kolaba ... 
 
 1,872 
 
 350 
 
 483 
 
 510 
 
 6 
 
 272 
 
 Ratnagiri , 
 
 3.922 
 
 1,019 
 
 997 
 
 1,106 
 
 II 
 
 282 
 
 Kanara 
 
 3.910 
 
 398 
 
 422 
 
 446 
 
 6 
 
 114 
 
 Konkan . 
 
 13.639 
 
 2,614 
 
 a.709 
 
 2.967 
 
 10 
 
 218 
 
 Karachi . 
 
 14,182 
 
 427 
 
 489 
 
 561 
 
 15 
 
 40 
 
 Haidarabad 
 
 9.033 
 
 724 
 
 755 
 
 919 
 
 22 
 
 102 
 
 Shikarpur . 
 
 9,296 
 
 776 
 
 826 
 
 915 
 
 11 
 
 98 
 
 Thar and Parkar _ 
 
 12,749 
 
 181 
 
 203 
 
 298 
 
 47 
 
 23 
 
 Upper Sind Frontier . 
 Sind 
 
 2,549 
 
 95.6 
 
 146 
 
 175 
 
 20 
 
 68 
 
 47.789 
 
 2.«>3 
 
 3,414 
 
 2,872 
 
 19 
 
 60 
 
 Bombay City and Isl. 
 
 22 
 
 653 
 
 773 
 
 822 
 
 6 
 
 37.352 
 
 Aden .... 
 
 80 
 
 22.7 
 
 34-8 
 
 44 
 
 26 
 
 551 
 
 Total Brit.Territory 
 
 125.144 
 
 16,308 
 
 16,506 
 
 18,901 
 
 IS 
 
 iSi 
 
 Cutch. 
 
 6,500 
 
 489 
 
 512 
 
 558 
 
 9 
 
 86 
 
 Kathiawar (N. div.) . 
 
 20,559 
 
 2.319 
 
 2,344 
 
 2,752 
 
 17 
 
 134 
 
 Palanpur . 
 
 7,775 
 
 509 
 
 576 
 
 646 
 
 12 
 
 83 
 
 Mahi Kantba . 
 
 9.300 
 
 447 
 
 517 
 
 582 
 
 13 
 
 63 
 
 Khairpur (Sind) . 
 
 6,109 
 
 130 
 
 129 
 
 132 
 
 2-3 
 
 22 1 
 
 Minor Native States . 
 
 18,802 
 
 2,907 
 
 2,848 
 
 3,389 
 
 19 
 
 180 1 
 
 Total Native States 
 Grand Total 
 
 69,04s 
 
 6,801 
 
 6,926 
 
 8,059 
 
 16 
 
 117 i 
 
 1 
 
 194,189 
 
 23,110 
 
 23.432 
 
 26,960 
 
 IS 
 
 138 
 
 The pliyslcal features and climate of the terr. are for the 
 most part sufficiently described in the general account of India. 
 It is enough to add here, with reference to Bombay proper, ex- 
 clusive of Sind (</.v.), that the lowland area to the W. of the 
 Ghats or Sahyadri Mts. , begins to widen out a little to the N. 
 of the twentieth parallel. S. of that limit the lowland area is 
 confined to a narrow strip, varying from i or 2 m. to about 
 50 m. in width, the wider portions being river valleys running 
 up eastwards between spurs of the great mountain chain. This 
 narrow strip of lowlands and small valleys is known as the 
 Konkan, and includes the Portugfuese terr. of Goa, which is en- 
 tirely surrounded by the Presidency of Bombay, except on the 
 side of the sea. To the N. of that limit the lowlands, which 
 include the lower course of the Tapti and NarbadA (Nerbudda), 
 the two great rivers of the tableland belonging to the basin of 
 the Arabian Sea, as well as of the Mahf, Sabarmati, Saraswati, 
 and Western Banas, gradually widen out to upwards of 100 m. 
 in width. These lowlands are known as the plains of Gujarat 
 (Guzerat). In the S. part of these lowland plains the valleys of 
 the Tapti and Narbada form areas of unbroken cultivation, but 
 in the N. the soil is sandy and the rainfall deficient. As re- 
 gards climate, the Ghdts form the bovindary between a narrow 
 strip to the W. , with excessive rainfall S. of Bombay city, and 
 the area to the E. with only a moderate rainfall [ludla (climate), 
 Snrat, Bombay (city), Slatheran, Mababalesbwar, Kftr- 
 wAr, .V&leg:ion, Poona, i»lioliipnr, Belgllnm]. Everywhere 
 the rainiest months are June to September or October. In all 
 the moister dists. there is a tendency to epidemics of fever, 
 often of a severe type, towards the close of the rains. Except 
 in Sind, the principal Irrigation works are tanks [ludla (irriga- 
 tion)]. Si of the Narbada famine has not been experienced 
 W. of the Ghats since 1802-3. but E. of the Ghats there was 
 severe famine in 1876-8 S. of the Godavari, and in 1868-9 
 over portions of the NE. dists. Cutch and Gujarat suffered 
 greatly in 1812. The differences in the crops of different parts 
 of the terr. of Bombay correspond to the contrasts of climate. 
 In Bombay proper (exclusive of Sind), millets of one kind or 
 another are the prevailing grains, but W. of the Ghats, as far 
 N. as the Tapti. rice, the characteristic ' wet ' crop, ranks next 
 in importance, but in the northern plains wheat, the most valu- 
 able of the ' dry ' grains, covers larger areas than rice, and the 
 relative area under wheat is still greater in the northern parts of 
 the tableland. Cotton, another dry crop, accompanies wheat, 
 but is a crop of importance further S. than wheat, both on the 
 plains and on the tableland. One of the chief areas of cotton 
 cultivation indeed is the SE. of the tableland (the dist. of 
 Kaladgi, and part of that of Dharwir), but the greatest cotton 
 as well as the greatest wheat region of Bombay is the dist. of 
 Khandesh, that is, the middle portion of the basin of the Tapti, 
 a region with an extensive covering of deep black soil [India, 
 geology], forming the western continuation of the valley of 
 Berar. The land revenue system is based on the principle of 
 measuring each field separately, and assessing it at a fixed sum 
 for thirty years. There is special legfislation intended to hinder 
 the peasantry from getting hopelessly into the power of money- 
 lenders. The mineral wealth of Bombay is comparatively 
 small, apart from building-stone and road-metal ; but this is 
 the part of India in which manafitctnres are carried on by 
 modem machinery to the greatest extent. The principal branch 
 of such industries is cotton-spinning, more than half the spindles 
 employed in this branch in India belonging to Bombay I., and 
 188 
 
 more than two-thirds to the Presidency [India, manufactvires]. 
 The great standard-gauge railways of the Presidency (ex- 
 clusive of Sind) all converge on Bombay — from Calcutta and 
 Nagptu", and from Allahabad in the E. and NE. , from Madras 
 and from Bezwada and Haidarabad in the SE., and from 
 Ahmadabad and Baroda in the N. These great lines are 
 supplemented by metre and smaller gauge railways in the N. 
 and S., the southern railways being in direct communication 
 with the port of Marmagao in Goa. The twentieth parallel 
 limit between the narrower and broader lowland area W. of the 
 Ghdts nearly coincides on the coast with the limit between two 
 of the chief Aryan dialects of India, Gujarathi and Marathi. 
 The Dravidian dialect known as Kanarese prevails in the 
 southern part of the Bombay tableland. The Marathas (g.v.) 
 are the most important of the native races of Bombay, and of 
 those classed as ' aboriginals ' the principal are the Bhils (g.v.). 
 Fotir-fifths of the population are Hindus in religion, the re- 
 mainder chiefly Mohammedans [India, table]. The Parsis, 
 descendants of the Zoroastrians or fire-worshippers who emi- 
 grated from Persia after the conquest of that country by the 
 Mohammedans in 651, form a small but influential community, 
 including many of the wealthiest merchants. Two-thirds of 
 them belong to Bombay city, and most of the remainder to the 
 dist. of Surat. The principal to-wns are Bombay, the cap., 
 Poona, the seat of government from July to November, Ahma- 
 dabad, Baroda (in native state), Surat, Karachi (Sind), Sholapur, 
 Haidarabad (Sind), Hubli, Dharwar, Kolhapur, and Belgaum ; 
 the principal hill-stations Mahabaleshwar and Matheran. The 
 first British acquisition in the Presidency was Bombay I. (1661). 
 The greater part of the present British terr. was acquired on 
 the overthrow of the Peshwa of the Marathds in 1818. Sind 
 was added in 1843. 
 
 Bombay, city and seapt., Brit. India, the seat of the Pre- 
 sidency of B. during the cooler part of the year, the largest 
 and chief manufacturing town in India, and the rival of Cal- 
 cutta as a seaport. Lat. of observatory 18° 5:;' 5" N., Ion. 72° 
 48' 51" E. It is built on the small island of B. , which, along 
 with the smaller island of Kolaba to the S. and the larger island 
 of Salsette to the N. , is now connected with the mainland by 
 roads and railways. It consists of the Fort or old town, the 
 fortifications of which were razed for ventilation in 1865, oc- 
 cupying a jjenin. to the SE. of B. island immediately to the N. 
 of Kolaba I. , i m. in length by ^ m. in breadth, and in which 
 the European inhabitants and most of the Parsi merchants have 
 their offices ; and the new town, separated from the old town 
 by a large maiddn or park, inhabited by the Hindu and 
 Mohammedan native population. The official residence of the 
 governor has long been in the N. suburb of Parell, but the 
 favourite residential quarters for Europeans now are Malabar 
 Hill, on a penin. in the SW. of Bombay I., separated from the 
 Fort by Back Bay and terminating in Malabar Point, Breach 
 Candy on the shore to the N. of this hill, and Kolaba. B. was 
 lighted with gas in 1865, and the Fort is now lighted by 
 electricity. Principal edifices in the Fort — the court-house, and 
 other government offices, custom-house, town-hall, castle, mint, 
 cathedral of St. Thomas, and St. Andrew's Scottish Church, 
 Eviropean hospital. Sir J. Jejeebhoy's hospital, the Byculla 
 Church, the Sailors' Home, erected at the expense of a Gaek- 
 war of Baroda, the Royal Yacht Club, and the Hindu temple 
 of Momba Devi. On the island of Kolaba are the lighthouse, 
 visible 18 m., the observatory, limatic asylum, and a stone pier. 
 The town is now supplied with water from a reservoir 60 m. 
 NE., formed by constructing a dam 2 m. long (said to be the 
 longest in the world) across the valley of the Tansa R. The 
 islands form one side of a magnificent natural harbour, safe for 
 large ocean-steamers in all weathers, and to this enormous ad- 
 vantage B. owes its present prosperity. The accommodation 
 of the port has been increased by the formation both of wet and 
 dry docks. The wet docks are the Victoria Dock, with a depth 
 of 27.2 ft. at ordinary neap, 30.2 ft. at ordinary spring tides, 
 and the Princes' Dock, 25.2 ft. deep at neap, 28.2 ft. at spring 
 tides, besides the Carnac basin. There are several dry docks, 
 the largest of which, the Merewether Dock, opened in 1891, 
 and adapted for large ships of war, can be used at any state of 
 the tide, and at the highest springs has a depth of 29.7 ft. In 
 1661 the island of B. was acquired by the British King Charles 
 II. from the Portuguese, and in 1687 the East India Company, 
 to which it had previously been handed over, made it the head- 
 quarters of their possessions. The advance of B. was retarded, 
 however, by the fact that the island of Salsette and the other 
 islands in Bombay harbour remained in other than British hands 
 till 1774-82, when they were acquired from the Mardthas. Even 
 afrer that its advance was slow till the establishment of improved 
 communications with the interior raised it to the commanding 
 position which it now holds in the commerce of India. First of 
 all a carriage road, a remarkable engineering achievement, was 
 constructed up the Bhor Ghdt (1830). A railway up the Thai 
 Ghat (1912 ft. at the summit), now the means of communication 
 with the whole of the NE. of India, was completed in 1861, 
 and one up the Bhor Ghat (summit 2027 ft.), now the means oif 
 
BOMB — BONG 
 
 communication with the SE. of India, followed in 1863. The 
 development of commerce after the outbreak of civil war in 
 America in 1861 was sudden and rapid, chiefly in consequence 
 of the large increase in the export of raw cotton, especially after 
 the completion of the two railways to the interior. A temporary 
 collapse took place in 1865, but the development of the port has 
 kept pace with that of the general commerce of India. Its 
 average imports now exceed ^^20,000, 000 in value (one-third 
 treasure) ; its average exports ;^3o,ooo,ooo (mainly merchandise 
 — raw cotton and cotton yarns, wheat, oil-seeds, &c.). Mean 
 temp. , yr. 80° F. , Jan. 74°, May 85^ ; mean rainfall, yr. 74.4 in. , 
 June-Sept. 71.4 in. P. (1872) 644,000; (1881) 773,000; (1891) 
 822,000; Hindus, 543,000 ; Moham. 155,200. See Elepbaiita. 
 
 Bombay, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I., Manukau co. , 35 
 m. from Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bombay Hoob Island, tract, U.S., Delaware, on the Dela- 
 ware R.. bounded on the W. by Old Duck Creek, in 39° -l-j'-q.q! 
 N., with a hghthouse at its N. end, visible 12 m. 
 
 Bombay 8boal, group of rocky islets on the W. ct. of 
 PaMwan, Philippine Is., in 9° 36' N., 116° 55' E. 
 
 Bombetoke Bay, Madagascar, in the W., in about 16° S. 
 It receives at its head the united waters of the Ikopa and Betsi- 
 boka Rivs. 
 
 Bombon, or Taal, lake, in the S. of Luzon, Philippine Is., 
 crossed by 14° N., 121° E.; 15 by 12-13 ™-> with island and 
 volcano of Taal in the middle ; drained S. by the Taal into 
 Balayan Bay. 
 
 Bomere Heath, hamlet, Eng. , Salop, Newport div. , 5 m. 
 NNW. Shrewsbury, i^ m. N. Leaton stn., P.O. 
 
 Bom Finn, tn., Brazil, Minas Geraes, 200 m. NW. by N. 
 Rio de Janeiro, 75 m. W. Ouro Preto. P. 6000. 
 
 Bom Jardiu ('good garden'), vil., Brazil, Bahia, 42 m. N. 
 by W. Sao Salvador. 
 
 Bom Jardln, Sao Antonio de, tn. , Brazil, prov. and 260 m. 
 S. by W. Ceara. P. 6000. 
 
 Bom Jesus, vil., Portuguese W. Africa, on the r. bk. of the 
 Kwanza, in 9° 5' S. , 13° 43' E. 
 
 Bouuna. See Boma. 
 
 Bommelerwaard, isl. , Netherlands, formed by the Waal 
 and the Meuse, prov. Gelderland, containing the town of Zalt- 
 Bommel, besides many villages ; divided into two parts by the 
 Meidijk. It is defended on the E. by the redoubt St. Andries, 
 and on the W. by the castle of Loevestein, in which Grotius, 
 Jacob de Witt, and Abraham de Wicquefort were confined. 
 
 Bommelo, isl., Norway, off the W. ct., on the W. of the 
 entrance to the Hardanger Fiord. 
 
 Bommelsvltte, a N. suburb of Memel, E. Prussia. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Bommern, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 8 J m. SW. 
 Dortmund, on the 1. bk. of the Ruhr. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bumoseen, lake, U.S., in the W. of Vermont, crossed by 
 43" 40' N. , and drained S. into a trib. of Poultney R. 
 
 Bomporto, comm., Italy, prov. and 9 m. NE. Modena, at 
 the entrance of the Modena Canal into the Panaro. P. <:5000. 
 
 Bom Retlro ('good retreat'), vil., Brazil, Santa Catharina, 
 165 m. NE. Porto Alegre. 
 
 Bomst, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Posen, 49 m. W. by S. 
 Posen, cap. of B. circle. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bomvanaland, Kaffir terr. , Cape Colony, E. ct., between 
 the Umtata and Bashee rivers, crossed about the middle by 32° 
 S. ; annexed to Cape Colony in 1885. 
 
 Bona, in French Bone, a fortified seaport town of Algeria, 
 dep. and 85 m. NE. Constantine, cap. arr. on the bay of B. , 
 25 m. wide (between Cape Garda on the W. and Cape Rosa 
 on the E.), near the mouth of the Sebus. Lat. of the hospital, 
 36° 53' 58" N. , long. 7° 46' s" E. It is nearly 2 m. in circum- 
 ference, is surrounded by a wall, and has four gates ; Fort 
 Cigogne is its chief defence. The iron mines of Mokta-el- 
 Hadid at Ain-Mokra form its chief source of wealth. There 
 are also marble-quarries near. The harbour, which lies between 
 two jetties and has a depth of 24-25 ft. , is sheltered from all 
 winds ; and is considered to be the safest on the coast of Al- 
 geria. Beyond a swamp S. of B. are the ruins of Hippo-regius, 
 once the see of St. Augustine, but destroyed by the Caliph 
 Othman. The harbour of the ancient town has been filled up by 
 the deposits brought dovm by the Sebus, which tend to spread 
 northwards and encroach on that of the modern town. P. ( 1861 ) 
 15,300; (1872)16,200; (1891)26,500. 
 
 Bonaca, or dnanaja, isl. See Bay Islands. 
 
 Bonabaven Bay, Argyllshire, Islay, on the Sound of Islay, 
 in 55° S3' N. 
 
 Bon^i, the most southerly of the trib. states of Chutia Ndgpur, 
 Bengal, composed of a central valley shut in on all sides by 
 the lofty B. Hills. Area, 1349 sq. m. 
 
 Bonaire, a name originally French, now adopted by the 
 Dutch and other nations, for the Spanish Bnen Aire (or Ayre) 
 (' good air'), the easternmost of the Dutch West Indies off the 
 N. ct. of Venezuela in 12° 2' N. , 68° 22' W. P. 5000. 
 
 Boualya. See Banalya. 
 
 Bonane, place. Ire., co. Kerry, 7 m. from Kenmare, P.O. 
 
 Bonanza, comm., Spain, prov. Cadiz, 12 m. NW. Jerez, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Guadalquivir, near its mouth. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bonaparte, vil., U.S., Iowa, Van Buren co. , on Des Moines 
 R., 30 m. NW. Keokuk. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bonaparte, riv., Canada, Brit. Columbia, flows W. then S. 
 to the Thompson. 
 
 Bonar Bridge, vil., Scot., in the S. of Sutherland, at the 
 mouth of the Oykell, head of Dornoch Firth, on the H. R., 
 PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bonares, comm., Spain, prov. Huelva, dist. Moguer. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Bonaveutnre, settlement, Newfoundland, Bonavista dist., 
 on the E. ct. , 56 m. N W. by N. St. John. 
 
 Bona venture Island, a small isl., Canada, Quebec, off the 
 E. ct. of Gasp6 co. , in 48° 28' N. 
 
 Bonaventore River, Canada, Quebec, in the Gaspe Renins. , 
 flows S. into Chaleur Bay, about 65° 30' W. 
 
 Bonavigo, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. Verona, on the 
 Adige, 4I m. NNW. Legnago. P. <30oo. 
 
 Bonavista, cape, Newfoundland, on the E. ct., in 48° 42' N. 
 
 Bonavista, dist. , Newfgundland, chietly to the W. of B. Bay. 
 
 Bonavista, tn. and port of entry, Newfoundland, on B. Bay," 
 73 m. N. by W. St. John. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland, on the E. ct., 30 m. wide, 
 in 48^°-49° 10' N. 
 
 Bouavitsa, isl. , Africa. See Boavista. 
 
 Bonawe, or Bnnawe, vil., Scot., Argyllshire, on Loch Etive, 
 9^ m. E. by N. Oban, close to Taynuilt stn. It has a ferry 
 across Loch Etive, and extensive granite quarries near. 
 
 Bonby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey or Brigg div., 
 17 m. ESE. Goole, 5 m. SSW. Barton-upon-Humber, 3^ m. 
 NNW. Elsham stn., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Bon, Cap, cape, Tunis. See Kas Addar. 
 
 Boncath, stn., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 5 m. S. Cardigan, on 
 theG. W. R., PM.O. 
 
 Boncbester Bridge, hamlet, Scot., Roxburghshire, 6 m. SE. 
 Hawick, PMT.O. 
 
 Boncbnrcb, par. and vil. , Eng. , Hampshire, Isle of Wight 
 div., on S. ct. , I m. E. Ventnor, PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Bonconrt, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 27 m. W. by S. Basel, 
 close to the French frontier. P. <ioco. 
 
 Bond, CO., U.S., Illinois, crossed in N. by 39° N. , and be- 
 tween 89° and 90° W. 
 
 Bondei, a dist. of Ger. E. Africa, about 20-45 ti- from the 
 ct. just S. of 5° S. , between the rivs. Zigi and Pangani (Ruvu), 
 comprising the E. portion of the hill country of Usambara. 
 Sze Pete7-mann' s Mitleil. , 1889, p. 85. 
 
 Bondcno, tn., Italy, Emilia, on the Panaro, prov. and 11 
 m. W. by N. Ferrara. P. 14,000. 
 
 Bondgate, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding. See 
 Alsmnnderby. 
 
 Bondbead, vil., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co. , 35 m. NNW. 
 Toronto. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bond! (bon'dai), vil.. New South Wales, Cumberland co. , 
 3 m. from Sydney. 
 
 Bondlelgb, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, S. Molton div. , 18^ ra. 
 SE. Bideford, 3 m. NNW. North Tawton stn. P. -=250. 
 
 Bondo, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 7 m. E. by N. Chia- 
 venna, in the Val Bregaglia. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bondo, island in the Gulf of Bothnia, on the ct. of Sweden, 
 in 65° 15' N. 
 
 Bondog, Pnnta, a high cape, Philippine Is., in the S. of 
 Luzon, in 122° 35' E. 
 
 Bonds, part of par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Barnacre. 
 
 Bondsglen, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Londonderry, dist. Claudy. 
 
 Bondn, kgd. , French W. Africa, situated about midway be- 
 tween the upper waters of the Gambia and the middle course 
 of the Senegal ; inhabited by Fulbe. 
 
 Bondnlcn, vil. , W. Africa, Upper Guinea, in about 7° 50' N. , 
 2° 15' W. Alt. 850 ft. (Binger). 
 
 Bondy, comm., France, dep. Seine, 6| m. ENE. Notre 
 Dame, Paris. The Forfet (forest) de B. lies to the E. mainly 
 in the dep. of Seine-et-Oise. P. <3000. 
 
 Bdne, tn. , Algeria. See Bona. 
 
 Bonefro, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Campobasso, 
 35 m. WNW. Foggia. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Bo'ness. See Borrowstounness. 
 
 Bonessan, Scot. See Buuessan. 
 
 Bonet, riv.. Ire., in cos. Leitrim and Sligo, issues from 
 Lough Glenade, and flows into Lough Gill. 
 
 Bonga, tn. , Abyssinia, cap. of Kaffa, important seat of trade 
 with the Galla countries, 7° 15' N. , 36° 20' E. , 340 m. SSW. 
 Debra Tabor. Alt. 6000 ft. 
 
 Bonga, tn., Portuguese E. Africa, Batoka-land, on the 
 r. bk. of the Zambezi, at the confluence of the Ruenya, 104 m. 
 WSW. Blantyre. 
 
 Bonga, stn., in the extreme SE. of Tibet, founded in 1854 
 by French missionaries, in about 28° 10' N. , and 98° 50' E. 
 
 Bongate, or Appleby S. Michael, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, 
 in Applebv tn. P. <20oo. 
 
 189 
 
BONG — BOON 
 
 Bongay, isls. See Bauggaal. 
 
 Bongo, small isl. , off the SW. ct. of Mindanao, Philippine 
 Is. , in 7° 20' N. , and just E. of 124" E. 
 
 Bongo, or Borea, the S. arm of the mouth of the Edea 
 or Sannaga, German W. Africa, in 3° 35' N. 
 
 Bongos, numerous negro tribe, Mrica, on the Upper Nile, 
 between 6" and 8^ N. 
 
 Bonham, tn., U.S., Texas, Fannin co., 65 m. NE. by N. 
 Dallas. P. <4000. 
 
 Bonbear, rly. stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 1 128 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Bonbill, par. and tn., Scot., Dumbartonshire, 3 m. N. 
 Dimibarton, near Alexandria stn. , PM.O.; 8373 ac. P. 14,400; 
 tn. P. <400o. 
 
 Bonbonune, Col dn, dangerous pass across the Cottian 
 Alps in France, SW. Mont Blanc, leading from the Arve 
 valley to the Isere valley. Alt. 8050 ft. 
 
 Bon Homme, co., U.S., S. Dakota, on the S. frontier, 
 crossed in the E. by 98° W. 
 
 Bonl, tn. , En. Archipelago, near the E. ct. of the SW. penin. 
 of Celebes I. {^.v.), in 4° 37' S., cap» of the native state of B. 
 
 Bonl, Gulf of, the gulf between the SW. and SE. penins. 
 of Celebes I. 
 
 Bonifacio, tn., Corsica, on the S. ct., 16 m. SSW. Porto 
 Vecchio ; subject to burning S. winds ; coasting trade, coral 
 fisheries. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bonifacio, Strait of, between Corsica and Sardinia, 7 m. in 
 width at its narrowest part, and very difficult of navigation 
 owing to numerous rocks. 
 
 Bonlgen, vil., Switzd., Bern, 2 m. E. Interlaken. P. <2000. 
 
 Bonllla, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Beadle co., 90 m. E. 
 by N. Pierre. 
 
 Bonllla, El, tn., Spain, prov. and 34 m. WNW. Albacete. 
 P. 5100. 
 
 Bonlngale, or Bonlnghall, par., Eng., Salop, Newport 
 div. , 165 m. N. Kidderminster, 2 m. S. Albrighton stn. P. 
 <25o. 
 
 Bonln Islands, called by the Japanese Mnnln-fo (or -sblma) , 
 that is, ' uninhabited islands,' or Ogasawara-shlma, and by 
 the Spaniards, by whom they were discovered in 1543, Arzo- 
 blspo Islands, a group of small volcanic islands in the N. 
 Pacific, belonging since 1876 to Japan, between 265° and 27!" 
 N., on or near the meridian of 142° E. , divided into four groups, 
 the Coffin Is. in the S. , principal Hillsborough ; Beechey Is. , 
 just N. of 27°, principal Peel I. , with Port Lloyd, which affords 
 a good anchorage 18-20 ft. deep on the W. side, and Buck- 
 land I. ; Kater I. , with a few adjacent rocks in 27^° ; and Parry 
 Is. , in the N. Inhabitants partly composed of European and 
 Polynesian half-breeds, now largely of Japanese colonists; 
 principally engaged in turtle-catchmg, otter-hunting, shark- 
 fishing (exporting shark-fins and shark-oil). 
 
 Bonlta, settlement, U.S., Montana, Missoula co., 69 m. 
 NW. Butte City. 
 
 Bonlta Point, cape, U.S., California, in 37° 49' N., with 
 lighthouse. 
 
 Bonlto, comm., Italy, prov. Avellino, 6 m. SW. Ariano. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Bonjem, tn. and val., Tripoli, 210 m. SE. Tripoli, with 
 Roman antiquities. 
 
 Bonmahon, PMT. O. , Ire. , near Carrick-on-Suir (Tipperary). 
 
 Bonn (mentioned in the 4th century as Bonna), tn., Prussia, 
 prov. Rhine, cap. circle B., on 1. bk. of the Rhine, govt, 
 and 14 m. SSE. Cologne. Lat. of observatory, 50° 43' 
 45" N. , long. 7° 5' 49" E. It has a celebrated imiversity 
 (fotmded in 1786, suppressed under French rule in 1801 ; re- 
 founded in 1818), and library of 200,000 vols. , a botanic garden, 
 museum of natural history and mineralogy (in Poppelsdorf 
 Castle), and school of agriculture. It is the seat of a superior 
 mining court, and of an old Catholic bishop, and has an active 
 commerce, manufactures of earthenware, chemicals, jute, &c. 
 Beethoven was born here (1770). P. (1816) 9900 ; (1871) 20,000 ; 
 (i8go) 39,800. 
 
 Bonne Bay, inlet, Newfoundland, W. ct. , in 49° 30' N. 
 
 Bonne Bay, dist., in the W, of Newfoundland, between 
 White Bay and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Bonnecli^re River, Canada, Ontario, flows E. through 
 Nipissing and Renfrew cos. into the R. Ottawa about 45° 30' N. 
 
 Bonner's Ferry. See Kootenay River. 
 
 Bonn^table, tn., France, dep. Sarthe, arr. Mamers, 17 m. 
 NE. Le Mans. P. <40oo. 
 
 Bonnet Carre, vil., U.S., Louisiana, cap. of St. John Bap- 
 tist par. , 25 m. WNW. New Orleans, on the Mississippi R. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Bonne Terre, vil., U.S., Missouri, St. Franfois co., 52 m. 
 SSW. St. Louis. P. <4000. 
 
 Bonneval, viL , France, dep. Savoie, arr. Moutiers, on the 
 Arc, 29 m. SW. by S. Aosta. Alt. 5870 ft. P. <2O0o. 
 
 Bonneval, tn., France, dep. Eure et Loir, on the Loir, 19 
 m. S. by W. Chartres, 9 m. NNE. Chiteaudtm, writh an 
 ancient abbey used now as a lunatic asylum. P. <30oa 
 190 
 
 Bonneville, tn., France, dep. Haute Savoie, on the Arve, 
 16 m. SE. by E. Geneva, cap. arr. Alt. 1475 ft. P. <:2ooo. 
 Bonneville, extinct lake, U.S. See Great Basin. 
 Bonnlconlan, P.O., Ire. See Bonny couuellan. 
 
 Bonnlglielm, tn.. Gen, kgd. Wiirtemberg, 19 m. N. by W. 
 Stuttgart. P. <3000. 
 
 Bonnlngtou, settlement and rly. stn., Canada, Assiniboia, 
 about 102 m. NW. Regina. 
 
 Bonnlngtou wltli Bllslugton, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, 
 near Hythe. P. <250. 
 
 Bonnlngton, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 6 m. SE. by S. 
 Ashford, 2^ m. SSW. Smeeth stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bonnlngton, a N. suburb of Edinburgh, Scot., included in 
 the pari, burgh of Leith, on the N. B. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Bonny, riv., W. Africa, Upper Guinea, one of the arms of 
 the Niger, between the Old and New Calabar Rivs. ; enters the 
 Atlantic (Bight of Biafra), in about 7° 7' E. 
 
 Bonny, tn. , Africa, Niger delta, on the E. bk. of B. Riv. , near 
 its mouth, which forms a good harbour. The centre of a great 
 trade in palm oil. 
 
 Bonny bridge, vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, on Bonny Water, 
 4 m. W. Falkirk, on the N. B. R., PMT.O. P. 2500. 
 
 Bonnyglen, electoral div.. Ire., co. Donegal, dist. Mount- 
 charles. 
 
 Bounykelly, place, Scot. , Aberdeenshire, 3 m. from New 
 Pitsligo, P.O. 
 
 Bonnyrigg, vil. , Scot. , Midlothian. 2 m. SW. Dalkeith, on 
 the N. B. R.; with coal-mines, PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bonorva, comm., Sardinia, prov. and 24 m. SSE. Sassari, 
 with medicinal springs ; extinct volcanoes near. P. 5600. 
 
 Bonsall, par. and vil. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , i| m. W. 
 Matlock Bath stn., with barytes mines, PM.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bon Secours Bay, U.S., Alabama, in SE. of Mobile Bay. 
 
 Bontaeng, or Bonthaln, tn. , Eastern Archipelago, Celebes 
 I. , in the middle of the S. ct. of the SW. penin. 
 
 Bontddn, or Caerdeon, eccles. par., Wales, Merionethshire, 
 in town of Llanaber (or Barmouth), with gold-mining, PM.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Bontbe, tn. , W. Africa, at the E. end of Sherbro I. , Sierra 
 Leone, about 100 m. SSE. Freetown. 
 
 Bout \ewydd, vil., Wales, co. and 2 m. S. Carnarvon, P.O. 
 
 Bout Xewydd, stn. , Wales, Merionethshire, on the G. W. R. , 
 3I m. ENE. Dolgelly. 
 
 Bontoc, tn., Phihppine Is., Luzon, 175 m. N. Manila. 
 
 Bonvllston, par. , Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div. , 8 m. W. 
 by S. Cardiff, 2 m. S. by W. Peterston stn. , PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Bou'wlck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 4 m. NW. 
 Hornsea. P. <25o. 
 
 Bonyal, or Bokbaraka, tribe, Brit. S. Africa, to the N. of 
 the Limpopo, in about 2g\'-2,T.\° E. ; allied to the Basuto ; show 
 some skill in iron and copper working and other handicrafts. 
 
 Bonyb^, tn., Hungary, prov. Tolnau, 20 m. NE. Fiinf- 
 kirchen. P. 6300. 
 
 Bonymaeu, place, Wales, Glamorganshire, 4 m. from 
 Swansea, P.O. 
 
 Booby Island, a mere rock, Torres Strait, in 10° 36' S., 141° 
 53' E., but contains a depdt of provisions and water, left by 
 vessels passing, for the benefit of those who may be wrecked. 
 
 Boobyalla, tn., Tasmania. See Rlngarooma. 
 
 Bookbam, post-tn.. New South Wales, Harden co., 60 m. 
 W. by S. Goulbum. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bookbam, Great, par. and vil., Eng., Surrey, Epsom div., 
 6 m. SW. by W. Epsom, i| m. S. by E. of its stn. on the 
 L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bookbam, Little, par., i m. SW. of Great B. P. <250. 
 
 Boola, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Limerick, dist. Broadford. 
 
 Boola vogue, place. Ire. , co. Wexford, 5 m. from Ferns, P.O. 
 
 Boolburra, or Galnsford, settlement, Queensland, 100 m. 
 W. Gladstone. 
 
 Booleroo Centre, post-tn., S. Australia, Frome co., 44 m. 
 SE. by E. Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Booligal, post-tn.. New South Wales, Nicholson co., on 
 the Lachlan R., 40 m. N. Hay. P<i5oo. 
 
 Boom, Dutch, 'tree.' See Baum. 
 
 Boom, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. Antwerp, on the 
 Rupel, sh ™- ^W. Malines. P. 13,200. 
 
 Boompjes, small isls. , Eastern Archipelago, off the N, ct. of 
 Java, about 108^° E. 
 
 Boone, co. , U.S., Arkansas, N. frontier, crossed by 93° W. 
 
 Boone, co., U.S., IlUnois, on N. frontier, E. of 89° W. 
 
 Boone, co. , U.S., Indiana, crossed by 40° N. , E. of 87° W. 
 
 Boone, city, U.S., Iowa, cap. B. co. , 37 m. NNW. Des 
 Moines. P. 6500. 
 
 Boone, co., U.S., Kentucky, on the Ohio, E. of 85° W. 
 
 Boone, CO., U.S., Missouri, E. of 93° W., and bounded on 
 the SW. by the Missouri. 
 
 Boone, co., U.S., Nebraska, S. of 42° N. , crossed in the E. 
 by 98° W. 
 
 Boone, CO., U.S., W. Virginia, in the SW., to the E. of Sa" 
 W., crossed by 38° N. 
 
BOON 
 
 B O R D 
 
 Booneslraro, vil., U.S., Iowa, Boone cc, on Des Moines 
 R., which here affords great water-power, 37 m. NW. by N. 
 Des Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Boonevllle, vil., U.S., Mississippi, Prentiss co., 95 m. ESE. 
 Memphis (Tenn.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Boon Island, U.S., Maine, a ledge of rocks 10 m. E. of the 
 harbour of York, with a lighthouse visible 18 m. 
 
 Boousboro, vil., U.S., Maryland, Washington co., 52 m. 
 W. by N. Baltimore. P. < 1500. 
 
 Boonton, city, U.S., New Jersey, Morris co., 25 m. NW. 
 New York, with large iron- works, and blast-furnaces for smelt- 
 ing the magnetic iron ore of the neighbouring Kittatinny Mts. 
 P. (of portion in B. tp.) 2981. 
 
 Boouvllle, tn. , U.S., Indiana, Warrick co. , 91 m. S. Terre 
 Haute. P. < 2000. 
 
 BoonvlUe, city, U.S., Missouri, Cooper co., on r. bk. of the 
 Missouri, 42 m. NW. Jefferson City. P. < 5000. 
 
 BoouvlUe, vil., U.S., New York, Oneida co., 58 m. E. 
 Oswego. P. <20oo. 
 
 Boora Longli, lake. Ire., in the W. of King's co., 9^ m. 
 NE. by N. Parsonstown. 
 
 Booroo, isl. of the Eastern Archipelago. See Burn. 
 
 Booroondarra, co.. New South Wales, crossed by 32° S. 
 and 145° E. 
 
 Bworoopki, post-tn., Victoria, 295 m. W. Melbourne. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Boort, tn. , Victoria, Gladstone co. , 55 m. NW. by N. Sand- 
 hurst. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Boort-lMeerbeek, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, 5 m. SE. 
 Malines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bousbeck, stn. , Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 
 on the NE. R., 10 m. E. by S. Middlesbrough, PM.O. 
 
 Boosempra, riv. , W. Africa. See Bnsnui-pra. 
 
 Bout, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 15I m. SSW. 
 Keswick, on the Ravenglass and Eskdale Rly., P.O. 
 
 Booter'stown, par. and vil.. Ire., SE. co. Dublin, bars. 
 Dublin and Rathdown, 3 m. WNW. Kingstown, with rly. 
 stn., PMT.O. P. (of par.) <3Soo. 
 
 Bootbbay, tn. , U.S., Maine, Lincoln co., on Booth Bay (to 
 the E. of the estuary of the Kennebec), a much frequented 
 summer resort. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Boothbay Harbor, tn., U.S., Maine, Lincoln co. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Buotliby draffoe, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven or 
 Sleaford div., 8 m. S. Lincoln, i m. NE. Navenby stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Bootliby Pagnel, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Stamford div., 
 5 m. SE. Grantham, 2^ m. E. by N. Great Ponton stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Bootbia, or Bootbla Felix, penin., Canada, the northern- 
 most part of mainland of N. America, reaching to about 72° 
 N. , separated by Bellot Strait from N. Somerset ; so named in 
 honour of Sir Felix Booth. 
 
 Boothia, Gnlf of, Canada, separates Boothia from Cockbum 
 I. and Melville Penin. 
 
 Booths, Higher and Lower, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Lancashire, 5 m. SW. Burnley. B. Higher, 4412 ac. , P. 6800; 
 B. Lower, P. 7000. 
 
 Booth's Town, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, 7 m. W. Man- 
 chester, PMT.O. 
 
 Boothtown, NE. suburb of Halifax, Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, PMT.O. 
 
 Bootle, ct. par. and vil., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 
 14 m. NNW. Barrow, on the Furness Rly. ; coal discovered here 
 in 1890. PMT.O. Market-day, S. 6786 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bootle, mun. and co. bor. and par. , Eng. , SW. ct. Lancashire, 
 B. div., adjoining Liverpool on the N., on the L. & Y. R. and 
 L. & NW. R., with three stations on the Liverpool Overhead 
 (electric) Rly. , and goods station of the M. R. ; has free library 
 and museum, technical school, park, the finest of the docks 
 belonging to the port of Liverpool, and has also large jute 
 works, tanneries, engineering works, corn-mills, &c. B. re- 
 ceived its charter in December 1868. Mun. and co. bor. P. 
 (1871) 16,200 ; (1891) 49,200 ; par. (B. with Lluacre) P. 49,200 ; 
 pari. div. (1891) 97,600. 
 
 Booton, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., iii m. NW. by N. 
 Norwich, 1^ m. ESE. Reepham stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Booyoolle, dist., S. Australia, co. Victoria, 33" 16' S., 138° 
 14' E. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Boppard, tn., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., on the 1. bk. of 
 the Rhine, 10 m. S. Coblenz. P. 5500. 
 
 BoquelJ6n, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Santiago. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Boquete, Spanish, 'gap,' 'pass.' 
 
 Bor, Slavonic, ' wood. ' 
 
 Bora, wind. See Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 Borablnl, or Ciolbantl, vil., Brit. E. Africa, on the Tana, 
 116 m. N. by E. Mombasa, in 2° 25' S., 40° 5' E. 
 
 Bora-Bora, or Bolabola, one of the Society Is., Pacific 
 Ocean, in 16° 30' S., about 160 m. WNW. Tahiti; discoveredt 
 •n 1769 by Cook ; a dependency of Tahiti. Alt. 3300 ft. 
 
 Boral Valley, val., Brit. Baluchistan, running E. and W., 
 in about 30.^° N. , 68° zo'-tp' E. , with ' about 108 m. of almost 
 unobstructed plain, varying from 5 m. to 10 m. in width.' Proc. 
 A'. G. S., 1880, p. 238. 
 
 Borambll, vil. , New South Wales, Bligh co. , 95 m. N. by 
 E. Bathurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Boranl, E. African people to the W. of the Jub, in about 
 2j°-4°N., 38°-42°E. 
 
 Boras, tn., Sweden, prov. Elfsborg, 36 m. E. Gothenburg, 
 founded in 1632 by Gustavus Adolphus, with a mineral spring. 
 P. 8100. 
 
 Borasgnn, tn., Persia, on the SE. border of prov. Khuzistan, 
 90 m. WSW. Shiraz. 
 
 Boraston, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 14^ m. W. by S. 
 Kidderminster, 2 m. W. Newnham Bridge stn. P. <5oo. See 
 Burford, ist portion. 
 
 Borax Lake, small lake, U.S., California, at the E. of Clear 
 Lake, N. of San Francisco, the water of which is a strong solu- 
 tion of borax. 
 
 Borba, place, S. America, Brazil, on the Madeira, 90 m. 
 SSE. Manaos. 
 
 Borbeck, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 3 m. NW. by W. 
 Essen. P. < 5000. 
 
 Borbona, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, on 
 R. Aterno, 25 m. E. by S. Terni. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Borcea, an arm of the Danube, bounding in the NW. a 
 marshy tract in the SE. of the prov. of lalomija, Roumania. 
 
 Borcette, tn., Prussia. See Burtscheid. 
 
 Borculo. See Borknlo. 
 
 Borda, cape, in the NW. of Kangaroo I. , S. Australia. Alt. 
 506 ft. ; mean temp., yr. 58.2° F., Jan. 65.0°, July 57.9° ; rain- 
 fall (14 yrs.), 23.54 in. 
 
 Bordeaux (the ancient Burdigala), a comm. and city in the 
 SW. of France, cap. dep. Gironde, on the 1. bk. of the Garonne, 
 60 m. from its mouth in the Atlantic, in 44° 50' 16" N. , 0° 34' 
 32" W. Is an archbishop's see, the seat of a university 
 academy ; has a school of medicine, navigation school, mint, 
 public library, and museum of paintings. Situated on a navig- 
 able river 2600 ft. broad, communicating on one side with the 
 Atlantic, and on the other with the Mediterranean by the Canal 
 du Midi. It has a floating dock with 23 ft. of water in sill at 
 ordinary neap, 27 ft. at ordinary spring tides, and affording 
 5709 ft. of quayage, and there is a vertical river quayage (in ad- 
 dition to the inclined quayage for lighters) of 3630 ft., with a 
 depth alongside of 32.8-39.4 ft. at highwater, 19.7 ft. at low 
 water. This vertical quayage is now (1893) being increased. 
 For trans-oceanic passenger traffic" and for vessels too large to 
 ascend to B. , Pauillac [q.v.) serves as an out port. Its com- 
 merce extends to all parts of the world. Exports wines, brandy, 
 fish, and fruit. Imports colonial merchandise — cotton goods, 
 iron, coal, and timber. The chief import from Britain is coal. 
 There are large shipbuilding yards, factories of preserved meats, 
 porcelain factories, &c. Under the name of Burdigala, this 
 was an important place at the time of the conquest of the 
 country by the Romans. The wines of Bordeaux were cele- 
 brated as early as the 4th century. In 1152 it passed, by the 
 marriage of Henry Plantagenet with Eleonora of Guienne, 
 imder the dominion of England ; since 1453 it has belonged to 
 France. The principal Roman remains are the important ruins 
 of the amphitheatre called Palais Gallien, and traces of various 
 aqueducts. B. was burnt by the Saracens in 735. Its cathedral 
 belongs to the 13th to 15th centuries. Annual value of exports 
 ;^i3, 000, 000-15, 000, 000, of which wine forms one-third. Mean 
 temp., Jan. 42.4°, July 69.1° F. P. (1861) 162,750; (1872) 
 194,000; (1891) 252,400; comm., including Bugles and other 
 suburbs, 283,000. 
 
 Bordelals, an old sub-div. of France, formed of the coast- 
 line of prov. Guienne, cap. Bourdeaux ; it now forms the greater 
 part of the dep. Gironde, and a portion of Landes. 
 
 Borden, par., Eng., Kent, Faversham div., 8| m. ESE. 
 Chatham, 2 m. W. by S. Sittingboume stn., PMT.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Borden, co., U.S., Texas, E. of 102° W., N. of 32° N. 
 
 Bordenau, vil., Prussia, Hanover, circle and dist. Neustadt 
 am Riibenberg. Bpl. ofGen. Scharniiorst (1756-1813). P. <20oo. 
 
 Borden Flats, in Mount Hope Bay, at mouth of Taunton 
 R., U.S., Massachusetts. 
 
 Bordentotvn, city, U.S., New Jersey, Burlington co., on the 
 1. bk. of Delaware R., 6 m. SSE. Trenton, a favourite summer 
 resort of the Philadelphians, and has the mansion and grounds 
 once occupied by Joseph Bonaparte, ex-King of Spain. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Border Town, post-tn., S. Australia, co. Buckingham, 183 
 m. SSE. Adelaide. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Bordesley, the SE. div. of the pari. bor. of Birmingham, 
 Eng., with a stn. on the G. W. R. P. 81,800. 
 
 Bord^hera, comm., Italy, Liguria, prov. Porto Maurizio, 
 on the ct. , 5 m. WSW. San Remo, at the extreme W. of the 
 Riviera di Ponente ; renowned for its mild climate and pic- 
 uresque situation ; with groves of palms, oranges, and lemons. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 191 
 
BORD — BORN 
 
 Bordley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div. , 21 
 m. NNE. Burnley, 6 m. NNE. Bell Busk stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bordii, same as Boro, one of the Faroe Is. 
 
 Bordvrell, par.. Ire., Queen's co., bars. Clandonagh and 
 Clarmallagh, 4 m. E. Ballybrophy stn. P. <Soo. 
 
 Borea, German W. Africa. See Bongo. 
 
 Boreas IMoantaiii, a short range of mts., U.S., New York, 
 belonging to the Adirondacks. Alt. 3726 ft. (Geol. Survey of 
 New York). 
 
 Boretaam, par. and vil., Eng., Essex, div. and 3^ m. ENE. 
 Chelmsford, 2^ m. SW. by W. Hatfield Peverel stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Boreham Street, hamlet, Eng., Sussex, Eastbourne div., 8^ 
 m. NNE. Eastbourne, PM.O. 
 
 Boreliam >Vood, stn., Eng., Hertfordshire, St. Albans div., 
 on the M. R., 12 m. NW. by N. St. Paul's, London, P.O. 
 
 Borek, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 37 m. S. by E. Posen. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Boreland, vil., Scot., Dumfriesshire, on Dryfe Water, 7 m. 
 NE. Lockerbie, P.O. 
 
 Boreman, co., U.S., S. Dakota, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 in the middle by 101° W. 
 
 Boren, lake, Sweden, prov. (Ian) Skaraborgs, connected with 
 the Gota Canal {q.v.). 
 
 Boreray, isl. , Scot. , Inverness-shire. See Boveray. 
 
 Boreyda, oasis, Arabia, Nejd, about 410 m. NE. by N. 
 Mecca, 10 m. NE. by N. Aneysa. P. 5000. Proc. K. G. S., 
 1884, p. 389. 
 
 Borger, comm., Netherlands, prov. Drenthe, io| m. ESE. 
 Assen. P. 6300. 
 
 Borgerbont, comm. , Belgium, prov. Antwerp, i m. E. Ant- 
 werp. P. 28,700. 
 
 Borgfel«le, suburb of Hamburg, 1. bk. Alster. P. 15,500. 
 
 Borghetto Lodlgiano, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Milan, 7 
 m. S. Lodi. P. 6(3oo. 
 
 Borghl, comm. , Italy, Emilia, prov. Forli, 10 m. W. by S. 
 Rimini. P. <:3000. 
 
 Borgholniy tn. , Sweden, Oland I., on the W. ct., 17 m. NE. 
 by N. Kalmar. P. < 2000. 
 
 Borgbolz, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 24 m. NNW. 
 Kassel. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Borghorst, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphaha, 13^ m. 
 NW. Mtinster, with cotton manufactures. P. <;4000. 
 
 Borgia, comm., Italy, Calabria, prov, and 7 m. SW. by S. 
 Catanzaro, almost wholly destroyed by an earthquake in 1783. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Borgluskiy, silver works, Siberia. See Dnclierskly. 
 
 Borgue, val., Switzd. See H^rens. 
 
 Borgne (born), a g^lf, U.S., in the SE. of Louisiana, due E. 
 of New Orleans, forming the W. end of Mississippi Sound. 
 
 Borgo, Italian, 'town.' 
 
 Borgo, market-tn. , Austria, Tirol, 17 m. E. Trent, chief town 
 of the Val Sugana. P. <4C>oo. 
 
 Borgo d* Ale, comm. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, in the 
 Lomellina, 24 m. W. Vercelli. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Borgocollefegato, comm., Italy, Abruzzi, prov. Aquila, dist. 
 Cittaducale. P. 6000. 
 
 BorgolaTezzaro, comm. , Italy, prov. and dist. Novara. P. 
 <4ooo. 
 
 Borgomanero, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 25 m. N. 
 Vercelli. P. 9000. 
 
 Borgomaro, comm. , Italy, Liguria, prov. and 8 m. NNW. 
 Porto Maurizio, 14I m. NE. San Remo. P. <20oo. 
 
 Borgomaslno, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, 22 m. 
 W. by N. Vercelli. P. < 3000. 
 
 Borgo jMozzano, comm., Italy, Tuscany, on the Serchio, 
 prov. and 10 m. N. by E. Lucca. P. 10,000. 
 
 Borgonovo val Tidone, tn., Italy, Emilia, prov, and 12 m. 
 W. by S. Piacenza. P. 7000. 
 
 Borgo Panlcale, comm., Italy, prov. and 4 m. WNW. 
 Bologna. P. < 5000. 
 
 Borgo Pass, a mt.-pass, Austria- Hungary, leading from 
 Transylvania (Bistritz) into the SW. of Bukowina. Alt. 4000 ft. 
 
 Borgorlcco, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. Padua, dist. Cam- 
 posampiero. P. <40oo. 
 
 Borgo San Dalniazzo, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 6 
 m. SW. Cuneo. P. < 5000. 
 
 Borgo San Donnlno, or Donlno, tn. , Italy, Emilia, prov. 
 and 13 m. WNW. Parma. P. 10,000. 
 
 Borgo San Lorenzo, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, on the Sieve, prov. 
 and 14^ m. NNE. Florence. P. 13,000. 
 
 Borgosesla, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 25 m. NW. 
 Novara. P. <40oo. 
 
 Borgotaro, tn. , Italy, Emilia, prov. Parma, 26 m. N. by W. 
 Spezia. P. 8000. 
 
 Borgo-Ticlno, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 26m. 
 NNE. Vercelli. P. -C3000. 
 
 Borgo Vercelli, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 2\ 
 m. NE. Vercelli. P. <4C)00. 
 
 Borgn, Eastern Sudan. See Borku. 
 192 
 
 Borgu, kgd., W. Africa, Brit. Niger Terrs., N. of Dahomey 
 and W. of Nupe (Gandu). 
 
 Borgue, or Balmangan, par., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 4 
 m. SW. by W. Kirkcudbright, P.O. ; 13,531 ac. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Borgnnd, comm., Norway, prov. N. Bergenhus, 94 m. 
 ENE. Bergen. P. 6000. 
 
 Borl, tn., Afghanistan, prov. Seistan, about 186 m. SSE. 
 Ghazni. 
 
 Borl, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , dist. and 20 m. SSW. 
 Ndgpur ; noted for brick-red cloth, high in price on account of 
 the durability of the dye. P. <30oo. 
 
 Borl Llman, the inlet on the S. ct. of Turkey in Europe, in 
 which the Maritsa has its mouth. 
 
 Borlnage, a small dist. of Belgium, prov. Hainaut, to the S. 
 of Mons ; important for its coal-mines. 
 
 Borlsoglyelisk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 163 m. SE. 
 Tambov, on Orel-Tsaritsyn Rly. , amidst fertile prairies. Trade 
 in corn. P. 17,700. 
 
 BorlsoT, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 50 m. NE. Minsk. P. 
 18,100. 
 
 BorlsoTka, vil., Russia, govt, and 80 m. S. Kursk, on 
 Vorskla R. P. 16,300. 
 
 Borja, vil., Peru, on the Amazon (Maraiion), just below the 
 Pongo de Manseriche. 
 
 Borja, comm., Spain, prov. Saragossa, 36 m. WNW. Sara- 
 gossa. P, 5900. 
 
 Borjas, comm., Spain, prov. and 15 m. SE. Lerida, 
 P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Borj bn Ar^rlJ, tn., Algeria, 50 m. SSW. Bougie, arr. 
 S6tif, with healthy climate. P. <20oo. 
 
 Borj*Bnlra, tn. , Algeria, 54 m. SE. by E. Algiers, occupying 
 the site of the Roman colony of Idatha. P. <20oo. 
 
 Borj Bn Flcha, tn. , Tunis, on the Gulf of Hammamet, 38 
 m. SSE. Tunis. 
 
 Borj-BIorsot, tn. , Algeria, arr. and 92 m. SE. by E. Constan- 
 tine. P. < 2000. 
 
 Borjoni, gorge and hot mineral waters, Caucasia, 98 m. 
 NW. Tiflis. 
 
 Borj Torn, tn., Tunis, on the Mejerda Valley Rly., 25 m, 
 W. by S. Tunis. 
 
 Bork, vi]., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 11 m. N. Dort- 
 mund. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Borkal, or Berkel, riv. , Rhenish Prussia and the Nether- 
 lands, flows W. through the prov, Gelderland, and joins the 
 Ijssel at Zutphen. Length, 60 m. 
 
 Borken, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 21 m. 
 SSW. Kassel. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Borken, tn. , Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, cap. of circle 
 B., 27 m. NNW. Essen. P. <4000. 
 
 Borktaaya, cape and bay, Arctic Ocean, Russia, in the E. of 
 the delta of the Lena. 
 
 Borkn, or Borgn, Tibbu dist., Africa, Eastern Sudan, to 
 the N. of Wadai and NE. of Lake Chad, in 18° N., i8°-20° E. 
 
 Borknlo, vil. and comm. , Holland, prov. Gelderland, 13^ m. 
 E. by S. Zutphen. Vil. P. < 2000; comm. P. < 5000. 
 
 Borknni, isl. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, off the NW, ct. , 
 in 53° 36' N. , 6° 40' E. The island is low, and divided into 
 two parts by a narrow channel. Length 6 m. , average breadth 
 2 m. , with a lighthouse, visible 21 m. Mean temp., yr. 47.6° 
 F., Feb. 35.0°, July 63.0°. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Borley, par., Eng., Essex, Saffron Walden div., near the 
 Suffolk border, 14 m. NE. by N. Braintree, i m. SW. by W. 
 Long Melford stn., P.O. P. <2so. 
 
 Borln, vil. , Asia Minor, near r. bk. Gediz-Chai, 24 m. NNE. 
 Alashehr. 
 
 Bormlda, small riv. , Italy, Liguria and Piedmont, it rises in 
 the E. of the Maritime Alps, and flows NE. to the Tanai'O, 
 which it joins a little below Alessandria. 
 
 Bormlo, German Worms, tn., N. Italy, prov. and 29 m. 
 NE. Sondrio, on the borders of the Tirol, near 1. bk. of the 
 Adda. At Molina, N. of Bormio, on the Adda, are the salt 
 baths called Bagni di Bormio (temp. 92.5° F.). Alt. (of B.) 
 4020 ft. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Borna, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 15 m. SSE. Leipzig, with 
 industry in felt goods, &c. ; noted for its onions and other veget- 
 ables. P. 7500. 
 
 Borna, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. Chem- 
 nitz. P. <3000. 
 
 Borne, riv. , France, dep. Haute- Loire, one of the principal 
 upper tribs. of the Loire (r. bk. ). It descends from the moun- 
 tains of Velay, flows SE. then E. , and enters the Loire 2\ m. 
 from Le Puy. 
 
 Borne, comm., Holland, prov. Overijssel, 9 m. NW. 
 Enschede. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Borne, Clreat, mt. , Eng. , Cumberland, on the N. border of 
 the Egremont div., 9 m. E. by S. Whitehaven. Height, 2019 ft. 
 
 Btirnecke, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Aschersleben, 
 dist. Egeln ; has lignite mine, sugar refineries. P. <40oo. 
 
 Borneo, properly Brannl (native name Kalamantln, Kle- 
 niantln, Klematan), next after Australia and New Guinea the 
 
BORN 
 
 largest island in the world, lies between 7° 3' N. lat. and 4° 10' 
 S. lat. , and 108° 53' and 119° 22' E. long. , having the China Sea 
 on the N. , the Sunda or Java Sea on the S. , Celebes on the E. , 
 and Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula on the W. 
 
 State. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 I. English Protected States : — 
 North Borneo .... 
 
 Labuan 
 
 Brunei 
 
 Sarawak 
 
 II. Dutch Possessions : — 
 
 West Borneo .... 
 South and East Borneo 
 
 Totals 
 
 31,000 
 
 30 
 
 8,100 
 
 41,000 
 
 60,000 
 144,500 
 
 150,000 
 
 6,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 320.000 
 
 418,600 
 1,000,000 
 
 284,630 
 
 1,944,600 
 
 Thus in area B. is more than three times as large as Great Britain. 
 The main axis and watershed of the island, a mountain chain 
 varying in height from 3000 to 8000 ft. , and consisting chiefly of 
 crystalline slates and Devonian rocks, runs NNE. to SSW., the 
 lowest elevations being towards the latter extremity. From this 
 backbone there radiate, E., S., and SW., a series of short dis- 
 connected chains and isolated groups of Eocene and Miocene 
 age, reaching up to 6000 ft.; these are flanked by lower ranges 
 (up to 300 ft.), and penetrated by extensive plains, which in 
 many parts are mere marshes or morasses. Although extinct 
 crater-lakes abound, there are no traces of recent volcanic 
 activity in the island. In several districts there are limestone 
 caves, from which large quantities of edible birds' nests are 
 obtained. The coast regions are mostly diluvial and swampy, 
 and covered with mangroves and nipa palms. The longest 
 rivers rise in the mountain axis, and radiate outwards ; at first 
 they descend rapidly, often over rapids and waterfalls, but in 
 passing through the lower hilly regions and the plains, generally 
 overflow their banks and form wide marshes ; at their mouths 
 they spread out into broad deltas, the channels through which 
 are frequently obstructed by sandbanks. There are scarcely 
 any large bays, and but few good harbours, except on the N. 
 coasts, in British North Borneo and Brunei. The interior is 
 still to a large extent unexplored, and comparatively little is 
 known about it, except along a few of the principal rivers. 
 Although B. is cut in two by the equator, its climate is neither 
 so hot nor so unhealthy as would be expected. The low coast- 
 lands are at all seasons unhealthy for Europeans. The air is 
 humid all the year round, even during the dry season (May 
 to November) ; annual rainfall (12 yrs. ), 95 to 150 ins. Violent 
 storms occur during the prevalence of the monsoons. The sur- 
 face is nearly everywhere covered with a dense vegetation. The 
 forests yield some sixty varieties of timber, several of great value 
 for building purposes, as teak, iron-woods, sandalwood, ebony, 
 bamboo, mohor ; others produce gums and resins, as gutta- 
 percha, indiarubber, dammar; others drugs, spices, foods, &c., 
 notably camphor, pepper, cloves, nutmegs, cinnamon, ginger, 
 gambler, betel nuts, sago, coco-nuts ; then there are medicinal 
 roots and barks, oils, fibres, rattans, and magnificent flowers, 
 especially orchids, pitcher-plants, and rhododendrons. The 
 principal animals are apes and lemuroids, the orang-utang, tapir, 
 bantang (wild ox), panther, leopard, elephant and rhinoceros 
 (these two only in the N.), wild boar, Malay bear, deer, porcu- 
 pine, bats, squirrels, crocodiles, snakes, tortoises, leeches, remark- 
 ably large moths, chafers, and butterflies, and many varieties of 
 birds — eagles, vultures, peacock, heron, flamingo, raven, star- 
 ling, dove, parrots, owls — but more especially the Argus and 
 Bulwpr pheasants and the edible-nest swallows. There are only 
 a few horses, introduced by Europeans. The natives, who are 
 generally averse to work, keep buffaloes, sheep, and goats, but 
 do comparatively little by way of cultivating the soil, though 
 under European direction they do produce tobacco (in N. and 
 W. Borneo), sago (in Sarawak), and sugar, coffee, cotton, and 
 rice (all in W. Borneo), besides coco-nuts everywhere. B. is 
 exceptionally rich in minerals, though neither much energy nor 
 much capital is expended in their extraction. Gold, coal, and 
 iron are generally diffused ; gold is obtained in Dutch Borneo, 
 coal in Brunei, Sarawak, and Labuan, and iron only by the 
 natives of the S. Besides, a little antimony is obtained in 
 Sarawak and the western parts of S. Borneo, and quick- 
 silver in Sarawak; platinum, copper, silver, zinc, and lead 
 exist, but are not mined. Diamonds are found in W. and 
 S. Borneo, and are cut by native workmen at Pontianak 
 (W. Borneo) and Martapura (S. Borneo). Warm springs are 
 very common throughout the S. The principal means of in- 
 ternal communication are the rivers, traversed by native boats, 
 occasionally by small steam vessels; but navigation is much 
 impeded by overflows and rapids, and by the sand-banks of 
 the estuaries. Fish are abundant in all the rivers and on all 
 the coasts, where, too, trepang (b6che-de-mer), pearls, and 
 193 
 
 tortoise-shell are collected. The inhabitants belong for the 
 most part to three classes — Dayaks, Mohammedan Malays, 
 Javanese, and Buginese, and Chinese. The Europeans (Dutch 
 and English) and the Arabs, the principal merchants, are 
 comparatively few in number. The Dayaks, the aboriginal 
 inhabitants, dwell in the interior, and live by hunting and 
 collecting the native wild products ; they number considerably 
 more than one million. They are mostly heathens, and are 
 addicted to the practice of 'head-hunting,' which, however, is 
 being gradually put down by the Europeans. The Malays and 
 other native Mohammedans are mostly sailors or traders ; they 
 dwell round the coasts, and were the dominant races before the 
 Europeans became supreme. The Malays, who through their 
 piracy were long the terror of the adjacent seas, founded several 
 powerful states, of which Brunei, Banjermasin, Martapura, and 
 Kutei are the best known. The Chinese, who have visited 
 Borneo for more than ten centuries, are miners, farmers, and 
 traders. The native women weave cotton, make mats, baskets, 
 and earthenware, and cultivate the soil. The men in Banjer- 
 masin forge good knives and sharp-edged weapons of steel. 
 B. was discovered by the Portuguese in 1518 or 1526. In the 
 beginning of the seventeenth century the Portuguese, Spaniards, 
 English, and Dutch all planted trading-stations on the island, 
 but none of them established themselves permanently. The 
 beginnings of permanent settlement were made by the Dutch 
 in Banjermasin in 1733. Since 1814 they have gradually made 
 themselves masters of the greater part of the island. James 
 Brooke in 1838-41 put down the Malay pirates and created an 
 independent state in Sarawak, which in 1888 was placed under 
 British protection. Brunei, the last of the free sovereign states, 
 was declared a British protectorate in 1888. The extreme N. 
 of the island was obtained by the British North Borneo Com- 
 pany in 1881 ; in 1888 their territories were raised to the status 
 of a protected state under the sovereignty of England. In 1889 
 the administration of the island of Labuan was transferred to 
 the British North Borneo Company. Dntcli Borneo embraces 
 the greater portion (nearly 72 per cent.) of the entire area of 
 the island, and lies to the S. of Sarawak, Brunei, and (British) 
 North Borneo. The boundary line between British North Borneo 
 and the Dutch possessions begins at 4° 10' N. lat. on the E. 
 coast, proceeds westwards to the intersection of 4° 20' N. lat. 
 with 117° E, long., follows 4° 20' N. lat. as far as the crest of 
 the watershed separating the rivers that flow to the NW. coast 
 from those that flow to the E. coast, and then coincides with 
 the crest of the watershed that divides the rivers flowing W. 
 and N W. from those that flow S. or SW. , and finally terminates 
 in Tanjong Datu. The surface is undulating, with several short 
 mountain ranges and vast alluvial plains and swamps. The 
 more important rivers are the Sibavang, Bulungan, Segah, and 
 Mohakkam (navigable 250 m.) on the E. coast, the Barito (570 
 m. long). Great and Little Dayak, Katingan (400 m.), and 
 Pembuan (350 m.) on the S. coast, and the Kapuas (navigable 
 400 m. ) on the W. coast. The chief cultivated products of W. 
 Borneo are rice, sugar, earth-nuts, cotton, indigo, and coffee ; of 
 S. Borneo, rice, sugar, and earth-nuts. The exports consist of 
 gold, diamonds, coal, rattan, guttapercha, indiarubber, birds' 
 nests, cotton, bees'-wax, timber, baskets, mats, gums, and other 
 natural wild products. The imports comprise earthenware, 
 haberdashery, hardware, linens, woollens, silks, paper, medi- 
 cines, provisions, wine, rice, sugar, tobacco, tea, trepang, 
 gambler, oils. The busiest ports are Banjermasin, cap. of the 
 S. and E. div. , Pontianak, cap. of the W. div., and Sambas 
 in the same div. Trade is carried on chiefly with Batavia, 
 Singapore, and Hong-kong. The S. and E. div. is subdivided 
 into eight dists. : Banjermasin, Amuntai, Martapura, the Duson 
 (Dusun) Lands, the Dayak Lands, Sampit, Kutei, and the North- 
 East Coast, Pasir and the Tanah Bumbu Lands — and includes 
 the tributary native states of Pasir, Kutei, and Beru (with sub- 
 tributary states Sambiliung, Gunong Tebur, and Bulungan). 
 The W. div. consists of eighteen dists. : Sambas, Mampava, 
 Pontianak, Kubu, Simpang, Sukadana, Matan, Landak, Tayan 
 and Meliow, Sanggan, Sekedow, Sintang, Silat, Suhaid, Salim- 
 bow, Piassa, Jonking, Bunut. See other particulars under 
 Borneo above. See Th. Posewitz, Borneo, Eng. trans. 1892. 
 Britlsli Nortb Borneo extends from 7° 25' to 3° 52' N. lat. , 
 and from 119° 16' to 115° 20' E. long., and has a coast-line of 
 nearly 1000 m. It contains the highest mountain in all B. , 
 namely, Kinabalu, 13,680 ft. ; the interior consists, so far as is 
 known, in great part of mountains ranging from 1500 to 6000 
 ft., and densely covered with jungle. Sandstone is the pre- 
 vailing rock. Fertile soil exists alongside the rivers. This part 
 of B. is well provided with bays and harbours : Sibuco or St. 
 Lucia, Darvel, Sandakan, Labuk, Marudu, Abai, Ambong, 
 Gaya, Kimanis, and Brunei Bays follow along the coast from 
 E. to W. The principal rivers, going in the same direction, 
 are the Sebuco, Segama, Kinabatangan, Labuk, Sug^ut, Bongon, 
 Marudu, Tampasuk, Papar, Padas. The climate is tropical, 
 but not unhealthy. Mean annual temperature, 74° to 86° F. ; 
 raintall (11 yrs.), 102 inches. The natural products embrace 
 all those mentioned above as common to B. , with sago, sugar- 
 
 N 
 
BORN 
 
 B ORR 
 
 cane, rice, Indian corn, ground and betel nuts, tobacco, cotton, 
 tapioca, and sweet potatoes, cultivated by the natives. Tobacco 
 of excellent quality is grown in large quantities by Europeans, 
 and experiments are being made to cultivate coffee, hemp, 
 gambler, pepper, and sago. Coal and gold both exist in paying 
 quantities, though but little is extracted. The principal ex- 
 ports are tobacco, rattan, guttapercha, birds' nests (from the 
 limestone caves of Gomantin, Madai, Segalong, Batu Timbang, 
 and other localities), timber, sago, pearls, and indiarubber; 
 their value increased sixfold between 1883 and 1890 (^180,000). 
 The imports embrace rice, provisions, cloth, spirits, machinery, 
 opium, tobacco, and iron-ware, and nearly quintupled between 
 1883 and 1890 (;^400,ooo). The bulk of the commerce is with 
 Singapore and Hong-kong. The currency is the same as in the 
 Straits Settlements— dollars and cents. Weights and measures 
 — picul (133^ lbs.) and catty (100 = 1 pictil). British North 
 Borneo, more correctly the independent state of North Borneo, 
 imder the protectorate of England, is administered by the 
 British N. Borneo Company, the directors of which, sitting in 
 London, appoint the governor. The territories are divided 
 amongst nine provs. : Alcock, Dewhurst, Dent, Cunliffe, Martin, 
 Myburgh, Mayne, Elphinstone, and Keppel. A census taken in 
 1890 made the population number 67,000 ; but large tracts of 
 coimtry were not included in the returns. The total population 
 may be set down as about 150,000, and consists of the same 
 classes as are found in B. generally. Cap. Sandakan (q.v.); 
 other towns, Kudat, Gaya, Silam, Mempakul. For historical 
 notices, see Borneo above. See Handbook of British North 
 Borneo (annual), where there is a map, i : 640,000. 
 
 Bornesga, riv. , Spain, an affluence of the Esla, rises in the 
 Cantabrian Mts. , and flows S. past the city of Leon. 
 
 Borness Point, cape, Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, on the S. 
 ct. , in 4° 9' W. 
 
 Bornhelm-Brenlg, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 
 dist. Bonn. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Boruhem, comm. , Belgiuih, prov. Antwerp, arr. Malines. 
 P. 5400. 
 
 Bornbolm, isL, Denmark, in the Baltic, off the S. ct. of 
 Sweden, diocese Seeland. Chief tns. , Ronne, Hasle, and 
 Aakirkeby ; surface hilly, shores steep and rocky. Highest 
 point, 530 ft. Yields building-stone, blue marble, potter's 
 clay, and coal. Area, with three small islands to the NE. , 
 Christiansoe, Frederiksholm, and Grasholm, known collectively 
 as the Ertholmene, 225 sq. m. See Hammershnus. 
 
 Borno, tn. and comm., Italy, prov. Brescia, dist. Breno. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Borno, German W. Africa. See Mbenga. 
 
 Bornos, comm., Spain, prov. Cddiz, dist. Arcos de la Fron- 
 tera. P. 5200. 
 
 Bomn, central African sultanate, W. and S. of Lake Chad. 
 It is a flat country, there being very few elevations. The soil is 
 for the most part sterile, consisting of ferruginous clay and sand, 
 but the regions adjoining the rivers are formed by alluvial de- 
 posits, and are of great fertility. The principal rivers are the 
 Komadugn (Waube) and the Shari, both flowing into Lake 
 Chad. Lake Chad, which belongs for the most part to B. , is 
 known to be an enormous swamp rather than a lake. The 
 climate of B. is hot and unhealthy. During the rainy season 
 ^between March and June) the temperature, even during the 
 nights, is seldom lower than 100° F. , whilst during the rest of 
 the year the mean temperature is about 70° F. ; the lowest 
 temperatures being about 55° F. During the wet season rain 
 falls in torrents, and the hot air, saturated with moisture, is very 
 oppressive and unhealthy, producing malignant fevers. The 
 fauna and flora of B. are those common to the central Sudan 
 regions. The most important products are indigo, cotton, and 
 ground-nuts (AracAis hypogcea). The pop. consists of various 
 tribes, the most important being the Kanilri, Kanembu, Tibbu, 
 Musgo, Manga, Haussa and Fulbe, Mandara, Marghi, Tuareg, 
 and Arabs. "The sultan of B. maintains an army of about 30,000 
 soldiers, mostly cavalry. Import articles are calico, burnuses, 
 sugar, and salt ; exports are at present of no importance ; 
 formerly slaves were exported in considerable numbers. The 
 cap. of B. is Kuka or Kukaua (P. about 60,000). Other im- 
 portant towns are Ngornu (on the shores of Lake Chad), Dikoa, 
 Birni, Mashena, Doloo, and Logone. Area, 57,000 sq. m. 
 P. estimated at about 5,000,000. [H. 6. 8.] 
 
 Borny, vil. , Ger. , govt, of Alsace-Lorraine, 2J m. E. by S. 
 Metz. P. < 2000. 
 
 Boro, riv.. Ire., co. Wexford, flowing first SE. then NE., 
 entering the R. Suir 2 m. below Enniscorthy. 
 
 Boro, one of the Faroe Is., 12 m. E. Stromo. 
 
 Boro-Bndnr, remarkable temple ruins in the middle of Java, 
 W. of Surakarta and NW. of Jokjokarta. See Leeman's Der 
 Tempel B.-B. auf Java, 1880, and Scot. Geog. Mag., 1888. 
 
 Borodino, viL, Russia, govt, and 72 m. W. of Moscow, 
 dist. Mozhaisk, on highway to Smolensk. Great battle in 1812. 
 
 Boriie, isl., in the North Sea, off the SE. ct. of Norway. 
 
 Boro-Koro, a range of mts., central Asia, trending from 
 WNW. to ENE. on the S. of Dzungaria and the Russian 
 194 
 
 govt, of Ssmiryechensk, between about 79^ and 83° E., and 
 44° to 44° 40' N., crossed about the middle by the Talkt Pass 
 (6260 ft. ) leading S. from Lake Sairam to Kulja. 
 
 Boroloola, or Borraloola, tp., in the Northern Terr, of S. 
 Australia, on the Macarthur R., about 45 m. from its mouth, in 
 about 16° 5' S. , 136" 25' E. 
 
 Borongan, tn., Philippine Is., E. ct. Samar I., in ii°4o'N., 
 125° 24' E. P. 9700. 
 
 Borougo, East and West, two isls. on the W. ct. of Lower 
 Burma, Akyab dist. , crossed by 20° N. , the eastern producing 
 petroleum of high quality. 
 
 Boroojlrd. See Bamjird. 
 
 Borore, coram., Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 37 m. SSE. Sassaii. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bororo, a refractory and plundering hunting tribe, Brazil, 
 occupying an extensive region between the headwaters of the 
 Paraguay and those of the Tapajoz and Araguaya. 
 
 Bororo, tribe, S. Africa, N. of the Lower Zambezi and 
 Kwa-Kwa. 
 
 Boros-Jenii, tn., Hungary, co. Arad, dist. B.-J. P. 5100. 
 
 Borongbbridge, par. and market-tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Ripon div. , on the Ure, 6 m. SE. by E. Ripon, on the 
 NE. R., PMT.O. Market-day. Tu. P.<iooo. 
 
 Borough Fen, par., Eng. P. <25o. See Xewboroagb 
 with B. F. 
 
 Borough Green, hamlet, Eng., Kent, Medway div.. 6\ m. 
 N. by E. Timbridge, with a stn. (Wrotham and B. «.) on the 
 L. C. &D. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Borough Island, Eng., off the S. ct. of Devon, in Bigbury 
 Bay, 12 m. ESE. Plymouth. 
 
 Borough IMulr, formerly an open common on the S. side 
 of Edinburgh, where James IV. reviewed his army before he 
 marched to the battle of Flodden. 1513. 
 
 Borough Koad, stn., Eng., London, Surrey, on L. C. & 
 
 D. R., I m. S. St. Paul's. 
 
 BoroTan, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. Rahova, 48 m. W. Plevna. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 BoroTlchl, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 138 m. E. of Nov- 
 gorod, connected by rail with railway to Moscow, on Msta R, 
 Boat-building. P. 11,000. * 
 
 BoroTSk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 53 m. N. Kaluga. 
 Trade in corn, hemp, oil, and hides. P. 10,100. 
 
 Borraloola, tp. , Austraha. See Boroloola. 
 
 Borras Horah and B. RifTre, two adjoining pars., Wales, 
 Denbighshire, 3 m. NE. Wrexham. P. of each <25o. 
 
 Borreraig, place, Scot., I. of Skye, 3 m. from Glendale, P.O. 
 
 Borriol, comm., Spain, prov. and dist. Castell6n de la 
 Plana. P. <40oo, 
 
 Borrls, tn., Ire., S. co. Carlow, bar. Lower St. Mullins, 14 
 m. ESE. Kilkenny, on the Bagenalstown and Wexford Rly., 
 PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Borrls, par. , Ire. , Queen's co. , bar. Maryborough E. , con- 
 taining Maryborough ; 7044 ac. P. <4000. 
 
 Borrls In Ossory, tn.. Ire., SW. Queen's co., bar. Clan- 
 donagh, 14 m. SW. by W. Maryborough, PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Borrismore, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Galmoy, 2 m. S. 
 Johnstown; 1271 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Borrlsnafaruey, par. , Ire. , cos. King's and Tipperary, 6 m. 
 SW. Roscrea. P. <500. 
 
 Borrlsnoe, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tipperary. dist. Boumey. 
 
 Borrlsokane, par. and tn. , Ire., N. co. Tipperary, bar. 
 Lower Ormond, 11 m. SW. Parsonstown, PMT.O. Par. 5128 
 ac, P. < 1500; tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Borrlsolelgh, tn., Ire., NW. co. Tipperary, bar. Upper 
 Kilnamanagh, 12 m. SE. by E. Nenagh, PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Borrobol, stn. , Scot. , on the H. R. , between Dingwall and 
 Thurso. 
 
 Borromean Islands, a group of four small isls. of N. Jtaly, 
 prov. Pallanza, in the Bay of Tosa (forming the W. arm of the 
 Lago Maggiore). They are Isola S. Giovanni or Isolino, Isola 
 Madre, the largest, Isola Superiore or I. dei Pescatori, in- 
 habited by fishermen, and containing the small church of the 
 islands, Isola Bella. They were formerly little else than sterile 
 rocks, till in the latter part of the 17th century they were trans- 
 formed into gardens by Vitaliano and Renato Borromei. The 
 island of Isola Bella contains the palace of the Borromei family. 
 
 Borrowash, vil., Eng., Derbyshire, Ilkeston div., 4 m. 
 ESE. Derby, on the M. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Borrow Beck, riv., Eng., Westmorland, flowing between 
 the divisions of Appleby and Kendal, trib. of the Lune, which 
 it joins on the r. bk. li m. below Roundthwaite Abbey. 
 
 Borroivtoy, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the extreme 
 
 E. of the Richmond div., 13 m. NE. by N. Ripon, 4^ m. N. 
 Thirsk, 3 m. ENE. Otterington stn., P.O. P. <'5oo. 
 
 Borro'why, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 8J m, 
 WNW. Whitby, i^ m. SW. Hinderwell stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Borrowdale, par., Eng., Cumberland, 5 m. S. of Keswick, 
 with slate and slate-slab quarries ; 16,666 ac. P. •<75o. 
 
 Borrowstonn, vil., Scot., Linlithgowshire, 2 m. N. Lin- 
 lithgow, I m. S. Bo'ness stn. 
 
B O R R 
 
 B OS N 
 
 Borrowstonnncss, or Bo'ness, par. and seaport, Scot., 
 Linlithgowshire, on the S. shore of the Firth of Forth, 3 m. 
 N. Linlithgow, on the N. B. R., with coal-mines and blast- 
 furnaces, chemical works, a pottery, brickyards, and sawmills ; 
 also carries on salt-refining, iron-founding, engineering, dis- 
 tilling, fishing, and boat-building. Remains of the wall of 
 Antoninus are near the town. It has a tidal harbour and a 
 dock, the latter with 22 ft. of water over sill at high water at 
 ordinary springs. Par. 3146 ac. , P. 6500 ; tn. P. 6000, 
 
 Borsa, vil., Himgary, co. Mdrmaros, 80 m. NE. Klausen- 
 burg, with copper-mines and mineral waters. P. 6200. 
 
 Borsad, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Kaira, 22 m. E. by 
 N. Cambay ; having a double line of fortifications, the inner in 
 fair preservation. P. 12,200; Hindus, 7800; Moham. 3100. 
 
 Borsch, tn., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, 16 m. SW. by W. 
 Stiassburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Borslgwerk, great mining and smelting works, Pnissia, 
 BE. of Silesia, 4 m. WSW. Beuthen. P. <4000. 
 
 Borsod, CO., Hungary (q.v.), stretching N. from the Theiss, 
 crossed by 48° N. , cap. Misk61cz. 
 
 Borsselen, vil, Holland, on the S. ct. of the island of S. 
 Beveland, prov. Zeeland, 7 m. E. by S. Flushing. P. <20oo. 
 
 Borstal, St. margaret, vil. , Eng. , Kent, 2 m. from Rochester, 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Borstel, vil. , Prussia, Hanover, dist. York. P. <2000. 
 
 Borstou, Scot. , N. Ayrshire. See Laugbar. 
 
 Borszczdw, comm., Austria, crownland Galicia, 36 m. N. 
 Czernowitz. P. < 5000. 
 
 Borszek, vil., Hungary, co. Csik, 95 m. E. by N. Klausen- 
 burg, in a Carpathian valley 2400 ft. high, with mineral waters 
 (exported), the most frequented watering-place in Transylvania. 
 
 Bort, tn., France, dep. Corr^ze, arr. Ussel, on the Dordogne, 
 39 m. SW. Clermont-Ferrand. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bortb, ct. vil. and watering-place, Wales, Cardiganshire, 5 m. 
 N. by E. Aberystwith, on the Cambrian Rly., PMT.O. 
 
 Bortliwick, par., Scot., Midlothian, 5 m. SSE. Dalkeith, 
 I m. ESE. Fushiebridge stn. ; 9806 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Borth-y-gest, place, Wales, Carnarvonshire, i m. from Port- 
 madoc, PM.O. 
 
 Boriima, or Mbumma, vil. , Brit. S. Africa, near the 1. bk. 
 of the Zambezi, 52 m. W. Zumbo, about 29° 35' E. 
 
 Bornug, Africa, W. of the Niger. See Bnssang. 
 
 Boruiig, CO. , Victoria, crossed in the S. by 37° S. and 143° E. 
 
 Borve, P.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, in the W. of Barra I. 
 
 Borve Point, cape, W. of Borve, in 56° 59' N. 
 
 Bor-wlck, par., Eng., Lancashire, N, Lonsdale div., 8 m. 
 N N E. Lancaster . on Camforth branch of M. R. , P. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Boryslav, comm., Austria, crownland Galicia, 7 m. SW. 
 Drohobycz ; important petroleum and ozokerit deposits, and 
 works for treating these minerals. P. 10,400. 
 
 Borzecln, comm. , Austria, Galicia, dist. Radl6w. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Borzll, Himalayan pass, Kashmir (g.^'.). 
 
 Borzna, dist tn., Russia, govt and 82 m. SEL Chernigov. 
 P. 10,300. 
 
 Borzoll, tn., N. Italy, prov. and circ. Genoa. P. <3000. 
 
 Borzonasca, comm., Italy, Liguria, prov. and 23 m. E. by 
 X. Genoa. P. 5000. 
 
 Bosa, tn. , Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 30 m. S. by W. Sassari, 
 the seat of a bishop ; coral fishery. P. 6000. 
 
 Bosbury, par. and vil., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 12^ 
 m. E. by N. Hereford, 3^ m. N. by W. Ledbury stn., PM.O. ; 
 4825 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Boscastle, ct vil. , Eng. , Cornwall, div. and 14^ m. WNW. 
 Launceston, with grand coast scenery, PMT.O. 
 
 Boscawen, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Merrimack co., on 
 the Merrimack R. , 8 m. NNW. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bosctaplaat, mudbank, Holland, 3 m. from the N. ct. of 
 prov. Groningen, to the S. of the I. of Rottumeroog. 
 
 Boscobel, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 22 m. E. by S. 
 Shrewsbury, 3 m. N. by E. Albrighton stn. The manor-house 
 here was the retreat of King Charles II. after the battle of Wor- 
 cester in 1651. P. <25o. See Donliigton. 
 
 Boscobel, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Grant co., on the L bk. of 
 the Wisconsin, 45 m. N. Dubuque (Iowa). P. <20oo. 
 
 Bosco €lilesaunova, comm. and vil. , Italy, prov. and dist. 
 Verona. P. <3oco. 
 
 Bosco (Marengo), tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 8 m. SSE. 
 Alessandria. P. < 5000. 
 
 Bosconibe, summer resort, Eng., Hampshire, on the ct., i^ 
 m. E, Bournemouth, included in the pari. bor. of Christchurch, 
 on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. eccles. par. (B. St. Jobn 
 tbe Evangelist) < 3300. 
 
 Boscoinbe, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Wilton div. , on the Bourne, 
 6i m. NE. by N. Salisbury, i^ m. NE. Porton stn. Richard 
 Hooker was rector from 1591-1595. P.O. P. -c2So. 
 
 Bosconero, comm. , Italy, prov. and circle Turin. P. <3000. 
 
 Bosco-Keale and Bosco-Trecase, two adjoining comms. , 
 Italy, prov. and 12 m. ESE. Naples, at the S. base of Mount 
 Vesuvius. B.-R., P. 8400; B.-T., P. 8900. 
 
 Bosden, par., Eng., Cheshire, Stockport Union. P. <2500. 
 
 Bosemont, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, co. and 18 m. S. 
 Pembina. 
 
 Bostaani (bos'am), par. and vil., Eng., Sussex, Chichester 
 div., on Chichester harb., 3^ m. W. Chichester, with a stn. on 
 the L. B. & S. C. R. , PM.O. P. <;isoo. 
 
 Bosheston, or Bosberstou, ct. par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 
 5 m. S. by W. Pembroke ; limestone cliffs with numerous 
 caverns, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Bosbof, tn. , Orange Free State, cap. of B. div. (on the W. 
 frontier), 40 m. NE. by E. Kimberley. 
 
 Boslng, Hungarian Bazln, free tn., Hungary, prov. and 
 12 m. NNE. Pressburg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Bosl Klver, Portuguese E. Africa. See Busl Blver. 
 
 Bu.slslo, comm., Italy, Lombardy, dist. Lecco. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bosjesmans, Boschman's country. See Bushmen. 
 
 Boskoop, comm., Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, 9 m. SE. 
 Leiden. P. <;3000. 
 
 Boskowltz, tn., Austria, Moravia, 21 m. N. by E. Briinn, 
 with coal-mines and glass and chemical works. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bosley, par., Eng., Cheshire, div. and 5^ m. S. Macclesfield, 
 on the N. Staffordshire Rly., P.O. Mean rainfall (1866-80), 
 33.8 in. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bosna, riv., Bosnia, to which it gives its name; after a 
 tortuous N. course of 150 m., it joins the Save at Samac 
 (Shamats), 24 m. E. Brod, navigable from Maglaj. 
 
 Bosna Serai. See Sarajevo. 
 
 Bosnia (including Herzegovina and Novibazar, all three 
 having a joint administration) was formerly the most NW. prov. 
 of Turkey in Europe, but is under Austrian administration since 
 the Berlin Conference in 1878. The divisions are shown in the 
 following table : — 
 
 Bosnia and Herzegovina — 
 Provinces. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. in 
 Thousands, 
 
 1885. 
 
 Pop. per 
 sq. m., 
 
 1885. 
 
 Bosnia :— 
 
 BihaC .... 
 
 Banjaluka . 
 
 Dolnja-Tuzla 
 
 Sarajevo 
 
 Travnik 
 
 Herzegovina :— 
 
 Mostar 
 
 Totals 
 
 2,133 
 3.285 
 3.471 
 3.232 
 4,084 
 
 3.529 
 19.735 
 
 158 
 265 
 314 
 193 
 218 
 
 188 
 
 75 
 80 
 
 91 
 60 
 
 54 
 54 
 
 Ir336 
 
 67 
 
 The Dinaric Alps or Pro 
 
 log Planin 
 
 a extend 1 
 
 n the W. 
 
 forming the watershed between the Adriatic and the Save, the 
 country sloping from this mountain range to the NE. and SW. 
 B. is a mountainous country, and a considerable number of 
 offshoots of the Dinaric Alps divide it into a great number of 
 secondary valleys and basins. The principal rivers are the 
 Narenta, which flows into the Adriatic, and the Drina, Bosna, 
 Vrbas, and Unna, which are tribs. of the Save. B. has no lakes 
 of importance. Its climate is on the whole temperate, and the 
 country healthy, except in the lowlands of the Save, Bosna, and 
 Narenta. The mountains and highlands are covered with 
 magnificent forests, the principal trees being oak, fir, lime, 
 beech, pine, and larch, but up to the present time the forests of 
 B. are still an improductive source of revenue, although the 
 felling of trees of all kinds is continuously increasing. The soil 
 in many parts of the country is stony and rocky, and more suit- 
 able for cattle-rearing than for agriculture, but there are many 
 very productive plains and valleys ; wheat, barley, maize, millet, 
 rye, and oats being the chief cereals. Various kinds of fruit 
 grow in abundance. The rearing of swine is of considerable 
 importance in the N.; horned cattle, horses, sheep, and goats 
 are also reared in large numbers. The rivers abound in fish, 
 and game is plentiful. B. is a wine-growing country, but the 
 production of wine was of very little importance while the 
 country was under Turkish rule, and made but very little progress 
 until 1882. The best wines are produced near Mostar, Stolac, 
 and Jeni-Bazar. Many minerals are found in various parts of 
 the country; gold (in the mountains near Serajevo), silver (near 
 Sreberniza, Kruppa, and Kamengrad), iron (in the neigi^bour- 
 hood of Kresevo Borovica, Fojnica, Vare5, Fo6a, and Shari 
 Majdam), lead (near Zvornik and Sreberniza), coal (in the dist. 
 of Zenica, near Travnik), and salt (near Tuzla). Besides these, 
 manganese, chromium, and antimony mines are worked. B. is 
 especially a covmtry of raw products, and industries and manu- 
 factures are of very little importance. Quite recently efforts 
 have been made by the government to promote glass, cloth, and 
 carpet manufactures, and to introduce silk culture. The princi- 
 pal towns of B. are Sarajevo (cap.), Mostar, Banjaluka, Bjelina, 
 Travnik, Livno, Berbir, and Visoka. Most of the towns have a 
 thoroughly oriental character ; only Sarajevo and Banjaluka show 
 signs of western European influence. Most of the roads of B. 
 are in a bad condition, but since the Austrian occupation some 
 
 195 
 
BOSN — BOTA 
 
 new ones have been made connecting B. with the valley of the 
 Save, and the Bosnian valleys with each other. Two railway 
 lines are of special importance, viz., Brod-Sarajevo, and Jaseno- 
 vak-Novi-Banjaluka. The Brod-Sarajevo line is now being 
 connected with Spalato by Travnik and Livno. B. formed a 
 part of ancient Pannonia. Since the 7th century it has been 
 chiefly inhabited by the Servian Slavs. In the middle of the 
 15th century the country was conquered by the Turks, and the 
 nobility of B. soon became Mohammedans, whilst the majority 
 of the population are Greek and Roman Catholics. Area about 
 24,000 sq. m. P. (1885) 1,300,000. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Bosnian Gradlska. See Cradlska. 
 
 BoSnjad, tn., Croatia-Slavonia, co. Sriem, disL Zupanje. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bosporus (sometimes spelt in English Bosphorus), or the 
 Straits of Constantinople, called by the Turks Bogbaz 
 ('mouth'), the ancient Bosporus Thracius, a strait of Turkey 
 which separates Europe and Asia, and connects the Black Sea 
 with the Sea of Marmora. Length NE. to SW. 20 m., breadth 
 I m. to 2 m. At its S. and N. entrances are lighthouses. 
 Shores elevated and picturesque, with wooded cliffs studded 
 with ruins and splendid oriental mansions ; on them are the 
 town of Scutari, the castles of Europ)e and Asia, Boyukdere, 
 Therapia, Pera, and the city of Constantinople {q-v."). See 
 Black Sea. 
 
 Bosporus, Cimmerian, the ancient name of the Strait of 
 Kerch or Yenikale. 
 
 Bosque (bos'ke), co. , U.S., Texas, E. of 98° W., crossed 
 in the N. by 32^ N. , boimded on the E. by the Brazos R. 
 
 Bosra eskl Sliiim, vil. , Palestine, 32^'' N. , 36° 27' E. , 19 m. 
 SSW. Kanawat. Alt. 2920 ft. 
 
 Bossall -with Bnttercrambe, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, 
 N. Riding, near York. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bossekop, vil., Norway, Finnmarken, in 69° 57^' N., 23° 
 15' E. , polar station of the Norwegians for scientific observa- 
 tions in 1882-83 ; one of the chief markets of the Lapps. 
 Mean temp, (i yr. 1882-3), y^- 34-7° F., Jan. 20.2°, Aug. 53.7°. 
 
 Bossier (bos-sir), par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, on N. frontier, 
 bounded on the W. by the Red Riv. 
 
 Bossingham Street, hamlet, Eng., Kent, St. Augustine 
 div., 5^ m. S. Canterbury, 3^ m. W. Barham stn., P.O. 
 
 Bossington, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., on the 
 Test, 9 m. W. by N. Winchester, i m. W. by N. Horsebridge 
 stn. P. <250. See Broughton -nitb B. 
 
 Bossington, hamlet, Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., on the 
 N. ct., 23 m. N. by W. Tiverton, 5 m. W. by N. Minehead. 
 
 Bossnni Prali, riv. , Africa. See Busuni>pra. 
 
 Bostal, hamlet, Eng., Kent, i^ m. SW. by S. Rochester, 
 included in the pari. bor. of Rochester. 
 
 Bostam, or Bastam, tn., Persia, 42 m. SE. Astrabad, 5 m. 
 NNE. Shahrud, to the SE. of the Shahwar Mts., enclosed by 
 high mud wall. Alt. 5200 ft. P. 7000. 
 
 Bostan, vil. and rly. junc, Baluchistan, 15 m. N. Quetta, 
 at the junc. of the rlys. through the Bolan and Nari passes. 
 
 Bostan, El, Asiatic Turkey. See Albistan. 
 
 Bostock, par., Eng., Cheshire, Northwich div., 3^ m. S. by 
 E. Northwich, lA m. NE. Winsford stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Boston, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Norfolk, on B. Creek, 11 
 m. from Brantford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Boston (corrupted from Botolphstown, and named from a 
 hermit Botulph or Botulf, who settled on the site of the town in 
 the 7th century), pari, and mun. bor., seapt. , market-tn., and 
 par., Eng., co. and 28 m. SE. Lincoln, in the parts of Holland, 
 S m. from the mouth of the Witham, on both banks of the 
 river, 26 m. E. by N. Grantham, with junc. stn. on branch 
 lines of the G. N. R. It has manufactures of sail-cloth, canvas, 
 and sacking; iron-foundries, agricultural implement factories, 
 and shipbuilding yards. B. harbour has a depth of 23 ft. in 
 river after passing the dock at high water or ordinary springs, 
 and in the dock there is 25 ft. of water over the sill at ordinary 
 spring tides. There is good anchorage in roadstead 6 m. 
 below the harbour, in 4^ fathoms low water ordinary springs. 
 Imports Baltic produce, coal, and manufactured goods coast- 
 wise. Exports oats, wool, and machinery. Birthplace of 
 Fox, author of the ' Book of Martyrs.' B. sends one member 
 to the House of Commons. Market-days, W. and S. ParL 
 bor. P. (1891) 18,700; mun. bor. and par. P. (1801) 5900; 
 (1851) 14,700 ; (1891) 14,600. 
 
 Boston, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding. See Clifford. 
 
 Boston, place. Ire., NE., co. Clare, bar. Inchiquin, 19 m. 
 SW. Loughrea, P.O. 
 
 Boston, vil., Jamaica, Surrey co., on the NE. ct., 33 m. 
 ENE. Kingston, in 76° 21' W. 
 
 Boston, city, U.S., cap. of Massachusetts, in Suffolk co. , 
 207 m. ENE. New York, on B. harbour, an indentation of 
 Massachusetts Bay, from which it is separated by some 50 isls. , 
 and having, with its several arms, an area of 75 sq. m. The 
 surrounding country is pleasantly undulating, and varied by 
 woodlands and lakelets. E. Boston is situated on the W. of 
 Noddle's or Maverick's I. , and here the ocean steamers chiefly 
 196 
 
 lie. S. Boston is mostly reclaimed from the harbour by which 
 it is divided from B. proper. The depth of the harbour at mean 
 low water is over 18 ft. , and the principal wharves are dredged 
 to a depth of 23 ft. at ordinary low water. The depth at the 
 entrance to the harbour at ordinary springs is 33:^ ft. high water, 
 2i| ft. low water. The total length of water frontage of the 
 whar\es and docks (exclusive of the length of side docks) is 
 about 12 m. There are several dry docks, including one 
 belonging to the government. The older part of the town 
 stands in very uneven ground, and is notorious in America for 
 the narrowness and irregularity of its streets, although improve- 
 ments were made after the great fire of November 9-10, 1872. 
 The newer parts have all the regularity and spaciousness usual 
 in American cities. The old State House, Faneuil (pronoimced 
 fun'l) Hall, the 'cradle of liberty,' in which the revolutionary 
 patriots met, and the public library, next to that of Congress 
 the largest in America, are the most noted buildings. The 
 Bunker Hill Monument, a granite obelisk 221 ft. high, on a low 
 hill in the former city of Charlestown (now a N. suburb of B.), 
 marks the scene of the first conflict between the British and 
 American forces in the war of independence, June 17, 1775. 
 The earlier settlers called the place "Trimountain or Tremont. 
 In 1630 a company of English Puritans settled on the site of the 
 present city, and in the same year a general court of the govern- 
 ing body of that community ordered that the place should be 
 called B. after the town in England, from the neighbourhood 
 of which many of the prominent men of the colony had come. 
 The park known as B. Common was reserved for the per- 
 petual use of the community in 1634. Trade with the E. 
 (China) began in 1787, and in the period 1856-59 B. was the 
 undisputed centre for E. Indian goods, though it has since 
 been outstrip! as regards this trade by New York. In more 
 recent years the import of fruit from the Mediterranean has 
 been an important feature of the trade of the port, together 
 with an export trade of fish to Spain which dates from 1642. 
 B. is the great wool-market of the U.S., its trade having of 
 late years been stimulated by the growth of the carpet industry 
 (at Lowell, Palmer, Clinton, &c.). The trade of B. with 
 Australia is consequently growing very rapidly. B. itself is the 
 seat of various and extensive manufactures, but has no lead- 
 ing speciality. The annual value of the exports is between 
 ;^i2,ooo,oQO and ;^i5,ooo,ooo, that of the imports generally 
 somewhat less. Nearly all the great literary men of America 
 — Longfellow, Lowell, \Vhittier, Emerson, Hawthorne, Holmes, 
 Thoreau, Motley, and Prescott, have dwelt in or near B., 
 most of these having been connected at some time with Har- 
 vard University, in the adjoining city of Cambridge. B. con- 
 tains the medical branch of this University, has rich art collec- 
 tions, and is the seat of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 
 founded in 1791. Birthplace of Dr. Benjamin Franklin. 
 Shortest track to Liverpool, 2800 nautical miles. Mean temp., 
 yr. 48.4° F., Jan. 27.4°, July 71.3°; mean rainfall (38 \ts.), 
 40.61 in. P. (1790) 18,038; (1820) 43,298; (1850) 136,881; 
 (1870)250,526; (1880)362,839; (1890)448,477. 
 
 Boston Corner, vil., U.S., New York, Columbia co. , 43 m. 
 S. by E. Albany. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Boston Deeps. See IVasli, The. 
 
 Bostonnals, riv., Canada, Quebec, Portneuf co., flows 60 
 m. SW. to the St. Maiurice. 
 
 Bostonnals, little, riv;, Canada, Quebec, Portneuf co., 
 flows W. to the R. St. Maurice. 
 
 Boston KlYer, Canada, Ontario, flows E. into the R. 
 Grand, a little to the N. of 45° N. 
 
 Boston Road, stn., Eng., Middlesex, Brentford div., on 
 the L. & SW. R., 10 m. W. by S. Sl Paul's, London. 
 
 Boston Spa, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Barkston Ash div., on the Wharfe, 8i m. SE. by S. 
 Knaresborough, close to Thorp Arch stn. PMT.O. P. <i50o. 
 
 Bostra, tn., Syria. See Bozrah. 
 
 Bosur Planlna, a range of mts. , Turkey in Eurojie, stretch- 
 ing E. and W. on the SE. frontier of the prov. of Novibazar. 
 
 Bosworth, or Market Bosfrorth, market-tn., par., Eng., 
 Leicestershire, Bosworth div., 11 m. W. Leicester, on the 
 L. & NW. R. Scene of the battle in which Richard III. was 
 defeated by Henry Earl of Richmond, and killed in 1485. Par. 
 P. <iooo; pari. div. P. (1891) 57,100. 
 
 Boszornieny, Hungary. See Hajdu-B. 
 
 Bota, vil., Perak (Malay Penin.), on the Perak R., in about 
 4° 20' N. 
 
 Botad, tn., India, Gujarat, 58 m. W. by S. Cambay. 
 
 Botafogo, SW. suburb of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 
 
 Botany Bay, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, E. ct. of 
 Australia, New South Wales, co. Cumberland, 10 m. S. 
 Sydney Heads, about 5 m. in length and breadth. Lat. 34° 
 S., long. 151° 16' E. It was discovered by Captain Cook in 
 1770, and derived its name from the variety of new plants then 
 observed on its shores [Xew South Wales J. 
 
 Botany Bay, PM.O., Eng., Lancashire, near Chorley. 
 
 Botiiwad, tn., India, Bombay, dist. Kbandesh. See 
 Bet&'ff'ad. 
 
BOTC — BOUG 
 
 Botcherby, P.O., Eng., Cumberland, 2 m. from Carlisle. 
 
 Botesdale, par. and vil. , Eng. , Suffolk, on the W. border of 
 the Eye div., 14 m. NE. by E. Bury St. Edmunds, 3^ m. 
 WNW. Mellisstn., PMT.O. P. <5oo. See Kedgrave. 
 
 Botetourt, co., U.S., Virginia, S. of 38° N., crossed in the 
 W. by 80° W. 
 
 Botbal Demesne, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck 
 div., on the Wansbeck, 2^ m. E. by N. Morpeth, P.O. P. 5400; 
 eccles. par. (B. tvltli Uebburn) P. <2soo. 
 
 Botbamsall, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 
 6i m. SE. by E. Worksop, 4 m. S. by E. Checker House stn. 
 P"<5oo. 
 
 Bothel ami Threapland, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Cocker- 
 mouth div., gh m. E. by N. Maryport, 3 m. SE. Aspatria stn. 
 P.O. P.<500. 
 
 Botbenliampton, par., Eng. Dorsetshire, W. div., 8^ m. 
 E. Lyme Regis, adjoining Bridport on the SE. P. <soo. 
 
 Botbenbamptoii, par. , Eng., Gloucestershire. See Bannton. 
 
 Botbkeunar, par., Scot., Stirlingshire, i^ m. WNW. 
 Grangemouth, PMT.O. ; 177430. P. <45oo. 
 
 Bothnang, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 2^ m. W. Stutt- 
 gart. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bothnia, Cnlf of (Scand. Botin, ' a lake '), gulf, Europe, 
 forming the N. part of the Baltic Sea, between 60° and 66° 
 N., 17° and 25° 35' E., from the Aland Is. to Tornei, having 
 E. Finland, and W. Sweden. Length 440 m., average breadth 
 100 m. It receives nearly all the great rivers of Sweden and 
 Finland, and on account of the large amount of fresh water 
 it receives in excess of evaporation it freezes very readily. See 
 Baltic Sea. 
 
 Botb-well, vil., Canada, Ontario, Kent co., 40 m. SW. by 
 W. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Botbwell, par. and tn., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, on the r, 
 bk. of the Clyde, 2 m. NW. by N. Hamilton, on the N. B. R. 
 and C. R. , with numerous collieries besides mines of ironstone 
 and oil-shale. B. Bridge, on the river, was the scene of an 
 action in which the Covenanters were defeated by the Royal 
 forces under Monmouth, in 1679. Ruins of a noted old castle. 
 Joanna Baillie, the poetess and friend of Sir W. Scott, was 
 born in the Manse of B. in 1762. Par. 13,664 ac, P. 13,500; 
 tn. P. < 2500. 
 
 Botbwell, tn. , Tasmania, Cumberland and Monmouth cos. , 
 39 m. NNW. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Botbwell Park, vil. , Scot. , Bothwell par. P. < 1000. 
 
 Botletll, riv. , S. Africa. See Znga. 
 
 Botley, tithing, Eng., Berkshire, 2 m. from Oxford, P.O. 
 
 Botley, par., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., 5^ m. E. by 
 N. Southampton, on the L. & S. W. R., PMT.O. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Botley IIUl, Eng., Surrey, Reigate div., 8 m. ENE, Reigate. 
 Height, 851 ft. 
 
 Botleys and Lyue, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, 2 m. SW. 
 Chertsey. P. < 750. 
 
 Botncndos, the name given by the Portuguese to the 
 Almores, a savage tribe of American Indians dwelling, partly 
 in a state of complete independence, in the forest regions of 
 Espiritu Santo, Bahia, and the E. of Minas Geraes, Brazil ; 
 so-called on account of their practice of inserting a large disk 
 of wood (Portuguese, botoque) in their lower lip. The practice 
 is now rapidly dying out. 
 
 Botolpb, part of eccles. par., Eng., Sussex. See Bramber. 
 
 Butolpb Bridge, eccles. par. , Eng. See Overton Longvllle. 
 
 Botolpb €laydon, hamlet, Eng., Buckinghamshire, 4 m. 
 from Winslow, P.O. 
 
 Botol-Tabago-Slma, small isl. , Chinese Sea, SE. of Formosa. 
 
 BotosanI, tn. , Roumania, cap. prov. B. , 47 m. SE. Czer- 
 nowitz. P. (comm.) 31,000. 
 
 Botrlpbnle, par. , Scot. , Banffshire, 2 m. from Auchindachy, 
 P.O. ; 9459 ac. P. <7SO. 
 
 Botte Donato, mt. , Italy, in the S., in the Apennines, 27 m. 
 NNW. Catanzaro. Alt. 6330 ft. 
 
 Bottesford, par. Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 7 m. 
 WNW. Grantham, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. <iSoo. 
 
 Bottesford, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey or Brigg 
 div., 12 m. NNE. Gainsborough, 3 m. S. by W. Frodingham 
 stn.; 4978 ac. P. <250. 
 
 Bottineau, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Bottineau co., 137 m. N. 
 by E. Bismarck. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bottlstaam, par. and vil., Eng., Cambridge, Newmarket 
 div. , 6 m. E. by N. Cambridge, with deposits of phosphate of 
 lime, PMT.O.; 5987 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bottlsham Lode and Long Meadow, eccles. par., 2 m. 
 N W. , close to Bottisham stn. , on the G. E. R. , P. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bottle, or Battle, Teutonic, ' a dwelling.' See Bold. 
 
 Bottlesford, P.O., Eng., Wiltshire, near Woodborough. 
 
 Bottuog, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 20 m 
 W. by S. Portmadoc, P.O. P. <25o. See Meyllteyrn. 
 
 Botton, par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Wray. 
 
 Bottrop, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 6 m. NW. 
 Essen; coal-mines near. P. <:300o. 
 
 Bottivar, Gross, Wiirtemberg. See Gross-Bottwar. 
 
 Botnsflemlng, par., Eng., Cornwall, Bodmin div., 6 m, 
 N W. Plymouth, on the estuary of the Tamar. P. <250. 
 
 Botzen, Austria. See Bozen. 
 
 Butzlngen, vil., Ger., gd.-duchy Baden, circle Freiburg, dist, 
 Emmendingen, at the SE. base of the Kaiserstuhl. P. <3000. 
 Bon-. For places in Algeria, &c., beginning with this prefix, 
 see under Bu-. 
 
 Boncbaln, fortified tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. Valenciennes, 
 8 m. NNE. Cambrai. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Bouchards Isles, group, Canada, Quebec, on S. shore of R. 
 St. Lawrence, in 73" 20' W. 
 
 Bonchervllle, vil., Canada, Quebec, Chambly co., on the 
 r. bk. of St. Lawrence, 7^ m. NE. by N. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bonches-dn-Rhdne, maritime dep. in the S. of France, 
 formerly part of Provence ; bounded on the N. by the Durance 
 (1. bk. trib. of the Rhone), and on the W. partly by the Rhone, 
 partly by the westernmost branch of its delta ; divided into three 
 arrs. , Marseilles, Aix, and Aries ; cap. Marseilles. The surface 
 is alluvial in the W., the region of the Rhone delta, moun- 
 tainous in the E. , where are many distinct groups and chains 
 of mountains all belonging to the limestone zone of the Alps. 
 The dist. enclosed by the delta of the Rhone is called La 
 Camargue, and is low-lying, fenny, and intersected by numer- 
 ous lagoons [itangs). Between the foot-hills of the Alps, the 
 ^tang de Berre, and the Canal d' Aries, extends the vast stony 
 plain of La Crau, very uneven and covered with rounded pebbles 
 identical with those drifted down by the Rhone and Durance. 
 The outer border of this plain has been reclaimed, and is now 
 either under culture or planted with wood, and for six (winter) 
 months of the year the interior yields herbs which furnish good 
 grazing for sheep, rendering their fleece of finer staple. The 
 coast is low-lying and marshy in the W., in the E. very ir- 
 regular and broken by several great gulfs. The otherwise fine 
 climate is subject to frequent and sudden changes, and to visita- 
 tions of a violent wind [mistral) from the NW. Of the surface 
 one-eighth is wooded. A greater area is devoted to fruit-culture 
 than to corn, and foremost among the products of the dep. are 
 its olives, mulberries, almonds, and figs. The dists. producing 
 the finest grain crops are the inland island formed by the lower 
 Durance, the Rhone, and the Craponne canal, the upper por- 
 tions of La Camargue, the Plan du Bourg (between La Camargue 
 and La Crau), and the valley of the Huveaune. Metals are 
 absent, but there are rich mines of lignite (principally between 
 the Arc and the Huveaune). Salt-pans yield large quantities of 
 salt, and there are hot springs at Aix. Area, 2026 sq. m. P. 
 630,600. See France, table, and Marseilles. 
 
 Itonchonx, Les, vil., France, dep. Jura, 17 m. WNW. 
 Geneva, arr. and 7 m. SSW. St. Claude. P. < 2000. 
 
 Boudeuse, La, one of the Amirante group of islands. 
 
 Boue (bo-u-e), stn. and fort, W. Africa, French Congo Terr., 
 on r. bk. Ogowe, in about 0° 8' S., 11° 55' E. 
 
 Bouffloulx, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 3I m. ESE. 
 Charleroi. P. <5ooo. 
 
 BonJBers, vil., France, dep. Somme, arr. and 17 m. NE. 
 Abbeville, cradle of the celebrated family of B. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bougainville, cape, W. Australia, N. ct., about 126° 10' E. 
 
 Bougainville, isl. , in the Pacific Ocean, in the NW. of the 
 Solomon group, belonging to the German sphere of influence, 
 separated from Choiseul I. to the SE. by B. Strait, and from 
 Buka I. on the NW. by Buka Passage ; about 150 m. long by 
 25-40 m. wide, with mountains 7000-10,000 ft. high. Native 
 villages on E. coast. 
 
 Boagaluvllle, strait, New Hebrides, between Mallicollo and 
 Espiritu Santo Is., 15!° S., 167° 10' E. ; discovered in 1768 by 
 Louis Antoine B., commander of the first French expedition 
 that circumnavigated the globe (1766-68). 
 
 Bonghadoon, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 9 m. from Crossmolina, 
 
 Bough Beech, or Bow Beech, hamlet, Eng., Kent, div. 
 and 6| m. W. Tunbridge, 2 m. W. by N. Penshurst stn. , PT.O, 
 
 Bonghrood, par., Wales, Radnorshire, on R. Wye, 9 m. 
 NE. by N. Brecknock, on the Cambrian Rly. P. <250. 
 
 Boughton, vil. , Eng., Kent, div. and 3 m. ESE. Faversham, 
 4 m. N. by E. SeUing stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Boughton, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW, div., 12 m. SSE. 
 King's Lynn, 2 m. N. Stoke Ferry stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Boughton, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 4 m. 
 N. Northampton, i^ m. E. by S. Pitsford and Brampton stn., 
 P.O. P.<50o. 
 
 Boughton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 9 
 m. SE. by S. Worksop, 5 m. WSW. Tuxford stn. P. <500. 
 
 Boughton, vil., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., 6 m. 
 N. by W. Tewkesbury, 2^ m. W. Defford stn. 
 
 Boughton, Great, par., Eng., Cheshire, partly in Chester 
 (^.z/. ) city. P. <75o. 
 
 . Boughton Aluph, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 4 m. NNE. 
 Ashford, i m. NW. Wye stn. P. <7SO. See Eastwell. 
 
 Boughton Lees, hamlet, Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 3 m. 
 NNE. Ashford, i^ m. W. Wye stn., PM.O. 
 
 Boughton Malherbe, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 8J 
 m. SE. by E. Maidstone, li m. SW. Lenham stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 197 
 
BOUG — BOUR 
 
 Bougbton Moncltelsea, par. , Eng. , Kent, 4 m. SE. Maid- 
 stone, P.O. P. <i50o. 
 Bongbton under Blesn, par., Eng., Kent, 3 m. SE. 
 
 Faversham. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bougie (bu-zhi'), the ancient SaldcB, called after an ancient 
 tribe Bejaia, fortified seapt., Algeria, arr. B. , on the N. ct., 112 
 m. E. Algiers, on the slope of Mount Guraya, which rises to a 
 height of 2310 ft. The roadstead of B. is deep, sheltered from 
 many winds, and at the entrance to the great vaUey of the 
 Sahel. Early in the 12th century B. was a cap. of the Berber 
 empire of the Beni-Hamraed, with a pop. of 100,000. Mean 
 temp., yr. 65.5° F., Feb. 55.0°, Aug. 79. 4"^. P. 6200. 
 
 Bonglval, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. and 4 m. N. 
 Versailles. P. <3ooo. 
 
 BoulUante, place. West Indies, on the W. ct. of Guadeloupe 
 I. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bonlllargues, tn., France, dep. Gard, arr. and 4 m. SW. 
 by S. Nimes. P. <20oo. 
 
 Booillon, a fortress, Belgium, prov. Luxemburg, on the R. 
 Semoy, 9 m. NE. Sedan. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Bouln, isl. and comm., off the W. ct. of France, dep. Vendue, 
 from which it is separated by a narrow channel 22 m. SW. 
 Nantes, with salt-works. The village of the same name has a 
 port. P. (of island)<30oo. 
 
 Bonlac, or Boolak. See Bulak. 
 
 Bonladuff, place. Ire., co. Tipperary, 4 m. from Borriso- 
 leigh, P.O. 
 
 Boularderle Island, Canada, Nova Scotia, in the NE. of 
 Cape Breton I., 27 m. long by 1-4^ m. broad. See Bras d'Or. 
 
 Boulay, tn., Ger. See Bolcben. 
 
 Boulder, city, U.S., Colorado, Boulder co., 25 m. NW. 
 Denver, with silver and gold mines in the vicinity. Alt. 5308 
 ft. (R.R.). P.<4000. 
 
 Boulder Pass, U.S., Colorado, in the extreme SW. of 
 Boulder co. Alt. 11,900 ft. [R. R. Survey). 
 
 Boulder Valley, vil., U.S., Montana, Jefferson co., 25 m. 
 NE. Butte City. P. <i500. 
 
 Bouldon, part of eccles. par. , Eng. See Holdgate. 
 
 Boulge, par., Eng., Suffolk, 8 m. NE. Ipswich, div. and 3 
 m. N. by \\'. Woodbridge. P. <250. 
 
 Boulge Trttb Debacb, eccles. par., Eng., Suffolk, near 
 Woodbridge. P. <:25o. 
 
 Boulla, post-tn., Queensland, Burke co., 355 m. S. by W. 
 Normanton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Boulogne, tn. , France, on the W. border of dep. Haute 
 Garonne, 30 m. NE. by E. Bagnferes de Bigorre. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Boulogne-sur-9Ier (the ancient Gesoriacum, afterwards, from 
 the 4th century, Bononia), a prosperous seapt. and watering- 
 place, France, cap. arr., dep. Pas-de-Calais, on the English 
 Channel, at the mouth of the Liane, with a station on the railway 
 from Paris to Calais, 139 m. NNW. Paris, and 19 m. SW. 
 Calais ; 28 m. from Dover, 29 m. from Folkestone (passage i^ 
 hours). Lat. (of the column) 50° 44' 32" N., long. 1° 36' 15" E. 
 It is divided into upper and lower towns ; the first on a hill, with 
 old ramparts commanding fine view. The lower, or new town, 
 stretches from the upper town to the sea. B. has a pro-cathedral, 
 a rich museum of antiquities, ethnography, and natiu-al history, 
 an industrial museum, and important cement, pen, and shoe 
 factories. The port, which has recently undergone consider- 
 able improvement, and is now protected by the Carnot break- 
 water, i^ m. long, admits the largest merchantmen. Good 
 anchorage within the deep-sea harboiu- and extending to Cape 
 Grisnez. There is a floating dock. B. is the chief French 
 fishing-port, and is now an important emigrant port. Weekly 
 mail-service to New York. Total value of exports about 
 ;^i2, 000,000. The modem defences are forts outside the town. 
 P. (1872) 39,700 ; (1891) 45,200. 
 
 Boulogne-snr-Seine, tn., France, a suburb of Paris, be- 
 tween the SW. angle of the city wall and the Seine. The Bois 
 de B., a beautiful park, laid out principally between 1853 and 
 i860, extends for 2J m. N. from this town as far as Neuilly. 
 P. (1891) 32,200. 
 
 Bonlonals, a former div. of France, prov. Picardy, of which 
 Boulogne was the cap. , forming, until 1789, a general military 
 government ; now comprised in the dep. Pas-de-Calais. 
 
 Bonlston, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3 m. SE. Haverford- 
 west on an arm of Milford Haven. P. <250. 
 
 Boulteen, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cork, dist. Murragh. 
 
 Boulthani, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven or Slea- 
 ford div., 2 m. S. Lincoln. P. <:75o. See Bracebrldge. 
 
 Bonlton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 2^ m. SE. by S. 
 Derby. See Alvaston. 
 
 Boundary, The, par., Eng., Derbyshire, 2 m. N. Ashby-de- 
 la-Zouch. P. <25o. 
 
 Bound Brook, bor., U.S., New Jersey, Somerset co., on 
 the Raritan R. , 22 m. SW. by W. Newark. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bound Skerry, isl., Scot., E. Shetland Is., with light in 
 60° 25' N., 0° 44' W. (Out Skerries), seen 18 m. 
 
 Bonntifnl Island, one of the Wellesley Is. , Queensland, in 
 the Gulf of Carpentaria. 
 198 
 
 Bounty Islands, a small group. Pacific Ocean, SE. New 
 
 Zealand, in 47° 44' S., 179° 7' E. Area, 3300 ac. 
 
 Bonp^re, Le, comm. and tn., France, Vendue, arr. Fontenay- 
 le-Comte, cant, and 5 m. W. Pouzauges. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bourbon, tn., U.S., Indiana, Marshall co., 83 m. ESE. 
 Chicago, Illinois. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bourbon, co., U.S., Kansas, on the E. frontier, crossed in 
 the N. by 38° N. 
 
 Bourbon, co., U.S., Kentucky, N. of 38° N., crossed in the 
 E. by 84° W. Bourbon whisky, made from a mixture of 
 maize, rye, and malt, takes its name from this county. 
 
 Bourbon, isl. , Indian Ocean. See Reunion. 
 
 Bourbon Lancy, tn., France, dep. Sadne et Loire, 34 m. 
 WSW. Le Creuzot, with mineral springs (106^-133° F.). 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Bourbon rArchambaud, tn. , France, dep. Allier, 28 m. 
 NE. by E. Montlu9on ; marked on the Roman map of Peu- 
 tinger as AqucB Bonnonis. The castle was built in the 13th 
 century, but extended and fortified by the successive Counts of 
 B. , from whom the royal house of B. was descended. B. has a 
 warm (124"" F.) and a cold (55° F.) spring. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bourbonuais, old prov. in the centre of France, now dis- 
 tributed amongst the deps. Allier, Puy-de-D6me, Creuse, and 
 Cher ; its cap. was Moulins. 
 
 Bourbonne les Bains, tn. , France, dep. Haute Mame, arr. 
 Langres, 51 m. S. by W. Toul, 30 m. NW. Vesoul, with hot 
 springs (i22°-i38° F.). P. <4000. 
 
 Bourboule, La, hamlet, France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. 
 and 22 m. SW. Clermont, on the Dordogne, in one of the 
 most picturesque parts of Auvergne, with mineral springs (8i°- 
 129° F.), which are bottled for export. Alt. 2850 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bourbonrg, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 10 m. SW. by 
 W. Dunkirk. P. <300o. 
 
 Boui^aneuf, tn., France, dep. Creuse, 25 m. ENE. Limoges, 
 cap. arr. Alt. 1475 ft. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bourg^Argeutal, tn., France, dep. Loire, arr. and 17 m. 
 SE. St. Etienne. Alt. 1640 ft. P. <:4000. 
 
 Bourgas, Eastern Roumelia. See Burgas. 
 
 Bourg-de-Thizy, vil. , France, dep. Rhone, arr. Villefranche, 
 cant, and 2 m. W. Thizy. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Bourg d'Oisans, tn., France, dep. Isere, on the Romanche, 
 18 m. SE. by E. Grenoble. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Boui^-dn*P^age, small tn., France, dep. Dr6me, on the 
 Isere, 36 m. W. by S. Grenoble, arr. and 10 m. NE. Valence. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Bourg-en>Bresse, tn. , France, cap. dep. Ain, arr. Bourg, on 
 the Reyssouse, 35 m. NE. by N. Lyons. The church of Notre 
 Dame de Brou, a little distance from the town, contains the 
 tombs of Margaret of Bourbon, Philibert le Beau, and Margaret 
 of Austria, its fotmders. Birthplace of Vaugelas. Alt. 822 ft. ; 
 mean temp., yr. 51.5° F. , Jan. 34.7°, July 69.3°. P. 13,200. 
 
 Bourges, cap. , dep. Cher, France, arr. B. , 37 m. W. by N. 
 Nevers, with arsenal and cannon- foimdry ; its magnificent cathe- 
 dral, Saint-Etienne, dates from the 13th century. B. derives 
 its name from the Bitiiriges, whose cap. it was. Cxsar took 
 the town B.C. 52, and the Roman fortifications are still extant. 
 It was here that Charles VII. passed the Pragmatic sanction, 
 in which the king maintained the rights of the Gallican Church 
 against the popes in the appointment of bishops. Alt. 510 ft.; 
 mean temp., yr. 52.2° F., Jan. 37.8°, July 68.2° ; rainfall, 25.59 
 in. P. (1872) 31,300; (1891)41,200. 
 
 Bourget, tn., France, dep. Savoie, 7 m. WNW. Cham- 
 b^ry, with which it is connected by rly., at the S. extremity 
 of the Lake of B. The Lake of B. or Ch&tillon, 11 m. by 2 m., 
 discharges its waters into the Rhone by the canal of Sa\a6res 
 (2I m. long), and is 758 ft. above sea-level, 476 ft. deep (the 
 deepest in France except the Lake of Geneva). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bourg-la-Reine, tn. , France, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, 5J m. 
 SSW. Notre Dame, Paris, 3 m. from the city wall. P. <3000. 
 
 Bonrg-Madame, vil. , France, dep. Pyr^n^es-Orientales, arr. 
 Prades, on the frontier of Spain, 52 m. W. by S. Perpignan. 
 
 Alt. 3740 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Bourgheuf-en-Retz, seapt., France, dep. Loire-Inf6rieure, 
 arr. Paimboeuf, on B. Bay, 20 m. SE. St. Nazaire ; salt-pans 
 and oyster-beds. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bourgogne, French name of Burgundy [q.v.). 
 
 Bourgoin, tn. , France, dep. Isere, on the Bourbre, 20 m. E. 
 by N. Vienne, 9 m. W. by N. La Tour du Pin. P. ■<5000. 
 
 Bourg St. And^ol, Le, tn. , France, dep. Ardfeche, arr. Privas, 
 on the r. bk. of the Rhone, 19 m. NNW. Orange. P. <4000. 
 
 Bourg-sur-Gironde, tn., France, dep. Gironde, at the 
 mouth of the Dordogne, 14 m. N. Bordeaux, arr. and 8 m. SE. 
 by S. Blaye. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bourgneil, tn., France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, arr. Chinon, 
 26 m. WSW. Tours. P, <20oo. 
 
 Bourke, co. , New South Wales, crossed in the S. by 35" S. , 
 and in the W. by 147° E. 
 
 Bourke, tn. , New South Wales, Cowper co. , on the 1. bk, 
 of the Darling R. , 184 m. NE. by E. Wilcannia. Alu 456 ft 
 Mean temp., yr. 68.6° F., Jan. 84.2°, July 51.5°. P. < 350a 
 
B O U R — B O W D 
 
 Bonrke, co., Victoria, between 37° and 38° S., crossed in 
 the E. by 145° E. , bounded on the S. by Port Phillip Bay. 
 
 Boarlos, or Boorlos. See Bnrlns. 
 
 Bonru, par., Eng., Cambridge, Chesterton div., 8^ m. W. 
 Cambridge, i^ m. NE. by N. Old North Road stn., PMT.O. ; 
 4175 ac. P, <iooo. 
 
 Bonra, par. and tn. , Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven or 
 Stamford div., 9 m. NE. by N. Stamford, on the G. N. R., 
 PMT.O. Market-day, Th. Mean rainfall (1866-80), 24 in. 
 Par. 10,103 ac. P. < 4500. 
 
 Bourne, Teutonic 'a well," 'small stream.' See Brunn. 
 
 Boarne, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, 2 m. from Farnham. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Bourne, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Barnstable co., 18 m. 
 ENE. New Bedford. P.<i500. 
 
 Bourne End, stn., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div., 
 on the G. W. R., 'j\ m. NW. by N. Windsor, PMT.O. 
 
 Bourne End, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire. See 
 Boriugdon. 
 
 Bournemontb, mun. bor. (since 1890) and watering-place, 
 Eng., in the extreme SW. of Hampshire, on the ct., 5 m. W. 
 by S. Christchurch, included in the pari. bor. of Christchurch, 
 w'ith two stns. (East and West B.) on the L. & SW. R.; has 
 sandy beach 5 m. long, and is much frequented by consumptives 
 on account of the great mildness of the winter climate, especially 
 in the central valley opening to the sea, the bottom of which is 
 laid out as a pleasure garden and playground. Alt. 128 ft. 
 Mean temp. (iQyrs. 1862-80), yr. 50.3 P., Jan. 40.3°, July 61.3°. 
 P. (1881) 18,600; (1891)37,800. 
 
 Bourne St. Mary, par. , Eng. See St, Mary Bourne. 
 
 Bonrney, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Ikerrin, 4 m. S. 
 Roscrea ; 12,981 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bonruezeau, tn. and comm., France, dep. Vendue, arr. and 
 12 m. SSW. La Roche-sur-yon. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Bourn Itloor, par., Eng., Durham, 4 m. SW. Sunderland. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 BonrnYlUe and Stircbley Street, stn., Eng., Worcester- 
 shire, E. div., on the M. R., 4 m. S. Birmingham. 
 
 Bonrtange, tn. and fort, in the Netherlands, in the former 
 Bourtanger morass (in German, B. Moor), prov. and 30 m. 
 ESE. Groningen, on the border of Germany. Taken by the 
 Spaniards in 1593, and again by the French in 1795. The 
 morass (on the borders of Groningen and western Hanover) is 
 now drained and converted into pasture-land. P<2ooo. 
 
 Bonrtle, or Barrablll, par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 3 m. NE. 
 Inverurie, 2 m. from Old Meldrum ; 5693 ac. P. <500. 
 
 Bourton, par., Eng., Berkshire, Abingdon div., 5 m. E. by 
 N. Swindon, i m. W. by S. Shrivenham stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bourton (bur'ton), par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., iii m. 
 NE. Sherborne, 3^ m. NNW. GilUngham stn., PMT.O. P. < 
 1000. 
 
 Bourton, vil, Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 4 m. S. by E. 
 Shrewsbury, 2 m. W. Berrington stn., P.O. 
 
 Bourton, Great and Little, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Ban- 
 bury div., 3^ m. N. Banbury, i m. SW. Cropredy stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Bourton on Bunsmore, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby 
 div., 5 m. SW. by W. Rugby, near Birdingbury stn., P.O. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Bourton on the Hill, par. and vil. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, 
 Cirencester div. , iij m. SE. Evesham, 2 m. W. Moreton-in- 
 the-Marsh stn. , P. O. P. <75o. 
 
 Bourton on the Water, par. and vil., Eng., Gloucester- 
 shire, Cirencester div., 13A m. E. by S. Cheltenham, on the 
 G. W. R., PMT.O. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Bourton on the Water with Clapton and Lower 
 Slaughter, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bouscat, Le, tn., France, dep. Gironde, 3 m. NW. Bor- 
 deaux. P. 8200. 
 
 Bonsles, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. Avesnes, 16 m. S. by 
 E. Valenciennes. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bouslgnles, vil. , France, on the Belgian frontier, dep. Nord, 
 arr. Avesnes, 18 m. SE. by S. Mons, with marble quarries. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Boussa, tn. , W. Africa, on the Niger. See Bussang. 
 Boussenac, tn. , France, dep. Ari^ge, arr. St. Girons, cant. 
 Massat. P. <3ooo. 
 Boussole Strait, the channel which connects the Sea of 
 
 Okhotsk with the Pacific, in the middle of the Kurile Is. , in 
 46° 30' N. ; named by La P^rouse after one of his ships (1787). 
 
 Boussu, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 7 m. W. 
 by S. Mons ; coal-mines, foundries, iron and glass works, &c. 
 P. 9800. 
 
 Bonthwalte, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the 
 NW. of the Ripon div., on the Nidd, xx\ m. W. Ripon, 4^ m. 
 NNW. Pateley Bridge stn. 
 
 Bouton, is]., Siam. See Pnlo B. 
 
 Boutonne, riv., France, deps. Deux-Sevres and Charente- 
 Inf^rieure, joins the Charente 8 m. above Rochefort, after a 
 SW. then W. course of 65 m. 
 
 Bouveret ('cattle pasturage,' Egli), vil., Switzd., cant. 
 Valais, on the S. side of the Lake of Geneva, a little to the 
 W. of the influx of the Rhone. 
 
 Bouret, isl. , Africa, SW. of the most southerly point of the 
 continent, in about 54° 20' S. , 9° 9' E. 
 
 Bonvlgnes, comm. , Belgium, prov. Namur, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Meuse, 13 m. S. Namur, with blast-furnaces, iron-works, 
 and manufactures of ironwares. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bouzas, comm., Spain, prov. Pontevedra, dist. Vigo. P. 
 7700. 
 
 Bova, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 18 m. ESE. Reggio ; 
 seat of a bishop. P. <4000. 
 
 Bovagh, electoral div.. Ire., co. Londonderry, dist. Garvagh. 
 
 Bo vain, P.O., Ire., Tyrone, 4 m. from Moy. 
 
 Bovec, Austria. See Flltsch. 
 
 B<iveda, comm., Spain, prov. Lugo, dist. Monforte. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Bovedy, P.O., Ire., Londonderry, 3 m. from Kilrea. 
 
 Bovegno, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 17 m. N. by 
 E. Brescia, in the Val Trompia. P. <3000. 
 
 Boveney, par. and liberty, Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wy- 
 combe div., on the Thames, 2 m. WNW. Windsor. P. <:5oo. 
 See Burnham. 
 
 Boveray, or Boreray, isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, off the N. 
 ct. of N. Uist, in 7° 18' W. P. <25o. 
 
 Boverldge, part of eccles. par., Eng., Dorsetshire. See 
 Cranborne. 
 
 Boverton, hamlet, Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 14 m. 
 WSW. Cardiff, 4^ m. S. by W. Cowbridge stn., P.O. 
 
 Boves, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, 5 m. S. Cuneo, 
 with iron-mines and marble quarries. P. 10,000. 
 
 Bovevagh, par. and tnld. , Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. Keen- 
 aght, 15^ m. SW. Coleraine, P.O. Par. 18,003 ^c., P. <30oo; 
 tnld. P. <5oo. 
 
 Borey, North, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 13 m. 
 WSW. Exeter, 2 m. SW. Moreton Hampstead stn., P.O.; 
 5589 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bovey Tracey, par. and vil., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton 
 div., 8| m. WNW. Teignmouth, with a stn. (Bovey) on the 
 G. W. R. ; producing excellent pipe and potter's clay and 
 lignite (worked since 1714) from noted outlying beds of eocene 
 age ; extensive potteries ; PMT.O. ; 7567 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 BoTlne, settlement, U.S., Utah, Box Elder co., 105 m. 
 WNW. Salt Lake City. 
 
 BoTlngdon, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Watford div., 9 m. 
 W. by S. St. Albans, 2 m. SW. Box Moor stn., PM.O. P. < 
 1500 ; eccles. par. (B. with Bourne End) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bovlnger, par. , Eng. , Essex. See Bobhlugworth. 
 
 BoTlno, fortified tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. AveUino, 18 m. 
 SW. by S. Foggia ; bishopric ; scene of defeat of the Spaniards 
 by the Imperialists, 1736. P. 8000. 
 
 BoTolone, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 13 m. SSE. Verona. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Bow. This syllable in English place names is usually pro- 
 nounced bo. 
 
 Bow, riv. , Canada, Alberta, flows SE. from the Rocky Mts. , 
 and unites with the Belly to form the S. Saskatchewan in about 
 49° 50' N. , 111° 40' W. The C. P. R. ascends its valley from 
 Calgary nearly to its source, passing, near Kananaskis, Can- 
 more, and Banff, through some of the grandest scenery of the 
 Rocky Mts. ; so called because wood well suited for making 
 bows grows on some parts of its banks (Egli). 
 
 Bow, suburb, London, Eng., Middlesex, Tower Hamlets 
 bor., 3 m. ENE. St. Paul's, London, on the N. L. R., with 
 another stn. (B. Koad) on the G. E. R. 
 
 Bow, or Nyniet (nlm'et) Tracey, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. 
 Molton div., 14 m. WNW. Exeter, i m. N. Bow stn., on the 
 L. & S. W. R., PMT.O. Market-day, Th. P.<75o. 
 
 Bow and Broad Nymet, eccles. ' par. , Eng., Devonshire, 
 including B. village. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bow and Bromley, Eng., Middlesex, one of the divs. of 
 Tower Hamlets borough. P. 88,400. 
 
 Bowbeat, one of the Moorfoot Hills, Scot., on borders of cos. 
 Peebles and Midlothian, 5 m. NE. Peebles. Alt. 2049 ft. 
 
 Bow Beech, hamlet, Eng., with PT.O. See Bough Beech. 
 
 BoTV BrlckhUl, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 13J 
 m. E. Buckingham, i^ m. E. Fenny Stratford stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Bowden, subiorb of Adelaide, S. Australia. P. <30oo. 
 
 Bowden, stn. , Canada, Alberta, on the Calgary and Edmon- 
 ton Rly. , about 62 m. N. Calgary. 
 
 Bowden, par. and vil. , Scot. , Roxburghshire, 2 m. S. by E. 
 Melrose. The Eildon Hills, elevation 1364 ft., form part of 
 the N. boundary of this par., which contains an ancient cross, 
 and ruins or sites of old Border keeps. P.O. Par. 7668 ac. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Bowden, Great, par., Eng., Leicestershire, on R. Welland, 
 I m. NE. Market Harborough, PMT.O. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Bowden Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire, near Chippen- 
 ham. P. < 500. 
 
 Bowden, Little, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 
 
 199 
 
BO WD 
 
 BO Y A 
 
 15 m. NW, by N. Wellingborough, close to Market Harborough 
 stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bowdltcta, isl. , in the S. Pacific, of coral formation and tri- 
 angular shape. Length 8 m. , breadth 4 m. Lat. of N. point, 
 9° 20' S. , long. 171° 4' W. Discovered by the Americans in 1841. 
 
 Bowdle, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Edmunds co., 78 m. NNE. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bofrdoin, settlement, U.S., Montana, Dawson co. , 170 m. 
 WSW. of the NE. corner of the state. 
 
 BowdoLubam, tn., U.S., Maine, Sagadahoc co., 15 m. by 
 rail, SW. Augusta. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bowdon, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Altrincham div. , 9 m. W. by 
 S. Stockport, I m. SW. Altrincham and B. stn., ^ m. W. Peel 
 Causeway stn. ; built on light dry soil, now a favourite residential 
 suburb of Manchester. P. <3O0o. 
 
 Bo well, rly. stn. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R. , 
 67s m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Bowen, settlement, New Zealand, North 1., Taranga co., on 
 the E. ct., 75 m. SE. by E. Auckland. 
 
 Bo'wen, co. , Queensland, crossed by 25° S. , and 151^ E. 
 
 Boweii, municip. , Queensland, Herbert co. , on the E. ct. , 100 
 m. NW. Mackay, in 20° i' S. P. <:i5oo. See Port Denison. 
 
 Bowenfels, tp.. New South Wales, Cook co», 97 m. W. 
 Sydney. P. <:i500. 
 
 Bower, par. and hamlet, Scot., Caithness, on the Highland 
 Rly., 8 m. SE. Thurso, P.O. ; par. 19,677 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bower CbalK, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Wilton div. , 9 m. SW. 
 by W. Salisbury, 5 m. S. Dinton stn., P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Bowers, settlement, U.S., Delaware, Kent co. , on the ct., 
 48 m. S. by E. Wilmington, and 9^ m. SE. Dover. 
 
 Bowers Gifford, par., Eng., Essex, Chelmsford div., 8 m. 
 W. by N. Southend, i m. E. by S. Pitsea stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Bower's Row, place, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. from 
 Kippax, P.O. 
 
 Bowes (bauz), par., Eng., Yorkshire, in the NW. of the 
 Richmond div. of the N. Riding, on the Greta, 4 m. WSW. 
 Barnard Castle, 13^ m. N W. by W. Richmond, on the NE. R. , 
 PM.O. ; 16,966 ac. P.<75o. 
 
 Bowes, par., Eng., Middlesex, Tottenham div., on the G. 
 N. R. (B. Park), 6| m. N. by W. St. Paul's, London. See 
 Soutbgate. 
 
 Bow Fell, mt., Eng., Westmorland, on the W, border of 
 the Appleby div., 18J m. WNW. Kendal. Height, 2960 ft. 
 
 Bowgrave, P.O., Eng., i m. from Garstang (Lancashire). 
 
 Bow Bill, Eng., Sussex, div. and 4^ m. NW. Chichester. 
 Alt. 597 ft. Mean temp. (20 yrs., 1861-80), yr. 45.7° F., Jan. 
 35.4°, July 57.8°. 
 
 Bowbonse, stn., Scot., Stirlingshire, on N. B. R., 3^ m. 
 WSW. Linlithgow. 
 
 Bowbonsebog, or Liqno, vil., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, 4 
 m. NE. by E. Wishaw, ij m. SW. by W. Shotts stn. 
 
 Bowie, vil., U.S., Maryland, Prince George's co. , 15 m. 
 ENE. Washington (D.C.). P. <I500. 
 
 Bowie, CO., U.S., Texas, in the extreme NE. 
 
 Bowie, tn., U.S., Texas. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bow liaise, Canada, Saskatchewan, in 54° 30' N. , and W. 
 of 104° W. 
 
 Bowland Bridge, hamlet, Eng., Westmorland, Kendal 
 div. , on the Winster, 6J m. WSW. Kendal. 
 
 Bowland, Little, par., Eng., Lancashire, 6 m. NW, 
 Clitheroe. P. <25o. 
 
 Bowland Forest, an upland tract, Eng., in the extreme W, 
 of the Skipton div. of the W. Riding of Yorkshire, about 17 m. 
 NW. by N. Burnley. 
 
 Bowland Forest, Higb, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 10 m. NW. Clitheroe, on R. Hodder; 19,750 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Bowland Forest, low, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 7 m. NW. Clitheroe, on R, Hodder; 5497 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Bowlers Green, vil., Eng., Surrey, div. and 8 m. SW. 
 Guildford, 3 m. from Witley, near Godalming, P.O. 
 
 Bowling, par. and vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, i m. 
 S. Bradford, on the G. N. R. P. 33,300. 
 
 Bowling (bo'ling), vil., Scot., Dumbartonshire, r. bk. Clyde, 
 on the N. B. R., 3^ m. E. by S. Dumbarton, a sub-port of 
 Glasgow, with a quay at the W. end of the Forth and Clyde 
 Canal, PMT.O. P. (including Littlemill) < 1000. 
 
 Bowling Bank, P.O., Wales, 6 m. from Wrexham, Den- 
 bighshire. 
 
 Bowling Green, vil., U.S., Indiana, Clay co. , on Walnut 
 Creek, 21 m. E. by S. Terre Haute. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bowling Green, city, U.S., Kentucky, Warren co., 58 m. 
 NNE. Nashville (Tenn.), on Barren R., which is navigable to 
 this point by steamboats of 200 tons. P. 7800. 
 
 Bowling Green, tn., U.S., Missouri, Pike co., 75 m. NE. 
 Jefferson City. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bowling Green j tn., U.S., Ohio, Wood co., 20 ra, S. by 
 W. Toledo. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bowman, co. , U.S., N. Dakota, on the SW. frontier. 
 
 Bowman's Forest, settlement, with rly. stn., Victoria, co. 
 Bogong, 169 m. NE. Melbourne. 
 200 
 
 BowmanTille, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Ontano, 
 Durham co., on L. Ontario, 38 m. ENE. Toronto. P. <35oo. 
 
 Bowmont, hamlet, Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., 7^ m. E. Kelso, | m. S. by E. Mindrum stn. 
 
 Bowm;ore, seapt. and vil., Scot., Argyllshire, Islay L, on 
 the E. shore of Loch Indaal, PMT.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Bowua, post-tn. , New South Wales, Goulburn co., 10 m. 
 NE. Albury. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bowness, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on Sol way 
 Firth and C. R., 12 m. WNW. Carlisle, PMT.O. ; 11,177 ac. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 Bowness, tn. , Eng. , Westmorland, Appleby div. , on the E. 
 shore of Windermere, 7^ m. WNW. Kendal, PMT.O. P. 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Bowning, post-tn.. New South Wales, Harden co., 54 m. 
 W. Goulburn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bow-of-Flfe, place, Scot., Fifeshire, near Cupar, P.O. 
 
 Bowral, tn.. New South Wales, co. Camden, 61 m. SW. 
 Sydney ; cool summer resort ; trachyte quarries. Alt. 2170 ft. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Bowraville, tp., New South Wales, Raleigh co., 349 m. 
 NNE. Sydney. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Bow Kirer, Canada, Alberta. See Bow. 
 
 Bo'wscale, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Penrith div. , 7^ m. NE. 
 Keswick, 3 ra. NNW. Troutbeck stn. P. <2So. B. Fell, a 
 hill to the W. 
 
 Bowsden (bauz'den), vil., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 
 7 m. S. Berwick-upon-Tweed, 4^ m. W. Beal stn., P.O. 
 
 Bowtborpe, par., Eng., Norfolk, on R. Yare, 3 m. W. 
 Norwich. P. <25o. See Earlbam. 
 
 Bowtborpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding. See Men- 
 tborpe. 
 
 Bow Street, stn., Wales, Cardiganshire, on the Cambrian 
 Rly., 3 m. ENE. Aberystwith, PM.O. 
 
 Box, hamlet, Eng. , Gloucestershire, 2 m. from Minchampton, 
 near Stroud, P.O. 
 
 Box, par. and vil. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Chippenham div. , 5 m. 
 ENE. Bath, with a stn. on the G. W. R., with freestone 
 quarries, PMT.O. ; 4647 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Box Elder, vil., U.S., Utah, B. E. co. (which occupies the 
 NW. corner of terr.), 50 m. N. by W. Salt Lake city. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Boxford, par. and vil., Eng., Suffolk, 6 m. SE. Sudbury, 
 PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Boxford, riv., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., trib. of the 
 Stour, which it joins on the 1. bk. about 5^ m. in a direct line 
 above the head of the estuary. 
 
 Boxford, par. and viL , Eng. , Berkshire, Newbury div. , 4 m. 
 NW. Newbury, PT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Boxford, vil, U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., 8 m. ESE. 
 Lawrence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Boxgrove, par. and vil., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 3 m. 
 ENE. Chichester. P. <7SO. 
 
 Koxbagen-Rummelsbarg, estate and colony, Prussia, prov. 
 Brandenburg, E. suburb of Berlin ; numerous market-gardens. 
 P. 11,000. 
 
 Boxblll, post-tn., Victoria, co. Bourke, 9 m. NE. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Box Hill, Eng., Surrey, Reigate div., i m. NE. Dorking, 
 with a stn. (B. H. and Bnrford) on the L. B. & S. C. R. , and 
 another on the SE. R. Height, 390 ft. 
 
 Boxbolm, important iron-work and rly. stn., Sweden, prov. 
 (Ian) Ostergotland. 
 
 Boxley, par. and vil., Eng., Kent, Medway div., ij m. 
 NNE. Maidstone, P.O. ; 5787 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Boxmeer, vil., Holland, prov. N. Brabant, on the Maas, 23 
 m. S. Arnhem, 14J m. S. by E. Nijmegen. P. <300o. 
 
 Boxmoor, eccles. par., Eng., Hertfordshire, on the L. & 
 NW. R., 3 m. SE. Berkhampstead. P. <45oo. 
 
 Boxted, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 5 m. N. Colchester, 
 P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Boxted, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 9 m. SSW, Bury 
 St. Edmunds, 3 m. NNE. Cavendish stn. P. <250. See 
 Hartest. 
 
 Boxtel, tn. , Holland. See Bokstel. 
 
 Boxwell and Leigbterton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 Cirencester div., 2^ m. E. Wotton-under-Edge. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Boxwortb, par", Eng., Cambridge, Chesterton div., 8 m. 
 NW. by W. Cambridge, 3^ m. SSW. Swavesey stn., PM.O. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Boyabad, vil. with fort, Asia Minor, 43 m. SSW. Sinope. 
 
 Boyaca, dep., Colombia {t/.v.), between the Magdabnaand 
 Orinoco (frontier of Venezuela), cap. Tunja. 
 
 Boyaca, tn., Colombia, S. America, dep. B., 20 m. S. 
 Tunja, celebrated for the victory gained by Bolivar in 1819, 
 which secured the independence of Colombia. P. 7000. 
 
 Boyadlne, settlement, W. Australia, York co., 70 m. E. by 
 N. Perth. 
 
 Boyana, or, in Slavonic spelling, Bojana, riv., Balkan 
 Penin., outlet of Lake Scutari, flows past the town of Scutari 
 
BOYA — BRAC 
 
 (Skodra) then SSW. into the Adriatic, its lower course forming 
 part of the boundary between Montenegro and Turkey (Albania) ; 
 navigable by sea-going vessels about 13 m. up, but only for 
 small boats, in consequence of obstructions due to the influx 
 of a branch of the Drin. A convention has been concluded 
 between Ttirkey and Montenegro for the regulation of these 
 two rivers. 
 
 Boyaiinagli, par. , Ire. , Galway. See BoyonnagU. 
 
 Boyce, settlement, U.S., Louisiana, Rapides par., on the 
 r. bk. of the Red R., 125 m. SW. by W. Vicksburg (Miss.). 
 
 Boyd, CO., New South Wales, bounded on the N. by the 
 Murrumbidgee R. and crossed by 146° E. 
 
 Boyd, CO., U.S., Kentucky, on the E. frontier, bounded by 
 the Ohio on the NE. 
 
 Boyerto-wn, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Berkshire co. , 10 m. 
 ESE. Reading, with mines of magnetic iron ore. P. <isoo. 
 
 Boylagta, bar. , Ire. , in the W. of co. Donegal. 
 
 Boyle, bar. , Ire. , in the extreme N. of co. Roscommon. 
 
 Boyle, riv.. Ire., in the N. of co. Roscommon, connecting 
 Lough Gara with Lough Key. Length, 13 m. 
 
 Boyle, par., tp., and market-tn.. Ire., N. co. Roscommon, 
 bar. B., 10 m. W. by S. Leitrim, near a fine abbey ruin, 
 PMT.O. Market-days, W. and S. Par. 19,618 ac, P. 6100; 
 
 tp. P. <2500. 
 
 Boyle, CO., U.S., Kentucky, S. of 38° N., bounded on the 
 W. by 85° W. 
 
 Boylstoii, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Guysboro, 3 m. 
 from Port Mulgrave. P. < 1500. 
 
 Boylstone, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 10^ m. W. 
 Derby, 4 m. NNE. Sudbury stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Boylston, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., on 
 Nashua R. , 8 m. N. by E. Worcester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Boyudle (locally pronounced bin'di), par., Scot., Banffshire, 
 3 m. W. Banff, close to Ladysbridge stn. ; 6945 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Boyiidlle, place, Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, s| m. WSW. 
 Fraserburgh, P.O. 
 
 Boyne, riv.. Ire., Leinster, Kildare, King's, Meath, and 
 Louth COS., rises in the Bog of Allen, near Carbury, and flows 
 NE. by Trim and Navan to Drogheda, about 4 m. below 
 which it enters the Irish Sea. It is navigable for barges to 
 Slane, midway between Navan and Drogheda. Length, 70 m.; 
 area of basin, 1040 sq. m. About 2^ m. W. the last-named 
 town, an obelisk marks the spot where the forces of William 
 III., on July I, 1690, gained a victory over those of James II., 
 known as the ' Battle of the Boyne." 
 
 Boyneliarg, one of the oldest and most remarkable ruins in 
 Germany, in the govt, of Kassel, near Sontra. 
 
 Boyue mil, eccles. par. , Eng. , Berkshire, near Maidenhead. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Boynton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div. , 
 on Gipsy Race, 14 m. SSE. Scarborough, 2| m. W. Bridling- 
 ton, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Boynton, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Dickey co., 98 m. 
 SW. by W. Fargo. 
 
 Boyoonagb, par.. Ire., Galway co. , bars. Ballyraoe and 
 Tiaquin, 12 m. NE. Tuam, P.O. (Olennaniaddy) ; 15,831 ac. 
 P. <35oo. 
 
 Boypeba, isl. and tn. , on the E. ct. of Brazil, Bahia, 55 m. 
 SW. by S. Sao Salvador, in 13° 39' S. 
 
 Boystown, par., Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. Lower Talbots- 
 town, 3 m. S. Blessington, on R. Liffey ; 25,129 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Boythorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding. See Fox« 
 holes. 
 
 Boyton, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 4J m. N. Laun- 
 ceston, P.O.; 4206 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Boyton, par., Eng., Suffolk, on R. Aide, 7 m. SW. Wood- 
 bridge, PM.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Boyton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., on the Wily, 
 13 m. SSE. Trowbridge, close to Codford stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Boytonratli, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 6 
 m. NW. Caher ; 991 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Boyiik, Turkish, 'great.' 
 
 Boyiik-Chekmeje, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Chatalja, 
 on the Sea of Marmora, 20 m. W. Constantinople. P. 2000. 
 
 Boyiik-dere (' great valley'), tn., Turkey in Europe, on the 
 Bosporus, II m. N. by E. Constantinople, contains the resi- 
 dences of many of the foreign ambassadors. 
 
 Bozbnba ('grey father'), Turkish I. in the JEgezxi Sea. 
 See Hagiostratl. 
 
 Boz-Bnrun, cape, at the W. end of a penin. jutting west- 
 wards into the Sea of Marmora, 33 m. S. by W. Constantinople. 
 
 Bozddogan, tn., Asia Minor, vilayet Smyrna, sanjak and 32 
 m. ESE. Aidin. P. 8oco ; Moham. 7500 (Cuinet). 
 
 Bozeat, par., Eng., E. div. of Northamptonshire, 6 m. S. 
 by E. Wellingborough, 3^ m. SE. Castle Ashby and Earl's Bar- 
 ton stn., PMT.O. P.-CI500; par. (B.withStrixton)P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bozeman, city, U.S., Montana, Gallatin co. , 74 m. ESE. 
 Butte City, with immense deposits of coal. Near this city the 
 N, P. R. passes through the B. tunnel (alt. 5560 ft.). P. <30oo. 
 
 Bpzen, or (formerly) Botzen (German ; Italian, Bolzano), 
 
 tn., Austria, Tirol, 33 m. NNE. Trent, on the Eisack, a few 
 miles above its confluence with the Adige (Etsch), and hence at 
 the meeting-place of important roads [Alps, Passes, IV. (i) 
 and (2)] ; a chief station on the Brenner railroad to Italy. It is 
 protected from sudden inundations of the river by a strong dyke 
 nearly 2 m. in length. Manufactures cotton-yarn and silk and 
 cotton fabrics, silk twist, &c. In its vicinity are numerous mud- 
 pillars, resulting from denudation by rain of the spaces between 
 them. P. (1869) 9400 ; (1890) P. 11,700. 
 
 Bozlngen, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Bern, 13 m. W. by S. Solothurn. 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Bozok, or Buzuk, region in Asia Minor, between different 
 parts of the Kyzyl Irmak, in the NW. and SE. , corresponding 
 to the W. part of the ancient Cappadocia. 
 
 Bozrah, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, co. and 15 m. N. by W. 
 New London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bozrah (Hebrew, 'stronghold'), or Bostra, ruined tn. , Syria, 
 pash. and 76 m. SSE. Damascus. Mentioned in Scripture as a 
 chief town of the Edomites. 
 
 Bozzolo, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 15 m. W. by S. 
 Mantua, with silk-worm breeding and faience manufactures. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Bra, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, 19 m. E. by N. 
 Saluzzo. P. 14,000. 
 
 Brabant, cape, Mauritius, on the SW. ct. 
 
 Brabant, an old duchy of the Netherlands, which formed 
 part of the circle of Burgundy in the Germanic empire. After 
 the peace in 1609 it was divided into Spanish B. , now forming 
 the provs. South B. and Antwerp in Belgium, and Dutch or 
 North B. 
 
 Brabant, North (Dutch, Noord>Brabant), a prov. in the 
 S. of the Netherlands, to the E. of Zealand. Uniformly flat, 
 marshy in some places ; soil in general infertile ; cap. Herto- 
 genbosch (Bois-le-Duc). See Netherlands. 
 
 Brabant, South, prov., Belgium, near its centre. Surface 
 hilly ; in the S. well watered and fertile. Woods extensive, 
 and include the forest of Soignies. Subdivided into three arrs. , 
 Brussels (the cap.), Louvain, and Nivelles. Flemish spoken in' 
 the N., French in the S. See Belgium. 
 
 Brabourne, par. , Eng. , Kent, div. and 6 m. E. by S. Ash- 
 ford, 3 m. NE. Smeeth stn., PM.O. P. -ciooo. 
 
 Brabourne ■with Monk's Horton, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, 
 near Ashford. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bracadale, par. and hamlet, Scot., Inverness-shire, isl. of 
 Skye, 10 m. NE. Portree; 93,140 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Braeara, or Bracora, hamlet, Scot., Inverness-shire, N. 
 shore of Loch Morar, 10^ m. ESE. Point of Sleat, P.O. 
 
 Bracclano, lake, Italy, prov. and 20 m. NW. Rome, to 
 which town an aqueduct conducts its waters ; 17 m. in circum- 
 ference, and 984 ft. deep. Alt. 540 ft. 
 
 Bracclano, comm., Italy, prov. and 20 m. NW. Rome, on 
 the W. side of a small lake of the same name, with seat of the 
 Odescalchi family, thermal springs and baths, and remains of 
 Veil and of the Via Claudia in the neighbourhood. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Braceborongh, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 5 m. NE. 
 Stamford, i m. S. of its stn. (B. Spa) on the G. N. R., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Bracebridge, vil., Canada, Ontario, Muskoka co., on the R. 
 Muskoka, 59 m. NE. by E. Collingwood. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bracebridge with Boulthani, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lincoln- 
 shire, near Lincoln. P. <35oo. 
 
 Bracebridge, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 2 m. S. Lincoln, in- 
 cluded in the pari. bor. of Lincoln, PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Braceby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven or Stamford 
 div., 6J m. E. Grantham. P. <250. See Sapperton. 
 
 Bracerille, vil., U.S., Illinois, Grundy co., 55 m. SW. 
 Chicago. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bracewell, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 9I m. N. by E. Burnley, 2 m. ESE. Gisburn stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Brachelen, vil., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 28 m. SW. by 
 W. Dtisseldorf. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bracht, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 27 m. W. by N. 
 Dtisseldorf. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bracigllano, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and loj m. N. 
 Salerno. P. <400o. 
 
 Brackagh and Sllevegalllon, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Lon- 
 donderry, dist. Moneymore. 
 
 Brackel, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 3 J m. E. by 
 N. Dortmund. P. < 4000. 
 
 Bracken, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 6 m. SW. Great 
 Driffleld. P. <2SO. 
 
 Bracken, co. , U . S. , Kentucky , on the Ohio , crossed by 84° W. 
 
 Brackenborongh, par. , Eng., Lincolnshire, 2m. N. Louth, 
 P. < 250. See Fotherby, 
 
 Brackenfleld, par., Eng., Derbyshire, 4 m. NW. Alfreton. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Brackenheim, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 21 m. N. by 
 W.Stuttgart. P. < 2000. 
 
 Brackenholm with Woodhall, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. 
 Riding, on R. Derwent, 4 m. NW. Howden. P. <:2So. 
 
 201 
 
BRAC — BRAD 
 
 Brackentliwaite, par., Eng., Cumberland, 5 m. S. Cocker- 
 mouth ; 4382 ac. P. <2So. 
 
 Brackettvllle, tn., U.S., Texas, Kinney cc, 120 m. W. 
 San Antonio. Alt. 1137 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Brackiagh, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Woodford. 
 
 Brackley, mun. bor., par. (B. St. Peter), and market-tn., 
 Eng., S. div. Northamptonshire, 7^m. WNW. Buckingham, on 
 L. & N. W. R. , PMT.O. Bor. first chartered under Edward II. ; 
 present charter granted in 1886. Market-day, W. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Brackley, Longb, lake, Ire., in the N. of co. Cavan, 14 
 m. S. by W. Enniskillen ; 197 ft. above sea-level. 
 
 Bracklln, electoral div., Ire., co. Westmeath, dist. Delvin. 
 
 Brackloon, electoral div.. Ire., co. Mayo, dist. Swineford. 
 
 Bracknell, eccles. par. , Eng. , Berkshire, Wokingham div. , 9 
 m. E. by S. Reading, on the L. & SW. R. , PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Bracknell, settlement, Tasmania, Westmoreland co., 20 m. 
 SW. by S. Launceston. 
 
 Brackurede-Brock, manuf. vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. West- 
 phalia, 28 m. SE. Osnabruck, 2 m. SW. Bielefeld. P. 5800. 
 
 Bracky, tnld., Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. East Omagh, 6^ m. 
 E. Omagh, P.O. (Brackey). P. <5oo. 
 
 Braco, vil,, Scot., W. Perthshire, on Knaik Water, 7J m. S. 
 by W. Crieff, i m. N. Greenloaning stn., PMT.O. P. <500. 
 
 Bracon Ash, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 7 m. SW. by S. 
 Norwich, 2 m. N. by W. Flordon stn. P. <:503. 
 
 Bracora, Scot. , Inverness-shire. See Bracara. 
 
 Brad, Anglo-Saxon, 'broad.' See Breit, 
 
 Bradano, riv., Italy, in the E., it rises in the Apennines, 
 about 12 m. N. Potenza, and flows ESE. to the Gulf of Taranto, 
 which it enters in 40° 23' N. 
 
 Bradbonriie wltb Ballidon, eccles. par., Eng., Derby- 
 shire, near Ashbourne. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bradbourne, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , 7J m. SW. 
 by W. Matlock, 4^ m. NE. by N. Ashbourne stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Bradbury, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., on the Skerne, 6J 
 m. E. by S. Bishop Auckland, on the NE. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Bradbury, settlement, U.S., Oregon, Columbia co., on the 
 1. bk. of Columbia R. , 40 m. E. by S. of the mouth of the river. 
 
 Bradda Mooar, hamlet. Isle of Man, af\ m. WNW. Castle- 
 town, I m. E. Bradda Head, i m. N. Port Erin stn. 
 
 Braddan, or Kirk B., par. , Eng. , Isle of Man, partly in 
 Douglas tn.; 11,454 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bradden, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 10 m. 
 NNW. Buckingham, 2| m. W. by S. Towcester stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Braddock, part of eccles. par., Eng., Cornwall. See 
 Boconnoc. 
 
 Braddock, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny co., 9 m. 
 SE. by E. Pittsburg, with manufactures of steel rails. Here, in 
 1775, the English General B. was defeated by the French and 
 Indians. P. (1880) 3300 ; (1890) 8600. 
 
 Bradeiitaam, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, on the S. border 
 of the Aylesbury div. , 10^ m. S. Aylesbury, i^ m. N. by W. of 
 West Wycombe, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Bradenham, East, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 19 m. 
 W. Norwich, 3 m. SSW. Dereham stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bradenham, West, par. , 7.\ m. E. by N. Holme Hale stn. , 
 PM.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Bradenstoke, Clack -with, eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Bradeston, eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 6J m. E. 
 Norwich, close to Lingwood stn. See Strnmpsha'vr. 
 
 Bradfleld, par. and vil., Eng., Berkshire, Newbury div., 7 
 m. W. Reading, 2^ m. NW. Theale stn., PMT.O.; 4359 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Bradfleld, par., Eng., Essex, Colchester div., 7 m. W. 
 Harwich, on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <75o. See MIstley. 
 
 Bradfleld, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 6\ m. SSE. Cromer, 
 I m. SE. Gunton stn. P. <25o. See Antlngham. 
 
 Bradfleld, par. and vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Hallamshire div., on the Loxley, 6| m. NW. by W. Sheffield, 
 3 m. W. by S. Oughtybridge stn. The township contains several 
 large reservoirs for the water-supply of Sheffield ; 38,425 ac. 
 P. 12,300. 
 
 Bradfleld Combust, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Stowmarket div. , 
 5 m. SSE. Bury Sf. Edmunds, 2 m. SSW. Welnetham stn. ; the 
 residence of Arthur Young, the noted agricultural writer (1741- 
 1820). P. <250. 
 
 Bradfleld St. Clare, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Stowmarket div. , 
 5^m. SE. BurySt. Edmunds, i m. SE. Welnetham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bradfleld St. Cieorge witb Rusbbrook, eccles. par. , Eng. , 
 Suffolk, near Bury St. Edmunds. P. <75o. 
 
 Bradfleld St. George, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Stowmarkel div. , 
 5 m. SE. by E. Bury St. Edmunds, i m. NE. by E. Wel- 
 netham stn. , P. O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bradford, vil., Canada, Ontario, Simcoecc, on R, Holland, 
 33 m. N. by W. Toronto. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Bradford, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 151^ m. 
 NNE. Launceston, 3 m. NNE. Dunsland Cross stn.; 4133 ac. 
 P. <500. 
 202 
 
 Bradford, par. and suburb of Manchester, Eng., in the E. 
 div. P. 20,000 ; eccles. par. (B. fvitli Beswlck) P. 26,000. 
 
 Bradford, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., at the head of Budle Bay, 12^ m. N. by W. 
 Alnwick, i^ m. N. Lucker stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bradford, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 
 9I m. WSW. Morpeth, 3^ m. S. Middleton stn. P. <250. 
 
 Bradford, par. and vil., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 
 4 m. WSW. Taunton, P.O. (B.-on-Tone). P. <:50o. 
 
 Bradford, Eng. , Wiltshire. See Bradford«on-AYon. 
 
 Bradford ('broad ford'), pari., mun., and co. bor., market- 
 tn., and par., Eng., co. York, W. Riding, on affluent of the 
 Aire, and branch of the Leeds and Liverpool canal, 8 m. 
 W. Leeds, with stations on branch lines of the G. N. R., 
 M. R., and L. & Y. R. It is situated at the junction of four 
 valleys, all at one time well watered, and one drained by a 
 stream, the B. Beck, which was probably at one time broad 
 enough to justify the name of the town, though at present the 
 water in the neighbouring hills is collected in reservoirs and 
 transmitted to the town in pipes, so that there is no longer any 
 stream of any consequence nearer than the Aire at Shipley. It 
 has magnificent corporation buildings, an exchange, a fine 
 public hall (St. George's), a large covered market, literary and 
 scientific institutes, a technical college, an Independent College, 
 and a large grammar school. B. is now the principal seat 
 of the worsted yarn and stuff manufacture (for which it has 
 been noted from a very early period) in England, and the 
 great mart for the wool used in these fabrics ; and has also silk 
 velvet and plush works, and several large iron foundries. It 
 has coal and iron in its vicinity, and blast-furnaces. B. has 
 adopted nearly every public Act under which it is possible to 
 effect local improvements ; the corporation own five parks : 
 Peel Park (56 ac). Lister Park (56 ac), Horton Park (39 ac. ), 
 Bowling Park (53 ac), and Bradford Moor Park (15 ac). 
 Among other municipal establishments is a conditioning house 
 (opened in 1891), for testing and giving certificates as to the 
 weight, condition, and description of raw wool and woollen 
 yarns and piece-goods. The manor belonged originally to John 
 of Gaunt. During the parliamentary war the town underwent 
 a siege. The bors. are coextensive, and comprise the townships 
 Bradford, Manninghara, Bowling, Horton, Bolton, Allerton, 
 and Heaton. For parliamentary purposes the bor. is divided 
 into a Central, an E. , and a W. div. , each returning one member. 
 Market-days, M. and Th. Alt. 360 ft. Mean rainfall (1866-80), 
 42.8 in. P. (1851) 104,000; (1871) 146,000; (1891) 216,400. 
 P. Par. 72,700. 
 
 Bradford, co., U.S., Florida, crossed by 30° N., W. of 
 82° W. 
 
 Bradford, tn., U.S., Maine, Penobscot co., 25 m. NW. 
 Bangor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bradford, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co. , on the 
 r. bk. of the Merrimac, 6 m. NE. Lawrence. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bradford, vil., U.S., Ohio, Darke co., 73 m. N. Cincinnati. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Bradford, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, on the N. frontier, 
 traversed by the Susquehanna R. 
 
 Bradford, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, M'Kean co., 72 m. E. 
 by S. Erie. P. (1880) 9200; (1890) 10,500. 
 
 Bradford, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Orange co. , on the Con- 
 necticut, 30 m. SE. Montpelier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bradford, settlement, Victoria, Talbot co., 16 m. SW. 
 Sandhiu'st. 
 
 Bradford Abbas, par. and vil., Eng., Dorsetshire, in the 
 extreme W. of the N. div. , on the Yeo, 3^ m. SW. by W. Sher- 
 borne, I m. E. Yeovil June, P.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. (B. A. 
 wltb Clifton Maybank) P. <7SO. 
 
 Bradford-on-Avon, market-tn. and par., Eng., Wiltshire, 
 Westbury div. , on the Avon and the Kennet and Avon canal, 
 with station on the G. W. R., 6 m. ESE. Bath, and 29 m. 
 NW. Salisbury. It is said to have been the first place in 
 England to manufacture kerseymere, and it is still one of the 
 seats of the English broadcloth manufacture. Market-days, 
 Tu. and S. Par. 10,208 ac, P. 7700; tn. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bradford Peverell, par. and vil. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, S. div. , ■ 
 on the Frome, 2^ m. NW. Dorchester, ij m. SE. Grimstone 
 and Frampton stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Bradford, West, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton 
 div., on the Ribble, 9^ m. NW. by N. Burnley, i^ m. NW. 
 Chatburn stn. P. <5ob. 
 
 Bradlford, vil., Eng., Devon, i m. from Barnstaple, P.O. 
 
 Bradlng, par. and tn., Eng., Hampshire, Isle of Wight 
 div., on the E. ct., at the mouth of the Yar, 3^ m. S. by E. 
 Ryde, with a stn. (Bradlng Jane.) on the Isle of Wight & 
 Ryde Pier Rly., PMT.O.; 8273 ac. P. 9000. 
 
 Bradley ('broad pasture"), par., Eng., Cheshire, 2 m. SE. 
 Malpas. P. <25o. 
 
 Bradley, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , 10 m. N W. Derby, 
 2 J m. E. Ashbourne stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Bradley, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 6J m. S. Basing- 
 stoke, d,\ m. NNW. Medstead stn. P. <250. 
 
BRAD — BR AH 
 
 Bradley, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, Clitheroe div., 3I m. 
 NNE. Burnley, on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. 
 
 Bradley, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 2^ m. S. byW. Grimsby, 
 included in the pari. bor. of Grimsby. P. <25o. 
 
 Bradley, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 4 J m. SW. by 
 S. Stafford, P.O.; 4948 ac. P.<5oo. 
 
 Bradley, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Sedgley and 
 Wolverhampton par. P. 5100. 
 
 Bradley, P.O., Eng., Wiltshire, 3 m. from Trowbridge. 
 
 Bradley, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Droitwich div., 7 
 m. S. by E. Bromsgrove. See Stock and B. 
 
 Bradley, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, near the S. 
 border of the N. Riding, Richmond div., on the Cover, 16 
 m. SW. by S. Richmond, 6 m. S. by E. Aysgarth stn., PT.O. 
 See Cononley. 
 
 Bradley, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Wood- 
 Iionse. 
 
 Bradley, P. O. , Eng. , Yorkshire, Skipton div. See Bradleys 
 Bo til. 
 
 Bradley, co. , U.S., Arkansas, a little to the N. of S. fron- 
 tier, and bounded on W. by Moro R., on SW. by Ouachita R., 
 and on SE. by Saline R. 
 
 Bradley, vil, U.S., S. Dakota, Clark co., 138 m. ENE. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bradley, co. , U.S., Tennessee, in the SE. , on the S. 
 frontier. 
 
 Bradley, Clreat, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 6J m. 
 S. by E. Newmarket, 4^ m. N. by E. Haverhill stn., P.O. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Bradley, Little, par., adjoining Great Bradley on the S., 
 P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Bradley, Nortli, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., i^ 
 m. S. Trowbridge, P.O. P. <;iooo. 
 
 Bradley, West, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 4^ m. ESE. 
 Glastonbury. P. <25o; eccles. par. (B. W. witb Lottlsliam) 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Bradley and Moxley, stn., Eng., S. Staffordshire, on the 
 G. W. R., I m. SE. Bilston. 
 
 Bradley Field, par., Eng., Westmorland. See Under- 
 barrow. 
 
 Bradley Fold, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Heywood div., 3 m. 
 E. Bohon, on the L. & Y. R. 
 
 Bradley Clrcen, vil., Eng., Staffordshire, Leek div., 4 m. 
 N. by E. Burslem, ^ m. S. Gillow Heath stn., PM.O. 
 
 Bradley in the Moors, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Leek 
 div., ii| m. E. by S. Stoke upon Trent, i| m. SW. Alton stn. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Bradleys Botb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 
 2 m. SSE. Skipton, 14 m. NW. Bradford, P.O. (Bradley). 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Bradmore, par. and vil., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rush- 
 cliffe div., 5 ra. S. Nottingham, 2 m. W. Plumtree and Key- 
 worth stn. P. <25o. See Bnnny. 
 
 Bradnlncb, par. and tn., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div., 
 6 m. SSE. Tiverton, with a stn. (Hele and B.) on the G. W. 
 R., PMT.O. Market-day, Th. 4399 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bradnop and Cawdry, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 
 I J m. SE. by E. Leek. P. <;5oo. See Onecote. 
 
 Bradon, Soutb, eccles. par., Eng., W. Somerset, 3 m. NE. 
 Ilminster. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bradpole, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , 9 m. E. by N. 
 Lyme Regis. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bradsba>y, par., Eng., Lancashire, West Houghton div., 
 2^ m. NNE. Bolton, ^ m. E. The Oaks stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Bradsbaw, or St. Jobn, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, in Halifax par., P.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bradsbaw's Creek, post-tn. , Tasmania, co. Dorset. 
 
 Bradstone, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 4 m. 
 SE. by E. Launceston. P. <25o. 
 
 Bradstowe, Eng. , Kent. See Broadstalrs. 
 
 Bradwall, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 5 m. NE. 
 by N. Crewe, ij m. NNE. Sandbach stn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bradwell, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 9I m. 
 ENE. Buckingham, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. P. <3000. 
 
 Bradwell, par., Eng., Derbyshire, High Peak div., 8h m. 
 NE. by E. Buxton, 5 m. NNE. Millersdale stn. with fluor- 
 spar and barytes ; here is a stalactite cavern, with numerous 
 chambers, 400 yds. long; PM.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 llradwell, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., on the Black- 
 water, 3I m. E. byS. Braintree, 3 m. ENE. Bulford stn., P.O. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Bradwell, or Broad well, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. 
 and 144 m. SW. by W. Woodstock, i m. W. Alvescot stn. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Bradwell, par., Eng., Suffolk, 3 m. SW. Great Yarmouth, 
 P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Bradwell- Jnxta-SIare, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., i m. 
 from the S. shore of the estuary of the Blackwater, 9I m. E. 
 Maldon, 4 m. NNE. Southminster stn., PM.O. (Bradwell); 
 5015 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Bradwell, New, Eng. , Bucks. See Stantonbnry. 
 
 Bradwell Abbey, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, 3^ m. SE. 
 Stony Stratford. P. <25o. 
 
 Bradwell witb Kelniseot, eccles. par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, 
 near Lechlade. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bradwortby, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 12 m. 
 SW. Bideford, PM.O.; 9792 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Bradwortby witb Pancrasweek, eccles. par. , Eng. , Devon- 
 shire, including B. village. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brady, Fast, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Clarion co., on 
 Allegheny R. , 40 m. NE. by N. Allegheny. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Brae, hamlet, Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Delting par., 
 16^ m. S. by W. of the N. end of the Mainland, PT.O. 
 
 Braebead, vil., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, 6 m. NE. Lanark, 
 3 m. SW. Auchengray stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Braebead and Woodlands, vil, Scot., Lanarkshire, 2 m. 
 W. Coatbridge. P. < 1000. 
 
 Braeniar, vil., Scot., Aberdeenshire, in par. Crathie and B. , 
 18 m. W. by S. Ballater, PMT.O. Alt. mo ft. Mean temp. 
 (2oyrs., 1861-80), yr. 43.5° F., Jan. 34.0°, July 55.3°; rainfall 
 (1866-80), 36.5 in. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Braeniar Point Ugbtbonse, Ire. , on N. side of Shannon 
 estuary, 2^ m. below Limerick. Light visible 5 m. 
 
 Braemore Forest, dist. , Scot., Ross-shire, in the N., 5 m. 
 SE. of the head of Loch Broom. 
 
 Braes of Banuocb, eccles. par., Scot., Perthshire, in 
 Fortingall par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bratl'erton, par. , Eng., Durham, SE. div., on the Skerne, 
 4^ m. N. Darlington, i m. S. by E. Aycliffe stn. P. <:2So. 
 
 Brafferton, par. and vil., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Thirsk and Malton div. , on the Swale, 8 m. E. by S. Ripon, 
 on the NE. R. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Bralield on tbe Green, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northampton- 
 shire, 4^ m. ESE. Northampton, ij m. SE. by S. Billing stn. 
 P. <:5oo. See Hongbton, Little. 
 
 Braga (the ancient Bracara Augusta), city, Portugal, cap. 
 prov. Minho, cap. dist. B. , 27 m. NNE. Oporto ; anciently 
 cap. of the Suevi, before the capture of Coimbra cap. of Por- 
 tugal ; still seat of an archbishop, who is primate of Portugal ; 
 has a cathedral and archbishop's palace. Manufactures of fire- 
 arms, jewellery, cutlery, &c. On a neighbouring hill, 1265 ft. 
 high, now a summer resort, is the church of Bom Jesus, visited 
 by numerous pilgrims. P. 20,000. 
 
 Bragan, electoral div.. Ire., Monaghan, dist. Aughnacloy. 
 
 Braganca, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, Sao Paulo, 68 m. N. by 
 W. Santos. 
 
 Braganca, tn., Portugal, cap. prov. Traz oz Montes, and of 
 dist. B. , 85 m. NW. Salamanca ; centre of the Portuguese 
 silk industry ; divided into the upper and older walled town, 
 enclosing the strongly fortified hereditary seat of the Dukes of 
 B. (now Kings of Portugal), and the lower new town. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Braga Xess, cape, Shetland Is., Mainland, W. ct., 60° 13' N. 
 
 Bragar, Xortb and Sontb, vil., Scot., cos. Ross and 
 Cromarty, in Barvas. Par. P. <75o. 
 
 Brabala, strait. Eastern Archipelago, between the E. ct. of 
 Sumatra and Singkep I. , just to the S. of the equator. 
 
 Brabnian^bild, ruined city, Brit. India, Sind, dist. and 
 45 m. NE. by N. Haidarab^d ; it stood on the old course of 
 the Indus, and was strongly fortified ; its destruction was 
 sudden. 
 
 Brilbntanbdriil, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Tipperah, 
 50 m. ENE. Dacca. P. 17,400. 
 
 Brabmani, riv. , India, in the Chutia Ndgpur and Orissa 
 divs. of Bengal formed by the union of the Koel and Sdnkh, 
 flows E. and unites with the Baitarani {q.v.). 
 
 Brabmapatra, or Brabmapootra, a large riv. of Asia, 
 believed to have its source in about 31^ N. , 81^" E. , in a lake at 
 the E. base of the Kailas Hill, a ridge connecting the Gangri 
 Mts. of Tibet with the N. range of the Himalayas, and separ- 
 ating the source of the B. from that of the Sutlej. All its upper 
 course is on the whole from W. to E. in Tibet, where it is 
 known as the Sanpo, Sangpo, Sanpu, Tsampu, or Tsanpu. 
 At Tamjan, in 30° 21' N., 82° 51' E., the great road from the 
 Manasarowar Lake to Lhasa, strikes the Brahmaputra, the 
 Tibetan name of which, in this region, is Tamjan Khamba 
 (Horse's Mouth); 40 m. E. of Tamjan, the river receives its 
 first great affluent, the Chunago ; it then flows SE. for 50 m., 
 when it receives a still larger trib. in the Cachu Sanpo, 200 
 paces wide, and not much inferior in volume to the great river 
 itself; 60 m. lower it receives the Charta Sanpo, 250 paces 
 wide ; still flowing eastward, it is joined at the distance of about 
 200 m. by the Raka Sanpo, estimated to be 200 paces wide at 
 the point of junction. From this point it flows almost due E. 
 for many miles. Passing Shigatze, 60 m. below its junction 
 with the Raka Sanpo, it receives at Chusuljong, about long. 
 90° 40' E. , the Kichu Sanpo, the stream upon winch Lhasa is 
 built, the height above sea-level at the confluence being about 
 11,300 ft. Joined by many large affluents, it continues its east- 
 ward course until it arrives at about 94° E. , where, near the fort 
 of Gyala-Sindong (about 8000 ft. ), it turns somewhat abruptly to 
 
 203 
 
B R A H 
 
 B R A M 
 
 the SE., and in the course of about 170 m. in a direct line 
 traverses the whole width of the Himalayas, emerging on the 
 plains at the alt. of less than 400 ft. In this part of its course 
 the river has not yet been fuUy explored, but it has been 
 followed downwards as far as Onlet in about 28° 15' N., 94° 
 55' E. , or to about 35 m. from the Assam frontier, up to which 
 the Dihang or Dihong has been ascended, so that there is no 
 longer any doubt left as to the identity of these two streams, 
 though it was long contended by some that the Sanp)o was 
 probably the headstream of the Irawadi. In the plains of 
 Assam the B. sweeps round to the SW. , receiving as it does so 
 the Dibang or Dibong from the NE. and the Lohit from the 
 E. A SW. or WSW. course is continued to the meridian of 
 90°, where it turns S. past the end of the Garo Hills, and taking 
 the name of the Jamuna, joins the Ganges. The total length of 
 this river is estimated at about 1800 m., the area of its basin at 
 about 360,000 sq. m. The discharge of the river at Dibrugarh 
 in the upper part of the plains of Assam, about Boo m. from the 
 sea, was found by Harman in March 1878, when the water was 
 about its lowest, to be 116,115 cubic ft. per second. The river 
 is too large and rapid to be fordable 140 m. from its source, or 
 at any point farther down. On this river navigation is carried 
 on at a higher level (13,500 ft. above the sea) than on any other 
 stream in the Old or New World. In its lower course steamers 
 can ascend as high as Dibrugarh, to which point a regular 
 service is maintained from Calcutta, and a more frequent one 
 from Goalanda (^.z'.). Gauhati is the limit of navigation for 
 boats of large burden. 
 
 Br^hnis, Hie. See Balnchlstan. 
 
 Bralch-y-pwll, cape, Wales, in the extreme SW, of the 
 mainland of Carnarvonshire. 
 
 Braid Hills, a range of hiUs, Scot. , Midlothian, about 2J m. 
 S. Edinburgh {g.v.). Alt. 606 ft. 
 
 Braid River, Ire., in the W. of co. Antrim, flows SW. past 
 Ballymena to the R. Main. 
 
 Braldwood, tn. , New South Wales, St. Vincent co. , 50 m. 
 S. Goulburn. P. < 1500. 
 
 BraldfY-ood, vil. , Scot. , S. Lanarkshire, on the C. R. , 3I m. 
 NW. Lanark. P. (including Harestoiies and Tborulce) 
 <50o. 
 
 Braldwood, city, U.S., Illinois, Will co., 50 m. SW. by S. 
 Chicago. P. <5ooo. 
 
 BrSlla, or Ibralla, called by the Russians BrallOT, tn., 
 river-port, and seapt. , Roumania, pro v. B. , on the 1. bk. of the 
 Danube (q.v.), about 125 m. from the mouth of the Sulina 
 arm of the river, 12 m. SSW. Galatz, the principal port for 
 southern Roumania [g.v.), including Bukarest, with which it is 
 connected by rail by way of PloescI ; docks tmder construction. 
 P. 46,700. 
 
 Bralles, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon div., 
 8| m. W. by S. Banbury, 4 m. NNW. Hook Norton stn. , 
 PM. O. ; 5625 ac. P. < 1500 ; eccles. par. (B. with Wlnderton) 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Brallsford, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 7 m. NW. 
 by W. Derby, PMT.O.; 4366 ac. P.<75o. 
 
 Bralne I'AUend, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, 11 m. 
 S. Brussels. P. 7200. 
 
 Bralne-le-Ch&tean, comm., Belgium, arr. and 6 m. NNW. 
 Nivelles, 12 m. SSW. Brussels. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Bralne-le-Comte, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 7^ m. 
 NW. Seneffe, 19 m. SW. by S. Brussels. P. 8700. 
 
 Bralnerd, city, U.S., Minnesota, Crow Wing co., on Crow 
 Wing R. , 105 m. NNW. Minneapolis ; rly. June, for Duluth on 
 the N. P. R. Alt. 1207 ft. (R.R.). P. (i88o)<:2ooo; (1890) 5700. 
 
 Bralntfleld, par., Eng., Hertfordshire. See Bramfleld. 
 
 Bralntree, par. and market-tn., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., 
 II m. NNE. Chelmsford, on the G. E. R., with silk and crape 
 manufactures. B. was once a seat of the Bishops of London. 
 Market-day, W. P. <:53oo. 
 
 Bralntree, tn. , U.S. , Massachusetts, Norfolk co. , 10 m. SSE. 
 Boston. P. < 5000. 
 
 Bralsewortli, par., Eng., Suffolk, 2 m. SW. Eye. P. <25o. 
 
 Bralsbfleld, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, in the extreme 
 NE. of the New Forest div., 7 m. WSW. Winchester, 3 m. E. 
 by S. Mottisfont stn., P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Braltbwalte, par., Eng., Cumberland, in the SW. of the 
 Penrith div., 2 m. W. by N. Keswick, on the Cockermouth 
 Keswick, and Penrith Rly., PMT.O. See HlddlescengU and 
 Thorntbwaite. 
 
 Bralthfvell, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 5^ 
 m. SW. by S. Doncaster, 3^ m. SSE. Conisbrough stn., P.O^ 
 P. <50o. 
 
 Bralthwell -with Bramley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, 
 near Rotherham. P. <ioco. 
 
 Brake, seapt., Ger., gd. -duchy Oldenburg, 27 m. SE. Wil- 
 helmshaven, on the 1. bk. of the Weser. Vessek of 22i ft. 
 draught can now ascend to this point safely at ordinary tides, 
 and lie alongside of an iron quay 700 ft. long. P. -<5ooo. 
 
 Brakel, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 31 m. NNW. Kassel ; 
 lignite-mines. P. <3000. 
 204 
 
 Brak Fonteln, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Clanwilliam, 
 80 ra. SW. by S. Calvinia. 
 
 Brak Fonteln, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Victoria W., 
 165 m. NNE. Mossel Bay, in 31° 52' S., 23" o' E. Alt. 4100 ft. ; 
 mean temp., yr. 60.2° F., Jan. 73.0°, July 45.8'; mean rainfall 
 (18 yrs. ), 10.4 in. 
 
 Braknas, a group of tribes, French W. Africa, on the r. bk. 
 of the Senegal, about 70-200 m. from its mouth. 
 
 Brakpan, coal-mining viL, S. African Republic, on the 
 Witwatersrand, E. of Johannesburg and Boksburg. 
 
 Brak Klver, a trib. of the Groote R. , Cape Colony. 
 
 Brak Klrer, Great, vil. , Cape Col. , dist. George. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brala, isls. , Siam, E. ct. Malay penin. See Polo Brala. 
 
 BralleTC Monntalns, range of hills. Ire., in extreme SE. of 
 CO. Sligo, and N. of co. Roscommon. 
 
 Bramber, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Lewes div. , on the Adur, 8^ 
 m. NW. by W. Brighton, on the L. B. & S. C. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Bramber wltb Bnttolphs (or Botolpb), eccles. par., Eng., 
 Sussex, near Steyning. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bramble Cay, small rocky isl. , with a beacon, in the Gulf of 
 Papua, in 9^ 7' S. , 143° 52' E. 
 
 Bramblestown, electoral div.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, dist. 
 Graigue. 
 
 Brambleton, vil., U.S., Virginia, Norfolk co., in the SE. of 
 state. P. < 1500. 
 
 .Bramcote, par. and vil., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe 
 div., 5 m. W. by S. Nottingham, i^ m. ESE. Stanton Gate 
 stn., with manufactures of lace and hosiery. P.O. P. <iooa 
 See Attenborongta. 
 
 Bramdean, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 8J m, 
 E. by S. Winchester, 3 m. SE. by S. Akesford stn., PMT.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Bramerton, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 5 m. SE. by E. 
 Norwich, 3 m. W. Buckenham stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Brameya, riv. , French W. Africa, N. of Sierra Leone, flows 
 S. and enters the Atlantic in 9!° N. , 13° 40' W. 
 
 Bramfleld, or Bralntfleld, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, div. 
 and 3 m. NW. Hertford. P. <25o. 
 
 Bramfleld, par., Eng., Suffolk, 2 m. S. Halesworth, P.O. ; 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Bramfleld, tn., S. Australia, Eyre's Penin., Musgrave co., 
 180 m. SW. by W. Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bramford, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , 3 m. NW. 
 by W. Ipswich, on the G, E. R., PMT.O. Mean rainfall 
 (1861-90), in. P. <i500. 
 
 Bramford Trttb Burstall, eccles. par. , Eng. , Suffolk, near 
 Ipswich. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Bramtaall, par., Eng., Cheshire, Altrincham div., on the 
 L. & NW. R., 31 m. S. Stockport. P.<3Soo. 
 
 Brambam with Oglethorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Barkston Ash div., 10 m. NE. by E. Leeds, 3^ m. 
 W. Tadcaster stn., PMT.O. ; 4108 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bram Hoofd, cape, Dutch Guiana, in 55" 10' W., at the 
 mouth of the Surinam R. , r. bk. 
 
 Bramhope, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley div. , 7 
 m. NW. by N. Leeds, i^ m. SW. by S. Arthington Jimc, 
 PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Bramley, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, div. and 4J m. N. Basing- 
 stoke, 4 m. SW. by S. Mortimer stn., PM.O. P. <:50o. 
 
 Bramley, par., Eng., Surrey, Guildford div., 3 m. S. by E. 
 Guildford, with a stn. (Bramley and Wonersh) on the L. B. & 
 S. C. R., PMT.O.; 4544 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bramley, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the W, div. 
 of the pari. bor. of Leeds, on the G. N. R. P. 14,800. 
 
 Bramley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Rotherham 
 div. ,4 m. E. Rotherham stn. , P. O. P. < 500. See Bralthwell. 
 
 Bramllng, hamlet, Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 4^ m. 
 E. by S. Canterbury, 2 m. E. Bekesboume stn. 
 
 Bramoe, noted glass-work, Sweden, prov. (Ian) Skaraborg. 
 
 Brampford-Speke, par. and vil., Eng., Devonshire, Tiver- 
 ton div., 4 m. N. Exeter, on R. E.xe and the G. W. R., PM.O. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Brampton, tn. , Canada, Ontario, Peel co. , 20 m. W. by N. 
 Toronto ; a railway jimction. P. <4coo. 
 
 Brampton, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 8^ m. 
 ENE. Carlisle, on the NE. R., PMT.O. Market-day, W. 
 6466 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Brampton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Chesterfield div., 2J m. 
 W. by N. Chesterfield, P.O. (Old B.) ; 8156 ac. P. 6900; 
 urban sanitary dist. (B. and Walton), 10,102 ac, P. <3ooo. 
 
 Brampton, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and 2 m. 
 WSW. Huntingdon, PMT.O. P.<isoo. 
 
 Brampton, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, div. and 6 m. S. by El. 
 Gainsborough, close to Torksey stn. P. <250. 
 
 Brampton, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 10 m. N. Norwich, 
 2 m. SSE. Aylsham stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Brampton, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 11 m. SW. Lowes- 
 toft, on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <;500. 
 
 Brampton, hamlet, Eng., Westmorland, div. and a m. 
 NNW. Appleby, i^ m. SSE. Long Marton stn., P.O. 
 
B R AM 
 
 BRAN 
 
 Brampton, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See ITlley. 
 
 Brampton Abbotts, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 2 
 m. N. Ross, P.O. P.<250. 
 
 Brampton Ash, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 
 13^ m. NNW. Wellingborough, 2 m. NW. by N. Desborough 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Brampton Bierlow, par., Eng., Yorkshire, S. div., W. 
 Riding, 5 m. N. Rotherham. P. <:500o. 
 
 Brampton Brian (or Bryan), par., Eng., Herefordshire, 
 div. and 12 m. NW. Leominster, i^ m. SE. Bucknell stn., P.O. 
 P. <;5oo. 
 
 Brampton-en-le-Mortlien, par. , Eng. .Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 div. and 4^ m. SE. by E. Rotherham, 3^ m. E. Treeton stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Brampton, Little, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster 
 div., on the Lugg, 12^ m. W. by N. Leominster, 2 m. S. by 
 W. Presteigne stn. See Kodd. 
 
 Bramscbe, vil. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, 10 m. N. by W. 
 Osnabriick. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Branishall, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Burton div., io| m. 
 NE. by E. Stafford, 2 m. W. Uttoxeter. P. <25o. 
 
 Bramslia^v, par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div. and 
 Wiltshire, Wilton div., 11 m. SE. Salisbury, 5J m. NW. Lynd- 
 hurst Rd. stn., PMT.O. P.<500. 
 
 Bramsliaw, par., Eng., Wiltshire, 6 J m. NW. Lyndhurst. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Bramslilll, par., Eng., Hampshire, 3J m. NE. Winchfield. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Bramsliott, par. and vil. , Eng. , Hampshire and Susse.x, in 
 the extreme E. of the Petersfield div., 12 m. S. by W. Aldershot, 
 1^ m. N. Liphook stn., P.O.; 6526 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bramstedt, vil., Prussia, govt. Schleswig, dist. Kiel, with 
 mineral springs. Bpl. of the poet. Count Stolberg. P. <30oo. 
 
 Bran, riv. , Scot., co. Perth, rises in Loch Freuchie and 
 joins the Tay near Dunkeld, after a NE. course of about 14 m. 
 
 Bran, riv. , Scot. , Ross-shire, issues from Loch Rosque and 
 flows E. through Loch Achanalt into Loch Luichart. 
 
 Branca, one of the Cape Verde Is. ; uninhabited. 
 
 Brancaster, par. and fishing vil., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 
 1 m. from the N. ct., 18 m. NE. by N. King's Lynn, PMT.O. 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Brancaster Stalthe, vil. , i m. E. Brancaster, 3 m. WNW. 
 Burnham Market stn., PM.O. 
 
 Brancepetta, par., Eng., Durham, Mid div., 4 m. SW. 
 Durham, on the NE. R., PT.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Branch, co. , U.S., Michigan, S. frontier, crossed by 85° W. 
 
 Branch Bale, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co., 40 m. 
 NE. Harrisburg and 8 m. W. by S. Pottsville. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Branchevllle, vil. , U.S., S. Carolina co., Orangeburg co. , 
 52 m. SSE. Columbia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Branchiield, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Sligo, dist. Coolaney. 
 
 Branchton, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Waterloo co., 
 22| m. W. by N. Hamilton. 
 
 Branco, Portuguese, ' white.' See Blanc. 
 
 Branco, Itlo, Portuguese, ' white river,' a river of Brazil, 
 rises in the Parime Mts. and flows S. 400 m. to the Rio Negro, 
 which it joins near 1° 20' S.; its waters really according to 
 Wallace of a pale yellowish olive, due apparently to some 
 matter held in solution, since the colour persists in lakes. 
 
 Brand, German, ' a place cleared of wood by burning.' 
 
 Brand, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 3 m. SSW. Freiburg. 
 P. <4O0o. 
 
 Brand, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt, and dist. Aachen 
 (Aix-la-Chapelle). P. < 3000. 
 
 Brande, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Oppeln, dist. 
 Falkenberg, with iron-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Brandeis, or Brandjs Jfad Labem, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Elbe, 12 m. NE. by E. Prague. P. <4000. 
 
 Brandenburg, prov., Prussia, representing the ancestral 
 dominions of the present reigning family. B. is situated in the 
 N. German plain, the only small elevations being the Flaming 
 in the SW. near Juterbogk, and some isolated hills, viz., the 
 Hagelsberg, Golmberg, Riickenberg, Miihlen, and Dubrow. The 
 Oder (B. tribs. , Warthe, Netze, Neisse, and Bober) and the 
 Elbe (B. tribs., Havel, Spree, and Black Elster) are the principal 
 rivers of this prov. B. has many small lakes, the most impor- 
 tant being the Ruppin-, Miiggel-, and Blankensee. It has also a 
 number of canals connecting the river systems of Elbe and Oder, 
 the principal ones being the Friedrich-Wilhelm, Ruppin, Finow, 
 and Plauen canals. The cap. of B. is Berlin. Other important 
 towns are Frankfort on the Oder, Potsdam, Kottbus, Spandau, 
 Brandenburg, and Luckenwalde, and Frankfort on the Oder. 
 The principal productions are agricultural products [Germany] ; 
 timber, game, fish, honey and wax, coals, lime, salt, gypsum, 
 and potters' clay. Great attention is paid in various parts of the 
 prov. to sheep-breeding, and the wool produced in the New- 
 Mark is the finest in the Prussian dominions. Principal manu- 
 factures (outside of Berlin), war materials, iron and steel ware, 
 spirits. The majority of the inhabitants are Germans, but some 
 are of Wendish and some of French extraction. The consider- 
 
 able number of navigable rivers and canals greatly facilitate the 
 trade of B. Next Berhn, Frankfurt on the Oder is the chief 
 centre of commercial enterprise. The Mark (' Nordsachsen') 
 was founded in 931 for protection against the Wends. Albrecht 
 the Bear assumed the title of Margrave of Brandenburg in 1134. 
 Frederick of Nuremberg became Margrave of B. in 1415; he 
 was the first margrave of the House of HohenzoUern. See 
 Prussia, table. [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Brandenburg (originally Brennaburg, ' wooded mountai n ' ) , 
 the old cap. of the Mark B. , a town situated upon the Havel, 
 about half way between Berlin and Magdeburg. There is an 
 active transit trade ; the chief manufactures comprise cloth, 
 linen, hosiery, paper, and leather. P. (1871) 25,800; (1891) 
 tn. P. 37,400; comm. P. 37,800. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Brandenburg, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Meade co., on R. 
 Ohio, 30 m. SW. Louisville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brander, cape, Scot., N. ct., Berwickshire, in 2° 12J W. 
 
 Brander, Pass of, Scot., Argyllshire, between the base of 
 Ben Cruachan and the arm of Loch Awe that forms the R. Awe. 
 
 Branderburgh, small ct. tn., Scot., Elginshire, 5 m. N.by 
 E. Elgin, adjoining Lossiemouth. P. <25oo. 
 
 Brandcsbnrton, par. , Eng. See Brandsburton. 
 
 Brandeston, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., on R. Deben, 12 
 m. NE. by N. Ipswich, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Brandts, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 10 m. E. Leipzig, with 
 lignite works. P. <:300o. 
 
 Brandts Corner, place, Eng., 5 m. from Holsworthy stn. 
 (W. Devonshire), PM.O. 
 
 Brandlstou, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., lo^ m. NW. by 
 N. Norwich, x\ m. SSE. Cawston stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Brando, vil. , Corsica, 6 m. N. Bastia, a short distance from 
 the E. ct., furnishing paving-stones. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Brando, isl. , off the coast of Sweden, in the Gulf of Bothnia, 
 in 65° 40' N. 
 
 Brandon, riv. See Onse, Little. 
 
 Brandon, tn. , Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R. , 
 133 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Brandon, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven 
 or Stamford div., 7I m. N. Grantham, 2J m. N. Hougham stn. 
 See Uough on the Hill. 
 
 Brandon, par. , Eng. , Northimiberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., q\ m. WNW. Alnwick, i^ m. WNW. Hedgeley stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Brandon, par. and market-tn., Eng., Suff"olk and Norfolk, 
 Stowmarket div., on the Little Ouse, 15 m. NNW. Bury St. 
 Edmunds, on the G. E. R. Market-day, Th. 6783 ac. P. < 
 2500; eccles. par. (B. Ferry with Wangford) P. < 2500. 
 
 Brandon, mt., headland, bay, and vil.. Ire., Munster, 
 CO. Kerry. The mountain, 22 m. W. by S. Tralee, is 3127 ft. 
 high, and terminates NE. in the headland, which forms the W. 
 limit of Brandon Bay, an arm of Tralee Bay. The village, a 
 fishing and coastguard stn. , is on the W. side of Brandon Bay, 
 10 m. NE. Dingle. 
 
 Brandon, vil., U.S., Mississippi, Rankin co., 10 m. E. by 
 S.Jackson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brandon, tn., U.S., Vermont, Rutland co., on Otter Creek, 
 14 m. NNW. Rutland ; marble quarries. P. <400o. 
 
 Brandon, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Fond du Lacco, 65 m. 
 NW. Milwaukee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brandon and Bretford, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nun- 
 eaton div., on the Avon, 5 m. ESE. Coventry, with a stn 
 (Brandon) on the L. & NW. R. P. <5oo. 
 
 Brandon and Byshottles, par., Eng., Durham, Mid div., 
 3 m. WSW. Durham, on the NE. R., PM.O.; 6683 ac. P. 
 14,200. 
 
 Brandon Parva, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, Mid div. , 10 m. W. 
 Norwich, 2 m. E. by N. Thuxton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Brandreth, mt., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., 6| 
 m. SSW. Keswick. Alt. 2344 ft. 
 
 Brandrum, place. Ire., NW. co. Monaghan, bar. Monaghan, 
 3 m. WSW. Monaghan, P.O. 
 
 Brandsburtou, or Brandesburton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, 
 E. Riding, Holderness div., 12 m. N. Hull, 5 m. WNW. 
 Sigglesthorne stn., PM.O.; 4970 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Brandsby, or Bransby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Thirsk and Malton div. , 13^ m. N. York, 3 m. SSE. Ample- 
 forthstn., P.O. P.<5oq. 
 
 Brand-Vley, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Calvinia, on the 
 Great Riet R., 80 m. NNE. Calvinia. 
 
 Brandwacht, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Calvinia, on 
 the Great Riet, 30 m. E. by N. Calvinia. 
 
 Brandwacht, vil. , on the ct. of Dutch Guiana, in 54° 44' W. , 
 30 m. ENE, Paramaribo. 
 
 Brandy Creek, tp. , Victoria. See Bnln Buln. 
 
 Brandy Creek, »i. , Tasmania. See Beaconsfield. 
 
 Brandy Creek, vil., Canada, Ontario, Norfolk co., 22 m. 
 from Brantford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Braudys Nab Labem, tn. , Austria. See Brandeis. 
 
 Brandywiue, U.S., Delaware, formerly a village on B. 
 Creek, now annexed to the city of Wilmington. 
 
 205 
 
BRAN 
 
 B R AU 
 
 Braudywlnc Bay, now called by the Dutch Konluglnne 
 (Queen's) Bay, small bay, W. ct. Sumatra, just S. of Padang, 
 sheltered by hills, httle subject to SE. swell; harbour works in 
 course of construction. See iiuniatra. 
 
 Brandy wLue Creek, riv., U.S., rises in Pennsylvania, and 
 after a SE. course of 36 hi. joins the Delaware R., and forms 
 the port of Wilmington (Delaware). 
 
 Bran-end, hamlet, Eng., Essex, Epping div., 6^ m. W, by 
 N. Braintree, 2^ m. N. by W. Felstead stn., P.O. 
 
 BrAnescI, tn., Roumania, prov. Ilfov, 12 m. E. Bukarest. 
 
 Branford, tn., U.S., Connecticut, New Haven co., 6 m. E. 
 by S. New Haven ; a summer resort. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Brauitz, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 19 m. W. by S. Ratibor. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Braiiksea Island, Eng., off the E. ct. of Dorsetshire, in 
 Poole Harbour. See Brownsea. 
 
 Branksome Park, eccles. par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, E. div. , 
 Canford Magna par. P. <2500. 
 
 Braule, riv., France, r. bk. , trib. Loire, dep. Indre et Loire. 
 
 Braunel)erget, mt., Sweden, prov. (Ian) Vermland, with 
 celebrated slate quarries. 
 
 Brannock Islands, two small isls., Ire., W. of Inishmore, 
 Aran Is. , co. Galway , with a lighthouse visible 16 m. on Eeragh, 
 the western of the two. 
 
 Braiuiockstoivu, par.. Ire., E. co. Kildare, bar. S. Naas, 
 7 m. S. Naas ; 888 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Branosera, Spain, prov. Palencia, 45 m. SW. Santander. 
 
 Bransbnry, tithing, Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 9 m. 
 NNW. Winchester, i m. SE. by E. Long Parish stn. 
 
 Bransby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Brandsby. 
 
 Branscombe, ct. par. and vil., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton 
 div., 17 m. E. by S. Exeter, 4 m. WSW. Seaton stn., with 
 a coastguard stn., P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Bransdale West Side, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 9 
 m. NE. Helmsley. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (B. with Farndale) 
 P. <:iooo. 
 
 Bransford, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 4 m. 
 SW. by W. Worcester, i^ m. SW. Bransford Road stn., on the 
 G. W. R., P.O. P.<2So. SeeLelgb. 
 
 Brausgore, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, 3I m. NE. by 
 N. Christchurch, included in the pari. bor. of Christchurch, 2 
 m. NW. Hinton Admiral stn. , PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Branston, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 7^ m. 
 SW. by W. Grantham, 3^ m. ESE. Harby stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Branston, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 4 m. 
 SE. Lincoln, ih rn. S. by W. of its stn. on the G. N. and 
 G. E. Joint Rlyr, PMT.O.; 5679 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Branston, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and ij m. SW. by 
 W. Burton, on the M.R., P.O. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Brant, co. , Canada, Ontario, just to the N. of 45° N. , and 
 to the W. of 80° W. 
 
 Brantas, riv. , Java. See Kala-Brantas. 
 
 Brant Brongbton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven 
 div., 7I m. E. Newark, 3 m. WNW. Leadenham stn., PM.O. 
 P. <750- 
 
 Brant Fell, eminence, Eng., Westmorland, near Bowness, 
 commands good view of Windermere. 
 
 Brantford, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Brant 
 CO. , on R. Grand, 25 m. W. by S. Hamilton ; an important 
 railway junction. P. (1881) 10,000; (1891) 13,000. 
 
 Brauthani, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., on R. 
 Stour, j^ m. SW. Ipswich, 2 m. N. Manningtree stn., P.O. 
 P. <;750. 
 
 Branthwalte, vil., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., 
 on the Derwent, 5 m. SE. by E. Workington, on the L, & 
 NW. R. 
 
 Brautlngtaam, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, in the 
 SE. of the Howdenshire div., 10 m. W. Hull, 2 m. SSE. 
 South Cave stn. P. < 500. 
 
 Brantingham with Ellerker, eccles. par., Eng., York- 
 shire, including B. tp. P. <75o. 
 
 Brauton, par., Eng., Northumberland, 8 m. SE. Wooler. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Brauton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Dausforth, I'pper. 
 
 Brantry, place. Ire., SE. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower Dun- 
 gannon, 7 m. SSW. Dungannon, P.O. 
 
 Branxliolni, post-tn., Tasmania, Dorset co. , 59 ra. NE. by 
 E. Launccston; centre of the tin-mining dist. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brauxholme, meteorological stn., Scot., Roxburghshire. 
 See Hawick. 
 
 Branxholme, post-tn. and rly. stn. , Victoria, Normanby co. , 
 35 m. N. by E. Portland. P. (with dist. )< 2000. 
 
 Branxton, post-tp.. New South Wziles, Northumberland 
 CO., 28 m. NW. Newcastle; coal-mining. P. (of dist.) < 1500. 
 
 Branxton, par. and vil. , Eng. , in the N W. of the Berwick- 
 upon-Tweed div. of Northumberland, 10^ m. E. by N. Kelso, 
 2 m. ESE. Coldstream stn. The scene of the battle of Flodden 
 is about I m. S. P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Bras d'Or Channels, Cireat and Little, the channels com- 
 municating with Bras d'Or Lake, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape 
 206 
 
 Breton I., on different sides of Boularderie I. (Great B. on the 
 W., Little B. on the E.). 
 
 Bras d'Or Lake, a very irregularly shaped gulf of the 
 Atlantic, almost dividing Cape Breton I. into two portions, the 
 isthmus in the S. connecting the two portions being only about 
 I m. wide. 
 
 Brasher Falls, vil., U.S., New York, St. Lawrence co., on 
 St. Regis R., 80 m. WNW. Burhngton (Vt.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Brasll Bank, shallow sea-bank, near the Mersey mouth, 
 Eng. , Lancashire, i m. W. of Rock Lighthouse. 
 
 BrasloTce. See Frasslan. 
 
 Brassac, or Brassac les Mines, vil. , France, on the Alher, 
 on the S. border of dep. Puy de Dome, 29 m. SE. by S. Cler- 
 mont, with productive coal-mines near, and large export of 
 coal by river. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Brassehaet, comm. , Belgimn, prov. and arr. Antwerp. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Brass Creek, a branch of the Niger delta, to the N. of 5° N. , 
 flowing NW. into the Forcados. 
 
 Brasse, small isl. , E. Arch. , off the N W. end of Sumatra. 
 
 Brasslngton, par. and vil., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 6 m. 
 SW. by W. Matlock, 4 m. W. Wirksworth stn. ; producing 
 barytes, fireclay, and lead, P.O.; 4222 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Brassb, Hungary. See Kronstadt. 
 
 Brass River, one of the mouths of the Niger, entering the 
 sea in about 4° 17' N. , 6° 15' E. 
 
 Brasted, par. and vil. , Eng. , Kent, Sevenoaks div. , on the 
 Darenth, 9 m. NW. by W. Tunbridge, on the SE. R., PMT.O.; 
 4449 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brathay, small stream, Eng., Westmorland, flows from 
 Bow Fell westwards to the head of Windermere. 
 
 Brathay, eccles. par., Eng., Hawkshead, par. N. Lanca- 
 shire and Grasmere, par. Westmorland. P. <750. 
 
 Bratl§a, lake, Roumania, close to the Pruth, into which it is 
 drained just above its confluence with the Danube. 
 
 Bratoft, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Horncastle div., 17 m. 
 NE. by N, Boston, i| m. S. by W. Burgh stn. P. <:250. 
 
 Bratoft with Irby In the IMarsh, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lin- 
 colnshire, including B. hamlet. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bratsbei^, a mountainous amt in the S. of Norway, rich in 
 forests ; it contains the seaports of Kragero and Brevik. 
 
 Bratskly Ostrog, tn., Russia, E. Siberia, govt, and 280 m. 
 NW. of Irkutsk, at junction of Oka with Angara. P. 1000. 
 . Bratslav, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Podolia, 100 m. E. of 
 Kamenets Podolsk, on Southern Bug. P. 10,100. 
 
 Brattleborongh, tn., U.S., Vermont, Windham co. , on the 
 Connecticut, 56 m. SSE. Rutland, situated amid charming hill 
 scenery; with large organ company. The first settlement of 
 the state was made here in 1724. P. 6900. 
 
 Brattleby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Gainsborough div., 6^ 
 m. N. by W. Lincoln, 5I m. E. Stow Park stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bratton, eccles. par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Westbury div. , 5 m. 
 SE. Trowbridge, 3 m. E. Westbury stn., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Bratton Clovelly, par. and vil. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock 
 div. , 10 m. NE. by E. Launceston, 3 m. SSW. Ashbury stn. , 
 P.O.; 7254 ac. P. <:500. 
 
 Bratton Fleming, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and sj m. 
 NE. by E. Barnstaple, PT.O. ; 5893 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bratton Seynionr, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 10 J m. 
 NE. Yeovil, sh m. WNW. Wincanton stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bratz, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Posen, 48 m. E. Frankfurt. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Braubach, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, govt. Wies- 
 baden, circle Rheingau, with silver-refining works, and three 
 mineral springs. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Braabaaerschaft, peasant vil., Prussia, Westphalia, circle 
 and dist. Gelsenldrchen. P. 10,100. 
 
 Brauersch wend, vil., Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse, govt. Upper 
 Hesse, with lignite mines. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Branghlng (braf'ing), par. and vil., Eng., Hertfordshire, 
 Hitchin div. , at the confl. of Quin and Rib, 9^ m. NE. by N. 
 Hertford, on a branch of the G. E. R. , P.O. ; 4368 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Brannan, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 18^ m. E. Trautenau. 
 P. 7100. 
 
 Brannan, tn. , Austria, crownland Upper Austria, 32 m. N. 
 Salzburg, on the r. bk. of the Inn at the confluence of the Sal- 
 zach, with active industries ; formerly an important fortress. 
 Alt. 1 1 55 ft. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Branncewell, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 4 m. 
 NNW. Sleaford, 13 m. SSE. Lincoln. 3 m. WNW. Rusking- 
 ton stn. P. <250. 
 
 BraunccwcU with Anwlck, eccles. par., Eng., Lincoln- 
 shire, including B. hamlet. P. <500. 
 
 Brannfels, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Koblenz, dist. 
 Limburg, with red and brown hematite mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Brannfels, Xew, city, U.S., Texas, Comal co., on Guada- 
 lupe R. , 30 m. NE. by E. San Antonio. P. <20oo. 
 
 Brauul. See Borneo. 
 
 Briiunllngen, small tn., Ger., gd.-duchy Baden, 28 m. E. 
 by S. Freiburg. P. -<20oo. 
 
B R A U 
 
 B R AZ 
 
 Brannsberg, o: Brn^perk, tn., Austria, Moravia, 22 m. 
 SE. Troppau. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Braausberg, tn., Ger. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 23 m. 
 NE. Elbing, on the R. Passarge. Tn. P. 10,600; comra. P. 
 10,900. 
 
 Branuscliwelg, German name of Brunswick. 
 
 Braiiusdorf, vil. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, near Dresden, with 
 silver-mines. P. <2000. 
 
 Branuselt'eu, coram. , Austria, Moravia, 25 m. W. by S. Trop- 
 pau, and s m. SE. Romerstadt, with iron-mines. P. <30oo. 
 
 Branuslianseu, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Trier, dist. 
 Herrnskeil, with blast-furnaces and other iron-works. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Brauuston, par. and vil., Eng. , S. div. of Northampton- 
 shire, 6 m. SSE. Rugby, 4 m. W. by S. Welton stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Braaustoii, par. , Eng. , Rutland, 2| m. SW. by W. Oak- 
 ham, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Brauustoue, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Harborough div. , 2J 
 m. SW. by W. Leicester. P. <:25o. See Glenlleld. 
 
 Branustoue Frltk, par. , Eng. , co. and 2 m. W. Leicester. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Brauiitou, par., Eng., Devonshire, at mouth of the Taw, 5 
 m. NW. Barnstaple, on the L. & SW. R. ; 10,282 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Brava, or Sao Joao, isl. , Africa, Cape Verde Archipelago, 
 SW. Fogo, in 14° 49' N. , 24° 45' W. , 7 m. long and 6 m. broad. 
 Mountainous, coasts arid, but the interior fertile. Taken pos- 
 session of by the Portuguese in 1680, when the colonists were 
 driven from Fogo by a volcanic eruption. Healthy. Principal 
 harbour, Furnas. P. 6600. 
 
 Brava, Bara'va, or more properly Bara'wa, tn. , E. Africa, 
 on the coast, and 100 m. SW. Magodoxo, in the terr. belonging 
 to the Sultan of Zanzibar, with a port on the Indian Ocean, 
 and active trade with Arabia and India ; the most important 
 place between Cape Guardafui and Mombasa. P. 5000 (?) 
 
 Bravlkeii, an inlet from the Baltic, Sweden, in about 58° 40' 
 N. , with Norrkoping at its head. 
 
 Brawby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the S. border 
 of the Whitby div., on the Rye, 19 m. NE. by N. York, 3 m. 
 NE. Slingsby stn., P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Bra'wcly, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, i^ m. from the W. ct. , 
 8^ m. NW. Haverfordwest; 5534 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Brawdy wltli Ilayscastle, eccles. par., Wales, Pembroke- 
 shire, including B. hamlet. P. < 1000. 
 
 Brawlth, par., Eng., Yorkshire. See Kiiaytoii. 
 
 Brawny, bar. , Ire. , in the extreme SW. of co. Westmeath. 
 
 Braxbad, mineral-springs and bath, Austria, in the Tirol, 
 Pusterthal. 
 
 Braxted, Oreat, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 5 J m. N. 
 Maldon, on the Blackwater. P. <5oo. 
 
 Braxted, Little, par. , on the Blackwater, i m. SW. by W. 
 Great B. , i m. E. Witham Junction. P. <25o. 
 
 Braxton, co., U.S., W. Virginia, S. of 39° N., and E. of 
 81° W., traversed by the Elk R. 
 
 Bray, Celtic, ' a marshy place. ' 
 
 Bray, par. and vil., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., on 
 the Thames, 4^ ra. WNW. Windsor, z.\ m. SE. Maidenhead 
 stn., PMT.O.; 9063 ac. P. 8000; eccles. par. (B. wltb 
 Touchenend) P. < 2000. 
 
 Bray, dist., France, in the old prov. of Normandy, occu- 
 pying a cretaceous plateau ; now mainly forming the E. part of 
 Seine-Inf^rieure, partly in dep. Oise. 
 
 Bray, par., tp., and market-tn.. Ire., NE. ct., co. Wicklow, 
 bar. Rathdown, b\ m. S. Kingstown, on the Dublin, Wicklow, 
 & Wexford Rly. , a favourite seaside resort, popularly called 
 ' the Irish Brighton ' ; a centre for delightful walks and excur- 
 sions (to the Dargle, Wicklow Mts., &c.). Market-days, W. 
 and S. Par. 2977 ac, P. 5100; tn. P. 6900. Bray, Little, a 
 hamlel adjoining in co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown. 
 
 Bray, Lough, small lake, Ire., co. Wicklow, 8 m. W. by S. 
 Bray, drained E. by the Glencree. 
 
 Braybrook, post-vil. and rly stn. , Victoria, Bourke co. , 7 m. 
 W. Melbourne. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Braybrooke, par. and vil., Eng., Mid div. of Northampton- 
 shire, 12^ m. NW. by N. Wellingborough, 2 m. W. Des- 
 borough stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Braydeston, Eng. See Strnmpshaw. 
 
 Braydon, par., Eng., Wiltshire, 4J m. SW. Cricklade. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Braye, riv. , France, trib. of the Loire, in deps. Eure-et- 
 Loir, Sarthe, and Loir-et-Cher. 
 
 Brayfleld, place, Eng., co. and 5 m. SE. Northampton, P. O. 
 
 Brayfleld, Cold, Eng. See Lavendou. ^ 
 
 Brayfleld on tke Green, Eng. See Houghton, Little. 
 
 Brayford, hamlet, Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 8 m. 
 E. by N. Barnstaple, 3I m. N. Filleigh stn., P.O. 
 
 Bray Head, cape. Ire. , Valencia I. , W. co. Kerry. 
 
 Bray Head, cape. Ire., E. ct. co. Wicklow, 53° iij' N. 
 
 Braystones, hamlet, Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., on 
 the Ehen, 8 m. SSE. Whitehaven, on the Furness Rly. 
 
 Bray-sur-Selne, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Mame, on the 
 1. bk. of the Seine, 25 m. E. Fontainebleau, n m. SSW. 
 Provins. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bray ton, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on the 
 Maryport and Carlisle Rly., 9 m. NE. by E. Maryport, P.O. 
 See Aspatrla. 
 
 Brayton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., lojm. WNW. Goole, i|m. SW. Selby stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Bray wood, eccles. par., Eng., co. Berkshire, Bray and 
 Win kfield pars. P. < 1000. 
 
 Brazil (United States of), called at first 'Vera Cruz' and 
 'Santa Cruz,' then B. , from a wood for dyeing. A republic in 
 S. America, the fifth nation in the world for territorial extent, 
 about thirty-six times the area of Great Britain, nearly one- 
 half of S. America, extending from 5° 9' 50" N. (riv. Cotingo) to 
 33° 46' 10" S. (riv. Chuy, 2644 m.), and from 65° i' (riv. Javary) 
 to 34° 44' 56" W. (riv. Goiama, 2707 m.), the easternmost point 
 of America. It is divided into states, as shown in the table 
 below (based on Reclus) : — 
 
 
 
 Pop. (in 
 
 
 
 States. 
 
 Area in 
 
 Thou- 
 sands) at 
 
 Pop. 
 per 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 Various 
 Dates. 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 
 Alagdas . 
 
 22,584 
 
 459^ 
 
 20 
 
 Macei6 
 
 Amazonas 
 
 664,210 
 
 81I 
 
 .12 
 
 Manaos 
 
 Bahia 
 
 164,650 
 
 1, 870'^ 
 
 H. 
 
 Bahia 
 
 Ceara , 
 
 40.251 
 
 953I 
 
 23- 
 
 Fortaleza 
 
 Espirito Santo 
 
 17.313 
 
 122I 
 
 7 
 
 Victoria 
 
 Federal dist, , 
 
 538 
 
 Si6-^ 
 
 959 
 
 Rio de Janeiro 
 
 Goyaz 
 
 288,549 
 
 212^^ 
 
 •7 
 
 Goyaz 
 
 Maranhao 
 
 177.569 
 
 488 1 
 
 2.7 
 
 Sao Lniz 
 
 Matto Grosso . 
 
 536,700 
 
 801 
 
 •'^h 
 
 Cuyaba 
 
 Minas Geraes , 
 
 221,961 
 
 3.019-' 
 
 14 
 
 Ouro Preto 
 
 Parahiba 
 
 28,855 
 
 497' 
 
 17 
 
 Parahiba 
 
 Parana . 
 
 85.455 
 
 3oi-i 
 
 3-5 
 
 Curitibd 
 
 Pernambuco . 
 
 49.575 
 
 I, ml 
 
 22 
 
 Pernambuco 
 
 Piauhy . 
 
 116,529 
 
 267' 
 
 2-3 
 
 Therezina 
 
 Rio de Janeiro 
 
 26,614 
 
 1.054* 
 
 40 
 
 Nictheroy 
 
 Rio Grande do Norte 
 
 22,196 
 
 309I 
 
 14 
 
 Natal 
 
 Rio Grande do Sul . 
 
 91.337 
 
 964^ 
 
 II 
 
 Porto Alegre 
 
 Santa Catharina 
 
 28,633 
 
 236I 
 
 8 
 
 Desterro 
 
 Sao Paulo 
 
 112,312 
 
 1,3061 
 
 12. 
 
 Sao Paulo 
 
 Sergipe . 
 
 15.093 
 
 233^ 
 
 15 
 
 Aracajii 
 
 Para 
 
 413.144 
 
 407I 
 
 I. 
 
 Para 
 
 Total (in round ) 
 numbers) ) 
 
 3,124,000 
 
 14483 
 
 4.6 
 
 1 
 
 Of the states named in this table. Para, Maranhao, Piauhy, 
 Ceard, Rio Grande do Norte are on the NE. coast, in that order 
 from NW. to SE. (Piauhy, with only a short coast-line) ; Rio 
 Grande do Norte has also a coast-line facing E. , and S. of it 
 in order are Parahiba, Pernambuco, AlagSas, Sergipe, Bahia, 
 Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Parand, Santa 
 Catharina, and Rio Grande do Sul (the last three stretch- 
 ing to the W. frontier). The remaining states — Minas Geraes, 
 Goyaz, Matto Grosso, and Amazonas — are entirely inland. 
 
 B. forms a triangle, having its base W. against Bolivia, Para- 
 guay, Argentina, and Uruguay ; a N. side against Peru, Ecuador, 
 Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and the Atlantic ; a SE. 
 side along the Atlantic, with a total seaboard of about 4000 m. 
 The political limits of B. are not yet definitely settled. More 
 than 100,000 sq. m. between rivs. Amazon and Oyapok are 
 claimed by France. England claims some terrs. on rivs. 
 Cotingo and Tacutu (Guiana). Colombia claims the country 
 from Serra Aracacoara and riv. Tarahira to a line from S. Imeri 
 to rivs. Japura and Javary. Orography. — B. may be re- 
 garded as composed of an elevated region forming a sort of 
 island, surrounded- NE. and SE. by the Atlantic, NW. and 
 W. by the valleys of the Amazon ('Amazonia') and the Para- 
 guay-Parana, these rivers traversing what was probably an old 
 Mediterranean Sea, which a 650 ft. rise of the Atlantic would 
 again restore, and which is in part reproduced every year by 
 floods. Brazilian Amazonia is nearly sixteen times as large 
 as Great Britain. The valley in its lower part is bounded by 
 the spurs of the Guiana Cordillera and the Brazilian Central 
 Plateau, which in the centre of the basin are about 500 m. 
 apart. The Amazonian slopes of Tumak-Humak, Cairrit 
 (Guiana), Pacaraima, Parima, Imeri (Venezuela), and Araco- 
 ara (Colombia) belong to B. The S. foot-hills of these chains 
 form the cataracts which intercept the navigation of the great 
 affluents of riv. Amazon. The Brazihan 'island' is formed 
 (i) by a large plateau above 1500 ft., probably connected in 
 ancient times with the Guiana highlands through the site now 
 occupied by the mouth of the Amazon, but now divided in 
 deep valley's by the denuding waters of the Tapajoz, Xingu, 
 
 207 
 
B R AZ 
 
 Tocantins, Pamahiba, Sao Francisco, flowing to the N., and 
 the Paraguay-Parana flowing to the S. ; (2) by a mountainous 
 region, the central knot of which stands around Rio de Janeiro 
 under the names of Mantiqueira (general alt. 7000 ft. , Itatiaia 
 10,340 ft.), Ibitipoca, Taipas, Tingua, Estrella, Orgaos (Pedra 
 Assu, 7320 ft.), Bocaina, Canudos, Goitacazes. From this 
 centre the following lines of highlands radiate : (a) SW. along 
 the coast the 'Sea ranges,' Serras do Mar (Paranapiacaba, 
 Ubatuba, Cubatao, 3300 ft. mean alt., Itatins, 4360 ft., Graci- 
 osa, 4900 ft.), Serra Geral, Tubarao, Herval, Tapes (in Sao 
 Paulo, Parana, Santa Catharina, Rio Grande do Sul) ; (^) NE. 
 along the coast, Espigao, Aimor6s (Capazao, 7200 ft.), Terra 
 Dura (Espirito Santo, Bahia) ; (c) N. to the interior (Minas 
 Geraes), Serra do Frio ('of the cold'), or Espinhapo ('back- 
 bone,' Carapa, 6400 ft., Piedade, 5800 ft, Itacolumi, 5700 ft., 
 Itahira do Campo, 5000 ft.), Tacuaril, Itatiaiassu, Paraima, 
 Diamantina (Itarab6, 5981 ft.), Curumatahy, Bicudo, Matta 
 da Corda, forming a highland mass whence waters flow in all 
 directions to the Parana, S5o Francisco, Jequitinhonha, Doce ; 
 and Serras de Grao Mogol, Branca, BoqueirSo, Itiuba, Ica- 
 tambira, Sincora, Chapada Diamantina, Tombador, Jacobina, 
 between riv. Sao Francisco and the coast rivers ; (d) NW. to 
 the interior, Vertentes (Divis5es), Canastra (4200 ft.), Tiririca, 
 Pyrenees (Veadeiros, 5500 ft.), Paranan, Chapadao de Santa 
 Maria, Tabatinga, Dois Irmaos, Borborema, Araripe, Ibia- 
 paba, Mangabeira, between the basins of rivs. Sao Francisco, 
 Parana, Tocantins, Parnahiba, Jaguaribe, and Parahiba do 
 Norte ; Serras de Cayapo, Estrondo, between rivs. Tocantins 
 and Araguaya ; Serras, or rather Campos, Taboleiros of Santa 
 Rita, Santa Martha, Cuyaba, Parexis (Araxi), between the 
 central affluents of the Paraguay and Amazon, although all 
 these last interior highlands, as well as the coast prolonga- 
 tions of the central knot, should more properly be considered 
 as spiu-s produced by denudation on the edges of plateaux, 
 with a mean alt. of 3000 ft. (Chapaddes), between horizontal, 
 elevated terraces (Ca»«/05, Taboleiros, 'trays,' Geraes). Almost 
 all mountainous elevations in B. run NE. to SW., as if to 
 meet the Andes in the extreme S. of the continent Hydro- 
 graphy. — Four great basins receive almost all the interior 
 waters of the Brazilian plateau and mountains : the Amazon 
 and Parnahiba, in the N. ; the Sao Francisco to the E. ; the 
 Paraguay-Parana in the S. Almost all the important affluents 
 of the Amazon run through Brazilian terrs. from the Rio 
 Napo to Jary, and from riv. Javary to the Tocantins. The 
 Amazon runs through Brazilian terr. for more than 2000 m. 
 (Tabatinga to Macapd). See Amazon. The Paraguay, with 
 affluents Seputuba, Sao Lourenfo, Jacuary, Aquidanana, belongs 
 to B. from its source to the confluence of riv. Apa, and drains 
 the S. slopes of Matto Grosso. From the highlands between 
 Pyrenees de Goyaz and Mantiqueira- Espinhapo radiate all 
 the most important rivers of E. B. : (i) N. Tocantins- Ara- 
 guaya, draining Goyaz, Matto Grosso (E.), Maranhao (W.), and 
 Pard ; Sao Francisco, draining Minas Geraes, Bahia, Piauhy, 
 Pernambuco, Alag6as, Sergipe ; (2) S. Parand-Paranahiba, 
 draining Matto Grosso (S.), Goyaz (S. ), Minas Geraes, Sao 
 Paulo, Parand, Santa Catharina. An isolated region in the 
 extreme NE., and principally composed of Maranhao, Piauhy, 
 CearA, Rio Grande do Norte, Parahiba, and Alagdas, is drained 
 by the Parnahiba (and rivs. Gurupy, Mearim, Itapicuru, 
 Jaguaribe, Apody, Apu). The Uruguay, dividing Santa Catha- 
 rina from Rio Grande do Sul, runs through Brazilian terr. to 
 the Missiones country. Many rivers run more or less directly 
 from the mountains to the Atlantic : Gyapok, Cassipor6, Cunani, 
 Amapu, Tartarugal, Aragurary (N. of Amazon), and Vasa- 
 barris (Sergipe), Itapicuru, Paraguassu, Contas (Bahia), Pardo 
 Jequitinhonha, Mucury (Bahia and Minas Geraes), Sao Matheus, 
 Doce (Espirito Santo), Parahiba (Rio de Janeiro), Iguap^ (Sao 
 Paulo and Parand), Itajahy (Santa Catharina), Jacuhy-Vaca- 
 cahy, Camaquam, emptying themselves in Lagoa dos Patos ; 
 and jaguarao, Jacuary, Cebollati in Lagoa Mirim (Rio Grande 
 do Sul). At many points in the plateau the great basins of the 
 Amazon and La Plata are almost in actual communication by 
 the Guapor6, Tapajoz, Xingu, Araguaya, with the Paraguay ; 
 the Parand with the Sao Francisco, Tocantins. In the extreme 
 NE. the middle Tocantins and Sao Francisco are actually vmited 
 (about 10° S. ) by the riv. Somno-Sapao. Lakes are numerous 
 along the coast, some of them in direct commimication with 
 the sea (Rio de Janeiro Bay, and others), often in lines running 
 more or less parallel to the sea-shore. Others are merely 
 the enlargement of rivers. S. of Rio de Janeiro there are 
 Lagoas do Tubarao (Santa Catharina), dos Patos (23-300 sq. 
 m.), along with Lagoas de Peixe, Bujuru, Lavar, Junco, Verde, 
 Pontal; Lago Mirim ('small'), along with Lagoas Itahim, 
 Mangueira (Rio Grande do Sul), Mar Pequeno, 'little sea' 
 (Trapandi Bay), at the mouth of riv. Iguap6 (Sao Paulo), 
 Rodrigues de Freitas, Camorim, Maricd ; Saudade, Campello, 
 Tay Grande, de Cima, Bananeiras, Saquarema, Feia, Cara- 
 pebus, Jagruaroaba, Jutunahyba, Araruama (Rio de Janeiro) ; 
 do Norte, Mauguaba, Pacas, Doce, Comprida (Alag6as). 
 Villa Franca (35 m. by 4-6 ra., Amazonia); Santa, Septe 
 208 
 
 Lagoas, Sumidouro (riv. Sao Francisco) ; Uberdba, Gaiba, 
 Mandior^, Caceres (Xarayes, riv. Paraguay). Geology. — B. 
 seems to have acquired its present general form after the end 
 of Palaeozoic times, and to be composed of the remaining 
 elevations of a former very lofty system of mountains, the 
 accumulation of the products of their disintegration covering 
 the interior plateaux and the surrounding valleys, where an 
 inland sea probably extended from the Orinoco to the estuary 
 of La Plata. All the coast of B. is in process of upheaval. 
 All the mountainous lands of B. are Archaean (laurentian 
 gneiss from Rio de Janeiro to the extreme S., N., and W.; 
 huronian schists, Itacolumites, in Minas Geraes, Espinhaqo, 
 with gold and diamonds in situ). All the Archaean zones are 
 connected by Palaeozoic rocks — between the Guianas and the 
 Amazon, from Ceard to the Madeira (Devonian, Carboniferous), 
 thence to S. Matto Grosso (Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous), 
 Goyaz, and the Sao Francisco ; along the Serras do Mar (lime- 
 stones and sandstones, coal-measures in Rio Grande do Sul). 
 Mesozoic formations occupy all the central portion of B. 
 surrounded by the older rocks, and some parts of the sea-coast 
 from Bahia to Parahiba (Cretaceotis, Triassic sandstone). 
 Tertiary rocks appear from Ceard to the central parts of the 
 Amazon valley (sandstones, clays, lignites on an inland sea) 
 on the coast to Espirito Santo, in Minas Geraes, Sao Francisco 
 valley, in Rio Grande do SuL Quaternary rocks are prin- 
 cipally represented by clays, gravels, sandstones, conglome- 
 rates, and granitic boulders, covering large tracts, with a false 
 app)earance of glaciation, but produced by the denudation that 
 is still in progress ; also the alluvial deposits where gold and 
 diamonds are found ; peat in Amazon and old lacustrine 
 regions ; cave deposits (tufa, lehm), with fossils representing 
 the direct ascent of the existing characteristic Brazilian fauna 
 (the Edentata : Megatherium, Megalonix, Mylodon, Glyptodon, 
 Chlamydotherium, Glossotherium ; and Mastodon, Machairodus, 
 Hydrochcerus, Loncheres, Hapalida, Rhea). The decomposition 
 of Archaean and volcanic rocks makes a red clay. Terra roxa, 
 Massapi, of great fertility. Sandstones {Tabayacil, Serpente de 
 pedra, ' stony serpent ') and coral reefs are in process of forma- 
 tion along the coast [pareceis, abrolhos, chapeiroes). mineral 
 production. — Gold was found [Rios de Ouro, 'gold rivers), 
 in the i6th century, from Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, to 
 the Andes. Many mining centres are now of small import- 
 ance (Maranhao, Piauhy, Goyaz, Matto Grosso, Bahia, Santa 
 Catharina, Parand, Rio Grande do Sul). The great mines 
 date from the i8th century (1719), and are to-day almost all in 
 Minas Geraes (Serra do Espinhapo and from rivs. das Velhas 
 and das Mortes to the Rio Doce). They produced, from the 
 discovery to 1820, nearly one ton (^^120,000, 000) ; from 1850-70, 
 ^280,000 ; 1881-85, ;^i2o,ooo. Some of the principal mines in 
 Minas Geraes — Matto Grosso, Parand, Rio Grande do Sul — 
 belong to EngUsh companies (the oldest, Congo Secco). All 
 other metals, although plentiful, are almost entirely unexplored. 
 Silver is found in Minas Geraes (Paracatu), iron in Minas 
 Geraes (Itabira, Presidio, Gandarela, Areado, Corcunda, 
 Ouro Preto), Sao Paulo (Ipanema : Arapoidba, Jucupiran- 
 guinha), Espirito Santo (Itapemerim), Parand (Antonina), 
 Santa Catharina (isl. of Sao Francisco), Rio de Janeiro, Rio 
 Grande do Sul, Goyaz, Matto Grosso. Lead in Minas Geraes 
 (Abaet^, Septe Lagoas), Sao Paulo (Iporanga) ; copper in Rio 
 Grande do Sul (Capapava, Lavras), and from riv. Tocantins 
 (Pard) to riv. Jagiiaribe (Ceard) ; Mercury in Parand (Palmeira). 
 There is a belt of coal running parallel to the coast from Tubarao 
 (Santa Catharina) to Sao Jeronymo (2000 tons per year) and 
 Jaguarao (Rio Grande do Sul). Lignite is met with in Sao Paulo, 
 Santa Catharina, Minas Geraes ; bituminous schists in Sao 
 Paulo (Taubat6) ; peat in the bed of old lakes (Sao Paulo). In 
 1727-28 important diamond mines were discovered (total pro- 
 duction, 12 million carats, ^20,000,000 ; in 1867, ^^280,000 ; 
 1892, ;^40,ooo), which yielded some of the most celebrated in 
 the world (the Cruzeiro do Sul, 254 carats). The most important 
 are at Minas Geraes (Diamantina, Jequitinhonha valley). They 
 were also found at Bahia (Chapada Diamantina, Lenpoes, 
 Sincord, Cannavieiras), Sao Paulo (Rio Grande), Matto Grosso 
 (high Paraguay). Garnets, topazes (Ouro Preto), corundums, 
 beryls, amethysts, agates (Rio Grande do Sul). Very good 
 kaolin in Minas Geraes (Marianna, Sao Caetano) ; saltpetre in 
 Minas Geraes ; rock-salt in Matto Grosso, Goyaz, and on the 
 banks of the Sdo Francisco ; bitumen and mineral oil in Sao 
 Paulo (Botucatu Taubat6)and Pernambuco (Petrelina) ; asbestos 
 (Ca^th^). Medicinal mineral waters in Minas Geraes (Alambary, 
 P090S de Caldas, Caxambu, Sao Domingos de Araxa), Bahia 
 (Itapicuni), Santa Catharina (Caldas de B^thancourt), in Goyaz 
 (Santa Cruz). Climate.— Almost all B. is within the S. half of the 
 Torrid Zone, between the isotherms of 79° and 67° F., only the 
 13th part (S.) in temperate regions (Santa Catharina, Rio Grande 
 do Sul, parts of Parand and Sao Paulo). Winds are : trade 
 winds, winds produced by the interior-heated Campos, coast 
 breezes, the Pampeiro from SW. Whenever the E. winds 
 meet highlands, rains are abundant (the upper valley of the 
 i Amazon, the coast S. of Pernambuco, with more than 70 in. 
 
B R AZ 
 
 of rain yearly). The interior plateau has a long dry season. 
 At the mouth of the Amazon (as on all the coast), although 
 rain may fall all the year, there is a special rainy season 
 (Jan. -July ; Belem, 68 in., 4 years ; Sao Luiz, 96 in., 2 years) ; 
 and a dry season (Aug. -Dec). In the centre of Amazonas, 
 the principal rainy months are April-June (Manaos, yearly 
 rfall. 53 in.) ; dryest, Feb. -March, after the strong winds 
 (Aug. -Feb. ). In the far interior, rains are constant (principally 
 in Feb.-July, and Oct.-Jan.). Humidity (Hygrom. 80-100) and 
 heat, increasing from the sea to the Andes. Great inimdations 
 from Feb. -June, lesser ones from Oct.-Jan. In the valleys of 
 the W. (Guapor^Madeira and Paraguay) maximum temp. 
 105° F. , mean temp. 78°. On the interior plateau the winds 
 are NW. (warm), SE. (cold), or SW. (Pampeiro). One rainy 
 and one dry season ; great variation of temperature (Cuyabi, 
 mean temp. 79°, minimum 44°, maximum 105°). The countries 
 around Goyaz have 80^° highest mean temp., and 69^° lowest 
 mean temp., the extremes in one day ranging sometimes from 
 40°-89°. The mountainous region (parts of Minas Geraes, Rio 
 de Janeiro, and Sao Paulo) has different mean temps., according 
 to altitude, from 6oJ°-68^°, with minimum 2ii°. Snow some- 
 times falls on the higher lands. In the maritime tropical belt 
 mean temp, decreases regularly from the Equator to the Tropic 
 of Capricorn (81° F. Maranhao, 2 years ; 74° Rio de Janeiro, 
 35 years) ; but the variation and extremes are greater in the 
 latter (MaranhSo, maximum 92°, minimum 69° ; Rio de Janeiro, 
 maximum 99°, minimum 50^°), with sometimes a difference of 
 20° between morning and noon (July 5o°-73°, Jan. 69°-87"). 
 The rainy season is Dec. -June in Maranhao, March- Aug. 
 in Pernambuco, Oct.-April in Rio de Janeiro. There are 
 periodical seasons of extreme dryness with no rain the whole 
 year in the N. (Maranhao, Ceard, where the E. winds run 
 parallel to the coast). In the extreme S. of B., parts of SSo 
 Paulo, Parana, Santa Catharina, and Rio Grande do Sul, 
 the temperate climate approaches mo.re nearly that of the 
 Mediterranean (Europe). Mean temp, ranges from 62^°-7o° 
 F., with 25° minimum, and 100° maximum (Rio Grande do 
 Sul, 66°). The flora may be broadly divided into three regions : 
 (i) Equatorial (to i2°-i5° lat. , with predominating Palms, 
 Anonaceae, Sapotaceas, Aristolochiaceag, Guttiferse, Meliaceae, 
 Cacteas, Mimoseae) ; (2) Tropical (to 25°-30° lat., with Mela- 
 stomaceas, Laurineae, Piperaceae, Proteaceae, arborescent Ferns) ; 
 and (3) Temperate. Equatorial forests have an enormous 
 development in Amazonia {Selva, Hyloea), with the greatest 
 known variety of palm-trees [Mauricia, Copernicia, Attaled), 
 also piassaba, Hancornia, Manihot, Hevea (caoutchouc), Tluo- 
 broma cacao, Lecythis, Bertholletia (Brazil nut), Cinchoneae. 
 Frora the sea to the Rio Negro and Madeira forests are inter- 
 cepted by savannas. Thence the former prevail, almost without 
 interruption, from N. to S. through 15°. In some parts (the 
 Caa-Igapd) the forests are for months under water (sometimes 53 
 ft. deep), and there the trees have no epiphytes, and convolvu- 
 laceae take the place of ligniferous creepers. In the unflooded 
 parts (Caa-Ete or Caa-Guafu) most trees are of the laurel 
 type, more than 210 ft. high. Palms (Attalea) reach 56 ft. ; 
 some take climbing forms {Euterpe gracilis, Desmoncus). 
 On the islands, willows predominate [Salix Humboldtiana), 
 Cecropia, and Arundo. In the waters grow the Victoria regia. 
 Tropical evergreen forests cover all lands exposed to the E. 
 in the mountainous regions with an extraordinary variety of 
 species: Ipecacuanha, Pilocarpus, Dalbergia, Jacarandd 
 ('Rose Wood'), CcBsalpinia (Ibirapitanga, ' Pdo Brazil'), 
 Copernicia, Araucaria (Pinheiro), this last forming distinct 
 forests. Trees are covered with epiphytes and creepers. The 
 Alpine flora (4000-6000 ft. ) is composed of Vellozia, Amaryllis, 
 Fuchsia, Ericaceae, Gemeraceae, Orchideas, Erythroxylum, 
 Melastomaceas, Acacieae, Asclepiadeae, Bromeliaceae. The 
 interior plateaux are covered with Campos never completely 
 denuded of trees and forests, these sometimes very dense 
 along the rivers. From 3°-i5° lat. (20° on riv. Sao Fran- 
 cisco), Campos of Gramineae and arborescent Cacteas (Cereus, 
 23 ft. high, Opuntia) to 23° ; great variety of forms (Melasto- 
 maceas, Gentianeae, arborescent Liliaceas), to 30° ; campos with 
 forests of conifers {Araucaria brasiliana ; Ilex, 'Mate-Thea,' 
 on Serra da Mantequeira). In the Campos abertos there is little 
 but grass (Gramineae, Heliotropium) and ferns {Pteris caudata) ; 
 Caa- Tingas are formed by shrubs and dwarf trees ; Caa-poeiras, 
 {Capoes, Caa-puans) are tracts in which new forests have grown 
 up in old clearings. Some are exclusively shrubby {Carras- 
 cos, Carrasqueiros , Melastomaceae, Myrtacese, Malpighiaceae, 
 Bromeliaceae) ; some others have only scattered groups of 
 trees ( Taboleiros cobertos or Mattas abertas), or masses of very 
 dense bushes {Campos serrados), occasionally marshy with 
 Acacia and Copernicia {Alagadifos). In the extreme S. (Rio 
 Grande do Sul) forests are more uniform, without epiphytes 
 or creepers, with ferns as undergrowth, and they acquire the 
 appearance of European temperate forests. Fauna. — All B. 
 forms a natural department in the neotropical zoogeographical 
 province, the richest of all regions in generic types and families. 
 Where plants become creepers and epiphytes, animals have to 
 209 
 
 be climbers, or else they are adapted to live with little or no 
 light under ground. Quadrumana with prehensile hind limbs 
 or tails (Platyrhinc : Mica, Saguim., Sapaju, Seimiri, Saitaia) 
 predominate, (Hapalidae : ' Marmosets,' Aletes, ' Spider 
 Monkeys,' Mycetes, ' Howling M." Cebidae : Cebus, Calli- 
 trix, ' Squirrel M.,' Eriodes, Lagothrix, Pithecia). Edentates: 
 Sloths {Bradypus), Armadilhos {Dasypus), Tatus {Priodonta, 
 Tatusia), Tamandud, {Myrtnecophaga). Rodentia : Capivara 
 {Hydochcerus) ; Agoutis {Dasyprocta) ; Paca {Caslogenys). Car- 
 nivora : Jaguar {Felis onfa) ; Puna, Sucuarana {F. concolor), 
 Maracaja {F. pardalis), Coati {Nasua); Kinkaju ('Arboreal 
 Bear," Cercoleptes). Entire families of birds, with about 200 
 genus, are confined to B. Many genus of humming-birds — 
 (Trochilidae) Tanagridae, Tyrannidae, Pipridae, Turdidae 
 (Sabid). Many chmbing-birds (Scansores), Psittacidae (Par- 
 rots), Arainae (Macaws), Toucans (Rhamphastidas). The 
 ostrich (Nhandu, Fhea Americana) does not go fiu-ther now 
 than S. Goyaz. Reptilia : principally Pythoninae (Boa, Giboia ; 
 Eunectes, Sucuriii) ; Alligatoridas, Crocodilidae, and gigantic 
 tortoises {Podochemys). B. is very rich in fishes (Clupeidae : 
 Pirarucii ; Salmonidae) and in insects. Etbnograpliy. — The 
 principal native races of B. may be reduced to the following 
 groups, according to their languages and the districts where they 
 dwell: (i) G6s, having migrated from E. to W., occupy the 
 S. half of B. between Maranhao, riv. Xingu, and Rio Grande 
 do Sul (Camac^m, Aimor6s, part of Botocudos, Pataxos, Sokleng, 
 Bugres, Acrods, Caiap6s, Acu^s) ; (2) Tupis (Guaranys) having 
 migrated from Paraguay, by the coastlands, to the Amazon 
 valley and Guiana, through the centre to the rivs. Xingu, 
 Tapajoz ; (3) Caribs (Carahibs), from the headwaters of 
 rivs. Xingu and Tapajoz to the Guianas, and along the 
 Amazon to the Japura ; (4) Nu-Aruaks or Maipures (Ipurina), 
 from the E. Indies to the SW. (rivs. Japurd, Jurua, Purus, 
 and S. to riv. Paraguay ; (5) Goitaca (Vaitaca), from riv. 
 Parahiba to the Rio Doce and Minas Geraes (part of Boto- 
 cudos, Purls, or Coroados, Corop6s), on the Parahiba (Araris, 
 Yomettos, Pittas) ; (6) Miranhas, between the Amazon and 
 the Ifa and Rio Negro ; (7) Panos, on rivs. Ucayale and 
 Madeira ; (81 Caraya (Carajis, Carajahis), on the rivs. Xingu, 
 Araguaya ; (9) Guaicuru (Vaicuru), on the upper Paraguay. 
 Agricnltiire. — Amazonas yields principally the products of its 
 forests. Along the sea, from Ceari to Sao Paulo, are culti- 
 vated, according to altitude, sugar-cane, cassava {mandioca), 
 {milho, angti, ca?igica), cotton, coffee, tobacco, cacao, cin- 
 chona. Sugar-cane and cotton predominate in the N. In 
 the temperate zone of the S. all European plants, besides 
 Paraguay ' tea ' {mate), are cultivated. The vine is cultivated 
 in Pernambuco, Minas Geraes, Goyaz, Sao Paulo, and Rio 
 Grande do Sul. Cattle are reared principally in Goyaz, 
 Matto Grosso, and Minas Geraes. Hanufactnring Indus- 
 tries are slowly progressing in comparison with the vast neces- 
 sities they have to satisfy. The cost price is still excessive. 
 Tariffs against foreign importation are very high (the mean 45 
 per cent, ad val. ). Many manufactures have been established 
 under their protection : cotton and silk in Pernambuco, Bahia, 
 Minas Geraes, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo ; wool in Rio Grande 
 do Sul, Parand ; iron in Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo, &c. ; sugar 
 and brandy {cachaga) in Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes, 
 Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, besides other preparations of agri- 
 cultural produce. Some decorative artistic products are made 
 with coloured feathers and insects. Means of communication. 
 — The rivs. Amazon (6210 m. ), Sao Francisco, Parand, Paraguay, 
 and those between the plateau and the Atlantic, are navigable 
 for about 34,000 m. By the Amazon, Peru is reached (Iquitos) ; 
 by the Madeira, Bolivia, and the NW. of Matto Grosso ; by 
 the Paraguay, the S. of Matto Grosso. The central part of B. 
 will be made accessible by the railways, which are gjradually 
 extending from the E. coast. All the affluents of the Amazon 
 are navigable for long stretches below and above the first 
 cataracts. Regular steamers (English company with govern- 
 ment subsidy) ply between Belem (Pari) and Tabatinga in 10 
 days (10 months by sail). Others in connection with those on 
 the Jutahy, Jurua, Purus-Aquiri, Rio Negro, Madeira, Tapajoz, 
 Xingu, Tocantins. Steamers on the navigable parts of almost 
 all the important rivers, and on Lakes Mangaba, Patos, Mirim. 
 In Sao Paulo the steam navigation of rivers is combined with 
 the railways. Principal ports are Belem (Pard), Recife (Per- 
 nambuco, the nearest to Europe), Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, 
 Santos, Porto Alegre, and Corumbd on the Paraguay. From 
 Recife to Lisbon, 11 days ; from B. to Africa, 2 J days (one 
 week by sail). There are direct steam communications from 
 Manaos (the capital of Amazonas) to Liverpool (since 1874, 
 in 20 to 30 days), to New York (from 1882), to Rio de Janeiro 
 (from 1884) ; and between Europe (mostly British Unes) and 
 Belem, Sao Luiz, do Maranham, Fortaleza, Recife, Macei6, 
 Bahia, Victoria, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Paranagua, Desterro, 
 Porto Alegre. Coasting navigation (from November 1894) 
 only permitted to Brazilian ships with Brazilian crews. 
 Railways started from Rio de Janeiro (1854-56) and Sao Paulo. 
 The two centres are now united (370 m.). From there they 
 
 O 
 
BRAZ — BRAZ 
 
 radiate to Uberaba, Jaboti, Cabal, Jahu, Botucatu, Itapetinga 
 (basin of ParanA) to Aba6t6, Sabard, Ouro Preto (pass at 4468 ft. 
 basin of the Sao Francisco). Railways have been commenced to 
 the interior from Camocim, Fortaleza, Natal, Parahiba, Recife, 
 Macei6, Bahia (above the falls of riv. Sao Francisco), Caravellas, 
 Laguna, Porto Alegre (the latter in connection with the Plata 
 railways). Many local railways are connected with these. 
 In 1867 B. had only 373 m. of rauaays ; in 1880, 2183 m. ; in 
 1893, in operation, 6651 m. ; in construction, 3815 m. ; under 
 survey, 5340 ni. ; projected, 9.071 m. ; state lines, 1586 m. 
 With the exception of the roads in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, 
 and one between Ouro Preto, Goyaz, and Cuyabd (Matto 
 Grosso) there are no regular highways in B. Telegraphic 
 cables connect Pernambuco with Lisbon (through Cape Verde 
 and Madeira), with St. Louis du Senegal by Fernando do No- 
 ronha, and with New York. Another, 3720 m. long, connects 
 the different points along the coast from Belem to Montevideo. 
 Cuyaba, in Matto Grosso, is already in telegraphic connection 
 with Rio de Janeiro. In 1880 B. had 4305 m. of telegraphs ; it 
 had 9145 m. in 1893. They belong to English companies 
 under government control Commerce. — In 1808 the ports of 
 B. were open to International trade. In 1852 the riv. Uruguay, 
 in 1858 the riv. Paraguay, in 1867 the riv. Amazon, were open 
 to all flags. In 1864-69 the exportation of cotton became im- 
 portant ; from 1870 began the great exportation of coffee. For 
 statistics, see Appendix. The countries with which the trade 
 of B. is carried on are, in order of importance. United States, 
 Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal. The principal 
 articles of exportation are : coffee (more than four-fifths of total), 
 caoutchouc, goat-skins, sugar, cacao. Para nuts, cotton, tobacco, 
 mate, medicinal plants, hides, building, cabinet, and dyeing 
 woods, gold, diamonds. Great Britain sends principally manu- 
 factured cotton wool, iron, coals, and machinery. Commerce 
 has increased considerably with Italy and Germany since the 
 great settlements in B. of natives of these countries. The metric 
 system of ivelglits and measures is compulsory (since 1874) ; 
 but ancient measures are still in use (A rroda = 32.38 lbs.; 
 Quintal = 129.54; Libra = 1.012 lbs. ; Alqueire =■ i imperial 
 bushel; OiVaj'a = 55.34 grains). Money. — Although the legal 
 standard is gold, and the unit the milreis, of the value of zs. 
 2\d. (iomilreisgold-piece=8.9648 grammes, 9i6fine; 2.000 silver 
 piece = 25.5 gramme, 916 fine), the circulation is now entirely 
 paper currency, with nickel and bronze coins. English sovereigns 
 are legal tender. The three great stocks of the popnlatlon are 
 the White (Europeans), the African negroes, and the native 
 Indians, very much mixed at the present time, called Caboclos, 
 Cafuzos, or Mesticos, when of mixed Negro and Indian 
 blood ; Pardos Mulattos, of mixed White and Negro blood, 
 and Mamelucos (formerly Membyruca), of mixed White and 
 Indian blood. The negroes have gone more to the N. tropical 
 climates. The Europeans now concentrate more in the S. tem- 
 perate dists. (1872, Europeans, 4,000,000 ; Negroes, 2,000,000 ; 
 Mestipos, 4,000,000; Indians, 1,000,000). The population has 
 increased at a rapid rate ; in 1585 (only including the so-called 
 civilised Indians) was estimated at 57,000 (25,000 being Euro- 
 peans) ; in 1776, 1,900,000; 1817,3,800,000; 1872, 10,700,000; 
 1883, 12,600,000. In the last ten years the population has re- 
 mained almost stationary in the N. and centre, but has doubled 
 in the S. Three thousand Immigrants arrived from 1808-54 
 annually to Brazil, 16,000 from 1855-85, 98,400 from 1886-92, and 
 from 1871-92 nearly one million. Down to the beginning of the 
 19th century immigration was almost exclusively Portuguese. 
 Until 1872 , Portuguese immigrants formed two-thirds of the total. 
 After 1873, Italians predominate; 100,000 arrived in 1892. There 
 are now in all B. more than one million. In 1820 a Swiss 
 colony was established in Rio de Janeiro (Nova Friburgo, an 
 important town now). In 1824 the German colony of Sao 
 Leopoldo (Rio Grande do Sul) with 8000 in 1827, now very 
 important town in a dist. with more than 40,000. There are 
 many other German colonies (some now mixed with Italians) 
 in Santa Catharina (from 1824-51 ; Blumenau with 20,000 
 in 1889, JoinNiUe, Dona Francisca, Nova Trento, Sao Pedro 
 de Alcantara), Rio Grande do Sul (from 1849, Santa Cruz, im- 
 portant town in a dist. with more than 20,000 ; Nova Petropolis, 
 Trez Forquilbas), Sao Paulo (Ribeirao Preto, Santo Amaro, 
 and forty more colonies), Rio de Janeiro (Petropolis from 
 1846). From 1818-30, 6856 German immigrants, from 1838- 
 84, 71,247. In 1889 only 230,000 Brazilians of German origin 
 retained their language and original customs. Immigrants 
 are now Italians, Portuguese, Spanish, German, and of 
 all European nationalities. The Portuguese live principally 
 in the towns, and are traders and industrial. A law permits 
 (from Sept. 1892) Chinese and Japanese immigration. The 
 Companhia Metropolitana made a contract with the govern- 
 ment (ist Jan. 1893) for the introduction of one million European 
 immigrants in ten years. There are large asylums (Hospedarlas) 
 in Sao Paulo (for 4000), Rio de Janeiro (Macah6), Minas Geraes 
 (Juiz de F6ra), and Pernambuco for immigrants, with agencies 
 for their employment. In the dry years Cearenses emigrated to 
 the Amazon region and the S. Settlements from Ceard are 
 210 
 
 numerous in the Amazons valley, at the mouth of the principal 
 affluents (Tapajoz, Rio Negro). There is also a good deal 
 of emigration from Minas and central Bahia to Sao Paulo. 
 STosoIogy. — There are in B. all the diseases of tropical climates. 
 Skin diseases are prevalent ; leprosy [Morphea, Pi de S. Thomi), 
 Piau, Puru-puru. The yellow fever is endemic (since 1850) 
 in some parts (all the coast except Rio Grande do Sul), so 
 is the Beri-beri (in the N.^. Political Institutions. — B. 
 forms a federation of twenty states (see table and special 
 articles), and one federal dist. with the central govt. States are 
 divided into Comarcas, municipios (892), termos and fre^esias 
 (parishes, 1886). For naval purposes B. is divided into five 
 Perfeituras : two for the river administration (Amazonas, Matto 
 Grosso), and three maritime (N., centre, and S.). The constitu- 
 tion is modelled on that of the United States of America. The 
 deputies for the Federal Parliament are 205 (i to 70,000 
 electors) ; the senators, 63 (3 for each state). All privileges or 
 honorary titles have been abolished. The electorate is com- 
 posed of aU citizens above twenty-one years, knowing how to 
 read and write, and having an independent occupation. Military 
 service is compulsory (1875), but, in fact, is largely by voluntary 
 engagement ; 6 years of active service, 3 in the reserve ; 15,000 
 to 20,000 in time of peace ; 1,000,000 National Guards. The sol- 
 diers are mostly negroes. The war navy was, in 1893, 8 armour- 
 clad battleships, 3 armour-clad cruisers, 3 wood cruisers, 17 
 gun-boats and 28 different smaller ones, with 250 guns, 700 
 officers, and 4000 men. Arsenals in Belem, Recife, Bahia, Rio 
 de Janeiro, and Ladario (riv. Paraguay, Matto Grosso). The 
 capital is at present Rio de Janeiro, but it is to be re- 
 moved and established in a federal dist. 37,300 sq. m. in 
 extent amongst the Pyrenean Mts. , on the plateau where 
 the Tocantins, Sao Francisco, and Parani have their sources. 
 Instruction. — In 1872, 23 men to 13 women in 100 could read ; 
 only I in 1000 negroes ; in 1893 about one half of the adult popula- 
 tion were still imable to read. In 1886 there were 6224 schools ; 
 in 1893, 8000. The principal scientific colleges are at Rio de 
 Janeiro, Recife, Bahia, Sao Paulo, and Ouro Preto. The higher 
 scientific instruction is under the control and is maintained by 
 the central government. The language is Portuguese, with a 
 different pronunciation and many archaisms and neologisms. 
 French is the best-known foreign language. The first printing 
 machine was introduced in 1744. There were 31 newspapers in 
 1828, 271 in 1876, and 550 in 1886. History. — In 1500 B. was 
 seen by V. Pinzon in the N. , and by Cabral in the centre. From 
 1532-35 it was divided by the Portuguese into hereditary cap- 
 taincies, and at this period the sugar-cane was introduced. In 
 1549 the first capital was established in Bahia. War between 
 the Portuguese and the French, in B. , lasted from the i6th to the 
 i8th century ; with the Dutch dvuing the first part of the latter. 
 In 1680 the slavery of the Indians was prohibited. Negro slaves 
 were, however, introduced from Africa, and this traffic was 
 allowed to go on till 1830. From the i6th to the i8th century 
 the settlers of Sao Paulo completed the general reconnoitring of 
 the interior. Coffee was introduced in 1761. In 1762 Rio de 
 Janeiro was made the capital of colonial B. During the i8th 
 century the last captaincies were taken by the crown. In 1808 
 the King of Portugal arrived in B. , which, in 1815, was erected 
 into a kingdom united to Portugal, when John VI. returned in 
 1821. In 1822 Pedro I. was proclaimed Emp)eror of indepen- 
 dent B. , and a constitution was proclaimed in 1824. The traffic 
 in African slaves was prohibited in 1830. In 1831 Pedro II. 
 succeeded his father. In 1851-52 B. was at war with Argentina, 
 from 1863-64 with Uruguay, from 1865-70 with Paraguay. 
 Laws providing for the emancipation of the slaves were passed 
 in 1871, 1885 ; and in 1888 slavery was finally abolished. In 
 1889 B. was proclaimed a republic (Estados Unidos do B.), 
 the old provinces becoming federated states. [J. B. R.] 
 
 Brazil, city, U.S., Indiana, Clay co., 14 m. E. by N. Terre 
 Haute. P. 5900. 
 
 Brazil Pond, lake, Newfoundland, in 48° 4' N., just to the 
 E. of 56° W. 
 
 Brazo Colorado, Central America. See Colorado. 
 
 Brazoria, co., U.S., Texas, on G. of Mexico, E. of 96° W. 
 
 Brazoria, vil., U.S., Texas, cap. B. co., on the r. bk. of 
 Brazos R., 50 m. WSW. Galveston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Brazos, co., U.S., Texas, W. of 96° W., S. of 31° N., 
 bounded on the W. by the B. riv. 
 
 Brazos, riv., U.S., Texas, flows for the most part SE. to 
 the Gulf of Mexico, which it enters about 28° 50' N. , after a 
 course of 900 m. (500 m. direct); navigable at high water for 
 300 m. , and steamers ascend 40 m. to Columbia at aU seasons. 
 
 Brazos Santiago, inlet andseapt., U.S., Texas, with bad 
 and shifting bar. Good anchorage in 7 fathoms outside the 
 bar, which, however, can seldom be crossed by vessels drawing 
 more than 9J ft. ; with movable marine railway and lighthouse 
 visible 13 m. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brazza, isL, Austria, Dalmatia, the W. end to the S. of 
 Spalato; hilly (highest point, San Vito, 2550 ft.) and well- 
 wooded ; cap. San Pietro. The channel of B. between it and 
 the mainland is from 7 m. to 8 m. across, and capable of 
 
B R AZ 
 
 BRED 
 
 aftbrding secure anchorage for shipping. Area, 159 sq. m. 
 P. (1880) 15,500; (1890) 22,650. 
 
 Brazzaville, stn. , founded by Savorgnan de Brazza, in the 
 French Congo terr. , at the lower end of Stanley Pool, nearly 
 opposite Leopoldville. 
 
 Brcka, tn. , Bosnia, prov. Dolnja Tuzla, on the r. bk. of the 
 Save, 73 m. N. by E. Sarajevo. P. <5000. 
 
 Brdjanl, vil., Servia, circle Rudnik, 60 m. S. Belgrade, 
 with mineral springs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Brdy, or Brody, wooded chain of mts., Bohemia, in the 
 fork between the Beraun, Moldau, and Litava, 23 m. long. 
 Highest peak, Pisek, 2255 ft. 
 
 Breach Candy. See Bombay, city. 
 
 Breacbes, Tbe, a gap in the sand gravel bank called the 
 Murrough, Ire. , E. ct. co. and 7^ m. N. Wicklow. 
 
 Breacbwood Grecu, hamlet, Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin 
 div., 3^ m. E. Luton, P.O. 
 
 Breadalbaue, dist. , Scot. , comprising the W. part of the co. 
 Perth, and surrounded by the dist. Lochaber, Athol, Strathearn, 
 Monteith, Lorn, and Knapdale. Though mountainous and 
 rugged, being traversed by the Grampians, it has good roads 
 and bridges. In it are Ben Lawers, Lochs Tay and Lyon, and 
 the villages Kenmore, Killin, and Clifton. 
 
 Breadalbaue, post-tn., Tasmania, Cornwall co., 6 m. S. by 
 E. Latmceston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Breadsall, par. , Eng. , S. div. of Derbyshire, 2J m. NE. by 
 N. Derby, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Breadstone, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, 2 m. NE. Berkeley. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Bready, place. Ire., N. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower Strabane, 
 7^ m. N. by E. Strabane, P.O. 
 
 'Breage, ct. par. and vil. , Eng. , Cornwall, Truro div. , 9^ m. 
 E. by S. Penzance, 3 m. W. by N. Helston stn., producing 
 arsenic and tin, P.O. ; 7274 ac. P. <3000 ; eccles. par. (B. with 
 dermoe) P. <;2Soo. 
 
 Breagh, electoral div.. Ire., co. Armagh, dist. Tartaraghan. 
 
 Breaghwy, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Carra, 2 m. SE. 
 Castlebar ; 5265 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Breahan, tn. , Abyssinia, Shoa, 20 m. WNW. Ankobar. 
 
 Breakfast Creek, suburb of Brisbane, Queensland. 
 
 Breaklieart Point, cape, Newfoundland, on the E. ct., in 
 48" 8' N. 
 
 Breakista, Lower and I'pper, hamlets, Scot., isl. of Skye, 
 N. ct., 17 m. NNE. Point of Sleat, P.O. (Breaklsh). 
 
 Break o' Day, Victoria. See Corludltap. 
 
 Breaksea Point, cape, Wales, on the S. of Glamorganshire, 
 II m. WSVV. Cardiff, with lighthouse, visible 11 m. 
 
 Breaksea Sound and Island, off the SW. ct. of South I., 
 New Zealand, in about 45° 35' S. 
 
 Bream, eccles. par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div. , 
 
 3 m. NW. Lydney ; mines of brown hematite. PM. O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Bream Creek, post-tn., Tasmania, Pembroke co., 27 m. 
 ENE. Hobart, in 42° 47' S. P. < 1500. 
 
 Breamore, par. and liberty, Eng. , Hampshire, New Forest 
 div. , 7 m. S. Sahsbury, on the L. & SW. R., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Brean, ct. par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., on the N. ct., 
 
 4 ni. SSW. Weston-super-Mare ; 3167 ac. P. <:25o. 
 Brean Down, cape, 2| m. N. by E. Brean. 
 Breandrnm, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Leitrim, dist. Rowan. 
 Breanrl!«k, electoral div. , Ire. , Longford, dist. Drumlish. 
 Brearton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div. , 3J 
 
 m. NW. by N. Knaresborough, 2 m. E. by N. Nidd Bridge 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Breasclet, vil., Scot., Uigpar., in the SW. of Lewis I., 15 
 m. W. Stornoway. P. <5oo. 
 
 Breaston, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, Ilkeston div. , 7 m. ESE. 
 Derby, i m. E. Draycott stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Breaston, St. JMlchael with Klsley, eccles. par., Eng., 
 Derbyshire, including B. tp. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Breatliltt, co., U.S., Kentucky, in the E., S. of 38° N., W. 
 of 83° W. 
 
 Brebach, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Trier, dist. Saar- 
 briicken, with iron-works. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Breccles, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 20 m. WSW. 
 Norwich, 2 m. SE. Stow Bedon stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Brecha, tn. , Mexico, Sinaloa, at the head of an inlet on the 
 W. ct. , in about 25° 20' N. 
 
 Breche-de>Koland, a defile of the Pyrenees, between France 
 and Spain, about 11 m. S. Luz, 27 m. SSW. Bagn6res-de- 
 Bigorre, forming a difficult passage from 200 to 300 ft. wide, in 
 a rocky wall from 300 to 600 ft. high, surrounded by rocks called 
 Tours de Marbor^, at an elevation of 9500 ft. above the sea. 
 
 Brechfa, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 10 m. NE. 
 by N. Carmarthen, P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Brechin, tn. , par. , and royal and pari, burgh, Scot. , Forfar- 
 shire, on the S. Esk, 7^ m. W. by N. Montrose, on the C. R., 
 with manufactures of linen and sailcloth, and spinning, bleach- 
 ing, distilling, and brewing. Mean rainfall (1866-80), 36 in. 
 Par. 14,313 ac. , P. 10,500; tn. P. 9000; pari. bor. P. 9000; 
 royal bor. P. 5100. See .VIontrose. 
 
 Brechva, par. , Wales. See Brechfa. 
 Breckenhroagh, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Newsham. 
 
 Breckeuridge, vil, U.S., Colorado, Summit co., 60 m. W. 
 by S. Denver, and 20 m. NE. by N. Leadville. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Breckenrldge, vil, U.S., Minnesota, Wilkin co., on the 
 Red River of the North, where it first touches the frontier, 180 
 m. NW. by W. Minneapolis. Alt. 968 ft.; mean temp., yr. 
 38.1° F., Jan. 2.8°, July 68.7". P. < 1500. 
 
 Breckenrldge, vil., U.S., Missouri, Caldwell co., 56 m. E. 
 St. Joseph. P. <i500. 
 
 Breckerfeld, comm. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 12 m. 
 E. Barmen. P. <30oo. 
 
 Breckinridge, co., U.S.. Kentucky, on the Ohio, El. of the 
 meridian 87°. 
 
 Breckles, par. , Eng. See Breccles. 
 
 Brei'kliim, Prussia. See Brekliim. 
 
 Breckuockshlre, or Brecon (supposed to be derived from 
 Brychan, a native prince of the fifth century), co., Wales, in 
 the S. , between Radnorshire (from which it is separated for the 
 most part by the R. Wye) on the N. and Glamorgan on the 
 S. Surface very mountainous, the mountains or hills being 
 divided into three groups by the valleys of the Usk and the 
 Yrfon. S. of the Usk valley (which is partly traversed by the 
 M. R. , and in the SE. by the Brecon and Abergavenny Canal) 
 are the Black Mts., including the Brecknock Beacons, the high- 
 est of which, Pen-y-Fan (2910 ft.), is the highest summit in 
 S. Wales. S. of the Yrfon valley (which is traversed by the 
 L. & NW. R. ) is the elevated and very sparsely peopled tract 
 called Mynydd Epynt. Old red sandstone rocks cover all the 
 SE. , Silurian and Cambrian the NW. The industries are 
 almost entirely agricultural, principally cattle and sheep-rearing. 
 Hereford is the chief breed of cattle. On the lower lands the 
 chief breed of sheep is a cross between the Shropshire Down 
 and the Ryelands. For statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. The 
 factories for coarse woollens and worsted hosiery, formerly 
 numerous, are now almost extinct. There are iron-works at 
 Beaufort and Clydach ; lead-ore is found at Nant-y-Garw in 
 the N. of the county, 8 m. from Rhayader ; slate at Cwm Yrfon, 
 3 m. from Llanwyrtyd ; and coal at Beaufort, Brynmawr, Swan- 
 sea Valley, Gwys, Glyn Neath, Ystradgynlais, and Yniscedwyn. 
 The county returns one member to Parliament. It is almost 
 entirely in the diocese of St. David's. Welsh is spoken by a 
 large proportion of the country people. P. pari. co. (1891) 
 54,600. See Wales, table. 
 
 Breck Koad, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Bootle div., on the 
 Alexandra Dock ( Liverpool) branch of the L. & N W. R. 
 
 Brecon, Brecknock, or Aber-Honddhn, mun. bor. (first 
 incorporated under Queen Mary), market-tn., and par. (till 1885 
 also a pari, bor.), Wales, cap. co. Brecon, on the Usk (which 
 affords good salmon and trout fishing), at the influx of the 
 Honddhu and Tarrell, 29 m. WSW. Hereford ; has a high- 
 class school called Christ College, founded by Henry VIII., 
 rebuilt in 1862, and Congregational Memorial College. The 
 neighbourhood abounds in lime, in which there is a consider- 
 able trade. Connected with Merthyr and Newport (Monmouth- 
 shire) by the B. and Merthyr Rly. Alt. 450 ft. Mun. bor. 
 P. (1891) 5600. 
 
 Brecon and Abergavenny Canal, Eng. and Wales, be- 
 longing to the G. W. R., extending from Brecknock SE. by 
 Crickhowell, Gilwem, and Govilon to Pontymoyle (near Ponty- 
 pool), where it unites with the Monmouthshire Canal, nearly 34 
 m. long ; admits vessels of 3 ft. i in. draught. 
 
 Brecon Road, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, on the L. & 
 N W. R. , in the town of Abergavenny. \ 
 
 '5re<^,' Scandinavian, 'broad.' S&e Breii. \ 
 
 Breda, tn., Holland, prov. N. Brabant, on the Mark, 14 m. 
 W. by N. Tilburg, communicating with the Maas by canal. 
 Manufactures carpets, woollens, leather, &c. Fortified from 
 the 14th to the 19th century, when its fortifications were 
 destroyed on the laying of the railway ; still has a citadel with 
 a royal military academy. Taken by Prince Maurice of Nassau 
 in 1590, by the Spaniards in 1625, and by the French in 1794. 
 Peace with England concluded here in 1667. P. 22,000. 
 
 Breda, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Down, dist. Ballylesson. 
 
 Bredagh, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Dromdaleague. 
 
 Bredasdorp, vil., Cape Colony, cap. dist. B., 35 m. SW. 
 Swcllendam. Mean rainfall (16 years), 19.7 in. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bredbnry, par., Eng., Cheshire, 2 m. NE. Stockport, on 
 the M. S. & L. R. P. <40cio; urban sanitary dist. (B. and 
 Romlley) P. 5800. 
 
 Brede, Dutch, 'broad.' See Brett 
 
 Brede, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 5 m. N. Hastings, P.O. 
 (B. Hill); 4830 ac. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Br^de, La, France, dep. Gironde. See Labr^de. 
 
 Bredenbnry, par., Eng., Hereford, div. and 8 m. E. by 
 S. Leominster, 3 m. WNW. Bromyard stn., PMT.O. P. <250. 
 
 Bredenbnry with Wacton, eccles. par., Eng., Hereford- 
 shire, including B. hamlet. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bredeney, peasant vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov. See Zwel- 
 honnschaften. 
 
 211 
 
BRED 
 
 B R E M 
 
 Bredfield, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 3 m. N. Wood- 
 bridge, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bredfleld -vrlth Fettlstree, eccles. par., Eng., SuflFolk, in- 
 cluding B. hamlet. P. <75o. 
 
 Bredgar, par., Eng., Kent, Faversham div., 7 J m. E. by N. 
 Maidstone, 3 m. SW. Sittingboume stn., PM.O. P. <:750. 
 
 Bredtanrst, par., Eng., Kent, Medwav div., 4 m. S. by 
 W. Chatham, 2^ m. NE. Aylesford stn., P[0. P. <25o. 
 
 Bredlcot, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 4 m. 
 E.Worcester. P. <25o. 
 
 Bredlcot with Tibberton, eccles. par., Eng., Worcester- 
 shire, including B. hamlet. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bredou, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., on the 
 1. bk. of the Avon, 3 m. NE. by N. Tewkesbury, on the M. R. , 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bredons' Norton, hamlet, Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham 
 div., 5 m. NE. by N. Tewkesbury, 2 m. S. Eckington stn. , P.O. 
 
 Bredon -wUli Norton, eccles. par. , Eng. , including B. hamlet. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Bredow, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the Oder 
 R., 3 m. NNE. Stettin. P. (1880) 11,000; (1890) 13,800. 
 
 Bredstedt, vil. , Prussia, govt. Schleswig, 22 m. SW. by W. 
 Flensburg, si m. from the W. ct. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bredwardine, par., Eng., Hereford, I^eominster div., on 
 the r. bk. of the Wye, 12 m. W. by N. Hereford, 5 m. W. 
 Moorhampton stn. , P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Bredwardine with Brobnry, eccles. par. , Eng. , Hereford- 
 shire, including B. hamlet. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bredy, Eng. See Llttlebredy and Longbredy. 
 
 Bredy, riv., Eng., Dorsetshire, rising in and flowing W. 
 through the W. div. into Lyme Bay. 
 
 Bree, vil. , Ire. , co. Wexford, bar. Bantry, 5 m. SSW. Ennis- 
 corthy, P.O. 
 
 Breede, riv., S. Africa, in the SW. of Cape Colony, dists. 
 Worcester and Swellendam, rises in the Warm -Bokke veld, a 
 mountain basin about 33° 10' S. , 19° 30' E.; flows first SW. 
 through Mitchell's Pass, and after a course mostly SE. by E., 
 enters the sea at Port Beaufort. It is one of the deepest and 
 largest rivers of the colony ; but its navigation is impeded by a 
 bar at its mouth, with only 13 ft, water at low and 19 ft. at high 
 spring tide. Affluences Hex and Zondereinde. The towns of 
 Worcester and Swellendam are near its banks. 
 
 Breedene, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, near Os- 
 tende. P. < 5000. 
 
 Breedoge, electoral div., Ire., N. co. Roscommon, bar. 
 Frenchpark, 12 m. W. by S. Carrick-on-Shannon. 
 
 Breedon, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, div. and 8 m. W. by N. 
 Loughborough, close to Tonga stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Breedon on the Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Leicestershire, 
 including B. tp. P. < 1000. 
 
 BrM. See Breuil. 
 
 Breenagh, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 8 m. from Letterkenny. 
 
 Breencorragh, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Sligo, dist. Aclare. 
 
 Breese, vil., U.S., lUinois, Clinton co., 36 m. E. St. Louis 
 (Mo.). P. -CI 500. 
 
 Breewarlna, post-tp. , New South Wales, Clyde co. , on the 
 Barwan R., 50 m. E. Bourke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Breeza, tp. , New South Wales, Pottinger co. , 29 m. WSW. 
 Tam worth . P. < 1 500. 
 
 Bree-Zand, sandbank, Holland, in the Zuider Zee, about 6 m. 
 from the W. ct. of prov. Friesland, to the SW. of Harlingen. 
 
 Bregaglla, Val, Ger. BergeU, Alpine val., N. Italy (prov. 
 Sondrio) and Switzd. (Grisons), traversed by the upper Maira, 
 separated from the Engadine, which has the same general 
 direction, by the ridge of the Maloja P. ; at its mouth Chiavenna. 
 
 Brcgalnltsa, riv. , Turkey in Europe, flows SW. to the Vardar, 
 which it joins on the 1. bk. about 37 m. SE. Ushkub. 
 
 Br4^gancon, small isl., with fort, on the E. side of the road- 
 stead of Hy^res in the S. of France. 
 
 Bregauze, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 11 m. N. by E. 
 Vicenza. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bregenz, cap. of the crownland Vorarlberg, Austria, at the 
 E. end of Lake Constance. P. <6700. 
 
 Bregenzer Wald, mountainous dist., Austria, Vorarlberg, to 
 the S. of Bregenz. Highest point, the Rother Wand, 8855 ft. 
 
 Bregnano, tn., N. Italy, prov. and circ. Como. P. <3000. 
 
 Bregoge, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Orrery and Kilmore, near 
 Buttevant ; 1332 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 BregOTO, tn., Bulgaria, on the Timok, prov. and 15 m. 
 NW. Viddin. P. <40oo. 
 
 Br^hat, small isl. , France, on the N. ct. of dep. C6tes-du-Nord, 
 arr. St. Brieuc, near the northernmost point of Brittany. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Brehna, tn. , Prussian Saxony, 12 m. ENE. Halle. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Brelch, stn. , Scot. , Mid Lanarkshire, on the C. R. , on Breich 
 Water, \o\ m. ENE. Wishaw. 
 
 Brelch," rivulet, Scot., trib. Almond, part of the boundary 
 between cos. Linlithgow and Edinburgh. 
 
 Breldbach, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. and 3 m. SE. King 
 William's Town. 
 212 
 
 Breldenstein, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 13 m. 
 NW. by W. Marburg, with copper-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Brelghtmet, par., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. E. Bolton, PT.O. 
 P. <20oo. See Touge tvlth B. 
 
 Brelghton with Ganby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Howdenshire div., on the Derwent, ■j\ m. NNW. Goole, i^ m. 
 SE. by E. Menthorpe Gate stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Brelnlg, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle and dist. Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, with lead-mines. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Brelnton, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., on the Wye, 
 2 J m. W. Hereford. P. <scio. 
 
 Brelsach, Alt, urban comm., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, 13 m. 
 W. by N. Freiburg, on the r. bk. of the Rhine. P. <4000. 
 
 Brelsach, Nen, fortified tn. , Ger. , govt. Alsace-Lorraine, on 
 the Rhone Canal, where it is joined Isy the Vauban Canal, 9 m. 
 ESE. Colmar, 2^ m. W. by S. Alt-B. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Brelsgan, an old div. of Germany, in SW. of Swabia. Chief 
 towns, Freiburg, Old Breisach, and Laufenburg. Long held by 
 the Counts of Breisach, and afterwards united to the dominions 
 of Austria. Ceded in 1806 chiefly to Baden, with portions to 
 Switzerland and Wiirtemberg. 
 
 Brett, Ger. ; Brad, Anglo-Saxon ; Bred, Scand. ; and B7-ede, 
 Dutch, 'broad.' 
 
 Breltenbach, vil. , Ger., Bavaria, in the Rhine Palatinate, 
 dist. Waldmohr, with coal-mines. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Breltenberg, mt., Ger., Saxe-Meiningen, dist. Sonneberg, 
 with several iron-mines. 
 
 Breltenbmnn, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. 
 Johanngeorgenstadt ; to the NW. are arsenic- works. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Breltenfeld, hamlet, Ger. , kgd. Saxony, s^m. NNW. Leipzig. 
 Sceneof the defeat of Tilly by GustavusAdolphus, 4th Sept. 1631. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Brelteuhaln, vil. , Prussia, Silesia, circle and dist. Schweid- 
 nitz, with coal-mines. P. < 2000. 
 
 Breltenworbls, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Erfurt, 
 circle and 2^ m. E. Worbis. P. <3000. 
 
 Brelthorn, mts. 1. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. I. 
 8. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. B. I. 
 
 Brel Wick, bay, Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, on the W. 
 ct. , in 60° 29' N. 
 
 Brejo, tn., Brazil, State of Maranhao, on a tableland a 
 few miles from the 1. bk. of the Parnahiba, in about 3° 54' S. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Breklum, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 22 
 m. SW. by W. Flensburg, 3 m. from the W. ct. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bremangerland, isl., Norway, off the W. ct., in 61" 50' N., 
 prov. N. Bergenhus. 
 
 Bremblo, vil. , Italy, prov. Milan, 9 m. SSE. Lodi. P. <400o. 
 
 Brembo, riv. , Italy, Lombardy, flows SSW. from the Ber- 
 gamese Alps into the Adda a few miles N. Lodi. 
 
 Bremen, free Hanseatic town, situated upon the Weser, about 
 50 m. from its mouth. The terr. connected with it extends 
 on both sides of the Weser, and consists of three parts — the 
 town of B. , Vegesack, and Bremerhaven. The whole area is 
 about 74 sq. m. This terr. has rich pastures, and a very fine 
 breed of cattle is reared. Agriculture is also of importance. 
 The soil consists principally of marshland, which is, however, 
 well drained. The town lies in a sandy plain on both sides 
 of the Weser. It consists of the Altstadt (Old Town), with 
 a beautiful park and suburbs, on the right, and the Neustadt 
 (New Town), on the left bank of the river, both connected 
 by the isl. of Warder and a number of bridges. B. owes its 
 prosperity to the Wasar, although at the present time large 
 vessels can go up the river only as far as Bremerhaven, which 
 lies 28 m. below B. But works have already bean executed, 
 and are projected in the near future, for the conversion of B. 
 into a large and important seaport. The artificial deepening 
 of the Weser from Bremerhaven to B. is nearly completed, 
 which will enable the largest vessels to ascend the river at high 
 tide. In 1894 vassals drawing 17 feet could reach B. under 
 favourable circumstances, and in 1895 the work of deepening the 
 Weser through the city will be commenced. B. is chiefly a com- 
 mercial town, having trade connections with all parts of the world. 
 But its industries are also of importance, especially those in con- 
 nection with maritime commerce, as well as its tobacco industry. 
 B. is first mentioned as a town during the 8th century. It en- 
 tered the Hanseatic League in 1276, but was afterwards several 
 times expelled from it. In 1810 it became French, but recovered 
 its independence after the battle of Leipzig (1813). In 1871 it 
 joined the German Empire. Mean rainfall (37 yrs. ), 27.92 in. 
 P. (1871) 82,800; (1890) state, 153,900; city, 125,700. 
 
 Bremen, tn., U.S., Indiana, Marshall co., 77 m. ESE. 
 Chicago, (111.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bremen, Duchy of, old duchy of Ger. , in the circle of Lower 
 Saxony. It was first a bishopric, and then an archbishopric, 
 afterwards secularised and ceded to Sweden in 1649. In 1789 
 it was ceded to Hanover by the treaty of Stockholm. Chief 
 towns Verden and Stada. The town of Bremen was not com- 
 prised in it. It now forms part of the prov. of Hanover, and 
 the bailiwick Stade, Prussia. 
 
B RE M 
 
 BR ES 
 
 Bremen Woltmershansen, comm. , Ger. , terr. of Bremen. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Bremer, co. , U.S., Iowa, S. of 43° N. and W. of 92° W. 
 
 Bremer Bay, telegraph stn. , W. Australia, Kent co. , 107 m. 
 E. Albany, on the S. Australian Rly. 
 
 BremerliaTen, at the mouths of the Weser and Geeste, was 
 purchased from Hanover in 1827 by Bremen. It has rapidly 
 grown since that time, and has now an excellent harbour and 
 several docks. In connection with the ' Kaiser Dock ' an 
 enormous dock with sluice-gates is being constructed at B. , which 
 will be 656 ft. long, 82 ft. broad, and 34 ft. deep. P. (1890) 
 16,414. 
 
 Bremervorde, tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 24 m. E. by S. 
 Bremerhaven, on the Osle, cap. circle B. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bremgarten, tn., Switzd., cant. Aargau, on the Reuss, 9J m. 
 W. by S. Zurich. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Bremlilll, par., Eng. , Wiltshire, Chippenham div. , 13 m. 
 NE. by N. Trowbridge, 2 m. NW. by N. Calne, P.O. ; 5912 
 ac. P. < 1 500. 
 
 BrenUiill with Highway and Foxham, eccles. par. , Eng. , 
 Wiltshire, including B. hamlet. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brem'UIiam, eccles. par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Chippenham div. , 
 on the Avon, 13 m. SW. by S. Cirencester, 3 m. WSW. Malmes- 
 bury, in which the former civil par. is now included. P. <:25o. 
 
 Brenlke, vil. , Ger., prov. Brunswick, near Eschershausen, 
 with coal-mining. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Bremner, settlement, Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 763 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Bremii, isl., off the ct. of Sweden, in the Gulf of Bothnia, 
 to the SE. of Sundsvall, in 62° 11' N. 
 
 Bremond, vil., U.S., Texas, Robertson co. , 90 m. NE. 
 Austin, in a region abounding in coal and iron. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Breua, La, basaltic tableland with an extinct crater, Mexico, 
 to the SE. of the city of Durango, 33 m. long and 16 m. wide. 
 Alt. about 6400 ft. 
 
 Brena alta and Brena baja, two comms. , in the Canary Is. , 
 on La Palma I. P. <30oo and<20oo. 
 
 Brenchley, par. and vil., Eng., Kent, Tunbridge div., 6 m. 
 E. by N. Tunbridge Wells, 2 m. S. by E. Paddock Wood June. ; 
 7804 ac. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Brcudernp, vil., Denmark, isl. of Funen (Fyn), prov. and 
 17 m. WNW. Odense. P. <20oo. 
 
 Brendola, vil. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 6 m. SW. Vicenza. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 Breudon, par., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., 14 m. E. 
 Ilfracombe, P.O. ; 6780 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Breudon Hills, a range, Eng., Somerset, from 15 to 21 m. 
 W. Bridgwater. There is a short railway from these hills to 
 Watchet, originally constructed for the conveyance of iron ore. 
 
 Brenets, les, val. and vil., Switzd., cant. Neuchatel, dist. 
 Locle, with a watch factory. P. <20oo. 
 
 Breubam, city, U.S., Texas, Washington co., 80 m. E. 
 Austin. Alt. 301 ft. {R.R.). P. 5200. 
 
 Brenkley, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck div. , 6| 
 m. S. by E. Morpeth, 3 m. SW. Cramhngton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Brcuna, comm. , Austria, Silesia, 48 m. ESE. Troppau. P. 
 <4ooo. 
 
 Breuuabnrg. See Brandenburg. 
 
 Breune, dist., France, between deps. Indre and Creuse, 
 drained by the Claise. In consequence of deforestation, 
 numerous marshes and swamps occur, now, however, partly 
 drained. 
 
 Breune, riv., France, dep. C6te-d' Or, joins the Arman9on, 
 r. bk. , near St. Remy. 
 
 Brenner, pass and tunnel. See Alps, Passes and Rail- 
 ways, IV. (2). 
 
 Brcuno, valley, Switzd. See Blenlo. 
 
 Breno, comm., Italy, Lombardy, on the Oglio, prov. and 
 28 m. N. by E. Brescia. P. <40oo. 
 
 Brent, riv. , Eng. , cos. Hertfordshire and Middlesex, after a 
 tortuous course enters the Thames at Brentford, forming for 
 the last few miles part of the Grand Junction Canal. 
 
 Brent, East, par. and vil. , Eng. , Somerset, Wells div. , 6J m. 
 S. by E. Weston-super-Mare, PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Brent, South, par. and vil. , Eng. , Devonshire, Totnes div. , 
 i2i m. WNW. Dartmouth, with a stn. (Brent) on the G. W. R., 
 PMT.O.; 9422 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Brenta, riv., Austria and Italy, issues from Lake Caldonazzo, 
 in the Tirol, to the SE. of Trent, flows E. then S. through 
 Venetia, becomes canalised near Padua, forming Brenta la 
 Cunetta, which enters the Venice lagoon, opposite Chioggia, 
 and from which a branch called B. Vecchia (Old B.) leads SE. 
 into the Adriatic, just below Brondolo. Length about 106 m., 
 of which 56 m. are navigable. Formerly its mouth was at 
 Venice, but is now to the S. 
 
 Brent Elelgh, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 11 J m. SE. 
 by S. Bury St. Edmunds, 2 m. SE. Lavenham stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Brentford, market-tn. , Eng. , Middlesex, B. div. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Thames, 8^ m. W. by S. St. Paul's, London, on the 
 
 L. & SW. R., the G. W. R., and the Grand Junction Canal. 
 Here Edmund Ironside defeated the Danes in 1016. Market- 
 day, Th. P. 13,700; eccles. pars. (B. Old St. George) P. < 
 4500; (St. Paul) P. 7300; Brentford, New, par. P. < 2500. 
 
 Brentford, pari, div., Eng., Middlesex. P. (1891) 69,800. 
 
 Brentlngby, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 2 m. 
 E. Melton Mowbray. See Thorpe Arnold. 
 
 Brent Knoll, par. and vil., Somerset, adjoining E. Brent, 
 on the G. W. R. , PM.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Brentonlco, comm., Austria, Tirol, dist. and 6J m. SW. 
 Roveredo, on the N. slope of Monte Baldo. P. <5ooo. 
 
 BrentonBeef, rocks, U.S., Rhode I., Newport co., off the 
 S. ct. , in 41° 26' N. , 71° 22' W. 
 
 Brentor, or Brent Tor, par. and vil., Eng., Devonshire, 
 Tavistock div. , 9 m. ESE. Launceston, i^ m. WNW. of its stn. 
 on the L. & SW. R. , with mines of manganese. P. < 500. 
 
 Brent Pelham, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 13J 
 m. NE. by N. Hertford, 4^ m. N. by E. Buntingford stn., 
 P.O. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (B. P. with Fumeaux Pelham) 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Brents, or Brent To'wn, vil., Eng., Kent, near Faversham. 
 
 Brentslde, hamlet, Eng., Middlesex, Ealing div., on the 
 Brent, i m. N. by E. Hanwell stn., 10 m. W. St. Paul's, 
 London. 
 
 Brentivood, par. and market-tn., Eng., Essex, Chelmsford 
 div., 6 m. ENE Romford, on the G. E. R. Market-day, Th. 
 P. -<5ooo. 
 
 Brenz, riv. , rises near Konigsbronn, in Wiirtemberg, trib. of 
 the Danube, which it joins near Gundelfingen in Bavaria ; tra- 
 verses a rich pastoral valley. 
 
 Brenzett, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 6 m. NE. by E. 
 Rye, I m. NE. by N. Brookland stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Brereton-cum-Smethwlck, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knuts- 
 ford div., 7 m. NE. Crewe, 2 m. SSE. Holmes Chapel stn., 
 P.O.; 4599 ac. P.<75o. 
 
 Brereton, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Lichfield div., 6 
 m. NW. Lichfield, i m. SE. Rugeley (Town) stn., P.O. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Brescello, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. Reggio, on the r. bk. 
 of R. Po, II m. NE. Parma. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Brescia, the anct. Brixia, city, N. Italy, Lombardy, cap. 
 prov. B. , 60 m. ENE. Milan, 29 m. ESE. Bergamo, on the 
 Garza. Chief buildings, cathedral of marble, the Broletto or 
 old palace of the republic, and the Citadel, called the Falcone 
 d'ltalia. It has also a cemetery celebrated for its beauty. In 
 a Roman edifice, excavated in 1822, a museum of antiquities 
 has been deposited. It has a public library with a collection of 
 rare MSS. Manufactures silk, linens, paper, leather, arms, steel 
 of good quality, cutlery, iron-wares. Alt. 460-805 ft. Rainfall 
 (1870-91), yr. 39 in. P. 34,000. 
 
 Brescon, vole, isl., off the S. ct. of France, 2 J m. from Agde, 
 with fortified castle. 
 
 Breslan, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Waterloo, 4 m. by rail 
 E. Berlin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Breslan (from Slav. Wratislaw), in point of population the 
 second town of Prussia, and the third of the German Empire. 
 Lat. 51° 6' 56" N., long. 17° 2' 16.5" E. Alt. 483 ft. above 
 sea-level. It is the cap. of the Prussian prov. of Silesia, and is — 
 and has been for centuries past — the commercial centre between 
 the western and eastern countries of Central Europe. B. is 
 situated at the confluence of the Oder and Ohlau, and its site 
 is an excellent crossing place over the riv. Oder. It is noted 
 for its trade in cereals and wool. Besides its great commercial 
 importance, B. is also a manufacturing town, and not less than 
 44 per cent, of its inhabitants are occupied in various industries 
 and manufactures, the most important of these being beet-sugar 
 manufactories, cotton mills, foundries, and chemical works. It 
 is now being converted into a first-class fortress to replace Glatz, 
 which is to be dismantled. B. has a university. It is connected 
 by railways with Berlin, Vienna, Prague, Dresden, Cracow, 
 Warsaw, Hanover, and Stettin. Alt. 483 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 
 46.7° F., Jan. 29.4°, July 65.8°. P. (1890) 335,200. 
 
 Breslan, vil., U.S., New York, Suffolk co., 33 m. E. by S. 
 Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bresle, riv., France, between deps. Somme and Seine-In- 
 fdrieure ; enters the English Channel at Tr^port after a NW. 
 course of 35 m. 
 
 Bressay, par. , Scot. , Shetland Is. , comprising isl. on the E. 
 ct. of the Mainland, S. of 60° 12' N., a small part of the main- 
 land, and the islands of E. and W. Burra, PT.O. Par. 12,657 
 ac. , P. < 2000; isl. P. 799. 
 
 Bressay Sound, harb., between Bressay I. and the Main- 
 land, Shetland, at Lerwick, with lighthouse visible 16 m. 
 
 Bresse, La, tn., France, dep. Vosges, arr. Remiremont, cant, 
 and 8 m. NE. Saulxures. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bresse, La, dist. , France. See Aln (dep. ). 
 Bressingham, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., on the Waveney, 
 20 m. SW. by S. Norwich, 3^ m. W. by N. Diss stn., P.O. 
 P. <:75o. 
 Bressoux, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. Li6ge. P. <4000. 
 
 . 213 
 
BRES — BRIC 
 
 Bressnlre, tn. , France, dep. Deux-SevTes, cap. of arr. B. , 
 44 m. S. Angers, besieged in 1361 by Duguesclin, sufferedgreatly 
 through the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and in the 
 Vendean wars. P. < 5000. 
 
 Brest, tn., France, dep. Finist^re, on the W. ct., on the N. 
 side of the Rade-de-B., 68 m. NW. Lorient, 32 m. NW. by N. 
 Quimper ; cap. arr. Lat. (of observatory) 48° 23' 32" N. , long. 
 4° 29' 25" W. It is a fortified city and important naval port. 
 Its bay or roadstead (rade) communicates with the North Sea 
 by a strait called the ' Goulet,' defended by forts and batteries, 
 and rendered difficult of access. Its inner harbour is secure, 
 and could accommodate 60 ships of the line. The fortress is 
 protected by batteries and a citadel built on a rock, and com- 
 municates by a canal with the port of Nantes. The city, built 
 on the slopes of hills, is divided by the port into two parts, which 
 communicate only by boats ; that on the right is called Recouv- 
 rance. The upper and lower parts of the town are connected 
 by steep streets, and in some places only by stairs. It has a 
 medical school, naval school, school of hydrography, public 
 library, and botanic garden. Its harbour is tidal, and has a 
 depth of 24 ft. 8 in. at low water, 52 ft. at high water. There are 
 nine government dry docks, available, when not required by the 
 government, for merchant vessels ; also a floating dock. The 
 commerce of the port is considerable. B. is connected by two 
 telegraph cables (the first laid in 1869) wth St. Pierre and 
 Miquelon (S. of Newfoundland), and with the mainland of 
 North America (Boston). It was occupied by the English in 
 1372, 1378, and 1397 ; and was attacked, without success, by 
 the Spaniards in 1597, and by the English in 1694. Mean 
 temp., yr. 53.1° F., Jan. 43.5°, Aug. 64.6°; rainfall, 28.35 in. 
 P. (1872) 66,300; (1891) 75,900. 
 
 Brest Lltovsk (Polish Brzese), fortress and dist. tn., Russia, 
 govt, and 131 m. S. of Grodno, at the junction of two main 
 railways, Warsaw to Moscow, and Konigsberg to Odessa, on 
 Bug R. , at the mouth of the Mukhavets. Consists of the 
 fortress and two suburbs. Considerable tirade. P. (i860) 19,343 '< 
 (1888) 45.140. 
 
 Brestorac, vil., Servia, prov. and 12 m. S. Nish, with warm 
 mineral baths. P. < 2000. 
 
 BresztOT&cz, tn. , Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. Apatin. 
 P. 5200. 
 
 Bret, or Brett, riv. , Eng. , Suffolk. See Brett. 
 
 Bretagne. See Brittany. 
 
 Bretby, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., Repton par., 3 m. 
 E. Burton on Trent, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bretenll, tn., France, dep. Eure (q.v.), arr. and 17 m. SW. 
 Evreux, with mineral springs and iron-mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bretenll, tn., France, dep. Oise, arr. Clermont, 17 m. NE. 
 by N. Beauvais. P. <3000. 
 
 Bretford, part of par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Nuneaton div. , 
 on the Avon, 5 m. WNW. Rugby, 2^ m. ENE. Brandon (q. v. ) stn. 
 
 Bretfortoii, par., Eng., on the border of Worcestershire, 
 div., and 4 m. E. Evesham, ij m. W. Honeyboume stn., P.O. 
 P. <:750. 
 
 Bretherton. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Chorley div. , 7 m. SW. 
 by S. Preston, 2 m. WSW. Midge Hall stn., P.O. P.< 
 1000. 
 
 Br^tigny, comm. , France, dep. Eure-et-Loir, 4 m. ESE. 
 Chartres. By a treaty concluded here in 1360, the French king, 
 John, regained his freedom, having been taken prisoner at the 
 battle of Poitiers. P. <20oo. 
 
 Br6tlgny, vil., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 17 m. S. Paris, 
 arr. and 8 m. W. Corbeil. P. < 2000. 
 
 Breton Cape, a cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I. , 
 on the E. ct., in 45° 58' N. 
 
 Breton Pertnls, strait, France, separating the I. of R6 from 
 the coasts of Charente-Inf6rieure and La Vendue. 
 
 Brett, or Bret, riv., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury and Woodbridge 
 divs. , flows into the 1. bk. of the Stour, about 5 m. in a direct 
 line above the head of the estuary. Length 18 m. 
 
 Brettel Lane, stn., Eng. See Brlerley Hill. 
 I Bretten, urban comm., Ger., Baden, 14 m. E. by N. Karls- 
 
 ruhe; birthplace of Melancthon the reformer, Feb. 16, 1497. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 Brettenham, hamlet, Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., on the Thet, 
 25 m. SW. Nonvich, 4 m. E. Thetford. P. <25o. 
 
 Brettenbam, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Sudbury div. , on the Brett, 
 9^ m. SE. Bury St. Edmunds, 4 m. E. Cockfield stn., P.O. 
 R<soo. 
 
 Brettenbam with Rnshford, eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk, 
 including B. hamlet. P. <:25o. 
 
 Brettnlg, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Kamenz, dist 
 Pulsnitz ; has linen manufactures and dyeing. P. <3O0o. 
 
 Bretton, West, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Bamsley 
 div., sh. m. SW. by S. Wakefield, i m. WNW. Haigh stn., 
 PM.O. (Bretton). P.<soo. 
 
 Bretzenhelm, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, i^ m. 
 SW. Mainz. P<40oo. 
 
 Breuil, Broglie, Broil, Brogue, Brovilk, Briel, in low Latin 
 hrogilus, 'brush-wood,' 'forest.' 
 214 
 
 Brenkelen-Nljenrode, comm., Holland, prov. Utrecht, on 
 the Vecht, 8 m. NW. Utrecht. P. <30oo. 
 
 Brevard, co., U.S., Florida, in the SE., bounded on the E. 
 by the Atlantic, crossed in the N. by 28° N. 
 
 BreTent, mt., rising above the valley of Chamonix, Savoy, 
 on the opposite side to Mont Blanc, and a favourite view point 
 of that mountain. Alt. 8280 ft. 
 
 Brerlk, tn., Norway, prov. Bratsberg, on an inlet on the S. 
 ct. , 30 m. WSW. Tonsberg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Brevllacqaa, vil. , Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on the ct. , 
 12 m. NNW. Zara. P. <:20oo. 
 
 BreTlne, La, vil., Switzd., cant. Neuchitel, dist. Lock, with 
 mineral springs. Near B. is a bed of coal, supposed to be the 
 fossil relic of a forest swallowed up by an earthquake in 1356. 
 P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Bre'warrlna, New South Wales. See Bree'^varrlna. 
 
 Bre"wer, city, U.S., Maine, Penobscot co. , on the 1. bk. of 
 the Penobscot, opposite Bangor. P. < 5000. 
 
 Bre'wer, Monnt, mt. , U.S., California, Tulare co., 230 m. 
 ESE. San Francisco. Alt. 13,886 ft. (Whitney, b.) 
 
 Bretvtaam, North, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 7 m. SSW. 
 Frome. P. <25o. 
 
 Brewham, South, par., i m. to the SW., 2^ m. ENE. 
 Bruton stn., P.O. P. «=5oo. 
 
 Brewhonse Yard, par., Eng., Nottingham co. and tmion. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Brewongle, post-tn.. New South Wales, Bathurst co., in 
 33° 27' S. , 149° 45' E. Formerly called Macqnarle Plains. 
 
 Breirood, par. and tn. , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , b\ m. 
 N. by W. Wolverhampton, on the Liverpool and Birmingham 
 June. Canal, 2 m. W. Four Ashes stn., PMT.O. ; 12,152 ac. 
 P. <:30oo. 
 
 Brewster, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Huron co., on Lake 
 Huron, 33 m. NW. London. 
 
 Brewster, mt. , Southern Alps, prov. Canterbiuy , New Zea- 
 land, to the W. of the Hunter R. , in about 44° 5' S. , 7200 ft. above 
 the sea. Limit of forest 4320 ft. ; of Alpine shrub vegetation 
 4920 ft. 
 
 Brenrster, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Barnstaple co., 44 m. 
 E. by N. New Bedford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brewster, Little, isl., U.S., Massachusetts, at the N. 
 entrance to Boston Harbour ; lighthouse, visible 17 m. 
 
 Brewsterfleld, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Coom. 
 
 Bre^vsterford, Scot. See Cambroe and Brewsterford. 
 
 Brcif'ton, tn. , U.S., Alabama, Escambia co. , 68 m. NE. by 
 E. of Mobile. P. < 1500. 
 
 Breyell, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Kempen, dist. 
 Lobberich. P. (comm.) 5800. 
 
 Brezlna, oasis, Algeria, 200 m. SE. Tlemsen. Alt. 2720 ft. 
 
 Breznltz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 29 m. SE. by E. Pilsen, 10 
 m. SSW. Pribram. P. < 3000. 
 
 Breznobliuya, Hungarian, in German Bries, royal free tn. 
 with magistracy, Hungary, prov. Sohl, 75 m. W. by N. 
 Kaschau. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Brezova, vil., Hungary, prov. Neutra, 54 m. SE. Briinn. 
 P. 5700. 
 
 Brlagolong, post-tn. and rly. stn., Victoria, Tanjil co., 20 
 m. N. Sale. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Brlance, riv., France, dep. Haute- Vienne, 1. bk. trib. of the 
 Vienne. 
 
 Brlancon (the ancient Brigantium, cap. of the Brigantini), 
 fortified tn. , France, dep. Hautes-Alpes, cap. arr., on r. bk. 
 Durance, 49 m. ESE. Grenoble, at the foot of the Genevra Pass. 
 It is the most elevated town of France, occupying a site 4330 ft. 
 above the sea, and surrounded by still loftier heights, bristling 
 with forts. Carries on silk-spinning, and has a trade in talc 
 (' B. chalk ') found in the neighbourhood. P. <20oo. 
 
 Brlanza, hilly dist., Italy, to the S. of Lake Como, much 
 frequented for its climate. 
 
 Brlare, tn. , France, dep. Loiret, on the r. bk. of the Loire, 42 
 m. NNE. Bourges, arr. and 7 m. SE. by E. Gien. P. 5400. 
 
 Brlare, Canal de, canal, France, uniting Briare with Buges, 
 near Montargis, on the Loing, trib. of the Seine ; commenced in 
 1604. Length, 37 m. 
 
 Brlatlco, tn. , on the W. ct. of Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 34 
 m. WSW. Catanzaro. P. <:4000. 
 
 Brlblesca, Spain. See BrlTlesca. 
 
 Brlblr, tn., Croatia-Slavonia, co. Modrus-Rieka, dist. Novi. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Brlcett, Great, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 9 m. 
 NW. by W. Ipswich, 4 m. WSW. Needham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Brlcett, Little, part of eccles. par., Eng., Suffolk. See 
 Omon. 
 
 BrlceTllle, vil., U.S., in the E. of Tennessee, Anderson co., 
 not far from Knoxville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brlctaany, tn., SW. Russia, prov. Bessarabia, 30 m. SW. 
 Kanienets Podolsk. P. 5000. 
 
 Brlcberaslo, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, 15 m. 
 NW. by N. Saluzzo. P. <40oo. 
 
 Bri-ehn, a Tibetan name of the upper Yangtse-kiang. 
 
B RI C — B R I D 
 
 Brlckendon, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Bunting^ord union. 
 P. <isoa 
 
 Brlckendown, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 
 near Cashel ; 1254 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 Brtckens, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 6 m. from Claremorris. 
 
 Brielcet Wood, stn., Eng., Hertfordshire, on the L. & 
 NW. R., 2| m. NNE. Watford. 
 
 Brlcklilll, Great, par. and vil., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 
 on the S. border of the Buckingham div. , 11^ m. NNE. Ayles- 
 bury, 3^ m. NNW. Leighton Buzzard, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 BrlckblU, Little, par., i^ m. NNE. Great B., 2 m. SE. by 
 E. Fenny Stratford stn., PT.O. P.<500. 
 
 Brlcklehampton, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, div. and 4 m. 
 W. by S. Evesham. P. <25o. See Persliore. 
 
 BrlcklleTe, electoral div., Ire., co. Sligo, dist. Ballymote. 
 
 Brlcqnebec, tn. , France, dep. Manche, arr. Valognes, 12 m. 
 S. Cherbourg, with mineral springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bride, riv., Ire., in Cork and Waterford, flows E. and joins 
 the Blackwater on the r. bk. , 5 m. S. Cappoquin, navigable for 
 barges to Kintalloon. 
 
 Bride, par.. Isle of Man, 4 m. N. Ramsey ; 5801 ac. P. < 
 1000. 
 
 Brldebrldge, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 5 m. 
 SSE. Fermoy, on the Bride. P. <25o. 
 
 Brldeklrk, par., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., on 
 the Derwent, 5^ m. ESE. Maryport, 2 m. NE. Papcastle stn. ; 
 9751 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Brldell, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3 m. S. Cardigan, near 
 Kilgerran stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Brlden1>nry, Eng. See Bredenbary. 
 
 Brides Clinrch, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Clane, 3 m. N. 
 Naas ; 2231 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Brldes-les-Balns, vil., France, dep. Savoie, arr. Moutiers, 
 5 m. W. Bozel, with mineral waters and bathing establishment. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Brldesness, cape, Scot., SE. of North Ronaldshay I., 
 Orkney. 
 
 Brldestowe, par. and vil. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock div. , 
 rij m. ENE. Launceston, i^ m. NW. of its stn. on the L. & 
 SW. R., P.O. ; 5687 ac. P.<750. 
 
 Bridewell Precinct, par. , Eng. , within London city. P. < 
 500. 
 
 Brldford, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Ashburton div. , 8 m. SW. 
 by W. Exeter, 2J m. WNW. Ashton stn., P.O. ; 4151 ac. P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 Bridge, par. and vil., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., on the 
 Little Stour, 2^ m. SE. Canterbury, on the SE. R., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. See PatrlxI>oarne. 
 
 Bridge Casterton, place, Eng., Rutlandshire, 3 m. NW. 
 Stamford, P.O. 
 
 Bridge Creek, settlement, Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the 
 Manitoba & NW. Rly., 70 m. W. Portage la Prairie. 
 
 Bridge Creek, tp. , S. Australia, N. Terr. , Rosebery co. , 30 
 m. SSE. Palmerston, with alluvial gold-digging. 
 
 Bridge End, tnld.. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. W. Inishowen, 3 J 
 m. NW. by N. Londonderry, with a rly. stn. 
 
 Bridge-end, vil. , Scot. , E. Fife, 2 m. SE. Cupar, a part of 
 Ceres vil. 
 
 Bridge-End, vil., Scot., co. and par., Linlithgow. P. < 
 500. 
 
 Bridge End, vil. , Scot. , Linlithgowshire, Bathgate par. P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 Bridge End, vil., Scot., W. Perthshire, on the Earn, adjoin- 
 ing Crieff on the SW. 
 
 Bridge End, stn. , Wales, Flintshire, on the Wrexham, Mold, 
 and Connah's Quay Rly. , 7 m. SE. Mold. 
 
 Brldgefoot, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., on 
 the Cockermouth, Keswick, & Penrith Rly., 4^ m. E. Working- 
 ton, P.O. 
 
 Brldgeford, Great, hamlet, Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 
 3 m. NW. Stafford, on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Brldgegate, eccles. par., Scot., Glasgow. P. < 2500. 
 
 Brldgehampton, vil., U.S., New York, Suffolk co., on 
 Long I., 87 m. E. by N. Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bridge Hewlck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon 
 div., on the Ure, 2 m. SE. by E. Ripon. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bridge Hill, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., Derbyshire, 
 Duffield par. P. < 3000. 
 
 Brldgemere, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 6 m. SE. 
 Nantwich, 3 m. WNW. Madeley stn. P. <2SO. 
 
 Bridgend, vil. , Scot. , Argyllshire, Islay I. , on the Sorn and 
 the head of Loch Indaal, PMT.O. 
 
 Bridgend, vil. , Scot. , E. Perthshire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Tay, opposite Perth. 
 
 Bridgend, market-tn., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., on 
 the Llyfnu, 14J m. SE. Neath, with a junc. stn. on the 
 G. W. R. , with blast furnaces. 
 
 Bridgend of Alness, vil., Scot., Ross-shire, part of Alness. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Bridgend of Llntratben, hamlet, Scot., Forfarshire, on the 
 
 SE. shore of the Loch of Lintrathen, 9^ m. NNE. Coupar- 
 Angus, 4I m. NNE. Alyth stn. 
 
 Brldgeness, ct. vil., Scot., Linlithgowshire, on the Firth 
 of Forth, 3 m. N. by E. Linlithgow, i m. E. Bo-'ness stn. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Brldgeuorth, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. and 6 m. from 
 Peterborough, on Lake Chemong. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Brldgeuorth, Eng. See Bridgnorth. 
 
 Brldgenorth, post-tn., Tasmania, Devon co., 12^ m. NW. 
 Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bridge of Allan, tn. , Scot. , Stirlingshire, on Allan Water, 
 2j m. N. Stirling, on the C. R., PMT.O. P.<3000. 
 
 Bridge of ATon, place, Scot., Banffshire, 2 m. from To- 
 mintoul, P.O. 
 
 Bridge of Backet, hamlet, Scot., Aberdeenshire, 5 m. from 
 Strathdon, P.O. 
 
 Bridge of Cally, PT.O., Scot., Perthshire, near Blairgowrie. 
 
 Bridge of Canny, P.O., Scot., 2 m. from Glassel (on the 
 border of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire). 
 
 Bridge of Dee, P.O., Scot., co. and 2 m. from Aberdeen. 
 
 Bridge of Dee, vil. , Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, on R. Dee, 
 3 m. (by rail) SW. Castle-Douglas, on a branch of the Glasgow 
 &SW. Rly., P.O. 
 
 Bridge of Don, P.O., Scot., co. and 2 m. from Aberdeen, 
 
 Bridge of Dun, stn. , Scot. , Forfarshire, on the C. R. , near 
 the mouth of the S. Esk, 3 m. W. by N. Montrose, P.O. 
 
 Bridge of Earn, vil., Scot., E. Perthshire, on the Earn, 
 3I m. S. by E. Perth, on the N. B. R. P. <500. 
 
 Bridge of Flddlch, place, Scot., Banffshire, 3 m. from 
 Dufftown, P.O. 
 
 Bridge of Galm, place, Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on the 
 Gaim, i| m. NW. by W. Ballater, P.O. 
 
 Bridge of Mamoch, place, Scot., Banffshire, 2 m. from 
 Aberchirder, P.O. 
 
 Bridge of Orchy, place, Scot., 6 m. from Tyndrum (Perth- 
 shire), P.O. 
 
 Bridge of Roy, Scot. See Boy Bridge. 
 
 Bridge of Tilt, vil. , Scot. See Blair Athole. 
 
 Bridge of Turk, hamlet, Scot., Inverness-shire, near 
 Callander, PMT.O. 
 
 Bridge of Walls, P.O., Shetland Is., 3 m. from Walls. 
 
 Bridge of Weir, vil., Scot., W. Renfrewshire, 6 m. W. 
 Paisley, on the G. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bridge of Westfield, place, Scot., Caithness-shire, 5 m. 
 from Thurso, P.O. 
 
 Bridgeport, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Cape 
 Breton, 13 m. from Sydney. 
 
 Bridgeport, city, U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co., on the 
 W. side of B. harbour, 16 m. SW. by W. New Haven ; a 
 railway and steamboat centre, with manufactures of sewing- 
 machines, &c. P. (1880) 27,600; (1890) 48,866. 
 
 Bridgeport, viL, U.S., New Jersey, Gloucester co., on 1. bk. 
 of the Delaware, 13 m. SW. Philadelphia (Penn.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bridgeport, vil. U.S., Ohio, Belmont co., on r. bk. of the 
 Ohio, 2 m. N. by W. Wheeling (W. Va.). Alt. 659 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Bridgeport, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. Fayette, 35 m. 
 S. Pittsburg, on Monongahela R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bridgeport, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery co., 
 on Schuylkill R., 16 m. NW. by N. Philadelphia. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bridgeport, vil., U.S., in the SW. of Pennsylvania, West- 
 moreland CO. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bridge KlTer, Canada, Brit. Columbia, flows on the whole 
 ESE. and enters Fraser R. in about 50° 50' N. 
 
 Bridge IJirer, rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, 104 m. NW. 
 Port Arthur. 
 
 Brldger Basin, a continuation of the Laramie Plains, on the 
 N. of the Uintah Range, Wyoming, U.S. 
 
 Brldger's Pass, U.S., in the S. of Wyoming, defile in the 
 Rocky Mts., in about 41° 39' N., 107° 30' W. ; formerly the 
 overland mail route passed through it. Its lateral walls are of 
 vast height. 
 
 Bridgemie, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Devonshire, Tavistock div., on R. Tamar, 5 m. SE. Hols- 
 worthy, P.O. B. East, P. <2So; B. West, P. <2So. 
 
 Bridges, stn. , Eng. , Cornwall, Bodmin div. , on the G. W. R. , 
 6 m. SSW. Bodmin. 
 
 Bridge Pollers, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div., 
 on the Wye, 6^ m. W. by N. Hereford, 2 m. W. Credenhill 
 stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Bridge Street, stn. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, in the pari, burgh of 
 Glasgow, on the C. R., ^ m. S. Glasgow. 
 Bridgeton, vil. , Scot. See Almondbank. 
 Bridgeton, eccles. par., Scot., Glasgow. P. 7300. 
 Bridgeton, vil., U.S., Maine, Cumberland co., 35 m. NW 
 Portland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bridgeton, city and port of entry, U.S., New Jersey, cap. of 
 Cumberland co. , on Cohansey R. , 33 m. S. by W. Philadelphia 
 (Penn.), with iron-foundry, glass and woollen factories, and 
 shipbuilding industry. P. (1880) 8700 ; (1890)11,400. 
 
 215 
 
B RI D — B R I E 
 
 Bridgetown, Eng. See Berry Pomeroy. 
 
 Bridgetown, vil. and port of entry, Canada, Nova Scotia, 
 Annapolis cc, 89 m. W. by N. Halifax. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bridgetown, vil. , Canada, Prince Edward I. , Kings co. , 30 
 m. E. by N. Charlottetown. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bridgetown, place, Eng. , 5 m. from Dulverton (Somerset- 
 shire), P.O. 
 
 Bridgetown, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Fermoy, near Castle- 
 townroche ; 3239 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bridgetown, place, Ire., S. co. Donegal, bar. Tirhugh, 4 ni. 
 S. Donegal, P.O. 
 
 Bridgetown, tn., Ire., SE. co. Wexford, bar. Bargy, 8 m. 
 SSW. Wexford, PM.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Bridgetown, cap. tn. and port of the island Barbados, on 
 the W. ct. , NE. shore of Carlisle Bay, an open roadstead 
 exposed on the S. and SW. About i m. distant is the govt, 
 house, and 2 m. S. of the town are barracks and arsenal. It 
 is the first port of call in the W. Indies of the Royal Mail 
 steamers from Southampton. SeeBarbados. P. (1891)21,000. 
 
 Bridgetown, post-tn., W. Australia, about 172 m. S. Perth, 
 on Blackwood R. ; the nearest town to the B. tin-field. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Bridge Trafford, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 4 
 m. NE. Chester, 2 m. NE. Mickle Trafford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 BrldgeTllle, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Pictou, 12 m. 
 from New Glasgow, on branch of East R. P. <i50o. 
 
 Brldgewater, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Lunenburg co. , 
 on R. La Have, 49 m. WSW. Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brldgewater, vil., Canada, Ontario, Hastings co., 46 m. 
 NW. by W. Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brldgewater, Eng. , Somerset. See Bridgwater. 
 
 Brldgewater, or Cox's Creek, tp., S. Australia, co. and 
 13^ m. SE. Adelaide, with copper-mine near. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Brldgewater, tp. , Tasmania, Buckingham co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Derwent, 11 m. NW. by N. Hobart. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Brldgewater, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., 9 m. 
 NE. Taunton. P. < 5000. 
 
 Brldgewater, East, tn., 3 m. to the N. by E. P. <:3000. 
 
 Brldgewater, West, tn., 3 m. to the NW. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Brldgewater, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania,, Beaver co. , on 
 Ohio R. , at the mouth of Beaver R., 24 m. NW. Pittsburg. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 Brldgewater, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, M'Cook co., 41 m. N. 
 by W. Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brldgewater, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Windsor co. , 16 m. E. 
 Rutland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brldgewater Canal, Eng., extending from a junction with 
 the Rochdale Canal at Manchester to the R. Mersey at Run- 
 corn, with a branch from Stretford to a junction with the Leeds 
 and Liverpool Canal at Leigh, and another from Preston 
 Brook, Cheshire, to a junction with the Trent and Mersey 
 Canal ; generally speaking, navigable by boats drawing 4 ft. 3 
 in. between Manchester and Runcorn, by boats drawing 4I ft. 
 between Runcorn and Preston Brook, and by boats drawing 4 
 ft. on the Leigh-Stretford branch ; constructed, 1761-65, by 
 Brindley, in great part at the expense of the Duke of Bridg- 
 water ; now owned by the Manchester Ship Canal Company. 
 Length, 40 m. 
 
 Brldgewater on Loddon, post-tn., Victoria, Bendigo co., 
 21 m. NW. Sandhurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brldgford, East, or Brldgtord on the Hill, par. and vil. , 
 Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 7 m. ENE. Nottingham, 
 on R. Trent, 2^ m. N. by E. Bingham stn., with site of old 
 Roman station in the neighbourhood, where many antiquities 
 have been found. PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Brldgford, West, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Roshcliffe 
 div., on the r. bk. of the Trent, i^ m. SSE. Nottingham. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Brldgford on the Hill. See Brldgford, East. 
 
 Brldghani, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, Mid div. , 23 m. SW. Nor- 
 wich, zh m. ESE. Roudham Junction, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bridgnorth, par. andmun. bor., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 
 13 m. NW. by N. Kidderminster, on the Severn (g.v.), by 
 which it is divided into two parts, the upper and lower town, 
 and with a stn. on the G. W. R. ; has large power-loom carpet 
 factory, worsted spinning-mills, tannery, and malthouses. The 
 public recreation grounds are the Grove and Castle Hill. The 
 name is derived from the town being N. of a bridge once existing 
 at Quatford, 2 m. lower down the river. Market-day, S. 3194 
 ac. P. 5900. B. St. Leonard, P. <3000 ; B. St. Mary Mag- 
 dalen, P. <:300o. 
 
 Brldgton, tn., U.S., Maine, Cumberland co., 34 m. NW. 
 Portland. P. <:3000. 
 
 Brldgtown, place, Eng., near Stafford, PMT.O. 
 
 Bridgwater, par., mun. bor., and seapt., Eng., Somerset, 
 B. div., on both sides of the Parrett, about 7 m. from its mouth 
 in the Bristol Channel, on the G. W, R. and the Somerset and 
 Dorset Rly. The only place in the world where ' Bath-bricks ' 
 (so called after the first maker) are made — from a peculiar 
 deposit of mud and sand mixed with diatoms on the banks of 
 216 
 
 the Parrett. B. has water communication by means of a canal 
 with Taunton, and carries on a foreign trade with the United 
 States, West Indies, and Canada. The docks are accessible to 
 vessels of 200 tons, but the entrance of the river is difficult, 
 and the tide often washes into it with great violence. In 
 Domesday Book B. is mentioned under the name of ' Brugie,' 
 but having been granted to Walter de Douay it became 
 ' Burg- Walter. ' The first charter was granted by John in 
 1200. Admiral Blake was born here in 1599. P. (mun. bor.) 
 12,400; par. P. 13,300. 
 
 Bridgwater, pari. div. , forming the middle part of Somerset. 
 P. (1891) 48,200. 
 
 Bridgwater Bay, Eng., on the N. ct. of Somerset. 
 
 Bridgwater with Chilton, eccles. dist. , Eng., Somerset- 
 shire. P. <40oo. 
 
 Bridlington, or Burlington (the latter spelling giving the 
 invariable local pronunciation), market-tn. and par., Eng., 
 Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 15^ m. SE. by S. Scar- 
 borough, on the NE. R. , i m. from B. Unay, an eccles. dist. 
 and sea-bathing resort, on B. Bay. Market-day, S. Par. 
 P. 6800 ; tn. P. 8900 ; eccles. pars. (B. Quay, Christehnrch) 
 P. <5ooo ; (B. Quay, Holy Trinity) P. < 1000. 
 
 Brldport, seapt. tn., mun. bor., and par. (till 1885 also a 
 pari, bor.), Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., on the Brit, 8 m. E. 
 Lyme Regis, on a branch of the G. W. R. , 2 m. from the S. ct. 
 Principal trade, the manufacture of ropes and cordage (for 
 which it has been famed for centuries), sail-canvas, and fishing 
 nets and lines. B. was a place of some importance before the 
 Conquest, and received its first charter from Henry III. The 
 town has a free school founded in 1708, and almshouses founded 
 in 1696. Market-days, W. and S. Mun. bor. P. 6600 ; par. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Brldport, post-tn., Tasmania, Dorset co., on the N. ct., 31 
 m. NNE. Launceston, in 147° 24' E. 
 
 Brldport, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Addison co., 31 m. NW. by 
 N. Rutland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brldsto'we, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, div. and i^ m. N W. 
 Ross, on the r. bk. of the Wye. P. <75o. 
 
 Brie, old dist., France, bounded on the W. and S. by the 
 Seine, and on the N. by the valleys of the Th^rouanne, Ourcq, 
 and other small tribs. of the Marne. B. once formed part of 
 the provs. Champagne and the Ile-de-France, but is now com- 
 prised in deps. Seine-et-Marne, Aisne, and Marne. Its caps, 
 were Brie-Comte- Robert and Meaux. 
 
 Brle-Comte-Robert, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, arr. 
 Melun, 16 m. SE. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <30oo. 
 
 Brleg, tn. , Ger., Prussia, prov. Silesia, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Oder, 26 m. SE. Breslau, cap. circle B. ; various manufactures. 
 P. (1871) 15,400; (1880) 17,500; (1890)20,200. 
 
 Brleg, or Brig, French spelling Brigne, vil., Switzd. , cant. 
 Valais, 17 m. E. Leuk, on the Rhone, at the foot of the road 
 leading over the Simplon Pass. Alt. 2340-2440 ft. P. < 2000, 
 
 Brlel, or Brlelle, fortified seapt. tn., Netherlands, prov. S. 
 Holland, cap. cant., in the I. Voome, on r. bk. of the Maas, 
 at its mouth, 14^ m. W. Rotterdam. It has military magazines 
 and a good harbour ; was the nucleus of the Dutch Republic, 
 its capture by William de la Marck, 1572, having been the first 
 important event in the struggle between Holland and Spain. 
 Admiral Van Tromp was a native of B. P. <:5000. 
 
 Brlenne le Chateau, tn., France, dep. Aube, arr. Bar-sur- 
 Aube, on the Aube, 22 m. E. by N. Troyes; as a county of 
 Champagne in the successive possession of the families of 
 Brienne, D'Enghien, Luxembourg, Lom6nie, and Baufre- 
 mont. At the Military School (founded 1776, suppressed 
 1790) Napoleon I. made his first studies ; a bronze statue of 
 him in the garb of a student of the school has been erected. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Brienon, or Brienon I'Archeveque, tn., France, dep. 
 Yonne, on the Arman9on, 31 m. SW. Troyes, arr. and 10 m. E, 
 Joigny. P. <:3000. 
 
 Brlenz, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, on the N. side of the Lake 
 of B., 14 m. SW. Sarnen. P. <30oo. 
 
 Brlenz, Lake of, Ger. Brienzer-see, is formed by the R. 
 Aar, at the foot of the valley of Hasle, and above the L. of Thun. 
 It is surrounded by elevated mountains ; the torrents that flow 
 from them form several cascades, the principal of which is the 
 falloftheGiessbach. Alt. 1856 ft.; area, 12 sq. m.; depth, 856ft. 
 
 Brlenza, tn., Italy, Basilicata, on the Melandro, prov. and 
 15 m. SW. by S. Potenza. P. 5000. 
 
 Brie Ponlllense, or Champenolse. See Aln <(dep. ). 
 
 Brlercllire, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, near Burnley. 
 P. <25oo. 
 
 BrlercUffe with Extwlstle, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Whalley 
 par., 3 m. NE. Burnley; 4227 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Brier Creek, riv., U.S., Georgia, flows SE. and enters the 
 Savannah. 
 
 Brl<;re, La Grande, lake, France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, 9 
 m. NW. St. Nazaire. 
 
 Brlerfield, eccles. par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, new 
 Burnley, on the L. & Y. R. P. 6100 ; tn. P. 5900. 
 
B RI E — BR I L 
 
 Brierfleld, vil., U.S., Alabama, Bibb co., 33 m. S. by W. 
 Birmingham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brierley, hamlet, Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div., 2 
 m. S. Leominster. 
 
 Brierley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barnsley div., 5 
 m. NE. Barnsley, i| m. NE. Upper Cudworth stn., PM.O. 
 P. <7So- See Fciklrk. 
 
 Brieriey Hill, eccles. par. and tn., Eng., S. Staffordshire, 2^ 
 m. SW. Dudley, and included in the pari. bor. of Dudley, with 3 
 stns. (B. H., Brettel Lane to the S. , and Ronudoak to the N. ) 
 on the G. W. R. The dist. abounds in minerals, specially 
 coal, iron, and fireclay. It has blast-furnaces and manufactures 
 of glass, bricks, and earthenware. P. 11,800. 
 
 Brieriy's Brook, rly. stn., Canada, Nova Scotia, 35^ m. 
 from New Glasgow. 
 • Brierton, par., Eng., Durham, in the E. of the SE. div., 
 
 4 m. SW. Hartlepool, 2\ m. W. by N. Seaton Carew stn. 
 
 P. <2S0. 
 
 Briery Cottages, par., Eng., Cumberland, near Keswick. 
 P. <:25o. 
 Bries. See Breziid>1>4uya. 
 
 Brlesen, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 24 m. NE. by 
 N. Thorn. P. 5000. 
 
 Briey, tn., France, dep. Meurthe et Moselle, 14 m. NW. 
 Metz, cap. arr. Alt. 845 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Brig, Switzd. See Brieg. 
 k Brigantlne Inlet, U.S., New Jersey, Atlantic co., in the E., 
 
 r in 39° 25' N. 
 
 Brlgden, vil. and rly. stn. , Canada, Ontario, co. Lambton, 
 70 m. from London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brigg, market-tn., Eng., Lincolnshire, Brigg div., 16 m. 
 NE. Gainsborough, on the M. S. & L. R. Market-day, Th. 
 Mean rainfall (1866-80), 24 in. P. <35oo. See Glanford 
 Brigg. 
 
 Brlgg, or Jfortli Lludsey, pari, div., Eng., Lincolnshire. 
 P. (1891) 49,100. 
 
 Briggs, The, islet. Ire., off the NE. ct. of co. Down, 2.\ m. 
 ENE. Bangor. 
 
 Brlgham, vil., Canada, Quebec, Brome co., on the R. 
 Yamaska, 42 m. SE. by E. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brigliam, par., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., 5 m. 
 SE. Maryport, on the L. & NW. R., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Brigbam, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 16 m. N. Hull, on the Driffield Canal, 3 m. SSE. Nafferton 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Brlgbam City, U.S., Utah, cap. of Box Elder co., 40 m. N. 
 by W. Salt Lake City. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Brigbouse, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Elland 
 div., 3 m. E. by S. Halifax, with flagstone quarries. Tn. 
 P. 10,300. See Hlpperbolnie. 
 
 Brlgbstone, PMT.O., Isle of Wight. See Brixton. 
 
 Brigbt, vil., Canada, Ontario, Oxford co., 36 m. NE. by E. 
 London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brigbt, par.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Lecale, Upper, 3 m. S. 
 Downpatrick, P.O. ; 5615 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Brigbt, post and mining tp. , Victoria, co. Delatite, 32 m. 
 S. by SE. Beechworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brlgbtbampton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 
 8\ m. W. Oxford, 4I m. S. by E. Witney. P. <25o. 
 
 Brlgbtllng, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 13 m. SSE. 
 Tunbridge Wells, 3I m. WSW. Robertsbridge stn. ; 4900 ac. 
 P. 750. 
 
 Brlgbtllngsea (brit'el-sl), par. andseapt.-tn., Eng., Essex, on 
 the E. shore of the estuary of the Colne, div. and 7^ m. SE. Col- 
 chester, on the G. E. R. , the par. forming a penin. between the 
 Colne and B. Creek. B. is a member of the cinque port of 
 Sandwich. PMT.O. P. <4O0o. 
 
 Brlgbton, port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Northumberland 
 CO., 64 m. W. by S. Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brlgbton (formerly Brlgbtbelmstone), pari. , mun., and co. 
 bor., and watering-place, Eng., co. Sussex, div. and 7^ m. 
 WSW. Lewes, on the English Channel, 502 m. by rail S. of 
 London. The town, sheltered on the N. and^NE. by the South 
 Downs, extends (including Hove and Kemp Town) for 3 m. along 
 the coast, fronted by a sea-wall, and occupying declivities on the 
 E. and W. , with a central valley. Consists almost wholly of new 
 and elegant streets, squares, and terraces. Principal structures 
 are the Royal Pavilion, built by George IV. when Prince of 
 Wales, since 1850 the property of the town ; the suspension 
 chain-pier ,'extending 1136 ft. into the sea, and the W. pier (iioo 
 ft.); theatre, concert hall, free library, museum, and picture 
 gallery ; Booth's museum (belonging to the corporation), con- 
 taining an excellent collection of birds ; assembly-rooms and 
 baths, and a large marine aquarium. The open spaces, besides 
 those of the central valley, include the Pavilion Grounds, Preston 
 Park (72 ac), and the Queen's Park (17 ac). There are 
 numerous boarding-schools, besides many daj^-schools. It is the 
 seat of the Sussex Literary and Scientific Institution, founded in 
 1836. Has communication by steamers from Newhaven with 
 Dieppe (France). B. was incorporated by royal charter in 1854. 
 
 It sends two members to House of Commons. The parliamen- 
 tary borough includes Hove (popularly known as W. Brighton), 
 besides Preston, which was annexed to the mimicipal borough 
 in 1873. Tn. P. (1801) 7300; (1851) 69,700; mun. (and now 
 also CO.) bor. P. (1871) 90,000; (1891) 115,900; pari. bor. P. 
 142,100; par. P. 102,700; eccles. par. (B. wltb West Blatcb- 
 lugtou) P. 37,900. 
 
 Brlgbton, settlement. New Zealand, South I. , BuUer co. , on 
 the W. ct. , 27 m. NNE. Greymouth. 
 
 Brlgbton, tn. and watering-place, S. Australia, Adelaide co. , 
 10 m. SW. by S. Adelaide. P. <isoo. 
 
 Brlgbton, rural municipality and post-stn. , Tasmania, Mon- 
 mouth CO., 13 m. N. by W. Hobart. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Brlgbton, vil., U.S., Illinois, Cook co., not far from 
 Chicago. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Brlgbton, vil., U.S., Illinois, on borders of Jersey and 
 Macoupin cos., 28 m. N. by E. St. Lewis (Mo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Brlgbton, vil. , U.S., Iowa, Washington co., 45 m. NW. by 
 W.Burlington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brlgbton, viL , U.S. , Michigan, Livingston co. , 40 m. WNW. 
 Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brlgbton, watering-place, Victoria, Bourke co., on Port 
 Phillip Bay, 5 m. S. by E. Melbourne. P. 9000. 
 
 Brlgbton, tn., U.S., Vermont, Essex co., 55 m. NE. by E. 
 Montpelier. P. < 3000. 
 
 Br^bton, New, eccles. par. and tn. , Eng. , Cheshire, Wirral 
 div., at the mouth of the R. Mersey, 3 m. NNW. Birkenhead, 
 on the Wirral Rly., with a lighthouse, battery, and lifeboat. 
 Watering-place with fine sandy beach. P. 7600. 
 
 Brlgbton Boad, stn., Eng., Worcestershire, E. div., on the 
 M. R., I J m. S. by E. Birmingham. 
 
 Brlgbtslde, the NE. div. of the pari. bor. of Sheffield. P. 
 67,100. 
 
 Brlgblslde Blerlow, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, in 
 the bor. of Sheffield, with a stn. (Brlgbtslde) on the M. R. P. 
 67,100; eccles. pars. (B. All Saints) P. 11,300; (B. St. Tbomas) 
 P. 13,600. 
 
 BrlgbtTvalton, or Brlgbtwaltbam, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, 
 div. and 8 m. NNW. Newbury, 6 m. SSE. Wantage Road stn., 
 PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Brlghtwater, post-tn., New Zealand, South I., Waimeaco., 
 12 m. from Nelson. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Brlgbtwell, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , 5J m. E, 
 Ipswich. P. <25o. See KesgravCe 
 
 Brlgbtvrell, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 7 m. SE. Abing- 
 don, 2 m. NW. by W. Wallingford, PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Brigbtwell, hamlet, Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 11^ m. 
 SE. Oxford. P. <:25o. 
 
 Brigbt>vell witb FoxbaU, eccles. par., Eng. See Ke8> 
 grave. 
 
 Brlgbt-well wltb Sotwcll, eccles. par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, 
 including B. hamlet. P. <75o. 
 
 Brlgbtwood, vil., U.S., D. C, 3 m. N. by E. Washington. 
 
 Brlgbtwood, tn., U.S., Indiana, Marion co., 3 m. NNE, 
 and a suburb of Indianapolis. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Brlgmerston, part of eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire. See 
 Mils ton. 
 
 Brlgnall, par., Eng., Yorkshire, in the N. of the Richmond 
 div. of the N. Riding, on the Greta, 9J m. NW. Richmond, 3J 
 m. S. by E. Barnard Castle stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Brlgnano Gera d'Adda, comm., Italy, prov. and 12 m. S. 
 Bergamo. P. <40oo. 
 
 Brignoles, tn. , France, dep. Var, 24 m. N. by E. Toulon, 
 cap. arr., in a beautiful situation. Alt. 750 ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Brlgovm, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bars. Condons and Clangibbon, 
 containing Mitchelstown ; 15,212 ac. P. <:5Cioo. 
 
 Brigsley, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Brigg div., 5 J m. 
 SSW. Great Grimsby, 2I m. W. by N. Holton le Clay stn. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Brlgstock, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, iij 
 m. NNE. Wellingborough, 5 m. E. Geddington stn., PMT.O. ; 
 6147 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brlgstock Mltb Staulou, eccles. par. , Eng. , Northampton- 
 shire, including B. hamlet. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Brlgue, vil. , Switzd. See Brleg. 
 
 Brigns, port of entry, Newfoundland, on Conception Bay, 38 
 m. NW. St. John's. P. 2000. 
 
 Brlbnega, tn., Spain, prov. Guadalajara, 33 m. NE. Alcala. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 Brill, par., Eng., co. and div. Buckingham, 10 m. W. 
 Aylesbury, i m. SW. by S. of its stn. on the Wotton Rly. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Brill wltb Boarstall, eccles. par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, 
 including B. hamlet. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brllley, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, div. and 17 m. WSW. 
 Leominster, i m. N. Whitney stn. P. <500. 
 
 Brllley wltb Mlcbaelcbnrcb, eccles. par. , Eng. , Hereford- 
 shire, including B. hamlet. P. <75o. 
 
 Brllllon, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Calumet co., 99 m. NW. 
 Milwaukee by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 ' 217 
 
B RI L — B RIS 
 
 Brllon, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 41 m. W. by 
 N. Kassel, cap. of circle B ; near it are mines of zinc (calamine). 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Brlmaston, hamlet, Wales, Pembrokeshire, 6 m. N. by W. 
 Haverfordwest. 
 
 Brlmtteld, par. and vil., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 
 6 m. NNE. Leominster, i m. SE. Woofferton June. P. < 
 750- 
 
 Brlmfleld, viL, U.S., Illinois, co. and 19 m. NW. by W. 
 Peoria. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Brlmfleld, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampden co., 20 m. 
 E. Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brlmbam, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 
 6^ m. SW. Ripon, 2 m. NNE. Dacre stn. Near it are the B. 
 Rocks, of millstone grit, weathered into singular shapes. 
 
 Brlmlnston, par. and vil., Eng., Derbyshire, Chesterfield 
 div., 2 m. NE. Chesterfield, PMT.O. P. < 4500. 
 
 Brlmpsfleld, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 
 Sl m. S. Cheltenham, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Brlmpsfleld wltb Cranbam, eccles. par., Eng., Glou- 
 cestershire, including B. hamlet. P. <75o. 
 
 Brlmpton, par., Eng., Berkshire, Newbury div., 11^ m. 
 WSW. Reading, 2 m. SW. Midgham stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Brlmpton, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 2^ m. W. by S. 
 Yeovil. P. <250. 
 
 Brlmscombe, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 
 3 m. SE. Stroud, with a stn. (B. for Cbalford) on the G. W. R. , 
 PMT.O. P.<:2ooo. 
 
 Brlmsdofrn, stn., Eng., Middlesex, Enfield div., on the 
 G. E. R. , 10 m. NNE. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Brlmslade, par., Eng., Wiltshire. See Savernake South 
 'wltli B. and Cadley. 
 
 Brims Xess, cape, Scot., Caithness, on the N. ct., in 3° 
 39' W. 
 
 Brlmstage, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Wirral div. , 4 m. S. by W. 
 Birkenhead, 2J m. W. by S. Spital stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Brimstone Hill, stn., on SW. side of St. Kitts, Brit. West 
 Indies ; former garrison. 
 
 Brin, Bryn, Cymric, ' a hill ridge' or ' hill.' 
 
 BrlnddlMin, or Blndr&ban, municip., Brit. India, NW. 
 Provs., dist. Muttra, on r. bk. Jumna, 30 m. NNE. Bhartpur, 
 one of the holiest cities of the Hindus, with numerous temples and 
 shrines. P. (1881) 21,500; (1891)31,600; Hindus, 30,500. 
 
 Brlndlsl (the ancient Brundusium), tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. 
 Lecce, on a small inlet on the E. ct. , at the mouth of which are 
 several islets, on one of which is a fort, on another a lighthouse 
 visible 14 m. , 39 m. ENE. Taranto ; a rapidly rising seaport, 
 the European terminus of part of the ' Overland Route ' to India. 
 The port is in regular communication with Corfu, the principal 
 ports of the Adriatic, and with Alexandria. Tonnage cleared 
 upwards of 1,000,000 annually, one-third British, one-third 
 Italian, and one-fourth Austrian. Principal import, coal; ex- 
 ports, corals, figs, wine, tartars, oil. Projects for repairing the 
 ancient Roman aqueducts in order to provide the town with an 
 abundant water-supply are under consideration. P. (1871) 
 13,000; (1881) 16,700. 
 
 Brlndlsl dl Hontagna, comm. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 
 7^ m. ESE. Potenza. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Brlndlster, vil. and bay, Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, 
 Sandsting par. , 16 m. N W. Lerwick. 
 
 Brindle, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Chorley div. , 6 m. SW. by 
 W. Blackburn, 2 m. SSW. Hoghton stn., P.O. ; 3104 ac. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Brindle Heath, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire, on the L. & Y. R. , 
 3 m. NW. Exchange stn. See Pendleton. 
 
 Brlndley, par., Eng., Cheshire, W. div., Acton par., 4 m. 
 NW. Nantwich. P. <25o. 
 
 Brlneton, hamlet, Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , 10 m. SW. 
 Stafford, and 5 m. SE. Newport. 
 
 Brlnghnrst, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., loj 
 m. S. by W. Oakham, 2 m. WSW. Rockingham stn. P. 
 
 Brlnghnrst with Great Easton and Drayton, eccles. par. , 
 Eng., Leicestershire, including tp. of B. P. <750. 
 
 Brlngsty Common, place, Eng., Herefordshire, 3 m. from 
 Bromyard, PM.O. 
 
 Brlngton, par., Eng., co., div., and 10 m. WNW. Hun- 
 tingdon, 3 m. N. by W. Kimbolton stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Brlngton, par. and vil., Eng., Mid div. of Northampton- 
 shire, 6^ m. WNW. Northampton, i m. SW. Althorpe Park 
 stn., PMT.O. ; 3761 ac. P.<75o. 
 
 Brlngton mUth Bythom and Old Weston, eccles. par., 
 Eng. , Huntingdonshire, including B. hamlet. P. <75o. 
 
 Brlnlngham, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 12 m. 
 WSW. Cromer, i m. N. Melton Constable stn., P.O. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Brlnkhom High Ward and Brlnkhnrn Low Ward, 
 
 two adjoining pars., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 
 on the Coquet, 9^ m. NW. by N. Morpeth, 3^ m. SE. Rothbury 
 Stn. P. of each < 250. See Framllngton, Long. | 
 
 218 
 
 Brlnkhlll, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Horncastle div. , 9 m. 
 S. by E. Louth, 4J m. WSW. Alford stn., P.O. P.<:250. 
 See Harrington. 
 
 Brlnkley, par., Eng., Cambridge, div. and 5 m. S. by 
 W. Newmarket, 2J m. S. by E. DuUingham stn., P.O. P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 Brlnkley, tn., U.S., Arkansas, Monroe co., 68 m. W. by 
 S. Memphis (Tenn.). P. < 2000. 
 
 Brlnklow, par. and vil., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 
 5% m. NW. by W. Rugby, li m. SW. of its stn. on the L. 
 & NW. R. , PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Brlnksway, part of eccles. par. , Eng. See Stockport. 
 
 Brlnknm, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 4 m. S. by 
 W. Bremen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Brlnkworth, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 9 
 m. W. Swindon, 3^ m. E. Somerford stn., P.O. ; 6059 ac 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Brlnlack, place. Ire., near Letterkenny (Donegal), P.O. 
 
 Brlnnlngton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Hyde div., i^ m. NE. 
 Stockport. P. 7100. 
 
 Brlnuy, par. , Ire. , S. co. Cork, bars. Kinalea, Carbery, E. 
 (E. div.), and Kinalmeaky, 3^ m. NNE. Bandon, on the Cork 
 and Bandon Rly. P. <75o. 
 
 Brlnon les Allemands, tn., France, dep. Nievre, 26 m. 
 NE. by N. Nevers. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Brlnscall, stn. , Eng., Lancashire, 3^ m. NE. Chorley, on 
 theL. &NW. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Brinsley, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., Nottinghamshire, 
 div. and 9 m. SW. by S. Mansfield, i^ m. N. by E. East- 
 wood stn. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Brlnsop, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div., 6 m. 
 NW. by W. Hereford, j.\ m. N. Credenhill stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Brlnsworth, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. 
 and 2 m. SSW. Rotherham, i m. ESE. Tinsley stn. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Brlnton, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 12^ m. W. by S. 
 Cromer, 2 m. N. Melton Constable stn., P.O. " P. <25o. See 
 Thornage. 
 
 Brldn, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Negreira. 
 P. 5800. 
 
 Brlonnals, small terr., France, in the SW. of Burgundy, 
 cap. Semur-en-B. 
 
 Brlonne, tn. , France, dep. Eure, on the Rille, 15 m. WSW. 
 Elbeuf, arr. and 9 m. NE. Bemay. P. <30oo. 
 
 Brlones, small tn. , Spain, prov. Logrono, dist. Haro. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 Brlonl, group of small isls. , Austria, at the mouth of the 
 harbour of Pola ; the chief islands are Brion, Great and Little, 
 San Girolamo, and several smaller ones. Fort Tegetthoff is on 
 Great B. , and freestone quarries on San Girolamo. Lighthouse 
 visible 14 m. 
 
 Brlonde, tn., France, dep. Haute Loire, arr. B. on the 
 AUier, 37 m. SSE. Clermont-Ferrand, with coal-mines. P. 
 <5000. 
 
 Brlsach, French sp>elling of Brelsach. 
 
 Brisbane, co.. New South Wales, crossed by 32° S. and 
 151° E. 
 
 Brisbane, city, cap. and principal seapt. of Queensland, 
 on the N. bk. of B. Riv. , about 25 m. by water from its mouth 
 in Moreton Bay, in 27° 28' S., and 153° 2' E. B. was first occu- 
 pied as a penal settlement in 1825, and was named after Sir 
 Thomas Brisbane, then governor of Australia. Since 1842, 
 when it was op>ened to free settlers, its growth has been rapid. 
 The city was incorporated in 1859. Seat of an Anglican bishop 
 and a Roman Catholic archbishop; has several parks, including 
 Queen's Park, part of the Botanic Gardens, and One Tree Hill, 
 now Mount Coot-tha, a large area reserved for the public and now 
 being improved. B. has been connected by rail since 1889 with 
 Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide {q.v.), and is the terminus of a 
 railway which runs several hundred miles W. into the interior. 
 The average depth alongside municipal wharves is 15-25 ft., 
 and the rise and fall of tide about 7 ft. 9 in. Shortest passage 
 in nautical miles to London, 11,820; passage by P. & O. 
 route, 13,050 m. ; by Orient route, 12,875 ™- '< t>y Torres Strait, 
 12,310m. Mean temp., yr. 69.2° F., Jan. 78°, July 58.8°; rain- 
 fall (i7yrs.), 52.36 in. P. 22,800. P., excluding South B. 
 (1871) 15,000; (1891) 25,900; within an area of 5 m. round 
 93,700. See B., South. 
 
 Brisbane, South, mun. , Queensland, on S. side of B. Riv., 
 a suburb of B. , with which it was at one time connected by 
 Victoria Bridge, a fine structure, which was, however, destroyed 
 in Feb. 1893 by a flood, which caused immense damage else- 
 where to the towns on both sides of the river. 
 
 Brisbane, short riv. , Queensland. See Brisbane, city. 
 
 Brisbane Water, an arm of the sea on the N. side of 
 Broken Bay, New South Wales, in about 33° 30' S. 
 
 Brlsbln, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Clearfield co., near the 
 centre of the state. P. <20oo. 
 
 Brlsco, vil., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 2^ m. SSE. 
 Carlisle, i^ m. SE. Cim:imersdale stn., P.O. 
 
B R I S — B R IT 
 
 Briscoe, CO. , U.S., Texas, in the NW., S. of 35° N. and 
 
 crossed in the E. by ioi° W. 
 
 Brlslghella, tn., Italy, Emilia, prov. Ravenna, on the 
 Lamone, 7 m. SW. Faenza. P. 13,000. 
 
 Brlsha, electoral div., Ire., Queen's co., dist. Mount- 
 rath. 
 
 Brisley, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 20 m. NW. by 
 W. Norwich, 3 m. WSW. County School stn., P.O. P. 
 <Soo. 
 
 Brlsley ivltli Ciateley, eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk, includ- 
 ing B. hamlet. P. <500. 
 
 Brlslliigtou, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., zh m. SE. 
 Bristol, on the G. W. R., PM.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Brlsoiis, The, two rocks, Eng., Cornwall, 60 and 70 ft. 
 high, I m. off the coast, 4 m. N. Land's End. 
 
 Brlstnall Fields, place, Eng., near Birmingham, P.O. 
 
 Bristol, city, pari., mun. , and co. bor., and seapt. , Eng., 
 situated chiefly in Gloucestershire, and partly in Somersetshire, 
 on the Avon, at the confluence of the Frome, and 8 m. SE. of 
 its mouth in the Bristol Channel, loj m. WNW. Bath, 33J m. 
 SSW. Gloucester, and 118 J m. W. London by the G. W. R. 
 Since 1831 it has included Clifton, to the W. of the original 
 city, within its mun. and pari, boundaries. Principal edifices, 
 the cathedral (formerly the abbey church of St. Augustine, the 
 most notable of the numerous religious houses which B. pos- 
 sessed in pre-Reformation times), the fine old church of St. 
 Mary, RedcUffe, rebuilt, with the exception of the N. porch, 
 which still remains, by Wm. Canynges and his grandson of the 
 same name in the latter part of the 14th and the middle of 
 the 15th century ; St. Stephen's Church, a beautiful late Gothic 
 edifice (1450-1490) ; a Roman Catholic cathedral (at Clifton) ; 
 the Exchange, used as a corn-market ; the B. Museum and 
 Library, Victoria Rooms. B. has also a University College 
 (founded 1876), to which the older medical school is now 
 attached, a proprietary Baptist college, a college at Clifton, 
 five grammar and collegiate schools, a fine arts academy, a 
 school of music, a school of art, merchant venturers' technical 
 school, a trade and mining school, a central free library, with 
 branches. B. gives name to a coalfield which extends 16 m. 
 SE. to Radstock in Somerset, and which is now of impor- 
 tance to its manufacturing industries. Its factories include 
 iron-foundries, silk-mills, floorcloth works, sugar-refineries, soap 
 and starch works, cocoa and chocolate works, corrugated iron 
 works, stained paper works, tobacco works, tanneries and 
 leather works, and boot and shoe factories ; and there are 
 shipbuilding yards and several industries subsidiary to ship- 
 building. The shipping interest has, however, always been 
 the most important at B., which, previous to the rise of 
 Liverpool, was the principal seaport in the W. of England. 
 The corporation has now jurisdiction over the whole of the 
 Avon from 4 m. above the city to the sea, and along the B. 
 Channel to Clevedon. The Avon at B. , though narrow, is 
 deep enough for large ships. In 1804-9 docks were formed 
 by changing the course of the riv. Avon, and by placing 
 locks at the extremity of the old channel. There are now 
 two half-tide basins (the Bathurst and Cumberland), a floating 
 harbour, 16 ft. deep on the sill at neap, 26 ft. deep at spring 
 tides, and the Avonmouth dock, 28 ft. deep on the sill at neap 
 tides ; and the corporation laid a bill before Parliament in 
 1893, asking for powers to form a new dock at Avonmouth 
 (including part of Dumball I. ) large enough to accommodate at 
 one time three of the largest Atlantic liners now afloat or on 
 the stocks, and capable of being entered at high water of the 
 lowest neap tides. B. has several dry docks, the largest (the 
 Albion) 522 ft. long, 14-16 ft. deep on the sill at high water 
 ordinary spring tides, and the new scheme provides for the 
 construction of a graving-dock suitable for the largest vessels. 
 The principal imports are grain, raw sugar, unmanufactured 
 tobacco, leather, fruit, petroleum, wine ; principal exports, 
 iron and ironwares and copper. There is a considerable 
 import of Canadian cattle. As to value of commerce and 
 extent of shipping, see Appendix, p. 13. B. was the first port 
 in Britain whence regular steam communication with the 
 U.S. of N. America was established. The steamships Great 
 Western and Great Britain, two of the pioneers of this trade, 
 were built here. B. first appears in history on two coins of 
 Ethelred II. (978-1016), which attest that they were struck at 
 ' Brie,' a contraction of Bricgstow ('bridge-place'), from which 
 its present name is derived. Its castle, rebuilt by Robert, Earl 
 of Gloucester (died 1147), was demolished in 1655. Its earliest 
 known charter of incorporation was granted by Henry II. 
 Among its most noted citizens are John and Sebastian Cabot, 
 the discoverers of the Labrador coast (1497), Colston the 
 philanthropist, the anniversary of whose birth (Nov. 2, O. S., 
 13, N. S., 1636) is annually celebrated by a number of B. 
 societies. Birthplace of Chatterton and Southey. The diocese 
 of B. was incorporated with that of Gloucester in 1836, but 
 arrangements are being made for its re-establishment. For rate 
 of increase of pop. since 1801, see England, table 2. Mun. 
 bor. P. (1801) 63,600; (1851) 137,300; (1871) 182,522; (1891) 
 
 221,600; pari, bor., composed of four divs., N., S., E., and 
 W. , each returning one member, P. (1891) 286,200. 
 
 Bristol, tn., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 16 m. SW. by W. 
 Hartford. P. (1890) 7400. 
 
 Bristol, vil., U.S., Indiana, Elkhart co., 89 m. E. by S. 
 Chicago (111.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bristol, tn., U.S., Maine, Lincoln co., on the site of the old 
 city and port of Pemaquid, 28 m. SSE. Augusta. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Bristol, CO., U.S., Massachusetts, adjoining the state of 
 Rhode I. on the E. 
 
 Bristol, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co., Pemige- 
 wassett R. , 28 m. NNW. Concord. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bristol, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Bucks co., on the r. bk. of 
 Delaware R., 22 m. NE. Philadelphia, with large seed-farm. 
 P. 6600. 
 
 Bristol, CO., U.S., Rhode I., on the E. frontier, bounded on 
 the W. and S. by Narragansett Bay, and on the SE. by Mount 
 Hope Bay. 
 
 Bristol, tn., U.S., Rhode I., B. co., on B. Harbour, 6 m. 
 WSW. Fall R. (Mass.) ; a summer resort, on a penin. between 
 Narragansett Bay on the W. and Mount Hope Bay on the E. ; 
 with large india-rubber works. P. 5500. 
 
 Bristol, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Day co., 140 m. NE. by E. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bristol, tn., U.S., in the NE. of Tennessee and Virginia, 
 102 m. ENE. Knoxville. Alt. 1689 ft. (R. R.). P. 6200. 
 
 Bristol, tn., U.S., Vermont, Addison co., 25 m. SSE. Biu-- 
 lington. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bristol Bay, Alaska, in 54° N., 160° W. 
 
 Bristol Cbannel, an arm of the Atlantic, in the W. of Eng- 
 land, between Wales and Monmouthshire on the N., Devon 
 and Somerset on the S. , its upper part forming the estuary of 
 the Severn, besides which river it receives the Avon, Parret, 
 Taw, Taff, and Towy. Lundy I., with lighthouse, is in the 
 mouth of the Channel. Contains Milford Haven, Carmarthen 
 Bay, and Swansea Bay on the N. , and Porlock and Bridgwater 
 Bays on the S. Its tides flow rapidly upward, and rise to a 
 greater height than anywhere else in the British Isles — at Swan- 
 sea and Ilfracombe 27 ft. at spring tides (20 or 21 ft. neap tides) ; 
 at Minehead, 32 ft. at spring, 24 ft. at neap tides ; at Newport, 
 38 ft. at spring tides, 29 ft. at neap tides. 
 
 Brlston, par. and vil, Eng., Norfolk, N. div., ii?t m. 
 WSW. Cromer, ijm. E. Melton Constable stn., PM.O. 'P. <: 
 1500; eccles. par. (B. -wltb Little Bnrgh and Sleltou 
 ConstaMe) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Brit, riv. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, rising in and flowing S. through 
 the W. div. past Bridport into Lyme Bay. 
 
 Britannia, stn., Eng., Lancashire, 2I m. SE. Bacup, on the 
 L. & Y. R., PM.O. 
 
 Britannia, PM. O. , Wales, i m. from Porth (Glamorganshire). 
 
 Britannia, or Mare Island, the most southerly of the group 
 of the Loyalty Is., NE. of New Caledonia, S. Pacific. 
 
 Britannia Mills, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Bagot co. , 39 m. E. 
 by N. Montreal. P. <isoo. 
 
 Britford, par. and vil., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., i| m. 
 SE. Salisbury, P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Britlidir, part of eccles. par., Wales, Glamorganshire, on 
 the L. & NW. and Rhymney Rly., PM.O. See Gelligaer. 
 
 Britbdir, locality, Wales, Montgomeryshire, in Berriew par. 
 (3I m. NW. Montgomery). 
 
 Britisb, place. Ire. , SW. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Massereene, 
 3 m. S. by W. Antrim, P.O. 
 
 Britisb Borneo, Guiana, Honduras, New Guinea. See 
 Borneo, Guiana, &c. 
 
 Britisb Columbia, the Pacific prov. of Canada, bounded on 
 the S. by the strait of Juan de Fuca and the U.S., on the E. by 
 the Rocky Mts. and 120° W. , on the N. by 60° N. , between 
 which and 55° N. the coast region belongs to Alaska, while S. of 
 55° N. all the islands, including the Queen Charlotte group, Van- 
 couver, &c. , belong to the prov. ; area, four times that of Great 
 Britain ; cap. Victoria, on Vancouver I. The country, which 
 has been described as a 'sea of mountains,' comprises three 
 principal systems on the mainland — the Rocky Mts. on the E. 
 frontier, having an average breadth of 60 m., crossed by 12 
 principal passes, of which the only one practicable, except for 
 pack-horses, is the Kicking Horse or Hector Pass, traversed by 
 the C. P. R. ; the mountains W. of the Rockies, collectively 
 known as the Gold Ranges, average width 80 m., principal, 
 the Selkirks, with many summits of 10,000 ft. , besides the Gold 
 (or Columbia), Purcell, and Carriboo Mts. ; the Coast Ranges, 
 sometimes called the Cascade Range, though quite distinct from 
 the mountains of that name in the U.S., average width 100 m. , 
 mean elevation 6000 to 7000 ft., with some peaks exceeding 
 9000 ft. The principal islands of the coast are formed by an- 
 other parallel series of mountains, the highest summit of which 
 in Vancouver I. is 7484 ft., while a considerable part of the 
 interior exceeds 2000 ft. The coast is deeply indented by many- 
 branched fiords, which afford good harbours and great faciUties 
 for intercommunication. A wide valley, at least 600 m. long, 
 stretches W. of the Rockies to the head of the Peace R. Be- 
 
 219 
 
BRIT — BRIT 
 
 tween the Gold and the Coast Ranges is the Interior Plateau, 
 average breadth loo m., mean elevation 3500 ft., declining 
 from S. to N. and intersected by several rivers ; the part S. of 
 the 53rd parallel is much diversified with hill-ranges, wide 
 rolling prairies, and forest-covered plateaux. Between the 53rd 
 and 56th parallels is a great network of lakes and streams, the 
 head-waters of several rivers. Chief rivers of the province : — 
 Fraser, Skeena, Stickeen, and Nasse in the W. , the Columbia 
 in the S., the Liard in the N., and the Peace R. in the E. ; 
 other rivers are the Thompson and Okanagan, tributaries of the 
 Fraser, and the Bella Coola and Dean or Salmon R. in the W. 
 Most of the rivers form long narrow lakes in their course, as the 
 Arrow, Okanagan, Shuswap, Salmon, Adams, Kamloops, and 
 Kootenay Lakes. Vast primeval forests, in which the coniferae 
 predominate, cover a great part of the prov., many of the 
 trees, especially on the W. slopes of the Coast Range, attaining 
 a gigantic size; most noted is the 'Douglas Spruce,' which 
 grows to 250 and 300 ft. ; other trees are the ' yellow pine,' 
 characteristic of the interior plateau, the yew, cedar, hemlock, 
 &c. Agricultural land is limited in comparison with the area 
 in the NW. Terrs., but there are extensive cultivable tracts, 
 chiefly 'bench-lands,' or terraces of gravel and silt, deposited 
 by water which at an earlier period flowed at the higher levels, 
 and forming in some parts millions of acres of fertile land. The 
 Okanagan and Spallumcheen valleys and the Kootenay (g^.v.) 
 dist. are amongst the most important arable tracts inland, but 
 there are many others, as those about the Peace R. ; on the coast 
 is the rich delta of the Fraser, and there are fertile lands in the 
 S. and E. of Vancouver I. The climate is healthy and more 
 temperate than that of any other part of Canada ; the warm 
 ' Chinook ' winds from the SW. blow over the prov. , southerly 
 currents are drawn in through the longitudinal valleys, while 
 the Rockies in their NW. trend shelter the country from NE. 
 winds. In the interior, extremes of heat and cold, especially on 
 the plateaux and towards the N. , are much greater than on the 
 coast. Wet and dry longitudinal belts alternate ; the warm 
 moisture-laden air from the Japan current, partly condensed by 
 the cold air from the Arctic current, renders the coast very 
 humid ; the winds which reach the E. side of the Coast Range 
 and the Interior Plateau consequently supply little moisture to 
 these parts, but on the lofty summits of the Selkirks they are 
 further condensed, giving rise to the extensive snow-fields and 
 glaciers which characterise these mountains, while on the 
 Rockies little moisture remains to be precipitated. The interior 
 plateau can be rendered fit for cropping only by irrigation. 
 Average rainfall at New Westminster, 58.4 in., at Nicola Lake 
 (interior plateau 2100 ft.) 12 in., at Clinton (interior plateau, 
 2978 ft.) 8.75 in. [Xew Westminster, Hope, Llllooet, 
 ^pence's Bridge, Esqnimalt.] Many parts both in Van- 
 couver I. and on the mainland appear to be peculiarly well 
 adapted for the cultivation of fruit, the canning and preserving 
 of which is a growing industry. Fish abound both inland and 
 off the coast, and large quantities of tinned salmon are exported. 
 The greatest wealth of the country consists in its minerals, as 
 yet imperfectly explored ; of gold, B. C. still supplies nearly 
 one-half the total produce of the Dominion, though the output 
 has been decreasing for several years, owing to the partial ex- 
 haustion of the surface deposits. It is obtained chiefly in the 
 Fraser Valley and at Baskerville in the Cariboo district ; coal 
 is mined extensively at Nanaimo, Wellington, and Comox in 
 Vancouver I., where excellent semi-bituminous coal (the best 
 on the Pacific seaboard) extends over a wide area, and varieties 
 ranging from lignite to anthracite are known to exist at several 
 places (lignite near. New Westminster, and along the Thompson 
 and Skeena rivers, bituminous coal near Kamloops, and semi- 
 anthracite in the E. Kootenay district) ; iron is worked in Texada 
 I., and magnetic iron ore occurs in the Queen Charlotte and 
 other islands ; exceedingly rich deposits of galena and silver- 
 bearing copper have been discovered in the W. Kootenay dist. , 
 of which Nelson is now the mining capital. SW. of Nelson is 
 the famous Toad Mt. ; other centres are, Pilot Bay, Ainsworth, 
 Hot Springs Camp, and the Slocan Lake dist. Platinum is 
 mined in the Yale dist. (in the S. of the prov. , E. of the Fraser). 
 See Canada, Dominion of, table. [E. J. H.] 
 
 Britlsli Cnmbo (or Combo), settlement, at mouth of 
 Gambia, opposite Bathurst {^.v.). 
 
 Britisli East AfHca, a vast terr. in eastern equatorial 
 Africa, situated between the German and Italian spheres of in- 
 fluence. It includes the coast from Wanga (4° 40' S. lat. ) to 
 the mouth of the riv. Juba (0° 15' S. lat.). In the interior the 
 S. boundary line runs from Wanga to a point in 1° S. lat. , on 
 the eastern shore of the Victoria Nyanza (Mt. Kilimanjaro being 
 German). The line is continued across Lake Victoria on the 
 parallel mentioned till it cuts the 30th degree of E. long., along 
 which it goes northward to Kordofan and Darfur, and turning 
 W. it includes these countries. The N. boundary line follows 
 the Juba R. from its mouth to the 6th degree of N. lat., thence 
 it coincides with this parallel as far as the 3Sth degree of E. long. , 
 along which it runs northward until it reaches the Rabat R. , 
 a trib. of the Blue Nile. To these regions we have to add the 
 220 
 
 isls. of Pemba, Lamu, Manda, and Patta. B. E. A. comprises 
 the main portion of the highlands of eastern equatorial Africa, in- 
 cluding the lofty mountains of Kenia, Elgon, and Ruwenzori, and 
 the high plateaux E. and NE, of the Victoria Nyanza. Towards 
 E. the country slopes down to the lowlands of the coast, and 
 towards W. and NW. to the valley of the Upper Nile. The 
 principal river is the Nile (g.v.), the upper course of which is 
 entirely within the terr. of B. E. A. ; it is navigable for small 
 steamers as far as the Albert Nyanza. The rivers flowing into 
 the Indian Ocean are smaller; but two of them. Tana and 
 Juba, are nevertheless of importance, as their lower courses are 
 navigable for Ught-draught vessels for several hundred miles in- 
 land. B. E. A. has many interesting lakes. It comprises the 
 northern half of the Victoria Nyanza. Then follow the peculiar 
 Rudolf and Stefanie Lakes, the remarkable Baringo, the pic- 
 turesque Naivasha, and the western source-lakes of the Nile, 
 the Albert and Albert Edward Nyanza. The inhabitants include 
 numerous large and small Bantu (^. v.) tribes, the most important 
 of which are the Waganda and Wanyoro ; further, the warlike 
 Masai and Galla {^.v.) tribes, of unknown origin, and totally 
 different from the Bantu ; moreover, a variety of Negro tribes, 
 inhabiting the banks of the Nile {g'.v.); and on the coast of 
 the Indian Ocean the Waswahili, a mixed race. The natural 
 resources of the country are many, and capable of great de- 
 velopment. At present the following exports are of importance : 
 cloves, gum-copal, ivory, indiarubber, sesame-seed, coco-nut, 
 coir, copra, orchella, Indian com, millet, rice, hides, and timber. 
 The principal imports are Manchester goods, ironware, copper, 
 brass, and iron wire, and various kinds of beads. The govern- 
 ing power is mainly vested in the Imperial British East Africa 
 Company, Limited, on which a Royal Charter was conferred in 
 Sept. 1888 ; but in April 1894 the British govt, determined to 
 declare Uganda (g.v.), N. of the Victoria Nyanza, a separate 
 Brit, protectorate, and to establish there a regular administration. 
 The East Africa Company is very energetic in improving the 
 state of the country, especially in the dists. near the coast ; the 
 natural resources are being developed, roads constructed, tele- 
 graph Unes opened, and all efforts made to suppress slavery and 
 the slave trade. A survey has been completed between the 
 coast and the Victoria Nyanza with a view to the construction 
 of a railway, the cost of which is estimated at ^^2, 500,000. 
 Custom-houses have been established at the principal ports. In 
 consideration of the concessions made by the Sultan of Zanzi- 
 bar to the Company, the latter pays him 80,000 dollars per 
 annum. The principal place on the coast is Mombasa, situated 
 about 150 m. N. of Zanzibar, the commercial centre of this part 
 of the mainland. The surrounding country is very fertile — coco- 
 nut, palms, coffee, tobacco, sugar-cane, wild indigo, and fibre 
 plants grow freely, and the cultivation of grain is capable of un- 
 limited extension. Next in importance follows Lamu ; further 
 N. other ports of importance are Wanga, Malindi, IVIambrui, 
 and Kismayu. The climate of the coast dists. is unhealthy to 
 Europeans, but many parts of the plateaux in the interior are 
 described as healthy and salubrious. Mombasa is connected by 
 submarine cable with Zanzibar, and post-offices exist at Mom- 
 basa, Malindi, and Lamu. The steamers of the Brit. East Africa 
 Company, and those of the Brit. India Steam Navigation 
 Company, call at the principal ports. Area (including Kordofan 
 and Darfur), over 1,000,000 sq. m. P. unknown. See Zan- 
 zibar, Uganda, Nile, Kordofan, Darfur. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Brltlsb Empire, Tbe. This is not an official name, but 
 is the name usually given to the whole area under the British 
 crown. The Queen of Great Britain and Ireland bears the title 
 of Empress only in relation to her Indian dominion. In the 
 popular sense the empire is made up of a large number of terrs. , 
 including large and small islands scattered over the globe, the 
 relations of which to the crown and the central government, as 
 shown in the notes to the following table, are very diverse. In 
 all of those which have a separate government there is a gover- 
 nor (governor-general or viceroy) appointed by the crown. 
 Those colonies in which the legislative body is wholly nominated 
 are called crown colonies, while those in which they are partly 
 nominated, partly elected, are sometimes said to have represen- 
 tative government. In those which have an elective legislative 
 assembly (the name usually given to the lower house where the 
 legislative body is divided into two chambers), or House of 
 Commons (as it is called in Canada), the executive government 
 is responsible to the local legislature, and such colonies are said 
 to have responsible government. In these the main bond of 
 connection with the mother country is the feeling of mutual 
 goodwill arising from a common language and a common 
 origin. In some of them the functions of the governor, import- 
 ant as they are, may be described as principally social, formal, 
 or ceremonial. The colonies with responsible government are 
 ten in number (the seven Australasian colonies, Canada, New- 
 foundland, and Cape Colony), and in all of them except Cape 
 Colony the white population far outnumbers the original native 
 population. In Cape Colony the proportion of whites is about 
 one-fourth. At present (1893) Natal, in which the whites are 
 even in less proportion than in Cape Colony, is also seeking to 
 
BRIT — BRIT 
 
 Table showing the Constituents of the British Empire. 
 
 Colonies, Possessions, Protectorates, &c. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. in Thou- 
 sands, 1891. 
 
 Colonies, Possessions, Protectorates, &c. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. in Thou- 
 sands, 1891. 
 
 Europe- 
 
 
 
 Auierlca — 
 
 
 
 Gibraltar,/; g . . . . 
 
 IS 
 
 19 
 
 Bermuda, d, h . 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 Malta, &.C., d 
 
 119 
 
 165 
 
 Canada, c 
 
 Newfoundland and Labrador, c . 
 
 3,456,383 
 
 4.833 
 
 
 
 
 160,200 
 
 202 
 
 Total for Europe . 
 Asia- 
 
 121 
 
 184 
 
 British Guiana, d, g . 
 British Honduras, e, h . 
 
 109,000 
 7.562 
 
 278 
 31 
 
 
 
 Cyprus, m 
 
 3-584 
 
 209 
 
 Falkland Is. , ^, ^ . 
 
 6,500 
 
 2 
 
 India and Burma, e, i (terr. under 
 
 
 
 West Indies (Grenada, e,g; St.' 
 
 
 
 Brit, administration) 
 
 964.993 
 
 221,173 
 
 Lucia, e,g; St. Vincent, e,g/ 
 
 
 
 Indian Feudatory States and other 
 
 
 
 Trinidad and Tobago, e, g ; 
 
 
 
 Dependencies, i . . , 
 
 595.167 
 
 66,050 
 
 Bahamas, d, h; Barbados, d, - 
 
 12,031 
 
 1.357 
 
 Sikkim ..... 
 
 3.090 
 
 50 
 
 h; Jamaica, d, h, of which the 
 
 
 
 Manipur 
 
 8,300 
 
 220 
 
 Turks' Is. are a dependency; 
 
 
 
 Burmese Dependencies 
 
 135,280 
 
 2,120 
 
 Leeward \s.,d,h 
 
 
 
 Baluchistan .... 
 
 121,620 
 
 173 
 500 
 
 
 
 
 Afghan-Indian Frontier Terr. . 
 
 31,660 
 
 Total for America 
 
 3.750.533 
 
 6,718 
 
 Andaman and Nicobar Is. . 
 Aden Dependencies — 
 
 3,180 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 Arabian Protected Terr. , Kuria- \ 
 
 
 
 Anstralaslan Colonies (Victoria, 
 
 
 
 Muria Is., Perim I., and >• 
 
 18,809 
 
 438 
 
 a; South Australia, a; Tasmania, 
 
 
 
 Sokotra . . . . j 
 
 
 
 a ; New South Wales, c ; Queens- > 
 
 3,161,457 
 
 3.852 
 
 Ceylon, e, g 
 
 25.365 
 
 3,008 
 
 land, c ; Western Austraha, c;i 
 
 
 
 Straits Settlements, c, h 
 
 1,472 
 
 513 
 
 New Zealand, c) . . . ) 
 
 
 
 Malay Protected States,/ . 
 
 26,610 
 
 412 
 
 Pacific Ocean — 
 
 
 
 Borneo Protectorates, k (Brit. N. "i 
 
 
 
 Dependencies of New South 
 
 
 
 Borneo, Brunei, Sarawak), and > 
 
 74.739 
 
 So5 
 
 Wales- 
 
 
 
 Labuan,/, ^ . . . j 
 
 
 
 Lord Howe I., Norfolk I., ) 
 Pitcairn I. . . . j 
 
 
 
 Islands in the Indian Ocean — 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 I 
 
 Christmas I. , « . 
 
 39 
 
 uninhabited. 
 
 Dependencies of Tasmania — 
 
 
 
 Keeling Is., n . 
 Islands in the S. China Sea — 
 
 8 
 
 0.5 
 
 Macquarie Is. ... 
 Dependencies of New Zealand — 
 
 170 
 
 uninhabited. 
 
 Sprattley \.,o . 
 
 
 uninhabited. 
 
 Kermadec, Bounty, Anti- \ 
 
 
 
 Amboyna Cay, o , . . 
 
 
 uninhabited. 
 
 podes, Auckland, and V 
 
 438 
 
 142 
 
 8,045 
 
 89,000 
 
 234 
 
 35 
 
 16 
 
 166 
 
 
 Hong Kong, e, g . 
 
 Total for Asia . 
 
 30 
 
 221 
 
 Campbell Is. . . ) 
 
 Cook Is 
 
 Fiji Is., e, ^(including Rotumah) 
 
 9 
 125 
 300 
 
 2,013,946 
 
 295.593 
 
 Africa — 
 
 
 
 Brit. New Guinea 
 
 Ascension,/ 
 
 34 
 
 0.16 
 
 Christmas I., . 
 
 Basuto-land,/, h . 
 
 10,293 
 
 21Q 
 
 Maiden I., . 
 
 0.2 
 0.05 
 35 
 
 Bechuana-land Protectorate,/ 
 
 386,200 
 
 ? 
 
 Phoenix Is. , / . 
 
 British Bechuana-land,/, h . 
 
 60,800 
 
 73 
 
 Gilbert Is. , / . 
 
 Cape Colony, a, and Dependencies 
 
 Gambia, e, g 
 
 Gold Coast Colony, e,g 
 
 Lagos, e,g 
 
 221,311 
 
 69 
 
 39,060 
 
 1,070 
 
 1.527 
 14 
 
 1,500 
 86 
 
 Total for Australasia . 
 
 
 3.259.728 
 
 4.322 
 
 
 
 Mauritius, d, g, and Dependencies 
 
 880 
 
 371 
 
 
 
 
 Natal, c 
 
 20,460 
 
 544 
 
 Total for Europe 
 
 121 
 
 184 
 
 Niger Terr. & Niger Coast Protec.,/fe 
 
 500,000 
 
 25,000 
 
 ,, ,, Asia .... 
 
 2,013,946 
 
 295.593 
 
 St. Helena,/,^ .... 
 
 47 
 
 4 
 
 ,, ,, Africa 
 
 2,445,224 
 
 29.541 
 
 Sierra Leone, e, g 
 
 3,000 
 
 75 
 
 ,, ,, America 
 
 3.750,533 
 
 6,718 
 
 Somali Protectorate, k, Zanzibar, ^ 
 
 
 
 ,, ,, Australasia 
 
 3.259.728 
 
 4.322 
 
 Pemba, and sphere of Brit. Im- V 
 
 perial East African Co. , k, I j 
 
 Sphere of Operations of Brit. \ 
 
 750,000 
 
 p 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grand total of Colonies, &c. 
 
 11,469,431 
 
 336.174 
 
 
 500,000 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 Nyassa-land,/ . . . j 
 
 
 
 British Isles .... 
 
 120,927 
 
 38-105 
 
 Zululand,/, h . . . . 
 Total for Africa . 
 
 12,000 
 
 148 
 
 Grand total of Empire (round 
 numbers) .... 
 
 
 
 11,590,000 
 
 374,000 
 
 2,445,224 
 
 29.541 
 
 
 
 have responsible government conferred on it. In all the other 
 colonies the whites are greatly outnumbered by coloured races. 
 
 A number of islands and rocks throughout the world are 
 British territory or under British protection, but are not 
 included in any colony or separate protectorate. Many of 
 these have not permanent inhabitants, but are, or have been, 
 leased by the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury for guano 
 collection, or for coco-nut planting. The rents are paid into 
 the Exchequer. Among these are Sombrero (West Indies^, 
 Raine I., Bell Cay and Bramble Cay (near Brit. New Guinea), 
 Sydney I., Caroline I., Flint I., Pilgrim, Ducie, Bauman, 
 Roggewein, and Teinhoven, Coral, Dudosa, Starbuck, Little 
 Scrub, Palmerston, Vostoc, and Willis's, Fanning, Penrhyn 
 or Tongarewa, Johnston, Gardner, Nassau, Suwarrow I., and 
 the EUice Is. , all in the Pacific Ocean. The Great and Little 
 Basses and Minicoy, small islands, Indian Ocean, with light- 
 houses maintained by the Board of Trade. Tristan da Cunha 
 in the S. Atlantic. 
 
 a. Legislative assembly and legislative council wholly elected. 
 l>. Elected legislative assembly (lower house), legislative council 
 (upper house), partly elected, partly nominated, by the crown 
 (none), c. Elected legislative assembly, legislative council 
 wholly nominated, usually by the crown (governor), d. No 
 legislative assembly, legislative council partly nominated by the 
 
 crown (governor), partly elected, e. No legislative assembly, 
 legislative council wholly nominated by the crown (governor or 
 viceroy), or containing only nominated and ex oficio members. 
 / No legislative council ; legislative power delegated to the 
 officer administering the government, g. Power of legislating 
 by order in council reserved for the crown. h. No power 
 reserved for the crown of legislating by order in council, i. 
 Under the Secretary of State for India. / Under the Admiralty. 
 k. Under the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. /. Spheres 
 of influence. m. Turkish, but under British administration. 
 n. Two of the members of council in the Straits Settlements 
 are nominated by the Chambers of Commerce of Singapore and 
 Penang. Christmas I. (Indian Ocean) and Keeling Is. are 
 under the governor of the Straits Settlements, o. In the same 
 position as the islands mentioned in the last paragraph. /. 
 Under the High Commissioner of the Western Pacific. 
 
 British Frontier, govt. stn. , at the mouth of the Amakuru, 
 in the extreme NW. of Brit. Guiana. 
 
 British Isles, The, form an immense archipelago of about 
 5500 islands and rocks, at a small distance from the W. shores 
 of central Europe, from which it is separated by the North Sea, 
 the Strait of Dover, and the English Channel. See England, 
 Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and Vnlted Kingdom. 
 
 Brlto, seapt.. Central America. Nicaragua, on the Pacific ct., 
 
BRIT — BROA 
 
 60 m. SSE. Managua, in 10° 20' N. , the western terminus of the 
 Nicaragua Canal, now in progress. 
 
 Briton Ferry, seapt. tn. and par., Wales, Glamorganshire, 
 Mid div., 2i m. S. by W. Neath, on the G. W. R., with blast- 
 furnaces and coal-mines ; dock 18 ft. deep at ordinary neap, 25 
 ft. at ordinary spring tides. P. 5800. 
 
 Brltstown, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. Richmond, 130 m. NNE. 
 Beaufort West. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brlttanla, rly. stn. , Canada, Ontario, 6 m. from Ottawa, on 
 the C. P. R. 
 
 Brittany, the name given by the English to the old French 
 prov. of Bretagne in the NW. of France, forming an extensive 
 penin. between the English Channel and the Atlantic Ocean, 
 now comprised in the deps. Finistere, C6te-du-Nord, Morbihan, 
 and Loire-Inf^rieure. It was divided into Upper B. (Haute 
 Bretagne), cap. Rennes, and Lower B. (Basse Bretagne), cap. 
 Vannes. The people are known as Bretons, and the names of 
 both people and prov. are due to the fact that numerous settle- 
 ments were made here by British tribes, driven out of Britain 
 by the Angles and Saxons in the 5th to the 7th centuries, and 
 whose lang^ge, Breton or Armorican, closely allied to the 
 Welsh, is spoken in the prov. to the present day W. of a line 
 stretching from the mouth of the Vilaine to a point on the N. 
 coast W. of St. Brieuc, and also on the coast between the 
 mouth of the Vilaine and that of the Loire. The name Ar- 
 morican is derived from an ancient name once applied to a large 
 area in the W. of France, but which ultimately became confined 
 to this penin. 
 
 Brlttas, place, Ire., SE. co. Kilkenny, bar. Gowran, 13 m. 
 SE. by S. Kilkenny, P.O. 
 
 Brlttas Bay, Ire. , on the E. ct. of co. Wicklow, in 52° 52' N. 
 
 Brittle, Locli, an inlet, Scot., Inverness-shire, isl. of Skye, 
 on the S. ct. , in 6° i8'-2o' W. 
 
 Brlttnan, vil., Switzd., cant. Aargau, 7 m. S. by E. Olten. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Brltton, vil. , U.S., S. Dakota, Marshall co., 155 m. NE. by 
 E. Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brltway, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bars. Barrymore and Kinna- 
 talloon, 5 m. SE. Rathcormack, on R. Bride. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Brlttrell Prior, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Henley div. , 13 m. 
 N. by W. Reading, 2 m. SW. Watlington stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Britwell Salome, par., J m. NE. B. Prior, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Britz (toel Berlin), vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle 
 Teltow, dist. Rixdorf. P. 6000. 
 
 Brlve, ancient Briva Curretia, tn., France, dep. Corrfeze, 39 
 m. E. P^rigueux, cap. arr. ; situated in a rich valley amid 
 varied scenery. Birthplace of Cardinal Dubois. The name of 
 the town is derived from an old Celtic word meaning ' bridge. ' 
 P. II, 100. 
 
 BrlTlesca, tn., Spain, prov. and 20 m. NE. Burgos, on the 
 Oca. P. <400o. 
 
 Brlxeu, tn. , Austria, crownland Tirol, 21 m. NE. Bozen, in 
 the valley of the Eisack, and on the Brenner Rly. , a few miles S. 
 of the point where the railway through the Pusterthal branches 
 off to the E. ; has mineral baths ; once seat of a prince bishop, 
 whose bishopric was secularised in 1803, and united to Tirol. 
 Birthplace of Fallmerayer. Alt. 1175 ft. P. 5200. 
 
 Brlxham, par., Eng., Devonshire, Torquay div., on S. side 
 of Tor Bay, opposite Torquay, and on the G. W. R. ; head- 
 quarters of the fisheries in the bay (chiefly trawling for flat- 
 fish, haddocks, whitings, &c.). Par. 5612 ac, P. 8000; tn. 
 (Loiirer B., part of par. ) P. 6200. 
 
 Brlxbam wltb C'liarston Ferrers, eccles. par., Eng., 
 Devonshire. P. <25oo. 
 
 Brlxlegg, Austria, Tirol. See Kattenberg. 
 
 Brixton, par. and viL , Eng. , Devonshire, Totnes div. , 5 m. 
 E. by S. Plymouth, i m. from the estuary of the Yealme, PM.O. 
 P. <:7SO. 
 
 Brixton, or Brighstone (brai's'n), par., Eng., Hampshire, 
 Isle of Wight div., i m. from SW. ct., 6 m. SW. Newport, 3 
 m. S. Calbourne stn. , PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Brixton, suburb of London, Eng., Surrey, Lambeth bor. 
 (see Lambeth), 3 m. S. by W. St. Paul's, London, on the L. C. 
 & D. R. (B. and S. StockweU stn.). Pari. div. P. 90,400. 
 
 Brixton Deverill, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 4 
 m. S. Warminster. P. <25o. 
 
 Brlxworth, par. and viL, Eng., Mid div. of Northampton- 
 shire, 7 m. N. Northampton, on the L. & NW. R., with iron 
 ores (brown hematite), PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brize Norton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 11 
 m. WSW. Woodstock, 4^ m. W. by S. Witney, 2 m. NNW. 
 Bampton stn., P.O. P. <;75o. 
 
 Brjenica, tn., Bulgaria, prov. Rahova, 25 m. W. Plevna. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Brjest, tn. , Biilgaria, prov. SviStov, 16 m. W. by S. Nikopoli. 
 P. <300o. 
 
 Bro, coram., Sweden, prov. Upsala, on the NE. side of Lake 
 Maler, 19 m. NW. Stockholm. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Broach, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay dist. , 32 m. N. by E. Sural, 
 near the mouth of the Narbadd, one of the oldest seaports known 
 222 
 
 in the commerce of India with the East or West. The mouth 
 of the Narbada has the advantage of possessing high banks out 
 of the reach of flooding, and being contiguous to a highly pro- 
 ductive region ; but the port is difficult of access, a fact men- 
 tioned as far back as the first century A. D. , and B. dechned with 
 the rise of Surat in the sixteenth century. P. 40,200. Hindus, 
 25,300; Moham. 11,400. 
 
 Broad Bay, inlet, Scot., E. ct. of Lewis, Ross-shire, 8 m. 
 by 3i m. 
 
 Broadbeut, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Parry Sound dist., 
 68 m. NNE. Collingwood. 
 
 Broadbottom, vil., Eng., Cheshire, Hyde div., 7 m. NE. 
 Stockport, with stn. (Mottrani and B.) on the M. S. & L. R,, 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Broadbrldge Heath, hamlet, Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 
 li m. NW. by W. Horsham, P.O. 
 
 Broad Brook, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Hartford co., 12 m. 
 NE. byN. Hartford. P.<:i5oo. 
 
 Broad Bury, an upland tract, Eng., in the NW. of Devon- 
 shire, about 8 m. NE. Launceston, 6 m. W. Okehampton. 
 
 Broadcar, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Norfolk. See Shropham. 
 
 Broad Chalke, par. and viL, Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 
 on the Chalk, 7^ m. WSW. Salisbury, 4 m. SSE. Dinton stn. , 
 PM.O. ; 6966 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Broad Clist (or Clyst), par., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton 
 div., 5 m. NE. Exeter, i^ ni. N. of its stn. on the L. & SW. R.. 
 PMT.O.; 9326 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Broad Clyst with Westwood, eccles. par. , Eng. , including 
 B. C. hamlet. P. <;25oo. 
 
 Broad Cove, \il. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. and 6 m. SW. 
 Digby, near St. Mary's Bay. P. <:i500. 
 
 Broad Cove, or Cherry Hill, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. 
 and 20 m. SW. Limenburg. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Broad Down, an upland tract, Eng. , in the S. of the Honiton 
 div. of Devonshire, about 15 m. E. Exeter, and 5 m. S. Honiton. 
 
 Broadfield, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, 2^ m. NW. Bimting- 
 ford. P. <25o. See Cottered. 
 
 Broadfield, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Heywood div., on the 
 L. & Y. R. , 2I "1- E. by S. Bury. 
 
 Broadford, tn. , Ire., E. co. Clare, bar. Lower Tulla, 8 m. 
 W. KiUaloe, PMT.O. P.<250. 
 
 Broadford, place. Ire., NW. co. Kildare, bar. Carbury, 11 J 
 m. SW. by S. Trim, P.O. 
 
 Broadford, tn. , Ire. , SW. co. Limerick, bar. Glenquin, 22 
 m. ESE. Listowel, P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Broadford, \i\., Scot., isl. of Skye, on B. Bay, 15J m. N. by 
 E. Point of Sleat, PMT.O. 
 
 Broadford, post-tn. , Victoria, Dalhousie co. , 43 m. N. Mel- 
 bourne. P. ■<i5oo. 
 
 Broad Green, vil. , Eng. , Lancashire, 4 m. E. Lime Street 
 stn., Liverpool, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Broad Green, eccles. par., Eng., E. Surrey, Croydon par. 
 P. 9300. 
 
 Broad Haven, bay. Ire. , NW. ct. co. Mayo. 
 
 Broad Haven, the SE. corner of St. Bride Bay, Wales, 
 Pembrokeshire. 
 
 Broad Haven, Stags of, islets, Ire. , off N. ct. co. Mayo. 
 
 Broadlieath, part of eccles. par., Eng., Worcestershire, 
 Bewdley div., 3 m. NW. by W. Worcester, P.O. See HaUow. 
 
 Broad Heath, stn. , Eng. , Cheshire, Altrincham div. , on the 
 L. & NW. R., gl m. E. by N. Warrington. 
 
 Broadhembnry, par. and viL, Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton 
 div., loi m. SE. by E. Tiverton, and 4^ m. NW. by W. 
 Honiton, 3^ m. N. Sidmouth June, P.O. ; 4822 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Broadhempston, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 
 7i m. W. by N. Torquay, 2 m. NE. Staverton stn., P.O. 
 
 P"<750- 
 
 Broadholme, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 
 5 m. WNW. Lincoln, i m. SE. Saxilby stn. P. <:25o. See 
 Thorney. 
 
 Broadland, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Beadle co., 97 m. E. by 
 N. Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Broadley, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire, 3 m. N. Rochdale, on the 
 L. & Y. R. 
 
 Broadley Conunon, plzicfe, Eng., near Waltham Cross 
 (Herts.), P.O. 
 
 Broadmarsh, Tasmania. See Elderslie. 
 
 Broadmayne, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., 3^ m. SE. 
 Dorchester, PM.O. P. <5oo. See Knighton, West. 
 
 Broadmeadows, post-tn. , Victoria, Bourke co. , 10 m. N. by 
 W.Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Broad Nymet (nim'et), eccles. par., Eng. See Bow, or 
 Myniet Tracey. 
 
 Broadoak, par., Eng., Cornwall, Bodmin div., 6 m. SE. by 
 E. Bodmin, 2i m. SW. Doublebois stn., P.O. P. <5oo. See 
 Boconnoc. 
 
 Broad Oak, place, Eng., Herefordshire, near Ross, 4 m. 
 from St. Weonards, P.O. 
 
 Broad Oak, part of eccles. par Eng,, Dorsetshire. See 
 Symondsbnry. 
 
BROA — BROC 
 
 Broad Oak Cross, hamlet, Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 6J m. 
 W. Rye, P.O. (Broadoak). 
 
 Broad Klver, U.S., rises at the foot of the Blue Ridge in the 
 ■VV. of N. Carolina, enters S. Carolina and flows SSE. , uniting 
 with the Saluda at Columbia to form the Congaree. 
 
 Broads, The, is the flat district lying about the lower 
 courses of the Yare, Bure, and Waveney, in Norfolk and Suf- 
 folk, chiefly in the former. The three rivers converge towards 
 Yarmouth, where they flow into Breydon Water, a tidal lake 4J 
 m. by I m. The tide is felt, though feebly, 30 m. up the rivers. 
 Scattered singly or in groups over the district are the ' broads,' 
 large shallow lakes, connected with the rivers by channels or 
 ■ dykes. ' The principal are navigable for boats drawing four 
 feet of water and several for larger craft. Extensive reedy 
 marshes stretch on all sides, many of them being below the level 
 of the adjoining rivers, into which the waters are pumped by 
 turbine wheels. Fish abound. Waterfowl are numerous, and 
 some of the Broads are favourite nurseries. In the upper reaches 
 the banks are wooded, and many picturesque spots are found. 
 Several places of historic interest, as St. Benedict's Abbey and 
 Burgh Castle. Most of the Broads are connected with the Bure. 
 They include Wroxham, the ' Queen of the Broads,' Hoveton, 
 &c. On the trib. Ant is Barton, connected with which is the 
 Dilham Canal. Hickling, Heigham Sound, and Horsey Mere 
 are connected with the Thurne, or Hundred Stream ; also 
 Whitelsea, Somerton, and Martham. On the Yare are Sur- 
 lingham and Rockland ; on the Waveney, Oulton, connected 
 with L. Lothing, a part of Lowestoft harbour, by a lock which 
 gives access to sea-going vessels. The New Cut, a canal 3 m. 
 long, commences at Reedham and joins the Yare with the 
 Wensum. The Muck Fleet dyke, navigable only for small 
 boats, leads from the Bure to the Ormesby group. Fritton 
 Decoy, without a connecting channel, lies within the bend of 
 the Waveney. [E. J. H.] 
 
 Broadsea, fishing vil., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on the N. 
 ct. , close to Fraserburgh. P. <7So. 
 
 Broadsea Bay, Scot. , Wigtownshire, in the W. , in 54° 53' N. 
 
 Broadside, vil. , Eng. , Northumberland. See Cattou. 
 
 Broad Somerford, Eng. See Somerford Magna. 
 
 Broad Sound, a long bay on the E. ct. of Queensland, 
 opening northwards, and having its mouth in about 22° S. 
 
 Broad Sound, channel, Wales, on the W. ct. of Pembroke- 
 shire, between Skomer and Shokham Is. 
 
 Broa<lstalr8 (formerly Bradstowe), eccles. par., much fre- 
 quented bathing-place, Eng., Kent, I. of Thanet div., E. ct., 
 2 m. NNE. Ramsgate, on the L. C. & D. R., with firm 
 sands and precipitous chalk cliffs, PMT.O. Urban sanitary 
 dist. (B. and St. Peter's) P. 5200. 
 
 Broadstone, stn. and PM.O., Eng., Dorset. See Poole 
 Junction. 
 
 Broadstone, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Salop. See Mnns- 
 low. 
 
 Broad Street, stn., Eng., Surrey, div. and 2 m. NW. by W. 
 Guildford. 
 
 Broad Street, Eng. , London, the terminus of the N. L, R. , 
 adjoining Liverpool St. stn., i m. NE. St. Paul's. 
 
 Broadstrutber, meteorological stn. , Eng. , Northumberland. 
 See Cheviot. 
 
 Broad Top ]Monntain, U.S., near the middle meridian of 
 Pennsylvania, towards the S. , with beds of bituminous coal. 
 
 Broad Town, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Cricklade div. , 5^ m. 
 SW. by W. Swindon, 3 m. SSE. Wootton Bassett stn., P.O. 
 P. <50o. 
 
 Broadview, vil. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R. , 
 264 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Broadwas, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., on 
 the Teme, 6 m. W. Worcester, li m. E. Knightwick stn., 
 P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Broadwater, par. and vil., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 
 8^ m. E. by S. Arundel, the vil. i m. N. Worthing, which is in 
 the par. P. 15,900. 
 
 Broadwater, tp. , New South Wales, Richmond co. , to the 
 N. of Grafton. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Broadwater DoTvn, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 
 2 m. WSW. Tunbridge Wells. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Broadway, par. and vil., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., 4J m. 
 SSW. Dorchester, i m. S. Upwey Junction. P. < 1000. 
 
 Broadway, par. and vil., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 
 8 m. SE. Taunton, 2| m. W. Ilminster. P. <soo. 
 
 Broadway, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, div. and 6 m. SE. 
 Evesham, 5 m. WSW. Campden stn. ; 4990 ac. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Broadway, place. Ire., 2 m. from Belfast (Antrim), P.O. 
 
 Broadway, tn., Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Forth, 9 m. SSE. 
 Wexford , PM. O. P. < 250. 
 
 Broadway, hamlet, Wales, Pembrokeshire, i^ m. from the 
 W. ct. , 5 m. W. by S. Haverfordwest. 
 
 Broadway St. Peter, hamlet, Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 
 17I m. WSW. Norwich. 
 
 Broadway St. Andrew, i J m. to the S. by E. , in the Mid 
 div. , 3 m. E. Stow Bedon stn. 
 
 Broadwell, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 
 14 J m. SE. Evesham, 2 m. WNW. Addlestrop stn., P.O. 
 P. <Soo. 
 
 Broadwell, Eng. , Oxfordshire. See Bradwell. 
 
 Broadwell with Addlestrop, eccles. par. , Eng. , Glouces- 
 tershire, including B. hamlet. P. <7So- 
 
 Broadwey, place, Eng. , Dorsetshire, near Dorchester, PM.O. 
 
 Broadwlnsor, par. and vil. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , 9J 
 m. NE. Lyme Regis, 4m. SSE. Crewkerne stn. ; coal; PMT.O.; 
 6303 ac. P. < 1 500; eccles. par. (B. with Blackdown and 
 Drinipton) P. < 1500. 
 
 Broadwoodkeliy, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 
 i6| m. SE. by S. Bideford, 5 m. NW. North Tawton stn. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Broadwoodwidger, par. and vil., Eng., Devonshire, Tavi- 
 stock div., 6 m. NE. by E. Launceston, P.O.; 10,655 ^^- P- < 
 1000. 
 
 Brohnry, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Leominster div. , on the 
 1. bk. of the Wye, 11 m. W. by N. Hereford, 4 m. WSW, 
 Moorhampton stn. P. <:25o. See Bredwardlne. 
 
 Brock, Scotch and dialectic English, ' a badger.' 
 
 Brock, riv., Eng., in the NW. of Lancashire, 1. bk. trib. ot 
 the Wyre. 
 
 Brock, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire, Lancaster div. , on the L, & 
 NW. R., 6J m. N. by W. Preston. 
 
 Brock, vil., or group of vils., Prussia, Westphalia, govt. 
 Minden, near Bielefeld. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Brockagh, tnld. , Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. Ballinacor, N., 13 
 m. W. by N. Wicklow. P. <50o. 
 
 Brockdish, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., on the Waveney, 
 i8| m. S. by W. Norwich, 2i m. SW. by S. Harleston stn., 
 PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Brocken, or Blockshei^, a granite mt., Ger., Prussia, in 
 the extreme SW. of the prov. Saxony, 20 m. WSW. Halber- 
 stadt, culminating point of the Harz Mts. Alt. 3745 ft. It is 
 cultivated nearly to the summit. On the top is a meteorological 
 stn. Mean temp., yr. 37.3'' F.; mean rainfall, 67 in. 
 
 Brockenliurst, par. and vil., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest 
 div. , on the Boldre, 9^ m. SW. by W. Southampton, on the L. 
 & SW. R. ; 4044 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Brockford, part of eccles. par. , Eng. See Wetherlngsett. 
 
 Broekhall, par. , Eng. , S. div. of Northamptonshire, 8 J m. 
 W. by N. Northampton, 2| m. N. Weedon stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Brockhani, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., Surrey, Reigate div., 
 
 2 m. E. Dorking, PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brockhampton, vil. , Eng. , Gloucestershire. See Southam. 
 
 Brockhampton, part of eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire. See 
 Havant. 
 
 Brockhampton, vil. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Leominster div. , 
 on R. Wye, 12 m. E. by S. Leominster, 2 m. ENE. Bromyard 
 stn., P.O. See Norton. 
 
 Brockhampton, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 5 m. 
 N. Ross, 7 m. SE. Hereford, 2 m. ENE. Fawley stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Brockhurst, hamlet, Eng. , Hampshire, Fareham div. , 2^ m. 
 WNW. Portsmouth, on the L. & SW. R. (Fort B.). 
 
 Brockholes, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Holmfirth div., on the L. & Y. R., 4 m. S. Huddersfield, 
 PMT.O. See Honley. 
 
 Brockholes, par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Grimsargh. 
 
 Brockleshy, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Brigg div. , 8^ m. W. by 
 N. Great Grimsby, i| m. S. by W. Habrough stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Brockleshy with Klrmington, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lincoln- 
 shire, including B. hamlet. P. <7So. 
 
 Brockley, par. , Eng. , Somersetshire, N. div. , 8^ m. WSW. 
 Bristol, 2^ m. SW. Nailsea stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Brockley, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 5J m. SSW, 
 Bury St. Edmunds, 5 m. WSW. Welnetham stn. P.O. at the 
 hamlet of B. Green. P. <5oo. 
 
 Brockley, a suburb of London, Eng., Surrey, Lewisham 
 bor., 5 m. SE. by S. St. Paul's, London, on the L. B. & S. C. 
 and S. E. Rlys. B. Lane is on the L. C. & D. R. See 
 Lewisham. 
 
 Brockley >Vhlns, stn., Eng., Durham, 6 m. E. Gateshead, 
 on the NE. R. 
 
 Brockmoor, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Kingswinford 
 par. , with blast-furnaces. P. <40oo. 
 
 Brockport, vil., U.S., New York, Monroe co., on the Erie 
 Canal, 17 m. W. by N. Rochester. P. <:4000. 
 
 Brockton, or Lipplncott, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. York, 
 
 3 m. from Toronto. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Brockton, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Salop. See Stanton, 
 Long. 
 
 Brockton, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , 4 m. SE. by S. 
 Stafford, i m. S. Milford and Brocton stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Brockton, city, U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., 14 m. 
 N. by E. Taunton, with manufactures of boots and shoes. P. 
 (1880)13,600; (1890)27,300. 
 
 BrockTille, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Leeds co. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the St. Lawrence, 47 m. NE. by E. Kingston. 
 P. 8800. 
 
 223 
 
B ROC - 
 
 Brockwaj Centre, vil, U.S., in the SE. of Michigan, St. 
 Clair CO. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brockwelr, or Brookswar, vil. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, on 
 R. Wye, 6 m. N. Chepstow. Vessels ascend the Wye to this 
 place to receive goods brought by barges down the river. P.O. 
 
 Brockwortb, par. and vil., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkes- 
 bury div., 2h ™- E. by S. Gloucester, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Brocton, Eng. , Staffordshire. See Brockton. 
 
 Bred, or Marsonla, tn. , Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, on the 
 Save, 44 m. SW. Eszek. Mean ternp., yr. 52° F., Jan. 29.8°, 
 July 71.8°. Alt. 295-315 ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Brod (esky, tn. , Austria. See Bohmlscli-Brod. 
 
 BroddtM), important iron-works, Sweden, near Falun. 
 
 Brodkead, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Green co., on Sugar R., 
 80 m. WSW. Milwaukee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brodick (Scand. 'broad bay town'), eccles. par., Scot., 
 Buteshire, I. of Arran, on B. Bay. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Brodle, stn., Scot., Elginshire, on the H. R., 4 m. WSW. 
 Forres, P.O. 
 
 Brodsworth, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 
 S m. NW. by W. Doncaster, 3 m. E. Frickley stn., P.O. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Brody, tn. , Austria, in the E. of crownland Galicia, 42 m. 
 NNW. Tamopol, an important centre of trade with Russia. 
 P. 20,000. 
 
 Brody, mts. , Bohemia. See Brdy. 
 
 Brod Zelezny, tn. , Austria. See Elsenbrod. 
 
 Broek in Wat«rland, vil. , Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, 
 4 m. NNE. Amsterdam, with numerous residences of Amsterdam 
 merchants ; formerly noted for its excessive cleanliness, which 
 was such that till 1858 there was no road by which vehicles 
 might enter the village, lest the horses should dirty the streets. 
 P. <; 2000. 
 
 Brogden, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 9 m. SW. Skip- 
 ton. P. <250. 
 
 Broglie. See Breuil. 
 
 Broglie, formerly Chambrols, tn., France, dep. Eure, on 
 the Charentonne, 17 m. SE. by E. Lisieux. P. <20oo. 
 
 Brogue. See Breuil. 
 
 Brolcb, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 6 m. NE. Aix-la- 
 Chapelle. P. < 3000. 
 
 Broich, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and dist. Kempen. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Brolcta, vil., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 6^ m. WSW. Essen, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Ruhr, opposite Miilheim. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Broil. See Breuil. 
 
 Broke, post-tn., New South Wales, Northumberland co., 37 
 m. W. by N. Newcastle. P. < 1500. 
 
 Broken Bay, an inlet of the S. Pacific, New South Wales, at 
 mouth of Hawkesbury R. , in 33° 35' S. Shores greatly indented. 
 There is safe anchorage for vessels of all sizes. A favourite place 
 of resort for pleasure-seekers from Sydney. 
 
 Brokenborongh, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 
 9^ m. SW. Cirencester, i^ m. NW. Malmesbury stn., P.O. 
 P. <500. See Ckarlton. 
 
 Broken Bow, city, U.S., Nebraska, Custer co., 57 m. ENE. 
 of the confluence of the N. and S. Platte. P. <20oo. 
 
 Broken Cross, place, Eng. , Cheshire, near Macclesfield, P.O. 
 
 Broken nill, tn., New South Wales, situated on a narrow 
 ridge running several miles NE. and SW., about 150 ft. above 
 the plain, in the great silver-mining dist. in the S. of the Barrier 
 Range, about 140 m. N. by E. of the SW. angle of the colony, 
 connected by rail with Silverton and Adelaide. Beds of ex- 
 cellent asbestos are also reported in the dist. The working of 
 the B. H. silver lode began in 1884. P.-(i89i) about 30,000. 
 
 Broken KlTcr, New South Wales, rises in Broken Ranges, 
 flows N. and W. for 120 m. , and joins the Goulbum R. 
 
 Brolo, comm. , on the N. ct. of Sicily, prov. and 39 m. W. 
 Messina. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bromberg, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Posen, 25 m. WNW. 
 Thorn, on the Brahe, at the point of junction of the B. Canal, 
 which connects the Brahe vrith the Netze ; cap. circle B. Mean 
 temp., 3rr. 45.3° F., Jan. 27.9°, July 65.1°, P. 41,400. 
 
 Bromborongb, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., on the 
 Mersey and the G. W. & L. & N. W. joint rlys., 5 m. SSE. 
 Birkenhead. P. <20oo. 
 
 Brome, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 2 m. N. Eye. P. < 
 500. 
 
 Brome with Oakley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Suffolk, including 
 B. hamlet. P. <7So. 
 
 Brome, CO., Canada, Quebec, bounded S. by Vermont, U.S., 
 E. by Lake Memphremagog, between 72° and 73° W. 
 
 Brome, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Brome co. , on R. Yamaska, 
 52 m. SE. by E. MontreaL P. < 1500. 
 
 Bromeswell (locally pronounced briim'zel), par., Eng., 
 Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 9^ m. NE. by E. Ipswich, at the 
 head of the estuary of R. Deben. P. <25o. 
 
 Bromfield, par., Eng., Cumberland div., 6i m. W. Wigton. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Bromfleld, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., on the Onny 
 224 
 
 - B RO N 
 
 and Teme, 11 m. N. Leominster, 3 m. NW. by W. Ludlow, on 
 the L. & NW. R. & G. W. R. ; 6322 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Bromford Lane, stn. , Eng. See Oldbnry and B. 1/ 
 
 Bromtaam (brum'am), par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggles,- 
 wade div., 2^ m. NW. by W. Bedford, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Brombam, par. and vil. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Devizes div. , 9 m. 
 NE. by E. Trowbridge, 3 m. NE. Melksham stn., PM.O. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 Brombam with Oakley, eccles. par., Eng., Bedfordshire, 
 including B. hamlet. P. <7.;o. 
 
 Bromley, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Kent, on the N. border 
 of the Sevenoaks div. , 6 m. ENE. Croydon, with stns. on the 
 L. C. & D. R. and SE. R. Market-day, Th. 4706 ac. P. 
 21,700. 
 
 Bromley, a suburb of London, Eng., Middlesex, Tower 
 Hamlets bor. , 3 m. E. by N. St. Paul's, London, on the G. E. R. 
 
 Bromley, South, stn. , on the N. L. R. 
 
 Bromley, or Burnt Creek, tn., Victoria, co. Gladstone, 
 104 m. NW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bromley Common, eccles. pars. , Eng. , Kent co. , Bromley, 
 PMT.O. Bromley Holy Trinity with B. C. P.<iooo- 
 B. St. Luke with B. C. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Bromley Cross, stn., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. N. Bolton, on 
 theL. & Y. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Bromley, Great, par. and vil., Eng., Essex, div. and 41^ m. 
 E. Colchester, 2 m. SE. Ardleigh stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Bromley, Little, par., li m. NE. by N. Great Bromley, 
 P.O. P.<:500. 
 
 Bromley Regis, Eng. , Staffordshire. See King's Bromley. 
 
 Bromo, isl., Sweden, in Lake Wener, with plate-glass 
 manufactures. 
 
 Brompton, a northern suburb of Chatham, Eng., Kent, 
 included in the pari. bor. of Chatham, and within the fortified 
 lines, with naval hospital barracks, &c. The stn. called New 
 B. is the next stn. to the E. of Chatham on the L. C. & D. R. 
 
 Brompton, a suburb of London, Eng., 3-4^ m. WSW. St. 
 Paul's, with a stn. (Gloucester Boad) on the District Rly. 
 (inner circle), and another (West B.) on the West London 
 Rly. 
 
 Brompton, part of eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Richmond div. , on the Swale, 3 m. E. by S. Richmond, i m. 
 WSW. Catterick Bridge stn., P.O. See Easby. 
 
 Brompton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the E. of 
 the Richmond div. , i2i m. SSE. Darlington, on the NE. R. , 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brompton, par., Eng,, Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby 
 div., 7^ m. SW. by W. Scarborough, near Sawdon stn., 
 PMT.O. ; 5317 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Brompton, ward of Hindmarsh tn. , S. Australia, co. and 
 near Adelaide. P. (i88i)<3ooo. 
 
 •Brompton and Phiston, par., Eng., Salop, Forden Union. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Brompton Falls, vil., Canada, Quebec, Richmond co,, on 
 the R. St. Francis, 99 m. SSW. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brompton, Jie\r, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, near Chatham, 
 with a stn. (Xew B.) on the L. C. & D. R. P. 12,100. 
 
 Brompton Patrick, Eng. See Patrick Brompton. 
 
 Brompton Italpb, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 
 
 10 m. WNW. Taunton, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Brompton Regis, par. and vil., Eng., Somerset, Wellington 
 div., 11^ m. N. Tiverton, 4^ m. NE. by N. Brushford stn., 
 P.O.; 9029 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Brompton with Snainton, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 including B. hamlet, near Scarborough. P. < 1500. 
 
 Broms Ash, place, Eng., Hereford, 4 m. from Ross, P.O. 
 
 Bromsberrow, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean 
 div., 9i m. W, by N. Tewkesbury, 4 m, SE, Ledbury stn,, 
 P,0. P.<5oo. 
 
 Bromsebro, hamlet, Sweden, prov. and 29 m. SW. by S. 
 Kalmar, near the mouth of the Bromsa. Celebrated in history 
 for the treaties between Sweden and Denmark in 1541, 1641, 
 and 1645. 
 
 BromsgroTe, par. and market-tn., Eng., Worcestershire, 
 E. div., 13 m. SW. Birmingham, on the M. R. Chief industry, 
 wrought nailmaking, but there are also waggon, indigo, and 
 flax lint works, and clothing and button manufactories. The 
 Birmingham sanatorium is situated in N. part of the parish, 
 and the town has a large grammar school, founded by Edward 
 VI. Market-day, Tu. Par. 11,649 ^^.i P- 13,000; urban 
 sanitary dist. (country dist.) P. 5100. 
 
 Bromsgrore Lickey, hill range, N. of Bromsgrove, Wor- 
 cestershire, in which rise several affluents of the Trent and 
 the Severn. 
 
 Bromwich, West, Eng. See West Bromwicb. 
 
 Bromyard, market-tn. and par., Eng., Hereford, div, and 
 
 11 m. E. by S. Leominster, on a branch of the G, W, R. , 
 PMT.O. Market-day, Th. Par. P. < 1500. 
 
 Broncastellan, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, ij m. SE. 
 Aberystwith. P. <250. 
 Brondesbury, eccles. par. , Eng. , Middlesex, Harrow div. , 
 
BRON — BROO 
 
 on the Hampstead June. Rly. (Edgeware Road), 5 m. WNW. 
 St. Paul's. See Willesden, also Kllburn. 
 
 Brondolo, a fortified vil. of Northern Italy, at the S. ex- 
 tremity of the island of Lido, 3 m. S. Chioggia, on 1. bk. of 
 the Brenta. It was formerly a flourishing town at the mouth 
 of the Adige, which has changed its course. The Porto di 
 Brondolo is a shallow bay at the mouth of the Bacchiglione. 
 
 Brougwyn, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 7 m. E. by S. 
 Cardigan, P.O. P. <5oo. See Bettivs ETan. 
 
 Brong>vyn, hamlet, Wales, Montgomeryshire, 8 m. NNW. 
 Welshpool, with a stn. (Bryngwyii) on the Cambrian Rly. 
 
 Bronl, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 10 m. SE. by 
 S. Pavia. P. 6000. 
 
 Bronington, par., Wales, Flintshire, 4J m. SW. Whit- 
 church, P.O. ; 4692 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Bronkborst, vil., Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the Ijssel, 
 13 m. NE. by E. Arnhem. P. <2ooo. 
 
 BroiiJlys, par., Wales, near Talgarth (Brecknockshire), P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Bronn, ' a well.' See Brunn. 
 
 Bronnltsy, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 32 m. by rail SE. of 
 Moscow. P. 7900. 
 
 Brono, tn. and small isl. , on the W. ct. of Norway, Nord- 
 land, in 65° 28' N. Mean temp., yr. 41° F. , Feb. 29.3°, July 
 56.0° ; mean rainfall (11 yrs.), 32.7 in. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Broiison, vil., U.S., Florida, Levy co. , 98 m. SW. of the 
 mouth of St. John's R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bronson, vil., U.S., Michigan, Branch co., 113 m. WSW. 
 Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bronte, vil., Canada, Ontario, Halton co., on Lake Ontario, 
 i2| m. NE. Hamilton. P. <;i500. 
 
 Bronte, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 24 m. NW. by N. Catania. 
 The title of Duke of B. was given to Admiral Lord Nelson by 
 the Neapolitan government in 1799. P. 15,000. 
 
 Bron-y-Gartli, place, Eng., Shropshire, 4 m. NE. Os- 
 westry, P.O. 
 
 Bronwydd Arms, stn., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 
 on the G. W. R., 3 m. N. by E. Carmarthen, P.O. 
 
 Brood Core, bay, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I., on 
 the W. ct., in 46° 15' N. 
 
 Brook, par. and vil., Eng., Isle of Wight, on SW. ct., 8 m. 
 WSW. Newport, 3 m. S. by W. Ningwood stn., P.O. P. 250. 
 
 Brook, par. and vil., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 4 m. E. by 
 N. Ashford, 2 m. SE. by S. Wye stn., P.O. P.<25o. See 
 Hlnxhill. 
 
 Brook Chine, a small, deep, and narrow valley, Eng. , in Isle 
 of Wight div. of Hampshire, 6 m. E. by S. of The Needles. 
 
 Brooke, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 7 m. SSE. Norwich, 
 4^ m. SE. Swainsthorpe stn., PM.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Brooke, par., Eng., Rutland, 2 m. S. by W. Oakham. P. 
 <:25o. See Oakham. 
 
 Brooke, co., U.S., W. Virginia, in the ' Panhandle' between 
 the Ohio and the E. frontier, with coal-mines. 
 
 Brookeborongh, tn., Ire., SE. co. Fermanagh, bar. Ma- 
 gherastephana, 10 m. E. by S. Enniskillen, PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Brooketon, settlement at the S. entrance to Brunei Bay, 
 Borneo, founded after the state of Brunei was taken under 
 British protection. 
 
 Brookfleld, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Colchester, 53 
 m. by rail from Halifax. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Brookfleld, part of eccles. par., Eng., Middlesex, in St. 
 Pan eras [q.v.) par. 
 
 Brookfleld, settlement, Queensland, co. Stanley, about 10 
 m. from Brisbane. 
 
 Brookfleld, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co., 24 m. 
 NNW. Bridgeport. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Brookfleld, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., 16 m. 
 W. by S. Worcester. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Brookfleld, North, tn., 4 m. to the NNE. P. <4000. 
 
 Brookfleld, West, tn., 3 m. WNW. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Brookfleld, tn., U.S., Missouri, Linn co., 96 m. E. St. 
 Joseph. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Brookharen, tn., U.S., Mississippi, Lincoln co., 60 m. 
 SSE. Vicksburg, important centre of lumber trade. P. <3000. 
 
 Brookhlll, electoral div. , Ire., co. Fermanagh, dist. Clonelly. 
 
 Brookings, city, U.S., S. Dakota, Brookings co., 102 m. 
 NNE. Yankton. P. <20oo. 
 
 Brookland, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 5 m. NE. by 
 E. Rye, on the SE. R., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (B. with 
 Fairfleld) P. <5oo. 
 
 Brooklands, stn. , Eng. , Cheshire, Altrincham div. , on the 
 L. & NW. R., ^\ m. W. Stockport, PMT.O. 
 
 Brooklands, or Bagnley, eccles. par. , Eng. See Bagnley. 
 
 Brookllu, vil., Canada, Ontario prov. and co., 29 m. NE. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brooklln, tn., U.S., Maine, Hancock co., 40 m. S. by E. 
 Bangor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brookllne, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co., a re- 
 sidential suburb of Boston, on the Charles R. , which separates it 
 from Cambridge and from Boston. P. (1880) 8100; (1890)12,100. 
 
 Brooklyn, or Musgrave Harbour, vil. , Canada, Newfound- 
 land, on W. side of Bonavista Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brooklyn, or Herring Core, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, 
 Queen's co. , on E. side of Liverpool Harbour, 2^ m. from 
 Liverpool. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brooklyn, vil., U.S., California, Alameda co., on San Fran- 
 cisco Bay, 10 m. ESE. San Francisco. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Brooklyn, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Windham co., 31 m. N. 
 by E. New London. P. < 3000. 
 
 Brooklyn, tn., U.S., Iowa, Poweshiek co., 50 m. WSW. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Brooklyn, vil., U.S., Michigan, Jackson co., 62 m. W. by 
 S. Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brooklyn, city and seapt., U.S., New York, King's co., on 
 Long I., opposite New York, with which it has been connected 
 since May 1883 by an iron-wire suspension bridge (with tramway 
 line) nearly a mile long and 135 ft. above the water. Though 
 an independent municipality, it is to a large extent a residential 
 suburb of New York, and being built on a site presenting con- 
 siderable inequalities, has a picturesque appearance. Principal 
 public buildings, the City Hall, of white marble, the State 
 arsenal, extensive marine barracks, and the Marine Hospital ; 
 on the S. shore of Wallabout Bay is the U.S. navy yard, the 
 principal naval station of the country. It has two parks, Wash- 
 ington Park and Prospect Park, the latter situated on an elevated 
 ridge in the SW. part of the city. Greenwood cemetery is 
 noted for its beauty. Numerous scientific and other institutions. 
 It has 16 m. of water-front, and the warehouses lining its docks 
 contain a greater value of goods than even those of New York. As 
 to the harbour, see Ne'w York. B. ranks as the fourth American 
 city in value of manufactiures, havmg numerous flour-mills, sugar 
 refineries, breweries, brass and copper works, &c. The first 
 settlement (1636) was formed by a few Walloon colonists, and 
 was called Breuckelen. P. (1800) 3298; (1850)96,850; (1870) 
 396,099; (1880)566,700; (1890)806,343. 
 
 Brooklyn, vil., U.S., Ohio, Cuyahoga co., a southern suburb 
 of Cleveland. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Brookmonnt, stn. , Ire. , co. Antrim, 16 m. SW. Belfast. 
 
 Brooks, CO., U.S., Georgia, S. frontier, W. of the middle. 
 
 Brooksby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 5J m. W. 
 by S. Melton Mowbray, on the R. Wreak and the M. R. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Brookston, vil., U.S., Indiana, White co., 91 m. SSE. 
 Chicago (111.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Brook Street, hamlet, Eng., Kent, div. and 7 m. SW. Ash- 
 ford, 3^ m. NW. Appledore stn., PM.O. 
 
 Brooksvllle, vil., U.S., Florida, Hernando co., 140 m. 
 SSW. of the mouth of St. John's R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brooksvllle, tn., U.S., Maine, Hancock co., 50 m. E. 
 Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 BrooksTvar, vil., Eng. See Brockwelr. 
 
 Brookthorpe, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 
 4 m. S. Gloucester, 2 m. NE. Haresfield stn., P.O. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (B. -fvlth Whaddon) P. <500. 
 
 BrookTllle, tn., U.S., Indiana, Franklin co. , on 1. bk. of 
 White R., 63 m. ESE. Indianapolis, with abundant water- 
 power. P. < 3000. 
 
 BrookTllle, city, U.S., Kansas, Saline co. , 120 m. W. by S. 
 Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 BrookTllle, vil., U.S., Ohio, Montgomery co., 52 m. N. by 
 E. Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 BrookTllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Jefferson co., on Red 
 Bank Creek, 65 m. NE. Pittsburg. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Brookwood, stn. , Eng. , in the W. of Surrey, on the L. & 
 SW. R. , the station for the Woking necropolis, which is imme- 
 diately adjoining, 28 m. by rail from Waterloo stn. 
 
 Broom, hamlet, Eng. , Bedfordshire, on the Ivel, 9 m. SE. 
 by E. Bedford, div. and i| m. SW. Biggleswade stn., P.O. 
 
 Broom, par., Eng., co. and 2 m. W. Durham. P. < 2000. 
 
 Broom, hamlet, Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 7 m. W. 
 Stratford-on-Avon, a junction stn. on the M. R., P.O. 
 
 Broom, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Droitwich div., 5 m. 
 ENE. Kidderminster, 2 m. E. Churchill stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Broom, Loch, and Little Loch Broom, two inlets of the 
 W. ct. of Scot. , between cos. Ross and Cromarty. 
 
 Broom, South, eccles. par. , Eng. See Southbroom. 
 
 Broome, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 12 m. SE. by S. Nor- 
 wich, i^ m. NW. Ellingham stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Broome, rly. stn., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 20 m. ESE. 
 Newtown, on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Broome, co. , U.S., New York, on the S. frontier, crossed in 
 the W. by 76° W. 
 
 Broome, a pearl fishing stn. and small seapt. on the W. ct. 
 of the Kimberley div. of W. Australia, in 18° S. P. < 1500. 
 
 Broomfleld, rly. stn., Eng., Cumberland, in the NW. of the 
 Penrith div., io| m. NE. by E. Maryport, on the C. R. 
 
 Broomfleld, par. , Eng., Essex, on the Chelmer, div. and 2 
 m. N. Chelmsford, PMT.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Broomfleld, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 5^ m. SE. by 
 E. Maidstone, 2 m. S. Hollingboiu-ne stn. P. <25o. See Leeds. 
 
 P 
 
BROO — BROU 
 
 Broonifield, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 4 m. N. 
 by W. Taunton, P.O. ; 4080 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Broomfleld, electoral div.. Ire., SE, co. Monaghan, bar. 
 Farney, 12^ m. WNW. Dundalk. 
 
 Broonilield, tn. , Victoria, co. Talbot, 97 m. NW. Melbourne. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Broomfleet, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., on the Humber, 8^ m. E. by N. Goole, 3^ ni. W. by N. 
 Brough stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Broom Green, hamlet, Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 19 m. SW. 
 by W. Cromer, close to County School stn. 
 
 Broomhall, par., Eng., Cheshire, 3^ m. SW. Nantwich. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Broomball, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See SbeflSeld. 
 
 Broomhaugb, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., 
 on the Tyne, 5I m. ESE. Hexham, near Riding Mill stn. 
 P. <:2So. 
 
 Broonilicdge, place. Ire., co. Down, 3 m. from Moira, P.O. 
 
 Brooniliill, ct. par., Eng., Kent and Sussex cos., 4 m. SE. 
 Rye. P. <:25o. 
 
 Broomhlll, colliery and vil. , Eng., Northumberland, Wans- 
 beck div., 8^ m. SSE. Alnwick, with a stn. on the branch line 
 of the NE. R. to Warkworth Harbour, P.O. 
 
 Broonibill, stn., Scot., Inverness-shire, on the H. R., 22 m. 
 SSE. Nairn. 
 
 Broomhouse, vil. , Scot. , N W. Lanarkshire, on the N. B. R. , 
 5I m. E. by S. Glasgow, with coal-mines, P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Broomley, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, div. and 7 m. ESE. 
 Hexham, i m. SW. Stocksfield stn. ; 4135 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Broom Park, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon 
 Tweed div., ^ m. W. Alnwick, i m. NE. Whittingham stn., 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Broomstliorpe, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, 5^ m. W. Fakenham. 
 P. <25o. See Bndham, East. 
 
 Broomy, par., i:.. g. , Hampshire, 2 m. N. Ringwood ; 4729 
 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Broomyknowes, stn. , Scot. , Midlothian, on the N. B. R. , 
 2 m. SW. by W. Dalkeith. 
 
 Broons, tn. , France, dep. Cotes du Nord, arr. Dinan, 26 m. 
 SSW. St. Malo; birthplace of Constable Bertrand de Guesclin. 
 The castle of La Motte B. is i m. from the town. P. <20oo. 
 
 Broos (in Hungarian SzAszTAros), imperial free tn., Himgary, 
 prov. Hunyad, 45 m. W. Hermannstadt. P. 5700. 
 
 Brootally, electoral div.. Ire., co. Armagh, dist. Tynan. 
 
 Brora, vil., Scot., Sutherlandshire, on the E. ct., at the 
 mouth of the Brora, 4-^ m. ENE. Golspie, on the H. R., with 
 coal-mines, PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Brora, riv. , Scot. , Sutherlandshire, flows SE. into the mouth 
 of the Dornoch Firth, expanding near its mouth into liOcb 
 Brora. 
 
 Broseley, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Salop, Wellington div., 
 13 m. SE. by E. Shrewsbury, i^ m. W. Coalport stn., on the 
 G. W. R., with coal-mines and manufactures of coarse earthen- 
 ware and tobacco pipes. Market-day, W. P. <45oo. 
 
 Broseley ivlth Llnley, eccles. par., Eng., Shropshire. 
 P. <35oo. 
 
 Brosna, par. and tn. , Ire. , N. co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy, 
 9 m. SE. by E. Listowel, PM.O. Par. 11,959 ^c., P. <:25oo; 
 tn. 9 ac, P. <5oo. 
 
 Brosna, tnld. , Ire. , SW. King's co. , bar. Clonhsk, 7^ m. S. 
 Parsonstown, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Brosna, riv., Ire., issues from Lough Ennell in Westmeath, 
 flows SW. into King's co. , and joins the Shannon on the 1. bk. 
 at Shannon Harbour. 
 
 Brothers, The, a group of six or eight rocky islets, at the en- 
 trance of the Red Sea, off the African shore, 9J m. S. Perim I., 
 and varying from 250 to 350 ft. in height. Lat. of loftiest 12° 
 28' N. , long. 43° 22' E. 
 
 Brothers, The, isls., in Duncan Strait, between Big and 
 Little Andaman Is. 
 
 Brothers, The, three isolated mts., E. Australia, near the 
 ■ct. , between Harrington Inlet and Port Macquarie. 
 
 Brothers, The, two small isls., in the Indian Ocean, to the 
 SW. , and dependencies of Sokotra. 
 
 Brothertoft, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Sleaford div., 4 m. 
 NW. by W. Boston, i m. S. Langrick stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Brotherton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., on the Aire, 3 m. NNE. Pontefract, i^ m. SSW. Burton 
 Salmon stn. , PMT. O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brothern'lek, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 6 m. SE. Aln- 
 wick. P. < 250. 
 
 Brotterode, vil., Ger. , Prussia, in a detached part of the 
 prov. Hesse-Nassau, 12 m. SSE. Eisenach. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Brotton, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the E. 
 of the Cleveland div. , 12 m. E. Middlesbrough, on the NE. R. , 
 PMT.O. P. < 4000. 
 
 Brotton Parva, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 containing town of B. P. 5600. 
 
 Brotzlngen, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle Karlsruhe, 
 dist. Pforzheim. P. 5200. 
 226 
 
 Bron, tn., France, dep. Eure et Loir, arr. Ch^teaudun, on 
 the Loir, 23 m. SW. Chartres. P. <:yx)0. 
 
 Bronage, small port and former fortress, France, dep. 
 Charente Inf^rieure, 7 m. SW. Rochefort, situated amidst ex- 
 tensive salt-marshes, partially drained by small canals, which 
 terminate in the navigable canal from B. to Rochefort (9 m. 
 long, with a draught of 8^ ft.). Birthplace of the navigator 
 Champlain, Canadian coloniser. P. < 2000. 
 
 Brongh (bruf), par. and market-tn., Eng., Westmorland, 
 in the E. of Appleby div., 7J m. SE. by E. Appleby, 2 m. 
 ENE. Musgrave stn., witli iron and coal mines ; a great horse 
 and cattle fair is held annually at B. Hill, 2 m. NW., on Sept. 
 30 and Oct. i. PMT.O. Market-day, Th. P. <75o. Area 
 (including pars, of B. Soirerhy, Hlllbeck, and Stainmore), 
 21,650 ac. 
 
 Brough, par,, Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., on the Humber, io| m. W. Hull, on the NE. R., PMT.O. 
 See Ellonghton. 
 
 Brougli, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding. See Dringhoe. 
 
 Brongh, fishing vil., Scot., Caithness, 7 m. NE. by E. 
 Thurso, P.O. 
 
 Brough, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and3| m. SE. 
 Richmond, i^ m. S. by W. Catterick Bridge stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Brouglial, electoral div. , Ire. , King's co. , dist. Frankford. 
 
 Brongliam, par. and vil., Eng., Westmorland, on the N. 
 border of the Appleby div. , on the Eamont, 3 m. E. Penrith, 
 2| m. W. Culgaith stn. ; 6226 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Brough and Shatton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, 3^ m. SE. 
 Castleton ; lead smelting carried on. P. <;25o. 
 
 Broughderg, tnld.. Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. Upper Dungannon, 
 
 10 m. from Draperstown (co. Londonderry), P.O. P. <5oo. 
 Brough Ness, cape, Scot., Shetland Is., in the W. of Fetlar 
 
 I. , in 60° 36^ N. 
 
 Brougbshane, tn.. Ire., W. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Antrim, 
 i5i m. W. by N. Larne, 4 m. ENE. Ballymena, with alum 
 clay, PM.O. P.<750. 
 
 Brongh Sowerby, par., Eng., Westmorland, in the E. of 
 the Appleby div. , 8^ m. SE. by E. Appleby, 2 m. ESE. Mus- 
 grave stn. P. <250. 
 
 Brougbtou, par. , Eng. , Buckingham. See Blertou. 
 
 Broughton, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, Buckingham div. , 
 
 11 m. SW. by W. Bedford, 2 m. SSE. Newport Pagnell. P. <25o. 
 Brougbtou, par. and vil., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 
 
 io| m. E. by N. Salisbury, 2^ m. NW. by W. Horsebridge stn. , 
 PMT.O. P. < 1000; eccles. par. (B. with Bosslngton) P. 
 <iooo. 
 
 Broughton, par., Eng., Himtingdonshire, Ramsey div., 4^ 
 m. NE. by N. Huntingdon, 3 m. WSW. Warboys stn., P.O. 
 P. <;5oo. 
 
 Broughton, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Blackpool div. , 3^ m. N. 
 Preston, with a stn. (Barton and Broughton) on the L. & 
 NW. R., PMT.O. Market-day, W. P. <75o. 
 
 Broughton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 15 m. NE. Gains- 
 borough, div. and 2^ m. NW. by W. Brigg, P.O. ; 7073 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Broughton, Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Brant Brougbtou. 
 
 Broughton, par., Eng., E. div. of Northamptonshire, 6 m, 
 NNW. Wellingborough, 2^ m. SW. Kettering, P. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Broughton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbmy div., 2J m. 
 SW. by W. Banbury, P.O. P. <:25o; eccles. par. (B. with 
 Newlngton, North) P. <75o. 
 
 Broughton, par. and suburb of Salford, Eng. , Lancashire, 
 in the N. and W. divs. P. 37,900. 
 
 Broughton, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 7^ m. N. 
 Shrewsbury, close to Yorton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Broughton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the S. of 
 the Cleveland div. , g^ m. S. by E. Middlesbrough, i J m. SE. 
 Stokesley stn. P. <750. 
 
 Broughton, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the extreme 
 NE. of the Thirsk and Malton div., 17^ m. NE. York, ij m. 
 WNW. Malton, i m. E. by S. Amotherby stn. P. <:25o. " 
 
 Broughton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the S. of 
 the Skipton div., 13^ m. NE. by N. Burnley, 3J m. W. Skipton, 
 I m. S. Gargrave stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Broughton, settlement, Queensland, Davenport co., 60 m. 
 SSW. Townsville. 
 
 Broughton, par. , Scot. , Peeblesshire, 15 m. ESE. Lanark, 
 with a stn. on the C. R., PM.O. ; 18,065 ac. P. <;75o. 
 
 Broughton, riv., S. Australia, flowing W. into Spencer's 
 Gulf, which it enters in about 33° 20' S. 
 
 Broughton, settlement, S. Australia. See Redhlll. 
 
 Broughton, par. , Wales, Denbighshire, near Wrexham, 2 m. 
 from Brymbo, P.O. P. 5000. 
 
 Broughton, vil., Wales, Flintshire, 5 m. WSW. Chester, 
 with a stn. (B. BaU) on the L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 
 Broughton, East, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, 7 m. NE. Ulver- 
 ston. P. < 2000. 
 
 Broughton, Glenbolm, and Kllbncho, united par. , Scot. , 
 Peeblesshire, containing village of B. ; 18,065 3'<^- P- <750- 
 
 Brougbtou, Great, par., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermoutb 
 
BROU — BRUC 
 
 div., on the Derwent, 4^ m. SE. Maryport, i m. W. by S. 
 Papcastle stn. , with coal-mines, P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brougtaton, Hlgber, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Man- 
 chester par. P. 6700. 
 
 Brouglitoii, Little, par., Eng., Cumberland, 3J m. NW. 
 Cockermouth. P. < 1000. 
 
 Broughtuu, Lower, two eccles. pars., Eng., Manchester. 
 B. L. Tbe Ascension, P. 13,700; B. L. St. Clement, P. 8100. 
 
 Brongliton Netlier, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 
 6 m. NW. by N. Melton Mowbray, i^ m. NNE. Old Dalby 
 stn., P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Brougbton, Upper, Eng. See Broagbton Sulney. 
 
 Brougbtou, West, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Lancashire ; 
 7298 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Broagbtou Astley, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Harborough 
 div., 8 m. SW. by S. Leicester, on the M. R., P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Brougbton Creek, New South Wales. See Berry. 
 
 Brougbton Cross, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth 
 div. , on the Cockermouth, Keswick, and Penrith Rly. , 5 m. E. 
 by N. Workington. 
 
 Brougbton Glfford, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Westbury div. , 
 8 m. E. Bath, ij m. W. Melksham stn., P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Brougbton Hackett, par. , Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley 
 div., 5 m. E. Worcester. P. <25o. 
 
 Brougbton-ln-Craven, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding. P. <5oo. See Brougbton, Yorkshire. 
 
 Brougbton«lu-Furness, eccles. par. and market-tn., Eng., 
 Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 12 m. N. Barrow, on the Fur- 
 ness Rly., PMT.O. Market-day, W. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Brougbton Lane, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Rotherham div. , on the M. S. & L. R. , 2 m. NE. by E. Sheffield. 
 
 Brougbton Dloor, hamlet, Eng., Cumberland, Cocker- 
 mouth div. , 2^ m. SE. Maryport, with coal-mines. 
 
 Brougbton Poggs, or Pogls (always pronounced p5gz), 
 par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 15 m. SW. by W. Woodstock, 
 2 m. W. Alvescot stn. P. <250. 
 
 Brougbton Strait, Brit. Columbia, on the NE. of Van- 
 couver I., in 50° 35' N. 
 
 Brougbton Sulney, or Upper, par., Eng., Nottingham- 
 shire, Newark div., 10^ m. SE. by S. Nottingham, with a stn. 
 (Upper B.) on the M. R., P.O. (Upper B.). P. <5oo. 
 
 Brougbty Ferry, tn., Scot., Forfarshire, on the Firth of Tay, 
 3I m. (by rail) E. Dundee, on the Cal. and N. B. Joint Rly. 
 A favourite suburban residence. P. 920c. 
 
 Brongb under Stalnmore, eccles. par., Eng., Westmor- 
 land, near Penrith. P. < 1000. 
 
 Broussa, city, Asiatic Turkey. See Brusa. 
 
 Brou-wersbayen, tn. , Holland, N. ct. Schouwen L , prov. Zee- 
 land, 19 m. NE. Middeiburg. P. <20oo. See Grevellngen. 
 
 Broville. See Breuil. 
 
 Brow Head, cape. Ire., SW. co. Cork, 2 m. E. Mizen Head. 
 
 Browbouses, ct. vil., Scot., Dumfriesshire, on the Solway 
 Firth, 5^ m. E. by S. Annan, 3 m. SW. by W. Gretna Green 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Brown, a peak of the Rocky Mts. , Canada, on the frontier 
 of Brit. Columbia, in 52° 25' N. Alt. about 16,000 ft. 
 
 Brown, CO., U.S., Illinois, crossed by 40° N. , E. of 91° W. 
 
 Brown, CO., U.S., Indiana, N. of 39° N. and W. of 86° W. 
 
 Brown, CO., U.S., Kansas, on N. frontier, crossed by95^° W. 
 
 Bro-wn, co., U.S., Minnesota, bounded on the NE. by 
 Minnesota R. , and traversed by its r. bk. trib. , the Big Cotton- 
 wood R. 
 
 Brown, CO., U.S., Nebraska, in the N., crossed in the W. 
 by 100° W. , N. of 42° N. 
 
 Brown, CO., U.S., Ohio, in the SW., on the Ohio R., 
 crossed in the extreme W. by 84° W. 
 
 Brown, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, on the N. frontier, crossed in 
 the E. by 98° W. 
 
 Brown, CO., U.S., Texas, crossed by 99° W., and in the 
 extreme N. by 32° N. 
 
 Brown, CO., U.S., Wisconsin, in the E., on both sides of 
 Fox R. , at the head of Green B. 
 
 Brown Candover, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Petersfield div. , 
 Z\ m. NE. Winchester, 4 m. N. by W. Alresford stn., P.O. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Brown Candover wltb Cbllton CandoTer, eccles. par., 
 Eng., Hampshire, containing B. C. par. P. <500. 
 
 Brown Edge, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, 3 m. N. 
 Burslem, P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Browney, riv., Eng., Durham, trib. of the Wear, which it 
 joins on the 1. bk. a little above Durham. 
 
 Browney Colliery, Eng., Durham, 2 m. from Langley 
 Moor, P.O. 
 
 Brownfleld, tn., U.S., Maine, Oxford co., 35 m. WNW. 
 Portland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brownblll, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, near Birstall. 
 P. <4Soo. 
 
 Brownbllls, tn. , Eng., Staffordshire, 5 m. N. Walsall, with 
 a stn. (B. for Cannock Cbasc) on the L. & NW. R., with coal 
 and ironstone, PMT.O. P. 13,700. 
 
 Brown Islands, a group of small coral isls. in the Pacific, 
 in the NW. of the Marshall group, in iij° N., 162° E. 
 
 Brownlows Berry, electoral div.. Ire., co. Armagh, dists. 
 Lurgan No. i and No. 2. 
 
 Brown Mountain, tn. , New South Wales. See Lyttleton. 
 
 Brownrlg, vil. , Scot. See Balcastle. 
 
 Browns, tn., Victoria, co. Granville, on Yarrowee Creek, 14 
 ra. from Ballarat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brownsburg, tn., U.S., Indiana, Hendricks co., 14 m. (by 
 rail) NW. Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brownsea, or Branksea, isL, with eccles. par. and viL, 
 Eng., Dorsetshire, 2 m. S. Poole. P. (eccles. par. )< 250. 
 
 Brownsgrove, place. Ire., Galway, 5 m. from Tuam, 
 P.O. 
 
 Brownslde, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire. See Cblnley. 
 
 Brownsover, par., Eng,, Warwickshire, Rugby div., on 
 the Avon, 2 m. N. by E. Rugby. P. <:250. See Clifton on 
 Dnusmore. 
 
 Brown's Klver, post-tn. , Tasmania. See Kingston. 
 
 Brownstown, par.. Ire., E. co. Meath, bar. Skreen, 4^ m. 
 E. by S. Navan, P.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 Brownstown, tn., U.S., Indiana, Jackson co., 56 m. S. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brownstown Head, cape. Ire. , on the SE. ct. of co. Water- 
 ford, in 7° 6' W. . Alt. 102 ft. 
 
 BrownsTllle, vil., U.S., in the NE. of California, Yuba co. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Brownsville, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Houston co., on the 
 Mississippi, 122 m. SE. St. Paul. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bro'wnsTllle, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Fayette co. , on the 
 r. bk. of and at the head of navigation ifor large steamboats 
 on Monongahela R., 32 m. S. by E. Pittsburg; rich in coal- 
 mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brownsville, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Lawrence co., 88 
 m. N. by E. of the SW. corner of the state. 
 
 Bro'wnsvllle, city, U.S., Tennessee, cap. of Haywood co. , 
 57 m. NE. by E. Memphis. P. <3000. 
 
 Brownsville, city and riv. -port, U.S., Texas, Cameron co., 
 on the r. bk. of the Rio Grande, 20 m. W. of the mouth of the 
 river, opposite Matamoras (Mexico), having a fort with garri- 
 son. Mean temp., yr. 73.0° F., Jan. 58.5°, July 84.6; rainfall 
 (9yrs.), 33.01 in. P. (i88o)<5ooo; (1890) 6100. 
 
 BrownvUle, tn. , U.S., Maine, Piscataquis co., on Plejisant 
 R., 40 m. NNW. Bangor. P. < 1500. 
 
 BrownvUle, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Nemaha co. , on the r. 
 bk. of the Missouri, 62 m. S. by E. Omaha. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Brown Willy, hill, Eng. , Cornwall, 10 m. WSW. Launces- 
 ton. Alt. 1368 ft. 
 
 Bro'wnwood, city, U.S., Texas, Brown co. , on the 1. bk. of 
 the Colorado R. , 120 m. NW. by N. Austin. P. <3000. 
 
 Broxa, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div. , t\ m. 
 WNW. Scarborough, \\ m. WNW. Scalby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Broxbonrne, par. , Eng. , co. , div. , and 4^ m. SE. Hertford, 
 on the Lee and the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Broxburn, mining tn., Scot., Linlithgowshire, on Brox 
 Burn, 6 m. SE. by E. Linlithgow, i m. N. Drumshoreland or 
 B. stn. , with paraffin-oil works. P. 5900. 
 
 Broxfleld, par., Eng., Northumberland, 2 m. NE. Alnwick. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Broxbolme, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Gainsborough div., 
 5^ m. NW. Lincoln, 2J m. NE. Saxilby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Broxted, or Cbavrretb, par., Eng., Essex, in Epping div., 
 7i m. S. by E. Saffron Walden, 3 m. E. by N. Elsenham stn. , 
 PM.O. P.<75o. SeeCblckney. 
 
 Broxton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 10 m. E. by 
 N. Wrexham, on the L. & NW. R., PT.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Broxwood, place, Eng., Herefordshire, 4 ra. SW. Pem- 
 bridge, P.O. 
 
 Broye, riv. , Switzd. , cants. Freiburg and Vaud, flows through 
 Lake Morat into Neuchitcl ; navigable by steamboats between 
 the lakes. 
 
 Broyle Harbour, inlet, Newfoundland, E. ct. , in 47° 10' N. 
 
 Brozas, tn., Spain, prov. and 24 m. NW. Caceres, with 
 sulphurous waters. P. 5200. 
 
 Brozzl, coram, and tn. , central Italy, prov. and 6 m. W. 
 Florence, on r. bk. of R. Axno, with extensive industry in straw 
 hats. P. 10,100. 
 
 Bruar, place, Scot., Perthshire, 2 m. from Calvine, P.O. 
 
 Brnar, rivulet, Scot., rises in N. Perthshire, and flows S., 
 joining the Garry 3 m. W. Blair Athole. Its course of 10 m. is 
 interrupted by a series of falls, the deepest leap being 200 ft. in 
 the upper fall. 
 
 Bruay, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 3 m. NNE. Valen- 
 ciennes. P. <400o. 
 
 Bruce, co., Canada, Ontario, on Lake Huron and Georgian 
 Bay, almost entirely to the W. of 81° W. 
 
 Bruce, CO. , New Zealand, South I. , on the SE. ct. , crossed 
 by 46° S. 
 
 Bruce, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Brookings co., no m. 
 N. by E. Yankton. 
 
 227 
 
BR UC 
 
 B R U N 
 
 Brnce GrOTe (for Tottenham High Cross), stn., Eng., 
 Middlesex, on the G. E.R., 5I m. N. by E. St. Paul's. 
 
 Bruce Hall, electoral div., Ire., co. Cavan, dist. Arvagh. 
 
 BmceliaTeu, Scot. See Llinekllng. 
 
 Bmce Mines, vil. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the Sault St. 
 Mary line of the C. P. R., 586 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Bmceport, seapt., U.S., Washington, Pacific co. , 55 m. 
 SW. by W. Olympia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brncli, peasant vil. , Prussia. See Reckllngbanseii. 
 
 Bruclisal, urban coram, and important railway centre, Ger. , 
 gd.-duchy of Baden, 11^ m. NE. Karlsruhe, with large peni- 
 tentiary on the Pennsylvanian system. Tn. P. 11,800; comm. 
 P. 11,900. 
 
 Bruck, tn. , Austria, crownland Lower Austria, on the Leitha, 
 24 m. ESE. Vienna. P. < 5000. 
 
 Brack, tn. , Austria, Styria, 9 m. E. by N. Leoben, near the 
 confluence of the Mur and Miirz. P. <400o. 
 
 Brack, market-tn. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 14 m. 
 W. by N. Munich. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Briick, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 17 m. SE. by E. 
 Brandenburg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Brack, vil. , Switzd. See Bragg. 
 
 Briickenan, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 36 m. N. by W. Wiirzburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bracklay, vil., Scot., Aberdeen, 6 m. (by rail) S. Strichen, 
 on the G. N. of S. R., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Brackless, tnld. , Ire., SW. co. Donegal, bar. Banagh, 11 ra. 
 W. Donegal, P.O. 
 
 Brae, riv. , Eng., rises in the E. of Somerset, and flows W. 
 past Bruton and Glastonbury into Bridgwater Bay at Burnham. 
 Length, 30 m.; not navigable. 
 
 Briiel, tn. , Ger. , Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 15 m. NE. by E. 
 Schwerin. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Braen Stapleford, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 6 
 m. E. by S. Chester, 3 m. ENE. Waverton stn. P. <250. 
 
 Brnera, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 4^ 
 m. SE. by S. Chester, 3 m. WNW. Tattenhall stn. P.< 
 
 750- 
 
 Braern, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Banbury div. , on the Even- 
 lode, 11^ m. W. by N. Woodstock, 2 m. S. Chipping Norton 
 June. P. <25o. See Mllton-nnder-Wycfawood. 
 
 Braernlsli Point, cape, Scot., Inverness-shire, E. ct. of 
 Barra I. , in 56° 59' N. 
 
 Brnff, par. and market-tn., Ire., E. co. Limerick, bar. 
 Coshma, 13 m. S. by E. Limerick, PMT.O. Par. 1330 ac, P. 
 <i5oo; tn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Brages, Flemish Bragge (' bridge '), tn., Belgium, prov. W. 
 Flanders, 13 m. E. Ostende, at the junction of the Ghent, 
 Ostende, and Sluis canals, with dock 14 ft. deep ; seat of a 
 bishop ; with manufactures of lace, embroidery, and soap. 
 The tapestries of B. were formerly widely celebrated, and it 
 was from this town that Colbert summoned artists to organise 
 the Gobelin manufactures at Paris. Amongst all Belgium towns 
 it has preserved the most mediaeval aspect ; its market is sur- 
 mounted by a magnificent tower of the 15th centiuy. In the 
 church of Notre Dame (12th century) are the tombs of Charles 
 the Bold and his daughter Mary of Burgundy. Formerly the 
 cap. and residence of the Counts of Flanders. In the 13th 
 century B. was one of the most flourishing commercial cities 
 of Europe. It began to decline at the end of the 15th century, 
 when the religious persecutions of Philip II. of Spain obliged 
 many of its inhabitants to seek refuge in England. In 1430 
 Phihp the Good here instituted the order of the Golden Fleece. 
 B. is now (1894) about to be connected with Heyst by a ship- 
 canal 26J ft. deep. P. (1869) 47,621 ; (1890) 47,500. 
 
 Bragg, or Brack, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 10 m. NE. Aargau, 
 on the Aar, a mile or two above the confluence of the Reuss. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Briigg, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 13 m. WSW. Solothum. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Braglne, vil., Italy, prov. Padua, dist. and 2 m. WSW. 
 Piove. P. <400o. 
 
 BriUil, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 7 m. SSW. Cologne ; 
 lignite in the neighbourhood. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bralchladdlck, place, Scot., Argyllshire, in the SW. of 
 Islay I., on the W. shore of Loch Indaal, PMT.O. 
 
 Brallle-St.-Aniand, vil., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 9 m. 
 NNW. Valenciennes, with coal-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bralnlgse, vil., Holland, prov. 2^eland, on the I. of Schou- 
 wen. P, <3ooo. 
 
 Bralntjes Hoogte, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Nama- 
 land, on the Zwart Doom, 85 m. S. by E. O'okiep. 
 
 Bnils, par. , Ire. , in co. and 4 m. SW. Tipperary, bar. Clan- 
 william ; 3698 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Bralsyard, par., Eng., Suffolk, 4^ m. NW. Saxmundham, 
 on R. Aide, P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Bnile, CO. , U.S. , S. Dakota, S. of 44° N. , crossed by 99° W. , 
 bounded on the W. by the R. Missouri. 
 
 BrMon, vil., France, dep. Sarthe, arr. La Fltehe, on the 
 Vegre, 21 m. W. Le Mans, with coal-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 228 
 
 Bramatli, tn. , Ger. , govt. Alsace-Lorraine, 10 m. N. Strass- 
 burg, with mineral springs. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bramby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 2 m. from Scunthorpe, 
 P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Brammen, comm., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 12 m. NE. 
 by E. Arnhem. P. 7200. 
 
 Brampton-npon-Swale, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Richmond union. P. <5oo. 
 
 Brnmstead, or Brnustead, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 
 13^ m. SE. Cromer, 2 m. E. by S. Honing stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Brnndall, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, E. div. , 5^ m. E. Norwich, 
 on the G. E. R., PT.O. P.<soo. See Wlttou. 
 
 Brandish, par., Eng., Suffolk, ^^m. N. Framlingham, P.O. 
 P. <:5oo. See Tanulngton. 
 
 Braneck, comm., Austria, Tirol, 34 m. NE. by E. Bozen, in 
 the Puster-thal ; copper-mines and marble quarries. Alt. 2845 
 ft. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Branei, sultanate, imder British protection, in the W. of 
 Borneo (^. v.), between Brit. N. Borneo and Sarawak; principal 
 river the Limbang. Area, 8100 sq. m. P. 50,000. 
 
 Brnnel, tn. , cap. of the state of B. , in 4° 52' N. , at the head 
 of the wide and deep estuary of the small river B. , which flows 
 NE. into B. Bay ; houses built on stakes, partly on islands in 
 the river ; the town hence called the Venice of the East. P. 
 estimated by Pigafetta in 1521 at 100,000, now about 25,000. 
 
 Branei Bay, a large bay between Brit. N. Borneo and the 
 state of B. 
 
 Brunen, vil., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 23 m. NW. 
 Essen, 4^ ra. NE. by N. Wesel. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Branet Island, isl., Newfoundland, off the S. ct., in 55° 46'- 
 57' W. 
 
 Branl, tn. and sultanate. See Branei. 
 
 Briinlg I'ass. See Alps, Passes, VII. (a) (2). 
 
 Branl Island, a long and irregiilar isl. in the SE. of Tas- 
 mania, between Storm Bay and d'Entrecasteaux Channel; 
 divided by a narrow isthmus into N. and S. Bruni I., on the 
 latter of which is a revolving light at the height of 335 ft. 
 Mean rainfall (5 yrs.), 40.5 in. 
 
 Brunn, brunncn, bronn, burn, bourne, Teutonic, ' a well,' 
 ' a small stream. ' 
 
 Briinn (Morav. Brno), city, Austria, cap. of the crownland 
 of Moravia, and of a circ. of same name, 70 m. N. by E. Vienna, 
 116 m. SE. by E. Prague, 40 m. SW. Olmiitz, situated at the 
 base of hills at the junction of the valleys of the Schwarzawa 
 and Zwittawa, the latter of which offers an easy route (now 
 followed by a railway) to the populous (N.) portion of Bohemia. 
 Near it is the Spielberg, formerly the citadel, afterwards a state 
 prison, now used as barracks. B. is the seat of the chief legal 
 and military courts and authorities for Moravia and Austrian 
 Silesia, of a bishop's see (cathedral dating from the fifteenth 
 century), and a Protestant consistory, and has a museum with 
 rich collections, botanic garden, and public library. It is the 
 principal centre of the woollen manufacture of Austria, manu- 
 facturing industries (of varied kinds) being stimulated by the 
 vicinity of the Rossitz coal-mines. It was occupied by the French 
 in 1805 and 1809, and was the headquarters of Napoleon I. 
 before the battle of Austerlitz. Alt. 761 ft. Mean temp., jc. 
 48.0° F., Jan. 28.6^, July 68.4°; rainfall (31 yrs.), 19.9 in. P. 
 (1869)73,800; (1890)94,500. 
 
 Brann (am Cieblrge), coram., Austria, crownland Lower 
 Austria, 8 ra. S. by W. Vienna. P. <300o. 
 
 Branndobra, mining vil., kgd. Saxony, near Auerbach. 
 P. <:40oo. 
 
 Brannen, beautiful vil., Switzd., cant. Schwiz, on the Lake 
 of Lucerne opposite the Seelisberg, at the N. end of the Bay of 
 Uri, and on the St. Gothard Rly. 
 
 Branner, bor.. New Zealand, South I., Grey co., 8 m. E. 
 by N. Greymouth, with important coal-mines. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bransbilttel, par., Prussia, govt. Holstein, near the mouth 
 of the Elbe, 15 m. E. Cuxhaven, starting-point of the Baltic 
 Canal. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Branstatt, vil., Ger., govt. Alsace-Lorraine, 2^ m. S. Miihl- 
 hausen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Branstead, par. , Eng. See Bramstead. 
 
 Branswark, hill, Scot. See BlrrensTvark. 
 
 Bransfflck, Ger. BrannschMClg, duchy, in the NW. of 
 Ger., is composed of three large unconnected dists. lying on 
 the banks of the Aller, Ocker, Leine, and Weser, and of six 
 small enclaves, the total area being 1425 sq. m. The N. and 
 central dists. have an undulating surface, with se\'eral hill 
 ranges; the southern ones lie within the limits of the Harz 
 Mts. , and are intersected by wide valleys. The country gradu- 
 ally declines towards the N. , and slopes to the Weser and Elbe. 
 The highest points within the duchy are the Wormberg, 3240 
 ft., and the Achtermannshohe, 3030 ft. The raost important 
 river is the Weser, which is navigable in these parts of its course, 
 and which flows for about 20 ra. past the western parts of B. , 
 and again past the more northern enclave of Thedinghausen, 
 near Bremen. The chief trib. of the Weser is the Aller (with 
 Leine, Ocker, and Fuse). The Ocker is of irapwrtance for trans- 
 
BRUN — BRUT 
 
 porting timber. To the river system of the Elbe belong the 
 Ohre and Bode. B. has a considerable number of small lakes, 
 and an extensive morass, the Dromling. A canal connects the 
 Ocker and the Bode. In the N. dists. the climate is mild, but 
 in the mountainous parts more to the S. is raw and inclement. 
 The soil in the northern parts of the duchy is very productive, 
 except on the borders, where the great Liineburg plain com- 
 mences. More to the S. many of the mountainous parts of the 
 country are stony and unproductive, but they are interspersed 
 with fertile tracts of land, especially in the vicinity of the Weser 
 and Leine. The most sterile part of B. is that of Ottenstein, 
 near Holzminden. Agriculture is general in the lower parts of 
 the duchy, but the highlands are too cold and stony for agri- 
 culture. Cattle-rearing is considerable. Timber is plentiful, 
 and especially some parts of the Harz Mts. and of the dists. 
 near the Weser are valuable in this respect. The most common 
 trees are beech, fir, pine, and oak. The Harz Mts. yield 
 valuable mineral products — coal, ores (especially iron ore), 
 granite, lime, gypsum, marble, and porcelain clay. Textiles 
 and household wooden utensils are the chief manufactures. 
 The chief towns are the cap. of the duchy, Blankenburg, Wolfen- 
 biittel, and Holzminden. The duchy is divided into six circles — 
 B. , Wolfenbiittel, Helmstedt, Gandersheim, Holzminden, and 
 Blankenburg. During the early times of the Middle Ages B. 
 was a part of the duchy of Saxony, which was, however, 
 divided in 1180. Afterwards it became a separate duchy, and 
 was subdivided in various ways in subsequent times. At the 
 beginning of the present century B. formed a part of the kgd. of 
 Westphalia, but became independent again in 1814. Since 1871 
 it has been a part of the German Empire. P. 404,000. 
 
 Brunswick, tn. , cap. of the duchy of the same name. It is 
 situated in a fertile plain on the Ocker. B. is principally a 
 commercial town, exporting agricultural produce. In the 
 Middle Ages it was a great centre of commerce. Mean temp., 
 yr. 48° F. P. (1871) 57,900; (1890) 101,000. 
 
 Brunswick, tp. , New South Wales, co. Rous, 402 m. N. 
 Sydney, in 153° 30' S., 28° 30' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brunswick, city, U.S., Georgia, Glynn co. , 68 m. SSW. 
 Savannah, a growing port with deep, spacious, and well-sheltered 
 harbour, the bar at the entrance to which has been deepened 
 to 20 ft. at high tide ; favourite winter resort ; lighthouse (St. 
 Simon), visible 16 m. P. (i88o)<30oo; (1890) 8500. 
 
 Brunswick, tn. , U.S., Maine, Cumberland co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the R. Androscoggin, whose falls furnish ample water-power, 
 31 m. SSW. Augusta ; the seat of Bowdoin College, opened in 
 1802 ; with many factories. P. 6000. 
 
 Brunswick, tn., U.S., Missouri, Chariton co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Missouri, 96 m. E. Leavenworth (Kansas). P. <20oo. 
 
 Brunswick, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the extreme S., on 
 the Atlantic. 
 
 Brunswick, co., U.S., Virginia, S. frontier, E. of 78° W. 
 
 Brunswick, tn. , Victoria, co. Bourke, 4^ m. N. Melbourne. 
 P. 22,000. 
 
 Brunswick, post-tn., W. Australia, Wellington co., 90 m. 
 S. Perth. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Brunswick Bay, an irregular inlet in the NW. of the Kim- 
 berley div. of W. Australia, in 15° 20' S. 
 
 Brunswick Lake, Canada, Ontario, 36 m. long, NE. to 
 SW., crossed by 49° N. and 84^° W. On its E, side is B. 
 House, a Hudson Bay Co.'s stn. 
 
 Brunswick Peninsula, large penin. , Chile, between the 
 Strait of Magellan and Otway Water. 
 
 Bruntcllffe, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Morley 
 div., 3^ m. N. Dewsbury, close to Morley stn. on the G. N. R., 
 PM.O. 
 
 Brnntingtliorpe, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough 
 div., 9 m. S. by E. Leicester, 4 m. N. Welford and Kilworth 
 stn., P.O. P. <:500. 
 
 Bruuton, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., 7^ m. N. by E. Alnwick, i m. N. Christon Bk. stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Brunton, East, par., Eng., Northumberland, Tyneside div., 
 4^ m. N. by W. Newcastle, 2 m. W. Killingworth stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Brunton, West, par., Eng., Northumberland, near East B. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Brunton, vil., Scot., E. Fife, 5 m. NW. Cupar, P.O. 
 
 Bruray, one of the Out Skerries, Scot., Shetland Is. 
 
 Bruree, par. and vil., Ire., S. co. Limerick, bar. Upper 
 Connello, 17 m. S. Limerick, on the Cork and Limerick Rly. , 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Brus, vil. , Servia, prov. Krusevac, 30 m. NE. by E. Novibazar. 
 
 Alt. 1480 ft. P. <C2000. 
 
 Brusa, or Broussa (the ancient Prusa ad Olympum), city, 
 Asiatic Turkey, cap. vilayet Brusa, cap. sanjak, at the N. foot of 
 KeshishDagh(Mt. Olympus), 57 m. SSE. Constantinople, inarich 
 plain noted for centuries for the rearing of silkworms, as the town 
 has been for the manufacture of silk. Seat of an Armenian and 
 Greek archbishop. Meerschaum clay found near. Its numerous 
 thermal springs, all more or less alkaline, known in ancient times 
 by the name of Pithya, are situated on a spur of the mountain 
 
 at the height of 1000 ft. The waters are used solely for bathing, 
 and there are some excellently appointed bathing establishments, 
 besides many inferior ones. The citadel is on a rock near the 
 centre of the town. The trade with the interior is conducted by 
 caravans. A railway connecting it with the port of Mudania on 
 the Sea of Marmora is now (1893) being made fit for use after 
 lying for years in an imfinished condition. Brusa was anciently 
 the cap. of Bithynia, and after capture by Orkhan in 1356 it 
 continued to be the cap. of Turkish sultans, until Amurath re- 
 moved his seat of empire to Adrianople. The tombs of Orkhan 
 and his successor Othman are in a neighbouring village. B. was 
 nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1855. Alt. (meteor, stn.) 
 1000 ft. Mean temp. ( i^ yrs. ) , yr. 59. 1° F. , Jan. 39. 2°, July 79. 7°. 
 P. (including in addition to Turks, who form the majority, many 
 Armenians, Jews, and Greeks) estimated at 136,000. 
 
 Brusasco, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, on then bk. 
 of the Po, 20 m. SW. by W. Vercelli. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Brusli Creek, tn., U.S., Iowa, Fayette co., 57 m. SSW. of 
 NE. corner of state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bruslifield, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , 6^ m. E. Buxton, 
 close to Monsal Dale stn. P. <230. 
 
 Brusliford, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, S. Molton div. , 17^ m. 
 SSE. Barnstaple, on the Tawe, 2 J m. S. Eggesford stn. P. <:"25o. 
 
 Brusliford, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 8 m. N. 
 by W. Tiverton, on the G. W. R. P. <5oo. 
 
 BrushsproTe, post-tn.. New South Wales, Clarence co. , on 
 the Clarence R., 10 m. NE. by E. Grafton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Brushton, vil. , U.S. , New York, Franklin co. , 70 m. WNW. 
 Burlington (Vt.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Brusnengo, vil. , Italy, prov. Novara, circle Biella. P. <:300o. 
 
 BruSperk, tn. , Austria. See Brauns1>erg. 
 
 Brussels, tn. , Canada, Ontario, Huron co. , 52 m. N. London. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Brussels, Flemish Brussel, French Bmxelles (oldest 
 known form Bruxella, the origin of which is doubtful), a 
 city of Central Europe, cap. of Belgium, and of the prov. 
 of S. Brabant, on the Senne ; connected by canal and the 
 rivs. Ruppel and Scheldt with Antwerp, and thus capable of 
 being reached by vessels drawing 10 feet. Lat. (of observa- 
 tory) 50° 51' 10.7" N., long. 4° 22' 11" E. Consists of an 
 upper or new town, containing the palace of the chambers, 
 king's palace, &c. , and the lower or old town in which is the 
 H6tel de Ville, a noble Gothic structure, with a spire of open 
 stonework, 364 feet in height, surmounted by a statue of St. 
 Michael. Of churches, the finest is the cathedral of St. Gudule, 
 built in 1273, and celebrated for its painted glass, numerous 
 statues, and finely carved pulpit ; and among other important 
 buildings are the church of Notre-Dame-de-la-Chapelle, and 
 that of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, the Broot-Huys, or Old 
 Hotel de Ville, and several gates of its ancient walls, which 
 are removed, and the space converted into boulevards. The 
 finest promenades are the A116e-Verte, along the canal from 
 B. to the Scheldt, and the park, an extensive enclosure, near 
 the royal palace, laid out with avenues of trees, and ornamented 
 vnth statues. A colossal statue to Godefroi de Bouillon was in- 
 augurated in 1848. B. has a free university founded in 1834, 
 with faculties of law, medicine, sciences, and philosophy ; a 
 polytechnic school, an academy of painting, sculpture, and 
 engraving, a royal school of music, a school for deaf-mutes 
 and blind established in 1834, a large public library and the 
 royal library, founded in 1837, and the library of the Bolland- 
 ists ; a gallery of paintings in the Palais des Beaux Arts, con- 
 taining the best specimens of the Flemish school ; museums of 
 natural history and antiquities, a botanic garden, and a well- 
 equipped commercial museimi. Has also a variety of manufac- 
 tures, the most noted specialty being that of lace. Carpets are not 
 a specialty of B. (The manufacture of the so-called B. carpets 
 was introduced into England from Tournai. ) B. is an ancient 
 city, believed to have been founded in the seventh century ; was 
 fortified in the eleventh century, and was the residence of the 
 Dukes of Brabant, and afterwards of the Spanish and Atistrian 
 governors-general of the Netherlands; its fortifications were 
 dismantled by Joseph II. It is the birthplace of the physicians 
 Vesalius and Van Helmont, and of the two painters Champaigne. 
 Mean temp. , yr. so.5°F., Jan. 36.9°, July 65.7°; rainfall (30 yrs.), 
 28.04 ill- P- (1874) 187,000; with the eight adjacent comms. 
 of Laeken, Schaerbeek, Louvain or St. Josse-ten-Noode, Ixelles, 
 Hall or St. Gilles, Anderlecht, Ninove, and Molenbeek or 
 Faubourg de Flandre, 365,000; (Dec. 31, 1890), city, 176,100; 
 with suburbs, 471,800. 
 
 Brilsterort, cape and vil. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, on the 
 NW. shore of the Samland, 27 m. NW. Konigsberg, large 
 quantities of amber found on the coast both to the E. and S. ; 
 with lighthouse, visible 20 m. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Brnthen, post-tn. , Victoria, cos. Dargo and Tambo, 189 m. 
 E. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bruton, par. and market- tn., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 9 J m. 
 SW. by S. Frome, on the G. W. R.; with ancient hexagonal 
 cross in the market-place ; cattle show held annually in October. 
 PMT.O. Market-day, S. 4007 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 229 
 
BRUX — BUCH 
 
 Brttx, tn., Austria, Bohemia, ii m. SW. Teplitz. In the 
 neighbourhood are important lignite-mines, and Piillna, Seid- 
 schiitz and Seidlitz mineral waters. P. 14,100. 
 
 Bmxelles, city, Belgium. See Brnssels. 
 
 Bruycrc, French, 'heath.' 
 
 Brny^res, tn. , France, dep. Vosges, 29 m. SSE. Lun6ville, 
 13 m. E. by N. Epinal, with mineral springs. P. <:3000, 
 
 Brnz, comm. , France, dep. lUe et Vilaine, on the Vilaine, arr. 
 and 7 m. SW. by S. Rennes ; has silver-lead mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bryan, maritime co., U.S., Georgia, W. of 81° W., and 
 crossed in N. by 32° N. 
 
 Bryan, viL.'U.S., Ohio, Wilharas co., 55 m. W. by S. 
 Toledo. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Bryan, city, U.S., Texas, Brazos co., 85 m. ENE. Austin. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Bryansford, vil. , Ire., S. co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, 11 m. SW. Downpatrick. PMT.O. 
 
 Bryansk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 90 m. by rail WNW. 
 of Orel, on Desna R. Trade in com, hemp, and timber. P. 
 30,200. 
 
 Bryansk, tn. , Russia, govt, and 68 m. SW. Grodno. P. 2300. 
 
 Bryanston, or Goodwood, post- vil., Canada, Ontario, co. 
 Middlesex, 12 m. from London. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bryanston, vil., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., on the Stour, 
 iSi m. NW. Poole, \ m. NW. Blandford, P.O. P.<:25o. See 
 Dnrrreston. 
 
 Bryant, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Hamhn co., 120 m. N. 
 Yankton. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Brydeklrk, vil., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 2^ m. N. by W. 
 Annan, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Bryber, par., one of the Scilly Is., Eng., off SW. ct. of 
 Cornwall, in the NW. of the group, 4 m. (by boat) from 
 Scilly, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Brymbo, par., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., 4 m. NW. 
 Wrexham, on a branch of the G. W. R., with numerous col- 
 lieries and extensive iron and steel works, PMT.O. P. <4500. 
 
 Bryn, Cymric, ' a hill-ridge,' or ' hill.' 
 
 Brynamman, eccles. par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 18 m. 
 NW. Llanelly, on a branch of the G. W. R., with coal-mines 
 and blast-furnaces in the dist. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bryncetliln, hamlet, Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. from 
 Aberkenfig, P.O. 
 
 Bryncoch, P.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. from Neath. 
 
 Bryncoedivor, eccles. par., Wales, Merionethshire, near 
 Dolgelly. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bryncroes, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 23 m. 
 W. by S. Portmadoc. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bryncmg, PM. O. , Wales, Merionethshire, 3 m. from Towyn. 
 
 Bryneglwys, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 6 m. 
 NW. Llangollen, 3 m. N. Glyndyfrdwy stn. , P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Brynford, eccles. par. , Wales. See BrynTord. 
 
 Brynglas, stn., Wales, Merionethshire, on the Tal-y-llyn 
 Rly., II m. SW. by S. Dolgelly. 
 
 Bryngrrran, hamlet, Wales, Anglesey, near Holyhead, 
 PM.O. 
 
 BryngmTH, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 6^ m. 
 ESE. Abergavenny, 2^ m. WNW. Raglan stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bryngwyn, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., on the 
 N. Wales Narrow Gauge Rly. , a,\ m. SSE. Carnarvon. 
 
 Bryngwyn, stn., Wales, Montgomeryshire. See Bron- 
 gwyn* 
 
 Bryngwyn, par. , Wales, Radnorshire, 7 J m. S. by W. New 
 Radnor, 5 m. W. by N. Whitney on the Wye stn. ; 4587 ac. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Bryntng wltb Kellamergh, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, 2 m. 
 SW. Kirkham. P. <25o. 
 
 Brynklr, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 4 m. 
 NW. Portmadoc. 
 
 Bryn Llanfalr, hamlet, Wales, in co. and 3 m. NE. Car- 
 narvon, on Menai Strait, PMT.O. (Llanfalrpwllgwyng^yll). 
 
 Brynllys, par. , Wales. See Bronllys. 
 
 Bryn Mawr, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery co., 9 
 m. NW. Philadelphia; has large college for women. 
 
 BrynmawT, tn. , Wales, Brecknockshire, 14^ m. SE. Breck- 
 nock, on the L. & NW. R. , with coal-mines and extensive iron- 
 works, PMT.O. Market-day, S. P. 6400; eccles. par. (B. 
 St. Mary) P. 6100. 
 
 Brynmenln, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, 4J m. NE. 
 Bridgend, on a branch of the G. W. R. 
 
 Brynmlll Road, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, i^ m. W. 
 Swansea, on Swansea and Mumbles Rly. 
 
 Brjmn, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire, Newton div. , on the L. & 
 NW. R. , 2| m. NE. by N. St. Helens. 
 
 Brynsaddler, place, Wales, Glamorganshire, i m. from 
 Pontyclun, P.O. 
 
 Biynsalth Narchog, place, Wales, 6 m. from Corwen 
 (Merionethshire), P.O. 
 
 Brynslencyn, place, Wales, Anglesey, ■; m. from Llan- 
 fairpwll, PMT.O. 
 
 Brynteg. place, Wales, Anglesey, 4 m. from Pentraeth, P.O. 
 230 
 
 Bryntirlon, place, Wales, Carnarvonshire, 3 m. from Bedd- 
 gelert, P.O. 
 
 BrynTord, eccles. par. , Wales, Flintshire, partly in par. of 
 Holywell. P. <;750. 
 
 Biyson, formerly Hargrave, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. 
 Pontiac, on Ottawa R., 60 m. WNW. Ottawa. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bry-sur-Mame, comm., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, on the 
 Mame, 8 m. E. by S. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <2ooo. 
 
 BrynkbOTSklye Islands, numerous isls. in estuary of 
 Yenisei, 6(^-72° N. 
 
 Brzapalanka, vil., Servia, prov. Kraina, on the Danube, 
 17 m. S. Orsova; coal-bed 4 m. distant. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Brzesc. See Brest Litovsk. 
 
 Brzesko, tn., Austria, GaUcia, 8 m. E. Bochnia. P. <4ooo 
 
 Brze^ny, tn., Austria, crownland Gahcia, 30 m. W. by S 
 Tarnopol. P. 6000. 
 
 Brzezlnka, vil. , Prussia, in the SE. of Silesia, near Myslowitz, 
 with coal-mines; zinc-smelting works in the neighbourhood. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Brzozdw, comm. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 73 m. E. by 
 S. Bochnia. P. < 5000. 
 
 Bteddln, vil. , Syria. See Lebanon. 
 
 Bna, isl. , Austria, Dalmatia, circle Spalato, opposite the town 
 of Trau, with which it is connected by a bridge. Principal vil- 
 lage, Santa Croce. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Bna, or Mbna, small seapt. with meteorological stn. at SW. 
 end of Vanua Levu I., Fiji Is. (q.v.). 
 
 Bnacbe, or Ciarden Island, isl., W. Australia, co. Perth, 
 in the Indian Ocean, 5 m. from the mainland, between which 
 and the island is Cockburn Sound. Length, N. to S., about 6 
 m. ; average breadth, i m. 
 
 Bnablt, mt. , Africa, believed to be the highest in Abyssinia, 
 90 m. N. Debra Tabor. Alt. variously estimated at from 
 14,790 to 15,770 ft. 
 
 Bnangor, post-tn. and stn. , Victoria, co. Ripon, 143 m. W. 
 by N. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnba, vil., Portug. Upper Guinea, in 11° 37' N., 14° 59' W. 
 
 Bnbassa, vil. , E. Africa, 33 m. S. by E. Harrar. 
 
 Bnbbenball, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Rugby div. , on the 
 Avon, 4^ m. SSE. Coventry, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Bnbblo, comm., Italy, Piedmont, on the Bormida, prov. 
 and 24 m. SW. Alessandria. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Bnbenc, Bohemia. See Owenetz, Vorder-. 
 
 Bnbendorf, vil., Switzd. , cant. Basel-land, 10 m. SE. 
 Basel. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bnblan, isl. , Asiatic Turkey, in the NW. of the Persian 
 Gulf, to the W. of the Shat-el-Arab. 
 
 Bnblltz, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 43 m. ESE. 
 Colberg, with important state and private forests. P. < 5000. 
 
 Bnbnell, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire. See Baslow. 
 
 Bnbry, comm. and vil., France, dep. Morbihan, arr. Lorient, 
 cant. Plouay. P. <4000. 
 
 Bnbwltb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., on the Derwent, 8| m. N. by W. Goole, on the NE. R., 
 PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Bnbye, riv., Brit. S. Africa, flowing SE. and entering the 
 Limpopo in about 31° 10' E. 
 
 Bncaramanga, tn. , Colombia, cap. dep. Santander, 185 m. 
 NNE. Bogota, with gold, copper, and iron mines; streets lighted 
 by electricity ; railway to the Magdalena projected. Alt. 3030 
 ft. P. (including dist.) 20,000. 
 
 Buccaneer Archipelago, a group of small isls. at the mouth 
 of King's Sound, Kimberley div. of W. Australia, in 16° S. 
 and 123° 30' E., so called on account of having been visited by 
 the English buccaneer, William Dampier, in 1688. 
 
 Bnccarl, or Bnkarl, seapt., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, 
 5 m. E. Fiume. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bnccberl, tn., Sicily, prov. and 24. m. W. by N. Syracuse. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bnccbianlco, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 4 
 m. S. by E. Chieti, produces excellent wine. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bncclno, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, 22 m. W. 
 Potenza. P. 6300. 
 
 Bncclencb, eccles. par. , Scot. , in the city of Edinburgh. 
 
 Bncclencta, co. , New S. Wales, crossed by 35° S. and 148^° E. 
 
 Bncellas, vil., Portugal, Estremadura, 14 m. N. Lisbon, 
 giving its name to a white wine. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bncban, an old dist. on the E. ct. of Scotland, between 
 Ythan and Deveron Rivs., 40 m. in extent, now comprised in 
 the COS. of Aberdeen and Banft" (N. portion), gives a name to 
 one of the oldest earldoms in Scotland. 
 
 Bncban, Bnllers of, vil., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 5 m. 
 SSW. Peterhead. The sea dashes with great force into Bnllers 
 or boilers, a natural cave in a granite cliff, 50 ft. in diameter, 
 and 150 ft. deep. Near it are the ruins of Slain's Castle. 
 
 Bnctianan, par. , Scot. See Bnchannan. 
 
 Bncbanan, co., U.S., Iowa, between 42° and 43° N., and 
 crossed in the W. by 92° W. 
 
 Bncbanan, vil., U.S., Michigan, Berrien co. , on St. Joseph 
 R. , 25 m. E. by N. of the SW. corner of the state. P. <2ooo. 
 
BUCH — BUCK 
 
 Bnchanan, cc, U.S., Missouri, in the NW. , bounded on 
 the W. by the Missouri, S. of 40° N. 
 
 Bactaanan, co., U.S., Virginia, in an angle on the N. fron- 
 tier, crossed in the E. by 82° W. 
 
 BachaubaTen, fishing vil., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on the 
 E. ct., close to Peterhead on the N. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bacliannan, par., Scot., Stirlingshire, on the E. side of 
 Loch Lomond, 9^ m. NNE. Dumbarton, 3 m. NW. Drymen 
 stn. ; 41,598 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Bncban Ness, cape, Scot. , E. Aberdeenshire, on the E. ct. , 
 in 57° 28' N. , the most easterly point of the Scottish mainland ; 
 with lighthouse, visible 17 m. 
 
 Bncbanty, vil., Scot., W. Perthshire, on the Almond, 6 m. 
 NE. Crieff, 4 m. NNW. Madderty stn., P.O. 
 
 Bachaiiy, vil., Scot., W. Perthshire, 6 m. SE. by E. 
 Callander, i m. NW. by W. Doune stn. 
 
 Bucharest. See Bnkarest. 
 
 Bacban, tn., Bohemia, 9 m. SE. by E. Karlsbad. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bueban, tn., Ger., kgd. Wurtemberg, 28 m. SW. by S. 
 Ulm. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bacben, urban coram., Ger., Baden, 32 m. SW. by W, 
 Wiirzburg, Bavaria. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bucbbolz, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 18 m. S. by E. Chemnitz ; 
 originated as a mining tovi^n in the i6th century, now carries on 
 all kinds of embroidery and lace-work, makes paper from wood 
 fibre, has large bookbinding establishments and other indus- 
 tries. P. 7800. 
 
 Bucbborn. See Frledrlcbsbafen, Wiirtemberg. 
 
 Bucblo^vltz, comm. , Moravia, 31 m. S. by E. Olmiitz. 
 P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Bncbly^le (bflk-lai'vi), vil., Scot., co. and 14 m. W. Stirling, 
 on the N. B. R., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bncbs, vil., Switzd., cant, and 18 m. SSE. St. Gall, on the 
 1. bk. of the Rhine. P. <4000. 
 
 Bucbsweller, tn., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, 20 m. NW. by 
 N. Strassburg, with lignite mines. P. <:4000. 
 
 Bnclncb, an islet, Scot., in Loch Lomond, in 56° 5^ N., to 
 the NE. of Inchruim, 6 m. N. Balloch Pier. 
 
 Bnckan, a suburb of Magdeburg, Prussia, 1. bk. Elbe. 
 P. 24,200. 
 
 Buckby, I/ong, par. and vil., Eng., Mid div. of Northamp- 
 tonshire, 9 m. NW. by W. Northampton, on the L. & NW. R., 
 PMT.O.; 4078 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Bnckden, par. and vil., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and 
 4i m. SW. Huntingdon, on the G. E. R., i^ m. W. Ofiford and 
 B. stn. on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bnckden, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the extreme 
 N. of the Skipton div., on the Wharfe, 24 m. W. by N. Ripon, 
 9 m. ENE. Hortonstn., P.O.; 16,076 ac. P. <:250. 
 
 Bnckden Ont IHIoor, an upland tract to the N. 
 
 Bitckeberge, wooded mt. , on the border between Schaum- 
 burg-Lippe and the Prussian circle of Rinteln ; rich in coal- 
 mines. 
 
 Biickebnrg, tn., Ger., cap. of princip. Schaumburg-Lippe 
 and of circle B., 30 m. WSW. Hanover. P. 5200. 
 
 Bnckenbam, pan, Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 8 m. E. by S. 
 Norwich, on the G. E. R. Market-day, S. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bnckenbam, New, par. and vil. , Eng. , Norfolk, Mid div. , 
 15 m. SW. Norwich, 5 m. W. by N. Tivetshall stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Bnckenbam, Old, par., adjoining New B. on the W., 3 m. 
 E. by N. Eccles Road stn., PM.O.; 5024 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnckenbam, or Bnckenbam Parra, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, 
 6 m. SW. Watton. P. <25o. 
 
 Bnckenbam wltb Haslngbam, eccles. par., Eng., Nor- 
 folk, containing the par. of B. P. <25o. 
 
 Bnckerell, par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., 13J m. 
 ENE. Exeter, 3 m. W. Honiton, 2 m. ENE. Sidmouth Jtmc. , 
 P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Bnckfast'lelgb, par. and tn. , Eng. , Devonshire, Totnes div. , 
 12 m. W. by N. Torquay, on the r. bk. of the Dart, and on the 
 G. W. R. , with tin and copper mines, tanneries, and manufac- 
 tures of blankets and serges. Near it are the ruins of Buckfast 
 Abbey. PMT.O. Market-day, F. 5882 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Bnckfleld, tn., U.S., Maine, Oxford co., 30 m. W. by S. 
 Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnckhannon, tn., U.S., W. Virginia, Upshur co., on the 
 Monongahela R. , 44 m. WSW. of the SW. corner of Maryland. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 BnckbaTen, fishing tn., Scot., W. Fife, on N. shore of 
 Firth of Forth, on B. Harbour, 9 m. SE. Falkland, on the 
 N. B. R., with coal-mines, PMT.O. P. 4000. 
 
 BnckbJll, electoral div. , Ire. , Roscommon, dist. Frenchpark. 
 
 Bnckbolt, East and West, par., Eng., Hampshire, 5 m. 
 SW. Stockbridge. P. <25o. 
 
 Bnckbolt Hills, a range of hills, Eng., on the W. border of 
 the Andover div. of Hampshire, about 8^ m. ENE. Salisbury. 
 
 Bnckbom Weston, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, on the W. 
 border of the N. div., 8^ m. NE. by E. Sherborne, 3J m. 
 WSW. Gillingham stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Bnckbnrst Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Essex, in the extreme 
 SW. of the Epping div., 7^ m. NW. by W. Romford, on the 
 G. E. R., PMT.O. P.<450o. 
 
 Buckle, fishing tn., Scot., Banffshire, on the ct., 12^ m. E. 
 by N. Elgin, with a stn. on the G. N. of S. R., and a harbour, 
 depth of water at ordinary spring tides 19 ft. , at ordinary neap 
 16 ft.; PMT.O. P. 5800. 
 
 Bncklngbam, vil. , Canada, Quebec, in Ottawa co. , 18 m. 
 ENE. Ottawa. Plumbago mine in vicinity. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bncklngbam, mun. bor. (also pari. bor. till 1885), par., co., 
 and market-tn. , Eng., Buckinghamshire, B. div., in the diocese 
 of Oxford, on the Ouse, which winds round three sides of the 
 town, 15 m. NW. by N. Aylesbury, on the L. & NW. R. Has a 
 grammar or 'Royal Latin' school (founded by Edward VL). 
 Formerly carried on lace-making. Limestone quarries near. 
 Market-day, S. 5007 ac. Pari. div. P. (1891) 57,400; mun. 
 bor. and par. P. (i89i)<35oo. 
 
 Bncklngbam, co., S. Australia, E. frontier, crossed by 36° S. 
 
 Bncklngbam, co. , in the S. of Tasmania, between the Huon 
 and Derwent Rivs. 
 
 Bncklngbam, co., U.S., Virginia, N. of 37° N. and E. of 
 79° W., bounded on the N. and NW. by the James R. 
 
 Bncklngbam Canal, a salt-water canal, Brit. India, nmning 
 parallel to the E. ct. , and forming an important means of com- 
 munication between Madras and the Goddvari. 
 
 Bncklngbamsblre, or Bucks, co. , Eng. , stretching N. from 
 the Thames, which forms its S. boundary, between Middlesex 
 and Oxford, divided into the following pari. divs. : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 N., or Buckingham .... 
 
 Mid, or Aylesbury 
 
 S. , or Wycombe 
 
 Part of New Windsor pari. bor. 
 
 202,623 
 
 162,284 
 
 110,510 
 
 277 
 
 57,401 
 
 58,500 
 
 66,884 
 
 2,499 
 
 Total (anct. and administrative co. ) 
 
 47S-694 
 
 185,284 
 
 In the N., which belongs mainly to the upper oolites, the sur- 
 face is undulating, and the higher parts are generally somewhat 
 unproductive. Equally unproductive is the southern half, nearly 
 all of which, except in the SE., where the lower eocene occurs, 
 is covered by the chalk, the Chiltern Hills {g.v.) traversing 
 this half from SW. to NE. Between these two areas lies the 
 beautiful and fertile Vale of Aylesbury, which belongs mainly to 
 the upper greensand, but the soil of which contains an admixture 
 of rocks derived from the chalk and other adjoining formations. 
 This district is noted for its dairy produce, and its sheep have 
 long been valued for the weight and fineness of their wool. The 
 Chilterns are well wooded, especially with beech, the name of 
 which is believed by some to contain the root which gives its 
 name to the county. For agriculture, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. 
 The minerals are not important ; fire-clay occurs at Slough, 
 and stone and chalk are got at Gerrard's Cross, Napple Com- 
 mon Kiln, and Woodburn. The principal manufactures are 
 lace, paper, wooden chairs, and other wares. The county is 
 traversed by the L. & NW. R. , G. W. R. , and Grand Junction 
 Canal. It forms an archdeaconry in the diocese of Oxford, and 
 returns three members to Parliament, one for each of the divs. 
 of Wycombe, Aylesbury, and Buckingham. It belonged to the 
 ancient kingdom of Mercia. Hampden was bom at the village 
 which bears his name, Cowper lived at Olney, and Herschel 
 had his great telescope at Slough. See England, table. 
 
 Bucklaud, par. and vil., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 9J m. 
 W. Abingdon, 5 m. NNW, Wantage Road stn., PMT.O.; 
 4505 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Bnckland, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 4^ m. E. 
 by S. Aylesbury, 2J m. S. Marston Gate stn. P. <iooo. 
 
 Bnckland, par., Eng., Gloucester, Tewkesbiuy div., 5 m. 
 SSE. Evesham. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bnckland, par., Eng., Herts, Hitchin div., 13^ m. N. by 
 E. Hertford, 2^ m. N. Buntingford stn., P.O. P. < 500. 
 
 Bnckland, par. and vil., Eng., Kent, i m. NW. by N. 
 Dover, included in the pari. bor. of Dover. P. <:45oo. 
 
 Bnckland, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 3 m. NW. by W. 
 Faversham, i m. ESE. Teynham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bnckland, par., Eng., Surrey, Reigate div., 4 m. E. by N. 
 Dorking, ^ m. SE. Betchworth stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bnckland, co.. New South Wales, crossed in the N. by 31° 
 S. , and touching 151° E. in the E. 
 
 Bnckland, tp.. New Zealand, North I., co. Manukau, 33 m. 
 from Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnckland, post-viL , Tasmania, Pembroke co. , 28 m. NE. 
 Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnckland, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co., 28 m. 
 NNW. Holyoke. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bnckland, mining-tp., Victoria, Delatite co., on B. Riv., 
 210 m. NE. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnckland, East, par., Eng., Devonshire, 5 m. NW. South 
 Molton, with arsenical pyrites. P. <2So. See Flllelgb. 
 
 231 
 
BUCK — BUDA 
 
 Bnckland, West, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, 6 m. NW. South 
 Molten, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Bnckland, West, par., Eng., Somersetshire, div. and 2 J m. 
 E. Wellington, 5 m. SW. by W. Taunton, P.O. P.<iooc. 
 See Wellington. 
 
 Bnckland Brewer, par. and vil, Eng., Devonshire, Barn- 
 staple div., 4^ m. SSW. Bideford, P.O. ; 6111 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Bnckland Denbam, or Dinbani, par. and vil. , Eng. , Somer- 
 setshire, div. and 3 m. NNW. Frome, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Bnckland Flllelgli, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, South Molton 
 div. , II m. S. Bideford, 5I m. NE. Dunsland Cross stn. P. <:250. 
 
 Bnckland-lu-tIie>Moor, par. and vil., Eng., Devonshire, 
 Ashburton div., 14 m. W. Teignmouth, 3 m. NW. by N. Ash- 
 burton stn. P. <250. See Aslibnrton. 
 
 Bnckland Monacliornm, par. and vil. , Eng. , Devonshire, 
 Tavistock div. , 9 m. N. Plymouth, 2 m. WSW. Horrabridge 
 stn., with copper-mines. Bnckland Abbey, the seat of the 
 Drake family, built by Sir Francis Drake on the site of the 
 church of an old Cistercian abbey, of which there are few re- 
 mains, is I m. to the S. P.O. 6715 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnckland Xewton, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , 8^ m. 
 SSE. Sherborne, PM.O. ; 6250 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Bnckland Kings, ancient earthwork, Eng., Hampshire, New 
 Forest div., ii^ m. SW. Southampton, close to Lymington stn. 
 
 Bnckland Rlpers, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., 3 m. 
 NW. by N. Weymouth. P. <:250. 
 
 Bnckland St. Mary, par. and vil., Eng., Somersetshire, 
 Bridgvvater div., 8 m. S. by E. Taimton, P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Bnckland Tont Saints (the latter part of the name pro- 
 nounced as in French), par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Totnes div. , 8 m. 
 WSW. Dartmouth. P. <:soo. See I/Oddiswell. 
 
 Bnclilebnry, par. and vil., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 53 m. 
 ENE. Newbury, 3^ m. SSE. Hampstead Norris stn., PrO. ; 
 6130 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bncklebnry -with Marlestone, eccles. par., Eng., Berk- 
 shire, containing B. vil. P. <I500. 
 
 Bncklershard, vil. , Eng. , Hampshire, New Forest div. , on 
 the W. shore of the estuary of the Beaulieu, 7 m. S. by W. 
 Southampton, 6 m. ENE. Lymington stn. 
 
 Bncklesham, par., Eng., Suftblk, Woodbridge div., 5 m. 
 ESE. Ipswich, P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Bnckley, cape, Patagonia, S. ct, in the Straits of Magellan, 
 in 53° 6' S. , 73° 30' W. 
 
 Bnckley, eccles. par., Wales, Flintshire, 3 m. E. by N. 
 Mold, with a June. stn. on the Mold and Connah's Quay Rly., 
 with fire-clay, and manufactures of course earthenware, draining- 
 tiles, and fire-bricks, PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bnckley's Crossing Place, post-tn., New South Wales, 
 Wallace co. , 100 m. NW. Cape Howe. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bucklyvle, vil. , Scot. See Bnchlyrie. 
 
 Bnckniluster, par. , Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 8^ m. 
 ENE. Melton Mowbray, 5 m. NE. by E. Saxby stn., PMT.O. 
 Par. P. <:soo ; eccles. par. (B. -witb Sewstem) P. <75o. 
 
 Bnck Mountain, coal-mining place, U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 Carbon co. , 3 m. S. Weatherly. 
 
 Bncknall, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 12 m. 
 E. byS. Lincoln, 2^ m. NNE. Southrey stn. , P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Bncknall, tn., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 2^ m. NE. 
 Stoke-upon-Trent, with a stn. (B. and Nortliwood) on the N. 
 Staff. Rly., PM.O. Eccles. par. (B. -witk BagnaU) P. <4SOO. 
 
 Bnckuell, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 9^ ni. NE. 
 by E. Woodstock, 2^ m. NW. by N. Bicester, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bncknell, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 13 m. NW. Leo- 
 minster, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Bncknell with Bncktou, eccles. par., Eng., Shropshire 
 and Herefordshire, containing tp. of B. P. <750. 
 
 Bncknell KuiTerslty, U.S. See Lewisbnrg. 
 
 Bnckow, tn. , Bohemia, now called BnschtCIirad. 
 
 Bnckpool, stn. , Scot. , on the Great N. of Scot. Rly. , between 
 Portsoy and Elgin. 
 
 Bnckrose, pari, div., in the N. of the E. Riding of York- 
 shire. P. 50,900. 
 
 Bucks, CO. , U.S. , Fennsylvania, in the SE. , on the Delaware, 
 N. of 40" N. 
 
 Buck's Cross, PT.O. , Eng., Devonshire, 4 m. from Clovelly. 
 
 Bucks Horn Oak, place, Eng., Hampshire, 2 m. from 
 Bentley, P.O. 
 
 Buckskin Mount, U.S., Colorado, in the NW. of Park co., 
 50 m. WSW. Denver. Alt. 14,296 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 Bucks Mills, eccles. par. , Eng. , Devon^re, near Bideford. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Bncksport, tn., U.S., Maine, Hancock co., on the L bk. of 
 the Penobscot R., 16 m. S., and winter harbour for the vessels 
 of Bangor. P. <3000. 
 
 Bnckthorpe. See Bugtborpe. 
 
 Bncktou, ct. par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div. , 
 13^ m. SE. Scarborough, 3 m. NNE. Bridlington, i m. NNW. 
 Eiempton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bnckton and Coxwall, par., Eng., Herefordshire, on R. 
 Teme, yh m. NE. Knighton. P. <250. See Bncknell. 
 232 
 
 Buckwortb, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and 6^ m. 
 NW. by W. Huntingdon, 5 m. W. Abbots Ripton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bucsnm, tn., Hungary, co. Als6-Feh6r, dist. Verespatak. 
 P<5ooo. 
 
 Buctoncbe, viL , Canada, New Brunswick, Kent co. , on the 
 estuary of the K. Buctoncbe, 102 m. ENE. Fredericton. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 BucnrescI, Roumania. See Bnkarest. 
 
 Bucyrus, city, U.S., Ohio, Crawford co. , 60 m. N. Columbus, 
 with mineral springs. P. 6000. 
 
 Bnczacz, comm., Austria, crownland Galicia, on R. Strypa, 
 35 m. S. by W. Tarnopol. P. 11,100. 
 
 Buda, vil. , U.S. , Illinois, Bureau co. , 113 m. WSW. Chicago. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Budafok, tn., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, dist, 
 Pilis als6. P. 5300. 
 
 Budaors, tn., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, dist. 
 Pihs als6. P. 5300. 
 
 Budapest, the cap. of Hungary, formed in 1873 t>y the in- 
 corporation in one city of the two towns of Buda (Ger. Ofen) 
 on the r. bk. of the Danube, 130 m. SE. by E. Vienna, and 
 Pest on the 1. bk. , just above the place where the Danube, after 
 traversing a dist. bordered by hills on both sides, divides into 
 two arms, enclosing the large island of Csepel, and begins to 
 traverse the Hungarian plains. The town on the r. bk. is the 
 older of the two, dating back to Roman times, and occupies the 
 first site convenient for fortification met with in ascending the 
 Danube through these plains. On the right hills advance close 
 to the river, in the Blocksberg or Gellerthegy, on the S. of the 
 town, up to the river bank. This hill (715 ft.) is occupied by 
 the citadel. The town itself is built partly on an isolated hill 
 to the N. , partly on level ground at the base of that hill, and 
 partly on the slopes of other hills which slope westwards up to 
 the Great Schwabenberg, or Mount Szechenyi (1545 ft.), which 
 is partly ascended by a rack-railway, and the Johannesberg 
 (1735 ft.). The suburb of 6 Buda (Old Buda, Ger. Alt-ofen) 
 lies a little to the N., where the hills again recede somewhat 
 from the river. At Buda the Danube is so narrowed as to be 
 bridged with comparative ease. Till 1849 the only connection 
 between the opposite banks was a bridge of boats, but in that 
 year a handsome suspension bridge, 1245 ft. long, was opened, 
 and now there are two passenger bridges, and a little below the 
 town a railway bridge. The site of the town on the 1. bk., 
 which dates only from the 13th century, but is the larger and 
 more rapidly expanding part of the whole city, belongs entirely 
 to the Hungarian plains. Buda is the chief seat of administra- 
 tion, contains the royal palace (Kiralya Palota), a vast and 
 splendid building erected by Maria Theresia in 1748, from 
 which beautiful terraced gardens descend to the river, the 
 chambers of the Hungarian diet, &c. Pest is the industrial 
 and commercial part of the city, but here also are the university 
 (transferred from Tyrnau to Buda in 1777, and to Pest in 1784), 
 a fine gallery of paintings in the university buildings, a nation^ 
 museum founded in 1802 by Count Szechenyi, and containing a 
 rich cabinet of medals and a gallery of antiquities, and a poly- 
 technical institute, with an observatory (lat. 47" 29' 35' N., 
 19° 3' 51" E.). Among the institutions of the city, besides the 
 university, are an academy of sciences founded in 1830, an 
 academy of music, an institute of science and arts, the Kisfaludi 
 society for the scientific literature of Hungary, the Matica Serbska 
 society for Slavonic literature, &c. The principal industries of 
 the town are those connected with the working up of the agri- 
 cultural produce of Hungary. The most important are the 
 flour-mills, producing the celebrated Hungai-ian flour. There 
 are also tobacco-factories, sugar-refineries, tanneries, chemical 
 works, and manufactures of machinery. B. is the chief station 
 of the Danube Steam Navigation Co., which has shipbuilding 
 yards here. Five hot springs well forth at the base of the 
 Blocksberg, and there are other hot (sulphur) springs with a 
 bath establishment in the Margaret I. (Ger. Margaretheninsel ; 
 Hung. Margit Sziget) in the Danube, nearly opposite O Buda. 
 The springs at the base of the Blocksberg are supposed to have 
 given rise to the name of the Roman mihtary colony founded 
 here and called Aquincum (supposed to be a corruption of 
 AqucB quinque). By some the names Buda and Ofen, both 
 meaning ' oven," are supposed to refer to the same thing. Others 
 interpret them as referring to caves in the hills of Buda, and the 
 same explanation is given of the name Pest (a corruption of 
 Slavonic pei, a cavern), which was originally applied to the same 
 town as Buda. The town has suffered greatly on several occa- 
 sions from terrible epidemics. B. was taken by Solyman the 
 Magnificent in 1526, and retaken by Ferdinand I., King of 
 Bohemia, in 1527 ; was again taken by Solyman in 1529, and 
 occupied by the Turks till 1686. It suffered much during the 
 Hungarian struggle for independence in 1848-9. Alt. , Danube 
 340 ft. ; meteorological stn. 502 ft. Mean temp., yr. 49.8° F. ; 
 Jan. 29.4, July 71.1° ; rainfall (28 years), 20.75 'ti- P* o^ Buda 
 (1780) 24,000; (1873) 54,600; of Pest (1813) 36,000; (1873) 
 200,000 ; of Budapest (1880) 360,000 ; (1890) 492,000 (about half 
 Germans, one-third Magyars, one-sixth Jews). 
 
BUD A - 
 
 Bndiinn, city, Brit. India, NW. Provs. , cap. of dist. B. , 26 
 m. SW. by S. Bareilly. P. (1891) 35,400; Moham. 20,800; 
 Hindus, 14,100. 
 
 Bndbrooke, par., Eng., co. and ij m. SW. Warwick. P. 
 <iooo. 
 
 Budby, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, 2J m. NW. OUerton. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Buddb Gayd, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 6 m. S. by 
 W. Gayd, the dwelling-place of the founder of Buddhism ; here 
 is to be seen a lineal descendant of the famous pipal tree under 
 which the sage sat when he attained to Buddhahood ; here too 
 are ruins, probably of a palace of Asoka, the greatest of Budd- 
 hist kings. 
 
 Bnddon Ness, cape, Scot., Forfarshire, on the E. ct., in 
 56° 28' N. , with two lighthouses, visible 16 and 13 m. 
 
 Baddn, outlying prov. of Uganda, on W. shore of L. Vic- 
 toria Nyanza, between the mouths of the Katonga and Kagera. 
 
 Baddnso, vil., isL of Sardinia, prov. and 40 m. E. Sassan. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bade, eccles. par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., on B. 
 Bay, 15 m. NNW. Launceston, with a coastguard stn. and 
 lifeboat. A growing watering-place amid picturesque scenery, 
 and a small port. PMT.O. Mean rainfall (1861-90), in. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 Bude Canal, Eng. See Tamar K. (Eng.). 
 
 Bndcjovlce, tn., Austria. See Budiveis. 
 
 Biiderlcb, vil. , Ger. Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 22 m. NW. by W. 
 Essen, near the 1. bk. of the Rhine. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Biiderlcb, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 8 m. SE. Krefeld, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Rhine. P. <30oo. 
 
 Baderlm, post-tp. , Queensland. See Bloiuit Bnderlm. 
 
 Biidesbelin, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle and dist. 
 Bingen. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Biideshelm, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , in the Eifel region, 
 circle and dist. Priim ; iron mined. P. <20oo. 
 
 Budge-Budge. See BaJ-BaJ. 
 
 Budb&na, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Muzaffarnagar, 
 22 m. NW. Meerut. P. 5900 ; Hindus, 3800 ; Moham. 2100. 
 
 Biidlkot ( ' fort of ashes'), vil., India, Mysore, 38m. E. byS. 
 Bangalore; birthplace of Haidar Ali, 1722. P. < 2000. 
 
 Biidlugen, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle B., 22 m. NE. 
 by E. Frankfurt, with beds of lignite in the neighbourhood, 
 and mineral springs. P<30oo. 
 
 Bndlssln, tn., Ger. See Bautzen. 
 
 BudlssoM^, tn. , Austria. See Bantscb. 
 
 Budle, par., Eng., Northumberland, 4 m. NE. Belford. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Budle Bay, bay, Eng., on the ct. of the co. of Northumber- 
 land, 14 m. SE. Berwick-upon-Tweed. 
 
 Budlelgb, East, par. and vil., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton 
 div., \\ m. NE. by E. Exmouth, at the head of a small inlet, 
 PMT.O. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Budlelgb Salterton, ct. vil., i^ m. S. by W. Exmouth, 
 PMT.O. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Budock, par., Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., i.\ m. WSW. 
 Falmouth. P. < 2500. 
 
 Budon, or Igbldo, vil. , W. Africa, Nupe country, on the r. 
 bk. of the Niger, in about 8° 28' N. , 6° 36' E. 
 
 Biidos-Hegy, mt., Hungary, near the E. border of Tran- 
 sylvania, in 46° 12' N., with hot sulphur springs, and caverns 
 which emit sidphuric exhalations. Alt. 7820 ft. 
 
 Budrlo, fortified ct. tn. and comm. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 
 10 m. ENE. Bologna. P. (of comm.) 17,000. 
 
 Budrum, tn. , on the N. side of the Gulf of Kos, in the W. of 
 Asia Minor, 96 m. S. by E. Smyrna, on the site of the ancient 
 Halicarnassus. P. 6000 ; Moham. 3600 ; orthodox Greeks, 2300 
 (Cuinet). 
 
 Budua, or Budva, tn. , Austria, prov. Dalmatia, circle and 
 10 m. SSE. Cattaro, on a penin. in the Adriatic. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Biiduksban. See Badaksban. 
 
 Budwels, or Budejovlce, tn. , Austria, prov. Bohemia, cap. 
 circ. B. , at the head of navigation on the Moldau (q.v.), in an 
 undulating expansion of its valley, 20 m. long by 7 m. wide, j'] 
 m. S. Prague. Graphite is mined at several places in the 
 neighbourhood, and the town has large manufactures of lead- 
 pencils, as well as of stoneware, &c. , and a considerable trade 
 in wood and merchandise from the S. , which is forwarded by 
 the river to Prague, &c. Alt. 1360 ft. P. (1869) 17,400; (1890) 
 28,500. 
 
 Budwortb, Great, par., Eng., Cheshire, Northwich div., 
 2 m. N. Northwich, P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Budwortb, Little, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 7 
 m. SW. by S. Northwich, 4 m. SE. by S. Delamere stn., PT.O. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Butlzanow, comm. , Austria, prov. Galicia, dist. and 7 m. N. 
 Czortkowa. P. 5400. 
 
 Bne, fortified post, French Congo Terr. , W. Africa, below 
 B. Falls on Ogowe, a little to S. of the equator, in 11° 50' E. 
 
 Bue, IMonte, Italy. See Apennlites, A. 
 
 Buecb, riv. , France. See Alpes, Hantes. 
 
 - BUEN 
 
 Buen, Spanish, 'good.' See Boa. 
 
 Buen Ayre, West Indies. See Bonaire. 
 
 Buenagnardla, vil. , Venezuela, Alto Orinoco Terr. , on the 
 Orinoco, just below the bifurcation of the Casiquiare. 
 
 Buenaventura, tn. and free pt., Colombia, Cauca, at the 
 head of the Bay of Choco, on the Pacific, in 3° 48' N. , terminus 
 of a railway to the interior. Mean temp. (1881-82), yr. 79.0° 
 F. See Andes, A., I. P. <50oo. 
 
 Bnenavlsta, one of the Cape Verde Is. See Boavlsta. 
 
 BuenaTlsta, place, with meteorological stn., Mexico, state 
 of and 22 m. ESE. Mexico. Alt. 7218 ft. ; mean rainfall (21 
 years), 23.7 in. 
 
 Buena Vista, tn., U.S., Colorado, Chaffee co., 85 m. 
 SW. Denver, 29 m. SSE. Leadville. Alt. 7948 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Buena Vista, tn., U.S., Georgia, Marion co., 64 m. SW. 
 by W. Macon. P. < 1500. 
 
 Buena Vista, co., U.S., Iowa, S. of 43° N., and crossed in 
 E. by 95° W. 
 
 Buena Vista, vil., U.S., Ohio, Scioto co., on the Ohio R. , 
 75 m. ESE. Cincinnati; has quarries of building-stone. P. 
 <:i5oo. 
 
 Buena Vista, tn., U.S., in the W. of Virginia, Rockbridge 
 CO. P. < 1500. 
 
 Buena Vista, cape, in the SE. of Uruguay, in 34° 24' S. 
 
 Buena Vista, tn., Venezuela, Falcon, on the Paraguana 
 Penin. , 230 m. WNW. Caracas. 
 
 Buen Hombre, tn., isl. of Haiti, republic of Santo 
 Domingo, N. ct., 114 m. NE. by N. Port au Prince, in 
 71° 17' W. 
 
 Bueno, riv. , Chile, issues from Lake Ranco, flows W. , forms 
 in its lower course the boundary between provs. Valdivia 
 and Llanquihue, and enters the Pacific in 40° 20' S. Length, 
 152 m. ; area of basin, 6950 sq. m.; discharge, 17,700 cubic ft. 
 per second. 
 
 Buenos Aires (or Ayres), the largest, most populous, and most 
 flourishing of the provs. of the Argentine Republic. Extends 
 from the mouth of the Rio Negro in 41° S. along the Atlantic 
 Ocean to the estuary of the La Plata ; cap. (since 1882) La Plata. 
 The N. includes a portion of the eastern Pampas, and is flat, 
 with lakes and swamps. The E. tracts are likewise for the 
 most part flat, studded with salt lagoons, and in great part 
 utterly barren. The S. part, however, at some distance from 
 the coast (S. of Azul and Tandil), includes some low ranges, — 
 Sierra de Tandil, Sierra Baya, and further S. Sierra Curumalan, 
 and Sierra de la Ventana the last, about 50 miles N. of Bahia 
 Blanca, being the highest (3475 feet). This dist. contains some 
 of the most fertile tracts in the whole prov. , well adapted for 
 wheat, the cultivation of which is now rapidly spreading there. 
 The principal crops of the prov. are maize, wheat, flax, and 
 lucerne ; but the chief agricultural industry is the rearing of 
 live-stock (sheep, cattle, &c.). The vine thrives even at Bahia 
 Blanca, but is not largely cultivated. No minerals of im- 
 portance. The N. winds prevailing here have the disagree- 
 able character of the sirocco of Italy ; the SW. winds, or pam- 
 peros, are hurricanes accompanied with thunder. See Argentine 
 Republic, table. 
 
 Buenos Aires (formerly spelt Ayres) ('good air"), the cap. 
 of the Argentine Republic, is situated on the S. bank of the 
 estuary of La Plata, about 150 m. from the sea, in 34° 36' 
 21" S., 58° 23' 34" W. It is regularly laid out, all its streets 
 crossing each other at right angles (in accordance with the pre- 
 scriptions of the Leyes de Indias, promulgated at the Escurial 
 in the sixteenth century), and now mostly paved with granite. 
 Works for thorough drainage of the city and supplying it with 
 water are being carried out. Tramways traverse the streets in 
 every direction, but the streets are so narrow that there is no 
 room for a double line, and the cars constantly travel in one 
 direction by one street, and return by a parallel street. Wider 
 boulevards are now being made, cutting the old streets diagonally. 
 Most of the houses are but one story in height, flat-roofed, and 
 built around courtyards ; but many of the newer houses and 
 business premises are of three or fovu" stories. The government 
 offices occupy a fine building {Palacio de Gobiemo) on one side 
 of the principal square, the Plaza de la Victoria. The imiversity 
 occupies an extensive building, and has a valuable library. The 
 principal manufactures that make use of imported material are 
 the making of furniture, carts, and carriages, and of cigars and 
 cigarettes. (See also Ai>gentlne Kepubllc.) The navigation 
 of the Plata (here 36 m. broad) is difficult; and the largest 
 ships are still obliged to anchor in the roadstead about 10 m. 
 off, to and from which merchandise has to be conveyed by 
 lighters, and formerly smaller ocean-going vessels had to do 
 the same. Great harbour works, including a series of docks 
 parallel to the shore of the La Plata, with two entrances, a 
 main channel on the N. and the Riachuelo Channel leading to 
 the suburb of La Boca on the S. , are now however in progress. 
 These works constitute the Puerto Madero. In 1890 vessels 
 drawing nearly 22 feet were able to reach the first of the new 
 docks. Nearly half the entire tonnage entered and cleared at 
 
 233 
 
BUER — BUJA 
 
 the ports of the Argentine Republic is entered and cleared at 
 this port. Shortest track to Liverpool, 6210 nautical m. The 
 mortality among children in the to\vn is very great. On the 
 average of the 16 years 1872-1887, out of every 1000 deaths 
 (including children still bom), 158 were those of children under 
 one year old (215.2 among those of Argentine birth), 470.4 were 
 those of children under five years (633. i among those of Argentine 
 birth). B. A. was founded in 1535 by Don Pedro de Mendoza, 
 but being destroyed by the Indians was abandoned, and was 
 refounded in 1580 by Don Juan Garcia de Garay. In 1775 it 
 was made the seat of a viceroyalty. Till 1882 it was cap. of 
 the prov. of B. A. , but in that year the town with the district 
 round, in all 83 sq. m. in extent, was placed imder the general 
 government of the Republic. Mean temp. (21 yrs., 1856-76), 
 yr. 63.0° F., Jan. 75.6°, July 50.0°; mean rainfall (17 yrs.), 
 34.1 in. P. (1863) 140,000; (1869) 177,800; (end of 1888) about 
 500,000; (1892)554,700. 
 
 Buer, vlL, Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 9 m. N. by 
 E. Essen ; coal-mines. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bnerton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 6 m. SSE. 
 Nantwich, 2 m. E. Audlem stn. P. <500. 
 
 Bacrtou, par., Eng., Cheshire, Tarvin union. P. <25o. 
 See Aldforrt. 
 
 Buet, Mont, summit, Switzd., in the Pennine Alps, between 
 the sources of the Trient and the Giffre, on the frontier of cant. 
 Valais, from which one of the finest views of Mont Blanc is 
 obtainable. 
 
 Baen, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 11 m. SW. Ponte- 
 vedra. P. 6400. 
 
 Bnfarik, tn., Algeria, arr. and 15 m. SW. by W. Algiers ; 
 founded in 1835, and for the first ten years very unhealthy on 
 account of its stagnant waters; now a well irrigated and 
 healthy oasis. P. < 5000. 
 
 Buffalo, riv. , in the E. of Cape Colony, flows SE. into the 
 Indian Ocean at East London (g.v.). 
 
 Buffalo, tn., U.S., Missouri, Dallas co., 79 m. SW. Jefferson 
 City, with iron, lead, and coal mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Buffalo, CO., U.S., Nebraska, crossed by 99° W., and in the 
 N. by 41° N. 
 
 Buffalo, city, U.S., New York, cap. of Erie co., at the E. 
 end of Lake Erie, with a water-front of 2^ m. on the lake, and 
 an equal frontage on Niagara R. Its harbour, the best on Lake 
 Erie, is formed by the B. Riv. , the entrance being protected by 
 a breakwater i^ m. long ; the Erie Basin is the beginning of 
 the Erie Canal. Commerce in consequence very important ; 
 the chief commodity, grain ; next in importance stock and 
 lumber from the Western States and Canada, and coal from 
 Pennsylvania. Manufactures also very extensive, including 
 iron wares, sleeping and freight cars ; also chemical and fer- 
 tilizer works, car-wheel works, oil-refineries, breweries, leather- 
 works, and many others. Chief pubUc buildings, the City and 
 County Hall, of Maine granite, the Music Hall, Grosvenor Free 
 Library, two medical schools, and B. Library, which contains 
 also the Fine Arts Academy, Society of Natural History, and 
 B. Historical Society. B. was founded in 1801. Alt. 664 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 46.7° F., Jan. 24.4°, July 70.0°; rainfall (12 
 yrs.), 37.44 in. P. (1850) 42,300; (1870) 117,700; (1890) 
 255,700. 
 
 Buffalo, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Cass co., 36 m. W. Fargo. 
 
 Buffalo, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, crossed by 44° N. , and 99° 
 W. , bounded on the W. by the R. Missouri. 
 
 Buffalo, CO., U.S., Wisconsin, on the Mississippi, crossed 
 in the W. by 92° W. 
 
 Buffalo, tn., U.S., Wyoming, Johnson co., 138 m. WSW. 
 from the NE. corner of the state. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Buffalo-Bayou, riv., Texas, co. Hairisburg, after an E. 
 course of 70 m. enters the Bay of Galveston. It is navigable 
 for steamers to Houston, 40 m. 
 
 Buffalo Bluff, viL, U.S., Florida, Putnam co., on the 
 r. bk. of the St. John's R., 60 m. S. by W. of the mouth of 
 the river. 
 
 Buffalo Cap, viL, U.S., Texas, Taylor co., 183 m. NW. 
 Austin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Buffalo Lake, Canada, near the middle of the E. half of 
 Alberta, drained S. into the Red Deer R. There are outcrops 
 of coal to the SW. 
 
 Buffalo Lake, Canada, N W. Terrs. , crossed by 56° N. , 109° 
 W., connected with Clear Lake, which adjoins, and is drained 
 SE. into Lake La Crosse. 
 
 Buffalo Rocks (Liep Kywon, or ' Turtle I.'), a group of 
 rugged detached rocks, off the W. ct. Lower Burma, Bassein 
 dist. , 29 m. from shore, in 16° i9'-i6° 22' N. 
 
 Buff Bay, Jamaica, in the NE., in 76° 35V-42' W. 
 
 Buford, CO., U.S., N. Dakota, in the NW. comer of the 
 state, bounded on the S. by the R. Missouri. 
 
 Bug, Polish Biig, or BoU, rivs. , Russia. I. Southern B., 
 Turkish Ak-su, the ancient Hipanis, rises in Volhynia, flows 
 SE. and S., and enters the estuary of the Dnieper, having itself 
 a long estuary, at the head of which stands the naval stn. of 
 SflkolaleT, at its junction with the Ingul. Depth of estuary, 
 234 
 
 from 9 to 23 ft. Navigated up to Voznesensk, 65 m. above 
 Nikolaiev. Considerable fishing in estuary. II. Western B., 
 r. bk. trib. of Vistula, rises in the spurs of the Carpathians, in 
 Galicia, flows NW. and enters Russian Poland near Hrubeszow, 
 then flows N. and W. past Brest-Litovsk, describing a great 
 curve, and joins the Vistula at Novogeorgievsk, below Warsaw. 
 Length, 500 m. ; area of basin, 26,220 sq. m. Timber floated 
 on it for export to Prussia. 
 
 Bnga, tn. , Colombia, dep. and a little to the E. of the riv. 
 Cauca, 155 m. W. by S. Bogotd., 50 m. direct E. of the port of 
 Buenaventura, with which it is getting connected by raiL Alt. 
 3290 ft. P. 12,500. 
 
 Buganda, E. Africa. See Uganda. 
 
 Bngaronl, Bujaronl, or Seba'a Bas (Arabic, 'seven 
 capes'), the northernmost point of Algeria, 37° 6' N., 6° 30' E., 
 with lighthouse \'isible 26 m. 
 
 Bngbrooke, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 5^ 
 m. WSW. Northampton, 3^ m. SE. Weedon stn., PM.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Bugeaud, viL , Algeria, prov. Constantine, arr. and 8 m. W. 
 Bona. P. •<20oo. 
 
 Bugey, dist., France. See Aln (dep.). 
 
 Bugganr, riv. , India. See Baghar. 
 
 Buggenhout, comm. and viL, Belgium, prov. Flanders, 5 m. 
 E. Termonde. P. 5300. 
 
 Bugglano, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 11 m. E. by N. 
 Lucca. P. 10,000. 
 
 Bngls, Malay tribe inhabiting chiefly the southern penins. 
 of Celebes, also the isls. S. of Celebes ; active and dexterous 
 navigators and merchants. 
 
 Bngla'wton, par. and viL, Eng., Cheshire, div. and 7 m. 
 SSW. Macclesfield, i m. NE. Congleton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bugle, stn. , Eng. , Cornwall, St. Austell div. , on the G. W. R. , 
 5^ m. SW. Bodmin. 
 
 Bugle Ranges, settlement, S. Australia, co. Hindmarsh, 27 
 m. ESE. Adelaide. 
 
 Bngnara, tn. , Italy, prov. Aquila, circle Solraona. P. 
 <:3ooo. 
 
 Bngojno, vil., Bosnia, prov. Travnik, 52 m. W. by N. 
 Sarajevo. Alt. 1865 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bugswortb, part of par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, High Peak div. , 
 6 m. NNW. Buxton, on the M. R., with coal-mines, P.O. See 
 Glossop and t'hlnley. 
 
 Bugttaorpe, or Bnckthorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. 
 Riding, Howdenshire div., 12 m. E. by N. York, 4 m. NE. 
 Fangfoss stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bngue, Le, tn., France, dep. Dordogne, arr. Sarlat, 22 m. 
 SE. by S. P^rigueux ; near it the large stalactite cave of Mire- 
 mont or Trou-de-Granville. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bugulma, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 243m. NE. Samara; 
 considerable trade vrith Kirghiz Steppes. P. 12,300. 
 
 Buguruslan, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 177 m. ENE. 
 Samara. P. 10,500. 
 
 Bnbl, viL, Ger., govt. Alsace-Lorraine, 14 m. NNW. 
 Miihlhausen, with important woollen manufactures. P. 
 <:4000. 
 
 Biilil, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy and 6 m. SW. Baden, with cotton 
 spinning mills. P. <300o. 
 
 BttUerttaal, comm., Baden, 2 m. E. BiihL P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bui, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 116 m. NNE. of Kostroma. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Buildwas, par. , Eng. , Salop, Wellington div. , loi m. ESE. 
 Shrewsburj-, on the G. W. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Bulltb, or Llanfalr In Buallt, par. and tn. , Wales, Breck- 
 nockshire, on the Wye, at the confluence of the Yrfon, i2i ra. 
 SW. bv W. New Radnor, with a stn. (B. Wells) on the Cam- 
 brian R., 2 m. SSE. B. Road stn. on the L. & NW. R., with 
 much frequented mineral springs, PMT.O. Market-day, M. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bulnsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 50 m. N. of Simbirsk. 
 P. 5500. 
 
 Buira, tn. , Algeria. See BorJ-Bulra. 
 
 Buironfosse, comm. and viL, France, dep. Aisne, cant. La 
 Capelle, 9 m. NNW. Vervins. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Buls, Le, tn., France, dep. Drome, 25 m. EINE. Orange, 
 arr. and 9 m. SE. Nyons. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bultenzorg (Dutch, 'without care'), tn., Java, 32 m. S. 
 Batavia, seat of the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, 
 with carefully-kept botanic gardens laid out in 1818, and a 
 meteorological stn. Alt. 910 ft. ; mean temp. (8 yrs., 1848-55), 
 yr. 76.9° F. 
 
 Bulttle, par. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, 3 m. ESE. Castle 
 Douglas, 2 m. SW. Dalbeattie stn. ; 11,391 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Buja, tn., Asia Minor, 3 m. SE. Smyrna. 
 
 Buja, tn., adjoining Assab on the Red Sea, has Italian 
 magazines. 
 
 Buja, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 11 m. NNW. Udine. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Bujalanee, tn., Spain, prov. and 25 m. E. by N. C6rdoba. 
 in the Campifia. P. 10,000. 
 
BUJA — BULG 
 
 Bujaleaf, comm. and vil. , France, dep. Haute- Vienne, 
 arr. and 18 m. E. Limoges, on the Vienne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 BnJ^n, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Ordenes. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Bnjaraloz, comm. , Spain, prov. and 37 m. E. by S. Sara- 
 gossa. P. <2ooo. 
 
 BnJaronJ, Algeria. See Bngaronl. 
 
 Bnjarron, mountain range, Spain, provs. Murcia and 
 Valencia. 
 
 Bnje, tn., Austria, Istria, 15 m. SSW. Trieste. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bajnurd, tn., Persia, prov. Khorassan, 70 m. WSW. 
 Ashkabad, inhabited by a Kurd colony, planted by Shah 
 Abbas about 1600 for defence against the Turkomans. P. 
 8000. 
 
 Bnk, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. and 18 m. W. by S. Posen, 
 circle B. P. <4000. 
 
 Bulia, the north-westernmost of the Solomon Is. , separated 
 from Bougainville I. by B. Strait ; mountainous in the interior ; 
 coast in large part occupied by mangrove swamps ; elsewhere 
 thickly peopled. 
 
 Bnka'a, El, another spelling of El Bekaa (^.v.). 
 
 Bakarest, or Bucharest, Roumanian Bncnrescl (bukur- 
 esh'ti), cap. Roumania, prov. Ilfov, on the Dimbovi^a, in the E. 
 part of the Walachian plain, 30 m. from the Danube, 108 m. 
 SW. by W. of the Danubian port of Braila, surrounded by a 
 ring of forts at distances varying from 5 to 8 m. Chiefly im- 
 portant as the royal residence and seat of government and a 
 centre of trade. Has a university, national museum, library, 
 &c. Near it is Cotroceni, the summer residence of the royal 
 family (formerly a monastery), situated at the end of a broad 
 plateau. Alt. 305 ft.; mean temp., yr. 51.0° F., Jan. 26.4°, 
 July 73.6° ; rainfall (6 )rrs.), 21.38 in. P. (i860) 122,000 ; (1889) 
 about 220,000. 
 
 Bnkarl, seapt. , Hungary. See Bnccarl. 
 
 Bnkan, or Bnckan, a southern suburb of Magdeburg, 
 Prussia, on the 1. bk. of the Elbe, now included in the town- 
 commune of Magdeburg. P. 24,200. 
 
 Bn Khanlfls, tn. , Algeria, on the 1. bk. of the Mekerra, 35 
 m. ENE. Tlemsen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bukbara, khanate of central Asia, between 37°-4i° N. , and 
 62°-72° E. , having the Russian Turkistan provs. of Samarkand 
 and Fergana in the N. , Kashgaria and partly Kashmir in the 
 E. , Afghanistan in the S. , the Russian Transcaspian Terr, in 
 the SW. , and Khiva in the W. It may be divided into three 
 parts, very different from each other. The western part, where 
 the capital is situated, is a lowland watered by the Zerafshan, 
 the waters of which are diverted into countless irrigation canals 
 in the dists. of Ziaeddin, Kermine, Bukhara, and Karakul. 
 This fertile region touches the Karakum sands in the N. , while 
 eastwards it assumes the character of a prairie (Karnak-chul), 
 which is covered in the summer with a rich grass vegetation. 
 Its climate is very hot and dry. The cultivation of cotton, the 
 vine, and the mulberry tree ; the breeding of an excellent breed 
 of Karakul sheep, as well as of liorned cattle, horses, and 
 camels ; and an extensive trade in raw cotton, silk, sheepskins, 
 hides, rice, fruit, felts, and carpets are the chief occupations of 
 the population. The middle part of B. occupies the slopes of 
 the Tian-shan Mountains, which are known under the names 
 of Baba-tagh, Hazi-malek, and Kara-tau, which form plateaux 
 nearly 4000 ft. high, intersected by fertile valleys. This region 
 enjoys a cooler and damper climate, is very fertile in the 
 valleys, and has a dense population engaged in agriculture and 
 cattle-breeding. The mountain-rivers (Surkhan, Kafimagan, 
 Vaksh, or Surkhab, all r. bk. tribs. of the Amu), as well as 
 many smaller streams, supply an abundance of water to the 
 fields, while the slopes of the mountains are covered with 
 gardens of pistachio and almond trees. Coal, salt, and naphtha 
 are found in the mountains. The eastern part is an Alpine 
 region, intersected by the ridges of Karateghin, Peter I's, and 
 Darvaz, whose highest summits attain 25,000 ft. The inhabi- 
 tants of Karateghin also carry on agriculture, and raise wheat, 
 millet, barley, flax, and lucerne, and keep good breeds of horses. 
 Those of the khanate of Darvaz (35,000) live almost entirely by 
 the cultivation of the mulberry tree ; they eat a flour obtained 
 from its dried berries, and pay the taxes with the same. The 
 climate is hot in the summer, and cold in the winter ; the only 
 means of communication are on horseback or on foot. The 
 chief rivers of B. are the Amu, which waters the eastern part, 
 and flows along its SW. frontier elsewhere, receiving many 
 tribs. from the right ; and the Zerafshan, whose waters are well 
 utilised for irrigation ; a new canal is now being dug across the 
 Bek-pak-dala, or Famine Steppe, to bring the waters of the 
 Syr-daria to the central parts of B. The population consists of 
 Uzbegs (nearly one-half of the whole). Tajiks, chiefly in towns, 
 and nearly 20,000 of Arabs, Persians, Jews, and Tsigans. Part 
 of the Uzbegs, the Kirghizes, and the Arabs are nomads. 
 Prevailing religion, Mussulman. For administrative purposes 
 B. is divided into twenty-eight dists. , of which eleven are under 
 separate Beks — those of Hissar, Charjui, and Ziaeddin are the 
 richest. The chief towns are Bnkliara, Karsbl (35,000 in- 
 
 habitants), and Cliarjnl. The trade of B. with Russia, 
 Afghanistan, Kashgaria, and India is considerable. Raw- 
 cotton, silk, dried fruit, rice, indigo, sheepskins, furs, cotton 
 cloth, carpets, shawls, and felt, woollen and silk goods are 
 exported, while all sorts of manufactured goods are imported, 
 partly for further export. B. is now crossed by the Russian 
 Transcaspian Rly., which enters it at Charjui, and passes 
 Bukhara and Kermine to Mir. Nearly 50,000 camels were 
 used previously to the construction of this railway for the 
 trade with Russia alone, which is estimated at ^3, 200,000 
 for imports, and ;^4,5oo,ooo for exports. B. is in reality a 
 vassal state to Russia. Area, about 92,000 sq. m. P. about 
 2,500,000. 
 
 Bukhara, cap. of the above, on one of the branches with 
 which the Zerafshan ends in the lowlands before reaching the 
 Amu, 155 m. by rail from Samarkand, and 736 m. from Uzun- 
 ada, on the Caspian ; 39° 4/ N. , 64° 27' E. It lies in a fertile 
 country, well watered, and densely covered with villages. The 
 city consists of a citadel, and the town, which is nearly 8 m. in 
 circumference, is said to possess 360 mosques. P. estimated at 
 70,000. The Transcaspian Rly. passes within 8 m. from B., 
 and round the rly. stn. a Russian town, B. Russkaya, or New 
 Bukhara, is growing, on a terr. conceded by the Khan. P. 
 2000. 
 
 Bukhtarma, riv., W. Siberia, govt. Tomsk, Altai Region, 
 r. bk. trib. of Irtysh, rises in Sailughem range, flows NW. 330 
 m. through Lake B., and then through a very fertile well- 
 peopled valley, and past the Zyryanovskiy silver-mine. 
 
 Bukit, Malay, ' a hill.' 
 
 Bnkke, or Bukn Fjord, on the W. ct. of Norway, prov. 
 Stavanger. Length about 35 m. , breadth 15 m. ; full of islands, 
 one of which has the same name. 
 
 Bukknr, fortified isl., India, Si nd, situated where the rail- 
 way from the Punjab has since 1889 been carried across the 
 Indus, between the towns of Rohri and Sukkur. 
 
 Bukoba, Ger. stn., central Africa, on the W. side of Lake 
 Victoria Nyanza, in about 1° 21' S. 
 
 BnkoTlua, in German spelling Buko-wlna ('beech- land'), 
 crownland, Austria, more than half the size of Wales, S. of 
 and similar in features to Galicia, drained by the Pruth and 
 Sereth and their tribs. Inhabited mainly by Roumanians, in 
 the N. by Ruthenians. Cap. Czernowitz. Area, 4036 sq. ra. 
 P. 647,000. See Austria-Hungary, table. 
 
 Bukumbl, stn., Ger. E. Africa, on Lake Victoria Nyanza, 
 in 2° 42 J' S. , 32° 22' E. 
 
 Bnlacan, tn. , Philippine Is., Luzon, 17 m. NNW. Manila, 
 cap. prov. B. P. 12,200. 
 
 Bnladan, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 100 m. E. by S. 
 Smyrna, sanjak and 21 m. NNW. Denizlii. P. 9700 (Moham.). 
 
 Bnlak, tn. , Egypt, on r. bk. of the Nile, the river-port of 
 Cairo [q-v.). 
 
 Bnlalacao, seapt. , Philippine Is. , on a bay on the S. ct. of 
 Mindoro, in 12° 20' N., 121" 18' E. 
 
 Bnlama, the easternmost of the Bissagos Is., off the W. 
 ct. of Africa. An attempt to found a British settlement here 
 in 1792 failed through the frightful mortality among the 
 settlers. 
 
 Bulandshahr, or Baran, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., cap. 
 of dist. B. , 40 m. ESE. Delhi, of great antiquity, coins of 
 Alexander the Great being found in and around the town. 
 Malarious fever prevails in the dist. during the rainy season. 
 Alt. 741 ft. P. (1891) 16,900; Hindus, 8500; Moham. 8100. 
 
 Bulang, isl.. Eastern Archipelago, to the S. of Singapore 
 Strait, and just W. of 104° E. 
 
 Bnlangan, riv., near the N. frontier of Dutch Borneo, flow- 
 ing E. into the Strait of Macassar. 
 
 Bnlarl Pass. See New Caledonia. 
 
 Bnlawadln, or Bulavadln. See Bolowodnn. 
 
 Bnlcote, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div. , 6 m. 
 NE. by E. Nottingham, x\ m. NE. Burton Joyce (^.v.) stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Buld&na, dist. , Brit. India, in the SW. of Berar. 
 
 Buldur, tn. , Asia Minor. See Bnrdur. 
 
 Bule, vil., W. Africa. See Bole. 
 
 Bulebane, walled tn. , cap. of the kingdom of Bondu, Africa, 
 Senegambia, SW. of Futa-Toro. P. <:3000. 
 
 Bnlford, stn. , Eng. , Essex, Maiden div. , on the G. E. R. , 
 10 m. NNE. Chelmsford. 
 
 Bnlford, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., on the Avon, 
 9 m. N. by E. Salisbury, 5 m. N. Porton stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bulgaden, tnld., Ire., SE. co. Limerick, bar. Coshlea, i6| 
 m. S. by E. Limerick, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Bulgaria, an autonomous principality of the Turkish empire, 
 lies between the Danube and (Turkish) Roumelia, and the Black 
 Sea and Servia, its extremities touching, in the E. 28° 37' E. 
 long., in the W. 23° 13', in the N. 44° 12' lat., and in the S. 41° 
 46'. In area, it is about two-fifths of Great Britain. Northern 
 B. (B. proper) is separated from Southern B. (Eastern Roumelia) 
 by the Balkan Mts. [q.v.). These two portions are made up as 
 shown in the following table : — 
 
 235 
 
B U LG 
 
 BULL 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Kostendil 
 
 Lovec ...... 
 
 Lorn Palanka (with Berkovica) 
 Pleven (Plevna) .... 
 
 Rahovo 
 
 Razgrad 
 
 Russe, or RusCuk (Rustchuk) . 
 
 Sevlijevo 
 
 Silistra 
 
 Sofia 
 
 §umen (Shumla) with Eski Dzumaje. 
 Sviltov (Shishtova) .... 
 
 Trn 
 
 Trnovo 
 
 Varna 
 
 Vraca 
 
 Vidin 
 
 Bulgaria proper (total) 
 
 Burgas 
 
 Haskovo without Kirdzali 
 
 Pazardzik 
 
 Plovdiv (Philippopolis) without 
 Rubdzus .... 
 
 Sliven 
 
 Stara Zagora (Eski Zagra) 
 
 Eastern Roumelia (total) 
 
 Grand total 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 1,807 
 I-517 
 1.456 
 
 958 
 1,070 
 1,170 
 1. 595 
 
 745 
 1,162 
 2,174 
 1.695 
 1.151 
 
 927 
 1,811 
 3.019 
 
 958 
 1. 174 
 
 24.389 
 
 2,236 
 1. 351 
 
 2.355 
 2,073 
 
 2,510 
 2,409 
 
 12,934 
 
 37.323 
 
 Pop. in 
 Thou- 
 sands, 
 Jan. I, 
 
 163 
 
 119 
 
 114 
 
 92 
 
 87 
 
 122 
 
 154 
 
 94 
 
 108 
 
 182 
 
 176 
 
 91 
 
 76 
 
 205 
 
 207 
 
 87 
 116 
 
 2.193 
 
 no 
 123 
 137 
 226 
 
 161 
 203 
 
 961 
 
 3.154 
 
 Pop. 
 
 per 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 90 
 78 
 78 
 96 
 80 
 104 
 
 97 
 126 
 
 93 
 84 
 104 
 80 
 82 
 
 "3 
 69 
 
 91 
 99 
 
 90 
 
 49 
 90 
 58 
 109 
 64 
 
 74 
 
 85 
 
 A plateau region of Tertiary (loess) deposits, resting on Jurassic 
 and Cretaceous limestones and sandstones, descends by succes- 
 sive terraces from the Balkans to the Danube, and is seamed 
 by the deeply-eroded channels of the tribs. of that river — the 
 Tarok, Lom, Isker, Vid, Osma, Jantra. The Rhodope Mts., 
 or Despoto Dagh (reaching to 7200 ft.), separate Bulgarian 
 from Turkish Roumelia. Between that range and the Balkans 
 stretches the plain that is watered by the Maritza and its af- 
 fluents — the Tunja and Giopsa ; on its northern side lies the 
 Sredna Gora (5200 ft.), nmning parallel to the Balkans. The 
 western part of South B. belongs to the valley of the Struma, 
 being parted from the Maritsa basin by the Vitosa and Rila 
 Mts. The rivers Kamc^yk and Mandra Su flow E. into the 
 Black Sea. The climate is characterised by hot, dry summers, 
 short, dry winters, rainy springs and autumns, with abrupt 
 changes, and a wide range of temperature (86° to -2° F. at Sofia) ; 
 but it is healthy, except in the marshes along the rivers and the 
 Black Sea. Temp. , Jan. 27. 5°, July 70°, yr. 50° ; rainfall, 250 
 in. at Sofia, 270 at Rus2uk. Forest trees (oak, ash, lime, 
 with some Coniferae and beech) grow on the mountains. The 
 plains are generally treeless, except for scrub (oak, sumach, 
 thorn, elder), and orchards of plum, walnut, apples, pears, 
 cherries. Bear, wild boar, red and roe deer, chamois, eagles, 
 vultures, Falconidae, and owls abound in the mountains ; wild 
 boar and wild fowl in the marshes ; and wolves, partridges, 
 hares, weasels, stoats, otter, badger, quail, woodcock, are 
 plentiful everywhere. The squirrel, leech, and marmot also 
 occur. Sturgeon are taken in the Danube, trout in all streams, 
 and mackerel (to be dried) in the Black Sea near Burgas. The 
 domestic animals are horses (small and hardy, for riding only), 
 asses and mules, buffaloes and oxen, sheep, goats. Salt (10,000 
 to 15,000 tons) at Anchialos and Baldik, gypsum near Stara 
 Zagora, and coal in the Struma valley, are the only minerals 
 extracted, though iron and gold exist, as well as turf. There 
 are many sulphur springs on the S. of the Balkans. The chief 
 occupation is agriculture, engaging 70 per cent, of the popula- 
 tion. Cereals (wheat, maize, barley, rye, oats) are the principal 
 crops, and rank first among the exports (90 per cent, of total). 
 Wine, about 80,000 gallons annually, is made everjrwhere, 
 especially near the Black Sea. Roses are cultivated between 
 the Balkans and Sredna Gora, especially round Kazanlik and 
 Karlovo, and on the N. side of the Rhodope Mts. , for attar of 
 roses for export. About 12,000 Bulgarians go abroad every 
 spring, returning in autumn to work as gardeners. Silkworms 
 are bred in Philippopolis and Haskovo. Tobacco is carefully 
 cultivated. There is little industry apart from domestic branches, 
 of which the more notable produce native cloth, carpets, trim- 
 mings and ribbons, and hosiery ; but there is some brewing and 
 distilling (slivovitsa from plums), leather-work (at Sumen), 
 furriery, corn-grinding, silk-spinning (Trnovo), copper-work 
 (Stara Zagora), and pottery-making (Tm, Rusi$uk, Silistria). 
 The total value of the exports does not quite reach ^^3, 000,000 ; 
 236 
 
 grain, live stock, native cloth, butter and eggs, hides, and attar 
 of roses being the heaviest items. These things are sent chiefly 
 to Turkey, France, the United Kingdom, and Austria-Hungary. 
 The imports average somewhat more than the exports ; they 
 consist principally of textiles, groceries, metals, wines and 
 spirits, timber, paper, glass and pottery, oils, &c. , and leather, 
 and are mostly supphed by Austria-Hungary and the United 
 Kingdom. The pop. embraces 74 per cent. Bulgarians, 19 per 
 cent. Turks, less than 2 per cent. Greeks, 2 per cent. Gipsies, 
 and .75 per cent. Spanish Jews. Since 1877 great numbers of 
 Turks have left the country ; their place in the plains is being 
 taken by native Bulgarians from the mountains. The Bulgarians 
 are descended from the ancient Finno-Ugric Bolgari, but have 
 been for centuries thoroughly ' slavised. ' The Orthodox Greek 
 Church, with twelve eparchies or bishoprics, counts 77 per cent, 
 of the people as its adherents, Islam reckons 21 J per cent., the 
 rest are Jews, Roman Catholics, and Armenians. Great pains 
 are being taken to foster education ; but for a university training 
 young men are sent abroad by the state. The main line of 
 railway from Vienna to Constantinople passes through Sofia, 
 the cap., and Philippopolis. There are nmeteen towns, besides 
 the two just named, whose pop. exceeds 10,000. Military service 
 is compulsory, 16,000 recruits being drafted every year. B. has 
 small flotilla on the Danube. The okka = -3> lt>. , divided into 400 
 drams, each=i6 krat, and each krat=32 corns, is the principal 
 dry measure. Two ells (2J ft. and 2J ft. ) are in use. The ell= 
 8 rup, I rup = i6 grech, i grech=:32 fingers. The uvrat=6i8 
 sq. yds., divided into 4 lecha, is the unit of land measurement. 
 Money is reckoned in francs and centimes. The annual budget 
 balances at ,^3, 500,000. B. pays an annual tribute to the Sultan. 
 The executive head of the state is an hereditary prince, who is 
 assisted by responsible ministers. The members of the legisla- 
 tive national assembly are elected directly by the people, one for 
 every 10,000 inhabitants, and sit for three years. The Bolgari 
 settled in the region between the Danube and Balkans towards 
 the end of the 7th century. They adopted Christianity, and the 
 language and customs of their Slovenian subjects, in the 9th 
 century. Twice during the 9th-ioth centuries, and again in 
 the i2th, their rulers (tsars) extended their sway over the greater 
 part of the Balkan Penin. Then, for close upon five hundred 
 years, they were subject to the tyrannous rule of the Ottoman 
 Turks ; but were freed in 1878. Southern B. (East Roumelia) 
 was incorporated in the Bulgarian state in 1885. See the volu- 
 minous monograph of Dr. C. JireSek, Bulgarien, Vienna, 1891, 
 and J. Samuelson, Bulgai-ia, Past and Present, 1888 [J. T. B.]. 
 
 Bulger, post-settlement, Canada, Ontario, co. Renfrew, 8 m. 
 from Cobden. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnlgburla, vil. , in the NW. of Asia Minor, 2J m. E. Skutari. 
 
 Balllnyan, Puiita, cape, SW. end of the isl. of Palawan, in 
 8° 20' N., 117° 10' E. 
 
 Bullmba, suburban tp. , Queensland, 4 m. from Brisbane. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Balk, par., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. NE. Lancaster. P. <750. 
 
 Bnlkeley, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 'j\ m. W. by 
 N. Nantwich, 3^ m. E. Broxton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 BuLkinii^ii, par. and vil., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton 
 div., 6 m. NE. Coventry, on the L. & N. W. R., PM.O. ; 
 4892 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnlklngton, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Westbury div. , 6 m. E. 
 by N. Trowbridge, 2 m. S. Melksham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bnllcworthy, par., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., 9 m. 
 SSW. Bideford, 7 m. WSW. Torrington stn. P. <250. See 
 Abbot's Blcklitgton. 
 
 Bull, rocky isl.. Ire., off" W. ct. Dursey I., in the SW. of 
 CO. Cork. 
 
 Bulla, post-tn. , Victoria, Bourke co. , 15 m. NW. by N. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bulladau, tn., Asia Minor, 27 m. SE. Alashehr. 
 
 BuUadelab, post-vil.. New South Wales, Gloucester co., 
 45 m. NE. by N. Newcastle. P. <i500. 
 
 Bnllaque, small riv., Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, flows S. to 
 the Guadiana. 
 
 Bullarto, post-tn., Victoria, co. Talbot, 71 m. NW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Bulias, tn. , Spain, prov. and 28 m. W. by N. Murcia. P. 
 6700. 
 
 Bullauii, par., Ire., E. co. Galway, bar. and 3 m. N. 
 Loughrea, P.O. 
 
 Bull Bay, small watering-place, Wales, in the N. of Anglesey, 
 to the W. of Amlwch. 
 
 Bulle, or Boll, tn. , Switzd. , cant, and 14 m. S. Freiburg ; 
 the chief entrepot for Gruy^re cheese made in the adjacent val- 
 leys. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Bnller, co. , New S. Wales, on the N. frontier E. of 152° E. 
 
 Buller, CO., New Zealand, South I., on the NW. ct., crossed 
 by 172° E. , and in the S. by 42° S. 
 
 Bullerbom, a remarkable periodic spring, Prussia, West- 
 phalia, govt. Minden, near Altenbeken. 
 
 Bnllers of Bnchan. See Buclian, Bnllen of. 
 
 Bulley, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div. , 4J m. 
 
BULL 
 
 BUND 
 
 W. by N. Gloucester, i^ m. N. Oakle Street stn. P. <:2so. 
 See Chnrcham. 
 
 Ball Fonteln, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Hay, 157 m. 
 WSW. Kimberley. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Ball GUI, vil., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., on 
 the Maryport and Carlisle Rly., 4J m. ENE. Maryport, with 
 coal-mines. 
 
 BnlU, tp., New South Wales, Camden co. , on the ct., 35 m. 
 SSW. Sydney. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Bolllnghope, or Bolllngham, Lower, par., Eng., Here- 
 fordshire, Ross div., 2 m. S. Hereford, P.O. P. <5oo ; eccles. 
 par. (B. Upper and Lower with Grafton) P. <75o. 
 
 BnlUngton, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 7 m. N. 
 by W. Winchester, i^ m. NNW. Sutton Scotney stn. P. <25o ; 
 eccles. par. (B. with Tafton) P. <soo. 
 
 Balllngton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 2 m. W. Wragby. 
 P. <25o. See Goltho. 
 
 Bullitt, CO. , U.S. , Kentucky, crossed by 38° N. , E. of 86° W. 
 
 Bollock, CO., U.S., Alabama, crossed in S. by 32° N., and 
 bounded on W. by 86° W. 
 
 Bullock, CO., U.S., Georgia, N. of 32° N., and bounded on 
 E. by Ogeechee R. 
 
 Bullock's Comers, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Went- 
 worth, near Dundas. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnllocks Hall, par., Eng., Northumberland, 7 m. SE. 
 Alnwick. P. <2So. 
 
 Bnlloo, CO., Queensland, crossed in the N. by 26° S. , and in 
 the middle by 144° E. 
 
 Ball Point, cape. Cape Colony, on the S. ct. , 57 m. E^E. 
 Swellendam. 
 
 Bull Point, headland, Eng., Devonshire, on NW. ct., 
 4 m. W. Ilfracombe, with lighthouse with two lights visible, 
 respectively, 17 and 18 m. 
 
 Bull Point, cape, Ire. , on the W. ct. of Rathlin I. , co. Antrim. 
 
 Bull Knn, stream, U.S., in the NE. of Virginia, flowing 
 into the Occoquan R. , 14 m. from the Potomac. Two battles 
 during the civil war were fought upon its banks; in 1861, 
 July 16-19, when the Union army was routed by the Con- 
 federates, and in 1863, Aug. 30, when the national forces 
 were again defeated. 
 
 Bulls, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Rangitikei co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Rangitikei, 85 m. NNE. Wellington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bull Sand, sandbank, Eng., Yorkshire, in mouth of R. 
 H umber, with light-vessel visible 8 m. 
 
 Bull's Bay, U.S., S. Carolina, Charleston co., in 33° N. 
 
 Ball's Creek, post-tn., S. Australia, co. Hindmarsh, 33 m. 
 SE. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ball's Cross, vil. , Eng. , Middlesex, Enfield div. , i| m. WNW. 
 Enfield Lock stn., 11 m. N. by E. St. Paul's, London, P.O. 
 
 Bull's Head, cape, Ire., W. ct. co. Kerry, on the N. of 
 Dingle Bay. 
 
 Bull's Head Hill, eminence, Eng. , Mid-Lincolnshire, 2J m. 
 SW. Alford, serves as a landmark. 
 
 Bull's Island, U.S., S. Carolina, Charleston co., off the 
 E. ct. , in 32° 56' N. 
 
 Bull Wall, lighthouse. Ire., Dublin Bay, at entrance of 
 R. Liffey, with light (N. Bull) visible 10 m. 
 
 Bnlmer, par. , Eng. , Essex, Saffron Walden div. , 12 m. NE. 
 by N. Braintree, ij m. W. by S. Sudbury stn., P.O. P. <75o; 
 eccles. par. (B. with Belchamp Walter) P. < 1500. 
 
 Balmer, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the E. of the 
 Thirsk and Malton div. , on Balmer Beck (a r. bk. trib. of the 
 Derwent), 12 m. NE. by N. York, 2^ m. W. by N. Castle 
 Howard stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. (B. with Welharn and 
 Castle Howard) P. <75o. 
 
 Bnlnike, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle and dist. 
 Gelsenkirchen ; has coal-mines and blast-furnaces. P. 5600. 
 
 Bain Buln, co. , Victoria, S. ct. , crossed by 146° and 147° E. 
 
 Buln Bain, tp. , Victoria, on Brandy Creek, 66 m. E. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bulnes, vil., Chile, Nuble, 42 m. E. by N. Concepcion, on 
 the railway to Santiago. 
 
 Bulola, or Bolola, riv. and tn., W. Africa, Senegambia; 
 the river enters the Atlantic opposite the Bissagos I. , and on 
 one of its creeks is the town, in 11° 30' N., 14° 24' W. 
 
 Bulphan, or BnlTan, par. , Eng. , Essex, in SE. div. , 7^ m. 
 ESE. Romford, 3 m. S. of E. Homdon stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Buls^r, port and tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Surat, 
 1 14 m. N. by E. Bombay, with export trade of timber from the 
 Ding forests. P. 13,200. 
 
 Bulstrode, post-vil., Canada, Quebec, co. and 11 m. from 
 Arthabaska, on Wolfe R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bultfonteln, Cape Colony. See Beaconsfleld. 
 
 Baltl, or Bultlstan, Kashmir. See Bdltlstiin. 
 
 Bul-Tul, pass, India, leading from the NE. Kashmir. Alt. 
 11,300 ft. 
 
 Bulan>tokhol, tn. , central Asia, Mongolia, on the Urungu, 
 a little above its mouth, in about 47° 8' N., 87° 20' E. 
 
 Bulusan, volcano, Philippine Is. (Camarines Penin.), in the 
 extreme SE. of Luzon I. 
 
 Buluwayo(buluwai'o), or Gnhalawayo, vil. , Brit. S. Africa, 
 the residence of the chief of Matabili-land, 108 m. NE. by N. 
 Tati, about 20° 10' S. , 28° 30' E. 
 
 Bulvan, par. , Eng. , Essex. See Bulphan. 
 
 Bui' well, par. and vil., Eng., Nottinghamshire, included in 
 the pari. bor. of Nottingham, 4J m. NW. by N. Nottingham, 
 on the R. Leen and the M. R., with two other stns. (B. Forest 
 and Basford and B.), on the G. N. R. The principal industry 
 is framework-knitting. P. 11,500. 
 
 Bulwer, stn., Canada, Quebec, co. Compton, on Inter- 
 national Rly. , 10 m. from Lennoxville. 
 
 Bulwer, co., Queensland, S. of 26° S., crossed by 150° E. 
 
 Balwick (bul'ik), par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 9^ m. SW. by S. Stamford, 3 m. SE. by E. Harringworth stn., 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Bnlwnden. See Bolowodun. 
 
 Bum, riv., W. Africa, Sierra Leone, flows S. into the 
 Kittam, which it enters in about 12° 5' W., navigable about 
 30 m. up. 
 
 Bumhan, tn., W. Africa, in an unhealthy situation sur- 
 rounded by hills, about 105 m. ENE. Sierra Leone. Proc. 
 R. G. S., 1892, p. 442. 
 
 Bumfraa, post-settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, co. 
 Carleton, 30 m. by rail from Woodstock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bamlln, par.. Ire., co. and bar. Roscommon, containing 
 Strokestown ; 6582 ac. P. <2000. 
 
 Bumpe (in the Mendi language, ' slippery '), a dist. con- 
 taining eight towns in the Mendi country, Sierra Leone, W. 
 Africa, about no m. SE. by E. Freetown, with a slippery clay 
 soil. Proc. R. G. S., 1892, p. 441. 
 
 Bttmplltz, vil., Switzd., cant, and 3 m. W. Bern. P. 
 <30oo. 
 
 Buna, vil., W. Africa, upper Guinea, in about 8° 44' N. , 
 2° 25' W. 
 
 Banar, independent dist. on the r. bk. of the Indus, just N. 
 of the frontier of British India. 
 
 Banarbashl (Turkish, 'head springs'), tn. , near the W. ct. 
 of Asia Minor, on the 1. bk. of the Menderez, 43 m. SW. 
 Gallipoli ; a short distance to the SE. is a site formerly regarded 
 as that of the ancient /Non { Troy). See Hlssarllk. 
 
 Banatrahlr Bay, Ire., N. ct. co. Mayo, in 9° 11' W. 
 
 Bunaveela, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Crossmolina. 
 
 Bunawe, vil. , Scot. , Argyllshire. See Bonawe. 
 
 Bnnheg, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 39 m. W. by N. Donegal, PMT.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Bunbmsna, hamlet. Ire., co. Westmeath, 3 m. from Multi- 
 farnham, P.O. 
 
 Banbury, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 6J m. NW, 
 Nantwich, 2 m. W. by S. Calveley stn., PMT.O. P. <iooo; 
 eccles. par. (B. with CalTeley and Peekforton) P. 2500. 
 
 Banbury, mim., W. Australia, Wellington co., on the W, 
 ct., loom. S. Perth, in 33° 19' S. lat. Mean temp. (6 yrs.), 
 yr. 61.5° F., Feb. 69.8°, July 54.8°. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bunchrew, stn. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, on the H. R. , on the 
 S. shore of Beauly Firth, 3 m. W. Inverness, PT.O. 
 
 Buncombe, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the W. to the E. of 
 83° W,, and S. of 36° N. 
 
 Buncra'na, market-tn.. Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. W. 
 Inishowen, on the E. shore of Lough Swilly, io| m. NNW. 
 Londonderry, with which it is connected by rail ; resorted to 
 for sea-bathing and with valuable salmon fishery, PMT.O. 
 The castle, now reduced to a single tower, once formed a strong- 
 hold of the O'Dohertys. Market-days, Tu. and F. P. <:7So. 
 
 Buncrowey, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Sligo, dist. Easky. 
 
 Buncton, part of eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 
 9I m. ENE. Arundel, 3 m. NW. Steyning stn. See Ashlngtou, 
 
 Bunda, general name for the group of languages spoken on 
 the W. ct. of Africa, from the Bight of Benin (3° or 4° N. ) to 
 the neighbourhood of the Kunene (18° S.). 
 
 Bundaberg, municip. , Queensland, Cook co., on the r. bk. 
 of the Burnett, 180 m. N. by W. Brisbane. P. <4000. 
 
 Bundala, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 8 m. ESE. 
 Amritsar. P. 5100. 
 
 Bundall, dist. , Ger. E. Africa. See Buntall. 
 
 Bundamba, post-tn., Queensland, 21 m. from Brisbane, 
 in 27° 39' S. , 152 42' E. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Bnndamlr, riv. , Persia. See Bakhtegan, lake. 
 
 Bnndanoon, post-tn. , New South Wales, Camden co., 95 
 m. SW. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bundarra, post-tp.. New South Wales, Hardinge co., 63 
 m. N. by E. Tam worth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Btlnde, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 24 m. E. by 
 S. Osnabriick. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bunde, vil., Holland, prov. Limburg, on the Maas, 3 m. 
 NNE. Maastricht. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bunder Abbas. See Bender Abbas. 
 
 Bander Bushlre, city, Persia. See Bushire. 
 
 Bonder Gez, Persia. See Gez. 
 
 Biindhelm, vil., Ger. See Harzburg. 
 
 Btkudl, tn., India, Rdiputdna, cap. of B. state, 95 m. SE, 
 
 237 
 
BUND — BU RE 
 
 Ajmere, situated in a gorge in the centre of hills passing through 
 the state. P. 20,700. 
 
 Bund-l-Klr, vil. , Persia, prov. Khuzistan, 29 m. S. Shuster, at 
 
 the confluence of the Shateit and Ab-i-Gargar arms of the Karun. 
 
 Bandlcy, par. , Eng. , Devonshire. See Bondlelgta. 
 
 Bnndoran, tn., Ire., in the extreme SW. of co. Donegal, 
 
 bar. Tirhugh, 4^ m. SW. Ballyshannon, a watering-place, 
 
 PMT.O. Barytas mines near. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bnndoran, June, stn., Ire., SW. co. Tyrone, bar. E. Omagh, 
 7^ m. NNE. Enniskillen, where the Enniskillen and Bundoran 
 Rly. joins the Londonderry and Enniskillen Rly. 
 
 Bandorragha, electoral div. , Ire. , Mayo, dist. Louisburgh. 
 
 Bunera, tn., India, Rajputana, Udaipur state, 59 m. from 
 Nasirabad, containing some 2500 houses. Alt. 1900 ft. 
 
 Bnnessan, or Bone»san, vil. , Scot. , Argyllshire, at the S. of 
 L. Lathaich, in the SW. of Mull I. , 22 m. S. by W. Tobermory. 
 
 Bnngaree, post-tp., Victoria, co. Grant, no m. W. Mel- 
 bourne. Mean rainfall (23 years), 21.15 in. P- <i500. 
 
 Bungay, tn. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 14 m. W. by S. Lowe- 
 stoft, on R. Waveney and a branch of the G. E. R., with large 
 silk factory and printing works. Market-day, Th. 
 
 Bungay, Holy Trinity and St. Mary^ two pars., Eng., 
 Suffolk, containing the town of B. P. (of each) < 2000. 
 
 Bungendore, tp., New South Wales, Murray co., 40 m. 
 SW. by S. Goulbourn, a Uttle to the S. of the S. end of St. 
 George. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bungo Strait, Japan, between isls. Kiushiu and Shikoku. 
 
 Bunt, Greek, ' mountain," or ' moimtains.' 
 
 Bnnlnyong, tp., Victoria, Grant co., 8 m. SSE. Ballarat. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bnnje, vlL, German W. Africa, on the ct., in 2° 52' N. 
 
 Bnnjl, viL, India, Kashmir, on the Indus, no m. N. by W. 
 Srinagar, occupying a region once populous but now nearly 
 desert, having been devastated by a flood of the Indus in 1840. 
 
 Bunker Hill, city, U.S. , Illinois, Macoupin co. , 32 m. NNE. 
 St. Louis (Mo.). P. < 1 500. 
 
 Bunker Hill, U.S., Massachusetts. See Boston. 
 
 Bunkeya (bung-kai'a), tn., central Africa, in SE. of Congo 
 Free State, about 10° 25' S. 27° 15' E. 
 
 Bunkle and Preston, par. , Scot. , Berwickshire, 4 m. NNE. 
 Dims, 3^ m. NW. by W. Chirnside stn. ; 9189 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Bnnlaby, vil. , Ire. , NE. co. Longford, bar. Granard, 10 m. 
 NE. by E. Longford. P. <25o. 
 
 Bunmahon, tn. , Ire. , S. ct. co. Waterford, bar. Decies with- 
 out Drum, at mouth of Mahon, n m. ENE. Dungarvan. P. <25o. 
 
 Banuacnrry, place. Ire., Achill I., P.O. 
 
 Bauuanaddan, hamlet, Ire. , SE. co. Sligo, bar. Corran, i6 
 m. SSW. Sligo, PMT.O. 
 
 Bunnelieola, The Twelve Pins of, group of mts. , Ire. , in 
 the NW. of CO. Galway, Connemara, the loftiest summits being 
 Bencorr, 2336 ft. , and Benbaun, 2395 ft. 
 
 Bunny, par. and viL , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div. , 
 6^ m. S. Nottingham, 3 m. WSW. Plumtree stn. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (B. with Bradmore) P. <5oo. 
 
 Bnnnybeg, electoral div., Ire., co. Leitrim, dist. MohilL 
 
 Bnnnyconnellan, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Mayo, bar. Gallen, 5 
 m. E. Ballina, P.O. (Bonnlconlan). P. <:250. 
 
 Buftol, tn. , Spain, prov. and 22 m. W. Valencia; numerous 
 springs welling forth from neighbouring cliffs form falls, which 
 afford water-power for paper and other mills. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Buftola, tn. , Spain, isL Majorca, 9 m. NNE. Paima. P. <: 
 3000. 
 
 Bunowen Klver, Ire. , in the extreme E. of co. Galway, trib. 
 of R. Suck, which it joins on the r. bk. at BalUnasloe. 
 
 Bnnown, par.. Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Kilkenny, W., 2 
 m. NE. Athlone; 3361 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Bnnratty, Lower, bar. , Ire. , in the S. of co. Clare. 
 
 Bunratty, Tpper, bar. , Ire. , in the N. of co. Clare. 
 
 Bnnratty and Islands, par. and vil., Ire., co. Clare, bar. 
 Bunratty Lower, 8^ m. W. by N. Limerick. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bnnschoten, vil., Holland, prov. Utrecht, on the S. shore 
 of the Zuider Zee, 15 m. NE. Utrecht. P. <3000. 
 
 Buntall, or Bnndall, a fine elevated district on the S. frontier 
 of Ger. E. Africa, to the E. of 33^° E. Froc. R. G. S., 1890. 
 
 Bnnthly, India, Kdthidwar. See Wanthall. 
 
 Bantlngford, tn. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, Hitchin div. , on the 
 Rib, II m. N. by E. Hertford, on a branch of the G. E. R., 
 with manufactures of leather and malt, PMT.O. See Layston. 
 
 Bnntlngsdale, meteorological stn., Eng., Salop. See 
 Market Drayton. 
 
 BuutinsTllle, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Pondoland, 
 115 m. NE. by N. East London. 
 
 Bn-Nura, one of the seven towns of the Mzab confederation, 
 Algeria. See Mzah. 
 
 BunweU, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 12 m. SW. by S. 
 Norwich, 3 m. W. Fomcett stn., P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Bunylp, post-vil. , Victoria, 48 m. E. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnnyoro, central Africa. See Cnyoro. 
 
 Bunzelwltz, viL, Prussia, Silesia, 3 m. N. Schweidnitz; 
 associated with incidents of the Seven Years' War. P. <2ooo. 
 238 
 
 Bunzlau, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 26 m. E. by N. 
 GorUtz, in circle B., near the R. Bober, with potteries, glass 
 works, and other manufactures. Tn. P. 12,700; comm. P. 12,90a 
 
 Buochs, vil., Switzd., cant. Unterwalden (Nid dem Wald), 
 8 m. SE. Lucerne, on the S. side of the Lake of Lucerne. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Bnolick, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Slievardagh, 9 m. E. 
 Thurles; 7116 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Buonabltacolo, tn. , S. Italy, prov. Salerno, circle and 9 m. 
 S. Sala. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Buonalbergo, tn. , Italy, prov. and circle Benevento. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Buonconyento, viL, central Italy, prov. and 15 m. SSE. 
 Siena, on the Ombrone. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bnra, an elevated tract, Brit. E. Africa, about 25 m. long 
 N. to S., and 13-18 m. E. to W., in about 3° 18-30' S., 38' 
 3-12' E. ; inhabited by Wataita. 
 
 Buriibalang ('old twister"), riv., Brit. India, Orissa, enters 
 the sea in 21° 18' N. ; navigable for sea-going steamers to Balasor, 
 but owing to a sandbar difficult of entrance. 
 
 Burano, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. Venice, on an islet in 
 Venice lagoon, 5 m. NE. Venice. P. 7000. 
 
 Bnrbaeh, Halstatt, tn. , Prussia. See Malstatt-Burbach. 
 
 Borbage, eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire, near Buxton. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Bnrhage, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 7 m. SSE. 
 Bosworth, I m. SE. Hinckley stn., PMT.O. P. <2ooo. See 
 Aston Flamvllle. 
 
 Bnrbage, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 15^ m. SSE. 
 Swindon, i m. S. Savemake stn., PMT.O. ; 4013 ac. P. <isoo. 
 
 Burtio Bank, sandbank, Eng. , at the mouth of the Mersey, 
 roughly triangular in shape, and bounded on two sides by the 
 channels running parallel to the coasts of Lancashire and 
 Cheshire. 
 
 Burburata, place, Venezuela, Carabobo, on the Caribbean 
 Sea, between Puerto- Cabello and Ocamare ; produces excellent 
 bay-salt. Near it the B. isls. 
 
 Burchetts Green, place, Eng. , 2 m. from Littlewick Green 
 (Berkshire), P.O. 
 
 Burcombe, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., on the 
 Nadder, 5 m. W. by N. Salisbury, 2 m. W. Wilton, P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Bnreott, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Henley div. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Thames, 7 m. SSE. Oxford, 2 m. E. Culham stn. P. <25o. 
 See Dorchester. 
 
 Burdale, stn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, 9 m. SE. New 
 Mahon, on a branch of the NE. R. 
 
 Burdett Road, stn. , Eng. , London, on the G. E. R. , 3^ m. 
 E. by N. St. Paul's. 
 
 Burdlehonse, hamlet, Scot., Midlothian, on Burdiehouse 
 Bum, 3^ m. W. Dalkeith, i m. NW. by N. Loanhead stn., 
 well-known to collectors of local fossils, the Scottish equivalent 
 of the mountain Umestone cropping out here ; has Umestone 
 quarries and a mineral well. P. <25o. 
 
 Burdon, par., Eng., Durham, Houghton-le-Spring div., 4J 
 m. S. by W. Sunderland, i m. NW. Seaton stn. P. <250. 
 
 Burdon, Great, par. , Eng. , Durham, in the S. of the SE. 
 div., on the Skerne, ai m. NE. by E. Darlington, i| m. E. by 
 S. North Road (Darlington) stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Burdur, or Buldnr, tn. , Asia Minor, 65 m. NNW. Adalia, 
 102 m. ESE. Alashehr, on the SE. side of B. Gol (salt lake, 20 
 m. long NE. to SW.), cap. sanjak B. 
 
 Burdwan, India. See Bardwan. 
 
 Bure, riv., Eng., Norfolk, rises to the NW. of Aylsham, and 
 becomes navigable thence to its junction with Uie Yare at 
 Yarmouth. Length, 50 m. 
 
 Bureau, co., U.S., Illinois, N. of 41° N. and between 89° 
 and 90° W. 
 
 Bnreba, Iji, dist.. Spain, Old Castile, in the N. of prov. 
 Burgos, S. of the Ebro, from which it is separated by the 
 Obarenes Mts. 
 
 Bu-Regreb, riv., Morocco, the SW. boimdary of the ancient 
 Mauritania, enters the Atlantic at Rabat, 180 m. W. Fez, by a 
 mouth 500 yds. across, within which is an imperial dockyard. 
 
 Bnrel'Chu, a Tibetan name of the upper Yangtse-kiang. 
 
 Burekan, Arab. isl. in the Red Sea, in 27° 35' N. 
 
 Buren, Teutonic, ' a dwelling." See Beer. 
 
 Biiren, market-tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 44 m. 
 NNW. Kassel, circle B. P. <3000. 
 
 Biiren, tn. , Switzd. , cant. Bern, 9 m. SW. by W. Solothurn ; 
 birthplace of the geologist, Bem-Studer, 1794. P. <20oo. 
 
 Burer, viL, Palestine, 31° 35' N., 34° 38' E., 11 m. ENE. 
 Ghuzzeh (ancient Gaza). 
 
 Bures, par., Eng., Essex, 6 m. SE. Sudbury, on R. Stour. 
 P. <50o. 
 
 Bures St. Mary, par. , Eng. , cos. Suffolk and Essex, on the 
 Stour, 17^ m. WSW. Ipswich, with a stn. (Bures) on the G. E. R. , 
 PMT. O. ( Bures). P. < 1000. 
 
 Bureya (Manchu Nlomaft blra), riv., Russia, prov. of 
 Amur, rises in Stanovoi Highlands, flows 480 m. SW, joins 
 
BURE — BURG 
 
 Amur R. 115 m. SE. of Blagovyeshchensk. Fertile prairies on 
 its banks, rapidly becoming colonised. 
 
 Bareya Mountains, also Little Kltingan, Chinese Dousse- 
 allii, range of mts. , Russia, prov. of Amur, runs NE. to SW. , 
 attaining 7-8000 ft. in its highest summits, and separating 
 the 1. bk. tribs. of Lower Amur from the Bureya R. It is pierced 
 by the Amur above its junction with the Sungari in a picturesque 
 gorge, and by the Lower Sungari about Merghen, and seems 
 to he continued south-westwards in the* mountains of the upper 
 course of the Sungari and on the coasts of the Gulf of Pechili. 
 
 Bnrford, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Brant co. , 40 m. E. by N. 
 London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnrford, par. and tn., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 
 on the Windrush, i2| m. W. by S. Woodstock, 7 m. WNW. 
 Witney, PMT.O. Par. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (B. witli Ful- 
 brooli) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Burford, par. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , on the N. bk. of 
 the R. Teme, 17 m. WSW. Kidderminster, i m. W. Tenbury 
 stn. P. <5oo ; eccles. pars. (B. witli Borastou and Nasii) 
 P. <5oo ; and (B. witli Wliittou) P. <5oo. 
 
 Bnrford Bridge, stn. , Eng. See Box Hill. 
 
 Bnrg, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 10 m. WNW. 
 Kottbus. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bnrg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, on the Ihle, 14 m. NE. 
 Magdeburg, with woollen and other manufactures. P. 17,200 
 
 Bnrg, tn., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, Fehmarn L, 
 44 m. E. by N. Kiel. Its port Burg-Staaken, i^ m. distant, 
 has regular steam communication with Kiel. P. <4000. 
 
 Bnrg, par., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 40 m. SW. 
 by W. Kiel, 8 m. N. of the Elbe. P. <20oo. 
 
 Burgage, par.. Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. Talbotstown, Lower, 
 2 m. SW. Blessington; 1877 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Burgaul, dist., Brit. E. Africa, about 25 m. ESE. Ugowe 
 Bay (Lake Victoria Nyanza). 
 
 Bnrgas, tn., Bulgaria, En. Roumelia, cap. prov. B., 53 m. 
 SSW. Varna, at the head of the Gulf of B. , which forms a very 
 safe roadstead, surrounded with villages, vineyards, gardens, 
 and fertile plains ; connected by rail since 1890 with the main 
 line from Philippopolis to Constantinople. P. 5700. 
 
 Bni^ate, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 16 m. ENE. Bury 
 St. Edmunds, i| m. NW. by W. Mellis stn. P. <50o. 
 
 Bnrgau, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, 18 m. E. by 
 N. Ulm. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bnrgaw, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Pender co., 20 m. N. 
 Wilmington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnrgberg, vil. , Hungary. See Bltro-Varliegy. 
 
 Bnrgdorf, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 13 m. ENE. Hanover, on 
 the Aue R. P. <40oo. 
 
 Bnrgdorf, French Bertliond, tn., Switzd., cant, and 11 m. 
 NE. Bern, on L bk. of the Emmen. It is the depot for the 
 Emmenthal cheese, and manufactures ribbons and silk. Near 
 it are the baths of Sommerhaus. P. 6900. 
 
 Biirgel, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle and dist. Offen- 
 bach. P. <40oo. 
 
 Bnrgeo and La Poile, dist., Newfoundland, in the SW. 
 
 Bnrgeo Isiauds, a group off the S. ct. of Newfoundland, in 
 57° 43' W. Important as a fishing stn. 
 
 Bnrgesbeg, or Bnrgess, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. 
 Owney and Arra, 5 m. SW. Nenagh ; 4980 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Burgess, post-stn., Tasmania, Devon co., on the N. ct., 
 37 m. NW. by W. Launceston, 32 m. E. Emu Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Burgess Hill, eccles. par. and tn. , Eng. , Sussex, E. Grinstead 
 div., 8 m. NW. Lewes, close to Keymer June, PMT.O. 
 Eccles. par. P. <45oo. 
 
 BnrgesTille, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Oxford, 10 m. 
 from Woodstock. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Burgettstoivn, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Washington co., 
 21 m. WSW. Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnrgli, or Bnrgb-in-the-Marsli, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , 
 Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 17^ m. SE. by S. Louth, 2 m. 
 SE. Burgh stn. , PMT. O. Market-day, Th. 4399 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Burgb, par. and hamlet, Eng., Norfolk, N. div., on the 
 Bure, loj m. S. Cromer, i m. SE. Aylsham stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Burgh, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 4 m. N W. Woodbridge, 
 
 P.O. P.<2SO. 
 
 Burgh, Little, part of eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk. See 
 Briston. 
 Burgh, South, par., Eng., Norfolk. See South Burgh. 
 Bnrgh Apton, par., Eng., Norfolk. See Bergh Apton. 
 
 Burghanseu, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 on R. Salzach, 40 m. SE. Landshut, with important salt-works. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Bnrgliaz, or Bourghas. See Bnrgas. 
 
 Burgh-hy-Sands, par. and vil. , Eng. , Cumberland, Eskdale 
 div. , 5^ m. WNW. Carlisle, with a stn. (Bnrgh) on the N. B. R. 
 An obelisk, i m. to the N. , marks the place where Edward I. 
 died in 1307 on his march against Scotland. PMT.O. 6170 
 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bnrgh Castle, par. and vil., Eng., Suffolk, 4 m SW. Yar- 
 mouth, P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Bnrghclere (bur'klir), par. and vil., Eng., Hampshire, An- 
 dover div., 6 m. S. Newbury, on the G. W. R., P.O. ; 5270 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Bnrghclere with Kewtoii, eccles. par. , Eng. , Hampshire, 
 containing B. vil. P. 1000. 
 
 Bnrgh Common, P.O., Eng., Norfolk, 6 m. from Beccles. 
 
 Burghead (btirg-hed'), seapt., Scot., Elginshire, on the NE. 
 of B. Bay, 7^ m. WNW. Elgin, on the H. R., with a herring- 
 fishing station and salmon fishery. The promontory of B. has 
 an alt. of 80 ft. PMT.O. P. <200o. 
 
 Burghersdorp, municip.. Cape Colony, dist. Colesberg, 
 85 m. ENE. Middelburg, on the railway to Aliwal North. Alt. 
 4330 ft. Rainfall, 33.04 in. P. <:200o. 
 
 Burghfleld (bttr'fild), par., Eng., Berkshire, Newbury div., 
 42 m. SW. Reading, 2 m. SSE. Theale stn., P.O. ; 4309 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Burghfleld Common, place, Eng., Berkshire, 3 m. from 
 Mortimer, P.O. 
 
 Burgh Heath, hamlet, Eng., Surrey, div. and 3 m. SE. by 
 E. Epsom, li m. S. by E. Banstead stn., P.O. 
 
 Bnrghill, par. and vil. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , 4 m. 
 NW. by N. Hereford, 2^ m. WSW. Moreton stn., PT.O. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Bnrgh-le-Marsh with Winthorpe, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lin- 
 colnshire, containing market-tn. of B.-in-the-Marsh. P. < 1500. 
 
 Burgholz, Slavonic Purkaree, coram., Austria, Bohemia, 
 on the 1. bk of the Moldau, 11 m. N. Budweis. P. <20oo. 
 
 Burgh on Bain, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, div. and 7 m. W. 
 Louth, 4^ m. WNW. Withcall stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Bnrgh Parva, part of eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk. See 
 Briston. 
 
 Bnrgh St. Margaret, or Flegg Bnrgh, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, 
 E. div., 7 m. NW. Yarmouth, 2J m. S. by W. Martham stn., 
 PM.O. (Flegg Bnrgh). P. <:75o f eccles. par. (Bnrgh St. Mar- 
 garet and St. Mary with BUlockby) P. <7So. 
 
 Burgh St. Peter, or Bnrgh Wheatacre, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, 
 S. div., on the Waveney, 9 m. SSW. Yarmouth, 2 m. W. Oulton 
 Broad stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bni^h Wallis, par. , Eng. ,Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., 6 m. NNW. Doncaster, 2 m. SW. Askern stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Burgio, tn. , Sicily, prov. Girgenti, 36 m. S. by W. Palermo. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Biirglen, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Uri, i^ m. E. Altdorf, with a 
 chapel marking the birthplace of William Tell. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bnrglengenfeld, tn., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, 
 41 m. NE. Ingolstadt, on the R. Naab. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Burgo, tn., Spain, prov. and 36 m. W. Malaga, on the Ar- 
 dales. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Burgo-de*Osma, El, tn., Spain, prov. and 28 m. W. Soria, 
 and I m. N. Osma. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Burgoriier, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Mansfeld, 
 dist. Hettstedt ; copper-works. P. <:400o. 
 
 Burgos, tn., Mexico, Tamaulipas, 110 m. SE. by E. Mon- 
 terey. 
 
 Burgos, fortified city, Spain, 72 m. NE. by E. Valladolid, 
 cap. of prov. B. , and the original cap. of Old Castile ; pleasantly 
 situated on and round a hill rising from a richly wooded fertile 
 plain, on the r. bk. of the Arlanzon. B. is the seat of an arch- 
 bishop, and has manufactures of cloth and hoisery. Its cathe- 
 dral belongs to the i3th-isth centuries. In the cloister of 
 Pedro de Cardena, 4 m. to the E. , is the tomb of the Spanish 
 national hero Ruy Diaz de Bivar, the ' Cid,' who is said to have 
 been bom in the neighbouring village of Bivar. From 1550-1776 
 B. was the seat of a university. It was taken by the French in 
 1808 and 1809. Alt. 2790 ft. P. (1877) 31,700 ; (1887) 31,300. 
 
 Burgos, prov. , Spain. See Spain and Castile, Old. 
 
 Bnrgstadt, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 7^ m. N W. by N. Chem- 
 nitz, with manufactures of stockings, linen, and woollen weaving, 
 and cotton-printing. P. 6600. 
 
 Burgstelnfnrt, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 17 m. 
 NW. Miinster. P. -Cjooo. 
 
 Bnrgtonna, vil. , Ger. , duchy Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 8 m. N. 
 Gotha, with remains of fossil animals in large deposits of cal- 
 careous tuff. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bnrguiilos, tn., Spain, prov. and 38 m. SE. by S. Badajoz. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Burgundy, in French Bonrgogne, an old duchy of France, 
 between the Sa6ne and the middle Loire, and corresponding 
 to the modern deps. Saone-et-Loire, Cote d'Or, and parts of 
 Yonne and Nievre ; cap. Dijon. On the dissolution of the 
 empire of Charlemagne, two kingdoms of B. were formed in 
 the basin of the Rhone, Cis-Juran B. with Vienne, and Trans- 
 Juran B. , with Avenche for its cap. In 933 the two were 
 united to form the kingdom of Aries, which was annexed in 
 1032 to the German empire. The duchy was founded in 887 by 
 Richard the Justicer, and attained the height of its power under 
 its last duke, Charles the Bold, in the latter part of the 15th 
 century. On his death in 1477, B. was attached to the crown 
 of France. B. formed afterwards, along with Bresse (dep. Ain), 
 one of the general-governments of France. 
 
 239 
 
BURG — BURM 
 
 Bnrgaiidy Canal, France, connecting the basins of the 
 Seine and Rhone, begins just below the confluence of the Yonne 
 and Arnian9on (NNW. of Auxerre), ascends the valley of the 
 Arman9on, then descends in zig-zags that of the Ouche, passes 
 Dijon, and joins the Sa6ne at St. Jean-de-Losne ; 152 m. long ; 
 191 locks; the summit (1230 ft.) in a tunnel 2 m. long, near 
 Pouilly-en-Auxois. Begun 1775, completed 1832. 
 
 BArtaa, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , cap. dist. Bdlaghdt, 
 96 m. S. by E. Jabalpur. P. 5100 ; Hindus, 4200. 
 
 Burtaam, par. and vil. , Eng. , Kent, Medway div. , on the 
 Medway, 4^ m. SW. by S. Chatham, close to Snodland stn. ; 
 has extensive cement and lime works and brickfields. In the 
 vicinity of village is a quarry, which once abounded in fossil 
 remains. PM.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bnrlian, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Rawal Pindi, 57 m. 
 E. by S. Peshdwar. 
 
 Bnrhiinpiir, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Nimir, 
 95 m. S. by E. Indore ; until 1635 the seat of the Deccan 
 princes of the Mughal Empire ; has manufactures of fine 
 cottons and silks brocaded with gold-plated silver thread, this 
 industry being a relic of its former greatness as a capital. 
 P. 32,300; Hindus, 21,500; Moham. 10,500. 
 
 Bnrklian-bndha Dtoimtalns, a range of the Kuen-lun 
 system, trending from WNW. to ESE. between about 96^° and 
 98° E., with the middle point in about 35° 40' N. Alt. 16,000 
 to 17,000 ft. (Przhevalsky). 
 
 Burial Island, or Burr, an islet. Ire. , off th 3 E. ct. of co. 
 Down, in 54° 29^' N. 
 
 Buriasco, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 20 m. SW. 
 Turin. P. < 3000. 
 
 Burlas, l8la de, one of the Philippine Is. to the S. of Luzon, 
 in 13° 10' N. , 122° 59' E. (north end). 
 
 Burl Billing, riv., Assam, Brit. India, flows W. into the 
 Brahmaputra, about 25 m. below Dibrugarh, passing Jaipur ; 
 almost useless for navigation. 
 
 Burl Gandak ('old Gandak'), riv., Bengal, Brit. India, 
 flows SE. past Darbhangah into the Ganges, a little above the 
 place where that river turns SE. , navigable in the rainy season 
 by large boats everywhere except in the highest reach. 
 
 Bnrlganga ('old Ganges'), riv. of the Ganges delta, India, 
 the branch of the Dhaleswari on which Dacca stands, probably 
 at one time the principal channel of the Ganges. 
 
 Bnrln, dist., Newfoundland, in the S. , forming the greater 
 part of the penin. between Fortune and Placentia Bays in 54° 
 53-55° 58' W. 
 
 Bnrlton (bSr'i-ton), par. and vil., Eng., Hampshire, Peters- 
 field div., 14J m. NE. by N. Portsmouth, 2 m. S. by W. Peters- 
 field stn., P.O. ; 6435 ac. P. <i500. 
 
 Bnrlya, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 37 m. ESE. 
 Ambala. P. 6800 ; Moham. 3500 ; Hindus, 3000. 
 
 Borka, tn., Arabia, Oman, E. ct. , about 45 m. NW. by W. 
 Maskat. 
 
 Burke, CO., U.S., Georgia, on E. frontier, intersected by 
 33° N. and 82" W. 
 
 Burke, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the NW., crossed in the 
 extreme N. by 36° N. , and in the extreme W. by 82° W. 
 
 Burke, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Caledonia co., 40 m. NE. 
 Montpelier Rd. P. < 1500. 
 
 Burke Channel, strait, Canada, Brit. Columbia, between 
 the mainland and King I., crossed near its SW. end by 52*^ N. 
 
 Burkersdorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Rochlitz, dist. 
 Burgstadt. P. <3000. 
 
 Burke's, rly. stn. and P.O., New Zealand, South I., 24 m. 
 from Dunedin. 
 
 Burkes Flat, post-tn. , Victoria, co. Gladstone, 146 m. N W. 
 Melbourne". P. < 1500. 
 
 Burke's Pass, post-tn. , New Zealand, Mackenzie co. , 51 m. 
 from Timaru. P. < 1500. 
 
 BnrkesTllle, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Cumberland co., on 
 Cumberland R., 90 m. ENE. Nashville (Tennessee). P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Burketoim, post-tn., Queensland, Porchester co. , no m. 
 W. Normanton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 BnrkeTille, tn., U.S., Virginia, Nottoway co., 46 m. SW. 
 by W. Richmond. P. < 1500. 
 
 Burkbardtsdorf, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 6 m. S. Chemnitz. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Burland, par., Eng., Cheshire, 3J m. NW. Nantwich. 
 P. <750. 
 
 Burleigh, riv. port, Canada, Ontario, Peterborough co., 
 81 ni. WNW. Kingston. 
 
 Burleigh, co., U.S., N. Dakota, crossed in the middle by 
 47° N., between 100° and 101° W. ; partly bounded on the W. 
 by R. Missouri. 
 
 Bnrlescomhe (bttr-les'kum), par., Eng., Devonshire, div 
 and 8 m. ENE. Tiverton, on the G. W. R., with remains of 
 Augustinian priory founded in the reign of Henry II. ; im- 
 portant lime and stone quarries. P.O. P. •<750. 
 
 Burleson, co., U.S., Texas, N. of 30° N., bounded on the 
 E. by the Brazos R. 
 240 
 
 Bnrlestone (bttrl'ston), par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., on 
 thp Piddle, 6 m. ENE. Dorchester. P. <;25o. See Athel- 
 hampton. 
 
 Burley, par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 11 m. 
 NE. Bournemouth, 2 m. NNW. Holmsey stn., P.O.; 11,275 
 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Burley, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3 m. 
 NW. Leeds. P. 13,100. 
 
 Burley Dam, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 
 62 m. SSW. Nantwich, 2^ m. S. Wrenbury stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Burley Gate, place, Eng., Herefordshire, 4 m. from With- 
 ington, P.O. 
 
 Burley-ln-Wharfedale, par. and vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Otley div., on the Wharfe, 8^ m. N. Bradford, on the 
 NE. R., PMT.O. P.<:30oo. 
 
 Burley on the HIU, par. , Eng. , Rutland, ij m. NE. Oak- 
 ham, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Burllngame, city, U.S., Kansas, Osage co., 22 m. SSW. 
 Topeka. P. <: 1 500. 
 
 Burlinghani St. Andrew, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, E. div. , 8 J 
 m. E. by N. Norwich, PM.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Burllngham St. Edmund, par., Eng., Norfolk, 8 m. E. 
 Norwich. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (B. St. Edmund Mlth Ling- 
 wood) P. <75o. 
 
 Burllngham St. Peter, par., ^ m. to the E. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bnrllngjobb, par., Wales, Radnor. See Radnor, Old. 
 
 Burllngs, isls. , Portugal. See Berlenga. 
 
 Burlington, vil., Canada, Ontario, Halton co., 6 m. NE. 
 by N. Hamilton, at the mouth of B. Bay, at the W. end of 
 Lake Ontario. P. < i ijoo. 
 
 Burlington, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Bridlington. 
 
 Burlington, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, co. and 16 m. W. 
 Hartford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Burlington, vil., U.S., Indiana, Carroll co., 50 m. NNW. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Burlington, city, U.S., Iowa, Des Moines co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Mississippi, 34 m. NNE. Keokuk, built partly on low 
 ground adjoining the river, partly on limestone bluffs behind, 
 with extensive coal-fields in the vicinity, and various manufac- 
 tures in the town. Alt. 526 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 19,500; (1890) 
 22,600. 
 
 Burlington, city, U.S., Kansas, Coffey co., on the r. bk. of 
 the R. Neosho, 60 m. S. Topeka. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Burlington, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , 13 m. 
 NW. by N. Boston. P. <i50o. 
 
 Burlington, co., U.S., New Jersey, in the S., bounded on 
 the NW. by the Delaware, and on the SE. by the Atlantic, 
 crossed in the N. by 40° N. 
 
 Burlington, city, U.S., New Jersey, B. co., on the Dela- 
 ware, II m. SSW. Trenton, the seat of B. College (Episco- 
 palian). First settled in 1667 under the name of New Beverly. 
 P. 7300. 
 
 Burlington, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, Alamance co., 55 m. 
 WNW. Raleigh. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Burlington, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Ward co., 105 m. 
 NNW. Bismarck. P. < 1500. 
 
 Burlington, city, U.S., Vermont, Chittenden co., beauti- 
 fully situated on B. Bay, on Lake Champlain, 35 m. WNW. 
 Montjjelier. Its heaviest trade is in lumber ; limestone and 
 fine marble quarries within or near the city ; the abundant 
 water-power of the Winooski is utilised for woollen and cotton 
 mills, &c.; the University of Vermont and State Agricultural 
 College are here. B. was first settled in 1773. Mean temp. , yr. 
 45.1'' F. , Jan. 19.2°, July 70.7°. P. (1880) 11,400 ; (1890) 14,600. 
 
 Burlington, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Racine co., 30 m. SW. 
 by S. Milwaukee. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Burlington Junction, city, U.S., Missouri, Nodaway co., 
 51 m. N. by W. St. Joseph. P. <i500. 
 
 Burlome Eglos, hamlet, Eng. , Cornwall, St. Austell div. , 
 5^ m. WNW. Bodmin, i| m. S. Wadebridge stn. 
 
 Burlton, place, Eng., Salop, Newport div., 9 m. N. by W. 
 Shrewsbury, 3 m. NE. Baschurch stn., P.O. 
 
 Burlus, Lake, a shallow lagoon, Egypt, in the N. of the 
 delta of the Nile, stretching about 50 m. E. from the Rosetta 
 mouth, bordered on the S. by swamps which are being reclaimed. 
 See Egypt. 
 
 Burma, the country in the NW. of the Indo-Chinese Penin. , 
 now forming the two chief commissionerships of Lower and 
 Upper B., under the government of Brit. India. The southern 
 portion, which formed part of Brit. India before the ist of 
 January 1886, is known as Lower B., the remainder, which was 
 annexed by proclamation of the Governor-General on that date, 
 is called Upper B. Lower B. was annexed partly in 1826, 
 partly in 1852. The areas annexed in 1826 were the greater 
 part of the present div. of Arakan, occupying the narrow strip 
 between the Bay of Bengal and the mountains on the W. 
 side of the basin of the IrAwadi (Irrawaddy), and the Ten- 
 naserim div., occupying the lower part of the valleys of 
 the Salwfn and Sittaung, and the narrow coast strip to 
 the S., extending to the isthmus of Kra. The delta of 
 
BURM 
 
 the Irdwadi and the lower part of the valley of that river above 
 the delta, now forming the Pegu and Irawadi divs. , were 
 annexed in 1852. In addition to the area under direct British 
 administration, there are large tracts on the E. and N. (Shan 
 States, &c., see below) regarded as within the British frontier. 
 The place of this frontier on the side of Siam is now being 
 settled by a commission. On the E. the limits of this terr., 
 which extends to that claimed by France, are doubtful. In the 
 NE. the terr. between Iriwadi and the Tapaing R. (which enters 
 the Irawadi on the left at Bhamo) is claimed both by the British 
 and the Chinese. The following table gives the names of the 
 divs. and dists. of B. under direct British administration : — 
 
 Lower Burma. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. in Thousands. 
 
 Inc. 
 'S1-91. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 per 
 sq. m. 
 1891. 
 
 1872. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Akyab 
 
 Northern Arakan 
 Kyaukpyu 
 Sandoway . 
 
 Arakan Div. . 
 
 Thon-gwa . 
 Bassein 1 . 
 Henzadal . 
 Thayetmyo 1 
 
 Irawadi Div.i 
 
 Rangoon . 
 Pegu2 
 
 Hanthawadil . 
 Tharrawadi 
 Prome 
 
 Pegu Div. . 
 
 Amherst . 
 Tavoy 
 Mergui _ . 
 Shwe-gyin 
 Toung-gu . 
 Salwin 
 
 Tennaserim Div. . 
 
 Total . 
 
 5.535 
 1,015 
 4.309 
 3,667 
 
 277 
 
 8.8 
 144 
 
 54-7 
 
 360 
 14-5 
 
 64.0 
 
 416 
 15 
 
 164 
 77 
 
 15-7 
 0.7 
 
 9-7 
 20.5 
 
 75 
 14 
 38 
 21 
 
 14,526 
 
 484 
 
 588 
 
 672 
 
 14.4 
 
 46 
 
 5.413 
 6,848 
 2,398 
 2,983 
 
 270 
 
 157 
 
 284 
 389 
 318 
 170 
 
 446 
 475 
 381 
 250 
 
 57-0 
 22.0 
 19.8 
 4-7 
 
 82 
 69 
 166 
 
 84 
 
 17.54a 
 
 
 1,161 
 
 i.SSa 
 
 33-7 
 
 88 
 
 22 
 2,428 
 1,948 
 2,014 
 2,887 
 
 98.7 
 275 
 
 134 
 221 
 213 
 278 
 322 
 
 780 
 301 
 267 
 347 
 
 360 
 
 34-4 
 36-3 
 25.2 
 24.9 
 11.8 
 
 124 
 137 
 173 
 
 125 
 
 9.»99 
 
 
 1,161 
 
 1,456 
 
 24.6 
 
 1,169 
 
 15.203 
 7,150 
 7,810 
 
 5.427 
 6.354 
 4.646 
 
 193 „ 
 71.8 
 47.2 
 
 ^86.2 
 26.1 
 
 301 
 85.0 
 56.6 
 
 171 
 
 129 
 30.0 
 
 417 
 94 
 74 
 199 
 162 
 31 
 
 17.8 
 II.6 
 30.2 
 20.7 
 25.9 
 4-7 
 
 27 
 13 
 9 
 
 37 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 46,590 
 
 601 
 
 826 
 
 978 
 
 19.4 
 
 21 
 
 87.9S7 
 
 2.747 
 
 3.737 
 
 4.659 
 
 247 
 
 53 
 
 1 Considerable alterations in area since 1881, the populations for 18 
 however, in accordance with the present areas. 
 
 2 Dist. formed since 1881. 
 
 Upper Burma, 
 
 Districts. 
 
 Mandalay 
 Bhamo . 
 Katha . 
 Ruby Mines . 
 Shwebo . 
 
 Northeru Division 
 Ye-u 
 
 Sagaing . 
 
 Lower Chindwin . 
 Upper Chindwin . 
 
 Central Division 
 Myingyan 
 Pakokku 
 Minbu . 
 Magwe . 
 
 Sontbern Division 
 Kyauks^ 
 Meiktilla 
 Yamifethin 
 Pyinmana 
 
 Eastern Division 
 
 Total, Britisb Territory 
 Total, Shan States 
 
 Grand Total 
 
 .^rea in 
 sq. m. 
 
 2,100 
 
 9,800 
 
 6,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,680 
 
 22,580 
 
 5,000 
 
 1,836 
 
 3.400 
 
 19,000 
 
 29,236 
 
 3.737 
 6,160 
 3,210 
 5.500 
 
 18,607 
 1,050 
 3,000 
 3,000 
 6,000 
 
 13,050 
 
 83,473 
 
 171,430 
 
 Pop. 
 
 374 
 
 54 
 59 
 26 
 
 135 
 649 
 
 93 
 248 
 232 
 
 76 
 649 
 351 
 304 
 224 
 219 
 1,099 
 127 
 207 
 161 
 
 56 
 550 
 
 2,947 
 3 
 
 Pop. per 
 sq. m. 
 
 178 
 6 
 10 
 13 
 50 
 29 
 18 
 
 135 
 68 
 
 4 
 22 
 
 94 
 49 
 70 
 40 
 69 
 120 
 69 
 54 
 9 
 42 
 
 35 
 
 7,609 
 
 44 
 
 B. is traversed by several mountain ranges, trending mostly 
 from N. to S. , in the same general direction accordingly as that 
 followed by the principal rivers. The principal mountain 
 ranges are the Arakan-yoma Mts., between Arakan and the 
 basin of the Irawadi, the Pegu-yoma Mts., between the basins 
 of the Irdwadi and the Sittaung, and the Paung-laung Mts., 
 between those of the Sittaung and the Salwin. The Patkoi 
 Mts., on the NW., on the Assam frontier, have a NE.-SW. 
 241 
 
 trend. Of the rivers of B. , the Irdwadi (Irrawaddy) is in every 
 respect the most important, and as regards navigation it is by 
 far the most important river of the entire penin. It traverses 
 the entire length of the middle portion of the prov. , and is 
 regularly navigated by steamers of considerable size as high as 
 Bhamo, in about lat. 24° N., a distance of about 900 m. At 
 Bhamo the further progress of steamers is obstructed by rapids. 
 The Kyendwin, or Chindwin, the chief trib. of the Irdwadi (right 
 bank), is also navigated, but is ascended with no little difficulty 
 on account of the strength of the current. The same hindrance 
 is met with on the Sittaung, the navigation of which is likewise 
 impeded by shifting sandbanks and the windings of the course, 
 and is sometimes rendered dangerous by the violence of the bore. 
 The Salwin is scarcely navigable at all, except for a few miles above 
 its mouth. The climate of B. is very similar to that of Bengal, 
 but is somewhat warmer, especially during the cool season, in con- 
 sequence of the more southerly latitude. [Mergni, Manlmatn, 
 Rangoon, Akyab, Taang-ngn, Mandalay, Tbayet-myo.} 
 Irrigation is not required in Lower B. , but in Upper B. irriga- 
 tion systems existed at Kyauk-se, Minbu, and other places 
 within a short radius of Mandalay, and these are now being 
 restored and improved. As regards salubrity, the British troops 
 in B. are said now to enjoy better health on the average than 
 those in India proper, although at first the mortality among 
 them was high. The excessive rainfall, heavy mists, and 
 extraordinarily rapid growth of vegetation render hill-stations 
 scarcely tenable during the rainy season in Lower B. , but the 
 station of Bernardmyo (6000 ft. ) has been established to the E. 
 of the Iriwadi in Upper B. In the delta of the Irdwadi and 
 the other low plains of the prov. , the principal crop is rice ; 
 and as the area covered by this crop is extensive in proportion to 
 the population, there is a large surplus for export. Between 60 
 and 70 per cent, of the whole export of rice from British India 
 comes from this one prov., which has indeed the largest rice 
 export in the world. The prov. also ranks first for its export 
 of teak, mostly from the mountains of Upper B. , the Burmese 
 rivers affording special facilities for floating and shipping the 
 timber. Among other vegetable products are cutch and rubber. 
 The minerals include petroleum, coal, gold ^nd silver, jade, 
 rubies, and amber. Petroleum has long been a commercial 
 product of some importance both in Lower and Upper B. , in 
 Lower B. in the Akyab dist. (Borongo I.) and Kyauk-pyu dist. 
 (Ramri I.), in Upper B. in the region round Yenaimg-young, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Irdwadi, in about 20° 25' N., this place of 
 production being by far the most important of all. Three coal- 
 fields are known in Upper B., that supplying the best coal and 
 occupying the greatest area being in the valley of the Kyendwin 
 (Chindwin), between about 23° and 24° N., but the difficult 
 navigation of that river, together with the lack of other means of 
 transport, has hitherto hindered the working of these deposits. 
 Gold, jade, and rubies are all products of the northern parts 
 of Upper B. The gold is scattered in fine grains and leaflets 
 over northern valleys difficult of access. The Burmese jade, 
 obtained chiefly from the Kakhyen coimtry, in a dist. between 
 the Kyendwin and Iriwadi valleys, about 96° E. and S. of 26° 
 N., forms the chief supply of that mineral in the markets of 
 China and Japan, where it is of great value, and the amber- 
 mines (producing a dark, reddish-brown amber esteemed in 
 China though not in Europe), lie almost due N. in 26° 20'. 
 The ruby-mines of B. (at Mogok, a high valley to the E. of 
 the Irdwadi, about halfway between Mandalay and Bhamo) 
 furnish the only rubies of the finest colour to be found any- 
 where. Sapphires and other precious stones, copper, tin (at Mali- 
 won in Mergui dist.), lead, iron, and other minerals also exist. 
 There are two lines of railway in B. , both metre-gauge. Both 
 start from Rangoon, one proceeding to Prome on the IrAwadi, 
 and the other first proceeding NE. to Pegu, then ascending 
 the valley of the Sittaung, and then continuing farther N. to 
 Mandalay, on the 1. bk. of the Irawadi. A farther extension of 
 this railway northwards is now being made on the opposite' side 
 of the Irdwadi. The route for a proposed railway across the 
 Patkoi Mts., to connect the railway system of B. with India 
 proper, has been surveyed. There is a cart-road from Thabeit- 
 k)rin on the Irdwadi, in 22° 50' N., to Bernardmyo in the ruby- 
 mines dist., with a branch to Mogok. People. — The Burmese 
 proper make up about five-sevenths of the pop. of Lower B. 
 In physical form they are more allied to the Mongolians of E. 
 Asia than to the Hindus ; figure short, robust, and fleshy, face 
 lozenge-shaped, cheek-bones large and oblique, hair black, 
 coarse and lank, and skin light brown and yellowish. Their 
 language is monosyllabic, allied to the Chinese. The Burmese 
 are gay, frank, and fond of amusements. Their religion is 
 Buddhism. [India, table.] Education is in the hands of the 
 priests, especially those of the monastic orders [phiing-yis), 
 who are nearly all engaged in teaching. Reading and writing 
 are very generally diffused. Next in number to the Burmese 
 in Lower B. are the Karens, who are believed to have imnii- 
 grated from China, and are now settled in large numbers in 
 the delta of the Irawadi and the interior of Tenasserim ; and 
 next in number to the Karens are the Talaings, as they are 
 
 Q 
 
BU RM 
 
 BURN 
 
 called by the Burmese, Mon as they are called by themselves, 
 the majority of whom belong to the dist. of Amherst. In 
 Upper B., the principal non- Burmese races within the terr. 
 under British administration are the Chins, Khyens or Khyins, 
 inhabiting the hiUy country between the Arakan-yoma Mts. 
 and the Kyendwin, and to the W. of these the Lushais (g.v.). 
 Both of these have for years been in the habit of raiding the 
 villages in the adjoining valleys, which has been the cause of 
 the despatch of several punitive expeditions since Upper B. 
 came under British rule. Part of the northern Shan country is 
 occupied by the Paloungs, a quiet retiring race, who collect and 
 prepare the wild tea of those regions, which is eaten throughout 
 B. in the form of pickled tea. Of the feudatory tribes the 
 principal are the Shans, who inhabit a wide area extending E. 
 to the French part of Indo-China, and stretching S. into Siam. 
 They are subject to their own chiefs [sawbwas or tsawbwas), 
 but one or two of these chieftaincies have been brought imder 
 direct British rule since the annexation of Upper B. A branch 
 of the Shans known as the Khamtis occupy the territory in the 
 extreme N. in the angle between Assam and the Chinese prov. 
 of Yunnan. Among the feudatory tribes of B. may be men- 
 tioned also the Karens of Karen-ni (q.v.), a plateau from 3000 
 to 4000 feet in height, between the Paunglaung Mts. and the R. 
 Salwln. To the N. of the terr. under direct British administra- 
 tion, in the wild mountainous country containing the head- 
 waters of the Kyendwin and the Irdwadi, but to the S. of the 
 Khamtis, dwell the northern Chins, known as the Kachins or 
 Kakhyens, and in the Assam hills and the neighbourhood as 
 Singphos, a courageous people, skilful in defending their moun- 
 tain fastnesses, notable robbers, and much given to the levying 
 of blackmail on some of the trade-routes to China. The cbief 
 towns of Lower B. are Rangoon, the cap., Maulmain, Akyab, 
 Bassein, Prome, Pegu, Mergui, and Tavoy ; of Upper B., Man- 
 dalay, the cap. , Ava, and Pagan. Of the history of B. , previous 
 to its occupation by the British, the records are very scanty. In 
 general, the country seems to have beeri so much disturbed by 
 internal wars and foreign invasions as to leave little opportunity 
 for orderly development, and to this cause is no doubt to be 
 ascribed the scantiness of the population, which has left room 
 for such rapid increase of the numbers of the inhabitants since 
 the country became British. [India, table.] In Lower B. there 
 were at least four old kingdoms, Arakan, Thah-tun, Martaban, 
 and Pegu, all of which are said to have had an Indian origin, 
 and without doubt derived from India their literature and 
 religion. The most celebrated of these kingdoms is that of 
 Pegu, which happened to be in the height of its prosperity 
 when it was first visited by Europeans in the i6th century, 
 when it embraced the valleys of the Irdwadi and Sittaung. 
 Towards the close of that century its power waned in conse- 
 quence of a war with the kings of Ava in Upper B. , and after 
 that date the kingdom of Arakan was the most powerful in 
 Lower B. It was the aggressions of this latter kingdom that 
 led to the first war with the British. The old Burmese empire 
 in Upper B. was at the height of its power in the nth to the 
 13th century, when Pagan was the cap. Afterwards this region 
 was included in the kingdom of Pegu, and after the decline of 
 that power remained, during the 17th, i8th, and 19th centimes 
 down to 1886, subject to dynasties reigning at Ava (including 
 Sagain), Amarapura, and Mandalay. 
 
 Bormautof ts, two eccles. pars. , Eng. , Yorkshire, in Leeds 
 par. B. St. Stephen, P. 6000; B. St. A«nes, P. < 5000. 
 
 Bnrmarsh, ct. par. , Eng. , Kent, 4 m. SW. Hythe. P. <250. 
 
 Bormlngton, par. , Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon 
 div., on the Stour, 10^ m. SSE. Stratford-on-Avon, 5 m. NE. 
 Moreton stn., P.O. P. <25o. See Wolford, Great. 
 
 Bum, ' a well,' ' a small stream.' See Brunn. 
 
 Bom, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash div. , 
 10^ m. WNW. Goole, 2 m. N. Temple Hirst stn. , P. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Bnmabad, tn. , Asia Minor, 5 m. ENE. Smyrna. 
 
 Bnmaby, isL, Canada, Brit. Columbia, Queen Charlotte Is., 
 in 131° 12' W. , and 52° N. 
 
 Bamage, par., Eng., Lancashire, 4 m. S. Manchester, with 
 a stn. (Levenshalme and B.) on the L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 P. <: 2000. 
 
 Bnrnak, vil., SE. Russia, govt. Tambov, dist. and 50 m. 
 NW. of Borisoglyebsk. P. 6oto. 
 
 Bnmar-Hlsar, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Kirk-Killse, 
 50 m. E. Adrianople. 
 
 Bnmaston, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, S. div. , 5 m. SW. by W. 
 Derby, i^ m. E. Etwall stn. P. <250. 
 
 Bnmbauk, eccles. par., Scot., Lanarkshire, 2 m. from 
 Hamilton, PMT.O. P. 5600. 
 
 Bombrae, place, Scot., Perthshire, 3 m. from Methven, P.O. 
 
 Bnrnby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 <iiv., on Bielby Beck, 15^ m. E. by S. York, close to Nun- 
 bumholme stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bomchnreh, par. , Ire. , W. co. Kilkenny, bar. Shillelogher, 
 5^ m. S. by W. Kilkenny; 3363 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bnmconrt, vil. , Ire., co. Tipperary, 5 m. from Clogheen, 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 242 
 
 Burncross, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 5^ m. N. 
 Sheffield, P.O. 
 
 Burn Dennett, riv.. Ire., in the N. of co. Tyrone, flows W. 
 to the Foyle. 
 
 Barneslde, eccles. par., Eng., Westmorland, Kendal div., 
 on the Kent, 2 m. NNW. Kendal, on the L. & N. W. R., 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnrness, Cross and, par. , Scot. See Cross and Burness. 
 
 Burneston, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the extreme 
 N W. of the Thirsk and Malton div. , 8J m. N. Ripon, 2i m. 
 N W. by W. PickhiU stn. , P. O. P. < 250. 
 
 Bnruet, tn., U.S., Texas, B. co., 47 m. NW. Austin. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Burnett, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 6 m. SE. Bristol, 
 i| m. SW. Saltford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Burnett, co., New South Wales, between 150° and 151° E., 
 and 29° and 30° S. 
 
 Burnett, vil., U.S., California, Santa Clara co., in W. of 
 the state. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Burnett, settlement, U.S., Washington, Pierce co., 42 m. E. 
 by N. Olympia. 
 
 Burnett, co., U.S., Wisconsin, in the NW., on the W. 
 frontier, crossed in the N. by 46° N., bounded on the W. by 
 St. Croix R. 
 
 Bnmfoot, place. Ire. , E. co. Donegal, bar. W. Inishowen, 
 on the SE. side of Lough Swilly, 5^ m. NW. Londonderry, 
 with a rly. stn., P.O. 
 
 Burnfoothlll, viL, Scot., Ayrshire, in Dalmellington par. 
 P. (including Lethanhill)<;20oo. 
 
 Burngrauge Moor, an upland tract in the W. of the Hexham 
 div. of Northumberland, Eng. , about 17 m. S. by E. Jedburgh. 
 Highest point, 1684 ft. 
 
 Bumgullo-vf, stn., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., on the 
 G. W. R., 2 m. W. St. Austell. 
 
 Burnham, par. and vil. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, Wycombe 
 div. , 4 m. NW. by N. Windsor, i^ m. NE. by E. Taplow stn. , 
 PMT.O.; par. 6810 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Burnham, par. and seapt., Eng., Essex, SE. div., on the 
 N. shore of the estuary of the Crouch, 7 J m. NE. Southend, 
 with a stn. (B. on Crouch) on the G. E. R., PMT.O. ; 4526 ac. 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 Burnham, ct. par. and tn., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., on 
 the W. ct., 7^ m. S. by W. Weston-super-Mare, on the M. R., 
 a much frequented watering-place, with fine sandy beach ; the 
 sea recedes 4 m. at low water. Par. P. <45oo ; tn. P. <25oo. 
 
 Burnham, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co., 20 
 m. WSW. Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Burnham, nigh and Low, hamlet, Eng., Lincolnshire, div. 
 and 9 m. N. by W. Gainsborough, 3I m. N. by E. Haxey stn. 
 
 Burnham Beeches, part of an ancient forest, Eng. , Bucking- 
 hamshire, in Burnham par., near Maidenhead, a tract of nearly 
 600 ac. , acquired for public use. 
 
 Burnham Deepdale, ct. par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 
 19^ m. NE. King's Lynn, 2^ m. NW. Burnham Market stn, 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Burnham Flats, sandbanks, in the North Sea, to NE. of 
 the mouth of the Wash, 4-8 m. N. of Brancaster Bay, Norfolk. 
 
 Burnham Market, or Burnham Westgate, par., Eng., 
 Norfolk, NW. div., 19^ m. NE. King's Lynn, on the G. E. R., 
 PMT.O. Market-day"^ S. P. <750. 
 
 Burnham Market (or Westgate) with Medietles of 
 Norton and I'lph, eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk, containing B. 
 M. vil. P. <75o. 
 
 Burnham Norton, par.,im.totheNE. of B.Market. P. <250. 
 
 Burnham Orery, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 2 m. from 
 the N. ct., 21 m. NE. King's Lynn, 4 m. W. Wells, i m. NE. 
 Burnham Market stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Burnham Orery with B. Sutton, and Medietles of 
 Norton and Vlph, eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk, containing 
 par. of B. Overy. P. < 1000. 
 
 Burnham Sutton and Burnkam Ulph, par. , i m. to the 
 SE. of B. Market. P. <75o. 
 
 Burnham Thorpe, par., 2 m. to the ESE. of B. Market. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Burnham lllph, eccles. par. , Eng. , Norfolk. See B. Market. 
 
 Burnham Wes^ate, par. , Eng. , Norfolk. See B. Market. 
 
 Burnham with BoTeney, eccles. par., Eng., Bucks, con- 
 taining B. vil. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Burnharen, fishing vil. , Scot. , E. Aberdeenshire, on the E. 
 ct. , on Sandford or InTernettie Bay, \\ m. SSW. Peterhead. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Burnhead, vil. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, i m. from Penpont, P.O. 
 
 Buruherrle, place, Scot., 3 m. from Kemnay, P.O. 
 
 Bumhlll dreen, place, Eng.., 3 m. from Albrighton, Shrop- 
 shire, P.O. 
 
 Burn Hill Junction, stn., Eng., Durham, NW. div., on 
 the NE. R., i3im. NW. Bishop Auckland. 
 
 Burnhope, hamlet, Eng., Durham, in the E. of the NW. 
 div. , 6| m. NW. by W. Durham, 2 m. NE. Lanchester stn. , P.O. 
 
 Bunile, post-tp., Tasmania, co. Wellington, 67 m. WNW. 
 
BURN — BURR 
 
 i Launceston, on Emu Bay, terminus of the railway to the tin- 
 ! mining vil. of Mount Bischof (48 m. ). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Barnistou, ct. par. and hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Whitby div. , 3 m. NW. by N. Scarborough, i m. S. Cloughton 
 stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bnrnlcy, pari., co. , mun. bor. (incorporated 1861), and par., 
 Eng. , Lancashire, on the Brun at its junction with the Calder, 
 5^ m. NE. by E. Accrington, in the diocese of Manchester, on 
 the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, and with three stns. (B, Bank 
 Top, B. Barracks, and DIauchester Road) on the L. & Y. R. 
 Chief industry cotton-weaving, cotton-spinning, cotton-printing, 
 and the manufacture of weaving machinery also carried on. 
 Grammar school of Edward IV. 's reign. Market-days, M. and 
 S. P. tn. (1851) 20,800; mun. and co. bor. (1871) 40,857; 
 (1891)87,000; pari. bor. (1891)86,000; par. 39,600. 
 
 Bnrunioor, vil., Eng., Durham, in pars, of Chester-le-Street 
 and Houghton-le-Spring, P.O. 
 
 Burnniouth, fishing vil. , Scot. See Boss and Bnrnmonth. 
 
 Bnru-of-t'anibns, P.O., Scot., Perthshire, 2 m. from Doune. 
 
 Bnriiopfleld, eccles. par. and hamlet, Eng., Durham, on 
 the borders of the Chester-le-Street and N W. divs. , 6J m. SW. 
 Newcastle, ij m. SE. Rowlands Gill stn., PMT.O. P. <45oo. 
 
 Born Bow, vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, in Slamannan par., 
 part of Binniehill and Southfield town. P. <75o. 
 
 Bnrnsall, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the E. of the 
 Skipton div., on the Wharfe, 18J m. WSW. Ripon, 5 m. NNW. 
 Bolton Abbey stn. , P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bnrnslde, suburb of Adelaide, S. Australia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnriislde, rly. stn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R., 
 63 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Bnruslde, vil. , on the ct. of Dutch Guiana, in 56° 27' W. 
 
 Bariigide, post-tn.. New Zealand, South L, Taieri co. 
 P. <i50o. 
 
 Bnrnslde, vil. , Scot. , suburban to Dumbarton. P. <7SO. 
 
 Bnrnslde, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Hartford co., 3 m. E. by 
 N. Hartford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnrnslde, vil., U.S., Illinois, Hancock co., 88 m. NW. by 
 W.Springfield. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bnrns Lake, Canada, Brit. Columbia, in about 125° 50' W. 
 and N. of 54° N. , drained SE. into the Nechahoo R. 
 
 Bnrustovrn, vil., Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co. , on R. 
 Madawaska, 40 m. W. by S. Ottawa. 
 
 Bnrnswark, hill, Scot. See Blrrenswark. 
 ^ Bnrnt Ash lllll, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , London. See Lee. 
 f Bnrnt Coat, isl., U.S., Maine. See Swan Island. 
 
 Bnrnt Creek, post-tn. , Victoria. See Bromley. 
 
 Burnt Fen, stn. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire, on the G. E. R. , 
 6J m. ENE. Ely. 
 
 Bnrutgates, place, Eng., Yorkshire, 2 m. from Birstwith, 
 near Leeds, P.O. 
 
 Bnrntlsland, par. , pari, and royal burgh, seapt. and watering- 
 place, Scot., Fife, on the Firth of Forth, 4J m. SW. Kirkcaldy, 
 on the N. B. R., and connected by steamboat ferry with 
 Granton. The harbour depth alongside of quays is 16 ft. at 
 high water, 8 ft. at low water ordinary spring tides, and there 
 is a dock with a depth of 21 ft. over sill at high water ordinary 
 spring tides. Coal-mines near, and considerable trade in coal, 
 also large oil-works. PMT.O. Par. 2565 ac, P. 6200; pari, 
 and royal burgh, P. <5ooo. See Kirkcaldy. 
 
 Bnrnt 91111, stn., Eng., Essex, Epping div., on theG. E. R., 
 6i m. ESE. Ware (Herts.). 
 
 Bnrnt Klver, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Victoria co., 76 
 m. NE. by N. Toronto. 
 
 Bnrntwood Edlal and Woodhouses, par. , Eng. , Stafford- 
 shire, div. and 2| m. W. Lichfield, PM.O. ; 4425 ac. P. 7100 ; 
 eccles. par. (Bnrntwood) P. < 3000. 
 
 Bnrowletz, colony, Prussia. See Kleln-Dombrowka. 
 
 Bnrphani, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Surrey. See Worples- 
 4ou. 
 
 Bnrpliani, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., on the 
 Arun, 2 m. NE. by E. Arundel. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Bnrr, islet. Ire. See Bnrlal Island. 
 
 Bnrra, cape, E. Africa, Gaza-land, in 23° 45° S., at the mouth 
 of Myambane Bay. 
 
 Bnrra, co. , S. Australia, N. of 34° S. , and crossed by 139° E. 
 
 Bnrra, or Burray, one of the Orkney Is. , Scot. , between S. 
 Ronaldshay and the E. end of the Mainland, PT.O. P.< 
 750- 
 
 Bnrra, or Bnrray, East and West, two isls. , Scot. , Shet- 
 land Is., Bressay par., on the W. side of the Mainland, N. of 
 60° 2' N., respectively 4 and 5 J m. long from N. to S., P.O. 
 P. E. B.<25o; W. B.<:5oo. 
 
 Bnrra, or Koorlnga, tn. , S. Australia, co. B. , on B. Creek, 
 85 m. N. by E. Adelaide. Close by is the Bnrra Bnrra 
 copper-mine, the first worked on a large scale in Australia 
 {operations begun about 1845). Silver has been found in the 
 Black Hills, 15 m. SE. Mean rfall. (24 yrs. ), 17.4 in. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Bnrra Creek, riv. , S. Australia, flows ESE. into the Murray, 
 which it enters near the point where that river turns to the S. 
 
 Bnrradon, or Bnrrowdon, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, in 
 
 the N. of the Hexham div., 13^ m. W. by S. Alnwick, 6 m. 
 N W. by W. Rothbury stn., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Bnrradon, par., Eng., Northimiberland, 8 m. NE. New- 
 castle. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Bnrra Falsa, or Lady Crey, cape, E. Africa, Gaza-land, in 
 22° 55' S. 
 
 Bnrraflrth, hamlet, Scot. , Shetland Is. , in the N. of Unst I. , 
 on inlet of the same name, which stretches 3 m. S. 
 
 Bnrra Flrtta, West, an inlet, Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, 
 on the W. ct. , in 60° 17^' N., and 1° 33'-35' W. 
 
 Bnrrangong, New South Wales. See Yonng. 
 
 Bnrrard Inlet, the inlet on which Vancouver stands, open- 
 ing W. into the Strait of Georgia, Canada, Brit. Columbia. 
 
 Bnrravoe, hamlet and bay, Scot., Shetland Is., in the SE. 
 of Yell I., PT.O. 
 
 Bnrravoe, small bay, Scot. , Shetland Is. , Mainland, North- 
 maven par. , 3^ m. S. by W. of the N. end of the Mainland. 
 
 Bnrrawang, post-tn.. New South Wales, co. Camden, 96m. 
 S. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnrray, isls. , Scot. See Bnrra. 
 
 Bnrrell'g Cross, settlement, Canada, Prince Edward I., 
 Princess co. , 29 m. NW. by W. Charlottetown. 
 
 Bnrreltown and Woodslde, vil., Scot., E. Perthshire, 2 m. 
 SW. by S. Coupar Angus, close to Woodside stn., PM.O. 
 P. <500. 
 
 Bnrren, bar. , Ire. , in the extreme NW. of co. Clare. 
 
 Bnrren, electoral div.. Ire., co. Mayo, dist. Castlebar, No. 2. 
 
 Bnrren, place. Ire., NW. co. Clare, bar. Burren, 8^ m. S. 
 Gal way, P.O. 
 
 Bnrrlana, tn., Spain, prov. Castellon de la Plana, 33 m. 
 NNE. Valencia, 8 m. SSW. Castellon de la Plana. P. 10,200. 
 
 BnrrUl-cnm-Cowllng, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Richmond div. , 9 J m. SSE. Richmond, 2 m. W. by S. Bedale 
 (^. v. ) stn. , P. O. P. < 250. 
 
 BnrrUlgablty Springs, W. Australia, 200 m. N. by E. Perth. 
 
 BnrrlllTllle, tn., U.S., Rhode I., Providence co., 17^ m. 
 NW. by W. Providence. P. 5500. 
 
 Bnrrln, place. Ire., 6 m. from Kinvara, PM.O. 
 
 Bnrrlngkam, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 11 m. E. Thome, 
 on the Trent, and with a stn. (Gnnness and B.) on the M. S. 
 &L.R., PMT.O. P.<75o. See Gnnhonse. 
 
 Bnrrington, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 11^ m. 
 SSE. Barnstaple, 1^ m. WSW. South Molton Rd. stn., P.O. ; 
 5349 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Bnrrington, par., Eng., Herefordshire, on the Clun, div. 
 and 9I m. NNW. Leominster, 4 m. SW. Bromfieldstn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bnrrington, par. and vil. , Eng. , Somerset, Wells div. , 10 m. 
 E. by S. Weston-super-Mare, P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Bnrrlscarra, par. , Ire. , S. co. Mayo, bar. Carra, on N. shore 
 of Lough Carra, 9 m. S. by E. Castlebar ; 4356 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Bnrrlshoole, par.. Ire., NW. ct. co. Mayo, bar. Burris- 
 hoole, on N. shore of Clew Bay, 7J m. NNW. Westport, with 
 ruins of an abbey ; 53,749 ac. P. 5000. 
 
 Bnrrltt's Kaplds, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Grenville, 
 on an island in the Rideau Canal. P. <i500. 
 
 Bnrr Oak, city, U.S., Kansas, Jewell co., 155 m. WNW. 
 Topeka, and 10 m. NW. by N. Mankato. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnrr Oak, vil., U.S., Michigan, St. Joseph co., 120 m. 
 WSW. Detroit and 18 m. WSW. Cold Water. P. < 1500. 
 
 BnTrongh(-on-ttae-Hlll), par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton 
 div., 5 m. S. Melton Mowbray, lim. NE. John O' Gaunt stn. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Bnrrongli Green, par., Eng., Cambridge, div. and 5 m. S. 
 Newmarket, 2| m. SSE. DuUingham stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bnrrowa, tp.. New South Wales, co. King, 38 m. by road 
 from Yass. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnrrow" Bridge, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, 6 m. S. 
 Langport, P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Bnrrowdon, par. , Eng. , Northumberland. See Bnrradon. 
 
 Bnrrow Head, headland, Scot., Orkney, on the SE. ct. of 
 Stronsay I. 
 
 Bnrrow Head, cape, Wigtownshire, in the extreme SE., 
 in 4° 23' W. Alt. 150 ft. 
 
 Bnrrow^ Island, or Kat Island, par., Hampshire, Alver- 
 stoke dist. P. <25o. 
 
 Burrow-wltta-Burrovr, par., Eng., Lancashire, on R. 
 Lune, div. and 12 m. NE. Lancaster, 2 m. SW. Kirkby Lons- 
 dale. P. <:250. 
 
 Burmm, place at the NE. angle of the great bend of the 
 Niger, W. Africa. 
 
 Bnrrum, coalfield, Queensland. See Howard. 
 
 Bnrrnmbeet, tn., Victoria, Ripon co., 12 m. WNW. of 
 Ballarat, on the N. shore of Lake B. (8 sq. m.). Cod-fish from 
 the Murray have been placed within it, and thrive. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Bnrrnndle, tp. , S. Australia, N. Terr. , Rosebery co. , 42 m. 
 SE. Palmerston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnrry, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Kells, 2 m. SW. 
 Kells ; 3691 ac. P. <:250. 
 
 Bnrry Holmes, small isl., Wales, off the W. ct. of Glamor- 
 ganshire, 16 m. W. Swansea. 
 
 243 
 
BURR 
 
 BURT 
 
 Bnrry Inlet, estuary of R. Llwchwr, Wales, between 
 Glamorganshire and Carmarthenshire. 
 
 Burry Port, seapt., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., on the 
 ct. , 4 m. W. Llanelly, with a stn. (Pembry and B. P.) on the 
 G. W. R. Has tidal harbour and dock, the former i8 ft. over 
 sill at ordinary neap, 25 ft. at ordinary spring tides. Copper 
 smelting works. PMT.O. 
 
 Borscbeld, tn,, Gen, Prussia, Rhine Prov., 12 m. S. Eber- 
 feld, with plush, woollen, and other manufactures. P. 6900. 
 
 Bnrscough, (bur'sko), par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Ormskirk div. , 
 8 m. SE. by E. Southport, with a stn. (B. Junction), and i m. 
 SW. B. Bridge stn. , on the L. & Y. R. , with manufactures of 
 cotton ; I m. S. of the village are remains of a priory, long the 
 burial-place of the Stanleys; PMT.O. (B. Bridge) ; 4960 ac. 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Bnrsledon, par. and vil. , Eng. , Hampshire, Fareham div. , 
 on the R. Humble, 4 m. E. by S. Southampton, on the 
 L. & SW. R., PM.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Bnrslem, mun. bor. (incorporated 1878), par., and market- 
 tn. , Eng. , Staffordshire, in the pari. bor. of Hanley and diocese 
 of Lichfield, 3 m. NE. by N. Newcastle-under-Lyme, on a 
 loop line of the N. Staf. Rly. (Longport being the main line 
 stn.). Rich in coal, ironstone, and other minerals. B. is 
 the oldest of the six towns which now form the Staffordshire 
 Potteries. The pottery manufacture was first established in 
 1644, the place being suitable on account of the great variety 
 of clays found in its neighbourhood. The ware first made was 
 what was then known as black and mottled, now called Jet 
 and Rockingham. Birthplace of Josiah Wedgwood ; an institute 
 named after him includes a free library, museum, and science 
 and art schools. Market-days, M. , W. , and S. Par. P. 32,800 ; 
 mun. bor. P. (1881) 26,000; (1891) 32,000. 
 
 Biirstadt, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, 4J m. E. 
 Worms. P. <4000. 
 
 Bnrstall, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , 4J m. W. 
 Ipswich, 3 m. SW. by W. Bramford (q.v.) stn. P. <250. 
 
 Borstead, Great, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 9^ m. S. by 
 W. Chelmsford, i m. SE. Billericay stn. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bnrstead, Little, par., i m. W, by S. Great B., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Bnrstock, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , 8^ m. NE. by 
 N. Lyme Regis, 5 m. E. by S. Chard Junction. P. <25o. 
 
 Bnrston, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 172 m. SSW. 
 Norwich, on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bnrston, vil. , Eng. , Staffordshire. See Aston. 
 
 Bnrsto'^r, par. and vil. , Eng. , Surrey, div. and 6J m. SE. by 
 S. Reigate, 3 m. N. Rowfant stn.; par. 4760 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnrstwlck-cnm-Skeekllng, par., Eng., Yorkshire, 7^ m. 
 E. Hull, PM.O.; 4338 ac. P.<5oo. 
 
 Bursztyn, comm. , Austria, prov. Galicia, circle and 20 m. 
 SW. Brzezany, on the Lippa. It has Roman Catholic and 
 Greek churches. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bnrt, par. , Ire. , co. Donegal, bar, W. Inishowen, 7 m. NW. 
 Londonderry; 12,355 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bnrt, CO., U.S., Nebraska, in the NE., on the Missouri, 
 crossed in the N. by 42° N. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Bnrtenett, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, in the SW. of the 
 Richmond div. of the N. Riding, 19 m. WSW. Richmond, i 
 m. SE. Hawes stn. , with slate-quarries. 
 
 Bnrtliolme, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, 3 m. NE. Brampton, 
 on R. Irthing. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bnrtle, eccles. par. , Eng. , Somersetshire, near Bridgwater. 
 P.<:5oo. 
 
 Bnrton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 7 m. E. by 
 S. Chester, 2^ m. NNE. Tattenhall Road stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Burt«n, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 7 m. NW. 
 Chester, 2^ m. SE. Neston stn. P. <500. 
 
 Bnrton, Eng. , Derbyshire. See Bnrton-on^Trent. 
 
 Bnrton, part of eccles. par., Eng., Dorsetshire. See 
 Wlufrlth Neivbnrgh. 
 
 Bnrton, Eng. , Leicestershire. See BnTton>on-tlie« Wolds. 
 
 Bnrton (by Uncoln), par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Gains- 
 borough div., 3 m. NNW. Lincoln. P. <25o. 
 
 Bnrton, par., Eng., Northumberland, 5 m. SE. Belford. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Bnrton, pari, div., Eng., Staffordshire, in the E. P. 58,600. 
 
 Bnrton, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 7J m. NNW. 
 Arundel, ij m. SW. Petworth stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (B. -wltb Coates) P. <:25o. 
 
 Bnrton, hamlet, Eng. , Wiltshire, 3 m. from Badminton, P.O. 
 
 Bnrton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding. See Hornsea. 
 
 Bnrton, Fleming. See Bnrton, North. 
 
 Bnrton, Long. See Longbnrton. 
 
 Bnrton, North, or Bnrton Fleming, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, 
 E. Riding, Buckrose div. , on Gipsey Race, 10 m. S. by E. Scar- 
 borough, 3 m. SSW. Hunmanby stn. , P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. 
 par. (B. Fleming with Fordon) P. <5oo. 
 
 Burton, St. Lnke, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, on the 
 Avon, i^ m. N. Christchurch, included in the pari. bor. of 
 Christchurch. P. < 1000. 
 244 
 
 Bnrton, West, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 
 2^ m. SSW. Gainsborough, on the 1. bk. of the Trent, close to 
 Sturton stn. P. < 250. See ^Tbeatley, North. 
 
 Bnrton, viL, U.S., Illinois, Adams co. , 84 m. W. Spring- 
 field. P. < 1500. 
 
 Burton, par., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., 5I m. N. by E. 
 Wrexham, i m. W. by N. Rossett stn. P. <750, 
 
 Burton, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on the N. side of Mil- 
 ford Haven, 2^ m. N. Pembroke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnrton Abbots, Oxfordshire. See Blackbourton. 
 
 Bnrton Agues, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., 16 m. S. by E. Scarborough, on the NE. R., P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Bnrton Agues with Harpbam, eccles. par., Eng., York- 
 shire, containing tp. of B. A. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bnrton Bradstock, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , on the 
 Bredy, on the S. ct., 9^ m. E. by S. Lyme Regis, P.O. P. 
 
 <IOOO. 
 
 Bnrton Bradstock with Shlpton George, eccles. par., 
 Eng., Dorsetshire, near Lyme Regis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Burton Coggles, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Stamford div., 
 7^ m. SSE. Grantham, i m. NNW. Corby stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Burton Constable, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Hol- 
 derness div., 7^ m. NE. Hull, on the NE. R. 
 
 Burton Constable, tp., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. 
 and 6i m. S. Richmond, with a stn. (Constable Burton) on 
 the NE. R. P.<25o. 
 
 Burton Dassett, par. and vil. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Rugby 
 div. , 7I m. NW. Banbury, 3 m. W. Fenny Compton stn. ; 4975 
 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Burton Gate, par., Eng., Lincolnshire. See Gate Burton. 
 
 Bnrton Gulf, a gulf in the N. of Lake Tanganyika, Central 
 Africa, between its W. shore and the penin. of Ubwari. 
 
 Burton Hall, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Carlow, dist. Carlow. 
 
 Barton Hastings, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Nuneaton div. , 
 8J m. NE. by N. Coventry, 4 m. ESE. Nimeaton. P. <25o. 
 
 Burton Howe (or Head), hill, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Ridingj 
 Whitby div. , 14 m. SE. by S. Middlesbrough. Alt. 1489 ft. 
 
 Burton In Kendal, par. and tn. , Eng., Westmorland, on 
 the S. border of the Kendal div., loj m, S. Kendal, with a 
 stn. (Bnrton and Holme) on the L, & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 Market-day, Tu. Par. P. <75o. 
 
 Burton in Lonsdale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in 
 the extreme W. of the Skipton div., on the Greeta, 15 m. SE, 
 by S. Kendal, 3 m. W. Ingleton stn., PM.O. P. <750. 
 
 Burton Joyce, par. and vil. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Rush- 
 cliffe div., 5 m. NE. by E. Nottingham div., on the M. R., 
 and the 1. bk. of the Trent, PM.O. Par. P. < 1000. 
 
 Burton Joyce with Bnlcote, eccles. par. , Eng. , Nottingham- 
 shire, containing B. J. vil. P. < 1000. 
 
 Burton Latimer, par. , Eng. , N. div. of Northamptonshire^ 
 4^ m. N. Wellingborough, with a stn. (Isham and Burton) 
 on the M. R., PMT.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bnrton Lazars, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., i^. 
 m. SE. Melton Mowbray {g'.v.), P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Bnrton-le-Coggles. See Bnrton Coggles. 
 
 Bnrton Leonard, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon 
 div., 4^ m. N. by W. Knaresborough, i^ m. ESE. Wormald 
 Green stn. , PM T. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Burton>on-the> Wolds, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 
 9 m. E. Loughborough, P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Burton-on-Trent, mun. bor. (incorporated in 1878) and par., 
 Eng. , in the Burton div. of Staffordshire and the S. div. of Derby- 
 shire, on the Trent and the Trent and Mersey Canal, ii| m. NE. 
 and in the dioceses of Lichfield and Southwell, with coal and fire- 
 clay and potteries. Principal seat of the brewing of ale in the 
 kingdom, a pre-eminence due to the quality of the water, which 
 contains variable proportions of sulphate of lime derived from 
 the Keuper (triassic) marls of the neighbourhood. The brewery 
 traffic is served by four railway companies. Nearly every street 
 is intersected by level railway crossings. The town has three 
 recreation grounds, and literary institutions. Pars., B. Extra,. 
 P. 14,200 ; B.-on-Trent, P. 8200 ; tn. P. (1801) 3700 ; (1851) 
 7900; (1871) 20,400; mun. bor. P. (1891) 46,000; parL div. 
 (Burton) P. 58,600. 
 
 Burton Ovcry, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Harborough div. , 
 7 m. SE. by E. Leicester, 2 m. ENE. Glen stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Burton Pedwardlne, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, div. and 4 m. 
 SE. Sleaford, 13 m. W. Boston, 2 m. ENE. Aswarby stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Burton Pldsea, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holder- 
 ness div. , 9I m. E. Hull, 4 m. ENE. Hedon stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Burton Port, tnld. , Ire. , co. Donegal, 5 m. NW, Dunglow, 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Burton Salmon, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston 
 Ash div., 4 m. NNE. Pontefract, on the NE. R. and L. & 
 Y. R. P,<soo. 
 
 Burton upon Stather, par. and vil., Eng., Lincolnshire,. 
 Brigg div., on the r. bk. of the Trent, 8^ m. ESE. Goole, 4^ m. 
 NNW. Frodingham stn., PMT.O. P. < 1000; eccles. par.. 
 (B. upon Stather with Flixborongh) P. <i5oo. 
 
BURT — BUSH 
 
 Bnrton-npon-rre, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 5 m. 
 SW. Bedale. P. <25o. 
 
 Barton West, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Rich- 
 mond div., on Walden Beck, 13 m. SW. Richmond, i| m. 
 SSE. Aysgarth stn., PM.O. 
 
 Barton with Coates, Eng. , Sussex. See Barton. 
 
 Barton with Walden, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 3 m. SW. Aysgarth ; 7659 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Bnrtonwood, par., Eng., Lancashire, Newton div., 3^ m. 
 SE. by E. St. Helens, 2 m. E. by S. St. Helens June, P.O. ; 
 4193 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bartscbeld, called by the French Borcette, tn., Ger. , 
 Prussia, Rhine Prov. , adjoining Aix-la-Chapelle on the S., with 
 extensive woollen and iron and steel manufactures, specially 
 noted for its sewing-needles. Tn. P .12,900; comm. P. 13,400. 
 
 Bnra (Dutch spelling, Boeroe), isl., E. Archipelago, one 
 of the Amboina Is., between Celebes I. and New Guinea, 
 3° 14' S., 126° E. ; separated from Ceram on the E. by B. or 
 Manipa Strait, 85 by 40 m. ; mainly composed of sedimentary 
 rocks, but with volcanic cone at W. end ; contains Lake 
 Wakolo (apparently a crater lake) near the middle, at height 
 of 1900 ft. ; produces cayaput (cajeput), oil, sago, &c. ; inhabited 
 by a Malay people in the N., mainly by Papuans in the S. 
 Area nearly 2000 sq. m. 
 
 Bura-Giil, lake, Turkey in Europe, in the extreme S., com- 
 municating with the Karagach Liman, about 22 m. ENE. of 
 the mouth of the Kara-Su. 
 
 Barojlrd, tn., Persia, prov. Irak Ajemi, 78 m. S. by E. 
 Hamadan, on the plain of B. or Sllaklior, an important 
 trade-centre, having connections with Hamadan, Kirmanshah, 
 Khuramabad, and Kum. Alt. 4375 ft. (Bell). P. 12,000 to 
 18,000. 
 
 Barnncan, Pnnta, cape, Philippine Is., the S. point of 
 Mindoro, in 12° 9' N., 121 14' E. 
 
 Barwardsley, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 9^ m. 
 SE. Chester, 3 m. ESE. Tattenhall stn. P. <:5oo, 
 
 Barvrarton, par. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , 14 m. WNW, 
 Kidderminster, 7J m. NW. Cleobury Mortimer stn., PM.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Barwasli, par. and vil., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 11 m. SE. 
 by S. Tunbridge Wells, 2^ m. SSE. Ticehurst stn., PMT.O. ; 
 par. 7452 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Barwasli Weald, eccles. par. , Eng. , Sussex, near Etching- 
 ham. P. < 1000. 
 
 Barwell, par. and vil., Eng., Cambridge, div. and 4 m. 
 NW. by W. Newmarket, on the G. E. R. , producing phosphate 
 of lime, PMT.O. ; 7446 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bnrwell, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, div. and 5^ m. S. by E. 
 Louth, 3 m. W. by S. Authorpe stn., P.O. P. <25o. See 
 Mackton. 
 
 Barwlcfe, hamlet, Scot., Orkney Is., near the S. end of 
 Ronaldshay I. , P.O. 
 
 Barwood, municip. , New South Wales, 7 m. W. Sydney, on 
 the Great Southern Rly. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnrwood (late Bally Sbanassy), post-vil., Victoria, co. 
 Bourke, 8 m. E. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnry, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 8^ m. 
 NNE. Huntingdon, i m. SW. Ramsey, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bury, pari., mun. (incorporated 1876), and co. bor. , par., 
 and tn. , Eng., Lancashire, 5J m. E. by N. Bolton, in the 
 diocese of Manchester, on the L. & Y. R. , and the Manchester, 
 B. , and Bolton Canal. Manufactures of woollen goods (since 
 time of Edward III.), cotton-spinning and weaving, iron- 
 foundries, bleach and dye works, paper-mills, &c. Market- 
 day, S. Par. P. 41,000; pari. bor. P. 55,500; mun. and co. 
 bor. P. 57,200. 
 
 Bury, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., on the Arun, 3I m. 
 N. Arundel, i| m. NW. Amberley stn. , P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Bury, Bfe'w, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, near Bolton-le- 
 Moors. P. 5600. 
 
 Buryas Bridge, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 2 m. from Newlyn. 
 
 Buryates, or Buryats. See Sllterla, people. 
 
 Bnry lUll, a hill, Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 12^ m. 
 NW. Winchester, 2 m. SW. Andover ; with ancient camp. 
 
 Bnry Lane, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, 11 m. W. Manchester, 
 with a stn. (Glazebnry and B. L.) on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Bury St. Edmunds, pari. bor. (returning one member), 
 mun. bor. (since the time of James I.), Eng., Suffolk, Stow- 
 market div., in the diocese of Ely, 13^ m. E. Newmarket, on 
 the G. E. R. There are factories of agricultural implements, 
 and many malting establishments. The principal buildings are 
 the fine parish church of St. Mary, erected 1005 and rebuilt in 
 1424 ; the church of St. James, built by Abbot Anselm about 
 1125 (the main portions since rebuilt) ; the Norman Tower, 
 built about 1090 by Abbot Baldwin ; and the grammar school, 
 founded by Edward VI. In Saxon times B. was a royal bor. , 
 called ' Beodric's Worthe,' and one of the chief towns of E. 
 Anglia. Here the body of the murdered King Edmund was 
 buried, and over his grave was built a large church with a 
 wonderful cover of wood; the king himself was canonised. 
 
 miracles were declared to be wrought at his tomb, and the 
 place began to be called St. Edmundsbury. The scanty re- 
 mains of the ancient Benedictine abbey, founded by Canute in 
 honour of St. Edmund, are found in a well-kept botanical gar- 
 den, to enter which one passes under the Abbey Gate, a 
 magnificent decorated work dating from 1337. Market-days, 
 W. and S. Mean rainfall (1866-80), 26 in. Pari, and mun. 
 bor. P, (1891) 16,600. 
 
 Bnry Street, place, Eng., near Manchester, PM.O. 
 
 Burythorpe, par. and vil., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding. 
 Buckrose div., 15 m. NE. by E. York, 4J m. S. Malton, 3 m. 
 E. Kirkham Abbey stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Barza, riv., in the SE. of Transylvania, Hungary, flows NE, 
 into the Aluta, to the N. of Kronstadt. 
 
 Burza, tn. , Persia. See Sarrlstan. 
 
 Busa, W. Africa. See Bussa. 
 
 Bu Saada (Arabic, ' the happy '), tn., Algeria, on the r. bk. 
 of the Dermel, 122 m. SSW. Bougie. P. 5400. 
 
 BnsacM, comm., Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 50 m. SSE. 
 Sassari. P. <30oo. 
 
 Bnsaco, a hamlet and convent of Portugal, prov. Beira, in 
 the Serra-de-Busaco, 20 m. NNE. Coimbra. Here, on Sept. 
 27, 1810, the French were repulsed in an attack upon the 
 troops under the Duke of Wellington. 
 
 Ba Said, cape, on the Bay of Tunis, 11 m. ENE. Tunis. 
 
 Basalla, tn., N. Italy, prov. and circle Genoa. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Busamltra, Rocca, mt., Sicily, in the W., i8j m. S. 
 Palermo. Alt. 5295 ft. 
 
 Biisbacli, vil., Ger., Rhine Prov., circle and dist. Aix-la- 
 Chapelle ; has coal-mines and important woollen manufactures. 
 P. 5800. 
 
 Bnsbrldge, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, near Godalming. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Basby, vil., Scot., on the borders of Renfrewshire and 
 Lanarkshire (S. div.), on White Cart Water, 5 m. S. Glasgow, 
 on the C. R., with cotton-mill and printing-works, PMT.O. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Busby, Great, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the S. of 
 the Cleveland div., 10 m. S. Middlesbrough, i m. S. by W. 
 Stokesley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Busby, Little, par. , adjoining Great B. P. <25o. 
 
 Busca, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, on R. Maira, 8 m. 
 S. Saluzzo, with marble and alabaster quarries. P. 9000. 
 
 Busceml, tn., Sicily, prov. Syracuse, circle Noto. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Buscbow, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 13 m. N. 
 by E. Brandenburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bascb Sand, sandbank, Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 
 off the W. ct. , in 54° 2' N. , 8° 37' E. 
 
 Busebtctarad (formerly Bnckow), tn., Austria, Bohemia, 
 II m. WNW. Prague, with collieries. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Buscot, par. , Eng., Berkshire, div. and 17 m. W. Abingdon, 
 2 m. S. by E. Lechlade stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bu Sellam, riv., Algeria, prov. Constantine, traverses very 
 deep and savage defiles, and enters the Sahel or Bougfie R., 
 after a course of 137 m. 
 
 Bnsemprab, riv., W. Africa. See Bnsnm-pra. 
 
 Bnsen, isl., on the ct. of Dithmarschen, govt. Schleswig. 
 
 Basento, trib. of the Crati, Italy, prov. Cosenza. 
 
 Busera, riv., central Africa, flows NW. into the Chuapa, 
 which it enters a little to the S. of the equator, in about 18° 40' 
 E. ; navigable to about 20° E. 
 
 Bu-Sbater, site, 17J m. NNW. Tunis, on a promontory 
 overlooking the deltaic deposits of the Mejerda, with ruins of 
 ancient Utica. 
 
 Bnsb, stn.. Ire., co. Louth, 10 m. E. Dundalk, on the 
 L. & NW. R. 
 
 Bnsbbury, par. and vil. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Kingswinford 
 div. , 2| m. N. by E. Wolverhampton, a junction on the L. & 
 NW. and M. Rlys., PM.O. Par. P. < 2500; eccles. par. (B. 
 with Esslngton) P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bnshby, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Billesdon union. P. <25o. 
 
 Bash End, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Essex, See Hatfield 
 Broad Oak. 
 
 Busbey, par. and vil., Eng., Hertfordshire, Watford div., 
 5i m. N. by W. Harrow, on the L. & NW. R. , PMT.O. P. 5700. 
 
 Bnsbey Heath, eccles. par., Eng., Hertfordshire, near 
 Watford, x\ m. S. Bushey, PMT.O. P.<20oo. 
 
 Busbey Park, royal park, Eng., Middlesex, 14 m. SW. 
 London, on the Thames, and with a stn. (Teddlngton and 
 B. P.) on the L. & SW. R. 
 
 Bush Hill Park, stn. , Eng. , Middlesex, Enfield div. , on the 
 G. E. R. , 9 m. N. St. Paul's, London, \ m. SE. Enfield, PMT.O. 
 
 Bnsblre, properly Abn-Sbebr (Arabic, ' Father of cities '), or 
 Bender, Bandar, or Bunder B. , a seaport city of Persia, and 
 its principal entrepSt on the Persian Gulf, terminus of the land- 
 route from Shiraz [Persia, communications], at the N. extremity 
 of a sandy penin. , which is regularly converted into an island by 
 the rise of the water in the gulf. The space between this penin. 
 and the mainland forms the harbour, the bar of which can be 
 
 245 
 
BUSH — BUTI 
 
 crossed by vessels drawing 13 ft. at low water, 19I ft. (or occa- 
 sionally 20-20^ ft. at high water). Larger vessels have to anchor 
 about 4 m. off in water e.xposed to all winds from the N W. to 
 the SE. Value of imports upwards of ;^i, 000,000, mainly from 
 the United Kingdom and British India (cottons, metals, sugar, 
 &c.) ; principal exports, opium, grain, tobacco, cotton and silk, 
 mostly for China, British India, and the United Kingdom. 
 Good drinking water lacking. Climate sultry and unhealthy. 
 Mean temp. (9 yrs. , 1878-86), yr. 73.6° F., Jan. 57.5°, Aug. 88.8°; 
 rainfall (8 yrs.), 14.50 in. Lat. 29° N., long. 50° 52° E. P. 
 12-20,000. 
 
 Bushley, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., on the 
 r. bk. of the Severn, 2 m. NW. Tewkesbury, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bnsbmans Nek, a pass across the Quathlamba Mts. , in the 
 E. of Basuto-land, in 29° 52' S. 
 
 Bushmen, in Dutch Bosjesmans, a S. African people 
 closely allied to the Hottentots, called by themselves Saan or 
 Sagaa, by the Kaffirs Abatna, by the Bechuanas Makantn ; 
 confined to the Kalahari and Damaraland. They are of low 
 stature ; expert, daring, and untiring hunters, using both the 
 gun and the bow and arrow (the arrows often poisoned) ; 
 vindictive and treacherous. They have as a rule no settled 
 habitations; those belonging to the mountains living in caves 
 and clefts in the rocks, the sides of which they are fond of 
 covering with coloured drawings ; those of the plains living in 
 holes in the groilnd, or sheltering themselves under bushes. 
 
 Bushmills, market- tn.. Ire., NW. co. Antrim, bars. Lower 
 Dunluce and Cary, 5 m. E. Portrush, 1^ m. S. of the Giant's 
 Causeway ; connected with both places by an electric railway. 
 PMT.O. 42 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bushnell, city, U.S., Illinois, Donough co., 68 m. NW. 
 Springfield. P. <300o. 
 
 Bushnell, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Cheyenne co., on Lodge 
 Pole Creek, 162 m. W. by N. of the coiifluence of the N. and 
 S. Platte. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Bush River, Ire., N. co. Antrim, bar. Cary, flows W. then 
 N,, and enters the sea to the W. of the Giant's Causeway. 
 
 Bush RlTer, vil., U.S., Maryland, Harford co., 22 m. NE. 
 by E. Baltimore. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnshmleh, vil. , Persia, prov. Khorassan, 160 m. S. Sebzewar, 
 37 m. NE. by E. Tabbas. 
 
 Bushwood, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Solihull Union. 
 P. <;25o. 
 
 Bushy Park, Eng. See Bnshey Park. 
 
 Busl, terr. , Africa. See Liberia. 
 
 Busl, or Bosl, riv., Portuguese E. Africa, flows E. into the 
 Indian Ocean, which it enters about 9 m. N. of Sofala, navigable 
 to the confluence of the Lusiti in 33° 20' E., about 120 m. from 
 the mouth. 
 
 Busl, isl. , in Adriatic Sea or ct. of Dalmatia, SW. of Lissa, 
 S. of 43° N. , just E. of 16° E. , with a blue grotto like that of 
 Capri. 
 
 Bnslgny, tn. , France, on the borders of dep. Nord and Aisne, 
 arr. and 15 m. SE. Cambrai. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Busk, comm. , Austria, crownland Galicia, on R. Bug, 27 m. 
 ENE. Lemberg. P. 6300. 
 
 Buskemd, a bailiwick of Norway, diocese of Christiania, 
 occupying a portion of the watershed to the Skager-rak, be- 
 tween the dists. of Christiania and Bratsberg, drained by the 
 HaUingdal and Lauven Elv. 
 
 Buskerlk, harb., Sweden, W. ct., isl. Gotland, near Visby. 
 
 Bnskii, isl.. Gulf of Bothnia, on E. ct. Sweden, in 65° i' N. 
 
 BnsUngthorpe, par. and hamlet, Eng. , Lincolnshire, Louth 
 div., II m. NE. Lincoln, 3 m. SW. by S. Market Rasen, ij m. 
 N. Wickenby stn. P. <2so. See Faldlngworth. 
 
 BnsUngthorpe (St. Michael), eccles. par., Eng. , Yorkshire, 
 in Leeds par. P. 8500. 
 
 Buso'ga, Brit. E. Africa. See Tsoga. 
 
 Busot, comm., Spain, prov. and 10 m. NE. by N. Alicante, 
 amidst picturesque scenery, with mineral springes (100° F.), and 
 a well-appointed establishment for taking the waters. P. < 2000. 
 
 Busra, Busreh, Basra, or Bnssorah, tn. , Turkey in Asia, 
 cap. vilayet B. , 2 or 3 m. up the Ashar or B. Creek, which joins 
 the r. bk. of the Shat-el-Arab about 60 m. from its mouth, at the 
 head of navigation for ocean-steamers of not more than 19 ft. 
 draught (larger vessels being unable to cross the bar at the mouth 
 of the river), the principal Turkish port of the Persian Gulf. Site 
 malarious, though much improved in salubrity since date and 
 wheat cultivation were substituted for rice. Another cause of 
 the heavy mortality of the town is the fact that the B. Creek is 
 at once the source of the drinking-water and the receptacle of 
 all the drainage of the town, but there is a scheme for obtaining 
 drinking-water from the main river above the town. Value of 
 exports above /'i, 000,000 ; dates and wool more than one-half. 
 The dates have long been celebrated. Marco Polo (13th century), 
 who calls the place Bastra, speaks of them as the best in the world. 
 Principal imports, silk, cotton, and woollen fabrics. P. 40,000, 
 principally Arabs, the remainder Persians, Jews, and Christians. 
 According to Cuinet, the total pop. is only 18,000, of whom 
 14,650 are Moham. (mainly Sunnite) and 1500 Armenians. 
 246 
 
 Bnssa, or Bnssang, tn. , W. Sudan, cap. dist. B. , on an isL 
 in the Niger, in about 10° 14' N., 5° 20' E. Near this Mungo 
 Park the traveller was murdered. P. 10,000-18,000. 
 
 Bnssage, eccles. par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, 3 m. E. Stroud, 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Bnssang, comm. and vil. , France, dep. Vosges, on the Moselle, 
 near its source, arr. and 14 m. SE. Remiremont. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bnsselton, or Vasse, post-tn. , W. Australia, Sussex co. , 125 
 m. S. by W. Perth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Busseto, comm., Italy, Emilia, on the Ongina, prov. and 19 
 m. NW. Parma. P. 8000. 
 
 Bnssl^re-Badll, vil., France, dep. Dordogne, 22 m. E. 
 Angoul6me, 9 m. NNW. Nontron. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bussl^re Dnnolse, comm. , France, dep. Creuse, 7^ m. NW. 
 Gu^ret. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bnssl^re Polterlne, comm. and tn., France, dep. Haute- 
 Vienne, arr. and 11 m. NW. Bellac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bnsslgny, vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 4J m. NW. by W. 
 Lausanne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Bussnang, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Thurgau, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Thur, near Weinfelden. P. <3000. 
 
 Bnssoleugo, comm. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 7 m. WNW. 
 Verona. P. <40oo. 
 
 Bnssoleno, tn., N. Italy, prov. Turin, 5 m. E. Susa, on the 
 Dora Riparia. In its environs are quarries of green marble. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bnssora, or Bnssorah. See Bnsrah. 
 
 Bosswll, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Bern, 12 m. SW. by W. Solo- 
 thum. P. < 2000. 
 
 Bussy, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Vaud, 9 m. W. Lausanne. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Bnstar, feudatory state, India. See Bastdr. 
 
 Bustard Bay, on E. ct. , Queensland, NW. of Hervey Bay. 
 
 BnstenI, vil. and rly. stn., Roumania, prov. Prahova, on 
 R. Prahova, 16 m. S. by W. Kronstadt. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bnsto, cape, on the N. ct. , Spain, prov. Oviedo. 
 
 Bnsto-Arslzlo, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov, Como, 20 m. 
 NW. by W. Milan. P. 13,000. 
 
 Busto Garolfo, tn., N. Italy, prov. Milan, circle Abbiate- 
 Grasso. P. <40oo. 
 
 Bnston, High and Im-w, two adjoining pars., Eng., Nor- 
 thumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed div., 4 m. SE. Alnwick, 
 I m. N. Warkworth stn. P. of each <25o. 
 
 Busnanga, isl. , Philippines. See Calamlanes. 
 
 Busum-pra, riv. , W. Africa, Ashanti and Gold Coast Colony, 
 flows SW. then S. , and enters the Atlantic about midway 
 between Cape Three Points and Cape Coast Castle. 
 
 Busragou, one of the Philippine Is., Asiatic Archipelago, 
 50 m. SW. Mindoro. Surface moimtainous. Length, 50 m. ; 
 breadth, 12 m. 
 
 Bntilnsi, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Rohtak, 53 m. NW. 
 Delhi. P. 7600 ; Hindus, 6900. 
 
 Bntarl, rly. stn. , Brit. India, Pimjab, dist. and 17 m. E. by 
 S. Amritsar. 
 
 Bntarltarl, one of the Gilbert Is. (g.v.). Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Butchers Island, isl., Brit. India, in Bombay harboiu'. 
 
 Bntcombe, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 8 m. SW. by 
 S. Bristol, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Bute, isl., Scot., in the Firth of Clyde, forming with Arran, 
 &c. , the CO. B. , and separated from Argyllshire by a winding 
 channel (the Kyles of B.), generally less than i m. across. It 
 is in length 15^ m. , and from 2 to 5 m. in breadth. Its N. part 
 is composed of archaean and metamorphic rocks, and is moun- 
 tainous and rugged ; its centre and S. part are comp)Osed of old 
 red sandstone, followed in the extreme S. by granite, and are 
 undulating, with a fertile soil. In the centre are the small lakes 
 Fad, Ascog, and Quein ; and there is a vitrified fort at its S. 
 end. Its climate [Rothesay] is moist, but the mildness and 
 equability of its temperature have made it a resort of invalids. 
 Area, 45,709 m. P. 11,700. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Bute, North, par., Scot., in N. of Bute I.; 14,756 ac. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bute, Sound of, Scot. , between the isls. of Bute and Arran. 
 
 Bute Docks, harb. , Wales. See Cardiff. 
 
 Bute Inlet, a great fiord, Canada, Brit. Columbia, in 50" 30' 
 N. and 125° W. It receives the waters of the R. Hamathco, 
 and has Valdez I. between its mouth and Vancouver. Noted 
 for its magnificent scenery ; rocky sides 4000-8000 ft. high. 
 
 Butera, tn., Sicily, prov. and 22 m. SSE. Caltanissetta. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Buteshire, co. , Scot. , composed of isls. of Bute, Arran, the 
 Cumbraes, Holy Isle, Inchmamock, and Pladda, in the Firth 
 of Clyde. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Butha Bnthe, a residency in the N. of Basuto-land, in about 
 28° 3' S., 28° 13' E. 
 
 Bu Thaleb, beautiful wooded mountain, Algeria, prov. and 
 about 85 m. WSW. Constantine; the scene (1871) of a decisive 
 action against the rebel tribes. 
 
 Buti, tn., Italy, Tuscany, 9^ m. E. Pisa. Its vicinity pro- 
 duces excellent olives. P. 5000. 
 
BUTJ — BUXT 
 
 Batjadlngeu, dist., Ger., gd. -duchy Oldenburg, in the N., 
 between the Jade-Busen and the Weser R. ; remarkably fertile. 
 
 Bntlelgb, par., Eng., Somerset, E, div., 3^ m. S. by E. 
 Glastonbury, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bntlelgh wltb BaltonsliOTOiigh, eccles. par. , Eng. , Somer- 
 setshire, containing B. par. P. 1500. 
 
 Butler, CO., U.S., Alabama, S. of 32° N. and E. of 87° W. 
 
 Butler, tn., U.S., Indiana, De Kalb co., 22 m. S. by W. of 
 NE. corner of the state. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Butler, CO., U.S., Iowa, S. of 43° N., crossed by 93° W. 
 
 Butler, CO., U.S., Kansas, crossed in the N. by 38° N. and 
 in the W. by 97° W. 
 
 Butler, CO., U.S., Kentucky, N. of the parallel 37° N., 
 crossed in the SW. by 87° W. 
 
 Butler, CO., U.S., Missouri, S. frontier, W. of 90° W. 
 
 Butler, city, U.S., Missouri, Bates co., 60 m. S. by E. 
 Kansas City. P. < 3000. 
 
 Butler, settlement, U.S. , Montana, Lewis and Clarke co. , 44 
 m. N. by E. Butte City. 
 
 Butler, CO., U.S., Nebraska, in the E., N. of 4i°N., crossed 
 in the E. by 97° W. 
 
 Butler, CO., U.S., Ohio, in the SW., on the W. frontier, 
 crossed in the N. by 39^° N. 
 
 Butler, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, cap. of B. co., 27 m. NNE. 
 Allegheny, in the oil-region. P. (1880) 3200; (1890)8700. 
 
 Butlers Bridge, tn., Ire., NW. co. Cavan, bar. Upper 
 Loughtee, 3J m. N. Cavan, on the Cavan and Clones Rly., 
 P.O.; 18 ac. P.<25o. 
 
 Butlers Cross, hamlet, Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 4J 
 m. SSE. Aylesbury, ij m. E. by N. Little Kimble stn., PT.O. 
 
 Butler's Ulll, stn., Eng., co. and 9 m. NW. Nottingham, 
 on a branch of the G. N. R., PM.O. 
 
 Butlers IMarston, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 
 8^ m. ESE. Stratford-on-Avon, i m. SW. Kineton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 ButlerstoMnn, tnld. , Ire. , S. co. Cork, bar. Ibane and Barry- 
 roe, 11^ m. SW. Kinsale, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Butley, par., Eng., Cheshire, 3 m. N. Macclesfield. P. <7So. 
 
 Butley, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 14 m. ENE. 
 Ipswich, P.O. P. <soo ; eccles. par. (B. with Capel) P. <75o. 
 
 Buton, isl. , Eastern Archipelago, in Banda Sea, off the SE. 
 ct. of Celebes I. , crossed by 5° S. and 123° E. 
 
 Btttow, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, tj m. E. Colberg. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Butrinto, vil., Turkey, Albania, at S. end of Lake Vivari, 
 near a small bay on the N. channel of Corfu ; see of a Greek 
 bishopricj. Held by the Venetians till 1797. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Butscbowltz, comm., Moravia, 18 m. E. by S. Briinn. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Butte (byut), co., U.S., California, crossed in N. by 40° N., 
 and partly bounded on W. by Sacramento R. 
 
 Butte, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, W. frontier, crossed by 45° N. 
 
 Butte City, tn., U.S., cap. Montana, Silverbow co., near 
 the SW. of the state, the seat of the great Anaconda (copper 
 and silver) mine, and other gold, silver, and copper mines ; the 
 largest mining camp of America. P. (1880) 3400 ; (1890) 10,700. 
 
 Battel, Teutonic, ' a dwelling.' See Bold. 
 
 Bnttelstedt, tn., Ger., gd.-duchy Saxe- Weimar, 7 m. N. 
 Weimar. P. < 2000. 
 
 Butt«rerambe, par., Eng., Yorkshire. P. <25o. See 
 Bossall. 
 
 Butterknowle, PMT. O. , Eng. ,Durham,5 m. from Evenwood. 
 
 Butterlelgh, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 3 m. SSE. 
 Tiverton, 2 m. E. Cadeleigh stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bntterley, stn. , Eng. , Derbyshire, Ilkeston div. , 10 m. NNE. 
 Derby, on the M. R., 2J m. SE. by S. Alfreton; coal-mines 
 and iron-works near. 
 
 Bnttermere, lake, Eng., in the SE. of the Cockermouth 
 div. of Cumberland, 7 m. SW. Keswick, ij m. in length by \ 
 ra. in width. Alt. 331 ft. 
 
 Buttermere, par. and vil. , Eng. , in the SE. of the Cocker- 
 mouth div. of Cumberland, 7 m. SW. by W. Keswick, P.O.; 
 par. 6851 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Buttermere, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Devizes div. , 19 m. SE. 
 by S. Swindon, 4^ m. SE. Bedwin stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Buttermere Hause, pass, Eng., W. Cumberland, from 
 Buttermere vil. to Keswick. Alt. iioo ft. 
 
 Butternut Ridge, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, 
 Westmoreland co., 67 m. NE. by N. St. John. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Butters Church, eccles. par. , Scot. P. <25o. See Glenapp. 
 
 Bnttershaw, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Shipley div., 2^ m. SW. by S. Bradford, PM.O. P. <45oo. 
 
 Butterstone, vil., Scot., Perthshire, 5 m. from Dunkeld, P.O. 
 
 Butterton, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 5^ m. E. 
 Leek. P. <:25o. 
 
 Butterton, eccles. par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, near Newcastle- 
 under-Lyme. P. <50o. 
 
 Buttervrick, ct. par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Spalding div., 
 4 m. E. Boston, P.O. P. <5oo. See Freiston. 
 
 Butterwick, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div. , lo^ m. SSW. Scarborough, 4^ m. S. Ganton stn. P. <250. 
 
 ButterM'lck, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, on N. border 
 of Thirsk and Malton div., on the Rye, i8| m. NE. by N. York, 
 2^ m. NE. Slingsby stn. P. <25o. See Barton-le-Street. 
 
 Butterwick, East, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Briggdiv., on 
 the Trent, 11 m. N. by E. Gainsborough, 3 m. SSW. Gunness 
 stn. P. <500. 
 
 Butterwick, West, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, near Epworth. 
 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Butterworth, vil. , Cape Colony, dist. Galeka Land, 50 m. 
 NNE. East London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Butterworth, par., Eng., Lancashire, Middleton div., 2 m. 
 ESE. Rochdale, close to Milnrow stn. , with coal-mines ; 7766 
 ac. P. 9400. 
 
 ButtCTant, market-tn. and par.. Ire., N. co. Cork, bar. 
 Orrery and Kilmore, 6^ m. N. by W. Mallow, on the Great 
 Southern and Western Rly.; a garrison town, with remains of 
 a fine abbey; PMT.O. Alt. 300 ft. Mean temp. (6f yrs., 
 1867-73), yr. 50.0° F., Jan. 41.1°, July 61.3°. 
 
 Bttttgen, vil., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 8 m. W. by S. 
 Diisseldorf. P. <20oo. 
 
 Buttlngton, eccles. par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the 
 1. bk. of the Severn, 2 m. NE. Welshpool, on the Cambrian 
 Rly. P.<7S0. 
 
 Bnttlsholz, vil., Switzd. , cant, and 11 m. NW. Lucerne. 
 Near it is a mound called Tertre Anglais, said to be the grave 
 of 3000 Englishmen, followers of De Courcy, defeated here in 
 1376. P. < 2000. 
 
 Buttle Lake, Canada, Brit. Columbia, Vancouver I. , drained 
 SW. into Clahoquot Sound. 
 
 Buttock Point, cape, Scot. , in the extreme N. of the I. of Bute. 
 
 Buttolphs, par., Eng., Sussex, Lewes div., 8 m. WNW. 
 Brighton, close to Bramber {q.v.) stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Buttons Islands, five small isls. in Hudson Strait, on the 
 ct. of Labrador. 
 
 Butts, CO. , U.S. , Georgia, N. of 33° N. , and crossed by 84° W. 
 
 Buttsbury, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 5^ m. SW. by S. 
 Chelmsford, i m. E. by S. Ingatestone [q.v.) stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Butts Green, place, Eng., near Romsey, 2 m. from Dun- 
 bridge (Hants), P.O. 
 
 Buttstadt, tn. , Ger., gd.-duchy Saxe- Weimar, 11 m. NNE. 
 Weimar. P. <3000. 
 
 Butuan, strait, vil., and bay, on the N. of the Philippine 
 isl. of Mindanao. 
 
 BnturllnoTka, tn., Russia, govt, and 85 m. SE. of Voronezh, 
 dist. Bobrov. P. 21,700. 
 
 Butzbach, tn., Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse, 11 m. S. Giessen. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Biitzfletb, comm., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 22 m. 
 WNW. Hamburg, i^ m. from the 1. bk. of the Elbe. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Btltzow, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on R. Warnow, 
 18 m. SSW. Rostock. P. 5300. 
 
 Buur, Dutch, 'a farm, or dwelling." See Beer. 
 
 But, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 11 m. S. Monastir. 
 
 Buwachum, tn. , Siam, on the Nam Sak, no m. NNE. 
 Bangkok. 
 
 Buxar, Bengal. See Baxar. 
 
 Bnxburn, vil. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, on the G. N. of 
 S. R., 4 m. NW. Aberdeen, portion of Auchmull. P. <75o. 
 
 Buxey, a sandbank, Eng., in the North Sea, about 4-9 m. 
 from the E. ct. of Essex, N. of the Crouch Channel. 
 
 BuxhaU, par., Eng., Suffolk, 10 m. SE. by E. Bury St. 
 Edmunds, div. and 3 m. W. Stowmarket, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Buxl^res la Orne, tn., France, dep. Allier, arr. Moulins, 
 near Bourbon-l'Archambault, with iron-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Buxlo w, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Suffolk. See Knodishall. 
 
 Buxted, par. and vil., Eng., Sussex, E. Grinstead div., 10 
 m. NE. by N. Lewes, on the L. B. & S. C. R., formerly 
 carried on iron-works (Weald), PMT.O. ; 8961 ac. P. <250o. 
 
 Buxtehnde, tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 15 m. W. by S. 
 Hamburg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Buxton [Bucostenum), market-tn. and watering-place, Eng., 
 Derbyshire, 15 m. SE. Stockport, on the L. & NW. R., and 
 M. R. It is situated amidst picturesque environs, near the 
 head of the Wye valley, nearly 1000 ft. above the sea, and con- 
 sists of an old and a new town. Its natural and hot baths of 
 mineral waters have been celebrated for centuries. The Devon- 
 shire Hospital and Bath Charity is an important institution 
 supported by voluntary contributions for the relief of poor 
 persons from all parts. B. has public gardens of 24 ac. , and a 
 concert hall. The dist. is very healthy, the death-rate being 
 as low as 10 per 1000. Coal-mines and large lime-works, 
 alabaster, spar, and inlaid marble works. Adjacent to the town 
 are Poole's Hole, a stalactite cavern, and Diamond Hill, where 
 crystals of quartz are foimd. Many old castles and seats 
 (Chatsworth, Haddon Hall, Old Hall, &c.) in the neighbour- 
 hood. Alt. 987 ft. Mean rainfall (1866-80), 57 in. P. (1801) 
 760 ; (1871) 3700; (1891) par. P. <500o; tn. P. 7500. 
 
 Buxton, par. and vil., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., on the Bure, 
 9 m. N. Norwich, with a stn. (Buxton Lamas) on the G. E. R. , 
 PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 247 
 
B UXT 
 
 BZ AN 
 
 Bnxton, tn., U.S., Maine, York co., 13 m. W. by S. Port- 
 land. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Buxton, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Traill cc, 52 m. NNW, 
 Fargo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnxton, post-tn., Victoria, co. Anglesey, 60 m. NE. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnxton wltU Oxuead, eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk, con- 
 taining B. village. P. <750. 
 
 Bnxy, vil. , France, dep. Saone-et- Loire, arr. and 9 m. WSW. 
 Chalon-sur-Sa6ne. Iron-mines. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Buy, Locb, an inlet, Scot., Argyllshire, in the S. of Mull I. 
 
 Bnyuk-Dere and Bnynk-Cbekmeje. See Boyiik-Dere. 
 
 Bnza, cape, at the NW. end of the I. of Crete. 
 
 Bnzancals, tn., France, dep. Indre, arr. Ch&teauroux, on 
 the Indre, 48 m. S. Blois, with woollen manufactures ; in the 
 vicinity are extensive iron-works. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Bnz^u (Bnse), tn., Roumania, cap. prov. B., on riv. B. , 
 42 m. ENE. Ployeshti. P. 17,300. 
 
 Bnzot, Spain. See Bnsot. 
 
 Buznk, region, Asia Minor. See Bozok. 
 
 Bnzulnk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and no m. by rail ESE. 
 Samara, near junction of Buzuluk R. with Samara. P. 13,600. 
 
 Bnzulnk, Bezorlnk, riv., SW. Russia, govts. Ekaterinoslav 
 and Kherson, r. bk. trib. of Dnieper. The Zaporogue Cossacks 
 had, in the 17th century, their Sich on its banks. 
 
 Buzzard's Bay, large bay, U.S., in SE. of Massachusetts, 
 containing the harbours of New Bedford, Fairhaven, Rochester, 
 &c. ; partly surrounded by cedar swamps. See Cape Cod Canal. 
 
 Bwale, vil. , Upper Guinea, in about 8° 46' N. , 1° 47' W. 
 
 Bwlch (' a mountain pass '), PM.O., Wales, Brecknockshire, 
 3 m. from Talybont. 
 
 Bwlch Gwyn, eccles. par., Wales, Denbighshire, Wrex- 
 ham par., P.O. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Bwlch-rallwys, pass, Wales, Brecknockshire, 7^ m. SE. by 
 E. Brecknock, 2I m. ESE. Talybont stn. 
 
 Bwlch Treyryn, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, 5 m. N. 
 Abergavenny. P. <25o. 
 
 Bwlchyciban, eccles. par. , Wales, chiefly in Montgomery- 
 shire, near Oswestry, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 By, vil., Sweden, prov. Vermland, near the W. side of Lake 
 Wener, 54 m. E. Fredrikshald. 
 
 Byaduk, post-viL, Victoria, co. Normanby, 15 m. from 
 Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Byanklna, vil., E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, dist. and 
 17 m. E. of Nerchinsk, on Shilka R. Chief town of Cossack 
 administration. P. < 1000. 
 
 BycuUa, a NE. suburb of Bombay, Brit. India. 
 
 Byelaya. 1. Riv., E. Russia, L bk. trib. of Kama; rises in 
 S. Urals, and flows 800 m. N. NW. and W. past Ufa and 
 Birsk through a fertile country, and receives the Ufa (527 m.) 
 and many smaller tribs. Important channel for shipping com, 
 metals, metallic goods, and timber to Kazan and lower Volga. 
 2. Several rivers in Siberia, govt. Tomsk. 3. Left bk. trib. of 
 Angara, which it enters in about 53° N. 
 
 Byelaya Tserkov, Polish Blaiacerklew, tn. , Russia, govt, 
 and 48 m. SW. of Kiev, on Nikolaiev Rly., one of the chief 
 centres for trade in the region. P. 18,700. 
 
 Byeler (Byelov), dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 80 m. SW. of 
 Tula, on 1. bk. of Oka ; considerable amount of com, hemp, 
 and hempseed-oil shipped. P. 9900. 
 
 Byelgorod, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 86 m. by rail SSE. 
 of Kursk ; trade in corn, honey, wax, and hides. P. 23,000. 
 
 Byelopolle, tn., Russia, govt, and 117 m. NW. Kharkov, 
 dist. Sumy, railway junction of Kiwsk-Kiev line, with branch 
 to Kharkov. P. 11,160. 
 
 Byeloryeehenskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, 
 govt. Kuban, dist. Maikop, 43 m. ESE. Ekaterinodar. P. 6800. 
 
 Byelostok (Polish Blalystok), dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 
 49 m. by rail SW. of Grodno, near to junction of St. Peters- 
 burg-Warsaw and Konigsberg-Odessa Rlys.; considerable 
 trade. P. (i860) 16,540; (1888) 56,610. 
 
 Byelovodsk, tn., Russia, govt, and 156 m. ESE. Kharkov, 
 dist. Starobyelsk. P. 8000. 
 
 Byelovyezhskaya Pushcka (Polish Blalotvlegka Puszcza), 
 crown forests, Russia, govt. Grodno, on the flat and partly 
 marshy water-parting between Nyeman (Niemen), Bug, and 
 Pripet ; covers 470 sq. m. Only place in Europe where bisons 
 are still living. 
 
 Byelozersk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 427 m. NE. of 
 Novgorod, on Lake Byelo«ozero (433 sq. m.), which enters 
 into the Mariinsk system of canals connecting the Volga with 
 St. Petersburg. P. 4600. 
 
 Byelsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 76 m. SW, of Grodno, 
 on Konigsberg-Odessa Rly. P. 6920. 
 
 Byeltsy, dist. tn., Russia, prov. Bessarabia, 80 m. NW. of 
 Kishinev ; centre for trade in cattle with Austria and Roumania. 
 Chief town of dist. Yassy. P. 10,100. 
 
 Byelnkha, mt. See Altai. 
 
 Byelyl, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 96 m. NNE. of Smolensk, 
 on Obsha R. ; com, iron, and timber shipped. P. 9200. 
 248 
 
 Byers, settlement, U.S., Colorado, Arapahoe co. , 40 m. E. 
 Denver. 
 Byers Green, par., Eng., Durham, div., on the r. bk. of the 
 
 Wear, div. and 3 m. N. Bishop Auckland, on the NE. R. 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Byerstown, police camp, Queensland, Cape York, Peninsula 
 CO., 50 m. SW. CooktowTi. P. < 1500. 
 
 Byezbetsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 70 m. NE. of Tver, 
 103 ra. from Bologoye rly. junc, on r. bk. of Mologa. P. 7000. 
 
 Byfleld, par. , Eng. , S. div. of Northamptonshire, 14^ m. S. 
 Rugby, on the East and West Junc. Rly., PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Byfleet, par. and vil, Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div., 8 m. NE. 
 by N. Guildford, 2 m. SSW. Weybridge stn. , PMT. O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Byford, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Leominster div. , on the 
 1. bk. of the Wye, 7^ m. W. by N. Hereford, 2| m. S. Moor- 
 hampton stn. Offa's Dyke passes through the par., crossing 
 the Hereford turnpike road. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (B. -with 
 Mansell Gamage) P. <5oo. 
 
 Bygrave, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, in the N. of the Hitchin 
 div. , 14^ m. NE. by E. Luton, 2 m. NE. Baldock stn. P. <250. 
 
 Byker, par., Eng., Northumberland, i m. E. Newcastle, in- 
 cluded in the pari. bor. of Newcastle. P. 32,300. 
 
 BykOTa, vil., Russia, W. Siberia, govt. Tomsk, on Bukh- 
 tarma R. , 200 m. ESE. Semipalatinsk. 
 
 Byland, Old, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 17J m. NE. by E. Ripon, 4^ m. WNW. Helmsley 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Byland Abbey, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 4J m. S. Old Byland, 16 m. E. by N. Ripon, 2 m. 
 NW. Ampleforth stn. , with extensive remains of a fine abbey of 
 the 1 2th century. 
 
 Byland with Wass, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Helmsley union. P. <25o. 
 
 Bylangb, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., on the Wensum, 14 
 m. NW. by W. Norwich, 3 m. ESE. of N. Elmham stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Bylcban, eccles. par. and vil. , Wales, Denbighshire ; village 
 is 5 m. NW. Denbigh, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 , Byley-cnm-Lees, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cheshire, near Middle- 
 wich. P. <soo. 
 
 Byley wltb Yatebonse, par., Eng., Cheshire, 4 m. NE. 
 Northwich. P. <25o. 
 
 Bynea, hamlet, Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., on the 
 G. W. R. , 3 m. ESE. Llanelly, with coal-mines. 
 
 Byng Inlet, vil., Canada, Ontario, Parry Sound dist., on 
 Georgian Bay, in 45° 45' N. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bynbam Point, cape, Eng., in SE. of Isle of Wight. 
 
 Byram wltb Sutton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Pontefract union. P. <25o. 
 
 Bymess, eccles. par., Eng., Northumberland, in the N. of 
 the Hexham div., on the Rede, 13I m. SE. by S. Jedburgh, 
 10 m. NNE. Plashetts stn. P. <:250. 
 
 Byrock, post- vil.. New South Wales, Cowper co., 45 m. 
 SE. by S. Bourke, on the railway from Bathurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Byron, the easternmost point of Australia, New South Wales, 
 in 28° 45' S., 153° 40' E. 
 
 Byron, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Middlesex, on R. 
 Thames, 6 m. from London. P. 1500. 
 
 Byron, or Nukunau, small isl.. Pacific, in the SE. of the 
 Gilbert group. Also an island in Byron Strait. 
 
 Byron, strait, between the isls. of Neu- Hannover and Neu- 
 Mecklenburg (New Ireland), in the Bismarck Archipelago (New 
 Britain). Also called Intricate Strait. 
 
 Byron Bay, on E. ct. Labrador, just S. of 55° N. 
 
 Bysbottles, par. , Eng. , Durham. See Brandon. 
 
 Bystryanskoye, vil. , W. Siberia, govt. Tomsk, Altai region, 
 on Katna R. , 123 m. SE. Barnaul. 
 
 Bystfitz, tn., Moravia, 28 m. NW. by N. Briinn. P. <:3000. 
 
 Bytb (baith). New, vil., Scot., Aberdeenshire, in King Ed- 
 ward par. P. < 500. 
 
 Bytham, Castle, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 7^ m. 
 NNW. Stamford, 2 m. WNW, Little Bytham stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Bytbam, Little, par., Eng., adjoining Castle B., on the 
 G. N, R,.P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Bytbom, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and 11^ m. W. 
 by N. Huntingdon, 2^ m. NE. Raunds stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 See Brlngton. 
 
 Byton, par. and vil., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 9 m. 
 WNW. Leominster, 3J m. N. Pembridge stn. P, <25o. 
 
 Bytown, former name of the city of Ottawa, Canada. 
 
 Bytnrnee, riv. , India. See Baltaranl. 
 
 By~well, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., on the 
 Tyne, 7^ m. E. by S. Hexham, near Stocksfield stn. Alt, 
 87 ft. Mean temp. (2oyrs., 1861-80), yr. 49.0° F., Jan. 38.0°, 
 July 61.5°. P. <25o. 
 
 Bywell St. Andrew wltb Biding Mill, eccles. par. , Eng. , 
 Northumberland, on R. Tyne, 7 m. E. Hexham. P. <750. 
 
 Bywortb Street, hamlet, Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 9 m. 
 N. by W. Amndel, li m. NE. Petworth stn., P.O. 
 
 Bzanze, comm. , \foravia. See Blsenz. 
 
CAAC — CACH 
 
 c 
 
 Caacnpe, vil. , Paraguay, 31 m. E. by S. Asuncion. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Caa-Onazti, vil., Paraguay, 107 m. E. Asuncion. P, <2ooo. 
 
 Caapucu, vil., Paraguay, 63 m. SSE. Asuncion. P. < 2000. 
 
 Caazapa, vil., Paraguay, 92 m. SE. by E. Asuncion, 21 m. 
 S. Villa Rica. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cababnry, Cauabary, or Canaborls, trib. of the Rio 
 Negro, which it enters in about 96° W. , connected through one 
 of its tribs. with the Baria, a trib. of the Casiquiare. 
 
 Cabaco, isl. , on the ct. of Guatemala, America. Pearl fishery. 
 
 Cabagau, comm., Philippine Is., prov. Cagayan, at N. 
 extremity of I. Luzon. P. 5900. 
 
 Cabataybas, Indian tribe, in N. Brazil, prov. Matto Grosso, 
 near the source of the Tapajoz and its tribs. 
 
 Caballerla, cape, Balearic Is., Minorca, with a lighthouse 
 visible 18 m., in 40° 6' N., 4° 4' E. 
 
 Caballoues, Cayus de, small isls. or rocks, off the S. ct. of 
 Cuba, in 20° 48' N., 78° 55' W. 
 
 Caballos Itada, roadstead, S. America, Peru, on the W. ct. , 
 about 14° 55' S. 
 
 Cabalunga, comm., of the I. Samar, Philippines; residence 
 of the Spanish alcalde of the island. 
 
 Cabana, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Carballo. 
 P. <5000. 
 
 Cabanaconde, tn., S. America, Peru, dep. Arequipa, 145 m. 
 S. Cuzco. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cabaftas, seapt., Cuba, N. ct., 37 m. WSW, Havana, in 
 82° 55' W. P. 8600. 
 
 Cabafias, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Puentedeume. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Cabanes, comm., Spain, prov. Castellon de la Plana, 50 m. 
 NNE. Valencia. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cabango. See Kabango. 
 
 Cabannes, les, vil. , France, dep. Ari^ge, on the Ari^ge, 46 
 m. SW. Carcassonne; iron-mines. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cabar'mg, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the SW., to the N. of 
 35° N., E. of 81° W. 
 
 Cabecelra, cape and penin. , Portuguese E. Africa, just N. of 
 Mozambique. 
 
 Cabell, CO. , U.S. , W.Virginia, on the Ohio, crossed by 38 J° N. 
 
 Cabello$i« vil., Uruguay, dep. Artigas, 60 m. NE. Salto. 
 
 Cabeuov, riv. , New Guinea, flows N. into Astrolabe Bay. 
 
 Cabes (the ancient Tacapes), seapt. tn., Tunis, on the W. 
 shore of the large Gulf of C. (the ancient Syrtis Minor), 123 m, S. 
 Kairwan, in 33° 54' N. Also spelt Clabes. P. 6oco. 
 
 Cabeza del Buey, tn., Spain, prov. Badajoz, 21 m. W. by S. 
 Almaden. P. 8200. 
 
 Cabeza del Sloro, mt., Spain, Estremadura, in the Sierra de 
 Guadalupe. Alt. 51 10 ft. 
 
 Cabeza de Vaca, vil., Chile, in the southern part of prov. 
 Atacama ; noted silver-mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cabeza de Yaca, Pnnta, cape, Chile, in about 26° 50' S. 
 
 Cabezas, tn. , Cuba, a little to the SW. of Havana. P. 8800. 
 
 Cabezas de San Juau, Las, tn., Spain, prov. and 27 m. S. 
 Seville. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Cabezon de la Sal, market-tn. , Spain, prov. and 7 m. NNE. 
 Valladolid, on the Pisuerga. Scene of one of the first battles of 
 the Peninsular war in 1808. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Cabkan, Irish, ' a hollow place.' See Cavan. 
 
 Cablao, tn., Philippine Is., Luzon, NW. Manilla. P. 8000. 
 
 Cablnda, Portuguese W. Africa. See Kablnda. 
 
 Cablnteely, vil.. Ire., SE. co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown, 4 m. 
 NNW. Bray, PM.O. 
 
 Cablta Bay, bay, S. America, on the W. ct. , in about 5° 25' N. 
 
 Cable, vil., U.S., Illinois, Mercer co., 84 m. S. Dubuque (lo.) 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Cable Island, small isl. , Ire. , co. Cork, in the Atlantic, 5 m. 
 SSW. Youghal. 
 
 Cabo, Spanish and Portuguese, 'a cape.' See under the 
 second part of the name. 
 
 Cabo Corrlentes, cape, Mexico, W. ct., in 20° 23' N. 
 
 Cabo Cruz, cape, Cuba, S. ct. , in 77° 44' W. Lighthouse. 
 
 Cabo de dracias a Dlos, cape, port, and dist. , Nicaragua. 
 See draclas a Dlos. 
 
 Cabo Frio (' cold cape'), cape, E. ct. Brazil, in 23° i' S. 
 
 Cabo Frio, seapt. , Brazil, at the mouth of a long lagoon on 
 the S. ct. of prov. and 72 m. E. Rio de Janeiro. Climate un- 
 healthy. P. 3000. 
 
 Cabo Frio, cape, W. Africa, in 18° 22' S. 
 
 Cabool, or Cabnl, Afghanistan. See Kabul. 
 
 Cabooltnre, tn., Queensland, Canning co., 28 m. NNW. 
 Brisbane. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cabot, tn., U.S., Vermont, Washington co., 17 m. NE. 
 Montpelier. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Cabots Head, cape, Canada, Ontario, on the W. side of 
 Georgian Bay, in 45^ 13' N. 
 
 Cabot Strait, name of entrance to Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 Canada, between Newfoundland and Cape Breton I. , so named 
 since about 1886 on English Admiralty charts in concurrence 
 with the government of Canada in honour of John and Sebastian 
 Cabot, the discoverers of Labrador. 
 
 Cabouru, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Brigg div., 9^ m. SW. 
 by W. Great Grimsby, 4^ m. ENE. Moortown stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cabra, Spanish, Portugfuese, and Italian, ' goat.' See Capra. 
 
 Cabra, or Cabragb, place, Ire., co. Down, 12 m. NE. 
 Newry, P.O. 
 
 Cabra, tn., Spain, prov. and 33 m. SE. by S. Cordova. 
 P. 13,400. 
 
 Cabracb (' the timber-moss '), par. , Scot. , Aberdeenshire and 
 Banffshire, 14^ m. S. by W. Keith, P.O.; 34,103 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Cabra del i»anto Crlsto, comm., Spain, prov. Jaen, dist. 
 Huelma. P. <40oo. 
 
 Cabragbkeel, tnld. , Ire., NW. ct. co. Sligo, bar. Tireragh, 
 E. shore of Killala Bay, 11^ m. N. by E. BaUina. P. <50o. 
 
 Cabrales, comm., Spain, prov, Oviedo, near Llanes, produc- 
 ing cheese resembling Roquefort. P. <:4000. 
 
 Cabranes, comm., Spain, prov. Oviedo, near Infiesto. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cabras, vil., in the isl. Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 5 m. NW. 
 Oristano. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cabrera ('goat island'), one of the Balearic Is., in the 
 Mediterranean, 9 m. S. Majorca. It has a fort, and is used by 
 the Spanish government as a place of exile. 
 
 Cabrera, isl. , Greece. See Sktalza. 
 
 Cabres, Indian tribe, in Colombia, S. America, on the banks 
 of the Guaviare. 
 
 Cabrlel, riv. , in the E. of Spain, flows S. then SE. to Jucar, 
 which it joins at Cofrentes. 
 
 Cabrobd, tn. , Brazil, prov. and about 310 m. W. by S. Pernam- 
 buco, near 1. bk. of the Rio Sao Francisco. Alt. 1170 ft. P. 3000. 
 
 Cabnl, Afghanistan. See Kabul. 
 
 Cabnre, tn., S. America, Venezuela,' Falcon, 200 m. W. by 
 N. Caracas. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cabus, par., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. N. Garstang. P. <25o. 
 
 iacak, tn. , Servia, cap. prov. , on R. Morava, 29 m. WSW. 
 Kragujevac. P. <:400o. 
 
 Cacan-fu, (in Marco Polo). See Hoklang-fU. 
 
 Cacapaba, tn. , Brazil, cap. dist. C. , prov. Rio Grande do 
 Sul, 150 m. WSW. Porto Alegre. P. <40oo. 
 
 Caccamo, tn., Sicily, prov. and 22 m. SE. by E. Palermo. 
 P. 8000. 
 
 CaccaTone, tn., S. Italy, prov. Campobasso, 3 m. SW. 
 Agnone. P. <3000. 
 
 Caccla, Capo della, cape, Sardinia, in the NW., in 40° 35' 
 N. , with a lighthouse visible 19 m. 
 
 Cacere, Nueva, comm., Philippine Is., cap. of prov. 
 Camarines Sur, in the S. of Luzon I. P. 9300. 
 
 Caceres, tn., Colombia, state Antioquia, 124 m. N. Medellin, 
 on the r. bk. of the Cauca, with unhealthy climate. P. <2ooo. 
 
 C&ceres, prov. , Spain. See Estremadura, and Spain, table. 
 
 C&ceres (the ancient Castra Cecilia), tn., Spain, cap. of prov. 
 C. , 25 m. W. Trujillo. Important in Roman times. Finally 
 taken from the Moors under Alfonso IX. in 1225. P. 14,900. 
 
 Cachabl, riv. , in N. of Ecuador. See Santiago. 
 
 Cacbapoal, riv., Chile, to the S. of 34° S., flows W. from 
 the Andes along the N. frontier of prov. Colchagua till it unites 
 with the Tinguiririca ; 100 m. long. 
 
 Cachar, dist., Brit. India. See Assam. 
 
 Cacbe, riv. , U.S., Arkansas, rises in the N. of Greene co. , and 
 flows SSW. 230 m. into White R. , which it joins at Clarendon, 
 CO. Monroe ; navigable to Gray's Ferry. 
 
 Cache, co., U.S., Utah, on the N. frontier, crossed in the W. 
 by 112° W., and watered by Bear R., the borders of which are 
 carefully irrigated. 
 
 Cacbe Lake, settlement, Canada, prov. Ontario, on the 
 C. P. R. , 787 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Cache la Poudre Creek, riv., U.S., in the N. of Colorado, 
 flows ESE. into the S. fork of the Platte R. 
 
 Cacheo, tn. and fort, W. Africa, Senegambia, Portuguese 
 terr. , near the mouth of the Cacheo R. , 85 m. SSE. Bathurst. 
 
 Cachl, vil., Argentine Republic, Salta, 146 m. NNW. Tucu- 
 man. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cachlnal, tn., S. America, Chile, prov. Atacama, 170 ra. N. 
 by E. Copiapo. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cachoeira, Portuguese, 'a rapid,' or 'cascade.' 
 
 Cachoetra, tn. , Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, on the 1. bk. and 
 at the head of the steam-navigation (here stopped by rapids) 
 
 249 
 
CACH — CADO 
 
 of the Jacuhy in 30° 2' 55" S., 52° 49' 21" W. (Reis), 100 m. W. 
 Porto Alegre. P. 4000. 
 
 Cacboeira, vil. and rly, stn., Brazil, prov. and 47 ra. NE. 
 Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 Cachoelra, tn. , Brazil, Bahia, 57 m. NW. Sao Salvador, on 
 the riv. C. , which joins the Paragua9u, and shortly above the 
 town is obstructed by rocks. P. (with Sao Felix) 20,000. 
 
 Cacouda, tn. , W. Africa. See Kakoiida. 
 
 Cacouna (ka'ku-na), vil., Canada, Quebec, Temiscouata co., 
 on the r. bk. of the R. St. Lawrence, in 60° 31' W. ; a favourite 
 watering-place. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Cadaer, Welsh, ' a castle.' See Caer. 
 
 Cadamstown, par., Ire., NW. co. Kildare, bar. Carbury, 
 14 m. W. Maynooth, 4 m. W. by S. Innfield stn., P.O. ; 5036 
 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cadamstown, told.. Ire., S. King's co., bar. Ballybritt, xo\ 
 m. E. by N. Parsonstown, P.O. 
 
 Cadaques, tn. and seapt., Spain, prov. and 32 m. NE. 
 Gerona. P. <3000. 
 
 CadboU, vil., Scot. See Hilton of CadtwU. 
 
 Cadbury, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, div. and 6 m. SW. by S. 
 Tiverton, 2^ m. NW. by W. Up Exe stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Cadbury, Nortb, par. and vil., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 8 
 m. NE. by N. Yeovil, PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cadbury, South, par., i m. to the S., 2 m. E. Sparkford 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Caddagh, electoral div.. Ire., co. Monaghan, dist. Kilmore. 
 
 Caddell, co. , New South Wales, bounded on the S. by the 
 Murray R. , and crossed by 145° E. 
 
 Cadder, par., Scot., NW. Lanarkshire, 5 m. NNE. Glas- 
 gow, I m. SE. Balmore stn. At Robroystone, in this par., 
 Wallace is said to have been betrayed and apprehended, August 
 5, 1305. 13,969 ac. P. 8200. 
 
 Caddlitgton, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, on the S. border of 
 the Luton div., 2 m. WSW. Luton, P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Caddlngton, par., Eng., Herts, adjoining C, Bedfordshire. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Caddo, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, in the extreme NW. 
 
 Caddo, Lake, U.S., Louisiana and Texas, 20 m. NW, 
 Shreveport. See Cross Lake. 
 
 Caddonfoot, eccles. par., Scot., N. Selkirkshire, 3 m. SW. 
 Galashiels. P. <;75o. 
 
 Caddy, place, Ire., co. Antrim, 3 m. from Randalstown, P.O. 
 
 Cadeac, comm., France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n6es, arr. and 16 
 m. SE. Bagn6res-de-Bigorre, on the Nesle. It has hot sulphur 
 springs and baths. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cadeby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and i^ m. ESE. 
 Bosworth. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cadeby, part of par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Wyham. 
 
 Cadeby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 4 m. 
 WSW. Doncaster, i m. NNE, Conisbrough stn. P. <25o. 
 See Sprotbrongh. 
 
 Cadelboreo, tn., Italy, prov. and circle Reggio in Emilia. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Cadelelgb (kad'li), par., Eng., Devonshire, div, and 4^ m. 
 SW, Tiverton, i^ m. W. of its stn. on G. W. R, P.<5oo, 
 
 Cadenabbla, vil. , Italy, W. shore of Lake Como, nearly due 
 W. of the point where the lake forks. Much resorted to by the 
 Milanese. Near it is the Villa Carlotta (formerly Sommariva), 
 containing works of the sculptors Canova and Thorvaldsen. 
 
 Cadenet, tn., France, dep. Vaucluse, on the Durance, 16 
 m. N. by W. Aix, arr. and 10 m. N. by W. Apt. P. <3000. 
 
 Cadeo, tn., Italy, prov. Piacenza, circle Fiorenzuola. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Cader, ' a fort. ' See Caer. 
 
 Caderfi-onwen, mt., Wales, in the S. of Denbighshire, 9 m. 
 SW. by W. Llangollen. Alt. 2573 ft. 
 
 Caderelta, tn., Mexico, Nuevo Leon, 20 m. E. by S. 
 Monterey. In its vicinity silver-mines are worked. P. 12,000. 
 
 Cader Idrl« (' the Chair of Idris'), mt., Wales, Merioneth- 
 shire, 3 m. SW. Dolgelly. Alt, 2929 feet. 
 
 Caderonsse, tn. , France, dep. Vaucluse, arr. Orange, on 1. 
 bk. of Rhone, 11 m. NNW. Avignon; silk manuf. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cadg-«vlth, ct. vil., Eng., Cornwall, 3 m, ENE. Lizard 
 Head, with a lifeboat, P.O. 
 
 Cadlboua, Col dl, a name sometimes given to the Col 
 deir Altare [Alps] from an adjoining hamlet. 
 
 Cadl^re, La, vil., France, dep. Var, arr. and 10 m. NW. 
 Toulon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cadillac, city, U.S., Michigan, Wexford co., 90 m. NW. by 
 W.Bay City. Alt. 1292 ft. (R.R,). P. < 5000, 
 
 Cadlma, tn. , Portugal, dist. Coimbra, not far from the coast. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Cadlshead (kad'is-hed), vil., Eng., Lancashire, 4^ m. W. 
 Manchester, with a stn. (Irlam and C.) on the Cheshire Lines, 
 PMT.O. See Irlam. 
 
 Cadiz, prov. (since 1833), in the southernmost part of Spain, 
 
 between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, forming the N. 
 
 side of the Strait of Gibraltar, and a triangle between (a. ) the 
 
 sea, (d.) riv. Guadalquivir (prov. of Huelva), Sierras de Gibaldin- 
 
 250 
 
 Algodonales, riv. Guadalete (prov. Seville), and (c.) Sierra de 
 Libar-Ubrique, riv. Guadiaro (prov. Malaga). It is old Tar- 
 shish and Tartessus. Is covered with mountains branching 
 from Ronda Chain (San Cristobal, 5629 ft. ). Very well watered. 
 In the W, extends the sherry wine district (Jerez, Rota, Puerto 
 de Santa Maria, Chiclana, San Lucar). Fruits are famous 
 (Tarifa oranges). At the SW, is Cape Trafalgar, off which 
 Nelson conquered and died, English Gibraltar is at the SE. 
 extreme of the prov. The Spanish possessions in Africa are de- 
 pendencies of the prov. of C, Principal ports are San Lucar, 
 Puerto de Santa Maria, Cadiz, Conil, Tarifa, Algeciras. 
 
 Cadiz, bay, formed by the Isla of Le6n with the town of C. 
 and its long isthmus, divided into two natural basins. The 
 large and exterior one, exposed to the SW., has at its entrance 
 Rota (N. ), C. town (S. , with dangerous rocks, Cuchinos, Puercas, 
 Diamante). Riv. Guadalete flows into it near Puerto de Santa 
 Maria (greatest width of the bay, 7 m.). The small inner basin is 
 very well protected. It has at the entrance the Channel (Caiio 
 de) of Trocadero, and at the head (SE. of the city of C.) 
 (a.) La Carraca, since 1790 one of the principal arsenals and 
 naval colleges of Spain, on the islands between the bay and riv. 
 Santi Petri, the sea arm (6 m. wide) separating Isla de Le6n from 
 the mainland ; (b. ) the observatory of San Fernando, the oldest 
 in Spain (36° 27' 45" lat., 25° 9' W. long.), on the Isla de Le6n. 
 Great production of salt in the marshes (Salinas). 
 
 Cadiz, tn., Spain, cap. prov. C, on the extremity of a long 
 and narrow rocky and sandy peninsula (SE.-NW.) of the Isla 
 de Le6n (10-50 ft. alt.), one of the prettiest towns in the world 
 (la Copa de Plata, ' the Silver Cup') in respect of its situation 
 and buildings, and with a pleasant climate. No spring water ; 
 rain water kept in cisterns and brought from Puerto Real. Head 
 of military government, maritime department, judicial district, 
 bishopric. From Torre de Tavira (135 ft. alt.), view of all the 
 Isla de Ledn, the bay, and the most prominent points of the proy. 
 Academy of fine arts, college of medicine (University of Seville), 
 seminary. Industries : manufactured wools, cottons, linen, 
 cabinet- making, gloves, hats, jewellery, tobacco. Gaddir, 
 Gadeira, Gadeswas founded by the Phoenicians about iioo B.C. ; 
 the /ulia Augusta Gaditana of Caesar and head of Tingitania ; 
 became Gothic in the 5th and Moorish in the 8th century. 
 Taken by the Moors in 1262. C. had, with Seville, the mono- 
 poly of the trade with the W. Indies. Very good commercial 
 position. Steamers between C, and Malaga (daily to Algeciras 
 and Gibraltar in 8-10 hours), Lisbon, and the principal Enghsh, 
 French, and American ports. Connected by rail with Madrid 
 (450 m.), with Lisbon (through Merida), and the principal towns 
 of the Peninsula. Shipping accommodation defective ; 5-7 
 fathoms only at three-fourths of a mile from land. Min. temp, 
 41° F, ; max, temp, 80° F.; mean rainfall, 22 in, P, (1877) 
 65,000; (1887)62,500. 
 
 Cadiz, vil., U.S., Indiana, Henry co., 36 m. ENE. Indiana- 
 polis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cadiz, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Trigg co., 80 m. WNW. Nash- 
 ville (Tenn. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Cadiz, vil., U.S., Ohio, Harrison co., 22 m. NW. Wheeling 
 (W. Va.), with coal-mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cadiz, Bay of, an extensive inlet of the Atlantic, on the 
 SW, ct. of Spain, prov. Cadiz, in 36° 30' N., d" 15' W., bounded 
 SW. by the peninsula of Cadiz, 5 m. in length, and divided 
 into an outer and inner bay by the promontory and fort of 
 Matagorda. Along its shores are some excellent harbours. In 
 the islet La Carraca, on its E. side, are arsenals and ship- 
 building yards, the most important in the kingdom. 
 
 Cadley, par. , Eng. See Savernake, Soutb, iirlth Brims- 
 lade and Cadley. 
 
 Cadmore End, eccles. dist. and hamlet, Eng., Buckingham- 
 shire and Oxfordshire, near High Wycombe. P. <25o. 
 
 Cadnani, hamlet, Eng., Hampshire, on the N. border of 
 the New Forest div., 8^ m. W. by N. Southampton, 3^ m. 
 NW. Lyndhurst Road stn., PM.O. 
 
 Cadney, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, div. and 3 m. SSE, Brigg, 
 16 m. NE. by E. Gainsborough, 2\ m. W. by S. Howsham 
 stn., P.O. ; 4548 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cadney wltb Howsham, eccles. dist., Eng., Lincolnshire, 
 containing hamlet C. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cadore, tn., N. Italy. See Plere de Cadore. 
 
 Cadorlc Alps, a name sometimes given to the S. Tirolese 
 Alps, E. of the Etsch and Eisack. See Alps, Subdivisions 
 III., C. I. 
 
 Cadoros Island, in English Channel, France, dep. Finist^re, 
 opposite Cape Primol. 
 
 Cadotte Pass, U.S., Montana, Deer Lodge co., in the Main 
 range of the Rocky Mts. , in about 47° 16' N. 
 
 Cadouln, vil., France, dep. Dordogne, 28 m. S. by E. 
 Pdrigueux. Ruins of 12th century abbey. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cadoxton, vil. , Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div. , on the r. 
 bk. of the R. Neath, opposite Neath, P.O. 
 
 Cadoxton«Jnxta-Barry, ct. par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. 
 div. , 5 m. SW. by S. Cardiff, with a stn. (Cadoxton) on the 
 Barry Dock and the Taff Vale Rlys. P. 8200. 
 
CADO — CAHI 
 
 Cadoxton-Jnxtn-Neath, eccles, dist., Wales, Glamorgan- 
 I shire, in bor. of Neath. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cadurnaii, Pnuta, cape, Phihppine Is., tiie SE. point of 
 the Isla de Masbate, in ii" 43' N., 124° 2' E. • 
 
 Cadvalonga, tn., Phihppines. See Catbalogan. 
 
 CadzoTV, or Cadyow (the latter form giving the pronuncia- 
 tion, the spelling with z having arisen through the confusion 
 of an old y with z), vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, near Hamilton, 
 with ruins of a castle, formerly a royal residence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cae Atliraw, PT.O., Wales, in co. and 2 m. from Carnarvon. 
 
 CcBciiius Ager, Italy. See Fondi. 
 
 Caegurwen, or Caegnrwaln, hamlet, Wales, Glamorgan- 
 shire, 9 m. N. Neath, with coal. 
 
 Caeu (Cadomum), city and seapt., France, cap. dep. Cal- 
 vados, 122 m. WNW. Paris, and 9 m. from the English 
 Channel, on 1. bk. of the Orne. It has a university academy, 
 schools of hydrography, medicine, and art, and a public library. 
 The church of St. Etienne contains the tombs of William the 
 Conqueror and his queen. Manufactures lace, oils, cottons, 
 and woollens, and has shipbuilding yards. A maritime canal 
 connects its port with the sea ; and it has a basin with 17 ft. of 
 water on the sill, and a tidal harbour 9.8 ft. deep at low, 14. i ft. 
 at high water. Exports to England butter, eggs, poultry, and 
 fruits. The English took it in 1346, and again in 1417, when 
 they held it till 1450. Previous to the revolution of 1790 it was 
 the seat of a university, founded by Henry VI. of England. In 
 the old university buildings are statues of Malherbe and 
 Laplace. Birthplace of Auber. Temp., yr. 51.7° F,, Jan. 
 39.9°, July 63.9°. P. (1872) 41,200; (1891) 45,200. 
 
 Caenby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 11^ m. E. Gains- 
 borough, 6^ m. W. by N. Market-Rasen stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Caer, Cadaer, Welsh, in the modern spelling of proper names 
 Car; Cathair, Caher,G2i&\\c; K aer, Ker, 'Qreion, 'an enclosed 
 fortification,' 'a castle.' 
 
 Caeran, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 3^ m. W. 
 Cardiff, i^ m. S. St. Fagans stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Caer Caradoc, hill, Eng., in the SW. of Shropshire, 3 m. 
 W. Ludlow ; the Caradoc beds of the Upper Cambrian forma- 
 tion are so called from being well developed near here. 
 
 Caerdeon, Wales. See Bontdda. 
 
 Caer Drevryn, fort, Wales, on summit of hill on N. bank of 
 R. Dee, NE. Merioneth, opposite Corwen, one of the ancient 
 British forts that stretched from Dyserth to Canwyd. 
 
 Caergwrle ('the fortress of the great legion'), pari, bor., 
 Wales, Flintshire, 5J m. NNW. Wrexham, on the Wrexham, 
 Mold, and Connah's Quay Rly., with relics of Roman smelting- 
 works, and vestiges of two Roman roads. Its name refers to 
 the twentieth Roman legion stationed at Chester. PM.O. P. 
 <i5oo. See Flint. 
 
 Caerhayes, St. Mlcliael, par., Eng., Cornwall, near St. 
 Austell. P. <:25o. 
 
 Caerliaii, par. and vil., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., 
 on the 1. bk. of the Conway, 5 m. S. Conway, i m. SW. Tal-y- 
 Cafn stn. ; 12,770 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Caerlarerock, ct. par. , Scot. See CarlaTerock. 
 
 Caerleon, hamlet, Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., i^ m. from 
 the S. ct. , 9 m. E. Penzance, 3 m. N W. Helston stn. 
 
 Caerleon ('Castle of the Legion'), ancient /rca Silurum, tn., 
 Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , on the Usk, and the G. W. R. , 
 3 m. NNE. Newport. Is interesting as the ancient cap. of 
 Britannia Secunda (modern Wales), and as having been a place 
 of importance in the 12th century, during which and subse- 
 quently it was ruined by repeated wars between the Welsh and 
 the Anglo-Normans. PMT.O. Market-day, Th. P. < 1500. 
 See Llangottock Caerleon. 
 
 Caerleon ultra Ponteni, Eng., Monmouthshire. See 
 Chrlstclinrch ivltb Caerlon ultra Ponteni. 
 
 Caermartlien and Caernarvon. See Carmarthen and 
 Carnarvon . 
 
 Caerphilly, 'the fort of the trench' (Lat. vallum), eccles. 
 dist. and tn., Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., 7^ m. N. by W. 
 Cardiff, on the L. & NW. R. Manufactures of linsey-woolsey, 
 shirtings, and checks. In the vicinity are collieries and iron- 
 works. C. Castle, a magnificent ruin, was one of the largest 
 strongholds in the kingdom. PMT.O. Market-day, Th. P. 
 (eccles. dist. )< 3500. 
 
 Caersws, hamlet, Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Severn, 
 5 m. W. Newtown, on the Cambrian Rly., PM.O. See Tre- 
 veglvrys wltb Caersws. 
 
 Caervallwcb, eccles. dist. , Wales, Flintshire, near Northop. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Caerfven, hamlet, Wales, Anglesey, 5I m. N. Carnarvon, 
 with a June. stn. on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Cacrwent, par., Eng., Monmouth, S. div., 4^ m. SW. by W. 
 Chepstow, 2^ m. WNW. Severn Tunnel June. "P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Caerwent Mlth Llanvalr-y-Dlscoed, eccles. dist., Eng., 
 Monmouthshire, including C. vil. P. <7So. 
 
 Caerwys, pari. bor. and par., Wales, Flintshire, 4 m. WSW. 
 Holywell, on the L. & NW. R.; has large cattle fairs. PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. See Flint. 
 
 Csesar's 11111, hill, Bagshot Heath, Eng., Berkshire, 9 m. 
 SSW. Windsor. Height, 421 ft. 
 
 Caesarea, place named in N. T. See Kal8&rleta. 
 
 Caesarea Philippi, place named in N. T. See B&nl&s. 
 
 Caestre, comm., France, dep. Nord, 16 m. E. St. Omer, 6 
 m. NE. Hazebrouck. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Caete, or Cahete, tn. , Brazil, Minas Geraes, 19° 53' S. , 43° 
 50' W. , 36 m. NW. by N. Ouro Preto. P. 6500. 
 
 Cafayate, vil., Argentine Republic, Salta, 72 m. NW, by 
 N. Tucuman. P. < 3000. 
 
 Cafllrarla. See KafTrarla. 
 
 Cafital, port on the N. ct. of the I. of Canaria, Canary Is. 
 
 Cagada, isl., W. Indies, on N. side of Porto Rico. 
 
 Cagancho, vil., Uruguay, dep. San Jos6, 38 m. NNW, 
 Monte Video. 
 
 Cagayan, prov., on the N. ct. of Luzon, Philippine Is. 
 
 Cagayan, comm. , Philippine Is. , near the N. ct. of Mindanao, 
 in 124° 37' E. P. 6700. 
 
 Cagayanes, group of small isls. , in the Sulu Sea, the largest 
 (Cagayan) in 9" 35' N., 121° 20' E. 
 
 Cagglano, tn. , S. Italy, prov. Salerno, 14 m. N. Diano. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 Cagll, tn., Italy, The Marches, prov. Pesaro, 32 m. NE. by 
 N. Perugia. P. 10,000. 
 
 Cagllarl (the ancient Calcaris), seapt., on the Gulf of C, 
 S. ct. of Sardinia, cap. prov. C. , which forms the S. half of 
 Sardinia, and contains the important zinc and lead-mining 
 dist. of Iglesias ; residence of the viceroy and the archbishop 
 primate of Sardinia. Mean temp., yr. 63.1° F., Jan. 51.3'^, 
 Aug. 77.7°; rainfall (5 yrs.), 16.57 in. P. 33,000. 
 
 Cagnano Varano, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. Foggia, near the 
 S. shore of the L. di Varano, 27 m. NNE. Foggia. P. <40oo. 
 
 Cagnes, comm., France, dep. Alpes Maritimes, on the S. ct., 
 8 m. WSW. Nice. Manufactures olive oil, and prepares 
 anchovies and sardines, P. <20oo. 
 
 Cagnag, vil. , I. of Porto Rico, 17 m. S. by E. San Juan. 
 
 Cataa, mt. range, Ire., in the SW. of co. Cork, partly in co. 
 Kerry, between Bantry Bay and Kenmare R. 
 
 Cahafrba, riv., U.S., Alabama, after a S. course of 200 m. 
 joins the Alabama R. at Cahaba village, 68 m. SE. Tuscaloosa. 
 See Alabama (state). 
 
 Caher, Gaelic, 'a castle.' See Caer. 
 
 Caher, tnld., Ire., co. Clare, bar. Lower TuUa, 8 m. NW. 
 Scarriff, P.O. 
 
 Caher, isl.. Ire., 5 m. S. Clare I., in the W. of co. Mayo. 
 
 Caher, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Iveragh, containing 
 Cahersiveen town. Birthplace of Daniel O'Connell. 19,100 
 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Caher, electoral div. , Ire., co. Limerick, dist. Abbeyfeale. 
 
 Caher, electoral div. , Ire. , Queen's co. , dist. Castletown. 
 
 Caher, market-tn. and par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, on R, 
 Suir, bar. Iffa and Offa W. , 11 m. W. Clonmel, on the Water- 
 ford and Limerick Rly., in a rich and beautiful dist. ; large 
 corn-mills near. Market-day, F. Par. 13,646 ac, P. <5ooo; 
 tn. P. <25oo. 
 
 Caheragh, par., Ire., SW. co. Cork, bar. W. Carbery, 
 E. and W. divs., 7^ m. SE. by E. Bantry, P.O. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Caheratrant, tnld., Ire., Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, on the 
 N. shore of Dingle Bay, 30 m. SW. Tralee. P. <250. 
 
 Caheravally, par.. Ire., in co. and 4 m. S. Limerick, bar. 
 Clanwilliam ; 3833 ac. P. <50o. 
 
 Caherbarnagh, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Millstreet. 
 
 Caherconllsh, par. and tn.. Ire., NE. co. Limerick, bar. 
 Clanwilliam, 7^ m. SE. by E. Limerick, 2 m. S. of Bohergar 
 stn., PT.O. Par. 8172 ac, P. <20oo; tn, 51 ac, P. <5oo. 
 
 Cahercomey, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, on R. Comogue, 
 bar. Smallcounty, 8 m. E. Croom. P. <5oo. 
 
 Caherdanlel, tnld.. Ire., S. ct., co. Kerry, bar. S. Dun- 
 kerron, 23 m. WSW. Kenmare, with coastguard stn., P.O. 
 
 Caherdnggan, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Fermoy, 4 m^ N. 
 Mallow ; 6131 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Caherelly, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Clanwilliam, 9 m. 
 SE. Limerick, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Caherhnrly, electoral div. , Ire. , Clare, dist. Annacarriga. 
 
 Caherlag, par. , Ire. , co. and 5 m. E. Cork, bar. Barrymore ; 
 3556 ac. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Caherlustraun, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Galway, bar. Clare, 7J 
 m. WSW. Tuam, P.O. (CahlrUstrane). 
 
 Cahermore, hamlet. Ire., SW. ct. , co. Cork, bar. Bear, 
 25I m. W. by S. Bantry, with coastguard stn. 
 
 Cahermore, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Kinvarra. 
 
 Cahermnrphy, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Clare, dist. Kilmihil. 
 
 Cahernarry, par.. Ire., N. co. Limerick, bar. Clanwilliam, 
 4 m. SE. Limerick. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cahersiveen [Cathair-Saidbhin, 'Sabina's fort'), market-tn.. 
 Ire., W. ct. CO. Kerry, bar. Iveragh, at the head of an inlet 
 running out of Valencia harbour, 27 m. NW. by W. Kenmare, 
 on the G. S. & W. R. (Cahlrclveen), PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cahete, tn., Brazil. See Caete. 
 
 Cahir, 'a fort.' See Caer. 
 
 261 
 
CAHO — CMS 
 
 Cahoka, U.S. See Kataoka. 
 
 Cahoon, or Cobnn Monntains, a ridge of hills. See Hon- 
 duras, Britlsb. 
 
 Cahore, electoral div., Ire., co. Wexford, dist. Killenagh 
 and Wells. 
 
 Cahore Point, cape, Ire., on the E. ct. of co. Wexford, in 
 52° 33^' N. , with a coastguard stn. 
 
 Cabors (the ancient Divona), cap. tn. , dep. Lot, France, 
 30 m. N. by E. Montauban, on a rocky peninsula almost 
 enclosed by the R. Lot, 60 m. N. Toulouse, formerly cap. of 
 Quercy ; with a beautiful Romano-Byzantine cathedral ; seat of 
 a university from 1321 to 1751. Occupied by the English from 
 1360-1428. Coal-mines. Manufactures of textiles, earthen- 
 ware, &c. Trade in full-bodied red wine (Vin de C), brandy, 
 and rural produce. Alt. 405 ft. P. 15,400. 
 
 Cahy, Rio, riv., Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, flows SW. then 
 SE. into the head of the Lagoa dos Patos, with several colonies 
 on its banks. 
 
 Calbarlen, tn., Cuba, N. ct., 193 m. E. by S. Havana, in 
 79° 28' W. P. 5100. 
 
 Calcara, tn. , Venezuela, Bermudez, 120 m. W. by S. of the 
 SW. point of the island Trinidad. 
 Calcara, tn. , Venezuela, Bolivar, 200 m. S. Cardcas. 
 Calcos, or Tbe Keys, isls. , in the S. of the Bahama group 
 in the W. Indies, with Turk Is. form a separate govern- 
 ment subordinate to the governor of Jamaica. Salt-making is 
 the only industry of any importance. Attempts are being 
 made to introduce the cultivation of sisal hemp on W. Caicos. 
 Sponges are collected on the banks by Bahamas schooners and 
 taken to Nassau. P. (1891) 2400. 
 
 Caldnincce, settlement. New South Wales, Finch co., 190 
 m. EXE. Boui'ke. 
 CaUTa, Syria. See Haifa. 
 Caiju, in Marco Polo. See Kwachon. 
 Catl, in Marco Polo. See Kayal. 
 
 Calllon, lake, U.S., Louisiana, 2 m. N. of the Gulf of Mexico. 
 About 10 m. long. 
 
 Calloma, or Caylloma, tn. , S. America, S. Peru, cap. prov. 
 and 90 m. NNW. Arequipa, 130 m. N. by E. MoUendo. Near 
 it are rich silver-mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Calmamera, tn. , Cuba, S. ct., 40 m. E. Santiago de Cuba, 
 in 75° 16' W. 
 Caimans. See Caymans. 
 Cain, place named in O. T. See ¥nktn. 
 Caindu, dist., China, mentioned by Marco Polo. See 
 Klen-chang and Siichwan. 
 
 Calnkam, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 10 m. NNE. 
 Leominster, 3 m. ESE. Ludlow. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cains, riv., Canada, New Brunswick, rises in York co. , 
 
 flows on the whole NE. and enters the Miramichi in 46° 40' N. 
 
 Calnscross, or Ebley, eccles. dist., Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 
 Stroud div., 8 m. S. Gloucester, i m. W. Stroud, PMT.O. 
 
 P. <3C)00. 
 
 Calnsdorf, tn. , Germany. See Kalusdorf. 
 CaiiisTille, or Cayuga Helgbts, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. 
 Brant, 3 m. from Brantford. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Calntown, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Leeds, 4 m. from 
 Mallory town. P. < 1500. 
 Calo, place, Wales. See Conwll Cayo. 
 Calra, co.. New South Wales, on both sides of the Lachlan 
 R. , and partly bounded by the Murray R. on the S. 
 
 Calrate, vil. and comm. , Italy, prov. Milan, circle Gallarate. 
 P, <30oo. 
 
 Cairn, Gaelic, 'aheap of stones." See Cam. 
 Calmbaan, place, Scot., Argyllshire, on Crinan Canal, 3 m. 
 fi-om Lochgilphead, P.O. 
 
 Calrnba-n^n, Locb, inlet, Scot., on the W. ct. of Sutherland, 
 opening into Edderachylis Bay, in 58° 16J' N. 
 
 Calrnbnlg, fishing vil. , Scot. , E. Aberdeenshire, on the E. 
 ct.,.3 m. ESE. Fraserburgh, 2J m. NE. Rathen stn. P. <5oo. 
 Calmbnrgbeg, and Calruburgmore, two isls., Scot., 
 Argyllshire, 5^ m. SE. Coll. 
 
 Calrness, hamlet, Scot., NE. Aberdeenshire, 3 m. from 
 Lonmay, P.O. 
 
 Calrney, par. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire and Banffshire, 4 m. 
 NW. Huntley, 2^ m. WSW. Rothiemay stn. , P.O. ; 17,004 ac. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Calrneyblll, vil., Scot., Fife, 2^ m. W. by S. Dunfermline, 
 2 m. SE. Oakley stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Cairngorm, mt., Scot., near the extreme SW. of Banffshire, 
 on the border of co. Inverness. Among other minerals are found 
 topazes and ' Cairngorm stones. ' Alt. 4084 ft. 
 Calrngrassle, P. O. , Scot. , Kincardineshire, near Stonehaven. 
 Calrnle, par. , Scot. See Calrney. 
 
 Calrnnorrle, P.O. , Scot., Aberdeenshire, 3 m. from Methlec. 
 • Calrnpat, or Calrnplat, hill with ancient fortifications, Scot. , 
 Wigtownshire, 3J m. SW. Stranraer. 
 
 Calm Byan, seapt. vil. , Scot. , Wigtownshire, on the E. shore 
 of Loch Ryan, 4^ m. N. Stranraer. Vessels of any burden may 
 ride in its bay in safety ; lighthouse visible 12 m. PMT.O. 
 252 
 
 Calms, municip. , Queensland, Nares co. , on the E. ct. , 100 m. 
 SSE. Cooktown, in 16° 55' S., in a sugar dist., and with the 
 Mulgrave gold-fields and Herberton tin-mine in the neighbour- 
 hdbd. P. < 3000. 
 
 Calms, CO., Queensland, crossed by 22° S., and 148° E. 
 
 Calrnsmore of Fleet, mt. , Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, in the 
 W. ,6 m. E. Newton-Stewart. Alt. 2331 ft. 
 
 Calrnsninlr of Carspbalrn, mt. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, 
 13I m. SW. Sanquhar. Alt. 2612 ft. 
 
 Calru Table, mt. , Scot. , on the W. border of S. Lanarkshire, 
 8 m. SW. by W. Douglas. Alt. 1942 ft. 
 
 Calmtonl, one of the Cairngorm group of mts., Scot., 
 Aberdeenshire, close to Inverness-shire, separated from Ben 
 Macdhui (to the NE. ) by Glen Dee. Alt. 4241 ft. 
 
 Calrnywellan Head, cape, Scot., Wigtownshire, on the 
 SW. ct. , in 54° 43' N. 
 
 Cairo (kai'ro), an Italian corruption oi Masr-el-Kahirah, ' the 
 victorious ' of the Arabs, the cap. city of Egypt, residence of the 
 viceroy, and seat of government, near the r. bk. of the Nile, 5 m. 
 from the origin of its delta. Lat. 30° 2' 4" N. , long. 31° 15' 
 36" E. The city proper is built on the slope of one of the lowest 
 ridges of the Jebel Mokattam, and is surrounded, N. and E., by 
 old walls, and the highest part of the ridge is occupied by a 
 citadel commanded by forts on the Mokattam, and containing 
 the palace of the viceroy, the arsenal, mint, public offices, and 
 the magnificent new mosque of Meheraet Ali. The city is 
 separated from its suburbs Bulak and Masr-el-Atiqa by a series 
 of gardens and plantations, chief of which is the Ezbekiah. 
 Bulak, the port of C. , is connected %vith it by a railway i m. in 
 length ; it was built in 1313 on land deposited by the river. 
 At Bulak is the celebrated museum of antiquities, an unequalled 
 collection of Egyptian remains of unique historical interest. C. 
 is divided into several distinct quarters, as the Coptic, Jews', 
 and Frank quarters, which were formerly separated by gates. 
 The new quarter, called Ismailiyeh, the residence of Europeans 
 and wealthy natives, has many of the houses in the Italian style, 
 with large gardens attached. The remarkable edifices of C. 
 comprise many of the finest remains of Arabian architecttire, all 
 dating from the time of the ancient sultans of Egypt. Among 
 these, besides mosques, chapels, and Coptic chiu^ches, are 
 several of the ancient gates, an aqueduct for conveying water 
 from the Nile to the citadel, the works of the citadel, and the 
 palace and well of Joseph. At Old C. are the seven towers, 
 still called the 'Granary of Joseph,' and serving their ancient 
 purpose. In the isl. of Rhoda is the celebrated Nilometer 
 [SfUe]. On the S. , outside the walls, are the tombs of the Mame- 
 lukes, and on the NE. the obelisk of Heliopolis. There are also 
 a public library containing a splendid collection of iOuminated 
 copies of the Koran, one of which, in Old Kufic, is ascribed to 
 the 7th century ; a magnetic observatory, and the Mohammedan 
 college of El Ahzar (originally a mosque), the principal univer- 
 sity of the Mohammedan world, attended by 10,000 to 12,000 
 students from all parts of the East. The sanitary condition is very 
 bad, death-rate more than 46 per 1000 per annum. In 1892 an 
 international sanitary commission recommended a scheme for 
 conveying all the drainage by gravitation to one point, whence 
 it might be pumped and distributed for irrigation. The suburb 
 of Masr-el-Atiqa, or Old C. (first called Fostat, 'tent-town'), 
 was the site of the original C. , founded about 642 by the sultan 
 Amru, the town on the present site, a little to the N. of Old C. , 
 not having been founded till about 970 ; its citadel was built by 
 Saladin in 1176, and it was the capital of the sultans of Egypt 
 till the time of the Turkish conquest in 1517 ; since that time it 
 has been the residence of the pashas, governors of the province. 
 It was taken by the French in 1798, and held by them for 3^ 
 years. Mean temp. (14 yrs., 1868-81), yr. 71.2° F., Jan. 54.2°, 
 July 85°; rainfall (5 yrs.), 1.34 in. P. (1871) 354,000; (1882) 
 375,000 (21,650 foreigners). 
 
 Cairo, tn. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, 12 m. NW, by W. 
 Savona, P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cairo (ke'ro), city, U.S., Illinois, Pulaski co., on alow point 
 of land at the junctions of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivs. (across 
 which latter there is now a rly. bridge), 125 m. SSE. St. Louis 
 (Mo.). In 1858 almost entirely destroyed by a flood, from which 
 it is now protected by 4 m. of levees. "This liability to inundation, 
 together with the swampy character of the site, nullified the other 
 advantages of the situation, and thus hindered the growth of a 
 great town here. Alt. 377 ft. Mean temp., yr. 57.8° F., Jan. 
 94.4°, July 79.2°; rainfall (13 yrs.), 46.74 m. P. (1870) 6,300; 
 (1880) 9000; (1890) 10,300. 
 
 Cairo, vil. , U.S. , Ohio, Allen co. , 65 m. SSW. Toledo. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Calster next Yarmontb, ct. par. and vil. , Eng. , Norfolk, 
 3 m. N. Yarmouth, on the Eastern and Midlands Rly., PM.O. 
 Par. P. <20oo. Calster, West, i m. to the W. 
 
 Calstor, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 11 m. 
 WSW. Great Grimsby, 2i m. ENE. Moortown stn., PMT.O. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Calstor, St. Edmund (ancient Venta Icenorum), par. and 
 vil., Eng., Norfolk, 4 m. S. Norwich, 2 m. S. by W. Trowse 
 
CMS — CALA 
 
 stn., P.O. P. <2So; eccles. par. (C.St. E. with DIarksball) 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Calstorvllle, vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Lincoln, on Chippewa 
 Creek, 8 m. from Canfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Caistor -wltli Holton«le>ltIoor and Cllxby, eccles. dist., 
 Eng., Lincolnshire, including Caistor tn. P. < 2000. 
 
 Calstron, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., on the 
 Coquet, 14^ m. WSW, Alnwick, 4J m. W, Rothbury stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Caithness, the most northerly co. of Scot., having W. the 
 CO. Sutherland, E. the North Sea, and N. the Pentland Firth. 
 Surface hilly in the W., in the S. even mountainous (Morven, 
 2313 ft. ; Scaraben, 2054 ft.), elsewhere flat or undulating. 
 The hilly tract in the W. and SW. is composed of archagan 
 rocks, the remainder of the county belongs to the Old Red Sand- 
 stone, which is spread out in horizontal beds of sandstone 
 over the level plains, above which is tile clay surmounted 
 in places by a deep fertile loam. Fossil fish and traces of 
 vegetable remains are abundant in the shale and sandstone. 
 About one-third of the surface is occupied by bogs or peat 
 moors, one tract of considerable extent in the NE. being so 
 swampy that it cannot be traversed by cattle. Three-fourths of 
 the surface is altogether unprofitable. See Appendix, pp. 10-12. 
 With the exception of the sandstone slabs exported under the 
 name of C. flags for paving, there are no minerals of great 
 economic importance. Next to agriculture the fishery, especially 
 the herring fishery, is the principal branch of trade, two of the 26 
 Scotch fishery dists. , Wick and Lybster, being entirely confined 
 to this CO. The only rly. is the H. R. , which enters the W. of 
 the CO. from the head of Strath Halladale, and has termini at 
 Wick and Thurso, the two principal towns, the former being 
 the cap. Wick is the only head port, but there are consider- 
 able harbours also at Thurso, Castletown, and Lybster. In the 
 middle ages this part of Scotland was held by the kings of 
 Norway ; most of its inhabitants are of Scandinavian or Gothic 
 descent, and use the English to the exclusion of the Gaelic 
 language. Caithness returns one member to House of Commons. 
 Area, 438,878 ac. P. 37,177. See Scotland, table. 
 
 CalTano, comm. , Italy, Campania, prov, and 8 m, N, by E. 
 Naples. P. 11,000. 
 
 Calza, tn. , S. America, Bolivia, dep. Tarija, 250 m. SE. Sucre. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Cajahamba, tn., Ecuador, 85 m. NE. by E. Guayaquil, 
 
 Cajabamha, tn., S. America, Peru, dep. Cajamarca, cap, 
 prov. C, 350 m. N, by W, Lima. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cajamarca, dep. , in the N. of Peru, traversed by the Andes, 
 and divided into four provs., C, Cajabamba, Chota, and Jaen. 
 
 Cajamarca, tn., S. America, Peru, cap. dep, C., 365 m. 
 SSE. Guayaquil. Many monuments of ancient Peruvian archi- 
 tecture. In the neighbourhood are the warm sulphuric mineral 
 baths, ' Banos del Inca ; ' gold and silver mines near. Alt. 9230 
 ft. P. 12,000. 
 
 Cajarc, vil. , France, on the E. border of dep. Lot, on the 
 Lot, 42 m. NNW. Albi, arr. and 13 m. SW, Figeac, iron and 
 coal mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cajatambo, tn., S. America, Peru, dep. Ancachs, 107 m. N. 
 by E. Lima, in an elevated valley on the W. side of the Andes, 
 with silver-mines and deposits of gold. P, <40oo. 
 
 Cajazzo, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 8 m. N. by E. 
 Caserta, 10 m. NE. by E. Capua. P. 6000. 
 
 Cajo, Pnnta de, cape, near the W, end of the isl. of Cuba, 
 on the N. ct. in 84° 56' W. 
 
 Cajon, or Katjurl. See Mahdnadl. 
 
 Cakemore, par. , Eng. , W. Worcestershire, 4 m. E. Stour- 
 bridge. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cala, Italian and Spanish, 'a bay,' or 'roadstead.' For 
 names beginning with this word see under second part of the 
 name. 
 
 Cala, small riv. , Spain, flows S. to the Guadalquivir, which 
 it joins at Seville. 
 
 Calabar, New, one of the rivs. of the Niger delta, W. Africa, 
 entering the Bight of Biafra in about 7° E. , a little to the W. of 
 Bonny ; also the name of the neighbouring dist. 
 
 Calabar, Old, seapt. and mission-stn. , W. Africa, cap. 
 Niger Coast Protectorate, on the 1. bk. of the Old Calabar R. , 
 in 4° 56' N., 8° 18' E. Also known as Duke Tofm. P. about 
 40,000. 
 
 Calabar, Old, riv. , W. Africa, flows S. into the estuary of 
 the Cross [q.v.), navigable to rapids occurring about 35 m. up ; 
 also the name of the neighbouring dist. 
 
 Calabogle, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co. , on R. Mada- 
 waska, 49 m. W. by S. Ottawa. 
 
 Calabogle Lake, lake, Canada, Ontario, drained by the R. 
 Madawaska into the R. Ottawa. 
 
 Calabozo, tn., S. America, Venezuela, Miranda, 120 m. 
 SSW. Caracas. Founded in 1730. Alt. 330 ft. P. 5600. 
 
 Calabrie, div. (compartimento territoriale), in the S. of Italy, 
 consisting of the penin. between the Gulf of Taranto and the 
 T3rrrhenian Sea. The name is a plural form referring to the old 
 names of the provs. into which it is divided, namely, Calabria 
 
 Citeriore, now Cosenza, and Calabria Ulteriore (Prima and 
 Seconda, now Reggio and Catanzaro). The div. is traversed 
 throughout by the Apennines, which occupy nearly the whole 
 surface, and rise in the peak of Montalto in the S. to 6420 ft. , 
 in the Botte Donato to 6330 ft., the latter belonging to an 
 elevated area of considerable extent to the E. of the valley of 
 the Crati, which opens in the Gulf of Taranto and forms an im- 
 portant feature in the N. of the div. The div. produces abund- 
 ance of wheat, olive oil, and southern fruits, especially figs, and 
 in recent years the area under the vine has been rapidly 
 increasing. The principal mineral products are sulphur in prov, 
 Catanzaro and rock-salt in prov. Cosenza. Anciently this 
 penin. was inhabited by the Bruttii, and its E. side formed 
 part of Magna Grcecia. A considerable number of the inhabit- 
 ants are of Greek descent. See Italy, table. 
 
 Calabrttto, tn., S. Italy, prov. Avellino, on the Sele, 25 m. 
 E. by N. Salerno. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Calacala, baths, Bolivia, near Cochabamba. 
 
 Calacelte, tn. , Spain, prov. and 75 m. NE. Teruel, P. <3ooo. 
 
 Calacoto, tn., Bolivia, dep, and 60 m. SW, La Paz, at the 
 confluence of the Mauri with the Desaguadero, and on route of 
 projected railway La Paz to Tacna and Arica. Alt. 12,560 ft. 
 
 Calafatu, Roumania. See Kalafat. 
 
 Calafqnen Lake, S. Chile, prov. Valdivia. 
 
 Calahorra (Arabic Kalat-harrat, ' stone castle'), tn., Spain, 
 prov. and 25 m. ESE. Logrono, near the r. bk. of the Ebro, 
 the ancient Calagurris Nasica. Bishopric, with very ancient 
 cathedral. Birthplace of Quintilian. P. 8800. 
 
 Calais, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, Charlotte co., 
 on R. St. Croix, 60 m. W. by S. St. John. 
 
 Calais, seapt. tn., France, dep. Pas de C, arr. Boulogne, on 
 the NW. ct. , 24 m. W. by S. Dimkirk, connected by canal with 
 the Aa and the network of inland waterways in the neighbour- 
 hood. Lighthouse, visible 20 m. The town and harbour are 
 defended by castles and forts, and by means of sluices the 
 whole adjacent country may be laid under water. It is the 
 seat of a tribunal and a chamber of commerce, and since 1885 
 it includes the formerly separate industrial comm. of St. Pierre- 
 l^s-Calais, now known as Calais-Sud, where large manufactures 
 of tulle and machine-made lace, &c. , are carried on. The port 
 has been made accessible for vessels of the largest size, the 
 principal dock, the Camot dock, 30 ac. in extent, having a 
 depth on sill of 25.1 ft. at ordinary neap, 29.2 ft. at spring 
 tides. There is a dry dock 508 ft. long, 26J ft. deep on sill 
 at ordinary springs. C. is an entrepot for colonial produce, 
 Bordeaux wines, brandy, and cured fish ; but its chief impor- 
 tance is owing to its being the French port nearest to England, 
 to which country it exports eggs and other rural produce. 
 There are facilities for the discharge of petroleum at the rate 
 of 230 tons an hour. C. has constant communication by 
 steamers with Dover and London. The first permanently 
 successful submarine telegraph cable was laid between Dover 
 and C. in 1851. This city had a prominent place in all the 
 wars between England and France. It was taken in 1347 by 
 the English under Edward III., who built a palace here which 
 still survives, though reconstructed in the 15th and i6th centuries. 
 The French, under the Duke of Guise, retook it in the reign of 
 Mary, 1558. Birthplace of the aeronaut Tissandier. P. (1881) 
 12,900; (1886)58,900; (1891)56,900, 
 
 Calais (kal'is), city, U.S., Maine, Washington co., on the r, 
 bk, of and at the head of tide water on the R, St. Croix, 77 m. 
 ENE. Bangor, opposite St. Stephen, New Brunswick, 30 m. 
 from the sea. Manufactures and trade in lumber. P. (1880) 
 3500; (189c) 7300. 
 
 Calais, tn., U.S., Vermont, Washington co., 8 m. N. Mont- 
 pelier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Calama, tn., S, America, Chile, prov, Antofa^jasta, 180 m, 
 SSE. Iquique, on the railway to the Bolivian silver-mines of 
 Huanchaca. The town stands on a little oasis watered by canals 
 derived from the R. Loa. Copper-mines in the dist. Alt. 7421 
 ft. (R.R.). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Calamandraua, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, 
 dist. Acqui. P. <3000. 
 
 Calamar, tn., S. America, Colombia, Bolivar, on 1. bk. of 
 the Magdalena, 50 m. E. by S. Cartagena [q.v.]. 
 
 Calamarca, tn., S. America, Bolivia, dep, and 30 m. S. 
 La Paz. P. < 2000. 
 
 Calamlanes, a group of isls. , Philippine Is. , between Min- 
 doro and Panay Is. on the NE. and Palawan I. on the SW., 
 more particularly the group between Mindoro and Palawan, 
 containing two principal islands, Bnsnanga, to the NE. (the 
 middle of the S. ct. in about 12° N., 120° E.), and Calamlan, 
 to the SW. The latter, 35 m. by 15 m., has a Spanish settle- 
 ment, and is the residence of an alcalde. Area of this group, 
 with the Cuyos, 618 sq. m. Prov. C. consists of this group 
 and part of Palawan. P. 17,000. 
 
 Calamota, small isl, S. Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, circle and 
 6 m. WNW. Rajusa. P. <5oo. 
 
 Calaftas, comm., Spain, prov, Huelva, dist. Valverde del 
 Camino. P<q6oo. 
 
 253 
 
GALA — CALC 
 
 C!slanca, Val, a high, narrow, rocky val. , Switzd. , in the SW. 
 of the Grisons, stretching S. from the Adula Mts., and opening 
 into the Val Mesocco above Roveredo. 
 
 Calanda, tn., Spain, prov. and 63 m. NE. Teruel, on small 
 river of same name. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Calanda, rat., Switzd., on the borders of St. Gall and the 
 Grisons, sloping gently down on the SE. to the Rhine just below 
 the union of the Vorder- and Hinter- Rhine ; noted for its mine- 
 rals and wealth of plant-life. 
 
 Calandsoog, comm., Netherlands, prbv. N. Holland, on 
 the North Sea. The allied British and Russian forces here 
 gained a victory over the Dutch in 1779. 
 
 Calanna, tn., S. Italy, prov. and 7m. NE. Reggio. P. <3000. 
 
 Calapau, maritime tn. , Philippine Is. , cap. isl. of Mindoro, 
 on its NE. ct., on the Strait of Mindoro, 85 m. ESE. Manila. 
 Ships imload at Puerto Gabera, 20 m. NW, P. <5ooo. 
 
 Calapoola Monutalns, a range of mts., U.S., Oregon, in 
 the SW., between Lane co. and Douglas co., branching W. 
 from the Cascade Range, about 43^° N. , and running to the 
 Pacific, closing the Willamette Valley on the S. 
 
 Calapooya, riv., U.S., Oregon, rises in the Cascade Range, 
 flows W. then NW., and joins the Willamette R. some miles 
 below Albany. Length, 125 m. 
 
 C&lsirasI, tn., Roumania, cap. of prov. lalomita, on the 
 Borcea, 6J m. NNE. Silistria. P. (comm. ) 8100. 
 
 Calar del Muudo, mt. chain, Spain, in W. of Murcia, 
 stretches NE. between the valleys of the Segura and Mundo. 
 
 Calary, par.. Ire., NE. co. Wicklow, bars. Ballinacor North, 
 Newcastle, and Rathdown, 6J m. SW. by S. Bray. P. < 1500. 
 
 Calasclbetta, tn., Sicily, prov. and 13 m. NE. by E. Caltan- 
 issetta. P. 6000. 
 
 Calasparra, tn., Spain, prov. and 40 m. NW. Murcia. 
 P. 5200. 
 
 Calatablano, comm., Sicily, near the E. ct., prov. and 23 
 m. N. by E. Catania. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Calataflmi, tn., Sicily, prov, and 21 m. ESE. Trapani. 
 P. 10,000. 
 
 Calataftazor, place, Spain, prov. and 14 m. W. by S. Soria. 
 Victory of Almanzor over the Christians, looi. 
 
 Calataynd ('the castle of [the Moorish king] Ayud'), tn., 
 Spain, prov. Saragossa, on the R. Jalon, 45 m. WSW. Sara- 
 gossa. P. 11,000. 
 
 Calathe, isl. , Mediterranean. See Gallta. 
 
 Calatrava la Yieja, former fortress, Spain, prov. and dist. 
 Ciudad Real, considered in the Middle Ages the key to the 
 Sierra Morena ; taken from the Moors in 1147; order of the 
 knights of C. founded 1158. The ruins of the castle have 
 almost entirely disappeared, but it gives name to the magnifi- 
 cent pastures, or Campos de C, watered by the Jabalon, 1. bk. 
 trib. of the Guadiana. 
 
 Calara, Capo, cape, on the N. ct. of Sicily, in the NE., 35 
 m. W. Messina. 
 
 CalaTeras, co., U.S., California, crossed in S. by 38° N., 
 and W. of 120° W. Derives its name from the Calaveras R. , 
 which runs through it to join the San Joaquin about 12 m. 
 below Stockton. The grove of Sequoia gigantea in this county 
 is the most frequently visited portion of the forest of those trees. 
 
 Calavle, Loch, lake, Scot., Ross-shire, 11^ m. E. by N. 
 Stroma Ferry, drained E. through other small lakes into Loch 
 Monar. 
 
 CalaTite, the NW. point of Mindoro, Philippine Is. 
 
 Calayan, one of the Babuyanes Is. , Asiatic Archipelago, 60 
 m. N. Luzon (Philippines), 15 m. long. 
 
 Calbtaa Itlor and Calbha Beag. See Calva. 
 
 Calbonrne, par., Eng., Isle of Wight, 4J m. W. by S. 
 Newport, i m. S. of its stn. on the Isle of Wight Central Rly. , 
 P.O.; 6551 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Calbnco, or San Ulignel de Calbnco, tn., Chile, prov. 
 Llanquihue, on the isL of C. , in the Gulf of Riloncavi. P. <20oo. 
 
 Calburga, tn., India. See Knlbarga. 
 
 Cal'casien, par., U.S., Louisiana, on the W. frontier, be- 
 tween 30° and 31° N. 
 
 Cal'easlea, riv., U.S., Louisiana, in the SW., flows into the 
 Gulf of Mexico through a lake of the same name. 
 
 Calceby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Horncastle div., 8 m. 
 SSE. Louth, 2^ m. SW. by S. Aby for Claythorpe stn. P. < 
 250. See Ormsby, Sontb. 
 
 Calcethorpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 5^ m. W. 
 by N. Louth, 4J m. N. Donington-on-Bain stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Calcl, tn. and comm. , Italy, prov. and circle Pisa. P. 5000. 
 
 Calclnaga, tn. , central Italy, prov. and circle, Pisa, in the 
 valley of the Amo. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Calclnato, tn., N. Italy, prov. and 11 m. SE. Brescia, on 
 the Chiese. P. <400o. 
 
 Calcio, tn,, N. Italy, prov. and 16 m. SE. Bergamo. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Calcken, comm., Belgium, prov. E, Flanders, cant. Wet- 
 teren. P. 5300. 
 
 Calcot Kow, place, Eng., Berkshire, near Reading, 2 m. 
 from Ticehurst, PM.O. 
 254 
 
 Calcots, stn., Scot., Elginshire, on the G. N, of S. R., 2* m. 
 
 ENE. Elgin. 
 
 Calcutta, the cap. of Brit. India, the seat of the Presidency 
 of Bengal, the chief seaport and commercial cap. of India. Lat. 
 22° 34° 2" N., long. 88" 23' 59" E. It is built on the left or E. 
 bank of the Hugh, about 80 m. from the coast, and connected 
 by a floating bridge with Howrah on the r. bk. It com- 
 prises the municipahty or 'Town of C.,' lying between the 
 Hiigli and the site of the Marathd Ditch, Fort William, the Port 
 of C, and several suburbs, which, prior to 1889, e.xisted as a 
 separate municipality. The post-office stands on the site of 
 the original fort, and is the centre of the commercial portion of 
 C, all government ofiices, banks, the principal merchants, both 
 European and native, being in close proximity. To the S. is 
 the maidan, or great park, adorned with many statues and 
 monuments, and on which stands Fort William, commenced 
 by Clive in 1757, and finished in 1773. To the E. of the maidan 
 is the European residential quarter, containing many palatial 
 residences. The native city surrounds the N., E., and S., and 
 consists principally of narrow streets, in which the magnificent 
 palaces of princes and rajahs, the residences of wealthy mer- 
 chants, are side by side with the mat huts of the poorer classes. 
 The town is lighted with gas, and the new road and bridge by 
 electricity, and contains about thirty miles of tramway. Principal 
 edifices — the government house, the high court, the town hall, 
 the mint (a reduced copy of the Temple of Minerva at Athens), 
 the cathedral, St. John's (with many interesting tombs, includ- 
 ing that of Job Charnock), the mosque of Prince Ghulam 
 Muhammed, the Indian and the Economic museums, the 
 former containing a fine archaeological collection, besides 
 many Christian churches (Protestant, Roman Catholic, Ar- 
 menian, and Greek), and two Jewish synagogues. The Royal 
 Botanic Gardens are at Sibpur, a suburb of Howrah, where also 
 is an engineering college. There are, besides, four government 
 colleges, and several others, some of which are state-aided. 
 The sanitary condition has been greatly improved by a complete 
 system of underground drainage, with outlet in the Salt Lake, 
 and the present city bears but a sUght resemblance to the Cal- 
 cutta as described in old books of travel, or as it existed a 
 quarter of a century ago. The water supply system, dating 
 from 1865, provides daily over eight million gallons of filtered 
 water, obtained from the HiigU at Paltd. The principal manu- 
 factures of this centre of population (jute, cotton, iron, &c. ) are 
 carried on in Howrah (q.v.) and in the N. and S. suburbs. 
 Commercially C. has an admirable situation. It is the lowest of 
 several seaports succeeding one another on the Hugh, and the 
 only one of all now accessible to sea-going ships. It has 
 excellent anchorage. The port extends 10 m. along the river, 
 and can always be reached by vessels drawing 26 ft. The 
 chief drawback consists in the shifting sand-banks in the river 
 [H6gli]. There are both wet and dry docks ; the principal wet 
 docks are the Kidderpur, consisting of a basin (9I ac. ) and an 
 inner dock (33 ac.) ; depth at mean low water 23 ft., mean rise 
 of tide 9 ft. There are several dry docks, of which the Kidder- 
 pur is the largest, depth 25 ft. at high water of ordinary spring 
 tides ; the Upper and Lower Union Docks belong to the British 
 India Navigation Company. C. has communications by water 
 in three directions : eastward by various channels and rivers 
 leading through the Sundarbans to the Brahmaputra ; north- 
 wards by the Hiiglf and the Nadiya rivers to the Ganges, which 
 can generally be reached, even in the dry season, by the broad 
 boats, drawing from 2 to 3 ft. water, in use in this region ; and 
 westward by the Midnapur Canal. By rail it is directly con- 
 nected with KhulnA in the middle of the delta, with Goalanda, 
 the starting-point of the steamer traffic on the Brahmaputra 
 (with the aid of a ferry across the Ganges), with Darjfling in the 
 Himalayas almost due N. , and finally with two seaports in the 
 S. , Diamond Harbour, about the head of the estuary of the 
 Hugh, and Port Canning, at the head of that of the Matla. As 
 those seaports, however, have never attained the importance 
 expected of them, the traffic on these last railways is small 
 The railways to the NW. of India and to Bombay start from 
 Howrah. The importance of C. is of comparatively recent 
 date. Its history may be said to begin with the year 1686, 
 when Job Charnock established a factory of the East India 
 Company at one of three villages now included in the city, 
 which takes its name from another of the three, Kalikata, that 
 is, the shrine of the goddess KdK. Ten years later Fort Wil- 
 liam, the largest fortress in India, was built at the southern end 
 of the present city. But it was nearly eighty years after that 
 before it became the capital of Bengal, and a little later of Brit. 
 India. In 1772 the administration of Bengal was transferred by 
 Warren Hastings from the hands of the Mohammedan officials 
 to the East India Company, and at the same time the treasury 
 of the prov. was deposited at C. In the following year pre- 
 eminence was given to the Council of Bengal over those of 
 Bombay and Madras, and thus C. became the general seat of 
 government for the country ; it had already become the com- 
 mercial capital. The imports (exclusive of treasure, about 
 ;^2, 000,000) now exceed ;^25,ooo,ooo ; and the exports (jute, 
 
f 
 
 CALD — CALE 
 
 indigo, rice, wheat, oil-seeds, &c.), ;C3S>°°o>°°°- ^^^ trade of 
 C. is about 36J per cent, of the total for India. Mean temp. , yr. 
 78° F., Jan. 65", May 85° ; mean rainfall, yr. 65.6 in., May-Oct. 
 59.7 in., June-Sept. 48.7 in. P., including suburbs, and in 1891 
 embracing a more extended area than in 1881, but not including 
 Howrah, (1881) 742,000; (1891)840,000; city proper, 682,000 ; 
 Hindus, 445,000; Moham. 203,000; Christians, 29,000. 
 
 Caldarola, comm., Italy, The Marches, prov. Macerata, 37 
 m. SSW. Ancona. P. <4000. 
 
 Caldarvon, stn., Scot., Dumbartonshire, on the N. B. R., 
 5J m. NNE. Dumbarton. 
 
 Caldas, Spanish and Portuguese, ' hot springs,' part of the 
 name of various places in Spain, Portugal, and Spanish America. 
 
 Caldas, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, Minas Geraes, 150 m. N. 
 Santos, with sulphurous springs. P. <3000. 
 
 Cdldas, comm., Spain, prov. and 15 m. N. Barcelona. 
 Roman antiquities. P. <4000. 
 
 Caldas da Rainha, tn., Portugal, prov. Estremadura, 47 m. 
 N. Lisbon, 4 m. NNE. Obidos ; sulphurous and saline springs 
 at a temperature of 9i''-93° F. P. <3000. 
 
 Caldas de Reyes, tn. , Spain, Galicia, 5J m. N. by W. Ponte- 
 vedra. P. <6ooo. 
 
 Caldas de Talpas, Portugal. See Talpas. 
 
 Caldbeck, par. and vil., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 11 
 m. SSW. Carlisle, 6 m. S. Curthwaite stn., PM.O. ; par. 
 13,742 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Caldbrldge (or Caldbergli) wltta East Scrafton, par., 
 Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div., on the Cover, 11^ 
 m. SSW. Richmond, 3^ m. S. by E. Wensley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Caldecot, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div., 7 m. 
 W. by S. Cambridge, 2^ m. NE. Old North Road stn. P. < 
 250. See Toft. 
 
 Caldecot, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 8 m. 
 SSW. Peterborough, 3^ m. WNW. Holme stn. P. <250. See 
 Denton. 
 
 Caldecot, Eng. , Northamptonshire. See Ctaelveston wltU C . 
 
 Caldecote, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, St. Albans div., 13 m. 
 NW. St. Paul's, London, 2 m. W. by S. Boreham Wood stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Caldecote, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, SW. div. , 13^ m. SE. by S. 
 King's Lynn, 4 m. NE. Stoke Ferry stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Caldecote, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Nuneaton div. , on the 
 Anker, 2 m. N. Nuneaton. P. <25o. 
 
 Caldecote, Lower, hamlet, Eng. , Bedfordshire, Biggleswade 
 div. , on the Ivel, 8^ m. E. by S. Bedford. 
 
 Caldecote, Upper, hamlet, i m. WSW. Lower Caldecote, 2 
 m. WNW. Biggleswade stn. See Norttalll. 
 
 Caldecott, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 6 m. E. by 
 N. Wrexham, 3J m. WSW. Broxton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Caldecott, par., Eng., co. of Rutland, 9 m. S. Oakham, 
 close to Rockingham stn., P.O. (Caldecot). P. <5oo. See 
 Lyddlugton. 
 
 Caldelra Point, cape, Portuguese E. Africa, in 16° 38' S. 
 
 Calder, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Middlesex, 14 m. from 
 London, and 3 m. from South wold. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Calder, riv., Eng., Cumberland, flowing S. through the Egre- 
 mont div. into the Irish Sea, 10 m. SSE. Whitehaven. 
 
 Calder, riv., Eng., in the NE. of Lancashire, flows on the 
 whole W., passing Colne near its head, and joins 1. bk. Ribble 
 just below the place where the latter quits Yorkshire. 
 
 Calder, riv. , Eng. , in the N W. of Lancashire, flows SW. to 
 the Wyre, which it joins on the 1. bk. at Garstang Church. 
 
 Calder, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, rises near Burnley 
 on the borders of Lancashire, flows tortuously E. and joins the 
 Aire at Castleford after a course of 40 m. ; for nearly 30 m. it 
 is navigable, forming a branch of the Aire and Calder naviga- 
 tion [q.v.). 
 
 Calder, hamlet, Scot., Caithness-shire, near Thurso, 3 m. 
 from Halkirk, P.O. 
 
 Calder (ancient Caldover, 'woody water'), stn. for Carnbroe 
 and Brewsterford on the C. R. , Scot. , N W. Lanarkshire, li m. 
 WSW. Airdrie. 
 
 Calder, East, vil, Scot., Midlothian, 8 m. SE. Linlithgow, 
 1 m. WNW. Mid-Calder stn., PM.O. P.<iooo. See Klrk- 
 newton and Calder. 
 
 Calder, Locb, lake, Scot., Caithness, in the NW., drained 
 NNW. into the Forss Water, 2 m. long. Alt. 205 ft. 
 
 Calder, Mid-, par. and vil. , Scot. See 9Ud-Calder. 
 
 Calder, West, par. and tn., Scot., Midlothian, 8| m. S. 
 Linlithgow, on the C. R., with coal-mines. PM.O. Par. 
 21,089 ac, P. 8500; tn. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Caldera, seapt. tn., S. America, Chile, prov. Atacama, on 
 the W. ct. , in 27° 4' S. , 40 m. NW. by W. of the important 
 mining town of Copiap6, with which it is connected by railway 
 and of which it serves as the port. No docks or quays, but 
 good anchorage in four or five fathoms of water close in shore. 
 Mean temp. (3 yrs.), yr. 61.8° F., Jan. 68.1°, July 55.5°. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Calderara dl Reno, tn. , N. Italy, prov. and circle Bologna. 
 Products, hemp and wines. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Calderbank, vil. , Scot. , NW. Lanarkshire, on North Calder 
 Water, i^ m. SSE. Airdrie, on the C. R., with coal-mines, 
 PT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Calder Bridge, hamlet, Eng. , Cumberland, Egremont div. , 
 on the Calder, 9 m. SE. by S. Whitehaven, 2 m. NE. by E. 
 Sellafieldstn., PM.O. 
 
 Calderbrook, hamlet, Eng. , Lancashire, Middleton div. , 4 m. 
 NE. Rochdale, x\ m. S. Walsden stn. See Blatchluwortb. 
 
 Caldercrnlx, vil., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, on North Calder 
 Water, 4 m. ENE. Airdrie, on the N. B. R. , PMT.O. P. <500. 
 
 Calderdale Factory, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, Lancaster 
 div. , on R. Calder, lo^ m. SSE. Lancaster, 2 m. NE. Garstang. 
 
 Calderbead, eccles. dist. , Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, in pars. 
 Shotts and Cambusnethan. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Calder Vale, eccles. dist., Eng., N. Lancashire, 4 m. N. 
 Garstang, PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Calder Water, North, small riv., Scot., Lanarkshire, rises 
 in the NE. of the county, and flows S. and W. past Clarkston 
 and Whiffiet to the Clyde, r. bk, 2^ m. above Carmyle. 
 
 Calder Water, South, small nv. , Scot., Lanarkshire, rises 
 in the NE. of the county, and flows W. past Shotts and New- 
 mains to the Clyde, which it joins i^ m. W. Motherwell. 
 
 Caldew, riv., Eng., Cumberland, rising in Skiddaw and 
 flowing N. to the Eden, 1. bk. , at Carlisle. Length, 25 m. 
 
 Caldewgate, par., Eng., Cumberland, in Carlisle city. P. 
 15,000. 
 
 Caldlcot, par. and vil. , Eng. , Monmouth, S. div. , 5 m. SW. 
 Chepstow, 2 m. W. Severn Tunnel June, PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Caldlera, Mte. See Istrla. 
 
 Caldlero, comm., N. Italy, prov. and 9 m. E. Verona, so 
 called from its once celebrated thermal springs. The Archduke 
 Charles gained a victory here over Massena in 1805. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Caldmore, eccles. dist. and hamlet, Eng., Staffordshire, in 
 Walsall par. P. 10,200. 
 
 Caldogno, comm., Italy, prov. and circ. Vicenza. P. <30oo. 
 
 Caldonazzo, comm., Austria, Tirol, 9 m. SE. Trent, with 
 village on S. side of the Lake of C. (alt. 1475 ft. , source of 
 Brenta : see Petermann's Mitteil., 1892, p. 103). P. < 2000. 
 
 Caldragh, electoral div. , Ire., co. Longford, dist. Killashee. 
 
 Caldstane Slap, pass, Scot., between Peeblesshire and 
 Edinburghshire, 6^ m. SE. Mid-Calder. 
 
 Caldwell, Eng. , Derbyshire. See Cauldwell. 
 
 Caldwell, part of eccles. par., Eng., Leicestershire. See 
 Rothley. 
 
 Caldwell, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 8 m. 
 N. Richmond, 2J m. S. Gainford stn., P.O. P. <25o. See 
 Stauwlck. 
 
 Caldwell, eccles. par., Scot., cos. Renfrew and Ayr, with a 
 stn. on the Glasgow, Barrhead, and Kilmarnock Joint Rly., 6 
 m. SSW. Paisley. P. <75o. 
 
 Caldwell, city, U.S., Kansas, Sumner co., 175 m. SW. by 
 S. Topeka, close to the S. frontier of the state. P. <20oo. 
 
 Caldw^ell, co. , U.S., Kentucky, in the SW. , crossed in the 
 S. by 37° N., and in the W. by 88° W. 
 
 Caldvrell, par., U.S., Louisiana, crossed by 32° N. , 92° W. 
 
 Caldwell, co., U.S., Missouri, in the NW., to the S. of 40° 
 N. , and crossed by 94° W. 
 
 Caldwell, vil., U.S., New York, Warren co., 62 m. N. 
 Albany, a favourite summer resort, containing the ruins of 
 Fort WiUiam Henry and Fort George. Memorable in the 
 French and Revolutionary wars. 
 
 Caldwell, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the NW., crossed by 
 36° N., E. of 82° W. 
 
 Caldwell, vil., U.S., Ohio, Noble co., 48 m. WSW. 
 Wheeling ( W. Va. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Caldwell, co., U.S., Texas, E. of 98° W., and crossed in 
 the extreme N. by 30° N. 
 
 Caldwell, tn., U.S., Texas, Burleson co., 60 m. ENE. 
 Austin. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Caldy, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Wirral div. , 6 m. WSW. Birken- 
 head, I m. SE. West Kirby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Caldy Isle, isl. , and extra parochial dist. of Wales, co. 
 Pembrokeshire, off its S. ct. , 2.\ m. S. Tenby, with a lighthouse 
 on the S. side, in 51° 37' 56 N., 4° 40' 57" W., and 210 ft. 
 above the sea, and visible 20 m. P. with St. Margaret Is. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Calecono Springs, W. Australia, 135 m. N. by E. Perth. 
 Caledon, tn. , Canada. See Charleston. 
 
 Caledon, market-tn. , Ire., SE. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower 
 Dungannon, 11 m. S. by W. Dungannon, PMT.O. Market- 
 days, Th. and S. P. < 1000. 
 
 Caledon, riv., S. Africa, flows SW. from the Mont aux 
 Sources along the NW. frontier of Basuto-land, and then 
 through the Orange R. Free State into the Orange R. 
 
 Caledon, municip. , Cape Colony, cap. dist. C. , 62 m. ESE. 
 Cape Town ; has chalybeate spring. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Caledon Bay, N. Terr, of S. Australia, is an inlet on the 
 W. side of the Gulf of Carpentaria, in 12° 40' S., 136° 40' E. 
 
 Caledon East, vil., Canada, Ontario, Peel co., 30 m. NW. 
 by W. Toronto. 
 
 255 
 
CALE — CALI 
 
 Caledonia, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I., 14 
 m. from Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Caledonia, or Seueca, vil., Canada, Ontario, Haldimand 
 CO. , on the 1. bk. of the Grand R. , 14 m. SSW. Hamilton. P. 
 <:i500. 
 
 Caledonia, vil., U.S., Michigan, Kent co. , 100 m. SW. by 
 \V. Bay City, and 13 m. SE. by S. Grand Rapids. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Caledonia, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Houston co., 120 m. SE. 
 St. Paul. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Caledonia, vil., U.S., New York, Livingston co., 18 m. 
 SW. Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Caledonia, tn., U.S., N. Dakota, Traill cc, 40 m. N. by 
 W. Fargo. P. 1000. 
 
 Caledonia, vil., U.S., Ohio, Marion co., 48 m. N. Columbus. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Caledonia, co., U.S., Vermont, in the NE,, crossed by 44^° 
 N. , bounded on the SE. by the Connecticut. 
 
 Caledonia Corner, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, in Queen's 
 CO., 38 m. SE. Annapolis. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Caledonia Mines, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton 
 1., 3 m. from Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Caledonia Station, vil. , U.S., Michigan, Kentco. , 17 m. 
 SE. Grand Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Caledonian Canal, Scot. , cos. Inverness and Argyle, con- 
 nects the North and Irish Seas, extending NE. to SW. through 
 the Great Glen from the Moray Firth to Loch Eil, through 
 Lochs Ness, Oich, and Lochy. Length 60^ m., of which the 
 lochs compose 37J m. , and the canal 23 m. Begun in 1805 and 
 opened in 1822. Repaired and reopened in 1847. Least depth 
 17 ft. The canal was constructed to enable vessels passing 
 between the North Sea and the Atlantic to avoid the stormy 
 Pentland Firth, but is in fact chiefly used for the passage of 
 fishing-boats, and local and tourist traffic. 
 
 Caledonian Railway, one of the principal railways of Scot- 
 land; centre at Glasgow, which it connects with Edinburgh, 
 Carlisle, Perth, Aberdeen, Oban, Greenock, Ayr, &c. 
 
 Caledon RlTer, dist. , Orange Free State, crossed by 30° S. , 
 and bounded on the E. by Caledon R. 
 
 Calella, maritime tn. , Spain, prov. and 30 m. SE. Barcelona, 
 on the Mediterranean. P. <4000. 
 
 Calendasco, tn., N. Italy, prov. and circle Piacenza. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Calenzana, vil. , Corsica, 7 m. SE. Calvi. The dist. abounds 
 in oil-mills, supplied with water-power by the Secco, and pro- 
 duces honey ; large silver-lead mine. P. <30oo. 
 
 Calenzano, tn. , Italy, prov. and circle Florence. P. 6000. 
 
 Calera, vil., U.S., Alabama, Shelby co., 25 m. S. Birming- 
 ham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Calera de Leon, comm., Spain, prov. Badajoz, 11 m. SSW. 
 Fuente de Cantos. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Calera y Chozas, comm. , Spain, prov. Toledo, 13 m. NE. 
 Puente del Arzobispo. P. <4000. 
 
 Caleralla Bay, Brazil. See Balila, state. 
 
 Calestano, comm. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 17 m. SW. by 
 S. Parma. P. <40oo. 
 
 Caleta Hneyelbn^, small bay, Chile, Llanquihu6, in 41° S. 
 
 Calf, Tbe, mt. , Eng. , on the borders of Yorkshire and West- 
 morland, 9 m. E. by N. Kendal. Height, 2220 ft. 
 
 Calf Islands, Ire. , SW. co. Cork, 2 to 3 m. N. of Clear I. 
 
 Calf of Man, small isL , with two lighthouses at the S. end 
 of the Isle of Man. 
 
 Calgary, tn. , Canada, cap. dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R. , 
 840 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, beautifully situated at the con- 
 fluence of the Bow and Elbow Rivs. Alt. 3550 ft. Mean 
 temp. (4 yrs.), yr. 34.5° F., Jan. 4.4°, July 59.4°. P. 3876. 
 
 Calgary, place, Scot., Argyllshire, Mull, 8i m. WSW. 
 Tobermory, on C. Bay, PT.O. 
 
 Calhoun, co., U.S., Alabama, touching in N. on 34° N., 
 E. of 86° W. Marble, limestone, and iron ore abound. 
 
 Calbonn, co., U.S., Arkansas, W. of 92° W., bounded on 
 SW. by Ouachita R. , and on E. by Moro R. 
 
 Calbonn, co., U.S., Florida, on the Gulf of Mexico, mostly 
 bounded on the E. by the Appalachicola R. 
 
 Calbonn, co., U.S., Georgia, between 31° and 32° N., and 
 E. of 85° W. 
 
 Calbonn, vil., U.S., Georgia, Gordon co., 52 m. SE. by E. 
 of NW. comer of state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Calbonn, co., U.S., Illinois, on W. frontier, and crossed in 
 S. by 39° N. , between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivs. 
 
 Calbonn, co., U.S., Iowa, N. of 42° N., and E. of 95° W. 
 
 Calbonn, vil., U.S., Kentucky, M'Lean co., 100 m. NNW. 
 Nashville (Tennessee). P. < 1500. 
 
 Calbonn, co., U.S., Michigan, in the S., crossed by 85° W., 
 N. of 42° N. 
 
 Calbonn, co., U.S., Mississippi, W. of 89° W., and crossed 
 by 34° N. 
 
 Calbonn, co. , U.S., Texas, in the SE., on the Gulf of 
 Mexico (Matagorda B.), W. of 96° W. 
 
 Calbonn, co., U.S., W. Virginia, crossed in the N. by 39° 
 N., and in the E. by 8i° W. 
 256 
 
 Call, tn., S. America, Colombia, Cauca, 195 m. SSW. 
 Medellin ; founded in 1556, and, as regards commerce and 
 business, the most important town of the state. Alt. 3430 ft. 
 P. 16,000. 
 
 Callacb Point, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, on the NW. of 
 Mull I. , in 56° 36' N. 
 
 Callbla, tn. , Tunis. See Kellbla. 
 
 Callce al Comorlgllo, comm., N. Italy, prov. and circle 
 Massa. P. <:40oo. 
 
 CAllAn, site of an old tn., Brit. India, Madras, Malabar 
 dist. , which arose out of a Portuguese factory, near the railway 
 stn. of Beypur. 
 
 Calient, tn. and port, Brit. India, Madras, dist. Malabar, 
 on the W. ct., 84 m. WNW. Coimbatore, in 11° 15' N. Inter- 
 esting as the first place in India visited by Europeans (by 
 Covilhao in i486, Vasco da Gama in 1498), and as the place 
 which gave name to the cloth called calico, first introduced by 
 the Portuguese into Europe ; the town and port, since Jan. 
 1888 terminus of the railway to Madras through the Pilghat 
 Gap, have prospered since they came into British hands in 1790. 
 P. (1871) 48,000; (1891) 66,100; Hindus, 37,700; Moham. 
 24,500 ; Christians, 3700. 
 
 Callente, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Taos co., 43 m. N. 
 Santi F6. 
 
 California, place, Scot., Stirlingshire, near Falkirk, 3 m. 
 from Polmont stn., P.O. 
 
 California, city, U.S., Missouri, Moniteau co., 20 m. W. by 
 N. Jefferson City. P. < 2000. 
 
 California, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Washington co., on 
 Monongahela R., 30 m. S. by E. Pittsburg. Coal extensively 
 mined and shipped. P. <i50o. 
 
 California, one of the U.S., bordering the Pacific, with a 
 coast line of about 1000 m., and an area about if that of 
 Great Britain ; bounded on the S. by Mexican terr. (Lower 
 California). Chief towns, San Francisco, the capital, Los An- 
 geles, Oakland, Sacramento, San Jose, San Diego, Stockton, 
 Fresno. The state is traversed longitudinally by the Sierra 
 Nevada {q.v.) and the Coast Ranges, which unite N. and S., 
 enclosing between them the Great Valley, with a total length 
 of about 600 m., of which the area under 100 ft. is about 190 m. 
 long, with a breadth about the parallel of San Francisco of 
 about 50 m. , and the area under 500 ft. is about 410 m. , with a 
 breadth of 50 to 70 m. The N. section is drained by the 
 Sacramento, and the S. by the San Joaquin {q.v.), both navig- 
 able. The Coast Ranges comprise a complex assemblage of 
 chains which, imder different names, extend for about 400 m. , 
 breadth 40 to 70 m. ; mean elevation, 2000 to 4500 ft. ; the W. 
 slopes are thickly forested, but the E. are almost treeless. In 
 the S. is a third system of mountains, stretching SE. from the 
 preceding to San Bernardino Peak (11,600 ft.), where it attains 
 its greatest development, and thence S. to Lower California. The 
 SE. of the state is mainly an arid plateau and sand desert, largely 
 irreclaimable, diversified with alkali lakes and flats and mud 
 volcanoes ; some parts are below the level of the sea. This 
 region includes the Colorado Desert {q.v.), the Mohave Desert, 
 Owens Lake, Death Valley, &c. The Northern section of the 
 state is in the W. mountainous (Siskiyou, Salmon, and Scott 
 Ranges), and covered with vast forests (coniferag, oaks, &c.), 
 while the NE. consists of barren volcanic plains. The principal 
 lakes are Tulare, in the S. of the Great Valley ; Tahoe, Mono, 
 Eagle, and Honey in the Sierra ; and Clear Lake in the Coast 
 Range. As regards geological structure, the backbone of the 
 Sierra consists of Archaean rocks, broken through at various 
 points by volcanic rocks (which also cover large areas in the 
 NE.), and flanked on the W. by Jurassic formations. The 
 Coast Ranges consist chiefly of Cretaceous metamorphic rocks, 
 while Quaternary and Tertiary deposits occupy the Great 
 Valley. In the S., Archaean rocks predominate. C. has several 
 times been visited by earthquakes, the most destructive in 
 recent times being those of 1868 and 1892. The principal 
 cultivable land is in the Great Valley, but there are tracts of 
 great fertility in the S. (valleys of Los .Angeles, San Bernardino, 
 and San Diego), particularly well-adapted to fruit culture. The 
 climate is mild and equable, corresponding to that of the 
 Mediterranean region. The mean rainfall of the NW. coast to 
 about 38°, and the N. mountain region, generally exceeds 40 
 in. [Mendocino, Colfax, Cisco, Delta] ; S. of San Francisco 
 to about 34°, it is from 15 to 20 in. [Monterey, Santa Barbara, 
 Los Angeles, San Bernardino] ; still farther S. less than 10 
 in. [San Diego]. Throughout the Great Valley the rainfall, 
 ever)rwhere scanty in summer, decreases from above 20 in. in 
 the N. to less than 10 in. over a large area in the S. [Napa, 
 Sacramento, Stockton, Merced, Fresno, Vlsalla]. The 
 SE. desert is practically rainless [Keeler, Tnma]. Irrigation 
 is consequently indispensable to agriculture throughout a great 
 part of the state. In the San Joaquin it is necessary for 
 some and desirable for all crops, while in the S. it is absolutely 
 essential. The agricultural products include cereals (chiefly 
 wheat and barley), and root-crops; but it is as a fruit-growing 
 country that C. is pre-eminent : grapes, oranges, peaches, an;i 
 
CALI — CALL 
 
 prunes are produced in immense quantities. The grape country, 
 600 m. long and 100 m. wide, comprises three dists. — the Coast, 
 the Sierra foot-hills and the Sacramento Valley, and the southern 
 dist. Fresno is specially noted for its raisins, which, first pro- 
 duced in 1875, amounted in 1890 to nearly 15,000,000 boxes 
 (20 lbs. each), about one-half of which was supplied by Fresno 
 CO. alone. Wine production is on an extensive scale. C. is 
 rich in minerals ; gold, in the production of which it ranks 
 first amongst the states, is mined chiefly along the Sierra foot- 
 hills, the Coast Range, and in Los Angeles co. ; silver, near the 
 Mohave R. ; quicksilver, at New Almaden, and in Lake and 
 Napa cos. ; coal, at Mount Diablo ; tin, in San Bernardino 
 CO. ; nickel, in Monterey ; petroleum, in Santa Paula and Santa 
 Clara districts ; copper, lead, and iron are abundant ; granite, 
 marble, and limestone occur in considerable quantities ; a 
 valuable deposit of cement rock has recently been discovered in 
 South C. Valuable medicinal springs are found in various 
 parts. Railways passing N. , E. , and S. from the Great Valley, 
 afford direct communication with all parts of the U.S., except 
 Alaska. Area, 158,360 sq. m. P. 1,208,130. See United States, 
 table ; and also Report of the Chief Signal Officer of the A rmy in 
 Response to the House [of Represe7itaiives\ Resolution . . . 
 relating to Irrigation and Water Storage in the Arid Regions, 
 Washington, 1891. 
 
 California, Lower, a penin. of the W. ct. of N. America, 
 extending between 23° and 32° 30' N. Length, 750 m. ; average 
 width, 100 m. The penin. forms a terr. of the republic of 
 Mexico {q.v.). The mountain chain which forms the penin. 
 is a continuation of the coast range of Upper California, and 
 its highest point is reached in the extreme S. of the penin., in 
 the Sierra de San Lazaro, 6000 ft. 
 
 California, Gulf of, or Sea of Cortez, or Vermillion Sea, 
 an arm of the Pacific Ocean, separating the penin. of California 
 on the W. from Sonora and Sinaloa (Mexico) on the E. Length, 
 700 m. ; breadth, 40-100 m. Its W. coasts are abrupt, and offer 
 few places of shelter ; E. ct. low. The tide is little felt, and in 
 many respects it resembles the Adriatic. It contains numerous 
 islands, and at its N. extremity it receives the rivers Colorado 
 and Gila. The villages Loreto, La Paz, and Guaymas are on 
 its shores. It is noted for its pearl fishery. 
 
 Callg, or Callx, tn., Spain, prov. and 38 m. NE. Castellon- 
 de-la-Plana. P. <400o. 
 
 Callmere Point, cape, Brit. India, on the N. side of Palk 
 Strait, in the SE. angle of Tanjore dist., in 10° 18' N., 79° 52' E. 
 C. Pagoda stands 5^ m. NNW. of the S. extremity of the point, 
 about I m. from the shore. 
 
 Callpoola Monntalns, U.S. See Calapoola. 
 
 Calistoga, vil., U.S., California, Napa co., 73 m. N. San 
 Francisco by rail. Favourite summer resort on account of its 
 warm mineral springs (185° F.), and fine scenery. Petrified 
 forest near. Mean temp. (18 yrs.), jrr, 59.7° F., Jan. 47.5°, 
 July 72.5°; rainfall, yr. 32.07 in., Nov. -March 25.66 in. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Calltrl, tn., S. Italy, prov. Avellino, near the Ofanto, 7 m. 
 ENE. Conza. P. 6000. 
 
 Calltzdorp, vil., Cape Colony, dist. Oudtshoorn, on the 
 Dwika, 85 m. NE. by E. Swellendam. Alt. 607 ft. Rainfall 
 (5 yrs.), 7.48 in. P. < 1500. 
 
 Callx, tn., Spain. See Callg. 
 
 Callzzauo, comm. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Genoa, 18 m. W. 
 by S. Savona. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Calke, or Canlk, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, S. div. , 7I m. E. 
 Burton. P. <25o; eccles. par. (Caulke Abbey) P. <25o. 
 
 Callagambroon, settlement. New South Wales, Cowen co. , 
 on the r. bk. of the Castlereagh, 145 m. W. by S. Tamworth. 
 
 Callaban, vil., U.S., Florida, Nassau co., 25 m. WNW. of 
 the mouth of St. John's R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Callahan, co. , U.S., Texas, N. of 32° N., and E. of 100° W. 
 
 Callaley and I'ctllngton, par., Eng., Northumberland, 
 Berwick-upon-Tweed div. , 9 m. W. by S. Alnwick, 3 m. SW. 
 Whittingham stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Callalll, tn., S. America, Peru, dep. Arequipa, 130 m. SSE. 
 
 CUZCO. P. <2000. 
 
 Callan, market-tn., par., and tp. , Ire., W. co. Kilkenny, 
 bar. C, 9i m. SW. Kilkenny, PMT.O. Par. 5633 ac, P. < 
 3000 ; tp. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Callan Klrer, Ire., in the W. of co. Armagh, rises near the 
 centre of the county, and flows N. to the Blackwater. 
 
 Callander, rly. stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 344 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Callander, market-tn. and par. , Scot. , in the S. of W. Perth- 
 shire, on the Teith, 17 m. SW. by W. Crieff, on the C. R. 
 Favourite summer resort, about 12 m. from the foot of Loch 
 Katrine by the road leading through the Trossachs, itself 
 situated in the midst of romantic scenery ; hydropathic estab- 
 lishment near. PMT.O. Market-day, Th. Par. 51,186 ac, 
 P. < 2500; tn. P. < 2000. 
 
 Callandoon, settlement, Queensland, Carnarvon co. , 190 m. 
 WSW. Brisbane. 
 
 Callanlsli, dist. and vil. , Scot. , Ross-shire, on Lewis I. , on 
 257 
 
 E. ct. of Loch Roag, 16 m. W. Stornoway ; has one of the 
 most perfect ' Druidical' circles in Britain. PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Callantsoog, comm. , Holland. See Calandsorg. 
 
 Callao, the principal seapt. , Peru, dep. Lima, cap. C. prov. , 
 on the W. ct., 10 m. W. Lima, in about 12° 5' S. The castle 
 here is the key of Lima ; and its roadstead is the best on the 
 coast, and there is now a dock with a depth of 24 ft. of water 
 over the sill in ordinary spring, and of 21 ft. at ordinary neap 
 tides. At present the port of C. is chiefly important as the 
 place at which the cap. is supplied with foreign commodities, 
 most of the vessels leaving C. in ballast. Among the exports 
 are guano, silver ore, and sugar, also salt (obtained from large 
 mines to the N.). As to railway communication, see Pern. 
 In 1746 Callao was destroyed by an earthquake, when 3000 
 persons perished. Mean temp. (1857-70), yr. 66.4° F., Jan. 
 70.9°, July 60.8°. P. (1890) 35,500. 
 
 Callao, El, gold-mines, Venezuela. See Nneva ProTldencla. 
 
 Callas, tn., France, dep. Var, arr. Draguignan, 16 m. NW. 
 Fr^jus, with coal-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Callater, Locb, small lake, Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 8 m. 
 SW. Crathie, drained NW. through Glen C. into the Clunie. 
 
 Callairadda, or Bismarck, tp., Victoria, co. Boning, on 
 Richardson R. , 191 m. NW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Callaway, co. , Kentucky. See Calloway. 
 
 Callaway, co., U.S., Missouri, bounded on the S. by the 
 Missouri, crossed in the W. by 92° W. 
 
 Calle, La, seapt. , Algeria, arr. and 38 m. E. Bona, in 36° 
 54' N., 8° 26' E. Seat of coral and sardine fisheries. Much 
 frequented by ItaUan fishermen, especially from Torre del 
 Greco. Open roadstead exposed to winds N. of E. and W. 
 Vessels drawing more than 12 ft. cannot enter the creek. Mean 
 temp., yr. 65.4° F., Jan. 55.4°, Aug. 78.7°; rainfall (5 yrs.), 
 29.73 in. P. <40oo. 
 
 Callendale, settlement, S. Atistralia, Robe co., 185 m. SE. 
 by S. Adelaide. 
 
 Callercove Point, cape, Scot. , Berwickshire, in 55° 53' N. 
 
 Callernlsh, Scot. , Ross-shire. See Callanlsh. 
 
 Callerton, Black, par., Eng., Northumberland, Tyneside 
 div. , 6 m. NW. by W. Newcastle. 3I m. NNE. Ryton stn. P. 
 <25o. 
 
 Callerton, High and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , the 
 former i^ m. WNW. Black Callerton. C. High, P. <250 ; C. 
 Little, P. <250. 
 
 Callestlck, hamlet, Eng., Cornwall, div. and 4* m. NW. 
 Truro, P.O. 
 
 Calllagberom, or Desce's Kock, islet. Ire. , N. of Clare I. , in 
 Clew Bay. 
 
 CaUlaghstown, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Westmeath, bar. Rath- 
 conrath, 11 m. NE. Athlone. P. <25a 
 
 Calllagna, tn., W. Indies, on SE. ct. of St. Vincent I. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Calllano, comm. , Austria, Tirol, on the Adige, 10 m. S. by 
 W. Trent, celebrated for the defeat of the Venetians by the 
 Austrians in 1487. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Calllano, vil. , Italy, prov. Alessandria, 12 m. SW. Casale. 
 P. <:4C)oo. 
 
 Calllgray, isl. , Scot. , Inverness-shire. See Klllegray. 
 
 Calllngt«n, tn. , S. Australia, co. Sturt, on Bremer Creek, 
 36 m. SE. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Calllngton, market-tn. and par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 
 10 m. S. by E. Launceston, 7 m. NE. Menheniot stn., with 
 mines of copper, tin, arsenic, and arsenical pyrites, PMT.O. 
 P. < 2000. See South HIU. 
 
 Callloch, headland, Scot. See Callach Point. 
 
 Calliope, postal centre, Queensland, Clinton co., 48 m. SE. 
 Rockhampton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Calliope, vil, U.S., Iowa, Sioux co., on 1. bk. of Big Sioux 
 R., 36 m. N. by W. Sioux City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Calllnnga, settlement, Queensland, Paglan co., 35 m. SW. 
 Rockhampton. 
 
 Callnberg, tn. , Germany. See Kallnberg. 
 
 Callosa de Ensarrlsi, comm. , Spain, prov. and 26 m. NE. 
 Alicante. P. < 5000. 
 
 Callosa de Segnra, tn., Spain, 27 m. SW. Alicante, on an 
 important irrigation canal derived from the Segura, in the huerta 
 ofOrihuela. P. < 5000. 
 
 Callow, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Ashbourne union. P. <25o. 
 
 Callow, par., Eng., Hereford, Ross div., 4 m. SSW. Here- 
 ford, 2 m. E. Tram Inn stn., P.O. P. <25o. See Dewsall. 
 
 Callow, PM.O., Eng., Worcestershire, 2 m. from Kempsey. 
 
 Callow, electoral div. , Ire. , NE. co. Mayo, bar. Gallen, 10 m. 
 SE. by S. Ballina, P.O. 
 
 Calloway, co., U.S., Kentucky, in the SW., on the S. 
 frontier, W. of 88° W. 
 
 CallTllle, vil., U.S., Nevada, at the head of navigation on 
 the Colorado, in 36° 6' N. 
 
 Callwen, eccles. dist., Wales, Brecknockshire, in Devynnock 
 par. P. <25o. 
 
 Cally, meteorological stn., Scot., Kircudbrightshire. See 
 Gatehonse. 
 
CALM — CALZ 
 
 Calma, isl. , Canada, Quebec, in the E. of Lake St. John. 
 
 Calniar, Sweden. See Kalmar. 
 
 Calmar, vil., U.S., Iowa, Winneshiek co., 39 m. SW. by W. 
 of NE. corner of state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Calne, mun. bor. (also a pari. bor. till 1885), Eng., Wiltshire, 
 Chippenham div., 13 m. NE. Trowbridge, on the R. Marden, 
 trib. of the Avon, and on a branch of the G. W. R. It has 
 water communication with London, Bristol, and other places, 
 by a branch of the Berks and Wilts Canal. Its manufacture 
 of woollen cloth is now extinct. The staple trade is bacon- 
 curing. The town has a technical art school. In the neigh- 
 bourhood are vestiges of a Danish camp, and the white horse 
 of Wiltshire cut into the side of a chalk hill. C. rose out of 
 an old Roman town near Studley. P. <3Soo ; par. C. Within, 
 P. <350O ; C. Without, 9894 ac, P. <25oo. 
 
 Calonge, comm., Spain, prov. Gerona, dist. La Bisbal. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Calore, two rivs. , S. Italy, one in the prov. Avellino, affluent 
 of the Volturno, the other in Salerno, trib. to the Sele. 
 
 Calossahatcbee, riv. , U.S. , S. Florida, rises near Lake Okee- 
 chobee, and flows W. into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Calosso, viL, N. Italy, prov. Alessandria, 11 m. SSE. Asti. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Caloto, tn. , Colombia, Cauca, near the source of the Magda- 
 lena R. ; gold-mines. 
 
 Calow, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, div. and sj m. E. Chesterfield 
 {g.v.). P.<7So- 
 
 Calpe, old walled tn. , Spain, Alicante, 15 m. SSW. Denia. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Calpe, Spain. See Gibraltar. 
 
 Calpentyn, Ceylon. See Kalpltlya. 
 
 Calry, par., Ire., co. Sligo, containing part of Sligo tn., bar. 
 Carbury ; 10,013 ^.c. P. <:45oo. 
 
 Calsbot Castle, hamlet, Eng. , Hampshire, New Forest div. , 
 at the W. of the entrance to Southampton Water, 7 m. SE. by 
 S. Southampton, with a lightship on E. side of the Channel, 
 visible 10 m. 
 
 Calstock, par. and vil. , Eng. , Cornwall, Launceston div. , on 
 the r. bk. of the Tamar, 9 m. N. by W. Plymouth, 2 m. N. by 
 W. Beer Alston stn., with mines of copper, arsenical pyrites, 
 and tin, PMT.O ; 5828 ac. P. 6200. 
 
 Calstone, vil., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div,, 13 m. NE. 
 by E. Trowbridge, 2^ m. SE. Calne, P.O. 
 
 Calstone Wellington cum Blackland, eccles. dist., Eng., 
 Wiltshire, including C. hamlet. P. <50o. 
 
 Caltabellotta (Trlcala), comm., Sicily, prov. Girgenti, on 
 Caltabellotta R. (ancient Crimisus), 38 m. S. by W. Palermo. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Caltaglrone, comm., Sicily, prov. and 36 m. SW. by W. 
 Catania. Alt. 2000 ft. P. 27,000. 
 
 Caltanlssetta, tn., Sicily, cap. prov. C, 30 m. NE. by E. 
 Girgenti, in a fertile plain near the Salso ; has mineral springs 
 and sulphur works. Alt. 1870-1930 ft. Mean rainfall (1876-91), 
 yr. 19.4 in., June-Aug. i.i in., May-Aug. 2.2 in. P. 27,000. 
 
 CaltaTuturo, tn. , Sicily, prov. Palermo, 25 m. NNW. Cal- 
 tanissetta ; cultivation of vine and silk. P. 5000. 
 
 Calthorpe, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 3 m. N. Aylsham. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Caltbwalte, hamlet, Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., on the 
 Petterill, 6J m. NNW. Penrith, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 
 Calton, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, div. and 8 J m. ESE. Leek, 
 5 m. NW. by W. Ashbourne stn. P. <2S0. 
 
 Calton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div. , on 
 the Aire, 17 m. N. by E. Burnley, 2 m. N. by E. Bell Busk 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Calton, eccles. dist., Scot., in the E. of Glasgow. P. 28,100. 
 
 Calton HUl, Scot. See Edlnbnrgb. 
 
 Caltowle, tn., S. Australia, Victoria co., 62 m. SE. Port 
 Augusta. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Caltra, tnld. , Ire. , NE. co. Galway, bar. Tiaquin, 17^ m. 
 ESE. Tuam, P.O. P.<:2So. 
 
 Caltragb, electoral div.. Ire., SW. co. Roscommon, bar. 
 and 9 m. NW. Athlone. 
 
 Calnlre et Colre, tn., France, dep. Rhone, arr. and 3 m. 
 NNE. Lyons. P. 7600. 
 
 Calumet, or Grand Calnmet, isl. , Canada, Quebec, in riv. 
 Ottawa, II m. long, lower end 46 m. WNW. Ottawa. 
 
 Cal'nmet, vil., U.S., Michigan, Houghton co., 68 m. NW. 
 Marquette ; has one of the richest copper-mines in the world. 
 Alt. 1228 ft. (R.R.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Calnmet, co., U.S., Wisconsin, in the E., bounded on the 
 W. by Lake Winnebago, crossed by 44° N. 
 
 Calnso, fortified tn., N. Italy, prov. Turin, 11 m. S. Ivrea. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 CalTa, Nor, and Beg, isls. , Scot. , off the W. ct. of Suther- 
 landshire, at the entrance to Loch Caimbawn, in 58° 17' N. 
 
 Calvados, maritime dep. , in the NW. of France, formed of 
 
 parts of Upper and Lower Normandy, divided into the six 
 
 arrs. of Bayeux, Caen, Falaise, Lisieux, Pont-l'Eveque, and 
 
 Vire. Cap. Caen. The coast is but slightly indented, bordered 
 
 258 
 
 by cliffs, and difficult of access, on account of the numerous 
 rocks. The dep. slopes from S. to N. , and in the N. and E. 
 presents fertile plains, separated by wide shallow valleys, all 
 with a calcareous soil, and of great fertihty. These regions are 
 the Pays d'Auge, the Campagne de Caen, and Bessin, in the 
 order from E. to W. ; the SW. being occupied by the hilly 
 and still well-wooded dist. of Bocage, with a soil of granite, 
 slate, and red sandstone, and with the culminating points of the 
 dep. ; Guilberville, alt. 1190 ft. The Seine estuary washes the 
 NE. portion of C. , and the remainder of the dep. is drained by 
 coast streams, the chief of which are the Touques, Vire, and 
 Orne. The climate in general is cold and damp, but healthy. 
 [Caen, Ste. Bonorlne-du-Fay.] The speciality of the dep. 
 is its pastures, natural and artificial. The former cover one- 
 fourth of its area. Cereals are grown in excess of the consump- 
 tion ; the dep. is noted also for its vegetables and cider. The 
 rivers and coasts are rich in fish. Minerals unimportant. Prin- 
 cipal ports, Caen, Trouville, and Honfleur. The manufactures 
 include the laces of Bayeux, the embroidered tulles of Caen, the 
 flannels and swan-skins of Lisieux, the canvas of the Bocage, 
 and the porcelain of Bayeux. Area, 2198 sq. m. P. 428,900. 
 See France, table. 
 
 Calvados, group of small isls. and rocks belonging to the 
 Louisiade Archipelago. 
 
 Calve Island, small isl. , Scot. , Argyllshire, in the Sound of 
 Mull, at the mouth of Tobermory Bay. 
 
 Calveley (kaVli), par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 8 m. 
 Crewe, on the L. & NW. R. P. <5oo. See Bnnbnry. 
 
 Calvello, tn., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 12 m. S. by E. 
 Potenza. P. 5000. 
 
 Calventnra, group of rocks off the coast of Arakan, Lower 
 Burma, S. of 17" N. 
 
 Calver, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 9 m. W. by N. 
 Chesterfield, 3 m. NE. by N. Hassop stn. , with calc-spar and 
 gravel, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Calverball, or Corra, eccles. dist., Eng., Salop, Newport 
 div., 10^ m. SSW. Nantwich, 5 m. WNW, Market Drayton. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Calverlelgb, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 3 m. 
 WNW. Tiverton, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Calverley, tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Pudsey div. , 3^ 
 m. NE. Bradford, with a stn. (C. and Rodley) on the M. R,, 
 PM.O. P. <3ooo; par. (C. vrltb Farsley) P. 9700, 
 
 Calverstown, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Kildare, bar. Narragh and 
 Reban East, 7 m. SE. Kildare, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Calvert, isL, Canada, off the coast of Brit. Columbia, in about 
 51° 30' N. , and crossed by 128° W. 
 
 Calvert, city, U.S., Texas, Robertson co., 81 m. NE, by E. 
 Austin. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Calvert, co., U.S., Maryland, in the SE., bounded on the 
 E. by Chesapeake Bay, and on the W. and SW. by the 
 Patuxent R. 
 
 Calverton, p>ar., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 7 m. 
 ENE. Buckingham, 2 m. SW. Wolverton stn. Birthplace of 
 George A. Lee (1761-1826), inventor of the stocking-frame. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Calverton, par, and vil., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark 
 div., 6^ m. NNE. Nottingham, 4 m, NW. by W. Lowdham 
 stn., P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Calvl, tn. , Corsica, on the N. ct. , on the Gulf of C. , cap. of 
 arr., 35 m. W. by S. Bastia. Built partly on the crown, and 
 partly at the base, of a very high rock, and consisting of the old 
 town or Citadel, and the new town or Marina. The former 
 was taken by the English in 1754 after a siege of fifty-one 
 days. P. <30oo. 
 
 Calvl Risorta, vil. , Italy, prov. and circle Caserta. P. <30oo. 
 
 Calvlllo, tn. , Mexico, Zacatecas, 60 m. S. by W. Zacatecas. 
 
 Calvlne, hamlet, Scot., W. Perthshire, 4^ m. W. Blair 
 Athole, close to Struan stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Calvlnla, vil., Cape Colony, dist. C, 185 m. NNE. Cape 
 Town. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Calvlsano, tn., N. Italy, prov. and 15 m. SSE. Brescia, 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Calvlsson, small tn. , France, dep. Gard, arr. and 14 m. W. 
 by S. Nlmes. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Calvlzzano, vil., S. Italy, prov. and 5 m. NW. Naples, 
 circle Casoria. P. <300o. 
 
 Calvorde, Germany. See KalvSrde. 
 
 Calvos de Bandln, comm., Spain, prov. Orense, dist. 
 Ginzo de Limia. P. <4000. 
 
 Calw, tn., Ger., kgd. Wurtemberg, 20 m. W. by S. Stutt- 
 gart, on the Nagold, with textile and other manufactures. 
 P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Calwieb, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Leek div., 12 m. SE. 
 Leek, i m. NE. Norbury stn. ; near the ruins of C. Abbey 
 (i6th century). P. <:250. 
 
 Calzada, coram., Spain, prov. Toledo, 45 m. NE. Trujillo. 
 P. <;30oo. 
 
 Calzada de Calatrava, tn. , Spain, New Castile, prov. and 
 15 m. SSE. Ciudad-Real. P. 6000. 
 
CAM — CAMB 
 
 Cam, Cambus, Celtic, 'crooked.' 
 
 Cam, riv. , Eng. , co. Gloucester, trib. of the Severn, which it 
 joins at Frampton-PilL 
 
 Cam, par., Eng.^ Gloucestershire, Stroud div., 4 m. N. 
 Wotton-under-Edge, on the M. R., PMT.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cam, Lower, eccles. dist., i m. to the NW. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cam, riv., Eng., formed by the union of two headwaters, 
 the Rhee from the SW. of Cambridgeshire, and the Granta 
 from the NW. of Essex ; the two unite about 3 m. above Cam- 
 bridge, and the Cam flows thence in a northerly direction till it 
 joins the Ouse on the r. bk. about 4 m. S. of Ely ; navigable to 
 Cambridge. 
 
 Cam, par. , Ire. , co. Roscommon, bars. Athlone, N. and S. , 
 9 m. NW. Athlone ; 12,403 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cam, Locb, Scot., in the W. of Sutherland, 12J m. NNE. 
 Ullapool, communicating with Loch Veyatie. Alt. 405 ft. 
 
 Cama, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 11 m. WSW. Chiavenna, 
 in the Val Mesocco. P. < 1000. 
 
 Camacnam, riv., Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, flows E. into 
 the Lagoa dos Patos, which it enters through a marshy delta in 
 31° 12' S. ; navigation hindered by several rapids. See Peter- 
 mann's Mitteil., 1887, pp. 289, &c., and plate 15. 
 
 Camagua, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, circle 
 Casale-Monferrato. P. <;3000. 
 
 Camagnan, tn., Venezuela, Miranda, on the Portuguesa, 
 180 m. SSW. Cardcas. Near the town a navigable lake of 24 
 sq. m. is formed in the wet season. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Camajore, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Massa, 12 m. NW. by 
 W. Lucca. P. 17,000. 
 
 Camamn, vil. , on the E. ct. of Brazil, Bahia, in 13° 57' S. 
 
 Camaua, ct. tn. , Peru, Arequipa, in 16° 38' S. , 58 m. NW. 
 Mollendo, at the mouth of the C. or Majes R. 
 
 Camanche, vil., U.S., Iowa, Clinton co., on r. bk. of 
 Mississippi R., 54 m. SSE. Dubuque. P. < 1500. 
 
 Caman Dal, the N. part of Lake Tale Sap, Cambodia. 
 
 Camauo, isl., U.S., Washington, 12 m. long, N. of 48° N,, 
 separated from the mainland by a narrow channel which com- 
 municates with Puget Sound. 
 
 Camara de Lobos, tn., on isl. Madeira, circle Funchal. 
 P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Camarda, tn., Italy, prov. and circle Aquila. P. <40oo. 
 
 Camar^s, tn. , France, dep. Aveyron, 37 m. NNW. B^ziers, 
 arr. and 10 m. S. St. Affrique; celebrated mineral springs. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Camaret, maritime viL, France, dep. Finist^e, with small 
 port on r. bk. of the Aidne, near its mouth in the Atlantic, 8 m. 
 SW. Brest ; trade in sardines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Camargo, tn., Mexico, Tamaulipas, on the r. bk. of the 
 Grande del Norte, 100 m. ENE. Monterey. P. <30oo. 
 
 Camargo, tn., S. America, Bolivia, dep. Chuquisaca, no m. 
 SE. by S. Potosi, cap. prov. Cinti. P. <20oo. 
 
 Camargo, tn., Spain, prov. and 4 m. from Santander, with 
 great iron-mines. P. <4000. 
 
 Camargne, La, marshy dist., France, dep. Bouches-du- 
 Rh6ne(^.w.); unhealthy. 
 
 Cauiarliias, maritime tn., Spain, prov. and 43 m. WSW. 
 Corunna, on the N. side of the Bay of {Ria de) C. P. <4000. 
 
 Camarlnes, the large penin. in the SE. of Luzon, Philippine 
 Is., divided into the provs. C. Norte (N.), C. Snr (S.), and 
 Albay. 
 
 Camarones, riv., Chile, rises in the Andes, flows W. and 
 enters the Pacific Ocean about 19° 10' S. 
 
 Camarones, tn., Cuba, 153 m. ESE. Havana. P. 6700. 
 
 Camas Prairie, a tract in central Idaho, U.S., consisting of 
 about 500 sq. m. of rolling farm-land. 
 
 Camatagaa, tn., S. America, Venezuela, Miranda, 50 m. S. 
 Caracas. 
 
 Cambados, seapt., Spain, prov. Pontevedra, 30 m. SW. by 
 S. Santiago. P. 5300. 
 
 Cambdy, tn., India, cap. of native state of C, Gujardt, 37 
 m. W. Baroda, on the N. bk. of the Mahi, at the head of the 
 Gulf of C. Many ruins show the former wealth of the town. 
 Its decline is due to the silting up of the gulf and to the bore. 
 P. 31,400. 
 
 Cambay, Oalf of, in the W. India, between the peninsula 
 of Kithiawir, and the mainland of Bombay, in ancient times 
 much frequented by Arab mariners. The gulf is silting up 
 owing to the bore in the N. portion ; high spring tides rise and 
 fall as much as 33 ft., the current running from six to seven 
 knots an hour ; consequently now resorted to only by small 
 craft. 
 
 Cambeak, cape, Eng., NW. Cornwall, in 50° 44' N. 
 
 Cam Beck, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 trib. of the Ribble, which it joins on the 1. bk. near Selside. 
 
 Camber Castle, ruined fortalice, Eng., Sussex, Rye div., li 
 m. S. Rye. 
 
 Camberley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Surrey, Chertsey div. , 10^ m. 
 NW. Guildford, on the border of Hants, on the L. & SW. 
 R., PMT.O. See York Town. 
 
 Camberwell, pari. bor. and par., in the SE. of London, 
 
 divided into the Nortli C. (P. 1891, 88,900), Peckbam (P. 
 83,500), and Dnlwlch (P. 83,300) divs. Par. 4450 ac, P. 
 235,300; pari. bor. P. 255,700. 
 
 Camberwell, suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. 
 
 Camberwell, settlement. New South Wales, Durham co,, 
 45 m. NW. Newcastle. 
 
 Cambewarra, tn.. New South Wales, co. Camden, 22 m. 
 S. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Camblano, vil., N. Italy, prov. and 9 m. SE. Turin by rail. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cambll, tn., Spain, prov. and 13 m. SSE Jaen, on the Mata- 
 vexis. P. < 5000. 
 
 Camblesfortli, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston 
 Ash div., 7 m. W, by N. Goole, close to Carlton stn., P.O. 
 
 P.<5QO. 
 
 Cambo, eccles. dist. and par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wans- 
 beck div., 11 m. W. Morpeth, i m. SW. Scots Gap stn., 
 PMT.O. Par. P. < 250. 
 
 Cambo, vil., France, dep. Basses-Pyr6n6es, arr. Bayonne, on 
 a hill commanding a charming view of the valley of the Nive ; 
 with mineral waters, one spring warm and sulphurous, the other 
 cold and ferruginous, and a bathing establishment. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cambodia, or Cambogla, French protectorate in Indo- 
 China, the ancient kingdom of the Khmers, formerly of much 
 greater extent, now included between 10° and 13° N., and 103° 
 and 106° 30' E. long. It comprises fifty-six native provs., 
 grouped into five appanages for the ministers of the crown, but 
 under French administration divided into the following eight 
 provs. , subdivided into thirty-two arrs. : Kompong-Thom, in the 
 N. ; Pursat, Kompong-Shnang, Kompong-Tiam, and Kratie in 
 the middle, from W. to E. ; Kampot, in the SW. ; Pnom-Penh in 
 the S. ; and Banam in the SE. ; each with cap. of same name. 
 Cap. of kingdom, since 1866, Pnom-Penh, on the Mekong. 
 The country consists mainly of an alluvial plain formed by the 
 Mekong, which traverses it from N. to S., periodically inun- 
 dating and fertilising an extensive area, and which serves to 
 some extent as a waterway [Mekong]. Near Pnom-Penh the 
 river divides into an eastern and western branch, a third arm, 
 the Tonle Sap, about 70 m. in length, runs NW. to the Great 
 Lake, also known as the Tonle Sap. This lake forms the 
 second great feature of C. ; it serves as a vast reservoir for the 
 surplus waters of the river, and consequently varies in size and 
 depth, according to the season ; the area in the dry season, 
 being about equal to that of the Lake of Geneva, with a depth 
 of 3-6 ft., while in the rainy season its area is three times, and 
 its depth from six to ten times as great. Diu-ing the season of 
 high water, constant communication is maintained along the 
 Mekong and the Great Lake between Saigon, Pnom-Penh, and 
 Battambang across the NW. frontier. Beyond the great plain 
 are several mountain ranges and detached groups and peaks. 
 In the E. spurs, thickly forested, enter from Annam ; in the N. 
 are short ranges and isolated peaks, outliers of the Pnom 
 Dangrik range, which, beyond the frontier, forms the N. limit 
 of the plain, sending down several streams to the Mekong and the 
 Tonle Sap ; the Pnom-Dek, Svai, or Swai Mts. in this dist. are 
 rich in iron ore. In the SW. , between the Great Lake and the 
 Gulf of Siam, the country is much diversified ; altitudes up to 
 nearly 5000 ft. The whole region is well forested ; caoutchouc 
 and cardamoms are abundant. Several small rivers (Kampot, 
 Kompong-Son, and others) descend to the sea. Coasts low and 
 sandy; principal indentation the Bay of Kompong-Son. Off 
 the coast are several isls., one of which, Trei-ka, near Kampot, 
 has been ceded to France. The main features of the climate 
 are determined by the monsoons ; the rainy season, lasting 
 from June to November, and the dry season from December to 
 May, with a short break in the former towards the end of July. 
 A destructive whirlwind, the ' khial-kaduc,' is not infrequent 
 in November. The climate, on the whole, is healthier than 
 that of Cochin-China ; but some districts, notably the Carda- 
 mom region, are highly malarial. Fishing and agriculture are 
 the chief employments of the people ; the former is carried on 
 mainly at the Great Lake during the season of low water, when 
 some 20,000 or 30,000 persons are engaged in the fishing. Of 
 agricultural products, rice is the most widely cultivated in 
 the lowlands ; sugar-cane in the drier regions ; maize in Banam ; 
 pepper extensively in Kampot ; indigo, cotton, the mulberry 
 grow well in the Mekong valley ; tobacco everywhere ; coffee, 
 cacao, and vanilla flourish. Cattle rearing is also an important 
 industry. Minerals are as yet imperfectly explored, and want 
 of communication hinders their development. Iron, fotmd in 
 the Pnom-Dek Mts. , is wrought by the Kuis, a barbarous tribe, 
 into rude utensils ; kaolin occurs near Kratie ; limestone and 
 saltpetre are found in Kampot. Manual arts are little practised 
 by the Cambodians ; bricks are manufactured by the Chinese ; 
 pottery in considerable quantities is made in the district of 
 Kompong Shnang; mattings and mattresses ('Cambodians') 
 are characteristic productions ; silk-weaving is a widespread 
 domestic industry. The total value of the commerce is under 
 /i, 000,000 annually. The exports, chiefly to China, comprise 
 nee, salt-fish, tobacco, STim, wood, boats, cardamoms, bam- 
 
 259 
 
CAMB — CAMB 
 
 boos. The principal imports include salt, refined sugar, wines, 
 and spirits from France, porcelain, various European manu- 
 factures, opium, arms, and utensils, &c. The monetary unit is 
 similar to that of Annam ; very small native silver coins are also 
 used ; the unit of weight is the tael (tomlong), and for heavy 
 merchandise the picul {hap), of which there are three varieties ; 
 the unit of length is the coudie (about 19.7 in.) ; and the unit 
 of capacity the thdng (about 8. 8 gallons). The people belong 
 to the Mongolo-Tibetan family, presenting, however, certain 
 peculiarities ; their language is without the variety of intona- 
 tions which characterise the spoken language in the adjoining 
 countries. The religious vocabulary is an altered form of the 
 Pali, and different words are used in speaking to persons of 
 different ranks. Besides the Cambodians proper, or Khmer, 
 a considerable proportion of the population consists of Annam- 
 ese and other Asiatics. The little known frontier tribes (Kms, 
 Stiengs, and others) are more or less barbarous. GoTem- 
 ment. — The establishment of the protectorate in 1867 followed 
 on the operations of France in the neighbouring countries. In 
 1884 a treaty was made by which the power of France was 
 established on a firmer and wider basis, and in 1887, C, with 
 the other states under French influence, were constituted French 
 Indo-China, the whole being placed under a Governor-General 
 at Saigon. There is a resident general at Pnom-Penh, with 
 residents under him in the principal districts. The internal 
 administration is still exercised by native officials, subject to 
 French control. The principal towns, besides the caps, of provs. , 
 are Udong, the former cap., Pinyalu, and Sambor. Kampot 
 is the only port. Area estimated at about 40,000 sq. m. P. 
 about 1 , 500,000. See map of French Indo-China in Geog. Jour. , 
 II. p. 288. 
 Caint>odla, or Camboja River. See Hekons. 
 Gambols, eccles. dist., Eng., Northumberland, 6 m. E. 
 Morpeth, included in the pari. bor. of Morpeth, i^ m. ESE. 
 North Beaton stn., PM.O. P. <4000. 
 
 Cambooya, tn., Queensland, co. Aubigny, 124 m. SW. 
 Brisbane. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Camlwrne, market-tn. and par., Eng., Cornwall, Camborne 
 div., 9 m. E. St. Ives, on the G. W. R., with tin-mines. 
 Market-day, S. 6931 ac. P. 14,700 ; pari. div. P. 54,200. 
 
 Cambrai, or C^mbray (the ancient Catnaracutn), fortified tn. , 
 France, dep. Nord, 19 m. SW. Valenciennes, cap. of arr. and 
 seat of an archbishop. Has a citadel and modem cathedral. 
 Famous for its fine linen fabrics, thence called cambrics. Manu- | 
 factures, linen-thread, lace, oils, hardware, beetroot sugar, and 
 soap. The league of C. against the Venetian Republic was 
 concluded here in 1508, and the peace between Charles V. and 
 Francis I. in 1529. Mean temp., Jan. 30.5° F. , July 66.5°. 
 P. (1872) 22,900; (1891) 24,100. 
 
 Cambray, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Victoria co. , 59 m. NE. by 
 N. Toronto. 
 Cambre, comm. , Spain, prov. and 6 m. SE. Corunna. P. 6300. 
 Cambresis, an old subdivision of French Flanders, of which 
 Cambrai was the cap. , now comprised in the dep. Du Nord. 
 
 Cambria, vil. , Canada, Quebec, co. Argenteuil, on Cambria 
 R. , 9 m. W. St. Jerome. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cambria, former bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, now united with 
 Johnstown. 
 
 Cambria, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, bounded on the E. by 
 the Alleghany Mts. , lying between 40° and 41° N. 
 
 Cambrian Railway, rly., chiefly in N. Wales; main line 
 from WTiitchurch (Salop) to Pwllheli ; branches to Aberystwith, 
 Barmouth, Brecon, &c.; centre at Oswestry. 
 
 Cambrians, vil. , New Zealand, Maniototo co. , about 80 m. 
 NNW. Dunedin. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Cambridge, vil. and rly. sto., Cape Colony, dist. and 5 m. 
 N. East London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cambridge (ancient Grania), pari, and mun. bor. and market- 
 tn., Eng., cap. CO. Cambridge, and seat of one of the English 
 universities, on r. bk. of the Cam, with stns. on the G. E. , 
 G. N., L. & NW., and M. Rlys., 57 m. NNE. London. Alt. 
 32 ft. Lat. of observatory 52^ 12' 51.6" N., long. 0° 5' 41" E. 
 Principal buildings connected with the town, St. Mary's, St. 
 Benet's, the Round Church, Trinity, and other churches, a 
 grammar school, and Addenbrooke HospitaL The public 
 recreation ground, called Parker's Piece (21 ac. ), and the College 
 grounds, which are open freely to the publia "The Corporation 
 has adopted the Free Library Act. Notwithstanding railway 
 competition, C. still carries on some river trade with King's 
 Lynn in corn and coaL C. (independent of its university) 
 sends one member to the House of Commons. The University 
 of Cambridge, supposed to have been founded in the seventh 
 century by Sigebert, King of E^t Anglia, contains seventeen 
 colleges, as follows : St. Peter's College or Peterhouse, founded 
 in 1284 ; Clare College, 1326 ; Pembroke College, 1347 ; Caius 
 College, 1348; Trinity Hall, 1350; Corpus Christi College, 
 1352 ; King's College, 1441 ; Owen's College, 1448 ; St. Cathe- 
 rine College, 1473 ; Jesus College, 1496 ; Christ's College, 1505 ; 
 St. John's College, 1511 ; Magdalen College, 1519; Trinity Col- 
 lege, 1546 ; Emmanuel College, 1584 ; Sidney Sussex College, 
 260 
 
 founded in 1594 on the site of a suppressed religious house 
 granted by Henry VIII. to Trinity; and Downing College, 
 1800. Principal buildings connected with the university are 
 the senate-house, the public schools, library, science museimis 
 and laboratories, university union (club debating society) build- 
 ings, observatory, Pitt press or university printing office, and 
 Fitzwilliam museum. "The most interesting edifices belonging 
 to the colleges are the chajsels of King's College, St. John's 
 College, Jesus College, and the hall and library of Trinity 
 College. The hostels, or unendowed colleges, are two : Selwyn 
 College, 1882 ; and Ayerst's Hostel, 1884. There are also two 
 colleges for women, Girton (3 m. from C. ) and Newnham, the 
 latter college including Old Hall, Sidgwick Hall, Clough Hall, 
 and Pfeiffer Building, the students at which, after completing 
 their course of study, receive, on passing the degree examina- 
 tions, a certificate, but are not allowed to take degrees. The 
 university sends two members to the House of Commons, who 
 are chosen by the members of the senate. Relics prove C. to 
 have existed in Roman times. It is first recorded as being burnt 
 by the Danes in 871. After the Conquest, William the Con- 
 queror built a castle here to overawe the Saxons under Hereward 
 the Wake, who defied him and made the Isle of Ely a camp and 
 temporary home. In the reign of Henry I. C. was incorpor- 
 ated. Market-days, W. and S. Mean temp., jrr. 48.7° F., 
 Jan. 37.5°, July 62.1°; mean rainfall, 23J in. Mun. bor. P. 
 (1801) 10,100; (1851) 27,800; (1871) 30,100; (1891) 37,000; 
 pari. bor. P. (1891) 44,300. 
 
 Cambridge, hamlet, Eng., Gloucestershire, on R. Cam, 3 m. 
 from Eastington, PM.O. 
 
 Cambridge, bor., New Zealand, co. Waikato, loi m. SE. 
 Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cambridge, vil., U.S., lUinois, Henry co., 86 m. S. by E. 
 Dubuque (la. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Cambridge, tn., U.S., Maryland, Dorchester co., on the 
 Choptank R. (Chesapeake Bay), 53 m. ESE. Washington 
 (D. C). P.<5ooo. 
 
 Cambridge, city, U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., on 
 Charles R. , 2 m. WNW. Boston. Seat of Harvard University, 
 the oldest and most famous in the U. S. , and with an observatory 
 in 42° 22' 47" N. , and 71° 7' 45" W. , and a Manual Training 
 School and Library. Its numerous manufactures are located 
 chiefly in Cambridgeport, and it is noted as the head of the 
 printing industry. P. (i860) 26,000 ; (1870) 39,600 ; (1890) 70,000. 
 
 Cambridge, vil., U.S., New York, Washington co., 25 m. 
 NE. by N. Troy. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cambridge, city, U.S., Ohio, Guernsey co., 47 m. W. 
 Wheeling ( W. Va. ). P. < 5000. 
 
 Cambridge, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Crawford co., on 
 French Creek, 23 m. S. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cambridge, tn., U.S., Vermont, Lamoille co., 25 m. NE. 
 Burlington. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Cambridge City, tn., U.S., Indiana, Wayne co., 50 tn. E. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cambridge Gnlf, W. Australia, between Capes Dussejour 
 and Domett, in 14° 45' S., just E. of 128° E. ; 20 m. wide at its 
 entrance, and nmning 75 m. inland (southwards). 
 
 Cambridge Heath, stn., Eng., London, on the G. E. R., 
 2 m. NE. by E. St. Paul's. 
 
 Cambridgesliire, an inland co. in the E. of Eng., to the 
 N. of Bedfordshire and Huntingdonshire, di\'ided into the 
 following pari, divs.: — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1 89 1. 
 
 N. or Wisbech .... 
 W. or Chesterton 
 E. or Newmarket 
 Pari. bor. of Cambridge 
 
 189,676 
 
 191,214 
 
 164,884 
 
 3.975 
 
 49.645 
 46,108 
 48,878 
 44.330 
 
 Total 
 
 549.749 ^ 
 
 188,961 1 
 
 1 The administrative county of Cambridge (from which part of the 
 urban sanitary dist. of Newmarket is excluded) has an area of 5491565 
 acres, and a population of 185,822. 
 
 The Jurassic formation occurs in the NW. part of the county, 
 while in the S. Cretaceous rocks occupy most of the area, and 
 the chalk rises into bare downs where not covered by drift. The 
 lower grounds are mostly either covered by gravel or form 
 part of the great area of recent alluvium and peat, known as the 
 Fens [Bedford Lerel], which has been converted by skilful 
 drainage into good farm lands. Out of the Fens rises the Isle 
 of Ely, which was formerly in flood-time often surrounded by 
 water. The chief rivers are the Ouse, with its tribs. , the Cam 
 and Lark, and the Nen. The valley of the Cam is called ' The 
 Dairies,' being entirely occupied by dairy farms, on which 
 excellent stock is bred, while on others there is much fhiit- 
 growing. As to agriculture generally, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. 
 Brevring and malting are the chief trades. The chief minerals 
 of economic importance are the phosphatic nodules obtained 
 
C A M B 
 
 C A M O 
 
 from the base of the chalk marl ; lime and cement from the 
 chalk ; and the Jurassic and Cretaceous clays, from which bricks 
 are made. Peat is largely cut for fuel. The railways are the 
 G. E. R., L. & NW. R., G. N. R., and M. R. The principal 
 towns are Cambridge, Ely, Newmarket, and Wisbech. There 
 are abbeys at Thorney and Denny, and between the fens and 
 woodland in the SE. there are ancient dykes or ' ditches,' such 
 as the 'Devil's' Dyke, Fleam Dyke, and Balsham Ditch, the 
 Bran Dyke, &c. , running from NW. to SE. In ancient times 
 C. was inhabited by the Iceni, a British tribe. Under the 
 Romans the county was included in the prov. Flavia CcBsariensis. 
 By the Saxons it was called Grantbridgeshire. Hereward the 
 Wake held the Isle of Ely against William the Conqueror until 
 1074. The Isle of Ely is in some respects a distinct county, 
 having its own custos rotulorum, commission of the peace, and 
 police. See England, table. 
 
 Cambridge Toiim, PM.O., Eng., Essex, near Shoeburyness. 
 
 Cambrlls, comm., Spain, prov. Tarragona, on the coast, 11 
 m. W. by S. Tarragona. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cambnrg, Ger. See Kambnrg. 
 Cambus, Cam, Celtic, 'crooked.' 
 
 Cambns, vil., Scot., Clackmannanshire, on the Forth, 2 m. 
 WNW. Alloa, on the N. B. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Cambnsbarron, vil. , Scot. , Stirlingshire, i^ m. SW. by W. 
 Stirling, PMT. O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cambnskenneth Abbey, ruin, Scot., Clackmannanshire, 
 on the Forth, i m. ENE. Stirling. 
 
 Cambnslang ('at the head of the water,') tn. and par., 
 Scot., Mid Lanarkshire, 4^ m. SE. by E. Glasgow, on the 
 C. R., on the 1. bk. of the Clyde, with coal-mines. Par. 5160 
 ac, P. 15,400; tn. P. 8300, 
 
 Cambnsnetlian, par. and vil. , Scot. , Mid Lanarkshire, i m. 
 ENE. Wishaw, PM.O. Par. 16,608 ac, P. 22,700; vil. 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 Canibns O'SIay, stn. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Dee, 3I m. ENE. Ballater, on the Deeside Rly. 
 
 Cambyna, isl. , E. Archipelago. See Kambalna. 
 
 Carndd^nr, riv., Wales, Radnorshire, in the N., affluent of 
 the R. Ithon, which it joins on the 1. bk. 
 
 Camden, municip. , New South Wales, in C. co., 30 m. 
 WSW. Sydney. P. (with dist.)<4000. 
 
 Camden, vil., U.S., Alabama, Wilcox co., 6a m. WSW. 
 Montgomery, in 32° N. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Camden, city, U.S., Arkansas, Ouachita co., on Ouachita 
 R., 90 m. SSW. Little Rock. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Camden, vil., U.S., Delaware, Kent co., 44 m. S. Wil- 
 mington, and 4 m. S. by W. Dover. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Camden, co., U.S., Georgia, in extreme SE, 
 
 Camden, tn., U.S., Maine, Knox co., 35 m. E. by S. 
 Augusta ; produces lime used for making cement. Megunticook 
 R. affords an extensive water-power. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Camden, vil, U.S., Missouri, Ray co., on the 1. bk. of the 
 Missouri, 32 m. E. by N. Kansas City. P, <i5oo. 
 
 Camden, co., U.S., Missouri, crossed by 38° N., and in the 
 W. by 93° W. 
 
 Camden, city, U.S., New Jersey, cap. C. co., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Delaware, opposite Philadelphia (Penn.) ; has numerous 
 manufactures, and a large area of market-gardens round about. 
 P. (1870)20,000; (1880)41,700; (1890)58,300. 
 
 Camden, vil, U.S., New York, Oneida co., 27 m. NE. 
 Syracuse. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Camden, CO., U.S., N, Carolina, in the NE. , stretching from 
 Albemarle Sound to the N. frontier, crossed in the SE. by 76° W. 
 
 Camden, vil, U.S., Ohio, Preble co., 39 m. N. by W. 
 Cincinnati. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Camden, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, cap. of Kershaw co., 33 m. 
 NE. Columbia, on Wateree R. , which is navigable for steam- 
 boats as far as the town. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Camden East, or Clark's Mills, vil , Canada, Ontario, co. 
 Addington, on riv. and 10 m. NE. Napanee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Camden llaTen, bay and vil. , in the N. of New South Wales, 
 S. of Port Macquarie, 256 m. N. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Camden Road, stn., Eng., London, on the M. R., 2i m. 
 NW. by N. St. Paul's. 
 
 Camden Town, eccles. dist. with junc. stn. , Eng. , London, 
 ■i\ m. NW. by N. St. Paul's, on the L. & NW. R., N. L. R., 
 and London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly. P. 8900 ; and C. T. 
 St. Mlcbael, P. 5100. 
 
 Camdenry, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, dist. Dromore. 
 
 Camel, or Alan, riv., Eng., rises in the N. of Cornwall, 
 flows first S. past Camelford, then W. past Wadebridge and 
 Padstow into the Bristol Channel, its lower course forming a 
 navigable estuary ; length about 30 m. 
 
 Camel, West, par. , Eng. , Somerset, i m. W. Camel Queen, 
 i^ m. SW. Sparkford stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cameley, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 8^ m. NNE. Wells, 
 ij ra. SW. Clutton stn. P. <50o. 
 
 Camelford, market-tn., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 
 on the R. Camel, 10 m. N. by E. Bodmin, with slate-quarries, 
 on L. & SW. R. 
 
 Camelon, eccles. par. and vil , Scot. , Stirlingshire, i m. W. 
 by N. Falkirk. C. , which stands on site of Roman town, now 
 forms part of town of Falkirk ; it has iron-foundries and nail 
 factories. PMT.O. Par. P. < 3500; vil P. < 2500, 
 
 Camel Queen, par. and vil , Eng. , Somerset, E, div. , si m. 
 NNE. Yeovil PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Camel's Hump, mt. peak, India, Madras Presidency, Mala- 
 bar dist., 26 m. NE. Calicut. Alt. 7677 ft. 
 
 Camembert, comm., France, dep. Orne, 17 m. E. Falaise. 
 The well-known C. cheese is made in the dist. P. <2ooo. 
 Camerano, tn., Italy, prov. and 8 m. S. Ancona. P. <4ooo. 
 Camerata, ct. tn., W. Algeria, 43 m. SW. Oran, 8 m. NE. 
 Benisaf, with valuable iron-mines. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Camerlno, tn. , Italy, The Marches, prov. Macerata, 34 m. 
 E. Perugia, archbishopric. Rainfall (1846-64, 1866-91), yr. 39.1 
 in. P. 12,000. 
 
 Camerlata, tn., N. Italy, prov. and 2 m. SSW. Como. 
 P. <:30oo. 
 
 Cameron, bay, in SW. of Lake Tanganyika, in 8° i5'-35' S. 
 
 Cameron, settlement. New Zealand, North I., Manukau co., 
 3 [ m. S. by E. Auckland. 
 
 Cameron, par., Scot., E. Fife, 3^ m. SSW. St. Andrews, \\ 
 m. SSW. Mount Melville stn. ; 9325 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cameron, par., U.S., in the extreme SW. of Louisiana. 
 
 Cameron, city, U.S., Missouri, Clinton co., 33 m. E. St. 
 Joseph. P. <3000. 
 
 Cameron, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, crossed by 41^° N., W. 
 of 78° W. 
 
 Cameron, cityj U.S., Texas, Milam co., on Little R., 57 m. 
 NE. Austin. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cameron, co., U.S., Texas, in the extreme S., on the Rio 
 Grande and the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Cameron, vil, U.S., W. Virginia, Marshall co., 18 m. SSE. 
 Wheeling. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cameron Bridge, vil , Scot. , W. Fife. See Wlndygates. 
 
 Cameroons. See Kamemn. 
 
 Camerota, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, 47 m. SSW. 
 Potenza. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Camerton, pan, Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., on 
 the Derwent, 3 m. NE. by E. Workington, on the L. & NW. R. ; 
 has large tinplate and iron-works, and coal-mines, and supplies 
 fireclay. P. <25o. 
 
 Camerton, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., 6 m. SW. 
 Bath, on the Somerset Canal and G. W. R., P.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Camerton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding. See Ryhlll. 
 
 Cam^ta, tn. , Brazil, prov. Pari, on the W. bk. of the estuary 
 of the Tocantins, 100 m. SW. Belem ; dist. fertile. P. 2000. 
 
 Cam Fell, upland tract, Eng., W. Riding of Yorkshire, 
 about 19 m. ESE. Kendal. 
 
 Camfer's Kraal, meteorological stn.. Cape Colony, in 32° 
 17' S. , 23° 3' E. , on the Great Karroo. Alt. 3000 ft. ; rainfall 
 (16 years), 8.46 in. 
 
 Camghonran, vil. , Scot. , W. Perthshire, on the S. shore of 
 Loch Rannoch, 7 m. W. by S. of the foot of Loch Rannoch. 
 
 Camlgnln, one of the Philippine Is. , N. of Mindanao, in 9° 
 5' N., 124° 45' E. (S. point) ; volcano at its S. end. 
 
 Camilla, vil, U.S., Georgia, Mitchell co., 64 m. N. by E. 
 Tallahassee (Flor.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Camlnba, fortified tn., Portugal, prov. Entre Douro e 
 Minho, dist. Braga, at the mouth of the Minho. P. <3000. 
 
 Camlsano, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 9 m. ESE. 
 Vicenza. P. < 5000. 
 
 Camlsendnn, bay, Scot., N. Sutherlandshire, within Loch 
 Eriboll, par. and 6\ m. SE. Durness, with excellent anchorage. 
 
 Camlacb'le, E. dist. of Glasgow, Scot. P. 38,000. 
 
 Camlacble, vil, Canada, Ontario, Lambton co., 49 m. W. 
 London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Camlln, par. , Ire. , co. Antrim, bar. Upper Massereene, con- 
 taining Crumlin ; 5802 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Camlongh, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Armagh, bar. Upper Orior, 3 
 m. W. Newry, near Lough Cam, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Camly, electoral div.. Ire., co. Armagh, dist. Newtown 
 Hamilton. 
 
 Camlyn Bay, small bay, Wales, on the N. of Anglesey, 6^ 
 m. W. Amlwch. 
 
 Cammarata, comm., Sicily, prov. Girgenti, 24 m. WNW. 
 Caltanissetta, at NE. base of Monte C. (alt. 5180 ft.). P. 5000. 
 
 Cammeringham, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Gainsborough 
 div., 7 m. N. by W. Lincoln, 6 m. NE. Saxilby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Camoelm, small seapt., on the N, ct. of Brazil, in 40° 50' 
 W. , state and 170 m. WNW. Ceard. 
 
 Camogbe, mt., Switzd., in the SE. of cant. Ticino, on the 
 borders of Lombardy, 7 m. N. of the E. end of Lugano. The 
 view, one of the finest in Switzerland, embraces fourteen valleys, 
 and the Italian lakes, as far as Milan. Alt. 7300 ft. 
 
 Camogll, tn., Italy, Liguria, on the coast, prov. and 12 m. 
 ESE. Genoa. P. 9000. 
 
 Camolln, tn. , Ire. , co. Wexford, bar. Scarawalsh, 8 m. SW. 
 Gorey, on the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Rly., PMT.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 261 
 
CAMO — CAMP 
 
 Camonlea, or Talle Camonlca, valley, N. Italy, prov. 
 Bergamo, formed by ramifications of the Rhsetian Alps, and 
 extending for 50 m. NNE. to SSW. along the Oglio to the Lake 
 of Iseo. It is well cultivated, and has marble, slate, lead, 
 copper, and iron. 
 
 Camowen, riv., Ire., in the middle of co. T3rrone, flows 
 W. and NW. to the Strule, which it joins a little above Omagh. 
 
 Camp, place, Ire., co. Kerry, 11 m. from Tralee, P.O. 
 
 Camp, CO., U.S., in the NE. of Texas, crossed in the N. by 
 33° N. , and about the middle by 95° W. 
 
 Campagna dl Roma, region of the prov. of Latium, Italy, 
 extending along the W. coast from Cape Linaro, S. of Civita 
 Vecchia, to Astura and the Pontine marshes, and inland to the 
 Alban and Sabine hills, Rome being near its centre ; through it 
 nms the Appian Way. It is an undulating region, rising to 200 
 feet above the sea, and skirted on the Mediterranean by a strip 
 of marsh land from 2 to 3 m. in breadth. At no time does the 
 region appear to have been remarkably healthy, though in 
 ancient times it was well cultivated ; but in consequence of the 
 devastations wrought by Goths, Langobards, and other in- 
 vaders, still more in consequence of the neglect of cultivation 
 diuing the Middle Ages, when internal wars drove the inhabi- 
 tants of the country more and more to seek protection in towns, 
 the region was allowed to relapse into a state of nature, and 
 repeated inundations of the Tiber, whose mouth is choked by 
 the wood and other vegetable matter which it carries down in 
 times of flood, have ended in making it so imhealthy as to be 
 absolutely uninhabitable for about four months in siunmer. 
 There is little cultivation, though the soil is .by no means in- 
 fertile, and the region is mainly used for the pasturage of cattle 
 and sheep. The few labourers who inhabit the region for eight 
 months dwell for the most part in wretched huts or in caves 
 hollowed out in the tuff", of which the ground is mostly com- 
 posed. Attempts at amelioration are being made by the con- 
 struction of embankments for the regulation of the Tiber, and 
 the planting of eucalypti. See Pontine Marshes, and Sombart, 
 Die Romische Campagna, Leipzig, 1888. 
 
 Campagna, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. and 18 m. E. 
 Salerno. P. 9000. 
 
 Campagnano, comm., Italy, prov. and 17 m. NNW. Rome. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Campagnatlco, tn., Italy, prov. and circle Grosseto. P. 5000. 
 
 Campan, tn. , France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n6es, on the Adour, 
 arr. and 4 m. SSE. Bagn^res-de-Bigorre, in a beautiful Pyrenean 
 valley ; 12 m. to the SE. are quarries of marble susceptible of 
 a high polish. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Campana, tn. , Argentine Republic, state of and 43 m. N W. 
 by N. Buenos Aires. P. < 3000. 
 
 Campafia, an island off the W. ct. Chile, just S. of 48° S. , 
 separated from Wellington I. on the E. by Fallos Channel. 
 Length N. to S. about 55 m. ; average breadth, 10 m. 
 
 Campana, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 37 m. 
 NNE. Catanzaro. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Campana, tn., Ecuador, no m. N. Quito, in 1° 25' N. 
 
 Campana, La, tn., Spain, prov. and 37 m. ENE. Seville. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Campanario, chief tn. of the Brazilian I. of Fernando do 
 Noronha, prov. Rio Grande do Norte. 
 
 Campanario, tn., Spain, prov. Badajoz, 37 m. E. Merida. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Campantaa, tn. , Brazil, in the S. of prov. Minas Geraes, 160 
 m. NNE. Santos, 160 m. SW. Ouro-Preto. P. 6000. 
 
 Campania, isl., Canada, Brit. Columbia, off the coast of 
 Princess Royal I. , crossed by 53° N. 
 
 Campania, territorial div. [compartimento territoriale) of 
 Italy, somewhat larger than Yorkshire, comprising the provs. 
 Caserta, Naples, Benevento, Avellino, and Salerno, with a 
 coast-line on the Tyrrhenian Sea extending from about 40° to 
 41° 20' N. Surface in great part mountainous, but including 
 large and small plains and valleys of great fertility. Principal 
 elevations [Apennines], the Montagna del Matese on the 
 frontier of C. and Molise, the Albiu^io in the S., and still 
 further S. Monte Cervati {6230 ft.) and the isolated cone of 
 Vesuvius (4200 ft.), on the Bay of Naples. Principal lowlands, 
 the great plain in the W. , to which the div. originally owed its 
 name, meaning ' plain,' stretching from the S. of the Bay of 
 Naples northwards a few miles beyond Capua and the Volturno, 
 and containing one of the densest agricultural populations in 
 the world ; the plain of the Sele, to the S. of the city of Salerno, 
 in large part malarious, and comparatively sparsely peopled ; 
 and the Val di Diano, E. of Albumo, and the Monte Cervati 
 bordering on the mountains of Basilicata. Chief rivers, the 
 Volturno and Sele, already mentioned. Chief cereals, wheat 
 and maize ; beans, pease, and lentils largely cultivated ; hemp 
 extensively grown in the N. (Caserta) ; oranges and olives in 
 the maritime provs. (Naples, Caserta, and Salerno) ; chestnuts 
 in the S. provs. ; wine in all parts. The area imder the vine 
 increased from about 253,000 ac. on the average of the five 
 years 1870-74, to upwards of 460,000 ac in 1890. Extensive 
 works for the amelioration of the soil and climate (as regards 
 262 
 
 salubrity) have been effected directly or indirectly by the State, 
 or are in progress in the plain of Campania in the S. of prov, 
 Caserta and the W. of Avellino, and to the N. of Vesuvius 
 (prov. Naples), SE. of Vesuvius round Nocera and Samo, and 
 in the lower part of the basin of the Volturno (provs. Naples 
 and Caserta). The only mineral product of importance is 
 sulphiu-, which is produced in large quantity near the town of 
 Avellino, in the communes of Tufo and Altavilla Irpina. A 
 little petroleum is produced in prov. Caserta. Till i860 C. 
 formed part of the kingdom of Naples. Area, 6393 sq. m. 
 P. (1881) 2,897,000. See Italy, table. 
 
 Campania, tn., Tasmania, Monmouth co., 17 m. NNE, 
 Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Campaspe, riv. , Australia, flows N. through co. Dalhousie 
 and on W. frontier of co. Rodney, and joins the Murray at 
 Echuca. It rises amid volcanic rocks, and for a considerable 
 part of its lower course passes through settled agricultural 
 dists., with open, grassy, and wooded plains. Length, 120 m. 
 
 Campaspe, tn. , Victoria, co. Rodney, 132 m. N. Melbourne. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Campbell, cape. New Zealand, on the N. ct. of South I. , in 
 about 41° 43° S. Mean temp., yr. 57.5° F., Feb. 65°, July 49.4°. 
 
 Campbell, settlement. Cape Colony, Griqua-land West, 
 dist. Herbert, 65 m. W. Kimberley. 
 
 Campbell, co., U.S., S. Dakota, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 in the middle by 100° W. 
 
 Campbell, co., U.S., Georgia, between 33° and 34° N., and 
 E. of 85° W. 
 
 CampbeU, co., U.S., Kentucky, on the Ohio, W. of 84° W, 
 
 Campbell, co., U.S., Virginia, in the S., N. of 37° N., 
 crossed by 79° W. , bounded on the S. by the Staunton R. 
 
 Campbell, co., U.S., Tennessee, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 in the E. by 84° W. 
 
 Campbellfleld, vil. , Victoria, co. Bourke, on the Merrimerri 
 Creek, 10 m. N. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Campbellford, vil., Canada, Ontario, Northumberland co., 
 on the R. Trent, 64 m. W. by N. Kingston. P. < 3000. 
 
 Campbell Island, Canada, Brit. Columbia, crossed by 
 128° 15' W., just N. of 52° N. ; has a mission village con- 
 taining the remnants of the Bella Bellas, an Indian tribe once 
 notorious for its bloodthirstiness and treachery. 
 
 CampbeU Island, S. Pacific, a dependency of New Zealand, 
 180 m. SE. of the Auckland Is. , in 52° 33' S. , 169° 9' E. , is 36 
 m. in circumference, mountainous, and has several harbours. 
 It is volcanic, and its flora is very interesting. In 1874 a French 
 astronomical expedition observed the transit of Venus here. 
 Alt. 1500 ft. 
 
 Campbell's Creek, tn. , Victoria, 81 m. NW. Melbourne, on 
 creek (river) of the same name. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Campbell's Creek, seapt. , Victoria. See Port Campbell. 
 
 Campbell's Cross, vil., Canada, Ontario, Peel co., 26 m. 
 WNW. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 CampbeUpnr, small cantonment, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. 
 RAw^ Pindi, 47 m. ESE. Peshawar. 
 
 CampbellsTllle, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Taylor co., 66 m. 
 SSE. Louisville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Campbellsvllle, settlement, U.S., Mississippi, Yazoo co., 
 47 m, NW. Jackson. 
 
 Campbelltown, tn., Canada, New Brunswick, Restigouche 
 CO. , on Chaleur Bay, 15 m. from the W. end. 
 
 Campbellto-^n, tn. , New South Wales, Cimiberland co. , 20 
 m. WSW. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Campbelltown, bor. , New Zealand, South I., Southland co., 
 II m. S. Invercargill. P. < 1500. 
 
 C^ampbellto-wn, fishing vil. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, on Inner 
 Moray Firth, 6^ m. W. by S. Nairn, and i^ m. NW. by N, 
 Fort George stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Campbelltown, tn., S. Australia, on R. Torrens, co. and 5 
 m. E. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Campbelltown, tn. and rly stn., Tasmania, Somerset co., 
 41 m. SSE. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Campbelltown, post-vil. , Victoria. See Glengower. 
 
 CampbellTllle, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Halton co. , i6j m, 
 N. by W. Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Campbeltown, pari, and royal burgh, par. , and seapt. , Scot. , 
 Argyllshire, 11 m. NE. Mull of Kintyre. There is a coal-mine 
 in the vicinity, and numerous distilleries in the town, and the 
 fisheries are important. The harbour has a depth of 22 ft. at 
 high, and 13 ft. at low tide. Par. 44,220 ac, P. 10,300 ; parL 
 burgh P. 8200 ; royal burgh P. 5500. 
 
 Camp Crook, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Harding co., 26 m. S. 
 from the NW, corner of the state. P. <isoo. 
 
 Campden, stn. , Eng. , Gloucestershire. See Cblpplng C. 
 
 Campden Hill, eccles. dist., Eng., London, Kensington. 
 P. 8000. 
 
 Campeacby, in Spanish spelling Campeche, state, Mexico, 
 occupying the SW. of the penin. of Yucatan ; almost entirely 
 flat ; essentially agricultural, producing sugar-cane, rice, tobacco, 
 and maize, besides some sisal hemp, cotton, and indigo. Tim- 
 ber is felled, and salt extracted. 
 
CAMP 
 
 C AMU 
 
 Campeachy, seapt. , Mexico, cap. of C. state, on the Gulf of 
 Mexico, in 19° 50' N., at the western extremity of a fertile plain, 
 surrounded on three sides by hills. Its harbour is a poor one, 
 being so shallow that vessels of 500 tons must lie nearly 3 m. 
 from shore. The principal exports are dye-woods and cordage 
 of sisal hemp ; commerce has declined owing to the rising im- 
 portance of Carmen. C. was founded in 1540 on the site of an 
 immense series of catacombs constructed by the Mayas. P. 
 18,700. 
 
 Campeachy, Bay of, the SE. part of the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Campello, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., 32 m. 
 S. Boston by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Campenhout, vil., Belgium, prov. Brabant, 10 m. ENE. 
 Brussels. P. <400o. 
 
 Camperdown, western suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. 
 
 Camperdo-n'n, tn. , Victoria, Hampden co. , 62 m. SW. Bal- 
 larat. P. < 1500. 
 
 CamperdoTFii, viL, Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, 27 m. 
 NW. Amsterdam, celebrated for Admiral Duncan's victory over 
 the Dutch fleet, October 11, 1797. 
 
 Camperdown, stn. , Scot. , Forfarshire, on the C. R. , 2^ m. 
 WNW. Dundee. 
 
 Caniperdnln, Dutch name of Camperdown, Holland. 
 
 Campfleld, hamlet, Scot., S. Aberdeenshire, 6m. NW. Ban- 
 chory, P.O. 
 
 Camp Hill, stn. , Eng. See Balsall Heath. 
 
 Campl, coram. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 9 m. WNW. Lecce, 
 17 m. S. by E. Brindisi. P. 5000. 
 
 Campl, vil. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 7 m. N W. Florence. 
 It has a fine old castle. P. 12,000. 
 
 Camfichu (in Marco Polo). See Ran>clion. 
 
 Campldano, a plain, Sardinia, 50 m. long by 6-io m. broad, 
 stretching from the Gulf of Oristano, on the W. ct., to that of 
 Cagliari on the S. ct. 
 
 CamplgUa Marlttlma, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Pisa, 
 40 m. WSW. Siena, with warm springs. P. 5000. 
 
 Camplllo, comm., Spain, prov. and 17 m. SSE. Ja6n. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Camplllo de Altolmey, comm., Spain, New Castile, prov. 
 and 40 m. SSE. Cuenca. P. <4O0O. 
 
 Camplllos, tn. , Spain, prov. and 33 m. N W. Malaga. P. 6000. 
 
 Campliia, tn., Roumania, prov. Prahova, on R. Prahova, 
 19 ra. NW. PloescI (Ployeshti); salt-mines near. P. (comm.) 
 <3000. 
 
 Campliia, the dist. of plains and low hills in the S. of Cor- 
 doba, Spain, Andalusia, on the 1. bk. of the Guadalquivir, and 
 on both banks of the Guadajoz. 
 
 Camipluas, tn. and rly. stn. , Brazil, Sio Paulo, 87 m. N W. 
 by N. Santos. P. 18,000. 
 
 Camplne, or Kempenland, a vast sandy plain in the NE. 
 of Belgium, provs. Antwerp and Limburg, formerly heathy or 
 marshy, but now reclaimed by means of the C. (East to West) 
 Canal, and numerous branch canals ; produces excellent butter. 
 
 Campll, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 4^ m. N. 
 Teramo, 35 m. NW. Chieti. P. 7000. 
 
 Campo, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, Champ French, 
 'a field' or 'plain,' plural (Italian) Campi, (Spanish) Campos; 
 all from the Latin Campus. 
 
 Campo, comm., Spain, prov. Pontevedra, dist. Caldas. P. 
 <4ooo. 
 
 Campo, riv. , W, Africa, enters the Atlantic in about 2° 22' N. , 
 forms in its lower course the botmdary between the Kamerun 
 and French Congo Terr. 
 
 Campo, Maestro de, small isl., to the E. of Mindoro, 
 Phihppine Is., just S. of 13° N. 
 
 Campoalegre, tn. , Colombia, Tolima, 12 m. S. Neiva. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 Canipobasso, fortified tn., Italy, Abruzzi, cap. prov, C, 45 
 m. W. by N. Foggia ; manufactures of cutlery and arms. Alt. 
 2365-2605 ft. P. 14,000. See Abrnzzl e DIollse. 
 
 Campobello, isl., Canada, New Brunswick, in the Bay of 
 Fundy, close to the coast of Maine, U.S. P. (1881) 1160. 
 
 Campobello, tn., Sicily, prov. and 19 m. E. by S. Girgenti. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Campoliello dl Mazzaro, tn., Sicily, prov. Trapani, 21 m. 
 SE. by E. Marsala. P. 6000. 
 
 Campochlaro, tn. , S. Italy, prov. Campobasso, circle Isernia. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Caiupo de Crlptana, tn. , Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, 60 m, 
 SE. by E. Toledo. P. 7200. 
 
 Campd de Snso, comm., Spain, prov. Santander, dist. 
 Reinosa. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Campo Formlo, or Campo Formldo, vlL, N. Italy, prov. 
 and 5 m. SW. by W. Udine, famous for the treaty of peace 
 concluded here between the Austrians and French, Oct. 17, 
 1797. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Campofreddo, comm. , Italy, Liguria, prov. and 14 m. N W. 
 Genoa. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Campofrlo, comm. , Spain, prov. Huelva, 42 m. NW. Seville. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Canipogalllano, tn., Italy, prov. and circle Modena. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Campo Graude, suburb of Lisbon [q.v.). 
 
 Campo Largo, tn. , Brazil, prov. Bahia, on 1. bk. Rio Grande, 
 70 m. from its mouth in the San Francisco. P. 3000. 
 
 Campolato, Capo, cape, Sicily, in the E., at the S. of the 
 Gulf of Catania, in 37° 18' N. 
 
 Campolleto, tn., S. Italy, prov. and 8 m. NE. Campobasso. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Campoloro, or Campo dell Oro ('field of gold'), the name 
 of two fertile dists. in Corsica, one about the middle of the E. 
 ct., the other in the valley of the Gravone to the NE. of Ajaccio. 
 
 Camipomalor, tn. , Brazil, prov. Piauhy, 165 m. S. by W. 
 Parnahyba. P. 5000. See also Qalxeramoblm. 
 
 Campo Maior, fortress, Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, dist. Porta- 
 legre, 11 m. NE. by N. Elvas. Alt. 945 ft. Mean temp., yr. 
 61.2° F., Jan. 47.6°, July 77.4°. P. 5000. 
 
 Campo marlno, tn., Italy, MoUse, at the mouth of the 
 Biferno, amidst unhealthy marshes. P. <20oo. 
 
 Camponogara, vil. , Italy, prov. Venice, circle Dolo. P. < 3000. 
 
 Campo Reale, tn., I. Sicily, prov. Trapani, circle Alcamo. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Camporglano, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Massa, circle 
 Castelnuovo. P. <3000. 
 
 Camport, bay, Ire., co. Mayo, S. Achill I. 
 
 Campos, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, on the r. bk. of the Rio 
 Parahyba, prov. and 137 m. ENE. Rio de Janeiro. The 
 neighbouring plains are of great fertility. P. 27,000. 
 
 Campos, tn., Spain, I. Majorca, 21 m. SE. Palma, on the 
 ct. , a few miles to the S. is the small inlet of Puerto de C. , 
 shallow, uncertain, and difficult of access. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Campos, Canal de, Spain, Le6n, a branch of the Canal de 
 Castille, from which it separates at Calahora, 5 m. NW. Palencia, 
 terminating at Medina de Rioseco. Length, 47 m. 
 
 Campo San Martino, comm., Italy, prov. Padua, circle 
 Camposanpiero. P. 35,000. 
 
 Camposano, vil., S. Italy, prov. Caserta, dist. and 2 m. N, 
 Nola. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Camposanpiero, or Campo San Pletro, comm., Italy, 
 Venetia, prov. Padua, 19 m. E. Vicenza. P. <30oo. 
 
 Camposanto, tn., N. Italy, prov. Modena, circle Mirandola. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Campotosto, vil., Italy, prov. and circle Aquila. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Camp Point, vil., U.S., Illinois, Adams co., ^^ m. W. by N. 
 Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Camprodon, formerly fortified tn., Spain, prov. and 32 m. 
 NW. Gerona, on 1. bk. of the Ter, twice taken by the French 
 in 1794. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Camp Rncker, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Cochise co., 30 m. 
 NNW. from the SE. corner of the state. 
 
 Campsall, par. Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., 7 m. N. by W. Doncaster, \\ m. W. Askem stn., P.O. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Campsea Asta, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 13 m. 
 NE. by E. Ipswich, P.O. P. <sooc 
 
 Campsey, Lower and Tpper, two tnlds.. Ire., NW. bar. 
 Tirkeeran, co. and 5 m. ENE. Londonderry, P.O. P. (of each) 
 
 <250. 
 
 Campsle, par. , Scot. , Stirlingshire, 8| m. N. by E. Glasgow, 
 \ m. N. Campsle Glen stn. on the N. B. R. The hills to the 
 N., extending to the valley of the Endrick, are called the C. 
 FeUs. P.O. (C. Glen). 17,871 ac. P. 5300. 
 
 Camp Tbomas, vil., U.S., Arizona, Graham co., 130 m. 
 NNW. from the SE. comer of the state. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Campton, par. and vil., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade 
 div., 9 m. SE. by S. Bedford, i| m. SW. Shefford stn., P.O. 
 Par. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Campton, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co., about 8 
 m. N. Plymouth ; much resorted to during summer months by 
 artists and tourists. P. < 1500. 
 
 Campton wltb Sbefford, eccles. dist., Eng., Bedfordshire, 
 including C. vil. P. < 1500. 
 
 Camptown, hamlet, Scot., Roxburghshire, 6 m. SE. Jed- 
 burgh, P.O. 
 
 C&mpnlnng, tn., Roumania, cap. prov. Mujcel, 37 m. SW. 
 Kronstadt (Transylvania) ; a rly. terminus. P. (comm.) 10,200. 
 
 Camrose, or Camrbos, par. and vil. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 
 3 m. NW. by N. Haverfordwest, P.O. ; 8367 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Camross, tnld.. Ire., W. Queen's co., bar. Upper Woods, 
 12J m. W. by S. Maryborough, P.O. 
 
 Cams, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Roscommon, dist. Ballyleague. 
 
 Camsall, bay, Scot., Dtunbartonshire, z\ m. W. by S. 
 Helensburgh. 
 
 Camtoos, riv. , S. Africa. See Gamtoos. 
 
 Camus, par.. Ire., NW. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower Strabane, 
 3J m. S. Strabane, on r. bk. Mourne ; 7505 ac. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Camns Bay, Ire. , co. Galway, opening into Kilkieran Bay. 
 
 Camnsmore Bay, Ire. , co. Donegal, in the S. of Tory I. 
 
 Camnsnaganl, bay, Scot., SW. Inverness-shire, 2 m. from 
 Fort William, P.O. 
 
CAMU — CANA 
 
 Camny, tn., Porto Rico, N. ct., 49 m. W. San Juan, in 
 66° 48' W. P. 9100. 
 
 Cana, Dahome. See Kanna. 
 
 Canaan, a name applied in Scripture to the ' Promised Land ' 
 of the Israelites [Palestine]. 
 
 Canaan, viL, Canada, New Brunswick, co. Carleton, on R. 
 Munquart, 33 m. from Woodstock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Canaan, vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Russell, 10 m. from 
 Buckingham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Canaan, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co. , 39 m. NE. by 
 E. Poughkeepsie (N.Y.). Alt. 627 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Canaan, tn., U.S., Maine, Somerset co., 38 m. W. Bangor. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Canaan, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co. , 53 m. 
 NW. Concord by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Canacona, tn. , Portuguese India, on W. ct. , 36 m. S. by E. Goa. 
 
 Canada, tn., Venezuela, Falcon, N. ct., in 71° 40' W. 
 
 Canada, lake, U.S., New York, Fulton co., 32 m. W. Sara- 
 toga Springs ; its charming scenery attracts many visitors. 
 
 Canada, Dominion of. The terr. belonging to this dominion 
 is situated to the N. of the United States, from which it is 
 separated partly by the middle line of Lakes Superior, Uiuron, 
 Erie, and Ontario, partly (W. of the Lake of the Woods) by the 
 parallel of 49° N. E. of the great lakes the boimdary is formed 
 by the middle line of the St. Ll.wrence down to parallel of 45° N. , 
 then by that parallel to Hall's Stream, the most westerly of the 
 headwaters of the Connecticut R., then by that stream to its 
 head, afterwards by the water-parting of the St. Lawrence basin 
 to about 46° N., and after that by arbitrary straight lines or 
 rivers and lakes (St. John R. , Grand Lake, St. Croix R. ) as far 
 as Passamaquoddy Bay on the Atlantic. The whole of the N. 
 part of the continent except Alaska (g.v.), including the Arctic 
 Is. W. of Greenland, is Canadian terr. The Dominion, formed 
 in 1867 by the imion of separate colonies, has a general govern- 
 ment and parliament for the common affairs, but it has seven 
 provs. with separate legislatures, empowered to deal with 
 matters of local concern. These provs. are, in the order from 
 E. to W., Nova Scotia, Prince Edward I., New Brunswick, 
 Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia. There is also 
 a separate legislature for the provisional dists. of Saskatchewan, 
 Assiniboia, Alberta, and Athabasca collectively. In addition to 
 these there is a vast terr. on both sides of Hudson's Bay, not 
 yet organised. The seat of the general government is Ottawa, 
 in the prov. of Ontario. 
 
 Area in square miles and population in thousands and decimals 
 of a thousand of the Provinces now forming the Dominion of 
 Canada, with the rate of increase per cent, per annum be- 
 tween the successive censuses. 
 
 
 Area 
 
 
 Tnr 
 
 
 Inc. 
 
 
 Inc. 
 
 P. per 
 
 PrOTinces. 
 
 in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. 
 1861. 
 
 rop. 
 i87r. 
 
 1861- 
 1871. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1871- 
 1881. 
 
 1891. 
 
 i88i- 
 1891. 
 
 sq.m. 
 i%i. 
 
 Quebec 
 Ontario 
 
 188,688 
 
 } 8.507-7 
 
 I J9I.5 
 
 
 I.3S9-0 
 
 I-S2 
 
 148S.6 
 
 -92 
 
 7.89 
 
 181,800 
 
 1,620.9 
 
 
 1.926-9 
 
 
 2,113.0 
 
 •93 
 
 11.62 
 
 New Bninswick . 
 
 «7.J74 
 
 252.0 
 
 285.6 
 
 1.26 
 
 321-2 
 
 1.18 
 
 321-3 
 
 .01 
 
 11.82 
 
 Nora Scotia 
 
 20,907 
 
 330.9 
 
 387-« 
 
 1.60 
 
 440-6 
 
 1.28 
 
 450-S 
 
 .22 
 
 21-55 
 
 Manitoba . 
 
 6o,sao* 
 
 
 12.2 
 
 
 62- •« 
 
 17.71 
 
 154.4 
 
 9. SO 
 
 2-55 
 
 Prince Edward L 
 
 2,133 
 
 80.9 
 
 94.0 
 
 LSI 
 
 ioa9 
 
 1.72 
 
 109.1 
 
 .02 
 
 51-14 
 
 Brit Columbia . 
 
 34I-30S 
 
 34.8 
 
 33-6 
 
 -t 
 
 49-5 
 
 3.9S 
 
 92.8 
 
 6.49 
 
 .27 
 
 N.W. Terrs., &C. 
 Total . . 
 
 2,a47.730 
 
 
 60.5 
 
 
 56-4 
 
 -t 
 
 99-7 
 
 5-86 
 i.ii 
 
 .04 
 
 3,070,257: 
 
 
 3.686.1 
 
 
 4.324.8 
 
 1.61 
 
 4.829-4 
 
 1-57 
 
 • Between International Boundary and 12th Base, as far E. as meridian of NW. 
 angle of the Lalce of the Woods, 
 t Decrease. J Exclusive of the Canadian portion of the Great La W es. 
 
 It is important to point out that the population of the 
 Dominion is so far mainly collected in one comparatively small 
 portion of the vast area above indicated. The region com- 
 prising the city and island of Montreal, the city of Quebec, the 
 counties in the prov. of Quebec S. of the St. LaAvrence and W. 
 of the meridian of Quebec city, the area in the angle between 
 the Madawaska, Ottawa, and St. Lawrence rivers, and in the 
 penin. between Lake Huron, with Georgian Bay, and Lakes 
 Erie and Ontario S. of the rivers Severn and Madawaska, has 
 an area (about 47,000 sq. m.) a good deal less than that of 
 England, but contained in 1891 a pop. of 2,795,000, or more 
 than four-sevenths of the entire pop. of the dominion, equal to 
 an average of rather less than 60 to the sq. m. Of this total 
 1,986,000 belonged to Ontario, or more thsin fifteen-sixteenths 
 of the pop. of that prov. , whose area is more than twice that of 
 Great Britain. The surface W. of the Rocky Mts. is made up 
 of mountains, valleys, and tablelands [British ColnmblaJ. 
 E. of those mountains the Canadian terr. is principally com- 
 posed of plains and undulating lowlands. Tundras, similar to 
 those of N. Russia and Siberia, cover large tracts in the N. , 
 descending in the E. to about 58° N. on the W. shore of 
 Hudsons Bay. There next follows a region of vast forests, 
 chiefly of pines and firs, a region that embraces the whole of 
 the Dominion E. of Lake Winnipeg, except the tundra area 
 and the limited portions cleared for agriculture. In the W. of 
 the Dominion this region is succeeded to the S. by the prairies, 
 which extend furthest N. on the gently sloping tablelands 
 264 
 
 immediately to the E. of the Rocky Mts. The nearly tree- 
 less prairies here extend about 3^^ N. of the United States 
 frontier, and the area with less than 20 per cent, of forest land 
 reaches about lo'' N. of that frontier, between the Rocky Mts. 
 and Lake Athabasca. For the future development of the 
 Canadian Dominion this prairie region is of the highest impor- 
 tance, for it contains vast areas ready for the plough, with soil 
 of the richest description, and a climate admirably adapted 
 for agriculture, though very different from that of England. 
 The geological stmctnre of the Dominion terr. is of peculiar 
 importance with reference to the physical features. What is 
 most striking under this head is the prevalence over enormous 
 continuous areas of Archaean and other crystalline rocks, and 
 wherever such rocks prevail, the earthy covering forms gene- 
 rally only a thin layer spread over a hard foundation over which 
 multitudes of rivers flow with innumerable sharp twists, mostly 
 forming frequent rapids and falls, and on which there lie crowds 
 of lakes of all sizes and shapes, some connected in strings, some 
 more or less isolated. Archaean rocks extend almost without 
 interruption over the whole area from the lower St. Lawrence 
 westwards to the shores of Lake Winnipeg. In the unorganised 
 terr. of the NW. , granite is known to prevail over large areas 
 of the regions hitherto explored, and the surface features and 
 hydrography in these two regions are similar. In the E. of the 
 Dominion the Archaean are succeeded by Silurian rocks, with 
 one or two patches of Cambrian, along a strip bordering the 
 St. Lawrence from a little below Quebec, and occupying the 
 whole area between the St. Lawrence and lower Ottawa. 
 The same rocks are foimd over the area between Lake Ontario 
 and Georgian Bay, with the northern part of Lake Huron, 
 reaching nearly as far N. as the Madawaska R., and the SW. 
 part of the lake penin. (between Lake Erie and Lake Huron) 
 is occupied by rocks of Devonian age. W. of Lake Winnipeg, 
 Silurian and Devonian strata succeed the Archaean roclM in 
 strips parallel to that lake and Lakes Manitoba and Winni- 
 pegosis, both of which are almost wholly surrounded by the 
 Devonian. Further W. there follows a vast area of Cretaceous 
 deposits, the western limit of which is not as yet known. 
 Beyond that Tertiary rocks are known here and there, and 
 with regard to the mountainous area in the W., all that can be 
 said is that the geology is as compUcated as the physical 
 features. Glacial deposits are spread over almost the entire 
 surface of the Dominion, and here and there are also recent 
 aqueous (lacustrine and other) deposits, such as those which 
 form the fine, rich, and deep soil in the Red R. valley in 
 Manitoba. The particulars in the table below will serve to 
 illustrate the climate of the Dominion. The places are 
 arranged roughly in the order from W. (left) to E. (right), but 
 all the stations included in the table to the S. of 47° N. lie to 
 the E. of Lake Huron, and accordingly of the meridians of 
 York Factory and Nepigon. For the sake of comparison, two 
 stations, Sitka (Alaska) and Nain (Labrador), outside of the 
 Dominion, are introduced. The mean temperatures given are 
 those of the hottest and coldest months, besides the mean of 
 the year. The table may be advantageously compared with 
 that in the article on Asia. Sitka and New Westminster, it 
 may be mentioned, are the only stations W. of the Rocky Mts. , 
 and it will be noticed that at all the stations to the E. there is 
 a wide range of temperature, with a slight reduction in that 
 range at the E. ct. stns. and at York Factory, on Hudson's Bay. 
 
 Places in about 56°- 57° N. : — 
 
 
 Sitka. 
 
 York Factorj 
 
 
 Nain. 
 
 c 0. C Jan. or Feb. 
 u E ■( July or Aug. 
 
 31.4° F. 
 
 
 16.5° F. 
 
 
 7.8" F 
 
 • 55-9 
 
 
 61.3° 
 
 
 47.8 
 
 S «J ( Year . 
 
 43-3 
 
 
 19. 7° _ 
 
 
 21.7 
 
 Rainfall . 
 
 84 in. 
 
 
 21. I in. 
 
 
 ? 
 
 Snowfall . 
 
 ? 
 
 
 77.1 in. 
 
 
 ? 
 
 Places between 
 
 49° and 
 
 Si° N. :- 
 
 
 
 
 
 New West 
 
 Medicine 
 
 Hat. 
 (2136 ft.) 
 
 Winnipeg. 
 
 Nepigon. 
 
 AnticostL 
 
 
 minster. 
 
 (764 ft.) 
 
 (7Soft.) 
 
 (SW. Point.) 
 
 c j^ ( Jan. or Feb. 
 
 36.4° F. 
 
 1.4' F 
 
 0.7° F. 
 
 0.8° F. 
 
 ii.7*F. 
 
 u E i July or Aug. 
 
 58.5° 
 
 68.3° 
 
 66.1° 
 
 61.8° 
 
 58.0° 
 
 S ii ( Year . 
 
 48.1°. 
 
 40.0 
 
 32-7°. 
 
 29.8° 
 
 35.4'. 
 
 Rainfall . 
 
 59-2 jn- 
 
 9.3 in. 
 
 15.2 in. 
 
 ? 
 
 18.3 in. 
 
 Snowfall . 
 
 52.2 in. 
 
 18.9 in. 
 
 49.2 in. 
 
 ? 
 
 67.2 in. 
 
 Places between 45° and 
 
 47° N. :- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Parry 
 
 Sound. 
 (641 ft.) 
 
 Pembroke. 
 
 Quebec. 
 
 St John. 
 
 
 
 (389ft-) 
 
 (312 ft.) 
 
 N. Br. 
 
 = ji C Jan. or Feb. 
 
 
 14.2° F. 
 
 10.4° F. 
 
 9.1° F. 
 
 18.5' F. 
 
 " E ■{ July or Aug. 
 
 
 65.8- 
 
 68.3° 
 
 ^^\ 
 
 60.3° 
 
 S £ ( Year . 
 
 
 40.3°. 
 
 40.6 
 
 38.7°. 
 
 40.4 
 
 Rainfall . 
 
 
 26.4 in. 
 
 28 in. 
 
 25.1 m. 
 
 40.7 in. 
 
 Snowfall . 
 
 
 105.2 in. 
 
 78.6 in. 
 
 159.7 in- 
 
 96.5 m. 
 
 Places between 
 
 42° and 
 
 44° N. :- 
 
 
 
 
 
 Windsor. 
 
 Wood- 
 stoclc. 
 
 (980ft.) 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 Toronto. 
 
 Yarmoatli, 
 
 
 (604 ft.) 
 
 (332 ft-) 
 
 (350 ft.) 
 
 N. S. 
 
 = (i ( Jan. or Feb. 
 
 . 23-4'' F. 
 
 19.0° F. 
 
 23-3'" F. 
 
 2i.6° F. 
 
 26.0" F. 
 
 S E-^ July or Aug. 
 
 . 72.6* 
 
 67.2* 
 
 71.9° 
 
 68.2' 
 
 60.5* 
 
 SiJi'tear . 
 
 48.1; 
 
 43-2". 
 
 46.8* 
 
 43-8*. 
 
 43 3* 
 
 Rainfall . 
 
 23 in. 
 
 26.3 m. 
 
 25.1 in. 
 
 23.2 m. 
 
 39.710. 
 
 Snowfall - 
 
 57 in- 
 
 71.8 in. 
 
 54.6 in. 
 
 69.0 in. 
 
 94-4 »"• 
 
» 
 
 CAN A 
 
 As regards the distribution of population, the general result 
 of climatic, physical, and geological conditions is summed up 
 in the following words of Mr. Goldwin Smith, which may be 
 accepted as true, with one qualification : — ' The physical 
 map [of Canada] displays four separate projections of the 
 cultivable and habitable part of the continent into arctic 
 waste. The four vary greatly in size, and one of them is 
 very large. They are, beginning from the E., the maritime 
 provs. — Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward I. ; 
 Old C. , comprising the present provs. of Quebec and Ontario ; 
 the newly-opened region of the NW. , comprising the prov. of 
 Manitoba and the dists. of Alberta, Athabasca, Assiniboia, and 
 Saskatchewan, and Brit. Columbia. The habitable and cultiv- 
 able parts of these blocks of terr. are not contiguous, but are 
 divided from each other by great barriers of nature, wide and 
 irreclaimable wildernesses or manifold chains of mountains. 
 The maritime provs. are divided from Old C. by the wilderness 
 of many hundred miles, through which the Inter-Colonial Rly. 
 runs, hardly taking up a passenger or a bale of freight by the 
 way. Old C. is <5vided from Manitoba and the NW. by the 
 great fresh-water sea of Lake Superior, and a wide wilderness 
 on either side of it. Manitoba and the NW. again are divided 
 from Brit. Columbia by a triple range of mountains, the Rockies, 
 the Selkirks, and the Golden or Coast Range ' (Canada and the 
 Canadian Question, London, 1891, pp. 1-2). The qualification 
 that has to be made in this passage refers to the expression 
 ' irreclaimable wildernesses,' which is somewhat too absolute. 
 The term is in truth justified by facts with respect to a large 
 part of each of the areas to which it is applied, but each of 
 them nevertheless contains larger or smaller areas in which 
 both soil and climate are favourable to settlement, though they 
 do not present the advantages which in the meantime attract 
 settlers to more favourably situated spots. In E. Quebec, in 
 situations remote from the fogs of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 there are many such tracts bordering the lakes and rivers. In 
 Ontario the inhabited area is now almost confined, as we have 
 seen, to the Silurian and Devonian area in the S. , but even in 
 the Archaean area to the N. of Lake Huron and Lake Superior, 
 there are sheltered valleys bordering rivers and lakes in the 
 basin of the great lakes, and still more extensive cultivable 
 tracts in the Hudson Bay basin. Finally in the valleys of Brit. 
 Columbia irrigation may yet develop a population where none 
 exists at present. But as things are now, settlements are prin- 
 cipally made where there are the greatest facilities for trans- 
 porting surplus agricultural produce to distant markets, or 
 where such facilities can be most advantageously provided. 
 Hence regions like Manitoba, where there are vast continuous 
 areas of the richest soil ready for crops, where in the course of 
 ten years the area under wheat increased from next to nothing 
 to about two-fifths of that under the same crop in the British Is., 
 are favoured by settlers to the neglect of those in which the 
 cultivable tracts are more scattered, and the climate somewhat 
 more severe. It may be expected that the settlement of these 
 latter tracts will be long postponed, unless perchance the dis- 
 covery of important economic minerals in their vicinity attracts 
 agricultural settlers in the train of the miners. (See the articles on 
 the separate provs. ) In the eastern provs. and dists. the principal 
 products are those of the forest and the sea, together with 
 minerals in Nova Scotia, in the middle regions chiefly agri- 
 cultural, in the W. (Brit. Columbia) there is considerable 
 production under all these heads. Details will be found in 
 the articles on the separate provs. , and in the paragraphs below 
 on mineral resources and external commerce, and here it will 
 be enough to draw attention to two facts, that grapes, which 
 ripen in the open air even in the southern parts of Quebec, are 
 grown to a considerable extent in Ontario (principally in the 
 dists. in the extreme SW., and those adjoining the Niagara R.), 
 in vineyards which in winter are buried deep under snow, and 
 that in Manitoba there was a steady and rapid increase in the 
 wheat area in the ten years 1881-91, when in most parts of 
 the world the area under wheat was fluctuating or declining. 
 The mineral resonrces of the Dominion are very great. In 
 the meantime, however, the mines and quarries in operation 
 furnish products chiefly for home consumption. The minerals 
 of most importance commercially at present, or likely to be so 
 in the immediate future, are coal (in the three forms of lignite, 
 bituminous coal, and anthracite), gold, silver, copper, iron, and 
 apatite. The coalfields are enormous in extent, though as yet 
 worked only where there are special facilities for commerce, as 
 in the neighbotirhood of seaports (in the N. of Nova Scotia, 
 and in Vancouver I., Brit. Columbia), and at various points on 
 or near the route of the Pacific Rly. , a region in which it is very 
 abundant. The British Columbia coal is important as the only 
 good coal as yet worked on the Pacific coast. Gold is chiefly 
 produced, like coal, in Nova Scotia and British Columbia, and 
 both of these provs. likewise have the advantage of possessing 
 iron ores in close proximity to coal. The silver deposits, 
 sitimted about the W. end of the Canadian shores of Lake 
 Superior, are likely to prove of great commercial value now 
 that the Pacific Rlv. has been laid through the dist. Apatite 
 
 is found in great quantity in the W. of the prov. of Quebec 
 and N. of Kingston, Ontario, and is a rapidly growing export. 
 Important deposits of nickel and other ores have been found 
 near Sudbury, the junction of the ' Soo line ' with the main line 
 of the C. P. R. The mannfactarlng Industries were greatly 
 stimulated by the adoption in 1879 of what is known as the 
 national policy, under which a tariff was fixed giving protection 
 to various industries under this head. To this cause may be 
 largely ascribed the increase in the capital invested in these 
 industries from about 33 to 71 millions sterling between 1881 
 and 1891. Of the total output of manufs. in 1891, 50.5 per cent, 
 belonged to Ontario, 32.2 to Quebec, 6.4 to Nova Scotia, 5 to 
 New Brunswick, and 5.9 to the others. The industries in 
 which most capital is invested in C. are, naturally, those which 
 consist in subjecting the raw material of the country to the 
 simplest processes, preparatory to sending the products to a 
 home or foreign market. Saw-milling stands first in the list, 
 flour-milling second. In recent years, however, other industries 
 have risen rapidly. The textile industries in the aggregate 
 are now more important than flour-milling. Among these 
 cotton ranks first (especially in Quebec, New Brunswick, and 
 Ontario), woollens second (most largely carried on in Ontario). 
 Foundries and machine shops and agricultural implement fac- 
 tories also rank very high, and among others of importance 
 are those connected with leather, sugar-refining in Quebec and 
 Nova Scotia, and in Brit. Columbia fish-canning. With regard 
 to the Internal communications of the Dominion it is note- 
 worthy, in the first place, that the St. Lawrence R., and the 
 great lakes, supplemented by a number of short canals (the 
 longest is about 27 m. ), form a system of internal navigation 
 for sea-going vessels unparalleled in any other continent. All 
 these canals except one belong to the Canadian Dominion. 
 The one exception is the Sault St. Mary Canal, less than a 
 mile in length, avoiding the rapids of the Sault St. Mary R. 
 between Lakes Superior and Huron. The Canadian canals 
 vary in minimum depth at present from 6J to 11 ft., but they 
 are now being enlarged so as to afford a minimum depth of 
 12 ft., provision being made at the same time for an addition 
 of other 2 feet of depth at some futtire date. The Lachine 
 Canal, which avoids the rapids of the St. Lawrence, imme- 
 diately above Montreal, has already been deepened to 12 ft., 
 but this is now being increased to 21 ft. When this increase 
 in depth has been effected, vessels drawing nearly that amount 
 of water will be able to visit all the ports of the gjeat lakes, 
 except those of Lake Ontario, and vessels drawing 14 ft. all the 
 lake-ports without exception. By this series of waterways sea- 
 going ships are carried up a distance of 2260 m. from the Straits 
 of Belle Isle, in the N. of Newfoundland, to Port Arthur, the 
 Lake Superior terminus of the Canadian Pacific Rly. , and thus 
 within about 1915 m. by rail of Vancouver, the seaport at the 
 Pacific terminus of that railway. On the United States side they 
 are carried up a distance of 2400 ra. to Duluth, at the very head 
 of Lake Superior, which is now within 1890 m. by rail of the 
 nearest Pacific port. The importance of these details will be 
 seen from the rapid development of the lake navigation, which 
 is well illustrated by the increase in the traffic through the Sault 
 St. Mary Canal. In 1855, the year of its opening, the total 
 amount of registered tonnage that passed through it was little 
 over 100,000 tons. In twenty years this amoimt had grown to 
 upwards of 1,000,000 tons, and in 1890 to 9,000,000 tons. To 
 this great navigation route there is only one drawback. It is 
 closed by ice for a shorter or longer period every year. It is 
 usually open from about the end of April or the beginning of 
 May to near the end of November or even the first week of 
 December. The route from the mouth of the St. Lawrence, 
 round the N. of Newfoundland (by the straits of Belle Isle), is 
 closed for a longer period than that by Cabot Strait, roimd the 
 S. of Newfoundland, which adds about 160 m. to the distance 
 to Liverpool. Besides this leading highway for ships the 
 Canadian Dominion possesses other less important inland 
 waterways. The R. Ottawa, a trib. on the 1. bk. of the St. 
 Lawrence, is continuously navigable, with the aid of a few 
 canals, as far as the city of Ottawa ; and from thence there 
 is a navigable connection by the Rideau R. and Canal with 
 Kingston on Lake Ontario. Above Lake Superior navigation 
 can be continued with little interruption by Rainy Lake and 
 R., Winnipeg Lake and R., and the N. Saskatchewan R. to 
 near the base of the Rocky Mts. ; steamers can ascend the 
 last-mentioned river as high as Edmonton. The Assiniboine 
 and Red Rivs., which both belong, like the Saskatchewan, to 
 the basin of Lake Winnipeg, are likewise important navigable 
 streams, but the Nelson, the outlet of Lake Winnipeg to 
 Hudson's Bay, is too much obstructed by rapids to be of great 
 service as a waterway. In the populous parts of the Dominion 
 there is a tolerably complete network of railways, and since 
 November 1885, when the Canadian Pacific Rly. was com- 
 pleted, there has been uninterrupted railway communication 
 from ocean to ocean within Dominion terr. Of the other 
 Canadian railways already completed two are of special im- 
 portance. One is the Grand Trunk Rly., which connects 
 
 265 
 
CANA — CANA 
 
 Montreal on the one side with the SW. of the peninsula, 
 between Lakes Huron and Erie, there communicating with the 
 shortest line in the United States to Chicago, the great lake- 
 port at the head of Lake Michigan, and on the other side, after 
 crossing the St. Lawrence by a bridge nearly 2 m. in length 
 (including approaches), proceeds to the United States seaport 
 of Portland (Maine). The other is the line which connects the 
 Canadian Pacific Rly. with Minneapolis in the United States 
 by way of Sault St. Mary, ' the Soo line ; ' and thus affords the 
 shortest route from one of the most important wheat and timber 
 regions of the United States, not only to the eastern seaports of 
 Montreal and Quebec, but also to the NE. of the United States, 
 including the port of New York. A railway from Sault St. 
 Mary to Duluth, at the W. end of Lake Superior in Minnesota, 
 was completed in 1888. A railway from the rapidly developing 
 grain-growing province of Manitoba to a port in Hudson's Bay 
 is now contemplated. The importance of this railway arises 
 from the fact that it would form the shortest route for the pro- 
 ducts of the NW. to England, but its value dejjends in a gjreat 
 measure on the navigability of Hudson's Bay and Hudson's 
 Strait. Timber makes up more than a fifth of the value of 
 Canadian exports, and among others of importance are living 
 animals, cheese, grain (barley and wheat), and dried fish. The 
 timber, wheat, and cheese are mainly despatched to the United 
 Kingdom, but most of the barley (principally from Ontario) to 
 the United States, which also derive from C. enormous quantities 
 of eggs, and larger quantities of peas, apples, and potatoes, 
 greater numbers of sheep, cattle, and horses (principally from 
 Ontario), than are imported into C. from the United States. In 
 return, the United States supply C. for home consumption with 
 large quantities of maize and maize (corn) meal, wheat, flour, 
 pork, bacon and hams, beef, lard, tallow, and other agricultural 
 produce. Iron manufactvires of all kinds and woollen goods 
 make up one-fifth of the value of the imports, and the other 
 imports of considerable value include coal and coke, cottons 
 and other manufactures, sugar, tea, and other colonial wares. 
 Coal is mutually supplied, Ontario and Quebec receiving that 
 commodity from the United States, and Nova Scotia and Brit. 
 Columbia supplying to some extent the eastern and western coasts 
 of the Union respectively. The great bulk of the foreign trade 
 of C, both import and export, is carried on with the United 
 Kingdom and the United States. The denominations of money 
 in the currency of C. were declared by the Act 34 Vict. cap. 4, 
 to be dollars, cents, and mills, there being 100 cents in a dollar, 
 and 10 mills in a cent. By the same Act the British sovereign, 
 as then coined, was declared to be legal tender for 4. 86 dollars. 
 Silver coins struck by order of Her Majesty for circulation in C. 
 were declared to be legal tender to the amovmt of ten dollars, and 
 copper coins, similarly struck, to the amount of twenty-five cents. 
 The gold eagle of the United States was also declared to be 
 legal tender for ten dollars, and multiples and halves of the same 
 for proportionate sums. The coins in circulation in C. are silver 
 fifty, twenty-five, twenty, ten, and five cent pieces, and bronze 
 one cent pieces, all of which are struck in England. No twenty 
 cent pieces have been coined for a considerable time, and they 
 are gradually disappearing from circulation. C. has no gold 
 coinage of its own ; but British and American gold pieces pass 
 current. The issue of specie is controlled by the Dominion 
 Government. The Inhabitants are mainly of British origin, 
 and Protestant in religion ; but French Roman Catholics make 
 up about three-tenths of the population, chiefly in Quebec, where 
 the first colonists were French. There are also large numbers 
 of Irish Roman Catholics, so that the adherents of this section 
 of the Christian Chiirch amounted in 1891 to 43.17 per cent, of 
 the entire population (as against 40.22 per cent, in 1871). The 
 following table shows the proportion per cent, of the French- 
 speaking inhabitants by provs. in 1871, i88i, and 1891 : — 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 1871. 
 
 i88i. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Quebec .... 
 
 78. s 
 
 78.9 
 
 80.4 
 
 Ontario .... 
 
 ? 
 
 5-2 
 
 4.8 
 
 New Brunsvdck . 
 
 iS-9 
 
 17.7 
 
 19.2 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 
 8.6 
 
 9-3 
 
 6.7 
 
 Manitoba .... 
 
 ? 
 
 15.0 
 
 7-3 
 
 Prince Edward I. 
 
 ? 
 
 9.8 
 
 10.8 
 
 British Columbia 
 
 ? 
 
 i-S 
 
 1-3 
 
 NW. Territories 
 
 ? 
 
 10. 1 
 
 2-3 
 
 Dominion .... 
 
 ? 
 
 30.1 
 
 29.4 
 
 How far the population is still recruited by immigration is 
 shown by the fact that the proportion of native-born increased 
 from 85.8 per cent, in 1881 only to 86.5 per cent, in 1891. The 
 proportion born in Scotland is comparatively very large. In 
 1 89 1 it amounted to 2.3 per cent, as against 4.6 per cent, bom 
 in England and Wales, and 3.1 per cent, born in Ireland. 
 There are about 120,000 Indians, most of whom are hunters, 
 roaming over the forest regions of the North- West, and living by 
 the sale of fur to the fur-trading companies. By the Imperial 
 Act, 30 Vict. cap. 3, known as the British North America Act, 
 266 
 
 1867, the ExecntiTe Goyemment is vested in the Queen, who 
 governs through the person of a Governor-General, appointed 
 by her for a term of five years. There is one Parliament for C, 
 consisting of the Queen, represented by the Governor-General ; 
 an Upper House, styled the Senate, the members of which are 
 appointed; and a Lower House, or House of Commons, the 
 members of which are elected. Each senator is appointed for life 
 by the Governor-General under the Great Seal of C. , and must be a 
 British subject, bom or naturalised, over 30 years of age, and resid- 
 ent in the prov. for which he is appointed. The present number 
 of senators is 80. In the House of Commons the prov. of Quebec 
 has the fixed number of 65 members, and the other provs. are 
 represented in such proportion, as ascertained at each decennial 
 census, as the number 65 bears to the population of Quebec so 
 ascertained. The members of the House of Commons are 
 elected by the people for a term of five years, unless the House 
 be sooner dissolved, and must be British subjects, but require 
 no other qualification. They are paid an indemnity at the rate 
 of 10 dollars per diem if the session is less than thirty days, and 
 a maximum amount of 1000 dollars for any period over that 
 time. The following are the main events in the history of the 
 Dominion. In 1497 Sebastian Cabot, who sailed from Bristol, 
 touched at some part of the coast of Labrador, but it is not 
 known that he then visited any portion of what is now Dominion 
 terr., but in 1517 he made his way into what was afterwards 
 called Hudson's Bay, and accordingly may be regarded as the 
 first European visitor. The first important explorations, as 
 well as the first settlements, are, however, due to the French. 
 Jacques Cartier made three visits to what are now the eastern 
 provs. in 1534, 1535. and 1540. Samuel de Champlain made 
 several visits and carried on a considerable amount of explora- 
 tion in 1603 and subsequent years, and in 1608 founded the city 
 of Quebec. During the next century and a half the St. Law- 
 rence region formed a French colony under the name of Canada, 
 but in 1670 the English Hudson's Bay Company was founded 
 and began to trade vrith the Indians in the NW., and in 1749 
 Halifax, Nova Scotia, was founded, and a number of British 
 emigrants brought out and settled in that prov. under a British 
 governor. In 1759 Quebec was taken by Greneral Wolfe, who 
 thereby secured the possession of Canada for the British, though 
 the formal cession was not made by the French till the close of 
 the Seven Years' War in 1763 (by the treaty of Paris). The 
 boundary between Canada and the United States (afterwards 
 settled by the Ashburton treaty in 1842), was first defined by 
 another treaty of Paris (Sept. 3, 1783), on the conclusion of the 
 American war of independence. In 179 1 the two provs. of 
 Upper Canada (now Ontario), and Lower Canada (now Quebec), 
 were formed. At its formation in 1867 the Dominion included 
 only these two provs., Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. 
 Manitoba was admitted in 1870, and in the same year the 
 North- West Terrs, were added to the Dominion. Brit. Columbia 
 was admitted in 1871, Prince Edward I. in 1873. 
 
 Canada, Lower and Upper. See Canada, Dominion of 
 (History). 
 
 Canada Bay, Newfoundland, E. ct., mouth in 50° 42' N. 
 
 Canada de Gomez, tn., Argentine Republic, Santa F^, 48 
 m. W. by N. Rosario. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Canada Dock, stn., Eng., Lancashire, in Liverpool bor., on 
 the Liverpool and Bootle Rly. 
 
 Canadian River, U.S., rises in New Mexico, flows nearly S. 
 then E. through the N. of Texas, and S. of Indiana, to join the 
 Arkansas R. ; a shallow stream, subject to floods at the breaking- 
 up of winter ; its waters are brackish. Length, 900 m. 
 
 Canajoharle, vil., U.S., New York, Montgomery co., on 
 Mohawk R. and the Erie Canal, 45 m. W. by N. Troy. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Canal Dover, vil., U.S., Ohio. See Dover. 
 
 Canale, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, 23 m. SE. Turin. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Canal Fnlton, vil., U.S., Ohio, Stark co., 44 m. S. by E. 
 Cleveland. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Canal Negro, Italy. See Gorzone. 
 
 Canals, tn., Spain, prov. and 36 m. SSW. Valencia, on the 
 Albaida (r. bk. trib. Jucar). P. < 5000. 
 
 Canandalgna, vil, U.S., New York, Ontario co., 25 m. 
 SE. Rochester, t^autifully situated on a plain at the N. end of 
 C. Lake (14 m. long, from i to i^ m. wide). Alt. 740 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. 5900. See Oswego Klver. 
 
 Cananea, Ger. colony, near the E. ct. of Brazil, in the S. of 
 Sao Paulo, in about 25° S. Harbour protected by the isL of Bom 
 Abrigo (' good shelter'), on which there is a lighthouse. Rail- 
 way to Matto Grosso by the valleys of the Parapanema and 
 Ivinhema proposed. 
 
 Cananore (Cannra), seapt., Brit. India. See Cannanore. 
 
 Cana of Galilee, place named in N. T. See Kefir Kenna. 
 
 Ca&ar, prov. , Ecuador, mainly composed of an Andine basin 
 crossed by 2^° S. ; cap. Azogues. 
 
 C&nara, North and South, dists. , India. See Kiknara. 
 
 Canard, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, King's co. , at the mouth 
 of Canard R., 54 m. NW. Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
CANA — CANF 
 
 Canaro, vil. , N. Italy, Venetia, prov. Rovigo, dist. Occhio- 
 bello. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Can'arsle, vil, U.S., New York, King's co., about 6 m. SE. 
 Brooklyn; a famous summer resort. P. < 3000. 
 
 Canary Islands (from Ganar or Canar, Berber name of 
 African regions N. of the Senegal), an archipelago (27° to 30° 
 lat., 14° to 18° long. W. , about 2900 sq. m.) of seven islands 
 and some small islets. The five larger stretch (for 344 m.) in a 
 semicircular curve from NE. (Lanzarote, Fuertaventura, 665 
 sq. m.) by the S. (Gran Canaria, 531 sq. m.) to the NW. 
 (Tenerife, 752 sq. m., Palma). Goniera lies almost between 
 the last two. Hierro is the last to the SW. of the five islets ; 
 the Selvagem (the 'Wild') are mere rocks far off the N. of 
 Tenerife and Gran Canaria. The others (Alegranza, Montana 
 Clara, Gracioza, I. del Rio) are N. of Lanzarote and (Lobos) 
 N. of Fuertaventura. This one is 60 m. from Africa (Cape 
 Jubi). The W. islands are abrupt mountains, with peaks above 
 4000 and 6000 ft. (peak of Teyde, an active volcano at Tenerife, 
 12,188 ft.). Numerous volcanic eruptions and earthquakes 
 since the 14th century. Thermal waters in Gran Canaria 
 (Terror). C. Is. are almost entirely volcanic. The E. islands 
 have an African aspect and climate. The W. islands, very 
 mountainous, are more temperate. C. Is. are in the region of 
 permanent trade winds (NE. and NW.). These and the anti- 
 trade winds, where lands are high enough, are the source of 
 humidity and vegetation. The greatest condensations take 
 place between 2003-6500 ft. E. and SE. winds (Levante) pro- 
 duce at times great droughts. The meeting of contrary winds 
 cause great storms (tornados). Very temperate spring and 
 summer. Part of this and autumn very hot. April-October, 
 dry season. (Tenerife: mean temp., 70° F. ; hottest month, 
 August or October, 79° ; coldest, Jan. 60° ; max. 87°, min. 46° ; 
 300 days without rain. C. Is. are considered a sanatorium. 
 Up to about 1500 ft. the flora is Aincaxi (Tamarix, Euphorbia; 
 tabaibas, fleshy plants, Dracana). Higher up it is Mediter- 
 ranean {Laurus, Pinus, Junipervs, Spartocytisus , Retama). 
 On the highest regions (above 8000 or 9000 ft. ) the recent vol- 
 canic soil prevents plants from growing. Many special animal 
 forms (molluscs ; birds, the canary). Four primitive races of 
 men : Berberes, Guahchos, and the Palma and Hierro natives, 
 much intermingled since the 15th century with Italians, Portu- 
 guese, Normans, Spaniards, Flemish, Irish, Africans. There is 
 an emigration to the West Indies. The islands are supposed 
 to be the Beatorum or FortunatcB islands of the ancients. They 
 were known to the Phoenicians. Visited by the Portuguese 
 and Genoese in the beginning of 14th century. Conquered by 
 Bethencourt (1402). Annexed to Spain (end of 15th century). 
 Prov. of Spain. The C. Is. formerly produced very good sugar 
 and wines (Malmsey, Vidueiia). The present productions are 
 oil, wheat, barley, resin, tobacco (since 1862), European and 
 tropical fruits, silk, and cochineal (since 1825; in 1871 more 
 than two tons, one-third of the total value of the exports). The 
 ports are free. The best port is Palmas (Gran Canaria). Santa 
 Cruz de Tenerife is the seat of government. P. 291,625 ; 102 
 per sq. m. See Spain and Ferro. [J. B. R.l 
 
 Ca&as, tn. , Costa Rica, 69 m. NW. by W. San Jos6. 
 
 Caftas, Klo de las, or Rio de Bayona, riv. , Mexico, Pacific 
 seaboard, on frontier of states Sinaloa and Jalisco, enters the 
 sea in 22° 32' N. 
 
 Canasera'ga, viL, U.S., New York, Allegany co., 50 m. S. 
 by W. Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Canasto'ta, vil., U.S., New York, Madison co., 20 m. E. 
 by N. Syracuse, on the Erie CanaL P. < 3000. 
 
 Canaveral, Cape, U.S., E. ct., Florida, in 28° 27' N. 
 
 CanaTlelras, tn., Brazil, prov. Bahia. P. 3000. 
 
 Canay, tn., Philippine Is., E. ct. of Mindanao, in 8° 49' N. 
 
 Canby, vil., U.S., Oregon, Clackamas co., 25 m. S. Port- 
 land, by rail. Mean temp., yr. 50.7° F., Jan. 41.3°, Aug. 
 59.2°. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Cancale, tn., France, dep. lUe et Villaine, on the W. side 
 of the Baie du Mt. St. Michel, arr. and 8 m. ENE. St. Malo. 
 Good anchorage is found between it and some rocks off the 
 shore, from which oysters are extensively fished. P. <400o. 
 
 Cancellara, tn., S. Italy, prov. Basilicata, 8 m. NE. 
 Potenza. P. <40oo. 
 
 Canebe, small riv., France, dep. Pas de Calais, enters the 
 English Channel below Etaples by a sandy estuary 60 m. long. 
 Navigable from Montreuil 11 m. 
 
 Candaliar. See Kandabar. 
 
 Candamo, comm., Spain, prov. and dist. Oviedo. P. 
 5300. 
 
 Candava, lake, Philippine Is., on I. of Luzon, near the 
 1. bk. of the Pampanga, river issuing into the Bay of Manilla. 
 Length rather less than 50 m. , width 4 to 7 m. 
 
 Cand^, vil., France, dep. Maine et Loire, arr. Segr6, 24 
 m. W. by N. Angers. P. <3000. 
 
 Candelsb (Kbandesa), Brit. India. See Kbdndesb. 
 
 Candela, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. Foggia, 37 m. E. 
 Benevento. P. 5000. 
 
 Candelarla, vil. and colony, Argentine Republic, terr. 
 
 Misiones, on the Parana, which at this point has a width of 
 only 2390 ft. , near Posadas, in 55° 50' W. 
 
 Candelarla, seapt. tn.. Canaries, on E. ct. of the island 
 Tenerife. P. < 3000. 
 
 Candelarla, settlement, U.S., Nevada, Esmeralda co., 115 
 m. SE. Carson City. 
 
 Candelarlo, tn., Spain, Le6n, prov. and 40 m. S. Sala- 
 manca ; noted for its sausages and saveloys. P. <30oo. 
 
 Candelaro, riv., Italy, prov. Foggia, rises in Mt. Liburno, 
 and after a SE. course of 40 m. enters the Adriatic Sea ; near 
 its mouth are salt-works. 
 
 Candeleda, tn. , Spain, Old Castille, prov. and 42 m. SSW. 
 Avila. P. <30oo. 
 
 Candelo, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 22 m. 
 NW. Vercelli. P. <3000. 
 
 Candelo, tn.. New South Wales, Auckland co., 50 m. N. 
 by W. Cape Howe. P. < 1500. 
 
 Candla, tn., N. Italy, prov. Turin, circle Ivrea. P. < 3000. 
 
 Candla, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Rockingham co., 15 
 m. SE. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Candla, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Pavia, 13 m. SE. 
 by S. Vercelli. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Candla, or Megalokastron, fortified seapt. city, Turkey, 
 cap. and on the N. ct. of the I. of Crete, in 25° 9'-E. Its 
 fortifications were constructed by the Venetians. Its harbour 
 is available only for vessels of small draught, having an average 
 depth of 13 ft. , but is fairly well protected by the town walls. 
 The roadstead is considered dangerous. There is a lighthouse, 
 visible 10 m. The town was founded by the Arabs in the 9th 
 centiu-y under the name of Khandak ('intrenchment') near 
 Cnossus, ancient cap. of the island. C. was taken by the 
 Turks from the Venetians in the year 1669. Subject to earth- 
 quakes. Mean temp. (6 yrs., 1879-84), yr. 64.4° F., Feb. 51.1°, 
 July 79°. P. 24,600 ; Moham. 17,000 ; orthodox Greeks, 7500. 
 (Cuinet. ) 
 
 Candle, lake, Canada, Saskatchewan, to the N. of the 
 Saskatchewan R. , crossed by 104° 20' W. , drained from its S. 
 end by the Big Sturgeon R., ENE., into Pine I. Lake. 
 
 Candlemas Islands, S. Pacific Ocean, are near Sandwich 
 Land, in 37° 10' S., 30° W. 
 
 Caiidlesby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Horncastle div., 15 
 m. SE. by S. Louth, li m. NW. Burgh stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cando, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Towner co., 95 m. 
 SW. by W. Pembina. 
 
 Candoglla, tn., Italy, prov. Novara, dist. Pallanza, with 
 celebrated marble quarries whence was obtained the stone for 
 the cathedral of Milan. 
 
 Candor, vil., U.S., New York, Tioga co., 57 m. S. by W. 
 Syracuse. P. < 1500. 
 
 Candroma, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Inchigeelagh. 
 
 Candy, tn. , Ceylon. See Kandy. 
 
 Cane, riv. , India. See Ken. 
 
 Canea, or Kbanla. See Kanea. 
 
 Canea'dea, vil., U.S., New York, Allegany co., 55 m. SE. 
 Buffalo. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Canedo, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. and dist. and 25 m. E. 
 by S. Orense. P. 5700. 
 
 Canelll, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 21 m. SW. 
 Alessandria. P. 5000. 
 
 Canelones, or Cnadalnpe, tn. , Uruguay, cap. dep. C. , 24 
 m. N. Montevideo. P. <40oo. See Trngnay. 
 
 Caneplna, tn., Italy, prov. Rome, circle Viterbo. P. 
 <30oo. 
 
 Canestoga Creek, riv. , Canada, Ontario, flows S. then E. 
 into the Grand R. , about 80° 31' W. 
 
 Canet de Mar, comm. , Spain, prov. Barcelona, dist. Arenys 
 de Mar. P. <40oo. 
 
 Caiiete, tn., S. America, Peru, dep. Lima, cap. of dist. C, 
 90 m. SE. by S. Lima, near river C, from which magnificent 
 aqueducts dating from the time of the Incas distribute the 
 water. The plantations of C. produce large quantities of sugar, 
 and the manufactories of the dist. are furnished with all the 
 resources of modern industry. P. <40oo. 
 
 Caftete la Real, tn. , Spain, prov. and 44 m. NW. Mdlaga ; 
 commerce in fruits and wine. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Caney, comm., Cuba, adjoining Santiago de Cuba on the 
 E. P. 8700. 
 
 CaneTa, market-tn., N. Italy, prov. and 37 m. W. Udine. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Canewdon, par. and vil., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 5^ m. N. 
 by E. Southend, 2^ m. NE. Rochford stn., P.O.; 5239 ac. 
 
 Canfanaro, comm. , Austria, Istria, 38 m. S. Tneste. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Canfleld, vil., Canada, Ontario, Haldimand co., 23 m. S. by 
 E. Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Canfleld, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Cass co., 7 m. W. 
 Fargo. TT L tr 
 
 Canfleld, vil., U.S., Ohio, Mahoning co., 60 m. SE. by E, 
 Cleveland. P. < 1 500. 
 
 267 
 
CANF — GANG 
 
 Canfleld, Great, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., on the 
 Roothing, lo m. NW. Chelmsford, 3J m. SW. by W. Dunmow 
 stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Canfleld, little, par. , i| m. N. by W. Great Canfield, 1^ m. 
 E. by N. Takeley stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Canford, Great (or Magna), par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, E. div. , 
 on the Stour, 5I m. NNE. Poole, ij m. E. Wimborne stn., 
 PT.O. ; 7846ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Canford Heatb, uncultivated tract, Eng., in the SE. of 
 Dorsetshire. 
 
 Canford, Little, vil., Eng., i m. NE. Canford Magna, P.O. 
 
 Canfranc, comm. and vil., Spain, prov. Huesca, near the 
 head of the valley of the Aragon, 58 m. E. by S. Pamplona, 
 giving name to a pass (Puerto or Port de C, or Col. de Som- 
 port ; alt. 5380 ft. ) leading across the Pyrenees, in about 0° 
 30' W., into the valley of the Gave d'Aspe (to Oloron), See 
 Pyrenees. 
 
 Cangallo, tn., Peru, dep. and 45 m. SE. by S. Ayacucho, 
 23s m, SE. by E. Lima, vv^ith gold-mines. 
 
 Cangas, tn. , Spain, prov. Pontevedra, on N. of Bay of Vigo. 
 P. 7600. 
 
 Cangas de Onls, tn., Spain, Asturias, prov. and 35 m. E. 
 Oviedo. Said to have been founded by Pelayo (Pelagius) about 
 718 A.D., after the decisive victory over the Moors fought in the 
 neighbourhood by which the reconquest of Spain from those 
 invaders was begun. At Corvadonga, about 6 m. SW. of C, 
 is shown a cave in which Pelayo is said to have taken refuge 
 with some of his followers. P. 10,300. 
 
 Cangas de Tlneo, tn. , Spain, Asturias, 37 m. WSW. Oviedo. 
 P. 22,400. 
 
 Canglass Point, cape. Ire. , W. ct. co. Kerry, on the S. side 
 of Dingle Bay. 
 
 Cango Cares, celebrated limestone caves. Cape Colony, in 
 the Great Zwartebergen, about 55 m. N. by E. Mossel Bay. 
 
 Cangort, electoral div. , Ire. , King's co. , dist. Shinrone. 
 
 Cangrehal, roadstead, on the E. shore of Lake Nicaragua, 
 in communication vfith Juigalpa. 
 
 Cangncn, or Silo Lonrenco Cangncn, tn. , Brazil, prov. and 
 70 m. NW. Rio Grande do Siil. P. 6000. 
 
 Canlapnscaw, or Koksoak, lake, central Labrador, crossed 
 by 54° N. , and to the W. of 67° W. 
 
 Canlapnscaw, riv. , Labrador, issues from Lake C. , and flows 
 400 m. N. into Ungava Bay, Hudson Strait. 
 
 Canlcattl, tn., Sicily, prov. and 15 m. E. by N. Girgenti. 
 In its environs are sulphur mines. P. 22,000. 
 
 Canlgon, mt. , France. See Pyrenees. 
 
 Canlles, comm. , Spain, prov. Granada, dist. Baza. P. 2500. 
 
 Canlllas de Aceituno, comm. , Mdlaga, dist. V^lez-Mdlaga. 
 P. <:40oo. 
 
 Canlno, comm. , Italy, prov. Rome, dist. Viterbo. The place 
 was erected into a principality for Lucien Bonaparte by Pope 
 Pius VII. in 1814. P. <30oo. 
 
 Canlsbay, par., Scot., Caithness, on the N. ct., 3^ m. W. 
 Duncansbay Head, P.O. ; 26,243 ^c. P. < 2500. 
 
 Canlsp, mt., Scot., Sutherland, 11^ m. WSW. of the head of 
 Loch Shin. Alt. 2779 ft. 
 
 Canlsteo, riv., U.S., New York. See Cbemnng. 
 
 Canlste'o, vil., U.S., New York, Steuben co., on C. River, 
 60 m. S. Rochester. P. <3000. 
 
 Canlstota, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, McCook co., 50 m. N. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Canlsy, vil., France, dep. Manche, 26 m. NE. Granville, arr. 
 and 5 m. SW. by W. St. L6. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Caftlza, La, tn., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 24 m. SE. Ponte- 
 vedra. P. 7800. 
 
 Canjayar, tn. , Spain, prov. and 18 m. NW, Almeria. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Canmore, rly. stn., Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R., 
 907 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, at the base of the Rocky Mts. 
 
 Canmore, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, 108 m. ENE. 
 Regina. 
 
 Cann, par., Eng,, Dorsetshire, N. div., near Shaftesbury. 
 
 P.<750- 
 
 Cann, group of isls. , Newfoundland, 16 ra. from Fogo. 
 
 Canna, Dahome. See Kanna. 
 
 Canna, small isl. , Scot. , Argyllshire, off the W. ct. of Inver- 
 ness-shire, about 3^ m. NW. of Rum I. , in 57° 3-4' N. , 4 J m, 
 long by I m. broad, P,0. P. 40. 
 
 Cannalgre Bay, Newfoundland, on the S. ct. , in 55° 44'-56' W. 
 
 Cannanore, tn. and port, Brit. India, Madras, dist. Malabar, 
 on the W, ct. , 49 m. NNW. Calicut. Its chief importance is 
 as a military cantonment. In 1498 Vasco da Gama touched 
 here and established a colony. Trade now small. P. mun. 
 27,400; Hindus, 11,700; Moham. 12,600; Christians, 3100, 
 
 Cannas, comm. , Portugal, Beira, dist. Vizeu ; mineral springs. 
 P, <:2ooo. 
 
 CannaTleras, vil. , Brazil, on the E. ct. , at the mouth of the 
 Rio Pardo, in 15° 40' S. 
 
 <;annaway, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, on R. Lee, bar. East Mus- 
 kerry, 4 m. SE. Macroom ; 5225 ac. P. <:7S0. 
 268 
 
 Canne, vil., S. Italy, Apulia, prov. Bari, 8 m. WSW. Bar- 
 letta, near the Ofanto, on the site of the field of Cannes, still 
 called the ' Campo di Sangue,' where Hannibal gained a victory 
 over the Romans, B.C. 216. 
 
 Cannelton, city, U.S., Indiana, Perry co., on' the r. bk. of 
 the Ohio, 57 m. WSW. Louisville (Ky.), with mines of cannel- 
 coal. P. <2oco. 
 
 Cannelton, coal-mining vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Kanawha 
 CO. , on the Great Kanawha R. , 19 m. SE. Charleston. P. < 1500, 
 
 Cannes, tn. , France, dep. Alpes Maritimes, S. ct. , arr. Grasse, 
 17 m. SW. Nice, with distilleries of essences, and manufactures 
 of soap, ohve-oil, and perfumery. Exports anchovies, fruits, 
 and corn. P. 14,500. See Jonan. 
 
 Canneto, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, on the 1. bk. of the Ogho, 
 prov. and 19 m. W. Mantua. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cannlcb, riv. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, issues from Loch Mul- 
 lardoch, and flows E. to the R. Glass, which it joins about 
 57° 21° N. Its valley, including that of Loch MuUardoch, is 
 called Glen Cannlcb. 
 
 Cannlfton, vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Hastings, on R. Moira, 
 3 m. N. Belleville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Canning, seapt. , Canada, Nova Scotia, King's co., 55 ni. 
 NW. Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Canning, settlement, W. Australia, co. and 10 m. SE. Pertli. 
 
 Canning, co., Queensland, on the E. ct., crossed in the S. 
 by 27° S. 
 
 Canning, Port, or Slntla, India. See Port Canning. 
 
 Cannlngstown, place. Ire., N. co. Cavan, bar. Clankee, 13 
 m. E. Cavan, PM.O. 
 
 Cannlngton, vil., Canada, prov. and co. Ontario, 53 m. 
 NNE. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cannlngton, par. and vil., Eng., Somerset, div. and 3 m. 
 NW. by W, Bridgwater, PMT.O. Par. 4076 ac, P. <:isoo. 
 
 Canning Town, suburb of London, Eng., Essex, Romford 
 div., 5 m. E. St. Paul's, London, on the G. E. R. (C. T. and 
 Barking Road stn.). 
 
 Cannlstowu Cborcb, eccles. ruins. Ire., co. Meath, bar. 
 Lower Navan, 2| m. S. Navan. 
 
 Cannltello, seapt. tn. , Italy, prov. and dist. Reggio di Cala- 
 bria. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Cannobblo, Italy. See Canobblo. 
 
 Cannock, tn. and par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , 7^ m. 
 N. by W. Walsall, on the L. & NW. R.; in the dist. known 
 as C. Cbase (between Lichfield and Stafford), which abounds 
 in coal-mines, and contains also ironstone in beds underneath 
 the coal-measures. Market-day, S. Par. and urban sanitary 
 dist. 8010 ac, P. 20,600. 
 
 Cann Office, PM.O., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 13 m. W. 
 by N. Welshpool. 
 
 Cannon, co., U.S., Tennessee, S. of 36° N., crossed by 
 86° W. 
 
 Cannonbar, settlement. New South Wales, Gregory co., 18 
 m. SE. Bourke. 
 
 Cannon Falls, vil., U.S., Mirmesota, Goodhue co., on 
 Cannon R. (trib. Mississippi), 35 m. SSE. St. Paul. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cannons Town, hamlet, Eng., Cornwall, div. and 4 m. S. 
 by E. St. Ives, i m. SW. Lelant stn., PT.O. 
 
 Cannon Street, two stns., Eng,, London, | m. ESE. St. 
 Paul's, one of them the city terminus of the SE. R., the other 
 upon the Metropolitan Dist. Rly. (inner circle). 
 
 Cannonvllle, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Ctunberland, 
 16 m. from Athol. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cannonan, isl., British W.. Indies, one of the Grenadines, in 
 12° 42' N., 61° i8'-2o' W. 
 
 Cannstatt, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, at the head of 
 navigation on the Neckar, 2 m. NE. Stuttgart ; lukewarm 
 chalybeate springs. P. (1880) 16,200; (1890)19,800. 
 
 Canobblo, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, on the W. 
 shore of Lake Maggiore, 25 m. N'W. Como. P. <3000. 
 
 Canoble, settlement, Queensland, 120 m. S. Normanton. 
 
 Canoble, stn., Scot. See Canonble. 
 
 Caiko de Trocadero. See Cadiz, bay. 
 
 Canoe, lake, Canada, Brit. Columbia, to the W. of 120° W. , 
 to the S. of 52° N. 
 
 Canoe, riv., Canada, Brit. Columbia, flows SE. into the most 
 northerly part of the Columbia R. 
 
 CaHon, canyon (Spanish cation, ' a tube '). Term used 
 coirnmonly in the western states of America to designate a 
 deep gorge between high cliffs. 
 
 Canon, isl.. Ire., co, Clare, in Fergus R., par, Killadysert, 
 P. 24. 
 
 Canonble, par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, on the Esk, sj m. 
 SSE. Langholm, on a small coalfield, i m. SW, by W. Canobie 
 stn. on the N. B. R., PMT.O. ; 24,142 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Canonbnry, suburb, Eng., London, on the N. L. R., 2^ m. 
 N. by E. St. Paul's. 
 
 Canon Cape, cape, Canada, Quebec, on the E. ct, of Gasp6 
 CO., in 48° 29' N., 16 m. S. by W. Cape Gasp6. 
 
 Canonclto, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Santa F6 co„ 
 12 m. SE. Santa F6. 
 
CANO — CANT 
 
 Caiiou city, U.S., Colorado. See Canyon. 
 
 Canon Fronie, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 9 m. 
 E. by N. Hereford, i| m. N. Ashperton stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Canon Frome wltli Mnnsley, eccles. dist. , Eng. , Hereford- 
 shire, including C. F. village. P. <5oo. 
 
 Canongate, par. , Scot. , in the E. of Edinburgh. P. 8700. 
 
 Cauou House, settlement, U.S., Montana, Gallatin co., 55 
 m. E. by S. Butte City. 
 
 Canon'icnt, isl., U.S., Rhode I., in Narragansett Bay. 
 
 Canon Pyon, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Leominster div. , 7 
 m. NW. by N. Hereford, 4 m. WSW. Dinmore stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Canons Asliby, par. , Eng. , Northamptonshire, in Daventry 
 union. P. <25o. 
 
 Canonslbnrg, bor. , U. S. , Pennsylvania, Washington co. , 18 m. 
 SSW. Pittsburg, vtrith copious flow of natural gas. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Canosa (the ancient Canusium), tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Bari, 
 13 m. WSW. Barktta, and 31 m. SE. by E. Foggia. In the 
 cathedral is the tomb of Bohemond, Prince of Antioch, one of 
 the heroes of Tasso. P. 16,000. 
 
 Canossa, tn. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 11 m. SW. Reggio, 
 with ruins of a castle which belonged to the Countess Matilda, 
 in which the Emperor Henry IV. performed the penance im- 
 posed upon him by Pope Gregory VII. 
 
 Canouan, Grenadine Is. See Cannouau. 
 
 Canonrgue, I^a, vil., France, dep. Lozere, arr. Marvejols, 
 64 m. NE. by E. Albi, 15 m. WSW. Mende. Near it Roman 
 remains have been found. P. <20oo. 
 
 CanoTa, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Miner co., 70m. N. Yankton. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Canowlndra, tn, , New South Wales, co. and 55 m. WSW. 
 Bathurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Canrobert, or Ange Gardien, vil., Canada, Quebec, Rou- 
 ville CO., 5 m. from W. Farnham. P. <isoo. 
 
 Canso, seapt., Canada, Nova Scotia, Guysborough co., on 
 the E. ct., 88 m. ESE. Pictou. P. of dist. < 1500. 
 
 Canso, Cape, Canada, the NE. extremity of the mainland of 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 Canso, Gut of, strait between Nova Scotia on the NE. and 
 Cape Breton on the SW., a branch of the mouth of the St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 Canstatt, riv. port of Stuttgart. See Kanstatt. 
 
 Canta, prov., Peru, dep. Lima. 
 
 Cantabrian Moantains, in the N. of Spain, form a pro- 
 longation of the Pyrenees, and extend from these mountains on 
 the E. to Cape Finistere on the W. , about 43° N. The chief 
 divisions of the chain in the order from E. to W. are the 
 Sierras d'Aralar (on the borders of provs. Guipuzcoa and 
 Navarra), Salvada (W. of the Nervion valley), Penas de Europa, 
 at the junction of provs. Oviedo, Santander, and Ledn (with 
 the Pena Vieja, 8740 ft.), the mountains of Asturias, on the S. of 
 the old prov. of Asturias (now Oviedo), and the Sierra de Picos, 
 on the borders of the old provs. of Le6n and Galicia. The 
 principal passes are the Puerto de Idiazabal (2160 ft. ), a little to 
 the W. of which the railway from Pamplona descends to San 
 Sebastian, the Reinosa on the water-parting between the head 
 of the Besaya valley and the upper Ebro valley (the pass by 
 which the railway from Valladolid descends to Santander), 
 and the Puerto de Pajares, by which the railway from Le6n 
 descends to Oviedo and Gijon. The E. half of the chain is 
 composed of Cretaceous rocks, the W. end of Siluro-Cambrian, 
 and the middle of Devonian strata, overlaid on the N. (in prov. 
 Oviedo) by the richest coalfield in Spain. 
 
 Cantagallo, Ger. col. and riy. stn. , Brazil, prov. and 81 m. 
 NE. Rio de Janeiro. Alt. 1360 ft. P. 4000. 
 
 Cantagallo, comm. , Italy, prov. and dist. Florence. P, <5ooo. 
 
 Cantal, dep., France, on the Central Plateau, formed from 
 the upper portion of the ancient Auvergne [q.v.). The dep., 
 which is divided into four arrs., Aurillac (the cap.), Saint-Flour, 
 Mauriac, and Murat, is partly bordered in the E. by the 
 Margeride range, which is continued S. into Loz6re, but the 
 greater part of the surface is occupied by the remains of a huge 
 volcano, whose base, 75 m. in diameter, rests on a foundation 
 mainly of crystalline schists and granites, above which are 
 patches of Carboniferous and Tertiary deposits ; culminating 
 peaks, the Plomb de C. (6095 ft. ) in the S. , and the Puy Mary 
 (5850 ft. ) to the NW. Down the sides of this volcano streams 
 traversing deep gorges radiate in all directions. Two of these 
 valleys, the C^re (trib. Dordogne) and the Alagnon (trib. 
 AUier), which nearly meet immediately to the north of the 
 Plomb de C. , are traversed by the main road across the dep. 
 (on the route from Clermont to Aurillac), and now also by a 
 railway, which passes through a tunnel in the flank of the 
 mountain. The climate in the mountains is very cold. Autumn, 
 on the whole, is the most agreeable season of the year. The 
 natural agricultural regions are three, the most elevated includ- 
 ing the high mountains, which for four or five months are 
 covered with snow, but for the remainder of the year offer 
 excellent pastures for numerous flocks. Next, at an altitude of 
 from 3300 to 2600 ft. , are the most fertile dists. Lower still is 
 
 the ring of crystalline rocks with a thin and barren soil. The 
 growth of cereals is inadequate to the consumption of the dep. , 
 only one-fourth of the surface being capable of cultivation. 
 Cattle-breeding gives excellent results. Isolated deposits of 
 coal are met with in the NW. , and near Mauriac. Marble is 
 quarried. Manufactures insignificant. See France, table. 
 
 Cantalupo, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Campo- 
 basso, 58 m. W. Foggia. The French here gained a victory 
 over the Neapolitans in 1798. An earthquake in which many 
 lives were lost occurred here in 1805. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cantalupo, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 4 m. SW. 
 Alessandria. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Canteck Head, Scot. , Orkney Is. See Cantdck Head. 
 
 Caiitelofl', Eng. , Norfolk. See Hethersett. 
 
 Cauteuac, vil., France, dep. Gironde, arr. and 10 m. N. 
 Bordeaux, with a port on 1. bk. of the Gironde. Exports wine, 
 of which that of Gorse is in repute. P. <20oo. 
 
 Canterbury, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, York co. , 40 m. 
 W. by S. Fredericton. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Canterbury (the Durovcrnum of the Romans, the Cant- 
 warabyrig of the Saxons, called in ecclesiastical Latin Can- 
 tuaria), city, mun. and pari. bor. (returning one member), 
 Eng. , and the metropolitan see, co. Kent, on the Stour, in the 
 middle of a wide hollow at the junction of the Chalk of the N. 
 Downs with the London tertiaries, in ancient times situated at 
 a ford on the river where roads from the present Richborough, 
 Dover, and Lymne converged, and whence the great NW. 
 road, afterwards called Watling Street, started, 55 m. ESE. of 
 London, and 62 m. by the L. C. & D. R. It is also on the 
 Ashford and Margate branch of the SE. R. Its cathedral, 
 begun by Lanfranc in the 12th century and completed in the 
 two following centuries, stands on the site of the first Christian 
 church built in Saxon England. It is in the form of a double 
 cross, with a central and two western towers, and presents a 
 union of almost every style of Christian architecture. The 
 choir is large, and the pavement of the chapel of the Holy 
 Trinity is worn into hollows by the knees of the pilgrims who 
 here worshipped at the shrine of St. Thomas Becket ; and here are 
 monuments of Henry IV. and his queen, the Black Prince, and 
 many prelates. A chapter-house and a library are attached to 
 the cathedral, under which is a crypt, used as a French Protes- 
 tant church since the reign of Elizabeth, when a company of 
 Huguenot clothiers and silk-weavers settled here. The parish 
 churches (14) are mostly ancient, but possess little interest. The 
 grammar-school was founded by Henry VIII. Monasteries and 
 nunneries formerly abounded, as well as hospitals, almshouses, 
 and other charitable institutions, amongst the latter of which 
 there have come down to the present time the hospital of St. 
 John, foimded by Lanfranc, 1086, and now supporting a prior 
 and eighteen brethren appointed by the archbishop ; Cogan's 
 hospital for clergymen's widows ; King's Bridge, estabhshed by 
 St. Thomas Becket for poor priests, now used as almshouses ; 
 a blue-coat school, founded by Queen Elizabeth, now merged in 
 the Simon Langton schools. The St. Augustine's missionary 
 college, a recent foimdation, occupies the site of the old abbey 
 in which the saint was buried, and of which the N. gate still 
 remains. The former silk manufactures are replaced by industry 
 in damask linen and worsted ; there are large malting and 
 brewing establishments. The archbishopric was founded in 
 597. The archbishop is ' primate of all England,' metropolitan, 
 and first peer of the realm next to the royal family. He crowns 
 the sovereign in Westminster Abbey, and his ecclesiastical pro- 
 vince includes all England and Wales, except the six northern 
 counties, Cheshire, part of Flint, and the Isle of Man. Area of 
 ecclesiastical prov. , 44, 146 sq. m. The diocese comprises the 
 whole of Kent except Rochester, and the part W. and NW. of 
 that city, and the pars, of Croydon and Addington in Surrey. 
 Area 1428 sq. m. The archbishop's seats are Lambeth Palace 
 and Addington Park. Amongst other privileges he has that 
 of conferring degrees in divinity, law, and medicine. Main 
 drainage works were carried out by the corporation in 1867. 
 The sewage is precipitated in tanks, and the effluent water 
 employed in irrigation. Market-days, M. and S. P. mun. 
 (and now also co.) bor. (1851) 18,400; (1871) 21,000; (1891) 
 23,100; pari. bor. P. (1891)22,700. 
 
 Canterbury, one of the provs. of New Zealand, occupying 
 the central portion of South I., from the Hurunui R. in the N. 
 to the Waitaki in the S. , E. of the water-parting line of the 
 Southern Alps ; the co. of Westland, on the opposite slope, hav- 
 ing been separated in 1870. The prov. is level on the E., where 
 are the famous Canterbury Plains, affording rich sheep 
 pasture, occupy an extent of 4000 sq. m., or nearly one-third of 
 the whole area. Chief towns, Christchurch, Lyttelton, and 
 Timaru. See Ne^w Zealand. 
 
 Canterbury, SW. suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. 
 
 Cantlck Head, Scot., SE. extremity of South Walls I., 
 Orkney, in 58° 37' N. , 3° 8' W. , with lighthouse, visible 16 m. 
 Also spelt Canteck. Head. 
 
 CantlUana, tn., Spain, prov. Seville, on the r. bk. of the 
 Guadalquivir, 16 m. NNE. Seville. P. <sooo. 
 
CANT — CAPE 
 
 Cantlre, penin., Scot. See Klutyre. 
 
 Cantley, par., Eng., Norfolk, on the Yare, lo m. SE. Nor- 
 wich, on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cantley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 3 m. 
 ESE.Doncaster, 2m. N. Rossingtonstn.,P.O.; 559oac. P.<:75o. 
 
 Canton, Chinese Sbeng-cbeng, the 'city of perfection,' or 
 Ktvang-cbau-fa (the name Canton is a corruption by the 
 Portuguese, the earliest European visitors, of the name of the 
 prov.), city and seapu, China, cap. prov. Kwangtung, on L bk. 
 of the Canton R, (g.v.), about 70 m. from its mouth, in the 
 China Sea. Lat. 23° 6' 9" N., long. 113° 15' E. It has an ad- 
 mirable situation for commerce, both by land and sea, the Si- 
 kiang (f.v.), or West R., affording a navigable channel west- 
 wards, the Pe-kiang (q.v. ) opening up communication northwards 
 with the provs. of Hunan and Kiangsu, and the Tung-kiang 
 (East R.) eastwards. Opposite the town the Canton R. is deep 
 enough for vessels of 800 or 1000 tons burden. There the river 
 divides into two arms, enclosing the island of Honam, at the E. 
 end of which stands Whampoa, 12 m. below C. This is the 
 limit of navigation for the largest ocean steamers. The N. 
 arm, or Front Reach, is navigable only by shallow-draught 
 river steamers, but the S. arm, or Back Reach, or Blenheim 
 Passage, can be navigated by ocean steamers of considerable 
 size. The latter, however, was closed by barriers at the time 
 of the war with France in 1884, and was only reopened on the 
 6th of July 1891. With its suburbs, C. occupies the N. bank of 
 the river, extending inland nearly to a row of heights command- 
 ing it on the N. and NE. , but between which and the city is a 
 broken ravine ; to the S. is an alluvial plain, formed by the 
 delta of the river. The city is enclosed by a wall of brick, on a 
 foundation of red sandstone, 6 or 7 m. in circumference, 25 ft. 
 high, and entered by twelve gates ; and it is unequally divided 
 by another wall, with four gates, into the old and new town, 
 in the former of which are the residences of most of the high 
 officers, and the arsenal. The European quarter is in the 
 Shamien suburb, about three-quarters of a mile up the river. 
 Here a triangular piece of ground is separated from the main- 
 land by a wide canal, faced with masonry, crossed by three 
 stone bridges, having a strong stone bulwark along the river's 
 bank for upwards of half a mile, where trees have been planted 
 and a promenade formed. A large part of the population 
 resides on the water. The river is crowded vnth vessels and 
 rafts of all kinds, on many of which large numbers of poultry 
 are reared. Manufactures various and extensive, and the shops 
 are filled with articles of Chinese workmanship. Great numbers 
 of individuals work in wood, stone, iron, and brass. C. is well 
 supplied with water from reservoirs and springs. Until 1842, 
 all the legitimate foreign trade of China was conducted at C. 
 Since then the opening of the northern ports has seriously 
 checked the trade of this southern emporium, especially those 
 on the Yangtse R. , whence the greater part of the teas are ex- 
 ported which were formerly shipped at C. C. still ranks, how- 
 ever, next after Shanghai in the total value of its trade by sea 
 (upwards of ;^9,ooo,ooo annually, including native imports). 
 The total value of its exports is ;^4-s, 000,000 annually, the 
 principal articles being silk and silk goods (together more than 
 half the value), tea, matting, fire^crackers, and glass bangles. 
 About fotir-fifths of the shipping frequenting the port is British. 
 In 1841, 1847, and 1856 the C. forts were taJcen by the British ; 
 and from 1858 to 1862 the town itself was occupied by an 
 Anglo-French military force as security for the payment of a 
 war indemnity. Mean temp. (4 yrs. , 1829-31, 1876), yr. 70.3° F. , 
 Jan. 54.6°, July 82.3°. P. estimated at 1,600,000. 
 
 <3anton, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, in the NW. of the 
 CO. bor. of Cardiff. P. 32,800. 
 
 Canton, tn., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 12 m. WNW. Hart- 
 ford. P. <3000. 
 
 Canton, city, U.S., Illinois, Fulton co., 55 m. NNW. Spring- 
 field, in a dist. rich in coaL P. 5600. 
 
 Canton, tn., U.S., Maine, Oxford co., on Androscoggin R,, 
 28 m. WNW. Augusta, P. < 1500. 
 
 Canton, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co., 15 m. SSW. 
 Boston. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Canton, city, U.S., Mississippi, Madison co., 21 m. NNE. 
 Jackson. P. < 3000. 
 
 Canton, tn., U.S., Missouri, Lewis co., on the r. bk. of the 
 Mississippi, 20 m. SSW. Keokuk (la.). P. <3000. 
 
 Canton, vil., U.S., New York, St. Lawrence co., on Grass 
 R. , 95 m. W. Burlington (Vt. ) ; seat of the St. Lawrence Uni- 
 versity. P. < 3000. 
 
 Canton, manufacturing city, U.S., Ohio, cap. Stark co., 64 
 m. N W. by N. Wheeling ( W. Va. ) ; coal abundant in vicinity. 
 P. (1880) 12,300; (1890) 26,200. 
 
 Canton, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Bradford co., 65 m. W. 
 by N. Scranton. Alt 1261ft. (R.R.). P. <i50o. 
 
 Canton, city, U.S., S. Dakota, Lincoln co., 50 m. NE. by 
 E. Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Canton RiTer, Chinese Cbu-klang ('pearl river'), one of 
 the arms of a delta as intricate as that of the Ganges and 
 Brahmaputra, namely, the delta of the Si-kiang, in the prov. 
 270 
 
 of Kwangtung, China, leaves the main stream a little below 
 the place where it receives the Pe-kiang, or North R. , and flows 
 first E. then S. At about 50 m. below Canton it is called the 
 Boca (or Bocca) Tigris, or Tiger's Mouth, between the island 
 of Taikoktau (Tycocktow) on the W. , and those of Animghoi 
 and Chuenpi on the E. , and there suddenly increases from i m, 
 to 4 m., and, stiU lower, to 5-9 m. in width, for^^ing a large 
 estuary, termed the ' Outer Waters,' on the E. side of the island 
 of Macao. The entrance to the Boca Tigris is defended by 
 ports known to British sailors as the Bogue forts, taken by the 
 British in 1841 and 1856. 
 
 Cantorla, comm. , Spain, prov. Almeria, dist. Hu6rcal-0vera, 
 on the Almanzor. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cantreff, par. , Wales, Brecknockshire, 2 m. S. by E. Breck- 
 nock; 8986 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cantreff wltb Nautddn, eccles. dist., Wales, in co. and 
 near Brecknock. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cantsdam, viL, Scot., Fifeshire, in Beath par, P. <5oo. 
 
 Cantsfleld, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, 4^ m. SE. Kirkby Lons- 
 dale. P. <2SO. 
 
 Cantn, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 7 m. SE. by S. 
 Como. P. 8000. 
 
 Canty Bay, a picturesque little bay, Scot., on the N. ct., 
 Haddingtonshire, in 2° 39^' W., 2^ m. E. North Berwick. 
 
 Cantyre. See Klntyre. 
 
 Canulg, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Emlagh. 
 
 Canuma, vil. , Brazil, Amazonas, 94 m. SE. Manaos. 
 
 Canura, seapt. , Brit. India, See Canuanore. 
 
 Canvey Island, par., formed of a low marshy isl. in the 
 Thames, Eng., Essex, 7 m. W. Southend, 2 m. S. Benfleet stn. 
 At one time grapes were cultivated here for wine-making. P.O. 
 4383 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Canwell, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Lichfield div,, 4^ m. 
 SW. Tamworth, 2^ m. E. Blake Street stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Canwlck, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Sleaford div., ij m. SE. 
 Lincoln. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Can-nortby, hamlet, Eng., Cornwall, 10 m. NE. Camelford, 
 P.O. (C. Water). 
 
 Canyon, city, U.S., Colorado, cap. Fremont co., on Arkansas 
 R. , 90 m. S. by W. Denver ; an invalid resort, with both warm 
 and cold mineral springs ; its water-power is unlimited, and in 
 the vicinity are coal, iron, oil wells, marble and limestone 
 quarries, and copper and silver mines. P. <30oo. 
 
 Canyon City, vil., U.S., Oregon, Grant co., on John Day's 
 R. , 146 m. SW. of the NE. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Caobang, tn. , Tongking. See Kaobang. 
 
 Caolas Cist, sound, Scot., Inverness-shire, Outer Hebrides, 
 between Uist and Bernera Is. 
 
 Caorle, comm. and fishing viL , Italy, Venetia, prov. Venice, 
 unhealthy, on a lagoon isl., 36 m. SSW. Udine; bishopric. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Capacdo, comm. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 25 m. SE. by 
 S. Salerno, with a cathedral at C. Vecchio, a vil. 2^ m. NNW., 
 destroyed in the 13th century by the Empieror Frederick II. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Capacl, comm. , Sicily, on the coast, prov. and 7 m. NW. by 
 W. Palermo. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Capadare, tn. , S. America, Venezuela, Falcon, 125 m. WNW. 
 Caracas, in about 68° 35' W. 
 
 Capanne, Monte, mt. , Italy, in W. of Elba. Alt. 3340 ft. 
 
 Capard, electoral div. , Ire. , Queen's co. , dist. Clonaslee. 
 
 Capard, Ridge of, mt. ridge. Ire., Queen's co., in the NE. 
 of the Slieve Bloom Mts. Height, 1590 ft. 
 
 Capatarlda, tn. , S. America, Venezuela, cap. state Falcon, 
 350 m. E. by N. Cartagena, in about 70° 40' W. P. 2000. 
 
 Capbern, vil. , France. See Capvern. 
 
 Cap Cbat, viL and par. , Canada, Quebec, Gasp6 co. , on the 
 r. bk. of the St. Lawrence, in 66° 41' W., at the mouth of the 
 Cap Chat R. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cap Cocb, PM.O. , Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. from 
 Mountain Ash, near Aberdare. 
 
 Cap de Garde, cape, Algeria. See Garda. 
 
 Cap de la Hagdelelne, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Champlain co. , 
 on 1. bk. St. Lawrence, 72 m. WSW. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cap d'Espolr, cape, Canada, Quebec, Gasp^ co., in Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence, in about 64° 18' W. 
 
 Cap des Roslers, ct. vil. and par. , Canada, Quebec, co. and 
 19 m. from Gasp6. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cap d'Or, cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, in the SW. of Cumber- 
 land CO. , Bay of Fundy. 
 
 Cape Barren Island, off the NE. ct. of Tasmania, to 
 which it belongs, and from the mainland of which it is separated 
 by Clarke and some smaller islands and Banks Strait. Area, 
 172 sq. m. 
 
 Cape Breton, co. , Nova Scotia, in the E. of Cape Breton I. 
 
 Cape Breton Island, a very irregularly shaped isl. , forming 
 part of the prov. of Nova Scotia {q.v.), separated from the 
 mainland of Nova Scotia by the Gut of Canso. It is divided 
 into Inverness, Victoria, Richmond, and C. B. cos. See Bras 
 d'Or (lake and channels). 
 
CAPE — CAPE 
 
 Capecastle, stn., Ire., co. Antrim, on the railway between 
 Ballycastle and Ballymoney, 3 m. SW. Ballycastle. 
 
 Cape Coast Castle, a tn. and fort of Africa, formerly cap. of 
 the British settlements on the Gold Coast of Guinea, in 5° 5 N. , 
 1° 13' W. The principal fort is situated on a granite rock which 
 projects into the sea ; near it are two small outposts, Fort 
 William and Fort Victoria. P. 10,000. 
 
 Cape Cod Bay, the bay enclosed by the penin. in the SE. of 
 Massachusetts, U.S. Cape Cod Harbour, an inlet in the NE. 
 of that bay. 
 
 Cape Cod Canal, a ship canal, U.S. , in course of construction 
 since 1880 from Buzzards Bay to Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts. 
 
 Cape Colony, British colony, occupying the southern end of 
 the continent of Africa, boimded on the N. by German SW, 
 Africa, the Kalahari Desert, the Boer Republics, and Natal, 
 Its area and population are shown in the following table : — 
 
 
 
 Population in Thousands, and Increase 
 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 per Cent, per Annum. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 
 
 
 1865. 
 
 1875-79. 
 
 
 1891. 
 
 
 Cape Colony as in\ 
 187s / 
 
 191,416 < 
 
 White 
 Other 
 
 190 
 
 237 'i 
 
 484 2 
 
 2.23 
 2. 1 1 
 
 337 
 619.5 
 
 2.22 
 
 1-55 
 
 ( 
 
 Total 
 
 583 
 
 721 2 
 
 2-I5 
 
 956.5 
 
 1.78 
 
 Griqualand _ West \ 
 (annexed in 1880)/ 
 
 15.197 j 
 
 White 
 Other 
 Total 
 
 
 12.4** 
 32.93 
 
 45-3^ 
 
 
 29.7 
 53-7 
 83.4 
 
 6.44 
 3.56 
 4.46 
 
 Native terntories "j 
 
 ( 
 
 White 
 
 
 2.64 
 
 
 10.4 
 
 12.25 
 
 annexed since V 
 
 114,698^ 
 
 Other 
 
 
 260.4* 
 
 
 477.0 
 
 5-17 
 
 1875 ) 
 
 ( 
 
 Total 
 
 
 263.0* 
 
 
 487.4 
 
 5.28 
 
 Grand Total . , . 
 
 221,311 
 
 
 
 1,029 
 
 
 1.527 
 
 
 1 Including the population of British Kaffraria (annexed in 1866) on 
 the 31st of December 1864. 
 
 2 Census, 1875. 3 Census, 1877. * Census, 1879. 
 
 Coast and Surface. — The Atlantic coasts are low and sandy, 
 whilst those of the Indian Ocean are rocky and steep. The 
 coast-line is indented by many small bays, the most important 
 to navigation being Table Bay, False Bay (with Simon's Bay), 
 Mossel Bay, Algoa Bay, Port Alfred, and the mouth of the 
 Buffalo R. The country rises in a series of terraces towards 
 the interior. The first of these runs parallel to the S. coast, 
 and is separated from the highlands in the interior by the Lange, 
 Outeniqua, and Langkloof Mts. (Brookbosh, 5000 ft.). Between 
 these mountains and the ranges further N. stretches a plateau 
 with isolated hills and mountains, reaching altitudes of more 
 than 5000 feet. Then follow (in 33 J° S. lat.) the ranges of the 
 Witte-, Kleene-, and Groote-Zwartebergen, Bavianskloof, 
 Kouga, and Little Winterhoek, the general direction of which 
 is also parallel to the S. coast. Their average altitude is from 
 4000 to 5000 ft. (Seven Weeks Poort, 7630 ft. ), and their southern 
 slopes are steep, whilst towards the N. they merge into the 
 second plateau, the Great Karroo, a large plain extending 
 from W. to E. , between 32° and 33° S. lat., with an average 
 altitude of 4000 ft. in the western, and of 2800 ft. in the eastern 
 parts. The Karroo is divided into a number of dists., sepa- 
 rated from each other by table mountains, which rise isolated 
 or in ranges above the plain. During a greater part of the year 
 the soil of the Great Karroo, consisting ciiiefly of red, ferruginous 
 clay, is hard and perfectly dry ; but when the rains set in it is 
 covered for three months in the year with rich pastures and a 
 luxuriant vegetation. The highest points of this plateau are 
 the Eland Mts. (4890 ft.) and the Great Table Mt. (4720 ft.). 
 The water-parting between the Indian and Atlantic Oceans 
 runs across the central parts of the Karroo. The northern 
 boundary of this great plain is formed by a third series of 
 mountain ranges, viz., the Roggeveld, Nieuweveld, Winter, 
 and Koudveld Mts. (5000-5900 ft.), stretching from W. 
 to E. in 32° S. lat. They form a further system of table 
 mountains, sloping less steep to the S. than the preceding 
 ranges, and very gently to the N. , where the large Nieuweveld 
 plateau extends (4600-5200 ft. above sea-level). The latter is 
 traversed by a number of mountain ranges, or isolated 
 mountains, of which the Slang, Karree, Pram Mts., the 
 Hartzogs, and Jagtpun Rand are the principal. The Nieuwe- 
 veld plateau gradually slopes down to the plains of Great 
 Bushmanland and to the valley of the Orange R. The western 
 parts of C. C. also rise in various terraces towards the interior. 
 Near Cape Town the mountains approach the coast, the Table 
 Mt. and the Lion's Head reaching altitudes of 3550 and 
 2180 ft. respectively. But generally the coast dists. are 
 low, and the first western ranges are met with some distance 
 inland. These are the Drakenstein, Piquet, and Ohfant Mts. , 
 with an average altitude of 3300 ft. (Great Winterhoek, 6840 
 ft.), which are followed northward by the Western Karree Mts. 
 To the E. of the deep Olifant valley rise the mountains of the 
 second terraces, the Cedar Mts. (Sneeuwkop, 6335 ft. ), succeeded 
 by the Bokkeveld and Western Lange Mts. Between the last- 
 named ranges and the Western Karree Mts. extends the plain 
 
 of the Barren Karroo. Further N. rise the Kamies Mts. 
 (Welcome Mt., 5130 ft.) and the Coppermines Mts. (Riet Mt., 
 4500 ft). More to the E. are the Great Doom Mt. (5000 ft.) 
 and the Rood Mts. , belonging to the third terrace, which forms 
 the western boundary of the above-described Nieuweveld 
 plateau ; and of its northern continuations E. of the Koudveld 
 Mts., between 24° and 25° E. long., rises a high group, the 
 Snow Mts. (Compass Mt., 8000 ft.), from which two important 
 ranges diverge, viz., the chain including the Buffelshoek, 
 Zwagershoek, Tandtjes, and Elands Mts. (Great Winterhoek, 
 7810 ft.), running in a SE. direction, and reaching the Indian 
 Ocean near the mouth of the Great Kei R. ; and, secondly, 
 the high and picturesque range of the Drakenbergen, extending 
 to the N. E. The principal divisions of this range within Cape 
 terr. are the Zuurbergen, Stormbergen, and Kwathlamba Mts. 
 (Mont aux Sources, 11,150 ft., the highest mountain of sub- 
 tropical S. Africa; Champagne Castle, 10,360 ft. ; Giant's Peak, 
 9640 ft.). Hydrography. — The Orange is the most important 
 and one of the few perennial rivers of this part of Africa. It 
 rises in the western slopes of the Kwathlamba Mts. , and flows 
 to the Atlantic in many windings ; it is not navigable on 
 account of cataracts and rapids. Its principal trib. within 
 Cape terr. is the periodic Hartebeest R., which drains the 
 plains of Great Bushmanland during the rainy season. Of 
 other rivers must be mentioned the Buffalo and Olifant on the 
 W. coast ; the Breede, Gouritz, Gamtoos, and Zondag (or 
 Sunday) Rivs. or the S. coast ; and on the E. coast which, 
 owing to the more copious rainfall, is watered by numerous 
 small coast rivers — the Great Fish R. and the Great Kei, 
 C. C. has no lakes, but only a number of small ponds or vleys, 
 some of which are, however, of great importance in connection 
 with artificial irrigation (see afterwards). Geology. — Many 
 parts of C. C. consists of Archaeic and Palaeozoic rocks. 
 Granite, gneiss, and crystalline schists cover the western 
 dists. from the Orange to the Olifant R. These rocks are 
 overlaid in the SW. , S. , and E. by the so-called ' Cape for- 
 mation,' which belongs to the age prior to the Carboniferous 
 period. It is succeeded by widely extending fresh-water 
 deposits, without any trace of maritime influence. They are 
 called ' Karroo formation,' and Schenck is of opinion that 
 these rocks belong to the time between the Carboniferous and 
 Triassic periods. The Cape and the Karroo formations consist 
 principally of sandstones (which constitute many of the charac- 
 teristic S. African 'table-mountains'), clays, clay-slates, and 
 limestones. Besides these formations, numerous old volcanic 
 rocks are to be met. With the exception of the coast dists. and 
 the banks of the rivers, more recent formations are entirely 
 absent, and this is direct evidence that these parts of S. Africa 
 belong to the oldest land masses of the globe, and have not 
 been covered by the sea since the Palaeozoic age. The climate 
 of C. C. is subtropical ; the distribution and quantity of the 
 rainfall are of the utmost importance. In these respects the 
 eastern and western terr. differ greatly : the latter have winter- 
 rains, whilst in the eastern dists. summer-rains are frequent ; 
 and the quantity of the rainfall gradually decreases from E. 
 to W. For instance, the coast regions near the Knysna Har- 
 bour, and between the Great Kei R. and the St. Lucia Bay, 
 have copious rainfall, whilst the western coast dists. N. of 
 the St. Helena Bay are almost rainless. According to Dove, 
 not less than eight climatic divisions exist within the compara- 
 tively small terr. of C. C. which correspond to the distribution 
 and quantity of the rains. Snow is nothing unusual in the 
 high mountain regions of the interior, e.g., in the Draken, 
 Storm, Snow, and Nieuweveld Mts.; occasionally snow has 
 also been observed near the S. coast. The particulars in the 
 following table will serve to illustrate these peculiar climatic 
 differences. The places are arranged in the order from N. 
 to S. For the sake of comparison, a number of places (printed 
 in italics) outside the colony are introduced : — 
 Places between 17° and 20° E. long. : — 
 
 Rckoboth. 
 
 Springbok- 
 fontein. 
 
 Altitude . 
 
 g d r Jan- or Feb. 
 
 <u e -^ July or Aug, 
 S a \,Year . 
 Rainfall . 
 
 4550 ft. 
 77.5° F. 
 51.0° 
 67.0° 
 4.1 in. 
 Places between 20° and 23° E. long. : — 
 
 Carnarvon. Fraserburg. 
 4650 ft 
 
 3200 ft. 
 
 69.5° F. 
 49.6° 
 60.5° _ 
 7.64 in. 
 
 Clan- 
 William, 
 
 245 ft- 
 74.6° F. 
 51.6° 
 63-7° 
 
 9.30 in. 
 
 Altitude 
 
 3900 ft. 
 or Feb. . .. 71 -9° F. 
 
 or Aug. . . . 39.5° 
 
 55-3°. 
 8. 89 in. 7. 13 in, 
 
 Places between 23° and 26° E. long. : — 
 
 Kimberley. Hopetown. Richmond. 
 Altitude . . . 4042 ft. 3600 ft. 4700 ft. 
 c li rjan. or Feb. . 78.8° F. 
 « E-{ JulyorAug. . 51.8" 
 Sii l^Year . . 66.4° 
 Rainfall . . . 17.9 in. 10.9 in. 12.88 in. 
 
 5 g./Jan. 
 " B-{ July 
 §£ I, Year 
 Rainfall . 
 
 Prince 
 Albert 
 
 2120 ft. 
 
 72. 0° F. 
 
 46.0° 
 
 61.0° 
 7.7 in. 
 
 Graaff- 
 Reinet 
 2500 ft. 
 74.0* F. 
 
 52.3, 
 64.0 
 
 15.03 in. 
 271 
 
 Cape Town 
 (Royal Ob- 
 servatory). 
 40 ft. 
 
 69.9° F. 
 
 55-1° 
 
 62.3° 
 
 25.46 in. 
 
 Mossel 
 Bay. 
 
 105ft. 
 70.7° F. 
 57-2° 
 63.6° 
 17.39 in. 
 
 Uitenhage. 
 200 ft. 
 
 15.86 in. 
 
CAPE — CAPE 
 
 Places between 26° and 29° E. long. : — 
 
 jr.^n„,,r,„j Blcem- Aliwal /-,n,„,„ East 
 
 Kroonstad. ^,„,„„_ jjorth.' Cathcart. London. 
 
 Altitude . . . 4500 ft. 451S ft. 4330 ft. 3900 ft. 20 ft. 
 
 .orFeb. . .. 73-5° F. 72.8' F. .. 70.5° F. 
 
 rorAug. . .. 46.6° 43.5° .. 58.4° 
 
 61.6° 59-8° .. 64.9° 
 
 Rainfall 
 
 25.4111. 22.4 in. 25.19 in. 30.3 in. 26. 15 in. 
 
 Places E. of 29° E. long. 
 
 or Feb. 
 or Aug. 
 
 Pieter- 
 
 
 maritzburg: 
 
 UuTOayi 
 
 2093 ft. 
 
 150 ft. 
 
 71.8" F. 
 
 75-I"' F 
 
 55-7° 
 
 63.1° 
 
 64.9 
 
 69.4° 
 
 29.3 m. 
 
 40 8 in. 
 
 Altitude 
 
 <i Z ^.\ea^ 
 Rainfall . 
 
 The flora of C. C. is very interesting and peculiar. It varies 
 greatly ow^ing to the above-explained climatic differences. The 
 families of the Ericeae and Proteaceae prevail. The so-called 
 Karroo flora occupies the largest area, and is characterised 
 by many species of Acacia, Euphorbia, Aloe, Mesembry- 
 anthemum, and by a great number of bulbous plants. Similar 
 to the tropical flora of the countries more to the N. , and 
 characterised by palm-trees (Phmnix reclinata), is the vegetation 
 of the SE. dists. (from Natal to the Algoa Bay). A third 
 region is that of the southern coast dist. (between Port Eliza- 
 beth and Mossel Bay), where dense forests exist, in which 
 olive-cypress, Leucodendron, Protea, and Oreodaphne trees 
 prevail. A fourth region, totally different from the former, is 
 that of the SW. (from Mossel Bay to the W. Olifant R.), where 
 bushes, heaths, and numerous evergreen plants form the prin- 
 cipal features. The fanna has greatly changed in the course 
 of the present century. Many wild animals, like the rhinoceros 
 and the giraffe, have disappeared altogether ; the lion and the 
 elephant are but rarely met with in the eastern terrs. The 
 zebra still exists in the mountains, and the hippopotamus is 
 found in the Orange and in some of the coast rivers. The 
 buffalo is still met with in some of the southern forests. Various 
 kinds of antelopes, as well as jackals, hyenas, and monkeys, 
 are found in many parts of the colony, but no longer in such 
 great numbers as formerly. The ostrich was on the point of 
 becoming extinct when its successful domestication was com- 
 menced a short time ago. Serpents (many of them poisonous) 
 and locusts are pests, which have by no means diminished 
 under the influence of European civilisation. The mineral 
 production of C. C. is of the utmost importance. The diamond 
 fields of West Griqualand [q.v.) have to be mentioned first, 
 diamonds forming the most valuable export of the colony. 
 Since 1867, when the first diamond was accidentally dis- 
 covered, more than _^6o, 000,000 worth of diamonds have 
 been exported. The present annual export amounts to 
 about _^4,ooo,ooo. One of the largest towns of the colony, 
 Kimberley owes its sudden rise exclusively to its diamond 
 mines ; other mining localities of great importance are 
 Dutoitspan and Bultfontein. Next in importance are copper 
 ores, which occur in large quantities in the gneiss formation of 
 Little Namaqualand. The Ookiep mines, near Springbokfon- 
 tein, are the principal. Coal is found in the eastern divisions of 
 Albert and Wodehouse ; and since railways have been constructed 
 in the neighbourhood, the output of the mines is constantly 
 increasing. The principal mines are those of Cyphergat, Fair- 
 view, Molteno, and Indwe, their total yield being at present 
 about 30,000 tons per annum. Of other minerals, manganese 
 ore occurs at Dutoitskloof (30 m. from Cape Town), lead ore on 
 the Orange R. , and iron ores and zincblende are met with in 
 various parts of the colony. Together with the mineral pro- 
 duction, pastoral pnrsnlts form the principal source of wealth 
 of the colony. Sheep-breeding ranks first, the total number of 
 sheep being at present more than 16 millions. The excellent 
 wool of the Cape sheep is, next to diamonds, the most valuable 
 export article of C. C, amounting to ^^2, 000, 000 per annum. 
 In recent years ostrich farming has been practised with great 
 success, tht-re being at present more than 150,000 ostriches in 
 the colony. Other branches of importance are goat and horse- 
 breeding, as well as cattle-rearing, the last-named showing great 
 development since the introduction of artificial Irrigatiou, 
 which has made rapid strides during the last decade. The most 
 important irrigation work is that of Van Wyk's vley, in the 
 dist. of Carnarvon, where a dam of 330 ft. length has been built, 
 the result being an artificial lake of 19 sq. m. surface, and 10-12 
 ft. depth. By means of this enormous reservoir a large area of 
 the surrounding country has been converted into fertile land. 
 Other important irrigation works have been constructed in the 
 dists. of Calvinia and Beaufort West. The principal agri- 
 cnltnral products are wheat, oats, barley, Kafir corn, rye, 
 potatoes, and tobacco. Wine is produced at Constantia, Paarl, 
 Stellenbosch, and various other places, and is exported in con- 
 siderable quantities. At the present time there are hardly any 
 mannfactnrlne Industries in the colony. A number of 
 distilleries, breweries, factories of woollen cloths, leather goods, 
 waggons, &c., are all that is worth mentioning in this respect. 
 272 
 
 The colony has 2430 m. of railways. The principal Une is 
 that crossing the country from SW. to NE. , and connecting 
 Cape Town with Beaufort West, Kimberley, and Vryburg. 
 Two other lines of great commercial importance start from Port 
 Elizabeth, the first running to Middelburg and Colesberg, and 
 the second to Graaff Reinet. A fourth line connects the port of 
 East London with Aliwal North, on the Orange R. In con- 
 nection with the railways, the post and telegraph system of the 
 colony has likewise greatly developied in recent years. The tele- 
 graph lines exceed 5000 m. The commerce of C. C. is very 
 considerable, especially with the United Kingdom. Of course 
 the opening of the Suez Canal for some time affected the com- 
 merce of the colony, but the recent enormous development of 
 the social and commercial intercourse between Europe and S. 
 Africa has given a great and permanent impulse to the com- 
 merce, and the latter is at present in a very flourishing state. 
 The principal exports are diamonds, wool, ostrich feathers, 
 hides and skins. Angora hair, copper ore, and vv^ine. The chief 
 imports are textile fabrics, cereals, flour, alcoholic beverages, 
 building materials, and fancy articles. For statistics, see 
 Appendix, pp. 4-5. There is cable connection with England, 
 Zanzibar, and Aden, and regular steam communication with 
 England (Union Steamship Co. and Castle Mail Packet Co. ), 
 East Africa, Madagascar, and Mauritius. The goTemment 
 consists of a governor, a ministry of 6, a legislative council of 
 22, and a house of assembly of 72 members. The governor is 
 appointed by the mother country, but in all other respects the 
 colony has a complete system of local self-government. Among 
 the population the native races (Kafirs, Bechuanas, Fingos, 
 Hottentots, &c. ) are far more numerous than the Etiropeans. 
 Among the latter, those of British and Dutch descent prevail. 
 In 1891 the only census dists. with more than 50 per cent, 
 white pop. were in order: Piquetberg (56.23), Port Eliza- 
 beth, Sutherland, Riversdale, Ladismith, Knysna, Robertson, 
 Prince Albert, Fraserburg. Cape Dist. had 49.9. The lowest 
 white percentage was in EUiotdale, 0.16. Religion. — The 
 large majority of the civilised and semicivilised inhabitants 
 are Protestants, but there are also a number of Catholics, 
 Mohammedans, and Jews. More than one-half of the whole 
 population are, however, pagans. Education, although 
 not compulsory, is making rapid strides. The colony has 
 many good schools, and even a university (which is aflSliated 
 to Oxford, and is an examining body only) at Cape Town. 
 Principal towns. — Cape Town, Kimberley, Port Elizabeth, 
 Graham's Town, Beaconsfield, Paarl, and East London. 
 Historical notes. — The colony was founded by the Dutch in 
 1652. It was occupied by British troops in 1796, but given up 
 again to the Netherlands in the Peace of Amiens (1803). In 
 1806 it came permanently into the possession of the English. 
 Since that time the colony has steadily developed, in spite of 
 considerable difficulties with the natives (six ' Kafir wars ' from 
 1811 to 1879) and with the Dutch Boers. See Griqualand 
 West, KafTraria. [H. «. S.] 
 
 Cape Cove, vil. , Canada, Quebec, on the E. ct. of Gasp6 co. , 
 in 48° 24' N. , 24 m. SSW. Cape Gasp6. 
 
 Cape Elizabeth, tn., U.S., Maine, Cumberland co., i m. S. 
 Portland. P. 5500. 
 
 Cape Fear, riv., U.S., N. Carolina, formed by the confluence 
 of the Haw and Deep Rivs. , which join at Haywood in Chatham 
 CO. It then flows SE. till it widens out into an estuary, and 
 enters the Atlantic about 20 m. S. Wilmington. Steamboats 
 can ascend 120 m. to Fayetteville. At Wilmington it receives 
 from the N. the NE. Cape Fear R. 
 
 Cape Foulwind, tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Buller co. , 7 m. 
 from Westport. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cape Cieorge, or Georgeville, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, 
 CO. Antigonish, 40 m. from New Glasgow. P. <:i500. 
 
 Cape dlrardeau, city, U.S., Missouri, C. G. co., 24m. NW, 
 Cairo (Illinois), on the Mississippi. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Cape Haytlen and Cape Henry. See Cap Haitien. 
 
 Cape Island, U.S. , S. Carolina, Charleston co. , in 33° 1-4' N. 
 
 Capel. For other compound names (in Wales) commencing 
 with C, see Chapel. 
 
 Capel, par. , Eng. , Kent, div. and 3I m. SE. by E. Tunbridge, 
 2 m. W. by S. Paddock Wood June. P. < 1500. See Tudeley. 
 
 Capel, par. , Eng. , Surrey, Reigate div. , 5^ m. S. Dorking, \ 
 m. E. Ockley stn., PMT.O. ; 5663 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Capela, coram., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Puentedeume. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Capel Artbog, hamlet, Wales, Merionethshire, 3 m. from 
 Barmouth, P.O. 
 
 Capel Bangor, vil. , Wales, Cardiganshire, on the Rheidol, 5 
 m. E. by S. Aberystwith, P.O. 
 
 Capel Celyn, P.O., Wales, 7 m. from Bala (Merionethshire). 
 
 Capel Coelbren, hamlet, Wales, Brecknockahire, 13 m. W. 
 by N. Merthyr Tydfil, with a stn. (Colbren June.) on the M. R. 
 
 Capel Colman, par., Wales. See Cbapel Colman. 
 
 Capel Curig, eccles. dist. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div. , 
 on Lake Mymbyr, 13 m. S. by W. Conway, 5 m. W. by N. 
 Bettws-y-Coed stn., with slate quarries, PMT.O. P. <500. 
 
CAPE 
 
 C AP P 
 
 Capel Cynoii, eccles. dist., Wales, Cardiganshire, 13 m. E. 
 by N. Cardigan. P. <5oo. 
 
 Capel Ddewl, hamlet, Wales, Cardiganshire, 5 m. N. 
 Newcastle Emlyn. 
 
 Capel Fell, hill, Scot. , on the border of the cos. of Dumfries 
 and Selkirk, 18^ m. NW. Langholm. Alt. 2223 ft. 
 
 Capel Ciarmon, eccles. dist., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div. , 
 14J m. S. by E. Conway, i^ m. SE. Bettws-y-Coed stn. , P.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Capel Isaac, P.O., Wales, 4 m. from Llandilo (Carmarthen- 
 shire). 
 
 Capel Island, Ire. , off the SE. ct. of co. Cork, at the W. of 
 the entrance to Youghal Harbour. 
 
 Capella, tp., Queensland, Talbot co., 145 m. SW. by S. 
 Mackay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Capellades, tn. , Spain, prov. and 30 m. NW. Barcelona. 
 P. <:30oo. 
 
 Capellaute, rat. peak, Wales, co. and 11 m. SW. Brecknock. 
 Alt. 2382 ft. 
 
 Capellas, tn., on NE. of the I. of Sao Miguel (St. Michael), 
 Azores. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Capel le Feme, par., Eng. , Kent, Dover union. P. <25o. 
 See Alkhani. 
 
 Capelle, coram., Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, W. of 
 Geertruidenberg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Capelle aaii den IJssel, comm., Netherlands, prov. S. 
 Holland. P. <30oo. 
 
 Capelle, La, vil. , France, dep. Aisne, 27 m. W. by N. Rocroy, 
 arr. and 10 m. N. Vervins, with tulle and other manufs. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Capelnewydd, Eng. , Monmouthshire. See Blaeuavou. 
 
 Capel St. Andrew, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 7 m. E. 
 Woodbridge, P.O. P. <2So. See Bntley. 
 
 Capel St. Mary, par., Eng., Suftblk, Woodbridge div., 6 
 ra. SW. by W. Ipswich, with a stn. (Capel) on the G. E. R., 
 P.O. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (C. St. M. -with Little Wenltam) 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Capelton, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. and 10 m. from Sher- 
 brooke ; has copper-mines. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Capelulo, P.O., Wales, Carnarvonshire, 3 m. from Pen- 
 maenmawr. 
 
 Capel y Groes, part of eccles. par., Wales, Carmarthen- 
 shire. See Al)ergwilly. 
 
 Cape May, co. , U.S., New Jersey, in the extreme S., be- 
 tween Delaware Bay and the Atlantic. 
 
 Cape May, city, U.S. , New Jersey, at the S. end of Cape May 
 CO. ; favourite summer resort and sea-bathing place. Mean 
 temp., yr. 53.9° F. , Jan. 34.7°, July 73.5°; mean rainfall 
 (13 yrs. ), 47.24 in. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Capendn, vil. , France, dep. Aude, on the Aude, 11 m. E, 
 by S. Carcassonne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cape Negro, isl., Canada, Nova Scotia, Shelburne co. , 12 
 m. from Harrington, with lighthouse, visible 13 m. 
 
 Capenlinrst, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 5 m. NNW. 
 Chester, on the L. & NW. R. P. <250. 
 
 Capernaum, place named in N. T. See Kbni'bet Minyeh. 
 
 Capers Island, U.S., S. Carolina, in 32° 51' N. 
 
 Capertee, settlement and rly. stn.. New South Wales, Rox- 
 burgh CO. , 43 m. NE. by E. Bathurst. 
 
 Cape Sable Island, Canada, Nova Scotia. See Sable, Cape. 
 
 Capestang, tn., France, dep. H^rault, arr. and 9 m. W. by 
 S. B^ziers. The i:tang de C. has an area of 7.31 sq. m., 4.73 
 of which are permanently under water. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Capestborne, par., Eng., Cheshire, Macclesfield union. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Capestborne wltb Slddlngton, eccles. dist. , Eng. , Cheshire, 
 Knutsford div. , 5 m. W. by S. Macclesfield, 2^ m. SE. Chel- 
 ford stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Capestrano, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, 
 21 m. WSW. Chieti. Alt. 1630 ft. P. <4000. 
 
 Cape Town, cap. of Cape Colony, situated on the N. side of 
 the small penin., in the SW. of the colony, between Table 
 Bay, a small bay looking to the N. , and the flat-topped Table 
 Mt., flanked on the SW. and SE. respectively by the Lion's 
 Head and the Devil's Peak. It has two cathedrals, several 
 Mohammedan mosques, the S. African College, an excellent 
 public library and museum' (the gift of Sir George Grey, a 
 former governor), an observatory (33° 56' 3" S., 18° 28' 41" E.), 
 a castle (an antique fort more than 200 years old, but now use- 
 less for defence), &c. Modern defensive works have been con- 
 structed, including a chain of forts, some armed with heavy 
 ordnance, along the shores of Table Bay. A breakwater 
 3640 ft. long affords shelter to shipping in the bay, and there 
 are wet docks with accommodation for large steamers, a dry 
 dock, and a government patent slip, the last with 1000 tons 
 lifting power. An outer harbour, which will have a minimum 
 depth of 27 ft. , is under construction. Mean temp. , yr. 62. 3° 
 F. , Jan. 69.9°, July 55. 1° ; mean rainfall at observatory (42 yrs. ), 
 24.8 in. P. (1865) 28,500; (1881)33,200; (1891)51,250. 
 
 Cape TraTerse, cape and vil. , Canada, Prince Edward I. , in 
 Northumberland Strait, 33 m. W. by S. Charlottetown. P. < 1 500. 
 273 
 
 Cape Verde Islands (Ilhas de Cabo Verde), an archipelago 
 (i4°-i8° N. , 2i°-24° W.), about 300 m. W. of the African 
 coast (Cape Verde), forming three groups: (i.) NW. to SE. , 
 Santo Antao (246 sq. m. ), Sao Vicente, Santa Luzia, Sao Nicolau 
 (islets Branco and Razo, between the two last) ; (2.) NE., Sal, 
 Boa Vista; (3.) Maio, Santiago (396 sq. m.), Fogo, Brava 
 (some islets, Grande, Borabo, between the two last). The two 
 first groups are called the Windward Is., the third the Lee- 
 ward Is. The more mountainous are Santo Antao' (Pao 
 de Assucar, about 8000 ft.), Brava, Fogo (active volcano, 8800 
 ft. — last great eruption, 1680), Santiago (Pico de Santo Antonio, 
 7380 ft.). They are essentially volcanic, but sedimentary rocks 
 occur. Iron is very abundant in the S. islands. The climate 
 is tropical. Cold trade winds from NE. (October to May), 
 sometimes changed to NW. by the African continent, or very 
 hot from Africa (the L^ste). Dry season, December to July ; 
 rainy, August to September. Highlands not being extensive, 
 the trade winds do not cause rain, and the islands are subject 
 to great drought. Storms from W. (tornados). Mean temp. 
 74° F. ; maximum, 91^° (September) ; minimum, 58° (December). 
 Extreme daily variation, 30° F. Rather unhealthy. Best climate 
 at Sao Vicente, Fogo, Brava, Santo Antao. The endemic 
 flora seems to come from Canary Is. (shrubby Labiatse and 
 SynanthercB, from 1600 ft. to 4800 ft). The flora up to 1600 
 ft. was derived from Senegarabia. No indigenous tree. Land 
 fanua very poor. Some birds are special to Cape Verde 
 Is. (puffins), or very numerous (Alcedo, guinea-fowl). Atlantic 
 steamers coal at Sao Vicente, receive water from Santo Antao, 
 and cattle from Santo Antao and Sao Nicolau. Principal ex- 
 ports : Jatropha Curcas (50 per cent, of the whole), salt, coral, 
 Rocella, skins, coffee, sugar, brandy, palm oil, Indian corn, 
 beans, fruits (oranges, grapes), peanuts, cacao, cotton (yellow), 
 tobacco. There are now good plantations of Cinchona (2950 to 
 40Qoft. ). Some islets are covered with guano. In the popula- 
 tion, Africans predominate. In the dry years, emigration to 
 Brazil and British Guiana. Language, a very corrupt Portu- 
 guese (Cr^o/o). Discovered by the Portuguese in 1460. Form 
 a colonial government of Portugal, with capital in Santiago 
 (Villa da Praia). P. (1844) 60,000 ; (1879) 100,000. [J. B. U.] 
 
 Capevllle, settlement, Queensland, Dairy mple co. , 130 m. 
 SW. Townsville. 
 
 Cape Vincent, vil., U.S., New York, Jefferson co. , on the 
 St. Lawrence R., 48 m. NNE. Oswego. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cape Wolfe, vil., Canada, Prince Edward I., co. Prince, 
 12 m. from Bloomfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cap Haltlen, formerly Cap Henri, seapt. , isl. , and repub. , 
 Haiti, N. ct., 83 m. N. Port au Prince, in 72'^ 10' W. , the 
 second town in size and importance in the republic, situated at 
 the base of high hills which hem it in on three sides, enclosing 
 a commodious harbour, which, however, is as yet unprovided 
 with quays, so that vessels have to load and discharge by 
 lighters. Nearly entirely ruined by an earthquake in 1842. 
 Estimated P. (probably including dist.) 29,000. 
 
 Capbeaton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., 11 
 m. W. by S. Morpeth, 3J m. SW. by S. Middleton stn., with 
 coal-mines, PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Caplata, vil., Paraguay, 10 m. ESE. Asuncion. P. < 2000. 
 
 Capibaribe, riv. , Brazil, flows E. into the Atlantic at Per- 
 nambuco. 
 
 Capiignary, col., Paraguay, 108 m. ENE. Asuncion. 
 
 Capilla Borja, or Yacan (>aazu, vil. , Paraguay, 86 m. SE. 
 by E. Asuncion, 6\ m. S. Villa Rica. P. < 2000. 
 
 Capistrello, tn. and comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. 
 of Aquila. P. <40oo. 
 
 Capitanata, an old prov. of Italy, now named Foggia. 
 
 Capivary, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, Sao Paulo, 100 m. NW. 
 Santos. 
 
 CaplTary, vil., Brazil, prov. and 52 m. ENE. Rio de 
 Janeiro. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Capiz, city of the Philippines, cap. of the island Panay, on 
 its W. ct. It is the residence of a Spanish alcalde, govt, of the 
 prov. P. 16,900. 
 
 Capizzi, the ancient Capitium, comm., Sicily, prov. Messina, 
 40 m. NW. by W. Catania. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Capleston, tn.. New Zealand, South I., BuUer co., 43 m. 
 from Westport. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Caplestone Fell, a hill, Eng., Northumberland, 2o| m. S. 
 by W. Jedburgh. Alt. 1569 feet. .; 
 
 Caple-ville, settlement, U.S., Tennessee, Shelby co., 12 m. 
 SE. Memphis. j. 
 
 Capodistrla, or Capo d'Istria (that is, cap. of Istria, which f. 
 it still is), tn. and seapt., Austria, on the Gulf of Trieste, 7 m. 
 SSW. Trieste ; a favourite sea-bathing resort. P. 8200. 
 
 Capolago, vil., Switzd., cant. Ticino, 7 m. S. byE. Lugano, 
 at the head of one of the arms of Lake Lugano. P. <:2000. 
 
 Capolona, tn. , central Italy, prov. and circle Arezzo, on the 
 Arno. P. < 3000. 
 
 Caporetta. See Karfreit. 
 
 Cappadocia, vil., S. Italy, prov. Aquila, circle Avezzano. 
 The scenery here is wild and romantic. P. <30oo. 
 
 S 
 
C AP P 
 
 CAR A 
 
 Cappagh, electoral div. , Ire. , Kerry, dist. Kilgarvan. 
 
 Cappagb, par., Ire., N. co. Limerick, bar. Lower Connello, 
 14^ m. SW. by W. Limerick. P. <25o. 
 
 Cappagb, electoral div.. Ire., Tipperary. See Cappagli* 
 wlilte. 
 
 Cappagh, par. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, bars. Upper Strabane and 
 E. Omagh, 2^ m. N. Omagh ; 37,671 ac. P. 7500. 
 
 Cappagb, tnld.. Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. Middle Dungannon, 
 7 m. WNW. Dungannon, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cappagb, stn. , Ire. , W. co. Waterford, bar. Decies without 
 Drum, 5i m. WNW. Dungarvan, on Waterford and Lismore 
 Rly.,P.6. 
 
 Cappagbabann, electoral div., Ire., Clare, dist. Mount- 
 shannon. 
 
 Cappagbdnff, electoral div. , Ire. , Mayo, dist. C. , in Ballin- 
 ■robe union. 
 
 Cappagbwblte, tn., Ire., W. co. Tipperary, bar. Upper 
 Kilnamanagh, 7^ m. N. Tipperary, PM.O. (Cappawblte). 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Cappalongb, electoral div.. Ire., NW. Queen's co., bar. 
 Tinnahinch, 8 m. SE. by S. Tullamore. 
 
 Cappalnsk, electoral div.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. 
 Tiaquin, 15 m. SE. Tuam. 
 
 Cappamore, tn., Ire., NE. co. Limerick, bar. Owneybeg, 
 13 m. E. by S. Limerick, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cappancnr, electoral div. , Ire. , King's co. , dist. Tullamore. 
 
 Cappard, electoral div.. Ire., co. Galway, dist. Ardrahan. 
 
 Capparoe, P.O., Ire., NW. co. Tipperary, bar. Upper 
 Ormond, 3I m. SW. by S. Nenagh, on the Nenagh Branch Rly. 
 
 Cappataggle, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Galway, bar. Kilconnell, 
 4 m. WSW. Aughrim, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cappavilla, electoral div.. Ire., co. Clare, dist. Coolacasey. 
 
 Cappella Maggiore, vil., N. Italy, Venetia, prov. Treviso, 
 dist. Vittoria. P. <3000. 
 
 Cappellen, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. Antwerp. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 Cappoge, par., Ire., co. Louth, bar. Ardee, i m. NW. 
 Dunleer. P. <25o. 
 
 Cappoquin, tn. , Ire. , W. co. Waterford, bar. Coshmore and 
 Coshbride, 3 m. ENE. Lismore, on Waterford and Lismore 
 Rly. and the 1. bk. of the Blackwater, where it turns S. , navig- 
 able hence downwards in barges, PMT.O. P. < 150c. 
 
 Capra, Italian ; Cabra, Spanish and Portuguese ; Chivre, 
 French, ' goat. ' 
 
 Capracotta, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Campo- 
 basso, 36 m. S. by E. Chieti. P. <4000. 
 
 Capraja, isl. , in the Mediterranean Sea, 18 m. from the N. 
 point of Corsica. There is a village of the same name with a 
 lighthouse on the E. side of the island. The island is of 
 volcanic origin, and, except on the E. ct. , difficult of access; 
 until 1507 it belonged to Corsica, but at that date it was taken by 
 the Genoese. Length, 3^ m. ; breadth, \\ m. ; alt. 1465 ft. P. 800. 
 
 Capraja, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Florence, circle Miniato. 
 Its stronghold rises abruptly from the Arno. P. <4000. 
 
 Capraiilca, comm., Italy, prov. Rome, circle Viterbo. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Caprara, the most northerly of the Termiti Is., in the 
 Adriatic Sea, Italy, prov. Foggia, vidth lighthouse, visible 11 m. 
 
 Caprara, tn.,N.Italy,prov.Bologna,circleVergato. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Caprara, Pnuta, cape, Italy, in the extreme N. of Asinara I. , 
 in 41° 6' N. , with lighthouse, visible 21 m. 
 
 Caprera, Isola dl ('goat island'), small isl., Italy, off the 
 NE. ct. of Sardinia, in 41° 10-14' N. Length, N. to S., 5 m. 
 
 Caprese, vil., central Italy, prov. and 13 m. NE. Arezzo. 
 Birthplace of Michael Angelo, 1475. P. < 3000. 
 
 Capri, the ancient Caprece ('island of goats'), isl., Italy, 
 dist. Castellamare, at the S. entrance of the bay, and 20 m. S. 
 city of Naples. Length, 4^ m. ; breadth, 3 m. It is mountainous, 
 coast composed of limestone cliffs, steep and inaccessible except 
 at two places, one forming the port of Capri, a small fortified 
 town on its S. side, with a cathedral. The island was a 
 favourite residence of the Roman emperors Augustus and 
 Tiberius, the substructures of whose palace (destroyed after 
 the death of Tiberius by order of the Senate) can still be seen 
 at the E. point. The island is also noted for its ' blue grotto ' 
 (grotta azzurra), a cavern entered from the sea, so called on 
 account of the beautiful blue seen reflected from all parts. 
 Alt. 1525 ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Caprlano, vil., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 10 m. WNW. 
 Bergamo. P. < 2000. 
 
 Caprlata, comm. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 13 m. SSE. 
 Alessandria. P. < 3000. 
 
 Capricorn Islands, small group of isls. and rocks off the 
 E. ct. Australia, on the Tropic of Capricorn. Long. 151° 15' E. 
 
 Caprle, small, isl., Austria, Dalmatia, in the Adriatic Sea, 
 10 m. W. Sebenico. P. <soo. 
 
 Capringstone, colliery, Scot., N. Ayrshire, 2 m. E. by N. 
 Irvine, | m. NE. by N. Dreghorn stn. 
 
 Caprlno, comm. , Italy, Venetia, prov. Verona, 13 m. NNE. 
 Peschiera. P. 5000. 
 274 
 
 Caprlolo, vil., N. Italy, prov. Brescia, circle Chiari. P, 
 <3000. 
 
 Cap Ronge, vil. , Canada, prov. and co. Quebec, on the 
 1. bk. of the St. Lawrence, 8 m. WSW. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Capryke, tn., Belgium, prov. East Flanders, 13 m. NNW. 
 Ghent. It has several breweries, and trade in timber. P, 
 <4ooo. 
 
 Cap Sant^, tn. , Canada, Quebec, Portneuf co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the St. Lawrence, 31 m. WSW. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cap-sir, or Cap-clr, former dist. , France. See ItonssUlon. 
 
 Cap St. Ignace, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Montmagny co. , 40 
 m. ENE. Quebec, on the r. bk. of the St. Lawrence and the 
 Grand Trunk Rly. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Captain's Flat, tn.. New South Wales, co. Miuray, 201 m. 
 S. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Captain's Harbour, trading port, Alaska, in the I. of 
 Unalaska. 
 
 Capua, fortified tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, on the 
 Volturno, 33 m. E. by S. Gaeta ; archbishop's see, with Gothic 
 cathedral. It is one of the keys of the province, for though 
 far from the frontier it is the only fortress that covers the 
 approach to Naples. The fortifications, constructed by Vauban, 
 were extended in 1855. Ancient C, with ruins of an amphi- 
 theatre, is 2 m. distant. P. 13,500. 
 
 Capua Vetere ( ' Old Capua ' ) , Italy. See Capua. 
 
 Capurso, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. Bari, 6^ m. SE. by S. 
 Bari. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Caputb, par., Scot., cos. Forfar and Perth, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Tay, 8 m. W. Coupar Angus, i^ m. NW. Murthly stn. ; 
 14,489 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Capnyapo, valley, Chile. See Coplapd. 
 
 Capvern, or Capbern, vil, France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n6es, 
 arr. Bagnes de Bigorre, cant, and a,\ m. WSW. Lann^mezan ; 
 mineral waters, and much frequented establishment. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Caqueta, riv. , Brazil. See Yapura. 
 
 C&queza, tn. , Colombia, Cundinamarca, 16 m. SE. Bogotd. 
 Alt. 5500. P. 8000. 
 
 Car, ' a marsh. ' See Corcagh. 
 
 Cara, small isl. , Scot. , Argyllshire, to the S. of Gigha I. , in 
 S5" 38' N. See Glgba. 
 
 Caraballeda, tn. and harb. , Venezuela, Bolivar. 
 
 Carabancbel, tn. , Spain, prov. and 4 m. SW. Madrid. 
 Favourite holiday resort of the people of Madrid. C. Alto, 
 P. -C2000; C. Bajo, P. <40oo. 
 
 Carabane, French fortress, at the mouth of the Kazamanza, 
 in Senegambia. 
 
 Carabaya, or Caravaya, prov. , SE. Peru, dep. Puno, on the 
 Bolivian frontiers, ;md mainly on the E. side of the Andes, near 
 the source of the Madre de Dios ; rich in gold. 
 
 Carabobo, maritime state, Venezuela, cap. Valencia. 
 
 Caraca, La. See Cadiz. 
 
 Caracalu, tn. , Roumania, cap. prov. RomanatI, 30 m. SE. 
 by E. Craiova. P. (1889-90) 10,900. 
 
 Caracas Bay, S. America, Ecuador, in 0° 35' S. 
 
 Caracas, improperly Caraccas, city, S. America, cap. 
 Venezuela, in federal dist. surrounded by state of Miranda, in 
 a valley of the Maritime Andes at the S. foot of the peak known 
 as the Sllla (seat) de C. (alt. 8745 ft.), 8 m. (23^ m. by rail) S. 
 by E. of its port of La Guaira, in 10° 31' N. , d'f 5' W. It is 
 well supplied with water, and has a healthy climate. It has a 
 cathedral, the church of Alta Gracia, the central university, the 
 national library, a museum, and a polytechnic school. By the 
 earthquake of 1812, 12,000 persons perished. Alt. (meteoro- 
 logical stn. ) 3043 ft. Mean temp. (3 yrs., 1868-70), yr. 71.2° 
 F. , Jan. 68.5°, Aug. 72. 6"^. P. (including suburbs), 70,000. 
 
 earache, one of the Bissagos Is. 
 
 earache, tn. , S. America, Venezuela, Los Andes, 230 m. 
 WSW. Caracas. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Caracoles, silver-mining tn. and dist. , Chile, prov. and 100 
 m. ENE. Antofagasta, about 25 m. from Sierra Gorda stn., on 
 the railway from Antofagasta. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Caracora, tn. , S. America, Peru, dep. Ayacucho, 130 m. 
 SW. Cuzco. 
 
 Caracoron (in Marco Polo). See Karakorum. 
 
 Caradoc. See Caer Caradoc. 
 
 Caragh, electoral div. , Ire. , Kerry, dist. Killorglin. 
 
 Caragllo, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 6 m. WNW. 
 Cuneo ; manufactures of silk. P. 7000. 
 
 Caragnatay, vil. , Paraguay, 46 m. ENE. Asuncion. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Carah, hamlet, Ire., co. Kerry, 17 m. W. Killarney, near 
 Lough Carah, P.O. 
 
 Carahnara, tn. , S. America, Bolivia, dep. Oruro, 90 m. S. 
 by W. La Paz. 
 
 Carajan (in Marco Polo). See Tall-fta and I'iiunan. 
 
 Caramagna, Plemonte, comm., N. Italy, prov. Cuneo, 
 circle Saluzzo. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Caranianlco, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 
 16 m. SSW. Chieti. P. 5000.' 
 
 Caramarl, bay, on the ct. of Bolivar, Colombia. 
 
CARA — CARD 
 
 Caramel, riv. , Spain. See Sangonera. 
 
 Caramoran (in Marco Polo). See Hwang-ho. 
 
 Caramut, tn., Victoria, Villiers co., 53 m. SSW. Ararat. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Caranja, isl. , Brit. India. See Karanja. 
 
 Caraorniau, tn. , Roumania, Dobruja, at the S. end of the 
 Liman Since, prov. and 18 m. N. by E. Kustenji. P. <20oo. 
 
 Carapelle {Cerbalus), riv., S. Italy, prov. Foggia, after an 
 NE. course of about 48 m. enters the Adriatic 9 m. S. 
 Manfredonia. 
 
 Carapeqna, vil., Paraguay, 38 m. SE. Asuncion. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Caraqne, tn. , Colombia, prov. and E. of Cartagena. 
 
 Caraques, or Caracas, bay, Ecuador, in 0° 35' S. 
 
 Caraquette, port of entry, Canada, New Brunswick, Glou- 
 cester CO. , on the Bay of Chaleur, in 65° 7' W. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Caraqaette Bay, Canada, New Brunswick, an inlet of 
 Chaleur Bay to the SE. of Caraquette. 
 
 Carasso, comm. , Switzd. , cant. Ticino, i^ m. NNW. Bellin- 
 zona.' P. <20oo. 
 
 Caratal, tn. , Venezuela, Guayana, on the Yuruari, near the 
 colony Nueva Providencia. P. 6000. 
 
 Caratasca, a large lagoon about 50 by 10 m. in the E. of 
 Honduras, communicating with the Caribbean Sea by a narrow 
 opening in 15° 20' N. 
 
 Carate Brlaiiza, tn., Italy, prov. and 15 m. N. Milan. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Caravaca, tn. , Spain, prov. Murcia, 33 m. N. by W. Lorca, 
 on the slope of a hill on the summit of which is an old fortress. 
 In a mountain W. of the town is the stalactite cavern of 
 Barquilla. P. 15,000. 
 
 Caravagglo, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 15 m. S. 
 Bergamo. Birthplace of the painters Polidoro Caldara and 
 Michael Angelo Merigi, both named Caravaggio, from their 
 native town. P. 8000. 
 
 Caravaya, prov. , Peru. See Carabaya. 
 
 Caravele, La, cape, NE. Martinique I., W. Indies, with 
 lighthouse, visible 12 m. 
 
 Caraveli, tn., S. America, Peru, dap, Arequipa, 130 m. 
 NW. by N. Mollendo. P. <4000. 
 
 Caravellas, seapt., Brazil, in the S. of Bahia, in 17° 45' S., 
 opposite the famous rocks of the Abrolhos. P. 3000. 
 
 Caraivii, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Ballindine. 
 
 Carayao, vil., Paraguay, 75 m. E. Asuncion. P. < 2000. 
 
 Caraz, tn., S. America, Peru, dep. Ancachs, 220 m. N. by 
 W. Lima. P. <40oo. 
 
 Carazo, dep. , Nicaragua (Central America), on W. ct. , cap. 
 Jinotepe. 
 
 Carballeda, comm., Spain, prov. Orense, dist. Valdeorras. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Carballeda de ATla, comm., Spain, prov. Orense, dist. 
 Ribadavia. P. <4000. 
 
 Carballedo, comm., Spain, prov. Lugo, dist. Chantada. 
 P. 9500. 
 
 CarbalUuo, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. Orense, 35 m. 
 ENE. Vigo ; has mineral springs. P. 8300. 
 
 Carballo, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. Corunna, 24 m. 
 NNW. Santiago, with mineral springs and baths. P. 11,300. 
 
 Carbelego, co., New South Wales, bounded on the E. by 
 the Bogan R. , and crossed in the N. by 31° S. 
 
 Carberry, rly. stn. , Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R. , 
 106 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Carberry, stn.. Ire., between Enfield and Edenderry, King's 
 CO. , on branch of M. G. W. R. 
 
 Carberry mil, a hill, Scot., Midlothian, 2^ m. SE. Mussel- 
 burgh. Here Mary Queen of Scots surrendered to the con- 
 federate lords June 15, 1567. ' Alt. 500 ft. 
 
 Carberry Island, Ire., SW. co. Cork, in Dunmanus Bay. 
 
 Carbery, East, and C, West, four bars. , Ire. , in the SW. of 
 CO. Cork, E. and W. Carbery, being each divided into an E. 
 and W. div. 
 
 Carbet, tn., W. Indies, W. ct. of Martinique (q.v.). P. 
 <40O0. 
 
 Carbla, comm., Spain, prov. Pontevedra, dist. Latin. 
 P. 9900. 
 
 Carbls Bay, stn. , Eng. , Cornvrall, div. and i^ m. SE. St. 
 Ives, on the G. W. R. P.O. 
 
 Carbon, cape, Algeria, in 0° 20' W. , 22 m. NE. Oran. The 
 principal promontory protecting the port of Bougie. 
 
 Carbon, vil., U.S., Indiana, Clay co., 19 m. NE. by E. 
 Terre Haute. P. < 1500. 
 
 Carbon, co., U.S., in the E. of Pennsylvania, E. of 76° W., 
 crossed in the N. by 41° N., traversed by the Lehigh R., 
 yielding about one-sixth of all the anthracite produced in the 
 States ; cap. Mauch Chunk, which is also the chief mining centre. 
 
 Carbon, tn., U.S., Wyoming, C. co., 57 m. NW. Laramie. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Carbonado, tn., U.S., Washington, Pierce co., 40 m. E. 
 Olympia. P. < 1000. 
 
 Carbonara, Cape, forms the SE. extremity of the island 
 Sardinia, in 39° 4' N. , 9° 34' E. 
 
 Carbonara di Barl, comm. , Italy, prov. and 4 m. S. Bari. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Carbonara dl Po, comm., Italy, prov. Mantua, dist. 
 Sermide, on the Po. P. <30oo. 
 
 Carbondale, city, U.S., Illinois, Jackson co. , 83 m. SE. 
 St. Louis (Mo.), seat of the Southern Illinois Normal University. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Carbondale, vil., U.S., Kansas, Osage co. , 18 m. S. Topeka. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Carbondale, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, Lackawanna co., near 
 the source of Lackawanna R. , 13 m. N E. by N. Scranton, in a 
 vicinity rich in coal (beds near C. being 20 ft. thick), which is 
 conveyed from Honesdale by the Delaware and Hudson Canal 
 to the Hudson R. Alt. 1079 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 7700; (1890) 
 10,800. 
 
 Carbondale, settlement, U.S., Tennessee, Montgomery co., 
 42 m. WNW. Nashville. 
 
 Carboueras, comm., Spain, Andalusia, prov. Almeria, dist. 
 Vera ; small port, with good anchorage, sheltered on the W. 
 and SW. P. < 3000. 
 
 Carbonne, tn. , France, dep. Haute Garonne, arr. Muret, on 
 the Garonne, 25 m. SSW. Toulouse. P. <20oo. 
 
 Carbonnear, port of entry, Newfoundland, Avalon Penin., 
 on Conception Bay, 25 m. NW. by W. St. John's. P. <3000. 
 
 Carbon Run, vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Bradford co., 55 m. 
 W. by N. Scranton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Carbost, vil., Scot., Inverness-shire, Skye I., 11 m. SW. 
 Portree, PM.O. 
 
 Carbrook, eccles. dist., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. 
 NE. Sheffield. P. 9300. 
 
 Carbrooke, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, SW. div. , 18 J m. W. by S. 
 Norwich, 2 m. ENE. Watton stn., P.O. P. -cyso. 
 
 Carbnrton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Worksop union. 
 P. <:25o. See Edwlnstowe. 
 
 Carbnry, bar. , Ire. , in the NE. of co. Sligo. 
 
 Carbury, par.. Ire., NW. co. Kildare, bar. C, 14 m. W. 
 Maynooth, 2 m. E. Carbury stn., PMT.O. ; 4796 ac. P. <Soo. 
 
 Carcabney, tn., Spain, prov. and 36 m. SE. C6rdoba. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Carcagente, tn. , Spain, prov. and 25 m. S. by W. Valencia, 
 on a plain ; palm, orange, and mulberry trees flourish in the 
 gardens; with woollen and other manufactures. P. 12,500. 
 
 Carcaraital, Klo, riv. , Argentine Republic, flows E. from the 
 Sierra de Cordoba, and enters the Parana N. of Rosario. 
 
 Carcassonne, the ancient Carcaso, tn. , France, cap. dep. 
 Aude, composed of two parts, the old town strongly situated 
 on a rock commanding the R. Aude and the Canal du Midi, 
 55 m. SE. Toulouse, the new town below; both surrounded 
 by old walls, those of the old town restored in modern days 
 by Viollet-Leduc. The old town contains the castle and the 
 old cathedral (nth and 14th centuries) ; the new town, the 
 new cathedral, town hall, hospitals, theatre, barracks, covered 
 markets, and Church of St. Vincent. It is abishop's see (since the 
 6th century). It is well supplied with water, and has important 
 manufactures of cloth, hosiery, &c. Near C. is the fine aqueduct 
 by which the Canal du Midi crosses the R. Fresquel. C. has 
 been of importance since the time of Caesar ; the hereditary 
 Counts of C. date from 836. The town suffered in the wars 
 against the Albigenses (1209). Alt. 340 ft. Mean temp., yr. 
 56.4° F. , Jan. 41.7°, July 72.5°. P. 28,200. 
 
 Carclaze, range of downs, Eng., Cornwall, 2 m. N. St. 
 Austell, with ancient tin-mine. Alt. 665 ft. 
 
 Carcoar, tn.. New South Wales, Bathurst co., 25 m. SW. by 
 W. Bathurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Car Colston, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Newark div. , 9 m. 
 ENE. Nottingham, 3 m. NW. Aslockton stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Carcroft and Adwlck-le-Street, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Doncaster div., on the G. N. R., 4 m. NNW. Doncaster. 
 
 Cardamcm, range of hills, India, Madras Presidency, Travan- 
 core state ; owes its name to the large amount of cardamoms 
 collected annually. Alt. 2-4000 ft. 
 
 Cardamom, range in Cambodia (q.v.). 
 
 Carden, par., Eng., Cheshire, Tarvin union. P. <25o. 
 
 Cardenas, tn. and seapt. , Cuba, N. ct. , 76 m. E. Havana, in 
 81° 12' W. P. 23,400. 
 
 Cardenden, vil., Scot., Fife, on the N. B. R., 4^ m. NW. 
 by W. Kirkcaldy. C. colliery to the S. P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cardeston, par. , Eng. , Salop, Oswestry div. , 6% m. W. Shrews- 
 bury, i^ m. N. Yockleton stn. See Alberbnry wltb C. 
 
 Cardew, vil. , Eng. , Cumberland, Eskdale div. , 5I m. SW. 
 Carlisle, i m. E. by N. Curthwaite stn. 
 
 Cardie's Inlet, Victoria. See Peterborough, Victoria. 
 
 Cardiff ('fort on the Taff'), pari., mun., and co. bor., and 
 seapt. of S. Wales, cap. co. Glamorgan, on the Taff, i m. 
 from its mouth, in the estuary of the Severn, in the diocese 
 of Llandaff. C. is the seat of the University College of S. Wales 
 and Monmouthshire. It has a public library, and excellent 
 museum, particularly rich in geological specimens, and its 
 growth, which has been very rapid since the sixties, has been 
 chiefly due to the increase in the export of the excellent steam- 
 
 275 
 
CARD — CARI 
 
 coal obtained from this field. The export of coal coastwise in- 
 creased between 1865 and 1891 from 899,000 to 1,299,000 tons, 
 that to foreign countries from 1,451,000 to 10,115,000 tons 
 (including coke and patent fuel). As to total amount of ship- 
 ping, see Appendix, p. 13. C. also exports large quantities 
 of iron and tin-plate, carries on iron shipbuilding, and has 
 large iron and steel works and various factories. The port has 
 5 docks and basins, Bute docks (E. and W.), Roath Dock 
 and Basin, these two with a depth of 35 ft. at ordinary spring- 
 tides, and the Glamorganshire Canal basin, in addition to a 
 floating dock with 4500 tons lifting power, and numerous dry 
 docks. C. joins with Cowbridge and Llantrissant (forming 
 the Cardiff dist. of bors. ) in sending one member to House of 
 Commons. C. is ancient and can be traced to the first century ; 
 with remains of a Roman fort. The castle, dating from mo, 
 now belongs to the Marquis of Bute, who has the title of Baron 
 C. It has a stn. on the S. Wales line of G. W. R., and is 
 connected by the Taff Vale and Rhymney railways with the 
 S. Wales coal and mineral dists. Market-days, W. and S. 
 Mun. (and now also co. ) bor. P. (1851) 18,400; (1871) 56,900; 
 (1891) 128,900; C. dist. of pari. bors. P. 132,200. 
 
 Cardigan, mun. bor., seapt. tn., and par., S. Wales, cap. 
 CO., on the Teifi, 5 m. from its entrance into St. George's 
 Channel, in the archdeaconry of C. , and the diocese of St. 
 David's. As to shipping, see Appendix, p. 13. Market- 
 day, S. Par. P. <:3ooo; mun. bor. P. < 3500. 
 
 Cardigan, vil. , New South Wales, Grenville co. , in 37° 35' S. , 
 143° 42' E. , 79 m. NW. Melbourne. 
 
 Cardigan Bay, Canada, on the E. of Prince Edward I. , in 
 46° 9'-i2' N. 
 
 Cardigan Bay, the large bay on the W. of Wales between 
 Braich-y-Pwll, Carnarvonshire, and Strumble Headlands, Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 Cardigan Headland, Wales, N. point of Pembrokeshire. 
 
 Cardigan Isle, Wales, at the mouth of Cardigan Bay, N. 
 side. 40 ac. 
 
 Cardlgansblre, co., S. Wales, having W. Cardigan Bay, 
 between the mouth of the Dovey and that of the Teifi (or 
 Deifi). Surface wholly composed of Cambrian and Silurian 
 rocks ; level on the coast ; mountainous in the interior, but 
 interspersed with fertile valleys. Plinlimmon, 2460 ft. in height, 
 is in its NE. part. The chief rivers are the Teifi, which forms 
 the chief part of the S. boundary, Rheidol, Ystwith, Aeron or 
 Ayron, and Towy, the last dividing this co. from Brecon. The 
 principal towns are either on the coast or in the valley of the 
 Teifi — on the coast, Aberystwith and AberajTon, in the valley 
 of the Teifi, Tregaron, Lampeter, and Cardigan. A branch 
 of the Cambrian Rly. keeps near the coast to Aberystwith, and 
 from that town the Manchester and Milford Rly. first ascends 
 the valley of the Ystwith, then descends that of the Teifi into 
 Carmarthenshire, where it joins the G. W. R., which sends a 
 branch into the S. of Cardiganshire as far as Adpar. Principal 
 industry is the rearing of live stock [Appendix, pp. 7-9]. Copper 
 ore is mined at Glandovey, zinc ore at Devil's Bridge, Penrhyn- 
 coch, Talybont, and one or two other places, and lead ore at 
 Goginan, Ystradmeurig, Talybont, Penrhyncoch, &c. , and slates 
 are quarried at Cwmere and Glandovey. Gloves and flannels 
 are manufactured. C. belongs to the diocese of St. David's. 
 It returns one member to Parliament. The county contains 
 no pari. bor. Area, 440,630 ac. P. 62,630. The adminis- 
 trative county includes the part of the urban sanitary dist. of 
 Cardigan, in the ancient county of Pembroke. Area, 443,071 ac. 
 P. 63,467. See Wales, table. 
 
 Cardinal, stn., Canada, Ontario, 9 m. from Prescott, on the 
 Grand Trunk Rly. 
 
 Cardlngton, par. and vil., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade 
 div., 3 m. ESE. Bedford, on the M. R., P.O. Alt. 105 ft. 
 Mean temp. (i86i-8o), yr. 49.4° F., Jan. 37.2°, July 63.1°. 
 Par. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (C. -with Eastcotts) P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Cardlngton, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 11 m. S. 
 Shrewsbury, 2^ m. SE. Leebotwood stn., P.O. ; 6685 ac. 
 P. <:75o. 
 
 Cardlngton, vil., U.S., Ohio, Morrow co., on the E. branch 
 of Whetstone R. , 39 m. N. by E. Columbus. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cardlnbam, par. and vil., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 3 m. 
 ENE. Bodmin, P.O. ; 9634 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Cardlto, vil., S. Italy, prov. and 7 m. N. Naples, circle 
 Casoria. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cardlva, one of the Maldive Is. , in 5° N. , 73° 40' E. 
 
 Cardon, isl. , in Pacific Ocean, near Realejo, Nicaragua, Central 
 America, with a lighthouse, visible 13 m., on its N. point. 
 
 Cardona, comm., Spain, prov. and 45 m. NW. by N. 
 Barcelona. SW. of the town is a mountain of rock salt 500 
 ft. in elevation, 4 m. in circumference, which affords an in- 
 exhaustible supply of that article. P. <:400o. 
 
 Cardonald, eccles. par., Scot., cos. Lanark and Renfrew, 
 near Paisley, on the G. & SW. R. , 3J m. W. Glasgow. P. < 
 1000. 
 
 Cardoner, riv. , Spain, Catalonia, flows SSE. past Manresa 
 into the Llobregat. 
 276 
 
 Cardrona, stn., Scot., Peeblesshire, 4 m. ESE. Peebles, on 
 the N. B. R. 
 
 Cardross ('the promontory fort'), par. and vil., Scot., Dum- 
 bartonshire, on the r. bk. of the Clyde, on the N. B. R., 3 m. 
 WNW. Dumbarton, between which and the village the old 
 castle of C, where King Robert Bruce died, June 7, 1329, 
 formerly stood, PMT.O. Par. 8264 ac, P. 10,600; vil. P. 
 <Soo. 
 
 Cardtoivn, electoral div. , Ire. , Queen's co. , dist. Coolrain. 
 
 Card'well, dist., Canada, Ontario, in the N. of Peel co., aad 
 the SE. of Dufferin co. P. i6,oco. 
 
 Card'well, tn. , Queensland, C. co., 90 m. NW. by N. 
 Townsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cardwell, co. , S. Australia, crossed by 36'' S. and 140° E. 
 
 Cardynham, Eng., Cornwall. See Cardinkani. 
 
 Cardy Kocks, islets. Ire., off the NE. ct. of co. Dublin, 2 m. 
 N. by E. Balbriggan. 
 
 Careby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, div. and 6 m. N. Staiaford, 
 
 1 m. S. by E. Little Bytham stn., P.O. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (Careby -with Annby and Holywell) P. <5oo. 
 
 Careg-allen, a group of islets, Wales, off the NE. ct. of 
 Anglesey, 4 m. ESE. Amlwch, P.O. 
 
 Caregog, vil., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., 14 m. 
 ENE. Portmadoc, 45 m. E. by N. Duffws stn. 
 
 Carelds Pass, a pass across the Lange Bergen, Cape Colony, 
 about 46 m. W. by N. Mossel Bay. 
 
 Carelmapn, dep. of prov. Llanquihue, Chile. 
 
 Caremata, or Carlmata, elevated woody isl. , W. ct. Borneo, 
 from which it is separated by a channel of the same name. 
 
 Carentan, tn., France, dep. Manche, arr. St. L6, 25 m. W. 
 Bayeux ; manufactures of lace and cotton. P. <3C)oo. 
 
 Carentolr, vil., France, dep. Morbihan, arr. and 28 m. ENE. 
 Vannes ; trade in cider and butter. P. < 2000. 
 
 Caresana, vil. , N. Italy, prov. Novara, 8 m. SSE. Vercelli. 
 P. <;4000. 
 
 Careston, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 4 J m. W. Brechin, P.O. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Carew, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 4 m. E. Pembroke, 2^ 
 m. NW. Manorbier stn. ; 5100 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Carey, P.O., Eng., Herefordshire, 6J m. N. Ross. 
 
 Carey, riv.. Ire., NE. co. Antrim, flows into Ballycastle Bay. 
 
 Carey, vil., U.S., Ohio, Wyandot co. , 49 m. S. by E. Toledo. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Carey Islands, Baffin Bay. See Cary Islands. 
 
 Carfln, mining vil., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, ih m. NE. by 
 E. Motherwell, | m. SE. Holytown June, P.O. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Cargados, ^U Brandon, or Nazareth Islands, a group of 
 low coral islands (Albatross, Tromelin, and Coco) in the Indian 
 Ocean, in 16° 20'- 50' S. , 59°26'-4i' E. , dependencies of Mauritius. 
 
 Cargan, stn.. Ire., near Parkmore, co. Antrim, on Belfast 
 and North Counties Rly. , 2 or 3 m. from Red Bay. 
 
 Cargarle, settlement, Victoria, co. Grant, 85 m. W. Mel- 
 bourne. 
 
 Cargh^se, comm., Corsica, arr. and 12 m. NNW. Ajaccio, 
 on the Gulf of Sagone. This comm. forms a Greek colony 
 founded in 1676, and is one of the best cultivated in the island. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Carglll, rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, co. Bruce, 250(1. from 
 Southampton. 
 
 Carglll, par. and vil., Scot., E. Perthshire, on the L bk. of 
 the Tay, 5 m. WSW. Coupar Angus, on the C. R.; par. 9495 
 ac. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Cargln, electoral div.. Ire., co. Antrim, dist. Randalstown. 
 
 Cargln, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Clare, on Lough Corrib, 
 
 2 m. SW. Headford. P. <75o. 
 
 Cargo, part of eccles. par., Eng., Cumberland. See Roek> 
 cllfT. 
 
 Cargo, tn. , New South Wales, Ashburnham co. , 44 m. W. 
 by S. Bathurst. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Cargo Fleet, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, in the E. of the pari, 
 bor. of Middlesbrough, on the NE. R. Salt is here extracted 
 from brine. 
 
 Car Green, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 5 m. from Saltash. 
 
 Carbalx ('fortress on the river Aes' — now the Hieres), tn., 
 France, dep. C6tes du Nord, arr. Guingamp, 38 m. N. by 
 W. Lorient, with bronze statue of La Tour d'Auvergne, who 
 was a native of C. P. < 2000. 
 
 Carham, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, on the Tweed, 4^ m. 
 NE. Kelso, on the NE. R.; 10,712 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Carbanipton, ct. par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 18 
 m. NW. Taunton, i^ m. W. Blue Anchor stn., P.O. P. <Soo ; 
 eccles. par. (C. with Boadhalsh) P. < 750. 
 
 Carharrack, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 2 m. from Redruth. 
 
 Carhnamayo, tn., Peru, dep. Junin, on the E. side of Lake 
 Chinchaycocha, no m. NE. Lima, A road starts from here to 
 Mayoro, the highest navigable point that can be reached by the 
 Pachitea. Alt. 13,800 ft. 
 
 Carhnaz, tn. , S. America, Peru, dep. Ancachs, 200 m. N. by 
 W. Lima. 
 
 Carlaco, tn., S. America, Venezuela, Bermudez, in about 
 
CAR I 
 
 CARL 
 
 63" 40' W. , an inlet in a plain watered by the Cariaco R. , near 
 the head of the Gulf of C, 40 m. in length, W. to E., by 10 m. 
 in breadth, which has good anchorage in all parts. P. 7000. 
 
 €arlatl, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, on the E. 
 ct. , 45 m. NNE. Catanzaro ; bishopric. P. <40oo. 
 
 Carlbaua, oldest Spanish possession, Guiana, S. America. 
 
 Caribbean Sea, that portion of the Atlantic Ocean which 
 extends between Central and S. America and the isls. of Cuba, 
 Haiti, and Porto Rico, communicating on the W. with the Gulf 
 of Mexico. Chief inlets, the Gulfs of Honduras, Darien, and 
 Maracaybo. See West Indies. 
 
 Carlbe, Venezuela. See Rio Carlbe. 
 
 Carlbiin, silver-mining vil., U.S., Colorado, Boulder cc, 34 
 m. WNW. Denver. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Cariboo, dist., on both banks of the head-waters of the 
 Eraser R. , British Columbia, N. America ; important goldfields. 
 
 Cariboo, lake, Canada, Brit. Columbia, drained SW. by a 
 short stream into Quesnelle R. , 1. bk. trib. of Eraser R. 
 
 Cariboo, mts., Canada, Brit. Columbia, N. of C. Lake, 
 trending NW. to Bear Lake, to the E. of 122° W. 
 
 Caribou, tn., U.S., Maine, Aroostook co., on the 1. bk. of 
 the Aroostook R., 145 m. NNE. Bangor. P. <sooo. 
 
 Caribou Island, isl., Canada, Nova Scotia, i m. from the 
 N. ct. , in Northumberland Strait, 5 m. N. Pictou. 
 
 Carlbrod (tsa'ri-brod), vil., Bulgaria, prov. Trn, on R. 
 NiSava, 14 m. SE. Pirot. P. <20oo. 
 
 Carlbs, a race of S. American Indians, noted at the time of 
 the discovery of America, when they were spread over many of 
 the W. Indian islands, as well as the adjacent mainland, for 
 their fierce and warlike character. They now survive in numer- 
 ous tribes chiefly scattered over the region between the Amazon, 
 Rio Negro, and Orinoco, but there are also a few survivors 
 on the islands of Trinidad and St. Vincent, and some isolated 
 tribes on the headwaters of the Yapuri, and S. of the Amazon 
 on those of the Xingu and on the banks of the Guapore. 
 
 Carlgnan, formerly called Yvols, tn. , France, dep. Ardennes, 
 on the Chiers, 11 m. ESE. Sedan, of great antiquity, with iron 
 mines and manufactures,of tin-plate. P. < 2000. 
 
 Carlgnauo, tn., Italy, Piedmont, on the Po, prov. and 11 m. 
 S. Turin ; noted for its citron peel. P. 7000. 
 
 Carlhualrazo, peak of the Andes of Ecuador. See Andes, B. 
 
 Carillon, vil. and port of landing, Canada, Quebec, Argen- 
 teuil CO., on the 1. bk. of the R. Ottawa, 42 m. W. by N. 
 Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Carlniata Islands. See Careniata. 
 
 Carlncna, comm., Spain, prov. Saragossa, dist. Daroca. 
 P. <:40oo. 
 
 Carlni, tn., Sicily, prov. and 10 m. W. by N. Palermo. 
 P. 10,000. 
 
 Carlnlsh, vil., Scot., Inverness-shire, on the SW. ct. of 
 North Uist, in 57° 31' N., P.O. 
 
 Carlnola, tn., Italy, prov. Caserta, dist. and 20 m. E. 
 Gaeta ; neighbourhood produces excellent wine. P. 8000. 
 
 Carlittlila, Ger. Karntlieu (name derived from the Ca7-ni, a 
 Celtic tribe), Austrian crownland, occupying both sides of the 
 valley of the upper Drave, which is the principal river of C, 
 and traverses it from W. to E. C. is an Alpine country ; the 
 mountain ranges N. of the Drave belong to the Central Zone 
 of the Eastern Alps [Alps, Subdivisions, III.A. 1.], and those 
 S. of this river to the limestone Alps [Alps, Subdivisions, III. 
 C. 2-3). C. is occupied by a number of interesting lakes 
 (Worther-, Millstatter-, Ossiacher-, Weissen-See). In the N. 
 and NW. parts the climate is bleak, but the E. and SE. dists. 
 are milder. A large proportion of the surface of C. is covered 
 with pastures and forests, and there is but little arable land. 
 But the principal wealth of C. is derived from the large yields 
 of lead and iron ores, and from the industries in connection 
 therewith. The chief lead dists. are those of Bleiberg, Raibl, 
 and Bleiburg, whilst iron ores (excellent siderite and limonite 
 deposits) are found in the dists. of Hiittenberg, Friesach, and 
 Wolfsberg. The principal industrial seats in addition to the 
 mining localities just mentioned are Pravali, Buchscheiden, 
 Lippitzbach, and Ferlach, where steel of excellent quality, rails, 
 machinery, firearms, lead articles, &c. , are manufactured. Other 
 manufactures of importance are textiles, leather goods, cement, 
 and wood-pulp. Timber is floated down the Drave. Klagen- 
 furt, the cap. of C, and Villach are the commercial centres of 
 the country, both towns being connected by direct railway lines 
 with Vienna, Innsbruck, Venice, and Verona. The population 
 of C. consists chiefly of Germans, but there is a considerable 
 number of Slavs in the SE. dists. Most of the inhabitants are 
 Roman Catholics. Area, 3988 sq. m. P. (1890) 361,000. 
 See Austria-Hungary, table. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Carlpe, tn. and valley, S. America, Venezuela, Bermudez, 
 40 m. SE. Cumana. The valley is noted for a cavern frequented 
 by a species of night-hawk [Caprim-ulgus). P. 5000. 
 
 Carl&brook, municip. , Victoria, co. Talbot, 107 m. by rail 
 NW. Melbourne. P. -cisoo. 
 
 Carlsbrooke, par. and vil., Eng., Hampshire, Isle of Wight 
 div., i^ m. SW. by W. Newport, i m. ESE. of its stn. on the 
 
 Isle of Wight Central Rly. ; formerly cap. of the island, with 
 ancient castle in good preservation in which Charles I. was im- 
 prisoned. Par. 8823 ac. , P. 9100 ; eccles. par. (C. wltb North* 
 wood) P. 6900. 
 
 Cark, vil., Eng., Lancashire, North Lonsdale div., 11 m. 
 ENE. Barrow, with a stn. (C. In Cartmel) on the Furness Rly., 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Carker, electoral div.. Ire., co. Kerry, dist. Brosna (No. 2). 
 
 Carklu and Force tt, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Richmond union. P. <:25o. 
 
 Carland, P.O., Ire., SE. co. Tyrone, bar. Middle Dungan- 
 non, 2 m. N. by W. Dungannon. 
 
 CarlanstOTvn, tnld. , Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. Lower 
 Kells, 10 m. NW. by N. Navan, P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Carlatton, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 7^ m. E. 
 by S. Carlisle, 2| m. NE. by E. Cotehill stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Carlaverock, par. , Scot. , co. and 5 J m. SE. Dumfries ; 5664 
 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Carlby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 4 m. N. by E. 
 Stamford, i^ m. W. Braceborough Spa stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Carlentlnl, tn., Sicily, circle Noto, prov. and 19 m. NW. 
 Syracuse. Founded by Charles V. to be the headquarters of 
 his Sicilian army, but never completed ; and being partially 
 destroyed by an earthquake in 1693, i^ '^ now unimportant. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Carlet, tn., Spain, prov. and 19 m. S. Valencia, on the 
 Requena. P. 5000. 
 
 Carleton. See also Carlton. 
 
 Carleton, co. , Canada, New Brunswick, on the W. frontier, 
 crossed in the S. by 46° N. P. 23,000. 
 
 Carleton, suburb of St. John, Canada, New Brvmswick, at 
 W. entrance to St, John Harboxu", opposite the main part of 
 the city. 
 
 Carleton, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. and 16 m. from 
 Yarmouth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Carleton, co., Canada, Ontario, bounded N. by the R. 
 Ottawa, crossed by 76° W. 
 
 Carleton, vil., Canada, Quebec, Bonaventure co., on the 
 shore of Chaleur Bay, in 66° 5' W. P. < 1500. 
 
 Carleton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Blackpool div., 3 m. NE. 
 by N. Blackpool, i^ m. SW. Poulton stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Carleton, par., Eng., Norfolk, Loddon union. P. <25o. 
 
 Carleton, par., included in the pari. bor. of Pontefract, 
 Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Carleton Place, tn., Canada, Ontario, Lanark co., on R. 
 Mississippi, 28 m. SW. Ottawa. P. (i88i)<:2ooo; (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Carleton (or Carlton) Rode, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 13 
 m. SW. Norwich, 3 m. W. by S. Forncett stn. P. <750. 
 
 Carleton -with Ashby, eccles. dist. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 
 8 m. SE. by E. Norwich, 3 m. WSW. Cantley stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Carllngford, market and seapt. tn. and par., Ire., NE. co. 
 Louth, bar. Lower Dimdalk, on C. Lough, 9 m. ENE. Dun- 
 dalk, on the Newry and Greenore Rly. ; large export of oysters. 
 PMT.O. Market-day, W. Par. 19,924 ac, P. 6700; tn. P. 
 
 <7S°- 
 Carllngford Lough, an inlet. Ire. , between cos. Down and 
 
 Louth, connected with Lough Neagh by the Newry Canal. 
 
 Carllnghow, eccles. dist. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 9 m. 
 E. Halifax, on the L. & NW. R. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Carllngwark Loch, a lake, Scot., Kircudbrightshire, ad- 
 joining Castle Douglas on the S. 
 
 Carlln How, hamlet, Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 4 m. SE. 
 Saltbum, on the NE. R., with blast-furnaces, PM.O. 
 
 Carllns Cairn, mt., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 18 m. SE. 
 Maybole, 3 m. S. of the S. end of Loch Doon. Alt. 2650 ft. 
 
 Carllnvllle, city, U.S., Illinois, Macoupin co., 39 m. SSW. 
 Springfield. P. <40oo. 
 
 Carlisle, the bay on which Bridgetown, Barbados, stands. 
 
 Carlisle (corrupted from the ancient British name Caer-Luel, 
 of which the Roman name Luguvallum is believed by Egli to 
 be a translation), an ancient city, pari. bor. (one member), and 
 mun bor., Eng., cap. of Cumberland, Eskdale div., at the 
 confluence of the Caldew and Petterill with the Eden, 17^ 
 m. NNW^ Penrith. The L. & NW., Midland, NE., Cale- 
 donian, N. B., G. & SW., Newcastle & C, Maryport & C, 
 and the C, Silloth, & Port C. railways all unite here. 
 Cotton-spinning, introduced here before the end of last century, 
 has lost much of its importance in recent years. Formerly 
 shipping was carried on by a canal to the Solway, but 
 now Silloth serves as the port. C. has many interesting re- 
 mains of former times. Traces of the Roman wall (that of 
 Hadrian) can still be seen near. Parts of the old city walls 
 still survive. The castle, founded in 1002, has been restored, 
 and is now used as barracks. The cathedral, built between 
 1092 and 1419, has suffered four times by fire, most severely 
 in 1292. Of its Norman nave only a fragment remains, which 
 until a few years ago was cut off from the choir, the great glory 
 of which is the large and beautiful E. window. C. has also an 
 old grammar school, in connection with which handsome new 
 buildings have been erected, and among other recent structures 
 
 277 
 
CARL — CARL 
 
 a large market and a free library and technical school may be 
 named. The governing charter of the borough was given by 
 Charles I., in whose favour the city declared and suffered 
 severely diu-ing the succeeding civil war. In 1745 it surrendered 
 to Prince Charles, but was retaken by the Duke of Cumberland, 
 when he put to death, as traitors, the oflScers of the garrison. 
 The see, founded by Henry I., comprises the counties of Cum- 
 berland and Westmorland, and the detached parts of Lancashire 
 N. of Morecambe Bay. Market-days, W. and S. Alt. 114 
 ft. Mean temp. (1861-80), yr. 47.8" F., Jan. 37.8°, July 59.5°; 
 rainfall (1866-80), 30.1 in. Mun. bor. P. (1851) 26,300; (1871) 
 31,000; (1891) 39,200; pari. bor. P. (1891) 38,100; pars. P. 
 42,900. 
 
 CarUsIe, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Nicholas co., 58 m. SSE. 
 Cincinnati (Ohio). P. < 1500. 
 
 Carlisle, viL, U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 8 m. S. 
 by W. Lowell. P. < 1500. 
 
 Carlisle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, cap. Cumberland co., 17 
 m. WSW. Harrisburg. Seat of Dickinson College, founded 
 1783, and of an Indian Training School. P. 7600. 
 
 Carlisle, co. , Queensland, on the E. ct. , crossed by 21° S. 
 
 Carlisle Bay, Jamaica, on the S., in 77' 21' W. 
 
 Carllsles Quarter, par., Eng., Northumberland. See 
 Blgges. 
 
 Carloforte, comm., Sardinia, in the E. of San Pietro, 17 m. 
 SW. Iglesias. Important salt-work. Its roadstead, between the 
 I. of San Pietro and the coast of Sardinia, is important as the 
 place of despatch of the product of the zinc and lead-mines of 
 Sardinia. P. 5000. 
 
 Carlopago, fortified seapt., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, 62 
 m. SSE. Fiume, on a channel of the Adriatic. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Carlops, vil., Scot., Peeblesshire, 11 m. NW. by N. Peebles, 
 2| m. NW. by N. Macbie HiU stn., P.O. 
 
 Carlos, seapt. , I. Porto Rico, near the N. end of the W. ct. , 
 70 m. W. San Juan. 
 
 Carlosama, tn. , Colombia, Cauca, near Ecuador frontier. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Carlota, la, tn. , Spain, prov. and 17 m. SSW. C6rdoba. It 
 is one of the German colonies, founded in 1767, in the Sierra 
 Morena. Manufactures, hempen and linen fabrics. P. 5500. 
 
 Carlofr, or Smith's Hill, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Huron, 
 6 m. from Goderich. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Carlow, a SE. co. of Ire., Leinster, to the W. of Wicklow 
 and Wexford, W. of Kilkenny, divided into the following 
 baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Carlow . 
 
 Forth . 
 
 Idrone, E. . 
 
 Idrone, W. . 
 
 Rathvilly 
 
 St. MuUins, Lower 
 
 St MuUins, Upper 
 
 Total 
 
 Acres. 
 
 221,295 
 
 31.364 
 
 9.095 
 
 39.507 
 
 4.934 
 
 48,153 
 
 8,779 
 
 23,067 
 
 3.667 
 
 44,804 
 
 8.485 
 
 26,615 
 
 4,822 
 
 7.785 
 
 1.154 
 
 40,936 
 
 It is traversed from N. to S. by the rivers Barrow (navigable 
 throughout the co.) in the W., and the Slaney in the E., the 
 Barrow forming the boundary in the S. half, and the surface 
 between these rivers is generally level or rolling, with much 
 alluvial soil in the middle, the value of which has been gfreatly 
 increased by drainage operations carried out by the Board of 
 Works. In the E. , where the county borders on Wicklow and 
 Wexford, it is hiUy, rising in the SE. in Mt. Leinster to 2600 
 ft. , and in the NW. to the W. of the Barrow there is another 
 hilly and well wooded but less elevated tract belonging to the 
 unproductive Carboniferous system. The remainder of the 
 county is chiefly composed of granite rock. There are no 
 minerals of great economic importance. For agriculture, see 
 Appendix, pp. 10-12. The county returns one member to 
 Parliament. The population has steadily decreased since 1851. 
 See Ireland, table. 
 
 Carlofv, par. and mun. bor. (till 1885 also a pari bor.). Ire., 
 NW. CO. and bar. C. , loj m. S. by E. Athy, at the confluence 
 of the Burren with the navigable Barrow, and on the C. Rly. 
 Market-days, M. and Th. Mean rainfall (1866-80), 35.4 in. 
 Par. 3319 ac. , P. 6200; mun. bor. (partly in Slievemargy bar., 
 Queen's co.) P. (1841) 10,400; (1891) 66c«. 
 
 Carlow, bar. , Ire. , in the NW. of co. Carlow. 
 
 Carloway, dist. and viL, Scot., Ross-shire, at the head of 
 Loch C. , on the W. ct. of Lewis I. , near the mouth of Loch 
 Roag. Near the village is a large and well-preserved circular 
 fort. PT.O. Vil. P. < 500. 
 
 Carlow Junction, rly. stn.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Offaly, 
 East, 2i m. W. by S. Kildare. 
 
 Carlsbad, &c. See Karls . 
 
 Carlsmlie, tn., Victoria, co. Dalhousie, 55 m. N. by W. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1 500. 
 278 
 
 Carlstadt, rly. stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 1088 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Carlstadt, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Bergen co., 8 m. NW. 
 by N. Hoboken. P. <20oo. 
 
 Carlton. See also Carleton. 
 
 Carlton, settlement, Canada, Ontario, York co., 6 m. NW. 
 by W. Toronto. 
 
 Carlton, settlement, Canada, dist. Saskatchewan, on North 
 Saskatchewan R. , 40 m. WSW. Prince Albert. 
 
 Carlton, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 7 in. 
 NW. by W. Bedford, 2 m. N. by W.Turvey stn., P.O. P.<:soo. 
 
 Carlton, Eng., Cambridgeshire. See Carlton with Wll- 
 llngbam. 
 
 Carlton, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 3! m. WNW. Stock- 
 ton, on the NE. R., PM.O. (C. Iron Works). P. <:25o. 
 
 Carlton, ^eccles. dist. and par., Eng., Leicestershire, Bos- 
 worth div., i^ m. N. by W. Bosworth. P. <5oo. 
 
 Carlton, or Carlton In Llndrlck, par. , Eng. , Nottingham- 
 shire, Bassetlaw div. , 3 m. N. by E. Worksop, PMT.O. ; 4054 ac. 
 P. <:iooo. 
 
 Carlton, par. and tn. , Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe 
 div., 2^ m. NE. by E. Nottingham, with a stn. (C. and 
 Gedllng) on the M. R., and another (Gedllng and C.) on the 
 G. N. R. ; manufactures hosiery. Par. P. 6900 ; tn. P. 6600 ; 
 eccles. par. (C. In the Willows) P. <4000. 
 
 Carlton, eccles. par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 18^ m. NE. 
 Ipswich, P.O. See Kelsale. 
 
 Carlton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Wharfedale 
 union. P. <25o. 
 
 Carlton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the Cover, 
 div. and 12J m. SW. by S. Richmond, 4 m. S. by W. Wensley 
 stn., PM.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Carlton, or Carlton In CleTeland, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. 
 Riding, Cleveland div., 10^ m. S. Middlesbrough, i^ m. ESE. 
 Sexhow stn. , P. O. P. <2So ; eccles. par. (C. In C. or C. High- 
 dale) P. <250. 
 
 Carlton, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Morley div., 
 4 m. N. Wakefield, 2 m. E. by N. Ardsley June. , P.O. See 
 liOfthonse. 
 
 Carlton, eccles. dist. and par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 div. and ai m. NNE. Barnsley, i^ m. E. by N. Staincross 
 stn., PM.O". P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Carlton, or C. Jnxta le Snalth, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Barkston Ash div. , 6J m. W. Goole, i m. S. of its stn. 
 on the Hull and Barnsley Rly. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Carlton, par. and vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton 
 div., i3i m. NE. Burnley, ij m. SW. Skipton, PMT.O. 
 (Carleton); 5258 ac. P. <:20oo; eccles. par. (C. In Craven) 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Carlton, settlement, Tasmania, Pembroke co. , 16 m. E. by 
 N. Hobart. 
 
 Carlton, co., U.S., Minnesota, E. frontier, S. of 47° N. 
 
 Carlton, a portion of Melbourne, Victoria. 
 
 Carlton, East, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 5^ m. SW. by S. 
 Norwich, 2 m. S. by E. Hethersett stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Carlton, East, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 14 m. N. by W. Wellingborough, 3^ m. W. by N. Weldon 
 and Corby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Carlton, dreat, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, div. and 6 m. E. 
 by S. Louth, 2 m. SE. by S. Grimoldby stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Carlton, Little, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Louth union. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Carlton, Little, with Carlton Castle, eccles. dist., Eng., 
 Lincolnshire, adjoining Great C. P. <:25o. 
 
 Carlton, North, par., Eng., co. and 4 m. NNW. Lincoln, 
 Gainsborough div. P. <25o. 
 
 Carlton, South, par., i m. to the S. P. <:2So. 
 
 Carlton Colvllle, par., Eng., Suffolk, 3! m. SW. Lowes- 
 toft, on a branch of the G. E. R., ij m. NE. of the village, 
 P.O. P. <2000. 
 
 Carlton Cnrlleu, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough 
 div. , 8| m. SE. by E. Leicester, 2^ m. N. by E. Kibworth stn. , 
 P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Carlton CurUen with Ilston, eccles. dist. , Eng. , Leicester- 
 shire, including hamlet of C. C. P. <S°°- 
 
 Carlton Forehoe, par., Eng., Norfolk, Forehoe unioiu 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Carlton Forehoe with Crownthorpe, eccles. dist., Eng., 
 Norfolk, Mid div., 9 m. W. by S. Norwich, 2 m. NE. by N. 
 Kimberley stn. P. <250. 
 
 Carlton Hlghdalc, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Leyburn union ; 10,138 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 Carlton Husthwaite, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Easingwold union. P. <25o. 
 
 Carlton-le-Moorland, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Sleaford 
 div., 7 m. ENE. Newark, 4^ m. W. Navenby stn., P.O. P. 
 <5oo; eccles. par. (C.-le-H. with Stapleford) P. <500. 
 
 Carlton Hiniott, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div., 8 m. NE. Ripon, i m. WSW. Thirsk June, 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
CARL 
 
 C ARN 
 
 Carlton on Trent, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark 
 div., on the 1. bk. of the Trent, 6^ m. N. Newark, on the 
 G. N. R., P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Carlton Scroop, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Stamford div., 6 
 m. NNE. Grantham, i m. NNE. Honington stn., P.O. P. < 
 250; eccles. par. (C. S. with Xormanton) P. <soo. 
 
 Carlton with Chelllngton, eccles. dist., Eng., Bedford- 
 shire, including C. hamlet. P. <:soo. 
 
 Carlton with fVilllngham, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, 
 div. and 6 m. S. Newmarket, 4 m. SE. by S. DuUingham stn. , 
 P.O. (Carlton). P. <5oo. 
 
 Carluke, tn. and par., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, on the C. R., 
 4 m. SE. Wishaw, with coal-mines. Par. 15,345 ac, P. 8100; 
 tn. P. <45oo. 
 
 Carlyle, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on Moose 
 Mountain Creek, 118 m. SE. by E. Regina. 
 
 Carlyle, settlement. New Zealand, North I., Patea co., 52 
 m. SSE. New Plymouth. 
 
 Carlyle, tn., U.S., Illinois, Clinton co., 44 m. E. St. Louis 
 (Mo.). P. < 2000. 
 
 Carmagnola, city, N. Italy, on the Po, prov. and 16 m. 
 S. Turin ; manufactures of jewellery, and an active trade in silk, 
 flax, com, cattle, &c. P. 13,000. 
 
 Carmarthen, ancient Maridunum, pari, and mun. bor. and 
 par., Wales, in the SW. of co. C. , in the deaconry of C. , and 
 diocese of St. Davids, on the Towfy, navigable to the bridge, 
 8 m. above its mouth in the Bristol Channel, for vessels of 200 
 tons burden, 14 m. NW. by N. Llanelly, with stns. (C. and C. 
 Jnnc.) on the G. W. R. and L. & NW. R. Monuments to 
 General Picton and General Nott, natives of the town. Here 
 are also the S. Wales training college, and a grammar school 
 and Presbyterian college. C. has tin and lead works, iron 
 foundries, and cloth and woollen manufactories ; also an exten- 
 sive salmon-fishery. Under the native princes C. was the cap. 
 of S. Wales. In conjunction with Llanelly, C. sends one 
 member to the House of Commons. Market-days, W. and S. 
 Mean rainfall (1866-80), 51.5 in. Par. and bor. 5160 ac. , P. 
 10,300 ; dist. of pari. bors. P. 34,600. 
 
 Carmarthen Bay, large inlet of the Bristol Channel, Wales, 
 between St. Govan's Head, co. Pembroke, and Worm's Head, 
 CO. Glamorgan, on the S. of Carmarthenshire. It receives the 
 Tav and Towy Rivs. See Caldy Isle. 
 
 Carmarthenshire, maritime co., S. Wales, belonging to 
 the bishopric of St. Davids, between Pembrokeshire on the W. 
 and Brecon and Glamorgan cos. in the E. , divided into the 
 pari. divs. named below : — 
 
 
 Area. 
 
 P. 1891. 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Western 
 
 Carmarthen dist. of bors. . 
 
 259.174 
 
 321,325 
 
 7.317 
 
 49.003 
 46,956 
 34.607 
 
 Total 
 
 587,816 1 
 
 130,566 
 
 ■1 The administrative county of C. is coextensive with the ancient 
 county. 
 
 Surface mainly hilly or undulating. The only important river 
 is the Towy, which enters the county in the NE. , and flows SW. 
 into Carmarthen Bay. Minor rivers are the Tav or Avon Tav, 
 Gynin, Gwendraeth-fach and Gwendraeth-fawr, and the Loughor 
 or Lwchwr. The NW. of the county is composed of Cambrian 
 rocks, which are succeeded by narrow belts of Devonian and 
 Lower Carboniferous, and finally by the coal-measures which 
 occupy all the SE. of the county from a line running from 
 Kidwelly to Llandebie (Llandybie). In this part of the county 
 coal-mines occur at Llanelly, Kidwelly, Pembrey, Pontardulais, 
 Burry Port, Llandebie, and several other places. Gold ore is 
 mined at Caio, and lead at Llandovery and Talley. See Wales, 
 minerals. As to agriculture, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. At 
 Llanelly there are blast-furnaces, besides copper, silver, lead, 
 and tin works. Principal towns, Llanelly, Penbrey, Kidwelly, 
 and Laughame on the coast, Llandovery, Llandilo, Newcastle- 
 in-Emlyn, and Carmarthen (the cap. ) in the valley of the Towy. 
 The railways mostly belong to the G. W. system, but the line 
 running N. from Carmarthen up the valley of the Gwili (trib. 
 Towy) tmites in the N. with the Manchester and Milford Rly. 
 The towns of Carmarthen and Llanelly form the Carmarthen 
 dist. of bors. , which also returns one member. See Wales, table. 
 
 Carmanx, comm. and tn., France, dep. Tarn, arr. and 8 
 m. N. Albi, on 1. bk. of the Ceron ; coal-mines in its vicinity. 
 P. 8100. 
 
 Carmarey, P.O., Ire., co. Antrim, near Temple-Patrick. 
 
 Carmelrs, picturesque valley, Eng., Cornwall, descending 
 SE. to St. Blazey from Hensbarrow Beacon. 
 
 Carmel ('the Park' or' Fruitful Field'), mt. range, Pales- 
 tine, which branches off from the N. ends of the mountains of 
 Samaria, runs NW. between the plains of Phcenicia and Sharon, 
 and forms a bold promontory on the Mediterranean overlooking 
 
 the Bay of Haifa. Length, 18 m. ; greatest breadth, 5 m. ; 
 highest point, 1750 ft. Its sides and dells are covered with the 
 evergreen oak, the prickly pear and copsewood, and its scenery 
 is among the finest in Palestine, and amidst the forests are 
 seen the remains of former villages. It abounds in hares, 
 partridges, quails, woodcocks, and the jackal ; the wolf and 
 wild boar are met with. Carmel is sacred as the scene of 
 Elijah's sacrifice (i Kings xviii.). The Convent of C, seated 
 high on the W. declivity of the ridge overlooking the sea, 
 consists of a large square block of buildings, surmounted by 
 a cupola, and comfortable accommodation is offered to travellers 
 by the Carmelite monks. 
 
 Carmel, mission stn. , S. Africa, in Orange Free State. 
 
 Carmel, tn., U.S., Maine, Penobscot co., 13 m. W. Bangor. 
 P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Carmel, P. O. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, 3 m. from Llandebie. 
 
 Carmel, P.O., Wales, Carnarvonshire, 2 m. from Penyg^oes. 
 
 Carmel (or Carmelo) Bay, portion of Monterey Bay, U.S., 
 California, noted for its cypress groves. 
 
 Carmelo, vil. , Uruguay, dep. and 40 m. NW. Colonia. 
 
 Carmel of Judah, place named in O. T. See Knrmnl. 
 
 Carmels Point, cape, Wales, on the NW. of Anglesey. 
 
 Carmen, tns. , &c. , America. See El Carmen. 
 
 Carmen, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, 48 m. SW. by W. 
 Winnipeg, on a branch of the C. P. R. 
 
 Carmen de Patagoues, riv. port, Argentine Republic, in 
 the S. of prov. Buenos Aires, about 25 m. from the mouth of 
 the Rio Negro, opposite Viedma. Mean temp. (2 yrs. , 1883- 
 85). yr. 57-6° F., Jan. 70.9°, July 44.2°. 
 
 Carmen Point, cape, Eng. , Cornwall, 2J m. SW. St. Ives. 
 
 Carmi, city, U.S., Illinois, White co., at head of navigation 
 on Little Wabash R., 117 m. ESE. St. Louis (Mo.). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Carmiano, tn., S. Italy, prov. and circle Lecce. P. < 3000. 
 
 Carmlchael, par. , Scot. , co. and 4 m. SE. Lanark ; 11,314 ac. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Carmiguano, ancient Carminianum, comm. and market-tn. , 
 central Italy, in the Val d'Ombrone, prov. and 13 m. WNW. 
 Florence. P. (of comm.) 11,000. 
 
 Carmo, Monte, mt., Italy, in the NW., in the Maritime 
 Alps, 17 m. SW. Savona. Alt. 4555 ft. 
 
 Carmona, tn,, Spain, prov. and 19 m. ENE. Seville. In the 
 Middle Ages seat of an Arab principality, and still presenting the 
 aspect of an old Arab city. P. 17,500. 
 
 Carmnnnock (' the fort of the monks'), par. and vil., Scot., 
 Mid Lanarkshire, 5 m. S. by E. Glasgow, \\ m. ENE. Busby 
 stn., C. R., P.O. Par. 3479 ac, P. <:75o; vil. P. <5oo. 
 
 Carmyle, vil. , Scot. , NW. Lanarkshire, on the r. bk. of the 
 Clyde, 4^ m. ESE. Glasgow, on the C. R. P. <75o. 
 
 Carmylle, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 6 m. W. by N. Arbroath, 
 3 m. E. Kirkbuddo stn., extensive sandstone and pavement 
 quarries, P.O. (Carmyllie) ; 7553 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cam, Cairn, Gaelic; Carn, Welsh, 'a heap of stones.' 
 
 Cam, par., Ire., co. and 3 m. SE. Kildare, bar. E. Offaly. 
 P.<:5oo. 
 
 Cam, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cavan, dist. Ballyconnell. 
 
 Cam, electoral div.. Ire., Westmeath, dist. Glassan. 
 
 Cam, par., Ire., co. and 10 m. SE. Wexford, bar. Forth. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Cama, tnld. , Ire., W. ct. co. Gal way, bar. Ballynahinch, 
 on E. shore of Bertrahgboy Bay, 32 m. W. by N. Galway. 
 Near it, at Knockboy, is an experimental forest plantation 
 established by the Congested Districts Board of Ireland. 
 PM.O. P.<:2So. 
 
 Carna, isL, Scot., Argyllshire, off the W. ct., in Loch Sunart, 
 in 56° 39-40' N. 
 
 Carnabat, tn.. Eastern Roumelia. See Kamabat. 
 
 Carnaby, par. , Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div. , 16 
 m. SSE. Scarborough, 2^ m. SW. Bridlington, on the NE. R., 
 P.O. P.<;2So. 
 
 Carnaby with Fralsthorpe, eccles. dist., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 including Carnaby tp. P. <soo. 
 
 Carnac, comm. and vil., France, dep. Morbihan, arr. and 
 17 m. SE. Lorient. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Camach, eccles. par. , Scot. See Camoch. 
 
 Camagarve, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cavan, dist. Bailie- 
 borough. 
 
 Camagh, P.O., Ire., SW. co. Armagh, bar. Tiranny, 10 m. 
 SE. by E. Monaghan. 
 
 Carnagh, electoral div.. Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. Kiltoom. 
 
 Camagh, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Bantry, 4 m. SE. 
 New Ross. P. <25o. 
 
 Carnalbanagh, P.O., Ire., co. Antrim, 6 m. from Glenarm. 
 
 Carnalea, stn.. Ire., co. Down, lo^ m. NE. Belfast, on the 
 Belfast and County Down Rly. 
 
 Carnalway, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. S. Naas, 5 m. S. 
 Naas ; 3840 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Carnamah, settlement, W. Australia, Victoria dist., 160 m. 
 N. Perth. 
 
 Carnamoney, P.O., Ire., Londonderry co., 4 m. from 
 Draperstown. 
 
 279 
 
CARN — CARN 
 
 Camarosa, P.O., Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. Upper Kells, 
 13 m. NW. by W. Navan, 3^ m. NW. Kells. 
 
 CaraarTon, tn.. Cape Colony, cap. dist. C, loa m. NNW. 
 Beaufort W. P. <;isoo. 
 
 Carnarvon (corruption of Caer-yn-Arfon, 'the castle in 
 Arfon"), pari, and mun. bor. and seapt. tn. of N. Wales, cap. 
 CO. C. , on the E. side of the Menai Strait, 7 m. SSW. the Menai 
 Bridge, in the diocese of Bangor, with stn. on branch line of 
 L. & NW. R. Exports slate and copper ore, the former of 
 which is brought into the town by rail from neighbouring 
 quarries. Writing slates and enamelled slate slabs, besides 
 tobacco, manufactured. The town is partly built upon the 
 ruins of the old Segontium or Caer-Seiont. The castle, which 
 is a magnificent ruin, was built by Edward I. , and it was here 
 that Edward II. was born and presented by Edward I. to the 
 Welsh as their prince. In connection with Bangor, Conway, 
 Criccieth, Nevin, and Pwllheli, forming the C. dist. of bors. , 
 it sends one member to the House of Commons. Market-day, 
 S. Mean rfall. (1866-80), yr. 40.8 in. Mun. bor. P. 9800; 
 dist. of pari. bors. P. 29,600. See Llanbebllg. 
 
 Carnarvon, co., Queensland, S. frontier, crossed by 150° E. 
 
 Carnarvon, vil. , Queensland, on the W. point of Sweer's I., 
 Gulf of Carpentaria. 
 
 Carnarvon, co., S. Australia, composed of Kangaroo I. 
 
 Carnarvon, tn., Tasmania, Pembroke co., 31 m. SE. by E. 
 Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Carnarvon, tn., W. Australia, Gascoyne co., at the mouth 
 of the Gascoyne R., in about 24° 52' S. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Carnarvon, co., W. Australia, S. of 30° S., crossed in the 
 W. by 18' E. 
 
 Carnarvon Bay, large bay, Wales, between Carnarvonshire 
 and the SW. of Anglesey. Breadth of entrance between Holy- 
 head and Braich-y-Pwll, 35 m. It communicates with the Irish 
 Sea by Menai Strait. Light-vessel, visible 11 m., in 53° 5' 40" 
 N. , 4° 44' 30" W. 
 
 Carnarvonshire, co., N. Wales, having W. Carnarvon Bay 
 and N. the Menai Strait and Beaumaris Bay, S. Cardigan Bay 
 and Merioneth, and E. Denbighshire, divided into the pari, 
 divs. named below : — 
 
 
 Area. 
 
 P. 1891. 
 
 S. or Eifion 
 
 N. or Arfon .... 
 Carnarvon dist. of bors. 
 
 188,299 
 
 163,268 
 
 9.530 
 
 42,816 
 
 45,816 
 29.572 
 
 Total 
 
 361,0971 
 
 118,204 1 
 
 1 The administrative county (which excludes parts of Colwyn Bay 
 and Colwyn urban sanitary dist., administrative county of Denbigh) 
 has an area of 360,138 ac, and a population of 117,233. 
 
 C. is in the diocese of Bangor, with the exception of the detached 
 part of the county on the N. coast, called Creuddyn, surrounded 
 by Denbighshire. Surface altogether mountainous, and inter- 
 sected by some of the loftiest ranges in Britain [Snowdon, 
 Moel SiatMMl, Sloel Hebog, Carnedd Uewelyn, Carnedd 
 Dafydd], all in the part adjoining Merionethshire. Principal 
 river the Conway, chiefly forming the E. boundary. Silurian 
 rocks occupy by far the greater part of the county, but there are 
 Archaean rocks in the SW. , and in two narrow strips parallel 
 to the Menai Strait in one place bordering the strait, and suc- 
 ceeded on the N. by a narrow strip of Lower Carboniferous. 
 Lead and zinc ores are mined at Pantgwyn and some adjacent 
 places, as well as (in smaller quantity) at Llanrwst, a little 
 manganese near Pwllheli and Bethesda, and iron pyrites at 
 Trefriw, hones at Llyn Ogwen, yellow ochre at Bethesda, and 
 granite is quarried for setts at Penmaenmawr and Llithfaen ; 
 but the principal mineral product is slate, which is produced 
 more largely in this county than in any other county in the 
 kingdom, the principal places of production being Bethesda, 
 Llanberis, Rhostryfan, and Nantlle. The L. & NW. R. 
 traverses the northern part of the county, and then runs S. 
 from Carnarvon to Afonwen on the S. coast, where it joins 
 the Cambrian Rly. , which runs alone the S. coast to Pwllheli. 
 Principal towns, Carnarvon, Bangor (a city), Pwllheli, Conway, 
 Portmadoc, Criccieth, and Nevin. See also Carnarvon, town, 
 and Wales, table, and as to agriculture, Appendix, pp. 7-9. 
 
 Carnatlc. See Kamiltlk. 
 
 Carnbee, par., Scot., E. Fife, b\ m. S. by E. St. Andrews, 
 2^ m. N W. Anstruther Wester stn. ; 8396 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cambo, vil., Scot., in co. and near Kinross, 3 m, from 
 Fossoway, P.O. 
 
 earn isrea (bre), vil., Eng., Cornwall, Camborne div., 2 m. 
 SW. Redruth, on the G. W. R., PMT.O., with mines of arsenic, 
 copper ore, and tin. In the neighbourhood is C. B., a rocky 
 height, alt. 740 ft., supposed to have been one of the chief seats 
 of the Druids. 
 
 Carnbroe and Brewsterford, viL, Scot., Lanarkshire, in 
 Bothwell par. P.O. (C). P. <7So. 
 280 
 
 Carncastle, ct. par.. Ire., E. co. Antrim, bar. Upper Glen- 
 arm, 3^ m. NW. Lame, P.O. ; 9723 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Carncoagh, P.O., Ire., co. Antrim, 5 m. from Ballymena. 
 
 Camdonagb, tn.. Ire., co. Donegal, 20 m. N. Londonderry, 
 bar. E. Inishowen, PMT.O. P. -ciooo. 
 
 Carne, hamlet, Eng., Ccffnwall, Su Avtstell div., on the S. ct., 
 
 7 m. SE. by E. Truro. 
 
 Carnedd Llewelyn, mt., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., 
 
 8 m. SE. by S. Bangor ; alt. 3482 ft. €. Dafydd, mt. , adjoin- 
 ing on the SW. ; alt. 3430 ft. 
 
 Carnellan Bay, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 3 m. S. Scar- 
 borough. 
 
 Carnesvllle, viL, U.S., Georgia, Frankhn co., 45 m. S. by 
 W. of NE. corner of state. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Carnetby, hill, Scot. , Midlothian. See Pentland Hills. 
 
 Carnew, par. and tn.. Ire., cos. Wexford and Wicklow, bars. 
 Scarawalsh, Gorey, and Shillelagh; vil. in co. Wicklow, bar. 
 Shillelagh, 16 m. SW. by W. Arklow, 3^ m. SE. Shillelagh stn., 
 PMT.O. Par. 23,261 ac, P. <35oo; tn. P. <:75o. 
 
 Carney, electoral div.. Ire., co. Sligo, bar. Carbury, 5 m. 
 NW. by W. Sligo, on Drumcliff Bay, P.O. 
 
 Carney, P.O., Ire., N. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower Ormond, 
 6 m. N. Nenagh. 
 
 Carnforth, par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 
 on the ct., 6^ m. N. by E. Lancaster, on the L. & NW. R. 
 and a branch of the M. R., with iron ore, blast-furnaces, and 
 deposits of native oxide of iron used in making pigments, 
 PMT.O. P. <3000. 
 
 Carngham, tn., Victoria, Grenville co., 15 m. W. Ballarat, 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Carnglwcta, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire. P. <:25o. See 
 Edeyrn. 
 
 Carnlan Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions, III. C. 2. 
 
 Carnl^res, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 6 m. S. Seneffe, 
 8i m. W. by N. Charleroi. P. 6300. 
 
 Carnlola, Ger. Kraln (name derived from the Slav Krajina = 
 boundary), duchy and Austrian crownland, occupying the terr. 
 between the Austrian Coast Prov. and the upper Save. It is a 
 mountainous country, the mountains belonging partly to the Alps 
 (Alps, Subdivisions, III. C. 3-4), and partly to the Karst 
 Xq-'tJ.)- The principal rivers are the Save and its tribs. , the Gurk 
 and Kulpa; the valleys of the Idrizza (trib. Isonzo),andZeier(trib. 
 Save) separate the Alpine ranges from the Karst. The principal 
 lakes are the picturesque mountain lakes of Wurzen, Wochein, 
 and Veldes, and the famous periodic lake of Zirknitz, which 
 disappears in the dry season. A similar lake formerly occupied 
 the now fertile plain of Laibach. The climate varies greatly 
 in different parts of the country. In the Gurk and Kulpa dists, 
 it is so mild that the vine grows well ; the Alpine regions are 
 cold, but salubrious ; and the Karst region bleak. Forests and 
 pastures are numerous in C, and timber is plentiful; only a 
 small proportion of the surface consists of arable land. Valu- 
 able minerals rank first among the natural resources of C. The 
 supply of quicksilver from the mines of Idria seems inexhaustible. 
 Iron ores occur at Eisnern, Feistritz, and Jauerburg ; lead is 
 found at Lake Littai ; and zinc at Sava, Jauerburg, and Sagor. 
 The industries of C. are but little developed. There are iron- 
 works at Jauerburg, Sava, Neumarktl, and W^ochein ; textiles 
 are manufactured at Lake Laibach, and leather goods at Neu- 
 marktl. The commerce of C. is considerable, quicksilver, iron 
 and ironware, and timber being the chief exports. Laibach, 
 the cap. of the country, has direct railway connections with 
 Graz, Vienna, Trieste, and Venice. The population consists 
 almost exclusively of Slavs ; a number of Germans live in the 
 dist. of Gottschee, at Laibach, and some other places. Almost 
 all the inhabitants are Roman Catholics. Area, 3844 sq. m. 
 P. (1890) 499,000. See Austria-Hungary, table. [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Carnlougta, fishing vil., Ire., E. co. Antrim, bar. Lower 
 Glenarm, 12^ m. NNW. Larne, on Carnlough Bay, with iron 
 ore, PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Carnmenellls, eccles. dist. , Eng. , Cornwall, vil. of C. , 3 m. 
 S. Redruth. P. < 2000. 
 
 Carnmoney, par., Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Belfast, 5 m. 
 N. Belfast, P.O. ; 8977 ac. P. 7600. 
 
 Carnnioon, electoral div.. Ire., co. Antrim, dist. Dervock. 
 
 Carnniore, electoral div.. Ire., Fermanagh, dist. Rosslea. 
 
 Carnmore, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Oranmore. 
 
 Carno, par. , Wales, Montgomeryshire, \o\ m. WNW. New- 
 town, on the Cambrian Rly. , PM.O. ; 11,004 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Carnocta, eccles. par., Scot., Ross-shire, 20 m. from Beauly, 
 comprising a narrow secluded valley 14 m. long. P. ■<25o. 
 
 Carnock, par., Scot., Fife, 3 m. WNW. Dunfermline, 1 m. 
 E. Oakley stn., PT.O. ; 3492 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Carnota, comm. , Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Muros. P. 5200. 
 
 Carnoustie, ct. tn., Scot., Forfarshire, on the E. ct. , 6 m. 
 SW. Arbroath, on the N. B. R., with manufactures of linen ; a 
 rising watering-place. P. <:4500. 
 
 Camowen, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 3 m. from Convoy. 
 
 Camowry €!ap, ravine with waterfall, Ire. , co. Londonderry, 
 near Downhill rly. stn. 
 
CARN — CARP 
 
 Camrosemary, vil. , Cornwall, 4^ m. NW. St. Austell, with 
 a stn. (Bugle) on the G. W. R., P.O. (Carnesnierry). 
 
 Carnsore Point, cape, Ire., the SE. extremity of co. Wex- 
 ford, with a coastguard station. It was the Hieion of Ptolemy. 
 
 Camteel, par. , Ire. , SE. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower Dungannon, 
 8 m. SW. by S. Dungannon, P.O. ; 13,431 ac. P. <:4000. 
 
 Canitogber Mountains, a part of the mt. group of N. Ire. , 
 in CO. Londonderry. 
 
 Carntual, mt.. Ire. See CarrantnoIiUl. 
 
 Carntyue, stn., Scot., NW. Lanarkshire, on the N. B. R., 
 3 m. E. Glasgow. 
 
 Carnwath, par. and vil. , Scot. , S. Lanarkshire, on the C. R. , 
 6 m. ENE. Lanark, rich in coal and ironstone, PMT.O. Mar- 
 ket-day, F. Par. 30,446 ac, P. 5500; vil. P. <75o. 
 
 Caro, vil., U.S., Michigan, Tuscola co., on the Cass R., 22 
 m. E. by S. Bay City. P. <20oo. 
 
 Carol, Valine de, valley, in French dep. Pyrdn^es-Orientales, 
 arr. Prades, opening SE. into the Cerdano at Puigcerda. 
 
 Carola Harbour, a bay, on the W. of Buka I. (Solomon 
 group), in 5° 8'-io' S. , 154° 3o'-33' E. 
 
 Carolel, tn., S. Italy, prov. and circle Cosenza. P. <:3000. 
 
 Carolina, tn., U.S. of Colombia, dep. Cundinamarca, prov. 
 Antioquia. 
 
 Carolina, La, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 36 m. NNE. 
 Jaen. P. 8500. 
 
 Carolina, North and South, two of the thirteen original 
 states of the U.S., with an area rather less than that of Great 
 Britain, the relative size of North C. and South C. being about 
 5:3; bounded on the N. by Virginia, W. by Tennessee, S. by 
 Georgia, E. by the Atlantic, with a coast-line of about 590 m. 
 The coasts are fringed in the N. by sand-dunes, and in the S. 
 by larger islands (noted for long staple cotton), the former en- 
 closing a belt of sounds varying in width from about 2 to 30 m. , 
 the principal being the PamUco, Albemarle, and Currituck 
 sounds. The surface, low along the coasts, rises inland by a 
 series of belts to the Appalachian system (q.v.), which forms the 
 W. frontier. The shore belt, width about 50 m., is low and 
 swampy (Great Dismal, Alligator Swamps, &c. ), beyond this is 
 the middle region, hilly, well-watered, and with wide valleys ; 
 succeeded by the Piedmont plateau, 60 to 75 m. in width, and 
 traversed by spurs from the mountains ; a sandy, pine-covered 
 belt, 30 to 80 m. in width, stretches NE. and SW. through the 
 states from Virginia to South C, and from Cheraw to Augusta 
 (Ga. ). Many rivers, navigable throughout a great part of 
 their course, flow SE. , the principal in order from N. to S. 
 being Chowan, Roanoke, Tar and Pamhco, Neuse, C. Fear, 
 Great Pedee, Santee, Edisto, Congaree, and Savannah. The 
 climate of the lowlands is sub-tropical, humid, and malarial ; in 
 the middle region, warm, equable, and healthful ; in the moun- 
 tainous region, cooler, and subject to greater extremes. The 
 rainfall is greatest on the coasts and in the mountains ; least in 
 the middle zone. [North C. — C. Uatteras, C. Lookout, Kitty 
 Ha>vk, Smlthvllle, Wilmington, Ashevllle ; South C. — 
 Charleston.] Severe earthquakes have occurred in recent 
 times, the most destructive being that of 1886. The geological 
 structure is simple, the formations being arranged, for the most 
 part, in zones parallel to the mountain axis and the coast. 
 ArchEean rocks predominate in the W. , and Tertiary in the E. 
 Agriculture is the leading industry in both states ; chief pro- 
 ducts — cotton, rice (in the production of which South C. takes 
 the lead), maize, tobacco, chiefly in the N. Tea has recently 
 been successfully grown at Summerville. Immense quantities 
 of oysters are produced in North C. , and of shrimps in South C. 
 The minerals include gold, mined chiefly near Salisbury (North 
 C), and in Lancaster co. (South C.) ; iron is widely distributed; 
 emery is obtained in Macon co. (North C); large deposits of 
 coal occur in the Deep River basin ; kaolin, of the finest quality, 
 near Aiken (South C.); marble, granite, and mica abound, 
 besides various other minerals, including the phosphate rock, 
 which in South C. is of pre-eminent importance. The phosphate 
 deposits extend along and parallel to the coast from the neigh- 
 bourhood of Port Royal to the NE. of Charleston, a length of 
 about 70 m. , with a breadth of about 30 m. ; phosphate rock 
 also occurs in North C. , between South C. and the Neuse. 
 First commercially worked in South C. in 1867, the annual out- 
 put has risen to 500,000 tons, one-third of which is used in the 
 state in the manufacture of fertilisers [Charleston], South C. 
 is also the chief cotton manufacturing state of the S. Chief 
 towns. North C. — Wilmington (the capital), Raleigh, Charlotte, 
 Asheville ; South C. — Charleston, the capital, Columbia. Origin- 
 ally peopled by Indians, now represented by a few Cherokees 
 and Catawbas, it was first visited by Ponce de Leon in 1512. 
 The earliest attempts at colonisation were made, though un- 
 successfully, by Sir Walter Raleigh ; subsequently, bands of 
 colonists of various nationalities settled in the country. In 1663, 
 the territory was granted by Charles II. to eight lords-pro- 
 prietors, who established a very liberal government, which still 
 fiirther attracted settlers. In 1670, the philosopher, John Locke, 
 drew up for the colony the Fundamental Constitutions, but the 
 scheme met with great opposition ; the Proprietary Government 
 
 became obnoxious, and in 1729 C. was formally divided into N. 
 and S. , though practically the two parts had been under different 
 governments since 1690. C. was named after one of the Kings 
 Charles, but whether one of the English kings, or Charles IX. 
 of France (by Huguenot settlers) seems uncertain. North C. , 
 area 48,580 sq. m., P. (1890) 1,618,000; South C. , area 30.170 
 sq. m., P. 1,151,000. See United States, table. 
 
 Caroline, co., U.S., Maryland, on the E. frontier, crossed in 
 the N. by 39° N. 
 
 Caroline, co., U.S., Virginia, in the E., crossed by 38° N., 
 and W. of 77° W. 
 
 Caroline Island, one of the Marquesas group. South Pacific, 
 lying N. of Eimeo, in 9° 57' S. , 150' 25' W., a low-lying strip 
 of land, covered with verdure, 5 m. in circumference. 
 
 Caroline Islands, a group of about 700 islands and islets, 
 mainly coral, belonging to Spain, in the Pacific Ocean, between 
 about 5° and 10° N., and 135° to 165° E. The great majority 
 are uninhabited atolls, but there are forty-eight real islands, each 
 surrounded by a group of islets. Five out of these forty-eight 
 are of basalt, with coral at the base, the rest all coral. The 
 principal are Yap, Ullea, Laucotrek, Ruk, Bonebcy (Ponape), 
 and Ualan. Climate temperate. Two rainy seasons, one in 
 January, the other in August. People of Micronesian family, 
 but with an admixture of Negritoes and Papuans, along with 
 some Japanese and Chinese. The products include bread-fruit, 
 coco-nut, oranges, cloves, and sugar-cane. The islands form 
 two provs., dependent on the Philippines, a western, cap. Yap, 
 and an eastern, cap. Ponape, on the island of Bonebey. The 
 group was discovered by a Portuguese navigator in 1526, and 
 was named in honour of Charles II. of Spain by the Spanish 
 Admiral Lazeano in 1686. The claim of Spain to the group 
 was recently disputed, but was upheld by the Pope as arbitrator 
 in 1885. Total area about 270 sq. m. Estimated P. 22,000. 
 
 Caroling, post-stn. , W. Australia, Howick co., 95 m. E. 
 Perth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Caromh, tn., France, dep. Vaucluse, arr. and 4 m. NE. 
 Carpentras, on the Lauron, which is dammed to supply water 
 to irrigate the valley. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Caron, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R. , 
 415 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Carondelet (ka-ron'-de-le), former vil., U.S., in i860 annexed 
 to St. Louis. 
 
 Caronl, riv. , S. America, Venezuela, dep. Orinoco, rises in 
 the Sierra Pacaraima, and after a N. course of 400 m. joins the 
 Orinoco 85 m. E. Angostura ; affluents Paragua and Adaman ; 
 cataracts render it unnavigable. 
 
 Caronla, maritime tn. , Sicily, prov. Messina, on the N. ct. , 
 22 m. E. Cefalu. P. < 5000. 
 
 Caronno, tn. , N. Italy, prov. Milan, circle Gallarate. P. <; 
 3000. 
 
 Caron-Uwch-Clawdd, par. , Wales. See Strata Florida. 
 
 Caron-ys-Clawdd, par., Wales. See Tregaron. 
 
 Caroor. See Karur. 
 
 Carora, tn., S. America, Venezuela, Lara, 220 m. W. by S. 
 Cardcas. P. 8000. 
 
 Caronge, tn. , Switzd. , cant, and 1 m. S. Geneva, on the r. bk. 
 of the Rhone. P. 5700. 
 
 CaroTlgno, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 15 m. WNW. 
 Brindisi. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 CaroTllll, comm. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Campobasso, 
 45 m. S. by E. Chieti. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Carp, lake, Canada, Brit. Columbia, in about 54° 40', to the 
 E. of 124° W. 
 
 Carpane, or Carpanedo, vil., N. Italy, prov. and 23 m. 
 NNE. Vicenza, on the 1. bk. of the Brenta. The French de- 
 feated the Austrians here in 1796. P. <20oo. 
 
 Carpaneto, tn., N. Italy, prov. Piacenza, circle Fiorenzuola. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Carpas, mts. , Cyprus. See Karpas. 
 
 Carpathians (name derived from the Slav word Khrebet, 
 signifying mountain range), a mountain system of SE. Europe, 
 surrounding Hungary and Transylvania from the NW." to the 
 E. and S. in a large semicircle. The total length of the C. is 
 more than 800 m., and their width varies between 7 and 230 m. 
 They form the water-parting between the Baltic and the Black 
 Sea, and slope steeply towards Galicia and Roumania, but 
 gently towards the Hungarian plain. Geologically, themountains 
 W. of the Hernad R. consist of ancient crystalline rocks (granite, 
 Archaean, gneiss, crystalline schists), which are overlaid by Trias- 
 sic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary deposits. Further E. , from 
 the Hernad to the head-waters of the Tisza, Archaean rocks are 
 entirely absent, and the mountains consist of Cretaceous and 
 Tertiary rocks, mostly sandstone. E. of the Taraczko R. and 
 in the mountains of Transylvania, Archaean rocks become again 
 of great importance, and are overlaid in many localities by 
 Mesozoic, Tertiary, and recent formations. Volcanicrocks alsoare 
 very extensive, forming many of the mountains on the Hungarian 
 side of the C. , e.g., the mountains of Schemnitz, Visegrad, the 
 Matra group, the Eperies-Tokay range, the Vihorlat-Gutin Mts., 
 and in Transylvania the Hargita. The C. form four great oro- 
 
 281 
 
CARP — CARR 
 
 graphical divisions, viz., the western C, the central Groups, the 
 eastern C. , and the mountains of Transylvania. The -vrestem C. 
 extend from the Danube to the Poprad R. They commence at 
 Pressburg with the low range of the Little C. (2670 ft.), and 
 are followed by the White Mts. (3350 ft. ) and the western and 
 eastern Beskid (or Bieskid) Mts., the last-named range connect- 
 ing the western with the eastern C. (Babia Gora, 5650 ft. ; 
 Smrk, 4400 ft.). The central Groups comprise the High 
 Tatra and the surrounding mountain ranges, which occupy the 
 greater part of N. Hungary. The High Tatra, the highest and 
 boldest mountain group of the C, occupies the terr. between 
 the valleys of the Waag (VAg) and Arva and those of the 
 Poprad and Dunajec. The total length of the High Tatra is 
 76 m. , and its width 28 m. The Tatra Mts. consist chiefly of 
 lofty granite masses which rise abruptly to altitudes of more 
 than 8000 ft., forming a majestic mountain wall with steep 
 ramparts and serrated crests. A characteristic feature of the 
 High Tatra is the great number of small and picturesque 
 mountain lakes which occupy the cup-shaped cavities in the 
 granite, and which greatly increase the wild grandeur of the 
 Tatra scenery. The highest summits are the peaks of Gerlach- 
 falva, or Gerlsdorfspitze (8700 ft.), of Lomnitz (8640 ft.), Eisthal 
 (8620 ft.), and Kesmark (8300 ft.). No glaciers exist in the 
 C. South of the High Tatra range lies a widely extending 
 mountain region intersected by the valleys of numerous rivers, 
 all of which flow to the Danube and Theiss (Tisza). N. of the 
 Arva rises the Little Tatra (5500 ft.), and S. of this river the 
 Great Tatra (5850 ft.). Between the valleys of the Waag and 
 Gran, and parallel to the High Tatra, stretches the Low Tatra 
 (Djumbir, 6700 ft.; Kralowa Hola, 6400 ft). Then follow along 
 the left banks of the Waag the Neutra (4400 ft. ) and Galgoc 
 (4350 ft. ) Mts. , and more to the E. the Ostrowsky and other 
 mountain groups, called the Hungarian Ore Mts., on account of 
 their richness in valuable ores. More to the SE. rise the Neograd 
 Mts. (2850 ft. ) and the picturesque group of the volcanic Matra 
 Mts. (3300 ft. ). The last off'shoots of the central C. to the S. and 
 E. are the densely wooded Biikk Mts. (3100 ft.) and the Eperies- 
 Tokay Mts., celebrated for their wine production. From the 
 valley of the Poprad to that of the Golden Bistritza extends the 
 long and monotonous sandstone range of the eastern C. (Czerna 
 Gora, 6600 ft. ; Pop Ivan, 6300 ft. ). The Transylranlan Mts. 
 commence at the valley of the Golden Bistritza and turn west- 
 ward at the point where the Buseo R. pierces the Transylvanian 
 Alps. The latter extend to the Danube near Orsova. The 
 eastern Transylvanian ranges commence with the high Rodna 
 Mts. (Pietrosza, 7550 ft. ; Kuhhorn, 7500 ft.). Then follow the 
 Gyergy6 (Pietroszul, 6900 ft.) and Bereczk (Lakocz, 5800 ft.) 
 ranges ; and further W., almost parallel to this eastern rampart, 
 the Gorgeny Mts. (Mezohavas, 5730 ft. ) and the grand Trach)rtic 
 masses of the Hargita (5700 ft.). The southern rampart of 
 Transylvania consists of high and bold ranges, with wild and 
 grand mountain scenery. It commences with the Bodza Mts., 
 which form the SE. corner of Transylvania (Csukas, 6400 ft.). 
 Then come the picturesque Burza Mts. (Bucsecs, 8300 ft. ; 
 Konigstein, 7350 ft.) and the steep Fogaras range, which con- 
 tains the highest summit of the Transylvanian Alps, the Negoi 
 (8340 ft.). Further W. extend the Cibin, Vulkan, and Hatszeg 
 Mts. (Retyezat, 8200 ft.), and in the SW. corner the Banat Mts. 
 The Transylvanian Mts. thus form a great natural stronghold, 
 which has always been regarded as the eastern citadel of central 
 Europe. A number of passes and railways lead across the 
 C. , the following being the most important : The lablunka 
 Pass (1970 ft. ), connecting Hungary with Silesia by the Budapest- 
 Breslau railway ; the Cracow branch of the just-mentioned rail- 
 way, crossing the mountains to the E. of the lablunka Pass ; the 
 Kaschau-Tarnow line, passing through the Poprad Gorge (2630 
 ft. ) ; the line fromTokay and Homonna to Sanok and Przemysl • 
 and the Latorcza railway from Munkacz to Lemberg, crossing 
 the C. near the Vereczke Pass (2760 ft. ). All these lead from 
 Hungary to the countries N. and E. The principal connections 
 between Transylvania and the countries to the S. are the rail- 
 way from Kronstadt to Bukarest, through the Tomos Pass 
 (3370 ft-); the line from Hermannstadt to Bukarest, through 
 the narrow gorge of the Aluta, the famous Roteturm Pass (1115 
 ft.) ; and the railway connecting Temesvar with Craiova, across 
 the Teregova Pass (1690 ft.). The C. are for the most part 
 covered with forests (beeches, oaks, conifers) to heights of 
 between 3-4000 ft. ; higher up they present bare and steep 
 rocks. Beasts of prey (bear, wolf, and lynx) are still met with 
 in the Tatra, in the eastern C. , and in the Transylvanian Mts. 
 The population of the C. consists of Slavs, Magyars, Germans, 
 and Roumanians. The principal occupations of the inhabitants 
 are mining industries, agriculture, and cattle-rearing. The C. 
 are richer in valuable minerals than any other moimtain system 
 of Europe, N. Hungary, Galicia, the Bukowina, the Transyl- 
 vanian Mts. , and the Banat possessing an almost inexhaustible 
 supply of silver, copper, lead, iron, salt, coal, petroleum, and 
 various other minerals. For the principal mining localities, see 
 HuKsry and dallcla. [H. Ci. 8.] 
 Cwrpenedolo,tn.,N.Itai7,prov.andi6m.SE.Brescia. P.5000. | 
 282 
 
 Carpeneto, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 16 m. S. 
 Alessandria. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Carpentaria, Gulf of, in the S. Pacific, indents deeply the 
 N. coast of Australia, between Capes Amhem and York, com- 
 prised between 11° and 17° 30' S., 136° and 142° E. Average 
 length and breadth about 350 m. each. Coasts low, but on the 
 W. greatly indented ; and it contains Groote, Wellesley, and 
 many other islands. Its E. coast was discovered by the Dutch 
 in 1606, this being the first authenticated discovery of this part 
 of the Australian continent. 
 
 Carpentras, tn., France, dep. Vaucluse, 14 m. ESE. Orange, 
 cap. of arr. It has a cathedral (1405-1519) and ancient ram- 
 parts. Under the Papacy C. was cap. of the county of Venais- 
 sin, and was regarded in Roman times as one of the most 
 beautiful and rich cities of S. Gaul. P. 9800. 
 
 Carpentras, Canal de, branches off from the R. Durance, 
 and suffices to irrigate 50,000 ac. 
 
 Carperbywlth Thoresby, par. , Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Richmond div., on the Ure, i2| m. SW. by W. Richmond, 
 near Aysgarth stn., P.O.; 4915 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Carpi, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 10 m. N. by W. 
 Modena. P. 18,000. 
 
 Carplgnana, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 15 m. 
 N. VerceUi. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Carplnetl, comm. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 17 m. S. by W. 
 Reggio. P. 6000. 
 
 Carplno, tn. , S. Italy, prov. Foggia, on Monte Gargano, 22 
 m. NE. San Severo. P. 6000. 
 
 Carplnone, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Campo- 
 basso, 48 m. NE. by E. Gaeta. P. <40oo. 
 
 Carplo de Tajo, El, comm., Spain, prov. Toledo, dist. Tor- 
 rijos. P. <4000. 
 
 Carqnlnez, or Karquenas, strait, U.S., California, connect- 
 ing the Bay of San Pablo (opening off San Francisco Bay) with 
 Suisun Bay. Navigable for steamboats and for large ships as 
 far as Benicia. 
 
 Carta, bar. , Ire. , in the S. of co. Mayo. 
 
 Carraca, La. See Cadiz, bay. 
 
 Carracastle, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 6 m. from Ballaghaderin. 
 
 Carradale, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, on E. of Kintyre, 13 
 m. NE. Campbeltown, on C. Bay, near C. Point, PMT.O. 
 
 Carralln, electoral div. , Ire., co. Cavan, dist. Belturbet. 
 
 Carragh, par.. Ire., NE. co. Kildare, bar. Clane, 3^ m. 
 NW. by W. Naas, 3 m. W. by S. Sallins stn. ; 3730 ac. P. <75o, 
 
 Carragorra, agricultural school, Ire., co. Mayo; post-tn. 
 Knockmore, Foxford. 
 
 Carralg llUior, cape, Scot. , Argyllshire, on the N. end of Jura. 
 
 Carral, comm., Spain, prov. and dist. Conmna. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Carra Lough, Ire., S. co. Mayo, NE. of Lough Mask, into 
 which it drains ; alt. 67 ft. above sea-level, 3 ft. above L. Mask. 
 
 Carran, par. , Ire. , NW. co. Clare, bar. Burren, i6| m. S. Gal- 
 way; 14,460 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Carrancas, tn., Brazil, in C. dist., erected 1841, prov. Minas 
 Geraes, on upper course of the Rio Grande. P. (of dist.) 4000. 
 
 Carrantuoblll, or Carntual, mt., Ire., co. Kerry, 11^ m. 
 WSW. Killarney ; height, 3414 ft. ; the highest summit of the 
 Macgillicuddy's Reeks and of Ireland. 
 
 Carranza, comm., Spain, prov. Viscaya, dist. Valmaceda, 
 P. ■<4ooo. 
 
 Carrara, city, Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 4 m. NW. by N. 
 Massa, 26 m. NW. by W. Lucca. At Monte Sagro, in its 
 environs, are the famous marble quarries which furnish the 
 statuary marble of C. The port of embarkation is at L' Avenza. 
 P. 25,000. 
 
 Carraroe, P.O., Ire., co. and 29 m. W. Galway. 
 
 Carrathool, tn. , New South Wales, co. Sturt, 419 m. SW. 
 Sydney by rail. 
 
 Carratraca, comm., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 23 m. 
 WNW. Malaga. The establishments for its sulphurous waters 
 are much frequented. P. <20oo. 
 
 Carratraca Springs, vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Prescott, on 
 riv. and 40 m. E. Ottawa ; has much frequented mineral 
 springs, the waters of which are exported to all parts of N. 
 America. 
 
 Carr Bank, shoal, Wales, W. Pembrokeshire, Milford Haven. 
 
 Carrbrldge, vil., Scot., Inverness-shire, on R. Dulnain,'2i m. 
 S. Nairn, 3.^ m. NW. Boat of Garten June, on H. R., PM.O. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Carr Brlggs, reef, Scot. See Fife Ness. 
 
 Carrbrook, P.O., Eng., near Stalybridge (Cheshire). 
 
 Carrefour Selons, place, Eng., Channel Is., Jersey, 2 m. 
 from Milbrook, PM.O. 
 
 Carrega, vil., N. Italy, dist. Genoa, prov. Alessandria. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Carreghofa, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on R. Vyrnwy, 
 10 m. N. Welshpool. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Carreg-Xarth Point, Eng., Cornwall, opposite Falmouth, 
 at St. Mawes Harbour. 
 
 Carrelra Isles, isl. group, Spain, off E. ct. of Galicia, prov. 
 Corunna, 22 m. NW. Vigo. P. <2ooo. 
 
C ARR 
 
 C AR R 
 
 Carrefto, comm., Spain, prov. Oviedo, dist. Gijon. P. 7100. 
 
 Carretas Cape, cape, Peru, in about 14° 15' S. 
 
 Carr House and Elnifleld, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Doncaster union. P. <25o. 
 
 Carrlacon, Brit. isl. , W. Indies, one of the Grenadines, in 
 12^° N. Length, 7 m. ; breadth, from 2 to 4 m. 
 
 Carrlcbne, stn.. Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. Tirkeeran, iij 
 m. ENE. Londonderry, on the Londonderry and Coleraine 
 Rly., P.O. 
 
 Carrick, Carrig, Carrow, Craig, Crag, Crick, Celtic, 'a rock." 
 Places in Ireland not found under Carrick may be found under 
 Carrig, and the reverse. 
 
 Carrick, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Donegal, bar. Banagh, on R. 
 Glen, 20 m. W. Donegal, PMT.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Carrick, par., Ire., co. Kildare, on R. Boyne, bar. Carbury, 
 3 m. from Edenderry stn..; 5181 ac. P. <Soo. 
 
 Carrick, par.. Ire., NE. co. Londonderry, bar. Keenaght, 
 on R. Roe, 13 m. SW. Coleraine; 5337 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Carrick, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. E. Iffa and Offa, 
 containing the town of Carrick on Suir. P. < 5000. 
 
 Carrick, par. , Ire. , co. Westmeath, bar. FartuUagh, 6 m. S. 
 Mullingar. P. <:25o. 
 
 Carrick, par.. Ire., co. and 2 m. N. Wexford, bar. West 
 Shelnialiere, on R. Slaney ; 3009 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Carrick, P.O., Scot., Argyllshire, on the W. of Loch Goil, 
 
 6 m. from Lochgoilhead, takes its name from an old castle 
 standing on a rocky peninsular platform formerly defended 
 landwards by a deep moat, dating from the end of the isth 
 century, if not earlier, and used as a royal stronghold. 
 
 Carrick, tn., Tasmania, Westmoreland co., 9 m. SW. Laun- 
 ceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 CarrlckalM>y, P.O., Ire., co. and 4 m. from Cavan. 
 
 Carrlck-a-ralde, or Carrlck-a-rede Islaud, rocky islet. 
 Ire., off the N. ct. of co. Antrim, in 6° 19' W., joined to the 
 mainland by a rope bridge 60 ft. long, at a height of 84 ft. 
 Salmon are caught here in great numbers. 
 
 Carrlckart, tnld. , Ire. , co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 22 m. 
 NW. by W. Londonderry, PMT.O. (Carrlgart). P.<:25o. 
 
 Carrlckaslane, electoral div.. Ire., co. Monaghan, dist. 
 Castleblaney. 
 
 Carrlckatea, electoral div. , Ire. , Monaghan, dist. Ballybay. 
 
 Carrick baggot, par., Ire., co. Louth, bar. Upper Dundalk, 
 
 7 m. N. Drogheda. P. <25o. 
 
 Carrlckbanagher, electoral div. , Ire. , Sligo, dist. Ballymote. 
 
 Carrlckbeg, electoral div.. Ire., Waterford, dist. Carrick on 
 Suir. 
 
 Carrlckljoy, electoral div.. Ire., co. Donegal, dist. Bally- 
 shannon. 
 
 Carrlckboy, P.O., Ire., SE. co. Longford, bar. Shrule, 8 m. 
 SE. by S. Longford. 
 
 Carrlckbyrne, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Wexford, dist. C. , in 
 New Ross union. 
 
 Carrlckfergns, or St. Mcliolas, mun. (and till 1885 also a 
 pari.) bor. , market-tn. , seapt., and par., Ire., E. ct. co. Antrim, 
 bar. C, 9 m. NNW. Belfast, on N. side of Belfast Lough, con- 
 nected by rail with Belfast and Larne. Manufactures linen and 
 cotton fabrics ; has also flax-spinning mills, bleaching works, 
 salt-mines (at Duncrue, discovered in 1852 in Triassic sandstone), 
 and oyster fishery. C. was formerly a place of great strength ; 
 a considerable part of the walls remain, and the castle, built 
 on a rock projecting into the sea, is still kept up as an arsenal 
 and mounted with heavy guns. The harbour has a depth, at 
 high water, ordinary springs, of 14 ft. at entrance, and 9-13 ft. 
 alongside quays. Market-day, S. Par. 16,702 ac. Par. and 
 civic tn. P. 8900. 
 
 Carrlckfergns Junction, stn.. Ire., co. Antrim, 3 m. SW. 
 Carrickfergus, on the Belfast and Northern Counties Rly., 
 P.O. 
 
 Carrlcklingli, Ire. , Londonderry. See Carrlchue. 
 
 Carrlckleck, electoral div., Ire., co. Meath, dist. Nobber. 
 
 Carrlckniacosker, electoral div.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, dist. 
 Lisnaskea. 
 
 Carrlckmacross, or Magheross, par. and tp.. Ire., SE. co. 
 Monaghan, bar. Farney, 13 m. W. by S. Dundalk, with which 
 it is connected by rail on G. N. and Donegal Rly. ; with free 
 grammar-school, founded and endowed by Lord Weymouth in 
 171 1. PMT.O. Market-days, W., Th., and S. Par. (Maghe- 
 ross) 16,708 ac, P. 5800; tp. P. <20oo. 
 
 Carrlckmaiioy, islet. Ire., co. Galway, SE. Inishbofin I. 
 
 Carrlckmalagli, small islet. Ire., off SW. ct. co. Mayo. 
 
 Carrlckmlues, P.O., Ire., SE. co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown, 
 4 m. NW. Bray, on the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Rly. 
 
 Carrlckmore, or Termon Rock, tn.. Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. 
 and 10 m. E. Omagh, \\ m. from its stn. on the Portadown, 
 Dungannon, and Omagh Rly., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Carrlck-on-Roe, P.O., Ire., co. Londonderry, 5 m. from 
 Limavady. 
 
 Carrick on Shannon, market-tn. , Ire. , SE. , on both banks 
 of the Shannon, 3 m. SSW. Leitrim, partly in Leitrim bar., co. 
 I^trim (of which co. it is cap.), and partly in Boyle bar., co. 
 
 Roscommon, on the Longford and Sligo Rly. ; has military 
 barracks. PMT.O. Market-day, Th. P. < 1500. 
 
 Carrick on Snlr, market-tn. and tp. ; Ire., in SE. co. 
 Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa E., on the 1. bk. of the Suir 
 (which can be ascended to this point by vessels of 150 tons), 
 12 m. E. Clonmel, on the Waterford and Limerick Rly., but 
 including Carrickbeg on the r. bk. in the co. of Waterford. 
 There are quarries of good slate in the neighbourhood. Five 
 acres of commonage have been converted into a ' People's Park.' 
 PMT.O. Market-days, W. and S. Tn. P. 5600. 
 
 Carrick Boad, roadstead, Eng., Cornwall, to the N. of 
 Falmouth Harbour. 
 
 Carrlckroe, P.O., Ire., co. Monaghan, 4 m. from Emyvale. 
 
 Carrlden, par., Scot., Linlithgowshire, on the S. shore of 
 the Firth of Forth, 2J m. NNE. Linlithgow, i^ m. E. by S. 
 Borrowstounness stn. P. <:2Soo. 
 
 Carrleton, tn., S. Australia, Dalhousie co., 45 m. E. by N. 
 Port Augusta, on the Great Northern Line. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Carrig, Celtic, 'a rock.' See Carrick. 
 
 Carrig, electoral div.. Ire., Cork, dist. Ballyhooly. 
 
 Carrig, electoral div. , Ire., NE. co. Cork, bar. Fermoy, 3^ m. 
 ENE. Mallow. 
 
 Carrig, electoral div., Ire., S. co. Kerry, bar. Dunkerron 
 South, 3 m. NNW. Kenmare. 
 
 Carrig, electoral div. , Ire. , Limerick, dist. Clarina. 
 
 Carrig, electoral div., Ire., Tipperary, dist. Riverstown. 
 
 Carrlgaholt, fishing viL, Ire., SW. ct. co. Clare, bar. 
 Moyarta, on C. Bay, N. of R. Shannon, 9J m. W. by S. 
 Kikush, PMT.O. 
 
 Carrlgahorlg, P.O., Ire., N. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower 
 Ormond, 9 J m. W. by S. Parsonstown. 
 
 Carrlgallne, par. and tn., Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Kerry- 
 currihy, \\ m. SW. Queenstown, PMT.O. Par. 14,499 ^c., 
 P. < 4000; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Carrlgallen, par. and tn.. Ire., SE. co. Leitrim, bar. C, 
 II m. W. by S. Cavan, PMT.O. ; 17,793 ^c. P. <4000 ; tn. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Carrlgallen, bar. , Ire. , in the SE. of co. Leitrim. 
 
 Carrlgaloe, hamlet. Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, i m. 
 N W. Queenstown, with stn. (C. for Passage) on the G. S. & W. R. 
 
 Carrlgan, P.O., Ire., co. Cavan, 6 m. from Crossdoney. 
 
 Carrlgan Head, cape, Ire., on SW. ct. of co. Donegal, in 
 lat. 54° 38' N. 
 
 Carrlganlmmy, tnld. , Ire. , W. co. Cork, bar. Muskerry W. , 
 5 m. N. Macroom, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Carrlgans, tn. , Ire. , E. co. Donegal, bar. N. Raphoc, on the 
 1. bk. of the Foyle, 5 m. SW. by W. Londonderry, with a stn. 
 on the Londonderry and Enniskillen Rly., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Carrlgart, Ire. See Carrlckart. 
 
 Carrlgatogher, P.O., Ire., NW. co. Tipperary, bar. Owney 
 and Arra, 4^ m. SW. by W. Nenagh. 
 
 Carrlgbann, electoral div., Ire., co. Cork, dist. Dromda- 
 league. 
 
 Carrlgboy, electoral div. , Ire. , SW. co. Cork, bar. W. Car- 
 bery, W. div. , near the head of Dimmanus Bay, 5 m. SW. Bantry. 
 
 Carrlgcastle, electoral div.. Ire., co. Waterford, dist. Bun- 
 mahon. 
 
 CarrlgdoTrnane, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Fermoy, 10 m. E. 
 Mallow. P. <25o. 
 
 Carrlgeen,P.O., Ire., 6 m. from Waterford. 
 
 Carrlgeen, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kildare, dist. Baltinglass. 
 
 Carrlglea, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Waterford, dist. Dungarvan. 
 
 Carrlgleamleary, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Fermoy, 3 m. 
 NE. Mallow; 3320 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 CarrlgnaTar, tnld.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 6 m. N. 
 Cork, P.O. P.<;2So. 
 
 Carrlgparson, par. , Ire. , in co. and 4 m. SE. Limerick, bar. 
 Clanwilliam. P. <5oo. 
 
 Carrlgrohane, par. , Ire. , co. and 5 ra. W. Cork, bars. Cork 
 and E. Muskerry, P.O. ; 2658 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Carrlgrohanebeg, par.. Ire., in co. and 4 m. W. Cork, bars. 
 Cork and Muskerry E. P. <2ooo. 
 
 CarrlgtohUl, par. and tn.. Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Barry- 
 more, 6^ m. NE. Oueenstown, with a stn. (CarrlgtM'olilll) on 
 theG. S. &W. R.,PM.O. Par. 10,318 ac, P. < 2000; tn.P.<:5oo. 
 
 Carrll, seapt. and comm. , Spain, prov. Pontevedra, 22 m. 
 SW. Santiago ; now connected with Santiago de Compostela 
 by rail. Its port is perfectly sheltered. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Carrlllo, tn., Costa Rica, 15 m. NNE. San Josd, connected 
 by rail with Puerto Limon. 
 
 Carrlngton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Altrincham div., on the 
 Mersey, 8^ m. ENE. Warrington, i m. NE. Partington stn. , 
 P.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Carrlngton, par, , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Horncastle div. , ■j\ m. 
 N. by W. Boston, 4 m. NW. Sibsey stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Carrlngton, eccles. dist., Eng., in co. and mun. bor. of 
 Nottingham, PMT.O. P. 5600. 
 
 Carrlngton, settlement, New South Wales, Gloucester co. , 
 25 m. NE. Newcastle. 
 
 Carrlngton, suburb of Newcastle, New S. Wales. P. <3000. 
 
 283 
 
CARR — CARS 
 
 Carrlngt«u, par. , Scot. , Midlothian, 4 m. S. by W. Dalkeith, 
 3 m. E. by S. Rosslynlee stn., P.O. ; 4403 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 €arrliigton, vil. , U.S., N. Dakota, Foster co. , 90 m. NE. 
 by E. Bismarck. P. •< 1000. 
 
 Carriugton with Frlthvllle, eccles. dist., Eng., Lincoln- 
 shire, including C. hamlet. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Carrion, riv., Spain, prov. and flows S. by E. past Palencia 
 to the Pisuerga. 
 
 CarrldH de Calatrava, comm., Spain, prov. and 6 m. 
 ENE. Ciudad Real. P. <40oo. 
 
 Carrion de los Condes, tn., Spain, prov. and 22 m. N. by 
 W. Palencia. P. <4000. 
 
 Carrlzal Bajo, small seapt. , Chile, prov. Atacama, on the 
 W. ct., 70 m. SW. Copiapo, in about 28° 3' S. , connected by 
 railway with the copper-mining dist. of Carrlzal Alto (23 m. 
 by rail). P. (of each)<:2ooo. 
 
 Carrlzallllo, tn., Chile, prov. Atacama, 85 m. N. Copiapo. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Carrock Fell, mt., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 8^ m. 
 NE. Keswick. Height, 2174 ft. 
 
 Carrog, stn., Wales, Merionethshire, on the G. W. R., 6 m. 
 W. by N. Llangollen, P.O. 
 
 Carroll, tn. , New South Wales, Buckland co. , 30 m. NW. 
 by W. Tamworth. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Carroll, co., U.S., Arkansas, on N. frontier, E. of 94° W. 
 
 Carroll, co. , U.S., Georgia, on W. frontier, and between 33° 
 and 34° N. 
 
 Carroll, co., U.S., Illinois, W. frontier, crossed by 42° N. 
 
 Carroll, co., U.S., Indiana, between 40° and 41° N., and 
 traversed by Wabash R. 
 
 Carroll, tn., U.S., Iowa, in C. co., 80 m. NE. Omaha 
 (Neb.). P. < 3000. 
 
 Carroll, co. , U.S. , Kentucky, on the Ohio, crossed by 85° W. 
 
 Carroll, a suburb of Baltimore, U.S., Marj'land. 
 
 Carroll, co., U.S., Maryland, N. frontier, crossed by 77° W. 
 
 Carroll, co., U.S., Mississippi, N. of 33° N., and crossed 
 by 90° W. 
 
 Carroll, co. , U.S., Missouri, bounded on the S. by the 
 Missouri, crossed by 93^° W. 
 
 Carroll, settlement, "U.S., Montana, Choteau co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Missouri, 225 m. NE. by E. Butte City. 
 
 Carroll, co., U.S., New Hampshire, on the E. fi-ontier, 
 crossed by 44° N. 
 
 Carroll, co., U.S., Ohio, in the E., S. of 41° N., crossed in 
 the E. by 81" W. 
 
 Carroll, co., U.S., Tennessee, in the NW., to the E. of 89° 
 W. , crossed by 36° N. 
 
 Carroll, co., U.S., Virginia, on the S. frontier, crossed in 
 the W. by 81° W. 
 
 Carroll, East, par., U.S., in the extreme NE. of Louisiana. 
 
 Carroll, West, par., U.S., Louisiana, adjoining East C. 
 
 Carroll's Cross, stn. , Ire. , in co. and loj m. W. Waterford, 
 on the Waterford, Dungarvan, and Lismore Rly. 
 
 Carrollton, tn., U.S., Georgia, Carroll co., 40 m. W. by S. 
 Atlanta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Carrollton, city, U.S., Illinois, Greene co. , 46 m. N. by W. 
 St. Louis (Mo.). P. <3000. 
 
 Carrollton, tn., U.S., Kentucky, CarroU co., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Ohio, 48 m. SW. Cincinnati. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Carrollton, suburb. New Orleans, U.S., Louisiana, higher 
 up the Mississippi. 
 
 Carrollton, \iL, U.S., Michigan, Saginaw co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of Saginaw R., 10 m. SSW. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Carrollton, city, U.S., Missouri, Carroll co., 76 m. E. 
 Leavenworth (Kansas). P. <:40oo. 
 
 Carrollton, \il., U.S., Ohio, Carroll co., 41 m. NNW. 
 Wheeling (W. Va.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Carrolltown, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Cambria co. , 68 m. 
 E. by N. Pittsburg, and 19 m. WNW. Ahoona. P. < 1500. 
 
 Carron, P.O., Ire., co. Clare, 7 m. from Corofin. 
 
 Carron, stn. , Scot. , Banffshire, on the G. N. of S. R. , 14 m. 
 WSW. Keith, PM.O. (C. stn.). 
 
 Carron, riv. , Scot. , in the W. of Ross-shire, rises about 2 
 m. above the head of Loch Scaven, flows SW. through Glen 
 Carron , traversing the loch just named, and Loch Doule, and 
 enters the head of Loch C. Glen C. is traversed by the Ding- 
 wall and Skye Rly. 
 
 Carron, riv., Scot., Stirlingshire, rises on the Campsie Fells 
 and flows E. past Denny and Larbert into the Firth of Forth 
 ^ m. below Grangemouth. 
 
 Carron, vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, on the Carron, i^ m. N. 
 by W. Falkirk, i m. E. Larbert stn., PMT.O. Close by are 
 the vast C. Ironworks, the first furnaces of which were blown 
 Jan. I, 1760 (the first in modem times in Scotland). They 
 gave name to carronades, a kind of ordnance first made here. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Carron, Dangli of, dist., Scot., Banffshire, on the W. 
 border S. of the Spey. 
 
 Carron Loch, an inlet, Scot., in the SW. of Ross-shire, 
 12 m. long by ^-2 m. wide. 
 284 
 
 Carronbrldge, stn., Scot., co. and near Dumfries, on the 
 G. & SW. R., P.O. 
 
 Carronbrldge, P.O., Scot., Stirlingshire, on R. Carron, 
 near Carron Ironworks. 
 
 Carronbrook, vil. , Canada. See Dublin. 
 
 Carronshore, vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, on the Carron, 2 m. 
 W. by N. Grangemouth, 2 m. E. by N. Larbert stn., P.O. 
 P. -ciSoo. 
 
 Carrot, riv., Canada, Saskatchewan, flows ENE. into the 
 Saskatchewan, which it joins in about 101° 25' W. 
 
 Cart'ow, Celtic, 'a rock.' See Carried. 
 
 Carrowbann, electoral div.. Ire., Clare, dist. Annacarriga. 
 
 Carro'wbehy, PM.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 6 m. from Bally- 
 haunis. 
 
 Carro-wbrack, electoral div., Ire., co. Armagh, dist. Porta- 
 down. 
 
 Carrowbrowne, electoral div. , Ire. , co. and dist. Galway. 
 
 CarroTfdoan, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 5 m. from Rath- 
 mullen (near Letterkenny). 
 
 Carrowdore, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Down, bar. Lower Ards, 
 5^ m. E. by S. Newtown Ards, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Carrowduir, electoral div.. Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. 
 Castleplunket. 
 
 Carroiren, stn.. Ire., co. Donegal, 10 m. W. Londonderry, 
 on the railway between Londonderry and Letterkenny. 
 
 Carrowbolly, P. O. , Ire. , co. Mayo, 4 m. from Westport. 
 
 Carro'wkeel, tnld. , Ire., co. Donegal, bar. E. Inishowen, on 
 Lough Foyle, jh m. SW. by W. Moville. P. <25o. 
 
 Carroft'inenagli, tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. E. 
 Inishowen, 4^ m. N. Moville, P.O. (CarroTi'mena). P. <:25o. 
 
 Carrowmore, electoral div.. Ire., SE. co. Mayo, bar. Kil- 
 maine, 19 m. SE. by E. Westport. 
 
 Carrowmore Longb, Ire. , NW. co. Mayo, 25 m. W. by N. 
 BalUna, 4 m. NE. Tulloghan Bay. It contains several islets, 
 and discharges itself by the R. Munhin into the Owenmore. 
 
 Carrotvniore Point, cape. Ire. , co. Clare, lat. 52° 45' N. 
 
 Carroirnagnr, electoral div.. Ire., co. Galway, dist. Dun- 
 more. 
 
 CarroM'naskeagh, electoral div.. Ire., co. Sligo, dist. 
 Coolaney. 
 
 Carrowneadan, P.O., Ire., co. Sligo, 7 m. from Tubber- 
 curry. 
 
 Carroirreagh, electoral div., Ire., SW. co. Roscommon, 
 bar. and io| m. WSW. Athlone. 
 
 CarroM'reTagb, electoral div.. Ire., co. Galway, dist. 
 Tuam, No. 2. 
 
 Carr Rock, a portion of a reef in the North Sea, off Fife 
 Ness, Scotland, with a lighthouse (May I.), in 56° 11' 9" N., 
 and 2° 33' 22" W. , visible 21 m. 
 
 Carr's Harbour, Fiji Is. See Matukn. 
 
 Carrti, comm. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, on the Tanaro, 
 17 m. ENE. Cuneo. P. < 5000. 
 
 Carmtherstown, hamlet, Scot., Dumfiiesshire, 8 m. SE. 
 Lockerbie, P.O. 
 
 Carrj-coats, par., Eng., Northumberland, Bellingham union, 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 CarrydnfT, tnld.. Ire., co. Down, 6 m. SE. Belfast, P.O. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Carrjrglass, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, dist. Fintona. 
 
 Carsaig, P.O., Scot., Argyllshire, on the N. shore of C. Bay, 
 on the S. ct. of Mull I., in 5" 58^' W. 
 
 Carsaig Bay, Scot. , Argyllshire, on the E. side of the Sound 
 of Jura, in 56° 2' N. 
 
 Carse, a fertile tract of land, on the bank of a river (Scotland). 
 
 Carsebead, Old, part of Dairy town, Scot. , Ayrshire. 
 
 Carse of Cowrie, Scot. See Cowrie, Carse of. 
 
 Carserrlgan Moor, dist., Scot., Wigtownshire, in the NE., 
 4^ m. WNW. Newton Stewart. 
 
 Carshalton, par. and vil. , Eng. , Surrey, Wimbledon div. , 3 
 m. W. Croydon, on the L. B. & S. C. R. P. 5400. 
 
 Carstaleld, Eng. , Northumberland. See Nlnebauks. 
 
 Carslngton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 5^ m. SW. 
 Matlock, 3 ni. W. Wirksworth stn. P. <250. 
 
 Carso. See Karst. 
 
 Carsoll, comm. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, 18 m. 
 NE. by E. Tivoli. P. < 5000. 
 
 Carson, riv. and lake, U.S., Nevada. See Humboldt Klrer. 
 
 Carson, co., U.S., Te.xas, in the NW., W. of 101° W., and 
 N. of 35° N. 
 
 Carson City, vil, U.S., Michigan, Montcalm co., 57 m. 
 WSW. Bay City. P. <i50o. 
 
 Carson City, city, U.S., cap. Nevada state, Ormsby co., 16 
 m. NE. of the SW. corner of the state (Lake Tahoe), in Eagle 
 Valley, 4 m. from Carson R., in a fertile and picturesque region, 
 with a branch mint. Alt. 4630 ft. (R.R.). Mean temp. (12 
 yrs.), yr. 50° F., Jan. 30.0°, July 71.6°; rainfall, yr. 11.25 •'*•> 
 May-Oct. i.77in. P. < 4000. 
 
 Carsphalrn, par. and vil., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 19 m. 
 SE. by E. Maybole, 9 m. SE. by S. Dalmellingtonstn., PM.O. ; 
 par. 54,624 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
CARS — CARW 
 
 Carssdale, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, 20 m. NW. 
 Regina. 
 
 Carstalrs, stn. , Canada, Alberta, on the Calgary and Edmon- 
 ton Rly. , about 37 m. N. Calgary. 
 
 Carstalrs, par. and vil. , Scot. , S. Lanarkshire, i m. WN W. 
 from its stn. (Carstalrg Jaactlon) on the C. R., 3^ m. ENE. 
 Lanark, P.O. Par. 9820 ac, P. <20oo; vil. R<:5oo; C. 
 Junction (PM.O.), P. < 1000. 
 
 Cart, riv. , Scot. See Cart Water. 
 
 Cartagena, seapt., Chile, Santiago, 35 m. S. Valparaiso. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Cartagena (the ancient Carthago Nova, or New Carthage, it 
 having been a principal colony of the Carthaginians), city and 
 seapt., and the chief naval arsenal of Spain, on a bay of the 
 Mediterranean, prov. and 27 m. S. by E. Murcia. Lat. 37° 36' 
 5" N. , long. 0° 56' 36" W. It occupies the declivity of a hill, and 
 a small plain extending to the harbour, which is one of the best 
 in the Mediterranean, protected from all winds by surrounding 
 heights, and by an island on the S. , which, as well as the city, 
 is fortified. Its port communicates with the Segura R. by the 
 Lorca canal. Silver-lead, zinc, and iron ores mined in the 
 vicinity, and esparto grass are the chief exports ; coal and 
 coke are the only important imports. The mines of C. were 
 originally wrought by the Carthaginians. C. was taken by 
 Scipio, B.C. 210, at which period Livy states that it was one of 
 the richest cities in the world. It was ruined by the Goths ; 
 and its modern importance dates only from the time of Philip 
 II. Taken by insurgents, it was bombarded in Nov. 1873, and 
 surrendered to the government troops in the following Jan. 
 Mean temp., yr. 65.6° F. , Jan. 52.9"^, Aug. 80.3°. P. (1877) 
 75,900; (1887)84,200. 
 
 Cartagena, a strongly fortified city and seapt. , S. America, 
 U.S. of Colombia, cap. of state of Bolivar, on a narrow island, 
 now connected by bridges with the mainland, and forming a 
 sandy peninsula in the Caribbean Sea, a little to the S. of the 
 point where the coast begins to trend S., and form the Gulf 
 of Darien. Its natural harbour, formed of a sheet of water 
 about 15 sq. m. in extent, nearly landlocked by the penin. , on 
 which the town stands, and the islands of Tierra Bomba and 
 Baru to the S., is the best on the N. coast of S. America, acces- 
 sible to the largest ships, though only small vessels less than 5 
 ft. in draught can lie alongside the quays. Notwithstanding 
 the excellence of its harbour, it was formerly at a disadvantage 
 compared with Sabanilla, through being cut off from the 
 Magdalena, but the connection with that river, through the 
 Canal del Dique, which existed in the time of the Spaniards, 
 but had been allowed to become choked, has now been re- 
 opened, so that C. has now regular steam communication with 
 Honda, and the shipping of the port is rapidly increasing. C. 
 is about to be connected (1893) by submarine cable with Colon 
 and other Colombian ports, and is being connected by rail with 
 Calamar on the Magdalena. It has a citadel, college, semi- 
 naries, and hospitals. C. was founded in 1533 by Pedro de 
 Heredia, and named C. de las Indias on account of the re- 
 semblance of its harbour to that of C. in Spain., Under the 
 Spaniards C. was the seat of a captain-general, and of one of 
 the three tribunals in the Inquisition of S. America. P. 16,000. 
 
 Cartago, tn. , Costa Rica, cap. prov. C. , once cap. of county, 
 12 m. ESE. San Jos6, on the railway to Limon, in a fine valley 
 at the S. base of volcano of Irazu, founded 1553, in great part 
 destroyed by earthquake in 1841. The hot springs of Agua- 
 caliente lie to the S^V. P. 8-10,000. 
 
 Cartago, tn., S. America, Colombia, Cauca, 100 m. S. by 
 W. Medellin. Alt. 3210 ft. P. 7000. 
 
 Ctlrtama, ancient tn., Spain, prov. and 21 m. W. Malaga, 
 on the Guadalhorce. P. 5700. 
 
 Cartaxo, tn., Portugal, Estremadura, dist. and 7 m. SW. 
 Santarem. P. 5000. 
 
 Cartaya, tn., Spain, prov. and 13 m. WNW. Huelva. P. 
 5200. 
 
 Cartbrldge, P.O., Eng. , Surrey, i ra. from Woking vil. 
 
 Cartelle, comm., Spain, prov. Orense, dist. Celanova. P. 
 6900. 
 
 Carter, co., U.S., Kentucky, N. of 38° N., crossed by 
 83^ W. 
 
 Carter, co. , U.S., Missouri, in the SE., crossed by 37° N. 
 and by 91° W. 
 
 Carter, co., U.S., Tennessee, in the NE., on the frontier of 
 N. Carolina, N. of 36° N. 
 
 Carter, settlement, U.S., Wyoming, Nintah co., 43 m. NE. 
 from the SW. corner of the state, on the U. P. R. 
 
 Carter Bar and Carter Fell. See CheTlot Hills. 
 
 Carteret, vil., France, dep. Manche, on the W. ct. , 19 m. 
 SSW. Cherbourg; lighthouse, visible 23 m. , 262 ft. above high 
 water. P. < 2000. 
 
 Carteret, co., U.S., N. CaroKna, on the Atlantic (Raleigh 
 and Onslow Bays), and partly on Pamplico Sound, which 
 washes its NE. end. 
 
 Carteret, atoll, Solomon Archipelago, is in 5° 45' S. , 155^ 
 25' E., nine isls., named after PhiUp C, an English seaman 
 
 who took part in the expeditions of Byron (1764-66) and 
 WaUis (1766-68). 
 
 Carterhangta, an alluvial tract, Scot., Selkirkshire, above 
 the confluence of the Ettrick and Yarrow, 2 m. WSW. Selkirk. 
 
 Cartersville, city, U.S., Georgia, Bartow co., on r. bk. of 
 Etowah R., 34 m. NW. by N. Atlanta. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Carterton, tn.. New Zealand, North I., Wairarapa West 
 CO., 45 m. ENE. Wellington. P. <isoo. 
 
 Cartervllle, vil., U.S., lUinois, Williamson co., 84 m. SE. 
 St. Louis (Mo.). P. <isoo. 
 
 Cartervllle, city, U.S., Missouri, Jasper co. , 45 m. NNE. 
 of the SW. corner of the state. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Carthage, ancient city, Africa. See Marsa, La. 
 
 Carthage, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Perth co. , 53 m. 
 NNE. London. 
 
 Carthage, electoral div. , Ire., co. Donegal, dist. Malin. 
 
 Carthage, tn. , U.S., Illinois, Hancock co. , 87 m. WNW. 
 Springfield. P. < 2000. 
 
 Carthage, vil. , U.S., Indiana, Rush co. , 30 m. E. Indiana- 
 pohs. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Carthage, city, U.S., Missouri, cap. Jasper co. , 132 m. S. 
 by E. Kansas City ; in the centre of the rich lead regions of 
 SW. Missouri. P. <8ooo. 
 
 Carthage, vil., U.S., New York, Jefferson co. , on Black R., 
 58 m. NE. by E. Oswego, and 15 m. E. by N. Watertown ; 
 with extensive water-power, and various manufs. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Carthage, vil., U.S., Ohio, Hamilton co. , 10 m. (by rail) N. 
 Cincinnati. P. <3000. 
 
 Carthage, vil., U.S., Dakota, Miner co. , 92 m. N. by W. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Carthagena, a frequent English spelling of Cartagena (Spain 
 and Colombia). 
 
 Carthaniartha Rocks, group of picturesque cliffs, Eng., 
 Cornwall, 4^ m. S. Launceston. 
 
 Carthew, rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, co. Simcoe, 17 m. 
 NE. Barrie. 
 
 Carthew, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 3 m. from St. Austell. 
 
 Carthorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., ^\ m. N. Ripon, 2^ m. W. Pickhill stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Cartler, rly. stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 478 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Cartier, Jacques. See Canada, History. 
 
 Cartlngton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Rothbury union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Cartland, viL and chasm, Scot., co. and 2 m. NW. 
 
 Lanark. 
 
 Cartmel, eccles. dist. and market-tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, N. 
 Lonsdale div., 12^ m. SW. Kendal, i^ m. WNW. Grange- 
 over-Sands stn., on Furness R., PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. 
 Mean rainfall (Holker, 1866-80), 45.1 in. Eccles. dist. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cartmelfell, par., Eng., Lancashire, 6^ m. NE. Cartmel; 
 4958 ac. P. <5co. 
 
 Cartron, electoral div.. Ire., co. Shgo, dist. Coolaney. 
 
 Cartshnrn, eccles. dist., Scot., Renfrewshire, in town of 
 Greenock. P. 11,100. 
 
 Cartsdyke, stn., Scot., W. Renfrewshire, on the C. R., i^ 
 m. SE. by E. Greenock. 
 
 Cart Water, Black, riv., Scot., Renfrewshire, in the W., 
 issues from Castle Semple Loch, and flows NE. past Johnstone 
 to the Clyde, which it joins on the 1. bk. , i m. below Renfrew. 
 It is previously joined by the White C, which forms a large 
 part of the E. boundary of the county, and then flows W. and 
 N. through Paisley. 
 
 Cartworth, par. andtn. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Holm- 
 firth div., 6 m. S. Huddersfield, i m. S. Holmfirth. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cart'wrlght, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of 
 the C. P. R., 112 m. SW. by W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Cartwrlght, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Durham co., 43 m. 
 NE. Toronto, 2 m. E. Lake Scugog. P. of sub. dist. <3ooo. 
 
 Caruar^, vil. , Brazil, state and 82 m. W. by S. Pernambuco, 
 with which it is connected by rail. P. 3000. 
 
 Carnnchio, tn. , S. Italy, prov. Chieti, circle Vasto. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Carunhauha, tn., Brazil, prov. Bahia, on 1. bk. of the San 
 Francisco, at the mouth of the Carunhanha, in 14° 15' S. P. 3000. 
 
 Carnpano, seapt., Venezuela, Bermudez, on the N. ct. , in 
 about 63° 15' W. P. 12,400. 
 
 Carver, vil. , U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., 17 m. E. 
 Taunton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Carver, vil., U.S., Minnesota, in C. co., on Minnesota R., 
 33 m. SW. Minneapolis by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 CarvUle, stn., Eng., co. Durham, on the NE. R., between 
 Newcastle and Tynemouth, P.O. 
 
 Carvln, tn., France, on the N. border of Pas de Calais, 10 
 m. SSW. Lille, with coal-mines. P. 6800. 
 
 Carvoeiro, or Peniehe, cape, Portugal, on the W. ct. , 39 
 m. W. by N. Santarem, with lighthouse, visible 17 m. 
 
 Carwlnley, P.O., Eng., Cumberland, 4 m. from Long- 
 town stn. 
 
 285 
 
GARY — CASH 
 
 Cary, riv. , Eng. , rises in the E. of the co. of Somerset, and 
 flows W. into the estuary of the Parret. 
 Cary, bar., Ire., in NE. of Antrim. 
 
 Cary (or Carey) Islands, a group in the N. of Bafl^ Bay, 
 about 25 m. from Greenland, crossed by 76° 45' N., 72° 45' W. 
 Caryquolta Rock, eminence, Eng., Cornwall, lo^ m. NE. 
 by N. Truro. 
 
 Casabermeja, comm. , Spain, prov. Malaga, dist. Colmenar. 
 P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Casa Blanca, tn., Chile, prov. and 25 m. SE. by S. Val- 
 paraiso. P. <2000. 
 
 Casa Blauca (Italian, ' white house'), Arabic Dar-el-Belda, 
 
 small seapt. and cape, W. ct. Morocco, 56 m. SW. by W. 
 
 Rabat, about midway between Mazagan and Rabat, in 33° 37' N. 
 
 Casa Branca (Portuguese, ' white house '), tn. and rly. stn., 
 
 Brazil, Sao Paulo, 155 m. N. by W. Santos. P. <40oo. 
 
 Casacalenda, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Campo- 
 basso, on the Bifemo, 40 m. WNW. Foggia. P. 6000. 
 
 Casaccla, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 11 m. SW. St. Moritz, 
 at the head of the Val Bregaglia. P. <20oo. 
 
 Casa Crande, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Pinal co., 185 m. 
 E. by N. from the SW. corner of the terr. Mean temp. (8 
 yrs.), 73.2° F., Jan. 50.3°, July 94.4° ; rainfall, yr. 4.28 in. 
 
 Casalangnlda, vil., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Chieti, 
 dist. Vasto. P. <:4000. 
 
 Casalbordlno, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 25 m. 
 SE. by E. Chieti. P. < 5000. 
 
 CasallM»rgone, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 13 m. NE. 
 by E. Turin. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Casalbnttano, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and SJ m. N. by 
 W. Cremona. P. 6000. 
 
 Casaldunl, comm. , Italy, prov. Benevento, 21 m. S. Campo- 
 basso. P. ■<4oco. 
 
 Casale, Italian, ' a village.' 
 
 Casale (Corte Cerro), tn., N. Italy, prov. Novara, on the 
 Strona. P. <:4c>oo. 
 
 Casale (DlScodosia), tn., N. Italy, Venetia, prov. Padua, 
 dist. Montagnana. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Casale (Utta), tn., Italy, prov. Milan, circle Gallarate. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Casalecclilo di Reno, tn., Italy, prov., circle, and 4 m. SW. 
 Bologna. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Casale Monferrato, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, 
 on the r. bk. of the riv. Po, 12 m. S. VercellL Noted for a sjmip 
 made from the juice of a kind of reed ; bishopric ; former cap. 
 of Monferrat. In 1640 the scene of a great victory of the Duke 
 of Harcourt over the Spanish. Alt. 375 ft. P. 27,000. 
 
 Casaleoue, vil., N. Italy, prov. Verona, dist. Sanguiretto. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Casalgrande, tn. , N. Italy, prov. and circle Reggio. P. < 5000. 
 
 Casalmaggiore, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Cremona, 
 on the L bk. of the Po, 13 m. NNE. Parma, with earthenware 
 manufactures, &c. P. 16,000. 
 
 CasalnnoTO, tn. , Italy, prov. Foggia, circle and 15 m. SW. 
 San Severo. P. <4000. 
 
 CasalnnoYO, tn., Italy, prov. Naples, circle and 3J m. E. 
 Casoria. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Casalposterlengo, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Milan, 9 m. 
 N. by W. Piacenza. P. 6000. 
 
 CasalTeccUo, tn. , Italy, prov. and 25 m. WNW. Foggia. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Casalyecchlo, viL, Sicily, on a mountain, prov. and 23 m. 
 SW. Messina, circle Castroreale. P. < 3000. 
 
 CasalTierl, tn., S. Italy, prov. Caserta, 7 m. SSE. Sora. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Casamance, riv. , W. Africa. See Kazamanza. 
 
 Casamasslma, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 12 m. S. by E. 
 Bari. P. 7000. 
 
 Casamlcciola, comm., Italy, on the isl. of Ischia, 18 m. 
 WSW. Naples; mineral springs and baths, large potteries. 
 Destroyed by an earthquake July 28, 1883. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Casanare, riv. , Colombia, state Boyaca, rising in the moun- 
 tains of Chita, after an E. course of 180 m. falls into the Meta, 
 in 5° 56' N. , 71° 50' W. 
 
 Casanare, tn. , S. America, Colombia, Boyaca, 170 m. NE. 
 by E. Bogot^ P. 12,000. 
 
 Casarano, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 19 m. SW. by W. 
 Otranto. P. -csooo. 
 
 Casar^e-Cdceres, tn., Spain, prov. and 10 m. NNW. 
 Cdceres; hnen weaving and manufactures of leather. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Casares, tn., Spain, prov. and 52 m. WSW. Malaga; manu- 
 factures leather. P. 5500. 
 
 Casarobonela, tn. , Spain, prov. and 29 m. WNW. Malaga ; 
 considerable commerce in wine and firuit. P. «c50oo. 
 
 Casate-NnoTO, tn., N. Italy, prov. Como, circle Lecco. P. 
 <4ooo. 
 
 Casbln, tn., Persia. See Kazrin. 
 
 Cascade, co., U.S., Montana, partly bounded on the S. by 
 47° N., and crossed by iii" and 112° W., traversed from NE. 
 to SW. by the Missouri. 
 286 
 
 Cascade, vil., U.S., Iowa, co. and 23 m. SW. by W. Du- 
 buque. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cascade Locks, settlement, U.S., Oregon, Wasco co., on 
 the 1. bk. of Columbia R. , 4c m. E. by N. Portland. 
 
 Cascade Point, cape, on the W. ct. of the South I. of New 
 Zealand, in 43^ 58' S. 
 
 Cascade Range, the name applied to that portion of the 
 moimtains of the outer edge of the N. American plateau which 
 rise in the states of Oregon and Washington, trending N. and 
 S., or nearly N. and S., between the meridians of 120^° and 
 122° W. , and directly continuing the line of the Sierra Nevada. 
 The highest summits are in Washington — Mount St. Helens, 
 Mount Adams, and Mount Rainier (14,440 ft.). The name is 
 due to the fact that the cascades of the Columbia occur where 
 that river pierces the range. The same name is also applied to 
 a range in British Columbia nmning parallel to the coast be- 
 tween 50° and 52 J° N., but separated from the more southerly 
 range by the Fraser Valley. 
 
 Cascade River, settlement, Tasmania, co. Dorset, 50 m. 
 NW. Launceston, on Cascade R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cascades, vil. , U.S., Washington, Skamania co., 107 m. SSW. 
 Olympia, on Columbia R. Named on account of the rapids 
 which here obstruct the navigation of the river. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cascaes, fortified tn., Portugal, prov. Estremadura, on the 
 coast, 14 m. W. Lisbon, with mineral springs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cascante, comm., Spain, prov. Navarre, 45 m. ENE. Soria; 
 mineral springs. P. 4100. 
 
 Cascapedla, Great, riv., Canada, Quebec, flows SSE. into 
 C. Bay (Chaleur Bay), about 65° 55' W. Cascapedla, Little, 
 riv., which holds a nearly parallel course into Chaleur Bay, 6-15 
 m. to the E. 
 
 CascaTel, tn. , Brazil, cap. dist. C. , prov. Ceara, at the foot 
 
 of C. Mt , on river and 40 m. SW. the p>ort of Ceard. P. 9000. 
 
 Cascla, comm. , Italy, prov. and 42 m. SE. Perugia. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Casclna, comm., Italy, Tuscany, on the Arno, prov. and ^\ 
 
 m. ESE. Pisa. P. 21,000. 
 
 Casco, bay, U.S., in SW. of Maine, between Cape Elizabeth 
 and Cape Small Point, 20 m. apart ; containing several hundred 
 small islands, some of which are favourite summer resorts. 
 
 Cascob, par. , Wales, Radnorshire, 4 m. NNE. New Radnor. 
 P.<:25o. 
 
 Cascnmpeqne, settlement, Canada, Prince Edward I., 
 Princes co. , on C. Harbour, 58 m. N W. Charlottetown. 
 
 Caselle, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 8 m. NNW. Turin. 
 P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Caselliua, comm., central Italy, prov. and circle Florence, 
 in the valley of the Arno. P. 14,000. 
 
 Caserta, city, S. Italy, cap. C. prov., 17m. NE. Naples, and 
 6 m. ESE. Capua; has a cathedral, and a palace built by 
 Charles III., one of the finest in Europe. Large silk works 
 near. Founded in the 8th century by Lombards on the slope of 
 a hill, but the present town, on lower ground, dates only from 
 the early part of the i8th century. P. 30,000. 
 
 Casevllle, vil., U.S., Michigan, Huron co., on the Saginaw 
 Bay, 39 m. NE. Bay City. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Casey, vil., U.S., Illinois, Clark co., 33 m. WSW. Terre 
 Haute (Ind.). P. <i5oo. 
 Casey, co., U.S., Kentucky, N. of 37° N., crossed by 85° W. 
 Caseyrllle, viL, U.S., Illinois, St. Clair co., 10 m. E. St. 
 Louis (Missouri) by rail P. <i5oo. 
 Castaamblk, tn. , Brazil. See Caxambtk. 
 Cashcarrlgan, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Drumshambo, co. 
 Lei trim. 
 Casbeen, riv. , Ire. See Feale. 
 
 Casheen, bay, Ire., co. Galway, on the W. side of the isL 
 Garomna ; easy of access, and with depth of water for large ships. 
 Cashel, Irish, 'a fort.' 
 
 Casbel, tnld. , Ire. , NE. co. Galway, bar. Tiaquin, 17 m. W. 
 Roscommon, PM.O. P. <250. 
 
 Casbel, city and mun. (also, till 1870, pari.) bor.. Ire., S. co. 
 Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 11^ m. S. by W. Thurles, 6 m. 
 SE. its sm. (Coold's Cross and Casbel) on the G. S. & W. R. 
 Formerly an archbishop's see, but now a bishopric combined 
 with the see of Waterford. It is a Roman Catholic archdiocese. 
 The city is built on the S. and E. sides of an isolated rock, 
 called the Rock of C, which rises steeply to the height of 
 about 300 ft. in a plain 2 m. E. of the riv. Suir. On the siunmit 
 of the rock was the palace of the ancient kings of Munster, the 
 ancient cathedral, and other structures, of which there are exten- 
 sive remains. Market-days, W. and S. P. <35oo. 
 
 Casbel, or Dookle Sontb, tn., Victoria, co. Moira, 125 m. 
 
 NE. Melbourne, with government experimental farm. P. < 1500. 
 
 Casbel and Islands, par.. Ire., SW. co. Longford, bar. 
 
 Rathcline, on NE. side of Lough Ree, 12 m. SSW. Longford ; 
 
 15,922 ac. P. < 2:^00. 
 
 Casbelmore, P.O., Ire., NW. co. Donegal, bar. Kilma- 
 crenan, 26 m. WNW. Londonderry. 
 
 Casbelnagor, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Donegal, bar. Kilma- 
 crenan, 32 m. W. by N. Londonderry. P. <500. 
 Cashen, riv.. Ire. See Feale. 
 
CASH — CAST 
 
 Casbmere, native state, India. See Kaslunir. 
 
 Casina, comm. , Italy, prov. and circle Reggio nell' Emilia. 
 P. <sooo. 
 
 Casino, municip.. New South Wales, Rous co., 55 m. N. 
 Grafton. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Caslqnlare. See Orinoco. 
 
 Caskets, or Casquets, a dangerous group of rocks in the 
 English Channel, 7 m. W. Alderney. On the highest is a 
 lighthouse, visible 17 m. Off these rocks Prince William, son 
 of Henry I. of England, and his suite perished in 1119, and the 
 Victory, no guns, foundered in 1744. See Ortac Pass. 
 
 ^aslau, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 29 m. SW. Koniggratz, and 
 6 m. SE. by E. Kuttenberg. Tomb of Ziska, the Hussite 
 leader, in one of the churches. Scene, in 1742, of a victory of 
 Frederick the Great over the Imperialists. P. 8400. 
 
 Casio, small riv. , Brit. Columbia, flows SE. and enters Lake 
 Kootenay in 49° 56' N. , 117° W. 
 
 Casma, tn. , S. America, Peru, dep. Ancachs, 210 m. NNW. 
 Lima, on the W. ct., in about 9° 25' S. P. <;3000. 
 
 Caso, comm., Spain, prov. Oviedo, dist. Labiana. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Casola dl Lnnlglana, comm. , Italy, prov. Massa e Carrara, 
 dist. Massa. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Casola Valsenlo, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. Bologna, 13 
 m. WSW. Faenza. P. <5000. 
 
 Casole d' Elsa, tn. , Italy, prov. and circle Siena. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Casoll, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 21 m. 
 SSE. Chieti. In a plain near C. are remains of great walls, 
 aqueducts, and other antiquities. P. 5000. 
 
 Casorate, comm., Italy, prov. and 10 m. NW. Pavia. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Casorla, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. and 5 m. NNE. Naples. 
 P. 9000. 
 
 Caspe, comm., Spain, prov. Saragossa, on then bk. of the 
 Ebro, 42 m. NW. Tortosa. P. 8400. 
 
 Caspian Sea (Russian Kasplyskoye More, Persian Darya- 
 l-Khyzyr, the ancient Mare Caspium, ox Hyrcanium), an inland 
 sea between Europe and Asia, 36° 4o'-47° 20' N., 46° 50-55° 10' 
 E. , enclosed on W. , N. , and E. lay Russia, and S. by Persia. 
 Length, N. to S., 270 m.; W. to E., from 150 to 270 m. ; area, 
 169,383 sq. m.; alt. 85.5 ft. below the ocean. Shores low and 
 flat, and in great part sandy, on N. ; low but more fertile on the 
 NW., where the Uch Penin. juts N. Further S. the slopes 
 of the Daghestan highlands and the spurs of the Caucasus 
 reach the coast, and protrude eastwards in the Aspheron Penin. 
 The Mugan Steppe spreads at the mouth of the Kur, whose 
 delta forms the Saliany, or Kyzyl-agach Penin. , and further on 
 the steep slopes of the plateau of Armenia and Persia fringe the 
 SW. and S. coasts. The Turkoman Steppes spread on the 
 SE. ct. up to the Krasnovodsk [q.v.) and Darja Penins. , where 
 the Balkhan Mts., running SE. , appear as a continuation of the 
 Caucasus Range. A wide shallow bay, Karabogaz {q-v.), comes 
 ne.xt, while the NE. ct. is occupied by the steep slopes of the 
 Ust-urt. Receives Volga, Ural, and Emba m N. ; Kuma, 
 Terek, and Kur in W. ; Sefid-rud, Giirgen, and Atrek in S. and 
 SE. Depth only 10-12 fathoms in the N., greater in middle ; 
 the underground submarine ridge, which runs NW. to SE. 
 from the Apsheron to the Darja Penin., divides the sea into 
 two parts — the middle basin attaining a maximum depth of 
 421 fathoms, and the S. basin 516 fathoms. The W. ct. 
 altogether has a steep slope. Volcanic activity, in the shape 
 of mud volcanoes, occasionally rising over the water surface, 
 is still continued in the submarine ridge, while the shores 
 at Lenkoran are often visited by earthquakes. Traces of 
 former communication with Black Sea are seen in the Manych 
 and Kuma depression {q.v.). The salinity of its water is very 
 feeble in the N. , and altogether smaller than in the Black Sea. 
 The sea freezes in the N, Easterly winds prevail. Fishing and 
 seal-hunting are carried on on a great scale, especially in N. 
 A naval station for the Caspian flotilla (7 gunboats) is kept by 
 Russia at Ashur-ade, on an island close to the Persian shore. 
 The chief Russian ports are : Astrakhan, Petrovsk, Derbent, 
 Baku, and Lenkoran, on W. ct.; Fort Krasnovodsk and Mik- 
 hailovsk, head of the Transcaspian Rly. , on E. shore; Resht, 
 on Persian terr. See Caucasus, Volga, Transcaspian 
 Territory. 
 
 Casquets, rocks, Eng. See Caskets. 
 
 Cass, CO., U.S., N. Dakota, crossed by 47° N. and 97° W. 
 
 Cass, CO., U.S., Georgia. See Barto>v. 
 
 Cass, CO., U.S., Illinois, crossed by 40° N., and bounded on 
 W. by Illinois R. 
 
 Cass, CO., U.S., Indiana, S. of 41° N., W. of 86° W. 
 
 Cass, CO., U.S., Iowa, N. of 41° N., crossed by 95° W. 
 
 Cass, CO., U.S., Michigan, S. frontier, crossed by 86° W. 
 
 Cass, riv., U.S., Michigan, in the E., trib. of the Saginaw, 
 which it joins on the r. bk. a few miles above Saginaw. 
 
 Cass, CO., U.S., Minnesota, bounded S. by the Mississippi 
 and Crov,' Wing Rivs. , crossed by 47° N. and by 94° W. 
 
 Cass, CO., U.S., Missouri, on the W. frontier, S. of parallel 
 39°. 
 
 Cass, CO., U.S., Nebraska, in the SE., on the Missouri, 
 crossed in the N. by 41° N. 
 
 Cass, CO., U.S., Texas, in the NE., on the E. frontier, 
 crossed by 33° N. 
 
 Cass, lake, U.S., Minnesota, C. co., in the extreme N., 
 123 m. WNW. Duluth, traversed by the Mississippi R. 
 
 Cassaba, Asia Minor. See Kassaba. 
 
 Cassadaga Creek, riv., U.S., New York, in the SW., Chau- 
 tauqua CO. , flows SE. to the Conewango. 
 
 Cass& de la Selva, comm., Spain, prov. and 6 m. SSE. 
 Gerona. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cassagnes-Begonh^s, vil. , France, dep. Aveyron, 26 m. 
 NE. Albi. Alt. 2000-2150 ft. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Cassalgue, tn., Algeria, prov. Oran, 17m. NE. Mostaganem. 
 P. <;20oo. 
 
 Cassala. See Kassala. 
 
 Cassange, Angola. See KassanJI. 
 
 Cassano, comm., Italy, ApuUa, prov. Bari, 17 m. S. by W. 
 Bari. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cassano al Jonlo, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 62 m. 
 N. by W. Catanzaro ; warm sulphur springs. P. 9000. 
 
 Cassano Magnago, tn., prov. and 23 m. NW. Milan. P. 
 <4ooo. 
 
 Cass City, vil., U.S., Michigan, Tuscola co., 36 m. E. of 
 Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cassel. See Kassel. 
 
 Cassel, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. Hazebrouck, 11 m. 
 ENE. St. Omer ; hosiery and other manufactures. Alt. 575 ft. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Casselnian, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Russell co. , on the 
 S. Nation R. , 29 m. E. by S. Ottawa. 
 
 Casselton, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Cass co., 20 m. W. Fargo. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Cassergode (Kasaragodn), tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 S. Kdnara, on the W. ct. , 28 m. S. by E. Mangalore. P. 6400. 
 
 Cassiar, a once-noted gold-mining dist. in the N. of Brit. 
 Columbia, at the sources of the Stikeen and Liard. 
 
 Cassllls, tn., New South Wales, Bligh co., 100 m. N. by E. 
 Bathurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cassllls, CO., Queensland, S. frontier, crossed by 147° E. 
 
 Cassllls, stn. , Scot. , S. Ayrshire, on the G. & SW. R. , 2^ m. 
 NE. by N. May bole. 
 
 Cassils, rly. stn., Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R., 
 733 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Casslne, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 12 m. SSW. 
 Alessandria. P. (comm.) 5000. 
 
 Casslngton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 3 J m. S. 
 Woodstock, I m. W. Yarnton stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Casslno, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 25 m. 
 NE. by N. Gaeta. The celebrated monastery of Monte C. 
 is near here. Mean temp., Monte C. (alt. 1730 ft.), yr. 56.9° F., 
 Jan. 43.0°, July 75°. P. 13,000. 
 
 Casslqulare, or Caslqulare. See Orinoco. 
 
 Cassis, tn., France, dep. Bouches-du-Rhone, on the S. ct., 
 arr. and 10 m. SE. by E. Marseilles. Birthplace of the archaeo- 
 logist, J. J. Barth61emy. Lighthouse, visible 10 m. P. <2O0o. 
 
 Cassley, riv., Scot., in the SW. of Sutherland, flowing SW. 
 into the Oykell, parallel to and W. of Loch Shin. 
 
 CassoluoTO, comm. , N. Italy, prov. Pavia, circle Lomellina, 
 loi m. SE. Novara. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cassop, hamlet, Eng., Durham, Mid div., 5 m. ESE. Dur- 
 ham, 2im. NNE. Coxhoe Bridge stn., PM.O. (C. CoUlery). 
 
 Cassop cum Quarrlngton, par., Eng., Durham, including 
 hamlet C. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cassopolls, vil., U.S., Michigan, Cass co. , 44 m. E. by N. 
 of the SW. corner of the state. P. <:isoo. 
 
 CassTllle, vil. , U.S. , Wisconsin, Grant co. , on the Mississippi, 
 26 m. NW. Dubuque (Iowa). P. < 1500. 
 
 Castagnaro, comm., N. Italy, govt. Venice, 6 m. SE. 
 Verona, on r. bk. of the Adige. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Castagneto, tn. , S. Italy, prov. and 30 m. SE. Salerno. On 
 the W. a fort of the same name. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Castagnote Lanze, comm. , Italy, prov. Alessandria, 10 m. 
 S. Asti. P. <40oo. 
 
 Castalla, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Charles Mix co., 95 m. SE. 
 Pierre. P. 1500. 
 
 Castalla, vil., U.S., Ohio, Erie co., 43 m. ESE. Toledo. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Castalla, tn. , Spain, prov. and 24 m. NW. Alicante, on riv. 
 C. It has linen manufs. and brandy distilleries. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Castaubeira, tn. , Portugal, dist. Leiria. P. < 5000. 
 
 Castanhelro, tn. , Brazil, Amazonas, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Negro, 440 m. NW. by W. Manaos. 
 
 Castano, tn. , W. Italy, prov. and 21 m. WNW. Milan. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Castasegna, comm., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 7 m. NNE. 
 Chiavenna. Alt. 2297 ft. ; rainfall (20 yrs. ), 58.07 in. P. <20oo. 
 
 Castean Cambron, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the 
 Dender, 10 m. NNW. Mons. Victory of William of Orange 
 over the French, August 14, 1678. P. <2ooo. 
 
 287 
 
CAST — CAST 
 
 Casteggio, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 12^ m. S. 
 Pavia. The battlefield of Montebello (1800) lies between C. 
 and Voghera. P. <4c>oo. 
 
 Castel Arqnato, comm. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 17 m. SE. 
 Piacenza. P. <: 5000. 
 
 Castel Bolognese, comm., Italy, Emilia, on the Via Emilia, 
 prov. Ravenna, 4 m. NW. by W. Faenza. P. 5000. 
 
 Castelbnono, tn. , Sicily, prov. Palermo, 31 m. N. Caltanis- 
 setta. P. 9000. 
 
 Casteldaccla, comm. , Sicily, prov. and dist. Palermo. P. <: 
 3000. 
 
 Castel d'AJano, comm., N. Italy, prov. Bologna, qircle 
 Vergato ; manufactures gun-barrels. P. 5000. 
 
 Castel del Piano, comm., central Italy, prov. and circle 
 Grosseto. P. 6000. 
 
 Castel del Bio, vil., N. Italy, prov. and 33 m. WSW. 
 Ravenna, P. < 300c. 
 
 Castel dl Sangro, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. 
 Aquila, 48 m. NE. by N. Gaeta. P. 5000. 
 
 Castelfldardo, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 11 m. S. 
 Ancona; near here the Piedmontese under Cialdini gained a 
 victory over the Papal troops under Lamorici^re. P. 6000. 
 
 Castelflorentiuo, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 18 m. 
 SW. by W. Florence. P. 7000. 
 
 Castelfranco, anct. Forum Gallorum, comm., Italy, Emilia, 
 prov. Bologna, 7J m. SE. Modena. P. 13,000. 
 
 Castelfranco, tn., Italy, Venetia, on the Musone, prov. and 
 15 m. W. Treviso. P. 11,000. 
 
 Castelfranco dl Sopra, comm. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 
 circle Arezzo. P. <4000. 
 
 Castelfranco dl Sotto, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. 
 Florence, circle San Miniato. P. <;5000. 
 
 Castelfrentano, comm. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Chieti, 
 circle Lanciano. P. 5000. 
 
 Castel Gandolfo, comm. , Italy, prov. and 13 m. SE. by S. 
 Rome, on the W. side of Lake i^bano ; takes its name from a 
 papal villa here. P. <:20oo. 
 
 CastelgoflDredo, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Mantua, 
 dist. Asola. P. < 5000. 
 
 Castelgaelfo, tn. , Italy, prov. Bologna, circle Imola. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Casteljalonx, tn., France, dep. Lot et Garonne, arr. 
 N6rac, 28 m. WNW. Agen, with ferruginous waters. P. ^.yxx). 
 
 Castellatiate, comm., on the W. ct. of Italy, Campania, 
 prov. and 29 m. SSE. Salerno. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Castellamare, tn., Sicily, prov. Trapani, on the Gulf of C, 
 20 m. E. Trapani ; the remains of the ancient Segesta are near. 
 P. 13,000. 
 
 Castellamare Adiiatico, coram., Italy, prov. Teramo, 
 dist. Penne, 8 m. N. by E. Chieti. P. 5700. 
 
 Castellamunare, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, on the 
 Bay of Naples, 15 m. SE. Naples. It is at the foot of a hill on 
 which stood the ancient StabicB, near which Pliny the elder met 
 his death during the eruption of Vesuvius, A. D. 79 ; and has a 
 castle, royal palace, military hospital, royal dockyard, and a 
 quay. Manufactures hnen, silk, and cotton fabrics, sailcloth, 
 and leather. Its harbour is defended by two forts, and its 
 mineral waters are celebrated. P. 27,000. 
 
 Castellamonte, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 22 m. 
 N. Turin; manufactures of earthenware. Alt. 1120-1140 ft. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Castellan, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire. P. <25o. 
 
 Castellana, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. Bari, 23 m. SE. 
 Ban. P. 9000. 
 
 Castellane, tn. , cap. arr. , France, dep. Basses Alpes, 31 m. 
 NNW. Frejus, with salt-springs and large trade in prunes. 
 Alt. 2960 ft. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Castellaneta, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 18 m. NW. by 
 W. Taranto. P. 8000. 
 
 Castellar, comm., Spain, prov. Barcelona, dist. Sabadell. 
 P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Castellarano, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. Reggio, on the 
 Secchia, 13 m. SW. by S. Modena. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Castellar de Santlsteimn, comm., Spain, prov. Jaen, dist. 
 Villacarriedo. P. < 5000. 
 
 Castellazzo Bormlda, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 
 6 m. SSW. Alessandria. P. 6000. 
 
 Castelleone, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Cremona, 12 
 m. E. by S. Lodi. P. 6000. 
 
 Castelletto d'Or1M^ comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Ales- 
 sandria, 22 m. NNW. Genoa. P. <;3000. 
 
 Castelletto Sopra Tlelno, vil., Italy, prov. and 9 m. from 
 Novara, on the r. bk. of the Ticino. P. <5ooo. 
 
 CastellftilUt de la Koca, viL, Spain, Catalonia, prov. 
 Gerona; formerly fortified; on a curious basaltic rock com- 
 manding the Fluvia. P. <20oo. 
 
 Castelllna In Clilantl, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 9 
 m. NNE. Siena. Very good wine. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Castelllna Marlttlma, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 
 dist. Pisa, with noted alalwister quarries. P. •<30oo. 
 288 
 
 Castello Brauco, comm., Fayal, Azores. P. < 3000. 
 
 Castello Branco, walled tn., Portugal, prov. Beira, 44 m. 
 NE. by E. Abrantes, cap. of the dist. of C. B. Citadel and 
 bishopric ; cloth factories ; noted marble quarries ; Roman 
 antiquities. Alt. 1565 ft. P. 5000. 
 
 Castello d'Annone, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and dist. 
 Alessandria. P. <;4000. 
 
 Castello de Vide, tn., Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, dist. Por- 
 talegre, 38 m. E. by S. Abrantes. P. 5000. 
 
 Castellon de la Plana, seapt., Spain, cap. of prov. C. de 
 la P., 40 m. NNE. Valencia, near the mouth of the Milhares. 
 Situated on a wide, well peopled plain, bordered on the N. by 
 picturesque mountains, and watered in the S. by the Milhares. 
 Noted for the water-works (for the most part executed by the 
 Moors) which irrigate the numerous orange gardens. The strip 
 of coast N. to Cape Oropesa, S. to the toundary of the prov. , 
 resembles a garden, being a succession of huertas. Grain, hemp, 
 wine, olives, and tropical fruits. Sail-cloth factories. P. 25,200. 
 
 Castellone al Voltnrno, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Mohse, 
 prov. Campobasso, on the Volturno, 40 m. NE. by N. Gaeta. 
 
 P. <2O0O. 
 
 Castello Sopra Lecco, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Como,. 
 dist. Lecco. P. < 3000. 
 
 Castellote, tn., Spain, prov. and 55 m. NE. Teruel. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Castello-Te«$ino, tn., Austria, Tirol, dist. Strigno. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Castellonbon, narrow and arid valley, France, dep. Hautes- 
 Pyr6n6es, separated by the Pic-de-Montaigu from the Bareges 
 Valley. Mineral springs. 
 
 Castellncchlo, comm. and fort, Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 
 just N. of Mantua. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Castellnccio, ancient Acqua Borrana, comm., Italy, prov. 
 and 20 m. NE. Campobasso, on the S. slope of Monte Sibilla, 
 4763 ft. above the sea, the loftiest village in the Af>ennines. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Castellnccio Inferlore, comm. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 
 45 m. S. by E. Potenza. P. < 3000. C. Snperiore, comm., 
 adjoining on the NW. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Castelmagglore, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 6 m. N. 
 by E. Bologna. P. < 5000. 
 
 Castelmnschio, comm., Austria, I. of Veglia, 9 m. SSE, 
 Fiume, on the Gulf of Fiume. P. <yxx). 
 
 Castelnan, vil. , France, dep. H^rault, arr. and 2 m. N. Mont- 
 p)ellier. On a neighbouring hill is the Substantiott where, 737- 
 1037, the bishopric of Maguelonne was established. P. <20oo. 
 
 Castelnandarj', tn., France, dep. Aude, 22 m. WNW. 
 Carcassonne ; cap. arr. on the Canal du Midi, at the junction 
 of the rlys. from Bordeaux and Castres to Carcassonne. With 
 quarries of millstone, and manufactures of earthenware, pottery, 
 and common cloth. Noted historically for the battle in which 
 Richelieu defeated the revolted Duke of Montmorency. Alt. 
 330 ft. P. 10,000. 
 
 Castelnan de Brassac, comm., France, dep. Tarn, arr. 
 Castres, 30 m. SE. Albi. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Castelnan-de-Mt^doc, tn., France, dep. Gironde, arr. and 
 18 m. NW. Bordeaux. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Castelnan-Moutratler, tn. , France, dep. Lot, arr. Cahors, 
 18 m. N. Montauban. P. <2ooo. 
 
 CastelnoTO, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 8A m. NNW. 
 Reggio. P. 6000. 
 
 CastelnoTO Barrlano, comm. , Italy, Venetia, prov. Rovigo, 
 dist. Massa Superiore. P. 5000. 
 
 CastelnnoTO, tn., Austria, Istria, 22 m. SE. by E. Trieste. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 CastelnnoTO, fortified tn. and seapt., Austria, Dalmatia, 11 
 m. W. Cattaro, on W. entrance of the gulf. It is commanded 
 by two forts on contiguous heights, and defended by a citadel 
 on the shore. It was captured by the British in 1814. P. <20oo. 
 
 CastelnnoTO, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Massa, on the 
 Serchio, 16 m. E. by N. Carrara. P. 5000. 
 
 Castelnuovo Berardeuga, comm., Italy, Ttiscaay, prov. 
 and 9 m. E. Siena. P. 8000. 
 
 CastelnnoTO d'Astt, comm. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessan- 
 dria, 15 m. NW. Asti. P. <40oo. 
 
 CastelnnoTO della Daunla, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov, 
 and 23 m. WNW. Foggia. P. <4ooo. 
 
 CastelnnoTO de' Monti, tn., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 20 m. 
 SSW. Reggio. P. 6000. 
 
 CastelnnoTO dl Porto, comm. , Italy, prov. and 15 m. N, 
 Rome. P. <20oo. 
 
 CastelnnoTO di Val dl Ceclna, comm. , Italy, Tuscany, prov, 
 Pisa, 13^ m. S. Volterra. P. 5000. 
 
 CastelnnoTO dl Verona, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. 
 Verona, dist. Bardolino. P. <:40oo. 
 
 CastelnnoTO ScrlTla, comm., Italy, Piedmont, on the 
 Scrivia, prov. and 13 m. NE. by E. Alessandria. P. 7000. 
 
 Castclorizo, or Castel-Hosso. See Kasteloryzo. 
 
 Castel-Kodrlgo, fortified tn., Portugal, prov. Beira, 32 m. 
 NE. Guarda. P. <2ooo. 
 
CAST — CAST 
 
 Castel San Giorgio, comm., Italy, prov. and circle Salerno. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Castel San Giovanni, comm., Italy, prov. and 15 m. W. 
 Piacenza. P. 8000. 
 
 Castel San Lorenzo, comm., Italy, prov. Salerno, 8J m. E. 
 Capaccio. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Castel San Xlcola, comm. , Italy, prov. and circle Arezzo. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Castel San Pletro, comm. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 13 m. 
 SE. Bologna. P. 13,000. 
 
 Castel Sant' Angelo, comm., Italy, prov. Aquila, circle 
 Cittaducale. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Castel Sardo, fortified tn., Sardinia, prov. Sassari, on the 
 Gulf of Asinara, 15 m. NE. by N. Sassari. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Castel-Sarrasln, tn., France, dep. Tarn et Garonne, on the 
 r. bk. of the Garonne, cap. arr., 12 m. W. by N. Montauban, 
 5 m. S. by E. Moissac. P. < 4000. 
 
 Casteltermlnl, comm., Sicily, prov. Girgenti, 23 m. W. 
 Caltanissetta. P. 900c. 
 
 Castel-Teslno, tn. , Austria. See Teslno, CasteUo. 
 
 Castelrecchlo, comm. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, 
 27 m. SW. by W. Chieti. P. <20oo. 
 
 Castelvetere In Val Fortore, comm., Italy, in the E. of 
 Campania, prov. Benevento, dist. S. Bartolommeo in Galdo. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 CastelTetrano, tn., Sicily, prov. Trapani, 20 m. ESE. 
 Marsala. Cultivation of rice ; excellent wine. P. 21,000. 
 
 CastelTetro dl Modena, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 
 dist. Modena. P. < 5000. 
 
 Castenaso, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and dist. Bologna. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Castenedolo, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 6 m. SE. 
 Brescia ; grain and silk trade. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Caster, Chester, cester, from the Latin castrum, ' fortified camp 
 or city.' 
 
 Cast^ra-Verduzan,vil., France, dep. Gers, arr. Condom, 6m. 
 SE. Valence, with sulphurous and ferruginous waters. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Casterley Camp, entrenchment, Eng. , Wiltshire, in Salisbury 
 Plain, 8^ m. SE. Devizes. 
 
 Casterton, par., Eng., Westmorland, on the Lune, div. and 
 loj m. SE. by S. Kendal, i m. NE. Kirkby Lonsdale, PM.O.; 
 4324 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Casterton, tn. , Victoria, Dimdas co. , 55 m. N. by W. Port- 
 land. P. < 1500. 
 
 Casterton, Great, par., Eng., Rutland, 2 J m. WNW. Stam- 
 ford, P.O. P. <soo. C, Mttle, par. , 4 m. ENE. P. <25o. 
 
 Casterton, Great, with Plckwortb, eccles. dist., Eng., 
 Rutlandshire, including Great C. hamlet. P. <5oo. 
 
 Castets, tn., France, dep. Landes, arr. Dax, 32 m. NE. by N. 
 Bayonne, with iron- works. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Castlglloiie, comm., Italy, Umbria, on the W. shore of Lake 
 Trasimeno, prov. and 17 m. W. Perugia. P. 10,000. 
 
 Castlgllone, comm., Sicily, prov. and 26 m. N. Catania, at 
 the base of Mount Etna on the N. P. 8000. 
 
 Castlgllone d'Adda, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Milan, 
 II m. SE. Lodi. P. < 4000. 
 
 Castlgllone del Pepoll, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 
 26 m. S. by W. Bologna. P. < 5000. 
 
 Castlgllone della Pescaja, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. 
 Grosseto, on the coast, 43 m. SW. by S. Siena. P. <3000. 
 
 Castlgllone delle Stlrlere, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. 
 Mantua, 10 m. WSW. Peschiera. P. 5000. 
 
 Castlgllone Florentlno, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 
 8^ m. S. by E. Arezzo. P. 12,000. 
 
 Castlgllone, Lake of, a lagoon of central Italy, prov. Siena, 
 N. of Grosseto, 10 m. in length, by i to 3 m. in breadth. It 
 receives the Bruna and other rivers, and discharges into the 
 Mediterranean by a canal close to C. della Pescaja. 
 
 Castlgllone Messer Marino, comm. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, 
 prov. and 37 m. SSE. Chieti. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Castlgllone Messer Ralmondo, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e 
 Molise, prov. Teramo, 19 m. NW. Chieti. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Castlgnano, comm., Italy, The Marches, prov. and dist. 
 Ascoli. P. <4000. 
 
 Castile, vil., U.S., New York, Wyoming co., 43 m. ESE. 
 Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Castille, Old and New, in Spanish Castllla la Vleda and 
 Castllla la Nnera, are natural and historical divs. of the 
 Iberian Penin. , but no longer administrative units, as the 
 present military departments of the same names do not exactly 
 corresjxsnd to either. As a natural region the two C.'s form 
 the central plateau of the Iberian Penin. (2000 ft. in average 
 alt.), with the high and central valleys of rivs. Duero (Douro), 
 Tagus, Guadiana, and the mountain ranges between them ; the 
 Cantabrian in the extreme N., Gredos-Guadarrama-Moncayo 
 between the Duero and Tagus (Old C), Toledo, Cuenca-Molina 
 between the Tagus and the Guadiana (New C), and Sierra 
 Morena, as the extreme S. escarpment of the whole plateau. 
 Monies Idubedas (Oca to Cuenca) form the E. escarpment 
 (Ebro valley). Rivers and mountains rise in a general NE.- 
 289 
 
 SW. direction. Between the sierras immense plains, very 
 thinly populated [despoblados], stretch like steppes, with a few 
 trees, or merely covered with low thickets, where numerous 
 sheep travel {Merinos transhumantes), yielding, under cultiva- 
 tion, great harvests of wheat and barley. The climate is one of 
 extremes — summers very hot, winters very cold, great drought. 
 As an historical div.. Old C. (Valladolid, Palencia, Burgos) is 
 the country covered with castles [Castillos, in Arabic Ardo-l- 
 Kalad, 'land of the castles') as a barrier between the first 
 Christian states (Asturias and Le6n) on the N. mountains and 
 the Mohammedan S. countries, on which it gradually en- 
 croached, extending as far as Santander, on the Bay of Biscay, 
 the Rioja on the valley of riv. Ebro, and, after having passed 
 the Guadarrama Mts. (New C), to the borders of Andalucia 
 (1212). Burgos was a county in the beginning of the loth 
 century, a kingdom in the beginning of the nth. Toledo and 
 New C. were occupied, and Le6n and C. united as a kingdom 
 from 1085-1230 ; C. with Aragon in 1504. The dialect of C. 
 [Castellano) became the official language of Spain and her 
 colonies. Madrid, in the middle of the two C.'s, and in the 
 centre of the Iberian Penin., was made the capital of all Spain 
 by Philip II. The C.'s were anciently inhabited by Celti- 
 berian tribes. From 554-771 Toledo was the seat of the Visi- 
 gothic monarchy. Old C. was divided (1833) into eight provs. , 
 named from their chief towns : Valladolid, Palencia, Burgos, 
 Santander, Logrono (Rioja), Segovia, Soria, Avila. New C. 
 was divided into five : Toledo, Madrid, Guadalajara, Cuenca, 
 Ciudad Real (Mancha in part). There is a military captaincy 
 of Old C, with seat at Valladolid, comprising Old C. prov., 
 except Segovia; and one of New C. , with seat at Madrid, 
 comprising all New C, witlj prov. of Segovia, See Spain, 
 table. [J. B. R.] 
 
 Castillo, one of the Grenadines, W. Indies, 12° 48' N. 
 
 Castillo, vil. , Nicaragua, on the r. bk. of the R. San Juan ; 
 centre of the india-rubber commerce. In the neighbouring 
 forests the tree known as Castilloa elastica grows. Customs 
 station. Large fort, rebuilt in 1727. 
 
 Castillo de las Gnardas, El, comm., Spain, prov. Sevilla, 
 dist. Sanlucar la Mayor. P. < 5000. 
 
 Castillo de Locubin, comm., Spain, prov. Jaen, dist. 
 Alcald la Real. P. 5800. 
 
 Castlllon«8nr>Dordogne, tn., France, dep. Gironde, on the 
 r. bk. of the Dordogne, 25 m. E. Bordeaux, 11 m. ESE. 
 Libourne. Victory of the French over the English, 1451. P. 
 <;3000. 
 
 Castlne, port of entry, U.S., Maine, Hancock co. , on the E. 
 side of estuary of Penobscot R. , 30 m. S. Bangor. P. <i5oc. 
 
 Castle, electoral div.. Ire., co. Westmeath, dist. Mullingar. 
 
 Castle Acre, par., Eng. See Acre. 
 
 Castle An Dinas, hill, Eng., Cornwall, 12 m. NNE. Truro; 
 has a circular fort with triple trenches. Alt. 735 ft. 
 
 Castle Ashby, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 6\ 
 m. SSW. Willingborough, 3 m. S. by W. of its stn. (C. A. and 
 Earls Barton) on the L. & NW. R., PT.O. P, <250. 
 
 Castle Baldwin, P.O., Ire., E. co. Shgo, bar. Tirerrill, 14 
 m. S. by E. Sligo. 
 
 Castlebauny, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny, dist. Inistioge. 
 
 Castlebar, market-tn. and tp.. Ire., W., cap. co. Mayo, bar. 
 Carra, 10 m. ENE. Westport, at the foot of C. Lough, on 
 the M. G. W. R. ; has infantry and cavalry barracks. Held for 
 a short time by the French, after their landing at Killala Bay in 
 1789. Market-day, S. P. (of tp.)<4000. 
 
 Castlebar, riv. , Ire. , co. Mayo, issues from C. Lough, flows 
 NE. then N. into Lough Cullen. 
 
 Castlebay, hamlet, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the S. of Barra 
 I., on Castle Bay, PMT.O. 
 
 CastlebelUngliam, tn.. Ire., E. ct. co. Louth, bar. Ardee, 
 7 m. S. Dundalk, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. Market-days, 
 Tu.,W.,andF. P.<;5oo. 
 
 Castle Blgh, Wales. See Castle Bythe. 
 
 Castleblakeney, tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Gal way, bar. Tiaquin, 
 17 m. ESE. Tuam, PMT.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Castleblane, electoral div. , Ire. , Tyrone, dist. Castlederg. 
 
 Castleblayney, market-tn. and tp. , Ire., E. co. Monaghan, 
 bar. Cremome, on Lough Muckno, 13 m. SE. Monaghan, near 
 Blayney Castle, on the G. N. R. , with corn and flax mills, and 
 jute and tow factories. Market-day, W. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Castle Bolton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 
 10^ m. SW. by W. Richmond, near Redmire stn., with the 
 ruins of Bolton Castle, in which Mary Queen of Scots was 
 imprisoned for two years previous to her removal to Tutbury. 
 4956 ac. P. <;25o ; eccles. par. (C. B. with Redmire) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Castleborough, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Wexford, dist. Clon- 
 roche. 
 
 Castleboy, par.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Ards, 10 m. 
 NE. Downpatrick. P. <5oo. 
 
 Castleboy, electoral div. , Ire. , S. co. Galway, bar. and 6^ 
 m. SW. by W. Loughrea. 
 
 Castlebrack, par.. Ire., Queen's co., bar. Tinnahinch, 9 m. 
 W. Portarlington ; 9276 ac. P. <: 1000. 
 
 T 
 
CAST — CAST 
 
 Castlebrldge, tn., Ire., E. co. Wexford, bar. Shelmaliere 
 East, 3 m. N. Wexford, PM.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 Castle Bromwlcb, eccles. dist. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Tam- 
 worth div., 5 m. ENE. Birmingham, on the M. R., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Castle Bytham. See Bytham, Castle. 
 
 CJastle Bythe, or Castle Blgb, par. , \\' ales, Pembrokeshire, 
 6^ m. SE. by S. Fishguard. P. <25o. 
 
 Castle Caerelnlon, par., Wales, Montgomery, 4^ m. WSW. 
 Welshpool, P.O.; 6731 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Castle Caldwell, stn.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, on the G. N. 
 (Ire.) and Donegal Rly., near Bundoran. 
 
 Castle Campbell, Scot. See Dollar. 
 
 Castle Camps, par., Eng., Cambridge, div. and 13 m. S. by 
 W. Newmarket, 3 m. SE. by E. Bartlow stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Castle Carlton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 
 5 m. SE. Louth, 2J m. ESE. Legbourne Road stn. P. <25o. 
 See Carlton, Little. 
 
 Castle Carrock, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 
 8| m. E. Carlisle, 4^ m. NE. Cotehill stn., PT.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Castle Cary, market-tn. and par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 
 gh m. ESE. Glastonbury, on the G. W. R. and M. R., 
 PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Castle Cary, P.O., Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. E. Inish- 
 owen, 2^ m. SW. by W. Moville. 
 
 Castlecary, stn., Scot., Dumbartonshire, 6J m. W. by S. 
 Falkirk, on the N. B. R., P.O. 
 
 Castlecaolfleld, tn., Ire., SE. co. Tyrone, bar. Mid Dun- 
 gannon, 2J m. W. Dungannon, PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Castlecbnrcb, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , i| m. SW. 
 Stafford. P. 6400. 
 
 Castle Combe, par. and vil. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Chippenham 
 div., 9^ m. NE. by N. Bath, 5^ m. WNW. Chippenham stn., 
 P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Castlecomer, market-tn. and par.. Ire., NE. co. Kilkenny, 
 bar. Fassadinin, io| m. N. by E. Kilkenny, on R. Dinin, the 
 most important coal-mining centre in Ire., PMT.O. Par. 
 21,592 ac, P. 5900; tn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Castleconnell, tn., Ire., N. co. Limerick, bar. Clanwilliam, 
 6^ m. NE. Limerick, on a branch of the Waterford and 
 Limerick Rly., resorted to for the angling on the Shannon, 
 upon which it stands. In the vicinity the ruins of a castle of 
 the Kings of Munster, the O'Briens. PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Castleconor, par.. Ire., W. co. Sligo, bar. Tireragh, 4^ m. 
 N. by E. BaUina ; 16,663 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Castlecooke, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Kilworth, 
 
 Castlecoole, electoral div.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, bar. Tir- 
 kennedy, ij m. ESE. Enniskillen. 
 
 Castlecor, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 5 m. NE. Kanturk. 
 
 Castlecor, P.O., Ire., co. Meath, 2 m. from Oldcastle. 
 
 Castlecove, P.O., Ire., co. Kerry, 10 m. from Sneem. 
 
 Castlecrlne, electoral div.. Ire., co. Clare, dist. Coolacasey. 
 
 Castlecnffe, electoral div.. Ire., NW. Queen's co. , bar. 
 Tinnahinch, 8J m. SSW. Tullamore. 
 
 Castle Dale, settlement, U.S., Utah, Emery co., 118 m. 
 SSE. Salt Lake City. 
 
 Castledaly, electoral div.. Ire., co. Westmeath, dist. Moate. 
 
 Castle Dairson, tn. , Ire., SE. co. Londonderry, bar. 
 Loughinsholin, 12 m. NE. by N. Cookstown, on the C<^oks- 
 to\vn and Randalstown Rly., PMT.O. Market-day, S. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ciastlederg, tn.. Ire., NW. co. Tyrone, bar. W. Omagh, 
 13^ m. NW. by W. Omagh, on the 1. bk. of the Derg, with a 
 large spinning-mill in the vicinity, PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Castlederniot, tn. and par., Ire., S. co. Kildare, bar. 
 Kilkea and Moone, 7J m. SE. by E. Athy, 3^ m. E. Mageney 
 stn., PMT.O. Par. 7490 ac, P.<i5oo; tn. P.<75o. 
 
 Castle Dexter, ruins. Ire., co. Meath, near Beauparc stn. 
 
 Castledlllou, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. S. Salt, 5 m. S. 
 Maj'nooth, on R. Liffey. P. <25o. 
 
 Castledockrell, electoral div., Ire., W. co. Wexford, bar. 
 Scarawalsh, 6 m. N. by W. Enniscorthy. 
 
 Castle Donington, market-tn.. and' par. , Eng. , Leicester- 
 shire, div. and 7 m. NW. Loughborough, i m. SW. of its stn. 
 on the M. R., PMT.O. Market-day, 8. P. < 3000. 
 
 Castle Donnlngton, Victoria. See Swan HIU. 
 
 Castle Douglas, market-tn., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 8^ 
 m. NE. by N. Kirkcudbright, on the G. & SW. R., at the June, 
 of the Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Joint Rly. ; ' manufs. 
 agricultural implements, and is the centre of the business for E. 
 Galloway. Frequented in summer on account of tb a rich scenery 
 and the fishing to be obtained in the neighbourhood. Market- 
 day, M. P. < 3000. 
 
 Castle Dyrran, par. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, in Narberth 
 union. P. <25o. See Cilymaenllwyd. 
 
 Castle Eaton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade div., 9 m. 
 ESE. Cirencester, 3^ m. S. by W. Fairford stn., P.O. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Castle Eden, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 6^ m. WNW. 
 Hartlepool, on the NE. R., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Castle Eden Colliery, vil., Eng., Durham, i m. SE. Castle 
 Eden, with coal-mines, PM.O.; stn. now called Hasleden. 
 290 
 
 Castleellls, par., Ire., E. co. Wexford, bar. Ballaghkeen, 
 7J m. ESE. Enniscorthy; 5603 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Castle Ffrencb, electoral div.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. 
 Kilconnell, dist. Clonbrock. 
 
 Castleflun, tn. , Ire. , E. co. Donegal, bar. S. Raphoe, on R, 
 Finn, 4^ m. SW. by W. Lifford, on the Great Northern 
 (Ire.) & Donegal Rly., PMT.O. (Castlefln). Market-day, M. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Castleford, tn. and par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Nor- 
 manton div., on the Aire, 6^ m. ENE. Wakefield, on the 
 NE. R. and the G. N. R. " Extensive glass-bottle works. 
 P. 14,100. 
 
 Castlefore, electoral div., Ire., SW. co. and 6J m. ENE. 
 Lei trim, bar. Mohill, dist. Rowan. 
 
 Castleforward, electoral div., Ire., E. co. Donegal, bar. 
 Raphoe, 6^ m. W. Londonderry. 
 
 Castleflreke, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 4 m. from Rosscarbery. 
 
 Castle Frome, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 11 m. 
 ENE. Hereford, 4 m. N. by E. Ashperton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Castlegannon, electoral div., Ire., co Kilkenny, dist. 
 Knocktopher. 
 
 Castlegarren, P.O., Ire., co. and 6 m. from Clififoney (co. 
 Sligo). 
 
 Castlegregory, tn. , Ire. , N W. co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 
 12J m. W. Tralee, PM.O. P.-C750. 
 
 Castle Gresley, par., Eng., Church Gresley par., Derby- 
 shire, 3 m. from Burton-on-Trent, PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Castle Hall, eccles. dist. and vil., Eng., Cheshire, near 
 Stalybridge. P. 6300. 
 
 Castlebaren, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. W. Carbery, E. div. ; 
 off the coast are the Stags of C. rocks ; 10,542 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Castle Haven, inlet. Ire., SW. co. Cork, in 9° 10' W 
 
 Castle liedlngbam, par. and vil., Eng., Essex, Saffron 
 Walden div., on the Colne, 8 m. N. by E. Braintree, with a 
 stn. (Hedlngbam) on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Castle HIU (Ealing Dean), rly. stn., Eng., Middlesex, 
 Ealing div. , 10 m. W. St. Paul's, London, on the G. W. R. 
 
 Castle HiU, P. O. , Eng. , co. and 7 m. from Worcester. 
 
 Castle Hill, tn. , New South Wales, Cumberland co. , 20 m. 
 W.Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Castleblll, vil., Scot., co. Lanark, par. Carluke. P. <50o. 
 
 Castle Howard, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, 3 m. 
 from Malton, on the NE. R. See Bolnier. 
 
 Castle Hyde, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Ballyhooly. 
 
 Castlelnch, or Incbyolagban, par. , Ire. , co. and 2 m. SW. 
 Kilkenny, bar. Shillelogher. P. <25o. 
 
 Castle Inn, par. , Wales, co. and imion of Brecknock. P. <25o. 
 
 CasUe Island, isl. , Ire. , off SW. ct. co. Cork, 10 m. WSW. 
 Skibereen. 
 
 Castlelsland, tn. and par., Ire., N. co. Kerry, bar. 
 Trughanacmy, 10 m. E. by S. Tralee, on the G. S. & W. R., 
 PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. Tn. P. <2ooo; par. 29,635 ac, 
 P. 5800. 
 
 Castlejordan, par., Ire., cos. King's and Meath, bars. 
 Coolestown, Warrenstown, and Upper Moyfenrath, I2J^ m. 
 SE. Mullingar; 17,370 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Castlekeeran, par., Ire. See Longhan. 
 
 Castlekeeran, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Meath, dist. Killskeer. 
 
 Castle Kennedy, stn. , Scot. , Wigtownshire, 3 m. E. Stran- 
 raer, on the G. & SW. R. , and the Portpatrick and Wigtown- 
 shire Joint Rly., P.O. 
 
 Castleknock, tn. and par., Ire., co. and 4^ m. WNW. 
 Dublin, bar. C. , P.O. Tn. P. <:25o; par. 7123 ac. , P. <45oo. 
 
 Castle Iieavingtou, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Stokesley union. P. <25o. 
 
 Castle Loch, small lake, Scot. See Lochmaben. 
 
 Castle Loch, small lake, Scot., Wigtownshire, in the SE., 
 about I5 m. N. and drained SW. into Luce Bay. 
 
 Castlelost, par.. Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Fartullagh, 8 m. 
 S. Mullingar ; 9458 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Castlelyons, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bars. Barrymore and 
 Condons and Clangibbon, 3^ m. SW. by S. Fermoy, P.O. ; 
 12,718 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Castlemacadam, par.. Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. and 4 m. 
 NW. Arklow ; 10,844 ^c. P. <20oo. 
 
 Castlemagner, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, con- 
 taining part of Kanturk town ; 7880 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Castlemabon, tn. , Ire. , Limerick. See Mahoonagh. 
 
 Castlenialne, tn. , Ire. , NW. co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy, 
 on R. Maine, 6 m. S. Tralee, on the G. S. & W. R., P.O. 
 P. <25o. C. Harbonr forms the head of Dingle Bay. 
 
 Castlemalne, tn. , "Victoria, Talbot co., 22 m. S. by W. 
 Sandhurst. The gold-diggings were among the first discovered 
 in the colony, and were once very numerous. There are still be- 
 tween 3000 and 4000 miners in the dist. Slate and flagstones are 
 quarried, and the neighbourhood yields fruit and wine. P. < 5000. 
 
 Castleman, riv., U.S., rises in the NW. of Maryland, in the 
 Alleghany Mts., first flows NE. into Pennsylvania, and then 
 after a great bend to the N. flows NW. to the Monongahela, 
 which it joins about 10 m. SE. Pittsburg. 
 
CAST 
 
 CAST 
 
 Castlemartiii, ct. par. and vil. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 4^ 
 m. S. Milford, P.O. ; 4811 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 CasUemartyr, tn. , Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 11 m. 
 ENE. Queenstown, 2 m. from Mogeely stn., on the Cork and 
 Youghal Rly., PMT.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Castleniore, par.. Ire., E. cos. Mayo and Roscommon,' bars. 
 Costello and Frenchpark, 21 m. W. by S. Carrrck-on-Shannon ; 
 8912 ac. P. <3000. .... 1 , 
 
 Castle iUorrls, P.O., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3' m. from 
 Letterston. ; 
 
 Castle Slorton, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Evesham div. , 
 7 m. WNW. Tewkesbury, P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Castle Mouutalu, stn., Canada, dist. Alberta, on the 
 C. P. R. , 936 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Castle North wlch, par., Eng., Mid Cheshire, Great- Bud- 
 worth par. P. <25oo. 
 
 Castlepark, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, i m. from Kinsale. 
 
 Castle Peak, mt. , U.S., in the E. of California, Mono co., 
 just to the N. of 38° N. Alt. 12,500 ft. (Whitney). 
 
 Castle Peak, mt. , U.S., Colorado, in the N. of Gunnison 
 CO., 108 m. WSW. Denver. Alt. 14,115 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 Castle Point, cape, Eng. , on the ct. of the co. of Northum- 
 berland, at the mouth of Embleton Bay, 7 m. NE. Alnwick. 
 
 Castlepolnt, post-tn. , New Zealand, co, Wairarapa, N., 
 75 m. NE. Wellington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Castlepollard, tn. , Ire. , N. co. Westmeath, bar. Fore, 11 m. 
 N. Mullingar, with a stn. (Float, or C.) an the M. G. W. R., 
 PMT.O. Market-day, W. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Castleplnnket, P.O., Ire., NW. co. and loj m. NNW. 
 Roscommon, bar. Castlereagh. 
 
 Castleqnarter, electoral div., Ire., co. Antrim, dist. C, in 
 part of Ballymoney union. 
 
 Castleqaiii, electoral div. , Ire., co. Kerry, dist. Caher. 
 
 Castlerulian, bar. , Ire. , in the SE. of co. Cavan. 
 
 Castleraliau, par.. Ire., co. Cavan, bar. C. , containing 
 Ballyjamesdutftown.P.O. (Castleraghaii); io,2i2ac. P. < 3500. 
 
 Castlereagh, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, Colchester 
 CO., 57 m. WSW. Pictou, 6 m. N. Cobequid Bay. 
 
 Castlereagh, tnld. , Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper C, Knock- 
 breda par., P.O. P. <:250. 
 
 Castlereagh, tn. , Ire. , co. and 14J m. NW. Roscommon, bar. 
 C, with a stn. (Castlerea) on the M. G. W. R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Castlereagh, bar. , Ire. , in the W. of co. Roscommon. 
 
 Castlereagh, post-tn.. New South Wales, Cumberland co., 
 30 m. WNW. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Castlereagh, riv. , New South Wales, rises W. of the Liver- 
 pool ranges, flows NW. and enters the upper Darling or Barwon 
 in about 147^° E. 
 
 Castlereagh, bay, S. Australia, N. ct. , just E. of 135° E. 
 
 Castlereagh, Lower, bar.. Ire., in the NE. of co. Down, 
 between Belfast Lough and the NW. of Strangford Lough. 
 
 Castlereagh, Upper, a barony to the W. 
 
 Castlerlchard, electoral div.,. Ire., co. Waterford, dist. 
 Ballyduff. 
 
 Castlerlckard, par.. Ire., SW. co. Meath, bars. Upper 
 Moyfenrath and Lune, 7 m. SW. Trim, P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Castlerigg St. Johns and Wythburn, par., Eng., Cum- 
 berland, Cockermouth union ; 19,710 ac. P. <2oco. 
 
 Castlerlng, electoral div.. Ire., NW. co. and bar. Louth, 
 5^ m. WSW. Dundalk. 
 
 Castle Rising, par. and vil. , Eng. , Norfolk, NW. div. , 2 J 
 m. from the Wash, 4 m. NE. King's Lynn, 2 m. ENE. of N. 
 Wootton stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Castle Rising with Roydon, eccles. dist, Eng., Norfolk. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Castle Rock, tn. , Ire., NE. ct. co. Londonderry, bar. 
 Coleraine, 4^ ra. SW. Portrush, on the Belfast and Northern 
 Counties Rly., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Castle Rock, vil., U.S., Colorado, Douglas co., 25 m. S. by 
 E.Denver. Alt. 6198 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Castlesampson, electoral div.. Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. 
 Brideswell. 
 
 Castlesauderson, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cavan, dist. 
 Ballyhaise. 
 
 Castle Seinple Loch, small lake, i^ m. long, Scot., Renfrew- 
 shire, in the SW. , drained NE. by the Black Cart Water. 
 
 Castleshaue, P.O., Ire., co. and 3I m. E. Monaghan. 
 
 Castleside, eccles. dist. and hamlet, Eng. , Durham, NW. div. , 
 13 m. WNW. Duiham, 3 m. from Consett ; lead ore. PM.O. 
 P. <; looo. 
 
 Castle Sowerby, pax., Eng., Cimiberland, div. and 10 m. 
 N W. Penrith ; 8647 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Castletalhot, electoral div.. Ire., co. Wexford, dist. Oulart. 
 
 Castletaylor, electoral div.. Ire., co. Galway, dist. Ardrahan. 
 
 Castleteheeu, electoral div.. Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. 
 Castleplnnket. 
 
 Castleterra, par.. Ire., co. Cavan, bar. Upper Loughtee, 
 containing Ballyhaise ; 9980 ac. . P. <25oo. 
 
 Castlethorpe, par., Eng., cp., div., and 9 J m. NE. Bucking- 
 ham, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. . P. <soo. See Hanslope. 
 
 Castleton, vil., Canada, Ontario, Northumberland co. , on a 
 trib. of the R. Trent, 74 m. W. by S. Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Castleton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, High Peak div., 9 m. NE. 
 Buxton, 6 m. E. by N. Chapel-en-le-Frith stn. (M. R.) ; barytes 
 and fluor spar mines ; manufactures of spar ornaments. Peak 
 Castle, built by William Peveril, is on a neighbouring summit. 
 PMT.O, P. <750. 
 
 Castleton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., i m. E. Sher- 
 borne. P. <250. 
 
 Castleton, par., Eng., Lancashire, partly within bor. of Roch- 
 dale, on the L. & Y. R. P. 38,500 ; urban sanitary dist. P. 4900. 
 
 Castleton, viL , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S, div. , 4^ m. SW. 
 by W. Newport, i^ m. N W. Marshfield stn. , PMT.O. 
 
 Castleton, vil. , .Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the Esk, div. 
 and 13I m. W. Whitby, on the NE. R. ; coal-mines. PMT.O. 
 Markets-day, F. 
 
 Castleton, P.O., Scot., 3 m. from Lochgilphead, Argyilshire. 
 
 Castleton, vil. , Scot. , co. Caithness, 4^ m. E. Thurso, PMT. O. 
 (Castletown). P. < 1000. 
 
 Castleton, par. , Scot. , Roxburghshire, at the confluence of the 
 Hermitage and Liddel Waters, 9 m. ENE. Langholm, i^ m. 
 NE, Newcastleton stn. Mean rainfall (New C, 1866-80), 49.3 
 in. 67,858 ac. P. <25oo, 
 
 Castleton, vil., U.S., New York, Rensselaer co. , 12 m. S. by 
 E.Albany. P, <i5oo. 
 
 Castleton, tn., U.S., Vermont, co. and 7 m. W. Rutland. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Castleton, botanic gardens, W. India. See Jamaica. 
 
 Castleton Moor, eccles. dist., Eng., Lancashire, in Rochdale 
 par. P. 6400. 
 
 Castleton of Braentar, Scot. See Braemar. 
 
 Castle Town, eccles. dist., Eng., Staffordshire, in Castle 
 Church par. P. <2ooo.. 
 
 Castletown, seapt. tn., Isle of Man, of which it formerly was 
 cap., on the S. ct., 9 m. SW. by W. Douglas, on the Isle of 
 Man Rly. It has the walls and towers of Castle Rushen, an old 
 Danish fortress, at one time the residence of the Kings of Man, 
 now partly used as a prison and barracks. PMT.O. Market- 
 day, S. P. < 2500. 
 
 Castletown, seapt. vil. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, Isle of Portland, 
 4 J m. SE. Weymouth ; exports Portland stone. PMT.O. 
 
 Castletown, Eng. , Durham. See Hylton, North. 
 
 Castletown n, vil., Eng., Northumberland, 2 m. from Sunder- 
 land, PM.O. 
 
 Castletown, riv.. Ire., in the SW. of co. Armagh, and the 
 N. of CO. Louth, flows S. then SE. into Dundalk Harbour. 
 
 Castletown, electoral div.. Ire., co. Clare, 16J m. S. Galway. 
 
 Castletown, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Cork, bar. E. Carbery, 
 W. div., 8 m. S. Macroom, P.O. (C. Klunelgh). P. <25o. 
 
 Castletown, electoral div.. Ire., Limerick. See C. Conyers. 
 
 Castletown, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar, Coonagh, near 
 Pallas Green. P. <25o. 
 
 Castletown, P.O., Ire., King's co., 4 m. SE. Parsonstown. 
 
 Castletown, par.. Ire., co. , Louth, bars. Lower and Upper 
 Dundalk, 2 m. NW. Dundalk. P. <75o. 
 
 Castletown, par.. Ire., N. co. Meath, bar. Morgallion, gl m. 
 N. by W. Navan ; 4067 ac. P. <:500. 
 
 Castletow n, tnld. , Ire. , W. co. Meath, bar. Lune, 7 m. NW. 
 by W. Trim, P.O. 
 
 CastletOM'n, tn., Ire., W. Queen's co., bar. Upper Woods, 
 9 m. WSW. Maryborough, with a stn. (Honntrath and C.) on 
 the G. S. & W. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Castletown, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, dist. Portroe. 
 
 Castletown, tn. , Ire., S. co. Westmeath, bar. Moycashel, 8 
 m. SW. Mullingar, on the M. G. W. R. , PM.O. (C. Cieoghegan). 
 Market-day, F. P. <25o. 
 
 Castletown, P.O. , Ire. , co. Westmeath, 6 m. N. Castlepollard. 
 
 Castletown, P.O., Ire,, 6 m. from Inch (near Gorey, co. 
 Wexford). 
 
 Castletown, vil. , Scot. , Caithness. See Castleton. 
 
 Castletownarra, par. , Ire. , NW. co. Tipperary, bar. Owney 
 and Arra, 8 m. W. by N. Nenagh ; 6804 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Castletown Bearharen, the ancient Tameia, seapt.. Ire., 
 CO. Cork, bar. Bear, 19 m. W. Bantry, PMT.O. (C. Berchaven). 
 P. <25oo. 
 
 Castletown Conyers, P.O., Ire., co. Limerick, 6 m. from 
 Ballingarry. 
 
 Castletowneley, par.. Ire., King's co. , bar. Clonlisk, 8 m. 
 SW. Roscrea. P. <25o. 
 
 Castletownklndalen, par.. Ire., co. Westmeath, 8 m. SW. 
 Mullingar; 11,349 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Castletown Klnnelgh, P.O., Ire., co. Cork. See Castle- 
 town. 
 
 Castletownroche, par. and tn. , Ire., NE. co. Cork, bar. and 
 8 m. WNW. Fermoy, on a branch of the G. S. & W. R. , PMT. O. 
 Par. 6484 ac, P. < 1500; tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Castletownsend, tn.. Ire., SW. ct. co. Cork, bar. W. 
 Carbery, E. div., 4 m. ESE. Skibbereen, PMT.O. (Castle 
 townsheud). P. < 1000. 
 
 CastlCTcntry, par.. Ire., SW. co. Cork, bars. E. Carbery, 
 
 291 
 
CAST 
 
 C A T A 
 
 W. div., and Ibane and Barryroe, 19 m. SW. by W. Bandon ; 
 4753 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Castlewellait, tn. , Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, Lower 
 Half, 10 m. WSW. Downpatrick, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Castleirood, vil. , U.S., S. Dakota, Hamlin co., 128 m. N. 
 by E. Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Castle Wray, electoral div.. Ire., co. Donegal, 13 m. W. 
 Londonderry. 
 
 Castle wrlglit, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, Forden union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Castley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Wharfedale 
 union. P. <2r5o. 
 
 Caston, pa. , Eng. , Norfolk, SW. div. , 19 m. WSW. Norwich, 
 I m. NE. Stow Bedon stn. , P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Castor, par. , Eng. , N. div. of Northamptonshire, 4J m. W. 
 Peterborough, on the L. & NW. R., PM.O. P. <750. 
 
 Castor, riv., U.S., rises in Francisco co. , in the ESE. of the 
 state of Missouri, flows S. , joins several small lakes in Stoddart 
 CO. , and falls into the Whitewater R. , which empties itself into 
 Big Lake. 
 
 Castor RlTer, riv., Newfotmdland, White Bay dist., flows 
 into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, about 50° 55' N. 
 
 Castra, post-tp., Tasmania, Devon co., 55 m. WNW. 
 Laimceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Castrelo del Valle, coram. , Spain, prov. Orense, disc Verin. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Castrelo de Miiio, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. Orense, 
 near Ribadavia. P. < 5000. 
 
 Castres, tn., France, dep. Tarn, on the Agout, 23 m. S. by 
 E. Albi. The seat of a Protestant consistory, having been one 
 of the first towns which embraced the doctrines of Calvin. 
 Birthplace of Dacier and Rapin. P. 22,500. 
 
 Castries, tn. , France, dep. H^rault, arr. and 8 m. NE. by 
 E. Montpellier. P. <20oo. 
 
 Castries, or Port Castries, tn. , W. Indies, on W. ct. of St. 
 Lucia ; lighthouse, \isible 12-14 m. P. 6700. 
 
 Castrll, comm., Spain, prov. Granada, 55 m. E. Jaen. 
 P. 4000. 
 
 Castrlllon, comm. , Spain , prov. Oviedo, near Avil6s. P. 6000. 
 
 Castro, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Puentedeume. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Castro, tns. , Turkey. See Kastro and MlUlini. 
 
 Castro, CO., U.S., Texas, in the NW., N. of 34° N., crossed 
 in the E. by 102° W. 
 
 Castro Caldelas, comm., Spain, prov. Orense, dist. Puebla 
 de Trives. P. 5300. 
 
 Castro-Dalre, tn., Portugal, dist. Vizeu, 40 m. SE. by E. 
 Oporto. P. <:4000. 
 
 Castro del Klo, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 2 m. SE. 
 Cdrdoba. P. 11,300. 
 
 Castro de Rey, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. and dist. Lugo. 
 P. 6900. 
 
 Castrogerlz, tn., Spain, prov. and 22 m. W. by S. Burgos. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Castroglovanni, the ancient Enna, fortified tn., Sicily, prov. 
 and 13 m. ENE. Caltanissetta, on a tableland in the centre of 
 the island, with a rigorous winter climate, but surrounded by 
 fertile plains, with rock-salt and sulphur springs ; 5 m. distant 
 is the Lake of Pergusa, where Proserpine was said to have been 
 carried off by Pluto. Alt. 3270. P. 15,000. 
 
 Castro Labroelro, tn. , Portugal, dist. Vianna do Castello, 65 
 m. NE. by N. Oporto. P. <30oo. 
 
 Castro Marlni, tn., Portugal, prov. Algarve (dist. Faro), 27 
 m. W. Huelva, near the mouth of the Guadiana. P. <40oo. 
 
 Castronnfio, comm., Spain, on the L bk. of the Douro, prov. 
 and 34 m. SW. by W. Valladolid. P. -=3000. 
 
 CastronnoTO, comm. , Sicily, prov. and 33 m. SS£. Palermo, 
 with quarries of fine marble. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 CastronnoTo dl Sant' Andrea, tn. , S. Italy, prov. Basilicata, 
 34 m. SSE. Potenza. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Castroplgnano, comm., Italy, Abruzzi, prov. and 6^m. NW. 
 by W. Campobasso, 50 m. W. by N. Foggia. P. <40oo. 
 
 Castropol, seapt. tn., Spain, prov. and 58 m. WNW. Oviedo. 
 P. 7800. 
 
 Castroreale, comm. , Sicily, prov. and 19^ m. WSW. Messina. 
 P. 8000. 
 
 Castro Ilrdlales, fishing vil. and seapt. , N. of Spain, prov. 
 and 30 m. E. by S. Santander, with walls and fortifications. 
 P. 9500. 
 
 Castroverde, tn., Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, 26 m. S. Beja. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 CastroTerde, comm., Spain, prov. and dist. Ltigo. P. 5800. 
 
 CastroTlllarl, fortified tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 
 60 m. SSE. Potenza. In its vicinity, near Monte Pollino, the 
 famous Cacio Cavallo cheese is made. Alt. 1090-1140 ft. P. 
 10,000. 
 
 CastroTille, vil., U.S., California, Monterey co., 81 m. SSE. 
 San Francisco. P. < 1500. 
 
 CastroTllle, vil. .U.S., Texas, cap. Medina co. , on Medina R. , 
 26 m. W. by S. San Antonio. P. < 1500. 
 282 
 
 CastroTlreyna, tn., S. America, Peru, dep. Huancavelica, 180 
 m. SE. by E. Lima. The vicinity is rich in silver. P. 7000 (?). 
 
 Castna, or Kastav, comm., Austria, Istria, on the Gulf of 
 Fiume, 6 m. WNW. Fiume. P. 16,500; vil. P. <20oo. 
 
 Castuera, comm., Spain, prov. Badajoz, 45 m. E. by S. 
 Merida. P. 7100. 
 
 Casaarlna, point on the ct. of W. Australia, with a lighthouse 
 in 33° 19' S., 115^ 39' E. , visible 12 m. 
 
 Cas-vrell Bay, Wales, on the S. of Glamorganshire, to the \\'. 
 of Swansea Bay. 
 
 Caswell, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, N. frontier, E. of 80° W. 
 
 Cat, isl. , one of the Bahamas, for a long time regarded as the 
 Guanahani or San Salvador of Columbus. See TVatllng I. 
 
 Cat, isl., U.S., Louisiana, in Mississippi Soimd, in 89^ 7' W. 
 
 Cata, Punta de, cape, Spain, the E. point of the island of 
 Formentera. 
 
 Catacaos, tn. , S. America, Peru, dep. Piura, 220 m. S. by 
 W. Guayaquil. P. 4000. 
 
 Catacol Bay, Scot., I. of Arran, NW. ct. , in 55° 41V N. 
 
 Catagvazes, vil. and rly. stn., Brazil, Minas Geraes, no m. 
 N. Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 Catabonla, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, N. of the parallel 31°, 
 crossed by 92° W. 
 
 Catabonla Lake, U.S., Louisiana, C. par., 88 ra. SW. 
 Vicksburg (Miss.), traversed by the Little R. 
 
 Catallna, tn. and port of entry, onC. Harbour, Newfoundland, 
 60 m. NNW. St. John's. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Catalonia, old princip. and prov. in the extreme NE. of 
 Spain, in a triangle formed by the Mediterranean (E., SE. , S., 
 230 m. of seaboard), the Pyrenees (N., France), and, more or less 
 on the W. by the rivs. Cinca, Ebro, Segre, Noguera-Ribagorzana 
 (W., Aragon ; S. , Valencia). Covered by moimtains branch- 
 ing from the Pyrenees (heights from 6000 to more than 11,000 
 ft. alt.), in a general NE.-SW. direction parallel to the coast, 
 and forming an acute angle with the main chain. One range 
 from El Cadi (Urgel) to Monsant and La Llena forms a coast 
 chain, and divides C. into characteristic zones : (a.) in the NE. 
 rivs. (Fluvia, Ter, Llobregat-Cardoner) flow straight from the 
 Pyrenees into the sea (modem provs. of Geronaand Barcelona) ; 
 (b.) in the W. a plateau extends to the interior (llanos and 
 huertas of Urgel, Lerida, Noguera), drained by the Segre- 
 Noguera as an affluent of the Ebro (prov. of Lerida). The 
 present prov. of Tarragona embraces the coast chain and the 
 littoral with the mouth of the Ebro. The climate and flora of 
 C. are mostly a continuation of those of Andalucia, Murcia, 
 and Valencia. Among the evergreen oaks the cork-oak repre- 
 sents a great industry. Wines, some of them very alcoholic, 
 are produced at Llansa, Selva, Ampurdan, Alella, Taia, Tiana, 
 and Sitg^. Artificial irrigations are very well managed. Coral 
 fishery exists along the coast. Iron, lead, copper, tin, zinc, 
 coal (RipoU, Abadesas, &c.), and rock-salt [Cardona]. But 
 the great economic characteristic of C. is its active industry 
 (manufactured cotton, wool, silk, and laces, &c.) and com- 
 merce. In the interior dists. C. was peopled by Celtiberian 
 tribes ; on the littoral, by Phoenician, Carthagfinian, Greek 
 colonies. C. was the first conquest of the Romans in Spain 
 (Hispania-Tarraconensis). The Goths entered Spain by C. 
 also (sth century, Gothalania, Catalaunia). During the 8th 
 century C. becomes Mussulman. Reconquered till the loth 
 century (Marca Hi span tea). Hereditary Estate in 1040 ; united 
 to Aragon in 1137. Often revolted against Aragon and Spain. 
 Republic for some time in the 15th century. The language is 
 the Catalan, derived from the Limousine (Langue d'Oc) of old 
 Proven9a, and still spoken in a part of S. France (Roussillon), 
 prov. of Valencia, the Baleares, and some parts of Sardinia. 
 C. forms one military captaincy, and is divided (1833) into four 
 provs. : Gerona, Barcelona, Lerida, Tarragona. See Barce- 
 lona, Pyrenees, and Spain, table. [J. B. K.] 
 
 Catalnna, cape, Spain, N. ct. of Majorca, 
 
 Catamarca, prov., Argentine Republic, on W. frontier, be- 
 tween about 25^^ and 28° S. , and extending in the E. to' 30° S. ; 
 in large part movmtainous, traversed by branches of the Andes 
 and the Sierra Aconquija ; rivers formed by the melting of 
 mountain snows, almost dry in winter, mainly used for irrigation, 
 and where not fit for such use, terminating by evaporation or 
 absorption in the soil, or emptying themselves into salt lagoons ; 
 mineral wealth great, but as yet little utilised through the lack 
 of cheap fuel and means of transp>ort. Principal mines Las 
 Capillitas, in the NE., near the W. frontier of Tucuman, these 
 mines containing gold, silver-lead, native copper, copper ore, 
 iron ore, &c. See Argentine Repnbllc, table. 
 
 Catamarca, tn. and stn., Argentine Republic, cap. prov. C, I 
 116 m. S. by W. Tucuman ; founded in 1683. Mean rainfall, 
 yr. II in., April-Sept. 2 in. P. 7500. 
 
 Ctetandnanes, Isla de, one of the Philippine Is. , £. of Luzon, 
 just E. of 123^ E. , crossed in the N. by 14 N. Area, 644 sq. m. 
 
 Catandnanes Bat6, comm. , Philippines, prov. Albay, in the 
 S. of Catanduanes I. P. 6700. 
 
 Catania, the ancient Catana, tn. and seapt., Sicily, cap. 
 prov. C, on its E. ct., near the foot of Mount Etna, 33 mw- 
 
CATA — CATT 
 
 NNW. Syracuse. Often ruined by earthquakes and eruptions 
 of Etna, but always rebuilt in a superior style. Its streets are 
 paved with lava, of which material the public buildings are 
 constructed, the latter being faced with magnesian limestone 
 and enriched with marbles. Has a cathedral, rebuilt after the 
 earthquake of 1693, and an observatory and university, and 
 many Roman antiquities. Manufactures, silk fabrics and other 
 textiles, and wares in lava and amber ; besides which goods it 
 exports corn, fruit, &c., manna, sulphur, cantharides, and snow 
 from Mount Etna. Birthplace of Bellini. The «ulf of C. 
 extends from La Trezza Bay, near Aci Reale, to Cape Santa 
 Croce, near Agosta, 18 m. P. (1881) town and suburbs, but 
 exclusive of remote parts of comm. , 96,000; (estimated, 1891) 
 117,500. 
 
 Catauzaro, tn., Italy, Calabrie, cap. prov. C, 75 ra. NE. 
 by N. Reggio. See of a bishop. Many of its buildings were 
 destroyed by the earthquake in 1783. Manufactures of silk, 
 velvet, and woollen fabrics. P. 25,000. 
 
 Cat Arm, inlet, Newfoundland, in the W. of White Bay. 
 
 Catarintin, coram., Philippine Is., on the N. ct. of Samar 
 I. P. 6800. 
 
 Catarroja, tn., Spain, prov. and 6 m. S. Valencia. P. 
 5500. 
 
 Catas Altas, tn. , Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, 30 m. N. Ouro 
 Preto, formerly in a flourishing gold-mining dist. P. 3000. 
 
 Catasauqua, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Lehigh co. , on 
 Lehigh R., 31 m. NE. Reading. P. < 4000. 
 
 Catastrophe, cape, S. Australia, the SE. extremity of Eyre's 
 Penin. , so named by Flinders in 1802, in consequence of a 
 disaster that occurred here. 
 
 Catatnmbo, principal riv.. State of Zulia, Venezuela, flows 
 E. into the Lake of Maracaibo. 
 
 Catawba, co., U.S., N. Carolina, S. of 36° N., crossed in 
 the extreme E. lay 81° W., bounded on the N. and E. by the 
 Catawba R. 
 
 Catawba, or Great C, riv., U.S., N. and S. Carohna, one 
 of the headwaters of the Santee. Its valley is well suited to 
 the vine, and gives name to a variety of grapes much esteemed 
 in the U.S. The Little C. is a r. bk. trib. 
 
 Catawba Island, U.S., Ohio, Ottawa co., in the SW. of 
 Lake Erie, in 82" 50' W. 
 
 Cataivbas, ancient tribe of N. American Indians, formerly 
 living on the Atlantic coasts of Virginia and the Carolinas. 
 
 Catawlssa, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Columbia co., on the 
 N. branch of the Susquehanna, 54 m. NNE. Harrisburg. P. 
 <:2ooo. 
 
 Catbalogau, or Cadvalouga, tn. , Philippine Is. , on the W. 
 ct. of Samar I., ii° 45' N., 124° 53' E. P. 6700. 
 
 Catcherslde, par., Eng. , Northumberland, BeUingham 
 union. P. <25o. 
 
 Catchgate, PM.O. , Eng. , i m. from Annfield Plain, Durham. 
 
 Catcllffe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3 m. S. Rother- 
 ham, P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Catcott, par. and eccles. dist., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater 
 div. , 6 m. W. Glastonbury. P. <75o. 
 
 Catean Cambresls, Le, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 15 
 m. ESE. Cambrai. Gave name to a treaty between Henry II. 
 and Philip II., King of Spain (1559). Birthplace, and with a 
 statue, of Marshal Mortier. P. 10,300. 
 
 Catel, place, Guernsey I., near Les Gravies, P.O. 
 
 Cateue, Le. See Cattaro. 
 
 Caterbani, par. and vil., Eng., Surrey, Wimbledon div., 6 
 m. ENE. Reigate, on the SE. R. , with hearthstone and fire- 
 stone deposits. PMT. O. (C. Valley). Par. P. 7300 ; eccles. 
 pars. C. Valley, St. Jobn tbe Evangelist, P. <25oo; C. 
 Valley, St. Luke, Whyteleafe, P. < 1000. 
 
 Caterbani Junction, former stn. , Eng. , now called Purley. 
 
 Cateriuenstadt, Russia. See Ekaterluenstadt. 
 
 Catesby, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, loj m. 
 S. by E. Rugby, 3I m. SW. by W. Daventry. P. <25o. 
 
 Catfleld, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 13 m. NW. Yarmouth, 
 on the G. E. & G. N. Joint Rly., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Catford, stn., suburb of London, Eng., Kent, 5-6 m. SE. by 
 S. St. Paul's, with stn. on the L. C. & D. R. , and another (C. 
 Bridge) on the SE. R., near Nunhead. 
 
 Catforth, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, 4 m. from Broughton. 
 
 Catfoss, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 
 12 m. N. by E. Hull, 3 m. NW. by W. Sigglesthorne stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Cathair, Gaelic, 'a castle.' See Caer. 
 
 Catbarlna, Dutch Guiana, in 5° 48' N. , 56° 47' W. Mean 
 rainfall (5 yrs.), 79.15 in. 
 
 Cathay. See KUtan. 
 
 Cathcart, par., Scot., cos. Renfrew and Lanark, on the 
 White Cart R. , 2 m. S. Glasgow, on the C. R. , containing vils. 
 Old C. (P. <3ooo) and New C. (P. < 1000). The battle of Lang- 
 side, the last fought in behalf of Mary Queen of Scots, took 
 place in this par. in 1568 ; 4064 ac. P. 16,600. 
 
 Catbeart, tn. and rly. stn. , Cape Colony, cap. dist. C. , 45 
 m. NNW. King William's Town. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cathcart, post-tn. , New South Wales, Wellesley co. , 235 m. 
 SSW. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cathcart, or Sydenham, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Brant co. , 
 6 m. from Princeton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cathedlne, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 7 m. E. by S. 
 Brecknock, 2 m. ENE. Talybont stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cathedral Peak, mt., U.S., California, 180 m. E. San 
 Francisco. 
 
 Cathedral Rock, mt. , U.S., Arizona, Yuma co., 88 m. NE. 
 by E. from the SW. corner of the state, 
 
 Catherlna Soplila, vil. , Dutch Guiana, 25 m. WNW. Para- 
 maribo. Mean temp. (4 yrs., 1852-56), yr. 77.9° F. 
 
 Catherlngtou, par. and vil., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield 
 div., 9^ m. NNE. Portsmouth, 3^ m. NW. Rowlands Castle 
 stn. ; 5279 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Catberston-Leweston, par. , Eng. , Dorset, near Charmouth. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Catlikln Peak. See Kwathlamba Mountains. 
 
 Cathlamet, vil., U.S., Washington, Wahkiakum co., 64 m. 
 SSW. Olympia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Catla, small bay, N. ct. Venezuela, NW. of Cardcas. 
 
 Catlgnano, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Teramo, 
 II m. W. Chieti. P. <3000. 
 
 Cat Lake, Canada, NW. Terr., in 51° 45' N., 91° 40' W., 
 drained SE. into Lake St. Joseph by C. L. Kirer. 
 
 Cat'lettsbnrg, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Boyd co., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Ohio, 115 m. ESE. Cincinnati (Ohio). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Catmore, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 8 J ra. N. by W. 
 Newbury, 4 ra. W. Compton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Catmos, Vale of, Eng., in the W. of Rutland, around 
 Oakham. 
 
 Catoche, Cape, Mexico, the NE. point of Yucatan Penin. 
 
 Caton, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 4 m. NE. by E. 
 Lancaster, on the Morecambe branch of the M. R., PMT.O. ; 
 8396 ac. P. <i5oo ; eccles. par. (C. with Llttledale) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Catonsvllle, vil., U.S., Maryland, co. and 8 m. W. by N. 
 Baltimore. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Catoo'sa, co., U.S., Georgia, N, frontier, W. of 85° W. 
 
 Catorce, or Real de la Purisslma Concepclon de Alamos 
 de los C, celebrated mining tn. , Mexico, state of and 120 m. 
 N. San Luis Potosi, in the centre of important silver and tin 
 mines, with smelting-furnaces. Alt. 8810 ft. 
 
 Catrail, anct. earthwork, Scot., consisting of ditch and walls, 
 extends from the Gala Water near Galashiels S. to Peel Fell, 
 Northumberland ; known also in places as ' The Dejl's Dyke ' 
 and ' The Picts' Work Ditch.' 
 
 Catrlne, tn., Scot., S. Ayrshire, on the Ayr, 9^ m. SE. 
 Kilmarnock, 2 m. E. Mauchline stn. ; has cotton-factory and 
 bleaching-work. PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Catsfleld, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 7J ra. WNW. 
 Hastings, 2 ra. SW. Battle stn., PMT.O. P.<iooo. 
 
 Catshlll, eccles. dist. and vil., Eng., Worcestershire, E. div., 
 2 ra. N. Brorasgrove, PM.O. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Catsklll, vil., U.S., New York, Greene co., on the r. bk. 
 of Hudson R. , 32 m, S. by W, Albany, 5 m. WSW. Hudson. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Catsklll Creek, riv., U.S., New York, in the E., trib. of 
 the Hudson, which it joins on the r. bk. at Catskill. 
 
 Catsklll Mountains, ranges in the U.S., in the E. of New 
 York State, N. of 42° N., composed of two divs. , the N. or 
 C. Proper, between the Catskill and Esopus Creeks, two strearas 
 flowing ESE. to the Hudson, this div. consisting of a plateau 
 with border chains 10-15 ™- apart; and the S. div., S. of the 
 Esopus, less regular and with less clearly defined boundaries, 
 except on the side of the Esopus valley, but containing the 
 highest summit of the entire group. Slide Mt. (4205 ft. ). 
 
 Catswater, riv., Eng., on the borders of Cambridge and 
 Lincoln, connected by the N. Level Main Drain of the Bedford 
 Level with the Nen. 
 
 Cattal, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., on the 
 Nidd, 6 m. E. by S. Knaresborough, i^ m. S. of C. stn. on the 
 NE. R. P.<25o. 
 
 Cattan, tnld., Ire., co. Leitrim, bar. Mohill, Cloone par. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Cattaraugus, settlement, U.S., New York, C. co., 38 m. 
 S. Buffalo. 
 
 Cattaraugus Creek, riv., U.S., New York, in the SW. , 
 forms the boundary between C. co. and Erie co. , flows W. 
 into Lake Erie in the NE. , affording extensive water-power. 
 
 Cattaro, Slavonic Kotor, fortified seapt., Austria, prov. 
 Dalmatia, at the head or S. end of the deep rock-girt bay of 
 C. , to enter which ships must pass through three straits : the 
 first, i-i| m. wide, called the ' Bocca Grande ' ; the second, 
 about \ m. wide, leading into another rock-girt bay (San 
 Teodo) ; the other, the Canal Le Catene (' the chains '—so called 
 because closed by the Venetians by means of a chain), less than 
 I m. wide, leading thence into the bays of Risano (to the N.) 
 and C. (to the S.). The bays collectively are known as the 
 Gulf of C, and their mouths as the Bocche (mouths) di C. It 
 is enclosed on all sides by mountains, and all the heights around 
 
 293 
 
CATT — CAUC 
 
 it are covered with fortifications. It was the cap. of a small 
 republic, which placed itself under the dominion of \'enice in 
 1420, remaining under Venetian government till 1797, when by 
 treaty it became Austrian. After sundry changes during the 
 Napoleonic wars, it was finally ceded to Austria in 1815. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Cattawade, hamlet, Eng., Suffolk, 9 m. SE. Ipswich, PT.O. 
 
 Cattawar, India. See Kithl^w&r. 
 
 Cattegat. See Kattegat. 
 
 Catterall, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, 2 m. SW. Garstang, with 
 a stn. (Ciarstaug and C.) on the Garstang and Knotend Rly. , 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Catterick, par. and viL, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on 
 the Swale, div. and 4^ m. E>SE. Richmond, ij m. SE. by S. 
 C. Bridge stn., PMT.O. Par. P. <75o. 
 
 Catterien, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Penrith union. P. <2$o. 
 
 Catterline, par. , Scot. See Kinneff. 
 
 Catterton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Tadcaster 
 union. P. <25o. 
 
 Cattborpe, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, 3 m. from Rugby, P.O. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Cattistock, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , on the Frome, 
 8 m. NW. Dorchester, li m. N. Maiden Newton stn., PM.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Catto, par., Enj., Yorkshire, N. Riding. See Iiandmoth. 
 
 Cattollca Eraciea, tn., Italy, prov., dist., and 13 m. NW. 
 Girgenti, %vith sulphiu- mines. P. 7000. 
 
 €atton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Burton-upon-Trent union. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Catton, par. and viL, Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 2^ m. N. 
 Norwich. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cattoii, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk union. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Cattou, High and Iiow, two adjoining pars., Eng., York- 
 shire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div., i m. SW. Stamford Bridge. 
 P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Catton, New, eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk, Norwich city. 
 P. 6500. 
 
 Catton and Broadside, \'il., Eng., Northumberland, div. 
 and 8 m. SW. bv W. Hexham, with a stn. (C. Road) on the 
 NE. R., P.O. (Catton). 
 
 Catton fritli !^tamford Bridge, eccles. dist. , Eng. , Yorkshire. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Catnama, seapt. , Brazil, prov. Pemambuco, N. of Olinda. 
 
 Catffater, The, Eng., estuary of R. Plym, at Plymouth. 
 
 Cat'vrick, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holdemess div. , 
 loj m. N. by E. Hull, 3^ m. W. by N. Sigglesthorne stn. 
 P.<:25o. 
 
 Catworih Magna, par., Eng., co., div., and 9^ m. W. by 
 N. Huntingdon, 2 m. N. by W. Kimbolton stn., PM.O. 
 (Catworih). P. <:75o. 
 
 Catwych, group of small islands to the E. of Cochin China, 
 in about 109° E. , just N. of 10° N. 
 
 Canca, riv. , Colombia, rises in the mountain knot of the 
 Andes called the Paramo de las Papas, in the S. of the republic, 
 and flows N. between the E. and W. chains of the Andes, in the 
 states of C. and Antioquia, finally emerges on plains in the 
 state of Bolivar, where it divides into several arms, the chief of 
 which enters the Magdalena in about 8° 55' N. The C. begins 
 to be navigable about 60 m. below its source, is a good na\'i- 
 gable stream in the stretch between Popayan and Cali, but 
 navigation is imf)eded by a fall between Cali and Antioquia, and 
 by rapids just below Antioquia and just below Caceres. Total 
 length, about 500 m. 
 
 Canca, one of the United States of Colombia, stretching 
 from the Gulf of Darien to the S. frontier, and including the 
 whole of the Pacific coast S. of the Isthmus of Panama, tra- 
 versed in the S. by the C. Riv. , in the N. by the Atrato ; cap. 
 Popayin. See Colombia, table. 
 
 Cancagna, tn., S. America, Venezuela, Miranda, 55 m. SE. 
 by E. Caracas. 
 
 Caucasus is a name indiscriminately applied to : {a. ) the 
 great chain of mountains which run NW. to SE. from the Sea 
 of Azov to the Caspian Sea (Caucasus proper, or Great Cau- 
 casus) ; {6.) to the whole of the mountains and highlands which 
 fill up the isthmus between the Black Sea and the Caspian, 
 including both the former and the highlands of Transcaucasia; 
 and {c.) to the Russian General- Lieutenancy of the C, or 
 Caucasia, which covers the same region from the Kuma-Manych 
 depression in the N., to the frontiers of Persia, Asia Minor, 
 including parts of the plateau of Armenia and the highlands of 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Cancasna, extensive chain of mts. which runs NW. to SE. 
 from the Tamaii Penin. (between the Black and Azov Seas) to 
 the Apsheron Penin. of the Caspian, attaining a total length of 
 940 m. (nearly 700 m. in a straight line). Although usually 
 represented as one chain, it has a very complicated structure, 
 and may be roughly divided, by Mt. Kazbek, into the Western 
 and the Eastern C. The former is a relatively narrow chain, 
 having its SW. foot on the Black Sea coast, and, further on, 
 294 
 
 in the broad valley of the Rion, while extensive high plains, 
 watered by the Kuban and the upper Terek, spread at its NE. 
 foot-hills. A low chain of mountains, 3000-5000 ft. high, 
 the Meskes ridge, which may be taken as a continuation of the 
 Pontic ridge (on the SE. coast of the Black Sea), and runs in a 
 NE. direction, joins the Great Caucasus ridge near Mt. Kazbek. 
 As to the Eastern Caucasus, it has the characters of plateau- 
 like highlands (the Daghestan plateau), of which the main ridge 
 appears as a south-western border ridge. The Great Caucasus 
 ■may be divided into nine sections, as follows: (i) The Black Sea 
 Bidge [Chemotnorskaya Tsyep), about 155 m. long, from Anapa 
 to Mt. Oshten, the first snow-clad peak in C. Tertiary deposits 
 at the NW. extremity, and Jurassic and Cretaceous further on, 
 prevail. The chain is narrow", the passes low, and the peaks 
 gradually rise from 2140 ft. (Idokopaz) to 9369 ft. (Oshten and 
 Fisht). It is all covered with thick wood, has a steep slope to 
 the sea, and a gentle one to the NE. ; (2) the Alps of Abtaazla 
 (or Kuban C), from Mt. Oshten to Mt. Elbruz, about 120 m. 
 long, and over 100 m. wide; the main ridge (water-parting) 
 consists of granites, diorites, porphyries, gneisses, and crystal- 
 line slates, covered with a variety of subsequent deposits. The 
 peaks rise above the snow-line, from 10,640 ft. (Pssashka) to 
 12,427 ft. (Psysh) ; and the passes, which are few, are from 6250 
 to nearly 10,000 ft. high. The main ridge is accompanied in 
 the N. by a parallel ridge, the Black Mts., 3000-6000 ft. high, 
 with a deep valley between, and sends spurs and has short 
 parallel ridges in SW. The Central Caucasus, from Elbruz to 
 Kazbek, comes next, and may be subdivided into : (3) the 
 Alps of Sranetla ; (4) the Alps of Dlgoria : and (5) the 
 Alps of Ossetla (the two former also described as the Elbruz C). 
 It contains the highest peaks of C. , Elbruz (18,463 ft. ), Dykh-tau 
 (16,925 ft., Shkhara (i7',036 ft.), Janga (16,569 ft.), Koshtan- 
 tau (16,875 ft.), Kazbek (16,546 ft.), Mizhirgi-tau (16,273 ft-)> 
 Gistola, Tetnuld, Himarai-khokh, Ushba, Adai-khokh (15,244 
 ft.), and several others above 15,000 ft. The passes are from 
 9300 ft. (Mamisson) to 11,000 ft. high, and all above the snow- 
 line, even though the main crystalline ridge of the Ossetian Alps 
 is pierced by the Terek and its trib. Ardon, which both origi- 
 nate in high valleys on its southern slop)e. The narrow gorge 
 of the Terek, which has pierced through the main ridge, and the 
 pass over the Cross Mt. (Krestovaya Gora), 7957 ft. high, have 
 been utilised for the military road, which is the only pass across 
 the middle C. available for carriages, and leads from Vladikav- 
 kaz to Tiflis in Georgia, Spurs and parallel ridges give to the 
 aggregate chain a width of no m., and no less than three 
 parallel chains accompany the eastern part of this division in 
 the N. Large high valleys and depressions are inclosed 
 between these secondary ridges, of which some exceed by the 
 height of their peaks the main water-parting. Immense glaciers 
 originate in this part of the C, over 200 great glaciers being 
 already known on the maps, and over 25 further E. in Daghes- 
 tan, while traces of immense glaciers of the Glacial Period are 
 being discovered by modern exploration. The crystalline rocks 
 and slates disappear further E., where we have next (6) the 
 KheTznr Alps, from the gorge of the TereH to the Borbalo 
 Mt. (10,807 ft-)> the highest peaks of which do not exceed 
 13,000 ft. (7) With the Alazaft Alps (or Daghestan C), from 
 Borbalo Mt. to the meridian of Nukha town, the character 
 of the C. changes. A great chain, the Andi Mts., shoots NE., 
 and the space between it, the Great C. and the Caspian, is 
 filled up with the Daghestan plateau, so ravinated that the 
 highlands between the rivers flowing NE. often apjiear as so 
 many separate chains ; immense ' depressions " and plateaux lie 
 between them. The peaks of the main ridge have alts, of from 
 9500 to 11,375 ft., but the passes still remain at about 10,000 ft. 
 high, while the Andi ridge attains a still greater height (Tebu- 
 los-mta, 14,781ft.; Kachu, 14,027 ft.; Donos-mta, 13,736 ft.). 
 In the next division (8) the Saniur Alps, from Borbalo to 
 Baba-dagh, the snow-clad peaks rise again over 12,000 ft. up 
 to 14,720 ft. (Beg)rul, 12,172 ft.; Bazar-dyuz, 14,722 ft.; Thfan- 
 dagh, 13,764 ft.; and several others above 12,000 ft.), and the 
 very difficult passes lie from 11,000 to 12,000 ft. high, but the 
 width of the ridge is less than 50 m. It rapidly lowers east- 
 wards, and in (9) the Caspian Chain, or Shemakha C, the 
 highest peaks gradually decline from 9000 to 5000 ft., the chain 
 ending in low hills, volcanic about Shemakha. The broad and 
 fertile valley of the Rion and the Kura separates the Great C. 
 from the steep slopes of the Armenian plateau, which are often 
 described as Little Caucasus, or Anti-Caucasus, but are better 
 known as Transcaucasia. 
 
 Caucasus, General Lieutenancy of, or Caucasia, part of 
 the Russian dominions in .'^sia, occupies the large isthmus 
 between the Black Sea and the Caspian. A succession of 
 elongated lakes and old river beds, which connects the Manych 
 (1. bk. trib. of lower Don) with the lower Kuma (trib. of the 
 Caspian), and is known as the Kimia-Manych depression, : 
 through which the Caspian communicated with the Black Sea j 
 in Post-tertiarj' times, bounds it in the N., and is considered 1 
 as a natural boundary between Europe and Asia ; the Black Sea 
 in the W., the Caspian in the E., Asia Minor in SW., and 
 
CAUC — CAUD 
 
 Persia in SE. are its other boundaries. The natural dlTisloiis 
 of which this extensive terr. is composed are : (1.) The prairies, 
 hlgli plains and steppes to the NE. of the Great C. ridge, 
 
 gently sloping from its high foothills to the Kuma-Manych de- 
 pression (Stavropol and most of Kubaii and Terek provs. ). 
 These prairies, covered with a fertile black earth soil, have a dense 
 Russian population along the courses of the main rivers, Kubafi, 
 Yegorlyk (trib. of Don), and Terek and Kuma(tribs. of Caspian), 
 gathered in big, chiefly Cossack, villages. Climate warm, but 
 rather dry, the average temp, and rainfall being : Stavropol 
 (1919 ft.), yr. 47°F., Jan. 24°, July 70°; rainfall, 29.8 in.: Pyati- 
 gorsk (1656 ft.), yr. 48° F., Jan. 24°, July 72° ; rainfall, 21.3 in. 
 Agriculture and extensive cattle breeding are the chief riches, com 
 being largely exported. Vine culture on lower levels. Towards 
 the Caspian, large steppes, often stony and dry, peopled by Nogai 
 Tatars and some Turcomanes. The chief towns, Stavropol 
 (35,600 inhabitants), Vladikavkaz (44,210), Pyatigorsk (13,000), 
 Kizlyar (6000), are not of great importance. (3.) The Great C. 
 ridge and the highlands of Daghestan, thickly clothed with 
 forests, and containing between its spurs and secondary ridges 
 a number of large and small depressions or broad high valleys, 
 inhabited by a variety of indigenous stems : Cherkesses ( Adyghe), 
 Abhazes, and Kabardians in West C. ; Svanetes, Ossetes, 
 Pshaves, Khevzures, in the middle ; and the Mountaineers 
 {Gorisy) in the E. , who include a variety of stems, of which the 
 Chechens and the Lezghines are the most numerous. They all 
 live a hard life in their high valleys, utilising every patch of 
 available land for cornfields or gardens, chiefly relying upon 
 some cattle for living ; while the Mountaineers carry on a variety 
 of domestic trades. The narrow strip of land at the foot of the 
 West C. , along the Black Sea (Chemomorsk dist.), formerly in- 
 habited by Cherkesses, who were driven after the Crimean War 
 to Turkey, and there became mostly the Bashi-buzuks , is 
 covered with thick forests ; notwithstanding its luxurious vegeta- 
 tion and warm climate, this region, partly on account of prevail- 
 ing fevers, and partly because of the difficulties of communication 
 with the interior — the seaports having but open roadsteads— 
 this region is but slowly re-peopled by the Russians. Chief town, 
 Novorossiisk (14,600) ; chief ports, Anapa (10,600), Gagry, and 
 Sukhum-kale (500 inhabitants). (3.) The broad and fertile 
 ralley which separates the Great C. from tlie Anti-C, and 
 in which the Rion flows W. into the Black Sea, and the Kara 
 flows SE. into the Caspian — the two drainage areas being sepa- 
 rated by the (3000-5000 ft. ) high Meskes Mts. This is the richest 
 part of C. , thicklypeopled, chiefly with Georgians (Svanetes, Ime- 
 retes, Gurians, and Mingrelians), in the drainage area of the 
 Rion, and by Georgians proper and Armenians in its middle, 
 while the much drier steppes eastwards are peopled chiefly with 
 various Turko- Tatars, and partly by Russian Nonconformists. 
 The drainage area of the Rion (govt. Kutais) is filled up with 
 spurs of the Great C. , the Meskes Mts. , and the Wakhan ridge 
 (10,000-11,000 ft.). It has extremely heavy rainfalls, and warm 
 climate, the-average temp, at Poti being (i i yrs.), yr. 58° F., Jan. 
 41°, July 74°; yearly rainfall, 61.9 in. Luxuriant vegetation; 
 the hills clothed with fine forests, and the valleys covered with 
 gardens. Maize, the mulberry, the vine, various cereals, and a 
 variety of fruit-trees are cultivated. Poti (4710 inhabitants), an 
 important seaport, is connected by rail with Batum, and is the 
 head of a line of railway running through the Suram Pass along 
 that valley to Tiflis and Baku. The eastern part of the same 
 valley (govts. Tiflis, Elisabethpol, and Baku), enclosed between 
 the woody slopes of the Great C. and the Anti-C, is equally 
 thickly peopled in its upper parts, and equally well cultivated 
 by the Georgians and the Armenians ; but the climate is much 
 drier (at Tiflis, 1343 ft., yearly temp. 55° F., Jan. 32.5°, July 77°; 
 rainfall, 18.7 in.; Baku, yr. 59° F., Jan. 39°, July 80 ; rainfall, 10.4 
 in.), and the steppes of the lower Kura (Mugaii) are chiefly suit- 
 able for cattle breeding only. The chief towns of C. are situated 
 in this valley : Tiflis, its capital, has 145,730 inhabitants ; Baku, 
 103,000; Elisabethpol, 20,300. (4.) The highlands of Trans- 
 caucasia, 375 m. long N W. to SE. , and 160 m. wide, offer two 
 distinct regions : the Armenian plateau (Kars, Erivan, and part 
 of Elisabethpol and Baku), and the highlands of Asia Minor, 
 recently annexed from Turkey (Batum and Artvin divisions of 
 Kutais). The Armenian plateau, bounded on the S. by the deep 
 valley of Araxes, is 5000-6500 ft. high, mostly undulating, 
 and covered with rich meadows and often cornfields. Dome- 
 shaped mountains, mostly grouped in low ridges, intersect it, 
 rising to 8000-9500 ft. above the sea, and occasionally to 11,000 
 ft. a.nd more (Ala-ghoz, 13,436 ft.). A number of lakes occur 
 on it, Gokcha being the largest (500 sq. m., alt. 6130 ft.). 
 Granites and other unstratified rocks, covered with Azoic, 
 Devonian, Carboniferous, Tertiary, and Glacial deposits. Vol- 
 canic rocks are widely spread about Erivan and Alexandropol, 
 the Alaghoz and the Ararats being huge trachytic masses. 
 Cotton tree is grown in the low valleys, especially of Araxes ; 
 but on the plateau, where the winters are very severe, 
 wheat and barley are the chief crops. The temperatures are : 
 at Alexandropol (5100 ft.), yr. 41.5° F., Jan. 13°, July 17°; at 
 Erivan (3230 ft.), yr. 51° F., Jan. 16°, July 75°. The population 
 
 is very mixed, and consists of Armenians, Tatars, Kurds, 
 Turks, Turkomans, Greeks, and Russians. Of the chief 
 towns, Erivan, Nakhichevan, Kars, and Alexandropol, only 
 the last has over 20,000 inhabitants. The W. part of the 
 Transcaucasian highlands is occupied by Alpine ridges — the 
 Pontic ridge along the Black Sea coast, and the Arjar and 
 Arsian ridges (10,000-11,000 ft.) further inland. The Chorokh 
 and its trib. mountain streams water the region. The climate 
 is hot in the coast region, and distinguished by very heavy rains 
 (at Batum, yearly temp. 59° F., Jan. 43°, July 75°; rainfall (5 yrs.), 
 89.7 in., often attaining 10 in. in a single day. A luxuriant sub- 
 tropical vegetation and rich gardens cover the mountain slopes ; 
 wet valleys and fevers. Rice, wheat, millet, tobacco, and all sorts 
 of fruits are grown. Population chiefly Georgian ; chief town, 
 Batum (20,170 inhabitants). The district of Lenkorafi, on the 
 slopes of the Azerbaijan plateau, which are turned towards the 
 Caspian, is a special region, distinguished by a hot climate, very 
 heavy rainfalls, and the culture of the mulberry tree, the cotton 
 tree, and the vine tree. At Lenkoran, which is 73 ft. below the 
 sea-level, yearly temp. 59° F. , Jan. 37°, July 78°, yearly rainfall, 
 48. 1 in. The population of Caucasia belongs to a great number 
 of different nationalities. The following is an approximate esti- 
 mate given for a total population of 6,200,000 (which now must 
 be about 8,200,000) : — 
 
 Thousands. 1 Thousands. 
 
 Russians . 
 
 1,916 
 
 Western (Adyghe, 
 
 Ab- 
 
 
 Poles . 
 
 9 
 
 khazlan, Kabards 
 
 &c. 
 
 188 
 
 Germans 
 
 24 
 
 Eastern (Chechenes 
 
 Lez 
 
 
 Greeks . 
 
 43 
 
 ghines, &c. ) 
 
 
 708 
 
 Europeans 
 
 1,991 
 
 Mountaineers . 
 
 
 896 
 
 Ossetes . 
 
 127 
 
 Tatars . 
 
 
 1,028 
 
 Persians, Tates,Talyshin 
 
 3 T33 
 
 Turks 
 
 
 76 
 
 Kurds . 
 
 10 
 
 Turkomans, &c. 
 
 
 44 
 
 Armenians 
 
 804 
 
 Northern Tatars 
 
 
 126 
 
 Iranians . 
 
 1,074 
 
 Turks and Tatars 
 
 1,274 
 
 Georgians 
 
 310 
 
 Jews 
 
 
 61 
 
 Mingrelians . 
 
 200 
 
 Kalmnks . 
 
 
 11 
 
 Imeretes . 
 
 373 
 
 
 
 
 Pshaves, Khevzures 
 
 20 
 
 Total 
 
 
 6,200 
 
 Kartrellans 
 
 904 
 
 
 
 
 According to more recen 
 
 t data 
 
 1886-90), the chief populations 
 
 of Transcaucasia are : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thousands. 
 
 
 Thousands. 
 
 Russians 
 
 140 
 
 Mingrelians . 
 
 
 215 
 
 Greeks . 
 
 57 
 
 Abhasians 
 
 
 29 
 
 Kurds . 
 
 97 
 
 Svanetes . 
 
 
 14 
 
 Ossetes . 
 
 76 
 
 Samurzakans . 
 
 
 27 
 
 Tates . 
 
 125 
 
 Turkomans 
 
 
 10 
 
 Talyshins 
 
 88 
 
 Turks . 
 
 
 76 
 
 Armenians 
 
 965 
 
 Tatars . 
 
 
 1,107 
 
 Georgians 
 
 400 
 
 Jews 
 
 
 34 
 
 Imeretes 
 
 420 
 
 
 
 
 Gurians . 
 
 74 
 
 The remaining n 
 
 ationalities 
 
 Ajares . 
 
 59 
 
 number less than 10,000 
 
 ;ach. 
 
 Much has lately been done for education in Caucasia, which 
 now has 19 lyceums for over 6000 boys, and 16 lyceums for 
 nearly 5000 girls, 5 teachers' schools, 10 professional schools, 
 and over 1000 primary schools, besides 150 Armenian and 
 nearly 2000 Musulman and Jewish schools. .Agriculture in 
 Caucasia becomes of great importance, N. Caucasia, with its 
 yearly crop of over 15,000,000 quarters of cereals, being already 
 a granary for Russia ; while considerable amounts of wheat 
 begin to be exported from Transcaucasia, which produces about 
 11,000,000 quarters of cereals, as well as cotton, tobacco, wine, 
 and various plants for dyeing. The mining industry yearly 
 acquires more importance. The naphtha industry is the most 
 important, the yearly extraction having attained 4,490,000 tons 
 in 1892 (2,676,000 in 1887), out of which only 25,000 tons in 
 N. Caucasia. Copper is extracted in Elisabethpol (chief mine 
 Kedabek), Tiflis, and Kutais ; coal in Kubaii and Kutais 
 (Tkvibuli) ; lead in Artvin ; manganese in Kutais ; sulphur in 
 Daghestan ; and salt in Erivan, Kars, Baku, Stavropol, and 
 Daghestan. Industries begin to develop, and they lately gave 
 occupation to 40,300 workers in Transcaucasia, the yearly pro- 
 duction being over ;^4,ooo,ooo. C. has a great number of 
 mineral waters, those of Kislovodsk and Pyatigorsk being the 
 best known. Some mineral springs are met with in Trans- 
 caucasia as well. For administrative subdivisions see Russia. 
 
 Cauconigomoc Lake, U.S., Maine, Piscataquis co., 100 m. 
 NNW. Bangor. Alt. 930 ft. (water-power of Maine). 
 
 Caudebec, tn., France, dep. Seine Inf^rieure, on the r. bk. 
 of the Seine, 18 m. WNW. Rouen, 6 m. S. by W. Yvetot, with 
 cotton-spinning and tanning, &c. It was formerly the fortified 
 capital of the Pays de Caux, and was taken by the English in 
 1419. Previous to the revocation of the Edict of Nantes it had 
 a considerable body of Protestant artisans. P. <30oo. 
 
 €andehec-les-Elbeuf, tn., France, dep. Seine Inf^rieure, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Seine, adjoining Elbeuf on the E. ; cele- 
 brated manufactures of cloth, P. 10,400. 
 
 295 
 
CAUD — CAVA 
 
 Canderan, tn., France, dep. Gironde, arr. and i m. NW. 
 Bordeaux. P. 8400. 
 Caudete, tn., Spain, prov. Albacete, 35 m. NW. Alicante. 
 
 P. 5500- 
 
 CaDdl^-de-St.«Paiil, comm. , France, dep. Pyr6n6es-Orien- 
 tales, near Perpignan, with mineral springs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Caudiue Forks. See Apennines, East, and Artenzo. 
 
 Candry, tn. , France, dep. Nord, 8 m. ESE. Cambrai, with 
 manufactures of tulle and cheap silk lace. P. (1881) 4400; 
 (1891) 8000. 
 
 Canghall, par., Eng., Cheshire, Chester union. P. <25o. 
 
 CangbnaM-aga, or Sanlt St. Lonis, vil. , Canada, Quebec, 
 La Prairie co. , on the r. bk. of the St. Lawrence, 10 m. SW. 
 by S. Montreal, at the head of the Lachine rapids. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Canlt, Pnnta, ca.pe, Philippine Is. , on the £. ct. of Mindanao, 
 in 9° 18' N. 
 
 Canldcleaeli, hill, Scot., Roxburghshire, 9m. SW. Hawick. 
 
 Canldcots, stn., Scot., Forfarshire, 4 ra. N. by E. Arbroath, 
 on the N. B. R. 
 
 CanldmlU, PT.O. , Scot., Roxburghshire, near Hawick. 
 
 Canldon, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 7^ m. SE. 
 Leek, 4 m. ENE. Froghall stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cauldr^s, vil. , France. See Canterets. 
 
 C'auldsblelds, hill, Scot. , Roxburghshire, ij m. SE. Abbots- 
 ford ; crowned with Caledonian fort. 
 
 Canldwell, par., Eng,, Derbyshire, Burton-upon-Trent 
 union. P. <25o. See Stapenhlll. 
 
 Canlfleld, postal shire, Victoria, co. Bourke, 6 m. SE. 
 Melbourne. 
 
 Canlk, par. , Eng. See Calke. 
 
 Canlonla, comm. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. Reggio, 37 m. S. 
 by W. Catanzaro. P. 10,000. 
 
 Canm, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 4 m. from Macroom. 
 
 Canmont, comm., France, dep. Calvados, arr. and 14 m. 
 SSW. Bayeux, with slate-quarries. P. < 2000. 
 
 Caanay, viL, France, dep. Deux-SevTes, near Melle, with 
 much- frequented mineral springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Canndle Marsb, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 3J m. 
 SE. .Sherborne. P. < 250, See also Bishop's Canndle, Purse 
 Canndle, and Stourton Canndle. 
 
 Cannes, tn., France, dep. Aude, arr. Carcassonne, 4 m. 
 N W. Pejrac-Minervois, with agate mines and quarries of marble 
 of various colours. P. <30oo. 
 
 Cannton, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, div. and 6 m. NW. 
 Newark, PM.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Canpollean, prov., Bolivia, dep. El Beni, on the Peruvian 
 frontier. 
 
 Canpollean, dep., Chile, in prov. Colchagua, on the fron- 
 tier of the Argentine Republic. 
 
 Canqnenes, tn., Chile, on the Cachapoal, prov. Colchagua, 
 55 m. S. by E. Santiago. P. <20oo. 
 
 Canqnenes, tn., Chile, cap. prov. Maule and dep. C, 205 
 m. S. by W. Valparaiso. Alt. 500 ft. P. 6500. 
 
 Caurel, comm., Spain, prov. Lugo, dist. Quiroga. P. 
 6200. 
 
 Canseland, stn., Eng., Cornwall, on the Moorswater and 
 Looe Rly. , near Moorswater. 
 
 Causeway, tn., Ire., NW. co. Kerry, bar. Clanmaurice, 
 loi m. W. by S. Listowel, PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cansewayend, stn., Scot., Stirlingshire, on the N. B. R., 
 3 m. W. by S. Linlithgow. 
 
 Cansewayhead, vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, on the Forth, i m. 
 NNE. Stirling, on the N. B. R., P.O. 
 
 CanseM'nystones, vil. , Scot. , part of Blantyre. 
 
 Causey Park, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Morpeth union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Canssade, tn. , France, dep. Tarn et Garonne, 14 m. NE. 
 Montauban. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Causses (Lat. calx, lime), a series of arid, calcareous pla- 
 teaux, 2600 to 4000 ft. in height, on the W. declivities of the 
 C^vennes, France, in the deps. of Lot, Loz^re, Aveyron, Gard, 
 and H6rault ; bounded N. by the Lot, S. by the Lodeve, E. 
 mainly by the Tarnon, stretching W. to the valleys traversed 
 by the railway from B^ziers to Mende, and covering an area of 
 nearly 2000 sq. m. Numerous streams which here take their 
 rise have cut for themselves deep gorges, presenting, though 
 on a small scale, many of the characteristic features of the 
 American canons, and dividing the plateau, originally con- 
 tinuous, into foiu- great promontories or ' causses,' and these 
 ag^in into numerous smaller ones. Features in general similar 
 to those of the Karst (^.^'. ); surface wild, weird, and mostly 
 sterile; surface pits, here called avcns (100 to 600 or 700 ft. 
 deep), underground streams, and stalactite caverns numerous. 
 The four principal C. in order from N. to S. are the Sauveterre, 
 the M^jean, the Noir, and the Larzac. The Sauveterre, the 
 least sterile, is separated from the M^jean by the gorge of the 
 Tarn, which between Ispagnac and Le Rozier, a distance of 31 
 m. , receives 30 subterranean streams, but not a single surface 
 one. The M^jean, the most arid, most elevated of the C, 
 296 
 
 is almost isolated by surrounding fissures ; on the S. the Jonte 
 (noted for its grottoes) separates it from the Noir, the smallest 
 and most picturesque of the larger C. The Noir is separated 
 from the Larzac by the valley of the Dourbie ; on its S. frontier 
 stands the ' dolomite city,' named Montpellier-le-Vieux, dis- 
 covered in 1883, where the rocks, worn into forms resembling 
 houses, castles, arches, and bridges, present the appearance of 
 a great ruined city. The climate of the C. is rigorous ; during 
 eight months of the year winter of almost Arctic severity prevails, 
 while during the short summer the heat is intense. See TAe 
 Roof of France, by M. Betham- Edwards, 1889 ; Les C&vennes 
 et les Regions des C. , by E. A. Martel, Paris, 1890. [E. J. H.] 
 
 Canterets, formerly Canldr^s, vil., France, dep. Hautes- 
 Pyr^ntes, arr. Argeles, 25 m. SSW. Tarbes, vnth 22 mineral 
 springs varying in temperature from 102° to 142° Fahr. , much 
 frequented since the i6th century, when Marguerite of Navarre 
 composed at C. part of her Heptameron. The village stands in 
 a fertile basin 3250 ft. above the sea, and enclosed by rugged 
 mountains. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cautln, prov. , Chile, on the coast, crossed by 39° S. ; cap. 
 Temuco. 
 
 Cautln, riv. , Chile, flows W. into the Pacific through prov. C. 
 Length, 199 m. ; area of basin, 4890 sq. m ; discharge, 6200 
 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Caution, cape, Canada, Brit. Columbia, in 51° 9' N., at 
 entrance to Queen Charlotte Sound. 
 
 Cantley-cnm-Dotvblggln, eccles. dist., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 near Sedbergh. P. <25o. 
 
 Canto, the longest riv. in Cuba (E. end), flows W. into the 
 Bay of Manzanillo in 20° 35' N. 
 
 CauTerlpuram. See KATerlpurani. 
 
 CauTery, riv., India, rises in Coorg, and flows through 
 Mysore and Madras, forming on the borders of Mysore and 
 Madras, some distance below Seringapatam, the beautiful falls 
 and rapids which enclose the island of Sivasamiidram. In the 
 plains it forms one of the largest of the Indian deltas, spreading 
 over the whole of that part of the coast which runs due N. from 
 Palk Strait. The northern arm of this delta is known as the 
 Coleroon, the name of the Cauvery being given to that which 
 pursues a nearly easterly course. With respect to navigation 
 this river is of little value, any navigation there is being carried 
 on in basket-work boats. Its deltaic irrigation system, now 
 supplying more than 1,000,000 acres, is said to have been in 
 operation for 1600 years, and, though improved in some respects 
 by British engineers, the general plan remains the same as it 
 has always been, and has served as a model for all the other 
 Indian works of the kind. Height of source, 5000 ft. ; total 
 length, 415 m. ; area of basin, 37,417 sq. m. ; maximum dis- 
 charge above the delta, 284,000 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Canx, vil. , France, dep. H^rault, arr. and 14 m. NE. by N. 
 B^ziers. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Canx, Pays de, France. See Seine Inf^rlenre. 
 
 Cava, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 4 m. SW. by S. 
 Pavia. P. <3000. 
 
 Cava (de' Tlrrenl), comm., Italy, prov., dist., and 3^ m. 
 NW. Salerno; bishopric. P. 21,000. 
 
 Cavado, ct. riv. , Portugal, flows WSW. into the Atlantic, to 
 the W. of Braga, receives the Homem on the r. bk. 
 
 Cavaglla, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 18 m. 
 WNW. Vercelli. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cavaia, tn. , Albania. See Karaya. 
 
 Cavalllon, the ancient Cabellio, tn., France, on the S. 
 border of dep. Vaucluse, on the Durance, arr. Apt, 14 m. SE. 
 by E. Avignon, with model establishment for rearing of silk- 
 worms. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Cavalalre, vil., France, dep. \'ar, 20 m. SW. by S. Fr^jus, 
 on a bay with a fine beach. P. <2ooo. 
 
 CaTalcantl, tn., Brazil, Goyaz, in 14° 16' S., 47° 4/ W. 
 P. 4000. 
 
 Cavalese, tn., Austria, Tirol, 16 m. S. by E. Bozen, with 
 the celebrated health resorts Casano and Cavelonto. P. <:3O0O. 
 
 Cavalier, co., U.S., N. Dakota, on the N. frontier, just to 
 the E. of 99° W. , and crossed in the E. by 98° W. 
 
 Cavalier, vil. , U.S., N. Dakota, Pembina co., 24 m. SW. 
 by W. Pembina. P. < 1500. 
 
 CavaUere, the highest cape on the S. ct. of Asia Minor, in 
 33° 38' E. 
 
 Caralla, Turkish seapt. See Kavala. 
 
 Carallermagglore, comm. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, 
 on the Maira, 25 m. S. Turin. P. 6000. 
 
 Carallo, cape, Algeria, at the E. of the Gulf of Bougie, in 
 
 5° 34' E. 
 
 Cavallo llarlnho Island, small isl., S. America, in the 
 Mamore, on the borders of Brazil and Bolivia, in about 65° 20' W. 
 
 Cavallo Pass, U.S. See Matagorda Bay. 
 
 Cavalnpo, vil. , Italy, prov. Pisa, near Volterra. Here wctc 
 found Roman and Etruscan graves in 1828. 
 
 Cavan, Cabhan, Irish, ' a hollow place.' 
 
 Cavan, viL, Canada, Ontario, Durham co. , 57 m. NE. by 
 E. Toronto. P. < 3500. 
 
CAVA — CAYE 
 
 CaTan, the southernmost co. of Ulster, Ire., to the S. of 
 
 Monaghan andFermanagh, divided into the following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 P. 1891. 1 
 
 Castlerahan .... 
 
 Clankee 
 
 Clanmahon .... 
 Loughtee, Lower 
 Loughtee, Upper 
 TuUygarvey .... 
 
 Tullyhaw 
 
 Tullyhunco .... 
 
 69,278 
 64,381 
 51,460 
 28,294 
 64,056 
 59.874 
 89.847 
 39.835 
 
 18,171 
 16,235 
 13,182 
 
 6,552 
 17,452 
 15.549 
 15.323 
 
 9.453 
 
 Total, Cavan 
 
 467,025 
 
 111,917 
 
 Surface elevated in the E. and W., everywhere under 500 ft. 
 in the middle portion, which is traversed from S. to N. by the 
 R. Erne, which enters Upper Lough Erne on the N. boundary 
 of the county. This river forms approximately the dividing line 
 between Silurian rocks in the E. and Carboniferous in the W. , 
 the latter, however, having no productive coalfield. Small 
 lakes are numerous. There are several mineral springs, that 
 at Swanlinbar being the most celebrated. The soil is light and 
 poor, except along the banks of the rivers. For agriculture, 
 see Appendix, pp. 10-12. The linen trade was at one time 
 extensively carried on here, and there are still many bleaching- 
 greens. A branch of the G. N. R. (Ire.) runs from N. to S. 
 through the county E. of the Erne. The county returns two 
 members to Parliament, one each for the E. and W. divs. 
 Since 1851 the population has continued to decrease. See 
 Ireland, table. 
 
 Cavan, tn. , Ire. , cap. co. Cavan, bar. Upper Loughtee, 26 m. 
 SSE. Enniskillen, 23 m. SW. Monaghan, on the G. N. R. 
 Market-days, M. and Tu. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cavangardeu, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 3 m. from Bally- 
 shannon. 
 
 CaTarzere, comm. , Italy, Venetia, prov. Venice, on the 
 Adige, 6^ m. NNE. Adria. P. 16,000. 
 
 Cave, tp. , New Zealand, South I., Geraldine co., 18 m. 
 WNW. Timaru. 
 
 Cave, Sfortli, wltli Drewton, par. and vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, 
 E. Riding, Howdenshire div. , io| m. NE. by E. Goole, on the 
 Hull and Barnsley Rly., PMT.O. ; 5143 ac. P. <i5oo; eccles. 
 par. (North C. with CUIT) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cave, Sontli, par. , 2 m. ESE. North Cave, i m. S. of its stn. 
 on the Hull and Barnsley Rly., PMT.O. ; 4335 ac. P. -ciooo. 
 
 Cavedlne, comm. , Austria, prov. Tirol and Vorarlberg, dist. 
 Vezzano. P. <3000. 
 
 Cave Hill, mt.. Ire., in the SE. of co. Antrim, 3^ m. N. 
 Belfast. Height, 1188 ft. 
 
 Cavelrac, vil., France, dep. Gard, arr. Nimes, near St. 
 Mamert, with mineral springs. P. <2oco. 
 
 Cavendish, par., Eng., Suffolk, on R. Stour, div. and 5 m. 
 NW. Sudbury, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cavendish, co., Queensland, between 26° and 28° S., crossed 
 in the W. by 152° E. 
 
 Cavendish, post-tn. , Victoria, Dundas co. , 53 m. W. by S. 
 Ararat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cavendish, tn., U.S., Vermont, Windsor co., 22 m. SE. 
 Rutland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cavenham, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Stowmarket div. , 7 m. NW. 
 by W. Bury St. Edmunds, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cavers, par., Scot., Roxburghshire, 2^ m. ENE. Hawick. 
 Birthplace of John Leyden, poet and orientalist (1775-1811). 
 18,254 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Caversfield, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 9 ra. 
 SW. by W. Buckingham, 2 m. N. Bicester. P. <:25o. See 
 Stoke Lyne. 
 
 Caversham, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., on the 
 1. bk. of the Thames, opposite Reading, PMT.O. ; 4879 ac. 
 P. 5400 ; urban sanitary dist. P. 5000. 
 
 Caversham, bor., New Zealand, 2m. fromDunedin. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Caversvfall, par. , Eng. , Staffca-dshire, Leek div. , 4J m. E. 
 by S. Stoke-upon-Trent, i m. E. Normancot stn., P.O. ; 5296 
 ac. P. 6100. 
 
 Caveslde, post-tn., Tasmania, Westmoreland co., 37 m. 
 WSW. Launceston. 
 
 Cave Springs, vil, U.S., Georgia, Floyd co., 65 m. SSE. of 
 NW. corner of state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cavezzo, tn. , N. Italy, prov. Modena, circ. Mirandola. P. 5000. 
 
 Cavlana, isl., in the mouth of the Amazon, crossed in the 
 S. by the equator, and in the E. by 50° W. 
 
 Cavlano, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Ticino, 13J m. WSW. Bellin- 
 zona, on the E. side of Lake Maggiore. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Cavil, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding. See Portington. 
 
 Cavity, a fortified seapt. tn. of Luzon, Philippines, in the 
 bay and 10 m. SSW. the city of Manila. It has an arsenal, 
 and is cap. of C. prov., residence of the governor, and head 
 naval depot of the Spanish possession in the E. P. 6200. 
 
 Cavonr, or Cavorre, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 
 25 m. SW. by S. Turin. P. 8000. 
 
 Cavonr Canal, irrigation canal, extending from Chivasso, 
 on the r. bk. of the Po, to Ticino through Lomellina, passing 
 N. of Novara. Length, 51 m. 
 
 Cavrlago, tn., N. Italy, prov. and circle Reggio. P. <;4Coo. 
 
 Cawarral, tp. , Queensland, Livingstone co. , on C. Creek, 
 18 m. ENE. Rockhampton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cawdor (ancient Kaledor, 'woody water'), par., Scot., cos. 
 Inverness and Nairn, 5 m. SSW. Nairn, and 3^^ m. SE. by E. 
 Fort George stn. , PM.O. ; 29,366 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cawdry, par., Eng., Staffordshire. See Bradnop. 
 
 CaM-ee, Great and Little, capes, Canada, Quebec, in the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, in 67° i' and 66° 56' W. 
 
 Caw Fell, rat., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 10 m. 
 ESE. Whitehaven. Height, 2188 ft. 
 
 Cawher City, vil., U.S., Kansas, Mitchell co. , 150 m. 
 WNW. Topeka. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Cawkwell, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 5^ m. SW. 
 by S. Louth, z\ m. SE. Donington-on-Bain stn. P. <25o. 
 See Scamblesby. 
 
 Cawnpnr, or Ca'wnpore, a great mercantile tn. of modern 
 growth, Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. C, 43 m. SW. by W. 
 Lucknow, on the r. bk. of the Ganges. It is purely a British 
 creation, having been quite an unimportant place when it was 
 first occupied as a British outpost, with the permission of the 
 Nawab of Oudh, in 1778. It has developed a large trade in 
 grain and other agricultural produce, and since February 1888 
 its mercantile advantages have been increased through the 
 opening of the railway to Jhdnsi, by which it has been brought 
 into direct communication with Bombay, Cawnpur is now, 
 indeed, one of the most important railway centres in India, 
 having direct railway communication SE. with Allahabdd and 
 the lower Ganges, NW. with Agra, Delhi, &c. , NE. with Luck- 
 now and other places in Oudh, and SW. with Bombay. The 
 manufactures of the place are also characteristic of a large modern 
 town. They do not consist of articles of luxury and refinement, 
 such as are made in many an old capital of India, but of articles 
 ot everyday use, such as leather and cottons, produced on a large 
 scale. The Memorial Gardens of Cawnpur commemorate the 
 massacre of a number of English people, chiefly women and 
 children, by the rebels in the mutiny of 1857. The dist., being 
 on the whole well drained, is fairly healthy even during the 
 rains. P. (1872) 122,800; (1881) 151,400; (1891) 163,800; 
 Hindti, 123,800 ; Moham. 38,300 ; total, including cantonment, 
 188,700. 
 
 Cawood, par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Arkholme. 
 
 Cawood, par. and vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston 
 Ash div. , on the Ouse, 9 m. S. by W. York, 3 m. W. Riccall 
 stn., PMT.O. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Cawsaud, vil., Eng., Cornwall, Bodmin div. on the W. 
 side of Plymouth Sound, on C. Bay, 4 m. SW. Plymouth [q.v.]. 
 PM.O. 
 
 Cawston, par. and vil., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., iij m. NW. 
 by N. Norwich, 4 m. WSW. Aylsham, on the G. E. R., PM.O. ; 
 4361 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cawthorn, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Pickering 
 union. P. <25o. 
 
 Cawthorue, par. and vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Holmfirth div. , 4 m. WNW. Barnsley, 2 m. SW. Darton stn. , 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cawthorpe, Little, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 3 m. 
 SE. by S. Louth, i m. S. by W. Legbourne Road stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cawton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, Helmsley union. P. <:25o. 
 
 Caxaniarca, Peru. See Cajamarca. 
 
 CaxambU (kashambu), tn. , Brazil, state of Minas Geraes, 
 4 m. SW. Baependi, about 120 m. WNW. Rio de Janeiro, 
 with much-frequented warm mineral springs. P. 3000. 
 
 Caxlas, tn. , Brazil, Maranhao, on the r. bk. of the Itapicuru, 
 180 m. S. by E. Maranham. P. 10,000. 
 
 Caxlne, cape, Algeria, with a lighthouse, visible 20 m., in 
 36° 49' N. and 2° 57' E. 
 
 Caxoelra, tn. , Brazil. See Cachoeira. 
 
 Caxton, par., Eng., in co. and 10 m. W. Cambridge, 
 Chesterton div., 3 m. NNW. Old North Road stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Cayamhe, mt. , in the Andes of Ecuador, nearly under the 
 equator. At its foot are the town of C. (3000 inhabitants) and 
 ruins of Inca fortresses. See Andes, B. 
 
 Cay&pas, riv. , in N. of Ecuador. See Santiago. 
 
 Cayapo, Serra, or Sao Selada, chain of mts., Brazil, provs. 
 Matto-Grosso and Goyaz, forming the water-parting between 
 the Araguay and the Parana. 
 
 Cayapos, tribe of Indians, Brazil, on the banks of the upper 
 Araguay and its tribs. 
 
 Cayarl. See Madeira. 
 
 Cayam, vil., near the E. ct. of Brazil, Bahia, 56 m. SW. 
 Sao Salvador. 
 
 Caycara, tn. , Venezuela. See Calcara. 
 
 Cayenne, cap. and chief seapt. of French Guiana, on the 
 
 297 
 
CAYE — CEDA 
 
 W. point of the island, and at the mouth of the small river C, 
 m the Atlantic, in 4° 56' 5" N. , 52° 20' W. Has a wide and 
 safe bay, an imperial court, botanic garden, penitentiary, and 
 leper hospital. The island of C. is separated from the continent 
 of South America by a narrow channel, and is 30 m. in circum- 
 ference, with an extremely unhealthy, fever-inducing climate. 
 Connected by telegraph with Demerara, and thus with Europe, 
 in 1891. Mean temp. (7 yrs., 1846-52), yr. 80.3° F. ; rainfall 
 (10 yrs.), 129.12 in. P. (of tn.) 8000. 
 
 Oayes, Anx, Haiti. See Aux Cayes. 
 
 Cayenx-snr-Mer, tn., France, dep. Somme, arr. Abbeville, 
 on the NW. ct., 26 m. NE. Dieppe. P. <300o. 
 
 Cayll, or CaU (of Marco Polo). See Kayal. 
 
 Caylloma, tn. , S. America. See Calloma. 
 
 Caymans, or Cayman Islands, three isls., Brit. W. Indies, 
 Grand C. , Little C. , and C. Brae, about 200 m. NW. Jamaica, 
 included imder the government of that col. , in the Caribbean 
 Sea. Grand C, the largest of the group, is 30 m. by 5 m. , and 
 only a few feet above the sea, and is surrounded by coral reefs, 
 produces dye-woods and mahogany and phosphates, and has 
 at Bodden Town a natural cistern of sweet water of unknown 
 depth, extending some hundreds of yards under the sea. C. 
 Brae exports a large number of coco-nuts. P. (of Grand C. ) 
 about 4000. 
 
 Caynham, par. , Eng. , Shropshire. See Catnliam. 
 
 Cayo Cadiz, isl. , off the N. ct. of Cuba, in 80° 30' W. 
 
 Cayo Cocos, isl., off the N. ct. of Cuba, in 78° 16-35' W. 
 
 Cayo Cinajaba, isL , off the N. ct. of Cuba, in -jf 28-35' W. 
 
 Cayo Largo, small isl. , off the S. ct. of Cuba, in 81° 2i'-35' W. 
 
 Cayo Medlalnna, isl. , off the N. ct. of Cuba, in 78° 37'-43' W. 
 
 Cayo Paredon, isl. , off the N. ct. of Cuba, in 78° 7'-i3' W. ; 
 lighthouse on N. end. 
 
 Cayor, maritime country, Senegal, extending from the mouth 
 of the R. Senegal to the penin. of Cape Verde for a distance of 
 nearly 100 m. In the N. it stretches inland for 62 m. , and in 
 the S. for 19 m. The soil is fertile. C. is the largest of the 
 three terrs. occupied by the Yolofs. 
 
 Cayo Romano, two long isls. , separated by a narrow passage, 
 off the N. ct. of Cuba, in about jf 35'-78° 20' W. 
 
 Cayo Santa Maria, isL , off the N. ct. of Cuba, in 78° 56'- 
 79° i' W. 
 
 Cayos de las Doce I^egaas. See Jardlues de la Relna. 
 
 Cayo Verde, islet, off the N. ct. of Cuba, in 80° i5'-2o' W. 
 
 Cayres, tn., France, dep. Haute-Loire, 45 m. SW. St. 
 Etienne, arr. and 9 m. SSW. Le Puy. Alt. 4660 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cayrn, isl., off the coast of Brazil, prov. Bahia, with small 
 town of same name. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Cays, The, islets. See Keys. 
 
 Caythorpe, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Sleaford div. , 8 m. N. by 
 E. Grantham, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Caythorpe, par., Eng., co. and 8 m. NE. by E. Notting- 
 ham, Newark div., i m. E. Lowdham {q.v.) stn. ; 4272 ac. 
 P. <;25o. 
 
 Cayton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div. , 3^ m. 
 S. by E. Scarborough, i m. from C. Bay, on the NE. R., P.O. 
 P. <75o. See Seamer. 
 
 Cayton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding. See Stalnley, 8. 
 
 Cayu (in Marco Polo). See Kaoyn-chon. 
 
 Caynca, tn., Mexico, Guerrero, on the S. ct., 30 m. WNW. 
 Acapulco. 
 
 Cayuga, tn., Canada, Ontario, Haldimand co., on the 
 Grand R., 24 m. S. Hamilton. P. <25oo. 
 
 Cayuga, co., U.S., New York, stretching 55 m. S. from a 
 frontier about 13 m. long on Lake Ontario, E. of tj" W. 
 
 Cayuga, Lake, U.S., New York, between Onondaga co. 
 and Seneca co., and in the N. of Tompkins co., 30 m. W. 
 by S. Syracuse, in a rich farming valley, stretching nearly 
 30 m. N. from Ithaca, which lies at its head. See Oswego 
 KlTer. 
 
 Cayuga Heights, vil. , Canada. See Calnsvllle. 
 
 Cayntlan, tn. , Mexico, Colima, on the W. ct. , 165 m. SSW. 
 Guadalyara, in about 18° 30' N. 
 
 Cazalla de la Sierra, tn., Spain, prov. and 40 m. N, by E. 
 Seville, with Roman and Moorish antiquities. P. 8500. 
 
 Cazamanca. See Kasamanza. 
 
 Cazan, £tang de, lake, France, deps. Gironde and Landes, 
 35 m. SW. Bordeaux. 
 
 Cazembe, Cazengo, Africa, See Kazembe, Kazengo. 
 
 CazenoTla, vil., U.S., New York, Madison co., 16 m. ESE. 
 Syracuse. P. <20oo. 
 
 Caz^res, tn., France, dep. Haute-Garonne, arr. Muret, on 
 the Garonne, 34 m. SW, by S. Toulouse. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cazorla, tn., Spain, prov. Jaen, 41 m. ESE. Linires. 
 P. 6200. 
 
 Cazorla, Sierra de, mt., Spain, forms the E. part of the 
 tableland of Jaen, and stretches to the Gaudiana. 
 
 Cea, small tn., Spain, prov. and 32 m. ESE. Le6n, on 1. bk. 
 of C. RIt., which joins the Esia, 5 m. NE. Benavente (near 
 42° N.), after a SW. course of about 70 m. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cea, comm. , Spain, prov. Orense, dist. Carballino. P. 6900. 
 298 
 
 Ceander, Loch, lake, Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, 4^ m. ENE. 
 Ballater. 
 Ceannacroe Forest, an upland tract, Scot., in the extreme 
 
 W. of Inverness-shire, in 57° 9- 11' N. 
 
 CearA (native name for ' a parrot '), one of the states of Brazil, 
 with coast-line on N. (400 m.) stretching from about 37° to 411° 
 W. , and reaching S. to 7^° S. Large plains near coast, and 
 the valleys of Camocim, Acarafu (NW.), and Jaguaribe- 
 Banabiu (S. to NE.). Climate healthy, but state subject to 
 droughts. Produces cotton, coffee {da Serra, Maranguap6), 
 sugar, tobacco, wax {Copemicia, Camaula), fruits, caoutchouc 
 (from Manihot, Hancomia), cattle (on the fertile Campos de 
 Cria(&o), skins, wood. Principal ports are Fortaleza, Camocim, 
 Aracaty. See Brazil. 
 
 CearA, or Fortaleza, seapt. , on the NE. ct. of Brazil, cap. 
 prov. C. , on the top of a cliff overlooking a small bay in 38° 30' 
 W. , which serves as the harbour. A reef in the bay prevents 
 vessels drawing more than 16 ft. from anchoring in the inner 
 roadstead. The outer roadstead affords a depth of 28 ft. at 
 high, 18 ft. at low water. Lighthouse, visible 12 m., on Mocu- 
 ripe Point, E. of the bay. A rly. from the port ascends the 
 cliff and proceeds S. to Maranguap6 and Baturite. The name 
 is that of a small river W. of the town, so called on account of 
 its noise being likened to that made by a parrot. Mean rainfall 
 (28 yrs.), 58.6 in. P. 30,000. 
 
 Cear^Merlm, vil., about 12 m. from the E. ct. of Brazil, 
 '■^ 5° 45' S., prov. Rio Grande do Norte, 165 m. N. by W. 
 Pernambuco. P. 4000. 
 
 Ceam, Cymric, ' a horn.' See Kerne. 
 
 Cdbazat, tn. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 4 m. N. Clermont- 
 Ferrand. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Cebolla, tn., Spain, prov. Toledo, near Talavera de la 
 R6ina ; manufactures white wine. P. <3000. 
 
 CebollatI, vil., Uruguay, dep. Minas, 98 m. NE. Monte- 
 video, on the Rio CeboUati, which flows NE. into the Lagoa 
 Mirim. 
 
 Cebollera, La, mts., Spain, Sierra de Guadarrama, 33 m. 
 ENE. Segovia. Highest peak, 7015 ft. 
 
 Cebreros, tn., Spain, prov. and 21 m. SSE. Avila, on the 
 Alberche. P. <400o. 
 
 CebA, one of the Philippine Is. , between Negros and Boh61, 
 crossed by 10° and 11° N. , and in the E. by 123° E. , 140 m. 
 long N. to S., 4-25 m. wide ; inhabited by Visayas. Produces 
 coal of excellent quality. Area, 2289 sq. m. P. (1887) 490,300 ; 
 including Bantayan I., 504,000. 
 
 Cebu, cap. C. isl. , about middle of E. ct. ; depth at entrance 
 of port, 25 ft.; alongside wharf at low water, 17 ft.; no bar. 
 On the island of Mactan, opposite the town, Magellan was 
 killed in a skirmish in 1521. P. 12,000. 
 
 Ceccano, comm., Italy, prov. Rome, 28 m. NNW. Gaeta. 
 P. 8000. 
 Cecil, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, dist. Clogher. 
 Cecil, CO., U.S., Maryland, in the extreme NE. 
 C^cllle Archipelago. See Llnschoten Islands. 
 Cecllsto-wn, tn. , Ire. , N. co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 6i m. 
 NW. by W. Mallow, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Ceclna, or Fltto dl Ceclna, formerly Blbbona, comm., 
 Italy, Tuscany, prov. Pisa, near the mouth of the river C, 
 which flows N. from Le Comate then W. into the Mediter- 
 ranean, 20 m. SSE. Leghorn. P. 5000. 
 Ceclr de IMer and de Terre. See Seslr, &c. 
 Ceclayln, tn., Spain, prov. Cdceres, 11 m. NE. by N. 
 Alcantara, with sulphur springs. P. -C5000. 
 Cedar, co., U.S., Iowa, S. of 42° N., and crossed by 91° W, 
 Cedar, co., U.S., Missouri, S. of 38° N., crossed in the W. 
 by 94° W. 
 
 Cedar, co., U.S., Nebraska, in the NE., bounded on the N, 
 by the Missouri, W. of 97° W. 
 
 Cedar, or Red Cedar, riv., U.S., rising in the S. of Min- 
 nesota, flows on the whole SE. through Iowa, and joins the 
 Iowa R. (1. bk. ) about 35 m. NNW. Burlington. 
 
 Cedarborg, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Ozaukee co., 20 m. N. 
 by W. Milwaukee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cedar City, vil., U.S., Utah, Iron co., 75 m. NE. of the 
 SW. comer of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cedar Creek, small riv., U.S., in the N. of Virginia, flows 
 E. into the N. Fork of the Shenandoah. 
 
 Cedar Falls, city, U.S., Iowa, Blackhawk co. , on Cedar R., 
 57 m. NW. Cedar Rapids. P. <40oo. 
 
 Cedar Island, U.S., New York, Suffolk co., at the entrance 
 to Sag Harbour, Long I. , with a lighthouse, visible 11 m. Large 
 trade in sponges, oysters, fish, and turtle. 
 
 Cedar Keys, seapt., U.S., Florida, Levy co., on the W. ct., 
 130 m. SW. of the mouth of St. John's R., with lighthouse, 
 visible 14 m. Mean temp., yr. 70.5° F., Jan. 56.9°, July 83.2"; 
 rainfall (5 yrs.), 56.70 in. P. < 1500. 
 Cedar Lake, settlement, Canada. See Denbigh. 
 Cedar Lake, Canada, Ontario, Nipissing dist. , in 78° 2i'-39' 
 W. , 142 m. N. Lake Ontario, drained E. by R. Petewawa into 
 R. Ottawa. 
 
CEDA — CELL 
 
 Cedar Lake, Canada, Saskatchewan, traversed by the lower 
 part of the Saskatchewan R. Amber found on its W. shore. 
 
 Cedar Slonntalii, U.S. , Culpeper co. , Virginia, famous for a 
 battle between the P'ederals under Banks, and the Confederates 
 under Jackson, August 9, 1862. 
 
 Cedar Mountains, range of primary mts. , S. Africa, Cape 
 Colony, dist. Clanwilliam, between the Elephant and Thorn 
 Rivs. , about 32° S. , 19° E. Their highest summit, Sneeuw Kop, 
 is 633s ft. high. The valleys they enclose are productive of 
 corn and tobacco, and the mountains are named from the ' cedar ' 
 trees ( IViddringtonia juniperoides) which grow on their higher 
 parts. 
 
 Cedar Point, cape, U.S., Ohio, in the NW., in 83° 25' W. 
 
 Cedar Kaplds, city, U.S., Iowa, Linn co., on Cedar R., 
 63 m. SW. by W. Dubuque, with valuable water-power and 
 various manufactures. P. (1880) 10,100; (1890) 18,000. 
 
 Cedars, vil., Canada, Quebec, Soulanges co., on 1. bk. of St. 
 Lawrence, 30 m. SW. by W. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cedar Springs, vil., U.S., Michigan, Kent co., 88 m. 
 W. by S. Bay City, and 19 m. N. by E. Grand Rapids. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cedartown, tn., U.S., Georgia, Polk co. , in 34° N., 52 m. 
 WNW. Atlanta. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Cedar Vale, vil., U.S., Kansas, Chautauqua co. , 140 m. 
 SSW. Topeka, 8 m. from S. frontier of state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cedarrllie, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Cumberland co., 40 m. 
 S. by W. Philadelphia (Penn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Cedarrllie, vil., U.S., Ohio, Greene co., 47 m. WSW. 
 Colum bus. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Ceded Mile, name given to a small tract at the mouth 
 of the Gambia, W. Africa; ceded to the British in 1826 and 
 1832. 
 
 Ced^lra, seapt., on the NW. of Spain, prov. Corunna, 11 m. 
 SW. Cape Ortegal. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cedron, brook named in N. T. See Waily-en-Xar. 
 
 Cedron, vil., Palestine. See Katrah. 
 
 Cedros, isl., Mexico. See Cerros. 
 
 Cedros, small tn. and steamboat stn. , in the extreme SW. of 
 Trinidad I., W. Indies. 
 
 Cedros, tn., Azores, Fayal, dist. Horta. P. <4ooo. 
 
 C6e, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, near Corcubidn. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Cefaln, tn. and fortified seapt. , Sicily, on the N. ct. , prov. 
 and 36 m. E. by S. Palermo. Here are ancient walls of 
 immense blocks of stone, and caves of fine marble. With a 
 bishopric and fisheries, and traces of the ancient Greek town of 
 Cephalcedium. P. 14,000. 
 
 Cefn, Cymric, ' a ridge.' For Welsh names with this prefix, 
 see also under Cevn. 
 
 Cefn, vil., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., on the G. W. R., 
 7i m. SW. by S. Wrexham, 2 m. NNE. Ruabon, PM.O. 
 (Cefn Mawr). 
 
 Cefn Coed y Cymmer, part of eccles. par., Wales, Breck- 
 nockshire. See Vaynor. 
 
 Cefn Crub-wr, hamlet, Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div., 
 iii m. SE. by S. Neath, close to Kenfigg Hill stn., PM.O. 
 (C. Crlbtowr). 
 
 Cefn-y>bedd, stn., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., on the 
 Wrexham, Mold, and Connah's Quay Rly. , 3^ m. NNW. 
 Wrexham, PMT.O. 
 
 Cega, riv., Spain, flows from the Sierra de Guadarrama 
 NW. to the Douro, which it joins a little to the SW. of 
 Valladolid. 
 
 Ceglle-Messaplco, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Leece, 22 m. W. 
 Brindisi. P. 14,000. 
 
 Cobegln, the ancient Legisa, tn., Spain, prov. Murcia, 30 m. 
 N. by W. Lorca. P. 10,400. 
 
 Celdlo, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 18 m. W. 
 Portmadoc, 2 m. S. by W. Nevin, with slate quarries. P. < 
 250. 
 
 Celdlo wltli Llandndwen, eccles. dist. , Wales, Carnarvon- 
 shire. P. <:25o. 
 
 Celnns, slate quarries, Wales, 2 m. from Corris, Montgomery- 
 shire, P.O. (Ceinws). 
 
 Celrchlog, par., Wales, Anglesey, 8| m. ESE. Holyhead, 3 
 m. N. Ty Croes stn. P. <25o. See Llechylclied. 
 
 Ceja de Pablo, tn., Cuba, N. ct., 120 m. E. Havanna, in 
 80° 32' W. P. 9700. 
 
 ^elakowltz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on the 1. bk. of the Elbe, 
 15 m. ENE. Prague. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Celauo, comm. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, 36 m. 
 SW. by W. Chieti, to the N. of the cultivated plain which now 
 replaces the dried up lake of Fucino. P. 7000. 
 
 CelanoTa, tn. , Spain, prov. and 12 m. S. Orense, with a 
 Benedictine monastery. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Celaya, tn. , Mexico, state of and 10 m. SE. by S. Guana- 
 juato; has woollen factories. Alt. 6410 ft. P. 21,000. 
 
 Celbrldge, tn. , Ire., NE. co. Kildare, bar. N. Salt, 3^ m. 
 SSE. Maynooth, on the Liffey, with a stn. (Hazlehatch and C.) 
 on the G. S. & W. R., PMT.O. Market-day, S. P. <iooo. 
 
 Celebes (pron. sele'bes, but usually in English, se'le-bes), one 
 of the Sunda Is., in the E. Indies, lies E. of Borneo, being 
 separated from it by the Strait of Macassar; its N. shore is 
 washed by the Celebes Sea, its E. by the Molucca Sea, and 
 its S. by the Sunda or Flores Sea. It consists of four long 
 penins., striking out E., NE., SE., and S. respectively from 
 a central nucleus. The E. arm, called Menado (Manado) or 
 Gorontalo, but Minahassa at its E. extremity, is separated 
 from the NE. arm, known as Barante, by the Gulf of Goron- 
 talo or Tomini ; the NE. arm from that stretching SE. by 
 the Gulf of Tolo, Tomori, or Tomaiki ; and the SE. from the 
 S. penin., named Macassar (Mangkasar), by the Gulf of Boni. 
 The island is covered with luxuriant vegetation, and is one of 
 the loveliest in the E. Indies. The coasts are low and sandy, 
 the interior mountainous. Mountain ranges thread each of the 
 penins. , reaching 6600 ft. in Klabat and 6000 in Saputan, both 
 in Menado ; 10,000 ft. in Bonthain (Bantaeng) and Boboka- 
 raeng in the S. ; and 8500 ft. in Tokala, near the head of the 
 Gulf of Tolo. Menado is volcanic and subject to frequent 
 earthquakes; the rest of the island differs entirely, being a 
 series of sandstones and limestones resting on crystalline rocks. 
 Lake Posso in the centre, Tempe in Macassar, and Tondano 
 in Minahassa ; there is a famous waterfall in the river that issues 
 from this last. The streams are all short, though numerous, 
 the principal being Salang (250 m.) and Tienrana in Macassar, 
 and Solo (150 m.) in the SE. penin. Owing to the mountainous 
 contour and the maritime situation of C. , its climate, although 
 the island is crossed by the equator, is, except on the low moist 
 coast-lands, comparatively temperate and unusually healthy. 
 The thermometer ranges between maxima of 90° by day and 70° 
 by night. Rainfall (8 yrs. ) averages from 40 in. in Menado to 
 127 in. in Macassar. The faima is peculiar; no large wild 
 animab, but several peculiar species, e.g., a black ape, the 
 cuscus, Anoa depressicornis (forest ox, bovine deer), butterflies, 
 chafers, &c. ; and the babirussa, numerous birds (many peculiar 
 species), the python, snakes, fish, tortoises, and crocodiles 
 abound. The people cultivate sago, rice, maize, and fruits for 
 food ; and coffee (most excellent, chiefly in Minahassa and 
 Macassar), nutmegs, sugar-cane, tobacco, cotton, and coco- 
 nuts for the Dutch for export. Besides, the island yields gutta- 
 percha, gums, honey, pearls, tortoiseshell, tripang, edible birds' 
 nests, bamboo, ratan, timber (sandalwood, ebony, teak), and a 
 highly esteemed race of horses — all exported. Buffaloes, deer, 
 cattle, swine, goats, and sheep are kept and bred. Gold is 
 extracted in Menado ; poor coal in Menado and on W. coast ; 
 salt in Macassar ; iron in the E. ; whilst copper, tin, and sulphur 
 are known to exist. Trade centres almost wholly in the free 
 harbours of Macassar, Menado, and Kema ; is carried on prin- 
 cipally with Batavia and Chinese ports ; the exports being as 
 above, the imports chiefly the textiles, pottery, manufactured 
 wares, and drugs of Europe and China. The pop. of the interior 
 are heathen aborigines, called Alfures, a Malay stock strongly 
 influenced by Papuan blood ; they probably number 250,000. 
 The ruling race are the Malay tribes of Buginese and Macassars, 
 civilised and Mohammedans, except in Minahassa, where they 
 have been mostly converted to Christianity ; they are enter- 
 prising traders and bold navigators, and constitute three- fourths 
 of the total pop. Another race is the Bajos or Sea-Gipsies, a 
 Malayo-Papuan tribe, who live entirely in boats and follow the 
 sea. There are also some 7000 Chinese, petty traders and 
 merchants. P. 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 in all. The Portuguese 
 established themselves in Macassar in 1525 ; the Dutch planted 
 factories on the island in 1660, and since the early part of the 
 19th century have been the ruling nation, governing a number 
 of vassal and (so-called) allied native states — Boni, Wajo, Kajeli 
 (Palos), &c. Area, including several small islands, 72,000 sq. m. , 
 equal to eight-ninths of Great Britain. Administratively, C. is 
 divided between three different residencies — (i) Menado, em- 
 bracing Menado proper, the shores of the Gulf of Tomini, and 
 the Sangir and Talaut archipelagoes, with a total area of 46,000 
 sq. m., and P. 530,000, cap. Menado; (2) C, consisting of 
 Macassar, the W. coast, centre, most of the SIE. penin., and 
 the islands of Saleyer, Buton, Mina, Sumbava, and the W. 
 half of Flores, 27,000 sq. m., and P. 865,000, cap. Macassar; 
 (3) the shores of the Gulf of Tolo, with an area of 11,000 sq. m., 
 and P. 70,000, belongs to Ternate. On the inland lakes of C. ; 
 see Petermann s Mitteil., 1893, pp. 225, &c. [J. T. B.] 
 
 Celenza Snl Trlgno, comm. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. 
 and 40 m. SE. by S. Chieti. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Celenza Valfortore, comm. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 29 m. 
 W. by N. Foggia. P. <4000. 
 
 Celerlna, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, in the Upper Engadine, 
 2 m. NE. St. Moritz. P. <20oo. 
 
 Celethi-um, tn., Turkey in Europe. See Kesrie. 
 
 C^llgny, vil., Switzd., cant. Geneva, 2 m. N. Coppet. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Cellna, vil., U.S., Ohio, Mercer co., 95 m. SW. by S. 
 Toledo. P. < 3000. 
 
 Cellan, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, on the Teifi, 3 ra, ENE. 
 Lampeter, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
CELL— CENT 
 
 Cellardyke, eccles. dist , Scot. , Fifeshire, in par. and royal 
 bor. of Kilrenny. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Celle, or Celles, is the name of numerous comms. and vils. in 
 France, Belgium, Italy, and elsewhere, all deriving their name 
 from the Latin cella, ' a monastery.' 
 
 Celle, manufacturing tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, at 
 the head of navigation on the AUer, 22 m. NE. Hanover, on 
 the S. side of the Liineburg Heath; formerly an important 
 seat of water traffic with Bremen, and trade by land (across 
 the heath) with Hamburg and Lubeck. P. (1871) 16,100; 
 (1890) 18,900. 
 
 Celle Ugure, comm., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the 
 coast, 3 J m. NE. by E. Savona. P. <300o. 
 
 Celltno, tn., S. Italy, prov. and 12 m. SE. Teramo. P. 
 <:4000. 
 
 Celorico, fortified tn., Portugal, prov. Beira, 11 m. NW, 
 Guarda, at the foot of the Estrelk, Alt. 1815 ft. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Cembra, Val. See AtIsIo. 
 
 Cementiville, vil., U.S., Indiana, Clark co., 5 m. N. Jeffer- 
 sonville. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cem^te, place with mineral waters and bathing establish- 
 ment, in the N. of Hungary, co. Saros, dist. Nagy-Saros. 
 
 Cemmaes { ' the ridge of the plain ' ) , hamlet, Wales, Anglesey, 
 on C. Bay, 4^ m. W. Amlwch, PMT.O. (Cemaes). 
 
 Cemmes, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Dovey, 10 
 m. SE. Dolgelly, on the Mawddwy Rly., PM.O. (Cemmaes); 
 13,201 ac. P. <75o. Ceiumes Road, stn., on the Cambrian 
 Rly., 2 m. SW., P.O. (Cemmaes Koad). 
 
 Cempoala and Cempoaltepec. See Zempoala. 
 
 Cenarth, P.O., Wales, 3 m. W. from Newcastle Emlyn, 
 Cardiganshire. 
 
 Ceneda, Venetia. See Vlttorio. 
 
 Cenla, tn., Spain, prov. Tarragona, on 1. bk. of small river 
 of same name, 15 m. SW. Tortosa. It has remains of Roman 
 walls. P. <4ooo. 
 
 C^uis, Mont, Italian Monte Cenlsio, peak and tunnel. See 
 Alps. Passes and Railways, I. (9). 
 
 Cenlle, comm. , Spain, prov. Orense, dist. Ribadavia. P. •< 
 4000. 
 
 Cenomania, ancient name of Le Mans, France. 
 
 Cenon la Bastlde, suburb of Bordeaux, France, on the r. bk. 
 of the Garonne, formerly a separate town. P. 7000. 
 
 CentaUo, comm. , Italy, Piedmont, on R. Mellea, prov. and 
 8 m. N. by E. Cuneo. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Center Point, vil., U.S., Iowa, Linn co., 16 m. NNW. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Centervllle, tn., U.S., Maryland, Queen Anne's co., 31 m. 
 ESE. Baltimore, in a large peach-growing dist. P. <i5oo. 
 
 C^nterrllle, city, U.S., Iowa, Appanoose co. , 94 m. W. 
 BurUngton, underlaid by a field of good coal. P. <40oo. 
 
 Cento, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 19 m. WSW. 
 Ferrara. Birthplace of the painter Francesco Barbieri, called 
 II Guercino. P. (1871) 37,300. 
 
 CentOTalll ('hundred valleys,' — so called because of the 
 numerous minor valleys formed by the mountains on both sides), 
 valley, Switzd., cant. Ticino, watered by the Malazzo from 
 Locarno to Domodossola. 
 
 Central, stn. , Eng. , London. See Victoria Docks. 
 
 Central America. See America, Central. 
 
 Central Chebogue, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. and 24 m. 
 from Yarmouth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Central City, tn. , U.S., Colorado, cap. Gilpin, co. and 30 m. 
 W. by N. Denver, with rich gold-mines. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Central City, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Muhlenberg co., 72 m, 
 N. by W. Nashville (Tenn. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Central City, tn. , U.S. , Nebraska, Merrick co. , on the L bk. 
 of Platte R., 105 m. W. by S. Omaha. P. -cisoo. 
 
 Central City, gold-mining tn., U.S., S. Dakota, Lawrence 
 CO., in the Black Hills, 98 m. N. by E. from the SW. corner 
 of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Central Falls, former viL, U.S., Rhode Is., Providence co., 
 on Blackstone R., 5 m. N. by E. Providence. P. (1880) 3500. 
 
 Centralla, vil. , Canada, (Dntario, Huron co. , 23 cu NW. by 
 N. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 CentraUa, city, U.S., Illinois, Marion co., on 1. bk. of 
 Crooked Creek, 58 m. E. by S. St. Louis (Mo.); important 
 railway centre and rising manufacturing town. P. (1880) 3600 ; 
 (1890) <5ooo. 
 
 Centralla, vil. , U.S., Kansas, Nemaha co., 54 m. NNW. 
 Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Centralla, tn., U.S., Missouri, Boone co., 42 m. N. Jeffer- 
 son City. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Centralla, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Columbia co., 48 m. 
 NE. by N. Harrisburg, and 12 m. NW. Pottsville, with coal- 
 mines. P. <:3000. 
 
 Centralla, city, U.S., Washington, Lewis co. P. <3000. 
 
 Centralla City, tn., U.S., Wisconsin, Wood co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Wisconsin, opposite Grand Rapids, 90 m. W. of 
 the head of Green Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Central India is the name officially given to a collection of 
 300 
 
 native states under the supervision of an agent-general resident 
 at Indore, and comprising eight sub-agencies. They lie to the 
 S. of Rajputana and the NW. Provs., and are divided into 
 two groups by a narrow tract belonging to the NW. Provs., 
 stretching southwards. The E. group is part of a larger dis- 
 trict, once known by the name of Bundelkhand (Bundelcund), 
 but now divided into the Bundelkhand Agency in the W, and 
 the Baghelkhand Agency in the E. This latter agency is made 
 up chiefly of the native state of Rewa on both sides of the Son 
 (Soane). The western group is bounded on the S. for a con- 
 siderable distance by the Narbadi (Nerbudda), but in the SW. 
 advances beyond that river, and in places even beyond the 
 crest of the Sdtpura Hills. This group is made up chiefly of 
 scattered districts belonging to the native states of Gwalior, 
 the largest separate portion of which is in the N. ; Bhopal, the 
 largest portion of which is in the SE. ; and Indore, the frag- 
 ments of which are all in the W. and SW. Almost the whole 
 area belongs to the Indian tableland [India], but the N. of 
 Gwalior is included in the plains of the Jumna basin. The 
 most elevated tract is the plateau of Malwa, which is bounded 
 on the S. by the Vindhya range overlooking the valley of the 
 Narbadd. Being covered to a large extent with black cotton- 
 soil [India, geology], this plateau is fertile, and not much in 
 need of irrigation ; it is indeed the richest part of the Central 
 India Agency. The slopes of the Vindhyas, as well as the 
 S4tpura Hills to the S. of the Narbada, are forest-clad. A 
 large part of the terr. belonging to the eastern group of states 
 is composed of rugged and far from fertile country ; but on 
 the tableland N. of the Kaimur (Kymore range), which over- 
 looks the valley on the Son of the N. , and forms a continuation 
 of the Vindhya range, there are numerous saucer-shaped depres- 
 sions, each several miles in diameter, filled with a rich soil. The 
 Narbada is the only river which has considerable stretches of 
 navigable water within the area of these states, and that only 
 in the rainy season. The principal rivers in the N. are the 
 Chambal, Betwd, and Ken, tributaries of the Jumna (q.v.) 
 [Cianges], and the Son, tributary of the Ganges. Climate. — 
 Although the greater part of the Agency Ues N. of the tropic 
 of Cancer, the heat in summer is very great, and, in the N. 
 and less elevated parts, the climate is very unhealthy during 
 the rainy season, which lasts from June to September ; malarial 
 fevers then prevail. The Malwa region enjoys a more equable 
 climate. The maximum summer temp, at many stations ex- 
 ceeds 110° F., while during the cool season the mercury occa- 
 sionally falls below freezing-point. The rainfall is least in the 
 N. (less than 30 in.), increasing S. and SW. to between 40 and 
 50 in. , and in the E. to over 50 in. [Indore, JhAnsl, Ximaclil 
 The principal irrigation works are tanks [India, irrigation]. 
 Famine is more frequent in the W. than in the E. group of 
 states. In 1837-38 the NW. portion was visited by a severe 
 famine; in 1868-69 famine was intense in the whole of the 
 NW. , and severe throughout the rest of the Agency ; in 1876-78 
 a slight famine was experienced in the NW. (Chambal basin). 
 Among special crops are opium, on the MAlwa plateau generally, 
 and excellent tobacco (reputed to be the best in India), grown 
 around Bhfls4, in the E. of that plateau ; rice is also grown. 
 Among minerals are coal, in Rewd, worked in the Umaria 
 district, now connected by rail with AUahdbdd and SE. with 
 the Bengal-Ndgpur Rly. ; diamonds in the Bundelkhand Agency, 
 NE. of Panna; and iron ore, worked by native methods, m 
 many places. Three railways, connecting the railway systems 
 of southern and northern India, cross these states. One of them 
 (the easternmost) is the main line connecting Bombay with Alla- 
 habad (standard gauge) ; the next to the W. , also standard 
 gauge, that which ascends the Vindhya Mts. at the Bhopil 
 Ghat, and proceeds first to Bhopil, then to Jhansi (q.v.) in 
 Gwalior, the centre of the Indian Midland system ; the western- 
 most, a metre-gauge railway, which, after climbing the Vindhyas 
 with steep gradients, proceeds by Mhau (Mhow), Indore, Ratldm 
 (Rutlam), and Nimacb (Neemuch) to Ajmere. The languages 
 belong chiefly to the Aryan group, predominant among which 
 is that of the Mardthas {q.v.), who form the ruling class; but 
 there are many others. Of the ' aboriginal ' tribes [India], the 
 principal are the Gonds (q.v.), inhabiting the Gondwana tract ; 
 the Bhlls (q.v.) in the forest-covered hills of the SW., and the 
 Kols in Panna (q.v.) [India]. The bulk of the people are 
 Hindus in religion ; Mohammedans form a small minority ; 
 of the remainder, Jains are the most numerous [India, table]. 
 The principal towns are Indore, the political centre, Gwalior, 
 Ujjain, and Bhflsa in Gwalior, Panna, and Rewd. 
 
 Central Park, settlement, U.S., Montana, Gallatin co. , 
 60 m. E. by S. Butte City. 
 
 Central ProTlnces. — These comprise a territory mainly 
 under British administration, but embracing also a consider- 
 able area of native states, to the S. of the native states of Central 
 India Agency and Bengal. The middle course of the Narbada 
 forms a large part of the N. boundary of the provinces, and the 
 Wardha, Pranhita, and Goddvari form together the greater part 
 of the SW. boundary, separating these provs. from Berar and 
 Haidardbad (Hyderabad). It is divided into divs. and dists. 
 
CENT — CERB 
 
 as shown in the following table, in which the population is 
 given in thousands : — 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. 
 1872. 
 
 Pop. 
 1881. 
 
 Pop. 
 1891. 
 
 Inc. 
 ■8i-'9i. 
 
 Pop. per 
 sq. m. 
 1891. 
 
 Nagpur . 
 
 3.843 
 
 631 
 
 697 
 
 758 
 
 8.6 
 
 197 
 
 Bhanddra 
 
 3,968 
 
 565 
 
 684 
 
 743 
 
 8.6 
 
 187 
 
 ChSnda . 
 
 10.749 
 
 559 
 
 649 
 
 698 
 
 7-5 
 
 65 
 
 Wardhd . 
 
 2,428 
 
 355 
 
 387 
 
 401 
 
 3-5 
 
 165 
 
 Balaghat . 
 
 3.139 
 
 302 
 
 341 
 
 383 
 
 12-5 
 
 122 
 
 Nagpur div. 
 
 a4.i»7 
 
 2,411 
 
 2,758 
 
 2,983 
 
 &i 
 
 123 
 
 Raipur . 
 
 11,724 
 
 1,093 
 
 1,405 
 
 1.584 
 
 12.7 
 
 135 
 
 Bilaspur . 
 
 8,341 
 
 715 
 
 1,017 
 
 1,164 
 
 14.4 
 
 140 
 
 Sambalpur 
 
 4.948 
 
 523 
 
 693 
 
 796 
 
 14.8 
 
 161 
 
 Chhattisgarh div. . 
 
 25.013 
 
 a.332 
 
 3,116 
 
 3.545 
 
 13.8 
 
 142 
 
 Jabalpur . 
 
 3.948 
 
 529 
 
 687 
 
 748 
 
 8.8 
 
 189 
 
 Sdgar 
 
 4,007 
 
 528 
 
 565 
 
 592 
 
 4-7 
 
 148 
 
 Damoh . 
 
 2,831 
 
 270 
 
 313 
 
 326 
 
 4.0 
 
 "5 
 
 Seoni 
 
 3.198 
 
 301 
 
 335 
 
 371 
 
 10.4 
 
 116 
 
 Mandld . 
 
 5,056 
 
 213 
 
 302 
 
 339 
 
 12.9 
 
 67 
 
 Jabalpur div. . 
 Hoshangabdd . 
 
 19,040 
 
 1,840 
 
 2,202 
 
 2,376 
 
 7-9 
 
 124 
 
 4,594 
 
 450 
 
 489 
 
 530 
 
 3.4 
 
 "5 
 
 Narsinghpur . 
 
 1,916 
 
 339 
 
 365 
 
 367 
 
 0.5 
 
 192 
 
 Betul 
 
 3,824 
 
 274 
 
 305 
 
 323 
 
 5-9 
 
 84 
 
 Chhindwara . 
 
 4.630 
 
 316 
 
 373 
 
 407 
 
 9.2 
 
 88 
 
 Nimar 
 
 3.357 
 
 211 
 
 231 
 
 253 
 
 9-5 
 
 75 
 
 Narbada div. 
 
 18,321 
 
 1.S91 
 
 1,763 
 
 1,881 
 
 6.7 
 
 102 
 
 Total Brit. Territory 
 
 86,501 
 
 8.174 
 
 9,839 
 
 10,784 
 
 9.6 
 
 125 
 
 Bastar 
 
 13,062^ 
 
 78.9 
 
 196 
 
 
 58.4 
 
 
 Kalahandi 
 
 3.745J 
 
 133 
 
 225 
 
 
 
 
 Patnd 
 
 2.399^ 
 
 98.6 
 
 258 
 
 
 
 
 Minor Native States . 
 
 9,628! 
 
 740 
 
 1,031 
 
 
 
 ][ 
 
 Total Native States 
 Grand Total 
 
 »9.43S2 
 
 1,050 
 
 1,710 
 
 2, 161 
 
 26.4 
 
 73 
 
 115.936 
 
 9,224 
 
 ",549 
 
 12,945 
 
 13.1 
 
 III 
 
 1 According to the census of 1881. 
 - According to the census of 189 1. 
 
 This territory contains the head-waters of some of the principal 
 rivers of the tableland, including the Narbadd, the Taptl, the 
 Mahdnadi, and the Wardhd and Waingangd, belonging to the 
 basin of the Godavari. It contains also the greater part of the 
 course of the Indravati, the principal trib. of the Godavari 
 flowing from the W. The rivers are little navigable except 
 after the rains, and the channels are obstructed by rocks. 
 The regions containing the head-waters of the Wardhd and 
 WaingangA, and the plains of Chhattisgarh (Chutteesgurh), 
 traversed by those of the Mahanadi, include most of the area 
 less than 1000 ft. above sea-level, and the most considerable 
 tracts of fertile soil. In the higher region, to the N. of the 
 Wardhd-Waingangd lowlands, there are other large tracts, 
 especially in the valley of the Narbada, well adapted for cultiva- 
 tion ; but the highlands on the W., and still more those on the 
 E. and S. of the Chhatfsgarh plains, are rugged tracts, with 
 a very sparse population. It is in these latter tracts that the 
 principal native states are situated. The climate is for the 
 most part hot and dry, though modified by elevation. In the 
 Ndgpur region it approximates to that of Calcutta [Jfigpnr] ; 
 in the northern provs. [Jabalpnr, Sagar] the range of tem- 
 perature is much greater, while in the Satpura plateau [Pach- 
 marhi, Seoul] the climate is slightly cooler. The rainfall is 
 considerable, about 50 in. or over, but owing to the character 
 of the surface the moisture quickly disappears [CUiatisgarii]. 
 The rainy season lasts from June to September. Irrigation 
 is supplied mainly by tanks ; there are no irrigation canals. 
 The only famine in the C. P., during the present century, 
 occurred in 1868-9, when a great part of the Chhatfsgarh district 
 suffered severely. Less than one-third of the area of the provs. 
 is under cultivation ; a somewhat larger area is stated to be 
 capable of cultivation, though not cultivated ; and a still larger 
 area is described as waste land. Of the area not under cultiva- 
 tion, only a small portion is now covered with forests, the jungle 
 areas consisting mainly of low scrub yielding little useful timber. 
 Among the crops of the provs. wheat is one of great import- 
 ance ; cotton is very extensively grown in the valleys of the 
 WardhA and Waingangd, the Taptl and the Narbada, and a 
 few other regions. Ndgpur is noted for its oranges. The chief 
 minerals are coal, obtained chiefly at Warord, and iron ore 
 of excellent quality, for which the Chanda district is especi- 
 ally noted. Cotton weaving and working in iron are the 
 principal manufactures. The provs. are now traversed from 
 side to side by two important standard-gauge railways, one the 
 railway from Bombay by Jabalpur to AUahabdd, the other that 
 from Bombay by Nagpur to Calcutta. The latter traverses the 
 plains of Chhattisgarh, a region well adapted for the cultivation 
 of wheat, hitherto sparsely peopled on account of its isolation, 
 first partly opened up by the establishment of railway connec- 
 tion with Bombay, and now brought into communication with 
 the much nearer market of Calcutta by the opening of the 
 Bengal-Ndgpur Railway (March 1891). The construction of 
 roads designed as feeders to the great railway systems is being 
 actively prosecuted. The principal towns are Ndgpur, the 
 seat of administration, Jabalpur, Kampti, Sagar, Burhdnpur, 
 
 Wardhd, Hinganghdt, Warord, Chdndd, Rdipur, Bildspur, 
 Sambalpur. Aryan languages now predominate, including 
 the Mardthl, spoken chiefly in the SW. , and the Uriyah in the 
 S. of Chhatisgarh, besides several others. Of the 'aboriginal' 
 tribes [India] the most numerous are the Gonds, who at one 
 time were the dominant race throughout the greater part 
 of the area now belonging to the C. P. ; they occupy the 
 hilly region S. of the Narbadd, and parts of the centre and S. 
 In Bastdr the hill tribes, of whom the Mdrids are the chief, 
 form three-fifths of the population. Rather more than three- 
 fourths of the population are Hindus ; there are many other 
 religions, of which those having the greatest number of adhe- 
 rents are Kablrpanthfs, Satndmis, and Mohammedans. In the 
 i6th century, Gondwdnd, though owning allegiance to the 
 Emperor of Delhi, was practically independent, and enjoyed a 
 great degree of prosperity. In the 17th century the Gonds fell 
 under the Mardthd power, which soon became oppressive. In 
 1818 England annexed the terrs. of Sdgar and Narbadd ; other 
 terrs. were subsequently added, and in 1861 these, with the 
 Ndgpur prov., were formed into the C. P. The dist. of 
 Nimdr, and the state of Bijeraghogarh, were added in the 
 following years. 
 
 Centre, co. , U.S., Pennsylvania, crossed by 78° W. and 
 41° N,, partly bounded on the NW. by the W. branch of the 
 Susquehanna. 
 
 Centre, Canal da, canal, France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, 
 connecting the Loire and the Saone, from Digoin on the Loire, 
 where it communicates both with the river and its lateral canal, 
 to Chdlon on the Sadne ; with 84 locks, 75 m. long ; greatest 
 alt. 990 ft. ; constructed 1781-93. 
 
 Centre Brook, former vil., U.S., Connecticut, Middlesex 
 CO., 16 m. W. New London. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Centre Harbor, summer resort, U.S., New Hampshire, 
 Belknap co. , 35 m. NNE. Concord, between lakes Winni- 
 piseogee and Squam. P. < 1500. 
 
 Centrevllle, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Carleton co. , 
 58 m. NW. Fredericton. P. < 1500. 
 
 CentreTille, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, King's co. , 4 m. 
 from Kentville. P. (of sub. -dist.) <30oo. 
 
 CentreTille, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Addington, on 
 Whelan's Creek, 17 m. NE. Napanee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Centreville, tn. , U.S., S. Dakota, Turner co., 25 m. NE. 
 Yankton. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Florida, Leon co. , 10 m. NE. 
 
 Indiana, Wayne co., 58 m. E. 
 
 Centreville, vil, U.S. 
 Tallahassee. P. < 1500. 
 
 CentreTille, vil., U.S., 
 Indianapolis. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 CentreTille, vil., U.S., Michigan, St. Joseph co. , 70 m. E. 
 by N. of the SW. comer of the state. P. <isoo. 
 
 CentreTille, former vil., U.S., New Jersey, co. and now 
 annexed to the city of Camden. 
 
 CentrcTlUe, vil., U.S., Rhode I., Kent co., 10 m. SW. by 
 S. Providence. P. -cisoo. 
 
 CentreTille, vil. , U.S., Tennessee, Hickman co., on Duck 
 R., 48 m. SW. Nashville. P. < 1500. 
 
 CentrcTlUe, settlement, U.S., Washington, Snohomish co. , 
 S3 m. ESE. Victoria, Vancouver's I. P. < 1500. 
 
 Centuripe, comm. , Sicily, prov. and 20 m. WNW. Catania. 
 P. 8000. 
 
 Cepagatti, tn. , S. Italy, prov. Teramo, circle Penne. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 Cephaloiila, Anglicised form of Italian Cefalonia, in Greek 
 Kephalleuia, one of the Ionian Is., Greece, 20 m. from the 
 NW. angle of the Morea, 32 m. long by 2-13 m. broad. 
 Surface mountainous ; highest peak, Ainos, towards the S. end 
 (5315 ft.), cap. Argostolion, on the E. side of an inlet running 
 10 m. N. on W. side. Area, island 256 sq. m. (Wisotzki), of 
 nomos, which includes the island of Ithaca, 293 sq. m. See 
 tireece. 
 
 Cephissus, riv. , Greece. See Keplilssos. 
 
 Ceppalonl, market-tn., S. Italy, prov. and 6| m. S. Bene- 
 vento. P. <:4000. 
 
 Ceprano, comm., Italy, prov. Rome, 25 m. N. by W. 
 Gaeta. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ceram, isl., E. Archipelago, the largest of the Amboina 
 Is., W. of New Guinea. A mountain chain traverses it from 
 E. to W. , rising to 7000 or 10,000 ft. ; forests of fine timber. 
 Inhabitants mostly Papuan negroes, who are celebrated for the 
 manufacture of arms. Area, including small islands adjacent, 
 7025 sq. m. Estimated P. 100,000. 
 
 Cerami, tn., Sicily, prov. Catania, 17 m. W. Bronte, in a 
 mining dist. P. 5000. 
 
 Ceram-Laut, a cluster of isls. , 12 m. from SE. ct. of Ceram. 
 
 Ceranesi, tn., N. Italy, prov. and circle Genoa. P. <40oo. 
 
 Cerano, vil, N. Italy, prov. and 8^ m. ESE. Novara. 
 P. 5400. 
 
 Cerbal, vil, Uruguay, dep. Durazno, 148 m. N. by E. 
 Montevideo. 
 
 Cerbfcre, Cap, cape, France, in the extreme SE. of dep, 
 Pyr^n^es-Orientales, in 42° 27' N. 
 
CERC — CERY 
 
 Cerceda, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. Corunna, near Ordenes. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Cerce Magglore, tn. , S. Italy, prov. Benevento, circle San 
 Bartolommeo. P. <40oo. 
 
 Cercblara, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 60 m. 
 SW. Taranto. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cercina, isl. , Mediterranean. See Kerkeuiiab. 
 
 Cerda, comm., Sicily, prov. and 28 m. SE. by E. Palermo. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cerdagne, an old division of Europe, in the Pyrenees, partly 
 enclosed in the French dep. Pyr^n^es-Orientales, and partly in 
 Catalonia (Spain), provs. Barcelona, Gerona, and Lerida. The 
 principal towns are Mont Louis in French, and Puigcerda in 
 Spanish Cerdagne (Cerdana). 
 
 Cerdedo, tn., Spain, Galicia, prov. Pontevedra, near Estrada. 
 P. < 5200. 
 
 Cerdlcsliore, tn., Eng., on NW. ct. of Wiht I. (Isle of 
 Wight), in the Saxon period. 
 
 Cerdldo, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Ortigueira. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Cerdiulsl, small isl. , Sicily, on the W. ct. , N. of Cape Boeo. 
 
 Cerea, comm., Italy, prov. and 19 m. SSE. Verona. Scene 
 of victory of the Austrians over the French, 1798. P. 7000. 
 
 C^re, riv., France, in the S. deps. Cantal and Lot, rises in 
 the Plomb de Cantal, and after a westerly course of about 55 m. 
 joins the Dordogne near Bretenoux. 
 
 Ceres, municip.. Cape Colony, dist. C, 65 m. NE. by E. 
 Cape Town, where the old post road crosses the mountains 
 NW. of the Hex River rly. pass; health resort. Alt. 1500 ft. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Ceres, post-tn. , Victoria, Grant co. , 48 m. SW. Melbourne. 
 Freestone quarry here. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ceres, par. and tn. , Scot., E. Fife, on C. Burn, 2J m. SE. 
 Cupar, PMT.O. Par. 10,075 ac, P. <20oo; tn. (iritU Cilald- 
 ney) P. <75o. 
 
 Ceresio, Lago. See Lugano. 
 
 Ceresole d'Allba, called by the French C^risoles, comm., 
 Italy, prov. Cuneo, 13^ m. NW. Alba Cuneo, with a monu- 
 ment commemorating a victory of the French over the Spaniards 
 in 1544. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 C6ret, tn. , France, dep. Pyr6n6es-Orientales, on the Tech, 17 
 m. SW. by S. Perpignan, cap. arr., with a boldly constructed 
 old bridge spanning the gorge of the Tech. Alt. 560 ft. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Cerfontaiue, comm., Belgium, prov. Namur, 17 m. S. 
 Charleroi. French victory over the Austrians, 1793. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cerlale, comm., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the coast, 
 19 m. SW. Savona. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Cerlana, comm. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Porto Maurizio, 5^ m. 
 N. by E. San Remo. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Ceriano Lagbetto, tn., Italy, prov. Milan, dist. Monza. 
 P. 4000. 
 
 Cerlgnola, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 23 m. SE. by E. 
 Foggia. Victory of the Spanish over the French, April 28, 
 1503. P. 26,000. 
 
 Cerlgo, the Italian name bywhich has long been known in 
 Western Europe the Greek island of KytbSra, one of the 
 Ionian Is. , belonging to the nomos of Argolis and Corinthia, 
 separated by the Strait of Cervi from the S. coast of Laconia 
 (Morea), with abrupt and dangerous shores ; highest summit, 
 1660 ft. ; cap. Kapsalion, on S. coast. Area, 106 sq. m. 
 (Wisotzki). P. (1889) 5015. See Greece. 
 
 Cerlgotto (Italian name ; in Greek AutikytbSra, the ancient 
 Ogilia), small isl., in the extreme S. of Greece, 20 m. SE. by S. 
 Cerigo, 5 m. long, 1-3 m. broad. P. (1889) 396. 
 
 C^rllly, tn., France, dep. Allier, 22 m. NE. by N. Mont- 
 lu9on. In the vicinity is a large forest, and the iron-works of 
 Tron9ais. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cerlsano, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 5 m. W. 
 Cosenza, 34 m. NW. Catanzaro. P. <:3000. 
 
 C^rlsoles, Italy. See Cerlsole d'Alba. 
 
 Cerlsy la Salle, tn., France, dep. Manche, 20 m. NE. 
 Granville, 11 m. SW. by W. St. L6. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cerller, tn. , Switzd. See Erlacb. 
 
 Cerna-gora, Turkish Karaja-dagb (both meaning ' black 
 mountains '), a range of mts. , Eastern Roumelia, stretching E. 
 and W. between about 25° and 26° 10' E. , parallel to the Balkans, 
 from which they are separated by the Tulovsko-polje (valley of 
 the Upper Tunja). Highest summit, 4620 ft. in the W. 
 
 Cernagora, or Crnagonk See Montenegro. 
 
 ^rnavoda, Roumania. See Cbernavoda. 
 
 Cerne, riv. , Eng. , flows S. through the middle of Dorsetshire, 
 past Cerne Abbas, to the Frome, which it joins just above 
 Dorchester. 
 
 Cerne Abbas, market-tn. and par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. 
 div., on the Cerne, 7 m. N. Dorchester, 5 m. ENE. Maiden 
 Newton stn., PMT.O. Mean rainfall (Melbury, 1866-80), 35 
 in. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cerne, Netber, par. , li m. S. by E. Cerne Abbas. P. <25o. 
 
 Cerne, Upper. See Vpceme. 
 302 
 
 Cerney, Nortb, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 3^ m. 
 N. Cirencester, PM.O. ; 4176 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Cerney, Soutb, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, div. and 3 m. 
 SSE. Cirencester, with a stn. (Cerney and Asbton Keynes) on 
 the M. & SW. June. R., PM.O. (8. Cerney). P. <iooo. 
 
 Cerni, Bulgarian, 'black.' 
 
 Cernusco Aslnarlo, comm., Italy prov. and 9 m. NE. 
 Milan, on the Martesana CanaL P. 5000. 
 
 Cerreto, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. Benevento, 52 m. 
 W. by S. Foggia. P. 6000. 
 
 Cerreto, Plzzo, mt., Italy, in the Apennines, on the border 
 of Tuscany and Emilia, 18 m. NE. Carrara. From it flows on 
 one side the Serchio, and on the other (N.) side there flow 
 head-waters of the Secchia. 
 
 Cerreto Gnldl, market-tn., central Italy, prov. Florence, 4 
 m. NW. Empoli. P. 6000. 
 
 Cerrlg-celnwem, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 8 m. NW. by N. 
 Carnarvon, z\ ra. WSW. Llangefni stn., P.O. P. <5oo. See 
 Uangrlstlolus. 
 
 Cerrlgydruldlon, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 13 
 m. SSW. Denbigh, 7I m. NE. by N. Frongoch stn., PMT.O.; 
 15,159 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cerrlllos, or Los Cerrillos, settlement, U. S. , New Mexico, co. 
 and 18 m. SW. by S. Santa ¥€ ; important coal-mining centre. 
 
 Cerrlollos, vil., Uruguay, dep. Canelones, 20 m. NNW. 
 Monte Video. 
 
 Cerro, El, comm., Spain, prov. Huelva, dist. Valverde del 
 Camino. P. < 15000. 
 
 Cerro, Villa del, vil. , Uruguay, on Montevideo Bay, 4 m. 
 WNW. Montevideo. P. <40oo. 
 
 Cerro Azul, tn. , S. America, Peru, dep. Lima, on the W. 
 ct. , 80 m. SSE. Lima, in about 13° 3' S. 
 
 Cerro de Pasco, tn., S. America, Peru, cap. dep. Yunin, 
 107 m. NE. by N. Lima, one of the most elevated towns in the 
 world (14,200 ft.), with one of the most extensive and richest 
 silver-mines known, worked for generations by Spaniards and 
 Indians. P. 14,000. 
 
 Cerro Gordo, mt. pass, Mexico, about 60 m. WNW. Vera 
 Cruz. 
 
 Cerro Gordo, vil., U.S., Florida, Holmes co., 85 m. ENE. 
 Pensacola. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cerro Gordo, co., U.S., Iowa, crossed by43°N., and W. 
 of 93° W. 
 
 Cerro Largo, Villa de, or IMelo, vil., Uruguay, cap. dep. 
 C. L. , 205 m. NE. by N. Monte Video. P. (1887) about 6000. 
 
 Cerro Mercado. See Dnraugo. 
 
 Cerros, or Cedros, isl., in Pacific Ocean, off the ct. of Lower 
 California, in 28° 12' N. , 115° 20' W. Length, N. to S., 30 m. ; 
 breadth, 5 m. 
 
 Certfi, tn., Portugal, dist. and 31 m. W. Castello Branco. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Certaldo, tn., central Italy, prov. and 18 m. SW. Florence, 
 on the Elsa ; birthplace and burial-place of Boccaccio. P. 7500. 
 
 Certosa dl Pavia, Italy. See Paria. 
 
 Cervantes, comm., Spain, prov. Lugo, dist. Becerrea. P. 
 5600. 
 
 Cervaro, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 26 m. NE. 
 Gaeta. -P. 5000. 
 
 Cervaro, riv. , S. Italy, prov. Foggia, rises in the Apennines 
 near Ariano, and after a NE. course of 50 m. enters the lagoon 
 of Pantano Salso, on the Adriatic coast. 
 
 Cervasca, vil. , N. Italy, prov. and 5 J m. SW. Cuneo, near 
 I. bk. of the Stura. P. <40oo. 
 
 Cervatl, IMonte, mt. , Italy, in the S. of Campania, 30 m. 
 SW. by S. Potenza. Alt. 6230 ft. 
 
 Cervera, comm., Spain, prov. and 32 m. E. Lerida. P. 4200. 
 
 Cervera, Cape, E. ct. Spain, in 38° N. 
 
 Cervera del Rio Albama, tn. , Spain, prov. Logrono, 18 m. 
 S. Calahorra. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cervetere, the ancient Care, vil. , Italy, prov. and 27 m. W. 
 Rome, dist. Civiti Vecchia. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ccrvl, strait, Greece, 5-10 m. broad, separating the island of 
 Cerigo from the small island of C. (Greek ElapbonCsos) and 
 the SE. penin. of the Morea. 
 
 Cervla, comm., on the E. ct. of Italy, Emilia, prov. and 14 
 m. SSE. Ravenna ; seat of a bishop ; the salt-pans, Valle di C. , 
 yield from 15,000 to 20,000 tons of salt annually. P. 6000. 
 
 Cervln, Col dn. See Alps, Passes, III. (i). C. Mont. 
 See Alps, SUBDIVISIONS, II. A. 1, and Matterbom. 
 
 Cervlnara, tn., S. Italy, prov. and 12 m. NW. Avellino. 
 P. 8000. 
 
 Cervlno, tn., S. Italy, prov. and circle Caserta. P. <40oo. 
 
 Cervlone, tn., Corsica, near the E. ct., 28 m. S. Bastia. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Cervo, comm., Italy, Liguria, prov. Porto Maurizio, on the 
 ct., 20 m. ENE. San Remo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cervo, riv. , N. Italy, trib. of the Sesia, which it joins near 
 Vercelli, prov. Novara. 
 
 Cervo, comm., Spain, prov. Lugo, dist. Vivero. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Ceryn, Cymric, a 'horn.' See Kerne. 
 
CERZ — CEYL 
 
 Cerzeto, coram., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 54 m. NW. 
 by N. Catanzaro. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cesana Torlnese, comm. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 45 m. 
 W. by S. Turin. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cesano, riv., Italy, The Marches, it rises in the Apennines, 
 and flows NE. into the Adriatic Sea, to the N. of Senigallia, in 
 about 43° 46' N. 
 
 CesanoSIaderno, vil., N. Italy, prov. Milan, circle Monza. 
 P. 4000. 
 
 Cesar, Klo, riv., Colombia, State of Magdalena, flows SW. 
 to the R. Magdalena ; navigable, even in the dry season, for 
 boats of 2 ft. draught, from 10° 15' N., 73° 24' W. {Proc. R. 
 G. S., 1879, map, p. 752.) 
 
 Cesaro, coram., Sicily, prov. Messina, 31 m. NW. Catania. 
 P. < 5000. 
 C^sembre, France. See C^zambre. 
 
 Cesena, tn., Italy, Emilia, prov. Forli, on R. Savio, 16 m. 
 WNW. Rimini. P. 37,000. 
 
 CCJ^enatlco, comm., on the E. ct. of Italy, Emiha, prov. 
 Forli, 13 m. NNW. Rimini, with a Ughthouse. P. 7000. 
 
 Cesio JMagglore, vil. , N. Italy, Venetia, prov. Belluno, dist. 
 Feltre. P. 4000. 
 ieskd Skallce, comm. , Austria. See Biibmlscli-Skalltz. 
 £esk& Trebova, comm. , Austria. See Bobmlsch-Triiban. 
 Cessalto, comm. , Italy, Venetia, prov. Treviso, dist. Oderzo. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Cessna, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Bedford co. , 87 m. W. 
 H arrisburg. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Cessnock Water, rivulet, Scot., N. Ayrshire, 1. bk. trib. of the 
 Irvine, which it joins about 3 m. E. Kilmarnock, 
 Cesier, ' a fortified camp or city." See Caster. 
 Cestona, comm. , Spain, prov. Guipuzcoa, near Azpeitia, with 
 iron-works, hot springs, and mineral baths. P. <30oo. 
 
 Cesuras, coram., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist, Betanzos. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Retina, riv. , Austria, Dalraatia, flows SE. then W. into the 
 Adriatic at Alraissa, SE. of Spalato. 
 
 Cetlnje, in Italian spelling Cettlgne, cap. of Montenegro, 
 23 m, NNW. Antivari, in a fertile valley, surrounded on all 
 sides by calcareous raountains. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Cetraro, seapt. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, on the W. ct. , 
 54 m. NW. by N. Catanzaro. P. 7000. 
 
 Cette, seapt., France, dep. H^rault, on the S. ct., W. side of 
 Gulf of Lions, between the Mediterranean and the lagoon of Thau, 
 arr. and 17 m. SW. by S. Montpellier. A broad and deep canal, 
 bordered with quays and warehouses, connects the port with 
 the lagoon of Thau, and with the Canal du Midi, and canals 
 leading to the Rhone. Access to the port of C. is only kept 
 open with great labour and expense, on account of the en- 
 croachment of sand. Imports Benicarlo wine from Spain, for 
 mixing with French wines for the English and other raarkets. 
 It has an active oyster and anchovy fishery. P. (1872) 25,200 ; 
 (1891) 36,500. 
 Cettlua, riv. , Dalmatia. See Cetlna. 
 
 Cenlan y ]IIae8iua>vr, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, Aberyst- 
 with union ; 7327 ac. P. <75o. 
 Cenuant Cbapel, P.O. , Wales, co. and 5 m. frora Carnarvon. 
 Centa (corrupted from the Arabic Sebta, ' seven," the Roman 
 Septein fratres, ' seven brothers," referring to seven adjacent 
 mountains), Spanish fort and seapt., on a small penin. in the 
 N. of Morocco, jutting E. into the Mediterranean at the entrance 
 to the Strait of Gibraltar. The castle occupies the highest 
 point of a mountain (the ancient Abyla, and one of the Pillars 
 of Hercules), at the extremity of a penin. It is well supplied 
 Mrith water. C. is the chief of the Spanish -presidios on the 
 African coast. It was taken from the Moors by John, King of 
 Portugal, in 1415, and has permanently belonged to Spain since 
 1640. P. 10,700. 
 
 Ceva, coram., Italy, Piedraont, prov. and 23 m. E. Cuneo. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Ceveunes (from the Celtic root found in the Welsh Cevn 
 or Cefn, ' a ridge'), the name of an important mountain range 
 in the SE. of France. The name is variously applied. Some- 
 times it is used to designate the whole series of ranges extending 
 from the Passage of Naurouse (625 ft. ) between the foothills of 
 the Pyrenees and those of the Central Plateau, and the depres- 
 sion through which the Canal du Centre passes, at the height of 
 995 ft., to the S. of the C6te d'Or, a total length of 330 m. , 
 along most of which the moimtains form the SE. border of the 
 Central Plateau. Sometimes the name is confined to the S. 
 section of this series terminating at the gorge of the Chassezac, 
 a r. bk. trib. of the Ardfeche, immediately to the N. of the 
 Montague de Loz^re (5580 ft.), in the S. ot dep. Loz^re. In 
 the most restricted sense it is applied only to the mountains to 
 the E. of the plateaux of the Gausses, beginning with that of 
 Loz^re in the N., and ending in the S. with those round the 
 massive of Aigoual (5140 ft.) on the S. border of dep. Loz^re, 
 at the head of the valley of the Gard. In the northern div. of 
 the C. , in the widest acceptation of the name,- the subordinate, 
 ranges in the order from N.- to S. are the Monts du Charollais 
 
 (2540 ft.), Monts du Beaujolais (3320 ft.), Monts du Lyonnais, 
 and the Monts du Vivarais, the last containing the culminating 
 peak of this section, the Mont M&enc (5755 ft.). In the S. 
 div., the subordinate members in the same order are the C. 
 Proper (the C. in the most restricted sense), the Garrigues, and 
 the Monts de I'Espinousse. The whole series in the widest 
 sense is mainly composed of metamorphic and granitic rocks, 
 with volcanic rocks in places. In the S. div. the higher slopes 
 are for the most part bare of vegetation, only the lower slopes 
 being clothed with forests or presenting extensive cultivated 
 tracts. The C. Proper are crossed in the N.E. by the railway 
 from Nimes by Alais to the valley of the AUier and Clermont. 
 The C. served as a retreat for numerous Protestant families 
 after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 
 
 C^Tennes, old dist., France, which formed the NE. part of 
 the govt, of Languedoc, cap. Mende. It was divided into 
 G^vaudan, Velay, Vivarais, and C. Proper, The C. Proper is 
 now included partly in the dep. Garde, and partly in Aveyron. 
 
 Cevn, or Ce/n, Cymric, ' a ridge.' For places with this 
 prefix, see also under Cefn. 
 
 Cevn, eccles. dist., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 4m. NW, 
 by N. Denbigh, 2 m. WNW. Trefnant stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cevn-Coed (' wood ridge ") -y-Cymmer, vil. , Wales, Glamor- 
 ganshire, 3 m. from Merthyr Tydfil, with a stn. (Cefn) on the 
 L. & NW. and Rhymney Rly., PMT.O. (Cefb Coed). See 
 Vaynor. 
 
 Cevnllys, par. and vil., Wales, Radnorshire, on R. Ithon, 8 
 m. W. New Radnor, 2 m. E. Llandrindod Wells stn. ; 5050 ac. 
 P. <iooo ; eccles. par. (C. wltb Llandrindod) P. < 1500. 
 
 Ceylon {Sinhala, ' the land of the Hon "), the Taprodane of the 
 ancients, and the Lanka-dwipa {' shining island ') of the Hindus, 
 lies S. of India, with which it is almost connected by Adam's 
 Bridge {g'.v.), between 5° 55' and g° 51' N., and between 79° 41' 
 and 81° 55' E. The island is divided for administrative purposes 
 into the following nine provs. , which are subdivided into twenty- 
 two districts — Northern, North- Western, North-Central, West- 
 ern, Central, Eastern, Southern, Uva, and Sabaragamuwa. Its 
 length, frora Dondra Head in the S. to Palmyra Point in the 
 N. , is 266 m. , with an area less than one-third that of Great 
 Britain. It consists of a core of raountains surrounded by a 
 plain, but the mountains are confined to the southern half of the 
 island, and in that half leave only a narrow strip of plain, in 
 some places hardly any, between them and the sea. The high- 
 est sumrait is Pedrotallagalla (8300 ft.), near the middle of the 
 mountainous core ; but Adam's Peak, though nearly a thousand 
 feet lower, is much better known on account of its conspicuous 
 position on the SW, of the rats. The chief river is the Mahavilla 
 Ganga, which flows north-eastwards, and enters the sea by 
 several raouths, partly in Trincoraali Bay, partly to the S. of 
 that bay. It is navigable for sraall boats to near Kandy. As 
 regards geological structure, crystalline rocks predominate, 
 with marine deposits, most extensive in the W. , along the 
 coasts. The climate [Colombo, Newara Ellya, Kandy, 
 Trlnkomall] is warm and very uniform ; unhealthy on the 
 coasts, but fine in the hilly parts of the interior ; in the SW., 
 which gets the rain from both monsoons, it is also very humid ; 
 the NE. and SE. coasts receive little rain, and irrigation is con- 
 sequently required there. The northern region contains the 
 remains of gigantic reservoirs constructed for this purpose by 
 the natives in former times. Vegetation is most luxuriant in 
 the W. , S. , and Central provs. On the plains and lower hills 
 are extensive plantations of coco, areca, palmyra, and other 
 palms, and rice-fields ; higher up, in some places to 6000 ft. , are 
 European plantations of tea, coffee, and cinchona. Coffee was 
 formerly the staple culture, but owing to the various diseases 
 which attacked the trees, it has been widely replaced by tea, the 
 area under which is about 250,000 acres, or more than six times 
 that under coffee. The latter is now mainly cultivated in the 
 Central provs. and in Uva. Tea is most extensively grown in 
 the Central prov., though there are also large plantations in 
 other provs. ; the production of cinchona (grown mainly in Uva) 
 has greatly increased, C. now furnishing the chief supply to 
 Europe. Other important products are cinnamon, chiefly in 
 the W, prov., cacao in the Central, tobacco in the Northerri, 
 cardamoms, areca-nuts, and rice ; the coco-nut is widely culti- 
 vated, and much of its produce is consumed in the island ; the 
 palmyra palm, besides being a food-tree, has recently given rise 
 to a new industry in the N. of C. , about Jaffna, the stiff fibres 
 of the sheathing leaves being prepared as a substitute for 
 bristles. The pearl-flsberles of the N. coast are an important 
 source of revenue. The island has many ntlnerals, but at 
 present a very pure graphite (containing more than 90 per cent, 
 of carbon) is the only one of commercial importance, besides 
 talc, which is now being developed. The chief exports of the 
 island are the products of the European plantations, besides 
 those of the coco-palm (oil, copra, and coir), graphite, cinna- 
 mon, and areca-nuts. The amount of tea exported in 1883 was 
 under 2,000,000 lbs. ; in 1887 it had risen to over 13,000,000 lbs. , 
 and in 1890 to over 4';, 000,000 lbs. Elephants are exported, 
 chiefly to Southern India. The chief Imports arc rice (from 
 •^ 303 
 
CEZA — CHAI 
 
 Brit. India, including Burma), cotton manufactures, and coal. 
 The majority of the inbabltaiits are Sinhalese, a gentle people, 
 fcuddhists in religfion. The local trade is mostly in the hands of 
 so-called Moors, Mohammedan immigrants. In some parts of 
 the mountain jungles there dwell two or three thousand survivors 
 of a very uncivilised race, known as the Veddahs. The labourers 
 on the European plantations are mainly Tamil-speaking immi- 
 grants from southern India, most of whom come only for the 
 season, though some of them have formed permanent settle- 
 ments for themselves on the dreary eastern coast. The northern 
 plains are also very scantily peopled, the great mass of the 
 population being contained in the West, South, and Central 
 Provs. The principal towns are Colombo, the cap. and chief 
 seaport ; Galle, Trinkomali, Kalutara, and Jaffna, also seaports ; 
 and Kandy, Perideniya, and Newara Eliya, inland. In the N. 
 are the ruins of Anuradhapura (g.v.). There are several short 
 lines of railway ; the longest is that which ascends from Colombo 
 to Kandy. C. was once a Dutch possession, but was taken by 
 the British in 1795. At first annexed to Madras, it was made 
 a sejjarate colony in 1801. Area, 25,065 sq. m. P. (1850) 
 1,576,000; (1861)1,893,000; (1871)2,406,000; (1881)2,764,000; 
 (1891) 3,008,000. P. per sq. m. (1891) 119. Increase jjercent. 
 per annum (1850-61), 2.06; (1861-71) 2.43; (1871-81) 1.40; 
 (1881-91) 0.85. 
 
 C^zambre, orC^sembre, small isl., off the N. ct. of Brittany, 
 France, NW. of St. Malo ; two forts. 
 
 C^ise, riv., France, dep. Card, rises in the Cevennes Mts., 
 dep- Lozere, and after an ESE. course of about 50 m. joins the 
 Rhone 6 m. W. Orange. Its sands are auriferous. 
 
 Ceztmbra, tn. , Portugal, prov. Estremadura, dist. Lisbon, 
 II m. WSW. Setubal ; active fisheries. P. 6000. 
 
 Ch. See introduction under Orthography. 
 
 Chablals, France. See Saroie. 
 
 Chablls, tn., France, dep. Yonne, on the Serain, 36 m. 
 SSW. Troyes, arr. and 12 m. E. by N. Auxerre. In its vicinity 
 the celebrated white wine called Chablis is produced. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Chabonnla, Algeria. See Sbabnnla. 
 
 Cbabrl8, tn., France, dep. Indre, arr. Issoudun, 30 m. N. 
 Chateauroux. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Chabrol, one of the Loyalty Is. (^.v.), Pacific. 
 
 Cbabwela, vil. , S. Africa, in the British sphere of influence, 
 106 m. W. of the stn. of Livingstonia. 
 
 Cbacabna, bay, Mexico, on the S. ct. , in 97° 40' W. 
 
 Cbacao, small seapt., Chile, on the N. ct. of Chiloe I., and 
 in the middle of C. Strait. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cbacarllla, viL, Bolivia, dep. La Paz de Ayacucho, with 
 copper-mines. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cbaceley, par. , Eng. , on the S. border of Worcestershire, 
 Evesham div., 3 m. SW. by W. Tewkesbury, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Cbacewater, stn. , Eng. , Cornwall. See Cbasewater. 
 
 Cbacbapoyas, tn., S. America, Peru, dep. Amazonas, 320 m. 
 SE. by S. Guayaquil. In the dist. is an ancient Indian burial- 
 place, with richly sculptured gates. P. 5000. 
 
 Ctaachnr Pass, pass, on the W. frontier of India, leading 
 SW. through the Sulaiman Mts. , in about 29° 20' N. , 70° E. 
 
 Cbackmore, hamlet, Eng., co., div., and i^ m. N. by W. 
 Buckingham, P.O. See Ratlcllve. 
 
 Cbaco, govt, of Argentine Republic, extending about 5° W. 
 from the rivers Parand. and Paraguay, N. of 28° N., and 
 separated from the govt, of Formosa on the N. by the Rios 
 Bermejo and Teuco to about 62° 10' W. See Argentine 
 RepnbUe and Gran Cbaco, El. 
 
 Cbacombe, par., Northamptonshire. See Cbalcombe. 
 
 Cbad, Tcbad, or Tsad, lake, central Sudan, between about 
 12° 20-14° 30' N. and 11-14!° E., occupying the bottom of an 
 immense depression as yet little known in its southern part ; a 
 vast shallow sheet of water, varying in size with the volume of the 
 rivers by which it is fed (principally the Waube or Yeu on the 
 W. , the Shari on the S. ) ; bordered on the NW. by a range 
 of dunes at high-water level ; the remainder of the circum- 
 ference, particularly the E. side, is without any marked line of 
 separation from the surrounding plain. No permanent outlet, 
 yet water perfectly fresh, protobly owing to the fact that in 
 time of high vrater the surplus is drained NE. by the Bahr-el- 
 Ghazal into the Bodele and there evaporates. The E. portion 
 in particular is very shallow, and strewn with innumerable 
 archipelagos of isles and islets. The area covered occasionally 
 reaches 19,300 sq. m., but in times of drought not more than 
 4200 sq. m. Nachtigal gives the mean area as 10,400 sq. m. 
 See G. Nachtigal, 'Journey to Lake Chad and Neighbouring 
 Regions," /our. R. G. S., 1876, pp. 396-411. 
 
 caiAdcbat, petty state, India, Bombay Presidency, Gujarat, 
 PAlampur Agency. Estimated area, 440 sq. m. 
 
 Ctaadda, riv., Africa. See Benne. 
 
 Cbadderton, par., Eng., Lancashire, within Oldham bor. 
 P. 22,100. 
 
 Ctaaddesden, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 2 m. ENE. 
 Derby, ih m. NW. Spondon stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Cbaddesley C«rbett, par. and vil, Eng., Worcestershire, 
 304 
 
 Droitwich div , 4^ m. ESE. Kidderminster, PMT.O. ; 6079 ac 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbaddlewortta, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 7 m. NNW. 
 Newburj-, PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cbadklrk, eccles. dist., Eng., Cheshire, Hyde div., a^ m. 
 E. Stockport, close to Romiley stn. P. -czooo. 
 
 CTiadllngton, par. and vil., Eng., O.xfordshire, Banbury div., 
 8 m. NW. by W. Woodstock, si m. SSE. Chipping Norton, 
 PM.O. P.<75o. See Cbarlbury. 
 
 Cbadron, tn., U.S., Nebrasl^, Dawes co., 55 m. E. by S. 
 of the NW. comer of the state. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Cbadsbnnt, or Cbadsont, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Rugby 
 div., 9^ m. E. by S. Stratford-on-Avon, i^ m. NE. Kineton stn. 
 P. <25o. See Gaydon. 
 
 Cbadsmoor, vil., Eng., co. and 9 m. SE. Stafford, PM.O. 
 
 Cbadirell, hamlet, Eng., Essex, div. and 2 m. W. by S. 
 Romford, with a stn. (C. Heatb) on the G. E. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Cbadwell, St. Mary, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., loi m. 
 SE. by E. Romford, li m. NE. by N. Tilbury Dock stn., 
 P.O. P. < 3500. 
 
 Cbadwell and Wycomb, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton 
 Mowbray union. P. <25o. 
 
 Cbadwlck £nd, hamlet, Eng., Warwickshire, Tamworth 
 div., 7 J m. NW. Warwick, 2 m. ENE. Kingswood stn., P.O. 
 
 Cbaffeombe, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 12 m. SE. by 
 S. Taunton, 2 m. NE. Chard stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Cbaffee, co., U.S., Colorado, crossed in the N. by 39° N., 
 and in the E. by 106° W. 
 
 Cbagaramns, Trinidad. See San Fernando. 
 
 Cbagatz, group of small isls., at the S. end of the Kenai 
 Penin. , Alaska. 
 
 Cb^dab, or Cbakdaba (census), municip., Brit. India, 
 Bengal, dist. Nadiya, on the 1. bk. of the Hugh, 35 m. N. 
 by E. Calcutta. P. 8600 ; Hindus, 6400 ; Moham. 2200. 
 
 Cbageb, vil., Baluchistan, 115 m. W. by N. Kelat. Alt. 
 2774 ft. 
 
 Cbagford, par. and vil. , Eng. , Devonshire, Ashbunon div. , 
 14J m. W. by S. Exeter, 4 m. WNW. Moreton Hampstead 
 stn., PMT.O. ; 7459 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cbagga, dist. , Ger. E. Africa, at the S. base of Kilima-Njaro, 
 watered by numerous moimtain torrents which have carved the 
 slopes into a varied scene of hill and dale. 
 
 Cbagblr (Ust-Chaghir), vil., Siberia, Altai, govt, and 365 m. 
 SSW. Tomsk, dist. Biysk, at confluence of Chaghir, with 
 Charysh (upper trib. of Obi). Remarkable cave, vrith rich 
 relics of Post- Pliocene mammals. 
 
 Chagny, tn., France, on the N. border of dep. Sa6ne-et- 
 Loire, arr. Chalon-sur-Sa6ne, on the Dheune, 22 m. E. by S. 
 Autun, 9 m. SSW. Beaune. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cbagodosbcba, riv., NW. Russia, trib. of Mologa, govt. 
 Novgorod, part of the Tikhvin system of canals connecting Volga 
 with Neva, 143 m. Considerable shipping ; chief port, Ust- 
 Chagodoshcha, at its mouth. 
 
 Cbagos Islands, an archipelago of coral reefs and islets in 
 the Indian Ocean, S. of the groups of the Laccadive and Mal- 
 dive islands, extending between 5° and 7° 30' S., 71° and 73° E., 
 and forming a dependency of the British colony of the Mauritius. 
 The chief group of islets are those of Diego Garcia {q.v. ), in the 
 SE. , Peros Banhos in the N., Solomon, Danger, Egmont, and 
 Three Brothers islands. The whole area of land in the archi- 
 pelago has been estimated at about 150 sq. m. 
 
 Cbagres, riv., S. America, U.S. of Colombia, Isthmus of 
 Panama, rises 30 m. NE. Panama, flows at first W. , and then 
 N., and enters the Caribbean Sea near 9° 18' N. It traverses 
 a fertile country, and below the influx of the Trinidad its depth 
 varies from 16 to 30 ft. ; but its navigation is impeded by 
 numerous falls, and by its great rapidity. Its floods caused 
 one of the principal difficulties in the attempted construction 
 of the Panama Canal. 
 
 Cbagres, seapt. , Colombia, on the N. ct. of the Isthmus of 
 Panama, 40 m. NW. by W. Panama, 7 m. WSW. Colon ; 
 situation unhealthy. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cbagrin Falls, vil., U.S., Ohio, Cuyahoga co., on Chagrin 
 R., 18 m. ESE. Cleveland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbagwe, the E. prov. of Uganda, Brit. E. Africa, on N. shore 
 of Victoria Nyanza, bounded E. by the Nile. 
 
 Chah, Persian, 'source,' 'fountain.' 
 
 Ctaabbar, or Kbobar, tn., Baluchistan, on the coast, prov. 
 Mekran, to the W. of Gwuttur, with a good harbour, and 
 Hindu trading factories. Probably the most frequented of all 
 the small ports of Mekran. 
 
 Cbabtabs. See Cboctaws. 
 
 Chai, Turkish, 'river.' 
 
 Cb&Ib&sil, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. dist. Singhbhiim, 
 135 m. NE. by E. Sambalpur. P. (1891) 6900; Hindus, 4000. 
 
 Chaidam, Mongolian, ' place of trade. 
 
 Cbaldam, or Tsaldam, an elevated region in the NE. of 
 Tibet, N. of the Kuen-lun range, about 150-300 m. W. of 
 Lake Koko-nor ; in great part marshy desert. 
 
 Cbalsley, Eng. See Algbton. 
 
CHAI — CHAL 
 
 4 Iial-kwan, pass, China. See Tsln-llng-Shan. 
 
 Cliaillac, comm. , France, dep. Haute Vienne, on the Vienna, 
 20 m. W. by N. Limoges ; iron-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cballey, par., Eng., Sussex, Lewes div. , 6 m. N. by W. 
 Lewes, i^ m. SSW. Newick and C. stn., PMT.O. ; 5939 ac. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Chaillc^-les Siarals (the first part of the name from a Celtic 
 root caill or kelli, a word appearing also in many similar names 
 of villages in France and Belgium), tn. , France, dep. Vendue, 
 arr. Fontenay-le-Comte, i8 m. NNE. La Rochelle. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Chaliiat, tn., Siam, on the Mei-nam, 105 m. N. by W. 
 Bangkok. Customs-stations for goods brought down by the 
 different headwaters of the Mei-nam. 
 
 Chain of Pouds, post-tn. , S. Australia, co. and 16 m. NE. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbaio, small state, Upper Guinea, on the N. border of the 
 German colony of Togo. 
 
 Ctaalse-Dien, La, tn., France, dep. Haute Loire, 35 m. 
 W. by S. St. Etienne. Owes its origin and name to a celebrated 
 abbey, founded in 1036, which counted among its abbots Pope 
 Clement VL, and Cardinals Richelieu, Mazarin, and Rohan. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Chal-taug, vil. and coal-mines, China, prov. Pechili, 38 m. 
 W. Peking, in the valley of the Tsing-shwi, upper course of 
 the Yung-ting-ho. 
 
 Chaltpet, vil. with fort, India, Madras, S. Arcot dist., in 
 12° 28' N., 79° 23' E. Acquired by the British in 1783 from 
 the Marathas. 
 
 Chaiya, tn., Siam, Malay Penin., E. ct., about 9° 22' N. 
 
 Cbalze-Ie-Viconite, tn. , France, dep. Vendue, 37 m. N. 
 by W. La Rochelle, 7 m. E. La Roche-sur-Yon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Chak, Chek, Turkish, 'little'; Meruchak, 'little Merv." 
 
 Chdkd, Tibetan, 'salt lake.' 
 
 Chaka, tn., E. Africa, on the W. ct. of Pemba L, off the 
 coast of Zanzibar. 
 
 Cliakansnr, fort, Afghanistan, near the Kash Rud, 222 m. 
 W. by S. Kandahar ; important strategic position. 
 
 Chakasaka, vil, Congo Free State, 106 m. NNW. Nyangwe, 
 E. of the Lomami, in about 4° S. 
 
 Chakdalin, India. See Ch^gdab. 
 
 Chaken, tn. , India, Rdjputana, 25 m. S. by E. Jaipur. 
 P. (1881) 6200. 
 
 Cbakllk, Cbarkallk, or CbargaUk, vil., En. Turkistan, 
 at the base of the Altyn-Tagh Mts. , to the SW. of Lob-Nor. 
 See Pfoc. J?. G. S., 1887, p. 39 ; 1890, pp. 234-5. 
 
 C'bakniak, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 22 m. SSE. 
 Adrianople. 
 
 Cbakmak, En. Turkistan. See Kasbgar. 
 
 Cbakriita, mt. cantonment, Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. 
 Dehra-Dun, 50 m. SE. by E. Simla, in 30° 43' N., 77° 54' E., 
 on the range overlooking the valleys of the Jumna and the Tons. 
 Alt. 7052 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 56° F. , Jan. 42°, June 67° ; 
 rainfall, yr. 60.8 in., June-Sept. 46.0 in., July-Aug. 32.9 in. 
 
 ChakwM, municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Jehlam, 50 m. 
 SS\^^ Rawal Pindi. P. 6100 ; Hindus, 1900 ; Moham. 3500. 
 
 CAal. In English names this prefix generally means ' chalk.' 
 
 Cbala, a remarkable crater lake, a short distance from the 
 base of Mount Kilimanjaro, E. Africa, surrounded by precipi- 
 tous cliffs, 150-300 ft. high. See Proc. R. G. S., 1891, pp. 
 431-2, 608. 
 
 Cbala, tn. , S. America, Peru, dep. Arequipa, 180 m. NW. 
 by W. Mollendo. Silver, gold, and copper in dist. P. 
 2000. 
 
 Chalftbre, tn. , France, on the W. border of dep. Aude, arr. 
 Limoux, 24 m. SW. Carcassonne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cbalau Bil, shallow lake, Brit. India, Bengal, Rajshihl 
 dist., crossed by 24° 20' N. , 89° 17' E. Length, 21 m. ; area, 
 about 150 sq. m. in the rains, 20 sq. m. in the dry season. 
 
 Cbalaiicbes, Les, hamlet, France, dep. Isfere, near Grenoble, 
 with silver-mines. 
 
 Cbalatenan, tn. , Central America, San Salvador, 25 m. NE. 
 by N. San Salvador. 
 
 CUalbury* par., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., adjoining Wim- 
 borne Minster {q.v.). P. <25o. 
 
 CbalbuFy, ancient elliptical encampment, Eng., Dorsetshire, 
 on a hill, 4^ m. S. Dorchester, i m. SE. Upwey June. stn. 
 
 Cbalca, tn., Mexico, prov. and 20 m. SE. by E. Mexico. 
 P. 2000. 
 
 Cbalcedar, tn., Asia Minor, Bithynia, opposite Constanti- 
 nople (Crusades period). 
 
 Cbalcombe, par. , Eng. , on the W. border of the S. div. of 
 Northamptonshire, 3^ m. NE. Banbury, PMT.O. (Cbacombe). 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Ckaldea, region, Asiatic Turkey. See Irak Arabl. 
 
 Cbaldette, vil., France, dep. Lozere, 7 m. SW. Foumels, 
 with mineral springs and baths. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Chaldon, par. , Eng., Surrey, div. and 5 m. NE. Reigate, 
 2 m. W. Caterham stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Cbaldon Herring, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., 7^ m. 
 ENE. Weymouth, 4^ m. S. Moreton stn. P. <5oo. 
 305 
 
 Cbale, par., vil., and bay, Eng., Hampshire, Isle of Wight 
 div., on the S. ct., 5 m. W. Ventnor, PM.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Cbaleurs Bay, Canada, New Brunswick, inlet of the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence, between Gasp6 Penin. and the N. coast of New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 Cbalfleld ('chalk field'). Great and Little, eccles. par., 
 Eng. , Wiltshire, Westbury div. , 2J m. NE. Bradford. P. <25o. 
 Cbalfout Road, stn., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe 
 div. , on the Metropolitan Rly. , 4 m. SE. by E. Chesham. 
 
 Cbalfout St. Giles, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, Wycombe 
 div., on the Misbourn, 10 m. N. by E. Windsor, 3 m. SSW. 
 Chalfont Road stn., PMT.O. Residence of Milton during the 
 plague of London (1665-66). P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbalfout St. Peter, par., on the Misbourn, li m. SE. by 
 S. Chalfont St. Giles, PMT.O. ; 4758 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cbalford, eccles. dist. and vil., Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 Stroud div., 7^ m. W. by N. Cirencester, i| m. E. Brimscombe 
 stn., PMT.O. P.<25oo. 
 
 Cbalgrave, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, div. and 6^ m. N W, 
 Luton, 2^ m. SW. Harhngton stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Cbalgrove ('the chalk entrenchment,' grab), par., Eng., 
 Oxfordshire, Henley div., 10 m. SE. by E. Oxford, 4 m. NW. 
 Watlington stn. , P. O. P. < 500 ; eccles. par. (C. with Berwick 
 Salome) P. <7So. 
 
 Challka, or KucbaTU, riv. , equatorial Africa, Congo Free 
 State, rises in the N. side of Mount Mfumbiro, and flows into 
 the SW. angle of Lake Albert Edward. 
 
 Cba-llng, tn. , China, in the E. of prov. Hunan, 265 m. N. 
 Canton. 
 
 Ch&lisgdon, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khindesh, 43 m. 
 N. by W. Aurangabid. P. 8100 ; Hindus, 6400. 
 
 Chalk, par., Eng., Kent, Med way div., i^ m. SE. by E. 
 Gravesend, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 Chalk, riv. , Eng. , S. Wiltshire, flows E. to the Avon. 
 Chalk Farm, important rly. June, Eng., London, 3 m. 
 NW. St. Paul's, on the L. & NW. R., G. N. R., N. L. R., 
 and London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly. 
 
 Cbalkls, or Eurlpos, tn. , Greece, on the W. ct. of Eubc3ea I. , 
 35 m. N. by W. Athens. Suffered terribly by an earthquake 
 towards the end of April 1894. P. 9900. See Euboea. 
 Chalkmore, Eng. , Buckinghamshire. See Radcllve. 
 Chalk Ulver, \il. , Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co., on R. 
 Chalk, 92 m. NW. by W. Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chalky Bay, or Cloudy Inlet, harb.. New Zealand, near 
 the SW. extremity of South I., just S. of 46° S. C. Island, 
 a small island in the bay, is a mass of white limestone. 
 
 Challacombc, par., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., 11^ 
 m. ESE. Ilfracombe ; 5499 ac. P. <;fi5o. 
 Challauko, vil, E. Africa, 54 m. W. Harrar. Alt. 7860 ft. 
 Challaus, tn., France, dep. Vendue, arr. Sables-d'Olonne, 
 30 m. SW. by S. Nantes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cballant, Val de, valley, Italy, Piedmont, stretching S. from 
 the Matterhorn, and watered by the Evanzona (trib. Dora Baltea), 
 traversed by the left wing of General Bonaparte's army when 
 crossing the Alps in 1800. 
 
 Cballes, hamlet, France, dep. Savoie, in comm. of Chamb^ry, 
 with sulphurous alkaline waters bottled for export. P. <2ooo. 
 ChallLs, tn., U.S., Idaho, Custer co., 145 m. NE. by E. 
 Bois6 City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Challock, par., Eng., Kent, div. and \\ m. N. Ashford, 2\ 
 m. NW. by W. Wye stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cballow, East, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, div. and 9J m. SW. 
 Abingdon, i| m. W. Wantage, 2 m. SE. Challow stn. ' P. <soo. 
 ChaUow, West, par., i m. W. East Challow, with a stn. 
 (ChaUow) on the G. W. R. P. <25o. 
 Chalong, riv. , Cambodia, See Shalong. 
 Cbalonnes-snr-Lolre, tn. , France, dep. Maine et Loire, arr. 
 and 14 m. SW. Angers, on the 1. bk. of the Loire ; centre of the 
 coal region of the lower Loire. P. <3ooo. 
 
 C!h&lons*siir>9Iarne, the ancient Durocatalaunum, cap. of 
 the Caialauni, cap. dep. Marne, France, on the r. bk. of the 
 Marne, 20 m. ESE. Epernay, 26 m. SE. by S. Reims, in the 
 middle of the plains between the Forest of Argonne and the 
 chalk tablelands in the W. of Champagne, the plains known 
 to the ancients as the Camfi Catalaunii [M^ry-sur-Selne] ; 
 seat of a bishop ; formerly noted for its fairs and its manufac- 
 tures of woollen cloth, which declined in the i8th century. 
 Mean temp., yr. 51.6° F. , Jan. 37.4°, July 66.6°. P. 19,600. 
 
 Cb^lon-sur-Sadne, the ancient Cabillonum, second city of 
 the .(Edui in the time of Julius Caesar, manufacturing and 
 commercial tn. , France, cap. dep. Saone et Loire, 22 m. E. 
 Le Creuzot, situated at that point of the Saone where its course 
 changes from SW. to S. , and where it is joined by the Canal du 
 Centre ; communicates by river steamers with Lyons. Alt. 585 ft. 
 P. (1872) 20,050; (1891)24,700. 
 Chalt, fort, in the extreme NW, of Kashmir, N. of Gilghit. 
 Chaltou, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., iii m. 
 NE. by N. Portsmouth, 3 m. N. Rowlands Castle stn., P.O. 
 P. <2So; eccles. par. (C. wilb Clanfield and Idsworth> 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 U 
 
CHAL — CHAM 
 
 Chaltyr, Armenian vil., Russia, govt. Ekaterinoslav, dist. 
 and II m. WNW. Rostov. P. 2500. 
 
 €bMns, tn. , France, dep. Haute Vienne, arr, St. Yrieix, 18 m. 
 SW. Limoges. P. < 2000. 
 
 ChalTey, vil., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 2 m. from Slough. 
 PM.O. See Upton. 
 
 CbalTlugton, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Eastbourne div. ,7 m. E. 
 Lewes, 2 m. NNW. Berwick stn. P. <250. 
 
 Cham, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, on 
 the Regen, 29 m. ENE. Regensburg. P. <400o. 
 
 Cbaina, mt. range, stretching E. and W. in the E. half of 
 Guatemala, in about 16° N. 
 
 Cbania, riv., S. America, Venezuela, state Zulia, enters the 
 Lake of Maracaibo, in 8° 30' N., 71° 38' W., after a N. 
 course of 75 m. 
 
 Cbama, riv. , U.S. , in N. of New Mexico, flows SE. , and joins 
 the Rio Grande about 25 m. N. Santa F6 ; used for irrigation. 
 
 Cbania, settlement, W. Africa, on the Gold Coast, WSW. 
 Cape Coast Castle, extending between the rivs. Abrebie and 
 Anan Kwan, in 1° 30'-!" 40' W. Formerly Dutch, but ceded 
 to Britain in 1871. 
 
 Cbamalbarl, peak, Himdlayas, on NW. frontier of Bhutin. 
 Alt. 23,929 ft. 
 
 Cbamau, Xew, terminus of the Quetta Rly. , Brit. Baluchis- 
 tan, 60 m. direct NW. Quetta, 12 m. beyond the old ruined 
 fort of Chaman, 306 m. by rail from Ruk June. 
 
 Cbdmarlakdta, or S^marlakota (census), tn., Brit. India, 
 Madras, dist. Godavarf, 87 m. SW. by W, Vizagapatam. P. 
 13,400 ; Hindus, 12,400. 
 
 Cbamba, one of the Punjab Hill states, India, is a moun- 
 tainous tract, to the N. of dists. Kdngra and Giirdaspur, crossed 
 by 33° N. and 76° E. Shut in on almost every side by lofty 
 hill ranges, and traversed by the R4vi and Chendb. Spring 
 crops, wheat and barley; autumn crops, Indian corn, rice, 
 and millets ; hops are successfully grown. Iron ore plentiful, 
 also slate quarries. C. is a favourite resort of sportsmen, and 
 contains the sanitarium of Dalhousie. 
 
 Cbamba, tn. , India, cap. of native state C. , 75 m. E. by S. 
 Jammu. P. 5900; Hindus, 4700; Moham. 1200. 
 
 Cbamba, vil., Nyassaland, on the SE. slope of Mt. Chaoni, 
 in 15° / S. , 35° 28' E. 
 
 Cb^mbal, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 28 ra. S. by E. 
 Chittagong. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cbambal, or Cbnmbal, riv. , Central India, rises in Mdlwa, 
 near the military station of Mau, 1800 ft. above sea-level, flows 
 N. , then NE., forming the NW. boundary of the principal div. 
 of Gwalior, and finally turns ESE. , flowing nearly parallel to the 
 Jumna, which it enters at a point nearly due W. of Cawnpur. 
 The C. is subject to sudden floods, and during heavy rain dis- 
 charges greater volume than the Jumna itself. Principal tribs. , 
 the Kali-Sind, Parbati, and Banas. Total length, 514 m. Not 
 navigable. 
 
 Cbambat (Dutch spelling, TJambat), isL, E. Archipelago, 
 25 m. S. Singapore. 
 
 Cbamberlaln, tn., U.S., S. Dakota, Brule co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Missouri R. , 64 m. SE. Pierre. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cbamberlaln, settlement and rly. stn. , Canada, Assiniboia, 
 50 m. NW. by W. Regina. 
 
 Cbamberlaln Lake, U.S., Maine, Piscataquis co. , 93 m. N. 
 by W. Bangor. Alt. 926 ft. (water-power of Maine). 
 
 Cbamberlayne, Comptou, par., Eng., Wiltshire. See 
 Compton. 
 
 Cbambers, co. , U.S., Alabama, on E. frontier, crossed in 
 N. by 33° N. 
 
 Cbambers, co. , U.S., Texas, on the E. side of Galveston 
 Bay, Gulf of Mexico. It contains the mouth of Trinity R. 
 
 Cbambersbnrg, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Franklin co. , 
 48 m. SW. by W. Harrisburg. P. 7900. 
 
 Cbambers Pillar, a natural monolith of white sandstone 
 about 150 ft. high, in S. Australia, in about 24° 50' S., 133° 
 50' E. ; discovered by Stuart in i860. 
 
 Cbambertln, noted vineyard, France, dep. C6te-d'Or, 8 m. 
 SW. by S. Dijon. 
 
 Cbamb^ry, cap. , dep. Savoie, France, 28 m. NNE. Grenoble. 
 It is an archbishop's see. Manufactures of silk, candles, and 
 soap. Alt. 880 ft. Mean rainfall, 64.96 in. P, 20,900. See 
 Cballes. 
 
 Cbambl, valley in Sikkim {g.v.). 
 
 Cbamblet, vil., France, dep. Allier, arr. and near Mont- 
 luzon, with coal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cbambly, co. , Canada, Quebec, on the r. bk. of the St. 
 Lawrence, opposite Hochelaga co., which contains Montreal. 
 
 Cbambly Basin, vil., Canada, Chambly co., on the R. 
 Richelieu, 15 m. ESE. Montreal. P. <20oo. 
 
 CbamblyBeaumont-sur-Olse, tn. , France, on the S. border 
 of dep. Oise, 20 m. SSE. Beauvais. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cbambly Canton, vil., Canada, Quebec, Chambly co., on 
 W. side of RicheUeu R., 20 m. by rail SE. Montreal. P. 
 -<i5oo. 
 
 Cbambon^Fengerolles, Le, tn., France, dep. Loire, arr. 
 306 
 
 and 4 m. SW. by W. St. Etienne, with coal-mines and iron 
 and steel works. P. <;500o. 
 
 Cbambrois, tn. , France. See Broglle. 
 
 Cbam-Collao, isl. , off coast of Annam. See Sbam-Collao. 
 
 Cbamcook, rly. stn., Canada, New Brunswick, co. Char- 
 lotte, 5 m. from St. Andrews. 
 
 Cbamdo, Cblamdo, Cbamo-to, Cbamu-to, or Kiobdo, 
 tn., in the SE. of Tibet, about 400 m. ENE. Lhassa, a little to 
 the E. of the Lantsan-kiang (Mekong), in about 31° 5' N., 
 97^° E. , with monasteries inhabited by about 3000 monks. 
 
 Cbamela, tn., Mexico, Jalisco, on the W. ct. , 175 m. SW. 
 Guadalajara, in about 19° 28' N. A line of railway from this 
 port to Guadalajara and San Luis Potosi, thus establishing 
 communication with the gulf port of Tampico, is now (1893) 
 projected. 
 
 Cbametla, tn., Mexico, state of and 25 m. NE. Mexico. 
 
 Cbamisso, isl. , Alaska, in Kotzebue Sound, near the entrance 
 to the Bay of Good Hope, in 66° 13' N. 
 
 Cbamlta, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Rio Arriba co., 
 25 m. NNW. Santa F6. 
 
 Cbamlyk, Cossack vil., Russia, Ciscaucasia, govt. Kuban, 
 dist. Maikop, 59 m. WSW. Stavropol, on Chamlyk R. P. 5000. 
 
 Cbamols, tn., U.S., Missouri, Osage co., on r. bk. of the 
 Missoiuri, 24 m. E. by N. Jefferson City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbamonlx, Cbamonulx, or Cbamonul ( Campus Munitus, 
 ' fortified field '), vil. , France, dep. Haute Savoie, arr. Bonneville, 
 on the Arve, 40 m. SE. by E. Geneva, 9 m. SW. of the Col de 
 Balme, in a valley which forms the upper part of the basin of the 
 Arve, above the valley of Servoz. Length, NE. to SW. , 15 m.; 
 breadth, i to 2^ m. ; elevation above the sea at the village of C, 
 3425 ft. It is bounded on the S. by the mass of Mont Blanc, 
 and N. by Mont Br6vent and the Aiguilles Rouges, part of the 
 range which separates Savoy from the Valais. Among the 
 glaciers which descend into the valley from Mont Blanc is the cele- 
 brated Mer de Glace. See Alps, Passes, II. P. (of vil. ) <:20oo. 
 
 Cbamorerll, lake, Ladakh, in the elevated tableland of 
 Rupshu, between the valley of the Sutlej and the Indus, in 32° 
 55' N., 78° 15' E. No outlet; water brackish. Alt. 15,000 ft. 
 
 Cbamoson, viL , Switzd. , cant. Valais, 7 m. W. by S. Sion. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Cbamo-to, tn. , China. See Cbamdo. 
 
 Cbamoncbonan Klver, Canada. See Asbnapmoncbonan. 
 
 Champ, French, ' a field or plain.' See Campo. 
 
 Cb&mpa, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Bilaspur, 92 
 m. WNW. Sambalpur. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cbampagne, dist., central France, in the S. of Touraine, 
 between the Cher and the Indre. 
 
 Cbampi^ne, an old prov. of France, of which the cap. was 
 Troyes, now forming the greater portion of the four deps. of 
 Ardennes, Marne, Aube, and Haute-Marne, and part of those 
 of Aisne, Seine-et-Marne, and Yonne. This country, long 
 governed by native princes of C. , was united to the crown of 
 France by the marriage of Philippe le Bel with Jeanne de 
 Navarre in 1286. The prov. is largely composed of chalk 
 downs, and gives name to a kind of wine made from grapes 
 principally grown on the eastern slopes of the western and higher 
 section of those downs overlooking the plain of Chllons from 
 Reims to Vertus. 
 
 Cbampagne Castle, or Catbkln Peak. See Kwatblamba 
 Mts. 
 
 Cbampagney, tn., France, dep. Haute-Saone, arr. Lure, 
 10 m. NW. by W. Belfort, with coal. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cbampagnole, tn. , France, dep. Jura, arr. Poligny, 39 m. 
 WNW. Lausanne. P. < 4000. 
 
 Cbampalgn, city, U.S., Illinois, C. co. . 63 m. NW. Terre 
 Haute (Ind. ). P. 5800. 
 
 Cbampalgn, co., U.S., Ohio, in the W., traversed by the 
 Great Miami R., N. of 40° N., and crossed in the W. by 84° W. 
 
 Cbamp^ner, hill fort and vil., India, Gujardt, dist. Panch 
 Mihdls, 250 m. N. by E. Bombay, and 27 m. NE. Baroda ; 
 almost impregnable. In 1861 became British. Now almost 
 without inhabitants; climate very unhealthy; neighbourhood 
 relapsed into jungle. 
 
 Cbamp&ran, dist. , Brit. India, Bengal, Patna div, , occupying 
 the NW. corner of Behar. Malarious endemic diseases prevail, 
 smallpox not infrequent, and cholera rarely absent. Cap. 
 Motihdri, in 26° 39' N., and 84° 58' E. 
 
 Cbampelgne, La, dist. , France. See Indre-et-Lolre. 
 
 Cbampelx, tn., France, dep. Puy de Dome, arr. Issoire, 14 
 m. S. by E. Clermont-Ferrand. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cbampeuolse. See Aln (dep.). 
 
 Cbamperlco, vil. and port. Central America, state and 100 m. 
 W. by S. Guatemala, in about 14° 17' N. 
 
 Ctaamp^ry, vil., Switzd., cant. Valais, 7 ra. WSW. St. 
 Maiuice. Alt. 3450 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cbampignenlles, tn., France, dep. Meuithe-et-Moselle, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Moselle, arr. and 3 m. N. by W. Nancy. P. 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Cbamplgny, tn. , France, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, on the 
 Marne, 7I m. ESE. Notre Dame, Paris. P,<5ooo. 
 
CHAM — CHAN 
 
 Champion, vil. , U.S. , Michigan, co. and 28 m. W. Marquette, 
 Alt. 1597ft. (R.R.); alt., C. Mine, 1715 ft. (R.R.). P.<:i5oo. 
 
 Ctaampiou Bay, the bay on which Geraldton, W. Australia, 
 stands, 28° 46' S. 
 
 Champion Hill, former stn. near London, on L. B. & 
 S. C. R. , now called E. Dulwich. 
 
 Champlaln, vil., Canada, Quebec, Champlain co. , on the 
 1. bk. of the St. Laurence, 62 m. WSW. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Champlaln, co. , Canada, Quebec, stretching NW. from the 
 St. Lawrence, traversed and partly bounded on the W. by the 
 lower part of the R. St. Maurice. 
 
 Champlaln, Lake, named after Champlain, the French 
 coloniser of Canada, U.S., between the states of New York 
 and Vermont, extending 4 m. into Quebec prov. , is 125 m. in 
 length, N. to S., breadth varying from J m. to 10 m., greatest 
 depth about 280 ft. It contains numerous islands; receives 
 several rivers, and is drained N. by the navigable Richelieu R. 
 into the St. Lawrence. C. Lake is remarkable ifor its beautiful and 
 picturesque scenery, and is an important medium of commerce, 
 being connected with the Hudson R. by the C. Canal (con- 
 structed 1818-23), which the U.S. government is now proposing 
 to convert into a ship canal. Alt. 93 ft. ; area, 595 sq. m. 
 
 Champlaln, vil. , U.S. , New York, Clinton co. , 36 m. NNW. 
 Burlington ( Vt. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Champlltte, tn., France, dep. Haute-Saone, arr. Gray, on 
 the Saulon, 30 m. NE. Dijon. P. <3000. 
 
 Champoton, tn., Mexico, 35 m. SSW. Camp6che, on the W. 
 ct. of the State of CampSche, in about 19° 20' N. 
 
 Champsanr, dist. , France, in the old prov. of Dauphin6, in 
 the basin of the Upper Drac ; principal place, St. Bonnet ; now 
 comprised in deps. Hautes-Alpes and Drome. 
 
 Champsecret, tn., France, dep. Orne, arr. and near Dom- 
 front, with iron-works. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 ChamAudlhetta, precipitous hill, India, state, dist., and 2 m. 
 SE. of the fort of Mysore. Alt. 3489 ft. 
 
 Chamnsca, tn., Portugal, prov. Estremadura, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Tagus, 13 m. NNE. Santarem. P. 3000. 
 
 Chamu-to, tn. , China. See Chamdo. 
 
 Chan, Chinese, ' courier station. ' 
 
 Chanac, tn., France, dep. Loz^re, on the Lot, 64 m. NNW. 
 Montpellier, 8 m. WSW. Mende. P. < 2000. 
 
 Chanak-Kalessla. See Hale-l-Sultanlye. 
 
 Chan^r, fortress and ancient tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., 
 on the r. bk. of the Ganges, dist. and 20 m. E. Mirzdpur, built 
 upon a sandstone rock which supplied the material of which 
 Benares is built. C. was a favourite residence of Warren 
 Hastings ; is now a place of confinement for State prisoners. 
 P. 11,400; Hindus, 8500; Moham. 2800. 
 
 Chauaral, dep. , Chile. See Atacama. 
 
 Chauaral Island, isl. , S. America, Chile, off the W. ct. , in 
 about 29° 5' S. 
 
 Chauaral de las Animas, tn., S. America, Chile, prov. 
 Atacama, on the W. ct., about 75 m. NNW. Copiapo, in 
 26° 23' S. It is 48 m. from Caldera, and excepting Caldera 
 the most important port in the prov. , with several rich copper- 
 mines near. Water is obtained by condensation from salt 
 water, and is a regular article of traffic. Railways have been 
 made to Las Animas and Salado, with branches to some of 
 the mines. P. < 3000. 
 
 Chauarclllo, silver-mining dist. , Chile, prov. Atacama, dep. 
 Copiapo, P. 6000. 
 
 Chancay, tn. , S. America, Peru, dep. Lima, on the W. ct. , 
 35 m. N. by W. Lima, in about 11° 33' S. P. <3000. 
 
 Chancelade, comm., France, dep. Dordogne, on the island, 
 3 m. WNW. P^rigueux. P. <20oo. 
 
 Chancellorsvllle, vil., U.S., Virginia, co. Spottsylvania, 
 76 m. NW. Richmond. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chanchamayo, riv. , Peru, rises near Oroya and flows NE. 
 till it unites with the Paucartambo to form the Perene, one of 
 the rivs. of the Ucayali (Amazon) basin. A road is now being 
 made down its valley from Oroya to the navigable water of the 
 Amazon basin. 
 
 Chancharskiy, vil. , Russian Central Asia, govt, and 67 m. 
 WNW. AkmoHnsk. P. < 2000. 
 
 Chauchengmo, or Changchemmo, dist., in the W. of 
 Tibet, adjoining Ladakh. 
 
 Chanco, ct. vil., Chile, Maule, in 35° 40' S. 
 
 Chauctonhnry King, hill, with an ancient camp, Sussex, 
 about 9 m. E. by N. Arundel, 2 m. NW. Steyning. Alt. 780 ft. 
 
 Chancy, tn., U.S., Iowa, co. and tp. Clinton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chtind^, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs., cap. dist. C, 85 m. 
 S. Nagpur, about 6 m. from the 1. bk. of the Wardhi, sur- 
 rounded by a continuous wall of cut stone, 5^ m. in circuit, and 
 amid charming scenery. A great fair begins in April and lasts 
 three weeks. From the middle of September to the end of 
 November malarious fever prevails in the dist. Cholera, dysen- 
 tery, diarrhoea, and smallpox are frequent. P. 16,200 ; Hindus, 
 14,600. 
 
 Chandarlii, ct. tn. , in the W. of Asia Minor, on the N. side 
 of C. Bay, 37 m. NNW. Smyrna. 
 
 Chandamagar, popularly Chandeniagore (which is also 
 the French spelling), correctly Chandan-nagar, ' City of Sandal- 
 wood,' French settlement, Brit. India, Bengal, 20 m. N. Fort 
 William, Calcutta, dist. and on the r. bk. of the Hugh, which 
 now does not allow of vessels of more than 10 ft. draught ascend- 
 ing so high ; occupied by the French in 1673, and acquired in 
 1688 ; in the time of Dupleix (1731-41) said to have had a pop. 
 of 100,000. In 1757 C. was held by the British, but restored 
 to the French in 1763 ; retaken in 1794 by the British, restored 
 1802, and finally in 1816 assigned by treaty to the French. At 
 present a quiet suburban town. P. (1814) 41,400 ; (1871) 23,300 ; 
 (1891) 24,300. 
 
 Chandansi, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , {list. Moridabdd, 
 40 m. W. Bareilly. P. 28,100; Hindus, 20,000; Moham. 
 7700. 
 
 ChandaYcal, tn., India, Rajputdna, 60 m. SW. Ajmere. 
 
 ChitndlMill, riv. port, Brit. India Bengal, Orissa, on L bk. 
 Baitaranf , 20° 46' N. , 86° 48' E. ; rapidly growing trade. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Chandelenr, isls. , U.S., off the ct. of Louisiana, in the Bay 
 of Mexico, E. of C. Bay, with lighthouse, visible 13 m. 
 
 Chanderl, tn., India, Central India, state and 106 m. S. 
 Gwalior ; once a fortified town of importance, now under British 
 rule. P. 5100 ; Hindus, 3400 ; Moham. 1300. 
 
 Chandernagore. See Chandamagar. 
 
 Chandl-SCTU, ' thousand temples,' ruins, Java, prov. Mata- 
 rama. One large temple is surrounded by 296 small. 
 
 Chandler's Ford, stn., Eng., Hants, New Forest div., on 
 the L. & SW. R., 6 m. N. Southampton, P.O. 
 
 Chandlerrllle, vil., U.S., Illinois, Cass co., on Sangamon 
 R., 32 m. NW. by W. Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chandless, 1. bk. trib. of the Purus, Brazil, mouth about 
 io^° S., 71^° W., so named in honour of the explorer of the 
 Purus ; india-rubber collected on its banks. 
 
 Chandllng's Farm, par., Eng., Berkshire, 2^ m. NE. 
 Abingdon. P. <25o. 
 
 Chdndod, vil. and place of Hindu pilgrimage, India, Bombay, 
 on the r. bk. of the Narbadd, 82 m. SE. by S. , and in the terr. 
 of the Gaekwir of Baroda. 
 
 Chdndor, tn. , India, Bombay, Ndsik dist., in 20° 20' N. and 
 74° 19' E. The old fort of C. (alt. 3994 ft.), on a hill imme- 
 diately above the town, is nearly inaccessible. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cliandos, settlement, co. Queensland, 85 m. WSW. Nor- 
 manton. 
 
 ChAndpur, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Bijnaxir, 37 m. 
 ENE. Meerut. P. 12,300; Moham. 8700; Hindus, 3500. 
 
 Ch&ndpur, seaside vil., India, Bengal, Midnapur dist., at 
 the mouth of the Hugh ; a watering-place for Calcutta during 
 the hot months. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Chandra, riv., India, Punjab, Kdngra dist., rises in Lahiil 
 on the SE. slopes of Bard Ldcha Pass ; flows SE., then NW., 
 and unites with the Bhdga, in 32° 33' N. and ']^'' i' E., to form 
 the Chendb. 
 
 Chandraglrl, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. N. Arcot, 73 m. 
 NW, by W. Madras. P. < 5000. 
 
 Chandrakona, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Midnapiw, 
 55 m. W. by N. Calcutta. P. 11,300; Hindus, 10,900. 
 
 Chdndtir, tn., Brit. India, Berar, dist. and 19 m. ESE. 
 Amrdoti. P. < 5000. 
 
 Chang (chting), name for the whole of central and northern 
 and the greater part of western Tibet. 
 
 Chang, isl. , Gulf of Siam. See K.oh-Chaug. 
 
 ChAngBhakAr, native state of ChutidNdgpur, India, Bengal, 
 crossed by 23° 40' N. and 82° E. Area, 905 sq. m. 
 
 Chaugchemmo, or Chanchengmo, dist., in the W. of 
 Tibet, adjoining Ladakh. 
 
 Chaug-chon-fn, tn., China, prov. Fokien, 23 m. WNW. 
 Amoy, on the Kiulung-kiang, with iron-works in connection 
 with the mines of neighbouring mountains. P. 500,000. 
 
 Chang-chon>fa, tn. , China, prov. Kiangsu, 60 m. E. by S. 
 Nanking, on the Grand Canal, 6 m. from the r. bk. of the 
 upper estuary of the Yangtse-kiang. 
 
 Change Islands, group, NE. of Newfoundland, 8 m. fi-om 
 Fogo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chang-henng, tn., Korea, 125 m. WSW. Fusan. 
 
 Chang-hing, tn. , China, in the extreme NW. of prov. Che- 
 kiang, W. side of Lake Tai-hu. 
 
 Chang-h-wa-fn, tn., China, in the W. of Formosa, in 24° N., 
 120° 36' E. Active trade in camphor. 
 
 Chang-h-vra-slen, tn. , China, 2 m. from the W. ct. of the 
 I. of Hai-nan, in 19° 12' N. 
 
 Chang-Jtn, tn. , Korea, 125 m. N. by W. Won-san. 
 
 Chang-kia-kon, or Chaugklako, tn. , China. See Kalgan. 
 
 Chang-kol, tn., N. China, in the N. of prov. Shansi, no m. 
 E. Kwa-hwa-cheng. P. 6000. -c- v, c 
 
 Chang La, pass, India, Kashmir, about 25 m. E- by b. 
 Leh, on the road to Tankse, in the dist. of Chanchengmo, Til^t ; 
 somewhat difficult ; practicable for laden horses and yaks. Alt. 
 18,368 ft. 
 
 Chdngmd, Tibetan, 'northern.' 
 
 " 307 
 
CHAN 
 
 CHAP 
 
 Chang-pal-sliau (Chinese 'ever white mountain'), or lao- 
 llng, a range of mts. in the S. of Manchuria, extending E. and 
 W. between 126° and 128° E. on the meridian of 42° N. , sending 
 down from its N. slopes the headwaters of the Sungari, and 
 from its S. slopes tribs. of the Yalu. The name, which has 
 been extended to the whole range, is properly applicable only 
 to the peak at its E. end, Peik-tu-san or Lao-pai-shan ('old 
 white mountain '), which, when not white with snow, is white 
 with pumice, and which is remarkable for having at its top a 
 lake 12 m. in circuit at the alt. of 7500 ft. See Proc. R. G, S. , 
 1892, pp. 153, 154. 
 
 Cbangseng, tn. , Korea. See Cbbaugsong. 
 
 Cbang-sba-fo, walled industrial city, China, cap. prov. 
 Hunan, on the r. bk. of the Siang-kiang, or Heng-kiang, 190 m. 
 SSE. Ichang. Opposite the town stands the college of Yo-lo, 
 one of the most celebrated in China. P. 300,000. 
 
 Cbaug-slian-lisleu, tn. , China, Siichwan, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Yangtse-kiang, 35 m. NE. by E. Chungking. 
 
 Cbaug-sho-hsieu, tn. , China, prov. Kiangsu, 112 m. ESE. 
 Nanking, on a canal uniting the Grand Canal with the estuary 
 of the Yangtse-kiang. 
 
 Cbang-t«-fa, tn. , China, prov. and 150 m. NE. by E. Honan. 
 
 Cbang-te-fu, tn., China, prov. Hunan, on the Yuan-kiang, 
 37 m. below the commencement of the rapids, 115 m. S. Ichang ; 
 accessible at all seasons to junks of considerable size. 
 
 Cbang>tse>koii, China. See Kalgau. 
 
 Cbang-wa, vil. , Ger. E. Africa, on the NW. ct. of the isl. 
 of Mafia, 68 m. from Dar-es-Salaam. 
 
 Cbaug-wa-fa, China. See Cbaug-bTva-fa. 
 
 Cbanla, Crete. See Kanea. 
 
 Cban-i-cbon, tn. , China, Yunnan, 78 m. E. by N. Yiinnan-fu. 
 
 Chanldtgote, tn., India, Bahawalpur, 82 m. SSW. Miiltdn. 
 
 Cbanjur (Dutch spelling TJandjoer), tn., Java, 25 m. SE. 
 Buitenzorg. 
 
 Cbaiib^uai, tn. , Ceylon, Jaffna dist. , ValikS.mam W. div. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 Cbannagirl, vil., India, Mysore, no m. NE. Mangalore. 
 P. (i88i)<5000. 
 
 Cbannapata and Snkravdrpet, tn., India, Mysore, 31 m. 
 SW. by W. Bangalore. P. (joint, 1881) 7100. 
 
 Cbaiinel, or Port-an-Basques, port of entry, Newfound- 
 land, near SW. end, 300 m. W. St. John's, with fisheries, in 
 47" 34' N., 59° 7' W. Mean temp., yr. 38.5° F., Feb. 19.6°, 
 Aug. 58. 8^ P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbannel Islands, a name employed to designate a group of 
 islands in the English Channel, off the NW. coast of France, 
 the principal being Jersey, Guernsey, Aldemey, Sark or Sercq, 
 and Herm. They are officially comprised in the English county 
 of Haints and diocese of Winchester, and are the only portions of 
 Normandy now belonging to the English crown, to which they 
 have remained attached ever since the Conquest. Jersey and 
 Guernsey (in the latter case together with Aldemey, Sark, Herm, 
 and smaller adjacent islands) each have a separate legislature, 
 and at the head of the administration a Ueutenant-governor 
 appointed by the crown. See the articles on the separate islands. 
 
 Cbannelktrk, par. , Scot. , Berwickshire, 5I m. N W. by N. 
 Lauder, 4I m. NE. Fountainhall stn.; 14,191 ac. P. <:7So. 
 
 Cbanuoii Kock, P.O., Ire., co. and 2 m. from Louth. 
 
 Cbannu, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 55 m. E. by N. 
 Mdltin. P. <50oo. 
 
 Cbanonry Point, cape, Scot., Ross-shire, at the W. of the 
 entrance to Inner Moray Firth, in 57° 34' N., with a lighthouse. 
 
 Gb&nsama, tn., India, Bombay Presidency, Gujardt, in the 
 terr. of the Gaekwdr of Baroda, in 23° 43' N. , 72° 15' E. P, (1881) 
 7500. 
 
 Cbantabnu, or €bautabnri, tn. , Siam. See Cbentabun. 
 
 Cbantada, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. Lugo, 44 m. ESE. 
 Santiago. P. 14,700. 
 
 Cbantakam, tn. , Siam, 72 m. ENE. Bangkok. 
 
 Cbantapllli, or Santapllll, vil., Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 Vizagapatam, on the E. ct., 38 m. NE. Vizagapatam, with 
 lighthouse, visible 14 m. 
 
 Cbantenay, tn. , France, dep. Loire-Inf6rieure, on the r. bk. 
 of the Loire, arr. and 2 m. WSW. Nantes. P. 12,700. 
 
 Cbantlbnnd, tn. , Siam. See Cbeutabnn. 
 
 Cbautllly, tn., France, dep. Oise, on the Nonette, 24 m. N. by 
 E. Paris, arr. and 5 m. W. by S. Senlis ; noted for the magptiificent 
 estate formerly the property of the Dukes of Montmorency, 
 since 1632 transferred to the Cond6 family. The races, which 
 take place three times in the year, were established in 1834. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 Cbantonnay, tn., France, dep. Vendue, arr. La Roche-sur- 
 Yon, 37 m. N. by E. La Rochelle, with coal-mines. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Cbantry, eccles. dist., Eng. , Somersetshire, Whatley and 
 Elm pars. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cbantry Island, Canada, Ontario, a rocky island near the 
 E. shore of Lake Huron. 
 
 Cbann4, port, India. See ChbauuyA. 
 
 Cbannte, city, U.S., Kansas, Neosko co., 98 m. S. by E. _ 
 Topeka. P. <3000. 
 308 
 
 Cbany, lake, W. Siberia, on the frontier, between the govts. 
 Tobolsk and Tomsk, 150 m. E. of Omsk. Rapidly desiccating, 
 several villages being now built on what was the bottom of the 
 lake at the beginning of the century. Chief lake, surrounded 
 by several smaller ones, 50 m. long, 38 m. wide. Area (1870), 
 1300 sq. m. 
 
 Cbanza, riv., Spain and Portugal, rises in Spain, prov. 
 Huelva, on the N. slope of the Sierra de Aracena, and flows W. 
 to the Portuguese frontier, then SW. by S. along the frontier 
 till it joins the Guadiana near Alcoutim, after a course of 55 m. 
 
 Cbanzy (French name), or Ben lub, tn., Algeria, arr. Sidi- 
 bel-Abbes, on the Mekerra, 32 m. E. by N. Tlemsen, in a 
 beautiful and rich valley. P. <2ooo. 
 
 CbaO'Cbon, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, 148 m. SW. Tientsin, 
 in 37° 48' N., 114° 55' E. 
 
 Cbao-bn, Cbao, or Tsao-bn, lake, China, prov. Ngan-hwei, 
 75 m. WSW. Nanking, drained SE. into the Yangtse-kiang. 
 
 Cbao, isl. , S. America, W. ct. Peru, in about 8"^ 48' S. 
 
 Cbao-cbon, tn., China, Yunnan, at the S. end of Lake 
 Erh-hai, 10 m. SE. Ta-li-fu. 
 
 Cbaoobon, tn., China, prov. Kwangtung, 15 m. NNW. 
 Swatow. 
 
 Cbaonl, tn., India, Rijputdna, 36m. SSW. Agra. 
 
 Cbaoni, mt. , Nyassaland, to the W. of Lake Shirwa, in 
 15° 7' S. Alt. 5000 ft. Also a village adjacent. 
 
 Cbaonl Patlan, tn. , India. See Jbalra Patan. 
 
 Cbaos (from Portuguese chao, 'fiat'), S. Africa. See Bird 
 Islands. 
 
 Cbao-slan, bay, Korea. See Fnsan. 
 
 Cbao-tnng-fn, tn., China, in the NE. of prov. Yunnan, 
 175 m. NNE. Yiinnan-fu, vi^ith lead and silver mines adjacent, 
 in the mountains inhabited by the Hwan-Miao. P. 50,000. 
 
 Cbapada, tn., Brazil, Maranhao, on the Guajahu, 215 m. 
 SW. Maranham. Alt. 605 ft. P. <:3000. See Gnajabn. 
 
 Cbapala, lake, Mexico, in the SE. of Guadalajara, formed 
 by the Rio Grande de Santiago, 50 m. long. Alt. 6394 ft. 
 AiQa., 425 sq. m. 
 
 Cbapare, riv., Bolivia, flows NE. and joins the Mamore in 
 15° 22' S. ; navigable in the rains to Coni, in dep. Cochabamba. 
 
 Cbaparral, tn., Colombia, in the basin of the Magdalena, 
 state of Tolima, 115 m. SW. by W. Bogota. P. 7500. 
 
 Cbapar BUt, gorge through which the railway to Quetta, by 
 the Nari valley, has been carried, 32 m. ENE. Quetta, Balu- 
 chistan. 
 
 Cbapcbacbi [Chipchachi), group of hills, Russia, govt. 
 Astrakhan, 185 m. ESE. Tsaritsyn, rises amidst the low Steppe. 
 Rock salt of good quality, 100,000 cwts. extracted. 
 
 Cliapean, or Alnniette Island, vil., Canada, Quebec, on 
 Alumette I., in Ottawa R., Pontiac co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cbapean Rouge Cape, cape, Newfoundland, on the S. ct., 
 in 55° 20' W. 
 
 Cbapel, par. , Eng. , Essex. See Cbapple. 
 
 Cbapel, hamlet, Eng., Lincolnshire, Horncastle div., ^ m. 
 from the E. ct., ijh, m. SE. by E. Louth, 4 m. SE. by E. 
 Mumby Road stn., P.O. 
 
 Cbapel, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Bantry, 7 m. SW. 
 Enniscorthy by road, on the G. S. & W. and the Dublin, 
 Wicklow & Wexford Rlys. ; 3588 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Cbapel and Stirling Bridge, vil. , Scot. , Mid Lanarkshire, 
 2^ m. E. Wishaw, \ m. SE. Morningside stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Cbapel Allerton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Allerton C. 
 
 Cbapel Amble, hamlet, Eng., Cornwall. See Amble. 
 
 Cbapel Ascote, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Southam union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Cbapel Brampton, par,, Eng., co. and 4 m. NNW. Nor- 
 thampton, Mid div., with a stn. (Pitsford and Brampton) 
 
 on the L. & NW. R., PT.O. P. <25o. 
 Cbapel Cborlton, Eng. , Staffordshire. See Cborlton. 
 
 Cbapelcolman, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, s| m. SSE. 
 Cardigan, 2 m. E. Boncath stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cbapel £nd, hamlet, Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., 
 9J m. N. Coventry, 2\ m. WNW. Nuneaton, P.O. 
 
 Cbapel-en-le-Fritb, market-tn. and par., Eng., Derbyshire, 
 High Peak div. , 5 m. N. Buxton, with stAtions on the L. & 
 NW. and M. Rlys. Manufactvu-es of cotton and paper, and in 
 its vicinity are lead and coal mines and lime-works. Market- 
 day, Th. The Castleton caverns and Blue John ore mine, 
 6 m. E. 9752 ac. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cbapel Fell, hill, Eng., Durham, in the W. of the Barnard 
 Castle div. , 15^ m. N. by E. Appleby. 
 
 Chapelfleld, P.O., Eng., near Manchester, Lancashire. 
 
 Cbapel Haddlesey, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Bark- 
 ston Ash div., on the Aire, 11 m. W. by N. Goole, i^ m. 
 WNW. Temple Hirst stn., P.O. See Baddlesey. 
 
 Cbapelball, vil., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, 2 m. SE. Airdrie, 
 on the C. R., P.O. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Cbapel Hill, P.O., Eng., Lincolnshire, Swineshead par. 
 
 Cbapel Hill, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, on R. Wye, 4^ 
 m. N. Chepstow. P. <5oo. 
 
 Chapel Hill, height, Scot., Dumbartonshire, near Old Kil- 
 
CHAP — CHAR 
 
 Patrick village, was crowned by the fort at the W. end of the 
 Wall of Antonine. 
 
 Chapel Hill, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, Orange co. , 21 m. 
 WNW. Raleigh. P.<isoo. 
 
 Chapel HUl, vil., U.S., Texas, Washington co., 89 m. E. 
 Austin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chapellzod, par. and tn., Ire., SW. co. Dublin, bars. Upper 
 Cross and Castleknock, 3 m. W. Dublin, on R. Liffey, PMT.O. 
 Par. P. <:2ooo; tn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chapelknowe, hamlet, Scot., Dumfriesshire, 7^ m. SSW. 
 Langholm, 3 m. NE. Kirkpatrick stn. , P.O. 
 
 Chapel Lawn, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Salop. See Clnn. 
 
 Chapel le ]>ale, or lugle ton Fells, eccles. dist. , Eng., 
 Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. from Ribblehead, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Chapelle-les-nerlalmont, tn. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 
 4 m. SSE. Seneffe, 8 m. WNW. Charleroi. P. 5600. 
 
 Chapelle-St.-Andrt^, tn. , France, dep. Ni^vre, arr. Clamecy, 
 near Varzy, with iron-works. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Chapelle-sons-Dnn, vil., France, dep. Sa6ne-et- Loire, arr. 
 CharoUes, near La Clayette, with coal-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Chapelle>snr>Erdre, La, tn., France, dep. Loire-lnfdrieure, 
 arr. and 7 m. N. by E. Nantes, with mineral springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Chapel Alllton, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Chapel-en-le-Frith, 
 Derbyshire. 
 
 Chapel of Garloch, par., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 4 m. 
 WNW. Inverurie, i m. SSW. Pitcaple stn. ; 13,059 ac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Chapel Point, cape, Eng., on the S. ct. of Cornwall, 15 m. 
 S. by W. Bodmin. 
 
 Chapel Point, cape, Eng., E. ct., Lincolnshire, 17 m. SE. 
 by E. Louth. 
 
 Chapel Point, cape, Scot., NE, ct., Haddingtonshire, in 
 55° 5^' N. 
 
 Chapelrnssel, par., Ire., co. and 10 m. W. Limerick, bar. 
 Kenry. P. <5oo. 
 
 Chapelshade, eccles. par., Scot., Dundee. P. 6600. 
 
 Chapelthorpe, eccles. dist. and vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Normanton div., 3 m. SSW. Wakefield, i m. E. 
 Crigglestone stn., P.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Chapelton, stn., Eng., Devon, on the L. & SW. R., 4 J m. 
 SSE. Barnstaple. 
 
 Chapelton, tn., Jamaica, Middlesex co., 33 m. SW. Port 
 Maria. 
 
 Chapelton, vil., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, 2^ m. NNW. Strath- 
 aven, ij m. W. by N. Glassford stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Chapelto^vn, PM.O., Eng., Monmouthshire, i m. from 
 Ebbw Vale. 
 
 Chapeltown-wlth-91ortoniley, eccles, dist. and vil. , Eng. , 
 Yorkshire, W. Riding, Hallamshire div., 4^ m. NW. by W. 
 Rotherham, with a stn. (C. and Thomcllffe) on the M. S. 
 & L. R. P. 7100. 
 
 Chapeltown, P.O., Ire., co. Down, 2 m. from Ardglass. 
 
 Chapelto^vn, P.O., Ire., co. Kerry, 3 m. from Valencia I.; 
 railway sub-office. 
 
 Chapeltown, vil., Scot., Banffshire, 21 m. SW. by S. Keith, 
 P.O. 
 
 Chaplgana, tn., Colombia, Panama, 115 m. SE, by E. 
 Panama, on the bay of San Miguel. 
 
 Chaplean, rly. stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 615 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Chaplin, stn., Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R., 
 452 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Chaplin, Lake, Canada, Assiniboia, stretching 25 m. SE. 
 from the line of the C. P. R. , crossed by 106^° W. 
 
 Chapllnka, vil. , Russia, govt, and 23 m. NW. Ekaterinoslav. 
 P. 5500. 
 
 Chapman Barrows, hill, Eng. , on the border of Devonshire 
 and Somerset, 13 m. E. by S. Ilfracombe. Alt. 1572 ft. 
 
 Chapman Sands, shoal, Eng. , in R. Thames, off S. side of 
 Canvey I. (Essex), about 10 m. above the Nore. 
 
 Chapmauslade, eccles. par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Westbury div. , 
 6^ m. SSW. Trowbridge, 2^ m. E. Frome stn., P.O. See 
 Dlltou, Marsh. 
 
 Chapman's Pool, small bay, Eng. , on the S. ct. of Dorset- 
 shire, I. of Purbeck, to the W. of St. Alban's Head. 
 
 Chapora, tn. , India, on the W. ct. of Goa, 14 m. WNW. Goa. 
 
 Chappaqnlddlck Island, isl., U.S., Massachusetts, Duke's 
 CO. , E. of Martha's Vineyard, in 70° ■z.-j'-^p' W. 
 
 Chappell, small isl., Tasmania, in Bass's Straits, W. of 
 Flinders I. 
 
 Chappie, Chapel, or Pontlsbright {q.v. ), par. , Eng. , Essex, 
 Maldon div., on the Colne, 7^ m. WNW. Colchester, with a 
 stn. (Chappel) on the G. E. R., PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Chappleton, West, Scot., Dumbartonshire, 3^ m. NE. by 
 N. Renfrew, near Bearsden stn. 
 
 Chaprii, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. dist. Saran, 32 m. 
 WNW. Patna, near the Ganges, which formerly flowed close 
 under the town, though the main stream is now a mile distant 
 in cold weather. P. 57,400; Hindus, 44,400; Moham. 12,800. 
 
 Chapra, tn., India, Rajputana, 105 m. NNW. Bhopdl. 
 
 Chapranll, large vil. , Brit. India, N W. Provs, , dist. and 33 
 m. WNW. Meerut. P. 5900; Hindus, 4700; Moham. 800. 
 
 Chapultepec, tn. , state of and 3 m. W, by S. Mexico, the 
 ancient residence and burial-place of the Kings of Mexico. 
 
 Chaqnamegon Bay, U.S., Wisconsin, in the SW. of Lake 
 Superior, between Ashland and Bayfield cos, , in 90° 4o'-55' W. 
 
 Chaquey, tn., isl. of Haiti, republic Santo Domingo, 87 m. 
 NE. by N. Port-au-Prince. 
 
 Char, riv., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., flowing SW. into 
 Lyme Bay at Charmouth. 
 
 Charadrus, riv. , Greece. See Marathon. 
 
 Charak, tn. , Persia, on the Persian Gulf, 127 m. W. by S. 
 Bender Abbas, with ruins proving its former importance. 
 
 Charakovlsta, val., in S. Albania, Turkey in Europe, prov, 
 and 8 m. SW. Yanina. For the most part open to the N. , but 
 closed to the S. ; celebrated in ancient times, notably for the 
 sanctuary of Dodona, vestiges of which remain. 
 
 Charalsk, tn,, Colombia, dep. Santander, 120 m. N. by E. 
 Bogota. Alt. 4735 ft.. P. 11,000. 
 
 Charam^l, lake, India, Punjab, in Bashahr State, near 
 summit of Barenda Pass, in 31° 23' N., 78° 11' E. Alt. 13,839 ft. 
 
 Charamhlra Bay, S. America, W. ct. , in 4° 20' N. 
 
 Charbonni<^re, vil., France, dep. Nifevre, near Decize, with 
 coal-mines and manufactures of bottles. P. <2000. 
 
 Charborongh, hamlet, Eng., Dorsetshire. See Moredeu, 
 East. 
 
 Charcas, the original name of Bolivia. 
 
 Charcoal, New South Wales. See Unanderra. 
 
 Charco>E8condldo, tn., Mexico, Tamaulipas, 125 m. E. 
 Monterey, 
 
 Chard, mun. bor., market-tn., and par., Eng., Somerset, S. 
 div., 12 m. SSE. Taunton, on the G. W. and L. & SW. Rlys. 
 Market-days, M. , Th. , and S, Par. 5646 ac. , P. 6100 ; mun. 
 bor. P. <3000. 
 
 Chardakhlo, vil., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 93 m. 
 E. Tiflis, dist. Zakataly, P. 2500. 
 
 Charjnl, vil. , Russia, Transcaspian Terr. , on the Amu-daria, 
 74 m. SW. of Bukhara, and 662 m. by rail from Krasnovodsk. 
 Bridge of the Transcaspian railway across the Amu. 
 
 Chard Junction, stn., on the L. & SW, R., 3 m. S. Chard. 
 
 Chardak, vil., Asia Minor, on the Dardanelles, 3 m. SE. 
 Gallipoli. 
 
 Chardarya Pass. See Hindu Knsh. 
 
 Chardeh, tn. , Persia, 29 m. SSW. Astrabad. 
 
 Chardon, vil., U.S., Ohio, Geauga co., 28 m. E. by N. 
 Cleveland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chardinga, vil., Persia, prov. Khuzistan, limit of navigation 
 on the Shateit arm of the Karun R. , 18 m. by river (11 m. by 
 land) below Shushter. Proc. R. G. S., 1891, p. 595. 
 
 Chardstock, par. and vil. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , ^\ m. 
 N. by W. Lyme Regis, 2 m. W. Chard June. stn. , P. O. ; 5362 
 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chardw^, fiscal div, , Brit, India, Assam, in Darrang dist. ; 
 in the N., at the base of the Himalayas, the C. forest reserve 
 includes an experimental plantation of caoutchouc trees [Ficus 
 elastica). Area, 1120 sq. m. 
 
 Charente, dep. France, formed of the old prov. of Angou- 
 mois, with strips off the provs. of Limousin, Poitou, Saintonge, 
 and P^rigord, three-quarters of its area made up of the upper basin 
 of C. river ; divided into 5 arrs. , Angoul^me, the cap. , Barbezieux, 
 Cognac, Confolens, and Ruffec. It is physically divided into 
 two regions, unequal in size and opposite in character. In the 
 NE. dist. of Confolens, the basin of the Vienne, which here 
 receives the Goire and Issoire, the clayey soil rests upon rocks 
 of granite and schist, with numerous heights abounding in 
 precipices and pools; the other region, much more extensive, 
 is of calcareous rocks, in the S. even chalky, with a light and 
 warm soil. In the SE, the dep. is bounded by the Dronne, 
 r. bk. trib. of the Gironde, a clear river abundant in water 
 throughout the year. Principal minerals, granite, limestone, 
 iron and gypsum, manufactures paper (Angoul6me), felt, wool 
 and cotton goods, and has a national cannon foundry estab- 
 lished at Ruelle in 1755. Area, 2306 sq. m. P. 360,300. See 
 France, table. 
 
 Chai«nte, riv. , W. France, rises in the dep. Haute- Vienne, 
 14 m. NW. Chalus, flows W. through the deps. C. and C- 
 Inf^rieure, enters the Atlantic opposite the I. of Oldron. 
 Affluents, the Boutonne on the r. bk., and the Trouve and 
 N^ on the 1. bk. Discharge at low water, 1412 cubic ft. per 
 second. Navigable from Angoulgme to the sea, 104 m., and 
 occasionally from the port of Lys (at the confluence of the 
 N6) ; for vessels of 600 tons to Tonnay-Charente, 4 m. below 
 which is the military port of Rochefort. The tide is observable 
 as far as Saintes. Area of basin, 4054 sq. m. ; length, 224 m. 
 
 Chareute Inf6rieure, dep., on SW. ct. of France, composed 
 of almost the whole of the old prov. of Aunis (arrs. Rochelle and 
 Rochefort), the main part of Saintonge, a small portion of Poitou, 
 and part of Angoumois ; divided into six arrs. , La Rochelle, the 
 cap., St. Jean d'Angdy, Jonsac, Marennes, Rochefort-sur-Mer, 
 and Saintes. Off the coast lie the two islands R^ and 016ron, 
 
 309 
 
CHAR — CHAR 
 
 the largest French islands, Corsica excepted ; coast line 109 m. 
 The dep. , which is devoid of mountains, consists in its centre 
 of the fertile and picturesque valley of the C. In the S. , the 
 valley of the Seugne terminates in the plateau of Double, 
 covered vnth scanty heath, sparse pine-woods, and marshy 
 dales, and extending to the charming valley of the Dronne. 
 To the NW. this region merges into the hills of Jonsac, which 
 in turn give place to an arid dist. almost destitute of streams. 
 To the W. of Mirambeau lies Le Marais, an alluvial tract 
 deposited by the Gironde, soil fertile, climate insalubrious. 
 Along the whole length of the coast and the borders of the 
 chief rivers, marshy dists. known as Les Marais occur, which 
 are gradually being rendered less tmhealthy. Four parallel 
 river-basins succeed each other from the N. to S. of the dep. , 
 those of the Sevre Niortaise, Charente, Seudre, and Gironde, 
 which last bounds the dep. on the SW. for a distance of 
 22 m. The principal industries, apart from agriculture, are 
 the distillation of brandy named from Cognac, the working 
 of the salt marshes, and sea-fishery. La Rochelle and Roche- 
 fort are the principal ports. Area, 2792 sq. m. P. 456,200. 
 See France, table. 
 
 Charenton le Pont, tn. , France, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, at 
 confluence of Seine and Mame, 3^ m. SE. by E. Notre Dame, 
 Paris, I m. from the city wall. A bridge across the Marne, 
 which has been frequently the scene of conflicts for the military 
 possession of the cap. , is now guarded by two forts forming part 
 of the fortifications of Paris ; the bridge unites this village with 
 the hamlet C. St. Maurice, where there is a national lunatic 
 asylum. P. 14,500. 
 
 Cbarfleld, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Stroud div., 3 m. 
 WSW. Wotton-imder-Edge, on the M. R., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Cbarford, Xorth, par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 
 on the Avon, 6§ m. S. by E. Salisbury, between Breamore and 
 Downton stns. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ckarford, Sontb, par., adjoining North C. P. <2So. See 
 Hale. 
 
 Chargalyk. See Cbaklik. 
 
 Cbargat-cbo, or Cbargat-lso, lake, Tibet, crossed by 31° 
 40' N. , 88" E. 
 
 CharidemumPromontoriuin, cape, Spain. See Gata,Ca1>o de. 
 
 Ctaarifear, tn. , Afghanistan, 36 m. N. Kabul, seat of transit 
 trade across the Hindu Kush to the Kunduz valley. In 1841 it 
 was a British garrison station ; nearly all the men were after- 
 wards slain in the retreat to Kabul. 
 
 Cbarins, par. and vil., Eng., Kent, div. and 5^ m. NW. 
 by N. Ashford, on the L. C. & D. R., PMT.O."; 4681 ac. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Cibaring Cross, vil., Canada, Ontario, Kent co. , 47 m. E. 
 Windsor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbaring Cross, two stns., Eng., London, i m. WSW. St. 
 Paul's, the first one of the termini of the SE. R., the other 
 upon the Metropolitan Rly. (Inner Circle). 
 
 Cbartng Heatb, eccles. par. , Eng. , Kent, 2 m. from Charing, 
 P.O. P.<:75o. 
 
 Cbarlng Nor, lake, central Asia. See Jarlng Nor. 
 
 Cbarlt^, la, tn., France, dep. Nievre, arr. Cosne, on the 
 r. bk. of the Loire, 15 m. NNW. Nevers. P. <5ooo. 
 
 CTbartton, riv. , U.S., flows from Iowa into Missouri, then 
 S. into the Missouri R., just E. of 93° W. Length, about 
 250 m. 
 
 Cbariton, city, U.S., Iowa, Lucas co., 42 m. SSE. Des 
 Moines. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Cbariton, co., U.S., Missoim, crossed by 93° W., bcimded 
 on the S. by the Missoiu-i. 
 
 Cbarlialili. See CbaUib. 
 
 Cbarkb^ri, native state. Central India Agency, Bundelkhand, 
 crossed by 25^° N. and 79° 50' E. Area, 787^ sq. m. Cap. 
 C. town. 
 
 Cbarkl, Turkish isL , in the SW. of Asia Minor, to the W. of 
 Rhodes, in 36° 15' N., 27° 3S'-4o' E. 
 
 Cbarlbnry, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Banbury 
 div., on the Evenlode, 5i m. WNW. Woodstock, on the 
 G. W. R., PMT.O. Market-day, F. Par. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbarlbnry witb Sbortbanipton and Cbadlington, eccles. 
 dist., Eng., Oxfordshire, including town of C. P. •C2500. 
 
 Cbarlcombe, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., 2^ m. N. 
 Bath. P. <75o. 
 
 Cbarlecote, par., Eng., Warwickshire, on the Dene, div. 
 and 4^ m. ENE. Stratford-on-Avon. P. <25o. 
 
 Ciiarlemont, electoral div.. Ire., co. Armagh, 9^ m. W. 
 Portadown. 
 
 Cbarlemont, viL, U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co., on 
 Deerfield R. , 21 m. ESE. of NW. comer of state, P. <i500. 
 
 Cbarleroi, fortress, Belgiimi, prov. Hainaut, on the Sambre, 
 19 m. W. by S. Namur. One of the principal coal-mining 
 centres of Belgium, has iron-foundries, cutlery, glass, and nail 
 factories, brickyards, woollen cloth and yarn factories. It is 
 connected with Brussels by the C. Canal. P. 20,800. 
 
 Cbarles, cape, E. ct. of Labrador, in 52° 15' N. , at entrance 
 to Strait of Belle Isle. 
 810 
 
 Cbarles, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, partly within Plymouth bor. 
 P. 36,600. 
 
 Cbarles, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 8 m. E. 
 Barnstaple. P. <25o. 
 
 Cbarles, co., U.S., Maryland, in the SW., on the estuary of 
 the Potomac. 
 
 Cbarles, riv., U.S., in the E. of Massachusetts, winds N. 
 and E. into the head of Boston Harbour. 
 
 Cbarles, cape, U.S., Virginia, at the N. of the entrance to 
 Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Cbarlesboorg, viL, Canada, Quebec, prov., co., and 5 m. 
 NW. by N. Quebec. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Cbarles City, tn., U.S., Iowa, Floyd co., 80 m. WSW. of 
 NE. comer of state. P. < 3000. 
 
 Cbarles City, co., U.S., Virginia, in the SE., crossed by 77° 
 W. , bounded on the S. by the estuary of James R. 
 
 Cbarles Island, Canada, in Hudson Strait, in 62^ 44' N., 
 74° 18' W. 
 
 Cbarles Island, one of the Galapagos group. See Floreana. 
 
 Cbarles Mix, co., U.S., S. Dakota, bounded on the S. by 
 the Missouri R. , and crossed in the W. by 99° W. 
 
 Cbarles Sonnd, inlet, New Zealand, on the W. ct. of 
 Otago prov. 
 
 Cbarleston, vil., Canada, Ontario, Leeds co., on Lalie C. 
 (drained SW. into the St. Lawrence), 34 m. NE. Kingston. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbarleston, or Caledon, tn. , Canada, Ontario, Peel co. , 36 
 m. NW. by W. Toronto. P. (of sub. dist. ) 5000. 
 
 Cbarleston, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , BuUer co. , on 
 the W. ct., 40 m. NNE. Greymouth, in 41° 55' S. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cbarleston, vil., Scot., Forfarshire, 5^ m. SW. by W. 
 Forfar, 2 m. S. by E. Glamis stn. 
 
 Cbarleston, tp. , S. Australia, Adelaide co., 15 m. E. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbarleston, viL, U.S., Iowa, Lee co. , 13 m. NNW. Keokuk. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbarleston, city, U.S., Illinois, Coles co., 40 m. W. Terre 
 Haute ( Ind. ). P. < 5000. 
 
 Cbarleston, tn. , U.S., Missouri, co. Mississippi. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbarleston, seapt. city, U.S., S. Carolina, cap. co. C, on a 
 low point of land formed by the confluence of the Cooper and 
 Ashley Rivs., 7 m. from the Atlantic, on C. harbour, 82 m. NE. 
 by E. Savannah (Ga.) ; an outlet for a rich rice and cotton pro- 
 ducing region. The harbour is spacious (about 15 sq. m. in 
 extent), but entrance is impeded by a bar with only 18 ft. of 
 water, which, however, the U.S. government is now attempting 
 to deepen by the constmction of jetties. An extensive trade in 
 cotton, lumber, and naval stores, phosphate, and rice is carried 
 on, and a large grain trade is expected to grow up if the 
 deepening operations on the bar are successful. The Santee 
 Canal, 22 ra. long, connects C. with Santee R. The town was 
 founded by English colonists under Wm. Sayle, in 1679. Open 
 hostilities in the Civil War began at C. wth the bombardment 
 of Fort Sumter. The city suffered greatly by an earthquake, 
 Aug. 31, 1886. Mean temp., yr. 66.3° F., Jan. 50.8.°, July 
 82.8°; rainfall (14 yrs.), 59.9 in. P. (1850) 43,000; (1870) 
 49,000; (1880)50,000; (1890)55,000. 
 
 Cbarleston, tn., U.S., Vermont, Orleans co., 48 m. NE. by 
 N. Montpelier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbarleston, city, U.S., W. Virginia, Kanawha co., on the 
 Great Kanawha R. , 55 m. E. of the westernmost point of the 
 state, with very productive salt springs near. P. 6700. 
 
 Cbarlestown, eccles. dist. and seapt. \'il., Eng., Cornwall, 
 on the S. ct., 9^ m. S. by W. Bodmin, div. and i m. E. St. 
 Austell, PMT.O. P. <3000. 
 
 Cbarlestown, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, in Pendleton, 
 W. Salford. P. 8900. 
 
 Cbarlestown, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, Halifax. P. 7000. 
 
 Cbarlestown, or Sfewtown-Dillon, tn. , Ire. , E. co. Mayo, 
 bar. Costello, 17 m. SE. by E. Ballina, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cbarlesto-wn, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. and 3 m. N. 
 Ardee. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cbarlestown, small tn., in the extreme N. of Natal, at 
 present (1893) a railway terminus. Alt. 5386 ft. 
 
 Cbarlestown, vil., Scot., Banffshire, in Aberlour par. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Cbarlestown, vil. , Scot. , Fife, on the Firth of Forth, 2^ m. 
 SW. by S. Dunfermline, on the N. B. R., PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Cbarlestown, or ^ntb Waratab, mining tp. , New South 
 Wales, Northumberland co., 8 m. from Newcastle. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbarlestown, W. Indies, on the W. ct. of Nevis I. 
 
 Cbarlestown, vil., U.S., Indiana, Clark co., 13 m. N. by 
 E. Louisville (Ky.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbarlestown, U.S., Massachusetts. See Boston. 
 
 Cbarlestown, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Sullivan co., on 
 the L bk. of the Connecticut, 44 m. W. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbarlestown, vil., U.S., Rhode Island, Washington co., 
 18 m. WSW, New Port. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbarlestown, tn. , U.S. , West Virginia, Jefferson co. , 86m. E. 
 of the SW. comer of Maryland, Alt. 517 ft. (R. R.). P. <30oo. 
 
CHAR — CHAR 
 
 Chaplesworth, eccles. dist. , Eng. , Derbyshire, High Peak 
 div., 2j m. WSW. Glossop, P.O. P. <2Soo. 
 
 Charleton, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Totnes div. , g^ m. SW. 
 by W. Dartmouth. P. <soo. 
 
 Chaplevllle, tn., France, dap. Ardennes, on the Meuse, 
 adjoining Mezi^res on the N., 12 m. NW. by W. Sedan, with 
 manufactures of arms, nails, and metal wares. Alt. 476 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 49.8° F., Jan. 35.6°, July 65.9°. P. 16,400. 
 
 Charlevllle, market-tn. , Ire. , N. co. Cork, bar. Orrery and 
 Kilmore, 15^ m. N. Mallow, on the G. S. cS: W. R. So caUed 
 by the first Earl of Orrery in honour of Charles II. ; previously 
 called Rathgoggan. Market-day, S. P. <20oo. 
 
 CharleTille, tp. , Queensland, Orrery co. , on the 1. bk. of the 
 Warrego R., 350 m. SW. Rockhampton. P. <4000. 
 
 CbarleToix, co. , Canada, Quebec, on the 1. bk. of the St. 
 Lawrence, bounded on the N. by 48° N. 
 
 Charlevoix, vil., U.S., Michigan, cap. C. co., on Lake 
 Michigan, 42 m. SW. by S. of the Straits of Mackinac. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Cbarley, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, div. and 4 m. SW. by 
 W. Loughborough, 2 m. E. Whitwick stn. P. <:2S0. 
 
 Cbarllen, tn. , France, on the N. border of dep. Loire, arr. 
 and 10 m. NE. by N. Roanne. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Charllnch ('the husbandman's island,' from Ceorl, A.S. , 
 'a husbandman'), par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 4 m. W. by 
 N. Bridgwater. P. <25o. 
 
 Charlotte, co. , Canada, in the extreme S W. of New Bruns- 
 wick. P. 26,000. 
 
 Charlotte, city, U.S., N. Carolina, Mecklenburg co. , 127 
 m. WSW. Raleigh, and 33 m. SSW. Salisbury. Alt. 838 in. ; 
 rainfall (6 yrs.), 54.10 in. P. (1880) 7100 ; (1890) 11,600. 
 
 Charlotte, city, U.S., Michigan, Eaton co., 92 m. W. by 
 N. Detroit, and 19 m. SW. Lansing. P. <40oo. 
 
 Charlotte, vil., U.S., New York, Monroe co. , on Ironde- 
 quoit Bay, Lake Erie, 6 m. N. Rochester, of which town it is 
 the lake port. P. <:i5oc. 
 
 Charlotte, tn., U.S., Vermont, co. Chittenden, 12 m. S. by 
 W. Burlington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Charlotte, co., U.S., Virginia, E. of 79° W., and crossed 
 by 37° N. , bounded on the SW. by the Staunton R. 
 
 Charlotte Amalie, seapt. , W. Indies, on the S. ct. of the 
 Danish island of St. Thomas. 
 
 Charlotte Bay, U.S., SW. Florida, just S. of 27° N. 
 
 Charlotte Harbour, Brit. N. America, E. ct. of Labrador, 
 60 m. N. of Strait of Belle Isle. 
 
 Charlotte Harbonr, or Ciasparllla Sonnd, inlet of the 
 Gulf of Mexico, W. ct. of Florida, in 26° 45' N. and 82° 15' W. 
 Charlotte R. flows into it. Average breadth, 10 m. ; greatest 
 depth, about 10 ft. 
 
 Charlotte Islands. See Santa Cmz Islands. 
 
 Cbarlottenbnrg, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, on 
 R. Spree, 4 m. WSW. Berlin, with manufactures of earthen 
 and stone ware, machinery, telegraphic apparatus, and chemical 
 products ; iron smelting, &c. ; has artillery and engineering 
 schools ; connected with Berlin by two horse- tram ways. P. 
 (1871)19,500; (1891)74,900. 
 
 Charlottenhof, Prussia. See Kiinigshtitte. 
 
 Charlotte Plains, settlement, Queensland, Douglas co., 
 200 m. WSW. Townsville. 
 
 CharlottesTllle, city, U.S., Virginia, Albemarle co., 65 m. 
 NW. by W. Richmond. Seat of the Virginia University. Alt. 
 450 ft. (R.R.). P. 5600. 
 
 Charlottetoivn, city, Canada, cap. Prince Edward I. , Queen's 
 CO. , on Hillsborough R. , in 63° 7' W. Mean temp. , yr. 40.7° F. , 
 Jan. 16.3°, Aug. 64.7°. P. 11,400. 
 
 Charlotteto^m, W. Indies. See donyare. 
 
 Charlotte town, W. Indies. See Roseau. 
 
 Charlton ('the husbandman's dwelling,' from Ceorl, A.S., 
 'a husbandman'), par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 7 J m. SW. 
 Abingdon, i| m. S. Wantage \q.v.) Road stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Charlton, hamlet, Eng., Hampshire, div. and i^ m. NW. 
 by N. Andover, 14 m. NW. by N. Winchester, close to Andover 
 June, P.O. 
 
 Charlton, par., Eng., Kent, NW. and included in the pari, 
 bor. of Dover. P. 7800. 
 
 Charlton, par. and vil. , Eng. , Kent, Greenwich div. , 6 m. 
 ESE. St. Paul's, London, with a stn. (C. June.) on the SE. R., 
 PMT.O. (Old C), PM.O. (New C). P. (C. next >Voolwich) 
 11,700. 
 
 Charlton, hamlet, Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 11 m. 
 W. by N. Buckingham, 2 m. E. by S. King's Sutton stn., PT.O. 
 See Newbottle. 
 
 Charlton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 9 m. 
 SSW. Cirencester, 2 m. E. by N. Malmesbury stn., P.O.; 4766 
 ac. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (C. with Brokenhorough) P. < 1000. 
 
 Charlton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., on the Avon, 
 17 m. E. Trowbridge, 2J m. S. Woodborough stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Charlton, eccles. dist. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Wilton div. , on the 
 Avon, 4^ m. SSE. Salisbury, 2 m. NNW. Downton stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Charlton, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Wiltshire. See Donhead . 
 
 Charlton, par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 2^ m. NW. 
 by W. Evesham, i m. SE. Fladbury stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Charlton, co. , U.S., Georgia, on S. frontier, and crossed in 
 the E. by 82° W. 
 
 Charlton, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., 13 m. 
 SW. Worcester. P. < 2000. 
 
 Charlton, market-tn., Victoria, Gladstone co., 143 m. NNW. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Charlton, North and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed div., S. Charlton 4^ m. 
 NNW. Alnwick, P.O. P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Charlton Abbots, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury 
 div., 5 m. E. by N. Cheltenham. P. <:25o. 
 
 Charlton Adam, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 7 m. 
 SSE. Glastonbury, 4^ m. WNW. Sparkford stn. , P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Charlton Bay, Eng., SW. ct. of Devonshire, 4I m. SW. 
 Lyme Regis. 
 
 Charlton Horethome, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 8 m. 
 NE. by E. Yeovil, 2 m. N. Milborne Port stn., PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Charlton-ln-DOTcr, NW. suburb of Dover, par., Eng., 
 Kent, included in the pari. bor. of Dover, close to Dove Priory 
 stn. P. 7800. 
 
 Charlton Island, Canada, N W. Terr. , in James Bay, in 52° N. 
 
 Charlton Kings, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, i^ m. SE. and 
 included in the pari. bor. of Cheltenham, on the G. W. R. 
 P. <45oo. 
 
 Charlton Mackerel, par., Eng., Somersetshire, \ m. W. 
 Charlton Adam, P.O. (C. Mackrell). P. <75o. 
 
 Charlton Marshall, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, N. div. , on the 
 Stour, 14 m. NW. Poole, \\ m. SE. Blandford, P.O. P. <75o. 
 See Spettlsbnry. 
 
 Charlton Musgrove, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., ii^ m. 
 SSW. Frome, i m. NE. Wincanton stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Charlton next Woolwich. See Charlton, Kent, Green- 
 wich div. 
 
 Charlton-on-Otmoor, par. and vil., Eng., Oxfordshire, 
 Woodstock div., on the Ray, 7 m. NE. by N. Oxford, 3 m. 
 ENE. Islip stn., P.O. Par. P.<5oo. 
 
 Charlwood, par., Eng., Surrey, Reigate div., 7J m. SE. 
 Dorking, 3 m. WSW. Horley stn., PMT.O. ; 7093 ac. P. < 
 1500; eccles. par. (C. with Lowfleld Heath) P. < 1500. 
 
 Charlyncb, Eng. , Somersetshire. See Charllnch. 
 
 Charmate, riv. See Chubut. 
 
 Charmes, tn., France, dep. Vosges, arr. Mirecourt, on the 
 Moselle, 18 m. SW. by S. Lun^ville. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Chariuettes, I-es, vil. , France, dep. Savoie, near Chamb6ry ; 
 at one time the residence of J. J. Rousseau. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Channey, Ger. Oalinls, vil., Switzd., cant, and 14 m. S. 
 Freiburg, in the high valley of same name ; noted for the quality 
 of its Gruy^re cheese. P. < 2000. 
 
 Charminster, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., on the Cerne, 
 i| m. N. Dorchester, PMT.O. ; 4395 ac. P. <:iSoo ; eccles. par. 
 (C. with Stratton) P. <20oo. 
 
 Charmouth, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., on the S. ct., 
 -l\ m. ENE. Lyme Regis, PMT.O. P. <:7So. 
 
 Charmunsha, tn., India, Bengal, dist. Nodkhdli. P. <Sooo. 
 
 Charnak Kalessi, the same as Kale-i-Snltanlye, Asia Minor. 
 
 Charudon, par. , Eng. , Buckingham co. and union. P. < 
 250. See Twyford. 
 
 Charuex, tn. , Switzd. See Montreux. 
 
 Ctaarney, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and j\ m. W. by S. 
 Abingdon, on the Ock, 3 m. NW. Wantage Road stn., P.O. 
 (C. Bassett). P. <:25o. See Longworth. 
 
 Charnock Green, or Charnock Heath, par., Eng., Lan- 
 cashire, Chorley div., 7J m. NNW. Wigan, 2 m. NNW. Cop- 
 pull stn. P. -CI 500. 
 
 Charnock Richard, par. and eccles. dist. , Eng. , Lancashire, 
 3 m. SW. Chorley, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Chamwood Forest, barren upland tract, Eng. , N. Leicester- 
 shire, 5 m. SW. Loughborough, the hills in it largely composed 
 of archaean and igneous rocks. Bardon Hill, alt. 912 ft. 
 
 Charolais, dist., France, in the S. of Burgundy, made a 
 county in the 9th century, but resumed by Burgundy in 1390. 
 Until 1684 C. belonged to the Austro-Spanish house, but was 
 confiscated by Louis XIV. and given to the house of Cond6, 
 which retained it until 1771. Charolles was the cap. 
 
 CharoUes, tn., France, dep. Sa6ne et Loire, 27 m. S. by W. 
 Le Creuzot ; cap. arr. P. < 3000. 
 
 Charqneades, dist., Brazil, prov. Rio Grande do Sul, rich 
 in homed cattle, whose flesh is dried and made into charqui. 
 
 Charras Canal, France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, drains 
 the Rochefort marsh ; joins the Charente below Rochefort. 
 Length, 12 m. 
 
 Chdrsadda, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 14 m. NE. 
 Peshawar. Almost contiguous to village of Prdng. The two 
 places are identified by General Cunningham vnth the ancient 
 Pushkalavati of the time of Alexander the Great's invasion, the 
 Peukelas or Peukelaotis of Greek historians. P. 10,600 ; Moham. 
 
 9900. 
 
 811 
 
CHAR — CHAT 
 
 Ctaarsfleld, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 9* m. NE. 
 Ipswich, PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Cliarshembe, or Cbarsbambah, tn., Asia Minor, vilayet 
 and 15s m. W. Trebizond, at the head of the Yeshil Irmak delta, 
 24 m. ESE. Samsun. P. 15,000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Cbait, Great, par., Eng., Kent, on the Stour, div. and li m. 
 \V. by S. Ashford (L. C. & D. R.) stn., PT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Chart, Little, par., 4I m. NW. Great C, 2 m. S. by W. 
 Charing stn. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Charter Alley, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Sherborne St. John, 
 Hampshire. 
 
 Charterhouse, par. , Eng. , London, Holbom union. P. < 
 250. 
 
 Charterhouse, par., Eng., Somerset, on the Mendip Hills, 
 div. and 7 m. NNW Wells. P. <2So. 
 
 Charterhouse Hlnton, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., 
 4 m. S. by E. Bath, 2 m. S. Midford stn., P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Charters Towers, municip., Queensland, Davenport co., 
 62 m. (82 m. by rail) SW. by S. TownsviUe. Centre of one of 
 the most important goldfields of the colonies ; main reef 2-3 m. 
 long, continuous to a depth of 1400 ft. Alt. about 1000 ft. 
 P. <5ooo ; of goldfield about 14,000. 
 
 Chartham, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., on the 
 Stour, 3 m. W'SW. Canterbury, on the SE. R., PMT.O. ; 
 4569 ac. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Charthiiwal, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Muzaffar- 
 nagar, 35 m. N. by W. Meerut. P. 5300. 
 
 Chartlers (char-tlrz), bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny 
 CO., 5 m. from Pittsburg by rail. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Chartley Holme, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , 7 m. 
 NE. by E. Stafford, on the G. N. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Chart next Sutton Talence, par., Eng., Kent, Medway 
 div., 5 m. SSE. Maidstone, 3^ m. NNE. Staplehurst stn., P.O. 
 P. <750. 
 
 Charton Bay, small bay, Eng. , SE. of Devonshire, in 3° W. 
 
 Chartres, the ancient Auiricum, city, France, cap. dep. 
 Eure-et-Loir, arr. C, 47 m. SW. Paris, on a slope beside the 
 Eure. Its cathedral (i 195-1260) is a remarkably rich and beauti- 
 ful specimen of pointed Gothic. The great market for the grain 
 and cattle of Beauce ; noted for its gingerbread and pat^s of 
 partridge. In 1417 the English took possession of C. , losing it 
 in 1432. P. 23,100. 
 
 Chartreuse, La Grande, an old Carthusian monastery, 
 France, dep. Is^re, in the mountains, 14 m. NNE. Grenoble, 
 instituted in 1134, near the site of the hermitage to which St. 
 Bruno retired in 1084 ; famed for its liqueiu-s. Alt. nearly 3300 ft. 
 
 Chart Sutton. See Chart next Sutton Talence. 
 
 CharM'elton (usually pronounced charl'ton), par., Eng., S. 
 div. of Northamptonshire, 12^ m. S. by E. Rugby, 4^ m. SW. 
 by S. Daventry, 2 m. NE. Byfield stn., P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Charysh, riv., E. Siberia, 1. bk. trib. of Obi, govt. Tomsk, 
 dist. Biysk, 230 m.; fertile, populous valley. 
 
 Chasalya, viL, S. Africa, in 13° 40' S., 31° 20' E. 
 
 Chascomns, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 62 m. SSE. 
 Buenos Aires. P. 5000. 
 
 Chase, part of eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire. See 
 Tldenham. 
 
 Chase, co., U.S., Kansas, N. of 38° N., E. of 97° W. 
 
 Chase, mt., U.S., Maine, Penobscot co., 86 m. N. by E. 
 Bangor. 
 
 Chase, viL, U.S., Maryland, Baltimore co., 12 m. ENE. 
 Baltimore, on Chesapeake Bay. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Chase, viL, U.S., Michigan, Lake co., 92 m. W. by N. Bay 
 City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chase, CO., U.S., Nebraska, in the SW., on the W. frontier, 
 S. of4i°N. 
 
 Ohaseley, Eng. See Chaceley. 
 
 Chasetown, eccles. dist., Eng., Staffordshire, 3 m. from 
 Brownhills, PM.O. P. < 5000. 
 
 Chase-water, eccles. dist. and mining vil., Eng., Cornwall, 
 Truro div. , 4^ m. W. Truro, with a stn. (Chacewater) on the 
 G. W. R., PMT.O. (Chacewater). Market-day, S. P. <:2500. 
 
 Chashnlki, tn., Russia, govt, and 47 m. SW. of Vitebsk, 
 dist. Lepel, on UUa R. P. 5200. 
 
 Chaska, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Carver co., on the Minne- 
 sota R. , 20 m. SW. by W. Minneapolis. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Chasselay, vil., France, dep. Rhone, near Lyons, with lead- 
 mines. P. < 2000. 
 
 Chasseplerre, comm., Belgium, prov. Luxembourg, on the 
 Semoy, 15 m. E. Sedan. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Chasseral and Chasseron. See Jura Mountains. 
 
 Chassezac, torrent, S. France, deps. Lozere and Ardfeche, 
 flows E. through profound gorges, and joins the Ard^che where 
 that river turns SE. in the S. of the dep. See Ceyennes. 
 
 Chasslron, lighthouse, France, on the NW. point of He 
 d'016ron, in 46° 3' N. , 1° 25' W. 
 
 Chsstleton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 15 m. WSW. 
 Banbury, 4^ m. WNW. Chipping Norton. P. <:25o. 
 
 Chilta, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Muttra, 34 ra. N. 
 Bhartpur. P. 6600 ; Hindus, 5500 ; Moham. 1 100. 
 312 
 
 Chatalgnerale, La, tn. , France, dep. Vendte, arr. Fontenay- 
 le-Comte, 26 m. NW. by N. Niort. P. <2ooo. 
 
 ChataIJa, tn. , Turkey in Europe, cap. prov. C. , 26 m. WNW. 
 Constantinople. The Heights of C, a small range of hills to 
 the E. , are crowned vrith fortifications, and cover the approaches 
 \o Constantinople. 
 
 Chatanga, riv., Siberia, Yeniseisk, flows N. into the long 
 inlet of C. Bay on the E. side of Taimyr Penin., about midway 
 between the Yenisei and the Lena. 
 
 Chatar, vil., Persia, prov. Fars, near the Persian Gulf, 75 m. 
 NNW. Bushire. 
 
 Chatbow, settlement, Canada, Quebec, co. Argenteuil, 2 m. 
 from Grenville. 
 
 Chatburn, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 2 m. NE. 
 Clitheroe, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Cbateaubelalr, West Indies. See Richmond Bay. 
 
 Ch^teaubrtant, tn. , France, dep. Loire Inf^rieure, arr. C. , 
 31 m. SSE. Rennes. P. 5300. 
 
 Ch&tean-Cblnon, tn., France, dep. Nievre, 20 m. WNW. 
 Autun, cap. air. Alt. 2030 ft. P. < 3000. 
 
 Chateau d'Oex, comm., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 11 m. E. by 
 N. Montreux. P. <:300o. 
 
 Chfttcan d'Ol^ron, comm., France, on the E. ct. of He 
 d'016ron, dep. Charente Inf^rieure, 12 m. WSW. Rochefort. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Ch&tean-du-Lolr, tn. , France, dep. Sarthe, arr. St. Calais, 
 24 m. SSE. Le Mans. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Ch&teaudun, tn. , France, dep. Eure-et-Loir, arr. C. , on the 
 Loir, 28 m. SSW. Chartres. P. 5700. 
 
 Chateaugay, mt. range, Canada and U.S., partly drained 
 by the C. Riv. They contain, in New York State, near Lake 
 Champlain, productive deposits of iron ore. 
 
 Chateaugay, vil., U.S., New York, Franklin co., 53 m. 
 NW. Burlington (Vt.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Chateaugay, or Chateauguay, riv., U.S. and Canada, 
 rises in the NE. of New York state, where it drains Upper and 
 Lower C. Lakes, and flows N. through Quebec into the St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 Chdteau-Gentler, tn., France, dep. Mayenne, on the May- 
 enne, cap. arr., 17 m. S. by E. Laval. P. 7200, 
 
 Chateauguay, co. , Canada, Quebec, bordering the r. bk. of 
 the St. Lawrence for about 7 m. at Lake St. Louis, crossed in 
 the W. by 74° W. 
 
 Chateauguay, vil. , Canada, in C. co. , on the Chateauguay R. , 
 16 m. SW. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chateauguay Basin, vil. , Canada, Quebec, at the mouth of 
 Chateaugfuay R. , 14 m. from Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chateau Haut Brlon, hamlet, France, dep. Gironde, arr. 
 Liborne, with a vineyard producing fine Bordeaux wine. 
 
 Ch&tean I'Abbaye, vil., France, dep. Nord, arr. and near 
 Valenciennes, with coal-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Chittean-Lafltte, hamlet, France, dep. Gironde, in the comm. 
 of Pauillac, with a vineyard, producing fine grovrths of >vine. 
 
 Chateau Landon, tn. , France, on the S. border of dep. Seine 
 et Marne, arr. and 18 m. S. Fontaineblcau. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ch&teau Latour, two contiguous vineyards, France, dep. 
 and on the Gironde, near Pauillac, and which yield fine growths 
 of claret wine. 
 
 Ch&teaulln, tn. , France, dep. Finistfere, 23 m. SE. by E. 
 Brest, cap. arr. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Chateau Hargaux, vineyard, France, dep. and on the 
 Gironde, 14 m. NW. Bordeaux. It produces one of the first 
 growths of claret wine. 
 
 Ch&teanmelllant, tn., France, dep. Cher, arr. St. Amand- 
 Mont-Rond, 24 m. NW. Montlupon. P. <3ooo. 
 
 ChAteauneuf, tn., France, dep. and on the 1. bk. of the 
 Charente, arr. Cognac, 11 m. WSW. Angoulfime. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ch&teauneuf, vil., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, near Manzat, 
 with mineral springs and baths. P. <20oo. 
 
 ChAteauneufde Bretagne, tn., France, dep. Hie et Villaine, 
 7 m. SE. St. Male. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ch&teaunenf du Faou, tn., France, dep. Finist^re, arr. 
 Ch^teaulin, 34 m. ESE. Brest. P. < 2000. 
 
 ChAteaunenf«gur«Cher, tn., France, dep. Cher, arr. St. 
 Amand-Mont-Rond, 16 m. S. by W. Bourges. P. <3000. 
 
 Chfiteauneuf-snr-Lolre, tn., France, dep. Loiret, on the 
 r. bk. of the Loire, arr. and 15 m. E. by S. Orleans. P. <3000. 
 Ch&teau Porclen, tn., France, dep. Ardennes, on the Aisne, 
 22 m. NNE. Reims, arr. and6 m. W. by N. Rethel, commanded 
 by a steep rock, crowned by the ruins of a i6th century fortress. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Chfttean Kenard, tn., France, on the N. border of dep. 
 Bouches-du-Rhone, arr. Aries, on the Durance, 5 m. SE. by S. 
 Avignon. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ch&teaurenault, tn. , France, dep. Indre et Loire, on the 
 Brenne, arr. and 18 m. NE. Tours. P. <4000. 
 
 Ch&tean Richer, vil., Canada, Quebec, Montmorency co., 
 on the 1. bk. of the R. St. Lawrence, 15 m. NE. by E. Quebec. 
 P. (of dist.)<20oo. 
 Ch&teanronx, tn. , France, cap. dep. Indre, arr. C. , on the 
 
CHAT — CHAT 
 
 Indre, 55 m. NW. by W. Montlufon; considerable woollen 
 manufactures and other industries. The town formed round the 
 castle built by Raoul de D6ols in the nth century. P. 19,100. 
 
 Cbfttean Sallns, tn., Ger., govt, of Alsace-Lorraine, 25 m. 
 SE. by E. Metz, on the Seille, with ancient salt-works, to which 
 the town owes name and origin. Worked from 1330. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Ch&tean-Xlilerry, tn., France, dep. Aisne, arr. C.-T. , on 
 the Marne, 23 m. S. by E. Soissons. P. 6300. 
 
 Cb^teanx, Pointe des, E. point of Guadaloupe I., W. Indies. 
 
 Cb&telandren, tn. , France, dep. Cotes du Nord, on the Leff, 
 44 m. W. by S. St. Malo, 10 m. WNW. St. Brieuc. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Clifttelard, Le, comm., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 14 m. ESE. 
 Lausanne. P. 7200. 
 
 Ch&teldon, tn., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 25 m. NE. by 
 i'-. Clermont-Ferrand, 10 m. N, by W. Thiers, with mineral 
 waters. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cli&telet, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the Sambre, 
 37 m. E. Charleroi. P. 11,100; including Chatelineau, 21,400. 
 
 'ChAtelet, vil. , Switzd. See dstelg. 
 
 Cliatelgnyon, vil. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. and near 
 Riom, with mineral springs and baths. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cli&telleranlt, tn., France, dep. Vienne, on the Vienne, arr. 
 C. , 19 m. NE. by N. Poitiers. Manufactures of cutlery, jewellery, 
 &c. ; national manufacture of arms. It gives title of Duke of 
 C. to the (Scotch) Duke of Hamilton. P. 15,400. 
 
 Cta&tel St. Denis, viL, Switzd., cant. Freiburg, 13 m. E. 
 Lausanne. P. <:3000. 
 
 Cb&tenols, tn., France, dist., arr., and 6 m. S. Belfort, with 
 iron- works. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cbdtenols, Ger. , Alsace. See Kestenholz. 
 
 Chater, settlement, Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R., 
 127 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Chater, ri v., Eng., in Leicestershire and Rutland, flows E. to 
 the Welland, which it joins on the 1. bk. above Stamford. 
 
 Chatfleld, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Fillmore co., 25 m. SE. 
 Rochester by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbatham, vil. , Canada. See Cnsblng. 
 
 Chatham, or nUrainichl, port of entry and harbour, Canada, 
 New Brunswick, Northumberland co. , on the r. bk. of the 
 R. Miramichi, at its mouth, 98 m. NE. by N. Fredericton ; 
 depth at entrance at high water, ordinary springs, 21 ft. ; ordin- 
 ary neaps, 19 J ft. Good anchorage in river for a distance of 25 m. 
 Mean temp., yr. 39.8° F., Jan. 10.7°, July 64.8°. P. (of dist.) 
 5800. 
 
 Chatham, tn., Canada, Ontario, Kent co. , on R. Thames, 
 44 m. E. by N. Windsor, an important rly. junc. P. 9000. 
 
 Chatham, isl. , off the W. ct. of Chile, to the S. of Wellington I. 
 
 Chatham (chat'am), formerly Coteham ( ' village of huts '), pari, 
 bor. (one member), mun. bor. (since 1890), naval arsenal, and 
 par., Eng., on E. bank of the Medway, adjoining the city of 
 Rochester, on N. Kent Rly., and L. C. & D. R., 30 m. ESE. 
 London. The R. Medway here widens, and is flanked on the 
 E. and S. by heights partly built over and crowned with several 
 forts and batteries. A Seamen's Hospital, St. Bartholomew's 
 Hospital. The military and naval establishments, separated 
 from the town and suburbs beyond by a line of fortifications, 
 comprise infantry, marine, engineer, and artillery barracks, a 
 school for engineers, and a marine hospital ; the dockyard and 
 arsenal, founded in the reign of Elizabeth, surrounded by a wall 
 enclosing 90 ac. The dockyard contains five tide docks, and 
 eight building-slips for men-of-war of the largest size, while the 
 neighbouring flats have been converted into docks ; with saw- 
 mills, forges, machinery-works, and roperies. It has ordnance- 
 ranges, an armoury, officers' and artificers' quarters, gymnasium, 
 military institute, and a chapel. Near the dockyard is Brennan's 
 torpedo factory. In 1667, the Dutch, under De Ruyter, sailed up 
 the Medway, and in defiance of the forts on its banks succeeded 
 in burning many vessels and stores. Mun. bor. P. (1891), 
 31,700; pari, bor., which includes also the par. of Gillingham, 
 P. 59,200; par. 4444 ac, P. 31,900. 
 
 Chatham, place, Eng., Northumberland, PMT.O. 
 
 Chatham, isl. Pacific Ocean, one of the Galapagos group, 
 with excellent coal. 
 
 Chatham, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, Middlese.x co. , on the 
 1. bk. of Connecticut R., 25 m. NE. New Haven. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Chatham, maritime co. , U.S., Georgia, bounded on the E. 
 by the mouth of the Savannah R. , on the W. by the Ogeechee R, 
 
 Chatham, tn., U.S., in the extreme SE. of Massachusetts, 
 Barnstable co., 50 m. E. New Bedford. P. < 2000. 
 
 Chatham, co., U.S., N. Carolina, S. of 36° N., crossed in 
 tlie E. by 79° W. 
 
 Chatham, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Morris co., 11 m. W. 
 Newark. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chatham, vil., U.S., New York, Columbia co., 24 m. SSE. 
 Albany. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Chatham, vil., U.S., Virginia, Pittsylvania co. , 120 m. SW. 
 by W. Richmond and 42 m. SSW. Lynchburg. Alt. 624 ft. 
 (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Chatham, cape, W. Australia, dists. Lanark and Stirling, 
 28 m. SE. of Point d'Entrecasteaux. 
 
 Chatham Islands (called by the natives Warekatcri or 
 Wairikaori, 'great mountains'), group, S. Pacific, 380 m. E. 
 New Zealand, of which colony they form part. Lat. of Cape 
 Young, 43° 48' S. , long. 176° 58' W. They consist of Wairi- 
 kaori (Chatham), Pitt, and some smaller islands, the first being 
 about 38 m. long and 25 m. broad. Coast rocky. The abori- 
 gines, called MorJori, have been supplanted by the Maori and 
 a mixed population. The islands are mainly used for cattle 
 and sheep breeding, for the purpose of supplying whalers and 
 other vessels calling to refit and take in stores. Mean temp, of 
 Chatham Is., yr. 51.6° F., Feb. 57.3°, July 45.5°. P. (1891) 271. 
 
 Chatham Strait, Alaska, between Admiralty I. on the E. 
 and Chichagof and Baranof Is. on the W. , between 138° and 
 139° 20' N. , crossed by 135° W. ; important herring and halibut 
 fisheries. 
 
 Chathlll, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., ^ m. N. Alnwick, on the NE. R., PMT.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Ch^tlllon, tn. , France, dep. Indre, on the Indre, arr. ChS,teau- 
 roux, 37 m. SE. Tours. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Ch&tillon, tn., France, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, 4^ m. SW. 
 by S. Notre Dame, Paris, 2 m. from the city wall. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Chatlllon, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, on the 
 DoraBaltea, 14 m. E. Aosta. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ch^tlllon>sar-ChaIaronne, tn. , France, dep. Ain, arr. Tr6- 
 voux, 25 m. N. by E. Lyons. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ch&tlllon>8ar-Lolre, tn., France, dep. Loiret, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Loire, 39 m. NNE. Bctu-ges, arr. and 9 m. SE. Gien. 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Ch^tillon-snr-Selne, tn., France, dep. C6te d'Or, arr. 
 C.-sur-S., on the Seine, 39 m. SE. by S. Troyes. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Chat 9I0S8, a marshy tract (peat bog), Eng., Lancashire, 
 about 8 m. W. Manchester ; formed one of the most serious 
 difficulties in the laying of the first railway from that city to 
 Liverpool. 
 
 Chaton, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Versailles, on 
 the Seine, 9 m. WNW. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <:4O0O. 
 
 Chatr^, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Hazaribdgh, 40 m. S. 
 by W. Gayd. P. 10,800 ; Hindus, 8200 ; Moham. 2500. 
 
 Ch&tre, la, tn., France, dep. Indre, 34 m. NW. by W. 
 Montlupon, cap. arr.; ancient Roman camp (castrum), on the 
 road from Argenton to Chateau-Meillant. Alt. 655 ft. P. < 5000. 
 
 Chatsworth, or Johntoim, vil., Canada, Ontario, Grey co., 
 33 m. W. Collingwood. P. 1500. 
 
 Chatsworth, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , j\ m. W. by 
 S. Chesterfield, 2 m. NNE. Rowsley stn. It contains C. Hall, 
 one of the seats of the Duke of Devonshire, the grounds and 
 gardens of which are among the finest in England. The old 
 mansion was the place of confinement of Mary Queen of Scots 
 from 1570 to 1584. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 36.7 in. P. <25o. 
 
 Chatsfvorth, isl., New South Wales, at the mouth of the 
 Clarence R. Sugar and maize grown. P. (1894) 370. 
 
 Chats-vrorth, vil., U.S., Illinois, Livingston co., 69 m. E. 
 Peoria. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Chatsworth, settlement, Victoria, co. Villiers, 44 m. SSW. 
 Ararat . P. < 1 500. 
 
 Chattahoochee, riv., U.S., one of the headwaters of the 
 Apalachicola, flows SW. then S. , forming for 200 m. the bound- 
 ary between Georgia and Alabama. Navigable for steamboats 
 to Columbus (Ga.), 300 m. from the sea. 
 
 Chattahoochee, vil., U.S., Florida, Gadsden co., 41 m. W. 
 Tallahassee by rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Chattahoochee, CO., U.S., Georgia, on W. frontier, N. of 32° N. 
 
 Chattanooga, city, U.S., Tennessee, Hamilton co., on the 
 1. bk. of the Tennessee R. , here navigable for steamboats eight 
 months of the year, near the S. frontier of the state, 112 m. 
 SE. Nashville, in a very healthy situation at the base of the 
 Cumberland Tableland ; an important railway centre and a 
 rapidly rising manufacturing town in a dist. rich in coal and 
 iron at the S. outlet of the Great Valley of the Appalachians. 
 Alt. 684 ft. (R.R.); signal stn. 783 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). 
 Mean rainfall (6 yrs.), 59.84 in. P. (1870) 6100 ; (1880) 12,900 ; 
 (1890) 29,100. 
 
 Chatteris, par. and tn., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Wisbech 
 div., 7 m. SSW. March, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. Market- 
 day, F. 13,719 ac. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Chatterley, vil. , Eng. , Staffordshire, 3^ m. NE. Newcastle- 
 imder-Lyme, on the N. Staffordshire Rly. 
 
 Chattlsham, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , 4 m. W. 
 by S. Ipswich, 2 m. ENE. Raydon stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Chatton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., on the Till, i2| m. NW. Alnwick, 4 m. E. Wooler stn.. 
 PMT.O.; 17,33s ac. P. <iSoo. 
 
 Chattooga, co., U.S., Georgia, on W. frontier, and about 
 34FN. 
 
 ChatweU, Great, hamlet, Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 10 
 m. SW. by W. Stafford and 4 m. SE. Newport, si m. SE. 
 Newport stn. 
 
 Chatwell, Little, hamlet, adjoining Great Chatwell. 
 . Chatyr-dagh, mt., SE. ct. of Crimea, 44° 44' N., 34 18 F. 
 Alt. 4984 ft. 
 
CHAT — CHED 
 
 Cbatyr-knl, Alpine lake, Russian Turkistan, Semiryecbensk 
 Terr., 215 m. SW. Vyemjri, in Tian-Shan Mts. Area, 98 sq. 
 m. ; no outflow. 
 
 Chau, Chou, Chinese, 'district,' 'city.' 
 
 Cbanbar, seapt. , Persia, prov. Mekran, on the Arabian Sea, 
 310 m. SE. by E. Bender Abbas. 
 
 Cbandefonds, tn. , France, dep. Maine-et- Loire, arr. Angers, 
 near Chalonnes, with mineral waters and coal-mines. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Cbandesaignes ('warm waters'), tn., France, dep. Cantal, 
 64 m. S. Clermont-Ferrand, 14 m. SSW. St. Flour, with hot 
 springs, used for baths, temp. 177° F. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cbaudefontalne, or Chand-Fontaine, comm., Belgium, 
 prov. Liege, on the Vesdre, 6 m. SE. Li^ge, with warm baths, 
 well frequented, 104° F. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cliandl^re (French, 'cauldron'), lake, Canada, Ontario and 
 Quebec, formed by an expansion of the R. Ottawa, immediately 
 above the city of Ottawa, 
 
 Cbandl^re Klrer, riv. , Canada, Quebec, rises near border 
 of Maine, U.S., traverses Lake Megantic, and flows N. to the R. 
 St. Lawrence. The Falls of the C. are 2\ m. from its mouth. 
 
 Cbandiere Jnnction, or St. Etlenue, vil. , Canada, Quebec, 
 Levis CO., 8 m. SSW. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chandoc, French Indo-China. See Sbodok. 
 
 Cbauffalles, tn. , France, on the S. border of dep. Sa6ne-et- 
 Loire, arr. CharoUes, 18 m. NE. Roanne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Changli&t, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Malabir, on the 
 W. ct., 47 m. N. by W. Cochin. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cbanl, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Kolaba, on the W. ct. , 
 28 m. S. by E. Bombay, a place of great antiqmty. In 1583 a 
 Dutch traveller described C. as a fortified city with a good har- 
 bour and a centre of manufactures. The silk-weavers and other 
 skilled craftsmen have been induced to settle in Bombay. P. 5700 
 (nearly all Hindus). 
 
 Chanmont ('bald hill'), tn., France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Loire, 12 m. SW. Blois. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cbaumont (sho'mo), viL, U.S., New York, Jefferson co., 
 on C. Bay, 15 m. NW. Watertown by raiL P. <isoo. 
 
 Cliaiunont>en-Bas8igny, tn. , France, cap. dep. Haute Marne, 
 arr. Chaumont, on the 1. bk. of the Marne, 45 m. S. Bar le Due. 
 P. 10,600. 
 
 Cbaamlkn, tn., India, Rijput4na, 15 m. NNW. Jaipur. 
 
 Cbann Bay {Chaunsk), Arctic Ocean, Siberia, 69° N., 169° 
 E. , bounded by Cape Shelagskiy on the E. ; nearly 65 m. deep 
 and 80 m. wide ; receives Chaun R. , 170 m. long. 
 
 Cbanncey, vlL, U.S., Indiana, "Tippecanoe co., near Lafa- 
 yette. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbanngn, municip., Brit. India, Burma, dist. Sagain. P. 
 9800 ; Buddhists, 9300. 
 
 Cbanny, tn., France, dep. Aisne, on the Oise, arr. Laon, 17 
 m. S. by W. St. Quentin. P. 9000. 
 
 Cbanrdgarb, ruined fortress, India, Central Provs., dist. 
 Narsinghpur, on the outer range of the Sitpura tableland, 800 
 ft. above the level of the Narbad4 valley. 
 
 Cbausk, tn. See KolyraiL 
 
 Cbanssey, or Cbansey, a group of bare and rocky islets in 
 the English Channel, 8 m. from the coast of France, opposite 
 Granville. They supply excellent granite ; and on the largest 
 island is a grazing farm. 
 
 Cbausy, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 36 m. ESE. Moghilev, 
 near Pronya R. P. 6000. 
 
 Cbautanqna (shaw-taw'kwa), co., U.S., Kansas, on the S. 
 frontier, bounded on the E. by 96° W. 
 
 Cbantanqna, co., U.S., New York, in the extreme SW., 
 bounded on the NW. by Lake Erie. 
 
 Cbautanqna, a beautiful lake 18 m. long in the middle of 
 C. CO. , drained E. into the Conewango. On its shores are the 
 summer quarters of the so-called C. University, an institution, 
 foimded in 1878, on the correspondence method of home- 
 reading directed by a society. Alt. 1291 ft. (Toner) ; length, 
 about 18 m. ; breadth, 1-3 m. 
 
 CbaaTlgny, tn., France, dep. Vienne, on the Vienne, arr. 
 Montmorillon, 15 m. E. Poitiers. Many interesting ancient 
 buildings, ruins, and remains near. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cbanx de Fonds, La, tn., Switzd., cant. Neuchatel, 5 m. 
 NE. le Locle. Situated at the foot of a narrow gorge of 
 the Jura. One of the oldest and principal seats of the manu- 
 facture of the watches of the canton. Alt. 3070 ft. P. 25,800. 
 
 Cbara, riv., S. Peru, the most southerly trib. of the 
 Apurimac. 
 
 CbaTagnes-en-Palllen, tn., France, dep. Vendue, arr. La 
 Roche-sur-Yon, near St. Fulgent. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cbares, tn., on the I. of St. Thomas, in the Gulf of Guinea. 
 
 Chaves, tn., Portugal, prov. Traz oz Montes, dist. Villa Real, 
 35 m. W. by S. Bragan9a, with hot saline springs (i2o°-i3o° F.) 
 and baths. The neighbouring irrigated plain is noted for its 
 fertility. P. 6000. 
 
 Chaves, settlement, U. S., New Mexico, Valencia co., 123 m. 
 W. by S. Santa Y€. Alt. 6969 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 Ctaawa-kwa, viL, Ger. equatorial Africa, 28 m. NNW. 
 Tanga, on the W. side of Mt. Chawa ; india-rubber abundant. 
 814 
 
 Cbawleigh, par. and vil., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 
 16 m. SE. by S. Barnstaple, 2 m. E. Eggesford stn., P.O. ; 
 5532 ac. P. <:7So. 
 
 Cbairreth, par. , Eng. , Essex. See Broxted. 
 
 Chawton, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div.. 10 m. 
 SSE. Basingstoke, i^ m. SW. Alton stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Chayanta, tn., S. America, Bolivia, dep. Potosi, 100 m. NW. 
 by N. Potosi. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Chaylard, Le, tn., France. See Cheylard, Le. 
 
 Chazelles-snr-Lyon, tn. , France, dep. Loire, arr. Mont- 
 brison, 5J m. NE. St. Galmier. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cheadle, par. and vil., Eng., Cheshire, Altrincham div., 
 2| m. SW. by W. Stockport, on the Cheshire lines. Par. 
 4504 ac. , P. 16,800 ; urban sanitary dist. (C. and Gatley) P. 
 8300. 
 
 Cheadle, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, div. and 
 9 m. S. by E. Leek, 3 m. WSW. Oakamoor stn. , with coal ; 
 6742 ac. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cheadle Hnlme, eccles. dist. and hamlet, Eng., Cheshire, 
 Altrincham div. , 3 J m. SSW. Stockport, on the L. & NW. R. , 
 PMT.O. P.<20oo. 
 
 Cheam, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 4 m. NE. by E. Epsom, 
 on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O. P.<25oo; eccles. par. (C. 
 with C. Common) P. <25oo. 
 
 Cheandoa, or Kehwandoa, isl., equatorial Africa, in the 
 upper Congo, at the second Stanley cataract, in about 0° 24' S. 
 Very populous. 
 
 Cheapslde, PMT.O., Eng., near Ascot, Berkshire. 
 
 Chearsley, par., Eng., co. and div. Buckingham, on the 
 Thame, 6^ m. W. by S. Aylesbury, 3J m. N. Thame stn. , P.O. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Cheatham, co. , U.S. , Tennessee, in the N. , crossed by 87° W., 
 and in the extreme S. by 36° N. , traversed by Cumberland R. 
 
 Chehanse, vil., U.S., Illinois, Iroquois co., 63 m. S. by W. 
 Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cheboksary, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 97 m. WNW. of 
 Kazaii, on r. bk. Volga. Tanneries, trade in corn. P. (1890) 
 4830. 
 
 Cb^bU, Algeria. See Shebll. 
 
 Chebogne, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Yarmouth co., 135 m. 
 WSW. HaUfax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cheboygan, city, U.S., Michigan, cap. C. co., on Lake 
 Huron, at the mouth of the Black R. , 17 m. SE. of the Straits 
 of Mackinac. P. 6200. 
 
 Chebsey, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, NW. div. , on R. Sow, 4 J 
 m. NW. Stafford, i| m. S. by W. Norton Bridge stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Chebneto, seapt. , Canada. See Halifax. 
 
 Chechelnyk {Clachanlyk), tn. , Russia, govt. Podolia, dist. 
 Olgopol, 25 m. NW. of Balta. P. 3500. 
 
 Ctaechenes, tribe, on N. slope of Caucasus, govt. Terek ; they 
 call themselves Nakhche. About 150,000. 
 
 Che>ehaen, tn., China, prov. Shantung, at the entrance to 
 the Lao-fu valley, which lies in 117° 56' E., and extends north- 
 wards from 36° 30' to 36° 50' N. This valley is the chief of the 
 gfreat coal-producing dists. of Shantung. 
 
 Checlny, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 11 m. SW. 
 Kielce (106 m. SW. Warsaw) ; old castle. P. 7300. 
 
 Checkendon, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 6J m. 
 NNW. Reading, 4 m. ENE. Goring stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Checker Honse, stn., Eng., Nottingham, Bassetlaw div., on 
 the M. S. & L. R., 4 m. WSW. Retford. 
 
 Checkley, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, 3^ m. SE. Cheadle ; 
 5955 ac. P. <30oo ; eccles. par. (C. with Holllngton) P. < 1500. 
 
 Checkley with Wrlnehill, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Nantwich 
 union. P. <:25o. 
 
 Chedabncto Bay, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the NE. ct., in 
 45° 22-30' N. 
 
 Chedbnrgta, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, near Newmarket. P. <Soo. 
 
 Cheddar, par. and vil. , Eng. , Somerset, div. and 7 m. NW, 
 Wells, on the G. W. R. The par. gives name to a remarkable 
 gorge in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Mendip Hills, 
 in the cliff's of which are numerous caverns, one of which, 
 known as Cox's Cavern, is the most beautiful stalactite cavern in 
 England. PMT.O. 7018 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cheddar, New Zealand. See Doyleston. 
 
 Cheddlngton, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 6^ m. 
 ENE. Aylesbury, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Cheddlngton, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , 12^ m. NE. 
 Lyme Regis, 3 m. SE. by E. Crewkeme stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cheddleton, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, on R. Churnet, div. 
 and 3 m. SSW. Leek, on the N. Staffordshire Rly., PM.O. ; 
 7017 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cheddon Fltzpaine, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridg^water div., 
 x\ m. NNE. Taunton. P. <soo. 
 
 Chedgrave, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., on the Chet, loj 
 m. SE. Norwich, 4 m. WSW. Reedham stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Chedlngton, Eng. , Dorsetshire. See Cheddlngton. 
 
 Chedlston, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 16 ra. SW. by W. 
 Lowestoft, P.O. P. <soo. See Hslesworth. 
 
CHED — CHEL 
 
 Cliedsea, par. , Eng. , Somerset. See Chedzoy. 
 
 Cbednba, or Man-aang, isl., Burma, forming a tp. of 
 
 Kyaukpyu dist., Arakan, separated by C. 8trait from Ramri I., 
 in'i8° 40-56!' N. In the NW. a so-called volcano, really a 
 discharge of inflammable gas ; in the NE. the small town of C. 
 or Man-aung (P. <2ooo). Area, 240 sq. m. P. 24,000. 
 
 Cbedwortta, par., Eng., Gloucester, div. and 6 m. NNE. 
 Cirencester, on the M. & SW. June. Rly., P.O.; 4781 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Cbedzoy, or Chedsea, par. , Eng. , Somerset, div. and 3 m. 
 E. by N. Bridgwater, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cbeeclioo, China. See €lilcIion*fii. 
 
 Clieek'tofvaga, vil. , U.S., New York, Erie co. , 6 m. E. by 
 N.Buffalo. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Cbeera, Eastern Turkistan. See Cliira. 
 
 Cbeesebnrn Grange, par., Eng., Nortiiumberland, Castle 
 Ward union. P. <250. 
 
 Cheesewrlng, pile of rocks, Eng., Cornwall, 5 m. N. by E. 
 Liskeard, with smallest end at base. Alt. 32 ft. 
 
 Cheetbam (chi'tam), par., Eng., Lancashire, forming N. dist. 
 of the SE. div. of Manchester, contains C. Hill. P. 29,600. 
 
 Cbee Tor, hill, Eng., in the NW. of Derbyshire, 4 m. E. 
 Buxton, li m. W. Millersdale stn. 
 
 Cbeetwood, eccles. dist., Eng., Lancashire, included in the 
 bor. of Manchester. P. 8600. 
 
 Cbef-Bontonne, tn., France, dep. Deux Sevres, arr. Melle, 
 on the Boutonne, 24 m. SE. Niort. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cbefoo, tn. , China. See Cbifa. 
 
 Chegbedekboton, tn. , Manchuria, prov. Helung-kiang, near 
 the Amur, in 49° 26' N. , 130° 17' E. 
 
 Cbegogin, ct. vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. and 8 m. from 
 Yarmouth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbeba'lls, co., U.S., Washington, on the W. ct., crossed 
 about the middle by 47° S. 
 
 Cbeballs, riv., U.S., Washington, flows WNW. into Gray's 
 Harbour; navigable for steamboats. Length, 125 m. 
 
 Cbeballs, city, U.S., Washington, Lewis co., 26 m. S. by W. 
 Olympia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbebl, Bncba Gum ('the forty lost children'), a place of 
 pilgrimage, Afghanistan, 6 m. SW. Ghazni. 
 
 Cbe-bo, riv., central Asia, in NW. of Chinese prov. Kansu, 
 flows N. into the Desert of Gobi, in about 99° 40' E. 
 
 Cbe'ibseu, vil. and Buddhist monastery, China, prov. Kansu, 
 25 m. NE. Si-ning-fu. Alt. 8920 ft. 
 
 CAei, Turkish, 'little.' See Chak. 
 
 Cbeklang, maritime prov., China, between Kiangsu on the 
 N. and Fokien on the S. (31° 16-27° 17' N.), the smallest of 
 all the provs. on the mainland (one-eighth larger than Ireland) ; 
 cap. Hangchou; treaty ports, Ningpo in the N. , Wenchou in 
 the S. ; other chief towns, Shaohing, Lanki, Huchou. Surface 
 for the most part covered with innumerable ranges of hills looo- 
 1300 ft. in height, separated by narrow well-irrigated valleys, 
 but including near the coast large areas of flat lowlands, espe- 
 cially on the borders of the Bay of Hangchou, where the surface 
 is divided up into squares like the Dutch polders, bordered by 
 dykes and canals, used both for irrigation and navigation. On 
 the side of the bay this area is protected by a great embank- 
 ment, more than 1000 years old, against the bores of Hang- 
 chou Bay {q.v. ). Two ranges of hills, meeting about the middle 
 of the prov. in about 29° N. , the Sianhia-ling from the SW. , 
 and the Yen-tang from the SE. , divide the prov. into a N. half 
 belonging to the Tsientang-kiang (Hangchou) basin and a S. 
 half belong to the Takhi (Wenchou) basin. The cultivated pro- 
 ducts are those of S. China generally. Minerals not abundant, 
 but include beds of coal in the N., and deposits of iron ore, 
 which are mined, in the S. Salt is extracted in large quantities 
 on the coast, and near Ningpo are vast quarries of building- 
 stone, which is despatched thence to many parts of China. 
 Most of the rivers are navigable, or at least capable of being 
 used for floating. Away from the rivers goods are mostly 
 carried on the backs of men, in many cases along well-made 
 roads, the most remarkable of which is the viaduct of Shaohing 
 (S. side of Hangchou Bay), 90 m. long, which is carefully paved 
 with stone slabs. The prov. was once one of the richest and 
 most densely peopled in China, but suffered fearfully during the 
 Taiping rebellion (1850-65). The pop., estimated in 1842 at 
 30,400,000, was officially returned in 1886 at only 11,700,000. 
 See Cbina, table. 
 
 Cbelachap (Dutch spelling TJelatjap), tn., Java, on the 
 S. ct., in about 109° 8' E., 80 m. W. by N. Jokjokarta. 
 
 Cbelan, lake, U.S., Washington, co. Okanogan, just W. of 
 120° W. , crossed by 48° N., and drained SE. into Columbia 
 River. 
 
 Cbelborongb, West, and C. East or liewscombe, two pars. , 
 Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 10 m. SW. by S. Sherborne, 3^ m. 
 W. by N. Evershot stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cbeldou, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 16^ m. 
 SE. Barnstaple, 3 m. ENE. Eggesford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cbelekeu, or Napbtba Island (Turkoman Cberekeik), isl., 
 Russia, E. ct. of Caspian Sea, 39° 22'-39° 34' N. , 53° 6'-53° 28' 
 
 E. Naphtha wells, ozokerite, and hot sulphur springs, on slopes 
 of Chokhrak hills. P. about 1500 Turkomans. 
 
 Cbelford, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 6 m. W. 
 Macclesfield, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P.<5oo; eccles. 
 par. (C. TTltb Old Witblngton) P. <75o. 
 
 Cbelfilonia. See Kbelldonia. 
 
 Cbelldromia. See HblUodromla. 
 
 Cbellng, pass, China, in the S. of prov. Hunan, 25° 40' N., 
 113° 5' E. , on the short land route connecting the head of 
 navigation of the Lei-kiang with that of one of the headwaters 
 of the Pe-kiang (Kwangtung). Alt. less than 1200 ft. Proc. 
 R. G. S., 1880, p. 156. 
 
 Cbe-lln-pao, tn., China, prov. Kiangsu, 30 m. S. Shanghai. 
 
 Cbellapalli, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Kistna, on r. bk. 
 R. Kistna, 78 m. NW. by W. Masulipatam. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Cbellaston, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 4^ m. SSE. 
 Derby, on the Derby Canal and the M. R., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cbelles, ancient Cells, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, arr. 
 Meaux, 11 m. E. by N. Notre Dame, Paris, with afort. P. <30oo. 
 
 Cbelllngton, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div. , on 
 the Great Ouse, 7 m. NW. by W. Bedford, 2\ m. N. by W. 
 Turvey stn. P. <25o. See Carlton wltb Cbelllngton. 
 
 Cbeim (Russian Kbolm), dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, 
 and 56 m. ESE. Lublin. Old city, formerly seat of bishops. 
 P. 11,670. 
 
 Cbelmarsb, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., lo^ m. NW. 
 Kidderminster, ij m. NW. Hampton stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cbelmer, riv., Eng., Essex. It rises in the NW. of the 
 county, near the source of the Blackwater (Pant), flows SSE. 
 past Dunmow to Chelmsford, then E. into the head of the 
 estuary of the Blackwater. It has been made navigable as 
 high as Chelmsford for boats of •2\ ft. draught. 
 
 Cbelmondiston, par., Eng., Suffolk, on the Orwell, 6 m. 
 SE. Ipswich, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cbelmorton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Bakewell union. P. 
 <Soo. 
 
 Cbelmsford, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 455 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Cbelmsford, or Mid, pari, div., Eng., Essex. P. 58,300. 
 
 Cbelmsford, mun. bor. (since 1888), market-tn. , and par., 
 Eng. , cap. CO. Essex, on the Chelmer, 26 m. NE. by E. London, 
 on the G. E. R. The town has factories for agricultural imple- 
 ments, iron-foundries, corn-mills, breweries, large tannery, and 
 extensive manufacture of electric light apparatus, the streets 
 being lighted by electricity. C. is an ancient town, believed to 
 be identical with the Roman station CcBsaroviagus. TheGrammar 
 School was founded by Edward VI. in 1552. Market-day, F. 
 P. (of par. and bor.) 11,000 ; eccles. par. (C. ifrltb Moulsbam) 
 P. 5400. 
 
 Cbelmsford, co. , Queensland, S. of 16° S. , bounded on the 
 W. by 144° E. 
 
 Cbelmsford, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 3 m. 
 SSW. LoweU, with important manufactures of cordage and 
 binder twine, &c. P. <30oo. 
 
 CbelnoTskaya Sloboda, group of three vils. , Russia, govt, 
 and 20 m. WNW. Tambov, dist. Kozlov. P. 5000. 
 
 Cbelny (Cholny), vil., Russia, govt. Ufa, dist. Menzelinsk, 
 on Kama R., 112 m. E. of Kazan. Exports grain. P. < 3000. 
 
 Cbelsea, pari, bor., Eng., W. of London, chiefly on the 
 1. bk. of the Thames, but with a detached portion on the NW. 
 of Paddington bor. C. stn. is on the West London Rly. , 4^ m. 
 SW. by W. St. Paul's. Its principal edifice is the hospital for 
 superannuated soldiers, founded in the time of Charles II., and 
 completed by Sir C. Wren in 1692. The establishment supports 
 about 55° in-pensioners, and from 70,000 to 80,000 out- 
 pensioners. Near it is the military school, founded on the sug- 
 gestion of the late Duke of York in 1801, and in which 1000 
 children of soldiers are maintained and educated at the public 
 expense ; also extensive barracks for about 1000 men of the 
 foot guards. The old church is a plain brick structure, with 
 monuments to Sir Thomas More and to Sir Hans Sloane, who 
 was lord of the manor, and founded the botanic garden of 
 Chelsea belonging to the Apothecaries' Society. It returns one 
 member to Parliament. P. (1891) 96,300; eccles. par. (C. iritb 
 Kensal Green) P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Cbelsea, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Lunenburg co. , 12 m. 
 from Bridgewater. P. <; 1500. 
 
 Cbelsea, tn,, U.S., Maine, Kennebec co., 5 m. SSE. Augusta. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Cbelsea, city, U.S., Massachusetts, Suffolk co., 3 m. NE. 
 Boston. P. (1880) 21,800; (1890)28,000. 
 
 Cbelsea, vil., U.S., Michigan, Washtenaw co., 50 m. W. 
 Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbelsea, tn., U.S., Vermont, Orange co., 21 m. SSE. Mont- 
 pelier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbelsfield, par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., g\ m. S. by E. 
 Woolwich, I m. E. by N. of its stn. on the SE. R., PM.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbelsbam, par. , Eng. , Surrey, Wimbledon div. , 5^ m. SE. 
 Croydon, 3 m. E. by N. Upper Warlingham {g.v.) stn. P. <5oo. 
 
CHEL — CHEP 
 
 Chelson Meadow, par., Eng., Devonshire, Plympton St. 
 Mary union. P. <:25o. 
 
 Chelston, PMT.O., Eng., Devonshire, near Torquay. 
 
 Chelsworth, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 13 m. SE. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, P.O. P.<250. 
 
 Cbelt, riv. , Eng. See Ctaeltenbam. 
 
 Cbeltac, one of the Laccadive Is. 
 
 CbeltenJiam, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Peel co. , 30 m. WNW. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cheltenbam, parL bor. (one member), mun. bor. (since 
 1876), market-tn. , par., and fashionable watering-place, Eng., 
 Gloucestershire, div. and 7 m. SSE. Tewkesbury, on the M. 
 and G. W. Rlys., and on the Chelt, short trib. of the Severn, 
 in a vale sheltered from the NE. and SE. by a semicircular 
 sweep of the Cotswold Hills, of which the heights S. of the town 
 are known as the Leckhampton Hills. Formerly frequented for 
 its mineral springs, mainly saline, slightly ferruginous, with 
 traces of iodine. An effort is being made (1893) to restore the 
 spas. Has spacious squares, crescents, terraces, gardens, and 
 promenades. Is the home of the Cotswold Hunt. Has during 
 the last quarter of a century become a noted educational centre 
 and place of permanent residence, with winter rather than 
 summer season, largely due to the growing repute of its two 
 great colleges : the Proprietary, for boys (1841) ; the Ladies' 
 (1854) ; and in addition, the Grammar School (1574), the Dean 
 Close Memorial School, numerous private schools, and two 
 Church of England Training Colleges for schoolmasters and 
 mistresses. Has handsome public library, schools of science 
 and art, winter gardens, baths, and recreation gfrounds. 
 Market-day, Th. and S. Par. and mun. bor. 4301 ac. Mun. 
 bor. P. (1871) 44,500 ; (1891) 42,900 ; pari. bor. P. (1891) 49,800. 
 
 Cbeltenbam, tp., Victoria, Bourke co. , 13 m. SSE. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbelra, tn. , Spain, prov. and 40 m. NW. by W.Valencia, with 
 the remains of a Roman aqueduct. P. 5000. 
 
 Clielvestoji with Caldecot, par. , Eng. , E. div. of North- 
 amptonshire, 7 m. E. Wellingborough, 2^ m. SE. by E. Higham 
 Ferrers {q. v. ) stn. P. < 500. 
 
 Chelrey, eccles. par. , Eng. , Somerset, N. div. , 8 m. WSW. 
 Bristol, i^ m. SW. Nailsea stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cbelwood, par. , Eng. , Somerset, N. div. , 7 m. SSE. Bristol, 
 2 m. SE. Pensford stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ctaelyabinsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 363 m. NE. of 
 Orenburg, on the E. slope of S. Urals, on Mias R. Fairs, con- 
 siderable trade in corn shipped to iron- works ; 1150 lakes (60 
 salt) in its dist. Railway to Omsk. P. (1891) 11,200. 
 
 €Iielynskln, Cape, the northernmost point of Siberia, 77° 
 37' N., 103° 17' E., named after Lieut. Chelyuskin, who here 
 succeeded to the command of the exploring expedition of 1740. 
 
 Cbemainns, seapt. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, Vancou- 
 ver I. , on the E. ct. , 36 m. NNW. Victoria. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chembar, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 79 m. WSW. of Penza. 
 P. 5250. 
 
 Cbembrambakam, a large tank, 14 m. from Madras, Brit. 
 India, originally a native work, but enlarged by the British. 
 
 Chemlll^, tn., France, dep. Maine-et- Loire, arr. Cholet, 20 
 m. SSW. Angers. P. <:4000. 
 
 Cbemltent, dist. , Russian Turkistan. See Chlmkend. 
 
 Chemnitz, one of the most important towns of the kgd. of 
 Saxony, 39 m. WSW. Dresden. It is the industrial centre of the 
 Middle Erzgebirge. Situated in the neighbourhood of some im- 
 portant coal-measures, its manufactories have greatly developed 
 in the course of this century. The most important are cotton 
 mills, print works, and machine shops. The textiles of C. have 
 been famous since the 15th century. C. is now the leading town 
 in Germany in the production of fine cotton yarns. The name, 
 which in ii43was spelt Kameniz, is derived, according to Egli, 
 from the old Slavonic kamen, 'a stone.' The town owes its 
 origin to the foundation of a fort by Henry the Fowler (beginning 
 of loth century) on a high rocky promontory in Wendish terr. 
 Alt. 985 ft. P. (1850) 25,000; (1880) 95,000; (1890) 139,000. 
 
 Chemong Lake, lake, Canada, Ontario, Peterborough co., 
 40 m. E. Lake Simcoe, joins Lake Pigeon. 
 
 Chemonlln, Polnte de, cape, France, on the W. ct. , on the 
 N. side of the mouth of the Loire, in 47° i2|' N. 
 
 Chemtnlell, vil., equatorial Africa, in the sphere of British 
 influence, 62 m. N. Lake Baringo, on a feeder of Lake Rudolph ; 
 Suk settlement. 
 
 Chemulpo, Chemnlpho (' muddy harbour '), or Jenchnan, 
 seapt., Korea, 25 m. W. by S. Soul, in 37° 30' N. , on a bay 
 sheltered by islands to the S. of the estuary of the Han, 55 m. 
 by water from Mapu, the port of Soul ; opened to foreign com- 
 merce in 1883 ; chief exports, beans, hides, and rice ; about 
 2000 foreign residents, principally Japanese and Chinese. 
 Mean temp, (i^ yr. , 1884-87), yr. 51.5° F. , Jan. 23.9°, Aug. 78. 1°. 
 
 Chemung, co., U.S., New York, on the S. frontier, bovmded 
 on the W. by jj" W. 
 
 Chemung, riv., U.S., New York, in the SW., formed by the 
 confluence of the Canisteo and the Conhocton, which join at 
 Knoxville, about 40° 9' N., 77" 8' W. It flows ESE. past El- 
 316 
 
 mira to the Susquehanna, which it joins on the r. bk. about 
 76" 35' W. ; a good mill stream. The former C. Canal (from 
 Elmira to Lake Seneca) is now abandoned and filled. 
 
 Chendh, or Cheuaub, a riv. of the Punjab, which has its rise 
 in Lahul, in 32° 48' N., 77° 2/ E., at the height of about 14,000 
 ft. It flows through the Ritanka Pass, which is 13,000 ft. above 
 the sea. At Tandi it is joined by the Suraj-bhaga, a river 40 m. 
 long, flowing from the N. At Riasi the river, leaving the 
 mountains, enters the level ground of the Punjab, where it is 
 6oo ft. wide. It becomes navigable for rafts 50 m. lower down, 
 and after a generally SW. course, in the latter part of which it 
 is from ^ to i^ m. across, and sometimes 14 ft. in depth, it joins 
 the Sutlej. The united stream is then called the Panjnad (five 
 rivers). Total length, 590 m. See Indus. 
 
 Chenango, co., U.S., New York, N. of 42° N. and E. of 76° 
 W. , traversed in the SE. by the Susquehanna R. 
 
 Chenango, riv., U.S., in the S. of New York, flows SSW. 
 and enters the Susquehanna at Binghamton ; one of the feeders 
 of C. Canal, which connects Binghamton with the Erie Canal 
 at Utica. 
 
 Chenanb, riv. See Cben&b. 
 
 Chenay, vil. , France, dep. Mame, arr. Reims, near Fismes, 
 with mineral springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Chen-cbou, or Chln>chou, tn., central China, prov. Hu- 
 nan, 169 m. S. Chang-sha, on a 1. bk. trib. of the Lei-kiang. 
 
 Chene-Bougerles, comm., Switzd., cant, and 2 m. E. by S. 
 Geneva. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ch^n^e, comm., Belgium, on the Vesdre, prov. and 3 m. SE. 
 Li^ge, with iron-works. P. 7000. 
 
 Cheney, tn., U.S., Washington, Spokane co., 15 m. SW. by 
 S. Spokane Falls. P. 1500. 
 
 Cbengalpat, or Cbluglepnt (census) (' the brick town '), tn. 
 and rly. junc, Brit. India, Madras, cap. dist. C, 34 m. SW. by 
 S. Madras. The fort, erected about the end of the i6th century, 
 now partly traversed by the railway, and abandoned for all 
 military purposes, was taken from the French by Clive in 1752. 
 P. 6200 ; Hindus, 5800. 
 
 Cbengama, pass, Brit. India, connecting the dists. of Salem 
 and South Arcot, Madras Presidency, in 12° 22' N. , 78° 51' E. 
 
 Chengan-ebou, tn., China, Kweichou, 88 m. SE. by S. 
 Chung-king. 
 
 Cbengklang-fn, tn. , China, Yunnan, at the N. end of Lake 
 Fu-hicn, 31 m. SSE. Yiinnan-fu. Alt. 5575 ft. 
 
 Ctaengknng-bslen, tn., China, Yunnan, 17 m. S. by E. 
 Yiinnan-fu. 
 
 Chengpyeng, tn. , Korea. See Cbongphyong. 
 
 Cheng-tang, tn., French Indo-China, on the Mekong, 195 
 m. NNW. Saigon. 
 
 Cheng-te, tn. , China, Pechili. See Jehol. 
 
 Chengtn-fn, orCblngtn-fu, tn., China, cap. prov. Suchwan, 
 in 30° 45' N. , 104° 10' E. , 175 m. NW. by W. Chungking ; one 
 of the finest towns in the empire, situated in the middle of an 
 admirably fertile plain, watered by beautiful streams belongfing 
 to the basin of the Min, and bounded towards the horizon by 
 hills of graceful and varied forms. The principal streets are of 
 a good width and remarkably clean. The inhabitants of this 
 town have the reputation of being the most polished of the 
 empire. Telegraphic communication is open with Hankow. 
 Principal trade is in the numerous wild products of Tibet and 
 Kuku-nor— furs, rhubarb, musk, medicines, &c., which are pur- 
 chased with the tea, silk, and cotton-cloth of Suchwan. Marco 
 Polo (end of 13th century), by whom it is called Sindafu, de- 
 scribes it as being 20 m. in compass, and speaks of it as having 
 been in former days ' a rich and noble city." P. (1887) 800,000. 
 
 Cbenles, par., Eng., Bucks, Aylesbury div., 14 m. N. by E. 
 Windsor, iJ^ m. NE. Chalfont Road stn., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Cbenlt, Le, Switzd. See Sentler, Le. 
 
 Chennan«cbon, tn. , China, Yunnan, 95 m. W. by N. Yiin- 
 nan-fu. 
 
 Chennlng>ebon, tn., China, Kweichou, 63 m. SW. by W. 
 Kweiyang-fu. 
 
 Chenoa, tn., U.S., Illinois, M'Lean co., 45 m. E. Peoria. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 ChenstohoTO, tn. , Russian Poland. See Cz^stochowa. 
 
 Chentabun, or Chantabun, seapt., Siam, 130 m. SE. by E. 
 Bangkok, near the mouth of a short river on the E. side of the 
 Gulf of Siam. There are ruby mines three days' journey by 
 bullock-cart N. of the town. Occupied by the French since 1893. 
 
 Chenyuan-fki, tn. , China, Kweichou, 100 m. ENE. Kwei- 
 yang-fu, with gold and copper mines in the dep. 
 
 Chepachet, vil, U.S., Rhode I., Providence co., on C. Riv., 
 5^ m. NW. by W. Providence. P. < 1500. 
 " Chephar Haammonai, place named in O. T. See Kefl* 'Ana. 
 
 Chephirah, place named in O. T. See Kefireb. 
 
 Chepo, riv. , Colombia, Isthmus of Panama, flows W. then S. 
 into the Pacific, 28 m. E. Panama. 
 
 Chcpon, tn. , in the country of the Laos, Indo-China, about 
 80 m. W. Huti ; at present decayed, but occupying a favourable 
 position for trade. 
 
 Chepgtead, vil. , Eng. , Kent, Sevenoaks div. , on the Darenth, 
 
CHEP — CHER 
 
 8 m. NW. Tunbridge, ij m. NW. by W. Sevenoaks stn. , 
 PM.T.O. (Clilpstead). 
 
 CLiepstow, market-tn. , riv. port, and par. , Eng. , Monmouth- 
 shire, S. div. , on the Wye, 12 m. S. by E. Monmouth, on the 
 G. W. R. On the summit of a bold cliff overlooking the Wye 
 stand fine ruins of an old castle (nth century). The tide some- 
 times rises to 50 ft. , and even to 70 ft. , and flows with great rapid- 
 ity. Hence, though large vessels can come up to the town, the 
 port is not much frequented, and its shipping has considerably 
 declined in favour of Newport. C. is a sub-port of Gloucester. 
 Salmon fisheries in the Severn and Wye. Market-days, W. 
 and S. Par. P. < 3500. 
 
 Cliepstowe, post-tn., Victoria, Grenville co., 18 m. W. Bal- 
 larat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clieptsa, riv. , Russia, 1. bk. trib. of Vyatka, 270 m. 
 
 Cheputuetlcook, settlement, New Brunswick, on W. border 
 of York CO. (adjoining the state of Maine, U.S.). 
 
 Cbeqaerbent, coal-mining vil. , Eng., Lancashire, near 
 Bolton, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Clter, central dep. , France, traversed from SE. to N W. by 
 the Cher R. , and divided into three arrs. , Bourges (the cap.), St. 
 Amand, and Sancerre. The centre, N. , and W. , form a slightly 
 undulating plain ; the chalk mountains of the Sancerre Range 
 occupy the NE. , and in the S. occur the first series of the granite 
 mountains of the Central Plateau of France, culminating at the 
 source of the Indre ; alt. 1655 ft. The remainder of the dep. 
 belongs to two regions, in the N. to the Berrichonne, which is 
 the least unhealthy and least barren portion of all the Sologne 
 (g.v.), but which is nevertheless the most thinly peopled part of 
 a thinly peopled dep. ; in the centre to the calcareous plateau of 
 Bourges, arid, generally bare, at best of mediocre fertility, the 
 limit between these being a line stretching from Vierzon on the 
 C. to a point near the NE. corner of the dep. The whole dep. 
 belongs to the basin of the Loire, by which and by the Allier 
 and C. it is watered. Minerals are abundant. The very pro- 
 ductive iron-mines of the plateau of Bourges yield ore of high 
 quality (Dun-le-Roi, Mehun, Sancergues, Yvoy-le-Prt5). Coal, 
 manganese, and excellent building stone are obtained, also 
 granite (Chateaumeillant), marls (Blancafort), &c. The metal- 
 lurgical establishments take the first rank in the industries of the 
 dep., which furnishes large quantities of iron, cast iron, and 
 steel. The manufactiu-e of porcelain ranks next. The dep. has 
 been formed principally from Haut-Berry, together with parts 
 of Bourbonnais and Nivernais. Area, 2819 sq. m. P. 359,300. 
 See France, table, and Boni^es. 
 
 Cher, riv,, central France, rises in the dep. Creuse, flows E. , 
 N. , and W. through the deps. Allier, Cher, Loire-et-Cher, and 
 Indre-et-Loire, and joins the Loire SW. Tours. Principal 
 affluences, the Tardes, Arnon, Evre, and Saudre. The Canal 
 du Berri runs parallel to it in the upper part. Length, 200 m. 
 Navigable for rafts from the confluence of the Tardes ; for 
 boats, from Vierzon. 
 
 Cliera, one of the oldest kingdoms in southern India, on the 
 W. ct. , of uncertain extent. 
 
 Chiiragas (Arabic, ' east '), vil., Algeria, 7I m. W. Algiers, on 
 a hill 650 ft. high, overlooking the plain of Staweli, with oran- 
 geries, vines, andmanufacturesof essences. P. < 2000 (500 whites). 
 
 Cberasco, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, at the con- 
 fluence of the Stura and Tanaro, i8| m. E. Saluzzo, with several 
 silk-mills and two magnificent arches. Here in 1796 Napoleon 
 I. gained a decisive victory over the Sardinian troops, and in 
 1801 its fortifications were destroyed by the French. P. 9000. 
 
 Cher^t, hill cantonment and sanatorium, India, Punjab, 
 Peshdwar dist. , on the W. of the Khattak range, in 33° 15' N. , 
 72° i' E. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Cberatte, comm., Belgium, prov. and 5 m. ENE. Liege, 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Clie'raw, vil., U.S., S. Carolina, Chesterfield co., at the 
 head of navigation on the Great Pedee R. , 80 m. NE. by E. 
 Columbia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cberbonrg (the Coriallum of the Romans), seapt., France, in 
 the middle of the N. ct. of the dep. Manche, on the English 
 Channel, at the N. extremity of the penin. of Cotentin, and 
 nearly opposite the W. extremity of the Isle of Wight, cap. arr. 
 It is a fortified city of the first class, at the head of a bay between 
 Cape Levi on the E. and Cape La Hague on the W. The city 
 and port are defended by several forts and redoubts. The 
 military port can accommodate fifty ships of the line ; the com- 
 mercial port is safe and commodious. The magnificent basin, 
 commenced by Vauban in 1686, interrupted during the Revolu- 
 tion, was opened August 7, 1858 ; the roadstead, formed by an 
 immense breakwater (length, 4111 yds. ; breadth at top, 103 
 yds. ; height, 22 yds. Cost _^4,ooo,ooo), and now being made 
 more completely sheltered by the construction of additional 
 breakwaters, has space for 400 ships. Chief industries, ship- 
 building, lace-malung, sugar-refining, tanning, and dyeing. 
 Exports agricultural produce. Macadam stone, &c. Alt. 34 ft. 
 Mean temp., Jan. 41.6° F., July 62.8°. P. 31,100. 
 
 Cherbury Camp, remains, Eng., Berkshire, Abingdon div., 
 10 m. SW. Oxford. 
 
 Cliercliel, Algeria. See Shershel. 
 
 Cbercheu, tn. and oasis, central Asia, Eastern Turkistan, 
 on the C. Daria, in about 38^ 10' N. , 85° 35' E. Alt. 4100 ft. 
 P. tn. 3000-3500 (Przhevalsky). 
 
 Cbercbeu-Darla, riv. , central Asia, rises in the Togus-daban 
 range, and flows ENE. past the oasis of Cherchen towards Lake 
 Kara-Buran (W. of Lake Lob-Nor), which it reaches in high 
 water. 
 
 Clierdyu, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 202 m. N. of Perm, on 
 Kolva R. Shipping trade. P. 4000. 
 
 Cheremisses, Finnish tribe (261,000), Russia, govts. Vyatka, 
 Kazan, Ufa, and partly Perm, Kostroma, and Nizhniy-Novgorod. 
 
 Cbereporets, dist. tn., Rtissia, govt, and 338 m. ENE. Nov- 
 gorod, amidst the marshes of the Sheksne R. Shipping trade. 
 P. (1890) 6300. 
 
 Cberhlll, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 12 m. 
 SW. Swindon, 2| m. E. by S. Calne. On the side of a hill in 
 the par. is a ' white horse ' similar to those near Uffington in 
 Berkshire and elsewhere, made by removing the turf and expos- 
 ing the chalk below. P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Cberlbon (Dutch spelling TJerlbon), tn., Java, on the N. 
 ct., about 108^ 34' E., 120 m. E. 'Buitenzorg. P. 52,000 (about 
 600 Europeans). 
 
 CberlkoT, dist. tn,, Russia, govt, and 58 m. SE. Moghilev, 
 on Sozh R. P. 4600. 
 
 Cberlmai (Dutch spelling Tjer,), volcano, Java, no m. E. 
 by S. Buitenzorg, 12 m. SW. Cheribon. Alt. 9400 ft. 
 
 Cberinggln (Dutch spelling, Tjeringiu), tn., Java, on the 
 W. ct. , 70 m. W. by S. Batavia. 
 
 Cberington, par. , Eng. See Cberrlngtou. 
 
 Cberltou, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Petersfield div. , 6^ m. E. 
 Winchester, 2 m. S. Alresford stn. , PMT.O. P. <75o; eccles. 
 par. (C -fvitb Tlcbborne) P. < 1000. 
 
 Cberlton, ct. par., Eng., Kent, 3 m. NW. Folkestone, 
 PMT.O. P. 6000. 
 
 Cberltou, par. , Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div. , on Burry 
 Inlet, 13 m. W. Swansea. P. <25o. See Uanmadoc. 
 
 Cberlton Blsbop, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 
 9 J m. W. Exeter, 3^ m. SSW, Yeoford Junction, P.O.; 4940 ac. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Cberlton Fltzpalne, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, South Molton 
 div. , 7 m. SW. Tiverton , 4^ m. W. by S. Cadeleigh stn. , PM. O. ; 
 485s ac, P. <75o. 
 
 Cberlton Nortb, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 10 m. NE. 
 by E. Yeovil, 2J m. SSW. Wincanton stn. P, <25o. 
 
 Cberkasskaya (old Cberkassk), Cossack vil., Russia, Don 
 Cossacks, 17 m. S. of Novo-Cherkassk, on Don R. P. <4ioo. 
 
 Cherkasy, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 126 m. SE. Kiev, on 
 Dnieper ; railway terminus. P. 21,500. 
 
 Cberkesses, Circassians (Greek Kerkete), generic name 
 given to the mountaineers of Western Caucasus. They call 
 themselves Adighe or Adykhe. Comprise the Kabardians, 
 Shapsughes, Natkhokuadjes, Sheghekis, Abadzekhes, Hatukais, 
 Bzhedukhes, Zhaneevtsy, Kemguis or Temirgois, Egerukois, 
 Besleneeves, and Makhosheves. Numbered more than 300,000 
 before the conquest of W. Caucasus by the Russians, now less 
 than 125,000, the remainder (nearly 160,000 Shapsughes) having 
 emigrated to Turkey, where they are known as Bashi-buzuks. 
 
 Cberkesskaya (Grlvenuaya), Cossack vil., Russia, Cis- 
 caucasia, Kuban terr. , 47 m. N W. of Ekaterinodar. P. 4000. 
 
 Cberklzovo, vil. , Russia, suburb of Moscow. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cbermosskly, or Cbermazskly, iron-works, Russia, govt, 
 and 57 m. N. Perm, dist. Solikamsk, on r. bk. of Kama. P. 5300. 
 
 Cbermiik, or Cberniik, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 24 
 m. WNW. Diarbekir, sanjak Arghana. P. 4700 ; Moham. 
 2000 ; Gregorian Armenians, 1800 (Cuinet). 
 
 Cbern, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 57 m. SW. of Tula, on 
 Moscow- Kursk Rly. P. 3750. 
 
 CbernaTa, Cbernavsk, tn., Russia, govt, and 85 m. ESE. 
 Orel, dist. Elets, on Sosna R. P. 3200. 
 
 Cbernavoda (Roumanian spelling ^mavoda), fortified tn., 
 Roumania, Dobruja, on the r. bk. of the Danube, prov. and 33 m. 
 WNW. Kustenji, with which it is connected by rail. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Cbernecblya Sloboda, vil. , Russia, govt, and 108 m. NNW. 
 Poltava, dist. Romny. P. 5900. 
 
 Cbernevtsy, tn., Russia, govt. Podolia, dist. Yampol, 85 m. 
 ESE. Kamenets-Podolsk. P. 4000. 
 
 CbernlgOT, prov., Little Russia, having Moghilev in N., 
 Orel and Kursk in E. , Poltava in S. , Kiev and Minsk in W. 
 Undulating high plains, from 650 to 750 ft. above the sea-level, 
 in the N. , and from 370 to 650 ft. in the S. , its SW. part be- 
 longing to the woody and marshy terr. known as Polyesie 
 [Minsk]. Watered by the Dnieper on its SW. frontier, and 
 the navigable Desna and Sozh, as well as by their smaller tribs. 
 Many small lakes and ponds, as well as unhealthy marshes, 
 chiefly in the basin of the Desna. Forests chiefly in the N. , 
 one-fourth part of the aggregate area being under woods. 
 Climate much colder in N. part, the calculated average temp, 
 being 43° (summer 68^ winter 21°). Pop., chiefly Little Rus- 
 sians (86 per cent.). Great Russians (5.7 per cent.). White Rus- 
 
 317 
 
CHER — CHES 
 
 sians (5.3 per cent.), and Jews (2.6 per cent.). Religion chiefly 
 Greek Orthodox (26,450 Jews and 1040 Catholics). The chief 
 occupation is agriculture, corn being exported to the average 
 amount of 645,000 tons. Tobacco is an important crop, so also 
 beetroot for sugar-works, hemp, and flax. Gardening in a good 
 state. In 1879 there were 493,600 horses, 464,400 cattle, and 
 nearly 1,000,000 sheep. Many distilleries ; the manufacture of 
 woollen cloth is in rapid growth ; considerable trade in corn 
 shipped on the rivers. Area, 20,233 sq. m. P. (1846) 1,409,100 ; 
 (1870) 1,659,600; (1887) 2,109,983. 
 
 CbernlgoT, to., Russia, cap. of C. prov., 467 m. SW. Mos- 
 cow, on the low and sandy bank of the Desna R. Nearest rail- 
 way stn. at Nyezhin, 57 m. to the SE. P. (1886) 26,820, of which 
 one-third are Jews. 
 
 Cbernlgovka, viL, Russia, govt. Taurida, dist. and 59 m. 
 NW. of Berdyansk (170 m. ENE. Kherson). P. 4000. 
 
 Cliernobal, vil. , Russia, govt, and 96 m. WSW. Poltava, 
 dist. Zolotonosha. P. about 5000. 
 
 Chernobyl, tn., Russia, govt, and 64 m. NNW. Kiev, dist. 
 Radomysl, on Pripet R. P. 6500. 
 
 Cheruolyesskoye, vil. , Russia, Ciscaucasia, govt, and 89 m. 
 ESE. Stavropol, dist. Alexandrovsk. P. 6000. 
 
 Chernomorsli Military District, govt., Caucasia, Russia, 
 consisting of a narrow strip of land between the main Caucasus 
 chain and the Black Sea, formerly inhabited by the Adyghe 
 mountaineers. The steep slopes of the Caucasus are furrowed 
 by narrow gorges and covered with a luxuriant vegetation. The 
 moist climate contributes to the development of Caucasian 
 fever. Thinly peopled by Russian immigrants. Communica- 
 tions difficult, the two main roads which are now built for 
 military purposes, one along the sea-coast and the other across 
 the Caucasus chain, being not yet terminated. The ports of 
 Novorossiysk (cap. of dist.), Ghelenjik, Gagra, and Pitsunda 
 have but open roadsteads, and the first suffers, moreover, from 
 the Novorossiysk bora or foehn. The C. Military Dist. has lately 
 been incorporated in the govt, of Kutais. Area 2824 sq. m. 
 P. (1888) 26,000. 
 
 Cherniili, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Ctaerniiik. 
 
 Chernyl, cape, Russia, Novaya Zemlya, at W. entrance to 
 Matochkin Shar. 
 
 Cbernyl Yar, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 150 m. NW. 
 Astrakhan, on the r. bk. of the Volga, which is rapidly being 
 destroyed by the river. P. 5100. 
 
 Cberokee, co. , U.S., Alabama, on E. frontier, and intersected 
 in extreme S. by 34° N. 
 
 Cherokee, vil., U.S., California, Butte co., 83 m. N. Sacra- 
 mento. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cherokee, co., U.S., Georgia, N. of 34° N. and between 84° 
 and 85° W. 
 
 Cherokee, tn., U.S., Iowa, C. co., on Little Sioux R., 47 m. 
 ENE. Sioux City. P. <4000. 
 
 Cherokee, co., U.S., Kansas, in the extreme SE. 
 
 Cherokee, city, U.S., Kansas, Crawford co., 27 m. NW. by 
 N. of the SE. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cherokee, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the extreme W. 
 
 Cherokee, co., U.S., Texas, in the E., crossed in the N. by 
 32° N. and in the E. by 95° W. 
 
 Cherokee Iron Works, vil., U.S., S. Carolina, York co., 78 
 m. NNW. Columbia, on Broad R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cherokees, according to Schoolcraft Tsallakles, Indian tribe, 
 U.S., formerly occupying the basin of the Appomattox, Virginia ; 
 now one of the most advanced nations in the Indian terr. {q.v. ). 
 
 Cheronea, Greece. See Lebadela. 
 
 Ch^ronnac, tn., France, dep. Haute- Vienne, arr. Roche- 
 chouart; noted iron-works. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cherra Pnnjl, vil., India, Assam, Khdsi Hills, Cherra state, 
 25 m. SSW. Shillong, with an abandoned British station to the 
 S. Alt. 4455 ft. Mean rainfall (the heaviest known in the 
 world), yr. 474 in., April-Sept. 446 in. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cherrlngton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 7J m. 
 W, by S. Cirencester, 3 m. ESE. Nailsworth stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cherrlngton, par., Eng., Salop, Newport union, P. <:25o. 
 
 Cherrlugtou, par,, Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon 
 div., on the Stour, loj m. W. by S. Banbury, 4^ m. NW. by 
 W. Hook Norton stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Cherry, isl. , Canada, Quebec, in Lake St. Francis. 
 
 Cherry, co., U.S., Nebraska, N. frontier, crossed by 101° W. 
 
 Cherry Bank, viL, Scot., co. and 2 m. from Perth, P.O. 
 
 Cherry Burton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div. , II m. NW. by N. Hull, on the NE. R. , PMT.O. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Cherry Creek, stn., Canada, prov. Brit, Columbia, on the 
 C. P. R. , about 120° 48' W. , 1246 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 
 236 m. from Vancouver. 
 
 Cherry Creek, vil., U.S., Nevada, White Pine co., 265 m. 
 E. by N. Carson City, 70 m. ENE. Eureka, P. -cisoo. 
 
 Cherryfield, tn., U.S., Maine, Washington co., 42 m. ESE. 
 Bangor. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cherry Gardens, post-tp., S. Australia, co. and 14 m. SE. 
 Adelaide. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Cherry Hill, vil. , Canada. See Broad Cove. 
 318 
 
 Cherry Hlnton, par. , Eng. , co. and 2J m. SE. Cambridge, 
 
 Newmarket div. , P.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cherry Point, cape, U.S., Virginia, Mathews co., on the 
 W. side of Chesapeake Bay, in 37° 28' N. 
 
 Cherry Tree, PMT.O., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. SW. Black- 
 bum, on the L. & NW. and L. & Y. Rlys. 
 
 Cherryrale, city, U.S., Kansas, Montgomery co. , 122 m. 
 S. Topeka, 56 m. WN W. of the SE. corner of the state. P. < 3000. 
 
 Cherry Valley, vil, U.S., New York, Otsego co., 52 m. W. 
 by N. Albany. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cherry Wllllngham, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Gainsborough 
 div. , 4 m. E. by N. Lincoln, i m. S. by W. Reepham stn. P. <25o, 
 
 Cherso, tn. , Austria, crownland Istria, on the isl. of C. , on 
 the W. ct. towards the N. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cherso, isl., Austria, belonging to Istria, in the S. of the 
 Gulf of Fiume, between the mainland and Veglia. P. 8300, 
 
 Cherson, Russia. See Kherson. 
 
 Chertsey, or North- Western, pari, div., Eng., Surrey, 
 P. 62,000. 
 
 Chertsey, market-tn. and par., Eng., Surrey, C. div., near 
 the 1. bk. of the Thames, 9^ m. W. Kingston, on the L. & SW. 
 R. An important sheep fair is held in May, Market-day, W, 
 10,777 ac. P. 11,300. 
 
 Chertsey, post-tn. , New Zealand, Ashburton co. , 42 m. by 
 rail from Christchurch. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cherrlennaya (Cherrlenskaya), Cossack viL, Russia, Cis- 
 caucasia, Terek terr. , dist. Grozn3d, on 1. bk. Terek, 70 m. NE. 
 Vladikavkaz. P. 5000, 
 
 Cherwell, riv, , Eng., rising in the SW. of Northampton- 
 shire, about 3 m. from the source of the Nen, and flowing S, 
 through Oxfordshire, past Banbury, to the Thames, which it 
 joins on the 1. bk. at Oxford, 
 
 Ckesalon, place named in O, T, See Kesla. 
 
 Chesanlng, vil., U.S., Michigan, Saginaw co. , on the Shia- 
 wassee, 30 m. SSW. Bay City. P, <i5oo. 
 
 Chesapeake, tn., U.S., Maryland, Cecil co., 17 m. SW. 
 Wilmington (Del,), P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Chesapeake and Dela-vrare Canal, U.S, , connecting Chesa- 
 peake City on Elk R. (Chesapeake Bay) (Md.), and Delaware 
 City, on Delaware R. (Del.). 
 
 Chesapeake Bay (from an Indian word meaning ' great salt 
 water,' or 'great bay'), bay, U.S., Maryland and Virginia. 
 The Susquehanna, Papatsco, Severn, Potomac, Rappahannock, 
 York, and James rivers flow into this bay, which has many 
 harbours and many islands. Breadth, 4 to 30 m. ; generally 9 
 fathoms deep. 
 
 Cheseanx, vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 4 m. NNW. Lausanne, 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Cheselhome, par. , Eng. See Chesllhome. 
 
 Chesham (chSs'am), market-tn. and par., Eng., Bucks,, div. 
 and ii| m. SE. Aylesbury, on the Metropolitan Rly. Market- 
 days, W. and S. PM.O. at C. JfewTown. 12,746 ac. P. 8000. 
 
 Chesham Bols, par. , i m. SSE. Chesham. P. <75o. 
 
 Cheshire, a maritime co. in the NW. of Eng., to the S. of 
 Lancashire, including the penin. of Wirral between the estuaries 
 of the Mersey and Dee ; divided into the following pari, divs, : — 
 
 Wirral 
 Eddisbury , 
 Macclesfield 
 Crewe 
 North wich , 
 Altrincham 
 Hyde , 
 Knutsford , 
 Pari, bors.i 
 
 Total 
 
 Acres, 
 
 62,477 
 227,961 
 
 40.731 
 41,178 
 
 51.997 
 
 32.581 
 
 143.556 
 
 13.791 
 
 657,0688 
 
 73.119 
 55.249 
 53.147 
 64.434 
 69.893 
 63.392 
 57.468 
 
 55.073 
 238,283 
 
 730,0582 
 
 1 Birkenhead and parts of Ashton under Lyne, Chester, Stalybridge, 
 Stockport, and Warrington. 
 
 2 The administrative county includes parts of Stockport and Staly- 
 bridge in the ancient county of Lancaster, and excludes parts of Mossley 
 and Warrington administrative county of Lancaster, and part of New 
 Mills administrative county of Derby. Its total area (including three 
 county bors.), 655,036 ac. P. 743,869. 
 
 The surface is level or rolling, almost entirely under 500 ft. except 
 in the extreme E. on the Derbyshire borders, where the New 
 Red Sandstone which occupies the greater part of the area is 
 succeeded by rocks belonging to the Carboniferous system, and 
 the surface rises to above 1000 ft. The principal rivers are the 
 Dee and the Mersey in the N. of the county ; and the Weaver, 
 with its trib. the Wheelock. The county is traversed by the 
 Bridgewater, Trent and Mersey, Shropshire Union, Macclesfield, 
 and Peak Forest canals, and from Eastham to Warrington by 
 the Manchester Ship Canal. The county is well wooded in the 
 E. and W. , and has large tracts of peat moss in the SE. The 
 greater part is well suited to pasture, and is one of the finest 
 
CHES — CHES 
 
 grazing dists. in England, its cheese being specially noted. The 
 population is chiefly employed in agriculture. See Appendix, 
 pp. 7-9. Of the minerals, the most important is salt, this county 
 containing the principal salt-producing dist. in England, and one 
 of the most productive in Europe. The dist. lies in the middle of 
 the county, the valley of the Weaver and its trib. the Wheelock, 
 rock-salt being mined at Northwich, and salt obtained from 
 brine at Northwich, Middlevv^ich, Winsford, Sandbach, and 
 Weston Point (the brine pumped, however, to this last place 
 from Marston, near Northwich). Coal is mined in the E. of the 
 county at Harecastle, Dukinfield, Stockport, Hyde, Whaley 
 Bridge, Port Shrigley, Wildboarclough, Mow Cop, Marple, 
 and in the W. at Neston. The manufactures are cotton, silk, 
 ribbons, fancy goods, linen, shoes, hats, chemicals, &c., ship- 
 building, rope, nail, and file making. The railways are the 
 L. & NW. R., Cheshire Lines, M. R., N. Staffordshire, and 
 the G. W. R. The chief towns are Chester, Crewe, Stockport, 
 and Macclesfield. At the time of the Roman invasion 
 C. formed part of the terr. occupied by the Cornavii, and 
 was included in Britannia Superior in the first division of 
 England by the Romans, and afterwards became part of Flavia 
 CcBsarie?isis. After the Romans, it was occupied by the British 
 until about 607, when it was taken by Ethelfrith, King of Bernicia. 
 Being retaken by the Welsh, it was annexed to the kingdom of 
 Mercia by Egbert in 828, since when the English have always 
 held it. It was made a county palatine with a separate juris- 
 diction by William the Conqueror. See England, table. 
 
 Clieslilre, tn., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 14 m. N. New 
 Haven. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cbeshlre, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co., on Hoo- 
 sac R. , 14 m. SSE. of the NW. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cheshire, co. , U.S., New Hampshire, in the extreme SW. 
 
 Cheshire Lines, rly. system, Eng., Chester to Altrincham 
 and Liverpool to Manchester and Stockport, with branches to 
 Wigan and Southport. Worked in connection with the M. S. 
 & L. R. and M. R. 
 
 Cheshskaya, or Chesskaya Bay, Arctic Ocean, Russia, govt. 
 Arkhangelsk, in the E. of Kanin penin., 70 m. wide at entrance 
 and about 75 ft. deep. 
 
 Cheshnnt, tn. and par., Eng., Hertfordshire, on the Lea, 
 div. and 6^ m. SSE. Hertford, on the G. E. R., PMT.C; 8480 
 ac. P. 9600. 
 
 Chesll (chgs'il) Bank (from Anglo-Saxon, ceosel, ' sand,' 
 'gravel'), Eng., Dorsetshire, a coasthne of shingle stretching 
 for about 15 m. almost straight NW. from the I. of Portland. 
 
 Chesllborue, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, on the E. border of 
 the W. div., 7^ m. NE. Dorchester. P. <5oo. 
 
 Chesley, vil., Canada, Ontario, Bruce co., 45 m. WSW. 
 ColUngwood. P. <; 1000. 
 
 Cheslyn Hay, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, 4^ m. SE. Penkridge, 
 PM.O. P.<2Soo. 
 
 Chesnle, seapt. , Asia Minor, prov. Aidin or Smyrna, 44 m. 
 W. Smyrna, with warm springs, and trade in raisins. The 
 scene, 1770, of a naval battle, in which the Russians completely 
 destroyed the Ottoman fleet. P. (1882) 16,300. 
 
 Chessboard Island. See Nlnlgo Island. 
 
 Chessel Down, eminence, Eng., Isle of Wight, 6 m. SW. 
 Newport. 
 
 Chesslngton, par. , Eng. , Surrey, div. and 2 m. NW. by N. 
 Epsom, P.O. P. <:soo. See Maiden. 
 
 Chesskaya Bay, Arctic Ocean. See Cheshskaya. 
 
 Chessy-les-Slines, tn. , France, dep. Rhone, arr. Villefrancs, 
 13^ m. NW, Lyons, with copper mines and works. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Cheste, tn., Spain, prov. and 14 m. W. Valencia, with wool- 
 len manufactures. P. 5500. 
 
 Chester, ' a fortified camp or city. ' See Caster. 
 
 Chester, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Lunenburg co., on 
 Mahone Bay, 34 m. W. by S. Halifax. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Chester, or Chester West, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Arthabaska 
 CO., 8 m. from St. Christophe d' Arthabaska. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chester, the ancient Roman Deva Castra, 'camp on the 
 Dee,' episcopal city, co. of itself, pari. bor. (one member), 
 mun. bor. (one of the oldest in England), and co. bor., and 
 seapt., Eng., cap. of co. Cheshire, on R. Dee, 11 m. NNE. 
 Wrexham ; the general terminus of several railways. It stands 
 on a rocky elevation in part enclosed by walls erected by the 
 Romans, if m. in circumference, and is the only city in England 
 retaining the walls perfect in their entire circuit. The streets 
 are sunk below the level of the houses, and the footways also, 
 which are within piazzas or rows. The diocese comprises 255 
 benefices. Manufactures of boots and shoes for export, patent 
 shot, leather, and gloves. The making of lead pipes is a very 
 old industry. Principal edifices, the castle (comprising barracks 
 and armoury), built by William the Conqueror about 1069 ; the 
 cathedral, formerly the abbey church of St. Werburgh, founded 
 in 1053, and restored by Sir G. Scott (1868-76) ; the beautiful 
 chapter-house, blue-coat school. Church diocesan training 
 college, and museum. The cathedral grammar school was 
 founded by Henry VIII. There is a public park, the ' Gros- 
 venor,' given by Richard, second Marquess of Westminster. The 
 
 town has a monument to the memory of Matthew Henry the 
 commentator, who was for 25 years minister of a dissenting con- 
 gregation at C. , and who died here ; and a statue of Field Marshal 
 Viscount Combermere, a native of the county. Races take place 
 in May on the level space outside the city walls known as the 
 Roodee (corrupted from Rood eye). Market-days, W. and S. Mun. 
 and pari. bors. P. (1801) 15,100 ; (1851) 27,800; (1871) mun. bor. 
 P. 35,300; pari. bor. P. 38,400; (1891) mun. bor. P. 37,100; 
 pari. bor. P. 42,300 ; eccles. par. (C. with Bonghton) P, 5400. 
 
 Chester, riv., U.S. See Chesterto^rn. 
 
 Chester, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Middlesex co., 18 m, 
 WNW. New London. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Chester, city, U.S., Illinois, Randolph co., on 1. bk. of Mis- 
 sissippi R., 55 m. SSE. St. Louis (Mo.) ; shipping point for the 
 C. coal-fields. P. < 3000. 
 
 Chester, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampden co., 20 m. W. 
 by N. Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chester, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Morris co., 27 m, W. by N. 
 Newark. Alt. 686 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Chester, vil., U.S., New York, Orange co., 30 m. SW, 
 Poughkeepsie. 
 
 Chester, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, Delaware co. , on the 
 r. bk. of Delaware R., 9 m. SW. by W. Philadelphia. The 
 oldest settlement in the state, founded by the Swedes in 1644 ; 
 with steel-works, iron shipbuilding, and engine-works, and 
 cotton and woollen mills. P, (1880) 15,000 ; (1890) 20,200, 
 
 Chester, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, in the SE. , adjoining 
 Maryland and Delaware. 
 
 Chester, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, cap. C. co., 48 m. N. by W. 
 Columbia. Alt. 543 ft. (R.R.). P. < 3000. 
 
 Che8t«r, CO., U.S., iTennessee, in the SW., to the N. of 35° 
 N., andE. of89°W. 
 
 Chester, tn., U.S., Vermont, Windsor co., 28 m. SE. Rut- 
 land, P, <20CI0. 
 
 Chester, vil,, U,S,, Virginia, Chesterfield co., 12 m. S. Rich- 
 mond. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chester, Little, par. , Eng. , co, and bor, of Derby, P, < 1000, 
 Chester Basin, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Lunenburg co. , 
 
 5 m. from Chester. P, <;i5oo. 
 
 ChesterMade, part of eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, See 
 ETcrcreeeh. 
 
 Chester Road, stn. , Eng. , Warwickshire, on the L, & N W, R. , 
 Chester union, 5 m. NE. by N. Birmingham. 
 
 Chesterfield, mim. bor. (incorporated by King John), Eng,, 
 Derbyshire, C. div. , at the confluence of the Hipper and Rother, 
 and on a canal, 46 m. long, connecting them with the Trent, 9 m, 
 NE. by N. Matlock, on the M. R. , the M, S. & L. R. , and the East 
 
 6 West Rly, Manufactures of fishing tackle, hosiery, worsted, 
 earthenware, and machinery ; fr»",e grammar school, founded by 
 E. Foljambe in 1574. In its vicinity are iron, coal, and lead mines. 
 Market-day, S. Alt, 248 ft. Mean rainfall (1866-80), 30.2 in, 
 P. 22,000 ; eccles, par. (C. with Calow) P. 10,300, 
 
 Chesterfield, pari, div., Eng., in the NE. of Derbyshire, 
 P. (1891) 61,300, 
 
 Chesterfield, vil. , U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire co. , ^.^\ 
 m. N W, Holyoke, P. < 1500. 
 
 Chesterfield, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Cheshire co., 11 
 m. N. by E. of the SW. corner of the state, P, < 1500, 
 
 Chesterfield, vil., U.S., S. Carolina, cap, C, co,, 72 m, NE, 
 Columbia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chesterfield, vil, U.S., Virginia, C, co., x\\ m. SSW, 
 Richmond. C. co. is bounded on the N, by the James R, It 
 has coal-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chesterfield Inlet, Canada, in the NW, of Hudson's Bay ; 
 it extends 250 m. W, 
 
 Chesterl'ord, Cireat, the ancient Camboricum or Buta Iceno- 
 rum, par. , Eng. , on the N. border of Essex, div. and 3^ m. NW, 
 by N. Saffron Walden, on the G. E. R., PMT.O, P", <:iooo, 
 
 Chesterford, little, par. , i m. SE. Great C. , P.O. P. <25o, 
 
 Chesterhlll, vil,, Scot., Midlothian, 3 m. ESE. Dalkeith. 
 
 Chester- le-Street, tn. and pai-. , Eng., Durham, on the E, 
 border of the C,-le-S. div., on the 1. bk. of the Wear, 6 m. N, 
 Durham, on the NE. R. The town, which is on the ancient 
 Ermine Street, was long an episcopal see before the foimdation 
 of that of Durham. With coal-mines. P. (1891) par. 8600 ; 
 pari. div. P. 70,000. 
 
 Chester Sloor, P.O., 2 m. from Chester- le-Street, 
 
 Chester Road, stn. , Eng. , Warwickshire, on the L, & N W, 
 R. , near Birmingham. 
 
 Chesterton, par., Eng., co, i m. NE. and included in pari, 
 bor, of Cambridge, C, div,, on the Cam. P. (1891) par. 7500; 
 pari. div. P, 46,100, 
 
 Chesterton, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 4J 
 m. SW. by W. Peterborough, 2 m, SE. Castor stn. P.<25o; 
 eccles. par. (C. with Haddon) P. <:25o. 
 
 Chesterton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 7^ m. ENE, 
 Woodstock, x\ m. W, by S. Bicester, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Chesterton^ eccles. dist. , Eng. , Staffordshire, included in the 
 pari. bor. of Newcastle-under-Lyme, 2 m, NNW, Newcastle, 
 PMT,0. P. 8300. 
 
 319 
 
CHES — CHHU 
 
 Cbesterton, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon 
 div., 6 m. SSE. Leamington, 2 m. SW. Southam Road stn. 
 P. <;25o. 
 
 Cbestertown, tn., U.S., Maryland, Kent co., on the R. 
 Chester (navigable to this place for steamers), 27 ra. E. by S. 
 Baltimore. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Chesterrllle, vil., Canada, Ontario, Dundas co., 17I m. 
 from Morrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chestnut Hill, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and 12 m. N. by 
 W. and nov/ forming part of city of Philadelphia. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Chesulloth, place named in O. T. See IksM. 
 
 Cliesnn'cook Lake, U.S., Maine, Piscataquis co., 175 m. 
 NNW. Bangor. Alt. 900 ft. (Water-pov/er of Maine). 
 
 Cheswardlne, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 15 m. S. by 
 E. Nantwich, 4 m. SE. Market Drayton, PMT.O.; 5490 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Cliet, riv., Eng., Norfolk, trib. of the Yare, which it joins on 
 the 1. bk. , about 7 m. SW. Yarmouth. 
 
 Clietang, large tn. , Tibet, on the r. bk. of the Yalung R. , 
 just above the place where that river enters the Brahmaputra 
 on its r. bk. , in about 91° 44' E. Starting-point of merchants 
 trading with Bhutan and Assam. Alt. 11,480 ft. 
 
 Chetc, Ossetian, 'glacier.' 
 
 Chetek, or Shetek, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Barron co., 70 m. 
 ENE. St. Paul (Minn.). P.<isoo. 
 
 Chetlcanip, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I., 
 Inverness co. , on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 52 m. NW. Sydney. 
 P. <:300o. 
 
 Chetlcamp, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, Digby co. , on 
 the W. ct. , 135 m. W. by S. Halifax. 
 
 Chetlniaclt'es. See Grand lake. 
 
 Chetlrak, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 40 m. S. by W. 
 Monastir. P. < 5000. 
 
 Chetuole, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , 6 m. SSW. Sher- 
 borne, ij m. S. Yetminster {q-v.) stn., PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Chetopa, city, U.S., Kansas, Labette co., on R. Neosho, 28 
 m. W. by N. of the SE. coicner of the state. P. <30oo. 
 
 Chettlsbam, or Clilttlsham (the latter spelling showing the 
 pronunciation), eccles. dist. , Eng., Cambridge, Newmarket div. , 
 2 m. N. Ely, on the G. E. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Cliettle, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 15 m. N. by W. 
 Poole, 6\ m. NE. Blandford, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Chetton, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 14m. NW. Kidder- 
 minster, 4 m. SW. by W. Bridgnorth, P.O. ; 4038 ac. P. <Soo ; 
 eccles. par. (C. 'vrltb DenxbUl, Glazeley, and Longhton) 
 
 P.<7SO- 
 
 CbetvM, vil. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Malabar, on the W. 
 ct. , 41 m. N. by W. Cochin, part of the tp. of Vdddnapalli ; 
 formerly a place of some importance. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Chet'w^ode, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 4J m. SW. 
 by W. Buckingham, 3 m. S. by W. Fulwell and Westbury stn. 
 P. <;25o. 
 
 Clietwynd (chet'wlnd), par. , Eng. , on the E. border of Salop, 
 div. and i^ m. N. by W. Newport, x6\ m. ENE. Shrewsbury ; 
 4980 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Clietwynd, post-tn., Victoria, Dundas co., on C. Creek, 71 
 m. N. by W. Portland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clietwynd Aston, par. , Eng. , Salop, div. and i m. S. by E, 
 Newport, 17 m. E. by N. Shrewsbury. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ckeveley, par., Eng., Cambridge, div. and 3 m. SE. New- 
 market, PMT.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Cherenlng, par. , Eng. , Kent, Sevenoaks div. , 8^ m. NW. by 
 N. Tunbridge, i^ m. W. Dunton Green stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cheverell, Great, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Devizes div. , 8| m. 
 E. by S. Trowbridge, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cheverell, Little, paf., i| m. to the S. P. <25o. 
 
 CheTet, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Wakefield imion. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 CbeTlngton, par. , Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 5 m. SW. by 
 W. Bury St. Edmunds, P.O. P.<7SO. 
 
 Cbevlngton, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Nor- 
 thumberland, Wansbeck div. , West C. 10 m. S. by E. Alnwick, 
 with a stn. (C.) on the NE. R. East C. P. <20oo; West C. <7So. 
 
 CbeTlot, post-tn.. New Zealand, Amuri co., 54 m. NNE. 
 Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 CbeTlot, CO., New Zealand, South I., on the E. ct., to the 
 N. of 43° S. 
 
 CbeTlot, CO. , Queensland, between 24° and 26° S. , crossed 
 by 144° E. 
 
 CbeTlot Hills, a grassy hill range with generally rounded 
 outlines extending from NE. to SW. , between England and 
 Scotland, cos. Northumberland and Roxburgh, but mostly in 
 the former co. The SW, portion is composed mainly of 
 mountain limestone belonging to the Lower Carboniferous series, 
 but the NE. , which includes all the highest summits, is almost 
 entirely composed of igneous rocks (mainly volcanic but partly 
 plutonic). They afford excellent pasture and sheep-grazing, 
 and give name to a breed of sheep. Grouse are abundant. 
 The Cheviot Peak, 6 m. SW. Wooler, alt. 2676 ft. ; the next 
 in height, immediately to the S., Cairn Hill, 2545 ft. ; to the 
 320 
 
 E. , Hedgehope Hill, 2348 ft. ; further S. , Cushat Law, 2020 ft. ; 
 and Bloodybush Edge, 2001 ft. The only highroad across them 
 is that from Newcastle to Jedburgh by the pass of Carter Bar. 
 A branch of the N. B. R. now crosses the range to the S. of 
 Carter Fell, ascending the valley of the N. Tyne, and passing 
 to the head of that of the Liddel Water. 
 
 CbeTltborue, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton par. 
 P. <7So- 
 
 Chevre, French, 'goat.' See Capra. 
 
 CbeTronx, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Vaud, on the E. side of Lake 
 Neuchatel, 7 m. S. by W. Neuchitel. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cbew, small riv., Eng., in the NE. of Somerset, flows NE. 
 to the Avon at Keynsham. 
 
 Cbewelah, vil., U.S., Washington, Stevens co., 47 m. 
 NNW. Spokane Falls. P. <isoo. 
 
 Cbew Slagna, par. , Eng. , Somerset, N. div. , on the Chew, 
 Sl m. S. by W. Bristol, PMT.O. ; 4623 ac. P. <isoo. 
 
 Cbew Stoke, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 7 m. SSW. 
 Bristol, P.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Cbevrton, mun. tn. , Victoria, Talbot co. , 23 m. S. Sandhurst, 
 with quartz-mining and severalquartz-crushing mills. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbewton Ulendlp, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 5 m. NE. 
 by N. Wells, PM.O. ; 5855 ac. P. <:75o; eccles. par. (C. M. 
 wltb Emborongb) P. < 1000. 
 
 Cbeyenne (she'6n), co., U.S., Colorado, E. frontier, bounded 
 on the N. by 39° N. ; cap. C. 
 
 Cbeyenne (she'gn), co. , U.S., Kansas, in the extreme NW. 
 
 Cbeyenne, co., U.S., Nebraska, in the W., on S. frontier, 
 crossed by 103° W. 
 
 Cbeyenne, city, U.S. , Wyoming, cap. of state and of Laramie 
 CO. , 40 m. W. by N. from the SE. corner of the state, on a broad, 
 open plain, on the U. P. R. Alt., signal stn., 6089 ft. (U.S. 
 Signal Office). Mean temp., yr. 44.8° F., Jan. 25°, July 68.6°; 
 mean rainfall (10 yrs.), 10.67 in. P. (i87o)<2ooo; (i88o)< 
 4000; (1890)11,700. 
 
 Cbeyenne, riv., U.S., S. Dakota, formed to the E. of the 
 Black Hills by the union of the N. and S. forks, flows E. and 
 enters the Missouri in about 44!° N. 
 
 Cbeyennes, Indian nation, of the great Algonquin family, 
 dwelling E. of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Cbeylard, Le, or Cbaylard, Le, tn. , France, dep. Ai-d^che, 
 arr. Tournon, 57 m. NNW. Orange, 23 m. W. Valence, 15 m. 
 NW. by N. Privas. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cb^ze, La, vil., France, dep. C6tes du Nord, 43 m. NE. by 
 E. Lorient, arr. and 6 m. SE. by E. Loud^ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cbezbme, seapt. , on the W. ct. of Asia Minor, opposite the 
 I. of Khio, vilayet, sanjak, and 45 m. W. by S. Smyrna, with 
 warm sulphur and saline springs near. P. 5600 ; Moham. 4000 ; 
 orthodox Greeks, 1000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Chezib, place named in O. T. See Aln Kezbeb. 
 
 Cbezzetcook, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax co. , 
 on the S. ct. , 10 m. , ENE. Halifax. 
 
 Cbbabra, tn.. Central India, state Tonk (Rajputana). P. 
 7400; Hindus, 5700; Moham. 1500. 
 
 Cbbacbranll, tn., India, Punjab, Kalsia state. P. 5700; 
 Hindus, 3400 ; Moham. 2000. 
 
 Cbbang-song, tn. , Korea, on the 1. bk. of the Amnok, 145 
 m. NW. by W. Won-san. 
 
 Cbbang-won, tn. , Korea, 24 m. W. by N. Fusan. 
 
 Cbbanuyd, or Cbaniia, port, Brit. India, Orissa, on the Bay 
 of Bengal, in 21° 32' N. , 87° 6' E. The entrance is impeded by 
 a bar, but with the rising tide vessels of about 100 tons can get in. 
 
 Cbbaonl, tn. , India, Rdjputdna. See Jbalra Patan. 
 
 Cbbapraoll, census spelling of Chaprauli {q.v.), Brit. India. 
 
 Cbbata, census spelling of Chdta [q.v.), Brit. India. 
 
 Cbb^tak, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. and 20 m. NW. by 
 W. Sylhet, on the 1. bk. of the Swimi, which up to this point is 
 navigable by steamers all the year round. P. <sooo. 
 
 Cbbatarpnr, tn.. Central India, Bundelkhand, cap. C. state, 
 120 m. SSW. Cawnpur, with manufactures of coarse cutlery, 
 made from iron mined from the neighbouring hills. P. 13,000 ; 
 Hindus, 10,300; Moham. 2100. 
 
 Cbbatn^l, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Rangpur, 69 m. 
 SE. by S. Darj fling. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cbbattisgarb. See Central ProTlnees (India). 
 
 Cbblbrdmau, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Farukhdbdd, 
 70 m. NW. Cawnpur. P. 6700 ; Hindus, 5300 ; Moham. 1400. 
 
 Cbblndwtkrd, or Cblndwara, tn., Brit. India, Central 
 Provs., cap. dist. C, 64 m. N. by W. Nagpur. It is situated 
 on a table-land, with a dry gravelly soil, and a plentiful water 
 supply. The climate of the dist. above the Ghdts is temperate 
 and healthy. P. 9000 ; Hindus, 6400. 
 
 Cbbola, mt. range, India. See Cbola. 
 
 Cbbong-Jn, or Cbeng-Jn, tn. , Korea, 64 m. SSE. Soul. 
 
 Cbbotd Udalpnr, tn., India, Bombay Presidency, Rewd 
 Kantha, 50 m. E. Baroda, cap. C. U. State. 
 
 Cbbnng-cbbong-do, or Cbung-cbeng*do, prov., in W. of 
 Korea, between 36° and 37° N. See Do. 
 
 Cbbnng-Jn, tn. , Korea, 55 m. SE. Soul. 
 
 Cbbnsan, tn. , Korea, near 1. bk. Yalu (NW. frontier), in 40° N. 
 
C H I — C H I C 
 
 Clil — , a prefix used in some parts of S. Africa to denote 
 ' language of,' answering to Ki — in other parts ; as Chinyanja, 
 the language of the Anyanja. 
 
 CM — , many Chinese names beginning with this combination 
 (in the elements Chia, Chiang, Chiao, Chich, Ckien, Chin, 
 Chiung), so spelt in accordance with the Peking pronunciation, 
 are also spelt with Kl — ,in accordance with the pronunciation pre- 
 vailing elsewhere. For most of these names, see under Ki — . 
 
 Cbla, riv. , Congo Free State. See Inzla. 
 
 Chlab, vil. and fort, Badakhshan, 56 m. NE. Kunduz. 
 
 Clila«l, tn. , Formosa. See Kla-i. 
 
 Cblamdo, tn. , China. See Chamdo. 
 
 Ctalampo, comm. , Italy, prov. and 12 m. W. Vicenza. P. ■< 4000. 
 
 Chlamut, or Clamnt, the highest village in cant. Grisons, 
 Switzd. , at the foot of Mount St. Gothard, on the borders of 
 Uri. Alt. 5080 ft. 
 
 Chlan, tn. , China. See Kiiigau. 
 
 Chlana, Valle dl, high valley, Italy, in the SE. of Tuscany, 
 stretching about 25 m. S. from the neighbourhood of Arezzo. 
 Formerly it was traversed from N. to S. by the R. Chiana, a 
 trib. of the Paglia (Tiber basin), but the surface was in most 
 places so level that the water collected in numerous stagnant 
 pools, and the valley was excessively malarious. It is spoken 
 of by Dante as 'an accursed place.' Since 1838, however, a 
 water-parting has been established between the small lakes of 
 Chiusi and Montepulciano, and the latter has been brought into 
 connection with the Arno by the canalised northern portion of the 
 Chiana, and subsidiary canals have been constructed to carry into 
 the Arno the drainage of the whole valley, which has thus been 
 rendered one of the healthiest and most populous parts of Italy. 
 
 Chlauclano, comm., Italy, prov. Siena, dist. and 5 m. SE. 
 Montepulciano, with warm baths and mineral springs. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Chlang-ho, China, prov. and on the Gulf of Pechili, 45 m. 
 E. by N. Tientsin. 
 
 Clilannl, comm. , Italy, prov. and 21m. SSE. Pisa. P. <4000. 
 
 Chlautl, moiitl, range of mts., Italy, Apennines, stretching 
 about 20 m. NNW.-SSE. to the W. of the Arno and the S. of 
 Florence, Tuscany. The slopes, covered with vineyards, supply 
 the best wines of Tuscany. 
 
 Ctalaiitla, tn. , state of and 100 m. N W. Guatemala. 
 
 Clilapa, or Chlapa de los Indlos, tn. , Mexico, Chiapas, 40 
 m. WSW. San Cristobal, formerly cap. Mexico, though now an 
 unimportant place. 
 
 Cblapas, the most south-easterly of the states of Mexico, 
 cap. San Cristobal, on the NW. of the mountainous regions of 
 Central America, with the Soconosco Uttoral lands E. of the 
 Gulf of Tehuantepec, between Yucatan (N.), the Isthmus of 
 Tehuantepec (W.), and Guatemala (SE.). Remains of ancient 
 cities in NE. See Mexico. 
 
 Cliiappa, Pniita, cape, Italy, Liguria, 13 m. ESE. Genoa. 
 
 Chiarainonte, tn. .Sicily, prov. and33m. W. Syracuse. P. 9800. 
 
 CiUaraiio, comm. , Italy, prov. Treviso, dist. Oderzo. P. < 4000. 
 
 Cliiaravalle, comm., Italy, prov. and loj m. W. Ancona, 
 with an old abbey in which St. Bernard dwelt. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cliiaravalle Centrale, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 
 18 m. SW. by S. Catanzaro. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Cblaravalle IMiianei^e, vil., Italy, Lombardy, 6 m. SE. 
 Milan, with an abbey founded by St. Bernard. P. <2qoo. 
 
 Ctalarentza, seapt. vil. , Greece. See KyllSnS. 
 
 Cblari, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 14 m. W. Brescia; 
 manufactures of silk and twist. Here Prince Eugene gained 
 a victory over Marshal Villeroi in 1701. P. 9000. 
 
 Chiaromonte, comm., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 41 m. SE. 
 by S. Potenza. Alt. 2610 ft. P. <4000. 
 
 Chlasso, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Ticino, 3 m. NW. by W. Como. 
 P. <300o. 
 
 Chiaatla, tn., Mexico, state Puebla; formerly had rich gold 
 and silver mines. P. -<5ooo. 
 
 Ciilavari, seapt., Italy, Liguria, prov. and 20 m. E. by S. 
 Genoa. Marble and slate quarries in vicinity ; anchovy fishery. 
 P. 12,000. 
 
 Chiavenna (believed to be derived from Lat. clavis, 'a key,' 
 C. being one of the keys of N. Italy), comm., Italy, Lom- 
 bardy, prov. Sondrio, 6\ m. N. of the head of Lake Como ; 
 the meeting-place of the Septimer, Spliigen, and Maloja roads. 
 Active trade with Switzerland and Italy in wine, which is kept 
 in large excavations termed ' ventorali.' P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cbia-yl, Formosa. See Kia-1. 
 
 Chiba, tn. , Japan, 20 m. E. Tokyo, on Tokyo Bay. P. 19,200. 
 
 Chibale, plateau, equatorial Africa, W. of Lake Nyassa. 
 
 Cliibclias, S. American Indian tribe. See Muiscas. 
 
 Chlbclieso JMonutains, range of mts. , central Africa, trend- 
 ing nearly N. and S. from about 1° 2o'-i° 40' N., mainly to the 
 E. of 35° E. 
 
 Cblbukln, prettily situated vil. on the Bosporus, Asia Minor, 
 7 m. NNE. Scutari. 
 
 Chlcacole, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 105 m. SW. 
 Ganjim, 4 m. from the sea, with an old fort once an important 
 military station. Its muslins rival those of Dacca in delicacy 
 of texture. P. (munip.) 18,200; Hindus, 17,300. 
 321 
 
 Cbicago, city, U.S., co. Cook, Illinois, is the second city in 
 the United States of America in population. It is situated on 
 the west side of Lake Michigan, near its southern end, upon 
 the small river Chicago, whose two branches unite in the heart 
 of the city to form the main channel to the lake. This river- 
 system affords it 35 m. of dock frontage, furnishing harbour 
 accommodation for a lake commerce of 10,000,000 tons burden 
 annually. The first Eui^opeans who visited the site of Chicago 
 were the French explorers, Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette, 
 when returning in 1673 from their discovery of the upper 
 Mississippi. In 1685 a fort was built there, commanded by an 
 officer in the Canadian service, and before the end of the 
 17th century the Jesuits made it a mission post. Indian 
 hostilities prevented further occupation for 100 years or more ; 
 and in 1795 the only settler, aside from the natives, was a 
 negro trader from San Domingo. In 1804 the United States 
 government established there the frontier post of Fort Dearborn, 
 which was destroyed by Indians in the war of 1812, but rebuilt 
 in 1816, when a permanent settlement began. In 1830 the popu- 
 lation was only 70 persons, but in 1835 a town was organised, 
 and in 1837 it was incorporated as a city, with 4000 inhabitants, 
 and an area of 10 sq. m. It now comprises 182 sq. m., and 
 extends over a length of more than 21 m. , with a breadth 
 from E. to W. of lo^ m. It is almost entirely surrounded by 
 magnificent parks and boulevards, with a total area of 2200 ac. 
 The rapid growth of Chicago is due to its geographical position, 
 which makes it the chief port of the great lakes and the dis- 
 tributing centre of the NW. The city was built originally upon 
 the flat prairie, at an elevation too low to secure proper drain- 
 age. When this became apparent the grade of the whole city 
 was raised 7 ft. , and streets and buildings were brought with 
 great rapidity to the changed level. The water supply became 
 insufficient, and tunnels 4 m. long were then driven under Lake 
 Michigan to obtain an additional supply. The drainage pro- 
 blem was temporarily solved by reversing the current of the 
 river, by connecting it with the Illinois and Michigan Canal, 
 and is now being permanently settled at an expenditure 
 estimated at _^4, 500,000, to restore as a drainage outlet the 
 prehistoric channel from Lake Michigan to the Valley of the 
 Mississippi. When completed, the drainage canal will be a free 
 waterway navigable for vessels drawing less than 22 ft. as far as 
 Joliet (about 40 m.). In October 1871 Chicago was devastated 
 by a conflagration, which destroyed its business centre, and swept 
 over an area of more than 3 sq. m. Within the next three years 
 the city was reconstructed with buildings of greater capacity 
 than those burned, and more than twice their value. Among 
 the many fine structures which adorn its streets may be men- 
 tioned the Auditorium, which contains the largest theatre and 
 opera-house in the world, seating 8000 persons. Education 
 is well provided for. A new university, commenced in 1889, 
 has been splendidly equipped and richly endowed [Illinois]. 
 The World's Columbian Exposition was located at Chicago by 
 the Congress of the United States, and was opened May i, 
 1893, on a scale of magnitude hitherto unparalleled. The 
 great bulk of Chicago's outward trade consists in the despatch 
 of wheat, maize, and other grains, seeds, flour, dairy produce, 
 dressed, cured, and canned meats, and live stock, lumber ranking 
 next in importance, and the aggregate amount of grain and 
 prepared meats sent out from this city exceeds the amount 
 despatched by any other city in the world. In 1850 the total 
 value of the trade of the cky was estimated in round numbers 
 at ;^4,ooo,ooo, in 1891 at ;^3oo, 000,000. Manufactures are 
 varied and extensive, but there is no specialty. Alt. 661 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 49.4° F., Jan. 25.5°, July 72.9°; rainfall (12 
 yrs.), 37.57 in. P. (1850) 30,000; (i860) 112,200; (1870)- 
 299,000; (i88o) 503,200; (1890) 1,099,900, including 292,463 
 Americans, 384,958 Germans, 215,534 Irish, 54,209 Bohemians, 
 52,756 Poles, 45,867 Swedes, 44,615 Norwegians, 33,785 
 English, 12,963 French, 6080 Canadians; (1893) by local 
 census, above 1,500,000. 
 
 Chicago, East, tn. , U.S., Indiana, Lake co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chicago Junction, vil., U.S., Ohio, Huron co., 58 m. SE. 
 Toledo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbicama, tn., Peru, dep. Libertad, 28 m. N. Trujillo, 
 340 m. NW. by N. Lima, connected by rail with the port of 
 Salaverri. Well-cultivated sugar estates. 
 
 Clilcbi^of, large isl., Alaska, crossed by 58° N., 136° W., 
 named after the Russian navigator who first attempted to find a 
 NE. passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic. Little is known 
 of it beyond its coasts. A few hundred Hoonahs dwell at the 
 village of Hoonah, in the NE. , on Port Frederick. 
 
 Cbichagof, isls. , Pacific. See Tataania. 
 
 Cliicheley, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, Buckingham div. , 
 9^ m. W. by S. Bedford, 3 m. NE. by E. Newport Pagnell 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Chictaen, or Clilchenitza, viL, Mexico, Yucatan, 18 m. SW. 
 Valladolid, with remains of an ancient Indian city. 
 
 Chichester, the anct. Cissacaster, anct. mun. (till 1885 also 
 a pari.) bor., Eng., Sussex, C. div., on the Lavant, 9^ m. W. 
 by S. Arundel, on the L. B. & S. C. R. It stands in a plain 
 
 X 
 
C H I C — C H I F 
 
 between the Southdown Hills and the sea, and is enclosed by 
 walls said to be built on Roman foundations, now formed into 
 terraces with walks, and shaded by elm-trees. The site of the 
 Grey Friars Monastej^ is now a public recreation ground. The 
 cathedral, which dates from close of 12th century, is 411 ft. in 
 length (including west porch and Lady Chapel), and 90 ft. in 
 breadth, with a spire 271 ft. in height. This spire fell in 1861, 
 but was replaced by another as nearly as possible like the old 
 one. In its interior are a richly adorned choir and portraits of 
 the bishops of Selsey and C. from the time of St. Wilfred to 
 Bishop Sherborne, a.d. 1508. The octagonal market-cross was 
 built by Bishop Storey about 1500. The see is nearly co-exten- 
 sive with the county Sussex. The city has a grammar-school, 
 blue-coat, national, Lancastrian, and other schools. Trade 
 almost wholly in agricultural produce and live-stock. Manu- 
 factures coopers' and other wooden wares. Originally the 
 town was a Roman station. It was taken and partially 
 ■destroyed in about 491 by the South Saxons, under Ella, but 
 rebuilt by his son Cissa (whence its name), and thenceforth it 
 remained the cap. of the kingdom of Sussex till its conquest by 
 the West Saxons. Various Roman remains with inscriptions 
 have been discovered in the city and vicinity. C. Harbour, 
 a. m. SW. of the city, is an inlet of the English Channel, be- 
 tween the peninsula of Selsey and Hayling Island, containing 
 several creeks and Thorney Island. Market-days, W. and S. 
 Mean rfalL (1866-80), Chilgrove, alt. 284 ft., 34.90 in.; West- 
 gate, alt. 40 ft., 29.16 in. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 4700; (1851) 
 8700; (1891) 7800; pars. P. 7900; pari. div. (C. or South- 
 western) P. 54,400; See, 549,000. 
 
 Chichester, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Pontiac co. , on Ottawa R. , 
 9 m. from Pembroke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chichlhacoa, or Chlchlpacoa, cape, at the NE. end of the 
 Goajira penin. , Colombia, S. America. 
 
 Chlchikllk Pass, pass on the road from Yarkand to the 
 Pamir, in about 38° 5' N., 75° 28' E. Alt. 14,430 ft. 
 
 Chlchou-fa, tn., China, prov. Nganhwei, 73 m. SW. by W. 
 Wuhu, near the r. bk. of the Yangtse-kiang. 
 
 Chlckahom'iny, riv., U.S., Virginia, flows SE. into James R. 
 
 Chlckasanha, riv., U.S., Mississippi, in the SE., trib. of the 
 Pascagoula, which it joins on the 1. bk. in about 31° N. 
 
 Chickasaw, CO. , U.S. , Iowa, crossed by 43° N. ,and W. of92° W. 
 
 Chickasaw, co., U.S., Mississippi, in the NE., crossed in the 
 N. by 34° N. , and in the W. by 89" W. 
 
 Chickasaw Indians, tribe of the Appalachian nation, formerly 
 occupying the terr. between the Ohio and Tennessee Rivs. , now 
 reduced to a few thousands and settled in the Indian Terr. ^q.v.). 
 
 Chlckenley Heath, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, on G. N. R. ; 
 near Dewsburv. 
 
 Chicken Rock, Eng. , off SW. ct. of Isle of Man, with light- 
 house, \'isible 16 m. 
 
 Chlckerell, West, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., 2| m. 
 NW. by W. Weymouth, PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Chlcklade, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Wilton div. , 15 m. S. by E. 
 Trowbridge, 4 m. NNW. Tisbury stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Chlckney, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., b\ m. S. by E. 
 Saffron Walden, 3 m. ENE. Elsenham stn. P.'<:25o; cedes, 
 par. (C. with Broxted) P. <750. 
 
 Chlcksands Priory, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, Biggleswade 
 div., 8 m. SE. by S. Bedford, i m. W. Shefford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Chlcla, tn., Peru, dep. and 70 m. ENE. Lima, on the Oroya 
 Rly. Alt. 12,200 ft. 
 
 Chlclana, comm., Spain, prov. Jaen, 40 m. ENE. Linares, 
 with mines and sulphur-springs ; fine scenery. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Chlclana de la Frontera, tn., Spain, prov. and 12 m. SE. 
 Cadiz. P. 12,300. 
 
 Chlclayo, tn. , S. America, Peru, dep. Lambayeque, 315 m. 
 S. Guayaquil Well cultivated sugar estates. P. 13,000. 
 
 Chico, Chiquito, Spanish, 'small,' 'very small.' 
 
 Chlco, dty, U.S., California, Butte col, on Chico R., 85 m. 
 N. by W. Sacramento. Mean temp. (20 yrs.), yr. 64.1° F., Jan. 
 46.5°, July 84.6°; mean rainfall, yr. 20.9, June-Sept. 0.68 in. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Chlco, or Atotolnlco el Chlco, mining vil. , Mexico, Hidalgo, 
 7 m. N. Pachuca. 
 
 Chlco, name sometimes given to the Senguel or Senger R, 
 Argentine Republic, below Lake Colhue. 
 
 Chlcoana, tn. , Argentine Republic, Salta, 120 m. N. by W. 
 Tucuman, 25 m. S. by W. Salta. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Chleopee, riv., U.S., Massachusetts, in the S., flows W. to 
 the Connecticut, which it joins on the L bk. 4 m. N. Springffield. 
 
 CUco'pee, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampden co., on the 
 1. bk. of Connecticut R. , 4 m. NNW. Springfield ; contains the 
 vast Dwight cotton-mills, and also manufactures bronzes, artil- 
 lery, &c. P. (1880) 11,300; (1890) 14,100. 
 
 cid'cot, CO., U.S., Arkansas, in the extreme SE. 
 
 Chlcon'tlml Klver, riv., Canada, Quebec, rises from several 
 lakes in Chicoutimi co. , and flows SW. into the Saguenay R. 
 
 Chlcontlml, co., Canada, Quebec, drained by Lake St. John, 
 
 bounded S. by 48° N. , separated from Saguenay co. on the E. 
 
 mainly by the meridian of 70° W. I 
 
 322 
 
 Chlcontlml, tn., Canada, Quebec, C. co., onr. bk. of R. Sague- 
 nay, III m. N. by E. Quebec, in 71° 4' W. The seat of a bishop. 
 Mean temp., yr. 36.3° F., Jan. 3.4°, July 65.2°. P<3ooo. 
 
 Chlcora, plain, Portuguese E. Africa, on the S. bk. of the 
 Zambezi, in about 32°-32^° E. , just above the Kebrabasa rapids, 
 partly flooded every year; well adapted for the growth of 
 cereals ; with negro village and Portuguese fort of same name. 
 
 Chidambaram, India. See Chllambaram. 
 
 Chiddiugfold, par. , Eng. , Surrey, div. and 9 m. S. by W. 
 Guildford, 2 m. SSE. Witley and C. stn., on the L. & SW. R., 
 PMT.O. ; 7043 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Chlddlngly, par., Eng., Sussex, Eastbourne div., 8^ m. E. 
 by N. Lewes, 3 m. NW. by W. Hellingly stn., P.O.; 4481 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Chlddlngstone, par. , Eng. , Kent, div. and 6 m. W. by S. Tun- 
 bridge, i^ m. WSW. Penshurst stn. , PT.O. ; 5981 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Chldeock, ct. par., Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div., 5 m. E. Lyme 
 Regis, 3 m. W. Bridport, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Chldham, par. , Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., on Chichester 
 Harb., 5 m. W. Chichester, 2 m. SW. Bosham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Chidimba (Chingenge's residence), tn., Congo Free State, 
 near the L bk. of the Lulua, in 6° 8' S. , 22° 56' E. 
 
 Chldley, or Chndlelgh, cape, Labrador, N. ct., at the 
 entrance to Hudson Straits. 
 
 Chldley, cape, Greenland, W. ct, in about 68^° N. 
 
 Chldlow, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Whitchurch union. P. ■<25o. 
 
 Chiefs Point, cape, Canada, Ontario, on Lake Huron, in 
 44° 40' N. 
 
 Chlem-see, lake, Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 40 m. ESE. Munich, vrith the islands of Herrenworth and 
 Frauenworth. Area, 34 sq. m.; depth, 262 ft.; alt. 1650 ft. 
 
 Chieu-chaug, dist. , China. See Klen-chang. 
 
 Chleng-hal, tn. , Siam, 95 m. NE. by N. Chieng-mai. P. small. 
 
 Chleng-hung, tn., Indo-China, on the Mekong, in about 
 ■zt' 50' N., 125 m. NW. by W. Luang-prabang, cap. of the 
 chief state of Sipsong-Pana. 
 
 Chieug-kan, tn. , Siam, on the Mekong, 177 m. ENE. Rahang. 
 
 Chleng-kaw, tn. , French Indo-China, on the Nam-Ma, 103 
 m. WSW^ Hanoi (Tongking). 
 
 Chleng-kheng, dist. , Indo-China, on both banks of the Me- 
 kong R. , in about 21° 20' N. 
 
 Chleng-kwang, tn., French Indo-China, 91 m. ESE. Luang- 
 prabang, once the cap. of one of the most beautiful provs. of 
 Indo-China, now overgrown with jungle. Alt. 3900 ft. 
 
 Chleng>mal, or Zlmme, tn., Siam, on the Me-ping, 130 m. 
 N. Rahang, 180 m. NE. by N. Maulmain. One of the chief 
 centres of trade in teak, the forests of which, within easy reach, 
 are, however, rapidly becoming exhausted. P. roughly esti- 
 mated at 100,000. 
 
 Chteng-ral, tn. , Burmese Shan States, on r. bk. of Mekong, 
 122 m. NW. by W. Luang-prabang. P. < 5000. 
 
 Chleng-sen, tn., Indo-China, on the Mekong, about the 
 angle where it turns E., 125 m. NE. by N. Chieng-mai, in a 
 fertile but thinly-peopled plain, 30 m. by 20 m. 
 
 Chleng-tnng, or Klang-tnng, tn., Burmese Shan States, 
 about 175 m. NNE. Chieng-mai (Siam), on a plateau 2700 ft. 
 above sea-level, surrounded by mountains except on the N.; 
 cap. of state of C.-T. , which claims to exercise authority over 
 the states to the E. as far as the frontier of Tongking [Chleng- 
 sen]. The soil in the neighbourhood is poor and little culti- 
 vated, but the town is an important centre of caravan trade. 
 P. <;50oo. Proc. R. G. S., 1889, p. 243; 1891, p. 707. 
 
 Chlenhsl-chon, tn., China, Kweichou, 37 m. NW. Kwei- 
 yang-fu. 
 
 Chlentl, comm. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 30 m. NW. Foggia. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Chlenwel-hslen, tn. , China, Siichwan, on the Min, 107 m. 
 S. Chengtu-fu. 
 
 Chlerl, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 8 m. SE. Turin. 
 P. 15,000. 
 
 Chlesa, vil. ,Switzd. ,cant.Ticino, 20m. ESE. Airolo. P. <20oo. 
 
 Chlese, riv., Austria and Italy, rises on the Tirolese side of 
 Mt. Adamello, and flows S. through the Lake d'Idro to the 
 Oglio, which it joins on the 1. bk. below Canneto (midway 
 between Cremona and Mantua). 
 
 Chletl, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, cap. prov. C, 92 m. 
 ENE. Rome, 39 m. E. Aquila. Alt. 1070-80 ft Mean temp., 
 yr. 56.3° F., Jan. 41.0°, July 74.8°. P. 23,000. 
 
 Chleveley, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and4im. N. Newbury, 
 am. WNW. Hermitage stn. , PM.O.; 5328 ac. P. < 1500; eccles. 
 par. (C. with Wlnterbourne and Cnrrldge) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Chlirres, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 11 m. NW. by N. 
 Mons. P. (comm.)<:40oo. 
 
 Chlfta, or Chefoo, a treaty port of China, opened to foreign 
 trade in 1861 ; the only open port between the mouths of the 
 Yangtse and Pei-ho rivers, on the N. coast of the prov. Shan- 
 tung, 260 m. SE. by E. Peking. Lat. 37° 35' N., long. 121° 
 22' E. The climate is more suitable for Europeans than that 
 of any other open port on the China coast. It is visited as a 
 sanatorium by persons from southern ports. Being the northern- 
 
CHiF — CHIL 
 
 most port open from December to March, while the Pei-ho 
 remains frozen, it is the centre of a busy winter trade; mails 
 and merchandise for Peking and Tientsin being landed here, and 
 forwarded by interior routes. It has, however, a poor harbour, 
 a semi-circular bay exposed to N. and NE. winds, where ships 
 anchor and goods are discharged by lighters ; but it is now 
 (1893) proposed to construct a wharf accessible to cargo boats 
 at all states of the tide. Average value of exports (silk, bran- 
 cake, straw-braid, &c.), ;^i,ooo,ooo to ;^i, 500,000. P. 120,000. 
 
 Chlfniube, vil. , Nyassaland, in 15° 9' S. , 35° 18' E. 
 
 Clilgaklior, vil., Persia, prov. Irak Ajemi, 62 m. SW. by S. 
 Ispahan, a summer resort of the Bakhtiari. Alt. 7500 ft. 
 
 Clilgiriu (Polish Czehryr), dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 232 
 m. SE. Kiev, on Tyasmina R. , 13 m, from Dnieper. Renowned 
 in the history of Little Russia during its struggles with Poland. 
 P. (184s) 5660; (1889) 16,840. 
 
 Chlgla, Xew (also Pourovka) and Old, two vils. , Russia, govt, 
 and 58 m. SE. Voronezh, dist. Bobrov. P. 8500 and 4100. 
 
 CUguall, par. , i^ m. S. Chignall Smealy, 3 m. NW. Chelms- 
 ford. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (C. with Masli1>ai-y) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Clilgnall Smealy, eccles. par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 4J m. 
 NW. Chelmsford, P.O. (Cblgnal Smeeley). P. <2So. 
 
 €lilguecto Bay, Canada, inlet of Fundy Bay {q.v^, between 
 Cumberland co. (N.S.) and Albert and St. John cos. (N.B.). 
 
 Chlgnecto Cape, cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the W. ct. , 
 in 45° 20' N. , 64" 55' W. , where the Bay of Fundy divides into 
 Chignecto Bay and Minas Channel. 
 
 CMgnolo-Po, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Pavia, 12 m. 
 NW. by W. Piacenza. P. 5000. 
 
 Clilgonaise, or Isligoulsli River, vil., Nova Scotia, co. 
 Colchester, 13 m. from Triuro. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Chlgwell, par. , Eng. , Essex, Epping div. , 5^ m. NW. Rom- 
 ford, ij m. E. Buckhurst Hill stn., 2 m. S. Chigwell Lane 
 stn., PMT.O. ; 5009 ac. P. 6300. Chigwell Bow, eccles. 
 par. , adjoining Chigwell on the S. , PMT. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Chigwell Lane, stn., Eng., Essex, Epping div., on the 
 G. E. R., 12 m. NE. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Chihuahua, tn., Mexico, on R. Chihuahua (trib. Rio Grande 
 del Norte), cap. of state C, 275 m. E. by N. Guaymas. Trade 
 centre for the neighbouring gold and silver mines. P. 25,000. 
 
 Chihuahua, one of the states of Mexico, on the plateau of 
 N. Sierra Madre, formed by: (a) a mountainous region (Sierras 
 Tarahumara and Candola ; {b) the valley of Rio Conchos ; {c) 
 a N. and [d) a S. lacustrine region. See Mexico. 
 
 Chlhunibo, riv., Portuguese W. Africa, flows N. into the 
 Kassai, which it joins on the frontier of the Congo Free State, 
 in about 21° 10' E. 
 
 Chlkala, precipitous mt. , on the W. shore of Lake Shirwa, 
 in 15° 7' S. , 35^° E. Alt. 6000 ft. 
 
 Chlkalda, vil. and sanitarium, Brit. India, Berar, dist. EUich- 
 pur, 45 m. NW. Amraoti, situated in the midst of beautiful 
 scenery. Alt. 3656 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 70° F. , Dec. 62°, May 
 82^ ; rainfall, yr. 66.6 in., June-Sept. 58.6 in. P. <5oog. 
 
 Chlkapa, riv. , Portuguese equatorial Africa, flows N. into the 
 Kassai, which it joins just above the Pogge Falls, in about 2o|° E. 
 
 Chlkhallapur, tn., India, Mysore, 36 m. NNE. Bangalore. 
 P. (1881) 9100. 
 
 Chlklshlyar, military post and chief tn. of dist., Russia, 
 Transcaspian terr. , on SE. shore of Caspian Sea, 200 m. SSE. 
 Krasnovodsk. 
 
 Chlhmagalliir, tn., India, Mysore, on Yagachi R., 71 m. 
 ENE. Mangalore. P. (i87i)<3ooo. 
 
 Chlhndyakaiihalll, tn., India, Mysore, 72 m. WNW. 
 Bangalore. P. (i88i)<:4000. 
 
 Chlhol, riv., E. Siberia, r. bk. trib. of Selenga, flows from 
 Yablonovoi Mts. in a wide fertile valley ; 270 m. 
 
 Chlhorl, tn., India, Bombay Presidency, dist. and 42 ra. 
 NNE. Belgium. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Chlkou* tn., China, prov. and on the Gulf of Pechili, 45 m. 
 SSE. Tientsin. 
 
 Clilkugo, a kuni or old prov., Japan, now included in 
 Fukuoka ken. 
 
 Chlhurliidl, tn. , Portuguese E. Africa, on the r. bk. of the 
 Zambezi, 30 m. E. Zumbo. 
 
 Chlkut-cho, lake, Tibet, N. of 31° N., W. of 88° E., drained 
 northwards. 
 
 Chlhuzeu, a kuni or old prov., Japan, now included in 
 Fukuoka ken. 
 
 ChUcwaTva, govt, stn., Brit. Nyassa-land, S. Africa, on the 
 Shire, 23 m. SW. Blantyre, with which it is now connected by 
 road, 2 m. above Katunga. 
 
 Chllamharam, more correctly Chlttamhalani, ' the atmo- 
 sphere of wisdom,' tn., Brit. IncUa, Madras, dist. S. Arcot, 21 
 m. S. by W. Cuddalore ; during the wars of the Karnatic con- 
 sidered of considerable strategical importance. Its temples, 
 the principal sacred to Siva, are held in highest reverence 
 throughout Southern India and Ceylon. Entered in the census 
 as Chidamliaram. P. 18,600 ; Hindus, 17,400. 
 
 Chllapa, tn., Mexico, state Guerrero, 65 m. NE. Acapulco. 
 P. 4000. 
 
 Chllas, tn. and fort, on the 1. bk. of the Indus, 35 m. S. by 
 W. Gilgtdt, cap. of a small state stretching N. from the frontier 
 of Kashmir to the Indus. 
 
 Chllaw, in old Portuguese spelling Chllao, tn., Ceylon, 
 N W. Prov. , 44 m. N. Colombo, with pearl fisheries. Destroyed 
 by the Portuguese in 1565. P. <400o. 
 
 Chllbolton, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., on the 
 Test, 8| m. NW. by N. Winchester, i m. ENE. FuUerton 
 June, P.p. P. <5oo. 
 
 Chllca, tn. , S. America, Peru, dep. and 40 m. SE. by S. Lima, 
 
 Chllcat Inlet, Alaska. See Lynn Canal. 
 
 Chllcoh, lake, Canada, Brit. Columbia, crossed by 51^° N. , 
 and W. of 124° W., drained NE. by the Chilcoh R. into the 
 Chilcotin, trib. of Fraser R. 
 
 Chllcomh, par., Eng., Hampshire Petersfield div., 2 m. 
 ESE. Winchester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chllcomhe, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., io| m. W, 
 Dorchester, 3^ m. E. by S. Bridport. P. <2So. 
 
 Chllcompton, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 7^ m. NE. by 
 E. Wells, on the M. R., P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Chllcoot Inlet, Alaska. See Lynn Canal. 
 
 Chllcoot Pass, pass, Alaska, in 59° 45' N., 135° 15' W., 
 connecting the basin of Yukon R. with Taiya Inlet. 
 
 Chlleote, par. , Eng. , in a detached part of Derbyshire, S. div. , 
 7 m. NE. Tamworth, 3 m. W. Measham stn. P. <25o. See 
 Clifton Campvllle. 
 
 Chilcotin, riv. , Canada, Brit. Columbia, flows on the whole 
 WSW. and joins Fraser R. in about 52° N. 
 
 Chllderdltch, par., Eng., Essex, Chelmsford div., 6J m. E. 
 Romford, i m. WSW. of E. Horndon stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Chllderley, par., Eng., co. and 6^ m. WNW. Cambridge, 
 4^ m. SW. by W. Oakington stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Chllder Thornton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 8 m. 
 SSE. Birkenhead, close to Sutton stn. P. <7SO. 
 
 Child Okeford, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, N. div. , i2| m. E. 
 by S. Sherborne, i m. NE. Shillingstone stn. , PMT. O. P. <. 1000. 
 
 Clilldress, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW., on the E. frontier, 
 S. of3S°N. 
 
 Chlldrey, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 10 m. SW. by W. 
 Abingdon, 2 m. S. Challow stn., PMT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Chllds Ercall, par. , Eng. , Salop, Newport div. , 14 m. NE. 
 by E. Shrewsbury, 3I m. ENE. Peplow stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Chllds Hill and Crlcklewood, stn., Eng., Middlesex, on 
 the M. R., 6 m. NW. by W. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Chllds Wlckham, par., Eng., on the N. border of Glou- 
 cestershire, Tewkesbury div. , 3I m. SE. Evesham, P. O. P. <5co. 
 
 Chlldwall, par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, Bootle div., 4^ 
 m. ESE. Liverpool, on the Cheshire Lines Rly. P. <25o. 
 
 Chile (native name, in the T6th centiury, for the central part 
 of the present rep.), occupies a very long and narrow strip 
 of land (half larger than Great Britain) stretching nearly 40 
 degrees N. to S. (i7°-56° S. lat.), between the summits of the 
 Andes and the Pacific Ocean, with a width varying from 90 m. 
 (33° lat.) to no m. (38° lat.), forming, as a whole, a plane of 
 double inclination from N. to S., and from E. to W. It is 
 divided into provs., as shown in the following table : — 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Area in 
 
 Pop. in 
 Thousands, 
 
 Pop. per 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 1885. 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 Tacna . ' . 
 
 8,687 
 
 30 
 
 3-4 
 
 Tarapaca 
 
 19,306 
 
 45 
 
 2.3 
 
 Antofagasta . 
 
 72,202 
 
 34 
 
 .5 
 
 Atacama. 
 
 28,379 
 
 64 
 
 2.2 
 
 Coquimbo 
 
 12,905 
 
 176 
 
 13.6 
 
 Aconcagua 
 
 6,332 
 
 
 22.8 
 
 Valparaiso 
 
 1.659 
 
 
 122.4 
 
 Santiago .... 
 
 5.223 
 
 330 
 
 63.1 
 
 O'Higgins 
 
 2.524 
 
 88 
 
 34-7 
 
 Colchagua 
 
 3.975 
 
 156 
 
 41.0 
 
 Curicd .... 
 
 2.913 
 
 100 
 
 34-3 
 
 Talca .... 
 
 3.678 
 
 133 
 
 36.3 
 
 Lindres .... 
 
 3.489 
 
 III 
 
 317 
 
 Maule .... 
 
 2,931 
 
 124 
 
 42.4 
 
 Nuble .... 
 
 3.556 
 
 150 
 
 42.2 
 
 Concepcion . 
 
 3.535 
 
 182 
 
 51.6 
 
 Bio-Bio .... 
 
 4.158 
 
 102 
 
 24.4 
 
 Arauco .... 
 
 4.247 
 
 74 
 
 17-3 
 
 Malleco .... 
 
 2,857 
 
 59 
 
 21.2 
 
 Cautin .... 
 
 3,128 
 
 33 
 
 10.6 
 
 Valdivia .... 
 
 8.315 
 
 51 
 
 6.1 
 
 Llanquilhue . 
 
 7.822 
 
 63 
 
 8.0 
 
 Chilo6 .... 
 
 3.995 
 
 73 
 
 18.4 
 
 Magallanes 
 
 Total 
 
 75.291 
 
 2 
 
 •03 
 
 290,827 
 
 2,527 1 
 
 8.7 
 
 1 The total enumerated pop. in 1875 was 2,075,971, but the Census 
 Commission believed that 10 per cent, of the pop. escaped enumeration. 
 Probably a larger proportion escaped enumeration in 1885- 
 
CHILE 
 
 The lands around the Straits of Magellan, with half Tierra del 
 Fuego and Cape Horn Is. (including Di6go Ramirez Is.), belong 
 to C. Provs. of Tacna and Arica, from riv. Sama to riv. Cama- 
 rones, were ceded by Peru to C. for lo yrs. (1883-93), ^^ the end 
 of which a plebiscite was to decide their definitive nationality. 
 (See Pern, Bollrla, Argentine.) Regions and Orography. — 
 C. is naturally divided into three regions, each occupying one- 
 third of the entire length, from N. to S. : (i.) The N. saline 
 Pampas, from Peru and Bolivia to Copiap6, traversed by volcanic 
 highlands, which sometimes reach the coast, but showing fi-om 
 N. to S. a central longitudinal depression, with salt masses 
 {Salares) in the beds of old lakes (Huasco, Coposa, Atacama), 
 and nitrates [salitrales, in some parts, 1000 sq. m. , 10 ft. thick) 
 on the plateaux and slopes along the Coast Cordilleras, where 
 the rivers disappear. The riv. Loa divides the first region in 
 two, and the Pampa of Tamarugal from the Atacama desert. 
 (2.) The central old C, which is the economical and political 
 centre of modern C, as far as Valdivia, well-watered by 
 permanent rivers, populous, agricultural and industrial. From 
 this region, down to the extreme S., there are two parallel 
 mountainous zones (the Andes and the Coast Cordillera), with 
 a deep depression between, which becomes the valle central 
 (' central valley'), an old lacustrine bed, and is continued, in the 
 third region, by a stiU existing lake region and a series of 
 channels. (3.) The fjord, glacier, and insular region, to the 
 Cape Horn, with numerous and large lakes in the N. , gradually 
 becoming f;ord-like g^lfs. South, the central Cordillera forms 
 the continental E. lands to the Strait of Magellan, Tierra del 
 Fuego, and States Is. (Argentine), while the Coast Cordillera 
 shows itself in the islands from Chilo6 to the Cape Horn (1400 ft. ), 
 with cerros 3000 and about 4000 ft. high. All the islands of 
 the fjord region are the highlands of five partly submerged 
 peninsulas: (a) Chilo6 group {Chil-hue, 'part of C); (b) 
 Taytao-Chonos-Guayteca group ; (1:) Madre-de-Dios — Norths' 
 group ; {d) Queen Adelaide's group ; [e) Tierra del Fuego group. 
 The third is the forest region. Mountainous connections 
 between the Central and Coast Cordilleras are frequent in the 
 first and N. part of second region. Between the zone of the 
 highest summits of the Andes (Mercedario, Aconcagua, Juncal) 
 and that of the Coast Cordillera, often cut by the rivers run- 
 ning from the Andes to the sea, the valle central (length, 581 m. ; 
 mean width, 308 m.) is uninterrupted. (See Andes, Clill- 
 ean- Argentine and Patagonlan.) Hydrograpby. — In the 
 first region rivers are generally wadaes ; they become lakes and 
 fjords in the third. N. of the riv. Loa, rivers run straight 
 towards the coast. As the two parallel Cordilleras become 
 more distinct, rivers have many branches and bends (Maipo- 
 Mapocho, Rapel-Cachapoal, Maule-Claro-Perquilauquen, Bio- 
 Bio, the longest, 220 m. with the Antuco-Laja Falls). Fluvial 
 navigation is limited by the falls at the crossing of the 
 two Cordilleras. S. of the Choapa, rivers are abundant and 
 regular. S. of Bio-Bio the rivers flow, as a rule, from lakes 
 which gradually become fjords and gulfs, useful for interior 
 navigation. Some of the rivers of the third region come from 
 the E. slopes of the Andes. The isl. of Chilo6 is separated 
 from the peninsular lands of Llanquilhue-Carelmapu only by 
 the channel of Chacao. Further S., between the islands and 
 the continent, the depression of the valle central is represented 
 by gulfs (senos) and canals. Hundreds of channels, between 
 hundreds of islands, surround the S. extremity of the continent. 
 The most important are the Straits of Magellan (347 m. long), 
 between the continent and the last group of insular lands, 
 and the Beagle Channel, between Tierra del Fuego and Cape 
 Horn Is. Geology. — The Coast Cordillera is the oldest. From 
 the S. of first region to Cape Horn the formations are Archaean 
 (Laurentian and Huronian gneiss, granite, and schist), and 
 Palaeozoic (in the S. islands). Old Mesozoic rocks exist to the 
 N. The ranges connecting the two Cordilleras, where the 
 principal metallic deposits occur, are more recent than the Coast 
 Cordillera, the Central Andes being the youngest of all (Meso- 
 zoic, Cretaceous, sandstones with metamorphic porphyries). 
 Jurassic formations are to be met with from the centre of the 
 second region far into the first, and from the valle central to 
 the summit of the Andes. Tertiary rocks (with lignite at Talca- 
 huano-Concagua), lie on the Archaean formations of the coast 
 and along the valle central (sandstones and clays) from San- 
 tiago to Reloncavi, covered by more recent alluvial deposits 
 and transported rocks from the Andes. Great alluvial deposits 
 in the Salares region. There seems to have been two glacial 
 periods in the S. Volcanic rocks occupy large spaces. Many 
 volcanoes are still active. Violent earthquakes (ninety in one 
 year) in the second region and the extreme N. (Arica). Con- 
 siderable actual upheaval all along the coast, mineral pro- 
 dnctlon. — The first is the mining region of C. It is covered 
 with nitrates (Tacna, Pisagua, Iquique, Patillos, Cachinal, 
 225,000 ac. , wth 2316 million tons ; production in 1830, 1380 
 tons; in 1891, 870,000), borax (Arica, Chanaral), and salt 
 (Atacama, Punta Negra). Silver (mined since 1556, at Huan- 
 tajaia) is plentiful (Tacna, Copiap6, Caracoles, Placilla, 
 Mejillones, Antofagasta, Chanaral, 335,000 lbs. annually). 
 324 
 
 C. copper (Rebenton, Carrizalillo, Chanaral, Carrizal, Yerba- 
 buena, and Lebu, in the second region), forms one-sixth of 
 the total consumption of the world (foundry at Tocopilla). 
 Meteoric iron at Copiap6 (Imilac). Gold in river sands 
 (from the i6th century to 1888, ;^4o, 000,000 ; now 1000 lbs. 
 annually), and at the Straits of Magellan and in Tierra del 
 Fuego. Coal abundant near Arauco (lignite, at Coronel, Lota, 
 Lebu, worked since 1855, present annual production more 
 than 10,000,000 tons), and at the Strait of Magellan (Punta 
 Arenas). Manganese, lead, mercury, are met with. Sulphur in 
 the craters of old volcanoes (Copiap6, Tuiguiririca, Chilian). 
 Numerous thermal springs (Cauquenes). Climate. — C. is be- 
 tween isotherms 64° and 42° F. The Andes check the influences 
 from the E. Seasons become gradually distinct, and mean 
 temp, diminishes 1° per degree of lat. from N. to S. In the 
 same lat. the mean temp, in C. is 6° F. lower than the temp, on 
 the E. coast. Rain (winter) augments from N. to S. There is 
 a cold polar current from S. to N. along the coast. SW. is the 
 dominant wind (spring, summer), becoming warmer and dry 
 northwards. N. winds (winter) become cold and damp south- 
 wards. Winds, alternately cold and warm, blow from the 
 Argentine pampas (terrales, fuelches). Storms from SW. In 
 the first region great differences of temp. — 7o°-9o° between day 
 max. and night min.; very dry (Iquique, mean temp. 66°, 
 rain o. i in. ). There is sometimes no rain in Atacama for fifty 
 years ; in Copiap6 it rains about once a year. Dews are 
 frequent. The second region is temperate (Valparaiso, 5 yrs. , 
 med. temp. 57°, 25 days' rain, 13 in.; Santiago, 5 yrs., med. 
 temp. 55°, 21 days' rain, 16J in). Rains, April to October. The 
 third region is very damp (Valdivia, 27 yrs., med. temp. 51^°, 
 rain, 8 ft. in 150 days ; Straits Magellan, mean temp. 5°, 175 rainy 
 days ; Cape Horn, 300 rainy days, 9 ft. in 41 days). See also 
 Andes, snow-line. Flora. — Large areas in the first region are 
 without plants. To the S. thorny shrubs prevail. S. of Copiap6, 
 trees begin to appear on the Cordilleras. Woods begin in the 
 middle of second region. S. of riv. Maule the whole surface is 
 covered with forests. From 32°-35° is the region of the only 
 palm-tree {Jubcea, almost extinct). In the Araucania, the 
 Pinon (Araucaria imbricata, 36°-40°). S. of the second, and 
 all over the third region to Cape Horn, dense forests, with 
 great variety of species. In the third region (from 40°) begin 
 the antarctic forests. The potato (Papas, Ponis) is a native 
 of third region. Fanna. — C. forms part of the temperate 
 zone of the neotropical zoological region. The Vicuna is only 
 found in the extreme N. The Guanaco (to 16,000 ft.) in the 
 first and second region. The Chinchilla is limited by 12,000 
 ft. alt. and the 32° lat. Cervus chilenses (Huemul Guelmul) 
 is to be met on the Andes, the C. antinensis on the extreme S. 
 Etbnography. — From the 15th to the i6th century the native 
 people of C. (Picim-che 'Men of the N.') were conquered by 
 the Quichua (Incas) to the riv. Maule. S. (to 40°), the inhabi- 
 tants were the Moluche, Puelche, or Pehuen-che (Pehuen, native 
 name of Arancanla). From the 40th parallel the Guilliches 
 (guiUi, 'south'); the Cunchos, on the Chilo^ Is.; Chonos or 
 Guaytecas on the islands. The Pehuen-che were neither con- 
 quered by the Quichuas, nor by the Spaniards, who in the 
 i6th century submitted the latter and called the former Arau- 
 canes (aucas, in quichua, 'rebels'). The oldest known in- 
 habitants of Magalhaes and Fuego lands seem to have been 
 the Alakaluf (W. ) and the Yamana ( ' small men,' S. ). The Ona 
 ( ' tall people ' ) are old emigrants from Patagonia. Means of 
 Communleatlon. — C. was the first state in S. America to 
 build railways. In the first region railways connect the mines 
 with the ports. One (Antofagasta) goes as far as Bolivia, 
 In the second they connect the centres of population along 
 the valle central, one to the other and to the exterior world. 
 In the third they only exist in the N. as the mere continua- 
 tion (to the fjord region — Santiago, Victoria, Puerto Montt) 
 of those in the valle central. The Valparaiso, Mendoza, 
 Buenos Aires crosses (at 10,400 ft.) the whole continent 
 Agrlcoltnre is only temporarily possible in the first region, when 
 the thick saline efflorescences are removed [cauchones). Regular 
 culture begins in the Huasco valley, and is seen at its best in 
 the second, and N. of third region (Coquimbo to Chilo^). Prin- 
 cipal productions are : Indian com, wheat (27,000,000 bushels), 
 barley, oats, beans, beet-root, tobacco, fruits (oranges, figs, 
 pomegranates, olives, grapes), silk (11,000 lbs.). C. furnishes 
 with corn-flour the Pacific States (2,000,000 hectolitres per year)» 
 In the second region (S. of Huasco) vines, introduced since the 
 i6th century, are very productive (2,500,000 gallons of wine). 
 Cider is largely manufactured. Good timber (third region). 
 Cattle (500,000), horses, asses, mules, sheep, goats are reared. 
 All the Indnstrles connected with mining are much developed. 
 The most important industrial centres formed themselves 
 aroimd the Arauco coal region. There are manufactures of 
 glass, wool and linen, paper, earthenware, leather, soap, sugar, 
 brandy. Extensive deposits of guano (along the coast of first 
 region) have been explored. Commerce is mainly with Great 
 Britain (44 per cent, of all import, and 68 per cent, of all 
 export) ; next with Germany, France, United States, and 
 
C H I L — C H I L 
 
 Peru. The export is principally of mining, animal, and forestal 
 extractive products. Dress articles, machinery, arms, jewellery, 
 wine, and tobacco are imported. The ports open to foreign 
 trade [habilitados] are : Arica, Pisagua, Iquique, Tocopilla, 
 Antofagasta, Taltal, Caldera, Carrizal Bajo, Coquimbo, Val- 
 paraiso, Talcahuano, Coronel, Corral, Puerto Montt, Ancud. 
 Punta Arenas (Straits of Magellan) is free. Three-tenths of the 
 whole navigation is English. The decimal metric system 
 of weights and measures is the legal one, but the old Spanish 
 measures are still in general use. (See Bolivia.) The silver peso 
 is the unit = 3s. gd. Gold condor, medio condor, or doblon, 
 escudo of I, 2, 5, 10 pesos (^-pesos piece with 6.8639 grains of 
 fine gold). From ist July 1895 the gold peso will be the unit. 
 The doilon ( = 10 pesos) will be equal to the English sovereign. 
 Silver coinage only legal to 20 pesos. Population. — The 
 second region, forming old Spanish C. , with the capital, Santiago, 
 and the most important port, Valparaiso, is the populous centre. 
 The first and third regions are thinly populated. There are 
 colonies of Germans and Swiss in the latter. Great immigra- 
 tion of Italians and Chinese, the latter only into provs. Tacna 
 and Arica. Many English (some 5500), mostly merchants and 
 miners. Pultllc lustltatlons. — The President is elected for 
 five } ears by indirect vote. Parliament of two elected chambers 
 (one deputy for 15,000-30,000 inhabitants, one senator for 
 three deputies). Principal revenues from import and export 
 duties and agricultural taxes. The Roman Catholic is the 
 official religion ; the exercise of all others is permitted. There 
 is State instruction ; thirty per cent, of the whole population 
 attend the schools. History. — In the i6th century (1534) the 
 King of Spain granted to Almagro the lands of Nuevo-Toledo 
 (C.) S. of Peru. In 1540 Valdivia laid the foundation of 
 Santiago. The war with the Araucanians lasted more than 
 one century (1641). The war of independence against Spain 
 lasted from 1810 to 1826. The independence of the country, 
 proclaimed in 1818, was at last recognised by Spain in 1846. 
 The constitution was proclaimed in 1833. War was waged 
 with Bolivia and Peru from 1879-84, and in 1891-92 the country 
 was in a state of civil war. The Straits of Magellan are neutral. 
 See America, S. [J. B. B.] 
 
 Chile, ancient Notion Kolophon, seapt. . Asia Minor, prov, 
 and 29 m. S. Smyrna. 
 
 Chlleclto, tn. , Argentine Republic, Rioja, 179 m. NNE. San 
 Juan, 45 m. WNW. Rioja, in 29° 12' S. Alt. 3525 ft. Mean 
 rainfall, yr. 11. 9 in., April-Sept. 1.6 in. 
 
 Cbllfronie, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , on the Frome, 8J 
 m. NW. Dorchester, x\ m. NW. Maiden Newton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Clillgrove, hamlet, Eng., Sussex, 6| m. N. Chichester (^. v.), 
 P.O. 
 
 Chilkaiu, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., on the Stour, 5J 
 m. SE. Faversham, i m. W. by N. of its stn. on the SE. R., 
 PMT.O. ; 4398 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chill, riv. , Peru, the name of the Upper Quilca. 
 
 Chill, vil., U.S., New York, Monroe co., on Black Creek, 
 8 m. WSW. Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chlllauwdla, vil., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gujrat, about 
 3 m. from the 1. bk. of the Jehlam, 74 m. SSE. Rdwal Pindi ; 
 site of a sanguinary battle in the second Sikh War between the 
 British under Lord Gough and theSikhs, Jan. 13, 1849. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Chililaya, or Puerto Perez, Bolivian port at SE. end of 
 Lake Titicaca, 45 m. by road from La Paz. 
 
 Chlllodroinla, ChUldromla, or Chelldromla. See Khlllo- 
 dromla. 
 
 ChlllTand, small tn. , Persia, on the Caspian Sea, 75 m. NW. 
 by N. Resht. 
 
 Chllksi, a salt lake, India, in the extreme SW. of Bengal, 
 Madras Presidency, scarcely anywhere exceeding 6 ft. in depth, 
 and not properly a lake at all, but a gulf of the sea cut off from 
 the Bay of Bengal by a low sandy ridge, through which there is 
 only one opening. Converted at the height of the rains into a 
 fresh-water lake. 
 
 Chlllagoe, mining locality, Queensland, Ljmd co., about 55 
 m. S. Palmerville, with copper and lead ore, and said to have 
 a continuous silver lode running for 35 m. E. and W. Large 
 limestone caves. ^ 
 
 Chlllaii, tn., Chile, cap. dep. C. and prov. Nuble, 56 m. E. 
 by N. Concepcion, on the railway to Santiago, founded on its 
 present site in 1837 after the destruction by an earthquake of the 
 older city. C. Vlejo (birthplace of General Bernardo O'Higgins), 
 2 m. to the S. P. (1885) 20,800 ; of C. Viejo 4800. 
 
 Chilian, Nevado de, volcano of the Andes, in 36° 45' S. , W. of 
 the Chilean frontier, having on its slopes the much frequented 
 hot mineral springs of C. Alt. of peak, 9600 ft. 
 
 Chlllaton, hamlet, Eng., Devonshire, near Tavistock, with 
 manganese ore, P.O. 
 
 ChUlenden, par. , Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div. , 5 m. SW. 
 by W. Sandwich, 3 m. E. by S. Adisham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 ChlUerton Street, hamlet, Eng., Isle of Wight, 3^ m. S. by 
 W. Newport, 2 m. W'. Merstone stn., P.O. 
 
 Chlllesford, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 14 m. 
 ENE. Ipswich. P. <25o. 
 
 Chllllcothe, city, U.S., Illinois, 17 m. NNE. Peoria, Peoria 
 
 CO., 115 m. SW. by W. Chicago. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Chllllcothe, manufacturing city, U.S., Missouri, Livingston 
 CO. , 70 m. E. St. Joseph ; coal abundant in vicinity. P. 5700. 
 
 Chllllcothe, city, U.S., Ohio, Ross co., 45 m. S. Columbus, 
 on the Ohio and Erie Canal ; from 1800-1810 the seat of the 
 state government. P. (1880) 10,900 ; (1890)11,300. 
 
 ChUllngham, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., 11^ m. NW. Alnwick, 3 m. NNE. Ilderton stn. 
 At C. Park, seat of Lord Tankerville, are some white cattle 
 believed by Riitimeyer to be the most direct and least modified 
 descendants of the extinct auerochs. P. <25o. 
 
 ChllUngtou, hamlet, Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 7^ m. 
 SW. Dartmouth, P.O. 
 
 Chilllugton, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 11 m. W. by S. 
 Yeovil, 4 m. SE. Ilminster stn. P. <25o. See Cud-worth. 
 
 Chilian, comm., Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, dist. Almad^n. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Chlllou, Castle of, a stronghold of Switzd. , cant. Vaud, 6 m. 
 SE. Vevay, at the E. of Lake of Geneva, used as an arsenal, 
 formerly a state prison of the Dukes of Savoy, celebrated as the 
 place of imprisonment of the Genevese Bonivard (1530-36), the 
 subject of Byron's poem, ' The Prisoner of Chillon." 
 
 Chllniark, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., ii| m. W. 
 by N. Salisbury, 3 m. NE. Tisbury stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Chlloane, isl. See Chllnan. 
 
 Chlloaugo, or Chllwango, riv. , W. Africa, flows W. into the 
 Atlantic, forming part of the S. frontier of the French Congo 
 Terr. Also the name of a terr. to the N. of the mouth of this river. 
 
 Chlloe, isl., W. ct. of S. America, which, with several smaller 
 islands, forms a prov. of the Chilean Republic. It is separated 
 from Patagonia by Gulf of Ancud, and extends from 44° 40' to 
 43° 20' S. , 74° W. It is 95 m. in length, and 35 m. in breadth. 
 It is hilly and densely wooded, except around the coast, where 
 it is partially cleared and cultivated. Climate temperate, but 
 moist. Produces excellent potatoes in great abundance. Dis- 
 covered by the Spaniards in 1558. Castro, the ancient capital, 
 was founded in 1566. Ancud is now the chief town and port. 
 The archipelago consists of upwards of sixty small islands, about 
 thirty of which are inhabited, and several are well cultivated. 
 See Chile. 
 
 Chllomo, Nyassaland. See Chlronio. 
 
 Chllou, Mexico, Chiapas, 30 m. NE. by E. San Cristobal. 
 
 Chllpauzingo, tn. , Mexico, dep. and 120 m. WSW. Mexico, 
 on the road from Acapulco. Alt. 4800 ft. P. 5500. 
 
 Chllson, part of par., Eng., Oxfordshire. See Short* 
 hampton. 
 
 Chlltepec, tn. , Mexico, state and 83 m. SSE. Vera Criiz. 
 
 Chlltepec, an arm of the R. Tabasco, Mexico, leaves the 
 main stream at San Juan Bautista, and after a N. course of 60 
 to 70 ra. enters the Gulf of Mexico, 30 m. WSW. La Frontera. 
 
 Chlltern, tn. , Victoria, Bogong co. , 23 m. W. by S. Albury. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Chlltern Cireen, stn. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, div. and 3 m. SE. 
 Luton, on the M. R. 
 
 Chlltern Hills ('chalk place'), a range of chalk hills, Eng., 
 extending from Goring in Oxfordshire through Bucks to Tring 
 in CO. Herts. The main line of the G. W. R. passes round their 
 SW. end between Reading and Didcot, and that of the L. & 
 NW. R. by their NW. end between Berkhamstead and Leighton 
 Junction. The only line crossing the range is the branch of the 
 G. W. R. from High Wycombe to Thame. The name of the 
 range is however sometimes extended so as to include the heights 
 to the NE. of Tring as far as the S. of Cambridgeshire. The 
 region is said to have been formerly covered with a forest, some 
 traces of which are extant, and it was notoriously infested with 
 depredators, to suppress whose ravages the office of ' stewards 
 of the Chiltern himdreds' was established under the crown. 
 The duties of the office are now only nominal, but the recogni- 
 tion of them is retained to enable members of the House of 
 Commons, by accepting them under the crown, to relinquish 
 their seats in that assembly, which a member cannot do except 
 in this or a similar manner. Breadth from 15-20 m. Alt. of 
 principal summit near Wendover, 820 ft. 
 
 ChUthorne Domer, par. , Eng. , Somerset, S. div. , 3 m. N W. 
 Yeovil, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Chiltlugtou, East, par., Eng., Sussex, 4 m. NW. Lewes. 
 P. < 500. See Westnieston. 
 
 Chiltingtou, West, par. , Eng. , Sussex, on the S. border of 
 the Horsham div. , 8^ m. NE. by N. Arundel, 3 m. E. Pulborough 
 stn., P.O. ; 4066 ac^ P..<75o. 
 
 Chilton, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 7 m. S. Abingdon, 
 ij m. WSW. Upton stn., PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Chilton, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, Buckingham div. , 8 m. 
 W. by S. Aylesbury, 2.\ m. S. Wood Siding stn., P.O. P.< 
 500. 
 
 Chilton, par. , Eng., Durham, div. and 5^ m. E. Bishop 
 Auckland, i^ m. NNW. Bradbury stn. P. <20oo. 
 
 ChUtou, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and i m. N. Sudbury. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 325 
 
C H I L — C H I N 
 
 Alabama, intersected in N. by 33° N., 
 36 m. S. by 
 
 ChUton, CO., U.S 
 and E. of 87° W. 
 
 ChUton, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Calumet co. 
 W. of the head of Green Bay. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Chilton Candorer, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 
 8 m. SSW. Basingstoke, 5 m. E. Micheldever stn. P. <:25o. 
 See Brown Candover. 
 
 Chilton Cantelo, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 4 m. N. by 
 E. Yeovil. P. <25o; eccles. par. (C. C. with Ashlugton) 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Chilton Chine, a small, deep, and narrow val. , Eng. , in the Isle 
 of Wight, div. of Hampshire, 7^ m. E. by S. of The Needles. 
 
 Clillton Common, uninhabited par., Eng., Somersetshire, 
 Bridgwater union. 
 
 Chilton Follat, par. , Eng. , Berkshire and Wiltshire, Devizes 
 div., on the Kennet, 14 m. SE. Swindon, 2 m. NW. Hunger- 
 ford stn. , PMT. O. P. <75o. 
 
 Chilton Moor, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, Houghton-le- 
 Spring par. P. <3ooo. 
 
 ChUton Trinity, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and i m. N. 
 Bridgwater {^.v.), on the 1. bk. of the Parret. P. <25o. 
 
 ChUton upon Polden, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 5 m. 
 ENE. Bridgwater (^.7^.), P.O. (C. Polden). P. <soo; eccles. 
 par. (C. upon P. with Edlngton) P. <75o. 
 
 ChUnan, or ChUoane, isl., on the coast of Portuguese E. 
 Africa, in 20° 40' S. 
 
 Chilnlaja, tn. , Bolivia, SE. angle of Lake Titicaca. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Chllvers Coton, par. and tn. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Nuneaton 
 div., 7I m. N. by E. Coventry, ij m. S. Nuneaton, on the L. & 
 NW. R., PMT.O., with coal-mines. Birthplace of 'George 
 Eliot' (1819). The church is the 'Shepperton Church' of 
 Amos Barton. Par. 4056 ac. , P. <4ooo. 
 
 Chllwa, Yao name of a lake, Brit. Central Africa, called by 
 the Mlolo KllWa, by the Manganja Clilrwa, and improperly 
 on European maps Shirwa. It lies to the E. of the Shire, just 
 W. of 36° E., and is crossed in the N. by 17° S. Nearly 50 m. 
 long, 15-16 m. in average breadth ; very shallow ; shores low 
 and marshy, so that dimensions vary considerably with the 
 season. No outlet, though the rise of a few feet would enable 
 it to drain through the Ruo into the Shire and Zambezi. Water 
 in the dry season too salt to be drinkable. 
 
 CliUwango, riv. , W. Africa. See Chlloango. 
 
 ChUweU, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div., 4^ 
 m. SW. by W. Nottingham, i m. N. Attenborough stn., P.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 ChUworth, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, New Forest div. , 5 m. 
 N. by W. Southampton, 2 m. SW. by W. Chandlers Ford stn. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Cltllworth, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Thame union. P. <25o. 
 
 ChUworth St. Martha, or St. Martha on tlie Hill, par. , 
 Eng. , Surrey, with stn. (C. and Albnry) on the SE. R. , div. 
 and 2 m. ESE. Guildford, PMT.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Chlmalapa, tn.. Central America, republic and 50 m. NE. 
 by E. Guatemala. 
 
 Chlmaltenango, tn., Central America, republic and 20 m. 
 W. by N. Guatemala, cap. dep. C. P. < 5000. 
 
 Chlmanlmanl, pass, on the Anglo-Portuguese boundary, 
 SE. Africa, in 19° 40' S. Alt. 5150 ft. 
 
 Chlmara, vil. , "Turkey in Europe. See Khlmarra. 
 
 Chlmay, comm. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 13 m. N W. Rocroy, 
 with iron-works, and white, black, red, and yellow veined marble. 
 P. <;400o. 
 
 Chlmbo, riv. valley, Ecuador. See Andes, B. Also a village 
 on the railway from Guayaquil. Alt. 1312 ft. 
 
 Chlmborazo [Chiquipoya), mt. , S. America, and the culminat- 
 ing point of the Andes of Quito, in 1° 30' S. , 78' 47' W. It is in 
 the form of a cone, and perpetually snow-clad. It was ascended 
 by Humboldt, June 23, 1802, to an elevation of 19,286 ft., and 
 again by Boussingault and Hall, December 16, 1831, to 19,695 
 ft., and by Whymper to the top, January 3 and July 3, 1880. 
 Alt. 20,498 ft. (Whymper). See Andes, B. 
 
 Chlmbote, coast tn., Peru, dep. Ancachs, in 9° 5' S., starting- 
 point of the railway to Huaraz. The valley of C. aljounds in 
 ruins that bear witness to a numerous ancient population, and is 
 still carefully cultivated. Anthracite and bituminous coal de- 
 posits, said to be large and easily worked, in the dist. 
 
 Chlmlsh-kezek (or -gadzek), tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet 
 Mamuret-el-Aziz, sanjak Dersim, 105 m. NW. Diarbekir, 27 m. 
 NW. by N. Kharput. P. 4000; Moham. 1900; Armenians, 
 1 100. (Cuinet.) 
 
 Chlmkend, or Ciiemkent, dist. tn., Russian Turkistan, 
 Syr-dariinsk terr. , 8 m. N. Tashkent, on the highway to Semi- 
 palatinsk, 42° 18' N., 56° 56' E. Alt. 1650 ft. Strong fort on a 
 hill. P. 9100. 
 
 Chimney, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Witney union. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cliimney MlUs, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Thingoe union. P. < 
 250. 
 
 Chimolo, Portuguese spelling of Shtmoyo, E. Africa. 
 
 Chlmore, riv., Bolivia, flows N. to the Rio Grande or I 
 326 
 
 Mamore, which it joins in about lat. 15° 40' S., navigable 
 nearly to its source. Mitteilungen der geog. Gesellschaft in 
 Hamburg, 1876, p. 43. 
 
 Chlmor^, tn., S. America, Bolivia, dep. El Beni, 200 m. 
 E. La Paz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Chlmslans, or Chimsyans. See Tsimslans. 
 
 Chlmn, Peru. See TmJlUo. 
 
 China, a vast empire in Eastern Asia, made up as shown in 
 the following table, based on the tables in the eighth number of 
 the Bevblkerung der Erde (Wagner and Supan) : — 
 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 j Population in Thousands. 
 
 Per sq. m. 
 
 1812. 
 
 1842. 
 
 iSgofestd. 
 
 1. Pechili (within "| 
 
 the wall) . ( 
 
 Pechili (without | 
 
 the wall) . / 
 
 2. Shansi (within | 
 
 the wall) . / 
 
 Shansi (without ) 
 
 the wall) . ] 
 
 3. Shensi . 
 
 4. Kansu . 
 
 N. and NW. Provs. 
 
 5. Shantung 
 
 6. Honan . 
 
 7. Kiangsu 
 
 8. Nganhwei 
 
 9. Hupe . 
 
 10. Kiangsi 
 
 11. Hunan . 
 Central&LowerProvs. 
 
 12. Chekiang 
 
 13. Fokien . 
 
 14. Formosa 
 
 15. Kwangtung . 
 
 Hainan 
 SE. Coast Provs. 
 
 16. Kwangsi 
 
 17. Kweichou 
 
 18. Yunnan 
 
 19. Suchwan 
 
 Terr, on Tibetan 1 
 frontier W. of |- 
 Suchwan proper ) 
 SW. Inland Provs. 
 
 57,916 
 57,916 
 66,410 
 
 15.444 
 
 75,291 
 
 125,483 
 
 398,460 
 
 55,985 
 67,955 
 38,610 
 54,826 
 71,430 
 69,499 
 83,398 
 441,703 
 36,681 
 
 46,332 
 
 13.330 
 
 80,873 
 
 13,166 
 
 196,382 
 
 77,220 
 
 67,182 
 
 146,719 
 
 154,440 
 
 64,094 
 
 509.655 
 
 27,991 
 
 14,004 
 
 10,207 
 I5>355 
 67,557 
 28,959 
 23,037 
 37,843 
 34,168 
 27,370 
 23,047 
 18,652 
 193,076 
 26,257 
 14,779 
 
 } 19.174 
 6o,2IO 
 
 7,314 
 
 5,288 
 
 5,561 
 
 21,436 
 
 39,599 
 
 36,880 
 
 17,057 
 
 10,310 
 19,513 
 83,760 
 
 29,530 
 29,070 
 39,647 
 36,597 
 28,58s 
 26,514 
 20,049 
 
 209,992 
 30,438 
 
 1 25,800 
 
 21,153 
 
 77,39» 
 
 8,121 
 
 5,679 
 
 5,824 
 
 22,275 
 
 41,881 
 
 18,000 
 
 1,350 
 
 10,800 
 
 400 
 
 8,300 
 
 9,300 
 
 48,150 
 
 25,000 
 
 22,100 
 
 21,000 
 
 21,000 
 
 30,000 
 
 24,600 
 
 21,000 
 
 164,700 
 
 11,800 
 
 / 20,500 
 
 \ 3,000 
 
 / 27,700 
 
 \ 2,000 
 
 65,000 
 
 5,200 
 
 7,700 
 
 12,000 
 
 45,000 
 
 500 
 
 70,400 
 
 311 
 
 23 
 
 163 
 
 26 
 111 
 
 47 
 lai 
 
 445 
 311 
 544 
 383 
 420 
 355 
 251 
 378 
 445 
 440 
 
 2'5 
 
 334 
 155 
 280 
 
 65 
 114 
 
 80 
 290 
 
 8 
 137 
 
 Total (China proper) . 
 ,, in round numbers . 
 Manchuria . 
 Central Asiatic Terrs. 1 
 
 1,546,200 
 1,545,000 
 
 363,720 
 2,381,860 
 
 360,443 
 
 4i3.«a3 
 
 348, *So 
 350,000 
 
 7,500 
 4,500 
 
 225 1 
 
 227 1 
 
 Grand Total, Chinese 
 Empire (round num- 
 bers) .... 
 
 4,290,000 
 
 
 
 362,000 
 
 
 1 Sinkiang, Mongolia, Tibet, and the Kuku-nor region. 
 
 The area of China proper, as shown in the preceding table, is 
 almost one-eleventh less than that of Europe exclusive of Russia, 
 and its pop. is not far short of that of the entire pop. of Europe. 
 It is in comparison with Europe rather than any other individual 
 country that nearly all facts about China, whether in the nature 
 of parallels or contrasts, should be considered. Form, Natural 
 Limits, and Coast-line. — By way of contrast, it should be 
 noted that the whole country is compact. Apart from the two 
 large islands of Hainan and Formosa, it forms one great con- 
 tinuous area. There is only one large penin., jutting beyond 
 the general outline of the coast. The irregularities of the coast- 
 line, except in the great estuaries of the Yangtse-kiang, the 
 Gulf of Hangchou, and the Canton R., are only small indenta- 
 tions. In the N., round the Gulf of Pechili and on the Yellow 
 and China Seas as far S. as the Gulf of Hangchou, these are 
 rare except in the Shantung penin. , and even there not many 
 of them are convenient for shipping. S. of the Gulf of Hang- 
 chou, on the other hand, the inlets and small coast islands 
 are innumerable, forming great numbers of good harbours for 
 Chinese junks if not always for large shipping. Inland, China 
 proper is cut off in a very striking manner from the rest of Asia. 
 On the N. is the great desert of Mongolia, accessible only by a 
 few mountain passes ; on the W. , the vast and lofty tablelands 
 of Tibet ; on the SW. , a succession of high mountains and deep 
 valleys shutting it off from India ; and in the S. , a less complicated 
 mountain region separating it from Indo-China. The degree to 
 which it is isolated in these directions will be better understood 
 when the surface features have been described. Only in the NE. , 
 where China borders on Manchuria, the southern part of which 
 is now administered entirely as a Chinese prov. , is there easy com- 
 munication by land. Surface. — One of the most remarkable 
 features of C. is a great plain in the E. , stretching S. from the 
 mountains N. of Peking to the lower valley of the Yangtse- 
 kiang, through 8° of latitude, with a breadth varying from 3° to 
 5° or 6° of longitude, and comprising also the penm. between the 
 estuary of that river and the Gulf of Hangchou. It is the 
 margin of this great plain that forms the monotonous coast- 
 
CHIN 
 
 line already mentioned, and the only interruption to it, and 
 that merely a partial interruption, consists in the mountainous 
 area that juts out in the penin. of Shantung ('eastern moun- 
 tains'), where the coast-line, as we have seen, is more irregular. 
 In all other parts of C. , mountains and other highlands prevail, 
 but with great contrasts in different parts. The plain W. of 
 the Gulf of Pechili and the Shantung penin. is bounded on 
 the N. by a succession of mountain ranges with an E. to W. 
 trend, the last (northernmost) of which forms the outer escarp- 
 ment of the plateau of Mongolia. Across these mountains there 
 leads only one road from Peking, namely, that proceeding NW. 
 by the Nankou Pass and the town of Kalgan, and the Nankou 
 Pass is incapable of being used by carts. On the W. this part 
 of the plain is bounded by the steep escarpment of the elevated 
 and mountainous pro v. of Shansi ('western mountains'), across 
 which also there is only one road, and that traversable only 
 with difficulty by carts, in wet weather not at all. This road 
 leads SW. up the Hwolu Pass, thence to Taiyuen-fu, the cap. 
 of Shansi (in the middle of prov.), and then to Tungkwan in 
 Shensi, just outside of the SW. angle of Shansi, where the 
 Hwang-ho receives the Wei and abruptly changes its course 
 from S. to E. The broad, rich longitudinal valley of the Wei 
 which this road now enters is one of the most important physical 
 features in C. The road proceeds first W. to Singan-fu, which 
 has always been the chief town in this region, and at one time 
 was the cap. of the country, then WNW. to Lanchou, a little 
 to the W. of that crosses the Hwang-ho, and then proceeds 
 NW. by Liangchou, Suchou, and Ngansichu (the last a little 
 to the W. of 96° E.), whence it crosses the desert by the shortest 
 route, that leading to Hami and Dzungaria, N. of the Tian- 
 shan (Tian-shan-pe-lu), or westwards from Hami, S. of the Tian- 
 shan (Tian-shan-nan-lu), to Yarkand and Kashgar. Between 
 Singan-fu (1500 ft.) and Lanchou (5500 ft.) the road crosses 
 several passes, one, Liu-pin-shan, at an alt. of 8840 ft., and 
 in places passes through defiles so narrow that there is no room 
 for two carts to pass one another ; before reaching Liangchou 
 the pass of Wusoling (about 10,000 ft.) is crossed, and another 
 pass 8750 ft. high has to be crossed before reaching Suchau 
 (4800 ft. ). Coming eastwards one has a few alternative routes 
 after passing Liangchou, but there is no entrance into the NW. 
 of C. from Eastern Turkistan or Dzungaria to the W. of the 
 Suchou-Liangchou-Lanchou route, that route skirting the base 
 of the Nanshan mountains which form the N. and NE. border 
 of the Kuku-nor plateau, — a plateau above 10,000 ft. in height, 
 and hence impracticable for ordinary traffic or as a military 
 route. To the S. of the Wei valley the Tsinling-shan (t/.v.) 
 range continued E. into Honan, S. of the Hwang-ho, by the 
 Funiu-shan, forms a great barrier between the N. and S., 
 being crossed only by mule-tracks leading into the valley of the 
 Han-kiang, one near its head, and the other by the valley of its 
 trib. the Tan-ho, the great route from Singan-fu south-east- 
 wards. To the S. of the valley of the upper Han-ho, which 
 runs E. and W. parallel to that of the Wei, there lies an assem- 
 blage of valleys and hills, some of the valleys of considerable 
 breadth, forming together a region of immense agricultural and 
 mineral wealth, but as much isolated from the rest of C. as 
 C, as a whole, is from the rest of Asia. This is the basin 
 of eastern Siichwan traversed by the Min, To, and Kialing, 
 with their numerous affluents, on the 1. or N. bk. of the Yangtse- 
 kiang, and by the Nan-kwang, Yungning, Chihshui, and Sung- 
 kan, on the r. or S. bk. On the N. this basin is separated from 
 the Han-kiang valley (Shensi) by the Tapa-shan range, but the 
 Kialing passes through a breach in the mountains by which 
 a road leads to Hanchung, whence the mule track across the 
 Tsinling-shan forms the only communication with N. China. 
 All the roads leading W. from this basin cross a succession of 
 hills and valleys and converge at Tachienlu (alt. 8400 ft. ), whence 
 the sole road proceeds W. by Litang and Batang across diffi- 
 cult passes into Tibet. The roads leading eastwards are also 
 difficult, so that all commerce is carried on by means of the 
 Yangtse-kiang, though the navigation of that river is here 
 greatly impeded by the rapids occurring between Chungking 
 and Ichang [Yangtse-kiang]. To the S. and SW. of this 
 basin lies a region nearly conterminous with the prov. of 
 Yunnan and the W. part of the prov. of Kwei-chou, consisting 
 of a broken plateau with an average height of about 5000 ft. , 
 having no level surface except an occasional lake-basin, and 
 no communication by water with the lowlands that encompass 
 it on the N. , S. , and E. , its outer margin breaking away pre- 
 cipitously to the valleys of the Yangtse-kiang on the N., and 
 the Irdwadi, Mekong, and Song-koi (Red R.) on the W. and 
 S. , and somewhat more easily to that of the Si-kiang ( W. River) 
 and to the plains of Kwangsi and Hunan on the S. and E. 
 Several roads lead from the Siichwan basin across this plateau. 
 One, the westernmost, leads across a pass 9700 ft. in height to 
 the Kienchang valley ( W. of a mountainous region inhabited by 
 independent Lolos) to Yung-pei-ting and Talifu. Three others 
 terminate in Yiinnan-fu, one ascending the Nankwang R. from 
 Suifu, and then proceeding by Tungchwan-fu, and keeping 
 entirely within the provs. Siichwan and Yiinnan, another ascend- 
 
 ing the Yangning and passing through the W. of Kweichou, 
 descending and ascending the sides of a tremendous chasm as 
 it enters that prov. , and the third proceeding S. from Chung- 
 king by Tsuni-fu to Kweiyang-fu (the cap. of Kweichou), and 
 thence WSW. to Yiinnan-fu. But all these routes, including 
 that to Tali-fu, pass through such mountainous country that 
 it is very doubtful whether trade can ever pass by any of them 
 to the lowlands lying beyond the intervening plateau. The 
 remainder of C. , comprising the provs. to the S. of the Yangtse- 
 kiang (in the extreme E. to the S. of the Gulf of Hangchou), 
 and to the E. of Siichwan, Kweichou, and Yiinnan, and in- 
 cluding the E. portion of Kweichou itself, forms a highly varied 
 region of mountains, hills, and valleys, the latter in some places 
 expanding into considerable plains, and in which the rivers are 
 mostly navigable nearly to their source and form the principal 
 means of communication. Looked at broadly, the N. of China 
 is characterised by the prevalence of a yellow earthy deposit of 
 great fertility termed loess, believed to have been carried thither 
 by wind from the highlands of central Asia. It fills the valleys 
 and hollows between the moimtains sometimes to a depth of 
 thousands of feet, and is apt to weather away in such a manner 
 as to form terraced perpendicular precipices. The narrow 
 defiles through which, as above-mentioned, the roads are some- 
 times carried in the NW. , are formed of this material. Being 
 soft it is easily washed away from the banks of rivers, so that 
 the rivers are apt to spread over wide channels, to change their 
 course frequently, and to get their beds encumbered by shoals. 
 Hence, partly from this circumstance, partly from their im- 
 petuosity, few of the rivers of the N. are navigable. In the 
 NW. (beyond Singan-fu) there are neither navigable rivers nor 
 canals. It is to its loess sediment that the Hwang-ho (Yellow 
 R. ) owes the colour] from which it derives its name. In S. 
 China the loess is generally absent. All the chief rivers ot 
 C. have a general course from W. to E. The three longest 
 are the Hwang-ho or Yellow R. in the N., the Yangtse-kiang 
 in the middle, and the Si-kiang or West R. in the S. The 
 first two both rise within no great distance of one another on 
 the lofty tableland of eastern Tibet. In character they differ 
 greatly. The Hwang-ho is of little utility, and one of the most 
 unmanageable rivers in the world. It is a characteristic river 
 of the IcESs region, with a broad, shallow bed, difficult to navi- 
 gate, and apt to shift its course. Well called ' China's sorrow,' 
 it has on many occasions caused immense destruction and loss 
 of life by bursting its banks and causing widespread inundation, 
 and at the same time changing the last 300 m. of its course 
 through an angle of 60°, sometimes entering the sea to the S. , 
 sometimes (as now) to the N. of the Shantung penin. In its 
 course through the plains accordingly there are few important 
 towns on its banks. All the great towns lie at the distance of 
 several miles from the river. The Yangtse-kiang, on the other 
 hand, is the great navigable artery of C, unsurpassed in im- 
 portance in this regard by any other river in the world, and 
 having on its banks a more remarkable succession of large 
 towns than any other river can show. Large ocean steamers 
 can ascend to Hankow, and even to Ichang, in about 111° 20' 
 E. and about iioo m. above the mouth, but just above Ichang 
 the navigation is seriously impeded, though not altogether 
 interrupted, by the series of rapids already referred to. The 
 minor arteries connected with it add greatly to its importance 
 as a navigable stream, and all the more since they bring down 
 traffic from great distances N. and S. On the 1. or N. bk. the 
 principal trib., and the only one of importance below the 
 rapids, is the Han-kiang, navigable from its mouth at Hankow 
 to southern Shensi near its source, and having navigable feeders 
 also entering it from the N. The principal tribs. above the 
 rapids have already been mentioned in connection with the 
 basin of Siichwan. On the r. or S. bk. two of the principal 
 tribs. flow almost at right angles to the general course of the 
 main stream, the Kia-kiang affording a waterway from Kiu- 
 kiang almost to the S. frontier of the prov. of Kiangsi, and the 
 Siang-kiang, with one of its tribs. navigable from the Tong- 
 ting Lake nearly to the frontier Hunan, both forming important 
 parts of the commercial routes from the Yangtse-kiang to Canton. 
 The Lo-kiang is an important navigable affluent of the Siang- 
 kiang from the SW. , and the Tongting Lake also receives from 
 the SW. the Yuan-kiang, which is the gfreat waterway to eastern 
 Kweichou. The Si-kiang, on the delta of which Canton stands, 
 is the great waterway of the S. , having navigable waters con- 
 nected with it leading to nearly all parts of the provs. of Kwang- 
 tung and Kwangsi. Above the confluence of the Hunshui {^.v. ), 
 the affluent giving access to the N. parts of Kwangsi, its 
 navigation is impeded by numerous rapids, stiU it serves as 
 waterway along both its two headwaters, the Yu-kiang or Right 
 R. (or as it would be called in the United States, the N. Fork), 
 which is navigable up to the eastern frontier of Yiinnan, and 
 the Tso-kiang or Left R., which is navigable to the frontier 
 of Tongking, just above Lung-chou. Of its 1. bk. tribs. below 
 the Hunshui, the Fuho forms the waterway from Wuchow N. 
 into Hunan, being connected by canal vrith the Siang-kiang, 
 and the Pe-kiang (a.v.) or North R. forms that from Canton 
 
 327 
 
CHIN 
 
 towards Hunan and Kiangsi. Of the rivers not connected with 
 the three great streams, the chief are the Laumu-ho, flowing S. 
 into the Gulf of Pechili, those which unite to form the Pei-ho 
 or river of Tientsin, flowing E. into the same gulf, and the 
 Hwei-ho, flowing E. between the basins of the Hwang-ho and 
 Yangtse-kiang, through Lake Hongtse, and entering the Yellow 
 Sea by a channel which is in reality one of the old beds of the 
 Hwang-ho. The principal lakes of C. belong to two groups, one 
 in the eastern plains, the three largest being the Tai-hu, between 
 the estuaries of the Yangtse-kiang and the Hangchou R. , and the 
 Kao-yu-hu and Hongtse- or Hungtse-hu just mentioned, N. of 
 the Yangtse-kiang ; the other group occupying the angle between 
 the rivers Han-kiang and Yangtse-kiang and the other plains ad- 
 jacent, the two largest lying S. of the Yangtse-kiang, and receiving 
 respectively the drainage of the provs. Kiangsi and Hunan, the 
 Poyang-hu connected by a short outlet with the Yangtse-kiang at 
 the S. of the great bend of the river between Nanking and Han- 
 kow, the Tangting or Tungting-hu, connected with the same river 
 by an other short inlet at the S. end of the bend of the river between 
 Hankow and Ichang. There are two smaller but still consider- 
 able lakes in Yunnan, with the towns of Yiinnan-fu and Talifu 
 on their banks. There is so far a great lack of data to illustrate 
 the climate of China. The Europeans to whom meteorological 
 observations are due, have mostly been stationed in places near 
 the coast. In the following table the only stations far inland 
 are Hankow and Chungking, and the observations at Hankow 
 refer to a period of only four years (1877-81), those of Chung- 
 king to an interrupted period of four years (1877-80) ; the average 
 never being computed for more than three of these years, whereas 
 in the other cases, except Canton, which is for four years, and 
 Zikawei (near Shanghai), which is for twelve years, the average is 
 for fifteen years : — 
 
 Peking 
 
 Tientsin . 
 Zikawei . 
 Hankow . 
 Chungking (845 ft. 
 Canton 
 Hong-kong 
 
 N. Lat. 
 
 39 
 
 39° 10' 
 31° 13' 
 30° 35 
 29° 34' 
 23° is' 
 22° 20' 
 
 Mean Temperature. 
 
 Year. 
 
 53-3° F. 
 
 SS-2 
 
 59-4 
 
 62.2 
 
 64. 2 1 
 
 70.3 
 
 73- S 
 
 Jan. 
 
 23.4° F. 
 
 26.9 
 
 36.9 
 
 37-9 
 
 44-5^ 
 
 54-6 
 
 59-6 
 
 July or 
 Aug. 
 
 79-3° F. 
 
 81.2 
 
 81.1 
 
 84.0 
 
 82. 61 
 
 82.3 
 
 84-5 
 
 1 At 9 A.M. 
 
 The range of temperature even on the coast within the tropics is 
 noteworthy. Both the inland stations, though within about 7° 
 of the tropics, show genuine winter temperatures, that of Han- 
 kow in January below that of London. Rainfall figvu-es for coast 
 places are even more inadequate than those of temperature for 
 illustration of the climate of the country. It may be said, how- 
 ever, in general terms, that throughout China proper the rain- 
 fall is generally sufficient for agriculture, and that even in the 
 northernmost parts of the country the influence of the causes 
 that produce the monsoons is manifested in the prevalence of 
 rainy sea winds in summer and dry land winds in winter. Agri- 
 culture is pursued throughout the empire with great industry, 
 intelligence, and success. Nowhere is it held in greater honour. 
 Nowhere perhaps is more care shown in the cultivation and 
 irrigation of the ground, the selection of seeds and of the best 
 varieties of cultivated plants, and the utilisation of manure, 
 above all domestic manure. Small holdings and spade hus- 
 bandry are the general rule, and large numbers of plants are 
 first sown in seedling-beds, and the seedlings carefully selected 
 and transplanted. The soil and climate combine with this in- 
 dustry to bring forth remarkable abundance in many parts of 
 the country. The loess soil, as above stated, is of remarkable 
 fertility, but to exhibit all its productiveness it has to be found 
 in the plains. On high ground, where the loess lies to a great 
 depth, repeated rains are necessary, as the extreme porosity of 
 this soil allows of the surface water rapidly sinking into the 
 ground, and thus becoming lost to vegetation. But in the 
 plains, and especially in those parts which are inundated and 
 coated with a new surface of loess every year, as some parts 
 are, the productiveness is extraordinary, and according to 
 Richthofen such dists. (as in the N. of Honan) are probably 
 unsurpassed as respects their capacity for maintaining a dense 
 population. In some parts of these flat plains percolated water 
 IS always to be reached at the depth of a few feet, and a well is 
 hence found in every field , as in the middle parts of the Ganges 
 valley in India. Though the loess does not show its full pro- 
 ductiveness except in the lowland plains, it is nevertheless cul- 
 tivated as high as 8000 ft. above sea-level, whereas in the S. of 
 China, where the loess is absent, agricultiu-e is mostly confined 
 to the plains and valleys, and to artificial terraces cut out in the 
 lower slopes of the mountains. [See, however, Sttchwau.] As 
 regards products, N, China is the land of wheat, millet, cot- 
 328 
 
 ton, and pod fruits ; the S. , of rice, tea, silk, sugar, opium, 
 indigo, and other tropical or sub-tropical products. Some of 
 these are, however, spread over all parts of the empire. Opium, 
 for example, is now grown in all the provs. , and its cultivation 
 is rapidly extending in the NE. as well as in the SW. (Yunnan, 
 &c.), where it has long been practised. Varieties of rice are 
 cultivated in the extreme N. Silk is most abundantly produced 
 in Kiang-su and Chekiang, next in Kwangtung. The most 
 productive tea dists. are all S. of the Yangtse-kiang, but tea is 
 also largely grown in W. Siichwan N. of that river, where it is 
 largely manufactured into 'brick-tea' (tea compressed into brick- 
 shaped cakes, a form in which it is largely exported to central 
 Asia). Green tea, which is merely a special preparation of the 
 leaves of the same plant as that which yields black tea, is most 
 largely produced in the N. of prov. Chekiang. Kitchen veget- 
 ables, oil-plants of various kinds, and tobacco are almost uni- 
 versally grown — tobacco very largely by the Mohammedans of 
 Kansu in the NW. Many lacker shrubs, from which gum 
 varnish is obtained ; the croton sebiferu7n or tallow tree, an in- 
 ferior sort of cinnamon tree, rhubarb, smilax, and other herbs, 
 are common, and the rare plant ginseng. Among the fruits 
 are the China orange, the ly-chee, loquat, and wampee. The 
 nelumbium, a large water-lily, yields edible seeds ; and the 
 camellia, the oka fragrans , the tree peony, and the Indian chry- 
 santhemum, are among the most conspicuous flowers. The 
 wild animals of China, if they ever abounded, have been long 
 since almost extirpated ; but the tiger is still known in the 
 forests of Yunnan, and wild cats in the forests of the S. The prov. 
 of Siichwan is specially noted for its medicinal herbs, and among 
 its other agriciiltural specialties may be mentioned the care of 
 the white-wax insect in the SW. [Siichwauj. Camphor is an 
 important product of Formosa. The larger live-stock are few 
 in number wherever the population is dense, the ground being 
 more profitably utilised for tillage, and it is a peculiarity of 
 Chinese agriculture, as compared with that of Europe (though 
 not with that of some other Asiatic countries), that dairy farm- 
 ing (the production of milk, butter, and cheese) is unknown. 
 Poultry, on the other hand, abound. Though the mineral pro- 
 duction of China is as yet comparatively small, the mineral 
 trealtb of the country is enormous, even when compared with 
 Europe as a whole. In point of the abundance of the deposits 
 the first place belongs to coal, which is estimated by some to 
 cover an area about equal in extent to that of all the other coal- 
 fields of the world put together, and which certainly covers an 
 area at least five times as g^reat as the coalfields of Europe. The 
 production, however, is as yet trifling, partly because the richest 
 coalfields lie in regions difficult of access, partly because the 
 Chinese miners have not succeeded in coping with water in the 
 mines where mining is carried on by means of shafts. Chinese 
 mines, accordingly, are mostly in the form of horizontal adits, 
 or pits dug to a comparatively small depth below the surface. 
 The tableland of Shansi {q.v.) is probably the richest of all 
 parts of China in coal, bituminous coal occurring in the W., 
 while in the E. there is a field of anthracite without a parallel in 
 the world. Other extensive coalfields occur in Siichwan and N. 
 and S. Kweichou, but the difficulty of communication causes 
 all these deposits to be utilised chiefly for local consumption. 
 In Eastern China the principal coal deposits are in Pechili to 
 the NE. of Peking, where mines are now worked by European 
 methods under European direction, in Shantung, in the N. of 
 Honan, and in the S. of Hunan, where there is a large boat 
 traffic in coal, derived from fields on the Lei-kiang. Excellent 
 iron ores also abound in the prov. of Shansi, in Kweichou (one 
 of the richest of all the provs. in minerals), in Hupe, and else- 
 where. Copper is very abundant in the S. of Siichwan and the 
 NE. of Yiinnan, and silver in the parts of Yiinnan adjoining 
 Kweichou. Rich lead mines occur in the N. of Shantung. 
 Salt is largely extracted from seawater at many places on the 
 coast, and is produced in immense quantity from brine-springs 
 in Siichwan, principally at Tsuliu-king (between Chengtu-fu 
 and the Yangtse-kiang) and Paiyen-king in the SW. of the 
 prov. It is also largely produced in the northern provs. China 
 clay and petuntse, the two principal ingredients in the manu- 
 facture of porcelain (a manufacture which was long confined to 
 C.) are found most largely near the borders of the provs. of 
 Kiangsi and Nganhwei [Klng-te-cliln]. Mannfactures are of 
 the most varied, and often of the most exquisite description. 
 Chinese porcelain, silks, embroidery, and lacquered wares are 
 unequalled for brilliancy, richness, and durability; and in carved 
 goods in tortoiseshell, ivory, and horn, in engraving, the manu- 
 facture of paper, ink, cabinet-work, and bell-casting, the whole 
 of which are carried on without the aid of machinery, the 
 Chinese excel. Silks, cottons, and China-grass fabrics, the 
 last chiefly for summer wear, are largely made ; woollen gar- 
 ments are little worn, except by the rich, cotton garments, 
 padded and quilted, forming the general winter clothing. 
 Hostile as the Chinese are to foreign intrusion and the intro- 
 duction of modern methods of production, they have not been 
 able to prevent their adoption altogether. The inferiority of 
 the Chinese arms and armaments having been proved in the 
 
CHIN 
 
 wars of China with European powers, the Chinese Government 
 first sought the aid of Europeans in the establishment of dock- 
 yards and arsenals. The first arsenal in China on a foreign type 
 was begun in 1863, and now the government is building war- 
 ships on Eiu-opean models at Foochow (Fuchou) and Shanghai 
 in China proper, and at Port Arthur in Manchuria, and turning 
 out guns and munitions of war at those places as well as at Nan- 
 king, Tientsin, and elsewhere. Steam filatures have been erected 
 in the heart of the silk-producing districts of Kwangtung. Cot- 
 ton-mills (both for spinning and weaving) have been erected at 
 Shanghai and Wuchang (opposite Hankow), and others are 
 projected elsewhere. Large iron-works have been erected at 
 Hanyang (adjoining Hankow), intended to utilise iron ore and 
 coal found at no great distance near the Yangtse-kiang, and a 
 railway 17 m. in length has been constructed from the river to 
 the iron-mines, and other large iron-works in the neighboiu'hood 
 of Kweiyang-fu, cap. of Kweichou. 
 
 Throughout the greater part of C. the rivers form the principal 
 means of comiuunlcatiou. In the NE. plains, though difficult 
 to navigate, as already stated, they, along with canals, are still 
 largely used, and are indeed the principal medium of commerce. 
 In these parts, however, springless carts drawn by mules are also 
 largely employed. N. of the Tsinling-shan range and W. of Sin- 
 gan-fu there are no navigable rivers or canals, and carts and pack- 
 animals, including camels, are the principal means of transport. 
 At one time excellent roads appear to have connected distant 
 provincial capitals with the seat of the supreme government, but 
 though in some places well-made roads still run for long distances 
 [Cliekiang], and from some of the chief towns good roads radiate 
 for short distances, the roads are now for the most part wretched, 
 and in S. China wheel traffic is almost unknown. The Ciraud 
 or Imperial Canal, from Hangchou to Tientsin, about 700 m. , 
 constructed in the first part of the 7th century primarily for the 
 conveyance of the tribute of rice from the southern provs. , still 
 forms an important means of communication between the N. 
 and S. in the eastern plain, though the section stretching N. 
 from the Hwang-ho to the Yu-ho has been dry since about 1852. 
 Away from the rivers and canals goods are generally carried on 
 the backs of porters, and well-to-do travellers are borne in palan- 
 quins. To the introduction of railways the Chinese government 
 long showed a peculiar aversion, but this aversion is at last being 
 overcome by the necessity of meeting the possibility of foreign 
 aggression, especially on the part of Russia on the N. frontier, 
 and foreign competition. The first railway in C. was con- 
 structed by some English merchants in 1876 between Shanghai 
 and Wusung, but was bought and torn up by the provincial 
 authorities in 1877. Since 1877 a line has been laid from Taku 
 to Tientsin, thence to the coal-mines of Kaiping, and it is now 
 being continued further NE. towards Shanhaikwan, on the 
 border of Manchuria, at the seaward terminus of the Great 
 Wall. A short railway in Formosa, and the railway in Hupe 
 already mentioned, are the only others that yet (1893) exist, 
 but large projects have now received government sanction. 
 The electric telegrapli has made further progress. Chungking 
 and Chengtu-fu in the prov. of Siichwan are already connected 
 by telegraph with Peking, so also is Kashgar in Eastern 
 Turkistan (a distance of about 2500 m. from Peking, and only 
 190 m. from the nearest Russian telegraph station at Osh) ; and 
 there are submaiine cables bringing the islands of Hainan and 
 Formosa into communication with the mainland. 
 
 The commerce of C. with western Asia dates back to a very 
 remote period. It was carried on partly by land partly by sea. 
 The land routes all passed through the opening in the NW. 
 between the Nanshan range and the desert, and then diverged, 
 one route passing to the S. of the Tarim basin to Yarkand and 
 thence across southern passes of the Pamirs, two others on the 
 N. side of the desert, one of them along the S. base of the 
 Tianshan Mts. to Kashgar (the Tianshan-nan-lu route), and the 
 other along the N. base of the Tianshan into the valley of the 
 Hi. The trade by sea seems to have been carried on at an 
 early date by Arabs, and seems to have been the means of 
 introducing several economic plants into the country. A Chinese 
 work on botany belonging to the fourth century speaks of sugar 
 as a product of Cochin-China known at Canton, where there 
 was an Arab trading colony. The Portuguese were the first 
 among Europeans to establish direct trading relations with C. 
 They were tacitly allowed to trade at Canton in the early part 
 of the sixteenth century, and in 1586 Macao, at the mouth of 
 the Canton R., was granted to them. Down to 1842 Canton 
 remained the only place at which European nations generally 
 were allowed to carry on trade with C. , and even the right to 
 trade there was never formally recognised by the Chinese govern- 
 ment. The wider scope for foreign trade subsequent to that 
 date was the consequence of a war with Great Britain which 
 was due to the Chinese government having destroyed without 
 compensation upwards of 20,000 chests of opium belonging to 
 English merchants. At the peace of Nanking which concluded 
 the war (Aug. 29, 1842) it was agreed that European merchants 
 and a British consul should be allowed to reside at Canton, 
 Amoy, Foochow, Ningpo, and Shanghai, and the island of Hong- 
 
 kong (near the mouth of the Canton R. , E. side) was ceded to 
 the British. By subsequent treaties (1858 and i860 on the con- 
 clusion of other wars, and 1876 by the Convention of Chifu) 
 other ports were opened and the navigation of the Yangtse- 
 kiang was declared free. The following is a list of the Chinese 
 so-called tareaty-ports at which foreign merchants are allowed 
 to reside: Newchwang or Riuchwang, in Manchuria; Tien- 
 tsin, Taku, on the Gulf of Pechili ; Cliefoo (Chifu), on the N. 
 side of the Shantung penin. ; Shanghai, Ningpo, Wenchow, 
 Foochow, Amioy, Swatow, Canton, on or near the E. coast 
 S. of the Shantung penin. ; Pakhoi, on the Gulf of Tonking ; 
 Chlnklang, Wuhu, Kiukiang, Hankow, Ichang, and Chung- 
 king {q.v. ), on the Yangtse-kiang ; Tamsui, Kelung, Taiwan, and 
 Takow on Formosa ; and Kiungchow, on Hainan. By far the 
 most important of these, especially for imports, is Shanghai, and 
 besides Shanghai all those at which the foreign trade in foreign 
 bottoms amounts to as much as one-tenth in value of that of 
 Shanghai are printed in thick type. A large part of the foreign, 
 especially British trade, is centred at Hong-kong. The customs* 
 duties on foreign imports are fixed at 5-6 per cent, ad valorem 
 in the case of most articles, 8-12 per cent, on some others, and 
 33 per cent, on opium. Under the treaties the collection of the 
 duties is entrusted to a European commission known as the 
 Imperial Maritime Customs. Chinese commerce is, however, 
 hampered also by internal duties. Some of these are levied on 
 the frontiers of the provs. , but it is stipulated in the Convention 
 of Chefoo that by the payment of one-half extra duty foreign 
 goods may be allowed to pass free to any part of the empire. 
 Goods covered by such transit-passes must, however, have their 
 destination stated when the pass is issued, and are covered by 
 the pass only up to the place mentioned. Hence the import- 
 ance to foreign merchants of having open ports as far in the 
 interior as possible. At present the furthest is Chungking, the 
 commercial centre of Siichwan, the most important of the western 
 frontier provs. In addition to the provincial duties another duty 
 is levied on goods in transit under the name of likin or lekin. 
 This is regarded by the Chinese government as an exceptional 
 tax for war purposes, and is levied at ' barriers ' on the trade 
 routes (stations on navigable rivers, &c.) not coinciding with 
 provincial boundaries. This tax is the cause of much complaint 
 on the part of foreign merchants, who contend that their goods 
 ought to pass free of such duties also when the transit-pass has 
 been obtained, and recently arrangements have been made for 
 the payment of likin on opium to cover the whole distance at 
 the treaty-port where it is landed. Foreign Conimerce.— Tea, 
 raw silk, and silk manufactures make up more than three-fourths 
 of the value of the Chinese exports, and the principal imports 
 are opium, cotton, and other manufactm-es, and metals. The 
 recent history of Chinese commerce shows several noteworthy 
 features. On the export side there has been a great decrease 
 in the amount of tea exported by sea, but this has been partly 
 balanced by a great rise in the amount exported overland, chiefly 
 by way of Maimachin and Kiakhta to Russia. The amount so 
 exported increased pretty steadily from about 10,000,000 lbs. in 
 1874 to upwards of 94,000,000 lbs. in 1888 (the maximum down 
 to 1891 inclusive). The exports of silk-refuse (which is now 
 manufactured in Europe into silk fabrics), of silk goods, and of 
 straw-braid (which is now an export of considerable value) have 
 all rapidly increased in amount m recent years. On the import 
 side there has been a decline on the whole in the amount of 
 Indian opium imported, but there has been a pretty steady rise 
 in the amount of the coal import, and a rapid rise in that of 
 petroleum. Money, Weights, and Measures. — The tael (in 
 Chinese, Hang), in which the value of Chinese commerce and 
 customs revenue is generally reckoned, is merely a money of 
 account. The tael is properly a weight, the amount of which 
 differs at different places. Hence there is the Shanghai tael, 
 the Canton tael, and the Haikwan or customs tael, this last 
 being the tael in which customs dues are levied, and being equal 
 to 574.948 grains of silver, and the value of which, before the 
 fall in the price of silver beginning in 1873, was about 6s. 8d. 
 For the average value in subsequent years see Appendix, p. 14. 
 Till recently the only Chinese coinage consisted of cask (Chinese 
 /?'), made of brass mixed with lead, and pierced in the middle 
 with a quadrangular hole, whicti allows of their being strung 
 together. From 1600 to 1700 of these are equal to one Haikwan 
 tael. In default of other coinage the Chinese make large use 
 among themselves of private banking orders. Large payments 
 are generally made in silver bullion, which is made up in shoe- 
 shaped bars (sycee silver). In the treaty ports Mexican and 
 trade dollars are also much used. Recently dollars of about 
 the same weight and fineness as the United States silver dollar 
 have been coined at a mint established at Canton by a former 
 viceroy, and in 1890 these were declared by an Imperial decree 
 legal tender throughout the empire. Most commodities, includ- 
 ing liquids, are sold by weight, the usual unit for large amoimts 
 being the /zt«/ (Chinese, tan), recognised by treaty as eqtiivalent 
 to 133^ lbs. avoirdupois, and divided into 100 catties (Chinese, 
 kin), each accordingly = li lb., these again divided into 16 
 taels (Chinese, Hang), each = 16 mace (Chinese, tsien), each = 
 
CHIN 
 
 lo candarens (Chinese, /««). The units of length vary in dif- 
 ferent parts of the empire, but that fixed by treaty and made 
 use of by the customs department for short measurements is the 
 chih = 14. 1 English in., 10 chih making i chang. The /?', the 
 ordinary unit in road measurements, is approximately equal to 
 3 cables (720 yds. ), or two-fifths of a mile. Cioventinent. — The 
 emperor is at least nominally supreme in every department of 
 the state. The dignity is hereditary in the family, but the 
 reigning emperor has the right of naming his successor from 
 among the members of that family. The reigning dynasty is 
 of Manchu origin and acceded to the throne in 1644. All the 
 officials of the empire are appointed in the emperor's name, 
 but there are important institutions restricting the power of the 
 emperor. In the first place he is bound to govern in accordance 
 with the maxims of the sacred books of Confucius, and the 
 laws of the empire as laid down in the ' Collected Regulations 
 of the Tsing Dynasty.' In the second place he is bound to 
 choose all ofiicials from the lettered class, that is, from those 
 who have passed the state examinations, which are held all 
 over the empire, and in which all Chinese subjects are allowed 
 to compete. The higher official ranks are reserved for those 
 who pass the severest examinations, and to pass with distinc- 
 tion is the sure avenue to position and honour. The supreme 
 direction of the administration is confided to a cabinet of four 
 members, two of Chinese and two of Manchu origin, along with 
 two assistants from the Hanlin or Great College. This body is 
 composed of the more distinguished members of the lettered 
 class, and has very important functions of different kinds. Even 
 women are occasionally included among its members. It serves 
 to some extent as a great council of state. No new laws are 
 inscribed in the statute-book without being submitted to it. If 
 any law suggested by an official as likely to be beneficial to the 
 empire has received the approval of this body, it is promulgated 
 throughout the empire, but is not added to the Imperial code 
 during the life of the emperor then reigning, but may be so 
 added on the accession of the next emperor if the law has mean- 
 while proved to be beneficial in practice and acceptable to the 
 people. From this body also are chosen the members of what 
 is called the Court of Censors, forty in number. Some of these 
 are appointed to watch over both the public and private life 
 of the emperor himself, and to admonish him when guilty of 
 any conduct unworthy of his position. Others are sent on 
 special missions to distant provs. to supervise the conduct 
 of the governors. Of others it is the duty to write a history 
 of the reign, a history never opened during the lifetime of the 
 emperor under whom it is written. There are seven govern- 
 ment departments, a department charged with the super- 
 vision of the civil functionaries, and of finance, rites, war, 
 justice, public works, and the admiralty, the last in existence 
 only since 1885. The ministry of rites corresponds to some 
 extent to the home office, but one branch of it is the Tsung- 
 li-yamen, which is the body that deals with foreign affairs. 
 All the officers of the empire, civil and military, are divided into 
 nine orders, which are distinguished by buttons differing in 
 material and colour worn at the top of the official cap. To 
 Europeans these officers are known as mandarins, a term 
 which seems to have originated with the Portuguese, and pro- 
 bably derived from the Portuguese mandai-, 'to command.' 
 In C. the members of the nine orders are known collectively 
 as kwang-fu. The highest officials subject to the supreme 
 government of Peking are the viceroys, who have the supreme 
 control of the provincial administration, some of whom, how- 
 ever, have two provs. under their charge. Next in rank 
 are the lieutenants of the viceroy, of whom there is one for 
 each province. In addition to the hierarchy of officials depen- 
 dent on the government of Peking, there is a very important 
 system of local government on a popular basis. AH the com- 
 munes of the empire have local councils freely elected by the 
 people for a term of three years. The commune as a whole 
 being responsible for the payment of government taxes, these 
 councils have first the duty of distributing the burden among 
 the individual members. But in addition to that they inquire 
 into the necessity of public works for the locality, procure the 
 funds for those which can be carried out by the commune itself, 
 act in accord with the councils of neighbouring communes for 
 those which require the co-operation of two or more communes, 
 superintend the working of the regulations for irrigation, exer- 
 cise some control over the benevolent institutions of the district, 
 &c. &c. The great bulk of the people are Chinese proper. 
 The Manchus, though the reigning family is of that race, make 
 up but a small proportion of the population. They are chiefly 
 officials and soldiers. In all the larger towns there is, how- 
 ever, a Manchu quarter, which is sometimes walled off from 
 the Chinese town. In the mountainous dists. in the SW., 
 there are still some non-Chinese races either living amongst 
 the Chinese, and gradually adopting Chinese modes of life, 
 or occupying isolated tracts, where they live in complete inde- 
 pendence. The most important of these are the Sifan {q.v.), 
 in the W. of Siichwan, the Lolos {q.v.), in the S. of 
 Suchwan, and the Miau-tse, the original inhabitants of the 
 830 
 
 prov. of Kweichou, now principally confined to the SE, 
 of that prov. and to the adjacent parts of Kwangsi. The 
 term Man-tse is not the name of any particular race, but is 
 a general term applied to all aboriginal non-Chinese inhabi- 
 tants of the present C. In the dists. adjoining Burma and 
 Siam (Yunnan and Kwangsi) there are large numbers of Shans. 
 In the NW. there is a considerable number of Mohammedan 
 Tunganis (or Dunganis), and Tibetans occupy the extreme W. 
 of the prov. of Suchwan. Of the character of the Chinese 
 proper very diverse accounts are given. Those who know 
 them only in the larger treaty ports often pass a very unfavour- 
 able opinion upon them, while those who have become ac- 
 quainted with them in the country dists. have often been 
 charmed with the patriarchal simplicity of their life and 
 manners. While some travellers complain of their hostility 
 to Europeans, others speak of nothing but kindness received 
 in every part of the empire, and generally it may be said that 
 those who have resided longest amongst them, and learned 
 to know them best, are those who speak of them viith most 
 respect. Nearly all are agreed in ascribing to them industry, 
 perseverance, and sobriety. Baron Richthofen maintains that 
 in the struggle for existence, the Chinese have the advantage 
 over the inhabitants of the tropics and over uncivilised races 
 generally of restless industry, over the people of Europe that 
 of extreme thrift (Geniigsamkeit), and apparently over all other 
 inhabitants of the earth that of being suited to any climate, 
 and looks upon the possibility of their adopting the practically 
 utilisable elements of western civilisation as a danger to be 
 dreaded by the rest of the world, as introducing a competition 
 of an extremely formidable character (China, vol. ii. p. 14). 
 The same dread is felt by the countries inhabited by people 
 of European race in the temperate zone (in the United States 
 and Australia), among whom the Chinese have sought to settle 
 in considerable numbers. In the tropics, however, they are 
 more readily welcomed. But the Chinese are on the whole 
 averse to emigration, and though they are now found in large 
 numbers as agriculturists and miners in the Eastern Archi- 
 pelago and Indo-China, and have been largely introduced as 
 coolies into Cuba and parts of S. America, the total number of 
 Chinese emigrants is as yet small when compared with that of 
 emigrants from Europe. As regards religion, ancestor-worship, 
 or the religion of the family, may be said to be the only religion 
 that has retained a general hold of the people. Confucianism 
 is in no proper sense of the word a religion, but only a code 
 of moral maxims and ceremonies, the keynote of which is the 
 inculcation of everything tending to promote the union of the 
 family and the maintenance of the state as one great family. 
 Tablets in honour of the immediate ancestors are preserved 
 in every household, and it is the duty of the head of every 
 household to collect his family frequently, in order to hear the 
 record of the lives of their ancestors, and to pay them honour 
 and worship. The same honour that is thus paid by the living 
 to the dead is paid by the young to the old. Even in the ad- . 
 ministration of justice this institution holds an important place. 
 Offenders are often tried before family courts, and the decisions 
 of such courts for the most part have as much weight as those 
 of the official courts. To be excommunicated from the family 
 is one of the greatest degradations and punishments that can 
 be inflicted on a Chinese. The other religions prevailing in 
 C. are not regarded as incompatible with this family religion. 
 Of these Buddhism, which appears to have been introduced 
 about the first century A.D., is the most widespread. Taoism, 
 founded by a Chinese teacher named Laotse, is also accepted 
 by a large number in certain classes. But the Chinese observ- 
 ance of either of these religions is very lax, and consists chiefly 
 in the making use of a Buddhist or a Taoist priest in certain cere- 
 monies. Mohammedanism and Christianity both count large 
 numbers of adherents, but they are both regarded with distrust 
 and suspicion by the government, not as religions (for to religion 
 as such the Chinese government is wholly indifferent), but as 
 teaching doctrines that tend to isolate those who adopt them 
 from the rest of their countrymen, and to undermine the 
 idea on which the state is founded. In the case of Chris- 
 tianity there is a further ground for jealousy, in that it is 
 believed to be a political movement on the part of European 
 powers. Mohammedans number altogether three or four 
 millions in the W. and SW. In Yunnan they are known to 
 the Burmese, and through them to the Europeans, as Panthays. 
 The Christians are less numerous, though Christianity was 
 introduced by Nestorians as early as the 7th century, and again 
 by Franciscans in the 13th century. Such hold as Christianity 
 has gained in China, however, dates chiefly from the efforts 
 of the Jesuits in the 17th century, which were for a time re- 
 markably successful chiefly through the favour bestowed on 
 them by the enlightened emperor Kanghe. This favour was, 
 however, withdrawn in consequence of the interference of the 
 pope on the question of the compatibility of the family worship 
 of the Chinese with Christian teaching, and every effort was 
 made to extirpate and exclude Christianity, until protection 
 for Christian missionaries was stipulated for in the treaty oi 
 
C H I N — C H I N 
 
 Tientsin in 1858. During the whole period of repression, how- 
 ever, Christian communities continued to survive in all the 
 provinces— in greatest numbers in Suchwan. Altogether they 
 are estimated to count by hundreds of thousands. The Chinese 
 language is the type of monosyllabic languages— entirely com- 
 posed of monosyllabic words, or words formed by the combina- 
 tion of monosyllabic roots, without modification. The writing 
 is not alphabetic but ideographic, that is, the characters do 
 not represent even sounds but ideas, so that while the same 
 characters form one written language for the whole empire, 
 they are read differently, so far as the sounds are considered, 
 in different parts, according to the differences of dialect. These 
 dialectical differences are to a large extent merely differences 
 of pronunciation, and among the educated classes one dialect 
 ]5revails more or less over the empire. This is known as the 
 gwanhwa, or kwanhwa ; but even in this there is not perfect 
 uniformity, the gwanhwa of the northern provs. differing to 
 some extent from that current in the S. The number of dis- 
 tinct characters in Chinese is stated by some to be upwards 
 of 7000, but many of these characters are formed by combina- 
 tions of simpler ones, so that the mastery of about 2000 char- 
 acters affords, it is said, the key to the Chinese language. 
 Notwithstanding the difficulty which this system of writing 
 must throw in the way of learning to read, there are few 
 countries in the world where a knowledge of reading and 
 writing is so widely diffused, and that altogether without 
 government aid. The number of large tofv^ns in C. is a 
 very remarkable feature in the distribution of the population, 
 and when we consider the absence of the modern means of 
 communication that do so much to stimulate the growth of 
 large towns, by creating centres of trade and manufacturing 
 industry for wide areas devoted to the production of food and 
 raw material, it may fairly be said that this aggregation 
 of population in large towns is without a parallel on the 
 surface of the globe. The only country that could fairly be 
 compared with it is India before the introduction of railways 
 and modern machinery, and in this respect India even yet pre- 
 sents a contrast, not a parallel. In the list of the large towns 
 of the world in the 9th issue of Die Bevolkerung der Erde (1893), 
 the number of towns in C. with an estimated population of 
 more than 100,000 is 45 as against 28 in India, 116 in Europe, 
 25 in the United States ; and of those above 100,000 fourteen 
 were estimated to have a population exceeding 500,000, and 
 four a population of 1,000,000 or more. Towns which are 
 centres of administration are divided into three orders, which 
 are distinguished by certain terminations, but these termina- 
 tions are frequently omitted. Those of the first order have the 
 termination/?/, those of the second order chou or ting, those of 
 the third order hsien or Men. All such towns are surrounded 
 by ramparts, which in the case oi fus take the form of rectan- 
 gular stone walls. Of the Iiistory of C. hardly anything can 
 be said in a brief sketch. The Chinese are believed to have 
 entered the country from the N. , and their history in C. may 
 be summed up as a gradual process of adding field to field as 
 they multiplied and spread steadily southwards, driving before 
 them or absorbing the earlier inhabitants. A brief sketch of 
 their relations with Europeans is given above under Commerce. 
 In the present century one of the most remarkable events was 
 the Taiping rebellion, which broke out about 1850, headed by 
 a Christian convert who professed to have for his object the 
 Christianisation of the whole country, and which was not sup- 
 pressed till 1865, after several of the most populous provinces 
 in the S. had been desolated, and their population reduced to 
 an appalling extent. Of the numerous works on C. the follow- 
 ing maybe referred to as among the most comprehensive: — 
 Williams's Middle Kingdom (1848); The Chinese Empire, by 
 Abb6 Hue (Eng. trans. 1855, 2 vols.); Cathay and the Way 
 Thither by Col. Yule (1867, 2 vols.), and the most exhaustive 
 of all, China (German), by Baron Richthofen, of which as yet 
 (1894) only vols, i., ii., and iv. have been published (vol. i. 
 1877). In 1885 appeared the first sheets of a large atlas of C, 
 geological and physical, also by Baron Richthofen, and not yet 
 completed ; and in 1893 a map of NE. China by C. Waeber 
 (i : 1,355,000). See Japan (end of article) and Formosa. 
 
 China, tn., Mexico, Nuevo Leon, 76 m. E. Monterey. 
 
 China, tn. , U.S., Maine, Kennebec co., 20 m. NE. Augusta. 
 The Kennebec affords excellent water-power. P. <i5oo. 
 
 ChinAto, riv., India. See Chendh. 
 
 Chinahnapan, tn., Mexico, Puebla, 55 m. N. by E. Puebla. 
 
 Chinaman's Flat, post-tp. , Victoria, Talbot co. , 21 m. NN W. 
 Clunes ; gold-mines near. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chinaiidega, tn. , Central America, Nicaragua, 70 m. NW. 
 by W. Managua, in 1849 the temporary cap. of the three united 
 republics of Nicaragua, Honduras, and Salvador ; cap. dep. C. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 CUnaran, fortified tn., Persia, Khorassan, 38 m. NW. 
 Meshed, peopled chiefly by Kurds introduced into Khorassan 
 by Shah Tamasp and Shah Abbas. 
 
 China Sea, called by the Chinese Nan Hai, or Southern 
 Sea, is that portion of the Pacific Ocean which extends between 
 
 China, Siam, and the Malay Peninsula, on the W., the Philip- 
 pine Is. on the E., Borneo on the S., and the I. of Formosa 
 on the N. It forms the great gulfs of Siam and Tongking. 
 Chief affluents, the Meinam, Cambodia, and Canton Rivers. 
 Chief ports, Canton, Manilla, Bangkok, and Singapore. 
 
 China Strait, New Guinea. See Hayter I. 
 
 Chlnaz, dist., tn. and fort, Russian Turkistan, Syr-Dariinsk 
 terr., 27 m. SW. of Tashkent, on the highway to Bukhara, at 
 confluence of Chirchik with Syr-Daria. P. <5oo. 
 
 Chlncha, riv., Peru, rises between the chains of the Andes, 
 flows S. then W. , and enters the Pacific Ocean about 13° 30' S. 
 
 Chlncha, Alta, tn., S. America, Peru, dep. Lima, on the 
 W. ct. , 117 m. SE. by S. Lima, in about 13° 25' S. P. 4000. 
 
 Chlncha Islands, Peru, in 13° 38' S., 76° 28' W. ; their 
 formerly celebrated guano-beds are now exhausted. 
 
 Chlnchaycocha, lake. Pern, 6 by 18 m., crossed by 11° S., 
 76° 5' W., to the S. of Cerro de Pasco, drained from its NW. 
 corner southwards by the Mantaro. Alt. 13,800 ft. 
 
 Clilnchen-che, lake, central Asia, in the NW. part of the 
 Chinese prov. of Kansu, in about 40° 50' N. , 96° 50'- 98° E. 
 
 CMnchllla de Hlonte Arag6n, tn., Spain, prov. Albacete, 
 9 m. ESE. Albacete. P. 6100. 
 
 Chlnch(in, tn., Spain, prov. and 24 m. SE. by S. Madrid. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Chlnchorro, El, reef, E. ct. of Yucatan, Mexico, in 18° 20'- 
 50' N. Length, N. to S. , 23 m.; greatest breadth, 9 m. 
 
 Chlnchosho, place, W. Africa, French Congo Terr., on the 
 coast, in 5° 10' S., situated high and healthily between Luemba 
 and Luiza-Loango. Mean temp. (6 yrs.), yr. 75.9° F., Feb. 
 79.3°, July 71.2°. 
 
 Chln-chon, China, Hunan. See Chen-chon. 
 
 Chlnchon, tn., China, prov. Honan, 225 m. N. by E. 
 Hankow. 
 
 Chlnchon, tn., China, prov. Kwangtung, 39 m. NW. 
 Pakhoi. 
 
 Chlnchon-fn, tn. , Manchuria. See Klngchon>fu. 
 
 Clilnchn, or Tslnenrhon, maritime dist. of China, between 
 23° and 26° N. , 116° and 119° E. , comprising parts of the provs. 
 Fokien and Kwangtung on the SE. ct., and inhabited by a 
 hardy and industrious people, who man most part of the 
 imperial and commercial navy. 
 
 Chln'coteague Island, U.S., Virginia, Accomack co., off 
 the NE. ct., in 37° 52'-38° 5' N. Much frequented by sports- 
 men, and celebrated for its oysters and ponies. 
 
 Chin Coulee, a deep riv. valley in the SE. of Alberta and 
 SW. of Assiniboia, Canada, joins the Forty Mile Coulee. 
 
 Chlndant, Cossack vil. , E. Siberia, Transbaikalia, dist. and 
 200 m. SW. of Nerchinsk, at the junc. of Onon with Onon- 
 Borzya. Chief town of military dist., centre for trade. P. <75o. 
 
 CMnde, one of the mouths of the Zambezi. See Zambezi 
 and Proc. R. G. S., 1890, pp. 139-40, Map, p. 192. 
 
 Clilnde, new port at the mouth of the Chinde R. , Portuguese 
 E. Africa, in 18° 34' S. , connected by telegraph with Blantyre 
 and Kiliman. Land has been leased here for a bonded ware- 
 house of the British administration of Nyassa-land. 
 
 Chlndwara, India. See Chhlndwilrd. 
 
 ChlndM-ln, or Kyendwln, riv., Burma, the principal trib. 
 of the Iriwadi, rises in the Patkoi Mts. near the frontier of 
 Assam, flows S. and joins the main stream about midway 
 between Mandalay and Pagan ; length about 500 m., of which 
 about 300 are navigable by steamers in the rains, 150 m. in the 
 dry season. The Irawadi river steamers ascend to Kendat in 
 about 23!° N. The navigation is a good deal impeded by 
 shifting sand-banks, and by the swiftness of the current, in 
 consequence of which native boats take about three weeks to 
 ascend 250 m. See Pivc. R. G. S., 1889, p. 197. 
 
 ChlndMln, valley in Tibet, forming a wedge between Bhutan 
 and Sikkim. 
 
 Chlng, tn., China, in the SE. of prov. Hunan, 185 m. N. 
 by W. Canton. 
 
 Ching, Chinese, 'city.' 
 
 Chingchen-hslen, tn., China, Kweichou, 14 m. W. Kwei- 
 yang-fu, with coal-mines on the E. 
 
 Chlngchl-hslen, tn., China, Suchwan, no m. SW. Cheng- 
 tu-fu. Alt. 5090 ft. 
 
 Cldngene Derrent, defile traversed by the Vardar, Turkey, 
 NW. of Salonica, about 8 m. long, crossed in the S. by 41° N. 
 
 Chlngenge, tn. , Congo Free State. See Jlngenge. 
 
 Chlngford, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 9 m. WNW. 
 Romford, on the G. E. R. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Chlngfn>h8len, tn., China, in the S. of Siichwan, 147 m. 
 SW. by W. Chungking, 25 m. W. by S. Sui-fu. 
 
 Chlng«hal, tn., China, prov. Kwangtung, on the Bay of 
 Swatow, immediately to the S. of Swatow, with which it forms 
 in fact one town. 
 
 Chlnghwa-chen, or Tslng-hiva-chen, tn., China, prov. 
 and about 60 m. NE. by E. Honan, in the valley of the Wei 
 (trib. Pei-ho), with active trade in coal, obtained from mines in 
 the neighbouring hills. 
 
 Chlnglz-tan, range of mts. , Russian Turkistan, runs WNW. , 
 
C H I N — C H I P 
 
 separating the basin of the Irtysh from that of Lake Balkhash. 
 Alt. 3-4000 ft. 
 
 Ctalngklang-fo, tn. , China, Yiinnan. See Chengklajtg-fu. 
 
 Cbiugka-bslen, tn., China, in the S. of prov. Shensi, at the 
 confluence of the Makia-ho with the Han-kiang, 120 m. SW. 
 Singan-fu, in a fertile and thickly peopled dist. 
 
 CUngknng-hsieu, China. See Cbeugkung-fasien. 
 
 Chlngleput, Brit. India. See Chengalpat. 
 
 Chlugteclieu, tn., China. See Kiugteclilii. 
 
 Chlngte-fu, Mongolia. See Jebol. 
 
 Chlugting, tn., China, prov. Pechili, 150 m. SW. Peking. 
 
 CUngtong-fn, tn., China, in the SW. of Yiinnan, 102 m. 
 SE. by S. Tali-fu. 
 
 Chlngta-fn, China. See Clieiigtu-fn. 
 
 Cblnlial, tn., China, prov. Chekiang, on Hangchow Bay, at 
 the mouth of the Yung-kiang R. , 18 m. NE. Ning-po. It stands 
 on a tongue of land at the foot of a hill abruptly rising from the 
 sea, and crowned by a citadel ; taken by the British in 1841. 
 
 Cliiiil, vil. , Brit. India, in Bashahr State, Punjab, about i m. 
 from the r. Isk. of the Sutlej, 69 m. NE. by E. Simla. The 
 vicinity is well watered by numerous rills, which run down the 
 side of a moimtain, and flow into the Sutlej. Vines of excellent 
 quality and in great quantity are here cultivated. Dried grapes 
 form a favourite food of the people. Alt. 9100 ft. above the sea, 
 1500 ft. above the Sutlej. P. < 5000. 
 
 Chlnlot, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Yhang, 80 m. W. by 
 N. Lahore, near the 1. bk. of the Chenib, celebrated for its 
 wood-carving and masonry. P. 13,500 ; Moham. 9100 ; Hindus, 
 4300. 
 
 Cblit-Jii, tn., Korea, 51 m. W. by N. Fusan. 
 
 Chink, name given to the abrupt slopes of the Ust-urt plateau 
 towards the Aral-Caspian depression. 
 
 Chiuklaug, or Cliiuklang-fn, tn. , China, prov. Kiang-su, on 
 r. bk. of the Yangtse-kiang, at its junction with the Grand Canal, 
 45 m. E. by N. (62 m. by river from) Nanking, and commimi- 
 cating by natural and artificial waterways vvith Shang-hai ; situa- 
 tion little malarious. Formerly an important fortified city, the 
 key of central China ; taken by the Taiping rebels in 1853, four 
 years after which the population was massacred by the Im- 
 perialists, and only the walls of the town were left standing. 
 It is an open port under the Tien-tsin treaty (1858). Occupy- 
 ing one of the finest sites in China, it has become the second 
 port of the empire for the importation of foreign goods. The 
 principal curiosity here is a pagoda of cast-iron, 30 ft. high, and 
 conjectxired to be at least 1200 years old. This city was taken 
 by the British, July 21, 1842. The principal items of import 
 are opium, cottons, sugar (average value about ;^i,soo,ooo) ; 
 and of export, silk, dried lily-flowers, rice (value ;i^3oo,ooo- 
 ;^400,ooo). Mean rainfall, yr. 30^ in. P. 135,000. 
 
 Chlnley Bngswortb aud Bruivnslde, par., Eng., Derby- 
 shire, Chapel-en-Ie-Frith union, with a stn. (Cblnley) on the 
 M. R., PM.O. (Cbliiley). P. < 2000. 
 
 Cblnley Hills, Eng., in the NW. of Derbyshire, 7 m. N. 
 Buxton. 
 
 Cblnnan, vil. , China, prov. Kwangsi, close to the frontier 
 of Tongking, 90 m. NE. Hanoi. 
 
 Cbln-ngan-fn, tn., S. China, prov. Kwangsi, 160 m. N. by 
 E. Hanoi (Tongking), on a r. bk. trib. of the Yu-kiang, in 23° 
 20' N. , 106° E. 
 
 Chluning-cbou, tn., China, Yunnan, 26 m. S. by E. Yiin- 
 nan-fu. 
 
 Cblnnlng-cbon, China, Kweichou. See Cbenulng<choa. 
 
 Cblnnock, East, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div. , 3^ m. WSW. 
 Yeovil, P.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Cblnnock, >Iiddle, eccles. par. , 2 m. to the W. by S. P. < 250. 
 
 Cblnnock, West, par., adjoining Middle C. on the W., P.O. 
 P. <75o. See Cblselborougb. 
 
 Cbtnnor, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 16 m. E. by 
 S. Oxford, on a branch of the G. W. R., PM.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cblnon, tn., France, dep. Indre et Loire, on the Vienne, 26 
 m. SW. by W. Tours, cap. arr., with imposing ruins of an 
 ancient royal fortress, the favourite residence of Henry II. and 
 Richard CcEur de Lion. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cblnooks, an Indian tribe, Brit. Colimibia. They give 
 name to the mongrel dialect, containing English, French, and 
 Indian elements, used as a lingua franca in British Columbia 
 and the adjoining parts of the United States by whites, Chinese, 
 and Indians in their intercourse with one another. 
 
 Chinook Winds. See Fbhn. 
 
 Clilno Val, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Yavapai co., 176 m. 
 SE. by S. from the NW. comer of the state. 
 
 Chins, tribe, Indo-China. See Bnrms. 
 
 Chlnsiurah, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal Presidency, dist. and on 
 the r. bk. of the Huglf, now included within the Hugli muni- 
 cipality. The Dutch held the place from the 17th century till 
 1825. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Chlntamanl-pet, tn. , India, Mysore, 44 m. NE. Bangalore. 
 P. 5100. 
 
 Cblntlng-fn, tn., China, prov. PechiU, 149 m. SW. Peking, 
 near the frontier of Shansi. 
 332 
 
 Chlnn, tn. , Colombia, dep. Bolivar, 95 m. S. by E. Carta- 
 gena. Immense treasure found here by Heredia. P. (includ- 
 ing dist. ) 8000. 
 
 Chlnnr, tn., India, Haidarabad, 165 m. S. by E. Nagpur, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Goddvari, a few miles above the confluence 
 of the Prinhita. 
 
 Cblnyauga, vil., E. equatorial Africa, 100 m. NE. Tabora, 
 in the German sphere of influence. 
 
 Chlnynau-fu, China. See Chenynan-fn. 
 
 Chloggla, fishing tn. , Italy, Venetia, in the S. of the Venice 
 lagoon, prov. and 15 m. S. Venice, built on piles, seat of a 
 bishop. P. 27,000. 
 
 Chlongo, isl., Africa, in the estuary of the Congo, in the 
 middle of the stream, below Boma. 
 
 Clilos, isl. , Asiatic Turkey. See Kblo. 
 
 Chlpa'ta, mt. , S. Africa, Nyassa-land, 30 m. W. Lake Nyassa, 
 just S. of 13" S. Alt. 4000 ft. 
 
 Chlperoue, mt. , Brit. Nyassa-land, S. of the Milanji Mts. , 
 in 16° 40' S. , 35° 56' E. Alt. 7000 ft 
 
 Cblpe-nyan, Canada. See Fort ChlppeTvayan. 
 
 Chlplona, tn. , SW. ct. Spain, prov. Cadiz, 15 m. W. by N. 
 Jerez. P. <4ooo. 
 
 CblplUn, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Ratndgiri, 75 m. 
 SSW. Poona. P. 11,700; Hindus, 8400. 
 
 Chippenham, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, div. and 4 m. N. by E. 
 Newmarket, 3 m. E. Fordham stn. , PMT. O. ; 4301 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Cblppeubam, mun. bor. (since 1554 ; till 1885 also a pari, 
 bor.), market-tn., and par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 
 12 m. NE. by E. Bath, on the G. W. R. (junction for Calne). 
 Its manufactures of silk and woollen (broadcloth) have declined, 
 but the town is one of the largest marts for cheese in the king- 
 dom, and has a large condensed milk factory and a bacon 
 factory. In the days of Alfred the Great the treaty with the 
 Danish leader Guthrum, by which the invaders finally agreed 
 to quit the kingdom, was signed here. Market-day, F. Par. 
 6489 ac, P. 5400; bor. P. < 5000. 
 
 Chippenham, or XW. DIt., pari, div., in the NW. of Wilt- 
 shire, Eng. P. (1891) 44,400. 
 
 Cblpperfleld, eccles. par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, Watford div. , 
 ^\ m. WSW. St. Albans, 2 m. W. Kings Langley stn., PM.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Chippewa, port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Welland co., on 
 W. bk. of R. Niagara, at the mouth of the Welland, 18 m. 
 NW. by N. Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chippewa, co., U.S., Michigan, in the extreme N., on Lake 
 Superior and St. Mary's R. 
 
 Chippewa, co., U.S., Minnesota, bounded on the S. by the 
 Minnesota R. , crossed by 45° N. , and in extreme NW. by 96° W. 
 
 Chippewa, riv., U.S., Wisconsin, in the W., it rises in the 
 N. of the state in the Penokee Iron Range, and flows SSW. 
 past Chippewa Falls to the Mississippi, which it joins on the 
 1. bk. , a little to the W. of 92° W. ; navigable to Eau Claire. 
 
 Chippewa, co., U.S., Wisconsin, in the W. , crossed in the 
 S. by 45° N. , and in the E. by 91° W. 
 
 Chippewa Falls, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Chippewa co., on 
 the Chippewa R., 85 m. E. St. Paul (Minn.). P. (^i88o)<400o; 
 (1890) 8700. 
 
 Chippewa Indian Keservatlon, U.S. , Minnesota, Cass co., 
 in the N. , traversed from W. to E. by the upper part of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Chlppewas, or Ojlbways, Indian tribe, U.S., inhabiting 
 several reservations in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and 
 on both sides of the basin of Lake Superior. 
 
 Chlppewayan Fort. See Fort Chlppewayan. 
 
 Chipping, ' a place of merchandise,' from Anglo-Saxon ceapan, 
 ' to buy.' 
 
 Chipping, par., Eng., Lancashire, Darwen div., 7^ m. W. 
 by N. Clitheroe, 4 m. NNE. Longridge stn. , PM. O. ; 5634 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Chipping Bamet, par. , Eng. See Barnet. 
 
 Chipping Campden, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Gloucester- 
 shire, Cirencester div., 8 m. ESE. Evesham, with a stn. (Camp* 
 den) on the G. W. R., PMT.O. (Campden). Market-day, W. 
 4699 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Chipping Hill, Roman camp, Eng., Essex, div. and 6 m. 
 NNW. Maldon, close to Witham Junction, PM.O. 
 
 Chlpplughnrst, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Headington union. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Chipping Xorton, mim. bor. (incorporated under James I.), 
 Eng. , Oxfordshire, Banbury div. , lo^ m. NW. Woodstock, with 
 stns. (C. Bf. and C. M. Junction) on the G. W. R. ; has large 
 woollen and tweed factories, and carries on glove making. A 
 common of about 80 ac. is used as a recreation grotmd. Chip- 
 ping Norton June. , a stn. 5 m. SW. Market-day, W. P. <45oo. 
 
 Chipping Ongar, mai°ket-tn. and par., Eng., Essex, Epping 
 div. , on the Roothing, 9 m. NNE. Romford, with a stn. (Ongar) 
 on the G. E. R. Market-day, S. P. < 1000. 
 
 Chipping Sodbnry, market-tn. and par., Eng., Gloucester- 
 shire, Thorn bury div., 11 m. NE. by E. Bristol, 2 m. E. Yate 
 June. P. <. 1500. 
 
 \ 
 
C H I P — C H I T 
 
 Chipping Warden, par. , Eng. , S. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 6 m. NNE. Banbury, 3 m. SSW. Morton Pinkney stn., P.O. 
 P. -<5oo. 
 
 Chipping Wycombe, Eng. See Wycombe. 
 
 Chlpstable, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 10 m. 
 NNE. Tiverton, 3^ m. W. Wiveliscombe stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Chlpstead, vil., Eng., Kent, 2J m. NW. Sevenoaks, PMT.O. 
 See Chepstead. 
 
 Chlpstead, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 4J m. NE. by N. 
 Reigate, 3 m. N. Merstham stn., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Chlpnmpalle, tn., Brit. India, Madras, E. ct. dist. and 19 
 m. SW. by W. Vizagapatam. P. < 5000. 
 
 Chlpntnetlcook Lakes, on the border of Canada, New 
 Brunswick, and Maine, U.S., drained by the R. St. Croix into 
 the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 Chlqnlmnla, city. Central America, the most ancient in the 
 E. of Guatemala, cap. dep. C, 64 m. E. by N. Guatemala; 
 destroyed by earthquake in 1773. P. 3000. 
 
 Chlqnlnqnlra, tn., S. America, Colombia, Santander, 80 m. 
 N. by E. Bogota. P. 18,000. 
 
 Chlqnlta, 9Iar, Argentine Republic. See Mar Chlqnlta. 
 
 Cniquito, ' small. ' See Chico. 
 
 Chlqnlt08, Indian tribe, En. Bolivia, giving name to a prov. 
 
 Chlra, isl., Central America, in the Gulf of Nicoya, in the 
 W. of Costa Rica. 
 
 Chlra, tn., central Asia, E. Turkistan, 41 m. E. by S. 
 Khotan. The Takla MakAn or Gobi Desert skirts the vegeta- 
 tion at the distance of 3 m. N. Alt. 4500 ft. P. about 40,000. 
 
 Chlrakchl, tn. , Bukhara, 54 m. SSW. Samarkand. 
 
 Chlrala, large vil. , Brit. Nyassa-land, on 1. bk. Shire, in 16° S. 
 
 Chlr<Ua, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Kistna, 74 m. W. by 
 S. Masulipatam. P. 10,600 ; Hindus, 10,000. 
 
 Chlrdwa, tn., India, Rdjputdna, 100 m. W. by S. Delhi. 
 P. 5500. 
 
 Chlrbnry, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 6 m. S. by E. 
 Welshpool, 3I m. E. Montgomery stn., with barytas mines, 
 PMT.O. ; 11,317 ac. P.<:i5oo. 
 
 Chlrchlk, riv., Russian Tiykistan, r. bk. trib. of Syr-Daria ; 
 made by the confluence of Chotkal and Pskem. Flows SW., 
 watering the plain of Tashkend by its numerous canals, and 
 joins the Angren before entering the Syr, 40 m. SW. of 
 Tashkend. 
 
 Chlrdon, par., Eng., Northumberland, Bellingham union; 
 6516 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Chlre, tn., S. America, Colombia, Boyaca, on the Chire, 150 
 m. NE. by E. Bogota. 
 
 Chlrgat-clio, lake, Tibet ; same as Chargat-cho. 
 
 Chlrl-Chlrl, bay, Colombia, in the S. of the Gulf of Cupica. 
 
 Chlrlguana, tn. , S. America, Colombia, Magdalena, 150 m. 
 SE. by E. Cartagena. 
 
 Chirlgnanos, tribe of Indians in the S. of Bolivia, in the 
 plains E. of the Andes ; allied to the Tupiguarani tribe. 
 
 Chlrlqnl, prov., riv., lagoon, and archipelago of Central 
 America, state of Panama, in the U.S. of Colombia. The 
 river, after a N. course, enters the lagoon, which is separated 
 from the Caribbean Sea by the archipelago in 9° N. , 82° 30' E. 
 The C. lagoon is a spacious bay with three entrances, the Boca 
 del Drago (Dragon's mouth) and Boca del Toro (Bull's mouth) 
 on each side of the Isla del Drago (in the NW. ), and the Boca 
 del Tigre (Tiger's mouth), the widest of the three, in the E. The 
 lagoon is capable of containing ships of the largest class. It 
 extends along the coast about 90 m., and 40 to 50 m. inland. 
 
 Chlrlvel, riv. , Spain. See 8angonera. 
 
 Chirk, par., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., 5J m. SE. by E. 
 Llangollen, on the G. W. R., with slate-quarries and coal-mines, 
 PMT.O. Market-day, S. 4773 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Chlrknt, sulphur mine, Russia, Caucasia, govt. Daghestan, 
 dist. Andi. 
 
 Chlrmen, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 17 m. W. by 
 N. Adrianople. 
 
 Clilrnside, par. and vil., Scot., Berwickshire, 5I m. E. by N. 
 Duns, I m. E. by S. of its stn. on the N. B. R. Par. 5553 ac, 
 P. < 1500 ; vil. P. < 1000. 
 
 Chlro'mo, or Chilo'mo, vil., Brit. S. Africa, Nyassaland, on 
 a healthy site free from marshes, at the confluence of the Shire 
 and Ruo, at the head of steam navigation on the Shire. It is 
 proposed to make a road from this point to Zomba. 
 
 Chironieo, vil., Switzd. , cant. Ticino, on the R. Ticino, 
 13 m. SE. by E. Airolo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Chlroiijl, or Chlronzl, tn., Portuguese E. Africa, Bororo 
 Land, on the Shire, 81 m. S. by E. Blantyre. 
 
 Chlro>ve, vil., Portuguese E. Africa, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Loangwa, in 14° 40' S. , 29° 46' E., 73 m. NNW. Zumbo. 
 
 Chlrpan, Chlrpllii, tns., Bulgaria. See Clrpan, jfjirpllii. 
 
 Chlrra Poonjee. See Cherra Pnnji. 
 
 Chlrton, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Devizes div. , 14 m. E. Trow- 
 bridge, 3 m. WSW. Woodborough stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Chlrton, par., Eng., Northumberland, in par. of Tvnemouth, 
 P.O. P. 13,100. 
 
 Chlrundnmusla, French Algerian Roman Catholic mission 
 
 stn., Brit. Central Africa, in the Mambwe country, about mid- 
 way between the head of Lake Nyassa and the S. end of Lake 
 Tanganyika. 
 
 Chlruve, range of hills, Portuguese E. Africa, crossed by 
 the railway to Chimoyo, about 30 m. from Fontesvilla. 
 
 Chlrwa, lake, Brit. Central Africa. See Chllwa. 
 
 Chl'sago, CO., U.S., Minnesota, on the St. Croix R. (E. 
 frontier), S. of parallel 46°. 
 
 Chiselborne, P.O., Eng., Dorsetshire, near Dorchester. 
 
 Chiselborongh, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 5J m. W. by 
 S. Yeovil. P. <:soo; eccles. par. (C. fvlth West Chlnnock) 
 P.<7So. 
 
 Chlseldon, stn. , Eng. See Chlsledon. 
 
 Chlsenbnry, hamlet, Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 14^ m. 
 N. Salisbury, 5 m. S. by E. Woodborough stn. Near it is a cir- 
 cular earthwork called C. Camp. 
 
 Chlshall, Great, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 7^ m. W. 
 Saffron Walden, 4J m. ESE. Roystcn stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Chlshall, Little, par., i m. S. Great C. P. <2So. See 
 Hey don. 
 
 Chishlma, Japanese name of Kurile Is. 
 
 Chlsledon, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade div., 4 m. SE. by 
 S. Swindon, v«th a stn. (Cliiseldon) on the M. & SW. June. R., 
 P.O. ; 4917 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Clilslehampton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, 6 m. NW. Abing- 
 don, on the Thame. P. <:25o; eccles. par. (C. with Stad- 
 hampton) P. <5oo. 
 
 Clilslehurst, or Chiselhurst ( ' the thicket at the sand-bank ' ), 
 par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., 5J m. S. Woolwich, i m. E. of 
 its stn. on the SE. R. At Camden Place, near C. , the Emperor 
 Napoleon III. died in exile, Jan. 1873 ; his tomb is in a side 
 chapel added to St. Mary's Catholic Chtirch. P. 6600. 
 
 Clilslett, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 6 m. NE. 
 Canterbury, i m. NW. Grove Ferry stn., PT.O. (Chislet) ; 
 6807 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chlstopol, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 90 m. SE. of Kazan, 
 on 1. bk. of Kama ; trade in corn. P. 24,800. 
 
 Chlsnmula, small isl., about the middle of Lake Nyassa, 
 Brit. Central Africa, W. of Likoma L, just S. of 12° S.; Uni- 
 versities mission stn. 
 
 Chiswell, PM.O., Eng., i m. from Fortuneswell, Dorset- 
 shire, I. of Portland. 
 
 Chisivlck (' sandy bay '), par. and tn., Eng., Middlesex, 
 EaUng div., on the 1. bk. of the Thames, 7 m. W. by S. St. 
 Paul's, London, on the L. & SW. R. (C. and Grove Park), 
 with another stn. (C. Park and Acton Green) on the District 
 Rly. P. 22,000; eccles. par. (C. trlth Tnruliam Green) P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Chlsworth, part of par. , Eng. , Derbyshire. See Lnd'worth. 
 
 Chita, tn. , Colombia, Boyaci, 74^ m. NE. Tunja, on the W. 
 side of a snow-covered range (Sierra), on the other side of 
 which is the important mine of rock-salt known as Salina. 
 
 Chita, tn. , Russia, En. Siberia, cap. of Transbaikalia terr. , 
 585 m. E. of Irkutsk, on Chita R. , near its junction with Ingoda. 
 Founded in 1851 for administrative purposes. Spot from which 
 the supplies for the military forces on the Amur are shipped 
 every year when the spring high water renders the Ingoda navi- 
 gable. P. 7000. 
 
 Chltabc, French Congo Terr. See Konknatl. 
 
 Chltaldrtig, tn., India, Mysore, 73 m. SW. by S. Bellary, 
 cap. C. dist., stands at the NE. base of a cluster of hills covered 
 with extensive fortifications. The cantonments are abandoned 
 on account of their unhealthiness. P. 5000. See Mysore. 
 
 Chitalwana, tn., India, Rdjputdna, on the Luni, 128 m. 
 SW. Jodhpur. 
 
 Chltambo's, vil. , Brit. S. Africa, totheSE. of Lake Bangweolo, 
 in about 12° 16' S., 30° 26' E. , where Livingstone died May i, 
 1873. In 1892 C. vil. was about 20 m. WNW., at an alt. 
 of 3764 ft. (Thomson in Geog. Jour., 1. p. 109). 
 
 Chitarkot, hill and place of pilgrimage, Brit. India, NW. 
 Provs., Banda dist., 71 m. SW. Allahabad. 
 
 Chltawan, tn., Nepdl, 50 m. W. by S. Khdtmandu. 
 
 Cliltete, vil., Ger. E. Africa, in 9° 13' S., 33° 11' E. 
 
 Chit Firozpnr, tn., Brit. India. P. 10,700; Hindus, 9800. 
 See Barag;^ou. 
 
 Chlthnrst, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., on the Rother, 
 iii m. N. Chichester, 2 m. NE. Elsted stn. P. -csoo. Sej 
 Iping. 
 
 Chltlgnano, comm., Italy, prov. and dist. Arezzo, with 
 sulphur springs. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Chltor, tn., India, Rajputdna, 108 m. S. Ajmere, in native 
 state of Udaipur. The fort Chltorgarh stands on a long 
 narrow hill of solid rock, and vrithin its entire top covered 
 with the ruins of temples, palaces, and reservoirs. P. 7000. 
 
 Chitradnrg, India. See Chitaldrlig. 
 
 Chltral, 1. bk. trib. of the Kabul R. Its longest headstream, 
 the Yarkhun, issues from a small lake close to the source of 
 the Karambar, about 36° 50' N. , 74° 5' E. , flows W. then SW. past 
 the towns of Mastuj, Chitral, and Asmar {q.v.), takes the name 
 of Chitral or Kashkar R., and finally that of Kunar, entering 
 
 333 
 
CHIT — CHOL 
 
 the Kabul a little below Jalalibid. The N. part of the valley, 
 which has little level ground, communicates northwards with 
 the Pamirs by the Baroghil Pass, and eastwards by the Tui 
 Pass (16,000 ft.) leading from Mastuj to Yasin and Gilghit. See 
 Geog. Jour., I. pp. 51-3, and the authorities there referred 
 to, also map, Proc. R. G. S. , 1879, p. 160. 
 
 Cbltral, state occupying the whole of the C. valley above 
 the state of Asmar ; cap. C. , a group of vils. in an expansion 
 of the valley in about 35° 50' N. , at an alt. of about 5000 ft. 
 P. (of state) 150-200,000. See references at Chitral R. 
 
 Cblttae, one of the Laccadive Is., Indian Ocean, 155 m. 
 SW. Mangalore. 
 
 Cblttagong, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, a few miles above the 
 mouth of the Kamaphuli, 130 m. SE. Dacca. The port has 
 a bar with 22-24 ft- water over it at high water in ordinary 
 spring tides. Exports rice, jute, gftuiny, and tea. The export 
 trade steadily increasing, and already exceeds ^^i, 000,000 in 
 value ; import trade trifling. Alt. 87 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 76° 
 F. , Jan. 67°, May 82°; rainfall, yr. 105.8 in., June — Sept. 80.6 
 in. P. (1891)24,100; Hindus, 6300; Mohara. 16,800. 
 
 Chlttagong, dist., Brit. India, a long narrow strip of coast, 
 backed by low ranges of hills, between the Bay of Bengal and 
 the C. and Arakan Hill Tracts. Ceded to the East India 
 Company in 1760, and very imhealthy, with every form of 
 malarious disease. Average breadth about 15 m. See Bengal. 
 
 CUttagong Hill Tracts, dist, Brit. India, in the C. div. 
 of Bengal ; divided into four valleys by its four chief rivs. , the 
 Pheni, Karnaphuli, Sangu, and Matamuri. Presents a general 
 aspect of hill, ravine, and cliff, covered with a tangled mass 
 of dense tree, bush, and creeper jtmgle. The majority of the 
 popiilation are either Chakmas or Maghs, both races Buddhists. 
 Elephants are met with in large numbers ; the rhinoceros and 
 tiger are common, also the boa-constrictor, often of enormous 
 size. The climate is cool, but imhealthy to strangers, though 
 natives thrive. Largest viL Bandarban. See Beugal, table. 
 
 Cblttambalam, tn. , Brit. India, See Chllambaram. 
 
 CMttenan'go, viL, U.S., New York, Madison co. , 15 m. E. 
 Syracuse. P. < 1500. 
 
 CMttenden, co., U.S., Vermont, in the NW., crossed by 
 445'' X. , bounded on the W. by Lake Champlain. 
 
 Cbltterne All Saints and CUtteme St. Mary, two adjoin- 
 ing pars. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Westbury div. , 13 m. SE. Trowbridge, 
 3§ m. NE. Codford stn., P.O. C. All Saints, 4449 ac, P. < 
 500 ; C. St. Mary, P. <250. 
 
 Cblttlsliam, stn. , Eng. , Cambridge, on the G. E. R. , near Ely. 
 See Cbettlsbam. 
 
 Chlttlebambolt, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molt on div., 
 9^ m. SE. by S. Barnstaple, i^ m. ENE. Portsmouth Arms 
 stn., P.O. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Cblttleliampton, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 
 7 m. SE. Barnstaple, 2^ m. NE. Umberleigh stn., P.O. ; 
 5954 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 CMttoe, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes tmion. P. <2^o. 
 
 Chlttor, tns. , India. See Chltor and CUttor. 
 
 Chlttiir, or Chlttor, Brit. India, Madras, cap. dist. N. 
 Arcot, 80 m. W. by N. Madras. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 cutter, tn., India, Madras, state Cochin, 24 m. SW. by S. 
 Coimbatore. P. (1875) 11,100. 
 
 Chlnng-clion, tn. , China, Siichwan. See Klnng-cbou. 
 
 Chiusa, Italian (Latin, clausa), 'shut in.' 
 
 Chlosa di Peslo, comm. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 7^ m. 
 SE. Cuneo, on the EUero. P. 6000. 
 
 Cblosa, Iia, a defile, N. Italy. See Val Cblusa. 
 
 Clilnsa, comm. , Sicily, prov. and 31 m. S. by W. Palermo. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Clilnsdlno, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 16^ m. SW. 
 Siena. P. 4000. 
 
 CUusl, the ancient Clusium Novum, Italy, Tuscany, prov. 
 Siena, 32 m. WSW. Perugia ; bishopric ; wvCa. an interesting 
 museum of Etruscan antiquities derived from well-preserved 
 Etruscan tombs in the neighbourhood. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ciiluta, lake, S. Africa. See Lnjenda R., also Proc. 
 R. G. S., 1888, p. 31. 
 
 ChlTa, tn. , Spain, prov. and 17 m. W. by S. Valencia. P. 5100. 
 
 Cblvasso, comm., Italy, Piedmont, on the Po, prov. and 13 
 m. NE. Turin. It was stormed and taken by the French, Oct. 
 18, 1804. Here are the remains of the palace of the Marquis de 
 Montferrat. It is celebrated for its lampreys. P. 9000. 
 
 dilTelstone, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 10 m. 
 SW. by S. Dartmouth, P.O. P. <5oo. See Stockenliam. 
 
 ClilTCSfleld, vil. , Eng., Hertfordshire. See Clraveley. 
 
 ChlTllcoy, tn., Argentine Republic, prov. and 109 m. W. 
 Buenos Aires. P. 11,000 (many Italians and Basques). 
 
 Cblwagnlu, vil. , Portuguese E. Africa, in 12° 38' S. , 35° 15' E. 
 
 CUfiranga, vil. , Portuguese £. Africa, on the L bk. of the 
 Shire, in 17° 10' S. 
 
 Cbl-ye-hu, tn., China, prov. Hupe, on the r. bk. of the 
 Yangtse-kiang, 17 m. SW. by S. Hankow. 
 
 Chlzberka, tn. , Russia, suburb of Voronezh, on Voronezh R. 
 P. 6700. 
 
 334 
 
 Cbkadnasbl, vil., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 40 m. 
 NW. Kutais, dist. Zugdidi. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cblorydornies, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Gasp6 co., 27 
 m. from Fox R. 
 
 CUumetz, or Chlnmec nad Cldllnon, comm., Austria, 
 Bohemia, on R. Cidlina, 15 m. WSW. Koniggratz. Near it the 
 Austrians were defeated by the Prussians, July 3, 1866. P. <40oo. 
 
 €luulelnl]£, tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 18 m. S. Kielce 
 (112 m. SSW. Warsaw). Woollen cloth manufactures, dye- 
 works. Battle with Tartars in 1241. P. 7950. 
 
 Cho, or Tso, Tibetan, 'water,' 'lake.' 
 
 Cboapa, Rio de, riv., Chile, flows WNW. from the Andes, 
 on the border of pro vs. Aconcagua and Coquimbo, entering 
 the Pacific below Asiento in about 31° 36' S. Length, 99 m. ; 
 area of basin, 3694 sq. m. ; discharge, 180 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Cboapan, tn. , Mexico, Oaxaca, 87 m. N. by W. Tehuantepec. 
 
 Cbobanlar, tn., Asia Minor, on the Black Sea, 8 m. S. by 
 W. Sinope. 
 
 Choaspes, riv. , Persia, See Kerkba. 
 
 Chobe, riv. , S. Africa, called near its source Kwando, in its 
 lower course linyantl, rises, according to Serpa Pinto, in a' 
 marsh in 12° 59' S. , 18° 58' E. , at an alt. of 4465 ft. , flows SE. 
 then E. into the Zambezi, r. bk., which it joins in about 17° 49' 
 N., 25° 20' E. Its course has not been fully explored, but it is 
 reported to form a waterway about 600 m. long from near its 
 source to its mouth. Its lower (easterly) course, where it spreads 
 in certain seasons over a wide area of lowlands, forms part of 
 the frontier between the German and English spheres of influ- 
 ence in this part of Africa, 
 
 Cbobbam, par. , Eng. , Surrey, Chertsey div. , 8 m. N. by W. 
 Guildford, 2^ m. NW. Woking stn. , PMT.O. ; 9579ac. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Cbobbam Ridges, range of hills, Eng., 4 m. W. Chobham, 
 Svurey, nmning N. and S. , belonging to the Upper Bagshot beds 
 and commanding extensive prospects. Highest summit, 400 ft. 
 
 Cbobo, viL , Tongking, on the He-ho or Black R. , about the 
 place where it turns N. ; navigation here interrupted by a barrage 
 of rocks. 
 
 Cbocaya, Gran, tn., W. Bolivia, dep. Potosi, on a trib. of 
 the Pilcomayo basin; a decayed village, which in the 17th 
 century had a pop. of 60,000. Its silver-mines are still worked, 
 but the noted tin- mines are deserted. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cbo-cbon, tn. , China, Pechili. See Tso>cboa. 
 
 Cboco, tn. , Venezuela, Bolivia, 205 m. S. of the SW. point of 
 the I. of Trinidad. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Cboco, name of the northern part of the State of Cauca, 
 Colombia, between the Andes and the Pacific coast. The 
 Babia del C. is a bay on the W. ct. , in about 3° 45' N. 
 
 Cbocolate Mountains, mts. , U.S. , California, San Diego co. , 
 trending NW. and SE. in extreme SE. part of state. 
 
 Cboctavr, co. , U.S., Alabama, on W. frontier, intersected in 
 middle by 32° N. , and bounded on E. by Tombigby R. 
 
 Cboctaw, CO. , U. S. , Mississippi, N. of 33° N. , and W. of 89° W. 
 
 Cboctaws, or Cbabtas, Indian tribe, U.S. , formerly occupied 
 the S. of Mississippi and W. of Alabama ; now settled in Indian 
 Territory {q.v.). 
 
 Cbodau, comm. , Bohemia, 6 m. W. by N. Karlsbad. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Cbodzlesen, Ger. See Kolmar (in Posen). 
 
 Cboele-Cboel, large isl. , formed by two arms of the Rio 
 Negro, Argentine Republic, about the middle of its covirse ; 
 rich soil Also the name of a village on the Rio Negro, about 
 the lower end of this island. 
 
 Cboga, viL , Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 38 m. NW. of 
 Kutais, dist. Zugdidi. P. 2000. 
 
 Cbogo, a vast Himalayan glacier, beyond the Indus, descend- 
 ing about 25 m. SE. from about 36° N. , 75° E. 
 
 Choln, Locb, small lake, Scot., W. Perthshire, 6 m. N. by 
 E. of the foot of Loch Rannoch, drained E. into the Garry. 
 
 Cbolsenl, Port, Madagascar. See Port Cbolsenl. 
 
 Cbolsenl, isL, in the S. Pacific, one of the Solomon group, 
 in 7° S., 157° E., 90 m. long NE. to SW., 24 m. broad. 
 
 Cbolsenl, tn., W. Indies, on SW. ct. of St. Lucia. 
 
 Cbolsy-sur-Selne, or Cbolsy-le-Rol, comm. , France, dep. 
 Seine, on the Seine, b\ m. SSE. Notre Dame, Paris, with 
 manufactures of cloth, glass-wares, porcelain, &c. P. 8100. 
 
 Cbokalzan, sometimes called Torlno-nnilyama, volcano, 
 near W. ct. of Honshiu, Japan, in 39° 4' N., afibrding a very 
 extensive view. First eruption in 861 A. D. Alt. 7075 ft. 
 
 Cbokeday, tn., China, Formosa I., on the E. ct., 68 m. S. 
 by W. Kilung. 
 
 Cbokbam, a lake in the Himalayas in Chumbi, immediately 
 S. of the Chola Pass, on the frontier of Sikkim. Alt. about 
 16,000 ft. Proc. R. G. S., 1881, pp. 327-8. 
 
 Cbokondo (Tungus Sokhondo, or Tsokondo), mt, E. Iberia, 
 Transbaikalia; highest smnmit of Stanovoi Mts. Alt. about 
 8500 ft. 
 
 Cbol, riv., Manchuria, flows SE. into the Nonni, which it 
 enters in about 46^° N. 
 
 Cbol, great desert plain, Mesopotamia, on both sides of the 
 Tigris, but chiefly on the r. bk. below Mosul. 
 
p 
 
 CHOL — CHOU 
 
 Cbola (in Asoka's inscriptions Chora, the Chorai of Ptolemy, 
 and Sora of Pliny), an ancient div. of Dravidian India, mainly 
 between the rivs. Cauvery and S. Penner (Madras Presidency), 
 the kings of which in the nth century overran the whole 
 country down to Cape Comorin. 
 
 Chola Honntalns, a range of the Himalayas on the E. 
 frontier of Sikkim, between that terr. and the Chambi Valley. 
 Pruc. R. G. S., 1 88 1, Map, p. 384. 
 
 Ctaola Pass, India, Sikkim, on the E. frontier leading into 
 Tibet, alongside €. Lake, in 27° 27' N., 88° 53' E. Alt. about 
 15,000 ft. Proc. R. G. S., 1881, p. 327. 
 
 Cbolderton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., on the 
 Bourne, 10 m. NE. by N. Salisbury, 3J m. W. Grateley stn. , 
 PT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cbolen, Cochin China. See Cholon. 
 
 Cholesbnry, par. , Eng. , Buckingham. See Cltonlesbnry. 
 
 Cbolla-do, or Cbella«do, prov. , in SW. of Korea. See Do. 
 
 Cbolet, or C'bollet, tn., France, dep. Maine et Loire, on the 
 Moine, 33 m. SW. by S. Angers. Manufactures of fine woollen 
 and mixed cloths (the challies deriving name from this town); 
 cap. arr. C. P. 13,100. 
 
 Northumberland, on the N. B. R. , 
 
 Northumberland, div. and 5 m. N. 
 ; 14,149 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ardeche, 41 m. N. by W. 
 P. <300o. 
 , Siam, on the Mekong, 157 
 
 Cbollerford, stn. , Eng. 
 near Hexham. 
 
 Cbollerton, par., Eng., 
 Hexham, on the N. B. R. 
 
 €bolIet. See Cbolet. 
 
 Cbolmondeley (chum'li), par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury 
 div., 7 m. W. Nantwich, 4J m. ESE. Broxton stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Cbolnioudestoue, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 4 
 m. NNW. Nantwich. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cbolo, mt., Brit. Nyassaland, in S. of Shire Highlands. 
 
 Cbolon, or Cbolen, tn., French Cochin China, 4 m. W. 
 Saigon, on one of the branches of R. Saigon, traversed by 
 numerous canals. Founded in 1778 by Chinese emigrants from 
 Bien-hoa and Mytho. P. 42,000. 
 
 Cbolsey, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, div. and 9 m. SE. Abingdon, 2 
 m. S. by W. Wallin^ford, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. ; 4438 ac. 
 
 P. <2500. . 
 
 Cbolala, tn., Mexico, state and 3 m. W. Puebla, in a plain 
 every foot of which, at the time of the conquest of Cortes, when 
 it was the second city of Anahuac, was carefully irrigated and 
 cultivated; noted for its pyramid [teocalli), the largest known 
 in Mexico. Alt. 7500 ft. P. 6000. 
 
 Cbolnteca, tn.. Central America, Honduras, 68 m. S. Tegu- 
 cigalpa, cap. dep. C, which fronts the Bay of Fonseca. 
 
 Cboiuen, lake, E. Africa, in about 9° 22' N., 37° 11' E., of 
 varying dimensions, drying up in the dry season to about 4 m. 
 long by 4 m. wide. 
 
 Cboiu^rac, tn., France, dep. 
 Orange, 4 m. SE. by E. Privas. 
 
 Cbonipasak, or Bassak, tn, 
 m. SW. Hu6. 
 
 Cboni Yuldnz, valley. See Ynldnz. 
 
 Cbona, riv. , E. Siberia, govt. Yakutsk, r. bk. trib. of upper 
 Vilyui. Iron ores and coal on its banks. 
 
 Cbona- Jong, fortified town and monastery, Tibet, in about 
 28" N., 91° 57' E., a place carrying on a considerable trade 
 with Assam. P. 6000. Jour. R. G. S., iSyy, p. 118. 
 
 Cbondon, riv., NE. Siberia, enters Arctic Ocean under 71° 
 15' N. , 138" 50' E. , 270 m. 
 
 Cbones, tn. , S. America, Ecuador, 103 m. W. by S. Quito. 
 
 Cboug-cbou, tn. , China, Honan. See Cbtug-cbon. 
 
 Cboug-jD, tn., Korea, 120m. WNW. Won-san, in 39° 40' N. 
 
 Cbjingpbyoug, or Cbengpyeug, populous tn., Korea, near 
 the E. ct. , in 39° 41' N. 
 
 Cboug-ye, former name of Kan-chou {t/.v.), China. 
 
 Cbon-ju, tn. , Korea, 105 m. WNW. Fusan. 
 
 Cbonos Arcbipelago, isl. group off the W. ct. of Chile, 
 between 44° and 46° S. , 74° and 75° W. Some of the islands 
 are large, but all, except a few outlying ones westward, are 
 bare, and very scantily inhabited. 
 
 Cboutales, dep., Central America, Nicaragua, E. of Lake 
 Nicaragua ; cap. Acoyapa. 
 
 Cboo-keang, or Cbn-kiang. See Canton Uiver. 
 
 Cbooroo, India. See CbikrA. 
 
 Cbopplngton, eccles. dist. and vil. , Eng. , Northumberland, 
 near Morpeth, on the NE. R., PMT.O. P. <45oo. 
 
 Cbopra, or Cbopda (census), tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. 
 Khandesh, 105 m. SSW. Indore. P. 15,700 ; Hindus, 11,900. 
 
 Cboptank River, U.S. See Tackaboe. 
 
 Cbopwell, par., Eng., Durham, 9 m. SW. Gateshead. P, < 
 2500. 
 
 Cbora, tn. , in the E. of the I. of Samos, seat of a bishop. 
 
 Cbora, tn. , India, Bombay Pres. , Kdthiiwar, dist. Jhildwdr. 
 P. 5100. 
 
 Cborak, tn., Asia Minor, prov. Adana, on a hill on the 1. bk. 
 of the Anamur, close to the port of Anamur. P. <2oco. 
 
 Cborassan, prov. , Persia. See Kborassan and Persia. 
 
 Cborazln, place named in N. T. See Kerazeb. 
 
 Cborba, tn., Asia Minor, prov. and 23^ m. N. Angora; 
 much frequented mineral waters. 
 
 Cborbat, dist. of Baltistan or Little Tibet (Kashmir), to the 
 E. of Leh. 
 
 Cborbat La, pass, India, Kashmir, about 75 m. NW. by 
 W. Leh, by which one crosses from the lower end of the 
 Ladakh valley above the gorges of the Indus, to the valley 
 of the Shayok on the route to Baltistan. Alt. 16,700 ft. 
 
 Cborges, tn., France, dep. Hautes Alpes, 52 m. SE. by S. 
 Grenoble, 11 m. E. Gap. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cborlllos, watering-place, Peru. See Cborrlllos. 
 
 Chorion, Greek, 'village.' 
 
 Cborley, par. and tn. , Eng. , Cheshire, Knutsford div. , 8 m. 
 SSW. Stockport. P. < 2500. The eccles. par. of C. St. Pblllp 
 is also called Alderley Edge. 
 
 Cborley, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 5 m. W. by 
 S. Nantwich. P. <25o. 
 
 Cborley, mun. bor. (since 1881), market-tn., and par. , Eng., 
 Lancashire, Chorley div., ■j\ m. N. Wigan, on the L. & Y. R. 
 The cotton trade is the staple trade of the town, which has also 
 large bleaching and calico-printing works, railway- waggon, floor- 
 cloth, works, and iron-foundries. The locaUty abounds in 
 coal, stone, and water. Market-days, Tu. and S. P. (1801) 
 4500; (1871) 16,900; (1891) 23,100; pari. div. P. 67,900. 
 
 Cborley, vil. , Eng. , Staftbrdshire. See Farewell. 
 
 Cborley Wood, eccles. dist., Eng., on the SW. border of 
 Hertfordshire, on the Metropolitan Rly., 10^ m. E. by N. 
 High Wycombe (Bucks.), PMT.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Cborlton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Nantwich union, subdist. 
 Crewe. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cborlton, par. , Eng. , co. and 12 m. SSE. Chester. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cborlton, par., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 6 m. SW. 
 Stoke-upon-Trent, 2 m. NNW. Standon Bridge stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cborlton by Backford, par., Eng., co. and 3 m. N. Chester. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Cborlton cam Hardy, par., Eng., Lancashire, Stretford 
 div., 3 m. SSW. Manchester, on the M. R., PMT.O. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cborlton-npon-.^edlock, par. and a suburb of Manchester, 
 in the S. div., i m. S. by E. London Road stn. P. 59,600. 
 
 Cborlu, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 20 m. NE. by E. 
 Tekirdagh (Rodosto), 60 m. W. by N. Constantinople. P. 8000 
 (mainly Greeks). 
 
 Cborokb, riv., Asia Minor, enters Black Sea, 3 m. W. of 
 Batum ; forms the frontier between Russia and Turkey in its 
 lower part. 
 
 Cborolque, mt., Bolivia, dep. and 100 m. SSW. Potosi ; tin 
 and bismuth mines worked. Alt. 18,600 ft. 
 
 Cboronl, tn., S. America, Venezuela, Carabobo, 50 m. W. 
 Caracas. 
 
 Cboros, isl. , S. America, Chile, W. ct. , in about 29° 15' S. 
 
 Cborostk<)iv, comm. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 27 m. SE. 
 by S. Tarnopol. P. 6300. 
 
 Cborrera, tn., S. America, U.S. of Colombia, on the isthmus 
 of, in dep., and 15 m. WSW. Panama, near the head of the 
 riv. C. , which enters the Pacific Ocean 10 m. W. Panama. P. 
 6000. 
 
 Cborrlllos, tn. , S. America, Peru, dep. Lima, on the W. ct. , 
 10 m. S. Lima, in 12" 10' S. ; holiday resort for the people of 
 Lima. P. 3000. 
 
 Cboruni, tn. , Asia Minor, vilayet Angora, 102 m. S. by W. 
 Sinope ; its position on the high road from Samsun to Kaisarieh 
 and Konieh render it an important place of transit. Alt. 2650 
 ft. P. 12,000-13,000. (Cuinet. ) 
 
 Cborzele, tn., Russian Poland, govt. Plock, 70 m. N. War- 
 saw, on Prussian frontier. P. <40oo. 
 
 Cborzow, viL, Ger., Prussia, Oppeln, near Kattowitz, with 
 iron and zinc smelting-furnaces and coal-mines. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cbosau, bay, Korea. See Fnsan. 
 
 Cboseley, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, NW. div. , x6\ m. NE. by N. 
 King's Lynn, 2 m. N. by W. Docking stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cbosbl, tn. , Japan, 60 m. E. by N. Tokyo, on the E. ct. of 
 Honshiu. P. 25,300. 
 
 Cbota, tn., N. Peru, dep. and 46J m. NNW. Cajamarca, cap. 
 prov. , on the riv. C. , 1. bk. trib. of the upper Maraiion. P. < 3000. 
 
 CbotA \'^pore, India. See CbntlA N^gpur. 
 
 Cboteau, co., U.S., Montana, on the N. frontier, traversed 
 in the SE. by the Missouri. 
 
 Cbotean, co., U.S., S. Dakota, bounded on the S. by 45° N., 
 and on the W. by 103° W. 
 
 Cbotcboir, tn., Bohemia, 24 m. N. by E. Iglau. P. <400o. 
 
 Cbotek, isl., Austria, Bohemia, in the Moldau, between 
 Prague and Teplitz. 
 
 Cbotlall, vil, Baluchistan, 115 m. E. by S. Quetta. 
 
 CbotOTin, comm. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Tabor, vdth silver- 
 mines. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Cbotzen, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on riv. Stiller Adler, 23 m. 
 SE. Koniggratz. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cbonlesbury, or Cbolesbury, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 
 div. and 8^ m. SE. by E. Ayleibury, 4 m. W. by S. Berkham- 
 stead stn., 3! NNW. Chesham stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 ^ 335 
 
CHOU — CHU 
 
 Chonz^-snr-Lolre, tn., France, dep. Indre-et- Loire, on the 
 r. bk. of the Loire, arr. Chinon, 29 m. WSW. Tours, 10 m. 
 E. by S. Saumur. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Chowan', co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the NE., bounded on 
 the S. by Albemarle Sound, and on the W. by the C. River, 
 which forms the upper (N. to S.) end of Albemarle Sound, and 
 is navigable for large vessels to Murfreesboro'. 
 
 Cbowbeut, vil., Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & NW. R. , 
 near Bolton. 
 
 Chowder Ness, cape, Eng., Lincolnshire, R. Humber, ij m. 
 NW. Barton-upon-Humber. 
 
 Chowllla, settlement, S. Australia, Hamley co. , 142 m. ENE. 
 Adelaide. 
 
 CliO'wley, par., Eng., Cheshire, Tarvin union. P. <25o. 
 
 Chowry Island, one of the Nicobar Is. , in the Indian Ocean. 
 It is high, wooded, and inhabited. See Nicobar Islands. 
 
 Chozeba, place named in O. T. See Kftelzfba. 
 
 Clirlshall, par., Eng., Essex, 5^ m. W. Saffron Walden, 
 P.O. P.<:75o. 
 
 Ctarlsman, vil, U.S., Illinois, Edgar co., 28 m. NW. by N. 
 Terre Haute (Ind.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Clirlssle, lake, S. African Republic, 115 m. ESE. Pretoria. 
 
 Chrlstbnrg, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 15 m. S. 
 Elbing. P. <:4000. 
 
 Chrlstctanrcta, PM.O., Eng., Cambridgeshire, near Wisbech, 
 5 m. from Welney. 
 
 Christchnrch, pari, and (since 1886) mun. bor., seapt., and 
 par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., on the coast, at the 
 mouth of the Avon, 5 m. E. by N. Bournemouth, on the L. & 
 SW. R. The Priory Church, built about the beginning of the 
 i2th century, on the site of a still older church, by Flambard, 
 Dean of C. , and afterwards Bishop of Durham, is a conspicuous 
 building for many miles round, and contains specimens of the 
 finest Norman work in England. The making of fusee watch- 
 chains was formerly a notable industry in the town (practised 
 nowhere else in England), but has now died out. Salmon 
 fishing carried on. The phenomenon of a double tide every 
 twelve hours occurs in C. Bay, which has a narrow entrance 
 and a bar, and is consequently of small use to navigation. 
 Par. 21,264 ^c. , P. 25,500; pari. bor. (which includes Bourne- 
 mouth) 22,659 ^'^•i P- 53'3°o ! mun. bor. P. < 4000. 
 
 Christ Church, vil., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean 
 div., 4 m. E. Monmouth, i^ m. ESE. Symonds Yat stn., P.O. 
 
 Christchnrch with Caerleon ultra Pontem, par. , Eng. , 
 Monmouthshire, S. div., on the 1. bk. of the Usk, 2^ m. NE. 
 Newport ; 5530 ac. P. 14,000. 
 
 Christchnrch, tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Selwyn co. , 90 m. 
 NE. Timaru, the most populous town in the South I. except 
 Dunedin ; connected by a railway pierced through the hills of 
 Bank's Penin., with its port Lyttelton. Mean temp., yr. 52.6° 
 F., Jan. 61.7°, July 42.5° ; rainfall (12 yrs.), 25.87 in. P. (1871) 
 7900; (1891) 16,200; including suburbs, 31,600. 
 
 Christian, co., U.S., Illinois, between 39° and 40° N., and 
 W. of 89° W. 
 
 Christian, co., U.S., Kentucky, on the S. frontier, crossed 
 by 87i° W. 
 
 Christian, co., U.S., Missouri, in the S., crossed by 37° N., 
 and in the E. by 93° W. 
 
 Clirlstlana, tn., S. African Republic, Bloemhof dist., 70 m. 
 NNE. Kimberley. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Christiana Creek, ri v. , U.S., navigable to Newport, Dela- 
 ware, for vessels drawing 9 ft. 
 
 Christians, small isl. , in the Grecian Archipelago, SW. of 
 Santorin, in 34° 53' N., and 26° 8' E. 
 
 Christian Island, isl., Canada, Ontario, in the SE. of 
 Georgian Bay, in 44° 47' N. , 8 m. long by 4 m. broad. 
 
 Chrlstianla, in Norwegian spelling Krlstlanla, cap. city of 
 Norway, at the head of C. Fjord, built upon the site of a former 
 town called Opslo. It has a cathedral, citadel, the arsenal of 
 the kingdom, a royal residence, a university, astronomical 
 observatory in 59° 54' 43" N. , 10° 43' 28" E. , and a botanic 
 garden. Manufactures of woollen fabrics, tobacco, hardwares, 
 paper , wood-pulp , matches, &c. ; has also distilleries and breweries. 
 It receives about half, and exports about one-fourth of the value 
 of Norwegian imports and exports resp>ectively ; chief exports, 
 wood-pulp, timber, matches, condensed milk, margarine, and 
 horse-shoe nails. C. was almost entirely destroyed by the 
 terrible incendiary fire of 1624. Christian IV., King of Den- 
 mark and Norway, then built the present town. Mean temp. , 
 yr. 41.6° F., Feb. 23.7°, July 62.8° ; rainfall (20 yrs.), 22.72 in. 
 P. (1870) 66,700; (1891) 148,300. 
 
 Cluistiania, or Krlstlanla, diocese (sdft), Norway (q.v.). 
 
 Chrlstianla Fjord, the inlet running due N. from the head 
 of the Skager-rak, accessible to vessels of any size. Oyster 
 culture practised with great success. 
 
 Christian Malford, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Chippenham div. , 
 13 m. W. by S. Swindon, 2^ m. WSW. Dauntsey stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Cliristianopel, fishing tn., Sweden, prov. Blekinge, on the 
 E. ct., 17 m. ENE. Karlskrona. P. <2cioo. 
 336 
 
 Chrlstiansand, in Norwegian spelling Krlstlansand, diocese 
 
 (stift), Norway {g.v.). 
 
 Chrlstiansand, or Krlstlansand, fortified seapt. tn. , 
 Norway, on a fiord of the Skager-rak, 157 m. SW. Christiania. 
 Principal edifices, the citadel Frederick' s-holm, and a Gothic 
 cathedral ; it has a secure and deep harbour. Founded in 1641 
 by Christian IV., taken by the English in 1807. Principal 
 export, fresh fish. P. 12,500. 
 
 Chrlstlansborg, settlement, British Gold Coast of Africa, 
 Upper Guinea, 4 m. E. Accra, formerly a Danish possession. 
 Mean temp. (7^ yrs.), yr. 80.3°, Jan. 80.6°, July 77°; rainfall 
 (9 yrs.), 22.64 i"- 
 
 Chrlstiansbnrg, vil. , U.S. , Virginia, Montgomery co. , 165 m. 
 W. by S. Richmond, and 74 m. W. by S. Lynchburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Chrlstlansfeld, tn., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 7^ m. 
 N. Hadersleben. It is a colony of Moravian Brothers, by whom 
 it was founded in 1773. P. <200o. 
 
 Chrlstlanshaab, Danish settlement on the W. ct. of Green- 
 land, SE. of Disko I. 
 
 Chrlstlansoe, a group of isls. in the Baltic, 13 m. NE. Bom- 
 holm. Lat. of lighthouse, 55° 19' N., long. 15° 12' E. P. <20oo. 
 
 Chrlstlanstad, in Swedish spelling Krlstlanstad, fortified 
 tn., Sweden, cap. prov. C, on the Helge, near the Baltic, 265 
 m. SW. Stockholm, 55 m. W. Karlskrona. Manufactures of 
 gloves, linen, and woollen fabrics. P. 10,700. 
 
 Chrlstlanstad, Ian or prov., Sweden, near its S. extremity, 
 its centre formed of the fertile valley of the Helge. See Sweden. 
 
 Chrlstlanstad, tn. , on the N. ct. of the Danish island of Santa 
 Cruz, W. Indies. 
 
 Christlanstadt, tn. , Ger., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 48 m. 
 SE. by S. Frankfurt, on the 1. bk. of the Bober. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Christlansted, tn., I. of St. Croix, Danish W. Indies, on the 
 NE. ct. of the island. It is the seat of the governor-general of 
 the Danish W. Indies, and has an excellent port. P. 10,000. 
 
 Christlansnnd, in Norwegian spelhng Krlstiansnnd, 
 seapt. tn. , Norway, 85 m. WSW. Trondhjem, on three islands 
 in the Atlantic, which enclose its harbour. Founded in 1734 by 
 Christian VI. of Denmark. Exports dried cod-fish, cod oils, 
 fish guano, herrings. Mean temp., yr. 43.3° F. , Feb. 33.7°, 
 July 56.5 ; rainfall (20 yrs.), 35.71 in. P. (1891) 10,100. 
 
 Christie Bay, Canada, NW. Terr., in the NE. of Great 
 Slave Lake. 
 
 Christina, vil., Brazil, in the S. of prov. Minas Geraes, 136 
 m. NE. by N. Santos. 
 
 Clu-istina, Santa, isl. See Tahnata. 
 
 Cltrlstinehanin,tn. , Sweden, prov. Wermland, 25 m. E. Karl- 
 stad, at the NE. angle of the great Lake Wener. P. 5900. 
 
 Chrlstlnla Bay, bay. Cape Colony, on the S. ct. , in 22° 35' E. 
 
 Chrlstleton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 2 m. E. 
 by S. Chester, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Christmas Cataracts, in the R. Berbice, British Guiana, in 
 44°4i'N., 57°54' W. 
 
 Chrlstnias Harl>onr, Kerguelen Land, Indian Ocean, in 
 49° 20' S. , 69° 24' E. 
 
 Christmas Hill, farming dist., Victoria, Evelyn co., on 
 Watson's Creek, 20 m. E. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Christmas Island, Canada, Cape Breton I., in Little Bras 
 d'Or, 3 m. from Grand Narrows. P. < 1500. 
 
 Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, in 10° 31' S., 105° 34' E., 
 a dependency of the Straits Settlements. 
 
 Clulstmas Island, Pacific, belonging to the U.S. Lat. SE. 
 point, 1° 41' N., long. 157° 30' W. Was discovered by Cook, 
 December 24, 1777, and is about 60 m. in circuit. 
 
 Christmas Sound, near the S. extremity of America, 120 m. 
 NW. Cape Horn. Discovered in 1724. 
 
 Chrlston, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 5 m. SE. by E. 
 Weston-super-Mare. P. <25o. 
 
 Chrlston Bank, stn. , Eng. , Northumberland, on the NE. R. , 
 near Alnwick. 
 
 Cliristopher Columbus Mountains. See Columbus. 
 
 Chrlstow, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Ashbvirton div. , 7^ m. SW. 
 Exeter, close to Ashton stn., P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Chrolsg, Loch. See Kosque, Loch. 
 
 Chropaczow, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 33 m. ENE. 
 Ratibor, and 2 m. NW. by W. Konigshutte, vdth coal-mines 
 and zinc-smelting furnaces. P. <4000. 
 
 Chroscztttz, vil., Prussia, Silesia, govt, and circle Oppeln, 
 dist. Kupp. P. <3000. 
 
 Chrudlm, tn., Austria, Bohemia, on R. Chrudimka, 18 m. S. 
 Koniggratz. Cotton manufactures. P. 12,100. 
 
 Chryston and Nuirhead, vil. , Scot. , NW. Lanarkshire, sh 
 m. NW. by W. Airdrie, i m. NE. by N. Garnkirk stn., with 
 coal-mines, PM.O. (Chryston). P. <iooo. 
 
 Chrzandw, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 25 m. W. by N. 
 Cracow. P. 7700. 
 
 Chu, Tibetan, 'river.' 
 
 Chu, great riv. , Russian Turkistan, rises in Tian Shian Mts. , 
 in the WSW. of Lake Issyk-kul, forms the confluence of several 
 small rivers under the name of Koshkar. Approaches 3 m. to 
 Issyk-kul, but suddenly turns NNW. and enters the gorge of 
 
CHUA — CHUR 
 
 Buam, where it receives the name of C, then flows NW. past 
 Tokmak towards Lake Saumul-kul, which reaches no more, being 
 lost in sands some 130 m. before reaching it. Length, 570 m. 
 
 Cbaanche, the name of the upper part of the Hwang-ho 
 i^.v.), traverses the Zharin-nor and the Oring-nor lakes. 
 
 Cbnansha-tlug, tn., China, prov. Kiang-su, 13 m. E. 
 Shanghai, about 2 m. from the coast (mouth of the Yangtse- 
 kiang). 
 
 Chnapa, riv. , central Africa. See Rnkl. 
 
 Chaapa, riv. , Chile. Same as Choapa, Rio de. 
 
 Ciiubanga, tn. , Portuguese E. Africa, on the r. bk. of the 
 Zambezi, 72 m. E. Zumbo. 
 
 Cliubnt, or Chnpat, riv., Argentine Republic, formed at the 
 base of the Andes by the union of the Chulitao from the N. and 
 Charmate from the S. , and flows E. through a deep and narrow 
 valley into the Atlantic in 43° 20' S. ; mouth closed by a bar. 
 
 Clinbnt, govt., Argentine Republic, extending from the 
 Atlantic to the Andes, and from 42°-46° S. See Argentine 
 Republic and Patagonia. 
 
 C'liubnt, Welsh colony, Argentine Republic, 25 m. from the 
 mouth of the C. Founded in 1866 ; connected by a railway 44 
 m. long, with Puerto Madryn on the Bahia Nueva ; produces 
 wheat, &c. Mean temp. (3^ yrs., 1880-83), yr. 56.2° F., Jan. 
 70°, July 42.4°. 
 
 CliUcIiing>fa, tn. , China, YQnnan. See Kiutslng-ta. 
 
 Cliu-cbon, tn., China, prov. Chekiang, on R. Takhi, 43 m, 
 NW. Wenchow. 
 
 Chn-chon,tn., China, prov. Nganhwei, 30m. NW. Nanking. 
 
 Chncnito, tn. , Peru, cap. prov. C. , 12 m. SE. Puno, on the 
 W. side of Lake Titicaca, which has sometimes been known 
 as Lake C. ; woollen manufactures ; dyeing of vicuiia wool. 
 
 Cbucnnaqne, riv. , Colombia, isthmus of Panama, flows SSE. 
 then NW. into the Bay of San Miguel, Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Clindlelgit, cape, Canada. See ClilcUey. 
 
 Clindlelgli, market-tn. and par., Eng. , Devonshire, Ash- 
 burton div., 6 m. NW. Teignmouth, on the G. W. R., PT.O. 
 Market-day, S. 6128 ac. P. <2500. 
 
 CItudlelgli, or Dnnorlan, vil., Tasmania, Westmoreland 
 CO., 34 m. W. by S. Launceston, 44 m. SE. Emu Bay. In the 
 vicinity are some beautiful stalactite caves. P. <i5oo. 
 
 i-hndlelgli Knigbton, eccles. dist., Eng., Devonshire, 3 m. 
 from C; P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Chndovo, vil. , Russia, govt, and 45 m. NNE. of Novgorod, 
 near Volkhov R., on St. Petersburg-Moscow Rly., where it 
 branches off to Novgorod. Considerable shipping. P. 1000, 
 considerably increasing in summer. 
 
 Cbndskoye, Peipns, lake of NW. Russia, in the S. of the 
 Gulf of Finland. It consists of two great lakes. Lake of Pskov 
 and Chudskoye proper, which are connected by a broad strait, 
 named Lake Teploye (Warm), the total length of the three lakes 
 being 93 m. , and greatest width 30 m. The three lakes may 
 be considered as a transverse valley hollowed out in the Lower 
 Devonian sandstones and clays. Their shores mostly are low 
 and marshy. The greatest depth is 50 ft. in Lake C. , 20 ft. 
 in the Lake of Pskov, and 90 ft. in Teploye Strait. Lake C. 
 receives some fifty small streams and two rivers : the Velikaya, 
 which takes its origin in the marshes of Vitebsk, flows 235 m. 
 towards the N. , past Pskov, and is an important channel for 
 navigation ; and the Embach, which flows from Lake Wirtz- 
 iarvi in the W., past Dorpat. The outlet of Lake C. is the 
 Narova, which flows 45 m. N. into the Gulf of Finland, has 
 many rapids, and is only navigable for flat-bottomed boats for 
 the first 35 m. of its course, and for its last 8 m. below Narva. 
 Lake C. freezes towards the end of November or in the first 
 half of December, but communication on the ice is only possible 
 on the lakes of Pskov and Teploye, as well as along the shores 
 of Lake C. It opens in the first half of May. Stormy as a rule. 
 Pskov, Dorpat, and Syrenets at the beginning of the Narova 
 are the chief ports of an active navigation. Fishing is an im- 
 portant branch of income for the nearly 25,000 inhabitants of 
 its shores. Area, Lake C. proper, 1020 sq. m. ; with Lakes 
 of Pskov and Teploye, 1356 sq. m. Alt. 97 ft. 
 
 Cbiien-cbang, Manchuria. See Klrln. 
 
 Cbneupi, fortified port, China, on an island opposite Taikok- 
 tau Point, in the Canton R. , 35 m. SE. Canton. Taken by the 
 British in 1841. 
 
 Clmeusba-tlng, tn., China, prov. Kiang-su. Same as 
 Cliuansba-ting. 
 
 Cliiifat-linle (Karaite, Kyrk-yer), tn., Russia, govt. Taurida, 
 dist. Simpheropol, 2 m. from Bakhchisarai, on a rocky hill 1835 
 ft. high. Supposed to be the Qnadraginta castella, or Qiiaranta 
 hioghi, of mediaeval travellers. Place of refuge of the Crimea 
 khans in the 15th century. Now peopled by a few hundred 
 Karaite Jews. 
 
 Cbngacb Sound and Alps. See Prince WilUani's Sound. 
 
 Cbnganl, tribe occupying the scTuthern slopes of the mts. 
 in the S. of Kafiristan, in about 34° 4o'-5o' N., 74° 25'-5o' E. 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1881, p. 278. 
 
 Clingucbab, tn. with fort, Chinese Central Asia, near the W. 
 frontier of Mongolia, about 175 m. E. of Lake Balkhash. 
 337 
 
 Cbngnev, tn. , Russia, govt, and 24 m. SE. of Kharkov, dist. 
 Zmiev, on the r. bk. of Northern Donets. P. 11,800. 
 
 Clinbslnng-fta, tn., China, Yunnan, 77 m. W. Yiinnan-fu. 
 
 Cbukcbls (Tcbonktcbees), Land of, NE. extremity of 
 Asia, belonging to E. Siberia, and inhabited by some 100,000 
 Chukchis, a Hyperborean tribe whose ethnological affinities 
 still remain obscure. 
 
 Cbnkbloma, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 114 m. NE. of 
 Kostroma. P. 2030. 
 
 Cbn-klang ( ' pearl river ' ). See Canton River. 
 
 Cbulak, fort, Russian Central Asia, prov. Syr-daria, 153 m. 
 N. of Tashkent. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cbnlltao, riv. See Cbubut. 
 
 Chnlmlelgb (chflm'li), market-tn. and par., Eng., Devon- 
 shire, S. Molton div., 14 m. SE. by S. Barnstaple, 2 m. N. 
 Eggesford stn. ; 8906 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbnlna, or Crocota, isl., in the Indian Ocean, 6 m. NW. 
 Cape Monza, Baluchistan. It is a conical rock, about 3 m. 
 in circuit. 
 
 Cbulnmanl, tn., S. America, Bolivia, dep. and 30 m. NE. 
 by E. La Paz. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cbulym, riv. , Siberia, r. bk. trib. of Obi. Formed in Achinsk 
 dist. of Yeniseisk prov. , by confluence of Black and White Yus 
 which flow from the Kuznetskiy Alatau ; flows N. past Achinsk 
 and W., joining Obi 100 m. below Tomsk. A canal, which it 
 is intended to enlarge, has now been dug to connect the C. with 
 the Yenisei. Length, 985 m. 
 
 Cbulym, trib. of Lake Chany, W. Siberia ; 182 m. 
 
 Cbulysbman, riv. , W. Siberia, Altai region, trib. of Lake 
 Teletskoye (alt. 1702 ft.), rises in Lake Juvlu-kul. Alt. 7433 ft. 
 Length, 140 m. 
 
 Cbumab, stn. , Canada, Manitoba, on the Great NW. Cen- 
 tral Rly. , 160 m. W. by N. Winnipeg. 
 
 Cbumalarl, or Cbamalbari, mt. peak, in the Eastern 
 Himalayas, between Sikkra and Bhutdn. Alt. 23,930 ft. 
 
 Cbumbl, valley in Sikkim {t/.v.). 
 
 Cbnmbnl, India. See Cbambal. 
 
 Chutnik, Tibetan, 'spring.' 
 
 Cbumparuu, dist. , India. See Cbamp&ran. 
 
 Cbumpl, tn., S. America, Peru, dep. Ayacucho, 130 m. SW. 
 Cuzco. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Cbnmysb, riv., W. Siberia, Altai region, r. bk. trib. of Obi. 
 Ironworks. Rich finds of Quaternary mammals. Length, 415m. 
 
 Cbunar, or Cbnnargnrb, India. See Cbandr. 
 
 CbundoTTsee, India. See Cbandansl. 
 
 Chung, Chinese, 'middle.' 
 
 Cbnngcbliig, China. See Cbungklng and Cbl-. 
 
 Cbung-cbon, prefectural city and riv. port, China, prov. 
 Siichwan, on the 1. bk. of the Yangtse, about 100 m. ENE. 
 Chungking, in 30° 28' N. Country in vicinity mountainous, 
 but productive in fruits, opium, silk, cereals, tobacco, and hemp. 
 The largest crop is rice, which is cultivated on the hill-sides, in 
 small terraced fields, watered by mountain streams. 
 
 Cbniig-cbow, isl. , China. See Foocbo>v. 
 
 Cbungklng, or Cbnngklng-fa, city and riv. port, China, 
 prov. Siichwan, 832 m. above Hankow, in 29° 35' N. , 106° 8' E. 
 It stands on a rocky promontory at the confluence of the Kia- 
 ling with the Yangtse, and consequently has water frontage 
 on two sides ; of the nine gates that pierce its walls, eight open 
 out upon one or the other of the rivers. On the opposite side 
 of the Kialing stands Li-ming, or Kiangpeiting, and all round 
 the two towns for the distance of 5 m. the shores are lined with 
 boats engaged in the traffic of C. The tovwi is essentially the 
 port of the wealthy prov. of Siichwan [q.v. ). The port was opened 
 to foreign trade in 1891, but the development of foreign trade 
 is hindered by the fact that steamers have not yet been allowed 
 to navigate the tract of the Yangtse between this port and 
 Ichang, a tract in which numerous rapids occur, and that the 
 period when navigation is easiest between Hankow and Ichang 
 (high water) does not coincide with that in which it is easiest 
 between Ichang and C. (low water). P. 200,000-250,000 ; with 
 suburbs, 700,000. 
 
 Cluinglang, tn., India, Sikkim, 52 m. NE. by N. DarjOing. 
 
 Cbungnuga Island, isl., S. America, Chile, off" the W. ct., 
 in about 29° 25' S. 
 
 Cb^niiln, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 45 m. SSW. 
 Lahore. P. 10,300; Hindus, 4400 ; Moham. 5300. 
 
 Cbupara Point, cape, W. Indies, bn N. ct. of Trinidad. 
 
 Cbupat, riv. , Argentine Republic. See Cbubut. 
 
 Cbnpria, a (nearly) phonetic spelling of ^uprlja. 
 
 Cbuqnibamba, tn. , S. America, Peru, dep. Arequipa, 90 m. 
 NNW. Mollendo, at the foot of C. peak (alt. about 21,000 ft.). 
 Lead ores near. 
 
 Cbuqulbaniba, tn., Peru, dep. Huanuco, 200 m. N. by E. 
 Lima ; with gold and silver deposits. 
 
 Cbuqulsaca, tn. See Sucre. 
 
 Cbuqulsaca (Indian, Chwjuichaca, ' place of gold'), dep. in 
 the SE. of Bolivia ; cap. Sucre. 
 
 Cbur, French Colre, ancient Curia RhiBtorum, ' court of the 
 Rhffitians,' tn.. Switzd., cap. cant. Orisons, 11 m. S. by E. 
 
 Y 
 
CHUR — CHUR 
 
 Ragatz, with a cathedral said to date from the 8th century, 
 and many antiquities. Alt. 2135-2350 ft. Mean rainfall (15 yrs.), 
 33.42 in. P. 9400. 
 
 Chilra, tn., India, Gujardt, cap. C. state, 56 m. W. by N. 
 Cambay. 
 
 Ctanriinian, port, Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Balasor, 75 m. 
 NE. Cuttack. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Chnrcli, par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, div. and i m. W. 
 Accrington, on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, and the L. & 
 Y. R.,PMT.O. P. 5900. 
 
 Clmrcli, CO., U.S., N. Dakota, crossed in the N. by 48° N., 
 between 100" and 101° W. 
 
 Chorcbam, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div. , 3J 
 m. W. Gloucester, i m. ENE. Oakle Street stn., P.O. P<500 ; 
 eccles. par. (C. with Bnlley) P. <75o. 
 
 Churcb Aston, par. , Eng. , Shropshire, div. and i m. S. New- 
 port, 17 m. E. by N. Shrewsbury. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cliarch Bay, Ire. , on the S. ct. of Rathlin I. , co. Antrim. 
 
 Cbarch Brampton, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northampton- 
 shire, 4 m. NNW. Northampton. P. <25o. 
 
 Cliurcb Bridge, hamlet, Eng., Stafford, on a branch of the 
 L. & NW. R., and of the Birmingham Canal Navigations, 
 6i m. NW. Walsall. 
 
 Cliorcli Bronghton, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , 7^ m. 
 NNW. Burton, 2^ m. NNW. Tutbury stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Chorcbbiiry, stn., Eng., Hertford, on a branch of the 
 G. E. R. , near Cheshunt. 
 
 Chnrch Conlston, Eng. , Lancashire. See Conlston. 
 
 Cbnrch Crookbam, PMT.O., Eng., near Famham, Surrey. 
 
 Cbarcb Cross, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 4 m. from Skibbereen. 
 
 Cbnrcbdowu, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div. , 
 
 4 m. WSW. Cheltenham, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. 750. 
 Chorcb Eaton, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 6h m. 
 
 SW. by S. Stafford, 3^ m. W. by N. Penkridge stn., P'.O. ; 
 4283 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Cbnrcb End, hamlet, Eng., Essex, Epping div., on the 
 Chelmer, Si m. W. Braintree, i m. N. Dunmow stn., P.O. 
 
 Cbui^b End, P.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, 3 m. from 
 Pontypridd. 
 
 Cbarcb Falls, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Peel co. , 36 m. WNW. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cburcb Fenton, Eng. See Fenton, Cbnrch. 
 
 Cbarcb Gresley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 4 m. SE. 
 Burton, i m. E. Gresley stn., on the M. & L. & NW. Rlys. 
 P. 6300 ; eccles. par. (C. 6. with Iduton) P. 7700. 
 
 Cbarcb Haudboroagh, P.O., Eng., near Woodstock, 
 Oxfordshire, 2 m. from Handborough. 
 
 Cbarcb Hill, vil. , Ire. , NW. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 22 m. W. Londonderry, 9 m. from Letterkenny stn., ^ m. E. 
 Lough Gartan, P.O. 
 
 Cbarcb mil, vil. , Ire., N. co. Fermanagh, bar. Magheraboy, 
 10 m. NW. Enniskillen, ^ m. from Lough Erne, P.O. 
 
 Cbarcb BUll, electoral div.. Ire., co. Monaghan, dist. Cross- 
 maglen. 
 
 Cbarcb Honeyboame, par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 
 
 5 m. E. Evesham, with a stn. (lloneyboarne) on the G. W. R., 
 P.O. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (C. H. Mltb Cow Honey boarne) 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Cliarcb Halme, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., on 
 R. Dane, 10 m. WSW. Macclesfield, close to Holmes Chapel 
 stn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cbarcb Iccomb, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Stow on the 
 Wold union. P. <25o. 
 
 Cbarcblll, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury div., 11 J m. 
 NW. by W. Woodstock, 2^ m. SW. by W. Chipping Norton, 
 PMT.O. P.<75o. SeeSarsden. 
 
 Cbarcblll, par., Eng., Somersetshire, Wells div., 7 m. E. 
 by S. Weston-super-Mare, 2 m. NE. Sandford and Banwell 
 stn., PM.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Choreblll, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 5 m. 
 E. by S. W^orcester, 3^ m. NE. Norton June. , PMT.O. P. <25o ; 
 eccles. par. (C. In Halfthlre) P. <:25o. 
 
 Cbnrchlll, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Droitwdch div. , 4 m. 
 NE. by E. Kidderminster, with a stn. (C. andBlakedown) «n 
 the G. W. R., P.O. P. <2so; eccles. par. (C. with Blake- 
 down) P. <75o. 
 
 Cbarcblll, co., Queensland, crossed in the S. by 28° S., 
 touching 152° E. 
 
 Cbarcblll, co., U.S., Nevada, crossed by 118° W., and in 
 the N. by 40° N. 
 
 Cbarcblll, isl. , Victoria, in Western Port Bay ; at low water 
 joined to the mainland. 
 
 CharcblU Cape, Canada, Keewatin, on Hudson's Bay, 40 
 m. NE. of the C riv. 
 
 Cbarcblll Lake, U.S., Maine, Piscataquis co. , 112 m. N. 
 by W. Bangor. Alt. 914 ft. (Water-power of Maine). 
 
 CbarchlU, Hlsslonlppl, or English Rlrer, riv. , Canada, 
 NW. Terrs. , flows first E. through numerous lakes to the S. of 56° 
 N., then NE. through Granville and Indian Lakes, and enters 
 Hudson Bay at Fort C. in about 58° 50' N., a little to the W. of 
 
 94° W. Its mouth is the only harbour on the W. side of Hudson 
 Bay available for large vessels at all states of the tide (6-8 
 fathoms deep), but the river itself is very shallow, and 5 m. above 
 the mouth navigable only by canoes. Length about 800 m. 
 The name C. is mentioned as early as 1688, and may have 
 been given to the river in honour of Lord ChurchiU (afterwards 
 the Duke of Marlborough), who was a favourite of James II. 
 
 Charcblngford, hamlet, Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., 
 16^ m. E. Tiverton, 5 m. E by S. Hemyock stn., P.O. 
 
 Cbarcb Knowle, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, Eastern div. , Isle 
 of Purbeck, 7 m. SW. Poole, i| m. W. Corfe Castle stn., P.O. 
 P. <750. 
 
 Cbarcb Lands, electoral div.. Ire., Tyrone, dist. Newtown 
 Stewart. 
 
 Cbarch Lane, PMT.O., Eng., Kent, near Old Charlton. 
 
 Cbarch Langton with Tar Langton and Thorpe 
 Langton, eccles. par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 
 II m. SE. Leicester, i m. N. Langton stn., on the M. R. ; 
 4280 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Cbnrcb Lawford, par. and vil., Eng., Warwickshire, on 
 L bk. Avon, 3I m. W. by N. Rugby, PM.O. P. <25o ; eccles. 
 par. (C. L. with Xewnbam Regis) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Chnrch Lawton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Crewe div., 74^ m. 
 E. Crewe, i m. NNW. Harecastle stn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cbarcb Lench, par. , Eng. See Leucb, Cbarcb. 
 
 Cbarcb Hlnsbull, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 
 3 J m. NW. Crewe, on the Weaver, 2 m. N. Worleston stn., 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Cbarch Norton, P.O., Eng., Sussex, near Chichester, 2 m. 
 from Selsey. 
 
 Cbarcb Oakley, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Basingstoke union, 
 PM.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Charcb Over, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 3^ m. N. 
 Rugby, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Cbarcb Preen, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 9^ m. 
 SSE. Shrewsbury, 3 m. W. by N. Presthope stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cbarch Palverbatcb, par. , Eng. , Salop, Oswestry div. , 7^ 
 m. SW. by S. Shrewsbury, 3 J m. W. Dorrington stn., PM.O. 
 (Palverbatcb) ; 4233 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cbarcb Road, PM.O., Eng., near Burgess Hill, Sussex. 
 
 Cbarcb Road, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, on the G. W. R., 
 4 m. W. Newport. 
 
 Cbarch Road, stn., Eng., Warwick, on the M. R., in the 
 Edgbaston div. of Birmingham. 
 
 Charcb's Ferry, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Ramsey co., 102 
 m. SW. by W. Pembina. P. < 1500. 
 
 Charcb Siding, stn., Eng., Bucks., on the Wotton Rly., 8 
 m. W. by N. Aylesbury. 
 
 Chorchstanton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., 15 
 m. E. Tiverton, 4 m. E. Hemyock stn. ; 5436 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Chnrch Stoke, par. , Wales, co. and 4^ m. ESE. Montgomery; 
 8975 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Charchstow, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 11 m. 
 WSW. Dartmouth, P.O. P. <:5oo; eccles. par. (C. with 
 Klngsbrldge) P. < 2000. 
 
 Cbarcb Stretton, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow 
 div. , 12 m. S. by W. Shrewsbury, on the G. W. and L. & NW. 
 Rlys., PMT.O. Market-day, Th. Alt. 807 ft. Mean rfalL 
 (1866-80), 36.21 in. 10,286 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cbarch Town, hamlet, Eng. , Lancashire, in par. and 2 m. 
 from Garstang, with a stn. (Charcbtown) on the W. Lanca- 
 shire and Liverpool, Southport, and Preston June. Rly-: P.O. 
 
 Cbnrcb Town, P.O., Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. E. Inish- 
 owen, 9^ m. WNW. Moville, 2 m. from Inch Road stn. 
 
 Charcbtown, par. and tn.. Ire., N. co. Cork, bars. Orrery 
 and Kilmore and Duhallow, 10 m. NNW. Mallow, 4 m. from 
 Butte vant stn. , P.O. Par. P. < 1500; tn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Charcbtown, electoral div.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. N. Dun- 
 kerron, dist. Kilgorlin, 7 m. W. by N. Killarney. 
 
 Charcbtown, par. , Ire. , co. Kildare, bar. W. Narragh and 
 Reban, containing part of Athy ; 7337 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Charcbtown, P.O., Ire., SE. co. Londonderry, bar. Lough- 
 insholin, 3^ m. N. Cookstown. 
 
 Charcbtown, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Lower Navan, 3 
 m. SW. Navan. P. <:25o. 
 
 Charcbtown, par. and tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Westmeath, 
 bar. Rathconrath, 6^ m. WSW. Mullingar ; 5299 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Charcbtown, tnld.. Ire., SE. ct. co. Wexford, bar. Forth, 
 10 m. SSE. Wexford, i^ m. N. Camsore Point, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Cbarcb Village, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, on the Taff 
 Vale Rly., 8^ m. NW. Cardiff. 
 
 Cbarcbvllle, vil. , U.S., New York, Monroe co. , on Black 
 Creek, 16 m. WSW. Rochester. P.<:i5oo. 
 
 Cliarch Wllne, vil. , Eng. , Derbyshire. See Draycott. 
 
 Chorflrstoo (that is, the ' peaks," which separated the ancient 
 Chur(gau) or Rhastia from German terr.), a chain of mountains 
 between Lake Walenstadt and the Thur, Switzd. , cant. St. GalL 
 The highest point, the Scheibenstoll, reaches 7555 ft. 
 
 Charkaree, India. See CharkArl. 
 
 Charm, riv. , Eng. See Thames. 
 
CHUR — CINC 
 
 Clmrnet, riv. , Eng., Staffordshire, in the NE., trib. of the 
 R. Dove, which it joins on the r. bk. a little below Rochester. 
 C. Valley extends from Macclesfield, E. Cheshire, to Uttoxeter, 
 N. Staffordshire. 
 
 CbuTovlcbl, tn. , Russia, govt, and 57 m. NE. Chernigov, 
 dist. Novozybkov. P. < 5000. 
 
 Chorrlana, comm., Spain, prov. and 7 m. WSW. Malaga. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Cburston Ferrers, ct. par. , Eng. , Devonshire, on the S. 
 side of Tor Bay, div. and 5 m. S. by W. Torquay, with a stn. 
 (Churston) on the G. W. R., P.O. P. <75o. See Brlxham. 
 
 Cbnrt, eccles. dist. , Eng. , Surrey, Guildford div. , 5 J m. S. by 
 E. Farnham, 4 m. NW. Haslemere stn. , P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Cburtou-tty-Aldford, par., Eng., Cheshire, 6im. S. Chester. 
 P.<:25o. 
 
 Cbnrtou-by-Farndon, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 
 near the r. bk. of the Dee, 6 m. S. by E. Chester, 4 m. WSW. 
 Tattenhall stn. , P.O. (Cburton). P. <2So. 
 
 Cbartou Heatb, par., Eng., Cheshire, Tarvin union. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Cbaru, tn., India, RijputAna, 100 m. E. by N. Blkaner. 
 CboTwaldeu, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 5 m. S. Chur. 
 
 Alt. 4230 ft. P. <20OO. 
 
 Cbarwell, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Morley h.v.) 
 div., 3 m. SW. by S. Leeds, on the L. & NW. R., PM.O. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Cbusan, one of a group of isls. off the E. ct. of China, prov. 
 Chekiang, opposite the estuary of the Tsien-tang-kiang, 50 m. 
 ENE. Ning-po. Taken in 1840 and 1841 by the British. P. 
 200,000. 
 
 Cbasau, tn., Korea. See Chbusaii. 
 
 Cbngi, place named in O.T. See KAsab. 
 
 Cbusovaya, riv., NE. Russia, L bk. trib. of Kama, rises in 
 Ural Mts. in the S. of Ekaterinburg, flows N. and NW. along 
 western slope of Urals, past many important iron-works, then 
 W. to join Kama 76 m. above Perm. Length, 430 m. Receives 
 the Serebryanka and Usva from the right, and the Sylva from 
 the left. Important artery for the shipping of corn and other 
 articles of food, as well as manufactured goods, and products of 
 many iron-works and gold-mines of the Urals. 
 
 Cbust, tn., Russian Turkistan, prov. Ferghana, on Syr-daria, 
 80 m. NW. Marghilan. P. 8050. 
 
 Cbustaii, or Klostenl Mafcronlsl, isL, Asia Minor, at the 
 mouth of the Gulf of Smyrna. 
 
 . Cbntade, lake, Canada, Brit. Columbia, from which the 
 Finlay (headwater of Peace) issues. 
 
 Cbnte, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 6^ m. NW. by 
 N. Andover, 3^ m. E. CoUingbourne Ducis stn., PM.O. (C. 
 Staudeu). P. <5oo. 
 
 Cbate ii Bloudeau, vil, Canada, Ontaiio, Prescott co., on 
 Ottawa R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cbute Forest, par., Eng., adjoining Chute. P. <25o. 
 
 Cbutlsi Nhgpnr, or Cbota Nagpore, a div. in the W. of 
 Bengal, Brit. India, NW. of Orissa, mainly hilly or moun- 
 tainous, especially in the W. or SW. , where it is occupied by 
 a number of tributary states, the chief of which are Sirguja, 
 Gangpur, and Jashpur, situated between the valley of the Son 
 and that of the upper Mahdnadi. The territory of these states 
 is a confused mass of hills, ravines, and plateaux, many of the 
 hills table-topped, with a flat covering of trap rock. These are 
 locally known as pais. In most parts the earliest settlers were 
 probably of Kolarian descent, but these were afterwards subju- 
 gated by Dravidian Gonds. In the wildest jungles are remains 
 of skilfully planned temples and embankments of fine tanks. 
 See Bengali, table. 
 
 Cbntteesgnrb, or Cbbatisgarb. See Central ProTlnces 
 (India). 
 
 Cbuvasbes, a tribe formerly considered as Finnish, and now 
 reckoned to be of Turkish stock, which inhabits E. Russia, chiefly 
 in Kazan, Simbirsk, Samara, and Ufa. They are nominally 
 Christians ; about 540,000. 
 
 Cbnya, riv. , Siberia, flows N. into the Lena, which it joins 
 a little above the confluence of the Vitim ; 200 m. 
 
 Cbwllog, rly. stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 8 J m, 
 W. Portmadoc, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Cbynbals Point, cape, Eng. , E. ct. Cornwall, 50° i' N. 
 
 Ciamut, vil. , Switzd. See Cbiamat. 
 
 Ciandaua, comm. , Sicily, prov. and 17 m. NNW. Girgenti. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Clano d'Enza, comm. , Italy, prov. and circle Reggio d'Emilia. 
 P. <:40oo. 
 
 Clbao, mountain chain. See Haiti, surface. 
 
 Clbonre, tn., France, dep. Basses Pyr^n6es, on the W. ct., 
 13 m. SW. by W. Bayonne, with sea-bathing. P. <20oo. 
 
 Clcade, tn. , Cape Verde Is. , on Santiago I. , on Porto Praio, 
 seat of the bishop. 
 
 Clcagua, comm., Italy, Liguria, prov. and 15 m, E. Genoa. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Clcclano, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 17m. NE. 
 by E. Naples. P. <sooo. 
 
 Cicero, U.S., Indiana, Hamilton co, 25 m. N. by E. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 ClecbantS-w, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt. Plock, 55 m. by 
 rail NNW. Warsaw. P. 6700. 
 
 Clecbocln, vil., Russian Poland, govt. Plock, dist. Lipno, on 
 Prussian frontier, 105 m. NW. Warsaw. Custom-house. 
 
 Clecboclnek (Old and New), tn., Russian Poland, govt, 
 and no m. WNW. Warsaw, 4 m. from Aleksandrow railway, 
 on Prussian frontier, near the Vistula. Mineral water obtained 
 from well, 500 ft. deep. 
 
 Clenipoznelos, tn., Spain, prov. and 17 m. S. Madrid, near 
 r. bk. of the Jarama, with manufactures of saltpetre. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cl<^naga, La, or i^an Juan de Cl^uaga ('the lagoon '), tn., 
 S. America, Colombia, on the W. ct. of Magdalena, 100 m. 
 ENE. Cartagena, in 11° i' N., 74° 19' W. ; with fisheries. 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1879, p. 690. P. 7000. 
 
 Clenfnegos, tn. , Cuba, S. ct. , 147 m. SE. by E. Havana, 
 in 80° 27' W. P. (with dist.) 41,000. 
 
 Cleszanoiv, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 47 m. NW. by 
 W. Lemberg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Cleza, tn., Spain, prov. and 24 m. NW. by N. Murcia. 
 P. 10,900. 
 
 Clfuentes, tn., Spain, prov. Guadalajara, 43 m. NE. by E. 
 Alcala. P. <20oo. 
 
 Clgllano, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 21 m. W. 
 Vercelli. P. 6000. 
 
 CllaTcgna, tn., Italy, prov., Pavia, 3^ m. NE. Mortara. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Cllcen, par., Wales, Flintshire, 4 m. WNW. Mold, 2J m. 
 W. Rhydymwyn stn., P.O. ; 6570 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Cllcennln, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, on R. Aeron, 5 m. 
 SE. Aberaeron, P.O. P. <:5oo; eccles. par. (C. ivltb Uau- 
 badarn Tref Eglwys) P. < 1500. 
 
 Cllfrew Platform, stn. , Wales, Glamorganshire, near Neath, 
 on the Midland and Neath and Brecon Rly. 
 
 Cllgerran, Wales. See Kllgerran. 
 
 Clllclan Gates, pass, in the SE. of Asia Minor, through 
 which at all periods of history the main road from all parts of 
 the plateau has led across the Taurus range down to the plains 
 of Cilicia (now the valley of Adana and Tarsus). It is traversed 
 by a feeder of the ancient Cydnus (Tarsus R.), and at the Gates 
 proper the road passes through ' a narrow opening of 25 ft. , 
 where the stream rushes between perpendicular walls of rock ' 
 (Proc. P. G. S., 1884, p. 319). 
 
 Cllle Aeron, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 8 m. NW. Lam- 
 peter, P.O. (Clllan Aeron). P. <5oo. 
 
 Cllll, tn. , Austria, Styria, 38 m. ENE. Laibach, with coal-mines, 
 large zinc smelting-fiu-naces, and vai-ious manufactures. P. 6300. 
 
 Cllmery, stn., Wales, Brecknockshire, on the L. & NW. R., 
 15 m. N. by W. Brecknock, P.O. 
 
 Cllrbedyn, par., Wales, cos. Carmarthen and Pembroke, 
 10 m. SE. Cardigan, 4^ m. ENE. Glogue stn. ; 7971 ac. P. < 
 1000, 
 
 Cllycwm, par. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., 12 m. ESE. 
 Lampeter, 3I m. WSW. Cynghordy stn., P.O. ; 18,191 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Cllymaenllwyd, par. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div. , 16^ 
 m. W. Carmarthen, i m. W. Login stn. P. <Soo ; eccles. par. 
 (C. wltb Castle Dyrran) P. <750. 
 
 Cima, Italian, 'peak.' 
 
 Cimarron, or Semerone, riv., U.S., rises in the Rocky Mts. 
 in the NE. of New Mexico, flows E. mainly through Oklahoma, 
 then SE. and E., and joins the Arkansas near the E. frontier 
 of the terr. , in about 36° 10' N. 
 
 Clmbrlsbamn, tn. , Sweden. See Slmrlsbamn. 
 
 Clmlnna, comm. , Sicily, prov. and 19 m. SE. by S. Palermo. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Clmone, Monte, mt. , Italy. See Apennines, B. 
 
 Clmltl, Capo de', cape, Italy, E. ct., prov. Reggio di 
 Calabria, in 38° 57' N. 
 
 Clmltlle, ancient Ccemeterium, tn. , Italy, prov. Caserta, i m. 
 N. Nola ; celebrated for its ecclesiastical remains. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Clnaloa, Me.xico. See Slualoa. 
 
 Clnarca, former co. , Corsica, arr. Ajaccio. 
 
 Clnca, the ancient Cinga, riv., Spain, flows S. from Mont 
 Perdu in the Pyrenees, and unites with the Segre a few miles 
 above its confluence with the Ebro. 
 
 Cincinnati, city, U.S., Ohio, Hamilton co., on the r. bk. 
 of the Ohio, near the northernmost point of the great N. bend of 
 the Ohio R. , 500 m. by river above Cairo, Illinois (mouth of the 
 Ohio), navigable to this point for large steamers, and 861 m. by 
 rail SW. New York ; connected with Lake Erie by the Miami 
 Canal. It stands partly on a plain adjoining the river, partly 
 on two terraces above this plain, and is backed by a semi-circle 
 of high hills, the tops of which can be reached by inclined plane 
 railways. C. is one of the most important commercial and 
 manufacturing centres of the W. Chief industries, pork pack- 
 ing, iron-worlting, manufactures of carriages, furniture, and 
 other articles in wood, machines, boots and shoes, and harness. 
 The city is supplied with water pumped from the Ohio. Large 
 
C I N D — C lU D 
 
 bridges connect C. with Covington and Newport (Kentucky). 
 There is a German quarter. The universi^ provides advanced 
 and technical instruction free of charge. C. was first settled in 
 1788. Observatory in 39° 6' 26" N. , 84° 29' 44" W. Alt. 620 ft. 
 Mean temp. , yr. s6.2°F., Jan. 34.2°, July 78.0°; rainfall (42 yrs. ), 
 42.96 in. P. (1850) 115,400; {1870) 216,200; (1880) 255,100; 
 (1890) 297,000. 
 
 Clnco Plnos, Valle de, valley, Nicaragua, in the N. of dep. 
 Chinandega, on the frontier of Honduras. 
 
 Cincora, tn. , Brazil, prov. and near Bahia ; cap. of a diamond 
 dist. discovered in 1844. 
 
 Clnderford, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of 
 Dean div. , 9 m. E. Monmouth, on the Severn and Wye and 
 Severn Bridge Rly. , with iron ore £ind coal mines in the neighbour- 
 hood, PMT.O. P. < 3500. 
 
 Cinder Hill, vil., Eng., co. and 3 m, N. Nottingham, P.O. 
 See Basford, Old. 
 
 Clney, tn., Belgium, prov. Namur, 15 m. SE. Namiu:. P. 
 (comm. ) < 5000. 
 
 Clngoll, ancient Cingulum, tn., central Italy, prov. and 14 m. 
 WNW. Macerata, on the R. Musone. P. 12,200. 
 
 Cinlglano, tn. , Italy, prov. and circle Grosseto, between the 
 valleys Orcia and Ombrone. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Clnlsl, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 14 m. W. by N. Palermo. P. 7000. 
 
 Cinnabar, settlement, U.S., Montana, Park co., 106 m. SE. 
 Butte City. 
 
 Cinq-Mars la Pile, tn., France, dep. Indre-et- Loire, on 
 the r. bk. of the Loire, 11 m. W. by S. Toiu-s; with remains 
 of a fifteenth century castle razed by Richelieu in 1642 after the 
 conspiracy of Cinq-Mars. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Clnqnefrondl, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 32 m. NE. 
 Reggio. P. < 5000. 
 
 Clnqne Ports, Tbe, Eng. , cos. Kent and Sussex ; an ancient 
 incorporation, said to have been enfranchised in the time of King 
 Edward the Confessor, of the five ports, Dover, Sandwich, 
 Romney, Hythe, and Hastings, to which were afterwards added 
 in very early times, Winchekea and Rye ; each of these, except 
 Hythe and Winchelsea, have also members, some of which are 
 very distant, and now quite inland. The jurisdiction of the 
 Cinque Ports extends along the coast continuously, from Sea- 
 ford in Sussex to Birchington near Margate, and includes also 
 the Swale at Faversham. They formerly had to provide a navy 
 for the king's use, in return for which many important privileges 
 were granted. The Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports is also 
 governor of Dover Castle. 
 
 Clntegabelle, tn., France, dep. Haute Garonne, on the 
 Ari6ge, 21 m. S. by E. Toulouse. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Clntl, tn., Bolivia, dep. Chuquisaca, cap. dist. C, 125 ra. 
 SW. Sucre, on a trib. of the Pilcomayo. P. <3000. 
 
 Cinto Caomagglore, tn., Italy, prov. Venice, dist. Porto- 
 gruaro. P. 18,000. 
 
 Clntra, tn., Portugal, prov. Estremadura, 13 m. NW. by W. 
 Lisbon. Summer resort of the upper classes of Lisbon, and with 
 a p)ermanent foreign colony, including many English. To the 
 S. rises a precipitous mountain with two peaks, on the northern 
 of which are the ruins of an old Moorish castle. The convention 
 of C, by which the French were allowed to leave Portugal un- 
 molested, was signed here in 1808. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Clntm^nlgo, tn., Spain, prov. Navarra, 14 m. W. Tudela, 
 on r. bk. of the Alhama, with woollen manufactures. P. <4000. 
 
 Clotat, La, tn., France, dep. Bouches-du-Rhone, on the S. 
 ct. , on the Gulf of La C. , arr. and 14 m. SE. by E. Marseilles, 
 with a port, enclosed by a mole, and a lighthouse, visible 10 m.; 
 fisheries. Mean temp., yr. 59° F., Jan. 44. 9°, Aug. 74.5". P. 10,300. 
 
 Clrc^lrs, Northern (from sarkdr, 'a government'), the his- 
 torical name for a large tract of country comprising roughly 
 the plains behind that part of the E. coast of Madras Presidency, 
 Brit. India, which trends NE., between 15° 40' and 20° 1/ N. 
 
 Circassians. See Cberkesses. 
 
 Circello, tn. , Italy, prov. Benevento, circle San Bartolommeo. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Cireeo, Monte, hill, Italy, on the W. ct. , 26 m. W. Gaeta. 
 Alt. 1775 ft- 
 
 Circesium, Asiatic Turkey. See Kerltesia. 
 
 Circleyllle, city, U.S., Ohio, Pickaway co., on Scioto R., 
 26 m. S. by E. Columbus. P, 6600. 
 
 Circular Head, Tasmania. See Stanley. 
 
 Cirencester (locally pronounced siz'e-ter), called by the Ro- 
 mans, who had a military station here, Corinium, market-tn. 
 and par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, C. div. , 13 m. S. by E. Chelten- 
 ham, on the R. Chum, a branch of the Thames and Severn 
 Canal, and the G. W. and the M. & SW. June. Rlys.; has the 
 Royal Agricultiu-al College and a Roman museum. Market- 
 day, M. Mean rainfall (Thames Head, alt. 350 ft., 1866-80), 
 32.21 in. 5286 ac. P. 7500; pari. div. P. 53,300; urban sani- 
 tary dist. P. 7400. 
 
 Clrey-les-Forges, tn., France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, on 
 the Vezouze, arr. and 21 m. E. Lun^ville. P. <30oo. 
 
 Clrl^, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 13 m. NNW. 
 Turin. P. <50oo. 
 340 
 
 ClrkTenlca, watering-place and health resort, Hungary, 
 Croatia, on the Morlacca Channel, 18 m. SE. Fiume. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Cir Hbor (or Vbor, pronounced kir vor), mt., Scot., I. of 
 Arran, at the head of Glen Sannox, 5 m. NW. by N. Brodick. 
 Alt. 2618 ft. 
 
 Clro, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 42 m. NE. by N. 
 Catanzaro, with anchovy fisheries. P. 5000. 
 
 ^Irpan (chirpan), tn., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, 30 m. E. 
 Phihppopolis. Mineral springs. P. (1888) 11,000. 
 
 Clrpllti (chirpilii), tn., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. 
 and 6 m. N. by W. Philippopolis. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cimelltas, mining vil., Costa Rica, 44 m. WNW. San Jos6. 
 
 Clsa, La, pass. See Apennines, B. 
 
 Cisalpine BepnbUc, a former state in the N. of Italy, founded 
 by the French in 1797. 
 
 Cisano Bei^amasco, tn., Italy, prov. and circle Bergamo, 
 with iron-smelting furnaces. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cisco, stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. P. R,, 
 1333 m. by jail from Winnip>eg, 149 m. from Vancouver. Temp. 
 (19 yrs.), yr. 45.2° F., Jan. 30.8°, July 64.4°; rainfall, jz. 49.18 
 in., June-Sept. i.i3in. 
 
 Cisco, stn., on the Central Pacific Railroad, U.S., California, 
 Placer co. , in 39° 19' N. , 120° 33' W, Alt. 5939 ft. mean. 
 
 Cisco, tn., U.S., Texas, Eastland co., 133 m. WSW, Dallas. 
 P. <;iSoo. 
 
 Clson de Valmarlno, comm., Italy, prov. Treviso, dist. and 
 10 m, W. Vittorio. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cissbnry Hill, hill, Eng. , Sussex, 6^ m. E. Arundel ; said 
 to have been the retreat of Cissa, King of the South Saxons, 
 after his submission to Cerdic the West Saxon. 
 
 Cistercium, France. See Ctteaux. 
 
 Clstemlno, comm., Italy, prov. and 40 m. SE. Bari. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Ctteaux, Latin form Cistercium, vil. , France, dep. Cote d'Or, 
 14 m. S. by E. Dijon, with the chief abbey of the Cistercian 
 order, founded in 1098 by the Duke of Burgimdy and the Abb6 
 of Molesme. The abbey chiu-ch was destroyed during the 
 Revolution. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Citium, tn., Cyprus. See Lamaca. 
 
 Citlaltepetl, mt. , Mexico. See Orizaba, Peak of. 
 
 Citrus, CO., U.S., Florida, on Gulf of Mexico, crossed in N. 
 by 29° N. 
 
 Clttadella, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. Padua, 13 m. NE. by 
 E. Vicenza. P. 8000. 
 
 Cittii della Piere, comm. , Italy, Umbria, prov. and 22 m. 
 SW. by W. Perugia. P. 7000. 
 
 Cltt& dl Castello, tn. , Italy, Umbria, on the Tevere, prov. 
 and 24 m. NNW. Perugia. Seat of a bishop. P. 24,000. 
 
 Cittft Ducale, comm. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila. 
 on R. Velino, 19 m. SE. Temi. P. <5ooo. 
 
 CittanoTa, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 29 m. NE. by E. 
 Reggio. P. 12,000. 
 
 Cltt& Sant Angelo, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. 
 Teramo, 13 m. NNW. Chieti. Seat of a bishop. P. 6000. 
 
 Cltt4 Veccbla, ancient Pharia, seapt. and market-tn. , Austria, 
 on an inlet of the island Lesina, prov. Dalmatia, circle and 23 
 m. S. Spalato. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cltt4 Yeccbla, or Medina \otabile, fortified city of Malta, 
 near the centre of the island, 6 m. W. by S. Valetta, with which 
 it is connected by rail. It stands on a limestone hill, in which 
 catacombs have been excavated at a remote period, and it has 
 a cathedral. On its SW. side is the suburb Rabato, in which is 
 the grotto of St. Paul. 
 
 City and Sontb London, underground electric rly. , London, 
 Eng., from the Monument (City) to Clapham. 
 
 Cl^ Island, vil., U.S., New York, Westchester co., 16 m. 
 NE. New York. P. < 1500. 
 
 City of Salt, place named in O. T. See Tell el Mllh. 
 
 City Point, vil., U.S., Virginia, Prince George co., on the 
 S. side of James R., 19 m. SSE. Richmond. P. < 150a 
 
 Citidad, Spanish, ' city.' 
 
 Ciudad Bollrar, tn. and riv. port, Venezuela, cap. state of 
 Bolivar, on the r. bk. of the Orinoco, which is navigable to this 
 point (373 m. from the mouth) for sea-going steamers, 190 m. 
 SW. of the SW. end of the isl. of Trinidad. At high water 
 (August, September, and sometimes part of October) such 
 vessels as can pass the bar of the Orinoco (16^ ft.) can anchor 
 alongside the quays, but at low water (February to April) 
 vessels drawing more than 11 ft. have to discharge into flat- 
 bottomed boats some way down the river. The town was 
 founded by Mendoza in 1764, and was first called Angostura 
 (' narrows '), owing to the fact that the river here contracts to 
 800 yards in width. In 1790 it was made the seat of a bishop. 
 P. 11,700. 
 
 Ciudad de Las Casas, Mexico. See San Cristobal de los 
 Llanos. 
 
 Ciudad de La Plata ('city of silver '), former name of Sucre, 
 Bolivia. 
 
 Ciudad de Victoria, tn. , Mexico. See Durango. 
 
 Cindadela, tn., Spain, Minorca, W. ct., 25 m. WNW. 
 
CIUD — CLAP 
 
 Mah6n, with oyster-fisheries. Near is the Cava Perella, a cavern 
 in mff". P. 8400. 
 
 Ciudad Morelos, Mexico. See Cnantla. 
 
 I'iiulatl Porllrio Diaz, tn., Mexico. See Pledras Xegras. 
 
 Ciudail Keal, tn. , Spain, cap. of prov. C. R. , 61 m. S. Toledo, 
 a few miles to the S. of the Zdncara (Guadiana). Alt. 2090 ft. 
 Mean temp. 59.7° F. , Jan. 43.7°, July 79.2°. P. 14,700. 
 
 Cindad Rodrlgo, fortified city, Spain, prov. and 50 m. 
 WSW. Salamanca. Taken by the Portuguese in 1706, by the 
 French in 1810, and by the British in 1812. P. 8300. 
 
 Clvidale del Frlnll, comm. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 10 m. 
 E. by N. Udine, with celebrated collection of antiquities. P. 8000. 
 
 ClTltacamponiarano, comm. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. 
 and 16 m. N. by E. Carapobasso, 48 m. NN W. Foggia. P. <:3oco. 
 
 ClvltjV Castellaua, comm., Italy, prov. Rome, 17 m. SE. by 
 E. Viterbo. Seat of a bishop. P. < 5000. 
 
 ClYitanova-SIarcIie, comm., Italy, The Marches, prov. and 
 12 m. E. Macerata, 23 m. SSE. Ancona. P. 9000. 
 
 Clvltanova nel Sauiilo, comm., Italy, prov. Campobasso, 
 circle and 10 m. NE. Isernia. P. 9000. 
 
 ClvltiV Veccbla ( ' old city,' the ancient Centum Cella and Tra- 
 jani Partus), fortified tn. and seapt. , Italy, prov. and 37 m. WN W. 
 Rome, 25 m. SW. by S. Viterbo. The port is artificial, and the 
 harbour is in need of improvement. It has already been deepened 
 in part to 21 ft. , but rocks at a depth of 17J ft. have not yet been 
 removed from its bottom. Depth of water at E. entrance, 26 ft. 
 P. 12,000. 
 
 Clvitella del Troiito, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. 
 and 8| m. N. by W. Teramo, 38 m. NW. Chieti. P. 7000. 
 
 Clvitella di Komagna, market-tn., Italy, Emilia, prov. 
 Forli, 30 m. W. Rimini. P. 5000. 
 
 Clvitella In Val di Cliiaiia, comm. , Italy, prov. and circle 
 Arezzo, between the vals. of the Chiana and the Ambra. P. 6000. 
 
 Clvray, ancient Severiacum, tn., France, dep. Vienne, on 
 the Charente, 30 m. S. Poitiers, cap. arr. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Clynka, American mission stn., Portuguese W. Africa, 8 m. 
 from Kangombe, the cap. of Bihe. Alt. 4000 ft. 
 
 Clablty, electoral div. , E. co. Fermanagh, bar. Tirkennedy, 
 II J m. ENE. Enniskillen, 3 ra. from Fivemiletown stn., P.O. 
 
 Clach, Clock, Clough, Gaelic, 'a stone." 
 
 Clachaig, P.O., Scot., Argyllshire, 4 m. NW. Dunoon. 
 
 Clachan, vil. , Scot., Argyllshire, Kintyre, 19 m. S. by W. 
 Ardrishaig. 
 
 Clachan, hamlet, Scot. , Argyllshire, Lismore I. , 8 m. N. Oban. 
 
 ClacUet, or Clacb Leatliad, mt. , Scot. , Argyllshire, 8 m. 
 ENE. of the head of Loch Etive. Alt. 3602 ft. 
 
 Clacbnaliarry, vil., Scot., co. and i^ m. NW. Inverness, 
 on the S. shore of Beauly Firth, and on the H. R. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clack, vil., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade div., 10^ m. W. by S. 
 Swindon, i m. SE. Dauntsey stn. See Bradenstoke. 
 
 Clack'amas, co., U.S., Oregon, in the NW., crossed in the 
 S. by 45° N. , and in the E. by 122° W. 
 
 Clackmannan (originally Clachan- Mannan), par., Scot., 
 cap. CO. C, i\ m. E. by S. Alloa, with two stns. (C. and 
 Kennet and C. Koad) on different lines of the N. B. R. ; has 
 coal-mines. PMT.O. 9427 ac. P. 5100. 
 
 Clackmannanslilre, the smallest co. of Scot. , having S. the 
 R. Forth, and on the other sides the cos. Perth, Stirling, and 
 Fife. It consists chiefly of the lower part of the Devon valley, 
 which extends N. to the Ochil Hills ; belongs wholly to the 
 Carboniferous system, and mainly to the productive portion of 
 it, and coal is mined at Alloa (the seaport of the co.), Devon, 
 Tillicoultry, and Clackmannan (the cap. ). As to agriculture, see 
 Appendix, pp. 10-12. C. unites with the co. of Kinross in 
 sending one member to Parliament. 30,477 ac. P. 28,400. 
 See Scotland, table. 
 
 Clacton, Cireat, par. and tn. , Eng., Essex, Colchester div., 
 on the E. ct., ii^ m. SW. by S. Harwich, PMT.O. ; 4074 ac. 
 P. <4ooo ; eccles. par. (C. Oreat i^-ltb Little Holland) P. 2000. 
 
 Clacton, Little, par., Eng., 2 m. NNW. Great Clacton, 
 P.O. P.<:75o. 
 
 Clacton-on-Sea, watering-place, Eng., on the E. ct., adjoin- 
 ing Great Clacton on the S., on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. 
 (eccles. par. )< 2000. 
 
 Claddagh, or Sivanlinbar, small riv. , Ire. , in the SW. of cos. 
 Cavan and Fermanagh, flows NE. into Upper Lough Erne. 
 
 CladdaghdnfT, P.O., Ire., co. Galway, 7 m. from Clifden. 
 
 Cladlch, P.O., Scot., Argyllshire, 8 m. N. Inveraray, on the 
 E. side of Loch Awe, 5 m. SW. Dalmally stn. 
 
 Clady, Ire. See Clandy. 
 
 Clady, electoral div., Ire., co. Armagh, dist. Markethill. 
 
 Clady, small riv., Ire., in the NW. of co. Donegal, issues 
 from Lake Nacung, and flows into Gweedore Bay at Bunbeg. 
 
 Clady, vil. , Ire. , N W. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower Strabane, 4 m. 
 SW. Strabane, on the r. bk. of the Finn, on the Donegal Rly. 
 
 Clady Slllltown, P.O., Ire., co. Armagh, bar. Lower Fews, 
 7\ m. SE. Armagh, 3 m. from Markethill stn. 
 
 Claerwen, or Afon C, riv., Wales, in Cardiganshire and 
 on S. frontier of Radnorshire, joins the Elan (q.v.). 
 
 Claflln University, U.S. See Orangeburg. 
 
 ClaggalnBay, Scot. , Argyllshire, on the E. of Islay, in 55° 42 N. 
 
 Clahoqnot Sound, bay, Canada, Brit. Columbia, in about 
 the middle of W. ct. of Vancouver I. 
 
 Claiborne, par. , U. S. , Louisiana, N. frontier, crossed by 93° W. 
 
 Claiborne, co., U.S., Mississippi, on the Mississippi, crossed 
 by 32" N. 
 
 Claiborne, co., U.S., Tennessee, in the NE., on the N. 
 frontier, E. of 84° W. 
 
 Clalfe, par., Eng., Lancashire, Hawkshead par.; 4579 ac. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Claln, Le, riv., France, rises in dep. Charente, arr. Con 
 folens, enters dep. Vienne, flows generally N. through a beauti- 
 ful valley and falls into the Vienne 3 m. above Chatellerault. 
 In its course it passes Vivonne and Poitiers ; to the latter town 
 it was formerly navigable. Length about 70 m. 
 
 Clalnes, Nortk and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 2| m. N. Worcester. C. North, 
 P. <2ooo; C. South, P. 11,100. 
 
 Clair, Lake, Canada, Quebec, Maurice co., N. of 47° N., 
 and E. of 74° W. , drained S. then E. by the Mattawin R. into 
 R. St. Maurice. 
 
 Clair Lake, lake, Canada, Quebec, Portneuf co., 51 m. NW. 
 by W. Quebec, drained W. into the Batiscan R. 
 
 Clair, Loch, lake, Scot. , Ross-shire, i m. long in the W. , 4 m. 
 S. of the head of Loch Maree, drained NNE. into Kinlochewe R. 
 
 Clalrac, tn., France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, arr. Marmande, 
 on the Lot, 16 m. N W. Agen ; trade in white wines of high repute. 
 Since 1527 the cradle of Guyenne Protestantism. P. <3000. 
 
 Claire, riv. , Tongking. See Tsin-ho. 
 
 Clairinch, islet, Scot. , in the E. of Loch Lomond, Stirling- 
 shire, opposite the mouth of Endrick Water. 
 
 Clalrvanx, vil. , France, dep. Aube, on the 1. bk. of the Aube, 
 loj m. SE. Bar-sur-Aube, noted for its Cistercian abbey founded 
 by St. Bernard, now converted into a prison. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Clalrvaux, or St. Placide, vil. , Quebec, Charlevoix co. , 9 m. 
 NW. St. Paul's Bay. P.<isoo. 
 
 Clalse, riv. , France, dep. Indre-et- Loire, r. bk. trib. of the 
 Creuse, rises in flood upwards of 30 ft. 
 
 Clal'lam, co. , U. S. , Washington , on the W. ct. , crossed by 48° S. 
 
 Clamart, tn., France, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, 5 m. SW. 
 Notre Dame, Paris, 2\ m. from the city walL P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Clamecy, tn., France, dep. Nievre, on the Yonne, 37 m. 
 NNE. Nevers, cap. arr. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Clamshell, cave, Scot. See StalTa. 
 
 Clanabogan, electoral div.. Ire., co. Tyrone, dist Omagh 
 No. I, P.O. 4 m. from Omagh stn. 
 
 Clananeese, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, dist. Clonavaddy. 
 
 Clana'wley, bar. , Ire. , in the SW. of co. Fermanagh. 
 
 Clandeboye, PMT.O., Ire., NE. co. Down, bar. Lower 
 Castlereagh, 3 m. W. Bangor. 
 
 Clandon, East, par., Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div., 4J m. 
 ENE. Guilford, with a stn. (Clandon and Ripley Road) on the 
 L. &SW. R., P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Clandon, West, par., i m. W. of E. Clandon, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Clandonagh, bar. , Ire. , in the SW. of Queen's co. 
 
 Clandown, eccles. par., Eng., Somersetshire, Midsomer 
 Norton par. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clane, par., Ire., NE. co. Kildare, bar. Clane, sh ™- -N- Naas, 
 4 m. from Sallins stn., on the n bk. of the Liffey, PM.O. ; 
 4665 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clanfield, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 11^ m. 
 NNE. Portsmouth, 4^ m. NW. by N. Rowlands Castle stn., 
 P.O. P.<25o. SeeChaltAu. 
 
 Clanfield, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Woodstock div. , 14J m. 
 W. by S. Oxford, 2 m. S. Alvescot stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Clanglbbou, Ire. See Condons and Clangibbon. 
 
 Clankee, bar. , Ire. , in E. of co. Cavan. 
 
 Clankelly, bar. , Ire. , in SE. of co. Fermanagh. 
 
 Clanmahon, bar. , Ire. , in SW. of co. Cavan. 
 
 Clanmanrice, bar. , Ire. , in N. of co. Kerry. 
 
 Clanmorris, bar. , Ire. , in SE. of co. Mayo. 
 
 Clannaborongh, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 
 12^ m. NW. by W. Exeter, x\ m. W. Copplestone stn. P. <2SO. 
 
 Clanque Battery, rock fortress, Eng., Channel Is., off the 
 SW. ct. of Alderney. 
 
 Clanville, hamlet, Eng., Hampshire, 15 m. SW. Newbury, 
 div. and 3^ m. NW. Andover, i\ m. NNE. Weyhill stn., P.O. 
 
 Clanivllllam, stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the 
 C. P. R., about 118° 32' W., 1112 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 
 370 m. from Vancouver. 
 
 Clan-wilUam, tn.. Cape Colony, cap. dist. C, 70 m. SW. 
 Calvinia. Mean temp. (10 yrs., not consecutive), yr. 63.7° P., 
 Jan. 74.6°, July 51.6° ; rainfall (6 yrs.), 8.03 in. P. <iSoo. 
 
 ClanwUliam, bar. , Ire. , in the NE. of co. Limerick. 
 
 Clanivilllam, bar., Ire., in the SW. of co. Tipperary. 
 
 Clanyard, bay, Scot., Wigtownshire, sh ™- NW. Mull of 
 Galloway. 
 
 Clapgate, P.O., Eng., Dorsetshire, 2 m. from Wimborne. 
 
 Clapham, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 2 m. 
 NNW. Bedford, li m. SE. Oakley stn., P.O. P.<7SO. 
 ^ 341 
 
CLAP — CLAR 
 
 Clapham, par., Eng., Sussex, Lewes div., s m. E. by S. 
 Arundel, 2h m. N. by W. Goring stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Clapham, suburb of London, Eng., Surrey, 3 m. SSW. St. 
 Paul's, London, on the L. B. & S. C. R., and on the L. C. & 
 D. R. C. Common is an open space under the management 
 of the London County Council, 220 ac. in extent. C. Junction, 
 on the L. & SW. and L. B. & S. C. Rlys., 4 m. SW. St. Paul's, 
 has connections with all the great railways having their termini 
 in London. Pari div. (1891) P. 96,000. See Battersea and 
 Clapliani. 
 
 Clapham with Jfewhy, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 in the W. of the Skipton div., 21 m. SE. Kendal, on the M. R., 
 PM.O. ; 12,037 ac. P. <75o; eccles. par. (C. with Keasden) 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Clapton, part of eccles. par., Eng., Cambridgeshire. See 
 Croydon. 
 
 Clapton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 12 m. 
 N. by W. Lechlade, 2J m. S. Bourton on the Water (g.v.) stn. 
 P.<:25o. 
 
 Clapton, par. , Eng. , N. div. of Northamptonshire, 12 m. E. 
 Kettering, 2^ m. E. by S. Thorpe stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Clapton, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 7J ra. W. Bristol, 3 
 m. S. Portishead stn., P.O. (C. In Gordano). P. <25o. 
 
 Clapton, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Crewkerne (Somerset). 
 
 Clapton, lower and Upper, suburb, London, Eng., in 
 Hackney bor. Upper C. has a stn. (Clapton) on the G. E. R. 
 C. Common. Alt. 98 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 25.82 in. 
 
 Clar, Claragh, Irish, 'a plain,' 'flat piece of land.' 
 
 Clara, market-tn.. Ire., N. King's co. , bar. Kilcoursey, 7 
 m. NW. TuUamore, an important railway junction, PMT.O. 
 Market-day, W. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clara, par.. Ire., co. and 4 m. E. Kilkenny, bar. Gowran; 
 3201 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clara, isl., in the Mergui Archipelago, Bay of Bengal, in 
 10° 54' S. , and 98° 4' E. 
 
 Clarach, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, Aberystwith union. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Claragh, 'a plain.' See Clar. 
 
 Clara 11111, P.O., Ire., 8 m. from Mountmellick, Queen's co. 
 
 Clarbeston, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 'j\ m. NE. by E. 
 Haverfordwest, 2 m. E. Clarbeston Road stn., on the G. W. R., 
 PM.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Caarborongh, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 
 6;^ m. SW. by W. Gainsborough, P.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Clar Bridge, stn. , Ire. , co. and near Donegal, on the G. N. 
 & Donegal Rly. 
 
 Clardon, P.O., Scot., 3 m. from Thurso, Caithness. 
 
 Clardon Head, cape, Scot., Caithness, on the N. ct., in 
 3° 27' W., 2^ m. ENE. Thurso. 
 
 Clare, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Digby co. , on St. Mary's 
 Bay, 130 m. W. by S. Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clare, maritime co., Ire., Munster, bounded W. by the At- 
 lantic, N. by CO. Galway, and E. and S. by the Shannon and 
 its estuary ; divided into the following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Bunratty, Lower 
 Bunratty, Upper 
 Burren 
 Clonderalaw 
 Corcomroe 
 Ibrickan . 
 Inchiquin . 
 Islands 
 Moyarta . 
 Tulla, Lower . 
 TuUa, Upper . 
 
 Total, Clare 
 
 Acres. 
 
 57.315 
 53-595 
 
 74.361 
 75.879 
 61,385 
 56,696 
 88,387 
 
 63.592 
 68,680 
 
 73.455 
 94,920 
 
 Pop. 1891, 
 
 7.709 
 6,852 
 
 4.615 
 12,927 
 12,493 
 12,770 
 
 9.434 
 15,161 
 18,688 
 11,276 
 12,558 
 
 768,2651 124,483 
 
 1 Exclusive of 59,729 ac under the larger rivers, lakes, and tideways. 
 
 Surface is undulating in the centre of the county, %vith hills rising 
 to between 500 and 1000 ft. , in a few places to above 1000 ft. , in 
 the NE. and E. and NW. and W.; highest point Glenagalhagh, 
 in the Slieve Bemagh, 1746 ft. In the W., which is part of the 
 Munster coalfield, the soil is boggy, along the shore of the 
 Shannon it is rich loam ; the W. coast is rocky, and has several 
 bays, of which the chief are Ballyvaghan, Liscannor, and Mal- 
 bay. The scenery of this coast is magnificent, especially at the 
 cliffs of Moher, N. of Liscannor Bay. The only considerable 
 river is the Fergus, whose wide but shallow estuary opens into 
 the Shannon about the middle of the S. coast-line. Chief 
 towTis, Ennis, the cap., Kilrush, Ennistimmon, and a part 
 of Killaloe. The Midland Great Western Rly. runs from N. 
 to S. through the county past Ennis, and the W. Clare Rly. 
 from Ennis to Milt own Malbay on the W. coast, and Kilrush 
 on the Shannon, and thence to the beautiful watering-place of 
 Kilkee, on the Atlantic, near Loup Head. Manufactures frieze 
 342 
 
 and hosiery for local use. The whole country affords excellent 
 pasturage, and large quantities of stock are reared. For agri- 
 culture, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. By far the greater part of 
 the surface belongs to the Carboniferous limestone, but the 
 eastern hills belong to the Devonian and Lower Silurian 
 systems. Slates are quarried at Kilrush and Miltown Malbay. 
 Salmon-fishing carried on chiefly in the Shannon ; there are 
 large oyster-beds at Ballyvaghan and Burren. The county 
 returns two members to Parliament, one for the E. and one for 
 the W. div. Since 1841 the population has steadily decreased. 
 See Ireland, table. 
 
 Clare, market-tn. and par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 12 J 
 m. SW. bv S. Bury St. Edmunds, on the G. E. R. and Colne 
 Valley Rly., PMT.O. Market-day, M. P.<2ooo. 
 
 Clare, P.O., Ire., NE. co. Armagh, bar. Lower Orior, 8i m. 
 E. by S. Armagh, 3 m. from Tanderagee stn. 
 
 Clare, tn.. Ire., co. C, bar. Islands, 2 m. SE. Ennis, with 
 a stn. (C. Castle) on the Waterford and Limerick Rly., PMT.O. 
 (Clarecastle). P. < 1000. 
 
 Clare, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, Upper 
 Half, 5 m. ESE. Portadown. P.<5oo. 
 
 Clare, bar. , Ire. , in the N. of co. Galway, E. of Lake Corrib. 
 
 Clare, small riv. , Ire. , Galway, flows S. then W. into the S. 
 end of Lake Corrib, taking the name of Claregalway in its 
 lower part. 
 
 Clare, isl. , Ire. , off W. ct. co. Mayo, at the mouth of Clew 
 Bay, with lighthouse on NW, ct., P.O. (C. Island) ; 3946 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Clare, small riv. , Ire. , flows W. to the 1. bk. of the northern 
 branch of the Mulkear, forming part of the boundary between 
 CO. Limerick and co. Tipperary. 
 
 Clare, P.O., Ire., NW. co. Tyrone, bar. W. Omagh, iii m. 
 NW. by W, Omagh, 3 m. from Castlederg stn. 
 
 Clare, municip., S. Australia, Stanley co., 75 m. N. Adelaide. 
 Alt. 1350 ft. Mean temp., yr. 59.2° F., Jan. 72.6°, July 47.2°; 
 rainfall (21 yrs.), 24.18 in. 
 
 Clare, vil, U.S., Michigan, C. co., 48 m. WNW. Bay City. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Clareabhey, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Islands, containing 
 Clare tn. ; par. 7023 ac. P. <i500. 
 
 Clarecastle, Ire. See Clare (co. Clare). 
 
 Clareen, P.O., Ire., S. King's co., bar. Ballybritt, 5 J m. 
 ESE. Parsonstown. 
 
 Claregalway, par.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bars. Clare and 
 Dimkellin, on river C. , 6 m. NE. Galway, 4 m. from Oran- 
 more stn., PM.O.; 11,984 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Claregalway Rlrer, Ire. See Clare. 
 
 Claremont, vil., Canada, prov. and co. Ontario, 24 m. 
 NNE. Toronto. P. <isoo. 
 
 Claremont, municip. , Cape Colony, Cape dist. , on the SE. of 
 Table Mt. P. (1891) 6252. 
 
 Claremont, seat, Eng., Surrey, Epsom div., 5 ra. SW. 
 Kingston, rly. stn. Esher and C. It belonged to the late King 
 of the Belgians ; Louis Philippe, King of the French, died here 
 in exile, August 26, 1850. See Claygate. 
 
 Claremont, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Sullivan co., 41 m. 
 W. by N. Concord. P. 5600. 
 
 Claremont, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Brown co., 142 m. NE. 
 by E. Pierre. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Claremorrls, market-tn.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Clanmorris, 
 14 m. from Castlebar, on the M. G. W. R. Market-day, W. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarence. For the origin of this name, see Kyll£nS, Greece. 
 
 Clarence, port, Alaska. See Port Clarence. 
 
 Clarence, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Russell co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the R. Ottawa, 24 m. ENE. Ottawa. P. <soo. 
 
 Clarence, Eng. See Port Clarence. 
 
 Clarence, co., New South Wales, on the E. ct., and crossed 
 in the S. by 30° S. 
 
 Clarence, isl.. Pacific, N. of Navigator I. Lat. 80° 10' S., 
 Ion. 172° 10' W. 
 
 Clarence, isl., S. America, W. of Tierra del Fuego. Lat. 
 54° 10' S., long. 71° 20' W. Length, E. to W., 52 m. ; breadth, 
 23 m. It is rocky and greatly indented by bays. 
 
 Oarence, vil., U.S., Iowa, Cedar co., 30 m. E. by S. Cedar 
 Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarence, tn. , U.S., Missouri, Shelby co., 65 m. SW. Keokuk 
 (Iowa). P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarence, settlement, W. Australia, Perth co., 12 m. SSW. 
 Perth. 
 
 Clarenoefield, vil. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, 'j\ m. NW. Annan, 
 P.O. 
 
 Clarence Head, cape, W. side Baffin Bay, in 76° 41' N. 
 
 Clarence Islands, a group, Queensland, in Torres Strait, 
 crossed by 10° 10' S. , 142° 15' E. 
 
 Clarence Peak, Santa Isabel, or O-Wassa, highest summit 
 of Fernando Po I. ; it is 9350 ft. above the sea. 
 
 Clarence Plains, Tasmania. See Rokeby. 
 
 Clarence Bldge, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, Char- 
 lotte CO., 18 m. from St. Stephen. 
 
CLAR — CLAS 
 
 Clarence River, riv., in the N. of New South Wales, it flows 
 S. and SE. to Grafton, and afterwards NE. to its mouth in the 
 Pacific at Shoal Bay. For the last 50 m. from Grafton to its 
 mouth it maintains an average width of half a mile, and is navi- 
 gable for vessels drawing from 10 to 12 ft., for smaller river 
 steamers navigable a few miles above Grafton. Length, 240 m. 
 
 Clarence Klver Heads, or Yamba, post-tn.. New South 
 Wales, Clarence co. , 9 m. NW. Grafton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarence Strait, Alaska Terr., between Prince of Wales 
 Archipelago and Duke of York I. 
 
 Clarence Strait, channel, Persia, between the S. ct. of Ker- 
 man at Bender Abbas and the E. end of Kishm I., varies in 
 breadth from 3 to 13 m. , and is studded with islands. 
 
 Clarence Straits, S. Australia, N. Terr., separating the 
 mainland from Melville I. 
 
 Clarence Town, small tp. , New South Wales, Durham co. , 
 25 m. N. Newcastle. The region is very fertile, yielding large 
 crops of maize and other cereals. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarence ToTrn, settlement, W. Africa, on the N. side of 
 Fernando Po I. ; it was formerly a British military station. 
 
 Clarencevllle, vil. and port of entry, Canada, Quebec, 
 Missisquoi co. , 3 m. from Lacolle. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarendon, tn. , U.S., Arkansas, Monroe co., 58 m. E. 
 Little Rock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarendon, now Enrongllly, post-tn. , New South Wales, 
 C. CO., 290 m. SW. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarendon, tp., S. Australia, co. and 18 m. SE. Adelaide. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarendon, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Warren co., 57 m. 
 ESE. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarendon, settlement, Victoria, co. Grant, 83 m. WNW. 
 Melbourne. 
 
 Clarendon, co. , U.S. , S. Carolina, S. of 34° N. , crossed in the 
 E. by 80° W. , bounded on the S. and SW. by the Santee R. 
 
 Clarendon, vil., U.S., Vermont, Rutland co., on Otter Creek, 
 6 m. S. Rutland, with marble quarries. 
 
 Clarendon Bay, Jamaica, in the S. , in 'ji' s'-g' W. 
 
 Clarendon Centre, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Pontiac co. , 8 m. 
 NW. Bristol. P. (of dist.)<i5oo. 
 
 Clarendon Park, par. , Eng. , co. Wiltshire ; remains of a 
 hunting-seat, in which Henry IL held the council that enacted in 
 1194 the Constitutions of Clarendon aimed against the encroach- 
 ments of the clergy. 4432 ac. P. <2So. 
 
 Clarendon Springs, viL, U.S., Vermont, co. and 7 m. SW. 
 Rutland, with mineral springs. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarens, vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, on the E. end of Lake 
 Leman, 15 m. ESE. Lausanne. Described in the writings of 
 Byron and Rousseau. See Montrenx. 
 
 Claret, comm., France, on the N. border of dep. H^rault, 18 
 m. N. Montpellier. P. <20oo. 
 
 Clarelon, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding. See 
 Coneytliorpe. 
 
 Claretnani, electoral div. , Ire. , NE. co. Galway, bar. Clare, 
 on the r. bk. of the Clare, 3 m. SW. Tuam, P.O. (Belclare). 
 
 Clarewood, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham union. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Clarlden, Die, ridge of mts. , Switzd. , cant. Glarus, in the 
 upper part of the Linth valley. Highest peak, Claridenstock, 
 10,705 ft. 
 
 Clarlna, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Shefford co. , on Yamaska R. , 
 4 m. SW. Granby. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarlna, electoral div. , Ire. , N. co. Limerick, bar. Pubblebrien, 
 dist. C, 5 m. WSW. Limerick, 3 m. from Patrick's Well stn., 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Clarlnbrldge, electoral div. , Ire., co. Galway, bar. Dunkellin, 
 dist. Oranmore, 7 m. SE. by E. Galway, P.O. • 
 
 Clarlnda, city, U.S., Iowa, Page co., 40 m. ENE. the SW. 
 corner of the state. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Clarington, vil., U.S., Ohio, Monroe co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Ohio, 22 m. SSW. Wheeling (W. Va.). P. <isoo. 
 
 Clarion, isl. , Pacific. See ReTllla Glgedo, Mexico. 
 
 Clarion, vil., U.S., Iowa, Wright co., 120 m. WNW. Cedar 
 Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarion, riv., U.S., Pennsylvania, in the NW., rises in the S. 
 of McKean co. , and flows SW. , then WSW. , to the Allegheny, 
 which it joins on the 1. bk. in about 41° 8' N. ; navigable 55 m. 
 up for boats. 
 
 Clarion, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, cap. C. co. , on C. Riv., 
 60 m. NE. by N. Pittsburg. C. co. is bounded on the SW. 
 by the Allegheny R. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Clark, many places of this name are often spelt Clarke. 
 
 Clark, CO. , U.S. , Arkansas, intersected by 34° N. and 93° W., 
 and bounded on the S. by Little Missouri R. 
 
 Clark, mt., U.S., California, Mariposa co., 165 m. E. by S. 
 San Francisco. 
 
 Clark, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, o-ossed by 45° N., between 97° 
 and 98° W. 
 
 Clark, tn., U.S., S. Dakota, C. co., 130 m. E. by N. Pierre. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Clark, CO., U.S., Illinois, on E. frontier, N. of 39° N. 
 
 Clark, CO., U.S., Indiana, on the Ohio, E. of 86° W. 
 
 Clark, CO., U.S., Kentucky, crossed by 38° N. and 84" W. 
 
 Clark, CO., U.S., Missouri, in the extreme NE. 
 
 Clark, CO., U.S., Wisconsin, E. of 91° W., and crossed in the 
 N. by 45° N. 
 
 Clarke, vil., Canada, Ontario, Durham co., 48 m. ENE. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarke, co. , New South Wales, just S. of 30° S. , and crossed 
 in the middle by 152° E. 
 
 Clarke, settlement. New Zealand, North I., Whakatane co., 
 135 m. SE. Auckland. 
 
 Clarke, settlement, Queensland, C. co., 93 m. W. Townsville. 
 
 Clarke, co., Queensland, crossed by 190 S., and in the E. by 
 146° E. , traversed and partly bounded on the S. by the Burdekin. 
 
 Clarke, co. , U.S., Alabama, partly bounded on N. by 32° N. , 
 and on W. by Tombigby R. 
 
 Clarke, co. , U. S. , Georgia, crossed by 34° N. , and W. of 83° W. 
 
 Clarke, co., U.S., Iowa, intersected by 41° N., and in W. by 
 94° W. 
 
 Clarke, co., U.S., Mississippi, E. frontier, crossed by 32° N. 
 
 Clarke, co., U.S., Ohio, in the W., crossed in the extreme 
 N. by 40° N. , and in the W. by 84° W. 
 
 Clarke, co., U.S., Virginia, on the N. frontier, crossed by 
 78° W. , traversed by the Shenandoah R. 
 
 Clarke, co. , U.S., Washington, on the S. frontier, between 
 122° and 123° W. , bounded on W. and S. by the Columbia R. 
 
 Clarke's Fork or River, U.S., formed in the W. of Montana 
 by the junction of the Bitter Root R. from the S. and the Flat- 
 head from the NE. , flows NW. , passing in the NW. of Montana 
 through Pend d'Oreille or Kalispelum Lake, and joins the 
 Columbia just N. of the frontier of Brit. Columbia: a fall at its 
 mouth of 15 ft. 
 
 Clarkevllle, post-tn., New Zealand, 48 m. SW. Dunedin. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarklll Row, vil, Ire., co. Down, Kilmegan par. P. <soo. 
 
 Clark's Beach, fishing settlement, Newfoundland, on N. side 
 of Conception Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarksburg, vil., Canada, Ontario, Grey co., i6 m. from 
 Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarksburg, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co. , 8 m. 
 E, by S. of the NW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarksburg, tn. , U.S., W. Virginia, Harrison co. , on the 
 Monongahela R. , 46 m. W. by N. of the SW. corner of Mary- 
 land, in a coal dist. P. 3000. 
 
 Clarksbury, settlement. Cape Colony, Kaffraria, dist. Tem- 
 buland, 90 m. NNE. of East London. 
 
 Clark's Harbour, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Shelburne co., 
 on Cape Sable I., 14 m. S. Barrington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clark's Island, in Arctic Ocean, in 69° 30' N. and 118° 40' W. 
 
 Clark's Island, U.S., Maine, in Penobscot Bay, connected 
 with the mainland by a stone bridge ; has granite quarries. 
 
 Clark's 91111s, vil. , Canada. See Camden East. 
 
 Clark's Peak, mt., U.S., Colorado, in the Front Range, 75 
 m. NW. Denver. Alt. 13,167 ft. (King, b.). 
 
 Clarkston, eccles. par., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, i m. E. by 
 N. Airdrie, on N. B. R. P. 10,200. 
 
 Clarkston Toll and Sheddens, vil., Scot., Renfrewshire, 
 4^ m. S. Glasgow, with stn. (Clarkston) on the C. R. P. < 1000. 
 
 ClarksTllle, vil. , U.S. , Arkansas, Johnson co. , near the 1. bk. 
 of the Arkansas R., 84 m. NW. by W. Little Rock. P. < 1500. 
 
 ClarksTlUe, tn., U.S., Georgia, Habersham co., 37 m. SW. 
 of NE. corner of state. P. < 1500. 
 
 ClarksTllle, tn., U.S., Indiana, Clark co., on r. bk. of Ohio 
 R. , a suburb of Jeffersonville, opposite LouisviUe, Ky. P. <20oo. 
 
 ClarksTllle, vil., U.S., Iowa, Butler co., on Shell Rock R., 
 79 m. NW. Cedar Rapids. P. <isoo. 
 
 ClarksTllle, tn., U.S., Missouri, Pike co., on the Mississippi, 
 65 m. NW. by N. St. Louis. P. <isoo. 
 
 ClarksTllle, vil., U.S., New York, Madison co. (in middle 
 of state). P. <i5oo. 
 
 ClarksTllle, city, U.S., Tennessee, Montgomery co., on 
 Cumberland R. , 40 m. N W. Nashville, with SW. Presbyterian 
 University. P. 8000. 
 
 ClarksTllle, tn., U.S., Texas, Red River co., 105 m. NW. 
 Shreveport (La. ). P. < 2000. 
 
 ClarksTllle, vil., U.S., Virginia, Mecklenburg co. , on the 
 r. bk. of Roanoke R., 89 m. SW. Richmond. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clarmallagh, bar. , Ire. , in the SW. of Queen's co. 
 
 Clary, tn., France, dep. Nord, 11 m. SE. Cambrai. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Clase, par. and vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, on Swansea 
 Channel, N. of and partly in bor. of Swansea ; 5059 ac. P. 
 23,900. 
 
 Clash, electoral div.. Ire., Queen's co., dist. Abbeyleix. 
 
 Clash, P.O., Ire., co. Wicklow, 3 m. from Rathdrum. 
 
 Clashacrow, par. and tnld., Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Cran- 
 nagh, I m. from Freshford. P. <25o. 
 
 ClashaTOdlg, vil. , Ire. , in co. and 5 m. E. Cork, 2 m. from 
 Little Island stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Clashmore, par.. Ire., SW. co. Waterford, bar. Decies 
 within Drum, 4^ m. NNE. Youghal, P.O.; 7201 ac. P. < 1500. 
 ^^ 343 
 
CLAS — CLAY 
 
 Clasbmore, P. O. , Scot. , Sutherland, 2^ m. S. by E. Storr Head. 
 
 Claslinessie, hamlet, Scot., Sutherland, on the W. ct., on C. 
 Bay, 3^ m. SE. by S. Storr Head. 
 
 ClasbTvan, vil., Ire., King's co. , Kilbride par., 2 m. from 
 Clara stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Classylann Harbour, Ire., NE. of co. Sligo, in the S. of 
 Donegal Bay. 
 
 Clatford, Lower, hamlet, Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 
 loim. NW. Winchester, PMT.O. 
 
 Clatford, Tpper, par. , i m. NW. by N. Lower C. , with a stn. 
 (Clatford) on the L. & SW. R., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Clatford Park, par,, Eng., Wiltshire, Marlborough union. 
 P. <250. 
 
 Clat'sop, CO., U.S., Oregon, in the NW., on the Columbia 
 and the Pacific Ocean. C. Beacb, a favourite sea-bathing resort 
 in this county, on Tillamook Head, 6 m. S. of the mouth of the 
 Columbia. 
 
 Clatt, par. and vil. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, near Kenneth- 
 mont, 8^ m. S. Huntly, P.O.; 5711 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Clattercott, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, 6 m. N. Banbury, on 
 the Oxford Canal. P. <25o. 
 
 Clatwortby, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 12 m. 
 WNW. Taunton, 3 J m. NW. Wiveliscombe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Clauda, isl., Turkey. See Gavdos. 
 
 Claudia, city, Eng. See Gloucester. 
 
 Claudy, tn. , Ire. , W. co. Londonderry, bar. Tirkeeran, 9 m. 
 SE. Londonderry, PMT.O. (Clady). P.<25o. 
 
 Claudy, electoral div.. Ire., E. co. Londonderry, bar. Loughin- 
 sholin, 15 m. NW. Antrim, 4 m. from Londonderry stn. , PMT.O. 
 
 Clangbton, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, div. and 7 m. NE. by E. 
 Lancaster, 2 m. WSW. Hornby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Claugbton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Lancaster div., 12 m. E. 
 by S. Fleetwood, close to Garstang and Catterall stn., PM.O. 
 (C.-on-Brock). P. <7So. 
 
 Clangbton wltb Grange, par., Eng., W. Cheshire, forming 
 part of Birkenhead bor. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Claureen, riv.. Ire., in the W. of co. Clare; it joins the 
 Fergus on the r. bk. just above Ennis. 
 
 Clansenburg, Hungary. See Hlausenburg. 
 
 Clanstbal, Prussia. See Klaustbal. 
 
 ClavelsoUes, vil., France, dep. Rhone, arr. Villefranche, 
 near La Mlire, with copper and ochre mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Clarerdon, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Stratford-on- Avon div. , 
 6 m. W. Warwick, on the G. W. R., PM.O. P. <7So ; eccles. 
 par. (e. wltb Norton Lindsey) P. < 1000. 
 
 ClaTerbouse, vil. , Scot. , Forfarshire, 3I m. NE. Dundee, P. O. 
 
 Clavering, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and sj^ m. SW. Saffron 
 Walden, 3 m. WSW. Newport stn., PM.O. P.<isoo. 
 
 Clarerlng Island, off E. ct. of Greenland, crossed by 74^° 
 N., 21° W. 
 
 Claverley, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 11^ m. N. by W. 
 Kidderminster, 5 m. E. Bridgnorth, PM.O. ; 8185 ac. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Claverton, uninhabited par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Chester imion. 
 
 Claverton, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., i\ m. ESE. 
 Bath, on the Kennet and Avon Canal. P. <soo. 
 
 Clawddnewydd, P.O. , Wales, 8 m. from Corwen, Merioneth- 
 shire. 
 
 Clawson, Long, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 5I m. 
 NNW. Melton Mowbray, with a stn. (L. C. and Hose) on the 
 G. N. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Clawton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 9^ m. N. 
 Launceston, 3 m. S. Clawton stn., P.O.; 5387 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Claxby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Horncastle div. , 13 m. SE. 
 by S. Louth, 1 m. W. by S. Willoughby stn. P. <2So. See 
 Well. 
 
 Claxby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Louth div., 14 m. SW. 
 Great Grimsby, \\ m. N. byE. Usselbystn., PM.O. P. <2So; 
 eccles. par. (C. wltb Normanby on tbe Wold) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Claxby Plnckacre, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, div. and 4 m. 
 SE. Horncastle, 14 m. S. by W. Louth. P. <2So. See 
 Wllksby. 
 
 Claxton, par., Eng., Durham, Hartlepool union. P. <2So. 
 
 Claxton, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 7 ra. SE. by E. Norwich, 
 2 m. SW. Buckenham stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Claxton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 8 m. NE, York, 2^ m. SE. by S. Flaxton stn. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Claxton's Bay, on the W. ct. of I. of Trinidad, in about 23^° N. 
 
 Clay. All the U.S. cos. of this name are named in honour of 
 Henry Clay, a noted politician (1777-1852). 
 
 Clay, CO., U.S., Alabama, N. of 33° N., crossed by 86° W. 
 
 Clay, CO., U.S., Arkansas, in the extreme NE. 
 
 Clay, CO., U.S., Fkjrida, in the NE., crossed by 30° N., and 
 in the W. by 82° W., bounded on the E. by the St. John R. 
 
 Clay, CO., U.S., Georgia, on W, frontier, and between 31° 
 and 32° N. 
 
 Clay, CO., U.S., Illinois, S. of 39° N., and between 88° and 
 89° W. 
 
 Clay, or Clay City, vil. , U.S., Indiana, C. co., 19 ra. SE. 
 Terre Haute. P. < 1500. 
 344 
 
 Clay, CO. , U. S. , Indiana, N. of 39° N. , crossed in E. by 87° W. 
 
 Clay, CO., U.S., Iowa, intersected by 43° N. and 95° W. 
 
 Clay, CO., U.S., Kansas, in the N., W. of the meridian 97°, 
 traversed by the Republican R. 
 
 Clay, CO. , U. S. , Kentucky, in the SE. , N. of 37° N. , E. of 84° W. 
 
 Clay, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Powell co. (in the E. of the state, 
 middle lat. ). P. <isoo. 
 
 Clay, CO., U.S., Minnesota, on the Red R. of the N. (W. 
 frontier), crossed in the N. by 47° N. 
 
 Clay, CO., U.S., Mississippi, in the NE., to the S. of 34° N., 
 E. of 89° W. 
 
 Clay, CO., U.S., Missouri, in the NW., bounded on the S. 
 by the Missouri, E. of 95° W. 
 
 Clay, CO., U.S., Nebraska, in the S., N. of 40° N., crossed 
 in the E. by 98° W. 
 
 Clay, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, on the S. frontier, E. of 84° W. 
 
 Clay, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, S. frontier, crossed by 97° W. 
 
 Clay, CO., U.S., Tennessee, on the N. frontier, E. of 86° W. 
 
 Clay, CO., U.S., Texas, on the N. frontier, crossed in the 
 E. by 98° W. 
 
 Clay, CO., U.S., W. Virginia, N. of 38° N., and crossed in 
 the E. by 81° W., traversed by the Elk R. 
 
 Claybrooke, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Leicestershire, Harborough div., 8^ m. N. by W. Rugby, 
 partly in Warwickshire, 2 m. WNW. Ullesthorpe stn., P.O. 
 (Claybrook). C. Great, P. <50o; C. Little, P. <:2So; eccles. 
 par. (Claybrooke witb Wlgston Parva and Wibtoft) P. 
 <iooo. 
 
 Clay Center, city, U.S., Kansas, Clayco., on Republican R., 
 85 m. WNW. Topeka. P. < 3000. 
 
 Clay City, vil., U.S., Illinois, Clay co. , 99 m. E. St. Louis 
 (Mo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Clay City, U.S., Indiana. See Clay. 
 
 Clay Coton, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 6 
 m. E. by N. Rugby, i m. S. Yelvertoft stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Clay Cross, or Claylaue, par. and tn., Eng., Derbyshire, 
 div. and 5I m. S. by E. Chesterfield, 2 m. SSW. of its stn. 
 (C. Cross), a junc. on the M. R. ; the centre of a large coal 
 andiron district. PMT.O. Tn. P. 7700; par. P. 7100. 
 
 Claydon, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 6 m. N. Ban- 
 bury, 2 m. SE. Fenny Compton stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Claydon, par., Eng., Suffolk, 5 m. NW. Ipswich, on the 
 G. E. R. , PMT.O. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (C. wltb Akenbam) 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Claydon, East, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 5^ m. 
 SE. by S. Buckingham, with stn. (Claydon) on L. & NW. R. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Claydon, Sllddle, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, i m. WSW. 
 East Claydon. P. <2SO. 
 
 Claye-Soullly, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, arr. and 
 9 m. W. Meaux. P. <20oo. 
 
 Clayette, La, tn., France, dep. Sa6ne-et- Loire, 21 m. NE. 
 by N. Roanne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Claygate, eccles. par. , Eng. , Surrey, Epsom div. , on the L. 
 & SW. R. (C. and Claremont stn.), 15 m. SW. St. Paul's, 
 London , PMT. O. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Claybanger, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 7^ m. NE. by 
 N. Tiverton, 2 m. SW. by S. Venn Cross stn., P.O. P. <;250. 
 
 Clay Head, cape. Isle of Man, 5^ m. NE. Douglas. 
 
 Claybldon, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 13 m. E. byN. 
 Tiverton, i^ m. ENE. Hemyock stn., P.O. ; 4741 ac. P. <Soo. 
 
 Claylane, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire. See Clay Cross. 
 
 Claymont, vil., U.S., Delaware, Newcastle co., 7 m. NE. 
 Wilmington, close to the Delaware R. and the N. frontier of 
 the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Claypole, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 5 m. 
 SE. Newark, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 ClaysTllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Washington co. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Claytborpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 7 m. SE. 
 Louth. P. <2So. See Bellean. 
 
 Clayton, eccles. dist. , Eng. , Lancashire, 3J m. E. Manchester, 
 with stn. (C. Bridge) on the L. & NW. R., PM.O. (C. Bridge). 
 P. < 3500. 
 
 Clayton, par., Eng., Sussex, E. Grinstead div., 6 m. N. 
 Brighton, i m. S. Hassocks stn., P.O. P.<20oo; eccles. par. 
 (C. wltb Keymer) P. < 1500. 
 
 Clayton, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Shipley 
 div., 2j m. W, Bradford, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. 7500; 
 tn. P. < 5000. 
 
 Clayton, or Bellamy's Nills, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Lanark 
 CO., II m. from Almonte. P. 15,000. 
 
 Clayton, vil., U.S., Alabama, Barbour co., 60 m. SE. by E. 
 Montgomery. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clayton, vil., U.S., Delaware, Kent co., 36 m. S. by W. 
 Wilmington. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Clayton, settlement, U.S., Georgia, Rabun co., 19 m. SW. 
 by W. of NE. corner of state. 
 
 Claytou, CO., U.S., Georgia, between 33° and 34° N., and 
 84° and 85° W. 
 
CLAY — CLEN 
 
 Clayton, vil., U.S., Illinois, Adams co. , 70 m. W. by N. 
 ■ Springfield. P. < 150x3. 
 
 Clayton, co., U.S., Iowa, on the Mississippi, crossed in 
 N. by 43° N. 
 
 Clayton, bor. , U.S., New Jersey, Gloucester co. , 8 m. S. by 
 E. Philadelphia (Penn.). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Clayton, vil., U.S., New York, Jefferson co., on the St. 
 Lawrence R., 58 m. NNE. Oswego. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Clayton, West, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Holmfirth div. , 6 m. NW. by W. Barnsley, on a branch line 
 of the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Clayton Green, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., 5 m. 
 SE. by S. Preston, 2 m. E. Leyland stn. 
 
 Clayton-le-Dale, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Blackburn union. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Clayton-le«9Ioor8, par. and tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, div. and 
 i| m. NNW. Accrington, on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 
 with coal-mines. P. 7200. 
 
 Clayton -le- Woods, par., Eng., Lancashire, 4 m. SSE. 
 Preston, i m. E. Leyland stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Clayton -with Frlekley, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W, Riding, 
 Doncaster union. P. <:5oo. See Frlekley. 
 
 Clayvllle, settlement, U.S., New York, Oneida co., 43 m. E. 
 by S. Syracuse, and 8 m. S. Utica. 
 
 Clayvllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Jefferson co., 45 m. 
 NW. Altoona. P. < 1500. 
 
 Claywortb, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 5J 
 m. W. by S. Gainsborough, on the Chesterfield Canal. P. <;soo. 
 
 Cleadon, vil., Eng., Durham, Jarrow div., 3 m. NNW. Sun- 
 derland, I m. NE. of its stn. (C. Lane) on the NE. R., P.O. 
 
 Cleanglass, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Limerick, dist. Broadford. 
 
 Cleanrath, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cork, dist. Inchigeelagh. 
 
 Clear brook, P.O., Eng., Devonshire, 2 m. from Yelverton. 
 
 Clear Creek, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Norfolk co. , 28 m. from 
 Simcoe. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clear Creek, co., U.S., Colorado, in the N., S. of 40° N., 
 and E. of 106° W. 
 
 Clear .Creek, settlement, U.S., Utah, Utah co., 70 m. SE. 
 by S. Salt Lake City. 
 
 Clearfield, riv., U.S., Pennsylvania, in the middle, it rises in 
 the E. of Cambria co. , in the Allegheny Mts. , and flows on the 
 whole NNE. to the W. branch of the Susquehanna, which it joins 
 on the 1. bk. in 41° 5' N. , 78° 25' W. 
 
 Clearfield, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, cap. C. co. , on the W. 
 branch of the Susquehanna R. , 92 m. ENE. Pittsburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Clear Island, isl. and par.. Ire., off SW. ct. co. Cork, with 
 coastguard stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Clear, Cape, the most southerly point of Clear I. ; P.O. 7 m. 
 from Baltimore. Clear, Bill of Cape, the most westerly point 
 of Clear I. 
 
 Clearleston, P.O., Ire., co. and 8 m. from Wexford. 
 
 Clear Lake, lake, Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co. , 70 m. W. 
 Ottawa, drained N. into the Bonnech^re R. 
 
 Clear Lake, lake, U.S., California, 112 m. N. San Francisco, 
 20 m. long. Frequented by tourists and hunters. 
 
 Clear Lake, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Deuel co., 133 m. NNE. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clear Lake, tn., U.S., Iowa, Cerro Gordo co., 10 m. W. 
 Mason City by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clear Lake, tn., U.S., Wisconsin, Polkco., 34 m. N. Hudson. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Clear Rlrer, Tongking. See Tsln-ho. 
 
 Clear Water, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of 
 the C. P. R. , 100 m. SW. by W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Clearwater Creek, riv. , Canada, Saskatchewan, in the NW. , 
 flows S. into the Beaver R. in about 54° 20' N. 
 
 Clearwater Lake, Canada, Labrador, drained W. into 
 Hudson's Bay, in about 56° N. and 75° W. 
 
 Clear Water River, or Washacnnunon, Canada, NW. 
 Terr., flows W. into the Athabasca R. at Fort McMurray, below 
 which point the Athabasca forms the E. frontier of dist. Atha- 
 basca ; navigable nearly to its head. See Metby, lake. 
 
 Clear Water Blver, U.S., Idaho, flows NW. then W. into 
 the Snake at Lewiston ; navigable by steamers to the confluence 
 of the N. Fork, more than 40 m. up. 
 
 Clearwell, eccles. dist. and hamlet, Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 Forest of Dean div. , 5 m. SE. by E. Monmouth, 2 m. S. Cole- 
 ford stn. , P. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cleasby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div. , on 
 the r. bk. of the Tees, 2| ra. W. by S. Darlington, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Cleatbam, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Glanford Brigg union. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Cleatlam, par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 9 J m. 
 SW. Bishop Auckland, i| m. WNW. Winston stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Cleator Moor, tn., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 4J m. 
 SE. by E. Whitehaven, on the L. & NW. and Cleator and 
 Workington June. Rlys. , with extensive coal-mines, and mines 
 of red hematite with blast furnaces. Identical with the par. of 
 Cleator. P. (1881) 10,400; (1891) 9500. 
 
 Cleburne, co., U.S., Alabama, E. frontier, just S. of 34° N. 
 
 Clebnrue, co., U.S., Arkansas, between 35° and 36° N., and 
 midway between E. and W. frontiers. 
 Cleburne, tn., U.S., Texas, Johnson co., 42 m. SW. Dallas. 
 
 P. <4QOO. 
 
 Cleckbeaton, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Spen Valley div., 4^ m. SSE. Bradford, on the L. & Y. R. 
 Manufactures woollens and worsteds and blankets ; carries on 
 cloth-dressing. P. (1881) 10,700; (1891) 11,800; eccles. par. 
 (Cleckbeaton Wbltecbapel wltb Scholes) P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cinder, market-tn., France, dep. Finist^re, arr. and 13 m. 
 NW. Morlaix. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cleddan, or Cleddy, two small non-navigable rivs., Wales, 
 Pembrokeshire, one flowing SW. partly on the Carmarthenshire 
 border, the other S. past Haverfordwest, into different branches 
 of Milford Haven. 
 
 Clee, Xew, eccles. par., Eng. Sea Clee with Weelsby. 
 
 Clee HUl, PM.O., Eng., Shropshire, on C. Hills, 5 m. E. 
 Ludlow. 
 
 Clee Hills, group of hills in the SE. of Shropshire, Eng., 
 between rivs. Rea and Corve, partly basaltic, partly belonging 
 to the Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous systems, including 
 the coal measures ; Brown Clee, 1807 ; Titterston Clee, 1750 ft. 
 The occurrence of coal here is mentioned by Leland in 1549. 
 
 Cleenlsta, par.. Ire., SW. co. Fermanagh, bars. Clanawley, 
 Magheraboy, and Tirkennedy, 6 m. SW. by W. Enniskillen ; 
 31,784 ac. P. 5200. 
 
 Clee St. Margaret, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., i8| m. 
 S. by E. Shrewsbury. P. <25o. 
 
 Cleetborpe, or Cleetborpes, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, on the 
 E. ct., 2^ m. ESE. and included in the pari. bor. of Grimsby, 
 on the M. S. & L. and G. N. Rlys. P. <4Soo ; tn. (C. with 
 Thmnscoe) P. < 5000. See Clee with Weelsby. 
 
 Cleeton St. Mary, eccles. dist. , Eng. , Shropshire, 6 m. from 
 Cleobury Mortimer, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Cleeve, stn., Eng., Gloucestershire, near Cheltenham, on 
 the M. R. 
 
 Cleeve, eccles. dist. and hamlet, Eng., Somerset, N. div., 
 3 m. from Yatton, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cleeve, Old, ct. par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wellington div. , 16 m. 
 NW. Taunton, i^ m. NW. Washford stn. , with ruins of a Cister- 
 cian abbey founded in the reign of Henry II. ; 5203 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cleeve Cloud, an oolitic hill, Eng., Gloucestershire, 4 m. 
 ENE. Cheltenham. Alt. 1093 ft. 
 
 Cleeve mil, P.O., Eng., Gloucestershire, 2 m. N. Prestbury. 
 
 Cleeve Prior, par. , Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 5 m. NE. 
 Evesham, i^ m. SSE. Salford Priors stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clee with Weelsby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, mainly in the 
 CO. bor. of Grimsby. P. 18,800; eccles. pars. (Clee with Clee- 
 tborpe) P. 10,300; (New Clee) P. 12,800. 
 
 Cleftnont, tn., France, dep. Haute Marne, 44 m. SSW. 
 Toul, 18 m. E. Chaumont-en-Bassigny. P. <:20C)0. 
 
 Cleggan, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 15 m. NW. by N. Londonderry, on the W. side of Lough 
 Swilly. P. <2So. 
 
 Cleggan, tnld. , Ire. , NW. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 30 m. NW. by W. Londonderry. P. <2So. 
 
 Cleggan, electoral div., Ire., co. and 54 m. from Galway, 7 
 m. NW. Clifden, on C. Bay, PM.O. 
 
 Clegg Street, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Oldham. 
 
 Cleghorn, stn. , Scot. , S. Lanarkshire, on the C. R. , 2 m. NE. 
 Lanark. 
 
 Cl^gnerec, tn. , France, dep. Morbihan, 30 m. NE. by N. 
 Lorient, arr. and 6 m. NW. Pontivy. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Clehonger, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , 3 m. WSW. 
 Hereford, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Clelsh, par., Scot., co. and 3 m. SE. Kinross, P.O. ; 6201 ac. 
 P. <:7So. 
 
 Cleland, vil. , Scot. , NE. Lanarkshire, on S. Calder Water, 
 2 m. N. Wishaw, on the C. R., with coal, PMT.O. P. (in- 
 cluding Omoa)<2ooo. 
 
 CleUes, tn., France, dep. Is^re, arr. and 26 m. S. by W. 
 Grenoble. P. <20oo. 
 
 Clementsport, or Moose River, vil. , Canada, on Annapolis 
 Basin, co. and 8 m. SW. Annapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clementsvale, viL , Canada, Nova Scotia, on Moose R. , co. 
 and 12 m. from Annapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clement's West, settlement, Canada. See Deep Brook. 
 
 Clenagh, electoral div.. Ire., co. Clare, dist. Newmarket. 
 
 Clench Common, P.O., Eng., Wiltshire, 4 m. from Marl- 
 borough. 
 
 Clenchwarton, par., En^., Norfolk, NW. div., 3 m. W. 
 King's Lynn, on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly., P.O. P.<75o- 
 
 Clennell, par., Eng., Northumberland, Rothbury union 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Clenor, par.. Ire., NE. co. Cork, bar. Fermoy, 5 m. NE. 
 Mallow; 4289 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Clenioll, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Portadown, co. Armagh. 
 
 Clenston Wlnterborue, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 
 12 m. NE. by E. Dorchester, 4 m. SW. Blandford. P. <25o. 
 
 Clent, par., Ene., Worcestershire, Droitwich div., 6 m. N. 
 
 345 
 
C LEO 
 
 CLIF 
 
 by W. Bromsgrove, 3! m. E. by N. Churchill stn. C. HUls 
 to the N., 1028 feet. PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cleol»uiT» North, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 15 m. 
 WNW. Kidderminster. P. <250. 
 
 Cleobnry (klSb'eri) DIortlmer, market-tn. and par., Eng., 
 Salop, Ludlow div., on the Rea, 10 m. W. Kidderminster, on 
 theG.W. R., PMT.O. Market-day, W. 7218 ac. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Cleone, settlement, U.S., Oregon, Multnomah co., on the 
 1. bk. of Columbia R. , 13 m. E. Portland. 
 
 Clepington, eccles. dist. , Scot. , Forfar, Dundee par. P. 8000. 
 
 Clercken, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 4 
 m. SE. Dixmude. P. <:sooo. 
 
 Clere, Anglo-Norman, 'royal' or 'episcopal residence.' 
 
 d^res, tn., France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, arr. and 11 m. N. 
 Rouen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Clerlbau, P.O., Ire., co. Tipperary, 5 m. NW. Clonmel. 
 
 Clerken'n'ell, par., Eng., London. P. 66,200. 
 
 Clerks, Bisbop and, isls. See Blsbop and Clerks. 
 
 Clermont, or Clermont Ferrand, the ancient Augustone- 
 metum), arr., comm., and city, France, cap. dep. Puy-de-D6me, 
 built round the sides of a gently sloping hill overlooking the 
 Limagne, 45 m. SE. by S. Montlu9on. It is composed of two 
 towns, Clermont and Mont-Ferrand, united by a fine promenade. 
 Being situated near the Puy-de-D6me, it is surrounded by vol- 
 canic formations of the most varied aspect. In one of its suburbs 
 is the fountain of St. Aline, the incrustations of which, during 
 the successive deposits of 700 years, have formed a curious 
 natural bridge. Manufactures of macaroni and semolina, fruit 
 preserves, chemical products, linen and woollen fabrics, &c. 
 Sacked by the Normans in the 9th century ; subsequently rebuilt 
 and called Clarus Mons. Birthplace and in early years the re- 
 sidence of Pascal [Pny-de>Ddme, mt.]. Alt. 1273 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 51.5° F., Jan. 37.4°, July 66.6°; rainfsdl, 20.08 in. 
 P. city (1872) 33,000; (1891) 50,100. 
 
 Clermont, tp., Queensland, C. co., 150 m. SW. Mackay, 
 with gold and coal mining, and copper mines 4 m. from the 
 town. P. < 2000. 
 
 Clermont, settlement, U.S., Iowa, Fayette co., 62 m. NW. 
 by W. Dubuque. 
 
 Clermont, co., U.S., Ohio, in the SW., on the Ohio, just to 
 the W. of 84° W. 
 
 Clermont Cam, mt.. Ire., in the NW. of co. Louth, 6i m. 
 NE. Dundalk. Height, 1674 ft. 
 
 Clermont TH^raiilt, or Clermont de Lod^Te, tn. , France, 
 dep. H^rault, 22 m. W. Montpellier, 10 m. SE. Lod^ve. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Clermont de I'Oise, tn., France, dep. Oise, 16 m. E. by S. 
 Beauvais, cap. arr. Alt. 365 ft. P. <:4000. 
 
 Clermont-en-Argonne, tn. , France, dep. Meuse, 15 m. W. 
 by S. Verdun, 8 m. E. Ste. Menehould. Ancient cap. of Cler- 
 montois, long a county of the German empire ; ceded to France 
 by the Treaty of the Pyrenees. P. -<20oo. 
 
 Clermont Ferrand, city, France. See Clermont. 
 
 Clermont-Tonnerre, isL See Natupe. 
 
 Clerral, tn., France, dep. Doubs, on the Doubs, 24 m. SW. 
 Belfort, 8 m. ENE. Baume-les-Dames. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cl^ry, the ancient Clariacum, tn., France, dep. Loiret, arr. 
 and 9 m. SW. Orleans. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cles, vil. , Austria, Tirol, 20 m. SW. by W. Botzen, in the 
 Val di Non. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Cletterwood, par. , Wales, Montgomeryshire, Forden union. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Clere, tn. , Germany. See Klere. 
 
 Cleve, settlement, S. Australia, Eyre's Peninsula, Yervois co. , 
 112 m. SW. Port Augusta. 
 
 Clevedon, par. and watering-place, Eng. , Somerset, N. div. , 
 I m. from the Severn, 9 m. NE. Weston-super-Mare, on the 
 G. W. R. , with a coastguard station. P. 5400. 
 
 CICTedon, East, eccles. par. , near Clevedon. P. < 1000. 
 
 Clevedon, South, eccles. par., near Clevedon. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clevedon, settlement. New Zealand, North I. , Mankau co. , 
 28 m. from Auckland. 
 
 Cleveland ('cliff-land'), dist., Eng., in the NE. of Yorkshire, 
 deriving its name from the cliffs on the NW. of the Yorkshire 
 moors, these cliffs being known as the C. Hills. The dist. 
 abounds in iron [SOddlesbrongh], and now gives name to a 
 pari. div. Pari. div. P. (1891) 55,900. 
 
 Cleveland, tp. and watering-place, Queensland, Stanley co. , 
 15 m. SE. Brisbane. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Cleveland, post-tn., Tasmania, Somerset co., 30 m. SSE. 
 Launceston. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cleveland, settlement, U.S., New York, Oswego co., on the 
 N. shore of Oneida Lake, 20 m. NE. Syracuse. 
 
 Cleveland, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the SW., on the S. 
 frontier, E. of 82° W. 
 
 Cleveland, city, U.S., Ohio, Cuyahoga co., on Lake Erie, 
 at the mouth of Cuyahoga R. , 98 m. E. Toledo. Has numerous 
 large iron and steel and oil works; called the 'Forest City,' 
 from the abundance of shade-trees. Alt. 690 ft. Mean temp. , 
 yr. 49.2° F., Jan. 26.7°, July 72° ; rainfall (12 yrs.), 39.09 in. P. 
 34(5 
 
 |i85o| 17,000; (i860) 43,400; (1870) 92,819; (1880) 160,142; 
 (1890) 261,400. Cleveland, East, 4 m. to the E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cleveland, tn., U.S., Tennessee, Bradley co., 23 m. E. by 
 N. Chattanooga. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cleveland, cape, Queensland, on the E. ct., to the NE. of 
 Townsville ; also the bay on which Townsville stands. 
 
 Cleveland Hills, range of hills, Eng., in the N. Riding of 
 Yorkshire, forming the NW. border of the Yorkshire moors. 
 
 Cleveley, par., Eng., Lancashire, Blackpool div., 3^ m. S. 
 by W. Fleetwood, with stn. (Cleveleys) on the L. & Y. R. , 
 PMT.O. (Cleveleys). P.<25o. 
 
 Cleves, vil., U.S., Ohio, Hamilton co., on Great Miami R., 
 15 m. WNW. Cincinnati. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Clew Bay, Ire., co. Mayo, an inlet of the Atlantic, in 53° 55' 
 N. , 9° 50' W. ; it extends inland for 15 m., with a nearly uniform 
 breadth of 8 m. Along its shores are numerous small harbours 
 and fishing stations. At its upper end is an archipelago of about 
 300 fertile and cultivated islets, and opposite its entrance is Clare I. 
 
 Clewer, par., Eng., Berkshire, i m. W. by N. and included 
 in the pari. bor. of Windsor, PMT.O. (C. fireen). P. 9800; 
 eccles. par. (C. with Dedworth Green) P. <35oo. 
 
 Oey next the Sea, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 11 m. W. 
 by N. Cromer, and 4 m. NW. by N. Holt stn. , PMT.O. P. <;7So. 
 
 Caibnm, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, Appleby div. , 6 m. SE. 
 by E. Penrith, on the NE. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cllehy la Garenne, comm. and vil., France, dep. and on 
 r. bk. of the Seine, 4^ m. NW. Paris, of which it is a suburb, 
 with important manufactures of chemical products. P. 30,600. 
 
 Cllddesden, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, div. and 2 m. S. by W. 
 Basingstoke, P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (C. with Farlelgta 
 WaUop) P.<5oo. 
 
 Cllfden, seapt. and market-tn. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. Bally- 
 nahinch, 29 m. SW. Westport, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cllfden, P.O., Ire., co. and 5 m. from Kilkenny. 
 
 Cliff, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Donegal, dist. Ballyshannon. 
 
 Cliff, North and South, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , York- 
 shire, E. Riding, 14 m. WNW. Hull, N. Cliff 3 m. S. Market 
 Weighton stn. C. North, P. <:2So; C. South, P. <25o. See 
 Cave, North. 
 
 ClUTe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Darlington union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Cllffe, West, Eng. See St. Margaret at Cllffe. 
 
 Cllffe-at-Hoo, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 5 m. N. 
 Rochester, i m. N. of its stn. (CUffe) on the SE. R., PMT.O.; 
 5696 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cllffe Regis, par., Eng., Northamptonshire. See King's 
 Cllffe. 
 
 Cllfferna, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Stradone, co. Cavan. 
 
 Cllffe Pypard, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Cricklade div. , 7 m. 
 SW. by W. Swindon, 3^ m. S. by W. Wootton Bassett stn. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Cllffony, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Sligo, bar. Carbury, iiJ^m. SW.by 
 W. Ballyshannon, 8 m. from Bundoran stn., PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Clifford, viL , Canada, Ontario, Wellington co. , 69 m. N. by 
 E. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clifford, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div., 16 m. 
 W. by N. Hereford, on the L. & NW. R. and Golden Valley 
 Rly., P.O.; 6543 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Clifford Chambers, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Cirencester 
 div., on the R. Stour, i| m. S. Stratford-on-Avon, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cllfford-cnm-Boston, par. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on 
 R. Wharfe, 3J m. NW. Tadcaster, PM.O. (Clifford). P. <25oo. 
 
 Clifford's Mesne, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire. 
 See Gorsley. 
 
 Cliff with Iiund, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howden- 
 shire div., 7^ m. NW. Goole, close to Hemingborough stn., 
 I m. S. Cliff Common stn., on NE. R., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Clifton, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Gloucester co., on 
 Chaleur Bay, in 65° 20' W. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clifton, or Suspension Bridge, tn. and port of entry, Canada, 
 Ontario, Welland co., on W. bk. of R. Niagara, 20 m. NW. 
 by N. Buffalo. P. < 2500. 
 
 Clifton, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div. , on the 
 Ivel, 10 m. SE. Bedford, i^m. E. Shefford stn. , PM. O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Olfton, or Rocksavage, par., Eng., Cheshire, Northwich 
 div., near the mouth of the Weaver, 7 m. SW. Warrington, \\ 
 m. S. Runcorn. P. <25o. 
 
 Clifton, watering-place, par., and suburb of Bristol (q.v.), 
 Eng., Gloucestershire, in the W. div., with stns. on the G. W. 
 and M. Rlys. (C. Down) and G. W. R. (C. Bridge). It is 
 built on the sides and summit of a plateau, the highest point 
 of which is Observatory Hill, 315 ft. This plateau is cut by 
 the beautiful gorge of the Avon, spanned by a suspension 
 bridge with a span of 702 ft. , 287 ft. above low water. Alt. 
 192 ft. Mean rainfall (1866-80), 36.35 in. P. 29,300. 
 
 Clifton, par., Eng., S. Lancashire, Eccles div., 5^ m. NW. 
 Manchester, with a junc. stn. on the L. & Y. and L. & NW. 
 with coal-mines. P. <3000. 
 
 Rlys., 
 
 Clifton, hamlet, Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 6i m. SSE. 
 Banbury, i^ m. SW. Aynho stn. See Deddlngton. 
 
C L I F 
 
 C LIS 
 
 Clifton, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, Appleby div. , 2 J m. SE. 
 by S. Penrith, with two stns., C. on the NE. R., and C. and 
 Lowtber on the L. & NW. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clilton, NW. suburb of York, Eng., included in the pari, 
 bor. of York. P. 7800. 
 
 Cllftou, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Spen Valley div., 
 4^ m. E. by S. Halifax, near C. Road stn., on the L. & Y. R. 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 CUrtoii, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding. See Netvall. 
 
 Clifton, mining vil., New South Wales, Cumberland co., on 
 the coast, 20 m. SSW. Sydney, in 34° 11' S., with coal, iron ore, 
 and fireclay. P. <20oo. 
 
 Clifton, CO., New Zealand, W.ct. of North I., crossed by 39° S. 
 
 Clifton, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Graham co., 122 m. N. 
 by W. from the SE. corner of the terr. , with remarkably rich 
 copper deposits. 
 
 ClltYon, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, co. Spartanburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Clifton, settlement, U.S., W. Virginia, Mason co., on the 
 Ohio, 52 m. NW. by N. Charleston. 
 
 Clifton, Great, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Cockermouth div. , 
 3 m. E. by N. Workington, i m. SSE. Camerton stn., with 
 coal-mines, PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 CUrton, Little, par., i m. SE. by E. Great C. P. <7So. 
 
 Clifton, Kortli, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Newark div. , 
 
 9 m. W. Lincoln, on the r. bk. of the Trent, 5 m. SW. by W. 
 Saxilby stn., P.O. (C). P. <:25o. 
 
 Clifton, South, par., Eng., adjoining on the S. P. <Soo. 
 
 Clifton and Compton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 13 
 m. WNW. Derby, on the Ashbourne branch of the N. Stafford- 
 shire Rly., P.O. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Cllftou Bridge, stn. , Eng. , Gloucestershire. See Clifton, 
 suburb Bristol. 
 
 Clifton Bridge, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, near Huddersfield, 
 on the L. & Y. R. 
 
 Clifton Camprllle, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Lichfield div. , 
 5J m. NE. Tamworth, 4 m. E. Elford and Haselour stn., 
 P.O. P. <soo; eccles. par. (C. C. with Cliilcote) P. <75o. 
 
 Clifton Down, stn. , Eng. See Cllftou, suburb Bristol. 
 
 Clifton Forge, tn. , U.S. , Virginia, co. Alleghany. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Clifton Hampden, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 
 on the 1. bk. of the Thames, 7 m. SSE. Oxford, ih m. E. 
 Culham stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clifton Heights, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Delaware co., 
 
 10 m. W. Philadelphia. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Clifton Hill, locality, Victoria, Bourke co., 3 m. NNE. 
 Melbourne. P. 6000. 
 
 Clifton Junction, stn., Eng. See Cllftou, S. Lancashire. 
 
 Clifton Ulaybanli, pan, Eng., Dorsetshire, in Sherborne 
 union. P. <25o. See Bradford Abbas. 
 
 Clifton on Bnnsmore, par., Eng., Warwickshire, on the 
 Avon, div.- and zh m. ENE. Rugby, with a stn. (Cllftou Mill) 
 on the L. & NWt R., PT.O. (Clifton). P.<7So; eccles. par. 
 (C. on Dnnsmorc with Brownsover and Bfewton) P. < 1000. 
 
 Clifton on Teme, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 
 10 m. NW. by W. Worcester, 5 m. NNW. Knightwick stn., 
 PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Cllftou Keynes, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Buckingham 
 div., 9^ m. W. by N. Bedford, i m. SE. Olney stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Clifton Springs, vil. , U.S., New York, Ontario co.,27m. 
 SE. by E. Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clifton upon Ure, par., Eng., Yorkshire, Bedale union. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 CliftouTllle, suburb of Margate, Eng., Kent, with stn. 
 (Margate and C.) on the L. C. & D. R. 
 
 Clifton with Cilapton, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Rush- 
 cliffe div., 3J m. SW. by S. Nottingham, on the r. bk. of the 
 Trent, 2^ m. W. Edwalton stn., P.O. (C). P. <5oo. 
 
 Clifton with Sforwood, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Otleydiv., near the Wharfe, 9J m. N. by E. Bradford, 2 m. 
 NE. by E. Burley stn., PT.O. (Cllftou). P. <5oo. 
 
 Cllftou with Sal wlcic, par., Eng., Lancashire, Blackpool div., 
 4i m. W. Preston, ij m. WSW. Lea Road stn. , P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Cllgga Head, cape, Eng., NW. ct. Cornwall, in 50° 20' N. 
 
 Cllnipiug, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Chichester div. , 3 m. SSW. 
 Arundel, ij m. SW. Ford June, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clinch, vil. , Eng. , Northumberland. See Fawdou. 
 
 Clinch, CO., U.S., Georgia, on S. frontier, and crossed in 
 W. by 83° W. 
 
 Clinch, riv., U.S., rises in the SW. of Virginia, in the Blue 
 Ridge, and flows on the whole WSW. till it joins the Tennessee 
 at Kingston, 34 m. WSW. Knoxville (Tenn.): navigable to 
 Clinton (Tenn.). 
 
 Cllngman's Dloantaln. See Appalacliian Mountains, B. I. 
 
 Cllut, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., on the 
 Nidd, 3I m. NW. by N. Harrogate, close to Hampsthwaite 
 stn. P. <;5oo. 
 
 CUutmaius, P.O., Scot., Berwick, Merton par., 2 m. NE. 
 St. Boswells. 
 
 Clinton, tn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, 135 m. NE. by 
 N.Vancouver. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clinton, tn., Canada, Ontario, Huron co., 45 m. NNW. 
 London, a railway junction. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Clinton, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Clutha co. , 60 m. 
 WSW. Dunedin. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Clinton, settlement, S. Australia, Daly co. , on Wallaroo Bay, 
 84 m. NE. Adelaide. 
 
 Clinton, co. , Queensland, on the E. ct. , crossed by 24° S. 
 
 Clinton, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Middlesex co., 21 m. E. 
 New Haven. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clinton, CO., U.S., Illinois, W. of 89° W., and S. of 39° N., 
 bounded on S. by Kaskaskia R. and Crooked Creek. 
 
 Clinton, city, U.S., Illinois, De Witt co., 50 m. SE. Peoria. 
 P. <;3000. 
 
 Clinton, CO., U.S., Indiana, N. of 40° N., and between 86° 
 and 87" W. 
 
 Cliutou, tn., U.S., Indiana, Vermillion co., on the r. bk. of 
 Wabash R. , 12 m. Terre Haute. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cliutou, city, U.S., Iowa, C. co., on r. bk. of Mississippi R., 
 54 m. SE. by S. Dubuque. P. (1880) 9100; (1890) 13,600. 
 
 Clinton, CO., U.S., Kentucky, on the S. frontier, crossed in 
 the E. by 85° W. 
 
 Clinton, city, U.S., Kentucky, Hickman co., 132 m. W. by 
 N. Nashville (Tenn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Clinton, settlement, U.S., Louisiana, E. Feliciana par., 85 m. 
 NW. New Orleans. 
 
 Clinton, tn., U.S., Maine, co. Kennebec, 28 m. NE. Augusta 
 by rail. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Clinton, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co. , on Nashua 
 R., 13 m. NNE. Worcester, with carpet and other textile manu- 
 factures. P. (1880) 8000 ; (1890) 10,400. 
 
 Clinton, CO. , U.S. , Michigan, E. of 85° W. , crossed by 43° N. 
 
 Clinton, settlement, U.S., Michigan, Lenawee co. , 50 m. 
 WSW. Detroit. 
 
 Clinton, CO., U.S., Missouri, in the NW., crossed by 39^° 
 N., and94i= W. 
 
 Clinton, city, U.S., Missouri, Henry co., 86 m. W. by S. 
 Jefferson City. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cliutou, settlement, U.S., New Jersey, Hunterdon co., on 
 the S. branch of Raritan R. , 30 m. N. by W. Trenton. 
 
 Clinton, CO., U.S., New York, in the extreme NE. , bounded 
 on the E. by Lake Champlain. 
 
 Clinton, vil., U.S., New York, Oneida co., 37 m. E. Syra- 
 cuse, and 7 m. WSW. Utica. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clinton, settlement, U.S., N. Carolina, Sampson co., 56 m. 
 SSE. Raleigh. 
 
 Clinton, co., U.S., Ohio, in the SW., to the S. of 40° N., 
 and E. of 84° W. 
 
 Clinton, settlement, U.S., Ohio, Summit co., 40 m. S. 
 Cleveland. 
 
 Cliutou, CO., U.S., Pennsylvania, crossed in the W. by 78° 
 W., and in the S. by 41° N., traversed by the W. branch of 
 the Susquehanna. 
 
 Clinton, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lawrence co., 35 m. NW. 
 Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clinton, vil., U.S., S. Carolina, co. and 12 m. by rail SE. 
 Laurens. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clinton, tn., U.S., Tennessee, Anderson co., on the Clinch 
 R., 12 m. NW. by W. Knoxville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cliutou, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Rock co. , 59 m. SW. by W. 
 Milwaukee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clinton Golden Lake, Canada, NW. Terr. , crossed by 64° 
 N. , 107° W. , drained SW. through Lake Artillery into the Great 
 Slave Lake ; it connects Lakes Artillery and Aylmer. 
 
 CliutouTllle, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Waupaca co., 39 m. 
 W. by N. of the head of Green Bay. P. <isoo. 
 
 Cllppeus, vil., Scot., Renfrew, in Kilbarchan par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clipper, vil., U.S., Maryland, Baltimore co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cllppertou Koclc, isl., N. Pacific Ocean, in 10° 13' 24" N., 
 109° 7' 30" W. ; rises at one point to 170 ft. above the sea. 
 Coral formation, enclosing a lagoon. 
 
 Clippesby, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., on riv. Bure, 8 m. 
 NW, Yarmouth, 2 m. SW. Martham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cllpsham, par., Eng., Rutland, 8^ m. NE. by E. Oakham, 
 3 m. W. by S. Little Bytham stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Clipstou, par., Eng., middle div. of Northamptonshire, 14 m. 
 NW. WeUingborough, i^ m. from its stn. (C. and Oxendon) 
 on the L. & NW. R. , PM.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Clipstou, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bingham union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Clipstone, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Southwell union; 
 4033 ac. P. <;25o. 
 
 Clisa, prov., Bolivia, dep. Cochabamba. 
 
 Clissa, fortified tn. , Austria, prov. Dalmatia, 4 m. NE. 
 Spalato, on a height commanding the route from that city to 
 the interior. P. (comm.)<:40oo. 
 
 Clisson, tn., France, on the borders of dep. Loire-Inf6rieure 
 and Vend(5e, 16 m. SE. by E. Nantes, with celebrated textile 
 manufactures. P. <3ooo. 
 
 CUst Honiton, par. , Eng. , Devonshire. See Houltou CUst. 
 
 Cllst Hydon, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div., 9 m. 
 
 347 
 
CLIS — CLOxNT 
 
 NE. Exeter, 2^ m. E. Hele and Bradninch stn., P.O. Alt. 200 
 ft. Mean rainfall (1866-80), 34.21 in. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Clist St. Cieorge, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, on R. Clist, 4 m. 
 SE. Exeter, P.O. (Clyst St. George). P. <5oo. 
 
 Clist St. La-HTcnce, par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., 
 9 m. NE. by E. Exeter, 2 m. N. Whimple stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Clist St. Mary, par., Eng., Devonshire, on R. Clist, 4 m. 
 SE. Exeter, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Clltheroe (Cled-dwyr, ' the cliff near the waters'), mun. bor. 
 (till 1885 also a parL bor.), Eng., Lancashire, C. div., on the 
 Ribble, at the base of Pendle Hill, 8 m. NW. Burnley, on the 
 L. & Y. R., with large cotton and paper mills, mines of barytes, 
 and extensive limestone quarries. Grammar School founded 
 by Queen Mary in 1554. The 'honour of C comprises the 
 pars, of Whalley, Blackburn, Chipping, and Ribchester, the 
 manors of Tottington and Rochdale, and the forest of Bow- 
 land, and now belongs to the Duke of Buccleuch. Market- 
 day, M. Mean rainfall (Downham Hall, alt. 464 ft., 1866-80), 
 44.77 in. P. (1801) 1400; (1851) 7200; (1871) 8200; (1891) 
 10,800; parL div. P. (1891) 89,500. 
 
 CllTe, par., Eng., Cheshire, Northwich union. P. <25o. 
 
 CllTe, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 7J m. N. by E. 
 Shrewsbury, i m. E. Yorton stn., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 CllTC, CO. , New South Wales, N. frontier, crossed by 152° E. 
 
 Cllve, tp. , New Zealand, North I. , Hawkes Bay co. , 4 m. SSE. 
 Napier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cllve, CO., Queensland, on the S. frontier, crossed by 151° E. 
 
 Cllvlger, par., Eng., Lancashire and Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Burnley union ; 6819 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Cllxby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Brigg div., 11 m. W. by S. 
 Grimsby, 3 m. E. Howsham stn. P. <2So. See Calstor. 
 
 Cloates Point, cape, on the W. ct. of W. Australia, in about 
 22° 32' S. 
 
 Clocaenog, par. , Wales, Denbighshire, W. div. , 8 m. S. by E. 
 Denbigh, 3 m. W. by S. Eyarth stn., P.O.; 7182 ac. P. < 
 500. 
 
 Clock, Gaelic, 'a stone." See Clack. 
 
 Oochan, P.O., Scot., Banfifshire, 6\ m. N. by W. Keith, 
 near Enzie stn. 
 
 Cloche, isl. , Canada, Ontario, to the N. of Grand Mantoulin 
 I., in 81° 46-57' W. 
 
 Cloebe Stountalns, Canada, Ontario, Algoma dist. , in the N. 
 of Lake Huron, along the shore of the North Channel, in 82° W. 
 
 Clocb Point, cape, Scot. , Renfrewshire, in the N W. , on the 
 Firth of Clyde, in 55° 56J' N., opposite Dtmoon, with lighthouse 
 visible 14 m. 
 
 Clock Face, stn., Eng., Lancashire, 2 J m. S. St. Helens, on 
 a joint line of the L. & NW. and the L. & Y. Rlys. 
 
 Clock House, stn. , Eng. , Surrey, near Croydon, on the SE. R. 
 
 Clocksbrlggs, stn., Scot., Forfarshire, on the Dundee and 
 Arbroath Joint R. , 2J m. E. by N. Forfar. 
 
 Clodbeiry HIU, lull, Eng. , on the borders of Yorkshire and 
 Lancashire, 10 m. SW. by S. Huddersfield. Alt. 1698 ft. 
 
 Clode Sound, inlet, Newfoimdland, at the head of Bonavista 
 Bay, its head in 48° 20' N. 
 
 Clodlagh, riv. , Ire. , in the N W. of King's co. , flows WNW. 
 to the Brosna. 
 
 Clodock, eccles. par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , on the 
 Monnow, 15 m. SW. by W. Hereford, 3 m. NNW. Pandy stn. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Clody, riv., Ire., forms part of boundary between co. Carlow 
 and CO. Wexford, r. bk. trib. of R. Slaney. 
 
 Cloffocks, par., Eng., W. Cumberland, near Workington. 
 P. <250. 
 
 ClofoTd, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 3 J m. SW. by W. 
 Frome. P. <25o. 
 
 Clogga, P.O., Ire., co. Kilkenny, 7 m. NW. Waterford, 3 
 m. from Fiddown stn. 
 
 Clogb, electoral div., Ire., W. co. Antrim, bar. Kilconway, 
 20 m. WNW. Lame, 2! m. E. Glaryford stn. 
 
 Clogh, tn. , Ire. , NE;. co. Kilkenny, bar. Fassadinin, 9^ m. 
 W. by N. Carlow, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clogh, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Wexford, bar. Gorey, 13^ m. SW. 
 by S. Arklow, 3 m. SSW. Gorey stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cloghan, electoral div.. Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. East 
 Inishowen, dist. C, 8 m. WSW. Moville. 
 
 Cloghan, tnld., Ire., S. co. Donegal, bar. South Raphoe, 16 
 m. W. Lifford, 6 m. from Stranorlar stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cloghan, tn.. Ire., NW. King's co., bar. Garrycastle, SJ m. 
 N. Parsonstown, with a stn. (Belmont and C.) on the G. S. 
 & W. R., PMT.O. P<5oo. 
 
 Cloghan, electoral div.. Ire., E. co. Westmeath, bar. Moy- 
 ashel and Magherademon, 4J m. ENE. Mullingar, P.O. 
 
 Cloghane, par., tn., and tnld.. Ire., W. co. Kerry, bar. 
 Corkaguiny, 20 m. W. by S. Tralee, 9 m. from Dingle stn., 
 P.O. Par. 15,572 ac, P. <2ooo; tn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cloghaneely, dist, Ire., in the NW. of co. Donegal, bar. 
 Kilmacrenan. 
 
 Cloghan's Hill, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 6 m. from Hollymount. 
 
 Cloghard, electoral div.. Ire., co. Donegal, dist. Castlefinn. 
 348 
 
 Clogharlnka, electoral div.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, Castlecomer 
 dist. 
 
 Cloghaun, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Clare, bar. Corcomroe, 18^ 
 m. SW. by S. Galway. P. <:250. 
 
 Cloghboy, tnld.. Ire., W. co. Donegal, bar. Banagh, 17^ m. 
 NW. by W. Donegal P. <25o. 
 
 Cloghbrack, tnld. , Ire. , N W. co. Galway, bar. Ross, on a 
 western arm of Lough Mask, 16 m. S. by E. Westport. P. <500. 
 
 Cloghbrack, electoral div.. Ire., co. Meath, dist. Athboy. 
 
 Cloghdounell, electoral div. , Ire. , SW. co. Cork, bar. West 
 Carbery, W. div., Skibbereen dist., 6 m. SE. by S. Bantry. 
 
 Clogheeu ('land full of little stones'), tn.. Ire., S. co. Tip- 
 perary, bar. Iffa and Offa West, 13^ m. WSW. Clonmel, 8 m. 
 from Cahir stn. , PMT. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Clogheen, P.O., Ire., co. and 3 m. from Cork. 
 
 Clogher, electoral div. , Ire. , co. and dist. Donegal. 
 
 Clogher, par. and tn. , Ire. , SE. ct. co. Louth, bar. Ferrard, 
 7 m. NE. by N. Drogheda, 6 m. from Dunleer stn., near C. 
 Head (P.O.). Par. P.<iooo; tn. P.<75o. 
 
 Clogher, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Balla. 
 
 Clogher, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 3 m. from Ballyglass, 
 
 Clogher, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 11 m. from Belmullet. 
 
 Clogher, electoral div.. Ire., co. Mayo, dist. Islandeady. 
 
 Clogher, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Sligo, bar. Coolavin, i6^ m. W. 
 Carrick-on-Shannon, 5 m. from Ballaghaderreen stn. P. <50o. 
 
 Clogher, par. and tnld.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Lower 
 Kilnamanagh, 6 m. SW. Thurles; 8119 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Clogher, par. and tn.. Ire., S. co. Tyrone, bar. C, 14 m. 
 SSE. Omagh, formerly a parL bor. , still the see of a bishop, 
 PMT.O. Par. 49,763 ac, P. 8600; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cloghera, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Clare, dist. Bridgetown. 
 
 Clogherbrlen, par., Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy; 
 3410 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Clogher Head, cape, Ire., W. ct. co. Kerry. 
 
 Clogher Head, P.O., Ire., co. Louth, 7 m. from Drogheda. 
 
 Cloghermore, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Claremorris. 
 
 Cloghemey, par.. Ire., co. Tjrrone, bar. Omagh East, 3 m. 
 SE. Omagh, P.O. (C. Upper); 17,791 ac. P. <:4000. 
 
 Cloghjordan, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower 
 Ormond, 9 m. NE. by E. Nenagh, with stn. (Cloughjordan) 
 on the Nenagh Branch Rly., PMT.O. (Cloughjordan). 
 Market-day, F. P. <:7So. 
 
 Clogh Mills, tn.. Ire., W. co. Antrim, bar. Kilconway, 23 m. 
 NW. by W. Larne, 8 m. SE. Ballymoney. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cloghmore Point, cape. Ire., NW. co. Galway, N. of 
 entrance to Galway Bay. 
 
 Cloghoge, electoral div. , Ire., co. Armagh, dist. Crossmaglen. 
 
 Cloghogne, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Antrim, dist. AhoghilL 
 
 Cloghprlor, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Lower Ormond, 
 7 m. NE. Nenagh; 3724 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cloghrau, par., Ire., co. Dublin, bar. Castleknock, 5 m. 
 NW. DubUn. P.<:25o. 
 
 Cloghran, par.. Ire., E. co. Dublin, bar. Coolock, 6 m. N. 
 by E. Dublin, 4 m. from Malahide stn., P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Clogh Blver, Ire., in the middle of co. Antrim, 1. bk. trib. 
 of R. Main. 
 
 Cloghskelt, tnld. , Ire., W. co. Dovra, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, 14 m. NE. Newry. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clogrenan, electoral div. , Ire. , co. and dist. Carlow. 
 
 Clohanion, tn.. Ire., NW. co. Wexford, bar. Scarawalsh, 
 9^ m. N. by W. Enniscorthy, on the 1. bk. of the Slaney, 7 m. 
 from Ferns stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Clohars Carnoet, tn., France, dep. Finistere, arr. and cant. 
 Quimperle. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Clohaskln, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, dist. Riverstown. 
 
 Clola, hamlet, Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 8^ m. W. by S. 
 Peterhead, 4 m. S. by E. Mintlaw stn., P.O. 
 
 Clomantagh, par. and tnld. , Ire. , NW. co. Kilkenny, bar. 
 Crannagh, 10 m. NW. by W. Kilkenny. Par. P. <500. 
 
 Clon, Cloon, Celtic ; Irish Cluan, or Cluain, a fertile strip of 
 land surrounded by a moor or bog, or on one side by a bog 
 and on the other by water ; more generally ' a meadow. ' 
 
 Clonagam, par.. Ire., co. and 9 m. NW. Waterford, bar. 
 Upperthird ; 4939 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Clouagh, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Lower Connello, 4 m. 
 W. Rathkeale. P. <500. 
 
 Clonaghecn, Ire. See Clonenagh. 
 
 Clonaghlls, par. , Ire. , co. Kildare, bar. South Salt, on the 
 Grand Canal, 2 m. W. Celbridge stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Clonakenuy, tnld. , Ire., NE. co. Tipperary, bar. Ikerrin, 
 14 m. N. by E. Thurles, 7 m. from Roscrea stn., P.O. P. <2SO. 
 
 Clonakllty, seapt. and market-tn. , Ire. , SW. co. Cork, bar. 
 East Carbery, E. div., 16 m. SW. by W. Kinsale, at the head 
 of an inlet opening off C. Bay ; terminus of a branch of the 
 Cork, Bandon, and South Coast Rly., leaving the main line at 
 C. Junction. Market-day, F. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Clonakllty Bay, Ire., S. of co. Cork, in 8° 50' W. 
 
 Clonallan, par.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, Upper 
 Half (2), 2 m. N. of the head of Carlingford Lough ; 11,465 ac. 
 P. <35oo. 
 
CLON — CLON 
 
 Clonalvy, par., Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Duleek, 7 m. 
 SE. Duleek, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Clonamery, par., Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Ida, on R. Nore, 
 6 m. SE. Thoraastown ; 3390 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Clonard, par., Ire., SW. co. Meath, bar. Upper Moyfenrath, 
 iij m. SW. Trim, 2 m. from Hill of Down stn., P.O. ; 13,323 
 ac. P. <: 1000. 
 
 Clonarney, par.. Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. and 2 m. N. 
 Delvin. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clonaslee, tn., Ire., NW. Queen's co., bar. Tinnahinch, 8^ 
 m. S. by W. Tullamore, 9 m. from Mountmellick stn., PM.O. 
 P. -<5oo. 
 
 Clonavaddy, tnld., Ire., co, Tyrone, bar. Middle Dungannon, 
 Donaghmore par. P. <25o. 
 
 Clonbanln Cross, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 6 m. from Kanturk. 
 
 Clonbeg ( ' little meadow' ), par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Clan- 
 william, 4 m. SW. Tipperary ; 15,112 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Clonbem, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Ballymoe, 6 m. NE. 
 Tuam, PM.O. ; 10,461 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cloublosk, tnld.. Ire. See Ballyniagaii. 
 
 Clonbrlck, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Limerick June, Tipperary. 
 
 Cloubrock, electoral div. , Ire., co. Galway, dist. C. , Mount 
 Bellew union. 
 
 Cloubroney, par., Ire., co. Longford, bars. Ardagh and 
 Granard, 4 m. N. Edgeworthstown. P. <:2Soo. 
 
 ClonbuUoge, tn.. Ire., E. King's co., bar. Coolestown, 8 m. 
 NE. by N. Portarlington, 5 m. from Edenderry stn., P.O. 
 (Clonbullogne). P. <25o. 
 
 Clonbiilloge, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Clanwilliam, 5 
 m. SE. Tipperary; 3954 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clonbnr, PM. O. , Ire. See Clooubnr. 
 
 Clonca, par. and tnld.. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. E. Inishowen ; 
 19,646 ac. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cloncagh, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Upper Connello, 5 
 m. SW. Rathkeale ; 4543 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Cloncrew, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Upper Connello, 9 
 m. SE. Newcastle. P. <25o. 
 
 Cloncnrry, par.. Ire., NW. co. Kildare, bar. Ikeathy and 
 Oughterany, 8 m. WNW. Maynooth, on the Royal Canal ; 
 8398 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Cloncnrry, par. , Ire. , co. Kildare, bar. East Offaly, 3 m. NE. 
 Rathangan ; 5419 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Cloncnrry, tn., Queensland, Beaconsfield co. , 200 m. S. by 
 W. Norman ton, its port; with gold-mines; rich copper-mining 
 centre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cloudagad, par.. Ire., SW. co. Clare, bar. Islands, 8 m. 
 SSW. Ennis; 16,975 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Clondaborky,par. , Ire. , NW. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 26 m. WNW. Londonderry ; 30,243 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Clondalkin, par., tn., and tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Dublin, bar. 
 Upper Cross, 5 m. WSW. Dublin, with a stn. on the Great 
 Southern and Western Rly. , PMT.O. ; 4943 ac. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Clondarrlg, electoral div.. Ire., Queen's co., dist. Mary- 
 borough. 
 
 Clondavaddog, par.. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 6 m. N. Milford ; 27,371 ac. P. 5800. 
 
 Clonderalaiv, bar. , Ire. , in the S. of co. Clare. 
 
 Clonderalaw Bay, Ire., S. ct. co. Clare, N. of R. Shannon, 
 18 m. SW. Ennis, running inland about 4 m. , breadth from i^ 
 to^m. 
 
 Clouderniot, par.. Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. Tirkeeran, 
 containing part of Londonderry city ; 21,608 ac. P. 10,700. 
 
 Clondrohld, par. , Ire., W. co. Cork, bar. Muskerry West, 
 2 m. NW. Macroom, P.O. ; 27,114 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Clondnlf, par.. Ire., S. co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, 8^ m. E. by N. Newry ; 21,227 ^-C- P- <45oo. 
 
 Clondnlane, par. and stn.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Condons 
 and Clangibbon, i| m. E. Fermoy; 4926 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Clone, par., Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Scarawalsh, 2 m. S. 
 Ferns; 6266 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Clonea, electoral div.. Ire., N. co. Waterford, bar. Upper- 
 third, 5 m. S. by W. Carrick-on-Suir, P.O. 
 
 Clonea, par.. Ire., on the S. ct. of co. Waterford, bar. Decies 
 without Drum, 4^ m. ENE. Dungarvan. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clonee, tn. , Ire. , co. Meath, bar. Dunboyne, i m. from Dun- 
 boyne stn. , PMT.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Cloneen ( ' little meadow '), par. , Ire. , SE. co. Tipperary, bars. 
 Middlethird and Slievardagh, 9I m. NNE. Clonmel, 3 m. from 
 Fethard stn., P.O. ; 7543 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Clonegall, tn. , Ire. , E. co. Carlow, bar. St. Mullins Upper, 
 15^ m. SE. Carlow, on the R. Derry, 7 m. from Shillelagh stn. , 
 PM.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Clonelly, electoral div.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, 3 m. from 
 Pettigoe, P.O. 
 
 Clonelty, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Glenquin, 3 m. E. 
 Newcastle; 3748 ac. P. <;75o. 
 
 Clonenagb and Clonagbeen, par. , Ire. , Queen's co. , bars. 
 Cullenagh and Maryborough, 3 m. SW. Maryborough. P. 8200. 
 
 Clonervy, electoral div., Ire., N. co. Cavan, bar. Upper 
 Loughtee, 3J m. ENE. Cavan. 
 
 Clones ('the meadow pastures'), par. and tn., Ire., W. co. 
 Monaghan, bar. Dartree, part of the par. in co. Fermanagh, 
 12 m. SW. by W. Monaghan, an important rly. junc. Market- 
 day, Th. P. <25oo. 
 
 Cloneran, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Wexford, bar. Ballaghkeen, 14I 
 m. ENE. Enniscorthy, 6 m. from Gorey stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cloneygowan,P.O., Ire., 5m. from Portarlington, Queen'sco. 
 
 Clonfad, par.. Ire., Westmeath co., bar. Fartullagh, con- 
 taining part of Tyrrell's Pass Town ; 4672 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Clonfeacle, par. and tn.. Ire., SE. co. Tyrone, bar. Middle 
 Dungannon, and co. Armagh, bars. Armagh and Oneilland W. , 
 7 m. SSE. Dungannon ; 26,283 ^c- P- 7900. 
 
 Clonfert, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, containing 
 Kanturk, on R. Allow ; 62,110 ac. P. 9100. 
 
 Clonfert, par.. Ire., SE. co. Galway, bar. Longford, 13 m. 
 S. by W. Athlone ; 24,446 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Clonfiulongb, tnld.. Ire., NW. King's co., bar. Garrycastle, 
 7 m. S. Athlone. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clongeen, par., Ire., SW. co. Wexford, bar. Shelmaliere 
 West, 12 m. WSW. Wexford ; 5379 ac. P. < loco. 
 
 Clongesb, par.. Ire., co. , bar., and 3 m. NW. Longford, on 
 the Shannon ; 12,536 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 ClonglU, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Morgallion, 5 m. E. 
 Kells. P. <25o. 
 
 Clongowes Wood, Roman Catholic college. Ire., co. Kil- 
 dare, near Clane, PT.O. 
 
 Clonbngh, stn.. Ire., co. Westmeath, 6 m. N. Mullingar, 
 on the M. G. W. R. 
 
 Clonln, electoral div.. Ire., Queen's co., dist. Mountrath. 
 
 Clonkeeban, par.. Ire., co. and bar. Louth, 5 m. N. Ardee. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Clonkeelan, electoral div.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, dist. New- 
 town Butler. 
 
 Clonkeen, par.. Ire., co. and 7 m. SE. Limerick, bar. 
 Clanwilliam. P. <25o. 
 
 Clonkeen, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cork, dist. Unionhall. 
 
 Clonkeen, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Tiaquin, 8 m. NE. 
 Athenry; 8213 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Clonkeen, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Kildare, bar. Carbury, 17 m. 
 W. by S. Maynooth, 2 m. SW. Carbury stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Clonkeen ('beautiful meadow'), par.. Ire., NW. co. Louth, 
 bar. Ardee, ii| m. SW. Dundalk ; 4321 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Clonkeen, tnld.. Ire., Queen's co. , bar. E. Maryborough, 
 par. Clonenagh and Clonagheen. P. <25o. 
 
 Clonlara, P.O., Ire., co. Clare, bar. Lower Tulla, 5 m. NE. 
 Limerick, 4 m. from Long Pavement stn. 
 
 Cloulea, par. and tnld.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Lower Tulla, 
 5 m. N. Sixmilebridge ; 8680 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Clonlelgh, par.. Ire., E. co. Donegal, bar. N. Raphoe, 2 m. 
 N. Lifford, 3 m. from Strabane stn., P.O. ; 12,364 ac. P. <30oo. 
 
 Clonlelgh, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Bantry, 6 m. NE. 
 New Ross. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clonllsk, bar. , Ire. , in the extreme SW. of King's co. 
 
 Clonloghau, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Lower Bunratty, on 
 the Shannon, 3 m. S. Newmarket-on-Fergus. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clonlouau, bar. , Ire. , in the extreme SW. of co. Westmeath. 
 
 Clonlost, tnld., Ire., E. co. Westmeath, bar. Moyashel and 
 Magheradernon, 7 m. ENE. Mullingar, 3 m. from Killucan stn., 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Clonmacduff, par., Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Navan, 5 m. 
 SW. Navan. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clonmacuolse, par.. Ire., NW. King's co., bar. Garrycastle, 
 6| m. S. by W. Athlone, on the 1. bk. of the Shannon, 9 m. 
 from Ferbane stn. ; 22,065 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Clonmacnowen, bar. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Galway. 
 
 Clonmany, par. and tn., Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. E. 
 Inishowen, 15 m. WNW. Moville, 8 m. from Buncrana stn., 
 PM.O. Par. 23,381 ac, P. <5ooo; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Clonmeen, par. and tnld., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, on 
 riv. Blackwater, 5 m. S. Kanturk; 20,075 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Clonmel, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, near Queens- 
 town ; 3197 ac. P. <:3000. 
 
 Clonmel ('honey-meadow'), mun. bor. and tn.. Ire., SE. co. 
 Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa East, on the 1. bk. of the Suir, 
 12 m. W. Carrick-on-Suir, an important railway centre ; carries on 
 tanning, flour-milling, and brewing. The woollen manufacture 
 established here in 1667 has ceased to exist. Alt. 80 ft. 
 Mean rainfall (1866-80), 42.73 in. Market-days, Tu. and S. P. 
 (1841) 13,500; (1851) 12,500 ; (1871) 10,100; (1891) 8000. 
 
 Clonmellon, tn. and tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Westmeath, bar. 
 Delvin, 14 m. W. Navan, 5 m. from Athboy stn., PM.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Clonmelsh, par.. Ire., N. co. Carlow, bar. and 4 m. S. 
 Carlow; 3138 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clonmetban, par.. Ire., co. Dublin, bar. Balrothery W., 
 14 m. NW. Dublin ; 3028 ac. P. 250. 
 
 Clonmtnes, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Shelburne, on 
 Bannow Bay, 15 m. SW. Wexford. P. <25o. 
 
 Clonmore, par.. Ire., NE. co. Carlow, bar. Rathvilly, 15 m. 
 E. Carlow, 5 m. from Rathvilly stn. , P. O. ; . 960 ac. P. <2iooo. 
 
CLON — CLQU 
 
 Clonmore, par. , Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Iverk, on the Suir, 
 
 5 m. SE. Carrick-on-Snir. P. <soo. 
 
 Clonmore, electoral div., Ire., W. King's co., bar. Bally- 
 cowan, 3^ m. SW. by W. Tullamore, P.O. 
 
 Clonmore, tnld.. Ire., NE. King's co., bar. Warrenstown, 
 13 m. SE. Mullingar. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clonmore, par., Ire., SE. co. Louth, bar. Ferrard, 8^ m. 
 N. by E. Drogheda. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clonmore, tnld., Ire., Queen's co., bar. Clandonagh, Rath- 
 downey par., 7 m. from Thurles stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Clonmore, tnld. , Ire., NE. co. Tipperary, bar. Ikerrin, loim. 
 N. by E. Thurles, P.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 Clonmore, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bars. Bantry and W. 
 Shelmaliere, 6 m. SSW. Enniscorthy ; 6767 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Clonmoyle, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, Macroom union. 
 
 Clonmult, par.. Ire., SE. co. Cork, bars. Barrymore, Imo- 
 killy, and Kinnatalloon, 11 m. W. by N. Youghal, P.O. ; 4602 
 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clonoe, par.. Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. Middle Dungannon, on 
 the Blackwater and Lough Neagh, 4 m. NE. Dungannon ; 
 9236 ac. P. < 3500. 
 
 Clouony, tn. and tnld. , Ire. , NW. King's co. , bar. Garrycastle, 
 9 m. N. Parsonstown. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clouonlty, par., Ire., E. co. Tipperary, bars. Clanwilliam 
 and Kilnamanagh, Lower, 8 m. SW. by S. Thurles, 2 m. N. of 
 Goold's Cross stn., PM.O. ; 11,134 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Clonown, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Roscommon, bar. and 63 m. 
 WSW. Athlone. P.<5oo. 
 
 Cloupet, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Clanwilliam, 2 m. 
 SW. Tipperary. P. < 500. 
 
 Clonprlest, par., Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 3^ m. 
 WSW. Youghal; 6984 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clonrocbe, tn., Ire., W. co. Wexford, bar. Bantry, 7^ m. 
 SW. by W. Enniscorthy, 2 m. from Chapel stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Clonmsta, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Leitrim, on Lough 
 Derg, 2 m. E. Mountshannon ; 7410 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Clonsast, par. , Ire. , SE. King's co. , bar. Coolestown, 5 m. 
 NNE. PortarMngton ; 23,558 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Clonsbanbo, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Ikeathy and 
 Oughterany. P. <25o. 
 
 Clonsbire, par., Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Lower Connello, 2 
 m. SW. Adare. P. <25o. 
 
 Clonsllla, par., Ire., W. co. Dublin, bar. Castleknock, 7 m. 
 E. Maynooth, on the Midland Great Western Rly., PMT.O.; 
 3256 ac. P. <: 1000. 
 
 Clontarf, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co. , on Lake Clear, 
 70 m. W. Ottawa. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Clontarf ('buU's pasture'), par. and tn.. Ire., co. Dublin, 
 bar. Coolock, on Dublin Bay, 4 m. ENE. Dublin, with sea- 
 bathing. In 1014 the Danes and Irish were defeated here by 
 Brian Boru, who was killed in the action. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Clontead, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. and i m. N. Kinsale; 
 3097 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Clontlbret, par.. Ire., NE. co. Monaghan, bar. Cremorne, 
 
 6 m. SE. by E. Monaghan, P.O.; 26,246 ac. P. 7600. 
 Clontigora, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Flurrybridge (co. Armagh), 
 
 8 m. from Newxy stn. 
 
 Clontoe-Rlcbardson, P. O. , Ire. , 5 m.from Coagh (co. Tyrone). 
 
 Clontnrk, par., Ire., co. Dublin, bar. Coolock, i m. N. 
 Dublin. P. <45oo. 
 
 Clontnskert, par. , Ire, E. co. Galway, bars. Clonmacnowen 
 and Longford, 2 m. E. Aughrim ; 15,509 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 ClonTaragban, tnld.. Ire., S. co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, 9 m. WSW. Downpatrick. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clonygoose, par. , Ire. , co. Carlow, bar. Lower St. Mullin's, 
 on R. Barrow, containing Borris ; 4699 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clonygowan, tn. and tnld.. Ire., SE. King's co., bar. 
 Philipstown Upper, 3^ m. WNW. Portarlington. P. <25o. 
 
 Clonyburk, par. and tnld.. Ire., SE. King's co., bar. 
 Philipstown Upper, 3^ m. WSW. Portarlington ; 11,746 ac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Cloon, Celtic, 'a meadow." See Clon. 
 
 Cloon, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Glanbehy. 
 
 Cloonacool, tnld. , Ire. , SW. co. Sligo, bar. Leyny, 17 m. 
 SW. Sligo, II m. from Ballymote stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cloonadrnm, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Clare, dist. Craggaknock. 
 
 Cloonagb, P.O., Ire., 6 m. from Granard (co. Longford). 
 
 Cloonagbmore, riv.. Ire., in the N. of co. Mayo, bar. Tir- 
 awley, flows into Killala Bay. 
 
 CloonaklUlna Lougb, Ire., in the E. of co. Mayo, 21 m. 
 WNW. Carrick-on-Shannon. 
 
 Cloonanaba, electoral div.. Ire., co. Clare, dist. Milltown 
 Malbay. 
 
 Cloonbnr, electoral div.. Ire., co. Galway, dist. C. No. i, 
 Oughterard union, 8 m. from Ballinrobe stn., PM.O. (Clonbnr). 
 
 Cloonborren, electoral div.. Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. 
 Creagh. 
 
 Cloonclare, par. and tnld., Ire., co. Leitrim, bars. Druma- 
 haire and Rosclogher, 2 m. E. Manor Hamilton ; 32,352 ac. 
 P. 6600. 
 
 350 
 
 Clooncoorba, electoral div.. Ire., SW. co. Clare, bar. Moy- 
 arta, dist. and 3 m. N. by E. Kilrush. 
 
 Clooncraff, par., Ire., co. and bar. Roscommon, on Lough 
 Bodarig, 4 m. W. Dromod stn. ; 4859 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Clooudara, tn. and tnld.. Ire., W. co. Longford, bar. and 
 4 J m. W. Longford. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cloone, par. and tn. , Ire., SE. co. Leitrim, bars. Carri- 
 gallen and Mohill, 12 m. E. Carrick-on-Shannon, 4 m. from 
 Mohillstn., P.O. Par. 41,522 ac, P. 9800; tn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cloonee, electoral div., Ire., NW. co. Longford, bar. and 3J 
 m. NE. Longford. 
 
 Clooney, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Upper Bimratty, ii m. 
 SE. Ennistimon ; 10,656 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clooney, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Corcomroe, 3 m. E. 
 Ennis ; 10,225 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Clooney, P.O., Ire., 7 m. NW. Glenties (co. Donegal). 
 
 Cloonfad, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Dunmore (co. Galway), 6 
 m. from Ballyhaunis stn. (co. Mayo). 
 
 Cloonflnlougb, par.. Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. and 10 m. 
 N. Roscommon ; 7814 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cloonfower, electoral div., Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. Castle- 
 reagh. 
 
 Cloonfiree Longb, lake. Ire. , in co. and 8^ m. N. by E. Ros- 
 common. 
 
 Cloonkeen, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Dunmore. 
 
 Cloonkeen, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Athenry. 
 
 Cloonkeen, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Killeroran. 
 
 Cloonkeen, tnld. , Ire. , W. co. Mayo, bar. Carra, 4 ra. SW, 
 Castlebar. P. <25o. 
 
 Clooulln, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, on the W. side of Loch 
 Linnhe, 6 m. WNW. Ballachulish. 
 
 Cloonlogber, par.. Ire., co. Leitrim, bar. Drumahaire, near 
 Manor Hamilton ; 6451 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Clooulongb, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Boyle, co. Roscommon. 
 
 Cloonmore, electoral div. , Ire. , E. co. Mayo, bar. Costello, 
 dist. Lowpark, 21 m. SE. by E. Ballina. 
 
 Cloonogbll, par.. Ire., co. Sligo, bar. Corran, 3 m. SW. 
 Ballymote; 6991 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cloono'wn, electoral div.. Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. Athlone 
 No. 2. 
 
 Cloouteem, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Roscommon, dist. James- 
 town. 
 
 Cloontla, P.O., Ire., 7 m. from Ballaghadderin, co. Mayo. 
 
 Cloontra, electoral div.. Ire., co. Clare, dist. Bridgetown. 
 
 Cloontnbbrld, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Listowel. 
 
 Cloontnskert, par.. Ire., NE. co. Roscommon, bar. Ballin- 
 tober South, 8^ m. NE. Roscommon ; 5980 ac. P. <:i5oo, 
 
 Cloonasker, electoral div.. Ire., NE. co. Clare, bar. Upper 
 TuUa, II m. NW. by N. Killaloe. 
 
 Cloonygormlcan, or Ardclare, par. , Ire. , co. and 6 m. N W. 
 Roscommon, bar. Ballymoe ; 8543 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cloonyqnln, electoral div. , Ire. , CO. Roscommon, dist. Elpbin. 
 
 Clopblll, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div. , on the 
 Ivel, jh ni. S. by E. Bedford, 3 J m. W. by S. Shefford stn., 
 PM.O." P. < 1500. 
 
 Cloppenburg, tn. , Ger. See Kloppenbnrg. 
 
 Cloptou, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Shipston-on-Stour 
 union. P. <25o. 
 
 Clopton, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 4 m. N W. Woodridge, 
 4 m. from Little Bealings, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cloqnet, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Carlton co. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cloqnet (klo-kwet), riv., U.S., Minnesota, flows SW. into St. 
 Louis R. in St. Louis co. 
 
 Clorldorme, viL, Canada, Quebec, Gasp6 co., on the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence, in 49° 10' N. , 64° 42' W. , 44 m. NW. Cape Gasp6. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Close Bootb, West, part of par., Eng., Lancashire. See 
 Hlgbam. 
 
 Closebnm (corruption of Cella-Osburni, ' the cell of St. 
 Osburn '), par. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, 12^ m. SE. by S. Sanquhar, 
 on the G. & SW. R. With the remains of the old castle of the 
 Kilpatricks, and at Crichup Linn is Balfour of Burley's cave, a 
 retreat of the Covenanters. PT.O. 29,102 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Close House, PMT. O. , Eng. , near Bishop Auckland, Durham. 
 
 Close House, part of par., Eng., Northumberland. See 
 Hougbton. 
 
 Closkelt, P.O., Ire., 6 m. from Rathfriland, co. Down. 
 
 Closworth, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 3^ m. S. Yeovil, 
 \\ m. S. Sutton Bingham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Clotball, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 13 m. N. 
 by W. Hertford, 2 m. SE. Baldock stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clotberbolme, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon 
 union. P. <250. 
 
 Clottou Hoofleld, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 8 m. 
 E. by S. Chester, 3 m. NE. Tattenhall Road stn. P.<5oo. 
 
 Cloud, CO., U.S., Kansas, in the N., W. of the meridian 97°. 
 
 Cloudy Bay, New Zealand, an inlet of Cook Strait, in the 
 NE. extremity of South I. Its S. coast is lofty ; on its N. shore 
 is C. harbour, one of the finest known, the entrance of which is 
 in 41° 20' S. and 174° 10' E. It receives the Wairoo R. 
 
CLOU — CLYD 
 
 Clondy Bay, on the S. ct. of Brit. New Guinea, in 148° 40' E. 
 Clough, Gaelic, 'a stone.' See Clach. 
 
 Clongh, tn. and tnld., Ire., SE. co. Down, bar. Kinclarty, 6 
 m. WSW. Downpatrick, 2 m. from Tullymurry stn. , PMT.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Clougb, PM.O., Ire., 6 m. from Killagan, co. Antrim. 
 
 Cloagb, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Rathdowney, Queen's co. 
 
 Clougbey, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Portaferry, co. Down. 
 
 Clongli Fold, vil., Eng., Lancashire, sj m. SW. Bacup, i 
 m. from Rawtenstall, with a stn. on the L. & Y. R., PM.O. 
 
 Clcngh Head, mt. , Eng. , Cumberland, Penrith div. , 4^ m. E. 
 Keswick. Height, 2380 ft. 
 
 Cloagtajordan, Ire. See Cloghjordan. 
 
 Clougb Uoad, stn., Ire., co. Antrim, near Ballymena, on the 
 Belfast and N. Counties Rly. 
 
 Cloagbinllls, place. Ire. , co. Antrim, 3 m. from Killagan, P.O. 
 
 Clongbton, ct. par. and vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, Whitby div. , 4 
 m. NNW. Scarborough, i m. from the coast, on the NE. R., 
 P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 CloTa, part of par. , Scot. See Cortachy. 
 
 Clovelly, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, on the N. ct. , Barnstaple 
 div., 9 m. W. by S. Bideford. The village consists mainly 
 of a single stair-like street climbing the side of a wooded cliff. 
 PMT.O. P.<:75o. ■ 
 
 Clovenfords, hamlet, Scot. , Selkirkshire, 3 m. W. Galashiels, 
 on the N. B. R., PM.O. 
 
 Cloverbill, P.O., Ire., W. co. and 3 m. NW. Roscommon, 
 bar. Athlone. 
 
 Cloverbill, electoral div., Ire., co. Leitrim, dist. Ballinamore. 
 
 Clover Ulll, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Hunterdon co. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Clover Hill, tp., U.S., Virginia, Appomattox co., with rich 
 mines of coal. P.O. name Winterpock. P. <4000. 
 
 Cloverport, city, U.S., Kentucky, Breckinridge co., on the 
 L bk. of R. Ohio, 58 m. SW. by W. Louisville. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Clowbrldge, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. from Crawshaw- 
 booth. 
 
 Clowes Moss, upland tract, Eng. , in the Colne Valley div. , 
 W. Riding, Yorkshire, 9^ m. WSW. Huddersfield. Alt. 1466 ft. 
 
 Clowue, par., Eng., Derbyshire, NE. div., 6\ m. WSW. 
 Worksop, with stn. (Clown) on the M. R., with coal, PMT.O. 
 (Clown). P. <2500. 
 
 Cloydagb, par. , Ire. , W. co. Carlow, bars. Idrone W. and 
 Carlow, and Queen's CO., bar. Slievemargy, 3im. SSW. Carlow; 
 4856 ac. P. <:7So. 
 
 Cloyes, tn., France, dep. Eure-et-Loir, arr. and 7 m. SW. 
 ChAteaudun, 29 m. N. by W. Blois, on 1. bk. of the Loir. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Cloyfln, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Coleraine, co. Londonderry. 
 
 Cloyne, par. and tn. , Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 7m. 
 E. Queenstown, 6 m. from Midleton stn. Seat of a Roman 
 Catholic bishop, and has a Roman Catholic cathedral. The 
 former Anglican diocese, held by the idealist philosopher. Bishop 
 Berkeley, from 1734 to 1753, '^ now merged in that of Cork. 
 PMT.O. Par. 9969 ac, P. < 3000; tn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cltiain, or Cluan, Irish, 'a meadow." See Clon. 
 
 Clnau, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Inistioge, co. Kilkenny. 
 
 Claden, a trib. of the R. Nith, Scot., cos. Dumfries and 
 Kirkcudbright. 
 
 Cluls, tn. , France, dep. Indre, arr. and 12 m. W. La Chartre, 
 with iron-mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Clumber, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. and 5 m. NNE. 
 Bathurst, 48 m. SW. by S. King William's Town. 
 
 Clun, riv. , Eng. , Salop and Herefordshire, flows E. then S. 
 to the Teme. 
 
 Clun, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , on the 
 Clun, 14 m. SE. by E. Newtown, 5J m. S. by W. Bishops 
 Castle stn., PMT.O. ; 20,535 ^'^- P. <25oo; eccles. par. (C. 
 wltb Cbapel Lawn) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Clunablll, electoral div., Ire., co. T)Tone, dist. Drumquin. 
 
 Clunas, P.O., Scot., co. and 8 m. S. Nairn. 
 
 Clunbury, par. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , on the Clun, 15 m. 
 NW. by N. Leominster, 2| m. W. Broome stn., P.O. ; 7624 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Clunes ("the meadow pastures'), stn., Scot., Inverness-shire, 
 on the H. K., 7 m. W. by N. Inverness. 
 
 Clunes, tp. , Victoria, Talbot co. , 20 m. N. by W. Ballarat, 
 with gold, first discovered July i, 1851. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Clun Forest, uncultivated dist. , Eng. , in the SW. of Salop. 
 
 Cluugnnford, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Clun, 13^ m. NW. by N. Leominster, 2 m. S. by W. 
 Broome stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Clunie ('the meadow pastures'), par., Scot., E. Perthshire, 
 on the W. shore of the Loch of Clunie, ^\ m. W. by N. 
 Coupar Angus, 3^ m. N. Murthly stn. ; 11,384 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Clunie, small riv. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, flows N. into the 
 Dee at Castleton of Braemar in 3° 24' W. 
 
 Clunie, small riv. , Scot. , in the SW. of Ross-shire, rises in 
 C. Forest, and flows E. into the head of Locb C, a lake 5 m. 
 long, partly in Inverness-shire, partly in Ross-shire. 
 
 Clunie, Forest of, Scot., E. Perthshire, about 8 m. NW. 
 Coupar Angus. 
 
 Clunton, hamlet, Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., on the Clun, 
 16 m. ESE. Newtown, 4I m. W. Broome stn., P.O. 
 
 Cluny, tn., France, dep. Saone-et- Loire, arr. Macon, 26 m. 
 SSW. Chalon-sur-Saone, with an important industrial college. 
 From the year 910 seat of a famous, and for a long time a rich 
 and powerful Benedictine abbey. The abbey church, the largest 
 and richest in Christendom, was destroyed at the beginning of 
 the present century. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cluny ('the meadow pastures'), par., Scot., W. Aberdeen- 
 shire, 8 m. SW. Inverurie, i m. S. Monymusk stn. ; 9741 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Clus, Cluse, French ; Ckiusa, Italian ; Klause, German, from 
 Lat. Clausum, 'shut'; a frequent element in the names of 
 defiles in the Alps. 
 
 Cluses, tn., France, dep. Haute Savoie, on the Arve, 24 m. 
 ESE. Geneva, arr. and 8 m. E. by S. Bonneville. P. <2ooo 
 
 Clusone, comm., Italy, Lomhardy, prov. and 18 m. NE. 
 Bergamo, with iron, copper, and vitriol-works. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Clusone, ancient Cluso, riv., N. Italy, prov. Turin, rises in 
 the Alps, about 12 m. E. Mount Genevae, flows SE. past Fenes- 
 trella, Perosa, and Pinerolo, and after a course of 50 m. joins 
 the Po, 18 m. SSW. Turin. 
 
 Clntba, CO. , New Zealand, South I. , on the S. ct. , between 
 169° and 170° E. 
 
 Clutba, or Molyneux, the most important river in the S. of 
 the South I. of New Zealand, in prov. Otago ; it flows from the 
 Wanaka and Hawea lakes, on the borders of Canterbury prov. , 
 and passing southwards intersects the prov. of Otago, reaching 
 the sea at Molyneux in 46° 25' S. 
 
 Clutton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 8^ ra. SSE. 
 Chester, i^ m. NW. Broxton stn., PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Clutton, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 8^ m. S, by E. 
 Bristol, on the G. W. R., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clwtybont, viL, Wales, Carnarvonshire, 4^ m. S. Bangor, 
 S m. from Llanberis, P.O. 
 
 Clwyd, riv. , Wales, rises in the S. of Denbighshire, and flows 
 N., past Ruthin, St. Asaph, and Rhuddlan, into the Irish Sea 
 at Rhyl. Its valley, the Vale of C, mainly an outlier of old 
 red sandstone, one of the most beautiful in Wales, 20 m. long 
 and 3 m. to 8 m. broad ; chief affluent is the Elwy. 
 
 Clyda, small riv.. Ire., co. Cork, flows N. to the Blackwater, 
 which it joins a few miles above Mallow. 
 
 Clydacb, hamlet, Wales, Brecknockshire, on the Usk, 15 m. 
 SE. by E. Brecknock, li m. NE. Clydach stn., on the L. & 
 NW. R., P.O. 
 
 Clydacb, eccles. par. and coal-mining vil., Wales, Glamorgan- 
 shire, Gower div., 5 m. WNW. Neath, on the Tawe, close to 
 Cwm Clydach stn., PMT.O. P. 6000. 
 
 Clydacb Vale, coal-mining vil. , Wales, Glamorganshire, near 
 Pontypridd, and i m. from Ystrad stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Clydagb, riv. , Ire. , in the extreme E. of co. Kerry, the upper 
 part of riv. Flesk. 
 
 Clyde (the Glotta of Tacitus), one of the largest and most 
 important rivers in Scotland. It takes its rise from numerous 
 streams flowing from a mountain range in S. part of Lanark- 
 shire and borders of Dumfriesshire and Peeblesshire, the chief 
 summits of which are the Lowthers, Queensberry Hill, and 
 Clyde Law. The source of the Clyde, popularly so called, the 
 Little Clyde's Burn, lies on the S. slope of Clyde Law at the 
 elevation of 1550 ft., 4^ m. E. by S. of the village of Elvanfoot, 
 within f of a mile of headstreams of the Annan and Tweed. 
 After a course of a few miles this small stream joins the Daer, 
 which flows N. from the S. borders of Lanarkshire (Cana Hill 
 and Queensberry Hill), and should be regarded as the true 
 headstream of the C. At the confluence it is already enlarged 
 by the Potrail from the SW. Still flowing on the whole N. , it 
 winds to the E. round the Tinto Hills, then turning with many 
 windings NW. and W., is joined by the Douglas Water from 
 the SW., the Medwin, Mouse, &c., and entering Lanark parish, 
 forms the celebrated falls, descending by several steps about 
 230 ft., amid high shelving sandstone rocks and pictiu^esque 
 scenery. The falls are Bonning[ton Linn, 30 ft. ; Corra Linn, 
 84 ft. ; and Stonebyres, 80 ft. Its coiKse is now through rich 
 and fertile valleys on to Glasgow {q.v.), up to which city it has 
 been rendered navigable by successive improvements, since 
 about 1770, for the largest ocean steamers, for the building 
 of which the C. has become famous. From Glasgow the C. 
 flows WNW. , dividing the co. Renfrew on the S. from Dum- 
 barton on the N., receiving the tributaries of the Kelvin, Cart, 
 and Leven. At Bowling it receives the Forth and Clyde Canal. 
 After passing Dumbarton, where the river may be said to end, 
 it gradually widens, till between Greenock and Helensburgh it 
 is 4 m. in width, spreading N. into Gareloch and Loch Long, 
 W. into Holy Loch, and S. into the Firth of Clyde proper, with 
 the isles of Bute and the Cumbraes situated at its mouth. 
 Length from the source of the Little Clyde's Bum to Dum- 
 barton 91 m. , from the source of the Daer 106 m. ; estimated 
 area of basin, 1481 sq. m., or including the portion from 
 
 351 
 
CLYD — COAS 
 
 Dumbarton to Greenock and the Gareloch, 1580 sq. m. Length 
 of the Firth of Clyde to the lat of the Mull of Kintyre, 64 m. 
 See H. R. Mill, The Clyde Sea Area, in Trans. Royal Soc. 
 Edin., vol. xxxvi. 
 
 Clyde, riv. , Brit. N. America, entering Baffin Sea, in 70° 10' 
 N., 69" W. 
 
 Clyde, CO., New South Wales, in the angle between the 
 Darling R. on the N. and the Bogan on the SW. 
 
 Clyde, riv.. New South Wales, enters M'Leay R. at Bate- 
 man's Bay. 
 
 Clyde, or Danstan, tp. , New Zealand, South I. , Vincent co. , 
 on the Clutha, 70 m. NW. Dunedin, with gold and lignite. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Clyde, settlement. New Zealand, North I., Wairarapa N. 
 CO., 67 m. ENE. Wellington. 
 
 Clyde, city, U.S., Kansas, co. Cloud, 140 m. W. Atchison 
 by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clyde, y\\., U.S., New York, Wayne co., on Clyde R., 31 m. 
 SW. by S. Oswego. P. <3oeo. 
 
 Clyde, viL, U.S., Ohio, Sandusky co., 38 m. SE. by E. 
 Toledo. P. <3000. 
 
 Clyde, tp. , Victoria, Momington co. , 30 m. SSE. Melbourne. 
 P. <; 2000. 
 
 Clydebank, tn. , Scot. , Dumbartonshire, on the r. bk. of the 
 Clyde, i^ m. NNW. Renfrew, on a branch line of the N. B. R., 
 \ m. S. Kilbowie stn. , on the Helensburgh line of the N. B. R. 
 Important shipbuilding (iron and steel). P. 10,600. 
 
 Clydebank, tn. , Victoria, Tanjil co., 139 m. E. Melbourne. 
 P. <:i50o. 
 
 Clyde Iron Works, vil. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, Old Monkland 
 par. P. <75o. 
 
 Clyde law, hill, Scot., S. Lanarkshire, 8 m. NNW. Moffat. 
 Alt. 1789 ft. 
 
 Clydesdale, settlement, Cape Colony, Griqualand East, on 
 the Umzimkulu, 60 m. SW. by S. Pietermaritzburg. 
 
 Clydesdale, the valley of the Clyde, Scot., more generally 
 restricted to the portion of the Clyde valley in Lanarkshire, 
 noted for its coal and iron mines and horses, and between 
 Lanark and Bothwell for its apple orchards. 
 
 Clydesdale, viL, Scot., Lanarkshire. P. (including Fal- 
 wood and MUn'Wood)<:i50o. 
 
 Clydesdale, tn., Victoria, Talbot co., on Jimcrow Creek, 
 88 m. NW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Clydey, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 8 m. SE. by S. Cardigan, 
 4 m. SE. by E. Boncath stn. ; 8280 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Clyffe, P.O., Eng., Dorsetshire, 6 m. NE. Dorchester. 
 
 Clynder (klin'der), vil., Scot., Dumbartonshire, on the W. 
 shore of Gare Loch, 3^ m. WN W. Helensburgh, PM. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Clynderwen, stn., Wales, W. Carmarthenshire, on the G. 
 W. R., 10 m. ENE. Haverford West, PM.O. 
 
 Clyne, par., Scot., in the extreme SE. of Sutherland, 5 m, 
 NE. Golspie, i\ m. NNW. Brora stn. ; 74,504 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Clyne, par., "Wales, Glamorganshire, Neath imion. P. < 
 500. 
 
 Clynnog, par. and vil., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 
 9J m. SSW. Carnarvon, 4 m. SW. by W. Penygroes stn., P.O. 
 (Clynnogfawr) ; 11,983 ac. P. <:i500. 
 
 Clyro, par., Wales, Radnorshire, ii m. S. New Radnor, 2 m. 
 NW. Hay stn., PM.O.; 7370 ac. P. <75o; eccles. par. (C. 
 with Bettws Clyro) P. <7So. 
 
 Clyst Hydon and Clyst St. Mary. See CUst Hydon. 
 
 Clytha, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, Abergavenny union. 
 P. < 500. See Iilanarth. 
 
 Clyth Xess, cape, Scot. , Caithness, on the E. ct. , in 58° 18^' N. 
 
 Clywedo, small riv., Wales, Montgomeryshire, flows SE. to 
 the Severn, which it joins at Llanidloes. 
 
 Coa is the Portuguese spelling of African and some other 
 names, equivalent to the English Kwa or Qua. See under Kwa. 
 
 Coa, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Ballinamallard (co. Fermanagh). 
 
 Cda, small riv., Portugal, flows N. to the Douro, which it 
 joins about 7° 10' W. Length, 80 m. 
 
 Coaebford, tn.. Ire., W. co. Cork, bar. Muskerry East, 7 m. 
 E. Macroom, on the 1. bk. of the Lee, PMT.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Coad's Green, vil., Eng., Cornwall, 6 m. SW. Launceston, 
 PM.O. 
 
 Coagh, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Tyrone, bar. Upper Dungannon, 5 
 m. ENE. Cookstoiwn, 4 m. from Moneymore stn., PMT.OT 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Coatao'ma, co., U.S., Mississippi, on the Mississippi, crossed 
 in the extreme S. by 34° N. 
 
 Coahnlla, state, Mexico, stretching more than 5° S. from the 
 N. frontier, between Chihuahua (W. ) and Nuevo Leon (E. ), 
 traversed by the International Rly. (Torreon to Piedras Negras) ; 
 cap. Saltillo. Mining carried on, chiefly in the Sierra Mcjada, 
 which produces silver, iron, gold, and lead. Important deposits 
 of coal in the dist. traversed by the International Rly., near 
 U.S. frontier. See Mexico. 
 
 Coaitnllla Valley, California. See Colorado Desert. 
 
 Coalaston, par., Eng., Derbyshire, NE. div., 5^ m. S. Shef- 
 eeld, I m. NE. Dronfield stn., P.O. P.<7So. 
 352 
 
 Coal Brancli, viL, Canada, New Brunswick, Kent co. , 28 m. 
 W. Moncton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coalbrook, PM.O. , Ire., 3m. from Ballingarry(co.Tipperary). 
 
 Coalbrookdale, eccles. dist., Eng., Salop, Wellington div., 
 12 m. ESE. Shrewsbury, 4^ m. NE. Much Wenlock [q.v.], on 
 the G. W. R. The ' dale ' is 8 m. by 2 m. , and hcis a small 
 coalfield (now nearly exhausted), and contains also iron ore and 
 limestone, so that it has long been the seat of an important iron 
 industry. The village still contains one of the oldest ironworks 
 in the kingdom. Here railroads, formed of wood, were first 
 used in 1620 and 1650, and about 100 years after iron plates 
 were put on the rails. PMT.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Coalbnrg, coal-mining \il., U.S., Alabama, co. Jefferson, 
 8 m. NW. by N. Birmingham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coalbnrg, \aL, U.S., W. Virginia, Kanawha co., on the 
 Kanawha R., 12 m. SE. by S. Charleston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coalbnm, stn. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, on a branch of the C. R. , 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Coal City, vil. , U.S. , Illinois, Grundy co. , 58 m. SW. Chicago 
 by rail. P. <20oo. 
 
 Coal Creek, settlement, U.S., Colorado, Fremont co., 97 m. 
 S. by W. Denver, with lignite mines. 
 
 Coal Creek, viL, U.S., Tennessee, co. Anderson, 10 m. S. 
 Clinton. P. <:2ooo. • 
 
 Coaldale, viL, U.S., Pennsylvania, co. Bedford, 30 m. SE. 
 Altoona. P. <20oo. 
 
 Coaley, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Stroud div. , 6 m. N. by 
 E. Wotton-tmder-Edge, with a junc. stn. on the M. R., P.O. 
 P. <750- 
 
 Coalgate, post-tn., New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co., 38 
 m. SW. Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coalhall, Scot. See Jerrlston Square and Coalball. 
 
 Coaling, vil., U.S., Alabama, co. and 7 m. E. Tuscaloosa, 
 42 m. SW. by W. Birmingham. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Coal Island, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Tyrone, bar. Middle Dun- 
 gannon, 4 m. NE. Dungannon, on the Tyrone Navigation and 
 the Dungannon and Cookston Rly., with coal-mines, PMT.O. 
 Market-day, Tu. P. -ciooo. 
 
 Coal-Mine, settlement, U.S., Utah, San Pete co., 80 m. SE. 
 by S. Salt Lake City. 
 
 Coal Mines, settlement, U.S., Rhode I., Newport co. , on 
 the coast, 8 m. SW. Fall River (Mass.). 
 
 Coalmout, settlement, U.S., Pennsylvania, Hvmtingdon co., 
 70 m. W. Harrisburg, 20 m. SSE. Altoona. 
 
 Coalpit Heatb, eccles. dist., Eng., Gloucester, 3 m. SW. 
 Chipping Sodbury, P.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Coalport, viL, Eng., Salop, Wellington div., on the Severn, 
 15 m. ESE. Shrewsbury, with a stn. on the G. W^ R., and 
 another on a branch of the L. & NW. R., with coal, P.O. 
 
 Coalport, coal-mining viL, U.S., Iowa, Jefferson co. (in SE. 
 of state). P. < 1500. 
 
 Coal Klver, New South Wales. See Hunter. 
 
 Coalsnanghton, viL, Scot., Clackmannanshire, 3 m. WSW. 
 Dollar, \ m. S. Tilliecoultry stn. , P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Coalton, viL, U.S., Ohio, co. Jackson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coaltou of Balgonle, Scot. See Balgonle, Coalton of. 
 
 Coaltown, ct. viL, Scot., Fifeshire, 2 m. N. Wemyss, P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Coaltowu, P.O., Scot., 2 m. from Markinch, Fifeshire. 
 
 CoalTllle, tn. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Loughborough div. , 7 m. 
 N. by E. Bosworth, with a stn. on the M. R. and anothei 
 (C. East) on the L. & NW. R., in a great coal dist., PMT.O. 
 P. (eccles. par. )<:300o; tn. P. 11,200. 
 
 CoalTllle, city, U.S., Utah, Summit co., on the Weber R. , 
 28 m. ENE. Salt Lake City. Alt. 5596 ft. (R.R.). Mean temp. 
 (10 yrs.), yr. 45.4° F., Jan. 22.9°, July 70.1° ; rainfall, 13.74 in. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Coama, riv. , S. Africa. See Lnabo. 
 
 Coamo, tn., isL of Porto Rico, 35 m. SW. by W. San Juan. 
 SallnasdeC.,ontheS. ct.,aboutiom. totheSE. P. (1887)10,500. 
 
 Coafta, comm. , Spain , prov. Oviedo, dist. Castropol. P. < 5000. 
 
 Coanwood, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Hexham div. , on 
 the NE. R., 3* m. SW. Haltwhistle, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Coanza, riv. , W. Africa. See Kwanza. 
 
 Coary, vil., Brazil, Amazonas, on the r. bk. of the Amazon, 
 where it is joined by R. Coary, 220 m. WSW. Manaos. 
 
 Coassolo Torinese, comm., Italy, prov. and circle Turin. 
 P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Coast Province, a Cis-Leithan prov. of Austria-Hungary, at 
 the head of the .Adriatic, embracing Istria, Trieste, Gorz, and 
 Gradiska. The fertile littoral region is separated by the arid Karst 
 (q. V. ) plateau from the terrs. watered by the Save and its tribs. 
 Of rivers have to be mentioned the Isonzo and the Rieka or 
 Recca (near Trieste), the latter flowing in part underground. 
 The climate of Istria and the valley of the Isonzo resembles that 
 of Italy, whilst the interior is subject to great changes of tem- 
 perature. The inhabitants are principally Slavs and Italians, 
 the Slavs occupying the plateaux, and the Italians the coast 
 region. The latter and the plains are densely peopled. Agri- 
 culture is in a very backward state. The sheep-breeding of 
 
 K. 
 
COAS — COCH 
 
 Istria is considerable. Sea-salt is produced at Capodistria and 
 Pirano. Shipbuilding is the only important industry. Trieste 
 is the great commercial emporium of Austria- Hungary. Other 
 towns are Pisino (cap. of Istria), Gorz, Rovigno, and Pola, 
 which is the principal naval station of the Austrian empire. See 
 Anstrla-Huiigary, table. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Coast Ranges. See California and Brltlsb Columbia. 
 
 Coatbridge, tn. , Scot. , N W. Lanarkshire, with stns. on the 
 C. R. and N. B. R., 2 m. W. Airdrie, and along with it the 
 chief seat of the Scotch iron industry in nearly all its branches. 
 P. (1851) 8600; (1871) 15,800; (1891) 30,000. 
 
 Coatdyke, stn., Scot., Lanarkshire, on the N. B. R., i m. 
 W. Airdrie, PMT.O. 
 
 Coatepec, tn., Mexico, Vera Cruz, 56 m. WNW. Vera Cruz, 
 6 m. SW. by S. Jalapa. P. (1889) 6000. 
 
 Cktates, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, div. and 7 m. SE. by E. 
 Gainsborough, 4^ m. ESE. Lea stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Coates, par., Eng., Gloucester, div. and 3 m. W. Cirencester, 
 PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Coates, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Horsham div. , 6^ m. N. by W. 
 Arundel, close to Fittleworth stn. P. <2So. See Burton. 
 
 Coates, eccles. dist. , Eng., Cambridgeshire, Wisbech div., 
 7J m. E. by S. Peterborough, 2 m. ENE. Whittlesea stn. P. 
 -=1500. 
 
 Contes, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton union. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Coates, Great, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, 3 m. W. Grimsby, 
 included in the pari. bor. of Grimsby, on the M. S. & L. R., 
 P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Coates, Little, par., i m. S. Great Coates. P. <25o. 
 
 Coates, Nortb, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Louth div., i^ m. 
 from the E. ct. , 7^ m. SE. by S. Grimsby, 3 m. ENE. N. 
 Thoresby stn. , P.O. (N. Cotes). P. <5oo. 
 
 Coates, West, eccles. par. , Scot. , St. Cuthbert's par. , Edin- 
 burgh. P. 5600. 
 
 CoatesTllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. Chester, 39 m. 
 W. Philadelphia by rail. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Coatbam, East, eccles. dist., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Cleveland div., on the ct., 6| m. ENE. Middlesbrough, near 
 Redcar stn. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Coatbam Mnndevllle, par., Eng., Durham, in the SE. div., 
 on the Skerne, 4^ m. N. Darlington, i m. S. Aycliffe stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 CoatlilU, Eng. See Coteblll wltb Cnmwblnton. 
 
 Coatlcook, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Quebec, Stanstead 
 CO. , 120 m. S. by W. Quebec. P. <3000. 
 
 Coatoleo, seapt. , Mexico. See Huatulco. 
 
 Coaton, par. , Eng. , Northamptonshire. See Coton. 
 
 Coatopa, vil., U.S., Alabama, co. Sumter, 67 m. W. Selina. 
 
 Coats, eccles. dist., Scot., Lanarkshire, in Old Monkland 
 par. P. 5800. 
 
 Coatyards, par., Eng., Northumberland, Rothbury union. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Coatzacoalcos, tn. , Mexico, state of Vera Cruz, Tabasco, on 
 the isthmus of Tehuantepec, 170 m. NE. by E. Oaxaca. 
 
 Coatzacoalcos, riv. , Mexico, rises in the Sierra Madre, Oaxaca, 
 flows N. between Vera Cruz and Tabasco, and enters C. Bay, 
 in the Caribbean Sea, 130 m. SE. Vera Cruz. Navigable for 
 vessels of 1000 tons for over 21 m. Permanent bar of hard 
 material at mouth, safely passable by vessels drawing 12^ ft. 
 Deepening of bar projected. 
 
 Coazze, market-tn. , Italy, prov. Turin, circle and 13 m. ESE. 
 Susa, near confluence of Sangone and Sangonetto. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Coban, tn. , Central America, Guatemala, 85 m. N. Guatemala; 
 chalk mined near and manufactured into crayons. P. 27,700, 
 mostly Indians. 
 
 Cobar, post-tn.. New South Wales, Robinson co., 105 m. S. 
 Bourke, with important copper and several gold-mines near. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Cobargo, post-tn.. New South Wales, Dampier co., 84 m. 
 N. Cape Howe. P. <20co. 
 
 Cobb, CO., U.S., Georgia, crossed in N. by 34° N. , and 
 between 84° and 85° N. 
 
 Cobblnsbaw, vil. , Scot., Midlothian, on the C. R. , on the 
 W. side of C. Reservoir, 11^ m. NE. Lanark, with coal-mining, 
 PM.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Cobbler, The, mt. , Scot. See Ben Arthur. 
 
 Cobbler's Island, on the E. ct. of Newfoundland, in the N. 
 of Bonavista Bay. 
 
 Cobbora, post-tn.. New South Wales, Lincoln co., on the 
 1. bk. of the Erskine, 95 m. N. by W. Bathurst. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cobden, vil., Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co., on Lake Musk- 
 rat, 55 m. W. by N. Ottawa. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cobden, post-tn., Victoria, Heytesbury co. , 68 m. SW. 
 Ballarat. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Cobden, tp. , New Zealand, South I. , Grey co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cobdogla, settlement, S. Australia, Hamley co., lio m. 
 ENE. Adelaide. 
 
 Cobequld Bay, inlet, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the W. ct. , 
 communicating with the Bay of Fundv by Minas Channel. 
 353 
 
 Cobequld Mountains, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cumberland 
 and Colchester cos. , in 45^° N. 
 Coberley, P.O., Eng. See Cubberley. 
 
 Cobham, par., Eng., Kent, Medwaydiv., 4 m. W. Rochester, 
 i^ m. NE. by E. Sole Street stn., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cobham, par. , Eng. , Surrey, div. and 7 m. W. Epsom, i m. 
 N W. of its stn. on the L. & SW. R. , PMT. O. ; 5332 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Cobham Terrace, P.O., Eng., Kent, i m. from Greenhithe, 
 3 m. E. Dartford. 
 
 CobUa, or Puerto de la Mar, small seapt., Chile, prov. 
 Antofagasta, on the W. ct., in about 22° 34' S., with a mode- 
 rately sheltered roadstead ; exports copper, tin, guano, wool. 
 
 Coblenz, or Coblentz, tn. , Prussia. See Koblenz. 
 
 Coblesklll, vil., U.S., New York, co. Schoharie, 45 m. W. 
 Albany (by rail). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cobley, part of par., Eng., Worcestershire. See Tutnall 
 and Cobley. 
 
 Cobo Bay, small bay, Channel Is. , on W. ct. of Guernsey, 2 
 m. from Catel, P.O. 
 
 Coboconk, vil., Canada, Ontario, Victoria co., 73 m. NNE. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coborn Road, stn., London, Eng., on the G. E. R., 3 m. 
 ENE. St. Paul's. 
 
 Cobourg, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Northum- 
 berland CO., on Lake Ontario, 89 m. W. by S. Kingston. P. 5000. 
 
 Cobram, post-tn. , Victoria, on the N. border of Moira co. , on 
 the 1. bk. of the Murray R., 90 m. NE. Sandhurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cobras, isl. , S. America, Brazil, prov. and 25 m. from Rio de 
 Janeiro, in its bay. One of the principal defences of the city. 
 
 Cobrldge, eccles. dist. , Eng. , Staffordshire, included in the 
 pari. bor. of Hanley, adjoining Burslem on the S., on the N. 
 Staffordshire Rly. P. 5400. 
 
 Cobnngra, mining tp., Victoria, Dargo co., 246 m. NE. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coburg, tn. , Ger. See Kobui«. 
 
 Cobnrg, a N. suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. P. 6000. 
 
 Cobnrg, penin., N. Australia, in 11° 22' S. and 132° 10' E. , 
 50 m. from E. to W., and 20 m. across, connected SE. with the 
 mainland by a narrow isthmus, and separated in the W. from 
 Melville I. by Dundas Strait. 
 
 Cocagne, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, on Northumberland 
 Strait, at the mouth of the Cocagne R. , no m. WNW. Pictou 
 (N.S.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Cocall, cape, Brit. Guiana, in about 8° N. , 58^ 54' W. 
 
 Cocamas, tribe of American Indians, N. Peru, prov. Loreto. 
 
 Coeau^da,orCoconada, Brit. India, Madras, dist. Goddvari, 
 on the E. ct., 86 m. SW. by W. Vizagapatam, 17 m. N. Yanaon, 
 connected by navigable canals vnlh the Goddvarf R. at Dow- 
 laishwaram. Export trade steadily growing (value ^750,000) ; 
 import trade trifling ; principal export to Europe, cotton. 
 Vessels are loaded and discharged by means of boats. Light- 
 house visible 14 m. P. (1881), with Jaganddhapur, 28,900; 
 (1891)40,600; Hindus, 37,900. 
 
 Cocentalna, comm., Spain, prov. and 22 m. N. Alicante, 3 
 m. NNE. Alcoy. P. 7800. 
 
 CocA, Cymric, 'red.' 
 
 Cochabamba, tn. , BoUvia, cap. dep. C. , on a plain at the E. 
 foot of the Andes, 130 m. SE. by E. La Paz, with a university. 
 Alt. 7244 ft. Mean temp, (i^ yr., 1883-84), yr. 63.9° F., Feb. 
 66.2°, July 59.4°. P. 19,500. 
 
 Cochecho, small riv., U.S. See Dover, New Hampshire. 
 
 Cochem, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt, and 24 m. SW. 
 Koblenz, at confluence of the Moselle and Endert. The longest 
 railway tunnel in Germany (13,830 ft.) near. P. <:4000. 
 
 Cochetopa, pass, U.S., Colorado, in the N. of the Saguache 
 CO., in the C. Hills, about 38° 15' N. , 106° 30' W. 
 
 Cochin, tn. and port, surrounded by native state of C. , Brit. 
 India, Madras, Malabdr dist., on the W. ct. , 87 m. SW. by S. 
 Coimbatore, 97 m. SSE. Calicut ; situated at the S. of the 
 principal navigable entrance to the great lagoon of Travancore. 
 It has shipbuilding yards, an arsenal, harbour, citadel, and ex- 
 tensive trade. One of the first spots in India visited by Euro- 
 peans. Christian and Jewish colonies said to have existed here 
 since the first centvuy of the Christian era, the Christians form- 
 ing the sect of Nasardni Mappilds (Moplas). In 1500, Cabral, 
 the Portuguese adventurer, landed here. In 1530 St. Francis 
 Xavier made many converts in these parts. C. was captured by 
 the English from the Dutch in 1795, ^^'^ formally ceded to the 
 English in 1814. Lighthouse visible 15 m. Mean temp., yr. 
 80° F. ; rainfall, yr. 115. i in., May-Oct. 100 in. P. municip. 
 (1881)15,700; (1891)17,600; Christians, 9800 ; Hindus, 4700 ; 
 Moham. 3100. 
 
 Cochin, native state, India, Madras, W. ct., to the N. of 
 Travancore (^-v.), which it resembles in physical features ; cap. 
 Ernakolam. See Madras, table. 
 
 Cochin, tn., India, native state C, i m. S. of British town 
 of C. P. (1875) 13,800. 
 
 Cochln-Chlna (native names — local, «la-Dlnh; official, 
 Nam-kl ; the last meaning the ' country of the south '), a French 
 colony in the S. of Indo-China, comprising six provs. ceded by 
 
COCH — coco 
 
 Annam ; roughly quadrilateral in form, stretching from Cam- 
 bodia and Annam on the N. and NE. , and forming in the S. 
 the penin. which separates the China Sea from the Gulf of Siam. 
 Divided for administrative purposes into the following four 
 provs., in order from NE. to SW., Saigon, Mytho, Vinh-Long, 
 and Bassak. The greater part of the country consists of vast 
 alluvial plains, formed by the deltas of the Mekong and the 
 Dongnai, or Don-nai, with the Saigon R. and Great and Little 
 Vaco, all connected by a confused network of branch streams 
 (arroyos). In the NE., towards Annam, are more elevated 
 tracts, well wooded, with rocky summits rising in the Chua- 
 Chang, near Bien-Hoa, and the Ba-Dinh, near Tay-Ninh, to 
 about 2000 ft. In the W. are the last outliers of the Elephant 
 Mts. of Cambodia, whose highest summit scarcely exceeds 1300 
 ft. The rivers form the principal means of communication, 
 the larger being navigable by small steamers (Saigon accessible 
 to ocean steamers). The mouths of all the rivers are obstructed 
 by the deposits of sediment which are yearly adding to the area 
 of the cultivable land. Two canals, narrow and shallow, con- 
 nect the Posterior or Bassak arm of the Mekong with the Gulf 
 of Siam ; one, 44 m. in length, ends at Hatien ; the other, 25 
 m. , at Rash-Gia. Off the coasts are several islands, the princi- 
 pal of which are the Pulo-Kondor group and Pulo Obi, in the 
 China Sea, and the Fu Kwok (Phu-Quoc) group in the Gulf of 
 Siam. These islands are lofty, as compared with the neighbour- 
 ing coast, rising from 1000 to 2000 ft., and generally well 
 wooded. The climate, like that of other parts of Indo-China, 
 is subject to the monsoons, and is particularly unhealthy during 
 the period between the change of the monsoon in April and the 
 rainy season, which sets in in May or June [Saigon]. Storms 
 are of frequent occurrence, especially towards the end of the 
 rainy season in October. Agrlcnltnre is the general occupa- 
 tion of the people, the principal crop being rice, cultivated 
 throughout the low lands ; cotton has a limited cultivation, and 
 the conditions seem favourable for its extension ; indigo, tobacco, 
 sugar-cane, and cardamoms grow well ; pepper chiefly on the 
 Gulf of Siam. Forests estimated to cover about 3500 sq. m. are 
 found in the NE. , and contain valuable woods both for ship- 
 building and cabinet-work. SUuerals are unimportant. Saline 
 lagoons at Saktrang, Baria, and elsewhere, yield a considerable 
 quantity of salt. The principal export is rice, chiefly to China 
 and the neighbouring states ; other exports are fish, pepper, 
 silk, cotton, and skins. The internal and export trade is mainly 
 in the hands of the Chinese. Native industries are insignificant, 
 the most characteristic being that of mats, carried on chiefly at 
 Saigon and Rash-Gia, though some progress is being made in 
 the production of articles for domestic use, formerly imported 
 from China. The money is similar to that of Annam ((^.v.). 
 Annamites form by far the great majority of the Inhabitants, 
 Cambodians number over 100,000; in the NE. are the Mois, 
 whose numbers are quite uncertain. The gOTernment is ad- 
 ministered by a Lieutenant-Governor acting under the Governor- 
 General of Indo-China, who resides at Saigon, and a council 
 consisting of six French and six Annamite members. Local 
 affairs are intrusted to native officials. Waterways afford the 
 principal means of communication, the facilities for which are 
 greatly enhanced by the tidal movements throughout the delta. 
 Roads are being extended to connect the principal towns. 
 There is a railway of about 50 m. between Saigon (g'.v.) and 
 Mytho. The principal towns besides those just mentioned are 
 Sholon (Cholon), Vinh-Long, and Shodok (Chaudoc). Hatien 
 and Rash-Gia are ports with coasting trade. Area roughly esti- 
 mated at 23,000 sq. m., and pop. at over 2,000,000. [E. J. H.] 
 
 C^ebinoca, vil. , Argentine Republic, Jujuy, cap. dep. C. , 277 
 m. N. byW, Tucuman ; extremely rich in salt. Alt. 11,970 ft. 
 Mean temp. (16 yrs., 1873-88), 55.4° F.; mean rainfall, yr. 9.4 
 in. , April-Sept. 1.6 in. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Cocblse, CO., U.S., Arizona, in the SE. corner of the terr. 
 
 Cochran, settlement, U.S., Georgia, Pulaski co., 137 m. W. 
 by N. Savannah. 
 
 Cochran, vil., U.S., Indiana, co. Dearborn, 2 m. SW. 
 Aurora, on Ohio R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cochran, co. , U.S. , Texas, in NW. , on W. frontier, S.of 34° N. 
 
 Cochrane, stn. , Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R. , 863 
 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Cochranton, settlement, U.S., Pennsylvania, Crawford co., 
 on French Creek, 41 m. S. Erie. 
 
 Cockatoo Island, now BUoela, isl., New South Wales, in 
 Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), originally a place of imprison- 
 ment for convicts, now with a large graving-dock. 
 
 Cockayne Hatley, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, 13 m. E. Bed- 
 ford, div. and 5^ m. NE. by E. Biggleswade, i^ m. SE. by S. 
 Gamlingay stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cockayne Ridge, hill, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby 
 div., 15 m, SSE. Middlesbrough. Alt. 1410 ft. 
 
 Cockbnm, post-tn. , S. Australia, on the E. border, 245 m. 
 NE. Adelaide. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cockhnrn Channel, strait, S. Chile, between Clarence I. 
 on N. and the SW. penin. of the main island of Tierra del 
 Fuego, crossed by 72° W. , 54^° S. 
 354 
 
 Cockbom Harbour, in the S. of S. Caicos I. . W. Indies. 
 
 Cockborn Island, isl., Canada, Ontario, W. of Grand 
 Manitoulin I. , in 45° 50-46° N. , 82° 18-30' W. 
 
 Cockburn Land, forms the W. portion of Baffin Land in the 
 Gulf of Boothia, in 7o°-74° N. 
 
 Cockbnmspath, formerly also called Coldbrandspath, par. , 
 Scot. , Berwickshire, 7^ m. SE. by E. Dunbar, on the N. B. R. , 
 PMT.O.; 12,652 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cocke, CO. , U. S. .Tennessee, on the E. frontier, crossed by 36° N. 
 
 Cocken, par., Eng., Durham, Chester-le-Street union. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Cockenzle, seapt. and fishing vil., Scot., Haddingtonshire, 
 on the NW. ct., 4 m. NE. by E. Musselburgh, i m. NNE. 
 Prestonpans stn., PMT.O. P. (including Port Seton)<2ooo. 
 
 Cocker, riv. , Eng. , Cumberland, Cockermouth div. It rises 
 on Brandreth Hill, flows through Buttermere Water and Crum- 
 mock Water, and joins the Derwent on the 1. bk. at Cockermouth. 
 
 Cocker, riv. , Eng. , in the N W. of Lancashire, flows into the 
 S. of Morecambe Bay, i m. W. Cockerham. 
 
 Cockerham, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 6| m. S. 
 Lancaster, 2 m. W. Bay Horse stn. , with a stn. (C. Cross) on 
 a branch of the L. & NW. R., PMT.O.; 5562 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Cockerlngton, North, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, div. and 3^ 
 m. NE. by E. Louth, 2^ m. N. by W. Grimoldby stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. See Alvingham. 
 
 Cockerlngton, South, par., i m. to the S. by E. P. <25o. 
 
 Cockermouth, tn., Eng., Cumberland, C. div., on the Der- 
 went, 5J m. SE. by E. Maryport, on the L. & NW. and C, 
 Keswick, and Penrith Rlys. Extensive coal-mines near ; has flax 
 and woollen mills ; manufactures of hats, paper, and hosiery. 
 Birthplace of the poet Wordsworth, 1770. Market-days, M. 
 and S. Alt. 146 ft. Mean temp. (19 yrs., 1862-80), yr. 48.6° F., 
 Jan. 38.9°, July 59.7°.; mean rainfall (1866-80) Higham, alt. 
 478 ft., 45 in.; Whinfell Hall, alt. 265 ft., 53.05 in. P. (1891) 
 5500; pari. div. P. 63,600. 
 
 Cockersand Abbey, par., Eng., NW. ct. Lancashire, div. 
 and 6 m. SSW. Lancaster, 2 m. SW. Glasson Dock stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cockerton, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., i^ m. NW. Dar- 
 lington, PM.O. P. <35oo. 
 
 Cocket, riv. , Eng. , Northumberland. See Coquet. 
 
 Cockett, vil. and stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., 
 on the G. W. R. , 3 m. WNW. Swansea, with coal-mining. 
 
 Cockfleld, par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 6^ m. 
 SW. by W. Bishop Auckland, on the NE. R., with coal-mining, 
 PM.O. P. <:20oo ; eccles. dist. (C. with Staindrop) P. <450a 
 
 Cockfleld, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Sudbury div. , 7 ni. SE. by S. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, on the G. E. and Colne Valley Rlys., PT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Cocking, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Horsham div. , 8 m. N. by E. 
 Chichester, on the L. B. & S. C. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cocklngton, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, div. and 2 m. W. Tor- 
 quay, close to Torquay stn. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cocklaw, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham luiion. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Cockle Island, one of the Los Is. , Sierra Leone. 
 
 Cockle Park, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Morpeth union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Cockley Cley, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 15 m. SE. 
 King's Lynn, 4 m. SW. Swaffham, P.O.; 4432 ac. P. <2So. 
 
 Cock of Arran, cape, Scot., the most northerly point of the 
 I. of Arran. 
 
 Cockpen, par., Scot., Midlothian, on Dalhousie Bum, 2 m. 
 SSW. Dalkeith, close to Bonnyrigg stn. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Cockscomb, mts. , Brit. Honduras, in i6J° N. , 88i°-89j° W. 
 Victoria Peak, 3700 ft. 
 
 Cocks Hill, Eng., Devonshire, on Dartmoor Forest, 15 m. 
 E. by S. Launceston. 
 
 Cockshutt, eccles. dist., Eng., Salop, div. and 10 m. E. 
 Oswestry, 5 m. W. Wem stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Cocks Tor, hill, Eng. , Devonshire, on Dartmoor Forest, 13 
 m. ESE. Launceston. Alt. 1467 ft. 
 
 Cockthorpe, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 2 m. from the 
 N. ct., 15 m. W. Cromer, 5 m. E. by S. Wells stn, P. <2SO. 
 See Blakeney. 
 
 Coco, one of the Cargados Is. , Indian Ocean. 
 
 Coco, SegoTla, or Yoro, sometimes called also the Herbias, 
 and above the confluence of the Jicaro the Telpanesa, and by 
 the English Wanks, riv., Nicaragua, rises in the NW. and 
 forms the E. half of the N. frontier of state ; navigable by 
 steamers 140 m. up. Depth 3- 11 ft. Sand-bar at mouth 
 prevents the entrance of large vessels. 
 
 Coconada. See CocauAda. 
 
 Cocos, Spanish isl. , N. of Cuba. See Cayo Cocos. 
 
 Cocos, or Keeling Islands, a group of coral isls. in the 
 Indian Ocean, mainly composing one atoll, between 12° 4' and 
 12° 13' S. and 96° 49'-57' E., but including a smaller island in 
 11° 50' N., 96° 50' E. They belong to the British, and since 
 1886 have been annexed to the Straits Settlements. There are 
 some large coco-nut plantations on them. See Froc. H. G. S., 
 1879, p. 777; and Scot. Geog. Mag., 1889, p. 457. 
 
coco — COHO 
 
 €oeo8, Tbe, two isls. in the Bay of Bengal, in 14° 4' N. , 93° 
 21' E., 45 m. N. of Great Andaman I., and just S. of Table I., 
 which has a lighthouse visible 22 m. 
 
 Cocotea, Cala, roadstead, Peru, in about 17° 15' S. 
 
 Cocuspera, settlement, Mexico, state Sonora, in a dist. rich 
 in gold. 
 
 Cod, Cape, U.S. , the N W. extremity of the penin. in the SE. of 
 Massachusetts, in 42° 4' N. , 70° 15' W. See Cape Cod Canal. 
 
 Coda Carallo, Capo, cape, Sardinia, in the NE. , in 40° 50' N. 
 
 Codale Fell, eminence, Eng., Westmorland, 6 m. NW. 
 Ambleside. 
 
 Coddenbam, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 6 m. 
 N. by W. Ipswich, 3 m. SE. Needham stn., PMT.O. P.< 
 1000 ; eccles. par. (C. urith CrowiBeld) P. < 1500. 
 
 CoddlJDgton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 8 m. 
 SSE. Chester, 2 m. WNW. Broxton stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Coddlngton, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , 13^ m. E. 
 by N. Hereford, 2^ m. W. Colwall stn., P.O. P. <25o." 
 
 Coddlngton, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, div. and 3 m. E. 
 by N. Newark, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Coddon Hill, Eng., in the NW. of Devonshire, si m. SE. 
 Barnstaple. Alt. 628 ft. 
 
 Codford St. Mary, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., on 
 the Wily, 13 m. NW. by W. Salisbury, with a stn. (C.) on 
 the G. W. R. , PMT. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Codford St. Peter, par., adjoining C. St. Mary. P. <soo. 
 
 Codlcote, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 7^ m. 
 WNW. Hertford, 3 m. NW. Welwyn stn. , PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Codlgoro, comm. , Italy, Emilia, on the Po di Volano, prov. 
 and 24 m. E. Ferrara. P. <sooo. 
 
 Codington, co. , U. S. , S. Dakota, crossed by 45° N. and 97° W. 
 
 Codling Bank, or Codling Ridges, sandbank, St. George's 
 Channel, 10 m. NE. Wicklow Head. 
 
 Codnor and Iioscoe, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Ilkeston div., 
 9^ m. NE. by N. Derby, close to Crosshlll and C. stn., on a 
 branch of the M. R. , i^ m. WSW. of C. Park stn. on the 
 Erewash Valley line of the M. R., PMT.O. P. <400o. 
 
 Codnor Park, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Basford union. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Codogne, coram., Italy, prov. Treviso, dist. Conegliano. 
 P, <4000. 
 
 Codogno, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Milan, 8 m. N. Pia- 
 cenza ; has textile manufactures, and is celebrated for its cheese, 
 improperly called Parmesan. P. 12,000. 
 
 Codrlngton, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Northumberland co. , 9 
 m. from Brighton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Codrlngton, vil., Eng., Gloucestershire, Thornbury div., 
 8^ m. N. Bath, 4 m. ENE. Mangotsfield stn. See Wapley- 
 wltli-Codrlngtoji . 
 
 Codrlngton, settlement, New South Wales, Rous co., 55 m. 
 NNE. Grafton. 
 
 Codrlngton, tn. , West Indies, Barbuda I., on the E. shore 
 of a long inlet on the N. ct. 
 
 Codrlngton Skoals, shallow off the S. ct. of Barbuda I., 
 West Indies. 
 
 Codrolpo, coram., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 14 m. SW. by 
 W. Udine. P, <5ooo. 
 
 Cod Roy River, Great, riv. , in the SW. of Newfoundland, 
 flows SW. to Gulf of St. Lawrence, in 47° 50' N. 
 
 Cod Roy River, Little, riv., Newfoimdland, flows into Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence, about 47° 20' N. 
 
 Codsall and Oaken, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Kingswin- 
 ford div., 4^ m. NW. Wolverhampton, on the G. W. R., 
 PMT.O. Pr<isoo. 
 
 Cod's Head, cape. Ire. , SW. ct. co. Cork, on Kenmare R. 
 
 Coe, riv. , Scot. See Cilen Coe. 
 
 Coed, coid, Cymric, 'a wood." 
 
 Coedana, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 7 ra. S. by W. Amlwch, \\ 
 m. SSE. Llanerchyraedd stn. P. <:25o. See Llaugwyllog. 
 
 Coedcanlass, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on the E. side of 
 an arm of Milford Haven, 4^ m. NNE. Pembroke. P. <25o. 
 
 Coedfrank, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Neath union. 
 P. < 4500. 
 
 Coedkerneiv, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , 4 m. SW. 
 Newport, \\ m. N. Marshfield stn. P. <2So. See Wentlooge. 
 
 Coedpoeth, Wales. See Adwyrclawdd. 
 
 Coed Talon, stn., Wales, Flint, near Mold, on the Mold and 
 C. T. branch of the L. & NW. R. 
 
 CoedymelMon, PM.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, i m. from 
 Ton-y-pandy. 
 
 Coe Hill, stn., Canada, Ontario, Hastings co., 79 m. NW. 
 Kingston. 
 
 Coel, or Koll, Brit. India. See AUgarb. 
 
 Ccele-Syria. See El Bekaa. 
 
 Coell, or Cubeyll, riv., in S. of Patagonia, Argentine 
 Republic, flows SE. then NE., and enters the Atlantic by a 
 large estuary, known as Coy Inlet, in 51° S. 
 
 Coen, goldfield, Queensland, 180 m. N. Cookstown. 
 
 Coetlvy, small isl. , Indian Ocean, 146 m. S. of the Seychelles, 
 in 7° 6' S. , 56° 23' E. ; a dependency of Maiu-itius. 
 
 Coenr d'Alene, vil., U.S., Idaho, Kootenai co., 85 m. N. by 
 E. Lewiston. P. -cisoo. 
 
 Coenr d'Alene, lake, U.S., in the N. of Idaho [q.v.), crossed 
 by 47^° N. , drained W. by the Spokane R. Coeurs d'Alene is 
 the French name of an Indian tribe inhabiting this region, 
 
 Coenr d'Alene Range, rats., U.S., stretching SE. frora Pend 
 d'Oreille Lake, raainly on frontier of Idaho and Montana. 
 
 Coevordeu, tn. , Holland. See Koevorden. 
 
 Coevrong, or Alpes Hancelles, hills, Normandy, deps. 
 Mayenne and Sarthe, and separating the basins of the Mayenne 
 and Sarthe Rivs. Highest point, 1155 ft. 
 
 Coex, tn., France, dep. Vendue, 46 m. NW. by N. La 
 Rochelle, 14 m. W. by N. La Roche-sur-Yon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Coey'mans, viL , U.S., New York, Albany co. , on the r. bk. of 
 Hudson R. , 13 m. S. Albany, with flagstone quarries. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cofano, Monte, rat. and promontory in the NW. of Sicily, 
 II m. NE. Trapani. 
 
 Coffee, CO. , U.S. , Alabaraa, near S. frontier, crossed by 86° W. 
 
 Coffee, CO., U.S., Georgia, S. of 32° N., crossed by 83° W. 
 
 Coffee, CO., U.S., Tennessee, crossed by 35^" N. and 86" W. 
 
 Coffeevllle, vil., U.S., Mississippi, Yalobusha co., 85 ra. S. 
 by E. Memphis (Tenn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Coffey, CO., U.S., Kansas, in the E., N. of 38° N., bounded 
 on the W. by 96° W. 
 
 Coffeyvllle, city, U.S., Kansas, Montgomery co., 60 ra. W, 
 of the SE. corner of the state. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Coffin's Island, Canada, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, one of 
 the Magdalen group, in about 47^° N. and 61^° W. Length, 
 25 ra. ; breadth, 3 ra. 
 
 Cofflnsvrell, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 4 m. 
 NW. by N. Torquay, i ra. NE. Kingskerswell stn. P. <;25o. 
 See St. Mary Cbnrch. 
 
 Cofre de Perote, mt., Mexico. See Perote. 
 
 Cofrentes, coram., Spain, prov. Valencia, at the confluence 
 of the Gabriel and Jucar, 40 ra. WSW. Valencia. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cotton, eccles. dist. and haralet, Eng., Devon, near Dawlish. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Cofton Hackett, par., Eng., Worcestershire, in Bromsgrove 
 union. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cogan, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 3J ra. SSW, 
 Cardiff, on the G. W. R. P. <2ooo. See Leckwltb. 
 
 Cogenboe, or Cooknoe, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northarapton- 
 shire, 5 ra. E. Northarapton, i ra. E. Billing stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Cogges, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., on the 
 Windrush, 7 m. SW. Woodstock, \ m. E. Witney. P. < 1000. 
 
 Coggesball, tn., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., on the Black- 
 water, 5^ ra. E. by S. Braintree, 2 m. NNW. Kelvedon stn., 
 with manufactures of silk, velvet, and isinglass, PMT.O. Great 
 C. par. P. <300o ; Little C. P. <soo. 
 
 CoggesbaU's Ledge, rocks, U.S., Rhode I., off the S. of 
 Newport co. , in 71° 19° W. 
 
 Cogglola, comm. , Italy, prov. Novara, on 1. bk. of the Sesia, 
 lira. NE. Biella. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cogblll's Creek, post-tn., Victoria, Talbot co., 70 ra. NW. 
 Melbourne. P. -c 2000. 
 
 Cogblnas, riv. , Sardinia, flows N. into the E. side of the Gulf 
 of Asinara ; 65 ra. long ; mean discharge, 500 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Cogle Hill, stn., Eng., Lancashire, 7 m. S. Lancaster, on 
 the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Coglll Beck, a small 1. bk. trib. of the Ure, Eng., in the W. 
 of the N. Riding of Yorkshire. 
 
 Cognac, tn., France, dep. Charente, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Charente, 24 m. W. by N. Angoulfime, with a castle built by 
 and for long the residence of the counts of Angouleme of the 
 Valois family, in which Francis I. was born in 1494. It is the 
 entrep6t of the brandy of the Charente, to which it gives its 
 name. Cap. arr. P. 16,600. 
 
 Cogne, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Tiu-in, 9^ m. S. Aosta, in 
 the valley of the same narae, which is i6 m. long and is sur- 
 rounded by high mountains, noted for the raagnificence of 
 their scenery. Extensive deposits of iron ore, but too difficult 
 of access to be worked. In this valley and those opening into 
 it two or three head of the Alpine ibex still survive, strictly 
 preserved. The inhabitants speak a French patois. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cogoleto, coram. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the ct. , 9 
 m. NE. by E. Savona, with iron-foundries. P. <;30oo. 
 
 Cogolln, vil, France, dep. Var, in an isolated Alpine valley, 
 arr. Draguignan, 2 m. S. Grimaud. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cogshall, par. , Eng., Cheshire, Northwich union. P. <25o. 
 
 Cobas'set, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co., 16 m. ESE. 
 Boston. P. <30oo. 
 
 Coboc'ton, or Coubocton, vil, U.S., New York, Steuben 
 CO. , on Cohocton R. (one of headwaters of Chemung), 36 m. 
 NW. Corning. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coboes (ko-hoz'), city, U.S., New York, Albany co., on the 
 Erie Canal, 3 m. NW. by N. Troy, with manufactures of 
 hosiery, &c., some of the factories utilising a great amount of 
 water-power derived from the Mohawk. The C. Falls, height 
 70 ft., are just above the city. P. (1870) 15,400; (1890) 
 22,500. 
 
 355 
 
C O H U 
 
 COLD 
 
 Cohnn, or Calioon Slonntalns. See Honduras, Britislt. 
 
 Colba, or Qnlbo, a large isl. in the Pacific, off the ct. of 
 Panama, to which state of the U.S. of Colombia it belongs, 
 with valuable pearl-fisheries. 
 
 Coid, Cymric, ' a wood.' See Coed. 
 
 Coiganja, in Marco Polo, now HwalHgaa«ta. 
 
 Coilum, in Marco Polo, now Qnlloit (Travancore). 
 
 ColnuMlal, post-tn., Victoria, Bourke co., 34 m. NW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 CoinilMtore, municip., Brit. India, Madras, cap. dist. C, 
 84 m. ESE. Calicut, on the Nilgiri branch of the railway to 
 Calicut, in a cool situation ; formerly important from a military 
 point of view as commanding the approach to the Palghat Gap 
 on the SW. , and that to the Gazzalhatti Pass, leading N. into 
 Mysore. The dist. is healthy except at the foot of the hill 
 ranges, where the atmosphere at night is so malarious that the 
 cultivators dare not remain after dusk. Alt. 1348 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 78° F., Jan. 49", April 83°; rainfall, yr. 21.1 in., 
 Oct-Nov. 9.1 in. P. (1881) 39,000; {1891) 46,400. 
 
 Coimlira, dty, Portugal, cap. prov. Beira, onr. bk. of the 
 Mondego, no m. NNE. Lisbon ; seat of a bishop ; its univer- 
 sity, the only one in Portugal, has museums and observatory 
 (40° 12' 25" N. , 8" 23' 32" W. ). The town has manufactures of 
 earthenware and linen. Alt. 463 ft. Mean temp., yr. 59.8" F., 
 Jan. 49.7°, Aug. 71.2"; rainfall (10 yrs.), 33.62 in. P. 13,400. 
 
 Coin, tn., Spain, prov. and 18 m. W. by S. Malaga. P. 9800. 
 
 Coir SM ilteama. Loch, lake, Scot. , Sutherland, 12^ m. N. 
 by E. of the foot of Loch Shin, drained from its NE. end into 
 the Naver. 
 
 Coire, tn. , Switzd. See Clmr. 
 
 Colse St. Jean Pled danUer, viL, France, dep. Savoie, 
 arr. Chamb^ry, with cold mineral springs. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Coite, Gaelic, 'village.' See Cot. 
 
 Celt J, P.O., Wales, 2 m. NE. Bridgend, Glamorganshire. 
 
 Cojedes, tn. , Venezuela, Zamora, 140 m. SW. by W. Caracas. 
 
 Cojatepeqne, tn.. Central America, state and 15 m. ENE. 
 San Salvador, near C. or Ilopango lake (q.v.). 
 
 Cokeliani. viL , Eng. , Sussex. See Somptins. 
 
 Coker, Ea^t, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 3 m. SSW. Yeo- 
 vil. P. < 1000. 
 
 Coker, West, par., i^ m. NW. East Coker, PMT.O. P. < 
 1000. 
 
 Cokethorpe, vil., Eng., Oxfordshire. See Dnekllngton. 
 
 CokcTllle, settlement, U.S., Pennsylvania, Westmoreland 
 CO. , on Kiskiminetas R. , 42 m. E. by S. Pittsburg. 
 
 Col, French ; Italian, Colle, ' a neck," hence a mountain pass, 
 frequent in the Alps (g.v.). 
 
 ColalMt Point, cape, Brit. India, at the S. end of Bombay I. , 
 with cantonments for British troops. 
 
 Colaboll, P.O., Scot., 3 m. from Lairg, Sutherlandshire. 
 
 Colac, post-tn. , Victoria, Polwarth co. , 45 m. W. by S. Gee- 
 long, on the S. side of Lake C. (fresh water), with coal, iron ore, 
 and limestone. P. <40oo. 
 
 Colan, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 11 m. N. by 
 E. Truro, 2 m. NW. St. Columb Road stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Colan, tn. , Peru. See Colon. 
 
 Colaton Kalelgh, par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., 10^ 
 m. E. by S. Exeter, 3 m. W. by S. Sidmouth stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Colberg, Prussia. See Kolberg. 
 
 Colbert, CO., U.S., Alabama, on W. frontier, bounded on 
 the N. by the "Tennessee R. 
 
 Colblnabbln, postal centre, Victoria, Rodney co., 31 m. 
 NE. Sandhurst. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Colblnstown, stn. , Ire. , co. Kildare, near Naas, 4 m. fr(»n 
 Dunlavin, on the G. S. & W. R., P.O. 
 
 Colborne, \iL, Canada, Ontario, Northimiberland co., 74 m. 
 W. by S. Kingston. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Colbonm, or Colbnrn, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, on 
 the Swale, div. and 2| m. E. by S. Richmond. P. <:25o. 
 
 Colbren Junction, Wales. See Capel-coelbren. 
 
 Colbnry, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, near Southampton. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Colby, par., Eng., Norwich, N. div., 7 m, S. by W. Cromer, 
 2 m. NW. Felmingham stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Colby, viL , Isle of Man, 3^ m. N W. by W. Castletown, on 
 the Isle of Man Rly., P.O. 
 
 Colca, riv. , Peru. See Hajes, Klo. 
 
 Colchasna, prov., Chile, S. America, stretching from the 
 Andes to the Pacific, crossed by 34^° S. , cap. San Fernando. 
 
 Colchester, co., Cinada, Nova Scotia, bounded partly on 
 the S. by Cobequid Bay. 
 
 Colchester, viL , Canada, Ontario, Elssex co. , on Lake Erie, 
 23 m. S. by K. Windsor. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Colchester, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Alexandria, on 
 the Sunday, 23 m. NE. by N. Port Elizabeth. 
 
 Colchester (' castle on the Colne '), the ancient Camalodunum, 
 
 an old mun. bor. and parL bor. (one member), Eng., Essex, 
 
 at the head of navigation on the Colne, which is navigable to 
 
 the quay for vessels of 150 tons, with two stns. on the G. E. R. 
 
 356 
 
 It has an old castle (part now used as a museum), round which 
 there is a public park of 17 ac. For many centuries it was the 
 seat of a considerable woollen industry, which was greatlv 
 promoted by the settlement of Flemish refugees in the reign of 
 Elizabeth. At the present day its principal industries are iron- 
 working and boot and shoe making. Market-day, S. P. (1801) 
 11,500; (1871)22,600; (1891)34,600. 
 
 Colchester, tn., U.S., Connecticut, New London co., 19 m. 
 NW. by N. New London. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Colchester, tn., U.S., Illinois, MacDonough co., 73 m. N\V^ 
 by W. Springfield. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Colchester, tn., U.S., Vermont, Chittenden co., 5^ m. NE. 
 by N. Burlington, with cotton mills spinning the finest grades 
 of cotton yarn. Alt. 326 ft. ( R. R. ). P. 5100. 
 
 Cold. For some of the places beginning with this word see 
 under the second part of the name. 
 
 Cold Ash, eccles. dist. , Eng. , Berkshire, 3 m. from Thattdiam 
 stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cold Ashby, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 10 
 m. E. by N. Rugby, 4 m. SE. by E. Yelvertoft and Stanford 
 Park stn. , P. O. P. <soo. 
 
 Cold Ashton, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , 
 4 m. N. Bath, P.O. (C. Aston). P. <soo. 
 
 Coldbackle, P.O., Scot., 3m. from "Tongue, Sutherlandshire. 
 
 Cold Beck, small riv., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, flows S. 
 past Thirsk into the Swale on its L bk. 
 
 Coldbraudspath, par. , Scot. See Cockburnspath. 
 
 Cold Brayfleld, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Buckingham 
 div., on the Great Ouse, 7^ m. WNW. Bedford, 2 m. W. Tur- 
 vey stn. P. <25o. See IiaTendon. 
 
 Coldcoats, par., Eng., Northumberland. Castle Ward 
 union. P. <:25o. 
 
 Golden Conunon, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Owsle- 
 bury and Twyford par. P. <75o. 
 
 C>»lden Parra, Eng. See Aldbnrgh. 
 
 C«ld Fell, mt., Elng., 13 m. E. CarUsle. Height, 2039 ft. 
 
 Coldham, eccles. par. , Eng. , on the G. E. R. , 5 m. from Elm, 
 Cambridgeshire, P.O. 
 
 Coldhanworth, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Gainsborough div. , 
 8 m. NNE. Lincoln, 3^ m. W. Wickenby stn. P. <25o. See 
 Hack thorn. 
 
 Coldharboor, eccles. dist. , Eng. , Surrey, Reigate div. , 3 m. S. 
 by W. Dorking, i^ m. WNW. Holmwood stn. , PM. O. P. <7So. 
 
 Cloldhesledon, j>ar. , Eng., Durham, Easington union. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Cold Hlgham, par. , Eng. , S. div. of Northamptonshire, 7^ m. 
 SW. by W. Northampton, 2^ m. NNW. Towcester sta. P. -csoo. 
 
 Coldhnrst, eccles. dist, Eng., Lancashire, a NE. suburb of 
 Manchester. P. 10,400. 
 
 Coldlngham, p)ar. and viL , Scot. , Berwickshire, i^ m. W. 
 C. Bay, 2 m. SSW. St. Abb's Head, 3 m. NE. by N. Reston 
 June., PMT.O. Par. 24,021 aa, P. <:300o; viL P. <:5oo. 
 
 Cold Ingham Shore, fishing viL , adjoining C. P. <5oo. 
 
 Coldltz, Germany. See Koldltz. 
 
 Cold Klrby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 16 m. ENE. Ripon, 4^ m. N. Coxwold stn., P.O. 
 P. <2So. See Scawton. 
 
 Cold Newton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Billesdon union. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Cold Xorton, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 4^ m. S. Maldon, 
 on the G. E. R. P.<:25o. 
 
 Cold Xorton, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Stone union. P. <25o. 
 
 Cold OTerton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 
 WNW. Oakham, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Coldred, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 4^ m. NW. 
 by N. Dover, i m. ESE. Shepherd's Well stn. P. <:25o. See 
 Alberts 'W'old. 
 
 Coldrey, par., Eng., Hampshire, Alton union. P. <25o. 
 
 Coldridge, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Crediton union. P. < 
 500 ; eccles. par. (C. with Xymet Koland) P. <5oo. 
 
 Coldsmonth and Thompsons Walls, par., Eng., Nor- 
 thumberland, Glendale union. P. <25o. 
 
 Coldstead, par. , Eng., Lincoln co. and union. P. <:25o. 
 
 Coldstream, viL, Canada, New Brunswick, Carleton co., at 
 confluence of rivs. C. and Becaguimac, 17 m. NE. Woodstock. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Coldstreaas, formerly liCnnel or I/elwhall, par. and viL, 
 Scot., CO. and near Berwick, on the NE. R. The famous ford 
 of the Tweed, where the Scotch and English armies crossed 
 in former times, is near. The 'Coldstream Guards' were so 
 named from having been raised here by General Monk in 
 1659-60. (Milne Graden) alt. 103 ft. Mean temp, (ao yrs., 
 1861-80), yr. 46.8° F., Jan. 36.8^ July 58.5°. Par. 832030., 
 P. <25oo ; vil. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cold Waltham, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Horsham div. , 6 m. N. 
 by E. Arundel, 2 m. SW. Pulhwrough stn. P. <:5oa 
 
 Coldwater, viL , Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co. , 35 m. ENE. 
 Collingwood. 
 
 Cold Water, city, U.S., Michigan, Branch co., 103 m. 
 WSW. Detroit. P. 5200. 
 
COLD — COLL 
 
 Coldwell, par., Eng., Northumberland, Bellingham union. 
 P.<:250. 
 
 Coldwell Rocks, Eng., a magnificent line of cliffs on the 
 1. bk. of the R. Wye, on border of Gloucestershire and Here- 
 fordshire, 4 m. NE. of Monmouth. 
 
 Cold Weston, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div. , 19 m. S. by 
 E. Shrewsbury, 6 m. NE. Ludlow. P. <25o. 
 
 Cole, hamlet, Eng., Somerset, E. div., iij m. SW. by S. 
 Frome, on the M. and L. and SW. Joint Rly. 
 
 Cole, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, dist. Fivemiletown. 
 
 Cole, CO., U.S., Missouri, W. of 92° W., bounded on the N. 
 by the Missouri and on the SE. by the Osage. 
 
 Cole, settlement, U.S., Washington, King co., 70 m. E. by 
 N. Olympia. 
 
 Colea, or Kolea, tn. , Algeria, near the N. ct. , 22 m. WS W. 
 Algiers, about 3-4 m. from the sea, with hills covered with 
 gardens and vineyards. Founded in 1550 by Moors expelled 
 from Spain. P. <:3ooo (1200 natives). 
 
 Colebrook, tn., U.S., Connecticut, co. Litchfield, 6^ m. 
 NW. Winsted. P. < 1500. 
 
 Colebrook, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Coos co. , on the 
 1. bk. of the Connecticut, 35 m. SW. by S. of the NE. corner 
 of the state. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Colebrooke, Canada, New Brunswick. See Grand Falls. 
 
 Colebrooke, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, South Molton div. , loj 
 m. WNW. Exeter, and 4^ m. W. by S. Crediton, i m. NW. 
 Yeoford June. ; 4778 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Colebrooke, vil., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 5 m. 
 ENE. Plymouth, close to Plympton stn. 
 
 Colebrooke, riv., Ire., in the SE. of co. Fermanagh, flows S. 
 into Upper Lough Erne. 
 
 Coleby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Sleaford div., 7 m. S. Lin- 
 coln, i^ m. SSE. Harmston stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Coleford, market-tn. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean 
 div., 4 m. ESE. Monmouth, on the Severn and Wye and 
 G. W. Rlys., with coal and iron ore mines, iron- works, and 
 stone-quarries. Market-day, F. P. < 3000. 
 
 Coleford, tn. , Eng., Somerset, div. and 5 m. W. by N. 
 Frome, with coal-mines, PMT.O. P. (eccles. par.)<20oo. 
 
 Cole (lireen, stn., Eng., Hertfordshire, on a branch of the 
 G. N. R., 4 m. W. Herts, P.O. 
 
 Cole lllll, or Knockersally, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Meath, 
 bar. Upper Moyfenrath, 12 m. SE. Mullingar, PT.O. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Coleman, co., U.S., Texas, crossed in the extreme N. by 32° 
 
 N. , E. of 100° W. , with coal-mines. 
 
 Colemere, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Salop. See Lineal. 
 
 Colemore, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 14J m. 
 SSE. Basingstoke, 4 m. SE. Medstead stn. P. <25o ; eccles. 
 par. (C. M'ith Priors Dean) P. <25o. 
 
 Colenso, vil. and rly. stn., Natal, 70 m. NW. by N. Pieter- 
 maritzburg. 
 
 Cole Orton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 9 m. N. 
 Bosworth, 2 m. E. Ashby-de-la-Zouch, i m. NW. Swannington 
 stn., P.O. (Coleorton). Formerly called Cole Overton, the 
 first part of the name due to the presence of coal, which is men- 
 tioned by Camden ( 1607) as then supplying all the neighbourhood 
 far and near with firing, and which is still mined. P. < 1000. 
 
 Coleraiu, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Coleratne, rly. stn., Canada, Quebec, Wolfe co., 62 m. S. 
 by W. Quebec, with asbestos mines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Coleralne, mun. bor., seapt. tn. , and par.. Ire., co. London- 
 derry, bar. C, on the Bann, s| m. S. by W. Portrush, on the 
 Belfast and Northern Counties Rly. The harbour has a depth 
 of 12 ft. at ordinary low water, 18 ft. high water, spring tides, 
 alongside quays. C. has spinning and weaving factories, pork- 
 curing establishments, and salmon fisheries. Market-days, M. , 
 W. , F. , and S. Par. 4840 ac. , P. 6100 ; tn. P. 6800. 
 
 Coleralne, Nortli-East Liberties, bar. , Ire. , in the NE. of 
 CO. Londonderry. 
 
 Coleralne, post-tn. , Victoria, Dundas co. , 53 m. N. Portland. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Coleridge, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Wellington co. , 13 m. from 
 Orangeville. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Coleridge, lake. New Zealand, South I., prov. Canterbury, 
 in the basin of the Rakaia R. , 10 m. long. 
 
 Colerne, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Chippenham div. , 5^ m. NE. 
 Bath, 2 m. N. Box stn., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coleroon, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Tanjore, on the 
 r. bk. of the Coleroon R. , where it is crossed by the railway to 
 Trichinopoli, 28 m. S. Cuddalore. P. -c 5000. 
 
 Coleroon, India, the N. mouth of the Cauvery [q.v.). 
 
 Coles, comm., Galicia, Spain, prov. and 4 m. NE. Orense. 
 P. 5400. 
 
 Coles, CO., U.S., Illinois, between 39° and 40° N., and touch- 
 ing in E. 88° W. 
 
 Coles, Punta, cape, Peru, in about 17° 45' S. 
 
 Colesberg, municip. , Cape Colony, cap. dist. C, 57 m. N. 
 Middelburg, with sulphur spring. Alt. 4400 ft. Mean temp. , 
 yr. 61.4° F., Jan. 75.4°, July 45.8°. P. 2000. 
 
 Colesborne, par. , Eng. , Gloucester, Cirencester div. , 6 m. SSE. 
 Cheltenham, P.O. (Colesbonrne). P. <25o. See Cubberley. 
 Cole's Creek, Canada. See Frankford. 
 
 Coleshill, par., Eng., Berkshire, Abingdon div., 8 m. NE. 
 Swindon, 3 m. WSW. Faringdon, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Colesbill, par. , Eng., co. Buckingham, 2 m. from Amersham 
 (r/.z/.), P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Coleshill, market-tn. and par., Eng., Warwickshire, Tam- 
 worth div., 8 m. E. by N. Birmingham, on the M. R., PMT.O. 
 Market-day, W. 5703 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 ColeTllle, settlement, U.S., Pennsylvania, McKean co., 82 
 m. E. by S. Erie. 
 
 Coley, eccles. dist., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Elland div., 
 2 m. NE. by E. Halifax, i m. N W. by N. Lightcliffe stn. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Colfax, settlement, U.S., California, Placer co., 50 m. NE. 
 by N. Sacramenta. Mean temp. (19 yrs.), yr. 59.3° F., Jan. 
 43.8°, July 47.6°; rainfall, yr. 44.01 in., June-Sept. 0.8 in. 
 
 Colfax, settlement, U.S., Iowa, Jasper co., on Skunk R., 19 
 m. ENE. Des Moines. 
 
 Colfax, CO., U.S., Nebraska, in the E., N. of 41° N., 
 crossed in the E. by 97° W. 
 
 CoUbx, CO., U.S., New Mexico, in the NE. corner of the 
 territory. 
 
 Colfax, tn., U.S., Washington, Whitman co., 55 m. S. 
 Spokane Falls. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Colfln, stn. , Wigtownshire, on the Portpatrick and Wigtown- 
 shire Joint Rly. , 2^ m. E. by N. Portpatnck. 
 
 Colgate, eccles. dist., Eng., Sussex, in the ancient par. of 
 Lower Beading, near Horsham. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Colgoug, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, on the r. bk. of the Ganges, 
 dist. and 15 m. E. Bhdgalpur. P. 5100 ; Hindus, 4000 ; 
 Moham. iioo. 1 
 
 Colline, or Colugnape, lake, Argentine Republic, in the 
 course of the Senger R. , in the S. of Chubut terr. , to the E, of 
 Lake Musters. 
 
 Coll, coram., Italy, prov. and circle Piacenza. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Collban, riv., Victoria, flows N. and joins the Campaspe 
 after a course of 60 m. 
 
 Collco, comm., Italy, im-ov. and 26 J m. NNE. Como, near 
 the N. extremity of Lake Como, at the foot of Mte. Legnone ; 
 climatic health resort. P. <4000. 
 
 Collgny, tn., France, on the N. border of dep. Ain, 37 m. 
 SE. by S. Chalon-sur-Saone. P. <:20oo. 
 
 CoUma, small state, Mexico, on Pacific coast, crossed by 19° 
 N. ; cap. C. ; chief port, Manzanillo. See Mexico. 
 
 CoUma, tn., Mexico, Colima, 145 m. SSW. Guadalajara. 
 Alt. 1664 ft. Mean temp. (11 yrs., 1869-80), yr. 79° F., Feb. 
 73.4°, July 83.3° ; rainfall (12 yrs.), 41.45 in. P. (1889) 25,100. 
 
 Colima, volcano, Mexico, near town of C. Alt. 12,750 ft. 
 
 Collna, place with mineral springs, Chile, prov. and 25 m. 
 N. by E. Santiago. P. < 2000. 
 
 CoUnsbnrgta, vil., Scot., Fifeshire, 2 m. NW. Kilconquhar, 
 PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Collnton, settlement. New South Wales, Beresford co., 85 
 m. SSW. Goulburn. 
 
 Collnton, par. and vil., Scot., Midlothian, on the Water of 
 Leith and C. R., 4 m. SW. Edinburgh, PMT.O. Alt. 500 fu 
 Mean rainfall (1860-80), 36.5 in. Par. 5640 ac, P. <5ooo; vil. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Collntraire ( — traiv'), vil., Scot., Argyllshire, on the NE. 
 shore of the Kyles of Bute, 7 m. NW. by N. Rothesay, P.O. 
 
 Collnvllle, vil., Canada, Ontario, Lambton co., on R. St. 
 Clair, between Lakes Huron and St. Clair. P. < 1500. 
 
 Colklrk, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 19^ m. E. by N. 
 King's Lynn, 3 m. S. Fakenham Town stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 See OxYTlck. 
 
 Coll, isl. , forming par. of same name, Scot. , Argyllshire, one 
 of the Inner Hebrides, 12 m. long by 1-4 m. broad, PMT.O. 
 18,321 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Collace, par. , Scot. , E. Perthshire, 4^ m. S. by W. Coupar 
 Angus, 3^ m. S. by E. Woodside stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Collaflrth, bay and hamlet, Scot. , Shetland Is. , Mainland, 
 Delting par. , i6j m. S. by E. of the N. end of the Mainland. 
 
 Collao, name given by the Spanish conquerors of Peru to the 
 basin of Lake Titicaca, from the name of one of the tribes to 
 the N. of the lake. 
 
 Collar, tn. , Ger. See Kollar. 
 
 Collares, market-tn., Portugal, 12 m. WNW. Lisbon, N. of 
 Cape Roca. P. <4000. 
 
 Collaton, eccles. dist., Eng., Devonshire, near Paignton. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Colle, ' a mountain pass. ' See Col. 
 
 Collecblo, comm. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 6 m. SW. Parma. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Collector, post-tp.. New South Wales, Argyle co., 20 m. 
 SW. by W. Goulburn. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Colleda, tn., Ger. See Kiilleda. 
 
 Colle dl Val d'Elsa, comm., Italy, Tuscany, on the Elsa. 
 prov. and i2i m. NW. Siena. P. 8000. 
 
 357 
 
COLL 
 
 CO LN 
 
 CoUegal, or KoU6g^l, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Coim- 
 batore, 34 m. ESE. Mysore. P. (1891) 9900 ; Hindus, 9400. 
 
 College, eccles. par. , Scot. , Lanarkshire. See BlackfMars. 
 
 CoUege mil, settlement, U.S., Ohio, Hamilton co., 7 m. 
 NNW. Cincinnati. 
 
 CoUege Point, vil., U.S., New York, co. Queen's, 11 m. E. 
 New York by rail, with manufactures of india-rubber goods, 
 silk, ribbons, &c. P. 6100. 
 
 CoUege Springs, settlement, U.S., Iowa, Page co., 62 m. 
 SE. Omaha (Neb.). 
 
 CoUe SalTettl, comm. , Italy, prov. and circ. Pisa. P. 9000. 
 
 CoUesano, comm. , Sicily, prov. Palermo, 31 m. N. by W. 
 Caltanissetta. P. 6000. 
 
 CoUe*Sannlta, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. Benevento, 
 37 m. W. by S. Foggia. P. 5000. 
 
 CoUessle, par., Scot., E. Fife, 4 m. NNE. Falkland, on the 
 N. B. R., P.O. ; 8699 ac. P. <2Soo. 
 
 Colleton, CO., U.S., S. Carolina, in the S., with a small 
 coast-line on the Atlantic, crossed by 33° N. , and in the extreme 
 W. by 81° W. 
 
 Colletorto, comm., Italy, prov. Campobasso, circle and 10 
 m. SSE. Larino. P. <4ooo. 
 
 CoUey, stn. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R. , 586 
 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Coileyweston. See CoUyweston. 
 
 CoUle, small riv. , in the SW. of W. Australia, flows W. and 
 enters the Indian Ocean near Bunbury ; a promising coalfield 
 on its banks. 
 
 ColUe, settlement, New South Wales, Ewenmar co., 135 m. 
 NW. by N. Bathurst. 
 
 Corner Bay, in the NW. of the Kimberley div. of W. 
 Australia, S. of 16° S., E. of 124° E. 
 
 CoUlerly, tn. and par., Eng., Durham, 9 m. SW. Gates- 
 head. P. < 5000. 
 
 ColUer Row, viL, Eng., Essex, on the SE. border of 
 Hainault Forest, 3 m. NW. Romford, P.O. 
 
 CoUlers End, hamlet, Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and 6 m. 
 NE. by N. Hertford, 3 m. SW. Standon stn., P.O. 
 
 CoUlerstoTm, tnld. , Ire. , E. co. Meath, bar. Upper Duleek, 
 
 5 m. S. Drogheda, P. <:25o. 
 
 ColUer Street, hamlet, Eng. , Kent, Tunbridge div. , 7J m. 
 SSW. Maidstone, i^ m. WNW. Marden stn., P.O. 
 
 ColUersTlUe, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Shelby co., 25 m. ESE, 
 Memphis. P. < 1500. 
 
 ColUery Row, PM.O., Eng., i m. from Fence Houses stn., 
 CO. Durham. 
 
 ColUeston, Scot. See Colllston. 
 
 ColUgan, riv.. Ire., in the S. of co. Waterford, flows S. into 
 the head of Dungarvan Harbour. 
 
 CoUlgan, par. , Ire. , S. co. Waterford, bar. Decies without 
 Drum, on R. Colligan, 4 m. NW. Dungarvan. P. <c5oo. 
 
 ColUn, vil., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 4 m. E. Dumfries, i m. N. 
 Racks stn., P.O. P. <:50o. 
 
 CoUin, CO., U.S., Texas, in the N., to the E. of 97° W., 
 and N. of 33° N, 
 
 ColUn<^e, tn. , France, dep. C6tes du Nord, arr. Loud^ac, 
 33 m. SW. St. Malo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Collingbonrne Dncls, par. and viL, Eng., Wiltshire, 
 Devizes div., 9 m. NW. Andover, with a stn. (C.) on the M. 
 
 6 SW. June. R., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 ColUngbonrne Kingston, par. and viL, Eng., Wiltshire, 
 Devizes div., 10 m. NW. Andover, i^ m. N. CoUingbourne 
 Ducis stn., P.O. ; 7400 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 ColUngham, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkstone 
 Ash div., 7i m. S. by E. Knaresborough, with a stn. (C. 
 Bridge for Boston Spa) on the NE. R., P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 ColUngham, North, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark 
 div., 6 m. NNE. Newark, PMT.O. (C). P. <iooo. 
 
 ColUngham, South, Eng., par. adjoining, on the S., with 
 a stn. (ColliiiKham) on the M. R. P. <75o. 
 
 ColllngSMorth, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW., on the E. 
 frontier, crossed by 35° N. 
 
 CoUington, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 10 m. E. 
 Leominster, 4 m. N. Bromyard stn. P. <2So. See EdTln 
 Ralph. 
 
 CoUlngtoS) settlement, S. Australia, Sturt co. , 28 m. ESE. 
 Adelaide. 
 
 ColUngtree, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 3 m. 
 S. Northampton, i^ m. NE. by N. Blisworth stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 ColUngwood, P.O., Eng., Surrey, 4 m. NE. Famborough. 
 
 Colllngwood, tn. and busy lake port, Canada, Ontario, 
 Simcoe co. , on the S. shore of Georgian Bay, 71 m. NW. by N. 
 Toronto. P. (1881) 4445; (1891) 4940. 
 
 Colllngwood, city, Victoria, NE. suburb of Melbourne, on 
 the Yarra Yarra. P. 35,100. 
 
 Colllngwood Bay, large bay in the NE. Brit. New Guinea, 
 in about 149° io'-iso° E. ; abounds in coral reefs. 
 
 ColUngwood, tp.. New Zealand, South I., C. co., at the 
 mouth of the Aorere R., 50 m. NW. Nelson ; with gold and coal 
 mining. P. <2ooo. 
 358 
 
 Collin's Bay, Canada, Ontario, in the N. of Georgian Bay, 
 in 81° 20' W, 
 
 Colllnsfield, post-tn., S. Australia, Daly co., 80 m. SSE. 
 Port Augusta. 
 
 CoUlns Green, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & NW. 
 R., near Burton Wood, PMT.O. 
 
 Colllnston, settlement, U.S., Utah, Box Elder co., 70 m. 
 N, by W. Salt Lake City. 
 
 ColUnstown, tn. and tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Westmeath, bar. 
 Fore, 10 m. NE. by N. Mullingar, 2 m. from Athboy stn., 
 PM.O. P.<2So. 
 
 ColllnsTlUe, city, U.S., Illinois, Madison co., 13 m. E. by 
 N. St. Louis (Mo.). P. < 4000. 
 
 Colllnton, settlement, Queensland, Cavendish co., ^o m. 
 NW. Brisbane. 
 
 ColUo, vil. , Italy, prov. and 14 m. NNE. Brescia, on r. bk. 
 Mella, with iron mines and forges. P. <3ooo. 
 
 ColUonre, the ancient Cauco Illiberris, seapt. tn., France, 
 dep. Pyr6n6es-Orientales, on the Mediterranean, N. of Port 
 Vendres, 15 m. SE. Perpignan, with fishing and coasting trade ; 
 fortified imtil 1866. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Colllston, or ColUeston, fishing viL, Scot., Aberdeenshire, 
 Slains par., 14I m. NE. Aberdeen, PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Ck>Ul8ton, eccles. par., Scot., Forfarshire, on the Dtmdee 
 and Arbroath Joint Rly. , 3^ m. NNW. Arbroath. P. <7SO. 
 
 CoUo, the Collops Magnus of Ptolemy, tn., Algeria, on the 
 N. ct., 43 m. N. Constantine, with safe anchorage and trade in 
 coral and dried fruits. P. <2ooo. 
 
 CoUobrl^res, tn., France, dep. Var, 21 m. ENE. Toulon. 
 P. <3C)oo. 
 
 CoUol, Puerto, seapt., Mexico. See Anton Lizardo. 
 
 CoUon, par. and tn.. Ire., SW. co. Louth, bar. Feirard, and 
 CO. Meath, bar. Upper Slane, 7 m. NW. by W. Drogheda, 
 6 m. from Dunleer stn., PMT.O. Par. 8814 ac, P. <:i5oo ; tn. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 CoUon Cura, riv., Argentine Rep., terr. Neuquen, flows S., 
 and enters the Limay in about 40" 32' S. , 70° 40' W. ; shallow 
 and rapid, but everywhere navigable by boats. 
 
 CoUone, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Markethill, co. Armagh. 
 
 CoUonge BeUerlve, vil., Switzd., cant, and 4 m. NE. 
 Geneva, on the E. side of the Lake of Geneva, P. <2ooo. 
 
 CoUonges, comm., France, near the E. border of dep. Ain, 
 13 m. W. by S. Geneva, at the foot of Mount Credo. In this 
 comm. is the Fort de I'Ecluse, defending the defile in which the 
 Rhone traverses the Jura. P. <2ooo. 
 
 C/OUooney, tn. and tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Sligo, bar. Tirerrill, 
 6 m. S. Sligo, with a stn. on the Sligo, Leitrim, and Northern 
 Counties Rly., PMT.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 CoUoms, tnld.. Ire., S. ct. co. Kerry, bar. Glanarought, on 
 Ardgroom harb., 14 m. SW. by W. Kenmare. P. <:2So. 
 
 CoUyhnrst, two eccles. pars., Eng., Manchester. C. St. 
 James, P. 8300 ; C. St. Oswald, P. 7600. 
 
 CoUyweston, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 3J 
 m. SW. Stamford, i m. SE. Ketton stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Colman, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 2 m. 
 SW. Fethard. P.<:soo. 
 
 Colman, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Moody co., 82 m. NNE. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Colmanstoiivn, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Athenry. 
 
 ColmansweU, par., Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Upper Connello, 
 6 m. S. Kilmallock. P. <25o. 
 
 Colmar, tn. , Ger. See Kolmar. 
 
 Colmars, fortified tn., France, dep. Basses-Alpes, 48 m. 
 NW. Nice, 15 m. S. Barcelonnette, with intermittent springs. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Colme, Canal de, canal, France, dep. Nord, commences 
 near Watten, and turning NE., terminates at Furnes, Belgium. 
 
 Colmenar, comm., Spain, prov. and 10 m. NE. by N. 
 Malaga. P. < 5000. 
 
 Colmenar de Oreja, tn., Spain, prov. and 18 m. N. by W, 
 Madrid. P. 5800. 
 
 Colmenar Vlejo, tn., Spain, prov. and 17 m. N. Madrid, 
 between the Manzanares and the Tejada, P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Colmnltz, Ger. See Kolmnltz. 
 
 Colmonell, ct. par., Scot., S. Ayrshire, 16^ m. N. by E. 
 Stranraer, 3 m. W. by S. Pinwherry stn., PMT.O.; 47,490 ac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Colmworth, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 6J 
 m. NE. Bedford, 5 J m. W. by S. St. Neots stn. , P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Coin, small riv., Eng., Gloucestershire, flows SE. past Fair- 
 ford to the Thames, which it joins above Lechlade. 
 
 Coin, or Koln, Ger. See Cologne. 
 
 Colnbrook, eccles. par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire (Wycombe 
 div. ) and Middlesex, on the Colne, 3J m. E. Windsor, on the 
 G. W. R., PMT.O. P.-cisoo. 
 
 Coln>Dentz. See Dcntz. 
 
 Colne, riv., Eng., Essex, rises in the N. of the county, in the 
 Saffron Walden div. , flows SE. past Halstead and Colchester, 
 and finally enters the North Sea by an estuary ; navigable to 
 Colchester for vessels of 150 tons. 
 
COLN — COLO 
 
 Colne, stn., Eng. See Colne Engalne and Earl's Colne. 
 
 Colne, riv. , Eng. , rises in Hertfordshire, about 3 m. E. St. 
 Albans, and flows SW. into Buckinghamshire, then S. into the 
 Thames, which it joins on the 1. bk., i^ m. above Staines. 
 Branches of the river flow through Middlesex. 
 
 Colne, par., Eng., co. and 8^ m. E. by N. Huntingdon, 
 Ramsey div., i^ m. NW. Earith Bridge stn., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 See Somersham. 
 
 Colne, market-tn. and par., Eng., Lancashire, Clitheroe div. , 
 6 m. NNE. Burnley, on the Calder, and on the L. & Y. and 
 M. Rlys. , I m. E. of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. An old 
 town with Roman associations. Centre of large grazing district, 
 adjoining Craven in Yorkshire. Manufactures machinery, 
 leather, cotton, calicoes, worsteds, sateens, and shirtings. 
 Coal and good building stone in neighbourhood. Market-days, 
 W. and S. Fairs (cattle and pedlary) in March, May, and 
 October. Par. 4635 ac, P. (1871) 8600; (1881) 10,300; (1891) 
 14,000 ; tn. (C. and Marsden) P. 16,800. 
 
 Colne, WMte, par., i m. ENE. Colne (Engaine) stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Colne Barrowford, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire and 
 Lancashire, Barnoldswick par. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Colne Engalne, par., Eng., Essex, Saffron Walden div., 
 on the Colne, 7^ m. NE. by E. Braintree, i m. NW. by W. 
 Colne stn., on the G. E. R. and Colne Valley Rly., P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Colne Point, cape, Eng., on the E. ct. of Essex, at the E. of 
 the entrance to the estuary of the Colne. 
 
 Colne Valley, pari. div. , on the SW. border of the W. Riding 
 of Yorkshire. P. (1891) 59,300. 
 
 Colne Valley Railway, Eng., in the NW. of Essex, between 
 Haverhill and Halstead. 
 
 Colne Wakes, par., Eng., Essex, on R. Colne, 5 m. SE. 
 Halstead, PT.O. (Wakes-Colne). P.<7SO- 
 
 Colney, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., on the Yare, 3 m. W. 
 Norwich, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Colney Hateb, hamlet, Eng., Middlesex, Enfield div., 7^ m. 
 NNW. St. Paul's, London, i m. W. Southgate stn.; contains 
 the county lunatic asylum. 
 
 Colney Heath, eccles. dist., Eng., Hertfordshire, in St. 
 Albans and Ridge, anct. par. P. <iooo. 
 
 Colney St. Peter, eccles. dist., Eng., Hertfordshire, near 
 Shenley. P. < 1000. 
 
 Coin Sogers, par., Eng., Gloucester, on the R. Coin, div. 
 and 5^ m. NE. Cirencester. P. <2So. 
 
 Coin St. Aldwins, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester 
 div., on the Coin, 6 m. NW. Lechlade, PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Coin St. Denis, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, div. and 6J m. 
 NE. by N. Cirencester. P. <2So. 
 Colo, Algeria. See Collo. 
 
 Cologna, comm. , Italy, Venetia, prov. Verona, on the Fras- 
 sine, 24 m. W. by S. Padua. P. 8000. 
 
 Cologne, tn., France, on the E. border of dep. Gers, 24 
 m. WNW. Toulouse. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cologne, Ger. Koln, the principal tn. of Rhenish Prussia, 
 on the 1. bk of the Rhine, in a fertile plain. It occupies a very 
 important geographical position, being situated on the spot 
 where the natural high road from Northern France to Prussia 
 crosses the Rhine ; and it is at the head of navigation for sea- 
 vessels. Lat. of cathedral, 50° 56' 59" N., long. 6° 57' 52" E. 
 C. is a fortress. The old quarters with their narrow streets, 
 still look like a mediaeval town, whilst the suburbs which sur- 
 round them in a semicircle are modern and well built. The 
 grand Gothic ' Dom ' (commenced in 1248, finished in 1880) is 
 one of the finest cathedrals in Europe. Besides the ' Dom,' C. 
 has many old churches and buildings of interest. A splendid 
 railway bridge connects C. with the suburb of Deutz {g'.v. ) on the 
 r. bk. C. is a great railway centre, and the headquarters of the 
 steam navigation on the Rhine. Its traffic is increasing from 
 year to year. It is also noted for its manufactories, the most 
 important being cotton mills, woollen cloth factories, potteries, 
 chemical works, machine shops, and distilleries of " eau de 
 Cologne." C. was a well-known Roman colony of veterans, 
 named after the daughter of Germanicus, Colonia Agrippina, 
 from which its modern name is derived. During the early years 
 of the Middle Ages it was a great centre for land and sea trade ; 
 but from the 15th century it rapidly declined, and it is only 
 during this century that it has regained its previous importance. 
 Alt. 155 ft. Mean temp., yr. 50.2° F., Jan. 35.9°, July 65.8°; 
 rfsdl. (23 yrs.), 23.5 in. P. (13th to 14th century) about 100,000; 
 iiSth century) about 50,000; (1804) 40,400; (1855) 100,000; 
 (1871) 129,000; (1885) 161,300; (1890) 197,000; including sub- 
 urbs, 282,000. [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Coloma, vil., U.S., California, co. El Dorado, place where 
 gold was first discovered in the state (June 24, 1848). P. <:isoo. 
 Coloma, La, tn. , Cuba, S. ct. , 98 m. SW. by W. Havana, 
 in 83° 37' W. 
 Colomane, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 5 m. from Bantry. 
 Colombara, isl, off the western point of Sicily, protecting 
 the port of Trapani. 
 
 Colombes, comm., France, dep. Seine, 6^ m. NW. Notre 
 Dame, Paris, 3 m. from the city wall. P. 18,700. 
 
 Colombeyles-Belles, tn. , France, dep. Meurthe et Moselle, 
 10 m. S. Toul. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Colombia, a republic in the NW. of S. America, comprising 
 also the dep. of Panama in Central America, nearly six times 
 the size of Great Britain, divided into the deps. named in the 
 following table : — 
 
 
 
 Culti- 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 
 Area in 
 
 vated 
 
 1870 
 
 1881 
 
 per 
 
 Departments. 
 
 sq. m.l 
 
 Area in 
 
 (Thou- 
 
 (Thou- 
 
 sq, m. 
 
 
 
 sq. m.l 
 
 sands). 
 
 sands). 
 
 1881. 
 
 Magdalena 
 
 30,000* 
 
 9.653 
 
 97* 
 
 90 
 
 3 
 
 Bolivar 
 
 27,028 
 
 11.583 
 
 2495 
 
 280 
 
 10 
 
 Panama . 
 
 31.893 
 
 13.938 
 
 2248 
 
 285 
 
 9 
 
 Ciuca 
 
 257.463 
 
 22,588 
 
 435 
 
 621 
 
 2.4 
 
 Santander . 
 
 16,293 
 
 7.143 
 
 425 
 
 556 
 
 35 
 
 Anti6quia . 
 
 22,791 12,741 
 
 366 
 
 470 
 
 20 
 
 Boyacd 
 
 33.322 
 
 11,776 
 
 509^ 
 
 702 
 
 21 
 
 Cundinamarca . 
 
 79,691 
 
 8,919 
 
 4108 
 
 569 
 
 7 
 
 Tolima 
 
 18,436 
 
 14,016 
 
 235 
 
 306 
 
 17 
 
 Total (round numbers) 
 
 5i7,ooo»|ii2,356 
 
 2.951' 
 
 3879 
 
 7-S 
 
 Orography and Hydrography.— The S. American portion 
 of the republic of C. is mainly composed of the part of the 
 Andine system, enclosing the basins of the Magdalena and 
 Cauca described under Andes, A., together with lands on both 
 sides of the system, those in the E. forming extensive llanos or 
 plains belonging to the Amazon basin s. The W. Cordillera of the 
 Andes, and its W. spurs towards the coast, divide the waters 
 into two principal channels (rivs. Atrato and San Juan), forming 
 an almost uninterrupted depression between the Gulf of Uraba 
 (Caribbean Sea) and the Bay of Charambira (Pacific). At the 
 extreme N., the easternmost of the three Andine Cordilleras 
 may be considered as divided into two more or less continuous 
 branches, including the Maracaibo gulf region [Venezuela]. 
 The W. one (Sierra de Porija) has, in the direction of its de- 
 velopment, the isolated Nevada de Santa Marta and the hills 
 of the Goajira Penins. To the NW. of it extends the vast lacus- 
 trine region of the lower Magdalena, between the northernmost 
 heights of the E. and W. Cordilleras. As to the isthmian portion 
 of Colombia, see Panama. The ancient course of riv. Magda- 
 lena seems to have been N.-E., along the depression between 
 Sierra de Santa Marta and Sierra Porija, where Lake (Cie'naga) 
 Tapatosa (19-26 ft. deep, 200-800 sq. m. in extent) now lies, 
 and the rivs. Caesar and Rancheria (Calacala) run in opposite 
 directions. Riv. Magdalena is still inclining W., leaving the 
 old bed for the Brazo (arm) Mompos, and the latter for the 
 Brazo-Loba and the Cauca, flowing at last, with this, as one 
 river, through a very extensive swampy plain, where the water 
 runs along many channels (Canos, Brazos, Brazuelos), some- 
 times interrupted (Tapones), and collect into innumerable lakes 
 (Cie'nagas), the northernmost of which (Cape de Santa Marta) 
 has an area of 275 sq. m. Lakes Balsillos, Fontibon, Guatavita, 
 Guasca, around Bogoti, are the remains of an old inland sea 
 (Cundinamarca); so is Lake Fuquene. Geology.— Archasan 
 rocks form the W., the Central, and, to a smaller extent, the 
 E. Cordilleras, as well as the Nevada de Santa Marta, the 
 central mass of the Goajira Penins. and the isthmus (granite, 
 gneiss, schists, with numerous volcanic rocks) ; Mesozoic forma- 
 tions (Jurassic : high Magdalena, Cretaceous, sandstones) cover 
 the older ones on the Darien and the Cordilleras. The lit- 
 toral (between Cartagena and the Magdalena, Panama), the 
 valleys of the larger rivers and the llanos are to a great extent 
 Tertiary (sandstones), and in some points Quaternary. There 
 are many volcanoes and remarkable signs of constant volcanic 
 activity. Mineral productions.— Two- thirds of all C. gold 
 comes from Antioquia (gold also from Pamplona, Jiron, Buca- 
 ramanga, Choc6). There are old silver-mines (Santa Ana, 
 Mariquita). Since the i6th century ;ri25,ooo,ooo of gold and 
 2"7,ooo,ooo of silver have been produced — ^650,000 annually. 
 Iron is mined at Pradera (Bogotd, seventy tons per day). 
 There is platinum, copper, lead, coal, petroleum. Mines yield- 
 ing excellent emeralds (Muso, Rio Minero— ;^2o,ooo annually) 
 
 1 According to Lemos, Compendia de Geografia de la Republica de 
 Colombia {\%Zi). . , ^ .. t, • s ■ a 
 
 ■i In round numbers including the terr. in the Goajira Penin. claimed 
 till 1891 by Venezuela. ,„ ,11. 
 
 3 According to the calculations of Wagner and Supan (BevSl/terung 
 der Erde, No. IX.), 464,500 sq. m. 
 
 4 Including the terrs. of Goajira and Nevada y Motilones. 
 
 5 Including the terr. of Bolivar. . / . • 1 j :„ 
 
 6 Including the terr. of San Andres y Providencia (the islands in 
 front of the Mosquito Coast). 
 
 7 Including the terr. of Casanare. 
 
 8 Including the terr. of San Martin. 
 
 9 Total, including uncivilised Indians (about 50,000), in round num- 
 
 bers, 3,000,000. 
 
 359 
 
COLO — COLO 
 
 are worked by the state. So are the salines (Zipaquira, Nemo- 
 con, Antioquia, base of E. Cordillera). Climate. — C. is entirely 
 tropical and partly under the thermic equator. The warmer 
 regions are those turned towards the Caribbean Sea (80"), the 
 Magdalena valley (103^°), the E. Andesian slopes and llanos 
 (89°-9i°). This last region is one of the hottest. The climate 
 only changes further S. (Caquetd), where the Amazonian Hylaea 
 begins. On the Caribbean coast the trade winds dominate. 
 It rains ten to eleven months a year. On the Cordilleras and 
 in their valleys all climates are to be met with, according to 
 altitude and exposure, large zones with S7°~7S° being temperate 
 (Bogotd, 10 years: mecSum temp., 57°; rfall. , 3 ft. 3 in.). 
 Temperature is lower on the Pacific coast than on the Caribbean. 
 N. winds blow regularly during the dry season. On the Pacific 
 coast, from Ecuador to the Gulf of Panama (las calmas), winds 
 are, on the whole, infrequent. Far from the coast the NE. and 
 SE. trade winds meet (July-Nov., vendavales), but they often 
 reach the continent {cordonazos). SW. winds get cold on the 
 Ecuador- Andes, blow on the dry and hot valleys of south C. , 
 and give their moisture to the forests of the Choc6. At the 
 Bay of Choc6 it rains all the year ; at Panama eight months 
 (April-Sept.). In the depression between S. America and 
 the isthmus the humidity is intense and constant (Caribbean 
 Sea, 8 ft. 2 in. ; rivs. Atrato-San Juan, 20 ft.). All other 
 localities in C. have two rainy seasons (inviernos) and two dry 
 ones (veranos). Flora. — C. is, at the SE. extremity of Central 
 America, what Mexico is at the NW. : the meeting- place of 
 several floras — Isthmian, Brazilian, Venezuelan, Guianian, 
 Andine, with ah immense variety of types. With the excep- 
 tion of some points in the S. (valley of the Dagua), the SW. of 
 Sierra de Santa Marta, the highest lands (paramos), the parts 
 cleared for culture (pajonales), and the N. of the llanos, C. 
 is covered with forests. Palm-trees are, ever)rwhere, of great 
 variety, but specially on the slopes of the E. Cordillera, towards 
 the llanos. The wax palm (Ceroxylon andicola, at more than 
 3000 ft.), the tagua, or vegetable ivory (Phytelephas macro- 
 carpa, Atrato, Patia, Isthmus), corneto (Deckeria). A Pandanus 
 (CarludovicapalTnata, naucuma) yields the material for the Pana- 
 ma hats. Arboreal ferns go higher than the palm-trees (11,480ft. ). 
 The bamboos and the Speletia (frailegon) go still higher (14,100 
 ft.). Oak-trees (Querctts granatensis) and many other plants 
 with an European fades are abundant. On the llanos the 
 forests are intersected with Gramineae. The Cinchonas were first 
 (1793) studied in C. (7870-9840 ft.). The cedron (Sinahua 
 cedron) is also employed as tonic and febrifuge; the guaca 
 (Aristolochia ringens) against snake poison. The racacha, the 
 coca, the Tolu balsam, the dividivi (ccEsalpina), the Castilloa 
 (caoutchouc) are abundant in C. So are some of the best dye- 
 woods (rocu, Bija orelland) and some of the most esteemed and 
 now rare Orchideae. Fanna. — Several faunas meet at C. too 
 with all the Central and S. American mammals. The glyp- 
 todon, the megatherium, the taxodon, the mastodon lived in 
 C. in old times ; the last till a recent p>eriod. Insects, fishes, 
 and birds are remarkably abundant and varied, distributed 
 according to altitudes. The king vulture (Sarcoramphus 
 papa) is the only bird of prey flying above the highest moun- 
 tains. Ethnology. — Two old civilisations existed in C. (i6th 
 century) : i. The Muysca (' bodies of five extremities,' men), 
 or Chibcha, in Cimdinamarca. 2. The Nutab6 and Tahami 
 in the Cduca valley, and the mountains between the Porc^ 
 and Magdalena. 3. The Choc6, in the Atrato-San Juan 
 lands (Citaras, Catios, Band6, Tad6, Noanama), extending N. 
 to the isthmus and lower Cduca, S. to the Ecuador. 4. Peoples 
 of Quichua origin on the Macisso of C. (or mountain-knot 
 from which the three Cordilleras diverge), and high Ciuca 
 (Coconucos, Pastusos). 5. Peoples of Aztec -Maya descent 
 (guaymi) to the Chiriqui Bay on the isthmus. 6. Nu-Arawaks 
 (Aurolinacos, ' Coggaba,' men) on the Sierra de Santa Marta. 
 7. Caribs (Guayu, Goajiros, Goahiros) are settled at the 
 Goajira Penins. and on the N. heights of the E. Cordillera 
 (Motilones). 8. Some of the inhabitants of the llanos (Tunebos), 
 Salivas, Quivas, Papiocos, Mocoas, Mataguajas, Oregones, 
 Encabellados) are perhaps Maipures (Nu-Arawaks), others are 
 Caribs. 9. Many other peoples, not yet well studied, are to be 
 met with between the above-mentioned. 10. African negroes, 
 or mulattos, exist principally on the littoral (Caribbean Sea 
 and Pacific). Population. — There are large desert terri- 
 tories on the llanos, the littoral, on the N. damp and swampy 
 region. The population is more dense on the Macisso and the 
 highlands aroimd the middle Magdalena-Cduca at 2600-10,200 
 ft. alt. The Antioquia district is the great centre of colonisa- 
 tion for the rest of the republic. The low, hot, damp, swampy 
 lands protected from winds are very unhealthy. Agriculture. 
 — In temperate climates maize (arepas) is grown ; on hot lands 
 the manihot ; in cold regions, wheat and potatoes (papas, 
 turmas). Potatoes, oats, broad beans, and the Oca (Oxalis 
 tuberosa) are cultivated above 12,000 ft. Coffee, cacao, and 
 tobacco are among the important products. Alcoholic drinks 
 are made with maize (Chicha) and the sugar-cane (guarapo). 
 Cattle and horses are reared in the central districts (Bogotd). 
 360 
 
 Means of Conunnnlcatlon. — There are very few roads. So 
 
 far there are only short and isolated lines of railway(Savanilla- 
 Barranquilla, Puerto- Berrio, Bogotd-Roble.Girardot-Anaponisa, 
 Villamizar-Circuta, Buenaventura, Colon-Panama. A ship-canal 
 was begun between Colon and Paiiamii (1881-1889). All impor- 
 tant towns are connected by telegraphs, which become inter- 
 national at Buenaventura, Panama, and Colon. The exports are 
 coffee (one-quarter of the total value), tobacco, vegetable ivory, 
 cinchona bark, gold, silver, cacao, hides and leather, caoutchouc, 
 sugar, vanilla, cochineal, woods, live animals. The Imports 
 are cotton, linen, and woollen goods, wines, manufactured iron. 
 Very important commercial transit through PanamA and Colon. 
 Ports on the isthmus are free. The value of exports and imports 
 was, in 1887, 22,800,000 pesos ; in 1891, 39,200,000 : more than 
 one-third with Great Britain. The decimal metric system of 
 weights and measures is the legal one (1857), but the old Spanish 
 measures are still in general use. The English yard is much 
 used. (See Bolivia.) Thepeso, or silver dollar, has now a value 
 of two shillings. In Panamd. and Colon the Peruvian dollar is 
 the legal tender. Paper circulation. C. is (1885) divided into 
 nine departments, Bogotd being the cap. A congress, with two 
 chambers, is indirectly elected. One representative for every 
 50,000 inhabitants ; three senators for every dep. ; six nomi- 
 nated by the president, who is elected for six years. The 
 official religion is Roman Catholic, but all others are tolerated. 
 The army has 5-6000 men. History. — The Darien Isthmus 
 was first crossed, and the Pacific discovered, in 151S ; C. visited 
 (1531), and the name of Nueva Granada given to it, in the 
 beginning of the i6th century, becoming soon after (1563) a^pre- 
 sidencia, then (1719) a vice-kingdom, and a kingdom (1740, 
 Nuevo Reino de Granada) subject to Spain. The war of inde- 
 pendence lasted from 1810 to 1821, when S. Bolivar founded 
 the Republic of Colombia, which in 1832 was divided into 
 three nations — Nueva Granada, Venezuela, Ecuador — the first 
 constituted as a confederation of eight states (constitution of 
 1858) under the name of Estados unidos de Colombia. After 
 the revolution of 1885 (constitution of 1886) the states became 
 simple deps. Total P. (1810) 800,000 ; (1870) 2,900,000 ; (1881) 
 3,800,000. [J. B. B.] 
 
 Colomttler, comm., Switzd., cant, and 4 m. SW. by W. 
 NeuchS,tel, on the W. side of Lake Neuchitel. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Colombler, Grand, chain of the Jura Mts., France, in 
 the E. of dep. Ain, above the r. bk. of the Rhone. Alt. 
 5030 ft. 
 
 Colombo, or Colnmbo, chief seapt. tn. and modern cap. of 
 Ceylon, on its W. ct. Lat. of lighthouse (in centre of fort, 
 visible 17 m.), 6° 56' N. The fortified town, about i^ m. in 
 circvmiference, stands on a peninsula, on three sides surrounded 
 by the sea, and having landward a lake, moat, and drawbridges ; 
 internally it resembles a European town. The fortified town is 
 the residence of the military authorities ; the open town or petta 
 to the E. is occupied by a mixed population of Dutch and 
 Portuguese descent, and the suburbs are inhabited by native 
 Singalese. The harbour, defended by the fort, and sheltered 
 by a breakwater, is accessible to the largest vessels, but the 
 vessels are moored to screw pile moorings, and loaded and 
 unloaded by lighters. It is a port of call for the mail steamers 
 to Calcutta, China, and Australia. Letters from England are 
 delivered in about 18 days. Dist. from London, by sea direct, 
 6703 nautical miles, calling at Brindisi, 7058 m. ; from Calcutta, 
 1380 m. C. was occupied by the Portuguese in 1517 ; taken by 
 the Dutch in 1603, and by the English in 1796. Mean temp. 
 (12 yrs.), yr. 81° F., Jan. 79°, May 83°; mean rfall., yr. 87.3 in., 
 April to June 30.2 in., Oct. to Dec. 32 in. P. (1858) 55,000; 
 (1871) 100,000; (1891) 127,000. 
 
 Colomera, tn. , Spain, prov. and 12 m. N. Granada, on riv. 
 Colomera. P. < 3000. 
 
 Colomlers, or Colomlers Lasplanes, comm., France, dep. 
 Haute-Garonne, 4 m. W. Toulouse. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Colon, tn., Argentine Republic, Entre Rios, on the r. bk. of 
 Rio Uruguay, 140 m. ESE. Parana, 19 m. N. by E. Uruguay. 
 P. ( 1889) < 3000. 
 
 Colon, tn. , Colombia, on N. side of Isthmus of Panama, on 
 the E. side of the Bay of Limon, founded in 1849, at the time 
 of the construction of the Panama rly. , of which it is the ter- 
 minus, and originally called Asplnwall, after one of the 
 financiers of that railway, afterwards C, in honour of Columbus. 
 Great works were carried on here for years with a view to 
 making it the Atlantic port of the Panama Canal. Mean temp. 
 (5 yrs., 1881-85), yr. 79.1° F. P. 3-4000. 
 
 Col6n, comm., Cuba, 92 m. ESE. Havana. P. (1887) 
 16,700. 
 
 Colon, or Colan, tn., Peru, dep. Piura, on the Pacific ct., 
 208 m. SSW. Guayaquil, connected with the port of Payta by 
 railway. 
 
 ColonelganJ, one of the largest business quarters of Patna 
 City, Bengal. 
 
 ColonelganJ, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Gonda, 50 m. 
 ENE. Lucknow. P. 5800 ; Hindus, 3900 ; Moham. 2000. 
 
 Colonges, viL Switzd. See Houtreux. 
 
COLO — COLT 
 
 Colonla, or €. del Sacramento, seapt., Uruguay, cap. 
 dep. C. , on the Rio de la Plata, 96 m. W. by N. Monte Video. 
 Founded in 1680 by the Portugfuese as a military post ; its pos- 
 session was frequently disputed between them and the Spaniards ; 
 fortifications razed in 1777. Its port is formed by a bay pro- 
 tected by several islands near its mouth. P. about 3000. 
 
 Colonue, Capo, or Capo dl Nau, cape, Italy, in the S£. , in 
 39° 2' N. ; also the Italian name of C. Snnlon, Greece. 
 
 Colonsay, an isl. of the Hebrides, Scot. , included in Argyll- 
 shire, 9 m. WNW. Islay, separated from Oronsay I. by a 
 narrow sound, left dry at low water. Length of both islands 12 
 m., and from 1-3 m. in breadth; length, exclusive of Oronsay, 
 8 m. Surface irregular, but not mountainous. Loch Fad is in 
 the centre. PM.O. Area, 9000 ac, of which one-half is cul- 
 tivated. Par., including Oronsay, 11,076 ac. , P. <5oo. 
 
 Colonsay, Little, islet, Scot., Argyllshire, off the W. ct. of 
 Mull, in 56° 27' N. P. 2. 
 
 Colorado, Spanish, ' red,' the name of many American rivers. 
 
 Colorado, riv. , in the N. of the Argentine Republic, states of 
 Catamarca and Rioja, flows S. then SE. towards the Salina 
 Grande, but dries up before reaching it. 
 
 Colorado, riv. , Argentine Republic, formerly the N. limit of 
 Patagonia, now forming, for the greater part of its course, the 
 boundary between the prov. of Mendoza and the govt, of the 
 Pampa on the N. , and the govts. Neuquen and Rio Negro on 
 the S. , flows ESE. from the Andes into the Atlantic to the S. of 
 the Bahia Blanca by two arms between 39^° and 40° S. 
 
 Colorado, or Brazo Colorado, an arm of the San Juan R., 
 Central America, branching off on the right, and flowing S. then 
 E. into the Atlantic in the NE. of Costa Rica. 
 
 Colorado, or Colorado RlTer of the North, large riv. in the 
 W. of the U.S., draining an area of about 267,000 sq. m., in 
 the southern portion of the N. American plateau. The Green 
 R. , the most important head stream of the C. , rises on Fremont's 
 Peak of the Rocky Mts. , in 43° 15' N.; 110° W. it has a south- 
 westerly course, receiving many smaller tribs. to where the 
 Grand R. joins it from the mountains of C. near 38° N. From 
 this point it is named the C. , and with frequent wide bends 
 flows through the dry plateau land SW. to the head of the Gulf 
 of California. For 300 m. of its lower course the river has cut a 
 narrow gorge of from 3000 ft. to a mile in depth, known as the 
 Grand Caiion of the C. Other caiions occur higher up, and ex- 
 tend in succession over about 256 m. The Grand Caiion has 
 been traversed by James White and Colonel Powell. The San 
 Juan, Little C, and Rio Gila are its chief lower tribs., all from 
 the E. It is little used for navigation, though steamers can 
 ascend to Callville (612 m.), a little above the point where it 
 finally turns S. The river was discovered by Fernando Alascon 
 in 1540. See Powell, Exploration of the Colorado Hiver CWash- 
 ington, 1875) ; and Scot. Geog. Mag., 1887, p. 441 (with map). 
 
 Colorado, riv., U.S., Texas, rises by many heads near 140° 
 W. , flows SE. , and enters the Bay of Matagorda. Course 900 
 m. Austin, cap. of the state, is at the head of the steamboat 
 navigation, 300 m. from the sea. 
 
 Colorado, one of the U.S. , in the middle of the area traversed 
 by the Rocky Mts. , about one and a half times the size of Great 
 Britain. The surface presents three great natural divs. (i) The 
 great plains which occupy the E. half of the state, a region of 
 low ridges and valleys, with an average height of 5000 ft.; (2) 
 W. of this the foot-hills, 6500 to 8000 ft., well watered and 
 timbered ; (3) the Rocky Mts., which cover the greater part of 
 the W. half of the state, a most complicated system of ranges, 
 including many of the highest peaks of the system. The princi- 
 pal ranges are the Front, the Park, and the Saguache (or 
 Sawatch). The Front range forms the E. rampart, and is 
 crossed by several lofty passes ; of its many summits the most 
 noted are Pike's Peak (14,147 ft.), and Longs Peak (14,271 ft.). 
 The Park Range, more to the W. , culminates in Mount Lincoln. 
 W. of the Park Range is the Saguache, which terminates N. in 
 the famous Mount of the Holy Cross (14,176 ft.). S. of the 
 Saguache is the Sangre de Cristo, with the Sierra Blanca (14,464 
 ft.); other ranges are the Culebra, the Sierra Mojado (Wet 
 Mts.), the Elk, and the San Juan Mts., and the Uncompahgre 
 plateau. Between the Front and Park ranges are three of the 
 great 'parks' of the state— the North, Middle, and South, 
 occupying the basins of former lakes, in a belt about 50 m. in 
 width, and consisting of richly diversified tracts, walled in E. 
 and W. , and separated from each other by transverse ranges. 
 In the S. , between the Sangre de Cristo and the Culebra on the 
 E. and the San Juan Mts. on the W., is the San Luis Park. 
 The principal rivers of C. draining the E. slope are the South 
 Platte and the Arkansas, with their numerous tribs. ; in the W. 
 the Grande, with its trib. the Gunnison ; and in the NW. the 
 Yampa. The rivers are unnavigable. C. exemplifies in a 
 striking manner the action of volcanic and aerial agencies, the 
 former having raised in a series of gigantic upheavals a vast 
 region, through which many of the streams, favoured by the dry 
 climate, have cut for themselves deep canons with walls rising 
 in some cases almost vertically 2000 and 3000 ft. The ' Garden 
 of the Gods,' near Colorado Springs (q.v.), and Monument 
 
 Park, with rocks of weird and fantastic forms, and the caverns 
 of Manitou are remarkable natural phenomena. The mountains 
 consist chiefly of Archaean rocks ; in the SW. are extensive vol- 
 canic areas, and E. and S. cretaceous and post-cretaceous forma- 
 tions ; carboniferous rocks extend in an interrupted belt NW. 
 and SE. through the state, with patches in the SW. ; the San 
 Luis valley consists of Quaternary deposits. Much of the soil is 
 arid, but a large part is capable of cultivation under irrigation, 
 which has already been carried out extensively in the Platte 
 region, though the Arkansas basin seems to offer greater faci- 
 lities for water storage. The climate varies much, chiefly with 
 altitude, but is very healthy ; that of the foot-hills being especi- 
 ally beneficial in pulmonary affections. Over by far the greater 
 part of the state the rainfail is less than 15 in., and only within 
 very limited areas and at great elevations does it exceed 20 in. 
 [Colorado Springs, Denver, Golden City, Pike's Peak]. 
 The state is pre-eminently rich in minerals ; W. of the 105th 
 meridian the mountains contain immense deposits of gold and 
 silver; Leadville, Aspen, and Silverton are great silver-mining 
 centres ; lead mainly in the Leadville region, amounts to half 
 the total product of the U.S.; iron ore, mostly hematite and 
 magnetite, covers great areas, the deposits in Gunnison co. alone 
 are said to equal those of Pennsylvania ; coal-fields cover an 
 area equal to half that of England ; copper and petroleum occur 
 in large quantities ; mineral springs of great medicinal value 
 occur at Colorado Springs, Manitou, Buena Vista, and many 
 other places. Several of the railways are marvels of engineer- 
 ing skill, the most remarkable being the Denver and Rio Grande, 
 which crosses two passes of over 10,000 ft., and a third (the 
 Fremont), 11,540 ft., while a tunnel has been constructed at an 
 elevation of 11,623 ft. Several gorges are traversed, including 
 the Grand Canon of the Arkansas, where the railway is carried 
 along shelves of rock, blasted out of the face of the cliff. The 
 principal towns are Denver, the cap. , Pueblo, Leadville, Colo- 
 rado Springs. In some of the gorges of the SW. are the 
 remains of cliff-dwellings, perched on almost inaccessible 
 ledges, and hewn out of the solid rock. Area, 103,925 sq. m. 
 P. (1890)412,198. See United States, table. [E. J. H.] 
 
 Colorado, city, U.S., Colorado, El Paso co., 62 m. S. 
 Denver, 6 m. W. Colorado Springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Colorado, city, U.S., Texas, Mitchell co., 245 m. W. by S. 
 Dallas. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Colorado, co., U.S., Texas, in the SE., to the S. of 30° N., 
 and W. of 96° W. , traversed by the Colorado R. 
 
 Colorado Bridge, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Apache co., 
 170 m. S. by W. from the NE. corner of the terr. 
 
 Colorado Desert, large desert in the S. of California, U.S., 
 to the W. of the C. Riv., containing a depressed area known as 
 the Coahuilla Valley, the lowest part of which formerly con- 
 stituted the San Felipe Sink, about 300 ft. below sea-level. In 
 July 1891 an outlet or overflow of the C. Riv., below Yuma, 
 called the New R. , attained sufficient volume to form a lake, 
 called Salton Lake, estimated at about 8000 sq. m. in extent, 
 in the depressed area. This lake afterwards dried up, but it 
 began to form again in 1893. See Proc. R. G. S., 1892, pp. 
 
 309-14- 
 
 Colorados, group of isls. and shallows near the N. ct. of 
 Cuba, towards its W. extremity. 
 
 Colorado Springs, city, U.S., Colorado, El Paso co., 62 m. 
 S. by E. Denver, with a delightful climate and mineral springs ; 
 place of summer resort, sheltered by mountain walls on the 
 N W. and SW. , but with a wide expanse of plains on the E. 
 and S. Near it is the famous Garden of the Gods, with miles 
 of weather-worn pinnacles and towers of red sandstone, some 
 of them more than 3000 ft. high. Alt., freight depot, 5960 ft. 
 (R.R.) ; signal stn., 6032 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). Mean temp. 
 (9 yrs.), yr. 47.2° F., Jan. 25.2°, July 69.4°; rfall., yr. 14.8 in.. 
 May to Aug. 9.5 in. Founded 1871. P. (1881) 4200; (1891) 
 11,100. 
 
 Colorno, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 9 m. N. by E. 
 Parma. P. 7000. 
 
 Colotlan, tn., Mexico, Jalisco, 65 m. SW. by W. Zacatecas. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Colp, par. and tnld., Ire., E. co. Meath, bar. Lower Duleek, 
 2 m. ESE. Drogheda; 5429 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Colpoys Bay, vil., Canada, Ontario, between Bruce and Grey 
 COS., on W. side of Georgian Bay, with its mouth in 81° W. 
 
 Colpy, hamlet, Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 8^ m. SE. by E. 
 Huntly, 3 m. N. by E. Insch stn., P.O. 
 
 Colquitt, CO., U.S., Georgia, N. of 31" N., and E. of 84° W. 
 
 Colsterworth, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 8 
 m. S. Grantham, 3^ m. W. Corby stn., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Colston Basset,"par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Newark div. , 
 9 m. SE. by E. Nottingham, 4 m. WNW. Harby and Stathern 
 stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Colt, tnld.. Ire., Queen's co., bar. E. Maryborough, Clone- 
 nagh and Clonagheen par. P. <; 500. 
 
 Colt Island, islet. Ire., off the NE. ct. of co. Dublin, i m. 
 E. Skerries. 
 
 Colta, tn., Peru, dep. Ayacucho, no m. SW. by S. Cuzco. 
 
COLT — COLV 
 
 Coltbrldge, Scot., W. suburb of Edinburgh. 
 
 Coltfield, hamlet, Scot. , Elginshire, 6 m. W. Elgin, with a 
 stn. I m. to the N. , on the H. R. 
 
 ColtishaU, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., on R. Bure, 8 m. N, 
 by E. Norwich, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P.<:iooo. See 
 Hantbols Magna. 
 
 Coltness, eccles. par., Scot., Lanarkshire, in Cambusnethan 
 par. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Coltness Iron YTorks, Scot., part of Newmains (^.v.). 
 
 Colton, par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 13 m. 
 NE. by N. Barrow, 2J m. NW. by W, Haverthwaite stn. ; 
 14,322 ac. P. ■<20oo. 
 
 Colton, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div,, 8 m. W. Norwich, 4 
 m. ENE. Thuxton stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Colton, par., Eng., Staffordshire, i m. N. Rugeley stn., P.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Colton, P. O. , Eng. , Yorks. , 2 m. from Cross Gates, near Leeds. 
 
 Colton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div. , 5^ m. SW, York, 2 m. SW. by W. Copmanthorpe 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Colton, or Coalton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Whitby div., 14J m. N. by E. York, 2^ m. SW. by W. Hoving- 
 ham stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Colton, post-tn. , S. Australia, Flinders co. , 187 m. WNW. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Colton, tn., U.S., California, San Bernardino co., 53 m. E. 
 Los Angeles. P. < 1500. 
 
 Colton, settlement, U.S., New York, St. Lawrence co., on 
 Racket R., 85 m. W. Burlington (Vt.). 
 
 Colngiiape, Lake. See Colhne. 
 
 Columbia, federal dist, , U.S. , once lying on both sides of the 
 Potomac R. , about 106 m. from its mouth, between Virginia and 
 Maryland, by which states it was ceded to the republic in 1790 for 
 the seat of the U.S. Congress ; now confined to the left or Mary- 
 land bank. Washington is cap. of the dist. , which is under the 
 government of Congress. Area, 70 sq. m. P. {1890) 230,400. 
 
 Columbia, riv. , western N. America, rises in the E. of Brit. 
 C, beginning with a wide portion known as the Upper C. 
 Lake, in about 50° 10' N., within 2 m. of a part of the course of 
 its chief Canadian trib. , the Kootenay ; flows first NW. by N. 
 to the E. of the Selkirk Range, which it turns a little to the N. 
 of 52°, flowing thence S. to the E. of the Gold Range, and ex- 
 panding about 50° 40' N. to form the Upper Arrow Lake. To 
 this point it is too rapid for navigation, but below it is navigfable 
 to within a short distance of the U.S. frontier, a few miles 
 below the place where it receives the Kootenay on the left. In 
 the U.S. its course is on the whole S. till, a short distance below 
 the point where it receives the Snake, its chief U.S. trib., it 
 turns W. , forming the greater part of the boundary between the 
 states of Oregon and Washington. In U.S. terr. its navigation 
 is interrupted in 48° 40' by the Kettle Falls, and by several 
 rapids in the N. to S. part of its course, but it is said to be fit 
 for navigation by steamers in high water (middle of May to 
 middle of July) from the Kettle Falls, 725 m. from the mouth, 
 to the Dalles Rapids, which occur in the E. to W. part of its 
 course in 121° 10' W., about 210 m. from the mouth, and are 
 succeeded by others, the Cascades (where the river pierces the 
 Cascade Mts.), 43 m. lower down. The latter are avoided by 
 a short railway on which river steamers are transferred from the 
 upper to the lower navigable reaches. At the point where the 
 river receives the Willamette, the principal trib. from the S. , it 
 begins to be navigable for ocean steamers. The harbour, at its 
 mouth, is capable of sheltering the largest vessels, and has been 
 protected by a jetty 4 m. long. Vessels can sail through main 
 channel, and anchor one mile inland. Navigable for ocean 
 vessels for about 100 m. The C. is first mentioned as the Oregon, 
 or Origan, in J. Carver's ' Travels' (1766-68). Its mouth was 
 first seen in 1775 by Captain Bruno de Heceta, and its lower course 
 was explored in 1792 by Captain Robert Gray, who named it 
 after his vessel, and this name is now universally used. 
 
 Columbia, CO. , U.S., Arkansas, on S. frontier, and crossed 
 in E. by 93° W. 
 
 Columbia, vil., U.S., California, Tuolumne co., 69 m. SE. 
 by E. Sacramento. P. < 1500. 
 
 Columbia, co., U.S., Florida, on the N. frontier, E. of 83° W. 
 
 Columbia, co., U.S., Georgia, on E. frontier, and between 
 33° and 34° N. 
 
 Columbia, tn., U.S., Illinois, Monroe co., 15 m. S. St. 
 Louis ( Mo. ) . P. < 1 500. 
 
 Columbia, city, U.S., Indiana, cap. of co. Whitley, 98 m. 
 NNE. Indianapolis. P. <4000. 
 
 Columbia, settlement, U.S., Kentucky, Adair co., 85 m. 
 SSE. Louisville. Alt. 313 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 Columbia, tn., U.S., Missouri, Boone co., 26 m. NNW. 
 Jefferson City. P. 4000. 
 
 Columbia, settlement, U.S., New Hampshire, Coos co., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Connecticut, 40 m. SW. by S. of the NE. 
 corner of the state. 
 
 Columbia, co., U.S., New York, between the Hudson R. 
 and the E. frontier, crossed in the extreme S. by 43° N. 
 362 
 
 Columbia, viL, U.S., N. Carolina, co. Randolph, lo m. 
 NE. Ashborough. P. < 1500. 
 
 Columbia, viL, U.S., N. Carolina, cap. of Tyrrel co., 25 m. 
 E. Plymouth, and about 180 m. E. Raleigh. P. < 1500. 
 
 Columbia, suburb of Cincinnati, U.S., Ohio. 
 
 Columbia, co., U.S., Oregon, in the NW., on the C, 
 crossed by 123° W., with a coalfield. 
 
 Columbia, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co. , on the 
 Susquehanna R., 26 m. SE. Harrisburg. P. (1880) 8300; 
 (1890) 10,600. 
 
 Columbia, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, E. of 77° W. , crossed 
 by 41° N. , traversed by the N. branch of the Susquehanna. 
 
 Columbia, city, U.S., cap. of S. Carolina, and of Richland 
 CO., at the head of steamboat navigation on the Congaree R., 
 just below the falls at the confluence of the Broad and Saluda 
 Rivs., 62 m. NE. by E. Augusta (Ga.). Seat of S. Carolina 
 University, founded 1804. Has machine, railway carriage, and 
 ironworks. Alt. 227ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 10,000; (1890) 15,400. 
 
 Columbia, tn., U.S., Tennessee, Maury co., on Duck R., 
 40 m. SSW. Nashville. P. 5400. 
 
 Columbia, settlement, U.S., Texas, Brazoria co., on the r. 
 bk. of Brazos R., at the head of steamboat navigation, 50 m. 
 W. by S. Galveston. 
 
 Columbia, co., U.S., Washington, on the S. frontier, crossed 
 in the W. by 118° W. 
 
 Columbia, co., U.S., Wisconsin, N. of 43° N., and W. of 
 89° W. , traversed by the Wisconsin R. 
 
 Columbia, Cape, the northernmost point of Grant Land, 
 Arctic Regions, in about 82° 35' N., 70° 15' W. 
 
 Columbia College. See New York. 
 
 Columbiana, settlement, U.S. , Alabama, Shelby co. , 28 m. 
 SE. by S. of Birmingham, 
 
 Columbiana, vil, U.S., Ohio, C. co., 57 m. N. Wheeling 
 (W. Va.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Columbian IJuiTerslty. See Washington. 
 
 ColumbiaTille, settlement, U.S., Michigan, Lapeer co., on 
 Flint R., 38 m. SE. by S. Bay City. 
 
 CAlnmbkllle, par., Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Gowran, near 
 Thomastown ; 4473 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Columbkllle, par.. Ire., N. co. Longford, bar. Granard, 11 J 
 m. NE. Longford; 18,822 ac. P. 5100. 
 
 Columbo, tn. , Ceylon. See Colombo. 
 
 Columbretes, group of small isls., Spain, in the Mediter- 
 ranean, 63 m. ENE. Valencia ; of volcanic origin. Lighthouse, 
 visible 21 m. 
 
 Columbus, city, U.S., Georgia, Muscogee co., on 1. bk. (rf 
 Chattahoochee R. , which here forms the boundary between 
 Georgia and Alabama, navigable up to the falls at this point by 
 large steamboats, 84 m. W. by S. Macon ; has cotton factories, 
 &c. Alt. 262 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 10,100; (1890) 17,300. 
 
 Columbus, tn., U.S., Illinois, co. Adams, 15 m. E. Quincy. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Columbus, city, U.S., Indiana, Bartholomew co., 38 m. 
 SSE. Indianapolis. P. 6700. 
 
 Columbus, city, U. S. , Kansas, Cherokee co. , 16 m. NW. of 
 the SE. corner of the state. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Columbus, vil., U.S., Kentucky, co. Hickman, on Missis- 
 sippi R. , 196 m. by rail below St. Louis. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Columbus, city, U.S., Mississippi, Lowndes co. , on Tom- 
 bigby R., 128 m. NE. Jackson. P. < 5000. 
 
 Columbus, city, U.S., Nebraska, Platte co., on Loup R., 75 
 m. W. by N. Omaha. Alt. 1453 ft. (R.R.). P. <4ooo. 
 
 Columbus, settlement, U.S., N. Carolina, Polk co., 200 m. 
 WSW. Raleigh. 
 
 Columbus, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, on the SW. frontier, 
 crossed in the extreme W. by 79° W. 
 
 Columbus, city, U.S., Ohio, cap. of the state, Franklin co., 
 on the Scioto R., 103 m. NE. Cincinnati, with manufactures ot 
 railway carriages and waggon machinery, &c. Mean temp. , yr. 
 53.8° F., Jan. 30.6°, July 74.6° ; rfall. (6 yrs.), 42.36 in. Alt. 748 
 ft. (R.R.|. Signal stn., 805 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). P. (1870) 
 31,274; (1880)51,600; (1890)88,200. 
 
 Columbus, city, U.S., Texas, Colorado co., on r. bk. of the 
 Colorado, 81 m. SE, by E. Austin. Alt.2i3ft. (R.R.). P. < 3000. 
 
 Columbus, dty, U.S., Wisconsin, Columbia co., 60 m. 
 WNW. Milwaukee. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Columbus GroTe, vil., U.S., Ohio, Putnam co., 58 m. SSW. 
 Toledo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Columbus Junction, vil., U.S., Iowa, co. Louisa, on Iowa 
 R., 41 m. N. Burhngton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Columbus, or Christopher Columbus Mountains, a range 
 of the Kuenlun system, trending from NW. to SE., between 
 about 37° and 37° 40' N. , and 89''-9i° E. , crossed in about 89^° 
 E. by the Ambon Ashkan Dawan Pass (alt. about 14,000 ft. ). 
 
 Colunga, comm., Spain, prov. Oviedo, dist, Villaviciosa. 
 P. 8000. 
 
 Colusa, city, U.S., California, C. co., onr. bk. of Sacramento 
 R., 55 m. NW. by N. Sacramento. P. <isoo. 
 
 Colra, par. , Wales, Radnorshire, 5 m. S. by W. New Radnor ; 
 4362 ac. P. <25o. See Cilascwm. 
 
COLV — COMB 
 
 Colrend, ct. par., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 8 m. SE. by E. 
 Castle Douglis, 5 m. SSE. Dalbeattie stn., P.O.; 18,666 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Colreston, par., Eng., Norfolk, on R. Wissey, SW. div., 19 
 m. SE. by S. King's Lynn, 6 m. SE. by E. Stoke Ferry stn. 
 P. <25o. See Cranwlch. 
 
 ColvlUe, riv., Alaska, flowing N. into the Arctic Ocean, in 
 
 about isoJj" W. 
 
 ColvUle, Indian Reservation. See Washington, state, U.S. 
 
 ColTille, tn., U.S., Washington, Stevens co., 67 m. NNW. 
 
 Spokane Falls. Alt. 1917 ft. Mean rfall. (ii yrs.), 14 in. P. 
 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Colwall, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 15 m. E. by 
 N. Hereford, on the G. W. R., PM.O. P.<20oo; eccles. par. 
 (C. wltli Wych Chapel) P. < 1500. 
 
 Colwell, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., 53 m. 
 NNW. Toronto. 
 
 CoIweU, hamlet, Eng., Northumberland, div. and 7 m. N. 
 Hexham, zh m. NE. by E. Barrasford stn., P.O. 
 
 Colwlch," par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 6 m. ESE. 
 Stafford, on the L. & NW. R.; 7464 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Colwlck, par., Eng., co. and 2 m. E. Nottingham, on the 
 Trent, with a stn. on the G. N. R. P. <Soo. 
 
 Colwlnston, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 15 m. 
 W. Cardiff, 3^ m. SE. Bridgend stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Colwlth Force, waterfall, Eng. , W. border of Westmorland, 
 5 m. SW. Ambleside. 
 
 Colworth Farm, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, 8 m. NE. Bed- 
 ford. P. <25o. 
 Colwyn, eccles. par. , Wales. See Colwyn Bay. 
 Colwyn, vil., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 5^ m. E. 
 Conway, with a stn. (Old C.) on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Colwyn Bay, rapidly rising watering-place, with fine sandy 
 beach, Wales, partly in Carnarvonshire, partly in a detached 
 part of Denbighshire, 4^ m. E. by N. Conway, on the L. & 
 NW. R., PMT.O. P. eccles. par. Colwyn (St. Catherine), 
 in Carnarvonshire, which contains the stn. of C. B. <iSoo; 
 eccles. par. C. B. (St. Paul), in Denbighshire, estimated at 
 date of its formation (1893) at 3000 ; urban sanitary dist. (C. Bay 
 and Colwyn, i89i)<:5ooo. See Llandrlllo-yn-Rhos. 
 Coly, r. bk. trib. of Axe. See Colyton. 
 Colyford, vil., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., 20 m. E. 
 Exeter, on the L. & SW. R., i| m. N. by E. Seaton, PM.O. 
 Market-day, W. 
 
 Colyton, market-tn. and par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton 
 
 div., 21 m. E. Exeter, on R. Coly, on the L. & SW. R., 3 m. 
 
 N. by E. Seaton, PMT.O. Market-day, W. 6368 ac. P. <;2Soo. 
 
 Colyton Hill, Eng. , in E. of Devonshire, 7 m. E. by S. Exeter. 
 
 Colzlnm, stn. , Scot. , Stirlingshire, on the N. B. R. and C. R. , 
 
 8 m. N. by W. Airdrie. 
 
 Comacchlo, fortified tn. , Italy, Emilia, prov. Ferrara, 19 m. 
 N. Ravenna; seat of a bishop. The C. lagoons (Valll dl C.) 
 have a circumference of 87 m. , and consist of forty basins sur- 
 rounded by dykes, all having communication with the sea. They 
 are used for the extraction of salt (25-30,000 tons annually) and 
 for eel-breeding. P. 10,000. 
 Comagney, Islas de. See Jardlnes del Bey. 
 Comal, CO. , U.S. , Texas, S. of 30° N., crossed in the extreme 
 E. by 98° W. 
 
 Comalcalco, tn., Mexico, Tabasco, 200 m. ESE. Vera Cruz, 
 30 m. NW. San Juan Bautista. 
 
 Comanche, co., U.S., Kansas, on the S. frontier, W. of the 
 meridian 99°. 
 
 Comanche, tn., U.S., Texas, C. co., 120 m. SW. by W. 
 Dallas. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coman'ches, a warlike tribe of N. American Indians, who 
 roam over N. part of Texas and of Mexico. 
 Comandatuha, vil. , near the E. ct. of Brazil, Bahia, in 15° 26' S. 
 Comar, Cumar, Gaelic ; Cymmer, Kember, Cymric, ' a con- 
 fluence ' ; in place names often found as Cumber, or Comber. 
 
 Comayagna, tn.. Central America, Honduras, 37 m. NW. 
 Tegucigalpa ; seat of a bishop. P. 12,000. 
 
 Comhaconnm, spelt in the census Knmhakdnam, tn. , Brit. 
 India, Madras, dist. and 22 m. NE. by E. Tanjore, in the 
 richest tract of the Cauvery delta ; one of the most sacred towns 
 in the presidency, celebrated for its learning, and formerly the 
 cap. of the Chola kingdom. P. (1881) 50,100; (1891) 54,300; 
 Hindus, 51,900. 
 
 Combarhala, tn., S. America, Chile, prov. and 90 m. S. by 
 E. Coquimbo. P. < 2000. 
 
 Combe, 'a deep valley.' See Cwm. In place names this 
 prefix or suffix is always pronounced kum. 
 Combe, part of par. , Eng., Devon. See llaccomhe. 
 Ciomhe, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 7^ m. SW. by 
 W. Newbury, 4 m. S. by W. Kintbury stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Combe, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 9 m. WNW. 
 Leominster, 3 m. NNW. Pembridge stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Combe, or Combe Longa, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, on the 
 Evenlode, div. and 2 m. W. Woodstock, PMT.O. (Coombe). 
 P.<7S0- 
 
 Combe and New Maiden, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, in 
 ancient par. of Kingston, with stn. (Coombe and Maiden) on 
 
 the L. and SW. R. P. < 4000. 
 
 Combeanfontalne, tn., France, dep. Haute Saone, 34 m. 
 N. by W. Besan9on, 13^ m. WNW. Vesoul. P. <:2ooo. 
 Combe Bisset, Eng. ~ See Coombe Blsset. 
 Combe Down, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., Somersetshire, 
 near Monckton-Combe, 2 m. from Bath, PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Combe Fields, or Combe Abbey, par., Eng., N. Warwick- 
 shire, 5 m. E. Coventry. P. <25o. 
 
 Combe Florey, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 6\ m. 
 NW. by W. Taunton, 2 m. NW. Bishops Lydeard stn. P. <:5oo. 
 Combe Hay. See Combhay. 
 
 Combe Hill, hill, Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 5^ m. 
 SE. by S. Aylesbury. 
 
 Combe-ln-Telgnhead, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire, Ash- 
 burton div. , 2 J m. WSW. Teignmouth, near the r. bk. of the 
 Teign, PM.O. P. <75o. 
 Combe Keynes, par. , Eng. See Coombe Keynes. 
 Combe Longa, Eng. See Combe. 
 Combepyne. See Combpyne. 
 Combe 3Iartln. See Combmartln. 
 
 Combe Monckton, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Frome div. , 2 m. 
 SSE. Bath, P.O. (Monkton Combe). P. <2ooo. 
 Co»2^«r, 'a confluence.' See Comar. 
 
 Comber, vil., Canada, Ontario, Essex co., 25 m. ESE. 
 Windsor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Comber, par. and market-tn.. Ire., N. co. Down, bar. Lower 
 Castlereagh, 3^ m. SSW. Newtovra Ards, on the Belfast and Co. 
 Down Rly., where it is joined by the Donaghadee Branch Rly., 
 PMT.O. Par. (partly in bar. Upper Castlereagh) 17,429 ac, 
 P. 6100 ; tn. P. <2Soo. 
 
 Combe Raleigh, or Combrawlelgh,par. , Eng. , Devonshire, 
 14 m. ESE. Tiverton, div. and x\ m. NW. Honiton. P. <25o. 
 Comberbach, par., Eng., Cheshire, div. and 2 m. NNW. 
 Northwich, PT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Comberford, vil., Eng., Staffordshire, Lichfield div., on R. 
 Tame, 2 m. N. Tamworth. 
 
 Combermere, vil, Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co., on the 
 R. Madawaska, 94 m. W. Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Combermere, hamlet, Eng., Cheshire, Acton par., 5I m. 
 SW. Nantwich. 
 
 Combermere Bay, Burma, on the coast of Arakan, in 19° 50' 
 N. ; it abounds with shoals and sandbanks. 
 
 Comberow, stn., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 15 m. N. 
 by E. Tiverton, on the W. Somerset Mineral Rly. 
 
 Comberton, par., Eng., co. and 4^ m. W. by S. Cambridge, 
 Chesterton div., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Comberton, Great, par., Eng., Worcestershire, on the 
 Avon, div. and 5^ m. W. by S. Evesham, 2 m. ENE. Ecking- 
 ton stn., P.O. (Comberton). P. <25o. 
 Comberton, Little, par., i^ m. E. Great C. P. <5oo. 
 Combe St. Nicholas, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater 
 div., 10 m. SSE. Taunton, 4 m. SW. Ilminster stn., P.O. ; 4343 
 ac. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Comb F^ell, bill, Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div. , i6| m. SE. by E. Kelso. 
 
 Combhay, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., 3^ m. SSW. 
 Bath, on the Somerset Coal Canal; with deposits of fullers' 
 earth. P. 250. 
 
 Comb Hill, part of par., Eng., Northumberland. See 
 Healey. 
 
 Combln, Grand (14,160 ft.), and Combln de Corbasslere 
 (12,210 ft.), mt. peaks in the W. of the Pennine Alps, the former 
 E. of the Great St. Bernard Pass, 9 m. SE. Martigny. 
 Comblntelgnhead. See Combelntelguhead. 
 Comblaln an Pont, comm., Belgium, prov. and 12 m. S. 
 Li^ge, on the Ourthe. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Combles, tn., France, dep. Somme, 20 m. S. by E. Arras, 7 
 m. NW. by N. P^ronne. P. <20oo. 
 
 Combmartln, or Combe Martin, par., Eng., Devonshire, 
 Barnstaple div. , on C. Bay, 4^ m. E. Ilfracombe ; has silver and 
 lead mines, which have been worked at intervals since the time 
 of Edward I. PMT.O. P.<isoo. 
 
 Combonrg, tn., France, dep. lUe et Vilaine, arr. and 21 m. 
 SE. by S. St. Malo. Birthplace of Chateaubriand. P. < 2000. 
 Combpyne, par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., 3I m. S. 
 by W. Axminster, 2^ m. E. Colyford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Combrailles, an old div. of France, in prov. Basse- Auvergne, 
 the cap. of which was Evaux, now comprised in dep. of Creuse. 
 Combrawlelgh, par., Eng., Devonshire. See Combe 
 Baleigh. 
 
 Combronde, tn., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Riom, 19 
 m. N. Clermont-Ferrand. P. < 2000. 
 
 Combrook, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 7^ m. 
 
 ESE. Stratford-on-Avon, i^m. W. Kinetonstn., P.O. P.<2So; 
 
 eccles. par. (C. with Compton Verney) P. <50o. 
 
 Combs, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Chapel-en-le-frith, Derbyshire. 
 
 Combs, par., Eng., Suffolk, on the Orwell, div. and i^ m. 
 
 S. by E. Stowmarket, PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 ' 363 
 
COMB — COMP 
 
 ComlM Moss, an upland tract, Eng. , in the S. of the High 
 Peak div. of Derbyshire, about 2 m. N. Buxton. Reservoir alt. 
 710 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 46.89 in. 
 
 Combam Tank, India. See Cnmbnm. 
 
 Combusta, isl., Red Sea. See Jebcl Ter. 
 
 Combwicb, par., Eng., Somerset, on the Parret, 4 m. NW. 
 Bridgwater, of which it is a sub-port, P. O. See Ottertaamptou. 
 
 Comellco luferlore, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. Belluno, 
 dist. Auronzo. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Comellco Superlore, comm. , adjoining C. Inferiore. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Comely Bauk, Scot., NW. suburb of Edinburgh. 
 
 Comeii, tn., France. See Comlues. 
 
 Comeragh Mouutains, range of mts., Ire., in the N. co. 
 Waterford, trending SE. from Clonmel. Highest peak, Knock- 
 anaffrin, 2478 ft. 
 
 Comet, or Cometrllle, tp. , Queensland, Humboldt co. , 125 
 m. W. Rockhampton. P. < 1500. 
 
 ComUlah, Knmlll&, or Comllla (census), tn. , India, Bengal, 
 cap. Tipperah dist., on the Gumti, in 23° 28' N. , 91° 13' E. 
 Saved from inundation during the rains by an embankment. 
 P. 14,700 ; Hindus, 6000 ; Moham. 8500. 
 
 Commas, seapt., in the N. of Spain, prov. and 23 m. W. by 
 S. Santander. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Comlues, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. Ypres. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Comlues, tn., France, on the border of France and Belgium, 
 arr. Lille, 6 m. NW. by W. Tourcoing, on the Lys, which divides 
 the town into two portions, one French the other Belgian, the 
 latter known as C. Nord, or Comen (Flemish). Manufactures 
 of cloth, ribbons, &c. P. 5400. 
 
 Comluges, former co. , France. See Commluges. 
 
 Comlno, Capo, cape, Sardinia, E. ct., in 40° 31' N. 
 
 Comlno, or Cnmlno, almost barren British isl. in the Medi- 
 terranean between Malta and Gozo, about i sq. m. in extent, 
 composed of coralline limestone. 
 
 Comlnotto, small uninhabited British isl. , W. of Comino. 
 
 Comlsa, or Komlia, vil. , Austria, crownland Dalmatia, Lissa 
 I., on the W. ct., 36 m. SSW. Spalato. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Comls Mountain, Canada, Quebec, Rimouski co. , in 68° 12' 
 W. , and 48° 25' N. 
 
 Comlso, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 38 m. W. by S. Syracuse. P. 
 18,000. 
 
 Comltau, tn. , Mexico, Chiapas, 30 m. SE. by S. San Chris- 
 tobal. P. (1889) 7000. 
 
 Commadagga, vil. and rly. stn. , Cape Colony, dist. Somer- 
 set, on the Great Fish R., 62 m. NNE. Port Elizabeth. 
 
 Conunanda, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Parry Sound dist., 
 102 m. NNE. Collingwood. 
 
 Commeen, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 9 m. from Stranorlar. 
 
 Commeutry, tn., France, dep. Allier, arr. and 9 m. ESE. 
 Montlu9on. On one of the most important coalfields of France, 
 with remarkably regular horizontal bedding; iron-works. P. 
 9300. 
 
 Commeqnlers, vil., France, dep. Vendue, arr. Sables- 
 d'Olonne, 54 m. NW. by N. La Rochelle, 21 m. WNW. La 
 Roche-sur-Yon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Commercial, hamlet, Wales, 3 m. from Narberth, Pem- 
 brokeshire, P.O. 
 
 Commercy, tn., France, dep. Meuse, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Meuse, 16 m. WNW. Toul, cap. arr. ; with iron-mines. Alt. 
 785 ft. P. < 5000. 
 
 Commluges, former co., France, part of Gascony, on the 
 upper course of the Garonne. 
 
 Commlns Cocb, hamlet, Wales, Montgomeryshire, 7 m. E. 
 Machynlleth, P.O. 
 
 Commlssalres, Lac des, lake, Canada, Quebec, Chicoutimi 
 CO. , 12 m. S. by W. Lake St. John ; 18 m. long N. to S. 
 Belongs to the St. Matirice basin. 
 
 Commondale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 6J m. SE. 
 Guisbrough, on the NE. R., with fireclay, P.O. P. -=250. 
 
 Commoudyke, vil., Scot., Ayrshire, 3 m. NE. Cumnock. 
 Coal-mining. P. <5oo. 
 
 Commouliead, stn. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, near Airdrie, on the 
 N. B. R. 
 
 Como, the ancient Comum, ancient episcopal city, Italy, Lom- 
 bardy, prov. C, at the S. end of the W. arm of Lake C, 25 m. 
 N. by W. Milan, with manufactures of textiles, glasses for 
 optical instruments, &c. Has a fine Gothic cathedral, faced 
 with marble, and having in the middle of its fa9ade a statue of 
 Pliny the younger. C. is the birthplace of the younger (and 
 probably also of the elder) Pliny, of Pope Innocent XL, of the 
 natural philosopher Volta, and was some time the residence of 
 Paolo Giovio. Was destroyed in the Milanese wars in 1127, 
 and rebuilt by Frederick Barbarossa in 1155. Mean temp., yr. 
 52.4° F. , Jan. 33.4°, July 72.3°. P. 24,000. See Italy, Industries. 
 
 Como, viL, Canada, Quebec, co. Vaudreuil, on S. shore of 
 Lake of Two Mountains, 37 m. from Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Como, vil., U.S., Colorado, Park co., 22 m. E. by N. Lead- 
 ville. P. < 1500. 
 364 
 
 Como, riv. , W. Africa. See Gabon. 
 
 Como, Lago dl, the ancient Lacus Larii, lake, N. Italy, 
 stretches from N. to S. , forking in its S. half at the promontory 
 of Bellagio into two arms, the SW. terminating at Como, the 
 SE. 4 m. below Lecco, whence issues the Adda, which enters 
 the lake on the E. side, near its N. end. Liable to sudden 
 storms. Length, Como to Riva, 35 m. ; extreme breadth, 3 m. ; 
 area, 59.3 sq. m. ; alt. 700 ft. ; greatest depth, 1341 ft. 
 
 Comorln, Cape, the most southerly point of India, Travan- 
 core state, 8° 4' 20" N. 
 
 Comoro, group of fom- volcanic isls. in the Mozambique 
 Channel, 350 m. from the NW. ct. of Madagascar, 200 m. from 
 the E. ct. of Africa, between 11° and 13° S., 43!° and 45° E. 
 The isls. are Mayotta, or Mayotte, in the SE., acquired by the 
 French in 1841, with marshy lowlands, the most unhealthy of 
 the group, but with several excellent bays and roadsteads; 
 Hinzuan, Nzuani, Anjouan, or Johanna, to the NW., less 
 marshy; Moheli, or Meali, W. of the latter; and Great 
 Comoro, Angaziya, or Ngaziya, the NW. member of the group, 
 vdth active volcano 8500 ft. high; very arid, but with large 
 numbers of coco-nuts on the shores. Sugar-cane is cultivated 
 on Mayotte, which has 200-300 inhabitants of French origin, 
 among 10,000 natives. The whole group has been a French 
 protectorate since 1886. Total area, 800 sq. m. P. 40,000- 
 50,000. 
 
 Comox, vil., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, Vancouver I., on 
 the E. ct., 115 m. NW. by N. Victoria. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Compagule Post, vil., Cape Colony, dist. Tulbagh. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Compass Berg, mt., in the Sneeuwbergen Range, Cape 
 Colony, 30 m. N. Graaif-Reinet ; so called since 1778 (when the 
 Dutch Governor, Plettenberg, made the ascent with Colonel 
 Gordon) on account of the vvide outlook. Alt. 8500 feet. 
 
 Cdmpeta, comm., Spain, prov. Malaga, dist. Torrox. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Compiano, the ancient Complanutn, tn. , Italy, prov. Parma, 
 circle Borgotaro, on the 1. bk. of the Taro. P. <:3000. 
 
 Conipl^gne, tn., France, dep. Oise, on the Oise, 22 m. W. 
 by N. Soissons ; cap. arr. Its palace, rebuilt under Louis 
 XIV. , XV. , XVI. , and restored by Napoleon I. , is surrounded 
 by parks and a forest of 36,000 ac. It was formerly fortified, 
 and in defending it, while besieged by the Duke of Burgundy, 
 Joan of Arc was made prisoner in 1430, and sold to the 
 English. Here Napoleon married Marie Louise, Archduchess 
 of Austria, in 1810. It now contains an important museum 
 of Khmer and Gallo- Roman antiquities. Mean rfall., 15.75 in. 
 P. 11,900. 
 
 Compostela, tn., Mexico, dep. and former cap. of Jalisco, 
 100 m. W. Guadalajara. 
 
 Compostela, Santiago dl, Spain. See Santiago. 
 
 Comps, tn., France, dep. Var, 22 m. NW. by N. Fr^jus. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Compstall, vil. , Eng. , Cheshire, Hyde div. , 4^ m. E. Stock- 
 port, on the Etherow, i m. N. Marple stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Compton, vil., Canada, Quebec, C. co. , 114 m. S. by W. 
 Quebec, 13 m. S. by E. Sherbrooke. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Compton, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 8 m. NNE. New- 
 bury, on the G. W. R., PT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Compton, part of par. , Eng., Derbyshire. See Clifton. 
 
 Compton, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 2^ m. SSW. 
 Winchester, close to Shawford and Twyford stn. , P. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Compton, vil. , Eng., Staffordshire, 2 m. W. Wolverhampton, 
 on the Stafford and Worcester Canal, PMT.O. 
 
 Compton, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 3 m. SW. by W. 
 Guildford, P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Compton, par. , Eng. , Sussex, div. and 8| m. N W. Chichester, 
 54 m. SSE. Peterfield, P.O. P.<:5oo; eccles. par. (C. with 
 L'pper Marden) P. <75o. 
 
 Compton, East, or Compton Vallence, par. , Eng. , Dorset- 
 shire, W. div., 6J m. WNW. Dorchester, 3 m. W. Grimstone 
 and Frampton stn., P.O. (C. Valence). P. <25o. 
 
 Compton, little, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on- 
 Avon div. , 14 m. SW. by W. Banbury, 4 m. ESE. Moreton-in- 
 the-Marsh stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Compton, Little, tn., U.S., Rhode I., New Port co., 7^ m. 
 E. by N. New Port. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Compton, Long, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, 2 m. ENE. Little 
 Compton, 4 m. W. by S. Hook Norton stn., PM.O. P. <7SO. 
 
 Compton, Nether, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 2 J m. 
 W. Sherborne, PMT.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Compton, Orer, par., J m. to the SW. P. <2So. 
 
 Compton Abbas, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 15 m. E. 
 Sherborne, 5 m. S. Semley stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Compton Abbas, or Vfest Compton, par., Eng., Dorset- 
 shire, i^ m. WNW. Compton Vallence. P. <25o. [ 
 
 Compton Abdale, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester 1 
 div., 8 m. SE. by E. Cheltenham, 3^ m. SE. byS. Andoverford i 
 stn., P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Compton Basset, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 
 II m. SW. by W. Swindon, 3 m. NE. Calne, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
COMP — COND 
 
 Compton Bay, Eng., on the SW. ct. of the Isle of Wight, 4 
 m. E. of the Needles. 
 Compton Beanchamp, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, Abingdon div. , 
 : 8 m. E. by N. Swindon, aj m. E. by S. Shrivenham stn, 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Compton Bishop, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 6^ m. 
 SE. Weston-super-Mare, 3 m. W. by N. Axbridge stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Compton Chamberlayne, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton 
 div., 8 m. W. Salisbury, i^ m. ESE. Dinton stn., P.O. (called 
 C. Cbamberlaln). P. <5oo. 
 
 Compton I>ando, par. , Eng. , Somerset, N. div. , on the Chew, 
 6 m. SE. by S. Bristol, s^ m. E. Pensford stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Compton Dnndon, par., Eng., Somerset, 4^ m. SSW. 
 Glastonbury. P. <75o. 
 
 Compton Glfford, par. and tn. , Eng. , Devonshire, near Ply- 
 mouth. P. (par.)<35oo. 
 
 Compton Greenfield, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 Thornbury div. , 5J m. N. by W. Bristol, i^ m. S. Pilning stn. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Compton Martin, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 7 m. N. 
 Wells, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Compton Panncefoot, par. , Eng. , Somerset, E. div. , 8 m. 
 NE. Yeovil, 2^ m. E. Sparkford stn. P. <25o ; eccles. par. 
 (C. P. with Blackford) P. <5oo. 
 
 Compton Vallence, Eng. See Compton, East. 
 
 Compton Verney, par., Eng., Warwickshire, 2 m. W. Kine- 
 ton. P. <2So. See Combrook. 
 
 Compton Wynlates, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford- 
 on-Avon div. , 8 m. W. by N. Banbury. P. <25o. See Tysoe. 
 
 Comrle (kum'rl ; from Comar or Cumar, ' a confluence '), par. 
 and vil., Scot., W. Perthshire, on the Earn, and C. R., 5 J m. 
 W. Crieff, PMT.O. It is situated on Silurian rocks at the line 
 of fault adjoining the Old Red Sandstone, and is subject to 
 earthquakes. Par. 60,593 ac, P. <20oo; vil. P. <iooo. 
 
 Comstock Lode. See Virginia City, U.S., Nevada. 
 
 Comunanza, comm. , Italy, prov. and circle Ascoli-Piceno. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Cona, comm. , Italy, prov. Venetia, dist. Chioggia. P. <4000. 
 
 Cona, riv., Scot., Argyllshire, in the NE., rises near the E. 
 shore of Loch Shiel, and flows E. to Loch Linnhe. 
 
 Conan, or Conon, riv., Scot., Ross-shire, which, after an E. 
 course of 35 m. , enters Cromarty Firth near Dingwall. Afflu- 
 ences, the Garve and Orrin ; has valuable salmon and trout 
 fisheries. 
 
 Conanlcnt Island, summer resort, U.S. , Rhode I. , New Port 
 CO. , in Narragansett Bay, 9 m. long by 1-2 m. wide, with the old- 
 est lighthouse on the American coast (Beaver Tail), visible 14 m. 
 
 Conara, formerly known as Comers, post-tn., Tasmania, 
 Somerset co., 65 m. N. by E. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Concamean, tn., France, dep. Finistere, on Bale de la 
 Forest, 27 m. WNW. Lorient, arr. and 13 m. SE. Quimper, 
 with sardine fishery. P. 5800. 
 
 Concelcao d'ltamarca, tn., Brazil, state of and 15 m. N. 
 Pernambuco, on the W. side of the coast island of Itamarca. 
 
 Concepcion, tn., Argentine Republic, Tucuman, 42 m. SW. 
 Tucuman. P. (1889) < 2000. 
 
 Concepcion, or La Concepcion, one of the Bahama Is. , 25 
 m. SE. San Salvador. 
 
 Concepcion, tn. , Peru, dep. Junin, 125 m. E. Lima, between 
 Jauja and Huancayo. P. (1889) 4000. 
 
 Concepcion, tn. , S. America, Ecuador, 90 m. N. Quito. 
 
 Concepcion, La, seapt. , Chile, near the mouth of the Biobio, 
 in 36" 50' S. , cap. prov. C. , connected by rail with the port of 
 Talcahuano ; seat of a bishop. P. (1885) 24,200. 
 
 Concepcion de Apolobamba, Bolivia. See Apolobamba. 
 
 Concepcion de Banres, tn. , S. America, Bolivia, dep. Santa 
 Cruz, 160 m. SW. by W. Matto Grosso. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Concepcion Channel and Concepcion Strait, Chile, E. 
 of Madre de Dios Archipelago, between 50° and 50° 40' S., the 
 strait in the S. between Duke of York and Hanover Islands. 
 
 Concepcion de la Tega, tn., isl. of Haiti, republic and 
 69 m. NW. by N. Santo Domingo. P. 3000. 
 
 Concepcion del I'rugnay, tn., S. America, Argentine Re- 
 public, prov. Entre Rios, on r. bk. of the Uruguay, 150 m. N. 
 Buenos Aires. P. (1889) 10,000. 
 
 Conception, penin., in the SE. of Newfoundland, running 50 
 m. NNE. from the Avalon penin., between Trinity Bay on the 
 W. and C. Bay on the E. 
 
 Conception, La. See Concepcion. 
 
 Conception Point, cape, U.S., California, in 34° 26' W. 
 
 Conchagna, volcano. Central America, Salvador, at the W. 
 entrance to the Gulf of C. or N. arm of the Gulf of Fonseca. 
 
 Conchan, or Kirk Conchan, par.. Isle of Man, containing 
 part of the town of Douglas ; the parish church 2J m. NE. 
 Douglas. PM.O. (Kirk Onchan or Onchan). 7880 ac. P. 
 16,500. 
 
 Conches, tn., France, dep. Eure, arr. and 11 m. WSW. 
 Evreux. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Concho, CO., U.S., Texas, crossed in the W. by 100° W., 
 and S. of 32° N. Bituminous coal mined in NE. Alt. 1754- 
 
 1900 ft. Mean temp., yr. 64.1° F., Jan. 43.5°, July 83.8°; rfall. 
 (8 yrs.), 29.94 in. 
 
 Conchos, riv. , Mexico, deps. Durango and Chihuahua, joins 
 the Rio Bravo del Norte near 29° 50' N. and 104" 40' W. , after 
 a N. course of about 300 m. 
 
 Conchra, P.O., Scot., 12 m. from Strachur, Argyllshire. 
 
 Conchncos, Altos, prov. of dep. Ancachs, central Peru. 
 
 Conco, comm. , Italy, prov. Vicenza, dist. Marostica. P. <4000. 
 
 Conconnlly, vil., U.S., Washington, Okanogan co., 125 m. 
 NW. by W. Spokane Falls. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Concord, tn.. New South Wales, Cumberland co., on the 
 Parramatta R., a W. suburb of Sydney. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Concord, riv., U.S., Massachusetts, formed at C. town by 
 the junction of Assabet and Sudbury Rivs. , a trib. of the Merri- 
 mack, which it joins at Lowell. 
 
 Concord, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., on Con- 
 cord R. , 17 m. WNW. Boston. A favourite place with several 
 celebrated men of letters (Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, 
 Thoreau, &c.). P. <5ooo. 
 
 Concord, vil., U.S., Michigan, co. Jackson, 14 m. W. 
 Lansing by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Concord, city, cap. of the state, U.S., New Hampshire, 
 Merrimack co. , on the r. bk. of the Merrimack R. , 39 m. W. by 
 N. Portsmouth ; a fine-grained, light-coloured granite largely 
 quarried in the neighbourhood. P. (1880) 13,800 ; (1890) 17,000. 
 
 Concord, city, U.S., N. Carolina, Cabarrus co., 109 m. W. 
 by S. Raleigh, 20 m. NE. Charlotte. P. < 5000. 
 
 Concord, tn., U.S., Vermont, co. Essex. P. < 1500. 
 
 Concord, North, settlement, U.S., Ohio, Muskingum co., 55 
 m. W. Wheeling (W. Va.). 
 
 Concordia, tn., Argentine Republic, Entre Rios, on the 
 r. bk. of Rio Uruguay, 146 m. E. by N. Parand, opposite the 
 Uruguayan town of Salto. Mean temp. (3 yrs., 1876-78), yr. 
 64.6" F., Jan. 76.8°, July 54.3°. P. (1889) 11,500. 
 
 Concordia, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Namaland, 7 m. 
 NNE. Ookiep. 
 
 Concordia, tn. and comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. Modena, on 
 the Secchia, 20 m. SE. by S. Mantua. P. 9000. 
 
 Concordia, post-tn., S. Australia, Adelaide co., 18 m. SSW. 
 Kapunda. P. < 1500. 
 
 Concordia, city, U.S., Kansas, Cloud co., on Republican R., 
 115 m. WNW. Topeka. P. <40oo. 
 
 Concordia, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, on the E. frontier, 
 N. of the parallel 31°. 
 
 Concordia Sagittaria, comm. , Italy, govt. , prov. , and 34 m. 
 NE. Venice, on 1. bk. of the Limene. P. <30oo. 
 
 Concnd, vil., Spain, in S. of Aragon, prov. and dist. Teruel, 
 with numerous Miocene mammalian remains. 
 
 Condado de TrcTlno, comm., Spain, prov. Burgos, dist. 
 Miranda de Ebro. P. <4000. 
 
 Condah, post-tn., Victoria, Normanby co., near Lake C, 
 175 m. W. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Condamlne, or Balonne, riv. , eastern Australia, flows NW. , 
 then SW., then divides into three streams, the Culgoa, Bok- 
 hara, and Narran, the westernmost of which, the Culgoa, joins 
 the Darling above Bourke, New South Wales. 
 
 Condamlne, post-tn., Queensland, Rogers co., 170 m. W. 
 by N. Brisbane. Mean rfall. (6 yrs.), yr. 24.13 in. P. < 1500. 
 
 CondapiUy. See Kondapilli. 
 
 CoTid^, Condat, from Ceixic condate, 'confluence.' 
 
 Conde, ct. vil. , Brazil, Bahia, 98 m. NE. Sao Salvador. 
 
 Conde, or Coral, vil, U.S., S. Dakota, Spink co., 120 m. 
 ENE. Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cond^-en>Brie, tn., France, dep. Aisne, on the Surmelin, 18 
 m. W. by S. Epernay, 8 m. ESE. Chateau Thierry. P. <20oo. 
 
 Condega, viL, Nicaragua, 78 m. N. by W. Managua. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Conder Green, stn., Eng., Lancashire, near Lancaster, on a 
 branch of the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Conderton, par., Eng., on the S. border of Worcestershire, 
 Evesham div. , 5 m. NE. by E. Tewkesbury, i^ m. NW. Beck- 
 ford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cond^-sur-l'Escant, fortified tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. 
 and 7 m. NNE. Valenciennes. Entrep6t for the coal of Belgium 
 and the Valenciennes basin. P. <3000. 
 
 Cond^-snr-Noirean, industrial tn., France, on the S. border 
 of dep. Calvados, arr. Vire, 17 m. W. by S. Falaise. Birthplace 
 and with a statue of Admiral Dumont d'Urville. P. 6100. 
 
 Cond^-snr-Sarthe, vil., France, dep. Orne, arr. and 3 m. 
 W. Alen9on, with granite quarries and crystals ('diamonds of 
 Alenfon'). P. < 2000. 
 
 Condesnyos, prov. of dep. Arequipa, S. Peru, with gold-mines. 
 
 Condicote, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 12 
 m. SE. by S. Evesham, 5 m. WNW. Addlestrop stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Condillac, vil, France, dep. Drome, arr. Mont(51imar, cant. 
 Marsanne ; bicarbonate of lime waters exported. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Condoltolin, post-tn. , New South Wales, Cunningham co. , 
 on the r. bk. of the Lachlan, 145 m. W. by N. Bathurst, with 
 copper-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Condom, tn., France, dep. Gers, on the G61ise, 22 m. SW. 
 
 365 
 
COND — CONG 
 
 Agen, with fine Gothic cathedral (commencement of i6th cen- 
 tury), cap. arr. C. P. < 5000. 
 
 Condons and Clangibtwn, bar. , Ire. , in the NE. of co. Cork, 
 
 Condor, isL See Palo«Condor. 
 
 Condorcet, vil. , France, dep. Drome, arr. and 6 m. NE. 
 Nyons, with mineral waters. The Caritat family, of which the 
 famous philosopher, the Marquis de C, was a member, origi- 
 nally belonged to this village. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Condoroma, silver-mine, Peru, in NE. of dep. Arequipa, 
 prov. Caylloma, 
 
 Condor' rat, viL , Scot. , Dumbartonshire, on Luggie Water, 
 S m. NNW. Airdrie, ij m. W. by S. Cumbernauld stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Condove, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 18 m. WNW. 
 Turin, on the Mont Cenis Rly. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Con'doTcr, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 4^ m. S. 
 Shrewsbury, on the L. & NW. and G. W. Rlys., PMT.O.; 7542 
 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Condowie, settlement, S. Australia, Stanley co. , 91 m. SSE. 
 Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Condrlea, tn. , France, on the S. border of dep. Rh6ne, on 
 the r. bk. of the Rhone, 7 m. SW. by W. Vienne. P. <20oo. 
 
 Condroz, dist., in the SE. of Belgium, provs. Namur, Li^ge, 
 and Luxemburg, on the E. and S. of the Meuse, which separates 
 it from the dist. of Hesbaye ; noted for its fertility. The Condrusi 
 of Caesar were the inhabitants of this region. 
 
 Condncla Bay, bay, Portuguese E. Africa, a little to the N. 
 of Mozambique, in 14° 53' S. 
 
 Cone 'cull, riv. , U.S., rises in Alabama, and flows through 
 Florida into Pensacola Bay ; navigable for more than 100 m. 
 
 Conecoh, co., U.S., Alabama, N. of 31° N., and midway 
 between E. and W. frontiers. 
 
 Conegllano, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 15 m. N. by E. 
 Treviso, with manufactures of woollen and silk fabrics. P. 8000. 
 
 Conejo, tn., S. America, Colombia, Tolima, on L bk. Mag- 
 dalena, 75 m. SE. by E. Medellin. Alt. 600 ft. 
 
 Conejos (ko-ne'hos), co., U.S., Colorado, on the S. frontier, 
 crossed by 106° W. 
 
 Conejos, settlement, U.S., Colorado, C. co., 170 m. E. of the 
 SW. corner of the state. 
 
 Conejos Peak, mt., U.S., Colorado, in the NW. of C. co., 
 140 m. E. by N. of the SW. corner of the state. 
 
 Cone'maogh, East, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Cambria co., 
 on Conemaugh R. (one of the headwaters of the Kiskiminetas), 
 60 m. E. by S. Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Conero, Monte, mt. , Italy, on the E. ct. , 7 m. SE. by S. 
 Ancona. Alt. 1875 ft 
 
 Conesa, fort and settlement, Argentine Republic, on L bk. 
 Rio Negro, in 40° S. 
 
 Conestoga, vil., Canada, Ontario, Waterloo co., 8 m. N. 
 Berlin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Conesto'ga, settlement, U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co., 
 38 m. SE. by E. Harrisburg. 
 
 Cone'sns, vil., U.S., New York, co. Livingston, bounded W. 
 by C. Lake. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coneto, tn. , Mexico, state of, and about 70 m. N. Durango ; 
 immense deposits of tin near. 
 
 Coney Harlmor, an inlet off White Bay, Newfoundland, on 
 the E. ct. , in 50° N. 
 
 Coneyhnrst Common, Eng., Sussex, div. and 6 m. SW. 
 Horsham, \\ m. SE. Billingshurst stn. 
 
 Coney, isl. , Ire. , S. co. Clare, in R. Fergus. 
 
 Coney Island, Ire., off NE. ct. of co. Sligo, in Sligo Bay, 
 with two lighthouses. 
 
 Coney Island, part of Long I., U.S., New York, stretching 
 about 7 m. from E. to W. , 5 m. S. Brooklyn. Popular watering- 
 place of New York city ; the extreme W. end of a sand-bar. 
 With fine stretch of beach 5 m. long. P. <40oo. 
 
 Coueystborpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div., 14J m. NE. by N. York, 4^ m. W. Malton, 
 2\ m. SSW. Barton-le-Street stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Coneythorpe and Clareton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Ripon div., 3 m. ENE. Knaresborough, i m. NNE. 
 Goldsborough stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Coney Weston, par., Eng., Suffolk, 3 m, from Hopton. 
 P.O. P. <25o. See Barnlngiiam. 
 
 Confey, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. N. Salt, on the Royal 
 Canal, i m. NW. Lucan stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Conflans, from Latin Confiuentes, ' confluent * (rivers). 
 
 Conflans, or Conflans inr Lanteme, vil., France, dep. 
 Haute Sa6ne, on the Sa6ne, arr. Lure, 42 m. N. by E. Besan9on, 
 14 m. N. by E. Vesoul, with iron-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Conflans, tn., France, dep. Meurthe-et- Moselle, on the 
 Orne, 15 m. W. by N. Metz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Conflans, a former tn. of Savoy. See Albertrille. 
 
 Conflans I'AreheT^qne, or Conflans les Carrter^s, viL, 
 France, dep. Seine, at the confluence of the Seine and Marne, 
 with ancient castle of the Archbishops of Paris, now used as a 
 Roman Catholic school P. <:20go. 
 
 Conflans Ste. Homorine, tn., France, dep. Seine et Oise, 
 366 
 
 arr. Versailles, on the Seine, a little above the confluence of the \ 
 Oise, 15 m. NW. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Conflent, small dist., France, Pyr6n6es-Orien tales, in the I 
 middle portion of the T6t valley, old prov. of Roussillon. i 
 
 Confleutl, comm., Italy, prov. Catanzaro, dist. and 7 m. N. j 
 Nicastro. P. <:4000. ! 
 
 Confluentia. See Koblenz. i 
 
 Confolens, tn. , France, dep. Charente, on the Vienne, 31 m. ' 
 WNW. Limoges ; cap. arr. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Conftaslon Bay, Newfoimdland, on the E. ct., with its 
 mouth in 50° N. , 55° 40-50' W. 
 
 Cong, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Cloonbur No. I. 
 
 Cong, par. and tn., Ire., SE. co. Mayo, bar. Kilmaine, and 
 CO. Galway, bar. Ross, 19^ m. SE. by S. Westport, on the 
 Kirer C, which connects Lough Mask with Lough Corrib ; 
 7 m. from Ballinrobe stn. , PMT. O. Par. 22,786 ac. , P. <5ooo ; 
 tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Congaree, riv., U.S., S. Carolina, formed by the junction of 
 the Broad and Saluda Rivs. at Columbia {q. v.), after flowing 
 about 30 m. SE. it tmites with the Wateree to form the Santee R. 
 
 Cougerstoue, p>ar., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 2.\ m. 
 NW. by W. Bosworth, i^ m. SW. Shakerstone Juna, P.O. j 
 P. <25o. I 
 
 Congbam, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, NW. div. , 7 m. N. King's ' 
 Lynn, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Congianns, gulf, Sardinia, in the NE., in 41° 2' N. 
 
 Congleton, par., mun. bor. (since the time of Henry III.), 
 and market-tn., Eng., Cheshire, on R. Dane, div. and 8 m. SW. 
 by S. Macclesfield, on the Macclesfield Canal, and the N. 
 Staflbrdshire Rly. ; has siUc, towel, and fustian factories, &c. 
 Market-day, S. P. (i8oi)<4ooo; (1851) 10,500; (1871) 11,300; 
 (1891) 10,700. C. Edge, a hill to the SE. 
 
 Congo, or Zaire, the largest riv. of equatorial Africa, and one 
 of the chief rivers of the earth. The length of its course is 2800 
 m. , and the total area of its river system is estimated to more than 
 1,000,000 sq. m. The enormous bend (NW.-SW.) which the 
 C. makes is due to the peculiar physical features of the country, 
 the highlands of central equatorial Africa sloping down to- 
 wards N. and W. , and the water-parting north of the C. reach- 
 ing far down towards the SW. The C. is a typical African 
 river, the middle C. being navigable for more than 900 m. , whilst 
 the lower course is obstructed by a great many cataracts and 
 rapids, the mighty stream forcing its way through the mountain 
 chains which surroimd the whole of S. Africa, W., S. , and E. 
 The upper C. is formed by the junction of two rivers, the Lualaba 
 and Luapula. The former flows in a NE. direction through 
 Msiri's and Kasongo's country, where it is fed by a number of 
 important tribs. ; it passes through a series of laJces, of which 
 the Upemba and Kissale are the most important. The Luapula 
 (in its upper course called Chambeze) rises in the highlands 
 NE. of Lake Bangweolo, and after passing through the marshes 
 of this lake, it makes a descent of not less than 1200 ft. to Lake 
 Meru (Mweru), and joins the Lualaba in 6° S. lat. Shortly after- 
 wards the river receives the Lukuga, which issues from Lake 
 Tanganyika. Further N., at Stanley Falls (seven falls and 
 cataracts between o" 20' S. and 0° 25' N.), the C. leaves the 
 highlands, here being the limit of its upper course. The middle 
 course of the C. , where it attains in places a width of several 
 miles, is characterised by the great bend (to 2° N. lat.), and by 
 the stupendous tribs. which pour their waters into the C. The 
 whole of the middle course is navigable. Principal tribs. , see 
 Congo Free State. The middle course ends at Stanley Pool, 
 a lake-like extension (alt 920 ft. ). Here the river commences its 
 lower course, forming a great many cataracts and rapids as it 
 forces its way through the mountain chains near the coast. 
 Three divisions may be distinguished in this part of the river, 
 firstly, from Leopoldville to Manyanga, where the C. passes 
 through crystalline schists ; secondly, from Manyanga to Vivi, 
 the region of the gneiss mts. ; and thirdly, the navigable por- 
 tion till Banana. The last part of the river, near its mouth, 
 is an estuary of about 7 m. in width. The upper course of the 
 C. is also navigable for long sUetches, but between about 4^° 
 and 5^° S. the navigation is stopped by rapids. The mouth 
 of the C. was discovered in 1484 by Diogo Cao. Livingstone 
 discovered several portions of the upper C, but the principal 
 explorer of this river is Stanley (1876-77). See Congo Free 
 State, I'rna, Lauda, Ciarenganze. [H. C S.] 
 
 Congo lYee State, an independent state in equatorial W. 
 Africa, extending from the Atlantic to Lake Tanganyika, and 
 from the Ubangi- Welle to Lake Bangweolo and Lake Dilolo 
 [see Angola]. It was founded in 1885 by the efforts and under 
 the sovereignty of Leopold II., King of the Belgians. But 
 already previously (soon after Stanley's discovery of the course 
 of the Congo), many efforts had been made to bring the vast 
 territories of the Congo Basin under European mfluence. 
 Many Eiu-opean stations were established (1879-1883), but the 
 majority of them had soon to be abandoned. At present the 
 following stations are still of importance : — Leopoldville, Kim- 
 boko, Bangala, Falls Station, Luebo, Lultiaburg, Bena Kamba, 
 and one on the Ubangi- Welle above Ali Kobbo's Seriba. The 
 
CONG — CONN 
 
 seat of the administration of the C. F. S. is at Brussels. The 
 C F S is peopled by numerous Bantu tribes, the most im- 
 Dortant "of which are the Warua, Manyema, Waregga, Wa- 
 tomba Bangala. Balolo, Bateke, Bakongo, Bakutu, Bakuba, 
 Baluba Bashilange, and Balunda. The prmcipal occupation 
 of these Bantu tribes is agriculture, and those livmg on the 
 Congo and its tribs. are excellent fishermen and boatmen. Dis- 
 persed among the Bantu live numerous pygmy tribes, the most 
 important of which are the Batwa, Wambutti, Achwa, and 
 Akka. Many of the natives are cannibals, e.g. , the Manyema, 
 Waregga, and the tribes on the Aruwimi and Welle. The most 
 densely populated districts are those on the Middle Congo and 
 on its southern tribs., whilst the enormous primeval forests 
 farther to the E. are more sparsely peopled. The E. terrs. of 
 the C. F. S. are under the influence of the Arabs who raid the 
 country for slaves and ivory. Nyangwe, on the Upper Congo, 
 is one of their principal settlements. The C. F. S. has at 
 present hardly any roads, but river communication is excellent, 
 and far better than anywhere else in Africa, not less than 5800 
 m. of the Congo and its tribs. being navigable, viz. : — 
 
 Miles. 
 Congo between Stanley Pool and Stanley Falls . 990 
 
 Kasai-Sankurru and its tribs i860 
 
 Chuapa, Ikelemba, and Lake Mantumba . . 450 
 
 Lulongo 370 
 
 Boloko 600 
 
 Ubangi- Welle 600 
 
 Various other tribs. 93° 
 
 The rapids and cataracts of the Lower Congo are, however, a 
 great hindrance to navigation and commerce, but a railway 
 of 260 miles length is being constructed, which will connect 
 Matadi with Stanley Pool. There are only small import 
 and export duties ; and commerce and navigation are every- 
 where free. Under these circumstances, the C. F. S. has to 
 rely chiefly upon its natural resources. The principal of these 
 are ivory, caoutchouc, palm-nuts, coffee, palm-oil, and copal, 
 the total value of these being at present estimated at about 
 ;^30o,ooo per annum. This is not sufficient to cover the neces- 
 sary expenses, and great efforts have to be made to render the 
 enterprise a success. Banana, at the mouth of the Congo, is a 
 good harbour. The cUmate is on the whole unhealthy, especially 
 in the lowlands of the rivers ; on the higher plateaux of the S. 
 dists. the changes of temperature are considerable, but fevers are 
 less dangerous. The area of the C. F. S. is about 925,000 sq. 
 m. (more than ten times the area of Great Britain). The pop. 
 is uncertain, the different statistics varying from 12,000,000- 
 40,000,000 [Congo]. [H. €1. S.] 
 Congonlms de Sabara, Brazil, Minas Geraes. See Sabara. 
 Congreboy, riv.. Central America, Honduras, flows N., and 
 enters the Caribbean Sea 55 m. WSW. Trujillo. A few miles 
 above its mouth is a peak of same name, 8000 ft. above the sea. 
 Congresbury, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., on the Yeo, 
 7 m. E. by N. Weston-super-Mare, on the G. W. R., PM.O. ; 
 4307 ac. P. < 1500 ; eccles. par. (C. with Wick) P. < 1500. 
 CongreTC, Eng. See Corngreaves. 
 Couhocton, vil., U.S. See Cobocton. 
 i'ouhocton, riv., U.S., New York. See Cbemnug. 
 Conl, French form of the Italian tn. and prov. Cuneo. 
 ~ tnlbos, Indians of the upper basin of the Amazon. 
 .jnle Castle, ancient entrenchment, Eng., Dorsetshire, W. 
 ,, 4^ m. NNE. Lyme Regis. 
 
 tonU, tn., Spain, prov. Cadiz, on the ct., 21 m. SE. by S. 
 Jiz, with tunny and sardine fisheries. P. 5400. 
 Boningbeg, islet. Ire., about 7 m. off the S. ct. of co. Wex- 
 |fd, in 6° 39^' W. 
 
 tniiigmore, islet. Ire., about s| m. off the S. ct. of co. 
 Sxford, in 6° 36' W. 
 
 loningsby (kun'ingz-bi), par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lind- 
 „^ div., on the Bain, ii^ m. NW. by N. Boston, i^ m. NE. 
 Tattershallstn., PMT.O. P.<iSoo. 
 Conlngton, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div., 10 
 ' NW. by W. Cambridge, 3 m. SW. Swavesey stn. P. <2So. 
 '' >iiliigton, par. , Eng. , Huntingdonshire, 3 m. from Sawtry, 
 _. SW. Holme stn., P.O. (Connlngton). P.<soo. 
 I!onl8brongb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the 
 )n, div. and 5 m. SW. by W. Doncaster, on the M. R. and 
 ^ S. & L. R., PMT.O. (Coiilsborongb) ; 4296 ac. P. <450O- 
 I^ConlsclUre, Hlgb and Low, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 —Jurham, SE. div., on the 1. bk. of the Tees. High C. (with 
 P.O.), 4 m. W. Darhngton, i m. SE. Piercebridge stn. High 
 C. P. <5oo; Low C. P. <:25o. 
 
 Conlsbead Priory (kon'is-hed), monastic establishment of 
 12th century, now a hydropathic establishment, Eng. , Lanca- 
 shire, 8 m. NE. Bai-row. with a stn. on the Fumess Rly. 
 KConlsbolme, ct. par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 
 an. NE. Louth, 5^ m. E. Ludborough stn. P. <2So. 
 eConlston, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div. , 
 \m. NE. Hull, I m. ESE. Swine stn., P.O. P. <:2So. 
 [Coniston Cbnrcb, par. and vil. , Eng. , Lancashire, N. Lons- 
 
 dale div., on C. Water, 14 m. W. by N. Kendal, with stn. 
 (C. Lake) on the Fumess Rly.; copper ore mined, and slate 
 quarried. Old Man of C. , a mountain in the W. , alt. 2633 ft. 
 PMT.O. 7424 ac. Par. P. < 1000. 
 
 Conlstou Cold, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton 
 div., on the Aire, 14^ m. N. by E. Burnley, i m. S. Bell Busk 
 stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 €onl«tone wltb KUnsey, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Skipton div., on the Wharfe, 21 m. W. Ripon, 8^ m. NE. by 
 N. Bell Busk stn. ; 8646 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 Couiston Water, lake, Eng., in the extreme N. of Lanca- 
 shire, 13 m. W. Kendal ; 147 ft. above sea-level, 6 m. long by 
 J m. wide, drained S. by the Crake into the estuary of the Leven. 
 See Euglisb Lake District. 
 
 Conlveall, mt. , Scot. , on the S. border of Sutherland, 6 m. 
 SW. by W. of the head of Loch Shin. Alt. 3234 ft. 
 
 ConJeTaram, or Conjeeveram (census), municip., Brit. 
 India, Madras, dist. and 23 m. NW. by W. Chengalpat, 42 m. 
 WSW. Madras ; one of the seven holy cities of India, with two 
 of the largest temples in S. India ; annual fair in May. P. (i88i) 
 37,300; (1891)42,500; Hindus, 41,100. 
 
 Conjo, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Santiago. P. 
 6200. 
 
 Conlle, comm., France, dep. Sarthe, 13 m. NW. Le Mans. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Conll^ge, vil. , France, dep. Jura, 37 m. E. by S. Chalon-sur- 
 Sa6ne, 3 m. SE. by E. Lons-le-Saulnier. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Conlig, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Down, bar. Lower Ards, 3 m. N. 
 by E. Newton Ards, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Coiui, Lough, lake. Ire., N. co. Mayo. Height, 41 ft. above 
 sea-level. Including Lough Annagh and Lough Culhn, it is 
 II m. long, and from 2 to 4 m. broad. 
 
 Conua, tn., Ire., NE. co. Cork, bar. Kinnatalloon, 8 m. SE. 
 by E. Fermoy, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Connah's Quay, eccles. par. and seapt. vil. , Wales, Fhnt- 
 shire, on the 1. bk. of the Dee, 4 m. SE. by E. Fhnt, on the 
 L. & NW. R., PMT.O. Patent shp, length 264 ft. Eccles. par. 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Connanght, prov.. Ire. (^.v.). 
 
 Coiiuanght Road, stn. , London, Eng. See "Victoria Docks. 
 
 Cou'neant, vil., U.S., Ohio, Ashtabula co., 68 m. NE. by E. 
 Cleveland. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Conueautville, settlement, U.S., Pennsylvarua, Crawford 
 CO. , 30 m. SSW. Erie. . 
 
 Couuecticnt (kon-net'i-kut), riv., U.S., the largest in New 
 England, rises on N. border of New Hampshire, separates that 
 state from Vermont, traverses Massachusetts and C, and enters 
 Long Island Sound, 30 m. E. New Haven, after a S. course of 
 about 450 m. It has shad fisheries, and is navigable for vessels 
 drawing 8 ft. 50 m. up to Hartford. Its W. branch (Hall's 
 Stream) forms the boundary between the U.S. and Canada to 
 45° N. Area of basin, 10,800 sq. m. 
 
 Counectlcnt, lake, U.S., New Hampshire, in the N. of Coos 
 CO., 17 m. SW. by S. of the NE. corner of the state, traversed 
 by Connecticut R. ,^ • • 1 / 
 
 Connecticut (a native, Algonquin, name, Qumni-tuk-ui, 
 ' long river ' ; also written in 17th century deeds Quinetucquet 
 and Quenticutt), one of the thirteen original states of the U.S., 
 E. of New York and N. of Long Island Sound. Rivers form 
 the main topographical features of the state, the principal being 
 the Connecticut R. (?.».), which flows S. through the centre ; m 
 the E. is the Thames, with a navigable estuary, and in the 
 W. the Farmington, a trib. of the C. , and the Housatonic ; 
 following the line of the last-named is the principal range of 
 hills in the state, culminating in Bear Mt. (2355 ft.). Archaean 
 rocks predominate, traversed N. and S. by a belt of Tnassic 
 formations, with post-Tertiary deposits in the C. valley. As to 
 cUmate, see New Haven, New London, and under United 
 States. The principal agricultural product, for export, is 
 tobacco ; fruits and vegetables are widely cultivated for honae 
 use. The minerals comprise iron ore (brown hematite) ; 
 building stones are, however, the most important minerals, m- 
 cluding sandstone, extensively quarried at Portland, marble, 
 limestone, slates, and flagging, the last, for which Bolton and 
 Haddam are noted, being largely supplied to New York and 
 Washington. C. is pre-eminently a manufacturing and inven- 
 tion-producing state ; machines and instruments of all kinds for 
 domestic, farming, manufacturing, and scientific purposes are 
 produced in large quantities, besides a great variety of fire-arms. 
 Chief towns. New Haven, the cap., Hartford, Bridgeport, 
 Waterbury, Meriden, New Britain. C. was visited in 1614 by 
 Adriaen Blok, a Dutchman, and subsequently colonised by 
 Dutch settlers and later by English Puritans. Its charter of 
 1639 was the first embodiment in America of the principle ot 
 free representation. Area, 4990 sq. m. P. (1890) 746,258. 
 See United States, table. 
 
 Connel Ferry, stn., Scot., Argyllshire, on the C. K., 4 m. 
 NE. by E. Oban, close to the ferry of the same name across 
 the mouth of Loch Etive, PMT.O. (Connel). 
 ConneU, bar.. Ire., in the middle of co. Kildare. 
 
 oo7 
 
CONN — CONS- 
 
 Connell, settlement, U.S., Washington, Franklin co., 48 m. 
 NW. by N. Walla Walla. 
 
 Connello, Lower, bar. , Ire. , in N. and W. of co. Limerick. 
 
 Connello, Upper, bar. , Ire. , S. co. Limerick. 
 
 ConnellSTlIle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Fayette co., 44 m. 
 SE. by S. Pittsburg ; manufactures immense quantities of 
 coke of high quality. P. (1880) 3615 ; (1890) 5629. 
 
 Connel Park, vil., Scot., Ayrshire, i^ m. SW. New Cum- 
 nock. P. <75o. 
 
 Connemara ( ' The Bays of the Ocean '), dist. , Ire. , in the W. 
 of CO. Galway, bar. Ballynahinch, length 30 m., breadth 15-20 
 m. , consisting principally of bogs and mountains, interspersed 
 with lakes. It is subdivided into C. proper in the W., Yar- (or 
 Jar-) Connaught in the S., and Joyce country in the N. 
 
 Connemara, pari, div.. Ire., co. Galway. P. 56,200. 
 
 ConnersTllle, city, U.S., Indiana, Fayette co., 53 m. E. by 
 S. Indianapolis. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Coiin^table, lies da, two rocky isls. , French Guiana, 7 m. 
 from the coast, almost opposite the mouth of the Aprouague. 
 
 Conuewarre, fresh-water lake, Victoria, near Geelong. 
 
 Connewitz, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 2 m. S. by W. Leipzig. 
 P. (1890) 10,600. 
 
 €oiuiliigsbiirgh, ancient par. and hamlet, Scot., Shetland, 
 9 m. SW. Lerwick, P.O. (Cniuilngsbargh). 
 
 Connlngton, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 8^ 
 m. S. by W. Peterborough, i^ m. SW. by W. Hohne stn., P.O. ; 
 3089 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Connlngton, Eng. , Huntingdonshire. See Conlngton. 
 
 Connolly, P. O. , Ire. , 9 m. from Ennis, co. Clare. 
 
 Connoor, vil., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Chengalpat, 5 m. 
 NW. by W. of the Government House, Madras. P. < 5000. 
 
 Connor, par. and tn., Ire., SW. co. Antrim, bar. Lower 
 Antrim, 6^ m. N. Antrim, i m. from Kells stn. Par. 17,140 ac, 
 P. 5900; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Connor Uown.s, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 2 m. from Hayle. 
 
 Conococheagne (kon'o-ko-chig'), viL, U.S., Maryland, co. 
 Washington, on C. Creek, trib. of the Potomac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Conon, riv. , Scot. See Conan. 
 
 Conon, or Conon Bridge, vil. , Scot. , Ross-shire, on riv. C. , 
 2 m. S. Dingwall, with a stn. on the H. R., PMT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Con'onley witb Bradley, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 13 m. NE. Burnley, div. and 3 m. S. Skipton, on the M. R., 
 PM.O. Par. P. < 1000; eccles. par. (C. St. John) P. < 1500. 
 
 Conor's Island, Ire. , off the N. ct. of co. Sligo, in long. 8° 31' W. 
 
 Conqaerall, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, Lunenburg 
 CO., near La Have R. , 8 m. from Bridgewater. 
 
 Conqnes, tn., France, dep. Aude, 6 m. NE. by N. Carcas- 
 sonne. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Conqnes, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, 48 m. N. by E. Albi. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Conqaet, Le, vil., France, dep. Finist^re, 8| m. SW. Saint- 
 Renan, with a port safe but only accessible to ships of not more 
 than 100 tons. P. <20oo. 
 
 Conry, par., Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Rathconrath, 8 m. 
 W. MuUingar. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cons, comm., France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, on the 
 Chiers, 22 m. WSW. Luxemburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Consall, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Cheadle tmion. P. <25o. 
 
 Consecon, vil., Canada, Ontario, Prince Edward co. , on 
 Lake Ontario, 54 m. WSW. Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Consellce, comm., Italy, prov. and 24 m. SSE. Ravenna; 
 trade in rice, corn, and hemp. P. 7000. 
 
 Conselre, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 11 m. S. Padua. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Conserans, dist. , France. See Cons^rans, Le. 
 
 Consett, tn. and eccles. par., Eng., Durham, NW. div., ii^ 
 m. WNW. Durham, on the NE. R., with coal-mines and iron- 
 works. Tn. P. 8200 ; eccles. par. (C. Clirlstctanrcli) P. 8100. 
 
 Conshotaock'en, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. Montgomery, 
 13 m. NW. Philadelphia by rail ; has iron manufactiu-es. P. 
 5500. 
 
 Conslde and Knltsley, par., Eng., Durham, Lanchester 
 imion. P. 8800. 
 
 Constable, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Worcester, 60 m. 
 N. by W. Swellendam, on the railway to Kimberley. 
 
 Constablevllle, settlement, U.S., New York, Lewis co., 54 
 m. E. by N. Oswego. 
 
 Constance, Ger. Constanz, or Konstanz, ancient Con- 
 staniia, city and busy lake-port, Ger. , gd.-duchy Baden, occupy- 
 ing the only terr. belonging to Germany on the S. side of the Lake 
 of C. , at the place where that lake communicates with the arm 
 known as the Untersee (' Lower Lake '), and where the Rhine 
 issues from it, 35 m. NE. Zurich. Chief edifices, a cathedral, 
 the Kaufhaus, in which the famous Council of C. sat from 1414 
 to 1418 (and which deposed three anti-popes, and condemned 
 Hus and Jerome of Prague) ; an ancient palace, a grand ducal 
 residence. One of its suburbs is connected with it by a long 
 covered bridge across the Rhine. Manufactures of cotton 
 goods, carpets, chemicals, sacking, &c. C. is said to have been 
 founded in 378 a.d. by Constantius Chlorus as a bulwark 
 368 
 
 against the Alemanni. In the Middle Ages, when it reached 
 the height of its prosperity fat the time of the Council it was 
 able to receive 20,000 visitors), it was frequently called Kostnitz. 
 It was annexed to the Austrian dominions in 1549, and to 
 Baden in 1805. P. (1871) 10,100; (1890) 16,200. 
 
 Constance, Lake of, Ger. Boden-See, ancient Brigantinus 
 lacus, lake, between Switzd. , Ger. (Baden, Wlirtemberg, and 
 Bavaria), and Austria (Tirol), traversed from E. to W. by the 
 Rhine. Near Constance it separates into two branches, Unter- 
 see on the W. , and UeberUngen-see on the NW. of Constance. 
 The occurrence of seiches (locally called russ) has been observed 
 here [Geneva, Lake of]. The lake is rarely frozen over. Two 
 cases are recorded in the 19th century (1830 and 1880, on the 
 latter occasion from the 7th to the 20th of Feb.), one in the i8th 
 (1789). Length along centre of lake, 46. 5 m. ; extreme breadth, 
 8 m. ; elevation above the sea, 1305 ft.; greatest depth, 827 ft.; 
 area, 206.8 sq. m.; volume, 11. 5 cubic m. 
 
 Constanfa, Roumania. See Knstenji. 
 
 Constantia, Cyprus. See Famagusta. 
 
 Constantlna, to., Spain, prov. and 40 m. NE. by N. Seville, 
 with lead-mines ; timber hewn in large quantity. P. 12,00c. 
 
 Constantlne, the ancient Cir/a, fortified city and bishopric, 
 Algeria, cap. dep. C. (of which the other chief towns are 
 Philippeville and Bona on the coast, Setif and El Wad in the 
 interior), on a detached rocky height, siurounded on three sides 
 by ravines, crossed in one place by a Roman bridge (in 36° 22' 
 21" N. , 6° 37' E.), elsewhere by four natural bridges. At the 
 bottom of the ravines iiows the Wad Rummel, here a turbid 
 and filthy stream. Has Roman remains, and a citadel on the 
 site of the ancient Numidian fortress, rising 300 ft. above the 
 level of the rock. Manufactures saddlery and leathern goods, 
 and exports com to Tunis. Taken by the French, October 13, 
 1837, after two memorable sieges. Alt. 2165 ft. Mean temp. , 
 yr. 6o°F., Jan. 45.6°, July 80.4°. P. (1872)30,300; (1891)40,700. 
 See Algeria. 
 
 Constantlne, par., Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., on riv. Hel- 
 ford, 5 m. SW. by W. Falmouth, PM.O.; 8021 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Constantlne, vil., U.S., Michigan, St. Joseph co., on St. 
 Joseph R. , 62 m. E. of the SW. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Constantlne Bay, Eng. , NW. ct. Cornwall, in 50° 32' N. 
 
 Constantinople, called by the Turks Istambol, Stambol, or 
 Stambnl (a corruption of the Greek ih ttjv irdXiv, ' into the 
 city '), the chief seaport and cap. of the Turkish, as formerly of 
 the Byzantine or Lower Roman empire, near the E. extremity 
 of European Turkey, separated by the Bosporus (here about i 
 m. wide) from Asia Minor. Lat. (Mosque of St. Sophia) 41° o' 
 16" N., long. 28" 59' 14" 1-.. C. comprises, besides the city 
 proper (occupying a triangular promontory between the Sea of 
 Marmora, the Bosporus, and its inlet the 'Golden Horn"), the 
 European town N. of the inlet, consisting of Pera, Galata, and 
 Top-hina, and the Turkish town of Skutari on the Asiatic side 
 of the Bosporus. The project of connecting the European with 
 the Asiatic side by a foot and railway bridge is now under con- 
 sideration. The city proper is enclosed by a triple range of 
 walls 12^ m. in circuit, is built on seven low hills, and traversed 
 by a small stream, the Lycus. Externally it has an imposing 
 appearance, with its picturesque mosques, cupolas, and minarets, 
 its cemeteries interspersed with cypresses, and its port crowded 
 with shipping, including numbers of caiques ; but internally it 
 consists mostly of a labyrinth of crooked, ill-paved, and dirty 
 lanes, and a crowd of small, low houses, many of which are 
 built of wood, though the frequent occurrence of destructive fires 
 has led to the erection of improved buildings. The extreme 
 point of the city on the E. is occupied by the ' Seraglio,' formerly 
 the private domain of the Sultan, and containing also various 
 state offices, on the site of the ancient Byzantium. It is sepa- 
 rated from the rest of the city by a tower-flanked wall, pierced 
 by several gates, the chief of which, the Bab-i-Humayum, or 
 ' SubUme Porte ' (burned to the ground in 1863), has given its 
 name to the Turkish government. The new palace built by 
 Abdul Mejid is on the W. shore of the Bosporus, 2 or 3 m. N. 
 of the old Seraglio. To the W. of the old palace is the noble 
 mosque of St. Sophia, originally a Christian cathedral, built 
 between 531 and 558 a.d., at a cost equivalent to ;^i,ooo,oc)o. 
 This edifice is in the form of a Greek cross, 269 ft. in length by 
 143 ft. in breadth (in its interior), and surmounted by a flattened 
 dome 180 ft. above the ground. The interior, in which are 
 numerous large columns, a floor of variegated marble, and 
 bronze gates, was renovated 1847-49, ^"d now presents a mag- 
 nificent appearance. Near St. Sophia is the mosque of Akhmet, 
 on the .'\t-meidan, or ' Horse square,' the ancient Hippodrome, 
 a space 300 yards in length by 150 in breadth, and on which 
 are also the Theban obelisk of Theodosius, the broken pyramid 
 of Constantlne Porphyrogenitus, and the identical brass column 
 which supported the tripod in the temple of Delphi. Other 
 antiquities in C. are the burnt column erected by Constantine 
 the Great, a part of the column of Arcadius, the pillar of Marcius, 
 pillars from Troy in the Valide mosque, the aqueduct of Valens, 
 and several subterranean cisterns, of which the principal, called 
 by the Turks the ' thousand and one columns,' is a vault about 
 
CONS — CONT 
 
 200 ft. in length and from 160 to 180 ft. in breadth, supported 
 by 424 columns. At the SW. angle of the city is the citadel of 
 the Seven Towers. Connected with the mosques are libraries, 
 various charitable institutions, caravanserais, and baths. There 
 is a university, erected in 1847 ; government naval, military, and 
 medical colleges, as well as numerous inferior schools, and forty 
 public libraries. The bazaars are extensive and well supplied, 
 but have no architectural beauty. The city proper comprises 
 separate quarters for the Jews, Armenians, and Greeks ; that of 
 the last, ' the Fanar,' extends along the shore of the ' Golden 
 Horn. ' The suburbs on the N. side of this inlet are connected 
 with Stambul by two bridges of boats. Pera (g.v.), the resid- 
 ence of the ambassadors and of the principal Europeans, occupies 
 the summit and slope of a hill at the foot of which is Galata, the 
 merchant and shipping quarter ; adjoining the latter on the 
 Bosporus is Top-hana, so called from its cannon-foundry. 
 Farther along the shore is the magnificent palace of Dolma- 
 bachka, the modern residence of the Sultan. W. of Pera is 
 Kissim-Pasha, the seat of the admiralty ; and still farther W, 
 Haskoi, occupied by Jews and Armenians. Near the head of 
 the Golden Horn, on the S. side, is the picturesque village of 
 Eyyub (q.v.). The manufactures of C, which are very limited, 
 include, besides cannon-founding, carpets and silks. The Golden 
 Horn forms a magnificent natural harbour, about 4^ m. SE. to 
 N W. , breadth varying from i to 4 furlongs. It is deep enough 
 to float ships of the largest size, can receive 1200 sail of the line, 
 and is always full of mercantile and other vessels, with a vast 
 number of caiques, graceful light boats, which here form the 
 principal vehicles of transport. There are four graving docks, 
 the largest of which, 400 ft. by 100 ft., has a depth of 35 ft.; 
 a floating dock accommodates vessels up to 1500 tons. Quay- 
 age is limited, and vessels are loaded and discharged by lighters. 
 The principal exports are mohair, opium, yellow berries, and 
 gum tragacanth ; also carpets and lambskins. The transit trade 
 has suffered of late years owing to more direct means of com- 
 munication with Persia and Turkish Kurdistan. Since 1888 C. 
 has been connected by express railway service with western 
 Europe. Originally a Greek colony, said to have been founded 
 B.C. 667, it became, in the time of Vespasian, a Roman prov. 
 Constantine transferred thither the seat of the empire, and 
 caused the new cap. to be built. Twice destroyed by earth- 
 quakes, and afterwards burnt to the ground, it was rebuilt by 
 Justinian in the 6th century. In 1453 the city was taken by 
 
 Mahomet II., from whose time dates the use of the name Stam- 
 bul. During the Crimean war the allied armies defended it 
 against Russia. The climate is healthy but very variable, and, 
 especially in winter and spring, subject to great vicissitudes. 
 Rheumatic affections and mild intermittent fevers are the most 
 common diseases. Mean temp. , yr. 57.6°, Feb. 41.7°, Tuly 73.9°; 
 rfall. (38 yrs.), 28.23 in. P. (1885) 874,000. 
 
 Constanz, city, Ger. See Constance. 
 
 Constitnclfto, Brazil. See Plracicaba. 
 
 Coustltnclon, founded in 1794 under the name of Nuevo 
 Bilbao, tn., Chile, prov. Maule, near the mouth of the Rio 
 Maule, 165 m. S. by W. Valparaiso, in 35° 19° S.; roadstead 
 with dangerous shifting bar, due to the sands washed down by 
 the R. Maule ; railway to Talca in progress. P. (1885) 6500. 
 
 Constltntlon Hill, post-tn., Tasmania, Monmouth co. , 27 
 m. from Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Consaegra, tn., Spain, prov. and 35 m. SE. by S. Toledo ; 
 manufacture of coarse cloth ; in great part destroyed by a flood, 
 Sept. 11-12, 1891, when more than half of the population is 
 said to have perished. P. (1887) 7600. 
 
 Contal, tn., India, prov. Bengal, cap. C, sub-div. of dist. 
 Midnapur, 65 m. SW. Calcutta, on a hill 12 m. from the Hugli. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Contarina, comm., Italy, prov. Rovigo, circle S. Adria, on 
 1. bk. of the Po. P. 6000. 
 
 Coutas, Rio de, riv., Brazil, in the S. of Bahia, flows E. 
 into the Atlantic, in 14° 20' S. 
 
 Contes, viL, France, dep. Alpes Maritimes, 8 m. NNE. 
 Nice. P. < 2000. 
 
 Contessa, a name sometimes given to the Gulf of Orphani 
 (Orfani), .(Egean Sea, after a ruined town at the mouth of the 
 Struma. 
 
 Contessa-Entelllna, comm., Sicily, prov. Palermo, circle 
 and 9 m. SW. Corleone. P. <400o. 
 
 Conthey, or €nndl8, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, 2J m. W. 
 Sion. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Contl, tn. , France. See Conty. 
 
 Contlcb, tn., Belgium, prov. and 6 m. SSE. Antwerp. 
 P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Contln, par., Scot., Ross-shire, 6 m. W, by S. Dingwall, 3 
 m. SW. by S. Auchtemeed stn., PT.O.; 179,276 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Continents. The following particulars are given in tabular 
 form for the sake of comparison : — 
 
 
 Extreme Point of Mainland. 
 
 North. 1 South. 
 
 East. 
 
 West. 
 
 Europe . . 
 Asia . . , 
 Africa . . 
 N. America. 
 S. America. 
 Australia . 
 
 Cape Nordkyn,i 71° 6' N. 
 North East Cape, 77' 30' N. 
 Raz Engela, 37° 21' N. 
 Point Barrow, 71° 23' 31" N. 
 Point Gallinas, 12° 25' N. 
 Cape York, 10° 41' S. 
 
 Penin. of Tarifa,2 36*0' 20" N. 
 Cape Romania, 1° 22' 30" N. 
 Cape Agulhas, 34° 51' 15" S. 
 Punta Muriato, 7° lo' N. 
 Cape Froward, 53° 53' 43" S. 
 Wilson's Promontory, 39° 8' S. 
 
 N. End of Ural Mts., 66° 20' E. 
 
 East Cape, 169° 44' W. 
 
 Ras Hafun,3 51' 27' 52" E. 
 
 Cape Charles (Labrador), 55° 35' W. 
 
 Cap Sao Roque, 35° 17' 26" W. 
 
 Cape Byron, 153° 38' E. 
 
 Cape Roca, 9° 27' 12" W. 
 
 Baba Burun, 26° 4' E. 
 
 Cape Verde, 17° 33' 22" W. 
 
 Cape Prince of Wales, 167° S9'2o" W. 
 
 Punta Pariiia, 81° 20' W. 
 
 Steep Point, 113° 10' E. 
 
 Europe 
 Asia 
 
 Eurasia 
 
 Africa . 
 N. America . 
 S. America . 
 America 
 
 Australia 
 Oceanic Islands 
 Polar Regions 
 
 Total 
 
 Area in ntillioes of 
 square miles. 
 
 Rohr- Wagner- 
 bach.4 Supan.5 
 
 3-55 
 16.18 
 19.73 
 11.27 
 
 7-45 
 
 6.80 
 
 14.25 
 
 2.93 
 
 3-76 
 17.04 
 20.80 
 11.28 
 
 7.9s 
 6.85 
 14.80 
 2.98 
 •73 
 1.73 
 
 48.18 62.32 
 
 Length of 
 Coast in 
 thousands 
 of miies.6 
 
 19.8 
 
 35-5 
 55.3 
 16. 1 
 28.1 
 15.6 
 43.8 
 
 124 
 
 Mean 
 
 Distance 
 
 from Sea. 
 
 Miles.7 
 
 209 
 482 
 433 
 
 417 
 292 
 
 343 
 317 
 214 
 
 381 
 
 Relative 
 
 Access! - 
 bility.7 
 
 I.71 
 I.61 
 1.99 
 1-54 
 1.77 
 1.44 
 2.29 
 1.52 
 
 Mean Height in feet 
 above Sea-level.8 
 
 Murray- 
 Supan.9 
 
 950 
 3085 
 
 203s 
 2000 
 2000 
 
 855 
 
 3.71 
 
 Lappar- 
 ent. 
 
 950 
 2885 
 
 1970 
 1770 
 
 1180 
 
 Population. 
 Wagner-Supan.* 
 
 Millions. 
 
 Per 
 
 357-38 
 825.95 
 
 163-95 
 88.37 
 
 33-34 
 121.71 
 
 323 
 
 7.42 
 .08 
 
 1479.73 
 
 96 
 49 
 
 13 
 II 
 
 5 
 8 
 
 1 The northernmost point on a coast island is on Magero I. 
 {q.v.). 2 Punta Marroqui, the S. point of the small coast island 
 adjacent, is in 35° 59' 43" N. » Capt. Fletiriot de Langle. Cape 
 Guardafui, at the mouth of the Gulf of Aden, about 60 m. N. of 
 Ras Hafun, is from i' to 4' W. of that point. * Pefermann's 
 Mitteil., 1890, p. 91. The boimdary assumed for Europe in 
 the SE. is the Manych depression and the Ural Range, but no 
 further information is given. 5 £)ig Bevolkerung der Erie, viii. , 
 pp. xi. , xiii. Europe, exclusive of Iceland, Novaya Zemlya, and 
 Atlantic islands, but otherwise including the whole area within 
 the administrative limits of the different countries ; in the case 
 of Russia, however, exclusive of Caucasia but inclusive of the 
 Sea of Azov ; Asia and America, exclusive of Polar islands ; 
 Africa, exclusive of Madagascar, &c. ; Australia with Tasmania. 
 The area of Europe within the narrowest physical limits, that 
 is, to the crest of the Urals, the Manych depression, and ex- 
 clusive of the Caspian steppe, the islands of Iceland, Novaya 
 369 
 
 Zemlya, and Spitsbergen, but including the Sea of Azov, is cal- 
 culated by Wagner-Supan at 3,750,000 sq. m.; Europe to the 
 crest of the Urals, the Ural Range, and the Manych depression, 
 but otherwise as before, 3,688,000 sq. m.; Europe to the crest 
 of the Caucasus, but otherwise as before, 3,790,000 sq. m.; 
 Europe, as before, but including Iceland and Novaya Zemlya, 
 3,866,000 sq. m. ; including also Spitsbergen, 3,893,000 sq. m. 
 6 Reuschle, 1809; see Petermann's Mitteil., 1890, p. 91. 
 ^ Rohrbach, ib. The relative accessibility determined by 
 dividing the mean distance from the sea of all points in an 
 equal area of land extending uniformly in all directions from 
 either pole by the actual mean distance. * Petermann's Mitteil. , 
 1889, p. 19. 9 Recalculated by Dr. Supan by the method 
 adopted by Dr. J. Murray in his paper, ' On the Height of the 
 Land and the Depth of the Ocean,' in Scot. Geog. Mag., 1888. 
 For other estimates see Scot. Geog. Mag., 1889, p. 6i6 (Von 
 Tillo), and 1891, p. 385 (Heiderich). See also Ocean. 
 
CONT- COOK 
 
 Contoocook, settlement, U.S., New Hampshire, Merrimack 
 CO. , on Contoocook R. , 7 m. W. Concord. 
 
 Contra Costa (Spanish, 'against the coast'), co., U.S., Cali- 
 fornia, bounded on N. by San Pablo Bay and estuary of Sacra- 
 mento R. , and on W. by San Francisco Bay. 
 
 Contrary Head, cape, Isle of Man, i^ m. SW. Peel. 
 
 Contravtesa, mt. chain, S. Spain, Granada, rising to a height 
 of 6215 ft. 
 
 Contrecour, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Vercheres co., on the 
 r. bk. of the St. Lawrence, 30 m. NE. by N. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Contres, tn., France, dep. Loir et Cher, 12 m. SSE. Blois. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Contr^x^Tllle, vil., France, dep. Vosges, arr. Mirecourt, 38 
 m. SSW. Nancy, on the Vair, with cold mineral waters, used 
 for bathing and drinking, and largely exported. Alt. 1150 ft. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Contnrsl, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. and 25 m. E. Salerno, 
 on the Sele. P. <4000. 
 
 Conty, or Contl, tn., France, dep. Somme, 13 m. SW. by 
 S. Amiens. P. <2oco. 
 
 Conrersano, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 17 m. SE. Bari ; 
 seat of a bishop. P. 12,000. 
 
 ConYlntb, ancient par., Scot., Inverness-shire, now forming 
 part of Kiltarlity par. 
 
 ConToy, par. and tn., Ire., E. co. Donegal, bar. Raphoe, 7 
 m. W. by N. Lifford, on R. Deele, 2 m. from Killygordon stn., 
 PMT.O. Par. 20,080 ac, P. <3ooo; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Con-vral, par., Ire., co. Donegal, bars. Kilmacrenan and 
 ■ S. Raphoe, containing Letterkenny ; 45,251 ac. P. 7800. 
 
 Conway, co., U.S., Arkansas, E. of 93° W., and bounded 
 on S. by the Arkansas R. 
 
 Conway, tn., U.S., Arkansas, Faulkner co., 27 m. NW. by 
 N. Little Rock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Conway, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co., 22 m. N. 
 by W. Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Conway, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Carroll co. , 57 m. 
 NNE. Concord. P. <3000. 
 
 Conway, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Walsh co., 53 m. SSW. 
 Pembina. P. < 1500. 
 
 Conway, or A1>erconway, pari, and mun. bor. , par. , market- 
 tn. , and seapt. , Wales, in N. of Carnarvonshire, at mouth of riv. 
 C, i2jm. ENE. Bangor, on the L. & NW. R. ; surrounded by 
 a wall 12 ft. thick, with battlements and 24 round towers. The 
 castle, one of the most perfect of its kind in the country, was 
 built by Edward I. ; the abbey was removed by the same king 
 to Maenan near Llanwrst. The ruins are still shown, and the 
 ancient church of C. contains the magnificent oak screen and the 
 vmique font formerly belonging to the abbey at Maenan. Plas 
 Mawr, an old Elizabethan mansion, is now the home of the 
 Royal Cambrian Academy. In the church is a memorial 
 bust of John Gibson, the sculptor (1791-1866), who was a 
 native of C. C. is the ancient Conovium. For some time the 
 station of the tenth Roman Legion was at Caer Rhun, 5 m. up 
 the river, where Roman remains have been discovered. The 
 Lord Keeper WiUiams garrisoned the castle for the king during 
 the Civil War. Market-day, F. The pari. bor. is a member 
 of the Carnarvon dist. of bors. Bor. P. (i89i)<3Soo; par. 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 Conway, riv., Wales, rises in Carnarvonshire, forms the 
 ■greater part of the boimdary between that county and Denbigh- 
 shire, and flows N. into the Irish Sea, near C. ; 30 m. long, 
 navigable 10 m. up for vessels of 100 tons. The scenery of its 
 valley is noted for its beauty, the upper part being bold and 
 picturesque. 
 
 Conwayboro, settlement, U.S., S. Carohna, Horry co., 64 
 m. WSW. Wilmington. 
 
 Conway Springs, tp., U.S., Kansas, Sumner co., 205 m. 
 SW. by W. Kansas City. P.-cisoo. 
 
 Coniirll, stn., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., on the G. 
 W. R., 4i m. NNW. Carmarthen. 
 
 Conwll Calo, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., 8 m. 
 SE. by E. Lampeter, P.O. (Calo) ; 26,187 a-c. P. <2ooo; eccles. 
 par. (C. C. with Uansawel) P. <3ooo. 
 
 Conwll Elfet, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 5J^ 
 m. NW. by N. Carmarthen, P.O. ; 13,100 ac. P. <;2ooo. See 
 Abemant. 
 
 Conyers, tn., U.S., Georgia, Rockdale co., 24 m. E. by S. 
 Atlanta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Conza della Campania, ancient Compsa, tn., Italy, prov. 
 Avellino, circle and 9 m. SE. St. Angelo' de Lombardi, with a 
 cathedral, seat of an archbishop. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Coogee (ku'jl), vil.. New South Wales, Cumberland co., on 
 C. Bay, a sandy bight, 5 m. S. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cooliore, electoral div., Ire., NW. co. Westmeath, bar. Fore, 
 10 m. N. by W. Mullingar. 
 
 Cook, CO., New South Wales, between 150° and 151° E. , 
 touching 34° S. on the S. 
 
 Cook, CO., New Zealand, North I., on the E. ct., crossed by 
 
 38r S. 
 Cook, CO., Queensland, E. ct. (Hervey Bay), crossed by 25° S. 
 370 
 
 Cook, dist. , Queensland, formed by Cape York Peninsula. 
 Cook, CO., U.S., Ilhnois, cap. Chicago. 
 Cook, CO., U.S., Minnesota, in the extreme NE. 
 Cook, Cape, Canada, Brit. Columbia, on the W. side of 
 Vancouver I. , in 50° 10' N. 
 
 Cook, James (1728-1779), one of the greatest navigators and 
 discoverers, in honour of whom numerous geographical names 
 have been bestowed, made three important voyages, the first 
 (1768-71) in the Endeavour to Tahiti, where he observed the 
 transit of Venus, June 3, 1769, and then to New Zealand and 
 the E. Ct. of AustraUa, when he charted the coasts of both ; 
 the second (1772-74), when he commanded the Resolution and 
 Adventure (the latter in charge of Captain Fumeaux), and 
 explored high southern latitudes; the third (1776-79), when he 
 commanded the Resolution and Discovery (the latter in charge 
 of Captain Gierke), and traversed the Pacific to discover a NW. 
 passage, but was killed by natives of Maui I. (Hawaiian group), 
 Feb. 14, 1779. 
 Cook, Mount, New Zealand. See Aorangl. 
 Cookardlnla, post-tn., New South Wales, Hume co., 120 
 m. E. Denilquin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cookbnry, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 14 m. N. 
 by E. Launceston, 2 m. N. Dunsland Cross stn. P. <25o. See 
 Hilton Damerel. 
 
 Cook Channel, strait, Philippine Is., between the NE. of 
 Palawan and the isl. of Dumaran, in ioJ° N., 119° 43' E. 
 
 Cooke, CO., U.S., Texas, on the Red R. (N. frontier), W. 
 of 97° W. 
 
 Cookbam, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, Wokingham div. , on the 
 Thames, 7 m. NW. by N. Windsor, on the G. W. R. ; 6548 
 ac. P. 8800 ; eccles. par. (C. Holy Trinity) P. < 1500. 
 
 Cookbam Dean, eccles. par. and viL, 3 m. from Cookham, 
 PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 CookblU, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Astwood Bank, E. Wor- 
 cestershire. 
 
 Cookbonse, Dutch Cookbnls, vil. and rly. stn., Cape 
 Colony, dist. Bedford, 82 m. ESE. Graaff-Reinet 
 Cook Island, one of the Gilbert Is. {q.v.). Pacific Ocean. 
 Cook Islands, or Herrey Islands, Pacific Ocean, S. Poly- 
 nesia, in SW. of Society Is. , between the archipelago of Tonga 
 on the W. and Tahiti on the E. The principal are Mangeia, 
 Atiu, Rarotonga. (the largest — about 25 m. in circumference), 
 Aitutaki, Mauki, Mitiero, and Hervey Is. The inhabitants are 
 of the Malay race, and many of them have been converted to 
 Christianity by English missionaries. Produce coffee, cotton, 
 oranges, and copra. Taken under British protection in 1888. 
 P. 2000-3000. 
 
 Cookley, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Eye div. , 17 m. SW. by W. 
 Lowestoft. P. <25o. See Huntlngfield. 
 
 Cookley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Wolverley par. , 
 2im. NE. Kidderminster, PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cookney, eccles. par., Scot., Kincardineshire, 4;^ m. N. 
 Stonehaven, 2 m. WNW. Muchals. P. <200o. 
 
 Cooknoe, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, the same as 
 Cogenboe [q.v.). 
 
 Cooks, stn., Canada, Ontario, Haldimand co., 17 m. S. 
 Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 Cooks Bay, Canada, Ontario, in the S. of Lake Simcoe. 
 Cooksbrldge, stn. , Eng. , Sussex, on the L. B. & S. C. R. , 
 3 m. NNW. Lewes, P.O. 
 
 Cooks Cairn, mt., Scot., Banffshire, in the SE., 16 m. SSW. 
 Keith. Alt. 2478 ft. 
 
 Cookstalre, vil., Canada, Quebec, Compton co. , 100 m. S. 
 by W. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cooks Inlet, large gulf on the S. of Alaska, between Kenai 
 Peninsula and the mainland, crossed in the middle by 152' W. 
 Very strong tides, especially at its head in Turnagain Arm, 
 which runs to the E. 
 
 Cook's Hill, stn. , Canada, Ontario, on the Sault St. Mary 
 line of the C. P. R. , 531 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 CookstO'wn, viL , Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co. , 41 m. NNW. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cookstown, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Rat oath, 6 m. N. 
 Dunboyne. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cookstown, market-tn., Ire., E. co. Tyrone, bar. Upjjer 
 Dungannon, 10 m. N. by E. Dimgannon, is an important 
 market for flax and ag^cultural produce, and has linen mills 
 and extensive bleach works ; connected by rail with Belfast, 
 Londonderry, and Dublin. Market-days, Tu. and S. P. <;4ooo. 
 Cookstown Junction, Ire. , co. and 3 m. NW. Antrim, on 
 the Belfast and Northern Counties Rly. 
 
 Cook Strait, New Zealand, separates the two principal isls., 
 and was named after its discoverer. Captain Cook, in 1770. 
 
 Cooktown, tp. , Queensland, Banks co., on the E. ct. , 280 
 m. NNW. Townsville, in 15° 27' S., the port of the Palmer 
 goldfields, to which a railway 120 m. in length, passing through 
 rugged and mountainous country, is now in progress; centre 
 of an extensive sea-slug and pearl-fishery ; sugar grown in the 
 neighbourhood. Port formed by the estuary of the Endeavour 
 R. ; easy of access. Practically always available for vessels of 
 
COOL — COOP 
 
 i8 ft. draught. Built near the spot where Cook beached his 
 ship, the Endeavour, for repairs in 1770. P. <3000 (360 Chinese). 
 
 Cool, prefix in Irish place names. See Cul. 
 
 Coolagarranroe, tnld. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. W. Ififa and 
 Offa, Templetenny par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Coolagb, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Skull. 
 
 Coolaghniore, par. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny, bar. Kells, 3 m. S. 
 Callan ; 5504 ac. P. <:soo. 
 
 Coolab, post-tn. , New South Wales, Napier co. , 90 m. SW. 
 Tamworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coolamau, tp. , New South Wales, 310 m. by rail SW. by W. 
 Sydney, 19 m. NW. Wagga Wagga. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cooianibangara, isl. , Pacific. See Knlambangra. 
 
 Coolamber, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Longford, dist. Street. 
 
 Coolauey, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Sligo, bar. Leyny, 8| m. SW. 
 Sligo, 4 m. from CoUooney stn., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Coolarty, P.O., Ire., Longford, 5 m. from Edgeworthstown. 
 
 Coolatoo, settlement, S. Australia, Cardwell co. , 120 m. SE. 
 by S. Adelaide. 
 
 Coolattln, electoral div.. Ire., SW. co. Wicklow, bar. Shil- 
 lelagh, 15 m. WSW. Arklow, i^ m. E. Shillelagh stn. 
 
 Coolaviu, bar. , Ire. , in the extreme SE. of co. Sligo. 
 
 Coolarln, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Sligo, bar. C. , on W. shore 
 of Lough Gara, 15 m. W. Carrick-on-Shannon. 
 
 Coolballlntaggart, electoral div.. Ire., co. Wicklow, dist. 
 Tinahely. 
 
 Coolbauagber, par. , Ire. , Queen's co. , bar. Portnahinch, on 
 the Grand Canal, containing part of MountmeUick ; 9618 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Coolbaiivn, P.O., Ire., co. Kilkenny, 2m. from Castlecomer, 
 6 m. from Ballyraggett stn. 
 
 Coolbawn, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower 
 Ormond, 16 m. SW. by W. Parsonstown, 9 m. from Clough- 
 jordan stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Coolboy, tnld., Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 16^ m. W. Londonderry, 4 m. from Letterkenny stn., P.O. 
 
 Coolboy, electoral div.. Ire., SW. co. Wicklow, bar. Shil- 
 lelagh, 13 m. W. by S. Arklow, 2 m. S. Tinahely stn. 
 
 Coolcarrlgan, PM.O., Ire., co. Kildare, 5 m. from Roberts- 
 town. 
 
 Coolcaslilii, par.. Ire., NW. co. Kilkenny, bar. Galmoy, 12 
 m. NW. Kilkenny ; 1670 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 Coolclogb, tnld.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, Dromtarriff 
 par.; 465 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 Coolcrabeen, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Roscarbery. 
 
 Coolcrabeen, par. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny, bars. Crannagh and 
 Fassadinin, 2 m. SW. Ballyragget. P. <2So. 
 
 Coolcalleu, tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Kilkenny, bar. Fassadinin, 
 II m. NE. by N. Kilkenny, 9 m. from Ballyraggett stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Coolderry, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Shinrone, King's co. 
 
 Coolderry, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Monaghan, bar. Farney, 12 J 
 m. SW. by W. Dtmdalk, 5 m. from Carrickmacross stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Coole, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 4 m. SE. 
 Fermoy. P. <25o. 
 
 Coole, bar. , Ire. , in the S. of co. Fermanagh. 
 
 Coole, tn., Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Fore, 12J m. N. by W. 
 MuUingar, 2i m. E. Float stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 ' Coolea, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 15 m. from Macroom. 
 
 Cooleagb, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 4 m. 
 N. Fethard. P. <:25o. 
 
 Coole Pilate, par., Eng., Cheshire, Nantwich union. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 CoolestoM^n, bar. , Ire. , in the E. and SE. of King's co. 
 
 Cooley Point, cape. Ire., on the NE. ct. of co. Louth, 2 m. 
 SW. Bellagan Point. 
 
 Coolgardle, goldfield, W. Australia, in the E. of the Yilgarn 
 dist., in 31° S. , i2oi° E., about 315 m. (356 m. by road and 
 rail) ENE. Perth. Discovered in 1891. 
 
 Coolgarra, formerly Keturn Creek, mining-tp., Queensland, 
 Cardwell co. , 160 m. S. Cooktown, with silver, copper, and 
 bismuth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coolgreany, tn., Ire., NE. co. Wexford, bar. Gorey, 4^ m. 
 SW. Arklow, P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Coolbam, P.O., Eng., Sussex, div. and 6 m. SW. by S. 
 Horsham, 2| m. SE. Billingshurst stn. 
 
 Coolblll, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny, dist. Inistioge. 
 
 CooUdge, settlement, U.S., Kansas, Hamilton co., on R. 
 Arkansas, close to the W. frontier of the state. Alt. 3339 ft. 
 (R.R.). 
 
 CooUdge, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Bernalillo co. , 112 
 m. SSE. from the NW. corner of the terr. 
 
 Coolies, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Killarney No. 2. 
 
 Coolliiey, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Orrery and Kilmore, 3 
 m. SW. Charleville. P. <25o. 
 
 Cooling, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 5 in. NNE. 
 Rochester, \\ m. NE. by E. Cliffe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cooling, par., Eng., Suffolk, the same as CotvUuge (,q.v.\ 
 
 CooUn HUls, Scot. See Culllln. 
 
 Coolkeeragb, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Londonderry, bar. 
 Tirkeeran, 4 m. NE. Londonderry, P.O. ; 575 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Coolkelnre, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Dunmanway, co. Cork. 
 
 CooUkeuua, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Wicklow, bar. Shillelagh, 
 14 J m. ESE. Carlow, 3 m. NW. Shillelagh stn., PM.O. (Cool- 
 keiino). P. <25o, 
 
 Coolkerry, par., Ire., Queen's co., bars. Clandonagh and 
 Clarmallagh, 4 m. SW. Ballybrophey. P. <25o. 
 
 Coolmaiu, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Courceys. 
 
 Coolmeen, tnld. , Ire. , co. Clare, bar. Clonderalow, Kilfiddane 
 par., 18 m. from Ennis stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Coolmonntaln, electoral div.. Ire., SW. Cork, Dunmanway 
 union. 
 
 Coolmundry, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 2 
 m. E. Fethard. P. <2So. 
 
 Coolnaba, electoral div., Ire., co. Mayo, dist. Kilkelly. 
 
 Cooluamarrow, electoral div.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, dist. 
 Rosslea. 
 
 Coolock, par. and tn.. Ire., E. co. Dublin, bar. C, i^ m. 
 NNW. Clontarf. Par. P. < 1000; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cooloo, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Mount Bellew. 
 
 Coolongber, electoral div.. Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. 
 Castlereagh. 
 
 Coolrain, tnld.. Ire., W. Queen's co., bar. Upper Woods, 
 ii^m. WSW. Maryborough, 8 m. from Mountrath stn., PM.O. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Coolreagb, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Clare, dist. Feakle. 
 
 Coolrns, electoral div.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Upper Con- 
 nello, Ballingarry par. 
 
 Coolsallagb, P.O., Ire., 2 m. from Dromore, co. Down. 
 
 Coolstuff, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. W. Shelmaliere, 5 
 m. W. Wexford ; 3347 ac P. <5oo. 
 
 Cooliure, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Westmeath, dist. Coole. 
 
 Coolyernier, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Fermanagh, dist. Ennis- 
 killen. 
 
 Coom, electoral div. , Ire., co. Kerry, dist. C, Killarney imion. 
 
 Cooma, post-tn.. New South Wales, Beresford co., 95 m. 
 NNW. Cape Howe, with gold-mining. P. <20co. 
 
 Coomacarrea, mt.. Ire., SW. co. Kerry, bar. Iveragh, 21 
 m. WNW. Kenmare. Height, 2542 ft. 
 
 Coomasaharn, lough. Ire., SW. co. Kerry, 18 m. NW. 
 Kenmare, 7 m. E. by S. Dingle Bay. 
 
 Coomassle. See Kniuassl. 
 
 Coomb, ' a deep valley.' See Cwm. 
 
 Ceombe, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Grampound Road, Cornwall 
 
 Coombe, PMT.O., Eng., Oxfordshire. See Combe, or 
 Combe Louga. 
 
 Coombe and Maiden, stn., Eng. See Combe and New 
 Maiden. 
 
 Coombe Blssett, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., on the 
 Chalk, 4 m. SW. Salisbury. P. <soo ; eccles. par. (C. B. wltb 
 Honnlngton) P. <75o. 
 
 Coombe Hill, PT.O., Eng., E. Gloucestershire, 5 m. NW. 
 Cheltenham. 
 
 Coombe (or Combe) Keynes (kenz), par., Eng., Dorsetshire, 
 S. div., II m. ENE. Weymouth, 2 m. S. Wool stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Coombe Lane, stn. , Eng. , on SE. R. , near Woodside, Surrey. 
 
 Coombes, par., Eng., Sussex, Lewes div., 7^ m. WNW, 
 Brighton, 2 m. N. Shoreham stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Coomera, tp. , Queensland, Ward co. , 30 m. SSE. Brisbane. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Coomlogane, electoral div.. Ire., NW. co. Cork, bar. 
 Muskerry West, i8| m. E. KiUarney. 
 
 Coon, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Castlecomer, co. Kilkenny. 
 
 Coonabarabran, post-tp.. New South Wales, Cowen co., 
 105 m. W. by S. Tamworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coonagb, bar.. Ire., in the extreme NE. of co. Limerick. 
 
 Coonamble, post-tn. , New South Wales, Leichhardt co. , on 
 the r. bk. of the Castlereagh, 163 m. ESE. Bourke. P, <i5oo. 
 
 Coonard, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Hollymount. 
 
 Cooneen, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Fermanagh, bar. Maghera- 
 stephana, 14 m. E. Enniskillen, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Coonogne, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Carlow, dist. St. Mullin's. 
 
 Coonoor, tn. and sanitarium, Brit. India, Madras dist., 
 Nllgiri Hills, 28 m. NNW. Coimbatore, in 11° 20' N., 76° 50' 
 E. , at the SE. corner of the Nilgiri Plateau and at the head of 
 the principal pass (the C. Cib&t) from the plains. Alt. 6000 ft. 
 Municip. P. 6000; Hindus, 3900. 
 
 Coon Rapids, settlement, U.S., Iowa, Carroll co., on Mid 
 Raccoon R., 80 m. NE. by E. Omaha (Neb.). 
 
 Cooper, CO. , New South Wales, bounded on the S. by the 
 Murrumbidgee R. , between 146° and 147° E. 
 
 Cooper, CO., U.S., Missouri, crossed in the W. by 93° W., 
 and bounded on the N. by the Missouri. 
 
 Cooper, riv., U.S., S. Carolina, in the SE., flows S. into 
 Charleston Harbour. 
 
 Cooper Bridge, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 J m. 
 NE. Huddersfield, on the L. & Y. R. 
 
 Cooper Island, Brit. W. Indies, Virgin Is. , is an islet, 5 m. 
 SE. Tortola. 
 
 371 
 
COOP 
 
 CO P M 
 
 Coopersale, eccles. par., Eng., Essex, on the border of 
 Epping Forest. P. <7So. 
 
 Cooper's Creek, or Barcoo, a long riv. , E. Australia, Queens- 
 land (where it has two headwaters, the Thomson and the Vic- 
 toria) and S. Australia, flows SW. In the dry period of the 
 year this river, in its lower part, creeps on more and more 
 slowly, and in the end dries up like the Diamantina, though 
 the course which it follows in times of flood, when it swells to a 
 breadth of 2 miles, rises to a depth of 20 ft. , and discharges into 
 Lake Eyre, can still be distinguished by the grass and trees by 
 which it is laordered. 
 
 Cooper's Creek, post-tn., Victoria, Tanjil co., 116 m. E. 
 Melbourne. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Cooper's Hill College, Eng. , situated on a ridge of sand, a 
 few miles SE. Windsor, Berkshire ; established 1870 for the 
 training of civil engineers for service in India. 
 
 Cooperstown, vil., U.S., New York, Otsego co.i 63 m. 
 ESE. Syracuse. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 CooperstoTvn, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Griggs co., 76 m. NW. 
 by W. Fargo. P. < 1000. 
 
 Coopersvllle, settlement, U.S., Michigan, Ottawa co., no 
 m. WSW. Bay City, 16 m. E. Grand Haven. 
 
 Cooper's Well, an artesian mineral spring, U.S., Mississippi, 
 CO. Hinds, 25 m. ESE. Vicksburg. 
 
 Cooraclare, tn. , Ire. , SW. co. Clare, bar. Moyarta, 5J m. 
 NE. Kilrush, 12 m. from Miltown Malbay stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cooran1>ong, post-tn.. New South Wales, Northumberland 
 CO., 17 m. SW. by W. Newcastle. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coorg, or Knrg, native name Kodagu, ' steep mountain," 
 a dist. under British administration, on the SW. of Mysore, 
 India, about equal in area to the county of Kent, between 11° 
 56' and 12° 50' N. , 75° 25' and 76° 14' E. , on the E. side of the 
 Western Ghdts, cap. Merkira. It is a rugged and mountainous 
 country, the lowest part being 3000 ft. above the sea, and mostly 
 covered with large forests. It contains the headwaters of the 
 Cauvery. Rainfall abvmdant [Merkikra]. The narrow valleys, 
 which form all the lowland area capable of cultivation, are 
 almost entirely occupied by rice-fields. The hill slopes have 
 in many pjaces been cleared for coffee, cardamom, and cinchona 
 plantations. The forests in the S. are specially noted for their 
 bamboos. Of the natives, the Coorgs proper, or Kodagus, 
 formerly the dominant and still the leading race, form only 
 about one-sixth of the pop. They are a tall and handsome 
 race, not inferior in physique to any natives of India. In reli- 
 gion most of the people are Hindus, less than 10 per cent. 
 Mohammedans. C. was annexed to Britain in 1832, and is 
 directly under the rule of the governor-general, who administers 
 the dist. through a commissioner. Area, 1583 sq. m. P. (Feb. 
 17, 1881) 178,300; (Feb. 26, 1891) 173,055, a decrease of 2.94 
 per cent. , attributed to the fact that the immigrant labourers in 
 the coffee plantations had returned to their homes in Madras 
 and Mysore at the date of the census of 1891, but not in 1881. 
 See India, table. 
 
 Coorla, tn. , India, Thdna dist. See Kurla. 
 
 Coorong, Tbe, a remarkable portion of the ct. of Encounter 
 Bay, S. Australia, in which a narrow spit of land, 90 m. long, 
 encloses within it a narrow arm of the sea of corresponding 
 length. 
 
 Coos, electoral div., Ire., co. Galway, bar. Leitrim, near 
 Ballynakill. 
 
 Coos, CO., U.S., New Hampshire, in the N. 
 
 Coos, CO., U.S., Oregon, in the SW., on the Pacific, crossed 
 in the S. by 43° N. 
 
 Coosa, CO. , U.S. , Alabama (q.v. ), intersected in N. by 33° N. , 
 and W. of 86° W. , watered by the B. Coosa, one of the head- 
 waters of the Alabama. 
 
 Coos Bay, inlet, U.S., Oregon, Coos co., principal seaport 
 of the S. part of the state, with a narrow mouth, in 43° 22' N., 
 14 ft. of water on bar at high tide ; bay important for tertiary 
 lignitic coal. 
 
 Coosy, or Coossy, riv. , India. See Knsi. 
 
 Cootamnndra, post-tn. , New South Wales, Harden co. , 100 
 m. W. Goulbum. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cootehall, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Roscommon, bar. Boyle, 4 m. 
 W. Leitrim, 6 m. from Boyle stn., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cootehlll, tp., Ire., NE. co. Cavan, bar. Tidlygarvey, 13 ra. 
 NE. by E. Cavan, terminus of a branch rly., PMT.O. Market- 
 days, F. and S. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cooter Lough, small lake. Ire., in the extreme S. of co. 
 Galway, 13 m. SSW. Loughrea. 
 
 Cootliam Common, P.O., Eng., Sussex, 6im. NW. Steyning. 
 
 Copacabana, tn., Argentine Republic, Catamarca, 170 m. 
 WSW. Tucuman. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Copals, lake, Greece. See Kopals. 
 
 CopaUine, pass. See Andes, E. 
 
 Copan, ruined city. Central America, state Honduras, 30 m. 
 SE. Chiquimula. Its remains extend for 2 m. along the Copan 
 R., an affluent of the Montagua, and comprise sculptured 
 monoliths, heaps of stones believed by one explorer to be the 
 remains of single-chambered, stone-roofed houses, and pyra- 
 372 
 
 raidal structures, believed to be the raised foundations of ruined 
 temples. See Proc. R. G. S., 1886, pp. 568-95, with plans. 
 
 Copdock, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 3I m. SW. 
 by W. Ipswich, PMT.O. P. <:5oo ; eccles. par. (C. with M'ash- 
 hrook) P. <:75o. 
 
 Cope, cape, Spain, to the SW. of Cartagena, in 37° 25° N. 
 
 Cope Cope, post-tn. , Victoria, Kara Kara co. , 142 m. NW. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Copeland, isl. , Ire. , off the NE. ct. of co. Down, in 54° 41' N. 
 
 Copeland, or Back Creek, tp. , New South Wales, Glou- 
 cester CO., 75 m. N. Newcastle, with gold-mining. P. < 1500. 
 
 Copeland, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny co. P. -cisoo. 
 
 Copeland Forest, high moorland tract, Eng. , Cumberland, 
 between Ennerdale Water and Wast Water, about 10 ra. SE. 
 by E. Whitehaven. 
 
 Copenhagen, Danish Kjobenhavn ('Merchant's Port"), 
 cap. and principal seapt. of the kingdom of Denmark, in the 
 Sound, is built on the islands Seeland and Amager, which are 
 separated by a narrow arm of the sea, forming an excellent 
 harbour. Lat. of observatory, 55° 41' 13" N., long. 12° 34' 44" 
 E. The city is strongly fortified and divided into two parts, 
 the smaller of which, called Christianshavn, is on the island 
 Amager. On the N. of the city, and connected with it by an 
 esplanade, is the citadel of Frederikshavn, a regular polygon 
 with five bastions. The city contains many public buildings, 
 among which are the palace of Amalienburg, inhabited by the 
 royal family ; the castle of Charlottenburg, now used as an 
 academy of the fine arts, and its parks as a botanic garden ; the 
 colossal palace of Christianborg, exchange, museum of Thor- 
 valdsen's statuary, town-hall, church of St. Peter ; the cathedral, 
 with a spire 270 ft. high, and many of the finest w^orks of Thor- 
 valdsen ; university, rich and distinguished ; three public 
 libraries, with 500,000 volumes and many MSS. ; museums of 
 ethnology and antiquities ; the castle of Rosenburg, in which 
 are deposited the regalia and many antiquities. C. possesses 
 many scientific and literary establishments ; besides a univer- 
 sity, it has a polytechnic school, a royal academy of sciences 
 and art, and a gallery of paintings. It is the centre of com- 
 merce of the kingdom, and, by means of canals, large ships 
 reach its warehouses in the middle of the city. Extensive works, 
 including the construction of four large basins with a depth of 
 24-30 ft. , with a view to the establishment of a firee port at C. , 
 which was opened in 1894, were begun in 1891. C. is now 
 connected by steam-ferry with Malmo. It is the station for the 
 naval force of the kingdom, and has a cannon foundry, an arsenal, 
 and, on the island of Amager, iron and steel shipbuilding yards. 
 It has woollen factories, spinning mills, distilleries, breweries, 
 iron-foundries, a rapidly rising engineering industry, tanneries, 
 sugar refineries, and manufactures of sailcloth, porcelain, and 
 tobacco. The city was founded in 1168 by Bishop Axel, and 
 first called Axelhuis. Originally built of wood, it was burned 
 in 1728 and 1795. It was taken by Nelson in the battle of the 
 Baltic, April 2, 1801, and bombarded by the English in 1807. 
 Being little above the level of the sea, it is liable to be over- 
 flowed during storms. Mean temp., yr. 45.4° F., Feb. 30.7°, 
 July 62.1°; rfall. 22.01 in. P. (1861) 155,000; (1870) 181,000; 
 (1890) 312,900 ; including Frederiksberg and Sundbyernes Sogn, 
 373,100. See Denmark, table II. 
 
 Copenhagen, settlement, U.S., New York, Lewis co., 50 m. 
 NE. by E. Oswego, 12 m. ESE. Watertovm. 
 
 Copertlno, comm. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 9 m. SW. Lecce, 
 25 m. WNW. Otranto. P. 6000. 
 
 Copetown, viL , Canada, Ontario, Wentworth co. , 12^ m. W. 
 Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Copford, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 5 m. W. by S. Col- 
 chester, I m. SE. Marks Tey stn., P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Copgrore, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., 4 
 m. N. Knaresborough, i^ m. WNW. of its stn. on the NE. R. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Copiah, CO., U.S., Mississippi, in the SW., crossed in the N. 
 by 32° N. , and W. of 90° W. 
 
 Coplap<6, dep. , Chile. See Atacama, prov. 
 
 Coplapo, riv., Chile, flows past the town of C. into the 
 Pacific. Length, 155 m.; area of basin, 4170 sq. m. 
 
 Coplap4i, tn. , S. America, Chile, cap. prov. Atacama, dep. C, 
 180 m. NNE. Coquimbo, on R. Copiap6 (the Capuyapo of early 
 Spanish adventurers), 50 m. by rail from its port of Caldera ; 
 centre of one of the chief mining dists. of Chile ; has silver- 
 refining works. Alt. 1296 ft. Mean temp. (5 yrs., 1868-72), yr. 
 59.5° F. , Jan. 68.7°, July 50.7°. P. (1885) 9800. 
 
 Copltz, vil., Ger. See Kopltz. 
 
 Coplay, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lehigh co., on Lehigh R., 
 32 m. NE. Reading. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Cople, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 3^ m. E. 
 by S. Bedford, i^ m. NE. by E. Cardington stn. , P. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Coplestone, viL , Canada, Ontario, Lambton co. , 46 m. W. 
 by S. Lortdon. P. < 1500. 
 
 Copley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. S. Halifax, 
 on the L. & Y. R., P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Copmanford, Eng. See Upton. 
 
COPM — CORC 
 
 Copmanhnrst, vil. , New South Wales, Clarence co., on the 
 Clarence, 13 m. WNW. Grafton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Copmanthorpe, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div., 3^ m. SW. York, on the NE. R. and the 
 L. & Y. R., PM.O. - P. <:soo. 
 
 Copp, or direat Eccleston, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., 
 Lancashire, 3 m. SE. Garstang. P. < 1000. 
 
 roppatfcorne, P.O. , Eng. , N. Devonshire, 5 m. NE. Stratton. 
 
 C'oppeeii, P. O. , Ire. , 4 m. from Ballyneen , co. Cork. 
 
 Coppeuanie, riv. , Dutch Guiana. See Koppename. 
 
 Coppeiihall, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 3J m. SSW. 
 Stafford. P. <25o. 
 
 Coppeuliall Cliiircb and Coppenball Monks, two adjoining 
 pars., Eng., Cheshire, about 5 m. NE. Nantwich. C. C. P. < 
 5000; C. M. , now forming the mun. bor. of Crewe, P. 28,800. 
 
 Copperalley, electoral div., Ire., co. Westmeath, dist. Clon- 
 mellon. 
 
 Copperclengli, P.O., Scot., Peeblesshire, near W. shore of 
 St. Mary's Loch, 17 m. SW. Selkirk. 
 
 Copperlleld, post-tn., Queensland, Claremont co. , 198 m. 
 W. by N. Rockhampton, with gold and copper mining. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Copper Island, the smaller of the two Kommandor Is. , E. 
 of Bering I., in the Bering Sea. 
 
 Coppermine, riv., Brit. N. America, NW. Terr., enters 
 Coronation Gulf in Arctic Ocean, NE. of the Great Bear Lake, 
 after a course of 300 m. W. of it are the C. Mts. Useless for 
 navigation. 
 
 Copper River, Alaska. See Atna. 
 
 Coppet, small tn., Switzd. cant. Vaud, 8 m. N. by E. 
 Geneva, on the Lake of Geneva, with the ruins of a castle 
 which was foi many years the residence of the statesman Necker 
 (who died there) and his daughter, Madame de Stael. P. <20oo. 
 
 Copplngford, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and 7 m. 
 NW. Huntingdon, 3im. NW. by W. Abbots Riptonstn. P. 050; 
 eccles. par. (C. with Upton) P. <25o. 
 
 Copping Syke, par. , Eng. , S. Lincolnshire, i m, SW. Swines- 
 head. P. <25o. 
 
 Copplugtou, post-tn, , Tasmania, 24 m. E. by N. Hobart. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Copplestone, stn., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div,, 11 m. 
 NW. by W. Exeter, on the L. & SW. R., PM.O. 
 
 Coppnll, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Chorley div. , 5 m. N. by 
 W. Wigan, on the L. & NW. R., P.O., with coal. P. <2Soo. 
 
 Cop Ronnd, hill, Eng., in the NW. of Derbyshire, 6 m. NE. 
 Buxton. Height, 1555 ft. 
 
 Copston Magna, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Lutterworth 
 union. P. <:25o. See Honks Klr1>y. 
 
 Copthall Green, P. O. , Eng. , Essex, 3 m. E. Waltham Abbey, 
 
 Copt Heiivlck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon 
 union. P. <25o. 
 
 Coptborne, eccles. dist., Eng., Surrey and Sussex, Worth 
 par., 2 m. from Crawley Down, PM.O, P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Copt Oak, eccles. par., Eng., Leicestershire, in Charnwood 
 Forest and the ancient pars, of Markfield, Whitwick, Charley, 
 Barrow, Ulverscroft, and Bardon. P. <5oo, 
 
 Coptos, Upper Egypt. See Kobt. 
 
 Copt Point, headland, Eng., Kent, i m. NE. Folkestone, 
 with brilliantly coloured Gault fossils exposed at low tide. 
 
 Copts. See Egypt, under people. 
 
 Coqnago, riv., U.S., the W. or main branch (headwater) of 
 the Delaware R. , unites with the E. branch at Hancock, New 
 York, on the frontier of Pennsylvania, 
 
 Coquet, or Cocket, riv. , Eng. , Northumberland, rises in the 
 Cheviot Hills, enters the North Sea near Warkworth {q.v.); 
 length 40 m. ; opposite its mouth is Coquet Island, i m. in 
 circumference, with remains of a monastery, and with a fixed light 
 80 ft. above the sea, visible 14 m. 
 
 Coqnl, bay, Colombia, on the W. ct., in 5° 50' N. 
 
 Coqnllle, isl. , Pacific. See Plkelot. 
 
 Coqnllle, La, comm. , France, dep. Dordogne, arr. Nontron, 
 near Jumilhac le Grand, with celebrated iron-works. P. < 
 2000, 
 
 Coqnlmbo, seapt., Chile, in prov. and cap. dep. C. , in 29° 59' 
 S., on a small bay looking N. , which forms its harbour and 
 roadstead, and is sheltered on the W. by Point PeUcanos, 
 Founded 1850. Mining and the manufacture of copper are 
 almost the only industries. Chief exports, bar and ingot copper 
 and copper regulus. The towm is in communication by railway 
 with Ovalle, the centre of the mining dist., 60 m. S. , and 
 another line runs E. into the interior. No docks. The anchor- 
 age is well sheltered from northerly winds, and has an averiage 
 depth of 8 fathoms. Large vessels discharge and load by means 
 of lighters. Mean temp. (4 yrs., 1869-72), yr, 60.1° F,, Jan, 
 65.1°, July 54.5°. P. (1885) 8400. 
 
 Coqnlmbo, or Klqnl, riv., Chile, flowing W. into the Pacific 
 at the town of C. Length, 93 m.; area of basin, 3400 sq. m.; 
 discharge, 70 cubic ft. per second, 
 
 Coqnon, riv. , New South Wales. See Hunter. 
 
 Corabla, vil., Roumania, prov. Romanati, on the Danube, 21 
 m. W. by N. Nikopoli. P. < 5000. 
 
 Corack, vil. , Victoria, co. Kara Kara, about 189 m. NW, 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Corakl, govt. tp. , New South Wales, Richmond co. , on the 
 Richmond, 50 m. NNE. Grafton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coral, vil., U.S., S. Dakota. See Conde. 
 
 Coralles, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Bernalillo co. 
 
 Coral Sea, that part of the Pacific Ocean bounded W. by 
 Australia, and E. by the Archipelago of New Hebrides, and 
 so called from the numerous coral reefs it contains. 
 
 Coralstown, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Killucan, co. Westmeath. 
 
 Corangamlte, or Korangamlte, lake, Victoria, with no 
 visible outlet, 50 m. W, Port Phillip Bay, Water extremely 
 salt. Area, 90 sq. m. ; alt. 380 ft. (census). 
 
 Coranny, P.O., Ire., 7 m. from Clones, co. Monaghan. 
 
 Corato, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 24 m. W, Bari. P. 29,000. 
 
 Corbacb, tn., Ger. See Korbach. 
 
 Corballa, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Sligo, bar. Tireragh, 4^ m. 
 NNE. Ballina, P.O. P,<25o. 
 
 Corbally, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. East Muskerry, 6 m. 
 SW. Cork. P. <25o. 
 
 Corbally, par.. Ire., cos. King's and Tipperary, bars. Bally- 
 brit, Clonlisk, and Ikerrin, 6 m. NE. Roscrea ; 12,746 ac, P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Corbally, par.. Ire,, co, Waterford, bar, Gaultiere, 8 m. 
 SW. Waterford. P. <2So. 
 
 Corbell, tn. , France, dep. Seine et Oise, on the Seine, 18 m. 
 SSE. Paris, cap. arr. C. ; has flour-mills, watch and clock 
 making, and various manufactures ; formerly cap. of a county 
 which was united to the crown in 1120. P. 8000. 
 
 Corbellles, comm., France, dep. Loiret, 25 m. SSW. Fon- 
 tainebleau, 10 m. NW. by W, Montargis. P. <20oo. 
 
 Corbet, stn.. Ire., co. Down, 3 m. E, Banbridge, on the 
 G. N. R., P.O. 
 
 Corbels Tey, hamlet, Eng., Essex, 4^m. SE. Romford, about 
 
 1 m. from Upminster, P.O. See Tey, Great. 
 
 Corbetta, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Milan, dist. Abbiate- 
 grasso, 23 m. NNW. Pavia. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Corbie, tn. , France, dep. Somme, on the Somme, arr, and 
 10 m. E. by N. Amiens, with textile manufactures and mineral 
 springs. Formerly a celebrated Benedictine abbey. P. < 5000. 
 
 Corbl^re, stn., Jersey, near the C, Rocks, on one of which is 
 a lighthouse, visilale 17 m. 
 
 Corbl^res, or Korbers, comm,, Switzd., cant, and 10 m. S. 
 by W. Freiburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Corblgny, tn., France, dep. Ni^vre, arr. Clamecy, on the 
 Yonne, 31 m. NE. by E. Nevers. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Corblon, comm., Belgium, prov. Luxembourg, 7 m. NE. by 
 N.Sedan. P. < 2000. 
 
 Corbo, P.O., Ire., co. Tyrone, 5 m. from Clogher. 
 
 Corbonod, comm., France, dep. Haute Savoie, on the Rhone, 
 22 m. SW. Geneva. P, <2ooo. 
 
 Corboy, tnld., Ire., E. co. Longford, bar. and 5^ m. E. by S. 
 Longford, 4 m. from Edgeworthstown stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Corbrldge, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the Tyne, div. 
 and 3I m. E. Hexham, on the N. B. R. , with coal-mines, 
 PMT.O. ; 13,198 ac. P. <20oo ; eccles, par, (C. on Tyne 
 with Haltou) P. <25oo. 
 
 Corbrlggs, or Corbrldge, hamlet, Eng., E. Derbyshire, 3 
 m. SE. Chesterfield, P.O. 
 
 Corbn, vil. , Roumania, prov. MehedintI, on an island in the 
 Danube, 19 m. SE. Orsova. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Corby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Stamford div. , 9 m. SE. by 
 S. Grantham, i m. ENE. of its stn. on the G. N. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <75o. See Irnbam. 
 
 Corby, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 13J m. N, 
 Wellingborough, with a stn. (Weldon and C.) on the M. R., 
 PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Corby, Great, hamlet, Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on 
 the Eden, 4^ m. E. Carlisle, x\ m. NE. by E. Cumwhinton 
 stn., P.O. (C). 
 
 Corby Pike, hill, Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., i6| 
 m. SE. Jedburgh. 
 
 Corcagh, or Curragh, Irish ; Cors, Welsh ; Car, Gaelic, ' a 
 marsh. ' 
 
 Corcelles, vil, , Switzd, , cant. Vaud, 9 m. W, by N, Freiburg. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Corclano, tn., Italy, prov. and circle Perugia. P. < 5000. 
 
 Corclenx, vil., France, dep. Vosges, arr. St, Di6, 24 m. 
 WNW. Colmar. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Coreomohlde, par.. Ire., cos. Cork and Limerick, bars. 
 Orrery and Kilmore and Upper Connello, 5 m. NW, Charle- 
 ville ; 10,011 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Corcomroe, bar. , Ire. , in the NW. of co. Clare. 
 
 Corcomroe Abbey, or Abbey, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. and 
 
 2 m. S. Burren ; 4714 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 CorcoTado, gulf between the S, end of Chiloe I. and main- 
 land of Chile, crossed by 43 J° S. 
 CorcoTado, volcano and riv. See Andes, F. 
 CorcoTado, isl. , S. America, off the W. ct. , in 8° 55' S, 
 Corcreagby, tnld., Ire., NW. co. Louth, bar. Ardee, gin. 
 
 373 
 
CORC — CORI 
 
 WSW. Dundalk, 4 m. ESE. Ccirrickmacross, 7 m. from Innis- 
 keen stn. , P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Corcnbidn, tn., Spain, prov. Corunna, 34 m. W. by N. Santi- 
 ago. P. <20CXD. 
 
 Corcnlla, tn., S. America, Peru, dep. Ayacucho, iiom. SW. 
 by S. Cuzco. 
 
 Cordal, East, tnld., Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy, 
 Ballincuslane par., 4 m. from Castleisland stn. , P.O. P. <2SO. 
 
 Cordangan, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Clanwilliam, con- 
 taining part of tn. Tipperary ; 3905 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Cordele, tn., U.S., Georgia, Dooly co. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cordenons, tn. , Italy, prov. Udine, dist. Pordenone. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Corder, viL, U.S., Missouri, co. La Fayette. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cordes, tn., France, dep. Tarn, arr. Gaillac, on the Seroa, 
 13 m. NW. Albi. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cordlgnano, tn. , Italy, prov. Treviso.dist. Vittorio. P. <sooo. 
 
 Cordillera, Spanish, ' a mountain-chain ' ; sometimes applied 
 in a specific sense to the Andes. 
 
 €4rdot>a, prov. or state in the heart of the Argentine Republic, 
 between about 29^° and 35" S. ; mainly a plain gently inclined 
 from W. to E. , but containing a mountainous tract in the W. , 
 with elevations above 6500 ft. ; bordered on the NW. by the 
 Salinas Grandes, through the middle of which the boundary 
 line runs. Soil and climate, where the water-supply is sufficient, 
 well adapted both for tillage and cattle-rearing ; but the lack of 
 water is the chief drawback of the prov. Five rivers, Primero, 
 Segtmdo, Tercero, Cuarto, Quinto (First, Second, &c.), traverse 
 the prov. from W. to E. , but mostly dry up before reaching the 
 E. limit of the prov. Mineral wealth varied ; as yet, however, 
 little developed, though mines of galena, copjjer, copper pyrites, 
 silver, &c. , are worked. 
 
 CkSrdoba, tn. , Argentine Republic, cap. state C. , 210 m. W. 
 Santa F6. Alt. 1440-1460 ft. Mean temp. (4 yrs., 1872-76), 
 yr. 61.9° F., Jan. 73°, July 50.4°; rfall. (16 yrs., 1873-88), 26.2 
 in., April-Sept. 3.5 in. P. (1887) 35,800. 
 
 Cdrdoba, tn., Mexico, prov. and 55 m. WSW. Vera Cruz, 
 II m. ENE. Orizaba, in 18° 51' N., 96° 54' W. Alt. 2879 ft. 
 Mean temp. (5 yrs. , 1861-65), yr. 68.9° F. , Jan. 63.9°, Aug. 71.6°. 
 P. (1889) 6000. 
 
 Cdrdoba, prov. , Spain, in centre of Andaluda, in the form of 
 an ellipse (NW.-SE.), having as its minor axis riv. Guadal- 
 quivir, which divides C. into two natural regions : (a. ) The 
 mountainous, to the N., formed by a part of the slopes and 
 plateaux of Sierra Morena (bordering on provs. Badajoz and 
 Ciudad Real) ; (b.) the plains. La Campina, from the S. banks 
 of riv. Guadalquivir to the mountains of Jaen, Granada, and 
 riv. JeniL The former is the cooler, the damper, but the less 
 cultivated, given up to the rearing of sheep, goats, and pigs ; 
 the N. part on the plateau, inclined to the valley of the 
 Guadiana, Los Pedroches, is covered with thickets and less 
 peopled. Iron, copper, lead, and silver are met with, princi- 
 pally coal (Belmez). The latter region is traversed by saline 
 affluents of the Guadalquivir (Guadajoz, Jenil-Cabra). The 
 climate is very dry, and very hot {El Sarten de Espaila, ' Spain's 
 frying-pan'). The fertility of the Campina is intermittent 
 (ceasing where and when there is too much efflorescence of 
 salt), but considerable, yielding abundant harvests of wheat, 
 wine (MontiUa), and oiL Prosperous and very picturesque 
 small towns (Montilla, Baena, Lucena, Pridgo), surrounded 
 by all sorts of fruit trees, are scattered over it. C. was one 
 of the four Moorish kingdoms of Andalucia. Califate from 
 756-1235. See Andaluda, CiaadalqnlTlr, Sierra, Horena, 
 Spain. 
 
 Cdrdolm, tn. , Spain, cap. prov. C. (37° 52' 15" N., 4° 50' W.), 
 27s m. SSW. Madrid, 81 m. ENE. Seville, on riv. Guadal- 
 quivir. A decayed city, noted for its ancient splendour. 
 Magnificent mosque of the 8th centtiry transformed into Chris- 
 tian cathedral in the i6th century. Karta-tuba of the Carta- 
 ginians, Corduba of the Romans, cap. of Hispania Ulterior, 
 and Betica (native place of Seneca, Lucan). The most 
 important Moorish town in Spain from the 8th to the nth 
 centvuy, and one of the great centres of learning, art, and 
 industry in Middle Age Europe (long noted for its leather, 
 cordwain ; native place of .-\verroes and Maimonides). Con- 
 quered by Saint Ferdinand in 1235. In the time of the Moors 
 the Guadalquivir was navigable up to Cordoba. Alt. 140 ft. 
 P. (1860)42,000; (1877)47,800; (1887) 55,6op. 
 
 Cordon, vil. , Uruguay, dep. and 4 m. E. Montevideo. 
 
 Cordonan, Tonr de (Tower of), lighthouse, France, in the 
 Atlantic Ocean, at the mouth of the Gironde, in 45° 32' N., on 
 a rock, the remnant of the isL Antros, 60 m. NNW. Bordeaux. 
 The lighthouse is 206 ft. high, visible 21 m. 
 
 CordoTa, English spelling of Spanish Cordoba. See Preface, 
 under Orthography. 
 
 Corea. See Korea. 
 
 Coreglla Antelmlnelll, comm., Italy, prov. and 23 m. N. 
 Lucca. P. <sooo. 
 
 C'orella, tn., Spain, prov. Pamplona, 40 m. NE. by E. Soria. 
 
 P. 6700. 
 
 374 
 
 Coreley, par. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , 14 m. W. Kidder- 
 minster, 3I m. NW. Neen Sollars stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Corenc, vil., France, dep. Is6re, 3 m. NE. Grenoble, on the 
 first slopes of the mountains of Grande Chartreuse, with a hydro- 
 balsamic establishment in a castle dating from the nth century, 
 in which Louis XI. took refuge in 1446. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Corentyue, riv. , forming the frontier of British and Dutch 
 Guiana ; navigation interrupted by great cataracts in 4° 20' N. , 
 and by numerous cataracts higher up. Proc. R. G. S. , 1880, 
 map, p. 528 (i : 2,200,000). 
 
 Core Sonnd, channel, U.S., N. Carolina, in the SE., Car- 
 taret co. , communicating on the N. with Pamplico Sound. 
 
 Corfe, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 3^ m. S. 
 Taunton, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Corfe Castle, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, E. div. , Isle of Pur- 
 beck, 6^ m. SW. by S. Poole, on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O., 
 with fireclay. King Edward the Martyr was murdered here at 
 the instance of his stepmother Elfrida in 978. 8932 ac. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Corfe Mullen, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., on the Stour, 
 si m. NNW. Poole, 2 m. ESE. Bailey Gate stn., P.O.; 3086 
 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Corfu, Greek Kerkyra, ancient Latin Corcyra, the northern- 
 most of the Ionian Is. , Greece, separated by the C. Channel 
 (the N. end of which is less than 2 m. wide) from the coast of 
 the Turkish prov. of Epirus. Somewhat smaller than the island 
 of Anglesey. Surface hilly and even mountainous ; Pantokrator, 
 in the NE. , 3005 ft. Chief product, olives. With Paxos and 
 Leukas it forms a nomos of the kingdom of Greece {q.v. ). Area 
 of island, 275 sq. m. (Wisotzki). See monongraph by Partsch, 
 Ergdnzungsheft, No. 88, to Petermann's Mitteil. 
 
 Corfu, seapt., Greece, cap. isl. and nomos of same name, 
 near the middle of its E. ct., picturesquely situated on the 
 slopes and summits of two rocky heights. Formerly a strong 
 fortress defended by a detached citadel, a fort on the small 
 island of Vidon, and other fortifications, but dismantled on the 
 cession of the island to Greece in 1864. It is a free port. The 
 harbour affords good anchorage in 6-8 fathoms of water. Vessels 
 loaded and discharged by lighters and at the quay. A canal 
 2 m. long connects C. with Albania. Mean temp., yr. 64.5° F., 
 Jan. 50.8°, July 80°; rfall. (22 yrs.), 46.5 in. P. (1871) 15,500; 
 (1889) 19,000 ; with suburbs, 27,600. 
 
 Corgarff, eccles. par. , Scot. , Aberdeenshire, 8 m. W. Strath- 
 don, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Corgary, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, dist. Killeter. 
 
 Coigo, comm., Spain, prov. and dist. Lugo. P. 6600. 
 
 Corgololn, comm., France, dep. C6te d'Or, 18 m. SSW. 
 Dijon, arr. and 5 m. NE. Beaune. P. < 2000. 
 
 Corbampton, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., on 
 the Titchfield, 10 m. SE. by E. Winchester, 4 m. ENE. Bishop's 
 Waltham stn., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Corl, comm. , Italy, prov. Rome, 23 m. S. by E. Tivoli, at 
 the foot of the Monti Lepini. P. 6000. 
 
 Corla, comm. , Spain, prov. and 62 m. N. Caceres. P. <4cioa 
 
 Corla del Bio, comm., Spain, prov. and 6 m. SSW. Seville, 
 on the Guadalquivir. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Corlano, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. Forli, 7 m. SSE. 
 Rimini. P. <4000. 
 
 Corlgllano Calabro, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 48 
 m. N. Catanzaro. P. 11,000. 
 
 Corlgllano d'Otranto, comm., Italy, prov., circle, and 14 
 m. SSE. Lecce. P. <4oop. 
 
 Corlnaldo, comm., Italy, The Marches, prov. Ancona, 20 
 m. SSE. Pesaro. P. 6000. 
 
 Corlndbap, or Break o' Day, postal-tp., Victoria, Gren- 
 ville CO., 67 m. W. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Corlnella, seapt. vil., Victoria, Mornington co., on Western 
 Port Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Corlnga, seapt. tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Godavari, on 
 the E. ct, , 87 m. ENE. Masulipatam, 8 m. S. Cocandda ; an 
 early Dutch settlement, and once the greatest seaport on the 
 coast ; but now, owing to the extension of the delta, of little 
 importance. P. -c 5000. 
 
 Corlnna, tn., U.S.. Maine, Penobscot co., 34 m. W. Bangor 
 by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Corlnna Blver, tp., Tasmania, Russell co., in m. W. by 
 S. Launceston, in the centre of goldfields. P. •<i5oo. 
 
 Corlnne, vil., U.S., Utah, Box Elder co., 57 m. N. by W. 
 Salt Lake City. Alt. 4232 ft. (R.R.). Signal station (U.S. 
 Signal Office), 4249 ft. Mean temp. (19 yrs.), yr. 51.8° F., Jan. 
 24.9°, July 80.6°; ifalL, yr. 11. 58 m. P. -<isoo. 
 
 Corinth (Greek Nea Korimtlios, or New Corinth), city, 
 Greece, cap. dep. of same name, on the Isthmus of C, between 
 the Gulfs of Lepanto or C. on the W. and /Egina on the E., 
 prov. Argolis and Corinthia, 43 m. W. Athens, about 3 m. NE. 
 by p. of the site of the ancient C. , and 2 m. SW. of PoseidSnia, 
 the new town at the NW. end of the Ist}imus of C CanaL 
 From its port, in the Bay of C, it exports currants, wheat, oil, 
 honey, and wax. Chief remains of antiquity, seven Doric 
 columns, and traces of an amphitheatre and Roman baths. This 
 
CORI — CORK 
 
 was originally the cap. of Corinthia, taken and destroyed by 
 Mummius, 146 B.C. It was the entrepot of the commerce of 
 Asia with Greece and W. Italy. Its inhabitants formed numer- 
 ous colonies and acquired great riches, so that the city became 
 proverbial for its luxury. St. Paul preached here for upwards 
 of a year. The city came into the possession of the Venetians 
 after the taking of Constantinople by the Crusaders, and re- 
 mained in their hands till 1446, when it was taken by the Turks. 
 The Venetians retook it in 1687. It was again capttired by the 
 Turks in 1715, and retained by them till 1823. Nearly destroyed 
 by an earthquake on Feb. 31, 1858. P. (i889)<sooo. 
 
 Corlntb, or Lepauto, gulf, Greece, separates the Morea on 
 the S. from Hellas on the N. Length, W. to E., 75 m.; aver- 
 age breadth, 15 m. It receives numerous small rivers, and 
 communicates with the Gulf of Patras by the Strait of Lepanto. 
 The shores of this gulf form one of the parts of Europe most 
 liable to earthquakes, the seat of shock wandering from Patras 
 to Poros. The greatest devastation is always on the alluvial 
 strip of loose soil on the SW. shore of the gulf. 
 
 Corlutta, Isthmns of, Greece, a neck of land iiniting the 
 Morea and Attica between the Gulfs of C. and .^gina. Length, 
 20 m.; breadth, 4 to 8 m. On it are various remains of anti- 
 quity, including the Isthmian wall and traces of the temple of 
 Poseidon. A ship canal through the isthmus, 3.7 m. long, 69 
 ft. wide at bottom, and with a minimum depth of 26^ ft., begun 
 in March 1882, was opened Aug. 6, 1893. The new towns of 
 Poseidonia and Isthmia have &en founded at its NW. and 
 SE. ends respectively. 
 
 Corinth, tn., U.S., Maine, co. Penobscot. P. < 1500. 
 
 Corluth, city, U.S., Mississippi, Alcorn co., 90 m. E. by S. 
 Memphis (Tenn.). Alt. 434 ft. (R.R.). P.<3000. 
 
 Corluth, tn., U.S., Vermont, co. Orange, 24 m. SE. Mont- 
 pelier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Corinth, vil, U.S., New York, Saratoga co., on the r. bk. 
 of Hudson R. , 38 m. N. by W. Troy. P. < 1500. 
 
 Corlnto, maritime tn. , Nicaragua (Central America), dep. 
 Chinandega, 19 m. WNW. Leon ; chief seaport of Nicaragua on 
 .the Pacific, connected by rail with Chinandega and the Lake of 
 Managua. No docks, quays, &c. , available for steamers drawing 
 23 ft. Vessels anchor 500-800 yards off shore, and load and 
 discharge by means of lighters. Bar has 22 ft. of water at ordi- 
 nary low tide. Lighthouse in 12° 28' N. , visible 13 m. Calling 
 place of Pacific Mail-steamers. P. <300o. 
 
 Corlo, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 19 m. NNW. 
 Turin. P. 700c. 
 
 Corio Bay (ko-rai'o), Victoria, an inlet of the W. arm of 
 Port Phillip Bay, forming the port of Geelong {^.v.). 
 
 Corlsco, small isl. , W. Africa, in C, Bay, in 0° 55' N. , 9° 20' 
 E. It belongs with the adjacent Eloby Is. and the N. part of 
 the shore of the bay to Spain. The S. part of the bay belongs 
 to the French Congo Terr. 
 
 Corlstanco, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Carballo. 
 P. 6100. 
 
 Cork, formerly Acton, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, York 
 CO., 61 m. W. St. John by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cork, a maritime, and the largest co. in Ire., in the SW. of 
 Munster, divided into the following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 'Barretts 
 
 Barrymore . 
 
 Condons and Clangibbon 
 
 Cork .... 
 
 Duhallow . 
 
 Fermoy 
 
 Imokilly 
 
 Kerrycurrihy 
 
 Kinalea 
 
 Kinnatalloon 
 
 Kinsale 
 
 Muskerry E. , part of . 
 
 Orrery and Kilmore . 
 "■ Ban try 
 
 Bear .... 
 
 Carbery E., E. div. . 
 
 Carbery E., W. div. . 
 
 Carbery W. , E. div. . 
 
 Carbery W. , W. div. 
 
 Courceys 
 
 Ibane and Barryroe 
 
 Kinalmeaky 
 
 Muskerry E. , part of . 
 
 Muskerry W. 
 
 City of Cork 
 
 Total, Cork 
 
 Acres. i Pop. 1891. 
 
 31,762 
 
 148,700 
 
 78,481 
 
 43.814 
 232,329 
 121,562 
 93.878 
 23.958 
 50.693 
 27,718 
 
 12,431 
 94.721 
 69,346 
 59,216 
 89,986 
 
 67.351 
 
 105,142 
 
 79,263 
 
 109,179 
 
 8,813 
 
 35.291 
 
 36,381 
 
 28,154 
 
 188,487 
 
 2,266 
 
 3.870 
 
 29,623 
 
 20,516 
 
 21,936 
 
 33.739 
 
 19.651 
 
 28,710 
 
 8,590 
 
 7.149 
 
 3.041 
 
 8,119 
 
 16,890 
 
 12,325 
 
 8,891 
 
 13.961 
 
 15.015 
 
 19,874 
 
 21,472 
 
 19,107 
 
 1,871 
 
 10,257 
 
 8,562 
 
 3.577 
 26,341 
 
 75.345 
 
 1,838,92111 438.432 
 
 1 Exclusive of 10,764 ac. under the larger rivers and tideways. 
 
 Greatest length 110 m., breadth 70 m. Surface mountainous 
 in the W., the N. and E. are extremely fertile. The coast is 
 indented by some fine bays and harbours, the principal being 
 Bantry and Dunmanus bays, and Clonakilty, Kinsale, Cork, 
 and Youghal harbours, the last belonging partly to Waterford. 
 The islands of Cape Clear, Whiddy, and others lie off the SW. 
 The chief rivers are the Blackwater, Lee, and Bandon, all of 
 which flow from W. to E. before turning S. into the Atlantic, 
 the course of the Blackwater within the county being wholly 
 easterly. This valley is followed by one of the chief railways 
 of the county, which is crossed at right angles at Mallow by 
 the Cork & Limerick Rly. The other railways are the Cork 
 and Youghal Rly., with branch to Queenstown (like that to 
 Limerick in connection with the G. S. & W. system), the Cork, 
 Bandon, & S. Coast Rly. (from Cork city by Bandon to Bantry 
 and Skibbereen, with branches to Kinsale, and in connection 
 with the system a hght railway to Clonakilty) ; the Cork & 
 Macroom Rly. (partly up the valley of the Bride, trib. Lee) ; the 
 Cork, Blackrock, and Passage (light) Rly. ; and a light railway 
 from Skibbereen to the important fishing village of Baltimore. 
 The cotmty is noted for its dairy produce. For agricultural 
 statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. The portion of the county 
 N. of the Blackwater is mainly composed of Carboniferous 
 rocks, almost entirely non-productive. S. of the Blackwater are 
 Upper Silurian rocks (to which belong the highest summits of 
 the CO. ; Caherbarnagh in the extreme W., 2239 ft.), and these 
 are followed by alternating strips of Old Red Sandstone and 
 Carboniferous. Slate is quarried at Bantry, Drimoleague, 
 Durrus, and Roscarbery ; copper ore is found at Durrus and 
 Killeen, and barytes at Bantry, Clonakilty, and SchuU. The 
 county returns seven members to Parliament, one for each of the 
 E., Mid, N., NE., S., SE., and W. divs., besides two for the 
 city C. The population has decreased steadily since 1851. 
 The ancient terr. of Cork was more extensive than the county, 
 and previous to 1172 formed a kingdom under the Macarthys. 
 The Anglican diocese of Cork is co-extensive with the county, 
 which, however, includes among the Roman Catholic eccles. 
 divs. , besides the diocese of Cork, the whole of those of Cloyne 
 and Ross, and parts of those of Kerry and Lismore. See 
 Ireland, table, and under Condition of the People. 
 
 Cork, ancient Corcach-mor-Mumham ( ' the great marsh of 
 Munster'), city, pari, bor., andriv. port. Ire., cap. co. Cork, and 
 bar., near the head of navigation on the Lee, 11 m. above the 
 entrance of C. Harbour, and 137 m. SW. Dublin, with which. 
 Limerick and Bandon Bridge, it is connected by railways. The 
 city proper is built on an island formed by the Lee crossed by 
 nine bridges, one of which, Patrick's Bridge, built to replace an 
 old one, is a beautiful structure. It is the seat of an Anglican 
 and a Roman Catholic bishop, and has Augustine, Franciscan, 
 Dominican, and Capuchin monasteries, and two nunneries. 
 Queen's College (one of the colleges aflRUated to the Royal 
 University of Ireland), a school of medicine and surgery, and 
 the Crawford Municipal Schools of Science and Art. The 
 AngUcan cathedral, dedicated to St. Finne Bar, consecrated in 
 1870, stands on the site of two older edifices, the first taken 
 down in 1734, the second in 1864. Among other churches may 
 be mentioned that of St. Anne Shandon, near the site of the 
 old Shandon Castle, once an important stronghold. The church 
 contains the tomb of the Rev. Francis Mahony (' Father Prout '). 
 There is a statue in the city to Father Mathew (1790-1856), 
 who was connected with the Capuchin church of this city. 
 A park of about 240 acres extends along the S. bank of the 
 river to Blackrock, now converted into a racecourse. Near it 
 are cavalry and infantry barracks. Manufs. leather, iron, and 
 other metallic goods, chemical manures, tweeds, ginghams, 
 friezes, and linen (the last in the suburbs of Blackpool and 
 Douglas), and there are extensive breweries and distilleries. 
 Exports butter, iron, whiskey, and other Irish produce. C. 
 communicates by steam packets writh London, Dublin, Bristol, 
 Cardiff, Newport, NewMilford, Plymouth, Southampton, Liver- 
 pool, and Glasgow. For amount of shipping, see Appendix, 
 p. 13. It sends two members to House of Commons. Cork 
 Harbour is a land-locked basin, formed by the estuary of 
 the Lee, which is navigable to ij m. above C. city. It is 
 large and deep enough to contain the whole British navy, 
 and has an entrance 1 m. across, within which its breadth 
 varies to 8 m. There are dry docks and patent slips and more 
 than 3000 ft. of quayage, with a depth alongside of 20 ft. at 
 low to 35 ft. at high water. The harbour contains Spike and 
 Haulbowline islands, on which are a convict station, artillery 
 barracks, and various ordnance works. On its shores are 
 Queenstovra [q.v.) and Passage. Market-day, Th. Mean 
 rfall. (Blackrock, alt. 30 ft., 1866-80), 41.37 in. Mun. bor. P. 
 (1841) 80,700; (1851) 85,700; (1861) 80,100; (1871) 78,600; 
 (1881) 80,100; (1891) 75,300; pari. bor. P. (1891) 97,300. 
 
 Corkaguiny, bar. , Ire. , in the W. of co. Kerry. 
 
 Corkaree, bar. , Ire. , in the middle of co. Westmeath. 
 
 Corkbeg, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, on Cork Harb., 
 4 m. SE. Queenstown. P. < 1000. 
 
 Corkermore, electoral div., Ire., Donegal, dist. Dunkineely. 
 
 375 
 
CORK — CORN 
 
 Corkey, electoral div., Ire., co. Antrim, 7 m. from Killagan, 
 P.O. 
 
 Corkickle, vil., Eng., Cumberland, near Whitehaven, with 
 a stn. on the Fumess Rly. 
 
 Corkip Longh, small lake, Ire., in the S. of co. Ros- 
 common, 5 m. W. Athlone. 
 
 Corlay, tn. , France, dep. Cotes du Nord, arr. Loud6ac, 
 43 m. NNE. Lorient. P. < 2000. 
 
 Corlea, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Clare, dist. Feakle. 
 
 Corleone, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 22 m. S. by W. Palermo. 
 P. 17,000. 
 
 Corlesmore, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Crossdoney, co. Cavan. 
 
 Corleto Pertlcara, coram., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 22 
 m. SE. by S. Potenza. P. 5000. 
 
 Corley, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., 4^ m. 
 NNW. Coventry, 3 m. NW. Foleshill stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Ciirlln, Ger. See Korllu. 
 
 Corlongh, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Bawnboy, co. Cavan. 
 
 Corme, tn., Spain, prov. and 30 m. W. by S. Corunna. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Cormeen, electoral div.. Ire., co. Monaghan, dist. Cootehill. 
 
 Cormeilles, tn., France, dep. Eure, arr. Pont-Audemer, on 
 the Calonne, 10 m. NE. Lisieux. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Connery, comm. , France, dep. Indre et Loire, on the Indre, 
 arr. and 11 m. SE. Tours. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Cormons, viL , Austria, Gorz and Gradisca, 8 m. W. by N. 
 Gorz. P. (1890) < 4000. 
 
 Com, or Mangles, two islets 40 m. E. of the coast of Nicara- 
 gua; Great C. in 12° 13' N. , and Little C. in 12° 18' N. 
 
 Comabnss, vil. , Canada. See Harkdale. 
 
 Comafean, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Crossdoney, co. Cavan. 
 
 Comafalla, P.O., Ire., 6m. from Athlone, co. Roscommon. 
 
 CJomakinnegar, electoral div., Ire., co. Armagh, bar. E. 
 Oneilland. 
 
 Cornamona, P.O., Ire., 7 m. from Cong, 14 m. from Ballin- 
 robe stn. , co. Galway. 
 
 Cornard, Great, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, on the Stour, 12 m. N W. 
 Colchester, div. and i m. S. by E. Sudbury, P.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Cornard, Little, par., Eng., adjoining Great C. P. <5oo. 
 
 Comaredo, coram., Italy, prov. Milan, dist. Gallarate. P. 
 <4ooo. 
 
 Cornate, comm. , Italy, prov. and dist. Milan. P. <40oo. 
 
 Cornate, Le, group of mts. , Italy, in the S. of Tuscany, 22 
 m. SW. by W. Siena. Highest peak, alt. 3475 ft. 
 
 Cornbrongli, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire. See Sberlir 
 Button. 
 
 Combnry Park, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Banbury div. , 6 
 m. W. by N. Woodstock, i m. S. Charlbury stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Corndon Hill, Wales, in the SE. of Montgomeryshire, 8 m. 
 SE. by S. Welshpool. Alt. 1685 ft. 
 
 Cornedo, coram., Italy, Venetia, prov. Vicenza, dist. Val- 
 dagno. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cornelian Bay. See Scarborongk. 
 
 Comellano, or Comegllano d'Alba, comm., Italy, Pied- 
 mont, prov. Cuneo, 25 m. ENE. Saluzzo. P. <3000. 
 
 Cornell Tnlverslty. See Ithaca, U.S. 
 
 Comelly, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, St. Austell div. , 5^ m. E. 
 Truro. P. <25o. 
 
 Comer Inlet, New South Wales, in 38° 47' S. , and 146° 20' 
 E. ; length 15 m. by 12 m. , with an entrance 2^ m. wide. The 
 banks are well wooded with the finest timber. 
 
 Corners, Tasmania. See Conara. 
 
 Cometo (' the place on the corner'), or Cometo Tarqnlnla, 
 coram., Ital)^, prov. Rome, on riv. Marta, dist. and 12 m. N. 
 Civiti Vecchia, on a lofty height bordering the Mediterranean, 
 and ij ra. from the remains of the Necropolis of Tarquinii ; now 
 a bishop's see. Has salt-pans. P. 5000. 
 
 Comey, par., Eng., Cumberland, 4 m. SE. Ravenglass; 
 4359 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Cornfield Point, cape, U.S., Connecticut, in the SE. of 
 Middlesex co. , in 72° 23' W. 
 
 Comforth, par., Eng., Durham, Mid div., 5^ m. SSE. 
 Durham, with stn. (West C.) on NE. R. , near Thrislington 
 stn. P. <:4500. 
 
 Comgreaves, or Congrere, vil., Eng., co. and 7 m, S. 
 Stafford, W. div., i m. SW. Penkridge, with blast-furnaces. 
 
 Comhlll, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., on the r. bk. of the Tweed, 8 J m. ENE. Kelso, near 
 Coldstream stn., PT.O. ; 4944 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Corablll, stn., Scot., Banffshire, 5 m. S. Portsoy, on the 
 G. N. of S. R., P.O. 
 
 Corabolnie, stn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. NW. 
 Todmorden, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Comla, riv., Italy, prov. Pisa; it rises in the Poggia di 
 Montieri, and enters the Mediterranean 3 m. E. Piombino. 
 Length, 24 m. Its basin is remarkable for volcanic phenomena, 
 springs of carbonic acid and mineral waters. 
 
 Cornice Road, or La Cornlctae, the name given to the road 
 leading from Nice to Genoa, remarkable for its picturesque 
 beauty. 
 
 376 
 
 Cornlglia, comm. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the coast, 
 5 m. W. by N. Spezia. 
 
 Cornlmont, Ger. .Homenbnrg, coram., France, dep. 
 Vosges, 23 m. SE. Epinal, arr. and 11 m. ESE. Remire- 
 mont, terminus of the railway up the valley of the Moselette. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Corning, tn., U.S., Iowa, Adams co., 66 m. ESE. Omaha 
 (Neb.). P. < 2000. 
 
 Coming, vil., U.S., New York, Steuben co., on C. Riv., 75 
 m. SSE. Rochester, and 18 ra. W. by N. Elmira, connected by 
 a branch of the Chemung Canal with the Erie Canal. P. 8600. 
 
 Coming, vil., U.S., Ohio, co. Perry. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cornlsb, tn., U.S., Maine, York co., on the Saco, 26 ra. 
 WNW. Portland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cornish Hall End, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Essex, 2 m. 
 from Finchingfield {q.v.), P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Corno, Monte. See Apennines, D. 
 
 Cornoaallle, an old dist., France, in Lower Brittany, the 
 cap. of which was Quiraper Corentin, now coraprised in the 
 deps. Finist^re, C6tes du Nord, and Morbihan. 
 
 Comrlgg, P.O. , Eng. , 4 ra. frora St. John's Chapel, Durham. 
 
 Cornsay, par., Eng., Durham, NW. div., 8 m. W. Durham, 
 3 ra. SSW. Lanchester stn., with coal-mines, PM.O. (C. 
 Colliery). P. <25oo. 
 
 Cornnda, corara. , Italy, Venetia, prov. Treviso, dist. Monte- 
 belluno. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Comns, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. St. Affrique, 39 ra. 
 N. Bfeiers. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cornivall, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Storraont 
 CO. , on 1. bk. of St. Lawrence, 55 m. SE. by E. Ottawa. Mean 
 terap., yr. 42.5° F., Jan. 13.3°, July 69.2°. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 CoruTvall, or Pye's Corners, vil., Canada, Prince Edward 
 I., Queen's co. , 7 ra. from Charlottetown. P. < 1500. « 
 
 Cornwall, the most SW. co. of England, is a peninsula, 
 separated from Devonshire by the Tamar, surrounded on all 
 other sides by the sea, and divided into the following pari, 
 divs. : — 
 
 Western or St. Ives . 
 North-Western or Camborne 
 Truro .... 
 Mid or St. Austell . 
 South- Extern or Bodrain . 
 North-Eastem or Launceston 
 Pari, bor.2 
 
 Total 
 
 Acres. j Pop. 1891. 
 
 68,921 
 
 50.187 
 
 52,002 
 
 54.192 
 
 137.285 
 
 170,581 
 171,116 
 
 266,394 
 
 50.742 
 49,624 
 53,288 
 48,084 
 
 1,909 
 
 17.454 
 
 868,208 1 
 
 322,571 
 
 1 The administrative county is co-extensive with the ancient county. 
 
 2 Penryn and Falmouth. 
 
 Its surface is much diversified. Some of the valleys are pictur- 
 esque, though a great part of the county, where mining is 
 carried on, looks barren and dreary. The coasts, especially in 
 the W. , are bold and rocky, and much indented, and in parts 
 remarkably picturesque. The narrow N. portion between the 
 sea and the county of Devon is a continuation of the Lower 
 Carboniferous tableland of Devon, cut by a succession of 
 narrow gorges, the sides of which near the sea are upright 
 black cliffs, and further inland are clothed with oak or furze, 
 near the foot with turf. (See Kingsley's ' Westward Ho ! ' chap, 
 vi. ) In this part of the county there are shifting sands, often 
 in hills several hundred feet high. The remainder of the county 
 is mainly composed of Devonian clay-slates, known to the miners 
 as killas, forming the bed rock in which most of the mineral 
 veins are fotmd. But there are also large bosses of granite, 
 containing the highest suraraits of the county (Brown Willy, to- 
 wards the N., 1368 ft. ; Hensbarrow Beacon, about the raiddle, 
 1034 ft. ). One of these bosses forras the peninsula of Land's 
 End, but that of the Lizard is coraposed of raetamorphic rocks, 
 possibly archaean. The chief rivers are the Fal, Camel, Looe, 
 and Fowey. There is a very large vinery (said to be second in size 
 to that at Hampton Court) at St. Levan. For agricultural statis- 
 tics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. Mining is the chief industry, but 
 the pilchard fishery is very profitable. Tin is the most important 
 raineral of C. , and is extensively worked, the mines at Camborne 
 and Redruth (Nabob Wolcoath mine) yielding excellent tin in 
 large quantities. It is also mined at St. Agnes, St. Just, Calling- 
 ton, lUogan, Calstock, Redruth, St. Austell, St. Mewan, New- 
 quay, St. Ives, St. Neot's, St. Enoder, and many other places. 
 Antimony ore is found at TrebuUet ; arsenic at St. Just, 
 Callington, lUogan, Breage, Redruth, St. Day, and Carn 
 Brea ; arsenical pyrites at Calstock and Callington ; fluor 
 spar at West Damsel ; wolfram at Illogan and Cam Brea ; 
 stone at Liskeard and Marazion; ochre at Uranium (late 
 South Terras) ; copper precipitate at St. Just and Calstock ; 
 copper is mined at St. Just, Callington, Calstock, Illogan, Cam 
 Brea, Redruth, and St. Agnes ; and slate is quarried at Liskeard, 
 
CORN — CORR 
 
 Tintagel, Lamb's House, and Camelford ; china-clay is found 
 near Launceston and St. Austell, and there is another large 
 quarry near Grampound Road ; it is sent in large quantities to 
 Staffordshire. There are many logan stones (notably that at 
 the Land's End), cromlechs, &c., in the county, and remains 
 of ancient castles at Launceston, Trematon, Lostwithiel, St. 
 Michael's Mount, and Tintagel, the reputed birthplace of King 
 Arthur. The ' Land of Lyonesse ' lies between the Land's End 
 and the Scilly Is.; and it is said that the remains of a city 
 can yet be seen below the sea. The submarine forests in this 
 tract show a subsidence of at least 12 ft. , and 140 parish churches 
 are said to have been submerged. There is a single line of rail- 
 way running through the S. of the county to Penzance, in con- 
 nection with the G. W. R. , and branches from Truro to Fal- 
 mouth, and from Par to Newquay and Fowey, besides several 
 coast routes. The chief towns are Truro (city), Bodmin, Laun- 
 ceston, Falmouth, Penzance, Cambourne, and Redruth. The 
 county, which includes the Scilly Is., belongs wholly to, and 
 makes up nearly the whole of, the diocese of Truro. The 
 name Cornwall is said to be derived from the British kernou, ' a 
 horn,' and the Saxon weallas, 'foreign.' C. was known to the 
 Iberians, who traded in its products ; many Welsh inhabited it 
 in the time of the West Saxons, but Athelstane brought C. and 
 the Scilly Is. fully imder English rule. C. was created a 
 duchy in 1329, and as such is held by the Prince of Wales. The 
 Cornish dialect (allied to the Welsh) became extinct only during 
 the present century. The mining trade of C. is under the juris- 
 diction of the Stannary Courts, presided over by the lord warden 
 and a vice-warden. "The great wealth of Richard of Cornwall, 
 brother of Henry III. and titular emperor of Germany, was 
 derived from the Cornish tin-mines which then supplied all 
 Europe. See England, table. 
 
 Cornwall, cape, Eng. , W. ct. Cornwall, in 50° 8' N. 
 
 Corn'vrall, co. , Tasmania, on the E. ct. , crossed by 41^° S. 
 
 Cornwall, tn., US., Connecticut, Litchfield co., on riv. 
 Housatonic, 33 m. ENE. Poughkeepsie (N.Y.). P, <i5oo. 
 
 Cornwall, settlement, U.S., New York, Orange co., on the 
 r. bk. of Hudson R. , 20 m. S. by W. Poughkeepsie. 
 
 Cornwall, settlement, U.S., Pennsylvania, Dauphin co. , 25 
 m. E. Harrisburg, and 6 m. S. Lebanon. 
 
 Comwallis, seapt. tn. , Canada, Nova Scotia, King's co. , on 
 Canard N., 51 m. NW. Halifax. Mean temp., yr. 42.5° F., 
 Jan. 13.3°, July 69.2°. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cornwallis, isl. , Canada, to the NW. of Baffin Land, in the 
 Arctic Ocean, crossed by 95° W., and 75° N., bounded on the 
 S. by Barrow Strajt. 
 
 Cornwallis, isls., Pacific. See Johnston Islands. 
 
 Corn-well, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Banbury div. , 13 m. NW. 
 by W. Woodstock, 2| m. W. Chipping Norton. P. <2So. 
 
 Cornwood, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnesdiv., 9 m. ENE. 
 Plymouth, on the G. W. R., with china-clay and fire-clay, 
 PM.O. ; 10,313 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Comworthy, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 4 m. 
 NW. Dartmouth. P. <5oo. 
 
 Corny Point, headland, S. Australia, in Spencer's Gulf, 
 opposite Port Lincoln. 
 
 Coro, the former name of Falcon, a state of Venezuela. 
 
 Coro, tn., S. America, Venezuela, Falcon, on the N. ct., 203 
 m. WN W. Caracas, in about 69° 44' W. , with coal-mines. C. 
 is one of the oldest Spanish settlements, and was founded in 
 1527. P. 9000. 
 
 Corocoro, tn., S, America, Bolivia, dep. and 50 m. SSW. 
 La Paz, with silver and copper mines, the ores from which are 
 conveyed by steamer from the port of Nasacara on the Desagua- 
 dero. Annual production of copper ore about 4000 tons. P. 
 4000. 
 
 Corofln, Ire. See Corrofln. 
 
 Corogne, French form of the Spanish Comika, English 
 Comnna. 
 
 Coromandel, the S. part of the E. ct. of Madras [q.v.). 
 
 Coromandel, post-tn. , New Zealand, in C. co. , on the E. side 
 of Hauraki Gulf, 42 m. E. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coromandel Channel, strait, New Zealand, off the N. ct. 
 of North I., between Great Barrier I. and Thames penin. 
 
 Coromandel Valley, postal-vil. , S. Australia, Adelaide CO. , 
 10 m. S. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coron, gulf, Greece. See Itlessenla. 
 
 Coron, Lake, small lake, Wales, in the S. of Anglesey, 8 m. 
 NW. by W. Carnarvon. 
 
 Corona, vil. , U.S. , New York, co. Queens, 9 m. NE. Brooklyn 
 by rail. P. <30oo. 
 
 Corona, hamlet, Italy, Venetia, 15 m. NW. Verona. Cele- 
 brated for a battle between the French and Austrians, Jan. 15, 
 1797. 
 
 Coronadas, Islas, group of small isls. off the W. ct. of the 
 penin. of California, Mexico, near the N. frontier. 
 
 Coronado Beach, suburb of San Diego, California. 
 
 Coronation Gnlf, vast gulf on Arctic ct. of Canada, between 
 107° 20' and 116° W. 
 
 Coronation Island, the largest of the S. Orkney Is., S. 
 
 Atlantic, in 60° 32' S. and 46° 52' W. Alt. 4330 ft. Discovered 
 in 1821. 
 
 Coronation Island, Alaska terr. , N. America, W. of Prince 
 of Wales Archipelago. 
 
 Coronda, colony, Argentine Republic, state of and 25 m. 
 SSW. Santa Y€. P. (i889)<3ooo. 
 
 Coronel, seapt. , Chile, prov. Concepcion, cap. dep. Lautaro, 
 in 37° i' S. , open roadstead ; has glass-works. Good anchorage 
 all over the bay, depth ranging up to 10 or 12 fathoms. Vessels 
 discharge and load by means of launches. Lignite mined near. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Corongo, tn., S. America, Peru, dep. Ancachs, 255 m. N. by 
 W. Lima. P. (1889) 3000. 
 
 Coronie, vil. , on the coast of Dutch Guiana, in 56° 19' W. 
 
 Coronll, El, tn., Spain, prov. and 24 m. SE. Seville, on a 
 crown-shaped hill. P. 5000. 
 
 Corop, post-tn. , Victoria, Rodney co. , near the N. shore of 
 Lake Cooper, 94 m. N. Melbourne. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Corowa, post-tp., New South Wales, Hume co., on the 
 1. bk. of the Murray, 300 m. SW. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Corozal, or Corosal, tn. , Central America, Brit. Honduras, 
 62 m. N. by W. Belize. P. 5000. 
 
 Corozal, tn., S. America, Colombia, Bolivar, 75 m. SSE. 
 Cartagena. P. 7000. 
 
 Corpach, viL, Scot., Argyllshire, on the Caledonian Canal, 
 2 m. N. by W. Fort William. 
 
 Corpach Bay, Scot., Argyllshire, on the W. ct. of Jura, in 
 56° 3i' N. 
 
 Corpi Santi dl Pavla, comm. , Italy, prov. and dist. Pavia, 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Corps, vil., France, dep. Isfere, on the Drac, arr. and 28 m. 
 SSE. Grenoble. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Corpus Chrlstl, city, U.S., Texas, Nueces co., on C. C. Bay, 
 128 m. N. by W. of the mouth of the Rio Grande. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Corpus Chrlstl Bay, lagoon, U.S., Texas, cos. San Patricio 
 and Nueces Refugio, in 27° 45' N., 97^° W. , forming the N. 
 extremity of the Laguna de la Madre, separated by Mustang I. 
 from the Gulf of Mexico, with which it communicates by Aransas 
 and C. C. inlets. At its W. extremity it receives the riv. Nueces. 
 
 Corpusty, par., Eng., Norfolk, on riv. Bure, 5 J m. NW. 
 Aylsham, with a stn. on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly. P. <soo. 
 
 Corque, tn., S. America, Bolivia, dep. Oruro, 130 m. S. by 
 E. La Paz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Corr, electoral div., Ire., co. Cavan, dist. Arvagh. 
 
 Corra, Eng. See Calverhall. 
 
 Corracharra, electoral div., Ire., co. Monaghan, dist. 
 Raferagh. 
 
 Corral, Puerto de, seapt. , Chile, at the mouth of the Calle, 
 prov. and 12 m. WSW. Valdivia, in 39° 55' S. Mean temp. 
 (3 yrs., 1870-72), yr. 51.4° F., Jan. 57.9°, Aug. 44.4°. 
 
 Corrala, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Leitrim, dist. Newtowngore. 
 
 Corral de Almaqner, tn., Spain, prov. and 45 m. ESE. 
 Toledo, in a fertile plain near the Rianzares. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Corral de Calatrara, tn., Spain, New Castile, prov. and 8 
 m. SSW. Ciudad Real. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Corrales, tn., Spain, Andalucia, prov. and 52 m. ESE. 
 Seville. P. <3000. 
 
 Corrales, settlement, Uruguay, in the SW. of dep. Rivera ; 
 with gold mine. 
 
 Corra Linn, one of the falls of the Clyde R. , Scot. 
 
 Corralones, site, Peru, about 22 m. from Arequipa, with im- 
 portant remains of antiquity. 
 
 Corralongford, electoral div.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, dist. 
 Brookeborough. 
 
 Corran, bar. , Ire. , in the SE. of co. Sligo. 
 
 Corran Narrows, strait, Scot., Argyllshire, in the N., con- 
 necting Loch Linnhe and lower Loch Eil, in 56° 43' N. 
 
 Corraneary, electoral div., Ire., co. Cavan, dist. Cootehill. 
 
 Corrann Achlll, electoral div., Ire., co. Mayo, dist. Achill. 
 
 Corravaddy, electoral div., Ire., co. Donegal, dist. Letter- 
 kenny. 
 
 Corrawallen, P.O., Ire., 4m. from Carrigallen (co. Leitrim). 
 
 Correctionvllle, vil., U.S., Iowa, Woodbury co., on Little 
 Sioux R., 30 m. E. Sioux City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Correggio, tn., Italy, Emilia, prov. Reggio, 11 m. NW. 
 Modena; birthplace (1494) of the artist Antonio de Allegri, 
 called C. P. 12,000. 
 
 Correllstown, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Westmeath, bar. Farbill, 
 7\ m. ESE. Mullingar, on the Royal Canal. P. <25o. 
 
 Corrennie Forest, an upland dist., Scot., W. Aberdeen- 
 shire, about 17 m. ENE. Ballater. 
 
 Correntl, Isola dl, small uninhabited isl. off the ct. of Sicily, 
 SW. of Cape Passaro, with light visible 9 m. 
 
 Corrtze, dep. belonging to the Central Plateau of France, to 
 the W. of the mountains of Auvergne, and almost entirely to the 
 basin of the Dordogne, which traverses the SE. ; formed out of 
 Bas-Limousin, part of the ancient prov. of Limousin ; divided 
 into three arrs. , Tulle, Brives-la-Gaillarde, and Ussel ; cap. Tulle. 
 The chief rivers besides the Dordogne are the Vez^re, with its 
 affluent the Correze, and the Cere, which bounds the dep. on 
 
 377 
 
CORR — CORS 
 
 the SE. From the Milleyache plateau in the N. , with naked 
 and arid bosses generally exceeding 2500 ft. (highest, Mt. 
 Besson, 3230 ft.), the general inclination is from NE. to SW. 
 The higher districts form an extensive region of plateaux, 
 composed of granites, gneiss, and mica-schists, with a thin 
 covering of soil, occupied by barren heath, and exposed to cold 
 and violent winds. The lowlands have a fine climate, and are 
 very fertile ; superb calcareous rocks occur. Forests scanty. 
 The principal cereals are rye and buckwheat. The vine covers 
 between i and 2 per cent, of the surface, but the production per 
 acre is very small. One-third of the area consists of moors and 
 uncropped grasses. A small quantity of coal is produced, but 
 there is no other mineral of importance. The most noteworthy 
 manufacture is that of arms at Tulle. Area, 2273 sq. m. P. 
 (1891) 328,100. See France, table. 
 
 Corr^ze, tn. , France, dep. C. , on the C. Riv. , 65 m. WSW. 
 Clermont, arr. and 10 m. NE. by N. Tulle. P. <2oco. 
 
 Corr^ze, riv., France, flows S. then SW. through dep. C. 
 past Tulle to the Vezfere ; it traverses a deep picturesque granitic 
 valley. Length, 83 m. 
 
 Correzzola, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. Padua, dist. Piove. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Corrlarlck, pass, Scot., near the head of the Spey R., Inver- 
 ness-shire. 
 
 Corrib, Longli, lake, Ire. , nearly dividing co. Galway into two 
 parts, shape irregular; length, NW. to SE., 27 m. ; breadth, i 
 to 6 m ; area, 63 sq. m., alt. 14 ft. ; contains several islets, 
 receives the Clare and other rivers, with the surplus waters of 
 Loughs Mask and Carra, and discharges its own surplus by 
 the Galway R. into Galway Bay. 
 
 Corridge, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck div. , ' 8^ 
 m. W. by S. Morpeth, i m. W. Angerton stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Corrle, vil., Scot., co. Bute, E. ct. of Arran I., 4^ m. N. 
 Brodick, PT.O. See Hntton and Corrie. 
 
 Corrlentes, prov. or state of the Argentine Rep. , occupying 
 the N. half of the Argentine Mesopotamia, or low-lying portion 
 of the tract between the Parana and Uruguay. The prov. has 
 numerous depressions occupied by shallow lakes, the largest of 
 which, the Laguna Ibera, has an area of nearly 2000 sq. m. , but 
 is hardly a continuous lake, being broken up into a string of 
 lakes by numbers of wooded islands haunted by beasts of prey. 
 Between this lagoon and its outlet, the riv. Corrientes on the 
 one side and the Parand on the other, stretch fine plains well 
 adapted for pasturage and tillage, and studded with numerous 
 palm-thickets. The southern portion has few lagoons, and is 
 to a large extent covered with forests of quebracho and other 
 trees. See Argentine RepnbUc, table. 
 
 Corrlentes, tn. and stn., Argentine Rep., cap. state C, on 
 L bk. of the Rio Parana, 25 m. below the confluence of the Para- 
 guay. Mean temp. (7 jrrs., 1873-80), yr. , 70.6° F. , Feb. 79.5°, 
 July 6i° ; rfall. (8 yrs.), 52.36 in. P. (1889) 14,000. 
 
 Corrlentes, cape, Argentine Rep. , on the E. ct. , about 38° 8' 
 S. , in the SE. of prov. Buenos Aires. 
 
 Corrlentes, cape. South America, W. ct. , about 5° 29' N. 
 
 Corrles, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Carlow, dist. Borris. 
 
 Corrlestand, P. O. , Scot. , 6 m. from Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire. 
 
 Corrlerrekln, or Corrybrechtan, a whirlpool off the W. ct. 
 of Scotland, between the isls. of Jura and Scarba, occasioned by 
 the tide-stream being opposed by a pyramidal rock which rises 
 within 15 fathoms of the surface. 
 
 Corrlga, P.O., Ire., co. Cavan, 5 m. from Carrigallen, 12 m. 
 from Killeshandra stn. 
 
 Corrlga, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Leitrim, dist. Carrigallen. 
 
 Corrlgenroe, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Boyle (Roscommon). 
 
 Corrlngliam, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 11 m. W. South- 
 end, 2 m. ENE. Stanford Hope stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Corrlngliam, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 4 
 m. ENE. Gainsborough, 2^ m. SE. Blyton for C. stn., PM.O. ; 
 6366 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Corrls, or Abercorys, eccles. par. , Wales, Merionethshire and 
 Montgomeryshire, 6^ m. S. by E. Dolgelly, near Talyllyn, on 
 Corris Rly. , with extensive slate-quarries, PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Corrls Cross, P.O. , Ire. , 4 m. from Bagenalstown (co. Carlow). 
 
 Corrls Railway, a short rly. in Wales, running north from 
 Machynlleth in Montgomeryshire to Aberllefenny ; constructed 
 for the conveyance of slates from Corris, but much used also by 
 tourists on account of the beauty of the valley through which it 
 passes. 
 
 Corrofln, or Corofln, tn. , Ire. , NW. co. Clare, bar. Inchiquin, 
 8 m. N. by W. Ennis, on W. Clare Rly., PMT.O. Market- 
 day, W. P. <soo. 
 
 Corroge, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Clanwilliam, near 
 Tipperary. P. <25o. 
 
 Corropoll, tn., Italy, prov., dist., and 14 m. NNE. Teramo. 
 P. <;40oo. 
 
 Corronr Forest, an upland tract, Scot., in the SE. of 
 Inverness-shire, to the W. of the S. end of Loch Ericht. 
 
 Corry, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, Erie co., 27 m. SE. by E. 
 Erie. P. 5700. 
 
 Corry breebtan, Scot. See Corrlerrekln. 
 378 
 
 Corrygllls Point, Scot., E. ct. of Arran I., in 55° 34' W. 
 
 Corryong, post-tn., Victoria, Benambra co., 190 m. NE. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Corryrarllgan, mt. pass, Scot., on border of cos. Ross and 
 Inverness, between Loch Hourn and Glen Shiel. Alt. 2000 ft. 
 
 Corryvrecban, or Corryrreckan. See CorrlcTrekln. 
 
 Cors, Welsh, 'a marsh.' See Corcagh. 
 
 Corscombe ('marsh dingle'), par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. 
 div., loi m. SW. Sherborne, 4^ m. W. Evershot stn., PM.O. ; 
 5008 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Corse, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div., sj 
 m. NNW. Gloucester, PM.O. (C. Lawn). P. <soo. 
 
 Corse, Cap, cape, the N. point of Corsica. 
 
 Corsenianl, Crofts of, dist., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, in 
 the extreme W. , 6 m. S. by W. Keith. 
 
 Corsen, Polnte de, cape, westernmost extremity of France, 
 dep. Finist^re, 14 m. W. by N. of Brest, with a lighthouse, 
 visible 14 m. 
 
 Corsenslde, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the Rede, 5J 
 m. NE. Bellingham ; 11,504 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Corserlne, mt. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, i8| m. SE. May- 
 bole, 4 m. S. of the S. end of Loch Doon. Alt. 2668 ft. 
 
 Corsewall Point, headland, Scot., co. Wigtown, 12 m. N. 
 Portpatrick, with a lighthouse, in 55° o' N., 5° 9' W., visible 
 16 m. Mean rfall. (1866-85), 36.74 in. 
 
 Cor'sham, or Corsham Regis, market-tn. and par., Eng., 
 ^Vilts, Chippenham div., 8 m. ENE. Bath, on the G. W. R., 
 with freestone quarries, PMT.O.; 6605 ac. P. <4ooo; eccles. 
 par. (C. St. Bartbolomew) P. <35oo. C. Side, hamlet, 2 m. 
 to the S. 
 
 Corsica, isL, in the Mediterranean, about one-third of the 
 size of Ireland, forming a dep. of France ; 106 m. SE. from the 
 nearest point of the mainland, and 50 m. W. of the coast of 
 Tuscany; divided into five arrs., Ajaccio, cap., Bastia, Calvi, 
 Corte, and Sartfene. Almost entirely covered with mountains. 
 The central chain far exceeds the highest summits of central 
 France (Mte. Rotondo, 8610 ft. ; Mte. Cinto, 8890 ft.). Imme- 
 diately beyond its much indented coast-line rises a verdant belt 
 of hills, their slopes planted with olive, citron, and orange trees, 
 vines and laurels ; to these succeed a zone of chestnuts, then 
 rich pastures, and further yet dense forests of conifers or deep 
 valleys covered with inextricable thickets known as maquis 
 (Italian, macchie). Rivers are numerous but small and non- 
 navigable, and torrential to their very mouths. The two 
 principal are the Golo and Tavignano, both on the E. coast, 
 the lower course of both traversed by one of the chief railways 
 in the interior, marking off a section of the mountains to the 
 NW. of the principal lowlands, the unhealthy and thinly 
 peopled coast-plain of Algeria. On the W. side the chief valley 
 is that of the Gravone, which is ascended by the railway from 
 Ajaccio to the line already mentioned on the E. side of the 
 central chain. The climate is of the Mediterranean type 
 [Europe, Ajaccio], Primary rocks, granites and schists, 
 occupy most of the western part of C. ; the eastern consists 
 of cretaceous mountains and alluvial plains. Minerals aboimd 
 in variety, but so far have been little developed. Copper is mined 
 at the railway junction of Ponte Leccia, silver-lead at Galeria, and 
 antimony at Luri-Castello and Meria in the N. penin. Copper 
 occurs also near Bastia and elsewhere, silver-lead at Calenzana, 
 iron ore at Farinole and Olmeta, NW. of Bastia. Algajola 
 furnishes granite, Tallano porphyry, Orezza serpentine, Ros- 
 tino and Serraggio white marble, &c. The principal cereal is 
 wheat. The vine occupies more than 2 per cent, of the 
 surface, and the produce per acre is fully up to the average. 
 C. was colonised by the Phoenicians, then by the Phocaeans, 
 and in the fifth centiu^ B.C. by the Carthaginians, from whom 
 the Romans wrested it after the first Punic war. Very flourish- 
 ing during the Roman period, it suffered greatly during the 
 Middle Ages by incursions of Saracens, and through getting 
 mixed up with the qixarrels of the small Italian states. The 
 Genoese became the suzerains of the island in 1347. Their 
 authority, interrupted by numerous insurrections, lasted till 
 1768, when they ceded C. to France (Aug. 15), exactly a year 
 before the birth, at Ajaccio, of Napoleon Bonaparte. Area, 
 3368 sq. m. P. (1891) 288,600. See France, table ; also a 
 monograph in Scot. Geog. Mag. , 1894, p. 505. 
 
 Corslcana, city, U.S., Texas, Navarro co. , 52 m. SSE. 
 Dallas. Alt. (signal stn.) 448 ft., U.S. Signal Office. Mean 
 temp., yr. 65.4° F., Jan. 44.8°, July 83.9°. P. (1880) 3400; 
 (1890) 6300. 
 
 Corsley, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 8 m. SSW. 
 Trowbridge, 2^ m. ESE. Frome stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Corsock, eccles. par., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 8 m. N. 
 Castle Douglas, 5 m. NE. Parton stn., PMT.O. P. <75o. C. 
 Locb, a small lake adjoining. 
 
 Corson's Inlet, U.S., New Jersey, Cape May co., on the E. 
 ct. , in 39° 13' N. 
 
 Ck>rston, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div,, 3^ m. W. Bath, 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Corston with Rodbonrne, eccles. dist., Eng., Wiltshire, 
 
CORS — COSS 
 
 Chippenham div., on the Avon, 13 m. SSW. Cirencester, 2^ m. 
 S. by W. Malmesbury, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 CorstorpMue, par. and vil., Scot., in co. and 3J m. W. 
 Edinburgh, with a stn. on the N. B. R., PMT.O. Par. 3654 
 ac. , P. < 2500; vil. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cortacliy and Clova, par., Scot., Forfarshire, on the South 
 Esk, 6| m. NW. by N. Forfar, 3I m. N. Kirriemuir stn., P.O. 
 (Cortachy) ; 42,322 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Cortale, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 11 m. WSW. 
 Catanzaro. P. < 5000. 
 
 Corte, fortified tn., Corsica, arr. C, 31 m. SW. by S. Bastia, 
 cap. arr.; near are quarries of marble and slate. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cortegada, comm., Spain, prov. Orerise, near Celanova, with 
 warm medicinal springs. P. <400o. 
 
 Cortegana, tn., Spain, prov. and 43 m. NNE. Huelva, at 
 the foot of the Sierra Aracena. P. 6000. 
 
 Cortemagglore, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 12 m. 
 ESE. Piacenza. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cortemark, or Cortemarcq, comm., Belgium, prov. W. 
 Flanders, arr. Dixmude, 15 m. SSW. Bruges. P. <5oco. 
 
 Cortemlglla, tn. , Italy, prov. Cuneo, dist. Albi, divided by 
 the Bormida, 34 m. SW. Alessandria. P. <4opo. 
 
 C!ortes, isl. , Brit. Columbia, in the N. of the strait of Georgia. 
 Length, 15^ m. 
 
 Cortes de la Frontera, tn., Spain, Andalucia, prov. and 48 
 m. WSW. Malaga. P. 5000. 
 
 Cortez, Sea of. See Gnlf of California. 
 
 Cortile San Martlno, tn., Italy, prov. and dist. Parma. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Cortington, P.O., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 12 m. 
 SSE. Trowbridge, i m. S. Heytesbury stn. 
 
 Cortland, settlement, U.S., Illinois, Dekalb co., 55 m. W. 
 Chicago. 
 
 Cortland, vil., U.S., New York, C. co. , on Tioughnioga R., 
 30 m. S. Syracuse. P. (i88o)<sooo; (1890)8600. 
 
 Cortland, settlement, U.S., Ohio, Trumbull co., 54 m. E. 
 by S. Cleveland. 
 
 Cortllugstock, Eng. See Costock. 
 
 Corton, ct. par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 3 m. N. Lowestoft, 
 PT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Cortona, fortified tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 14 m. SSE. 
 Arezzo. Its Cyclopean walls, supposed to be 3000 years old, 
 are perfect for two-thirds of their extent. Around the city and 
 in its numerous museums are a great variety of Etruscan and 
 Roman antiquities ; there is a loth century cathedral, contain- 
 ing many fine works of art, also a castle built by the Medici, 
 and a famous academy of sciences, founded in 1726. P. 27,000. 
 
 Corton Denham, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 6J m. NE. 
 by E. Yeovil, 2^ m. E. Marston stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Corto'vrn, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Kells (co. Meath). 
 
 Corts, Las, comm. , Spain , prov. and dist. Barcelona. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cortubber, tnld.. Ire., S. co. Monaghan, bar. Cremorne, 11^ 
 m. S. Monaghan, 7 m. from Ballybay stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cornclie, comm., Portugal, dist. Santarem. P. < 5000. 
 
 Corulsk, Locli, lake, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the SE. of the 
 Isle of Skye, N. of Loch Scavaig, into which it is drained. 
 
 Cornll6n, comm., Spain, prov. L6on, dist. Villafranca del 
 Vierzo. P. <4000. 
 
 Coramba, tn. and fortress, Brazil, prov. Matto Grosso, in 
 the midst of lagoons, and on the r. bk. Paraguay, in 19° 10' S. 
 P., with Ladario, 7000. 
 
 Coruna, English Cornnua, called by English sailors The 
 Groyne, fortified city and seapt. tn., Spain, Galicia, cap. prov. 
 C, 31 m. N. by E. Santiago, 320 m. NW. Madrid, terminus of 
 the only railway that completely traverses Galicia. Lat. (Fort 
 San Antonio) 43° 22' 5" N. , long. 8° 22' 7" W. It stands on the 
 E. side of a small penin., and consists of an upper (old) and 
 lower town, the former having the citadel, and the latter, 
 sometimes called La Pescaderia (fisher-town), built on a 
 penin. jutting into the spacious, deep, and picturesquely 
 granite-girt harbour (Ensenada) of Orsan (SW. of the Rias 
 de Ferrol and Betanzos), and containing the arsenal and 
 barracks. The harbour is defended on the E. by Fort San 
 Diego, W. by Fort San Antonio. N. of it is the tower of Her- 
 cules, a lighthouse 92 ft. in height, on a Roman foundation. A 
 treat part of its pop. is employed in the herring and pilchard 
 shery on the coast. It has a large royal cigar factory, and 
 manufactures of linen goods, hats, cordage, canvas, &c. It has a 
 school of navigation. There are no docks. The harbour, which 
 is safe and sheltered, has no bar. Anchorage good. Vessels 
 usually loaded and discharged by means of lighters. Depth 
 alongside quayage (4510 ft.), 15 ft. Large works for the im- 
 provement of the port have been commenced (1894). From 
 this port the Spanish Armada set sail in 1588 ; and near this, on 
 the heights of Elvina, the French were defeated, Jan. 16, 1809, 
 by the British under Sir J. Moore, who was mortally wounded 
 in the action. Mean temp., yr. 55.7° F., Jan. 47.8°, Aug. 66.1°. 
 P. (i860) 30,100; (1877)36,100; (1887)37,200. 
 
 Cornuna, vil., Canada, Ontario, Lambton co., on the R. St. 
 Clair, 61 m. W. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cornuna, city, U.S., Michigan, Shiawassee co. , on the 
 Shiawassee, 45 m. SSW. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Corrallls, city, U.S., Oregon, Benton co., on Willamette 
 R. , 70 m. SSW. Portland. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Corvally, tnld., Ire., SE. co. Monaghan, bar. Farney, 17^ 
 m. W. Dimdalk, 6 m. from Carrickm across stn., P.O. P. < 
 250. 
 
 Corre, small riv., Eng., Shropshire, flows 12 m. S. to the 
 Teme, which it joins at Ludlow, between Wenlock Edge and 
 the Clee Hills. 
 
 Correra, tn., Spain, prov. Oviedo, dist. Avil^s. P. <40oo. 
 
 Corvo, the northernmost and smallest of the Azores Is. , in 
 39° 41' N. Length 6 m. by 3 m. , with a crater at the E. end 
 containing a small lake. Alt. 2550 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Corwen, market-tn. and par., Wales, Merionethshire, on the 
 Dee, 9 m. W. by N. Llangollen, on the G. W. and L. & NW. 
 Rlys. Market-day, F. 15,10730. P. <3ooo ; eccles. par. (C. 
 St. Jnllan -with Rbng Holy Trinity) P. <2oco. 
 
 Corydon, settlement, U.S., Iowa, Wayne co., 117 m. W. 
 Burlington. 
 
 Corydon, settlement, U.S., Kentucky, Henderson co., 114 
 m. W. by S. Louisville. 
 
 Coryell, co., U.S., Texas, N. of 31° N., crossed in the W. 
 by 98" W. 
 
 Coryganm, vil. , India, Bombay. See Korigilnm. 
 
 Coryton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 8 m. E 
 Launceston, on the G. W. R., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cos, or Stanchlo, isl. , Asiatic Turkey. See Kos. 
 
 Cosala, important mining tn. , Mexico, state of and 130 m. 
 SE. by E. Sinaloa, at the foot of the Sierra Madre. P. 4000. 
 
 Cosby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 7 m. 
 SSW. Leicester, 2 m. S. Narborough stn., P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coseile, the anct. Sybaris, riv., Italy, prov. Cosenza, rises on 
 Mte. Pelino, and after an E. course of about 20 m. joins the 
 Crati 4 m. from the Gulf of Taranto, near the site of the ancient 
 city Sybaris. 
 
 Coscbiitz, vil. , Ger. See Koschiitz. 
 
 Cos Cob Harbour, bay, U.S., Connecticut, in 73° 35' W. 
 
 Coscomatepec, tn., Mexico, state of and 54 m. W. by S. 
 Vera Cruz. P. 4000. 
 
 Cosegnina, volcano, Central America, Nicaragua, on a pro- 
 montory on the S. side of Fonseca gulf, 10 m. from the Pacific. 
 An eruption occurred in 1835 which devastated the surrounding 
 country. 
 
 Cosel, tn. , Ger. See Kosel. 
 
 Coseley, a suburb of Wolverhampton, Eng., in the S. div. of 
 the pari, bor., with a stn. (Deepflelds and C.) on the L. & 
 NW. R. P. 22,000. 
 
 Coseley, West, par., adjoining C. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Cosenza, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, cap. prov. C. , in a narrow valley 
 at the confluence of the Busento and the Crati, 32 m. NW. by N. 
 Catanzaro ; seat of an archbishop ; lower part of town marshy 
 and malarious. Alt. 840-1265 ft. Mean temp. ,)t. 59.7° F., 
 Jan. 43.7°, July 79.2°; rfall. (1873-91), yr. 42.7 in., June-Aug. 
 2.9 in. P. 15,000. 
 
 Cosford, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 2 m. N. Rugby. 
 Here are the Wolverhampton water-works, with an artesian 
 well yielding four millions of gallons daily. P. <25o. 
 
 CosgroTC, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, on the 
 Grand Junction Canal, 8 m. NE. Buckingham, i^ m. SW. by 
 S. Castle Thorpe stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Cosham (kos'am), vil., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., on 
 Portsmouth Harbour, 3J m. NE. by N. Portsmouth, on the 
 L. & SW. R. PMT.O. 
 
 Cosbbrlde, Ire. See Coslimore. 
 
 Cosbeston, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 2 m. N. by E. Pem- 
 broke, on an arm of Milford Haven, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Cosblea, bar. , Ire. , on the SE. of co. Limerick. 
 
 Cosluna, bar. , Ire. , in the eastern half of co. Limerick. 
 
 Coshmore and Cosbbrlde, bar., Ire., in the W. of co. 
 Waterford, bordering on cos. Tipperary and Cork. 
 
 Cosbocton, vil., U.S., Ohio, cap. C. co. , on the Tuscarawas 
 R., 63 m. W. by N. Wheeling (W. Va.). P. <40oo. 
 
 Coslin, Ger. See Koslln. 
 
 Cosmoledo, or Oil Island, Indian Ocean, E. by S. of 
 Aldabra (q.v.). 
 
 Cosne, tn., France, dep. Nievre, on the r. bk. of the Loire, 
 31 m. NNW. Nevers, 8 m. NE. Sancerre, cap. arr. Alt. 500 ft. 
 Mineral phosphates obtained in the neighbourhood. P. 5700. 
 
 Coso Mountains, U.S., California, Inyo co., trending N. 
 and S. through 36° N. and 12 m. E. of 118° W. 
 
 Cospelto, comm., Spain, prov. Lugo, dist. Villalba. P. 5800. 
 
 Cossack, port, W. Australia, principal port of the N. dist., 
 on the NW. ct., 5 m. N. by E. Roebourne, in 20° 40' S., 117° 
 8' E. , with pearl and pearl-shell fisheries ; lighthouse on Jarman 
 I., visible 15 m. Mean temp. (4^ yrs., 1881-85), yr. 78.6° F., 
 Feb. 89.6°, July 65.6°. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Cossall, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div., 6 m. 
 WNW. Nottingham, with stn. (Ilkeston Junction and C.) 
 on M. R. P. <:iooo. See Wollaton. 
 
 379 
 
coss 
 
 COTE 
 
 Cossato, coram. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 21 m. NW. 
 by N. Vercelli. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Coss^-le-VlTlen, tn., France, dep. Mayenne, arr. Chiteau- 
 Gontier, 11 m. SW. Laval. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cossey, Eng. See Costessey. 
 
 Cosslla, comm., Italy, prov. Novara, dist. Biella, on the 
 Oropa. Manufactures of cane-bottomed chairs. P. <40oo. 
 
 Cosslmbazar, former tn. , Brit. India. See K&slmltAzto. 
 
 Cosslngton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 6 m. N. 
 by E. Leicester, 2 m. SSE. Sileby stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Cosslngton, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 4J m. NE. by 
 E. Bridgwater, on the L. & SW. R., P.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 Cosslpnr, former vil., India, now a suburb of Calcutta. 
 
 Cosson, small riv., central France, one branch enters the 
 Loire (1. bk.), the other the Beuvron. 
 
 Cossonay, or Cossyne.v, comm., Switzerland, cant. Vaud, 
 8^ m. NW. Lausanne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cossyah, or Kbiksl Hills. See Assam. 
 
 Cossye, riv. , Bengal. See Kasikl. 
 
 Costa Beck, small riv., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby 
 div., flowing into the Rye on the L bk., about 2 m. above its 
 confluence with the Derwent. 
 
 Costa Rica, republic in Central America, between 8°-i2° 
 N. , 82°-86° W., equal to the fourth part of Great Britain, with 
 coast-lines on the Caribbean Sea (NE., 217 m.) and the 
 Pacific (SW., 293 m. ), lying between two depressions, where 
 oceanic canals have been pjanned, and composed of a mass 
 of mountainous highlands (4000-5000 ft. mean alt.) stretching 
 NW.-SE. (205 m. byio6m.), surmounted by a line of volcanoes 
 {a. , to the N W. : Orosi, Rincon de la Viega, Miraballes, Tenorio, 
 mostly above 8500 ft.; 6., to the SE. : Pois, or Votos, Irazu, 
 the highest, 11,196 ft., Turialva, 11,000 ft.), divided, towards 
 the middle, by the depression Col d'Ochomopo, in which flow, 
 from almost the same origin, in opposite directions, the 
 Reventazon and Tarcoles. The NE. littoral is swampy. Two 
 penins., including two bays on the Pacific (Dulce, Nicoya). 
 The central rocks are Archaean. Volcanic rocks predominate ; 
 nearly all the volcanoes still active. Earthquakes frequent. 
 Numerous hot mineral springs (Agua-caliente). Some late sedi- 
 mentary formations (calcareous) are met with. Gold and silver 
 are found in Mount Aguacate (since 1823), and on riv. Chau- 
 quinola (Talamanca) copper (Mount Candelaria); lead, mercury, 
 sulphur, ligiiite, anthracite (Golfo Dulce). The NE., under 
 the trade winds, is the dampest region — without a real dry 
 season ; annual rfall. about 118 in.; hence the NE. rivers carry 
 much more water than SW. ones (San Juan, Reventazon). 
 Temperature lower on the Caribbean side. On the coast, 
 mean temp. 79° F., up to 3000 ft. alt. 76°, up to 8000 ft. (the 
 temperate region) 62° ; rfall. , 68 in. ; above 9000 ft. the water 
 sometimes freezes. The SW. is less damp under W. winds, 
 and has a dry season (Dec. -May) and a rainy one (May-Nov.). 
 In the flora and fauna of Costa Rica, S. American types 
 predominate Dense forests cover all the highlands, principally 
 to the NE. To the SW. large savannas appear, ^borescent 
 ferns go up to 7500 ft. ; bananas, potatoes, and Indian com up 
 to 6500 ft. , where oaks begin to grow. Two species of conifers 
 are met with on the mountains (Barba). Myrtles and Vaccinieae 
 are the highest plants. In the forests grow the Castilloa (caout- 
 chouc), the Cedrela (wood used in cigar-boxes and pencils), 
 vanilla, cacao. Very dangerous vampires ; numerous manatees. 
 The people include three groups of Indians : Guatusos (N. ), on 
 the lands to riv. San Juan, probably related to the Nicaragua 
 Chontales (very fair, supposed to have English blood) ; Tala- 
 mancas, to the E. ; Terraba, Bonica, towards the Pacific (Golfo 
 Dulce) ; negroes and mulattos on the swampy NE. littoral. 
 Nine-tenths of the population live on the high lands S. of the 
 volcanoes ; more than one-fourth in and round the cap. (San 
 Jos6). The deep valleys and the low swampy regions (NE. 
 littoral) are very unhealthy. Maize (milpas) and beans (frijoles) 
 are the staple food with rice (grown without irrigation), Tiquisque 
 (Colocasia), Yucca {Manihot Aipi), from which starch is ex- 
 tracted. The great commercial cultures are coffee (since 1817) ; 
 bananas (since 1880, especially in the swampy region of NE.). 
 Sugar cane is indigenous. Very good pastures in the SW. 
 savannas and on the highlands (Carthago). Remarkable hard 
 wood in the forests (N., San Carlos valleys). The best oysters 
 of all W. America, with abundance of pearls (bay of Nicoya). 
 The principal exports are coffee, bananas (40,000 tons), hides 
 and skins, and wood. Imports are flour (Chili, California), 
 tobacco, cattle, cottons and woollens, machinery (from Great 
 Britain). The two commercial ports are Punta Arenas (Nicoya 
 Bay), on the Pacific ; Limon, on the Atlantic. Railways from 
 Punta Arenas to Esparta, and from Carillo, Alajuella (by 
 Heredia, San Jos6, Carthago), to Limon. Few roads, and these 
 very difficult to keep up. In the N. , steamers can go (by rivs. 
 San Juan, Colorado) to the heart of the forests (riv. San c5arlos, 
 12-24 f'- deep). Ther^is a Congress, with one member for 10,000 
 inhabitants. The President is elected for four years. The state 
 religion is theRoman Catholic. All others are admitted. In 1520 
 a colony from Galicia (Spain) was established on the highlands. 
 380 
 
 The country was first called ' Nueva Carthago.' A prov. of the 
 kingdom of Guatemala. Since 1821, a republic; 1824-38 part 
 of Central American Confederation. First constitution in 1859 I 
 the present one in 1871. Since 1892, the President assumed 
 the dictatorship. P. (1844) 80,000; (1872) 266,000 (including 
 some 3-4000 Indians). [J. B. R.] 
 Costello, bar. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Mayo. 
 Costelloe, P.O., Ire., 13 m. from Spiddal, co. Galway. 
 Costerfleld, tp., Victoria, Dalhousie co., 33 m. ESE. Sand- 
 hurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Costessey, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., on the Wensum, 
 4i m. NW. Norwich, close to Drayton stn., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 Costlgliole, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 24m. WSW. 
 Alessandria. P. 7000. 
 
 Costilla, CO., U.S., Colorado, on the S. frontier, W. of 105' 
 W. , with mines of magnetic iron ore. 
 
 Costock, or Cortllngstock, par. and vil. , Eng. , Nottingham- 
 shire, Rushcliffe div., 5I m. NE. by N. Loughborough, near the 
 Nottingham and Grantham Canal, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Coston, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 6^ m. ENE. 
 
 Melton Mowbray, 3 m. NE. by E. Saxby stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Coston, par., Eng., Norfolk, on the Yare, 11 m. W. by S. 
 
 Norwich, i m. E. by N. Hardingham stn. P. <25o. See 
 
 RnnbaU. 
 
 Coswlg, tn., Ger. See Kos-wlg. 
 
 Cot, Cote, Anglo-Saxon; Coite, Gaelic; Cwt, Welsh, 'village 
 of huts.' 
 Cotabambas, prov. of dep. Apurimac, Peru. 
 Cotacaclil, or Cotocachl, tn. in the N. of Ecuador, at the 
 base of the volcano of C. [Andes, B.]. Has manufactures of 
 textiles. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cotagalta, tn., S. America, Bolivia, dep. and 90 m. S. by 
 E. Potosi. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cotahnasl, tn., S. America, Peru, dep. Arequipa, cap. of 
 Union prov., 95 m. SSW. Cuzco. 
 
 Cotastla, tn. , Mexico, Vera Cruz, on the Atovac, 34 m. SW. 
 by S. Vera Cruz. 
 
 Cotellffe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Northallerton 
 union. P. <25o. 
 Cote. See Cot. 
 
 Cote, hamlet, Eng., Oxfordshire. See Aston and Cote. 
 Cote, lighthouse, Eng. , N W. ct. Cumberland, between Skin 
 burness Spit and Silloth, with fixed lights seen 9 m. 
 
 Cotean Landing, vil., Canada, Quebec, Soulanges co., on 
 the 1. bk. of St. Lawrence, 35 m. WSW. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 Cotean St. Pierre, vil., Canada, Quebec, at W. end of 
 Mount Royal, Hochelaga co., 4 m. from Montreal. P. <20oo. 
 Cdte d'Or, chain of mts., France, which separates the basin 
 of the Saone from those of the Seine and Loire, and connects 
 the Ceveimes with the Plateau de Langres. See C6te d'Or, dep. 
 Cdt« d'Or, dep., France, formed almost entirely from the 
 ancient prov. of Burgundy; divided into four arrs., Dijon, cap. 
 Beaune, Chatillon-sur-Seine, and Semur. The surface is very 
 undulating, and is traversed from S. to NE. by the water- 
 parting between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, here 
 crossed by the Burgundy Canal (q.v.), which marks the div. 
 between the range of the C. d'O. in the S. (2085 ft.), and the 
 Plateau de Langres in the N. The Monts de I'Auxois, which 
 branch off fi-om the C. d'O. about the middle of the dep., 
 cover a large part in the W. , esjaecially in the arr. of Semur-en- 
 Auxois. The highest peaks of the dep. occur in Morvan, in the 
 SW. (Mont de Gien, 2370 ft. ). More than half the dep. belongs 
 to the basin of the Rhone, the SE. being traversed by the 
 Sa6ne, which is navigable throughout the dep. , and receives on 
 the left the Oignon, on the right the Tille and the Ouche ; two- 
 fifths is watered by the Seine, which rises near St. Germain la 
 Feuille, and its trib. the Arman9on ; and part is in the basin of 
 the Loire, being drained by the Arroux. By far the most im- 
 portant cereal is wheat. Sugar-beet is grown to a considerable 
 extent. Between 3 and 4 per cent, of the surface is occupied 
 by vineyards. The production of wine per acre is above the 
 average, and the vineyards of the E. slopes and the C. d'O. 
 range near Dijon, Nuits, and Beaune produce the highly 
 esteemed Burgundy wines. The exported wines, however, the 
 produce of the grape known as the pineau, or pinot, are only 
 g^own on a small fraction of the area imder the vine. A smaU 
 quantity of coal is the only mineral production of importance. 
 Area, 3392 sq. m. P. (1891) 376,900. See France, table. 
 
 Cotehlll 'vrltli Cnmwhlnton, eccles. par., Eng., Cumber- 
 land, 5^ m. SE. by E. Cadisle, P.O. (CoteblU), and stn. on 
 the M. R. (Coteblll). P. < 1500. 
 
 Cotenttn (Constantinus), dist., France, in the old prov. 
 Normandy, comprising the whole of the mediaeval diocese of 
 Coutances, the ancient country of the Unelli. It forms a 
 peninsula in the N. of dep. Manche, extending into the English 
 Channel ; its N. extremity is C. la Hague, chief tn. Coutances. 
 Cotes, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, div. and 2 m. ENE. Lough- 
 borough, I m. E. Loughborough stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cdte 8t. Andr^, La, tn., France, dep. Isfere, 21 m. ESE. 
 Vienne. Its vicinity produces the celebrated Eaux-de-la-Cdte 
 
COTE — COTU 
 
 liqueur. Formerly a commercial town, but depopulated by the 
 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Birthplace of the composer 
 Berlioz. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cote St. Antolne, W. suburb of Montreal, Canada. P. 3000. 
 
 Cotesbacb, P.O., Eng.,2m.SW. Lutterworth, Leicestershire. 
 
 Cdtes de Fer, vil., isl., and repub., Haiti, S. ct., 57 m. SW. 
 by W. Port-au-Prince, in 73° 3' W. 
 
 Cdtes An Xord, NW. dep. of France, one of the five formed 
 from the ancient prov. of Brittany ; divided into five arrs. , St. 
 Brieuc, the cap., Dinan, Guingamp, Lannion, and Loud^ac, and 
 having a coast-line of 155 m., numerous slight indentations not 
 included. The dep. is composed almost entirely of granite and 
 schistose rocks, and presents the general appearance of a very 
 undulating plateau, with two slopes, one in the N. towards the 
 sea, the other in the S. towards Vilaine. The highest point in 
 the dep. is in the chain Montagne d'Arr^e (1280 ft.). The chief 
 rivers are the Ranee, the Arguenon, the Gouet, the Trieux, the 
 Leff, and the Guer, or L^guer, all, however, very short, but 
 with wide estuaries in the Channel. The climate is damp and 
 variable [liamballe]. Fine granite is quarried at St. Brieuc ; 
 sandstone and slate in other dists. Agriculture has made great 
 progress within the last 30 or 40 years, improved means of com- 
 munication facihtating the more extended use not only of sea- 
 weed manure, which has been used on the coast from time 
 immemorial, but also of other fertilisers. The principal cereals 
 are wheat, oats, and buckwheat. A small quantity of hops is 
 grown. The rearing of horses and cattle is an important in- 
 dustry. Area, 2787 sq. m. P. (1891)618,700. See France, table. 
 
 Cotes Heath, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, near Eccles- 
 hall. P. <5oo. 
 
 Coteswold Hills, Eng. See Cotsirold. 
 
 Cotgrrave, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Newark div. , 5 m. 
 SE. by E. Nottingham, 3^ m. E. Edwahon stn., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Cotbal, P.O., Scot., on the R, Don, co. and 7 J m. NW. 
 Aberdeen. 
 
 Cotbam, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 4 m. S. 
 Newark, on the G. N. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Cotbele (kS-thil') <luay, place, Eng. , in par. and 2 m. SW. 
 Calstock, E. Cornwall, tin and copper ores exported. 
 
 Cotbelstone, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wellington div. , 5^ m. 
 NW. Taunton, 2^ m. NE. Bishop's Lydeard stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cotben, Ger. See Kotben. 
 
 Cotberldge, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Bewdley div. , 4 m. 
 W. Worcester, i m. N. Leigh Court stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cotbcrstone, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the Tees, 
 2^ m. NW. Barnard Castle, div. and 15^ m. NW. Richmond, 
 on the NE. R., PM.C; 8363 ac. P. < 1000. C. Moor, an 
 upland tract to the W, 
 
 Cotbl, riv. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, flows SW. to the Towy, 
 which it joins about 6 m. E. Carmarthen. 
 
 Cotblll, hamlet, Eng., Berkshire, 2 m. NW. Abingdon, P.O. 
 See Dry Sandford. 
 
 Cothon, Carthaginian name of the inner port of Mahedia 
 (y.^'.), Tunis. 
 
 Cotlgiiac, tn., France, dep. Var, 32 m. NNE. Toulon, arr, 
 and 8 m. NE. by N. Brignoles. P. <3000. 
 
 Cotlgnola, comm. , Italy, prov. Ravenna, dist. Lugo, 34 m. 
 SSE. Ferrara, near 1. bk. of the Sennio. P. 7000. 
 
 Cotlelgb, par., Eng., Devonshire, 17 m. ESE. Tiverton, 
 div. and 3 m. ENE. Honiton. P. <25o. 
 
 Cotmaubay, eccles. dist., Eng., Derbyshire, Ilkeston div,, 
 8 m. WNW. Nottingham, \ m. E. by N. Ilkeston stn., on the 
 G. N. R, P. <4Soo. 
 
 Cotuess, par,, Eng,, Yorkshire, E, Riding, Howden union, 
 P.<:25o. 
 
 Cotocachl, snow-capt mt. , Ecuador, See Andes, B. 
 
 Coton, par,, Eng., co. Cambridge, Chesterton div., 2J m. 
 W. Cambridge, P.O. P,<:soo. 
 
 Coton, or Coaton, par. , Eng. , Mid div, of Northamptonshire, 
 8^ m. NW, by N. Northampton, 4^ m. W, Brixworth stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Coton, vil. , Eng. , Staffordshire. See Hopton. 
 Coton In tbe Elms, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 4^ m, 
 S, by W. Burton, 2^ m. WSW. Gresley stn,, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 Cotopaxl, snow-capt volcano, Ecuador, See Andes, B. 
 
 Cotovad, comm,, Spain, prov. Pontevedra, dist. Puente- 
 Caldelas. P. 8000. 
 Cotrocenl, monastery. See Bukarest. 
 
 Cotroue, fortified tn., Italy, Calabria, on the E. ct., prov, 
 and 30 m. ENE. Catanzaro, enclosed by walls, with a citadel, 
 and has a cathedral. In ancient times it was famous for the 
 school of Pythagoras. Liquorice root is largely grown. P. 8000, 
 
 Cotswold, or Coteswold Hills, Eng., a tract of about 
 200,000 ac. in Gloucestershire, extending from Bath N. to 
 Chipping Campden, and separating the basins of the Thames 
 and Severn. They belong to the Oolites, of which their western 
 slopes form an escarpment. Surface generally bare, and used 
 principally for the pasturage of sheep, to a breed of which they 
 give name. Highest summit, Cleave Cloud, near Cheltenham, 
 1093 ft. 
 
 Cotta, vil. , Gar. See Kotta. 
 
 Cotta, a former kgd. of Ceylon. The Portuguese established 
 a cinnamon factory here in 1517, but were evicted by the Dutch 
 about 1601. The present village of C. is 6 m. E. Colombo. 
 
 Cottage City, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Dukes co. , on the E. 
 ct. of Martha's Vineyard, 22 m. SE. by E. New Bedford. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Cottam, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Essex co. , 7 m. from Kings- 
 ville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cottam, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, Blackpool div., 3 m, 
 WNW. Preston, on the Lancaster Canal, i m. N. Lea Road 
 stn., P.O. Sae Lea. 
 
 Cottam, hamlet, Eng., Lincolnshire, 5 m. NW. Grimsby, P.O. 
 
 Cottam, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., sj m. 
 S. Gainsborough, on the M. S. & L. R. P. <2So. See Llttle- 
 borougb. 
 
 Cottam, or Cotton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buck- 
 rose div., 15 m. S. by W. Scarborough, 5 m. NNW. Driffield 
 Jimc. P. <25o. See Langtoft. 
 
 Cottbns, tn. , Ger. See Kottbus. 
 
 Cottenbam, par., Eng., Cambridge, Chesterton div., 6^ m. 
 N. Cambridge, PMT.O. ; 7224 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Cottens, or Cottlngen, vil., Switzd., cant, and 7 m. SW. 
 by W. Freiburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cottered, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., loj m. 
 N, Hertford, 3 m. W, Buntingford stn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. 
 par. (C. -wltb Broadfield) P. <5oo. 
 
 Cotters, settlement, U.S., N, Dakota, Cass co., 4 m.. SW. 
 by W. Fargo. 
 
 Cotterstock, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, \o\ 
 m, SW, by W, Peterborough, i^ m. N. Oundle. P, <25o; 
 eccles, par. (C, wltb Cilapthom) P. <soo. 
 
 Cottesbach, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 5 
 m. NE. by N. Rugby, 3I m. N. by E. Clifton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cottesbrook, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 12 
 m. WNW. Wellingborough, 2 m. NW. by W, Brixworth stn., 
 P.O. (Cottesbrooke). P. <25o. 
 
 Cottesmore, par., Eng., Rutland, 4 m. NE. Oakham, 3 m. 
 E. by S. Ashwell stn., PMT.O. P.<5oo; eccles. dist. (C. 
 fvltb Barrow) P. <7So. 
 
 Cottlan Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions, I. A. 2. 
 
 Cottlngen, vil. , Switzd. See Cottens. 
 
 Cottlngbam, par., Eng., N, div. of Northamptonshire, 14 
 m. N. by W. Wellingborough, 2 m. SW. by S. Rockingham 
 stn., PM.O. P, <7So; eccles. par, (C. St. Hary Magdalene) 
 P, < 1000, 
 
 Cottlngbam, tn. and par,, Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Howdenshire div,, 4^ m, NW, Hull, on the NE. R. Par. 
 9820 ac, P, 10,200; tn. P, <40oo; eccles, par. (C, St. Mary) 
 P, <3Soo. 
 
 Cottlngley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Shipley 
 div., on the Aire, 3J m. NW, Bradford, \\ m. SW. by W. 
 Saltaire stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cottlngwltb, East, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, How- 
 denshire div., on the Derwent and the Pocklington Canal, 9 
 m. SE. York, 4 m. NNW. Highfield stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Cottlngwltb, St. Hary. See Augbtou. 
 
 Cottlngvrltb, West. See Tborngauby. 
 
 Cottlsford, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 7 m. 
 W. by S. Buckingham. P. <25o. 
 
 Cottle, CO., U.S., Texas, bounded on the E. by 100° W,, 
 crossed by 34° N. 
 
 Cotton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Congleton union. P. <2So. 
 
 Cotton, Eng. , Northamptonshire. See Far Cotton. 
 
 Cotton, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Cheadle union. P. <7So. 
 
 Cotton, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Eye div. , 13J m. E. by N. Bury 
 St. Edmunds, P.O. P.<Soo. 
 
 Cotton, Eng., Yorkshire. See Cottam. 
 
 Cotton Abbot's, par., Eng., Cheshire, inTarvin union. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Cotton Edmund's, par.. Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 4 
 m. ESE. Chester, ij m. ENE. Waverton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cotton Tree, PMT.O., near Colne, Lancashire. 
 
 Cottonwood, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Pinal co., 165 m. 
 NW. from the SE. corner of the terr. 
 
 Cottonwood, settlement, U.S., California, Tehama co., on 
 r. bk. of C. Creek, 135 m. NNW, Sacramento. 
 
 Cottonwood, riv., U.S., Kansas, in the E., trib. of the riv. 
 Neosho, which it joins on the r. bk. a few miles below Emporia. 
 
 Cottonwood, CO., U.S., Minnesota, in the SW., crossed by 
 44° N. , and in the E. by 95° W. 
 
 Cottonwood, riv, , U. S. , Minnesota, flows E. into Minnesota R. 
 
 Cottonwood, settlement, U.S., Utah, Salt Lake co., 8 m. S. 
 Salt Lake City. 
 
 Cottonwood Falls, settlement, U.S., Kansas, Chase co., on 
 C. Riv., 67 m. SW. by W. Topeka. 
 
 CottreU, hamlet, Wales, Glamorganshire, si m. E. Cow- 
 bridge, with coal. 
 
 Cotnl, tn., I. of Haiti, republic and 49 m. NNW. Santo 
 Domingo, with copper and iron mines in the vicinity. P. 2000. 
 
COTU — COUR 
 
 CotnUa, settlement, U.S., Texas, La Salle co., 80 m. SW. 
 by S. San Antonio. 
 
 Conlire, Polute de la, cape, France, on the W. ct., at the 
 mouth of the Gironde, in 45° 36I' N. 
 
 Couconron, tn. , France, on the N W. border of dep. Ard^che, 
 48 m. SSW. St. Etienne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Concbes-les-Mlnes, tn. , France, dep. Saone et Loire, arr, 
 and 14 m. ESE. Autun. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Coachlchlng, stn., Canada, Ontario, 2 m. from Orilla, on 
 the Grand Trunk Rly. 
 
 Conchlcblng Lake, Canada, Ontario, a northern arm of 
 Lake Simcoe, 10 m. long by 2 m. wide. 
 
 Conckelaere, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. 
 Dixmude, cant. Thourout. P. (1890) 5000. 
 
 Coucy-le-Ch&tean, tn. , France, dep. Aisne, 10 m. N. Soissons. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Condersport, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Potter co., on Alle- 
 gheny R., no m. E. by S. Erie, 64 m. NW. by W. Williams- 
 port. Alt. i66ift. (R.R.). P. <20oo. 
 
 Condray St. Germer, Le, vil., France^ dep. Oise, arr. and 
 12 m. W. by S. Beauvais. P. <20oo. 
 
 Coadrecleux, comm., France, dep. Sarthe, 19 m. E. Le 
 Mans, with plate-glass manufactures. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Condres, Isle aax, isl. , Canada, Quebec, Charlevoix co. , in 
 the St. Laurence, in 70° 2i'-28' W. 
 
 Coacdle, Cap de, cape, in SW. Kangaroo I., S. Australia. 
 
 Coneron, tn., France, dep. Loire Inf6rieure, arr. St. Nazaire, 
 on the Loire, with a basin and quay, formerly the out-port of 
 Nantes, which is 8 m. higher up; important manufacture of 
 glass bottles. Birthplace of the naturalist Alcide d'Orbigny. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Couesnon, riv., France, dep. lUe et Vilaine, enters Cancale 
 Bay nearly opposite Mont St. Michel, after a generally N. course 
 of 55 m. ; navigable for 13 m. 
 
 Conghton, hamlet, Eng., Herefordshire, 2 m. S. Ross, P.O. 
 
 Conghton, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 9 m. WNW. 
 Stratford-on-Avon, on the M. R. , PM.O. P. <25o; eccles.par. 
 (Conghton St. Peter) 3070 ac. , P. <75o. 
 
 Conb^ Vdrac, tn. , France, dep. Vienne, 21 m. SSW. Poitiers, 
 arr. Civray. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Conlllet, comm., Belgium, prov, Hainaut, ij m. SE. Char- 
 leroi. P. (1890) 8200. 
 
 Conilly, comm. , France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, on the Marne, 
 arr. and 6 m. S. Meaux. P. < 2000. 
 
 Conl Point, cape, Scot.,. Argyllshire,; on .the W. ct. of Islay 
 I. , in 55° 47I' N. 
 
 CoiUagli, bay, Ire. , SW. ct. , co. Cork. . 
 
 Coulanges-la-Vlnense, tn., France, dep. Yonne, 48 m. SW. 
 by S. Troyes, arr. and 7 m. S. by E. Auxerre. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Coulanges-snr- Yonne, tn., France, on the S. border of dep. 
 Yonne, 41 m. NNE. Nevers, arr. and 20 m, S. by W. Auxerre. 
 P. <:20oo. , , , . 
 
 Coolimer, comm., France, dep. Orne, 18 m. E. by N. 
 Alen9on, 5 m. SW. Mortagne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Coolln, Loch, lake, Scot. , Ross-shire, 5 m. S. of the head 
 of Loch Maree, ij m. long, drained NW. into Loch Clair. 
 
 Cooll, par. , Scot,, W. Aberdeenshire, on Tarland Burn, 9^ m. 
 ENE. Ballater, 3 m. NNW. Aboyne stn. ; 9044 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Coalman, isl. , in the Antarctic Ocean, off.the coast of Victoria 
 Land, in 73° 36' S., and 170° 2' E. Discovered in 1841. 
 
 Coulommlers, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, 34 m. E. 
 Paris, 14m. SE. Meaux; cap. arr. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Conlenge Klver, Canada, Quebec, flows SSE. and enters 
 the Ottawa R. at Fort C. above Calumet L , in 76° 45' W. , 180 
 m. long. The expansion of the Ottawa. at the influx of this 
 river is called Lake C. , 
 
 Conlonges-snr-rAntlse, tn., France, dep. Deux Sevres, on 
 the Autise, arr. and 13 m. NW. by N. Niort, 10 m. E. Fontenay- 
 le-Comte. P. <2ooo. , 
 
 Conlsdon (kulz'don), par., Eng., Surrey, Wimbledon div., 
 4^ m. S. by W. Croydon, on the SE. R.; 4314 ac. P. 4450; 
 eccles. par. (C. St. John the ETangellst) P. <:30oo. 
 
 ConUon, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Stanley co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Missouri R., 3 m. SW. Pierre. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Coulston, East, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Westbury div. , 7 ra. 
 ESE. Trowbridge. P.<2So. 
 
 Conlter, stn. , Scot. See Cnlter. 
 
 Conltervllle, settlement, U.S., Illinois, Randolph co., 45 m. 
 SE. St. Louis (Mo.). 
 
 Coulton, par., Eng., Yorkshire. See Colton. 
 
 Conmaraglln, electoral div., Ire., co. Waterford, dist. 
 Seskinan. 
 
 Coumong Harbonr, Annam, E. ct. , about 13° 30' N. 
 
 Coumslilngann Longh, lake, Ire. , in the N. of co. Water- 
 ford, 10 m. SE. Clonmel, drained NE. into the Suir. 
 
 Council BlnfTs, city, U.S., Iowa, Pottawattamie co., on E, 
 bk. of Missouri R., not far from the old meeting-point of the 
 Indian tribes, opposite Omaha, Nebraska, with which it is con- 
 nected by a bridge 2750 ft. in length. Alt. 989 ft. (R.R.). P. 
 (1870)9287; (1880)18,100; (1890)21,500. 
 382 
 
 Council Grove, city, Kansas, cap. of co. Morris, on Neosho 
 R., 25 m. NW. Emporia by rail. P. <3000. 
 
 Cound (kund), par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 6| m. SE. 
 Shrewsbury, 2 m. WNW. Cressage stn. ; 5530 ac. P. <;7So. 
 
 Coundon (kaun'd'n), par., Eng., Durham, div. and 2 m. E. 
 Bishop Auckland, with a stn. on the NE. R., PMT.O. P.< 
 4000. 
 
 Coundon (kaun'd'n), par., Eng., Warwickshire, adjoining 
 Coventry on the NW., on the L. & NW. R. P. <2So. 
 
 Coundon Grange, par. , Eng. , Durham, adjoining Coundon. 
 P. <35oo. 
 
 Counter Drain, stn., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 4 m. W. 
 by S. Spalding, on the G. N. R. 
 
 Countess Wear, eccles. par. and viL, Eng., Devonshire, near 
 Topsham. P. < 500. 
 
 Countesswells, P.O., Scot., co. and 5 m. from Aberdeen. 
 
 Conntesthorpe, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Harborough div. , 
 6 m. S. Leicester, on the M. R., PM.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Counthorpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 8| m. N. by 
 W. Stamford, 2 m. NNW. Little Bytham stn. P. <25o. See 
 Creeton. 
 
 Countlsbury, ct. par., Eng., Devonshire, on N. border of 
 county, 18 m. N. Barnstaple. P. <2So ; eccles. par. (C. with 
 Lynmouth) P. <75o. 
 
 Country Hart>our, an inlet, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the 
 SE. ct., in 45° 11' N. . 
 
 County School, stn. , Eng. , Norfolk, Mid div. , 12^ m. SSE. 
 Wells, on the G. E. R. . ■• 
 
 Conpar Angus, par. and tn. , Scot. , Forfarshire and Perth- 
 shire, on the Isla, 12 m. NE. by N. Perth, on the C. R., with 
 manufactures of coarse linen fabrics and leather, steam saw- 
 mills, &c. Remains of an abbey, foimded in 1164. Par. 4699 
 ac, P.<3ooo. 
 
 Coap<^e, The. See Sark. 
 
 Coupevllle, tn., U.S., Washington, Island co., 35 m. SE. 
 by E. Victoria, Vancouver's Island. P. < 1500. 
 
 Conpland, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., on the Glen, 13 m. E. by S. Kelso, 2 m. E. by N, 
 Kirknewton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Couptraln, tn., France, dep. and arr. Mayenne, on the 
 Mayenne, 18 m. W. by N. Alen9on. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Courallle, co. , New South Wales, crossed in the S. by 30° 
 S. , and in the middle by 150° E. 
 
 Coura Lough, lake. Ire., in the W. of King's co., 5 m. 
 NNE. Parsonstown. 
 
 Conrance, hamlet, Scot. , Dumfriesshire, 9 m. NW. Locker-- 
 bie, P.O 
 
 Courhet, Port. See Hongal (Tongking); 
 
 Courberole, tn., France, dep. Seine, on the L bk. of the 
 Seine, 5 m. NW. by W. Notre Dame, Paris, i^ m. from the 
 city wall. P. 11,000. 
 
 Courcelles, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 5 m. NW. 
 Charleroi. P, (1890) 12,700. 
 
 Courcelles, Chaussy, comm. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, on the 
 1. bk. of the Nied, 7 m. SE. by E. Metz. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Courcelles-les-Glsors, vil. , France, dep. Oise, arr. and 20 
 m. SW. Beauvais. In 1198 scene of a battle between Philip 
 Augustus and Richard Coeur de Lion. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Courceys, bar. , Ire. , on the S. ct. of co. Cork. 
 
 Courcon, vil., France, dep. Charente Inf^rieme, arr. and 17 
 m. ENE. La Rochelle. P. <20oo. 
 
 Conrgenay, Ger, Jennsdor^ vil. , Switzd., cant. Bern, 24 m. 
 WSW. Basel. P.<2000. 
 . Courland, Eng. See Currey Mallet. 
 
 Courland, a Baltic prov. of Russia, having the Baltic Sea in 
 the W.., the Gulf of Riga and Livonia in the N., Vitebsk in the 
 E.. Minsk and Kovno.in S. The spurs of the Lithuanian 
 plateau [Kurisches Oberland), 300-490 ft. high, spread along 
 the 1. bk. of Diina ; another range of hills, 450-5°° ft., occupies 
 the SW. part of the C. penin. Lowlands (12-50 ft.) spread be- 
 tween the two and in the N. Watered by Diina on its NE. 
 frontier for 188 m. , the C. Aa, and the Windau in the W. Sea- 
 coast sandy, low, and devoid of ports in Gulf of Riga ; Baltic 
 coast has three good ports, Libau, Windau, and Polangen 
 (q.v.), but generally sandy. Rows of downs run parallel to the 
 coast, with marshes, ponds,, and small lakes between. Active 
 navigation on D&na. Timber floated down the Aa and its 
 tribs. Many marshes and small lakes. Climate temperate 
 [Ulltau, Lltmn]. Boulder clay covers the Devonian and Jurassic 
 rocks. Forests occupy nearly 20 per cent, of terr. Popula- 
 tion consists of Letts (49 per cent.), Coures (30 per cent.), GerT 
 mans (8 per cent.), Jews (6 per cent.), Russians (2 per cent.), 
 Poles, Lithuanians,. Lives, and Byelorusses. The Letts and the 
 Germans are Protestants. Agriculture well developed on land- 
 lords' estates ; the peasants are chiefly tenants. Manufactures 
 begin to develop, especially at Mitau : cottons, matches. Active 
 trade. C. had till lately retained some of its old institutions, 
 guaranteeing some autonomy to the nobility and the trading 
 classes.; they are now gradually being abolished. Divided into 
 ten districts, the chief towns of which are : Mitau, cap. govt.. 
 
C O U R — COVE 
 
 Bauske, Friedrichstadt, Goldingen, Grobin, Hasenpoth, llluxt, 
 Talsen, Tuckum, Windau. Area, 10,535 sq. m. P. (1863) 
 567,078 ; (1888) 676,580. 
 
 Courmayeur, comm. , Italy, prov. Turin, dist. Val d'Entreves, 
 with mineral waters and baths. Alt. 4210 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Coaroune, Cap, cape, France, dep. Bouches-du-Rh6ne, on 
 the S. ct. , 17 m. W. by N. Marseilles. 
 
 Conronne, La, vil., France, dep. Charente, arr. and 4 m. 
 SW. Angouleme. P. < 2000. 
 
 Coarplere, tn., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, on the Dora, 22 
 m. E. Clermont-Ferrand, arr. and 7 m. S. Thiers. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Conrri^res, tn. France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. and 15 m. 
 ESE. B^thune. P. <40oo. 
 
 Coarronx, or Liittelsdorf, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, govt. 
 D^lemont. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Conrg, tn., France, dep. Rh6ne, arr. and 20 m. WNW. 
 Villefranche, on the Trambouze. P. <40oo. 
 
 Cours, coram., France, dep. Gironde, arr. Bazas, near 
 Grignols, with cold mineral springs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Coursaii, tn. , France, dep. Aude, on the Aude, arr. and 
 4^ m. NE. Narbonne. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Course, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Ballyhaunis. 
 
 Conrsegonles, vil., France, dep Alpes Maritimes, arr. Grasse, 
 14 m. NW. by W. Nice. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Conrsealles-snr-Mer, comm. , France, dep. Calvados, arr. 
 Caen, near Creuilly, with salt-water baths and oyster-beds. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Conrsoii, vil., France, dep. Yonne, 46 m. NNE^ Nevers, 
 arr. and 13^ m. S. by W. Auxerre. P. <20oo. 
 
 Court, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, on the Birs, 9^ m. W. by 
 N. Solothurn. P. <:2oco. 
 
 Courtallnm, tn., Brit. India, in the S. of Madras Pres., 
 dist. and 15 m. NW. Tinnevelli, of which it is the sanitarium 
 from June to October, having an exceptionally healthy climate 
 for its position and altitude. The town is enclosed on three 
 sides by hills, through which a narrow valley runs opening 
 up an easy communication with Travancore. Alt. 450 ft. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Conrteeuball, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 
 5 m. S. Northampton, 2 m. SE. Blisworth stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Conrtenay, tn., France, on the E. border of dep. Loiret, on 
 the Cl^ry, 31 m. SE. by S. Fontainebleau, arr. and 17 m. E. by 
 N. Montargis. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Conrtetelle, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 19 m. SW. Basel 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Courth<^zon, tn., France, dep. Vaucluse, arr. and 10 m. 
 NNE. Avignon, on a branch of the Ouv^ze. P. <3000. 
 
 ConrthiU. See Klsbom. 
 
 Conrtine, La, tn., France, on the S. border of dep. Creuse, 
 arr. Aubusson, 40 m. W. by S. Clermont-Ferrand, 11 m. N. 
 by W. Ussel. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Courtland, settlement, U.S., Alabama, Lawrence co., 80 m. 
 NNW. of Birmingham. Alt. 560 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 Courtland, or Middletou Centre, vil., Canada, Ontario, 
 Norfolk CO., 20 m. from Simcoe. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Conrtmacsberry, fishing tn.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Ibane 
 and Barryroe, 7 m. S. by E. Bandon, on C. Bay, and the 
 Cork, Bandon, and S. Coast Rly., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Courtonier, vil., France, dep. Orne, arr. and 19 m. NE. 
 Alen9on. P. < 2000. 
 
 Courtoiirn Harbour, tn. , Ire. , on the E. ct. of co. Wexford, 
 4 m. from Gorey stn., in 52° 39' N., adjoining Riverchapel, 
 PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Courtrai, or Courtray, Flemish Kortrljk» fortified tn., 
 Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, on the Lys, 9 m. NE. by N. 
 Tourcoing, with an academy of painters, picture gallery, and 
 a cathedral. Manufactures of linen and cotton fabrics, damask, 
 lace, yarn, &c. ; supplies the finest flax imported into this 
 country. The ' Battle of Spurs ' was fought here in 1302. 
 The town was taken by the French in 1793 and made cap. of 
 the dep. of the Lys. P. (comm., 1890) 30,300. 
 
 Court-St.-Etlenne, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. 
 Nivelles. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Courtwrlgbt, vil., Canada, Ontario, Lambton co., on R. 
 St. Clair, 63 m. W. by S. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Courutte Island, one of the Laccadive Is. , in 10° 31' N. and 
 72° 43' E. It is 2^ m. long and i m. broad. 
 
 Courvllle, tn., France, dep. Eure et Loir, on the Eure, arr. 
 and II m. W. Chartres; near is the castle of Villebon, where 
 Sully died. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cous6rans, Le, or Conserans, an ancient dist., France, 
 in the Pyrenees, near the frontier. It was a dependency of the 
 former prov. of Gascony, and now forms a part of the dep. 
 Arifege. St. Lizier was its capital. 
 
 Cousland (kauz'land), vil., Scot., Edinburghshire, 3^ m. NE. 
 Dalkeith, P.O. 
 
 Cousley Wood, vil., Eng., Sussex, on border of co. , 6 m. 
 S.E. Tunbridge Wells, P.O. 
 
 Cousolre, comm. , France, on the E. border of dep. Nord, 
 19 m. SE. by S. Mons. P. < 2000. 
 
 Conssac-Bonneval, tn. , France, dep. Haute- Vienne, arr. St. 
 Yrieix, 21 m. S. Limoges. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Coussey, vil. , France, dep. Vosges, on the Meuse, 21 m. SW. 
 by S. Toul, arr. and 3 m. N. by W. NeufchAteau. P. <20oo. 
 
 Coutances, called in the fourth century Consiantia, tn., 
 France, dep. Manche, 17 m. NNE. Granville, with manu- 
 factures of lace. Contains the Aqueduc des Piliers, constructed 
 in the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries, and a thirteenth- 
 century Gothic cathedral. The town was fortified by the 
 English in 1418, and dismantled by Louis XL Cap. arr. C, 
 The Canal de C. connects the town with the Sienne. P. 7400. 
 
 COulhnln, comm. , Belgium, prov. Lifege, arr. Huy. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Coutras, tn., France, dep. Gironde, arr. Libourne, on the 
 Dronne, 26 m. NE. by E. Bordeaux. Brilliant victory of 
 Henry IV., then King of Navarre, over the Catholics under 
 the Duke of Joyeuse, in 1587. P. <3000. 
 
 CouTa, tn.. West Indies, on the W. ct. of Trinidad. 
 
 CouTet, vil., Switzd., cant. Neuch^tel, 8 m. N. Grandson, in 
 the Val de Travers. P. ■<300o. 
 
 Couvln, tn. and comm., Belgium, pi'ov. Namur, on the Eau 
 Noire, 9 m. N. Rocroy, Tn. P. <20oo; comm. P. <3ooo. 
 
 CoTadonga, Spain. See Cangas de Onis. 
 
 Covaleda, comm., Spain, prov. Soria, 25 m. NW. by W. 
 Soria. P. <20oo. 
 
 CoTarmblas, tn., Spain, Old Castile, prov. Burgos, dist. 
 and 14 m. ENE. Lerma, with remains of ancient walls and an 
 old castle of Count Fernan Gonzales, nth century. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cove, eccles. par,, Eng., Devonshire, div. and 4 m. N. 
 Tiverton, 2 m. S. Bampton stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cove, par., Eng., Hampshire, Basingstoke div., 2J m. N. 
 Aldershot, close to Farnborough stn., P.O. P. < 1000; eccles. 
 par. (C. St. Jobn) P. <i5og. 
 
 Cove, fishing hamlet, Scot., Berwickshire, 7J m. SE. by E. 
 Dunbar, close to Cockburnspath stn. 
 
 Cove, watering-place, Scot., Dumbartonshire, in the SE. of 
 Loch Long, PMT.O. See KUcreggan and Cove. 
 
 Cove, fishing vil., Scot., Kincardineshire, on the E. ct., 3 m. 
 S. by W. Aberdeen, on the C. R., PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Cove Cape, Canada, Quebec, Gasp6 co., on the E. ct., in 
 48° 27' N. 
 
 Cove Head, vil., Canada, Prince Edward I., Queen's co., 
 12 m. from Charlottetown. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Covehitbe, or Bf. Hales, ct. par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 
 8 m. SSW. of Lowestoft. P.<25o.. See Benacre. 
 
 Cove Island, isl., Canada, Ontario, at the entrance to 
 Georgian Bay, in 45° i6'-2o' N. 
 
 Cove, Nortb, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 6 m. WSW. 
 Lowestoft, near riv. Waveney, 2 m. SE. Beccles. P. <250. 
 
 Cove, Soutb, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 9 m. SSW. 
 Lowestoft. P. <25o. 
 
 Covelo, comm. , Spain, prov. Pontevedra, dist. La Caniza. 
 P. 7300. 
 
 Coven, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 5 m. N. 
 Wolverhampton, i m. S. Four Ashes stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Coveney (kov'ni), par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Isle of Ely, 
 Wisbech div., 3^ m. NW. Ely, P.O.;. 7249 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Covenbam St. Bartboloniew, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 
 div. and 5 m. N. Louth, 3 m. ESE. Ludborough stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Coveubam St. Mary, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey 
 or Louth div., adjoining C. St. Bartbolomew. P. <25o. 
 
 Coventry, pari. bor. , mun. bor. (since the time of Edward 
 III.; boundary extended in 1890), and co. bor., Warwickshire, 
 Nuneaton div., diocese of Worcester, 17 m. ESE. Birmingham, 
 8| m. N. Leamington, on the L. & NW. R., with manufac- 
 tures of ribbons, watches, elastic webs, coach lace, and chief seat 
 of the manufacture of bicycles and tricycles, which were first 
 made here. Coal-mines near. The town has three important 
 churches, from the spires of which (St. Michael's, 303 ft. high — 
 founded 1373) the place is called ' the city of the three spires. ' 
 The city seems to have derived its name from a convent founded 
 by Canute. Market-day, F. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 16,000; (1851) 
 36,200; (1871)37,700; (1881)44,800; (1S91) mun. and CO. bor. 
 P. 52,700 ; pari. bor. P. 54,800. 
 
 Coventry Canal, Eng. , Warwickshire, runs from Coventry 
 past Nuneaton and Atherstone, and joins the Birmingham 
 Canal SW. of Tamworth ; connects with the Oxford Canal a 
 few miles N. by E. Coventry. Length, 32^ m. 
 
 Coventry, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, co. Tolland, 20 m. E. 
 Hartford. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Coventry, vil, U.S., New York, co. Chenango, 28 m. NE. 
 Binghamton by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coventry, tn., U.S., Rhode I., Kent co., 12 m. SW. Pro- 
 vidence. P. 5100. 
 
 Cover, small riv., Eng., Yorkshire, flows 12 m. NE. to the 
 Ure, which it joins on the r. bk. almost due S. of Richmond 
 and 14 m. NW. Ripon. 
 
 Coverack, ct. vil. , Eng. , Cornwall, lo^ m. S. Falmouth, on 
 C. Cove, PM.O. See St. Keveme. 
 
 383 
 
COVE 
 
 COWS 
 
 Coverdale, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, co. Albert, 
 on Petitcodiac R. , lo m. from Salisbury, 
 
 Coverliam, par., Eng. , Yorkshire. See Aggletliorpe. 
 
 Coverltam witb Horselioase, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, 
 N. Riding, in ancient par. of C. P. < looo. 
 
 CoTesea, ct. viL, Scot., Elginshire, 5 m. NNW. Elgin, 3^ m. 
 W. Lossiemouth stn. C. Skerries are a dangerous reef, on 
 which is a lighthouse with revolving light, visible 18 m. 
 
 CoTilba, tn., Portugal, prov. Beira, dist. Castello Branco, 47 
 m. E. by N. Coimbra, with warm baths. P. 9000. 
 
 CoTington, par. , Eng. , Huntingdonshire, Huntingdon div. , 
 II m. E. Wellingborough, 2 m. W. Kimbolton stn., P.O. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 CoTlngton, CO. , U. S. , Alabama, S. frontier, crossed by 86^° W. 
 
 CoTlugtou, tn., U.S., Georgia, Newton co., 35 m. ESE. 
 Atlanta. P. < 2000. 
 
 CoTliigton, city, U.S., Indiana, Fountain co., on L bk. of 
 Wabash R., 45 m. N. of Terre Haute. P. <2ooo. 
 
 CoTlngton, city, U.S., Kentucky, Kenton co., on the L bk. 
 of the Ohio and the L bk. of the Licking R., opposite Cincin- 
 nati. P. (1870) 24,500; (1880)29,700; (1890)37,400. 
 
 Colrington, vil., U.S., Louisiana, St. Tammany par., 37 m. 
 N. New Orleans. P. < 1500. 
 
 CoTlngton, CO., U.S., Mississippi, in the S., to the W. of 
 89° W. , and S. of 32° N. 
 
 Covington, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Dakota co., on the r. bk. 
 of the Missouri, opposite Sioux City, 85 m. NNW. Omaha. 
 P. <: 1500. 
 
 Covington, viL, U.S., Ohio, Miami co., on Stillwater Creek, 
 73 m. N. by E. Cincinnati. P. <20oo. 
 
 Covington, tn., U.S., Tennessee, Tipton co. , 35 m. NE. 
 Memphis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Covington, vil., U.S., Virginia, Alleghany co. , 141 m. W. 
 by N. Richmond, 55 m. NW. by W. Lynchburg. P. <i5oo. 
 
 C!ovlngton and Thankerton, par., Scot., Lanarkshire, 33 
 m. SW. Edinburgh, 36 m. SE. Glasgow, with a stn. (Tlianlier- 
 ton) on the C. R.; 5114 ac. P. <Soo. 
 
 Co-nal, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Elgin, 9 m. from Long- 
 wood. P. <; 1500. 
 
 Cowal, or CowaU, a mountainous peninsular dist. , Scot. , co. 
 Argyll, between Loch Long and the Firth of Clyde on the E. , 
 and Loch Fyne on the W, In it are Lochs Goil and Eck, 
 and the villages Inverchaolain, Kilmodan, Kilmun, Kilfinan, 
 Strathlachan, Lochgoilhead, and Kilmorich. 
 
 CoM-an Bridge, PM.O., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. S. Kirkby 
 Lonsdale. 
 
 Cow and Calf, islets, Ire., off the SE. ct. of Down, in Dvm- 
 drum Bay. 
 
 Cowausvllle, or Kelsonvllle, viL, Canada, Quebec, Mis- 
 sisquoi co. , 46 m. SE. by E. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cowarne, Little, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, div. and 8^ m. 
 SE. by E. Leominster, 4^ m. SW. by W. Bromyard stn. P. <25o. 
 See Vlllngswlck. 
 
 Cowarne, JMucli, par., Eng., co. and 9 m. NE. by E. 
 Hereford, Leominster div., 4 m. NNE. Stoke Edith stn. P. 
 <Soo. 
 
 Cowbanlt, stn., £jig., Lincolnshire, on the G. N. R., 5 m. 
 SW. Wainfleet. 
 
 Cow Bay, inlet, Canada, in NE. of Cape Breton I. , with its 
 mouth in 46° 10' N. , protected by a government breakwater and 
 quay, length 1800 ft. Depth alongside at ordinary springs 
 high water, 22 ft.; low water, 17 ft. 
 
 Cowblt, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, div. and 4 m. S. Spalding, 
 on the G. N. and G. E. Joint Rly., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Cowbrldge, mun. bor. (since 1682, if not earlier), pari. bor. 
 [Cardiff], and par. , Wales, Glamorganshire, 12 m. W. Cardiff, 
 on the Taff Vale Rly. ; formerly the county town. A free gram- 
 mar school, endowed in the reign of Charles II.; agriciiltural 
 markets. During the Norman period encompassed with a stone 
 wall ; portions of old fortifications still remain. Market-day, Tu. 
 Mean rfall. (1868-80), 37.17 in. Alt. 96 ft. P. <i5oo. See 
 lilanUetblan. 
 
 Cowden, par. , Eng. , Kent, Tunbridge div. , 7^ m. W. by N. 
 Tunbridge Wells, i m. SW. of its stn. on the L. B. & S. C. R., 
 PM.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Cowdenbeath, tn., Scot., Fife, 5 m. NE. by E. Dtmfermline, 
 on the N. B. R. , with coal-mines and blast-furnaces. P. <45oo. 
 
 Cowden Pound, P.O., Eng., Kent, 2 m. from Cowden. 
 
 Cowdens Ambo, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, in Skir- 
 laugh union. P. <:2SO. 
 
 Cowell, settlement, S. Australia, Eyres Penin., Jervois co., 
 95 m. SW. Port Augusta. 
 
 Cower's Lane, P.O., Eng,, Derbyshire, i m. from Shottle. 
 
 Cowes, seapt. and watering-place, Victoria, on Phillip I. , in 
 Westernport Bay, Mornington co., 49 m. SSE. Melbourne. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Cowes, East, tn., Eng., Hampshire, Isle of Wight div., on 
 the N. ct. , and on the E. side of the estuary of the Medina, 4^^ m. 
 N. Newport, with numerous slips, the chief being the Minerva 
 Yard, 700 ft. long, with 1000 tons lifting power. P. <3000. 
 384 
 
 Cowes, West, seapt. , market-tn. , and watering-place, oppo- 
 site E. Cowes, on the Isle of Wight Central Rly., io| m. SSE. 
 Southampton, and 8| m. WSW. Portsmouth, with both of 
 which ports it has daily communication by steamers. It has a 
 battery at the angle formed by the river and the sea, called 
 Egypt Point ; headquarters of the Royal Yacht Club, who hold 
 their annual regattas here. Numerous slips, the chief being 
 the Czarina ; length 440 ft. , 1000 tons lifting power. Market- 
 days, Tu. and Th. P. 7700. 
 
 Cowesby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 6 m. SE. 
 Northallerton. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cowesett, vil., U.S., Rhode I., Kent co., 9 m. S. by W. 
 Providence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coweta, CO., U.S., Georgia, N. of 33° N., and boimded on 
 NW. by Chattahoochee R. 
 
 Cowliat, post-tn., New South Wales, 156 m. W. Sydney. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Cowfold, par. , Eng. , Sussex, E. Grinstead div. , 5^ m. SSE. 
 Horsham, 2 m. E. West Grinstead stn., PMT.O.; 4501 ac 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Cowglll, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton 
 div., 15 m. E. by S. Kendal, i m. W. Dent stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cow HoneybOHrue, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester 
 div., 5 m. E. Evesham, with a stn. (Houeybonrne) on the 
 G. W. R., P.O. P. <:5oo. See Cburcb Honey bourne. 
 
 Cowbytbe, a stn. in the Trigonometrical Survey of Scot., 
 Banffshire, on the meridian of Dunnose, in 57^ 51' N., and 
 2° 40' W. , I m. E. Portsoy. Alt. 265 ft. 
 
 Cowlcban, tn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, Vancouver I., 
 on the E. ct., 36 m. NW. by N. Victoria, at the mouth of 
 Cowichan R., which drains C, Lake (25 m. long) E. into the 
 Strait of Georgia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cowlck, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire. See Sualth. 
 
 Cowle, fishing viL , Scot. , Kincardineshire, on the E. ct. , at 
 the mouth of the C. , on C. Harb. , close to Stonehaven. 
 
 Coiiile'8 Creek, post-tn., Victoria, Grant co., 49 m. SW. 
 Melbourne. P. <; 1500. 
 
 Cowlalrs, a NE. suburb of Glasgow, Scot. , on the N. B. R. 
 
 Cowlam, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 6^ m. NW. 
 Driffield. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cowleaze Chine, a small, deep, and narrow valley, Eng., 
 Isle of Wight, 4 m. NW. St. Catherine's Point. 
 
 Cowlelgh, eccles. par., Eng., cos. Worcester and Hereford, 
 near Great Malvern. P. <iooo. 
 
 Cowley, part of eccles. par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, See 
 Preston Blsset. 
 
 Cowley, P.O., Eng., Devonshire, 2 m. N. Exeter. 
 
 Cowley, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div. , 5 m. S. 
 by E. Cheltenham, 3^ m. SSE. Leckhampton stn. , P.O. P. <5C)o. 
 
 Cowley, par., Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge div. , 6Jm. WSW. 
 Harrow, i^ m. S. Uxbridge stn., PT.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Cowley, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 2^ m. ESE. 
 Oxford. P. 10,300. 
 
 Cowley, CO., New South Wales, crossed in the N. by 35° S., 
 and bounded on the E. by the Mumimbidgee R. 
 
 Cowley, CO., U.S., Kansas, bordering on the Indian Terr., 
 and intersected by Arkansas R. 
 
 Cowling, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding. See 
 BurrUl-cnm-Cowllng. 
 
 Cowling (kau'ling), par., Eng,, Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. 
 and 5 m. SW. Skipton, PMT.O.; 4716 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cowllnge, or Coollnge (ku'linj), par., Eng., Suffolk, Sud- 
 bury div., 10^ m. SW. by W. Bury St. Edmunds, 6 m. NNE. 
 Haverhill stn", P.O. P. <7SO. 
 
 Cowlitz, riv., U.S., Washington, flows W., SW., and S. 
 into the Columbia R. in C, co. Length about 125 m. 
 
 Cowlitz, CO., U.S., Washington, crossed by 46^ N. and 123° 
 W. , bounded on the SW. by the Columbia R. 
 
 Cowpastnre, riv., U.S., Virginia, one of the headwaters of 
 the James R. (g.v.). 
 
 Cowpe Lench, Newhall Hey, and HaU Carr, par., Eng., 
 Lancashire, Haslingden union, including parts of Rawtenstall 
 and Waterfoot. P. <4C)oo. 
 
 Cowpen, par. and tn. , Eng. , Northumberland, on the S. shore 
 of the estuary of the Blyth, 6^ m. ESE. and included in the 
 pari. bor. of Morpeth, near Bebside stn., P.O. P. 13,000. See 
 Horton. 
 
 Cowpen Bewley, par., Eng., Durham, in the E. of the SE. 
 div., 4 m. NE. Stockton, i m. N. Haverton Hill stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cowper, CO. , New South Wales, bounded on the E. by the 
 Bogan R. , and crossed in the N. by 30° S. 
 
 Cowper Point, cape, Eng., in the NW. of Lancashire, 
 Morecambe Bay, at the mouth of the estuary of the Leven. 
 
 Cowra, tn. , New South Wales, Forbes co. , on the r. bk. of 
 the Lachlan, 60 m. SW. by W. Bathurst, with gold, silver, 
 copper, and marble in the neighbourhood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cowshlll, vil., Eng., Stanhope par., 3 m. from St. John's 
 Chapel, Durham, PM.O. 
 
 Cowslck, small riv., Eng., Devonshire, flows S. from Dart- 
 moor Forest to the 1. bk. of the Dart (W. branch). 
 
cows 
 
 C R AI 
 
 Cowsoggle, isl. See New Georgia. 
 
 Cowthorp, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston 
 Ash div., on the Nidd, s| m. SE. by E. Knaresborough, 2^ m. 
 NE. by N. Wetherby stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Coirton, East, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond 
 div., 7| m. S. by E. Darlington, with a stn. (Cowton) on the 
 NE. R. ; 3369 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cowton, North, par., i^ m. WNW. E. Cowton. P. <5oo. 
 
 Coivton, South, par., adjoining N. Cowton. P. <25o. 
 
 Cowwarr, or Tpper Heyfleld, post-tn., Victoria, co. Tanjil, 
 90 m. E. by S. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coxhench, stn., Eng., Derbyshire, on the M. R., 5 m. NE. 
 Derby, P.O. 
 
 Ooxeii Hole, port, Honduras Republic, on the S. ct. of 
 Roatan I., with fairly good anchorage, but accessible only to 
 vessels of small draught. 
 
 Cox Green, hamlet, Eng. , Durham, Houghton-le-Spring div. , 
 on the r. bk. of the Wear, 5 m. WSW. Sunderland, on the NE. R. 
 
 Coxhoe, par., Eng., Durham, Mid div., 5 m. SE. by S. Dur- 
 ham, with two stns. (C. and C. Bridge) on the NE. R.; coal- 
 mines. PMT.O. P. < 3500. 
 
 Coxley, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, div. and i| m. SW. 
 Wells, P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Coxlodge, par., Eng., Northumberland, Tyneside div., 3 m. 
 NW. by N. Newcastle, i^ m. W. by S. Gosforth stn., P.O. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 Coxsackle, vil., U.S., New York, Greene co., on the r. bk. 
 of Hudson R., 23 m. S. by W. Albany. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cox's B&zHr, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, on the Bay of Bengal, 
 dist. and 65 m. S. by E. Chittagong. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cox's Creek, S. Australia. See Brldgewater. 
 
 Cox's Landing, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Cabell co., on the 
 Ohio, 40 m. W. by N. Charleston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cox's Point, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, 35 m. 
 from Frederickton. 
 
 Coxtown, settlement, Victoria, Talbot co., 34 m. WSW. 
 Sandhurst. 
 
 Coxwall, part of par. , Eng. , Herefordshire. See Bncktou. 
 
 Coxwell, Great, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 15 m. W. 
 by S. Abingdon, 2 m. SW. Faringdon. P. <5oo. 
 
 Coxwcll, Little, par. , i m. E. Great C. , P. O. P. < 250. See 
 Faringdon. 
 
 Coxwold, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Maiton div., 14J m. E. by N. Ripon, on the NE. R., PM.O. 
 P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (C. with Yearsley) P. <iooo. 
 
 Coycharch, Higher, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 
 15^ m. W. by N. Cardiff, 2 m. E. Bridgend stn. , P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Coychnrch, Lower, par., near C. Higher. P. <5oo ; eccles. 
 par. (C. with Peterstone) P. <5ooo. 
 
 Coygan Care, Wales, Carmarthenshire, near Laughame, 
 has yielded bones of the mammoth, rhinoceros, hyasna, cave 
 lion, &c. 
 
 Coy Inlet, Argentine RepubUc. See Coile, riv. 
 
 Coylton, par., Scot., S. Ayrshire, on the Water of Coyle, 5^ 
 m. ESE. Ayr, i^ m. W. by N. Drongan stn., with coal-mines, 
 PM.O.; 11,584 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Coylton Slinlot, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, i m. from Thirsk. 
 
 Coyote, vil., U.S., New Mexico, co. and 10 m. NE. Mora, 
 on Coyote R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coyotepec, tn., Mexico, 25 m. N. by W. Mexico. 
 
 Coy's Diggings, or Baillieston, post-tn., Victoria, co. 
 Rodney, 85 m. NE. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Coytrahene, P.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. from 
 Aberkenfig. 
 
 Coyty, Higher, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 15 m. 
 SE. Neath, 12 m. NE. Bridgend stn. P. <iooo. 
 
 t'oyty, Lo'>yer, par., near C. Higher. P. <4000 ; eccles. 
 par. (C. with Nolton) P. <3ooo. 
 
 Coyuacan, tn., Mexico, 5 m. SSE. Mexico. 
 
 Cozes, tn., France, dep. Charente Inf^rieure, arr. Saintes, 26 
 m. S. by E. Rochefort. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Coznmel, isl. , Central America, off the E. ct. of Yucatan, in 
 20° 35' N. , 86° 41' W. , 24 m. long by 7 m. 
 
 Craanford, P.O., Ire., co. Wexford, 4 m. W. Gorey. 
 
 Crabb's Cross, vil., Eng., Worcestershire, 7 m. SE. Broms- 
 grove, PMT.O. 
 Crabliall, part of par. , Eng. , Cheshire. See Blaeon. 
 Crab Island, one of the Virgin Is. See Vleqne. 
 Crab Island, Ire. , off NW. ct. of co. Clare, in South Soimd, 
 lat. 53° i' N. 
 
 Crab Island, small isl. , Madagascar, off the W. ct. , in about 
 21° 10' S. 
 
 Crab Orcliard, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Lincoln co., 93 m. SE. 
 by E. Louisville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crab Orchard, vil, U.S., Virginia, Lee co., 41 m. NE. by 
 E. of the SW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crab Tree Lane, P.O., Ire., N. co. Armagh, bar. Oneilland 
 W. , 6| m. W. by N. Lurgan, 6 m. from Portadown stn. 
 
 Cracoe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 19 
 m. NNE. Burnley, 4^ m. NNW. Embsay stn. , PT.O. P. <25o. 
 385 
 
 Cracow (German Krakan ; Slavonic Krakdw^ — probabljr 
 from Slavonic krak, a raven, though legendary history attri- 
 butes the origin of the town and its name to Krak, a prince of 
 Poland about 700), tn. , Austria, cap. crownland Galicia, 158 
 m. SSW. Warsaw, on the 1. bk. of the Vistula, where it flows 
 from W. to E. through a narrow valley forming the approach 
 from the E. to the SE. of Silesia, and to the Moravian Gate 
 leading to the valley of the Danube. This situation gives it an 
 important strategical position, to which probably may be largely 
 ascribed the fact that C. was for two and a half centuries (1320- 
 1569) the cap. of Poland, and is still a fortified town, walled and 
 surrounded by forts on both banks of the river. It has a castle, 
 a cathedral containing the tombs of the most celebrated Polish 
 kings, a university (founded 1364), with a botanic garden, an 
 observatory (50° 3' 50" N. , 19° 57' 36" E.), a school of arts, and 
 academy of painting. About 3 m. W. is a tumulus to the me- 
 mory of Kosciusko, 120 ft. in elevation. Manufactures cloth 
 and leather. The territory, which formed the republic of C. 
 from 1815 to 1846, had an area of 445 sq. m., and comprised, 
 besides the city, the towns of Chrzanow and Krzeszowice, till it 
 was incorporated with the Austrian empire, after an insurrection, 
 in Dec. 1846. Alt. 680-775 ft- Mean temp., yr. 45.7° F., Jan. 
 26°, July 65.5°; rfall. (29 )t:s.), 24.8 in. P. (1869) 49,800; 
 (1880) 66,100; (1890) 74,600; including Podg6rze on the r. bk. of 
 the river, 87,700. 
 
 Craddock, vil., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 8 m. E. Tiver- 
 ton, I m. ESE. Uffculme stn., P.O. 
 
 Cradle Mount, Wales. See Pen-y-cader Fawr. 
 
 Cradle mountain, the highest peak in Tasmania, in the 
 W. , Lincoln co. , 40 m. WNW. the Great Lake. Alt. 5070 ft. 
 
 Cradley, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div., 15^ m. 
 ENE. Hereford, 2J m. W. Malvern Link stn., with coal, P.O.; 
 6075 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cradley, par. , Eng. , on the N. border of Worcestershire, N. 
 div. , i\ m. S. Dudley, with a stn. on the L. & N W. and G. W. 
 Rlys. , with coal-mines. P. 5700. 
 
 Cradley Heath, place, Eng., S. Staftbrdshire, included in 
 the urban sanitary dist. of Rowley Regis, chief seat of the manu- 
 facture of cable-chains ; PMT.O. 
 
 Cradoc, stn., Wales, Brecknockshire, on the M. R., 3 m. 
 WNW. Brecon. 
 
 Cradock, tn. , Cape Colony, cap., dist., 56 m. SE. by S. 
 Middelbtirg, on the railway to De Aar June. ; with salt pan and 
 sulphur spring. Alt. 2850 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 63° F. , Feb. 74°, 
 July 50.2°. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cradock, post-tn., S. Australia, Granville co., 50 m. NE. by 
 E. Port Augusta. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Crafers, post-tn., S. Australia, co. and 8 m. SE. Adelaide. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Crafthole, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, Bodmin div., on the S. 
 ct. , 6| m. W. Plymouth. 
 
 Crafton, hamlet, Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 6 m. 
 NE. Aylesbury, x\ m. N. by E. Marston Gate stn. 
 
 Craftsbnry, tn., U.S., Vermont, co. Orleans, about 30 m. 
 NE. Montpelier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crag, Celtic, 'a rock.' See Carrick. 
 
 Cragganmore, distillery, Scot., Banffshire, on the Avon, near 
 BaUindalloch stn., P.O. 
 
 Craggs, electoral div.. Ire., co. Limerick, dist. Askeaton. 
 
 Cragg Vale, Eng., Yorkshire, Sowerby div., 5 m. W, by S. 
 Halifax, 2 m. S. Mytholmroyd, PMT.O. 
 
 Craghead, vil., Eng., Durham, Lanchester par., 4J m. SW. 
 Chester-le-Street, PM.O. 
 
 Cralcliie, vil., Scot., co. and 3I m. SE. Forfar, P.O. 
 
 Craig, Celtic, 'a rock.' See Carrick. 
 
 Craig, ct. par., Scot., Forfarshire, li m. SW. Montrose, with 
 salmon and other fisheries ; 4371 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Craig, vil., U.S., Missouri, Holt co. , 44 m. NW. St. Joseph. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Craig, CO., U.S., Virginia, on the NW. frontier, S. of 38° N. 
 
 Craigairle Fell, an upland tract, Scot., Wigtownshire, 12 
 m. WNW. Newton Stewart. Alt. 1000 ft. 
 
 Craigarogan, tnld.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Belfast, 
 Templepatrick par. P. <7So. 
 
 Craigavad, tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Down, bar. Lower Castle- 
 reagh, 4I m. W. Bangor, on the Belfast and Bangor Rly. , P. O. 
 
 P. <250." 
 
 Craigbauk, vil., Scot., Ayrshire, in par. and 2 m. SW. New 
 Cumnock. P. <: 500. 
 
 Craig Cefn Park, P.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. from 
 Clydach. 
 
 Cralgeach Moss, dist., Scot., Wigtownshire, in the SE., 6 
 m. W. Wigtown. 
 
 Craigellachle, stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the 
 C. P. R., about 118° 48' W., 1131 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 
 351 m. from Vancouver. 
 
 Craigellachle, vil., Scot., Banffshire, on R. Findich, 9 m. 
 WSW. Keith, with a junc. stn. on the G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Cralgend, vil. , Scot. , E. Perthshire, 2 m. S. Perth. 
 
 Craigendoran Pier, stn., Scot., Dumbartonshire, on the 
 
 2 B 
 
CR AI 
 
 CR AN 
 
 Gare Loch, i m. SE. by E. Helensburgh, the terminus for the 
 Clyde steamboat traffic in connection with the N. B. R. 
 
 Cralgenpattock, Upper, farm, Scot., in the extreme SW. 
 of Dumfriesshire, 12 m. N. Castle Douglas, 9 m. NE. by N. 
 Parton stn. Residence of Carlyle, 1828-34. 
 
 Cralghall, Scot. See Ellon. 
 
 Craigball, Sfew, vil, Scot., Midlothian, i^ m. WSW. 
 Musselburgh. P. < 500. 
 
 Cralghallock Moor, dist., Scot., Wigtownshire, in the SE., 
 5j m. W. Wigtown. 
 
 Craighead, vil. , Scot. , Perthshire, 7 m. WNW. Stirling, 2 m. 
 NW. Gargunnock stn. 
 
 Craighead, co., U.S., Arkansas, just to S. of 36° N. and E. 
 of 91° W. 
 
 Cralghonse, PM.O., Scot., Argyllshire, on the I. of Jura, 9 
 m. from Portaskaig. 
 
 Cralghnrst, vil., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., 26 m. E. 
 Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cralgle, par., Scot., Ayrshire, 4 m. S. Kilmarnock, P.O. ; 
 6576 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Cralgle, vil., Scot., Perthshire, 4 m. W. Blairgowrie, P.O. 
 
 Cralgle, post-tn. , Victoria, Talbot co. , 35 m. SW. Sandhurst. 
 P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Cralglehnckler, eccles. oar., Scot., Aberdeen, in the pars. 
 Banchory Devenick, Newhills, Old Machar, and Peterculter. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Cralgleltarn, settlement. New Zealand, Rodney co., 35 m. 
 N. Auckland, on the Mahurangi R., which is navigable for 13 m. 
 
 Cralglevar, P.O., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 4 m. NW. Lum- 
 phanon stn. 
 
 Cralglee, small tp., Queensland, Chelmsford co., near the 
 coast, in 16° 30' S. and 145° 30' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cralglee, mt., Scot., S. Ayrshire, on the W. side of Loch 
 Doon, 13 J m. SE. Maybole. Alt. 1716 ft. 
 
 Cralglelth, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Grey, at foot of Blue 
 Mts., and 6 m. by rail from Collingwood. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cralglelth, isl. , Scot. , in the Firth of Forth, i m. N. of North 
 Berwick, Haddingtonshire, in 2° 43' W. 
 
 Cralglelth, stn., Scot., Midlothian, on the C. R., 2^ m. W. 
 by N. Edinburgh ; here most of the building stone for the New 
 Town of Edinburgh was obtained. 
 
 C^af glockhart, hill, Scot. , 2 m. SW. Edinburgh ; alt. 500 ft. 
 Near is a large hydropathic establishment, and a stn. on the 
 N. B. R. 
 
 Cralgmark, vil. , Scot. , S. Ayrshire, lo^ m. E. by S. Maybole, 
 I m. NNW. Dalmellington stn. P. <50o. 
 
 Cralgmlllar Castle, ruins, Scot., near Edinburgh, with a 
 stn. on the N. B. R. ; was a favoiuite residence of Queen Mary. 
 
 Cralgnethan Castle, ruins, Scot., in co. and 4^ m. NW. 
 Lanark ; the ' Tillietudlem ' of Scott's ' Old Mortality.' 
 
 Cralgnenk, tn. , Scot. , NE. Lanarkshire, ij m. ESE. Mother- 
 well, forms part of Wishaw, PMT.O. P. <3000. 
 
 Cralgnlsh, par., Scot., Argyllshire, on the NW. shore of 
 the inlet of Loch C. , 16J m. S. by W. Oban. Near the NW. 
 boundary of the par. are remains of a large strong, mediaeval 
 fortress, and there are vestiges of several rude forts, supposed 
 to be Scandinavian. 9813 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cralgnlsh Point, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, Sound of Jura, in 
 56° 8' N., 5° 37' W. 
 
 Cralgunre, PT. O. , Scot. , Argyllshire, on Mull L , Torosay par. 
 
 Cralgo, stn., Scot., Forfarshire, on the C. R., 4^ ra. N^fw. 
 Montrose. 
 
 Cralgrothle, vil., Scot., E. Fife, 2 m. S. Cupar, P.O. 
 
 Cralgrownle, eccles. par., Scot., Dumbartonshire, Roseneath 
 par. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cralgs, par. and tnld., Ire., W. co. Antrim, bars. Kilconway 
 and Lower Toome, 14^ m. NNW. Antrim, P.O. Par. P. 5700 ; 
 tnld. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Craig Taw, cape, Scot., on the N. ct. of Berwickshire, in 
 2° 18' W. 
 
 Cralgton, vil., Scot., Forfarshire, 8 m. W. by S. Arbroath, 
 close to Monikie stn, P.O. 
 
 Cralg-y-can, mt. , Wales, Merionethshire, 3 J m. N. Dolgelly. 
 Alt. 2063 ft. 
 
 Cralk, settlement and rly, stn., Canada, Assiniboia, 65 m. 
 NW. by W. Regina. 
 
 Cralke, or Crayke, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div. , 12^ m. N. by W. York, 4 m. NE. by E. Alne 
 (for Easingwold) stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Crall, ancient Carraile, pari, and royal burgh, seapt. , and 
 par. , Scot. , E. Fife, on E. ct. , 8 J m. SE. St. Andrews, on the 
 N. B. R., PMT.O. A small fragment of the wall of a royal 
 castle occasionally occupied by David \. in the first half of the 
 i2th century still survives. Par. 6383 ac, P. < 2000; pari, burgh 
 P. < 1500. See St. Andrews. 
 
 Cralling, par. , Scot. , Roxburghshire, on Oxnam Water, 3J m. 
 NE. Jedburgh, i m. ESE. Nisbet stn., P.O. ; 5966 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Crailshelm, Ger. See Krallshelm. 
 
 Craiova, tn., Roumania, cap. prov. C, 112 m. W. Bukarest, 
 
 with salt-mines in neighbourhood. In the Middle Ages the cap. 
 
 386 
 
 of Lower Walachia, and the residence of a ban [Ronmaula]. 
 P. (1889-90) 30,100. 
 
 Crake, riv. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Conlston Water. 
 
 Crakehall, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 8^ m, 
 SE. by S. Richmond, i m. N. Crakehall stn., on the NE.^R., 
 P.O. P. <:soo ; eccles. par. (C. with Langthorne) P. <75o. 
 
 Crakehlll, part of par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Elmlre. 
 
 Crambe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., on the Derwent, 11^ m. NE. York, \ m. W. 
 Kirkham Abbey stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cramllngton, par. and tn., Eng., Northumberland, Wans- 
 beck div., j\ m. NW. North Shields, on the NE. R., PMT.O. 
 P. 6000 ; eccles. par. (C. St. Nicholas) P. 5000. 
 
 Cramond, the anct. Caer Almond, par. and viL, Scot., Mid- 
 lothian, on the N. ct., a small part in W. Lothian, at the mouth 
 of the Almond, 4 m. E. by S. South Queensferry, 3 m. W. Gran- 
 ton stn., with salmon stake nets, iron-works, and paper mills. 
 Was an important Roman station on Watling Street, and traces 
 of the mole, coins, &c., have been found. P.O. 5277 ac. 
 P. <35oo. 
 
 Cramond Bridge, on the Almond, i m. SW. Cramond, 
 with stn. (C. Brig) on the C. R., PT.O. 
 
 Cramond Island, isl., Scot., in the Firth of Forth, i m. N. 
 Cramond, in 3° 17^' W. ; accessible on foot at low water. 
 
 Crampton's Cap, U.S., Maryland, pass in the South Mts. 
 to the NE. of the mouth of the Shenandoah. 
 
 Crana, riv. , Ire. , in the NE. of co. Donegal, flows into Lough 
 Swilly on the E. side. 
 
 Cranage, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Knutsford div. , 7 m. SE. by 
 E. Northvrich, 2 m. NW. Holmes Chapel stn. P. <:soo. 
 
 Cranagh, hamlet, Ire., NE. co. Tyrone, bar. Upper Strabane, 
 16 m. NE. by N. Omagh, on the R. Glenelly, 15 m. from 
 Newtownstewart stn. , P. O. 
 
 Cranberry, tp., U.S., N. Carolina, Mitchell co., 186 m. W. 
 by N. Raleigh. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cranberry Isles, U.S., Maine, Hancock co., SE. of Mt. 
 Desert I. , in 68° i2'-i4' W. 
 
 Cranberry Lake, in the Adirondacks, U.S., New York. 
 
 Cranborne, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., 11^ m. SW. by 
 S. Salisbury, 4 m. W. Daggens Road stn. C. gives the title of 
 Viscount to the Marquis of Sahsbury. PMT.O. 11,870 ac. P. 
 <25oo ; eccles. par. (C. with Boverldge) P. < 1000. 
 
 Cranborne Chase, an ancient forest, now enclosed, chiefly 
 in Wiltshire. 
 
 Cranboume, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. Dorchester, 45 m. 
 from Quebec city. Mean temp., yr. 36.1° F., Jan. 8.2°, July 
 62.4°. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Cranbourne, eccles. par. , Eng. , Berkshire, in the ancient par. 
 of Winkfield and SunninghilL P. < 1500. 
 
 Cranbourne, post-tn. , Victoria, Mornington co. , 28 m. SE. 
 by S. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cranbrook, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 12 m. E. by S. 
 Tunbridge Wells, 5 m. S. Staplehurst stn. From the fourteenth 
 to the seventeenth century C. was an important seat of the 
 broadcloth manufactures introduced by the Flemings, on SE. R. 
 PMT.O. Mean rfall. (1866-80, Hartley, ah. 405 ft.), 32.81 in. 
 10,374 a-c. P. <4Soo; eccles. par. (C. St. Dnnstan) P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cranbrook, post-tn., Tasmania, Glamorgan co., 60 m. SE. 
 Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crandon, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Spink co., 99 m. ENE. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crane End, hamlet, Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland div., on 
 the coast, 4 m. E. by S. Boston. 
 
 Crane Island, or Isle anx Cimes, Canada, Quebec, in the 
 St. Lawrence, Montmagny co. , in 70° 33' W. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Cranemoor, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. SE. 
 Penistone, 2 m. from Wortley. 
 
 Cranemore, tnld.. Ire., co. Carlow, bar. Forth, Barragh pax. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Craney Island, U.S., Virginia, in Hampton Roads, at the 
 mouth of Elizabeth R. , with strong fort defending the entrance 
 of James and Elizabeth Rivs. , and lighthouse 50 ft. high. 
 
 Cranfleld, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., ■j\ m. 
 SW. by W. Bedford, 3 m. N. by W. Ridgmont stn., PMT.O. ; 
 3500 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cranfleld, par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Upper Toome, on 
 Lough Neagh, 3^ m. SW. Randalstown stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Cranfleld Point, cape. Ire., the southernmost point of co. 
 Down, at the N. entrance to Carlingford Loiigh. 
 
 Cranford, par. , Eng. , Middlesex, on the Crane, 3 m. NW. 
 Hounslow stn. , PMT.O. P. <:750. 
 
 Cranford, vil., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 6J m, 
 NNE. Wellingborough, on the M. R., belonging to two adjoin- 
 ing pars., PT.O. C. St. John, P. -csoo ; C. St. Andrew, P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Cranford, tnld. , Ire. , N. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, on 
 Mulroy Bay, 18 m. NW. by W. Londonderry, 14 m. from 
 Letterkenny stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cranham, par. , Eng. , Essex, Chelmsford div. , 4^ m. ESE. 
 Romford, i m. SE. Upminster stn. P. <5oo. 
 
C R AN 
 
 CRAY 
 
 Cranbam, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Stroud div. , 5^ m. 
 SE. by S. Gloucester, P.O. P. <5oo. See Brlmpsfleld. 
 
 Crank, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire, on the L. & Y. and L. & NW. 
 Rlys., 2^ m. SW. St. Helen's, 2 m. from Rainford, PM.O. 
 
 Cranks Gap, pass, U.S., Kentucky, Harlan co., in the Cum- 
 berland Mts., 180 m. SSE. Cincinnati (Ohio). 
 
 Cranley, par. , Eng. , Surrey, div. and 8 m. SE. by S. Guild- 
 ford, with stn. (Cranleigh) on the L, B. & S. C. R., PMT.O. 
 (Cranlelgb) ; 7758 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Cranmore, East, par. , Eng. , Somerset, div. and 6 m. WSW. 
 Frome. P. <25o. See Donlting. 
 
 Cranmore, West, i m. to the SW. , with a stn. (Cranmore) 
 on the G. W. R., P.O. P. <soo. See Donlting. 
 
 Cranna, P.O., Ire., co. Tipperary, 7 m. SW. Nenagh. 
 
 Crannagta, tnld.. Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. Athlone, Drum 
 par. P. < 250. 
 
 Cranuagh, bar. , Ire. , in the N W. of co. Kilkenny. 
 
 Cranny, P.O., Ire., co. Clare, 4 m. from Killadysert. 
 
 Cranoe, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 11 m. SW. 
 by S. Oakham. P. <2So. 
 
 Cransac, comm., France, dep. Aveyron, 42 m. N. by E. 
 Albi, with mineral springs and coal-mines. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Cransford, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Eye div. , 16 m. NE. Ipswich, 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Cranshaws, par., Scot., Berwickshire, on Bothwell Water, 
 7^ m. NW. Duns, P.O. ; 8708 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 "^Cransley, par., Eng., E. div. of Northamptonshire, 6^ m. 
 NW. by N. Wellingborough, 3 m. SW. Kettering stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Cranstal Point, Isle of Man, 5^ m. N. by E. Ramsey. 
 
 Cranston, par. , Scot. , Midlothian, on E. border, 5 m. SSE, 
 Musselburgh; 5100 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Cranston, tn. , U.S., Rhode I., Providence co., 8^ m. SW. 
 by W. Providence, contains several manufacturing villages, with 
 anthracite mines. P. (1880) 5900; (1890) 8100. 
 
 Cranswlck, PM.O., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 4 m, S. 
 Driffield. 
 
 Crantock, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., on the 
 NW. ct., 10 m. N. by W. Truro, ij m. S. by W. New Quay, 
 P.O. P.<:soo. 
 
 Cranwell, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, ii| m. NE. Grantham, 
 div. and si m. NW. Sleaford, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cramvlch, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 18 m. NE. by E. 
 Ely, 6 m. SE. by S. Stoke Ferry stn. P. <250 ; eccles. par. (C. 
 ^'Itli Dldllugton and Colveston) P. <25o. 
 
 Cran worth, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., on the Yare, 16 
 m. W. by S. Norwich, 3^ m. WSW. Thuxton stn. P. <2So ; 
 eccles par. (C. with Letton and South Burgh) P. <.75o. 
 
 Craon, ancient Cranium, tn., France, dep. Mayenne, arr. 
 Chateau-Gontier, 18 m. SW. by S. Laval. P. <4000. 
 
 Craonne, vil., France, dep. Aisne, arr. and 11 m. SE. Laon. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Crapaud, vil., Canada, Prince Edward's I., Queen's co., 
 24 m. from Charlottetown. The water area of harbour is 60 
 acres ; depth available on bar at entrance at high water ordi- 
 nary springs, 17 ft. ; ordinary neaps, 15 ft. Good anchorage 
 inside shoal. P. 1500. 
 
 Craponue, tn., France, dep. Haute Loire, arr. Le Puy, 27 m. 
 W. by S. St. Etienne. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Craponne, Canal de, France, connecting the Durance, above 
 La Roque d' Antheron, with the Rhone immediately below Aries. 
 See Bonches-du-Rhdne. 
 
 Craster, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., 6 m. NE. Alnwick, 2 J m. NE. Little Mill stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <2So. See Embleton. 
 
 Craswall, par., Eng., Hereford, Ross div., 15 m. W. by S. 
 Hereford, 4 m. WSW. Peterchurch stn. , P.O. ; 5179 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Crater Lake, U.S., SW. Oregon, in 42° 58' N., 122° 5' W., 
 one of the deepest bodies of fresh water in America (more than 
 2000 ft.), surrounded by volcanic cliffs 800-2000 ft. in height; 
 drained SW. by the N. Fork of the Rogue R. ; 6 by 7 m. Set 
 apart, with the dist. round, as the Oregon National Park. 
 
 Crater Mountain, mt., U.S., California, Shasta co., 155 m. 
 ESE. of NW. corner of state. 
 
 Crater Sinus, ancient name of Bay of Naples. 
 
 Cratfleld, par., Eng., Suffolk, 6 m. SW. Halesworth, P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Crathes, stn. , Scot. , Kincardineshire, on the Deeside Rly. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the Dee, 13 m. WSW. Aberdeen, P.O., on the 
 G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Crathle and Braemar, united par., Scot., W. Aberdeen- 
 shire, on the 1. bk. of the Dee, 6^ m. W. Ballater ; the moun- 
 tains Ben Macdhui, Ben-na-buird, and Cairntoul are on the 
 NW., and Lochnagar on the S. On the r. bk. of the Dee 
 in this par. are situated the royal residence of Balmoral, and 
 Abergeldie, one of the seats of the Prince of Wales. PMT.O. 
 182,257 ac. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Crathorne, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland 
 div., on the Leven, 9J m. SSW. Middlesbrough, i m. E. Picton 
 June, P.O. P. <:2So. 
 
 Crati, the ancient Crathis, riv. , S. Italy, prov. Cosenza, rises 
 in the forest of Sila, flows N. and E. and enters the Gulf of 
 Taranto, 13 m. ESE. Cassano, in about 39° 44' N. Chief 
 affluents the Coscile and Busento. Length, 58 m. ; area of 
 basin, 895 sq. m. ; highest discharge, 116,600 cubic feet per 
 second. 
 
 Cratloe, electoral div.. Ire., SE. co. Clare, bar. Lower 
 Bunratty, 6^ m. NW. by W. Limerick, on the Limerick and 
 Ennis Rly., P.O. C. Wood lies to the NE. 
 
 Crato, tn., Brazil, Amazonas, on the 1. bk. of the Madeira, 
 360 m. SW. by S. Manaos. P. 6000. 
 
 Crauchemar, tn., Cambodia. See Kroshmar. 
 
 Crau (from Proven9al Craou, a stony field, of the same root as 
 Celtic Crag), a stony plain, in the dep. Bouches-du- Rhone (q.v). 
 
 Craughwell, tn. , Ire., S. co. Galway, bar. Dunkellin, 7 m. 
 NW. by W. Loughrea, with a stn. on the Waterford and 
 Limerick Rly. , PMT. O. P. < 250. 
 
 Crareggia, comm., N. Italy, prov. Novara, dist. Domo- 
 dossola, with mineral springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 CraTen, upland dist. in the W. of Yorkshire, Eng. , between 
 the neighbourhood of Settle (source of the Aire), Ingleton Falls 
 (source of the Ribble), and Ingleton. Gives name to an arch- 
 deaconry. 
 
 CraTen, settlement, Queensland, Belyando co. , 195 m. SW. 
 Mackay. 
 
 Craven, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the SE., partly on 
 Pamplico Sound, crossed by 77° W., and by 35° N. 
 
 Craven Arms and Stokesay, junction rly. stn. , Eng. , Salop, 
 Ludlow div. , 19 m. S. by W. Shrewsbury, on G. W. R. and 
 L. &NW. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Crawcrook, par., Eng., Durham, Chester-le-Street div., 7 
 m. W. Newcastle, ij m. SW. Ryton stn., P.O. P. < 150c. 
 
 Oawford, vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Grey, 11 m. from Dur- 
 ham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crawford, par., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, g\ m. SE. by E. 
 Douglas, on the 1. bk. of the Clyde, 2^ m. N. Elvanfoot stn. , 
 with a stn. on the C. R. , P.O. ; 65,400 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Crawford, co., U.S., Arkansas, on the W. frontier, and 
 bounded on the S. by the Arkansas R. 
 
 Crawford, co., U.S., Georgia, S. of 33° N., and crossed by 
 84° W. 
 
 Crawford, co., U.S., Illinois, on the E. frontier, crossed by 
 39° N. 
 
 Crawford, co., U.S., Indiana, on the Ohio, between 86° and 
 87° W. 
 
 Cra'wford, CO. , U.S. , Iowa, crossed by 42° N. , andW. of 95° W. 
 
 Crawford, co., U.S., Kansas, in the SE., on the E. frontier, 
 crossed by 37^° N. 
 
 Crawford,"co. , U.S., Michigan, in the N., to the E. of 85° 
 W., S. of45°N. 
 
 Crawford, co., U.S., Missouri, E. of 92° W., and crossed by 
 38° N. 
 
 Cra'wford, co., U.S., Ohio, S. of 41° N., crossed by 83° W. 
 
 Crawford, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, in the NW., on the W. 
 frontier, S. of 42° N. 
 
 Craivford, co. , U.S., Wisconsin, in the SW., in the angle 
 between the Mississippi on the W. and the Wisconsin on the S. 
 
 Crawfordjohn, par. , Scot. , S. Lanarkshire, 5 m. SE. by S. 
 Douglas, 3^ m. W. by S. Abington stn., P.O. ; 26,357 ac. P. 
 <ioc)0. 
 
 Cra'wford Rock, Ire., co. and 6\ m. below Limerick, on 
 the r. bk. of the Shannon, 'with a lighthouse, visible 8 m. 
 
 Crawfoi*dsbum, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Down, bar. Lower 
 Castlereagh, 2 m. W. Bangor, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Crawfordsvllle, city, U.S., Indiana, Montgomery co., on 
 Sugar Creek, 41 m. WNW. Indianapolis. P. 6100. 
 
 Cra'wfordvllle, vil. , U.S., Florida, cap of Wakulla co., 20 
 m. SSW. Tallahassee, 170 m. E. Pensacola. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crawick Bridge, P.O., Scot., Dumfriesshire, Sanquhar par. , 
 I m. from Sanquhar. 
 
 CJra'wley, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 4^ m. NW, 
 Winchester, 3^ m. SW. Sutton Scotney stn., P.O. ; 4681 ac. 
 P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (C. with Hunton) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Crawley, par., Eng., Northumberland, in Alnwick union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Crawley, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, on the Windrush, div. 
 and 7 m. WSW. Woodstock, i^ m. NW. Witney. P. <;25o. 
 See Hailey. 
 
 Crawley, par. , Eng. , Sussex, div. and 7 m. NE. by E. Hors- 
 ham, on the L. B. & S. C. R. Market-day, W. P.-csoo. 
 
 Crawley, North, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, Buckingham 
 div., 8 m. WSW. Bedford, 4 m. E. by N. Newport Pagnell 
 stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Crawley Do'wn, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, in the ancient 
 par. of Worth, PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 C^awsbawbootb, vil., Eng., Lancashire, 14 m. N. Man- 
 chester, PMT.O. 
 
 Crawton, fishing vil. , Scot. , Kincardineshire, on the E. ct. , 
 3^ m. S. Stonehaven. 
 
 Cray, a small stream, Eng., Kent, flowing NE. through the 
 
 387 
 
CRAY — CREM 
 
 Dartford div. to the Darenth, which it joins on the 1. bk. ij m. 
 below Dartford. 
 
 Cray, vil., Wales, Brecknockshire, on the M. R., lo m. W. 
 by S. Brecknock, P.O.; 11,900 ac. See Cray St. Illd. 
 
 Cray, North, par. , Eng. , Kent, Dartford div. , on the Cray, 
 si m. SE. Woolwich, ij m. SSW. Bexley stn. P. 750. 
 
 Crayford, par. and vil., Eng., Kent, Dartford div., on the 
 Cray, s| m. ESE. Woolwich, on the SE. R., PMT.O. P. 5300. 
 
 Crayke, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Cralke. 
 
 Crays, Tbe, a name given to four pars., Eng., Kent, from 
 the R. Cray, on which they are situated. See Cray, North, 
 Foots Cray, St. Mary Cray, and St. Paul's Cray. 
 
 Cray's Hill, P.O., Eng., Essex, 4 m. from Billericay. 
 
 Cray St. Illd, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, including Cray 
 village. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Crazies Hill, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Wargrave (Berkshire). 
 
 Crazy Mountains, an isolated group of elevations, U.S., 
 Montana, immediately N. of the Yellowstone R. as it issues 
 from the mountains at the lower canon. Highest point Cape 
 Peak, 11,178 ft. 
 
 Creaconibe, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 10 m. 
 WNW. Tiverton, 5 m. SSW. East Anstey stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Creadan Head, cape, Ire. , on the SE. ct. of co. Waterford, 
 in Waterford Harbour. 
 
 Creagach, loch, Scot. See Loyal, Loch. 
 
 Creagh, par. and tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Cork, bar. W. Car- 
 bery, E. div., 3^ m. SW. Skibbereen, on the Cork, Bandon, 
 and S. Coast Rly. Par. 7053 ac, P. <35oo ; tnld. P. <25o. 
 
 Creagh, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Tempo, co. Fermanagh. 
 
 Creagh, par.. Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. Moycarn, on R. 
 Suck, opposite Ballinasloe ; 8867 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Creagorry, PMT.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, on the S. ct. of 
 Benbecula I. 
 
 Creake, North, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 19 m. NE. 
 by E. King's Lynn, PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Creake, South, i m. to the S. , 3^ m. E. Stanhoe stn. , PM.O. ; 
 4175 ac. P. 7000. 
 
 Crean, electoral div.. Ire., co. Limerick, dist. Croom. 
 
 Cr^ances, tn., France, dep. Manche, arr. Coutances, 26 m. 
 N. Granville. P. < 2000. 
 
 Creaton, Great, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 
 7im. NNW. Northampton, 2 m. NW. Brixworth stn. , PMT.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Creclente, coram., Spain, prov. Pontevedra, dist. La CaSiza. 
 P. 5100. 
 
 Crecora, par.. Ire., N. co. Limerick, bar. Pubblebrien, 6J m. 
 S. by W. Limerick, P.O.; 3012 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Crecrln, par.. Ire., cos. Carlow and Wicklow, bars. Rath- 
 villey and Shillelagh, 5 m. NW. Shillelagh stn. P. <a5o. 
 
 Cr<5cy-en-Brle, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, on the 
 Grand Morin, 25 m. E. Paris, arr. and 7 m. S. by E. Meaux. 
 
 P. <20OO. 
 
 Cr6cy-en-Ponthleu, tn. , France, dep. Somme, arr. and 10 
 m. N. by E. Abbeville, famous for the victory gained by the 
 English under Edward III. over Philip of Valois, Aug. 26, 1346. 
 
 P. <20OO. 
 
 Cr^cy-sur-Serre, tn., France, dep. Aisne, arr. and 10 m. N. 
 Laon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Credenhlll, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 5 m. NW. 
 by W. Hereford, on the M. R., P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Credlton, market-tn. and par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton 
 div., on the R. Creedy, and the L. & SW. R., 7^ m. NW. 
 Exeter. Shoe-making carried on. Market-day, S. Par. 12,472 
 ac. , P. 5800 ; tn. P. <45oo. 
 
 Credlton, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Huron, 14 m. from 
 Lucan . P. < 1 500. 
 
 CrMo, or drand Cr^o, a corruption of Cret d'Eau, fine 
 mountain in the Jura, France, in the E. of dep. Ain, 14 m. 
 WSW. Geneva, above Bellegarde and the narrow gorges of the 
 Rhone. On one side is the citadel Fort de I'Ecluse. The 
 mountain is pierced by a tunnel (12,790 ft.) of the railway from 
 Lyons to Grenoble. 
 
 Cree, P.O., Ire., 9 m. from Kilrush, co. Clare. 
 
 Cree, riv., Scot., rises in Loch Dornal, co. Ayr, flows SE. 
 between cos. Wigtown and Kirkcudbright, joining Wigtown Bay 
 by the estuary at Loch C. after 20 m. course. Salmon river for 
 4 m. from bay. 
 
 Cree Bridge, vil. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, on the L bk. of 
 the R. Cree, opposite Newton Stewart. 
 
 Creech, East, PT.O., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., I. of Pur- 
 beck, 7i m. SW. Poole, zj m. WNW. Corfe Castle stn. 
 
 Creech St. Michael, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 
 2 m. E. Taunton, PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Creed, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., on the Fal R. , 
 7 m. E. by N. Truro. Par. P. <25o; eccles. par. (C. with 
 Ciramponnd) P. <75o. 
 
 Creedy, riv., Eng., in the E. of Devonshire, trib. of the R. 
 Exe, which it joins on the r. bk. , in NW. of pari. bor. of Exeter. 
 
 Creegh, North, tnld., Ire., co. Clare, bar. Moyarta, Kil- 
 macduane par. P. <25o. 
 388 
 
 Creegh, South, tnld.. Ire., adjoining Creegh, N. P. <25o. 
 
 Creek, Anglo-Saxon, ' a small bay. ' In America and Australia 
 the name creek is applied to a river that dries up or becomes 
 very shallow in the dry season. See Crick. 
 
 Creeks, the most powerful Indian Confederation in America, 
 formerly inhabiting Alabama and Georgia, and calling them- 
 selves Muskogees. In 1825 and 1835 they removed to the 
 Indian Territory [q.v.], where they occupy 5000 sq. m. of well- 
 wooded land. They are advancing rapidly. 
 
 Creeksea, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., on the N. shore of 
 the estuary of the Crouch, 'j\ m. SE. by S. Maldon, i^ m. 
 WNW. Burnham and Crouch stn. P. <2So; eccles. par. (C. 
 with Althorne) P. <soo. 
 
 Creek Town, vil., W. Africa, Guinea, on affluent of Old 
 Calabar R., 70 m. above its mouth, in 5° 56' N., 8" 40' E. 
 
 Creel Ford, a ford on the Water of Deugh, Scot., on the 
 border of Kirkcudbrightshire and Ayrshire, 17^ m. E. by S. 
 Maybole. 
 
 Creemore, vil., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., 66 m. NW. by 
 W. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Creemnlly and Aghagadbeg, tnld.. Ire., W. co. Roscom- 
 mon, bar. Athlone, 5 m. W. by S. Roscommon. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Creenasmear, electoral div.. Ire., co. Donegal, dist. Dun- 
 fanaghy. 
 
 Creeslongh, tn.. Ire., NW. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 25 m. WNW. Londonderry, 17 m. from Letterkenny stn., 
 PMT.O. P. <;25o. 
 
 Creetlng St. Mary, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 9 
 m. NNW. Ipswich, P.O. P. <7So; eccles. par. (C.St. Mary 
 with AU Saints and St. Olare) P. <:75o. 
 
 Creetlng St. Peter, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 2| m. SE. 
 Stowmarket, 14 m. ESE. Bury St. Edmunds. P. <25o. 
 
 Creeton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 8 m. N. 
 by W. Stamford, 2 m. N. Little Bytham stn. P. <25o ; eccles. 
 par. (C. with Counthorpe) P. <;2So. 
 
 Crcetown, small seapt. vil. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, at the 
 mouth of R. Cree, 3 m. NE. Wigtown, with a stn. on the Port- 
 patrick and Wigtownshire Joint Rly. The neighbourhood is 
 the scene of part of Scott's ' Guy Mannering." Dirk Hatteraick's 
 Cave is on the coast, 5 m. SE. PMT.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Creeve, tnld.. Ire., co. Monaghan, bar. Cremorne, 3 m. from 
 Ballybay, P.O. P.<:2So. 
 
 Creere, par.. Ire., co. Roscommon, bars. Frenchpark and 
 Roscommon, 6 m. SW. Carrick-on-Shannon ; 4574 ac. P. 750. 
 
 Creery, electoral div.. Ire., co. Longford, dist. Granard. 
 
 Crefeld, tn. , Ger. See Krefeld. 
 
 Cregga, electoral div. , Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. Elphin. 
 
 Creggau, par.. Ire., SW. cos. Armagh and Louth, bars. 
 Upper Fews and Upper Dundalk, 9 m. NW. Dundalk. P. 8700. 
 
 Creggan, tnld.. Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. E. Omagh, Ter- 
 monmaguirk par., 9 m. from Six-mile-cross, P.O. ; 4031 ac. 
 P. <Soo. 
 
 Creggan, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Westmeath, bar. Brawny, 2 
 m. ESE. Athlone. P.<2So. 
 
 Creggs, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Ballymoe, 7 m. 
 WSW. Roscommon, 4 m. from Donamon, PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cregnelsh, vil., Isle of Man, 5^ m. W. by S. Castletown. 
 
 Cregrlna, par. , Wales, Radnorshire, on R. Edw, 7^ m. SW. 
 New Radnor, 4^ m. NE. Aberedw stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (C. with Llanbadarn-y-Garreg) P. <25o. 
 
 Crehelp, par. , Ire. , NW. co. Wicklow, bar. Lower Talbots- 
 town, lo^ m. S. Naas, 2 m. E. Dunlavin stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Crelch, par., Scot., Sutherland; 107,652 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Crelghauroe, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Castleblaney, co. Mon- 
 aghan. 
 
 Crell, tn., France, dep. Oise, on the Oise, 20 m. SW. by W. 
 Compiegne, arr. and 6 m. NW. Senlis. P. 8100. 
 
 Crelnch, an islet, Scot., in Loch Lomond, Dumbartonshire, 
 4 m. N. by E. of the foot of the loch. 
 
 Crema, tn., Italy, Lombaidy, prov. Cremona, on R. Serio, 
 25 m. E. by S. Milan, 10 m. E. by N. Lodi ; seat of a bishop. 
 The surrounding dist., called Cremasco, between the rivers 
 Oglio and Adda^ is noted for its fertility. P. 8000. 
 
 Cremartln, electoral div.. Ire., E. co. Monaghan, bar. 
 Cremorne, 9 m. SE. Monaghan. 
 
 Cr^meaux, comm., France, dep. Loire, arr. Roanne, cant, 
 and 5 m. E. St. Just-en-Chevalet, with coal-mines and minera 
 springs. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cremlen, tn. , France, dep. Is^re, arr. La Tour-du-Pin, 21 
 m. E. by S. Lyons. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cremona, fortified city, Italy, Lombard^, prov. Cremona, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Po, 17 m. E. by N. Piacenza ; noted for 
 preserves called torrone. The violins of C. had formerly an 
 immense reputation. Birthplace of the famous Stradivarius 
 (died 1746) and of the anatomist Malpighi. Mean temp., yr. 
 55.3° F., Jan. 34°, July 76.5°. P. 27,000. | 
 
 Cremorne, penin. on the N. shore of Port Jackson, opposite 
 Sydney, New South Wales. Promising coal seams discovered [ 
 here in 1893. 
 
 Cremorne, bar.. Ire., in the E. of co. Monaghan. 
 
CREM — CREU 
 
 Cremyll, part of eccles. par. See Maker. 
 
 Crendon, Long, par., Eng., co. and div. Buckingham, 8| m. 
 WSW. Aylesbury, 24 m. NNW. Thame stn., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crensbaw, co. , U.S., Alabama, crossed in the N. by 32° N., 
 and W. of 86° W. 
 
 Cr<^on, tn., France, dep. Gironde, 13 m. ESE. Bordeaux. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Cr<'py"en-Valols, tn., France, dep. Oise, arr. Senlis, 13 m. 
 S. by E. Compiegne. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Creraii, a short riv. , Scot. , Argyllshire, flows SW. through 
 Glen C, between Appin and Benderloch, into Loch C, an inlet 
 which opens into the Lynn of Lome. 
 
 Crescent City, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on 
 Leech Lake, 98 m. ENE. Regina. 
 
 Crescent City, vil., U.S., California, Del Norte co. , on the 
 coast, 18 m. S. by E. of NW. corner of state, with a small but 
 safe harbour in lat. 41° 45' N. Mean rfall. , yr. 82.9 in., Nov.- 
 March 65 in. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Crescentlno, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 18 m. 
 SW. by W. Vercelli. P. 7000. 
 
 Crescent Island, or Temoe, Pacific Ocean, one of the most 
 easterly of the Tuamotu or Low Archipelago, to the SE. of 
 Mangareva, in 23° 20' S. , and 134° 35' W. 
 
 Cresco, tn., U.S., Iowa, Howard co. , 47 m. W. by S. of NE. 
 coiner of state. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Creslow, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, in Aylesbury union. 
 P. <25o. See Whltcliurch. 
 
 Crespellano, comm. , Italy, prov. and circ. Bologna. P. 5000. 
 
 Crespluo, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. Rovigo, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Po della Maestra, 16 m. WSW. Adria. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Crespo, or Roca de Plata, isls. , N. Pacific, in 32° 46' N. , 
 170" 10' E. Discovered in 1801 by the Spanish Captain Crespo. 
 
 Cressage, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 8 J m. SE. 
 Shrewsbury, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. <soo; eccles. par. 
 (C. Cbrist Clinrch) P. <2So. 
 
 Cresstorook, vil. , Eng., Derbyshire, 2jm. SE. Tideswell, P.O. 
 
 Cresselly, hamlet, Wales, Pembrokeshire, 6 m. ENE. Pem- 
 broke, P.O. 
 
 Cresslng, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., 3 m. SE. by E. 
 Braintree, i m. E. by N. Bulford stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Cresslngbam, Great, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, SW. div. , 19 m. 
 SE. King's Lynn, 5 m. S. by E. Sweffham, P.O. P. <soo; 
 eccles. par. (<;reat C. -with Bodney) P. <75o. 
 
 Cresslngbam, Little, par., 2 m. SE. Great C, 3 m. W. 
 Watton stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Cresslngton and Grassendale, stn., Eng., Lancashire, 
 Widnes div. , on the Cheshire Lines Rly. , ^ m. W. Garston. 
 
 Cresson, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. Cambria, a place of 
 summer resort with mineral springs, 252 m. W. by N, Phila- 
 delphia, and 102 m. E. Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cressoua, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co., 44 m. 
 NE. by E. Harrisburg and 4 m. S. by W. Pottsville. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Cresswell, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., on 
 the coast, yh m. NE. Morpeth, 2^ m. E. by S. Widdrington 
 stn. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (C. St. Bartholomew) P. <soo. 
 
 Cresswell, par., Eng., Staffordshire, 7 m. SE. Stoke, with 
 a stn. on the N. Staffordshire Rly. P. <25o. 
 
 Cresswell Quay, vil. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, at the E. end 
 of an arm of Milford Haven, 5I m. NE. Pembroke. 
 
 Cressy, vil., Tasmania, Westmoreland co., 18 m. SSW. 
 Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cressy, post-tn., Victoria, Granville co., 35 m. SSW. Balla- 
 rat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crest, comm., France, dep. Drome, on the Dr6me, 43 m. N. 
 by E. Orange, 15 m. SSE. Valence, at the foot of a rock, 
 serrated like a cock's comb [crista). Textile manufactures. 
 The old donjon (12th centiu-y), key to the Drome valley, is now 
 a military penitentiary. P. 5600. 
 
 Crested Batte, vil., U.S., Colorado, Gunnison co., 124 m. 
 SW. by W. Denver, and 45 m. SW. by W. Leadville, with 
 anthracite mines. Alt. 8871 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Crestline, city, U. S. , Ohio, Crawford co. , 60 m. N. by E. 
 Columbus. Alt. 1155 ft. (R.R.). P. < 3000. 
 
 Creston, city, U.S., Iowa, Union co. , 54 m. SW. Des 
 Moines. P. 7200. 
 
 Creswell, hamlet, Eng., Derbyshire, NE. div., 5 m. SW. by 
 W. Worksop, with a stn. (Elmtou and C.) on the M. R., P.O. 
 
 Cresivlck, gold-mining tn. , Victoria, Talbot co. , 10 m. N. by 
 E. Ballarat, both quartz and alluvial gold important. P. <40oo. 
 
 Crfet de la Nelge (' snow-crest '), highest peak of the Jura, in 
 French dep. Ain, 10 m. WNW. Geneva. Alt. 5655 ft. 
 
 Crete, Greek KrSta, Turkish Klrld, Italian Candla, one of 
 the largest islands of the Mediterranean, about one-tenth of the 
 area of Ireland, belonging to Turkey, between 34° 55' and 35° 
 43' N. , 23° 30' and 26° 20' E. Length, 150 m. ; breadth, 6-35 
 m. It is traversed throughout its entire length by a chain of 
 mountains, mainly composed of the hippuritic limestone (Cre- 
 taceous) which abounds in Southern Europe, analogous to the 
 chalk of England. (The Latin creta, 'chalk,' from which the 
 Cretaceous system is named, is derived from the name of this 
 
 island. ) The highest summits are found on the margins of the 
 small plateaux Ori Madares (7650 ft.), in the W. ; Psiloritis, or 
 Ida (8060ft.), in the middle; and Lasithi (5315 ft.), in the E. 
 Caverns are very numerous, and one of great extent near Mount 
 Ida is supposed to have been that anciently celebrated as the 
 retreat of Minotaur. The principal towns are all on the N. ct., 
 Kanea, or Khania, the cap., towards the W., Retimo further 
 E., and Megalokastron , or Candia, about the middle. They 
 have all harbours accessible for small vessels, but the only good 
 anchorage for all vessels safe in all weathers is Suda Bay, SE. of 
 Kanea, which is separated from it by an isthmus. Near the E. 
 end on the same side, Sitia offers a good anchorage, though 
 open to the E. The S. ct. is almost inaccessible, though 
 Sphakia and Hierapetra have roadsteads available in fine 
 weather. Heat excessive in summer, but tempered by a N. 
 wind, termed efnbat ; cold on the mountains. The island is 
 salubrious, although leprosy is perpetuated by negligence. Soil 
 fertile, but agriculture neglected ; principal products, olive-oil 
 (forming half the value of the exports), wheat, oranges, lemons, 
 siUc, wine, raisins, carobs, valonia, wool, and honey. It abounds 
 in aromatic plants, and the honey of Mount Ida is celebrated. 
 The soap manufacture is extensive, soap forming the export 
 next in value to olive oil. Average value of total exports about 
 ;^40o,ooo. The northern ports are connected with one another 
 and the chief ports in the Levant by electric cables. Though 
 the language of the whole island is Greek, with some pecu- 
 liarities of pronunciation (initial i or hi before a vowel being 
 represented by ts, as in the Morea), only two-thirds of the 
 people are adherents of the Greek Church, the remainder being 
 Mohammedans. This division is the cause of frequent disturb- 
 ances in the island. In 1866-67 the Christian population revolted 
 against the Turkish government, and the civil war raged for the 
 space of two and a half years. At the close of these troubles, 
 the Porte granted to the island a certain amount of self-govern- 
 ment, and in 1878 additional privileges were conferred on the 
 recommendation of the Congress of Berlin, an arrangement 
 being then concluded between the Turkish government and the 
 Cretan representatives, in the settlement of which the foreign 
 consuls assisted, though the arrangement has never been guar- 
 anteed by the great powers. According to the terms of that 
 arrangement, the governor-general is appointed for a term of 
 five years ; the officials, with few exceptions, are to be natives of 
 the island ; all the higher officials are to have assistants of the 
 other creed ; and of the five governors, two are to be Moham- 
 medans and two Christians. This settlement, however, has not 
 proved altogether effective in securing harmony between the 
 different sections of the pop. , further disturbances of a serious 
 nature having broken out in 1890-91. Area, 3328 sq. m. 
 P. (census. 1887) 294,000 (orthodox Greeks, 204,800; Moham. 
 88,500), or 88 per sq. m. 
 
 Crete, vil., U.S., Illinois, co. Will, 30 m. S. Chicago by rail. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Crete, city, U.S., Nebraska, co. Saline, 21 m. SW. Lincoln 
 by rail. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cr^tell, comm., France, dep. Seine, 6\ m. SE. Notre Dame, 
 Paris. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Cretlngltam, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 11 m. NNE. 
 Ipswich, on the Deben. P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Crettyard, vil.. Ire., NE. co. Kilkenny, bar. Fassidinin, 8 m. 
 W. Carlow, with coal-mines, PMT.O. 
 
 Crenddyn, dist. , Wales. See Carnarvonshire. 
 
 Crenlly, vil., France, dep. Calvados, arr. and 11 m. NW. 
 Caen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Creus, Capo de, the easternmost point of the mainland of 
 Spain, the ancient Aphrodisiutn. 
 
 Crense, riv., France, rises in dep. C. , and flows NNW. 
 through dep. Indre, and forms the boundary between deps. 
 Indre-et-Loire and Vienne ; joins the Vienna 12 m. N. Chatel- 
 lerault, after a course of 150 m. 
 
 Crense, dep. in the Central Plateau, France, to the NW. of 
 the mountains of Auvergne, formed from the greater part of 
 Haute-Marche, and certain portions of Limousin, Poitou, Berry, 
 and Bourbonnais, and divided into four arrs. , Gu6ret, cap., 
 Aubusson, Bourganeuf, and Boussac. The N. and S. of the dep. 
 are particularly mountainous, very sterile, and savagely pictvu"- 
 esque, and are divided by deep, narrow, tortuous valleys, in the 
 recesses of which are hidden straggling villages, surrounded by 
 strips of cultivated fields. The Monts de la Marche consist of 
 several chains, having their culminating points (3020-3055 ft.) 
 in the SE. of the dep. Its rivers, all of which rise within its 
 limits, belong to the Dordogne and Loire basins, mostly to the 
 latter, which includes the Cher, Creuse, Taurion, and Maulde, 
 none of which are navigable. Numerous ponds serve for 
 irrigation. The climate is cold. Coal is obtained at Ahun, and 
 in the neighbourhood of Bourganeuf, and there are undeveloped 
 mines of iron, lead (near Souterraine), tin (Montebras), and 
 antimony (Merinchal). Principal cereal, rye, next to that, wheat, 
 oats, and buckwheat. The insufficient agricultural resources 
 of the dep. render necessary the practice of annual migration. 
 Nine-tenths at least of this migrating population return to pass 
 
 389 
 
CREU — CRIP 
 
 three winter months in their own country. The principal 
 industries are carpet-making at Aubusson and Felletin, and 
 porcelain and paper manufactures at Bourganeuf. At Cler- 
 mont there is a university college. Area, 2164 sq. m. P. 
 284,700. See France, table. 
 
 Crensot, le, or Crenzot, Le, tn., France, dep. Saone et 
 Loire, arr. and 12 m. SE. Autun, 5 m. from a short branch 
 of the Canal du Centre. The town is little else than an immense 
 coal-mining and iron-working establishment, including works 
 for the construction of fixed and locomotive steam-engines. In 
 1770 it was only a hamlet, called Charbonniere, and owes its 
 rise to the establishment at that date of iron-works, which in- 
 creased greatly in magnitude after 1837 under the direction of 
 Messrs. Schneider. The coal-seam here worked (producing 
 upwards of 1,000,000 tons annually) is nearly perpendicular, and 
 is worked at several stages. Alt. 1355 ft. P. (1861) 16,000; 
 (1872)21,400; (1891)18,100. 
 
 CrcTalcore, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. Bologna, 12J m. 
 NE. by E. Modena. P. 11,000. 
 
 Crirecoenr, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 4 m. S. by E. 
 Cambrai. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cr^Tecflenr-le-Grand, tn., France, dep. Oise, arr. Clermont, 
 12 m. N. Beauvais. P. <3000. 
 
 CreTlUente, tn. , Spain, prov. and 18 m. SW. by W. Alicante. 
 P. 10,100. 
 
 Crewe, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 8J^ m. S. 
 Chester, 3 m. W. Broxton stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Crewe, mun. bor. , Eng. , Cheshire, C. div. , 4 m. NE. by E. 
 Nantwich, an important junc. on and central manufacturing 
 depot of the L. & NW. R. The workshops, commenced in 
 1843, employ over 7000 hands ; clothing and fustian factories. 
 Market-days, F. and S. P. (1851) 4500; (1871) 17,800; (1891) 
 28,800; pari. div. P. (1891) 64,400; eccles. par. (Cor Monlts 
 Ckippenliall) P. 11,600. 
 
 C!re-wkerne, market-tn. and par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 
 8 m. WSW. Yeovil, on the L. & SW. R. Market-day, S. 
 6049 ac. P. <r5ooo. 
 
 Crezancy, comm., France, dep. Cher, arr. and 6 m. WSW. 
 Sancerre, with iron-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Crlanlarlcb, hamlet, Scot., in the W. of W. Perthshire, on 
 Fillan Water, 7 m. NE. by N. of the head of Loch Lomond, 
 with stns. on the C. R. and N. B. R., PT.O. 
 
 Crlbb's Causeway, P.O., Eng., Gloucestershire, 5 m. N. 
 Bristol. 
 
 Crlbyn, P.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, 5 m. WNW. Lampeter. 
 
 Crlccleth, pari, bor., par., and watering-place, Wales, Car- 
 narvonshire, on the S. ct., 5 m. W. Portmadoc, on the Cam- 
 brian Rly., at the head of Tremadoc Bay. See Carnarrou. 
 Belonging to the Carnarvon dist. of pari. bors. PMT.O. Par. 
 P. < 2000; bor. P. < 1 500; eccles. par. (C. with Treflys) 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Crlcta, mining vil. , par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, Mid div. , 5 J m. 
 SE. Matlock, i m. E. by N. Whatstandwell Bridge stn., with 
 lead ore, PMT.O. Par. 5860 ac, P.<35oo. 
 
 Crlchope, or Crlcbnp Linn, Scot. See Closebnrn. 
 
 Crlcbton, par., Scot., Midlothian, on Tyne Water, 4^ m. SE. 
 Dalkeith, 2 m. N. by W. Tynehead stn. ; 4821 ac. P. <iooo. 
 Crlcbton Castle, a ruin i m. to the S. 
 
 Crick, creek, Anglo-Saxon, ' a small bay.' 
 
 Crick, Celtic, 'a rock." See Carrick. 
 
 Crick, par., Ehg., Northamptonshire, Mid div., 7^ m. SE. 
 Rugby, with a stn. on the L. & NW. R., PM.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Crick, Wales. See IMatheme. 
 
 Crlckadam, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 9 m. NNE. 
 Brecknock, 2 m. S. i)y E. Erwood stn.; 4512 ac. P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (C, wltb Uandefalle) P. <iooo. 
 
 Cricket Malberble, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 12 m. SE. 
 by S. Taunton, 3^ m. SE. Ilminster stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cricket St. Tbomas, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 13 m. 
 WSW. Yeovil, 3 m. E. Chard stn. P. <25o. See '^Vlnsbam. 
 
 Crlckbowell ('the rock of Howell.' See Craig — usually 
 pronounced krikho'el), market-tn. and par., Wales, Brecknock- 
 shire, on the Usk, 12^ m. SE. by E. Brecknock, 4I m. NW. 
 Govilon stn. , with the remains of an ancient castlei Two miles 
 N. is the British post of Craighywel {^oyitXs Rock), from which 
 the town takes its name. At the entrance to C. by the Brecon 
 road there is an ancient and interesting gateway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crlcklade, market-tn., Eng., Wiltshire, 7 m. NW. Swindon, 
 on the Thames, on the M. & SW. Junc. Rly. C. St. Sampson, 
 par. 6280 ac, P. < 1500; €. St. Hary, par. P. <5oo; pari. div. 
 P. (1891) 59,400. 
 
 Crlcklewooil, stn., Eng., Middlesex. See Cbllds Hill and 
 Willesden 4;reen. 
 
 Crlcksea with Althome, Eng. , Essex. See Creeksea. 
 
 Crlckstown, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Ratoath, 5 m. NE. 
 Drumree stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Crldllng Stnbbs, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgold- 
 cross div., 12 m. E. Wakefield, 3^ m. E. by S. Pontefract stn. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Crlech, par., Scot., E. Fifeshire, 4J m. NW. Cupar. P. <5oo. 
 390 
 
 Crieff, or Fraser^-llle, vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Wellington, 
 II m. from Gait. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crieff, market-tn. and par., Scot., W. Perthshire, on the 
 Earn, \6\ m. SW. by S. Dunkeld, on the C. R. It stands 
 near the base of the Grampians, and has manufactures of cotton, 
 linen, worsted, and woollen stuffs and tanneries ; Morison's 
 Academy, founded in 1859, for the education of boys and girls ; 
 and a hydropathic establishment. Market-day, Tu. Par. 
 20,38530., P. 5300; tn. P. < 5000. 
 
 Crieff Junction, stn., Scot., on the N. B. R. and C. R., 8 
 m. SE. by S. Crieff, i^ m. SSW. Auchterarder. 
 
 Crlffel, gold-mining locality. New Zealand, South I., on the 
 E. border of Vincent co. , on the top of the Pisa Mts. near the 
 Clutha R., 180 m. SE. Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crlffell, hill, Scot., Kircudbrightshire, 9 m. S. by W. 
 Dumfries. Alt. 1865 ft. 
 
 Crlftins by Ellesmere, eccles. par., Eng., Shropshire, in 
 the ancient par. of Ellesmere. P. <:7So. 
 
 Crlgglon, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 6| m. NE. Welsh- 
 pool, 2 m. E. Ardleen stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Crlgglestone, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Normanton 
 div., 3 m. SW. by S.Wakefield, on L.&Y.R., PM.O. P.<3ooo. 
 
 Crlllon, mt., Alaska, near the Pacific coast, in 58° 40' N. 
 Alt. 15,900 ft. 
 
 CrUlon, or Notoro, Cape, the SW. end of Sakhalin. 
 
 Crllly, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Tjrrone, bar. Lower Dungannon, 
 10 m. SW. Dungannon, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Crimea [Taurida, ancient Chersonesus Tatirica), a penin. of 
 European Russia in the Black Sea, connected with mainland 
 by the narrow isthmus of Perekop. Has a rhomboidal form, 
 and is prolonged to the E. by the sub-penin. of Kerch, which 
 meets a penin. of the same width stretching W. from the 
 Caucasus, being only separated from it by the Strait of Yeni- 
 kale or Kerch {Cimmerian Bosporus), leading to the Sea of 
 Azov. Extreme length 205 m. (32° 32' to 36° 40' E.), and no 
 m. (44° 23' to 46° 5' N. ). The NE. coast is covered by encroach- 
 ments of the Putrid Sea {Gniloye More, or Sivash), which is 
 separated from the Sea of Azov by the narrow Arabat penin. 
 (A. stryelka), 70 m. long and 1-2 m. wide. The Kerch penin. 
 has the bay of Theodosia on its southern coast. The SE. coast 
 of C. is rocky, having but three small bays, Sudak, Alushta, 
 and Yalta. From Cape Laspi the coast turns northwards, and 
 has the bays of Balaklava, Sebastopol, and Eupatoria. From 
 Cape Tarkhankut it turns NE. , and has only one anchorage at Ak- 
 mechet. The Yaila range of mountains rises along SE. coast, their 
 wooded fiat tops reaching from 1500 to 5113 ft. (Chatyr-dagh). 
 This SE. slope is steep, and its valleys have the climate and the 
 vegetation of Asia Minor and Italy. The olive, fig, vine pome- 
 granate, and a variety of acclimatised Southern plants grow 
 in the open air, and the coast offers a succession of vineyards 
 and villas. The remainder of C. is a wide steppe, devoid of 
 forests, interspersed with salt lakes, exposed to the severity of a 
 Russian winter, and sparsely watered by small rivers, which dry 
 up in the summer. Tartars previously were the chief inhabi- 
 tants of these dry steppes, but since the Crimean war they have 
 been emigrating en masse to Turkey, and no Russian settlers 
 take their place. The population, which was nearly 500,000 
 when Russia took possession of C. in 1783, has thus been de- 
 creasing since. In the Crimean war, the allies' army landed 
 in the Kalamita Bay on the SW. coast, September 14, defeated 
 the Russians on the Alma, September 20, and began the siege 
 of Sevastopol, October 17, 1854, which fell after an eleven 
 months' investment. C. contains part of the Russian govern- 
 ment Taurida, including the capital, Simpheropol, and the 
 districts Eupatoria, Theodosia, Yalta, and Perekop. Area, 9773 
 sq. m. P. (1885) 368,797. 
 
 Crlmmltscban, tn. , Ger. See Krimmltschau. 
 
 Crlmond, ct. par. , Scot. , E. Aberdeenshire, 7 m. SSE. Fraser- 
 burgh, 2| m. SE. by E. Lonmay stn., P.O. ; 5891 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Crlmplesbam (krim'p'lz-ham), par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. 
 div., 10^ m. S. by E. King's Lynn, 3 m. E. Downham stn., 
 P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (C. with Stradsett) P. <5oo. 
 
 Crlnan, vil. , Scot. , Argyllshire, on the coast, 6 m. NW. by W. 
 Ardrishaig, on C. Loch, and at the NW. end of the C. Canal, 
 which connects Crinan Loch with Loch Gilp and Jura Sound, 
 at Ardrishaig. Length, 9 m. ; average width, 24 ft. ; depth, 12 ft. 
 It has fifteen locks, and is navigable for vessels of 200 tons ; was 
 completed in 1801. PT.O. (C. Pier). 
 
 Crlnant, Wales, Glamorganshire. See Crynaut. 
 
 Crlngleford, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 3 m. SW. by W. 
 Norwich, i^ m. N. by W. Hethersett stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Crlnklll, tn.. Ire., SW., King's co., bar. Ballybritt,.ii m. 
 SSE. Parsonstown, PMT.O. (Crinkle). P. < 1500. 
 
 Crlnnaloo, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Millstreet. 
 
 Crlnny, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Brosna. 
 
 Crlnow, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 11^ m. E. Haverford- 
 west, I m. E. Narberth stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Crlpplegate, part of the city of London, Eng., outside the 
 old walls. The par. church of St. Giles' Cripplegate contains 
 the grave of Milton. 
 
CRIQ — CROI 
 
 Crlqnetot-Ii'Esneral, tn. , France, dep. Seine Inf^rieure, arr. 
 Le Havre, 9 m. SW. by S. Fecamp. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Crlsfleld, tn., U.S., Maryland, co. Somerset, 19 m. SW. 
 Princess Anne. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Crltcbell, Long, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, E. div. , i2| m. N. 
 by W. Poole, 6^ m. ENE. Blandford, P.O. P.<25o; eccles. 
 par. (C. Moore with' Long C.) P. <7So. 
 
 Crittenden, co., U.S., Arkansas, crossed in S. by 35° N., 
 bounded on E. by Mississippi R. 
 
 Crittenden, co., U.S., Kentucky, in the SW., on the Ohio, 
 crossed by 88° W. 
 
 Crivita, tn., Ger. See Krivitz. 
 
 Crnagora. See Montenegro. 
 
 Crni, Servian, 'black.' 
 
 Croagk, Gaelic, 'a rounded hill.' 
 
 Croagli, electoral div., Ire., co. Antrim, Ballycastle union. 
 
 Croagb, par. and tn.. Ire., N., co. Limerick, bar. Lower 
 Connello, 15 m. SW. by W. Limerick, 3 m. from Rathkeale 
 stn. , P.O. Par. 7220 ac. , P. < 1000; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Croagliann, or Croglian, Mt., Ire., in the W. of Achill 
 Is. , CO. Mayo, 29 m. WNW. Westport ; the cliffs have a sheer 
 descent of 2000 ft. to the sea. 
 
 Croagbmoyle, mt.. Ire., NW., co. Mayo, 14^ m. SW. 
 Ballina. Height, 1412 ft. 
 
 Croaghnalceela, isl. , Ire. , off SW. ct. co. Galway, near the 
 entrance to Bertraghboy Bay. 
 
 Croagbonngh, tnld., Ire., SW. co. Donegal, bar. Raphoe, 
 14 J m. WSW. Lifford. P. <2So. 
 
 Croagbpatrick, or Reek, mt. , Ire. , extreme SW. co. Mayo, 
 6\ ra. W. by S. Westport, on the S. side of Clew Bay ; height, 
 2510 ft. Tradition says that St. Patrick began his missionary 
 work in Ireland here. 
 
 Croajlngolong, co., Victoria, on the SE. frontier, crossed 
 by 149° E. 
 
 Croan, Longb, small lake, Ire., co. Roscommon, 8 J m. S. 
 Roscommon. 
 
 Croatan Sound, channel, U.S., N. Carolina, between 
 Roanoke I. and the mainland, opening N. into Albemarle 
 Sound, and S. into Pamplico Sound, in 35° 4S'-S5' N. 
 
 Croatla«SlaTonla, a Trans-Leithan prov. of Austria-Hun- 
 gary, between the rivs. Drave and Save [Austria-Hungary], 
 and thence to the Adriatic. The country consists chiefly of 
 alluvial and diluvial plains, above which rise more or less 
 isolated mountains, partly of tertiary, partly of mesozoic and 
 palaeozoic rocks. There are three groups : — Mts. of Croatia, 
 Po^ega, and Vrtnik. The western mountains of Croatia (4000 
 to 5000 ft.) show most of the Karst features [Karst]. The 
 mountainous and hilly parts of the country are covered with 
 forests (oak, beech, pine, elm), which yield excellent timber. 
 The lower parts of the country are full of unhealthy swamps 
 and marshes, due chiefly to the inundation of the Save. In the 
 mountainous and hilly districts, on the other hand, water is 
 often scarce near the surface on account of cavernous rocks 
 and subterranean water-courses. The country is naturally 
 fertile, but agriculture and cattle-rearing are in a very unsatis- 
 factory state. Chief minerals, coal and lignite (IvanScica, Bilo, 
 Po2ega, Vrtnick Mts. ) ; iron ore (on the Unna R. , and near 
 Rude) ; zinc and lead (upper valley of the Save) ; copper 
 (Samobor). The inhabitants are chiefly Croats, Slavonians, 
 Syrmians, and Servians, the Croats belonging chiefly to the 
 Roman Catholic, and the others to the Greek Church. There 
 are also Germans, Magyars, and Jews. The zadrugas or ' family 
 communities ' are one of the characteristic features of the social 
 life of the Croato-Servians. Each zadruga consists of ten to 
 twenty persons, and is under the rule of a doma6in or gospodar. 
 At present there are hardly any manufactures. It is, however, 
 expected that the Austrian occupation of Bosnia will tend to 
 the increased development of commerce and industries. The 
 principal towns are Agram (cap. of Croatia), Varazdin, Kar- 
 lovac Gornji, Essek, Brod, Mitrovic, Semlin. See Austria- 
 Hungary, table. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Crobane, tnld.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Lordship of Newry, 
 par. Newry. P. <25o. 
 
 Crocacb, Locb, small lake, Scot., in the W. of Sutherland, 
 7 m. SE. Storr Head, drained into Loch Roe. 
 
 Croce Flesclii, comm. , Italy, prov. , dist. , and 13 m. NNE. 
 Genoa. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Croc Harbour, inlet, Newfoundland, on the E. ct. , in 51° 3' N. 
 
 Crockanboy, tnld., Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. Upper Strabane, 
 Lower Bodoney par. P. <25o. 
 
 Crocken Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Dartford div., 8 m. 
 SE. by S. Woolwich, i m. SW. Swanley stn. , with extensive culti- 
 vation of early fruit and flowers under glass, PM.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 CrockemweU, vil. , Eng., Devonshire, on the Teign, 11 m. 
 W. Exeter, P.O. 
 
 Crocker's Core, fishing settlement, Newfoundland, on Con- 
 ception Bay, I ra. from Carbonear. 
 
 Crockerton, hamlet, Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 10 m. 
 S. Trowbridge, 2^ m. S. by W. Warminster stn., P.O. See 
 Longbridge DeverlH. 
 
 Crocketford, or Nine Mile Bar, Scot., Kircudbrightshire, 
 7^ m. NE. by N. .Castle Douglas, 4 m. NW. by W. Killywhan 
 stn., P.O. 
 
 Crockett, co., U.S., Tennessee, in the W., crossed in the 
 extreme N. by 36° N. , and in the E. by 89° W. 
 
 Crockett, vil., U.S., Texas, co. and 108 m. N. Houston. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Crockett, co., U.S., Texas, in the SW., crossed in the S. by 
 30° N. , and in the NW. by 102° W. 
 
 Crockey Hill, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 3 m. from 
 Escrick. 
 
 Crockbam Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., 
 10 m. W. by N. Tun bridge, 2 m. N. Edenbridge (SE. R. ) stn. , 
 PMT.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Crockburst Street, P.O., Eng., Kent, 3 m. from Tonbridge. 
 
 Crocodile, called by the natives Mgevenja, llmgeTenJa, or 
 Meguenba, riv. , S. Africa, flows E. from the Transvaal into 
 Portuguese territory and joins the Komati in about 25° 25' S. 
 The railway from Lourenpo Marquez ascends its valley. 
 
 Crocodile, riv. , N. frontier of Transvaal. See Limpopo. 
 
 Crocota, isl. , Indian Ocean. See Cbulna. 
 
 Crocq, tn., France, dep. Creuse, arr. Aubusson, 35 m. W. by 
 N. Clermont-Ferrand. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Croesgocb, PM.O., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 6 m. E. St. 
 David's. 
 
 Croesor, or Cwmcroeser, P.O., Wales, Merionethshire, 5 m. 
 from Penrhyndeudraeth. 
 
 Croesvaen, P.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, 3 m. from Ponty- 
 clun. 
 
 Croesyceilog, vil., Wales, Monmouthshire, Llanvrechva 
 par., 3 m. SE. Pontypool, P.O. 
 
 Croft, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and s| m. NW. by N. 
 Leominster, 3^ m. N. Kingsland stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (C. witb ITarpoIe) P. <75o. 
 
 Croft, PM.O., Lancashire, near Warrington. See Sonth- 
 wortb. 
 
 Croft, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Harborough div. , 7 m. SW. 
 Leicester, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Croft, ct. par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 17 m. 
 NE. Boston, 2^ m. ENE. Thorpe Culvert stn., P.O. ; 5539 ac. 
 P. 750. 
 
 Croft, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div., on 
 the r. bk. of the Tees, 3 m. south Darlington, on the NE. R. 
 C. has mineral waters, with pump-room and baths, considered 
 beneficial for diseases of the skin. PMT. O. 4745 ac. P. < 500 ; 
 eccles. par. (C. St. Peter) P. < 1000. 
 
 Croftbank, stn., Eng., Lincolnshire, 2 m. NE. Wainfleet, 
 on the G. N. R. 
 
 Croft House, P.O., Wales, co. and 3 m. from Cardigan. 
 
 Croftbead, vil., Scot., Renfrewshire, in par. and adjoining 
 vil. of Neilston. P. (with Levern bank) < 500. 
 
 Croftbead, vil. , Scot. , Linlithgowshire, on the N. B. R. , 10^ 
 m. SSW. Linlithgow. See Fauldbouse. 
 
 Crofton, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, in the ancient par. 
 of Titchfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crofton, par. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Normanton div., 
 3I m. SE. by E. Wakefield, on the L. & Y. R., and with a stn. 
 (Hare Park and C.) on the G. N. R. and M. S. & L. R., P.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Crofton, settlement. New Zealand, North I., Wellington 
 dist., Rangitikei co., 5 m. N. by W. Wellington. 
 
 Crofton Park, stn., Eng., Surrey, on the L. C. & D. R., 
 near Nunhead. 
 
 CrofKonterly, vil., Scot., Fifeshire, part of Leslie. P. <25o. 
 
 Crogban ('little round hill'), par.. Ire., NE. King's co., bar. 
 Philipstown Lower, 12 J m. S. by E. Mullingar, P.O. ; 5793 ac. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Crogban, mt. , Ire. , Mayo. See Croagbau. 
 
 Crogban, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Roscommon, bar. Boyle, 7 m. 
 SW. by W. Carrick on Shannon, PM.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Croglin, par., Eng., Cumberland, on C. Water, div. and 11 J 
 m. NNE. Penrith, 4^ m. E. by N. Armathwaite stn., P.O. ; 
 7112 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Croglin Water, riv. , Eng. , Cumberland, in the NE. of the 
 Penrith div., trib. of the Eden, which it joins on the r. bk. 2 m. 
 below Kirkoswald. 
 
 Crognaleto, comm. , Italy, prov. and dist. Teramo. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Crobamburst, meteorological stn., Queensland, 44 m. N. 
 Brisbane. Alt. about 1400 ft. Here on the 3-4th February 1893 
 35.7 in. of rain fell in twenty-four hours, the highest recorded 
 fail within the time at any station in the world. 
 
 Crohane, par. and tnld.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Slievar- 
 dagh, 3 m. E. Killenaule. Par. 5434 ac, P. <7So; tnld. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Croia, tn. , Turkey, Albania. See Kruya. 
 
 Croick, eccles. par., Scot., Ross-shire, on Black Water, 12 m. 
 SW. by S. of the foot of Loch Shin, 7J m. W. by S. Culrain 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Crolsic, Le, fishing tn. and watering-place, France, dep. 
 
C RO I - 
 
 Loire Inf^rieure, on the W. ct., 14 m. W. St. Nazaire ; salt 
 obtained from neighbotiring marshes. Oyster and mussel culttire 
 carried on by a peculiar method with great success. P. <30oo. 
 
 Croisllles, tn., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. and 8 m. 
 SE. by S. Arras. P. <20Cio. 
 
 Croisgy, comm. , France, dep. Seine et Oise, on the r. bk. of 
 the Seine, 9^ m. W. by N. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Croix, French ; Cruz, Spanish and Portuguese ; from Latin 
 crux, ' a cross. ' 
 
 Croix-anx-SUnes, La, comm., France, dep. Vosges, arr. 
 St. Di6, cant. Fraize, with lead-mines containing silver ore. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Crolx-Ronsse, Ia, France, dep. Rhdne, N. suburb of Lyons. 
 
 Croker Cape, cape, Canada, Ontario, on the W. side of 
 Georgian Bay, in 44° 55' N. 
 
 Crokl, viL , New South Wales, Macquarie co. , on the N. bk. 
 of the Manning R., 205 m. N. Sydney. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Crolly, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 4 m. from Gweedore, 24 m. 
 from Letterkenny stn. 
 
 Crom, crum, Gaelic; crwm, Cyavcic, 'crooked.' 
 
 Cromar, dist., Scot., Aberdeenshire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Dee ; it comprises the pars. Coull, Logie-Coldstone, and Far- 
 land, and a small part of Glenmuick. 
 
 Cromarty, co. , Scot. , forming the promontory called Ard- 
 meanach, or the 'Black Isle,' consisting of about 17! sq. m., 
 but including also nineteen detached portions of land in various 
 parts of Ross-shire. The dist. is now included in the sheriffdom 
 of Ross, with which it joins in sending a member to House of 
 Commons, and a sheriff court is held every alternate Friday at 
 the town of Cromarty. See Ross-sUre. 
 
 Cromarty, pari, burgh, seapt. vil., and par., Scot., cap. of 
 CO. C. , on C. Firtb (inlet, 19^ m. long, opening by mouth less 
 than I m. wide into the W. of the Moray Firth), 9 m. NW. 
 Nairn, and 5 m. E. Invergordon stn., with manufactures of 
 rope, sacking, and sailcloth, and a herring fishery ; birthplace 
 of Hugh Miller the geologist. PMT.O. Par. 8017 ac, P. < 
 2500 ; burgh P. < 1500. 
 
 Cromble, small vil., Scot., formerly a par., in the extreme 
 SW. of Fife. 
 
 Cromdale, par. , Scot. , Elginshire and Inverness-shire, Strath- 
 spey dist., 18^ m. S. by E. Forres, with a stn. on the G. N. of 
 S. R., PT.O.; 70,120 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Cromdale, Hills of, a range of hills, Scot. , mainly on the 
 border of Elginshire and Banffshire, but stretching also into 
 Inverness-shire. 
 
 Cromer, small tn. and par. , now a favourite watering-place, 
 Eng., Norfolk, N. div., on the N. ct. , 21 m. N. Norwich, with 
 two stns. , C. on the G. E. R. , and C. Beach on the M. & G. 
 N. Joint Rly. All attempts to form a harboiur have been frus- 
 trated by the heavy sea, which is here continually gaining on 
 the land, and vessels load and imload on the open sandy beach. 
 Nearly the whole of the old town, formerly called Shipdon, and 
 the parish chiu^ch, have been swept away by the sea. Crab and 
 lobster fishing employ many of the inhabitants. Jet and amber 
 are collected in the winter. There is a convalescent home in 
 connection with the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital (Norwich). 
 Lighthouse, visible 23 m. P. <25oo. 
 
 Cromford, small market-tn. and par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. 
 div., 2\ m. S. by W. Matlock, i m. SW. of its stn. on the 
 M. R. The first cotton-mill was erected by Arkwright in 1776, 
 and cotton manufactures are still carried on ; has ochre pits 
 and lead-smelting works. C. Camtl (controlled by the M. R.) 
 is connected with the Nottingham and Erewash Canals a few 
 miles NW. Nottingham. Length, 17 m. PMT.O. Market- 
 day, S. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cromhall, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Stroud div., 4 m. 
 WSW. Wotton-under-Edge, 2 m. WNW. Wickwar stn., 
 PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Crompton, par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, near Oldham, 
 equidistant from Shaw and New Hey stns. , with manufactures 
 of cotton. P. 12,900; eccles. par. (C. East) P. 6600; eccles. 
 par. (C. High) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Crompton, vil., U.S., Rhode I., Kent co., 11 m. SW. by 
 S. Providence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cromwell, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 5 m. N. 
 Newark, 2 m. S. Carlton-on-Trent stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cromwell, tp., New Zealand, South I., Vincent co., on the 
 1. bk. of the Clutha, 86 m. W. by N. Oamaru, with gold- 
 raining. P. < 1500. 
 
 CromweU, tn., U.S., Connecticut, co. Middlesex, 13 m. S. 
 Hartford by rail. P. <2oco. 
 
 Cromwell Point, Ire., Valentia Is., co. Kerry, with light, 
 visible 12 m. 
 
 Cronberry, vil., Scot., S. Ayrshire, 14 m. SE. by E. Kil- 
 marnock, on the C. R. P. <750. 
 
 Crondall, par. and vil., Eng., Hampshire, Basingstoke div., 
 4i m. WSW. Aldershot, 3 m. NW. by W. Farnham stn., 
 PMT.O.; 9772 ac. P.<40oo; eccles. par. (C. All 8alnt«) P. 
 <:iSoo. 
 
 Cronehane, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Wicklow, dist. Newbridge. 
 392 
 
 -CROP 
 
 Cronelea, electoral div., Ire., co. Wicklow, dist. Coolkenna 
 and Hacketstown. 
 
 Cronkley Fell, hill, Eng. , Yorkshire, in the extreme N W. of 
 the Richmond div. of the N. Riding, 10 m. ENE. Appleby. 
 
 Crouton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Widnes div., 5 m. S. by 
 W. St. Helens, li m. NW. Farnworth stn. (Cheshire Lines), 
 P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Cronwere, par. , Wales. See Cmnwear. 
 
 Crook, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 4 m. WNW. 
 Kendal, 2^ m. W. Burneside stn., P.O. P. 250; eccles. par. 
 (C. St. Catherine) P. <5oo. 
 
 Crook, inn, Scot. , Peeblesshire, 14 m. SE. Biggar, Tweedsmuir 
 par. ; is a resort of anglers on the headwaters of the Tweed. P. O. 
 
 Crook, CO., U.S., Oregon, in the middle, crossed in the S. by 
 44° N. and in the middle by 121° W. 
 
 Crook and Billy Bow, par., Eng., Durham, div. and 4^ m. 
 NW. Bishop Auckland, with stn. (C.) on the NE. R., with coal, 
 PMT.O.; 4058 ac. P. 11,400; eccles. par. (C. St. Catherine) 
 P. 8800. 
 
 Crookdean, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 12 m. N. 
 by E. Hexham, 2 m. SSW. Knowe's Gate stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Crooke, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. N. Wigan. 
 
 Crooke, par. and tnld.. Ire., co. Waterford, bar. Gaulti^re, 
 
 6 m. SE. Waterford. Par. P. <:50o ; tnld. P. <25o. 
 Crookedholm, tn., Scot., N. Ayrshire, i^ m. ESE. Kilmar- 
 nock, close to Hurlford stn. P. <75o. See Hurlford. 
 
 Crooked Islands, two isls. of the Bahamas, to the W. of 
 which is Crooked Island Passage, with a lighthouse on Castle 
 I., to the SW. of Acklin I. or Great Crooked I., in 22° 7' N. 
 and 74° 2i' W.; and another on Birds' Rock, W. of Little 
 Crooked I., in 22° 51' N. and 74° 22' W.; both visible at a 
 distance of 17 m. 
 
 Crooked Lake, U.S. See Kenka Lake. 
 
 Crooked Blver, Canada, prov. and co. Quebec, rises in 
 Chicoutimi co., and flows S. into the St. Maurice R. in about 
 72° 4s' W. 
 
 Crooked Klrer, U.S., Oregon, flows W., then NW., and 
 enters the Des Chutes R. in 44!° N. 
 
 Crookedwood, P.O., Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Corkaree, 6 
 m. NNE. Mullingar. 
 
 Crookes, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, in the ancient par. of 
 Sheffield. P. 7900. 
 
 Crookgate, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. NE. Eccleston. 
 
 Crookham, hamlet, Eng. , Northumberland, on 1. bk. of the 
 Till, div. and 10 J m. SW. by S. Berwick-upon-Tweed, 3^ m. 
 E. by S. Coldstream stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Crookham, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Basingstoke div. , 
 4^ m. W. Aldershot, on the Avon and Kennet Canal, 2 m. SE. 
 by E. Winchfield stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crookham, PM.O., Eng., Surrey, 3 m. from Farnham. 
 
 Crookhaven, tn. and inlet, Ire., SW. ct. co. Cork, bar. W. 
 Carbery, W. div., 21 m. WSW. Skibbereen, PMT.O. The 
 inlet forms a perfectly sheltered roadstead, with 18-20 ft. of 
 water at its head. P. < 750. 
 
 Crookhouse, par., Eng., Northimiberland, in Glendale 
 union. P. <25o. 
 
 Crook Log, PM.O., Eng., Kent, i m. from Bexley Heath stn. 
 
 Crook of Devon, viL , Scot. , on the W. border of Kinross- 
 shire, on the Devon, 17 m. SE. Crieff, 9 m. SE. Crieff June, 
 on the N. B. R. 
 
 Crook's Baplds, vil. , Canada. See Hastings. 
 
 Crookston, stn., Scot., W. Renfrewshire, on the G. & SW. 
 R. , 2^ m. E. Paisley. 
 
 Crookston, city, U.S., Minnesota, Polk co., on Red Lake 
 R., 150 m. S. by E. Winnipeg. P. <400o. 
 
 Crookstown Road, stn., Ire., W. co. Cork, bar. Muskerry 
 E. , 8 m. SE. by E. Macroom, on the Cork & Macroom Rly. , 
 PMT.O. (Crookstown). 
 
 Crookwell, post-tn. , New South Wales, Argyle co. , 25 m. 
 NW. by N. Goulburn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Croom, part of par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Sledmere. 
 
 Croom, par. and tn. , Ire. , co. Limerick, bar. Upper Connello 
 and Pubblebrien, loj m. SSW. Limerick, on the G. S. & W. R., 
 PMT.O. P.<25oo; tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Croome d'Abltot, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Evesham div. , 
 
 7 m. SSE. Worcester. P. <2So; eccles par. (C. d'A, with 
 Plrton) P. <5oo. 
 
 Croo .\egros. See Km Negroes. 
 
 Cropalatl, comm. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 43 m. N. 
 by E. Catanzaro. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cropanl, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 11 m. ENE. 
 Catanzaro. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cropredy, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 4 m. N. by E. 
 Banbury, on the Oxford Canal and the G. W. R., PM.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Cropston, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Loughborough div., 
 4 m. NNW. Leicester, 3 m. N. by E. Glenfieldstn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cropthome, par., Eng., Worcestershire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Avon, div. and 3 m. W. by N. Evesham, 2 m. S. Fladbury stn., 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
CROP — CROS 
 
 Cropton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and i6| m. 
 SW. by S. Whitby, zh m. NNE. Sinnington stn., P.O.; 4997 
 ac. P. <:5oo. See SUddleton. 
 
 Crop-well Bishop, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark 
 div., 7 m. ESE. Nottingham, 2^ m. S. by W. Bingham Road 
 stn., P.O. P. <750- 
 
 Crop>vell Batler, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Newark div. , 
 6| m. E. by S. Nottingham, 2 m. SSW. Bingham Road stn., 
 PT.O. P. <:5oo. SeeTythby. 
 
 Crosagstown, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Longford, dist. Street. 
 
 Crosby, hamlet, Eng. , Cumberland, Cockermouth div. , 3 m. 
 ENE. Maryport, near Dearham Bridge stn., PM.O. 
 
 Crosby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Brigg div., 11 m. SE. 
 Goole, 2 m. WNW. Frodingham and Scunthorpe stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Crosby, hamlet, Isle of Man, 4^ m. NW. Douglas, on the 
 Isle of Man Rly., P.O. 
 
 Crosby, co., U.S., Texas, in the N., to the W. of loi" W., 
 S. of 34° N. 
 
 Crosby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div., 
 14 m. NNE. Ripon, 2 m. SE. by E. Northallerton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Crosby, Great, ct. tn. and par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Southport 
 div., 6 m. N. by W. Liverpool, i m. NE. Blundell Sands and 
 Crosby stn. , on the L. & Y. R. Par. P. 13,300 ; tn. P. 6500. 
 
 Crosby, Little, ct. par. and tn., i m. N. Great C. P. <75o. 
 
 Crosby Channel, the main entrance to the Mersey, Eng. , on 
 the SW. of Lancashire, the mouth of the channel indicated by 
 the Formby light (visible 10 m.), in 53° 31' 32" N., 3° ly'zs," W. 
 
 Crosby Ciarrett, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 7^ m. 
 SSE. Appleby, on the M. R., PM.O.; 5108 ac. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (C. «. with Little HnsgraTe) P. <5oo. 
 
 Crosby Ravens'irorth, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 
 6 m. SW. Appleby, 3J m. E. Shap stn., PMT.O. ; 11,049 ac. 
 (exclusive of 4676 ac. of uninhabited moorland known as C. B. 
 Fells). P. <75o. 
 
 Crosby upon Eden, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 
 on the r. bk. of the Eden, 3 m. NE. Cailisle, P.O. (Low 
 Crosby). P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (C. upon E. St. John) P. <750. 
 
 Crosconibe, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 2^ m. E. by S. 
 Wells, P.O. P.<:75o. 
 
 Crosland, South, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Colne Valley div. , 3 m. SW. Huddersfield, close to Netherton 
 stn. P. <35oo. 
 
 Cross, tn. , Ire. , SW. co. Clare, bar. Moyarta, 12 J m. WSW. 
 Kilrush, 3 m. from Foynes stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cross, electoral div. , Ire. , co. B'ermanagh, dist. Brookeborough. 
 
 Cross, P.O., Ire., NW. co. Londonderry, bar. Tirkeeran, 4 
 m. SE. Londonderry. 
 
 Cross, eccles. par., Scot., Ross-shire, Outer Hebrides, N. 
 Lewis I., Barvas par. P. <30oo. 
 
 Cross, CO., U.S., Arkansas, just to E. of 91° W., and N. of 
 35° N. , traversed by St. Francis R. 
 
 Cross, Cape, Alaska. See Cross Sound. 
 
 Cross, Long, eccles. par. , Eng. , Surrey, in the ancient par. 
 of Chertsey, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Crossabeg, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Wexford, bar. Shelmaliere 
 East, 4 m. NNW. Wexford, P.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 Crossakeel, tn.. Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. Upper Kells, 14 
 m. WNW. Navan, 5 m. WSW. Kells, P.O. (Crossakeale). 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Crossalare, electoral div.. Ire., co. Monaghan, dist. Donagh- 
 moyne. 
 
 Cross and Bnmess, par., Scot., Orkney, comprising N. 
 Ronaldshay and part of Sanday Is. ; 8265 ac. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Cross Ash, P.O., Eng., 4 m. from Skenfrith, Monmouthshire. 
 
 Crossbane, tnld.. Ire., co. Cavan, bar. Castlerahan, MuUagh 
 par. P. <25o. 
 
 Crossbost, vil., Scot., Ross-shire, on Lewis I., 9 m. SW. 
 Stornoway, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Crossboyne, par., Ire., SE. co. Mayo, bar. Clanmorris, 23 
 m. ESE. Westport ; 16,234 ac. P. <:35oo. 
 
 Crosscanonby, par., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., 
 on the W. ct., 3 m. NE. by E. Maryport, i^ m. W. by N. Bull 
 Gill stn. P. 9200. 
 
 Crosscrake, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., Westmorland, 
 Heversham par., 3 m. S. Kendal. P. <:750. 
 
 Crossderniot, electoral div. , Ire. ,co. Tyrone, dist. Clonavaddy. 
 
 Crossdoney, electoral div., Ire., W. co. Cavan, bar. Clan- 
 mahon, 4 m. SW. Cavan, on the Cavan June. Rly., PMT.O. 
 
 Crossen, tn. , Ger. See Rrossen. 
 
 Crossens, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 2| m. NE. 
 Southport , on the Southport and Preston Rly. , PM. O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crosserlough, par., Ire., co. Cavan, bars. Castlerahan, Clan- 
 niahon, and Upper Lough tee, 9 m. NW. Oldcastle, 9 m. from 
 Bally willan stn. , P.O. ; 16,436 ac. P. < 5000. 
 
 Crossfarnoge Point, cape, Ire., on the S. ct. of co. Wexford, 
 at the E. extremity of Ballyteige Bay, in 6° 36' W. 
 
 Cross Fell, mt. , Eng. , Cumberland, loj m. E. by N. Penrith. 
 Height, 2892 ft. 
 
 Crossfield, stn., Canada, Alberta, on the Calgary and 
 Edmonton Rly. , about 27 m. N. Calgary. 
 
 Cross Flatts, PMT.O., Eng., Yorkshire, i m. from Bingley. 
 
 Crossford, P.O. (C. village), Scot., Fife, i^ m. W. by S. 
 Dunfermline. 
 
 Crossford, vil., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Clyde, at the confluence of the Nethan, 4 m. WNW. Lanark, 
 I m. ENE. Tillietudlem stn., PMT.O. P. -c 1000. 
 
 Crossgar, tn. , Ire., E. co. Down, bar. Upper Castlereagh, 5 
 m. NNW. Downpatrick, on the Belfast and Co. Down Rly., 
 PMT.O. Market-day, W. P.<75o. 
 
 Crossgar, tnld.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, Lower 
 Half, Dromara par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Crossgate, par. , Eng. , Durham co. and union. P. <:4000. 
 
 Cross Gates, stn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the NE. R. , 
 3 m. E. Leeds, PMT.O. 
 
 Crossgates, vil. , Scot. , Fife, on the N. B. R. , 3^ m. E. by 
 N. Dunfermline, with coal-mines, PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cross Hands, PT.O., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 12 m. NNE. 
 Llanelly. 
 
 Crosshaven, tn. , Ire. , S. co. Cork, bar. Kerrycurrihy, 3^ m. 
 S. Queenstown, PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Crossbill, Scot. , NW. Lanarkshire. See Baillieston. 
 
 Crosshill, vil., Scot., S. Ayrshire, on the Water of Girvan, 
 2I m. SE. by S. Maybole, 2 m. NE. Kilkerran stn., PM.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Crosshill, a suburb of Glasgow, Scot. , on the C. R. P. <40oo. 
 
 Crosshill and Codnor, stn. , Eng. , Derbyshire. See Codnor. 
 
 Cross Hills, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, 4 m. S. Skipton, with a 
 stn. (KUdMick and C. H.) on the M. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Crosshonse, vil., Scot., N. Ayrshire, 2 m. W. Kilmarnock, 
 
 I m. S. by W. ofitsstn. ontheG. &SW. R., PMT.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Cross Houses, PMT.O., Eng. , Shropshire, 4 m. from Shrews- 
 bury. 
 
 Cross in Hand, hamlet, Eng., Sussex, Eastbourne div., 11 
 m. S. by W. Tunbridge Wells, lim.W. Heathfield stn. , PMT.O. 
 
 Cross Inn, P.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, 13^^ m. WNW. 
 Lampeter. 
 
 Cross Inn, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., on theTaff 
 Vale Rly. , 9^ m. NW. by W. Cardiff, i m. E. Llantrissant, P.O. 
 
 Cross Keys, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., on the G. 
 W. R., 6J m. SW. by S. Pontypool, PM.O. 
 
 Crosskeys, P.O., Ire., W. co. Antrim, bar. Upper Toome, 
 10^ m. NW. by W. Antrim, 4 m. from Toome Bridge stn. 
 
 Cross Keys, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cavan, bar. Upper 
 Loughtee, 6i m. SE. Cavan, P.O. 
 
 Cross Keys, electoral div.. Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. Fore, 
 14I m. NE. by N. Mullingar. 
 
 Cross Lake, settlement, Canada, on the W. shore of C. L., 
 and on the C. P. R., near the E. frontier of Manitoba. 
 
 Cross Lake, Canada, Brit. Columbia, in 54° 50' N. and 125^° 
 W. , drained SE. through Stuart Lake into the Eraser R. 
 
 Cross Lake, Canada, in the W. of Keewatin, N. of 54^° N., 
 communicating at its SW. end with the Nelson R., outlet of 
 Lake Winnipeg. 
 
 Cross Lake, U.S., Louisiana, Caddo par. It is the lowest 
 of three lakes. Lake Caddo, Lake Soda, and Lake Cross, which 
 communicate freely with one another. At the E. end of Lake 
 Cross, where its waters join with those of the Red R. , stands the 
 town of Shreveport. 
 
 Cross Lake, U.S., New York, between Cayuga and Onan- 
 daga cos. , traversed by the Seneca R. 
 
 Cross Lane, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Salford, on the L. & 
 NW. R. and Biikenhead Rly. 
 
 Crosslee, hamlet, Scot., Midlothian, 3 m. S. Stow, P.O. 
 
 Crosslee, vil., Scot., W. Renfrewshire, 4I m. W. by N. 
 Paisley, near Houston stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Crossley, post-tn. , Victoria, Villiers co. , near the coast, 150 m. 
 WSW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crossmaglen, tn., Ire., SW. co. Armagh, bar. Upper Fews, 
 94 m. NW. by W. Dundalk, 3 m. from CuUoville stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Crossmakeelan, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Bailieborough, co. 
 Cavan. 
 
 Crossmichael, par., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 3^ m. NW. 
 by N. Castle Douglas, on the 1. bk. of the Dee, and on the Port- 
 patrick and Wigtownshire Joint Rly. , P.O. ; 9919 ac. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Crossmolina, par. and tn.. Ire., N. co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, 
 7 m. W. by S. BaUina, PMT.O. Par. 63,526 ac, P.<5ooo; 
 tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Crossmore, electoral div.. Ire., co. Armagh, dist. Keady. 
 
 Crossna, electoral div.. Ire., N. co. Roscommon, bar. Boyle, 
 5^ m. WNW. Leitrim. 
 
 Crossover Diggings, mining settlement, Victoria, co. Buln- 
 Buln, 76 m. E. Melbourne. 
 
 Crosspatrick, P.O. , Ire. , 4 m. from Johnstown, co. Kilkenny, 
 
 II m. from Bally ragget stn. 
 
 Crosspatrick, par. , Ire. , SW. cos. Wicklow, bars. Wexford 
 and Shillelagh, Ballinacor S. , and Gorey, 12 m. W. by S. Ark- 
 low, 2 m. S. Tinahely stn. P. ■<7So. 
 
 Cross Point, vil. , Canada, Quebec, co. Bonaventure, at head 
 of Chaleurs Bay, opposite Campbelltown (N. Br.). P. -cisoo. 
 
CROS — CROX 
 
 Crossragnel Abbey. See Haybole. 
 
 Cross Kiver, W. Africa, mainly in the Oil Rivers Protec- 
 torate, flows W. then S. , entering the Bight of Biafra by a wide 
 estuary containing many islands just W. of 8^° E. , navigable 
 up to rapids in about 6° lo' N., 8° 50' E., one of the points 
 marking the boundary of German terr. See Proc. R. G. S. , 
 1888, p. 435, and map, p. 812. 
 
 Cross Road, West, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, on Swan- 
 sea and Mumbles Rly. 
 
 Cross Roads, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. and i2| 
 m. from Antigonish. 
 
 Cross Roads, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. and 18 m. from 
 Guysborough. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cross Roads, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Inver- 
 ness, 16 m. from Mabou. 
 
 Cross Roads, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Guys- 
 borough, on Chedabucto Bay. 
 
 Cross Roads, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Inverness, 
 30 m. from Port Hawkesbury. 
 
 Cross Roads, PM.O., Eng., Yorkshire, 3 m. from Keighley. 
 
 Cross Roads, stn.. Ire., co. Antrim, on the Belfast & N. Cos. 
 Rly. , between Ballymena and Parkmore. 
 
 Crossroads, P.O., Scot., Banffshire, 4 m. from Keith, 3 m. 
 NW. Grange rly. stn. 
 
 Crossroads, or Falcaragta, tn.. Ire., on the N. ct. of co. 
 Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 32 m. WNW. Londonderry, 24 m. 
 from Letterkenny stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cross Sand, shoal, Eng. , Norfolk, off the coast, 3 m. E. Yar- 
 mouth, with light-vessel near (Newarp), visible 11 m. 
 
 Cross Sound, Alaska Terr., N. America, between Chicagof 
 I. and the mainland, in 58^° N. C. Cape is at its SW. entrance. 
 
 Cross Stone, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Sowerby div., 8 m. SE. by E. Burnley, i m. ENE. Todmorden 
 stn. P. 10,800. 
 
 Cross Town, vil., Eng., Cheshire, par. Knutsford (g.v.). 
 
 Crossway Green, P.O., Eng., Worcestershire, i m. S. 
 Hartlebury. 
 
 Crosswood, PM.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, 8 m. SE. 
 Aberystwith. 
 
 Crostbwaite and Lytta, par., Eng., Westmorland, on the 
 Gilpin, div. and 5^ m. W. by S. Kendal, 4I m. SSW. Stavelystn., 
 P.O.; 8028 ac. P. <75o; eccles. par. (Crostbwaite) P. <75o. 
 
 Crostbwaite, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Penrith div. , 
 near the head of Bassenthwaite Lake, 3^ m. NW. by N. Keswick, 
 2J m. N. Braithwaite stn. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Crostolo, riv., N. Italy, Emilia, r. bk. trib. of the Po, 
 descends from the Apennines, passes W. of Reggio, with 
 which it is connected by canal, and terminates near Guastalla. 
 
 Croston, par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., 7^ m. 
 SSW. Preston, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Crostwlck, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 5 m. NNE. Nor- 
 wich, 2| m. NW. by W. Salhouse stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Crostwlgbt, par. , Eng., Norfolk, E. div., lojm. SE. Cromer, 
 3 m. E. of N. Walsham, 2 m. N. by E. Honing stn. P. <25o. 
 
 CrotbersTllle, vil., U.S., Indiana, co. Jackson, 69 m. SE. 
 Indianapolis by rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Croton, riv., U.S., New York, 1. bk. trib. of the Hudson R., 
 which it enters about 35 m. above New York. It supplies that 
 city with water. 
 
 Croton Landing, vil., U.S., New York, W. Chester co., on 
 the 1. bk. of Hudson R., 36 m. N. by E. New York. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Crotoy, Le, small seapt. and watering-place, France, dep. 
 Somme, arr. Abbeville, canton Ru6, on the r. bk. of the middle 
 of the Somme ; has oyster-beds. P. <20oo. 
 
 Crottendorf, vil. , Ger. See Krottendorf. 
 
 Crotty, vil., U.S., Illinois, co. Lasalle. P. < 1500. 
 
 CroDcb End, stn. , Eng. , Middlesex, Homsey div. , 5 m. N. 
 by W. St. Paul's, London, on the G. N. R. See Homsey. 
 
 CroiK^b mil, stn., Eng., in the N. of London, on the Hamp- 
 stead June. Rly., 4 m. N. by W. St. Paul's. 
 
 Crongbton, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, in Chester imion. P. <25o. 
 
 Crongbton, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 9^ m. 
 W. Buckingham, 3 m. E. Aynho stn., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Croveby, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Donegal, dist. Dunglow. 
 
 CroTle, fishing-vil., Scot., Banffshire, on the N. ct., 7J m. 
 E. Banff, 7 m. E. Macduff stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 CTrowan, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, Camborne div. , 9 m. SE. by 
 E. St. Ives, ih m. SSE. Praze stn. ; 7496 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Crowborongb All Saints, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, Rye 
 div., 7 m. SW. Tunbridge Wells, on the L. B. & S. C. R., 
 PMT.O. P. < 2500; eccles. par. (C. St. Jobn tbe Eran- 
 gellst) P. <75o. Crowborongb Beacon, a hill to the N. 
 (alt. 796 ft.), commanding a magnificent view in all directions. 
 
 Crowcombe, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 9 m. 
 NW. by W. Taunton, on the G. W. R. (C. Heatbfleld stn.), 
 PM.O. Market-day, Tu. P. <soo. 
 
 Crowden, stn., Eng., Derbyshire, on the M. S. & L. R., 5 
 m. NE. Glossop. 
 
 Crowell, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 15J m. ESE. 
 Oxford, li m. SW.'Chinnor stn. P. <250. 
 394 
 
 Crowfells, settlement, Queensland, Yapper co., 170 m. S. 
 by E. Normanton. 
 
 Crowfleld, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 8| m. N. 
 Ipswich, P.O. P. <:soo. See Coddenbam. 
 
 Crowfoot, rly. stn., Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R., 
 766 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crow Harbour, Canada, Nova Scotia, Guysborough co. , on 
 Chedabucto Bay, 75 m. ESE. Pictou. 
 
 Crow Head, cape. Ire., SW. ct. co. Cork, the extremity of 
 a promontory which separates Kenmare R. and Bantry Bay, 
 opposite Crow I. 
 
 Crow^ Hill, hamlet, Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 3 m. 
 NE. by E. Ross, PM.O. 
 
 Crowburst, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 9 m. E. by S. 
 Reigate, 2 m. ESE. Godstone stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Crowburst, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 4^ m. NNW. 
 Hastings, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Crow Indians, a tribe occupjdng a reservation in the 8. of 
 Montana, U.S. 
 
 Crowkeeragb, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Donegal, dist. Carrick. 
 
 Crow Lake, Canada, in the NE. of Manitoba, drained W. 
 by the Pigeon R. into Lake Winnipeg. 
 
 Crowland, formerly also called Croyland, market-tn. and 
 par. , Lincolnshire, pari. div. and 8 m. S. Spalding (in the parts of 
 Holland according to the older div. of the county). The nucleus 
 of the town was an abbey, built on piles in the deepest part of 
 the fens, on a site accessible, even in the latter part of the i8th 
 century, only by causeways thrown up between the fens. The 
 history of the abbey attributed to Ingulfus, one of the abbots, 
 is now believed to be spurious. PMT.O. Par. 13,450 ac, 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Crowlands, settlement, Victoria, Kara Kara co., 14 m. NE. 
 Ararat. 
 
 Crowle, tn. and par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, W. 
 Lindsey div., 7 m. S. by E. Goole, on the M. S. & L. R., 
 PMT. O. Market-day, F. Par. 6923 ac. , P. <3000 ; tn. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Crowle, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 5 m. E. 
 by N. Worcester, P. O. P. <750. 
 
 Crowley, par., Eng., Cheshire, Runcorn union. P. <250. 
 
 Crowlln Islands, Scot., Ross-shire, off the W. ct., in 57° 
 20-21' N. , 5° 50' W. 
 
 Crowmarsb Clifford, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 
 on the 1. bk. of the Thames, opposite Wallingford, 12 m. NW. 
 by N. Reading, P.O. (Crowmarsb). P. <5oo. 
 
 Crownarad, mt.. Ire., SW. co. Donegal. Height, 1621 ft. 
 
 Crownarad, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Donegal, dist. Killybegs. 
 
 Crown City, vil., U.S., Ohio, Gallia co., on r. bk. of the 
 Ohio, 103 m. SSE. Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crown Hill, PM.O. , Eng. , Devonshire, 3 m. from North Hill. 
 
 Crown Point, cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, Lunenburg co., 
 on the SE. ct., in 44 30' N. 
 
 Crown Point, tn., U.S., Indiana, Lake co., 31 m. SSE. 
 Chicago (111.). P. 2000. 
 
 Crown Point, vil. , U.S. , New York, on the W. side of Lake 
 Champlain, 36 m. SSW. Burlington (Vt.). First settled by the 
 French in 1731 on a long cape projecting into Lake Cham- 
 plain ; has ruins of a British fort. Extensive beds of rich iron ore 
 and mineral phosphate of lime near. P. <; 1500. 
 
 Crown Town, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 4 m. from Helston. 
 
 Crowntborpe, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, Mid div. , 10 m. WSW. 
 Norwich, i m. ESE. Kimberley stn., P.O. See Carleton 
 Foreboe. P. <:25o. 
 
 Crow Park, stn. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, on the G. N. R. , 
 near Newark. 
 
 Crow Rlrer, U.S., Minnesota, rises in co. Meeker, flows E. 
 then NE. into Mississippi R. above Anoka, about 150 m. long. 
 
 Crow Row, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, Cadder par., forming 
 part of Gamkirk (q.v. ). 
 
 Crow's Nest, post-tn., Queensland, co. Cavendish, on Cess- 
 brook Creek, the head of the Brisbane R. , 75 m. W. Brisbane. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Crow's Nest Pass, Canada, leading across the Rocky Mts., 
 in about 49° 35' N. ; great deposits of coal. A railway through 
 this pass, which is only wide enough for one road, is now pro- 
 jected by the C. P. R. 
 
 Crowtbome, eccles. par., Eng., Berkshire, Sandhurst par., 
 2^ m. SE. Wokingham stn., PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Crowtborn, hill, Eng., Lancashire, 6 m. NW. by N. Bury. 
 
 Crowton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 5 m. W. 
 Northwich, 2 m. W. Acton Bridge stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Crow >Vlng, riv., U.S., Minnesota, in the middle, trib. of 
 the Mississippi, which it joins on the r. bk. at Crow Wing, in 
 46° 20' N. 
 
 Crow TTlng, CO., U.S., Minnesota, N. of 46° N., crossed by 
 94° W., and lx)unded on the NW. by the Mississippi. 
 
 Croxall, par. , Eng. , cos. Derby and Staff"ord, 6^ m. SW. by 
 S. Burton, on the M. R. P. <250 ; eccles. par. (C. with 
 Oakley and Catton) P. <5oo. 
 
 Croxby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 9 ra. 
 SW. by S. Great Grimsby, 6 m. E. Holton stn. P. -c2So. 
 
CROX — CRYS 
 
 Croxdale, eccles. par. , Eng. , co. and 3 m. S. Durham, with 
 a stn. on the NE. R., PM.O. (C. CoUlcry). P.<2ooo. 
 
 Croxden, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Leekdiv., 12 m. ESE. 
 Stoke-upon-Trent, 2J m. W. Rocester June. P. <25o. 
 
 Croxley Green, eccles. par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Watford 
 div., yh m. NW. Harrow, i m. NE. Rickmansworth stn., 
 PMT.O. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Croxon's Corners, vil., Canada. See Fennell's. 
 
 Croxteth Park, par., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. NW. Prescot. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Croxton, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div., 13 
 m. W. by N. Cambridge, 3 J m. E. by S. St. Neots stn., P.O. 
 P. <Soo. 
 
 Croxton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 11 m. 
 W. by N. Great Grimsby, 3J m. W. by S. Habrough stn. 
 Yarborough Camp to the W. P. <25o. 
 
 Croxton, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 22 m. E. by N. 
 Ely, 2j m. N. Thetford, P.O. ; 4685 ac. P.<:soo. 
 
 Croxton, eccles. par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, N W. div. , 10 m. 
 NW by W. Stafford, 4 m. SW. Standon Bridge stn. P. <iooo. 
 
 Croxton, South, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div. , 7 
 m. SW. by S. Melton Mowbray, 4^ m. E. by S. Syston June. 
 P. 250. 
 
 Croxton Kerrlal, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 
 7 m. SW. Grantham, 6 m. W. by S. Great Ponton stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Croy, stn., Scot., Dumbartonshire, on the N. B. R., 6| m. 
 N. by W. Airdrie, P.O. 
 
 Croy, par., Scot., Inverness-shire and Nairnshire, 8h m. ENE. 
 Inverness, 2 m. E. Dalcross stn., P.O.; 22,779 ac. J*. <2ooo. 
 
 Croyde, ct. hamlet, Eng., Devonshire, on C.Bay, 9 m. NW. 
 Barnstaple, PT.O. 
 
 Croydon, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Addington, on Salmon 
 R. , 15 m. from Napanee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Croydon, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div., 11 
 m. SW. by W. Cambridge, 5 m. E. Potton stn. , P.O. P. <5oo ; 
 eccles. par. (C. 'with Clapton) P. <soo. 
 
 Croydon (' chalk hill,' originally Craydene, and the supposed 
 ancient Noviomagus), pari. bor. (i member), mun. bor. (since 
 1883), CO. bor., market-tn. , and par., Eng., Surrey, 9 m. S. St. 
 Paul's, London, in the diocese of Canterbury, on the L. B. & S. 
 C. R. and the SE. R. (stns. New, E., W., and S. Croydon). 
 A large boot manufactory and a pyrotechnic establishment in 
 Norwood are the manufacturing establishments of the bor., 
 which owes its recent growth chiefly to its general trade, and 
 the attractiveness of its residential quarters, partly built on chalk 
 hills. In its archiepiscopal palace, now used by the Kilburn 
 Sisters as a girls' school, the primates usually resided from 
 1218-1757. The parish church supposed to have been rebuilt 
 by Archbishop Courtenay (died 1396), a church having been 
 founded at least as early as 962. Among the many charities 
 of C. the most noted is Whitgift's Hospital, founded by Arch- 
 bishop Whitgift, in the reign of Elizabeth, for the maintenance 
 of a warden, schoolmaster, and 28 to 40 men and women. 
 Market-days, Th. (cattle and corn) and S. The par. is very 
 extensive, being nearly 36 m. in circumference. 9012 ac. P. 
 (1801)5700; (1851)10,300; (1871)55,700; (1891)102,700. See 
 also Addiscomhe. 
 
 Croydon, gold-mining field and tp., Queensland, co. Nor- 
 man, S. of the Gulf of Carpentaria, 95 m. ESE. Normanton, 
 with which it is connected by rail. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Croydon, W. suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. P. < 1500. 
 
 Croydon Hill, Eng. , Somerset, 20 m. W. by N. Bridgwater. 
 Height, 1253 ft. 
 
 Croyland. See Crowland. 
 
 Crozat Canal, France, part of the line of navigation between 
 the Oise and the Somme ; starting from Chauny on the former, 
 and ending at St. Quentin on the latter river. 
 
 Crozet Islands (named after a member of a French expedi- 
 tion to the Pacific in the years 1771-72, in the covu-se of which 
 the islands were discovered), a group of volcanic isls. and several 
 islets in the S. Indian Ocean, between Kerguelen and Prince 
 Edward Is. , situated at short and nearly equal distances from 
 each other. The chief are Possession, East, Hog, and Penguin. 
 The westernmost (Hog) is in 45° 35' S. , 50° 35' E. See Crozet' s 
 Voyage to Tasmania, ^c, by H. Ling Roth, Lond., 1891. 
 
 Crozon, tn., France, dep. Finistire, arr. ChS,teaulin, on 
 Douarnenez Bay, 10 m. S. Brest, with sardine fisheries. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Crnagh, isl. , Ire. , off W. ct. co. Galway. 
 
 Cruagh, par. and tnld.. Ire., co. and 7 m. S. Dublin, bar. 
 Uppercross. Par. 4462 ac, P. <5oo; tnld. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cmcero, tn., S. Peru, cap. prov. Carabaya, 121 m. N. Puno. 
 The gold and silver mines of the prov. , noted in the i6th century 
 for their richness, lay to the N. of C. 
 
 Cruces, las, comm. , Cuba, 152 m. ESE. Havana. P. 6500. 
 
 Cmckton, part of eccles. par., Eng., Salop. See Pontes- 
 bury. 
 
 Cmden, ct. par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 8 m. SE. Peterhead, 
 the traditional scene of a battle said to have taken place between 
 
 the forces of Malcolm II. of Scotland and Canute, afterwards 
 King of England. P.O. 18,236 ac. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cmden, Bay and Ward of. See Port Errol. 
 
 Cmdglngton, hamlet, Eng., Salop, Newport div., 10 m. 
 ENE. Shrewsbury, on the Tern and the G. W. R., P.O. 
 
 CrndweU, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 7^ m 
 SW. by S. Cirencester, 3 m. NNE. Malmesbury stn. , PMT.O.; 
 4899 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Crug, Welsh, ' a hillock.' 
 
 Cmggleton Bay. See Kigg Bay. 
 
 Crngyhar, P.O., Wales, 9 m. from Llangadock, Carmar- 
 thenshire. 
 
 Cmlcetown, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Lower Kells, 2 m. 
 W. Nobber. P. <25o. 
 
 Cmlckshank, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Grey, 6 m. from 
 Owen Sound. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Crnlt Island, Ire. , off NW. ct. of co. Donegal, lat. 55° 2' N. 
 
 Cruin, Gaelic, 'crooked.' See Crom. 
 
 Cram, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Fermanagh, dist. Derrylin. 
 
 Cmmlin, vil. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , on the Ebwy, 
 4i m. WSW. Pontypool, on the G. W. R., with coal, PMT.O. 
 
 Cmmlin, tn., Ire., SW. co. Antrim, bar. Upper Massereene, 
 6^ m. S. Antrim, on R. Crumlin, and on the G. N. R., PMT.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Cmmlin, par, and tn., Ire., SW. co. Dublin, bar. Upper 
 Cross, 3 m. SW. Dublin. Par. P. < 1000; tn. P. <soo. 
 
 Cmmlin Klrer, Ire., in the SW. of co. Antrim, flows W. 
 into Sandy Bay, in the E. of Lough Neagh. 
 
 Crnmmock Water, lake, Eng., Cumberland, 7 m. WSW. 
 Keswick, drained N. by the Cocker into the Derwent. See 
 English Lake District. 
 
 Cmmpann, electoral div., Ire., co. Galway, bar. Moyeullen, 
 21 m. W. by N. Galway. 
 
 Cramp Island, Ire. , off the NW. ct. of co. Galway, on the 
 meridian of 10'' W. 
 
 Cmmpsall, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, on the L. & Y. R. , 2 m. 
 N. Exchange stn., Manchester. P. 10,400; eccles. pars. (C. 
 St. Mary) P. 7400 ; (C. St. Thomas) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Crnmtoivn, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Lower Kells, 12 m. 
 NNW. Navan. P. <25o. 
 
 Crnnachan, Loch, small lake, Scot., Inverness-shire, 14 m. 
 WSW. Kingussie, drained E. into the Spey. 
 
 Cmndale, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 6 m. NE. by E. Ash- 
 ford, 2\ m. ENE. Wye stn., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Cmnwear, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 7 m. NNE. Tenby 
 4 m. ENE. Kilgetty and Begelly stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Crnsellles, tn., France, dep. Haute Savoie, arr. St. Julien, 
 12 m. S. by W. Geneva. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Crnsheen, tn.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Upper Bunratty, 8 m. 
 N. Ennis, on the Waterford and Limerick Rly., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Crnsinallo, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara. Manu- 
 factures of cottons and hats. 
 
 Cmtch,par., Eng., Worcestershire, 2m.N.Droitwich. P. <25o. 
 
 Crnwys Horchard, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 5^ m. 
 W. by S. Tiverton ; 6044 ac. P. <:7SO. 
 
 Cmx Easton, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Andover div. , 7^ m. 
 SSW. Newbury, 3 m. NW. Litchfield stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Crayheke, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. St. 
 Nicolas. P. <40oo. 
 
 Crnyshantem, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. 
 Audenarde. P. 5600. 
 
 Cruz, Spanish and Portuguese, 'a cross.' See Croix. 
 
 Cruz, Caho de, cape, Cuba, the southernmost of the island. 
 
 Cruz de DIndela, comm., Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, 36 m. 
 N. by E. Linares. P. <4000. 
 
 Cnizy-le-Ch&tel, vil., France, dep. Yonne, arr. Tonnerre, 
 32 m. S. by E. Troyes. P. <20oo. 
 
 Crwm, Cymric, ' crooked.' See Crom. 
 
 Cryer's Hill, P.O., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 3 m. from High 
 Wycombe. 
 
 Crymmych Arms, stn., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on the 
 G. W. R., 8 m. S. Cardigan, PM.O. (Crymmych). 
 
 Crynant, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div., 5 m. NE. 
 Neath, on the M. & Neath & Brecon Rly., with coal, P.O. 
 
 Crysler, vil., Canada, Ontario, on S. Nation R. , co. Stor- 
 mont, 23 m. from Wales. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crystal, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Hennepin co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crystal, city, U.S., Missouri, Jefferson co., on the Missis- 
 sippi, 30 m. S. by W. St. Louis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crystal Brook, post-tn. , S. Australia, Victoria co. , 64 m. 
 SSE. Port Augusta. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Crystal City, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of 
 the C. P. R., 96 m. SW. by W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Crystal FaUs, tp., U.S., Michigan, Iron co., 57 m. SW. by 
 W. Marquette. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crystal Lake, vil, U.S., Illinois, M'Henry co., 53 m. NW. 
 by W. Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Crystal Palace, two stns., London, Eng., 6^ m. S. by E. 
 St. Paul's, one (high-level) on the L. C. & D. R. , the other on 
 the L. B. & S. C. R. 
 
 395 
 
CSAB — CUBA 
 
 CsalM, or Bekes-Csaba, comm., Hungary, co. B^k^s, 37 m. 
 N. by W. Arad. P. 34,200. 
 
 Cs^ca, vil. , Hungary, co. Trencs6n, 13 m. N. Teplitz, near 
 the Moravian frontier. ' P. < 5000. 
 
 Cs&koT&r, vil., Hungary, co. Temes, 15 m. SSW. Temesvar. 
 P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Cs&ktornya, viL, Hungary, co. Zala, 47 m. NE. by N, 
 Agram . P. < 5000. 
 
 Cs&kT^r, vil., Hungary, on the r. bk. of the Danube, co. 
 Stuhlweissenburg, 27 m. WSW. Budapest. P. <sooo. 
 
 Csan^d, co. , Hungary, bounded S. by the Maros, a little to 
 the E. of the Theiss ; cap. Mako. 
 
 Csan&d, Nemet- and Szerb- (German and Servian), two 
 adjoining towns, Hungary, co. Torontal, 1. bk. Maros, 22 m. 
 ESE. Szegedin. P. (together) 7500. 
 
 Csaniid Palota, tn. , Hungary, co. Csanad. P. 5600. 
 
 Csantav^r, vil., Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, 15 m. SSE. 
 Maria Theresiopel. P. 6200. 
 
 Csdt, Himgary. See Mezo-CsAt. 
 
 Csepel, an isl., 30 m. long, enclosed by two arms of the 
 Danube in Himgary, below Budapest. 
 
 Csepreg, market-tn. , Hungary, co. Sopron (Oedenburg), 55 
 m. SSW. Pressburg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cserna, riv. , Hungary. See MebMla. 
 
 Csernahora, mt. , Carpathians. See Czornahora. 
 
 Csemya, vil., Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. Zsombolya. P.< 
 5000. 
 
 Cserrenka, tn. , Hungary, on the r. bk. of the Danube, co. 
 B4cs, 33 m. SSW. Maria Theresiopel. P. 7400. 
 
 Csetnek, viL , Hungary, co. Gomor, dist. Rosenau, with iron 
 and copper mines, and iron-works. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Csik Szereda, tn. , with magistracy, Hungary, Transylvania, 
 cap. CO. Csik, 50 m. N. by E. Kronstadt. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Csolnok, vil., Hungary, co. and dist. Gran (Esztergom), 
 with coal-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Csongrild, viL , Htmgary, co. C. , 25 m. SE. by E. Kecskemet, 
 on the r. bk. of the Theiss (Tisza), at its confluence with the 
 Koros. P. (1890) 20,800. 
 
 Csonopla, vil. , Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, circle and dist. 
 Zombor. P. 5100. 
 
 Csorba, small lake in the Tatra Mts., the shores of which are 
 the highest inhabited part of Hungary. 
 
 Csoma, market-tn. , Himgary, co. Sopron, 39 m. S. by E. 
 Pressburg. P. 6100. 
 
 Csorras, viL, Hungary, co. B6k6s, dist. Oroshaza. P. <sooo. 
 
 Csurog, vil., Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, on r. bk. Theiss, 
 46 m. SSE. Maria Theresiopel. P. 7800. 
 
 Caa, city, Venezuela, Miranda, 25 m. S. Caracas, near the 
 Tuy R. P. 9200. 
 
 Cua, Tongkinese, 'river-mouth.' See under Kwa. 
 
 Coabang, Tongking. See Kwabang. 
 
 Coacos, tn., Spain, Estremadura, prov. Caceres, 4 m. W. 
 Jarandilla, wth the famous monastery of Yuste (1559), in which 
 Charles the Fifth lived after his abdication and finaUy died. 
 
 Cuagna, small isl. , Venezuela, S. of Margarita I. , in 64° 11' W. 
 
 Cuajlnlqallapa, tn. , Central America, republic and 35 m. 
 SE. Guatemala. Alt. 4000 ft. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cnaledro, comm. , Spain, prov.Orense, dist.Verin. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cnareim, riv. , on the N. and NE. frontier of Uruguay, trib. 
 of the R. Uruguay. 
 
 Cuarto, riv. , Argentine Republic. See Ciinloba, prov. 
 
 Cnautltlan, tn., Mexico, 19 m. N. Mexico. P. -caooo. 
 
 Cnantla, tn. , Mexico, Morelos, 46 m. S. by E. Mexico, on 
 the railway to Yautepec. A few miles to the SE. is C. Amllpas, 
 or Cludad Morelos, so named in memory of its successful 
 defence by the insurgents imder Morelos against the Spaniards. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Cnayacanes, tn., I. of Haiti, S. coast, republic and 32 m. 
 E. Santo Domingo, in 69° 23' W. 
 
 Cuba (from ' Cubanacan,' the native name of the central 
 region), called by the Spaniards 'the pearl or queen of the 
 Antilles,' an island between the Mexican Gulf and the Caribbean 
 Sea, by 20° 24' N. lat. , 74° 86' W. long. , in the shape of a 
 Cornucopia, the mouth, from punta de Maysi to punta del 
 Inglez, turned to SE., the convex part (from Cape Maysi to Cape 
 Santo Antonio), more than 900 m. long, turned to the N., the 
 concave part to the S. , with a total coast development of more 
 than 7000 m., 25-124 m. wide, and 43,000 sq. m. of stirface 
 (including the small adjacent islands), equal to one-fourth of 
 Spain, or to one-half of Great Britain. C. is divided into two 
 parts (the E. and the W.) by a large marshy depression 
 {trocha) 47 m. wide, between the N. and S. coast, in about 
 79° 00' W. (i) In the E. are: (a) in the S., the principal 
 mountainous region, the Sierra Maestra, or Orupo Macaba 
 (4000 ft. mean alt.; Pico Turquino, or Monte Azul, 8070 ft.), 
 and its continuation, the Sierra del Cobre (Gran Piedra, 5180 
 ft. ) ; (b) the hilly region W. of Yunque, or Bigoma, 3000 ft. , 
 to point Maysi (Sierras de la Vela, Toar, del Convento), much 
 denuded and cut by the waters (Cuchillas), and limited on 
 the W. by the Sierras Micaro and do Nipe, to the W. of which 
 396 
 
 lies (c) an extensive more or less elevated tract, including the 
 hillyregions around Puerto Principe (Sierras de Cabita-Cabemas, 
 Najasa, Guaicanamas) ; (2) W. of the central depression there 
 are [a] a S. hilly centre (600-1000 ft. mean alt. ; Pico de Potre- 
 rillo, 2970 ft. ) in Cinco- Villas (Sancti Spiritu, San Juan de los 
 Remedios, Santa Clara, Sagua la Grande, Cienfuegos) ; (b) the 
 N. high region of Matanzas (Pan de Matanzas, 1280 ft.); 
 
 (c) stretching from NE. to SW. the Cordillera de los Organos, 
 or Grupo de Guaniguanico (Pan de Guajaibon, 1920 ft.); 
 
 (d) beyond, low, marshy, sandy lands from the penin. of 
 Guanacahibes to Cape San Antonio. From Capes Maysi (S. ) 
 and de Cruz (W.) to Havana (N.) and Batabano (S.) the pre- 
 vailing slope is SE. to NW. ( Vmlta de Arriba) ; from Havana 
 and Batabano to Capes San Antonio (W.), Mangle (E.), 
 NE.-SW. {Vuelta de Abajo). The longest and more branched 
 rivers, all in the S. , are: (i) the Cauto (250m., navigable for 
 small ships half way up ; for vessels of fifty tons to Embar- 
 cadero, 93 m.), draining the Sierra Maestra-Cobre to the N. ; 
 (2) the Saza, at the foot of Cinco- Villas hills ; (3) Hatiguanico- 
 Negro to the S. of Matanzas, forming in its lower part Lake 
 del Tesoro and a vast marsh (for more than 60 m. ) to the W. 
 (Gran Ci^naga occidental), and to the E. (Gran Ci6naga oriental 
 de Zapata) from Ensenada de la Broa to Cochinos. AU others 
 run more or less perpendicular to the coast, some of them 
 disappearing in the marshy districts. The Sagua la Grande 
 (great) and la Chica (small) are the best known on the N. 
 The littoral low lands (principally on the S.) are extensively 
 marshy (savannas la mar), the waters being sometimes stopped 
 by the coral formations which surround the island, forming 
 numerous coral reefs and coral isles (cayos), growing slowly 
 but constantly in parallel lines, making navigation very 
 dangerous, but affording abundance of convenient ports. 
 The coral rocks and islands are: (i) along the N. coast, [a) the 
 Sabanacamaguey Archipelago {/ardines del Rev) from Nuevitas 
 to punta or penin. Hicacos (comprising the islands known as 
 the Cayos del Sabinal, Guajaba, Romano, and Cocos), in all 
 more than 300 m. long ; [b) the Guaniguanico Archipelago, from 
 Bahia Honda (deep) to Punta del Cajon (Cayos Inez de Soto, 
 Rapado, de Buenavista, Bajos (banks) de los Colorados) ; (2) 
 along the S. coast, (a) Jardines de la Reina Archipelago (Labe- 
 rinto de Doze Leguas), opposite ManzaniUo Bay ; (b) the isl. 
 of Pinos (Pines), with Cayos San Felipe (NW.) and Jardines 
 Jardinillos (NE. ), opposite Gulf of Matamano, with numberless 
 cayos and reefs between (Archipielago de los Canarr^os). The 
 coral cayos and reefs are very changeable. Geology. — Granite, 
 porphyries, and syenites form a fundamental skeleton in several 
 points aU over the island, from Sierra Madre to Sierra Guani- 
 guanico (Holquin, Santa Clara, Aguacate). Serpentines, diorites, 
 occupy large zones (Holquin, Puerto Principe, Colon-Moron); 
 near Santiago, trachj^es and basalt. The Palaeozoic forma- 
 tions are represented (SE. of Nuevitas, between Trinidad and 
 riv. Arimao, Mantua). A zone along the whole Guaniguanico 
 Cordillera is Mesozoic (Jurassic ?) ; so are the rocks in Sierra 
 Maestra, Cienfuegos, Remedios, and along the precedent forma- 
 tion (Cretaceous?). Between the points named almost all C. is 
 Tertiary (Miocene fossils prove it has been united then to N. 
 America) ; all surroimded by littoral Quaternary, and recent 
 coraUine rocks. Many of the C. hills (now more than 900 ft. 
 high) were once coral reefs. Numerous Calcareous caves (Monte 
 Libano, Cape Maysi). Many rivers run underground. Earth- 
 quakes frequent around Sierra Maestra. Mineral prodnctlons. 
 — Gold in the Cinco- Villas region explored in olden times ; copper 
 in Sierra del Cobre ; iron ( Juragua) and manganese (in Santiago) ; 
 argentiferous lead, mercury, zinc, coal, petroleum, bitimien 
 (Sagua la Grande). Mineral waters (San Diego, Sierra de los 
 Organos). Climate. — C. Ues in the torrid zone, at the source 
 of the Gulf Stream, between isotherms 77^-82°. All NE. lands 
 (Vuelta de Arriba) and the SE. extremity being under the 
 trade wind, have almost incessant rains. The principal rainy 
 and hot season is, however, June- August. (Havana, mean 
 temp. 77° F. ; max. , July 82° F. ; min. , Dec. 73° F. ; rfall. , 3 
 ft. 3 in. Santiago, mean temp. 8oJ° F. ; ma.x., July 83° F. ; 
 min., Dec. 73^° F.) The hottest months in C. are Aug.- 
 Sept. The cold season Nov. -Feb. N. vrinds are prevalent 
 in winter, after >^ch the temp, sometimes falls to freezing 
 point. The temperate season, March-May. In the S. coast 
 rains more abundant in autumn than spring. The mean 
 annual rfall. throughout the island varies from 39-157 in. 
 Great humidity all over (mean, more than 58 per cent.). C. is 
 in the way of great cyclonic hurricanes (principally occurring 
 in Aug. -Oct.). Along with an endemic flora C. includes, 
 besides W. Indian tyjjes, representatives of the tropical parts of 
 the mainland of America (principally Venezuela and Guiana), 
 the Gulf Stream dividing C. from N. America. The damp 
 highlands of the SE. are covered to the top with forests rich 
 in epiphytae and climbers (mahogany, ebony, caju, palms, 
 Oreodoxa regia, 108 ft. high, arboreal ferns, 320-6000 ft. alt., 
 Pinus Cubensis, in the isl. of Pinos, wild orange trees). In the 
 interior ( Tierra Adentro) many forests have been cleared (thickets 
 of Chamaerops, yarey, and thorny plants, manigua). In all the 
 
CUBA — CUDD 
 
 S. part the savannas are extensive (with many plants introduced 
 from Para and Guiana, Panicum maximum and m.olle), inter- 
 mingled with forests, or trees along the rivers (cejas). One-third 
 of all C. is covered with forests and savannas. Fauna. — The 
 fauna of C. is independent of those of the Continent, having 
 scarcely any of the characteristic of the three Americas. Some 
 mammals have become extinct since the i6th century. The 
 domestic animals introduced by the Spaniards have become 
 deeply modified ; some now wild (dog, pig). Some birds, 
 Chelonias (turtles) and molluscs are special to C. Manatees 
 abundant. Etbnology. — Fossil human remains and signs 
 of the existence of men of the polished stones time have been 
 found, besides old accumulation of bones (Caneyes). The pure 
 indigenous Indians are now very rare (Aravacos, to the E. 
 of C). They seem to have been connected with at least two 
 currents, one from the Maya stock of N. America (Yucatan), 
 the other from the Nu Arawak of S. America. Population. — 
 The present population, though principally Spanish, is a very 
 mixed one (creollos), old French colonies to the E. , Anglo- 
 American and German on the N. (Matanzas, Cardenas), 
 American-Indian (Mexico, Yucatan) in the SW. Great number 
 of Chinese and Negroes (bozales ladinos). 
 
 The low, moist parts of C. are very unhealthy. Yellow fever 
 (epidemic) ; dysentery attacks specially the Whites ; cholera, the 
 Negroes and Chinese ; Beriberi, the Chinese (in the sugar 
 plantations). The E. highlands are the healthiest. The isl. of 
 Pines is used during the summer as a sanatorium. Vegetable 
 and Animal Productions. — Two-thirds of the area of C. is 
 under cultivation. Sugar-cane (S. and E. of Matanzas) is the 
 principal product of C. (one-fourth of the whole sugar produc- 
 tion of the world). The plantations occupy more than 1300 
 sq. m., some yielding yearly 5000 tons of sugar. Tobacco 
 (cohiba), which was discovered by the companions of Columbus, 
 now ranks next in importance among the products of C. 
 The plant (vegas) is grown in the Vuelta de Abajo, around 
 Pinar del Rio (Riv. Cuyagpaatejo), the next quality between 
 Cienfuegos and Trinidad (Manicaragua). Coffee is also 
 produced in large quantities (Guanajoy, CafHales). Cacao, 
 opium, aniseed, indigo, pisang, manihot, Indian corn (two 
 annual crops), cotton and other textile plants, woods, andtropi- 
 cal fruits are also among the products. Important rearing of 
 cattle (1,200,000), horses, mules, swine, sheep; numerous, and 
 very good. Manufactures of sugar and cigars. Commeree is 
 with (i) United States, maintained through differential tariffs, 
 (2) Spain, (3) Great Britain. In the W. part of C. the N. is 
 the commercial side ; Havana and Matanzas are the two most 
 important ports; in the E., it is the S. Santiago de Cuba, or 
 'Cuba,' is the third port. The other ports are (N.) Cardenas 
 (sugar), Puerto Padre (bitumen), Nuevitas, Baracoa, Mariel, 
 Cabaiias, Bahia Honda; (S. ) Coloma, Cortez (tobacco), Cien- 
 fuegos, Trinidad, Manzanillo; (SE. ) Guantanarao. The exports 
 are mostly sugar, tobacco, coffee, woods, minerals ; the Imports 
 (paying 25 per cent, ad valore^n) are food articles (rice, wheat, 
 flour, meat, wines), cotton, woollens and silks, perfumeries, and 
 building materials. The Means of Communication are very 
 imperfect. One road (camino central) traverses three-fourths 
 of the whole length of the island. Railways (since 1837) 
 principally radiate from Havana, in the W. part (to Pinal del 
 Rio, Batabano, Cardenas, Sagua la Grande, Santa Clara, Cien- 
 fuegos, and Trinidad to Sancti Spiritus, Tunas). In the E. only 
 fragments — Moron-Jucaro (across the central depression), Puerto 
 Principe to San Fernando de Nuevitas, Santiago to El Cobre, 
 Guantanamo. The railways make some 1000 m. Telegraphic 
 lines, about 3000 m. Two international telegraphic centres 
 (a.) Havana to United States (Key W.), Mexico and Europe ; 
 (^.) Santiago to Mexico, Jamaica, Haiti, Puerto Rico, the Lesser 
 Antilles, and S. America. Institutions. — C. is divided in six 
 provs. , and sends to the Madrid Cortes six elect Senadores and 
 twenty-four Diputados (one per 40,000 inhabitants). The prov. 
 and municip. are administered by corporations of councillors ; 
 a Gobernador-Capitan-General (at Havana) represents the 
 Central Government. An archbishop at Santiago (for C. and 
 Puerto Rico). C. has a special army corps (21,600 men), and 
 forms a special naval department. History.— Columbus dis- 
 covered part of the NE. ct. of C. in 1492, and almost all the S. 
 ct. in 1495. Ocampo, in 1508, proved it to be an island by 
 sailing around the NE. extremity. C. was successively called 
 Juana, Fernandina, Santiago, Ave Maria, Alfa y Omega. ^The 
 first colonies were founded in 1501 (by Diego Velasquez) and 
 151 1 (Baracoa). In 1818 commerce was declared free. From 
 1868 to 1878 an insurrection (the manbi) against Spain main- 
 tained a republican government in the E. half of C. Slavery 
 was definitively abolished in 1886. Another insurrection broke 
 out in 1895. P. (1774) 171,600; (1841) i,ooo,oco; (1877) 
 1,405,268 (including 48,800 Chinese); (1890) 1,600,000 (includ- 
 ing 40,000 Chinese and 480,000 Negroes). See Havana. 
 [J. B. R.] 
 
 Cuba, comm. , Portugal, dist. Beja. P. <40oo. 
 
 Cuba, vil. , U.S., Illinois, co. Fulton, 10 m. W. of Canton 
 by rail ; coal-mines worked here. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cuba, vil., U.S., New York, co. Alleghany, 51 m. W. of 
 Hornellsville by rail, on Genesee Valley canal. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cubacao, tn., Brazil, prov. Matto Grosso, dist. Cuyaba, 
 with gold-mines. P. 5000. 
 
 Cubagua, isl., S. America, Venezuela, state and 30 m. N. 
 Cardcas, in the Caribbean Sea, between Margarita and the 
 mainland. There was formerly an important pearl fishery off 
 the island, near the town Nueva Cadiz, which was celebrated for 
 its riches, but has entirely vanished. 
 
 Cnbatao, Serra do, name gfiven to the coast highlands of 
 Brazil, between Santos and Sao Paulo. Meteorological station, 
 alt. 2625 ft.; mean rfall. (15 yrs.), 140.8 in. 
 
 Cubaye, tn., S. America, Colombia, Caquetd Terr., on the 
 Inirida, 380 m. ESE. Bogota. 
 
 Cnbberley, or Coberley, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 Tewkesbury div., 4 m. S. by E. Cheltenham, 2^ m. SSE. Leck- 
 hampton stn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (C. wltb Coles- 
 borne) P. <75o. 
 
 Cubblngton, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 2 m. 
 E. Leamington, PM.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cnbert, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. •A.ustell div., \\va. from 
 the NW. ct., 84 m. N. by W. Truro, P.O. P. <i;oo.' 
 
 Cubltt Town, eccles. par., Eng., London, Poplar par. P. 
 5800. 
 
 Cublac, comm., France, dep. Corr^ze, arr. Brive, 7 m. W. 
 Larche, with coal-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cubley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 11^ m. W. by N. 
 Derby, 4 m. ESE. Rocester June, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Cnbllngton, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 5^ m. 
 N. by E. Aylesbury, 5 m. SE. Swanboume stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cnby, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, St. Austell div. , on the 1. bk. of 
 the R. Fal, 6 m. E. Truro. P. <2So. See Tregony. 
 
 Cncca, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. Verona, dist. Cologna. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Cuebaras, vil., U.S., Colorado, co. Huerfano, 169 m. S. 
 Denver by rail ; rich coal-fields near. Alt. nearly 6000 ft. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cuchilla, Spanish, literally ' a large knife ' ; applied to several 
 ranges of hills. 
 
 Cucbllla Grande, a long winding range of hills in the S. 
 of Uruguay, forming the principal water-parting between the 
 basin of the Rio Negro and those of several rivers flowing into 
 the Rio de la Plata and Lake Mirim. 
 
 Cncho, place with mineral waters, Spain, Old Castile, prov. 
 Burgos, near Miranda de Ebro. 
 
 Cucbullln HUls, Scot. See Culllln HUls. 
 
 Cuckfleld, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Sussex, E. Grinstead 
 div., 9 m. ESE. Horsham, 2 m. W. Hayward's Heath stn., 
 PMT.O. Par. 11,275 ac, P. 5700; tn. P. < 2000; eccles. par. 
 (C. Holy Trinity) P. <25oo. 
 
 Cuckllugton, par. , Eng. , Somerset, E. div. , 13 m. S. by W. 
 Frome, 3 m. ESE. Wincanton stn., P.O. P. <soo ; eccles. par. 
 (C. wltb Stoke Trlster and Bayford) P. <75o. 
 
 Cuckmare, riv., Eng., Sussex, rising in and flowing SSW. 
 through the Eastboiu-ne div. into the EngUsh Channel at €. 
 HaTen, 6 m. W. Eastbourne. 
 
 Cuckney, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 5 m. 
 S. by W. Worksop, 2! m. E. by N. Langwith stn., PM.O. 
 P. <75o. See Norton Cuckney. 
 
 Cucu, Roumania. See Plalnesel. 
 
 Cucnhy, tn., Brazil, Amazonas, on the r. bk. of the Negro, 
 560 m. NW. by W. Manaos. 
 
 Cucujaes, comm., Portugal, dist. Aveiro. P. < 4000. 
 
 Cucurbeta, mt. See Blbar Mountains. 
 
 Cikcuta, S. America. See San Antonio de C^cuta and San 
 Jose de CAcuta. 
 
 Cudal, settlement. New South Wales, Ashburnham co. , 50 
 m. W. by N. Bathurst. 
 
 Cnddalore, tn., Brit. India, Madras, cap. dist. S. Arcot, on 
 the E. ct., 67 m. N. Negapatam, in 11° 42' 45" N., 79° 48' 45" 
 E. Exports by sea great quantities of grain, and does a large 
 land trade. Only native craft can come up to the tov«i, but 
 good anchorage in 6 to 8 fathoms can be obtained in the 
 roads ij m. from shore. Alt. 20 ft. Mean rfall., yr. 45.5 in., 
 Aug. -Dec. 37.7 in. P. (1881) 43,500; (1891, municip.) 47,400; 
 Hindus, 43,400. 
 
 Cuddan Point, cape, Eng. , on the S. ct. of Cornwall, 5 m. 
 ESE. Penzance. 
 
 Cnddapah, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, cap. dist. C. , on a trib. 
 of Penner R. , 80 m. W. Nellore, in 14° 29' N. , 78° 52' E. ; being 
 enclosed on three sides by bare sandstone hills, is one of the 
 hottest towns in dist. Alt. 477 ft. Mean rfall., yr. 28.3 in. 
 P. (1881) 19,000; (1891, municip.) 17,400; Hindus, 9400; 
 Moham. 7600. 
 
 CuddeU, settlement, New South Wales, Boyd co., on the 
 1. bk. of the Yanko, 85 m. E. by S. Hay. 
 
 Cuddesdon (kudz'don), par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 
 6 m. ESE. Oxford, 2 m. S. Wheatley stn.; contains the palace 
 of the Bishop of Oxford and a theological college. PM.O. 
 (Cuddesden). P. <soo ; eccles. par. (C. AU Saints) P. <75o. 
 
C U D D 
 
 CULL 
 
 Cnddlngtou, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, on the Thames, 
 
 div. and 5 m. W. by S. Aylesbury, 3J m. SSE. Wotton stn., 
 P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Caddlngton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 4J m. 
 WSW. Northwich, on the Cheshire Lines Rly. P. •<75o. 
 
 Caddlngtou, par., Eng., Cheshire, in Whitchurch union. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Cnddlugton, par. , Eng. , Surrey, Epsom div. , 1 m. NE. Ewell 
 stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Cnddoo Kock, islet, Ire. , off the mouth of Cleggan Bay, co. 
 Galway, in 52° 32' N. 
 
 Cadgee, postal-tp. , Victoria, on the E. border of Heytesbury 
 CO., on C. Creek, 192 m. WSW. Melbourne. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cndgegong, mining tp. , New South Wales, Wellington co. , 
 45 m. NNE. Bathurst, on the Cndgegong R. (one of the head- 
 streams of the Macquarie basin), with gold, iron, copper, and 
 coal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cndgewa, postal-vil., Victoria, Benambra co., on C. Creek, 
 259 m. NE. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cndbam, par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., 8| m. ESE. 
 Croydon, 3 m. SSW. Chelsfield stn., P.O.; 5925 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cndillero, seapt. , Spain, prov. and 20 m. NW. Oviedo. 
 P. 10,300. 
 
 Cndowa, place with alkaline chalybeate springs, in the Prus- 
 sian govt, of Breslau, circle Glatz, dist. Lewin. Alt. 1200 ft. 
 
 Cudrefln, tn., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 5 m. SE. by E. Neu- 
 chitel, on the E. side of Lake Neuchatel. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cndfrorth, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 12 m. WSW. 
 Yeovil, 3^m. SE. Ilminster stn., P. <25o; eccles. par. (C. with 
 CItllllugton) P. <5oo. 
 
 Cndworth, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 3 m. 
 NE. by E. Barnsley, on the M. R. and the Hull and Barnsley 
 Rly., PM.O. P.<20oo. 
 
 Cnellar, comm., Spain, prov. and 30 m. NNW. Segovia. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cuenca, Spanish, ' a basin ' ; from Latin concha, ' a shell.' 
 
 Cnenca, tn., S. America, Ecuador, 70 m. SE. Guayaquil, 
 cap. prov. Azuay ; has cathedral and university. In the neigh- 
 bourhood are the sulphur springs of Espiritii Santo. P. 
 20-25,000. 
 
 Cnenca, tn. , Spain, cap. of prov. C. , 80 m. E. by S. Madrid, on 
 the Jucar, enclosed by high walls, and with cathedral and episco- 
 pal palace. Manufactures woollen stuffs and paper. P. 9700. 
 
 Cnerdale, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, in Preston union. P. <25o. 
 
 Cnerden, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Chorley div. , 4 m. S. by 
 E. Preston, close to Leyland stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cnerdley, par., Eng., Lancashire, Newton div., 4^ m. W. 
 by S. Warrington, 2 m. ENE. Widnes stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cnernaraca, formerly Cuanhuahuac, tn. , Mexico, Morelos, 
 36 m. S. by W. Mexico. P. 8500. 
 
 Cnerne, comm. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. Courtrai. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Cnero, tn., U.S., Texas, De Witt co., on the Guadalupe R., 
 87 m. SSE. Austin. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Cuers, tn., France, dep. Var, arr. and 12 m. NE. Toulon. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cnesmes, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 2^ m. WSW. 
 Mons. P. (1890) 8400. 
 
 Cneras de San Marcos, comm., Spain, prov. and 36 m. N. 
 Malaga, owes its name (cuevas, Spanish, 'caves') to some 
 curious caverns in the neighbourhood. P. 5000. 
 
 Cnevas de Vera, tn., Spain, on the Almanzora, prov. and 43 
 m. NE. Almeria, with silver-mines in the chain of hills to the 
 N. of the mouth of the Almanzora. P. (1887) 20,000. 
 
 Cnevas de Vlnroma, comm., Spain, prov. Castell6n, dist. 
 Albocicer. P. <4ooo. 
 
 CntTe's Grange, P.O., Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Shillelogher, 
 4 m. S. Kilkenny. 
 
 CnflTey's CoTe, ct. vil., U.S., California, co. Mendocino, 186 
 m. N. San Francisco by sea. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cnffsborongh, electoral div. , Ire. , Queen's CO. , dist. Castletown. 
 
 Cngand, tn., France, dep. Vendue, arr. La Roche-sur-Yon, 
 cant. Montaigu. P. <200o. 
 
 Cngglono, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 13 m. W. by 
 N. Milan. P. 6000. 
 
 CugUerl, comm. , Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 37 m. S. Sassari. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Cngnasco, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Ticino, 5 m. W. by S. Bellin- 
 zona. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cognllla Cross, P.O., Ire., co. Tipperary, 4m. from Temple- 
 more. 
 
 Cnheyll, riv. , Argentine Republic. See Colle. 
 
 Cnlche, dep. , Guatemala. See Qnlctae. 
 
 Cnlcnlna, or Qnlqntna, tn., Nicaragua, cap. Prinzapolca 
 dist., on the riv. Prinzapolca, in 13° 26' N., 84° 29' W.; gold- 
 mines near. 
 
 Cuil, Gaelic, ' corner. ' See Cul. 
 
 Cullcagli, mt. , Ire. , on the borders of cos. Cavan and Fer- 
 managh, with the source of the Shannon on its W. side. Alt. 
 2188 ft. Also spelt Qnllca. 
 398 
 
 Culldoo, tnld.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Gallen, Killasser par. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Cuilblll, stn., Scot., NW. Lanarkshire, on the N. B. R., 4 
 m. W. Airdrie. 
 
 Culllin, Cnchnllln, or Coolln HUls, Scot. , in the SE. of 
 
 the I. of Skye, on the NW. of Loch Coruisk. Highest peak 
 Sgurr na Banachdich, 3234 ft. (the highest point in Skye). 
 
 Cnllmore, electoral div., Ire., co. Roscommon, 6 m. from 
 Strokestown, P.O. 
 
 Cnlre, tn. , France. See Calnlre. 
 
 Cnlseanx, tn., France, on the E. border of dep. Saone-et- 
 Loire, 33 m. SE. by E. Chalon-sur-Saone. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cnlsery, tn., France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, arr. Louhans, on 
 the Seille, 18 m. SSE. Chalon-sur-Sa6ne. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Cnithe, viL, Brazil, Minas Geraes, in 19° 19' S., 41° 40' W. 
 
 Cniyatlan, lagoon, Mexico. See Maiizanlllo. 
 
 Cul, cuil, Gaelic, ' the corner ' ; examples, Coleraine, Cool- 
 raine, Codirainy (cuil-rathain, 'the corner of ferns'), Coolgreany 
 ('sunny corner'). 
 
 Cnlanare, settlement, S. Australia, Victoria co., 75 m. SE. 
 by S. Port Augusta. 
 
 Cularo, tn. , France. See Cireuoble. 
 
 Cnlbln SandblUs, Scot., in the NW. of Elginshire, W. of 
 Findhorn Bay. 
 
 Cnllbokle, vil., Scot. , Ross-shire, on the W. shore of C. Loch, 
 3 m. E. by N. Dingwall, P.O. 
 
 Cnlbone, or Kltnor, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 
 on the N. ct., 24 m. NNW. Tiverton. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cnlcabock, vil., Scot., Inverness-shire, ijm. ESE. Inverness. 
 
 Cnlcalrn, tp.. New South Wales, electorate Hulme, 356 m. 
 S.Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cnlcharry, hamlet, Scot., co. and 4 m. S. by W. Nairn. 
 
 Cnlcbetb, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Leigh div. , 5jm. NE. by N. 
 Warrington, on the Cheshire Lines Rly. ; 5369 ac. P. -C2500. 
 
 Cnlcrum, P.O., Ire., co. Antrim, 3 m. from Killagan stn. 
 
 Cnldaff, par. and tn.. Ire., NE. ct. co. Donegal, bar. E. 
 Inishowen, on C. Bay, 8 m. NW. by N. Moville, 18 m. from 
 Buncrana stn. , PMT. O. Par. 20,060 ac. , P. <40oo ; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cnldntbel, P.O., hamlet, Scot., in co. and 3 m. S. Inverness. 
 
 Cnlebra, riv. , Central America, Costa Rica, enters the Carib- 
 bean Sea near Lake Chiriqui. 
 
 Cnlebra, a good port on the W. ct. of Costa Rica, in 10° 35' N. 
 
 Cnlebra, tn., S. America, Peru, dep. Ancachs, 172 m. NNW. 
 Lima, on the W. ct. , in 9° 58' S. 
 
 Cnlebra, Spanish isl. , W. Indies, off the NE. of Porto Rico, 
 in 65° i2'-i8' W. 
 
 Cnlebra Peak, mt., U.S., Colorado, in the SE. of Costilla 
 CO., 175 m. W. of the SE. corner of the state. Alt. 14,069 ft. 
 (Hayden). 
 
 Cnlenborg, tn. , Holland. See Knlenborg. 
 
 Cnlfelghtrln, ct. par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Cary, i m. E. 
 Ballycastle ; 26,466 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Cnlford, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Stowmarket div. , 3^ m. N. by 
 W. Bury St. Edmunds, PT.O. P.<:5oo. See Ingbam. 
 
 Cnlgaltb, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, div. and 6 m. E. Penrith, 
 on the M. R., PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Cnlgoa, CO. , New South Wales, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 in the W. by 146° E. 
 
 Cnlgoa, riv. , New South Wales. See Condamlne. 
 
 Cnlham, par., Eng., Berkshire and Oxfordshire, Henley 
 div., on the 1. bk. of the Thames, 7 m. S. Oxford, i^ m. W. of 
 its stn. on the G. W. R. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cnllacan, tn., Mexico., Sinaloa, 150 m. WNW. Durango. 
 Founded 1531 on the site of a village of the Culhuas tribe. P. 
 (1889) 8000. 
 
 Cnlkeln, hamlet, Scot., Sutherlandshire, on the Bay of C, 
 W. ct., i^ m. SE. by S. Storr Head. 
 
 Cnlkerton, stn., Eng., Gloucestershire, on G. W. R., near 
 Tetbury. 
 
 Cnllatalll, electoral div.. Ire., SW. Queen's co., bar. Clar- 
 mallagh, 14^ m. NW. by N. Kilkenny, 11 m. from Ballybrophy 
 stn., P.O. " 
 
 Cnllamore, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, dist. Clogher. 
 
 Cnllane, Sontb, tnld.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Coshlea, par. 
 Ballylanders. P. <25o. 
 
 Cnllto de Baza, tn., Spain, prov. Granada, 46 m. W. 
 Lorca. P. 7600. 
 
 Cnllann, Longb, lake. Ire., NW. co. Clare, 21 m. S. Galway. 
 
 CullaTllle, Ire. , Armagh. See Cnllorllle. 
 
 Cnlleens, P.O., Ire., co. Sligo, bar. Tireragh, 21 m. W. by 
 S. Sligo, 10 m. from Ballina stn. 
 
 Cnllen, par.. Ire., NW. co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 17 m. 
 ENE. Killarney, 4 m. from Millstreet stn. ; 13,674 ac. P. < 
 2500. 
 
 Cnllen, par., Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Kinalea, 5 m. NNE. 
 Kinsale ; 4249 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Cnllen, par., Ire., W. co. Tipperary, bar. Clanwilliam, 18 
 m. SE. by E. Limerick, i m. from Oola stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Cnllen, tn., seapt., and par., Scot., Banffshire, on C. Bay, 
 5 m. W. by N. Portsoy, on the G. N. of S. R., with a trade 
 
CULL— CUMB 
 
 in dried and cured fish. One of the Elgin dist. of pari, burghs. 
 PMT.O. Par. P. < 2500; tn. P. < 2500. 
 
 Callenagb, bar.. Ire., in the S. of Queen's co. 
 
 CoUenbone, post-tn.. New South Wales, on the Cudgegong 
 R., 168 m. W. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cnllen Point, missionary settlement, Queensland, on W. ct, 
 of York's Penin., about 120 from Thursday I. 
 
 CnllensTllle, tn. , New Zealand, Marlborough co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Collenswood, post-tn., Tasmania, co. Cornwall, 95 m. 
 NNE. Hobart. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Collenwaiue, par.. Ire., cos. King's and Tipperary, bars. 
 Clonlisk and Ikerrin. P. <iooo. 
 
 Callera, tn., Spain, on the Jucar, near its mouth, prov. and 
 21 m. S. by E. Valencia, Its port is at present only an open 
 roadstead, vessels anchoring 1000 yards from the shore, but the 
 construction of a harbour, including the canalisation of the Jucar 
 up to the town, has been projected. P. 11,700. 
 
 Cnllercoates, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the coast, in- 
 cluded in the pari. bor. of Tynemouth, with stn. (Callercoats) 
 on the NE. R. P. < 2000; eccles. par. (C. (or Whitley) St. 
 George) P. 3400 ; eccles. par. (C. St. Panl) P. 3000. 
 
 Cnlleredo, comm., Spain, prov. and dist. Corunna. P. 6800. 
 
 Culllagii, electoral div., Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. Creagh. 
 
 Cailicudden, ancient par., Scot., Ross-shire, on E. ct. of 
 Cromarty Firth, Resolis or Kirkmichael par., 4^ m. SE. Inver- 
 gordon, PM.O. 
 
 Cnliln, Longli, Ire. , the S. part of Lough Conn, from the 
 rest of which it is separated by a strait less than ^ m. wide. 
 
 Cnlliug-wortli, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Otley div., 6^ m. WNW. Bradford, on the G. N. R., P.O. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Callion, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower Strabane, 7 
 m. NNE. Strabane, 7 m. from Londonderry stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 CuIliToe, hamlet, Scot., Shetland Is., Yell I., Fetlar and 
 N. Yell par., on C. inlet, 11 m. ENE. of the N. end of Main- 
 land, PMT.O. 
 
 Callman, tn., U.S., Alabama, co. C, 54 m. N. Birmingham 
 by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cnllod'en Mnir, dist., Scot., co. and 4I m. E. Inverness- 
 shire, 2 m. SE. Cnllodeu stn., on the H. R. Scene of the 
 decisive battle in which Prince Charles Edward was defeated 
 by the Duke of Cumberland in 1746. P.O. Alt. 104 ft. 
 Mean temp. (19 yrs., 1861-77, 1879-80), yr. 46.6° F., Jan. 37.2°, 
 July 57.8°. 
 
 Cullompton, market-tn. and par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 
 5^ m. SE. Tiverton, on the G. W. R. ; manufactures paper, axles, 
 leather, and flour. Market-day, S. ; for cattle the first Wednes- 
 day in each month. 8175 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 CnlloTille, stn., Ire., co. Armagh, 2 m. SW. Crossmaglen, 
 on the G. N. (Ire.) & Donegal Joint Rlys., 10 m. WNW. Dun- 
 dalk. P.O. 
 
 Cully, tn., Switzd., cant. Vaud, on the N. side of Lake 
 Leman, 6 m. SE. by E. Lausanne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Cnllybackey, tn. , Ire. , W. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Toome, 
 13^ m. NNW. Antrim, on the Ballymena and Portrush Rly., 
 PMT.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Cnllytaanna, Big, tnld. , Ire. , SW. co. Armagh, bar. Upper 
 Fews, loj m. WSW. Newry, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cnllybanna, Little, tnld.. Ire., adjoining Big C. P. <25o. 
 
 Cnlme, small riv., Eng., Devonshire, flows W. and SW, 
 past Cullompton to the Exe, which it joins on the 1. bk. , two 
 or three miles above Exeter. 
 
 Cnlmliigtou, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 20 m. S. 
 Shrewsbury, 2J m. N. Bromfield stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Cnlmore, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Londonderry, bar. Tirkeeran, 
 at the head of Lough Foyle, on the W. side, on the Belfast and 
 Northern Counties Rly. , 5 m. NNE. Londonderry, P. O. P. <: 500. 
 
 Cnlmstock, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, div. and 9 m. E. Tiver- 
 ton, on the G. W. R., PM.O. P.<iooo. 
 
 Cnlmnlllii, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bars. Upper Deece and 
 Ratoath, 2 m. SW. Drumree stn., P.O. (Cnlmnllen). P. <:soo. 
 
 Cnlnacleba, tnld.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Costello, Annagh 
 par. P. <25o. 
 
 Cnlnaknock, P.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, 12 m. from Uig. 
 
 Culnady, P.O., Ire., co. Londonderry, 3 m. NE. Maghera. 
 
 Cnloort, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Donegal, bar. E. Inishowen, 16 
 m. NW. Moville. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cnlpeper, tn., U.S., Virginia, C. co., 60 m. SW. by W. 
 Washington (D. C). Ah. 403 ft. (R.R.). P. < 2000. 
 
 €nlpbo, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 4 m. W. by N. Wood- 
 bridge. P.<25o. See Playford. 
 
 Calrain, hamlet, Scot., on the N. border of Ross-shire, on 
 the r. bk. of the Oykell, 7 m. S. of the foot of Loch Shin, on 
 theH. R., P.O. 
 
 Culross, pari, and royal burgh, seapt., and par., Scot., 
 Perthshire, on the N. shore of the Firth of Forth, si m. N. by 
 W. Linlithgow, 2 m. SSW. East Grange stn. Has remains of 
 a Cistercian abbey ; at one time in possession of coal-mines, 
 which were very productive down to the i8th century, but are 
 now exhausted. The abbey church is now the parish church. 
 
 PMT.O. Alt. 116 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 35.88 in. Par. 
 7584 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cnlsamond, par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 8| m. SE. by E. 
 Huntly, 3^ m. NE. Insch stn.; 6994 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Colter (locally pronounced ku'ter), vil., Scot., W. Aberdeen- 
 shire, on the Deeside Rly., on the 1. bk. of the Dee, 7^ m. 
 WSW. Aberdeen. P. <soo. See Petercnlter. 
 
 Culter, par., Scot., S. Lanarkshire and Peeblesshire, io| m. 
 SE. by E. Lanark, li m. S. by E. Coulter stn., on the C.R., 
 PM.O.; 11,883 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Cnlterenllen, viL , Scot. , Aberdeenshire, Foveran par. , i m. 
 E. Udnystn., P.O. 
 
 Culter Fell, mt., Scot., on the E. border of S. Lanarkshire, 
 14 m. SE. Lanark. Alt. 2454 ft. 
 
 Cnltra, stn.. Ire., co. Down, on the Belfast and Co. Down 
 Rly., 6 m. NE. Belfast. 
 
 CTolts, PMT.O., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Dee, 3^ m. SW. by W. Aberdeen, on the G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Colts, par., Scot., E. Fife, 3 J m. SW. by S. Cupar, i m. S. 
 by E. Springfield stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Colts, West, stn., Scot., Aberdeenshire, on G. N. of S. R., 
 near Cults. 
 
 ColTer CUir, Eng., E. ct. Isle of Wight, 7 m. NE. Ventnor. 
 
 Colverdon, tn.. New Zealand, Amuri co., 60 m. from 
 Christ church. P. < 1500. 
 
 Culverbole Point, cape, Eng. , in the SE. of Devonshire, 6 
 m. S. by W. Axminster, in 3° i^' W. 
 
 Colrer Sand, sandbank, Eng., off the N. ct. of Somerset, in 
 the Bristol Channel. 
 
 Colyertborpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 
 7^ m. ENE. Grantham, 3^ m. SE. Ancaster stn. P. <:25o. 
 See Haydor. 
 
 Colvrortb, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 7 m. 
 NE. Banbury, 3 m. SW. Morton Pinkney stn. , PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Colzean Bay and Castle, Scot. , S. Ayrshire, 4^ m. W. May- 
 bole, in 55° 22' N. 
 
 Comand, tn., S. America, Venezuela, Bermudez, on the Gulf 
 of C, on the N. ct., in about 64° 10' W.; surrounded by 
 high wooded mountains. On account of frequent earthquakes 
 (specially destructive in 1766 and 1853), the houses are all built 
 low ; its roadstead is good, and there is a fort on an adjacent 
 height ; pearl fishery. P. 10,000. 
 
 Cumanacoa, small tn., Venezuela, Bermudez, 20 m. SE. by 
 E. Cumana, P. <3000. 
 
 Cnmana, tn. , West Indies, E. ct. Trinidad, near N. end. 
 
 Cumar, Gaelic, ' a confluence.' See Comar. 
 
 Comarebo, tn., S. America, Venezuela, Falcon, on the N. 
 ct., 180 m. WNW. Caracas, in about 69° 20' W. 
 
 Comayasa, tn., I. of Haiti, repub. Santo Domingo, S. ct., 
 55 m. E. Santo Domingo, in 69° 2' W. 
 
 Combal, volcano, in the Andes, in the extreme S. of Colombia. 
 Alt. 15,710 ft. 
 
 Cw?«iJer, ' a confluence.' See Comar. 
 
 Cumber, Lower, par.. Ire., W. co. Londonderry, bar. 
 Tirkeeran, 6^ m. SE. Londonderry, on R. Faughan ; 14,466 
 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Cumber, Upper, par., 2 m. S. Lower C. ; 17,597 ac. P. < 
 3500. 
 
 Cumberland, penin., Canada, NW. Terr., in the E. of 
 Baffin Land ; it forms the W. shore of Davis Strait. 
 
 Comberland, co. , Canada, Nova Scotia, between Northum- 
 berland Strait and the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 Comberland, vil., Canada, Ontario, Russell co., on the r. 
 bk. of the R. Ottawa, 15 m. ENE. Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cumberland, the most NW. co. of Eng., separated from 
 Scot, by the Solway Firth, the R. Sark, the Scots Dyke (an old 
 embankment stretching from the Sark to the Esk in 55° 3' N. ), 
 a small portion of the Esk, and the Liddel Water and Kershope 
 Bum ; divided into the pari. divs. named in the following table : 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 P. 1891. 
 
 Northern or Eskdale 
 
 Mid or Penrith .... 
 
 Cockermouth 
 
 Western or Egremont 
 
 Pari, bors.i 
 
 318,293 
 
 365.927 
 
 102,355 
 
 180,323 
 
 3.263 
 
 46,364 
 45.643 
 63.590 
 53.604 
 57.348 
 
 Total 
 
 970,161 266,549 
 
 1 Carlisle city anci Whitehaven. 
 
 The administrative county is co-extensive with the ancient county. 
 
 The surface, features, and geology of the county are among 
 the most compUcated in England. The southern part of the 
 county, which is mainly composed of volcanic rocks in the S. , 
 and (generally slaty) rocks of the Ordovician and Cambrian 
 system in the N. , along with intensive plutonic areas here a.nd 
 there, embraces the greater part of the Cumbrian Mts., including 
 the highest peaks in England (Scafell Pikes, 3206 ft. ; Scafell, 3161 
 ft. ; Helvellyn,3ii8ft. ; Skiddaw, 3054 ft. ; Saddleback, 2847 ft.), 
 
 399 
 
CUMB — CUMM 
 
 and several of the English lakes (Derwent, Bassenthwaite, 
 Crummoch, Ennerdale and Wast Waters, UUswater lying on 
 the border of this county and Westmorland). The rocks of this 
 area are bordered by Permian or New Red Sandstone lowlands 
 on that part of the coast which looks SW. In the E. this moun- 
 tainous area is separated from Lower Carboniferous hills on the 
 E. border by the rich Permian valley of the Eden. Triassic New 
 Red Sandstones extend over all the lowlands in the N. of the 
 county. Between the mountainous area in the S. and the Triassic 
 lowlands in the N. lies a comparatively narrow area embracing 
 all the members of the Carboniferous system, including a tract 
 of highly productive coal measures, the N. limit of which is 
 approximately marked by the R. Ellen. On the coast this tract 
 extends from 2 m. S. of Whitehaven to Maryport, and it 
 stretches inland in the NE. to within 3 m. of Wigton. The 
 coal measures dip seawards, and at Workington the mines 
 extend between 2 and 3 m. under the sea. Among the 
 chief mining centres are Harrington, Maryport, Whitehaven, 
 Cleator Moor, and Workington, all of which have also blast-fur- 
 naces for smelting the iron ore which also aboimds in the county. 
 The iron ore is the valuable red hematite, the bulk of the English 
 production of which is derived from C. The most important 
 mining centre for this ore is Millom, which also has blast- 
 fiimaces, and among those next in importance are Egremont, 
 Eskett, Whitehaven, Cleator. Among other minerals are lead 
 at Garrigill, Nenthead, and Keswick. Barytes found at Alston 
 Moor and Wigton ; gypsum at Knothill, Whitehaven, Little 
 Salkeld, and Carlisle ; umber at Alston and Wigton ; plumbago 
 at Keswick ; slate at Borrowdale ; and zinc ore at Alston and 
 Keswick. The manufactures are cotton, woollen, linen, earthen- 
 ware, paper, nails, glass, &c. Shipbuilding is largely carried 
 on at Whitehaven. The railways are the L. & NW. R., 
 M. R., C. R., N. B. R., G. & SW. R. , the Furness, Whitehaven 
 June, Maryport and Carlisle, and a line from Workington to 
 Cockermouth, Keswick, and Penrith. For agricultural statistics, 
 see Appendix, pp. 7-9. Traces of the Great Barrier, or ' Wall 
 of Hadrian' are to be seen, and many remains of Roman 
 camps, esf)ecially near Carlisle, Wigton, Penrith, and on the 
 coast. Numerous peel towers are on the Scotch border. Carlisle 
 and Workington are the only mun. bors. With the exception 
 of Alston Moor, Garrigill, and Nenthead eccles. pars., which 
 belong to the diocese of Newcastle, the whole county is in the 
 diocese of Carlisle. See England, table, and Cnmbrla. 
 
 Cumberland, co. , New S. Wales, on the ct. , crossed by 34° S. 
 
 Cumberland, co. , Queensland, crossed by 22° E. and 144° S. 
 
 Cumberland, post-tn., Queensland, co. Gilbert, 850 m. 
 NW. by N. Brisbane, near the r. bk. of the Gilbert R., with 
 gold-mining. P. <;i500. 
 
 Cumberland, co. , Tasmania, crossed in the N. by 42° S. , 
 and in the E. by 147° E. 
 
 Cumberland, co., U.S., Illinois, N. of 39° N., W. of 88° W. 
 
 Cumberland, co., U.S., Kentucky, on the S. frontier, W. 
 of the meridian 85°. 
 
 Cumberland, tn., U.S., Maine, C. co., on Casco Bay, 7 m. 
 NE. by E. Portland. Alt. 56 ft. (R.R.). P.<i5oo. 
 
 Cumberland, city, U.S., Maryland, Allegany co., on the 
 Potomac, at the confluence of Wills Creek, 99 m. NW. by W. 
 Washington (D. C. ). Alt. 639 ft. (R. R. ). Has rolling-mills, steel 
 works, machine-shops, &c. P. (1880) 10,700; (1890) 12,700. 
 
 Cumberland, co., U.S., New Jersey, on the Delaware Bay, 
 crossed by 75° W. 
 
 Cumberland, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the S. , crossed by 
 79° W. , and in the S. by 35° N. 
 
 Cumberland, vil., U.S., Ohio, Guernsey co., 54 m. W. by 
 S. Wheeling (W. Va.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Cumberland, co. , U.S., Pennsylvania, in the S. , crossed in 
 the S. by 40° N. , bounded on the E. by the Susquehanna. 
 
 Cumberland, tn., U.S., Rhode Is., co. Providence; con- 
 tains several manufacturing villages. P. (1880) 6400 ; {1890) 8100. 
 
 Cumberlanfl, co., U.S., Tennessee, crossed by 85° W., 36° N. 
 
 Cumberland, co., U.S., Virginia, N. of 37° N., and W. of 
 78° W. , bounded on the N. by the James R. 
 
 Cumberland, city, U.S., Wisconsin, co. Barron, 15 m. NW. 
 Barron. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cumberland Basin, inlet, Canada, at the head of the Bay 
 of Fundy, between C. co., N. S., and Westmorland co. (N. Br.). 
 See Fniidy, Bay of. 
 
 Cumberland Bay, Pacific. See Juan Fernandez. 
 
 Cumberland Bay, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, 
 Queen's co. , on an arm of Grand Lake. 
 
 Cumberland Bay, U.S., New York, in Lake Champlain, 
 opposite Plattsburg. 
 
 Cuml>erlaiid Fort, Eng. See Porttimoutli. 
 
 Cumberland dap. See Appalaclilan Mountains, C. 
 
 Cumberland House, Hudson Bay Co. stn., Canada, dist. 
 Saskatchewan, on Prince Is. Lake, 144 m. ENE. Prince Albert. 
 
 Cumberland Island, isl., U.S., Georgia, close to coast of 
 Camden co. , in extreme SE. of the state, 22 m. by about 2 m. 
 
 Cumberland Islands, a group off E. ct. of Queensland, 
 Australia, in 2o°-2i° S. 
 400 
 
 Cumberland Mills, vil., U.S., Maine, co. C, 5 m. W. 
 Portland by rail. 
 
 Cumberland Plateau, or Mountains, U.S. See Appala- 
 chian Mountains, B. III., and C. 
 
 Cumberland River, U.S., Kentucky and Tennessee, rises 
 on W. slope of C. Mts. , enters the Ohio R. a few miles above the 
 Tennessee, about 450 m. long. Navigable to Waitsboro, but 
 na\igation seriously hindered for about five months during low 
 water in summer and autumn. 
 
 Cumberland Sound, bay, U.S., between Georgia and 
 Florida. 
 
 Cumberland Sound, inlet, Canada, in the SE. of BaflBn 
 Land, immediately S. of C. Peninsula, in 65° N. and 65° W. 
 
 Cumberland Valley, a portion of the Great Appalachian 
 valley in the S. of Pennsylvania, U. S. See Appalacblan Moun> 
 tains, I. 
 
 Cumbernauld ('the meeting of the streams'), par. and 
 vil. , Scot. , Dumbartonshire, i J m. N. of its stn. on the C. R. , 
 6| m. N. Airdrie, PM.O., and with a PT.O. at its stn. Par. 
 11,635 ac, P-<45oo; vil. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cumberworth, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 
 14^ m. SE. by E. Louth, i^ m. S. by E. Mumby Road stn. 
 P. <25o. See Anderby. 
 
 Cumbemrorth, par. and tn. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Holmfirth div., 6^ m. SE. Huddersfield, near Denby Dale and 
 Cumberworth stn., on the L. & Y. R., P.O. (I'pper C). 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Cumbrae Island, Great, Scot. , co. of Bute, in the Firth of 
 Clyde, between the S. end of the I. of Bute and the coast of Ayr, 
 length 3f m. , breadth 2 m. , with the sea bathing-place of Mill- 
 port at its S. end, forms a par. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cumbrae Island, Little, a smaller isl. to the S. in the same 
 CO. ; length less than 2 m. , breadth less than i m. Both islands 
 contain remarkable trap-dykes intersecting the old red sand- 
 stone. P. <250. 
 
 Cumbre, Spanish, 'summit' (Lat. cumulus). 
 
 Cumbres Mayores, comm., Spain, prov. Huelva, dist. Ara- 
 cena. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cumbria, an ancient British principality in the W. of Great 
 Britain, stretching from the Clyde to the Dee. Its S. portion 
 was conquered by .lEthelfrith of Northumbria early in the 
 seventh century, and in the latter half of the same century 
 .iEgfrith extended the sway of the Northumbrian kings to 
 the Solway. The remainder was conquered by Eadmund of 
 England, and by him given, early in the nth century, to 
 Malcolm, Prince of Scotknd, to be held as a fief of the crown 
 of England. Its name is preserved not only in that of Cum- 
 berland, but in the islands of Cumbrae, and in many places in 
 Clydesdale. 
 
 Cumbrian Mountains, a range of hills, Eng., occupying 
 part of the cos. Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire, 
 extending from Fell Top in Cumberland to near Ulverston in 
 Lancashire, 37 m. N. to S., and 35 m. E. to W. , embracing 
 the 'Lake district,' and separated from the Pennine chain by 
 the valleys of the Lune and Eden and the pass across Shap 
 Fell, by which the main line of the L. & NW. R. passes from 
 the one to the other of these valleys. Highest peaks all in 
 Cumberland (q.v.). Granite, limestone, and slate are found in 
 the mountains. 
 
 Cumbnm, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Karniil, 100 m. 
 NW. by N. Nellore, in 15° 34' N., 79° 9' E., with irrigation 
 tank 15 sq. m. in area, formed by damming the Gundlakamma 
 R. P. (1881) 7200; (1891) 5700; Hindus, 3400; Moham. 2300. 
 
 Cumbum, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 60 m. WSW. 
 Madura, in a rich valley watered by the Sharli {trib. Vaigai), at 
 the E. base of the Cardamom (Travancore) Hills. P. 6000. 
 
 Cumdirock, part of eccles. par. See Dalston. 
 
 Cuminestone, vil., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 11 m. SE. 
 Banff, 5 m. E. Turriff stn., PM.O. (Cumlnestown). P. <5oo. 
 
 Cuming, CO., U.S., Nebraska, in the NE., crossed in the 
 N. by 42° N. , and in the W. by 97° W. 
 
 Cuming City, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Washington co., 27 m. 
 NNW. Omaha. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cumino, isl. , Mediterranean Sea. See Comlno. 
 
 Cumlodden, eccles. par., Scot., Argyllshire, Glassary and 
 Glenaray pars. , adjoining Inveraray. P. <:7So. 
 
 Cununer, par.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Clare, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Clare R., 5^ m. S. Tuam, P.O. ; 9314 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cummeragb, riv.. Ire., SW. co. Kerry, flows into Ballin- 
 skelligs Bay at Waterville. 
 
 Cumniersdale, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on 
 the Caldew, i^ m. S. Carlisle, on the Maryport and Carlisle 
 Rly. P. < 1000. 
 
 Cummertrees, par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 3 J m. W. Annan, 
 on the G. & SW. R., P.O. ; 9466 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cumming's Bridge, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Carleton, 
 near Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cummington, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire co. , 23 
 m. NW. Holyoke ; water-power furnished by the Westfield R., 
 used in manufactures. P. < 1500. 
 
C U M M 
 
 C U R R 
 
 Canunlngstown, ct. vil., Scot., Elginshire, 6| m. NW. by 
 W. Elgin, on the H. R., near Burghead stn. P. <25o. 
 
 CanunlnsTllle, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Halton, 14 m. 
 from Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cununlusville, vil., U.S., Ohio, Hamilton co. , a ward of 
 the city of Cincinnati. 
 
 Camnock, tn., Scot., S. Ayrshire, 4 m. SE. Kilmarnock, on 
 Lugar Water, with two stns. (C. and Old C.) on different lines 
 of the G. & SW. R. ; has coal-mines and blast-furnaces, with 
 manufactures of tweeds and other woollen stuffs, earthenware, 
 and agricultural implements. Alexander ('Prophet') Peden 
 (1628-86) is buried here. Market-day, Th. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Cnnuiock, New, par. and vil., Scot., S. Ayrshire, 10^ m. W. 
 by N. Sanquhar, 5^ m. SE. Old C, on the G. & SW. R., with 
 coal ; 48,096 ac. P. <45oo ; vil. (with Mansfield and Path- 
 head) P. 2000. 
 
 Cnmnock, Old, par. , Scot. , Ayrshire, including the greater 
 part of town C. , with quarries of excellent limestone and sand- 
 stone, and mines of bituminous and anthracite coal ; 14,140 ac. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Camnor, par., Eng., Berkshire, Abingdon div., 4 m. WSW. 
 Oxford, P.O. ; 5962 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Cunirew, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 10 m. 
 ESE. Carlisle, 3^ m. E. Cotehill stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cam'tvhlnton, hamlet, Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 3^ 
 m. SE. by E. Carhsle, on the M. R., P.O. See CotehlU. 
 
 Cumwhltton, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Eskdale div. , i| m. 
 from the r. bk. of the Eden, 6^ m. ESE. Carlisle, 2 m. NE. 
 Cotehill stn. , P.O. ; 5824 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cunanl, Guiana. See Knnanl. 
 
 Caftaplriii, vil., Uruguay, dep. Rivera, 120 m. E. Salto; 
 gold deposits worked. 
 
 Cundall with Leckhy, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Thirsk and Malton div., 7^ m. E. Ripon, i^m. NW. Brafferton 
 stn., P.O. P. <25o; eccles.par.(C.wlthaiortonleClay)P. <:25o. 
 
 Caudlnamarca, dep., S. America, Colombia, on the E. 
 frontier ; cap. Bogoti. 
 
 CundletO'wn, postal-tp. , New South Wales, Macquarie co. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the Manning R. , 158 m. NNE. Sydney. P. <isoo. 
 
 Cnneo, tn., Italy, Piedmont, cap. prov. C. , on R. Stura, 18 
 m. S. by E. Saluzzo ; carries on cotton and silk spinning, &c. 
 Alt. 1680-1770 ft. P. 29,000. 
 
 Cunewaldc, vil., Ger. See Knnewalde. 
 
 Cunha, tn., Brazil, prov. and 135 m. NE. Sao Paulo, near 
 the Jacuhi. 
 
 Cnnlhat, tn. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Ambert, 26 m. 
 ESE. Clermont-Ferrand. P. <2ooo. 
 
 CnnllfTe, the SW. prov. of Brit. N. Borneo. 
 
 Cnunah's Quay, Wales. See Counah's Quay. 
 
 Cnnnainnlla, post-tn., Queensland, Wellington co. , on the 
 1. bk. of the Warrego R. , 460 m. by rail and road W. by S. Bris- 
 bane. Opals have been found in the neighbourhood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cunnlngbnra, P.O., Ire., co. Down, 4m. SE. Newtonards. 
 
 Cnnnlnghani, trib. of the Ashburton, W. Australia. See 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1889, p. 494. 
 
 Cnnnlngham, co. , New S. Wales, crossed by 147° E. , 33° S. 
 
 Cniinlugham, Newtown, Ire. See Newto^vncnnnliigham . 
 
 Cniinliighauihead, stn., Scot., N. Ayrshire, on the G. & 
 SW. R. , 3^ m. NE. by E. Irvine. 
 
 Cnnnlngshargh, P.O., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Dun- 
 rossness par. , 7^ m. SSW. Lerwick. 
 
 Cnntls,comm. , Spain, prov. Pontevedra, dist. Caldas. P.6300. 
 
 Caorgn^, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 23 m. N. Turin. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cupar, or Cupar-Flfe, royal, pari. , and mun. bor. , market- 
 tn. , and par., Scot., cap. co. Fife, on the Eden, 8^ m. W. by S. 
 St. Andrews, on the N. B. R. It has a public school, a second- 
 ary school called the Bell-Baxter school, a public library ; active 
 manufacture of linen goods, spinning-mills, &c. Market-day, 
 Tu. Par. 5736 ac, P. 7000 ; tn. P. <:5ooo. See St. Andrews. 
 
 Cupar-Angus. See Coupar Angus. 
 
 Cuplca, vil., S. America, Colombia, between the Bay of 
 Panama and Cupica R. , on the Pacific, in 6° 40' N. 
 
 Cupids, fishing settlement, Newfoundland, dist. and 2 m. 
 from Brigus. 
 
 Cnpramontana, comm., Italy, The Marches, prov. and dist. 
 Ancona. P. < 5000. 
 
 Cnprlja (tyupriya), tn., Servia, cap. prov. C., on r. bk. 
 Morava, and the Morava valley rly. , 23 m. E. by S. Kraguyevac. 
 Lignite deposits ; a few miles NE. the coal-mines of Senje. 
 P. (1890) < 5000. 
 
 Cuq Toulza, vil., France, dep. Tarn, arr. Lavaur, 18 m. W. 
 by S. Castres. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cur, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Galway, bar. Ross, 19 m. S. by W. 
 Westport. P. <25o. 
 
 Cura, tn., S. America, Venezuela, cap. state Miranda, 56 m, 
 SW. by W. Caracas. P. 12,200. 
 
 Curacao, or Curacoa, isl., in the Caribbean Sea, off the N. 
 ct. of Venezuela, in 12° N. and 69° W., belonging to the Dutch. 
 Its shores are bold and hilly, and deficient in water ; grows 
 401 
 
 cotton, sugar, tobacco, and maize, and furnishes the orange- 
 peel from which, in Holland, the liqueur known as Curapao is 
 manufactiu"ed. Its chief town is Willemstad, situated on the S. 
 side of the island, and on the E. side of the excellent port of 
 Sta. Sonna, which is deep enough for the largest vessels, and 
 has a narrow entrance defended by two forts. Discovered in 
 1499 by Ojeda, and a dependency of Holland since 1632. The 
 govt, of C. includes all the Dutch West Indies [West Indies]. 
 P. of isl. 30,000. See St. Anna Bay. 
 
 Curacavl, tn. , Brazil, prov. and 28 m. W. Santiago. 
 
 Cnraray, riv., Ecuador, rises in the Andes, E. cordillera, 
 flows E. by S. or ESE. and joins the Napo in 2° 15' S. , 74° W. ; 
 250-400 ft. wide, 5-6 fathoms deep ; banks low, and subject to 
 inundation for about 940 m. above its mouth, where the first 
 settlement on its banks (Aravela) occurs. 
 
 Curbar, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 8 m. W. by N. 
 Chesterfield, 4 m. NE. Hassop stn. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (C. 
 All Saints) P. < 1000. 
 
 Cur borough and Elmhurst, par., Eng., E. Staffordshire, 
 2 m. NE. Lichfield. P. <:25o. 
 
 Curbrldge, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 9 m. SW. by 
 W. Woodstock, 2 m. WSW. Witney {g.v.) P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Curdrldge, eccles. par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Bishop's Waltham 
 par., P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Curdworth, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 7J m. SSW. 
 Tamworth, i^ m. NW. Water Orton stn., P.O. Par. 3170 ac, 
 P. <Soo ; eccles. par. (C. St. Nicholas) P. <:iooo. 
 
 Cure, riv., France, deps. Yonne and Ni^vre, joins the Yonne 
 on the r. bk. near Cravant ; flows through a succession of defiles 
 in a picturesque granitic valley ; length, 70 m. 
 
 Cnreplpe, tn., Mauritius, in the interior of the island, con- 
 nected by rail with Port Louis, many of the well-to-do business 
 people of which town have their residences here. Alt. 18-1900 
 ft. P. (1891) 11,300. 
 
 Curia Murla Islands, Arabia. See Kurla Murla. 
 
 Curled, tn., Chile, cap. prov. and dep. C, 108 m. SSW. 
 Santiago. Alt. 1340 ft. P. (1885)10,100. 
 
 Curlnga, comm., S. Italy, Calabrie, prov. Catanzaro, circle 
 Nicastro. P. <4ooo. 
 
 CurltlbA, tn., Brazil, cap. state of Parand, 450 m. WSW. 
 Rio de Janeiro, on a pleasant, open plain, watered by the Iguapu, 
 trib. of the Parani. Mat6 or Paraguayan tea grows abundantly 
 in the vicinity, in which are numerous European colonists, 
 including large numbers of French. P. 6000. 
 
 Curltlba, Rio Grande de, Brazil. See Ignacn. 
 
 Curland, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 6 m. SSE. 
 Taunton, P.O. P. <25o. See Curry MaUet. 
 
 Curlew Mountains, range of mts. , Ire. , in the extreme N. 
 of CO. Roscommon. 
 
 Curr, P.O., Ire., co. Tyrone, 5 m. from Beragh stn. 
 
 Curra, P.O., Ire., co. Galway, 6 m. from Woodford. 
 
 Currabelgh, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 5 m. from BallydufF, 3 m. 
 from Fermoy stn. 
 
 Curracloe, tnld. , Ire. , E. ct. co. Wexford, bar. Shelmaliere 
 E., 5 m. NE. Wexford, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Cnrraclone, par.. Ire., co. Queen's, bar. and 2 m. NE. 
 Stradbally, on R. Barrow. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Curraco, Laguna, another name of Urre Lauquen, lake, 
 Argentine Republic. 
 
 Curragh, Irish, 'a marsh.' See Corcagh. 
 
 Curragh (PMT.O., C. Camp), Ire. P. 5300. See Klldare. 
 
 Curraghbeg, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Glanbehy. 
 
 Curraghboy, P.O., Ire., co. Roscommon, 9 m. NW. Athlone. 
 
 Curraghniore ('gi-eat marsh'), electoral div.. Ire., co. Gal- 
 way, dist. Glennamaddy. 
 
 Curraghniore, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Killorglin. 
 
 Curraghroe, tnld., Ire., NE. co. Roscommon, bar. and 9J 
 m. NE. Roscommon, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Curragh, West, P.O., Ire., co. Galway, 5 m. from Dunmore. 
 
 Curraglass, electoral div.. Ire., NE. co. Cork, bar. Kinna- 
 talloon, 10 m. ESE. Fermoy, 4 m. from Tallow Road stn., 
 P.O. 
 
 Curraguneen, P.O., Ire., 6m. from Roscrea (co. Tipperary). 
 
 Curraheen, tnld.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Kinnatalloon, par. 
 Knockmoume. P. <25o. 
 
 Curraheen, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, dist. Cappagh. 
 
 Curramnlka, post-tn., S. Australia, Fergusson co., 53 m. 
 W. by N. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Curran, tn.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Upper Glenarm, Lame 
 par. P. <75o. 
 
 Curran, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Londonderry, bar. Loughinsholin, 
 12 m. NNE. Cookstown, 3 m. from Castledawson stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Currane, lake. Ire., SW. co. Kerry, 21 m. W. Kenmare. 
 
 Currans, par.. Ire., N. co. Kerry, bars. Trughanacmy and 
 Magunihy, Z\ m. SE. Tralee, 2 m. from Farranfore stn. 
 P. <: 1000. 
 
 Curraun Peninsula, Ire. , W. co. Mayo, bar. Burrishoole, 
 N. of Clew Bay, and separated by Achill Sound from Achill I. 
 
 Curreeny, P. O. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, 10 m. from Borrisoleigh. 
 
 2 C 
 
CURR — CUXH 
 
 Cnrrency Creek, postal-vil., S. Australia, Hindmarsh co., 
 83 m. S. by E. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cmrent RlTer, U.S., Missouri and Arkansas, rises in Ozark 
 Ridge, and flows SE. into Big Black R. in co. Randolph. 
 Navigable to Jones Ferry (Mo.). 
 
 Currldge, part of eccles. par. See CMeveley. 
 
 Cnrrle, par. and vil., Scot., Midlothian, on the Water of 
 Leith, 6 m. SW. by W. Edinburgh, with two stns. (Cnrrle and 
 Carrie Hill) on different lines of the C. R. , with paper-mills 
 and snuif manufactures, PMT.O. Par. 11,103 ^'^■> P.<3ooo; 
 vil. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cnrrln, par., Ire., cos. Fermanagh and Monaghan, bars. 
 Clankelly and Dartree, 4 m. SW. Clones. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Currituck, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the extreme NE. 
 
 Currituck Sound, a channel which cuts off the long narrow 
 Currituck I. in the E. of C. co. from the mainland, and com- 
 municates with Albemarle Sound. 
 
 Curry, tnld., Ire., S. co. Sligo, bar. Leyny, 22 m. SW. by 
 S. Sligo, 10 m. from Ballaghaderreen stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Curry, co., U.S., Oregon, in the extreme SW. 
 
 Curry, North, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Bridgwater div. , 5^ m. 
 E. Taunton, 2|m. S. Dwistonstn., PMT.O. ; 5823 ac. P.<:20oo. 
 
 Curryglass, electoral div., Ire., co. Cork, dist. Castletown. 
 
 Currygrane liOugh, small lake. Ire., in the NE. of co. 
 Longford, 6| m. ENE. Longford. 
 
 Curryklppane, par. , Ire. , co. and bar. and 3 m. W. Cork. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Curry Mallet, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 6 J m. 
 ESE. Taunton, P.O. P. <:5oo ; eccles. par. (C. H. wltb Cur- 
 land or Courland) P. <75o. 
 
 Curry RlTell, par. , Eng. , Somerset, S. div. , 9 m. SE. by S. 
 Bridgwater, 2 m. WSW. Langport stn., PMT.O. (C. Rlrel) ; 
 4881 ac. P. <2ooo ; eccles. par. (C. R. wltk Weston) P. < 1500. 
 
 Curryvllle, post- vil., Canada, New Brunswick, co. Albert, 
 30 m. from Moncton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Curscombe, hamlet, Eng., E. Devonshire, s^m. W. Honiton. 
 
 Curtea de Arges, tn. , Roumania, prov. A. , on the A. , 66 m. 
 W. by N. Ployeshti,* one of the anct. caps, of Walachia ; beauti- 
 fully situated, and with a beautiful and richly decorated church 
 commenced about 1260 and finished in 1518. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Curthwalte, stn. , Eng. , Cumberland, on the Maryport and 
 Carlisle Rly., 7 m. SW. CarUsle. 
 
 Curtis, comm. , Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Arzua. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cnrtlsdeu Green, PM. O. , Eng. , Kent, 3 m. from Goudhurst. 
 
 Curtis Island, lasmania, S. of Wilson's Promontory, in 
 Bass's Straits. 
 
 Curtis Islands, Pacific Ocean, in 30° 36' S. and 179° 14' W. 
 
 CnrfvensTlIle, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Clearfield co., on 
 the W. branch of the Susquehanna R. , 85 m. ENE. Pittsburg. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Cury, ct. par., Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., 11 m. SW. Fal- 
 mouth, 4 m. SSE. Helston, PMT.O. (C. Cross Lanes). P. < 
 500 ; eccles. par. (C. and Guuvfalloe) P. <75o. 
 
 Cnrzola, fishing-tn., Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on the 
 N. ct. of Curzola I. , near the E. end ; one of the stns. of the 
 Austrian Lloyd's. Highest alt. (at W. end of island) 1235 ft. 
 Mean rfall. (11 yrs.), 37.56 in. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Curzolarl, the Italian name of the Ekblnades Islands, W. 
 coast of Greece. 
 
 Cusano Mutrl, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. Benevento, 
 54 m. W. by S. Foggia. P. <sooo. 
 
 Cusgarue, Lower, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, i^ m. from Perran- 
 well stn. 
 
 Cuskcamcarragh, mt. , Ire. , co. Mayo, 13 m. NNW. West- 
 port. Alt. 2343 ft. 
 
 Cushendall, tn.. Ire., SE. ct. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Glen- 
 arm, 19 m. NNW. Lame, 5 m. from Parkmore stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Cuskendnn, tnld., Ire., NE. ct. co. Antrim, bar. Cary, 22 
 m. NNW. Larne, on R. Glendun, 12 m. from ]^Jlycastle stn., 
 PM.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Cushlng, or Chatham, vil. , Canada, Quebec, co. Argenteuil, 
 50 m. NW. Montreal. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cnshliistown, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Skreen, 5 m. S. 
 Duleek. P. <25o. 
 
 Cushklllary, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Rinvyle. 
 
 Cushleake, electoral div., Ire., co. Antrim, dist. Cushendall. 
 
 Cushnle, par., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 10^ m. E. Huntly, 
 3^ m. SW. by W. Auchterless stn. ; 12,856 ac. P. (with Leochel) 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Cusna, nonte, mt. , Italy, Emilia, in the Apennines, 21 m. 
 NE. Carrara. Alt. 6955 ft. 
 
 CuBop, par. , Eng. , on the W. border of Herefordshire, Leo- 
 minster div., 17 m. W. Hereford, i m. E. by S. Hay. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cosset, tn., France, dep. AUier, air. Lapalisse, 30 m. W. by 
 N. Roanne; near mineral springs of Vichy. Alt. 1000 ft. P. 5000. 
 
 Cust, post-tn., New Zealand, South I., Ashley co., on R. 
 Cust, I m. NW. Christchurch. P. <isoo. 
 
 Custer, CO., U.S., Colorado, W. of 105° W., and crossed in 
 the S. by 38° N. 
 402 
 
 Custer, CO., U.S., Montana, in the SE. corner of the state, 
 partly bounded and partly traversed by the Yellowstone R. 
 
 Custer, CO., U.S., Nebraska, N. of 4i°N., crossed in the W. 
 by 100° W. 
 
 Custer, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, on the W. frontier, S. of 44° N. 
 
 Custer City, vil, U.S., Pennsylvania, McKean co., 74 m. E. 
 by S. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Custer City, tn., U.S., S. Dakota, Custer co., 60 m. NNE. 
 from the SW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Custer Peak, mt., U.S., S. Dakota, Lawrence co., 88 m. N. 
 by E. from the SW. corner of the state. 
 
 Custom House, stn., London, Eng. See Tlctorla Docks. 
 
 Custon, post-tn., S. Australia, Buckingham co., 168 m. SE. 
 Adelaide, on the railway to Melbourne. P. <; 1500. 
 
 Custozza, viL, Italy, prov. and 10 m. SW. Verona. Battles 
 were fought here in 1848, when the Austrians defeated the Pied- 
 montese, and June 24, 1866, the anniversary of Solferino, in 
 which the Austrians under Archduke Albert defeated the Italians 
 under King Victor Emmanuel. 
 
 Ctistrln, tn. , Ger. See Kiistrln. 
 
 finteti (ITacAchA , 'the sea-coast land'), native state, Bombay, 
 Gujarat, occupying the penin. between the Rann of C. and the 
 Gulf of Cambay. On the whole treeless, barren, and rocky, 
 but varied by well-tilled valleys. On the S. , behind a high bank 
 of sand that lines the sea-coast, lies a low, fertile, and well- 
 cultivated plain, from 20 to 30 m. broad. 
 
 Cutch, Rami of, a highly peculiar feature of the physical 
 geography of India. It is at one time water, at another time 
 land — a hard, stony, salt-incrusted waste, roamed over by herds 
 of wild asses and antelopes, which feed on the grasses on its 
 borders, and on patches that remain as islands during the 
 period of submergence. It is divided into the Great Rann, on 
 the N. of the penin. of Cutch, and the Eastern Rann, on the 
 E. of that penin. The Great Rann is filled during the rainy 
 season partly by river-water and partly by sea-water, which 
 enters chiefly by an inlet (Kori) on the W. of the penin. The 
 Eastern Rann is filled by the rise of the Gulf of Cutch, even 
 before the rains, and at high-water it can be entered by small 
 craft. By October it is capable of being crossed on foot. 
 
 Cutchogue, vil., U.S., New York, Suffolk co., on Long I., 
 83 m. E. by N. Brooklyn. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Cntcombe, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 16^ m. 
 N. by W. Tiverton; 7143 ac. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (C. with 
 Luxborough) P. < 1000. 
 
 Cuthbert, tn., U.S., Georgia, Randolph co., 102 m. SW. 
 Macon. P. <3000. 
 
 Cuthbertson, settlement, U.S., Nebraska, Hitchcock co. , on 
 Republican R., 60 m. S. by W. of confluence of N. and S. Platte. 
 
 Cut Hill, Eng. , Devonshire, in the N. of Dartmoor Forest, 
 17 m. E. Launcestown. Alt. 1971 ft. 
 
 Cutnal Green, P.O., Eng., Worcestershire, 3^ m. NW. 
 Droitwich. 
 
 Cutro, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Catanzaro, dist.Cotrone. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Cntroflano, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. and dist. Lecce. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Cutsanlm, Indians, U.S. See Okauagans. 
 
 Cutsdean, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Winchcomb union. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Cuttack, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. dist. C. and prov. 
 Orissa (^.v.), 45 m. N. Puri, at the head of the delta of the 
 Mahanadf, where it gives off the Kitjuri branch ; important as 
 the key of the hill terr. to the W. , and as the centre of the Orissa 
 Canal system. Noted for its beautiful filigree work in gold and 
 silver. The citadel, Fort Barabati, stands opposite the city on 
 the S. bank of the Kdtjurf. It was stormed by the British Oct. 
 1803, and is now in ruins. Alt. 80 ft. Mean temp., yr. 81° F., 
 Dec. 70°, May 89' ; rfall., yr. 58.4 in. , June-Oct. 50.1 in., June- 
 Aug. 34.5 in. P. (1891), including cantonment, 47,200; 
 Hindus, 36,500; Moham. 8400. 
 
 Cutteslowe, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, in Woodstock union. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Cntthorpe, vil., Eng., Derbyshire, 3 m. NW. Chesterfield, 
 PM.O. 
 
 Cuttragh, electoral div., Ire., co. Cavan, dist. Stradone. 
 
 Cuttyhunk Island, small isl., U.S., Massachusetts, Dukes 
 CO. , off the S. ct. of Bristol co. , in 70° 55' W. 
 
 Cntw^&, tn. , India. See Katwa. 
 
 CuTler, cape, on the W. ct. of W. Australia, in about 24° S. 
 
 Cuxham, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 12 m. SE. 
 by E. Oxford, 1^ m. NW. Watlington stn., P.O. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (C. with Easlngton) P. <25o. 
 
 Cuxhaven, vil., Ger., at the mouth of the Elbe, on the 1. bk., 
 in terr. belonging to Hamburg (g.v.), of which it serves as the 
 outport for vessels of the largest size, and for all shipping when 
 the Elbe is frozen. When the harbour works are completed (in 
 1896 it is expected), the water area will be 22.24 acres, quayage 
 4045 ft., depth at entrance and quayside at ordinary springs, 
 high water 35.9 ft., low water 25.7 ft. These tidal docks are 
 all under the control of the government of Hamburg. P. <3000. 
 
CUXT 
 
 C Y P R 
 
 Cnxton, par. , Eng. , Kent, Medway div, , on the Medway, 
 2^ m. SW. by W. Rochester, on the SE. R., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Caxwold, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindseydiv., 8^ m. 
 SW. Grimsby, 6 m. E. by N. Moortown stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Cayabd, city, Brazil, cap. state of Matto Grosso, in 15° 36' S. 
 and 56° W. P. 18,000. See CnyabA, riv. 
 
 Cayab^, riv. , Brazil, Matto Grosso, rises 130 m. NE. of the 
 town of C, and flows loo m. SSW. to the Lourenpo, with 
 which it unites to form the Paraguay. The Paraguay steamers 
 ascend to the town of C. , 2360 m. above Buenos Aires. 
 
 Cnyalioga, co., U.S., Ohio, on Lake Erie, E. of 82° W. 
 
 Cayaboga Falls, vil., U.S., Ohio, Summit co., on Cuyahoga 
 R, and Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, 128 m. NE. Columbus, 
 with manufactures of paper, &c., and great water-power, the 
 river here falling 240 ft. by successive leaps through a deep 
 channel. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Cayahoga River, U.S. , Ohio, enters Lake Erie at Cleveland, 
 after a N. course of about 60 m. 
 
 Cnylapa, vil., Mexico, state Oajaca, dist. Zimatlan ; formerly 
 celebrated. 
 
 €uyos Islands, a group belonging to the PhiUppine Is. , be- 
 tween Panay I. and the N. of Palawan, in 11° N. and 12° E. 
 
 Cnyniil, riv., S. America, rises in Venezuela, flows first N. 
 then E. through Brit. Guiana, and joins the Mazaruni just above 
 the confluence of the latter with the Essequibo. Numerous 
 rapids and falls ; the lowest is 59° 3' W, , about 30 m. above the 
 mouth. 
 
 Cnzco, tn., S. America, Peru, cap. dep. C, 245 m. N. Mol- 
 lendo. Founded in the middle of the nth century by Manco 
 Capac. Formerly the cap. of the vast empire of the Incas. 
 The Curi-cancha, or Temple of the Sun, has been converted 
 by the Spaniards into a church and convent dedicated to St. 
 Dominic. The most interesting monument outside the town is 
 the fortress of Sacsaihuaman, crowning the hill (alt. 740 ft.) to 
 the N. of the town. For plan of C. , ancient and modern, see 
 Jour. R. G. S., 1871, p. 281. P. (1889) 22,000. 
 
 Cwm, Welsh ; in English names spelt Combe or Coombe (all 
 pronounced kum), 'a deep valley,' or 'the head of a valley.' 
 
 Cwm, par., Wales, Flintshire, 7 m. N. Denbigh, 3 m. E. 
 Rhuddlan stn., with nickel, cobalt, and ore ; 3883 ac. P. <Soo. 
 
 Cwm, vil., Wales, Monmouthshire, on the G. W. R., 2^ m. 
 NW. Aberbeeg June. , vsdth coal-mines. 
 
 Cwmamman, eccles. par., Wales, cos. Carmarthen and 
 Glamorgan, on the Amman, 14J m. NE. by E. Llanelly, i^ m. 
 W. Brynamman stn., with coal, PMT.O. (Cwmaman). P. 
 5400. 
 
 Cwm Atobl, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., on the 
 Avon, 3^ m. N. by W. Pontypool, on the G. W. R. 
 
 Cwm Avon, seat of coal-mines, and copper, iron, and tin 
 works, Wales, Glamorganshire, 4 m. SSE. Neath, on the 
 G. W. R. , included in the Aberavon portion of the Swansea 
 dist. of pari, bors., PMT.O. 
 
 Cwmbacb, hamlet, Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., 2 m. 
 NW. by W. Llanelly, P.O. 
 
 Cwmbach, hamlet, Wales, Glamorganshire, 3 m. SW. by 
 S., and included in the pari. bor. of Merthyr Tydfil, PMT.O. 
 
 Cwmbacb-Uecbrbyd, eccles. par., Wales, co. Radnor, in 
 ancient pars, of Dissert and Trecoed and Llanelwedd. P. <Soo. 
 
 Cwm Bargoed, stn. , Wales, Glamorganshire, on the G. W. 
 and Rhymney Joint Rly. , 9 m. N. Caerphilly. 
 
 Cwmbran, seat of coal-mines and iron-works, Eng., Mon- 
 mouthshire, S. div. , if\ m. S. by E. Pontypool, on the G. W. R. , 
 PMT.O. • '^2 ' ^^ ■ 
 
 Cwm Carn,PM. O. , Eng. , Monmouthshire , i m. from Abercarn. 
 
 Cwmcarran, par. , Eng. , co. and 4 m. SW. by S. Monmouth, 
 i^ m. SE. Dingestow stn. P. <25o. See Mltcbell Troy. 
 
 Cwmcbnrcb, part of eccles. par. See Ebbw Vale. 
 
 Cwm Clydacb, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, on the M. and 
 Neath and Brecon Rly., 5 m. NE. Swansea; coal mined. 
 
 Cwmcroeser, Wales, See Croesor. 
 
 Cwmdare, PM.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. from 
 Aberdare. 
 
 Cwmdanddwr-Uansaintfltaid, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 
 on the Wye, 2 m. S. Rhayader. P. <7SO ; eccles. par. (Cwm- 
 deuddwr with Nautgwyllt) P. <75o. 
 
 Cwmdo, par. , Wales, Glamorganshire, 6 m. NW. Bridgend ; 
 ii 4210 ac. P. 6800. 
 
 Cwmdn, PM.O., Wales, co. and 9 m. ESE. Brecknock. 
 
 Cwmdnad, P.O., Wales, co. and 9 m. from Carmarthen. 
 
 Cwmffrw-doer, hamlet, Eng., Monmouthshire, Trevethin 
 1 par. , with coal-mining. 
 
 Cwmgwrach, P.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, i m. from 
 Glyn Neath. 
 
 Cwm Head, Eng. , Salop. See Wlstanstow. 
 
 CwmparcjPM.O. ,Wales, Glamorganshire, i^m. from Ystrad. 
 
 Cwmpenmacbno, P.O., Wales, Carnarvonshire, 4 m. from 
 Penmachno. 
 
 Cwm Forth, cavern, Wales. See Porth-yr-Ogof. 
 
 Cwmrheldol, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, i m. SE. Aber- 
 ystwith ; 13,701 ac. P. < 1000, 
 
 Cwm Symlog, P.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, 7 m. from 
 Aberystwith. 
 
 Cwm Tillery, vil. , Wales, Monmouthshire, 2 m. from Aber- 
 tillery, PMT.O. ; with coal-mining. 
 
 Cwmtwrch, Lower and Upper, PM.O. and PMT.O., 
 Wales, near Swansea, Glamorganshire. 
 
 Cwm-y-glo, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., 5 m. 
 E. Carnarvon, on the L. & NW. R., PM.O. 
 
 Cwmyoy, Lower, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., on 
 the Avon, t\ m. N. Abergavenny. P. <.25o. 
 
 Cwmyoy, Upper, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, adjoining 
 Lower C; 4741 ac. P. <25o; eccles. par. (C. with Llan« 
 thony), partly in Hereford co., P. <7So. 
 
 Cwt, Welsh, 'village of huts.' See Cot. 
 
 Cyclades, island group, forming a nomos of the kingdom 
 of Greece, stretching SE. from Euboea and Attica ; so called 
 because believed by the ancients to form a circle (cycle) round 
 Delos. Chief islands, Andros, Tenos, Syros, Mykonos, Paros, 
 Naxos, Amorgos, Keos, Kythnos, Seriphos, Siphnos, Melos, 
 los, Thera. See Ctreece. 
 
 Cydplwyf, par., Wales, co. Cardigan, next New Quay. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Cyfarthfa, great seat of iron-works, Wales, included in the 
 pari. bor. of Merthyr Tydfil, Glamorganshire. 
 
 Cyfoeth-y-Brenin, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, in Aberyst- 
 with union. P. < 1500. 
 
 CyflSc, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 10 m. NNE. 
 Tenby, \\ m. S. Whitland stn.; 4733 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 CyfiyUlog, P.O., Wales, Denbighshire. See Gyflfyiliog. 
 
 Cymmer, Cymric, 'a confluence.' See Cotnar. 
 
 Cymmer, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 10 m. SSW. 
 Merthyr Tydfil, close to Porth stn. on G. W. R. , with coal, PM. O. 
 
 Cymmer, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div., on the 
 G. W. R., e\ m. E. by S. Neath, PM.O. 
 
 Cymmeran Bay, Wales, on the W. of Anglesey, 7 m. SE. 
 Holyhead. 
 
 Cynghordy, stn., Wales, E. Carmarthenshire, on the L. & 
 NW. R., s^ m. NE. by N. Llandovery, P.O. (Cynhordy). 
 
 Cynicht, mt. , Wales, in the extreme N W. of Merionethshire ; 
 commands fine view. Alt. about 2370 ft. 
 
 Cynnill Mawr, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, in Aberystwith 
 union. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cynopolis, tn. , Egypt. See Mehala-el-Keber. 
 
 Cynthlana, city, U.S., Kentucky, Harrison co., 50 m. S. by 
 E. Cincinnati (Ohio). Noted breeding farms near. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Cyntwell, P.O., Wales, 2 m. from St. Pagan's, near Cardiff. 
 
 Cynwyd, vil., Wales, Merionethshire, on the Dee, 10 m. W. 
 Llangollen, on the G. W. R., P.O. See Llangar. 
 
 Cyphergat, coal-mining vil. , Cape Colony, 3 m. S. Molteno. 
 
 Cypress, stn. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R. , 555 
 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cypress Hill, U.S., New York, King's co., an E. suburb of 
 Brooklyn. Known for its cemetery. 
 
 Cypress Lake, Canada, about 9 m. long, stretching along 
 the S. base of the C. Hills, Assiniboia, crossed by 109^° W. and 
 49° 25' N. , drained E. by the White Mud R. 
 
 Cypress Lake, Canada, Quebec, co. Joliette, in 46^° N, and 
 74° 10' W. , drained N. into R. Mattawiti. 
 
 Cyprus, vil., Canada, Ontario, Parry Sotmd dist. , 80 m. NE. 
 by N. ColUngwood, on the N. and Pacific June. Rly. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cyprus, Tiu-kish Kiprls, the third largest island in the 
 Mediterranean, in the Levant, between 34° 33' and 35° 41° N. 
 lat. , and 32° 15' and 34° 36' E. long., about 50 m. from the 
 Syrian coast, and 40 m. from Asia Minor. Extreme length, 
 about 140 m. ; breadth, 40 to 50 m. It is divided into six dists. , 
 Nicosia, Larnaca, Limasol, Famagusta, Papho, Kyrenia. The 
 island is traversed by two parallel chains of mountains, one in 
 the N. , the other in the S. ; the former extends as a single chain 
 at a distance of about 2 m. along the whole of the N. ct. The 
 W. div., called the Kyrenia Range, is the loftier ; highest point, 
 Buffavento, 3140 ft.; the E. div. comprises the low Karpas 
 Range. The S. mountains are loftier (Troodos, 6406 ft.), and 
 with numerous spurs N. and S. , cover about one-third of the 
 island in the SW. Between these two ranges, between the 
 bays of Morfu (Morphou) and Famagusta, stretches the wide 
 and exceedingly fertile plain of the Hesaorea, above the general 
 surface of which rise numerous flat-topped rock plateaiix, 100 to 
 200 ft. in height. The principal rivers are the Pediasus and the 
 Idalia, flowing N. and then E. through the central plain, and 
 the Sardkhis in the NW. These rivers, as well as numerous 
 channels descending from the mountains, are torrents after 
 rain ; at other times the beds are usually dry. Archaean rocks 
 form the mass of the S. mountains. Pliocene deposits in the 
 great plain alternate with Calcareous rocks, which are elsewhere 
 widely distributed, and Eocene formations occur in various parts 
 of the N. The climate is of the Mediterranean type [Europe, 
 Nicosia, Larnaca, Famagusta, Kyrenia]. The climate is 
 healthy on the whole, but fevers are prevalent during the warm 
 season amongst the natives in the low dists. The British troops 
 suffered indeed greatly from fever in 1878, immediately after 
 
 103 
 
CYSO — DADE 
 
 the occupation of the island, but subsequent experience has not 
 been unfavourable. Irrigation is chiefly effected by wells ; an 
 irrigation canal connected with the Pedijeus has been restored, 
 but a more complete system is required. The principal objects 
 of culture are cereals (wheat, barley, vetches, and oats), cotton, 
 carobs, olives, and the vine. The area under the last exceeds 
 500 acres, yielding annually about 2,000,000 gallons of wine ; 
 excepting the famous ' Commanderia,' it is, however, generally 
 of inferior quality, owing to defective methods of preparation. 
 Excellent silk is produced in the Paphos dist. Forests cover 
 about 400 sq. m. , chiefly in the mountains \V. of Troodos ; the 
 Aleppo pine predominates. Forests were formerly of great 
 extent, and )Helded wood highly valued by the ancients for 
 shipbuilding. Deforesting in modern times, due, amongst other 
 causes, to the goats with which the island is overnm, has greatly 
 diminished its productiveness. The increase of locusts, causing 
 great devastation, has also been promoted by deforesting, 
 though under British administration effective measures are 
 being taken to destroy the locusts and to preserve the forests. 
 There are few vrild animals ; the most interesting is the mouflaon 
 or wild sheep. C. was in ancient times famous for its copper 
 mines, but these are no longer worked. Gjrpsum and ' terra 
 umbra ' are now the chief minerals obtained. Salt occius as an 
 incrustation in lakes in the Larnaca and Limasol dists. The 
 sponge fisheries off the coast form an important industry. The 
 principal exports are wheat, barley, carobs, wine, cotton, raisins, 
 silk. There are no railways or canals, but some progress has 
 been made in the construction of roads between important 
 centres. Besides English coins, the Turkish ' lira ' and the 
 French 20-franc piece are legal tender, as is also the local 
 bronze piastre (9 = is. ). Turkish weights and measiu-es are 
 current. The chief towns are Nicosia, the cap. , and only im- 
 portant inland town, and the ports of Larnaca, Limasol, Fama- 
 gusta, Kyrenia, and Paphos. About 23 per cent, of the 
 inhabitants are Moslems, the rest principally Christians of the 
 Greek Church, the archbishop of which is independent of any 
 other ecclesiastical authority. Originally peopled by the Kittim 
 and Dodanim of the Old Testament, C. was colonised by the 
 Phoenicians about 2000 B.C.; subsequently it fell under the domi- 
 nion of varioxis powers — Egypt, Assyria, Persia, Greece ; after 
 the death of Alexander the Great it again fell to Egypt, and in 
 58 B.C. became a Roman prov. In 1191 Richard I. conquered 
 the island, and gave it to Guy de Lusignan, in whose family it 
 remained till 1473, when it passed to the Venetians; about a I 
 century later it was conquered by the Turks. By the treaty of 
 Berlin, 1878, it was placed under British administration, the i 
 British paying ^^92,800 annually to the Sublime Porte, which 
 still nominally exercises dominion over the island. The ad- 
 ministration is vested in a High Commissioner. There are 
 many interesting archaeological remains. Area, 3584 sq. m. 
 P. (1891) 209,286. See Laruaca. [E. J. H.] 
 
 Cysolng,tn., France, dap. Nord, 9m. SE.byE.Lille. P. <.3ooo. 
 Cythera, Greek Kytliera. See Cerlgo. 
 Cyrartfcva. See Cyfarthfa. 
 
 Cyzlcns, penin. , Asia Minor. See Kapn Dagli. 
 
 Czarnlkan, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. and 38 m. NNW. Posen, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Netze. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Czaslan, Bohemia. See taslan. 
 
 Czecliowltz, tn., Austria, Silesia, dist. Bielitz. P. < 3000. 
 
 CzeglM, tn., with magistracy, Hungary, 18 m. N. by E. 
 Kecskemet. P. (1850) 16,900 ; (1869)22,200; (1890)27,500. 
 
 Czebryr. See ChlglrLa. 
 
 Czeladna, tn., Austria, Moravia, dist. Frankstadt. P. <30oo. 
 
 Czemiernlkl, tn., Russian Poland, govt. Lublin, 78 m. SE. 
 of Warsaw. P. 2100. 
 
 Czenipln, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 20 m. SSW. Posen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Czerunlica, tn. , Austria, Galicia, dist. Horodenka. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Czemo-nitz, tn. , Austria, cap. crownland B.ukovina, 87 m. 
 S. by E. Tarnopol, in the centre of a marshy region ; seat of an 
 archbishop of the Greek Church, with a German university; 
 centre of trade with Moldavia and Bessarabia ; manufactures of 
 machinery and paper. Alt. 520-950 ft. P. (1869) 33,900 (includ- 
 ing Roumanians, Germans, and Ruthenians, and of which Jews 
 form more than one quarter) ; (1890) 54,200. 
 
 Czemya, Magyar. See Magyar Czemya. 
 
 Czersk, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 45 m. SW. by 
 S. Danzig. P. <:4000. 
 
 Czerwlnsk, tn. , Russian Poland, on 1. bk. of Vistula, 30 m. 
 NW. Warsaw, govt. Plock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Czerwony Ijdr, crown forests, Russian Poland, begin 8 m. 
 S. of Lomza, and spread towards Ostrow, in the N. of the 
 Warsaw-St. Petersburg Rly. Cover about 18,600 ac. 
 
 Cz^stocbowa (Russian ChenstotaoTo), dist. tn. , Russian 
 Poland, govt. Piotrkow, on L bk. of Warta, 143 m. by rail SW. 
 of Warsaw, near frontier of Silesia. Old historical city ; the 
 picture of the Holy Virgin is considered as a national relic, and 
 attracts every year thousands, formerly htmdreds of thousands, 
 of pilgrims. P. 27,700. 
 
 Czibakta^za, vil., Hungary, co., Jasz-Nagy-Kis-Szolnok, 
 dist. Tisza also. P. <:50oo. 
 
 CzomafalFa, dist. , Hungary. See GyergyA. 
 
 Czornahora, or Csernahora, mt. , in the Forest Carpathians, 
 on NE. frontier of Hungary, at tlie source of the Pruth, in 
 48° 3' N., 24° 38' E. Alt. 6645 ft. 
 
 CzoEtkdw, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, on theSereth, 37 
 m. S. by E. Tarnopol. P. < 5000. 
 
 Czorto-wlec, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Obertyn, 
 on the border of Bukovina. P. < 5000. 
 
 Czrepaja, tn., Hungary, co. Torontdl, dist. Antalfalva. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Czyzowo, tn., Russian Poland, govt. Lomza, 66 m. by rail 
 NE. Warsaw. P. 2000. 
 
 D 
 
 Daaden, viL , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Koblenz, circle and 
 20 m. E. Altenlicirchen, with iron ore. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Daban, Davan, Dawan, or Tawan, in central Asiatic names, 
 ' a mountain pass.' 
 
 Dabbasheth, place named in O. T. See DalMtaeta. 
 
 Daber, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 33 m. ENE. 
 Stettin. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Daberath, place named in O. T. See DebArleh. 
 
 Dabbol, decayed tn. , India, state of and 20 m. SE. Baroda. 
 It has a large water-tank and a Hindu temple richly sculptured ; 
 these stone buildings are noteworthy, there being no stone of 
 any kind in this part of Gujarat. P. (1881) 14,900. 
 
 Dabo, Ger. See Dagsbnrg. 
 
 Dabringbansen, comm. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 12 m. 
 S. by E. Elberfeld. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dabrowa, vil., Austria, crownland Galicia, 34 m. WNW. 
 Cracow, 14 m. ESE. Konigshiitte (Silesia). P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Dabroiv-a, comm., Austria, crownland Galicia, 29 m. NE. 
 by E. Bochnia. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dabsbeb, site, Palestine, Dabbasheth in the O. T., 33° N., 
 35° 16' E., 13 m. ENE. Acre. 
 
 Dacca, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. D., 150 m. NE. by E. 
 Calcutta, on the Buriganga (that is, ' the old Ganges'), in the 
 E. of Bengal, to the N. of the present course of the Ganges ; is 
 a tovra with a famous past. In the 17th century it was the cap. 
 of Bengal; in the next century it was renowned for its fine 
 musUns ('woven wind") ; but about the beginning of the pre- 
 sent century this manufacture (still pursued to a small extent) 
 began to decline in consequence of the import of Manchester 
 cottons, and virith the decline of this manufacture the pop. also 
 rapidly diminished. Mean temp., yr. 78° F., Jan. 66°, April 
 404 
 
 83°; rfall., yr. 73.7 in., April-Oct. 68.9 in., June-Sept. 48.7 in. 
 In 1800 its inhabitants numbered about 200,000, in 1891 less 
 than 85,000. P. 82,300; Hindus, 41,600; Moham. 40,200. 
 
 Dacban, market-tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 II m. NW. Munich. P. < 4000. 
 
 Dacbaaer Moos, a reedy marsh, Bavaria, near Dachau, be- 
 tween the Amper and Isar, now partly used as a peat bed, 
 partly occupied by agricultural colonies. 
 
 Dacbsteln, a high plateau of the Alps, in the S. of Upper 
 Austria, forming a semicircle round Hallstatt ; highest peak of 
 the D. on its S. edge, 9825 ft. 
 
 Dacota. See Dakota. 
 
 Dacre, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co. , 61 m. W. by S. 
 Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dacre, par., Eng., Cumberland, div. and 4 m. SW. by W. 
 Penrith, 2^ m. S. Blencow stn., P.O.; 7397 ac P. < 1000. 
 
 Dacre, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., on the 
 Nidd, 7^ m. WNW. Harrogate, on the NE. R., with flagstone, 
 PM.O.; S382ac. P. <75o. 
 
 D<Ular, tn., Brit. Baluchistan, 67 m. SE. by S. Quetta, at the 
 entrance to the Bolan Pass. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Daddaya, small isL, Spain, near Minorca, NNW. of Mahon, 
 with the small port of D. 
 
 Dade, co., U.S., Florida, in the extreme SE., containing a 
 large part of the Everglades. 
 
 Dade, CO., U.S., Georgia, in the extreme NW. 
 
 Dade, CO., U.S., Missouri, in the SW., to the S. of 38° N., 
 crossed in the W. by 94° W. 
 
 Dade City, U.S., Florida, cap. Pasco co., 140 m. SSW. oi 
 mouth of St. John's R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dades, nadi. See Draa, ITadl. 
 
D.At)-E — DAIS 
 
 Daderllle, tn., U.S., Alabama, Tallapoosa co., 4^ m. NE. 
 of Montgomery. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dadford, hamlet, Eng., Buckinghamshire, Stowe par., 3 m. 
 NW. Buckingham, PT.O. 
 
 Dadlon, tn., Greece, cap. prov. Phthiotis and Phocis, 46 m. 
 ENE. Lepanto. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Dadltiigtoii, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 3I m. S. 
 Bosworth, I m. NE. Stoke Golding (y.v.) stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Dadree Sbleld, hamlet, Eng., Durham, 12 m. W. Walsing- 
 ham, P.O. 
 
 Dddri, vil., Brit. India, Patiala, 60 m. W. Delhi. P. 7600; 
 Hindus, 5300; Moham. 2300. 
 
 Diid<i, tn., Brit. India, Sind, dist. Karachi, 112 m. SSW. 
 Jacobabad. P. (i88i)<3ooo. 
 
 Daelliem, or Dalheni, vil., Belgium, prov. and 10 m. NE. 
 Lifege. P. < 2000. 
 
 Dii'Dime-raud. See Damme-vand. 
 
 Daer Water, riv., Scot., principal headstream of the Clyde, 
 rises in extreme S. of Lanarkshire, flows io| m. N., and unites 
 with the Powtrail Water about 3 m. S. Elvanfoot. 
 
 Daet, tn., Philippine Is., Luzon I., cap. prov. N. Camarinas, 
 140 m. SE. Manila, on a small coast river with a bar at its mouth. 
 P. (1887) 8000. 
 
 Dafar, Arabia. See Dhafar. 
 
 Dafeu, eccles. par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 2 m. SE. 
 Llanelly, PM.O.; tin works. P. <45oo. 
 
 Daga, river arm. Lower Burma, leaves the Bassein R. a few 
 miles below the point where that river branches off from the 
 Irawadi, and rejoins it a few miles above Bassein, in 16° 55' N. 
 Practicable all the year round for native craft up to Kyun-pyaw. 
 
 Dagaua, or Dagbana, tn. , W. Africa, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Senegal, 84 m. NE. St. Louis by the direct route ; a French 
 trading station and military post. Unhealthy. P. (1872) < 3000. 
 
 Dagelet, or Sfatsusliinia, small wooded Japanese isl. , in 
 the Sea of Japan, in 37° 25' N., and 130° 56' E. Discovered by 
 La Perouse in 1787. 
 
 Dageitham, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 2J m. S. by W. 
 Romford, on the London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly. , PM.O. 
 D. Level, a tract on the Thames to the S. of the village, having 
 been flooded by the Thames, was drained and protected by an 
 embankmentby Perry in 1715-19. PMT.O. 6556 ac. P. < 4500. 
 
 Dagerort, Finnish Kallaulnna, cape, Russia, on southern 
 extremity of Dago I., on limit between Gulf of Finland and 
 Baltic Sea, 58° 55' N., 21° 53' E. 
 
 Daggeus Road, stn., Eng., Dorset, on the L. & SW. R., 2 
 m. SW. Fordingbridge. 
 
 Dagh, tagh, Turkish, 'mountain.' 
 
 Dagbana, tn. , W. Africa. See Dagana. 
 
 Dagbestan, Russian prov. [oblast] of Caucasia, on the NE. 
 slope of the main ridge, having Terek in the N. , Tiflis in the 
 SW. , Baku in the SE. , and Caspian Sea in the NE. With the 
 exception of a small part in the N. , and a nan'ow strip along 
 the Caspian shore, it is entirely occupied by the spurs and the 
 plateaux of the Caucasus, intersected by the deep gorges of the 
 four Koisu Rivs. (Avarian, Andian, Kazy-kumukh, and Kara 
 Koisu), which unite to make the Sulak, and the Samur with 
 its tribs. in the S. The littoral region has a warm climate, 
 suitable for vineyards, almond, peach, and apricot trees, as 
 well as for the culture of rice, Indian corn, and wheat. The 
 slopes of the mountains are chiefly given to the culture of wheat ; 
 while the plateaux have a cold climate, with a very short summer, 
 which only permits the culture of barley (highest inhabited spot, 
 at Kiu-ush, 8175 ft.). Forests are relatively scarce. No more 
 than 400,000 ac. are under culture. Cattle breeding important 
 source of income (45,000 horses, 1,500,000 sheep; buffaloes, 
 donkeys, and goats extensively kept). Rich in various minerals, 
 but only sulphur extracted at Chirkat, and some salt. Various 
 domestic trades in the mountain villages. The population, 
 which has long resisted against Russian conquest, is usually 
 known under the name of Lezgblans, who are divided into above 
 fifty tribes, and speak the Avarian language in the W. , and the 
 Dargo and Kurin languages in the E., Kumyk Tartars in the 
 N. The only towns are Temir-khan-shura (cap. of the prov.), 
 Derbent, and Petrovsk. The prov. is divided into nine dists. : 
 Temir-khan-shura, Avarian, Andian, Gunib, Dargo, Kazy- 
 kumukh, Kailago-Tabasaran, Kyurinsk, and Samur. Area, 
 11,492 sq. m. P. 590,400 (18,000 only in towns). 
 
 Daglliigivortb, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 2^ m. 
 NW. Cirencester, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dagnall, eccles. par. and hamlet, Eng., Buckinghamshire, 
 Aylesbury div., 7 m. WSW. Luton, 3^ m. NE. Tring stn., P.O. 
 See Edlesborougb. 
 
 Dago (Dagden, Esthonian Glo-ma), isl, Russia, govt. Es- 
 thonia, in the Baltic Sea, near the entrance of the Gulf of Finland, 
 separated from the isl. Oesel in the S. by Dagden Sund. Length, 
 34 m. ; breadth, 15 m. Poor marshy soil ; coasts rocky. P. 
 about 12,000. 
 
 Dagomba, dist. , W. Africa, in about 9|°-io° N. , o°-o° 40' W. 
 
 Dagure'ti, abandoned stn. of the Brit. E. African Association, 
 about 290 m. NW. Mombasa, in the Kikuyu cotmtry. 
 
 ' Dagsbarg, French Dabo, comm., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, 24 
 m. W. by N. Strassburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 DagsbfU, hill cantonment, India, 15 m. (42 m. by road) SW. 
 by S. Simla. P. <;4000. 
 
 Dagnpau, terminus of a railway line running N. (for 120 m.) 
 from Manila, Luzon I., Philippines. 
 
 Dagwomba, or Dagivninba, Negro kingdom, W. Africa, to 
 the NE. of Ashanti and NW. of Dahome; cap. Yandi. 
 
 Dabalak, isl. See Dablak. 
 
 Dabana, desert, Arabia. See Dabna. 
 
 Ddb^nn, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. ThAna, on the W. 
 ct., 75 m. N. Bombay. P. < 5000. 
 
 Dablna Pass, a pass across the Sulaiman Mts. , about 46 m. 
 S. of the place where that range is crossed by the Gumal R. 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1879, p. 55. 
 
 Dablra, or Dorrba, prov. of Oman, SE. Arabia, in the S. 
 part of the penin. which separates the Persian Gulf from the 
 Gulf of Oman. 
 
 Dabkotab, U.S. See Dakota. 
 
 Dablak, or Dabalak, a group of isls. in the Red Sea, be- 
 longing to Italy, 28 m. E. Massaua. The principal island, also 
 called D., is the Orina of the ancient Romans, which was 
 famous for its pearl fisheries. 
 
 Dablak, vil., on a bay on the W. ct. of Dahlak I. 
 
 Dablen, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 26 m. E. by N. Leipzig. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Dablbausen, manufacturing vil. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. West- 
 phalia, on R. Ruhr, 6 m. ESE. Essen. P. <40oo. 
 
 Dablonega (from Indian Taulauneca, 'yellow gold'), U.S., 
 Georgia, Lumpkin co., 64 m. NNE. Atlanta. Alt. 1519 ft., tr. 
 
 Dalune, riv. , Prussia, Brandenburg, flows N. then N W. into 
 the Spree, which it enters at Kopenick, 9 m. above Berhn, 
 canalised for 21 m. up, and connected by a canal and navigable 
 lakes with Teupitz, and this canal it is now proposed to continue 
 southwards till it joins the Elbe a few miles below Meissen 
 (Elbe-Spree Canal). See also Notte Canal and Storkower 
 Canal. 
 
 Dalune, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Jiiter- 
 bog-Luckenwalde, 39 m. SSE. Potsdam. P. 5100. 
 
 Dabmer, Nubia. See Ed Dabmer. 
 
 Dahna, or Dabana, the great desert in the S. of Arabia. 
 
 Dabome, or Daboniey, a W. African negro state, in the rear 
 of the slave coast. The country consists of undulating plains 
 and plateaux, partly covered by extensive tropical forests. It is 
 an agricultural coimtry, maize, bananas, ground-nuts, sugar- 
 cane, cofiee, and cotton being the chief products. The princi- 
 pal exports are palm-oil (steadily increasing) and gold dust. 
 The slave trade, which was in former times one of the most 
 flourishing export trades of D. , has now been completely 
 suppressed. D. has an evil reputation on account of the htunan 
 sacrifices which are annually offered in large numbers to the 
 fetishes and to the King of D. The government is despotic. 
 The king maintains a strong army, part of which are women. 
 D. now belongs to the French sphere of influence, and it is 
 hoped that by the recent occupation by the French the country 
 will be raised from its present state of barbarism. The chief 
 town is Abome ; Whyda, on the coast, is of importance on 
 account of its harbour. Area about 3900 sq. m. P. estimated 
 at 200,000. [H. <i. S.] 
 
 Dabonet, small port and fishing vil. , France, dep. Cotes du 
 Nord, on the bay of St. Brieuc ; tidal harbour, 17^ ft. deep at 
 high water ; improvements projected. 
 
 Dabra, region, Algeria. 
 
 Dabsbnr, vil. , Egypt, 18 m. S. by W. Cairo. 
 
 Dabn, ct. vil. , Brit. W. Africa, Lagos, on the Bight of Benin, 
 51 m. W. Lagos, in 2° 40' E. 
 
 Dabuul, dist. in the extreme SE. of British New Guinea. 
 
 Dalley's, settlement, U.S., Montana, Park co., 93 m. SE. 
 by E. Butte City. 
 
 Dalllebout, or Ste. Melanie, vil., Canada, Quebec, Joliette 
 CO., 46 m. NE. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dailly, par., Scot., S. Ayrshire, on the Water of Girvan, 5^ 
 m. ENE. Girvan, with a stn. (DaUly) on the G. & SW. R., 2I 
 m. SW. Kilkerran stn., PMT.O.; 17,962 ac. P. <:20oo; vil. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Dailly, Old, 3 m.WSW. 
 
 Dalmlel, tn. , Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, 60 m. SSE. Toledo, 
 with manufactures of hnen and woollen goods ; one of the most 
 important places in La Mancha. In the neighbourhood is the 
 ancient castle of Calatrava, a salt lake, and the Ojos de 
 Guadiana. P. 11,500 See Gnadlana. 
 
 Ddln-b&t, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Bardwan, 40 m. S. 
 Mm-shidabad. P. (1881) 5800 ; (1891)5100; Hindus, 5000. 
 
 Dalntree, Eng. See Dareiitry. 
 
 Dalra Dlnpana, vil., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Dera Ghdzi 
 Khan, 45 m. NW. Mtlltan. P. < 5000. 
 
 Dalrsle, par. and stn. , Scot. , E. Fife, 3 m. ENE. Cupar, on 
 the N. B. R., PMT.O. P. <:750. 
 
 Dairy Flat, South Australia. See Torrens Vale. 
 
 Daisbojl, tn., Japan, 100 m. NNE. Kyoto. P. 8900. 
 
 405 
 
DAIS — DALG 
 
 Daisy Bank, stn., Eng., S. Staffordshire, on the G. W. R., 
 
 about I m. S. Bilston. 
 
 Daisy Field, stn. , Eng. , Blackburn, Lancashire, on L. & Y. R. 
 
 Daisy Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, W. Houghton 
 div., on the L. & Y. R., 4^ m. E. Wigan, P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dajal, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Dera Ghdzi Khdn, 80 
 m. SW. by W. Miiltdn. P. (1881) 6000 ; (1891) 6100 ; Hindus, 
 2200 ; Moham. 3900. 
 
 Daka, or Gnaka, vil. , Brit. S. Africa, 160 m. NW. Buluwayo. 
 
 Dakar, seapt. , French W. Africa, Senegambia, with magni- 
 ficent harbour opposite Goree I., shehered by Cape Verde, 
 connected by rail with St. Louis (163 m.). D. itself is fairly 
 healthy, but at Hann, a short distance N., is a plantation culti- 
 vated by convict labour, where the soil is marshy and the 
 climate malarious. P. 8700. 
 
 Dake, Japanese, 'peak,' 'mountain.' 
 
 Daktaara, vil., W. Africa, Upper Guinea, in about 8° 15' N., 
 3° 32' W. 
 
 Dakhel, or Dakhleh, El, the W. oasis of Upper Egypt, 50 
 m. W. the oasis El Khargeh, in about 25° 30' N. , and 29° E. 
 Length, 28 ni. by 15 m. ; it contains the small towns El Kasr 
 and Kalamun. The soil is fertile, yielding dates, olives, &c. ; 
 with a warm sulphur-spring. 
 
 Dakka, tn. , Persia, on the Caspian Sea, 30 m. E. by N. Resht. 
 
 Dakkeli, the ancient Pselchis, vil.. Lower Nubia, on the 
 1. bk. of the Nile, about 71 m. above Assuan, with a fairly well- 
 preserved temple of the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus. 
 
 Daklet, tn., Egypt, 27 m. N. Tanta. 
 
 Dakor, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Kiira, 33 m. N. 
 Baroda. P. (1881) 7800 ; (1881)9500; Hindus, 9000. 
 
 Dakota, North and South (Dahkotah, Dacontah, a 
 native Sioux name meaning ' allied '), two of the U.S. , with an 
 area about ij times that of Great Britain. North D. on the 
 Canadian frontier, its E. boundary formed mainly by the Red 
 R. of the N. The surface consists mainly of vast rolling 
 prairies and undulating plateaux, becoming more rugged in the 
 W., where are numerous scattered 'buttes,' and rising in the 
 forest-covered Black Hills of the SW. to an average height of 
 5000 ft; highest point, Harney's Peak, 7368 ft. In the E. is 
 the plateau ' Coteau des Prairies,' 1000 to 2000 ft.; and be- 
 tween the James and Missouri Rivs. , the ' Coteau du Mis- 
 souri,' a grassy, almost treeless plain, which stretches S. 
 from Manitoba, covering an area of about 30,000 sq. m. 
 In the W. and SW. the ' Bad Lands,' so named because 
 of the difificulty of traversing them, extend along the Little 
 Missouri and White Rivs. Here numerous 'buttes,' worn 
 into fantastic forms, rise from the broken grassy surface. 
 With the exception of the Red R. and its tribs. , all the rivers 
 belong to the basin of the Missouri. As regards geological 
 structure. Cretaceous rocks predominate ; in the SW., Archaean 
 rocks form the core of the Black Hills, flanked by Permo- 
 Carboniferous and Mesozoic rocks ; in the S. , Tertiary deposits 
 extend in from Nebraska. The surface soil is generally a rich 
 black loam. The climate is one of extremes, but the winter 
 temperattire is sometimes modified by the ' Chinook ' winds. 
 Terrific ' blizzaids ' sometimes occur in the N. The rainfall, 
 which averages over 20 inches, is greatest in the S. and W. ; it 
 falls chiefly in spring and summer. [North D. — Bismarck, 
 Fort Baford, sit. Vincent, Pembina; South D. — Dead- 
 frood. Fort Solly, Yankton.] Agriculture forms the prin- 
 cipal industry. Wheat grows in perfection in North D. , above 
 all in the Red R. valley, and maize in South D. ; flax, cultivated 
 only for the seed, forms an important crop in South D. The 
 production of wheat, the finest in the U.S., has risen from less 
 than 3,000,000 bushels in 1880 to over 60,000,000 bushels in 
 1890. The scarcity of trees is being remedied by systematic 
 planting. Irrigation from artesian wells is in extensive opera- 
 tion in the James valley (1. bk. trib. Missouri). The Black 
 Hills, of which Deadwood is the mining centre, are exceedingly 
 rich in minerals, including gold, tin, nickel, and silver; coal 
 (lignite) is widely distributed, the principal workings being in 
 Morton and Stark cos. in the SW., and Ward co. in the N. 
 central. Large tracts in the W. and S. were reserved for the 
 Indians, chief of whom were the Sioux, but these reservations 
 are being gradually acquired by the U.S. government and 
 thrown open to settlement. N. Dakota, area 70,795 sq. m., 
 P. 182,700; 8. Dakota, area 77,650 sq. m., P. 328,800. See 
 United States, table. [E. J. H.] 
 
 Dakota, vil., U.S., Iowa, cap. of Humboldt co., on Des 
 Moines R., 85 m. NNW. Des Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dakota, co., U.S., Minnesota, bounded on the NE. by the 
 Mississippi, and on the NW. by the Minnesota R. 
 
 Dakota, tp. and vil., U.S., Nebraska, Dakota co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Missouri, 85 m. N. by W. Omaha. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Dakotas, tribe of Indians, U.S. See Sloax. 
 
 Dakshin Sh&hhAzpnr, large low-lying island in the Meghni 
 estuary, Bengal, Bikarganj dist., crossed by 22^° N., 9o|° E. 
 
 Dal, riv. , Sweden. See Dal-Elf. 
 
 Dala, suburb of Rangoon City, Lower Burma. P. (1881) 
 7000; (i89i)<5000. , , 
 
 406 
 
 Dalaas, vil. , Austria, Vorarlberg, in the Kloster-thal, 30 m. 
 SSE. Bregenz. P. < 2000. 
 
 Da-Lagna, riv. , Cochin China. See Iiagna. 
 
 Dalai- Nor Hnlan (or Hnmn), lake, Mongolia, near the 
 Russian frontier, in 49° 10' N., and 117° 20' E. See Argnft. 
 
 Dalame (Swedish , ' the valleys ' ) , or Dalecarlla, an old prov. 
 of Sweden, now comprised in that of Kopparberg ; has iron ore. 
 
 Dalari), vil., Sweden, Stockholm, on a peninsula in the 
 Baltic, frequented as a watering-place. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dalaro-ssle, Scot. See Moy. 
 
 DalaTlch, vil., Scot., Argyllshire, on the W. shore of Loch 
 Awe, 8^ m. W. by N. Inveraray. See Kllchrenan. 
 
 Dalbeattie, tn., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, a,\ m. E. by S. 
 Castle Douglas, on D. Burn, trib. Urr Water (y.z'.), on the 
 G. & SW. R. The granite quarries of Craignair are in the 
 neighbourhood. It has extensive granite polishing works, bone 
 and paper-mills, dye-works, concrete-works, &c. Alt. 30 ft. 
 Mean rfall. (1866-80), 47.3 in. P. <:35oo. 
 
 Dalbo, a small part of Lake Venern (Wener), Sweden, in the 
 SW. of the lake. 
 
 Dalby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 12 m. 
 SSE. Louth, 3 m. N. by E. Spilsby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Dalby with Skewsby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Thirsk and Malton div., 12^ ra. N. by E. York, 3J m. SW. by 
 S. Hpvjngham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Dalby, viL, Isle of Man, 4 m. SSW. Peel, \ m. E. Dalby 
 Point. P. "csoo. 
 
 Dalby, mun. tp., Queensland, Aubigny co., 100 m. W. by N. 
 Brisbane, on the railway running W. from Brisbane. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dalby, comm., Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, on the Klar Elf, 
 89 m. W. Falun. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Dalby, Great, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 3 m. 
 S. Melton Mowbray, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dalby, Little, par. , 2 m. ESE., PT.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Dalby on the Wolds, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton 
 div., 6 m. NW. by W. Melton Mowbray, with stn. (Old Dalby) 
 on the M. R., P.O. (Old Dalby). P. <5oo. 
 
 Dalby Beck, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, flowing S. 
 through the Whitby div., joining the Derwent on the r. bk. S. 
 by E. of Pickering. 
 
 Dalbnry, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 5 J m. W. by S. 
 Derby, 2 m. N. Etwall stn., P.O. (D. Lees). P."<25o. 
 
 Dalchrelchart, P.O., Scot., 9m. from Glenmoriston, Inver- 
 ness-shire. 
 
 Dalcross, stn., Scot., Inverness-shire, on the H. R., 7 m. 
 ENE. Inverness. See Croy. 
 
 Dalderby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 2J m. S. 
 by W. Horncastle, 15m. SSW.Louth. P. <25o. See Serlrelsby. 
 
 Dale, hamlet, Scotland, Shetland Is., Mainland, Delting par., 
 at the head of Dales Voe, 17 m. N. by W. Lerwick. 
 
 Dale, CO., U.S., Alabama, extreme SE. co. but one. 
 
 Dale, settlement, U.S., Oregon, Washington co. , 55 m. SE. 
 of the mouth of the Columbia. 
 
 Dale, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on Milford Haven, 6 m. 
 W. Milford, PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Dale Abbey, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, Ilkeston div. , 5^ m. E. 
 by N. Derby, i^ m. SSE. West Hallam stn. ; takes its name 
 from a priory founded in the time of Henry II. P. <5oo. See 
 Stanton by Dale. 
 
 Dalecarlla, Sweden. See Dalame. 
 
 Dal-Elf, riv. , Sweden, provs. Gefle and Kopparberg, formed 
 by the union of the Oster (E.) and Vester (W.) Dal, 20 m: W. 
 Falun, flows SE. and E. , traversing many lakes, and enters the 
 Gulf of Bothnia 10 m. E. Gefle ; it forms several cataracts, and 
 is navigable for rafts near its mouth. Length, 250 m. 
 
 Dale Head, hamlet, Eng., Cumberland, 6 m. SE. Keswick, 
 PM.O. 
 
 Dalehead, eccles. par. and hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, N. 
 div., W. Riding, Slaidburn par., 6 m. NW. Chatburn stn., P.O. 
 P. <500. 
 
 Dalen, comm., Netherlands, prov. Drenthe, 2| m. NE. 
 Koevorden. P. <3000. 
 
 Dalesborongh, vil. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, 121 m. SE. by 
 E. Regina. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dale Town, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 9^ m. NE. 
 Thirsk. P. <:25o. 
 
 Dalfors, vil., Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, 44 m. N. by W. 
 Falun. 
 
 Dalflsen, comm., Netherlands, prov. Overijssel, on the Vecht, 
 7 m. E. Zwolle. P. 5300. 
 
 Dalgaln, vil., Scot., S. Ayrshire, 11 m. SE. Kilmarnock, 3 
 m. N. by E. Auchinleck stn. 
 
 Dalgan, electoral div.. Ire., SE. co. Mayo, bar. Kilmaine, 9^ 
 m. W. by N. Tuam. 
 
 Dalgar'nock (' the field of the rough hillock'), ancient par., 
 Scot,, Dumfriesshire, Nithsdale, now annexed to Closeburn. 
 
 Dalgetty, par., Scot., Fife, on D. Bay, 4 m. WSW. Burnt- 
 island, i^ ra. WSW. Aberdour stn. , with coal-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 DalglnroBS, vil, Scot., W. Perthshire, on the Earn, si m. 
 W. Crieff, close to Comrie stn. 
 
DALG — DALS 
 
 Dalgnlse, vil. , Scot., W. Perthshire, on the r. bk. of the Tay, 
 3i m. NW. Dunkeld, on the H. R., P.O. 
 
 Oalbam, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Stowmarket div. , s^ m. E. by 
 S. Newmarket, 3 m. SSW. Higham stn., PT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Dalbem, vil., Belgium. See Daelheni. 
 
 DaUhonsle, vil., Burma, dist. and 60 m. SSW, Bassein, near 
 the mouth of the Bassein R., r. bk. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Dalbonsle, port of entry, Canada, New Brunswick, cap. 
 Restigouche co., on Chaleurs Bay, in 66° 22' W. ; has well- 
 sheltered harbour. P. <25oo. 
 
 Dallionsle, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Glengarry co. , on R. De- 
 lisle, 50 m. WSW. Montreal. Mean temp., yr. 35.9° F., Jan. 
 5. 8°, July 63. 2°. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dalhoasle, sanitary hill stn., India, Punjab, in a detached 
 part of Gurdaspur dist., surrounded by the native state of 
 Chamba, 93 m. NE. Amritsar, 51 m. by road from PathAnkot, 
 the nearest railway station. Alt. 7700 ft. First occupied in 
 i860. The BalAn cantonments are adjacent. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Dalhongle, vil., Scot., Midlothian, 2i m. SSW. Dalkeith, on 
 the N. B. R. P. (D. Colliery with PoltoiihaU) < 1000. 
 
 Dallionsle, co. , S. Australia, crossed by 33° S. , between 138° 
 and 139° E. 
 
 DaUionsle, co. , Victoria, crossed by 37° S. and 145° E. 
 
 Dall, Tartar, fool' name of several mountains and rivers in 
 Caucasia. 
 
 Dallas, tn., Spain, prov. and 20 m. W. by S. Almeria, with 
 extensive fisheries. P. 6300. 
 
 Dallbalre, or Mechln, viL , Canada, Quebec, co. Rimouski, 
 127 m. from Riviere du Loup. P. < 1500. 
 
 DaU1>nrgh, PMT.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, in the SW. of 
 S. Uist, in 57" 10' N. 
 
 Dallkl, vil. , Persia, 43 m. NE. Bushire ; borings for petroleum. 
 
 Dalj, comm., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Virovitica. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 DalJarrock, P.O., Scot., Ayrshire, 4 m. NE. Colmonell. 
 
 Dalkeith, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Glengarry co. , 53 m. W. 
 Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dalkeith (' the narrow valley'), police burgh of bar., market- 
 tn., and par., Scot., co. and 6 m. SE. Edinburgh, between the 
 North and South Esk rivers, on the N. B. R. Carries on iron- 
 moulding and carpet-weaving. Extensive coal-mines in the 
 dist. Adjoining is D. Park, a seat of the Duke of Buccleuch. 
 Alt. 190 ft. Mean temp. (20 yrs., 1861-80), yr. 47.1° F., Jan. 
 37.1°, July 58.9°. Market-day, Th. Par. P. 7700; tn. P. 7000. 
 
 Dalkey, par.. Ire., SE. ct. co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown, li m. 
 ESE. Kingstown, on the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Rly. 
 The town D. on the Irish Sea, immediately outside Dublin Bay. 
 was a seaport of some consequence in the 17th century. PMT. O, 
 Par. P. <3ooo. D. Island, a small isl. adjacent, separated 
 from the mainland by a narrow sound, has a martello tower. 
 
 Dalkey, post-stn., S. Australia, Gawler co., 50 m. N. by 
 W.Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dallagh Gill, or Dallowglll, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, Kirkby Malzeard par. P. <25o. 
 
 Dallam, co., U.S., Texas, in the extreme NW. 
 
 DaUas, par., Scot., Elginshire, 8J m. SW. Elgin, and 6 m. 
 S. Alvesstn., PM.O.; 22,903 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Dallas, CO., U.S., Alabama, N. of 32° N., and traversed by 
 Alabama R. 
 
 DaUas, CO., U.S., Arkansas, crossed by 34° N., and midway 
 between E. and W. frontiers. 
 
 Dallas, CO. , U.S. , Iowa, S. of 42° N. , and crossed by 94° W. , 
 traversed by Raccoon R. 
 
 Dallas, CO., U.S., Missouri, S. of 38° N., and crossed by 93° W. 
 
 Dallas, vil., U.S., Oregon, cap. of Polk co., 50 m. SW. by 
 S.Portland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dallas, city, U.S., Texas, cap. D. co., on Trinity R., 182 m. 
 W. by N. Shreveport (La.), situated amidst rich undulating 
 prairies ; important railway and commercial centre ; numerous 
 factories. Alt. 466 ft. and 432 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 10,400; 
 (1890) 38,100. 
 
 Dallas City, vil., U.S., Illinois, co. Hancock, on the Missis- 
 sippi, in 40° 37' N., IS m. N. Carthage. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dalldorf, a suburb of Berlin, Prussia. P. <:4000. 
 
 Dalles, city, U.S., Oregon, Wasco co., on the 1. bk. of the 
 Columbia R. , 72 m. E. by N. Portland. Ah. 350 ft. Mean 
 rfall. (12 yrs. ), 21.96 in. P. <4ooo. See Colnmhla Klver, U.S. 
 
 Dalles, The, U.S., Wisconsin {q.v.). 
 
 DaUiughoo, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 9^m. NE. 
 Ipswich, 4 m. W. byS. Wickham Market stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Dalllngton, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, on the Grand 
 Union Canal, partly in the bor. of Northampton, P.O. P. < 
 2500 ; eccles. pars. (D. St. James) P. <4Soo ; (D. St. Mary) 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Dalllngton, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 13 m. N. by E. 
 Eastbourne, 5 m. E. Horeham Road stn., PMT.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Dallmann Hafen, or Woodbnry, port, Ger. New Guinea, 
 in about 3° 25' S. , 143^° E. 
 
 Dallmann Strait, Ger. New Guinea, crossed by 3° 23' S. , 
 ^43i° E. , between the mainland and Mushu or Gressien I. 
 
 Dallowglll, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Dallagh GUI. 
 
 Dalmally, vil., Scot., Argyllshire, on the R. Orchy, 12 m. 
 NNE. Inveraray, on the C. R.; a resort of anglers and tourists. 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Dalmamock, eccles. par., Scot., Glasgow, Barony par. 
 P. 7400. 
 
 Dalmatla, the most southern of the Cis-Leithan provs. of 
 Austria- Hungary, consists of a narrow strip of country between 
 the Adriatic on the one side, and Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, 
 and Montenegro on the other. Geographically and ethno- 
 graphicaUy it belongs to the Balkan penin. For the orographical 
 and hydrographi cat features of D., see Karst. The chief rivers 
 are Zermanya, Kerka, Cettina, and Narenta, the courses of 
 which are in part subterranean. The coast-line of D. consists 
 of manypenins., islands, and sunken rocks, interrupted by a 
 series of gulfs and bays. There is no doubt that the islands 
 were formerly part of the mainland, from which they have been 
 separated by long-continued erosion. Moreover, there is evidence 
 of local upheaval of the country. The most remarkable of the 
 bays of D. is that called Bocche di Cattaro (q.v.). Extensive forests 
 formerly covered large tracts of the islands and of the mainland, 
 but they have long since disappeared, and the bold contours of 
 the barren rocks now form the characteristic features of the 
 coast-line. The climate on the whole resembles that of Italy, 
 but the mountain regions, where the snow sometimes continues 
 till May, are much colder. Agriculture is of little importance, 
 except in the vicinity of some of the towns. The rearing of 
 cattle is likewise limited. The inhabitants are Slavs and Italians, 
 and are excellent seamen. On the whole the pop. is thin. 
 Towns of importance are Zara (cap. of D.), Sebenico, Spalato, 
 Ragusa, Cattaro. D. , in spite of its natural resources and its 
 splendid geographical position, is at present in a state of de- 
 cline, but it is hoped that the Austrian annexation of Bosnia 
 will greatly favoiu" its improvement and development. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Dalmatle, Eiu-opean vil., Algeria, prov. Algiers, 2| m. NE. 
 Blida, with iron and copper ores and other minerals in the 
 neighbourhood. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dalmatov, tn. , Russia, govt. Perm, dist. Shadrinsk, 100 m. 
 ESE. Ekaterinburg, on Iset R. Mean rfall. (21 yrs.), yr. 12.6 
 in. , May-Sept. 9 in. P. 2000. 
 
 DAlman, tn. , Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Rd.i Bareli, on the 
 1. bk. of the Ganges, 50 m. SE. by E. Cawnpur. P. (1881) 5400 ; 
 (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Dalmelllng^n, par. and vil., Scot., S. A)Tshire, 11 m. E. 
 by S. Maybole, on the G. & SW. R., with numerous collieries 
 andiron-works, PMT.O. Par. 17, 783 ac, P. 5000; vil.P.<i5oo. 
 
 Dalmennoch, small bay, Scot., Wigtownshire, on the E. 
 shore of Loch Ryan, 3 m. NNE. Stranraer. 
 
 Dalmeny, par., Scot., Linlithgowshire, i m. SE. by E. 
 South Queensferry, on the N. B. R., PM.O. ; 5991 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Dalmore, ct. vil., Scot., Ross-shire, on the N. shore of 
 Cromarty Firth, 7^ m. W. Cromarty, 2^ m. W. Invergordon stn. 
 
 Dalmorton, mining centre and post-tn. , New South Wales, 
 Gresham co. , 290 m. N. by W. Sydney. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Dalmulr, vil. , Scot. , Dumbartonshire, near the r. bk. of the 
 Clyde, 3 m. NW. Renfrew, on the N. B. R. , PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Dalmy, isl. , Arabia, in the Persian Gulf, with rich pearl beds, 
 in 24° 36' N. , 52' 24' E. 
 
 Dalnaspldal, stn., Scot., W. Perthshire, on the Garry, 9 m. 
 N. by W. of the foot of Loch Rannoch, on the H. R. 
 
 Dalree, Scot. See Dairy. 
 
 Dalreoch, eccles. par., Scot., Dumbartonshire, on R. Leven, 
 adjoining Dumbarton on the N., with stn. on the N. B. R. 
 P. <:40oo. 
 
 Dalrlada. See Scotland, History. 
 
 Dalrlgh, Scot. See Dairy. 
 
 Dairy' ('king's level field'), par. and tn., Scot., N. Ayrshire, 
 16 m. S. Greenock, with a stn. on the G. & SW. R., with coal- 
 mines, woollen and worsted mills, &c. ; near it are the iron- works of 
 Blair and Glengamock. Par. 19,284 ac, P. 8200; tn. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Dairy, par. and vil. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, 8 m. NW. 
 New Galloway stn. , PMT.O. Par. 34,536 ac, P. < 1000; viL 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Dairy, dist. , Scot. , in the W. of Edinbiu-gh. 
 
 Dairy, Dalrlgh, or Dalree, place, Scot., near the NW. 
 border of Perthshire, i| m. SE. Tyndrum stn. The scene of a 
 skirmish between Bruce and Macdougal of Lome in 1306. 
 
 Dalrymple, settlement, Queensland, D. co. , 60 m. SW. by 
 W. Townsville. Near is a gjreat basaltic wall, nearly 70 m. in 
 extent, of volcanic formation, inaccessible to horsemen. 
 
 Dalrymple ('the valley of the rumbling pool'), par., Scot., 
 S. Ayrshire, on the Doon, 4^ m. NE. Maybole, with a stn. on 
 the G. & SW. R., P.O.; 7833 ac P. < 1500. 
 
 Dalrymple, Port, Tasmania. See Port Dalrymple. 
 
 Dalserf (' the field of St. Serf), par., Scot., Mid Lanarkshire, 
 on the Clyde, ■2\ m. S. Wishaw, i m. E. by S. Ayr Road stn.; 
 6956 ac. P. 11,300. 
 
 Dalsetter, hamlet, Scot., Shetland Is., Yell I., Fetlar and N. 
 Yell par., 8 m. E. by N. of the N. end of the Mainland, P.O. 
 
 Dalsland ('valley land'), dist., Sweden, between Lake 
 
 407 
 
D A L S — * D A M A 
 
 Wener and Norway, traversed N. to S. by two chains of hills 
 enclosing a fine valley, through which runs the Dais Canal, 
 connecting a series of lakes, 
 
 Dalston, vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Simcoe, 9 m. from Barrie. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Dalston, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Eskdale div. , on the Cal- 
 dew, 4 m. SW. by S. Carlisle, on the Maryport and Carlisle 
 Rly., PMT.O.; 12,417 ac. P. <25oo; eccles. par. (D. -viitb 
 Cumdlrock) P. < 2000. 
 
 Dalston, a suburb of London, Eng., Middlesex, Hackney 
 bor. , 3 m. NE. by N. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Dalston Junction, stn., London, Eng., on the N. L. R. 
 and G. E. R., 2^ m. NNE. St. Paul's. 
 
 Dalswlnton, vil., Scot., co. and 7^ m. NW. Dumfries, P.O. 
 On a small lake in the estate of Dalswinton, Patrick Miller tried 
 the first steamboat ever made in Great Britain, October 14, 1788, 
 an experiment to which the practical introduction of steam navi- 
 gation is directly traceable. 
 
 Dalton, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the Sault St. Mary 
 line of the C. P. R. , 661 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Dalton, par., Eng., Lancashire, 5^ m. NW. Wigan, with 
 coal and building stone. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dalton, par., Eng., Lancashire, 10 m. NE. Lancaster. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Dslton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., on 
 the Pont, 10 m. SW. lay S. Morpeth, 4^ m. N. by W. Wylam 
 stn., PM.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Dalton, hamlet, Eng., Northumberland, on Rowley Bum, 
 div. and 4 m. SSW. Hexham, P.O. 
 
 Dalton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton 
 div. , at the confluence of the Isle Beck and Cold Beck, 8 J m. 
 ENE. Ripon, i m. WNW. Sessay stn. P. <25o. See TopclllTe. 
 
 Dalton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 5^ m. 
 NW. by N. Richmond, vfiih a stn. on the NE. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Dalton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W'. Riding, div. and 2 m. E. 
 by N. Rotherham, P.O. (D. Parra). P. <5oo. 
 
 Dalton, post-tn.. New South Wales, King co., 35 m. W. 
 Goulburn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dalton, par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, si m. SSE. Lochmaben, 
 3J m. NE. by N. Ruthwell stn., PT.O.r6886 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Dalton, city, U.S., Georgia, Whitefield co., 41 m. ESE. of 
 NW. comer of state. P. <4000. 
 
 Dalton, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co., 19 m. S. by 
 E. of the NW. comer of the state. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Dalton, Xortb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., 18 m. NW. by N. Hull, 2 m. W. Bainton stn., PM.O.; 
 4639 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Dalton, Soatb, par., 5 m. SSE. North Dalton, 3 m. ENE. 
 Kipling Cotes stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Dalton, South, eccles. par. , Durham. See Dalton-le-Dale. 
 
 Daltonganj, DaltongnnJ (census), tn., Brit. India, Bengal, 
 dist. Lohardaga, 80 m. SW. Gaza. Immediately to the N. lies 
 the D. coalfield. P. (1881) 7400; (1891) 5200; Hindus, 4000; 
 Moham. iioo. 
 
 Dalton Holme, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 4 
 m. NW. Arram stn., PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Dalton in Fnrness, market-tn. and par., Eng., Lancashire, 
 N. Lonsdale div., 4 m. NNE. Barrow, with stn. (Dalton) on 
 the Furness Rly.; has iron ore (red hematite) mines. In the 
 vicinity are the ruins of Fumess Abbey. Market-day, S. Par. 
 7223 ac, P. 13,300 ; eccles. par. (D. In F. St. Mary) P. 9600. 
 
 Dalton-le-Dale, par., Eng., Diurham, Houghton-le-Spring 
 div., 6^ m. S. Sunderland, i| m. E. by N. Murton stn., P.O. 
 (Dalton). P. <25o ; eccles. par. (D.-le-D. or South D., and 
 Holy Trinity) P. 5900. 
 
 Dnlloii Parva. See Dalton, Rotherham div., Yorkshire. 
 
 Dalton Peak, mt., U.S., Nevada, Elko co., in the W., 130 
 m. WSW. of the NE. comer of the state. Alt. 9232 ft. (King). 
 
 Dalton Plercy, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 4^ m. WSW. 
 Hartlepool, 3 m. S. by W. Hart stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Dalton Station, vil., U.S., Illinois, co. Cook, not far from 
 Chicago. P. <;i50o. 
 
 Dalton-upon-Tees, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Rich- 
 mond div., on the r. bk. of the Tees, 4^ m. S. Darlington, i m. 
 N. by W. of its stn. (D.) on the NE. R. P. <2So. 
 
 Dalnplrl, one of the Philippine Is., to the N. of Luzon, in 
 19° 2' N., 121° 13' E. (S. end). 
 
 DalTcen, pass, Scot., over the Lowther Hills, on the SW. 
 border of Lanarkshire and Dumfriesshire, crossed by the old 
 Roman or Wellpath road from Thomhill in Nithsdale to the 
 Clyde valley. Alt. 1200 ft. 
 
 Dalwhinnle, stn., Scot., Inverness-shire, on the Truim, 12^ 
 m. SW. Kingussie stn., on the H. R., P.O. 
 
 Dalwood, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Honiton div. , 3 m. WNW. 
 Axminster, 2m. N. Seaton Junc.,P.O. P. <5oo. SeeStoeUand. 
 
 Daly, riv. , N. Terr, of S. Australia, flows N W. , and enters 
 Anson Bay in about 13° 25' S. ; navigable 100 m. for large boats. 
 
 Daly, CO. , S. Australia, crossed by 34° S. and 138° E. 
 
 Daly, mt., U.S., Colorado, Pitkin co., 118 m. WSW. Denver, 
 and 42 m. W. Leadville. Alt. 13,193 ft- (Hayden). 
 408 
 
 Dalystown, P.O., Ire., 6 m. from Loughrea, co. Galway. 
 
 DalystOT»"n, electoral div.. Ire., co. Longford, dist. Granard. 
 
 Dalystown, tnld.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Lower Moyfenrath, 
 Trim par. P. <25o. 
 
 Dalysto-wn, tnld.. Ire., S. co. Westmeath, bar. Fartullagh, 
 6 m. SSW. MuUingar, 7 m. from Trim stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Daly Waters, telegraph stn., N. Terr, of S. Australia, in 
 16° 17' S., 133° 29' E. Alt. 750 ft. Mean temp. (5 yrs.), yr. 
 86.1° F., Jan. 91°, July 74.8° ; rfall. (10 yrs.), 31.19 in. 
 
 Dalziel, par. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, including part of the towns 
 of Motherwell and Wishaw ; 3039 ac. P. 19,200. 
 
 Damak, tn. , Java. See Demak. 
 
 Damala, vil. , Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinthia, 32 m. E. 
 by S. Nauplia, i m. SE. from the site of the ancient Troezen. 
 
 Dam&n, tn. and dist., India, 102 m. N. by E. Bombay, on 
 the coast, belonging since 1780 to the Portuguese, to whom it 
 was ceded by the Marathis. Formerly noted for its weaving 
 and dyeing, and still weaves piece-goods of a quality and pattern 
 worn only in Goa, Diu, and Mozambique, whither they are ex- 
 ported. Area of dist. , which is defended by two forts, 82 sq. m. 
 P. (1881) 49,000. 
 
 Dam&n, or The Border, a tract of country between the 
 Suldiman Mts. and the Indus R., in Deri Ismail Kh4n dist., 
 Pimjab, Brit. India. It is 300 m. long and 60 m. broad. In 
 some parts the surface consists of hard clay or loose sand. 
 Where irrigated it is very fertile. 
 
 Damanhur, ancient Hermopolis Parva, tn.. Lower Egypt, 
 cap. prov. Behere, 36 m. ESE. Alexandria, with large cotton- 
 ginning mills. P. 19,600. 
 
 Damanhur Chohra, viL, Egypt, on the Nile, 5 m. N. 
 Cairo ; the summer residence of the Egyptian viceroy. 
 
 Damar, Dhamar, or Dimar, tn., Arabia, govt. Yemen, 
 60 m. SSE. Sana. About 2 m. N. rises the hill of Hirran, 
 with a citadel and some remarkable cave-tombs. Alt. 8000 ft. 
 
 Damar, Pnln, isl. , Java. See Edam. 
 
 Damara-land, a country of SW. Africa, forming part of the 
 German possessions there. It is bordered N. by the Ovambo 
 country, S. by Great Namaland, W. by the Atlantic, and E. by 
 the Kalahari desert ; the limits are, however, very uncertain, 
 especially towards the Kalahari. D. is a mountainous and 
 hilly country. Palaeozoic rocks (gneiss and crystalline schists) 
 and sandstones (table mountains) being prevalent. The highest 
 summits are the Omatako (7500 ft.), Otyhivero (7200 ft.), and 
 Awas (7000 ft.) moimtains. The mountains contain copper, 
 especially at Matchless and Otavi, but owing to the absence of 
 coal and the difficulties of transport the copper mines have not 
 yet been worked at a profit. Traces of gold have been found 
 on the Tsoachaub and Kuisip rivers, but not in workable 
 quantities. All rivers of D. are periodic, the deeply cut river- 
 beds having, however, in most cases, tmdergroimd water-supplies. 
 The most important rivers are the Kuisip, Tsoachaub, and 
 Omaruru. The country is inhabited by a Bantu tribe, the 
 Ovaherero, whom the Hottentots call Damaras, whence the 
 country derives its name. Their chief occupation is cattle- 
 rearing, D. being well adapted for pastoral pursuits. D. is but 
 thinly peopled ; the principal places are Omaruru, Okahandya, 
 and Otyimbingue, the last being the trading centre of the 
 country and the seat of the German officials. Dispersed among 
 the Ovaherero lives an interesting race, the HiU-Damaras, or 
 Haukoin, who are the parias of the country. Their origin is 
 quite uncertain ; they speak the Hottentot language, but differ 
 from Hottentots and Bantus. The whole coast-line W. of D. 
 has but one good harbour, the Walvishbay (Brit. ). P. estimated 
 at 130,000. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Damaran, isl.. Eastern Archipelago, to the E. of Paid wan, 
 in 10° 45' N. , 120° 5' E. ; 45 m. in circumference. 
 
 Damartscotta, tn., U.S., Maine, Lincoln co. , 25 m. SE. by 
 S. Augusta, on the E. side of the inlet known as Damariscotta 
 K., which is navigable for vessels of any size 16 m. up. P. < 1500. 
 
 Damarsara, vil., Malay Penin., in the Brit, protectorate of 
 Selangor, on the R. Klang, at the head of navigation for steam 
 launches. 
 
 Damascus (said to be derived from a Hebrew root meaning 
 'activity'), called in Arab writings Dimeshk, but known to 
 the people only as Esh-Shdm, a city of Syria, and the cap. of 
 the pashalik, situated on a vast plain of extreme fertility to the 
 E. of the chain of Anti-Lebanon, and on the edge of the desert. 
 Lat. (of Great Mosque) 33° 30' 30" N., long. 36" 18' 24" E. It 
 is vratered by the Barada {Abana) (q.v.), which sends off 
 numerous branches to irrigate the meadows, corn-fields, and 
 orchards. Its numerous mosques, surmounted by golden 
 crescents, and its many tall white minarets, show to great 
 advantage against the deep green foliage. Inside the walls, 
 which comprise massive remains of Roman and Saracenic 
 masonry, the streets are narrow, crooked, and unpaved. The 
 most conspicuous objects are the Great Mosque, a magnificent 
 building of Christian origin, with a dome 120 ft. in height, 
 three minarets, one of which is 250 ft. high ; the Great Khan, 
 Greek cathedral and churches, and Armenian convent. The 
 'street called straight," i m. in length, runs through the city 
 
DAM A 
 
 DAN B 
 
 from E. to W. ; at its E. end is an ancient gateway, W. and 
 N. of which is the Christian quarter. The Jews' quarter is in 
 the S. , and the Turkish round the old castle in the NW. In 
 the SW. is the large suburb of Meidan, in which is ' the Gate 
 of God,' whence the pilgrim caravan passes on its way to 
 Mecca. Outside the walls, on the SE. , is the English cemetery, 
 with the tomb of Arnold Broomfield and the grave of Mr. 
 Buckle, the historian. From the great abundance of pure 
 running water, the streets are much more cleanly than those 
 of other Eastern tovnis. Climate healthy, though intermittent 
 fever prevails from August till the cold season. Cotton, wool, 
 and silk-weaving by hand are largely carried on. Metal-work- 
 ing and mother-of-pearl inlaid work are also important indus- 
 tries. The chief imports are Manchester cottons, petroleum 
 from Batum, rice, sugar, and hardware ; principal exports, 
 grain and flour, fruit (above all, apricots), wool, and hemp. 
 Its trade with the W. is much facilitated by the road to Beirut 
 {a. v.), opened in 1863. Railways connecting the city with 
 Beirut and Haifa are now projected, and a railway to Mezerib 
 (70 m. distant), in the rich wheat-growing dist. of the Hauran, 
 to the S. of D., is completed (1894). A carriage road to Homs 
 has also been undertaken. According to Josephus, D. was 
 founded by Uz, son of Aram, and grandson of Shera. It is 
 first mentioned in Scripture as the residence of Eliezer, the 
 steward of Abraham ; add it has retained its perennial vigour 
 while generations of cities have fallen into decay. A Protestant 
 mission was established in 1848, and is carried on with great 
 zeal by the Presbyterian Church of Ireland, and by that of 
 the United States of N. America. D. suffered severely during 
 the massacre of the Christians by the Druses in i860. Alt. 
 2265 ft. Mean temp, (i yr.), yr. 64° F., Jan. 45.5°, July 80.8°. 
 Pop. estimated in 1891 at 210,000, of whom about 180,000 were 
 Mohammedans, the remainder principally Christians and Jews, 
 the Christians mostly of the orthodox Greek Church, but 
 including also Maronites, Greek Catholics, Armenians, &c. 
 
 Damascas, vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Wayne co., on the 
 Delaware K., 18 m. NE. Honesdale. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Damastown, P.O., Ire., co. Dublin, 8 m. from Balbriggan. 
 
 Damazau, tn., France, dep. Lot et Garonne, arr. N6rac, 19 
 m. WNW. Agen. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Danibacli, tn., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, 23 m. SW. by S. 
 Strassburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Daniborzltz, vil., Austria, Moravia, 17 m. SE. Brunn. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Dambuln, vil., Ceylon, 40 m. N. Kandy, with cave temples 
 and Buddhist sculptures. 
 
 Danieghan, tn. , Persia. See Damghau. 
 
 Damems, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, on the M. R., 8 m. WNW. 
 Bradford, div. and 2 m. SW. Keighley. 
 
 Damerga, dist., Africa, Sudan, W. of Lake Chad ; a fertile 
 region, including about 70 towns and villages; chief town 
 Taghelel. 
 
 Damerham, South, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 9 m. 
 SSW. Salisbury, 2 m. W. by N. FordinglDridge stn., P.O. 
 (Damerham) ; 4681 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Dames Moss, a moorland tract, Eng., Cheshire, Macclesfield 
 div. , stretching SSW. from Macclesfield. 
 
 Damgaii, tn. , Persia. See Damghan. 
 
 Danigarten, tn. , Prussia. See Dammgarten. 
 
 Damghau, Damgan, or Dameghau, tn. , Persia, 45 m. S. 
 Astrabad, on the S. side of Elburz ; in the time of the Shah 
 Abbas an important town of 15,000 houses. P. 2000. 
 
 Damhead, P. O. , Ire. , co. Londonderry, 2 m. from Coleraine. 
 
 Damh Loch, lake, Scot., Ross-shire, in the W., drained N. 
 into Upper Loch Torridon, 4 m. long by ^ m. broad. Alt. 129 ft. 
 
 Daniieh, Palestine. See Ed Damleh. 
 
 Dauiietta, Arabic Dtmlat, tn. and river-port. Lower Egypt, 
 on r. bk. of the great E. branch of the Nile, at its delta, 8 m. 
 from its mouth, in the Mediterranean, 31 m. WNW. Port Said. 
 The seat of a Coptic bishop. The construction of a harbour 
 here has long been under consideration. Old Damletta, 
 repeatedly taken by the Christians during the Crusades, was 
 about 4 m. N. , where there are some of its remains. P. 34,000. 
 
 Damltz, riv. , Prussia. See Persaute. 
 
 Damm, coram. , Ger. , Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, adjoin- 
 ing Aschaffenburg on the NW. P. <400o. 
 
 Damm, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt. Frankfort, 
 circle Konigsberg, immediately adjoining Neudamm. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Damma, isl. , Eastern Archipelago, one of the Moluccas, to 
 the NE. of Timor, in 7° 5' S. , and 128° 30' E. ; it yields sulphur, 
 and has good anchorage. 
 
 Dammartiii-eu-Goele, tn. , France, dep. Seine et Marne, arr. 
 and II m. NW. by W. Meaux. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Dammastock, mt. See Alps, Subdivisions, U. B. 2. 
 
 Damoie, comm. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 3 m. NE. 
 Bruges. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dammer, isl., E. Archipelago, one of the Molucca Is., close 
 to the S. end of Halmah^ra. 
 
 Dammer, isl. , E. Archipelago, ene of the Serwatti Is. , in the 
 S. of the Banda Sea. 
 
 Dammerklrch, French Dannemarle, vil., Ger., Alsace- 
 Lorraine, 13 m. SW. by W. Miilhausen, on the Marne and 
 Rhine Canal. P. <2oc)0. 
 
 Danune-Tand (' dam-lake '), small lake, Norway, a few miles 
 NE. of the head of the Eidfjord, formed Uke the Marjalen lake 
 in Switzerland by a glacier-dam, and, like it, apt at times to 
 cause destructive floods by the melting of the ice in the glacier. 
 To avert such disasters in future a tunnel, about 50 yards in 
 length, is to be pierced through a range of hills to carry off the 
 water before it rises to any great height. 
 
 Dammfeld, a sandy tract, Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 including a considerable extent of pasture (the Dammwiese), 
 between the Elsenfeld and Erlenbach. 
 
 Dammgarten, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, at the mouth 
 of the Recknitz, 26 m. W. by S. Stralsund. P. <20oo. 
 
 Damm-llast, comm., Prussia, prov. Brandenbiorg, govt. 
 Potsdam, circle and 11 m. SW. Templin, opposite Zehdenick. 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Dammratsch, comm., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Oppeln, 
 38 m. E. by S. Breslau. P. <:3000. 
 
 Dammscher-See, lake, Prussia, Pomerania, to the NE. ot 
 Stettin, formed by and near the mouth of the Oder. Navigable 
 throughout. 
 
 Ddmodar, riv., Bengal, after a SE. course falls into the 
 Hugli i^.v.), just above the James and Mary Sands. A little 
 below the mouth of its chief trib., the Bardkhar, which it 
 receives from the N. , the D. becomes navigable. The valleys 
 of these two streams contain the coalfields which produce about 
 four-fifths of the whole amount of coal raised in British India. 
 Length about 350 m. 
 
 Damoh, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , cap. dist. D. , 55 m. 
 NW. by N. Jabalpur. P. (i88i) 8700; (i88i) 11,800; Hindus, 
 9400. 
 
 Damot, a prov. of Gojam, in the S. of Abyssinia. 
 
 Dampler, isl. , Ger. New Guinea. See Karkar. 
 
 Dampler, co. , New South Wales, on the ct. , crossed by 36° S. 
 
 Dampier, William, the most adventurous navigator of the 
 17th century. Born in Somerset, England, 1652 ; date of death 
 not known. 
 
 Dampler Archipelago, off the NW. coast of Australia, in 
 21° S. , 116° to 117° E. , and comprises Enderby, Lewis, Rose- 
 mary, Legendre, Depuch, and many smaller islands. 
 
 Dampler Laud, large penin. in the NW. of Australia, 
 between King's Sound and the Indian Ocean. 
 
 Damplerre, vil., France, dep. Jura, arr. D61e, on the Doubs, 
 15 m. WSW. Besanfon. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Damplerre, vil. , France, dep. Seine et Oise, arr. Rambouillet, 
 10 m. SW. Versailles. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dampierre-snr-S&lou, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Saone, arr. 
 Gray, on the Salon, 28 m. NW. by N. Besan9on. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dampler Strait. I. E. Archipelago, between the isL of Vaigeu 
 and the NW. ct. of New Guinea. 2. Another between New 
 Pomerania and New Guinea. 
 
 Dampremy, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, i m. NW. 
 Charleroi, with coal-mines. P. 9300. 
 
 Damshausen, vil., Prussia, prov. Wiesbaden, circle Bieden- 
 kopf, with copper ore. P. <20oo. 
 
 Damns, fort, on the N. ct. of Algeria, 80 m. W. by S. Algiers. 
 
 Damvllle, vil., France, dep. Eure, on the Iton, arr. and 12 
 m. SSW. Evreux. P. < 2000. 
 
 DamvlUers, vil., France, dep. Meuse, arr. Montm^dy, 13m. 
 N. Verdun-sur-Meuse. P. <20oo. 
 
 Damyaue, vil., Egypt, 28 m. WSW. Damietta. 
 
 Dan, sometimes den, in place-names, ' belonging to the Danes. ' 
 
 Dan, riv. , U.S. , rises in the Blue Ridge in Virginia, and flows 
 on the whole E. , partly in Virginia, partly in N. Carolina, till 
 it unites with the Staunton to form the Roanoke ; navigable 
 loo m. up. 
 
 Dan, place named in O. T. See Tell el Kady. 
 
 Dana, riv., E. Africa. See Tana. 
 
 Dana, vil., Syria, 5 m. W. Aleppo, with numerous ruins, 
 supposed to be those of the ancient Imma ; near is the convent 
 and ruined pillar of St. Simon-Stylites. 
 
 Dana, tp. , U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co. , 24 m. NE. 
 Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dana, settlement, U.S., Wyoming, Carbon co. , 143 m. 
 WNW. from the SE. corner of the state. 
 
 Dana, Mount, mt. , U.S., California, in the Sierra Nevada. 
 170 m. E. San Francisco. Alt. 13,227 ft. (Whitney, b). 
 
 Danagla, African tribe. See Barahra. 
 
 Danakll, African tribe. See Afar. 
 
 Danhnry, par. , Eng. , Essex, Chelmsford div. , 4J m. W. by 
 S. Maldon, PMT.O. P.<:iooo. 
 
 Danhury, city, U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co., 20 m. NW. 
 Bridgeport ; good water-power afforded by an affluent of the 
 Housatonic. Long noted for manufacture of hats. P. (1890) 
 16,600. 
 
 Danbury, tp. and vil., U.S., New Hampshire, Merrimack 
 CO., 27 m. NW. by N. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Danhy, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 13 m. 
 
 409 
 
DANE — DANU 
 
 W. by S. Whitby, 2 m. SW. of its stn. on the NE. R. D. 
 Castle, i^ m. ENE. P.O. Par. 6289 ac, P. < 1500. 
 
 Danby, tn., U.S., Vermont, co. and 20 m. S. Rutland, with 
 marble quarries. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Danby Moor, upland tract, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 about 10 m. W. Whitby. 
 
 Danby Wiske, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond 
 div. , on the Wiske, loj m. S. by E. Darlington, 3J m. N. by 
 W. Northallerton, on the NE. R., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. 
 (D. W. with Yafforth) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Dandalelth, stn., Scot., Elginshire, on the G. N. of S. R., 
 9I m. WSW. Keith. 
 
 Dandaloo, post-tn.. New South Wales, Narromine co., on 
 the r. bk. of the Bogan, 145 m. NW. by W. Bathurst. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Dande, riv. , Africa, Portuguese Lower Guinea, forms the N. 
 boundary of the dist. of Angola, and flows into the Atlantic, 
 with a town, D. , on its banks, which lies N. of Loanda. 
 
 Dandenong, tn. , Victoria, Bourke and Momington cos. , on 
 D. Creek, 20 m. SE. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dandot, colliery, Brit. India, in the N. of Pimjab. 
 
 Dandrldge, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Jefferson co. , on the 
 French Broad R., 185 m. E. Nashville, 27 m. E. Knoxville, in 
 36° N. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dane, co., U.S., Wisconsin, in the S., W. of 89° W., and 
 crossed by 43° S. Madison, the cap. of the county, is also the 
 cap. of the state. 
 
 Dane Bridge, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Devenham and 
 Great Bud worth pars. P. < 3000. 
 
 Danebury, hill with round camp, Eng., Hampshire, iij m. 
 NW. by W. Winchester. 
 
 Dane End, P.O., Eng., Herefordshire, 4 m. N. Ware. 
 
 Dane Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, E. Grinstead div., 11 
 m. N. Lewes, 2^ m. ESE. Horsted Keynes stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Dane Blrer, Eng. , rises on Axe Edge, in the W. of Derby- 
 shire, forms part of the boundary between Staffordshire and 
 Cheshire, then flows through Cheshire, past Congleton and 
 Middlewich, till it joins the Weaver on the r. bk. at Northwich. 
 
 Danesfort, par. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny, bar. Shillelogher, 5^ m. 
 S. Kilkenny, P.O.; 5062 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Danesfort, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Roscommon, dist. Aughrim. 
 
 Danesntoor, PM.O., Eng., Derbyshire, 2 m. from Claycross. 
 
 Danesto'wn, par., Ire., co. Meath, bars. Lower Duleek and 
 Skreen, 3 m. W. Duleek. P. <:25o. 
 
 DaneTlrke, post settlement of Scandinavian emigrants. New 
 Zealand, North I., Waipawa co., 65 m. SW. Napier, in the 
 midst of the Seventy-Mile Bush forest. Founded 1872. 
 
 Danforth, tn., U.S., Maine, co. Washington, 83 m. NE. 
 Bangor by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Danforth, vil., U.S., New York, Onondaga co. (to the SW. 
 of Oneida Lake). P. < 1500. 
 
 Dangan, electoral div., Ire., co. Clare, dist. Quin. 
 
 Dangan, electoral div.. Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 8 
 m. W. by N. Youghal. 
 
 Dangan, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Meath, bar. Lower Moyfenrath, 
 4 m. SSE. Trim. The Duke of Wellington lived here in his 
 boyhood. P. <25o. 
 
 Danganbeg, electoral div. , co. Limerick, dist. Broadford. 
 
 Dangandargan, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bars. Clanwilliam 
 and Middlethird, 2 m. SW. CasheL P. <25o. 
 
 DangandonoTan, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 4 m. 
 N. Castlemartyr. P. <soo. 
 
 Dangans, electoral div. , Ire. , Queen's co. , dist. Mountmellick. 
 
 Dangast, sea-bathing place, Ger., Oldenburg, circle Varel, 
 on Jahde Gulf, with a sandy beach. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dang^, tn., France, dep. Vienne, arr. Ch&tellerault, on the 
 Vienne, 32 m. S. Tours. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dange, riv. , Prussia, govt. Konigsberg, rises on the plateau 
 of Shamaitan, Russia, and is navigable from the Russian frontier. 
 It flows into the Kurisches Hafif. 
 
 Danger, Isles of, a small group in the Pacific, in 11° S. and 
 166° W. 
 
 Dangerous Archipelago, a group of isls. in the Pacific, in 
 21° S. and 140° W., including the Palliser, Resolution, Harp, 
 and other islands. 
 
 Danger Point, cape, Cape Colony, S. ct. , in 19° 20' E. , 70 
 m. SE. Cape Town. 
 
 Dangln, post-stn., W. Australia, Howick co. , 85 m. E. 
 Perth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dangla, mt. range, Tibet, stretching from 90° to 97° E. in 
 33^ N. at an average alt. of about 20,000 ft. See Tibet. 
 
 D&ngrA-yum-cho, large brackish lake, Tibet, crossed by 
 31° N. and 86^° E., 45 m. long by 25 m. broad at its widest ; 
 no known outlet, /our. R. G. S., 1^77, pp. 109-10. 
 
 D<kngB, The, tract of country, India, Bombay, in the Political 
 Agency of Khdndesh dist., consisting of fifteen petty states, 
 ruled by Bhfl chieftains ; the tribe next in importance to the 
 Bhfls (q.v.) are the Konk4n(, who are more settled in their 
 habits, and more inclined to agriculture. Territory crossed by 
 aoJ°N., 73f E. 
 410 
 
 Dangn, vil., France, dep. Eure, 5 m. SW. Gisors, arr. Les 
 Andelys, with bronze, zinc, and copper manufactory. P. <20oo. 
 
 Danholm, or Strale, small isl., Prussia, in the Baltic, oppo- 
 site Stralsund, in the narrow strait between Riigen and the 
 mainland. A Prussian gunboat station. 
 
 Dftnl&n, site, Palestine, Danjaan in the O. T., 33° 6' N., 
 35° 8' E., xx\ m. S. by W. Tyre. 
 
 Danlels-knll, vil. , Cape Colony, Griqua Land West, dist. 
 Barkly West, 95 m. WNW. Kimberley ; native quicksilver 
 reported. P. (with Klein Boetsap and Groot Boetsap)<i5oo. 
 
 Danlelsonyille, vil., U.S., Connecticut, co. Windham, 10 
 m. N. Plainfield by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 DanlloT, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 44 m. N. of Yaroslavl. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Danlsche Wlek, the bay at the head of the Riigenscher 
 Bodden, forming the harb. of Greifswald ; navigable by vessels 
 drawing 14I ft. ; open from about the middle of March to the 
 middle of November. 
 
 Diinlschwohld, part of the former duchy of Schleswig (now in 
 Prussia), between the Eckernforde and Schleswig-Holstein canal. 
 
 Danjaan, place named in O. T. See D&nlftn. 
 
 Dankall. See Afar. 
 
 Dankar, viL, India, Punjab, Ktogra dist., cap. of the Spiti 
 tract, in 32° 5' N. , 78° 15' E. , with a rude fort belonging to govt. 
 The inhabitants are pure Tibetans. Alt. 12,774 ft. P. <sooo. 
 
 Dankara, or Denklra, terr., W. Africa, Upper Guinea, on 
 the Gold Coast, viathin the British protected area, to the SW. of 
 Kumassi, with gold-mines. 
 
 Dankaur, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Bulandshahr, 
 30 m. SE. Delhi. P. (1881) 5100. 
 
 DankoT, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and mm. SW. of Ryazan, 
 on r. bk. of Don. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dan Lough, small lake, Ire., in the NE. of co. Wicklow, 10 
 m. NW. by W. Wicklow, drained S. by the Avonmore. 
 
 Danna, isl., Scot., Argyllshire, between Loch Sween and 
 the Sound of Jura, now connected by a road with the mainland. 
 P. 42. 
 
 Dannah, place named in O. T. See Idhna. 
 
 Dannemarle, Ger. See Dammerklrch. 
 
 Dannemora, tn. , Sweden, prov. and 28 m. NNE. Upsala. 
 Its mines are the largest, and yield the best iron in the country. 
 In 1875 they were connected by rail with Stockholm and Gefle. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Dannemora, tp. and vil., U.S., New York, co. Clinton, 15 
 m. W. Plattsburg. Tp. P. <3000. 
 DanneTlrke, New Zealand. See Danevlrke. 
 
 Danoe, or Denu, ct. vil., Brit. W. Africa, Gold Coast, on 
 the Bight of Benin, in x" 12' E. 
 
 Dan River, U.S. See Dan. 
 
 DansTllle, vil., U.S., New York, Livingston co., 42 m. S. 
 by W. Rochester. P. <:4000. 
 
 Ddnta, tn. , India, cap. of state D. , 77 m. N. by E. Ahmadibad. 
 
 Danthorp, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 10 m. NE. 
 Hull P. <2So. 
 
 Danube, German Donau, next to the Volga the largest 
 river of Europe. The D. takes its rise on the E. slopes of the 
 Black Forest. It is formed by two small rivers, the Brege and 
 Brigach, which unite at Donaueschingen. From there the river 
 flows in a NE. direction through Hohenzollern and Wiirtem- 
 berg to Ratisbon (Regensburg), but there it changes its direc- 
 tion to ESE. on account of the Bohemian and Bavarian Forest 
 Mts. Below Vienna, the D. enters the vast plains of Him- 
 gary, and having passed the 'Porta Hungarica,' formed by 
 offshoots of the Alps and Carpathians, near Pressburg, it 
 divides into numerous arms, forming many islands, the so-called 
 Schiitt extending as far as Komorn. A little E. of that tovra, 
 near Waitzen, the river bends to the S., keeping this direction 
 till it is joined by the Drave. Then it resumes its easterly 
 course, and passing Neusatz, Belgrade, and Orsova, enters the 
 Walachian plains. Below Bazids, it is hemmed in by the 
 offshoots of the Transylvanian Mts. on the left, and the 
 Servian highlands on the right. This pai't of the river, called 
 Klisura, a defile, extending for about 80 m. to Orsova, near the 
 Roumanian frontier, where the bed of the stream is largely 
 composed of granite and crystalline schists, is full of cataracts 
 and rapids, the most important being those of the ' Iron Gate," 
 just above Orsova, where the river gets narrowed to two-thirds 
 of its previous width, and a shelf of rock succeeded by a jagged 
 reef with teeth rising above the surface of the river compels 
 most of the water to rush through a narrow channel (only 360 
 ft. wide) on the 1. bk. From Orsova to Galatz the D. makes a 
 great bend to the S. , and from the latter town it flows again in 
 an easterly direction. Between the D. and the Black Sea extend 
 the steppes of the Dobruja. The river then forms a delta, 
 reaching the Black Sea in various arms, the principal ones of 
 which are the Kilia, Sulina, and St. George's mouth, the second 
 being the most important for navigation. The total length of 
 the D. is 1800 m., and its river system comprises 315,000 sq. m. 
 The D. has many important tributaries. In its upper course 
 the majority of them originate in the Alps, the principal one 
 
DANU — DARE 
 
 being the Inn, which has until recently been regarded as even 
 larger than the Upper D. But, according to Penck's most 
 recent investigations, this is not the case, inasmuch as the D. , 
 near Passau, carries more water (25,780 cubic ft. per second) 
 than the Inn (24,230 cubic ft. per second). In the middle 
 course of the D. , the most important affluents on the right are 
 the Drave, Save, and Morava; and on the left, its largest trib. , 
 the Theiss (Tisza), which has innumerable windings. In its lower 
 course, the D. is principally fed from the left, where the Schyl 
 (or Syll), Aluta, Arjish, Sereth, and Pruth join the river. The 
 D. and its tribs. abound in fish. The D. becomes navigable at 
 Ulm. The principal company is the Danube Steam Navigation 
 Company. There are measurements of the discharge of the D. 
 in the region of its mouths for the period 1862-71. The average 
 is about 205,900 cubic ft. per second, but the discharge in dry 
 years is only one-third of the amount in wet years. Alt. of zero 
 of river-gauge at Orsova, 142 ft. ; of river-surface at Belgfrade 
 220 ft. , at Budapest 340 ft. , at Pressburg 430 ft. , at Vienna 500 
 ft. , at Passau 940 ft. The D. is navigable for barges and small 
 steamers to tJlm in Wiirtemberg, on the Bavarian frontier, 
 and for ordinary river-steamers to Ratisbon. The Klisura is 
 navigable only for vessels of 6 ft. draught or less, and even for 
 these the navigation season lasts only from March to November 
 inclusive, and sometimes a large number of the Danube Steam 
 Navigation Company's steamers are compelled to lie idle from 
 July to March. Before the introduction of steam (the first 
 steamer passed the Iron Gate in 1846), very few vessels ventured 
 to cross this barrier at all. In September 1890 works for 
 making the river constantly navigable over this stretch were 
 begun by the Austro-Hungarian government. (See Geog. Jour. , 
 I., pp. 243-5, a-nd Kanitz in Mitteil. der k. k. Geog. Gesellschaft 
 zu IVien, 1874, pp. 49-58.) For sea-going vessels, which have 
 ascended as high as Radujevac, the easternmost river-port of 
 Servia, freedom of navigation is upheld by international treaty. 
 On the Lower D. great improvements have been effected by a 
 European commission, appointed in terms of the Treaty of 
 Paris in 1856. The Sulina mouth of the river has been 
 straightened and deepened to such an extent that even in years 
 of very low water there is always a depth of at least 15^ ft. in 
 the main channel as high as Braila. Much dredging is required 
 to maintain this depth, for the swift and turbid rivers that flow 
 into it from the N. , especially the Sereth and Pruth, sometimes 
 form large shoals in it with great rapidity. Rectifications of 
 the course of the D. have also been made near Vienna (' Die 
 grosse Donauregulirung,' 1868-71), at Budapest, and various 
 other places. [H. C. 8.] 
 
 Danalte Circle, Ger. Donau-Kreis, the south-eastern of the 
 four ' circles' of Wiirtemberg [q.v.]. 
 
 Dannblan Principalities, the name formerly given to the 
 two principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, before they were 
 united into the principality (now the kingdom) of Roumania. 
 
 Danvers, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., 3^ m. NW. 
 Salem ; shoe-making and leather manufactures. P. 7500. 
 
 Danville, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Richmond co. , 80 m. SW. 
 by S. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Danville, city, U.S., Illinois, Vermilion co., 46 m. N. by W. 
 Terre Haute (Ind. ); important coal-mining centre and rising 
 manufacturing town. P. (1870)4800; (1880) 7700; (1890)11,500. 
 Sonth D., adjoining vil. P. < 1500. 
 
 Danville, tn., U.S., Indiana, Hendricks co., 19 m. W. 
 Indianapolis. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Danville, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Boyle co., 68 m. SE. by E. 
 Louisville ; seat of a state asylum for deaf-mutes. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Danville, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Montour co., on the N. 
 branch of the Susquehanna, 51 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. Good 
 iron ore, limestone, and anthracite coal found near. P. 8000. 
 
 Danville, tn., U.S., Vermont, Caledonia co. , 25 m. ENE. 
 Montpelier. Alt. 1357 ft. (R.R.). P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Danville, city, U.S., Virginia, Pittsylvania co., on the r. bk. 
 of the Dan R., 115 m. SW. by W. Richmond, and 58 m. SSW. 
 Lynchburg, in the midst of a fine tobacco region. Alt. 413 ft. 
 (R.R.). P. (1880) 7500; (1890) 10,300. 
 
 Danville, North, tn., opposite Danville, Virginia, on the 
 1. bk. of the Dan R. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Danzig (meaning of the name unknown, probably derived 
 from the Slavonic Gyddanizc), fortified city and seapt., Prussia. 
 It is situated in the delta and near the mouth of the Vistula, 
 and traversed by the Mottlau (made navigable by artificial 
 means). The mouth of the Vistula, which was formerly below 
 D. at Weichselmiinde and Neufahrwasser, is now above D. at 
 Neufahr, where the river opened a new mouth in 1840. D. is 
 the centre of export for the products of the Vistula terr., the 
 most important being corn and timber. Its export trade is, 
 however, no more of the same importance as it used to be in 
 former times. On the other hand, its manufactories are increas- 
 ing from year to year, the most important being woollen and 
 paper mills, chemical works, machine shops, distilleries, and 
 shipbuilding yards. The port is at present 22 ft. deep as far as 
 the Royal Dockyard at Holm, but great improvements are now 
 (1893) contemplated. It has an imperial floating dock, 15 ft. 
 
 deep on sill, and a dry dock. D. is a very old town, and was 
 already of importance during the early part of the middle ages. 
 It joined the Hansa in 1350, and in the 15th century it flourished 
 to such a degree that it was rightly called ' Northern Venice.' 
 But in consequence of various sieges it rapidly declined, and it 
 is only in our century that it has regained its importance. In 
 appearance it is a quaint old town, many of its buildings being 
 centuries old. Mean temp., yr. 44.9° F., Jan. 27.6°, July 63. 8°; 
 mean rfall. (16 yrs.), 18.7 in. P. (1816) 51,000; (1850) 70,000; 
 (1870) 90,000 ; (1890) 120,338. [H. «t. S.] 
 
 Daonlas, vil., France, dep. Finist^re, on the W. ct., arr. 
 and II m. E. by S. Brest. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Daphla, or DnflSa, Hills, tract of hilly country, Brit. India, 
 Assam, on the NE. frontier. 
 
 Dapltan, tn. , on the N. ct. of Mindanao, one of the Philip- 
 pine Is. 
 
 Dappentbal, French Valine des Dappes, valley, Switzd., 
 cant. Vaud, and France, dep. Ain, traversed by the road lead- 
 ing over the Col de la Faucille ; 4 m. long. 
 
 Ddpoll, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Ratndgiri, 69m. SW. 
 Poona. P. < 5000. 
 
 Dapsang, elevated plain, Kashmir. See Depsang. 
 
 Dapto, vil., New South Wales, Camden co., 45 m. SW. by 
 S.Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dar, in the Sudan, ' country.' 
 
 Dar, dera, deir, Arabic; deh, Persian, 'a dwelling,' or ' camp.' 
 
 Darab, tn., Persia, prov. Fars, 155 m. NW. Bender Abbas, 
 40 m. SE. of the SE. end of Lake Niriz. P. 12,000. 
 
 DdraganJ, suburb of Allahdbdd city, Brit. India, N W. Provs. 
 P. (1881) 13,200. 
 
 Daralagiiz, branch of Anticaucasus, in govt. Erivaii ; chief 
 peaks attain from 10,000 to 12,000 ft. Peak D. is an extinct 
 volcano. Alt. 8582 ft. 
 
 Darang, vil. , India, Kashmfr, on the Indus, 100 m. N. by 
 W. Srinagar. 
 
 Darasnn, place with mineral waters. Eastern Siberia, prov. 
 Transbaikalia, 153 m. S. of Nerchinsk. 
 
 Darayeh, vil. , Arabia. See Derayeh. 
 
 Dar Banda, a country in Central Africa, S. of Wadai and 
 Darfur. It is little known, and is said to be occupied by negroes, 
 and by the most northern Niam-niam tribes. In all probability 
 D. B. forms the watershed between the Congo and the Shari, 
 the headwaters of the latter — Bahr-el-Abiad, Bahr-el-Azrek, 
 and Bahr Kuti (Nachtigal's Bahar Kuta) — taking their rise in 
 the western mountain ranges of D. B. [H. G. S.J 
 
 Darbhangab, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. D. , 56 m. NE. 
 Patnd, on the 1. or E. bk. of Little Baghmati R. , connected by 
 the Tirhiit State Rly. vnth Bajftpur on the banks of the Ganges. 
 Originally a Mohammedan town. Mean temp. , yr. 'j']° F. , Jan. 
 62°, May 85°; rfall., yr. 47.4 in., June-Sept. 40.2 in. P. (1891) 
 73,600 ; Hindus, 54,000 ; Moham. 19,200. 
 
 Darby, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Delaware co. , a western 
 suburb of Philadelphia. P. <3000. 
 
 Darchendo, tn., China, Siichwan. See Taclilenln. 
 
 Darcy Lever, par. , stn. , Eng. , Lancashire, in the pari. bor. 
 of Bolton, 14 m. E. by S. Bolton, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Darda, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Koritsa, 41 m. SSW. 
 Monastir. 
 
 Darda, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Scutari, on R. Drin 
 Lyumi, 37 m. E. by N. Scutari. 
 
 Dardanelle, tn., U.S., Arkansas, Yell co. , on r. bk. of 
 Arkansas R. , 62 m. NW. by W. Little Rock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dardanelles, or Hellespont, Turkish Bahr Sefld Boghaz 
 (' gate into the White Sea,' that is, the Mediterranean), a narrow- 
 strait between Europe and Asiatic Turkey, connecting the Sea 
 of Marmora and the .^gean Sea ; length 40 m. , breadth 1-4 m. 
 As the key of Constantinople and the Bosporus, it is strongly 
 fortified. On its shores are several castles, the towns of Galli- 
 poli and Lapsaki, and the sites of ancient Sestos and Abydos. 
 It was crossed by the armies of Xerxes and of the Turks to 
 enter Europe. 
 
 Dardanellla. See Kale-l-^nltanlye. 
 
 Dardannp, settlement, W. Australia, Wellington co., 100 m. 
 S. Perth. 
 
 Dardeshelm, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 12 m. NW. 
 by W. Halberstadt. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dards, a name given by ethnologists to a people of Aryan 
 race, sturdy, thick-set, and of rather dark complexion, inhabit- 
 ing the valleys of Astor, Gilghit, Kanjut (Hunza-Nagar), the 
 independent states of the Indus valley, and other valleys in 
 Kashmfr or near its W. frontier. The names D. and Dar- 
 dlstan (country of the D.) axe not known to the people 
 themselves. Dard vocabulary, see Jour. R. G. S., 1871, p. 18. 
 
 Dare, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the extreme E., on Pamplico 
 Sound and the Atlantic. 
 
 Dar>el-Belda, seapt., Morocco. See Casa Blanca. 
 
 Dar-el-Belda, ruins, Egypt, 37 m. E. by N. Cairo. 
 
 Darenth, small riv., Eng., in the W. of Kent, rises near 
 Westerham, and flows NE. then N. past Dartford into the 
 
 411 
 
DARE 
 
 D A R L 
 
 Thames just below Erith. Total length, 20 m.; navigable from 
 the Thames to Dartford. 
 
 Darentb, par. , Eng. , Kent, Dartmouth div. , on the D. , 6 m. 
 W. by S. Gravesend, 2 m. SE. Dartford, P.O. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Darentb, South, viL adjoining D. , close to Farningham 
 Road and Sutton at Hone stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Daresbnry, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 3J m. 
 SSW. Warrington, on the Bridgwater Canal and the L. & NW. 
 R., P.O. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (I>. All Saints) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dar-es-Salaiu (or Salaam — 'house of peace'), seapt., Ger. 
 E. Africa, in 6° 50' S. , the only place on the German coast with a 
 well-sheltered harbour. Road made from this place 60 m. into 
 the interior by Sir W. Mackinnon and Sir F. Buxton. P. 15,000. 
 
 Dareya, vil., Palestine, 33° 27' N., 36° 18' E., 5 m. SW. by 
 W. Damascus. 
 
 Dar Fertlt, a country in central Africa, S. of Darfur, in the 
 terr. of the Bahr-el-Arab. It consists of steppes and hilly 
 plateaux, gallery forests accompanying the rivers, which are all 
 tributary to the Bahr-el-Arab. D. F. is little known. The in- 
 habitants are negro tribes (Bongo, Golo, Sere, and Krej), 
 Niam-niam, and, in the N. parts of D. F. , Baggara Arabs. 
 Agriculture is the chief occupation of the inhabitants. The 
 principal settlement is Dem Siber (Mudirieh). [H. G. S.] 
 
 Darfleld, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 4^ m. 
 ESE. Bamsley, on the M. R., PM.O.; centre of large coal- 
 mining dist. P. <35oo ; eccles. par. (D, All Saints) P. <5ooo. 
 
 Darfleld, post-tn.. New Zealand, Selwyn co. , 30 m. from 
 Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dar Fnr, or Dar For (country of the Fur), a country of the 
 E. Sudan, situated between 9° and 16° N. lat. and 22° and 29° 
 E. long. It is a mountainous country, having a mean elevation 
 of about 2000 ft. The highest of its mountain ranges, the Jebel 
 Marrah (6000 ft.), is the orographical centre of the eastern 
 Sudan, forming the watershed between the Nile and the large 
 basin of the central Sudan regions. The Jebel Marrah, as well 
 as the other mountains of importance, the Jebel Tagabo and 
 Jebel Medob (both about 3500 ft. ) are of volcanic origin. D. F. 
 is inhabited by two different races, the Arabs and the Fiu". The 
 Arabs, who are the dominant race, came into the country several 
 centuries ago. They follow pastoral pursuits, and chiefly occupy 
 the N. and E. dists. of D. F. The Fur, a numerous negro 
 tribe (2 or 2^ millions of people), are the original population of 
 the country. They inhabit the mountains and the southern 
 dists. , agriculture being their principal occupation. AU the in- 
 habitants are Mohammedans. D. F. was an independent sultanate 
 till 1874, but in this year its army was defeated by the hordes of 
 Zebehr Pasha, whereupon the country came into the possession 
 of the Egyptians, who lost it, however, a few years afterwards, 
 by the Mahdi rebellion. At present it is almost independent 
 again, although nominally belonging to the Mahdi's possessions. 
 The cap. of D. F. is El-Fasher or Tendelti, situated E. of the 
 Jebel Marrah, in the Wadi El-Fasher. It is described by 
 Nachtigal as a lovely town, forming a striking contrast to the 
 dreary hills which surround it. During the Egyptian occupa- 
 tion it was proposed to construct a railway from Dongola on 
 the Nile to El-Fasher, but the Mahdi rebellion put a stop to 
 this enterprise. Other places to be mentioned are Kobeh (W. 
 of El-Fasher), Turah (on the Jebel Marrah), and Hofrah-en- 
 Nahas (in the S.), where copper is found. Trade is at present 
 entirely at a standstill on account of the political disturbances ; 
 before the Mahdi rebellion, the principal exports used to be 
 ivory and slaves. Area, 170,000 sq. m. P. estimated at 
 4,000,000. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Dargal, vil., Brit. Baluchistan, 30 m. E. by N. Quetta. 
 
 Dargalong, or HoorlUm, post-tn., Victoria, Moiraco., near 
 the Goulbourn R. , 80 m. N. Melbourne. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Dargaville, settlement. New Zealand, North I. , Hobson co. , 
 80 m. NW. Auckland. 
 
 Dargle Klver, rivulet, in the N. of co. Wicklow, Ire., flows 
 E. and N. to the Glencree R., through a romantic glen, in 
 which there occurs an unbrokten fall of 300 ft. , enters the sea 
 near Bray. 
 
 Dargo, vil., Russia, Ciscaucasia, govt. Terek, dist. Veden, 
 68 m. SSW. Kizlyar ; formerly residence of Shamil. P. < 2000. 
 
 Dargo, CO. , Victoria, crossed in the NW. by 37° S. and 147° E. 
 
 Dargo, riv. , Victoria, one of the two chief headwaters of the 
 Mitchell R. , rises in the Australian Alps, and flows SE. through 
 Gipps' Land. Length, 70 m. It is auriferous. 
 
 Dargnn, vil., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 25 m. SW. by 
 W. Greifswald. P. <30Oo. 
 
 Darhlyal, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist Moraddbdd. 
 P. 5200 ; Moham. 3200 ; Hindus, 2000. 
 
 Darlabad, tn. , Brit. India. See DaryAbikd. 
 
 Darla>l>.\eniek, swamp, Persia. See Ddrya-l-Xamak. 
 
 Darlal (Porta Caucasica of Strabon, Dariallan of Eastern 
 writers), transverse gorge of main chain of Caucasus, through 
 which the main road from Vladikavkaz to Tiflis now passes. 
 Alt. of pass, 4122 ft. 
 
 Darldere, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. GUmiirjina, 56 m. 
 NW. Dede Agach. 
 412 
 
 Darlen, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, co. Fairfield, on Long 
 Island Sound, 35 m. SW. New Haven. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Darlen, city, U.S., Georgia, Macintosh co., on 1. bk. of 
 Altamaha R., 54 m. SSW. Savannah. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Darlen, Gulf of, Colombia, part of the Caribbean Sea, E. 
 of the Isthmus of D., or Panama, in 9° N. and 7° W. Its 
 southern, narrower, part is called the Gulf of Uraba, or Bay 
 of Choco. 
 
 Darlen Rock, rocky islet, W. Indies, to the E. of Trinidad, 
 in 10° 35' N. , and 60° 36' W. 
 
 Darja, a sandy penin. , Russia, Transcaspian Terr., on the 
 E. side of the Caspian Sea, between the Balkhan and Uzunada 
 bays, in 39° 35-58' N. 
 
 DArjlllng, dist., Brit. India, the most northerly portion of 
 the Rajshahi div. of Bengal; divided into two distinct tracts, 
 the ridges and deep valleys of the lower Himalayas, and the 
 tarai, formerly overgrown with malarious jungle, now exten- 
 sively cleared for settled tillage and for tea-gardens. Not un- 
 healthy, being almost free from endemic disease. 
 
 Ddrjlllng, or Darjeellng (census), tn., Brit. India, Bengal, 
 cap. dist. D., acquired by the English government in 1835 as a 
 sanitarium. The Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal ordinarily 
 spends several months of the year in D. , which is now within 
 twenty-four hours' journey of Calcutta by the N. Bengal State 
 Rly., and the D. and Himalayan Rly. (2 ft. gauge), the highest 
 in the Old World, and one of the most remarkable engineering 
 achievements in India. It reaches a height of over 7300 ft. 
 Alt. (Old Observatory) 6912 ft. Mean temp., yr. 54° F., Jan. 
 41°, July 63°; rfall. , yr. 120 in., June-September 98.4 in. P. 
 (February 1881) 7000; (1891) including Jalapahar cantonment, 
 14,100; Hindus, 8600; Buddhists, 3700. 
 
 Darke, co. , U.S., Ohio, on the W. frontier, crossed in the 
 S. by 40" N. 
 
 Darkehmen, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 46 m. S. 
 Tilsit, on the Angerapp R. Founded 1725. P. <:4000. 
 
 Darkhan, JHonnt, high granite mt. range, Mongolia, 140 
 m. SE. Urga, near the route to Peking. On it is a monument 
 to Jenggiz Khan, annually visited by the Mongol tribes. 
 
 Darkley, tn.. Ire., SW. co. Armagh, bar. Armagh, 9 m. S. 
 by W. Armagh, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Darkot Pass, a pass across the Lahori Mts. , Chitral, 25 m. 
 NNE. Yasin, 10 m. SSE. of the Barogil Pass. Alt. 15,000 ft. 
 
 Darlaston, tn. and par., Eng., S. Staffordshire, 4 m. ESE. 
 Wolverhampton, included in the pari. bor. of Wednesbury, 
 with two stns. on the L. & NW. R. , one NN W. of Wednes- 
 bury, the other (D. and James Bridge) a junction between 
 WiUenhall and Walsall ; with large coal and iron works, and 
 blast-furnaces, and manufactures of gun-locks, nails, &c. P. 
 14,400. 
 
 Darlaston, viL , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , 6 m. S. Stoke 
 upon Trent, 2 m. S. Barlaston stn. 
 
 Darley, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , 3^ m. N W. Mat- 
 lock, on the R. Derwent, and the M. R. (D. Dale stn.), with 
 lead ore, stone, and calc-spar and gravel, and zinc ore, P.O. 
 (D. Dale). Par. 5142 ac. , P. <2Soo ; tn. (North D.) P. <25oo ; 
 eccles. pars. (D. North St. Ilelen) P. <2ooo; (D. South St. 
 Mary) P. < 1000 ; tn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Darley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the W. of the 
 Ripon div., on the Nidd, 7 m. WNW. Harrogate, on the 
 NE. R., P.O. SeeMenwlth. 
 
 Darley Abbey, eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire, Derby St. 
 Alkmund par., 2 m. from Derby, PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Darling, riv., Australia, the longest trib. to the Murray, 
 rises under the name of the Maclntyre in New South Wales, 
 near 30° S., 151° 30' E. It flows NW. for 130 m., W. for 
 over 200 m. , forming the northern boundary of the colony, 
 then SW. , becoming known as the Barivon about the place 
 where it re-enters New South Wales, and continues its SW. 
 course for 700 m. to its confluence with the Murray at Went- 
 worth, in 34° 8' S., 141° 56' E. It receives on its right the 
 Dumaresq, Moonie, Culgoa, and Warrego; on its left the 
 Gwydyr, Macquarie, and Bogan. Navigable by shallow- 
 draught steamers in high-water to Bourke (terminus of the 
 Great Western Rly. from Sydney), but in summer reduced in 
 many parts of its course to a chain of small lakes. The entire 
 length of river 1160 m. Area of basin, 198,000 sq. m. 
 
 Darling, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. Malmesbury, 38 m. N, 
 Cape Town. P. < 1500. 
 
 Darling, co. , New South Wales, crossed by 30^° S. , and in 
 the E. by 151° E. 
 
 Darling Downs, a squatting dist. of Queensland, Australia, 
 between 27° and 28° 15' S., between river of same name and 
 the Condamine. A fine grazing dist., embracing several 
 counties. 
 
 Darllngford, rly. stn., Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of 
 the C. P. R. , 96 m. S. Winnipeg. 
 
 Darllngford, post-tp., Victoria, Wonnangatta co., 70 m. 
 NE. by E. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Darling Range, a range of mts. in the S. of W. Australia, 
 running N. to S. parallel to the coast, at the distance of 20-70 m. 
 
D ARL - 
 
 Darllngscott, hamlet, Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., 
 
 8 m. S. by E. Stratford on Avon, si m. ENE. Campden 
 stn.,P.O. 
 
 Darlington, pari. bor. (i member), and mun. bor. (since 
 1867), market-tn. , and par. , Eng. , in the SE. div. of Durham, 238 
 m. from London, 18 rn. S. from Durham, on the Skeme, i m. 
 from the Tees, which forms the county boundary. There are 
 two lines of railway commimication, one by the Stockton and 
 Darlington section, opened in 1825, and the first public railway 
 in the kingdom, the other by the main line of the NE. R. 
 (stns. D. and Bfortli Road). The first locomotive engine and 
 tender used on a public railway, and built by GeoiJjaStsphenson, 
 now stand on a pedestal in the Central railway station. A hun- 
 dred years ago the water-power of the Skerne was employed in 
 driving com, linen, and other mills ; at present the principal 
 manufactures are iron and worsted, with extensive locomotive 
 works belonging to the NE. R. The parish church was founded 
 in 1160, and restored in 1865; there are six other churches of 
 recent date. Principal market, Monday, a market for the sale 
 of butter, eggs, poultry and hay on Friday; and a general 
 market, Saturday evening. Par. P. 35,900 ; tn. P. (i8oi)<50oo ; 
 (1851) 11,200; pari, and mun. bor. P. (1871)30,300; (1891)38,100. 
 
 Darlington, suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Cumber- 
 land CO. P. <35oo. 
 
 Darlington, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, D. co., 69 m. ENE. 
 Columbia. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Darlington, city, U.S., Wisconsin, La Fayette co., on 
 Pecatonica R., 30 m. ENE. Dubuque (Iowa). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Darlington, post-tn., Victoria, Hampden co., 55 m. SW. 
 by W. Ballarat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Darlton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 10 m. 
 S. by W. Gainsborough, 2^ m. ENE. Tuxford stn. P. <2So. 
 See Dnnliam. 
 
 Darmsden, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Suffolk. See Barking. 
 
 Darmstadt, tn., Ger., cap. of the gd. -duchy Hesse, and of 
 the circle D. , at the NW. extremity of the Odenwald, and on 
 the Frankfurt and Mannheim Rly., and 20 m. ESE, Mainz. 
 It consists of an old and new town, both enclosed by walls, 
 and has an old ducal palace, with a picture-gallery, museum of 
 natural history, a hall of antiquities, armoury, a large and 
 valuable library, and a new palace erected in 1864. Manu- 
 factures machinery, chemical products, musical and technical 
 instruments, carpets, silver articles, paper, cards, &c. Birth- 
 place of Liebig, the chemist (1803), and of Gervinus, the historian 
 (1805). Immediately to the S. is the former village of Bessungen, 
 now incorporated with Darmstadt. Alt. 445 ft. P. (1816) 
 15,400; (1871)39600; (1891)55,900. 
 
 Damall, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, S. div., W. Riding, 
 Sheffield par. (g.v.), with a stn. on the M. S. & L. R., PMT.O. 
 P. 8100. See Attercllffe. 
 
 DamaM-ay Castle, Scot., Elginshire, 3J m. SW. Forres, 
 seat of the Earl of Moray, P.O. 
 
 Damaway Forest, dist., Scot., Elginshire, in the extreme 
 W. , on the left of the Findhom. 
 
 Darn^tal, tn., France, dep. Seine Inf^rieure, arr. and 2 m. E. 
 Rouen. P. 6300. 
 
 Darney, tn. , France, dep. Vosges, arr. Mirecourt, on the 
 Saone, 41 m. SW. by S. Lun^ville, 20 m. WSW. Epinal. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Darngaber, vil., Scot., Mid Lanarkshire, 2 J m. S. Hamilton, 
 \ m. ENE. Quarter Road stn. P. (including Quarter) < 1500. 
 
 Darngavel, viL, Scot., Mid Lanarkshire, New Monkland 
 par. P. < 500. 
 
 Darnball, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 6 m. NW. 
 Crewe, 2 m. SW. Winsford and Over stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Darnlck, vil, Scot., Roxburghshire, i m. W. Melrose, 
 PMT.O. P.<;5oo. 
 
 Darnley, ancient bar., Scot., Renfrewshire, 4 m. SE. Paisley, 
 s m. E. Barrhead stn. It belonged to a branch of the Stewarts. 
 
 Darnley, small isl. in Torres Strait, in 9° 35' S. , 143° 45' E. , 
 about 100 m. NE. Cape York. 
 
 Darnnm, post-tn., Victoria, Buln-Buln co., 62 m. ESE. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Daroca, tn., Spain, prov. and 45 m. SW. Saragossa. Low- 
 lying, and very subject to floods from the Jiloca R., which, in 
 times of rain, are drained oft' through a tunnel pierced through 
 a hill in the i6th century. A well-preserved Moorish town. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 DaroTven, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 12^ m. SE. by S. 
 Dolgelly, 4^ m. W. by S. Llanbrynmairs tn. ; 10,194 ^*^- ^■< 
 750 ; eccles. par. (D. St. Tudyr) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Darra, rly. stn., Queensland, 10 m. from Brisbane. 
 
 Darragta, P.O., Ire., co. Clare, 5 m. from Ennis. 
 
 Darragh, par. , Ire. , co. Limerick, bar. Coshlea, 9 m. SE. 
 Kilmallock, P.O. ; 6712 ac. P. <:iooc. 
 
 Darran, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., on the Brecon 
 and Merthyr Rly. , 6 m. SE. by E. Merthyr Tydfil, with coal. 
 
 Darraug, dist., India, Assam, part of the Upper Valley of 
 the Brahmaputra, between 26° 12' and 27° 2' N. , and 91° 45' 
 and 93° 50' E. 
 
 D AR V 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 Darranglrl, vil., India, Assam, in the Gdro Hills dist., in 
 25^ 46' N., 90° 56' E. , near a fine outcrop of coal. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Darras Hall, par., Eng., Northumberland, 7^ m. NW. 
 Newcastle. P. <25o. 
 
 Darrel, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Kent, on Erie and 
 Huron Rly., 4 m. from Chatham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Darrlngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., 9i m. E. Wakefield, 2 m. SE. Pontefract stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <75o; eccles. par. (D. with Wentbrldge) P. <iooo. 
 
 Darror, valley, E, Africa, Somali -land, stretching E. and W., 
 in io^° N. , between the mountain range of Karkar (terminating 
 in Ras Hafun) on the S., and that of Almaskat on the N. 
 
 Darros, isl. , one of the Amirante group, Indian Ocean. 
 
 Darrynane, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, Cahersiveen union. 
 
 Darsham (dar'sam), par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 22 m. 
 NE. by E. Ipswich, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Darslnb Forst, large forest in the extreme N. of the Prussian 
 prov. of W. Prussia. 
 
 Darss, penin. , in the extreme N W. of the Prussian prov. of 
 Pomerania, having a cape called the Darsser-Ort at its N. end, 
 with a lighthouse, visible 16 m. 
 
 Dart, riv. , Eng. , in the S. of Devonshire. It has two head- 
 waters, one rising in the S. of Dartmoor Forest, the other (the 
 E. Dart) on Cut Hill, in the NE. of Dartmoor Forest. After 
 their union, the river flows SE. past Totnes to the English 
 Channel, which it enters by a deep estuary. See Dartmouth. 
 
 Dart, Little, riv. , Eng. , in the N. of Devonshire, trib. of the 
 R. Tawe, which it joins on the r. bk. , about 2 m. W. Chulmleigh. 
 
 Dartford, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Northumberland, 18 m. 
 from Colborne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dartford, market-tn. and par., Eng., co. Kent, D. div., on 
 the navigable Darenth, with a stn. on the SE. R., 14 m. ESE. 
 London Bridge, and 6\ m. W. Gravesend. It has powder, 
 paper, corn, and flour mills, calico and silk printing works, 
 tanneries, leather- works, cartridge works, &c.; also the phar- 
 maceutical laboratories of Messrs. Burroughs, Wellcome & Co., 
 the original makers of the well-known tabloids of compressed 
 drugs. One of the first paper-mills in England was built here 
 in 1588 by a German named Spielmann. Wat Tyler's insurrec- 
 tion commenced at D. in 1377. Market-day, S. 4251 ac. P. 
 (i8oi)<3ooo; (1871)8300; (1891)12,000. 
 
 Darlington, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 8 m. W. 
 by S. Torquay, i m. SE. Staverton stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Dartmoor, elevated tract, Eng., Devonshire {q.v.). On it is 
 a meteorological station, Lee Moor, in 50° 27° N., 4° i' W. 
 Alt. 860 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 70 in. 
 
 Dartmouth, seapt., Canada, Nova Scotia, Hahfax co. , on 
 Halifax Harb., opposite Halifax. P. (1881) 3800; (1891)6200. 
 
 Dartmouth, seapt., Canada, Prince Edward I., Princes co., 
 on Richmond Bay. 
 
 Dartmouth, an old mun. bor. (till 1868 also a parliamentary 
 bor.), seapt. of importance in early English history, and par., 
 Eng., Devonshire, Torquay div., in Exeter diocese, at the 
 mouth of the Dart, on the r. bk., 8 m. SSW. Torquay, connected 
 with S. Devonshire Rly. by steam ferry to Kingswear, on the 
 E. side of the Dart. At one time the Newfoundland fishery 
 formed the staple commerce of the town, near which Sir 
 Humphrey Gilbert, who took possession of Newfoundland for 
 Queen Elizabeth, was born ; now the trade is confined to coast- 
 ing, but D. is the principal coaling station on the English 
 Channel. The Dart, which forms the harbour, a secure 
 refuge for ships, is defended at its entrance by a castle and 
 batteries, and at Kingswear tidal wharf has a depth of 6-14 ft. 
 at ordinary low, 20-28 ft. at ordinary spring tide. The Royal 
 navy cadet-training ship Britannia is stationed here. The 
 castle is supposed to date from the time of Henry VII. D. 
 was twice burnt by the French — in the reigns of Richard I. and 
 Henry IV. Birthplace of Newcomin, the first great improver 
 of steam-engines (early in the i8th century). Market-day, F. 
 P. 6000 ; eccles. par. (D. -n'lth Townstall) P. 5000. 
 
 Dartmouth, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co., 6m. SW. 
 New Bedford. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Dartmouth Rlrer, riv. , Canada, Quebec, Gasp6 co. , flows 
 SE. into Gasp6 Bay, in 48° 50' N. 
 
 Darton, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 
 2I m. NW. Bamsley, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. P. <:40oo ; 
 tn. P. 7000; eccles. par. (D. All Saints) P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Dartree, bar. , Ire. , in the SW. of co. Monaghan. 
 
 Dartrey, P.O., Ire., co. Monaghan, bar. Dartree, 3 m. N. 
 Cootehill. 
 
 Darnvdr, comm. and watering-place, with mineral springs, 
 Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, 48 m. NW. Brod. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Darraz, or Darwaz, a khanate, central Asia, in the W. of 
 the Pamirs, occupying the region N. of the Panj, headwater of 
 the Amu, between 38 and 38^° N., and 70° and 72° E., NW. 
 of Roshan ; vassal to Bukhara, See Bukhara and Pamirs. 
 
 Darvel, or Derval, tn., Scot., N. Ayrshire, 8 J m. E. Kil- 
 marnock, 2 m. E. by N. Newmilns stn., PMT.O. P.<25oo. 
 
 Darrel Bay, a large bay in the E. of Brit. N. Borneo, mainly 
 to the S. of 5° N. 
 
 413 
 
DARV — DAVE 
 
 Darrer, par., Ire., co. Louth, bar, Louth, 2^ m. NW. Castle 
 Bellingham. P. <25o. 
 
 Darwaz. See Darraz. 
 
 Darwen, market and manufacturing tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, 
 mim. bor. formed in 1878 out of the local board dist. of Over D. , 
 comprising the par. of Over D. and the hamlets of Sough, Grime- 
 hills, Blacksnape, D. Chapels, Hoddlesden, along with parts of 
 Eccleshill and Lower D., in a dist. abounding in coal, stone, 
 and water, D. div., 4 m. S. by E. Blackburn, in the diocese of 
 Manchester, with stns. (D. and Lower D.) on the L. & Y. R. 
 
 D. is a fast increasing centre of the cotton trade, and has also 
 blast-furnaces, large paper-staining, paper-making, and fire-clay 
 works. Market-day, S. Bor. P. 34,200 ; par. P. (1871) 21,300 ; 
 (1891) 31,700; par. (OverD.) 5134 ac, P. 31,700. 
 
 Darwen, pari, div., Eng., NE. Lancashire. P. 70,500. 
 
 Darwen, Lower, par., Eng., Lancashire, included in the 
 pari. bor. of, and 2 m. SSE. Blackburn, on the L. & Y. R. P. 
 5600 ; eccles. par. (L. D. St. James) P. <:20oo. 
 
 Darwin, stn. , Canada, Manitoba, on the C. P. R. , 60 m. E. 
 Winnipeg. 
 
 Darwin, small settlement on the Falkland Is. 
 
 Darwin, N. Terr, of S. Austraha. See Port Darwin. 
 
 Darwin, mt. , S. ct. of Tierra del Fuego, in 69° 20' W. , 
 named after the celebrated natiu-alist, Charles Darwin (1809-82). 
 Alt. 6900. 
 
 Dary&bAd, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Bari Banki, 38 m. 
 
 E. Lucknow. P. (i88i)<30oo; (1891) 6000; Hindus, 3300; 
 Moham. 2500. 
 
 Darya^l-Xaniak (' sea of salt '), salt swamp, Persia, NE. of 
 Kashan, crossed by 34^° N., 52° E. Proc. R. G. S., 1891, pp. 
 645-57. 
 
 Darya Klian, rly. stn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Dera 
 Ismail Khan, iii m. N. by W. Miiltdn. 
 
 Daschltz, vil. , Bohemia, 13m. S. byE. Koniggratz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dasb-l»alagli, vil., Caucasia, govt, and NE. of Elisabethpol, 
 dist. Nukha. P. <40oo. 
 
 DasbeT, Polish Daszdw, tn., govt, and 108 m. SW. Kiev, 
 dist. Lipovets. Old castle. P. 5650, half Jews. 
 
 Dasbt-i-Arzen ('Millet plain'), or Dasbt-1-ArJln ('wild 
 almond plain"), viL and mt. enclosed plain, S W.Persia, 30 m. 
 W. Shiraz. 
 
 Dasbt-1-Bedanlat, a desolate, high-lying valley, British 
 Baluchistan, to the S. of 30° N., crossed in the middle by 67° E. 
 
 Dasbt-1-KaTlr and Dasbt-l-Lnt. See Persia, physical 
 features. 
 
 Dasbwood's Cinlly, post-tp., S. Australia, co. and 18 m. 
 S. by E. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Daska, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Sidlkot, 50 m. N, 
 Lahore. P. (1881) 5500; (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 DaspallA, tributary state of Orissa, Bengal, crossed by 20^° 
 N. and 84!° E. Area, 568 sq. m. 
 
 Dassel, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 20 m. NW. by 
 N. Gottingen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dassenberg, viL, Cape Colony, Malmesbury dist., 22 m. 
 NE. Cape Town. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Dassen Island (Dutch, ' badger's island '), a small isL, Cape 
 Colony, off the W. ct. , 35 m. NW. by N. Cape Town. 
 
 Dasikya, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Hoshiirpur, 50 m. 
 ENE. Amritsar. P. (1881) 6200; (1891) 7000; Hindus, 1900; 
 Moham. 5100. 
 
 Datcbet, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div., on 
 the Thames, ij m. E. Windsor, on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Datcbwortb, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, Hitchin div. , si m. 
 NW. Hertford, li m. E. Knebworth stn. , P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Date CJreefc, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Yavapai co., 168 m. 
 NE. firom the SW. corner of the terr. 
 
 Datla, tn. , Central India, 50 m. SSE. Gwalior, cap, of D. 
 state, on a rocky height, surrounded by a stone wall incapable 
 of defence against modern artillery. P. (1881) 28,300; (1891) 
 87,600; Hindus, 21,900; Moham. 4800. 
 
 Datlmann, riv. , Peru. See Tabuamann. 
 
 DatlTre, seapt, Brit. India, Bombay, dist, Thina, on the 
 N. side of the mouth of the Vaitarani R., 42 m, N. Bombay. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Datscbltz, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 23 m. S. by W. Iglau. P, 
 <30oo. 
 
 Datteln, comm., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 19 m. NE. 
 Essen, on the Dortmimd-Ems CanaL P. <4000. 
 
 Dattenfeld, comm., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 28 m. ESE. 
 Cologne. P. <30oo. 
 
 Dattoll, a cluster of rocky islets, in the Mediterranean, round 
 the I. Pomaria, Lipari group. 
 
 Data, cape, Borneo, in the extreme SW. of Sarawak. 
 
 Datnng«Kol, riv., China, Kansu, rising N. of Lake Kuku- 
 nor, and joining L bk. Hwang-ho, 160 m. E. by S. of the SE. 
 end of that lake. 
 
 Danba, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, 27 m. SW. by W. Reichen- 
 berg, and 4^ m. WSW. Hirschberg. P. < 2000. 
 
 DaabbllT, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Bolton-le-Moors 
 414 
 
 and Deane pars., li m. SW. Bolton, with a stn. on the L. & 
 NW. R. P. 6700. "See Rnmwortb. 
 
 Danben See, lake, Switzd. See Dnben See. 
 
 D&tiidnagar, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, on the r. bk. of the 
 Son, dist. and 44 m. WNW. Gaya. P. (i8o4)<3ooo; (1871) 
 8300; (1881)9900; (1891)9900; Hindus, 8000; Moham, 1900. 
 
 Daofnskle Island, U.S., S. Carolina, Beaufort co., off the 
 S. ct. , to the N. of the mouth of the Savannah R. 
 
 DauUa, native name of Goodenough I., Brit. New Guinea. 
 
 Danlatdbikd (original name Deoglrl), tn., India, Haidara- 
 bdd, 7 m. NW. Aurangdbdd, with a fort on a hill 600 ft. high, 
 and entirely isolated. D. succeeded Bijapur as the cap. of the 
 Yadava kingdom. Noted for its purple grapes. P.(i88i)<20oo, 
 
 Daalat^biid, tn. , Persia, 55 m. SSW. Astrabad. 
 
 Daolatabad, walled city, Persia, prov. Irak Ajemi, 32 m. 
 SE, by S, Hamadan. P. about 4500. 
 
 Daolatabad, fort, Persia, on the Tejend, 86 m. E. Meshed. 
 
 Danle, riv. , Ecuador, one of the headwaters of the Guayas, 
 flows S. through a fruitful valley with numerous cacao and other 
 plantations ; navigable for steamers to Balzar, in 1° 21' S. , 55 m. 
 N. Guayaquil, for small canoes to near the source of both its 
 headwaters, the Rio Grande (W.) and the Peripa (E.). 
 
 Danle, viL, S. America, Ecuador, 22 m. NNW. Guayaquil, 
 on riv. Daule. 
 
 Dauleswaram, tn. , India. See Dowlalsbvaram. 
 
 Danm^, small fortified isl. , France, in the Gulf of Lions, to 
 the S. of Marseilles. 
 
 Dann, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 32 m. N. by E. Treves. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Danngs, Tbe, tract, India. See Dskngs. 
 
 Dannt Kock, Ire. , off the coast of co. Cork, near the mouth 
 of Cork harbour. Lighthouse, visible 10 m. 
 
 Dauntsey, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 10 m. 
 W. Swindon, ih m. N. of its stn., the junction for Malmesbury 
 on the G. W. R., P.O. P. <soo, 
 
 Danpbln, a fort on the SE. ct, of Madagascar, NE. of 
 Cape Ste. Marie, in 25° i' S. 
 
 Danpbln, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, D. co. , on the 1. bk. of 
 Susquehanna R., 7 m. NNW. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Danpbln Cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I. , on 
 the NE. ct. , in 46° 23' N., 60° 25' W. 
 
 Danpbln*^, an old frontier prov. in SW, of France, now 
 comprised in the deps. Drfime, Hautes-Alpes, and Isere. After 
 having been governed for several centuries by palatine counts, 
 who were called Dauphins, it was ceded to Philip of Valois in 
 1349, and from that time to the revolution of 1830 the eldest 
 son of the King of France had the title of Dauphin. 
 
 Danpbln Island, Great and Little, two isls. , U.S. , Alabama, 
 Jackson co. , on the S. of Mississippi Sound, and on the SW. of 
 Mobile Bay. 
 
 Danpbln Lake, Canada, Manitoba, to the W. of the N. 
 half of Lake Manitoba, drained N. into Lake Winnipegosis. 
 Length 30 m. by 5-12 m. broad. 
 
 Dauria (Dabnrla), part of Mongolia, between the Yablonovoi 
 Mts. and Argun R. , now part of Transbaikalia, Russia. The 
 Daurs are now the inhabitants of the upper trib. of the Anner in 
 the N, part of Khingan Mts, 
 
 Danros, fishing viL See Dawros. 
 
 Dansa, tn. , India, Rajputdna, state and 30 m. E. Jaipur. P. 
 (1881) 7400. 
 
 Dava, stn., Scot., Elginshire, on the H. R,, 12 m, S. by W. 
 Forres, P.O. 
 
 Davaln, vil., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 28 m. SE. 
 Erivan, 2 m. from Aras R. P. 2525. 
 
 Davan, ' mountain-pass.' See Daban. 
 
 Darangere, tn., India, Mysore, 83 m. SW. by W, Bellary. 
 P, (1881) 6400. 
 
 Dare, comm., Belgium, on the r. bk. of the Meuse, prov, 
 and 4 m. S. Namur. P. <20oo. 
 
 Daven, par. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, near Llanelly. P. < 
 4500. 
 
 DaTenbam, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, div. and 2 m. S. North- 
 wich, on the Dane, PMT.O. P. 750; eccles. par. (D. St. 
 WUfrld) P. <35oo. 
 
 Darenport, vil. , Canada, Ontario, York co. , 5 m. NW. by 
 W. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Davenport, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 9 m. SW, 
 by W. Macclesfield, 2 m. ESE. Holmes Chapel stn., P.O. (D. 
 Green), P. <2So. 
 
 Davenport, stn., Eng., Cheshire, on the L, & NW, R., ij 
 m. SSE. Stockport. 
 
 Davenport, co. , Queensland, crossed in the N. by 20° S. , and 
 in the middle by 146° E., bounded on the NE. by the Biu-dekin. 
 
 Davenport, vil., U.S., Washington, Lincoln co., 46 m. W. 
 Spokane Falls. P. < 1500. 
 
 Davenport, city and riv. port, U.S., Iowa, cap. of Scott co., 
 on r. bk. of Mississippi R. , 63 m. SE. by E. Cedar Rapids ; has 
 flour-mills, foundries, and machine shops, &c. Alt. 603 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 49.2° F., Jan. 22.2°, July 75.8°; rfalL (12 yrs.), 
 35.96 in. P. (1880) 21,800; (1890) 26,900, 
 
DAVE — DAZA 
 
 DaTentai'gne, one of the high valleys of the Lavedan, 
 Hautes-Pyr6n6es, France ; chief locality, Argelfes. 
 
 Da'reutry, popularly Dalntree (said to be from Dwy-avon- 
 tree, ' the town of the two rivers'), mun. bor. (since the time of 
 John of Gaunt), market-tn. , and par., Eng. , S. div., co. and 12 
 m. W. Northampton, gj m. SSE. Rugby, on the L. & NW. R. 
 In the diocese of Peterborough. Chief industry, shoemaking. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Daveyston, post-tn., S. Australia, Light co., 35 m. NNE. 
 Adelaide, 10 m. S. by W. Kapunda. P. < 1500. 
 
 David, tn., Colombia, near the W. end of the isthmus of 
 Panama, 200 m. W. by S. Panama ; with gold-mines. P. 9000. 
 
 Darld, city, U.S., Nebraska, Butler co., 61 m. W. Omaha. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 David-Crorodok, tn., Russia, govt, and 125 m. SSW. of 
 Minsk, on Goryn R. , near its junction with Pripet. P, 4000. 
 
 David's Islaud, U.S., New York, small isl. in Long L 
 Sound, purchased by the U.S. government for military pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Davidson, co., U.S., N. Carolina, W. of 80° W., crossed in 
 the extreme N. by 36° N. , bounded on the W. by the Yadkin R. 
 
 Davidson, co. , U.S., Tennessee, E. of 87° W. , crossed in 
 the extreme S. by 36° N. 
 
 Davidson, glacier, Alaska, enters Chilcat Inlet just N, of 
 59° N. 
 
 Davidson's Mains, or Hnttonliole, vil. , Scot. , Midlothian, 
 3^ m. WNW. Edinburgh, i m. NW. by W. Craigleith stn., 
 PMT.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Davids tow, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and n^ m. W. by 
 N. Launceston, 3^ m. NE. Camelford, P.O.; 6853 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Davldstow Moor, a hill tract to the S. 
 
 Davldstown, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Nanagh and Re- 
 ban East, 4 m. SW. Kilcullen Bridge ; 3907 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Davtdtowu, vil. , Canada. See Sbaron. 
 
 Davie, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, crossed in the N. by 36° N., 
 and in the middle by 80^° W. , bounded E. by the Yadkin R. 
 
 Daviess, CO., U.S., Indiana, S. of 39° N., bounded on W. by 
 W. branch of White R. , and on S. by E. branch. 
 
 Daviess, CO. , U. S. , Kentucky, on the Ohio, crossed by 87° W. 
 
 Daviess, CO., U.S., Missouri, in the NW., crossed by 40° N, 
 and by 94° W. 
 
 Davllacan, viL , on the E. ct. of Luzon I, , one of the Philip- 
 pine Is. 
 
 Davlllaon, isL, Ire., off NW. ct. of co. Galway, E. of 
 Inishbofin I. 
 
 Davlugton, par., Eng., Kent, div. and J m. NE. Favers- 
 hara. P. <25o. 
 
 Davlot, par., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 4 m. NNW. Inver- 
 urie, 2 m. WNW. Fingask stn., P.O.; 4454 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Davlot and Dnnllcbty, par., Scot., Inverness-shire and 
 Nairn, 5^ m. SE. Inverness, PT.O.; 59,443 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Davis, vil., U.S., Illinois, Stephenson co., 63 m. E. by S. 
 Dubuque (la.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Davis, vil., U.S., Iowa, Decatur co., on S. frontier of state, 
 70 m. S. Des Moines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Davis, CO., U.S., Iowa, on S. frontier, and W. of 92° W. 
 
 Davis, CO., U.S., Kansas, crossed by 39° N., and partly 
 bounded on the W. by 97° W. It contains the confluence of 
 the Smoky and Republican Rivers. 
 
 Davis, CO., U.S., Utah, crossed by 41° S., and bounded on 
 the W. by Great Salt Lake. 
 
 Davis, viL, U.S., W. Virginia, Tucker co., 9^ m, SSE. of 
 the SW. corner of Maryland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Davlslne, settlement, U.S., Washington, Lincoln co., 72 m. 
 W. Spokane Falls. 
 
 Davison, co., U.S., S. Dakota, S. of 44° N., crossed in the 
 E. by 98° W. 
 
 Davis Strait, Brit. N. America, to the S. of Greenland, con- 
 necting Baffin Bay with the Atlantic ; in its narrowest part it is 
 from 150 to i6o m. across. Greatest ascertained depth, SW. of 
 Disoo Bay (g'.v.), about 900 fathoms. A submarine ridge at a 
 depth of about 400 fathoms connects the opposite shores at its 
 narrowest part in about 67" N. Named after the navigator 
 John Davis (died 1605), its discoverer (1585). 
 
 Davis Street, P.O., Eng., 5 m. from Twyford (Berkshire). 
 
 DavoU, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 19 m. SSW, 
 Catanzaro. P. <:4000. 
 
 Davos, Davos-Platz, Tavan, or Tavate, vil. , Switzd. , cant. 
 Grisons, 14 m. E. by S. Chur, in an elevated valley traversed 
 by the Davos Landwasser, which issues from the small Lake 
 Davos (alt. 5125 ft.; area about ^ sq. m.; depth, 175 ft.). Alt. 
 5115-5135 ft. P. (comm.) < 5000. 
 
 Davydorskoye, vil. , W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, dist. and 43 
 m. from Kurgan. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Davyhnlme, part of eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Eccles 
 div., 6^ m. SW. Manchester, P.O. See Eccles. 
 
 Dawan. See Daban. 
 
 Dawalaglrl, mt. , India. See Dbanldglri. 
 
 Dawar, valley, stretching E. and W. , in the NE. of Afghan- 
 istan, in about 33° N. It is drained by the Tochi R., and is 
 
 divided into an upper and lower section by the Tograi Tangai 
 Pass. Proc. R. G, £., 1879, P- 48, map, p. 80. 
 
 Dawdon, par., Eng., Durham, Dalton-le-Dale par., 6^ m. 
 SE. Sunderland. P. 9000. 
 
 Dawes, co., U.S., Nebraska, in the NW., on the N. frontier, 
 crossed by 103° W. 
 
 Dawfnskie Island, U.S. See Danfnskle. 
 
 Dawley, Great, tn. and par., Eng., Salop, Wellington div., 
 14 m. ESE. Shrewsbiuy, i m. S. Stirchley stn. , ^ m. E. Horse- 
 hay stn,, PMT.O. (Dawley), and P.O. (D. Bank). P. 7000; 
 eccles. pars. (D., Cireat, St. Leonard) P. < 2500; (D., Little, 
 St. Luke) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Dawley, Jfew, 2 m. to the N. of Great D. , close to Malins 
 Lee stn. 
 
 Dawllsh, tn. and par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Ashburton div. , 
 in a sheltered valley between the Teign and the Exe, 3 m. NE. 
 by N. Teignmouth, on the G. W. R. ; one of the most popular 
 seaside resorts of Devon. Par. 5370 ac, P. <sooo. 
 
 DawTos Head, cape. Ire. , on the W. ct. of co. Donegal, lat. 
 54° 50' N. The fishing village of D. lies to the E. looking S. 
 
 Dawson, post-tn. , S. Australia, Herbert co. , 74 m. E. by S. 
 Port Augusta, about 10 m. N. D. Boad stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dawson, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Kidder co., 47 m. E. Bis- 
 marck. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dawson, tn., U.S., Georgia, Terrell co., 88 m. SW. by S. 
 Macon. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Daivson, co. , U.S., Georg[ia, between 34° and 35° N., and 
 crossed in E. by 84° W. 
 
 Dawson, co. , U.S., Montana, in the NE. corner of the state, 
 traversed by the Missouri R. 
 
 Dawson, CO., U.S., Nebraska, crossed in the N. by 41° N., 
 and in the W. by 100° W. 
 
 Dawson, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW., crossed by 102° W., 
 S. of33°N. 
 
 Da'wson>grove, electoral div.. Ire., co. Monaghan, dist. D. , 
 Cootehill union. 
 
 Dawson Island, large isl., Chile, in archipelago of Tierra 
 del Fuego, S. of the Strait of Magellan, crossed by 54° S., E. of 
 71° W, 
 
 Dax, Ax, or Aqs (corrupted from Civitas aquensis, ' the city 
 of waters'), tn., France, dep. Landes, cap. arr. , in a fertile 
 plain on L bk. of the Adour, 30 m. SW. Mont-de-Marsan ; in 
 and near the town are warm sulphur springs. P. 8400. 
 
 Daxlanden, comm., Ger. , gd. -duchy Baden, circle and 4 m. 
 W. Karlsruhe. P. <:3000. 
 
 Day, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, between 45° and 46° N. , and 97° 
 and 98" W. 
 
 Daya, vil. , Algeria, 41 m. ESE. Tlemsen. P. (comm. ) 10,400. 
 
 Dayak, Great, riv. , Borneo. See Kahayau. 
 
 Dayaks, or Dyaks, a people of Malay race, who live in the 
 island of Borneo, in houses mostly resting on piles, under the 
 nominal governance of chiefs, who, however, are controlled by 
 the tribal assemblies. Though short of stature and slight in 
 build, they are strong and untiring in activity. The women 
 cultivate the rice, on which they principally live. They are 
 heathens. The gruesome practice of collecting human skulls 
 underlies many of their social institutions, but is being slowly 
 suppressed by the English and Dutch. P. close upon 1,000,000. 
 
 Dayamar- Peak. See Nanga Parbat. 
 
 Daybrook, stn., Eng., co. and 3 m. N. Nottingham, on the 
 G. N. R. and the M. S. & L. R. 
 
 Daylr, small port, Persia, on the Persian Gulf, 105 m. SE. 
 Bushire. 
 
 Daylesford, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, i m. SE. Addlestrop 
 stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Daylesford, settlement, Victoria, Talbot co., 22 m. NE. 
 Ballarat. 
 
 Day Bock, submerged rock, Greece. See Platela. 
 
 Dayton, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 564 
 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Dayton, tp. and vil., U.S., Iowa, Webster co., 54 m. NW. 
 by N. Des Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dayton, city, U.S., Kentucky, Campbell co., on the 1. bk. of 
 R. Ohio, 3 m. SE. Cincinnati (Ohio). P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Dayton, city, U.S., Ohio, Montgomery co., on the Great 
 Miami R. and Miami Canal, 50 m. NNE. Cincinnati. Alt. 743 
 ft. (R.R.). White limestone or marble, which abounds in the 
 neighbourhood, largely used for building. Large manufacturing 
 industry, including agricultural implements, cars, and cash 
 registers. Central branch of the National Soldiers' Home. 
 P. (1870) 30,500; (1880) 38,700; (1890) 61,200. 
 
 Dayton, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Armstrong co., 48 m. NE. 
 by E. Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dayton, city, U.S., Tennessee, co. Rhea, 35 m. NE. by N. 
 Chattanooga, on Big Richland Creek. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dayton, city, U.S., Washington, Columbia co., 25 m. NE. 
 Walla Walla. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Daytona, vil., U.S., Florida, Volusia co., on the E. ct., 
 86 m. S. by E. of the mouth of St. John's R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Dazalfn, vil., Japan, in the N. of Kiushiu I., about 65 m. 
 
 415 
 
D A Z A 
 
 DEAR 
 
 NE. Nagasaki ; in early times seat of the governor-generalship 
 of the island. 
 
 Dazard Point, cape, Eng., NW. Cornwall, in 50° 46' N. 
 
 Dazellowlle, P.O., Scot., Ayrshire, i m. from Kilkerran. 
 
 Dazey, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Barnes co., 70 m. WNW. 
 Fargo. P. < 1000. 
 
 Dduallt, stn. , Wales, Merionethshire, on the Festiniog Rly. , 
 9J m. NE. Portmadoc. 
 
 De, Tibetan, ' district." 
 
 De Aar, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Richmond, 90 m. 
 NW. Middelburg, at the June, of the railways from Cape Town 
 and Port Elizabeth. 
 
 Deace'8 Kock, islet, Ire. See CaUlagherom. 
 
 Deadmau Bay, Newfoundland, on the E. ct., in 49° 18' N., 
 53° 42' W. 
 
 Deadman's Island, N. America, one of the Magdalen Is. , 
 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Dead Sea, properly Salt Sea, or Lake Asphaltites (Arabic, 
 Bahr Lut, ' Sea of Lot '), is the lowest and largest of the three 
 lakes which interrupt the course of the Jordan, in 31° 6' 20" to 
 31° 46' N. , 35° 24' to 35° 37' E. Its N. extremity is where the 
 Jordan enters it, 20 m. E. Jerusalem. Having no outlet, its 
 level is determined by the amount of water it receives and the 
 extent of evaporation. The gjreat fissure in which it lies is 
 walled in by a range of nearly parallel mountains, bare and 
 stern, and estimated at 1200-1500 ft. above the lake, and com- 
 posed, of red sandstone overlaid by limestone. Well-marked 
 terraces are seen on its shores at the height of about 785 ft. 
 above the surface, which is about the highest level of the gorge 
 of Arabah, leading S. from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Akabaii, 
 and no doubt marks the level attained by the sea when it had 
 an outlet through that gorge. Its water is clear and trans- 
 parent, but salt and peculiarly bitter to the taste ; its density is 
 so great that a man cannot sink lower than the arms when 
 standing in it. Sea-water contains about 3J, while the Dead 
 Sea contains 24J per cent, of salt. The mountain of rock-salt, 
 on its SW. side, is called Jebel Usdum (Mount Sodom). Only 
 the lowest forms of animal life exist in its salt and acrid waters, 
 but birds fly over its surface, and animals and plants inhabit its 
 shores. Its scenery, far from being gloomy, is grand, bright, 
 and pleasing. Length, N. to S. , 46 m. ; breadth in middle, 10 
 m. ; depression below the Mediterranean 1290 ft., but with a 
 difference of about 15 ft. between the lowest summer-level and 
 the high water in early summer (about April), when the Jordan 
 is flooded by the melting of the snows on Mount Hermon ; 
 greatest depth of the N. portion 1308 ft. ; the S. part is very 
 shallow. Area, 353 sq. m. 
 
 Deadwater, stn. , Eng. , Northumberland, on the N. B. R. , 
 in the Cheviot Hills, on the Scotch border, 16J m. S. by W. 
 Jedburgh. 
 
 Dead wood, city, U.S., S. Dakota, Lawrence co., 98 m. N. 
 by E. from the SW. corner of the state, centre of trade for the 
 Black Hills. Connected by rail with Omaha and Sioux City. 
 Alt. signal stn. 4630 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). Mean temp., 
 yr. 41.8° F., Jan. 20.4°, July 64.7°; rfall. (5 yrs.), 26.47 •"• 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Deaf Hill -with Langdale, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, 
 Trimdon and Kelloe par. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Deaf Smith, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW., on the W. 
 frontier, crossed by 35° N. 
 
 Deilkl, comm. , Hungary, co. and 32 m. E. Pressburg. P. •< 
 3000. 
 
 Deal (called by ancient Britons Dole, ' a low open plain 
 upon the sea'), mun. bor. (since 1699), market-tn., seapt., and 
 raun. div. , Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div. , on the E. ct. , oppo- 
 site Goodwin Sands, 4 m. SE. by E. Sandwich, on the SE. R. 
 and L. C. & D. R., with coastguard stn. There is a light- 
 vessel 9 m. E. by S. , and another 5 m. NE. by E. D. is a 
 member of the Cinque Ports of Sandwich, and of late years has 
 been resorted to as a watering-place ; noted for its bloaters. 
 The skill and boldness of the D. boatmen shown in relieving 
 distressed vessels is renowned. Of three castles built by Henry 
 VIII. , Walmer Castle is the official residence of the Lord Warden 
 of the Cinque Ports, Deal, now a family residence, and Sandwich, 
 now in ruins. Till 1885 D. combined with Sandown in sending 
 two members to parliament. Market-days, Tu. and S. Bor. 
 P. (1801)5400; (1851)7100; (1871)8000; (1891)8900. 
 
 Deal Beach, vil., U.S., New Jersey, co. Monmouth, 49 m. 
 from New York. Summer resort. 
 
 Dealtown, vil., Canada, Ontario, Kent co., on Lake Erie, 
 46 m. E. by S. Windsor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dean, ' a deep wooded valley." See Den. 
 
 Dean, par., Eng., in the N. of Bedfordshire, Biggleswade 
 div., iiJ^ m. N. Bedford, 3 m. SW. by W. Kimbolton stn. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Dean, riv., Eng., in the NE. of Cheshire, affluent of R. 
 Bollin, which it joins on the r. bk. below Wilmslow. 
 
 Dean, par., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., si m. 
 ESE. Workington, close to Branthwaite stn. ; 6528 ac. P. < 
 1000. 
 
 416 
 
 Dean, eccles. par., Scot., Midlothian, in the NW. of Edin- 
 burgh, including the village of D., dating from the time of 
 David I., on Water of Leith, which here flows through a deep 
 ravine, crossed by D. Bridge, which is 447 ft. long, and 106 ft. 
 above the bed of the stream. P. 5700. 
 
 Dean, post-tn. , Victoria, Talbot co., 117 m. NW. Melbourne. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Dean, East, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div., 
 13 m. SW. Gloucester ; 13,265 ac. P. 14,600. 
 
 Dean, East, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, New Forest div. , 8 m. 
 E. by S. Salisbury, with a stn. (Dean) on L. & SW. R., P.O. 
 P. <25o; eccles. par., see Lockerley. 
 
 Dean, East, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 5^ m. NE. by N. 
 Chichester, P.O.; 4654 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dean, East, ct. par. , Eng. , Sussex, div. and 3^ m. W. by 
 S. Eastbourne. P. <:5oo; eccles. par. (East D. with Frlston) 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Dean, Forest of, an ancient royal forest, Eng., W, 
 Gloucestershire, between the estuary of the Severn and the 
 Wye ; was at one time an oak forest, which yielded vast supplies 
 of navy timber, but is now mainly covered with oak coppices 
 grown for the bark. It contains a detached coalfield, with 
 fifteen seams of coal, of 2 ft. thick or more, one about 5 ft. thick. 
 Has also magnetic iron ore, which was worked in the time of 
 the Romans. It gives its name to a pari. div. , including nearly 
 the whole of Gloucestershire W. of the Severn. Pari. div. P. 
 52,800. 
 
 Dean Forest, East, eccles. par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire and 
 Herefordshire, East Dean and Newland pars. P. 5400. 
 
 Dean, Little, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean 
 div., 10 m. E. Monmouth, i| m. W. Newnhamstn., PM.O. 
 (Ltttledean). P. < 1000. 
 
 Dean, North, stn. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Greetland. 
 
 Dean, West, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean 
 div. ; 10,904 ac. P. 9100. 
 
 Dean, West, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., on the 
 Lavant, 2J m. W. of East D., 2 m. SW. Singleton stn., P.O. ; 
 4802 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Dean, West, par., Eng., Sussex, Eastbourne div., 2^ m. 
 NW. by W. of East D., 2^ m. E. Seaford stn. P. <:250. 
 
 Dean, West, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., i^ m. NW. 
 by W. of East D. (Hants), PM.O. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (Dean, 
 West, with part of East Grimstead) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Deanburuhangh, vil. , Scot. , on the borders of Roxburgh- 
 shire and Selkirkshire, 8 m. SW. Hawick, P.O. 
 
 Dean Channel, Canada, the estuary of the D. or Salmon 
 R. , British Columbia, runs 60 m. SW. ; mouth in 52° 10' N. 
 
 Dean Church, hamlet, Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 12 
 m. W. Torquay, 2 m. SW. Buckfastleigh stn. D. Prior, par., 
 adjoining on the N. P.O. 4136 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Deane, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, div. and 5^ m. W. Basing- 
 stoke, I m. WSW. Oakley stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Deane, eccles. par. and vil. , Eng. , Lancashire, W. Houghton 
 div., 2 m. WSW. Bolton, close to Daub Hill and Rumworth 
 stn., P.O. P. 6500. 
 
 Deanham, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, loj m. SW. Mor- 
 peth. P. <25o. 
 
 Deanhead, Eng. See Scammonden. 
 
 Dean Lake, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the Sault St. 
 Mary line of the C. P. R. , 556 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Dean Lane, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & Y. R., in 
 the N. div. of the pari. bor. of Manchester. 
 
 Dean Park, eccles. par. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, Govan par. P. 
 <35oo. 
 
 Dean Prior, par. , Eng. See Dean Church. 
 
 Deansgate, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Knot Mill and D. 
 
 Deanshanger, hamlet, Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 on the Grand Junction Canal, 6 m. NE. Buckingham, 4 m. 
 SW. by W. Wolverton stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Dean's Harsh, post-viL, Victoria, Polwarth co., 81 m. SW. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Deanston, vil., Scot., W. Perthshire, on the Teith, 6^ m. 
 SE. by E. Callander, 4 m. W. Dunblane, close to Doune stn.; 
 has cotton-mills, founded 1785. PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Dearborn, co., U.S., Indiana, on the £. frontier, partly on 
 the Ohio. 
 
 Dearborn, tp. , U.S., Michigan, Wayne co., 11 m. WSW. 
 Detroit. Alt. 614 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 Dearborn Observatory, U.S., Illinois. See Eranston. 
 
 Dearham, par., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., on 
 the Ellen, 2 J m. E. Maryport, with two stns. (D. and D. Bridge) 
 on the Maryport and Carlisle Rly., with coal, PM.O. P. <;3000 ; 
 eccles. par. P. 7100. 
 
 Dearne, riv. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, rises in the Holm- 
 firth div. , flows ESE. past Barnsley, and ultimately joins the Don 
 on the 1. bk. about midway between Rotherham and Doncaster. 
 
 Dearne and Dove Canal, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 from Barnsley Junction to Swinton, with branches to Elsecar 
 and Worsboro. Total length, 14 m. Available for boats of 5 
 ft. 6 in. draught. 
 
DEAR — DEE 
 
 Deamley, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, near Roch- 
 dale, P.O'. See SmaUbrldge. 
 
 Dease Lake and Iloase, Canada, Brit. Columbia, lat. 58^° N., 
 128° W. , the lake at the head of Liard R. 
 
 Dease Strait, the channel leading E. from Coronation Gulf, 
 S. of Victoria Land, N. America, crossed by 69° N., 107° E. 
 
 Death Valley, a hollow, U.S., California, in the S. of Inyo 
 CO., 18 m. W. of E. frontier, stretching NNW. from the parallel 
 of 36° N. It receives the Amargosa R. , which forms a lake of 
 variable extent. King's Springs in this valley are 225 ft. below 
 sea- level (Wheeler). 
 
 DeauTllle, tn., France, dep. Calvados, arr. Pont I'Evdque, 
 near the mouth of the Touques, on the N. ct. , opposite Trou- 
 ville, q.v. for port particulars. P. <30oo. 
 
 Deba, ct. tn., Arabia, Oman, NW. of Maskat. 
 
 Deba, tn., Tibet, near the upper Sutlej, in 30° 13' N., 80° 21' 
 E. Alt. 14,900 ft. 
 
 Debacb, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 8 m. NE. by 
 N. Ipswich, 3i^ m. NW. Melton stn. P. <25o. See Bonlge. 
 
 Debala, Ed, expansion of Wadi Draa, Morocco. See Draa. 
 
 Debar, lake, Central India, RdjputAna, state and 30 m. SE. 
 Udaipur, formed by a massive stone dam, constructed in A.D. 
 1681. Alt. 960 ft.; length 8-10 m., average breadth about i m. 
 
 Debar, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Dlbra. 
 
 De BeanTOlr Town, Eng. See Hackney. 
 
 Debden, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 3^ m. S. by E. Saffron 
 Walden, 2 m. E. Newport stn., P.O., and P.O. (D. Green); 
 4653 ac. P. <7so. 
 
 Debec Junction, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, 
 Carleton co., 50 m. W. by N. Fredericton. 
 
 De Beemster, comm. , Holland. See Beemster. 
 
 De Beers Pass, a pass across the Quathlamba Mts., leading 
 from Natal into the Orange Free State, in about 28° 8' S. 
 
 Debeh, Bight of, a wide bay on the coast of Egypt, outside 
 Lake Menzaleh, in the delta of the Nile. 
 
 Deben, riv., Eng., E. Suffolk, rises near Debenham, and 
 flows SE. then S. to the North Sea, which it enters near Felix- 
 stowe, 5 m. NE. Harwich ; 30 m. long. It is navigable up to 
 Woodbridge, 8| m. above its mouth. 
 
 Deb'euham, small market- tn. and par., Eng., Suffolk, near 
 the source of the R. Deben, div. and 8 m. S. Eye, ii^ m. N. 
 Ipswich, PMT.O. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Debert, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Colchester, 12 m. 
 from Truro. P. < 1500. 
 
 Debhata, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Khulna. P. 5400; 
 Hindus, 3900 ; Moham. 1500. 
 
 Df blca, or Demblca, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 65 m. 
 E. Cracow. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Debir, place named in O. T. See Edh Dh&herlyeh. 
 
 Debir, place named in O. T. See Thoghret ed Debr. 
 
 Deblln, vil., Moravia, govt. Briinn, dist. Tischnowitz, with 
 silver-mining. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Debo, Deboe, or Dibble (Arab Baor-Tieb, the 'Black 
 Lake'), lake, central Africa, western Sudan, 150 m. SW. 
 Timbuktu, traversed by the Joliba (Upper Niger) R. On its 
 SW. shore is a town of same name. 
 
 Dehor, tn., Turkey in Europe. See Dlbra. 
 
 De Boyne, isls. , Louisiade Archipelago, crossed by 10° 45' S. , 
 152" 25' E. 
 
 Debra Llbanos, tn. , E. Africa, Shoa, in about 9° 42' N. , 8° 
 54' E. Alt. 8120 ft. 
 
 Debra Tabor, or Dobra Tabor, dist. , Abyssinia, Amhara, 
 to the E. of Lake Tsana, contains Samara (alt. 8200 ft.), the cap. 
 of the country. 
 
 Debreczeu, improperly Debreczln, municip. , Hungary, cap. 
 prov. Hajduken, 36 m. NNW. Grosswardein, in the midst of 
 a vast sandy plain traversed by downs stretching N. and S.; 
 seat of a Roman Catholic and a Protestant theological college. 
 Alt. 395 ft. Mean temp., yr. 49.3° F., Jan. 27.4°, July 71.0°. 
 P. (1850)30,900; (1869)46,100; (1890)56,900. 
 
 De Brlel, fortress, Holland. See Brlel. 
 
 DfibrousseTllle, tn., Algeria, prov. and 35 m. E. by S. 
 Oran, on the lower Habra, which supplies water for its 
 irrigation. 
 
 Debschwltz, vil. , Ger. , princip. Reuss of the Younger Line, 
 circle Landrathsamt Gera. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Debtllng, or Detling, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 2 m. 
 ENE. Maidstone, i^ m. NNW. Bearstead stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Debikrleh, vil. , Palestine, Daberath in the O. T. , 32° 42' N. , 
 35" 22' E. , 4 m. E. by S. Nazareth. 
 
 De Castries Bay, Russian Manchuria, on the Pacific coast, 
 51^ 28' N. , 123° 10' E. The Amur approaches here the coast so 
 as to be separated from D. Bay by but a low ridge 10 m. wide. 
 
 Deca'tnr, city, U.S., Alabama, Morgan co., on the 1. bk. of 
 the Tennessee, 75 m. N. by W. of Birmingham ; has recently 
 risen to importance through the development of iron and other 
 manufactures. Alt. 575 ft. (R.R.). P. < 3000. 
 
 Decatur, tn., U.S., Georgia, Dekalb co., 8 m. E. by N. 
 Atlanta. Alt. 1033 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Decatur, co., U.S., Georgia, in extreme SW. 
 417 
 
 Decatur, city, U.S., Illinois, Macon co., 39 m, E. Springfield. 
 Alt. 666 ft. (R.R.). P. (187c) 7200; (1880) 9500; (1890) 16,800. 
 
 Decatur, city, U.S., Indiana, Adams co., 94 m. NE. Indiana- 
 polis. P. <4000. 
 
 Decatur, co., U.S., Indiana, N. of 39° N., W. of 85° W. 
 
 Decatur, co., U.S., Iowa, S. frontier, crossed by 94° W. 
 
 Decatur, co., U.S., Kansas, on the N. frontier, W. of the 
 meridian 100° W. 
 
 Decatur, vil., U.S., Michigan, Van Buren co., 52 m. ENE.. 
 of the SW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Decatur, tp. and vil., U.S., Nebraska, Burt co., on the r. bk. 
 of the Missouri, 53 m. N. by W. Omaha. P. < 1500. 
 
 Decatur, co., U.S., Tennessee, S. of 36° N., bounded on the 
 E. by the Tennessee R. 
 
 Decatur, tn., U.S., Texas, Wise co., 55 m. NW. by W. 
 Dallas. P. < 2000. 
 
 Decazerllle, tn. , France, dep. Aveyron, arr. Villefranche, 
 44 m. N. Albi, 12 m. ESE. Figeac, with coal-mines and im- 
 portant iron-works founded about 1825 under the ministry of the 
 Due Decazes. P. (1872) < 5000; (1891)6700. 
 
 Deccan, or Dukklnshahabazpoor Island. See Dakshln 
 Shdhb^zpur. 
 
 Deccau, The (' the south'), region, India, properly the whole 
 region to the S. of the Vindhya and Kiimur Mts. , though this 
 name is sometimes restricted to the area between the rivs. 
 Narbada and Kistna. 
 
 Deception, stn., Canada, prov, Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 1310 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Deception Bay, at the head of the Gulf of Papua, on the S. 
 ct. of New Guinea, in about i44^°-i45'' E. 
 
 Deception Island, Antarctic Ocean, near S. Shetland ; vol- 
 canic, consisting of alternate layers of ashes and ice, with a deep 
 lake of 5 m. circumference, and hot springs, temp. 140° F. 
 
 De CewsTllle, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Haldimand, 3 m. 
 from Cayuga. P. < 1500. 
 
 Decherd,. vil. , U.S., Tennessee, co. Franklin, 69 m. NW. 
 Chattanooga by rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Dechy, comm., France, dep. Nord, arr. and cant. Douai, 
 with coal-mining. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Decles within Drum, bar. , Ire. , SW. co. Waterford. 
 
 Decles without Dram, bar. , Ire. , S. co. Waterford. 
 
 Declma, Japan. See Deslma. 
 
 Declmomannn, comm., Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, on the 
 Mannu, 10 m. NW. Cagliari. P. <20oo. 
 
 Declze, tn., France, dep. Nifevre, arr. and 18 m. SE. by E. 
 Nevers, with coal-mines. P. <4000. 
 
 Decollatura, comm., Italy, prov. Catanzarp, circle Nicastro. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Deco'rah, city, U.S., Iowa, Winneshiek co. , 32 m. WSW. of 
 NE. comer of state. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Deddlngton, small market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, 
 div. and 6 m. S. Banbury, 2 m. W. by S. Aynho stn., PMT.O.; 
 4271 ac. P. <2ooo ; eccles. par. (D. with Clifton and Hemp> 
 ton) P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Deddlngton, post-tn. , Tasmania, Cornwall co. , on R. Nile, ■ 
 97 m. N. by E. Hobart. 
 
 Dede-Agach, seapt., Turkey in Europe, cap. prov. D.-A., 
 10 m. NW. of the mouth of the Maritsa, terminus of a branch 
 of the Belgrade-Constantinople Rly. ; insecure roadstead, with- 
 out good anchorage. 
 
 Dedeleben, comm., Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Magde- 
 burg, circle Oschersleben, dist. Osterwieck. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dedham, par., Eng., Essex, on the Stour, div. and 5^ m. 
 NE. by N. Colchester, 2^ m. WNW. Manningtree stn. , PMT.O. 
 
 P. <20OO. 
 
 Dedham, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co., on Charles 
 R. , 9 m. SW. Boston. P. 7100. 
 
 D^ditz, tn., Austria, Moravia, on R. Hanna, 18 m. ENE. 
 Briinn. P. -czooo. 
 
 De Don Bermudo, tn., Spain. See Fuentes de Nava. 
 
 Dednm-oya, riv., Ceylon, flows first N. then W. and enters 
 the Gulf of Manaar about the middle of the W. ct. ; great irri- 
 gation works in progress. 
 
 Dedworth Green, eccles. par. , Eng. , Berkshire. See Ciewer. 
 
 Dee, riv., Eng. and N. Wales, rises in Merionethshire, near 
 Aran Mowddwy, flows through Lake Bala to Corwen, thence E. 
 into Denbighshire through the Vale of Llangollen and Wynn- 
 stay, then turns N. , separating the co. Denbigh on the W. from 
 detached part of Flintshire, and Cheshire on the E. , passing by 
 Chester, from whence a straight channel, 6 m. long, has been 
 formed to its estuary. It flows into the Irish Sea. Total course, 
 70 m. Principal affluent, the Alwyn, which joins it at Holt. 
 Its estuary is 14 m. in length, 2 to 6 m. broad, but is encum- 
 bered by sandbanks ; it has inland commimication with the 
 rivers of central England. 
 
 Dee, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, rising on Ingleton 
 Fells, in the NW. of the Skipton div., and joining the Rawthey 
 on the 1. bk. about i m. below Sedbergh. 
 
 Dee, riv.. Ire., in the NE. of co. Meath and in the middle of 
 CO. Louth ; flows into Dundalk Bay. 
 
 2 D 
 
DEE 
 
 DEH A 
 
 Dee, riv., Scot., Aberdeenshire, rises in Cairngorm Mts., 
 Braemar, and flows with a generally E. course to the North 
 Sea at Aberdeen. Total course 90 m., and with its affluents 
 it drains nearly 1000 sq. m. It rises in the wells of D., at 
 an elevation of 4000 ft., 12 m. from which, at an elevation of 
 1190 ft., its waters are hemmed into a narrow intricate chasm 
 of rock, flowing over which it forms the ' Linn of Dee." One of 
 the best fishing rivers in Britain ; valley finely wooded. Castle- 
 town of Braemar, Balmoral, Ballater, Aboyne, and Kincardine 
 O'Neil are on its banks. 
 
 Dee, riv. , Scot. , Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, flows southward 
 through Loch Ken, and past Carsphairn, Dairy, New Galloway, 
 and Kirkcudbright, and below the latter town joins the Solway 
 Firth, after a course of 50 m. , for the last 7 m. of which it is 
 navigable. Contains salmon, trout, pike, perch, and pearl 
 mussels. 
 
 Deebrldge, post-tn., Tasmania, Cumberland co., on R. Dee, 
 S3 m. NW. by N. Hobart. P. <isoo. 
 
 Dee, Locb, lake, Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, in the W., in 
 55° 5' N. , 4° 24' W. , drained SE. by the R. Dee. 
 
 Deece, Lo^wer and Upper, two bars. , Ire. , in the S. of co. 
 Meath. Upper D. on the frontier of the county. 
 
 Deel, Dutch, 'part,' 'division.' A frequent termination in 
 Dutch geographical names, as in Baarderadeel. 
 
 Deel, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. CrossmoUna. 
 
 Deel, riv.. Ire., in the W. of co. Limerick. It flows N., 
 passes Rathkeal, and enters the estuary of the Shannon in 9° W. ; 
 is navigable from Asheaton downwards. 
 
 Deel, small riv.. Ire., in the N. of co. Mayo, flows E. and 
 then S. into the N. end of Lough Conn. 
 
 Deele, small riv. , Ire. , co. Donegal, bar. Raphoe, issues fi"om 
 a small lake called liongh Deele, at the height of 871 ft. , and 
 flows E, to the R. Foyle. 
 
 Deelis, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Castlegregory. 
 
 Deene, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 11 m. SW. 
 by S. Stamford, 3I m. E. by S. Gretton stn., P.O. P. <2So; 
 eccles. par. (D. St.'Peter) P. <soo. 
 
 Deene Tborpe, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 II m. SW. by S. Stamford. P. <:25o. 
 
 Deenlsli Island, Ire. , off S. ct. co. Kerry. 
 
 Deep, small watering-place and fishing viL , Prussia, Pome- 
 rania, on the coast, 13 m. WSW. Colberg. 
 
 Deep Brook, or Clement's West, settlement, Canada, 
 Nova Scotia, in co. and 12 m. from Annapolis. 
 
 Deepcar, eccles. par. and vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Hallamshire div. , at the confluence of the Don and the Little 
 Don, 6| m. SW. Barnsley, with stn. (D. for Stoeksbrldge) 
 on the M. S. & L. R., PMT.O. See Bolsterstone. 
 
 Deep Core, inlet, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Lunenberg, with 
 a village of the same name. P. of vil. < 1500. 
 
 Deep Creek, settlement. New South Wales, Raleigh co., 
 near the coast, 356 m. NNE. Sydney ; gold and silver near. 
 
 Deep Dale, valley, Eng., Yorkshire, in the NW. of Rich- 
 mond div. of the N. Riding, opening into the valley of the 
 Tees at Barnard Castle. 
 
 Deepdale, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire, in Preston town, on the 
 L. & NW. R. and L. & Y. R. 
 
 Deepflelds, stn. , Eng. , S. Staffordshire. See Coseley. 
 
 Deeping, West, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 
 on the Welland, 5 m. E. Stamford, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Deeping Gate, par. , Eng. , Northamptonshire, Peterborough 
 union. P. <25o. See Maxey. 
 
 Deeping St. James, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Kesteven 
 div., on the Welland, i m. E. Market Deeping, with a stn. on 
 the G. N. R., PM.O. ; 4293 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Deeping St. Nicholas, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland 
 div., 5 m. SSW. Spalding, P.O. ; 15,033 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Deep BlTer, or RiTl^re Crense, name of 28 m. of still 
 water, part of the Ottawa R. , Canada, 143 m. above Ottawa 
 dty. 
 
 Deep RlTer, U.S., N. Carolina, one of the head streams 
 of Cape Fear R., rendered navigable up to the coal-mines in 
 Chatham co. 
 
 Deepwater, tp., New South Wales, Gough co., 68 m. W. 
 by N. Grafton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Deepwater, city, U.S., Missouri, co. Bates. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Deer, E. Africa. See Derr. 
 
 Deer, New, par. and vil., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 14 m. 
 SW. by S. Fraserburgh, 2^ m. W. by S. Maud stn., PMT.O. 
 Par. 26,750 ac, P. < 4500; vil. P. <75o. 
 
 Deer, Old, par., Aberdeenshire and Banffshire, on Deer or 
 S. Ugie Water, 6 m. E. New D. , i m. SW. by W. Mintlaw stn. 
 Has remains of St. Mary's Abbey of D., a Cistercian monas- 
 tery founded in 1218-19. At a still earlier date it possessed 
 a Columbian monastery. PM.O. 27,363 ac. P. <sooo. 
 
 Deer Creek, riv., U.S., in the W. of Mississippi, flows S. 
 into the Yazoo ; navigable to Stoneville, in 33° 25' N. 
 
 Deerfleld, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co., 23 m. N. 
 Holyoke. P. <3000. Sonth D., adjoining vil., scene of the 
 Bloody Brook massacre, 1675. P. < 1500. 
 418 
 
 Deerfleld, vil., U.S., Michigan, co. Lenawee, 60 m. SW. 
 Detroit by rail. P. <20oo. 
 
 Deerfleld, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, co. Rockingham, 19 
 m. SE. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Deerfleld Corners, tp., U.S., New York, Oneida co., 44 m. 
 E. by N. Syracuse, 2 m. NNE. Utica, on the Mohawk R. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Deerlinrst, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, div. and 2\ m. SW. 
 by S. Tewkesbury, P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Deerle, Loeh an (Locb an Ditlireibit), small lake, Scot., 
 in the N. of Sutherland, 10 m. ESE. of the head of Loch 
 EriboU, drained N. into the Kyle of Tongue. 
 
 Deering, tn., U.S., Maine, co. Cumberland, adjoining 
 Portland. P. 5400. 
 
 Deer Island, isl. and port of entry, Canada, New Brunswick, 
 in Passamaquoddy Bay, separated by a narrow strait from 
 Maine, U.S. See Fairhayen. 
 
 Deer Island, small islet, Ire., off N. ct. co. Clare, in E. of 
 Galway Bay, i m. N. Aughinish I. 
 
 Deer Island, Newfoundland, off the SW. ct., Burgeo and 
 La Poile dist. , 12 m. from Burgeo. 
 
 Deer Island, Newfoundland, off" the E. ct. , Bonavista dist. , 
 7 m from Green's Pond. 
 
 Deer Isle, tn., U.S., Maine, Hancock co., on the W. ct. of 
 the island of that name, 41 m. S. by E. Bangor. P. <4000. 
 
 Deer Iiake, stn. , Canada, New Brunswick, York co. , 37^ m. 
 W. by S. Fredericton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Deer Lodge, city, U.S., Montana, D. L. co., 28 m. NNW. 
 Butte City. Alt. 4768 ft. (Stewart). P. < 1500. 
 
 Deerlyck, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 4^ 
 m. ENE. Courtrai. P. 5200. 
 
 Deerpark, electoral div. , Ire., co. Fermanagh, dist. Brooke- 
 borough. 
 
 Deerpark, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway,dist.Turloughmore. 
 
 Deemess, eccles. par., Scot., Orkney, I. of Pomona, St. 
 Andrew's par., forming a penin. between the North Sea and 
 the inlet Deer Sound, which makes an excellent harbour, P.O. 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Deerwood, stn. , Canada, Manitoba, N. Pacific and Mani- 
 toba Rly. , 65 m. SW. by W. Winnipeg. 
 
 De^s&kna, vil. , Hungary, Transylvania, co. Szolnok-Doboka, 
 a few miles SSW. De^s-Magyaros, with important salt-mines. 
 P. <3C)oo. 
 
 De<^s-llIagyaros, or D^s, tn., with magistracy, Hungary, 
 Transylvania, cap. prov. Szolnok-Doboka, on the r. bk. of 
 the Szamos, 48 m. NNE. Klausenburg. P. 7700. 
 
 Deeth, settlement, U.S., Nevada, Elko co., on Humboldt 
 R., 85 m. SW. of the NE. comer of the state, on the C. P. R. 
 
 Deflance, city, U.S., Ohio, D. co., on Maumee R., 50 m. 
 SW. by W. Toledo. P. 7700. 
 
 Deflance, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Bernalillo co., 
 100 m. S. by E. from NW. corner of terr. Alt. 6352 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 Deflbrd, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., on Uie 
 Avon, 7 m. N. by E. Tewkesbury, on the M. R. , P.O. P. < 
 500 ; eccles. par. (D. "witb Besford) P. <75o. 
 
 Deg&m, seapt. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Broach, on the S. 
 bk. of the Mahi, opposite Cambay. P. (1881) 2000; (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Degan'wy, stn. (adjoining D. Castle), Wales, Carnarvonshire, 
 Arfon div., 2 m. N. Conway, 2 m. S. Llandudno, on the L. & 
 NW. R., which has a quay here, with depth of 19 ft. 11 in. at 
 high water ordinary spring tides (at low water dry). PMT.O. 
 
 Degebe, small riv., Portugal, flows SE. to the Guadiana, 
 which it joins about 38° 15' N. 
 
 Degeberga, vil., Sweden, prov. and 15 m. S. by W. Christian- 
 stad. 
 
 Degel, small isl. , Denmark, on the E. ct. of Jutland, opposite 
 Frederikshavn. 
 
 Degerfors, vil., Sweden, prov. and 27 m. W. by S. Orebro. 
 
 Degerlocb, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 2 m. S. by W. 
 Stuttgart. P. <30oo. 
 
 Degersbeim, comm., Switzd., cant. St. Gall, dist. Lower 
 (Unter-) Toggenburg. P. <400o. 
 
 Deggendorf, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Bavaria, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Danube, 28 m. NW. by W. Passau. P. 
 (1890) 6300. 
 
 Degta, riv., India, rises in Jammu (Kashmir), and flows W. 
 nearly parallel to the Rdvf, which it finally joins in Montgomery 
 dist., in 31° 2' N. , 73° 24' E. 
 
 Degnlsb Point, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, on the W. ct., at 
 the mouth of Loch Melfort, in 56° 14^' N. 
 
 Dego, comm., Italy, Liguria, prov. and 30 m. W. by N. 
 Genoa. P. <30oo. 
 
 Degoa, or Digoa, tn. , Africa. See Dlkoa. 
 
 De Grair, vil., U.S., Ohio, Logan co., on Miami R., 55 m. 
 WNW. Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 De drey, riv. , in the NW. of W. Australia, flowing N W. 
 into the Indian Ocean, which it enters in about 20° 10' S. 
 
 Deh, Persian, 'a dwelling,' or 'camp.' See Dar. 
 
 Debak, or Dobak, vil., Persia, prov. Irak Ajemi, 53 m. 
 NW. Ispahan. 
 
D EHB 
 
 DEL A 
 
 Dehbld, tn., Persia, prov. Fars, 85 m. NNE. Shiraz. One 
 of the coldest inhabited places in Persia. Alt. 7500 ft. 
 
 Debll, tn. , Eastern Archipelago, on the N. ct. of Timor, cap. 
 of the Portuguese part of the island. 
 
 Delir, E. Africa. See Der. 
 
 Delira, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. D. Diin, 75 m. E. 
 Ambala. Alt. 2232 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 71° F. , Jan. 55°, June 
 84°; rfall., yr. 77 in., June-Sept. 67.7 in., July- Aug. 49.8 in. 
 P. (1881) 19,000; (1891, with cantonment), 25,700; Hindus, 
 18,000; Moham. 6100. 
 
 Dehra Diim, dist. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , immediately to 
 the W. of Garhwdl, in two portions, the double valley of D. 
 proper and the outlying mountain tract of Jaunsir Bawar. Tn. 
 P. 25,70c. 
 
 Delira Gb^zl K.hiiu and Debra Ismail Ktadn, tns. , India. 
 See Dera Gbdzi Ktaiin and Dera Ismail Kb^n. 
 
 Debrn, vil., Prussia, govt. Wiesbaden, near Limburg, with 
 iron ore near. P. <20co. 
 
 Deldesbelm, tn. , Ger. , Bavarian Palatinate, 14 m. WSW. 
 Mannheim. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Deldo, vil., Ger. W. Africa, on the 1. bk. of the Kamenm 
 R. , in about 4° 4' N. , 9° 44' E. 
 
 Delgbton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 4^ m. SSE. York, 2 m. SE. by E. Naburn stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Delgbton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div. , 
 10 m. SE. Darlington, i^ m. W. Welbury stn. P. <25o ; eccles. 
 par. , see Nortballerton. 
 
 Delgbton, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, in Huddersfield tn., on the 
 L. & NW. R. 
 
 Delgbton, Nortb, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barks- 
 ton Ash div., 4 m. SE. by S. Knaresborough, i^ m. ENE. 
 Spofforth stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Dell's Dyke, the name of two ancient earthworks, Scot., 
 composed of a ditch and wall, one extending from Loch Ryan, 
 Wigtownshire, to the upper part of the Solway Firth, Dumfries- 
 shire. For the other see Catrall. 
 
 Delme, riv. , Prussia. See Pregel. 
 
 Deir, Arabic, ' a dwelling' or ' camp.' See Dar. 
 
 Delr, tn. , Lower Nubia. See Der. 
 
 Delr (-el-Zor), tn., Turkey in Asia, on r. bk. Euphrates, 175 
 m. ESE. Aleppo ; cap. Mutessariflik Zor. P. about 20,oco ; 
 Sunnite Moham. 18,600; Christians, 1200. (Cuinet.) 
 
 Delr Aban, small vil., Palestine, 13 m. W. by S. Jerusalem, 
 stn. on the railway from Joppa ; near by, a Latin convent and the 
 Jewish agricultural colony of Artuf. 
 
 Delr-el-Kamr, tn. , Syria, picturesquely situated on the W. 
 slope of the Lebanon, 15 m. SSW. Beirut. It often suffered 
 severely in the wars between the Christians and the Druses. 
 P. 8000. 
 
 Delrknsb, tn., Syria, 15 m. SE. Antioch. 
 
 Deirmenjlk, vil. , in the W. of Asia Minor, 44 m. SE. by S. 
 Smyrna, 17 m. W. Aidin, 2^ m. E. of the ruins of the ancient 
 Magnesia. 
 
 Delr Nakbkb&s, site, Palestine, probably the Ir Nahash of 
 the O. T., 31° 47' N., 34° 55' E., 13 m. NW. by W. El Khulil 
 (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Delster, range of hills, Prussia, Hanover [q.v.). 
 
 DeiTa, comm. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the coast, 17 
 m. WNW. Spezia. P. < 2000. 
 
 De Kaap, goldfield. See Kaap. 
 
 Dekalb, co., U.S., Alabama, touching NE. frontier. 
 
 Dekalb, co., U.S., Georgia, crossed in extreme NW. by 34" 
 N., and W. of84° W. 
 
 Dekalb, city, U.S., Illinois, Dekalb co., 58 m. W. by N. 
 Chicago. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dekalb, NE. co., U.S., Indiana, bordering on Ohio. 
 
 Dekalb, vil., U.S., Missouri, Buchanan co., 12 m. SW. by 
 S. St. Joseph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dekalb, co., U.S., Missouri, in the NW., to the E. of 95° 
 W. , crossed in the N. by 40° N. 
 
 Dekalb, co., U.S., Tennessee, E. of 86° W., crossed in the 
 N. by 36° N. 
 
 Dekln, vil. , Africa, Nubia, on the Takazze, formerly the cap. 
 of a state of the same name. 
 
 De la Becbe, mt.. New Zealand, 9 m. NE. Mount Cook, in 
 the Southern Alps. Alt. 10,058 ft. 
 
 Delabole, large slate quarries, Eng., Cornwall, 2 m. W. 
 Camelford, on L. & SW. R., PM.O. See St. Teath. 
 
 Delagoa Bay (Portuguese, ' bay of water '), large bay, Portu- 
 guese E. Africa, crossed by 26° S.; receives the Crocodile, 
 Umbelosi, Tembe, Maputa, and Umfusi rivers. The SE. 
 portion of the bay, sheltered by Inyak penin. and island, forms 
 the admirable natural harbour of Port Melville, but the com- 
 mercial port of Louren9o Marques, whence the railway starts 
 for the eastern parts of the Transvaal, at the head of the bay, 
 can be approached only by narrow and tortuous channels, and 
 at low tide access is hindered by a bar at Reuben Point (mouth 
 of English R., the estuary of the united Umbelosi and Tembe 
 Rivs.), 30 ft. deep at high water, ordinary spring tides, when the 
 rise of the tide is 1 5 ft. Vessels loaded and discharged by lighters. 
 
 Delahasey, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Balbriggan, co. Dublin. 
 
 Delalah, co.. New South Wales, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 by 143° E- 
 
 Delambra, small isl. , W. Australia, off the NW. ct. of De 
 Witt's Land, in 20° 28' S. 
 
 Delamere, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 7^ m. SW. 
 by W. Northwich, i m. S. of its stn. on the Cheshire Lines Rly. 
 P. <:75o; eccles. par. (D. St. Peter) P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Delamere Forest, a royal (ancient) forest, Eng., Cheshire, 
 in the N. of the Eddisbury div. 
 
 Delanasan, place with meteorological stn., Fiji Is. Mean 
 temp. (5 yrs., 1876-80), yr. 79.3°, Jan. 8i.o°F., July 76. 7°; rfall. 
 (14 yrs., 1871-84), amount, 101.13 in.; greatest fall in one day, 
 14.95 in.; number of days of rain, 154. 
 
 Deland, tn. , U.S., Florida, co. Volusia, 60 m. S. St. Augus- 
 tine ; popular health resort ; sulphtir springs. P. < 1500. 
 
 Delaney, small mining locality, Queensland, Gilbert co. , on 
 Etheridge R., 220 m. WNW. Townsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Delano, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. Schuylkill, 39 m. N. 
 Allegheny by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Delano, co., U.S., S. Dakota, boimded on the N. by 45° N., 
 between 102° and 103° W. 
 
 Delatlte, co. , Victoria, crossed by 37° S. and 146° E. 
 
 Delatyn, vil., Austria, crownland Galicia, 61 m. WNW. 
 Czernowitz, with salt springs. P. <3000. 
 
 De Lau-wers, channel, Holland, prov. Groningen, between 
 two small islands midway between the larger islands of Schier- 
 monnikoog and Rottumeroog. 
 
 Delaran, city, U.S., Illinois, co. Tazewell, 157 m. SW. 
 Chicago by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 DelaTan, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, co. Walworth, 57 m. NE. 
 Freeport by rail. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Delaware, co. , U. S. , Indiana, N. of 40° N. , and W. of 85° W. 
 
 Delaware, co., U.S., Iowa, between 42° and 43° N., and W. 
 of 91° W. 
 
 Delaware, riv., U.S., rises in Catskill Mts. , New York, flows 
 S. , dividing this state and New Jersey from Pennsylvania, 
 and finally expands into D. Bay, between New Jersey on the 
 E. and D. state on the W. Course, 300 m. Area of basin, 
 11,500 sq. m. Principal affluents, the Popacton and Lehigh. 
 It is navigable from the ocean to Philadelphia, 50 m. from D. 
 Bay, 120 m. from the ocean, for large ships, and for sloops 35 
 m. farther, to Trenton, where navigation is interrupted by falls, 
 and above which rapids (navigable in high water by small boats) 
 occur at frequent intervals as high as Easton (60 m. farther). 
 See Delaware Watergap. 
 
 Delaware, one of the thirteen original states of the U.S., and 
 the smallest except Rhode I. , situated between Maryland and 
 D. Bay. Surface hilly in the extreme N. , which is the only 
 part of the state having any important minerals (china and 
 other clays, granite, and a little brown hematite) ; elsewhere 
 level ; on the bay shore nearly one-twentieth of the entire surface 
 composed of tidal marshes, parts of which, however, are dyked 
 and reclaimed ; in the S. Cypress swamp, yielding fine timber ; 
 the Atlantic shore, on which there are several favourite watering- 
 places (Rehoboth Beach, &c.), bordered by long and narrow 
 sandy ridges. Chief river the D. , in the E. The Brandywine, 
 a romantic stream, is famous for the revolutionary battle of 
 September 1777. Among the early settlers (first half of the 17th 
 century) were Dutch and Swedes, and for a time the present 
 D. was knovra as New Sweden {Nya Sverige). Christiana 
 Creek, on which Wilmington stands, on the site of a Swedish 
 fort called Fort Christina, still recalls Queen Christina of Sweden, 
 who sent out a body of settlers to found a country ' in which 
 every man should be free to worship God as he chose. ' It after- 
 wards passed into the hands of the Dutch, by whom it was 
 handed over with New Amsterdam (New York) to the English. 
 Its name commemorates Earl de la Warr, first governor of 
 Virginia. Area, 2050 sq. m. P. 168,500. 
 
 Delaware, co., U.S., New York, in the SE., bounded on 
 the SW. by the Delaware and the W. branch of the Delaware, 
 crossed by 75° W. , and in the S. by 42° N. 
 
 Delaware, city, U.S., Ohio, D. co., on Whetstone Creek, 
 23 m. N. by W. Columbus. P. (1880) 6900; (1890) 8200. 
 
 Delaware, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, on the Delaware R., to 
 the W. of Philadelphia. 
 
 Delaware Bank, shoal, in the Atlantic Ocean, to the E. of 
 Trinidad I. , in 10° 43' N. , and 60° 5' W. 
 
 Delaware Bay, U.S., New Jersey, at the mouth of Delaware 
 R. , SW. of New Jersey, and E. of Delaware ; discovered by 
 Hendrik Hudson in 1609. A harbour of refuge has been 
 formed at its mouth (S. side) by the construction of a magni- 
 ficent breakwater (completed 1828), stretching WNW. from 
 Cape Henlopen. 
 
 Delaware City, tn., U.S., Delaware, Newcastle co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Delaware, 11^ m. S. by W. Wilmington. P. < 1500. 
 See Cbesapeake and Delaware Canal. 
 
 Delaware Mine, vil., U.S., Michigan, co. Keweenaw; has 
 mines of copper. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Delawares, tribe of Indians of the Algonquin family, called 
 
 419 
 
DELA — DELT 
 
 in their own language Lenni Lenape , originally found on the banks 
 of the Delaware and Schuylkill, now mostly 'in the Indian Terr. 
 
 Delaware Watergap, vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, co. Monroe, 
 on the Delaware R., where it passes through the Kittatinny 
 Range, in 40" 59' N., flowing through a narrow gorge bounded 
 by cliffs about 1300 ft. high. A favourite holiday resort. 
 
 Delawarre, vil, Canada, Ontario, Middlesex co., on R. 
 Thames, 11 m. SW. by W. London. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Delby Mount, mt. , Brit. India, Madras, on W. ct. , in 12° N. 
 
 Delden, tn. , Holland, prov. Overijssel, 8 m. WNW. Enschede. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Delean Bay, Newfoundland, on the S. ct., N. of Fortune 
 Bay, in 55° 32-40' W. 
 
 Delegate, post-tn. , New South Wales, Wellesley co. , 65 m. 
 NW. by W. Cape Howe, with gold-mining. P. < 1500. 
 
 Deli^mont, Ger. Delsberg, tn., Switzd., cant. Bern, in the 
 Jura, 17 m. SW. Basel, on the Birs ; has iron mines and an 
 iron industry, and carries on watch-maiking. Roman remains. 
 P. <:4ooo. 
 
 DeU^haTen, tn. and comm. , Holland, prov. S. Holland, on 
 the r. bk. of the Maas, 2 m. W. Rotterdam, with a canal to the 
 Hague. The patent slip at Fyenoord is 180 ft. long, with 
 lifting power of 1200 tons. P. (of comm.) 13,000. 
 
 Dein (' a town intersected by canals,' from delf, Teutonic, ' a 
 canal'), tn. and comm., Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, cap. 
 cant., 9 m. NW. Rotterdam, 5 m. SSE. The Hague, on the 
 canal between it and The Hague. Has a palace in which 
 Prince William I. of Orange was assassinated, now used as a 
 barrack ; an arsenal, and school of military engineering. It has 
 manufactures of earthenwares, but most of the coarse table 
 goods knovra as ' Delft ware ' are made in England. The birth- 
 place of Grotius, Leeuwenhoek, and Von Heinsius. P. {1869) 
 21,500; (1889)28,300. 
 
 Delft Island, Ceylon, off the N. ct., in Palk Strait, Indian 
 Ocean^ Length, 7 m. by 3^ m. 
 
 DelfUJl, fishing tn. , Holland, prov. Groningen, on the Dol- 
 lart (estuary of the Ems), 17 m. ENE. Groningen. The Outer 
 Harbour (Buitenhaven), tidal, has a depth at entrance, ordinary 
 springs, of 21^ ft. high water, 12^ ft. low water ; depth at quay- 
 side, high water 16^ ft., low water 7J ft. The Inner Harbour 
 (Binnenhaven) has a depth of 17.5 ft. over sill, depth within, 
 \\\ ft. A new basin, constructed vdth a mean depth of 16-17 
 ft. at low water, was near completion in April 1853. The D. 
 Canal, between Groningen and D. , is available for vessels drawing 
 13 ft. ; length, 16 m. P. (of comm.) 6600. 
 
 Delga, or Delje, tn.. Upper Egypt, on the Bahr Yusuf, in 
 27° 35' N. P. (1882) 8200. 
 
 Delgada. See Ponta Delgada. 
 
 Delgado, Cape, headland, E. ct. of Africa, in 10° 41' S. 
 
 Delgauy, par. and tn.. Ire., NE. co. Wicklow, bar. Rath- 
 down, 5 m. S. Bray, 2 m. W. of its stn. (Greystones and D.) 
 on the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Rly., PMT.O. Par. 
 3968 ac, P. < 2000; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 DeUd, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. D., 38 m. SW. Meerut, 
 no m. NNW. Agra, the easternmost of the chief towns of the 
 prov. , and a place of great note in Indian history. Standing on 
 a fertile plain on the r. bk. of the Jumna, which was formerly 
 navigable to this place by large boats, it occupies the first 
 favourable station for a great capital on the route of an army 
 entering India by the north-western passes. Its site has 
 accordingly been that of many successive capitals, but it attained 
 its greatest glory as that of the Mughal Empire, after the seat 
 of government of that empire had been transferred thither from 
 Agra in 1637 by Shih Jahdn. It was this emperor who built 
 the present town, who first constructed the present fortifications 
 (including the wall of solid stone which encloses it on three 
 sides), and who adorned it with some of its finest buildings, 
 among these his own palace and the great mosque (Jami Masjid). 
 Among the principal industries are the making of gold, silver, and 
 tinsel filigree-work and fine muslins. D. was long the terminus 
 of the East Indian Rly., which is now continued northwards. 
 During the mutiny of 1857, D. was held by the rebels, and 
 besieged for three months by the British troops, who entered on 
 Sept. 14, and after a sharp contest occupied the town on the 
 20th, the formal surrender taking place on the 21st. Alt. 718 
 ft. Mean temp., yr. -jf F., Jan. 59°, Jime 93°; rfalL, yr. 27.6 
 in., June-Sept. 23.3 in. P. (1870) 154,400; (1881) 173,400; 
 (1891) 192, 6co; Hindus, 108,100; Moham. 79,200. 
 
 DeUhi, or Frederlclubarg, vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Nor- 
 folk, on Rowan R., 12 m. from Simcoe by rail. P. •<i5oo. 
 
 Delbi, vil. , U.S. , Iowa, cap. of Delaware co. , on the Maquo- 
 keta R. , 85 m. NW. Davenport by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Delhi, viL, U.S., New York, Delaware co., on the Delaware, 
 66 m. WSW. Albany. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dell, tn. , in the N. of Sumatra, near the E. ct. , famed for 
 its tobacco plantations. 
 
 Dell, isL, Eastern Archipelago, off the S. ct. of Java, W. 
 end, in 105° 38' E. 
 
 Delia, comm., Sicily, prov., circle, and 11 m. SSW. Caltani- 
 setta. P. <4000. 
 420 
 
 Dellannora, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Reggio, dist. 
 Palmi. P. 5000. 
 Dellbl&t, comm. , Hungary, co. Temes, dist. Kubin. P. <5ooo. 
 Dellceto, comm. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Foggia, 32 m. E. by 
 N. Benevento. P. < 5000. 
 
 Dell-clial, small stream in the SE. of Asia Minor, flowing 
 from the Alma-dagh (Mount Amanus) WSW. into the Gulf of 
 Alexandretta (Iskanderun) to the N. of Piyas ; identified by Mr. 
 Ainsworth and Sir E. Bunbury with the Pinaros of Arrian. 
 
 Dellgrad, fortified place, Servia, prov. Aleksinac, 25 m. 
 NW. by N. Nish, on the route to Belgrade. 
 
 DeUje-Irmak, riv., Asia Minor, one of the r. bk. tribs. of 
 the Kizil-Irmak, which it enters about 80 m. ENE. Angora, 
 after a NW. and NNE. course. 
 
 Dellsle River, riv. , Canada, Ontario, and Quebec, flows E. 
 then SE. into the R. St. Lawrence, which it enters a little to 
 the E. of the provincial frontier. 
 
 Delltzscb, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, i6 m. E. by N. 
 Halle, cap. circle D., with rich coal-mines in the vicinity. 
 P. (1890) 8900. 
 Delje, Upper Egypt. See Delga. 
 
 Delle, tn., France, on the Swiss frontier, on the AUe, arr. and 
 II m. SE. by S. Belfort. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dell Kaplds, tn., U.S., S. Dakota, Minnehaha co., 74 m. 
 NE. by N. Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dell Boy, vil, U.S., Ohio, Carroll co., 45 m. NW. Wheel- 
 ing (W. Va.). P. -C1500. 
 
 Dellwlg, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Diisseldorf, circle 
 Essen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dellys, seapt., Algeria, 50 m. E. by N. Algiers. Jetty 
 length, 240 ft., with 12-13 ft. depth alongside. Good anchor- 
 age about \ m. from shore in lo-ii fathoms of water. P. < 
 4000 (1300 natives). 
 
 Delmenborst, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Oldenburg, 7 J m. WSW, 
 Bremen. Manufactures of linoleum, cigars, boxes, jute, yarn, 
 and woven fabrics, &c. Important horse and cattle-markets. 
 Old castle built 1247. P. 6800 ; comm. P. 9400. 
 
 Delnlce, comm., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, 18 m. E. by N. 
 Fiume. P. <3ooo. 
 Delnles, Carse of, dist., Scot., in extreme NW. of co. Nairn. 
 Del Xorte, CO., U.S., California, in extreme NW. 
 Del Norte, vil., U.S., Colorado, Rio Grande co., 155 m, 
 ENE. of the SW. comer of the state. Alt. 7858 ft. (R.R.). P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Delny, stn., Scot., Ross-shire, on the H. R., 3^ m. NE. 
 Invergordon, P.O. 
 
 De Long Fiord, inlet, in NW. of Greenland, mouth in 84° 
 43' W. 
 Delonla, Turkey. See DelTlnon. 
 
 Deloralne, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, a few miles S. of 
 White Water Lake, 158 m. WSW. Lake Winnipeg, 5 m. SE. 
 D. stn. , on the C. P. R. 
 
 Deloralne, tn., Tasmania, cos. Devon and Westmorland, 
 on R. Meander, 28 m. WSW^. Latmceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 DClos, Hegaie and SUkra (Great and Little), two small 
 isls., Greece, in the .(Egean Sea, just W. of Mykonos, in 37° 
 22-26' N., 25° i2'-i6' E. Mikra D., which hes just K of 
 Megale D. (or Reneia), is little more than i sq. m. in extent, 
 but is noted as having been the seat of the famous ancient oracle 
 of Apollo. 
 
 Delpb, viL , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Colne Valley div. , 
 iii m. WSW. Huddersfield, 4 m. ENE. Oldham, on the L. & 
 NW. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Delpbl, city, U.S., Indiana, Carroll co., on Wabash R., 
 and the Wabash and Erie Canal, 60 m. NNW. IndianapoUs. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Delphos, vil., U.S., Kansas, Ottawa co., on R. Solomon, 
 118 m. W. by N. Topeka. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Delphos, city, U.S., Ohio, AUen co., 72 m. SW. by S. 
 Toledo. P. < 5000. 
 
 Del Bio, tn., U.S., Texas, co. Kinnej, on Rio Grande, 29 
 m. W. Fort Clarke. P. <2ooo. 
 Delsberg, tn., Switzd. See Del^mont. 
 Delsbo, comm., Sweden, prov. Gefleborg, on the W. side of 
 Lake Dellen, 45 m. SW. by S. Simdsvall. P. -csooo. 
 
 Delta, from the Greek letter A, a name appUed to alluvial 
 tracts enclosed between the bifurcating branches of a river and 
 their common recipient. Deltas are called fluvial, lacustrine, 
 mediterranean, or oceanic, according as the streams which form 
 them fall into a river, lake, or sea. They are simple deltas 
 when the stream is divided into two branches only, and com- 
 pound when intersected by other branches. The principal 
 deltas are those of the Nile, Ganges, and Niger. Deltaic 
 branches of a river are those which enclose a delta ; and deltaic 
 islands are those formed by the branches of a compound delta. 
 The deltaic arms of a river are apt to change their direction at 
 frequent intervals, their beds and banks bemg gradually raised 
 by the deposition of sediment, until at last one of the banks 
 bursts and a new channel is formed. According to Credner 
 (Erganzungshe/t, No. 56, KoPetermanrisMitteil.; Gotha, 1878), 
 
BELT — DEND 
 
 the following are the areas of the largest deltas of the world (for 
 the sake of comparison, Ireland, 32,500 sq. m.): — Ganges- 
 Brahmaputra, 31.880 sq. m. ; Mississippi, 12,300 sq. m. ; Nile, 
 8569 sq. m. ; among others, Danube, 8000 sq. m. ; Rhone, 290 
 sq. m. ; Aude, 77.2 sq. m. 
 
 Delta, vil., Canada, Ontario, Leeds co.. 32 m. NE. by N. 
 Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Delta, vil., U.S.. California, Shasta co.. 120 m. SE. by E. of 
 the NW. corner of the state. Mean temp. (5 yrs. ). yr. 58.6° F. . 
 Jan. 36.7°, July 76.9°; rfall. , yr. 62.03 in., June-Sept. 2.01 in. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Delta, CO.. U.S., Colorado, in the W., crossed in the N. by 
 39° N. , and in the middle by 108° W. , with coal-mines. 
 
 Delta, vil., U.S., Louisiana, Madison co. , on the r. bk. of 
 the Mississippi, 4 m. WSW. Vicksburg (Miss.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Delta, CO., U.S., Michigan, in the NW., bounded on the S. 
 by the mouth of Green Bay. 
 
 Delta, vil., U.S., Ohio, Fulton co.^ 25 m. W. by S. Toledo. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Delta, CO., U.S.. Texas, between the N. and S. forks of 
 Sulphur R., N. of 33° N., E. of 96° W. ■ 
 
 Delta (del Orinoco), terr., Venezuela, on the E. ct., traversed 
 in the N. by the Orinoco delta. 
 
 Deltawa, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, near the 1. bk. of the Tigris, 
 34 m. N. by E. Bagdad. 
 
 Delting, par., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland; the church 
 situated 14 m. S. of the N. end of the Mainland; 36,964 ac. 
 
 P. <2DOO. 
 
 Delnz, vil., France, dep. Doubs, art. Baume-les-Dames, on 
 the Doubs, 9 m. ENE. Besanfon. P. <200o. 
 
 Delvenan, riv. , Ger. , Schleswig-Holstein, joins the Elbe on 
 the r. bk. near Lauenburg. It is canalised from Molln to its 
 Hiouth, and connected with the Steckenitz, a trib. of the Trave, 
 by the Steckenitz Canal. 
 
 DelTln, par. and tn. , Ire., NE. co. Westmeath, bar. D., ii^ 
 m. NE. by E. MuUingar, 6 m. from Athboy stn., PMT.O, 
 par. 18,278 ac, P. <250o; tn. P. <25o. . • '. 
 
 . DelTln, bar. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Westmeath. 
 
 D<^lvlno]i, Greek ; Turkish Delonla, tn. , Turkey in Europe, 
 Albania, 44 m. WNW. Yanina. P. 7500. 
 , Delwara, India, Kdthiiwdr Peninsula. See Una. 
 
 Demak, or Damak, tn., Java, 12 m. NE. by E. Samarang. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Demat, tn., Egypt, 11 m. NNW. Tanta. 
 
 Demata, bay, with anchorage, in the N. of Leukas, Greece. 
 
 Dema'Tend, volcano, Persia, now in the condition of a 
 solfatara, the highest peak of the Elburz Mts., 45 m. ENE. 
 Teheran. Alt. variously estimated on the strength of b., bp., 
 and tri. observations at from 18,200 to 21,520 ft. For details, 
 see Proc. R. G. S. , 1888, pp. 86-89. 
 
 Demayend, tn., Persia, 35 m. E. Teheran. P. < 2000. 
 
 Dembea, prov., Abyssinia, Amhara, to the N. of Lake 
 Tsana (sometimes called Lake D.), cap. Gondar. 
 
 Dembla, riv., French W. Africa, Senegambia, enters the 
 Atlantic in about gf" N. 
 
 Demblca. See D^blca. 
 
 Dembleby, par., Eng. , Lincolnshire, Kesteven div., 7^ m. 
 E. by N. Grantham, 4 m. SW. Aswarby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Demer, riv., Belgium, rises in the W. of prov. Limburg, and 
 flows W. through prov. Brabant, passing Diest and Aerschot to 
 join the Dyle. 
 
 Denierara, tn., Brit. Guiana. See Cleorgetown. 
 
 Demerara, riv. , Brit. Guiana, rises in about 4° 37' N. , and 
 flows N. into the Atlantic at Georgetown, in about 58° 13' W. 
 Navigation interrupted by rapids in about 5° 24' N. 
 
 Demerara, co. , Brit. Guiana, between the Berbice R. and the 
 Essequibo. 
 
 Demlng, tn., U.S., New Mexico, Grant co., 103 m. NE. 
 from the SW. corner of the terr. P. < 1500. 
 
 Demlrhlssar, fortified tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Seres, 45 
 m. NE. by N. Salonica, on the route of a projected railway 
 from Salonica to Dede Agach ; with warm baths. P. 8oco. 
 
 Demlrjl, tn. , Asia Minor, vilayet and 96 m. ENE. Smyrna, 
 sanjak Sarukhan, near N. frontier. Alt. 2950 ft. P. 3000; 
 Moham. 2500. (Cuinet.) 
 
 Demlrjl, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet Smyrna, sanjak Denizlii, 
 61 m. ESE. Alashehr, on Menderez, near E. frontier. P. 4900 : 
 Moham. 4500. (Cuinet.) 
 
 Demlr Kapn, Turkish, ' iron gate,' a name applied to 
 numerous passes and defiles, as — (i) Turkey in Europe, in the 
 valley of the Vardar, 62 m. NW. by N. Salonica ; (2) the defile 
 leading from the Gulf of Iskanderun (Alexandretta) to the plain 
 of Adana by Missis. See also Daunbe, Balkan Mountains, 
 and Derbent. 
 
 Demlyansk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 114 m. SE. Nov- 
 gorod. P. < 5000. 
 
 Denunln, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, cap., circle, govt., 
 and 73 m. WNW. Stettin, at the mouths of the ToUense and 
 Treble. P. (i8i6)<40oo; (1890) tn. P. 10,500; comm.P. 10,900. 
 
 Demmlt, co., U.S., Texas. See Dimmit. 
 
 Demone, Val, an old div. of the NE. Sicily, now comprised 
 in the provs. Messina, Catania, and Palermo. 
 
 Demonte, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, 13 m. 
 WSW. Cuneo. P. 7000. 
 
 Demopolls, city, U.S., Alabama, Murengo co. , on 1. bk. of 
 Tombigby R., 90 m. SW. Birmingham. P. < 2000. 
 
 Demorestvllle, formerly Smith's SIllls, vil., Canada, 
 Ontario, Prince Edward co., 9 m. NW. Pictou. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Demotlka, tn. , Turkey. See Dlmotlka. 
 
 Dempo, mt. , in the SW. of Sumatra, about 120 m. SW. by 
 W. Palembang. 
 
 Demsns, comm., Hungary, co. Hunyad, with gold-mines. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Den, in place names, ' belonging to the Danes.' See Dan. 
 
 Den, dean, ' a deep wooded valley.' 
 
 Den, Tbe, vil., Scot., N. Ayrshire, 12^ m. SW. Paisley, i m. 
 SE. Kilbirnie stn. P. (including Park Terrace Rows) < 500. 
 
 Denaby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Doncaster div. , 
 on the Don, 5 m. NE. Rotherham, i m. ESE. Mexborough 
 June, PM.O. (D. Main). P. < 2000. See Mexbrongh. 
 
 Denaln, coal-mining tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 5J 
 m. WSW. Valenciennes. P. (1891) 16,700. 
 
 Denardlston, par. , Eng. , Suffolk. See Denston. 
 
 Denbigh, or Cedar I^ake, settlement, Canada, Ontario, 
 Addington co. , 73 m. N W. by N. Kingston. 
 
 Denbigh, ^Velsh Din-bach, 'little fort,' tn., pari. bor. (i 
 member) and mun. bor. (since the time of Edward I.), Wales, 
 in the NE. and cap. of Denbighshire, on the L. & NW. R., 
 with manufactures of gloves and shoes ; a free grammar school 
 (1727) and blue-coat school (1714). Market-days, W. and S. 
 Bor. P. 6500 ; eccles. par. (D. with Llanfarchell) P. 5200. 
 
 Denbighshire, co., N. Wales, with coast-Hne on the Irish 
 Sea, between Flint and Carnarvon, belonging wholly to the 
 diocese of St. Asaph ; cap. Dei)bigh ; divided into the following 
 pari, divs : — 
 
 , ■ 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. iSgt. 
 
 "Eastern . . . 
 Western . . . 
 Pari. bors.i . . . . 
 
 59,966 
 
 347.794 
 
 15.717 
 
 47.317 
 46,339 
 24,216 
 
 TotaP . 
 
 433.477 
 
 117,872 
 
 1 Denbigh dist. of bors. (Denbigh, Holt, Ruthin, and Wrexham). 
 
 2 The administrative county includes part of Colwyn Bay and 
 Colwyn urban sanitary dist. in the ancient county of Carnarvon, and 
 excludes part of Rhyl urban sanitary dist. in the administrative county 
 of Flint. Area, 424,435 ac. P. 118,843. 
 
 In large part mountainous, especially in the W. (Mynydd 
 Hiraeth) and SW. (Mount Berwyn, with Moel-Sych, 2716 ft.), 
 where the surface, composed chiefly of Silurian and Ordovician 
 or Cambrian rocks, is fit for little but sheep pastures, and the pop. 
 is very scanty. The more populous parts are on the N. coast, 
 and in the E. — in the Vale of Clwyd, the Vale of Llangollen 
 (upper part of the Dee valley), and still more in that part of the 
 CO. which is interposed between the two parts of Flint (forming 
 the eastern of the two pari. divs. into which the co. is divided), 
 and which includes a productive section of the coal-measures ; 
 and besides coal, which is mined at Wrexham, Chirk, and 
 Ruabon, produces fire-clay and red-clay (for terra-cotta) at 
 Ruabon, and lead and zinc ore at Wrexham. Of the other 
 minerals of the county, the most important is slate, quarried at 
 Llangollen and Glyn beiriag. For agricultural statistics, see 
 Appendix, pp. 7-9. The Upper Dee valley in D. is traversed 
 by the G. V/. R., which crosses the E. pari. div. from NE. to 
 SW., and the Vale of Clwyd is traversed by the L. & NW. R., 
 which also has a line along the coast and up the Vale of 
 Conway on the W. border of the county. Area E. pari, div., 
 59,966 ac. , P. 47,317 ; area W. div. , 347,794 ac. , P. 46,339 ; Den- 
 bigh dist. of bors., area 15,717 ac. , P. 24,216. Total, 423,477 
 ac, P. 117,872. See also Wales, table. 
 
 Denbnry, eccles. par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Ashburton div. , 7 m. 
 WNW. Torquay, 3 m. WSW. Newton Abbot stn. , P. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Denby, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Ilkeston div., 7 m. NNE. 
 Derby, i m. ESE. of its stn. on the M. R., with coal, P.O. P. 
 <2ooo ; eccles. par. (D. St. Mary) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Denby, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Holmfirth 
 div., 8 m. SE. Huddersfield, 3 m. SE. Shepley stn. P. <2ooo ; 
 eccles. par. (D. St. John) P. < 2500. 
 
 Denby Dale, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 18 m. W. 
 Barnsley, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Denchworth, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 8 m. WSW. 
 Abingdon, 3 m. NNW. Wantage, 2 m. W. by N. Wantage 
 Road stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Dender, riv., Belgium, rises in the prov. of Hainaut, and 
 flows N. and NE. through the provs. of Hainaut and Brabant, 
 passing Ath, Grammont, and Alost, and joins the Scheldt on 
 the r. bk. at Dendermonde. It is navigable from the Scheldt to 
 Ath, by the help of numerous sluices. 
 
 421 
 
DEND — DENM 
 
 Dender, riv. , Nubia, rises in Abyssinia, on the W. border of 
 the highlands, and flows NW. through Dar Sennar to the Blue 
 Nile, which it joins 40 m. N. Sennar, after a course of 250 m. 
 
 Denderab, the ancient Tentyra, vil.. Upper Egypt, near the 
 1. bk. of the Nile, opposite Keneh. Its grand temple is 220 ft. 
 in length by 50 ft. in breadth, with a portico supported by 
 twenty-four columns. In it is also a famous zodiacal ceiling, the 
 planisphere of which was removed to Paris in 1822. 
 
 Denderbantem, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 14 m. 
 W. Brussels. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 DenderleenfT, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, on the 
 Dender, 4^ m. SSE. Alost. P. <30oo. 
 
 Dendermonde, French Termonde, fortified tn. , Belgium, 
 prov. E. Flanders, cap. arr., at the confluence of the Dender 
 and the Scheldt, 16 m. E. by S. Ghent. Manufacttu-es of 
 cotton-yam, lace, and woollens. P. 9700. 
 
 Dendi, tn. , E. Africa, Shoa, near the source of the Hawash, 
 in about 8° 52' N. , 38° 10' E. , at the N. base of the extinct 
 volcano of D. (alt. 11,205 ft., Borelli), which has a curiously 
 formed crater lake. 
 
 Dendron, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Aldingham par,, 
 2 m. SE. Dalton-in-Fumess. P. <:7SO. 
 
 Denekamp, comm., Holland, prov. Overijssel, on the 
 Dinkel, 12^ m. N. by E. Enschede. P. <400o. 
 
 Denek-ihaden, vil. , Asia Minor, 45 m. ESE. Angora, with 
 silver-lead mine. 
 
 Denezbkln Kameft, mt., NE. Russia, Ural Mts., govt. 
 Perm, 60° 20' N. lat. Alt. 5030 ft. 
 
 Den Fenella, a romantic ravine, Scot., SE. Kincardineshire, 
 beginning ij m. SE. Laurencekirk. 
 
 Deaford, eccles. par., Eng., Berkshire, Kintbury par. P.<2So. 
 
 Denford, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, N. div., on the 
 Nen, 8| m. NE. by E. Wellingborough, 2 m. NE. by N. 
 Ringstead stn., P.O. P. <soo; eccles. par. (D. Holy Trinity 
 'wltb Ringstead) P. < 1500. 
 
 Dengle, ct. par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 9|m. ESE. Maldon, 
 2 m. WNW. Southminster stn. P. <50o. 
 
 Dengiz (East Turkish, 'lake'), Kirghiz name of Lake Bal- 
 khash, also of a lake in Russian Central Asia, 135 m. SW, Akmo- 
 linsk, which formerly received the Nura R., and of many other 
 lakes. 
 
 Denbam, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div. , at the 
 confluence of the Colne and the Misboum, 8 m. NE. Windsor, 
 2ra. NNW. Uxbridgestn., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Denbam, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and z^ m. NE. Eye, 19 
 m. N. by E. Ipswich. P, <5oo. 
 
 Denbam, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 6im. W. 
 by S. Bury St. Edmunds, 3 m. S. by E. Higham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Denbam, co. , New South Wales, in the angle between the 
 Namoi R. on the S. and the Darling. 
 
 Denbam, lake. Upper Guinea. See Kokbfre. 
 
 Denbam Itange,rats. , Australia, Queensland, with a southerly 
 trend on or near the meridian of 148° E. , crossed by 22° S. 
 
 Denbam Sound, a channel between Dirk Hartog I. and 
 Peron Penin. , in the S. of Sharks Bay, W. Australia. 
 
 Denbcad, hamlet, Scot. , Fifeshire, 4 m. SW.St Andrews, P.O. 
 
 Denbead of Aucbmacoy, hamlet, Scot., Aberdeenshire, 3 
 m. E. Ellon, P.O. 
 
 Denbolm, vil., Scot., Roxburghshire, 5 m. NE. Hawick, 
 PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Denbolme, tn. and eccles. par. (D. Gate), Eng., Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, 6 m. W. by N. Bradford, on G. N. R. P, <3Soo. 
 
 Denla, tn., Spain, prov. and 47 m. NE. Alicante, with a 
 large trade, principally in raisins, but also in grapes, oranges, 
 onions, and almonds. Depth at entrance of port, 24 ft. Vessels 
 of 600 tons and upwards anchor about 2 m. from shore. P. 
 11,600. 
 
 Denial Bay, on eastern shores of the Great Australian Bight. 
 
 Denlllquln, post-tp.. New South Wales, Tovrasend co., 
 70 m. S. Hay, with railway to Echuca, Victoria, but 50 m. dis- 
 tant from the nearest stn. (Jerilderie) on any other line in New 
 South Wales. Alt. 320ft. Mean temp., yr. 61.9° F., Jan, 76.4°, 
 July 47.8°. P. 2000. 
 
 Denlno, hamlet, Scot., P,0, See Donlno. 
 
 Denlo, ct. par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, 13 m. W, by S. 
 Portmadoc, i m. W. Pwllheli stn. , belonging to the Carnarvon 
 dist. of pari. bors. P. <30oo. 
 
 Deiiislii, tn., Asia Minor, See Denlzltt. 
 
 Denlson, co. , New South Wales, bounded on the S. by the 
 Murray R. , crossed by 146° E. 
 
 Denlson, co., Queensland, crossed in the N. by 34° S., and 
 in the W. by 148° E. 
 
 Denlaon, tn., U.S., Iowa, Crawford co., on Boyer R., 61 m. 
 NE. by N. Omaha (Neb.). P,<2ooo. 
 
 Denlson, city, U.S., Texas, Grayson co., 70 m. N. by E. 
 Dallas. Alt. 767 ft, (U.S. Signal OflSce). Important railway 
 jimction. Mean temp., yr, 63.5° F,, Jan. 42.9°, July 83°, P. 
 (i88o)<40oo; (1890)11,000. 
 
 Denlson Plains, dist, , in the SE. of the Kimberley div, of 
 W. Australia. 
 422 
 
 Denlson's BUlls, vil., Canada, Quebec, on R. St. Francis, 
 CO. and 6 m. from Richmond. P, <i5oo. 
 
 Denlson Town, formerly Talbragar, New South Wales, 
 Bligh CO. , 165 m. WNW. Newcastle. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Denlzltt, or Denlzll, tn. , Asia Minor, vilayet Smyrna, cap. 
 sanjak D., 162 m. S. Brussa, 50 m. SE. by S. Alashehr, at the 
 foot of the Baba Dagh, with vineyards and lovely gardens. P. 
 16,900; Moham. 14,900; orthodox Greeeks, 1600. (Cuinet.) 
 
 Denka, or Dyangeb, a large negro tribe in the eastern 
 Sudan, dwelling on both banks of the Upper Nile (Bahr-el- 
 Abiad), and forming numerous subdivisions, the most important 
 being the Tuich, Bor, Elyab, and Kyach. Their chief occupa- 
 tion is cattle-rearing, agriculture being of subordinate importance. 
 They are governed iDy local chiefs, who have but little authority. 
 See G. Beltrame, // Fiume Bianco e i Denka, 1881, [H. Ci. S.] 
 
 Denkendorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 8 m. SE. Stutt- 
 gart. P. < 2000. 
 
 Denklra, terr, , Africa. See Dankara. 
 
 Denkllngen, comm., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 31 m. E. 
 Cologne. P, <40oo. 
 
 Denman, postal-stn. , New South Wales, Brisbane co. , 70 m, 
 NW, by W. Newcastle. P. < 1500. 
 
 Denmark, the smallest of the Scandinavian countries, con- 
 sists of the penin. of Jutland and several islands — Seeland 
 (Sjalland), Funen (Fyen), Laaland or LoUand, Falster, Moen, 
 Langeland, Taasinge, Aro, Amager (Amak), Samso, Laso, An- 
 holt, and smaller islets — ^lying between the Baltic (East) Sea 
 and the North {West) Sea, together with Bomholm in the 
 Baltic and Fano m the N. Sea. The extremities touch 54° 33' 
 N. lat, in Falster, and 57° 45' in the Skaw (Skagen), and 8° 5' E, 
 long, in Blaavands-huk, and 15° 2' in Bomholm. Jutland is 
 separated from Sweden by the Cattegat, and from Norway by 
 the Skagerrack. The Baltic and North Seas are connected by 
 three waterwajrs : (i) on the E. side, between Seeland and Sweden, 
 is the Sound or Oresund, 50 m. long, 2^ to 18^ m. wide, and 
 minimum depth 23 ft, ; (2) the Great Belf, between Seeland and 
 Funen, 70 m. long, 11 to 19 m. wide, and 50 to 100 ft. deep ; (3) the 
 Little Belt, on the W. , between Funen and the mainland (Jut- 
 land and Schleswig), 50 m. long, ij to 19 m. wide, and 30 ft, 
 deep. Navigation is always dangerous in the sea-waters round 
 the Danish islands and penin. owing to their shallowness, the 
 swift ciurents that set between the islands, and the sandbanks 
 that run up both sides of Jutland and lie athwart the various 
 straits ; the coasts (2500 m. long in all) are, however, studded 
 with a great nimiber of lighthouses and rescue stations. The 
 subdivisions of D. are shown in the following tables : — 
 
 I. 
 
 Population of Denmark in thousands by bailiwicks {amter), 
 Feb. I, 1890. 
 
 Svendborg ' 
 Odense 3 
 Vejle* 
 Aarhus* 
 Randers * . 
 Aalborg "* . 
 Hjovune* . 
 Thisted* . 
 
 1 These form the isl. of Seeland, with SamsO, M5en, and other small 
 islands adjacent, 
 
 2 Composed of the isls. of Laaland and Falster. 
 
 3 Forming Funen with Langeland, Ar6, &c 
 
 * These form Jutland. 8 1888. « 1880. 
 
 II, 
 
 Area of Denmark by natural divisions, with the population in 
 thousands at different censuses, and the increase per cent, per 
 annum between the successive census years. 
 
 Copenhagen I 
 
 city 
 
 ^n 
 
 Copenhagen 1 
 
 amt 
 
 IS^ 
 
 Frederiksborg 
 
 1 
 
 8s 
 
 Holbjekl 
 
 
 Q4 
 
 Sor5 1 . 
 
 
 8q 
 
 PraestS 1 . 
 
 
 lOI 
 
 Bornholm 
 
 
 ^q 
 
 Maribo'^ 
 
 
 lOI 
 
 121 
 
 Viborg * 
 
 lOI 
 
 1S6 
 
 Ringkj5bing * , 
 
 99 
 
 112 
 
 Ribe« 
 
 79 
 
 IS7 
 
 D, Proper. a 
 
 172 
 
 no 
 
 Faroe Is. . 
 
 13 
 
 los 
 
 Greenland . 
 
 ia2* 
 
 no 
 
 Iceland 
 
 69.2* 
 
 69 
 
 Danish W. Indies 
 
 34« 
 
 , . I Population on the ist of Feb. 
 Area m i '^ 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 Copenhagen, city . 
 
 Incr. per cent, per ann. 
 Seeland (Sjalland), ex- ) 
 
 eluding Copenhagen f 
 
 Incr. per cent, per ann. 
 Bomholm . . . ^5,034^ 
 
 Incr. per cent, per ann 
 Laaland-Falster 
 
 Incr. per cent, per ann 
 Funen (Fyn) . 
 
 Incr. per cent, per ann. ' i 
 Jutland (Jyllaiid) . . ; 9,746* 
 
 Incr. per cent, per ann. 
 Denmark Proper . . 14,780 
 
 Incr. per cent, per ann. ' 
 Faroe Is. . . . | 514 
 
 Incr. per cent, per ann. 
 
 i8oi. 
 
 1840. 
 
 i860. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1890. 
 
 lOI 
 
 121 
 
 15s 
 
 235 
 
 313 
 
 
 0.46 
 
 1.26 
 
 2.09 
 
 2.91 
 
 242 
 
 343 
 
 420 
 
 487 
 
 521 
 
 
 0.90 
 
 1.02 
 
 0.74 
 
 0.68 
 
 19.5 
 
 25.2 
 
 29,3 
 
 35-4 
 
 38.8 
 
 
 0.66 
 
 0.76 
 
 0.94 
 
 0.92 
 
 52.9 
 
 71.4 
 
 86.8 
 
 97.0 
 
 lOI 
 
 
 0.77 
 
 0.98 
 
 0.56 
 
 0.36 
 
 139 
 
 184 
 
 217 
 
 246 
 
 257 
 
 
 0.91 
 
 0.84 
 
 0.63 
 
 0.41 
 
 •185 
 
 545 
 
 700 
 
 869 
 
 9428 
 
 
 0.89 
 
 1.26 
 
 1.08 
 
 0.82 
 
 9«9 
 
 1,989 
 
 1,608 
 
 ».969 
 
 ■,17a* 
 
 
 a.84 
 
 I. II 
 
 i.oa 
 
 0.99 
 
 5-3 
 
 7-3 
 
 8.9 
 
 II. 2 
 
 13.0 
 
 
 0.85 
 
 0.99 
 
 1.19 
 
 1-45 
 
 1 Total insular bailiwicks : total pop. (1890) 1,230,000, or 244 per sq. 
 m,; exclusive of Copenhagen, 917,500, or 182 per sq. m. 
 
 2 Including adjacent isU. • Or 97 per sq. m. ^ Or 147 per cq. m. 
 
DENM — DENN 
 
 The snrface is everywhere low, the highest altitude — Ejer 
 Bavnehoj, on the E. side of Jutland — not exceeding 560 ft., and 
 more than one-half of the land-surface lying lower than 100 ft. 
 above sea-level. Structurally both islands and penin. form part 
 of the great plain of Northern Europe, and consist chiefly of 
 softly undulating plains that slope gently seawards E. and W. , 
 and are diversified by extensive heaths, moors, marshes, and 
 sand-dunes. The heaths cover about 14 per cent, of the entire 
 area, and are mostly uncultivated, and probably uncultivable, 
 being tracts of sandy soil, mixed with loose stones, resting on a 
 basis of Cretaceous origin ; they occupy the middle parts of 
 Jutland throughout its entire length. Everjrwhere in the vaUeys 
 and lower-lying parts, the soil of which is generally good clay 
 or loam, there are numerous small lakes, moors, and marshes, 
 some of these last even reaching 27 sq. m. in extent. A string 
 of salt-water lagoons — Ringkjobing Fjord, Nissum Fjord, and 
 Thyboron Canal — run along the W. shores of Jutland ; and 
 parallel with them a belt of sand-dunes or downs, which cover 
 some 230 sq. m. in all, and attain an altitude of 100 ft. Geo- 
 logically the SW. of Jutland rests upon different strata from 
 the rest of the kingdom, viz., upon a Lignite (Tertiary) forma- 
 tion. Bomholm (^. J/.) is in every way an exception. Streams 
 are numerous, but all small and short, the longest, Gudenaa, in 
 Jutland, being barely 100 m. long. The Sus, 32 m. , is the 
 longest in Seeland, and the Odense, 23 m., the longest in Funen. 
 The shores of the islands, as well as the E. side of Jutland, are, 
 however, broken by many bays, fjords (long narrow indenta- 
 tions), and harbours. Liim Fjord, 100 m. long, in the N. of 
 Jutland, practically cuts it in two, and towards the W. side ex- 
 pands into a large lake with several ramifications. Proceeding 
 S. along the E. coast of the penin., there follow — Manager 
 Fjord, penetrating inland 23 m.; Randers Fjord, 14 m.; Kalo 
 Bay, Horsens Fjord, Veile Fjord, and Kolding Fjord. In 
 Funen, Odense Fjord and Kjerteminde Bay on the N. coast. 
 In Seeland, Ise Fjord, penetrating from the N., with two long 
 arms ; Kjoge and Faxe (Prasto) Bays on the E.; and Vording- 
 borg Bay, between Seeland and Laaland. Owing to its low and 
 maritime situation, D. has a more temperate climate than the 
 latitude would indicate. The means of temperature at Copen- 
 hagen, which well represents the kingdom, are (39 yrs.) Jan. 31°, 
 July 63°, yr. 46.6°. Cool breezes frequently blow in off the sea 
 in all parts of the country. During the summer months the W. 
 side of Jutland suffers from chilling mists (kavguse), which drift 
 in upon the coast shortly before sunset ; and after very warm 
 summers the islands of Falster and Laaland are wont to be 
 visited by malarial fever. The rainfall at the cap. averages 
 during the twelve months 21 J in. (45 yrs. ). D. is essentially an 
 agrlcultnral country ; the land is now in process of passing 
 into the hands of peasant proprietors. Setting aside as unculti- 
 vated about 20 per cent, of the total surface, including 14 per 
 cent, heaths, the remainder is divided amongst meadows and 
 grass-land, 41 per cent.; arable crops and gardens, 33^ per 
 cent. ; and forests, s| per cent. The cereals grown in largest 
 quantities are oats, barley, and rye; then come wheat, buck- 
 wheat, and potatoes, and various green crops for fodder. Cattle, 
 swine, and horses are bred with considerable care and in large 
 numbers. Sheep are proportionately fewer. The greatest pains 
 and highest skill are devoted to the making of butter, the most 
 valuable of all the native productions. The beech flourishes 
 admirably on the sandy soil of D. , and coniferse are being dili- 
 gently planted in many parts of the country. The other forest 
 trees are birch, oak, elm, poplar, mountain-ash, and willow. 
 Fish — herring, mackerel, cod, salmon, plaice, flounders, pike, 
 oysters, lobsters — abound in the seas and fjords, but are not 
 taken to the extent they could be and should be. Sharks, 
 seals, and porpoises visit the coasts. The wild animals are 
 almost exclusively game, as the fox, otter, badger, hare, and 
 numerous aquatic birds. There are no minerals to speak of, 
 except clays and sand and some anthracite. Besides imported 
 coal, the people use for fuel, tiu-f, heather, and seaweed. In 
 consequence of the lack of easily obtainable fuel, there is not 
 much mannfactnrlng Industry. The making of machinery, 
 iron-smelting, the production of pottery, distilling and brewing, 
 and the manufacture of beetroot sugar, are the only branches 
 of note, though bricks, tobacco, gloves, and cloth are also made 
 or prepared. There is, however, a good deal of domestic 
 industry — the weaving of linen, and making of hosiery, sacking, 
 wooden shoes, and lace. Communication is effected as much 
 by water as by rail and road : sixty out of the seventy towns of 
 the kingdom stand on the sea or on navigable rivers, and steam- 
 boats ply constantly between the islands, and at regular intervals, 
 to Christiania, Malmo, Hamburg, Stettin, Antwerp, London, 
 Amsterdam, Hull, Kiel, Lubeck. There are some 1250 m. 
 of railway, of which 1000 are state property, main lines crossing 
 the larger islands, and running down each side of Jutland to 
 connect with the German system of Holstein ; also about 4500 
 m. of driving roads, 3700 m. of telegraph lines, and 10,000 m. 
 of wires. The exports of D. consist almost entirely of agricul- 
 tural produce. The trade in butter has grown at an enormous 
 rate, the export value of this commodity (with eggs, bacon, and 
 
 lard) reaches six millions and a half sterling annually. Adding to 
 this the value of the Uve stock (cattle, sheep, horses, pigs) and 
 cereals, the aggregate value (which goes on steadily increasing) 
 of all the exports is ;^i3, 000,000. The total Imports are valued 
 at ;^i7,ooo,ooo, and consist principally of textiles, grain and 
 flour, metals, groceries, coal, butter, &c. (for re-exportation), 
 and timber. In respect of value, 36^ per cent, of the aggregate 
 foreign trade of D. is carried on with the United Kingdom, 26^ 
 per cent, with Germany, 14^ per cent, with Sweden and Nor- 
 way, 5^ per cent, with Russia, and 4J per cent, with the United 
 States. D. gets her imports principally from the countries 
 named, but a larger quantity from Germany than from the 
 United Kingdom, but the United Kingdom alone receives 
 much more than one half of D.'s aggregate exports. D. has a 
 commercial fleet of 3500 vessels of 300,000 tons burden. The 
 bulk of the trade passes through Copenhagen. Money, 
 ivelghts^ and measures. — The unit of currency is the crown 
 [krone) = is. i^d., and divided into 100 ore. The Danish ell (2 
 ft.) = 2.06 English ft.; the Danish mile = 4.78 English miles. 
 The pund= 1.102 lb. avoir.; 100 pund make a centner. One 
 tonde of land = 14,000 sq. ells, or 1.36 acres ; but land is usually 
 taxed according to its productiveness, reckoned in tonde of hard 
 grain. One ^ci'«d?« of corn = 3.8 bushels; of liquids, 29 imperial 
 gallons ; of butter, 247 lbs. ; of coal, 4.7 bushels. The Inhabit* 
 ants belong to the Teutonic stock, and are generally described 
 as industrious and persevering, but phlegmatic and somewhat 
 slow, with a tendency to melancholy, which seems to be borne 
 out by the high rate of suicidal deaths — 26 in 100,000 of the pop. 
 every year. One- third of the pop. is urban, and quite one-half of 
 these live in Copenhagen, the cap. From 8000 to 10,000 Danes 
 emigrate every year, and nearly all go to the United States. 
 The great bulk of the people profess the creed of the Lutheran 
 Church. There are seven bishoprics, of which that of Seeland 
 ranks as the first. According to the revised constitution of 1866, 
 the executive goremment is vested in a king and seven 
 ministers, who form the Council of State, and are responsible to 
 the Rigsdag or Diet. The Diet is composed of the Upper House 
 or Landsthing, and consists of 66 members, 12 life members 
 nominated by the crown and 54 elected indirectly by the people 
 for terms of eight years, one half retiring every four years. The 
 102 members of the Lower House or Folkething are chosen by 
 universal suffrage for terms of three years ; there should be one 
 representative for every 16,000 inhabitants. The national In- 
 come and expenditure balance at a little over ^3,000,000 every 
 year. All able-bodied men of the age of twenty-two and up- 
 wards are liable to serve in the army for eight years ; but only 
 11,000 are drafted annually for some few weeks' training with 
 the colours. They are attached to the reserve for a further term 
 of eight years. The fleet embraces 40 to 50 vessels of all kinds, 
 and is manned by some 1400 men. Copenhagen is the only for- 
 tress, and the naval depot and arsenal. Education is compul- 
 sory and good. There is an excellent university at Copenhagen, 
 and besides two academies at Soro and Herlufsholm (Seeland), 
 a number of colleges and grammar, training (normal), technical, 
 and special schools. Less than one-half per cent, of the annual 
 recruits are set down as illiterate. The rate of illegitimacy 
 stands at 10 per cent, of the births. Possessions. — The Faroe 
 Is. are an integral part of the kingdom of D. , sending one mem- 
 ber to each house of the Diet. Iceland [q.v.) has a constitution 
 of its own. Besides these, D. rules Greenland and the islands 
 of St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John, in the W. Indies. The 
 only toiivns, except the cap. , that have more than 10,000 in- 
 habitants each — none exceed 34,000 — are Aarhus, Odense, Aal- 
 borg, Randers, Horsens, Elsinore (Helsingor), and Fredericia. 
 History. — D. is first known as the home of the Cimbri. When 
 the Angles and Jutes left it in the sth centiuy to conquer 
 England, their place was taken by the Danes. In their history 
 three periods of greatness are clearly marked — (i) the Viking 
 period, which culminated in the reign of the Great Canute ; 
 (2) the time of the first two Waldemars (1157-1227), when D. 
 was mistress of the Baltic ; (3) the 14th century, distinguished 
 by the duel between Waldemar IV. and the Hanseatic League, 
 and the imperial Margaret's union of all the Scandinavian lands 
 by the Treaty of Calmar (1397). From the early part of the 
 Thirty Years' War, D, was compelled to yield the first place in 
 the Baltic to Sweden, though she retained possession of Scania 
 until 1660, of Norway until 1814, and of Schleswig-Holstein 
 until 1864, A good popular account of D. is given in English 
 in Weitemeyer's Denmark, 1891. The best maps are General- 
 stabens topografiske Kaart, i ; 80,000 and i : 40,000. [J. T. B.] 
 
 Denmark Hill, a suburb of London, Eng., Surrey, and in 
 the CO. of London, Camberwell bor., 3 m. S. by E. St. Paul's, 
 London, on the L. C. & D. R., and L. B. and S. C. R. 
 
 Denmead, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Hambledon and 
 Catherington pars. , PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Denn, par.. Ire., N. co. Cavan, bars. Upper Loughtee, 
 Castlerahan and Clanmahon, 4^ m. SSE. Cavan ; 11,602 ac. 
 P. < 3500. 
 
 Dennett, riv. , Ire. , co. Tyrone. See Burn Dennett. 
 
 Dennewltz, vil., Prussia, Potsdam, circle and dist. Juterbog ; 
 
 423 
 
DENN — D E PT 
 
 scene of a defeat of the Prussians under Biilow by the French 
 under Ney, Sept.. 6, 1813. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dennlngton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 16 m. NE. by 
 N. Ipswich, 2^ m. N. Framlingham stn. , P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Dennlngtou, post-tn., Victoria, Villiers co., 45 m. E. Port- 
 land. P. < 1500, 
 
 Dennis, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Barnstable co., on Cape 
 Cod Bay, 38 m. E. by N. New Bedford. P. < 3000. 
 ; Dennis Ness, Scot. , NE. point of N. Ronaldshay I., Orkney, 
 with a lighthouse (N. Ronaldsha), visible 18 m. 
 
 Dennlson, settlement, U.S. .Arizona, Yavapai co., 167 m. 
 SW. from the NE. comef of the terr. 
 
 Dennlson, vil., U.S., Ohio, Tuscarawas co., 40 m. NW. by 
 W. Wheeling (W. Va.). P.<3000. 
 
 Dennlstonn, dist., Scot., in E. of Glasgow. 
 
 Denny, par. and tn., Scot., Stirlingshire, on the Carron, 5 
 m. WNW. Falkirk, on the C. R., with coal-mines. Par. 8309 
 ac. , P. 6400 ; tn. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Denny, settlement, U.S., Washington, King co., 47 m. 
 ENE. Olympia. 
 
 Denny Abbey, ruins of a Benedictine abbey, founded 1160, 
 Eng., Cambridgeshire, 7 m. NNE. Cambridge. 
 
 Denny Bottom, P.O., Eng., Kent, i m. from Rusthall. 
 
 Dennyloaubead, viL , Scot. , Stirlingshire, 5 m. W. Falkirk, 
 on the N. B. R., P.O. 
 
 Denny Lodge, par. , Eng. , Hants, in New Forest, SJ m. SW. 
 Southampton; 11,708 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Denny Point, cape, Eng. , NW. Cornwall, in 50° 38^' N. 
 
 Dennystonn, a suburb of Dumbarton, Soot., on the W. side 
 of R. Leven. 
 
 Densbanger, Eng. , Northamptonshire. See Passenbam. 
 
 Densbaw, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, S. div. , W. Riding, 
 Rochdale par. P. < 1000. 
 
 Denston, formerly Denardlston, par., Eng., Suffolk, 
 Sudbury div., 10 m. SE. Newmarket, 5 m. N. Clare stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Denstone, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Leek div., 14 m. E. by 
 S. Stoke, with a stn. (D. Crossing) on the N. Staffordshire Rly., 
 PM.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Dent, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., on 
 the Dee, 12J m. E. by S. Kendal, 3I m. W. by S. of its stn. on 
 the M. R., PM.O. Market-day, F. 20,890 ac. P. <isoo; 
 eccles. par. (D. St. Andrew) P. < 1000. 
 
 Dent, prov. in W. of Brit. N. Borneo. 
 
 Dent, CO., U.S., Missouri, S. of 38° N., crossed by 91^° W. 
 
 Dent Blancbe, mountain peak, Switzd. , cant. Valais, to the 
 E. of Zermatt, from which the Ferp^cle glacier descends. 
 Alt. 13,415 ft. 
 
 Dent d'H^rens. See Alps, Subdivisions, n. A. I. 
 
 Dent da Hldl. See Alps, Subdivisions, I. B. 
 
 Dent Haven, small bay, in the extreme E. of Brit. N. Borneo. 
 
 Denton ('Dane town'), par., Eng., Durham, E. div., 5I m. 
 NW. by W. Darlington, 2 m. N. by W. Piercebridge stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Denton, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 8 m. 
 SSW. Peterborough, 3 m. W. Holme stn. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (D. fvltb Caldecot) P. <25o. 
 
 Denton, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., on the Thames, 2 
 m. E. Gravesend. P. <75o. See Milton. 
 
 Denton, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 6J m. N. 
 Folkestone, 2 m. S. by E. Barham stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Denton, par. and tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, Gorton div. , 2J m. 
 S. by W. Ashton, on the L. & NW. R.; mantifactures hats; 
 coal-mines near. Mean rfall. (D. Reservoir, 1866-80, alt. 
 324 ft. ), 34. 2 in. P. 8700 ; urban sanitary dist. (D, and Hangb* 
 ton) P. 14,000 ; eccles. pars. (D. Cbrlstcbnrcb) P. 7200 ; (D. 
 St. IiAwrence) P. 2100. 
 
 Denton, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Kesteven div. , 4 m. SW. 
 Grantham, PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Denton, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., on the Waveney, 13 
 m. S. by E. Norwich, i m. NW. Homersfield stn., PM.O. 
 Denton Green, i m. to the NE. P. <5oo. 
 
 Denton, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 5^ 
 m. ESE. Northampton, 3 m. SE. by S. Billing stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Denton, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Henley div. , sj m. ESE. 
 Oxford, 2^ m. S. by W. Wheatley stn. P. «=2So. 
 
 Denton, par., Eng., Sussex, Eastbourne div., 6 m. SSE. 
 Lewes, close to Newhaven stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Denton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otleydiv., 10 m. 
 N. Bradford, i m. NE. Ben Rhyddingstn. P. <25o. 
 
 Denton, dty, U.S., Texas, cap. D. co., 38 m. NW. by N. 
 Dallas. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Denton, East and 'Vl'est, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , North- 
 umberland, Newbum par., NW. Newcastle-on-Tyne. East D., 
 P. < 1500 ; West D. , P. <5oo. 
 
 Denton Holme, eccles. par., Eng., Cumberland, Carlisle. 
 P. 8100. 
 
 Denton, Xetber and Upper, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , in 
 the NE. of Cumberland, Eskdale div.. Upper D., 14^ m. ENE. 
 424 
 
 Carlisle, ij m. WSW. Gilsland stn. Nether D., 4984 ac, 
 P. <5oo; D. Upper, P. <25o. See Gilsland. 
 
 D'Entrecasteanx Cbannel, Tasmania, between Bruny I. 
 and the mainland, in 43° 25' S., 147° 15' E.; length, 35 m.; 
 breadth, 3-9 m. At its N. end it opens into the estuary of the 
 Derwent R., and that of the Heron R. joins it in the W. See 
 Entrecasteaux , Jos A. d . 
 
 D'Entrecasteanx Islands, group, Pacific Ocean, Brit. New 
 Guinea, N. of the E. part of the mainland ; principal. Good- 
 enough, Fergusson, and Normanby. 
 
 D'Entrecasteanx Point, cape, W. Australia, in 34° 52' S. 
 
 Dentro, Val dl (' inner valley '), Italian name of a side valley 
 of the Adda, penetrating into the mountains near Bormio. 
 
 Denn, W. Africa. See Danoe. 
 
 Dennsa, small isl., Greece, 10 m. E. Naxos I. 
 
 Denver, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 11^ m. S. King's 
 Lynn, on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Denver, city, U.S., Colorado, Arapahoe co., on the S. Platte 
 R., 79- m, ENE. Leadville, 15 m. from the E. base of the 
 Rocky Mts. , of which it commands a view more than 200 m. in 
 extent, from Pike's Peak in the S. to beyond Long's Peak in 
 the N. The great commercial centre of Colorado and the ad- 
 jacent country ; has extensive manufactures (iron and steel, 
 railway carriages, &c., and smelting and refining works). 
 Founded in 1858. Alt. 5175 ft. (R.R.); signal stn. 5294 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 49.5° F., Jan. 27.8°, July 73.2°. P. (1870) 
 4759; (1880)35,629; (1890)106,713. 
 
 I>enver and Rio Grande Railway. See Colorado, state. 
 
 Denver, Sontb, tn., U.S., Colorado, near Denver. P. < 1500. 
 
 Denvllle, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Morris co., 17 m. W. by 
 S. Paterson. 
 
 Deoband, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Sahdranpur, 45 
 m. N. Meerut. P. (1881) 22,100; (1891) 19,300; Moham. 
 10,900 ; Hindus, 8000. 
 
 Deodar, native state, India, Bombay Presidency, GujarAt, 
 Political Agency of P41anpur. Estimated area, 440 sq. m. 
 
 Deodbnnga. See Devadbnnga. 
 
 Deogarb, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Sintal Pargands, 55 
 m. S. by W. Bhigalpur; a centre of pilgrimage for Hindus 
 from all parts of India, with group of twenty-two temples 
 dedicated to Siva. P. (1881) 8000; (1891) 8700; Hindus, 
 8300. 
 
 Deogarb, tn., India, Rdjputana, in native state Udaipur. 
 P. (1881) 6800. 
 
 Deoglrl, tn., India. See Danlatdbtid. 
 
 DeoUUl, cantonment, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Ndsik, 86 
 m. NW. Ahmadnagar. 
 
 Deoli, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Wardha, 55 m. 
 SE. by E. Amrdoti. P. (1881) 5100 ; (1891) 5500 ; Hindus, 
 4900. 
 
 Deoli, cantonment, India, Rdjputana, dist. Ajmere-Merwdra, 
 in 25° 46' N., 75° 25' E. Alt. 1122 ft. 
 
 Deo Sllr, mt. , India. See Nauga Parbat. 
 
 Deopbam, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 13 m. WSW. 
 Norwich, 3 m. SW. Kimberley stn., P.O. D. Green, i m. 
 SSW. Deopham. P. <5oo. 
 
 Deopraytlg, viL, India, Gdrwhil, at the confluence of the 
 Alaknanda and Bhighiratf. The united stream has here a 
 breadth of 80 yards, and is thence called the Ganges. Here 
 is a temple to the god RAma Chandra. It is a place ol 
 Hindu pilgrimage, being peculiarly sacred ; the superstitious 
 ceremony consists in ablutions in the river at its confluence. 
 Alt. 2266 ft. 
 
 Deori, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Sdgar, 60 
 m. WNW. Jabalpur. P. (1881) 7400; (1891) 6300; Hindus, 
 5400. 
 
 DepartTTunt, French dipartement, Spanish departamento, a 
 geographical division ; variously applied in different countries. 
 In France applied to the main administrative divisions, so also 
 in Colombia (where they correspond to the former states) and 
 Peru (where they are subdivided into provinces), in Chile applied 
 to the subdivisions of provinces. 
 . Departure Bay, Brit. Columbia. See Nanalmo. 
 
 Depden, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Sudbury div. , 6^ m. SW. by . 
 W. Bury St. Edmunds. P.O. P.<250. 
 
 Depere, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Brown co., on r. bk. of Fox 
 R. , 5 m. SSW. of the head of Green Bay. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Deposit, vil., U.S., New York, Broome co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Delaware, 75 m. SSE. Syracuse. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Depot Springs, settlement, W. Australia, E. div., 340 m. 
 NE. Perth. 
 
 Depsaug', or Dlpsang', elevated plain, Kashmir, near the 
 head of the Shdiok R., about 35°- 35° 10' N., 78° E. 
 
 Deptford, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, Bishop Wearmouth 
 par. P. 7100. 
 
 Deptford Road, stn., London, Eng., Surrey, 2J m. SE. by 
 E. St. Paul's, on the East London Rly. , adjoining Southwark 
 Park. 
 
 Deptford St. Nlcbolas and St. Paul (formerly Depeford, 
 'deep ford'), two adjoining pars., and formerly a naval port, 
 
DEPU — DERG 
 
 Eng., in the co. of London, and one of the metropolitan pari, 
 bors. (i member), on the Thames, where joined by the Ravens- 
 bourne, with stn. on the Greenwich Rly., contiguous to Green- 
 wich, and 3 m. SE. London Bridge. It has a royal victualling 
 yard. The former royal dockyard, which was frequently visited 
 by Peter the Great during his stay in England in 1698, is now 
 the London Cattle Market. D. St. N., P. 6900; D. St. 
 P. (which forms the pari, bor.) P. 101,300 ; eccles. par. (D. St. 
 F.) P. 12,500. 
 
 Deputy's Pass, glen. Ire., in the E. of co. Wicklow, 3^ m. 
 SW. Wicklow. 
 
 Der, D«lr, or Derr, locality. Upper Egypt, on the r. bk. of 
 the Nile, about 124 m. below Assuan, with remains of an 
 Egyptian temple of the period of Sesostris the Great (of the 
 Greeks). 
 
 Dera, Arabic, ' a dwelling' or ' camp.' See Dar. 
 
 Dera Glitizi Ktadn, frontier dist., Brit. India, Punjab {q.v.), 
 Derajdt div., between 28° 27' and 31° 15' N., and between the 
 foot of the Suliimdn Mts. and the R. Indus. 
 
 Dera Ohdzi Klidn, tn. , . Brit. India, Punjab, cap. dist. 
 D. G. K., 45 m. W. by S. Mtiltdn, near the r. bk. of the Indus. 
 Alt. 400 ft. P. (i88i) 22,300; (1891) 27,900; Hindus, 11,100; 
 Moham. 16,000. 
 
 Dera Ismtill Kb^ln, dist. , Brit. India, in the Derajdt div. of 
 the Punjab [q.v.), on both banks of the Indus, between 30° 36' 
 and 32° 33' N. 
 
 Derlk IsmAll Kb&n, tn. and cantonment, Brit. India, Pun- 
 jab, cap. dist. D. I. K., 120 m. N. byW. MiiMn, near the r. bk. 
 of the Indus. The original city was swept away by a flood in 
 1823, and the present town is of modem construction. Alt. 573 
 ft. Mean temp., yr. 74° F., Jan. 52°, June 93° ; rfall., yr. 8.3 in. 
 P. (1881) 22,200; (1891) 26,900; Hindus, 10,500; Moham. 
 15,200. ' 
 
 Derajdt, the SW. div. of the Punjab [q.v.). 
 
 Deranibad^, tn. , isl. of Haiti, republic and 85 m. E. Santo 
 Domingo, SE. ct. , in 68° 35' W. 
 
 Dera Kfdnak, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gurddspur, on 
 the Ravf, 31 m. N. by E. Amritsar. P. (1891) 5800; Hindus, 
 2800 ; Moharri. 2400. 
 
 Der'at, Palestine. See Ed Dr'ah. 
 
 Derayeh, Ed, tn., Arabia, formerly cap. country of the 
 Wahabis, near the centre of Nejd. It consisted of five separately 
 fortified quarters. In 1819 it was nearly ruined by the troops 
 of Ibrahim Pasha, after a siege of seven months. 
 
 Derltent, tn., Caucasia, prov. Daghestan, on W. ct. of Cas- 
 pian Sea, 510 m. NE. of Tiflis, 42° 4' N. lat., 47° 53' E. long. 
 The town is surrounded on three sides by a wall which intercepts 
 the narrow passage between the mountains and the Caspian 
 Sea, and was intended to protect Caucasus from Persian raids ; 
 thence the name of the town. Considerable gardening ; trade 
 with Astrakhan. P. 14,700. 
 
 Derby (Danish Derwentby, named from the river upon which 
 it stands), pari. bor. (2 members) and old mun. and now also 
 CO. bor. , and market-tn., Eng. , cap. Derbyshire, on the Derwent, 
 where that river turns E., 11 m. NE. by N. Buxton, the centre 
 of the M. R. system. D. is the assize town of the county, and 
 has blast-furnaces and manufactures of silks, the first mill in 
 England being erected here in 1717 by Lombe. (The building 
 still stood till 1890, though no longer used as a silk-mill.) Lace 
 is also made, and the neighbourhood is famous for its porcelain ; 
 extensive spar and engineering works, &c. Market-days, Tu. 
 and F. Pari., mun., and co. bor. P. (1801) 10,800; (1851) 
 40,900; (1871)49,800; (1891)94,100. 
 
 Derby, co., Queensland, crosse*in the S. by 28° S., between 
 150° and 152° E. 
 
 Derby, co. , S. Australia, N. of 32° S. 
 
 Derby, tn., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 7I m. W. by N. New 
 Haven, at the confluence of the Naugatuck and Housatonic. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Derby, tn., U.S., Vermont, Orleans co., 54 m. NNE. Mont- 
 pelier. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Derby, seapt. , W. Australia, Kimberley co. , on the NW. ct. , 
 in 17° 19' S. and 123° 39' E. , cap. of a large squatting country ; 
 steamers visit the port regularly. Mean temp, (i^ yrs. , 1884-85), 
 yr. 81.2° F., Jan. 88°, July 70°. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Derby, West, par. and tn., part of which now forms a pari. 
 div. of Liverpool, Eng., Lancashire, Bootle div., 3^ m. ENE. 
 Liverpool, with stn. on the circular line of the Cheshire Lines 
 Rly.; 6203 ac. P. 114,760; tn. P. 38,300; pari. div. P. 77,000. 
 
 Derby Canal, Eng., Derbyshire, with three branches from 
 Derby to Little Eaton, Sandiacre, and Swarkestone, available 
 for boats of 3-4 ft. draught. Total length, 18^ m. 
 
 Derbybaven, seapt. vil.. Isle of Man, S. ct., i m. E. Castle- 
 town, with good safe harbour. 
 
 Derby HUls, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Shardlow union. 
 P.<25o. 
 
 Derby Road, stn. , Eng. , Suffolk, G. E. R. , 4 m. E. Ipswich. 
 
 Derbyshire, an inland co. , Eng., between Nottingham in 
 the E. and Cheshire and Staffordshire in the W., belonging 
 wholly to the diocese of Southwell ; cap. Derby ; other chief 
 
 towns, Glossop, Chesterfield, Ilkeston, and Buxton ; divided 
 into the following pari. divs. : — 
 
 1 The administrative county (which includes part of the urban sanitary 
 dist. of New Mills in the ancient county of Chester, and excludes part of 
 the mun. bor. of Burton-on-Trent in the administrative county of Staf- 
 ford) has an area of 657,550 ac. P. 520,914. 
 
 The county is mountainous in the N., and low-lying in the S., 
 where the rocks belong almost wholly to the New Red Sandstone, 
 and the soil is very rich. The NW. is occupied by the S. end of 
 the Pennine chain, called the High Peak, or D. Highlands, with 
 its culminating point, The Peak (alt. 1880 ft.), and the Kinder 
 Scout (alt. 2088 ft. ). This tract, which belongs mainly to the 
 Carboniferous Limestone series, and is flanked on the E. within 
 the county by the Millstone Grit and the Coal Measures, forms 
 the watershed between the Mersey on the W. and the Trent 
 and Don on the E. , and is one of the most beautiful dists. of 
 England. The chief rivers are the Trent, which crosses the 
 county m the S., and its tribs. the Derwent and Dove, both of 
 which flow S. through charming valleys, the Derwent through 
 the middle of the county, and the Dove on the Staffordshire 
 boundary. Among minor rivers are the Erewash, another trib. 
 of the Trent, traversing an important mining valley, and in the 
 NE. the Rother, the chief trib. of the Don. The minerals of 
 D. are important ; coal is mined at many places, the principal 
 being Chesterfield, Alfreton, Denby, Eckington, Ilkeston (at all 
 of which there are blast-furnaces), Glossop, Pinxton, Derby, 
 Heanor, Dronfield, and Staveley. Among other minerals are 
 gypsum at Aston ; lead ore at Wirksworth, Harthill, Griffe 
 Grange, Long Rake, Youlgreave, Darley, Great Hucklow, 
 Brassington, and Crich ; barytes at Bonsall, Brassington, Wirk- 
 worth, Griffe Grange, Castleton, Bradwell, &c.; fire-clay at 
 Woodville, Derby, Chesterfield, and Brassington ; and fluor 
 spar at Castleton, Ashover, Maiden Rake, Bradwell, and Crich. 
 The manufactures are cotton, silk, worsted, hosiery, porcelain, 
 lace, marble and spar ornaments, and copperas ; there is 
 also a considerable trade in malting and brewing, and some 
 large iron-foundries. The chief railway system the Midland, 
 with numerous branches ; but the M. S. & L. R. and the 
 L. & NW. R. have lines in the NW., the G. N. R. and 
 the N. Staffordshire Rly. in the SW. An important line across 
 the N. of the county to the S. of The Peak, through the vale 
 of Edale, between Chapel-en-le-Frith and Dore and Totley, 
 was opened June i, 1894. The Trent is navigable through- 
 out its course in the county. Parallel to it runs the Trent and 
 Mersey Canal ; and in the SE. of the county are the Derby 
 Canal, the Erewash Canal, continued by the Cromford Canal, 
 and the Nutbrook Canal. The only pari. bor. in the county is 
 Derby. The antiquities are Castleton (Peveril's Peak) and 
 Codnor Castles, with remains of Haddon Hall, Dale Abbey, and 
 Gresley Priory, and traces of British and Roman roads, Roman 
 baths, and a Roman altar at Haddon Hall. See England, table. 
 
 Dere, Turkish, 'valley.' 
 
 Derecske, comm., Hungary, co. Bihar, 13 m. S. Debreczen, 
 with fine pearl mussels in the brook K6k Kallo ; soda-springs 
 near. P. 8300. 
 
 Deregez, dist. , on NE. frontier of Persia, crossed by 59° E. , 
 inhabited by a Kurd colony planted by Shah Abbas about 1600 
 for defence against the Turkomans. 
 
 Deretaam, East, market-tn. and par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid 
 div., 15^ m. W. by N. Norwich, with a stn. (Derebam) on the 
 G. E. R. ; with manufactures of agricultural implements, mill 
 machinery, malt, and sacks. Market-day, F. 5313 ac. P. 
 5500 ; eccles. par. (East D. with Hoe and Dilllngton) P. 5700. 
 
 Dereham, West, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., i2| m. S. 
 by E. King's Lynn, contains the ruins of D. Abbey, with a stn. 
 (Abbey) on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Dere-koi, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Kirk-Kilise, 40 m. 
 S. by W. Burgas. 
 
 Der el Kamar, vil., Palestine, on the slope of Mt. Lebanon, 
 33° 34' N. , 35° 35' E. , 13I m. SSE. Beirut ; largest village of 
 the Maronites, and the chief meeting-place of the sheikhs of the 
 Druses. P. 7-8000. 
 
 Derenberg, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 7 m. WSW. 
 Halberstadt. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Derendah, tn. and fort, Asia Minor, 65 m. SSE. Sivas, on a 
 platform of rock overlooking the r. bk. of the Tokmah-su, r. bk. 
 trib. of the Euphrates. 
 
 Derendorf, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and dist. Diissel- 
 dorf. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Derg, riv. , Ire. , issues from Lough Derg, in the SE. of co. 
 
 425 
 
DERG — DERV 
 
 Donegal, at the height of 467 ft., and flows ENE. through co. 
 Tyrone, to the 1. bk. of the Strule. 
 
 Derg, Longb, lake, Ire., between the cos. of Galway and 
 Clare, and Tipperary, traversed by the Shannon {(/.v.) ; 108 ft. 
 above sea-level ; area, 49 sq. m. 
 
 Deri, PM.O., Wales, 5 m. SE. Rhymney, Monmouthshire. 
 
 Deria 9(ninnk, salt-lake, Persia. See Bakbtegan. See 
 also Darya-l«?iaiuah (salt swamp). 
 
 De Rlet, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Namaland, 50 m. 
 SW. O'okiep. 
 
 Derinacarah, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Dunmanway stn. , co. 
 Cork. 
 
 Derltend, E. suburb of Birmingham, Eng. 
 
 Derj, tn. , Tripoli, 78 m. E. Ghadames. 
 
 Derkaclii, tn., Russia, govt., dist., and 10 m. NNW. of 
 Kharkov. P. 6000. 
 
 Dennbacb, vil. , Ger. , gd. -duchy Saxe- Weimar, 16 m. NW, 
 Meiningen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Dermot and Granla's Bock, cape. Ire. , SW. ct. co. Clare, 
 about 3 m. from Loop Head. 
 
 Derna, or Deme, the ancient Damh, tn., Tripoli, Barka, 
 on the N. ct., 160 m. ENE. Bengazi. P. 6000. 
 
 Dernacrieve, P.O., Ire., near Belturbet, co. Cavan. 
 
 Dernagree, vil. , Ire. , NW. co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 20 m. 
 ENE. Killarney, 6 m. from Millstreet stn., P.O. (Derrlnagree). 
 
 Dernconner, vil., Scot., Ayrshire, par. and 2^ m. NE. 
 Auchinleck. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dernlere, isle, U.S., Louisiana, in the N. of the Gulf of 
 Mexico, off the S. of Terre Bonne co. , in 90° 38-55' W. 
 
 Demls, vil. , Austria, Dalmatia, circle and 50 m. SE. Zara, 
 a former Turkish town on the site of the ancient Libumian city 
 of Promona. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Demlsh, small isl.. Ire., 10 m. N. by W. Sligo. 
 
 Derr, tn. , Lower Nubia. See Der. 
 
 Derragh, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Cullen. 
 
 Derrararagh, Lougb, lake. Ire., co. Westmeath, 8 m. N. 
 by W. Mullingar ; drained by the Inny R. to Lough Ree. Alt. 
 211 ft. 
 
 Derreen, electoral div. , Ire., Clare, dist. Ballyvaghan. 
 
 Derreen, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Brosna No. 2. 
 
 Derrov, electoral div. , Ire. , Galway, dist. Eyrecoiurt. 
 
 Derrlaiia, electoral div. , Ire. , Kerry, dist. Emlagh. 
 
 Derrick, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, M'Kean co., 77 m. E. by 
 S. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Derrln, electoral div., Ire., Cavan, dist. Bellananagh. 
 
 Derrlnagree, P.O., Ire., Cork. See Dernagree. 
 
 DerrlnlM>y, electoral div.. Ire., King's co., dist. Frankford. 
 
 Derrlngton, vil. , Eng. , a W. suburb of Stafford. 
 
 Derrlnsalla, tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower 
 Ormond, 2 m. NW. Parsonstown, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Derry, in Irish place-names, from Celtic Dar, Dero, Deryn, 
 ' an oak. ' 
 
 Derry, city and dioceses. Ire. See Londonderry. 
 
 Derry, PMT.O., Ire. See Londonderry. 
 
 Derry, electoral div., Ire., NW. co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, 
 dist. Crossmolina, 16 m. W. by S. Ballina. 
 
 Derry, place, Irew, near Coalisland, co. Tyrone, with fire- 
 clay pits. 
 
 Derry, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, co. Rockingham, 15 m. 
 NW. Lawrence by rail. P. <3oc)o. 
 
 Derry, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. Dauphin, 46 m. SE. 
 Pittsburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Derry, river. Ire., in the S. of co. Wicklow, r. bk. trib. of 
 R. Aughrim. 
 
 Derry, river. Ire. , in the SW. of co. Wicklow, flows SW. 
 to the Slaney, forming part of the boundary between co. Carlow 
 and CO. Wexford. 
 
 Derryad, electoral div. , Ire. , King's co. , dist. Frankford. 
 
 Derryadd, tnld. , Ire. , NE. co. Armagh, bar. Oneilland East, 
 4^ m. WNW. Lurgan, on the S. shore of Lough Neagh, P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Derryadd, P.O., Ire., co. Fermanagh, 4 m. from Lisnaskea. 
 
 Derryaghy, par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bars. Upper Belfast and 
 Upper Massereene, 2 m. N. Lisbum ; 12,467 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Derryanvllle, P.O., Ire., co. Armagh, 3 m. from Portadown. 
 
 Derry bard, electoral div. , Ire. , SW. co. Tyrone, bar. Clogher, 
 7 m. S. by E. Omagh. 
 
 Derrybeg, tnld., Ire., NW. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 
 f7 m. W. by N. Londonderry, 31 m. from Letterkenny stn., 
 '.O. P. <2SO. 
 
 Derry boy, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Down, bar. Dufferin, ^\ m. N. 
 Downpatrick, 3 m. from Crcssgar stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 Derrybrlen, P.O., Ire., 10 m. from Gort, co. Galway. 
 Derrybmsk, par.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, bars. Magheraste- 
 phana and Tirkennedy, 3 m. N. Lisbellaw stn. ; 7173 ac. P. 
 <ioco. 
 
 Derrycassan, Loagh, lake. Ire., in the NW. of co. Cavan, 
 T2 m. WNW. Cavan, on the Erne and Shannon June. Canal. 
 Derrycastle, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, dist. Portroe. 
 Derryciurler, P. O. ,Ire. , 3 m. from Dungiven.co. Londonderry. 
 426 
 
 Derryclare Lough, lake, Ire. , N W. co. Galway, 24 m. S. 
 by W. Westport. 
 
 Derrycooly, electoral div. , Ire. , King's co. , dist. Killoughy. 
 
 Derrycnnlagh, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Round- 
 stone No. I. 
 
 Derryflneen, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Slieverdagh. 
 
 Derryfnbble, P. O. , Ire. , 4 m. from Moy, 3 m. from Killylea 
 stn., CO. Tyrone. 
 
 DerrygalTln, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Clanwilliam, 4 
 m. SE. Limerick. P. <25o. 
 
 Derryglassann, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Mount 
 BeUew. 
 
 Derrygolan, P.O. , lie. , 5 m. from Kilbeggan, co. Westmeath, 
 7 m. from Horseleap stn. 
 
 Derrygonnelly, tn. , Ire. , N. co. Fermanagh, bar. Maghera- 
 boy, 9 m. NW. Enniskillen, PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Derrygorry, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Aughnacloy, co. Tyrone. 
 
 Derrygorry, electoral div.. Ire., in the N, of co. Monaghan, 
 bar. Trough, P.O. 
 
 Derrygortreyy, electoral div., Ire., co. Tyrone, dist. Dun- 
 gannon. 
 
 Derrygratb, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa 
 West, 3 m. SE. Cahir; 3777 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Derrybale Comer, P. O. , Ire. , 5 m. S. Portadown , co. Armagh. 
 
 Derry barney, P.O. , Ire. ,4 m. from Lisbellaw, co. Fermanagh. 
 
 Derrybaw, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Tynan, co. Armagh. 
 
 Derry HUl, viL, Eng., Wiltshire, Calne par., 2 m. SE. 
 Chippenham, P.O. 
 
 Derrykelgban, par.. Ire., NW. co. Antrim, bar. Lower 
 Dunluce, ']\ m. E. by N. Coleraine, P.O.; 7676 ac. P. <2000. 
 
 Derrylaiiane, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cavan, dist. Hol5rwell. 
 
 Derrylane, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Killeshandra, co. Cavan. 
 
 Derrylanr, electoral div. , Ire. , Galway, dist. Woodford. 
 
 Derrylea, electoral div.. Ire., Fermanagh, dist. Lisnaskea. 
 
 Derrylea, electoral div. , Ire. , Galway, dist. Clifden. 
 
 Derrylester, electoral div.. Ire., Fermanagh, dist. Florence 
 Court, 3 m. from Florencecourt stn., P.O. 
 
 Derrylln, tnld. , Ire. , SW. co. Fermanagh, bar. Knockninny, 
 II m. SSE. Enniskillen, 5 m. from Ballyconnell, P.O. P. < 
 250. 
 
 Derryloran, par., Ire., cos. Londonderry and T)Tone, bars. 
 Loughinsholin and Upper Dungannon, including Cookstown ; 
 12,082 ac. P. 7300. 
 
 Derrylossary, par. , Ire. , co. Wicklow, bars. Ballinacor N. 
 and Newcastle, 5 m. SW. Newtown Mount Kennedy ; 45,964 
 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Derrylongban, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Newport. 
 
 Derrymore, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Westmeath, dist. Killucan. 
 
 Derrynaclougb, P. O. , Ire. , 6 m. from Kylemore, co. Galway. 
 
 Derrynaglttagb, electoral div. , Ire. , Clare, dist. Feakle. 
 
 Derrynabincb, par. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny, bar. Knocktopher ; 
 8339 ac. P. -ciooo. 
 
 Derrynane Bay, Ire. , S. ct. co. Kerry, off Kenmare R. 
 
 Derrynanauta, electoral div.. Ire., Cavan, dist. Hollywell. 
 
 Derrynasaggart Moantalns, range of mts., Ire., in the 
 extreme SE. of co. Keny. 
 
 Derrynoose, par.. Ire., W. co. Armagh, bars. Armagh and 
 Tiranny, 7^ m. E. by S. Monaghan, P.O.; 15,051 ac. P. <;4000. 
 
 Derryork, stn.. Ire., co. Londonderry, on the Limavady 
 and Dungiven Rly. 
 
 Derry Ormond, stn., Wales, Cardiganshire, 2 m. NNE. 
 Lampeter, on the Manchester and Milford Rly., P.O. 
 
 Derrypatrick, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Lower Deece, 
 near Drumree stn. P. <25». 
 
 Derry Station, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Westmoreland co., 
 39 m. E. by S. Pittsburg. 
 
 Derrysteaton, electoral div. , Ire. , Fermanagh, dist. Newton 
 Butle«-. 
 
 Derrytrasna, P.O., Ire., 7 m. from Lurgan, co. Armagh. 
 
 DerryYcaRii Mountains, Ire. , in the NW. of co. Donegal, 
 
 Derry vlllane, par.. Ire., in the NE, of co. Cork, bars. 
 Fermoy and Condons and Clangibbon, 10 m. NW. Fermoy. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Derryvona, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Belturbet, co. Cavan. 
 
 Derryrullan, par.. Ire., NE. co. Fermanagh, bars. Lurg, 
 Clanawley, and Tirkennedy, on Lough Erne, 9 m. NNW. 
 Enniskillen; 21,246 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Derslngham, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 8 m. NE. by 
 N. King's Lynn, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Demt, tn., Egypt, on the 1. bk. of the Rosetta mouth of the 
 Nile, 34 m. E. Alexandria. 
 
 Derut, tn.. Upper Egypt, prov. Siut. P. (1882) 5600. 
 
 Deruta, comm., Italy, prov. and circle Perugia, near the 
 1. bk. of the Tiber. P. <sooo. 
 
 De Bnyter, tn., U.S., New York, Madison co., 22 m. SE. 
 by S. Syracuse. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dervagbroy, electoral div.. Ire., co. Tyrone, dist. Sixmile- 
 cross. 
 
 Derralg, hamlet, Scot. , Argyllshire, Mull I., at head of Loch 
 Cuan, 8i m. SW. Tobermory, PT.O. 
 
DERV— DESO 
 
 Derval, comm. and tn., France, dep. Loire Inf^rieure, 32 m. 
 N. by W. Nantes, arr. Ch^teaubriant. P. < 2000. 
 
 Derral, vil. , Scot. , Ayrshire. See Darrel. 
 
 Derrenlon, vil, Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinthia, on the 
 S. shore of the Gulf of Lepanto, 30 m. WNW. Corinth. P. < 2000. 
 
 Dervent, tn., Bosnia, prov. Banjaluka, on R. Ukrina, 11 m. 
 SSW. Brod. P.<sooo. 
 
 Derrock, tn., Ire., NW. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Dunluce, 
 8 m. E. Coleraine, on the Ballymoney and Ballycastle Rly., 
 PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Derwen, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., io| m. S. 
 Denby, on the L. & NW. R. P. <5oo. 
 
 Derwent ( ' bright ' or ' clear water '), riv. , Eng. , Cumberland, 
 rising on the N. side of Scaw Fell, and flowing N. through 
 Borrowdale, Derwent Water, and Bassenthwaite Lake, then W. 
 through the Cockermouth div. , into the Sol way Firth at Work- 
 ington. 
 
 Derwent, riv., Eng., Derbyshire, rises in the extreme N. of 
 the county, flows S. past Matlock, Belper, and Derby, and joins 
 the Trent on the 1. bk. in the SE. of the county ; not navigable. 
 
 Derwent, par., Eng., Derbyshire, High Peak div., 9^ m. 
 ESE. Glossop, PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Derwent, riv. , Eng. , Yorkshire, rises in the moorlands of the 
 N. Riding, and after flowing S. , W. , and SW. (for some dis- 
 tance forming the boundary between the E. and N. Ridings) 
 turns S. , and enters the Ouse at Barmby. Length, 60 m.; 
 navigable from Malton, 40 m. 
 
 Derwent, one of the chief rivs. of Tasmania ; has its source 
 in Lake St. Clare, in the centre of the island ; flows very tortu- 
 ously SE. through the dist. New Norfolk and between Richmond 
 and Hobart, and enters Storm Bay by an estuary 4 m. wide. 
 Navigable to below New Norfolk. Length, 130 m. 
 
 Derwent Edge, hill, Eng. , Derbyshire, High Peak div. , 9 m. 
 W. Sheffield. 
 
 Derwentwater, or Keswick Lake, lake, Eng. , in SW. of 
 CO. Cumberland, in Borrowdale, Penrith div., stretches S. from 
 Keswick for 3 m. , and is about its centre i m. across. Its banks 
 are rocky and abrupt ; in it are several wooded islands, and a 
 remarkable mass of soft land, which sometimes partly floats on 
 its surface. It is an enlargement of the Derwent R., which 
 enters at its S. and emerges at its N. e.xtremity. See Engllsli 
 Iiake District. 
 
 Derwent Woodlands, eccles. par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, Hather- 
 sage and Hope pars. P. <Soo. 
 
 Derwydd, hamlet, Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., 13 m. 
 NE. by N. Llanelly, i m. N W. D. Koad stn. , on the G. W. R. 
 
 D^s, tn., Hungary. See Dees-Magyaros. 
 
 Desaguadero (Spanish, ' outlet '), the name of several streams 
 in Spanish America, the principal being (i) the river by which 
 Lake Titicaca (Peru and Bolivia) is drained S. into Lake Aul- 
 lagas, navigable by steamers downwards as far as Nasacara, 
 the port of Corocoro (about one-third of its course) below that 
 rendered too shallow by evaporation ; (2) part of the course of 
 the R. Salado, in the W. of the Argentine Republic. 
 
 D^salgnes, comm., France, dep. Ardfeche, on r. bk. of the 
 Doux, arr. and 16 m. WNW. Tournon, with mineral springs. 
 P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Desana, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 17 m. SW. 
 Novara. P. <20oo. 
 
 Des Arc, vil., U.S., Arkansas, Prairie co., 87 m. W. by S, 
 Memphis (Tenn.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Desborongli, par. and tn., Eng., N. div. of Northampton- 
 shire, II m. NNW. Wellingborough, with a stn. (D. for Koth- 
 well) on the M. R. ; iron ore mined. PM.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Descbambanlt, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Portneuf co. , on the 
 1. bk. of St. Lawrence, 38 m. W. by S. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Desclienltz, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, 34 m. S. by W. Pilsen. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Descbna, tn., Austria, Bohemia, govt. Pilgram, circle 
 Kamenitz, with mineral springs and baths. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Desclintes, riv., U.S., Oregon, trib. of the Columbia, rises in 
 the NW. of Klamath co., in the Cascade Range, flows N. 
 through Crook and Wasco counties to the Columbia, which it 
 joins on the 1. bk. at Fultonville, in 120° 54' W. ; about 300 m. long. 
 
 Desconoclda, cape, off the W. ct. of Yucatan, to the N. of 
 Campeche, in 20° 50' N., 72° 45' W. 
 
 Descoose, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Richmond, on Isle 
 Madame, 6 m. from Arichat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Deseada, Cape, in the W. of Cape Colony, in 32° 8' S. 
 
 Deseado, deseada, Spanish, 'desired.' See D«5slrade. 
 
 Deseado, Klo, riv., Argentine Republic (Patagonia), govt, 
 of Santa Cruz, flows E. then SE. and enters the Atlantic in 47° 
 44' S. by a long and wide estuary known as Puerto D., or Port 
 Desire. 
 
 Deseclilo, isl., W. Indies, to the W. of, and belonging to, 
 Porto Rico. 
 
 Desenzano snl Lago, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Brescia, 
 on SW. shore of Lake Garda, 8 m. WNW. Peschiera. P. <sooo. 
 Deseronto, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Hastings co. , on the Bay 
 of Quints, 29 m. W. by S. Kingston. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Desert, or disert, in Celtic names ' a retired place,' from Latin 
 desertum. 
 
 Desert, stn., Ire., co. Cork, bars. E. Carbery, E. div., and 
 Ibane and Barryroe, i m. E. by S. Clonakilty. P. <25o. See 
 also Desertserges. 
 
 Desert, settlement, U.S., Nevada, Churchill co., 50 m. NE. 
 Carson City, on the Central Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Desertas, Las, a group of islets in the Atlantic, to the SE. 
 of Madeira ; the largest, Tabla Deserta, is 6 m. long by | m. 
 broad. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Desertcreat, par.. Ire., E. co. Tyrone, bar. Upper Dungan- 
 non, 2^ m. S. by W. Cookstown ; 14,398 ac. P. <:3Soo. 
 
 Desertegny, par.. Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. W. Inishowen, 
 14 m. NNW. Londonderry; 7580 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Desertlyn, par.. Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. Loughinsholin, 
 containing part of Moneymore town ; 5561 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Desertmartln ( ' the retreat of St. Martin'), par., Ire., SE. 
 CO. Londonderry, bar. Loughinsholin, 9 m. NNE. Cookstown, 
 on the Draperstown Rly., P.O. ; 9579 ac P. <300o. 
 
 Desertmore, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Muskerry East, 8 m. 
 SW. Cork; 3943 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Desertoghlll, par., Ire., E. co. Londonderry, bar. and 12 m. 
 S. Coleraine; 14,466 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Desertserges ('the retreat of St. Sergius'), par.. Ire., S. co. 
 Cork, bars. E. Carbery, E. div. , and Kinalmeaky, 6\ m. W. by 
 S. Bandon, with stn. (Desert) on the Cork, Bandon, and S. Coast 
 Rly., P.O.; 15,729 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Desford, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, div. and 4^ m. E. Bos- 
 worth, on the M. R., PM.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Desba, co., U.S., Arkansas, on the Mississippi, where it is 
 joined by the Arkansas R. 
 
 Deshayes, comm., French W. Indies, on the NW. ct. of 
 Guadaloupe I. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Destaler, vil, U.S., Ohio, Henry co., 38 m. SW. by S. 
 Toledo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Deslo, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 12 m. N. by E. 
 Milan. P. 6000. 
 
 Deslma, or Deshlma ('front island'), an artificial island of 
 Japan, opposite the city of Nagasaki, with which it com- 
 municates by a bridge. The island is about 600 ft. in length 
 by 250 ft. in breadth. It is where the Dutch factory was estab- 
 lished, and the place to which the Dutch were long restricted. 
 
 D^slrade, an island of the Little Antilles, belonging to the 
 French, 4 m. W. Guadaloupe, of which it is a dependency, in 
 10° 20' N. Length, NE. to SW., 6 m. ; average breadth, 2 m. 
 Surface elevated, soil in great part sandy or rocky; climate 
 arid, but healthy. Since 1728 it has contained on the bay of 
 Mahault the leper colony of the French W. Indies. It was 
 the first island discovered by Columbus on his second voyage, 
 November 1493, and hence called by him Deseada, 'the 
 desired.' 
 
 Desire, port, S. America, on the E. ct. of Patagonia, in 47° 
 45' S. 
 
 Deskford, par., Scot., Banffshire, 4 m. S. Cullen, contams 
 vil. Klrktowu of Deskford, P.O. ; 8155 ac. P. <:7So. 
 
 Deskry, hamlet, Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, on Deskry Water, 
 23 m. S. Keith. 
 
 De Smet, vil, U.S., S. Dakota, Kingsbury co., 105 m. N. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 De Smet, settlement, U.S., Montana, Missoula co., 92 m. 
 NW. Butte City. Alt. 3213 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 Desmochados, vil., Paraguay, 60 m. E. of the confluence of 
 the Paraguay and Parand. 
 
 Des Slolnes, city, U.S., Iowa, Polk co., at junction of Des 
 Moines and Raccoon R., 107 m. WSW. Cedar Rapids. Im- 
 portant railway centre and manufacturing town (wire fencing, 
 woollens, &c.). Laid out in 1846. Alt. 800 ft. (City Engineer); 
 847 ft. (U.S. Signal Office) ; rfall. (5 yrs.), 42.72 in. P. (1870) 
 12,035; (1880)22,408; (1890)50,100. 
 
 Des Moines, co., U.S., Iowa, E. frontier, crossed by 41° N. 
 
 Des Ittotnes, riv., U.S., Iowa, rises in SW. Minnesota, flows 
 SE. to the Mississippi ; 300 m. long. 
 
 Des Holnes Rapids, in the Mississippi, U.S., Iowa, can be 
 navigated in high water, avoided by a state canal 9 m. long at 
 low water. 
 
 Desna, riv. , Middle Russia, 1. bk. trib. of Dnieper. Waters 
 the govts, of Smolensk, Orel, and Chernigov ; length, 550 in. 
 Navigable from Bryansk. Important artery for interior navi- 
 gation. 
 
 Desolation, Cape, Greenland, in the SW. extremity of 
 Nunar Soak I., in 60° 50' N., and 48° 50' W. 
 
 Desolation, Cape, headland, S. America, Tierra del Fuego, 
 on one of its W. isls. , in 55° 46' S. , and 71° 37' W. 
 
 Desolation Island, isl. , Chile, 70 m. long by 15 m. broad, 
 at W. end of Strait of Magellan, S. side ; terminates W. in 
 Cape Pillar. 
 
 De Soto, CO., U.S., Florida, crossed in S. by 27° N., between 
 Lake Okeechobee and co. Manatee, includes in SW. the shores 
 of Charlotte Bay. Named after a Spanish explorer, Fernando 
 de Soto, who reached the Mississippi from Florida in 1542. 
 
 427 
 
DESO — DEVD 
 
 De Soto, par., U.S., Louisiana, in the NW., on the W. 
 frontier, crossed by 32° N. 
 
 De Soto, CO., U.S., Mississippi, in the extreme NW. 
 
 De Soto, city, U.S., Missouri, Jefferson co., 39 m. SW. by 
 ■S. St. Louis. P. <4ooo. 
 
 De Soto, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Washington co., on the r. bk. 
 of the Missouri, 18 m. NNW. Omaha. 
 
 De Soto, vlL , U.S. , Wisconsin, Vernon co. , on the Mississippi, 
 72 m. NNW. Dubuque (Iowa). P. < 1500. 
 
 Despair Bays, Newfoundland, on the S. ct. , in 55° 4o'-56° 
 10' W. 
 
 Despefiaperros, noted defile in S. Spain, by which the 
 plateau of Mancha is connected with the great vaUey of Anda- 
 lucia ; traversed by railway from Madrid to Seville. 
 
 Despbina, vil. , Greece, prov. Phthiotis and Phocis, on the 
 inlet of Aspra Spitia, 45 m. E. Lepanto. P. <30oo. 
 
 Des Plalnes, viL, U.S., Illinois, Cook co., 18 m. NW. 
 Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Despoplado (Spanish, 'unpeopled'), an uninhabited plateau 
 of the Andes, Bolivia, Chile, and the Argentine Republic Alt. 
 10,500-12,750 ft. 
 
 Despoto Dagb, or Dospad Dagb (' despot's mountains'), a 
 name sometimes applied to the whole mountainous region 
 known to geographers as the Rhodope Mts. (^.v.), sometimes 
 restricted to the W. section of these mountains. 
 
 Des RiTleres, or Malmalson, post-vil., Canada, Quebec, 
 Missisquoi CO. , 36 m. SE. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 • Dess, sth., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on the Deeside Rly., 
 12^ m. E. by N. Ballater. 
 
 Dessau, tn. , Ger. , cap. duchy Anhalt, on R. Mulde, 17J m. 
 W. by S. Wittenberg, with various textile, iron, and other 
 industries. P. (1849) 12,800; (1871) 17,500; (1890) 34,700. 
 
 Desselstaem, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, air. 
 Courtrai. P. <:4000. 
 
 Dessl, small isL, E. Africa, at the mouth of Annesley Bay, 
 on the Abyssinian coast of the Red Sea, SE. of Massaua ; called 
 by the English Valeutla. 
 
 Destelbergen, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. 
 Gand (Ghent). P. <400o. 
 
 Desterro, city, Brazil, cap. prov. Santa Catharina, on the 
 W. side of the Ilha de Santa Catharina, 240 m. NE. Porto 
 Alegre, in 25° 36' S. P. 15,000. 
 
 D'Estree, bay, on the SE. of Kangaroo I. , S. Australia, 
 
 Desnk, vil., Egypt, 32 m. NW. Tanta, on the r. bk. of the 
 Rosetta arm of the Nile. P. 6900. 
 
 DesTres, tn., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. Boulogne, 20 
 m. WSW. St. Omer, with iron-mines ; in the vicinity are 
 mineral springs. P. <50oo. 
 
 Detcliant, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 11 J m. 
 SSE. Berwick-upon-Tweed, 2J m. NW. Belford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Detention Rlrer, post-tn., Tasmania, Devon co., 63 m. 
 from Devonport. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dethlck and lea, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 2 m. 
 SE. by E. Matlock, 2 m. E. Matlock Bath stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Detllng, par., Eng., Kent, P.O. P. <5oo. See DebtUng. 
 
 Detmold, the TheotmallH^' people's court ') of Charlemagne's 
 reign, city, Ger., cap. principality Lippe-Detmold, 25 m. S. 
 Minden. Two miles SW. is the Hermannsdenkmal, or monu- 
 ment to Arminius, who delivered the terr. E. of the Rhine from 
 the hands of the Romans in the time of Augustus. P. 9700. 
 
 Detroit (from the French for ' strait '), chief city of the state 
 of Michigan, U.S., Wayne co., a port of entry on W. bk. of 
 Detroit R. , on which it has a good harbour, at the outlet of 
 Lake St. Clair, opposite Canadian town of Windsor. Centre 
 of an extensive railroad system. Has numerous blast-fiu-naces 
 and important manufacturing industries, large copper-smelting 
 works. Settled by the French early in i8th century, passed into 
 the hands of the English in 1763, who ceded it to the United 
 States in 1783. Alt. 661 ft. Mean temp., yr. 48.4° F., Jan. 
 24.6°, July 72°; rfall. (12 yrs.), 36.19 in. P. (1870) 79,577; 
 (1880)116,340; (1890)205,876. 
 
 Detroit, vil. , U.S., Minnesota, Becker co., 176m. W. Duluth. 
 Alt. 1364 ft. ( R. R. ). P. < 2000. 
 
 Detroit KlTer, riv., between Canada and the U.S., connects 
 Lake St. Clair with Lake Erie ; length, 28 m. At D. it is \ m. 
 wide, and is navigable throughout for all vessels for 8 months 
 of the year. The principal channel is on the E. side of the 
 Canadian shore. The islands Crosse and Fighting are near its 
 mouth. 
 
 Dettelbacb, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 on R. Main, 9 m. E. Wtirzburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Dettlngen, vil., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 on the Main, 15 m. ESE. Frankfurt. Scene of a victory of the 
 allied British and Austrians under George II. over the French, 
 1743, ^"<i °^ ^ victory of the Prussians over the Bavarians, July 
 25, 1866. P. <2000. 
 
 Dettlngen an der Erms, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Wurtemberg, circle 
 Black Forest, 13 m. E. Tubingen. P. <:4000. 
 
 DettTa, market-tn. , Hungary, prov. Sohl, 55 m. N. by E. 
 Waitzen. P. 6300. 
 ^8 
 
 Dettweller, comm., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, 17 m. NW. by 
 N. Strassburg, on the Rhine and Mame Canal. P. <30oo. 
 
 De Tuln (Dutch, 'the enclosure'), settlement. Cape Colony, 
 dist. and 142 m. NNE. Calvinia, 
 
 Denben, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 5 m. SW. Dres- 
 den, in the Plauenscher Grund ; has manufactures of glass 
 wares, cast steel, &c. P. 6900. 
 
 Dendraetb, Wales. See Penrbyn Dendraetb. 
 
 Denel', co. , U.S., Nebraska, in the NW., on S. frontier, just 
 W. of 102° W. 
 
 Deuel', CO., U.S., S. Dakota, on the E. frontier, S. of 45° N. 
 
 Deull, comm., France, dep. Seine et Oise, arr. Pontoise, 8^ 
 m. N. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Deule, riv. , France, rises near Carency, in dep. Pas-de-Calais, 
 flows through dep. Nord, past Lille and Quesnoy, and joins 
 the Lys near Deulemont. 
 
 Deule, Canal de la, joins the Serape and the Lys, 41 m. long. 
 
 DenlgiU>n BsiJ^, tn. , India, Berir, dist. Buldini, 50 m. ENE, 
 Aurangabad, in 20° N., 76° E. P. (1881) 7000; (1891) 7400; 
 Hindus, 5900; Moham. iioo. 
 
 Denrne, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. Antwerp. P. 6700. 
 
 Deutsch, Ger. 'German,' originally 'belonging to one's own 
 people,' from diot, thiuda, Anglo-Saxon theo'd, 'the people.' 
 For some names vrith this prefix, see imder the second part of 
 the name. 
 
 Deutscbbrod, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 15 m. N. Iglau, with 
 silver-mining. P. 5700. 
 
 Deutscb-KraTvarn, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 15 m. 
 SW. Ratibor, 5 m. ESE. Troppau. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Deutscb-Krone, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 64 m. 
 W. by N. Bromberg, 13 m. NW. Schneidemiihl. P. (1890) 5800. 
 
 Deutscb-Ussa, or Ussa-ln-Scbleslen, vil., Prussia, prov. 
 Silesia, govt, and 7 m. WNW. Breslau, circle Neumarkt. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Dentscblelten, or Lntynla \lemlecka, tn. , Austria, Silesia, 
 24 m. E. Troppau. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Deutscb-Lleban, or Llblny ]Kenieck^, market-tn. , Austria, 
 Moravia, on R. Oskava, 21 m. NNW. Olmiitz. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Deutscb-Xenklrcb, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 13 m. 
 W. Ratibor. P. <20oo. 
 
 Deutsebnofen, vil., Austria, Tirol, 7 m. SSE. Bozen. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Deutseb-Plekar, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 38 m. NE. by E. 
 Ratibor, circle and 3 m. NNE. Beuthen. P., including the 
 lead and zinc mining colony of Scharley, 5600 ; vil. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Dentscb-RasselTKltz, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Op- 
 peln, circle Neustadt. P. <4O0o. 
 
 Deutscb'Wagram, viL , Austria, crownland Lower Austria, 
 8 m. NE. by E. Vienna. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Dentscb-Wllmersdorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 
 govt. Potsdam, circle Teltow. P. < 5000. 
 
 Deutz, or Duytz, fortified tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov.; on 
 r. bk. of Rhine, govt, and opposite Cologne, with which city it 
 is united by a handsome railway bridge on the line to Berlin, 
 as well as a bridge of boats, with iron-foundries, railway- 
 carriage works, earthenware and porcelain factories, Suz. Since 
 1888 incorporated with Cologne, though its population is still 
 separately returned under the name of Coln«Dentz. P. (1871) 
 11,900; (1890)17,700. 
 
 Denxblll, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 11 m. NW. by 
 W. Kidderminster, 3 m. W. Hampton stn. P. <25o. See 
 Cbetton. 
 
 Deux Fonts, French name of Zwelbrilcken, Bavarian 
 Palatinate. 
 
 Deux KlYleres, viL , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 297 m. by rail W. Montreal P. < 1500. 
 
 D^Ta, German Dlmrlcb, tn., with magistracy, Hungary, 
 Transylvania, cap. co. Hunyad, 82 m. E. by N. Temesvar, on 
 the Maros, with copper-mines. P. <5ooo. 
 
 DeTa, comm., Spain, prov. Guipuzcoa, with a small port on 
 riv. Deva, in the Bay of Biscay. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Devaar, or DaTar, isl. , Scot. , Argyllshire, E. side of Kintyre 
 Penin. , at mouth of Campbeltown harb. Lighthouse vis. 17 m. 
 
 Deradbanga, or Deodbnnga, ' home of the gods,' one of 
 the native names given to the group of mountains to which Mt. 
 Everest [q.v.\, in the Himalayas, belongs. 
 
 Devanballl, tn., India, Mysore, 20 m. NNE. Bangalore. 
 P. (1881) 5800. 
 
 Devant les Fonts, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, govt. Lor- 
 raine, circle Metz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Devaprayaga, vil., India. See Deopraydg. 
 
 Devarkonda, tn., India, state of and 57 m. SE. by S. 
 Haidardbdd. 
 
 Devauden, eccles. par., Eng., Monmouthshire, 4 m. NW. 
 Chepstow, P.O. (D. Green). See Newcburcb. 
 
 D^Ta Vtoya, comm. , Hungary, 45 m. SW. Debreczen. P. 
 12,200. 
 
 Devdorak, chief glacier of Mt. Kazbek, in main chain of 
 Caucasus, descends dovra D. gorge to Terek, which it reaches 
 between the gorge of Darial and station Kazbek ; avalanches 
 
DEVE — DEVO 
 
 from it have rendered the military road from Vladikavkaz to 
 Tiflis impracticable in 1809, 1817, and 1832. 
 
 Devecser, comm., Hungary, co. and 25 m. W. Veszpr^m, 
 cap. dist. D. P. <5ooo. 
 
 VeTelit-Karabissar, decayed tn., Asia Minor, vilayet An- 
 gora, 32 m. SSW. Kaisariye ; to the E. a salt lake. 
 
 Derelii-kol, tn., Asia Minor, 15 m. S. Smyrna. 
 
 Deyenish, par., Ire., co. Fermanagh, bar. Magheraboy, 2^ 
 m. NNW. Enniskillen ; 30,601 ac. P. <40oo. 
 
 Deveiiish, post-tn., Victoria, Moira co., on Broken Creek, 
 95 m. ENE. Sandhurst. P. <i5oo.. 
 
 Devenport, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Cass co., 18 m. 
 SW. Fargo. 
 
 Derenter, a fortified tn., Holland, cap. prov. Overijssel, on 
 the IJssel, 18 m. S. by E. ZwoUe. P. (of comm.) 23,000. 
 
 Dererel Down, hill, Eng., Sussex, 9 m. NE. by E. Dorr 
 Chester. 
 
 DeverUl Hill, P.O., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 12 m. 
 S. Trowbridge. 
 
 DcTerlll Long Bridge, Eng. See Long Bridge Deverlll. 
 
 Dererou, or Blackwater, riv., Scot., cos. Aberdeen and 
 Banff, rises in the par. of Cabrach, flows NE. past Huntly and 
 Turiff, and enters the North Sea at Banff. Affluents, Bogie and 
 Isla. Length, 40 m. 
 
 Dergadb, seapt., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Ratndgiri, with a 
 safe and beautiful land-locked harbour, in 16° 22' N. P. <50oo. 
 
 Deri, riv. , India, one of the S. arms of the Mahdnadi delta, 
 enters the Bay of Bengal in 19° 58' N. ; as a harbour rendered 
 almost useless by bars of sand. 
 
 Devlkota, or Eravn^erl, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 
 50 m. E. Madura. P. (1881) 8500; (1891) 9900 ; Hindus, 9400. 
 
 Devlkota, small ruined fort, Brit. India, Madras, dist, 
 Tanjore, on the E. ct., 26 m. S. by E. Cuddalore. 
 
 Devil Island, S. America, Tierra del Fuego, in 54° 58' S., 
 and 69° 5' W. Cook gave the name Devil's Basin to a port 
 in Christmas Sound, in 55° 16' S. , and 17' W. 
 
 D^ville, tn., France, dep. Seine Inf^rieure, arr. Rouen, on 
 the Cailly, 2 m. NW. Rouen. P. 5200. 
 
 Devil Klver, Canada, Quebec, issues from Lake Trembling, 
 in Argenteuil co., and flows S. into the R. Rouge (1. bk.), which 
 it joins in 46° 4' N. , 74° 39' W. 
 
 Devll'9 Beef Tub, large hollow, Scot,, N. Dumfriesshire, 
 5 m. NW. Moffat. 
 
 DevU's Bridge, German Tenfelsbrilcke, a celebrated 
 bridge over the Reuss, where it traverses a tremendous granite- 
 walled chasm, in the canton of Uri, Switzd., a little below the 
 place where the St. Gothard Pass road emerges on the Vale of 
 Andermatt by the tunnel, 216 ft. long, known as the Urnerloch 
 ( ' hole of Uri ' ; alt. 4640 ft. ), pierced in 1707. The name properly 
 belonged to an older bridge formerly existing below the present. 
 
 Devil's Bridge, hamlet, Wales, Cardiganshire, loj m, E, 
 by S.' Aberystwith, with lead and zinc ores, P.O. It takes its 
 name from a double bridge, lower and upper, across a gorge 
 traversed by the R. Mynach ; the lower bridge was built in the 
 nth century, and the upper in 1753. Called by the Welsh 
 Pont-y-Mynach (' bridge of Mynach '), 
 
 Devil's Dyke, a great chasm in the South Downs, Eng., 
 Sussex, 4| m. NW. by N. Brighton, with a rly. stn. (The Dyke). 
 A steel-wire cable-way, from which carriages for the conveyance 
 of passengers are suspended, was opened across this chasm 
 October 13, 1894. 
 
 Devil's Glen, wild ravine. Ire., E. co. Wicklow, bar. New- 
 castle, 6 m. NW, Wicklow, 4 m, from Rathnew stn., on the 
 riv. Vartry. 
 
 Devil's Hole, Eng, , Derbyshire, See Peak Cavern. 
 
 Devils Lake, tn., U,S,, N, Dakota, Ramsey co, 95 m, 
 SW. by W. Pembina. P, <2ooo. See Hlnne'wankan. 
 
 DevU's Punch Bowl, a deep dell, Eng. , W. Surrey, on the 
 S. side of Hindhead Hill, 2 m. N, Haslemere. See also 
 Hangerton, mt,, Ire. 
 
 DevU's Tower, U.S. See Bear Lodge. 
 
 Devlrlgl, Asia Minor. See Dlvrlgl. 
 
 Devizes (devai'zes), ancient de Vies, denoting a place where 
 two ways met (' the Vize'), mun. bor, (since the time of Henry 
 II.) and market-tn,, Eng., Wiltshire, on the Kennet and Avon 
 Canal, 23 m. NNW. Salisbury, on branch line of G. W, R. 
 Manufactures snuff, malt, and agricultural steam engines and 
 implements. Market-day, Th, Mim. bor. P. 6400 ; par, (D. St. 
 John the Baptist) P, <20oo ; D, St. Mary the Virgin, P, <25oo ; 
 eccles. par. (D. St. John the Baptist with St. Mary the Virgin) 
 P. <45oo; D. St. Peter, P,<isoo. 
 
 Devllns Klver, small riv., Ire., in the NE, of co, Meath, 
 flows E. to the Mattock, a trib. of the Boyne. 
 
 Devoa FaUs, falls on the Sannaga R., German W. Africa, 
 Kamerun Terr. , in about 3° 56' N. , 10° 14' E. 
 
 Devoke Water, lake, Eng. , in the S, of Cumberland, Egre- 
 mont div. , 17^ m. SSW, Keswick, drained into the Esk. 
 
 Devon, or Devonshire, one of the largest cos. in Eng., 
 situated in the SW., between the English and the Bristol 
 Channels, and between Cornwall in the SW. and Somerset and 
 
 Dorset in the NE. and E.; belonging almost wholly to the 
 diocese of Exeter ; cap. Exeter ; other chief towns, Plymouth, 
 Stonehouse, and Devonport, Dartmouth, Torquay, Totnes, 
 Exmouth, Honiton, Axminster, Tiverton, Barnstaple, Great 
 Torrington, and Ilfracombe ; pari. bors. , Exeter, Devonport, 
 and Plymouth ; divided into the following pari, divs,: — 
 
 Eastern, or Honiton 
 NE. , or Tiverton . 
 Northern, or S. Molton 
 NW., or Barnstaple 
 Western, or Tavistock 
 Southern, or Totnes 
 Torquay . 
 
 Mid, or Ashburton , • 
 Pari, boroughs 
 
 Total (ancient and administra- 
 tive CO. ) 
 
 Acres. 
 
 167,063 
 210,794 
 299,827 
 207,316 
 379,209 
 191,117 
 25,586 
 178,589 
 7-596 
 
 1,667,097 
 
 P. 1801. 
 
 52.025 
 52.763 
 46,719 
 61,331 
 50,616 
 49,642 
 
 57.450 
 
 53.005 
 
 208,257 
 
 631,808' 
 
 Surface varied, mainly imder 500 ft, in height, and gently 
 undulating, but rising in two places to upwards of 1000 ft. 
 Towards the S. lies Dartmoor, a tableland or elevated dist, 
 of plutonic (granite) rocks, containing the highest elevations 
 in the SW, of England (Yes Tor, 2039 ft.), and with acertain 
 solitary wildness. In the N., Exmoor Forest, a moorland 
 region belonging to the Devonian system, extends W, into this 
 county, where the broad, gently rising valleys on its outer slopes, 
 clothed with a richly varied natural and artificial vegetation, 
 present some of the most attractive scenery of the county. In 
 the W,, to the S. of Hartland Point, there are combes similar 
 to those of the NW. of Cornwall. In the N. the Devonian 
 rocks extend over the whole of the county above the parallel of 
 Barnstaple Bay, and in the S, the same rocks occupy nearly the 
 whole area to the S. of Dartmoor, terminating with Archaean 
 prominences in the extreme S. The greater part of the 
 remainder of the county (apart from Dartmoor) belongs to the 
 Millstone Grit, which is succeeded eastwards by New Red 
 Sandstone and Upper Cretaceous rocks, the latter rising into 
 hills in the NE, There is an interesting outlier of Lias at 
 Bovey Tracey {q.v.). The chief rivers are the Exe, the Dart, 
 and the Tamar, all flowing into the English Channel; the 
 Tamar separating Cornwall from D., and forming a fine 
 harbour at Plymouth ; and the Torridge and Taw, both flowing 
 N. into Barnstaple Bay. The apples, from which is made the 
 D, cider, grow on the hill-slopes and in the hedges, chiefly on 
 the Devonian rocks. The red D. breed of cattle is highly 
 valued, and the Dartmoor ponies and Exmoor sheep are 
 famous. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. 
 The manufactures are serges, linen, gloves, lace, boots, paper, 
 &c. ; tanning also is carried on to some extent. D. has important 
 pilchard, mackerel, dory, and salmon fisheries. The mineral 
 wealth is important. The first place belongs to china and other 
 clays : china clay being mined at Comwood, Plympton, Newton 
 Abbot, and Shaugh ; fire-clay at Corn wood, Newton Abbot, 
 Bovey Tracey, Torrington, and Kingsteignton ; potter's clay at 
 Bideford and elsewhere in N. Devon, and near Newton Abbot 
 and Bovey Tracey. Copper ore is mined at Buckland Mon- 
 achorum, Tavistock, Lamerton, and Okehampton ; tin at 
 Newton Abbot, Hexworthy, Sortridge, and Wheall Russell; 
 slate at Totnes and Tavistock ; arsenic at Tavistock and Mary 
 Tavy ; arsenical pyrites at Buckland, Tavistock, Belstone, and 
 Horrabridge ; barytes in the Teign Valley ; a little iron ore 
 at Molland ; umber at Ashburton ; ochre at Brentor ; a little 
 lignite at Bovey Tracey. The railway systems are the G. W. R, 
 and I... & SW, R. The navigable portion of the Tamar was for- 
 merly connected by canal with Bude ; Tiverton is still connected 
 by the Great Western Canal with Taunton in Somerset ; and 
 the Exe is canalised for ships to Exeter, There are logan 
 stones at Drewsteignton, old castles at Okehampton, Compton, 
 Berry Pomeroy, Lidford, Totnes, and Tiverton, and abbey ruins 
 at Tavistock and Buckfastleigh, The West Saxons made their 
 first settlement in D. in 614. Their progress was slow, and it 
 was not until 926 that the king of the Cornwelsh was driven 
 beyond the Tamar. From 876 to 1003, however, D. was wasted 
 by the Danes. See England, table, 
 
 Devon, small riv., Eng., rises in the NE. of Leicestershire, 
 flows N. through a corner of Lincolnshire, again crosses 
 Leicestershire, enters Notts, and falls into the Trent below 
 Newark. 
 
 Devon, riv., Scot., rises in the Ochil Hills, and flows E., W,, 
 and S., through cos. Perth and Clackmannan, to the Forth, 
 which it joins near Alloa, after a course of 25 m. It has falls 
 near the Crook of D. 
 
 Devon, CO. , Tasmania, N. ct. , crossed by 146° and 147° E, 
 
 Devonport, formerly Plymouth Dock, pari. bor. (two mem- 
 bers), mun. bor. (since 1837), and co. bor., fortified naval arsenal 
 and seapt., Eng., in SW. of co, Devon, at the mouth of Tamar, 
 
 429 
 
DEVO — DHAR 
 
 which spreads out into the expanse called the Hamoaze, over- 
 looked by the heights of Mt. Edgcumbe, and crossed by a 
 steam floating bridge and by the Royal Albert (rly.) Bridge 
 at Saltash, i m. W. and included in the parL bor. of Plymouth, 
 on the G. W. and L. & SW. Rlys. Mount Wise is a splendid 
 military parade ground ; view from it beautiful. D. is the 
 seat of the military and naval government of ' The Three 
 Towns' (D., Stonehouse, and Plymouth). On Moimt Wise 
 is the residence of the lieutenant-governor of the garrison, 
 also of the port-admiraL Steamers regularly ascend the 
 Tamar ; Cotehele House, opposite the town, and the Morwell 
 rocks, near Tavistock, are the chief attractions. Government 
 Establishments — Raglan barracks (for two regiments; will 
 accommodate 2000 men and 80 officers), Granby barracks, 
 naval barracks and hospital, military hospital, dockyard, gim- 
 wharf, Keyham steam-yard, and a powder depot. D. has four 
 docks, the longest 437 ft., with 32.1 ft. depth on siU at high 
 water spring tides. Market-days, Tu. and Th. Mun. bor. 
 P. (1851) 38,200; (1871) 49,400; {1891) S4,8oo; pari. bor. 
 P. 70,200. 
 
 DeTonport, or Fonnby, post-tn. and seapt. , Tasmania, co. 
 Devon, near the mouth of R. Mersey, 82 m. NW. Laimceston, 
 connected by tramway car with rly stn. , Formby. Bar at river 
 mouth being deepened. P. 1500, 
 
 Devonport, or North Shore, suburb of Auckland, New 
 Zealand, North I. , Waitemata co. , 5 m. NNE. Auckland. P. 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Uevonport, East, tp. , Tasmania. See Torquay. 
 
 Devon Road, stn. , Ire. , co. Limerick, on the Waterford and 
 Limerick Rly. ,4 m. E. Abbeyfeale. 
 
 DcToiishire Street, stn. , Eng. , London. See Globe Koad. 
 
 DeTonslde, viL , Scot. , Clackmannanshire, on the L bk. of the 
 Devon, 3 m. WSW. Dollar, close to Tillicoiiltry stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Dev'oran, eccles. par. and seapt. , Eng. , Cornwall, 5 m. SW. 
 Truro; tin-smelting carried on. PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 DcTrlghl, tn. , Asiatic Turkey. See DIvrlgi. 
 
 DeTynnock ('a deep valley'), eccles. par. and viL, Wales, 
 Brecknockshire, 7^ m. W. Brecknock, with a stn. (Devynock) 
 on the M. R. P, <iooo. 
 
 Dewas, tn. , Central India, Mdnpur Agency, cap. D. State, 
 20 m. NE. Indore. P. (1881) 11,900; {1891) 15,100; Hindus, 
 10,300 ; Moham. 3700. 
 
 Dewchurch, Uttle, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , 5^ 
 m. S. by E. Hereford, 3^ m. SSW. Hobn Laceystn., P.O. P. 
 <Soo. 
 
 Dewchurch, Much, par., adjoining Little D., PM.O. ; 
 4921 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Dewell, vil., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 8 m. WSW. 
 Leominster, 3J m. ENE. Almeley stn. 
 
 Dewey, co., U.S., S. Dakota, bounded on the S. by 45° N., 
 crossed in the middle by 101° W. ; traversed by Moreau R. 
 
 Dewey's Flat, settlement, U.S., Montana, Beaver Head co., 
 27 m. SW. by W. Butte. 
 
 Dewhurst, the NE. prov. of Brit. N. Borneo. 
 
 De Witt, CO. , U. S. , Illinois, N. of 40° N. , and crossed by 89° W. 
 
 De Witt, city, U.S., Iowa, Clinton co., 48 m. S. by E. 
 Dubuque. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 De Witt, viL, U.S., Missouri, CarroU co., on the L bk. of 
 the Missouri, 90 m. E. Leavenworth (Kansas). P. < 1500. 
 
 De Witt, CO., U.S., Texas, in the SE., to the W. of 97° W., 
 crossed in the S. by 29° N. 
 
 De Witt Land, region, Australia, on the NW. ct. , between 
 120° and 123° S. , opposite Dampier Archipelago, discovered 1628. 
 
 Dewllsh, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, div. and 7 m. NE. Dor- 
 chester, P.O. P. <5oo. See Milbome. 
 
 Dewsall, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 4^ m. SSW. 
 Hereford, i^ m. E. Tram Inn stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (D. St. Michael with Callow) P. <:25o. 
 
 Dewsbory, mun, bor. (since 1862) and parL bor. (i member), 
 Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 5^ ra. W. by N. Wakefield, situated 
 partly on the southern declivity and partly at the base of an 
 eminence on the N. bk. of the R. Calder, with stns. on the 
 L. & NW. R., L. & Y. R., and G. N. R., in the diocese of 
 Wakefield, 182 m. by rail from London. In the borough and 
 vicinity are many collieries, foundries, glass and dye works; 
 the chief manufactures are blankets, carpets, worsteds, and 
 heavy woollen goods of various kinds. It has a technical school, 
 and the Wheelwright grammar schools, founded by a scheme 
 of the Charity Commissioners. There is a free library, an 
 infirmary, and a fine public park of 74 ac. Market-days, W. 
 and S. Mim. bor. P. (1871) 24,800; (1891)29,800; parL bor. 
 P. 73,000. 
 
 Dexter, viL, Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 1051 m. 
 by rail W. MontreaL P. < 1500. 
 
 Dexter, tn., U.S., Iowa, Dallas co., 33 m. W. by S. Des 
 Moines. P. <:i5cio. 
 
 Dexter, tn., U.S., Maine, Penobscot co., 28 m. NW. by W. 
 Bangor. P. <:3000. 
 
 Dexter, viL, U.S., Michigan, Washtenaw co., on Huron R., 
 42 m. W. Detroit P. < 1500. 
 430 
 
 Deynze, coram, and tn., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, on the 
 Lys, 9 m. SW. by W. Ghent. P. (comm.)<:5ooo. 
 
 Dezfool, city, Persia. See Dizfnl. 
 
 Dhadhar, small riv., India, flowing W. into the Gulf of 
 Cambay. 
 
 Dhahret el Kdlah, site, Palestine, Hachilak (Hill) in the 
 O. T., 8 m. SE. by E. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Dhala, \'iL , southern Arabia, 60 m. N. Aden, cap. of a small 
 state within the British sphere of influence. 
 
 Dhalak, isls. , in the Red Sea. See Dahlak. 
 
 Dhaleswari, riv. , India, flows N. from the Lushdi Hills into 
 Cachar dist. in about 92° 40' E. ; joins Surmd. Also the name 
 of an offshoot of the Jamuna, Dacca dist. 
 
 Dhamar, Arabia. See Damar. 
 
 Dhslmi, one of the Punjab native hill states of India, about 
 12 m. W. Simla. 
 
 Dhdmpnr, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Bijnaur, 50 m. 
 ENE. Meenit. P. (1881) 5700; (1891) 6700; Hindus, 4000; 
 Moham. 2500. 
 
 Dh&mril, riv. and estuary, India, Bengal, formed by the 
 union of the Brahmani and Baitarani, enters the Bay of Bengal 
 in 20° 4/ N. A fine navigable river, but with a dangerous bar 
 at its mouth. 
 
 Dhilmrd, port, Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Balasor, 72 m. 
 ENE. Cuttack, embracing all the navigable channels forming 
 the R. Dhamra, with customs station at the village of D. on the 
 N. bk. of the river. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Dhamt&ri, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Raipur, 
 160 m. E. by S. Nagpur. P. (1881) 6600 ; (1891) 6700 ; Hindus, 
 5900. 
 
 Dhanitanr, or Dnmtaor, a valley in the Punjab, Hazara dist , 
 in 34'' and 34"^ 10' N. , 72° 55' and 73° 15' E. The valley has the 
 appearance of having once been the bed of a torrent, and is still 
 traversed by numerous watercourses, which empty themselves 
 into the R. Dor. Numerous villages are scattered over the 
 valley, which is populous. Sugar is so abundantly grown that 
 it is the chief food of the cattle. 
 
 Dhananla, tn., Brit. India, dist Nabha. P. (1891) 7100; 
 Hindus, 2800 ; Moham. 2300 ; Sikhs, 2000. 
 
 Dhauaur^, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist MoradAbdd, 
 35 m. E. Meerut P. (1881) 5300. 
 
 Dhandhiika, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist Ahmadab4d, 
 37 m. W. Cambay. P. (1881) 10,000; (1891) 9600; Hindus, 
 5700 ; Moham. 3500. 
 
 DItaneswari, riv., Assam, flows N. then NE. into the 
 Brahmaputra in 93° 42' E. During the rainy season navigable 
 by steamers to Golaghdt. 
 
 Dhangaln, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist Shihabad, 57 m. 
 NW\ by W. Gaya. P. -csooo. 
 
 Dhankata, tn. , Nepdl, 60 m. W. by S. Darjiling. 
 
 Dhilr, tn.. Central India, cap. D. state, 35 m. W. by S. 
 Indore, in 23° 36' N., 75° 4' E. P. (1881) 15,200; (1891) 
 18,400; Hindus, 13,900; Moham. 3400. 
 
 Dharampnr, tn., India, cap. of D. native state, iii m. 
 NNE. Bombay. P. (1881) 5200. 
 
 Dh&rang^on, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist Khandesh, lao 
 m. S. by W. Indore, 32 m. ENE. Dhidia. P. (1881) 13,100; 
 (1891) 15,100; Hindus, 11,600. 
 
 Dhjkrapnrani, tn., Brit India, Madras, dist and 42 m. 
 ESE. Coimbatore, a position of strategical importance in the 
 campaigns with Haidar Alf and Tipii Sahib. P. (1881) 7300; 
 (1891) 7700; Hindus, 5900. 
 
 DhikriwiU, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and SW. of Garda- 
 spur, on the railway to Amritsar ; with woollen factory. 
 
 Dhanma, tract of country, Brit India, NW. Provs., in 
 Kumiun dist., on the S. side of the main Himdlayan range, 
 crossed by 30^° N. and 80^° E. D. Pass, leading into the 
 Hundes, has an alt. of 15,000 ft. 
 
 Dharma P61s, city, India. See native state of Knch Behar. 
 
 DhanuApnri, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 36 m. N. 
 Salem. P. (1881)7100; (1891)6900; Hindus, 6000. 
 
 Dhanuilvaraiu, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist Anantapur, 
 on Chitravati R., 75 m. SE. Bellary. P. (1881) 5900; (1891) 
 6800 ; Hindus, 5900. 
 
 Dharmkot, tn. , Brit India, Pimjab, dist Firozpur, 50 m. 
 SSE. Amritsar. P. (1881) 6000; (1891) 6700; Hindus, 2400; 
 Moham. 3200. 
 
 Dharnissila, hill stn. , Brit India, Pimjab, cap. dist. Kingra, 
 95 m. NW. by W. Simla, connected by cart-road with Jalandhar. 
 Occupies the site of old Hindu sanctuary or dkarrrudla, and has 
 a monument to Lord Elgin, who died here in 1863. Alt 4500- 
 6500 ft P. (i88i) 5300; (1891) 6200; Hindus, 5500. 
 
 Dharor, tn., India, Haidardbid, 89 m. E^E. Ahmadnagar. 
 
 Dh&rwAr, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, cap. dist. D., 73 m. 
 E. Goa. The dist. of D. is well adapted for the growth of 
 American cotton, which was introduced here in 1843. D. is 
 on the railway to the pwrt of Marmagdo, and is the centre of • 
 great trade (monopolised by the Lingayats) in cotton, timber, 
 and grain. P. (1872) 35,000; (1881) 27,200; (1891) 32,800; 
 Hindvis, 23,900 ; Moham. 7700. 
 
 1 
 
D H A S 
 
 D I C H 
 
 Dhasiln, riv., Central India, flows NE. then NNE. into the 
 Betwa, its lower course forming the boundary between Jhdnsi 
 and Hamfrpur dists., NW. Provs. Length, 220 m. 
 
 Dhanliiglri ('the white mountain'), mt., India, a peak of 
 the Himalayas between Nepdl and Tibet, in 29° 11' N., and 
 82° 59' E. Alt. 26,825 ft. 
 
 Dhaurabra, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Kheri, 80 m. N. 
 by E. Lucknow. P. (1881) 5800; (1891) 5300; Hindus, 3500; 
 Moham. 1700. 
 
 Dhenktoal, trib. state of Orissa, Bengal, crossed by 21° N. , 
 85^° E. Area, 1463 sq. m. 
 
 Dheri Sh^ban, vil., Brit. India, Punjab, Rdwal Pindi dist., 
 in 33° 17' N. , 72° 49' E. , with remains extending over an area 
 of 6 sq. m. , identified by General Cunningham as those of the 
 ancient Taxila, which is described by Arrian as the most 
 populous city between the Indus and Hydaspes (Jehlam). 
 
 DhlMn, ruins, Palestine, Dibon in the O. T., 31° 29' N. , 
 35° 48' E. , 22 m. S. by W. the ancient Heshbon. 
 
 Dbola, tn. and rly. June. , India, Kdthidwir, 63 m. SW. by 
 W. Cambay. 
 
 Dbolera, former seapt., India, Bombay, dist. Ahmaddbdd, 
 25 m. W. by S. Cambay, now cut off from the sea by the silting 
 up of its river ; still an important seat of the cotton trade, giving 
 name to a certain quality of cotton. P. (i88i) 10,300; (1891) 
 10,100; Hindus, 7400. 
 
 Dbolka, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Ahmaddbad, 28 m. 
 NNW. Cambay. P. (1881) 17,700; (1891) 16,500; Hindus, 
 11,200. 
 
 Dbolpnr, tn., India, RAjputdna, 34 m. S. by W. Agra, near 
 the 1. bk. of the Chambal, cap. native state of D. ; holds a fair 
 for fifteen days in the latter part of October. P. (1881) 15,800. 
 
 Dbond, tn. and rly. June. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Poona, 
 on Bhimd R., 45 m. E. by S. Poona. P. (i89i)<50oo. 
 
 Dboon, vil. Isle of Man, 5 m. S. by E. Ramsey. 
 
 DbortUl, fortified tn., India, KAthiiwdr, 80 m. NNW. Diu. 
 P. (1881) 16,100; (1891) 20,400. 
 
 Dbor el Kbodib, mt., Syria, one of the summits of the 
 Lebanon, 20 m. SE. Tripoli. Alt. 10,625 ft.; snow-line, 9700ft. 
 
 DbriLngadTd, fortified tn., India, Gujarat, 73 m. W. Ahma- 
 dabad; cap. of native state D. P. (1881) 12,300. 
 
 Dbrol, tn. , India, Kdthidwdr, 135 m. N. by W. Diu, cap. 
 native state of D. P. (i88i)<5ooo. 
 
 Dbu, Locb, small lake, Scot., SW. Perthshire, SE. of Loch 
 Chon, close to the Glasgow waterworks, with meteorological 
 station, in 56° 14' N., 4° 22' W. Alt. 270 ft. Mean rfall. 
 (1866-80), 82.7 in. 
 
 Dbnbbooee, decayed tn. , India. See Dabbol. 
 
 Dbubri, tn., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Godlp4r4, on r. bk. of 
 the Brahmaputra, 35 m. SE. by E. Kuch Behar ; a stopping- 
 place for Assam steamers. Alt. 115 ft. Mean temp., yr. 75° F., 
 Jan. 63°, July 82°; rfall., yr. 93.5 in., May-Sept. 81.2 in. P. 
 (i88i)<3ooo; (1891)4800; Hindus, 2700 ; Moham. 1900. 
 
 Dbu Hearteacb, lighthouse, Scot. , off ct. of Argyllshire, on 
 a rock in the Atlantic, 15^ m. SW. lona ; visible, 18 m. 
 
 Dbdilii, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, cap. dist. Khandesh, 128 
 m. E. by S. Surat ; until the beginning of the present century 
 an insignificant village. Since British occupation its growth 
 has been steady, and it has recently developed a trade in cotton 
 and linseed. Alt. 1000 ft. Mean rfall., yr. 21.9 in., June- 
 Sept. 18.2 in. P. (1881) 18,400; (1891)21,900; Hindus, 16,000. 
 
 Dbullpuagar, India. See Edwardes&b^d. 
 
 Dhundookba, tn., India. See DbandbiUca. 
 
 Dbiinn, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Dusseldorf, 
 circle Lennep, dist. Wermelskirchen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dbunonrab, tn. , India. See Dbauowrd. 
 
 Dbnrbbaiigab, tn. India. See Darbbangab. 
 
 Dbnrmsal, hill stn., Punjab. See Dbarmsiila. 
 
 Dbnrrumpoor, a Rdjput state, India. See Dbarampnr. 
 
 DbHisan, riv. , Bengal. See Parwan. 
 
 DIa, or i!»tandla, small isl. , Turkey, 6 m. off the N. ct. of the 
 island of Crete, crossed by 25° 15' E. 
 
 Dlabat, Wady, riv. , Morocco. See Kseb, Wady. 
 
 Diableret Peak. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. B. I. 
 
 Diablo, Spanish, ' devil.' 
 
 Diablo, mt., U.S., California, S. side of Suisun Bay, 32 m. 
 E. by N. San Francisco, with lignitic coal mines. Alt. 3856 ft. 
 
 Diablo €auon, gorge, U.S., Arizona, Yavapai co., 167 m. 
 SW. from the NE. corner of the terr. 
 
 Dlablotln, Mome de, mt., on Dominica I., Windward Is. 
 Alt. 5315 ft. 
 
 Dlafarebe, inhabited isl. in the upper Niger, western Sudan, 
 in 14° 10' N. , 4° 45' W. 
 
 Dlabot, principal riv., New Caledonia, flows NW. into the 
 sea at Harcourt Bay ; navigable 25 m. up. Length, 93 m. See 
 Balade. 
 
 Diakopbton, vil. , Greece, prov. Elis and Achaia, 26 m. ESE. 
 Patras. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dia'la, riv. , Persia and Asiatic Turkey, flows first W. through 
 the mountains in the W. of Persia, then SW. and finaUy SSW. 
 till it enters the Tigris a few miles below Bagdad. 
 
 ft 
 
 Dlalaknra, tn., western Sudan, about 10° 55' N., 8° 10' W. 
 
 Dlamant, cape, French W. Indies, on the SW. ct. of Mar- 
 tinique, in 14° ^7' N. 
 
 Diamante, riv. , forming the S. boundary of Mendoza state, 
 Argentine Republic, and becoming lost in the salt lagoons in 
 the SE. of the state. 
 
 Diamante, tn. , Argentine Republic, Entre Rios, on the 1. bk. 
 of Rio Parana, 25 m. SSW. Parana. P. 2000. 
 
 Dlamautlua, Dlamentlua, or Mneller's Creek, long riv. , 
 Australia, flows SW. through Queensland into S. AustraUa, in 
 dry periods dries up in a stony desert, but in rainy seasons 
 empties itself into the N. end of Lake Eyre through the War- 
 burton R. 
 
 Dlamantina, tn., Brazil, Minas Geraes, on the W. slope of 
 the Serra do Espinhapo, 335 m. N. by W. Rio de Janeiro, with 
 diamond mines. P. 14,000. 
 
 Dlamantlno, tn. , Brazil, prov. Matto Grosso, 90 m. NNW. 
 Cuyaba ; diamond beds, formerly worked out. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dlamente, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, on the 
 W. ct., 65 m. S. Potenza. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Diamentlna. See Dlamantina. 
 
 Diamond, vil., Canada, Ontario, Carleton co. , 9 m. from 
 Pakenham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Diamond, hamlet. Ire., 4 m. from Crumlin, co. Antrim, P.O. 
 
 Diamond, P.O., Ire., NE. co. Armagh, 5 m. W. Portadown. 
 
 Diamond, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cavan, dist. BallyconnelL 
 
 Diamond Batte, mt., U.S., Arizona, Mohave co., 45 m. 
 ESE. from the NW. corner of the terr. 
 
 Diamond Creek, mining vil., Victoria, Evelyn co., 16J m. 
 NE. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Diamond Harbour, port, Brit. India, Bengal, dist. 24 Par- 
 gands, at the head of the estuary of the Hiiglf, on the 1. bk., 30 
 m. SSW. Calcutta, with which it is connected by a branch rail- 
 way. In old times the anchorage of the Company's ships ; 
 since the introduction of steam, few vessels have to wait here for 
 the tide. Now a telegraph station. P. < 5000. 
 
 Diamond Hill, post-tn., Victoria, Bendigo co., 96 m. N. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Diamond Island, low- wooded isl., Burmah, in the estuary 
 of the Bassein R., 12 m. SE. Cape Negrais. It abounds with 
 turtles, and is the home-station of the Alguada Reef lighthouse 
 establishment. Area, i sq. m. 
 
 Diamond Peak, mt., U.S., Oregon, Cascade Range, in the 
 SE. of Lane co., 148 m. NE. of the SW. corner of the state. 
 Alt. 8807 ft. (Wheeler). 
 
 Dlamor, par. , Ire. , co. Meath, bar. Fore, 6 m. SE. Oldcastle ; 
 5489 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Dlander, name of the Cape Verde Penin. and the adjoining 
 dist., W. Africa. 
 
 Dlano d'Alba, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, 27 m. 
 E. Saluzzo. P. <3000. 
 
 Dlano, Val dl, the upper part of the valley of the Tanagro, 
 Italy, stretching about 20 m. NNW. to SSE., in the SE. of 
 Campania, 
 
 Dlano Harlno, comm. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Porto Maiu^izio, 
 on the coast, 18 m. ENE. San Remo. P. <3000. 
 
 Diar'beklr (' the dwelling' or ' tents of Bekr '), in Armenian 
 Tlgranoglrd, in old Syrian Amida, and sometimes called by 
 the Turks Kara (black) Amid (Egli), an ancient tn., Asiatic 
 Turkey, on the 1. bk. of the Tigris, 73 m. NE. by E. Urfa, 
 situated on a dark-coloured basaltic cliff washed by the Tigris, 
 and built of the material on which it stands ; cap. vilayet 
 andsanjakD. P. 35,000; Moham. 20,100; Christians, 11,200. 
 (Cuinet.) 
 
 Dlavolo, Punta del, cape, Italy, in the S. of the Isola di 
 Monte Cristo, in 42° i8i' N., 10° 18' E. 
 
 Dlbdl, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Bulandshahr, 65 
 m. SE. by S. Meerut. P. (1881) 8200; (1891) 8400; Hindus, 
 5100 ; Moham. 3100. 
 
 Dibble, lake, western Sudan. See Debo. 
 
 Dlbdeu ('deep valley'), par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest 
 div., 2| m. SW. by W. Southampton. P. <:75o. 
 
 Dibon, place named in O. T. See Dblb^n. 
 
 Dlbong, or Dlbang, riv. , India. See Brabmaputra. 
 
 Dlbra, Albanian, Debar, or Debor, Servian, tn., Tiurkey in 
 Europe, N. Albania, 54 m. NW. Monastir, on a hill slope, near 
 the r. bk. of the Drin. P. 12,000 (of whom 7000 Albanians or 
 Albanianized Servians, the rest mainly Servian Moham. ). 
 
 Dlbrugarb, tn., Brit. India, Assam, cap. dist. Lakhimpur, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Brahmaputra, terminus of the river trade 
 for commercial steamers. P. (1881) 7200; (1891)9900; Hindus, 
 7100 ; Moham. 2400. See Assam. 
 
 DlbuUa, Puerto de, seapt. , Colombia, Magdalena, on the 
 N. ct. , in about 73° 20' W. 
 
 Dlcconson lane, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire, W. Houghton div. , 
 on the L. & Y. R., 3^ m. E. by N. Wigan, P.O. 
 
 Dlcbty, orDlgbty Water, rivulet, Scot., S. Forfarshire, flows 
 from the Sidlaw Hills to the Firth of Tay near Broughty Ferry ; 
 drives several mills. 
 
 Dl-cbu, Tibetan name of the upper Yangtse-kiang. 
 
 431 
 
DICK 
 
 D I GO 
 
 Dickens, co., U.S., Texas, S. of 34° N., and E. of 101° W. 
 
 Dickenson, co., U.S., Virginia, in the SW., on the W. 
 frontier, N. of 37° N. and E. of 83° W. 
 
 Dicker, Tpper, eccles. par. , Eng. , Sussex, on the Cuckmare, 
 div. and 8 m. NNW. Eastbourne, zi m. WSW. Hellingly stn., 
 PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Dickey, CO., U.S., N. Dakota, crossed by 46° N., between 
 90° and 98° W. 
 
 Dick's Head, cape, Brit. E. Africa, in 1° 40' S. 
 
 Dickinson, viL, U.S., N. Dakota, Stark co., 88 m. NE. from 
 the SW. corner of the state. Alt. 2403 ft. (R.R.). P. <isoo. 
 
 Dickinson, co. , U.S., Kansas, E. of the meridian 89°, and 
 crossed in the N. by 39° N. 
 
 Dickinson, co., U.S., Iowa, on N. frontier, crossed by 95°W. 
 
 Dickinson's Landing, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Stormont co. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the St. Lawrence, 49 m. SE. Ottawa. P. <isoo. 
 
 Dlcklebnrgh, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 17^ m. SSW. 
 Norwich, 3 m. NE. Diss, i| m. ESE. Burston stn., PM.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Dlckoya, noted tea-growing valley in Ceylon, 20 by 4 m. 
 
 Dickson, CO., U.S., Tennessee, E. of 88° W., crossed in the 
 S. by 36° N. 
 
 Dickson, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lackawanna co., on 
 Lackawanna R. , 3 m. N. by E. Scran ton. P. <400o. 
 
 Dlcomano, comm. , Italy, Tuscany, on the Sieve, prov. and 
 17 m. NE. by E. Florence. P. <sooo. 
 
 Dldam, comm., Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, 13 m. S. 
 Zutphen. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Dldbrook, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div. , 8 
 m. S. by E. Evesham, 6 m. SE. by E. Beckfordstn. P. <2So; 
 eccles. par. (D. St. George wltk Plnnock and Halles) P. < 500. 
 
 Didcot, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, div. and 4^ m. SSE. Abing- 
 don , with a stn. (D. Junction — for Oxford, &c.') on the G. W. R. , 
 PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Dlddlngton, par., Eng., co., div., and 5 m. SW. by S. 
 Huntingdon, 2 m WSW. Offord and Buckden stn. P,<25o. 
 
 Dlddlebnry, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 17 m. S. 
 Shrewsbury, 3 m. SE. Harton Road stn., P.O.; 8690 ac. P. < 
 1000 ; eccles. par. (D. \fltb. Westhope) P. <7So. 
 
 Dldllng, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 8 J m. N. by W. 
 Chichester, i| m. SSE. Elsted stn. P. <25o. See Elsted. 
 
 Didllngton, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 18 m. SE. by 
 S. King's Lynn, 5 m. ESE. Stoke Ferry stn. P. <2So. See 
 Cranwlcli. 
 
 Dldmarton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Thombury div., 
 c m. SE. Wotton-under-Edge, 6 m. E. by S. Wickwar stn., 
 PMT.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (D. yritb Oldlmry on tbe 
 HlU)P.<5oo. 
 
 Dldsbnry, stn. , Canada, Alberta, on the Calgary and Ed- 
 monton Rly. , about 43 m. N. Calgary. 
 
 Dldsbnry, par., Eng., Lancashire, Stretford div., 4 m. S. by 
 E. Manchester, on the M. R., PMT.O. P. 7400. 
 
 Didymotichos. See Dlmotlka. 
 
 Die, the ancient Dea Augusta Vocontiorum, tn. , France, dep. 
 Drome, cap. arr., 35 m. SW. by S. Grenoble. Manufactures 
 silks, paper, and leather. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Dleba, vil. , W. Africa, Upper Guinea, to the N. of the Volta, 
 in about 8° 35' N. , 0° 23' W. 
 
 Dlebnrg, tn., Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, circle D., 
 8^ m. E. by N. Darmstadt. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Dledenkofen, French ThlonTllle, tn. and fortress, Ger., 
 Alsace-Lorraine, on the 1. bk. of the Moselle, cap. circle D. , 16 
 m. N. Metz ; capitulated to the Germans, Nov. 1870. P. 7100. 
 
 Dledltz, tn. , Austria. See Dedltz. 
 
 Dl^ge, riv. , France, dep. Corr^ze, trib. of the R. Dordogne, 
 which it joins after a SE. course of 30 m. 
 
 Diego Alvarez, isl. See Tristan da Conha. 
 
 Diego Garcia, isl., Indian Ocean, the largest island of the 
 Chagos Archipelago (^.v.), and the southernmost of the Maldive 
 Is. , is a coral bank. 
 
 Diego Ramirez (first marked on the map in 1619 on a voyage 
 of the Spaniard Bartol. Garcia de Nodal, and named after one 
 of his companions), isL group, in the S. Pacific, 60 m. SW. 
 Cape Horn. 
 
 Diego Rodriguez, isL , Indian Ocean, in Chagos Archipelago. 
 
 Diego Rodriguez, isl. , S. Indian Ocean. See Rodriguez. 
 
 Diego Suarez, bay, Madagascar, having a narrow but deep 
 entrance into a large, well-sheltered basin. The bay and its 
 coast belong to France. See Antomboka Bay. 
 
 Dleklrch, tn., gd.-duchy Luxemburg, cap.. govt. D., 18 m. 
 N. Luxemburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dlele, fortified stn., French Congo Terr., at the head of 
 navigation on the Alima, in 1° 40' S. , 14° 40' E. 
 
 Dlelette, small seapt., France, W. ct., dep. Manche, 11 m. 
 WSW. Cherbourg, with iron-mine ; now (1893) being connected 
 by rail with Cherbourg. The new port has a depth at entrance 
 of 31 ft. ordinary spring tides, 18 ft. ordinary neap, and a 
 jetty 1223 ft. long. P. <2000. 
 
 Dlemel, riv. , Ger. , Waldeck and Prussia ; it joins the Werra 
 24 m. N. Cassel, after a NE. course of 50 m. 
 432 
 
 Dlenblen-fn, or Theng, vil. , Tongking, 190 m. W. by Nj 
 
 Hanoi, in plain 18 m. long ; with French post. 
 D/efi, tief, Teutonic; dwfn, Cymric, 'deep.' 
 
 Dlepenbeek, comm., Belgium, prov. Limburg, 12 m. 
 WNW. Maastricht. P. < 4000. 
 
 Dlepenbelm, comm., Holland, prov. Overijssel, 15 m. W. 
 Enschede. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dlepenow, channel, Prussia. See Stettlner Haff. 
 
 Dlepenveen, comm., Holland, prov. Overijssel, 2 m. NNW. 
 De venter. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Dlepbolz, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, in the circle of 
 D. (formerly a county), 26 m. NNE. Osnabriick. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dlepoldsau, comm. , Switzd. , cant, and 13 m. E. by S. St. 
 Gall, on the Rhine. P. <3000. 
 
 Dieppe (Scandinavian, Duipa, 'the deep water'), tn., France,, 
 dep. Seine Inf6rieure, arr. D. , on the NW. ct., at the mouth of 
 the Arques, 33 m. N. Rouen, divided into the town proper and a' 
 suburb, Le PoUet, which communicate by a flying bridge. The 
 port has several docks, and a tidal harbour with a depth of 
 29-36 ft. at ordinary spring tides. D. has a fort, a citadel, and 
 is a fortified town of third class. It has shipbuilding docks, 
 manufactures of ivory-wares (noted for 200 years), watches^ 
 lace, &c. , and is a packet station in daily communication with 
 Newhaven. Has a hydropathic establishment, and is largely 
 resorted to by summer visitors. Large quantities of oysters, 
 herrings, and mackerel are sent to Paris. P. 21,100. 
 
 Dleren, vil. , Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the IJssel, 9 m.. 
 ENE. Arnhem. P. <;20oo. ; 
 
 Dlesdorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Magdeburg, circle 
 Wanzleben. P. <3ooo. ; 
 
 Diessenbofen, tn., Switzd., cant. Thurgau, on the Rhine,; 
 5 m. E. by S. Schaffhausen. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Dlest, fortress, Belgium, prov. Brabant, on the Demer, 18k 
 m. ENE. Louvain. Taken by the British under Marlborough, 
 1705. P. 8500. 
 
 Dletfurt, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate; 
 20 m. NNE. Ingolstadt. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dletrlchsdorf, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 
 2 m. ENE. Kiel. P.<30oo. 
 
 Dleu, isl. . France. See Ten, lie d'. 
 
 Dleuleflt, tn., France, dep. Drome, arr. Mont^Umar, 30 m. 
 NNE. Orange. In the i6th century D. was one of the strong- 
 holds of Calvinism, and suffered greatly after the revocation .of 
 the Edict of Nantes. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Dleuze, tn., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, 25 m. ENE. Nancy, Fr.; 
 has mines of rock-salt, worked since the nth century, and many. 
 Roman antiquities. P. 5800. 
 
 Dlez, tn. , Ger. , Prassia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Lahn, in circle Unterlahn, 19 m. E. Koblenz. P. <5ooo.. 
 
 Dl^ze, riv., Belgium. See Dommel. 
 
 Dlfunda, vil. , central Africa, on the r. bk. of the Kassai, in 
 9° 52' S. , 22° 10' E. 
 
 Dig, tn. and dismantled fortress, India, Rdjputdna, 25 m. 
 NW. Bhartpur, lying in a marshy tract ; for the greater part 
 of the year nearly surrounded by water. P. (1881) 15,800. 
 
 Dlganwy, Wales. See Deganwy. 
 
 Dlgar La, a difficult pass across the Himalayas, about 10 
 m. NE. of Leh. Alt. 17,930 ft.. Jour. R. G. S., 1878, p. 175. 
 
 Dlgby, tn. and port of entry, D. co. , Canada, Nova Scotia, 
 on Annapolis Basin, in m. W. Halifax. Mean temp., yr. 43.4° 
 F., Jan. 23.8°, July 63.3°. P. <25oo. 
 
 Dlgby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 12 m. 
 SE. byS. Lincoln, on the G. N. and G. E. Joint Rly., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. See Bloxbolm. 
 
 Dlgby, post-tn. , Victoria, Normanby co. , 39 m. N. Portland 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Dlgby, cape, on the E. ct. of Kerguelen Land, Indian Ocean. 
 
 Dlgby Gut, the channel by which Annapolis basin communi- 
 cates with the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 Dlgby Neck, penin. , to the SW. , between the Bay of Fundy 
 and St. Mary's Bay. 
 
 Digger's Rest, post-tn., Victoria, Bourke co., on Melbourne 
 and Sandhurst Rly., 20 m. N. by W. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dlggle, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, S. div., W. Riding, with a 
 stn. on the L. & NW. R., lo^ m. SW. Huddersfield, PM.O. 
 
 Dlgbton, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co., on Taimton 
 R., 6 m. S. by W. Taunton. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dlghty Water, Scot. See Dlcbty. 
 
 Digits, place on the Severn, Eng., just below Worcester, 
 with a transhipping dock where the Worcester and Birmingham 
 Canal joins the Severn. 
 
 Dlgnano, tn., Illyria, circle Istria, govt, and 48 m. SSE, 
 Trieste. P. S300. 
 
 Digue (from Celtic din, 'a fort'), tn., France, dep. Basses 
 Alpes, 56 m. NE. Aix, 17 m. ESE. Sisteron ; cap. of arr. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Dlgoa, tn. , Africa, Bomu. See Dlkoa. 
 
 Dlgolu, tn., France, dep. Sa6ne et Loire, where the Loire 
 and its lateral canal are joined by the Canal du Centre, 31 m. 
 SW. Le Creuzot, with earthenware manufactures. P. <4000. 
 
^H DIGR — DIND 
 
 Dlgras, tn., Brit. India, Berdr, dist. Wiin, in 20° 6' N., 77° 
 
 45' E. P. (1891)5100; Hindus, 3600; Moham. iioo. 
 
 Dlgsa, or Dlgsan, tn. , Abyssinia. See Dlksan. 
 
 Dlgswell, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., on the 
 Maran, 5^ m. WNW. Hertford, close to Welwyn stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Digiie, La, an inhabited isl., Indian Ocean, one of the 
 Seychelles group, surrounded by a reef, in 4° 21' S. , and 55° 55' E. 
 
 Dlliang, or Dlhoiig, riv., India. See Bratamapntra. 
 
 Dlhewld, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 8 m NW. Lampeter, 
 P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (D.TrltblilanercIiaeron) P. <75o. 
 
 Dijon, the ancient Divio, cap. dep. Cote d'Or, France, on 
 the Ouche and the Burgundy Canal, 44 m. NE. by E. Autun, 
 with considerable trade in Burgundy wine, and various manu- 
 factures ; noted for its mustard. Seat of a university academy, 
 with faculties of law, science, and letters. The cathedral, com- 
 menced in 525, was, before the Revolution, the church of a 
 famous abbey. The town has also a museum. Birthplace of 
 Charles the Bold, and other dukes of Burgundy, Bossuet, and 
 many other celebrities. Cap. arr. D. Alt. 805 ft. P. (1872) 
 40,100; (1891)65,400. 
 
 Dljonnals, an old div., France, prov. Burgfundy, of which 
 Dijon was the cap., now comprised in the dep. C6te d'Or. 
 
 Dikafika, vil., Russia, govt, and 18 m. N. of Poltava. 
 Formerly residence of Kochubei. P. 4000. 
 
 Dikeli, ct. tn., on the W. of Asia Minor, on Mytilene 
 Channel, 47 m. NNW. Smyrna. 
 
 Dlkkeh, ruins, Palestine. See Slkkeb. 
 
 Dlkoa, or Dlgoa, tn. , central Africa, Bomu, about 25 m. S. 
 of Lake Chad. Alt. 1480 ft. (Rohlfs, 1866). P. 15-25,000. 
 
 Diksau, Dlgsan, or Dlgsa, tn., Abyssinia, Tigre, 45 m. 
 SSW. Massaua, starting-point of the road crossing the Taranta 
 Pass and descending the Hadas valley to Annesley Bay. Alt. 
 787s ft. 
 
 Dllani, or Bender (or Bnnder) Dllam, small port, Persia, 
 in the NE. corner of the Persian Gulf. 
 
 Dilasac, Ensenada de, bay, Philippine Is., Luzon, on the 
 E. ct., in 16° 25' N. 
 
 Dlldivdr, fort, India, Bahiwalpur, 100 m. S. by W. Miiltdn. 
 
 Dllem, well-wooded mt. dist., Persia, prov. Ghilan, between 
 the Elbruz Mts. and the SW. shore of the Caspian. 
 
 Dlldi, tn., Abyssinia, Amhara, 40 m. SW. Debra Tabor. 
 
 Dllbam, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 12 m. SE. by S. 
 Cromer, i m. S. Honing stn. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (D. with 
 Honing) P. <75o. 
 
 DiUiorne, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Leek div. , 6 m. E. by S. 
 Stoke upon Trent, 2 m. NE. Blyth Bridge stn., P.O. (Dimom). 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 DlUgent River, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cumber- 
 land CO. , 6 m. from Parrsborough. 
 
 DlUeubnrg, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, cap. 
 circle Dill, 21 m. W. by S. Marburg. P. <:4000. 
 
 DUll, tn. , Timor. See Delbl. 
 
 Dllllcar, par., Eng., Westmorland, 8 m. NE. Kendal. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Dllllugen, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, on R. 
 Danube, 26 m. NE. by E. Ulm. P. 5700. 
 
 Dilllngen, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Trier, circle and 
 dist. Saarlouis. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Dilllugton, vil., Eng., co. and 8 m. WSW. Huntingdon, 3 
 m. SSW. Grafham stn. See Derebam, East. 
 
 Dllln, or Belabanya, tn., Hungary, prov. Hont, 49 m. N. 
 by W. Waitzen ; gold and lead mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dillon, city, U.S., Montana, Beaver Head co., 55 m. S. by 
 W. Butte. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dillouton, vil., Canada, Quebec, Brome co., 12 m. from 
 Waterloo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dillsbnrg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, York co., 13 m. SW. 
 by S. Harrisburg. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Dill-Welszensteln, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle 
 Karlsruhe, dist. Pforzheim. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dilnian, tn. , Persia, Azerbaijan, between Lake Urumia and 
 the W. frontier. P. 5-6000. 
 
 Dilolo, lake, in the S. of central Africa, in 11° 30' S., 22° 20' 
 E., on the SW. frontier of the Congo Free State, in a swampy 
 dist. on the border of the Congo and Zambezi basins, to both 
 of which rivers it is said to send feeders (N. and S. Lotembwa). 
 
 Dilston, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, on the Tyne, div. and 
 2i m. E. by S. Hexham, i m. WSW. Corbridge stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Dilston, post-tn., Tasmania, Dorset co. , on r. bk. of the 
 Tamar, 8 m. NNW. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dilton, hamlet, Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 5J m. S. 
 Trowbridge, 2 m. S. Westbury [q.v.); eccles. par. (DriMargb 
 with Cbapmanslade) 2 m. to the W. by N., P.O. (D. M.). 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Dilwortb, par., Eng., Lancashire, 7 m. NE. Preston. P. 
 
 <250O. 
 
 Dilwyn, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 6| m. WSW. 
 Leominster, 3J m. SSE. Pembridge stn., PM.O. ; 6423 ac. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Dima, tn. , Abyssinia, Gojam, in about 10° 30' N. , and 38° 5' E. 
 433 
 
 Dlm&pnr, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Ndg4 Hills, 80 m. 
 N. by W. Manipur, vdth ruins and tanks of an early cap. of the 
 Cachari Rajds. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Dlmar, Arabia. See Damar. 
 
 Dlmar, dist. , Senegambia, near mouth of the R. Senegal, l.bk. 
 
 Dlmboola, or Nine Creeks, post-tp., Victoria, Borung co., 
 74 m. NW. Ararat. P. < 1500. 
 
 DimboTlfa (-tsa), riv., Roumania, rises near the N. frontier, 
 in the Transylvanian Alps, and flows SSE. and SE. through 
 Bukarest, to the Arges, which it joins on the 1. bk. at Budesci. 
 
 Dimeb, place with ruined temple on N. shore of the Birket- 
 el-Qerun. 
 
 Dlmesbk esb Sb&m, tn., Syria. See Damascns. 
 
 Dimetoka, tn., in NW. of Asia Minor, mutessarifiik Bigha, 
 95 m. W. by N. Brusa. P. 7000 ; Moham. 5600 ; orthodox 
 Greeks, 1300. (Cuinet.) 
 
 Dlmiat, Egypt. See Damletta. 
 
 Dlmina, Turkish isl. on the W. of Asia Minor, 9 m. SW. ot 
 the SW. end of Samos I. 
 
 Dimltzana, tn. , Greece. See DSmStsana. 
 
 Dimlab, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Rangpur, 80 m. SE. 
 by S. Darjfling. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Dlminlt, or Denimlt, co., U.S., Texas, in the S., crossed 
 in the W. by 100° W. , to the N. of 28° N. 
 
 Dlmon, Waters of, wady, namedinO. T. SeeUmmDelneh. 
 
 Dlmotika, or Demotlka, the ancient Didymotichos , tn. , 
 Turkey in Europe, prov. and 23 m. S. by W. Adrianople ; seat 
 of a Greek archbishop, with citadel and textile manufactures ; 
 some time the residence of Charles IX. of Sweden after the 
 battle of Poltava. Birthplace (1512) and residence of Bajazet. 
 P. lo.ooo. 
 
 Dlmrlcb, viL, Hungary. See Dera. 
 
 Din, Celtic, ' a fortified height.' See Dinas. 
 
 Din&Jpnr, or Dlnagepore, tn. , India, Bengal, cap. D. dist. , 
 in 25° 38' N., 88° 41' E. P. (1881) 12,600 ; (1891) 12,200. 
 
 Dlnan ('the fortress on the water"), tn., France, dep. Cotes 
 du Nord, on the Ranee, cap. arr., 14 m. S. St. Malo, on a 
 scarped hill 126 ft. above the Ranee, on which it has a fort. 
 P. 10,400. 
 
 Dlndnagar, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gurddspur, 50 m. 
 NE. Amritsar, on a low, swampy, and malarious plain. The 
 neighbourhood is profusely irrigated from the BAri Doib Canal. 
 P. (1881) 5600; (1891) 5500; Hindus, 2700 ; Moham. 2700. 
 
 Dlnant, tn., Belgium, on the r. bk. of the Meuse, cap. arr., 
 prov. and 14 m. S. Namur, with a citadel and manufactures of 
 cotton, iron, and copper goods ; has a bridge of black marble. 
 P. (comm.) 7000. 
 
 Dlnagat, one of the Philippine Is. , to the N. of Mindanao, 
 in 10° 28' N., 125° 36' E. (N. end). 
 
 DIn&pnr, cantonment, Brit. India, Bengal, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Ganges, cap. dist. and 11 m. WNW. Patnd. P. (1881) 37,900; 
 (1891) 44,400 ; Hindus, 32,300 ; Moham. 10,600. 
 
 Dlnard, seapt. , France, dep. lUe et Villaine, on the N. ct. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the Ranee, arr. and opposite St. Malo. P. <4000. 
 
 Dlnaric Alps, mt. range, stretching from NW. to SE. on 
 the frontier of Dalmatia and Bosnia (Balkan Penin.), belonging 
 almost entirely to the Karst {q.v.), the W. slopes included in 
 the Adriatic drainage area, the eastern mainly comprised in 
 an area in which the rivers ultimately disappear underground. 
 They are quite disconnected from the Alps proper. The name 
 Dinaric is derived from that of one of their highest peaks. 
 Mount Dlnara, in 44° 4' N., 16° 23' E. Alt. 6010 ft. The 
 southern portion of the range is known in Bosnia as the Prolog 
 Planlna, to which belongs Monnt Troglay, in 43° 56' N. 
 Alt. 6275 ft. 
 
 Dinas, or din, Celtic, ' a fort' or ' fortified height.' 
 
 Dlnas, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., on the L. & 
 NW. R. , 3 m. S. Carnarvon ; junction for N. Wales Narrow 
 Gauge Rly. 
 
 Dinas, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, on the N. border of the 
 S. div., 10 m. S. by W. Merthyr Tydfil, on the Taff Vale Rly., 
 with coal, PM.O. 
 
 Dinas, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on the N. ct., 4 m. ENE. 
 Fishguard, PMT.O. (D. Cross). P.<75o. 
 
 Dluas Emlyn, tn. , Wales. See Newcastle Emlyn. 
 
 Dinas Head, cape, Wales, N. ct. Pembrokeshire, in 4° 54' W. 
 
 Dinas Sla-wddwy, market-tn., Wales, Merioneth, on the 
 Dovey, 8J m. E. by S. Dolgelly, on the Mawddw^y Rly. , with 
 slate quarries, PM.O. Market-day, S. 
 
 Dinas Poiivis, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 4 m. 
 SW. by S. Cardiff, i m. N. Sully stn. , on the Barry Rly. , PMT. O. 
 
 Dlnckley, par., Eng., Lancashire, 5 m. N. Blackburn. P. 
 <25o. 
 
 Dinder, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 2 m. ESE. Wells. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Dindlgal [DindH-kal, 'the rock of Dindu'), tn., Brit. India, 
 Madras, dist. and 34 m. N. by W. Madura, with a fort on a 
 remarkable wedge-shaped rock 1223 ft. above the sea. Formerly 
 the cap. of an independent prov. P. (1881) 14,200 ; (1891) 20,200 ; 
 Hindus, 14,600; Christians, 3400. 
 
 2S 
 
D I N D - 
 
 Dindlngs, properly two small isls. (also called Paugkor 
 Islands) belonging to the British Straits Settlements (Malay 
 Penin.), close to the coast of Perak, the larger in 4° ii'-i6' N., 
 the smaller to the SW. The name is now used to include a 
 densely-wooded tract on the mainland opposite, extending to 
 4j° N. , also British, with a government timber depot at Lumut, 
 a place with a fine harbour and deep anchorage. Plantations 
 of coco-nuts and patchouli have proved fairly successful ; also 
 coffee and paper on the mainland dist. (near Lumut). Total 
 area about 200 sq. m. 
 
 UlndlTaram, or TlndlTaram (census), tn., Brit. India, 
 Madras, dist. S. Arcot. P. (1891) 9200; Hindus, 8200. 
 
 Dinedor, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div,, 2 J m. SE. by 
 S. Hereford. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dinga, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gujrat, 80 m. SE. by S. 
 Rdwal Pindi. P. (1891) 5400; Hindus, 1900; Moham. 2900. 
 
 Dlngalan, Ensenada de, bay, PhiUppine Is., Luzon, on the 
 E. ct. , in 15° 30' N. 
 
 Dlngden, comm., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 27 m. 
 NW. Essen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dlngelsdorf, vil. , Ger. , Baden, on the S. shore of Ueberlinger- 
 See, 6 m. N. Constance. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dlngelstiidt, tn., Ger. Prussia, prov. Saxony, 37 m. NW, 
 Erfurt. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Dlngestow, or Dynystow, par. , Eng. , co. and 4 m. WSW. 
 Monmouth, on the G. W. R., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 DlngU, a Fulbe vil., on the 1. bk. of the Kebbi, W. Africa, in 
 9° 24' N. , 13° 42' E. 
 
 Dinglral, vil., French W. Africa, in 11° 23' N., 10° 37' W. 
 
 Dtngle, par. and tn. , Ire. , W. ct. co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 
 on ». Harbour, 25 m. WSW. Tralee, PMT.O. Par. 9097 ac, 
 P. -<3Soo ; tn. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dingle, settlement, U.S., Idaho, Bear Lake co., 160 m. S. 
 by W. from the NE. comer of the state. 
 
 Dingle Bay, inlet, Ire., W. ct. co. Kerry, 30 m. long, 4 m. 
 wide at mouth, where lies Valentia I. (^.v.). 
 
 Dlngley, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 14^ m. 
 NW. by N. Wellingborough, 2 m. E. by S. Market Harborough 
 stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Dlugllngen, comm., Ger., gd.-duchy Baden, circle Offen- 
 burg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dingolflng, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Bavaria, 
 on a rock near the r. bk. of the Isar, 32 m. SE. by S. Ratisbon, 
 with sulphur springs. P. <3000. 
 
 Dlngrl Maldau, plain and tn. , Tibet, to the S. of the Sanpu, 
 the town in about 28° 37' N. , 86° 40' E. Scene of a great victory 
 of the Chinese over the Nepalese in 1792, since which date Chinese 
 authority has been paramount in Tibet. 
 
 Dingwall (Scand. 'thecouncil plains'), royaland pari, btu-gh, 
 par. , and tn. , Scot. , Ross-shire, at the head of Cromarty Firth, 
 II m. NW. Inverness, on the H. R. Par. 6644 ac, P. <3ooo ; 
 tn. P. 2000 ; royal and pari, burgh (1891) P. <2Soo. See Wick. 
 
 Dlnliani, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , 3^ m. WSW. 
 Chepstow. P. <25o. 
 
 Dlnlsh Island, Ire. , W. co. Galway, at the S. of the entrance 
 to Kilkieran Bay. 
 
 Dlnkas. See Denkas. 
 
 Dlnkelsbubl,, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle 
 Franconia, 43 m. SW. Nuremberg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Dlnmael, eccles. par. , Wales, Denbighshire. See Uangwiu. 
 
 Dlnmore, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , 5^ m. S. by 
 W. Leominster, on the L. & NW. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Dinner Island, or Samaral, small isl. off the E. end of 
 Brit. New Guinea, in China Strait, 10° 3/ S. , 150° 40' E. Seat 
 or govt, for the E. dist. of Brit. New Guinea. 
 
 Dlnnet, stn. and eccles. par., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on 
 Deeside Rly. , on the 1. bk. of the Dee, 6 m. ENE. Ballater, 
 PM.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Dlnnlngton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 
 8 m. S. Morpeth, 3 m. W. Annitsford stn., P.O. (D.), and P.O. 
 (D. Colliery). P. <soo; eccles. par. (D. St. Matthew) P. < 1500. 
 
 Dlnnlngton, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 10 m. W. by S. 
 Yeovil, 3I m. NW. Crewkeme stn. P. <25o. See Seavington. 
 
 Dlnnlngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Doncaster 
 div. , 7^ m. SE. by E. Rotherham, 2i m. NE. by N. Kiveton Park 
 stn. , P.O. P. <soo ; eccles. par. (D. 8t. Leonard) P. <25o. 
 
 Dlnorwlc, or Dlnorwlg. See Port Dlnorwic. 
 
 Dlnsdale, Low, par. , Eng. , Durham, SE. div. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Tees, 4 m. SE. by E. Darlington, with stn. (Dlnsdale) 
 on the NE. R., 2J m. S. Middleton (in Teesdale) stn.; D. has 
 a medicinal spring and baths. P. <:2So. 
 
 Dlnsdale, Over, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleve- 
 land div., opposite Low D. P. <2So. 
 
 Dlnskaya, Cossack viL, Caucasia, prov. Kuban, dist. and 
 17 m. NE. of Ekaterinodar. P. 5750. 
 
 Dlnslaken, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 14 m. NW. by 
 W. Essen. P. <3000. 
 
 Dlnteloord-en-Prlnseland, comm., Holland, prov. N. 
 Brabant, on the Aa, i6| m. W. by N. Breda. P. 3000. 
 
 Dinting Vale, eccles. par. and viL, Eng., Derbyshire, on | 
 434 
 
 -DISC 
 
 M. S. & L. R. (Dinting), i^ m. WNW. Glossop. within which 
 bor. it is chiefly included, PM.O. (Dinting). P. <35oo. 
 
 Dlnton, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 3J m. WSW. 
 Aylesbury, PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Dlnton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 9 m. W. by N. 
 Salisbury, on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. <5oo ; eccles. par. 
 (D. with Teffont Magna) P. <7So. 
 
 Dinwiddle, co., U.S., Virginia, in the S., E. of 78° W., and 
 crossed in the S. by 37° N. 
 
 Dlnwoodle, stn. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, on the C. R. , 9 m. S. 
 by E. Moffat. 
 
 Dio, in Hungarian place-names, 'hut.' 
 
 Dlols, old dist. , France, prov. Dauphin^, cap. of which was 
 Di6. Was bought in 1419 by Charles VII. , then Dauphin. 
 
 Dlomede Islands, a group in Bering Strait, midway between 
 Asia and America, consisting of Fairway, Krusenstern, and 
 Ratmanov Islands, the first two American, the third Russian, 
 the central one in 65° 46' N. , and 168° 55' W. 
 
 Dlonislo, isl. group, Pacific. See Volcano Islands. 
 
 D15s-€rydr, comm. , Hungary, co. Borsod, 5^ m. W. Miskolcz, 
 with iron and coal mines and iron springs. P. 6500, 
 
 Diospolis, tn. , Palestine. See Lndd. 
 
 Diospolis Parva, vil., Upper Egypt. See Hon. 
 
 D168zeg, comm. , Hungary, co. Bihar, 23 m. SE. Debreczen. 
 P. 5700. 
 
 Dlpdlpnr, ancient and decayed tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. 
 Montgomery, 74 m. SW. by S. Lahore, on the old bank of the 
 Beas ; once the cap. of the N. Punjab under the Pathdn Emperors 
 of Delhi, now an insignificant village. P. (i88i)<40oo ; (1891) 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Diplgnano, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov., dist., and 5 m. S. 
 Cosenza. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Dipper Harhour, settlement, Canada, New Brtmswick, on 
 Bay of Fundy, co. and 20 m. from St. John. 
 
 Dlppoldiswalde, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 12 m. S. byW. 
 Dresden, cap. circle D. , founded in the loth century by Bohemian 
 miners. P. <:4000. 
 
 Dlpsang Plain. See Depsang. 
 
 Dlptford, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Totnes div. , 10 m. WNW, 
 Dartmouth, 3^ m. SE. by S. Brent stn. , P.O. ; 4107 ac. P. <:7S0. 
 
 Dlpton, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., Durham, NW. div., 8^m. 
 SW. Newcastle, 2 m. S. Lintz Green stn., PMT.O. P. <3500, 
 
 Dlr, tn., Kafiristan, on an affluent of the Panjkhora, about 
 50 m. S. Chitral, SE. of the Lahori or Lawarai P. , cap. of petty 
 state of D. Alt. 5650 ft. Proc. R. G. S. , 1884, p. 7. 
 
 Direction, Islands of. See Evangelist Islands. 
 
 Direk, tn,, Turkey in Asia, vilayet, sanjak, and 52 m. S. by 
 W, Diarbekir. P, 2500 ; Kurds, 1500 ; Gregorian Armenians, 
 1000. (Cuinet. ) 
 
 Dlrham and Hlnton, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thombury 
 div. , 61 m. N. Bath, 4 m. ENE. Warmley stn., P.O. (Dyrham). 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Dlrlamha, tn., Nicaragua, 15 m. W. Granada. 
 
 Dlrillo, the ancient Achates, riv., Sicily, prov. Syracuse, 
 enters the Mediterranean 24 m. WNW, Modica, after a WSW. 
 course of about 30 m. 
 
 Dirk Hartog Island, long isl., W. Australia, on the W. of 
 Sharks Bay, crossed in the S. by 26° S. , named after the Dutch 
 navigator who discovered it in 1616. 
 
 Dlrleton, ct. par., Scot., Haddingtonshire, 2^ m. WSW. 
 North Berwick, i^ m. NW. of its stn. on the N. B. R., P.O. 
 Par. 9146 ac, P. <i5oo; vil. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dirraw, electoral div.. Ire., co. Antrim, dist. D, Ballymoney 
 union. 
 
 Dlrrlngton, Cireat, Law, hill, Scot, , Berwickshire, about 5^ 
 m. W. by N. Duns. Alt. 1309 ft. 
 
 Dirschan, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Vistula; closed by ice 42-114 days, 18 m. SSE. Danzig. 
 Birthplace of Reinhold Forster, naturalist in Captain Cook's 
 voyage round the globe (1722-75). P. (1816) 2100; (1890) tn. 
 P. 11,500 ; P. comm. 11,900. 
 
 Dirtcar, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. SW. Wake- 
 field, P.O. 
 
 Dlsa, tn., India, on the W. Banas, 85 m. NNW. Ahmaddbdd. 
 Alt. 465 ft. Mean temp., yr. 80° F., Jan. 67°, May 92°; rfalL, 
 yr. 25.5 in., June-Sept. 23.8 in., July-Aug. 18.3 in. 
 
 Disappointment, one of the Auckland Is. , New Zealand. 
 
 Disappointment, Cape, U.S., Washington, at mouth of 
 Columbia R., with lofty basaltic cUffs. Rfall. (6 yrs.), 71.24 in. 
 
 Disappointment Islands, a group in the Pacific Ocean, in 
 i4°-i4° 15' S., 141° io'-i4i° 30' W.; discovered in 1765. 
 
 Disaster, isl., Japan. See Hira-shima. 
 
 Dlsaun, riv. , Central India. See Dhasdn. 
 
 Disco (or Disko) Bay, large bay, Greenland, W. ct,, crossed 
 by 69° N. , has on its N. side D. Island, with town of Godhavn 
 on the S. ct. , deposits of coal on its shore. Depth 200-270 fathoms, 
 but with a barrier of 180-190 fathoms at its mouth preventing 
 the escape of icebergs sinking to a greater depth. 
 
 Dlscoed, or Discoyd, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 4I m. ENE. 
 New Radnor, 3 m. W. Presteign stn. P, <25o. See Presteigne. 
 
DISC — DIZA 
 
 Discovery Bay, on S. shore of Milne Bay, Brit. New Guinea, 
 in io° 25' S., 150° 26' E. 
 
 Discovery Passage, the narrow strait running N. from 50° 
 N. between Valdes I. and the E. side of Vancouver I. , Brit. 
 Columbia. 
 
 Dls'entls, in Rumonsh Slnster, ' monastery ' (named in docu- 
 ments of the year 766 Desertina, 'desert'), vil., Switzd., cant. 
 Grisons, 15 m. SE. Altdorf. Alt. 3800 ft. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Disert, in Celtic names, 'a retreat." See Desert. 
 
 Dlsewortb, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 6 m. NW. 
 by W. Loughborough, 2 J m. S. Castle Donington stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 DlsbfoTtb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., a,\ m. E. by N. Ripon, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 DlsUey-ivltli-Tliorpacre, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, r\ m. 
 NW. Loughborough. P. <25o. 
 
 Dlsko Bay and Island, Greenland. See Disco. 
 
 Dlsley, settlement and rly. stn. , Canada, Assiniboia, 23 m. 
 NW. by W. Regina. 
 
 Dlsley, par. , Eng. , Cheshire and Derbyshire, Knutsford div. , 
 ^\ m. NNE. Macclesfield, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O, P. 
 <35oo. 
 
 Dislocation Harbour, bay on W. side of Desolation I., 
 Chile, in 52° 50' S. 
 
 Dismal Swamp, morass, U.S., extending from near Norfolk, 
 Virginia, for about 30 m. into N. Carolina, has considerable 
 elevation above the surrounding country, and is thickly covered 
 with wood, chiefly conifers, and has Lake Drummond in its 
 centre ; traversed by D. S. Canal, 23 m. long, by means of which 
 Chesapeake Bay and Albemarle Sound are brought into com- 
 munication. Area, 235 sq. m. 
 
 Dlsua, riv. , Russia, govts. Kovno and Vilna, L bk. trib. of 
 Diina; length, 90 m. ; important shipping of corn, hemp, and 
 timber to Riga. 
 
 Dlsna, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 207 m. NW. Vilna, at the 
 junction of the Disna R. vnth the Diina. Trade in corn and 
 hemp. P. 8000. 
 
 Dlson, comm., Belgium, prov. Li^ge, i m. NW. Verviers. 
 P. 13,100. 
 
 Disraeli, co., S. Australia, N. terr., bounded on the E. by 
 132° E. 
 
 Disraeli, tp. , Canada, See Gartbby and Disraeli. 
 
 Diss, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , co. Norfolk, 20 m. SSW. 
 Norwich, S. div. , on the Waveney, on the G. E. R. D. was once 
 noted for its manufactures of Suffolk hempen cloth, worsted yarn, 
 &c. Market-day, F. P. <40oo. 
 
 Dlssen, vil. , Prussia, Frankfurt, govt. Osnabrlick, near Iburg, 
 with salt-works near. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dlssertb and Trecoed, par., Wales, Radnorshire, on the 
 Ithon, ii| m. W. by S. New Radnor, i^ m. E. Newbridge-on- 
 Wye stn; 6758 ac. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (D. St. Cewydd) 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Dlsslngton, Nortb and Sontb, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Northumberland, 10 m. NW. Newcastle. North D., P. <2So; 
 South D., P. <25o. 
 
 Dlstlngton, par., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 3^ m. 
 S. Workington, on the Cleator and Workington June. Rly.; 
 with blast-furnaces. PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Dlstomon, tn. , Greece, prov. Bceotia and Attica, 46 m. E. 
 Lepanto. P. 3000. 
 
 Dltchbnm, par., Eng., Northumberland, si m. NW. 
 Alnwick. P. <25o. 
 
 Dltcbeat, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 7^ m. SE. by S. 
 Wells, \\ m. W. Pennard stn., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Dltcbelllng, Eng. See DltcbUng. 
 
 DUcberidge, Eng. See Dltterldge. 
 
 Ditcbford, stn., Eng., Northamptonshire, E. div., on the 
 L. & NW. R. , 2j m. E. Wellingborough. 
 
 Ditcbford, eccles. par. and hamlet, Eng., Warwickshire. 
 See Strettou on tbe Foss. 
 
 Dltcblngbam, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , on the Waveney, 
 12 m. SSE. Norwich, on the G. E. R., PM.O. P. < 1500; eccles. 
 par. (D. -wltb Plrnongb) P. < 1500. 
 
 Dltcbllng, or Dltcbelllng, par. , Eng. , Sussex, div. and 6^ 
 m. NW. by W. Lewes, 2 m. ESE. Hassocks stn., PM.O. 
 D. Beacon, a hill to the S. ; alt. 814 ft. Par. 4265 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dltfnrt, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, 7 m. SE. Halber- 
 stadt. P. < 3000. 
 
 Dltbmarscben, a low-lying and in places marshy dist. , Ger. , 
 Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, in the W., stretching for 
 about 30 m. N. to S. , between the mouth of the Elbe and the 
 Eider ; divided into the circles of Norder- and Slider- D. Malarial 
 fever prevalent. 
 
 Dltbmarscber-Griinde, a shallow, Ger., Prussia, prov. 
 Schleswig-Holstein, off the W. ct., in 54° 6'^i6' N. 
 
 Dltbrcibb, Locb an. See Deerle, Locb an. 
 
 Dltro-Varbegy,Ger. Burgberg, vil. , Hungary, Transylvania, 
 Szeklerland, on the Maros, 8 m. NW. Gy6rgyo St. Miklos, 
 with mineral springs. P. 5000. 
 
 Dlttalno, riv., Sicily. It rises in the middle of the island. 
 
 and flows ESE. to the Simeto, which it joins on the r. bk. about 
 8 m. above its mouth. 
 
 Dltterldge, or Dltcberldge, eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire, 
 Chippenham div., 4^ m. NE. by E. Bath, i m. N. Box stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Dlttersbacb, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 42 m. SW. by 
 W. Breslau, 2 m. SE.Waldenburg; has large coal-mines. P. 6400. 
 
 Dlttlsbam (dit'isam, or dit'isham), par., Eng., Devonshire, 
 Totnes div., 2 m. NNW. Dartmouth, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Dlttmannsdorf, comm., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Breslau, 
 circle and dist. Waldenburg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Dltton, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 3^ m. WNW. 
 Maidstone, close to Aylesford stn. P. <iooo. 
 
 Dltton, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Ormskirk div. , Prescot par. , 
 on the Mersey, 8 m. W. Warrington, with a stn. (D. June.) 
 on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P.<2Soo. 
 
 Dltton, Long, par. , Eng. , Surrey, div. and 2 m. SW. Kingston- 
 upon-Thames, PMT.O. P. <30oo; eccles. par. (Long D.St. 
 Mary) P. <20oo. 
 
 Dltton, Vpper, vil., adjoining Long D., PMT.O. 
 
 Dltton Priors, par. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , 16J m. SSE. 
 Shrewsbury, 6 m. ESE. Rushbury stn. , P.O. ; 5566 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Dltzlngen, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, 6 m. NW. by W. 
 Stuttgart. P. < 2000. 
 
 Dlu, vil., Portuguese E. Africa, to the S. of the Zambezi, 112 
 m. E. by S. Zumbo, in 15° 51' S., 32° 2' E. 
 
 Din, isl. , India, near the S. end of the Kdthiiwir Renin. , 
 122 m. W. by S. Surat, forming (since 1535) a portion of the 
 Portuguese possessions in W. India. Its harbour has a depth 
 of two fathoms. D. town is at its E. end, and is said to have had 
 a pop. of above 50,000 in its prosperous days ; its trade is now 
 nearly stagnant. It has a fortress. 
 
 Dlura, isl. , Scot. See Jora. 
 
 Diva, or dwipa, Sanskrit, 'an island." 
 
 Dlvanleb, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, on the r. bk. of the Euphrates, 
 95 m. S. by E. Bagdad. 
 
 Dive, riv., France, flows NNW. partly through a marshy 
 tract on the borders of dep. Vienne and Deux Sevres, for the 
 drainage of which it has been canalised for 25 m. in the Thouet 
 (dep. Maine-et-Loire). 
 
 Dividing Creek, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Cumberland co., 44 
 m. S. Philadelphia (Penn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Dividing Range. See Australia. 
 
 Divona, tn. , France. See Cabors. 
 
 Dlvrlgl, or Devlrlgl, the ancient Tephrike, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, 
 136 m. SW. by S. Trebizond, vilayet and 68 m. ESE. Sivas. 
 P. 5600 ; Moham. 4500 (Sunnites, 3000 ; Shaiaho, 1500) ; Gre- 
 gorian Armenians, 800. (Cuinet.) 
 
 Dlivilnglri, viL, Brit. India, Assam, on the N. frontier, dist. 
 Kamriip, 50 m. N. by W, Gauhati. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Dlx, mt., U.S., New York, Essex co., belonging to the 
 Adirondacks, 40 m. SW. Burlington (Vt.). Alt. 4916 ft. 
 (Adirondacks Survey) ; 5200 ft. (Geol. Survey of New York). 
 
 Dlxan, tn. , Abyssinia. See Dlksan. 
 
 Dlxcove Fort, English settlement, W. Africa, on the Gold 
 Coast, in 4° 48' N., and 1° 57' W., in a bay in which vessels of 
 loo tons can load. The towm, which lies below the fort, has a 
 pop. of about 12,000. 
 
 Dlx Island, U.S., Maine, 10 m. SE. Rockland, contains 50 
 ac. of the best granite. 
 
 Dlxmnyden, Flemish; French Dlxmude, tn., Belgium, 
 prov. W. Flanders, cap. cant., arr. D. ; 13 m. N. Ypres. P. 
 (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Dixon, tn., U.S., California, Solano co., 69 m. NE. San 
 Francisco by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dixon, city, U.S., Illinois, Lee co., 75 m. SE. by E. Dubu- 
 que (la.). P. 5200. 
 
 Dixon, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Webster co., 122 m. WSW. 
 Louisville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dixon, CO., U.S., Nebraska, in the extreme NE., on the 
 Missouri. 
 
 Dixon Entrance, strait, N. America, W. ct. , between Queen 
 Charlotte I. and the Prince of Wales Archipelago, in 54° 30' N. 
 and 132° W. Length, W. to E., 100 m.; breadth, 40 m. 
 
 Dixon Fold, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Eccles div., on the 
 L. & Y. R., 6 m. NW. Manchester. 
 
 Dixon's Ro-ws, part of Stonfield {q.v,), Scot. 
 
 Dlxton Newton, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, included in 
 the pari. bor. of Monmouth. P. <7So ; eccles. par, (Dlxton) 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Dlxvllle, vil, Canada, Quebec, Stanstead co., 93 m. ESE. 
 Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 DlxvlUe Notcb, a remarkable mt. gap, U.S., New Hamp- 
 shire, about 30 m. S. of the source of the Connecticut. 
 
 Dlyala, riv. , Persia. See Dlala. 
 
 Dlza, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 85 m. SE. Van, san- 
 jak Hakkiari, 102 m. NE. Mosul. Alt. 6500 ft. P. 3600 
 Kurds, 1700; Ottoman Turks, 1000. (Cuinet.) 
 
 Dlzak, vil, Persia, Mekran, 160 m. NNE. of the SE. comer 
 of the empire. 
 
 436 
 
DIZF — DOBU 
 
 Dlzfal (for Dizpul, 'bridge of the Diz'), tn., Persia, prov. 
 Khuzistan, 32 m. NW. by W. Shuster, at the head of naviga- 
 tion on Dizful R. (r. bk. trib. of the Karun, which it joins at the 
 confluence of the Ab-i-Shateit and Ab-i-Gargar). P. 16,000. 
 
 Dj. See Introduction under Orthography. 
 
 DJakOY^r, comm., Croatia- Slavonia, co. Virovitica, cap. 
 dist. D. , 22 m. SW. Esseg. P. < 5000. 
 
 DJawaua, tn. , Java. See Jairana. 
 
 DJelfa, viL , Algeria. See Jelfa. 
 
 DlascbJkowltz, vil., Bohemia, govt. Leitmeritz, dist. Lobo- 
 sitz, where the finest Bohemian garnets are found and polished. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Dlbepolje, or IIosszumezd-DUtepole, comm. , in the NW. 
 of Hungary, co. Trencsin, 66 m. E. by S. Olmiitz, 44 m. NNW. 
 Kremnitz. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Dmltrler on ^Tapa, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 67 m. N W. 
 of Kursk. P. 4670. 
 
 DmltroT, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 43 m. N. of Moscow ; 
 cotton mills, extensive orchards, considerable trade in corn. 
 P. 9300. 
 
 DniltroYsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 57 m. SW. of OreL 
 P. 7020. 
 
 Dnieper, properly Dnyepr (ancient Borysthenes , Danapris of 
 the Romans, also Eliel, Luosen, and Lereneoi mediaeval maps), 
 one of the chief rivs. of Russia in Europe, rises on Valdai 
 plateau, in govt. Smolensk, within a short distance of the sources 
 of both the Diina and the Volga ; flows in a general direction 
 southwards, and enters Black Sea. It becomes navigable at 
 Dorogobuzh, and after having received the Pripyat and the 
 Desna, becomes a large river, 470 yards wide, which flows past 
 Kiev, making a great bend towards the E. Above Ekaterino- 
 slav it attains a width of from 680 to 1750, and occasionally 2300 
 yards, and divides into several arms. Navigation is, however, 
 impaired by numerous sandbanks and shallows, especially in 
 periods of drought. Below Ekaterinoslav the D. pierces for 53 
 m. through a low granitic ridge, and has many rapids, which, 
 though cleared to some extent, still offer great dangers to boats 
 and rafts shipped down the river. From Alexandrovsk the D, 
 suddenly bends south-westwards, and flows in a low and marshy 
 or sandy valley, 4 to 12 m. wide, where the river, 600 to 900 
 yards wide, makes great bends. Sunken trees render naviga- 
 tion dangerous. It enters the Black Sea under 46° 30' N. lat. 
 and 32° 20' E. long, by several branches in a wide liman or 
 estuary, 15 m. below Kherson. Its chief tribs. are Berezina 
 (r. bk.), Sozh (1. bk.), Pripyat and Teterev (r. bk.), Desna, Sula, 
 Psiol, and Vorskla (L bk.), all above the rapids. The D. has 
 played a great part in the making of Russia before the Mon- 
 golian invasion (13th century), and in the life of Little Russia at 
 a later period. The towns Dorogobuzh, Smolensk, Moghilev, 
 Kiev, Kremenchug, Ekaterinoslav, Kherson, and many smaller 
 ones, are situated on its bank. The D. is imited by canals with 
 the Vistula, the Diina, and the basin of the Volga. A consider- 
 able navigation is carried on on the D. and its numerous tribs. 
 — no less than an average of 1,250,000 tons of corn, timber, 
 hemp, and various goods being loaded every year on its banks, 
 and 1,400,000 tons on its tribs. Length, 1334 m.; area of 
 basin, 202,200 sq. m. 
 
 Dniester, properly Dnyestr (ancient Danaster or Danastris, 
 Turkish Tarlla, Roumanian Nlstml), riv., Austria and Russia, 
 rises in Galicia, on NE. slope of Northern Carpathians (Beskid), 
 near to Sapibor, as also near to the sources of the San, trib. of 
 the Vistula, at an alt. of 3000 ft.; flows towards SE. through 
 Galicia and Bukovina, then enters Russia and makes frontier 
 between Bessarabia in the W., Podolia and govt. Kherson in 
 the E. Enters Black Sea in the estuary (liman) of same name. 
 Its course is very rapid (alt. 730 ft. at Halicz), and its aver- 
 age width is from 180 to 350 yards, depth from 3 to 17 ft. Its 
 cross-section and rapidity, however, decrease as it flows through 
 the Steppes on approaching the Black Sea. High water twice 
 a year, in the spring and the summer, its rise being considerable 
 each time. About Yampol it crosses the granite ridge of South 
 Russia, and has rapids which render navigation dangerous 
 without preventing it. Its valley is thickly peopled, and the 
 towns of Sambor, Halicz, and Zaleszczyki (Austrian), Khotin, 
 Kamenets Podolsk, Mohilev, Soroki, Yampol, Dubosary, 
 Grigoriopol, Kishinev, Bendery, Tiraspol, Mayaki, Akerman, 
 and Ovidiopol are on or near its banks. It receives many tribs. , 
 but none is considerable — the Strjj, Strypa, and Seret, all in 
 Austria, being the chief. The D. is a very important channel 
 for shipping timber from Galicia, and corn from the fertile provs. 
 of SW. Russia — Odessa (28 m. NE. of its mouth, and connected 
 by rail with Bendery on lower D. ) being the chief port of the 
 valley of the D. Part of the goods shipped is, however, sent also 
 to Akerman, situated in the estuary. Total length, 853 m. (403 
 m. in Galicia) ; area of basin, 16,510 sq. m. 
 
 DnyeproTsk, tn., Russia, govt. Taurida, dist. Melitopol, 
 110 m. NE. Kherson, 12 m. from Dnieper. P. 8200. 
 
 DnyeproTsko-Bngskly, also Korolevskly, canal, Russia, 
 govt. Grodno, connects Mukhovets R., belonging to basin of 
 Vistula, with Pina, basin of Dnieper. Length, 50 m. 
 436 
 
 Do, Korean suflix, ' province,' in names of provs. often omitted. \ 
 
 Ho&te (Dudb, 'two rivers'), the term applied in India to a | 
 tract enclosed between two rivers which flow nearly parallel to ' 
 one another before meeting, as the Great D. , between the Ganges j 
 and the Jumna, from the Siwdlik range south-eastward. 
 
 Doaba, frontier viL, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 23 m. N. ■ 
 Peshawar. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Doagh, Grange of, par.. Ire., co. and 7 m. ENE. Antrim, 
 bar. Upper Antrim, 2 m. SW. Ballyclare stn. , with a stn. 
 (Doagb) on the Belfast and Northern Counties Rly., PMT.O. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Doagh Beg, tnld.. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, on 
 W. shore of Lough Swilly, 21 m. NW. by N. Londonderry, 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Doagh Isle, penin. , Ire. , in the N. of co. Donegal, to the E, 
 of Pollan Bay. 
 
 Doan, celebrated valley, S. Arabia, upper Hadramuut, to the 
 E. of Yemto. 
 
 Doane, mt., U.S., Wyoming, Uintah co., 15 m. SE. from 
 the outlet of Yellowstone Lake. Alt. 10,713 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 Doba Lake, another name of Lake Asal, Abyssinia. 
 
 Dobarlk, tn. , Abyssinia, Amhara, 45 m. NE. by N. Gondar. 
 
 Dobbo, isl., Eastern Archipelago, one of the Aru Is. (q.v.) of 
 the NW. end of New Guinea. 
 
 Dobbs Ferry, vil., U.S., New York, W. Chester co., on the 
 
 1. bk. of the Hudson R., 22 m. NNE. New York. P. <3000. 
 Dobczyce, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, 8 m. S. by E. 
 
 Wielicka. P. <40oo. 
 
 Dobcross, tn., eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Colne Valley div. ,4 m. E. Oldham, close to Saddleworth stn. , 
 PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Dobeln, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, on the Mulde, 15 m. W. by 
 S. Meissen. P. (1834) 5700; (1871) 10,100; (1891) 13,900. 
 
 Doberan, tn. and sea-bathing place, Ger., Mecklenburg- 
 Schwerin, 11 m. W. by N. Rostock, with mineral springs and 
 baths. P. < 5000. 
 
 Doberia Ves, viL , Austria. See Eberndorf. 
 
 Dobersdorf, viL , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 24 m. W. by 
 N. Ratibor, 6 m. N. Jagemdorf. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dobhr, Gaelic, 'water.' See Dur. 
 
 DoboJ, tn., Bosnia, prov. Banjaluka, on the L bk. of R. 
 Bosnia, 28 m. S. Brod. Alt. 700 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Doboz, comm., Htmgary, co. Bekes, on the Black Koros. 
 P. <50oo. 
 
 Z)i?i5ra, Slavonic, 'good.' ^t. Dobro. 
 
 Dobra, tn., Hungary, prov. Hunyad, 67m. E. byN. Temes- 
 var. P<20oo. 
 
 Dobra, vil., Servia, prov. Pozarevac, on the Danube, 35 m. 
 W. by S. Orsova ; coal mined. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dobral Pass. See Balkan Mountains. 
 
 Dobf an, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, on R. Radbusa, 7J m. SSW. 
 Pilsen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dobra Tabor. See Debra Tabor. 
 
 Dobrest, vil. , Hungary, prov. Bihar, 20 m. SE. by E. Gross- 
 wardein. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dobrl£, or Hadzl-Oghln Pazardilk, viL, Bulgaria, prov. 
 and 25 m. N. by W. Varna. P. 10,700. 
 
 Dobrlgno, or Dobrlnj, comm. , Austria, isL of Veglia, 16 m. 
 SSE. Fiume. P. < 4000. 
 
 Dobrllngk, tn., Ger., Prussia, in the S. of prov. Branden- 
 burg, 44 m. SE. by E. Wittenberg, with lignite mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dobrlnka, Upper and Lower, two German vils., Russia, 
 govt, and 80 m. SSW. Saratov, dist. Kamyshin. P. < 4500. 
 
 2. Two vils., same govt, and dist., 75 m. SW. Saratov, on Med- 
 vyeditsa R. P. 7000. 
 
 Dobflseh, tn., Bohemia, 24 m. SSW. Prague. P.<40oo. 
 
 Dobro, dobra, Slavonic, 'good.' 
 
 Dobriikoz, comm. , Hungary, co. Tolna, 84 m. SSW. Buda- 
 pest. P. <:4000. 
 
 Dobromll, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, 35 m. WNW. 
 Drohobycz, with salt-mines. P. <4000. 
 
 DobroToda, comm. , Montenegro, near the coast, 3 m. S. by E. 
 Antivari. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dobrowltz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 30 m. NE. Prague, 3 m. 
 SE. Jungbunzlau. P. < 3000. 
 
 Dobrowlany, viL, Austria, crownland Galicia, 6 m. NNE. 
 Drohobycz. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dobrnja, spelt by the French Dobroudja, by the Germans 
 Dobrndscha, in Roumanian Dobmgea, a dist. of Roiunania 
 (^. v.) embracing, and stretching S. from, the delta of the Danube. 
 
 Dobmsclika, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 17 m. ENE. Konig- 
 gratz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Dobryanka, tn., Russia, govt, and 42 m. N. Chernigov. 
 Trade in cattle ; .centre of nonconformists. P. (i860) 5645 ; 
 (1888) 9400. 
 
 Dobsehan (German, in Himgarian Dobslna), tn., with 
 magistracy, Hungary, 42 m. W. by N. Kaschau. P. <sooo. 
 
 Doba, or Gonlvaln, small isl. in the D'Entrecasteaux group 
 E. of New Guinea, between Fergusson and Norman by Is.; 
 extinct volcano. 
 
DOBU — DOGL 
 
 Dobuni, tribe of Britons which once occupied the SE. part 
 of Gloucestershire, N. of Wiltshire, SW. of Oxfordshire, and 
 principal part of Berkshire, England. 
 
 Dobwalls, PMT.O., Eng., 2| m. W. Liskeard, Cornwall. 
 
 Doccla, vil. , Italy, near Florence, with large porcelain and 
 majolica works founded in 1725. 
 
 Doccombe, P.O., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 10 m. 
 WSW. Exeter, x\ m. NE. Moreton Hampstead stn. 
 
 Doce, Spanish, 'twelve.' 
 
 Doce (Portuguese 'fresh,' as applied to water), riv., Brazil, 
 rises in prov. Minas Geraes, flows NE. between provs. Porto 
 Seguro and Espiritu Santo, and enters the Atlantic 70 m. N. 
 Victoria in 19° 37' S. Length, 360 m. ; navigation stopped by 
 rapids in 41° 7'-ii' W. (about 120 m. up), and at several places 
 higher up. Its valley is inhabited chiefly by wild and savage 
 tribes, including Botocudos. See Proc. R. G. S., i888, p. 61 
 (with map). 
 
 Docelles, comm. , France, dep. Vosges on the Vologne, 32 m. 
 S. by E. Lun^ville, arr. and 9 m. ESE. Epinal. P. <2000. 
 
 Dochanassle, dist. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, in the S. , stretch- 
 ing along the SE. of Loch Lochy. 
 
 Dochard, Locb, lake, Scot., Argyllshire, 6J m. ESE. of the 
 head of Loch Etive, drained E. into Loch TuUa. 
 
 Docliart, Loch, lake, Scot., Perthshire, par. Killin, with a 
 cmious floating island, drained by Dochart R. through Glen 
 
 D. into Loch Tay. 
 
 Docbgarrocb, hamlet, Scot. , co. and 4^ m. SW. Inverness, 
 PT.O. 
 
 Dockenfleld, par., Eng., Hampshire, 3^ m. SW. Farnham. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Docker, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 2 J m. NE. by 
 
 E. Kendal, 2| m. W. by S. Grayrigg stn. P. <25o. 
 Docking, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 15 m. NE. King's 
 
 Lynn, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. ; 6378 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Docklug Sand, shoal, 10-16 m. E. of Lincolnshire, and 12- 
 16 m. N. of Norfolk, Eng. ; is partly uncovered at low water. 
 
 Docklow, par., Eng., Hereford, div. and 5 m. E. by S. 
 Leominster, 2 m. E. Steens Bridge stn., P.O. P. <2So. See 
 Stoke Prior. 
 
 Dockray, hamlet, Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 7^ m. E. 
 by S. Keswick, 4 m. S. Troutbeck stn., P.O. 
 
 Docks (for Bldston Hill), stn., Eng., Cheshire, Birkenhead, 
 on the Wirral Rly. 
 
 Docknm. See Dokknm. 
 
 Dolus, place named in O. T. See 'Aln D^. 
 
 Dodabetta ('great mountain'), mt., Brit. India, Madras, the 
 highest of the Nilgiri Hills. Alt. 8760 ft, 
 
 Dod-baU&pnr, tn. , India, Mysore, 26 m. N. by W. Bangalore. 
 P. (1881) 7000. 
 
 Dodbrooke, vil., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 10 m. SW, 
 by W. Dartmouth, at the head of a branch of the Salcombe R., 
 adjoining Kingsbridge (g.v.). 
 
 Dodcott wltb TVllkesley, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury 
 div. , 7^ m. S. by W. Nantvnch, 2^ m. WNW. Adderley stn. ; 
 5756 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Dodd, Scandinavian, 'a hill with a round top.' 
 
 Dodd, Great, hill, Eng., Cumberland, in the SW. of the 
 Penrith div., 5 m. ESE. Keswick. Height, 2804 ft. 
 
 Dodd, Tbe, mt. , Eng. , on the border of Northumberland and 
 Cumberland, 19 m. NE. by E. Penrith. Height, 2014 ft. 
 
 Doddenbam, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., on 
 the Teme, 6J m. W. by N. Worcester, i m. N. Knightwick 
 stn. P. <25o; eccles. par., see Knlgbtirick. 
 
 Dodderhill, par. , Eng. , E. Worcestershire, adjoining Droit- 
 wich on the N. P. < 2000; eccles. par. (D. St. Angnstlne) 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Dodder Rlrer, Ire., in the S. of co. Dublin, flows NE. to 
 the Liffey. 
 
 Dodd FeU, mt., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 23 m. SSE. 
 Appleby. Height, 2189 ft. 
 
 Doddlngbnrst, par. , Eng. , Essex, Chelmsford div. , 8 J m. NE. 
 Romford, 3 m. NW. by N. Shenfield and Hutton stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Doddlngton, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, Isle of Ely, Wisbeck 
 div., 4 m. SSW. March, i^ m. SW. by S. Wimblington stn., 
 PMT.O.; 7054 ac. P. <isoo. 
 
 Doddlngton, par., Eng., Cheshire, 5 m. SE. Nantwich. 
 P. <25o ; eccles. par. (D. St. John) P. <7So. 
 
 Doddlngton, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 5 m. WSW. 
 Faversham, 4 m. NE. Lenham stn., PMT.O. P. <:7So. 
 
 Doddlngton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 4m. 
 W. Lincoln. P. <25o; eccles. par. (D. Plgott) P. <2S0. 
 
 Doddlngton, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, on the Till, div. 
 and 13 m. S. Berwick-upon-Tweed, 3 m. N. Wooler stn., P.O. ; 
 4917 ac. P. <;25o ; eccles. par. (D. SS. Mary and Blichael) 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Doddlngton, eccles. par., Eng., Shropshire, Cleobury 
 Mortimer and Coreley pars., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Doddlngton, Dry, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , 
 5 m. SE. by S. Newark, i^ m. S. by W. Claypole stn. P. <2So. 
 See ^Vestborongb. 
 
 Doddlngton, Great, par., Eng., S. div. of Northampton- 
 shire, 2i m. S. by W. Wellingborough, P.O. (Doddlngton). 
 P. <75o: 
 
 Doddlscombslelgb (dod'iz-ctimz-ll), par., Eng., Devonshire, 
 Tiverton div., 5^ m. SW. Exeter, ij m. NE. Ashton stn. P. < 
 250. 
 
 Doddridge, co., U.S., W. Virginia, N. of 39° N., and E. of 
 81" W. 
 
 Dodeleben, Hoben- and Medern- (Upper and Lower), two 
 adjoining vils. , Prussia, Saxony, the latter 6 ra. W. Magde- 
 burg. P. (of each)<3ooo. 
 
 Dodford, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 9^ m. W, 
 Northampton, i^ m. NW. Weedon stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Dodge, CO., U.S., Georgia, crossed in S. by 32° N., and in 
 extreme E. by 83° W. 
 
 Dodge, city, U.S., Kansas, Ford co., on the R. Arkansas, 
 122 m. ENE. of the SW. corner of the state. Alt. 2512 ft. 
 Mean temp. (lojyrs., 1874-84), yr. 52.5° F., Jan. 26.0°, July 
 77.5°; rfall. (loyrs.), 21. 11 in. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dodge, CO., U.S., Minnesota, in the SE., crossed by 44° N, 
 and in the W. by 93° W. 
 
 Dodge, CO., U.S., Nebraska, in the E., bounded on the S, 
 by the Platte R., E. of 97° W. 
 
 Dodge, CO. , U.S. , Wisconsin, in the SE. , to the N, of 43° N. , 
 and bounded on the W. by 89° W. 
 
 Dodge Center, vil. , U.S., Minnesota, Dodge co., 60 m. S. 
 St. Paul. P. < 1500. 
 
 DodgeTllle, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Iowa co., 42 m. NE. 
 Dubuque (Iowa). P. <:20oo. 
 
 Dodlngton, Eng. , Cheshire. See ^Vbltctanrcb. 
 
 Dodlugton, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , 9 m. 
 N. Bath, 4 m. ESE. Yate June. P. <2So. 
 
 Dodlngton, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 8 J m. 
 WNW. Bridgwater, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Dodleston, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., and partly 
 in Flintshire, 4^ m. SW. by S. Chester, 2| m. SSW. Saltney 
 stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dodman ('the round stone') Point, cape, Eng., on the S, 
 ct. of Cornwall, in 4° 47' W. 
 
 Dodo RlTer, one of the mouths of the Niger, entering the 
 Gulf of Guinea in about 4° 50' N. , 5° 30' E. 
 
 Dodro, comm. , Spain , prov. Corvmna, dist. Padr6n. P. < 4000. 
 
 Dodworth, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Holm- 
 firth div. , 2 m. W. by S. Bamsley, on the M. S. & L. R. , PMT.O, 
 P. <:3Soo. 
 
 Doe Castle, electoral div. , Ire. , NW. co. Donegal, bar. Kil- 
 macrenan, dist. Dunganaghy, 23 m. WNW. Londonderry. 
 
 Doe Hill, stn. , Eng. , Derbyshire, 7^ m. SE. Chesterfield, on 
 the M. R. 
 
 Doe Lake, Canada, Ontario, 77 m. NE. by N. Collingwood, 
 drained W. by R. Maganetawan into Georgian Bay. 
 
 Doe Lea, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Heath, Derbyshire. 
 
 Do'enyo, or Donyo, ' mountain,' part of the name of several 
 mountains in E. central Africa. See Kenla. 
 
 Doesbnrg, fortress and comm., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 
 on the IJssel, 9 m. E. by N. Amhem. P, <5ooo. 
 
 Dofane, active volcano, near Ankobar, Shoa. 
 
 Doetlncbem, comm. , Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the Old 
 IJssel, 16 m. E. Arnhem. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Doffcocker, hamlet, Eng., 2 m. from Bolton, Lancashire, 
 with coal, PM.O. 
 
 Dofflr, tn. , Arabia, Yemen, to the NW. of Sana. . 
 
 Dog and Gnn, PM.O., Eng., Lancashire, near Liverpool, 2 
 m. from West Derby. 
 
 Dog Bay, Newfoundland, on the N. ct., with its mouth in 
 54° 30' W. 
 
 Dog Creek, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on 
 the 1. bk. of Fraser R. , in 51° 45' N. 
 
 Dogdyke, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div. , loj m. 
 NW. Boston, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <2So; eccles. par., 
 see Bllllnghay. 
 
 Dogger-Bank (from dogger, ' cod-fish," also ' a kind of fishing- 
 boat'), a sandbank occupying all the centre of the North Sea, 
 between 54° 10' and 55° 50' N. , 1° and 4° 40' E. , intermediate 
 between the shores of England and Denmark. Mean depth 10 
 to 20 fathoms. It is the seat of important fisheries. In 1781 
 an engagement took place between the English and Dutch off 
 its S. extremity. The Fisher Bank is a N. extension of the 
 Dogger, in s6°-58° N. , 3°-6° E. 
 
 Dogban-Hlssar, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 13^ m. 
 N. by E. Dede-Agach. 
 
 Dogllanl. See Doglan. 
 
 Dog Island, U.S., Florida, on S. ct., and on E. side of middle 
 entrance to St. George's Sound, 29° 43' N. , 84° 40' W. 
 
 Dog Lake, lake, Canada, Ontario, Algoma dist. , 24 m. N. Lake 
 Superior, drained by the Kaministiquia R. to Lake Superior, 
 crossed by 48!° N. , and 89^^° W. 
 
 Dog Lake, Canada, prov. and on the E. of Lake Manitoba. 
 
 Doglan, or Dogllanl, a region of pasture land or desert form- 
 ing the portion of the great meridional trough of Brit. E. Africa 
 
 437 
 
DOGL — DOLW 
 
 S. of Lake Naivaska, between about o" 50' and i^° S. and 36° 
 io'-3o' E. Contains the extinct volcanoes of Longonot and 
 Suswa. 
 
 DogUanl, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 22 m. ENE. 
 Cuneo. P. 5000. 
 
 Dogmersfleld, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Basingstoke div. , 5J 
 m. W. Aldershot, 2 m. S. by E. Winchfield stn. P. <:50o. 
 
 Dogn^ska, comm., Hungary, co. Krasso, 8 m. S. Bogsan, 
 with gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and zinc mining. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Dogne, small stream, France. See Dordogne. 
 
 Dogo, favourite provincial spa and hot baths, Japan, near the 
 NW. ct. of Shikoku I. , about 50 m. SSE. Hiroshima, 
 
 Dogras, name of the dominant Hindu pop. in Kashmir, 
 originally from the Punjab. 
 
 Dog KlTer, Canada. See Kamlnlsttqnla. 
 
 Dogs, Isle of, or Poplar marshes, penin. , Eng. , Middlesex, 
 formed by a bend of the Thames, 3 m. E. London, contains the 
 W. India and Millwall docks, and large shipbuilding yards. 
 
 Dogsthorpe, eccles. par. and hamlet, Eng., i^ m. N. Peter- 
 borough, Northamptonshire, P.O. See Paston. 
 
 Dogstown, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 4 m. 
 S. Cashel. P. <25o. 
 
 Dohad, or Dobod (census), tn., India, Bombay, dist. Pdnch 
 Mahals, in 22° S3' N., 74° 19' E. P. (1881)12,400; (1891)12,900; 
 Hindus, 8300 ; Moham. 4100. 
 
 Dobak, Persia. See Dehak. 
 
 Doher^'s Mills, settlement, Canada, New Bnmswick, Kent 
 CO., 5 m. from Buctouche. 
 
 Dohlen, viL , Ger. , Saxony, govt, and 4J m. SW. Dresden. 
 P. <;30oo. 
 
 Dolina, tn. , Ger. , Saxony, govt, and 10 m. SSE. Dresden. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Diilireii, vil. , Prussia, prov. , govt. , and circle Hanover. P. 
 •<300o. 
 
 Dohnl, isl. , in the Red Sea, belonging to Italy, 20 m. NE. 
 by N. Massaua. 
 
 Dolne, Loch, Scot. See Toll, Loch. 
 
 Doiran, tn. , Turkey. See Dorlyan. 
 
 Doirllnn Head, cape, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the SW. of 
 Barra I., 56° 58' N. 
 
 Dekkos, black tribe, S. Abyssinia, to the SE. of Kaffa. 
 
 Dokkam, or Docknm, important niarket-tn. , Holland, prov. 
 Friesland, on the Dokkumerdiep ship canal, 11 m. NE. Leeu- 
 warden. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Dokos, isL, Greece, one of the Cyclades, between Hydra and 
 the SE. ct. of the prov. Argolis and Corinthia. 
 
 Dokshltsz (Polish Dokszyce), tn., Russia, govt, and 100 m. 
 of Minsk ; trade in timber. P. 5600. 
 
 Dol, or Dol de Bretagne, tn. , France, dep. Ille et Vilaine, arr. 
 and 14 m. SE. by E. St. Malo ; with a cathedral (12th and 13th 
 centuries), but the bishopric of D. was suppressed in 1790. The 
 D. Marshes are protected from inundations of the sea by a dyke 
 22 m. long erected in the 12th century. P. <4000. 
 
 Doland, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Spink co., 114 m. ENE. 
 Pierre. P. < 1000. 
 
 Dolan, stn., Wales, Radnorshire, on the L. & NW. R., 6 m. 
 NW. by N. New Radnor, P.O. 
 
 Dolhadam Castle, an ancient circular tower, Wales, at 
 Llanberis, in co. and 7^ m. NE. Carnarvon. 
 
 Dolbenmaen, par. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, 5 m. NW. by 
 W. Portmadoc, 4 m. ENE. Llangybi stn., PM.O. (Gam D.) ; 
 21,253 ac. P. <25oo; eccles. par. , see Penmorra. 
 
 Dolceacqaa, comm. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Porto Maurizio, 7 
 m. WNW. San Remo. P. <3000. 
 
 Dolcedonne, Monte. See Apennines, E. 
 
 Dolcoath, copper-mine, Eng., W. Cornwall, 3 m. W. Cam- 
 brea, upwards of 2000 ft. deep. 
 
 Doldenhorn, Grosses (11,960 ft.), and D. Klelnes (11,395 
 ft.), two mt. peaks, Switzd., Bernese Alps, N. of the Lauter- 
 bnmnenthal. 
 
 Doldowlod, stn. , Wales, Radnorshire, on the Cambrian Rly. , 
 15 m. W. by N. New Radnor. 
 
 Dole, the most important tn. in the dep. Jura, France, on the 
 Doubs, 27 m. WSW. Besan9on, cap. arr., with iron and copper 
 foundries, and a rich public library. Alt. 735 ft. Mean rfall. , 
 yr. 29.92 in. P. 11,000. 
 
 Dole, La, mt , Switzd. , cant. Vaud, in the chain of Jtira, on 
 the French frontier, i6 m. N. Geneva. Alt. 5510 ft. 
 
 Dolfor, eccles. par. and hamlet, Wales, Montgomeryshire, 
 Kerry par., P.O. P. <:50o. 
 
 Dolgarrog, par. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div. , 7 m. S. 
 Conway, 3^ m. S. by W. Tal-y-Cafn stn. P. <250. 
 
 Dolgelly, market-tn. and par. , Wales, Merionethshire, on the 
 Mawddach, i2i m. SE. Harlech, on the Cambrian and G. W. 
 Rlys. , with gold, lead, and zinc ores, and manufactures of coarse 
 woollens. The old building called the Parliament House, where 
 Owen Glendower is said to have held his parliament in 1404, 
 was pulled down in 1882. Beautiful scenery in all directions. 
 Market-days, Tu. and S. Alt.43 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 
 66.9 in. Par. 25,375 ac, P. <4000 ; tn. P. <25oo. 
 438 
 
 Dolgoch, stn., Wales, Merionethshire, on the Tal-y-Ilyn 
 Rly., 9 m. SW. by S. Dolgelly. 
 
 Dollana, tn., Greece, Arcadia, 22 m. SW. Argos. 
 
 Dolina, in Slavonic place-names, ' valley.' 
 
 DoUna, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, 34 m. SE. by S. 
 Drohobycz, with salt springs. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Dolla, par. , Ire. , N W. co. Tipperary, bar. Upper Ormond, 
 4^ m. S. Nenagh, P.O. ; 7354 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Dollalr, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, Kent co., 3 
 m. fi-om Upper Buctouche. 
 
 Dollar, par. and viL, Scot., Clackmannanshire, 5^ m. NE. 
 by E. Alloa, on the Devon, and on the N. B. R. D. Academy, 
 a high-class endowed secondary school, was founded in 1819. 
 Coal-mines are still worked, and lead and copper mines were 
 formerly worked in the Ochils. About i m. N. of the village a 
 spur of the Ochils is crowned by the ruins of Castle Campbell, 
 a ruined feudal fortalice. PMT.O. Par. 4773 ac, P. •<25oo; 
 vil. P. < 2000. 
 
 Dollar Law, mt. , Scot. , Peeblesshire, 15 m. NNE. Moffat 
 Alt. 2680 ft. 
 
 Dollart, or Dollard, gulf, German Ocean, between Hanover 
 and the Netherlands, at the estuary of the Ems. Length, 10 m. 
 by 7 m. ; caused by a destructive inundation in 1277. 
 
 Doller, riv., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, joins the 111 near Miil- 
 bausen. 
 
 Dolllngstofm, tn.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, 
 Upper Half, 3^ m. SW. Moira stn., 2 m. from Lurgan stn. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 DoUymonnt, tn.. Ire., E. ct. co. Dublin, bar. Coolock, \ m. 
 NE. and included in township of Clontarf. 
 
 Dolmo, group of islets, central Norway, at the entrance to 
 Trondjhem Fjord. 
 
 Dolnja, Dolnji, Servian, 'lower.' 
 
 Dolnja, MllanoTac and Tnzla. See MllanoTac and 
 Tnzla, Dolnja. 
 
 Dolnje, tn. , Bulgaria. See Banja. 
 
 DolnJI Vaknf, tn., Bosnia, on R. Vrbas, prov. Travnik, 55 
 m. WNW. Sarajevo. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Dolo, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 12 m. W. Venice. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Dolomite Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions III. C. 1. 
 
 Dolon-Nor (' seven lakes,' so called on account of the number 
 of small pools in the neighbourhood), in Chinese Lama Mia* 
 ('lama temple,' of which there are two near), tn., Mongolia, 
 about 150 m. NE. Kalgan, in 42° 17' N. , 116° 32' E. About 
 25 m. NW. are the extensive ruins of Shangtu, an ancient 
 MongoUan cap. , city of the Kubla Khan of Coleridge's poem 
 (Jour. R. G. S. , 1874, pp. 81-3). P. estimated in 1873 at 30,000. 
 
 DolonoTSkaya, viL , Siberia, govt, and 285 m. N W. of 
 Irkutsk, near junction of Angora with D. Riv. ; iron-works. 
 
 Doloo, tn., central Africa, Bornu, 130 m. S. by E. Kuka. 
 Alt. 1578 ft. P. 30,000 (Rohlfs, 1866). ■ 
 
 Dolores, tn., Argentine Republic, prov. and 113 m. SSE. 
 Buenos Aires. P. 7500. 
 
 Dolores, tn., Argentine Republic, prov. and 70 m. WSW. 
 C6rdoba, cap. dep. San Javier. P. 2000. 
 
 Dolores, tn., Argentine Republic, San Luis, 104 m. SW. 
 C6rdoba. P. < 2000. 
 
 Dolores, site, Guatemala, 37 m. SE. Flores, on Lake Peten, 
 with numerous ruins of native structures. 
 
 Dolores, tn., Spain, prov. and 21 m. SSW. Alicante, on the 
 Segura. P. <3000. 
 
 Dolores, tn. , Uruguay. See San Salvador. 
 
 Dolores, co. , U.S. , Colorado, in the SW. , on the W. frontier, 
 S. of 38° N. ■ 
 
 Dolores, riv., U.S., Colorado and Utah, flows W. then N. 
 into Grand R. ; about 230 m. long. 
 
 Dolores Hidalgo, tn., Mexico, state of and 20 m. NE.' 
 Guanajuato, on the Mexican National Rly. P. 7000. 
 
 DoloTO, comm. , Hungary, co. Torontil, dist. Panscova. P. 
 6400. 
 
 Dolphin, isl. , Brit. Columbia, crossed in the N. by 54° N. 
 
 Dolphin Bank, shoal, Eng. , off W. ct. of the Isle of Wight, 
 2 m. W. Needles. ^ 
 
 Dolphin Cape, Falkland Is. , at NE. entrance to Falkland*^ 
 Sound, in 51° 17' S., 58° 45' W. 
 
 Dolphlnholme, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 6 
 m. SE. by S. Lancaster, 2 m. E. by N. Bay Horse stn., P.O. 
 P. <:7SO. 
 
 Dolphin's Nose, promontory, India, Madras, dist. Viza- 
 gapatam, in 17° 41' N. Alt. 1500 ft. 
 
 Dolphlnton, par., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, i m. SSW. from 
 its stn. on the N. B. R., 10 m. WNW. Peebles, P.O. P. <2SO. 
 
 Dolton, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, South Molton div. , 12 m. 
 SE. Bideford, 6J m. WSW. South Molton Road stn., PM.O, 
 
 P. 75°- 
 
 DolTor, eccles. par. , Wales. See Dolfor. 
 
 Dolwen, stn., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Severn, 8J 
 m. WSW. Newtown, on the Cambrian Rly. ; 
 
 Dolwyddelan, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., 13^' 
 
DOLY — DON 
 
 in, NE. Portmadoc, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O.; 14,857 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Dolygaer, stn., Wales, Brecknockshire, 5 m. N. by E. 
 Merthyr Tydfil, on the Brecon and Merthyr Rly. 
 
 Dolyhlr, stn., Wales, Radnorshire, on the G. W. R., 2^ m. 
 SE. New Radnor. 
 
 Dolzhanskaya, Cossack vil., Caucasia, prov. Kuban, dist. 
 Yeisk, 122 m. WSW. Novocherkask, on Dolgaya Kosa Penin. 
 of Sea of Azov. 
 
 Dom. See Alps, Subdivisions II. A. 1. 
 
 Domart-en-Poiitlilen,tn., France, dep. Somme, arr. Doul- 
 lens, 13 m. E. by S. Abbeville. P. <20oo. 
 
 Domasl, mission stn., Nyassaland, upon the NE. slope of 
 Mt. Zomba, in 15° 18' S., 35° 18' E. 
 
 Domat, vil., Switzd. See Ems. 
 
 Domb, vil, Ger., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 36 m. ENE. Ratibor, 
 and 2| m. SE. Konigshiitte. P. <30cio. 
 
 Dombe, vil., Portuguese W. Africa, 30 m. SW. Benguella. 
 
 Dombcs, region, France. See Aln, dep. 
 
 Donibey, cape. South Australia. See liannes. 
 
 Dombran, tn., Austria, Silesia, dist. Freistadt. P. < 4000. 
 
 Dombrowka, dross, Prussia. See Gross Dombroivka. 
 
 DombroTvka, Klein, vil. , Prussia. See Klein Dombrofvka. 
 
 Domdidler, vil., Switzd., cant, and 8 m. NW. by W. 
 Freiburg. P. <2000. 
 
 Dome, DIonts, a general name for the group of extinct vol- 
 canoes in the W. centre of dep. Puy-de-D6me, the highest of 
 which (4805 ft.) is the peak of Puy-de-D6me (g.v.). 
 
 Domel, isl. , Lower Burma, Mergui Archipelago, crossed by 
 11° 27' N., 98° s' E. 
 
 Domell, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Jehlam, 50 m. SE. 
 by S. Rdwal Pindi. P. (i89i)<sooo. 
 
 Dom^ue, tn. , France, dep. and on R. Is^re, arr. and 6 m. E. 
 Grenoble. P. <2000. 
 
 Domenlca, Brit. W. India, isL See Domlnl'ca. 
 
 Dom^rat, vil., France, dep. Allier, arr. and 4 m. WNW. 
 Montlu9on. P. <2000; 
 
 Domesn&s, cape, at entrance to Gulf of Riga, N. extremity 
 of Courland, 57° 46' N., 22° 36' E. 
 
 Domevre-en-Haye, tn., France, dep. Meurthe et Moselle, 
 arr. and 11 m. N. by E. Toul, 15 m. NW. Nancy. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Domfiront, tn., France, dep. Orne, 30 m. SW. Falaise, cap. 
 arr. , with towers and other relics of its old wall and castle ; very 
 picturesquely situated. P. <3000. 
 
 Domlnl'ca, or Domenlca, Brit. W. India isl.. Leeward 
 group, lat. (Roseau harbour) 15° 18' N., long. 6i°24' W., 22 m. 
 N. Martinique and S. Guadeloupe, and included in the federa- 
 tion of the Leeward Is. It is of volcanic origin, and the most 
 elevated of the Lesser Antilles, the extreme height (Morne 
 Diablotin) 5315 ft. It is in part mountainous and rugged, 
 though interspersed with fertile valleys, and well watered. Hot 
 and sulphurous springs abound. Lava is found in great 
 quantities. Soil fertile, and well suited for coffee and sugar, 
 cacao, limes, spices, and oils ; other products are maize, timber 
 trees, and cabinet wood. Hogs, poultry, bees, and game are 
 plentiful. Principal harbours : Roseau on the W. , and Prince 
 Rupert Bay on the N. coast. Value of imports, ^f 50,000-60,000 ; 
 of exports (principally sugar, lime-juice, coffee, and cacao), 
 ;^40,ooo-6o,ooo. The legislative assembly is composed of a 
 president and seven nominated and seven elected members. 
 A fine bridge has been made across the Roseau R. Chief 
 towns, Roseau (the cap.), and St. Joseph. It was discovered by 
 Columbus in 1493, settled by the French about 1750, ceded by 
 France to Great Britain in 1763, captured by the French in 1771, 
 and again ceded to the British in the peace of Versailles in 1783. 
 Length, N. to S., 29 m.; breadth, 10 m.; area, 291 sq. m. P. 
 (1871) 27,178 ; (1881) 28,200; (1891) 26,800 (principally natives, 
 the whites mainly French, about 300 aboriginal Caribs). See 
 Bosean. 
 
 Dominica, Marquesas Arch. See Hlva-Oa. 
 
 Dominion City, tn., Canada, Manitoba, on the Roseau R., 
 and the Emerson branch of the C. P. R., 56 m. S. Winnipeg. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Domlnlonvllle, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Glengarry co. , 20 m. 
 from Lancaster. P. < 1500. 
 
 Domlny Point, cape, W. ct. Cape Colony, in 32° 52' S. 
 
 Domltz, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on then bk. of 
 the Elbe, 34 m. S. by W. Schwerin. P. <30oo. 
 
 Domleschg, the name given to that part of the valley of the 
 Hinter- Rhine which lies immediately above the confluence of 
 the Vorder-Rhine, in the Grisons, Switzd. 
 
 Dommartln-le- Franc, vil, France, dep. Haute-Marne, 
 arr. and cant. Wassy. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Donunartln-snr<¥^TTe, vil, France, dep. Mame, 20 m. E. 
 ChMons-sur-Marne, arr. and 10 m. SW. by S. Ste. Menehould. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Domme, tn. , France, dep. and on the 1. bk. of R. Dordogne, 
 37 m. SE. P^rigueux, arr. and 6 m. S. Sarlat. P. <2ooo. 
 Dommel, or Dl^ze, riv., Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 
 
 rises in prov. Limbourg, Belgium, flows N. to the Maas, which 
 it joins at Fort Cr^vecceur, 4 m. N. Bois-le-Duc ; length, 45 m. 
 
 Dommltscli, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, 7^ m. NW. 
 Torgau, with lignite mines near. P. <20oo. 
 
 Domnarfoet, copper mine, Sweden, 12 m. from Falun ; the 
 machinery driven by a waterfall of 4000 horse-power. 
 
 Domnan, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 24 m. SE. by 
 S. Konigsberg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Domodossola, comm., Italy, Piedmont, on the Toce, prov. 
 and 50 m. NNW. Novara, near the Swiss frontier, in the valley 
 of Ossola, with fine i8th century cathedral {Duomo d^Ossola). 
 Alt. 910-940 ft. P. <40oo. 
 
 Dompalre, tn., France, dep. Vosges, arr. Mirecourt, 29 m. 
 SSW. Lun^ville, 12 m. WNW. Spinal, ancient seat of the 
 Dukes of Lorraine. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Domplerre, vil , Switzd. , cant, and 8 m. WNW. Freiburg. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Domplerre, vil, Switzd., cant. Vaud, 12 m. ESE. Yverdon. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Domplerre -snr-Besbre, vil, France, dep. Allier, 39 m. 
 NW. by N. Roanne, arr. and 18 m. E. by S. Moulins. P. <20oo. 
 
 Domr^my>la-Pncelle, comm., France, dep. Vosges, on the 
 I bk. of the Meuse, 19 m. SW. by S. Toul, arr. and 6 m. N. by 
 W. Neufchdteau. Joan of Arc was born here, 1412 ; her house 
 is preserved as a national relic ; opposite it is a monument, 
 vrith a colossal bust of the heroine. P. <2000. 
 
 Domsod, comm., Hungary, co. Pest-Pihs-Solt-Kis-Kun, 
 dist. Solt als6. P. <50oo. 
 
 Domstadtl, comm. , Austria, Moravia, on R. Bistrica, 13 m. 
 NE. Olmtitz. P. < 2000. 
 
 Domsten, vil, Norway, in 61° 53' N., 5° .40' E. Mean rfall 
 (7 yrs.), yr. 70.71 in. 
 
 Domns Novas, comm., Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 7 m. E. 
 Iglesias. P. <300o. 
 
 Don, or Dun, Celtic, ' hill-fort.' 
 
 Don, Ossetian 'stream.' 
 
 Don, small riv., Eng., Durham, flowing into the estuary of 
 the Tyne at Jarrow. 
 
 Don, riv. , Eng. , in the NE. of Lancashire, trib. of R. Calder, 
 which it joins on the 1. bk. at Biu-nley. 
 
 Don, or Dnn, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, rises on 
 Wike Head, on the S. border of the Holmfirth div., and flows 
 first E. then SE. to Sheffield, then past Rotherham and Don- 
 caster, and finally joins the Ouse at Goole by an artificial 
 cutting known as the Dutch R. , having been carried out in 1625 
 and the following years by a Dutch engineer named Vermuiden. 
 Previously to this the Don spread its waters over the areas now 
 occupied by Thome Level and Hatfield Chase, then consisting 
 largely of swamps dotted with numerous pools, and finally the 
 surplus waters entered the Trent at Adlingfleet. The river has 
 been made navigable for boats drawing 6i ft. to Tinsley, on 
 the outskirts of Sheffield (q.v.), and is connected with Barnsley 
 by the Dearne and Dove Canal, with the Trent by the Stain- 
 forth and Keadby Canal Total length, 55 m. ; area of basin, 
 600 sq. m. The Little D. is a head stream of this river, which 
 joins the main stream on the r. bk. at Deepcar. 
 
 Don, riv., France, dep. Loire Inf^rieure, flows W. into the 
 Vilaine. Length, 53 m. 
 
 Don, riv., SE. Russia, rises in govt. Tula (alt. 586 ft.), 
 flows S. , then describes a great winding towards the E. , ap- 
 proaching the Volga (near Tsaritsyn), from which it is only 
 separated by a range of hills, 55 m. wide ; then turns SW. and 
 WSW. , and enters at the head of the Sea of Azov. Through- 
 out its course it waters the fertile govts, of Ryazan, Tambov, 
 Orel, Voronezh, Don Cossacks, and Ekaterinoslav ; only in its 
 lower course it has on its 1. bk. the arid steppes of the Manych 
 depression, while its r. bk. is covered with rich vineyards. The 
 D. receives a great many tribs. , of which the Krasivaya Mecha 
 and Sosna (r. bk.), Bityug, Khoper (with Vorona), and Ilovlya 
 (I bk.), Chir and N. Donets (r. bk. ) bring the D. into communica- 
 tion with most fertile parts of SE. Russia, while the Sal and 
 Manych (1. bk. ) water the Kalmuck Steppes of the Don Cos- 
 sacks' Territory. The D. becomes navigable at Voronezh after 
 having received the Sosna, and attains a vridth of from 200 to 
 350 yards, with a minimum depth of 4 ft. in its middle course, 
 and of 600 yards in its lower course. Before entering the Sea 
 of Azov it sends a long branch, Aksai, and divides into some 
 thirty branches (ghirlc^ in its delta. Great inundations take 
 place at high water. The D. in its middle course freezes, as a 
 rule, in the very first days of December, and opens in the very 
 last days of March, thus remaining free from ice for an average 
 of from 241 to 246 days, and for 268 days at Rostov, near its 
 mouth. The navigation on the D. is of a great importance for 
 all SE. Russia, especially on account of its proximity to the 
 Volga. Considerable amounts of goods (nearly 450,000 tons of 
 com, timber, naphtha, and so on) are transported every year 
 from Tsaritsyn on the Volga to Kalach on the D. , and thence 
 shipped down the D. to Rostov and Taganrog for export, while 
 part of these goods is sent up the D. to central Russia ; foreign 
 imported goods are shipped at the same time up the D. to 
 
DON 
 
 DON 
 
 Kalach and thence forwarded to the Volga. Sandbanks and 
 low water in summer offer considerable difficulties for naviga- 
 tion. In its upper parts the D. is connected by a canal with 
 the Oka, large trib. of the Volga. On the average, 4000 to 5000 
 boats and 1200 rafts are loaded every year in the basin of the 
 D., and nearly 550,000 tons of various goods are shipped — the 
 chief ports being Rostov at the head of the delta, Taganrog 
 on the Sea of Azov, Kalach, and Ur)aipina. The towns Epifan, 
 Dankov, Lebedyan, Voronezh, Korotoyak, and many smaller 
 ones, as well as many populous stanitsas, are situated on its 
 banks. The fishing in the lower parts of the D. is of great 
 importance — nearly 6000 cwts. of salmon, 7,000,000 herrings, 
 and 300,000 cwts. of various fish being caught, and nearly 300 
 cwts. of caviare being exported. Total length, 1153 m.; area of 
 basin, 166,130 sq. m. 
 
 Don, riv., Scot., co. Aberdeen, rises in Ben Aven, flows 
 tortuously E. past Towie, Alford, Monymusk, Inverurie, and 
 Kintore, and enters the N. Sea i\ m. N. Aberdeen, after a 
 coiu-se of 62 miles. Principal trib. the Urie ; it has valuable 
 salmon fisheries. 
 
 Don, tp. , Tasmania, Devon co. , 45 m. WNW. Launceston, 
 20 m. ESE. Emu Bay ; with harbour to admit vessels of 11 ft. 
 draugh t. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Doila Ana, tn. , U.S. , New Mexico, D. A. co. , 152 m. NE. by E. 
 from the SW. corner of the terr. Alt. 3899 ft. (R. R. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Donabate, par. , Ire., NE. co. Dublin, bar. Nether Cross, 
 10^ m. NNE. Dublin, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Donabyik, tn. , Lower Burma, dist. Thun-gwa, on the r. bk. 
 of the Irawadi, 44 m. NW. Rangoon ; scene of engagements 
 in the first and second Burmese wars. P. (i89i)<50oo. 
 
 Donacarey, par. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, bars. Clogher and Omagh 
 East, containing Fintona town ; 23,050 ac. P. 5600. 
 
 Donada, comm. , Italy, prov. Rovigo, dist. Adria. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Donadea, par. , Ire. , co. Kildare, bar. Ikeathy and Oughter- 
 any, 6 m. SW. Maynooth, PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Dona Francisca, tn. , Brazil. See JolnvUle. 
 
 DoJLa Francisca, Ger. colony in S. Brazil, prov. Santa 
 Catharina, to the W. of the town Sao Francisco, P. 6700. 
 
 Donagh, donny, donough, from Irish Domhnach, 'a church.' 
 
 Donagb, par.. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Inishowen E^t, con- 
 tains Cardonagh town ; 25,259 ac. P. <4000. 
 
 Donagh, tnld. , Ire. , S. co. Fermanagh, bar. Clankelly, 13 m. 
 SE. Enniskillen, 4 m. from Newtownbutler stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Donagb, par. , Ire. , co. and 6 m. N. Monaghan, bar. Trough ; 
 16,205 ac. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Donaghadee, par. andtn.. Ire., NE. ct. co. Down, bar. Lower 
 Ards, 5 m. ESE. Bangor ; with a harbour and lighthouse (visible 
 12 m.); terminus of a branch from the Belfast and Co. Down 
 Rly.; frequented for sea-bathing. PMT.O. Market-day, W. 
 Mean temp. (18 yrs.), yr. 48.1° F., Jan. 40.3°, July 57.5°; rfall. 
 (18 yrs.), 31.63 in. Par. 9593 ac, P. 5000; tn. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Donagbanle, P.O. (Upper D.), Ire., near the middle of co. 
 Tyrone, 3 m. from Beragh. 
 
 Donaghcloney, par. andtn.. Ire., NW, co. Dovra, bar. Lower 
 Iveagh, Upper Half, 4 m. SE. Lurgan, P.O. Par. 6698 ac, P. 
 <4000 ; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Donaghcnmper, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Salt, on the 
 Liffey, contains Celbridge tn. P, <75o. 
 
 Donaghedy, par. , Ire. , N. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower Strabane, 
 'j\ m. NE. Strabane ; 39,423 ac P. 6100. 
 
 Donaglienry, par.. Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. Middle Dtm- 
 gannon, contains Stewartstovm ; 7154 ac. P. <35O0. 
 
 Donaghmaln, Ire. See Donagbmoyne. 
 
 Donaghmore ('great church'), par.. Ire., W. co. Cork, bars. 
 Barretts and Muskerry East, 12 m. NW. by W. Cork, P.O. 
 (Donongbmore) ; 22,309 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Donagbmore, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Ibane and Barryroe, 
 4 m. SE. Clonakilty. P. <25o. 
 
 Donagbmore, par.. Ire., SE. co. Donegal, bar. Raphoe, S,, 
 8 m, WSW, Lifford ; 46,366 ac P. 6400. 
 
 Donagbmore, par.. Ire. , SW. co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Upper Half (i), 5 m, N, by E. Newry, P.O. (Donongbmore). 
 8389 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Donagbmore, par. , Ire. , co. Kildare, bar. North Salt, 2 m. 
 SE. Maynooth. P. <2so. 
 
 Donagbmore, par. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny, bar. Fassadinin, con- 
 tains Ballyragget town ; 5270 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Donagbmore, par., Ire., co. and 3 m. SE. Limerick, bar. 
 Clan William. P. <250. 
 
 Donagbmore, par. , Ire., SE. co. Meath, bar. Ratoath, 11 m. 
 NNW. Dublin, i^ m. SE. Ashbourne ; 3413 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 Donagbmore, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Lower Navan, 
 contains part of Navan town ; 3955 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Donagbmore, par. and tn., Ire., SW. Queen's co., bar. 
 Clandonagh, 16 m. NE. by N. Thurles, 3 m. from Ballybrophy 
 stn., P.O. Par. 3527 ac, P. •<75o; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Donagbmore, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bars. Iffa and Offa 
 East, and Middlethird, 2 m. S. Fethard. P. <25o. 
 
 Donagbmore, par. and tn. , Ire., SE. co. Tyrone, bar. Middle 
 Dungannon, 2^ m. NW. Dungannon, on the Portadown, Dun- 
 440 
 
 gannon, and Omagh Rly., PMT.O. Par. 18,410 ac, P. 6000; 
 tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Donagbmore, par., Ire., E. ct. co. Wexford, bars. Ballagh- 
 keen N. , and Gorey, 14 m. S. Arklow ; 7477 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Donagbmore, par.. Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. Upper Talbots- 
 town, on the Slaney, 3 m. NE. Baltinglass ; 23,428 ac. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Donagbmoyne, or Donagbmaln, par. , Ire. , SE. co. Mona- 
 ghan, bar. Farney, 11 m. W. Dundalk; 25,504 ac. P. 6700. 
 
 Donaghpatrlck, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. Clare, 2 m. NE. 
 Headford; 10,342 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Donagbpatrick, par.. Ire., NW. co. Meath, bars. Upper 
 Kells and Lower Navan, 4^ m. NW. Navan, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Donal, Donnal, or Dong«nal, riv., Lower Cochin-China, 
 entering the sea in the NE. of the delta of the Mekong, with 
 which river it communicates by several channels. 
 
 Donajec, riv. See Dnnaj^. 
 
 Donakal, tn. , India, Haidaribad, 108 m NW. by N. Masuli- 
 patam. 
 
 Donald, rly. stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the 
 C. P. R., about 117° 29' W., 1024 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 
 458 m. from Vancouver. 
 
 Donald, tp. , Victoria, Bonmg co. , 63 m. N. Ararat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Donaldson, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co. , 36 m. 
 NE. Harrisburg, and 12 m. WSW. Pottsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 DonaldsonTille, tn. , U.S. , Louisiana, cap. of Ascension par. , 
 on Mississippi R. , 65 m. NE. New Orleans by rail. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Doiia Mencla, comm., Spain, prov. C6rdoba, dist. Cabra. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Donamon, stn. , Ire. , co. Roscommon, on the M. G. W. R. , 
 6 m. NW. Roscommon, P.O. 
 
 Donanagbta, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Longford, on the 
 Shannon, contains Eyrecourt town. P. <75o. 
 
 Douard, par. and tn.. Ire., NW. co. Wicklow, bar. Lower 
 Talbotstovra, 14 m. S. by E. Naas, 4 m. from Dunlavin stn., 
 P.O. Par. 4807 ac, P. <75o; tn. P. •<25o. 
 
 Donan, riv. See Dannbe. 
 
 Donanescblngen, urban comm., Ger., Baden, 30 m. E. 
 Freiburg. A spring rising in its castle-yard is the reputed 
 fountainhead of the Danube. Alt. 2270 ft. P. <40oo. 
 
 Donanfeld, tn. , Lower Austria, dist. Gross-Enzersdorf. P. 
 10,500. 
 
 Donankrels. See Danube Circle and Wiirtemberg. 
 
 Donaumoos, a tract of moorland, Ger., Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Bavaria, to the S. of the Danube, between Ingoldstadt and Neu- 
 burg ; in great part dry, and planted vrith agricultural colonies. 
 
 Donanrled, a moorland tract bordering the Danube, Ger. , 
 chiefly in Bavaria, govt. Swabia, lying N. of the Danube, 
 between Ulm and Gundelfingen, S. of the riv. from thence to 
 the Lech. 
 
 Donanstauf, market-tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Palatinate, on the 1. bk. of the Danube, 5 m. E. Ratisbon. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Donanwortb, tn., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Swabia, cap. dist., 
 on the 1. bk. of the Danube, at the confluence of the Wornitz, 
 16 m. SE. by E. Nordlingen. In 1704 the British imder Marl- 
 borough gained a victory over the Bavarians near this town. 
 In 1805 the town was taken by the French general Vandamme 
 after a desperate fight. Alt. 1300 ft. P, <4ooo. 
 
 Donawltz, vil. , Austria, Styria, dist. Leoben, with important 
 iron-works. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Don Benito, tn., Spain, prov. Badajoz, 25 m. E. by N. 
 M6rida. P. <i5,2oo. 
 
 Doncaster, post-tn., Victoria, Botirke co., 10 m. NE. 
 Melbourne. P. (with dist. ) < 1500. 
 
 Doncaster, the ancient Danum, mim, bor. (since 1467), 
 par., and market-tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Doncaster 
 div., on the Don, 11 m. NE. by E. Rotherham, with stns. on 
 the G. E. & G. N. Joint Rly., and the M. S. & L. R.; locomo- 
 tive and carriage works of the G. N. R., also iron and brass 
 foundries, and agricultural implement works. Market-days, Tu. 
 and S. Has fairs for horses and cattle on the first Thursday 
 of February, April, and August, for cattle and hiring on that of 
 November. The races for which it is noted were established 
 here in 1703 ; the St. Leger stakes, for three-year-olds, in 1776. 
 Mean rfall. (1866-80), 27.3 in. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 5700 ; (1851) 
 12,100; (1891) 25,900; parL div. P. 73,000. 
 
 Doncbery, tn., France, dep. Ardennes, on r. bk. of the Meuse, 
 arr. and 3 m. W. Sedan. Part of the battle of Sedan, Sept. 1870, 
 was fought around D. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Don Cossacks, Territory of tbe (Zemlya Voiska Donskai;\'), 
 prov. of SE. Russia, stretching from the Sea of Azov up the 
 Don R. and its tribs., having the govts, of Ekaterinoslav, 
 Kharkov, and Voronezh in W. , Saratov and Astrakhan in E. , 
 Stavropol and Kuban in S. The terr. in the E. of the Don R. 
 belongs to the Aral-Caspian deserts, both by its general aspects 
 and flora. Elsewhere, undulating low plateaus, attaining alti- 
 tudes of about 500 ft. in their higher parts, and having a hilly 
 aspect in the Donetskiy plateau, very fertile, but almost quite 
 devoid of forests, which only appear along the courses of tbe 
 rivers. Coal, anthracite, iron ores ; salt in many lakes in the E. , 
 
DOND — DONI 
 
 especially in Lake Manych ; limestone, gypsum, mica, and 
 pyrites. Watered by the Don and its several navigating tribs. 
 Agriculture and cattle breeding are carried on very extensively, 
 and considerable amounts of corn and cattle are exported 
 through the ports of Taganrog, Rostov, and Mariupol. Excel- 
 lent breeds of horses reared by the Cossacks. Good orchards ; 
 vine culture in the S. Fishing is one of the chief sources of 
 income of the Cossack Voisko, more than 300,000 cv^ts. of 
 various fish being caught every year in the mouths of the Don. 
 Part of it is exported fresh, the remainder is salted, salt being 
 extracted for all local needs from the Manych salt-lakes. 
 Mining has rapidly developed lately ; manufactures are begin- 
 ning to develop. Considerable trade in cattle, hides, sheep- 
 skins, wine, grapes, corn, linseed, fish, and coal exported. The 
 fairs (chiefly at Uryupina) are very animated. The terr. almost 
 entirely belongs to the Voisko (or army) of Don Cossacks, who 
 have a separate self-government and a military organisation of 
 their own (Russia) ; however, there are nearly 300,000 peasants 
 settled in the terr. The Cossacks are living in large villages 
 [stanitsas) of more than 1000 inhabitants, some of them being 
 very populous. Some 30,000 Kalmucks are settled in the SE. 
 comer of the terr. Divided into 9 districts : Cherkask (chief 
 town, Novocherkask, cap. of terr.); ist. Donskoi (chief town, 
 Konstantinovskaya) ; 2nd. Donskoi (chief town, Nizhne-Chir- 
 skaya); Ust-Medvyeditsa(chief town same name); Donets (chief 
 town, Kamenskaya) ; Salsk (chief town, Salskaya Martynovka) ; 
 Khopersk (chief town, Uryupina) ; Rostov (chief town, same 
 name) ; Taganrog (chief town same name) ; and Kalmuck 
 dist. The state of education is in good condition, many schools, 
 primary and secondary, being kept by the Voisko. Area, 63,557 
 sq. m. P. (1858) 896,870; (1888) 1,683,330. 
 
 Dondo, Cape, Eastern Archipelago, on the N. ct. of Celebes, 
 in about 120^° E. 
 
 Dondo, tn., Portuguese W. Africa, on the r. bk. of the 
 Kwanza, a few miles below the Livingstone Falls, in 9° 23' S. , 
 14° 48' E., the principal centre of trade in this part of the 
 interior. A macadamised road leads from D. to a large plateau 
 on the E. Coal-mine on the opposite bank of the river. 
 
 Dondra Head, the most southerly point of Ceylon. 
 
 Donegal, maritime co., Ire,, Ulster, in the NW., bounded W. 
 and N. by the Atlantic, E. by cos. Londonderry and Tyrone, 
 and S. by cos. Fermanagh and Leitrim, is divided into the 
 following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Banagh 
 Boylagh 
 Inishowen East 
 Inishowen West 
 Kilmacrenan 
 Raphoe North . 
 Raphoe South . 
 Tirhugh 
 
 Total, Donegal 
 
 Acres. 
 
 177.354 
 156.285 
 123,372 
 
 76,849 
 310,386 
 
 79,422 
 140,849 
 125.753 
 
 1,190,270' 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 26,263 
 20,637 
 24,648 
 12,043 
 46,621 
 16,063 
 18,999 
 20,361 
 
 185.635 
 
 1 Exclusive of 6885 ac unde^: larger rivers, lakes, and tideways. 
 
 The surface is in a large measure mountainous (in the NW., 
 2466 ft.) and boggy, with numerous small rivers and lakes, and 
 cold poor soil. Geologically the rocks are mainly archaean and 
 metamorphic and of Lower Silurian age, with a large area of 
 granite in the W. The coast is indented by numerous bays, 
 of which the principal, beginning in the NE. , are Loughs Foyle 
 and Svsdlly, Mulroy Bay, Sheep Haven, Gweedore, Trawenagh, 
 Loughros More and Donegal Bays. The chief rivs. are the 
 Foyle, which forms part of the boundary between D. and Tyrone 
 and Londonderry, and its 1. bk. trib. the Finn, which, flovdng 
 E., joins the Foyle at Lifford. The islands are numerous, the 
 largest being Aran, Tory, and Gola Is. There are no minerals 
 of great economic importance, and the inhabitants are mainly 
 engaged in agricultiu-e. (For statistics see Appendix, pp. 10-12.) 
 The county contains some of the most severely congested dists. 
 of Ireland, the principal being Glenties, Gweedore, and the 
 Rosses, the last a granitic area on the mainland to the SE. of 
 Aran I. With a view to relieve the congestion, the royal com- 
 mission on public works of 1887 recommended the construction 
 of light railways. The principal railways are those from Lon- 
 donderry to Stranorlar, Letterkenny, and Buncrana. There is a 
 line of light railway from Stranorlar to Donegal, and this has 
 been continued to Killybegs; and another line of light rail 
 from Stranorlar to Glenties is now (Oct. 1893) nearly complete. 
 The linen manufacture is now reviving, and woollen manu- 
 factures are also now largely carried on, most largely in the 
 town and neighbourhood of Raphoe. The D. Industrial Fund 
 has done much for the promotion of home industries, especially 
 in wool (hosiery and the weaving of woollen cloth). The female 
 pop. is engaged in the worked muslin trade. The fisheries, 
 which occupy large numbers of people on the coast, are of cod, 
 
 sole, plaice, herring, and mackerel. For their promotion the 
 above-mentioned commission recommended the construction of 
 harbour works at Moville, Malin Head, Buncrana, Sheephaven, 
 Tory I., Gola Roads, Burton Port (opposite Aran I.), and Killy- 
 begs. Kelp manufactured from seaweed is largely exported 
 to Glasgow. The NW. of the county, in consequence of 
 the grandeur of the scenery, is becoming a favourite resort for 
 tourists. The county returns four members to Parliament, 
 for the N. , S. , E. , and W. divisions respectively. D. contains 
 many memorials of St. Columba ; St. Patrick's Purgatory 
 is on an island in Lough Derg, and is a celebrated place of 
 pilgrimage. See Ireland, table. 
 
 Donegal, par. and tn.. Ire., S. ct. co. D., bar. Tirhugh, on 
 R. Eask, II m. N. by E. Ballyshannon, with a stn. on the 
 G. N. and Donegal Rly. It has two famous ruins, a castle and 
 abbey, both founded by the O'donells, chiefs of Tyrconnell, in 
 1474. Par. 22,791 ac, P. <45oo; tn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Donegal Bay, Ire. , SW. of co. Donegal. 
 
 Donegal Point, cape. Ire., SW. Clare, S. of Ballard Bay. 
 
 Donegore, par.. Ire., SW. co. Antrim, bar. Upper Antrim, 
 4 m. E. by N. Antrim ; 6650 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Doneralle, market-tn. and par.. Ire., N. co. Cork, bar. 
 Fermoy, 5I m. NNE. Mallow, with a stn. on the G. S. &. W. R. , 
 PMT.O. Par. 20,442 ac, P. <25oo; tn. P. <iooo. 
 
 Donets, Northern, riv., SE. Russia, r. bk. trib. of Don, rises 
 in govt. Kiu-sk, flows 673 m. S. and E. through a fertile terr. , 
 rich in coal measures. 
 
 Donetskly Bassem, coal-measures of SE. Russia, extends 
 over part of the terr. of the Don Cossacks, the Bakhmut and 
 Slavyanoserbsk dists. of govt. Ekaterinoslav, and southern part 
 of Kharkov. Covers nearly 10,500 sq. m. Contains good 
 layers of anthracite and iron ore. The extraction of coal, as 
 well as the iron industry in govt. Ekaterinoslav, are rapidly 
 increasing. Connected by rail with main trunk-line (Moscow- 
 Sebastopol), as well as with the Azov Sea ports of Mariupol, 
 Tavanrog, and Rostov, with many local branches. 
 
 Donetskly Kryazta, ridge, more correctly plateau, of SE. 
 Russia ; has a triangular form, and rises 300 to 350 ft. above 
 surrounding steppes, on r. bk. of Northern Donets R. Rich 
 coal and anthracite measiu'es. 
 
 Donga Creek, inlet, Ger. W. Africa, opening westwards on 
 an estuary of the Kamerun R. 
 
 Dongans. See Dnngans. 
 
 Dongargarb, tn., India, in Khairagarh state, 100 m. E. 
 Ndgpur. P. (i88i)<6ooo. 
 
 Dongarra, post-tn. and port, W. Australia, Victoria dist., on 
 the W. ct., 190 m. NNW. Perth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dongen, comm., Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Dongeradeel, Oost (east), rural comm., Holland, prov. 
 Friesland. P. 7700. 
 
 Dongeradeel, West, comm. , adjoining D. Oost. P. 7900. 
 
 Donges, vil., France, dep. Loire Inf^rieure, on the N. shore 
 of the estuary of the Loire, arr. and 7 m. ENE. St. Nazaire. 
 Leeches are exported from the neighbouring marshes. P. < 2000. 
 
 Dong-hol, tn. , Annam. See Kwang-blnli. 
 
 Dong-nal, riv. , Cochin-China. See Donal. 
 
 Dongo, comm., Italy, prov. and dist. Como, on the W. side 
 of Lake Como ; mathematical and physical instruments made, 
 with copper and iron mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dongola, prov., E. Africa, Nubia, in its central part con- 
 sisting of the valley of the Nile, between 18° and 19° 30' N., and 
 comprising the towns New and Old D. The Mamelukes took 
 possession of this country on escaping from Egypt ; it was taken 
 from them by Ibrahim Pasha in 1820, and remained in the 
 hands of Egypt until the insurrection of the Mahdi. 
 
 Dongola, vil., U.S., Illinois, Union co., loi m. SE. by S. 
 St. Louis (Mo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Dongola, Old, ruined tn. , Nubia, prov. D. , on the r. bk. of 
 the Nile, 75 m. SSE. New Dongola. 
 
 Dong-trio, chalk range, in the NE. of the delta of the Song- 
 koi, Tongking. 
 
 Donbead St. Andrew, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 
 16 m. W. by S. Salisbury, zj m. SE. Semley stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Donhead St. Mary, i m. to the E. ; 5227 ac. ; eccles. par. 
 (D. St. Mary with Charlton) P. < 1500. 
 
 Donlawerstal, comm. , Netherlands, prov. Friesland. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Donlbrlstle Colliery, vil., Scot., Fifeshire, 2 m. E. Cross- 
 gates, PMT.O. (D. village). P. <75o. 
 
 Donlngton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., g 
 m. SW. by W. Boston, with a stn. (D. Road) on the G. N. & 
 G. E. Joint Rly., PMT.O. Market-day, S. 5835 ac P. <20oo. 
 
 Donlngton, pars., Eng., Leicestershire. See Castle Don- 
 lngton and Hngglescote. 
 
 Donlngton, par., Eng., Shropshire, Newport div., 18 m. N. 
 Kidderminster, 4^ m. ESE. Shiffnal, i m. W. Albrighton stn. 
 P. <5oo; eccles. par. (D. with Boscobel) P. <soo. 
 
 Donlngton on Bain, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey 
 div., eim. SW. by W. Louth, on theG. N. R., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 441 
 
DONI — DOOR 
 
 Dontngton Wood, eccles. par. , Eng. , Shropshire, Lilleshall 
 par. P. <: 2000. 
 
 Donlno. See Borgo San Donnlno. 
 
 Donlpban, viL, U.S., Kansas, D. co., on Missouri R., 6 m. 
 NW. Atchison by rail. P. <i50o. 
 
 Donlsthorpe, hamlet, Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 17 m. SE. 
 Burton-on-Trent, 4 m. SW. Ashbv de la Zouch, on the 
 L. & NW. R., PMT.O. See Oakthorpe. 
 
 Donjon, Le, vil., France, dep. Allier, arr. Lapalisse, 25 m. 
 NW. by N. Roanne. P. <20oo. 
 
 Donklns Bay, bay. Cape Colony, on the W. ct., in 31° 55' S. 
 
 Donkola, E. Africa. See Dongola. 
 
 Donley, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW. , crossed by 35° N. , 
 E. of 101° W. 
 
 Donnaes, viL, Norway, on the N. ct. of the isL Donnao, 
 prov. Nordland, in 66° 15' N. 
 
 Donnal, riv. , Cochin-China. See Donal. 
 
 Donnas, or Donnaz, coram., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, 
 on the Dora Baltea, 23 m. ESE. Aosta. P. < 2000. 
 
 Donnell Longb, bay, Ire. , on the W. ct. of co. Clare, 21 m. 
 W. by S. Ennis, lat. 52° 46' N. 
 
 Donnelly's Creek, mining and post viL , Victoria, Tanjil co. , 
 13s m. E. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Donnemarte-en-Hontols, tn. , France, dep. Seine et Mame, 
 21 m. E. by N. Fontainebleau, arr. and 9 m. SW. Provins. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Donner Lake, U.S., California; small lake, favourite 
 summer resort, near Truckee. 
 
 Donnersberg, mt. , Ger. , Bavaria, Rhine Palatinate, between 
 the Haardt and the Saarbriick coalfield. Alt. 2260 ft. (Konig- 
 stuhl). 
 
 Donn^zan, dist., France. See Ari^e. 
 
 Donnlngton, par., Eng., Berkshire, 2 m. N. Newbury, 
 PT.O. See Shaw. 
 
 Donnlngton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 
 14 m. SE. Evesham, 3 m. WNW. Addlesthorp stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Donnlngton, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 9 m. NE. 
 Ross, 2i m. S. Ledbury stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Donnlngton, market-tn., Eng., Salop, Wellington div., 14 
 m. E. Shrewsbury, 4 m. SW. Newport, on the L. & NW. R.; 
 coal-mines. PMT.O. Market-day, S. 
 
 Donnlngton, par. , Eng. , Sussex, div. and 2 m. S. Chiches- 
 ter. P. <;25o. 
 
 Dontiy, in Irish place-names, ' a church.' See Donagh. 
 
 Donnybrook (' St. Broc's Church"), par.. Ire., E. co. Dublin, 
 bars. Rathdown, Dublin, and Uppercross, 2 m. SE. Dublin. 
 Long famous for its fair, held during the week ending Aug. 26. 
 P. 15,900. 
 
 Donnybrook, Victoria. See Kalkallo. 
 
 Donoblll, par., Ire., co. and 5 m. N. Tipperary, bars. Clan- 
 wiUiam and Kilnamannagh Lower, P.O.; 13,913 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Donore, electoral div.. Ire., co. Kildare, dist. Naas and 
 Carragh. 
 
 Donore, par.. Ire., cos. Meath and Louth, bars. Lower 
 Duleek, and co. tn. of Drogheda, 3 m. SW. Drogheda, P.O.; 
 3587 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Donongb, co., U.S., Illinois, between 40° and 41° N., and 
 E. of 9i°W. 
 
 Dononghmore, P.O., Ire., cos. Cork and Down. See 
 Donagbmore . 
 
 Donskoye, viL, Caucasia, govt, and 26 m. N. Stavropol. 
 P. 5800. 
 
 Don Street, stn., Scot., Aberdeen, on the G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Dontrelx, viL, France, dep. Creuse, arr. and 20 m. E. 
 Aubusson. P. <20oo. 
 
 Donyatt, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 10 m. SE. 
 Taunton, ij m. SW. Ilminster stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Donyland East, par. and small river port, Eng., Essex, 
 Harwich div., on the Colne, 3 m. S. by E. Colchester, P.O. 
 P. <2ooo ; eccles. par. (D. E. St. Lawrence) P. < 1500. 
 
 Donyo. See Doenyo and Kenla. 
 
 Donzacq, comm., France, dep. Landes, arr. St. Sever, on the 
 Luy, 12 m. N. by W. Orthez, with mineral springs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Donzdorf, viL , Ger. , Wiirtemberg, circle Danube, 29 m. £. 
 by S. Stuttgart. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Donzell Downs, a hill tract, Eng. , Cornwall, 9-12 m. W. 
 Bodmin. 
 
 Donzcnac, viL, France, dep. Corrfeze, 39 m. E. P^rigueux, 
 arr. and 5 m. N. Brive. P. <20oo. 
 
 Donz^re, viL, France, dep. Drdme, arr. Montdimar, on 
 L bk. of the Rhone, 22 m. N. by W. Orange. P. < 2000. 
 
 Donzy, tn., France, dep. Ni^vre, 26 m. N. Nevers, arr. and 
 10 m. ESE. Cosne. Iron mines and iron works, including two 
 works established by Cardinal Mazarin in 1659. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dooagb, hamlet. Ire., on the S. ct. of Achill I., co. Mayo, 
 27 m. WNW. Westport. 
 
 Doobannt, large lake, Canadian NW. Terrs. , crossed in the 
 middle by 63° N. and in the E. by 100° W. It receives on the 
 W. the Doobaunt R. , and has an outlet on the N. connected 
 with the drainage system of Chesterfield Inlet. 
 442 
 
 Doocarrlg, electoral div., Ire., co. Kerry, dist. Coom. 
 
 Doocastle, or Balllndoo, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Mayo, bar. 
 Costello, 22 m. WNW. Carrick-on-Shannon, PM.O. (Doo- 
 castle). P. < 1000. 
 
 Doocbarry, electoral div., Ire., NW. co. Donegal, bar. 
 Boylagh, on R. Gweebarra, 17^ m. N. by W. Donegal. PM.O. 
 (Doocbary). 
 
 Dooega, tnld. , Ire. , S. ct. Achill I. , co. Mayo, 22 m. NW. 
 by W. Westport. P. <75o. 
 
 Dooen, post-tn., Victoria, Borung co., 198 m. NW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Doogarry, electoral div., Ire., near Belturbet, co. Cavan, 
 dist. Newtowngore, 5 m. from Killeshandra stn. , P. O. 
 
 Doogb, watering-place, Ire., co. Clare. See Kllkee. 
 
 Doogort, tnld. , Ire. , N. ct. of Achill I. , co. Mayo, bar. Burris- 
 hoole, 35 m. W. by S. Ballina, 20 m. from Westport stn., 
 PM.O. (Dngort). P.<2So. 
 
 Doobamlet, P. O. , Ire. ,4 m. from Castleblaney , co. Monaghan. 
 
 Doobat, tnld.. Ire., co. and 10 m. SW. Monaghan, bar. 
 Dartree, 3 m. from Newbliss stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Doolsb, P.O., Ire., 10 m. S. Newtown-Stewart, co. Tyrone. 
 
 Dookle Sonth, tp. , Victoria. See Casbel. 
 
 Dookooma, tnld., Ire., NW. ct. co. Mayo, bar. Erris, 32 m. 
 W. Ballina, on Tullaghan Bay, with coastguard stn. P. <:50o. 
 
 Dooleagne, tnld., Ire., W. co. Mayo, bar. Burrishoole, 6 m. 
 ENE. Westport, P.O. P.<:2So. 
 
 Doolln, P.O., Ire., 7 m. NW. Ennistimon, co. Clare. 
 
 Doolln Point, cape. Ire., NW. ct. co. Clare, on South 
 Sound, lat. 53° i^' N. 
 
 Doo Longb, lake. Ire., W. co. Clare, 13 m. WSW. Ennis. 
 
 Dooly, CO., U.S., Georgia, intersected by 32° N., and in ex- 
 treme NW. by 84° W. 
 
 Doon, electoral div.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, dist. Derrylin. 
 
 Doon, electoral div. , Ire. , King's co. , dist. Ferbane. 
 
 Doon, electoral div.. Ire., NW. ct. co. Kerry, bar. Iraghti- 
 connor, dist. Tralee No. 2, 9 m. WNW. Listowel. 
 
 Doon, par. , Ire. , cos. Limerick and Tipperary, bars. Coonagh, 
 Owneybeg, and Kilnamannagh Upper, 7 m. NE. Pallas, PM.O. j 
 27,682 ac. P. < 5000. 
 
 Doon, riv., Scot., S. Ajrrshire, issues from Loch Doon, flows 
 first N. then W. , and falls into the Firth of Clyde 2 m. S. of 
 the mouth of the Ajr. 
 
 Doon, Locb, lake, Scot. , co. and 22 m. SSE. Ayr, 5 m. long 
 by f m. broad, enclosed by mountains. See Doon, riv. 
 
 Doon, Longb, small lake, Ire., in the E. of co. Clare, 9 m. 
 W. Killaloe, 86 ft. above sea-level. 
 
 Doon, Longb, Ire. , small lake, in the N. of co. Clare, 9^ m. 
 NE. Ennis. 
 
 Doonane, tnld. , Ire. , Queen's co. , bar. Slievemargy, Rathas-> 
 pick par. P. <25o. 
 
 Doonasleen, tnld.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, Kilmeen 
 par. P. <:250. 
 
 Doonass Rapids. See Sbannon. 
 
 Doonbally, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Dunmore. 
 
 Doonbeg, tn.. Ire., SW. co. Clare, bar. Ibrickan, 6^ m. N. 
 by W. Kilrush, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Doondonnell, par. , Ire. , co. Limerick, bar. Lower Connello, 
 on the Deel, 2 m. W. Rathkeale. P. <25o. 
 
 Doonfeeny, par.. Ire., N. co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, 16 nu 
 NW. by N. Ballina; 31,251 ac. P. •<20oo. 
 
 Doon Hill, Scot. , E. Lothian, near Dunbar. Here the army" 
 of Leslie lay encamped on the ist and 2nd Sept. 1650, just before' 
 its defeat by Cromwell at the battle of Dunbar. 582 ft. high. 
 
 Doonle Point, cape, Scot. , Kincardineshire, on the E. ct. , 
 in 57° i' N. 
 
 Doonls, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Westmeath, dist. Ballymore. 
 
 Doonlskey, stn. , Ire. , co. and 20 m. W. Cork, on the Cork 
 ind Macroom Rly. 
 
 Doonlongban, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Clifden. 
 
 Doonogan, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Miltown Malbay, co. Clare. 
 
 Doonooney, par. , Ire. , co. Wexford, bar. Bantry, 5 m. NW. 
 Taghmon. P. <25o. 
 
 Doonvlnalla Island, Ire., off N. ct. of co. Mayo, neai^ 
 Ben wee Head. 
 
 Door, CO., U.S., Wisconsin, in the extreme NE., between 
 Lake Michigan and Green Bay. 
 
 Doora, par. , Ire. , N. co. Clare, bar. Upper Bunratty, i m. 
 E. Ennis; 5918 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Doorln Point, cape. Ire., 8. ct. co. Donegal, in the N. of 
 Donegal Bay, long. 8 9' W. 
 
 Doom, Dutch, 'thorn.' %t& Dom. 
 
 Doom, riv.. Cape Colony, flows NNW. then W. into the 
 Olifants R., which it joins in about 31° 50' S., and 18° 35' E. 
 
 Doomane, tn., Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Iverk, 7 m. W. 
 Waterford, 3 m. firom Grange stn. P. <25o. 
 Doornlk, Belgium. See Tonmay. 
 DoomspUk, coram., Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the E. 
 shore of the Zuider Zee, 15 m. WSW. ZwoUe. P. <4000. 
 
 Door Point, cape, Louisiana, on the SE. ct. , 55 m. E. by N. 
 New Orleans. 
 
I 
 
 DOOR — DORN 
 
 Dooms, tnld., Ire., co. Galway, bar. Killartan, Kinvarra- 
 doorus par. P. <25o. 
 
 Doory, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Longford, dist. Abbeyshnile. 
 
 Dopnlnn, Persia. See Dapnlan. 
 
 Dor, small stream, France. See Dordogne, riv. 
 
 Dora Baltea, ancient Duria Major, riv., Italy, rises at the 
 foot of Little St. Bernard, and after an E. and SE. course of 99 m. 
 joins the Po near Crescentino. Under the French it gave its 
 name to a dep. of which the cap. was Ivrea. The towns Cour- 
 mayeur, Aosta, Chatillon, and Ivrea are on its banks. Too 
 swift for navigation. A canal which starts from Ivrea connects 
 the D. B. with the Sesia and the Po. Area of basin, 1669 sq. m. 
 Mean discharge, 7600 cubic ft. ; highest, 70,600 cubic ft. per sec. 
 
 Dorado, vil, I. of Porto Rico, N. ct., 12 m. W. San Juan, 
 in 66* 16' W. 
 
 Dorama, tn. , central Arabia, Nejd, on the road to Mecca, 
 30 m. NE. Derragah. P. 8000. 
 
 Doran, tn., Arabia, Yemen, on a mountain 30 m. S. Sana, 
 with some remarkable tombs. 
 
 Dorandd, military cantonment, India, Bengal, Lohdrdagi 
 dist. , in 23° 21' N. , 85° 22' E. 
 
 Dora Pass. See Hindu Kash. 
 
 Dora Klparla, riv., Italy, rises in the Cottian Alps, near the 
 French frontier, and flows N. then E. past Susa to the Po, which 
 it joins just below Turin. From Oulx it is accompanied by the 
 railway from Chamb^ry to Turin vid Mont Cenis. It is the 
 ancient Duria Minor. Length, 78 m.; basin, 475 sq. m. ; 
 mean discharge, 2000 cubic ft. ; highest, 17,700 cubic ft. per sec. 
 
 Dordsamudra, vil., India, See Halcbid. 
 
 Dorata, vil. and rly. stn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Dera 
 Ismail Khan, 70 m. NNW. Miiltdn. 
 
 Dorat, Le, tn. , France, dep. Haute Vienne, 29 m. NNW. 
 Limoges, arr. and 8 m. N. Bellac. P. <20oo. 
 
 D'Or, Cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the N. of Minas 
 Channel, in 45° 18' N. 
 
 Dor, place named in O. T. See Tantflra. 
 
 Dorbock Barn, small riv. , Scot. , in the W. of Elginshire, 
 issues from Lochindorb, and flows N. into the Findhorn. 
 
 Dorcheat, riv., U.S., Arkansas and Louisiana, flows S. into 
 the head of Bistineau Lake. 
 
 Dorchester, co. , Canada, Quebec, in the E. , crossed in the 
 W. by 71° W. 
 
 Dorchester, port of entry, Canada, New Brunswick, Westmor- 
 land CO., on Shepody B., 88 m. NE. by E. St. John. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dorchester, the ancient Durnovaria, old mun. (till 1885 
 also a pari. ) bor. , par. , and market-tn. of an agricultural (espe- 
 cially sheep-rearing) dist. , Eng. , co. and assize tn. of Dorsetshire, 
 S. div., on the Frome, 7^ m. N. Weymouth, on the G. W. and 
 L. & SW. Rlys. The guildhall is a fine building in the Elizabethan 
 style. Portions of Roman walls still remain, and ruins of a large 
 amphitheatre called Maumbury (or Maenbury) Ring (220 by 
 140 ft.), on a chalk down. Among other remains of antiquity 
 are Poundbury, a camp to the N. , and Maiden Castle, a very 
 complete Roman camp (with treble ditch and rampart), to the S. 
 The West Saxons called the place Domceaster. Market-days, 
 W. and S. Par. P. <35oo; mun. bor. P. (1801) 2400; (1891) 
 7900 ; eccles. par. (D. -with Frome Whitfield) P. < 1500. 
 
 Dorchester, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., on the 
 L bk. of the Thames, 8^ m. SSE. Oxford, 3 m. E. Culham stn., 
 PMT.O. P. < 1000 ; eccles. par. (D. with Bnrcott) P. <iooo. 
 See Lincoln. 
 
 Dorchester, co., U.S., Maryland, in the SE,, bounded on 
 the W. by Chesapeake Bay, N. of 38° N. 
 
 Dorchester, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Suffolk co., now in 
 Boston City. P. 18,000. 
 
 Dordogne, dep. , in the SW. of France, formed out of P^rigord , 
 one of the dists. of the ancient govt, of Guyenne ; divided into 
 five arrs., P^rigueux, cap., Bergerac, Nontron, Rib^rac, and 
 Sarlat. The surface presents a succession of plateaux and hills, 
 none however worthy the name of mountains. The highest 
 points (up to 1570 ft.) are in the N. of the dep., in a chain 
 overlooking the upper waters of the Dronne. This dist. is of 
 granitic formation, with clayey soil, abounds in marshes, moor- 
 land, heath, chestnut woods, and meadows, but cold and poor 
 in good arable soil. South of the dist. round Nontron stretch 
 chalk and limestone plateaux, and arid hills, adapted to vine- 
 yards and copses ; the valleys, however, are admirable. The 
 extreme W. is occupied by the Double, a vast forest in which 
 the clearings are constantly extending. Nearly the whole of the 
 dep. belongs to the basin of the D., which receives the V^zere, 
 from dep. Corrfeze, and the Isle (navigable from P^rigueux), 
 which flows through the most central valley of the dep., and 
 receives as chief trib. the Auvezfere. The Dropt, or Drot, a 
 direct trib. of the Garonne, partly bounds the dep. on the S. , 
 and is navigable from Eymet. The D. is navigable, or so 
 reputed, throughout the dep., and by means of the Canal de 
 Lalinde boats may avoid the rapids which occur above Bergerac. 
 The climate of D. , except in the Double, where marsh miasmas 
 prevail, is very healthy. [P^rlgnenx.] Principal cereals wheat ; 
 maize area also considerable (one-fourth to one-third of that 
 
 of wheat). The vine occupies about 1.5 per cent, of surface ; 
 production per acre under average. Production of chestnuts 
 by far the largest of any dep. The principal mineral riches of 
 the dep. are its iron-mines ; manganese was worked for the first 
 time in France at St.-Martin-de-Fressengeas near Thiviers. 
 Porcelain earth is obtained at Montagnac, and in other dists. 
 granite, marble, and mill-stones (the last near Domme). Area, 
 3561 sq. m. P. 478,500. See France, table. 
 
 Dordogne, riv. , France, formed at the foot of Mont Dore by 
 the junction of the Dor and Dogne, flows W. through deps. Cor- 
 rtee. Lot, D. , and Gironde, and after a course of 260 m., of 
 which 167 are navigable, joins the Garonne 13 m. N. Bordeaux; 
 affluents, the Vezfere and Isle. Discharge at low water at 
 Bergerac, above the confluence of the Isle and Dronne, 1270 
 cubic ft. per second (as against 1305 cubic ft. per second dis- 
 charge of the Garonne at Tonneins) ; at extreme high-water, 
 141,000-176,500 ft. per second. 
 
 Dordon, eccles. par. and hamlet, Eng., Warwickshire, 3 m. 
 NW. Atherstone, P.O. See FolesTrorth. 
 
 Dordrecht, municip. , Cape Colony, Wodehouse dist. , to the 
 N. of the Stormbergen, about 125 m. NNW. of East London. 
 Alt. 5500 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dordrecht, formerly spelt also Dortrecht, and popularly 
 called Dort, or Dordt, seapt. tn., Holland, prov. S. Holland, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Maas, 10 m. SE. Rotterdam. In the 
 middle ages one of the chief trading towns of the Netherlands, 
 and still an important seat of trade, manufactures, and shipping ; 
 cut off from the mainland by the inundation of the Biesbosch 
 (Nov. 18, 1421). D. was the original residence of the Counts 
 of Holland, and the place where, in 1572, the independence of 
 the United Provinces was first declared. The Synod of D., 
 which anathematised the doctrines of Arminius, and was pro- 
 ductive of much intestine disturbance in the Netherlands, was 
 held here in 1618 and 1619. P. 32,600. 
 
 Dor6, lake, Canada, in the N. of Saskatchewan, 25 m. long 
 by 14 m. broad, crossed about the middle by io6J° W., drained 
 by the Dor6 R. into the Beaver. 
 
 Dore, tn. , Eastern Archipelago, in the NW. of New Guinea, 
 on the W. side of Geelvink Bay, at the mouth. 
 
 Dore, par., Eng., Derbyshire, N. div., 5 m. SW. by S. 
 Sheffield, i^ m. W. by N. Dore and Totley stn., on the M. R., 
 P.O. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (D. Chrlstchnrch) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dore, riv. , France, trib. of the AUier, rises in the Forey Mts., 
 dep. Puy-de-D6me, flows first SE. then N. to the AUier ; 80 m. 
 long ; used for floating timber. 
 
 Dore, Honts, France. See Anvergne, mountains of. 
 
 Dores, par., Scot., Inverness-shire, on the NE. shore of Loch 
 Ness, 8 m. SW. by S. Inverness, P.O.; 26,304 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Dorf, dorp, drup, Teutonic, ' a village,' or ' small town." 
 
 Doi^all, comm. , Sardinia, cap. dist. , prov. and 62 m. ESE. 
 Sassari, dist. Moro. P. < 5000. 
 
 Dorgall, Gulf of, Sardinia. See Orosei. 
 
 Doris, gulf, in the SW. of Asia Minor, opening westwards in 
 about 36° 43' N. 
 
 Doris, isthmus, separating the Gulf of D. from the Gulf of 
 Kos, on the N. 
 
 Dorlyan, Do'iran, tn., Turkey in Eiu-ope, prov. and 38 m. 
 NNW. Salonica, on the S. shore of D. Lake (alt. 6500 ft.). 
 
 Dorking, market-tn. and par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 5^ m. 
 W. by S. Reigate, situated near the base of Box Hill, where 
 the valley of the Mole forms a break in the N. Downs, towards 
 which roads converge from the N. and S., with stns. on the 
 S. E. R. and L. B. & S. C. R. Market-day, Th. 10,049 ac. 
 P. (1801) 3100; (1871) 8600; (1891) 11,000; tn. P. 7100. 
 
 Dormagen, comm. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Rhine, 10 m. S. by E. Diisseldorf. P. <30oo. 
 
 Dormans, tn., France, on the W. border of dep. Marne, on 
 1. bk. of the Marne, arr. and 14 m. W. byN. Epernay. P. < 2000. 
 
 Dorman's Land, eccles. par. and hamlet, Eng., Surrey, 
 div. and 11 m. SE. by E. Reigate, i m. NNE. its stn. (Dormans) 
 on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O. P. < 1500. See Llngfleld. 
 
 Dormlngton, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 5 m. E. 
 Hereford, 2 m. SE. Withington stn. P. <2So ; eccles. par. (D. 
 St. Peter with Bartestree) P. <5oo. 
 
 Dormltor, mt. , Montenegro. See Dnrmltor. 
 
 Dormston, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., 9 m. 
 E. by N. Worcester, 6^ m. W. Alcester. P. <:25o ; eccles. par. , 
 see Kingston. 
 
 Dom, German; Doom, Dutch, 'thorn.' 
 
 Domach, vil. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, i^ m. W. Miilhausen. 
 P. 5400. 
 
 Domahof, labour colony, near Altshausen, Wiirtemberg. 
 
 Doma Kandreny, 00mm., Austria, prov. Bukovina, dist. 
 Dorna-Watra, vsdth cold ferruginous springs and bathing 
 establishment. P. <3000. 
 
 Domal eh^t, pass, India, Madras, Nellore dist., over the 
 Eastern Ghdts, in 14° 41' N., 79° 14' E., traversed by the main 
 road to Cuddapah from Nellore. 
 
 Domal Loch, small lake, Scot., on the borders of Ayrshire 
 and Wigtownshire, drained E. into the R. Cree. 
 
 443 
 
DORN — DOSU 
 
 Dorna-Watra, or Vatra Dornel, comm. , Austria, crownland 
 Bukovina, 70 m. SSW. Czernowitz. P. < 5000. 
 
 Dornbirn, market-tn. , Austria, Vorarlberg, 7 m. S. Bregenz. 
 P. 10,700. 
 
 Dornbnrg, tn., Gar., gd.-duchy Saxe- Weimar, on the I. bk. 
 of the Saale R., 14 m. E. Weimar. P. < 2000. 
 
 Dome, small riv., Eng., Oxfordshire, flowing SE. and S. 
 through the Banbury and Woodstock divs., joins the Glyme 
 on the 1. bk. at Wootton ; not navigable. 
 
 Domes, tn., France, on S. border dep. Ni^vre, arr. Nevers, 
 45 m. NE. by E. Montlufon, 11 m. N. Moulins. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dornestl, comm. , Austria. See Hadlkfalra. 
 
 Dorney, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div. , on 
 the Thames, 2^ m. NW. by W. Windsor, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Doraban, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 27 m. WSW. 
 Tubingen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Domle, fishing vil. , Scot. , Ross-shire, at the mouth of Loch 
 Duich, 26 m. NE. Point of Sleat, P.O. 
 
 Dome, comm., Italy, prov. Pavia, 3 m. SE. Mortava. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Dornocb, royal and pari, burgh and par. , Scot. , in the extreme 
 SE. of Sutherlandshire, on the E. ct., 4J m. N. by E. Tain. 
 The cathedral (built 1222-45, and rebuilt 1835-37) is now 
 used as the parish church. D. has an excellent beach for bathing, 
 and is frequented by many summer visitors. PMT.O. Par. 
 30,189 ac, P. <25oo ; burgh (1891) P. <75o. See Wick. 
 
 Domocb Flrtb, inlet, Scot., on the E. ct., between Suther- 
 land on the N. and Ross and Cromarty on the S. 
 
 Domock, par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 2| m. E. Annan, with 
 a stn. on the G. & SW. R., P.O. ; 4626 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Dorog, viL, Hungary, co. and 15 m. SSW. Gran ; coal-mine. 
 P. <2ooo. See also Hajdn-Dorog. 
 
 Dorogobnzb, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 55m. E. Smolensk, 
 on upper Dnieper. Trade in hides, tallow, hemp, and salted 
 meat. P. (1861) 6510 ; (1888) 8500. 
 
 Dorobol, tn. , Roumania, cap. prov. D. , on R. Jijia, 32 ra. 
 SE. Czernowitz (Bukovina). P. 9300. 
 
 Dorotbeendorf, comm. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Oppeln, 
 circle Zabrze. P. <50oo. 
 
 Dorozsma, comm., Hungary, prov. Csongrad, 7 m NW. by 
 W. Szegedin. P. 12,300. 
 
 Dorp, Teutonic, ' a village,' or ' small town.' See Dorf. 
 
 Dorp, former tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , annexed in 1889 to 
 Sollngen. 
 
 Dorpat (Esthonian Tartoma, Russian Ynrler, which is now 
 its official name), dist. tn. , Russia, govt, of Livonia, on the 
 Embach R., 157 m. NE. Riga, on Riga and Reval Rly. 
 Picturesquely situated on hills. Founded in 1030 under the 
 name of Yuriev by Jaroslav L, later a possession of Livonian 
 knights. Independent bishopric from the 13th century till 1559, 
 when was said to have 50,000 inhabitants. Definitely annexed 
 to Russia in 1704. Old university, with observatory, laboratories, 
 botanical garden, and large library. Seat of several scientific 
 societies. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 40.1° F., Feb. 19.3°, July 
 64°; rfall. (17 )n-s.), 24 in., May-Nov. 17.6 in., P. (i860) 
 13,870; (1891)40,880. 
 
 Dorre Island, W. Australia, 15 m. N. Dirk Hartog I. , at 
 the mouth of Shark Bay, on the W. , in 25° 10' S. Length, 20 fn. 
 
 Dorrba, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Lower Ormond, on 
 the Shannon, 4 m. W. Parsonstown ; 15,750 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dorrba, prov. , Oman. See Dablra. 
 
 Dorrlngton, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div. , 14 m. 
 SSE. Lincoln, 4 m. N. by E. Sleaford, i^ m. S. by W. Digby 
 stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Dorrlngton, eccles. par. , Eng. , Salop, Oswestry div. , 7 m. S. 
 by W. Shrewsbury, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dorset, a maritime co. in the SW. of Eng. , between Hants 
 and Devon, belonging wholly to the diocese of Salisbury, cap. 
 Dorchester ; other chief towns, Poole, Weymouth, Bridport, Lyme 
 Regis, and Sherborne, divided into the following pari. divs. : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1 89 1. 
 
 Northern .... 
 Eastern .... 
 Southern .... 
 Western .... 
 
 167,489 
 
 179.144 
 
 94,664 
 
 190.975 
 
 45.763 
 57.217 
 49.896 
 41,641 
 
 Total 1 . 
 
 632,272 j 194.517 
 
 ' The ancient and administrative county are co-extensive. 
 
 The siu-face is uneven but not mountainous ; its most character- 
 istic featiu^ are the open downs which supply excellent pasturage 
 to large quantities of sheep. This range of chalk hills or downs 
 enters the county in the NE., and runs SW. and W. to Lyme 
 Regis. It is succeeded on the NW. and SW. by Oolites (to 
 which the Bill of Portland in the S. belongs), and these again 
 are followed in the W. by Liassic rocks. On the SE. the chalk 
 is succeeded by Eocene and Oligocene formations, and all the 
 444 
 
 formations mentioned, except the Lias, succeed one another 
 from N. to S. in the Isle of Purbeck, to the S. of Poole harbour. 
 Besides this harbour the principal feature of the coast is the 
 long line of shingle known as Chesil Bank, terminating in the 
 Bill of Portland, to the N. of which a sheltered roadstead has 
 been made by the construction of a breakwater. The bank con- 
 sists of blue clay, covered with pebbles of spar, quartz, jasper, 
 &c. , to a depth of from 4 to 6 ft. The county is watered by 
 the Stour, which flows SE. through the county into Hants, and 
 the Frome and Piddle flowing SE. then E. into Poole harbour. 
 For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. Dairy hus- 
 bandry is carried to perfection, and Dorset butter is much 
 esteemed. The manufactures are unimportant. The chief 
 mineral productions are the celebrated Purbeck and Portland 
 building-stones, coarse marble, and clays ; pipe-clay being found 
 at Wareham, marl at Wrexham, fireclay at Poole and Corfe 
 Castle. Oil-shale is mined at Kimmeridge. The principal 
 railways are the L. & SW. R., and the G. W. R., or lines 
 worked in connection with these. Remains of colossal reptiles 
 have been found at Lyme Regis ; there are numerous barrows, 
 cromlechs, rings, &c. ; the ruins of Corfe Castle, a seat of thQ 
 Saxon kings of Wessex, are among the finest in England. 
 Anciently the county was inhabited by the Durotriges (Celtic, 
 'water-dwellers'), called by the Saxons Dorsaetan, the second 
 part of which latter name is derived from the Anglo-Saxon sed 
 or set, ' a camp, settlement.' The county formerly gave the title 
 of marquis to the Beauforts and Greys, and that of earl to the 
 Sackvilles. See England, table. 
 
 Dorset, co. , Tasmania, in the NE. corner. 
 
 Dorset, tn., U.S., Vermont, Bennington co., 25 m. S. by W. 
 Rutland, with quarries that furnish ' Vermont Italian marblct' 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Dorsey, co., U.S., Arkansas, crossed in N. by 34° N., 92° W,' 
 
 Dorslngton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div. , 5 
 m. SW. by W. Stratford-on-Avon, 2 m. WNW. Long Marston 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Dorsten, tn., Ger., Prussia, on the Lippe, prov. Westphalia, 
 15 m. N. by W. Essen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dorstfeld, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 2 m. W. by 
 N. Dortmund, with coal-mines. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Dorstone, par., Eng., Hereford, Leominster div., 12J m. W. 
 Hereford, on the Golden Valley Rly. , PM. O. ; 5376 ac. P. < 50a 
 
 Dorsy, tnld., Ire., co. Armagh, bar. Upper Fews, Creggan 
 par. P. <75o. 
 
 Dort, tn. , Netherlands. See Dordrecbt. 
 
 Dortan, vil., France, on the N. border of dep. Ain, arr. 
 Nantua, 25 m. WNW. Geneva. P. < 2000. 
 
 Dortmund, tn. , Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 20 m. E. 
 by N. Essen ; centre of the coal-mining industry of the Ruhr 
 basin, with iron and steel works, and manufactures of machinery, 
 instruments, china, and earthenware. P. (1816) 4500 ; (1871) 
 44,400 ; (1890) 89,700. 
 
 Dorton, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Buckingham div., 8J 
 m. W. by N. Aylesbury, i m. S. Wood Siding stn. P. <25o. 
 See Asbendon. 
 
 Dortrecbt, tn. , Holland. See Dordrecbt. 
 
 Domsmore ('the Great Door'), strait, Scot., Argyllshire, 
 between Craignish Point and Garbhreisa ; is swept by a rapid 
 tidal current. 
 
 Dorral, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Jacques Cartier co. , Montreal I., 
 9 m. SW. by W. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 DorylcBum, ancient tn., Asia Minor. See Esklsbebr. 
 
 Dos, Spanish, 'two.' 
 
 Dosa, tn., India, RAjputina, Jaipur state, in 26° 51' N., 
 76° 23 E. 
 
 Dosbarlos, comm. , Spain, prov. and 27 m. ESE. Toledo, in 
 a plain. P. <3000. 
 
 Dos Cabezos, vil., U.S., Arizona, Cochise co., 70 m. N. by 
 W. from the SE. corner of the terr. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dosen, Bhutan. See Panakba. 
 
 Dosbakb, Mount, Afghanistan, 37 m. WSW. Herat. Alt 
 6922 ft. 
 
 Dos Hermanas, tn., Spain, prov. and 6 m. SSE. Seville, 
 near the Guadiaro. P. 6900. 
 
 Dos-megen-ora (' loftiest of mountains '), highest peak of the 
 Boro-horo range, Tian Shan system, about 70 m. W. Urumtsi. 
 Alt. about 20,000 ft. 
 
 Dosolo, comm., Italy, on the 1. bk. of the Po, prov. and 15 m. 
 SW. Mantua. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Dospad Dagb, mts. See Despoto Dagb. 
 
 Dosse, riv., mainly in the Prussian prov. of Brandenburg, 
 flows S. then W. into the Havel (W. frontier of the prov.), 
 navigable for a few miles in its lower course, used for floating 
 timber from near its source. 
 
 Dossenbelm, comm., Ger., gd.-duchy Baden, circle Heidel^ 
 berg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dos Torres, comm., Spain, prov. Cordoba, dist. Pozoblanco. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Dosnn, or Doson, penin. and cape, in NE. of Tongking, 
 SE. of Haifong. 
 
I 
 
 DOTH — DOUL 
 
 Dothan, place named in O. T. See Tell DothAn. 
 
 Dothie Camddwr and D. Plscottwr, two adjoining pars., 
 Wales, Cardiganshire, Tregaron union. D. C. 7481 ac, P. 
 <25o; D. P. 8097 ac, P. <25o. 
 
 Dottlgnles, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. 
 Courtrai. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Dotton, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, (>\ m. E. Topsham. P <2So. 
 
 Dotzhelm, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, govt, anddist. 
 Wiesbaden. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Dou. For non-French names of places belonging to French 
 possessions beginning with this syllable, see under Du. 
 
 Doaal, or Douay, fortified tn. of the first class, France, dep. 
 Nord, cap. arr., 15 m. ENE. Arras, with breweries, salt and 
 sugar refineries, and file factories ; also a university academy, 
 and an English Roman Catholic college, originaUy founded in 
 1568, but suppressed for a time at the Revolution. A university 
 was established at D. in 1562, and remained until the Revolution. 
 The D. Bible, the authorised English version of the Old and New 
 Testaments for Roman Catholics, consists of a translation of the 
 New Testament which first appeared at Reims in 1582, and 
 one of the Old Testament which appeared at D. in 1609-10 ; 
 both from the Vulgate. P. (1872) 23,800; (1891) 29,900. 
 
 Douaruenez (Breton, 'land of the isle,' referring to the 
 opposite island of Tristan), fishing tn., France, dep. Finistfere, 
 arr. Quimper, on D. Bay, 23 m. SSE. Brest, with important 
 sardine and other fisheries. P. 10,000. 
 
 Doable Bay, one of the prettiest suburbs of Sydney, New 
 South Wales, on the shores of Port Jackson, i^ m. E. of the city. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Donblebols, stn., Eng., Cornwall, on the G. W. R., 4 m. 
 W. Liskeard. 
 
 Double Island, small isl., about 12 m. S. Amherst Point, 
 Tenasserim, Lower Burma, with lighthouse, visible 19 m. 
 
 Doable, or DIalati Sloantalns. See Basnto-laud. 
 
 Doubs, the ancient Dubis, riv., France, rises in the Jura, 
 at the S. extremity of the dep. D., flows first NE. Morteau, and 
 then flowing through a very deep gorge between calcareous 
 rocks, separates France from Switzerland, afterwards flows on 
 the whole SW. through the N. and W. of dep. D., passing St. 
 Hippolyte, Besan9on, and Dole, where its natural navigation 
 commences, and joins the Sa6ne on the left at Verdun-sur- 
 Saone. Chief affluent the Loue. Near Morteau it forms a 
 cataract 88 ft. high. From Vougeaucoiu-t, SW. of Montb61iard, 
 to Dole, a distance of 53 m., it forms a section of the Rhone 
 and Rhine canal. Length, 270 m. 
 
 Doabs, E. frontier dep., France, formerly part of the duchy 
 of Burgundy, afterwards of the Franche-Comt6 (q.v.), bounded 
 in the NE. by the German dist. of Alsace; divided into four 
 arrs. — Besan9on (the cap.), Baume-les-Dames, Montb^liard, and 
 Pontarlier. The dep. is mountainous, traversed by four chains 
 of the Jura, running parallel to each other, and decreasing in 
 altitude as they recede from the Swiss frontier, namely from SE. 
 to NW. , the culminating point in the easternmost chain being 
 the Mont d'Or (4800 ft). The natural divisions, or zones, are 
 three, the plains (almost everywhere, however, above 500 ft. in 
 height), between the Ognon (W. frontier) and Doubs, a dist. rich 
 in cereals (principally wheat and oats), frmt-trees, and vineyards 
 (for climate, see Besancon), the middle region a zone of moderate 
 elevation (up to 2300 ft. ), covering the central portion of the dep. 
 with pastures, and the upper region, or region of plateaux. 
 The minerals are unimportant apart from building-stones and 
 rock salt (produced at Arc, Miserey, and Chatillon-le-Duc). 
 Manufactures include iron-works, blast-furnaces, watch and 
 clock-making [Besancon], and bell- founding. Montb^liard, 
 the fort of Joux, and Besan9on are fortified places. Area, 2052 
 sq. m. P. 303,100. See France, table. 
 
 Donbtfal Island, Pacific. See Tekotota. 
 
 Donee, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cork, dist. Kealkill. 
 
 Donee Monntaln, Ire., in the NE. of co. Wicklow, 8 m. 
 SW. Bray. Height, 2384 feet. 
 
 Doncets, stn. , Canada, Quebec, Nicolet co. , on the r. bk. of 
 the St. Lawrence, 70 m. WSW. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dondevllle, tn., France, dep. Seine Inf^rieure, 19 m. SW. 
 Dieppe, arr. and 8 m. N. by E. Yvetot. P. <2000. 
 
 Don^-la-Fontalne, tn., France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, cap. 
 cant., arr., and 10 m. WSW. Saumur, with coal. P. <400o. 
 
 Dongal, Locb, inlet, Scot., W. ct. Sutherland, in 58° 25^' N. 
 
 Dongberty, co., U.S., Georgia, between 31° and 32° N., and 
 crossed in the E. by 84° W. ; traversed by Flint R. 
 
 Dongbton, eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk. See Dnnton. 
 
 Dongbty's Falls, vil. .U.S., Maine, York co. (SW. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Donglas, vil. , Canada. See Garaf^axa. 
 Donglas, settlement, Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R. , 
 122 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Donglas (dug'las), vil., Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co., on 
 the riv. Bonnechere, 60 m. W. Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 Donglas, vil., Cape Colony, dist. Herbert. P. <i50o. 
 Donglas (' the black stream '), riv. , Eng. , in the W. of Lanca- 
 shire, trib. of the Ribble, which it joins on the 1. bk. at Hesketh. 
 Length, 15 m. Navigable to Sollom. 
 
 Donglas, seapt., market-tn., and watering-place of the Isle 
 of Man, of which it is the largest town and now the cap., on a 
 bay on its E. coast, along which a promenade runs for 2 m.; 
 good beach ; 81 m. NW. Liverpool. The harbour, which ad- 
 mits vessels drawing from 10 to 16 ft. at high water, but dries 
 at low tide, has a pier 520 feet in length, with a lighthouse at its 
 N. head, and an outer pier 1500 ft. long for landing at all states 
 of the tide. Steamers run to Liverpool, Dublin, Glasgow, Bar- 
 row, Fleetwood, Silloth, and Whitehaven. The town has coast- 
 ing trade and considerable fisheries. Birthplace of Professor E. 
 Forbes, the naturalist. On Isle of Man Rly. Market-day, S. 
 P. (1871) 14,000; (1891) 19,500. 
 
 Donglas, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Eccleston par., near 
 Wigan. P. < 1500. 
 
 Donglas, tn.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Cork, 2^ m. SE. Cork, 
 PMT.O. P. 750. 
 
 Donglas, riv. , New Guinea. See Pliilp River. 
 
 Donglas, or Donglas Park, post-tn. , New South Wales, 
 Camden co., 45 m. S. Sydney. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Donglas, co., Queensland, crossed in the N. by 20° S., and 
 in the middle by 144° E. 
 
 Donglas, par. and vil., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, on the D. 
 Water, 8 m. SSW. Lanark, 2^ m. SSW. of its stn. on the C. R., 
 PMT.O., with coal. Alt. 783 ft. Mean temp. (1861-80), yr. 
 44.6° F., Jan. 34.9°, July 56.0°; mean rfall. (1866-80), 44.38 in. 
 Par. 34,139 ac, P. <25oo; vil. P. < 1500. 
 
 Donglas, settlement, S. Australia, Burra co. , 90 m. N. by E. 
 Adelaide. 
 
 Donglas, CO. , U. S. , Colorado, N. of 39° N. , crossed by 105° W. 
 
 Donglas, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, between 43° and 44° N. and 
 98° and 99° W. 
 
 Donglas, co., U.S., Georgia, S. of 34° N. and E. of 85° W. 
 
 Donglas, co., U.S., Illinois, S. of 40° N., and crossed in 
 extreme NE. by 88° W. 
 
 Donglas, co., U.S., Kansas, W. of 95° W., bounded on the 
 N. by the Kansas R. 
 
 Donglas, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 15 m. S. by E. 
 Worcester. P. < 2000. 
 
 Donglas, CO., U.S., Minnesota, in the W., crossed in the N. 
 by 46° N. , to the E. of 96° W. 
 
 Donglas, co., U.S., Missouri, in the S., to the E. of 93° W., 
 crossed in the N. by 37° N. 
 
 Donglas, co., U.S., Nebraska, in the E., between the Mis- 
 souri on the E. and the Platte on the W. , crossed by 4i;|° N. 
 
 Donglas, co. , U.S. , Nevada, on W. and SW. frontiers of state. 
 
 Donglas, co., U.S., Oregon, in the SW., crossed in the 
 extreme N. by 44° N. , and in the S. by 43° N. , bounded on the 
 W. by the Pacific. 
 
 Donglas, co. , U.S., Washington, crossed by 47° and 48° N., 
 and bounded on N. and W. by Columbia R. 
 
 Donglas, co., U.S., Wisconsin, in the extreme NW. 
 
 Donglas Bridge, viL , Ire. , NW. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower 
 Strabane, 4J m. S. by E. Strabane, 3 m. from Newtownstewart 
 stn., P.O. 
 
 Donglasbnrn, electoral div. , Ire., co. Tyrone, dist. Newtown- 
 stewart. 
 
 Donglas Channel, inlet, Canada, Brit. Columbia, opening 
 SW. , mouth in 53^° N. 
 
 Donglas Hill, P.O., Wales, 2 m. from Bethesda, Carnarvon. 
 
 Donglas Island, Pacific. See Parece Vela. 
 
 Donglas Island, U.S., Alaska, between Admiralty I. and the 
 mainland, in 58° 15' N., contains the Tread well gold-mine. 
 
 Donglas Park, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, 2 m. E. Bothwell. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Donglas Pier, P.O., Scot., Argyllshire, on the W. shore of 
 Loch Goil, 12^ m. NW. by N. Helensburgh. 
 
 Donglas Point, cape, Canada, Ontario, on Lake Huron, 
 Bruce co. , in 44° 20' N. 
 
 Donglass, vil., U.S., Kansas, Butler co., on Walnut Creek, 
 130 m. SW. by S. Topeka, and 20 m. SE. by E. Wichita. 
 Alt. 1194 ft. (R.R.). P.<isoo. 
 
 DonglastOTrn, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Northumber- 
 land CO., on the 1. bk. of the Miramichi R. , 99 m. NE. by N. 
 Fredericton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Donglastown, vil., Canada, Quebec, Gasp^ co., on the R. 
 St. John, in 48° 45' N. P. < 1500. 
 
 Donglastovrn, vil., Scot., Forfarshire, on Kerbet Water, 3 
 m. SW. by W. Forfar, P.O. 
 
 Donglas Water, small riv., Scot., Dumbartonshire, in the 
 N. , flows E. into the middle of Loch Lomond. 
 
 Donglas Water, riv., Scot., rises in the Cairn Table, in the 
 SW. of Lanarkshire, and flows NE. into the Clyde. Length, 20 m. 
 
 Dongrle (du'gri), place, Scot., I. of Arran, 8| m. W. Brodick, 
 at the mouth of Glen lorsa. 
 
 Donlra (French spelling), Tunis. See Dnlra. 
 
 Donlalnconrt, tn., France, dep. Haute Marne, arr. Wassy, 
 on the Rognon, 31 m. S. Bar-le-Duc P. <2ooo. 
 
 Donle, Loch, small lake, Scot., Ross-shire, ij m. long, m 
 Glen Carron, 4^-6 m. above the head of Loch Carron, 10 m. S. 
 of the upper end of Loch Maree. 
 
 446 
 
DOU L 
 
 D O W A 
 
 Donleyant, or Donlerant-le^Cliftteaii, vil., France, dep. 
 Haute Marne, arr. Wassy, on the Blaise, 30 m. SSW. Bar-le- 
 
 DUC. P. <2000. 
 
 Donllens, or Donlens, tn., France, dep. Somme, on the 
 Authie, cap. arr., 19 m. N. Amiens. P. <40oo. 
 
 Donlon, tn., France, dep. Loire Inf^rieure, on the r. bk. of 
 the Loire, arr. and 3 m. NE. by E. Nantes. P. <4000. 
 
 Donltlng, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 6 m. E. by S. 
 Wells, ij m. E. Shepton Mallet stn., PM.O. P. <75o; eccles. 
 par. (D. -wltix East Cranmore, West Cranmore, and Down- 
 liead) P. < 1500. 
 
 Doulus Head, cape. Ire., SW. ct. co. Kerry, at the S. 
 entrance to Dingle Bay. 
 
 Donnby, hamlet, Scot., Orkney Is., Mainland, 7 m. from 
 Finstown, PT.O. 
 
 Donne, vil., Scot., W. Perthshire, on the Teith, 7 m. SE. by 
 E. Callander, 3J m. W. Dimblane, on the C. R. ; once famous 
 for its manufacture of Highland pistols and sporrans. PMT.O. 
 Mean rfall. (Lanrick Castle, 3 m. WNW., 1866-80), 47.31 in. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Dour, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 9 m. WSW. Mons, with 
 coalmines. P. (of comm.) 10,600. 
 
 Donra, mining viL, Scot., N. Ayrshire, 2^ m. NE. by N. 
 Irvine, i| m. NW. by W. Cimninghamhead stn. 
 
 DonrMe, riv., S. France, deps. Card and Aveyron, flows W. 
 into the Tarn, just above Millau. Length about 43^ m. See 
 Cansses. 
 
 Donrdan, tn., France, dep. Seine et Oise, arr. Rambouillet, 
 20 m. SSW. Versailles, 10 m. NW. Etampes. P. <4000. 
 
 Donrdon, two rivs. , France, dep. Aveyron. The North D. 
 flows from SE. to NW. , and enters the Lot on the 1. bk. The 
 Sontb D. rises in dep. Tarn, and enters the Tarn R. on the 
 L bk. after a NW. course of 56 m. 
 
 Donrgne, vil. , France, dep. Tarn, arr. and 10 m. SW. by S. 
 Castres. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Donro, Spanish Duero, ancient Durius, 'water,' riv., Spain 
 and Portugal, rises in the prov. Soria (Spain), flows first S. past 
 Soria, then generally W. through Ldon to Miranda, passing 
 Toro and Zamora, then turns SSW., forming the boundary 
 between Spain and Portugal, and, lastly, again W. ; and having 
 divided the Portuguese provs. Tras-os-Montes and Beira, and 
 intersected the prov. Oporto, enters the Atlantic at Sao Joao da 
 Foz, 3 m. W. Oporto. Total course estimated at 485 m. Its 
 basin, between the Asturian Mts. N., and the Sierras Guad- 
 arrama and Estrella, is the most extensive of the Spanish 
 penin., but its course is chiefly through narrow and craggy 
 valleys. Chief tribs., the Pisuerga, Elsa, Eresma, Tormes, and 
 Tavora. About 58 m. E. of Oporto commences the vidne country 
 of the D. Area of basin, 36,700 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). 
 Donro, North, vil. , Canada. See Lakefield. 
 Donsland, stn., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., on the 
 G. W. R., 9 m. NNE. Devonport. 
 Donsse-alln, or Little Khingau. See Bnreya Honntalng. 
 Donstre, riv. , France, dep. Corr^ze, joins the Dordogne near 
 Argentat after a S. course of 25 m. 
 Donthstown, Ire. See Dowdstown. 
 Douty, settlement, U.S., Washington, Pierce co., 38 m. E. 
 Olympia. 
 
 Douvalne, tn.. France, dep. Haute Savoie, arr. Thonon- 
 les-Bains, 11 m. NE. Geneva. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Douve, riv. , France, dep. Manche, enters the English Channel 
 at Carentan, after a SE. course of 30 m. Navigable for small 
 boats from St. Sauvetir, 19 m. 
 
 Donvres, vil., France, dep. Calvados, arr. and 8 m. N. by 
 W. Caen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Donx, riv., France, dep. Ard^che, joins the Rhone near 
 Tournon after a SE. then NE. course of 25 m. 
 Donze, riv. , France. See MIdonze. 
 
 DoTadola, tn. , Italy, prov. Florence, 10 m. SW. Terra-del- 
 Sole, on the Montone. Near here commence the Miocene 
 deposits, which form precipices behind the viL , and from which 
 issue the celebrated mineral waters of Castro-Fara, P. < 
 3000. 
 
 DoTC, riv., Eng., rises on Axe Edge, Derbyshire, forms the 
 greater part of the boundary between Derbyshire and Stafford- 
 shire, and falls into the Trent on the L bk. at Newton Solney. 
 It is not navigable. 
 
 DoTO, riv. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div. , rising 
 on Burton Howe and flowing to the Rye, which it joins on the 
 1. bk. 5 m. NW. of Malton. 
 
 DoTea, tnld. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Eliogarty, 4 m. NW. 
 Thurles, P.O. P.<25o. 
 DoTebrldge, Eng. See DoTerldge. 
 
 Dove Canal, Eng. , Yorkshire. See Deame and D. Canal. 
 DoyecUlTe, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 3 
 m. SE. Bamsley, on the M. S. & L. R. 
 
 Doye Dale, the upper part of the valley of the Dove, Eng. , 
 Derbyshire and Staffordshire. 
 
 Doye Holes, stn. , Eng. , Derbyshire, on the L. & N. W. R. , 
 si m. NE. by N, Buxton. PM.O. 
 446 
 
 Dovenby, par., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div. , 4! m. 
 ESE. Maryport, i m. N. by E. Papcastle stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Dover, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, co. Westmor- 
 land, on R. Petitcodiac, 10 m. from Moncton. 
 
 Dover, the ancient Dubris, from Celtic Dwyiffyrha, ' a steep 
 place,' pari. bor. (i member), mun. bor., cinque port, and 
 market-tn. , now also a favourite watering-place, Eng. , co. Kent, 
 St. Augustine div., on the NW. side of Dover Strait, at the 
 terminus of the SE. R. and L. C. & D. R., the latter of which 
 has two stns. (Dover Priory and the Harbour), 66 m. (76 m. 
 by rail) ESE. London, 21 m. from Cape Grisnez, on the 
 opposite side of the English Channel, and 25 m. NW. by W. 
 Calais. Lat. of castle 51° 7' 8" N., long. 1° 19' 5" E. It is 
 situated in a notch of the chalk cliffs which here form the coast- 
 line, the notch running 2 or 3 m. inland north-westwards, and 
 traversed by the highroad to Canterbury and the L. C. & D. R., 
 the SE. R. entering the town from the SW. through a timnel cut 
 in the cliffs. On the chalk downs, N. of the town, are the 
 castle (alt. 469 ft.), formerly the seat of administration of the 
 Cinque Ports, citadel, and several strong detached forts, with 
 large barracks. The castle is a collection of formidable works, 
 occupying 35 ac. , containing Roman and Saxon towers, a keep 
 forming a bomb-proof magazine, and barracks for 2000 men. 
 The opposite heights are also fortified. The town has a mtiseum 
 and philosophical institution belonging to the corporation. The 
 harbour comprises two docks (the Granville and the W^ellington) 
 and a tidal basin, 145 ft. wide at the entrance, 16 ft. deep at 
 high water ordinary neap, 21 ft. at spring tides. An Admiralty 
 pier, begun in 1848, and designed to form the W. arm of a 
 harbour of refuge, which, when completed, is to enclose an area 
 of 520 ac, has at its sea end a turret fort armed with two 
 eighty-two ton guns. The E. arm was begun in 1892. There 
 is a patent slip 600 ft. long, with 500 tons lifting power. The 
 principal traffic is that connected with the transit to the continent, 
 the D.-Calais route having the shortest sea-passage (by the 
 quickest steamers about 60 minutes in time). There is a large 
 import of eggs and other rural produce from France, and a 
 coasting trade and fishery. For port statistics, see Appendix, 
 p. 13. Shipbuilding and rope and sail making are carried on. 
 Market-days, T., Th., and S. Mean temp. (19 yrs.), yr. 49.6" 
 F., Jan. 39.7°, Aug. 62.0°; rfall. (25 yrs.), 27.84 in. Par. P. 
 13,900; mun. and pari. bor. P. (1851) 22,200; (1871) 28,500; 
 (1891) 33,300 (exclusive of 5000 military). See Calais, 
 pover, Tasmania. See Port Esperance. 
 Dover, tn., U.S., Delaware, Kent co., on St. Jones Creek, 40 
 m. S. Wilmington. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Dover, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co., 14 m. SW. by 
 W. Boston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Dover, city, New Hampshire, Strafford co. , 33 m. E. Con- 
 cord, lo m. NNW. Portsmouth, on Cochecho R. , at the head of 
 navigation for schooners of 400 tons, and at the lower falls of 
 the river, which here descends 32 ft., affording water-power 
 utilised in cotton factories and print-works. Water-power also 
 afforded by the Bellamy, on which are large woollen mills. P. ! 
 (1880)11,700; (1890)12,800. 
 
 Dover, formerly Canal Dover, viL, U.S., Ohio, Tuscara-.j 
 was CO., 52 m. NW. Wheeling (W. Virginia). P. <:40oo. 
 
 Dover, tn., U.S., Maine, Piscataquis co., on R. Piscataquis,! 
 33 m. NW. by W. Bangor. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dover, Strait of, French Pas de Calais, ancient Fretum 
 Gallicum, the strait which separates England and France, and 
 connects the English Channel with the North Sea. It extends ; 
 from Dungeness and Cape Grisnez, in a NE. direction, to the 
 S. Foreland and Calais (j'.^'.). Length, 22 m. ; narrowest 
 breadth, 21 m. 
 Doveran, or Dovem, riv. , Scot. See Deveron. 
 Dover Beck, small riv. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, trib. of the 
 Trent, which it joins on the 1. bk. 8 m. ENE. Nottingham. 
 
 Doverconrt, par. , Eng. , Essex, Colchester div. , on the estuary 
 of the Stour, 2| m. WSW. Harwich, on the G. E. R., P.O. 
 (Upper D.). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Doverdale, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Droitwich div. ,7 m. 
 N. Worcester, 3 m. WNW. Droitwich. P. <25o. 
 
 Doverldge, or Dovebrldge, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W^. div., ^ 
 II m. NW. Burton, 2 m. E. Uttoxeter stn., PM.O. ; 4466 aa ' 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Dover Plains, viL, U.S., New York, Dutchess co., 18 m. 
 E. by N. Poughkeepsie. P. < 1500. 
 Dover Priory, stn. See Dover. 
 
 Dovey, Dyfls, or Dyfl, riv. , Wales, rises in Merionethshire, 
 on Aran Mawddwy, flows SW. through Montgomeryshire, past 
 Machynlleth, into Cardigan Bay, just to the N. of Cardiganshire. 
 Length about 30 m. 
 
 Dovre, vil., Norway, prov. Christiansand, in Gudbrands- 
 dal, S. of Snehatten, in 62° N., 9° 18' E. Alt. 2110 ft. Mean 
 temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 33.1° F., Jan. 16°, July 54° ; rfall. 13.34 in- 
 Dovrefjeld, a high plateau intersected by deep and narrow 
 valleys, in Norway [q.v.), N. of 62° N. 
 
 Dowa'glac, city, U.S., Michigan, Cass co., 40 m. ENE. 
 of the SW. corner of the state. P. <3ooo. 
 
DOW A— DOWR 
 
 Dowally, par. , Scot. , W. Perthshire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Tay, 32 m. NNW. Dunkeld, close to Guay stn. See Dnnkeld 
 and Dowally. 
 
 Do'walton, Loch, lake, Scot., Wigtownshire, in the SE., 
 midway between Luce and Wigtown Bays, 5 m. SSW. Wig- 
 town. In this loch, when drained in 1862-63, lacustrine human 
 habitations were found built on artificial crannoges. 
 
 DoTvanbill, part of the city of Glasgow, Scot. , in the par. of 
 Govan. See KelTlnslde and Dowanhlll. 
 
 Dowblgglu, eccles. par. and hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, near 
 Sedbergh. See Cautley. 
 
 Dowdeswell, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Cirencester div. , 
 4 m. SE. by E. Cheltenham, 2 m. E. Charlton Kings stn., with 
 a stn. (AndoTersford and D.) on the M. & S. W. June. Rly. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Dowdstown, or Dontbgtofrn, par., Ire., co. Meath, bar. 
 Skreen, on the Bo)Tie, 3 m. SE. Navan. P. <:25o. 
 
 DowlalshTaram, DowlalshTeram (census), or Daales> 
 •waraok (Davaleskwaram, or 'White Siva'), tn., Brit. India, 
 Madras, dist. Goddvari, at the bifurcation of the R. Godivari, 
 68 m. NE. Masulipatam. P. (1881) 8000; (1891) 10,500; 
 Hindus, 10,000. 
 
 Dowlals, eccles. par., Wales, Glamorganshire, included in 
 the pari. bor. of Merthyr Tydfil, i^ m. NE. by E. Merthyr 
 Tydfil, with three stns. (D., D. Top, and D. Cae Harris) ; has 
 blast-furnaces and large iron-works. P. 16,800. 
 
 Dowland, par., Eng., Devonshire, South Molton div., 12^ 
 m. SE. by S. Bideford, 7^ m. SE. Torrington stn. P. <25o. 
 
 DoTvlat&1>^d. India. See Daalatdb<kd. 
 
 Dowles, par., Eng., Shropshire, Ludlow div., on the Severn, 
 I m. NW. Bewdley. P. <25o. 
 
 Dcwliug, CO. , New South Wales, bounded on the N. by the 
 Lachlan R. , crossed in the W. by 146° E. 
 
 Dowllsb Wake, par. , Eng. , Somerset div. , 12 m. W. by S. 
 Yeovil, 2| m. SE. Ilminster stn. P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (D. W. 
 •with West DowUsb) P. <5oo. 
 
 Dcwlish, West, par., Eng., Somersetshire, i m. SE. Ilmin- 
 ster. P. <25o; eccles. par., see D. Wake. 
 
 Dowlutabad, India. See Danlatdbdd. 
 
 Down, or Downe, par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., 7J m. 
 ESE. Croydon, 2J m. SW. by W. Chelsfield stn., the residence 
 of Charles Darwin for the greater part of his life, PM.O. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Down, a maritime co.. Ire., Ulster, in the E., bounded N. by 
 CO. Antrim and Belfast Lough, S. and E. by the Irish Sea, and 
 W. by CO. Armagh, is divided into the following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Ards, Lower . 
 Ards, Upper . 
 Castlereagh, Lower. 
 Castlereagh, Upper . 
 Dufferin .... 
 Iveagh, Lower, Lower Half 
 Iveagh, Lower, Upper Half 
 Iveagh, Upper, Lower Half 
 Iveagh, Upper, Upper Half 
 Kinelarty 
 Lecale, Lower 
 Lecale, Upper 
 Nevvry, Lordship of 
 Mourne .... 
 Belfast City, part of . 
 
 Total 
 
 Acres. 
 
 38.454 
 29,706 
 
 SI.714 
 53.888 
 
 17.215 
 46,040 
 
 47.573 
 96,305 
 63,301 
 
 40.325 
 30,976 
 30,700 
 16,182 
 47,878 
 1,669 
 
 P. 1891. 
 
 21.564 
 10, 164 
 27,256 
 20,031 
 
 6,030 
 17,003 
 23,273 
 24, 102 
 22,997 
 10,947 
 
 6,459 
 10,973 
 12,337 
 10,872 
 
 43.051 
 
 611,9271 267,059 
 
 ^ Exclusive of 492 ac under larger rivers, lakes, &c. 
 
 The surface is mountainous in the S. , where are the Mourne Mts. 
 (Slleye Donard, 2796 ft.), while the other parts are undulating 
 and hilly, with fine meadows along the rivers, of which the chief 
 are the Lagan in the N., flowing into Belfast Lough at Belfast, 
 and which forms part of the boundary between D. and Antrim, 
 and the Bann in the S. The principal indentations of the coast, 
 besides Belfast Lough on the N. and Carlingford Lough on the 
 E. , are Strangford Lough and Dundrum Bay. Geologically the 
 county is mainly composed of Lower Silurian rocks, with patches 
 of granite in the SW. , and Permian or Triassic deposits along 
 the lower Lagan. The Newry canal admits vessels of 13^ ft. 
 draught to Newry, and of 5 ft. to Portadown in Armagh, where 
 it unites vdth the Bann and Lough Neagh navigation, and 
 through that with the Ulster canal. The principal railway is 
 the Belfast and Co. Down Rly. , whose main line runs from Belfast 
 to Downpatrick, and has connections with Bangor, Donagh- 
 adee, Ballynahinch, and Newcastle. In the W. of the county 
 a line connected with the G. N. R. runs to Ballyroney. For 
 agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. There are no 
 minerals of economic importance. The chief manufacture is 
 linen, especially of the finer sorts, which is carried on in the 
 
 houses of the small farmers ; there are flax, cotton, and woollen 
 mills, and manufactures of leather, hosiery, &c. The county 
 returns foiur members to Parliament (for the N., S. , E. , and W. 
 divs. respectively) , besides one for the borough of Newry. The 
 population is decreasing. See Ireland, table. 
 
 Down, par., Ire., co. D., bar. Upper Lecale, contains Down- 
 patrick town ; 11,636 ac. P. 5700. 
 
 Down, East, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Barnstaple div. , 6 m. 
 SE. by E. Ilfracombe. P.<5oo. 
 
 Down, West, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Barnstaple div. , 3^ m. 
 S. Ilfracombe, 2 m. SE. Morthoe stn., P.O. ; 4082 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Down Ampney, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, on the Thames 
 and Severn Canal, div. and 6 m. SE. by E. Cirencester, 2 m. 
 N. Cricklade, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Downeralg Ferry, Scot., co. Bute, Great Cumbrae I., on 
 the NE. 
 
 Downderry, P.O., Eng., 5 m. SW. St. Germans, Cornwall. 
 
 Downend, eccles. par. and vil. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Man- 
 gotsfield par., 5 m. NE. Bristol, P.O. P. 5200. 
 
 Downfleld, vil. , Scot. , 2 m. NW. Dundee, Forfarshire, PM. O, 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Downgate, P.O., Eng., 3 m. NE. Calling^on, Cornwall. 
 
 Downlngs, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Clane. P. <7So. 
 
 Downham, par., Eng., Cambridge, Isle of Ely, Wisbech 
 div., 2^ m. NNW. Ely, i m. SW. Black Bank stn., PM.O. 
 (Little D.) ; 10,154 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dovmbam, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 7J ra. S. Chelmsford, 
 i| m. NW. by N. Wicklow stn. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (D. St. 
 Margaret) P. <25o. 
 
 Dowubam, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 3^ m. NE. by 
 E. CUtheroe, ij m. ENE. Chatburn stn., P.O. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (D. St. Leonard) P. <5oo. 
 
 Downbam Market, market-tn. and par., Eng., Norfolk, 
 SW. div., lo^ m. S. King's Lynn, with a stn. (Downbam) on 
 the G. E. R. , with a bell foundry. Market-day, F. P. <35oo ; 
 tn. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Down Hatherley, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury 
 div. , 3 m. NE. Gloucester, 2 m. NW. Churchdown stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Downbead, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 5 m. W. by S. 
 Frome, 2J m. NE. Cranmore stn. P. <:25o; eccles. par., see 
 Dooltlng. 
 
 Doi^nblll, stn., Ire., co. Londonderry, on the Belfast and 
 Northern Counties Rly., 6 m. NW. Coleraine, P.O. 
 
 Downbolland, par., Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., 7 m. 
 S. by E. Southport, i m. NE. Altcar and Hillhouse stn. P. <: 1000. 
 
 nio'wnbolme, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the Swale, 
 div. and 4 m. WSW. Richmond, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 DownleTllle, viL, U.S., California, Sierra co., 82 m. NNE. 
 Sacramento, surrounded by high mountains ; gold-mines near. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Downlngs, par., Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Clane, 3 m. NW. 
 Sallins stn. ; 4730 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Downlngton, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Chester co., 26 m. 
 SSE. Reading. P. <20oo. 
 
 Downpatrick, mun. bor. (till 1885 also a pari, bor.). Ire., 
 SE. CO. Down, bar. Upper Lecale, 18 m. S. Newton Ards, 
 connected by rail with Belfast and Newcastle. Manufactures 
 of linen, leather, soap; flax scutching-mills and breweries. Its 
 holy weUs are resorted to by Roman Catholic pilgrims. Market- 
 day, S. P. < 3500. 
 
 Downpatrick Head, cape. Ire. , N. ct. Mayo, in 9° 20' W. 
 
 Downreay, Lower and Upper, hamlets, Scot., on the N. 
 ct. of Caithness, 8^ m. W. by S. Thurso, P.O. (Downreay). 
 
 Downs, vil., U.S., Kansas, Osborne co., on R. Solomon, 
 163 m. W. by N. Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Downs, Tbe, a portion of the North Sea, off the SE. ct., 
 Eng., Kent, between N. and S. Foreland, opposite Ramsgate 
 and Deal ; good roadstead, protected by the Goodwin Sands. 
 
 Downs, Nortb and Sontb, two ranges of hills, Eng. , trending 
 more or less E. and W. through Dorsetshire. See also Eng- 
 land, physical featiu"es. 
 
 Downside, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, E. div. ,4jm. E. 
 Wells, I m. N. Shepton Mallet stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Downside, P.O., Eng., 4 m. NW. Leatherhead, Surrey. 
 
 Down St. Mary, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 13J 
 m. NW. by W. Exeter, i m. S. Morchard Road stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Downton, P.O., Eng., Hampshire, 4 m. SW. Lymington. 
 
 Downton, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and io| m. NNW. 
 Leominster, 4 m. SW. by S. Onibury stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Downton, small tn. and par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Wilton div. , 
 6 m. SSE. Salisbury, on the L. & SW. R., an ancient place, 
 with an agricultural college, tanneries, paper-mills, shirt-making, 
 and basket and wicker working. About 2 m. distant is the 
 mansion and estates of Standlynch (Trafalgar), the national gift 
 to Horatio, Admiral Lord Nelson. PMT.O., and P.O. (D.Cross 
 Roads). 12,529 ac. P. <35oo; eccles. par. (D. wltb Nunton) 
 P. <;25oo. 
 
 Dowra, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Cavan, bar. TuUyhaw, 14 J m. N. 
 Leitrim, 9 m. from Belcoo stn., PMT.O. P. <:250. 
 Dowre, Norway. See Dovre. 
 
 447 
 
D O WS ■ 
 
 Dowsby, par. , Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 9 m. 
 NW. by W. Spalding, near Rippingale stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Dowth, par., Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Slane, 4 m. 
 WSW. Drogeda ; several tumuli near the vil., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Downreay, P.O., Scot., 3 m. from Reay, Caithness. 
 
 Doxford, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Alnwick union. P. 
 <25o. 
 
 Doyet, tn., France, dep. Allier, arr. and 11 m. E. Montlu9on. 
 P. <:30oo. 
 
 Doyle's Colnmn, Guernsey. See Jerbonrg Tower. 
 
 Doyle, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Pontiac co., on Trout 
 Lake, 25 m. from Pembroke. 
 
 Doyleston, or Cheddar, post-tn., New Zealand, South L, 
 Selwyn co., 20 m. SW. by S. Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Doylestown, vil., U.S., Ohio, Wayne co., 36 m. S. Cleve- 
 land. P. < 1500. 
 
 Doylestown, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Bucks co., 28 m. N. 
 by E. Philadelphia. P. <3000. 
 
 Doyntou, par. , Eng., Gloucestershire, Thombury div., 5J m. 
 N. byW. Bath, 3 m. E. Warmley stn., P.O. P.<S90. 
 
 Doznl^, tn., France, dep. Calvados, arr. Pont-l'Evfique, 14 
 m. WNW. Lisieux. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Draa, Wadi, riv. , or rather watercourse containing a river 
 in times of rain, or when the snow melts on the mountains, in 
 the W. of the Sahara. It rises by two headviraters, the Wady 
 Idermi and the Wady Dades, on the S. slopes of the High 
 Atlas, the Idermi flowing from the NW. and meeting the Dades 
 (from the NE. ) in about 30° 50' N. , 6° 17' W. , immediately after 
 which the valley breaks through the Ajiti-Atlas and the Jebel 
 Bani in a south-easterly direction, passing a nimiber of oases, 
 the princifjal of which is Tamgrut. It then flows WSW. , ex- 
 panding a little below the turning point into the large sandy 
 plain (in high water a shallow lagoon) known as Ed Debaia, 
 and finally joins the ocean in 28|° N. 
 
 Draband Pass, a pass across the Suldiman Mts. , about 
 25 m. S. of the place where the mountains are crossed by the 
 GumalR. Proc. R. G. S., 1879, p. 55. 
 
 Drabenderbolie, comm. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 21 m. 
 E. Cologne, with mines of lead ore and ironstone. P. <4000. 
 
 Drac, riv., in the SE. of France, deps. Hautes-Alpes and 
 Is^re ; rises in the Alps, and flows NW. to the Is^re, which it 
 joins 3 m. below Grenoble ; 70 m. long. 
 
 Dracbj Turkey in Europe. See Dnrazzo. 
 
 Drncban, or DrsicbOT, comm. , Austria, Bohemia, on river 
 Luznitz, 13 m. S. Tabor. P. <2000. 
 
 Dractaeufels ('dragon's rock'), mt. peak, Prussia, one of 
 the Siebengebirge, on r. bk. of the Rhine, 10 m. SE. Bonn ; alt. 
 
 loss ft- 
 
 Drncnt, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 2 m. N. 
 Lowell. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Draczynetz, tn., Austria, prov. Bukovrina. P. <4000. 
 
 Dra-el Slizan, garrison tn., Algeria, 45 m. ESE. Algiers, 
 arr. Tizi-Ouzou. P. < 2000. 
 
 Draganl4^, comm., Croatia-Slavonia, co. Zagreb, dist. Kar- 
 lovac. P. < 5000. 
 
 Dragiijanl, tn., Roumania, prov. V^lcea, near r. bk. Aluta, 
 33 m. NE. Craiova. P. < 5000. 
 
 Drage, riv., Prussia, Pomerania and Brandenburg, flows S. 
 through the Liibbe-see into the Netze, forming in its lower 
 course part of the W. frontier of Posen ; navigable by small 
 boats for the last 23^ m. of its course (from Schlagenort), used for 
 floating timber from a point near its source (above Dramburg). 
 
 Drago, Isia del, isl. , off the N. ct. of the isthmus of Panama, 
 in 82° 20' W. , claimed both by Colombia and Costa Rica ; with 
 the strait of Boca del Drago on the W. , that of Boca del Toro 
 on the E. , both of which lead into the Laguna del Almirante 
 to the NW. of the Laguna de Chiriqui. At Boca del Toro, 
 where the soil is very fertile, a territory has grown up with a 
 pop. , including the dist. , of 5000 ; and a road is being made to 
 David, the cap. of the Colombian prov. of Chiriqui. 
 
 Dragoman, vil. , Bulgaria, prov. and 26 m. NW. Sofia. 
 
 Dragomesto, the Italian name of Astakos, seapt. , Greece. 
 
 Dragonera, isL, Spain, off" the W. end of Majorca, about 2 
 m. long, with a fort on its summit ; otherwise uninhabited. 
 
 Dragonera, a group of small isls. in the W. of Greece, imme- 
 diately off the coast of Acamania, at the mouth of the Gulf of 
 Astakos. 
 
 Dragon's Month, or Boca de Dragos, the passage between 
 the isl. of Trinidad and the penin. of Paria, S. America, 12 m. 
 E. to W. , interspersed by islets. See also Drago, Isia del. 
 
 Dragten, vil. , Holland, prov. Friesland, 14 m. ESE. Leeu- 
 warden. P. 5600. 
 
 Dragnlgnan, tn., France, dep. Var, 16 m. NW. by W. 
 Fr^jus; cap. arr. Alt. 584 ft. Mean temp., yr. 56.6° F., Jan. 
 41.0°, July 74.1°. P. 8000. 
 
 Drab, or Draba, riv. , Morocco. See Draa, Wadl. 
 
 Drainage Marsb, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, parts of Holland, 
 Boston union. P. -<25o. 
 
 Dralnle, par., Scot., Elginshire, 3^ m. N. Elgin, and 2 m. 
 SW. by W. Lossiemouth stn. ; 6948 ac. P. < 4000. 
 448 
 
 -DRAY 
 
 Drains Bay, Ire., on the E. ct. of co. Antrim, 2^ m. N. 
 Lame, with a coastguard stn. 
 
 Drake, post-stn.. New South Wales, D. co., 60 m. NW. by 
 N. Grafton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Drake Channel, Brit. W. Indies, SE. of the isl. of Tortola. 
 
 Drakelow, par., Eng., Derbyshire, i^m. SW. Burton-upon- 
 Trent. P. <25o. 
 
 Drakeniyre, vil., Scot., N. Ayrshire, 16 m. S. Greenock, 
 near Dairy stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Drakenberg, or Drakensberg. See Kwatblamba JHts. 
 
 Drakensteen, or Drakensteln, mts., a chain in the SW. 
 of Cape Colony, trendingN. and S. , about 25 m. E. of Cape Town. 
 
 Drake's Island, Eng. , in the Sound and off the town of Ply- 
 mouth, with a fort and military quarters. 
 
 Drakestown, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Morgallion, 6 m. 
 NE. Kells. P.<:25o. 
 
 Drakla, tn. , Greece, prov. Larissa, 6 m. E. Volos. P. <3oco. 
 
 Drama, tn., Turkey in Europe, cap. prov., 30 m. NE. by N. 
 of the mouth of the Struma. Seat of a Greek bishop. P. 7000. 
 
 Drambnrg, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 52 m. E. 
 by N. Stettin, cap. govt. D. P. 5600. 
 
 Drammen, seapt. tn. , Norway, prov. Jarlsberg and Laur- 
 vik, on both sides of the D. , near its mouth in the Christiania 
 Fjord, 23 m. WSW. Christiania. It consists of the two formerly 
 separate vils. Bragemaes and Stromso, which are united by 
 a bridge across the river, and has a college, various schools, 
 distilleries, manufactures of carriages, sailcloth, rope, tobacco, 
 and earthenwares, and an active trade in timber, iron, and 
 pitch. The outer harbour has a depth of 20J-93 ft.; the inner, 
 of I3i-i9i ft- P- (1870) 15,458 ; (1891) 20,400. 
 
 Drammen, Drammenselv, or Dramselr, riv., Norway, 
 flows S. from the Tyrifjord (an inland lake), then E. into the 
 head of the Drammensfjord at D. ; navigable by small boats 
 only a few miles above D. 
 
 Drangan, par. and tn. , Ire. , SE. co. Tipperary, bar. Middle- 
 third, 13^ m. NW. by N. Carrick-on-Suir, 5 m. E. Farranalleen 
 stn., PM.O. Par. 5427 ac, P. <75o; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Dranse, riv. , France, dep. Haute-Savoie, enters Lake Geneva 
 2^ m. NE. Thonon, after a N. course of 24 m. 
 
 Dranse, riv., Switzd., cant. Valais, joins the Rhone near 
 Martigny, after a N. course of 24 m. 
 
 Dransfeld, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, 8 m. W. by 
 S. Gottingen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Draperstown, tn. , Ire. , SE. co. Londonderry, bar. Loughin- 
 sholin, 10 m. N. by W. Cookstown, connected by rail with 
 Belfast, PMT.O. Market-day, W. P.<soo. 
 
 Dran, riv. See Drare. 
 
 Dranghton, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 9J 
 m. NW. by W. Wellingborough, i^ m. NE. by N. Lamport 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Dranghton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 14^ m. NW. 
 by N. Bradford, div. and 3 m. E. Skipton, i^ m. SE. by E. 
 Embsay stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Dranghton, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, dist. Fintona. 
 
 Dransensee, lake, Prussia, on the borders of govts. Konigs- 
 berg and Danzig, drained by the Elbing into the Frisches Haff. 
 
 Drava-Szent-SIarton, comm., Hungary, prov. Barinya, on 
 L bk. Drave (Drava), 30 m. SW. by W. Fiinfkirchen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Draye, Ger. Dran, riv., SE. Europe, one of the principal 
 tribs. of the Danube; rises in the Tirol, 17 m. E. Brun- 
 tecken, flows E. between the basins of the Mur and Save, at 
 first through Carinthia and St3rria, and afterwards separating 
 Hungary from Croatia and Slavonia, and joins the Danube 14 
 m. E. Eszek, after a coiu-se of 380 m. Chief affluents the Mur, 
 Mohl, Gurk, Lavant, and Gail. Navigable for rafts and flat- 
 bottomed boats from Villach, for steamers from the confluence 
 of the Mur. In its upper part it is rapid, and is little used for 
 commercial purposes. 
 
 DraTldlans. See India, Races and Language. 
 
 Drarosbnrg, viL, U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny co., on 
 Monongahela R., 11 m. SE. by S. Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Drax and Long Drax, two adjoining pars., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, Barkston Ash div., 5 m. WNW. Goole, i m. E. of 
 Drax stn. , on the Hull and Bamsley Rly. , PM. O. P. < 500; eccles. 
 par. (D. 88. Peter and Paul) P. <i5oo ; Long D. P. <25o. 
 
 Drayeot, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., Somerset, div. and 5J 
 m. NW. by W. Wells, with stn. (Draycott) on the G. W. R., 
 PM.O. (Draycott). P.<7So. 
 
 Drayeot Cerne, par., Eng., Wiltshire, div. and 3^ m. NE. 
 Chippenham. P. <25o. 
 
 Drayeot Follat, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, div. and 4^ m. SE. 
 Swindon. P. <25o. 
 
 Drayeot Hoor, par. , Eng. , Berks, Abingdon union. P. <:25o 
 
 Draycott, par. , Eng. Derbyshire, Ilkeston div. , 5^ m. ESE. 
 Derby, on the M. R., PMT.O. P. (D, and Chnrch Wllne) 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Draycott«ln-tbe-Clay, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Burton div., 
 7 m. NW. by W. Burton-upon-Trent, i^ m. SSW. Marchington 
 stn., P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Draycott-in-the«]lfoors, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Leek div. , 
 
 J 
 
DRAY — DRIF 
 
 7 m. ESE. Stoke-upon-Trent, i m. NE. Creswell stn., P.O. 
 (Draycott). P. <soo. 
 
 Drayton, vil., Canada, Ontario, Wellington co., 62 m. NE. 
 byN. London, on the Conestoga Creek and a railway. P.<i500. 
 
 Drayton, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 2J m. SSW. 
 Abingdon, P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Drayton, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 4^ m. NW. Norwich, 
 on the Midland and G. N. Joint Rly. , PM.O. P. <5oo ; eccles. 
 par. (D. with Hellesdon) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Drayton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., on the 
 Thames, 8^ m. SE. Oxford, 4 m. E. Culham stn., PM.O. 
 (D. St. Leonards). P. <5oo. 
 
 Drayton, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, div. and i^ m. WNW. 
 Banbury. P. <2So. 
 
 Drayton, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 9^ m. SE. by S. 
 Bridgwater, i m. SW. Langport stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Drayton, rly. stn., Eng., Sussex, 2 m. E. Chichester, the 
 stn. for Goodwood, on L. B. & S. C. R. 
 
 Drayton, tp., Queensland, Aubigny co., 65 m. W. Brisbane, 
 5 m. SW. Toowoomba. 
 
 Drayton, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, co. and 27 m. S. Pembina. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Drayton, Dry, par. , Eng. , co. and 5 m. NW. by W. Cam- 
 bridge, Chesterton div., 3^ m. W. Histon stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Drayton, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Not- 
 tinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 9 m. SSW. Gainsborough, 3J m. 
 N. Tuxford stn. D. East, P. <25o; eccles. par. (D. East 
 with Stokehnm) P. <2So; D. West, P. <2So; eccles. par., 
 see Markhain, East. 
 
 Drayton, Fen, par., Eng., co. and 10 m. NW. Cambridge, 
 Chesterton div., 2 m. SW. Swavesey stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Drayton, Fenny, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 
 10^ m. S. by W. Oakham, 2 m. SE. by E. Medboume stn. , 
 birthplace (1624) of George Fox, the founder of the Society 
 of Friends, or so-called Quakers. P. <:2So; eccles. par., see 
 Brlnglinrst. 
 
 Drayton, Uttle, eccles. par. , adjoining Market D. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Drayton, West, par., Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge div., on 
 the Colne, 5I m. N. by E. Staines, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Drayton Bassett, par., Eng., Staffordshire and Warwick- 
 shire, Lichfield div., 3 m. S. Tamworth, 2 m. W. Wilnecote 
 stn., P.O. P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (D. B. St. Peter) P. <75o. 
 
 Drayton Beanchamp, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. 
 and 5 m. E. by S. Aylesbury, 3 m. W. Tring stn. P. <2SO. 
 
 Drayton In Hales. See Market Drayton. 
 
 Drayton Parslow, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 
 9^ m. N. by E. Aylesbury, 2 m. E. by S. Swanboume stn., 
 P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Drayton Plains, vil., U.S., Michigan, Oakland co., 32 m. 
 NW. Detroit by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Drayton St. Leonard, PM.O., Eng., Berkshire, 2 m. from 
 Stadhampton. 
 
 Drebach, or Drehhach, vil. , Prussia, Saxony, govt. Zwickau, 
 
 8 m. SW. Lengefeld. P. <3000. 
 
 Drebkau, tn., Ger., Prussia, in the S. of prov. Brandenburg, 
 
 9 m. SW. Kottbus, with coal-mines near. P. <20oo. 
 Drechl, Old German ; trift, the modern German, ' meadow,' 
 
 ' pasture. ' 
 
 Drechu, Tibetan name of the upper Yangtse-kiang. 
 
 Drefach, P.O. , Wales, 5 m. S. Llanarthney, Carmarthenshire. 
 
 Dreghoru, par. and vil., Scot., N. Ayrshire, 2 m. E. Irvine, 
 on the G. & SW. R., with coal, PM.O. Par. 5626 ac, P. < 
 4500; vil. P. < 1500. 
 
 Drehbach, Prussia. See Drebach. 
 
 Drehid, electoral div., Ire., co. Kildare, dist. Johnstown. 
 
 Dreltldtarsna, par.. Ire., N. co. Limerick, bars. Coshma 
 and Upper Connello, 11 m. SW. Limerick. P. <25o. 
 
 Drei, German, 'three.' 
 
 Dreiborn, comm. , Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 21 m. SE. Aix- 
 la-Chapelle. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Drelsam Canal, Ger. See Leopold's Canal. 
 
 Drelsesselberg, mt. See Bohemian Forest. 
 
 Drem, vil. , Scot. , Haddingtonshire, 3im. N. by W. Hadding- 
 ton, on the N. B. R. It takes its name from a barony once 
 belonging to the Knights Templars, the priest's house of whose 
 establishment still survives. 
 
 DrenoTO, viL, Turkey in Europe, prov. Salonica, on the 
 Tsrna Reka, 40 m. NE. Monastir. 
 
 Drenstelufnrt, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 12 m. 
 SSE. Mtinster. P. < 2000. 
 
 Drenthe, a frontier prov. in the NE. of Holland (q.v.), surface 
 level, and much of it marshy ; its E. frontier includes part of 
 the Bourtanger Moor. Chief towns, Assen, Meppel, and Koe- 
 vorden. 
 
 Dre'panon (Greek, ' a sickle'), cape, on the N. ct. of Crete, 
 15 m. NE. Kanea, with hghthouse, visible 15 m., in 24° 15' E. 
 Pronounced and frequently spelt Drepano. 
 
 Drepanon, cape, Tiirkey, Macedonia, forms the S. extremity 
 of the central penin. of Chalcis. 
 449 
 
 Drepanon, cape, Greece, prov. Elis and Achaia, on S. side of 
 the strait connecting the Gulf of Corinth with the Gulf of Patras. 
 
 Dresden, vil., Canada, Ontario, Kent co. , on the Little Bear 
 Creek, 56 m. SW. by W. London, a rly. junc. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dresden, cap. city of the kgd. of Saxony, Ger., on both sides 
 of the Elbe, here crossed by two bridges (the Augustusbriicke 
 and Marienbriicke), which connect its old and new towns, 61 m. 
 ESE. Leipzig, 100 m. SSE. Berlin, and 39 m. ENE. Chemnitz, 
 occupying a charming situation which makes it a favourite 
 residence of foreigners. The royal palace is an antiquated 
 building, containing the state treasury (das griine Gewolbe, or 
 ' the green vault '), with a collection of valuable property. The 
 Dresden gallery of paintings (the Museum) is famed. The 
 Museum Johanneum contains the historical collections, and the 
 collection of porcelains and vases, the richest of its kind in 
 Europe. The palace of the princes, the Japanese palace or 
 Augusteum, with the royal library of 350,000 vols, and a collec- 
 tion of antiquities, and the Zwinger (a rococo building, originally 
 designed as the court of a magnificent royal palace), contains 
 scientific treasTires. Other objects of interest are the Briihl 
 terrace (Briihlsche Terrasse), bounded by a high wall rising 
 from the Elbe, the sole relic of the old fortification walls which 
 were razed in 1817-1826 ; a splendid theatre, the imperial 
 Leopold-Caroline Academy ; a polytechnical school, &c. In 
 recent years its manufacturing industries, favoured by the neigh- 
 bouring coal-supplies of the Plauenscher Grund, have consider- 
 ably increased. Among the most important are the manufacture 
 of pianos, sewing-machines, straw hats, leather wares, and 
 chemical products. D. is a town of comparatively modem 
 growth. In 1270 Frederick the Pious, Margrave of Misnia, 
 transferred his residence hither from Meissen (Misnia), but it 
 was not till 1485 that it became the permanent cap. of the 
 terrs. out of which the kingdom of Saxony has been formed. 
 It then had a pop. of 5000. On August 26 and 27, 1813, the 
 Allies were defeated under its walls by the troops of Napoleon I. 
 Alt. 335 ft. Mean temp., Jan. 30.5°, July 68.7° F.; mean rfall. 
 (28 yrs.), 21.36 in. P. (1815) 30,300; (1864) 146,000; (1871) 
 177,000; (1890)277,000. 
 
 Dresden, tn. , U.S., Maine, Lincoln co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dresden, vil. , U.S., Missouri, Pettis co., 64 m. W. byN. 
 Jefferson City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dresden, vil. , U.S. , Ohio, Muskingum co. , on Muskingum R. , 
 which is navigable for steamboats to this point, 50 m. E. by S. 
 Columbus. P . < 1 500. 
 
 Dresden, vil., U.S., New York, Yates co., on the W. side of 
 Seneca Lake, 46 m. SE. Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dresden the Resurrection, eccles. par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, 
 Trentham par., in the pari. bor. of Stoke-upon-Trent, forms 
 part of the Potteries. P. 6700. 
 
 Dresternan, electoral div.. Ire., SW. co. Fermanagh, bar. 
 Knockninny, dist. Rosslea, lo^ m. SSE. Enniskillen. 
 
 Dreswlck Point, cape, on the S. ct. of the Isle of Man, 2 m. 
 SE. Castletown. 
 
 Drenx, tn. , France, dep. Eure et Loir, on the Eure, cap. arr. , 
 21 m. NNW. Chartres. P. 7700. 
 
 Drew, CO., U.S., Arkansas, between 33° and 34° N., and 91°" 
 and 92° W. , partly bounded in the W. by the Saline R. 
 
 Drewenz, riv. , Prussia, rises in E. Prussia, flows NW. into 
 Lake D. , then SW. through W. Prussia and partly on the 
 frontier of Poland, entering the Vistula above Thorn, navigable 
 from Leibitsch, 6 m., used for floating timber from Lake 
 Drewenz. 
 
 Drewenz*Schllllngsee Canal. See Oberlandlsch-Canal. 
 
 Drewstelgnton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 12 
 m. W. by S. Exeter, 4 m. NW. by N. Moreton Hampstead stn., 
 P.O.; 6189 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Drewton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding. See Care, Norths 
 
 Dreyerton, New Zealand. See Opakl. 
 
 Drlbnrg, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 36 m. NW. 
 by N. Kassel, with saUne and ferruginous waters and good 
 bathing establishment. P. <30oo. 
 
 Drlby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 9 m. SSE. 
 Louth, 3^ m. W. by S. Alford stn. P. <25o; eccles. par., see 
 Ormsby, South. 
 
 Drlel, comm., Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, 6 m. SSE. 
 Bommel. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Drlesen, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, on the Netze, 
 55 m. NW. by W. Posen. P. 5100. 
 
 Driffield, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, div. and 3^ m. ESE. 
 Cirencester, 2 m. NE. Cemey stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Driffield, Great, par., urban sanitary dist., and market- 
 tn., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 19 m. S. Scar- 
 borough, with a stn. (Driffield) on the NE. R., 20 m. NNW. 
 Hull, with which it communicates by means of the D. Bfavlga- 
 tlon (7 m. long, admitting vessels of 6 ft. draught) and river 
 Hull. Has several mills carrying on operations connected with 
 agriculture. Market-day, Th. 5004 ac. Par. P. 5700 ; eccles. 
 par. (D., Great, AU Saints and D., Little, St. Mary or St. 
 Peter) P. 6coo. See also Emswell. 
 
 Driftwood, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Cameron co., on Drift- 
 
 2 F 
 
DRIG — DROM 
 
 wood R., 115 m. SE. by E. Erie, 38 m. WNW. Lock Haven. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Drlgg, par., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., near the 
 mouth of the Irt, 13J m. SSE. Whitehaven, on the Furness 
 Rly. P. -=750. 
 
 Drlgg Point, cape, Eng., on the SW. ct. Cumberland, at 
 the mouth of the estuary of the Esk. 
 
 Drlgblliigton, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Pudsey div., 4^ m. ESE. Bradford, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <45oo. 
 
 Drlmfrles, P.O., Ire., 6 m. from Buncrana, co. Donegal. 
 
 Drlmnagli, par.. Ire., co. and 2 m. SW. Dublin, bar. Upper- 
 cross. P. <:soo. 
 
 Drlmnlii, PM.O., Scot., isl. of Mull, 2 m. from Tobermory. 
 
 Drlntoleagne, Ire. See Dronidaleagne. 
 
 Drlmpton, eccles. par. and vil. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, 4 m. NW. 
 Beaminster, P.O. See BroadwtnsoT. 
 
 Drin, riv. , Turkey in Europe. See Drln-I/yuml. 
 
 Drina, riv. , in the Balkan Penin. , formed on the N. frontier 
 of Montenegro by the confluence of the rivers Komarnica and 
 Tara ; it flows first N. and NE. through the SE. of Bosnia, and 
 then on the whole N. , forming the greater part of the boundary 
 between Bosnia and Servia, ultimately joining the Save ; not 
 navigable. 
 
 Drliiagli, par. , Ire. , SW. co. Cork, bars. East and West Car- 
 bery, 15 m. E. Bantry, 6 m. from Dunmanway stn., PM.O. ; 
 12,868 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Drinagb, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Dromdaleague. 
 
 Drlnagh, par.. Ire., co. and 3 m. SE. Wexford, bar. Forth, 
 3 m. from Wexford stn., P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Drlnazla, riv. , Turkey. See Drln-Lynml. 
 
 Drln-bardh. See Drln-Iiynml. 
 
 Drlng, tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Longford, bar. Granard, 13 m. 
 NE. by E. Longford, 6 m. from Ballywillan stn. , P. O. P. <2So. 
 
 Dringhoe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Bridlington 
 union. P. (D. with Upton and BroagIi)<25o. 
 
 Drlnghonses, par., Yorkshire, E. and W, Ridings, ij m. 
 SW. York, PT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Drlnkstone, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 6 m. NW. Stow- 
 market, 2| m. SW. Elmswell stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Drlnkwater, cape, China, at the E. end of Tsimgming I., 
 to the N. of the Shanghai mouth of the Yangtse-kiang. 
 
 Drln Lynml, riv., Turkey in Europe, it is formed about 20 
 m. WSW. Prisien, by the confluence of the Drtn-bardli (from 
 the N.) and the Drln-Zeze (from the S.), winds on the whole 
 WSW. to the Adriatic, which it enters in about 41° 45' N., 
 where it approaches Lake Scutari ; it communicates by a branch 
 called the Drlnazla with the Boyana (g.v.). 
 
 Drln-Zeze. See Drln-Lyaml. 
 
 Drlpsey, tn., Ire., W. co. Cork, bar. Muskerry East, on R. 
 Dripsey, 9 m. E. Macroom, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Drlsh, small riv. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Tipperary, flows SW. 
 to the Suir, which it joins S. of Thurles. 
 
 Drlshane, par.. Ire., SW. co. Cork, bars. Duhallow and 
 West Muskerry, on Dunmanus Bay, NE. side, 8m. SW. Bantry; 
 33,084 ac. P. 5200. 
 
 Drlssa, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 116 m. by rail WNW. of 
 Vitebsk. P. 3720. 
 
 Drnoholec, Austria. See Diirnholz. 
 
 Drobak, seapt. tn., Norway, prov. Smaalene, the E. side 
 of Christiania Fjord, 16 m. SSW. Christiania. Average depth 
 of water in harbour, 37-93 ft. P. <3000. 
 
 Drochtersen, comm., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 29 m. 
 WNW. Hamburg, 2 m. from the 1. bk. of the Elbe. P. <400o. 
 
 Drogheda, ancient Droicheadatha, 'the bridge at the ford,' 
 mun. bor. (till 1885 also a pari bor.), seapt., and tn. , Ire- 
 land, Leinster, cos. Meath and Louth, bar. D., on both sides of 
 the Boyne, 4 m. from its mouth in the Irish Sea, on Drogheda 
 Rly., 14 m. ENE. Navan, 31^ m. N. Dublin. It is a county in 
 itself. It was formerly enclosed by walls, fragments of which 
 still remain ; and has an endowed classical school, a custom- 
 house, and barracks. The harbour has 16-18 ft. of water abreast 
 of the quays. The manufactiu-e of linens and damasks, for 
 which the town was formerly noted, has been revived in recent 
 years ; and there are also cotton factories, breweries, an iron- 
 work, a chemical manure-work, saw-mills, &c. Frequent fairs 
 for horses, cattle, and sheep. Market-day, S. P. (1841) 17,300 ; 
 (1851) 16,800; (1871) 13,500; (1891) 11,900. 
 
 Drogtalcliln (Polish Urohlczyn), old historical tn. of Lithu- 
 ania, now Russia, govt, and no m. S. of Grodno, dist, Byelsk. 
 P. 1 100. 
 
 Droliobycz, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, cap. prov. D., 
 40 m. SW. by S. Lemberg ; furnishes rock salt or brine, and the 
 chiefcommercial supplies of ozokerit. Alt. 985-1015 ft. P. 17,900. 
 
 Droltwleh ('the salt springs where the droit or tax was 
 paid"), probably the Roman Salince, a mun. bor. (since the 
 time of King John) and market-tn., Eng., co. and 7 m. NNE. 
 Worcester, on a canal communicating with the Severn, and with 
 station on branch lines of G. W. R. , and M. R. D. depends 
 chiefly upon its salt-springs, and is mentioned in Domesday 
 450 
 
 Book in connection with its brine-pits [WorcesterslilTe], till 
 1689 a monopoly of the biu-gesses of the town. Becoming 
 famous for its saline baths, much recommended for rheumatism 
 and many other diseases. It gives name to a pari. div. Market- 
 day, F. P. <4ooo; mun. bor. P. <45oo; pari. div. P. 48,700. 
 
 Droltwlcb Road, P.O., Eng., co. and 2 m. from Worcester. 
 
 Droishagen, comm. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 30 m. 
 SE. by E. Barmen. P. <3000. 
 
 Drom, Druim, and Drum in Irish and Scotch names are 
 from a Celtic word signifying ' a ridge. ' 
 
 Drom, par.. Ire., NE. co. Tipperary, bar. Eliogarty, 7 m. 
 NNW. Thurles, 5 m. from Templemore stn. ; 4480 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Droma, Loch, lake, Scot. , Ross-shire, i J m. long, drained 
 WNW. into the R. Broom. 
 
 Dromacomer, P.O., Ire., 2 m. from Bruree, co. Limerick. 
 
 Dromagh, tnld. , Ire. , NW. co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 22 m. 
 ENE. KiUarney, adjoining Dromagh Castle, 5 m. from Banteer 
 stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Dromataalr, tn. , Ire. See Drnmahaire. 
 
 Dromana, post-tn. and seaside resort, Victoria, Momington 
 CO. , on the E. side of Port Phillip Bay, 35 m. ESE. Geelong. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Dromana, electoral div.. Ire., co. Waterford, dist. White- 
 church. 
 
 Dromara, par.. Ire., NW, co. Down, bar. Lower Iveagb, 
 Lower Half, and Upper Iveagh, Lower Half, 9 m. S. Lisbum, 
 
 6 m. from Ballynahinch, PM.O. P. < 3500. 
 
 Dromard, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Limerick, dist. Rathkeale 
 No. 2. 
 
 Dromard, par. , Ire. , co. Sligo, bar, Tireragh, 6^ m. SW, by 
 W, Sligo, on Ballysadare Bay, P.O. ; 7509 ac P, <i5oo. 
 
 Drombane, P.O., Ire., co. Tipperary, 8 m, from Dundrum, 
 
 7 m. from Thurles stn. 
 
 Dromcolllber, par. and tn., Ire., S. co. Limerick, bar. 
 Upper Connello, 18 m. NW. Mallow, 8 m. from Newcastle stn. , 
 PMT.O. (DramcoUogber). Par. 4846 ac, P. < 1500; tn. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Dromdaleague, or Drlmoleagne, par. and tn.. Ire., co. 
 Cork, bar. W. Carbery, E. div., 8^ m. E. by S. Bantry, at 
 the junction of the Bantry Extension and Hen Valley Rlys., 
 PMT.O. Par. 18,708 ac, P.<3ooo; tn. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Dromdowney, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Orrery and Kilmore, 
 3 m. NW, Mallow. P. <25o. 
 
 Drdme, riv., France, rises in dep. Hautes-Alpes, flows W. 
 through dep. D. to the Rhone, which it joins on the 1. bk. , 12 m, 
 SSW. Valence, after a course of 60 m. past Luc, Die, and Crest ; 
 unnavigable, but used for floating timber. 
 
 Drdme, dep., SE. France, bounded on the W. by the Rhone, 
 and on the N. and part of the E. by dep. Is6re ; divided into 
 four arrs.: Valence (cap.). Die, Mont^hmar, and Nyons. The 
 surface slopes from W. to E. , except upon the western mai'gin, 
 where the slope is from N, to S. The dep. falls into three prin- 
 cipal natural divs. , the N. , W. , and E. The first of these, part 
 of the ancient Viennois, lies between the Rhone and Isere, and 
 consists of plains and hills equally fertile ; its northern portion 
 is occupied by the fertile region of the Valloire ( Vallis Aurea, 
 'golden valley'); the second skirts the Rhone on the W., from 
 the Is^re in the N. to the Aygues in the S.; the third, compris- 
 ing the upper courses of the rivers (Dr6me, Roubion, Jabron, , 
 Aygues or Eygues, &c. ), occupies about two-thirds of the dep., 1 
 is wholly moimtainous, and composed of Jurassic and Cretaceous ' 
 limestones. The highest point (7890 ft.) occurs in the angle ; 
 between dep. Is^re on the N. and Hautes-Alpes on the S. , in 
 the D^voluy, a chain separated from the others of the dep. by ; 
 the pass (3825 ft. ) now crossed by the railway from Grenoble to | 
 Marseilles. Chief cereal, wheat. Before the invasion of the | 
 phylloxera, the vine covered more than 75,000 acres ; now it ' 
 occupies less than half that (about 2 per cent, of the surface), 
 and the production per acre is small. In the production of mul- 
 berry leaves and the rearing of silkworms, the dep. is among the 
 first in the country. Minerals unimportant. No railway crosses 
 the dep. from E. to W. , but a short line ascending the valley of 
 the Drfime as far as Crest branches off from that which follows 
 the course of the Rhone. D. was formed in 1790 from portions 
 of Provence, Comtat-Venaissin, and Dauphin^, and belongs 
 wholly to the Rhone basin. Area, 2533 sq. m. P. 306,400. 
 
 Dromedary, post-tn., in S. of Tasmania, Monmouth co., 
 mun. dist. Brighton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Droml, isl. , Greece. See Kblllodromla. 
 
 Dromin, electoral div. , Ire. , N. co. Kerry, bar. Iraghticonnor, 
 2 m. NE. Listowel. 1 
 
 Dromin, par., Ire., E. co. Limerick, bar. Coshma, 15 m. S. 
 by E. Limerick; 4095 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dromin, par.. Ire., S. co. Louth, bar. Ardee, 9 m. NNW, 
 Drogheda, 3 m. from Dunleer stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Dromlna, tn.. Ire,, N. co. Cork, bar. Orrery and Kilmore, I 
 14^ m. NW. by N. Mallow, 5 m. from Kilmallock stn., P.O. | 
 
 P, <2SO. I 
 
 Dromlneer, par,. Ire., NW. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower 1 
 Ormond, 4^ m. N. by W, Nenagh, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
I 
 
 ^^B Dromlskln, par. and tn., Ire., £. ct. co. Louth, bar. 
 ^^Kouth, sh ni- S. Dundalk, 2 m. from Castlebellingham stn., 
 ^^V.O. Par. 5322 ac, P. < 1500; tn. P. <;25o. 
 ^^B Dromkeen, par., Ire., NE. co. Limerick, bar. Clanwilliam, 
 ^~loJ m. SE. by E. Limerick, on the Waterford and Limerick 
 Rly.,P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Dromllng, Der, a former morass, Prussia, in the W. of 
 prov. Saxony, 30-40 m. NW. Magdeburg, traversed by the 
 Ohre and Aller, now reclaimed. 
 
 Drommahane, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Mallow, co. Cork. 
 
 Dromniartln, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Ballyduff. 
 
 Droniod, par., Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Iveragh, on the Inny, 21 
 m. W. Kenmare; 48,325 ac. P. < 4000. 
 
 Dromod, tnld. , Ire. , co. Leitrim. See Drnmod. 
 
 Dromore (' great ridge'), par. and civic tn. , Ire., NW. co. 
 Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, Lower Half, 8 m. SW. by S. Lisburn, 
 on the Banbridge and Lisburn Rly. The cathedral contains the 
 tomb of Bishop Jeremy Taylor (1613-67). PMT.O. Market- 
 day, S. 20,475 ac. P. 9500 ; tn. P. <25oo. 
 
 Dromore, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Sligo, bar. Tireragh, 16 m. W, 
 Sligo, PMT.O. (D. West). P.<25o. 
 
 Dromore, par. and tn., Ire., SW. co. Tyrone, bar. and 
 8^ m. SW. East Omagh, i m. of its stn. (D. Road) on the 
 Londonderry and Enniskillen Rly., PMT.O. Par. 25,493 ac, 
 P. 5000; tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Dromore, tnld.. Ire., co. Waterford, bar. Decies within 
 Drum, Aglish par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dromore, stn., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, on the Port- 
 patrick and Wigtownshire Joint Rly., 8 m. NE. by E. Wigtown. 
 
 Dromore Head, cape. Ire., W. ct. Inishturk I., co. Mayo. 
 
 Dromore Lough, small lake. Ire. , cos. Cavan and Monaghan, 
 drained SW. to Lough Oughter. 
 
 Dromore Longb, lake. Ire. , in W. of co. Clare, 5 m. N. Ennis. 
 
 Dromoyle, electoral div. , Ire. , King's co. , dist. Killyon. 
 
 DromtarifT, par., Ire, co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, on the 
 Blackwater, 4 m. SW. Kanturk ; 15,224 ac. P. <2500. 
 
 Dromtrasna, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Limerick, dist. Abbey- 
 feale. 
 
 Dron, par., Scot., E. Perthshire, 5 m. S. by E. Perth, i^ m. 
 SSE. Bridge of Earn stn.; 4188 ac. P. <50o. 
 
 Droue, riv., Eng., in the NE. of Derbyshire, flows S. past 
 Dronfield to the 1. bk. of the Rother. 
 
 Drouero, comm. , Italy, Piedmont, on the Maira, prov. and 
 II m. NW. by W. Cuneo. P. 8000. 
 
 Dronfield, small tn. and par., Eng., Derbyshire, NE. div., 
 4^ m. NNW. Chesterfield, about midway between Sheffield and 
 Chesterfield, in a dist. abounding in iron and coal, on the M. R. ; 
 has iron-foundries, and manufactures of edge-tools, scythes, 
 sickles, spades, and shovels. Par. P. < 4500; tn. P. < 3500; 
 eccles. par. (D. St. Jobu the Baptist) P. 6400. 
 
 Dronfield Woodbonse, P.O., Eng., Derbyshire, 2 m. NE. 
 Dronfield. 
 
 Drongau, mining viL , Scot. , Ayrshire, 9 m. SE. Ayr, on the 
 C. and G. & SW. Joint Rlys., v*ath coal, P.O. 
 
 Dronley, vil. , Scot. , Forfarshire, on D. Burn, s| m. N W. 
 Dundee, on the C. R. 
 
 Droiuie, riv., France, r. bk. trib. of the Isle, which it joins 
 near Coutras ; forms the boundary between deps. Dordogne and 
 Charente and Charente Infdrieure ; neither navigable nor avail- 
 able for floating. Length about no m. 
 
 Dronthelm, tn. , Norway. See Troudlijeni* 
 
 Dropmore, eccles. par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Bumham, 
 Hitcham, and Taplow pars. P. <50o. 
 
 Dropt, or Drot, riv. , SW. France, deps. Dordogne, Lot et 
 Garonne, and Gironde, enters the r. bk. of the Garonne by two 
 branches ; navigable by means of locks to Eymet, 40 m. 
 Length, 80 m. 
 
 Droscol, hill, Wales, Radnorshire, in the NW. , about 15 m. 
 SW. Newtown. 
 
 Drossen, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 14 m. SE. 
 Kiistrin. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Drostdy, vil., Cape Colony, dist. Tulbagh. P. <i5cio. 
 
 Drot, riv. , France. See Dropt. 
 
 Drouals, dist. of ancient France, on the borders of Ile-de- 
 France, Beauce, Perche, and Normandy ; cap. Dreux. 
 
 Droa^, vil., France, dep. Loir et Cher, arr. Vendome, 34 m. 
 SW. by S. Chartres. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dronln, post-tp., Victoria, Buln Buln co., 58 m. ESE. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Drove End, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Holland div. , 
 on the coast, 13 m. SE. Boston, with stn. (N. Drove) on M. 
 and G. N. Joint Rly. P. < 1000. 
 
 Droxford, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Petersfield div. , on the 
 Titchfield, lo^ m. SE. Winchester, 3^ m. E. Bishops Waltham 
 stn., PMT.O. ; 6688 ac. P.<25oo; eccles. par. (D. St. Slary 
 and All Saints) P. <750. 
 
 Droylsden, par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, Prestwich div., 
 2 m. W. by S. Ashton, on the L. & Y. R., with cotton manu- 
 factures, dye and chemical and copperas works, &c. Market- 
 day, F. P. 12,800; tn. P. 9500. 
 
 DROM — DRUM 
 
 Droysslg, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Weissenfels, dist. 
 Zeitz ; has coal-mines near. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Druentia, France. See Durance. 
 
 Driig, or Durga, Sanskrit, ' a hill fort.' 
 
 Drilg, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , dist. Raipur, 135 m. 
 E. Nagpur. P. (i88i)<4ooo; (i89i)<;5000. 
 
 Druid, hamlet, Wales, Merionethshire, 3 m. W. Corwen, P.O. 
 
 Druldlt>eg Loch, lake, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the NW. 
 of S. Uist, drained W. into the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Druim, Drum. See Drain. 
 
 Drum, tnld., Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. Keenaght,Bovevagh 
 par. P. < 500. 
 
 Drum, par.. Ire., S. co. Mayo, bar. Carra, 6^ r\. SSE. 
 Castlebar; 7767 ac. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Drum, tn.. Ire., W. co. Monaghan, bar. Dartree, \\\ m. 
 NE. Cavan, 3 m. from Cootehill stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Drum, par.. Ire., SE. co. Roscommon, bar. Athlone, on the 
 M. G. W. R. ; 15,991 ac. P. <30oo. 
 
 Drum, stn., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on the Deeside Rly., 
 9 m. WSW. Aberdeen. 
 
 Drumachee, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Markethill, co. Armagh. 
 
 Drumachose, par.. Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. Keenaght, 
 contains Newtown Limavady tn. ; 11,682 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Dnimacoo, par., Ire., S. co. Galway, bar. Dunkellin, 132 m. 
 W. Loughrea, on Dunbuleaun Bay. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Drumacrlb, tnld., Ire., E. co. Monaghan, bar. Cremorne, 
 13^ m. W. Newry, 4 m. from Castleblayney stn., P.O. 
 (Drumacrlbb). P. <:25o. 
 
 Drumadoon Point, cape, Scot., on the W. ct. of the I. of 
 Arran, in 55° 30I' N. D. Bay, adjoining on the S. 
 
 Drnmaghadone, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Dromore, co. Down. 
 
 Drnmahalre, tn. , Ire., NW. co. Leitrim, bar. D., 7 m. 
 ESE. Sligo, with stn. (Dromahalr) on the Sligo, Leitrim, and 
 N. Counties Rly., PMT.O. (Dromahalr). P. <5oo. 
 
 Drnmaheglls, P.O., Ire., NE. co. Londonderry, bar. and 
 4^ m. S. Coleraine. 
 
 Drumaboe, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Londonderry, bar. Tir- 
 keeran, 2 m. SE. Londonderry, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Drnmaklll, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Castleblayney, Monaghan. 
 
 Drum Alban, mt. chain, Scot. See Grampians. 
 
 Drumaloor, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Belturbet, co. Cavan. 
 
 Drumauaway, tnl-d.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Upper Toome, 
 Drummaul par. P. <25o. 
 
 Drumane, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Fermanagh, bar. Clanawley, 
 
 5 m. S. Enniskillen, P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Drumanesplc, tnld. , in SE. of Ire., co. Cavan, bar. Clankee, 
 Bailieborough par., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Drnmaness, tn. , Ire., co. Down, bar. Kinelarty, 4 m. from 
 Ballynahinch stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Drumaney, P.O., Ire., near Moneymore, co. Londonderry. 
 
 Drumannon, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Loughgall, co. Armagh, 
 
 6 m. from Rich-hill stn. 
 
 Drnmautee, P.O., Ire., 2 m. from Forkhill, co. Armagh. 
 
 Drnmard, electoral div.. Ire., co. Leitrim, Rinn dist. 
 
 Drnmardnagross, P.O. , Ire. , 4 m. from Dromore.co. Tyrone. 
 
 Drumaspll, electoral div. , Ire., co. Tyrone, dist. Coal I. 
 
 Drnmatemple, par., Ire., cos. Galway and Roscommon, 
 bar. Ballymoe, 6 m. SE. Castlereagh ; 6530 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Drumballyroney, par.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, contains Rathfryland town; 12,339 ac. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Drumbaue, tnld. , Ire. , W. co. Tipperary, bar. Upper Kil- 
 namanagh, 6^ m. WSW. Thurles. P. <5oo. 
 
 Drumbeg, par., Ire., NW. cos. Antrim and Dowrn, bars. 
 Upper Belfast and Upper Castlereagh, 2^ m. NE. Lisburn, on 
 the Lagan ; 7223 ac. P. <350o. 
 
 Drumbeg, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Raphoe, co. Donegal. 
 
 Drumbeg, ct. hamlet, Scot., Sutherland, on the NE. shore of 
 Loch Drumbeg, 6\ m. E. by S. Storr Head, PT.O. 
 
 Dmmblade, par. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, 3^ m. E. Himtly, 
 P.O.; 93 19 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Drumbo, vil., Canada, Ontario, Oxford co., 23 m. ESE. 
 Stratford by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Drumbo, par., Ire., N. co. Down, bar. Upper Castlereagh, 
 3 m. E. by N. Lisburn, 2 m. from Dunmurry stn.; 9276 ac. 
 P. <35oo. 
 
 Drumboory, tnld.. Ire., co. Monaghan, bar. Farney, Mag- 
 heracloone par. P. <:25o. 
 
 Drumbreck Bead, a suburb of Glasgow, Lanarkshire and 
 Renfrewshire, Scot. P. <25o. 
 
 Drumburgh, hamlet, Eng., Cumberland, m the W. of the 
 Eskdale div., on the Solway Firth, 9 m. WNW. Carlisle, on 
 the N. B. R. 
 
 Dmmcannon, par. , Ire. , co. and 5 m. S. Waterford, bars. 
 Gaultiere and Middlethird ; 7671 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Drumcar, par.. Ire., SE. co. Louth, bar. Ardee, 9^ m. N. 
 Drogheda, 2 m. NNE. Dunleer stn., P.O.; 4041 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Dmmcarban, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cavan, dist. Arvagh. 
 
 Drumcarn, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cavan, dist. Drum. 
 
 Drumcarrow, electoral div.. Ire., co. Monaghan, dist. Car- 
 rickmacross. 
 
 451 
 
DRUM — DRUM 
 
 Driinicaw, tnld.. Ire., King's co. See Mount Lucas. 
 
 Drunicliapel, stn., Scot., Dumbartonshire, on the N. B. R., 
 3 m. W. by W. Maryhill (near Glasgow). 
 
 DnunclUr, par., Ire., co. Clare, bar. Islands, contains Ennis 
 town ; 9937 ac. P. 7600. 
 
 DrnmcUfT, par. , Ire. , co. Sligo, bar. Carbury, 4 m. NNW. 
 Sligo, on D. Bay, P.O. (DnuncllflTe) ; 26,562 ac. P.6000. 
 
 DrnmcllffBay, Ire. , NE. of co. Sligo, in the NE. of Sligo Bay. 
 
 Drumclog, moorland, Scot., co. and 17 m. W. Lanark; 
 scene of a battle in which Claverhouse was defeated by the 
 Covenanters, June 11, 1679. P.O. 
 
 Dmmcollogher, Ire. See Dromcollllier. 
 
 Drnmcolnnib, par.. Ire., co. SUgo, bar. Tirerril, 5 m. S. 
 Ballymote ; 4532 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Drnmcondra, NE. suburb of Dublin, Ire. 
 
 Drnmcondra, par. and tn.. Ire., N. co. Meath, bar. Lower 
 Slane, 15 m. NW. by W. Drogheda. Par. 7963 ac, P. < 1500; 
 tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Drnmcong, tnld., Ire., SE. co. Leitrim, bar. and 2 m. NE. 
 Leitrim, 4 m. from Drumshambo stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Drnmconnlck, P.O., Ire., co. and 3 m. from Cavan. 
 
 Drnmcoiiratli, P.O., Ire., 4 m. NE. Nobber, co. Meath. 
 
 Drnmcose, P.O. , Ire. , 6 m. from EnniskiUen, co. Fermanagh. 
 
 Drumconra, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Leitrim, bar. Carrigallen, 
 12 m. E. by N. Leitrim, on the Erne and Shannon June. Canal, 
 5 m. from Ballinamore stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Dmmcree, par.. Ire., NE. co. Armagh, bar. Oneilland West, 
 contains Portadown ; 13,167 ac. P. 12,500. 
 
 Drnmcree, P.O., Ire., NE. co. Westmeath, bar. Delvin, 11 
 m. NE. Mullingar, 10 m. from Athboy stn. 
 
 Drnmcreeby, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Burren, contains 
 Ballyvaughan town ; 6285 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Drumcroone, tnld. , Ire. , NE. co. Londonderry, bar. and 4 
 m. S. Coleraine, P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Dminciillen, par., Ire., King's co. , bar. Eglish, 6 m. NW. 
 Parsonstown ; 13,90630. P. < 1500. 
 
 Drnmdaflr, electoral div.. Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. Bally- 
 league. 
 
 Drnmdarragh, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Doagh, co« Antrim. 
 
 DrnmdoUagh, P.O., Ire., 8 m. from Ballymoney, co. 
 Antrim. 
 
 Dramdoo, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Leitrim, dist. Mohill. 
 
 Drnmdrlnagli, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Rathfryland, co. 
 Down. 
 
 Drameagne, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Bailieborough (SE. of 
 CO. Cavan). 
 
 Drnmelllliy, tnld., Ire., co. Clare, bar. Moyarta, Kilmac- 
 duane par. P. <25o. 
 
 Drnmelzler (drum-el'yer), par., Scot., in co. and 9^ m. SW. 
 Peebles, 16^ m. ESE. Lanark, 2 m. SE. by E. Broughton stn.; 
 17,948 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Drnmfln, tnld. , Ire. , E. co. Sligo, bar. Corran, 10 m. S. by 
 E. Sligo. P. <25o. 
 
 Dramgatli, par. , Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, Lower 
 Half, containing part of Rathfryland, P.O.; 5329 ac. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Drninglass, par., Ire., co. T)rrone, bar. Middle Dungannon, 
 contains Dungannon town ; 3502 ac. P. 5100. 
 
 Dmmgooland, par., Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, 5 m. NE. Rathfryland ; 19,651 ac. P. 5300. 
 
 Drnnigoon, par., Ire., co. Cavan, bars. Clankee and Tully- 
 garvey, contains Cootehill town; 15,511 ac. P. 5300. 
 
 Drnmgort, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Longford, dist. Drumlish. 
 
 Dmmgrinin, tnld., Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Clare, 9^ m. 
 SSW. Tuam, PM.O. P.<:2So. 
 
 Dmmgarra, tnld.. Ire., co. Monaghan, bar. Famey, Mag- 
 heross par. P. <25o. 
 
 Drnmharrey, electoral div.. Ire., co. Tyrone, dist. Irvines- 
 town. 
 
 Drnmba'wnagli, stn., Ire., co. and 9^ m. SW. Cavan, on 
 the M. G. W. R, Now spelt Dramhowna. 
 
 Drnniblllagta, electoral div. , Ire. ,co.Monaghan,dist. Kilmore. 
 
 Dmin Hills, range of bills. Ire., in the SW. of co. 
 Waterford. 
 
 Drnmhome, par.. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Tirhugh, on Done- 
 gal Bay, 4 m. N. Ballyshannon ; 35,907 ac. P. 5500. 
 
 Dmmkay, par. , Ire. , co. Wicklow, bars. Arklow and New- 
 castle, contains part of Wicklow town. P. <Soo. 
 
 Dminkeary, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Woodford. 
 
 Ikrumkeen, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Donegal, bar. Rapboe, lojm. 
 V\'NW. Lifford, 4 m. from Stranorlar stn., P.O. P. ■C250. 
 
 Dmmkeeran, par. , Ire. , N. co. Fermanagh, bar. Lurg, 14 m. 
 N. by W. EnniskiUen ; 23,655 ac. P. <:4000. 
 
 Dnnnkeeran, tn. , Ire., N. co. Leitrim, bar. Drumahaire, 
 15^ m. SE. by E. Sligo, 7 m. from Arigna stn., PMT.O. 
 (Drnmkeerln). P. <soo. 
 
 Dramlamford Loch, small lake, Scot. , in the extreme SE. of 
 Ayrshire, drained NW. by Lavery Bum. 
 
 Dmmlane, par., Ire., N. co. Cavan, bar. Lower Loughtee, 
 8§ m. NW. Cavan ; 18,856 ac. P. <35oo. 
 452 
 
 Drnmlanrlg Castle, Scot., Nithsdale, on the W. bk. of the 
 Nith, one of the seats of the Dukes of Buccleuch. Meteoro- 
 logical stn. Alt. 191 ft. Mean temp. (20 yrs., 1861-80), yi-. 
 46.1° F., Jan. 36.1°, July 58.0°. 
 
 Drumlargan, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Deece, 4 m. 
 N. Kilcock stn. , 6 m. NW. Maynooth. P. <25o. 
 
 Drnmlea, P.O., Ire., 10 m. from Newtownstewart, co. 
 Tyrone. 
 
 Drumlease, par. , Ire. , co. Leitrim, bar. Drumahaire, contains 
 Drumahaire town ; 14,77330. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dmmlee, P.O., Ire., 6 m. from Castlewellan, co. Down. 
 
 Dramlegagb, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Drumquin, co. Tyrone, 
 5 m. from Newtown Stewart stn. 
 
 Drnmlenible, colliery, Scot., Argyllshire, 4 m. W. Campbel- 
 tovm, P.O. 
 
 Bmmltne, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Lower Bunratty, 4 m. 
 SW. Six-Mile-Bridge. P.<Soo. 
 
 DrnmUsb, tn. , Ire. , co. , bar. , and 6 m. N. by E. Long- 
 ford, PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Dramlltble, vil. , Scot., Kincardineshire, 6 m. NW. by N. 
 Bervie, on C. R., PM.O. 
 
 Dminlosb, electoral div.. Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. Ath- 
 lone No. 2. 
 
 Dmnalamman, par.. Ire., SW. co. Cavan, bar. Clanmahon, 
 17 m. ENE. Longford ; 16,445 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Drummaan, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Mount- 
 shannon. 
 
 Drammanl, par.. Ire., SW. co. Antrim, bar. Upper Toome, 
 5 J m. NW. by N. Antrim ; 21,105 ^^- P- 6700. 
 
 Drnmineel, tnld.. Ire., co. Longford, bar. Granard, Clon- 
 broney par. P. <25o. 
 
 Dmnunelzler, par. , Scot. See Drumelzler. 
 
 Drnmmtn, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Louisburgh. 
 
 Drumniin, tnld.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Kiltartan, Kilbea- 
 canty par. P. <:25o. 
 
 Drnminocbter, Foi^st of, upland tract, Scot., in the SE. of 
 Inverness-shire, to the E. of Loch Ericht, at the head of the 
 basin of the Truim. D., Pass of. See Garry River. 
 
 Drnmmond, co. , Canada, Quebec, between 72° and 73° W. , 
 crossed in the N. by 46° N. 
 
 Drnmmond, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Moy, co. Tyrone. 
 
 Drnmmond, viL, U.S., Montana, Deer Lodge co., 52 m. 
 NW. by N. Butte. Alt. 3943 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Drnnunond, post-tn., Victoria, Talbot co., 68 m. NW. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Drnmmond (from drumen, 'little ridge') Castle, Scot., 
 Perthshire, 3J m. SW. Crieff, seat of the descendants of the 
 Dukes of Perth, with large well-wooded grounds and beautiful 
 terraced gardens. 
 
 Drnmmond Island, U.S., Michigan, Chippewa co. , the 
 most western of the Manitoulin Is., Lake Huron, at the mouth 
 of St. Mary's R. , 20 m. long and 10 m. broad. The remainder 
 of the Manitoulin Is. belong to Canada. 
 
 Drnmmond Islands, Pacific. See Tapnten^va. 
 
 Drnmmond Lake, U.S. See Dismal SMamp. 
 
 DrnmmondTlIle, East, tn. , Canada, Quebec, cap. Drum- 
 mond CO., on St. Francis R. , 58 m. ENE. Montreal. P. <20oo. 
 
 Drnmmondvllle, West, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Welland co. , 
 on R. Niagara, 24 m. NNW. Buffalo (U.S.). P.<i5oo. 
 
 Dmmmore, vil. , Scot., Wigtownshire, on Luce Bay, 4 m. 
 NNW. Mull of Galloway, PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Dmmmossle Mnlr, bleak moorland tract, Scot., Inverness- 
 shire, in the NE., includes, at the N. end, the battlefield of 
 CuUoden. Alt. 800 ft. 
 
 Dmmmoyne, suburb, 5 m. W. of Sydney, on the Parra- 
 matta R., New South Wales. P. < 1500. 
 
 Drammnlr, stn., Scot., Banffshire, on the G. N. of S. R., 
 5 m. SW. by S. Keith. 
 
 Dmmmnllagb, tnld.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. Lower Dundalk, 
 Carlingford par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Drnnunnlly, par.. Ire., cos. Fermanagh and Monaghan, 
 bars. Coole, Clankelly, and Dartree, 10 m." N. by E. Cavan, 
 4 m. from Clones stn., P.O. ; 7286 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Dmmnabreeze, P.O., Ire., 6 m. from Lurgan, co. Armagh. 
 
 Drnnina«Irocblt, hamlet, Scot., Inverness-shire, on the 
 Enrick, 13^ m. SW. Inverness, PMT.O. 
 
 Drnmnakllly, tnld. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, bar. Upper Strabane, 
 Termonmaquirk par. P. <:50o. 
 
 Dmmnaqnolle, P.O. , Ire. , 4 ni. from Castlewellan, co. Dovwi. 
 
 Drnmoak, par., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire and Kincardine- 
 shire, 10 m. WSW. Aberdeen, close to Park stn., PM.O.; 
 7228 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Drnmocble, Scot. See Lnndln Mill and Dmmocble. 
 
 Drnmocbter, or Drnmoncbter, Scot. See Drummocbter. 
 
 Dmmod, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Leitrim, bar. Mohill, 10 m. 
 NNW. Longford, with stn. (Dromod) on the Longford and 
 Sligo Rly. P. <2SO. 
 
 Drnnione, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Oldcastle, co. Meath. 
 
 Drnmore, ct. vil., Scot. See Drummore. 
 
 Drnmosladdy, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Belturbet, co. Cavan. 
 
DRUM — DUEL 
 
 Drnnipelller, seat of extensive mines and iron-works, Scot., 
 Lanarkshire, near Coatbridge, with a stn. (D. and Gartslierrle) 
 on the N. B. R. 
 
 Drnmqnlii, tn., Ire., Tyrone, bar. W. Omagh, 7J m. WNW. 
 Omagh, PMT.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Drnmragli, par. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, bar. E. Omagh, 2 m. S. 
 by E. Omagh, on R. Drumragh ; 20,163 ^*^- P- 7400. 
 
 Dramraney, par.. Ire., SW. co. Westmeath, bar. Kilkenny 
 West, 94 m. NE. by E. Athlone, 7 m. from Moate stn., P.O. ; 
 9065 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Drnmrat, par. , Ire. , co. Sligo, Corran bar. , 3 m. S. Bally- 
 mote ; 3748 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Drnmree, tnld., Ire., SE. co. Meath, bar. Lower Deece, 8J 
 m. N. Maynooth, on the Dublin and Meath Rly. , P.OT 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Drunirellly, par., Ire., cos. Leitrim and Cavan, bars. Car- 
 rigallen, Drumahaire, and Tullyhaw, 15 m. ENE. Leitrim, 4 m. 
 from Ballinamore stn. ; 31,270 ac. P. 6000. 
 
 Drnmroe, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Waterford, dist. Lismore. 
 
 Drnmrash, electoral div. , Ire., co. Fermanagh, dist. Ederney. 
 
 Drain Sands, sandbank, Scot., in the Firth of Forth, on the 
 coast of Linlithgowshire and Midlothian. 
 
 Drunistaallon, par., Ire., co. Louth, bar. Ferrard, 4 m. NE. 
 Drogheda ; 3571 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Dmmshanbo, tn., Ire., SW. co. Leitrim, bar. Leitrim, 4 m. 
 N. by E. Leitrim, PMT.O. P.<7So. 
 
 DrnmshanlH) Longh, Ire. , in the extreme SE. of co. Leitrim, 
 10 m. N. Longford. 
 
 Dmmsboreland, or Broxburn, stn. , Scot. , Linlithgowshire, 
 6| m. SE. by E. Linlithgow, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Drnmskellan, tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. West 
 Inishowen, 7 J m. NNE. Londonderry, on SW. shore of Lough 
 Foyle. P. <50o. 
 
 Drnmsklnny, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Kesh, co. Fermanagh. 
 
 Drumsna, tn.. Ire., SW. co. Leitrim, bar. Leitrim, on the 
 1. bk. of the Shannon, 3J m. ESE. Carrick-on-Shannon, with a 
 stn. on the M. G. W. R., PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Dramsnat, par.. Ire., NW. co., bar., and 4 m. WSW. 
 Monaghan ; 5021 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Drumsurn, tnld. , Ire. , NE. co. Londonderry, bar. Keenaght, 
 12 m. SW. Coleraine, on the Limavady and Dungiven Rly., 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Drnmtullagh, Grange of, par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar, Gary, 
 11^ m. ESE. Portrush ; 3752 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 DrnniYrood, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, dist. Grean. 
 
 Drnng, par., Ire., N. co. Cavan, bar. Tullygarvey, 6^ m. 
 ENE. Cavan, P.O.; 12,047 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Drnnkle, Locb, Scot., in the SW. of W. Perthshire, 5 m. 
 WSW. Callander, to the S. of Loch Venachar, into which it is 
 drained. Alt. 420 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 65.13 in. 
 
 Drup, Teutonic, ' a village' or ' small town." See Dorf. 
 
 Drnridge Bay, Eng. , about the middle of the coast of the 
 county of Northumberland, S. of Alnmouth Bay. 
 
 Drury, postal centre. New Zealand, North I., Manukau co., 
 18 m. SSE. Auckland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Drusiburgum, tn., Prussia. See Dulsbnrg. 
 
 Drnskenlki, tn. , Russia, govt, and 28 m. N. of Grodno. 
 Mineral waters. 
 
 Drnten, comm., Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Waal, 15 m. WSW. Arnhem. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Drnzes, Druses, a Syrian race inhabiting Mount Hermon and 
 in considerable numbers the Hauran, whither they emigrated 
 on the establishment of Christian rule in the Lebanon ; the men 
 tall, stalwart, brave, and of independent spirit, and able ; the 
 women with more delicate features than those of the Arabs, the 
 physical type being apparently not Semitic, though Arabic is 
 the language of their ordinary life. Their religious belief, 
 according to Major Conder, may be best described as Moslem 
 gnosticism. They are schismatics, whose chief distinguishing 
 tenet is that the mad Khalif Hakem in the eleventh century 
 was the final incarnation of the power of God. 
 
 Drws, Welsh, ' a door' or ' pass.' 
 
 Drws-y-nant, stn. , Wales, Merionethshire, on the G. W. R., 
 6^ m. ENE. Dolgelly. 
 
 Dry Bay, an inlet, Alaska, having a narrow communication 
 with the Pacific Ocean, just north of 59° N. 
 
 Dry bridge, stn., Scot., S. Ayrshire, on the G. and SW. R., 
 3 ni. SE. by E. Irvine. 
 
 Drybrldge Platform, stn., Scot., Banffshire, on the H. R., 
 near Buckie, P.O. 
 
 Drybrook, hamlet, Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean 
 ^v., 9 m. ENE. Monmouth, 3 m. E. Lydbrook June, 3 m. 
 NNE. D. Road stn., on the Severn & Wye Rly. : coal-mining. 
 PMT.O. J J ' s 
 
 Dryburgb Abbey (corrupted from Ddrach-burach, ' the bank 
 of oaks '), monastic ruin, Scot. , in extreme SW. of Berwickshire, 
 on the Tweed, 41 SE. Melrose. In St. Mary's Aisle is the tomb 
 of Sir W. Scott (1771-1832). 
 
 Dry Creek, or Montague, post-tn. , South Australia, co. and 
 6 m. NNE. Adelaide. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Dry Creek, a goldfield, Victoria, in the S. of Delatite co., 75 
 m. N W. by N. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dryden, viL, U.S., New York, "Tompkins co., 39 m. S. by 
 W. SjTacuse, and 12 m. E. by N. Ithaca. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dryfe, riv., Scot., Dumfriesshire, a 1. bk. trib. of the 
 Annan. 
 
 Dryfesdale, popularly Drysdale, par. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, 
 contains the town Lockerbie ; 10,231 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Dry Harbour, small bay, Jamaica, on the N. coast, in 
 77° 25' W. 
 
 Drymeu (drim'en), par., Scot., Stirlingshire, 7 m. NE. by 
 E. of the foot of Loch Lomond, with a stn. on the N. B. R., 
 li m. to the S., PMT.O.; 30,850 ac. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Dry mils, PM.O., Ire., 3 m. from Ballindine, co. Mayo, 
 8 m. from Claremorris stn. 
 
 Drynock, stn. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. P. R. , 
 about 121° 27' W., 1310 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 172 m. from 
 Vancouver. 
 
 Drypool, par. , a suburb of Hull, Eng. , in the E. div. , near 
 Withemsea June. P. 8000 ; eccles. pars. (D. St. Andrew) P. 
 23,000, (D. St. Peter) P. 7700. 
 
 Dry Saudford yrith. Cottalll, eccles. par. , Eng. , Berkshire, 
 Abingdon and Marcham pars. P. <25o. 
 
 Dnagh, hamlet. Ire., co. Mayo. See Doyagb. 
 
 Drysdale, vil. , Canada. See Berne. 
 
 Drysdale, Scot. See Dryfesdale. 
 
 Drysdale, postal-stn. , Victoria, Grant co. , 12 m. E. Geelong. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Drysllwyn, stn., Wales, Carmarthenshire, on the Central 
 Wales and Carmarthen June. Rly., 8| m. E. Carmarthen, P.O. 
 
 Dry Tortngas, isls., U.S. See Tortugas. 
 
 Du, dubh, Celtic, 'black.' 
 
 Du6b, India. See Doab. 
 
 Duagb, par. and tn., Ire., N. co. Kerry, bars. Iraghticonnor 
 and Clanmaurice, 4I m. SE. by E. Listowel, i m. from Kil- 
 mornastn., P.O. Par. 16,724 ac, P. <:3ooo; tn. P. <250. 
 
 Daagh, hamlet. Ire., co. Mayo. See Dooagta. 
 
 Dualla, tribe, W. AJFrica. See Kamerun. 
 
 Duard Bay, Scot. , Argyllshire, in the E. of Mull I. 
 
 Duard, or Kudba Dubta Ard (' cape of the black height"), 
 headland, Scot., NW. Ross-shire, on N. side of entrance to 
 Loch Broom, in 57° 59' N. 
 
 Duarlnga, Queensland, Kimberley co. , 60 m. WSW. Rock- 
 hampton, on the railway from Rockhampton. 
 
 Duars, Himalayan valleys. See Dikns. 
 
 Duart, viL , Canada, Ontario, Kent co. , 44 m. SW. by S. 
 London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnau, native name of Normanby I. , Brit. New Guinea. 
 
 Dub, Slavonic, ' oak ; ' Polish, dab (pronounced domb, and 
 hence appearing in such names as Dombrowo). 
 
 Dibb, pass, India, on the border between Brit. terr. and 
 Kashmir State, Punjab, on the route fi-om Attock to Kashmir 
 by the Baramula road, in 34° 17' N., 73° 21' E. 
 
 Duba, a native name of Rossel I., Louisiade Archipelago. 
 
 Dubari, large vil. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Azamgarh, 
 75 m. NE. by N. Benares, near the r. bk. of the Gogra. P, 
 (1881)7500; (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Dubawnt, large lake, Canadian NW. Terrs. See Doobaunt. 
 
 Dubbeldam, comm., Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, adjoin- 
 ing Dordrecht, on the SW. , including some isls. in the Biesbosch. 
 Old D. was one of the vils. destroyed by the great flood of 1421 
 [Blesboscb], and the ground on which it stood was only re- 
 claimed in 1589. P. <5ooc. 
 
 Dubbi, volcano in the Danakil or Afar country, near W. shore 
 of the Red Sea, in 13° 45' N. , in eruption on the 9th of May 
 1861. 
 
 l>ubbo, tp. , New South Wales, Lincoln co. , 90 m. NW. by 
 N. Bathurst on the railway to Bourke. Alt. 1200 ft. Mean 
 temp. yr. 64.1° F., Jan. 78.6°, July 49.7°. 
 
 Dubbol, India. See Dabboi. 
 
 Dub Cesky, tn. , Austria. See Bohmlsch Aicha. 
 
 Dubehesskoye, viL, E. Siberia, govt, and 200 m. NW. of 
 Yeniseisk, on 1. bk. of Yenisei. P. <sooo. 
 
 Diiben, tn. Ger. Prussia, prov. Saxony, on the r. bk. of the 
 Mulde, i8| m. W. by N. Torgau. P. <3000. 
 
 Dilbendorf, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 4 m. ENE. Zurich. P. 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Dnbensee, improperly Danbensee, or Lake Dauben, small 
 glacier-lake, Switzd., cant. Valais, but on the Bernese side of 
 the Gemmi Pass ; no visible outlet. Alt. 7235 ft. 
 
 Dnbford, P.O., Scot., co. and 7^ m. E. Banff. 
 
 Z)aM, 'black.' See Z>w. 
 
 Dubh Artach, islet., with a lighthouse seen 18 m., Scot., 
 offW. ct. Argyllshire, in 56° 8' N., 6° 38' W., 18 J m. W. of 
 the N. end of Colonsay. 
 
 Dublecko, comm. , Austria, crownland Galicia, on the 1. bk. 
 of the San, 59 m. NW. by W. Drohobycz, with saline and 
 petroleum springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dublin, or Carronbrook, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Perth co. , 
 on R. Carron, 28 m. from Goderich. P. < 1500. 
 
 453 
 
DUEL— DUCH 
 
 Dublin, a maritime co. , Ire. , Leinster, in the middle of the 
 E. ct. of the island, divided into the following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 Balrothery, East 
 Balrothery, West 
 Castleknock .... 
 
 Coolock 
 
 Dublin 
 
 Nethercross .... 
 
 Newcastle 
 
 Rathdown 
 
 Uppercross .... 
 Dublin city .... 
 
 Total, Dublin . 
 
 30,021 
 25.194 
 21,372 
 28,198 
 
 1.693 
 21.943 
 22,771 
 
 32.87s 
 39,021 
 
 3.733 
 
 10,043 
 
 2,469 
 
 10,178 
 
 25,087 
 
 24.715 
 
 3.232 
 
 4.384 
 
 55.065 
 
 39.042 
 
 245,001 
 
 226,821 
 
 419,216 
 
 Surface is generally a level rich plain, with slight undulations, 
 rising in the S. to a hill range, a continuation of the Wicklow 
 Mts., the highest point of which is Kippure (2473 ft.), on the S. 
 border of the county. North of this range the only prominent 
 eminences are Lambay Isle, and the Hill of Howth (alt. 560 ft.) 
 on the penin. of D. bay. The only river of importance is the 
 Liffey. The principal means of communication are those men- 
 tioned under D. city. Along the coast, which has twenty-six 
 martello towers, are the bays of D., Killiney, Malahide, Rogers- 
 town, and Lough Shinny, and the artificial harbours of Kings- 
 town, Howth, and Balbriggan. D. is the best cultivated county 
 of Ireland ; its chief crops are oats, wheat, and f)otatoes. For 
 agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. There are no 
 minerals of great economic importance, and among manufac- 
 tures, besides Dubhn whisky and porter, Balbriggan hosiery 
 is the only one of note. The fisheries are important, and are 
 of turbot, sole, plaice, cod, ling, haddock, whiting, and oysters. 
 There are three cromlechs — at Howth and Brennanstown, and 
 one to the S. of Killiney, and some round towers; at St. 
 Dowlagh's is the most singular stone-roofed church in Ireland. 
 The county returns two members to Parliament, one for the 
 N. and one for the S. division. See Ireland, table. 
 
 Dublin (Irish, Bally-ath-cliath, ' the Town on the ford of the 
 Hurdles ; ' Dubh-linn, ' Black Pool ; ' Eblana of Ptolemy), cap. 
 city, Ire. , and co. D. , on both sides of the Liffey, at its entrance 
 into D. Bay, Irish Sea, 60 m. W. Holyhead, 138 m. W. Liver- 
 pool, 334I m. by rail and steamer WNW. London. Lat. of 
 observatory 53° 23' 13" N. , long. 6° 20' 17" W. The city proper 
 is nearly surrounded by the Circular road, 9 m. in length, and 
 which (accompanied by a branch of the Grand Canal on the S. 
 and SE. ), encloses an area of 1264 ac. The river is here crossed 
 by six stone and four iron bridges, including a swivel bridge, 
 and bordered on each side by quays faced with granite, 2^ m. 
 in length. The Vartry water-works for the supply of the city are 
 on a very extensive scale ; the reservoir at Roundwood, 24 m. to 
 the S. of D., holds when full 2,500,000,000 gallons of water. 
 Principal buildings and institutions : the castle, the seat of 
 government and oflficial residence of the Lord Lieutenant, built 
 on rising ground near the centre of the city, and containing an 
 arsenal, an armoury, viceregal chapel, and police barracks ; the 
 courts of law, called the Four Courts ; the King's Inn ; D. Uni- 
 versity (founded in 1591), with the single college of Trinity ; the 
 Royal University of Ireland, an examining and degree-conferring 
 body, founded in 1880 ; the University College on St. Stephen's 
 Green, and the Cecilia St. medical school connected with it ; 
 custom-house ; Bank of Ireland, formerly the parliament house ; 
 Post Office ; colleges of surgeons and physicians ; Rotunda (a 
 public hall and place of recreation ; the Royal Dublin Society ; 
 the National Gallery ; School of Design , and Museum of Geology 
 and Natural History ; Kilmainham Royal Hospital for disabled 
 soldiers ; the cathedrals of Christ Church (or Holy Trinity) and 
 St. Patrick (both belonging to the Anglican Church of Ireland, 
 both restored, restorations completed in 1865 and 1878 respec- 
 tively) ; the Roman Catholic Cathedral in Marlborough St. ; 
 the Blue Coat School for sons of decayed citizens, and Swift's 
 Asylum for lunatics ; Simpson's Hospital for the blind, gouty, 
 &c. There are numerous medical and surgical hospitals, eleven 
 of which receive parliamentary grants, and are placed under a 
 board of superintendence. Fine cemeteries, Roman Catholic at 
 Glasnevin, and Protestant at Harold's Cross. There are four 
 barracks within the city, and five in the suburbs. In the 
 Phoenix Park, comprising 1753 ac, are the Viceregal Lodge, 
 Chief and Under Secretaries' lodges, the Hibernian School for 
 soldiers' sons, military magazine, medical infirmary, zoological 
 garden, constabulary barracks. Ordnance Survey office, and 
 Wellington testimonial. The prisons are Newgate, Mountjoy 
 Convict Dep6t, and Richmond Bridewell. D. is not a manu- 
 facturing tovra. Its poplins are noted, but this branch of in- 
 dustry has fallen off, and the principal manufactured products 
 for which D. is knovra are whisky and porter. D. communi- 
 cates with the N., S., and W. of Ireland by rail, and with the 
 464 
 
 W. by the Grand and Royal Canals, and by steam-packets 
 writh Belfast, Glasgow, Liverpool, Holyhead, Bristol, Cork, 
 Plymouth, Southampton, London, and Havre. A loop line 
 (the City of Dublin Juna) connects the chief railway systems 
 that have their termini in the city (Great Southern & Western, 
 Midland Great Western, D. & Drogheda, and D., Wicklow, 
 and Wexford Rlys. ). Its harbour and docks, with the exception 
 of the Spencer Docks, the Ringsend Basins, and the Royal Canal 
 Dock, which belong to private companies, are under the manage- 
 ment of the D. Port and Docks Board. The harbour is 14 ft. deep 
 at low water, 27 ft. at high water, ordinary spring tides, but the 
 Alexandra Basin has a depth at low water of 24-26 ft. For 
 shipping statistics, see Appendix, p. 13. D. is the seat of a 
 chamber of commerce. The Ouzel-galley Society, instituted in 
 1705, for the arbitration of commercial disputes, the expenses 
 whereof were appropriated to the benefit of decayed merchants, 
 ceased to exist in 1887. The see of the Anglican archbishop com- 
 prises the counties Dublin and Wicklow, with part of Kildare, 
 and his jurisdiction is nearly coextensive with the provs. Leinster 
 and Munster. D. is divided into the pari. divs. of College Green, 
 D. Harbour, St. Stephen's Green, and St. Patrick's, each return- 
 ing one member to the House of Commons, besides two members 
 for the University. Market-days, M., Tu., Th., and S. Alt. 
 163 ft. Mean temp. (20 yrs. , 1861-80), yr. 49.2° F. , Jan. 40.4°, 
 July 59.9°. P. (1841) 232,700; (1851)258,400; (1871)246,300; 
 mun. bor. (1891) 3733 ac, P. 245,000; pari. bor. (1891) 5409 ac, 
 P. 269,700. 
 Dnblln, co., Queensland, crossed by 26° S., and 148° E. 
 Dublin, viL , U.S. , Indiana, Wayne co. , 51 m. E. Indianapolis 
 by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnblln, vil. , U.S. , Georgia, Laurens co. , 87 m. SW. Augusta. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnblln, city, U.S., Texas, Erath co., 107 m. NW. Waco by 
 rail. P. <3000. 
 Dnblln, P.O., Wales, 3 m. from Connah's Quay, Flintshire. 
 Dnblln Bay, Ire. , co. Dublin. 
 Dnblln Range, vil., Canada. See Irrlne. 
 Dnblje, tn. , in the NW. of Servia, circle Podrinje. P. <3000. 
 DnbmlU Point, cape, Eng. , on the NW. ct. of Cumberland, 
 forming the N. extremity of Allonby Bay. 
 
 Dnbnlan, or Dnbnany, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 22 m. ENE. 
 Nikolsburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dnbno, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Volhyina, 154 m. W. of 
 Zhitomir, 3 m. from Vilna-Lemberg Rly. P. 750c. 
 
 Dn Bols, CO., U.S., Indiana, crossed by 87" W., and partly 
 bounded on N. by E. branch of White R. , in about 381" N. 
 
 Dn Bols, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Clearfield co., 78 m. NE. 
 by E. Pittsburg. P. 6100. 
 
 Dnbolstown, bor., U.S. Pennsylvania, Lycoming co., on 
 Susquehanna R., 75 m. W. by S. Scranton. P. <isoo. 
 
 Dnbossary, tn., Russia, govt. Kherson, on 1. bk. of Dniester, 
 102 m. NW. of Odessa. P. 10,500. 
 Dnbonzet, isl., off New Caledonia. See Nu. 
 Dnbova-Paraszt, vil., Hungary, co. Arva, dist. Var.; has 
 mineral springs. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 DnboTka, tn. , Russia, govt, and 93 m. SSW. of Saratov ; 
 important port on the r. bk. Volga, whence goods are trans- 
 ported to and from the Don. P. 14,600. 
 
 Dnbrovna, tn. , Russia, govt, and 36 m. NNE. of Moghilev. 
 P. 7500. 
 
 Dnbton Junction, stn., Scot., Forfarshire, on the C. R., 2 
 m. NNW. Montrose. 
 
 Dubuque (du-buk'), city, and important river port and rljr. 
 centre, U.S., Iowa, cap. of D. co., occupying an elevated plam 
 surrounded by high bluffs, on r. bk. of Mississippi R., 160 m. 
 WNW. Chicago, 470 m. N. St. Louis, 321 m. S. St. Paul, near 
 coal-mines and with lead and zinc ores mined in the city limits. 
 Two steel bridges span the river — one exclusively for railway- 
 cars. Headquarters of lines of river steamers with extensive 
 boat-yards where steel river-boats and small war vessels are 
 built for the government. Its numerous factories comprise 
 those for interior house construction of costly woods, enameling 
 works, carriage and waggon factories, two large coffin factories, 
 extensive saw-mills and lumber interests. Its water supply is 
 pure from a subterranean lake-gravity pressure. First per- 
 manently settled in 1833. Mortality per 1000 is 10. i for nine 
 years. Alt. of river (above which the tovm rises 300 ft. ) 592 ft. ; 
 U.S. Signal Office 665 ft. Mean temp. (40 yrs.), yr. 47.7° P., 
 Jan. 18.4°, July 74.4°.; mean rfall. 35.33 in. P. (1870) 18,400; 
 (1880)22,300; (1890)30,300. 
 
 Dubuque, East, city, U.S., Illinois, Jo Daviess co. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Ducalla Head, cape. Ire., SW. ct. co. Kerry, S. of St. 
 Finan's Bay. 
 Dncato, cape, Italian name of I<enlcstss (^.v.). 
 Ducey, vil., France, dep. Manche, on the S61ime, 21 m. SE. 
 Granville, arr. and 5 m. SE. by S. Avranches. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Du Ch^ne, riv. , Canada, Quebec, Megantic and Lotbiniere 
 COS., flows NW. to the St. Lawrence, which it enters about 
 72° 8' W. 
 
DUCH — DUI 
 
 Dncherskiy (also Borglnskly), silver works, E. Siberia, 
 govt. Transbaikalia, 27 m. SW. of Nerchinskiy Zavod. 
 DncbOTCoT, Austria. See Dax« 
 Dncbray Water, riv. , Scot. See Forth. 
 
 Dnde Island, Pacific Ocean, of coral formation, oval shaped, 
 with a lagoon in its centre, in 24° 30' S. , and 124° 48' W. 
 
 Dnck, islet. Ire., off W. ct. co. Gal way, in 53° 24' N. 
 
 Dncklngton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 10 m. 
 SE. Chester, 3 m. N. Malpas. P. <25o. 
 
 Dnck Island, isl. , Canada, Ontario, S. of Grand Mani- 
 toulin I., Lake Huron, in 45° 40' N. 
 
 Dnck Island, small isl., Canada, Ontario, near the lower 
 end of Lake Ontario, in 76° 35-37' W. 
 
 Dnckllngton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, on the Windrush, 
 div. and 8 m. SW. Woodstock, i^ m. S. Witney, P.O. 
 P. < 500 ; eccles. par. (D, yvlttk Hardivick, or Cokethorpe) 
 
 P. <7So- 
 
 Dnckmanton, hamlet, Eng., Derbyshire, div. and 4 m. E. 
 by S. Chesterfield, i^ m. SSW. Netherthorpe stn., P.O. See 
 Sntton. 
 
 Dnckponds, Victoria. See Lara. 
 
 Dnck River, or Smlthton, post-tn., Tasmania, Wellington 
 CO., on the coast, 13 m. W. Stanley. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnck RiTer, U.S., flows nearly W. through middle Tennessee 
 into Tennessee R. Length about 250 m. 
 
 Ducks, stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. P. R., 
 about 120° 4' W., 1214 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 268 m. from 
 Vancouver. 
 
 Dncktown, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Polk co., near the SE. 
 comer of the state ; with copper-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnclalr, tn., France, dep. Seine Inf^rieure, on the r. bk. of 
 the Seine, arr. and 11 m. WNW. Rouen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dnrlos, another name of Lombom L, S. Pacific. 
 
 Dndbrldge, stn., Eng., Gloucestershire, on the M. R., zh m. 
 SSW. Stroud, P.O. 
 
 Dnddeston, two eccles. pars. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Aston par. , 
 near Birmingham, vnth a stn. (Vanxhall and D.) on the L. and 
 NW. R. D. St. Anne, P. 6100 ; D. St. Matthew, P. 8200. 
 
 Dndding Hill, stn., Eng., on the M. R., in the NW. of 
 London, 6 m. NW. St. Pancras. 
 
 Dnddlngston, ct. par., Scot., Midlothian, containing vil. 
 D., Wester, on D. Loch, 2 m. ESE. Edinburgh, with a stn 
 (D. and Cralgmlllar) on the N. B. R., P.O. P. 9600; D. 
 Wester, P. <5oo. 
 
 Dnddlngton, par. , Eng. , N. div. of Northamptonshire, on 
 the Welland, 5 m. SW. by S. Stamford, 3 m. E. by S. Luffen- 
 ham stn. , PMT. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Dnddo, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and yh m. SW. by 
 S. Berwick-upon-Tweed, 3I m. E. by S. Twizel stn. P. <2SO. 
 
 Dnddon, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 7 m. E. by 
 S. Chester, 3 m. NNE. Tattenhall Road stn. P. <:2So. See 
 Tarvln. 
 
 Dnddon, riv. , Eng. , rising on the N. side of Furness Fells, 
 Westmorland, and flowing first W. then S. along the border 
 of Cumberland into Morecambe Bay. 
 
 Diidelsheim, market-tn., Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, 
 m. E. by N. Homburg, 20 m. NE. Frankfurt. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dnderhof, hills, Russia, 550 ft. high, near St. Petersburg. 
 
 Dnderstadt, tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 14m. E. Gottingen, 
 2 m. from the S. frontier of the prov. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Dndlna, Dndlnskoye ZlmoTlye, small settlement, Siberia, 
 at junction of Dudina R. with Yenisei, 69° 11' N. lat.; port for 
 steamers coming from Europe via the Kara Sea. 
 
 Diidlngen, or Ciuin, vil., Switzd., cant, and 3 m. NNE. 
 Freiburg. Near is the Magdalena Hermitage, hewn out of the 
 rock. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Dndleston, hamlet, Eng., Salop, div. and 7m. NE. Oswestry, 
 4 m. E. Cefn stn., PM.O., and PMT.O. (D. Heath). P.< 
 500. 
 
 Dudley, mun. (incorporated 1865) and pari, and co. bor., 
 Eng., in a detached part of Worcestershire, 5^ m. S. by E. 
 Wolverhampton, on the G. W. R. and L. & NW. R., in the 
 diocese of Worcester. A principal seat of the iron trade, with 
 blast-furnaces, and the vicinity abounding with mines of coal 
 and iron, and with limestone quarries. Nails, chain cables, 
 grates, fire-irons, and iron utensils generally, with glass, are the 
 principal manufactiu-ed products. The D. Canal, 13 m. in 
 length, joins the Birmingham and Worcester Canal 4 m. S. 
 Birmingham. D. Hill is composed of basalt. The limestone of 
 D. belongs to the Silurian system, is full of organic remains, and 
 has been wrought into caverns of vast extent. In the vicinity are 
 chalybeate springs. The bor., which was extended in 1867, 
 sends one member to House of Commons. Dudo, a Saxon 
 priiice, built a castle here in the 8th century, which was rebuilt 
 during the reign of Henry III., but destroyed by fire in 1750. 
 The massive keep is still standing, and the grounds are of great 
 beauty. D. has a free grammar school, established in 1638. 
 Market-day, S. P. (1801) 10,100; (1851) 38,000; pari. bor. 
 P. (1891) 90,300; mun. and co. bor. P. (1871) 43,800, (1891) 
 45.700. 
 
 Dudley, PM.O., Eng,, 7J m. N. Newcastle-on-Tyne, North- 
 umberland. 
 
 Dudley, co. , New South Wales, on the E. ct. , crossed by 31° S. 
 
 Dudley, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 16 m. S. by W. 
 Worcester. P. <30oo. 
 
 Dudley, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Huntingdon co., 70 m. 
 W. Harrisburg, 23 m. SSE. Altoona. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Dudley, settlement, U.S., Washington, co. and 7 m. E. 
 Walla Walla. 
 
 Dudley Hill, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, in par. and 
 SE. of Bradford, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Dudley Port, vil., Eng., S. Staffordshire, i^ m. NE. Dudley, 
 with two stns. (D. P. and D. P. June.) on the L. & NW. R. , 
 with coal-mines and blast-furnaces. For P.O. see Tipton. 
 
 Dudswell, tn. , Canada, Quebec, Wolfe co. , 85 m. S. by W. 
 Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dndweiler, coram, and tn. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 38 m. 
 SSE. Treves ; has state coal-mines and manufactures of fireprool 
 bricks ; near it is a hill, in which a coal seam has been burning for 
 nearly 200 years. Tn. P. 8500 ; comm. (including colony Her- 
 rensohr, &c.) P. 12,200. 
 
 Due, Sathalin I. See DnI. 
 
 Duelra, Cala, bay, on the W. side of Gozo I. , Mediterranean. 
 
 Due HlgUa e San Sarlno, comm. , Italy, prov. , dist. , and 
 circle Cremona. P. 11,000. 
 
 Dueftas, tn., Spain, prov. and 9 m. S. Palencia, near the 
 Pisuerga. P. <:4000. 
 
 Due Odde, cape, Denmark, the SE. point of Bornholm. 
 
 Duer, vil., Upper Egypt, prov. Siut. P. (1882) 6100. 
 
 Duera, tn., Algeria, arr. and 10 m. SW. Algiers. P. < 2000. 
 
 Duero, riv. , Spain. See Douro. 
 
 DueTllle, comm., Italy, prov., dist., and circle Vicenza. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Dnfaure, isl. , on the S. ct. of Brit. New Guinea, in 149° 48' E. 
 
 Duir, riv. , Ire. , forms part of boundary between co. Leitrim 
 and CO. Sligo, flows into Donegal Bay. 
 
 DtifTel, or Duffel, comm., Belgium, prov. and 10 m. SE. 
 Antwerp, on the Nethe. P. 6000. 
 
 Dufferln, co. , Canada, Ontario, crossed in the S. by 44° N. 
 and in the E. by 80° W. 
 
 Dufferln, bar.. Ire., middle co. Down. 
 
 Dufferln, cape, at the N. end of a small island on the E. 
 side of Hudson Bay, in 58° 47' N. 
 
 Duff Hill, mt. , Ire. , in the N. of co. Wicklow, 13 m. S W. 
 by W. Bray. Height, 2364 ft. 
 
 Duff (orWllson) Islands, eleven islets. Pacific Ocean, in 9° 
 50-10° S. and 167° E., to the NE. of Santa Cruz. 
 
 DnflSeld, small tn. and par., Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div., 4^ 
 m. N. by W. Derby, on the R. Derwent and the M. R., PMT.O. 
 Market-day, Th. Par. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dufileld, North and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div., 9^ m. NNW. Goole, 
 i^ m. N. by W. Menthorpe Gate stn. North D. (P.O.) P. < 
 500 ; South D. P. <:2So. 
 
 Duffins Creek, vil., Canada, Ontario prov. and co., 21 m. 
 NE. by E. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Duflla, hill tract, India. See Daphla. 
 
 Dum-yn, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, 3 m. WSW. New- 
 port ; includes part of Bassaleg. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Dufftown, vil, Scot., Banffshire, 9 m. SW. Keith, with a 
 stn. on the G. N. of S. R.; founded in'i8i7by James Duff, Earl 
 of Fife ; has lime-works and distilleries, and is now a popular 
 resort for summer visitors and invalids. PMT.O. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Dufllis, par., Scot., Elginshire, 4^ m. NW. Elgin, and 3^ m. 
 E. Burghead stn. , P.O.; 9475 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 DuffVs, stn., Wales, Merionethshire, 12 m. NE. by N. Har- 
 lech, on the Festiniog Rly. See Blaenan Festlnlog. 
 
 Duffy's Cross, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Ardee, co. Louth. 
 
 Duronrspitze. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. l. 
 
 Dufton, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, div. and 3^ m. N. Appleby, 
 16 m. E. Long Marton stn. D. Fell, an upland tract to the E. , 
 on the border of Durham. P.O. 16,848 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Duga, pass, in the NW. of Montenegro, on the route from . 
 the fortress of NikgiS to that of Mostar (Herzegovina) ; several 
 forts on the route. 
 
 Dugandan, post-tn., Queensland, Ward co., 45 m. SSW. 
 Brisbane. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Dngel, tn. , N. China. See Hokou. 
 
 Duggleby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 16^ m. SW. Scarborough, 2 m. E. N. Grimston stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Dugny, vil., France, dep. Seine, arr. St. Dennis, 7im. NNE. 
 Notre Dame, Paris. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dugort, PM.O., Ire. See Doogort. 
 
 Dugumurr, small bay, Ger. New Guinea, N. ct., in 145° 8' E. 
 
 Dnhallow, bar. , Ire. , in the NW. of co. Cork. 
 
 Dul, or Due, Russian penal colony, on W. ct. of Sakhalin I. , 
 50° 50' N. lat. , 142° 6' E. long. Chief centre of convict ad- 
 ministration and governorship of the island. Coal-mines. Alt. 
 330 ft. Mean temp., yr. 33.4° F., Jan. 4.6°, Aug. 61.6°. 
 
 455 
 
DUID — DUMA 
 
 Dnida, Cerro, mt. , Venezuela, in the S. , in 3° 10' N. and 66° 
 10' W. , on the slope of the Sierra Parime, r. bk. of the Uppei 
 Orinoco. Alt. above 8000 ft. 
 
 Dalker Point, cape, on the W. ct. of Cape Colony, in 
 34° 2' S., 19 m. SW. by S. Cape Town. 
 
 Dnlmenla, tribe. Eastern Morocco, about 250 m. SSW. of 
 Tlemsen, Algeria. 
 
 Dalngen, market-tn. , Prussia, prov. and 25 m. S. Hanover ; 
 has celebrated manufactures of earthenware of nearly blue clay. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Dnlno, sea-bathing place, Austrian coast-land, on a small 
 promontory at the N. end of the Gulf of and 12 m. NW. Trieste. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Dnlra, oasis, Tunis, 72 m. S. by E. Cabes. 
 
 DnlTlntsh, par. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, in the W. of the Isle 
 of Skye ; 80,042 ac. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Duisbnrg (diis'burg, ancient Drusiburgum) , tn., Prussia, 
 prov. Rhine, cap. circle, on rly., govt, and 15 m. N. Diisseldorf, 
 between the Ruhr and Anger, i^ m. from the r. bk. of the 
 Rhine, on the Ruhr-Rhine Canal, in the Ruhr coal-field. At 
 one time a Hansa tovra ; from 1655 to 1806 seat of a university, 
 now transferred to Diisseldorf. It has iron, brass, and copper 
 rolling-mills, manufactures of machinery, cast steel wares, 
 cottons, &c. Contains a monument to Gerhard Kremer, the 
 inventor of Mercator's projection for maps, who died here in 
 1594. P. (1816)4500; (1890) tn. P. 24,800; comm., including 
 the suburb of Hochfeld (11,400), and the colony of Neudorf 
 (7400), P. 59,300. 
 
 D^ltama, tn., Colombia, dep. Boyaca, 100 m. NE. Bogotd. 
 Alt. 8235 ft. P. 12,000. 
 
 Dnlveland ('pigeon land'), isL, Holland, to the E. of the 
 isl. of Schouwen, prov. Zeeland, 24 m. SW. Rotterdam. 
 
 Dtkjikna, tn., India, D. state. P, (1891) 5700; Hindus, 
 2700 ; Moham. 3100. 
 
 Dnkajln, dist. , Turkey, N. Albania, S. of the Drin. 
 
 Dakara, Kas el, cape, Tunis, N. ct., in 9° 42' E. 
 
 Dnkatl, or Dnkades, tn., Turkey in Europe, Albania, 73 
 m. S. Durazzo, 15 m. S. by E. Avlona. 
 
 Duktkton, cape, Greece. See Lenkatas. 
 
 Duke Center, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, McKean co., 83 m. 
 E. by S. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Duke of Clarence Strait, southern Alaska, between Prince 
 of Wales I. and the mainland or islands near the mainland ; 
 107 m. long. 
 
 Dake of York, isl. , Pacific. See Oatafn. 
 
 Dnke of York Group, a name once given to the isls. of 
 New Britain and New Ireland and smaller islands adjacent. 
 See Bismarck Arcblpelaso. 
 
 Dnkerles, a popular name for a dist. in the NW. of Notts, 
 Eng. , between Mansfield and Worksop, containing several ducal 
 seats. 
 
 Dukes Hagg, par., Eng., Northumberland, 6 m. E. Cor- 
 bridge. P. <:25o. 
 
 Dnke's, co., U.S., Massachusetts, in the SE. , composed of 
 Martha's Vineyard I. and the small isls. in the S. of Buzzard's Bay. 
 
 Dnke Street, stn. , Scot. , in the E. of Glasgow. 
 
 Dnke Town, W. Africa. See Calabar, Old. 
 
 DnkhoYschlna, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 34 m. NE. of 
 Smolensk. P. <:4000. 
 
 Dnklnfleld, par. and tn., Eng., Cheshire, adjoining Staly- 
 bridge on the SW., included in the parL bor. of Stalybridge, 
 on the L. & N W. and M. S. & L. Rlys. ; has cotton and other 
 manufactures, and coal-mines. Market-day, M. P. 29,200; 
 tn. P. 17,400. 
 
 Dnkklnshataabazpoor I. See Dakshln Sh4hl><bEpiir. 
 
 Dnkla, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 61 m. NNE. Kaschau 
 (Hungary). D. Pass, leading across the Carpathians to the S. ; 
 alt. 1645 ft. P. <4000. 
 
 Dnkwea, riv. , Africa. See Liberia. 
 
 Dnlane, par., Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upp)er Kells, 3 m. SW. 
 Kells ; 4241 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dnlas, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Rossdiv., 11 m. SW. by 
 W. Hereford, 2 m. WSW. Abbeydore stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Dnlas, small river, Wales, rises in Merionethshire, and flows 
 along the W. border of Montgomeryshire, till it joins the Dovey 
 at Machynlleth. 
 
 Dnlas Bay, Wales, in the NE. of Anglesey, 3 m. SE. 
 Amlwch, with P.O. (Dnlas). 
 
 Dnlbydllla, Queensland. See Dnlvadllla. 
 
 Duke, Spanish, ' sweet," ' fresh (of water).' 
 
 Dnlce, bay, on the W. ct. of Guatemala. 
 
 Dnlce, Klo, riv. , Argentine Republic, rises in prov. Tucuman 
 as the SaJi, flows S. through that prov., and becomes known in 
 Santiago, first, as the Rio Hondo, then as the R. D., and 
 finally sometimes called the Rio Saladillo. It terminates in the 
 marshy tract known as the Porongos. 
 
 Dnlce, Klo, riv. , Guatemala. See Golfo Dnlce. 
 
 Dnlclgno (an Italian form, in Servian Vljcln), the ancient 
 Olcinium, fortified tn., Montenegro, on the ct., on a rocky 
 penin. in the Adriatic, 12 m. S. by E. Antivari. Seat of a 
 456 
 
 Roman Catholic bishop. Viewed from the sea, D. has the 
 aspect of an imposing fortress ; landward it is commanded by 
 the heights of Masiuri and Colonza. Belonged to the Venetians 
 from 1420-1571, then to the Turks till 1878. P. 7000. See 
 Montenegro. 
 
 Duleek, par. and tn. , Ire. , co. Meath, bar. D. , 5 m. SW. by 
 S. Drogheda, on the Oldcastle, Kells, & Navan Rly., PMT.O. 
 Par. 21,499 ac, P. < 2500; tn. P. <:soo. 
 
 Dnleek, Lower and Upper, two bars. , Ire. , in the extreme 
 E. of CO. Meath ; Lower D. on the N. , Upper D. on the S. 
 
 Dnleek Abbey, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper D., 3 m. 
 SE. Duleek. P. <2So. 
 
 Dnllt, mt. , Sarawak, near the source of the Tinjar, 8° 12' N. , 
 114° E. Alt. 5100 ft., Geog. Jour., I. (1893), pp. 200-205. 
 
 Dttlken, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 20 m. W. Diissel- 
 dorf. Iron-foundries and manufactures of machinery ; impor- 
 tant silk and velvet manufactures. P. (1816) 1800 ; (1890) 8500. 
 
 Dnll, par., Scot., W. Perthshire, 3 m. W. Aberfeldy ; 63,417 
 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Dnllatnr, viL , Scot. , in a detached part of Dumbartonshire, 
 7I m. N. by W. Airdrie, on the N. B. R. 
 
 DnlUngham, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, div. and 3^ m. 
 SSW. Newmarket, on the G. E. R., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Dnlllsk CoYC, Ire., on the SE. ct. of co. Dovra, in 54° 10' N. 
 
 Diilln, Hungary. See DlUn. 
 
 Diilmen, tn. and par. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 16 
 ra. SW. by W. Miinster ; iron mines and furnaces near. Tn. 
 P. < 5000; par. P. < 4000. 
 
 Dnlnaln, riv. , Scot. , NE. Inverness-shire, flows NE. firom 
 the Monagh Lea Mountains to the Spey ; 28 m. long. 
 
 Dnlnaln Bridge, P.O., Scot., Elginshire, on R. Dulnain, 21 
 m. S. by W. Forres, x\ m. N. Broomhill stn. 
 
 Dnloe Blrer, small riv., Eng., Cornwall, flows SSE. and 
 joins the Looe at its mouth. 
 
 Dnloe, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 11^ m. SE. by E. 
 Bodmin, 3I m. S. by W. Liskeard stn., PM.O. ; 5829 aa 
 P. < 1000; eccles. par. (D. St. Cnby) P. <75o. 
 
 Dnlntta (named after Sieur Daniel Greysolon du Luth, who 
 in 1678 left Quebec to spend a year in N. Minnesota, where he 
 built a fort), city, U.S., Minnesota, St. Louis co., on Lake 
 Superior, 135 m. NNE. St. PauL It has large deep-water 
 harbours, reached by a ship canal. It is the Lake Superior 
 terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad, and being the point 
 of convergence of other railways from the Red River valley and 
 other rich wheat-growing parts of the prairies states, it has 
 grown very rapidly in recent years, and its receipts of wheat 
 are already in excess of those of Chicago. It is also a place of 
 shipment of some of the iron ores of NE. Minnesota, and it has 
 started smelting-works for the silver, copper, and lead ores of 
 the region traversed by the N. P. R. Alt. 672 ft. Mean temp. , 
 yr. 39.9° F. , Jan. 11. 9 , July 66.7°; mean rfalL (12 jts.), 34.1 in. 
 P. (i88o)<:i5oo; (1890)33,100. 
 
 Dnlradllla, or Dnlbydllla, rly. stn., Queensland, Dublin 
 CO., 290 m. SW. Rockbampton, on the railway running W. 
 from Brisbane. 
 
 Dnlverton, par. and market-tn., Eng., Somerset, Wellington 
 div., 10 m. N. by W. Tiverton, i^ m. from its stn. on the 
 G. W. R. ; manufactures woollen stuffs. PMT.O. Market- 
 day, S. 8741 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 DnlTerton, post-tn., Tasmania, Devon co., 70 m. NW. 
 Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnlwlch, suburb of London, Eng., Surrey, Camberwell bor. 
 (see Camberwell), 4 m. S. St. Paul's, with a stn. (D.) on the 
 L. C. & D. R., and two others (Korth D. and East D.) on 
 the L. B. & S. C. R. D. College, founded 1619 by Edward 
 Alleyne, a tragic actor, maintains a master and a warden 
 (having the name of Alleyne or Allen), four fellows in holy 
 orders, numerous poor brethren and sisters, and foundation 
 scholars. The picture gallery, containing a choice collection 
 of Italian and Flemish paintings, was left to the college in 1811 
 by Sir F. Bourgeois. New buildings were erected in 1870. 
 
 Dnma, viL , Palestine, 33° 34' N. , 36° 22' E. , 6^ m. NE. by 
 E. Damascus. 
 
 Ddmagikdlem, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and on the 
 1. bk. of the R. GodAvari (,q.v.), 115 m. N. by W. Masulipatam. 
 P. (i88i)<30oo; (1890) -c 5000. 
 
 Dumagnete, comm. and seapt, in the S. of Negros I., 
 Philippine Is., 9° 4' N., 123° 7' E. P. 13,200. 
 
 Dumah, place named in O. T. See Ed Ddmeli. 
 
 Dumalag, comm., in the middle of Panay I., Philippine Is., 
 11° 15' N., 122° 41' E. P. 7300. 
 
 Dnmanqnllas, Seno, gulf, Philippine Is., on the S. of 
 Mindanao, in 123" 5' E. 
 
 Dnmaran. 1. One of the Philippine Is., separated from the 
 E. ct. of Palawan by Cook Channel, crossed by ioJ° N., and 
 just W. of 120° E. «. A village on the W. ct. 
 
 Dnmardnagross, P.O. , Ire. , 3 m. from Dromore, co. Tyrone. 
 
 Dnmaresqne, riv., AustraUa, rises in the Macpherson Mts., 
 flows \\'. , forming the boundary between New South Wales and 
 Queensland, and falls into the Macintyre R. ! 
 
DUMA — DUNA 
 
 Damarliig, tn. , Dutch Borneo, on the E. ct. 
 
 Dnniayghali, port, on the E. side of the Red Sea, in 26° 38' N. 
 Jour. R. G. S., 1879, map, p. i (enlarged inset). 
 
 Dnmbartou, vil., Canada, Ontario, Ontario co., 17 m. NE. 
 by E. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnmbartou, or Dnnbarton (in the 6th century called by the 
 Britons of Strathclyde AlcLuith, 'height on the Clyde,' and by 
 [\ie.Qi?i€&Dunhreatan, 'fortof the Britons '),royaland pari, burgh, 
 river port, and par., Scot., cap. co. D., on the Leven, near its 
 confluence with the Clyde, 8| m. NW. Paisley, on the N. B. R., 
 13 m. NW. Glasgow. D. Castle, on a bold, isolated, basaltic 
 rock, at the river mouth (206 ft. above the Clyde), is a fortress 
 of great antiquity and historical interest, and one of those main- 
 tained at the public expense by the terms of the Union of Scotland 
 and England. The Leven is navigable at high water from its 
 mouth to Loch Lomond for small craft, and to the bridge for 
 larger vessels ; and the town has iron and wooden shipbuilding, 
 engineering, iron-founding, and rope-making. Various manu- 
 factures are carried on in its vicinity. It was erected into a 
 royal burgh by Alexander IL, 1222. Market-day, W. Par. 
 8291 ac, P. 14,100; tn. P. 17,600; (1891) royal burgh, P. 14,000; 
 pari, burgh, P. 16,900. See Kilmarnock. 
 
 Dumbartonsblre (formerly Lennox), co., Scot., chiefly en- 
 closed by Lochs Lomond and Long and the Firth of Clyde, 
 which separates it from the cos. StirUng, Argyll, and Renfrew ; 
 but having also a detached portion eastward, between the cos. 
 Stirling and Lanark, and on Campsie branch of the N. B. R. , 
 and the Clyde and Forth Canal. The N. B. R. has termini at 
 the foot of Loch Lomond (Balloch) and Helensburgh, and the 
 West Highland Rly. , which is worked by the N. B. R. , has a 
 line in continuation of the Helensburgh line along the shores 
 of the Gare Loch, Loch Long, and Loch Lomond to join the 
 railway to Oban at Crianlarich in Perthshire, and thence to 
 Fort William. A line from Glasgow to Dumbarton and the 
 Vale of Leven is now being constructed by the C. R. Principal 
 river the Leven, which drains Loch Lomond into the Clyde. 
 Surface mostly mountainous, and soil poor ; but in the low- 
 lands fertile and well cultivated. Coal and ironstone are mined 
 at Maryhill and Kilsyth, coal also at Kirkintilloch, Duntocher, 
 Cumbernauld, and Lenzie. Slates are quarried at Luss, and 
 ganister is obtained in the county. The county contains cotton 
 mills, glass-works, paper mills, and print fields, besides large 
 shipbuilding works at Dumbarton. Principal towns, Dum- 
 barton and Helensburgh. The county sends one member to 
 House of Commons. i54,542ac. P.94,soo. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Dnmbleton, par., Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkesbiuy div., 
 5m. S. by W. Evesham, 2jm. E. Beckford stn. , PM. O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Dumbrek, vil., in the SW. of Asia Minor, 52 m. N. by E. 
 Rhodes. 
 
 Dnuibrla, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Corcubi6n. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Diim Dnm, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. 24 Parganas, 6 m. 
 NE. by E. Fort William, Calcutta. Important military station, 
 P. (i88i)<5ooo; (1891) 11,000; Hindus, 6300; Moham. 4700. 
 
 Dumfries', royal and pari, burgh, river port, and par., Scot., 
 cap. CO. D., on the Nith, across which it communicates with its 
 suburb Maxwelltown (in Kirkcudbrightshire), which is included 
 in the pari, burgh, by three bridges, 9 m. from the mouth of the 
 river in Solway Firth, and 28^ m. WNW. from Carlisle, with 
 which, and with Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Portpatrick, it is 
 connected by rails. Four endowed seminaries united under the 
 name of the Dumfries Academy ;severalassociationswath libraries. 
 The bar of the Nith has a depth of 19 ft. at dead low water. 
 All the quays on the Nith are dry at low water ; at high water 
 springs the depth is 15 ft. at Glencaple, 5 m. below D., 10 ft. 
 at Kingholm, 2 m. below D. , and 8J ft. at Dockfoot, close beside 
 the town. Manufactures tweeds, hosiery, leather, baskets, clogs, 
 and shoes. D. has a weekly market, W. , and annual fairs for 
 the sale of cattle. The burgh unites with Kirkcudbright, Annan, 
 Sanquhar, and Lochmaben (forming the D. dist. of burghs) 
 in sending one member to House of Commons. D. became a 
 royal burgh in the 12th century, when a monastery was founded 
 here, in the chapel of which John Comyn, a competitor for the 
 Scottish throne, was stabbed by Robert Bruce in 1305. In St. 
 Michael's Church burying-ground Robert Bums, the Scottish 
 poet, is interred, and a monument is here erected to his memory. 
 On the banks of the Cluden are the ruins of a nunnery. Mean 
 temp. , June 57.2°, Jan. 38. 1° F. Alt. 85 ft. Mean rfall. (Cargen, 
 1866-80), 45.55 in. Royal burgh, P. 14,000; par. (10,032 ac.) 
 P. 17,900; pari, biu-gh, P. (1871) 15,400; (1891) 17,800; pari. 
 dist. of burghs, P. 26,200. 
 
 Dumfries House, stn., Scot., co. and near Ayr, on the C. 
 and G. & SW. Rlys. 
 
 Dumft-lesshlre, a frontier co. , Scot. , bounded E. and S. by 
 Cumberland and the Solway Firth. The co. is subdivided into 
 Nithsdale (ascended by the G. & SW^ R.), Annan dale (ascended 
 by the C. R.), and Eskdale (ascended as far as Langholm by a 
 branch of the N. B. R. ), watered by the rivers Nith, Annan, and 
 Esk. There are nine lochs in the vicinity of Lochmaben ; and 
 Loch Skene, near the head of Moffat Water, whence issues the 
 
 picturesque waterfall called the Grey Mare's Tail, is 1300 ft. 
 above the sea. Lochar Moss, covering 10 m. of the valley 
 between Nith and Annan, is principally a morass. A con- 
 siderable part of the country is mountainous, especially towards 
 the N. and NE. Amongst the highest mountains are Black 
 Larg 2231 ft., the Lowther 2377 ft., Queensberry 2285 ft., and 
 Hartfell 2651 ft. The high grounds afford good pasturage ; and 
 cattle, sheep, and pig-rearing form an important branch of rural 
 industry. Soil fertile in the lowlands. For agricultural statis- 
 tics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. The mountainous districts are 
 composed of mica slate of Silurian age. There are patches of 
 new red (Permian) sandstone in the valleys of the Nith and 
 Annan, and along the head of the Solway Firth, and this last 
 Permian area has on the N. a considerable area of carboniferous 
 limestones, followed by a strip of volcanic rock. Limestone is 
 quarried at Barjarg in the par. of Keir, and Kelhead in that of 
 Cummertrees ; coal is mined at Sanquhar and Canonbie ; lead 
 at Wanlockhead ; zinc ore at Abington. Gold was also in former 
 times found here, and is still in minute quantities. Mineral 
 springs at Moffat. Chief towns, Dumfries, the cap., Annan, 
 Lockerbie, Langholm, Moffat, Sanquhar, and Lochmaben. 
 The county sends one member to House of Commons. Dum- 
 fries originally comprised the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, and 
 by the Romans was comprehended under the prov. Valentia, 
 680,217 ac. P. 74,200. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Dummer See, lake, Prussia, Hanover, circle and 8 m. S. 
 Diepholz. Alt. 140 ft. 
 
 Dummer ffltli Kempsbot, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, div. and 
 5 m. SW. Basingstoke, 3^m. SSE. Oakley stn. , P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Diimpten, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Diisseldorf, dist. 
 Miilheim, on the Ruhr; coal-mining. P. 5300. 
 
 Dumriion, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Shdhibad, 65 m. 
 W. Patna. P. (1881) 17,400; (1891) 18,400; Hindus, 14,900; 
 Moham. 3500. 
 
 Dnmtaur, valley, India. See Dliamtanr. 
 
 Dnmn-cbo, lake, Tibet. See Paltl. 
 
 Dun, Gaelic, ' a stronghold," 'hiUfort.' 
 
 Dun, riv. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Iton. 
 
 Dun, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 3 J m. WNW. Montrose, i m. 
 N. Bridge of Dun stn. , P.O. (Bridge of D.) ; 4306 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Diina, or Western Dvina, an important riv., W. Russia, 
 rises in govt. Tver, on Valdai plateau, near the source of the 
 Volga and Dnieper; flows at first SW. between the govts. 
 Smolensk and Pskov, then through Vitebsk, and in the lower 
 part of its course separates Livonia from Courland ; enters the 
 Gulf of Riga, 7 m. NW. Riga. Length, 625 m. ; area of basin, 
 33,000 sq. m. Width varies from 230 to 460 yards in its middle 
 and lower course, and from 620 to 1650 yards below Riga. 
 Many smaller navigable tribs. : Toropa, Drissa, Ewst from the 
 right ; and Mezha, Kasplya, Ulla, Disna, and Bolder-aa from 
 the left. Connected by canals with tribs. of Lake Ilmen 
 (Neva), the Berezina, and the Niemen. Open for navigation 
 for 246 days at Diinaburg (April 3 to Dec. 5), 236 days at Riga 
 (April 7 to Nov. 29), and 229 days at Vitebsk (April 16 to Nov. 
 30). The D. has very great importance for W. Russia as a 
 channel for navigation, the total yearly traffic attaining from 
 20,000,000 to 26,000,000 tons. The towns Velizh, Surazh, 
 Vitebsk, Polotsk, Drissa, Riga, and Diinaburg are on its banks. 
 
 Dunabrattln Head, cape, Ire., co. Waterford, in 7° 18' W. 
 
 Diinaburg, tn., Russia. See Drinsk. 
 
 Duuadry, tnld., Ire., SW. co. and 3 m. E. by S. Antrim, 
 bar. Upper Antrim, with a stn. on the Belfast and N. Counties 
 Rly., P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Dunaff, tnld., Ire., NE. coast co. Donegal, bar. East Inis- 
 howen, on the NE. side of Lough Swilly, 19 m. WNW. Moville, 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Dunaff Head, a cape at the E. of the mouth of Lough Swilly. 
 
 Duna FoldvAr, comm. , Hungary, prov. Tolna, on the r. bk. 
 of the Danube, 34 m. SE. Stuhlweissenburg. P. 12,400. 
 
 Dnnaghy, par., Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Kilconway, on R. 
 Ravel, 7 m. N. Ballymena ; 13,725 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 DunaJ^c, riv. , Austria, Galicia, rises on the N. slopes of the 
 Tatra by two headwaters which meet in the N. of that part of 
 Galicia which dips down to the Tatra, the united stream then 
 flowing E. upon the Hungarian frontier, and finally N. (receiving 
 the Poprid above Neu-Sandec) into the Vistula. 
 
 Dnnalastalr, PT.O., Scot., 3 m. E. Kinloch, Rannoch, 
 Perthshire. 
 
 Dunally, post-tn., Tasmania, co. Pembroke, 35 m. fi-om 
 Hobart. P. <: 1 500. 
 
 Dunamanagb, PMT.O., Ire. See Dnnuamanagh. 
 
 Dnnamase, Rock of. Ire., in the NE. of Queen's co., d,\ m. 
 E. Maryborough. 
 
 Dunamon, par.. Ire., cos. Galway and Roscommon, bar. 
 Ballymoe, on R. Suck, 6 m. W. Roscommon ; 4655 ac. P. <500. 
 
 Dnnamiinde, fortress and seaport, Russia, govt. Livonia, 8 
 m. NW. of Riga, at the mouth of the Diina, on its 1. bk. on a 
 flat island at its junction with the Bolder-aa. Port for the ships 
 entering Riga. Small suburb, Bolder-aa, on the opposite bank 
 of the river of same name. 
 
 457 
 
DUNA — DUND 
 
 Dnnan, hamlet, Scot., Isle of Skye, Inverness-shire, 5 m. from 
 Broadford, P.O. 
 
 Dnnany, ct. par.. Ire., SE. co. Louth, bar. Ferrard, 10 m. 
 N. by E. Drogheda, 9 m. from Dunleer stn. , near D. Point (a 
 cape in 53° 51' N.), P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Dnna-Pataj, comm. , Hungary, on the 1. bk. of the Danube, 
 40 m. WSW. Kecskemet. P. 5900. 
 
 Dnnasklii, PMT.O., Scot., Ayrshire, near Waterside stn. 
 
 Dnna-Szekiso, Hungary, co. Baranya, dist. Mohd.cs. P. 
 5400. 
 
 Dnna-Szerdahely, comm. , Hungary, co. Pozsony, dist. Als6 
 Csallokoz. P. < 5000. 
 
 Dnna-Vecse, comm., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, 
 dist. Solt felso. P. <5ooc. 
 
 Dun back, post-tn. and rly. stn.. New Zealand, South I., 
 Waihemo co. , 52 m. N. Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Danball, stn., Eng., Somersetshire, on the G. W. R., 2 m. 
 N. Bridgwater, PMT.O. 
 
 Dunbar', royal burgh, seapt. tn. , and par. , Scot. , Haddington- 
 shire, NE. ct. , on the N. B. R. , 29J m. ENE. Edinburgh, has two 
 harbs. , both, however, with difficult entrances ; is now a favourite 
 watering-place, though the beach is almost everywhere rocky ; 
 extensive golf-links. Market-day, Tu. Par. 7497 ac. , P. 5200 
 (1891) ; royal burgh P. <4000 ; tn. P. <4ooo. See Haddington. 
 
 Dnnbar, vil., Canada, Ontario, Dundas co., 12 m. from 
 Morrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnnbar, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Fayette co., 60 m. SE. 
 Pittsburg by rail. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Dnnbamey, par. , Scot. , co. and 3I m. SE. Perth ; 4060 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Dnnbars Falls, rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, Parry Soimd 
 dist., loi m. NE. by N. Collingwood. 
 
 Dnnbarton, Scot. See Dumbarton. 
 
 Dunbeacon, electoral div. , Ire., Cork, dist. Skull. 
 
 Dnnbeath ( ' fort of the birches'), ct. vil., Scot., Caithness, 17J 
 m. SW. Wick, at the mouth of D., which flows from the W. for 
 a distance of about 15 m., PMT.O. 
 
 Dunbell, par., Ire., NE. co. Kilkenny, bar. Gowran, $ m. 
 SE. by E. Kilkenny. P. <:25o. 
 
 Dnnbln, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. Upper Dundalk, 2 m. 
 SW. Dundalk. P. <7So. 
 
 Dunblane', par. and market-tn., Scot., in the SE. of W. 
 Perthshire, on Allan Water, 13J m. SSW. Crieff, on the C. R.; 
 the choir of its fine ancient cathedral is now used as the parish 
 church ; near it is the scene of the battle of Sheriffmuir (1715). 
 Alt. 150 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 34.49 in. Par. 18,543 ac, 
 P. < 3500; tn. P. < 2500. 
 
 Dunboe, ct. par. , Ire. , co. Londonderry, bar. and 4 m. West 
 Coleraine; 10,576 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Dunbog, par., Scot., E. Fife, 6 m. WNW. Cupar, 3 m. N. 
 CoUessie stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Dnnboro, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Missisquoi co. , 4^ m. 
 from Sweetsburg. 
 
 Dunboyne, par. and tn., Ire., SE. co. Meath, bar. D., 6 m. 
 ENE. Maynooth, on the Dublin and Meath Rly., PT.O. Par. 
 13,685 ac, P.<i5oo; tn. P.<5oo. 
 
 Dunbreen, electoral div. , Ire. , Tyrone, dist. Omagh No. i. 
 
 Dunbrldge, stn. , Eng. , Hampshire, New Forest div. , on the 
 L. and SW. R., loj m. E. by S. Salisbury. 
 
 Dunbrody, Ire. See St. James and Dnnbrody. 
 
 Dnnbnleaun Bay, Ire., SE. of co. Galway, in the E. of 
 Galway Bay. 
 
 Dnnbnlloge, par., Ire., co. and 7 m. N. Cork, bars. Barry- 
 more and Cork ; 16,782 ac. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Duncan Island, F'acific Ocean, near the centre of the Gala- 
 pagos group. 
 
 Duncannon, tn.. Ire., SW. ct. co. Wexford, bar. Shelburne, 
 8 m. E. by S. Waterford, on the E. side of Waterford Harbour, 
 PMT.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Duncannon, bor. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, Perry co. , on the r. bk. 
 of Susquehanna R., 12 m. NW. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Duncan Passage, channel. See Andaman Islands. 
 
 Duncansbay, P.O., Scot., Caithness, 13 J m. N. Wick. D. 
 Head (the ancient Vervedrum, a cape to the E.), the NE. ex- 
 tremity of the mainland of Scot. Alt. 210 ft. 
 
 Duucansburg, eccles. par., Scot., Inverness-shire, Kilmallie 
 par. P. < 2500. 
 
 Duncanstone, hamlet, Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 9 m. SSE. 
 Huntly, 2 m. S. Wardhouse stn., P.O. 
 
 Duncanstotm, hamlet, Scot., Nairnshire, si m. NE. Conon 
 stn., P.O. 
 
 DuncansYllle, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Blair co., 2 m. W. 
 Hollidaysburg ; has rolling mill, &c. P. <i5oo. 
 
 DuncauTllle, vil. , Canada. See Russell. 
 
 Dunchldeock, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div., 4 m. 
 SW. Exeter, 3 m. NE. Ashton stn., P.O. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (D. M-lth ShllMngrord) P. <:25o. 
 
 Dnnchurch, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 4 m. SW. by 
 S. Rugby, i^ m. E. of its stn. on the L. and NW. R., PMT.O. 
 P. -ciooo; eccles. par. (D. -vrlth Tkurlaston) P. <:i5oo. 
 458 
 
 Duncormlck, par,, Ire., S. ct. co. Wexford, bar. Bargy, 11 
 m. SW, Wexford, P.O.; 5710 ac. P. < 1000, 
 
 Dunco>r, P.O., Eng., near Gateshead (Durham), i m, from 
 Dunston. 
 
 DnncoM', vil. , Scot. , co. and 4^ m. N. by W. Dumfries, t.\ 
 m. NE. by N, Holy wood stn., P.O. 
 
 Duncrue, place with salt mines. Ire. , near Carrickfergus, co. 
 Antrim. 
 
 Duncton, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 7m. NNW. 
 Arundel, 2^ m. S. Petworth stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dnnds, stn., Ger. E. Africa, Usaramo, near the r. bk. of 
 the Rufu, 12 m. SSW. Bagamoyo. 
 
 Dun-da>€lu, or Dun da Ghaolthe, mt. , Scot. , Argyllshire, 
 in the E. of Mull I. Alt. 2512 ft. 
 
 Dundalk, vil., Canada, Ontario, Grey co., 25 m. SSW, 
 Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dundalk, par., mun. bor., and seapt., Ire.. NE. ct. co. 
 Louth, bar. Upper D. , 12^ m. S. by W. Newry, on D. Harbour, 
 an inlet which opens into the N. end of D. Bay ; centre of 
 the G. N. (Ire.) R., whose locomotive works are situated here ; 
 has also a distillery, brewery, flax and jute spinning mill, salt- 
 works, shipbuilding, and tan-yards, &c. The town has an 
 endowed Grammar School, Erasmus Smith's schools, Marist 
 Fathers College, Christian Brothers' schools, cavalry barracks, 
 free public library, and reading-room. The port and harbour 
 are being improved. Daily steamers direct to Liverpool, and 
 by Greenore to Holyhead. Market-day, M. Par. 6332 ac, 
 P. 14,300; tn. P. (1841) 10,800; (1871) 11,300; (1891) 12,400. 
 
 Dundalk, Lo-wer, bar., Ire., in the NE. of co. Louth. D. 
 Vpper, bar. , adjoining it on the W. 
 
 Dundarave, or Dnnderaive, old turreted tower of the Mac- 
 naughtons, on Loch Fyne, Argyllshire, 4^ m. ENE. Inveraray. 
 
 Dundas, or Jub, range of long, narrow isls. about 2 m. from 
 the E. ct. of Africa, between the equator and 1° 30' S. , comprise 
 nearly 500 coral islets (the largest 2-5 m. long), but with only 
 one secure harbour near the mouth of the R. Durnford. 
 
 Dundas, isl., Canada, Brit. Columbia, in the Pacific Ocean, 
 40 m. NE. Queen Charlotte I. 
 
 Dundas, co., Canada, Ontario, on the 1. bk. of the St. 
 Lawrence, crossed by 75^° W. 
 
 Dundas, tn. , Canada,"Ontario, Wentworth co. , 5 m. W. by 
 N. Hamilton. P. (1881)3700; (1891) 3540. 
 
 Dundas, post-tn.. New South Wales, Cumberland co., 18 
 m. W. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dundas, post-tn., Tasmania, Montagu co., 97 m. WSW, 
 Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dundas, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Rice co. , 42 m. S. St. Paul 
 by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dundas, co. , Victoria, between 37° and 38° S. , crossed by 
 142° E. 
 
 Dundas, goldfield. Western Australia, in about 32° 20' S., 
 121^° E. , SE. of the Yilgam Goldfields. 
 
 Dundee, vil., Canada, on the S. frontier of Quebec, Hunting- 
 don CO., on the R. Salmon, 60 m. SW. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dundee, tn.. Natal, 100 m. N. by W. Pietermaritzburg, with 
 coalfields connected by a branch railway with Biggarsberg. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Dundee', pari., mun., and royal burgh, seapt. tn. , and par,, 
 Scot., CO. and 14 m. SSW. Forfar, on the C. R. and N. B. R,, 
 and on N. bank of the Tay, 10 m. W. Buddonness light, at the 
 entrance of its firth, across which there is a railway bridge (the 
 longest in the world — 3593 yards, or more than 2m.), opened 
 in 1887, and replacing a previous one which was blown down, 
 Dec. 28, 1879. Terminus of the D. and Arbroath Joint (C, R, 
 and N. B. R.) Rly. to Arbroath and Dubton. It stands mostly 
 on the declivity between the river and D. Law, is 571 ft., and 
 the well-wooded Balgay Hill further W. It is irregularly built. 
 Among its buildings and institutions are — University College, 
 founded in 1882 by Miss Baxter and Dr. Baxter, with fifteen 
 professorships, affiliated to St. Andrew's University, technical 
 institute, Kinnaird hall, the Albert institute, containing free 
 library, museum, picture galleries, &c., St. Mary's and other 
 churches. The town was surrounded by fortified walls, erected 
 in the i6th century. The E. port or gate and an old tower of 
 the i2th century, 156 ft. high, are still standing. The park, 
 presented to the town by Sir David Baxter in 1863, at the E, 
 end of the town, comprises 37 acres ; Balgay Park, acquired in 
 1869, 36 acres ; Lochee Park, gifted by Messrs. Cox Brothers 
 in 1891, 25 acres ; Dudhope Park, acquired in 1893, 24 acres ; 
 The Law, 18 acres ; and the Magdalen Green, an old common, 
 17 acres, D. is the chief seat of the linen and jute trades in 
 Great Britain. Previous to 1830 its manufactures were all made 
 from flax, imported mostly from Russia ; but at that time jute 
 was introduced, and since then has come to be the raw mate- 
 rial of the staple manufacture of the town. The quantity of 
 jute imported increased from 81,740 tons in 1870 to 226,111 tons 
 in 1890. The British navy is almost entirely supplied with 
 canvas made here. Among other industries are tanning, the 
 manufacture of marmalade and confectionery, iroii-working, 
 machinery, and shipbuilding, including the construction of iron 
 
DUND — DUNH 
 
 steamers. The seal and whale fishing is also an important 
 industry, about a dozen screw steamers being engaged in it. 
 The harbour consists of two tidal basins and four wet docks, 
 the deeper of which (the Camperdown and Victoria) have a 
 depth of i8 ft. over the sill at ordinary neap, 2i§ ft. at spring 
 tides. A jetty outside the entrance to the Camperdown dock 
 can be reached by vessels drawing more than 24 ft. There are 
 two graving docks. For port statistics, see Appendix, p. 13. 
 D. sends two members to Parliament. Birthplace of Hector 
 Boetius, Fergusson the poet, and Admiral Lord Duncan, the 
 victor of Camperdown. Market-days, Tu. and F. Mean rfall. 
 (Eastern Necropolis, 1866-80), 30.01 in. Par. 4432 ac, P. 
 (1891) 109,900; pari, burgh, P. 153,100 ; royal burgh, P. 153,300 ; 
 tn. P. (1841) 63,700; (1871) 120,500; (1881) 140,100; (1891) 
 153,600. See A. Maxwell, History of Old Dundee (2 vols.). 
 
 Dundee, vil. , U.S., Michigan, Monroe co. , on Raisin R., 43 
 m. SW. Detroit. Alt. 681 ft. (U.S. Lake Survey). P. -c 1500. 
 
 Dundee, vil., U.S., New York, Yates co., 55 m. SE. by E. 
 Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dundee, vil., U.S., Oregon, Yam Hill co., on the Willamette 
 R., 22 m. SW. Portland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dundee, East, vil., U.S., Illinois, Kane co., 32 m. NW. by 
 W. Chicago (47 m. by rail). P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnndela, vil., Canada, Ontario, Dundas co., 9 m. from 
 Morrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dunder, a Lapp word, ' barren highland.' 
 
 Dnndera^ve, Scot. See Dundarave* 
 
 Dunderniot, Grange of, par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Kil- 
 conway, 16 m. SE. Coleraine; 3007 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Dunderrow, par., Ire., S. co. Cork, bars. Kinalea, Kinsale, 
 and Muskerry East, 3 m. WNW. Kinsale, P.O. ; 6433 ac. P. 
 <iooo. 
 
 Dunderry, vil.. Ire., co. Meath, 4 m. N. Trim, P.O. 
 
 Dundesert, electoral div., Ire., Antrim, dist. Crumlin. 
 
 Dnndonald, par., Ire., N. co. Down, bar. Lower Castle- 
 reagh, 4 m. W. Newtown Ards, on the Belfast and Co. Down 
 Rly., P.O. ; 4635 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnndonald, par., Scot., S. Ayrshire, 3^ m. NE. by E. 
 Troon, 2 m. SW. Gatehead stn. The par. includes Troon and 
 part of Irvine. PM.O. 12,365 ac. P. 9500. 
 
 Dnndonnell, PM.O., Scot., Cromartyshire, at the head of 
 Little Loch Broom, 6 m. W. by N. of the head of Loch Broom. 
 
 Dnndravr, par., Eng. , Cumberland, Penrith div., on the 
 Waver, 12 m. W. by S. Carlisle, 2 m. NW. by W. Wigton 
 stn. P. (D. YTlth Kelslek)<5oo. 
 
 Dnndrennan ('the fort of the thorn bushes'), viL, Scot., 
 Kirkcudbrightshire, 4I m. ESE. Kirkcudbright, P.O. 
 
 Dundrod, tnld.. Ire., S. co. Antrim, bar. Upper Massereene, 
 7 m. SSE. Antrim, 4 m. from Crumlin stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Dundmm, tn., Ire., SE. co. Down, bar. Kinelarty, 8 m. 
 SW. Downpatrick, on the Downpatrick and Newcastle Rly., 
 PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Dundrnm, tn., Ire., SE. co. and 4 m. S. by E. Dublin, bar. 
 Rathdown, with a stn. on the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford 
 Rly., PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Dnndrum, tn.. Ire., SW. co. and 7J m. NE. Tipperary, bar. 
 Lower Kilnamanagh, on the G. S. & W. R. , PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Dundrnm Bay, wide bay, Ire. , on the SE. of co. Down ; 
 near its N. side are the rocks Cow and Calf, connected by a 
 reef vidth the mainland. 
 
 Dundry, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 4 m. SW. by S. 
 Bristol, P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Dnndurn, settlement and rly. stn. , Canada, Assiniboia, about 
 125 m. NW. Regina. 
 
 Dundfvdraganj, tn. , India, NW. Provs. , Etah dist. , in 27° 
 44' N., 78° 59' E. P. (188 1 ) 6000. 
 
 Dundy, co. , U.S., Nebraska, in the extreme SW. 
 
 Duueane, par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Upper Toome, on 
 the NW. of Lough Neagh ; 11,265 ^'^- P- <35oo- 
 
 Duneany, par.. Ire., co. and 4 m. W. Kildare, bar. Offaly 
 West ; 3088 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Dnneclit, PM.O., Scot., co. and 12 m. W. Aberdeen. 
 
 Dniie'diu, poetical name of Edinburgh. 
 
 Duue'din, city, port, and mun. bor.. New Zealand, South I., 
 cap. dist. Otago, Taieri co., 60 m. SSW. Oamaru, 200 m. by 
 sea S. Christchurch ; the most important commercial city of 
 New Zealand, picturesquely situated on the south-western side 
 of a bay running inland. Through the opening of the new 
 Victoria Channel (from Port Chalmers), vessels drawing 19 ft. 
 can now be brought to the wharves. Chief industry, the manu- 
 facture of woollen goods. The town is encircled by a reserve 
 called the Town Belt, and has Gardens of the Botanical and 
 Acclimatization Societies, and the Jubilee Park, formally opened 
 on Jubilee Day (June 20, 1887). D. is the seat of the University 
 of Otago, and has a Museum and Art Gallery, containing fine 
 specimens of Maori carving. A settlement was first made here 
 under the auspices of an association of members of the Free 
 Kirk of Scotland in 1848, but progress was slight till 1861, when 
 gold-fields of extraordinary richness were discovered near the 
 site of the town of Lawrence. Mean temp. (alt. 500 ft.), yr. 
 
 50.6° F., Jan. 57.7, July 42.5 ; rfall. (4 )rrs.), 34.84 in. P. city 
 proper (1871) 14,900, (1891) 22,400; including suburbs (Ander- 
 son's Bay, Caversham, Mornington, Roslyn, Maori Hill, North 
 East Valley, Ravensbourne, South Dunedin, and St. Kilda), 
 about 23,500. 
 
 Dnnedln, South, adjoining Dunedin. P. <45oo. 
 
 Dunellen, bor., U.S., New Jersey, Middlesex co., 19 m. SW. 
 by W. Newark. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnnemaggan, P.O., Ire. See Dnnnamaggan. 
 
 Dnnfanaghy, small market-tn. and seapt., Ire., NW. co. 
 Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 28 m. WNW. Londonderry, 22 
 m. from Letterkenny stn. , PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Dnnfermllne ('the fort of the alder-tree pool'), pari, and 
 royal burgh, par., and tn., royal city (probably since the 12th 
 century, though its charter of confirmation dates only from 
 1588), Scot., Fife, on Linn Burn, 5 m. NNW. North Queens- 
 ferry, with two stns. (Lower and Vpper) on the N. B. R. The 
 abbey, originally founded by Malcolm and his queen between 
 1070 and 1086, was a monastery of Culdees. Edward I. of 
 England was resident here for some months in 1304, and on 
 leaving it set it on fire. It was rebuilt by King Robert Bruce, 
 and here his body was interred. In 1589 the abbey, with its 
 lands, was erected into a temporal lordship, and conferred upon 
 Anne of Denmark, queen of James VI. The nave and tower, 
 and some parts of the refectory, still remain, and are partly 
 of Saxon and partly of Norman architecture. Manufactiu'es 
 linens, diapers, and damasks, large quantities of which are ex- 
 ported to the U.S.; it has also breweries, rope works, factories 
 of tobacco, fiour-mills, iron-foundries, fire-clay and terra-cotta 
 works, &c. Coal has been worked for 600 years, and lime and 
 iron are raised in the par. Market-day, Tu. Par. 20,764 ac, 
 P. 28,900; pari, burgh, P. (1891) 19,600; royal burgh, P. 
 22,200 ; tn. P. 19,600. See Stirling. 
 
 Dnnfiertli, par. , Ire. , co. Kildare, bar. Carbury, 6 m. W. 
 Kilcock; 5553 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dunford Bridge, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, Holmfirth div., on 
 the M. S. & L. R., 9 m. S. Huddersfield, P.O. 
 
 Dungannon, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Huron co. , 13 m. from 
 Goderich. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dungannon, civic tn. and mun. bor. (till 1885 also a pari. bor. ), 
 Ire. , SE. CO. Tyrone, bar. Middle D. , 10 m. S. by W. Cooks- 
 town, on the Portadown, D., and Omagh Rly.; manufactures 
 of linen, fire-bricks, tile and coarse earthenware, with workable 
 coal and fire-clay. Market-days, M. and Th. P. <400o. 
 
 Dungannon, Lower, Middle, and Upper, three bars. , Ire. , 
 succeeding one another from S. to N. , in the SE. of co. Tyrone. 
 
 Dungans, Dongans, Tungans, or Tunganls, the name 
 applied to certain Mohammedan tribes in the NW. of China, 
 the NE. of Tibet, Chinese Mongolia, Turkistan, and Dzun- 
 garia ; said by Yule, Przhevalsky, and others to be merely the 
 Turkish name for Chinese Mohammedans generally. 
 
 Dunganstown, par. , Ire. , SE. co. and 5 m. SSW. Wicklow, 
 bar. Arklow; 14,287 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 DAngarpur, tn. , India, Rdjputdna, 90 m. NE. Ahmaddbdd. 
 
 Dungarran, par.. Ire., co. and 8 m. SE. Kilkenny, bar. 
 Gowran, 5 m. from Gowran stn., P.O.; 5881 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Dungarran, mun. bor. (till 1885 also a pari, bor.), par., and 
 tn.. Ire., S. ct. co. Waterford, bar. Decies vidthout Drum, on 
 D. Harbour, 13^ m. NE. by E. Youghal, with a stn. on the 
 Waterford, D. and Lismore, and Fermoy and Lismore Rly.; 
 has a castle, now used as barracks. Market-days, Tu. and S. 
 Par. 9413 ac. , P. 6200 ; tn. P. 5300. 
 
 Dnngeness, a low, shingly point of Eng., forming the S. 
 extremity of co. Kent, and projecting into the English Channel 
 about 3J m. SE. Lydd, on the SE. R. It has a fort and light- 
 house, in 50° 55' N., 0° 58' E., visible 16 m. 
 
 Dnngeness, tp. and port of entry, Queensland, Cardwell co. , 
 on the E. ct. , at mouth of Lower Herbert R. , in a sugar dist. , 
 60 m. NW. by N. Townsville, in 18° 35' S. P. <i5cio. 
 
 Dnngeness, New, vil., U.S., Washington, Clallam co., 25 
 m. SSE. Victoria (V. I.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Dunglven, par. and tn., Ire., S. co. Londonderry, bar. 
 Keenaght, 17 m. SW. by S. Coleraine, on the Limavady and 
 D. Rly., PMT.O. Market-day, S. Par. 29,298 ac, P. <:35oo; 
 tn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Dunglass, promontory, Scot., on the Clyde, 2J m. ESE. 
 Dumbarton, par. Old Kilpatrick, projecting into the Clyde. 
 The wall of Antoninus terminated at this point. Here are 
 ruins of an ancient castle of the Colquhouns of Luss, and an 
 obelisk to the memory of Henry Bell, who first made steam 
 navigation in Britain a practical success (1811). 
 
 Dunglow, tnld. , Ire. , W. ct. co. and 23 m. NNW. Donegal, 
 bar. Boylagh, PMT.O. (Dungloe). P.<5oo. 
 
 Dnngog, post-tp.. New South Wales, Durham co., on the 
 r. bk. of Williams R. , 35 m. N. Newcastle. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnngonrney, par. , Ire. , SE. co. Cork, bars. Barrymore and 
 Imokilly, 12 m. NE. Queenstown, 4 m. from Mogeely stn., 
 P. O. ; 8230 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Dunham, vil., Canada, Quebec, Missisquoi co., 50 m. SE. 
 by E. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 459 
 
DUNH — DUNM 
 
 Danluun, par., £ng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 9^ 
 m. S. Gainsborough, on the L bk. of the Trent, 4^ m. ENE. 
 Tuxford stn., P.O. (D. on Trent). P. <5oo; eccles. par. (D. 
 witb Darlton and Bagnall) P. <75o. 
 
 Dnnbani, Great, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, Mid div. , 16^ m. E. 
 by S. King's Lynn, 5 m. NE. Swaffham, with stn. (Dnnham) 
 on the G. E. R., P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Danbam, Little, par., 2 m. to the SSW., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 DnnlianiMassey, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Altrincham div. , 8^m. 
 E. W'arrington , on the Bridgewater Canal and the L. & N W. R. , 
 P.O. (D. Woodltouses). P. <25oo; eccles. pars. (D, M. St. 
 Margaret) P. <:3Soo ; (D. M. St. Mark) P. <iooo. 
 
 Dunham on ttae Hill, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 
 6 m. NE. Chester, with a stn. (D. HIU) on the L. & NW. R., 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Dnnblll, par. , Ire. , SE. co. and 8^ m. SW. Waterfard, bar. 
 Middlethird ; 6287 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Dnntaolme, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindseydiv., 6m. 
 NE. by N. Lincoln, 3 m. W. by S. Snelland stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Danlrres, vil. , France, dep. Haute-Loire, arr. and 10 m. 
 NE. Yssingeaux, on L bk. of R. Duni^res. P. <20oo. 
 
 DonlloTO, viL, Russia, govt, and 68 m. NE. of Vladimir, 
 cotton mills ; centre for fur trade. P. < 5000. 
 
 Dnnlno, par., Scot., E. Fife, 4 m. SE. by S. St. Andrews, 
 i^ m. SSE. Stravithie stn., P.O. (Denlno). P. <5oo. 
 
 Dunlpace, par., Scot., Stirlingshire, on the Carron, 5^ m. 
 WNW. Falkirk, i m. NNW. Denny sm. ; 5586 ac. P. -caxo. 
 See Denny. 
 
 Dnnlquolch, wooded hill, with ruins of old fort, NE. Inver- 
 ary, Argyllshire. Alt. 800 ft. 
 
 Dnnlry, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bars. Leitrim and Longford, 
 8 m. NW. Portumna; 5828 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Danlsky, par. , Ire. , W. co. Cork, bar. Muskerry, West, 4 m. 
 SSE. Macroom. P. <25o. 
 
 Dunk, riv., Canada, Prince Edward's I., flows W. into 
 Bedeque Harbour. 
 
 Donkard's Creek, riv., U.S., Pennsylvania, in the extreme 
 SW. , trib. of the Monongiahela, which it joins on the L bk. in 
 about 39° 45' N. 
 
 Dnnkeld, vil., Canada, Ontario, Bruce CO., 5 m. from 
 Walkerton by rail. P. <:i500. 
 
 Dnnkeld, tp. , New Zealand, South I. , Tuapeka co. , 50 m. W. 
 Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnnkeld', vil., Scot., co. Perth, 15! m. by rail NNW. Perth, 
 16J ni. NE. by N. Crieff, on the H. R., on the great E. pass to 
 the Highlands, and on the N. bk. of the Tay, across which it 
 communicates with its suburb. Little Dunkeld, by a fine bridge. 
 The village has remains of a cathedral, the choir of which is 
 now used as the parish church. D. is said to owe its name, 
 which is interpreted as ' fort of the Keledei or Culdees ' (ac- 
 cording to others, 'fort of the hazels'), to the fact that in 815 
 Constantin, King of the Picts, founded here a Culdee Church 
 and bishopric, among the 37 holders of which was Gawin 
 Douglas, the translator of Vergil's .^Eneid. Market-day, S. 
 P.<:50o. 
 
 Dunkeld, post-tp., Victoria, Villiers co., on D. Creek, 42 m. 
 SW. by W. Ararat. P. <isoo. 
 
 Dnnkeld, Little, par., on the E. bk. of the Tay, opposite 
 Dunkeld, Scot.; 41,268 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Dnnkeld and Dowally, united par., Scot., Perthshire, 
 including D. vil. ; 9456 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Dunkellln, bar. , Ire. , co. Galway, at the head of Galway Bay. 
 
 Dnnkerqne. See Dunkirk. 
 
 Dunkerrln, par.. Ire., S. King's co., bar. Clonlisk, 12 m. 
 S. Parsonstown, 6 m. from Roscrea stn., P.O.; 7767 ac P. -c 
 1000. 
 
 Dunkerron, Xortit, bar. , Ire. , middle co. Kerry. 
 
 Dnnkerron, Sontk, bar. , Ire. , in the S. of co. Kerry. 
 
 Dunkerton, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., 4J m. SW. 
 by S. Bath, on the Somerset Canal, P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Dnnkery Beacon, a hill, Eng. , Somerset, 18 m. N. by W. 
 Taunton ; height, 1707 ft. 
 
 Dnnkeswell, par., Eng., Devonshire, 5 m. NNW. Honiton, 
 12 m. E. by S. "Tiverton, and 4 m. S. Hemyock stn., P.O. ; 
 4588 ac. P. <50o. 
 
 Dnnkeswell Abbey, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire. D., 
 Hemyock, and Clayhidon par. P. <25o. 
 
 Dunkeswlck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston 
 Ash div. , 5 m. S. Harrogate, 2 m. E. by S. Weeton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Dnnkettle, stn.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 4^ m. £. 
 Cork, on the Cork and Youghal Rly. 
 
 Dnnklneely, tn.. Ire., co. and 10 m. W. by S. Donegal, 
 bar. Banagh, PMT.O. P.<500. 
 
 Dtknklrchen, the German name of Dunkirk. 
 
 Dunkirk, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 4m. ESE. Faversham, 
 2 m. NE. Selling stn. ; 5338 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Dunkirk, French Dunkerque; Ger. Dttnklrchen ('the 
 
 church on the downs'), a fortified seapt. tn. ,the northernmost 
 
 in France, dep. Nord, cap. arr., on the Strait of Dover, 24 m. 
 
 E. by N. Calais, and 45 m. E. Dover, at the junction of three 
 
 4«0 
 
 canals, and on rly. du Nord. It is defended by a citadel. A 
 breakwater of about 1000 yards in length, on E. side of the 
 harbour, was constructed in 1871, and since then the harbour 
 has been greatly improved by extensive works. The entrance 
 channel has been deepened to 24J ft. at ordinary neap tides, 
 27.9 ft. at springs ; and besides a tidal harbour, vfith 26 ft. of 
 water at ordinary springs, there are four wet docks or basins, 
 the deepest of which, the Freycinet Basin, is 21 ft. deep at 
 ordinary neap, 24.4 ft. at spring tides. There are also four dry 
 docks and a patent slip. In consequence of these improvements, 
 and the development of manufactiu"es in the neighbouring 
 district, D. has come to be the rival of Bordeaux for the third 
 place among the French seaports (excelled only by Marseilles 
 and Havre) in respect of the amount of its shipping (now between 
 two and three million tons entered and cleared annually). 
 Principal imports, iron ore, nitrate of soda, wool, oil-seeds, 
 grain, coal. Till recently the wool was brought mainly from 
 the Argentine Republic and Algeria, but in 1891 a line of (British) 
 steamers began to bring Australian wool (previously imported 
 through England) direct to this port. Principal exports, sugar, 
 phosphates, and other natural manures, rails. A large fleet 
 belonging to this port sails annually for the Iceland cod-fisheries. 
 In 1388 D. was burned by the English ; in 1664 Charles II. of 
 England sold it for ;^20o,ooo to Louis XIV., who had it 
 strongly fortified at a vast expense. The old ramparts have 
 been removed and new defences erected in their place. P. 
 (1872)34,000; (1891)39,500. 
 
 Dunkirk, tn., U.S., Indiana, Jay co., 62 m. NE. Indiana- 
 polis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dunkirk, city, U.S., New York, Chautauqua co., on Lake 
 Erie, 36 m. SW. Buffalo. Has an excellent harbour, protected 
 by a breakwater, a port of refuge during bad weather. Extensive 
 iron works, machine shops, &c. P. (1880) 7200; (1890) 9400. 
 
 Dunkirk, viL, U.S., Ohio, Hardin co., 68 m. NW. by N. 
 Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnnl£ltt, par. , Ire. , S. co. Kilkenny, bar. Ida, 3 m. NNW, 
 Waterford; 6773 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dunklin, co. , U.S., Missouri, in the SE. , on the frontier, 
 bounded on the S. and W. by the state of Arkansas. 
 
 Dunk's dreen, hamlet, Eng., Kent, 2 m. from Plaxtol, P.O. 
 
 Dunlap, tn., U.S., Iowa, Harrison co., 45 m. NNE. Omaha 
 (Neb.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnnlavln, par. and tn. , Ire. , NW. co. Wicklow, bar. Talbots- 
 town, II m. S. Naas, with a rly. stn. on the G. S. & W. R., 
 PMT. O. Market-day, W. Par. 5853 ac. , P. < 1 500 ; tn. P. < 750. 
 
 Dnnleary, tn. , Ire. , co. Dublin. See Kingstofrn. 
 
 Dnnleckny, par.. Ire., W., co. and 8h m. S. Carlow, bar. 
 Idrone East, 2 m. NE. Bagenalstown ; 7950 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Dunleer, par. and tn.. Ire., S. co. Louth, bar. Ferrard, 7J 
 m. N. by W. Drogheda, with a stn. on the Dublin and Belfast 
 June. Rly., PMT.O. Par. P.<75o; tn. P.<5oo. 
 
 Dunleitta, or East Dubuque, city, U.S., Illinois, opposite 
 Dubuque. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dun-le«Palletean, tn. , France, dep. Creuse, 38 m. NE. by 
 N. Limoges, arr. and 13 m. NW. Gu^ret. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dnn-le>Boi, tn., France, dep. Cher, arr. St. Amand-Mont- 
 Rond, on the Auron, 16 m. SE. by S. Bourges. P. <;4000. 
 
 Dunlewy, electoral div. , Ire. , N W. co. Donegal, bar. Kilma- 
 crenan, on Lough D., 31 m. W. Londonderry. 
 
 Dunley, hamlet, Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 5 m. 
 SSW. Kidderminster, 4 m. W. by S. Hartlebury June, P.O. 
 
 Dunlictaty, part of par., Scot., Invemess-shiire, 8 m. S. 
 Inverness. See Darlot and Dnullchfy. 
 
 Dunloe, Gap of, mt. pass, Ire. , co. Kerry, 6 m. W. by S. 
 Killamey, between the Purple Mt. and Macgillicuddy's Reeks, 
 which tower perpendicularly to a great height above a difficult 
 road. 
 
 Dunlop (' the fortified hill at the angle of the stream'), par. 
 and viL, Scot, N. Ayrshire and Renfrewshire, on the Glasgow, 
 Barrhead, and Kilmarnock Joint Rly., 10 m. SSW. Paisley. 
 PMT.O. Par. 7179 ac, P. <:i5oo; viL P. <5oo. 
 
 Dunlop, riv. , Victoria, flows SSW. into the E. end of Lake 
 Wellington. 
 
 Dunlop Place, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, Dalserf par. P. 
 (including Ked Row)<5oo. 
 
 Dunloy, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Antrim, bar. Kilconway, 13 
 m. SE. Coleraine, on the Ballymena and Pratrush Rly., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Dnnluce, par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower D. , 3 m. E. 
 Portnish, including part of the town Bushmills. Its ruined 
 castle, on a rock rising nearly isolated out of the sea, is one 
 of the finest in Ireland. 9370 ac P. <2ooo. 
 
 Dunlnce, Lower, bar.. Ire., in the NW. of co. Antrim. 
 
 Dnnlnce, I'pper, bar., adjoining it on the S. 
 
 Dunmahon, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bars. Condons and Clan- 
 gibbon, and Fermoy, on R. Fimcheon, 4 m. E. Castletown- 
 roche. P. <500. 
 
 Dnnmall Raise (raiz), pass, Eng., on the borders of Cumber- 
 land and Westmorland, on the road from Windermere to 
 Keswick, 3 m. N. Grasmere. 
 
DUNM — DUNS 
 
 Dniiiiiiilii, electoral div., Ire., Wexford, dist. Old Ross. 
 
 Duiiniakecver, electoral div., Ire., Cavan, dist. HoUywell. 
 
 Dnnmanoge, par. , Ire. , co. Kildare, bar. Kilkea and Moone, 
 3 m. W. Castledermot. P. <25o. 
 
 Dnnmanns, electoral div.. Ire., SW. ct. co. Cork, bar. W. 
 Carbery, W. div. , on S. side of D. Bay, i6| m. W. Skibbereen. 
 
 Dniunan-way, civic tn. , Ire. , SW. co. Cork, bar. E. Carbery, 
 W. div., on R. Bandon and the W. Cork Rly., 15 m. ENE. 
 Bantry. PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. P. <2Soo. 
 
 Dnnmlnnlng, tnld.. Ire., co. and 16 m. NNW. Antrim, bar. 
 Kilconway. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dnitmoe, par.. Ire., N. co. Meath, bar. Lower Navan, 3 m. 
 NE. Navan, on the 1. bk. of the Boyne. P. <25o. 
 
 Danmore, stn., Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R., 
 653 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Dnnmore, tnld., Ire., co. Down, bar. Kinelarty, 8 m. W. by 
 N. Downpatrick, 5 m. from Ballynahinch stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Danmore, par. and tn. , Ire. , NE. co. Galway, bars. Ballymoe 
 andD., 8^ m. NE. by N. Tuam, PMT.O. Par. 39,438 ac, 
 P. 7400 ; tn. P. <750. 
 
 Dnnmore, bar. , Ire. , in the N. of co. Galway, bordering on 
 cos. Mayo and Roscommon. 
 
 Dnnmore, par. and tnld. , Ire. , N. , co. and aj m. N. Kilkenny, 
 bar. Fassadinin, on the 1. bk. of the Nore, and on the Kilkenny 
 June. Rly. P. <25o. 
 
 Dnnmore, electoral div.. Ire., SW. Queen's co., bar. Clar- 
 mallagh, iij m. S. by W. Maryborough. 
 
 Dnnmore, tn. , Ire. , SE. ct. , co. and 8 m. SE. by S. Water- 
 ford, bar. Gaultiere, at the W. of the entrance to Waterford 
 Harbour, with a hghthouse, PMT.O. (D. East). P. <Soo. 
 
 Dnnmore, vil. , Scot. , Stirlingshire, on the r. bk. of the Forth, 
 2 m. S. by E. Alloa, 2 m. NE. Airth Road stn., PT.O. 
 
 Dnnmore, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Lackawanna co. , 2 m. 
 ENE. Scranton, with anthracite coal-mines. P. (1880) 5200; 
 (1800) 8300. 
 
 Dnnmore Ferry, Ire. , co. Waterford, on R. Blackwater, 5 
 m. SE. by S. Lismore. 
 
 Dnnmore Head, cape. Ire., SW. ct. co. Clare. 
 
 Dnnmore Head, cape. Ire., NE. Donegal, in 7° 7' W. 
 
 Dnnmore Head, cape. Ire., W. Donegal, lat. 54° 51' N. 
 
 Dnnmore Head, cape, Ire., W. ct. co. Kerry, N. of Dingle 
 Bay. 
 
 Dnnmow, market-tn. and par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 
 on the Chelmer and the G. E. R. , 8 m. W. Braintree. ^t. 252 
 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 24.88 in. Market-day, Tu. Par. 
 (Creat D.) 6795 ac. , P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dnnmo-w, Little, par. , i^ m. ESE. Dunmow, close to Fel- 
 stead stn. , formerly the seat of a priory with which is associated 
 the prize of the Dunmow Flitch of Bacon, instituted by Robert 
 de Fitzwalter in 1244, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dnnmoylau, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Shanid, 9 m. 
 SW. Askeaton ; 6189 ac. P. <:ioo. 
 
 Dnnmoyle, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Sixmilecross, co. Tyrone. 
 
 Dnnmnrraglilll, par., Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Ikeathy and 
 Oughterany, 7 m. NW. SaUins stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Dnnmnrry, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Antrim, bar. Upper Belfast, 3^ 
 m. NE. Lisburn, with a stn. on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000! 
 
 Dnnmnrry, par. , Ire. , co. and 2 m. N. Kildare, bar. Offaly 
 East. P. <25o. 
 
 Dunn, CO., U.S., N. Dakota, crossed in the S. by 47° N., and 
 partly bounded on the W. by 103° W. 
 
 Dnnn, co., U.S., Winconsin, in the W., crossed by 45° N., 
 and by 92° W. 
 
 Dnnnalong, electoral div. , Ire. , Tyrone, dist. Dunnamanagh. 
 
 Dnnnamaggan, par. , Ire. , co. and 10 m. S. Kilkenny, bars. 
 Kells and Knocktopher, P.O. (Dnnemaggan). P. <soo. 
 
 Dnnnaman, electoral div.. Ire., Limerick, dist. Adare. 
 
 Dnnnamanagh, tn. , Ire., N. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower Stra- 
 bane, 7 m. NE. by E. Strabane, PMT.O. (Dnnamanagta). P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Dnnnamore, P.O., Ire., 8 m. from Cookstown, co. Tyrone. 
 
 Dnnnerdale ft'lth SeathTralte, par., Eng., Lancashire, 6 
 m. N. Broughton in Furness ; 10,258 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Dnnnet, par., Scot., Caithness, 6h m. ENE. Thurso, on the 
 E. side of D. Bay, PT.O. ; 16,844 ac. P. <isoo. 
 
 Dnnnet Head, the anct. Tarvedrum or Orcusprom. , a rocky 
 penin. forming the N. extremity of Great Britain, having on it a 
 lighthouse, in 58° 40' N. and 3 22' W., visible 24 m. 
 
 Dnnnicb'cn [Dunn-Nechtan, 'fort of Nechtan, a Pictish 
 king'), par., Scot., co. and 3I m. ESE. Forfar, ij m. E. by S. 
 Kingsmuir stn.; 4917 aa P."<i5oo. 
 
 Dnnning, par. and vil., Scot., E. Perthshire, io| m. ESE. 
 Crieff, 4i: m. E. by N. Auchterarder, i^ m. SE. of its stn. on 
 the C. RT and N. B. R. , PMT.O. Market-day, W. Par. 14,855 
 ac. , P. < 1500 ; viL (including Newton of Pltcairns) P. < 1000. 
 
 Dnnnington, P.O., Eng., Warwickshire, 7 m. N. by E. 
 Evesham, i^ m. W. Broom Junction. 
 
 Dnnnington, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 4^ m. E. York, 3 m. S. Warthill stn., PM.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Dnnnington, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 
 div., 15 m. N. by E. Hull, 4 m. NW. Homsey stn. P. <25o. 
 See Beeford. 
 
 Dnnnlngwortb, part of eccles. par. and hamlet, Eng., 
 Suffolk. See TnnstaU. 
 
 Dannocksbaw, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, 3I m. SW. Burnley. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Dnnuose, cape, Eng., at E. end of Ventnor, Isle of Wight. 
 
 Dunnot'tar, par. and tn. , Scot. , Kincardineshire, on the North 
 Sea, contains part of the towTi of Stonehaven. The ruins of D. 
 Castle stand on a perpendicular rock 160 ft. above the sea, 
 almost separated from the mainland by a deep chasm. During 
 the Commonwealth the Scottish regaha were kept there ; pre- 
 vious to the surrender of the garrison to Cromwell they were 
 privately removed to the church at Kinneff. The castle was 
 dismantled after the rebellion of 1715. Par. 7783 ac. , P. <3ooo ; 
 tn. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dnnnsborongh, West Australia, Sussex co., 125 m. SSW. 
 Perth. 
 
 DnnnTllle, port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Haldimand co., 
 on the Grand R. and a railway 30 m. SSE. Hamilton. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dnnollle Castle, Scot. See Oban. 
 
 Danolly, tn. and goldfield, Victoria, Gladstone co., 30 m. 
 W. by S. Sandhurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnnoon and KUmiin, ct. par., Scot., Argyllshire, Cowall 
 dist. D. tn., 6^ m. W. Greenock, has a pier, and all the re- 
 quisites of a fashionable watering-place. P. 6300; par. 44,577 
 ac, P. 8700. 
 
 Dnnorlan, Tasmania. See C%ndlelgb. 
 
 Dnnpbail, stn., Scot., on the H. R., 7J m. S. by W. Forres, 
 Elginshire, PMT.O. 
 
 Dnnqnin, par., Ire., W. ct. co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 32 
 m. WSW. Tralee, with coastguard station ; 4396 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Dnnragb Iiongb, a small lake. Ire., in the S. of co. Donegal, 
 7 m. ESE. Donegal. 
 
 Dnnraglt, stn. , Scot. , Wigtownshire, on the G. and SW. R. , 
 and the Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Joint Rly. , 5J m. ESE. 
 Stranraer, PT.O. 
 
 Dnnran, mt. defile. Ire., E. co. Wicklow, bar. Newcastle, 
 5 m. NNW. Wicklow. 
 
 DnnraTen, Mt., peak, U.S., Wyoming, co. Uintah, in 
 Yellowstone National Park, 18 m. N. by W. from the outlet of 
 the Yellowstone Lake. Alt. 9988 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 DnnraTen CoUlery, Wales, Glamorganshire, div. and on 
 the Rhondda, 9 m. SW. by W. Merthyr Tydfil, close to Tre- 
 herbert stn. 
 
 Dunraven Head, cape, Wales, in the S. of Glamorganshire, 
 in 3° 36' W. 
 
 Doureggan, Scot. See Monlare. 
 
 Dun Bis, a hill, Scot., on the border of the counties of 
 Selkirk and Peebles, 5 m. S. Peebles. Alt. 2433 ft. 
 
 Dun BlTer Navigation. See Don, riv., Eng. 
 
 Dnnrobln, stn. , takes its name from D. Castle, seat of the 
 Duke of Sutherland, Scot., Sutherland, on the E. ct., i m. NE. 
 by E. Golspie, on the H. R. Alt. 9 ft. Mean temp. (20 yrs., 
 1861-80), 46.4° F., Jan. 38.0°, July 56.4°; rfall., see Golspie. 
 
 Dnnrossness, par. , Scot. , Shetland Is. , Mainland, the church 
 4i m. N. by W. Sumburgh Head, PMT.O.; 32,131 ac. P. 
 <4ooo. 
 
 Dnnrymond, P.O. , Ire. , 4 m. NW. Ballybay, co. Monaghan. 
 
 Dnns, or Dnnse (the former spelling prevailed until 1740, and 
 was revived in 1882), market-tn. and par., Scot., Berwickshire, 
 on a plain at the S. base of D. Law, 9^ m. NNW. Coldstream, 
 and 13 m. W. Ber\vick-on-Tweed, on a branch of the N. B. R. 
 Birthplace of Duns Scotus, the Realist; Boston, the author of 
 the ' Fourfold State ; ' and Sir Joseph Paxton, architect of the 
 Crystal Palace. Alt. 420 ft. Has manufactures of fine linen, a 
 bleaching ground, and a brewery. PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. 
 Par. 11,396 ac, P. <:35oo; tn. P. <25oo. 
 
 D<kn8, the line of valleys along the S. base of the Himalayas 
 proper, N. of the Sub-Himdlayan range, called E. of the Tista 
 Dwars, or Duars. 
 
 Dnnsallagb, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Miltown Malbay, Clare. 
 
 Dnnsaudel, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co., 25 
 m. WSW. Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnnsandle, stn., Ire., co. Galway, on the M. G. W. R., 5 
 m. SE. Athenry. 
 
 Dnnsany, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Skreen, 3 m. NW. 
 Drumree stn. , PMT. O. P. <25o. 
 
 Dnnsby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , 9 m. 
 WNW. Spalding, P.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 Dnnscore, par. , Scot. , co. and 8 m. NW. Dumfries, 3J m. 
 WSW. Auldgirth stn., PM.O. ; 14,815 ac P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnnsden, part of par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, 3 m. SW. Henley, 
 P.O.; eccles. par. (D. AU Saints) P. <75o. See Eye. 
 
 Dnnseltb, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Rolette co., 136 m. N. by 
 E. Bismarck. P. < 1000. 
 
 DnnseTerlck, or Felgb, tnld.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Cary, 
 4 m. E. Bushmills, P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Dnnsfold, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and Z\ m. S. Guildford, 
 3 J m. ESE. Witley stn., PMT.O. ; 4039 ac P. <75o. 
 
 461 
 
DUNS — DURA 
 
 Dansford, viL, Canada, Ontario, Peterborough co., on 
 Chemong Lake, 72 m. NE. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dansford, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 7^ m. 
 WSW. E.\eter, 3^ m. NW. Ashton stn., PM.O. ; 6042 ac. 
 P. <:75o. 
 
 Dansfort, par. , Ire. , SE. co. Down, bar. Lower Lecale, 5^ 
 m. SE. by E. Downpatrick ; 4250 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Dnnsfortli, Lower, and I'pper Dnnsfortli wltb Brsnton, 
 two adjoining pars., Eng., Yorkshire, N. and W. Ridings, 
 the former on the Ouse, 7^ m. NE. Knaresborough, 3 m. SE. 
 by E. Boroughbridge stn. D., Iiower, P. <;2So; D., Upper, 
 wltli Branton, P. <:25o ; eccles. par. (D. St. Mary) P. -C250. 
 
 Duushalt, vil., Scot., E. Fife, 2 m. N. by W. Falkland, 
 close to Auchtermuchty stn., P.O. (Dunstaelt). P. <500. 
 
 Diuisliaaglilln, par. and tn., Ire., SE. co. Meath, bar. 
 Ratoath, 9 m. N. by E. Maynooth, i^ m. E. Dnunree stn. , 
 PMT.O. Par. 5229 ac, P. <75o; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dnnslnane, one of the Sidlaw Hills, Scot. , co. and 7 m. NE. 
 Perth, and 12 m. SE. Bimam Hill. Alt. 1012 ft. 
 
 Dansland Cross, stn., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 
 on the L. & S\V. R. , 12 m. SW. by S. Torrington. 
 
 Dansley, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 2^ m. 
 W. Whitby, i m. S. Sandsend stn. See Newliolm. 
 
 Dnnsmore Heath, a moorland tract in the E. of Warwick- 
 shire, stretching about 5 m. W. from a point to the SW. of 
 Rugby. 
 
 Dansop Bridge, PT.O., Eng., 11 m. SW. Settle, W. Riding, 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 Dan'stable ('the market-place on the hill'; see Staple), 
 mun. bor. (since 1864) and market-tn., Eng., Bedfordshire, 
 div. and 4J m. W. by N. Luton, on the L. & NW. R., in 
 the diocese of Ely, at the foot of the Chiltem Hills. One of the 
 principal seats of the British straw-plait manufacture, in which 
 many females are engaged; there are also manufactories of 
 whiting. Has remains of a priory where Archbishop Cranmer 
 pronounced sentence of divorce against Queen Catherine. 
 Market-day, W. Mun. bor. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Danstall, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 3^ m. WSW. 
 Burton-upon-Trent, 2 m. W. Branston stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Dunstaflruage Castle, a celebrated ruin, Scot., Argyllsbire, 
 on the coast, 3 m. NNE. Oban. 
 
 Danstan, 5s'^ew Zealand. See Clyde. 
 
 Danstanbnrgli Castle, ruins, Eng., Northumberland, Ber- 
 wick-upon-Tweed div., on the coast, 7 m. NE. by N. Alnwick. 
 
 Danstan Creek, mining centre, New Zealand. See St. 
 Batliaii's. 
 
 Danster, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wellington 
 div., 1^ m. from the N. ct., 19 m. N. by E. Tiverton, on the 
 G. W. R., PMT.O. Market-day, F. P.<isoo. 
 
 Banstew, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, 7 m. S. Banbury. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dnnston, par., Eng., Derb)rshire. See Newt>oId. 
 
 Duuston, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., Durham, 2 m. SW. 
 Gateshead, PMT.O. P. < 3500. 
 
 Dnnston, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div. , 8 m. 
 SE. Lincoln, with a stn. (Nocton and D.) on the G. N. and G. E. 
 Joint Rly., P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Bonston, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 4^ m. S. Norwich, 
 I m. NNE. Swainsthorpe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Banston, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 6 m. NE. Alnwick. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Banston, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 4 m. S. Staf- 
 ford, 2 m. N. Penkridge stn. , P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Ban-snr-HIense, vil. , France, dep. and on the r. bk. of the 
 Meuse, arr. Montm^y, 18 m. NW. by N. Verdun. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dansyre, par. , Scot. , S. Lanarkshire, 12 m. WNW. Peebles, 
 on the C. R. , P.O. ; 10,743 ^-c. P. <250. 
 
 Dantltrop, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, 3^ m. NE. Chipping 
 Norton. See Heythrop. 
 
 BantlstNtme Abbotts, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 
 4^ m. NW. by N. Cirencester, P.O. (Buntlsbonme Abbotts). 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Bontlsbome Koase, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 
 3I ra. NW. by N. Cirencester. P. <250. 
 
 Bantoch'er, small manufacturing tn., Scot., Diunbarton- 
 shire, 3^ m. NNW. Renfrew, i^ m. E. Kilpatrick stn. ; has 
 cotton mills, manufactory of agricultural implements, coal- 
 mines. PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Bnnterton, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock div, , 4J m. 
 SE. Launceston. P. <25o. 
 
 Bauton, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, div. and 3 m. E. by S. 
 Biggleswade, i2i m. ESE. Bedford. P. <:soo. 
 
 Banton, par.' Eng., Buckinghamshire, Buckingham div., 6J 
 m. N. Aylesbury, 3^ m. SSE. Swanboume stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Banton, par. , Eng. , Essex, Chelmsford div. , 9 m. E. Rom- 
 ford, 2 m. SE. by E. E^t Homdon stn. P. •<25o ; eccles. par. 
 (B. 'Waylett) P.-C250. 
 
 Banton, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., on the Wensum, 
 18 m. ENE. King's Lynn, z\ m. W. Fakenham. P. <2so; 
 eccles. par. (B. -vrltli Boaghton) P. <25o. 
 
 Bnnton Basset, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Harborough div. , 
 462 
 
 10 m. N. by E. Rugby, i m. SE. Broughton Astley stn., P.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Banton Creen, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., 
 8 m. NW\ by N. Tunbridge, on the SE. R., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Bnntroon, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., 70 m. NW. 
 by N. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnntroon, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Waitaki co., on 
 the r. bk. of the Waitaki, 20 m. NW. Oamaru. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnntryleagne, electoral div. , Ire., Limerick, dist. Galbally. 
 
 Buntnlm, hamlet, Scot., in the NW. of the Isle of Skye, 
 Inverness-shire, 19 m. NW. Portree, P.O. 
 
 Banare, ct. vil., Scot., co. and 6 m. SW. Ayr, P.O. 
 
 Bannre ('fort of the yew-trees') Point, cape, Scot., on the 
 W. ct. of Ayrshire, in 55° 24' N. 
 
 Bnnarlln, par. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 6 m. NW. 
 Dingle ; 4699 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Banvant, viL, Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., on the 
 L. & NW. R., 4i m. W. by N. Swansea, with coal, P.O. 
 
 Banvegan, vlL , Scot., Inverness-shire, isL of Skye, PMT.O. 
 
 Bnnregan, bay and headland, Scot., on the W. ct. of the 
 isl. of Skye. 
 
 BnnTegan, fur-post with fort, Canada, Athabasca, on the N. 
 bk. of the Peace R., in 118° 35' W., 263 m. NW. Edmonton. 
 Alt. 1800 ft. Mean temp. (4 yrs. 1880-84), yr. 31-2° F-i Jan. 
 — 12°, July 60.5°. 
 
 Danvegan, or Kenyon, vil., Canada, Ontario, Glengarry 
 CO. , 28 m. from Lancaster. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bunwlcb (dun'ich), ct. par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Eye div. , 15 m. SW. 
 Lowestoft, 5 m. E. Darsham stn. An ancient town and once im- 
 portant seaport, possibly the Roman Sitomagus, for two hundred 
 years seat of a bishop, suffered greatly by encroachments of the 
 sea, first in the early part of the nth century and more severely 
 in 1329, when the port was choked and some 400 houses swept 
 away. A ruined chiu-ch, injured by another storm in 1740, still 
 stands on the edge of the sea-chff, and there are also extensive 
 ruins of a Grey Friars' monastery. Returned two members to 
 Parliament till 1832. PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Bnnwood, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, New Forest div. , 3 m. 
 SW. Romsey. P. <25o. 
 
 Bu Page, CO. , U.S. , Illinois, just to S. of 42° N. , and crossed 
 in E. by 88° W. 
 
 Bapas, isl., Canada, Quebec, on the N. shore of riv. St. 
 Lawrence, in about 73° W., below Berthier. 
 
 Daperr^, viL , Algeria, dep. Algiers, arr. and 20 m. WSW. of 
 Miliana, on the railway between Blida and Orl^ansville. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Baplin, CO. , U.S. , North CaroUna, in the SE. , crossed by 35° 
 N. , and in the W. by 78° W. 
 
 Bapnlca, tn., Bulgaria, prov. Kostendil, at the W. base of 
 the Rila Planina, 31 m. SSW. Sofia. P. 7900. 
 
 Biippel, in Danish Bybbol, viL, Prussia, govt. Schleswig, 
 on a penin. between the Flensburg fiord and the Aalesund, NE. 
 Flensburg. Fortified when in Danish hands, and the scene of 
 important operations in the Prusso-Danish wars of 1848-49 and 
 
 1864. P. <2000. 
 
 Bapalan, or Bopnlnn ('two-bridge place'), viL, Persia, 
 prov. Khuzistan, on the Kanin, 75 m. SW. Ispahan, giving 
 name to a pass (alt. 6380 ft. ) on the road from Shuster to Ispa- 
 han. Alt. of village, 4950 ft. 
 
 Bnqne de Braganza, vil. , Portuguese W. Africa, in 8° 55' 
 S., 16° E. Alt. 367s ft. 
 
 Bnqnesne, Fort, U.S. See Plttsbnrg. 
 
 Dur, dobhr, Gaelic; dwfr, dwr, Cymric, 'water.' 
 
 Bn Quoin, city, U.S., Illinois, Perry co., 67 m. SE. by E. 
 St. Louis (Mo.). P. < 5000. 
 
 B6ra, viL, Palestine, Adoraim in the O. T.; 31° 31' N., 35' 
 i' E., 5 m. W. by S. El KhuUl (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Bnra Ben, viL, Scot., Fifeshire, Kemback par., zh m. E. 
 Cupar. P. (including Blebo and Kemback Mills) < 500. 
 
 Baral, post-tp.. New South Wales, Cumberland co., 26 m. 
 W.Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bnrance ('\vater,' see Dur), the ancient Druentia, riv., 
 France, in the SE., rises near Mont Genfevre, dep. Hautes 
 Alpes, and after a tortuous SW. course, dividing that dep. from 
 Basses Alpes and Vaucluse from the Bouches-du-Rh6ne, joins 
 the Rhone 3 m. SW. Avignon ; length, 160 m. Chief affluents, 
 the Buech and Verdon. See Alps, Passes, I. (5), (6), and (7). 
 
 Bnrand, city, U.S., Wisconsin, cap. Pepin co., on the L bk. 
 of the Chippewa, 60 m. ESE. St. Paul (Minn.). P. <isoo. 
 
 Baraugo, an interior state of Mexico, principally formed by 
 mountainous lands (Tepe Suenne), parallel to or in continuation 
 of the Sierra Madre, but with extensive plains (NE.) towards 
 the Bolson de Mapimi. Rivs. Culiacan, Piasda, Camichin 
 drain the interior valleys to the Pacific ; riv. Nazas-Palomas- 
 Santiago to the Lagunas of the Bolson. Very little population. 
 
 Barango, originally called Cnadlana, and in modem times 
 officially Cladad de Victoria ('city of victory'), tn., Mexico, 
 cap. of state of D. , 195 m. NW. by W. Zacatecas ; near it the 
 Cerro Mercado, a hill of magnetic iron, estimated to contain 
 about 200,000,000 tons of ore, but not as yet much worked 
 
 1 
 
DURA— DURH 
 
 owing to the lack of communication. City founded in 1551. 
 Alt. 6320 ft. P. (1889) 24,800. 
 
 Dnrango, tn. , Spain, prov. Vizcaza, 16 m. ESE. Bilbao. P. 
 <:4ooo. 
 
 Da'rango, city, U.S., Colorado, La Plata co., 68 m. ENE. 
 of the SW. corner of the state, with coal-mines. Alt. 650 ft. 
 (R.R.). Great commercial and smelting centre for a region em- 
 bracing the San Juan mining dist. SE. Utah, NE. Arizona, 
 NW. New Mexico. Derives water-power from the Animas R. 
 First settled in 1881. P. <3O0o. 
 
 Dnranls, tribe. See Afghanistan, people. 
 
 Dnrant, vil, U.S., Iowa, Cedar co., 45 m. SE. by E. Cedar 
 Rapids. P. <i50o. 
 
 Darant, tn., U.S., Mississippi, Holmes co., on Yazoo R. , 55 
 m. NNE. Jackson. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Dnras, tn., France, dep. Lot et Garonne arr. Marmande, 
 on the Dropt, 39 m. ESE. Bordeaux, 13 m. ENE. La R6o\e. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Durasno, tn., Mexico, Jalisco, 80 m. S. by E. Guadalajara. 
 
 Duraton, riv., Spain, flows NW. from the Sierra de Guadar- 
 rama to the Douro, which it joins at Peiiafiel (4° 6' W.). 
 
 Durazuo, tn. , Uruguay, on the Rio Yi, and the railway from 
 Montevideo to Paysandu, 108 m. N. by W. Montevideo, cap. 
 dep. D. P. about 2000. 
 
 Durazzo (Turkish Drach, the ancient Dyrrachium), fortified 
 tn. , on the W. ct. of Turkey in Europe, cap. prov. D. , 52 m. 
 S. Scutari, on the rocky penin. of Peli in the Adriatic. Seat of 
 a Roman Catholic bishop and a Greek archbishop; prepares 
 morocco leather. Mean temp., yr. 61.2° F., Jan. 46.4°, July 
 "J"]" ; rfall. (5 yrs.), 43.62 in. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Durbacb, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle Offenburg. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Durban, tn. , France, dep. Aude, arr. and 17 m. SW. by S. 
 Narbonne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Durban, tn. and co., S. Africa, Natal, seaport and largest 
 town of the colony, at the head of the Bay of Natal, a land- 
 locked harbour, at the southern end of which rises ' The Bluff' 
 with its lighthouse. Extensive works are in progress to obliterate 
 the ' bar ' that blocks the entrance. On a higher site overlooking 
 the town is the well-wooded suburb of Berea. Mean temp. 
 (5 yrs., 1876-80), yr. 69.4° F., Jan. 74.8°, July 63.1°; rfall. (at 
 Merebank, 9 yrs.), 44.2 in. P. 17,900. 
 
 Dnrbanville, vil.. Cape Colony, Cape dist., 11 m. ENE. 
 Cape Town. P. < 1500. 
 
 Durbln, vil, U.S., N. Dakota, Cass co., 18 m. W. by S. 
 Fargo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Durbay, tn. , Belgium, prov. Luxembourg, on the Ourthe, 16 
 m. SE. by S. Huy. P. <20oo. 
 
 Diiren, the ancient Marcodurum, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 
 govt, and 18 m. E. Aix-Ia-Chapelle, cap. circle, on the Ruhr, 
 with various manufactures, and near it a productive zinc (cala- 
 mine) mine. P. (1816) 4800 ; (1871) 12,900; (1890) tn. P. 21,600 ; 
 comm. P. 21,700. 
 
 Durga, Sanskrit, ' a hill fort.' See Driig. 
 
 Durga, or Marianne, a long narrow strait, between Frederik 
 Hendrik I. andthe SW. ct. of NewGuinea, in about I38|''-I39°E. 
 
 Dnrgall, vil., Caucasia, prov. Daghestan, dist. Temir-khan- 
 shura. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Dnrga-nor, lake, W. Mongolia, crossed by 48° N. and 93%° E. 
 
 Dorgsirayapatnam, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Nellore, 
 on the E. ct., 32 m. S. by E. Nellore. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Dnrbam, co. , Canada, Ontario, on Lake Ontario, to the E. 
 of 79° W. 
 
 Dnrbam, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Grey co. , on Big Saugeen R. , 
 38 m. SW. by W. Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnrbam, vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. and on R. Chateauguay, 
 40 m. SW. Montreal. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Dnrbam, Canada, Quebec. See Ormstown. 
 
 Dnrbam (Saxon, Dunholme, 'city on the river island"), 
 ancient city, pari. bor. (one member) and mun. bor., and epis- 
 copal city and see, Eng., cap. co. D., Mid div., on R. Wear, 
 14 m. S. Newcastle, on the NE. R. It has a cathedral and 
 castle, occupying the summit of a steep rocky eminence, sm-- 
 rounded by terraced gardens and plantations, and nearly 
 encircled by the Wear, here crossed by three bridges, and 
 beyond which on either side are the quarters Framwellgate and 
 Elvet. The city of D. owes its origin to the followers of St. 
 Cuthbert, whose body, originally biuied at Lindisfarne (Holy 
 Island), but in consequence of the Danish invasion transferred 
 in 883 to Chester-le-Street, was brought thence in 995 by the 
 monks who had charge of it, and who selected the site of the 
 present city, at that time covered with woods, and almost un- 
 inhabited, as the final place of sepulture on account of its 
 natural strength. The woods having been cleared, the original 
 stone church was built by Bishop Aldhun in 999, but the 
 present cathedral, which replaced the earlier building, was 
 commenced by Bishop William de St. Carilef in 1093, and was 
 practically finished in 1130. It is still in the main a Norman 
 structure, though it has a later addition in the beautiful Chapel 
 of the Nine Altars, commenced in the year 1242. Including the 
 
 western porch, it is 507 ft. in length, by 200 ft. in greatest 
 breadth, and has a central tower 218 ft. in height, a fine W. 
 front with a Galilee chapel, and two richly ornamented towers, 
 144 ft. in height. There are also a grammar school founded by 
 Henry VIII., blue coat and other endowed schools, school of 
 art, and university museum. The see comprises the county D. 
 and a very small portion of the N. Riding of Yorkshire. 
 Among its most celebrated bishops were Cardinal Wolsey and 
 Butler, author of 'The Analogy' (1750-1752). The castle, a 
 little north of the cathedral, founded by William the Con- 
 queror in 1072, was formerly the residence of the bishop, but 
 is now the seat of the university. In 1646 Cromwell issued an 
 order for founding a college here, but after his death the new 
 university was dissolved. In 1831 it was re-established, and 
 opened in 1833. The Newcastle College of Medicine and the 
 Durham College of Science (Newcastle) form part of the uni- 
 versity, and Codrington College, Barbados, and Fourah Bay 
 College, Sierra Leone, are affiliated to it. The first charter of 
 incorporation was granted to D. in 1179 by Bishop Pudsey. 
 Has coal and blast-furnaces. Manufactures also carpets, and 
 brass and iron goods. The city has long been noted for the 
 excellence of its mustard. Market-day, S. Pari. bor. P. 
 15,300; mun. bor. P. (1851) 13,200; (1871) 14,400; (1891) 
 14,900. 
 
 Dnrbam, maritime co., Eng., NE., having E. the North 
 Sea, N. the co. Northumberland, W. Cumberland and West- 
 moreland, and S. Yorkshire ; make up the entire see of D. ; 
 cap. D. ; other chief towns, Gateshead, S. Shields, Sunderland, 
 Hartlepool, Stockton, Darlington (all of which, besides the city 
 of D., are pari bors.), Jarrow, Bishop Auckland, Barnard 
 Castle ; divided into the following pari. divs. : — 
 
 Jarrow 
 
 Houghton-le-Spring . 
 Chester-le-Street 
 North-Western . 
 Mid .... 
 South-Eastern . 
 Bishop Auckland 
 Barnard Castle . 
 Pari. bors. . 
 
 Total 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1 89 1. 
 
 17,001 
 33.760 
 47.510 
 80,346 
 54.073 
 
 155.075 
 26,550 
 
 206,093 
 26,873 
 
 647,281 
 
 80,607 
 69,047 
 70,202 
 
 65.957 
 67,639 
 64,047 
 61,833 
 
 59.459 
 477,768 
 
 i,oi6,559 
 
 Surface mountainous in the W. , rising to the extreme height of 
 2342 ft. above the sea on the Cumberland border, from whence 
 several parallel hill ranges decline towards the coast, enclosing 
 many fertile tracts. The hills belong chiefly to the Millstone 
 Grit, which has been denuded in some of the valleys as in 
 Weardale down to the Carboniferous limestone. This portion 
 of the county is traversed by the Great Whin Sill, a mass of 
 intruded diabase, which is well seen in two fine falls of the 
 Tees, the Cauldron Snout in the extreme SW. of the county, 
 and the High Force a few miles lower down. To the E. the 
 Millstone Grit is succeeded by the Coal Measures, which occupy 
 about one-third of the county, and are followed in the same 
 direction by the New Red Sandstone, this last forming only a 
 narrow strip on the coast in the N. , but spreading out in the S. 
 to about 5 m. W. of Darlington. D. is the principal coal- 
 producing county in the United Kingdom. A small quantity 
 of iron ore is produced in Weardale, and there are blast- 
 furnaces at Jarrow, Consett, Seaham Harbour, West Hartle- 
 pool, Spennymoor, Port Clarence, Stockton-on-Tees, Darling- 
 ton, and Tow Law. D. is also one of the chief lead-producing 
 counties, the ore being mined chiefly in Weardale and Teesdale, 
 and at Forest in Frith. In recent years salt has been largely 
 extracted from brine at Port Clarence, Haverton Hill, and 
 Greatham. The R. Tees forms the S. boundary, the Derwent 
 and Tyne the greater part of the N. ; the Wear traverses the 
 middle of the county. Heaths occupy much of the W. por- 
 tion, where, however, agriculture is most advanced. The Tees- 
 water breed of short-horned cattle is famous for fattening, and 
 the horses of D. for draught and the saddle. Sheep, chiefly 
 Cheviots and Leicesters, are numerous. For statistics of agri- 
 culture, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. Manufactures very various, 
 among the principal being chemical products, glass, iron, and 
 earthenware. Shipbuilding and the making of sails, anchors, 
 and ropes are largely carried on. The NE. R. , with its branches, 
 traverses the county, by which communication is established 
 with all parts of the kingdom. D. is a county palatine, and 
 was formerly under the sovereignty of its bishop, whose juris- 
 diction is merged in that of the crown. See England, table. 
 
 Dnrbam, mining locality, Queensland, Gilbert co., 7 m, W. 
 Georgetown, with silver, copper, &c. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnrbam, co., W. Australia, crossed in the E. by 18° E., 
 between 30° and 32° S. 
 
 Dnrbam, co.. New South Wales, crossed in the N. by 32° S., 
 and in the W. by 151° E, 
 
 463 
 
DURH — DUVA 
 
 Dnrham, city, U.S., N. Carolina, D. co., i8 m. NW. by N. 
 Raleigh ; a great tobacco manufacturing centre. P. 5500. 
 
 Dnrbam, tn., U.S., Maine, Androscoggin co., 2 m. from 
 Lisbon. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnrham, vil., U.S., Washington, King co., 52 m. ENE. 
 Olympia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Durham, Old, Canada. See Danhy. 
 
 Durham Iiead, post-tp., Victoria, Grant co., on Leigh R., 
 no m. NW. Melbourne. P. 1500. 
 
 Dnrham Ox, or Towangurr, settlement, Victoria, Gunbower 
 CO. , on Serpentine Creek, 52 m. NNW. Sandhurst. 
 
 Dnrhamtoifvn, vil., Scot., co. and 6 m. SSW. Linlithgow, 
 ^ m. SW. Bathgate stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Durlan, Great and Little, two small isls., Eastern Archi- 
 pelago, off the E. ct. of Sumatra, from which they are separated 
 by D. Strait, about 37 m. SSW. Singapore. 
 
 Durlan Sahatang, vil. , Malay Penin. , Perak, on the L bk. 
 of the R. Perak, where it turns to the W., in about 4° 3' N., 
 100° 57' E. 
 
 Dnrlsdeer. See Dnrrisdeer. 
 
 Durkhelm, tn. , Ger. , Bavarian Palatinate, on the Isenach 
 R., 13 m. W. by S. Mannheim (Bad.). P. 5900. 
 
 Durlach, urban comm. , Ger. , Baden , 3 m. E. by S. Karlsruhe ; 
 from 1565 to 171 5 residence of the Margraves of Baden-D. 
 The Turmberg, which commands a wide view over the town, is 
 ascended by a rope railway. P. 8000. 
 
 Dnrleigh, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and i m. SW. by W. 
 Bridgwater. P. <25o. 
 
 Durley, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Petersfield div. , 6 m. NE. 
 by E. Southampton, 2 m. N. by W. Botley stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Durlstone Head, cape, Eng., on the SE. ct. of Dorsetshire, 
 5 m. E. by N. St. Albans Head. 
 
 Durmershelm, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy and circle Baden. 
 P. <300o. 
 
 Dnrmltor, or Dormltor, mt. , Montenegro, in the NE. , 50 
 m. N. by E. Cetinje. Alt. 8290 ft. 
 
 Durness ('the stormy peninsula'), a large par., Scot., Suther- 
 land, on the N. ct. , the church and vil. 8 m. N. of the head of 
 Loch EriboU, and 2 m. E. of the mouth of the Kyle of D., an 
 inlet 6 m. long, which receives at its head (S. end) the Dionard 
 R., PMT.O.; 140,812 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Durnford, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., on the Avon, 
 5 m. N. Salisbury, 3^ m. WNW. Porton stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Durnford, East Africa. See Port Durnford. 
 
 Dilrnholz, or Drnoholec, market-tn., Austria, Moravia, on 
 R. Jaispitz, 8 m. WNW. Nikolsburg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Diimstein, vil.. Lower Austria, on the 1. bk. of the Danube, 
 42 m. W. by N. Vienna. On a high rock near the town are the 
 ruins of the fortress in which Richard Cceur de Lion was im- 
 prisoned on his return from Palestine in 1192. In 1805 the 
 French here defeated the united Russian and Austrian armies. 
 Alt. 680 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Durolipons, Eng. See Ciodmanchester. 
 
 Duror, eccles. par. and vil. , Scot. , Argyllshire, Lismore and 
 Appin par., 5 m. SW. Ballachuhsh, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Duror, short riv., Scot., Argyllshire, Appin, flows WNW. 
 into Loch Linnhe. 
 
 Durotriges, a tribe of ancient Britons who dwelt in that part 
 now called Dorsetshire, Eng. 
 
 Diirr, Ger., 'dry,' 'sterile.' 
 
 Dttrrensteln, tn. , Austria. See Dttrnsteln. 
 
 Durrlngton, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Lewes div. , 6| m. E. by S. 
 Arundel, 2 m. NE. Goring stn. P. <25o. See Tarring, West. 
 
 Durrlngton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., on the 
 Avon, 9^ m. N. Salisbury, 5 J m. N. by W. Porton stn., P.O. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Dnrrls, par. , Scot. , on the N. border of Kincardineshire, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Dee, 12 m. SW. by W. Aberdeen, i^ m. E. 
 Crathes stn., P.O.; 15,294 ac. P. -ciooo. 
 
 Durrlsdeer (Gaelic Z)(7r«j-(/araf A, 'at the door or opening 
 of the oak-wood'), par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 6 m. N. Thorn- 
 hill, P.O. (Dnrlsdeer); 19,717 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Dttrrmenz, comm. and vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 19 m. 
 NW. by W. Stuttgart. P. <30oo. 
 
 Dnrrow, par.. Ire., cos. King's and Westmeath, bars. 
 Ballycowan and Moycashel, 3 m. N. Tullamore ; 9771 ac. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Dnrrow, par. and tn. , Ire. , S. cos. Queen's and Kilkenny,bars. 
 Clarmallagh and Galmoy, 14^ m. NNW. Kilkenny, 3 m. from 
 Attanagh stn. , near the confluence of rivers Erkina and Nore, 
 PMT.O. ; 6527 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dnrrow, tnld.. Ire., co. Waterford, bar. Decies without 
 Drum, 7 m. NE. Dungarvan, on the Waterford, Dungarvan, 
 and Lismore Rly. P. <:25o. 
 
 Dnrrus, par.. Ire., SW. co. Cork, bars. Bantry and West 
 Carbery, W. div., at the head of Dunmanus Bay, 5 m. SW. 
 Bantry. with copper ore and slates, with a stn. (D. Road) on the 
 Cork, Bandon,andS. Coast Rly., PMT.O.; 11,138 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Dnrsley, par. and market-tn., Eng., Gloucestershire, Stroud 
 div. ,3 m. N. Wotton-under-Edge, on the M. R. Manufactures 
 464 
 
 incubators and cream separators. Market-days, Th. and S. 
 P. <25oo ; eccles. par. (D. with M'oodmancote) P. <25oo. 
 
 Dnrsey Island, Ire., off SW. ct. of co. Cork. D. Head in 
 the SW. of the island. 
 
 Durston, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 4 m. NE. 
 by E. Taunton, \\ m. W. of its stn. on the G. W. R., P.O. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Durtal, tn., France, dep. Maine et Loire, arr. Baug6, on 
 the Loir, 20 m. NE. Angers, 8 m. W. by S. La FlSche. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Dnmh, vil. , Persia, prov. Khorassan, 175 m. SW. by S. Herat. 
 
 Dnrnma, tribe occupying the arid region near the coast in 
 the SE. of Brit. E. Africa behind the Rabai hills. 
 
 D'Urrille, cape, Dutch New Guinea, N. ct., at mouth oi 
 Geelvink Bay, E. side. 
 
 D'Urvllle Island, Ger. New Guinea. See Kalrn. 
 
 D'Urrllle Island, New Zealand, off the N. ct. of the South 
 I. , Sounds CO. , separated from the mainland by French Pass. 
 
 Dnr'weston, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., on the Stour, 
 14J m. ESE. Sherborne, 2^ m. NW. Blandford, P.O. P. <:5oo ; 
 eccles. par. (D. with Bryanston) P. <7S0. 
 
 Dn^anorac, tn. , in the NE. of Servia, circle Kraina. P. <3000. 
 
 Dnshet, dist. tn., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 34 m. 
 NNW. of Tiflis ; very old monastery. Alt. 2920 ft. P. 2400. 
 
 Dushkachan, vlL, E. Siberia, at N. extremity of Lake 
 Baikal, 55° 50' N. lat. , 109° 47' E. long. 
 
 Dusky Bay, a large inlet, New Zealand, on the SW. ct. of 
 South I. , in 45° 40' S. ; it affords good anchorage ; contains 
 Resolution and other islands ; discovered by Cook, 1769. 
 
 Dusnack, or Dnsuok, comm. , Hungary, co. and 6 m. from 
 Perth. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Diisseldorf (name derived from the Diissel, a small riv. 
 fiovringinto the Rhine at D.), is situated on the r. bk. of the 
 Rhine in a beautiful plain, 22 m. below Cologfne. It is the most 
 convenient harbour on the Rhine for the manufacturing districts 
 of Elberfeld and Barmen. Previously a place of little importance, 
 it has grown rapidly since the middle of this century, and its 
 splendid position on the Rhine makes it a serious rival of Cologne. 
 Moreover, it is now an important manufacturing town, its 
 principal manufactures being ironware of all sorts, machinery, 
 cotton and woollen yarns, and calico. The town is well built, 
 and forms one of the most attractive places on the Lower 
 Rhine. Its ' Kunstschule ' (Academy of Arts) is famous. P. 
 (1816) 26,700; (1850) 30,000; (1870) 63,000; (1890) 144,642. 
 [H. «. S.] 
 
 Dussllngen, comm. , Ger. , kgd. Wurtemberg, 6 m. S. Tiib- 
 ingen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Dustembrook, watering-place on the E. ct. of Holstein 
 (Prussia), adjoining Kiel on the N. 
 
 Duston, par., Eng., Mid div. of co. and 2 m. W. Nor- 
 thampton, PT.O. P. <:30oo; eccles. par. (D. St. Luke) P. <: 1000. 
 
 Dutchess, CO., U.S., New York, in the SE., between the 
 Hudson R. and the E. frontier, crossed in the N. by 42° N. 
 
 Dutch Flat, vil., U.S., California, Placer co., 61 m. NE. by 
 N.Sacramento. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dutch dap Canal, U.S., Virginia, through the peninsula 
 known as Farrar's I. in James R., shortens the navigation to 
 Richmond by 7 m. 
 
 Dutch Island, U.S., Rhode I., in Narragansett Bay, writh 
 lighthouse in 41° 30' N., 70° 24' W., visible 13 m. 
 
 Dutch Rirer, Eng. See Don. 
 
 Duthll, stn., Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R., 915 m. 
 by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Duthll, par., Scot., Inverness-shire, 20 m. S. by E. Nairn, 4 
 m. W. by N. Broomhill stn. ; 71,927 ac. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Dutlas, P.O., Wales, 6 m. from Knighton, Radnorshire. 
 
 Dn Tolt's Pan, vil.. Cape Colony, Griqualand West, 2 m. 
 E. Kimberley. Diamonds first discovered Dec. 1870. Declined 
 on the rise of the richer diamond field of Kimberley. See 
 Besconsfield. 
 
 Dutteah, a rajahship, India. See Datiya. 
 
 Dutton, Canada. See Dingle. 
 
 Dutton, vil., Canada, Ontario, Elgin co., 19 m. from St. 
 Thomas by rail P. < 1500. 
 
 Dutton, par., Eng., Cheshire, div. and 5 m. WNW. North- 
 wich, on the r. bk. of the Weaver, 2 m. SE. Preston Brook stn. 
 P. <;5oo. 
 
 Dutton, par., Eng., Lancashire, 6^ m. NW. Blackburn. 
 P. < 250. 
 
 Dutton, tp., S. Australia, Eyre co., 50 m. NE. by N. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dutton, three pars. , Wales, Denbighshire, E. div. , on Cheshire 
 border. D. Caeca, P. <25o ; D. Dlffeth, P."<2So ; D. y Bran, 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Duval, CO., U.S., Florida, in the NE., on the Atlantic, N. 
 of 30' N., traversed by the lower course of the St. John's R. 
 
 DuTal, CO., U.S., Texas, crossed in the N. by 28° N., and 
 W. of 98° W. 
 
 DuTan, viL, Russia, govt, and 170 m. NW. of Ufa, on 
 Siberian highway. P. <400o. 
 
DUVE — DYMC 
 
 Duveel Point, cape, Ire. , on the W. of co. Mayo, in Broad 
 Haven, with a coastguard station. 
 
 Dax, or DncbOTCOT, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 4J m. SW. by 
 W. Teplitz ; has coal and lignite mines, sugar refinery, and 
 manufactures of hosiery, glass, and earthenware. P. 10,100. 
 
 Dnxbary, par., Eng., Lancashire, Chorleydiv., 6| m. N. 
 Wigan, i^ m. S. Chorley, with coal. P. <soo. 
 
 Dnxbary, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., on 
 Duxbury Bay, 24 m. ENE. Taunton ; has the end of the cable 
 line laid in 1869 from Brest, France. P. <2ooo. D. Bay, a 
 bay in that state opening off the N. of Plymouth Bay. 
 
 Duxer-tlial, a high valley off the Zillerthal, Tirol. 
 
 Dnxford, par., Eng., Cambridge, Newmarket div., on the 
 Granta, yi m. S. by E. Cambridge, i m. S. Whittlesford stn. , 
 P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Diiyf hen, cape, Queensland, Gulf of Carpentaria, in 12° 38' S. 
 
 Dnytz, Prussia. See Dentz. 
 
 Duzkuh, tn. , Persia, on the Caspian Sea, 45 m. SE. by E. 
 Resht. 
 
 DvdrdTatipnra, vil. , India. See Halebld. 
 
 Dvlna, Xortliern (SycTcrnaya Dvlna), riv., Russia, govts. 
 Vologda and Archangel, is formed in lat. 6i° by the con- 
 fluence of the Sukhona, which flows in the SW., and the 
 Yug. After receiving the Vychegda from the NE. becomes a 
 large navigable river, flowing in a wide low valley, and enters 
 by several mouths a gulf in the south-east of the White Sea, at 
 Archangel, after having received the Vaga from the left and 
 the Pinega from the right. Total length, about iioo miles. 
 Area of basin, 134,000 sq. m. It is connected through the 
 Sukhona with the Neva, by means of the canal of Alexander 
 of Wiirtemberg, and through the Vychegda with the Kama 
 (Catherine Canal). The D. is free from ice for 177 days (May 
 13-Nov. 6) at Archangel, and 203 days (May i-Nov. 20) at 
 Krasnoborsk, in 61° 6' N. lat. A considerable amount of goods 
 (corn, flax, hemp, timber, pitch, and tar) is shipped down 
 the D. to Archangel, the total yearly traffic being from 
 5,000,000-7,000,000 tons. 
 
 Dvina, Western. See Dttna. 
 
 DTlnsk, new official name of Bttnabnrg, important fortress, 
 W. Russia, dist. tn. of and 183 m. NW. Vitebsk, on the Diina 
 R. Consists of four separate parts : the fortress on a meadow 
 on r. bk. of Diina, two suburbs, and the town Griva, on the 
 glacis of the fortress. Chief strategic position for the defence 
 of the Diina. Considerable trade. P. (i860) 25,760 ; (1888) 
 72,290. 
 
 Divaal Fonteln, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Prince 
 Albert, 40 m. S. by W. Beaufort West. 
 
 Dwarf Tribes of Afl-ica and Asia, native tribes which 
 are met with in many parts of Africa and S. Asia. They are 
 of diminutive stature, most of them being less than 5 ft. high. 
 Ethnologically they are quite different from the full-sized 
 natives who surround them, and the probability is that they 
 are the last remnants of the original populations of the countries 
 in which they live. The Asiatic pygmies are met with in India 
 and Indo-China, as well as on many islands of SE. Asia. 
 Dwarf tribes, like the Juangas, Putuas, Kanikars, and Naya 
 Kurumbas, live on the eastern and southern highlands of India, 
 and quite at the southern end we find the dwarfish Vedas of 
 Cochin and Travancore. In Further India we have to mention 
 the Orang Semangs and Orang Sakays of Malacca, and the 
 Moys of Annam. In the interior of Ceylon a dwarf tribe, the 
 Veddahs, are met with, whose very name points to a connection 
 with the Vedas, who live not far distant on the mainland. 
 More to the E., the Andaman Is. are the home of other 
 pygmies, the Myncopies ; and on many of the Sunda Is. we 
 find traces of a similar race, in fact. Sir William Flower is of 
 opinion that Sumatra and Java are the only large islands of this 
 great area which contain no traces of them. Also on the 
 Philippine Is. dwarfs are found, the Aetas. Turning to Africa, 
 many pygmy tribes have recently been discovered in various 
 parts of Equatorial and S. Africa. Their principal abodes are 
 the primeval forests of the Upper and Middle Congo and its 
 tribs. From there they extend to the western sources of the 
 Nile. The most important dwarf tribes of this region are the 
 Akka, Wambutti, and Batwa. Other pygmies, the Akoa, 
 Obongo, and Babongo, have been discovered N. of the Lower 
 Congo, not far from the W. coast. Most of these dwarfs live 
 scattered among the Bantu tribes, and some of them among 
 the Mangbattu and other tribes of the Nuba races. E. of the 
 Nile (S. of Kaffa) live other pygmies, the Doko. But also far 
 to the S. we find pygmies, viz., the Mucassequere, in 15° S. 
 lat., and 20° E. long., and the Mossaro still further S., in 17° 
 30' S. lat. and 22° E. long. These are the connecting hnk 
 between the Equatorial dwarfs and the Bushmen of the Kalahiri 
 Desert, and the investigations of Fritsch and others prove that 
 the genuine Bushmen belong likewise to the dwarf tribes. Other 
 pygmies, the Kimos, are said to exist in Madagascar, but we 
 know very little about them. All African dwarfs are nomadic 
 hunters without fixed settlements, and inall probability hunt- 
 ing was also the original occupation of the Asiatic pygmies. 
 465 
 
 For instance, the Vedas are, according to Childers, identical 
 with the Vyadahs, the Sanskrit caste of hunters. The dwarfs 
 are mischievous, and are, as a rule, either despised, or hated 
 and dreaded by their full-sized neighbours. See Panckow, 
 ' tJber Zwergvolker in Afrika and Siidasien,' Zeitschrift der 
 Gesell. f. Erdkunde, vol. 27, 1892, pp. 75-120; Schlichter, 
 'The Pygmy Tribes of Africa,' Scot. Geog. Mag., vol. 8, 1892, 
 pp. 289-301, and 345-56. [H. «. 8.] 
 
 Dw&rk^, seapt. and place of Hindu pilgrimage, India, on 
 the Arabian Sea, near the W. end of the KathilwAr Penin. , 
 within the dominions of the Gaekw^r of Baroda. Anchorage 
 insecure in stormy weather. P. < 5000. 
 
 Dwarkd, riv. , Bengal. See Babltl. 
 
 Dwdrs (Himalayan valleys). See Dikns. 
 
 Dwfn, Cymric-Celtic, ' deep.' See Diep. 
 
 Dwfr, Cymric, ' water. ' See Dur. 
 
 Dwlght, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Richland co. , 40 m. S. 
 Fargo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dwlgbt, vil., U.S., Illinois, Livingston co. , 67 m. ENE. 
 Peoria. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dwipa, Sanskrit, ' an island.' See Diva. 
 
 Dirrbach, hamlet, Wales, 3 m. S. Fishguard, Pembroke- 
 shire, P.O. 
 
 Dwygyfyichl, ct. par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., 
 3 m. W. Conway, i| m. NE. Penmaenmawr stn. ; 4076 ac. 
 P. <3ooo ; eccles. par! (D. with Penmaenmawr) P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dwyr, C)Tnric, 'water.' See Dur. 
 
 Dwyran, hamlet, Wales, Anglesey, 3 m. NW. Carnarvon, 
 PM.O. 
 
 Dwyryd Klver, small riv., Wales, in the NW. of Merioneth- 
 shire, flowing into Cardigan Bay. 
 
 Dyaks, Borneo. See Dayaks. 
 
 Dyan, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower Dungannon, 
 8 m. S. by W. Dungannon, 4 m. from Tynan stn., P.O. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Dyangeh, tribe, Sudan. See Denka. 
 Dybbol, Ger. See Diippel. 
 
 Dyce, par. and vil. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, 6,m. NW. by N, 
 Aberdeen, with stn. (D. June.) on the G. N. of S. R., PMT.O.; 
 5237 ac. P. < 1500. See Clordou Place. 
 
 DyedlnoTO, or DyednoTO, vil. , Russia, govt, and 40 m. NW. 
 Ryazan, on Oka R. First Russian ships for the Caspian Sea 
 built here. P. 6600. 
 
 Dyedynkhln, tn. , Russia, govt, and 103 m. N. Perm, on 
 1. bk. Kama. Salt-works of the crown. P. 4850. 
 
 Dyer, co. , U.S., Tennessee, on the Mississippi, crossed in 
 the S. by 36° N. 
 
 Dyer, Cape, in Davis Strait, N. America, in 66° 40' N. 
 
 Dyer, Cape, on the W. ct. of Chile, in 48° 6' S. 
 
 Dyer Islands, two small isls. , Cape Colony, off the S. ct. , 80 
 m. SE. Cape Town. 
 
 Dyerrllle, vil, U.S., Rhode I., co. and 3 m. WNW. Provid- 
 ence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dyers Bay, Canada, Ontario, inlet of Georgian Bay, in 45° 10' N. 
 
 Dyersburg, city, U.S., Tennessee, Dyer co., on Forked Deer 
 R., 68 m. NE. by N. Memphis. P. < 3000. 
 
 Dyers Hill, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Shef- 
 field par. P. 10,900. 
 
 DyersTllle, tn., U.S., Iowa, co. and 23 m. W. Dubuque. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Dyffryn, Welsh, ' a river valley.' 
 
 Dyirtyn, stn., Wales, Merionethshire, on the Cambrian Rly., 
 10 m. WNW. Dolgelly, PM.O. 
 
 Dyfl*yn Clydach, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. NW. 
 Neath. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (D. St. Matthew) P. <:75o. 
 
 Dyfl and Dyfls, riv. , Wales. See Dovey. 
 
 Dyjakowlce Velk^, tn. , Austria. See dross Tajax. 
 
 Dyke, P.O., Eng., Lincolnshire, 2 m. from Bourne. 
 
 Dyke, The, stn. , Eng. See Devil's Dyke. 
 
 Dyke Acland Bay, in the NE. of Brit. New Guinea, in about 
 i48^°-i49° E. 
 
 Dyke and Moy, par. , Scot. , Elginshire and Nairnshire, 3 m. 
 W. Forres, near Brodie stn.; 13,579 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Dykehead, vil. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, par. and 2 m. W. Shotts, 
 PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dykehead, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, i m. E. Baillieston, P.O. 
 See Bargeddle and Dykehead. 
 
 Dykh tan, peak of main Caucasus ridge, 43° 3' N. lat., 43° 
 14' E. long. Alt. 16,925 ft.; other authorities, 17,055 ft. 
 
 Dylals, lK)wer and Upper, two adjoinmg pars., Wales, 
 Glamorganshire, 2 m. NE. Neath. D. Lower, 5228 ac, P. < 
 500; D. Upper, 6261 ac, P. <i5oo. 
 
 Dyle, riv., Belgium, provs. S. Brabant and Antwerp, flows 
 N. and W., passing Wavre, Louvain, and Malines, and unites 
 with the Senne, and i m. lower down with the Nethe, to form 
 the Rupel. Navigable from confluence of the Demer, 22 m. ■ 
 
 DyllflFe, eccles. par. , Wales, Montgomeryshire, 8 m. N. Llan- 
 brynmair, P.O. P. <iooo. • _ 
 
 Dymchnrch, ct. par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 4 m. NE. 
 New Romney ; protected from inundation by an embankment 
 
 2 G 
 
D Y M E 
 
 E AR D 
 
 3 m. long. PMT.O. P. <:75o; eccles. par. (D. wltb East- 
 bridge, Orgarswick, and Blackmanstone) P. <75o. 
 
 Dymeirchlon, par., Wales, Flintshire, 5 m. NNE. Denbigh, 
 2^ m. ESE. St. Asaph stn.; 4031 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Dymer (Polish Dymlr), tn., Russia, govt, and 27 m. NNW. 
 Kiev, near the Dnieper. Often mentioned in the history of 
 the struggles of Poland with the Cossacks. Trade in timber. 
 P. 2000. 
 
 Dymock, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div., 
 II m. NW. Gloucester, on the G, W. R., PM.O.; 7009 ac. 
 P. <i5co. 
 
 Dynastow, Eng. See Dingestow. 
 
 Dyuedor, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire. See Dlnedor. 
 
 Dynevor (Dinas-fawr, 'great fortress'), stn., Wales, Glamor- 
 ganshire, on the G. W. R. , am. W. Neath. 
 
 Dyndw, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, on the San, 65 m. 
 WNW. Drohobycz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Dynystow, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire. See Dingestow. 
 
 Dyre Fjord, inlet, on the N W. ct. of the N W. penin. of Iceland, 
 
 Dyrtaam, Eng. See Dirbam aud Hluton. 
 
 Dyrrachiuin. See Dnrazzo. 
 
 Dysart (see Desert), par.. Ire., co. and 8 m, N. by E. 
 Kilkenny, bar. Fassadinin, 5 m. E. Ballyraggit stn.; 7938 ac. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Dysart, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. Ferrard, 7J m. N. Dro- 
 ^heda, i m. E. Dunleer stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dysart, par., Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. and 8 m. NW. 
 Athlone, 4 m. from Balhnasloe stn.; 6568 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Dysart, par.. Ire., S. co. Westmeath, bars. Moyashel, Moy- 
 cashel, Magheradernon, and Rathconrath, 5 m. SW. MuUingar, 
 3 m. from Castletown stn., P.O.; 6244 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Dysart (dai'zart), royal and parL burgh, seapt. tn., and par., 
 Scot., CO. Fife, on the N. ct. of the Firth of Forth, 12 m. NNE. 
 Edinburgh, i^ m. NE. Kirkcaldy, on the N. B. R. Manufac- 
 tures of bed and table linen, towels and towelling, flax-spinning 
 mill, and trade in coal and building-stone, shipbuilding. Light- 
 house, visible 8 m. PMT.O. Par. 4197 ac, P. 13,600; (1891) 
 royal burgh, P. <:35oo; pari, burgh, P. 12,800; tn. P. 3500. 
 
 Dysart, vil, U.S., Iowa, Tama co., 39 m. WNW. Cedar 
 Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dysartenos, par.. Ire., Queen's co., bars. Maryborough East 
 and Stradbally, 3 m. SW. Stradbally; 6095 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Dysartgallen, par.. Ire., Queen's co. , 9 m. S. Maryborough, 
 bar. Cullenagh, 2 m. SE. Abbeyleix ; 10,790 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Dysartmoon, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Ida, on R. Nore, 
 3 m. S. Inistioge; 6207 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Dysert, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Inchiquin, 5 m. NW. 
 Eiinis ; 7250 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Dysert, par. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bars. Clanmaurice and Iraghti- 
 connor, 3 m. S W. Listowel ; 6054 ac. P. <: 1000. 
 
 Dysert, par. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy, 2 m. SW. 
 Castleisland ; 6074 ac. P. < looo. 
 
 Dysert, par. , Ire. , co. and 10^ m. SW. by S. Limerick, bar. 
 Coshma, i^ m. W. Croom stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Dysert, par., Ire., co. Waterford, bar. Upperthird, on R. 
 Suir, 2 m. SW, Clonmel ; 5396 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Dysertli (see Desert), par., Wales, Flintshire, 8 m. N. Den- 
 bigh, 2| m. SE. by E. Rhyl stn., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Dystos, tn. , Greece, prov. Euboea. P. < 3000. 
 
 Dysynnl, small riv., Wales, Merionethshire, flows SW, into 
 Cardigan Bay, in about 52° 36' N. 
 
 Di. See Introduction under Orthography. 
 
 Dzallsl, vil., Caucasia, govt. Tiflis, dist. Dushet, Ossetes. 
 P. 5300. 
 
 Dzlang-Namliug, tn. , Tibet. See Namliiig Jong. 
 
 Dzlaloszyn, tn., Russia, Poland, govt, and 53 m. SE. Kalisz, 
 123 m. SW. Warsaw. P. 6550. 
 
 Dznngarla, formerly an independent state, now part of the 
 Chinese Empire, and partly annexed to Russia (provs. Semi- 
 palatinsk and Semiryechensk). It formerly occupied the space 
 between the Tian-Shan Mts. and the Tarbagatai ridge and the 
 Black Irtysh, and from Urumchi to the meridian of Lake Balk- 
 hash in the E. 
 
 Dzungarlan Alatan, mts. See Alatan. 
 
 Dzygowka, tn., Russia, govt. Podolia, 83 m. ESE. of 
 Karaenets-Podolsk. P. 4000. 
 
 E 
 
 Ea, ey, ay, Anglo-Saxon ; a, 0, or &., Scandinavian ; oog, 
 Dutch, ' an island,'— an element also in many names of places 
 now joined to the mainland. 
 
 Eacbalg River, Scot. See Eck, Locb. 
 
 Eacbwlck, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 
 on the Pont, 9J m. NW. by W. Newcastle, 4 m. N. Wylam 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Eadar, edar, edder, eddra, Celtic, ' between.' 
 
 Eadestown, electoral div. , Ire. , Wicklow, dist. Kiltegan. 
 
 Eagle, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 6^ m. 
 WSW. Lincoln, 5 m. S. by W. Saxilby stn,, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Eagle, CO., U.S., Colorado, crossed in the W, by 107° W., 
 S. of 40° N. 
 
 Eagle Clrore, city, U.S., Iowa, Wright co. (N. of the middle 
 of the state). P. <20oo. 
 
 Eagle HaU, par., Eng., in co. and 9 m. SW, Lincoln, 
 Kesteven div. P. <:25o. 
 
 Eagle Hawk, mun. bor. , Victoria, Bendigoco., 4 m. NNW. 
 Sandhurst. Alt. 735 ft. With valuable gold mines. P, 7300, 
 
 Eagle Island, Ire. , off W. ct. co. Mayo, with a lighthouse, 
 3J m. from Erris Head, visible 20 m. 
 
 Eagle Lake, Canada, Ontario, in 49° 50' N. , 93°-93i° W, , a 
 short distance S. of the C. P. R. 
 
 Eagle Lake, U.S., California, Lassen co., 105 m. SSW. of 
 NE. corner of state. It has no outlet. Alt. 5115 ft. (Wheeler, b). 
 
 Eagle Lakes, U.S., Maine, in the extreme NE. of Aroostook 
 CO., 145 m. N. by E. Bangor, drained N. from their W, end 
 into the St. John R. 
 
 Eagle Mount, Ire., in the S, of co. Down, Mourne Mts., 
 9 m. E. by S. Newry. Height, 2084 ft. 
 
 Eagle Monnt, Ire., extreme W, co, Kerry, N. of Dingle 
 Bay. Height, 1695 ft. 
 
 Eagle Pass, city, U.S., Texas, Maverick co., L bk. Rio 
 Grande, 130 m. WSW. San Antonio, where the International 
 Rly. (Mexico) crosses the U.S. frontier. Alt. (Signal station) 
 800 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). Mean temp., yr, 70,8° F,, Jan. 
 51.5°, July 87°. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eagle Passage, channel, Falkland Is. , S. Atlantic, in about 
 
 52° 15' s. 
 
 Eagle Itlver, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C, P, R. , 
 1226 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Eagle Klver, vil., U.S., Michigan, Keweenaw co., 32 m, 
 NE. Houghton; shipping port for copper. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eagle RiTer, viL, U.S., Wisconsin, Oneida co, P. < 1500. 
 
 Eagles, in place-names. See Eccles. 
 466 
 
 Eaglesellffe, par. , Eng. , Durham. See Egglescllffe. 
 
 Eaglesfleld, par., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div. , 6 
 m. E. Workington, 2 m. S. Brigham stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Eaglesfleld, vil., Scot., Dumfriesshire, sj m. NE. by N. 
 Annan, close to Kirtle Bridge stn., PM.O. P. <500. 
 
 Eaglesfleld Abbey, par., Eng., Cumberland, in the mun, 
 bor. of Carlisle. P. <:25o. 
 
 Eaglesbam ('the hamlet at the church'), par. and vlL, 
 Scot., Renfrewshire, 8 m. S. Glasgow, 2J m. SW. by W. 
 Hairmyres stn. , PMT.O. Par. 15,666 ac, P. <i5oo; vil. P, < 
 1000. 
 
 Eagle's Rock, mt.. Ire., in the NW. of co. Clare, 13 m. S. 
 by E. Galway. 
 
 Eagleton, Lower, hamlet, Eng. , 7 m. NW. Ledbury, Here- 
 fordshire, P.O. 
 
 EagleTllle, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Centre co., 75 m. NW. 
 Harrisburg. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Eagley, vil., Eng., Lancashire, i m. N. Bolton, PMT.O. 
 
 Eakrlng, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 8J 
 m. E. Mansfield, 3I m. NE. Farnsfield stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Ealing, par. and tn., Eng., Middlesex, Ealing div., 9 m. W. 
 St. Paul's, London, on the G. W. R., with three other stns. (E, 
 Broadway, E. Common and West Acton, and Soutb E.) on 
 the District Rly. See also Castle Hill. Par. P. 35,600 ; tn, 
 P. 24,000; pari. div. P. (1891) 70,700. 
 
 Ealing, settlement, with rly. stn.. New Zealand, South I., 
 Ashburton co. , 71 m. from Christchurch. 
 
 Eallabus, meteorological stn., Scot., Islay, Argyllshire, at 
 the head of Loch Indaal. Mean temp. (15 yrs. , 1866-80), yr, 
 47.6° F,, Jan. 39.8°, Aug. 57.1°; mean rfalL, 49.3 in. 
 
 Eamont, riv. , Eng. , on the border of Cumberland and West- 
 morland. It issues from UUswater, and joins the 1. bk. of the 
 Eden 4J m. E. of Penrith. 
 
 Eamont Bridge (ancient Eamot, ' the meeting of the • 
 waters'), par., Eng., Westmorland, Appleby div., i.m. W. of 
 the confluence of the Eamont and the Lowther, i m. S, by E. ' 
 Penrith, P.O. See Yanwatb. 
 
 Eanymore Water, riv,, Ire., in the S. of co. Donegal, flows; 
 SW. into Inver Bay, 
 
 Eap, Caroline Is. See Yap. 
 
 Earby, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., : 
 10 m. NNE, Burnley, on the L, & Y, R,, PMT.O. 
 
 Eardington, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 12 m. NW. 
 Kidderminster, on the G, W, R,, 2 m. S. by E, Bridgnorth, 
 P.O. P.<soo, 
 
E AR D 
 
 EAST 
 
 Eardlsland, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 5 m. W. 
 Leominster, on the Arrow, 2 m. E. Pembridge stn. , P.O. P. 500 ; 
 eccles. par. (E. St. Mary) P. <7So. 
 
 Eardlsley, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, div. and 13I m. WSW. 
 Leominster, on the G. W. R. and M. R., PMT.O" ; 4566 ac. 
 P. <:75o; eccles. par. (E. wltb BoUliigbam) P. <75o. 
 
 Eardistou, hamlet, Eng., Worcestershire, 6 J m. E. Ten- 
 bury, P.O. 
 
 Eardley End, vil, Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 4^ m. W. 
 by N. Burslem, ij m. S. by W. Alsager stn. 
 
 Earltli, vil., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 10 m. 
 W. byS. Ely, 10 m. E. Huntingdon, with a stn. (E. Bridge) on 
 the G. E. R., PMT.O. See BlunUsbam. 
 
 Earldoms, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 8 m. SE. 
 Salisbury. P. <25o. 
 
 Earle, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div. , 16^ m. ESE. Kelso, i m. SW. by S. Wooler stn. P. <25o. 
 
 EarlestOTrn, eccles. par. and tn., Eng., S. Lancashire, 
 Newton div. , 5 m. N. Warrington, with a stn. (E. Junction) on 
 the L. & NW. R. ; has mining, iron-founding, and engineering ; 
 sugar-works in immediate neighbourhood. P. 6700. 
 
 Earley, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, Wokingham div. , 3 m. ESE. 
 Reading, on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. <5oo ; eccles. pars. 
 {E. St. Bartbolomew) P. 5100 ; (E. St. Peter) P. <2ooo. 
 
 EarUiam, eccles. par. , Eng. , Norfolk, 2^ m. W. and included 
 in the pari. bor. of Norwich. P. (E. 'wltb Bo'wtliorpe)<5oo. 
 
 Earllngton, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Hopkins co., 53 m. SE. 
 Evansville by rail. P. <20oo. 
 
 Earl's Barton, par. , Eng., E. div. of Northamptonshire, 3 J 
 m. SW. Wellingborough, i^ m. N. by W. of its stn. (Castle 
 Asliby and E. B.) on the L. & NW. R. The church tower is 
 regarded as one of the best examples of Saxon architecture. 
 PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Earl's Colne, par. , Eng. , Essex, Maldon div. , on the Colne, 
 7I m. ENE. Braintree, with a stn. (Colne) on the G. E. R, , 
 PMT.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Earl's Conrt, part of Kensington par. , London, Eng, , on the 
 District Rly. (Outer Circle), 4^ m. WSW. St. Paul's, comprising 
 two eccles. pars. Total P. 9300. 
 
 Earls Croome, paf . , Eng. , Worcestershire, 2 m. NE. Upton- 
 on-Severn, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Earlsdon, P. O. , Eng. , 2 m. W. Coventry, Warwickshire. 
 
 Earlsferry, royal burgh and vil. , Scot. , E. Fife, on N. shore 
 of Firth of Forth, io| m. S. by W. St. Andrews, close to Elie 
 stn. Burgh P. <5oo; viL (including Elie) P. <iooo. 
 
 Earlsfleld, eccles. par., Eng., London, Wandsworth bor., 
 with stn. on L. & SW. R. , 6m. SW. St. Paul's, London. P. 6800. 
 
 Earlsbeaton, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on 
 the G. N. R. , E. of but included within the pari. bor. of Dews- 
 bury. P. 5500. 
 
 Earl Sbllton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 5 m. SE. 
 Bosworth, i| m. N. Elmsthorpe stn., PMT.O. P. <30oo; 
 eccles. par. (E. S. -witb Elmstborpe) P. <3000. 
 
 Earlsmlll, stn. , Scot. , Banffshire, on the G. N. of S. R. , the 
 stn. for Keith. 
 
 Earl Sobam, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 12 m. NNE. 
 Ipswich, 4 m. W. Framlingham, PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Earl Sterudale, eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 5 
 m. SE. by S. Buxton in Dove Dale, P.O. P. <:7So. 
 
 Earl Stoke, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 7I m. ESE. 
 Trowbridge, 5^ m. SSE. Seend stn., P.O. (Erlestoke). P. <soo. 
 
 Earlston, originally Erclldonne, par. and small market-tn. , 
 Scot., Berwickshire, on Leader Water, 4 m. NE. Melrose, with 
 a stn. on the N. B. R. ; has dye-works and some manufactures 
 of tweeds and other textiles. PMT.O. Market-day, every 
 alternate M. Par. 9968 ac, P. <2ooo ; vil. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Earl Stoubam, par. , Eng. See Stonbam, Earl. 
 
 Earlstown, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Shillelogher, on 
 King's R., I m. E. Callan. P.<25o. 
 
 Earlswood, hamlet, Eng., Surrey, div. and 2 m. SE. by E. 
 Reigate, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Earlswood, P.O., Eng., 5 m. SW. Knowle, Warwickshire. 
 
 Earltown, viL , Canada, Nova Scotia, Colchester co. , 22 m. 
 from Truro. P. < 1500. 
 
 EarlYille, city, U.S., Illinois, La Salle co., 70 m. W. by S. 
 Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Earlvllle, vil. , U. S. , Iowa, Delaware co. , 31 m. W. Dubuque. 
 P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Early, CO., U.S., Georgia, N. of 3i°N., and on W. frontier. 
 
 Earn, Bridge of, viL , Scot. , Perthshire. See Bridge ofEam. 
 
 Earn, Locb, lake, Scot. , W. Perthshire, 6^ m. long by | m. 
 broad, drained E. by the riv. Earn into the Tay, which receives 
 the Earn 5^ m. ESE. Perth. Alt. of lake, 306 ft.; deepest 
 sounding (N. of Ardvarlich), 48 fathoms. 
 
 Earnley, ct. par. , Eng. , Sussex, div. and 6 m. SW. by S. 
 Chichester. P. <25o; eccles. par. (E. -wltb Almodington) 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Earnsbaw, mt.. New Zealand, South I., Lake co., 135 m. 
 N. Invercargill, near Lake Wakatipu, in the Southern Alps. 
 Alt. 9165 ft. 
 
 Earnslilll, par. , Eng. , Somersetshire, 3^ m. SW. Langport. 
 P. <25o. See Hambrldge. 
 
 Earrait, Earraid, or Erraid, isl. , Scot., Argyllshire, off 
 SW. end of Mull I. P. 47. 
 
 Earsdon, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 5 J 
 m. N. Morpeth, 2.\ m. SW. by S. Chevington June. P. <25o. 
 
 Earsdon, ct. par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck div. , 
 3 m. NW. North Shields, i m. NE. Backworth stn., with coal, 
 PM.O. P. <2ooo; eccles. par. (E. St. Albau) P. 9800. 
 
 Earsdon Forest, par., Eng., Northumberland, 5 m. N. 
 Morpeth. P. <25o. 
 
 Earsbam, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., on the Waveney, 14 
 m. SSE. Norwich, on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Earswick, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Maltondiv.,ontheFoss,4m.NNE.York,ontheNE. R. P.<25o. 
 
 Eartbam, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Chichester div. , 5 m. WNW. 
 Arundel, 3J m. N. by W. Barnham June. P. <25o. 
 
 Eartbolms, English form of the Ertbolmene, isls., Den- 
 mark. See Bornbolm. 
 
 Eas, ess, essie, Gaelic ; in Irish names, ass, ' a waterfall.' 
 
 Easby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div. , 8J 
 m. SE. by S. Middlesbrough, i m. NW. Battersby June. P. < 
 250. See Ayton, Great. 
 
 Easby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and i\ m. E. 
 Richmond, on the Swale. P. <25o; eccles. par. (E. wltb 
 Brompton-on-Swale) P. <iooo. 
 
 Easdale, small isl. and vil., Scot., Argyllshire, off the W. 
 ct. of Seil I., in the Firth of Lome, in 56 17^' N.; has slate 
 quarries. PMT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Easebonrue, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., on the 
 Rother, 11 m. N. by E. Chichester, i| m. N. Midhurst stn. , 
 PM.O.; 4214 ac. P. <i5oo; eccles. par. (E.St. Mary) P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Easeuball, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, 4^ m. NW. Rugby. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Easblng, hamlet, Eng. , Surrey, i| m. W. Godalming, PMT. O. 
 
 Easiugton, hamlet, Eng., Buckinghamshire, 3 m. NW. 
 Thame, P.O. 
 
 Easington, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 9 m. E. Durham, 
 2 m. NE. Shot ton Bridge stn., PMT.O.; 5058 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Easington, par., Eng., Northumberland, i m. from Budle 
 Bay, div. and 14 m. SE. by S. Berwick-upon-Tweed, close to 
 Belford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Easington, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 11^ m. SE. 
 by E. Oxford, 2^ m. NW. Watlington stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 See Cuxbam. 
 
 Easington, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., on the coast, 20 m. ESE. Hull, 6| m. ESE. Patrington 
 stn., PMT.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (E. iritb Kilnsey and 
 Skeffling) P. <75o, 
 
 Easington, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and loi m. 
 NW. by W. Whitby, i m. from the coast, on the NE. R., P.O. 
 P. <:7So ; eccles. par. (E. fvltb Liverton) P. < 1500. 
 
 Easington, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 13J m. NW. by N. Burnley; 9199 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Easiugton Grange, par., Eng., Northumberland, ij m. 
 NE. Belford. P.<25o. 
 
 Easiugton Lane, hamlet, Eng., Durham, Houghton-le- 
 Spring div., 6 m. ENE. Durham, i m. SE. Hetton stn., PM.O. 
 
 Easingwold, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div. , i2| m. NN W. York, 2^ m. NE. Alne stn. , on 
 the NE. R., with which it is connected by an independent 
 railway; has manufactures of steel. 7000 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Eask, Lougb, Ire. , in the SE. of co. and 3 m. NNE. Donegal, 
 with stn. (Longb Eske) on G. N. and Donegal Rly., P.O. 
 
 Eask River, Ire., in the extreme S. of co. Donegal, flows 
 into Donegal Bay at Donegal. 
 
 Easky, par.. Ire., N. co. Sligo, bar. Tireragh, 19 m. W. 
 Shgo, at the mouth of riv. E., PMT.O.; 13,323 ac. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Easky Lougb, Ire., in W. of co. Sligo, 12 m. E. by N. Ballina, 
 
 Eassle and Neyay, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 7^ m. ENE. 
 Coupar Angus, i| m. SW. by S. of its stn. (Eassle) on the C. R. ; 
 5053 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 East and West Junction Railway, a line, Eng., from 
 Broom Junction by Stratford-on-Avon to Blisworth, connecting 
 the Midland and London and North- Western systems. 
 
 East Bank, settlement, U.S., West Virginia, co. Kanawha. 
 
 East Bars, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Manorhamilton, co. Leitrim. 
 
 East Bay, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton co. , 
 on N. side of E. B. , 18 m. from Sydney. 
 
 East Berlin, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Adams co., 22 m. S. 
 by W. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eastbourne, mun. bor. (incorporated 1883) and rapidly 
 rising watering-place, Eng. , Sussex, Eastbourne div. , on the S. 
 ct. , 14J m. SE. by E. Lewes, about 3 m. E. from Beachy Head, 
 on the L. B. and S. C. R. , with a coastguard stn. Par. 4755 
 ac. , P. 34,300; mun. bor. P. 35,000; pari. div. P. 66,500. 
 
 Eastbridge, par. , Eng. , Kent, div. , 4^ m. NE. New Romney. 
 P. <:25o. See Dymcburcb. 
 
 Eastbrook, P.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, i m. from Dinas 
 Fowls. 
 
 467 
 
EAST — EAST 
 
 Eastbnrn, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div. , 
 i8| m. NNW. Hull, i m. N. Southburn stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Eastbnrn, vil, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Keighley div., 
 on the Aire, 12 m. NW. Bradford. See Steetou. 
 
 Eastbnry, eccles. par. , Eng. , Berkshire, Newbui-y div. , on 
 the Lambourn, 13 m. ESE. Swindon, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Eastby, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Embsay. 
 
 East Cape, the most easterly point of Madagascar, in 15° 2' 
 S. and 50° 4' E. 
 
 East Cape, the easternmost point of New Guinea. 
 
 East Cape, or VFai-Apn, New Zealand, the most easterly 
 point of North I. , in 37° 40' S. and 178° 30' E. 
 
 Eastchnrcli, par. , Eng. , Kent, I. of Sheppey, Faversham div. , 
 5I m. SE. by E. Sheemess, 4^ m. E. by S. Queenborough stn., 
 PMT.O.; 7006 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Easteombe, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Stroud, Gloucestershire. 
 
 Eastcott, hamlet, Eng., Middlesex, 3 m. NW. Harrow, P.O. 
 
 Eastcotts, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div. , 3J m. 
 SE. Bedford, i m. S. Cardington {g.v.) stn. P. < 1000. 
 
 East End, P.O., Eng., near Newbury, Berkshire. 
 
 East End, P.O., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 5^ m. 
 SW. Newbury, 3 m. W. Highclere stn. 
 
 East End, cape, Jamaica. See Horant Point. 
 
 Easter, Good, par. , Eng. , Essex, Chelmsford div. , 2 m. S. 
 Easter, High, P.O. P. <7SO. 
 
 Easter, High, par., Eng., Essex, Eppingdiv., 7I m. NW. 
 Chelmsford, 4 m. S. by W. Dunmow stn., PM.O. ; 4902 ac. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Eastergate, par. , Eng, Sussex, Chichester div. , 4^ m. W. by 
 S. Arundel, i m. NW. Bamham Junction, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Easterbonse, stn. , Scot. , NW. Lanarkshire, on the N. B. R. , 
 5 m. W. Airdrie. 
 
 Easter Island (Spanish Pascna), or Walbn, in the Pacific, 
 in 27° 6' S. , 109° 17' W. , about 2500 m. W. the ct. of Chile, 
 and belonging to the Chilean prov. of Atacama, and now used 
 as a Chilean penitentiary. It is triangular in shape ; greatest 
 length, 12 m. ; greatest breadth, 4 m. ; area about 55 sq. m. 
 Volcanic in its origin, it contains a number of craters ; but 
 these have been so long extinct that there is no tradition even 
 of their activity. It is remarkable for the stone houses, sculp- 
 tured stones, and gigantic figures carved in trachytic lava. In 
 some of these the face and neck to the collar-bone measures 
 20 ft. Greatest height of the island, i960 ft. above the sea. P. 
 estimated at 1200. See /our. R. G. S., 1870, p. 167. 
 
 Eastern Arcblpelago. See Malay Arcblpelago. 
 
 Eastern Cireen, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Warwickshire. See 
 Allesley. 
 
 Eastern Peninsula. See Indo-Cblna. 
 
 Easter Road, stn., Scot., Edinburgh, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Eastersnow, par. , Ire. , co. Roscommon. See Estersnow. 
 
 Eastertou, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 11 m. E. by 
 S. Trowbridge, 4J m. S. by E. Devizes, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Eastfalla, name given to the dists. round Hildesheim, in 
 NW. Germany, wherein former times the Eastfalians, one) 
 the branches of the Old Saxons, were located. 
 
 Eastfleld, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, par. Airdrie. P. <750. 
 
 Eastfield, mining vil. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, par. and i m. E. 
 Rutherglen. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eastgate, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., Durham, Barnard 
 Castle div., on the 1. bk. of the Wear, 16 m. S. Hexham, 3 m. 
 W. Stanhope stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Eastbam, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Wirral div. , on R. Mersey, 
 6^ m. SSE. Birkenhead, the W. terminus of the Manchester 
 Ship Canal, i m. SE. Bromborough stn. PMT.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Eastbam, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., on 
 the Teme, 12^ ra. WSW. Kidderminster, i| m. SE. Newnham 
 Bridge stn. P. <soo ; eccles. par. (E. wltb Hanley WllUam, 
 Hanley Cblld, and Orleton) P. <75o. 
 
 Eastbam, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Barnstable co., 50 m. 
 EN E. New Bedford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eastbam, Nortb, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Barnstable co., 
 97 m. SE. Boston. P. < 1500. 
 
 East Hamlet, par. , Eng. , Shropshire, near Ludlow ; till 1884 
 in Stanton Lacy par. P. <i50o. 
 
 Eastbampstead, par., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., 
 &\ m. SW. Windsor, i m. SSW. Bracknell stn.; 5295 ac. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Eastbampton, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire co., 6 
 m. NW. Holyoke. P. < 5000. 
 
 East Hampton, vil., U.S., New York, Long I., Suffolk co., 
 S. ct., 95 m. E. by N. Brooklyn. At the beach is very fine 
 surf-bathing. P. < 1500. 
 
 East Haven, stn., Scot., Forfarshire, E. ct., 4 m. SW. 
 Arbroath, on N. B. R. 
 
 East Haven, vil., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 3^ m.. SE. by 
 E. New Haven. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eastbope, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 12 m. SSE. 
 Shrewsbury, 4 m. SW. Much Wenlock, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Eastborpe, par. , Eng. , Essex, Maldon div. , 6^ m. WSW. 
 Colchester, i^ m. S. by W. Marks Tey stn. P. <25o. 
 468 
 
 Eastborpe, eccles. par., Eng. , Yorkshire, Mirfield par. P. 
 <35oo. 
 
 Eastbonses, vil., Scot., Midlothian, ij m. SE. Dalkeith, ij 
 m. ENE. Dalhousie stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 East India Docks, eccles. par., Eng., London. P. 12,900. 
 
 Eastlngton, par. , Eng. Gloucestershire, div. and 10 m. NE. 
 Cirencester, 6 m. SSW. Bourton-on-the- Water stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Eastlngton, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Stroud div. , 8 m. 
 N. by E. Wottpn-under-Edge, i^ m. WNW. Stonehouse stn., 
 on the M. R., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eastlake, vil., U.S., Michigan, Manistee co. (W. frontier, 
 N. of44°N.). P. <20oo. 
 
 Eastland, vil., U.S., Texas, cap. E. co., 120 m. W. by S. 
 Dallas. Alt. 1299 ft. (R.R.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Eastleacb Hartln and Eastleacb TnrrUle. See Leacb 
 Slartlu (and TnrrUle), Eastleacb. 
 
 Eastlelgb, eccles. par. and stn., Eng., Hampshire, 2 m. 
 NE. Southampton, PMT.O. P. < 4000. See lUsbop Stoke. 
 
 Eastllug, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 3^ m. SW. by W. 
 Faversham, P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 East Iiiyerpool, city, U.S., Ohio, . Columbiana co., on the 
 R. Ohio, 41 m. N. by E. Wheeling (W. Va. ) ; one of the chief 
 centres of earthenware manufactures in the U.S. ; first yeUow 
 ware factory started in 1839. P. (1880) 5600 ; (1890) 11,000. 
 
 East London, seapt. and municip., in the SE. of Cape 
 Colony, dist. E. L., at the mouth of the Buffalo R., 81 m. E. 
 by N. Grahamstown, connected by rail with King Wilham's 
 Town and Aliwal North. The harbour, known as Buffalo 
 Harbour, is impeded by a bar, but has recently been greatly 
 improved. It now has a water area of 100 acres ; depth on 
 bar at ordinary springs, high water, 23J ft. ; low water, 18 ft. 
 Vessels drawing more than 21 ft. anchor in roadstead, and dis- 
 charge into lighters. There are two slips, largest 900 ft. long. 
 Mean temp., yr. 64.9° F., Jan. 70.5°, July 58.4°; rfall. (5 yrs.), 
 27.91 in. P, 6900. 
 
 East London Railway, a line in the E. of London, Eng., 
 from Shoreditch through the Thames tunnel to New Cross, 
 with a branch to Old Kent Road, on the S. London line. 
 
 East Lotblan. See Haddlugtonsblre. 
 
 Eastman, tn., U.S., Georgia, Dodge co., 55 m. SE. Macon 
 by rail. P. < 1500. _ . 
 
 East Hanbelm, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co. (in 
 E. of state, middle lat.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Eastness, cape, Eng., on the E. ct. of Essex, in 51° 47' N. 
 
 Eastney, PMT.O., Eng., Hampshire, 2| m. SE. Portsmouth. 
 
 Eastnor, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and ii| m. NE. 
 Ross, 2 m. SE. Ledbury stn., PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Eastoft, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 6 m. 
 SE. Goole, zh m. NNE. Crowle stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Eastoft, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 7 m. ENE. 
 Thome, adjoining E. in Lincolnshire. P. <25o. 
 
 Easton, vil., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., on the E. ct. of 
 Portland I. , with a coastguard stn. , 4J m. S. by E. Weymouth, 
 1^ m. SE. Portland stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Easton, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Andover div. , on the Itchin, 
 2| m. NE. Winchester, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Easton, par., Eng., Himtingdonshire, div. and 6\ m. W. 
 Huntingdon, 2 m. NW. Grafham stn. P. <25o. See Stow. 
 
 Easton, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , on the 
 Witham, 6 m. S. Grantham, 2J m. S. by W. Great Ponton stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Easton, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 6\ m. WNW. 
 Norwich, 3 m. WSW. Drayton stn., P.O. P. 500. 
 
 Easton, or Ea8ton»on-tbe-Hlll, par., Eng., N. div. of 
 Northamptonshire, 2^ m. SW. by S. Stamford, PMT.O. (B.). 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Easton, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 2 m. NW. by 
 W. Wells, I m. NW. Lodge Hill stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Easton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 12 m. NE. Ipswich, 
 3 m. S. Framlingham, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Easton, or Easton Royal, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Devizes div. , 
 15 m. S. by E. Swindon, 2J m. SW. Savernake stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Easton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 i4i m. SSE. Scarborough, i| m. NW. by W. Bridlington stn. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Easton, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co., 20 m. W. by S. 
 New Haven. P. < 1500. 
 
 Easton, tn,, U.S., Maryland, Talbot co., 50 m. E. by S. 
 Washington (D. C). P. <30oo. 
 
 Easton, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co., 9 m. N. by 
 W. Taunton. P. <45oo. 
 
 Easton, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, Northampton co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Delaware R., at the confluence of the Lehigh, a J 
 little above the rapids of the Delaware, 46 m. NE. by E. j 
 Reading; a prosperous manufacturing city. P. (1870) 11,000; 
 (1880)12,000; (1890)14,500. I 
 
 Easton, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng., Essex, 
 Epping div. , on the Chelmer, 9J m. SSE. Saffron Walden. E. 
 Great, P.O., P. <75o; E. Little, 2 m. NW. Dunmow sta 
 P.O.,P.<soo. 
 
EAST 
 
 EB EN 
 
 Easton, Great, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., lo 
 ni. S. Oakham, i m. W. Rockingham stn., PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 See Brlnghnrst. 
 
 Easton, North, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co., 22 m. 
 S. Boston by rail ; its shovel manufactory is said to be the 
 largest in the world. P. < 1500. 
 
 Easton, Soutli, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Northampton co. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 Easton Barents, ct. par., Eng., Suffolk, Lowestoft div., i^ 
 ra. NNE. Southwold. P. <25o. E. Broad, a small lake, is 
 I m. N. See Benaere. 
 
 Easton Conrt, stn. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Leominster div. , 
 on the L. & NW. R., 7. m. NE. by N. Hereford. 
 
 Easton Grey, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 13 m. 
 SW. Cirencester, 4 m. W. Malmesbury stn., PT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Easton In Gordano, or 8t. George, par., Eng., Somerset, 
 N. div., on the 1. bk. of the Avon, 4^ m. WNW. Bristol, close 
 to Pill stn., P.O. P. <r25oo. 
 
 Easton Naudlt, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, E. div., 8^ 
 m. E. by S. Northampton, 2^ m. SE. Castle Ashby and Earl's 
 Barton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Easton Neston, par. , Eng. , Northamptonshire, on R. Tow, 
 I m. NE. Towcester. P. <25o. 
 
 Easton's Corners, vil., Canada, Ontario, Grenville co., 23 
 m. from Brockville. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Eastoyer, eccles. par. , Eng. , Somersetshire, Bridgwater par. 
 and bor. P. 6400. 
 
 East Palestine, vil., U.S., near the E. frontier of Ohio, 
 Columbiana co. , 57 m. N. by E. Wheeling (W. Va.). P. <20oo. 
 
 East Point, cape, Canada, at the E. end of Prince Edward L 
 
 East Point, cape, Eng., on the SE. ct. of Hayling I., in the 
 extreme SE. of Hampshire. 
 
 Eastport, tn., U.S., Maine, Washington co., at the SE. 
 end of a small isl. , 86 m. E. Bangor. Mean temp. , jt. 41.2° F. , 
 Jan. 20.5°, Aug. 60.4° ; rfall. (10 yrs.), 49 in. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Eastrlngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howden- 
 shire div., 5 m. NE. by N. Goole, with stns. on the Hull & 
 Barnsley Rly. and the NE. R., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 East River, riv. , Canada, Nova Scotia, ilows from the SE. 
 into Pictou Harbour. 
 
 East KlTer, vil., U.S., Connecticut, New Haven co. , near 
 the coast, 15 m. E. New Haven. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 East RlTer, the channel connecting New York Harbour with 
 Long Island Sound, on the E. side of New York city (g'.v.). 
 
 Eastrop, par., Eng., Hampshire, near Basingstoke. P. <Soo. 
 
 Eastry, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 2^ m. SW. 
 by S. Sandwich, PMT.O. P. <iSoo. 
 
 East To^n, post-tn. , New Zealand, North L , co. and 2 m. 
 from Wanganui. P. < 1500. 
 
 EastTllle, eccles. par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Stapleton par. , 
 adjoining Bristol on the N. P. 6400. 
 
 EastTllle, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 10 m. 
 NE. by N. Boston, on the G. N. R. P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (E. 
 with HldvUle) P. < 1500. 
 
 Eastvllle, vil., U.S., Virginia, Northampton co., 85 m. E. 
 by S. Richmond. P. < 1500. 
 
 EastTllle, postal centre, Victoria, Bendigo co., on Bradford 
 Creek, 90 m. N W. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eastwell, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 3 m. N. Ashford, 2 m. 
 W. by N. Wye stn. P. <2So ; eccles. par. (E. with Boughton 
 Alnph) P. <75o. 
 
 Eastwell, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 10 m. SW. 
 by W. Grantham, 2 m. E. Long Clawson and Hose stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Eastwlck, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and 6| m. E. 
 Hertford, 2J m. W. Harlow stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Eastwood, par., Eng., Essex, E. div., 2J m. NW. by N. 
 Southend, i| m. SW. Rochford stn., P.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Eastwood, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Mansfield div. , 8^ 
 m. NW. by W. Nottingham, on the G. N. R., with another 
 stn. (Langley Mill and E.) in Derbyshire, on the M. R., with 
 coal-mines, PMT.O. P. < 4500. 
 
 Eastwood, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, near Rotherham. 
 P. 7500. 
 
 Eastwood, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, N. div. , 
 Keighley par. P. 6900. 
 
 Eastwood, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, Sowerby div., on the 
 L. & Y. R., 8 m. W. HaUfax, PMT.O. 
 
 Eastwood, par., Scot., Renfrewshire, contains the towns 
 PoUokshaws and Thornliebank and part of Shawlands (suburbs 
 of Glasgow) ; 5596 ac. P. 16,000. 
 
 Eatharna, Loch, inlet, in the W. of Coll 1. , Scot. , Argyllshire. 
 
 Eathorpe, par., Eng., Warwickshire, 4* m. NW. Southam, 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Eatlngton, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 6 m. SE. by 
 S. Stratford-on-Avon, with stn. (Ettlngton) on the Blisworth 
 and Broom Junction Rly. P. <75o. 
 
 Eaton, Eng. , Berkshire. See Appleton. 
 
 Eaton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 9 m. NW. by 
 W.Crewe, 2^ m. NE. BeestonandTarporleystn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Eaton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Macclesfield div., 2 m. NE. 
 Congleton. P. <soo. 
 Eaton, par., Eng., Cheshire, div. and 2J m. SW. Northwich. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Eaton, par., Eng., Cheshire, 4 m. S. Chester. P. <;2So. 
 
 Eaton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 9 m. SW. by 
 W. Grantham, 2^ m. ESE. Harby stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Eaton, Eng., Norfolk. See Eaton St. Andrew. 
 
 Eaton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 8 m. E. 
 by S. Worksop, i| m. S. Retford stns. P. <2So. See Gamston. 
 
 Eaton, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 14^ m. S. Shrews- 
 bury, ij m. ENE. Hartonstn.; 4885 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Eaton, rly. stn., Eng., Salop. See Eyton. 
 
 Eaton, CO., U.S., Michigan, in the S. , crossed in the W. by 
 85° W. , to the N. of 42° N. 
 
 Eaton, vil., U.S., Ohio, Preble co., on Seven Mile Creek, 48 
 m. N. by W. Cincinnati. P. <3000. 
 
 Eaton, Little, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 3^ m. N. by 
 E. Derby, on the M. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Eaton, Long, tn. and par., Eng., Derbyshire, Ilkeston div., 
 7 m. SW. by W. Nottingham, on the M. R. ; chief industry, 
 the manufacture of plain and fancy net lace. P. 9600. 
 
 Eaton and Alsop, par., Eng., Derbyshire, 6 m. NW. Ash- 
 borne. P. <:25o. 
 
 Eaton Bishop, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 4^ m. 
 W. Hereford, 2^ m. S. Credenhill stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Eaton Bray, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, div. and 8 m. W. 
 Luton, I m. S. Stanbridgeford stn., PM.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Eaton Constantlne, par., Eng., Salop, Wellington div., 8 
 m. SE. by E. Shrewsbury, 2m. N. Cressage stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Eaton Hastings, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, on r. bk. of Thames, 
 div. and 15 m. W. Abingdon, 2 m. NW. Faringdon. P. <25o. 
 
 Eaton Rapids, city, U.S., Michigan, Eaton co., 82 m. W. 
 by N. Detroit, and 18 m. S. by W. Lansing. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Eaton St. Andrew, eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk, in the SW. 
 of the city of Norwich. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Eaton Socon, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 
 9i m. NE. by E. Bedford, 2 m. SW. by W. St. Neots stn., 
 PMT.O.; 7602 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Eatonton, city, U.S., Georgia, Putnam co., 90 m. W. 
 Augusta. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Eatontown, viL, U.S., New Jersey, Monmouth co., 37 m. 
 E. by N. Trenton. P. <isoo. 
 
 Eaaabalong, post-tp., New South Wales, on r. bk. of the 
 Lachlan, Blaxland co. , 275 m. WNW. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eaux Bonnes, comm., France, dep. Basses- Pyr^n^es, arr. 
 Oloron, 23 m. S. Pau, 2^ m. SE. Laruns, with noted warm 
 medicinal springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Eaux Chandes, comm. , France, dep. Basses- Pyr^n^es, about 
 3 m. NW. Eaux Bonnes, in the gorge of the Gave d'Ossau, with 
 sulphurous springs (si°-97° F.). Alt. 2215 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Eau Claire, rly. stn. , Canada, Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 330 
 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Eaa Claire, city, U.S., Wisconsin, cap. E. C. co., 81 m. E. 
 by S. St. Paul (Minn.), at the head of navigation on the Chip- 
 pewa R. ; has large lumbering business. Alt. 836 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. (1870) 2300; (1880) 10,100; (1890) 17,400. 
 
 Eanx Mortes, riv., Canada, Quebec, Portneuf co., issues 
 from a lake 64 m. W. by N. Quebec, and flows W. to the N. 
 end of Lake Mekinak. 
 
 Eaux VlTes, comm., Switzd., suburb of city, and on the 
 Lake of Geneva, but is a separate commune. P. (1888) 7900. 
 
 Eanze, tn., France, dep. Gers, arr. Condom, on the G61ise, 
 35 m. SW. Agen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Earestone, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 6^ m. SW. 
 Ripon. P. <25o. 
 
 £dal, mt. named in O. T. See Jehel Esldmiyeh. 
 
 Ebala, riv. , Congo Free State. See Hongalla. 
 
 Ebha, W. Africa. See Egha. 
 
 Ebberston, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 
 9J m. WSW. Scarborough, P.O.; 6094 ac. P. <7So; eccles. 
 par. (E. with Allerston) P. <iooo. 
 
 Ebbesborne Wake, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., on 
 the Chalk, 11 m. WSW. SaUsbury, 4^ m. SE. Tisbury stn., 
 PM.O. (E.). P.<25o. 
 
 Ebbsfleet, hamlet, Eng., Kent, I. of Thanet, about J m. 
 from Pegwell Bay, landing-place of Hengist (449) and of St. 
 Augustine (597). 
 
 Ebbw^ Vale, coal-mining tn., with large iron-works, Eng., 
 Monmouthshire, W. div. , 9 m. WSW. Abergavenny, with stns. 
 on the G. W. and L. & NW. Rlys., PMT.O. Tn. P. 17,000; 
 eccles. par. (E. V. with Cwmchnrch) P. 11,100. 
 
 Ebchester, par., Eng., Durham, W. div., on the r. bk. of 
 the Derwent, loj m. WSW. Newcastle, on the NE. R., with 
 coal. The village is on the site of a Roman station on Watling 
 Street. PMT.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Ebeltoft, fishing tn., Denmark, on the E. ct. of Jutland, 
 prov. Randers, 19 m. E. by N. Aarhus. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Eben, in German place-names, ' a plain.' 
 
 Ebenezer, tn.. Natal, 85 m. SW. Durban. P. < 1500. 
 
 469 
 
EB E N 
 
 E C HT 
 
 Ebenezer, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Clanwilliam, on the 
 Olifant, 90 m. W. Calvinia. 
 
 Ebenezer, vil., Wales, co. and 7 m. E. Carnarvon, PM.O. 
 
 Ebenfnrt, tn., Austria, crownland Lower Austria, 8 m. NE. 
 Wiener Neustadt. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Ebensbnrg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Cambria co., 67 m. 
 E. Pittsburg, and 17 m. W. Altoona, P. < 1500. 
 
 Ebensee, tn. , Upper Austria, at the S. End of Lake Traun ; 
 has salt-mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Eber, Gar. , ' a boar. ' 
 
 Eberbacli, tn., Ger., Baden, on the r. bk. of the Neckar R., 
 13 m. E. by N. Heidelberg. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ebergassing, tn., Lower Austria, dist. Schwechat. P. <300o. 
 
 Eberndorf, or Doberla Tes, vil., Austria, Carinthia, 16 m. 
 E. by S. Klagenfurt. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ebernoe, eccles. par. , Eng. , Sussex, near Petworth. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ebersbacb, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 13^ m. SE. by S. Bautzen. 
 P. 7800. 
 
 Ebersbacb, comm., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle of the 
 Danube, dist. Goppingen. P. <3000. 
 
 Ebersberg, tn. , Ger. , Bavaria, 21m. ESE. Munich. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ebersdorf, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, in Zwickau circle, 3 m. 
 N. Chemnitz, with coal-mines. P. < 3000. 
 
 Eberstadt, market-tn. , Ger. , gd. -duchy Hesse, 4 m. S. by W. 
 Darmstadt. P. <:4000. 
 
 Ebers^fralde, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, on the 
 Finow Canal, 27 m. NE. by N. Berlin ; has a high school of 
 forestry (founded 1830), and the principal experimental station 
 for forestry in the kingdom. Various manufactures carried on 
 in and near the town. P. (i8i6)<300o; (1881) 11,500; (1890) 
 tn. P. 16,000; comm. P. 16,100. 
 
 Eberrale, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co., 31 m. SSW. 
 Scranton, 18 m. S. by W. Wilkesbarre. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Ebesfalra, Hungary. See Ellsabetbstadt. 
 
 Eblkon, viL, Switzd., cant, and 3 m. NE. Lucerne. Peter 
 of Gundolfingen, who fell in the battle of Sempach, was Lord 
 ofE. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Eblngen, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, 21 m. S. Tubingen. 
 P. 6800. 
 
 Ebl*nor, lake, central Asia, to the SE. of the Dzungarian 
 Alatau, crossed by 45° N. and 83° E. Alt. 2300 ft. See Balltbasb. 
 
 Eblsu-Mluato, sub-port of Niigata, Japan, in the isl. of Sado, 
 open as a port of refuge to foreign vessels. 
 
 Ebley, or Calnscross, vil., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 
 2 m. W. Stroud, 8^ m. NE. by N. Wotton-undet-Edge, P.O. 
 
 Ebnat, comm. , Switzd. , cant. St. Gall, 15 m. N. by E. St. 
 Glarus, on the riv. Thur. P. <3000. 
 
 Eboll, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 16 m. ESE. Salerno. 
 P. 8900. 
 
 Ebony, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 5J m. N. Rye, 3 m. 
 W. Appledore stn. P. <25o. See Appledore. 
 
 Ebrenll, tn. , France, dep. Allier, on the Sioule, 23 m. N. 
 Clermont-Ferrand, arr. and 6 m. WNW. Gannat. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ebrlngton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 9J 
 m. E. by S. Evesham, 2 m. E. Campden stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Ebrlngton, stn., Eng., Northumberland, on the NE. R., 
 div. and \\ ra. W. by S. Hexham. 
 
 Ebro, ancient Jberus, riv., in the NE. of Spain, rises in prov. 
 Santander, on a high plateau of the terrace of Reinosa at the 
 foot of the Torre de Fontibre, flows on the whole SE., after 
 passing through the defiles of Horadada and Montes Claros 
 enters the wider valley of its upper basin vending to below 
 Logrono between the fertile fields of La Rioja on its r. or S. bk. , 
 and barren steppes on its 1. bk., a few miles below Logrono 
 traverses a narrow rocky valley, where it forms several rapids, 
 and then issues into its lower basin, formerly an inland lake, 
 and now, except where irrigated by river or canal waters, a 
 dreary, monotonous saline steppe-region, then winding to the 
 N. passes through the coast mountains, again forming several 
 rapids, and finally enters the Mediterranean through a small 
 delta. The E. becomes navigable for small vessels at Logrono, 
 but its navigation is greatly impeded not only by the rapids 
 referred to, but also by numerous sandbanks and sand-islands, 
 and for 60 m. in a direct line below Tudela the greater part of 
 its water is withdrawn by the Imperial Canal (q.v.)on its r. bk., 
 and the Tauste Canal on its 1. bk. Sea-going ships can ascend 
 to Tortosa, and a ship canal 5 m. long has been constructed 
 from the Puerto de los Alfaques on the S. side of the delta to 
 Amposta to enable vessels to ascend at all times. Chief affluents, 
 on the r. bk. the Jalon, which joins a few miles above Saragossa ; 
 on the 1. bk. the Aragon, Gdllego (which enters just below Sara- 
 gossa), and the Segre. Length, 470 sq. m. ; area of basin, 
 38,580 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). 
 
 EbMunbnl, tn. , Nubia. See Ipsambnl. 
 
 EbudcB. See Hebrides. 
 
 Ebura, riv., France. See Eare. 
 
 Eburovices, France. See Evrcnx. 
 
 Ecansslnes d'EngUen, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on 
 the Sennette, 5 m. NW. Seneffe. P. 6500 ; including E. Lalaln, 
 P. 7600. 
 
 470 
 
 EccUlnswell, P.O., Eng. P. <75o. See Itcbingswell. 
 
 Ecelefecban, viL, Scot., Dumfriesshire, 5 m. N. Annan, with 
 a stn. on the C. R. Thomas Carlyle was bom here, Dec. 4, 1795. 
 P. <7SO- 
 
 Eccles, Eagles, Eggles, Welsh Eglwys ; Cornish, Eglos ; in 
 Irish names Aglish and Eglish, different corruptions of the Latin 
 ecclesia, ' an assembly,' ' a church.' 
 
 Eccles, mtm. bor. (since 1892), Eng., Lancashire, E. div., 4 
 m. W. Manchester, on the r. bk. of the Irwell, close to the 
 Barton locks of the Manchester Ship Canal, vrith a stn. on the 
 L. & NW. R. ; largely a residential suburb of Manchester. 
 Bor. (1891) P. 29,600; pari. div. P. 78,100. 
 
 Eccles, or Eccles Jfext tbe Sea, vil., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 
 on the E. ct., 15 m. NNW. Yarmouth, 3^ m. NE. Stalham stn. 
 See Hempstead. 
 
 Eccles, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 18^ m. SW. Norwich, 
 I m. from its stn. (E. Koad) on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Eccles, PM.O., Eng., 2 m. from Aylesford, Kent. 
 
 Eccles, par. , Scot. , Berwickshire, 5 m. W. by N. Coldstream, 
 3jm. NW. Carham, P.O. ; 12,418 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ecclesall, or Ecclesball, the southernmost div. of the parL 
 bor. of Sheffield, Eng. P. 63,300. 
 
 Ecclesall Blerlow, par. and SW. suburb of Sheffield, Eng., 
 Yorkshire, i m. NW. SUllbonses and E. stn. , on the M. R. , 
 PM.O. (Ecclesall). Market-day, F. 4328 ac. P. 69,000; 
 eccles. par. P. < 2500. 
 
 Eccles Davybnlme, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Eccles 
 and Flixton par. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ecdesfleld, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Hallamshire 
 div., 4^ m. W. by N. Rotherham, i m. WSW. of its stn. on 
 the M. S. & L. R., PM.O. ; 10,893 ac P. 25,900. 
 
 Ecclesball (so called because the bishops of Lichfield formerly 
 had a palace there; see Eccles), market-tn. and par., Eng., 
 Staffordshire, NW. div., 6^ m. NW. by W. Stafford, 2^ m. 
 WSW. Norton Bridge stn. Par. 19,755 ac, P. <4000. 
 
 Ecclesblll, par., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. SE. Blackburn. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Ecclesblll, tn. and par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, E. div., 
 
 3 m. NE. Bradford, with a stn. on the G.N. R. P. 7900. 
 Ecclesmacban, par. , Scot. , Linlithgowshire, on Niddry Burn, 
 
 4 m. ESE. Linlithgow, 2 m. WSW. Winchburgh stn. P. <:soo. 
 Eccleston, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 2^ m. S. by 
 
 E. Chester, on the 1. bk. of the Dee, PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Eccleston, par., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., 8 m. S. by 
 W. Preston, 3 m. WSW. Euxton stn., P.O., and PM.O. (E. 
 Green). P. < 1000. 
 
 Eccleston, par., Eng., Lancashire, Newton div., 2 m. W. 
 St. Helen's, with a stn. (E.Park) on the L. & NW. R. P. 24,600. 
 
 Eccleston, Great, par., Eng., Lancashire, Lancaster div., 
 8 m. SE. Fleetwood, 5 m. W. Brock stn., PMT.O. P.<7So. 
 See Copp. 
 
 Eccleston, Little, par., i m. to the W. P. <:2So. 
 
 Eccup, Eng., Yorkshire. See Ailel wltb Eccnp. 
 
 Ecballens (Ger. Tscberlltz), viL, Switzd., cant. Vaud, 7jm. 
 N. Lausanne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ecbamamisb, riv., Canada, Keewatin, flowing W. into the 
 E. branch of the Nelson R., in about 54° 20' N., part of the 
 boat-route to York Factory. 
 
 I'J^cbelles (German Leltern), vil., Switzd., cant, and 7 m. 
 WNW. Freiburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ecbelles, Les, tn., France, dep. Savoie, arr, and 12 m. SW. 
 Chamb^ry. P. <2ooo. 
 
 £cbelles. Col des. See Alps, Passes and Railways, I. 
 (8). The name, meaning 'ladder-pass,' is due to the fact that 
 the gorges and cliffs here could be passed only by means of 
 ladders, till a fine road was made in 1670 by Duke Emanuel II. 
 of Savoy (Egli). A tunnel 1000 ft. long was pierced by the 
 order of Napoleon. 
 
 Ecblgo, a kuni or old prov. , Japan, now in Niigata ken. 
 
 Ecblllals, comm., France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, arr, 
 Marennes, 3 m. S. Rochefort. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ecblzen, a kuni or old prov., Japan, now in Fukui ken. 
 
 Ecbniladzln, old Armenian monastery, Transcaucasia, govt, 
 and 12 m. W. of Erivaii, at the foot of Mt. Alaghoz ; alt. 2840 
 ft. Seat of the Patriarch of Armenia. The monastery, founded 
 A.D. 301, is the chief sanctuary of the Armenians. The Vagar* 
 sbapad, vil. , close by, is the chief town of E. dist. P. 3000. 
 
 Echniln, Upper Egypt. See Akkmln. 
 
 Ecbo, settlement, U.S., Utah, Summit co., 30. m. NE. by 
 E. Salt Lake City. Ah. 5480 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 Ecbo, lake, in the middle of Tasmania, drained S. by the Dee 
 into the Derwent. 
 
 Ecbo Bay, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 608 
 m. by rail W. Montreal 
 
 Ecbols, CO., U.S., Georgia, on the S. frontier, intersected ia 
 the W. by 83° W. 
 
 Echo Town, Queensland. See Kevolyer Point. 
 
 Ecbo we, Zulu-land. See Esbowe. 
 
 Ecbt, par., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 12^ m. W. Aberdeen, 
 si m. NW. by N. Park stn., P.O.; 11,948 ac. P.<isoo. 
 
ECHT — ECUA 
 
 Edit, comm. , Holland, prov. Limburg, 9 m. SW. Roermond. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Ecbterdlngen, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, 6 m. S. Stutt- 
 gart. P. <2000. 
 
 Echternach, tn., gd. -duchy of Luxemburg, on the Sauer, 
 19 m. SE. Luxemburg. P. <5oco. 
 
 Echnca, tn. , Victoria, an important river port on the Murray, 
 where the river begins to flow NW. ; terminus of rly., 156 m. by 
 rail from Melbourne, in a rich agricultural district. Noted for 
 its vineyards. Moama nearly opposite on the r. bk. of the 
 Murray, is connected by rail with Deniliquin. Alt. 314 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 58.6° F.; Jan. 71.6°, July 44.7°. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Echanga, post-tp., South Australia, Adelaide co., 15 m. 
 SE. by S. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ecbnnga, Victoria. See Wee Wee Rnp. 
 
 Eclja, the ancient Astigis, tn., Spain, on the R. Jenil, prov. 
 and 48 m. E. by N. Seville ; has Roman remains ; manufactures 
 of coarse woollen cloths, silks, &c. P. 23,600. 
 
 Eck, or Eachalg, Loch, lake, Scot. , Argyllshire, in the SE. , 
 6 m. long by ^ m. broad, drained SSE. into Holy Loch by the 
 R. Eachaig. 
 
 Eckartsberga, comm., Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 14 m. 
 NE. Weimar. P. <30oo. 
 
 Ecke, or Egg, Teutonic and Scandinavian ; Vig, Gaelic, ' a 
 nook ' or ' corner. ' 
 
 Eckelson, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Barnes co., 70 m. 
 W. Fargo. 
 
 Eckeiihagen, comm. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 32 m. E. 
 by N. Cologne. P. < 5000. 
 
 Eckernforde, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 
 circle E. , 12 m. ESE. Schleswig, on a piece of land which 
 divides E. Bay (an inlet exposed to E. winds) into two portions ; 
 chief seat of the Prussian fisheries. P. 5900. 
 
 Eckersdorf, vil. , Prussia, Silesia, dist. and 6 m. NW. by N. 
 Glatz ; has coal-mines. P. <30oo. 
 
 Eckesey, comm. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, 
 circle Hagen, including the village of Altenhagen (P. <:sooo). 
 P. 6800. 
 
 Eckford, par. , Scot., Roxburghshire, 5 m. SSW. Kelso, li 
 m. SE. by S. Kirkbank stn. ; 9998 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Eckbart Mlues, vil., U.S., Maryland, Allegany co., 32 m. 
 E. by S. of the NW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ecklngton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, NE. div., 5^ m. NE. by 
 N. Chesterfield, i m. NW. of its stn. on the "M. R. and 
 M. S. & L. R. ; has coal-mines and blast-furnaces. 7125 ac. 
 P. 12,400. 
 
 Ecklngton, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., 6 m. 
 N. by E. Tewkesbury, on the 1. bk. of the Avon and on the 
 M. R., PM.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Eckley, settlement, U.S., Colorado, Weld co., on the N. 
 Fork of the Republican R., 65 m. SSW. of NE. corner of 
 state. 
 
 Eckley, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co., 29 m. SSW. 
 Scranton, and 17 m. S. by E. Wilkesbarre. P. <isoo. 
 
 Eckmiilil, or Eggmiible, vil., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Lower 
 Bavaria, 13 m. SSE. Regensburg, on the 1. bk. of the Great 
 Laber. Scene of the defeat of the Austrians by the French, 
 April 22, 1809. P. < 2000. 
 
 Eclipse Islands, group of small isls., W. Austraha, SW. of 
 King George's Sound, discovered by Vancouver in 1791. 
 
 £clase, Fort de 1% France. See CoUonges. 
 
 Ecommoy, tn. , France, dep. Sarthe, arr. and 13 m. S. by E. 
 Le Mans. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Economy, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, Colchester co., 
 on Cobequid Bay, 56 m. N. by W. Halifax. 
 
 Ecos, tn. , France, dep. Eure, 22 m. ENE. Evreux, arr. and 
 10 m. SE. by E. Les Andelys. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Econch^, tn., France, dep. and on R. Orne, arr. Argentan, 
 13 m. S. by E. Falaise. P. 2000. 
 
 Econen, fortified tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 11 m. N. 
 Notre Dame, Paris, arr. Pontoise, on a hill commanding the 
 Rouillon, small r. bk. trib. of the Seine. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 ilcr^hon, a small group of rocky islets in the English Channel, 
 to the NE. of Jersey, about midway between that island and 
 the coast of France. 
 
 Ecrlns, Barre des. See Alps, Subdivisions, I. B. 
 
 Ecronves, comm., France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, arr. and 
 adjoining Toul on the W. P. (1891) 6800, mainly military. 
 
 Ecton, par. , Eng. , E. div. of Northamptonshire, 51^ m. ENE. 
 Northampton, 2 m. NNE. Billing stn., PM.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Ecton, hamlet, Eng., Staffordshire, 8^ m. E. Leek, with zinc 
 ore. E, mil, adjoining, has an old copper mine now flooded. 
 
 Ecuador, republic in S. America, one-third larger than 
 Great Britain, between 2° N. and 5° S. lat. , 73°-82° long. W., 
 m the form of a triangle, with its base (W.) along the Pacific 
 (for S90 m. ), between riv. Mira and riv. Machala, having riv. 
 Napo (NW.-SE.) as one side, and a conventional straight 
 line from riv. Catamaya to riv. Napo as the other. But E. 
 claims extensive terrs. (against Colombia) between riv. Napo 
 and riv. Yapurd. (N. ) and (against Peru) as far as riv. Yavary 
 
 (S. ). The organised terr. is divided into the provs. enumerated 
 below : — 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m.l 
 
 Pop.l 
 
 Pop. per 
 sq. m. 
 
 Azuay .... 
 
 3.874 
 
 132,400 
 
 34 
 
 Bolivar . 
 
 
 1,160 
 
 43,000 
 
 37 
 
 Canar 
 
 
 1. 519 
 
 64,000 
 
 42 
 
 Carchi 
 
 
 I.49S 
 
 36,000 
 
 24 
 
 Chimborazo 
 
 
 2,990 
 
 122,000 
 
 41 
 
 Esmeraldas 
 
 
 5.465 
 
 14,600 
 
 3 
 
 Guayas . 
 
 
 8,216 
 
 98,100 
 
 12 
 
 Imbabura 
 
 
 2,416 
 
 68,000 
 
 28 
 
 Leon 
 
 
 2.595 
 
 109,600 
 
 42 
 
 Loja 
 
 
 3.707 
 
 66,000 
 
 18 
 
 Los Rios . 
 
 
 2,296 
 
 32,800 
 
 14 
 
 Manabi . 
 
 
 7.893 
 
 64,100 
 
 8 
 
 Oro, 
 
 
 2.340 
 
 32,600 
 
 14 
 
 Pichincha 
 
 
 6,219 
 
 205,000 
 
 33 
 
 Timguragua 
 
 
 1,686 
 
 103,000 
 
 61 
 
 Eastern Region (Oriente) . 
 
 Total of enumerated ) 
 provs. . j 
 
 ? 
 
 80,000 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 53.871^ 
 
 1,270,000 
 
 22 
 
 1 According to Wolf. 
 
 2 The total area on the mainland claimed by Ecuador is 273.150 sq. 
 m., to which 2,869 sq. ■"• have to be added for the Galdpagos. The area 
 within the triangle above described is about 116,000 sq. m., or roughly, 
 one-third larger than Great Britain. 
 
 E. is formed by (i) a highly volcanic portion of the Andes 
 (see Andes, B.) stretching NE.-SW., with a plateau at more 
 than 9000 ft. (and 30-40 m. wide) ; (2) the E. lands (el Oriente), 
 between the Maraiion and the Napo ; (3) the W. low littoral, 
 between the Cordillera and the sea. The four principal basins 
 of the highlands are drained by (i) riv. Mira (N.) from Lake 
 San Paulo to the Pacific; (2) riv. Guallamba-Chiuto-Esmeral- 
 das (at the centre), from the Quito valley to the Pacific ; (3) riv. 
 Patate-Chambo-Pastaza (S. ), from the Ambato-Riobamba valley 
 to the Maraiion (Amazon); (4) riv. Tarqui-Paute (S.), from 
 the Cuenca valley to the Maraiion. At the extreme S. the 
 rivs. Yubones, Tumbez (W.), and Zamora (E.) drain the Loja 
 knot. The waters of the E. slopes flow to the Maranon by 
 riv. Napo (Coca, Curaray), riv. Tigre, and riv. Upano-Morona. 
 The W. terrs. are principally drained by (a) rivs. Daule — Vinces — 
 Babahoyo — Chimbo — Guayas, running S. or W., and meeting 
 at Guayaquil [Gnayas] ; (b) rivs. Blanco — Toachi — Perucho, 
 running W. or N., and meeting at Esmeraldas. All the 
 rivers of the basin of the Amazon are very important. The 
 geological formations of E. are in parallel bands along 
 the general NE.-SW. direction of the Cordillera : (i) on the 
 E. slopes, Archaean rocks (granite, gneiss, schists) ; (2) on the 
 highlands, volcanic tufa and conglomerates, with a long zone 
 of porphyries and diorites, lavas and andesites, around the 
 more or less extinct or active volcanoes ; (3) Mesozoic strata 
 (Cretaceous) follow on the W. (from Chimbo valley to Guaya- 
 quil, Jipijapa, Puerto viejo, partially covered by the Guayas 
 alluvia, and from Cuenca to the Loja interrupted by porphyrs) ; 
 (4) from the Andes to the sea. Tertiary and Quaternary 
 formations. Mineral products. — Gold is mined (Zaruma, 
 Loja, ;/^i2,ooo annually ; Macas, Paute valley, Playa de Oro, 
 Cayapas) ; mercury, silver (Azogues, Cuenca, Condorosto) ; 
 copper (Zaruma), iron, lead, coal, sulphur ; emeralds (in old 
 times) ; petroleum, copi (at Santa Elena, very abundant) ; 
 mineral waters (Machachi, Illiniza, Tunguragua, Santa Elena). 
 Climate. — All E. slopes are under the influence of trade winds 
 water condensations. All lowlands have an equatorial climate. 
 (See Aniazonas, Brazil.) On the highlands, tierras frescas, 
 temp, is moderate, but constant [Qnlto]. On the Pacific the 
 dominant winds are: W. in the N., S. in the S. (bochornos, 
 bocas de hornos, 'furnace mouths'), blows intermittently at 
 Guayaquil (mean temp. 81° F.), or at Esmeraldas (mean 
 temp. 82° F. ), where the equatorial heat is permanent. On the 
 coast to the W. (Manabi, mean temp. 76^ °F.) the S. winds are 
 refreshing. On the plateau and W. lands a hot rainy season 
 lasts from December to May (rains principally abundant in 
 March). Storms come regularly nearly every evening (at Quito, 
 300 days in the year). July is the coldest month. Flora. — 
 All lands under the trade E. winds are covered with dense 
 equatorial forests, which in some points (at the S. , Loja) extend 
 also over the W. slopes. (Orchideas ; Nectandria — Cinna- 
 momum ; the Condurango, against cancer. The first cinchona 
 bark, from C. macrocalix, pubescens, used in 17th century ; the 
 bark is now obtained from C. succirubra, on the E. slopes of 
 the Cordillera and on the Chimborazo; taqua, or vegetable 
 ivory.) Vast forests cover the NW. Large areas of porous 
 volcanic soil have no important vegetation (Agavas, Euphorbiae, 
 Eupatorias, Cactese). The W. forests are intersected by dry 
 savannas (Pajonales, Jehu) and marshy tracts (tembladeras), 
 some covered with bamboos (Chtisquea aristata, 10 ft. high, up 
 
 471 
 
ECUE 
 
 ED E 
 
 to 5500 ft. alt. ). The least wooded area stretches from the Gulf 
 of Guayaquil to Cape Santa Elena and some parts of prov. 
 of Manabi. Some highlands (paramos) give good pasture. 
 The fauns is, in all essential points, that of Colombia and 
 Peru. The llama does not go N. of Riobamba. Serpents 
 plentiful below 13,000 ft. Only one species of fish in the rivers 
 and lakes (the prefiadilla, PHmelodes, or Cyclopiutn cyclopum). 
 Ethnography. — In the i6th century Peruvian Quichua domi- 
 nated the Central and W. terrs.' of present E. and their 
 principal Indian tribes (Cava, Caftar, Huancavilca, Puruha, 
 Quitu). Even to-day the general language is a Peruvian 
 dialect, and there are still, it seems, some settlements of pure 
 Quichua (Iloman). The Tochi and Cayapas, speaking a dif- 
 ferent language, are probably the last representatives of the 
 ancient conquered nations. On th6 E. Amazonian valleys the 
 Jivaros (riv. Pastaza) are related to the Guarani (see Brazil). 
 The Zaparos, Piojes, Quijos (riv. Napo) speak very different 
 languages. Many of the tribes of Brazihan Amazonas (Oregones, 
 Encabellados) live on tefrs. belonging to E. Popnlatlon. 
 — Pure descendants of the old Spanish colonists are very rare. 
 There is very little immigration from outside S. America 
 (German and other colonies on the valleys of Pailon and Toachi ; 
 in the E. , forests). Some immigration from Colombia (Pastusos) 
 and Peru. Few negroes. The pop. is concentrated on the 
 healthy highlands (principally aroimd Quito and Cuenca), or 
 round Guayaquil ; very sparse in the E. prov. (which, however, 
 forms half of the whole area). The littoral is very unhealthy, 
 with dangerous fevers (chuchu). Prodnctlons. — The littoral 
 lowlands are extremely fertile (the Guayas valley), sugar-cane, 
 tobacco (Esmeraldas), tropical fruits. Cacao (considered second 
 only to that of Cardcas) is the great commercial product. Its 
 plantations cover large lowland areas on the Pacific. Coffee is 
 cultivated on the slopes. Higher up (on the plateau) the pro- 
 ducts are wheat, barley, Indian com, beans, clover, lucerne. 
 The Indians feed on Yucca roots. The forests give very good 
 woods and medicinal plants. On the highlands (tierras frescas 
 and frias) cattle, horses, and sheep are largely reared. Agri- 
 culture is generally in a very backward condition. There are 
 only some rudimental industries (cotton-spinning, woollen tissues 
 used in the national costumes, bayetas, ponchos, straw hats from 
 Carludovica, leather, some naval constructions at Guayaquil). 
 Means of Conuuunlcatlon. — The roads are mostly mule 
 tracts. The interior is practically shut out from commerce for 
 many months in the year. Quito (the capital) and Guayaquil 
 (the principal commercial port) are at a distance of 160 m. A 
 railway from Duran (opp)osite to Guayaquil) goes as far as 
 the lower part of the Chimbo valley (63 m.). From Quito 
 a carriage road reaches only Riobamba (81 m.). The access 
 to the interior seems to be easier from some of the N. more 
 neglected ports (Esmeraldas, the nearest; Pailon, the best; 
 Bahia). Tulcan, Ibarra (N. ), are the centres of intercourse with 
 Colombia; Loja with the highlands of Peru; Puerto Napo, 
 Archidona, Papallacta, are the chief river ports of the Ama- 
 zonian basin. The Cuenca Andes are the narrowest (124 m. , 
 the source of riv. Paute, 35 m. from the Gulf of Guayaquil), 
 thus affording a good place for future communication between 
 the Pacific and the Amazon basin. Quito is connected by 
 telegraph with Colombia, and through Guayaquil vrith the 
 world. The exports are cacao, coffee, sugar, rice, gold, silver, 
 caoutchouc, cinchona bark, tapia, hides, straw hats. The 
 Imports are articles of dress, furniture, and food (flour from 
 Chile and California). Trade principally with France ; next 
 Great Britain, United States, Spain. Puhllc Institutions. — 
 There is a Congress, with two houses ; two senators elected by 
 each prov., and one deputy for 30,000 inhabitants. A Presi- 
 dent for four years. (The electors must be Roman Catholics, 
 adults, able to write and read, and have a certain income.) 
 The army has 33,000 men. Universities at Quito (with an 
 astronomical observatory), Guayaquil, and Cuenca. The official 
 religion is strictly the Roman Catholic, E. being in fact a sort 
 of a theocracy. The Indians of el Oriente are under the 
 guardianship of religious orders. The metrical system of 
 measures and weights was officially adopted (1856), but is 
 not in use. The money (silver, nickel, in circulation) unit is 
 the Sucre = 3s. and 4d. History. — In the end of the 15th 
 century the Peruvian Incas conquered Quito. In 1526, Pizarro 
 landed at the N. of Ecuador (Esmeraldas). In 1534, the 
 Spaniards took possession of Quito and the E. plateau. In 
 15138 Quito was made an audiencia, successively dependant 
 of Nova Granada (1710) and Peru (1722). In i8n E. made 
 itself independent from Spain, was united to Venezuela and 
 Colombia (1819), and became an independent Republic (1830). 
 The actual constitution dates from 1884 (modified in 1887), 
 P. (1826) 550,700 (besides the wild Indians); (1886) 1,150,000; 
 (1871) 800,000; (1891) 1,270,000 (of which 1,170,000 Indians 
 and Mestizos). [J. B. R.] 
 
 EcnelU^, tn. , France, dep. Indre, arr. Chateauroux, 35 m. S. 
 Blois. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ecnlly, comm., France, dep. Rhdne^ arr. and 3 m. WNW. 
 Lyons. P. <3000. 
 472 
 
 Ecuras, comm. , France, dep. Charente, arr. AngoulSme, cant. 
 Montbron; has lead-mines containing silver ore. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ecnry-sur-€oole, tn., France, dep. Marne, on the Cher, arr. 
 and 5 m. SSW. Chalons-sur-Marne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ed, seapt. , on the Afar ct. , E. Africa, at the head of a small 
 gulf on the Red Sea, in 13° 48' N. In the neighbourhood a 
 confused heap of mountains and hills of volcanic origin, with 
 craters, solfataras, and hot springs. 
 
 Edale, par., Eng., Derbyshire, High Peak div., 7 m. SE. 
 Glossop, 5^ m. ENE. Chapel-en-le-Frith stn. (M. R.), in the 
 valley of the Noe, through which the Dore and Chinley branch of 
 the M. R. has been constructed, with stn., PM.O. ; 7043 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Edam, tn., Holland, prov. N. Holland, near the W. ct. of 
 the Zuider Zee, 11 m. NE. by N. Amsterdam ; noted for its 
 cheese. P. (of comm. ) 6400. 
 
 Edam, small isl. , in the bay of Batavia, Java, known also as 
 Pulu-Damar and Harsboom I. 
 
 Edap&dl, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Salem, on a trib. of 
 the Cauvery R., 23 m. W. by S. Salem. P. (i88i)<4ooo; 
 (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 £</ar, Celtic, ■* between. ' S^e £adar. 
 
 Edar, principal Rdjput state of the Mahi Kdntha Agency, 
 Bombay Presidency, Gujarit, Iridia, Area, 4966 sq. m. 
 
 Edar, tn., India, cap. E. state, 58 m. NNE. Ahmaddbdd. 
 P. (1881) 6200. 
 
 Eday, isL, Scot., one of the Orkney Is., between Westiay 
 and Stronsay, 7J m. long by 2J m. broad. Its harbour. Calf 
 Sound, affords shelter to the largest vessels. PM.O. P. 647. 
 See Stronsay and Eday. 
 
 Edburton, par., Eng., Sussex, Lewes div., 6^ m. NW. 
 Brighton, 35 m. E. Steyning stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ed Dahmer, tn.. Nubia, on the r. bk. of the Nile, at the 
 influx of the Atbara, 80 m. N. Shendy. 
 
 Ed D&mleh, ruins, Palestine, AdamaJi in the O.T., 32° 45' 
 N. , 35° 27' E. , 5 m. SW. by W. Tiberias. 
 
 Ed D&mleh, ferry on the Jordan, Palestine, Adam in the 
 O. T., 32° 6' N., 35° 32' E., 21 m. ESE. Nablus. 
 
 Ed Deba'ia, expansion of the Wadi Draa, Morocco. See Draa. 
 
 Eddelak, comm., Ger. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 43 
 m. NW. by W. Altona, 4 m. N. of the Elbe. P. -c 3000. 
 
 Edder, Q,q\X\c, 'between.' Se& Eadar. 
 
 Edder, riv., Prussia. See Eder. 
 
 Edderachylls, par., Scot See Eddraehlllls. 
 
 Edderton ('between hills'), par., Scot., Ross-shire, on the 
 S. shore of Dornoch Firth, 4^ m. WNW. Tain, on the H. R. , 
 P.O.; 22,120 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Ed Dlkkeh, ruins, Palestine, probably the Bethsaida of the 
 N. T. , 32° 55' N. , 35° 37' E. , 10 m. NNE. Tiberias. 
 
 Eddlngton, P.O., Eng., Kent, near Canterbury. 
 
 Eddlngton, post-tn., Victoria, Talbot co., 24 m. WSW. 
 Sandhurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eddlsbnry, pari. div. , Eng., in the W. of Cheshire. P. 55,200. 
 
 Eddisbnry, par., Eng., Cheshire, 7 m. SW. Northwich. P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 Eddlsbnry Hill, Eng., Cheshire, E. div., in Delamere Forest, 
 NW. of Delamere. 
 
 Eddlesborongh, P.O., Eng., 4 m. from Dunstable, Bedford- 
 shire. 
 
 Eddlestone, par., Scot., Peeblesshire, on E. Water, 4 m. N. 
 by W. Peebles, with stn. (Eddleston) on the N. B. R., P.O.; 
 18,490 ac. P. <:750. 
 
 Eddlethorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 3 m. SW. 
 Malton. P. <2So. 
 
 Eddlewood, vil., Scot., Mid Lanarkshire, 2 m. SSW. Hamil 
 ton, \ m. SE. Meikle Earnock stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ed Ddmeh, ruins, Palestine, Dumah in the O. T. , 31° 26' N. , 
 34° 59' E., 9i m. SW. El Khulll (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Eddra, Celtic, 'between.' See Eadar. 
 
 Eddraehlllls ('between two firths'), ct. par., Scot., Suther- 
 landshire, on E. Bay (58° 1/-20' N.), the church on Badcall 
 Bay, 9^ m. ENE. Storr Head. Includes the isl. of Handa, 
 breeding-place for sea-birds. 135,555 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ed Dr'ah, or Derat, tn. , Palestine, 30 m. E. of the S. end 
 of the Lake of Tiberias, in 32° 40' N., 36° 5' E. ; identified with 
 the Edrei of Joshua xii. 4, &c.; cap. of Og, king of Bashan. 
 
 Eddy, important irrigation settlement, U.S., New Mexico, on 
 the Rio Pecos, 70 m. WNW. of SE. corner of terr. ; cap. E. co. 
 
 Eddy, CO., U.S., N. Dakota, S. of 48° N., crossed by 99° W. 
 
 Eddy Island, Ire. , near the head of Galway Bay. 
 
 Eddystone, a group of rocks, Eng., Cornwall, 9 m. S. by W . 
 Rame Head, 14 m. SSW. Plymouth. E. Ughthouse (50° 10' 
 49" N., 4° 15' 53" W.) was built on one of these rocks in 1759. 
 It is of Portland stone, encased in granite ; 72 ft. high ; vis. 17 m. , 
 
 Eddystone Point, Tasmania, a point of land on the NE. ct. , 1 
 in 40° 58' S. . I 
 
 Eddyvllle, viL, U.S., Iowa, Wapello co., on 1. bk. of Des 
 Moines R., 59 m. SE. by E. Des Moines. P. <:i500. 
 
 Ede, comm., Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, cap. cant., loj 
 m. NW. Arnhem. P. 13,000. 
 
EDE — EDIN 
 
 Ede, tn. , W. Africa, Yoraba country, 130 m. NE. Lagos. P. 
 30,000 to 40,000. Proc. R. G. S., 1891, p. 585. 
 
 Edea, riv. , W. Africa. See Sannaga. 
 
 Eden, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Elgin co. , 20 m. from IngersoU. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Eden, riv. , Eng. , rising on the N W. side of Abbotside Common , 
 in the SE. of Westmorland, within 2 or 3 m. of the source of the 
 Ure, flowing NW. through Westmorland and past Carlisle, 
 and emptying itself into the Solway Firth, 5 m. NW. Carlisle. 
 
 Eden, riv. , Eng. , rising in the SE. of Surrey, and flovring E. 
 through the Tunbridge div. of Kent to the Medway, which it 
 joins on the 1. bk. at Penshurst. 
 
 Eden, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Antrim, bar. Kilconway, ij m. 
 ENE. Carrickfergus, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Eden, seapt. and rly. stn. , New South Wales, Auckland co. , 
 35 m. N. Cape Howe, in 37° S., on the N. shore of Twofold 
 Bay, which forms a good harbour, second only in size and 
 security to Port Jackson. Mean temp., yr. 60.2° F. , Jan. 68.2°, 
 July 51° ; rfall. (17 yrs.), 36.12 in. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Eden, CO., New Zealand, North I., containing the town of 
 Auckland. 
 
 Eden, two rivs. , Scot. , one in Fifeshire, flowing into the Bay 
 of St. Andrews in the North Sea, after an E. course of 18 m. ; 
 the other joins the Tweed 3J m. below Kelso, after a SE. 
 course of 18 m. 
 
 Eden, tn., U.S., Maine, Hancock co., on Mount Desert I., 
 Frenchman's Bay. P. <20oo. 
 
 Eden, vil., U.S., Ohio, Williams co. See Edon. 
 
 Eden, viL, U.S., S. Dakota, Lincoln co., 50 m. ENE. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eden, small riv., Wales, Merionethshire, flowing S. to the 
 Mawddach, which it joins at the head of its estuary. 
 
 Eden, Mount, hill, near Auckland, New i!iealand, an extinct 
 volcano from which a fine view is obtained. 
 
 Edenacarnan, electoral div. , Ire. , Donegal, dist. Church-Hill. 
 
 Edenbrldge, par., Eng., Kent, on the Eden, div. and 9^ m. 
 W. Tunbridge, with stns. on the SE. R. , and the L. B. & S. C. R. , 
 PMT.O. ; 5329 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Edenburg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania. See Knox. 
 
 Edencrannon, P.O., Ire., 6m. from Dungannon, co. Tyrone. 
 
 Edendale, post-tn. and rly. stn. , New Zealand, South I. , co. 
 Waihopai, 23 m. NE. Invercargill. P. <I500. 
 
 Edenderry (' the hill-brow of the oak-wood'), tn., Ire., NE. 
 King's CO. , bar. Coolestown, 14 m. NNE. Portarlington, terminus 
 of a branch railway, PMT.O. Market-day, F. P. <200o. 
 
 Edendork, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Tyrone, bar. Middle Dun- 
 gannon, I5 m. NNE. Dungannon, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Edenfield, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Heywood div., 
 5I m. N. Bury, i m. S. Ewood Bridge and E. stn. P. <4000. 
 
 Edeuball, par., Eng., Cumberland, on the 1. bk. of the Eden, 
 div. and 3^ m. E. by N. Penrith, i m. SW. Langwathby stn. , 
 P.O. P. <:25o ; eccles. par, (E. wltb lAugwatbby) P. <7So. 
 
 Edenbam, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 9 m. 
 N. by E. Stamford, PMT.O.; 7030 ac. P.<75o. 
 
 Edenbope, post-tn. , Victoria, Lowan co. , 92 m. N. by W. 
 Portland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Edenklllle, par. , Scot. See Edinklllle. 
 
 Edenkoben, tn. , Ger. , Bavarian Palatinate, 14 m. W. by S. 
 Spires. P. < 5000. 
 
 Eden SUIls, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Wellington co. , 4 m. from 
 Rockwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Edenordlnary, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Banbridge, co. Down. 
 
 Eden Park, stn. , Eng. , Kent, Sevenoaks div. , on the SE. R. , 
 9 m. S. by E. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Edensor (locally called Ensor), par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. 
 div., 8 m. W. by S. Chesterfield, ij m. ENE. Bakewell stn., 
 PMT.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Edensor, eccles. par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Stoke-upon-Trent 
 par. P. 6200. 
 
 Edenton, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, Chowan co., 118 m. E. by 
 N. Raleigh, 25 m. SW. Elizabeth City. P. <3000. 
 
 Edentrllllck, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Hillsborough, co. Down. 
 
 Eden Valley, post-tn. , S. Australia, Sturt co. , 35 m. NE. by 
 E. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eder, or Edder, riv. , Ger. , flows E. through Prussian prov. 
 of Hanover and the principality of Waldeck into the Fulda, 
 which it enters about 10 m. above Kassel ; not navigable. 
 
 Ederline, Locb, lake, Scot. , Argyllshire, about i m. SSW. 
 of the foot of Loch Awe, into which it is drained. Alt. 122 ft. 
 
 Edermlne, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Ballaghkeen South, 
 4 m. SE. Enniscorthy, with a stn. (E. Ferry) on the DubUn, 
 Wicklow, and Wexford Rly. ; 4131 ac. P. <-7SO. 
 
 Ederney, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Fermanagh, bar. Lurg, 15 m. 
 WSW. Omagh, 3 m. from Kesh stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Edeyrn, par. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div. , i| m. from 
 the W. ct. , 19 m. W. Portmadoc, 7 m. W. by N. Pwllheli stn. , 
 P.O. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (E. wltb Carnglwcb and PlstUl) 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Edesbelm, tn., Ger., Bavarian Palatinate, 14I m. WSW. 
 Spires. P. < 3000. 
 
 Edfa, Coptic Albo, the ancient Apollinopolis Magna, vil., 
 Upper Egypt, on the 1. bk. of the Nile, 50 m. SSE. Thebes, 
 consists of a cluster of mud huts around some of the finest ruins 
 in Egypt, comprising a quay, and two fine temples, both of 
 which appear to have been built under the Ptolemies ; has 
 manufactures of blue cotton cloths, and earthenware similar 
 to the old Egyptian pottery. P. 5800. 
 
 Edgar, co., U.S., Illinois, on E. frontier, S. of 40° N. 
 
 Edgar, city, U.S., Nebraska, Clay co., 122 m. SW. by W. 
 Omaha, 25 m. SE. by E. Hastings. P. < 1500. 
 
 Edgartown, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Duke's co. , on the E. 
 ct. of Martha's Vineyard, 26 m. SE. New Bedford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Edgbaston, the SW. div. of the parL bor. of Birmingham, 
 Eng. P. 67,600. 
 
 Edgcott, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 18 m. 
 WSW. Northampton, 2J m. ENE. Cropredy stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Edgcott, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 7 m. S. by 
 W. Buckingham, 2 m. SE. by E. Marsh Gibbon and Poundon 
 stn. P. <;2So. 
 
 Edge, par., Eng., Cheshire, 2 m. N. Malpas. P. <25o. 
 
 Edgecombe, co. , U.S., N. Carolina, E. of 78° W., crossed 
 in the N. by 36° N. 
 
 Edgecnmbe, Cape, Queensland, E. ct. , in 19° 57' S. , just 
 N. of Bowen. 
 
 Edgecumbc, Mount, Alaska. See Kruzof Island. 
 
 Edgecuuibe Bay, Queensland, an inlet of the Pacific, in 20° S. 
 
 Edgelield, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 10 m. WSW. 
 Cromer, 2^ m. S. Holt stn., P.O. (E. Green). P. <:soo. 
 
 Edgefield, co., U.S., S. Carohna, crossed in the N. by 34° N., 
 bounded on the W. by the Savannah R. , and on the N. by the 
 Saluda. 
 
 Edgefield, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, cap. E. co., 22 m. N. 
 Augusta (Ga. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Edgefield, U.S., Tennessee. See NasbTllle. 
 
 Edge Hill, an elevated ridge, Eng., Warwickshire, 7 m. 
 NW. Banbury. The first battle between Charles I. and the 
 Parliamentary forces was fought here, October 23, 1642. 
 
 Edge Hilly stn., Eng., Lancashire, in the E. of Liverpool, 
 on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Edge Lane, stn. , Eng. , in the E. of Liverpool, on the Edge 
 Hill and Bootle branch of the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Edgeley, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Lamoure co., 97 m. WSW. 
 Fargo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Edgemoor, vil., U.S., Delaware, New Castle co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Delaware, 3 m. NE. by E. Wilmington. P. <20oo. 
 
 Edgerley, par., Eng., Cheshire, 6 m. SE. Chester. P. <:25o. 
 
 Bdgerston, eccles. par., Scot., Roxburghshire, Jedburgh, 
 Oxnam, and Southdean pars. P. <5oo. 
 
 Edgerton, vil., U.S., Ohio, Williams co., 64 m. W. by S. 
 Toledo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Edgerton, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Rock co., 60 m. W. by S. 
 Milwaukee. P. <20oo. 
 
 Edge Side, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Clitheroe div., 
 Whalley par. P. <25oo. 
 
 Edgett's Landing, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Albert co. , 
 on Petitcodiac R., 16 m. from Moncton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Edgewater, vil., U.S., New York, Richmond co., on Staten 
 Island. P. (1880) 8000; (1890) 14,300. 
 
 Edgewortb, par. , Eng. , Gloucester, div. and 5 m. NW. by 
 W. Cirencester, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Edgewortb, par., Eng., Lancashire, West Houghton div., 
 5I m. N. by E. Bolton, i m. E. by S. Entwistle stn., with a 
 stn. (Tnrtou and Edg^rortb) on the L. & Y. R., P.O. (Edg- 
 ■wortb). P. <:2ooo. 
 
 EdgewortbstoYrn, tn. , Ire. , E. co. and 8 m. E. by S. Long- 
 ford, bar. Ardagh, with a stn. on the M. G. W. R. Market- 
 day, Tu. P. <:75o. 
 
 Edgmond, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 15 m. E. by N. 
 Shrewsbury, \\ m. W. by N. Newport, P.O.; 4199 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Edgton, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 17^ m. E. by S. 
 Newtown, 2 m. S. Plowden stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Edg-ware, par. , Eng. , Middlesex, div. and 3^ m. NE. Har- 
 row, on the G. N. R. P. < 1000. 
 
 Edgware Road, stn., Eng., London, on the Dist. Rly. 
 (Inner circle), 3 m. W. by N. St. Paul's. See also Brondesbnry. 
 
 Edgwortb, Eng. , Lancashire. See Edgewortb. 
 
 Edb Db^heriyeb, vil., Palestine, Debir in the O. T., 31° 25' 
 N., 34° 58' E., 12 m. SW. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Ediua, tn., U.S., Missouri, Knox co., 44m. WSW. Keokuk 
 (la.). P. «=i5oo. 
 
 Edinbane, vil, Scot., Inverness-shire, Isle of Skye, 13^ m. 
 NW. Portree, PMT.O. 
 
 Edinboro, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Erie co., 18 m. S. by 
 W. Erie. Alt. 1212 ft. (R.R.); Geodetic Station, 1603 ft. 
 (U.S. Lake Survey). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Edinbnrg, vil., U.S., Illinois, Christian co., 19 m. SE. by E. 
 Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Edinburg, tn., U.S., Indiana, Johnson co., 29 m. SSE. 
 Indianapolis. P. <:^ooo. 
 
 473 
 
E D I N — E D I N 
 
 Edinbnrgb, Gaelic Dunedin, city, pari, and royal burgh, and 
 the metropolis of Scot. , on the S. bk. of the Firth of Forth. Lat. 
 of observatory 55° 57' 23.2" N., long. 3° 10' 46" W. ; 396 m. N. 
 of London, by G. N. R., NE. R., and N. B. R. The city is 
 mainly built of a durable light-coloured sandstone found in the 
 neighbourhood, and is picturesquely situated upon three ridges 
 of hills. The old town occupies the more elevated ridge, which 
 terminates on the W. in the bold rocky eminence of the Castle 
 Hill (highest point 383 ft.), whence the High Street, continued 
 by the Canongate (formerly separated from the High Street by 
 an ornamental gateway called the Netherbow Port, demolished 
 in 1762), leads down to Hol3rrood Palace and the remains of 
 Holyrood Abbey, founded by David I. in 1128. The NW. 
 corner of the palace, containing Queen Mary's apartments, was 
 founded by James IV. in 1501, and enlarged by James V. in 
 1528, but the greater part of the building was erected after the 
 restoration in 1671-79. Between the old and new town is a deep 
 ravine, now traversed by the N. B. R. , but to a considerable 
 extent converted into gardens, now belonging to the corporation, 
 and containing among other monuments that to Sir Walter 
 Scott, the most conspicuous of all the monuments of the city, 
 except, perhaps, the ugly tower dedicated to Lord Nelson on 
 the Calton Hill. Many narrow wynds or closes on each side 
 connect the High Street and Canongate on the S. with the 
 parallel street called the Cowgate, and on the N. with the 
 hollow in which the railway above mentioned runs. Formerly 
 E. was a walled city, and part of the old walls are still to be seen 
 in a street called the Vennel. As cap. of Scotland, E. retains 
 its rank chiefly as the seat of the supreme courts of law, but the 
 dignity is recognised also in its being the headquarters of many 
 Scottish institutions, to which many of the principal 1>ulldings 
 of the city belong. Among these are the law courts in the 
 Parliament House, containing the old Parliament Hall, with an 
 oaken roof built in 1632, and beneath which is the library of the 
 Faculty of Advocates (barristers), which contains about 250,000 
 printed volumes and 2000 MSS. , and is entitled to a copy of 
 every book issued in the United Kingdom ; the general Register 
 House for Scotland, including the Scottish Census department, 
 the Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland, colleges and halls 
 of the two leading non-established Presbyterian Churches of 
 Scotland (the Free Church and the United Presbyterian), as 
 well as of other religious bodies ; the High Chiu-ch of St. Giles, 
 the present begun in 1387 on the site of an older one dating 
 from the 9th century (for five years, 1633-38, the cathedral of 
 the bishopric of Edinburgh), a building of no architectural 
 beauty except in its tower, which is in the form of an imperial 
 crown ; the Tron Church, another old church without beauty ; 
 a modern cathedral of the Scottish Episcopalian Church ; the 
 Royal Institution, in which the Royal Society of Edinburgh 
 (founded in 1783) holds its meetings ; the National Museum of 
 Science and Art ; the Astronomical Observatory on the Calton 
 Hill; the Royal Academy; the National Portrait Gallery, in 
 which are the rooms of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society 
 (founded in 1885). E. has long been noted also as an educa- 
 tional centre. At the head of the institutions of this class 
 stands the University, founded by Royal Charter in 1582, and 
 now conferring degrees in arts, divinity, law, medicine, science, 
 and music, having 55 professorships and lectureships, and 
 possessing four buildings, the oldest begun in 1789, and con- 
 taining, besides lecture-rooms, the library, with about 184,000 
 printed volumes and 3000 MSS. ; another, situated close to the 
 Infirmary (general hospital), opened (though not completed) in 
 1880, accommodating most of the classes connected with the 
 faculty of medicine, for which E. University has long been 
 famous ; a third containing a botanical class-room and museum 
 in the Royal Botanic Garden ; and the fourth consisting of 
 the hall connected with the chair of music. In connection with 
 the University there is now also a hall for the accommodation of 
 a student's club. Among other notable educational institutions 
 are a technical school, now known as the Heriot-Watt College ; 
 a college of agriculture (Minto House) ; a number of schools, 
 locally called ' hospitals,' all originally intended for the education 
 of children of parents in reduced circumstances, the principal of 
 these being Heriot's Hospital, founded in 1624 by a bequest of 
 George Heriot, goldsmith and banker to James VI., a wealthy 
 institution, now converted into a great secondary school ; Donald- 
 son's Hospital, and the Trades Maiden Hospital, besides John 
 Watson's Institution. The Merchant Maiden Hospital and 
 George Watson's, Stewart's, and Gillespie's Hospitals have been 
 converted into day-schools. The principal secondary schools are 
 the High School, founded in 1519, now under the management of 
 the school-board ; the E. Academy, and Fettes College, the last 
 modelled on the great public schools of England. There is a 
 large and well-equipped free public library. E. is well provided 
 with public parks and recreation grounds. The most im- 
 portant of these is the Queen's Park, a royal park (680 ac. ) only 
 partly within the city boundary, containing Salisbury Crags and 
 Arthur Seat, the summit of which (822 ft.) is on the boundary. 
 Among others, besides the gardens at the foot of the Castle Hill 
 (Princes Street Gardens), already mentioned, are the Calton Hill 
 474 
 
 (348 ft.), the Meadows and the Links, two adjoining open spaces, 
 on the latter of which the people had for centuries the right of 
 playing golf, though this right has recently been withdrawn, a 
 new golfing-ground having been provided to the S. of the city 
 boundary on the Braid Hills (highest point 606 ft.), which have 
 been acquired by the corporation as a recreation ground. To 
 these may be added the Royal Botanic Garden, founded in 
 1670, though it has existed on its present site only since 1824. As 
 a seat of trade E. has long been noted as a publishing centre, but 
 this branch of trade is rapidly being transferred to London, while, 
 on the other hand, the printing-trade is becoming ever more 
 important, and E. still remains the principal centre of this trade 
 in the kingdom outside of London. Among other local indus- 
 tries are type-founding, and the manufacture of india-rubber 
 goods, vulcanite, carpets, glass, agricultural implements, &c. 
 E. has the head-offices of many important banks and insurances, 
 is the headquarters of the N. B. R. , and has a terminal station 
 of the C. R. A circular railway, running for the most part out- 
 side the city boundary, starts from the central station of the 
 N. B. R., and passing by the S. suburbs of Morningside and 
 Newington and the watering-place of Portobello, returns to the 
 same station. Its ports are Leith and Granton. The head of 
 the corporation is called the Lord Provost, and is entitled to be 
 styled Right Honourable. It sends foiu- members to the House 
 of Commons, one for each of the E. , W. , S. , and Central divs. , 
 and the universities of E. and St. Andrews unite in returning 
 another member. Simeon of Durham, writing in the year 854, 
 mentions the fortress or castle under the name of Edzvinsburch, 
 or castle of Edwin, probably so called after Edwin, Prince of 
 Northumberland. In 1128 the town received a charter from 
 David I., still preserved in the archives of the city. In 1437 
 James II. was crowned here; and in 1633 Charles I., on the 
 occasion of his coronation, created the burgh into a city, with 
 all customary privileges. E. was the permanent seat of the 
 Scottish parliament till the union with England ; it was long a 
 favourite abode of the Scottish sovereigns, and its ancient palace 
 is still occasionally honoured with the visits of royalty. With 
 regard to the site of old E. , see an article with plan, in Scot. 
 Geog. Mag., 1893, p. 302. Alt. 230 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 
 28.32 in.; Colinton, alt. 500 ft., 36.48 in. Market-day, W. 
 Pari, burgh P. (1841) 140,000; (1851) 160,300; (1871)197,000; 
 (1881) 225,400; 1891 (pari., mun., and royal burgh) 261,200; 
 tn. (including a small suburban portion) P. 263,600. 
 
 Edlnburgb, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lawrence co., on 
 Beaver R. , 41 m. NW. by N. Allegheny. P. < 1500. 
 
 Edlnburgbsblre, or Slldlotblan, the metropolitan co. of 
 Scot., bounded N. by the Firth of Forth, E. by Haddington- 
 shire (E. Lothian), and Berwickshire, and W. by Linlithgow- 
 shire (W. Lothian). The SE. part of the county is intersected 
 by the Moorfoot hills, of Lower Silurian formation, separated 
 from the Lammermuir hills by the valley of the Gala Water, 
 through which runs the railway to Galashiels and Melrose 
 ( Waverley route of the N. B. R. ). From the SW. the Pentland 
 range, continued by the Braid and Blackford hills, runs towards 
 the NE., composed in the NE. of felstone, in the SW. of Silu- 
 rian and Old Red sandstone, while the greenstone hills of 
 Corstorphine extend from the Firth of Forth southward, and 
 are continued by the greenstone and basaltic elevations of the 
 castle rock, Arthur's Seat, and Calton, in the vicinity of the 
 capital. The Pentland range contains the highest summits of 
 the county (Scald Law 1898 ft., and Carnethy 1890 ft.). From 
 the S. the county gradually slopes towards the borders of the 
 firth, and on the E. and W. extends into level and fertile plains. 
 The lowlands are principally composed of Lower Carboniferous 
 sandstones and shales, including on the W. boundary of the 
 county the valuable oil-shales, but there are also large patches 
 of intrusive greenstone basalts and interbedded felstone. E. of 
 the Pentland hills there follow Lower Carboniferous limestones 
 with coal-seams interbedded, and still further E. a considerable 
 area of true coal-measures. The coast line, 13 m. in extent, is 
 in part sand downs. The principal rivers, none of which are 
 large, are the Water of Leith, the Esk, the Almond, flowing 
 through the NW. valley of the county, all belonging to the 
 basin of the Firth of Forth, and the Gala, belonging to the 
 Tweed basin. The principal minerals are the oil-shales already 
 referred to (mined chiefly at Mid and W. Calder), E. ranking 
 next after Linlithgowshire in the amount of this mineral pro- 
 duced, and coal, which is mined at Penicuik, Gorebridge, 
 Dalkeith, Loanhead, Gilmerton, Musselburgh, Bonnyrigg, and 
 Portobello in E. of co. , and at West Calder in W. Ironstone is 
 mined at Loanhead and Penicuik. Sandstone of a very superior 
 quality abounds, and is extensively quarried at Craigleith and 
 Hailes. Limestone is found in many localities, especially at Gil- 
 merton, Crichton, and Burdiehouse. The county is chiefly agri- 
 cultural, and farming is conducted on the best modem principles. 
 The farms are large. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, 
 pp. 10-12. There are large paper-mills on the Esk and Water of 
 Leith, and several distilleries, breweries, potteries, but no other 
 manufactures of importance. The N. B. R. and C. R. traverse 
 the county. Two lines of the C. R. , entering the county from 
 
EDIN — EECK 
 
 the SW. , unite to the NW. of the Pentland hills, and proceed 
 along the base of their foot-hills to the city of Edinburgh. The 
 remaining lines, including that across the Forth Bridge, belong 
 to, or are worked by, the N. B. R. E. , cap. , is the only royal 
 burgh. Dalkeith is a burgh of barony, and Musselburgh a 
 burgh of regality. Principal towns and villages, Portobello, 
 Newhaven, Lasswade, Loanhead, Ratho, Penicuik, and Roslin. 
 Leith is the principal seaport. The county sends one member 
 to Parliament. Mid-Lothian and the surrounding districts, at 
 the period of the Roman conquest, was formed into the prov. 
 of Vaientia. The country was subsequently occupied by Saxon 
 invaders from the N. of England, and by them chiefly retained 
 till about the year 1020, when the Lothians were ceded to the 
 Scottish monarch, Malcolm II. Principal antiquities, Roslin 
 Chapel, Craigmillar, Borthwick, and Crichton castles. Area, 
 231,724 ac. P. (1891) 434,159 ; of the dist. forming the county 
 constituency, P. 86,800. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Edlugale, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Lichfield div. , 5 m. N. by 
 E. Tamworth, li^ m. ENE, Elford and Haselour stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Edlngley, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., g m. 
 ESE. Mansfield, with a stn. (Klrkllngtou and E.) on the 
 M. R., P.O. P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (E. -wltli Halam) P. <7So. 
 
 Edingthorpe, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, E. div. , 2 m. from the 
 NE. ct., 9 m. SE. Cromer, 3 J m. NE. by E. North Walsham 
 stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Edlngton, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 3^ m. SW, Morpeth. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Edlngton, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 6 m. ENE. 
 Bridgwater, with a stn. (E. Jnnctlon) on the L. & SW. R. , 
 PM.O. P. <5oo. See Cbllton upon Poldeu. 
 
 Edlngton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 5^ m. SE. 
 by E. Trowbridge, 3^ m. ENE. Westbury stn., P.O. ; 5765 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Edlnklllle, orEdenklllle, par. , Scot. , Elginshire, on R. Divie, 
 7^ m. S. by W. Forres, \\ m. SSE. Dunphail stn. ; 32,467 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Edlrne, Turkey in Europe. See Adrlanople. 
 
 Edlsslya, vil. , Russia, Caucasia, govt. Terek, dist. and 100 m. 
 SE. Pyatigorsk ; mineral waters. P. <30oo. 
 
 Edlsto, settlement, U.S., S. Carolina, Berkeley co., on the 
 E. side of Edisto I., 22 m. SW. by W. Charleston. 
 
 Edlsto, riv., in the S. of S. Carolina, flows SE. into the 
 Atlantic, which it enters by two arms enclosing Edisto I., about 
 20 m. SW. Charleston ; navigable for 100 m. 
 
 Edltta1>nrgh, watering-place, S. Australia, Fergusson co., 
 50 m. (by water) W. by S. Adelaide. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Edith Weston, par., Eng., Rutland, 4^ m. ESE. Oakham, 
 2^ m. NNW. Luffenham stn., P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Ed Jlsh, vil. , Palestine. See El Jlsta. 
 
 Edku, tn., Egypt, 24 m. E. by N. Alexandria, on the N. side 
 of E. lake or lagoon (130 sq. m. in extent). P. 5800. 
 
 Edlaston, par. , Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 11 m. WNW. 
 Derby, 2 m. SE. Clifton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 E<Ues1>orongli, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, Aylesbury div. , 
 ^\ m. W. Luton, 2 m. S. by E. Stanbridgeford stn. P. <isoo. 
 eccles. par. (E. wltli Northall and Dagnall) P. < 1500. 
 
 Edleston, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., i^ m. SW. 
 Nantwich. P. <25o. 
 
 Edllb, tn., Syria. See Idllb. 
 
 Edlliigham, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., si m. WSW. Alnwick, on the NE. R., P.O. ; 
 5818 ac. P. <2So; eccles. par. (E. wltb Bolton) P. <50o. 
 
 Edllngton, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 12 m. 
 SW. by S. Louth, 2 m. NW. Horncastle. P. <25o. 
 
 Edllngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 4^ m. 
 SW. by S. Don caster, 2 m. SE. Conisbrough stn. P. <2So. 
 See Warms worth. 
 
 Edllpo, tn. , N. Syria. See Idllb. 
 
 Edniondbyers, par., Eng., Durham, NW. div., 10 m. SE. 
 by S. Hexham, 4I m. NW. Bum HiU June, P.O. (Edmnnd- 
 byers); 5102 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Edmondsham, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, E. div. , 12J m. SSW. 
 Salisbury, 2 m. NW Verwood stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Edmondsley, par., Eng., Durham, Chester-le-Street div., 
 5 m. NW. by N. Durham, 2 m. W. by N. Plawsworth stn. , 
 PM.O. P. <3000. 
 
 Edmondstown, electoral div. and stn. , Ire. , in the extreme 
 E. of CO. Mayo, on the M. G. W. R. , near Ballaghaderreen. 
 
 Edmondthorpe, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 6\ m. 
 E. by S. Melton Mowbray, i^ m. E. by N. Whissendine stn. , 
 on M. and G. N. Joint Rly., P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Edmonson, co., U.S., Kentucky, W. of the meridian 86°, 
 and N. of the parallel 37°. 
 
 Edmonstown, tnld. , Ire., NW. co. Louth, bar. Ardee, 12 m. 
 SW. Dundalk, P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Edmonton, vil., Canada, Ontario, Peel co., S m. from 
 Brampton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Edmonton, formerly Fort E., Canada, dist. Alberta, 175 m. 
 N. by E. Calgary, on the Saskatchewan [q.v.), by which river 
 it is 1500 m. NW. Winnipeg ; coal worked near. Alt. 2388 ft. 
 
 Mean temp. (4J yrs., 1880-85), yr. 33.6° F., Jan. 1.6°, July 59.5° ; 
 rfall. (6 yrs., 1883-88), 8.25 in.; snowfall, 30.1 in. P. < 1500. 
 
 Edmonton, tn. and par. , Eng. , Middlesex, Enfield div. , 6^ m. 
 ESE. Barnet, on the G. E. R. Lower E., stn. in the N., and 
 Angel Road and Silver Street, stns. on different lines in the S. 
 Par. 7489 ac, P. 36,400; tn. P. 25,400. 
 
 Edmore, vil., U.S., Michigan, Montcalm co., 10 m. by rail 
 N.Stanton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Edmnndbyers. See Edmondbyers. 
 
 Edmunds, co. , U.S., S. Dakota, between 45° and 46° S. , 
 crossed by 99° W. 
 
 Edmnndston little Falls, or Hadawaska, vil., Canada, 
 in the NW. of New Brunswick, Madawaska co., on the U.S. 
 frontier, 80 m. WSW. of the W. end of Chaleur Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Edna, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Ottertail co., 170 m. S. by E. 
 Winnipeg, 20 m. S. Crookstown. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ednageragh, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Aughnacloy, co. Tyrone. 
 
 Ednam, par. , Scot. , Roxburghshire, 2 m. NNE. Kelso, P.O. ; 
 3849 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 EdnaTille, tn., U.S., Texas, Jackson co., no m. SE. by S. 
 Austin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ednol, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 2^ m. NNE. New Radnor. 
 
 P. S-T-^O. 
 
 Edolo, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Brescia, on R. Oglio, 
 45 m. NE. Bergamo. P. <20oo. 
 
 Edon, vil. , U.S. , Ohio, Williams co. , 65 m. W. by S. Toledo. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Edrei, places named in the O. T. See Ed Dr'ah, Y'ater. 
 
 Edremld, tn. , Asia Minor. See Adramytl. 
 
 Edrinius Lacus, Italy. See Idro, Lake. 
 
 Edrom, par. , Scot. , Berwickshire, on Whiteadder Water, 3 m. 
 ENE. Duns, on the N. B. R., P.O. ; 9545 ac. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Edsele, vil., Sweden, prov. W. Norrland, on the Fax Elf, 
 71 m. NW. by N. Hernosand. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Edstaston, eccles. par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 12 m. N. 
 Shrewsbury, 2^ m. N. Wem stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Edstone, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , York- 
 shire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 21 m. W. Scarborough, 9 m. 
 NW. by N. Malton. P. (of each) < 250. 
 
 EdTlJDL Loach, par. , Eng. , in a detached part of Worcester- 
 shire, Bewdleydiv., 11 m. E. Leominster, 3 m. N. Bromyard stn. 
 P. <25o ; eccles. par. (E. L. with Tedstone Wafer) P. <25o. 
 
 EdTln Ralph, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, div. and 10 m. E. 
 Leominster, 2 m. NW. by N. Bromyard stn. P. <25o ; eccles. 
 par. (E. R. with Colllngton) P. <25o. 
 
 Edw, riv., Wales, Radnorshire, in the S., trib. of the Wye, 
 which it joins on the 1. bk. at Aberedw. 
 
 Edwalton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div., 3 
 m. SSE. Nottingham, on the M. R., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Edwardes&bsid, or DhuUpnagar, tn. and cantonment, 
 Brit. India, Punjab, cap. dist. Bannu, on the Kuram R., 90 m. 
 SW. Peshawar. Founded in 1848 by Major (afterwards Sir) 
 Herbert Edwardes. Alt. 1280 ft. P. (1881) 9000 ; (1891) 8800 ; 
 Hindus, 4500 ; Moham. 3700. 
 
 Edward Lake, lake, Canada, prov. and co. Quebec, 75 m. 
 NW. of the city of Quebec, drained S. by the R. Batiscan into 
 the R. St. Lawrence ; 16 m. long. 
 
 Edwards, co., U.S., Illinois, between 38° and 39° N., crossed 
 in the E. by 88° W. 
 
 Edwards, co., U.S., Kansas, W. of 99° W., partly bounded 
 on the N. by 38° N. 
 
 Edwards, co. , U.S., Texas, crossed by 30° N., and in the 
 W. by 100° W. 
 
 Edwardsbnrg, or Port Elgin, vil., Canada, Ontario, 
 Grenville co., on the 1. bk. of St. Lawrence, 43 m. S. by E. 
 Ottawa. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Edwardsbnrg, vil., U.S., Michigan, Cass co., 38 m. E. of 
 the SW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Edwardsport, vil., U.S., Indiana, Knox co., on r. bk. of 
 W. branch of White R. , 42 m. S. by E. Terre Haute. P. < 1500. 
 
 Edwardstone, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 4^ m. E. Sud- 
 bury, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Edwardstown, S. Australia, a SW. suburb of Adelaide. 
 
 Edwardsvllle, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Perth co., on 
 R. Maitland, 7 m. from Listowel. 
 
 Edwardsvllle, vil., U.S., Alabama, Cleburne co., 77 m. N. 
 by E. Birmingham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Edwardsvllle, city, U.S., Illinois, cap. Madison co., 19 m. 
 NE. St. Louis (Mo.). P.<4000. 
 
 Edwardsvllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co., near 
 Wilkesbarre. P. <40oo. 
 
 Edwlnstowe, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 
 6\ m. ENE. Mansfield, PM.O.; 6052 ac. P.<iooo; eccles. 
 par. (E. with Carbarton) P. < 1500. 
 
 Edworth, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, 12 J m. ESE. Bedford, 
 div. and 3 m. SE. Biggleswade stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Edzell (ed'yel), par., Scot., cos. Forfar and Kincardine, on the 
 N. Esk, sh m. N. Brechin, PMT.O. ; 20,068 ac. P. <75o- 
 
 Eeekeren, comm. and tn., Belgium, close to and N. of 
 Antwerp. Comm. P. <5ooo; tn. P. <20oo. 
 
 475 
 
EEC L 
 
 EG G M 
 
 Eecloo, comm. and tn. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, ii m. 
 NW. by N. Ghent; has manufactures of lace, linen, and wool. 
 Comm. P. 1 1, 600 ; tn. P. 8700. 
 
 Eegholm. See Egbolm. 
 
 Eelen, comm., Belgium, prov. Limburg, on the Meuse, 13 
 m. SW. by W. Roermond. P. < 2000. 
 
 Eel Lake, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. and 12 m. from 
 Yarm outh. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Eel River, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Restigouche co. , 
 5 m. from Dalhousie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eel Rirer, U.S., California, flows N. then W. and enters 
 the Pacific in 40° 38' N. 
 
 Eem, riv. , Netherlands, prov. Utrecht, flows NW. from near 
 Amersfoort, and enters the Zuider Zee 7 m. ESE. Amsterdam. 
 
 Een, great religious centre of the Somali country. 
 
 Eendracbt, or Sloak, an arm of the E. Scheldt, separating 
 the Dutch provs. Zeeland and N. Brabant. 
 
 Eendragtsland, ct. dist., W. Australia, stretching from 
 North- West Cape to Steep Point ; is sandy and barren. Dis- 
 covered in 1616 by the Dutch captain. Dirk Hartog, and called 
 after a ship. 
 
 Eeragb Island, Ire. See Brannock Islands. 
 
 Eernegbem, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. 
 Fumes. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Eerstellng, vil., S. African Republic, Zoutspansberg dist., 
 about 128 m. NE. by N. Pretoria ; gold-mine centre. 
 
 Eestl-maa, Russia. See Esthonta. 
 
 Efat, Shoa. See Ifat. 
 
 Efate, New Hebrides. See Vate. 
 
 Efenechtyd, par. , Wales, Denbighshire, W. div. , 8 m. SSE. 
 Denbigh, 2 m. SW. Ruthin stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Eferdlng, tn., Upper Austria, 13 m. W. Linz. P. <3000. 
 
 Efiin, par. , Ire. , co. Limerick, bars. Coshlea and Coshma, 
 3 m. SW. KilmaUock ; 5267 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Effingham, par. , Eng. , Surrey, Epsom div. , 4 m. N W. by 
 W. Dorking, ih m. SSE. B. Junction, on the L. & SW. R., 
 PM.O. P.<:7So. 
 
 Effingham, co. , U.S., Georgia, E. frontier, N. of 32° N. 
 
 Effingham, city, U.S., Illinois, cap. E. co., 65 m. WSW. 
 Terre Haute (Ind.). P. <4000. 
 
 Effingham Station, vil., U.S., S. Carolina, Florence co. , 
 on Lynch's Creek, 9 m. S. Florence by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Efl'ord Beacon, a cliff, Eng. , on the ct. of Cornwall, about 
 I m. SW. Bude, in 50° 49' N. 
 
 Eflk, numerous tribe on the L bk. of the Old Calabar, Gulf 
 of Biafra, Upper Guinea. 
 
 Elilwen, P.O., Wales, 4 m. from Clynderwen, on border of 
 Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire. 
 
 Eford, Iioch. See Eport, Loch. 
 
 Efl^ta, dist. , Africa, in the NW. of Abyssinia. 
 
 EfremoT, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 84 m. SSE. of Tula, 
 on Elets Rly. , on Krasiva)^ Mecha R. P. 16,000 with suburbs. 
 
 Ega, small riv., Spain, flows E. then S. to the Ebro, which it 
 joins about i° 56' W. 
 
 Egadl, the ancient Egates, a group of isls. in the Mediter- 
 ranean, 15-27 m. W. Trapani, Sicily. The chief islands are 
 Favignana, Levanzo, and Marittimo (alt. 2245 ft. ). 
 
 Egal, a long valley, central Africa, full of springs and pasture, 
 sloping from NW. to SE. parallel to the NE. shore of Lake 
 Chad, at the distance of about 180 m. from the lake. Jour. R. 
 G. S., 1876, p. 407. 
 
 Egan, vil, U.S., S. Dakota, Moody co., 85 m. NNE. Yank- 
 ton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eganville, vil., Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co., on R. Bon- 
 nechere, 66 m. W. Ottawa. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Egard, watering-place, Austria, Tirol, about 4 m. W. Meran; 
 has two cold sulphur springs. 
 
 Egates, isls. See Egadl. 
 
 Egba, or Ebha, kgd. , W. Africa, Upper Guinea, N. of 
 Lagos, cap. Abeokuta. A treaty concluded with the government 
 of Lagos in 1893 secures free trade with that colony, and pre- 
 cludes the cession of any part of the terr. of E. to any other 
 power than the British. P. uncertain. 
 
 Egbell, tn., Hungary, Hither Danube, co. and 55 m. NW. 
 Neutra. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Egbrongh, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., II m. W. Goole, i m. SW. Hensall stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Egdean, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Horsham div. , 8^ m. N. by W. 
 Arundel, i^ m. ENE. Petworth stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Egea (EJea, or Exea) de los Caballeros, tn., Spain, prov. 
 Saragossa, 32 m. W. Huesca. P. < 5000. 
 
 Egedes, Agades, or Aghades, tn. , Sahara, cap. of Air. 
 
 Egedesmlnde, Danish settlement, N. Greenland, on the S. 
 side of Disko Bay, founded in 1759 by Captain Egede, and 
 named in memory ('minde') of his father, Hans Egede, the 
 famous Greenland missionary. Mean temp. (11 yrs., 1874-84), 
 yr. 23.5° F., Feb. -1.0°, July 44.2°. 
 
 Egeln, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, 7 m. ENE. Halber- 
 stadt ; occupies an important position near the W. angle of the 
 prov, at the meeting^place of the railways, following the valleys 
 476 
 
 of the Eger and Mies in Bohemia, and railways from the S. 
 (by the Naab valley), W. , and NW. in Bavaria ; has coal and salt 
 mines. P. 5500. 
 
 Egelsbach, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, prov. and 10 m. 
 SSW. Offenbach. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Eger, riv. , central Europe, rises on the N. side of the Fichtel- 
 gebirge, in Bavaria, flows E. into Bohemia, passes Eger, Karls- 
 bad, and Saaz, and enters the Elbe at Leitmeritz. 
 
 Eger, Hungary. See Erlau. 
 
 Eger, tn., Austria, Bohemia, on R. Eger, 25 m. WSW. 
 Karlsbad ; has textile and other manufactures. In its old castle, 
 in 1634, the principal friends of Wallenstein were put to death, 
 while he himself was assassinated in a house in the market-place. 
 Near it are the baths of Franzenbrunnen. Alt. 1493 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 44.3° F. , Jan. 27.6°, July 63.4°. P. 18,700. 
 
 Egerbacta, health resort, Tirol. See Ambras. 
 
 Egerdlr, or Eyerdlr, tn., on the S. shore of Egerdir-gol 
 (lake), 84 m. W. Konieh. Alt. 2950 ft. The lake, fresh water, 
 30 m. long N. to S., by 3-10 m. wide, is drained S. probably 
 through the Ak-su into the Mediterranean, its N. point, cut off 
 by a strait, is caUed Lake Hoiran. W. of Egerdir are the ruins 
 of Antioch of Pisidia. P. 6000. 
 
 Egerl, or JBgerl, Ober- and IJnter-, two comms. , Switzd. , 
 cant. Zug, the latter 3I m. SE. by E. Zug, at the foot of a lake 
 (area, 2.7 sq. m. ; depth, 270 ft.) of the same name, drained by 
 the Lorze into the N. end of Lake Zug. Unter-E. P. <:30oo; 
 P. Ober-E. <2ooo. 
 
 Egeron, strait, between the N. and S. isls. of Timor Laut ; 
 discovered in 1877. Jour. R. G. S., 1878, pp. 294-96. 
 
 Egersnnd, maritime tn. , Norway, stift Chnstiansand, amt 
 and 38 m. S. Stavanger, on the strait separating it from the 
 isl. Egeroe, the centre of an extensive herring fishery. Outer 
 harbour, average depth 36 ft.; inner harbour, depth at entrance 
 20 ft. ; depth along storehouses, 13-14 ft. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Egerszeg, Zala-, market-tn. , Hungary. See Zala-Egerszeg. 
 
 Egerton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 8 m. W. 
 Nantwich, 3I m. E. by S. Broxton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Egerton, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 7 m. WNW. Ashford, 
 3 m. W. by S. Charing stn., PMT.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Egerton, vil., Eng., Lancashire, W. Houghton div. , 4 m. N. 
 by W. Bolton, i^ m. W. Turton stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Egg, Teutonic and Scandinavian, ' a nook' or ' corner.' See 
 Ecke. 
 
 Egga, tn., W. Africa, upon the r. bk. of the Niger, 68 m. 
 above the confluence of the Benue, at the place where it turns 
 to the S. in the Nupe Country, in about 8° 48' N. , 6° 30' E. ; 
 one of the stations of the Royal Niger Co. It extends for more 
 than 2 m. along the river ; a large pop. also live here on board 
 their canoes, and trade on the Niger. P. 7-8000. 
 
 Eggbrongh, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Egbrongh. 
 
 Egg Bncklaud, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., aj 
 m. NNE. Plymouth. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Eggenbnrg, comm.. Lower Austria, 40 m. NW. Vienna. 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Eggenfelden, market-tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower 
 Bavaria, 29 m. ESE. Landshut. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Egge8ford(egz'ford), par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div,, 
 16 m. SE. by S. Barnstaple, on the L. & SW. R. P. <250. 
 
 Eggesin, comm., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, govt. Stettin, 
 circle Ueckermiinde. P. <3oqo. 
 
 Egg Harbor, city, U.S., New Jersey, Atlantic co., 40 m. SE, 
 Camden. Wine is extensively made here. P. <isoo, of which 
 the majority are Germans. 
 
 Egg Harbor, inlets. See Great and Little Egg Harbor. 
 
 Egg Island, small isl. , Canada, Quebec, Saguenay co. , in the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, in 67° 10' W. 
 
 Egg Island, Hebrides. See Elgg. 
 
 Egg Island, small isl., U.S., New Jersey, in Delaware Bay ; 
 has a fixed light ; in 39° 10' N. , and 79° 9' W. 
 
 Egglngton, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, div. and 9 m. WNW. 
 Luton, 2 m. NW. by N. Stanbridgeford stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Egglnton, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, S. div. , 4 m. N. by E. 
 Burton , i m. S. of its stn. , a jimc. on the G. N. R. , P. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Egglvrll, comm., Switzd., cant. Bern, 11 m. NE. Thun, in 
 the Emmenthal. P. <4000. 
 
 Eggles, in place-names, ' church.' See Eccles. 
 
 Egglescllffe, par. , Eng. , Durham, SE. div. , on the 1. bk. of 
 the Tees, 4 m. SSW. Stockton, close to Yarm stn. , with stn. and 
 P.O. (Eaglescllffe Junction) on the NE. R. Mean rfalL 
 (1866-80, Yarm, alt. 80 ft.), 26.66 in. P. <iooo. 
 
 Egglestone, par., Eng., Durham, on the 1. bk. of the Tees, 
 div. and 5^ m. NW. by N. Barnard Castle, 13^ m. WSW. 
 Bishop Auckland, i m. NNE. Romaldkirk stn. ; lead-smelting 
 carried on. PM.O. 8056 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Egglestone Abbey, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, \\ m. 
 SE. Barnard Castle. P. <25o. 
 
 Eggleton, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., on the 
 Leddon, 9 m. ENE. Hereford, 3 m. NE. Stoke Edith stn. 
 P. <2So. See Stretton Grandlson. 
 
 Eggmtthle. See Eckmiihl. 
 
EGG — EGYP 
 
 Egg Shoal, islet, U.S., N. Carolina, in the E., in Pamplico 
 Sound, in 35° 14' N. 
 
 Egtanm, par., Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div. , on the Thames, 
 12 m. W. Richmond, on the L. & SW. R. The par. contains 
 the Royal Holloway College for Women, opened in 1886. 
 Near it are Runnymede and Cooper's Hill College. 7786 ac. 
 P. 10,200 ; eccles. par. (E. with Englefleld Creen) P. 8100. 
 
 Eghllsta, Ire. See Aglish Cloghane. 
 
 Egholni, or Eegliolm, small isl., Denmark, N. of Agerso, 
 oft■S^^^ ct. Seeland. 
 
 Eghrls, plain, Algeria, prov. Oran, at the S. base of the hills 
 on whose slopes Maskara stands, about 45 m. SE. Oran ; fertile 
 and salubrious, with a pervious soil. Mean alt. 1650 ft. 
 
 Egllstaay, isl., Scot., Orkney Is., 11 m. N. Kirkwall, P.O. 
 P. 147. See Ronsay and Egllshay. 
 
 Eglu, or Eklui, tn., Asiatic Turkey, vilayet Mamuret-el-Aziz, 
 sanjak Kharput-Mezre, on the r. bk. of the Euphrates, 140 m. 
 SW. by S. Trebizond. P. 19,000; Moham. 11,400; Gregorian 
 Armenians, 7600. 
 
 Eglna, isl. and gulf, Greece. See Alglna. 
 
 Eglnen-tbal, valley, Switzd. , cant. Valais ; the R. Egine has 
 a fall of 82 ft. at the entrance to the valley, which contains the 
 Brodel Lake. 
 
 Egln-gol, riv. See Kosso-gol (lake). 
 
 Eglsh, liongh, lake. Ire., in the SE. of co. Monaghan, 15I 
 m. WNW. Dundalk, drained W. into Lough Oughter. 
 
 Eglto, Loglto, or Egypto, small ct. tn. , Portuguese W. Africa, 
 50 m. NE. Benguella, in 11° 57' S. 
 
 Egleton, par., Eng., Rutland, i m. SE. by E. Oakham. 
 P. <:25o. See Oakbam. 
 
 Egletons, tn. , France, dep. Corrfeze, 57 m. WSW. Clermont- 
 Ferrand. P. <20OO. 
 
 Egllngham, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., 6^ m. NW. Alnwick, 3J m. ENE. Hedgeley stn. , 
 PM.O. P. <:5oo ; eccles. par. (E. wltli Bewick and Lllbarn) 
 
 P. <20OO. 
 
 Egllnton, vil. , Canada, Ontario, York co. , 4 m. from Toronto. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Egllnton, or Mnff, tn.. Ire., NW. ct., co. and 6J m. NE. 
 
 Londonderry, bar. Tirkeeran, on S. shore of Lough Foyle, vnth 
 
 a stn. on the Londonderry and Coleraine Rly. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Egllnton Iron->Vork8, vil., Scot., Ayrshire, 2^ m. NW. 
 
 Irvine. P. < 1000. 
 
 Eglish, Irish, 'a church.' See Eccles. 
 
 Egllsb, par.. Ire., W. co. and 4 m. WNW. Armagh, bars. 
 Tiranny and Armagh ; 10,575 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Eglish, par., Ire., King's co., bar. E., 3 m. NE. Parsons- 
 town; 14,800 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Egllsli, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Tyrone, bar. Upper Dungannon, 
 4 m. S. by W. Dungannon, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Eglon, place named in O. T. See AJl&n. 
 
 Eglos, in Cornish names, ' church. ' See Eccles. 
 
 Egloshayle, par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 5 m. 
 NW. by W. Bodmin, i m. E. Wadebridge stn. , P.O.; 5682 ac. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Egloskerry, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 4 m. WNW. 
 Launceston, with a stn. on the L. & SW. R., P.O. P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (E. with Tremalne) P. ■<75o. 
 
 Eglwys, in Welsh names. See Eccles. 
 
 Eglwysbach, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 5 m. SSE. 
 Conway, i m. E. Tal-y-Cafn and E. stn., on Festiniog Line, 
 PM.O.; 7902 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eglwysbrewls, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 12^ 
 m. WSW. Cardiff, 3^ m. S. by E. Cowbridge. P.<25o. 
 
 Eglwyscymmln, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 9 
 m. NE. Tenby, 5 m. SE. by S. Whitland stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Egl-wyseg, hamlet, Wales, near Corwen, Merionethshire, P.O. 
 
 Eglwys-facb, eccles. par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 11 m. NE. 
 by N. Aberystwith, x\ m. SW. Glendovey stn. P. <50o. 
 
 Eglwysfalr Chnrlg, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 
 13 m. S. by E. Cardigan, i m. SE. Rhydowen stn. P. <25o. 
 See Henllan Amgoed. 
 
 Eglwysllan, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., 10 m. 
 NW. by N. Cardiff, 2 m. E. Treforest stn.; 13,852 ac. P. 15,800. 
 
 Eglwysnewydd, eccles. par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 10^ m. 
 NE. by N. Tregaron, 5J m. NE. Strata Florida stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Eglwys Oen Daw, eccles. par. , Wales, in the N. of Breck- 
 nockshire, near Garth. P. <75o. 
 
 Eglwysrb&s. par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., 2 m. 
 XE. by N. Conway, PT.O. (Llanrbos). P. <30oo. 
 
 Eglwyswrw, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 6 m. SW. by S. 
 Cardigan, 4 m. W. Boncath stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Egmanton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 10 
 m. NNW. Newark, 3 m. WNW. Crow Park stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Egmere, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. , 21 m. W. by S. Cromer, 
 2 m. W. Walsingham stn. P. <25o. See Holkham. 
 
 Egmond-Aan-Zee, maritime vil., Netherlands, prov. N. 
 Holland, on the North Sea, 5 m. W. Alkmaar. P. <3000. 
 
 Egmont, Santa Craz, or New Gnernsey, the largest of the 
 Queen Charlotte Is., in the Pacific Ocean, in jo° 53' S. 
 
 Egmont, or TarauakI, a beautifully regular snow-capped 
 volcanic cone, in the SW. penin. of the North I. of New 
 Zealand. Alt. 8270 ft. E. Cape at the W. end of that penin. 
 
 Egmont Bay, a large bay, Canada, in the W. of Prince 
 Edward I., on Northumberland Strait, the head of which is 
 divided by only a narrow isthmus from Cascumpeque Harbour, 
 on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Egmont Cape, at the mouth of E. bay, on the S. 2. Cape, 
 Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I., on the E. ct., in 46° 51' N. 
 
 Egm.ont Harbour, on the N. side of W. Falkland I., with 
 supplies of fresh water. 
 
 Egmont (or Pnkarunga) Island, in the Low Archipelago, 
 Pacific Ocean, in 19° 14' S. and 139° 15' W. 
 
 Egnach, comm., Switzd., cant. Thurgau, 8 m. N. St. Gall, 
 on the Lake of Constance. P. <300o. 
 
 Egorlersk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 74 m. NE. of Ryazan. 
 Several important cotton-mills. Centre of considerable cottage- 
 industries in cottons. Trade in com, cattle, and salted beef. 
 Five fairs. P. 6700. 
 
 Egremont, market-tn. and par., Eng., Cumberland, Egre- 
 mont div., on the Ehen, 5^ m. SSE. Whitehaven, on the L. & 
 NW. R., with iron-mines, PMT.O. Market-day, S. Par. P. 
 6100 ; tn. P. 6300 ; pari. div. P. 53,600. 
 
 Egremont, or Llscard St. John, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cheshire, 
 on the Mersey, 2 m. NW. Birkenhead. P. 6600. 
 
 Egremont, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co., 10 m. 
 NNE. of the SW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Egremont, par., Wales, N. Carmarthenshire, 10 m. ENE. 
 Haverfordwest, i m. NW. Clynderwen sjn. P. <25o. 
 
 Egres, or Egrls, vil., Hungary, co. Torontal, on the Maros, 
 10 m. ENE. Nagy-Szent-Miklos. P. 6000. 
 
 Egrlbos, or Egrlpos, channel between the mainland of Greece 
 and the isl. of Euboea [q.v.). 
 
 Egrigaia, in Marco Polo. See Nlng-hsla. 
 Egrl Palanka, Turkish, Palanka, KrlTorecbka, or 
 KrlTorechna Palanka, Servian, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. 
 Uskiib, 32 m. SE. by S. Vranja (Servia). P. above 5000 ; 
 mainly Christian Servians. 
 
 Egton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Esk, 6 m. WSW. Whitby, with a stn. on the 
 NE. R., P.O.; 18,365 ac. P. < 1500. E^n High Moor, an 
 upland tract to the S. 
 
 Egton Bridge, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the 
 r. bk. of the Esk, i^ m. S. by W. Egton, P.O. 
 
 Egton with Newland, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, N. Lonsdale 
 div., 3 m. N. Ulverston. P. < 1000. 
 
 Eguzon, tn., France, dep. Indre, on the Creuse, 45 m. NNE. 
 Limoges. P. < 2000. 
 
 Egyek, tn., Hungary, co. Hajdu, dist. Balm-Ujvaros. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Egypt (origin of name uncertain, according to Brugsch 
 derived from the ancient surname of Memphis, Ha-ka-ptah = 
 belonging to Ptah), the most north-eastern country of Africa, 
 comprises Lower E. (Bahari), Middle E. (Vostani), and Upper 
 E. (Said) ; moreover, a part of the Mudirieh of Donkola in 
 Nubia, the district of Koseir on the Red Sea, el-Arish in Syria, 
 the Isthmus of Suez, and the oases of the Libyan desert. The 
 area of E. is about four times that of Great Britain, but before 
 the Mahdi rebellion it was more than twice as large. Physical 
 Features.— Mountain chains, running parallel to the Nile, 
 separate the fertile valley of this river from the deserts E. and 
 W. of the Nile. The Libyan desert to the W. is without any 
 elevations worth mentioning, but the desert tract of land between 
 the Nile and the Red Sea is formed of a plateau from 1600 to 
 3000 ft. high. Parallel to the shores of the Red Sea — towards 
 which the ground slopes steeply — a number of mountains rise 
 above the plateau, the most important being the Soturba 
 (6900 ft.), Hammada Olaki (6600 ft.), Um Delpha (6650 ft.), 
 Dukhan (5400 ft.), Harba (5200 ft.), and Garib (5400 ft.). The 
 mountain ranges following the Nile terminate at Cairo, this 
 town being situated on one of the last offshoots of them, Mount 
 Mokattam. N. of Cairo commences the delta of the Nile, which 
 has an area of about 8500 sq. m. , and is more than 120 m. wide. 
 The Nile [q.v. ) is the only river of Egypt. The principal lakes 
 are the Birket-el-Kerun (in the Fayum), the Bitter Lakes (on the 
 Isthmus of Suez), the Natron Lakes (in the Natron valley), and 
 the lagoons of the Nile delta, viz., the Mariut, Edku, Burlus, 
 and Menzaleh Lakes. The once celebrated Lake Moeris has 
 disappeared long ago. Geologically the S. and E. parts of the 
 country principally consist of crystalline rocks, especially mica 
 schists, clay-slates, and breccias ; as well as of granite, gneiss, - 
 syenite, and porphyry. In the southern parts of the country a 
 cretaceous sandstone is found, which is followed by extensive 
 tertiary deposits covering Middle and Lower E. Nummulitic 
 limestones, here and there overlaid by mighty sandstone masses, 
 are the characteristic features of these tertiary rocks. From 
 el-Kab (S. of Esneh) to the delta the Nile flows through the lime- 
 stone formation. Besides these the fertile alluvial soil of the 
 Nile valley has to be mentioned, the Nile, during the yearly 
 inundations, depositing large quantities of mud, which greatly 
 
 477- 
 
EG YP 
 
 adds to the fertility of the Nile valley. The whole of the delta 
 has also been formed by alluvial deposits within the most recent 
 geological period. The climate of Upper E. is very hot and 
 dry throughout the year, whilst in Middle and Lower E. two 
 seasons are distinguishable, the hot season from April to 
 November, and the temperate one from December to March. 
 In the delta the heat rarely exceeds 85° F. , and during 9 months 
 of the year north winds, laden with moisture, prevail, producing 
 fogs in August, September, and during the winter months. 
 But in summer the sky is cloudless and clear, and rain is of very 
 rare occurrence. The khamsin, a hot S. wind, coming from the 
 Equatorial regions, blows in May and June. The heat pro- 
 duced by this wind is very oppressive, and reaches extreme 
 temperatures, especially in Upper E., where 140° to 150° F. 
 have been registered at Assuan, and more than 110° F. at Philae 
 and Thebes. The climate is on the whole healthier than that 
 of many other subtropical and tropical countries; with the 
 exception of some unhealthy tracts of land on the shores of the 
 Red Sea. Upper E. is healthier than the delta, for, when the 
 yearly inundation is subsiding, fevers, dysentery, and ophthalmia 
 are of frequent occurrence in the delta. The flora of E. is 
 partly that of the Mediterranean countries, partly that of the 
 eastern Sahara. The date-palm is the most important fruit-tree 
 of E., dates being the principal food of the inhabitants in 
 various parts of the country. E. has no forests, but groves of 
 jjalms and sycamores, as well as fig, orange, lemon, olive, and 
 mulberry plantations. Lotus and pap)rrus, the celebrated 
 plants of ancient E., are now but rarely met with in the delta. 
 Celebrated are the roses of the Fayum ; and there, as well as in 
 the delta, splendid grapes grow, but on account of the prohi- 
 bition of wine-drinking by the Mohammedan religion the culture 
 of the vine has been neglected for centuries past. Wheat, 
 barley, maize, durrah, rice are largely cultivated ; cotton 
 and cotton-seed belong to the most important export products 
 of modern E. ; sugar-cane, flax and hemp, beans, lentils, pease, 
 bananas, melons, and onions are likewise of importance ; clover 
 grows in abundance. The fauna of E. is peculiar. Beasts 
 of prey are but rarely met with on account of the absence of 
 forests. The leopard, hyaena, fox, and jackal are the prin- 
 cipal. The hippopotamus, a few centuries ago frequent in the 
 Lower Nile, has now disappeared. Gazelles live in the deserts; 
 and the ichneumon is found everywhere in the vicinity of the 
 Nile. The most important domestic animals are the drome- 
 dary, the horse, the donkey, the sheep, and the ox. E. has a 
 variety of birds ; vultures, quails, plovers, wild ducks, pelicans, 
 flamingos, herons, and bitterns have to be mentioned first. 
 The ibis, the most celebrated bird of ancient E., is now rarely 
 met with. Many of our European migratory birds visit the 
 country in winter. Reptiles of importance are the uraeus ser- 
 pent, the nilotic varane, and the chameleon ; the crocodile is 
 no longer found in Lower E., having retired more into the 
 interior. The Nile abounds in fish, various kinds of silurus, 
 carps, and eels being the most common. Of insects, bees, 
 locusts, mosquitos, and the sacred beetle have to be mentioned. 
 The fertility of E. is entirely dependent on the Nile (g.v.) and 
 its yearly inundations. As a rule the river commences to rise 
 in June, and reaches its maximum in September. But this is 
 not always the case, and the time and diuation of the inunda- 
 tions vary considerably. For instance, in 1892 the Nile, after 
 falling during the summer months to a very low level, rose in 
 the late autumn to an abnormal height. A regular Irrigation 
 of the country is therefore of the utmost importance. In modem 
 times, Mehemet Ali commenced (in 1842) the construction of a 
 large Nile dam, which was, however, after a short period of 
 time, so much damaged, that it was practically useless from 
 1867 to 1883. The canal system of the Nile delta was in the 
 same unsatisfactory state till 1883. But since the country has 
 been under British influence the great Nile dam has been re- 
 paired, and the canal sjrstem regulated and completed. The 
 importance of these irrigation works is best shown by the enor- 
 mous influence which they have on the fertility of the country, 
 f.^. , the average value of the cotton crops has increased since 
 1883 by ;^835,ooo per annum. The irrigation works are not 
 yet completed, and everywhere in Lower and Upper E. , canals, 
 sluices, syphons, escajjes, weirs, &c. , are in construction. The 
 chief question to be dealt with in the near future is, how to 
 make use of the surplus water of the inundations? This can 
 be done in two ways, either by ponding up the river above 
 Assuan, or by diverting a portion of the flood into the natural 
 depression of the Raiyan basin south of the Fayum, and by 
 forming there a storage reservoir. Financially, E. has greatly 
 profited by the irrigation improvements of the last ten years ; 
 at present the cultivated and revenue-paying area is about 
 5,000,000 acres, and provided that no further political compli- 
 cations arise, E. will soon be able to reap the full benefit of 
 its fertile soil E. produces hardly any metals, and only a 
 limited number of minerals. Small quantities of copper are 
 found near Mount Dukhan, and of gold near Moimt OUagi and 
 Mount Samerah ; the mines which were worked in ancient times 
 are no longer profitable. Natron and salt are found in the 
 478 
 
 northern parts of the coimtry : Natron valley in the Libyan 
 desert. Petroleum is found near Mount Ez-Zet on the Red Sea, 
 sulphur at Ras-el-Jimsah, and emeralds near Mount Zebara (S. 
 of Koseir). The working of the quarries was in former times of 
 much greater importance than it is to-day : the granites and 
 syenites of Upper E. , the f)orphyry from Mount Duchan, the 
 marble quarries of Mons Claudianus (NW. of Koseir), the 
 alabaster pits of Tel-el-Amarra, and numerous limestone and 
 sandstone quarries below Assuan have to be mentioned. The 
 manufactures of E. are of little importance : pottery ; woollen, 
 Unen, and cotten cloths ; morocco leather, aiid carpets being 
 the most important. In the Middle Ages Alexandria was 
 celebrated for its beautiful embroideries, and although the 
 demand has lessened, this industry is still carried on in this 
 town. Means of conunnnlcatlon. — River navigation on the 
 Nile and in the delta is considerable ; and since the British 
 occupation many agricultural roads have been constructed, 
 and the use of wheeled transport is now becoming common. 
 E. has at present 1400 miles of railways, and extensions in 
 different parts of the country are under consideration. The 
 most important lines are those connecting Alexandria and 
 Cairo ; Cairo, Ismailia, and Suez ; and the Nile valley rail- 
 way on the left bank of the river which has recently been 
 extended to Sohagh. It is expected that the last-named line 
 will, before long, be prolonged to Luxor. A very important rail- 
 way bridge has just been completed near Cairo, connecting the 
 railways of the delta with the Upper E. line, and another highly 
 important railway bridge near Mansurah was opened at the end 
 of April 1893. The railway receipts during the last five years 
 were satisfactory; in 1892 they amounted to ;^i,68o,ooo Egyp- 
 tian. Also telegraphs and post-office show considerable pro- 
 gress during the last three years. The centre of the export 
 and import trade of E. is Alexandria, Rosette and Damiette 
 being of much less importance. The exports consist almost 
 exclusively of agricultural products: wheat, maize, barley, lentils, 
 beans, and sugar ; the cotton plant has bieen very largely culti- 
 vated since the American civil war, and the yield of the cotton 
 crops in 1892 amoimted to not less than 5,000,000 cantars (i 
 cantar=rioo.8 lbs.). The principal Imports are textiles, coal, 
 timber, indigo, live stock, metals, and machinery. Money. — 
 iomilli6mes=i Piastre Tariff" (P. T.); 100 P. T.=;^i Egyptian; 
 97^ P. T. =;^i sterhng. The metric system was introduced in 
 1875 by a decree of the Khedive. About the relations of E. to 
 the Porte, see Turkey. Nominally the goTernment of E. is 
 in the hands of the Khedive and of a ministry which is formed 
 after European model But since Arabi's rebellion the Khedive 
 and his ministers are supported in all administrative matters by 
 comi>etent British advisers, and the re-organisation of the army 
 has been put in the hands of British officers. The troops are 
 partly fellaheen and partly Sudanese. People. — Ethnologically 
 we meet in E. with mixtures of different races. The Arabian type 
 is predominant. The fellaheen, the peasants of the Nile valley, 
 are a mixture of Arabs and negroes. The race of the ancient 
 Egyptians is represented by the Copts, most of whom live in 
 Upper E. Also a considerable number of Europeans (especially 
 Greeks, ItaUans, and Frenchmen) live in E. The valley and 
 delta of the Nile are, of course, the most densely peopled parts 
 of the country. The dominant religion is the Islam ; an excep- 
 tion are the Copts, who profess the Christian faith (Jacobites). 
 The language of E. is Arabic ; the Copt language is no longer 
 spoken, but still used in the liturgy. The cap. of E. is Cairo 
 and the commercial centre of the country is Alexandria. Siut 
 it the most important town of Upper E. Port Said and Ismailia 
 have become towns of importance since the opening of the Suez 
 Canal {g.v.), but, contrary to expectation, Suez has not much 
 profited by this great enterprise. Among other places of im- 
 portance are : Rosetta, Damietta, Koseir, Suakin, Medinet-el- 
 Fajrum, Assuan, Korosko, and Wadi Haifa. As regards history, 
 the ancient history of E. is beyond the limits of this article. In 
 638 A.D., E. — which was at that time a prov. of the Byzantine 
 empire — was conquered by the Mohammedans. From 970 
 to 1171 the dynasty of the Fatimides, and from 1171 to 1250 
 that of the Eyubites flourished. These were followed by the 
 Mamelukes (Memluks) who ruled over E. till 1517, when Sultan 
 Selim I. made the country a Turkish prov. A new era com- 
 menced with Mehemet Ali, who reigned from 1805 to 1849. 
 On the one hand, he introduced a great many useful refofms, 
 but, on the other, the country suffered by enormous taxation 
 and oppressive conscription for carrying on of foreign wars. 
 Ismail (1863-1879), during whose rei^ the Suez Canal {^.v.) 
 was completed, made himself almost independent of the Porte. 
 He extended his dominions to Darfur and to the Equatorial 
 Nile Lakes, but contracted such enormous debts that he was 
 deposed in 1879. Ismail was succeeded by his son Tewfik 
 (1879-1892). Under his reign, in 1882, the rebellion of Arabi 
 took place. Alexandria was bombarded by the British fleet (July 
 1882), and Arabi was finally defeated by a British force at Tel- 
 el-Kebir (13 Sept. 1882). Since that time E. has been under 
 British influence. The Sudan provs. of E. were lost by the 
 Mahdi rebellion and the fall of Khartum (26 Jan. 1885). Tewfik 
 
EG YP 
 
 E I S E 
 
 died in 1892, and was succeeded by his son Abbas, the present 
 Khedive. Total area of E., 394,240 sq. m., but the cultivated 
 and settled area only amounts to 12,976 sq. m. P. (1892) 
 6,817,265 ; of these 245,779 are nomads, and 90,886, foreigners. 
 
 [H. e. ».] 
 
 Egypto, tn. , W, Africa. See Egito. 
 
 Ehen, riv. , Eng. , issuing from Ennerdale Water, and flowing 
 S. through the Egremont div. of Cumberland into the Irish Sea. 
 
 Ehlnie, one of the two kens or perfectures into which the isl. 
 of Shikoku, Japan, is divided ; cap. Matsuyama. 
 
 Ehlngen, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, on the Danube, 15 
 m. SW. by W. Ulm. P. <sooo. 
 
 Elirang, vil., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 5 m. N. by E. 
 Treves ; iron-mines and blast-furnaces near. P. <:3000. 
 
 Ebrenberg, vil, U.S., Arizona, Yuma CO., 83 m. N. by E. 
 from the SW. corner of the terr. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ebrenlierg, Alt, vil., Austria, Bohemia, circle Leitmeritz. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Elireuberger Klans, pass, Austria, Tirol, joins the valley 
 of the Inn with that of the Lech by a high-road. 
 
 Ehrenbreltsteln, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., on the r. bk. 
 of the Rhine, govt., circle and immediately opposite Koblenz, 
 with which it is connected by a bridge. It is situated at the 
 foot of a rocky hill, 468 ft. in elevation, and carries on a small 
 trade. The fortress of E. ('Broad Stone of Honour'), which 
 covers the rock, was originally a Roman castrum. In the time 
 of the Frankish emperors it was known as Irmstein, and it 
 received its present name on the occasion of its being greatly 
 strengthened by the Archbishop of Tr^ve in 1153. It was in 
 vain besieged by the French in 1623 and 1688, taken in 1799, 
 and demolished after the peace of Lun6ville, but restored by the 
 Prussian government since 1816, and is now a first-class fortress. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Ehrenfeld, former tn., Prussia, 2 m. NW. Cologne, with 
 which it is now incorporated. 
 
 Elirenfrledersdorf, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 12 m. S. by E. 
 Chemnitz. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ebstes, Russia. See Estbonlans. 
 
 Ebi^tlaud, prov. of Russia. See Estbonla. 
 
 Eibar, comm. , Spain, prov. Guipiizcoa, dist. Vergara. P. 5100. 
 
 Eiban, Alt, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Bautzen, dist. and 
 9 m. SSW. Lobau. One of the chief seats of the celebrated 
 Unen manufacture of Lusatia. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Elbelstadt, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 on the r. bk. of the Main, 5 m. SE. Wurzburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Eibeuscbltz, or Ivanclce, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 12 m. SW. 
 by W. Briinn. P. < 5000. 
 
 Elbenstock, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 17 m. SSE. Zwickau ; 
 cap. circle E. ; near is a strongly sulphurous spring. P. 7200. 
 
 Elbergen, comm., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 13 m. SW. 
 by W. Enschede. P. 5000. 
 
 Elcb, vil., gd.-duchy and ij m. N. by W. Luxemburg, on 
 the Alzet ; has iron-works. P. 5600. 
 
 Eicbbolz, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 30 m. SSW. 
 Konigsberg. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Elcbsfeld, dist. , Ger. , Prussia, in the SW. of the prov. Saxony. 
 
 Eicbstatt, tn., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Middle Franconia, 14 m. 
 NW. Ingolstadt ; seat of a bishop, formerly cap. of a principality ; 
 manufactures of earthenware, hardware, &c. Lithographic 
 stones extracted from neighbouring quarries and prepared here. 
 P. 7500. 
 
 Eicbstett«n, comm., Ger., gd.-duchy of Baden, circle Frei- 
 burg, dist. Emmendingen, on the Dreisam, at E. bcise of 
 Kaiserstuhl. P. <3000. 
 
 Elcb-wald, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Teplitz. P. <30oo. 
 
 Eickel, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphaha, 8 m. NE. by 
 E. Essen, 3 m. NNW. Bochum, with coal-mines. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Eldda, par. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, 9 m. SE. Llanrwst ; 
 6634 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Elder, the ancient Eidora, riv., N. Ger., rises in Holstein, 
 8 m. S. Keil, and flows W. to the North Sea, past Rendsburg 
 and Friedrichstadt, forming, with the E. Canal, which con- 
 tinues it, the limit between the former duchies of Schleswig and 
 Holstein. Length 117 m. , for 70 m. of which it is navigable. It 
 opens a communication between the Baltic and the North Sea, 
 and the tides are felt as far as Rendsburg. The E. Canal, which 
 begins above Rendsburg and terminates at Holtenau, on the 
 harbour of Kiel, is at present only 12 ft. deep, but its deepening 
 is contemplated as part of the projected Baltic and North Sea 
 Canal. 
 
 Elderstedt, penin. , Ger. , on the W. ct. of the prov. Schles- 
 wig, between the N. of the Eider and the Bay of Meldorf. 
 
 Eldfjord, the upper (easternmost) end of the Hardanger- 
 fjord, Norway. 
 
 Eldlngbausen, vil., Prussia, Westphalia, circle Minden, 
 dist. Oeynhausen, with brine springs. P. <20oo. 
 
 EldsTold, tn., Norway, prov. Aggershuus, 32 m. NNE. 
 Christiania, on r. bk. of the Vermen Elf. P. 7500. 
 
 EldSTOld, gold-mining tp., Queensland, Wicklow co., 140 
 m. S. by E. Rockhampton, P. < 1500. 
 
 Elfel, hilly plain, Rhenish Prussia, on the 1. bk. of the Rhine, 
 N. of the Lower Moselle, between Treves, Koblenz, and Aix- 
 la-Chapelle, composed principally of Devonian slates, but 
 studded with the cones of numerous extinct volcanoes of mid- 
 Tertiary times ; these cones being in some cases basaltic or 
 trachytic, but in other cases built up of erupted Devonian frag- 
 ments. Numerous crater-lakes, locally called Maare. 
 
 Eiflon, pari. div. in the SW. of Carnarvonshire, Wales. 
 P. (1891) 42,800. 
 
 Elger Mount. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. B. 1. 
 
 Elgg, or Egg, isl. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, one of the Hebrides, 
 'j\ m. W. Arisaig, PM.O. P. 233. 
 
 Elgbter, P.O., Ire., 4 m. SW. Virginia, co. Cavan. 
 
 Elgbton Banks, eccles. par. , Eng. , Durham, Chester-le-Street 
 div., 8 m. W. Sunderland, x\ m. NE. Lamesley stn. P. <30oo. 
 
 Eljerland, the N. part of Texel I., Netherlands, consisting 
 only of sand-dunes, in which countless seabirds nest. Formerly 
 a separate island, but united in 1630 to Texel by a dyke. 
 
 Eijerlanscbe Gat, channel, Holland, between the isls. of 
 Vlieland and Texel, prov. N. Holland. 
 
 Elken, vil., Switzd., cant. Aargau, 10 m. N. by W. Aarau. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Eikisdal, valley, Norway, amt. Romsdal, containing the pic- 
 turesque E. Lake. 
 
 Eilbeck, frontier tn. , Ger. , in the terr. of and on the NE. of 
 the city of Hamburg. P. 17,900. 
 
 Eildou (il'don) IIllls (corruption from Moeldun, 'bald hill." 
 See Moel — Blackie), three adjacent conical hills, Scot., Rox- 
 burghshire, just S. of Melrose ; highest (the middle one) 1385 ft. 
 
 Eilean (pronounced ai'lan), Gaelic, ' an island.' 
 
 Elleubarg, tn., Ger., Prussia, in the SE. of prov. Saxony, 
 on riv. Mulde, 13 m. NE. Leipzig. Various manufactures. 
 Birthplace (1819) of Franz Abt, the composer of songs. P. 12,400. 
 
 Eilendorf, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt., circle, and dist. 
 Aix-la-Chapelle. P. <40oo. 
 
 Eilethyos, Egypt. See El Kab. 
 
 Eilsen, vil. , Ger. , Schaumburg-Lippe, 2^ m. from Buckeburg, 
 with noted sulphate of lime springs and mud baths. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Eilsleben, vil, Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 20 m. W. 
 Magdeburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Elmeo, or Almeo, one of the Society Is., Pacific Ocean, to 
 the NW. of Tahiti, in 17° 30' S., and 150° 10' W. Length 9 
 m., by 5 m. broad. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Elinsbttttel, tn. , Ger. , in the terr. of Hamburg, 2 m. N. of 
 the Norder Elbe. P. (1880) 16,200; (1890) 46,200. 
 
 Etnagh, electoral div. , Ire. , Clare, dist. Kilkee. 
 
 Elnbeck, tn. , Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 20 m. N. by 
 W. Gottingen ; has textile and other manufactures. In the 
 Middle Ages and down to the Thirty Years' War, an important 
 fortress. P. 7700. 
 
 Elndboveu, comm., Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 19 m. ESE. 
 Tilburg. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Elnersbeim, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle Franconia, 
 17 m. ESE. Wiirzburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Elusledel, comm., Austria, Silesia, 23 m. WNW. Troppau, 
 and li m. N. Wtirbenthal P. <2ooo. 
 
 Elusledel, vil. , Saxony, govt. Zwickau, dist. Chemnitz. P. 
 <:40oo. 
 
 Elnsledel, vil. , Hungary, prov. Zips, 20 m. WNW. Kaschau. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Elnsiedeln, tn., Switzd., cant, and 9 m. NNE. Schwitz, in 
 the valley of the Sihl, owes its origin to the famous Benedictine 
 Abbey, superior of all the abbeys of this order in Switzerland ; 
 founded in the 9th century ; has a hospital, library, museum of 
 paintings and Roman antiquities, and a marble chapel with an 
 image of the Virgin, which in September annually attracts on 
 an average 200,000 pilgrims. Its rich treasury was despoiled 
 by the French in 1798. Birthplace of Paracelsus. Alt. 2986 ft. 
 Rfall. (23 yrs.), 64.48 in. P. 8500. See Morgarten. 
 
 Eipel, riv.^, Hungary. See Ipoly. 
 
 Elpel, or llplce, tn. , Bohemia, 6 m. SE. Trautenau. P. <3000. 
 
 Elrias, par. , Wales, Carnarvonshire and Denbighshire, Arfon 
 div. , 5I m. E. by N. Conway, close to Colwyn Bay stn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Elsack, riv. , Austria, Tirol, rises on the S. slope of the Brenner, 
 flows S. and enters the Adige (Etsch) below Bozen ; 53 m. long. 
 
 Elsbergen, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, on the r. bk. 
 of the Weser, 7^ m. SE. by S. Minden. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Eiscbol, vil, Switzd., cant. Valais, 8 m. E. by S. Leuk. 
 P. <;20oo. 
 
 Eisen, Ger., 'iron.' 
 
 Elsenacta (' on a river [see Aa\ impregnated with iron '), tn., 
 Ger., gd.-duchy Saxe-Weimar, cap. circle, 17 m. W. Gotha, 
 on the Horsel (trib. Werra) ; has manufactures of white-lead, 
 chemicals, &c. Near is the castle of Wartburg, once the 
 residence of the Langraves of Thuringia, in which Luther spent 
 ten months, 1521-22, under the friendly arrest of the Elector of 
 Saxony, during which time he translated the Bible. The 
 former principality of E. came into the hands of Saxony in 
 1440, and on the partition of the Saxon territories in 1485 fell to 
 the Ernestine branch. P. (1871) 14,000 ; (1890) 21,400. 
 
 479 
 
EISE — ELBA 
 
 Elseii1>erg, comm. , Austria, Moravia, 31 m. NW. by N. 
 ■ Olmiitz, 4^ m. WNW. Schonberg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Elseuberg, tn. , Ger. , duchy Saxe-Altenburg, 24 m. WSW. 
 Altenburg ; manufactures textiles, porcelain, &c. P. 7300. 
 
 Eisenbrod, or Brod Zelezuy, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on the 
 Iser, 29 m. W. by N. Trautenau, 7 m. SE. by S. Gablonz. P. 
 <;40oo. 
 
 Elsenbarg, Hungary. See TasT^r. 
 
 Eisenerz ( ' iron ore'), tn., Austria, Styria, 16 m. NW. Leoben, 
 a little to the SE. of the northerly bend of the Enns, with the 
 chief Austrian deposit of iron ore. The Erzberg, that is, ' Ore 
 Mountain,' situated at this place, is almost one entire mass of 
 an iron carbonate, and the ore which has been mined for 2000 
 years is obtained from open-air quarries. The mountain is 
 alrea{iy reached by rail to Eisenerz on the N. , and Vordernberg 
 on the S. , and it has been proposed to pierce a railway tunnel 
 through it , under the Prebiihel Pass. Alt. 2445-2475 ft. P. < 3000. 
 
 Eiseiibnt, mt. peak in the Styrian and Carinthian Alps. 
 Alt. 8005 ft. 
 
 Elsenmarkt, tn. , Hungary. See Vajda-Unnyad. 
 
 Elsenstadt(' iron town"), royal free tn., Hungary, prov. and 
 
 14 m. NNW. Odenburg ; in the park are an orangery, and large 
 gardens of exotic plants. N. of the town are zoological gardens. 
 P. <:30oo. 
 
 Elseiisteln, vil. , Austria, near the SW. frontier of Bohemia, 
 43 m. S. by W. Pilsen. Alt. 2540 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Elserfeld, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 35 m. W. 
 Marburg. P. <40oo. 
 
 Elserne Tbor, Das, mt. pass in the Carpathians, in the SW. 
 of Transylvania, 72 m. E. by S. Temesvar. Alt. 2150 ft. 
 
 Elsey, par., Eng. , Wiltshire, div. and i m. from Cricklade 
 stn. , 7^ m. SE. Cirencester, on the Thames and Severn Canal. 
 P. <25o. See liattoD. 
 
 Eisfeld, tn., Ger., duchy Saxe-Meinengen, 12 m. N. by W. 
 Koburg. P. <:4000. 
 
 Eisgrnb, comm. , Austria, Moravia, on the Thaya, 8 m. E. 
 Nikolsburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Elsleben, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 18 m. W. by N. 
 Halle ; centre of an important copper-mining dist. Martin 
 Luther (1483-1546) was born and died here. P. (1816) 6000; 
 (1880) 18,200; (1890) tn. P. 23,500; comm. P. 23,900. 
 
 Eitorf, comm. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on the riv. Sieg, 
 
 15 m. E. by N. Bonn. P. 5900. 
 Einb, Turkey in Europe. See Eynb. 
 Eiviscb Tbal. See Annlriers. 
 
 Ej^a de Los Caballeros. See Egea de Los Caballeros. 
 
 Ejlbo, or Ejlgbo, tn., W. Africa, Yoruba country, 153 m. 
 NE. Lagos. P. 22,000. Proc. R. G. S., 1891, p. 588. 
 
 Ejlgbo, Yoruba country. See EJibo. 
 
 EJnb, Turkey. See Eynb. 
 
 Ek- (or Eke-) gol, riv. See Ko8so*gol (lake). 
 
 Ekaterinburg, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 311 m. by rail 
 SE. of Perm. Administrative centre for the mining industry of 
 Middle Urals. Imperial mint for copper. Imperial manu- 
 factories for cutting decorative stones, especially quartz, jade, 
 porphyry. Sec. Assaying laboratory for all gold extracted in the 
 Urals. Important machinery works ; candle, soap, rope works. 
 Many inhabitants are engaged in cutting semi-precious stones. 
 Centre for trade with the Urals and Siberia. Several important 
 iron-works are situated in the dist. of E. , some of them close by 
 the town. First-class meteorological and magnetic observatory 
 (56° 49' N. , 60° 35' E. ; alt. 890 ft. ). Average temp. , yr. 32.8° F. , 
 Jan. 2.3°, July, 63.3°; yearly rfall. 14.3 Ins., May to Sept. 11. 3 
 ins. P. (i860) 19,830; (1888) 36,800. 
 
 Ekaterlnenstadt (Caterinenstadt), Ger. colony, Russia, 
 govt, of Samara, dist. Nikolayevsk, 34 m. NE. of Saratov, near 
 1. bk. of Volga. Administrative centre for Ger. colonies. Con- 
 siderable trade in corn and tobacco, exported. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ekaterlnhof, imperial palace, park, and small tn., Russia, 
 W. suburb of St. Petersburg, at the very head of the Gulf of 
 Finland. 
 
 Ekaterinodar, tn., Russia, chief tn. of Kubaii prov. of Cis- 
 caucasia, 531 m. NW. of Tiflis, on r. bk. of Kuban R., at its 
 junction with Karasuk. Model fruit-garden of the state. P. 
 (1860)9620; (1888)47,600. 
 
 Ekaterinoslar, prov., South Russia, having Poltava and 
 Kharkov in the N., the Don Cossacks in the E., the Sea of 
 Azov and Taurida in the S. , and Khersoii in the W. Surface 
 an undulating steppe gently sloping towards the S., with a 
 swelling of the Donets Plateau in the E. , of which the highest 
 spot is 530 ft. above the sea. Granites in the W. ; carboniferous, 
 permian, chalk, and tertiary elsewhere. Coal measures in the 
 E., and rich mine-ores — the govt, becoming a very important 
 centre of Russian mining and iron-works. Fire-proof clay, 
 clay for earthenware, gypsum, and grinding-stones extracted. 
 Watered by the Dnieper, the Don, the Donets, and their tribs., 
 several of which navigable. Climate warm, but winters still 
 cold; yearly temp. 46" at Lugaii. Mean rfall. 14.7 ins. (7.2 
 May to Aug.). Forests few ; soil very fertile ; rich wheat-fields, 
 and meadows covered with steppe flora. This govt, began to 
 480 
 
 be peopled by Russians only about the end of the last century, 
 but is now one of the best peopled provs. of the Empire. 
 Population chiefly Little-Russian and partly Great-Russian ; 
 about 35,000 of each Greeks and Jews, and about 20,000 of each 
 Germans and Armenians. Wheat-culture chief source of in- 
 come ; good orchards ; large amount of horned cattle and sheep. 
 Important fishing at the mouth of the Don. Manufactures 
 rapidly growing. The whole export trade of the Sea of Azov 
 passes through Rostov, Taganrog, and Mariupol. Divided into 
 8dists. : Ekaterinoslav, Alexandrovsk, Bakhmut, Novomoskovsk, 
 Pavlograd, Rostov, Slavyanoserbsk, and Verkhnednveprovsk. 
 P. (1830) 600,000; (i860) 1,138,750; (1888) 1,905,540.' 
 
 EkateriuoslaT, chief tn. of above govt., on r. bk. of Dnieper, 
 607 m. SSW. of Moscow ; iron-wor£, flour-mills, candle and 
 soap works. P. 49,200. 
 
 EkaterlnoTSkaya, Cossack vil., Russia, govt. Kubaii, dist. 
 and 100 m. ESE. of Yeisk. P. 8300. 
 
 Ekbologo, tn. , W. Africa, on the Opara, 4 m. WSW. Lagos. 
 
 Ekelsdorf, viL , Ger. , gd. -duchy Oldenburg, 13 m. N. Liibeck. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Ekersnnd, tn. , Norway, prov. Stavanger, on the S W. ct. , 38 
 m. SSE. Stavanger. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Eketahnua, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I. , co. Wairarapa 
 North, 65 m. NE. by N. Welbngton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ekblnades, or Cnrzolarl, a group of small isls. of the W. ct. 
 of Greece, just N. of the mouth of the Gulf of Patras, belonging 
 to the prov. of Mesolongion. 
 
 Ekbmln, Upper Egypt. See Akhmyu. 
 
 Ekim, tn. , Asiatic "rurkey. See Egln. 
 
 Eko, tn. , Brit. W. Africa. See Lagos. 
 
 Ekoln, the most N. arm of Lake Malar, Sweden, stretches 
 nearly to Upsala. 
 
 Ekowe, Zulu-land. See Esbowe. 
 
 Ekrebel, place named in O. T. See 'Akrabeb. 
 
 Ekrlka, tn. , Africa. See Okrlka. 
 
 Ekrikok, Brit. W. Africa. See Ikoroflong. 
 
 Ekron, place named in O. T. See Aker. 
 
 Ekr<ik, large tank, dist. and NE. of Sholapur, Bombay, India. 
 
 Ekshlsn, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 28 m. SE. by S. 
 Monastir. 
 
 Eksjo, tn. , Sweden, Gotarike, prov. and 35 m. ESE. Jon- 
 koping. P. <4ooo. 
 
 El Aa'sy, riv. , Syria. See Oroutes. 
 
 Elabnga, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 279 m. SE. of Vyatka, 
 on Totma R. , near its junction with Kama. Considerable 
 trade in corn, P. 10,200. 
 
 Elah, valley, named in O. T. See W&dy-es-Snnt. 
 
 El Absa, Arabia. See El Haza. 
 
 Elaine, mining tp. , Victoria, Grant co., 20 m. SE. by S. 
 Ballarat. Alt. 1300 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 El 'Al, ruins, Palestine, Elealahm the O. T., 31° 49' N. , 35° 
 49' E. , 2 m. NE. of the ancient Heshbon. 
 
 El 'Amnd, ruins, Palestine, Aniad in the O. T., 33° 2' N., 
 35° 8' E., 8 m. NNE. Acre. 
 
 Elan, riv., Wales, in the cos. of Cardigan and Radnor, joins 
 the Wye on the r. bk. , on the border of Brecknockshire, a little 
 below Rhayader. About 4 m. SW. Rhayader, ^ m. below the 
 point where it now receives the Claerwen on the r. bk. , a great 
 dam is being constructed to form a lake which will receive both 
 streams and serve as a reservoir for the supply of Birmingham. 
 
 Elaft, tn., Russia, govt, and 107 m. SW. Saratov, dist. 
 Atkarsk, on Elan R. Trade in com and dyeing plants. P. 8000. 
 
 Elandsberg, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Prince Albert, 
 70 m. SW. Beaufort, West, on the railway to Kimberley. 
 
 Eland's Kloof, mission stn., Cape Colony, Clan William 
 dist. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Elanskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, prov. of Don Cossacks, 
 dist. Medvyeditsa, 128 m. NW. Tsaritsyn, on the r. bk. of Don. 
 P. 11,225. 
 
 ElaphonSsos, isl. , Greece. See Cerrl. 
 
 El Ara^an, W. Sahara. See Arawan. 
 
 El Arboaat, or El Aruat. See Laghnat. 
 
 El Arlsb (or Aralsh). See Arlsh, El. 
 
 Elasson, or Elassoua (the Oloosson of Homer), tn., Turkey 
 in Europe, near the Greek frontier, at the SW. base of Mount 
 Olyitipos, 22 m. NW. by N. Larissa. 
 
 Elat, isl. , in the Caroline Archipelago, in 7° 30' N. , 146° 15' E. 
 
 Elatma, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 246 m. N. of Tambov, 
 on 1. bk. of Oka. Manufactures of nails, horse-shoes, and agri- 
 cultural implements. P. 8500. 
 
 El' Atra, ruins, Palestine, probably the Ether of the O. T., 
 31° 37' N. , 34° 52' E. , 16 m. WNW. El Khulll (ancient Hebron). 
 
 El Anjata et Tahtiinl, ruins, Palestine, probably the Naarath 
 of the O. T. , 31° 57' N. , 35° 28' E. , 6i m. N. of the ancient 
 Jericho. 
 
 El Azlriyeb, vil. , Palestine, Bethany in the N. T. , 31° 46' N. , 
 35° 15' E., i^ m. ESE. Jerusalem. 
 
 Elba, isL, Italy, W. ct., in 42° 42-52' N., prov. Leghorn, is 
 entirely mountainous, the culminating point Monte Capanne 
 (3340 ft. ) in the W. Iron ore of excellent quality well adapted 
 
ELBA — ELDO 
 
 for the manufacture of Bessemer steel abounds, and is largely 
 exported from Porto Ferrajo, the principal port (N. side of the 
 isl.). chiefly to the U.S. and England. Napoleon I. hved here 
 from May 3, 1814, to Feb. 26, 1815. Length, E. and W., 17I 
 m. ; breadth, 2|-io^ m ; area, 86 sq. m. P. 22,300. 
 
 Elbadja, Tunis. See B^Ja. 
 
 El Balieira. See TniUs, tn. 
 
 EI B'aueh, site, Palestine, Beten in the O. T., 32° 56' N., 
 35° 16' E., 12 m. E. Acre. 
 
 Elbasan, Elbesan, Albassan, or Hbassan, the ancient 
 Albanon or Albanopolis, Turkey in Europe, cap. prov. E. , 
 46 m. ESE. Durazzo. First mentioned in the 2nd century A.D. 
 (the first mention also of the Albanian people). P. 15,000. 
 
 Elbe (name derived from the old German and Swedish elf 
 or alf= 'river'), one of the largest and most important rivers 
 of Germany. The E. takes its rise (at an alt. of 4600 ft. ) in 
 Bohemia, on the southern slopes of the Riesen-gebirge. It 
 flows first southward, and then to the W. and NW. It becomes 
 navigable at Melnik, where it is joined by the Moldau, the 
 volume of this trib. being considerably larger than that of the 
 Upper Elbe. Shortly afterwards the river makes its way 
 through the Mittel-gebirge and the picturesque Elbsandstein- 
 gebirge (' Saxon Switzerland '), having left Bohemia and entered 
 Germany near Herrnskretschen. Below Meissen the river enters 
 the North German plain, through which it passes, flowing in a 
 NW. direction. Near Hamburg the E. divides into Norder 
 and Slider Elbe, and forms numerous islands ; but further down, 
 at Blankenese, the arms unite again, and the river forms an 
 estuary. It reaches the North Sea near Cuxhaven. The total 
 length of the E. is 720 m. , 550 m. of which are navigable. With 
 the exception of the Rhine, the E. is the most important river 
 of the German Empire ; and, compared with the former, it has 
 the advantage that its middle and lower course lie entirely 
 within German territory. Moreover, navigable tribs., like the 
 Saale, Havel (with Spree), and Elde, increase the commercial 
 importance of the E. ; and a number of canals, like the Finow, 
 Miillrose, Plauer Canal, and others, connect these waterways 
 with one another, and with the basin of the Oder, thus making 
 the Lower E. the centre of the river traffic of Prussia. More- 
 over, its estuary being accessible to sea-vessels as far as Ham- 
 burg (84 m. from the mouth of the E. ), its maritime traffic is 
 of g^eat importance (see Hamburg). Much has been done 
 during the last twenty years to improve the navigation, and to 
 increase the traffic of the E. The two principal companies are 
 the Chain Steamboat Company and the Saxo-Bohemian Steam- 
 boat Company. A chain is laid from Rothenburgsort, near 
 Hamburg, to Melnik, in Bohemia (a distance of 471 m. ). New 
 harbour works have been constructed at Magdeburg, Witten- 
 berge, and other places ; and the canal system in connection 
 with the E. is increasing from year to year ; e.g. , it is now pro- 
 posed to connect the E. at Lauenburg with the Trave at Liibeck 
 by a canal which, when completed, will form one of the most 
 important commercial waterways of the empire. About the 
 canal from the Baltic to the E., see North Sea and Baltic 
 Canal. Alt. of zero of river-gauge at Hamburg, 3.3 ft.; of 
 river-surface at Lauenburg, 16^ ft.; at mouth of Havel, 72 ft.; 
 at Hohenelbe, 1490 ft. Area of basin, 55,340 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). 
 [H. «. S.] 
 
 El Beldah, site, Palestine, Adez in the O. T., 32° 43' N. , 35° 
 9' E. , 8 m. W. Nazareth. 
 
 El Bekaa, or El Bika, the ancient Coele-Syria ; in the O. T. , 
 Hamath. the valley between the ranges of the Lebanon, Sjrria, 
 traversed by the upper parts of the Nahr-el-Litany (Leon/es) 
 and Nahr-el-Asi (Oron/es). Alt. 2600-3000 ft. 
 
 Elbe Kosteletz, or Kosteletz an der Elbe, comm. , Austria, 
 Bohemia, on the 1. bk. of the Elbe, 12 m. NE. by E. Prague. 
 P. < 30C0. 
 
 Kl Bent, Bolivia. See Beni. 
 
 Elberfeld, one of the most important industrial towns of 
 Germany, situated at an alt. of 502 ft., on the Wupper (trib. of 
 the Rhine), in the valley of which the towns of E. and Barmen 
 stretch contiguously for 5 m. Textile, dyeing, and calico- 
 printing works, iron-foundries, iron and steel ware factories, 
 paper-mills, chemical works, and breweries represent the 
 principal industries of both towns. Commerce (especially 
 foreign export) is likewise of great importance. The industrial 
 development of E. dates from the end of the last and the begin- 
 ning of the present century. In 1815 E. became a Prussian 
 town. P. (1815) 20,000; (1850)40,000; (1870)65,000; (1880) 
 93,500; (1890) tn. P. 120,000; comm. P. 125,900. [H. ft. S.] 
 
 Elberon, vil. , U.S., New Jersey, Monmouth co., on the 
 coast, 28 m. S. Brooklyn. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Elberton, par., Eng. , Gloucester, Thornbury div., 5^ m. 
 SE. by E. Chepstow, 2J m. SW. by W. Thornbury stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Elbert, co., U.S., Colorado, in the E. , crossed in the S. by 
 39° N. , and extending nearly 140 m. W. from the E. frontier. 
 
 Elberton, tn., U.S., Georgia, Elbert co., loi m. E. by N. 
 Atlanta. P.< 2000. 
 
 Elbert, co., U.S., Georgia, on E. frontier, and crossed in S. 
 by 34° N. 
 
 481 
 
 Elbesan, Turkey in Europe. See Elbasan. 
 Elbe-Spree Canal, Ger. See Dabme. 
 
 Elbeteinltz, or Tynlce Labsk^, market-tn., Austria, Bo- 
 hemia, on the r. bk. of the Elbe, 25 m. SW. by W. Koniggratz. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Elbe-Trave Canal. See Elbe. 
 
 Elbenf, or Elbwnf, tn., France, dep. Seine Inf^rieure, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Seine, arr. and 12 m. SSW. Rouen. For up- 
 wards of a century a flourishing manufacturing town, chiefly 
 noted for its woollens. P. (1891) 20,000 ; including the suburbs 
 of Caudebec-16s-E. , St. Aubin-Jouxte-BouUeng, and St. Pierre- 
 Ifes-E., 37, goo. 
 
 El BIka, Syria. See El Bekaa. 
 
 Elbing, tn. and seapt. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 33 m. 
 ESE. Danzig, on the Elbing River, which connects Lake 
 Drausen with the Frisches Haff, 55 m. E. of the Nogat arm of 
 the Vistula, with which it is connected by the Kraffohl Canal. 
 Important shipbuilding yard, with manufactures of machinery. 
 P. (1871) 31,200; (1890) tn. P. 41,500; comm. P. 41,600; in- 
 cluding Pangritz, 44,500. 
 
 Elblngerode, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, 14 m. SW. 
 Halberstadt, has mines of red and brown hematite. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Elblng-Oberlandlsclier Canal, Prussia. See Oberlandlsch 
 Canal. 
 
 Elbcenf, tn. , France. See Elbenf. 
 
 Elbogen, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 6 m. WSW. Karlsbad; 
 celebrated for its porcelain. P. <4000. 
 
 Elbo-w,riv. , Canada, Alberta, joins the Bow, r. bk. , at Calgary. 
 
 Elbow, New Zealand. See Lnmsden. 
 
 Elbridge, tn., U.S., New York, Onandaga co., 17 m. W. 
 Syracuse. P. < 1500. 
 
 Elbruz (Elboms), chief peak of main Caucasus ridge, 43° 21' 
 N. lat., 42° 26' E. long. Old volcano, gives origin to several 
 glaciers, of which baksan Glacier descends to the level of 7350 
 ft. , while four others descend to 7800-8600 ft. Alt. 18,525 ft. 
 
 Elbnrg, fishing tn., Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the E. 
 shore of the Zuider Zee, 12 m. WSW. ZwoUe. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Elbnrz (or Albnrz) Mts., a lofty range in the N. of Persia, 
 trending on the whole from E. to W. at the distance C)f 20-50 
 m. from the S. shore of the Caspian Sea. Highest peak 
 Demavend (q.v.), NE. of Teheran, upwards of 18,000 ft. high. 
 For the (principal passes, see Persia, Means of Communication. 
 
 Elby Point, cape. Isle of Man, W. ct.,''4 m. SW. Peel. 
 
 El Callao, gold-mine, Venezuela. See NneTa ProTidencia> 
 
 El Caney, Cuba. See Caney. 
 
 El Capitan, granite rock, U.S. , 3300 ft. high, Yosemite valley. 
 
 El Carmen, tn. , Colombia, dep. Bolivar, 60 m. SE. Carta- 
 gena ; noted for its tobacco. P. 9000. 
 
 El Carmen, vil., in the S. of Paraguay, near the Parand, in 
 56° 18' W. 
 
 El Carmen, isl. , 24 m. long, in front of the Laguna de Ter- 
 minos, in the SW. of State of Campeche, Mexico, with seapt. 
 of E. C. at its W. end. 
 
 Elche, tn., Spain, prov. and 13 m. SW. by W. Alicante, on 
 the Vinalapo, every drop of the summer waters of which is used, 
 in the huerta of E. , to supply a grove of date-palms planted by 
 the Moors. P. (1877) 19,700; (1887)23,800. 
 
 Elche de la Sierra, comm., Spainr prov. and 65 m. SSW. 
 Albacete, on the Segura. P. <40oo. 
 
 El Cobre, a little-frequented roadstead, Chile, prov. Antofa- 
 gasta, in about 24° 15' S. 
 
 Elda, comm., Spain, prov. and 26 m. NW. Alicante, on 
 1. bk. of riv. Elda. P. < 5000. 
 
 Eldagsen, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. and 14 m. S. by W. 
 Hanover. P. <3000. 
 
 El Dakldeh, Egypt. See Dakhel. 
 
 El Darleh, Palestine, Ataroth Adar in the O. T., 31° 54' N.,. 
 35° 4' E. , 13 m. NW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Elde, an important trib. of the Lower Elbe. The E. is a 
 navigable river, flowing through Mecklenburg, where it forms 
 the Muritz, Kolpin, Fleesen, Mai chow, and Plauer Lakes. It 
 reaches the Elbe near Domitz. The E. is connected with the 
 Havel by the Muritz-Havel Canal. 
 
 Elden, eccles. par., Eng., Suffolk. See Elreden. 
 
 Elden Hole, chasm, Eng., Derbyshire, High Peak div., 5^ 
 m. NE. by N. Buxton, 3J m. E. Chapel-en-le-Frith. 
 
 Elderstleld, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Evesham div. , 6J m. 
 W. by S. Tewkesbury, P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Elderslie, vil., Scot., W. Renfrewshire, 2| m. W. by S. 
 Paisley, with a stn. on the G. & SW. R. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Elderslie, formerly Broadmarsh, small tn., Tasmania, 
 Monmouth co., on riv. Jordan, 23 m. NW. by N. Hobart. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Elderslie and Fardleliill, vil. , Scot. , Ayrshire, ij m. W. 
 Kilmarnock. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Eldon, vil., Canada, Ontario, Victoria co., 58 m. NNE. 
 Toronto, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eldon, vil., Canada, Prince Edward I. See Belfast. 
 
 Eldon, par., Eng., Durham, div. and 2| m. SE. by E. Bishop 
 Auckland, i m. NE. Shildon stn. P. <2ooo. 
 
 2 H 
 
ELDO — ELHA 
 
 Eldon, tn. , U.S. , Iowa, Wapello co. , on 1. bk. of Des Moines 
 R., 60 m. W. by N. Burlington. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Eldon, I'pper, Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 7^ m. W. 
 Winchester, 2 m. SE. by S. Horsebridge stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Eldora, tn., U.S., Iowa, Hardin co., on Iowa R., 82 m. 
 WNW. Cedar Rapids. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Eldorado (Spanish, ' the golden '), legendary country of tropi- 
 cal America, which early explorers believed, according to native 
 rumours, to lie in different parts of the vast region between the 
 Amazon and the Orinoco. In the centre of this country stood, 
 according to tradition, a town with roofs of gold, known as 
 Maiioa del Dorado. 
 
 Eldorado, vil., Canada, Ontario, Hastings co., 55 m. WNW. 
 Kingston, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eldorado, co. , U.S., California, intersected in E. by 120° W., 
 and in N. by 39° N. 
 
 Eldorado, tn. , U.S., Illinois, Saline co., 112 m. SE. by E. 
 St. Louis (Mo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Eldorado, post-tn., Victoria, Eogong co. , on Reedy Creek, 
 132 m. NE. by N. Melbourne ; with gold-mining. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Eldorado Springs, city, U.S., Missouri, Cedar co. (in SW. 
 of state). P. <:2ooo. 
 
 El Dorado, caiion of the Colorado, U.S., on the borders of 
 the Nevada and Arizona, in 35!° N. 
 
 Eldorado, city, U.S., Kansas, Butler co., on Walnut Creek, 
 107 m. S W. by S. Topeka, and 28 m. ENE. Wichita. P. <40oo. 
 
 Eldred, bor., U.S. , Pennsylvania, McKean co., on Allegheny 
 R. , 88 m. E. by S. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eldrldge, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Stutsman co., 90 m. E 
 Bismarck. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eldrlg, vil. Scot., Wigtownshire, 8^ m. SW. Wigtown, 5J 
 m. WSW. Whauphill stn. 
 
 Elealah, place named in O. T. See El' Al. 
 
 Eleanor, settlement, Canada, dist. Saskatchewan, 105 m. E. 
 by S. Edmonton. 
 
 Eleasa, place named in O. T. See Il'asa. 
 
 Elek, vil., Hungary, co. Arad. P. 6600. 
 
 Elema, dist. on the S. ct. of Brit. New Guinea, in about 
 i45i°-i46F E. 
 
 Eleu. See Athalmsca. 
 
 Eleph, place named in O. T. See Ilfta. 
 
 Elephant, isL, in the Gambia, W. Africa, 100 m. from its 
 mouth. 
 
 Elepitant and Castle, stn., London, Eng., Surrey, on L. C. 
 & D. R., li m. St. Paul's. It takes its name from an old tavern 
 situated at the most important meeting-place of roads in London 
 S. of the Thames. 
 
 Elephanta Island, called by the natives Ghdrdfuri, isL, 
 Brit. India, in Bombay Harbour, 4 m. E. Bombay I. ; has re- 
 markable cave temples, in one of which is a colossal three- 
 faced bust 17 ft. 10 in. in height, representing Siva in his 
 threefold character of Creator, Preserver, and Destroyer. The 
 great temple-cave is 130 ft. long and 123 broad, and is still 
 used on Sivaite festivals, and specially by the Baniyd. caste. 
 The island received its name from the Portuguese after a large 
 stone elephant which stood near the old landing-place. 
 
 Elephant Bay, small bay, Portuguese W. Africa, Benguella, 
 in 13° 11' S. ; has excellent anchorage, but no fresh water. 
 
 Elephantine, isl. See Assuan. 
 
 Elephant Pass, Ceylon. 
 
 Elephant Point, cape, India, Bengal, on the W. ct of 
 Chittagong div., in 21° 15' N. 
 
 Elephant RiTer, S. Africa. See OUfaut's Kiver. 
 
 Elephants, Island of, small isl., E. Africa, NW. of the 
 I. of Inyak, Delagoa Bay. 
 
 Elerch, par. , Wales, Cardiganshire, 2 m. SE. Aberystwith ; 
 4266 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 ElerigoTa, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 33 m. E. by S. 
 Salon ica. 
 
 Elets, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 121 m. by rail ESE. Orel 
 Important centre for trade in com and cattle. P. 36,500. 
 
 Elensis (elefsis), vil. , Greece. See Lensina. 
 
 Elenthera, one of the Bahama Is., W. Indies, lat. of 
 Pigeon Key 25° 11' N., 50 m. NE. New Providence, and 
 separated from Abaco by Providence Channel. Length, 80 m. ; 
 breadth, 10 m. At its N. end is a harbour and fort. Formerly 
 sometimes known as Royal I. P. <:3000. 
 
 Eleren Lane Ends, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Tandragee, co. 
 Armagh. 
 
 El Ezztyah, site, Palestine, Hosah in the O. T., 33° 11' N., 
 35° 15' E., 7 m. SSE. Tyre. 
 
 Elf, elv, Scandinavian, ' a river ; ' in proper names used as a 
 suffix, elf in Swedish, elv in Norwegian, m both spelt in one 
 word with the name proper, and usually so sp>elt also in this 
 Gazetteer, though in some cases in which the rivers are well 
 known in England without the suffix the names are entered 
 without the suffix, or with the suffix detached. 
 
 El Fasher, Sudan. See Faslier. 
 
 El Fnta, defile traversed by the Tigris in 35° N. 
 
 Elfdalen, comm., Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, on the Oster 
 482 
 
 Dal Elf, 68 m. NW. Falun ; has porphyry quarries and iron- 
 works. P. <4000. 
 
 Elfeld, Ger. See Eltrille. 
 
 Elfleet Bay, Ire. , on the NE. side of Lough Ree, in the SW. 
 of CO. Longford. 
 
 Elford, par., Eng., Northumberland, 5 m. SE. Belford. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Elford, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, div. and 4J m. E. by N. 
 Lichfield, i m. W. E. and Haselonr stn., on the M. R., 
 PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Elfshorg, prov. (Ian) of Sweden, cap. Venersborg. 
 
 Elgan, Yakut settlement, Siberia, govt, and 500 m. W. 
 Yakutsk, dist. Vilnisk. 
 
 El eedah, tn., Tripoli, 150 m. WSW. Tripoli. 
 
 Elgin, vil. , Canada. See Kelso. 
 
 Elgin, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, Albert co. , 60 m. 
 NE. St. John, on a railway. 
 
 Elgin, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Leeds co. , 24 m. from Brock- 
 ville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Elgin, CO. , Canada, Ontario, on the widest part of Lake Erie. 
 
 Elgin, vil., Canada, Ontario, Oxford co., on Otter Creek, 
 23 m. E. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Elgin, CO. , Queensland, touching in the S. 28° S. , crossed in 
 the W. by 149° E. 
 
 Elgin [g hard), royal and parL burgh, ancient city and par., 
 Scot., cap. CO. E., on the Lossie, ii^ m. E. by N. Forres, 5 m. 
 SW. Lossiemouth, its seaport, with stns. on the G. N. of S. R., 
 and the H. R. It has an academy (a high-class secondary 
 school), woollen manufactures, &c., and ruins of a cathedral 
 founded in 1224, 289 ft. in length, with two western towers 83 ft. 
 high. The chapter house is entire, and highly ornamented. 
 There are also remains of a monastery of Grey Friars. E. was 
 created a royal burgh by William I. Along with Banff and 
 Macduff, CuUen, Inverurie, Kintore, and Peterhead (forming 
 the E. dist. of bors.), it returns one member to House of 
 Commons. The secluded valley of Pluscardine, in SW. of the 
 par. , contains the ruins of Pluscardine Priory, founded in 1230 
 by Alexander II. Market-day, F. Royal burgh (1891) P. 7600; 
 par. 19,166 ac, P. 9300; city P. 7900; part burgh P. 7800; 
 pari. dist. of burghs P. 33,300. 
 
 Elgin, New, viL, Scot., adjoining Elgin on the S., i m. to 
 the SSE. P. <75o. 
 
 Elgin, city, U.S., Illinois, Kane co., 35 m. WNW. Chicago. 
 Much waterpower used in various manufactures. P. (1880) 
 8800; (1890) 17,800. 
 
 Elglnfleld, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Middlesex co. , 14 m. from 
 London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Elginshire, or Moray, maritime co., Scot., on the Moray 
 Frith (with 30 m. of sea-coast), the central part of the ancient 
 prov. of Moray, having Banffshire on E., Nairnshire on W., 
 and Inverness-shire on S. and SW. The surface gradually rises 
 from fertile alluvial plain along the coast to a mountainous dist. 
 in the S. , the culminating point being 2328 ft. in the Cromdale 
 Hills (SE. frontier). The rivers are the Spey, on E., draining 
 more than half the county ; the Lossie, in the centre ; and the 
 Findhorn, in the W., expanding into Findhorn Bay. The 
 geological strata are Old Red Sandstone, with fish remains, 
 reptilious sandstone of the Triassic age, and in the S. crystalline 
 rocks like those of the Central Highlands. The plain of Moray 
 is largely composed of glacial deposits, and this dist. is noted 
 by its advanced agriculture, favoured by an excellent climate ; 
 less than a third, however, of the county is in cultivation (see 
 Appendix, pp. 10-12, for agricultural statistics). The chief 
 manufactiue is whisky. There are valuable salmon fisheries. 
 Minerals unimportant. Besides excellent roads, this county has 
 commimications by the H. R. and G. N. of S. R. with Perth, 
 as well as Aberdeen and Inverness. The ancient prov. of 
 Moray included Nairnshire and part of Banff and Aberdeen- 
 shire. The chief antiquities of the county are Elgin Cathedral, 
 the sculptured monument called Sweno's Stone, the ' Roman 
 Weir at Burghead, and several castles. The counties of Elgin 
 and Nairn, together, return one M. P. E. contains 19 entire 
 pars. , and is included in the Synod of Moray. The only royal 
 burghs in it are the county town and Forres. P. of co. (1891) 
 44,800. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Elgdibar, comm., Spain, prov. Guipuzcoa, dist. Vergara. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Elgoll, P.O., Scot., I. of Skye, on the E. shore of Loch 
 Scavaig, 9J m. NNW. of the Point of Sleat. 
 
 El Goleah, Algerian Sahara. See Golea, El. 
 
 Elgon, an extmct volcano, central Africa, to the NE. Lake 
 Victoria Nyanza, in 0° 158' N., 34° 3/ E. Alt. 14,100 ft. 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1891, pp. 202-3. 
 
 Elham, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., on the Little 
 Stour, sh ^- N. by E. Hythe, on the SE. R., PM.O. ; 6599 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 El Hamm&m, hot springs and baths, Palestine, Hammath, 
 in the O. T., 32° 46' N., 35 33' E., \\ m. SSW. Tiberias. 
 
 El Hammeh, hot springs, Palestine, probably the Zaphon 
 {A mal/ii)oi the O. T., 32° 41' N., 3 5° 40' E., lo^ m. SE. Tiberias. 
 
ELHA — ELKH 
 
 Kl Haratblyeta, viL, Palestine, Harosheth in the O. T., 
 32° 43' N. , 35° 6' E., II m. W. Nazareth. 
 
 El Haara (or Howra), ct. tn., Arabia, Hejaz, on the Red 
 Sea, about 175 m. W. by N. Medina. 
 
 El Haweli, springs, Egypt. See Haweh, El. 
 
 El-Uayz (Hal2, or Heat), small oasis of the Libyan desert, 
 Africa, SW. of Beharieh, 28° 8' N., 29° 15' E. 
 
 El Haul, improperly El Absa, the low-lying coast-strip of 
 Arabia, on the Persian Gulf belonging to Turkey, N. of Oman. 
 Chief towns, El Katif and El Hofuf in the S. , Koweit in the N. 
 Area about 31,000 sq. m. Estimated P. 150,000. 
 
 El Uelleh, viL, Upper Egypt, prov. Keneh, on r. bk. of the 
 Nile, opposite Esne. 
 
 El Hodli (or Handb), Sahara. See Hodb, El. 
 
 El Hofiir (Hafaf, or Hassa), viL , in the interior of El Haza, 
 Arabia, in about 25^° N., about 45 m. from the Persian Gulf. 
 Also a group of villages, of which E. H. is the chief. P. 42,600 ; 
 (Moham. , in great part Wahabi — Cuinet). 
 
 Ella, electoral div. , Ire. , Roscommon, dist. Roosky. 
 
 Ellas, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Calvinia, 138 m. NE. 
 by E. O'okiep. 
 
 Elle, par., Scot., E. Fife, on the N. shore of the Firth of Forth, 
 loj m. S. by W. St. Andrews, on the N. B. R., a sea-bathing 
 resort, PMT.O. P. < 1000. See also Earlsferry. 
 
 EUgng Stacks, Wales. See Stack Rocks. 
 
 Ellla, or Lira, riv. , in the E. of the Congo Free State, enters 
 the r. bk. of the Congo, in 2° 50' S. 
 
 Ellm, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Bredasdorp, 50 m. 
 SW. Swellendam. 
 
 Ellm, mission stn. of the Swiss Church, S. African Republic, 
 Zoutpansberg dist., about 210 m. NE. by N. Pretoria. 
 
 Eling, ct. par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 5 m. W. 
 Southampton, close to Totton stn. (for E.) ; 18,642 ac. P. 6500 ; 
 eccles. par. (North E.) P. < 1500. 
 
 Ellogarty, bar. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Tipperary. 
 
 Eliot, tn., U.S., Maine, York co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ells, Greece. See Acbala and Ells. 
 
 Ellsabetligrad (EllsaTctgrad), fortress and dist. tn., Russia, 
 govt, and 152 m. N. of Kherson, on Balta-Kremenchug Rly., 
 on Ingul R. Petty trades in leather goods. Trade in manu- 
 factured goods imported from Odessa. Alt. 415 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 46.2° F., Jan. 20.3°, July 71.2°. P. 57,900. 
 
 Ellsabetbpol, govt, of Russia, Transcaucasia, having Erivan 
 and Tiflis in W. , Daghestan in N. , Baku in E. , and Turkish 
 Armenia in S. It thus spreads from SW. to NE. over the 
 Armenian plateau, the Anti-Caucasus chain, from 42° 20-47° 3°' 
 E. long. , part of the valley of the Kur, and the slopes of the 
 Main Caucasus ridge, from 47°-48° 20' E. long. The govt, 
 thus includes in the SW. the high plateau and mountains up 
 to the alt. of 12,000 ft., as well as the lowlands of the Kur. 
 Watered by the Kur and its numerous short 1. bk. tribs. , the 
 Aras along the Turkish frontier, and its 1. bk. tribs. Touches 
 Lake Gokcha in the W. Climate extremely varied. [Ellsa- 
 betbpol, tn. , Sbiisba.] Pop. consists chiefly of Tatars (373,700), 
 Armenians (258,000), and partly Kurds (28,000), Russians 
 (13,500), and others. Agriculture prosperous, leaving a surplus 
 for export. Tobacco, the vine, silkworm culture. Cotton-tree 
 and liquorice plant recently introduced, and 10,000 cwts. of raw 
 cotton, and 700,000 cwts. of liquorice-root every year. Fruit 
 largely exported. Cattle-breeding in the lowlands (70,000 horses, 
 67,000 bisons, 394,000 horned cattle, 1,235,000 sheep). Mining 
 is developing, there being several excellent copper-mines — the 
 works of Kedabek and Kalakent yielding about 30,000 cwts. of 
 copper, and five others about 7000 cwts. more. House industries 
 in villages. Nearly 1500 small factories give occupation to 8000 
 workers ; yearly production about _;^300,ooo. Divided into eight 
 dists. ; E., Nakha, Shusha, Aresh, Jebrail, Jevanshir, Kazakh, 
 and Zanglzur. Area, 3666 sq. m. P. (1890) 728,250. 
 
 Ellsabetbpol, or Cianja, chief tn. of above prov. , 128 m. 
 SE. Tiflis. Very old Armenian town, later a Turkish fortress, 
 annexed to Russia in 1813. Pop. Turkish and Armenian ; excel- 
 lent gardens and orchards. Culture of mulberry tree. House 
 manufacture of silks. Average temp. (alt. 1460 ft.), yr. 13.1°, 
 Jan. 0.1°, July 25.2°; rfaU. (9yrs.), 10.2 in., May-Oct. 6.6 in. 
 P. 20,600. 
 
 Ellsabetbstadt (German, in Hungarian, Erzs^betr&ros, or 
 EbesfalTa), royal free tn., Hungary, Transylvania, cap. prov. 
 Kis-Kiikiillo, 35 m. NE. by N. Hermannstadt. P. <3000. 
 
 Elizabetb, vil, U.S., Illinois, Jo Daviess co., on Apple R., 
 13 m. SE. Galena. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Elizabetb, city, U.S., New Jersey, Union co., 5 m. SW. by 
 S. Newark. Elizabethport, the portion on Newark Bay can be 
 reached by vessels of 300 tons. Manufactures sewing-machines, 
 &c. P. (1880) 28,200; (i8go) 37,800. 
 
 EUzabetb, tn. , U.S., N. Carolina, Pasquotank co., 144 m. 
 E. by N. Raleigh; has a fine, safe, deep harbour. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Elizabetb, coal-mining bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny 
 CO. , on r. bk. of the Monongahela R. , opposite Western E. , 22 
 m. by rail SE. Pittsburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 EUzabetb, or Henderson, coral isL, Pacific Ocean, in the 
 SE. of the Low Is., in 24° 21' S., and 128° 18' W. 
 
 EUzabetb, Cape, Alaska, E. of the entrance to Cook inlet, 
 in 59° 8' N., 151° 45' W. 
 
 Elizabetb, Cape, S. Australia, on the E. shore of Spencer 
 Gulf, in 34° 11' S. 
 
 Elizabetb, Cape, U.S., Maine, Cumberland co., 7 m. SSE. 
 Portland. 
 
 EUzabetb City, co., U.S., Virginia, in the SE., on Chesa- 
 peake Bay and Hampton Roads. 
 
 EUzabetb Islands, Pacific. See Toan. 
 
 Elizabetb Islands, a group belonging to Dukes co. , off the 
 S. ct. of Massachusetts, U.S., to the S. of Buzzard Bay; a 
 favoiu-ite resort for yachting and fishing. 
 
 EUzabethport, U.S., New Jersey. See Elizabetb. 
 
 EUzabetb Toivn, post-tn. , Tasmania, Devon co. , 28 m. W. 
 Launceston. P. <i5oo. See also Norfolk, Neiv. 
 
 Ellzabetbtown, vil., U.S., lUinois, Hardin co. , on r. bk. 
 of Ohio R., 130 m. SE. by E. St. Louis (Mo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Ellzabetbtown, city, U.S., Kentucky, Hardin co., 38 m. S. 
 by W. Louisville. Alt. 681 ft. (R.R.). P. < 3000. 
 
 Ellzabetbtoivn, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co., 20 
 m. ESE. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ellzarlo, viL, U.S., Texas, El Paso co. , on the L bk. of the 
 Rio Grande, 37 m. SE. by S. of the W. corner of the state. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 EUzoudo, tn., Spain. See Baztan. 
 
 Elja, riv. , Spain and Portugal. See Herjaz. 
 
 El Janf (or Jof). See Jauf, El. 
 
 El Jem, Tunis. See Jem, £1. 
 
 El Jezair, Algeria. See Algiers. 
 
 El Jib, vil., Palestine, Gibeon in the O. T., 31° 51' N., 35° 11' 
 E. , 6 m. NW. by N. Jerusalem. 
 
 El Jlsb, or Ed Jlsb, viL, Palestine, Ahlab in the O. T., 
 33° i' N. , 35° 26' E., 17^ m. NNW. Tiberias. 
 
 El Jabelbab, ruins, Palestine, Jogbehah in the O. T., 32° i' 
 N. , 35° 52' E. , 16 m. N. by E. of the ancient Heshbon. 
 
 Elk, riv., Canada, in the SE. of Brit. Columbia, flows S. by 
 W. into the Kootenay. 
 
 Elk, CO., U.S., Kansas, in the SE-, crossed in the N. by 37^ 
 N. , bounded on the E. by 96° W. 
 
 Elk, CO., U.S., Pennsylvania, crossed in the W. by 79° W., 
 and in the middle by 41^° N. 
 
 Elk, riv., U.S., West Virginia, rises in the Greenbrier Mts. 
 and flows W. , then WSW. to the Great Kanawha, which it 
 joins on the r. bk. at Charleston. 
 
 El Kab, the ancient Eilethyos, tn.. Upper Egypt, on the r. bk. 
 of the Nile, 40 m. SSE. of the ruins of Thebes. 
 
 El Kauawat, vil. , Palestine. See Kauawat. 
 
 El Kantara, Egypt. See Al Kantara. 
 
 El Kasr, viL, Upper Egypt, cap. of the great W. oasis of 
 Dakhel, in 25° 41' N. and 29° E. 
 
 El Katn (or Katan), Hadramut. See Hota. 
 
 El Katr. See Katr, El. 
 
 El Katva, tn. , Eastern Sudan, on the r. bk. of the Bahr el 
 Abiad, 78 m. WNW. Sennar. 
 
 Elk City, viL , U.S. , Kansas, Montgomery co. , on Elk R. , 122 
 m. S. Topeka, 75 m. W. by N. of the SE. corner of the state. 
 P. <;i5oo. 
 
 El Kerak, Palestine. See Kerak. 
 
 ElkFaUs, viL.U.S., Kansas, E. co., 120m. S. by W. Topeka, 
 95 m. W. by N. of the SE. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 El Kbargeb, tn.. Upper Egypt, cap. of the Great Oasis, in 
 25° 28' N. , 30° 40' E. ; among its numerous ruins are those of a 
 temple, and near it is a remarkable necropolis. 
 
 Elkbart, city, U.S., Indiana, E. co., 83 m. E. by S. Chicago 
 (Illinois). P. (1880) 7000; (1890) 11,400. 
 
 El Kbatif (or Katyf, or Kbatiff), maritime tn., Arabia, El 
 Haza, on the NW. side of the Gulf of Bahrein; has pearl- 
 fisheries ; unhealthy. The name is also applied to the dist. to 
 which the town belongs. P. (tn.) 18,300 (Sunnites, or rather 
 unavowed Wahabis — Cuinet). 
 
 El Kbl&m, viL, Palestine, Ijon in the O. T., 33° 19' N., 35° 
 36' E., 25 m. E. by N. Tyre. 
 
 Elkborn, rly. stn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R., 
 197 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Elkborn, riv., U.S., Nebraska, rises in the S. of Holt co., 
 flows ESE. then SSE. past Norfolk and West Point to the 
 Platte R. , which it joins on the L bk. about 20 m. WNW. Platts- 
 mouth ; length about 200 m. 
 
 Elkborn, viL, U.S., Wisconsin, cap. Walworth co., 41 m. 
 SW. Milwaukee. P. < 1500. 
 
 El Kbulil, ancient tn., Palestine, Hebron, or Kirjath-Arba, 
 the city of the Anakim, in the O. T., 31° 32' N., 35° 6' E., 20 
 m. SSW. Jerusalem. It stands partly on the slopes of two hills, 
 partly in the deep narrow valley of Mamre, one of the heads of 
 the Beersheba valley, now clothed with vineyards. Its sanctuary 
 (haram), a walled enclosure, resembling that of the Temple of 
 Jerusalem, but on a smaller scale, is believed by Major Conder 
 to have been the work of Herod the Great or one of his im- 
 
 483 
 
E LK H 
 
 ELL E 
 
 mediate successors, and was certainly in existence as early as 
 333 A. D. Within its walls are a mediaeval chiu-ch and a court- 
 yard, built over a rock-cut cave, which early tradition identifies 
 with the cave of Machpelah, purchased by Abraham from the 
 sons of Heth, and believed to contain the tombs of Abraham 
 himself, Sarah, his wife, Isaac and Jacob, Rebecca and Leah. 
 Six cenotaphs stand in the enclosure, believed to mark the site of 
 tombs beneath, the cave itself never being entered, though its 
 interior can be seen through a hole in its roof. E. K. manufac- 
 tures glass, trinkets, leather, and other goods. P. 10,000. 
 
 El KJinrebe, ruins, Palestine, 3 m. W. of the Baheiret el 
 Huleh (Waters of Merom), site of one of the places called Hazor 
 in the O. T. 
 
 Elkington, Nortb and South, two adjoining pars., Eng. , 
 Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 3.^ m. NW. Louth. E., North, 
 P.<250; E., South, P.O., P.<:500. 
 
 Elkington, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 8 m. 
 E. by N. Rugby, 2\ m. ESE. Yelvertoft stn. P. -case 
 
 El Klswe, vil., Palestine, 33° 21' N., 36° 14' E., 11 m. SSW. 
 Damascus. 
 
 Elkland, bor. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, Tiog^ co. , on Cowanesque 
 Creek, 12 m. SW. Lawrenceville by rail. P. <isoo. 
 
 Elk Mountains, a comphcated and rugged range, of volcanic 
 origin, in the W. of Colorado, U.S. , crossed by 39" N., and 107° 
 W. , with several peaks 12-14,000 ft. high. 
 
 Elko, vil., U.S., Nevada, cap. E. co., on Humboldt R. and 
 the Cen. Pac. Rly., 117 m. SW. of the NE. comer of the state. 
 Mean temp. (18 yrs.), yr. 46.9° F., Jan. 22.9°, July 75.1 ; rfall., 
 yr. 5.62 in. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 El Kos ( ' the bow,' so named from its windings), riv. , Motocco, 
 prov. Fez, enters the Atlantic at El Arish after a NW. course ; 
 has a bar at its mouth, within which is a port. 
 
 El Kosli, market-tn., Turkey in Asia, Kurdistan, 30 m. N. 
 Mosul ; the reputed birth and burial-place of the prophet Nahum, 
 and a place of pilgrimage of the Jews. 
 
 Elk Point, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, cap. Union co., 38 m. ESE. 
 Yankton. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Elk Kaplds, viL, U.S., Michigan, Antrim co., 70 m. SSW. 
 of the Straits of Mackinac, on Grand Traverse Bay. P. <:i500. 
 
 Elk Ridge, vil, U.S., Maryland, Howard co., on the Patap- 
 sco R., 7 m. SW. Baltimore. P. < 1500. 
 
 Elk RlTer, viL, U.S., Minnesota, Sherburne co., on 1. bk. of 
 the Mississippi, at confluence of the Elk, 28 m. NW. by N. 
 Minneapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Elksley, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 7 m. 
 ESE. Worksop, 3^ m. SSW. Retford stn., P.O. P.<500. 
 
 Elkstone, par., Eng., Gloucester, Cirencester div., 6 m. S. 
 by E. Cheltenham, P.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 Elkstone, vil., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 4^ m. ENE. 
 Leek. See IVarslow and Elkstone. 
 
 Elkton, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Todd co., 50 m. NW. by N. 
 Nashville (Tenn. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Elkton, tn., U.S., Maryland, Cecil co., 16 m. WSW. Wil- 
 mington (Del.). P<3000. 
 
 Elkton, tn., U.S., S. Dakota, Brookings co., 104 m. NE, by 
 N. Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 El Kuds, city. See Jemsalem. 
 
 El Run^tra, viL, Palestine, 33° 7' N., 35° 48' E., 29 m. NE. 
 by N. Tiberias. 
 
 El Kurelteln, ruins, Palestine, perhaps the Kerioth Hexron 
 of the O. T., 31° 21' N., 35° 7' E., 12 m. S. El KhuliL 
 
 ElKnrely&t, ruins, Palestine, Kiriathaim in the O. T., 31° 
 32' N., 35° 43' E., 18 m. SSW. the ancient Heshbon. 
 
 Elkusr, vil. , Egypt. See Luxor. 
 
 Ella, Kirk, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div. , s m. W. by N. Hull, with a stn. ( Wlllerl»y and Kirk Ella) 
 on the Hull & Bamsley Rly. P. -csoo ; eccles par. (K. E. witk 
 Aniaby) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ella, West, par., i m. to the W. P. <25o. 
 
 Ellacombe, eccles. par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tormobam par. 
 P. 6200. 
 
 El Lahm, site, Palestine, probably the Lahmam of the O. T. , 
 31° 34' N., 34° 53' E., 13 m. WNW. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Ellalong, or ^llalong, post-tn., New South Wales, 
 Northumberland co., 70 m. N. by W. Sydney. P. <iSoo. 
 
 Elland, tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, E. div., on the 
 Calderand the L. & Y. R., 3 m. S. Halifax. P. 10,000; par. 
 (E. with Greetland) P. 14,700 ; pari. div. P. 64,600. 
 
 Ellftr, site, Palestine, perhaps the Aiur of the O. T., 32° 22' 
 N., 35° 6' E., i3i m. NW. Nablus. 
 
 Ellastone, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Leek div., 15 m. E. 
 Stoke-upon-Trent. 5 m. SW. Ashbornc, PMT.O. P.<5oo; 
 eccles. par. (E. ^vlth Stanton) P. 1000. 
 
 EUarllle, vil., U.S., Florida, Madison CO., at confluence of 
 the Ocopilco and Suwanee Rivs. , 95 m. W. Jacksonville by rail 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Ell^, riv., France, rises in the S. of Glomel, dep. C6tes du 
 Nord, on the Montague Noire, flows S. between deps. Morbihan 
 and Finistfere, enters the Atlantic 40 m. SW. Quimper ; navigable 
 from Quimperl6 to the sea, 18 m. Length, 45 m. 
 484 
 
 Ellefeld, vil. , Ger., Saxony, govt. Zwickau, dist. Falkenstein. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Ellel, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, div. and 4 m. S. by E. Lan- 
 caster, I m. NE. Galgate stn. ; 5814 ac. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Ellemandshjerg, hill, Denmark, forming a small penin. on 
 the E. ct. of Jutland, 13 m. E. Aarhus. 
 
 Ellen, riv. , Eng. , Cumberland, rising on Great Lingy Hill, 
 and flowing through the divs. of Penrith and Cockermouth iato 
 the Solway Firth at Maryport. 
 
 Ellen, Mount, U.S., Utah. See Henry Mountains. 
 
 Ellen&b&d, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Hissar, 125 m. 
 NE. Bikaner. P. (i89i)<sooo. 
 
 Ellenborongh and Ewanrlgg, ct. par. , Eng. , Cumberland, 
 Cockermouth div. , on the Ellen, i m. E. Maryport. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Ellenbrook, vil. , Eng. , Lancashire, Eccles div. , 5 m. S. by 
 E. Bolton, on the L. & NW. R. See Worsley. 
 
 Ellendale, post-tn. , Tasmania, Buckingham co. , 46 m. from 
 Hobart. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Ellendale, tn., U.S., N. Dakota, Dickey co., 102 m. SW. 
 Fargo. P. 1500. 
 
 Ellenhall, par., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., Si ni. W. byi 
 N. Stafford, 3 m. W. by E. Great Bridgeford stn. P. <25o. ' 
 
 Ellensburg, viL, U.S., Oregon, Curry co., at the mouth of j 
 Rogue R., 30 m. NNW. of the SW. corner of the state, in 42° 
 23' N. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ellensbui^, city, U.S., Washington, Kittitass co. , iiom. E. I 
 Olympia, centre of the weU-irrigated Yakima valley. P. <3ooo. j 
 
 Ellenthorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, i m. E. 
 Boroughbridge. P. <:25o. 
 
 EllenTllle, vil. , U. S. , New York, Ulster co. , on the Delaware 
 and Hudson Canal, 25 m. W. Poughkeepsie. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Eller, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 4 m. ESE. Diisseldorf. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Ellerbeck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond 
 div., on the Cold Beck, 14^ m. SE. Darlington, 4J m. ENE. | 
 Northallerton, 3I m. E. Brompton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ellerbeck, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, on 
 the E. side of Kiel harbour opposite KieL P. <4000. 
 
 Ellerbeck Colliery, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., on 
 the L. & Y. R., 9 m. WNW. Bolton. 
 
 Ellerbnrn, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div. , on 
 Dalby Beck, 12J m. W. by S. Scarborough. Eccles. par. (E. -with 
 Tfllton) P. <75o. 
 
 Ellerby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 
 'j\ m. NE. Hull, I m. E. by N. Skirlaugh stn., with a stn. on 
 theNE. R. P.<:soo. 
 
 Ellerby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 6^ m. 
 WNW. Whitby. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ellerker, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., II m. ENE. Goole, 2 m. NNW. Brough stn. P. <soo. 
 See Brantlngham. 
 
 Ellershouse, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Hants co. , 36 m. by 
 rail from Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ellerslle, vil. , Canada, Prince Edward I. , Prince co. , 4J m. 
 by rail from Alberton. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Ellerslle, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., Eden co., 5 m. 
 from Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ellerslle, postal-tp., Victoria, Hampden co., on 1. bk. of 
 Hopkins R., 130 m. W. by S. Melbourne. P. ^isoo. 
 
 Ellerton, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Lambton co. , 37 m. 
 W. London. 
 
 Ellerton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div., 
 on the Derwent, 10 m. SE. York, 2\ m. N. by W. Bubwith stn., 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Ellerton Abbey, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 6 m. SW. 
 Richmond. P. <25o. i 
 
 EUerton-upon-Swale, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, on | 
 the Swale, div. and 6 m. ESE. Richmond, 2^ m. SE. Cattericki 
 Bridge stn. P. <25o. j 
 
 Ellesborough, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 4 m. > 
 S. by E. Aylesbury, close to Little Kimble stn. P. <75o. } 
 
 Ellesmere (elz'mir), market-tn. and par., Eng., Salop, div. i 
 and 8 m. NE. by E. Oswestry, on the Cambrian Rly. Market-' 
 days, Tu. and S. Par. 26,457 ac, P. 5500; tn. P. < 2000. ' 
 
 Ellesmere, lake. New Zealand, SW. of Banks Penin., near 
 the E. coast. ! 
 
 Ellesmere, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co., aij 
 m. from Christchurch. P. < 1500. | 
 
 Ellesmere, Tasmania. See Scottsdale. 
 
 Ellesmere Canal, Eng., belonging to the Shropshire Union 
 Rlys. and Canal Co. Two branches, starting respectively from 
 Carreghofr on the E. branch of the Montgomeryshire Canal 
 and Llantisilio on the R. Dee, unite at Frankton June, and then 
 after passing Ellesmere and Whitchurch the canal proceeds to 
 Hurleston June., where it unites with the Chester navigation. 
 Length, 68§ m. , available for boats of 2^ ft. draught. A branch, 
 known as the Wirral line, 8^ m. long, available for boats of 3 
 ft. 3 in., continues the navigation from Chester to Ellesmere 
 Port, where the canal communicates by locks with the Ellesmere 
 Docks and the Manchester Ship Canal. 
 
ELL E — ELMO 
 
 ! Ellesmere Land, Arctic regions, W. of Smith Sound. 
 
 EUesmere Port, eccles. par. and seapt., Eng., Cheshire, 
 Virral div. , on riv. Mersey, 6| m. N. Chester, the terminus of 
 le Wirral line of the Ellesmere Canal (q.v.), with a stn. on 
 le Birkenhead Rly. Pontoon, capable of taking vessels 350 ft. 
 mg. P. 5300. 
 
 EUettsvllle, vil., U.S., Indiana, Monroe co., 43 m. SW. by 
 ..Indianapolis. P.<:isoo. 
 
 EUezelles, comm. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 8 m. bSh.. Uude- 
 arde. P. S300. 
 
 EUlce, Fort, Canada, Manitoba. See Fort ElUce. 
 
 ElUce Islands, a group of coral isls. to the N. of the Fiji Is. , 
 •acific, in 5° 10' S., i67°-i79° E.; produce copra, Sophia I., also 
 uano ; inhabitants Christianised by Samoan missionaries of 
 he Church Missionary Society ; isls. annexed by the British in 
 
 Eliichpur, city, Brit. India, Berdr, cap. dist. E. , 32 m. NW. 
 )y N. Amrdoti ; once a great city, said to have contained 40,000 
 lOuses. P. (1881) 26,700; (1891) 26,600; Hindus, 19,000; 
 vloham. 7300 ; with cantonment, 36,200. 
 
 Elllcott, tn., U.S., Maryland, Howard co., on Patapsco R., 
 o m. W. by S. Baltimore. P. < 1500. 
 
 ElllcottTlUe, vil., U.S., New York, Cattaraugus co., 42 m. 
 5. byE. Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 EUiugdon, Eng. See Wronghton. 
 
 Elllugham, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, New Forest div. , on the 
 Vvon, II m. NNE. Bournemouth, 2 m. N. by W. Ringwood 
 m. P. <5oo. 
 
 EUlngtaam, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , on the Waveney, 
 13 m. SE. by S. Norwich, on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Elllugham, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., 7i m. N. Ahiwick, i^ m. SW. by W. Chathill stn. 
 ?. <5oo. 
 
 ElUngham, Great and Uttle, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 ?^orfolk, Mid and SW. divs., 16 m. WSW. Norwich, 2| m. 
 ivNW. Attleborough stn. E. Great, P.O., P.<7So; E- Li"le, 
 P.O.,P.<Soo. 
 
 Elllngstrlng, par. , Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and loj 
 m. S. Richmond, 3^ m. WNW. Masham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Elllugton, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and 5 m. W. 
 Huntingdon, i^ m. N. Graf ham stn., PT.O. P.<Soo. 
 
 Ellington, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck div. , on 
 the Lyne, 6 m. NE. Morpeth, 2^ m. SE. by E. Widdrington 
 3tn., PT.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Elllugton, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Tolland co., 15 m. NE. 
 Hartford. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ellingtons, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond 
 div., 10^ m. NW. Ripon, 2^ m. NW. Masham stn. P.<2So. 
 
 ElUnwood, vil., U.S., Kansas, Barton co., 165 m. W. by S. 
 Topeka. Alt. 1780 ft. (R.R.). P.<isoo. 
 
 ElUot Junction, stn. , Scot. , Forfarshire, on the N. B. R. , 
 on the E. ct., on E. Water, i^ m. WSW. Arbroath. 
 
 EUlott, CO., U.S., Kentucky, N. of 38° N., crossed in the E. 
 by 83° W. 
 
 ■ EUlott, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Ransom co., 58 m. 
 SW. by W. Fargo. 
 
 ■■ Ellis, city, U.S., Kansas, E. co., on Big Creek, 14 m. NW. 
 Hays City by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 EUls, CO., U.S., Texas, N. of 32° N., and crossed in the W. 
 by 97^ W. 
 
 ElUsfleld, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, div. and 4 m. S. Basing- 
 stoke. P. < 500. 
 
 Ellis Island, U.S., in New York Harbour, belongs to the 
 U.S. Government ; used as a magazine. 
 
 EUlston, post-tn., S. Australia, Eyre's Penin., Musgrave co., 
 180 m. SW. by W. Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Elllstown, PM.O., Eng., i m. from Bagworth stn., Leices- 
 tershire. See Hngglescote. 
 
 ElUstrln, Plains of, dist., Ire., SE. co. Mayo, bar. Kil- 
 maine, 20 m. SE. Westport. 
 Ellon, par. and vil., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on the Ythan, 
 
 12^ m. ENE. Inverurie, with a stn. (E. for Cruden) on the 
 G. N. of S. R. Alt. 349 ft. Mean rfall. (i866-8o|, 34.94 in. 
 
 Par. 22,259 ac. , P. <4ooo ; vil. (including Cralgball) P. < 1500. 
 Ellora, vil., India, in the NW. of the Nizim's Dominions, 
 
 13 m. NW. Aurangabad, containing a Mohammedan shrine 
 
 famous for its rock temples and caves, similar to those of Ajanta, 
 
 sacred to Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains. • P. <5ooo. 
 Ellore, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Goddvari, 37 m. N. by 
 
 W. Masulipatam, to the W. of Lake Kolar ; formerly cap. of 
 
 the Northern Circars. P. (1881)25,100; (1891) 29,400 (Hindus). 
 EUongli, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 8 m. SW. Lowestoft, 
 
 3 m. SE. Beccles, P.O. P. <25o. 
 EUongbton with Brongh, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 
 Howdenshire div., 10 m. W. Hull, i| m. NE. Brough stn., 
 
 P.O. P.<:iooo. 
 Ellrlch, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt, and 45 m. NNW. 
 
 Erfurt, yh m. NW. Nordhausen. P. <4ooo. 
 Ellsworth, city, U.S., Kansas, E. co., on Smoky Hill R., 
 
 143 m. W. by S. Topeka. Alt. 1538 ft. (R.R.). P.<2ooo. 
 
 Ellsworth, city, U.S., Maine, Hancock co. , at the mouth of 
 Union R., 27 m. SE. by S. Bangor. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ellsworth, tn., U.S., Wisconsin, Pierce co., 35 m. SE. by 
 E. St. Paul (Minn.). P.<i5oo. 
 
 El Iiuhban, vil., Palestine, Lebonah in the O. T., 32° 4' N., 
 35° 14' E. , 10 m. S. Nablus. 
 
 El Lndd. See Lndd. 
 
 El Lnwelziyeh, ruins, Palestine, Luz in the O. T. , 33° 17' N. , 
 35° 37' E. , 25 m. E. Tyre. 
 
 Ellwangen, tn., Ger., kgd. Wurtemberg, 44 m. E. by N. 
 Stuttgart. P. < 5000. 
 
 Elly Harbour, Ire. , W. ct. Mayo, in W. of Blacksod Bay. 
 
 Elm, par., Eng., Cambridge, Isle of Ely, div. and 2 m. S. 
 by E. Wisbech, PMT.O.; 11,402 ac. P.<2oco. 
 
 Elm, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 2 m. NW. by W. 
 Frome. P. <5oo. 
 
 El Hal, Egypt. See Mai. 
 
 EInialy, or Elmalii ('place of apples '), tn., in the S. of Asia 
 Minor, vilayet Konia, 95 m. E. by N. Rhodes. Alt. 3360 ft. 
 P. <4000 (Cuinet). 
 
 El Harelgh&t, ruins, Palestine, Beth Peor in the O. T., 
 31° 39' N. , 35° 42' E. , 12 m. SW. by S. the ancient Heshbon. 
 
 Elmas, comm. , Sardinia, prov. and 5 m. NW. Cagliari. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 El Masara, vil. , Egypt, prov. Gizeh, 10 m. S. Cairo, opposite 
 the site of ancient Memphis ; has large quarries. 
 
 El HaslAbtye, ruins, Palestine, probably the Bamoth Baal of 
 the O. T. , 31° 43' N. , 35° 42' E. , 7^ m. SW. the ancient Heshbon. 
 Elmbrldge, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, 4^ m. WSW. Broms- 
 grove, div. and 2\ m. N. Droitwich. P.<soo. 
 
 Elm Creek, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on a braiich of the 
 C. P. R., 40 m. WSW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Elmdon, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 5 m. W. by N. Saffron 
 Walden, 3 m. SW. by W. Great Chesterford stn. , PM.O. P. <7SO- 
 See Wendeu Lofts. 
 
 Elmdon, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Tamworth div., 6 m. 
 ESE. Birmingham, 2 m. E. Acocks Green stn. P. <25o. 
 Elmdon Heath, i\ m. to the S,, 2 m. SE. Olton stn. 
 El-JMedlneb, Upper Egypt. See Medlnet-el-Fayum. 
 El Hedyel, vil., Palestine, Modin in the O. T., 31° 56' N., 
 34° 59' E. , 17I m. NW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Elmer, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Salem co., 22 m. S. Phila- 
 delphia (Penn.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Elmers End, stn., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., on the 
 SE. R., 8 m. S. by E. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 El Hesb-bed, vil., Palestine, Gittah Hepher in the O. T., 
 32° 44' N. , 35° 19' E., 3 m. NNE. Nazareth. 
 Elmesthorpe, Eng. See Elmsthorpe. 
 Elmetaita, salt lake, Brit. E. Africa, N. of Lake Naivasha, 
 SE. of Nakuro, crossed by 0° 24' S. , 36° 16' E. Alt. 6250 ft. 
 El Hetemmeb, tn. , Nubia. See Hetemmeh. 
 Elmfield, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire , W. Ridin g. See Carr House . 
 Elmham, North, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 18 m. 
 NW. by W. Norwich, 5 m. N. East Dereham, on the G. E. R., 
 PMT.O. ; 4743 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Elmham, South, six adjoining pars. (St. Cross, St. James, 
 St. Margaret, St. Michael, St. Nicholas, and St. Peter), in the 
 W. of the Lowestoft div. of Suffolk, SW. of Bungay. P. (of 
 each)<25o. See Homersfleld and Kumbnrgb. 
 
 Elmhurst, vil., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 2 m. N. Lich- 
 field. See Cnrborough and Elmhurst. 
 
 Elmhurst, vil., U.S., Illinois, Du Page co., 16 m. W. 
 Chicago by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Elmhurst, post-tn. , Victoria, co. Kara Kara, about 50 m. 
 NW. Ballarat. P. < 1500. 
 El Mlna, Syria. See Tripoli. 
 
 Elmlna, or St. George d'Elmlna, native Oddena, tn. and fort, 
 
 Africa, Brit. Gold Coast, formerly cap. of Dutch possessions 
 
 in Guinea. Mean temp. (3 yrs., 1859-62), yr. 79.3° F. P. 20,000. 
 
 Elmlra, vil, Canada, Ontario, Waterloo co., 12 m. from 
 
 Berlin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Elmlra, vil., U.S., California, Solano co., 27 m. SW. by W. 
 Sacramento. P. < 1500. 
 
 Elmlra, city, U.S., New York, co. Chemung, 74 m. SW. by 
 
 S. Syracuse, 274 m. from New York city by rail; important 
 
 railway centre ; vnth iron-works, glass factory, silk and cotton 
 
 mills, &c. Alt. 863 ft. (R. R. ). P. ( 1880) 20,500 ; (1890) 30,900. 
 
 Elmlre with Crakehlll, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 
 4 m. S. Thirsk. P. <25o. 
 El Mlsmlye, the ancient Phcene, vil. , Palestine, 33° 8' N. , 
 
 36° 22' E. , 27 m. S. Damascus. 
 
 Elmley, par., Eng., Kent, on the SW. ct. of the Isle of 
 Sheppey, Faversham div., 4J m. S. by E. Sheerness. P. <:25a 
 
 Elmley Castle, par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 4 m. 
 WSW. Evesham, P.O. P. < 500. - ■ u j- 
 
 Elmley Lovett, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Droit wch div., 
 
 5 m. SE. by S. Kidderminster, i^ m. E. by S. Hartlebury June 
 P. <: 500. _, 
 
 El Moghelrtyeb, site, Palestine, Mearah in the O. T., 
 33°37'N.,35°27'E., 7 m. NE. Sidon. ^^ 
 
ELMO 
 
 ELST 
 
 Elmore, isl. See Odla. 
 
 Elmore, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 4^ m. 
 SW. by W. Gloucester, 1 m. from the 1. bk. of the Severn. P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 Elmore, vil, U.S., Alabama, E. co., 13 m. NNE. Mont- 
 gomery. P. < 1500. 
 
 Elmore, vil., U.S., Ohio, Ottawa co., on Portage R., 18 m. 
 SE. Toledo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Elmore, post-tn. , Victoria, Bendigo co. , 27 m. SSW. Echuca. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 El Horo, vil., U.S., Colorado, Las Animas co., 135 m. W. by 
 N. of the SE. comer of the state, with lignite-mines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 El Morro, lighthouse, Cuba. See Morro. 
 
 Elmsall, North and Sonth, two adjoining pars., Eng., York- 
 shire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross div., 8^ m. NW. Doncaster. E., 
 North, with a stn. (Upton and North E.) on the Hull and Barnsley 
 Rly., P.<Soo; E., South, on G. N. R., PMT.O., P.<7So. 
 
 Elmsett, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Sudbury div. , 7 m. W. by N. 
 Ipswich, 4 m. NE. Hadleigh, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Elmshorn, tn., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 20 m. NW. 
 Hamburg ; textile and other manufactures. P. 9500. 
 
 Elmstead, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 3^ m. E. Colchester, 
 P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Elmsted, par. , Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 6| m. NNW. 
 Hythe, 4 m. W. by N. Elham stn. P. < 500. See Hastinglelgh. 
 
 Elmsthorpe, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Bosworth div., 9^ m. 
 SW. Leicester, with a stn. (ElmestUorpe) on the L. & NW. R. 
 P. <25o. See Earl Shllton. 
 
 Elmstone, par. , Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div. , 4^ m. WNW. 
 Sandwich, 2 m. SE. by S. Grove Ferry stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Elmstone Hardivlcke, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 3 m. 
 NW. Cheltenham, P.O. P. <25o; eccles. par. (E. H. with 
 Vcklngton) P. <soo. 
 
 ElmsM'ell, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 9 m. E. Bury St. 
 Edmunds, 6 m. NW. Stowmarket, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Elmton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, NE. div., 6J m. SW. by 
 W. Worksop, I j m. W. by S. E. and Cresswell stn. on the 
 M. R. P.<:7So. 
 
 El Sla'allaka, vil. , Palestine, 33° 45' N. , 35° 27' E. , on the 
 coast, II m. S. by W. Beirut. 
 
 El Mnghar, site, Palestine, probably the Makkedah of the 
 O- T., 35° 55' N., 34° 55' E., 14 m. SE. Jaffa (ancient Joppa). 
 
 El Blakhtara, tn., Palestine, 33° 39' N., 35° 3/ E., 17^ m, 
 NE. by E. Sidon. 
 
 El Hnr&r, vil., Palestine, 32° 53' N., 35° 24' E., 11 m. NW. 
 Tiberias. 
 
 Elmwood, vil., Canada, Ontario, Grey co., 45 m. WSW. 
 CoUing^ood, on a railway. P. <i500. 
 
 ElniTrood, vil., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 4^ m. SW. 
 Hartford. P. <; 1500. 
 
 Elmwood, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, Hillsborough co., 
 25 m, SW. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Elmwood, tn., U.S., Illinois, co. and 22 m. WNW. Peoria. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Elne, the ancient Illiberis (Basque 'new town'), or Helena, 
 tn., France, dep. Pyr6n6es Orient., arr. and 8 m. SE. by S. 
 Perpignan. Illiberis was the place where Hannibal first encamped 
 after passing the Pyrenees. Having been rebuilt by Constantine, 
 it received the name of his mother, Helena. P. <3000. 
 
 Elnya, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 85 m. ESE. Smolensk, on 
 Desna R. P. 4850. 
 
 Elohe, vil. , Ger. W. Africa, Kamerun terr. , on the ct. , 3° i' N. 
 
 El Obe'id, cap. of Kordofan, Africa, in a plain, 240 m. SW. 
 Sennar, in 13° 10' 4" N., 30° 48' 33" E. (Major Prout). Dwell- 
 ings are mostly of reeds or straw, in the shape of corn-stacks, 
 and a few of sun-dried bricks. P. 16,000. 
 
 Elobl, or Elobej, two isls., Africa, Spanish possessions, off 
 the coast of Guinea, in the N. of Corisco Bay, in 0° 5/ N. , 
 9° 30' E. 
 
 Elon Beth Hanan, place named in O. T. See Belt An&n. 
 
 Elopatak, or Arapatak, watering-place, Hungary, in the 
 SE. of Transylvania, co. Haromszek, not far from Kronstadt. 
 
 P. ■<2000. 
 
 Elora, vil., Canada, Ontario, Wellington co., 56 m. W. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Elora, vil. , India. See Ellora. 
 
 Elota, tn. , Mexico, Sinaloa, 98 m. W. Durango. 
 
 El Oned, oasis, Algeria. See El Wed. 
 
 Elonges, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Mons, cant, and 
 I m. NW. Dour, with coal-mines. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 El Paso, CO., U.S., Colorado, crossed in the N. by 39° N., 
 and in the W. by 105° W. 
 
 El Paso, city, U.S., Illinois, Woodford co., 32 m. E. by N. 
 Peoria. P. < 1500. 
 
 El Paso, city, U.S., Texas, E. P. co., on the L bk. of the 
 Rio Grande, near the place where the river passes through a 
 gorge called El Paso del Norte (' N. Pass'), 18 m. SE. by S. 
 of the W. comer of the state, at the junction of the Southern 
 Pacific with the Mexican Central Rly. ; carries on silver-smelting, 
 486 
 
 meat-packing, &c. Alt. 3720 ft. (R.R.), signal stn. 3370 ft. 
 (U.S. Signal Office). Mean temp., yr. 64° F., Jan. 46.9°, July 
 81.8°; rfall. (6yrs.), 13.14 in. P. (i88o)<i5oo; (1890) 10,300. 
 
 El Paso del Norte, tn. , Mexico, Chihuahua, on the r. bk. of 
 the Rio Grande, opposite El Paso (U.S.). P. 5000. 
 
 Elphin, par. and tn.. Ire., NW. co. and bar. Roscommon, 
 8 m. SSW. Carrick-on-Shannon, 10 m. from Drumsna stn., 
 PMT.O. Par. 12,544 ac, P. <30oo; tn. P. <iooo. 
 
 Elphin, hamlet, Scot. , on the S. border of Sutherland, iii m. 
 NNE. Ullapool, P.O. 
 
 EIpliiMstone, coal-mining vil. , Scot. , Haddingtonshire, 3^ m. 
 ESE. Musselburgh, i J m. W. by N. Ormiston stn. , P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Elphlnstone, the SE. prov. of Brit. N. Borneo. 
 
 Elphlnstone, co., Queensland, on the E. ct., crossed in the 
 N. by 19° S. 
 
 Elphlnstone, post-tp. , Victoria, Talbot co. , 25 m. S. Sand- 
 hurst. P. < 1 500. 
 
 El Pueblo, tn., U.S., New Mexico, San Miguel co., 42 m. 
 SE. by E. Santa F6. P. 1500. 
 
 Elqni, dep. of prov. Coquimbo, Peru. 
 
 Elqni, riv., Chile. See Coquimbo. 
 
 El Regalo, tn., isl. of Haiti, republic and 60 m. E. by N. 
 Santo Domingo. 
 
 El Regldor, tn., Colombia, Bolivar, on the Magdalena, 180 
 m. SE. Cartagena. 
 
 Elreno, settlement, U.S., Oklahoma, on the N. fork of the 
 Canadian R. , about 310 m. SW. by S. Kansas City. 
 
 Elrlg, P.O., Scot., 3 m. from Port William, Wigtownshire. 
 
 Elrington, stn., Eng., Northumberland, on the NE. R., 
 6 m. W. Hexham. 
 
 El Rito, vil., U.S., New Mexico, Rio Arriba co., 53 m. 
 NNW. Santa F6. Alt. 5638 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 El Bito, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Valencia co., 90 m. 
 SW. by W. Santa F6. Alt. 5650 ft. (Wheeler). 
 
 EI Bosario, tn., Mexico, state of Sinaloa, 40 m. ESE. 
 Mazatlan ; has gold and silver mines. P. 5000. 
 
 Elroy, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Juneau co., 88 m. N. by E. 
 Dubuque (Iowa). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Elsa, riv. , Italy, Tuscany, flows NNW. to the Arno, which 
 it joins on the 1. bk., about 19 m. W. by S. Florence. 
 
 Elsasser Belchen, mt. , Franco-Ger. frontier. See Vosges. 
 
 Elsass-IiOtltringen, prov. , Ger. See Alsace-Ijorralne. 
 
 Elsdon, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., on the 
 Rede, 17J m. WNW. Morpeth, 5 m. NNE. Woodbum stn., 
 P.O.; 6490 ac. P. <25o; eccles. par. (E. with Otterburn) 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Else, small riv., Prussia, Hanover, 1. bk. trib. of the Weser, 
 which it enters a few miles above Minden. 
 
 Elsecar, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Hallam- 
 shire div., 4^ m. SE. by S. Barnsley, 2^ m. E. Birdwell and 
 Hoyland stn. It has iron-works connected by a branch line 
 with the M. S. & L. R. PMT.O. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Elsen, comm. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 14 m. SW. Diissel- 
 dorf P. < 3000. 
 
 Elseuham, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 8^ m. S. Saffron 
 Walden, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Elsey, comm., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Amsberg, 
 circle Iserlohn, dist. Hohenlimburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Elsfleld, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 3 m. NE. 
 Oxford. P. <25o. 
 
 Elslleth, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Oldenburg, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Weser, 23 m. SE. by S. Wilhelmshaven ; tidal harbour, with 
 depth of 14.7 ft. at high, 5 ft. at low, water. P. <3000. 
 
 Elsham, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindseydiv., 15 m. 
 W. by N. Grimsby, 2 m. NE. of its stn. on the M. S. & L. R., 
 P.O.; 4154 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Elsing, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 12 m. WNW. Norwich, 
 3 m. WSW. Lenwadestn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Elsinore, Danish Helslngor, seapt. th., Denmark, isl. See- 
 land, on its E. ct., at the narrowest part of the Sound, prov. 
 Frederiksborg, 25 m. N. Copenhagen. It stands on a declivity, 
 sloping to the shore, and on its NE. side is the fortress of Kron- 
 borg. The harbour is much resorted to by ships for coaling or 
 repairing. There is a patent slip. Here dues were levied from 
 all merchant-ships, except Danish and Swedish, passing into or 
 out of the Baltic, until they were abolished by international 
 arrangement in 1857. P. (1870) 8900; (1890) 11,100. 
 
 Elslack, par., Eng>, Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 4^ m. 
 WSW. Skipton, ii^ m. NE. by N. Burnley, with a stn. on the 
 M. R., P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Elson, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., on 
 Harbour and 2 m. NW. by W. Portsmouth, close to Brockhurst 
 stn. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Elson, isl.. Pacific Ocean, one of the Gambier group. 
 
 Elspe, comm., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 38 m. E. by S. 
 Barmen. P. <400o. 
 
 Elspeet, vil. , Holland, prov. Gelderland, 20 m. SW. Zwolle. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Elstead, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 7 m. SW. Guildford, 
 3^ m. SSE. Tongham stn., PM.O.; 4106 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
ELST — ELYE 
 
 Elsted, par., Eng. , Sussex, Horsham div. , gj^ m. N. by W. 
 Chichester, on the L. & SW. R. P. <2So ; eccles. par. (E. wllh 
 Treyford and Dldllng) P. <5oo. 
 
 Elster, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, i6 m. SSE. 
 Plauen, with frequented baths and sulphurous saline springs. 
 Alt. 1650 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Elster, ScUwarze, riv. , Ger. , rises in the E. of the kgd. of 
 Saxony by two headwaters, the easternmost of which is called 
 the Weisse E. These flow N. , and unite in the W. of Prussian 
 Silesia, after which the river flows WNW. into the Elbe about 
 9 m. above Wittenberg ; not navigable. A branch, called the 
 Neue Graben, which leaves and re-enters it on the 1. bk. in its 
 lower course, forms an isl. about 19 m. long and 4 m. wide. 
 Total length, 112 m. 
 
 ElBter, Weisse, riv. , Ger. , rises in the SW. of the kgd. of 
 Saxony, flows N. past Greiz and Leipzig, and then turns WNW. 
 into the Saale, which it enters a few miles above Halle ; not 
 navigable. Near Leipzig it gives off a branch called the Lnppe, 
 which enters the Saale a few miles higher up. Length, 120 m. 
 
 Elsterberg, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 16 m. SW. by W. 
 Zwickau. P. < 5000. 
 
 Elstemivick, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Elstroufrlck. 
 
 ElsternTflck, a S. suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. 
 
 Elsterwerda, tn. , Ger., Prussia, in the SE. of prov. Saxony, 
 24 m. E. by S. Torgau, with coal-mines. P. <3000. 
 
 Elstob, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 7 m. NNE. Darling- 
 ton, i| m. W. Stillington stn. P. <2SO. 
 
 Elston, par., Eng., Lancashire, 5 m. NE. Preston. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Elston, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, div. and 4^ m. SW. by 
 S. Newark, 2J m. W. Gotham stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Elstow, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, 2 m. S., included in the 
 pari. bor. of Bedford, i m. W. Cardington stn. Birthplace (1628) 
 of John Bunyan. P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Elstra, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 13 m. W. by N. Bautzen. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Elstree, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, St. Albans div., 4J m. 
 W. Barnet, with a stn. (E. and Boreham Wood) on the 
 M. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Elstronvrlck, or Elsternwlck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. 
 Riding, Holderness div., 8| m. E. by N. Hull, 3^ m. NE. 
 Hedon stn. P. <25o. See Hnmbleton. 
 
 ElS'wlck, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, div. and 7 m. E. by N. 
 Blackpool, 3J m. E. by N. Singleton stn., P.O. P. <2SO. 
 
 Elswlck, par. and a western suburb of Newcastle, Eng., 
 Northumberland, on the NE. R. P. 51,600. 
 
 Elsworth, par., Eng., Cambridge, Chesterton div., 9J m. 
 WNW. Cambridge, 4I m. S. by W. St. Ives stn., PM.O. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Eltekeh, place named in O. T. See Belt Ukla. 
 
 Elten, comm. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on the frontier of 
 Holland, 13 m. E. Nijmegen. P. <3000. 
 
 Elterleln, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 17 m. S. by W. Chemnitz. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Eltcrvrater, vil. and tarn, Eng., Westmorland, in the S. of 
 the Appleby div. , 14 m. NW. by W. Kendal, 6^ m. N W. by 
 W. Windermere stn., with quarries of green slate, PMT.O. 
 
 Eltham, par., Eng., co. of London, Woolwich bor., 7 J m. 
 SE. by E. St. Paul's, with a stn. (E. and Mottlngtaam) on the 
 SE. R. P. 5700. New E. (Pope Street), stn., I m. E., PM.O. 
 
 Eltbam, post-tn., Victoria, Evelyn co., 13 m. ENE. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eltlsley, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, Chesterton div. , 12 m. W. by 
 N. Cambridge, 4 m. NW. by N. Old North Road stn., P.O. 
 P.-C500. 
 
 Elton, par., Eng. , Cheshire, div. and 2^ m. NE. by N. Crewe. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Elton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 6 m. NE. by N. 
 Chester, with a stn. (Ince and E.) on the Birkenhead Rly. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Elton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 5 m. W. by N. 
 Matlock. P. <soo. 
 
 Elton, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 2 J m. SW. by W. 
 Stockton, 2 m. NW. by N. Eaglescliffe June. P. <25o. 
 
 Elton, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 8 m. N. by W. 
 Leominster, 4 m. WNW. Wofferton June. P. <25o. 
 
 Elton, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 7J m. 
 WSW. Peterborough, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Elton, par., Eng., Lancashire, in pari. bor. Bury. P. 12,600. 
 
 Elton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 12 m. E. 
 Nottingham, on the G. N. R., with gypsum. P. <25o. 
 
 Elton, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. and 17^ m. SSE. Limerick, bar. 
 Smallcounty, 3 m. from Knocklong stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Elton, salt lake, Russia, govt, and 170 m. NN W. of Astrakhan. 
 Yields every year about 1,000,000 cwt. of salt. Area, 70 sq. m. 
 
 Eltopla, settlement, U.S., Washington, Franklin co., 42 m. 
 NW. Walla Walla. 
 
 El Tor, Egypt. See Tor. 
 
 Eltrlngham, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, on the Tyne, div. 
 and 8^ m. E. by S. Hexham, near Mickley stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Eltmn, the ancient Naustathmos, tn., Tripoli, Barka, on the 
 N. ct., 138 m. ENE. Bengazi. 
 
 El*Tyb, or Et-Tlh, Desert of (' the Wandering"), the place 
 of the forty years' sojourn of the Hebrews in the desert, the 
 penir. between the Gulfs of Suez and Akabah, and Egypt and 
 Palestine. It is mountainous, and comprises the Jebel-Tyh, 
 Mount Sinai, &c. The Wady-et-Tih, or ' Valley of the Wan- 
 dering,' is in Middle Egypt, extending between ancient Memphis 
 and Suez, immediately S. of the Jebel-Ataka. 
 
 EltTllle, or Elfeld, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Hesse- Nassau, 
 on the r. bk. of the Rhine, 7 m. W. by N. Mainz. P. <40oo. 
 
 El-uqsor, vil. , Egypt. See Luxor. 
 
 Elv, Scandinavian, ' a river.' See Elf. 
 
 El Valle, tn. , isl. of Haiti, republic Santo Domingo, 44 m. 
 NE. Santo Domingo. 
 
 ElTanfoot, stn., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, 11 m. SE. Douglas, 
 on the C. R., P.O. 
 
 Elras, fortified frontier city, Portugal, dist. Portalegre, 13 m. 
 W. Badajoz ; has a cathedral, arsenal, and bomb-proof barracks. 
 A Moorish aqueduct supplies the city with water from a hill 3 
 m. to the W. E. was taken and held by the French from March 
 to August 1808. Noted for its plums. P. (comm.) 10,500. 
 
 Elvaston, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, S. div. , 4^ m. SE. by E. 
 Derby, i^ m. S. Borrowash stn. P. <750. 
 
 Elraston, viL, U.S., Illinois, Hancock co., 92 m. WNW. 
 Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 El'reden, or Elden, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Stowmarket div. , 
 10 m. N. by W. Bury St. Edmunds, 4 m. SW. Thetford ; 5508 ac. 
 P. -<25o ; eccles. par. (E. or Elden) P. <25o. 
 
 ElTegaard, viL , in the N. of Norway, at the head of the 
 Ofoten Fjord (q.v.). 
 
 Elven, tn., France, dep. Morbihan, 31 m. NE. by E. Qui- 
 beron, 9 m. NE. by E. Vannes. P. <4000. 
 
 ElTend, or Arvend (Knii), mt., Persia, prov. Irak Ajemi, 
 immediately SW. of Hamadan. Alt. 12,290 ft. (Curzon). 
 
 Elverstoerg, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Trier, circle 
 Ottweiler, dist. Neunkirchen. P. •<40oo. 
 
 Elvet, par., Eng., Durham, partly in Durham city. P. 5600. 
 
 ElVctham, par., Eng., Hampshire, Basingstoke div., 5^ m. 
 NW. by W. Aldershot, ij m. NE. Winchfield stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 ElTlngton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., on the Derwent, 7 m. ESE. York, 4 m. SW. Fangfoss stn., 
 PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 El WastR, tn. , Upper Egypt, 1. bk. Nile, in 29° 21' N., 
 rly. junction for Medinet-el-Fayum. Alt. 86 ft. (Whitehouse). 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 El Wed, French spelling El Oned, oasis, Algeria, 218 m. S. 
 Constantine, 65 m. ENE. Tuggurt. Alt. 250 ft. 
 
 El Weleje, vil, Palestine, 31° 45' N., 35° 8' E., 5^ m. WSW. 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Elwick, par. , Eng., Durham, SE. div., a,\m. W. Hartlepool, 
 3 m. E. by S. Hurworth Burn stn., P.O. P. <:2So. 
 
 Elwick, par., Eng., Northumberland, i m. from the coast, 
 div. and 12^ m. SE. by S. Berwick-upon-Tweed, x\ m. Belford 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Elwick Hall, par., Eng., Durham, 4 m. W. Hartlepool; 
 4440 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Elwood, tn., U.S., Indiana, Madison co., 37 m. NNE. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 3000. 
 
 Elwood, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Gosper co., 56 m. SE. by E. 
 of the confluence of the N. and S. Platte. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Elwood, Victoria, part of St. Kilda city {q.v.). 
 
 Elworth, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, Sandbach and War- 
 mingham pars., PM.O. P. -C2000. 
 
 Elworthy, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., iij m. 
 NW. by W. Taunton, 2^ m. SW. Stogumber stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Elwy,.riv., Wales, rises in Denbighshire, and flows E. then 
 N. through Flint into the Irish Sea. 
 
 Ely ('eel island'), city and market-tn., Eng., Cambridge, 
 Newmarket div., on the Ouse, 14I m. NNE. Cambridg;e, on 
 the G. E. R. Its cathedral, built between the reigns of William 
 I. and Elizabeth, exhibiting a singular yet imposing combina- 
 tion of the Norman and Gothic styles. Its bishopric was founded 
 in 1 109, and now comprises nearly the whole of Bedfordshire, 
 Cambridgeshire, and Huntingdonshire, part of Suffolk, and 
 small pieces of other adjoining counties. Revenue ;C55oo. The 
 surrounding country has a large area of orchards and market- 
 gardens, and the city has a large fruit-preserving establishment. 
 Deposits of phosphate of lime near. Market-day, Th. Mean 
 rfall. (1866-80), 22.63 in- City P. 8000 ; bishopric P. 524, 100. 
 
 Ely, electoral div.. Ire., Fermanagh, dist. Ely. 
 
 Ely, stn. (for Llandaff), Wales, Glamorganshire, on the G. 
 W. R., near Cardiff, PMT.O. 
 
 Ely, vil, U.S., Vermont, Orange co., 28 m. SSE. Montpeber. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Ely, Isle of, dist., Eng., in N. of Cambridgeshire [q.v.). 
 
 Elyatsa, tn. , Turkey in Europe, on the SW. shore of Lake 
 Skutari, prov. and 7 m. W. by N. Skutari. ^ ^ 
 
 El Yehndiyeli, vil, Palestine, /^>%«(3? in the O. T., 32 2 N., 
 34° 53' E.. ii| m. E. by S. Jaffa (ancient Joppa). 
 
ELYH — EMMA 
 
 Elyhangb, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 9J m. N. Morpeth. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Elyria, vil., U.S., Ohio, Lorain co., on the W. branch of 
 Black R., 23 m. WSW. Cleveland. P. 5600. 
 
 Elyton, vil., U.S., Alabama, Jefferson co., 3 m. WSW. of 
 Birmingham. P. <i5oo. 
 
 El Ifunque, tn., isL of Porto Rico, near the E. ct., 31 m. 
 ESE. San Juan. 
 
 Eli, riv.. Gen, gd. -duchy Baden, joins the Rhine 20 m. S. 
 Strassburg after a tortuous course of 33 m. 
 
 Elz, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hesse- Nassau, 20 m. E. by N. 
 Coblenz, 2 m. NW. Limburg. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Elzacli, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, 16 ra. NE. by N. 
 Freiburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Elze, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. and 17 m. S. Hanover, near 
 the 1. bk. of the Leine. P. <4000. 
 
 Eniannel, co. , U.S. , Georgia, between 32° and 33° N. , crossed 
 in E. by 82° W. 
 
 Ematrls, par.. Ire., W. co. Monaghan, bar. Dartree, 14 m. 
 NE. by E. Cavan ; 12,300 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Emaus, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lehigh co., 27 m. ENE. 
 Reading. P. < 1500. 
 
 Emba (Kirghiz, Jim or Jem), riv., Russia, prov. Uralsk, rises 
 in Mugojar mountains, flows SW., enters NE. corner of Cas- 
 pian Sea ; considerable fishing at its mouth. Length about 
 350 m. 
 
 EmbalM, viL, E. Africa, to the S. of Gojam, in about 9° 39' 
 N. , 37° 34' E. 
 
 Embach, rivs., Russia, Livonia. 1. I'pper E. flows with 
 great rapidity into Wirz-jarvi. 2. Cireat, or Lower, E. flows 
 from same lake into Lake Peipus (Chudskoye), past Dorpat, 
 whence steamers ply to Pskov and Narva. 
 
 Embekelwenl, Swaziland. See Hbekelwenil. 
 
 Emberton, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, 10 m. W. Bedford, 
 I J m. S. Olney stn., P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Emberler, tn., Turkey in Eiu-ope, prov. Kirk-Kilise, on the 
 Black Sea, 25 m. SE. by S. Burgas. 
 
 Embleton, par. and rly. stn. , Eng. , Cumberland, on the 
 Cockermouth, Keswick, and Penrith Rly., 10 m. ESE. Mary- 
 port. P. <5oo. 
 
 Embletou, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 6\ m. N. by W. 
 Stockton, ij m. NE. Wynyard stn. P. <250. 
 
 Embleton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., I m. from E. Bay, 6^ m. NNE. Alnwick, i m. E. 
 by S. Christon Bank stn., PM.O. P. <:7So; eccles. par. (E. 
 -vrltb Craster) P. <2000. 
 
 Embo, fishing viL, Scot., 4 m. NE. Dornoch, Sutherland- 
 shire, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Embomma, Congo Free State. See Boma. 
 
 Eniborla, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 38 m. SSE. 
 Monastir. 
 
 Emborongh, par., Eng., Somersetshire, N. div., 5 J m. 
 NE. Wells, 2 m. N. Binegar stn., P.O. (Emborrow). P. <250. 
 See Chewton Mendip. 
 
 Emboscada, \'il. , Paraguay, 22 m. NE. by E. Asuncion. 
 
 Embrach, Ober- and Vnter-, two comms., Switzd., cant. 
 Zurich, 6 m. W. Winterthur. P. (of each) <: 2000. 
 
 Embresln, comm., Belgium, prov. Li^ge, on the M^haigne, 
 13 m. SSE. Tirlemont, 24 m. W. Lifege. P. <20oo. 
 
 Embro, viL, Canada, Ontario, Oxford co., 21 m. NE. 
 London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Embmn, the ancient Ebrodunum, fortified tn., France, dep. 
 Hautes Alpes, arr. E., on the Durance, 58 m. SE. Grenoble, 
 15 m. NW. by N. Barcelonnette. P. <3O0o. 
 
 Embsay with Eastby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 div. and i| m. NE. Skipton, 16J m. NW. by N. Bradford, with 
 a stn. (Embsay) on the M. R., PM.O. ; 4460 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Embscliers, riv. , Prussia. See Emscbe. 
 
 Emden, fortified seapt. tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, 2 m. from 
 the r. bk. of the Ems, 40 m. W. by S. Wilhelmshaven, 14 m. SW. 
 Aurich, with which it communicates by canal. The town is 
 intersected by canals connected with the harbour. It is con- 
 nected by telegraph cable with Valentia, Ireland, and so with 
 America ; carries on herring fishery. The port, access to which 
 from the R. Ems is obtained by the Nesserland locks, at 
 present admits vessels of 17 ft. draught, but great improve- 
 ments are now (1893) in progress. There is a depth of 21 ft. 
 from E. roads to the sea at ordinary high water. E. gives name 
 to a circle. Mean temp., yr. 47.1° F., Jan. 32.9° July 63.3°; 
 rfaU. (18 yrs. ), 28.14 in- P- (1821) 11,400; tn. P. (1890) 13,400; 
 comm. P. 13,700. 
 
 Emerald, post-tn., Queensland, Denison co., 158 m. W. 
 Rockhampton, on the railway from Rockhampton. P. <isoo. 
 
 Emerald Hill, Victoria, a S. suburb of Melbourne. 
 
 Emerson, city, Canada, on the S. frontier of Manitoba, and 
 on the r. bk. of the Red R., 60 m. S. Winnipeg. P. 1500. 
 
 Emery, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Hanson co., 52 m. N. by W. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Emery, co., U.S., Utah, on the E. frontier, crossed by 39° 
 N. , partlv bounded and partly traversed by Green R. 
 488 
 
 Emery Down, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest, 
 Lyndhurst par., PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Emesa, Syria. See Homs. 
 
 Emflras, former tn. in Abyssinia, a short distance from the 
 E. shore of Lake Tsana, in 12° 13' N., now ruined. 
 
 Emblangen, tn. and stn. of London Missionary Society, S. 
 Africa, Matabili-land, in about 19° 40' S. , and 29° 10' E. Alt. 
 4120 ft. (Montague Kerr, 1884). 
 
 Emll, valley. Western Mongolia, extending to the Russian 
 frontier, crossed by 46^° N. , and 83° E. 
 
 Emilia, govt, [compartitnenio territoriale), N. Italy, com- 
 prising the ancient duchies of Parma, Modena, and Massa- 
 Carrara, and the N. part of the former States of the Church, 
 and extending between the lower half of the Po, the Apennines 
 [Apennines, B.], and the Adriatic. It owes its name to the 
 important military roads (to which the railway now runs 
 parallel) constructed in B.C. 186, by the censor, yEmilius 
 Lepidus, which bisects the govt, diagonally from Rimini to 
 Piacenza, running along the base of the mountains, and con- 
 necting the series of important towns, Cesena, Forli, Faenza, 
 Imola, Bologna, Modena, Reggio, and Parma, which here 
 succeed one another in a straight line at the emergence of the 
 Apennine valleys on the plain. It is almost entirely situated in 
 the basin of the Adriatic, being drained by the Po, which forms 
 nearly the whole of the N. boundary, the principal tributary 
 rivers being the Trebbia, Nure, Taro, Parma, Secchia, and 
 Panaro ; the Reno, Lamone, and Savio flow into the Adriatic. 
 Climate temperate and healthy, except on the banks of the Po, 
 and the marshes along the coast. Marshes occupy one-fifth of 
 the surface, a larger proportion than in any other govt, in Italy, 
 but from their situation they affect the health of only a small 
 portion of the population. In the plains the soil is fertile, 
 irrigated by many canals, and produces maize, wheat, tobacco, 
 fruit, wine, silk, honey, hemp, and flax ; rice is raised in some 
 of the low grounds. In the hilly region little corn is grown ; 
 forests and pasture-grounds are extensive, and chestnuts and 
 goats'-milk cheese are principal articles of food. The cultiva- 
 tion of the vine is rapidly extending. The area under this 
 product in 1890 was four times that devoted to it in the quin- 
 quennium 1870-74, but the amount of wine produced did not 
 increase in anything like the same proportion. In only one 
 year of the whole period was it much more than one-half in 
 excess of the average produce of 1870-74. Large quantities of 
 salt are made annually, especially from the extensive lagoon of 
 Comacchio. Of other minerals, sulphur, produced chiefly in 
 the prov. of Forli, is the most important. There are extensive 
 quarries of very beautiful marble. In the plain of Modena, 
 ' Artesian wells ' were constructed long before they were known 
 in Artois. See Italy, table. 
 
 Emily, rly. stn. , Canada, Ontario, Hastings co. , 67 m. NW. 
 by W. Kingston. 
 
 Emlndb^d, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gujrdnwdla, 35 m. 
 N. Lahore. P. (1891) 5800 ; Hindus, 1600 ; Moham. 4200. 
 
 Emlne, Bulgaria. See Emon. 
 
 Eminence, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Henry co., 35 m. E. by N. 
 Louisville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Emlne Balkans, a range of the Balkans, trending ESE. and 
 terminating in the cape called Emlne-Bnrun, E. of Emon. 
 
 Emir, viL, Russia, Caucasia, govt. Elisabethpol, dist. of 
 Nukha, or Kur R. ; considerable fishing. 
 
 Emlrab, tribe. Upper Nubia, SW. of Sawikin (Suakim). 
 
 Emly, par. and tn.. Ire., co. and 8 m. W. Tipperary, bar. 
 Clanwilliam, with a stn. on the G. S. & W. R., PM.O. Par. 
 9183 ac, P. <:20oo; tn. P. <;6oo. 
 
 Emlagb, electoral div.. Ire., co. Kerry, dist. E., union 
 Cahersiveen. 
 
 Emlagb, electoral div. , Ire. , SW. co. Mayo, bar. Murrisk, 
 IS m. W. by S. Westport. E. Point, a cape at the S. of the 
 entrance to Clew Bay. 
 
 Emlagb, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Fore, 3 m. NE. Kells. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Emlagbfad, par.. Ire., co. Sligo, bar. Corran, contains Bally- 
 mote town ; 931 1 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Emlaghmore, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Kerry, bar. Iveragh, 28 
 m. W. Kenmare, 30 m. from Killarney stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Emlenton, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Venango co., on Alle- 
 gheny R., 68 m. S. by E. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Emley, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Norman- 
 ton div., 5 m. S. Dewsbury, 3 m. E. Kirkbiu-ton stn., PM.O.; 
 4948 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Emly, par. and tn.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Clanwilliam, 
 on G. S. & W. R. Par. 9184 ac, P. <20oo ; tn. P. <:500. 
 
 Emlygrennan, par., Ire., co.. Limerick, bar. Coshlea, 4 m. 
 E. Kihnallock. P. <7SO- 
 
 Emma Colliery, PM.O., Eng., 2 m. from Ryton (Durham). 
 
 Emmaus, place named in N. T. See Kbamasah. 
 
 Emmaus Nicopolis, place named in O. T. See Amwfts. 
 
 EmmaTllle, formerly Vegetable Creek, post-tn. , New South 
 Wales, Gough co. , 80 m. W. by N. Grafton ; with tin and silver 
 mining ; emeralds found. P. <i5oo. 
 
EMME — ENDI 
 
 Emme, or Emmen, Great, riv., Switzd., cant. Bern, rises 
 in the Bernese Oberland, flows N. 45 m. to the Aar, which it 
 joins i^ m. NE. Soleure. Its valley, the Enimenthal, is one 
 of the finest in Switzerland. 
 
 Emmen, comm. , Netherlands, prov. Drenthe, 20 m. SW. 
 Assen. P. 14,500. 
 
 Emmeu, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 2 m. N. Lucerne. P. <3000. 
 
 Emmen, Little, riv., Switzd., cant. Lucerne, rises near the 
 source of Great E. , flows NE. for 30 m. , and joins the Reuss 
 i^ m. NW. Lucerne. 
 
 Emmendlngen, tn., Ger. , gd.-duchy of Baden, 9 m. N. 
 Freiburg. P. <4000. 
 
 Emmcrirlt, tn. , Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., on r. bk. of the 
 Rhine, near the frontier of Holland, 16 m. E. Nijmegen ; has a 
 custom-house, and iron and other manufactures. Tn. P. 8200 ; 
 comm. P. 9600. 
 
 EmmerlelT, vil., Prussia, on the W. ct. of Schleswig, in 
 54' 59' N., 8^ m. WNW. Tondem, 3^ m. E. of the head of the 
 channel known as the Hoyer Tief, where it is proposed to con- 
 struct a haibour connected with E. by a railway embankment. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Emmetsbnrg, city, U.S., Iowa, Palo Alto co., 120 m. NW. 
 
 by N. Des Moines, 96 m. ENE. Sioux city. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Eniuiett, CO., U.S., Iowa, on N. frontier, E. of 95° W. 
 
 Eniniett, CO., U.S. ^ Michigan, on the Straits of Mackinac 
 and Lake Michigan. 
 
 Emmlngton, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Henley div. , 15 m. E. 
 by S. Oxford, 2 m. W. Chinnor stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Emmlr Green, P.O., Eng., near Reading, Berkshire. 
 
 Emmitttsbnrg, vil., U.S., Maryland, Frederick co., 61 m. by 
 rail NW. Baltimore. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Emmons, co. , U.S., N. Dakota, on the S. frontier, crossed 
 in the E. by 100" W. 
 
 Enmeth, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 11^ m. SW. Kings 
 L\Tin, li m. SSW. its stn. on the G. E. R., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Emo, vil.. Ire., NE. Queen's co., bar. Portnahinch, 4 m. S. 
 Portarlington, P.O. 
 
 Emod, vil., Hungary, co. Borsod, dist. CsAt. P. < 3000. 
 
 Emon, or Emine, tn. , Bulgaria, E. Roumelia, prov. Burgas, 
 on Black Sea, 25 m. NE. by E. Burgas. 
 
 Empaugenl, Lutheran (Norwegian) mission stn., S. Africa, 
 Zulu-land, about 38 m. NE. by N. of the mouth of the Tugela. 
 
 Empe, or Ennepe, small riv. , Prussia, Westphalia, an affluent 
 of the Volme (trib. of the Ruhr). The lower part of its valley, 
 from near Hagen, is known as the Emper-, or Euneperstrasse, 
 and contains a succession of large iron-works and other factories. 
 
 Empedrado, tn. , Argentine Republic, 30 m. S. Corrientes, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Rio Parana. P. <20oq. 
 
 Emper, electoral div.. Ire., W^estmeath, dist. Ballyna&u-rigy. 
 
 Enipeza, large salt pan in the W. of Boliva, dep. and loo m. 
 W. by S. Potosi. 
 
 Emplnghani, par., Eng., Rutland, 6 m. E. Oakham, 3J m. 
 NNW. Ketton stn., PMT.O.; 4875 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Empire City, vil., U.S., Colorado, Clear Creek co., 50 m. 
 W. Denver by rail; has smelting works and gold and silver 
 mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Empire City, tn. , U.S., Kansas, Cherokee co., 138 m. S. 
 Kansas City, 6 m. NNW. of theSE. corner of the state. P. <isoo. 
 
 Empire City, vil., U.S., Oregon, Coos co., on Coos Bay, 98 
 m. N. of the SW. corner of the state ; coal found near. RfalL 
 (6 yrs. ), 38.82 in. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Empoll, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, on the Arno, prov. and 15 m. 
 W. by S. Florence ; various manufactures ; celebrated in the 
 conflicts of the Guelphs and Ghibellines described by Dante ; 
 seat of a bishop. The plain of E. has been called the ' granary 
 of Tuscany." P. 17,000. 
 
 Emporia, city, U.S., Kansas, Lyon co., on R. Neosho, 50 m. 
 SW. by S. Topeka. P. 7600. 
 
 Emporium, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Cameron co., on 
 Driftwood Creek, 106 m. SE. by E. Erie, 67 m. W. by N. 
 Williamsport. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Empsbott, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 15 m. 
 SW. by S. Aldershot, 3 m. NNW. Liss stn. P. <:250. 
 
 Ems, the ancient Amisia, riv., in the W. of Prussia, rises on 
 the S\V. slope of the Teutoburg Forest in Lippe, flows NW. 
 then N. into the DoUart ; length, 200 m. Navigable from 
 Papenburg, 60 m. from the mouth of the DoUart, canalised to 
 Greven, 130 m. higher up ; floatable from Warendorf. A canal, 
 in continuation of the canalised portion of the river to the coal- 
 field of the Ruhr basin, is now projected. Emden (q.v.), at the 
 head of the DoUart, is connected by canal with the Jade and 
 with Wilhelmshaven. At Meppen it receives on the right the 
 Hase, navigable from Holze (37 m.) ; connected on the left with 
 various canals in Holland. 
 
 Ems, or Bad«Em8, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 
 on the r. bk. of the Lahn, 6 m. ESE. Coblenz ; has celebrated 
 mineral springs, mostly the property of the state, and rich lead 
 and silver mines near. P. 5500. 
 
 Ems, or Domat, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, on the r. bk. of 
 the Rhine, 4 m. WSW. Chur. P. <2oco. 
 
 Emscbe, Emscber, or Embsctaers, small riv. , in the W. of 
 Prussia, flows W. to the Rhine through the Ruhr coal-field 
 between the basins of the Ruhr and Lippe ; not navigable. The 
 E. Canal, from Deusen to Dortmund, follows the course of the 
 E. through a dist. rich in coal and industrial establishments. 
 
 Emscote, eccles. par. , Eng. , in co. and bor. Warwick. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Emsdetten, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. WestphaUa, 16 m. N. 
 by W. Miinster. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Emswell, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 19 m. S. by W. Scarborough, i m. E. by N. Garten stn. 
 P. (E. wltb LitUe Driffield )< 500. 
 
 Emswortb, smaU port, Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., on 
 Langston Harb. , 8i m. ENE. Portsmouth, on the L. B. & S. C. R. 
 P. (eccles. par. )< 2000. 
 
 Eiuswortb, vil., U.S., Peimsylvania, AUegheny co. , on Ohio 
 R., 7 m. NW. Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Emu, post-tp.. New South Wales, Cook co., on R. Nepean, 
 32 m. WNW. Sydney. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Emu Bay, bay and tp. , Tasmania, Wellington co. , on the 
 N. ct., 67 m. WNW. Laimceston, in 145° 56' E. See Bnrnle. 
 
 Emu Creek, Victoria. See Stratbfleldsaye. 
 
 Emu Park, or Hewlttvllle, watering-place, Queensland, 
 on N. side of Keppel Bay, 20 m. ENE. Rockhampton. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Emu River, Tasmania, rising in the N. of the island, and 
 falling into Bass's Straits at Emu Bay. 
 
 Emyvale, tn., Ire., N. co. and 6^ m. N. Monaghan, bar. 
 Trough, 3 m. from Glasslough stn., PMT.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Enagb, electoral div.. Ire., co. Antrim, dist. Ballymoney. 
 
 Enagb, electoral div., Ire., co. Monaghan, dist. Carrickma- 
 cross. 
 
 Enagb, electoral div. , Ire., co. Monaghan, dist. Glaslougb. 
 
 Eu&uger, comm., Sweden, prov. Gefleborg, on the E. ct., 
 59 m. S. by W. SundsvaU. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Euarea, Innarea, or Inarya, a Galla country, NE. Africa, 
 Abyssinia, to the SW. of Shoa, cap. Saka ; has immense coffee 
 plantations, and is inhabited by one of the most civilised f)eoples 
 of the Galla countries. 
 
 Enborne, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, div. and 3 m. WSW. New- 
 bury. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Enborne, riv. , Eng. , Berkshire, flowing into the Kennet, on 
 the r. bk. , 9 m. E. Newbiu-y. It forms about 10 m. of the S. 
 frontier of the county. 
 
 Eucaramada, site, Venezuela, on the r. bk. of the Orinoco, 
 above the confluence of the Apure. In the vicinity are numerous 
 rocks covered with hieroglyphics. 
 
 Encaruacion, tn., Mexico, JaUsco, 65 m. NE. by E. Guada- 
 lajara. P. 5000. 
 
 Encamadon, Paraguay. See Villa Encarnacion. 
 
 Encartaclones, dist., N. Spain, belonging to prov. Santander 
 and the Basque prov. of Vizcaya, bounded on the S. by the 
 prov. of Biu-gos, on the N. by the Bay of Biscay. At one time 
 the mayors of the different villages of this dist. used to meet to 
 discuss the common affairs at Avellaneda. 
 
 Encausse, viL , France, dep. Haute-Garonne, arr. St. Gaudens, 
 cant, and 5 m. NW. Aspet, with warm springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Enclnal, co., U.S., Texas, crossed by 99° W. , in the N. by 
 28° N. 
 
 Encinasola, comm., Spain, prov. and 60 m. NNW. Huelva. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Encoje, Angola. See Enkozbe. 
 
 Encounter Bay, large bay, in the S. of South AtistraUa, which 
 receives the outlet of Lake Alexandrina, in 35° 40' S. , 138° 45' E. ; 
 formerly a whaling station. 
 
 Endau, riv., Malay Penin., Johor, flows N. into the China 
 Sea, which it enters in about 2° 40' N. , 103° 40' E. 
 
 Ende, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 Endeavour Klver, Queensland, enters the Pacific in 15° 26' 
 S. at Cooktown, where Cook beached his ship Endeavour in 
 1770 to repair a leak. 
 
 Endeavour Strait, Queensland, between Prince of Wales I. 
 and the N. end of Cape York Penin., E. of the Gulf of Car- 
 pentaria, in 10° 45' S. , and 142° 10' E. ; 8 m. broad ; named by 
 Cook after the ship in which he explored and charted the E. 
 coast of AustraUa. 
 
 Endeb, the eastern portion of Flores I., Eastern Archipelago. 
 
 Endelave, isl., Denmark, off" the N. ct. of Fyn (Funen) I. 
 
 Endelllon, ct. par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 8^ 
 m. NW. by N. Bodmin, 4^ m. N. Wadebridge stn. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Endenicb, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Cologne, circle 
 and dist. Bonn. P. ■<4000. 
 
 Enderby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 4^m. 
 SW. Leicester, ij m. N. Narborough stn. Ruins of Lubbes- 
 thorpe Abbey about i^ m. NE. PMT.O. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Enderby Land, dis~t., in the Antarctic regions, discovered by 
 Biscoe, 1831 ; in 67° 30' S. and 50° E. 
 
 Endlan, tn. , Persia. See Hlndlan. 
 
 489 
 
ENDI — ENGL 
 
 Endlcott, vil., U.S., Washington, Whitman co., 55 m. S. by 
 W. Spokane Falls. P. < 1500. 
 
 Endlngen, tn. , Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, 12 m. NW. by N. 
 Freiburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 End ]Moor, vil., Eng., Westmorland, div. and sj m. S. by E. 
 Kendal, 2^ m. NE. Milnthorpe stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Endon, Longsdon and Stanley, par., Eng., StafTordshire, 
 div. and 4 m. WSW. Leek, on the N. Staffordshire Rly. , PM.O. ; 
 5457 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Endorf, comm., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 36 m. ESE. Munich. P. <20oo. 
 
 Enddr, vil., Palestine, the Endor of the O. T., 32° 38' N., 35° 
 23' E. , 6\ m. SE. Nazareth. 
 
 Endrod, vil., Hungary, prov. B^k6s, 50 m. E. Kecskemet. 
 P. 10,90c. 
 
 Ene, riv., Peru, Amazon basin, formed by the union of the 
 Apurimac and the Mantaro, flows NNW. till it unites with the 
 Perene, in about 11° 8' S., 74° 17' W., to form the Tambo. 
 
 Eiiego, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. Vicenza, dist. Asiago. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Enez, Cymric, ' an island,' or ' peninsula.' See Innis. 
 
 Enfesta, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. Corunna, dist. Santiago. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Enfield, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Middlesex and Hertford- 
 shire, E. div., 10 m. N. St. Paul's, London, with stns. on the 
 G. E. (E. Town) and G. N. Rlys. ; has a government small arms 
 factory. To this place (lof m. by rail from Liverpool Street) 
 the G. E. R. runs probably the cheapest workmen's trains in 
 the world (return fare, 2d.). Market-day, S. Alt. 108 ft. Mean 
 rfall. (1866-80), 30.03 in. Par. 12,639 ac, P. 31,800; tn. 
 P. 31,500; pari. div. P. 84,400. 
 
 Enfield, tn., Ire. See Inufleld. 
 
 Enfield, post-tn.. New South Wales, Cumberland co., on 
 George's R., 6 m. S. Sydney. P. <300o. 
 
 Enfield, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Waitaki co., 7 m. 
 from Oamaru. P. < 1500. 
 
 Enfield, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Hartford co., 18 m. N. 
 Hartford. P. 7200. 
 
 Enfield, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire co., on Svdft 
 R. , 26 m. by rail NE. Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Enfield, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co., riv. Mas- 
 coma, 42 m. N W. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Enfield, vil., U.S., North Carolina, Halifax co., 65 m. ENE. 
 Raleigh. P. < 1500. 
 
 Enfield Chase, eccles. par., Eng., Middlesex, Enfield div. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Enfield Highway, PMT.O., Eng., Middlesex, 2 m. E. 
 Enfield. 
 
 Enfield Wash, PMT.O., Eng., Middlesex, Enfield div., close 
 to Enfield Lock stn. on the G. E. R. , 10^ m. N. by E. St. 
 Paul's, London, 2\ m. ENE. Enfield town stn. 
 
 Enford, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., on the Avon, 
 14 m. N. Salisbury, 7 m. W. Ludgershall stn., P.O.; 8190 ac. 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Enfume Cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I. , on the 
 E. ct. , in 46° 37' N. 
 
 Eng, enge, Teutonic, ' narrow.' 
 
 Engadine, valley, Switzd., canton Grisons, between two 
 principal chains of the Rhaetian Alps, and consisting of the 
 upper val. of the Inn. It is subdivided into the Upper (Ober) 
 E. from Z«rnez upwards, alt. 4900-6000 ft., and the Lower 
 (Unter) E., alt. about 4600 ft. The Upper E. contains the 
 noted mineral springs of St. Moritz and the tourist resort of 
 Pontresina, and is now a favourite residence of consumptives 
 on account of the curative properties of its rarefied and pure air. 
 In the Lower E. are the mineral springs of Tarasp. Length, 
 SW. toNE., 45 m. 
 
 Engannim, place named in O. T. See Jentn. 
 
 Engannim, place named in O. T. See Umm Jtna. 
 
 Engilno, small isl., Dutch E. Indies, about 125 m. W. of 
 the S. end of Sumatra, inhabited by a people of Malay family, 
 now rapidly dying out (in 1890 P. < 1000, 10 years previously 
 P. 8000). 
 
 Engafto (Spanish, ' mistake,' ' disappointment'), an isl. off the 
 N. ct. of New Guinea, in 2° 28' S. , and 135° E. , 15 m. long by 
 5 m. broad. 
 
 Engafto, cape, NE. point of Luzon, Philippine Is. 
 
 Engafto, the easternmost cape of Haiti I., in 18° 35' N. and 
 68'' 20' W. 
 
 Enge, suburb of Zurich, Switzd. P. 5100. 
 
 En-Gedi (Hebrew, 'Goat's Spring'), place named in O. T. 
 See 'Aln Jldy. 
 
 Encela, Kas, cape, Tunis, in the N., in 9° 42' E. 
 
 Engelberg, vil., Switzd., cant. Unterwalden (obdem Wald), 
 9 m. SE. by E. Sarnen, with celebrated Benedictine abbey, 
 founded 1121, rebuilt at the beginning of the 18th century, and 
 containing a valuable library. Alt. 3340 ft. Rfall. (17 yrs.), 
 68.35 in. P. <20oo. 
 
 Engelholm, tn., Sweden, prov. and 54 m. WNW. Christian- 
 stad, on the SW. ct., at the mouth of the RSnne A. P. -caooo. 
 490 
 
 Engelsberg, tn., Austria, Silesia, 27 m. WNW. Troppau. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Engelschmanplaat, mud-bank, Holland, in the North 
 Sea, 2 m. from the N. ct. of prov. Friesland, E. of the isl. of 
 Ameland. 
 
 Engelsklrchen, comm., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 19 m. 
 E. by N. Cologne ; iron, lead, and zinc mining. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Engen, tn. , Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, 22^ m. NW. by W. 
 Constance. The French, under Moreau, defeated the Austrians 
 here. May 3, 1800. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Enger, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 24 m. ESE. 
 Osnabriick, 5 m. NW. by W. Herford. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Engers, tn., Prussia, govt. Koblenz, 4 m. E. Neuwied. P. 
 <;3ooo. 
 
 Engey, small isl., Iceland, near Reikjavik. 
 
 Enghlen, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 17 m. SW. Brussels; 
 has mineral springs and baths. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Enghlen les Bains, comm., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. 
 Pontoise, 8 m. N. by W. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Engla, or Eglna, isl. , Greece. See Alglna. 
 
 Engls, comm., Belgium, prov, and 9 m. WSW. Li^ge, on the 
 1. bk. of the Meuse. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Engkobo, vil. , in Tembu-land, Cape Colony, 70 m. NNW. 
 of the mouth of the Great Kei R. 
 
 England, the largest and most populous country of the 
 United Kingdom, separated from .Scotland by the Solway 
 Firth, the Cheviot Hills, and the Tweed, and comprising the 
 whole of Great Britain S. of that boundary and E. of the 
 mountainous peninsula of Wales. The Cheviot Hills form the 
 boundary for about 35 m. The dist. to the W. was formerly 
 occupied by morasses. In former times, when communications 
 were bad, such hills and morasses formed a natural boundary 
 beween two countries, the bulk of whose population has always 
 been settled at a considerable distance from this frontier. 
 Wales was conquered by England in 1265-84, but for long 
 after that retained its own system of law and administra- 
 tion. Since the time of Henry VIII., however, it has been 
 fully incorporated with England, but for several reasons de- 
 serves, like Scotland, separate treatment in this work. Apart 
 from Wales, England is divided into forty counties (now 
 known as ancient counties — see below under local govern- 
 ment), the area of which, along with the population at each 
 census since the first, are shown in the table on the following 
 page. The most striking fact brought out by this table, is the 
 enormous increase that has taken place in the population of 
 England since the beginning of the 19th century. In the 
 ninety years between the first and last census, the population 
 has increased about 3^ times. In previous centuries we have 
 only estimates of the population, but some of these are based 
 on data which afford fair ground for believing that the esti- 
 mate is approximately accurate. In 1377 Parliament granted 
 Edward III. a poll-tax, and from the returns made in con- 
 nection with this tax the population of England (exclusive of 
 Wales and Monmouth) is estimated by different authorities at 
 about 2,050,000 to 2,220,000. Professor Thorold Rogers believed 
 that from that time down to the close of the i6th century there 
 was no material increase of the English population (see In- 
 dustrial and Commercial History of England, chap, iii.), but 
 his estimates with regard to the i6th century seem to be based 
 on rather flimsy grounds, and to be quite irreconcilable with 
 two estimates of the total fighting population for 1575 and 
 1583. These two accounts agree in representing the fighting 
 men to have numbered about 1,172,000, from which a popula- 
 tion of nearly 4,700,000 is deduced for the whole of England 
 and Wales (see Jour. Statist. Soc, IV. p. 202). A century 
 later still more reliable data are available, and estimates have 
 been made for every decade in the i8th century, based on the 
 registers of births and deaths and the poll and hearth tax 
 returns (see Jour. Statist. Soc, XLIII. p. 462). In 1700 the 
 population of England and Wales was estimated at 5,475,000, 
 in 1750 at 6,467,000, and in 1790 at 8,675,000. The percental 
 increase between this last estimate and the total for the first 
 census year, namely 2.51, is markedly lower than that in the 
 decade immediately following, and indeed than any subsequent 
 decade, as shown in the census table ; and though it is ex- 
 plained by wars abroad, troubles at home, and bad harvests 
 (179s and 1797), the difference is great enough to throw con- 
 siderable doubt on the accuracy of .the previous estimates, 
 especially since two of these hindrances to the growth of 
 population, war and bad harvests (1801, 1809-17), operated in 
 the two succeeding decades. But in any case, these estimates 
 must be near enough the truth to show how slow, compara- 
 tively speaking, was the growth of population in England 
 before the beginning of the 19th, or, at any rate, before the 
 i8th century. And this is in keeping with the slow rate of 
 development of the resources of England, as set forth in sub- 
 sequent paragraphs. Sarface. — The principal elevations in 
 England belong to the N. and W., especially the SW. The 
 uplands of the Cheviots extend S. through a large part of 
 Northumberland and Cumberland to the narrow line of valleys 
 
ENGL 
 
 belonging to the lower Tyne and the Irthing, and now traversed 
 by the railway from Carlisle to Newcastle. Immediately to the 
 S. of this line of valleys begfins the highland tract known as the 
 Pennine Chain or Range, sometimes called ' the back-bone of 
 England," which, according to the widest application of the 
 name, extends to the middle of Derbyshire and N. of Stafford- 
 shire. To it belong Cross Fell (2892 ft.) in the N. ; Whemside 
 (2414 ft.), Ingleborough (2373 ft.), and Pen-y-gent (2273 ft.) 
 in the middle ; and the Peak (Kinder Scout, 2808 ft.) in the S. 
 It is not, however, a mountain range, but a series of uplands, 
 in most places above 1000 ft. in height. Midway it is inter- 
 rupted by a partial depression, the level sinking below 500 ft., 
 between the Ribble on the W. and the Wharfe on the E. 
 Southwards it terminates in a number of finger-like spurs, 
 between which flow several tribs of the Trent. To the W. 
 of the northern part of the Pennine Chain, occupying the 
 greater part of the peninsula between the Solway Firth and 
 Morecambe Bay, there occurs a highland region of a different 
 character, being furrowed by deep valleys which run out in 
 all directions, many of them occupied by beautiful lakes. As 
 these are the only lakes of importance in England, apart from 
 the Broads {q.v.), this region is generally known as the English 
 Lake District (q.v.). To it belong the only heights in England 
 
 above 3000 ft. , Scawfell or Sea Fell Pikes (3206 ft.), Helvellyn 
 (3118 ft.), Skiddaw (3058 ft.). The dist. is not wholly cut off 
 from the Pennine Chain, being joined to the latter by the saddle 
 or connecting ridge of Shap Fell, over which has long passed the 
 chief road from N. to S. in this part of England, the route being 
 now followed also by the L. & NW. R. In the SW. of England 
 the principal heights are the granite elevations of Cornwall and 
 S. Devon (Yes Tor in the NW. of Dartmoor, 2077 ft.), the 
 Devonian uplands of Exmoor in N. Devon and the W. of 
 Somerset, and the limestone (Lower Carboniferous) ridge of the 
 Mendip Hills in Somerset. The only other heights in the W. 
 of England that need be mentioned are the Clee Hills, Long- 
 mynd, and the isolated igneous peak of the Wrekin, all in 
 Shropshire, and the gneissose mass of the Malvern Hills in 
 Worcestershire. Geologically, all these parts of England con- 
 taining the higher elevations belong to the older series of rocks. 
 The greater part of the higher ground from the Cheviots to the 
 middle of England belong to the portion of the Carboniferous 
 system underlying the coal-measures, and the principal coal- 
 fields lie on opposite sides of these highlands. In the S. , these 
 are surrounded by a large area of Triassic rocks, spreading 
 over the W. midland counties as well as Cheshire, and extend- 
 ing on the E. as far N. as the mouth of the Tyne. In the 
 
 Population in Thousands, with Increase ( 
 
 + ) 
 
 OR Decrease 
 
 (-) 
 
 PER Cent, since the previous Census. 
 
 County. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 1801. 
 
 1811. 
 
 Incr. 
 10.8 
 
 1821. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1831. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1841. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1851. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1861. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 .87.. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1881. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1891. 
 
 .'ncr. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 per 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 Bedford . . . 
 
 466 
 
 63 
 
 70 
 
 84 
 
 19.7 
 
 95 
 
 i3-( 
 
 108 
 
 13.0 
 
 124 
 
 15-3 
 
 135 
 
 8.7 
 
 146 
 
 8.1 
 
 150 
 
 2-3 
 
 161 
 
 7-4 
 
 346 
 
 Berks .... 
 
 722 
 
 no 
 
 119 
 
 8.1 
 
 133 
 
 ii.l 
 
 146 
 
 10. •; 
 
 162 
 
 10.6 
 
 170 
 
 5-1 
 
 176 
 
 3-6 
 
 196 
 
 "•5 
 
 218 
 
 II. 1 
 
 239 
 
 9-3 
 
 331 
 
 Buckingham . . 
 
 743 
 
 108 
 
 118 
 
 9.2 
 
 135 
 
 14.S 
 
 147 
 
 8.8 
 
 156 
 
 6.4 
 
 164 
 
 4-7 
 
 168 
 
 2.6 
 
 176 
 
 4-7 
 
 176 
 
 0.1 
 
 185 
 
 5-2 
 
 249 
 
 Cambridge . . 
 
 859 
 
 89 
 
 101 
 
 13.2 
 
 122 
 
 21. 1 
 
 144 
 
 17.6 
 
 164 
 
 14.2 
 
 i8s 
 
 12.7 
 
 176 
 
 -5-1 
 
 187 
 
 6.2 
 
 186 
 
 -0.6 
 
 189 
 
 1.8 
 
 220 
 
 Chester . . . 
 
 1,027 
 
 192 
 
 227 
 
 18.1 
 
 270 
 
 19.0 
 
 334 
 
 23.8 
 
 396 
 
 18.3 
 
 456 
 
 15.2 
 
 505 
 
 10.9 
 
 561 
 
 II.O 
 
 644 
 
 14.8 
 
 730 
 
 13-4 
 
 711 
 
 Cornwall . . . 
 
 i>357 
 
 192 
 
 221 
 
 14.7 
 
 261 
 
 18.4 
 
 301 
 
 15-4 
 
 342 
 
 13-6 
 
 356 
 
 3-9 
 
 369 
 
 3-9 
 
 362 
 
 -1.9 
 
 331 
 
 -8.7 
 
 323 
 
 -2.5 
 
 238 
 
 Cumberland . . 
 
 1,516 
 
 117 
 
 134 
 
 14.0 
 
 156 
 
 16.8 
 
 169 
 
 8.4 
 
 178 
 
 5-2 
 
 195 
 
 
 205 
 
 50 
 
 220 
 
 7-3 
 
 251 
 
 13-8 
 
 267 
 
 6-3 
 
 176 
 
 Derby .... 
 
 1,029 
 
 162 
 
 185 
 
 14.8 
 
 214 
 
 15-2 
 
 237 
 
 II.O 
 
 272 
 
 14.8 
 
 296 
 
 8! 8 
 
 339 
 
 14.6 
 
 379 
 
 11.8 
 
 462 
 
 21.7 
 
 528 
 
 14.4 
 
 513 
 
 Devon .... 
 
 2,605 
 
 340 
 
 383 
 
 12.5 
 
 438 
 
 M-5 
 
 494 
 
 12.7 
 
 533 
 
 7-9 
 
 567 
 
 6.4 
 
 584 
 
 3-1 
 
 601 
 
 2.9 
 
 604 
 
 0.4 
 
 632 
 
 4-7 
 
 243 
 
 Dorset .... 
 
 988 
 
 114 
 
 125 
 
 9.0 
 
 145 
 
 16.2 
 
 159 
 
 10.0 
 
 175 
 
 9.8 
 
 184 
 
 5-2 
 
 189 
 
 2.5 
 
 196 
 
 3-6 
 
 i'^ 
 
 -2.5 
 
 195 
 
 1.9 
 
 197 
 
 Durham . . . 
 
 1,011 
 
 149 
 
 165 
 
 10.7 
 
 194 
 
 17.1 
 
 239 
 
 23.f 
 
 308 
 
 28.7 
 
 391 
 
 27.0 
 
 509 
 
 30.1 
 
 685 
 
 34-7 
 
 868 
 
 26.6 
 
 1,017 
 
 17.2 
 
 1,006 
 
 Essex .... 
 
 1,542 
 
 228 
 
 252 
 
 10.9 
 
 289 
 
 14.6 
 
 318 
 
 9-7 
 
 345 
 
 8.7 
 
 369 
 
 7-1 
 
 405 
 
 9.6 
 
 466 
 
 15-2 
 
 576 
 
 23.6 
 
 785 
 
 36.3 
 
 509 
 
 Gloucester . . 
 
 1.243 
 
 251 
 
 286 
 
 14. 1 
 
 336 
 
 17.6 
 
 387 
 
 15.2 
 
 431 
 
 11.4 
 
 459 
 
 6.3 
 
 486 
 
 5-9 
 
 535 
 
 10. 1 
 
 572 
 
 7.0 
 
 600 
 
 4.8 
 
 483 
 
 Hampshire . . 
 
 1,622 
 
 219 
 
 247 
 
 12.4 
 
 283 
 
 14.8 
 
 314 
 
 II.O 
 
 355 
 
 13.0 
 
 405 
 
 14-3 
 
 482 
 
 18.9 
 
 545 
 
 1.3- 1 
 
 593 
 
 9.0 
 
 690 
 
 16.3 
 
 425 
 
 Hereford . . . 
 
 840 
 
 88 
 
 94 
 
 5.8 
 
 103 
 
 9.8 
 
 III 
 
 7-7 
 
 113 
 
 2.4 
 
 "5 
 
 2.0 
 
 124 
 
 7-1 
 
 125 
 
 1.3 
 
 121 
 
 -3-3 
 
 116 
 
 -4-4 
 
 138 
 
 Hertford . 
 
 635 
 
 97 
 
 III 
 
 14.0 
 
 130 
 
 16.6 
 
 143 
 
 10.1 
 
 157 
 
 9-7 
 
 167 
 
 6.8 
 
 173 
 
 3-6 
 
 192 
 
 10.9 
 
 203 
 
 H 
 
 220 
 
 8.4 
 
 346 
 
 Huntingdon . . 
 
 366 
 
 38 
 
 42 
 
 12.4 
 
 49 
 
 16.0 
 
 53 
 
 8.7 
 
 59 
 
 10. 1 
 
 64 
 
 9.6 
 
 64 
 
 0.1 
 
 64 
 
 -0.8 
 
 59 
 
 -6.6 
 
 58 
 
 "f-g 
 
 158 
 
 Kent .... 
 
 1.555 
 
 3°9 
 
 372 
 
 20.4 
 
 427 
 
 14.9 
 
 480 
 
 12.3 
 
 549 
 
 14.6 
 
 616 
 
 12. 1 
 
 734 
 
 19.2 
 
 848 
 
 15.6 
 
 978 
 
 15-2 
 
 1,142 
 
 i6.8 
 
 734 
 
 Lancaster . . . 
 
 1,887 
 
 673 
 
 828 
 
 23.0 
 
 1.053 
 
 27.1 
 
 1.337 
 
 27.0 
 
 1,667 
 
 24.7 
 
 2,031 
 
 21.8 
 
 2,429 
 
 19.6 
 
 2,819 
 
 16.1 
 
 3.454 
 
 22.5 
 
 3.927 
 
 13-7 
 
 2,081 
 
 Leicester . . . 
 
 824 
 
 130 
 
 151 
 
 15-7 
 
 175 
 
 16.0 
 
 197 
 
 12.9 
 
 216 
 
 9.6 
 
 230 
 
 6.7 
 
 237 
 
 3-1 
 
 269 
 
 13.4 
 
 321 
 
 19.4 
 
 374 
 
 16.2 
 
 454 
 
 Lincoln . . . 
 
 2,646 
 
 209 
 
 238 
 
 13-9 
 
 283 
 
 19. 1 
 
 317 
 
 12.2 
 
 363 
 
 14.2 
 
 407 
 
 12.3 
 
 412 
 
 1.2 
 
 437 
 
 5-9 
 
 470 
 
 7.6 
 
 473 
 
 0.6 
 
 179 
 
 Middlesex . . . 
 
 283 
 
 818 
 
 954 
 
 16.6 
 
 1. 145 
 
 20.1 
 
 1,358 
 
 18.6 
 
 1.577 
 
 16. T 
 
 1,887 
 
 19.7 
 
 2,206 
 
 17.0 
 
 2,540 
 
 15- 1 
 
 2,920 
 
 15.0 
 
 3.252 
 
 II-3 
 
 11,491 
 
 Monmouth . . 
 
 534 
 
 46 
 
 62 
 
 36-3 
 
 76 
 
 22.1 
 
 98 
 
 29.5 
 
 134 
 
 36-9 
 
 157 
 
 17.2 
 
 175 
 
 10.9 
 
 195 
 
 II. 9 
 
 211 
 
 8.0 
 
 252 
 
 19-5 
 
 472 
 
 Norfolk . . . 
 
 2,044 
 
 273 
 
 292 
 
 6.8 
 
 344 
 
 18.0 
 
 390 
 
 13-3 
 
 413 
 
 5.8 
 
 443 
 
 7-3 
 
 435 
 
 -1.8 
 
 439 
 
 0.9 
 
 445 
 
 1.4 
 
 455 
 
 2.2 
 
 223 
 
 Northampton . 
 
 1,003 
 
 132 
 
 141 
 
 7-5 
 
 163 
 
 154 
 
 179 
 
 lO.O 
 
 199 
 
 II. 1 
 
 212 
 
 6.6 
 
 228 
 
 7.2 
 
 244 
 
 7-1 
 
 273 
 
 11.8 
 
 ^02 
 
 10.9 
 
 301 
 
 Northumberland 
 
 2,015 
 
 168 
 
 183 
 
 9.0 
 
 213 
 
 16.0 
 
 237 
 
 II-5 
 
 266 
 
 12.3 
 
 304 
 
 14. 1 
 
 343 
 
 I3-0 
 
 387 
 
 12.7 
 
 434 
 
 12.2 
 
 506 
 
 16.7 
 
 251 
 
 Nottingham . . 
 
 843 
 
 140 
 
 163 
 
 16.1 
 
 187 
 
 14.7 
 
 225 
 
 20.6 
 
 250 
 
 TO. 9 
 
 270 
 
 8.2 
 
 294 
 
 8.7 
 
 320 
 
 8.8 
 
 392 
 
 22.5 
 
 446 
 
 13.8 
 
 529 
 
 Oxford .... 
 
 756 
 
 112 
 
 J 20 
 
 7-5 
 
 138 
 
 14.8 
 
 154 
 
 II. I 
 
 163 
 
 6.3 
 
 170 
 
 4-5 
 
 171 
 
 0.3 
 
 178 
 
 4.1 
 
 180 
 
 I.O 
 
 186 
 
 3-4 
 
 246 
 
 Rutland . . . 
 
 152 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 0.5 
 
 18 
 
 12.9 
 
 19 
 
 4.9 
 
 21 
 
 9.9 
 
 23 
 
 7-9 
 
 22 
 
 -4.9 
 
 22 
 
 1.0 
 
 21 
 
 -2.9 
 
 21 
 
 -3-6 
 
 138 
 
 Salop .... 
 
 1,343 
 
 169 
 
 185 
 
 9-3 
 
 198 
 
 7.2 
 
 214 
 
 7-7 
 
 226 
 
 5.8 
 
 229 
 
 1.6 
 
 241 
 
 5-1 
 
 248 
 
 3-0 
 
 248 
 
 0.0 
 
 236 
 
 -4-7 
 
 176 
 
 Somerset . . . 
 
 1,630 
 
 274 
 
 303 
 
 10.7 
 
 356 
 
 17-5 
 
 404 
 
 13-5 
 
 436 
 
 7-9 
 
 444 
 
 1.9 
 
 445 
 
 0.2 
 
 463 
 
 4.2 
 
 469 
 
 1.2 
 
 484 
 
 3-2 
 
 297 
 
 Stafford . . . 
 
 1,171 
 
 243 
 
 295 
 
 21.4 
 
 346 
 
 17-5 
 
 409 
 
 18.4 
 
 509 
 
 24.4 
 
 609 
 
 19-5 
 
 747 
 
 22.7 
 
 858 
 
 14.9 
 
 981 
 
 14-3 
 
 1,083 
 
 10.4 
 
 925 
 
 Suffolk .... 
 
 1,489 
 
 214 
 
 234 
 
 9.1 
 
 272 
 
 16.1 
 
 296 
 
 9.1 
 
 315 
 
 6.3 
 
 337 
 
 7.0 
 
 337 
 
 -0.0 
 
 349 
 
 3-5 
 
 357 
 
 2-3 
 
 371 
 
 4.0 
 
 249 
 
 Surrey .... 
 Sussex .... 
 
 758 
 
 268 
 
 324 
 
 20.7 
 
 399 
 
 23-3 
 
 486 
 
 21.8 
 
 16.9 
 
 584 
 
 20.1 
 
 683 
 
 17.0 
 
 831 
 364 
 
 21.7 
 8.0 
 
 1,092 
 
 31-4 
 14.8 
 
 1,437 
 
 31.6 
 
 1,731 
 
 20.5 
 
 2,284 
 
 1.458 
 
 159 
 
 190 
 
 19.4 
 
 233 
 
 22.6 
 
 273 
 
 300 
 
 10. 1 
 
 337 
 
 ^^•3 
 
 417 
 
 491 
 
 17-5 
 
 550 
 
 12.2 
 
 377 
 
 Warwick . . . 
 
 902 
 
 207 
 
 229 
 
 10.7 
 
 274 
 
 19.9 
 
 337 
 
 22.7 
 
 402 
 
 19-3 
 
 475 
 
 18.3 
 
 562 
 
 18.3 
 
 634 
 
 12.9 
 
 737 
 
 16.3 
 
 805 
 
 9.0 
 
 892 
 
 Westmorland 
 
 783 
 
 41 
 
 46 
 
 12.5 
 
 5' 
 
 11.8 
 
 55 
 
 7.2 
 
 56 
 
 2.6 
 
 58 
 
 3-3 
 
 61 
 
 4-3 
 
 65 
 
 6.9 
 
 64 
 
 -1-3 
 
 66 
 
 3-0 
 
 84 
 
 Wilts .... 
 
 1.375 
 
 184 
 
 192 
 
 4-4 
 
 220 
 
 14-5 
 
 237 
 
 8.1 
 
 256 
 
 8.0 
 
 254 
 
 -0.8 
 
 249 
 
 -1.9 
 
 257 
 
 3.2 
 
 259 
 
 0.7 
 
 265 
 
 2.3 
 
 193 
 
 Worcester . . . 
 
 York, E.,N., and 
 
 W. Riding . . 
 
 Total . , 
 
 751 
 
 146 
 
 169 
 
 15.4 
 
 194 
 
 14.9 
 
 223 
 
 14.7 
 
 248 
 
 11.6 
 
 277 
 
 "•5 
 
 307 
 
 II.O 
 
 339 
 
 10.2 
 
 380 
 
 12.2 
 
 414 
 
 8.8 
 
 5SI 
 
 J- 6067 
 
 859 
 
 986 
 
 14.8 
 
 1. 174 
 
 19.1 
 
 1.372 
 
 16.9 
 
 1,592 
 
 16.0 
 
 1,798 
 
 12.9 
 
 2.034 
 
 13- » 
 
 2,436 
 
 19.8 
 
 2,887 
 
 18.5 
 
 3.209 
 
 11.2 
 
 529 
 
 50,842 
 
 8.351 
 
 9.553 
 
 14.4 
 
 11,282 
 
 18.1 
 
 13.091 
 
 16.0 
 
 14,997 
 
 14.6 
 
 16,922 
 
 12.8 
 
 18,954 
 
 12.0 
 
 21.495 
 
 ^3-4 
 
 24.614 
 
 14-5 
 
 27.483 
 
 11.7 
 
 541 
 
 midst of these lie several other coalfields as inliers. In the 
 Lake District, Ordovician and Cambrian and Silurian, as well 
 as volcanic, rocks abound. The SW. peninsula, apart from the 
 granitic areas, is mainly of Devonian and Lower Carboniferous 
 age. 
 
 The SE. of England, from the Tees to the coast of Dorset, is 
 mainly composed of more recent (Secondary and Tertiary) rocks, 
 for the most part spread out in vast sheets with comparatively 
 slight undulations, the older generally extending further W. 
 than the more recent, and the chief contrasts of upland and 
 plain being exhibited at the edges or escarpments where the 
 strata terminate. There are few places in this area where the 
 surface is more than 500 ft. above sea-level, and there is not a 
 single elevation of 1500 ft. (the highest. Burton Howe, in the 
 N. of Yorkshire, 1489 ft.). In the extreme E., on the coast of 
 Norfolk and Suffolk, there is a considerable area of Pliocene 
 rocks. To the S. that is followed by a wedge of older Tertiary 
 rocks (largely London clay) on both sides of the Thames, 
 gradually narrowing inland and terminating a few miles to the 
 W. of Newbury. Both on the NW. and S. this wedge is suc- 
 ceeded by the chalk. On the NW. this formation forms a 
 broad belt, generally of high ground, forming in Oxford and 
 Bucks the Chiltern Hills, and further N. the E. Anglian 
 
 Heights. On the S. it forms the series of bare downs extending, 
 under the name of the N. Downs, from Salisbury Plain (also 
 chalk) to the N. and S. Forelands in Kent, the S. Downs 
 forming another range of heights extending SE. from Salisbury 
 Plain to Beachy Head. Between the two is enclosed a wedge 
 of Lower Cretaceous age, forming the Weald, once a vast forest. 
 The area round the Wash is chiefly a tract of low-lying alluvium, 
 extending far inland on the SW. and W. [Bedford Lercl], 
 but further N. the chalk is again continued in the High Dyke 
 or Lincoln Heights, and beyond the Humber in the Yorkshire 
 Moors. To the W. of the chalk is a series of Oolitic formations 
 in which occur the Cotswold Hills in Gloucestershire, Edgehill 
 on the borders of the counties of Oxford and Warwick, and in 
 the extreme N. the Yorkshire Wolds. Still further W. , between 
 the Oolites and the Triassic, lies a band of Lias of varying width, 
 mainly belonging, like the Trias and most of the Oolites, to the 
 gi-eat central plain. The principal rtvers of England are the 
 Thames, Severn, Trent, and (Yorkshire) Ouse, to which may be 
 added, on account of their importance to shipping, the Mersey, 
 Tyne, and Tees. All the great rivers are connected by canals 
 in the midlands, the network of canals including also the Nen 
 and the Witham, belonging to the Wash basin. Three lines of 
 canals have even been laid across the Pennine Chain, bringing 
 
 491 
 
ENGL 
 
 the p)orts of Goole and Hull on the E. into connection with 
 those of Manchester and Liverpool on the W., through the 
 valleys of the Aire and Calder (tribs. Ouse). The climate is 
 treated of more fully under the United Kingdom. Here it is 
 enough to say that on the whole the western and northern 
 counties receive, on the whole, the greater rainfall, and are 
 more suited for dairy-farming, those on the SE. better adapted 
 for corn-crops. The principal corn crops of England are 
 wheat, barley, and oats ; the principal green-crops, turnips, 
 potatoes, and mangold. The minor corn-crops are rye, beans, 
 and peas; the more important of the minor green-crops, cabbage, 
 vetches, and tares. Lucerne occupies several thousand acres 
 in Kent and in Essex, and is cultivated to a smaller extent in 
 nearly all other English counties. The aggregate area under 
 corn-crops is considerably more than twice that under green- 
 crops. Clover, sainfoin, and grasses, whether for hay or not 
 for hay, are grown over a greater area than any one other crop, 
 and than all the green crops together ; and the total in per- 
 manent pasture, or grass not broken up in rotation, is con- 
 siderably in excess of all the rest of the area employed in 
 agriculture, a feature by which English is markedly distinguished 
 from Scotch agriculture. Among special crops the most im- 
 portant is hops, cultivated principally in Kent, but also in 
 Sussex, Siu-rey, Hants, Herefordshire, and Worcestershire, and 
 to a small extent in a few other counties. Flax is grown in 
 nearly all counties, but is nowhere of importance. There are 
 orchards also in all counties ; but the leading counties under this 
 head, if we consider the area under orchards relatively to the total 
 area, are those of Hereford, Worcester, Middlesex, Gloucester, 
 Somerset, Kent, Devon, and Monmouth. Middlesex and Kent 
 stand pre-eminent in the cultivation of small fruit (strawberries, 
 gooseberries, currants, &c. ). The table on pp. 7-9 of the Appen- 
 dix shows the enormous decrease that has taken place in recent 
 years in the area under crops, and especially under corn-crops 
 in recent years, chiefly, if not wholly, in consequence of the in- 
 creasing imports from abroad. The salient facts are these : 
 The total area under wheat has declined by nearly a half. The 
 decline is greatest in the northern counties, Northumberland, 
 Cumberland, Durham, Lancashire, Cheshire, and the N. 
 Riding of York, in all of which the area under wheat in 1893 
 was about a third or less than a third of what it was in 1869, 
 least in the counties between the Thames and the Wash, which 
 have always been the principal wheat-growing counties. In 
 Beds, Herts, Cams, Hunts, Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk, the 
 area under wheat in 1893 was still almost two-thirds or more 
 than that proportion of what it was in 1869. In barley the 
 decline is comparatively slight, and this crop has about main- 
 tained, or even extended, its area in the counties of Cambridge, 
 Hereford, Huntingdon, Rutland, Salop, Kent, Suffolk, Nor- 
 folk, Lincoln, the E. and N. Ridings of York, and in Durham. 
 In oats there has been a considerable increase, and that more 
 or less in every county except Derby and Durham (those 
 affected by the creation of the county of London being left 
 out of account in the comparison). It is noteworthy that in 
 the extent under corn-crops collectively the diminution has 
 been least in Lancashire. Among green crops there has been 
 an increase on the whole under potatoes, especially in the 
 counties near London. In mangold there is little change — 
 the increase greatest in the counties near London and in Nor- 
 folk. The extent under green crops collectively has increased 
 only in the counties of Cambridge, Lincolnshire, and Middlesex, 
 but has remained pretty steady in those of York and Lancaster. 
 On the other hand, the area under permanent pasture has 
 increased on the whole by not much less than one-third, the 
 increase being substantial in every county except Rutland. The 
 columns on p. 9 of the Appendix relating to live-stock, form an 
 interesting supplement to those just considered. From these we 
 see that there has been a small relative advance under horses 
 (chiefly in the counties of Cambridge, Huntingdon, Monmouth, 
 Norfolk, and Salop) and pigs; a large decrease in sheep, all 
 counties sharing in this decrease except the northern counties 
 (Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmorland, Lancaster, and 
 the N. Riding of York), besides Monmouth, Salop, and Corn- 
 wall ; but that there was, on the other hand, a large relative 
 increase in the number of cattle ; an increase shared in by every 
 county for which the returns allow a comparison to be made, 
 in all except Northumberland, Suffolk, Westmorland, and the 
 E. Riding of York, besides two of the counties affected by the 
 creation of the county of London, exceeding 20 p)er 1000 acres, 
 in two (Chester and Cornwall) exceeding 60 per 1000 acres, in 
 other two (Salop and Stafford) exceeding 50 per 1000 acres, 
 and in seven others (Derby, Devon, Hereford, Hunts, Leicester, 
 Rutland, and Warwick) exceeding 40 per 1000 acres. In 1869 
 only two coimties, Chester and Leicester, had more than 200 
 cattle per 1000 acres. The former of these in the interval 
 increased its stock of cattle by 63, the latter by 44, per 1000 
 acres ; and the counties of Cornwall, Derby, Somerset, and 
 Stafford were added to the number of those with cattle exceed- 
 ing that proportion. 
 Notwithstanding the decline shown in the tables now under 
 492 
 
 consideration, English agriculture is in some respects ahead 
 of that of all the rest of the world, as is shown by the high 
 average produce of wheat (still by far the most important corn- 
 crop) relatively to area — about twenty-nine bushels per acre, 
 a higher average than is obtained in any other country in 
 which wheat is grown to any considerable extent. (The small 
 wheat area in Scotland shows a somewhat higher average.) 
 But this excellence of English agriculture is of comparatively 
 recent date. The only agricultural product for which England 
 has long been famous is wool, which for centuries was the 
 leading English export, and is still the only British agricultural 
 export of importance. The breeds of sheep which take their 
 names from the counties of Leicester and Lincoln are among 
 those yielding the finest long-stapled wool. Turnips appear 
 to have been introduced (along with carrots) from Holland 
 early in the 17th century, and the culdvation of this crop was 
 the first important advance made in arable agriculture. By 
 providing winter food for cattle it enabled greater numbers to 
 be kept, and thus furnished greater supplies of farmyard 
 manure, and rendered it possible for the people to have fresh 
 meat for food all the year round, at the same time that the 
 root served itself as an addition to the vegetable diet. By 
 its means alone, according to Professor Thorold Rogers, 
 leprosy and scurvy, previously endemic in England, were 
 finally extirpated. Its cultivation, however, seems to have 
 spread but slowly to some of the outlying counties. Borlase, 
 the antiquary, writing in 1756, speaks of turnip husbandly as 
 only having begun to obtain in Cornwall ; and even in 1794 
 the writer of a report to the Board of Agriculture states that 
 in that county the cultivation of turnips as a rotation crop 
 was not general. About the middle of the 17th century clover 
 was introduced also from Holland, and subsequently sainfoin 
 and rye-grass from the same country. It was only in the i8th 
 century that the cultivation of the potato became general in 
 England. The cultivation of mangold is still more recent, 
 and is for the most part limited in extent, except in the 
 eastern counties, from Lincoln southwards, and some of the 
 SW. counties, the plant being very sensitive to injury from 
 frost. Sugar-beet, a variety of the mangold, has been culti- 
 vated only here and there experimentally. It was in the i8th 
 century, also, that great improvement was made in the arable 
 agriculture of the country by the extensive practice of marling ; 
 and in the latter half of that century that a beginning was 
 made with that improvement of live-stock by breeding which, 
 being ever since continued, has made England renowned for 
 its cattle and sheep, as well as some of its breeds of horses. 
 The principal pioneer in this department of enterprise was 
 Bakewell, a Leicestershire agriculturist, to whom England owes 
 the Leicester breed of sheep. 
 
 The principal mineral -wealtb of England was likewise 
 slow in attaining its full development, though some English 
 minerals attained a high degree of importance at a very early 
 date. Whether the Phoenicians actually visited England for 
 the sake of Cornish tin, or even traded in tin of English origin, 
 is only matter of conjecture, though it is highly probable that 
 they did both, and it is at least certain that the Cornish tin 
 mines have been worked from a very remote period. During 
 the Middle Ages, after the decline of the Spanish (Galician) 
 mines, and before the discovery of those of Bohemia and Saxony 
 (1240), England furnished the whole supply of tin for Christen- 
 dom, a source of great wealth to the Earls of Cornwall {q.v.) 
 after the Norman Conquest. The lead mines of England were 
 also at an early date important sources of supply both of lead 
 and silver, which were largely exported. In an essay on the 
 trade and commerce of England, laid before James I. by Sir 
 Walter Raleigh in 1603, lead and tin are the only two mineral 
 commodities of England to which (from the wording of the 
 document) special prominence seems to be given. Copper, 
 iron, alum, copperas, and coals are also mentioned, but not in 
 such a manner as to lead one to suppose the same importance 
 was attached to them, although iron ordnance is specially 
 spoken of as a jewel of great value peculiar to England. (See 
 the document in Anderson's History 0/ Comtmrce, II. 216-20.) 
 Reference is made by him to the mighty store of salt in France 
 and Spain, but none to that of Cheshire and Worcestershire. 
 The fact is, that though the Worcestershire salt at least was 
 certainly worked by the Romans, the art of refining it appiears 
 to have been lost, and not to have been rediscovered till the end 
 of the 17th century. Iron ore was formerly smelted in England, 
 as elsewhere, solely by means of charcoal, and the total pro- 
 duction was scanty, and of inferior quality. The best ores (the 
 hematites of Cumberland and N. Lancashire) were not known. 
 Coal was first used with practical success in the smelting of iron 
 by Dud Dudley in 1619, but the practice was then followed 
 only by himself, and it was not till early in the i8th century (at 
 least as early as 1718) that coked coal came to be regularly usied 
 in iron-smelting in the works of Abraham Darby at Coalbrook- 
 dale ; and it was a good deal later before its use became general. 
 Mr. Hull in his Coalfields of Great Britain has collected 
 numerous notices of the use of coal in England in early times. 
 
ENGL 
 
 According to him, thiere are clear, or (in some cases) more or 
 less probable, signs of coal having been used in Roman times 
 at Manchester, near Newcastle, at Wroxeter {Uriconium), in 
 Shropshire, and elsewhere. An Anglo-Saxon chronicle of 852 
 shows that it was an article of domestic consumption at that 
 date. There are probable evidences of its use in Durham in 
 the i2th century. In 1259 a charter was granted to the freemen 
 of Newcastle, empowering them to dig for coals ; and a sea trade 
 in coal (hence called 'sea-coal') to London grew rapidly, and 
 continued to grow in spite of a royal proclamation forbidding 
 its use in 1306. Collieries are known to have been opened in 
 the 14th century in various parts of Yorkshire, Durham, and 
 Northumberland, and Hull believes it to be 'very probable' 
 that coal was already extracted throughout this century near 
 the outcrop of the beds of most, if not all, the coalfields of 
 Britain and Ireland. But even subsequently to this date the 
 references to the use of coal are for centuries only occasional 
 [Walsall, Cole Ortou, Clee HlUs, Wigan]. It is from the 
 discovery of the mode of smelting iron by means of coal that 
 the growing importance of this fuel may be dated, an importance 
 which the mechanical inventions soon after increased to such 
 an extent as to make coal without a rival in an economic sense 
 among the minerals of England, its annual value being six or 
 seven times that of any other. (See table, Appendix, p. 14. ) 
 At present the seven leading minerals of England, which pro- 
 duces nearly three-fourths of the total vulue of the minerals raised 
 in the United Kingdom, are coal, stone, iron ore, clays (exclusive 
 of ordinary clays), salt, tin and lead ores. No others are 
 produced to the value of more than ;^ 100, 000 annually. About 
 one-third of the total amount of English coal is produced in the 
 coalfield in the E. side of the Pennine Chain, extending from 
 S. Yorkshire into Notts. More than one-fourth is produced in 
 the Durham and Northumberland coalfield, about one-sixth in 
 the S. Lancashire and Cheshire coalfield, about one-tenth in 
 the coalfield of S. Staffordshire and the adjoining parts of the 
 cos. of Warwick and Worcester. Large amounts are also 
 produced in N. Staffordshire and Monmouthshire, though 
 this latter area must be regarded as a part of the g^eat S. Wales 
 coalfield ; and smaller amounts in detached coalfields in 
 Leicestershire, Gloucestershire, Somerset, Salop, and elsewhere. 
 Stone is too widely diffused for the places of its occurrence to 
 be enumerated. Of the iron ore of England, about two-thirds 
 is produced in the following dists. and cos. : — the N. Riding of 
 Yorkshire (that is, the Cleveland dist.), Cumberland, and N. 
 Lancashire (the seat of production of the valuable red hematite), 
 Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire and Leicestershire (in which 
 counties lie the bulk of the open works), and in N. Staffordshire. 
 The production of pig-iron, however, is more evenly and widely 
 distributed, though the two first-mentioned dists. take the lead 
 in this industry also, the coalfield of Durham and Northumber- 
 land ranking next. Of the clays mentioned in the mineral 
 returns, the most important are fire-clay, produced chiefly in 
 the coalfields of Durham, Staffordshire, Yorkshire, and Lanca- 
 shire, and china clay, mainly in Cornwall, to a small amount, 
 and in Devon. About two-thirds of the salt of England is 
 produced in Cheshire, in the basin of the Weaver, but large 
 quantities are also produced in the older locality in Worcester- 
 shire (Droitwich and Stoke Prior), and in the more recently 
 discovered dists. at the mouth of the Tees (S. Durham 
 and Middlesbrough, in Yorkshire), and N. Lancashire (at 
 Preesall, whence the brine is pumped to Fleetwood). Tin ore 
 is obtained almost entirely from Cornwall, a small quantity 
 from Devon ; and lead ore (mostly yielding also silver) from 
 Durham, Derbyshire, Cumberland, Northumberland, Westmor- 
 land, Yorkshire, and to a smaller extent from several other 
 counties. Among the minor minerals of England may be 
 mentioned arsenic (Devon and Cornwall), barytes (chiefly 
 Northumberland), gypsum (Notts, Devon, Cumberland, Staf- 
 ford, &c.), zinc ore (Cumberland, Derby, Salop), phosphate of 
 lime (Cambridge, Beds, Suffolk), copper ore (Cornwall, Devon, 
 Carnarvon, &c. ), and copper precipitate (Anglesey), ochre, 
 umber, &c. , oil shale, alum clay, and alum shale. 
 
 Hanafi&ctnres in England were likewise comparatively slow 
 in their development. The earliest to acquire importance was 
 wool, for which the country supplied such an abundance of raw 
 material. From Flanders, English kings introduced artisans 
 with the view of improving the woollen manufactures of the 
 country towards the close of the nth century, in the first half 
 of the 14th century, and towards the close of the isth. In the 
 following century English woollens had become a considerable 
 article of export ; but the cloth was still sent to Holland to be 
 dressed and finished in 1603, and the finest kinds even after the 
 middle of the 17th century. Early in the i8th century the 
 woollen industry had risen to such importance, that woollen 
 manufactures formed upwards of 40 per cent, of the value of 
 English exports ; and about 1780 this industry is spoken of as 
 having long been the glory of England, and the envy of other 
 nations. It was in this century, too, that the great mechanical 
 inventions took place which made England pre-eminent in 
 manufactures among all the countries of the world. The first 
 
 mechanical invention of importance due to an Englishman 
 may be said to be that of the fly-shuttle, patented by John Kay, 
 of Bolton, in 1733. A machine for spinning by rollers was in- 
 vented by Wyatt in Birmingham in 1738, but it was not till 
 about 1769, when Arkvtright took out his patent for the pur- 
 pose, that this mode of spinning was successfully introduced. 
 Previously to this the spinning-jenny of Hargreaves, the first 
 machine by which more than two yarns could be spun at once, 
 had been invented (1764), though it was not patented till 1770. 
 The invention of Crompton's spinning-mule followed in 1779, 
 and that of Cartvvright's power-loom in 1785. These inventions 
 were first applied in the cotton industry, which rapidly attained 
 a position of imrivalled importance. In the end, however, they 
 served as a stimulus to all textile industries, which received an 
 additional stimulus when Watt's numerous inventions had at 
 last, about 1785, rendered the steam-engine an efficient agent 
 in textile as well as other manufactures ; and numerous coal- 
 mines were opened in the very districts in which the leading 
 textile industries had already established themselves (see below). 
 With the growth of these industries, the development of machine- 
 making went on hand in hand. 
 
 The chief seats of the great English manufacturing industries 
 have remained the same for long periods. In early times, 
 indeed, the woollen industry floiu-ished rotmd London. In the 
 15th century, Surrey, Berks, and other counties round the capital 
 are mentioned as noted for their woollen industry. So also are 
 the counties of Somerset, Gloucester, and Dorset in the W. of 
 England ; and Flemings had already introduced the manufacture 
 into Manchester (1328) and Kendal. Subsequently, however, 
 this industry died out in the home counties, owing, it is said, to 
 the deamess of provisions in consequence of the vicinity of 
 London ; and when, in 1489, Henry VII. introduced Flemish 
 artisans into the country, they were principaUy settled in York- 
 shire, at Leeds, Wakefield, and HaOfax, ' places well supplied 
 with water, fuel, and cheap provisions,' and which have ever 
 since remained, along with neighbouring towns, the great 
 centres of this branch of industry, where it is now promoted 
 by the working of one of the richest coalfields of the country. 
 The W. of England (the Stroud valley in Gloucestershire, and 
 Bradford, and Trowbridge in Wiltshire) still retains a reputation 
 for its woollens, especially its broadcloth. The cottons of 
 Manchester are already mentioned in the middle of the 14th 
 century, but were then, and till long after, really of wool or 
 linen, or mixtures of wool or linen with cotton. It was not till 
 after the great inventions already referred to that cotton yarn 
 could be spun of sufficient strength to form the warp. Man- 
 chester then became the centre of the cotton industry in the 
 strict sense of the term, and this industry is now carried on 
 principally in the towns round Manchester, on the W. side of 
 the Pennine Chain, where it is pursued under exceptionally 
 favourable conditions, in consequence of the humidity of the 
 atmosphere, and the richness of the underlying coalfield. 
 Among other textile industries may be mentioned those of 
 linen and silk, neither of which is a notably English manu- 
 facture. Manchester used to be noted for its linens, the yarn 
 for which it obtained from Ireland, but now Barnsley is the 
 principal English town engaged in this manufacture. The 
 first silk-mill in England was erected at Derby in 1717, and the 
 industry has since been mainly carried on in this county, N. 
 Staffordshire and E. Cheshire, where streams of pure water 
 abound. Spitalfields, in London, was also long knowTi for its 
 silk manufactures, though there it is now nearly extinct. A 
 specially English branch of this manufacture, the spinning and 
 weaving of waste silk by machinery similar to that used in 
 woollen and cotton manufacture, has its chief centre at Bradford. 
 The manufacture of machinery is mainly carried on in or near 
 the great textile centres [Oldham, Bolton, Kelgliley]. Iron 
 and other metal industries have long made Birmingham re- 
 nowned, and Sheffield has long been noted for its cutlery. 
 More recently many other towns within easy reach of coal and 
 iron (Middlesbrough, Barrow, Leeds, &c.) have become cele- 
 brated for their iron and steel, and great seaports thus favour- 
 ably situated (Barrow, the Tyne ports, Sunderland) also for 
 their shipbuilding. The manufactm^ of earthenware has 
 long been carried on principally in the dist. of N. Stafford- 
 shire known as the Potteries (round Bursiem), with which the 
 name of Wedgwood is associated in last century. Paper- 
 making, which was first firmly established at Dartford, in Kent, 
 in 1588, is still largely carried on in that county as well as 
 elsewhere. The great chemical manufactures are chiefly pur- 
 sued on or near the great Cheshire salt-basin (Widnes, &c. ), 
 salt as well as coal being essential to the most important of such 
 industries, but are also largely pursued in other important 
 towns on or near the coalfields. As to the eomimerce of 
 England, see Fnited Kingdom. The nature of the industries 
 that has led to the great increase in the population of England 
 since the end of the i8th century has necessarily led to an in- 
 creasing concentration of population in large to'wns, as is well 
 shown by the following table, exhibiting the percental increase 
 (or decrease) of population within the present areas of the 
 
 493 
 
ENGL 
 
 twenty-eight largest towns of England since the census of 
 1801 : 1 — 
 
 
 1801 
 
 1811 
 
 1821 
 
 1831 
 
 1841 
 
 1851 
 
 1861 
 
 1871 
 
 188 1 
 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 
 1811. 
 
 1821. 
 
 1831. 
 
 1841. 
 
 1851. 
 
 1861. 
 
 1871. 
 
 i88j. 
 
 189:. 
 
 London . 
 
 18.8 
 
 21. 1 
 
 20.0 
 
 17.7 
 
 21.2 
 
 18.7 
 
 16.1 
 
 17-3 
 
 10.4 
 
 Brighton . 
 
 64.5 
 
 99.0 
 
 65.1 
 
 16.0 
 
 40.2 
 
 18.4 
 
 17-5 
 
 16.3 
 
 7-3 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 25.2 
 
 12.4 
 
 7.8 
 
 5-2 
 
 35-9 
 
 31-5 
 
 19.8 
 
 12.7 
 
 24.4 
 
 Norwich . 
 
 -1.6 
 
 38.7 
 
 21.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 10.2 
 
 9.0 
 
 7-3 
 
 9-3 
 
 14.9 
 
 Plymouth 
 
 29.7 
 
 3.8 
 
 43-9 
 
 17-5 
 
 43-0 
 
 19.9 
 
 9.8 
 
 7-3 
 
 14. 1 
 
 Bristol 
 
 16.9 
 
 19. 1 
 
 22.7 
 
 19.9 
 
 9-7 
 
 12.2 
 
 18.6 
 
 13.2 
 
 7-1 
 
 Wolverhampton 
 
 18.1 
 
 23-9 
 
 34-6 
 
 47.1 
 
 37-4 
 
 ai.8 
 
 12.2 
 
 10.9 
 
 9.0 
 
 Birmingham . 
 
 17.1 
 
 22.9 
 
 44.5 
 
 27.0 
 
 273 
 
 27.2 
 
 16. 1 
 
 16.6 
 
 7-1 
 
 Leicester . 
 
 37-9 
 
 32.3 
 
 30.9 
 
 25.0 
 
 19.2 
 
 12.3 
 
 39-9 
 
 28.4 
 
 16. 1 
 
 Nottingham . 
 
 23.2 
 
 19.2 
 
 42.5 
 
 14.5 
 
 13-4 
 
 23-4 
 
 13.7 
 
 34-3 
 
 13.6 
 
 Derby 
 
 19.7 
 
 33-2 
 
 36.6 
 
 38.9 
 
 25-7 
 
 17.2 
 
 26.8 
 
 26.5 
 
 16.0 
 
 Birkenhead 
 
 20.9 
 
 59-7 
 
 203.7 
 
 176.4 
 
 185.7 
 
 5°-7 
 
 27.7 
 
 27-3 
 
 18. 1 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 26.5 
 
 32.9 
 
 45.8 
 
 42.0 
 
 31.2 
 
 18.1 
 
 II. I 
 
 12.0 
 
 -6-3 
 
 Bolton 
 
 37-1 
 
 28.7 
 
 31.8 
 
 20.0 
 
 19.8 
 
 17. 1 
 
 20.6 
 
 14-3 
 
 9.1 
 
 Manchester 
 
 18.1 
 
 40.3 
 
 44.1 
 
 30-3 
 
 30.8 
 
 16.3 
 
 9.0 
 
 8.7 
 
 9-3 
 
 Salford . 
 
 37-5 
 
 31-3 
 
 55-8 
 
 33-7 
 
 24-5 
 
 20.4 
 
 21.8 
 
 41.2 
 
 12.4 
 
 Oldham . 
 
 38.8 
 
 29.8 
 
 49-5 
 
 31-5 
 
 24.0 
 
 36-9 
 
 14.2 
 
 34-7 
 
 18. 1 
 
 Blackburn 
 
 24.4 
 
 43-7 
 
 21.8 
 
 31.8 
 
 26. s 
 
 36.2 
 
 20.4 
 
 21.5 
 
 iS-4 
 
 Preston . 
 
 40-5 
 
 36.4 
 
 41.0 
 
 49-3 
 
 36.2 
 
 19-3 
 
 4.1 
 
 10.6 
 
 11.4 
 
 Huddersfield . 
 
 27.2 
 
 32.0 
 
 3S-S 
 
 28.7 
 
 20.5 
 
 13-0 
 
 I5-S 
 
 16.4 
 
 10.3 
 
 Halifax . 
 
 7.0 
 
 31.6 
 
 29.8 
 
 28.2 
 
 21.1 
 
 8.2 
 
 26.1 
 
 12.4 
 
 12.5 
 
 Bradford . 
 
 20.2 
 
 55.6 
 
 57-3 
 
 49.2 
 
 51.4 
 
 2.6 
 
 36.3 
 
 24.6 
 
 II. 2 
 
 Leeds 
 
 17.6 
 
 34-0 
 
 47-3 
 
 23.2 
 
 13-3 
 
 20.3 
 
 25-1 
 
 19-3 
 
 18.9 
 
 Sheffield . 
 
 16.3 
 
 22.6 
 
 40.5 
 
 21.2 
 
 21.8 
 
 36.8 
 
 29.6 
 
 18.6 
 
 14.0 
 
 Hull 
 
 25.2 
 
 19.7 
 
 16.3 
 
 28.9 
 
 25.4 
 
 15-0 
 
 25-5 
 
 31.2 
 
 20.7 
 
 Sunderland 
 
 3.0 
 
 22.7 
 
 27.6 
 
 30-4 
 
 25.8 
 
 26.3 
 
 10.2 
 
 18.6 
 
 12.3 
 
 Newcastle 
 
 -1.4 
 
 28.3 
 
 28.3 
 
 31.2 
 
 24.8 24.3 
 
 17.7 13.2 
 
 28.2 
 
 Cardiff . 
 
 22.9 
 
 36.6 
 
 59-1 
 
 51-7 
 
 77-0 104.5 
 
 38.5 44-3 
 
 55-7 
 
 1 From a paper by Mr. Noel A. Humphreys in /our. Statis:. Sac, 
 liv. p. 323. 
 
 The history of local goTemment in England, to which 
 that of Wales has been assimilated, must be traced in connec- 
 tion with territorial divs. The following are the principal divs. 
 in Anglo-Saxon times: — The Shire (A.S. ' scir, a share) was 
 originally a sub-kingdom, or a ' share ' of one. This division 
 of the country appears to have been effected gradually, but 
 was probably completed by the time of Edgar. The chief 
 person in the shire was the hereditary ' ealdorman,' the military 
 leader, representing the earlier sub-king ; next to him was the 
 'shire-reeve' who, with the ealdorman and bishop, presided 
 over the 'shire- moot' ('scir-gemot'), or county court, which 
 comprised all the landowners of the county, and representa- 
 tives from the hundreds and townships. To this court, civil, 
 criminal, and ecclesiastical cases were referred from the inferior 
 cotjrts. The Hundred, a sub-div. of the shire, was probably 
 originally the land occupied by a hundred free families, bound 
 together for mutual protection and justice. The headman was 
 the ' Hundred's ealdor.' The division into hundreds originated 
 in the S. ; in the Midland counties similar divs. were known as 
 wapentakes, and in the N. as wards. The name ' hundred ' 
 was later extended to all the divs. The ' hundred-moot,' held 
 once a month under the presidency of the hundred's ealdor, 
 comprised all landowners within the dist. and six representa- 
 tives from each township. The actual judges were a chosen 
 body of twelve, who in the time of Ethelred III. appear as 
 responsible for the presentation to justice of guilty persons ; they 
 became, in later times, the Grand, or ' presentment,' Jury, but 
 in the 14th century the assembly of the county coiu't gradually 
 replaced the presentment jury of the hundreds, and assumed 
 the duty of indicting. The Grand Jurors of the county are 
 now selected from the notable freeholders. The hundred is 
 still liable for damages caused by riot. The ty thing (A.S. 
 'teothing,' a tenth) in the S. (tenmennetale in the N.) was 
 an association of ten for mutual protection and responsibility. 
 It does not appear certain that in Anglo-Saxon times it was 
 a territorial div. , though it became so later ; and under the 
 Normans the members, bound by the oath of ' frankpledge ' 
 or ' frithborh," were held responsible for crime committed 
 within the tything, and for bringing an accused person to 
 justice. Lathe ('lething,' a levy) was a div. peculiar to Kent; 
 it included several hundreds, and had a court of its own. The 
 rape ('rope') of Sussex, and the ridings or trithings (A.S. 
 ' trething,' a third part) of Yorkshire and Lancashire, were 
 other large sub-divs. of counties. The township, the repre- 
 sentative of the old Teutonic ' mark,' and supposed by some 
 to be the same as the tything, was the unit of local administra- 
 tion. It was the enclosure within which a few kindred families 
 dwelt, at first holding the land in common. The chief official 
 was the ' tim-gerefa,' usually elected, but sometimes nominated, 
 by the king, or, in the case of dependent townships, by the 
 great lord. The burgh ('burh,' a fortified place), or town, 
 might originate in a township, or in the cluster of dwellings 
 around a castle or monastery. The chief magistrate was the 
 ' tun-gerefa,' or in mercantile places the ' port-gerefa' (' porta,' 
 a market-place). The burghs became gradually freed from the 
 jurisdiction of the Hundred Court, though still subject to that 
 494 
 
 of the county. Some of the larger towns, however, on pay- 
 ment to the king of a fixed rent — 'Firma Burgi' — obtained a 
 charter of incorporation, with certain privileges, chief of which 
 were the right of self-government and freedom from the ex- 
 actions of the sheriff. With the growth of the feudal system 
 under the Normans the liberties of the people were much 
 curtailed, and their land alienated to the crown — ' folkland was 
 changed into bocland. ' The authority of the county courts was 
 diminished by the institution of separate ecclesiastical courts, and 
 by the extension of private jurisdiction. Under Henry II. their 
 importance was temporarily increased, but from the time of 
 Edward I. they gradually decayed. The modern County Court 
 was established in 1846 for the recovery of small debts. The 
 Hundred Courts ceased to be of much importance after 1236, 
 when the attendance of freemen was excused, though they were 
 not actually abolished till 1867. Manorial courts, which grew 
 out of the right of private jurisdiction, included ' Court Leet," 
 ' Court Customary,' and ' Court Baron,' the last held in every 
 manor, and attended by the freeholders owning the supremacy 
 of the lord of the manor, was the descendant of the court ot 
 the township, the township having generally been merged in 
 the manor. The ecclesiastical parish was originally the town- 
 ship, or tovraships, forming the dist. to which one priest 
 ministered. The division of the country into pars, does not 
 appear to have been completed till Edward III. After the 
 separation of the civil and eccles. courts, the ' vestry ' was formed 
 for the regulation of the ecclesiastical matters of the township, 
 and later undertook any matter outside the jurisdiction of the 
 manorial courts. The minister of the par. was chairman of 
 the vestry, its officers were the churchwardens, and its members 
 the burgesses. The poor-law parish, now known as the civil 
 parish, dates from the reign of Elizabeth, when churchwardens 
 were appointed to act as overseers for the relief of the poor. 
 The civil and eccles. pars, were at this time identical, but 
 subsequently many large pars, have been divided for civil 
 or ecclesiastical purposes, or both ; outlying townships have 
 acquired the right of appointing separate overseers, certain 
 extra-parochial and detached parts have merged in adjoining 
 pars., and certain townships and pars, have been combined. 
 Now townships and civil pars, are practically one, both being 
 officially defined as areas in which a poor-rate is, or can be, 
 separately levied ; and the eccles. par. is of little importance in 
 relation to local government. After the Norman Conquest the 
 towns became of increasing importance. William I. granted 
 charters to many. This policy was continued by succeeding 
 sovereigns, and by the time of Henry III. nearly all the large 
 towns had secured various privileges and immunities. Mean- 
 while the Guilds — close associations for various purposes, and 
 invested with certain rights and privileges — were being formed 
 in the towns. Of these the most important in relation to local 
 government were the Merchant Guilds, which about the time 
 of Henry III. became merged in the 'Corporation.' At first 
 the mayor, elected by the burgesses, was the only official, but 
 aldermen and councillors were added. The corporation soon 
 became a close body, electing its own members, and having, in 
 some cases, the right of electing members of Parliament. 
 Matters continued thus till 1835, when the Municipal Cor- 
 poration Act was passed, giving to the burgesses the right of 
 electing the coimcillors, providing for the free exercise of local 
 government, and depriving the corporation of trading privileges. 
 This Act did not include London, the government of which 
 has been regulated by special Acts. In modern times the great 
 increase in the population has necessitated the creation of 
 various additional organisations for purposes of local govern- 
 ment ; and the new administrative disls. have been formed 
 with so little regard to existing divs. , that boundaries frequently 
 intersect, and authorities overlap. The Local Government 
 Board, constituted in 1871, was invested with large powers of 
 control in the various departments of local governm'-nt. The 
 functions of the Poor Law Board (1834) were transferred to it, 
 as also other duties relating to the public health, sanitation, 
 public improvements, workmen's dwellings, &c. The following 
 are the principal administrative divs. existing in the country : — 
 The ancient county, representing the old Saxon shire (42 in 
 England, 12 in Wales), having for its chief officials the Lord- 
 Lieutenant and the High Sheriff, both appointed by the crown, 
 the former of whom nominates the county justices. The 
 principal ordinary court is the Court of Quarter-Sessions, held 
 twenty-four times a year by the Justices of the Peace for the 
 county. The Courts of Assize are held twice, or in some cases 
 thrice, a year. The county is divided into Petty Sessional Dis- 
 tricts (732, in 1891, in England and Wales), in each of which 
 there is a Court of Petty Sessions, held by two or more justices. 
 It is the ancient county also on which the county representation 
 in Parliament is based, each county returning to Parliament 
 one member, or being subdivided into divisions, each returning 
 one member. An Administrative County is ' an area for which 
 a County Council is elected, not being a county bor.' There 
 are 63 administrative counties (51 in England, 12 in Wales, the 
 Ridings of York and Lincoln, 2 divs. of Suffolk, 2 divs. of 
 
ENGL — ENGL 
 
 Sussex, Isle of Ely, Soke of Peterborough, Isle of Wight, isl. 
 of Scilly, and London, form separate administrative counties). 
 The Local Government Act, 1888, provides for the election of 
 a council, consisting of a chairman, aldermen, and councillors, 
 in every administrative county. All the administrative, as 
 distinguished from the judicial, business of Quarter-Sessions is 
 transferred to the County Council, including the levying of 
 rates and the general regulation of the financial affairs of the 
 county ; control of county halls and other public buildings and 
 property ; licensing of places of amusement ; care of pauper 
 lunatic asylums, reformatory and industrial schools ; main- 
 tenance of bridges and main roads ; appointment of coroners 
 and other county officials ; arrangements for parliamentary elec- 
 tions ; local execution of various Acts, &c. The control of the 
 county police is vested in a joint-committee of the County Council 
 and Court of Quarter-Session. The Local Government Board is 
 empowered to transfer to the council (subject to Parliament) many 
 of its functions, as also those of other depts. of the government. 
 Registration Districts (632) are generally co-extensive with 
 poor-law unions. Registration Counties consist of groups of 
 registration dists. ; they do not coincide with administrative 
 counties. The Civil Parish (\vi 1891, 14,684 in England and 
 Wales). — By the Local Government Act of 1894, all civil 
 parishes with a population of 300 or more are required to elect 
 a council, whose chief duties are to appoint overseers of the 
 poor and to administer the Allotment Acts, and who are em- 
 powered to acquire land for allotments and other public pur- 
 poses. Parishes with a smaller population are grouped for the 
 election of councils. The Poor-Law Union, established under the 
 Poor- Law Amendment Act, 1834, and now the unit for purposes 
 of poor relief, consists of one or more pars. , and the authority 
 under the Act of 1894 being a Board of Guardians or (in any rural 
 sanitary dist. ) the dist. council. The members of either body are 
 elected for three years (one-thirdretiring annually) by the parochial 
 electors, i.e. , electors registered as such in a local government 
 or pari. dist. There are now no ex-officio or nominated mem- 
 bers, but a Board of Guardians may elect two additional 
 members outside their own body. A Municipal Boj-ough is 
 any place subject to the Municipal Corporation Act, 1882. In 
 1891 there were 293 bors. (exclusive of London), of which 62 
 were county bors. [i.e., bors. governed by their own sheriff and 
 other magistrates, and thus independent of county govern- 
 ment) ; of the county bors. 44, and of other bors. 59, had separate 
 Courts of Quarter-Sessions ; the Pari. Bor. , which returns one 
 or more members to Parliament, and frequently differs in 
 extent from the municipal bor. of the same name. Under the 
 Public Health Act, 1875, the country is divided for sanitary 
 purposes into dists. ; in 1891, loii urban, and 575 rural. An 
 Urban Sanitary District coincides with a bor. , Local Board, or 
 Improvement Act Dist. ; authority, the town council, or an 
 urban dist. council, composed of elected members. A Rural 
 Sanitary District coincides with the area of a rural union, or 
 so much of a union as is rural ; authority, under the Local 
 Government Act of 1894, a council composed of elected mem- 
 bers superseding old board of guardians, and to which the 
 powers of the highway authorities are transferred. Of Turn- 
 pike Trusts, formerly numerous, only two remain, and these 
 expire in 1895 and 1896. There are besides about 58 Port 
 Sanitary Authorities. The Elementary Edncatloii Act, 1870, 
 under which the country is divided into school dists. , provides 
 that where the school accommodation is insufficient a dist. 
 school board shall be elected for three years by the burgesses or 
 ratepayers, for the purpose of carrying out the Act, subject to 
 the Education Department of the Privy Council. Provision 
 has also been made by Acts passed in 1889 and 1890 for 
 technical and manual instruction to be given in schools, under 
 the control of the county councils and other local authorities. 
 The ecclesiastical div. of England and Wales is into the two 
 provinces of Canterbury and York, each under an archbishop, 
 the former of whom bears the title of Primate of all England, 
 the province of Canterbury comprising the bishoprics of Bangor, 
 Bath and Wells, Canterbury, Chichester, Ely, Exeter, Glou- 
 cester and Bristol, Hereford, Lichfield, Lincoln, Llandaff, 
 London, Norwich, Oxford, Peterborough. Rochester, St. 
 Albans, St. Asaphs, St. Davids, Salisbury, Southwell, Truro, 
 Winchester, and Worcester; that of York comprising the 
 bishoprics of Carlisle, Chester, Durham, Liverpool, Manchester, 
 Newcastle, Ripon, Sodor and Man, Wakefield and York (in 
 all 34 bishoprics). In 1891 there were 13,780 eccles. pars. 
 
 The Administration af Justice is effected through various 
 courts, the supreme court for the kingdom being the High 
 Court of Justice, or more properly the five branches which 
 constitute it — Queen's Bench, Chancery, Common Pleas, Ex- 
 chequer and Probate, Divorce and Admiralty. The Assize 
 Circuits, into which for purposes of local jurisdiction the country 
 is divided, are seven in number — South-Eastern and Home, 
 Midland, Northern, Oxford, Western, North Wales and 
 Chester, and South Wales. The Lord High Chancellor is at 
 the head of the legal administration, and next to him the Lord 
 Chief Justice. [Local government, &c. , by E. J. H.] 
 
 England, New, hamlet, Northamptonshire, near Peter- 
 borough, PM.O. 
 
 Euglefleld, par., Eng. , Berkshire, Newbury div., 5 m. W. by 
 S. Reading, \\ m. NW. by W. Theale stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Euglefield tireen, part of eccles. par., Eng. See Egliani. 
 
 Englcwood (ing'-gel-wud), vil. , U.S., Illinois, Cook co. , 7 m. 
 S. Chicago. P. <30oo. 
 
 Euglewood, vil. , U.S., New Jersey, Bergen co., 10 m. E. 
 Paterson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eugllsb B&z&r, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. dist. Maldah, 
 on the Mahdhanda, 70 m. E. by S. Bhdgalpur. P. (1891) 13,800 ; 
 Hindus, 8100; Moham. 5700. 
 
 Eugllsli Blcknor, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of 
 Dean div., 5 m. ENE. Monmouth, i m. S. Lydbrook June, 
 P.O. P.<750. 
 
 Engllsb Bridge, stn., Eng., Shrewsbury, on the line to 
 Hereford. 
 
 English Channel, called by the French, from its shape, the 
 Manclie ('sleeve'), by the Germans simply Der Kanal ('the 
 channel'), the channel between the S. ct. of England and the 
 N. and NW. ct. of France ; about 300 m. long, 100 m. wide at 
 the mouth, and 20 m. wide at its E. end, the Straits of Dover. 
 Except in a long narrow valley to the N. of the Channel Is., 
 known as Hurd's Deep, where the soundings reach a depth of 
 60-70 fathoms, the bottom slopes up from W. to E. from a 
 depth of about 50 fathoms at the mouth to one of 20-30 fathoms 
 at the entrance to the Straits. Owing to the peculiarities of the 
 flow of the tides up the Channel itself and round the British 
 Isles, and then down the North Sea, and also to the configura- 
 tion of the coast-line, very high tides prevail on the S. shores 
 (42 ft. at St. Germain, 37 ft. at Granville, 35 ft at St. Malo), and 
 correspondingly low tides on the N. (Exmouth 12 ft., Portland 
 Breakwater 7 ft. , Poole 6 ft. ). Near Beer Head is a point almost 
 unaffected by the tides, which move slowly in a circle round 
 this point. Between Poole and Southampton double high water 
 occurs, the tidal wave advancing to Southampton first by the 
 Needles up the Solent, and then 2 J hours later by Spithead. 
 The ebb tide from the Solent flows into Poole Bay, causing a 
 second high water at Poole 3^ hours after the first. See Scot. Geog. 
 Mag. , 1893, pp. 17-28, wth plates (Physical Conditions of E. C. ). 
 
 Engllshcombe, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., 2^ m. 
 SW. by W. Bath, P.O. P.<Soo. 
 
 English Core, harbour, on the SW. ct. of Neu-Mecklenburg 
 (New Ireland), Bismarck Archipelago. 
 
 English Harbour, fishing settlement, Newfoundland, on N. 
 side of Trinity Bay, 7 m. from Trinity. 
 
 English Harbour, Brit, naval stn., on the S. ct. of Antigua I., 
 is one of the best harbours in the W. Indies. 
 
 English Lake, lake, U.S., Indiana, between Starke and La 
 Porte COS., 54 m. SE. Chicago (111.). 
 
 English Lake District, the dist. in the NW. of Eng. , in the 
 COS. of Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire, containing 
 most of the larger English lakes. According to Mill, it may be 
 roughly described as a circular mass of elevated land, highest 
 in the centre, and furrowed by a series of valleys, mostly con- 
 taining long narrow lakes of considerable size, running from a 
 centre towards the circumference like the spokes of a wheel. 
 The centre from which these valleys radiate is a little to the E. 
 of Sea Fell Pikes, the radius including the whole set being 15 m. 
 long. The following table gives, in the case of most of them, 
 particulars as to length, &c. , as determined by Mill (see Geog. 
 Jour., iv. p. 238). The order gives their arrangement in accord- 
 ance with the motion of the hands of a clock, except that Gras- 
 mere and Rydal are two small lakes traversed by the feeder of 
 Windermere which enters the lake at its N. end (the Rothay), 
 and Buttermere and Crummock Water, and Derwent Water 
 and Bassenthwaite, form respectively two pairs, each consisting 
 of an inner and outer, now separated by low alluvial deposits, 
 but each pair no doubt formerly a single lake. It may be noticed 
 that three of the lakes — Windermere, Coniston, and Wast Water 
 — have depths below sea-level : — 
 
 
 
 Breadth, 
 
 Eleva- 
 tion of 
 Surface 
 above 
 Sea, 
 feet. 
 
 Depth, feet. 
 
 Area 
 
 sq. 
 miles. 
 
 Volume 
 Million 
 cubic 
 feet. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Length, 
 miles. 
 
 yards. 
 
 Max. 
 
 Mean. 
 
 Mean 
 per 
 cent. 
 
 of 
 Max. 
 
 Max 
 
 Mean. 
 
 Windermere . . 
 Grasmere . . . 
 Rydal .... 
 Coniston Water . 
 Wast Water . . 
 Ennerdale Water 
 Buttermere . . 
 Crummock Water 
 Derwent Water . 
 Bassenthwaite \ 
 Water. . . / 
 Thirlmeret. . . 
 Ullswater . . . 
 Haweswater . . 
 
 10.50 
 I 
 0.8 
 S-4I 
 3-00 
 2.40 
 1.26 
 2.50 
 2.87 
 
 3-83 
 2-93 
 7-35 
 2.33 
 
 z,6io 
 
 870 
 
 880 
 
 1,000 
 
 670 
 
 2! 130 
 1,300 
 
 1,100 
 600 
 
 950 
 
 600 
 
 650 
 800 
 620 
 700 
 1,270 
 
 950 
 270 
 827 
 
 405 
 
 130* 
 143* 
 
 20O» 
 369 
 331 
 321 
 
 235* 
 
 223* 
 
 533 
 476 
 694 
 
 219 
 
 184 
 258 
 148 
 94 
 144 
 7a 
 70 
 
 205 
 103 
 
 78i 
 
 79 
 134J 
 62 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 ^\ 
 39* 
 
 36 
 
 43 
 
 52 
 42 
 
 58 
 61 
 
 2S 
 26 
 
 40 
 38 
 
 5-69 
 
 i.'89 
 
 1.12 
 1.12 
 0.36 
 0.97 
 2.06 
 2.06 
 0.51 
 3-44 
 0.54 
 
 12,250 
 
 4,000 
 4,128 
 1.978 
 537 
 2.343 
 I,OIO 
 
 1.023 
 
 7,870 
 S89 
 
 • Depths determined at time of sounding, other depths + 2 ft. 
 t Dimensions before construction of Manchester waterworl's. 
 
 495 
 
ENGL — ENSI 
 
 Engllsn Narrows, long strait, S. Chile, E. of Great Welling- 
 ton I. , crossed about the middle by 49° S. 
 
 English Klver, rly. stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the 
 C. P. R. , 1 1 10 m. W. Montreal. 
 
 English Rlrer, Canada, flows out of Lac Seul W. into the 
 Winnipeg R., forms part of the boundary between Ontario and 
 Keewatin. See also Churchill River. 
 
 English River, an estuary at the head of Delagoa Bay, SE. 
 Africa, which receives the Umbelosi and Tembi Rivs. , bordered 
 by a mud flat covered with mangroves. 
 
 English Town, small seapt., Canada, Nova Scotia, 25 m. 
 NW. Sydney. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Eng-ral>gyi, lake. Lower Burma, dist. and NE. of the town 
 of Bassein, 3 m. in circumference ; valuable as a preserve for fish. 
 
 £ngnera, tn., Spain, prov. and 35 m. SW. by S. Valencia, 
 on the N. side of the Sierra E. , a range stretching about 35 m. E. 
 to W. P. 6300. 
 
 Engurleh, Asia Minor. See Angora. 
 
 En Haddah, place named in O. T. See Kefr 'Ad&n. 
 
 Enham, Knights, with Smannell, eccles. par., Eng., 
 Hampshire, Andover div., \ m. S. King's Enham, 13J m. SW. 
 by S. Newbury, i.\ m. N. Andover stn. P. <7SO. 
 
 En Hazor, place named in O. T. See Haztrieh. 
 
 Enlngen, or Ennlngen, vil., Ger., Wiirtemberg, Black 
 Forest circle, dist. Reutlingen. P. <4000. 
 
 Enlchl, tn. , Russia. See denlchesk. 
 
 Enkhnlzen, fortified seapt. tn. , Holland, prov. N. Holland, 
 on the W. ct. of the Zuider Zee, 23 m. E. by N. Alkmaar. E. 
 was the birthplace of Paul Potter (1625). P. (comm.) 6000. 
 
 Enklreh, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on the r. bk. of the 
 Moselle, 27 m. NE. Treves ; has slate quarries. P. <3000. 
 
 Enkoplng, tn. , Sweden, prov. Upsala, 20 m. E. Vesteris. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Enkozhe, Portuguese spelling Encoje, coffee-growdng dist. , 
 W. Africa, Angola, in 8° S. , drained W. to Ambriz by the Lozhe. 
 
 Enmore, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 4 m. W. by S. 
 Bridgwater, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Enmore fireen, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire. See 
 Motronihe. 
 
 Ennaska, one of the Fox Is., N. Pacific Ocean, 90 m. SW. 
 Unimak, in 52° 40' N. 
 
 En N'Aurah, ruins, Palestine, Anaharath in the O. T., 32° 3/ 
 N., 35° 23' E., 8 m. SE. Nazareth. 
 
 Eu Ndzrah. See Nazareth. 
 
 Ennedl, country, eastern Sudan, NW. of Darfur, and NE. 
 of Wadai, crossed by 16° N. , and 22^° E. 
 
 Ennel Lough, lake. Ire., in the S. of co. Westmeath, 2 m. 
 SSW. Mullingar, 274 ft. above sea-level ; drained by the Brosna 
 to the Shannon. 
 
 Ennenda ('on the other side of the Aa, or Linth'), comm., 
 Switzd., on the r. bk. of the Linth, cant, and nearly opposite 
 Glarus, to which it was ceded. P. <3O0o. 
 
 Ennepe, riv. , Prussia. See Empe. 
 
 Ennerdale Bridge, vil. , Eng. , Cumberland, Egremont div. , 
 on the Ehen, i^ m. from the W. end of E. Water, 6\ m. E. by 
 S. Whitehaven, i^ m. ESE. Yeathouse stn., P.O. Ennerdale 
 and Klnnlslde par. (22,407 ac), of which E. B. is the chief 
 village. P. <7So. 
 
 Ennerdale Water, lake, Eng., in the SW. of Cumberland, 
 8 m. E. by S. Whitehaven, drained by the Ehen into the Irish 
 Sea. Alt. 369 ft. 
 
 Ennerellly, par.. Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. and 4 m. NE. 
 Arklow; 3214 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ennezat, tn., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Riom, 11 m. 
 NE. Clermont-Ferrand. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ennlgerloh, comm. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 19 m. 
 SE. by E. Munster. P. <4000. 
 
 Ennlgloh, peasant vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. 
 Minden, circle Herford, dist. Biinde. P. <3000. 
 
 Ennlngen, vil. , Ger. See Enlngen. 
 
 Ennis, in Irish place-names, ' an island," or ' peninsula," See 
 Innis. 
 
 Ennls, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Lambton co. , 43 m. W. 
 by S. London, on a railway. 
 
 Ennls (till 1885 a pari, bor.), civic and market tn., Ire., 
 cap. CO. Clare, bar. Islands, on the Fergus and the Waterford 
 and Limerick Rly. , 20 m. WNW. Limerick. It has a Roman 
 Catholic cathedral (Killaloe diocese), the Killaloe Diocesan 
 Roman Catholic college, remains of a fine Franciscan abbey 
 founded in 1240 (scheduled for preservation under the Preserva- 
 tion of Monuments Act), large flour-mills (little used now except 
 for drying grain), and a race-course. Shipping place, Clare 
 Castle. Market-day, S. For meaning of name, see Innis. 
 P. (1871) 6500; (1891) 5500. 
 
 EnnU, city, U.S., Texas, Ellis co., 33 m. SSE. Dallas. P. 
 <;3ooo. 
 
 EnnlscoflTey, par.. Ire., SE. co. Westmeath, bar. FartuUagh, 
 5 m. SE. by S. Mullingar; 4467 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Ennlscorthy, tn.. Ire., W. co. Wexford, beautifully situated 
 on both banks of the Slaney, which here becomes navigable, in 
 4% 
 
 bars. Bantry and Ballaghkeen, 12 m. NNW. Wexford, on the 
 Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Rly. ; has a castle. Market- 
 days, Th. and S. P. 5600. 
 
 Ennlscrone, Ire. See Inlshcrone. 
 
 Ennlskean, Ire. , Cork. See BalUneen. 
 
 Ennlskeen, par.. Ire., cos. Cavan and Meath, bars. Clankee, 
 Morgallion, and Lower Kells, contains Kingscourt ; 20,808 ac. 
 P. <450o. 
 
 Ennlskeen, tn.. Ire., SW. co. Cork, bar. E. Carbery, E. 
 div., on the Bandon R., and the W. Cork Rly. (Balllneen and 
 Ennlskean), 12 m. Macroom, P.O. (Ennfskenn). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ennlskerry, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Wicklow, bar. Rathdown, 3 
 m. WSW. Bray, PMT.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Ennlsklllen, vil., Canada, Ontario, Durham co., 41 m. NE. 
 by E. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ennlsklllen (Irish, Inis-Cethlenn, ' the island of Cethlenn, an 
 ancient queen of Ireland '), mun. bor. (till 1885 also a pari. bor. ), 
 thriving market-tn., and par., Ire., Ulster, cap. co. Fermanagh, 
 bars. Tirkennedy and Magheraboy, 22 m. SW. by S. Omagh, 
 mostly built on an island in the river connecting Upper and 
 Lower Lough Erne, 87 m. NW. Dublin, on the G. N. R. and 
 the Sligo, Leitrim, and N. Counties Rly. Before the time of 
 James I. , E. was merely a stronghold of the Maguires. The 
 tov/n was founded and received its first charter in 1 613. Market- 
 days, Tu. (butter and pork) and Th. (flax). Par. 26,059 ^c. , 
 P. 9900; tn. P. (1871) 5800; (1891) 5600. 
 
 Ennlsmore, electoral div. , Ire. , N. co. Kerry, bar. Iraghti- 
 connor, 4 m. W. by S. ListoweL 
 
 Ennlsnag, par.. Ire., co. and 6 m. S. Kilkenny, bars. Knock- 
 topher and Shillelogher, on King's R. P. <25o. 
 
 Ennlstlmon, tn.. Ire., NW. co. Clare, bar. Corcomroe, 14^ 
 m. NW. by W. Ennis, with a stn. (Ennlstynion) on the W. 
 Clare Rly., PMT.O. Market-day, S. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ennlsvllle, vil. , Canada. See Innlsvllle. 
 
 Enns, tn.. Upper Austria, 12 m. SE. by E. Linz, near the 
 mouth of the R. Enns ; has many iron- works near. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Enns, or Ens, ancient Anesus, riv., Austria, rises in circle 
 Salzburg, 11 m. S. Radstadt, flows E. through Styria past 
 Radstadt, then N., separating from a little below Steyr the 
 provs. of Upper and Lower Austria, and passing the town of 
 E. near its mouth enters the Danube on the r. bk., 11 m. SSE. 
 Linz. Chief affluents, the Steier on r. bk., and Salza on L bk. 
 112 m. long ; not navigable. 
 
 Enochdhu, vil., Scot., Perthshire, at head of Strath Ardle, 
 10 m. NE. Pitlochry, PT.O. 
 
 Enogeyra, gold-mines in the S. div. of Queensland. 
 
 Enon, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. Uitenhage, 37 m. N. Port 
 Elizabeth. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Enos, Inoz, or Eonos, ancient y£nos, tn. , Turkey in Europe, 
 prov. Dede-Agach, at the mouth of the Maritsa, 12 m. SE. by 
 E. Dede-Agach ; the harbour, choked with sand, admits only 
 small vessels, others being obliged to anchor 4 m. to sea in a 
 bay exposed to SW. winds. The marshes which surround E. 
 cause fever. P. 7000. 
 
 Enoshnrg, tn., U.S., Vermont, Franklin co., 2 m. S. Enos- 
 burg Falls. P. <3000. 
 
 Enoshnrg Falls, vil. , U.S. , Vermont, Franklin co. , on Missis- 
 quoi R., 19 m. NE. St. Albans by rail. P. 1500. 
 
 Eno-shlma, penin., Japan, on the SE. ct. of Honshiu, in the 
 bay of Sagami, 12 m. SSW. Yokohama. At very high tides 
 becomes an island. One of the sacred islands of Japan ; a very 
 picturesque holiday resort. 
 
 Enotaersk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 93 m. NW. of Astra 
 khan. P. 2500. 
 
 Enrage, cape, Canada, New Brunswick, in the SE., on 
 Chignecto Bay. 
 
 En Rimnion, place named in O. T. See I'mm er Rnmdinf n. 
 
 Enrlqnlllo, lake, W. Indies, on Haiti, or San Domingo I., 25 
 m. E. Port-au-Prince ; 60 m. in circumference. 
 
 En Rogel, well mentioned in O. T. See SUwan. 
 
 Ens, riv. , Austria. See Enns. 
 
 Ensay, post-tn. , Victoria, Tambo co, 71 m. NE. by N. Sale. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Ensay, isl. , Scot., Sound of Harris, Outer Hebrides. P. 11. 
 
 Enschede, frontier tn., Holland, prov. Overijssel, 31 m. E. 
 Deventer. Chief seat of the cotton manufactures of Holland. 
 P. (1869) 5100; (1889) comm. P. 15,000. 
 
 Ensdorf, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Trier, circle Saar- 
 louis. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Ensell, tn. , Persia. See Enzelll. 
 
 Ensenada, seapt., Argentine Republic, prov. Buenos Aires, 
 the port of La Plata {q.v.), which lies to the S. , and with which it 
 is connected by a tramway as well as by rail. The harbour works 
 were begun in 1884, and comprise a large dock, to which access 
 is obtained from the Rio de la Plata by a canal 22 ft. deep. 
 
 Ensham, Eng., Oxfordshire. See Eynsham. 
 
 En Shemesh, place named in O. T. See Aln Hand. 
 
 Enslra, oasis, Algeria. See Nslra. 
 
 Enslshelm, tn. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, on the Vauban Canal, 
 8^ m. N. Miilhausen. P. <3000. 
 
E N S I 
 
 EPO R 
 
 Enstval, comm. , Belgium, prov. Lifege, on the Vesdre, 2 m. 
 SW. Verviers. P. 6500. 
 
 Enson, vil., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 3 m. NNE. Staf- 
 ford, close to Sandon stn. See Salt. 
 
 Elisor, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire. See Edeiisor. 
 
 Enstone, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury div., on the 
 Glyme, 6J m. NW. by N. Woodstock, 4^ m. ESE. Chipping 
 Norton; 6245 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 En Tappuah, place named in O. T. See Y&sAf. 
 
 EntenblU, mt. , Austria, Bcihemian Forest, 23 m. S. Eger. 
 
 Enterprise, vil. , U.S., Florida, cap. Volusia co. , on the r. 
 bk. of the St. John's R. , 108 m. S. of its mouth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Enterprise, vil. , U.S. , Kansas, Dickinson co. , on Smoky Hill 
 R., 82 m. W. by S. Topeka. P. <isoo. 
 
 Enterprise, vil., U.S., Mississippi, Clarke co., 80 m. E. 
 Jackson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Entfelden, Olber- and llnter-, two comms. , Switzd. , cant. 
 Aargau, 2| m. S. Aarau. P. (of each comm.)<20oo. 
 
 Enthorpe, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 16 m. NE. by N. Goole, on the NE. R. 
 
 Eutlebuch, vil., Switzd., cant, and 12 SW. Lucerne, cap. 
 valley E. (the upper part of the Little Emme). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Entralgnes, comm. , France, dep. Vaucluse, arr. Carpentras, 
 7 m. NE. by E. Avignon. P. <20oo. 
 
 Entraygnes, or E. sur Tmyere, tn., France, dep. Aveyron, 
 arr. Espalion, on the Lot, 55 m. NNE. Albi. Alt. 780 ft. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Entre, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, 'between.' 
 
 Entrecasteaux, Jos. A?it. B. d' , French admiral (born 1739), 
 despatched (1791) in search of the missing La Pirouse ; cruised 
 in Australian waters for more than a year, till he died July 20, 
 
 1793- 
 
 EiitrccasteanK, channel, &c. See D'Entrecasteanx. 
 
 Eutre-deux-Mers, dist. , France. See Glroiide, dep. 
 
 Entreniont, val., Switzd., cant. Valais, at the foot of Great 
 St. Bernard, traversed by the riv. Drance. 
 
 Entre Klos, prov. or state of the Argentine Republic, occu- 
 pying' the S. half of the Argentine Mesopotamia, between the 
 rivers Parana and Uruguay, separated from the prov. of Buenos 
 Aires on the S. by the Parana, Pavon, and the Canal del Ibicui, 
 the northern of the two main arms of the Parana delta. The 
 principal heights of the prov. are two ranges of hills running 
 from N. to S. , the Cuchilla Grande in the E. , and the Cuchilla 
 Grande del Montiel in the W. , enclosing the basin of the 
 Gualeguay, which flows from N. to S. throughout the prov., 
 entering the Canal del Ibicui, and is the only important river 
 besides those on the frontiers. To the W. of the Cuchilla Grande 
 del Montiel, hilly country stretches W. to the bend of Parana 
 about the middle of the prov. , and this portion of the W. frontier 
 is almost the only part affording good sites for towns. Here 
 stands Parana, the cap. of the prov. Elsewhere the dists. on the 
 Parana are mostly too low and marshy. Marshes also border the 
 interior streams and the lower part of the Uruguay. There are, 
 nevertheless, large tracts (mostly in the middle latitudes, where 
 the railway runs from Parana to Concepcion del Uruguay) well 
 adapted for cattle-rearing and agriculture, and there are already 
 many agricultural colonies. With the exception of deposits of 
 limestone, the minerals are unimportant ; but there are large 
 forests of acacias, algarrobos, and other trees, including palms 
 (principally the Trithrinax brasiliensis). See Argentine Re- 
 public, table. 
 
 Entre Rlos, colony, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, in the angle 
 ' between the rivers ' Pardo and Pardinho, 77 m. W. by N. 
 Porto Alegre. 
 
 Entre Rlos, vil. and rly. junc, Brazil, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Rio Parahyba, prov. and 55 m. N. Rio de Janeiro. Alt. 910 ft. 
 
 Entrevanx ('between valleys'), fortified tn. , France, dep. 
 Basses-Alpes, on the Var, 29 m. NW. by W. Nice, 5 m. W. by 
 S. Puget-Th^niers. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Entrimo, comm., Spain, prov. Orense, dist. Bande. P. <4000. 
 
 Entry Island, or Kapltl, New Zealand, off the W. ct. of 
 North L, in Cook Strait, in 40° 50' S. , and 174° 45' E.; length, 
 NE. to SW., 5 m., by ij m. broad. Alt. 1800 ft. 
 
 Entnmenl, Lutheran (Norwegian) stn., in Zulu- land, about 
 40 m. NW. of the mouth of the Tugela. 
 
 Entwlsle, par., Eng., Lancashire, West Houghton div., 5 J 
 m. N. Bolton, on the L. & Y. R. (Entwlstle). P. <soo. 
 
 Enus, riv., Europe. See Inn. 
 
 EnTermen, tn., France, dep. Seine Inf^rieure, arr. and 9 m. 
 E. by S. Dieppe. P. <20oo. 
 
 Euvle, comm., Italy, prov. Cuneo, circle Saluzzo. P. <40oo. 
 
 Envies, Rlvl^re des, riv. , Canada, Quebec, Champlain co. , 
 flows SE. to the Batiscan R. 
 
 Envigado, tn. , Colombia, Antioquia, dep. del Centro. P. 
 5700. 
 
 Envllle, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Kingswinford div., 7J m. 
 WSW. Dudley, 5 m. W. by N. Stourbridge stn., P.O.; 4986 
 ac. P. <:7SO. 
 
 Enyed, Xagy-, royal free tn. , Hungary, Transylvania, cap. 
 circle, near the Maros, 32 m. S. Klausenburg. P. 5900. 
 497 
 
 Enz, riv., Ger. , Wiirtemberg and Baden, consists of the 
 Gross and Klein E. , which join near Kulmbach, flows NE. and 
 E. past Pforzheim, and joins the Neckar, 1. bk., at Besigheim ; 
 55 m. long. 
 
 Enza, riv., Italy, Emilia, rises in the Apennines, and flows 
 NNE. and N. to the Po, which it joins on the r. bk. at Bres- 
 coUo, 12 m. NE. Parma. 
 
 Enzelll, Enzllll, Ensell, Anzell, or InzUll, seapt. tn., 
 Persia, prov. Ghilan, on the Caspian Sea, 15 m. NNW. Resht 
 [q. v.),ol which it is the port , on a large coast lagoon, the mouth of 
 which, 500 yds. wide, lies just E. of Enzelli. Caspian steamers 
 have tc load and unload in an exposed roadstead 1-2 m. from 
 the shore. 
 
 Enzersdorf, Gross*, tn. , Lower Austria, 7 m. E. by S. 
 Vienna. P. <20oo. 
 
 Enzle (ing'i), eccles. par., Scot., Banffshire, on the H. R. 
 (principal centre of population nearer Port-Gordon, on the 
 G. N. of S. R.), 6^ m. N. by W. Keith, P.O. P.<25oo. 
 
 Eo, small riv., Spain, Galicia, in its lower course partly on the 
 frontier of Asturias, flowing N. into the Atlantic. 
 
 Eocliar, or lochdar, P.O., Scot., i m. (by ferry) from Crea- 
 gorry. Outer Hebrides. 
 
 Eola, vil., U.S., Oregon, Polk co. , on Willamette R. , 43 m. 
 SSW. Portland. Alt. 500 ft.; rfall. (5 yrs.), 37.72 in. 
 
 Eolle, Isole, isls., Italy. See Llparl. 
 
 Eooa, or Eona, isl. , Pacific. See Ena. 
 
 Eiiuos, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Enos. 
 
 Eonsa, islet, Scot., Argyllshire, off W. ct. of Mull, in Loch 
 Keal, in 56° 28|' N. 
 
 Eord, Iiocb. See Eport, Loch. 
 
 Epe, par., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Miinster, circle 
 Ahaus. P. < 5000. 
 
 Epe, comm., Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, 10 m. N. Apel- 
 doorn. P. 8000. 
 
 Ependes, vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 3 m. SW. byS. Yverdon. 
 P. <; 2000. 
 
 Eperjes, or Heperjes, Slavonic PressoTS, royal free tn. , 
 Hungary, cap. co. Saros, on 1. bk. Tarcza, affluent of Theiss. It 
 is the seat of a Greek Catholic bishop, and has manufactures of 
 linens and woollens, earthenware, and beer. Near it are chaly- 
 beate springs and the royal salt springs of So6var or Sovdr, the 
 only salt work of the western half of Hungary. P. 10,400. 
 
 Epernay, tn. , France, dep. and on the 1. bk. of the R. Marne, 
 15 m. S. by W. Reims, cap. arr. E. is one of the principal 
 entrepots for champagne wines, and has various manufactures. 
 P. 17,800. See Champagne, prov. 
 
 Epernon, tn. , France, dep. Eure-et-Loir, arr. Chartres, 25 
 m. SW. by W. Versailles. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Epflg, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, 20 m. SW. by S. Strass- 
 burg. P. <300o. 
 
 Ephesus, city, Asia Minor. See Ayasolnk. 
 
 Ephraim, place named in O. and N. T. See Talylheh. 
 
 Ephralm, vil., U.S., Utah, San Pete co., 8 m. NNE. Manti. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Ephrata, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co. , 20 m. 
 SW. Reading by rail. It contains the buildings of the convent 
 of German Pietists founded in 1732. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Epldanros, or Pldavro, seapt. vil., Greece, Morea, prov. 
 Argolis and Corinth, 26 m. E. Argos, on the Gulf of ^gina; 
 the place where the first Greek congress assembled in 1821. 
 P. <2ooo. Nea (New) E. is 4 m. NW. , and somewhat inland. 
 
 Epldanros Llmera, Greece. See Monenivasla. 
 
 Eplfau, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 60 m. SE. Tula, on r. bk. 
 of Don. P. 6500. 
 
 Eplla, comm., Spain, prov. and 20 m. W. Saragossa, on the 
 Jalon. P. <4000. 
 
 £plnac, tn., France, dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire, arr. and 11 m. E. 
 by N. Autun, with coal and iron mines. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 i:plual, tn., France, cap. dep. Vosges, arr. E., 29 m. S. 
 Lun6ville. It has old manufactories of embroidery, cutlery, 
 &c. , and since the transference of Alsace to Germany in 1871 
 several cotton-factories have been established here by Alsatian 
 manufacturers. Alt. 890 ft. Mean temp., yr. 49.0° F., Jan. 
 32.7°, July 66.2°. P. (1872) 10,900; (1891) 17,200. 
 
 £pinay, comm., France, dep. Seine, on the Seine, arr. St. 
 Denis, 7 m. N. by W. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 i:plnoy, comm., France, on the E. border of dep. Pas-de- 
 Calais, arr. Arras, 5 m. NW. by N. Cambrai. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Epiphania, tn., Syria. See Hamah. 
 
 Eplrns, a name properly belonging to ancient geography, 
 but sometimes used also in modern geography for part of the 
 Balkan Renin., mostly included in Albania, but now partly in 
 the N W. of Greece. 
 
 Eplscopl, isl. , Asiatic Turkey. See lUakl. 
 
 Epney, part of eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire. See 
 Framllode. 
 
 Epoldumivi, tn. , France. See Issondun. 
 
 Epomeo, mt., Italy, isl. of Ischia. Alt. 2600 ft. 
 
 Eport, Eford, or Evort, Loch, narrow and intricate sea- 
 loch, Scot., Inverness-shire, Outer Hebrides, nearly dividing the 
 
 2 I 
 
EPPE— ERFU 
 
 isl. of N. Uist into two, in 57° 33' N. At its head (W. end) is 
 a small hamlet, with PMT.O. 
 
 Eppelhelm, comm. , gd. -duchy Baden, circle and dist. Heidel- 
 berg. P. <:3000. 
 
 Eppendorf, tn. , Ger. , in the terr. of Hamburg, 3 m. N. of 
 the Norder Elbe. P. 13,000. 
 
 Eppendorf, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 9 m. SW. by S. Frei- 
 berg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Eppendorf, comm., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arns- 
 berg, circle Gelsenkirchen. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Epperstone, par., Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Newark div. , 7 
 m. NE. by N. Nottingham, 2 m. NW. by N. Lowdham stn., 
 PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Epplng, market-tn. and par., Eng., co. Essex, E. div., with 
 stn. on branch line of G. E. R. , 9J m. NNW. Romford, 16 m. 
 NNE. London. It is noted for its cream, butter, sausages, and 
 pork. The royal forest of E. has still some beautiful woodland 
 scenery. The riv. Roding divides E. Forest from the forest of 
 Hainault on the SE. The two forests together cover about 
 10,000 ac. Market-day, F. S319 ac. P. <3000 ; pari. div. 
 P. (i8gi) 55,400. 
 
 Epplng, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Rockingham co., 21 m. 
 E. by N. Manchester. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Epping, post-tp., Victoria, Bourke co., 12 m. NNE. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eppiiigen, tn. , Ger., gd.-duchy of Baden, 24 m. ENE. 
 Karlsruhe. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Epplng Forest, post-settlement, Tasmania, Somerset co. , 22 
 m. S. by E. Launceston. 
 
 Epping Green, P.O., Eng., Hertfordshire, i m. from Little 
 Berkhamstead. 
 
 Eppleby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 7J m. 
 N. Richmond, 2^ m. S. by E. Gainford stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Eppleton, Great, par., Eng., co. and 8 m. NE. Durham. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Eppleton, Little, par., ij m. to the SW. P. <25o. 
 
 Epsom, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , co. Surrey, E. div. , 5 m. 
 S. by E. Kingston, with two stns. (E. Town and E. Downs) 
 on the L. B. & S. C. R., and E., on the L. & SW. R.; is the 
 terminus of a branch line of the L. B. & S. C. R. It is famous 
 for its medicinal spa, from which the sulphate of magnesia takes 
 the name of E. salts, but chiefly for its races, which are held on 
 the adjoining (chalk) downs in the last week in May, and are, 
 especially on the Derby day (Wednesday), more numerously 
 attended than any other in the kingdom. Market-day, W. 
 4424 ac. P. 8400; pari. div. P. 70,100. E. Common, eccles. 
 par., adjoining E., P. <20oo. 
 
 Epsom, post-tn., Victoria, co. Bendigo, 8 m. NNE. Sand- 
 hurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Epte,riv. , Wn.France, flows SE. , then S. , then SW. ,and enters 
 the Seine 2^ m. above Vernon (Seine-et-Oise) ; length 62 m. 
 
 Epuklro, water-course, S. Africa. See Kalahari. 
 
 Epwell, vil., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 6^ m. W. Banbury, 
 P.O. P. <:25o. See Swalcllffe. 
 
 Epwortb, market-tn. and par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. 
 Lindsey div. , 10 m. N. by W. Gainsborough, 4 m. N. by E. 
 Haxey and E. stn., PMT.O. John Wesley born here June 17, 
 1703. 6151 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Epworth, vil., U.S., Iowa, Dubuque co., 14 m. W. by S. 
 Dubuque. P. < 1500. 
 
 Equan, riv., Canada, Keewatin, flows E. and enters James 
 Bay (Hudson Bay) in about 53° 25' N. ; navigable by steamers 
 for a considerable distance. 
 
 Eqnatorvllle, stn., Congo Free State, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Congo, in 0° 5' N., 18" 37' E. 
 
 EqneUty, vil., U.S., lUinois, Gallatin co., 118 m. SE. by E. 
 St. Louis (Mo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 EquenrdreTllle, tn. , France, dep. Manche, arr. Cherbourg, 
 cant. Octeville. P. <4000. 
 
 Erada, vil., Brit. W. Africa, Lagos, on the Opara, 12 m. 
 W. by S. Lagos, in 3° 15' E. 
 
 Erakllon, vil., Bulgaria, eastern Roumelia, prov. Burgas, 
 on the Black Sea, 29 m. S. Varna. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Eramosa, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Wellington co. , 5 m. from 
 Guelph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eran, vil. , Brit. India, Central Provinces, dist. and 48 m. W. 
 Sagar, in 24° 5' N. , 78° 15' E. ; remarkable for its monumental 
 remains. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Eran, bay, on the W. ct. of Palawan, 9° 5' N. 
 
 Eraua, comm. , Greece. See Phlllatra. 
 
 Erandol, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khdndesh, 128 m. S. 
 by W. Indore. P. (1881) 11,500; (1891) 12,600; Hindus, 9400. 
 
 Erath, CO., U.S., Texas, crossed in the S. by 32° N., and in 
 the E. by 98° W. 
 
 Er^Ttiir, tn., Ceylon, dist. Batticaloa. P. 5700. 
 
 Eravns^rl, tn., India. See D^Tlk6ta. 
 
 Erba, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 6 m. E. Como. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Erbaa, Erok, Herek, or Irak, tn. , Asia Minor, vilayet and 
 73 m. NNW. Sivas. 
 498 
 
 Erbach, tn., Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse, circle E., 21 m. SE. 
 Darmstadt. P. <30oo. 
 
 Erbach, comm., Prussia, prov. Hesse- Nassau, govt. Wies- 
 baden, circle Rheingau. P. <;30oo. 
 
 Erbll, or Arbll, the anct. Arbela, tn., Asiatic Turkey, vilayet 
 and about 50 m. ESE. Mosul, the upper town built on the top of 
 a hiU and walled, the lower town walled. P. 3800 ; Moham. 3300. 
 
 Erblsdorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Dresden, dist 
 Freiberg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Erblstock, par. , Wales, on the borders of Denbighshire and 
 Flintshire, 6 m. S. by E. Wrexham, 4 m. ESE. Ruabon stn. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Ercall Magna, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 7 m. ENE. 
 Shrewsbury, 2 J m. W. by S. Crudgington stn., PMT.O. 
 (High E.) ; 11,392 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Erchfont, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Wiltshire. See Urchfont. 
 
 Erchless, eccles. par., Scot., Inverness-shire and Ross and 
 Cromarty, Kilmorack, Kiltarlity, and Kintail pars. P. <75o. 
 
 Erchless Forest, dist., Scot., in the N. of Inverness-shire, 
 between Strath Glass and Glen Orrin. 
 
 Erclldoune, Scot. See Earlston. 
 
 Ercsl, market-tn. , Hungary, co. Stuhlweissenburg, on r. bk. 
 of the Danube, 9I m. N. Adony. P. 5700. 
 
 Erd, or Hamsabiig, vil. , Hungary, co. Stuhlweissenburg, on 
 the Danube, 10 m. S. Ofen. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Erdberg, or Hriidek, vil. , Austria, Moravia, 11^ m. SE. by E. 
 Znaim. P. < 3000. 
 
 Erdek, ct. tn. , Asiatic Turkey. See ArtakJ. 
 
 Erdell. See Transylranla. 
 
 Erdemlll, tn., Asia Minor, on the S. ct., 58 m. SW. Adana. 
 
 Erdholmen, Ger. , name of the Ertholmene. See Bornholm. 
 
 Erdlng, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 19 m. 
 NE. by E. Munich. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Erdliigton, eccles. par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Tamworth div., 
 4i m. NE. by N. Birmingham, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 P. 9300. 
 
 ]^r>l>16szeg, Hungary. See l>16szeg. 
 
 Erdmannsdorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, with textile and 
 other manufactures, and iron- works near. P. < 2000. 
 
 Erdmannshohle, stalactite cave, Ger., Baden, in the S. of 
 the Black Forest, a few miles SE. Zell. 
 
 Erdiid, vil., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, on the r. bk. of the 
 Danube, 18 m. E. by S. Eszek. P. <3000. 
 
 Erdre, riv., France, dep. Loire Inf^rieure, flows SW. to the 
 Loire, which it joins at Nantes after a course of 45 m. 
 
 Erebus, antarctic volcano. See Victoria Land. 
 
 Eregll, Erekll, or Bender E., the anct. Herakleia, seapt., 
 Asia Minor, N. ct., 122 m. E. Constantinople. It has huge 
 blocks of stone and architectural fragments of the ancient city ; 
 the place where the 10,000 Greeks, under Xenophon, embarked 
 on their return to Greece. P. 5000. 
 
 Eregll, the anct. Kybistra, near which was a fortress called 
 Herakleia, often mentioned in the 8th and 9th centuries, tn., 
 Asia Minor, 88 m. E. by S. Konieh. Alt. 3400 ft. 
 
 Eregll, the anct. Perinthos, seapt. tn. , Turkey in Europe, 
 prov. Tekirdagh, on the Sea of Marmora, 52 m. W. by S. 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Erek, tn. , Asia Minor. See Erbaa. 
 
 Erekll. See Eregll. 
 
 Erembodegem, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. 
 Alost. P. < 5000. 
 
 Eremlno, vil., Russia, govt. Perm, 80 m. WSW. Tyumen. 
 P. <50oo. 
 
 Eremshlnskly, iron-works, Russia, govt, and 140 m. N. by E. 
 Tambov, dist. Temnikov. P. 6000. 
 
 Eremyeevka, tn., Russia, govt, and 90 m. WSW. Poltava. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Erere, Serra de, ridge on the 1. bk. of the Amazon, Brazil, 
 in about 52j°-54° W. 
 
 Eresby, eccles. par., Eng., Lincolnshire. See Spllsby. 
 
 Eresma, riv., Spain, Old Castile, flows NNW. from the Pico 
 de Peiialara (Sierra de Guadarrama) past Segovia, and unites 
 with the Adaja a few miles above its confluence with the Douro. 
 
 Erewash (e-re-wosh'), riv., Eng., flows S. to the Trent, on the 
 E. border of Derbyshire. Its valley, which contains the towns 
 of Pinxton, Heanor, and Ilkeston, is traversed by the main line 
 of the M. R., and by the E. Canal (which connects the Trent 
 navigation with the Cromford canal; length, \\\ m.), and 
 abounds in coal-mines. 
 
 Erft, riv., Prussia, Rhine Prov., rises in the N. of the Eifel, 
 flows N. into the Rhine (1. bk.), which it enters somewhat to the 
 S. of Diisseldorf ; length, 70 m. 
 
 Erfurt (in the 8th century Erpisford, Erpesfurt, &c. , ' ford 
 of Erpe '), tn. , Prussia, in S. of prov. Saxony, 14 m. W. Weimar ; 
 for centuries the most important town in Thuringia, having 
 an excellent situation at the point where the natural route along 
 the N. base of the Thuringian Forest, connecting the towns 
 of Eisenach, Gotha, E., and Weimar, just S. of the parallel of 
 51°, is crossed by the route into the heart of Thuringia afforded 
 by the valley of the Gera. It was already an important seat of 
 
ERG 
 
 E R I V 
 
 ide in the time of Charlemagne, but it suffered greatly in the 
 religious wars of the i6th and 17th centuries. It came into the 
 hands of Prussia at the beginning of the present century. It 
 has an ancient Gothic cathedral. The monastery of St. Augus- 
 tine, in which Luther's cell is pointed out, is now an orphan 
 asylum. Seat of a university from 1378 to 1816. It carries on 
 various manufactures, and since the razing of its ramparts in 
 1874 has expanded considerably. Flower-gardening is an im- 
 portant industry. The town gives name to a circle and govt. 
 Alt. 680 ft. P. (1816) 18,000; (1871) 43,600 (including 4400 
 military) ; (1891) tn. P. 71,200 ; comm. P. 72,400, including 
 Ilversgehofen 79,000. 
 
 Erg, Sahara. See Areg. 
 
 £rgasterla, mining tn., Greece, on the SE. ct. of prov. Attica 
 and BcEotia, opposite Makronisi I. , 40 m. SE. Athens by road. 
 The town was founded in 1865, when a raining company settled 
 here, comprising Greeks, French, and Italians, having acquired 
 the right to reopen the tin, lead, and silver mines (of Laurion), 
 which were worked in the vicinity by the ancient Greeks for eight 
 centuries. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Ergeue, or Erglncli, riv. , Turkey, vilayet Edirne, joins the 
 Maritsa S. of Adrianople, in about 41° N. 
 
 Ergeri, Erglr, or E. Kasrl (Turkish corruption of the Greek 
 name Argyrokastrou), tn., Turkey in Europe, Albania, 47 m. 
 NW. by W. Yanina ; manufactures the best Turkish snuff. 
 P. 10,000. 
 
 Ergham, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Scwerby. 
 
 Ergheul, range of hills, about 200 m. long, Russia, govt. 
 Astrakhan, separate Volga from Don. 
 
 Erglk-Targak-Talga, name given to an Alpine land in 
 Siberia, on the frontier of Mongolia, between Yenisei R. and 
 Lake Kosogol ; forms NW. border of Great Plateau, and in 
 its eastern part consists of several chains running NE. Highest 
 summits reach above 8000 ft. 
 
 Ergiueli, riv. , Turkey. See Ergeue. 
 
 Ergoldsbach, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Bavaria, 
 23 m. S. by E. Regensburg. P. <2O0o. 
 
 Ergolz, 1. bk. trib. of the Rhine. See Basel (canton). 
 
 Erb-lial, lake, China, in NW. of Ytinnan, about 30 m. long 
 by 4-8 or more miles wide, crossed in the N. by 26° N., just E. 
 of 100° E. ; bounded on the E. by mountains which sink to the 
 water's edge ; while on the W. , where lies the city of Tali-fu, 
 there lies a flat rice-plain extending to the Tsang-shan range. 
 
 Erlboll, Iioch, inlet, Scot., Sutherland, running 8 m. SSW. 
 from the N. ct. , having its mouth in 4° 36'-39' W. 
 
 Erlceira, maritime tn., Portugal, prov. Estremadura, near 
 the Atlantic, dist. and 22 m. NW. Lisbon ; has warm mineral 
 baths. P. <;3ooo.- 
 
 Erlchdie Water, small riv., Scot., W. Perthshire, flows E. 
 into the Garry, which it enters about 4 m. W. Blair Athole. 
 
 Erlcbt, Loch, lake, Scot., Inverness-shire, S. half on the 
 border of Perthshire, 14 m. long by ^-i m. broad ; drained by 
 the riv. Ericlit from its SW. end S. into Loch Rannoch. 
 Excellent fishing. 
 
 Erldge Green, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, 4 m. SW. Tun- 
 bridge Wells, with stn. (Erldge) on the L. B. & S. C. R., PT.O. 
 P. 1000. 
 
 Erie, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Haldimand, 9 m. from 
 Cayuga. P. < 1500. 
 
 Erie, lake, Canada and U.S., the southernmost of the five 
 great lakes of the St. Lawrence basin ; receives at its W. end 
 the Detroit from Lake St. Clair, and discharges by the Niagara 
 into Lake Ontario. See America, North, and Canada, internal 
 communications. 
 
 Erie, vil., U.S., Colorado, Weld co. , 20 m. N. Denver; 
 lignite mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Erie, city, U.S., Kansas, Neosho co. , on R. Neosho, 104 m. 
 S. by E. Topeka, 55 m. NW. by N. of the SE. corner of the 
 state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Erie, co., U.S., New York, at the E. end of Lake E. 
 
 Erie, co., U.S., Ohio, on Lake E., crossed by 82^° W. 
 
 Erie, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, E. co. , 115 m. N. Pittsburg, 
 on the shore of the excellent natural, but artificially improved, 
 harbour (9-25 ft. deep), sheltered by the island (formerly penin- 
 sula) of Presque Isle. Has a rapidly growing trade, importing 
 chiefly Lake Superior iron ore and Canadian lumber, and ex- 
 porting coal. Various manufactures. Alt. 681 ft. Mean temp., 
 yr. 49.3° F., Jan. 27.5°, July 51.8° ; rfall. (10 yrs.), 42.39 in. P. 
 (1860)9400; (1870)19,600; (1880)27,7000; (1890)40,600. 
 
 Erie Canal, the largest and most important canal in the 
 U.S., extends W. to E. through the state of New York from 
 Buffalo to Albany on the Hudson, passing Rochester, Syracuse, 
 Rome, Utica, and Troy, and in its E. portion following the 
 Mohawk valley. It was completed in 1825, and is now 70 ft. 
 wide at surface, has locks 18 by no ft., is 7 ft. deep E. of 
 Rochester, 7.83 ft. W. of Rochester; navigable throughout by 
 boats of 250 tons. It is generally frozen for about half the year, 
 but in a single season it has conveyed more than 45 million 
 bushels of grain and flour from Buffalo to the Hudson ; length, 
 363 m. 
 
 Erieux, riv. , France, a 1. bk. trib. of the Rhone, dep. Ard^che ; 
 flows through a narrow and picturesque gorge. 
 
 Eriha, vil., Palestine, 31° 51' N. , 35° 27' E. , 15 m. E. by N. 
 Jerusalem. Close by is Ain es Sultftn, the site of the Jericho 
 of the O. T. , and a little to the NW. TnllM Abu el 'Aleik, 
 that of the Jericho of the N. T. 
 
 Erlma, plantation on Astrolabe Bay, in E. of Ger. New 
 Guinea, in 5° 27' S. 
 
 Erin. See Ireland. 
 
 Erin, vil., Canada, Ontario, Wellington co., 38 m. W. by N. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Erin, vil. , U.S., Tennessee, Houston co. , 52 m. W. by N. 
 Nashville. P. ■< 1 500. 
 
 Ering, valley, Switzd. See H^reus. 
 
 Erinvlew, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, 38 m. NW. by 
 N. Winnipeg. 
 
 Eriska, isl. , Scot., Argyllshire, in mouth of Loch Creran. 
 P. 17. 
 
 Erlskay, small isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, separated from 
 S. Uist by the Sound of E., P.O. P. 454. 
 
 Erlsklrch, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, on the E. shore of 
 Lake Constance, 3 m. SE. Friedrichshafen, 16 m. E. by S. 
 Constance. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Eriswell, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket, div. and 13 m. 
 NW. Bury St. Edmunds, 2^ m. NNE. Mildenhall ; 6658 ac. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Erith, tn. and par. , Eng. , Kent, Dartford div. , on the Thames, 
 5^ m. E. Woolwich, on the SE. R. Near it are various 
 factories, including a gunpowder factory in the marshes to the 
 W. of the town. E. marshes, however, lie mainly E. of the 
 town. P. 13,400. 
 
 Eritrea (from erythraia, ' red,' part of the Greek name of the 
 Red Sea), the official name of the Italian colony and sphere of 
 influence on the Red Sea, the boundaries of which on the side 
 of Egypt were determined by a protocol on the 15th of April 
 1891, and on the side of Abyssinia by the treaties of the 2nd 
 of May 1889, and the 6th of February 1891. It embraces the 
 whole coast from the Ras Kasar in 18° 2' N. , to the sultanate 
 of Raheita at the mouth of the Red Sea, S. of Assab, extends 
 about 200 m. inland W. of Massaua (the cap.), and about the 
 same distance W. of Assab, comprising here as a protectorate 
 the plains inhabited by the Afar or Danakil to the E. of the 
 escarpment which forms the frontier of Abyssinia, and includes 
 also the Dahlak Archipelago in the neighbourhood of Massaua. 
 The N. portion of this region consists of a narrow hot coast- 
 strip, succeeded by a subalpine region of 1000-6000 ft. in 
 height, and that again by a plateau reaching 7000 ft., furrowed 
 by valleys belonging either to the basins of the Anseba and 
 Barka in the N. , or that of the Mareb (Gash) in the S. These 
 N. highlands include dists. inhabited by the Bogos, the Hababs 
 (Ababdeh), and the Beni Amer, and are said to be well adapted 
 for the production of a great variety of crops if only a settled 
 and peaceful existence could be secured for the people. The 
 trade is largely in the hands of Greeks. A railway, 16 m. 
 long, leads from Massaua to Saati, at the foot of the hills. 
 Estimated area, 95,500 sq. m. P. 450,000. 
 
 Erivau, govt., Russia, Transcaucasia, has the govts, of 
 Kars in the W., Tiflis in the N., Elisabethpol in the E., 
 Turkish Armenia in SW. , and Persian prov. Azerbaijan in SE. 
 Occupies the high Armenian plateau, 6000-8000 ft. above the 
 sea, covered with volcanic formations, and has the volcano of 
 Alaghoz (13,436 ft.) in NW., Mount Ararat (16,916 ft.) in S., 
 and the spurs of the Anticaucasus in the E. , all rising over the 
 surface of the plateau. The depressions of the plateau, covered 
 with tertiary deposits, are fertile, with the exception of the 
 stony and barren valley of the Lower Arax. Rock-salt is raised 
 at Nakhichevan and Kulpa ; copper-ore at Miskhan. Watered 
 by the Arax, which enters from prov. Kars, crosses part of 
 the govt., and then flows on its S. frontier, separating from 
 Persia (alt. 3030 ft. at Kulpa, 1963 ft. at Ordubad), and by its 
 tribs. Arpachai, Karasu, Zanga. Climate varies very much 
 with altitude. At Aralykh (2732 ft. ) the average temp, are : 
 yr. 52.7° F., Jan. 20.5°, July 79° ; yearly rfall. 6.1 in. At Alexan- 
 drapol (5078 ft. ) they are : yr. 41.8° F. , Jan. 12°, July 65° ; yearly 
 rfall. 17 in. The pop. is chiefly clustered in the valleys, and 
 consists of Armenians (54 per cent.), Tartars (39 per cent.), 
 some 28,000 Kurds, about 5000 Russians, and a few Aisores 
 and Greeks. Agriculture (375,000 quarters of various grains, 
 more than 200,000 quarters exported) and gardening are the 
 chief occupations. Nearly 90,000 acres are under cotton crops, 
 and 17,000 acres under vineyards. Extensive cattle-breeding. 
 Silkworm culture. Manufactures in infancy. About 10,000 tons 
 of rock-salt extracted every year. Divided into seven dists. : — 
 Erivafi, Alexandrapol, Nakhichevan, Novobayazet, Surmalinsk 
 (chief town Igdyr), Sharuro-Daralaghoz (chief town Norashen), 
 and Echmiadzin (chief town Varshapad). Area, 10,075 ^q. m. 
 P- (1873) 547.690; (1892) 703,510. 
 
 Erivau, chief tn. of above prov. , 42° 14' N. lat. , 44 57' E. 
 long. , 173 m. SSW. Tiflis, on 1. bk. of Zanga R. Fort on a 
 hill. Very old town, already known in history since a.d. 661 ; 
 
 499 
 
ERIZ — ERSK 
 
 formerly belonged to Persia ; annexed to Russia in 1827. 
 Alt. 3230 ft. P. (1873) 11.940; (1890) 14,740. 
 
 Erlza, tn. , Asiatic Turkey. See Erzlnggan. 
 
 Erjes, riv. , Spain and Portugal. See Herjaz. 
 
 Erjias Dagh, volcanic mt. , in the E. of Asia Minor, just S. 
 of Kaisarieh, active in the time of Strabo and Claudian (first 
 and fourth centuries A. D. ), but now extinct. Alt. about 13000 ft. 
 
 Erke, par., Ire., NW. cos. Queen's and Kilkenny, bars. 
 Galmoy, Clandonagh, and Clarmallagh, 12 m. NE. by E. 
 Thurles ; 18,587 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Erkelenz, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., cap. circle E., 23 m. 
 WSW. Diisseldorf. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Erkene, riv. , Turkey in Europe. See Ergene. 
 
 Erklna, riv., Ire., in the SW. of Queen's co., flows E. to 
 the Nore, which it joins at Durrow. 
 
 Erkuer, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt. Potsdam, 
 circle Niederbarnim, dist. Alt-Landsberg. P. <:3000. 
 
 ErkoTrelt, or Erkawit, vil., eastern Sudan, 30 m. SW. 
 Sawakin (Suakim). Also mountains to the S. 
 
 Erkrath, comm. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle and 6 m. E. 
 Diisseldorf. P. < 5000. 
 
 Erlach, or Cerller, tn., Switzd., cant. Bern, 8 m. ENE. 
 Neuchatel, at the S. end of the Lake of Bienne. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Erlangen, tn., Ger. , Bavaria, govt. Middle Franconia, on 
 the Regnitz and Ludwig's Canal, and a railway, 10 m. NNW. 
 Niirnberg. Here is the only Protestant university in Bavaria, 
 founded in 1743, and with which the university of Altdorf was 
 incorporated in 1809. Museums of natiu-al history, a library, 
 and a botanic garden. E. has cotton and other manufactures, 
 but is principally noted for its breweries. Formerly cap. of a 
 margraviate. P. (1871) 12,500; (1891)17,600. 
 
 Erlas,par. , Wales, Denbighshire, 5m. N. Wrexham. P. <25o. 
 
 Erlan (German, in Hungarian Eger), fortified tn., with 
 magistracy, Hungary, cap. prov. Heves, 59 m. E. by N. 
 Waitzen ; archbishopric. Has warm baths, and makes excel- 
 lent red wine. Alt. 560 ft. Mean temp., yr. 48.9° F., Jan. 
 26.1, July 70.50. P. (1850) 16,900; (1869) 19,200; (1890) 
 22,400. 
 
 Erie, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Munster, circle 
 Recklinghausen, dist. Buer. P. <300o. 
 
 Erlenbach, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 6 m. SE. Ziirich, on the 
 E. side of Lake Ziirich. P. <20oo. 
 
 Erlenbacb, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 8 m. SW. by S. Thim, 
 in the Nieder-Simmenthal. P. <20C)0. 
 
 Erlenbad, watering-place, Ger., Baden, circle Baden, near 
 Achem ; has brine springs. 
 
 Erlestoke, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire. See Earl Stoke. 
 
 Erma, viL , Palestine, Kirjath Baal, or Kirjath Jearim in the 
 O. T. , 31° 46' N. , 35° 2' E. , 11^ ra. W. Jerusalem. 
 
 Ermak, or TermakoTO, viL, Russia, Siberia, govt, and 105 
 m. NW. Yeniseisk, on r. bk. of Yenisei. Store-houses of the 
 gold-mines. 
 
 Ermatiiigen, fishing vil., Switzd., cant. Thiu-gau, 11 m. NE. 
 Frauenfeld, on the S. side of the Untersee arm of the Lake of 
 Constance. P. <20oo. 
 
 Erme, riv. , Eng. , Devonshire, rises in Dartmoor, and flows 
 S. into the English Channel, 4^ m. SSW. Modbury. 
 
 Ermeland, dist., Prussia, in the W. of prov. E. Prussia, 
 stretching about 50 m. from NW. to SE. 
 
 Ermelo, comm. , Holland, prov. Gelderland, 24 m. SW. by 
 W. Zwolle. P. 5800. 
 
 Ermelo, tn. , S. African Republic, cap. of E. dist. , 63 m. SW. 
 Barberton. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ermenek, tn., Asia Minor, 88 m. S. by E. Konia, vilayet 
 Adana, sanjak, Ich-Il. Alt. 4265 ft. Ancient fortress and 
 walls, foundations of columns and inscriptions ; one bearing 
 that Germanicus, sent against the Armenians, founded this city 
 in the year 17 of our era. P. 6400. 
 
 ErnienonTille, tn. , France, dep. Oise, 14 m. NW. by N. 
 Meaux, arr. and 9 m. SE. by E. Senlis. Rousseau passed his 
 last days here. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ennent, tn.. Upper Egypt, prov. Esne. P. (1882) 6900. 
 
 l;r-MlhiUyralTa, tn., Himgary, co. Bihar, cap. dist. Er-M., 
 25 m. E. Debreczen ; railway junction. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Ermine Street, the great N. road from London to York, 
 Eng. , in ancient Roman times. 
 
 Ermlngton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 10 m. E. 
 Plymouth, 2 m. S. Ivybridge stn., PT.O. ; 5139 ac. P. <25oo; 
 eccles. par. (with Kingston) P. < 1500. 
 
 Ermlngton, post-tn.. New South Wales, Cumberland co., 
 on Parramatta R., 10 m. WNW. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ermlnskoye, vil., E. Siberia, govt. Irkutsk, 230 m. SE. of 
 Krasnoyarsk, on Siberian highway. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ermont, comm., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Pontoise, 
 10 m. NNW. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ermsleben, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 13 m. SE. Halber- 
 stadt, on the r. bk. of the Selke. P. < 3000. 
 
 Emakolam, tn., India, cap. native state Cochin, on an 
 inlet on the W. ct. , on the backwater 2 m. E. and opposite to 
 town of Cochin. 
 500 
 
 Erne, riv. and two loughs of Ire. , Ulster. The river issues 
 from Lough Gowna, co. Cavan, and flowing N. merges into 
 Upper and Lower Lough Erne, whence reissuing it flows into 
 Donegal Bay. It is navigable for vessels drawing 12 feet to 
 Ballyshannon, where it forms a cataract. United length of the 
 two loughs and their connecting river about 60 m. Ac. of upper 
 lough 9453, ac. of lower lough 27,645. The loughs are studded 
 with numerous islets. Elevation of lower ough above Donegal 
 Bay, 149 feet. 
 
 Ern^e, tn. , France, dep. and arr. Mayenne, 18 m. NNW. 
 Laval. P. <\oSo. 
 
 Ernen, vil. , Switzd. See Aernen. 
 
 EriiiJll, tn., India, Madras Presidency, Travancore, 31 m. 
 SE. Trivandrum. P. (1881) 18,400. 
 
 Ernsdorf, or Jaworze, comm., Austria, Silesia, 48 m. E. 
 by S. Troppau, 5 m. WSW. Bielitz. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ernsdorf, \'il., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 32 m. SW. by S. . 
 Breslau, 5 m. W. Reichenbach. P. 6000. 
 
 Ernst Giinther Hafen, port, in the NE. of Bougainville I., 
 crossed by 5^° S. , 155° E. 
 
 Ernstthal, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 9J m. W. by S. Chemnitz. 
 Manufactures hosiery, blankets, &c. P. < 5000. 
 
 Erode, municip. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Coimbatore, on 
 Cauvery R., 36 m. SW. by W. Salem. P. (1881) 9900 ; (1891) 
 12,300 ; Hindus, 10,500. 
 
 Eromanga, New Hebrides. See Erromanga. 
 
 Eromanga (locally Opalopolls), vil., Queensland, Gordon 
 CO., on Erounghoola Creek, 510 m. SW. by W. Rockhampton, 
 with valuable opal mines. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Erpel, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on the r. bk. of the 
 Rhine, 12^ m. SE. by S. Bonn. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Erplngham, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. , 7 m. SSW. Cromer, 
 •2.\ m. N. Aylsham Town stn. P. <5oo. See Bllckllng. 
 
 Erquellnnes, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the 
 Sambre, 15J m. WSW. Charleroi. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Err, Plz 'd, Plz Clmolt, or Plz Falotta, mt. peak, Switzd., 
 cant. Grisons, between the Oberhalbstein Valley and the Albula 
 Pass. Alt. 11,135 ft. 
 
 Er Rabiyeh, site, Palestine, Arab in the O.T., 31° 26' N., 
 35° i' E., 8i m. SW. by S. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Erraid, fsL , Scot. See Earrait. 
 
 Er Ram, site, Palestine, Ra7nah (of Benjamin) in the O. T., 
 31° 51' N., 35^ 14' E. , 5 m. N. Jerusalem. 
 
 Er Rameh, two vils., Palestine, (i.) Ramah (of Naphtali) 
 in the O.T., 32° 5/ N., 35° 22' E., 17 J m. E. Acre. (2.) The 
 Jarmuth, or Kamoth of the O.T. , 32° 21' N., 35° 10' E. , 11 m. 
 NW. by N. Nablus. 
 
 Errlda Springs, W. Australia, Gascoyne div., 360 m. N. 
 by E. Perth. 
 
 Er Slf. See Morocco. 
 
 Errlir, small riv.. Ire., SW. co. Mayo, flows SW. and ex- 
 pands into Killary Harbour between Mayo and Galway. 
 
 Errlgal, mt.. Ire., in the NW. of co. Donegal, 31 m. W. by 
 N. Londonderry. Height, 2466 ft. 
 
 Errlgal, par.. Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. Coleraine, con- 
 tains Garvagh town ; 19,625 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Errlgal Keerogue, par., Ire., co. "Tyrone, bar. Clogher, on 
 R. Blackwater, contains Ballygawley town ; 21,140 ac. P. <:45oo. 
 
 Errlgal Trongh, par. , Ire. , cos. Monaghan and Tyrone, bars. 
 Trough and Clogher, <^\ m. N. Monaghan ; 24,789 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Errlll, tn.. Ire., SW. Queen's co. , bar. Clandonagh, 14 m. 
 NNE. Thurles, 6 m. from Ballybrophy stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Errlngden, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 7 m. NW. 
 Halifax. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Errls, bar. , Ire. , in the NW. of co. Mayo. 
 
 Errls Head, caj^e. Ire., NW. ct. co. Mayo. 
 
 Errlslannan, P.O., Ire., Galway, 5 m. from Clifden, 40 m, 
 from Galway stn. 
 
 Errogle, P. O. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, 14 m. from Dochgarroch. 
 
 Errol, par. and vil., Scot., E. Perthshire, 8 m. E. Perth, i m. 
 S. of its stn. on the C. R., PMT.O. Par. 9507 ac, P. <25oo ; 
 vil. P. <75o. 
 
 Erroll, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Lambton co., on the 
 W. ct. on Lake Huron, 48 m. W. London. 
 
 Erromanga, isl.. New Hebrides, N. of 19° S., crossed in the 
 W. by 1 69° E. The missionary Williams was murdered here. 
 
 Errople, vil. , Scot. See Knockalrd. 
 
 Errnb, native name of Darnley I., Brit. New Guinea. 
 
 Er Bnhelbeh, ruins, Palestine, Rehoboth in the O.T., 31° N., 
 34° 34' E. , 19^ m. SW. by S. Beersheba. 
 
 Er Knmele, vil., Palestine, 33° 38' N., 35° 24' E., on the W. 
 ct. , 6 m. NNE. Sidon. 
 
 Erry, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 3 m. NE. 
 Cashel. P. <25o. 
 
 Erryrys, eccles. par. , Wales, Denbighshire, 5 m. SE. Ruthiot 
 P. <750. 
 
 ErseknJvAr, Hungary. See Wenhansel. 
 
 Er»lngyan, Turkish Armenia. See Erzlnggan. 
 
 Ersklne, par. , Scot., W. Renfrewshire, 4^ m. NW. by W. 
 Renfrew, near Bishopton stn. ; 7535 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
ERSK — ESEN 
 
 Erskiiic Harbour, New Guinea. See Snau. 
 
 Erstelu, fishing and market tn. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, on 
 the 111 R. , 12 m. S. by W. Strassburg. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ertlug, par., Wales, Denbighshire, 2 m. SW. Wrexham. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Ertliolmene, isls. , Denmark. See Bornlioliii. 
 
 Ertib, or Reteb, oasis, in the Western Sahara, Tafilelt. 
 
 Ei'tingeii, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle of the Danube, 
 dist. Riedlingen. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Ertrelde, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. Eecloo. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Ernption, another name of Misima I. , Brit. New Guinea. 
 
 Emslan, two vils. , Russia, govt. Samara, 95 m. SE. of 
 Saratov, on Eruslan R. , 1. bk. trib. of Volga. P. 3000. 
 
 EruTildl, tn. , India, Madras Presidency, Tinnevelli dist. P. 
 (1881)5200; (i89i)<sooo. 
 
 Eryedal, comm., Portugal, dist. Coimbra. P. < 4000. 
 
 Ervy, tn., France, dep. Aube, on the Armance, arr. and 
 20 m. SSW. Troyes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ertrartou, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , on the 
 Stour, 9 m. SE. Ipswich. P. <250 ; eccles. par. (E. -wltli 
 Woolrerstoiie) P. <5oo. 
 
 Erwin, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Kingsbury co., no m. N. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Erwood, stn. , Wales, Radnorshire, on the Cambrian Rly., 
 II m. N. by E. Brecknock, PM.O. 
 
 Erytaolme, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div. , 
 on the r. bk. of the Tees, 4^ m. SE. by S. Darlington, 2 m. E. 
 by S. Croft stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Erymanttaos, or Olouos, mt., Greece, prov. Achaia and 
 Elis, just S. of 38° N., 19 m. SSE. Patras. Alt. 7295 ft. 
 
 Erzberg, mt. , Styria. See Elsenerz. 
 
 Erzeram, Erz-Bum, or Arzernm, in Armenian Carln, city, 
 Turkish Armenia, cap. vilayet E. , no m. SE. Trebizond, on a 
 plain watered by the Kara-Su, or W. branch of the Euphrates, 
 a little to the S. of the river. Has a citadel, and an extensive 
 trade, being a principal station on the trade-route from Trebi- 
 zond to Teheran, and one of the chief halting-places of the 
 caravans from Teheran to Mecca. Chief exports, cattle, horses, 
 mules, and sheep, furs, and gall-nuts. Seat of Protestant and 
 Roman Catholic missions. The citadel of E. was founded by 
 the Emperor Theodosius the Younger about 415 A.D. , and the 
 large town that gradually grew up round it received the common 
 Armenian place-name of Arzen, which was afterwards changed 
 by the Turks into Erzen-er-Rum (' Erzen of the Romans '), from 
 which the name E. is corrupted. Alt. 6650 ft. P. 39,000 ; 
 Moham. 26,500; Christians, 11,000, mostly Armenians (Cuinet). 
 
 ErzgebLrge ('ore mountains'), mt. range between the kgd. 
 of Saxony and the NW. of Bohemia, length about 120 m. 
 It descends with a steep slope generally about 1600 ft. high to 
 the valley of the Eger on its S. side, but slopes gradually down 
 on the Saxon side, where for the most part it presents the 
 appearance of plateaux intersected by narrow valleys. Highest 
 peaks towards the W. end, the Keilberg (4080 ft. ) in Bohemia, 
 and the Fichtelberg (3980 ft.) opposite it in Saxony. Mostly 
 of primary formation — gneiss, mica-shists, graywacke, and clay- 
 slates. Lignite or coal-fields are found both at its S. base and 
 on its N. slopes, and the range yields various metallic ores, 
 principally on its S. side, whence the name. Between the 
 valley of the Elbe and its W. end it is crossed by only two 
 railways, one between Freiberg and Klostergrab, the other be- 
 tween Marienberg and Komotau. 
 
 Erzluggan, Erzlnggyan, Erzlnga, Erlza, or Erziujan, tn. , 
 Turkish Armenia, vilayet and 86 m. W. by S. Erzerum. Mainly 
 destroyed by earthquake in 1784. Alt. 3800 ft. P. 23,000 ; 
 Moham. 15,000 ; Armenians, 7500. 
 
 Erz86betTdiH»s, Hungary. See Elisabethstadt. 
 
 Esashl, or Ezashi, tn. , Japan, isl. of Yezo, 34 m. W. Hako- 
 date. The harbour is exposed. P. 12,600. 
 
 Esbjerg, seapt. , Denmark, on the SW. ct. of Jutland, prov. 
 Ribe, 43 m. S. by E. Ringkjobing. The harbour has a depth 
 of 13-15 ft. at high water, 8-10 ft. at low water. Depth of water 
 over sill, 12 ft. Cattle exports to England. Direct steamers to 
 Harwich and Grimsby. Sometimes spelt in English, Esberg. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Esbly, comm. , France, dep. , Seine-et-Marne, on the Marne, 
 arr. and 6 m. SW. by S. Meaux. P. <20oo. 
 
 Escada, vil., Brazil, state and 27 m. SW. Pernambuco, with 
 which it is connected by rail. 
 
 Escalante, vil., U.S., Utah, Iron co. P.<:i5oo. 
 
 Escalante Hills, range of hills, U.S., Colorado, near the 
 extreme NW. of the state. 
 
 Escaldas, les, hamlet, France, dep. Pyr^n^es-Orientales, 
 arr. Prades, cant, and 7 m. NW. Saillagouse ; with warm mineral 
 springs (up to 109° F. ). Alt. 1650 ft. 
 
 Escaldunac, Escaldun, national name of the Basques. 
 
 Escalona, fortified tn., Spain, prov. Toledo, on the r. bk. of 
 the Alberche, 40 m. WSW. Madrid. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Egcalote, riv., Spain, flows NW. to the Douro, which it joins 
 about 2° 54' W. 
 
 Escambia, co. , U.S. , Alabama, bounded on S. by the western 
 part of the N. frontier of B'lorida. 
 
 Escambia, vil., U.S., Florida, Escambia co., 8 m. NE. by 
 N. Pensacola. P. <i50o. 
 
 Escambia, co., U.S., Florida, in the extreme NW. 
 
 Escana'ba, city, U.S., Michigan, cap. Delta co., on Green 
 Bay, at the mouth of the riv. E. , 60 m. S. by E. Marquette ; has 
 a good harbour, and is connected by rail with the iron-mines of 
 Iron Mt. Alt. 612 ft. Mean temp., yr. 40.8° F., Jan. 15.4°, 
 July 67.1°; rfall. (12 yrs.), 35.3 in. P. 6800. 
 
 Escaposalco, tn., Mexico, state of and 6 m. NW. Mexico. 
 
 I'Escar^ue, or Lescar^ne, tn. , France, dep. Alpes Maritimes, 
 arr. Nice, 8 m. NNW. Monaco. P. <;2coo. 
 
 Escarpelle, coal-basin, France. See Flers-eu-Escr6bleiix. 
 
 Escaut, French name of the Scheldt [q.v.). 
 
 Escta, vil., gd. -duchy of and 21 m. NNW. Luxemburg, on 
 the Sauer. P. 2000. 
 
 Esch, vil., gd. -duchy of and 10 m. SW. by S. Luxemburg; 
 centre of iron ore mining of the state. P. 6900. 
 
 Esclillkon, vil, Switzd., cant. Zurich, 5 m. N. by E. Winter- 
 thur. P. <20oo. 
 
 Escholzmatt, vil., Switzd., cant. Lucerne, 17 m. NE. by E. 
 Thun. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Escbscboliz Bay, inlet of Kotzebue Sound, Bering Strait, 
 Alaska, U.S., near the Arctic circle, 160° 10' W. , where some 
 remarkable fossil remains have been discovered. 
 
 Escbwege, tn. , Ger., Prussia, prov. Hesse- Nassau, circle E., 
 on the R. Werra, 26 m. ESE. KasseL P. 9800. 
 
 Eschweller, tn., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 8 m. ENE. 
 Aix-la-Chapelle ; has coal-mines, iron-works, manufactures of 
 machinery, wire, sevnng-needles, &c. P. (1843) 7900; (1871) 
 15.500; (1890) tn. P. 7600; comm. P. 18,100. 
 
 Esclnsham, Abore and Below, two adjoining pars. , Wales, 
 Denbighshire, Wrexham union. E. Above, P. <5oo ; E. Below, 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Escocesa, Babla^ a wide bay on the NE. ct. of the republic 
 of Santo Domingo, W. Indies. 
 
 Escomb, par., Eng., Durham, on the r. bk. of the Wear, 
 div. and x\ W. Bishop Auckland, P.O. P. <35oo. 
 
 Escondldo (Spanish, ' hidden '), harbour, Cuba, on the S. ct., 
 60 m. E. Santiago. 
 
 Escondldo, riv., Nicaragua. See Blewflelds. 
 
 Escondldo, bay, Mexico, on the S. ct., in about 97° 8' W. 
 
 Escondldo, harbour, Venezuela, state Zulia, prov. Coro, on 
 the N. ct. of the penin. Paraguana. 
 
 Escondldo, channel, Yucatan, in the NE. extremity of Lake 
 Terminos, in 18° 54' N., and 91° 27' W. 
 
 Escondldo, Punta, cape, Mexico, S. ct. , in 98° 33' W. 
 
 Escorlal, El, or San Lorenzo, tn., Spain, prov. and 26 m. 
 NW. by W. Madrid ; remarkable for the celebrated monastery 
 and palace of the Escorial, frequently called by English writers 
 Escurial, erected by Philip II. to commemorate the victory over 
 the French at St. Quentin on St. Lawrence's Day (Aug. loth), 
 1557. It was set on fire by lightning, and in great part destroyed, 
 in the autumn of 1872. Alt. of palace, 3520 ft. P. <40oo. On a 
 lower site to the SE. is the village of Escorlal de Abajo (Lower 
 Escorial). 
 
 Escoriaza, comm., Spain, prov. Guipuzc6a, dist. Vergara, 
 in a delightful situation ; has mineral springs. P. <:3000. 
 
 Escot, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire, Ottery and Talaton 
 pars. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Escott, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Leeds co. , 30 m. ENE. Kings- 
 ton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Esconmalns, vil., Canada, Quebec, Saguenay co., on the 
 1. bk. of the St. Lawrence, 19 m. NE. of the mouth of the 
 Saguenay R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Escraros, one of the mouths of the Niger, entering the Gulf 
 of Guinea in about 5° 35' N. , 5° 11' E. 
 
 Escrlck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div. , si m. SSE. York, i m. NE. by E. of its stn. on the G. N. R. , 
 PMT.O.; 4349 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Escnlntla, tn. , Central America, state of and 30 m. SW. by 
 S. Guatemala ; cap. E. dep. P. 11,200. 
 
 Escullos, sub-port of Almeria, on the coast of prov. Almeria, 
 facing SE. 
 
 Escnmlnac Point, cape, Canada, New Brunswick, on the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, at theS. of the entrance to Miramichi Bay. 
 
 Escorlal, Spain. See Escorlal, El. 
 
 Escnrolles, tn., France, dep. AUier, 27 m. NNE. Clermont- 
 Ferrand, arr. and 5 m. NE. by E. Gannat. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Esdraelon, or Jezreel, Plain of, the Bible name of the 
 plain stretching 18 m. SE. from the Gulf of Haifa along the NE. 
 base of Mount Carmel to Mount Gilboa, watered by the Kishon 
 (now the Nahr-el-Mokatta) ; called by the Turks Merj-ibn-Amir ; 
 scene of numerous battles both in ancient and modern times. 
 
 Esdftd, vil., Palestine, Ashdod in the O. T., Azotus in the 
 N. T. , 35° 45' N. , 34° 29' E. , 21 m. NE. by N. Ghuzzeh (ancient 
 Gaza). P. 3000 (mostly Mohammedans). 
 
 Esens, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, 24 m. WNW. Wilhelms- 
 haven. P. <30oo. 
 
 501 
 
ESG A 
 
 ES P E 
 
 Esgalrgelllog, stn., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Corris 
 Rly. , 8 m. S. by E. Dolgelly. 
 
 Esgos, comm. , Spain, prov. and dist. Orense. P. < 4000. 
 
 Esli, par., Eng., Durham, NW. div. , 5 m. W. by N. Durham, 
 I m. N. by W. Ushaw Moor stn., PM.O. P. 6400. 
 
 Esbs Ness, penin. , Scot. , Shetland Is. , 14 m. SW. of the N. 
 end of the mainland. 
 
 Eskean, place named in O. T. See Es Stmla. 
 
 Eshekltt, tn. , Asia Minor, to the N. of the Menderez, 70 m. 
 E. Alashehr. Alt. 2350 ft. 
 
 Estaer, par., Eng., Surrey, Epsom div., 4 m. SW. Kingston, 
 I m. SW. Esher and Claremont stn. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Eshmonneyn, or Estamnneln. See Asbmnneln. 
 
 Esh Xew Winning, PM. O. , Eng. , co. and 7 m. W. Durham. 
 
 Esholt, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley div. , on the 
 Aire, 5 m. N. by E. Bradford, on the M. R., P.O. P. <50o; 
 eccles. par. (E. wltb Hafvkswortb) P. <soo. 
 
 Esbott, par., Eng., Northumberland, 7^ m. NW. Morpeth. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Esbowe, Ecboi^e, or Ekowe, vil., Zulu-land, S. Africa, 
 82 m. NE. Pietermaritzburg, Natal, 31 m. N. of the mouth of 
 the Tugela ; residence of the commissioner representing the 
 governor of Natal. 
 
 Esbref, Persia. See Asbraf. 
 
 Esb-Sbdm, city, Syria. See Damascus. 
 
 Eshtaol, place named in O. T. See Esb^k'a. 
 
 Eshtemoa, place named in O. T. See Es Senift'a. 
 
 Esbton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 16 m. NNE. 
 Burnley, div. and 5 m. NW. Skipton. P. <25o. 
 
 Esbft'a, vil. , Palestine, Eshtaol in the O. T. , 31° 47' N. , 35° E. , 
 14 m. W. Jerusalem. 
 
 Eslno, riv. , central Italy, rises on the N. slope of the Apen- 
 nines, flows ENE., and enters the Adriatic Sea 8 m. WNW. 
 Ancona ; 40 m. long. 
 
 Esk, riv., Eng., Cumberland, rising in the Scawfell, and 
 flowing SW. through the Egremont div. into the Irish Sea, 15 
 m. SSE. Whitehaven. 
 
 Esk, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, rising in Westerdale 
 Moor, SE. of the Cleveland ddv., and flowing E. and NE. into 
 the North Sea at Whitby. 
 
 Esk, riv., Scot., Dumfriesshire, formed by the confluence of 
 the Black and White E. in Eskdalemuir, flows S. 35 m. into 
 Solway Firth near Sarkfoot. 
 
 Esk, Xortb, riv., Scot., Forfarshire, rises in the Grampians, 
 and flows SE. to the North Sea, which it joins 4 m. N. Mon- 
 trose, after a course of 25 m. 
 
 Esk, Sontb, riv., Scot., Forfarshire, rises in the Grampians, 
 in the NW. of the county, flows E. through Strathmore into 
 Montrose Harbour ; 40 m. long. 
 
 Esk, Xortb and Sontb, two small streams, Scot., rise in 
 Peeblesshire, pass through Midlothian, unite near Dalkeith, and 
 flow to the sea at Musselburgh. 
 
 Esk, Xortb, eccles. par., Scot., Midlothian, Inveresk par. 
 P. 5500. 
 
 Esk, post-tn., Queensland, Cavendish co., on E. Creek, 70 
 m. NE. by E. Brisbane. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eskat, vil., Eng., Cumberland. See Salter. 
 
 Eskbank, stn. , Scot. , Midlothian, on the N. B. R. , adjoining 
 Dalkeith on the W. 
 
 Eskbridge, stn., Scot, Midlothian, on the N. B. R., on the 
 North Esk, 7 m. SW. by W. Dalkeith. 
 
 Eskdale, pari. div. , in the N. of Cumberland, Eng. P. 46,400. 
 
 Eskdale and Wasdale, par., Eng., W. Cumberland, in 
 Bootle union ; 17,419 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Eskdale Green, rly. stn., Eng., Cumberland, on the Raven- 
 glass andEskdale Rly., 16 m. SE. Whitehaven,PM.O.(Eskdale). 
 
 Eskdalemuir, par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 11 m. NW. Lang- 
 holm, P.O.; 43,282 ac. P.<5oo. 
 
 Eskdaleslde wltb Ugglebamby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. 
 Riding, 4 m. SW. Whitby ; 6001 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Eske, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holdemess div. , on 
 the Hull, 10 m. N. by W. Hull, i^ m. ESE. Arram stn. P. <2S0. 
 
 Eske, Lougb, stn. , Ire. , co. Donegal. See Eask, Lough. 
 
 Esker, par.. Ire., co. Dublin, bars. Newcastle and Upper- 
 cross, I m. SE. Lucan. P. <5oo. 
 
 Esker, electoral div. , Ire. , co. King's, dist. Edenderry. 
 
 Esker, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Ballinalee, co. Longford. 
 
 Eskett, iron (red hematite) mining vil., Eng., Cumberland, 
 about 5 m. E. Whitehaven. 
 
 Eski, Turkish, 'Old.' 
 
 Eskl Adalla, the ancient Side, tn. , Asia Minor, on the Gulf 
 of Adalia, 95 m. SW. Konia. 
 
 Eskl-Baba, Turkey. See Baba-Eskl. 
 
 Eskl-Dzumaja (jumaya), tn., Bulgaria, prov. and 18 m. W. 
 by S. Shumla. P. 8500. 
 
 Eskl-Eregll, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Chatalja, on the 
 Sea of Marmora, 47 m. W. Constantinople, 8 m. NE. Eregli. 
 
 Esklje and I'enlje Focba. See Focba. 
 
 Esklje, or Xantbl, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Giiraurjina, 
 70 m. WNW. Dede Agach. 
 502 
 
 Eskilstnna, tn., Sweden, prov. Sodermanland, 19 m. S. 
 Vesteras ; noted for its high class iron and steel manufactures, 
 copper and brass wares, &c. P. 10,900. 
 
 EskUnp, tn. , Asia Minor. See Iskellb. 
 
 Eskimo, French spelling (adopted also formerly in English) 
 Esquimaux, a race inhabiting the northern coasts of America 
 from Greenland and the N. of Labrador to the W. ct. of Alaska, 
 and also parts of the NE. of Asia, mainly within the Arctic 
 Regions. Height 5 ft. 4 in. to 5 ft. 10 in. Language agglutina- 
 tive. Live chiefly by fishing, principally seal-fishing, the skins 
 furnishing their clothing; the industry pursued in peculiar 
 kind of boats, called kayaks, each holding only one man, who 
 sits in a hole in the middle, the mouth of which he closes tightly 
 with a waterproof covering. In summer they dwell in tents, in 
 vdnter they occupy houses of stone, turf, or earth, half under- 
 ground ; occasionally temporary huts made of snow. See 
 Dr. H. Rink's ' Eskimo Tribes,' vol. xi. of the Meddedelser am 
 Groenland, with supplement. There is an exhaustive report on 
 the central E., inhabiting the archipelago on the NE. of the 
 American continent and the neighbouring coasts of the main- 
 land, in the Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Wash- 
 ington, 1888. 
 
 Eskimo KlTer. See Esquimaux. 
 
 Eskl Sagbra, Bulgaria. See Stara-Zagora. 
 
 Esklsbebr, the ancient Dorylxum, tn., Asia Minor, 'j'j m. 
 ESE. Brussa ; noted for its deposits of meerschaum clay ; has 
 celebrated warm baths. Alt. 2950 ft. P. 10-12,000. 
 
 Eskl-Stambul, Bulgaria. See Prjeslar. 
 
 Eskmeals, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., on the 
 1. shore of the estuary of the Esk, 17^ m. NNW. Barrow, on 
 the Furness Rly. 
 
 Eskra, P. O. , Ire. , 5 m. from Fintona, co. Tyrone. 
 
 Esky, electoral div.. Ire., Cavan, dist. HoUywell. 
 
 Esla, riv. , Spain, Leon, flows SW. by S. from the Peiia Prieta, 
 Cantabrian Mts. , to the Douro, which it joins about 11 m. E. of 
 the frontier of Portugal. 
 
 Eslam, vil., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, 
 48 m. SE. by E. Baireuth. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Eslln Bridge, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Mohill, co. Leitrim. 
 
 Eslobe, comm., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 35 m. SE. 
 by E. Dortmund. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Esmeralda, co., U.S., Nevada, on the SW. frontier, crossed 
 by 118° W. 
 
 Esmeralda, tn. , Venezuela, on the upper Orinoco, in 65° 55' 
 W. , long the limit of exploration on that river. 
 
 Esmeraldas, riv. in the NW. of Ecuador, formed by the 
 union, in 0° 28' N. , 79° 25' W. , of two headwaters, the Rio 
 Guallabamba and the Rio Blanco, and flowing NNW. into the 
 Pacific in 79° 40' W. Both the headwaters rise on the plateau 
 between the chains of the Andes, the Rio Guallabamba flowing 
 N. through the plain of Quito under the name of Rio San 
 Pedro, and then NW., the Rio Blanco rising to the E. of Lata- 
 cunga, under the name of the Rio Toachi. The E. is too rapid 
 for navigation by steamers. In winter, canoes take 6 or 7 days 
 to ascend to the confluence of the two headstreams, and about 
 as many hours in the dovrei journey. 
 
 Esmeraldas, tn., S. America, Ecuador, cap. prov. E. , 100 
 m. NW. Quito, at the mouth of Esmeraldas R. Vessels anchor 
 outside the bar (depth high tide 10 ft.), and load and discharge 
 by launches. P. -<iooo. 
 
 Esnadarra, P.O., Ire., 9 m. from Clones, co. Monaghan. 
 
 Esne, Esna, or Esneb, the ancient Latopolis, the principal 
 commercial tn. of Upper Egypt, on the 1. bk. of the Nile, cap. 
 prov. E. , 25 m. S. the ruins of ancient Thebes ; has manufactures 
 of cotton, shawls, and pottery, and has a Coptic monastery, but 
 is chiefly famous for a vast ancient temple, now converted into 
 a cotton warehouse. P. 9400. 
 
 Esneux, comm., Belgium, prov. Liege, on the Ourthe, 7 m. 
 S. Liege. P. 3000. 
 
 Eso, isl. , Dalmatia, circle and 8 m. SW. Zara, in the Adriatic, 
 between the isls. Grossa and Ugliano. Length, 7 m. ; average 
 breadth, \\ m. 
 
 Esooan,''tn., Egypt. See Assuan. 
 
 Esopus, vil. , U.S. , New York, Ulster co. , on r. bk. of Hudson 
 R., 8 m. N. by W. Poughkeepsie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Esopus Creek. See Catsklll Mountains. 
 
 Espada. See Punta Espada. 
 
 Espallon, tn., France, dep. Aveyron, on the Lot, cap. arr., 
 52 m. NE. by N. Albi. Alt. 1120 ft. P. < 3000. 
 
 Espaftola. See Haiti. 
 
 Esparedia, tn. , Italy. See Ivrea. 
 
 Esparraguera, comm., Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 14 m. 
 NW. Barcelona, on the Llobregat; has mineral springs. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Esparta, tn. , Costa Rica, 34^ m. W. by N. San Jos6. 
 
 Espejo, comm., Spain, prov. and 28 m. SE. C6rdoba, on the 
 Salado. P. 5700. 
 
 Espelette, tn., France, dep. Basses-Pyr6n6es, arr. and 11 m. 
 S. by E. Bayonne. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Esperance, isl. , one of the Kermadek group. 
 
ESPE — ESSE 
 
 Esperance Bay, stn. , on the W. and S. Australian Telegraph 
 Line, 275 m. NE. Albany. 
 
 Esperanza, tn. , Argentine Republic, and 22 m. N W. prov. 
 Santa F^, near the Salado. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Esperauza, coast isl. , S. Chile, between Hanover I. and the 
 mainland, crossed in the N. by 51° S. 
 
 E.speranza, Ger. colony, Mexico, state of and 53 m. E. by 
 S. Puebla. P. < 3000. 
 
 E.<iperanza Inlet, Canada, Brit. Columbia, on the W. ct. of 
 Vancouver I., N. of Nootka I., in 49° 50' N. 
 
 Esperea, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 14 m. 
 NNE. Gaeta. 
 
 Espershields, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the Derwent, 
 div. and 8 m. SE. by S. Hexham. P. <25o. 
 
 Esplchel, or Splchel, cape, Portugal, Estremadura, on the 
 Atlantic, 21 m. S. Lisbon, in 38° 25' N., and 9° 13' W., with a 
 lighthouse, visible 28 m. 
 
 Espl^gle Bay, small bay, Portuguese W. Africa, in 13° 55' S. 
 
 Esplel, comm., Spain, prov. and 25 m. NW. by N. C6rdoba. 
 In the neighbourhood are rich coal-mines, and iron, copper, lead, 
 and alloyed silver mines. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Espln, colony, Argentine Republic, prov. and 125 m. NNE. 
 Santa F6. 
 
 Espinal, vil., Colombia, Tdima state, 75 m. NNE. Neiva, 
 3 m. W. of the 1. bk. of the Magdalena. P. 7000. 
 
 Esplnhaco, Serra do (' backbone chain '), mt. chain, Brazil, 
 stretches from N. to S. through the S. half of the state of Minas 
 Gei aes from about i8°-22° S. , forming the water-parting between 
 the upper part of the Rio Sao Francisco and the Rio Doce and 
 other coast streams ; highest summit Itambe, to the S. of Dia- 
 mantina. 
 
 Esplnosa de los Monteros, comm. , Spain, Old Castille, prov. 
 Burgos, dist. Villarcayo. P. <4000. 
 
 Esplnonsse, mts. , France. See CeTcnnes. 
 
 Esplrito Santo, state in Brazil (first occupied by the Portu- 
 guese on Pentecost Day, 1535), between Bahia (N.), Minas 
 Geraes (W.), Rio de Janeiro(S.), and the sea(E.), covered with 
 tropical forests on the slopes of Serras dos Aimor6s and Negra. 
 Swampy on the littoral. Rio Doce, coming from the interior, 
 divides E. S. into two equal parts. E. S. bay, with the cap. 
 Victoria, is the best harbour. Some German settlements. Very 
 little explored. Inhabited by wild Indians. 
 
 Esplrltn Santo, isl. , in the Gulf of California, 30 m. N. La 
 Paz, and 13 m. long by 5 m. broad. 
 
 Esplrltn Santo, the largest isl. of the New Hebrides, crossed 
 in the NE. by 15° S., 167° E. , interior high (above 5000 ft.), 
 precipitous; natives well-formed, but confirmed cannibals. Proc. 
 R. G. S., 1892, p. 710. 
 
 Esplrlta Santo, cape, E. coast of Tierra del Fuego, in 
 52° 42' S. 
 
 Espita, tn. , Mexico, Yucatan, 90 m. E. M^rida. P. 3000. 
 
 Esplnga de Franco!!, tn., Spain, prov. and 22 m. NNW. 
 Tarragona. P. <40oo. 
 
 Espo!r, Cap d', cape, Canada, Quebec, on the E. ct. at the 
 N. of the entrance of Chaleur Bay, in 48° 25' N. 
 
 E.spozende, tn. , Portugal, prov. Minho, dist. Braga, at the 
 mouth of the Cavado, 26 m. N. Oporto. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Espy, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Columbia co. , on N. branch 
 of the Susquehanna, 54 m. SW. Scranton by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Esqnesing, or Stewart Town, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Halton 
 CO., I J m. from Georgetown. P. < 1500. 
 
 Esqnlnia!t (es-kwai-'malt), seapt. tn., Canada, prov. Brit. 
 Columbia, Vancouver I. , on the S. ct. , 9 m. NNW. Victoria ; 
 has an extensive harbour, 28 ft. deep at high water (18 ft. at low 
 water), and a naval yard ; about to be fortified at the joint 
 expense of the Imperial and Canadian govts. Mean temp. 
 (5i yrs., 1874-79), yr- 48.7° F., Jan. 37.5°, July 59.6°; rfall. (5 
 jrrs., 1873-78), 24.82 in. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Esquimaux, race. See Esktmo. 
 
 Esquimaux, isl. and harb. , Canada, Labrador, in the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence, in 51° 35' N. , and 56° 21' W. , 2.\ m. long and 
 li m. broad, and from 200 to 250 ft. high on the N. side. 
 
 Esquimaux Cape, Canada, W. side Hudson Bay, in 61° 5' N. 
 
 Esquimaux Point, vil. and port of entry, Canada, Quebec, 
 Saguenay co. , on N. shore of the St. Lawrence R. , in 61° 10' W. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Esquimaux (or Nortli-West) River, Canada, Quebec, Sague- 
 nay CO., flows SE. into the St. Lawrence, which it enters at 
 Bonne Esperance, in 52° 50' W. 
 
 Esquina, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. Corrientes. P. 2000. 
 
 Esqulpulas, tn., state of and 73 m. E. Guatemala, dep. 
 Cliiquimula ; formerly the object of frequent pilgrimages. 
 
 Esrom, lake, Denmark, Seeland I., joined to the Kattegat 
 by the E. canal (5J m. long). 
 
 J-'.ss, Gaelic, ' a waterfall. ' See Eas. 
 
 Es Sail, Egypt. See Safl. 
 
 Es Saleliiya, Kurdish vil. on the slopes of Jebel Kasyun, 
 Syria, 33° 32' N., 36° 18' E. , adjoming Damascus on the NW. 
 
 Es Salt, tn., Palestine, 32° N., 35° 42' E., 15J m. NNW. the 
 ancient Heshbon. 
 
 Essarts, Les, tn. , France, dep. Vendue, 43 m. N. La Rochelle, 
 arr. and 12 m. NE. by E. La Roche-sur-Yon. P. < 2000. 
 
 E8sclien-Fronti<!re, comm., Belgium, on the N. frontier, 
 prov. and 17 m. N. by E. Antwerp. P. <400o. 
 
 Esse. See Ashen. 
 
 Esseg, Hungary. See Eszeli. 
 
 Es Sem^'a, vil., Palestine, Eshtemoa in the O. T. , 31° 24' N., 
 35° 4' E. , 9 m. S. Ijy E. El KhuUl (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Essen, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 20 m. W. by S. Dortmund, 
 2 m. from the r. bk. of the Ruhr, in one of the most productive 
 parts of the Ruhr coalfield. It has grown very rapidly in recent 
 years through the development of mining and smelting industries, 
 and, above all, as the seat of the vast iron and steel works of 
 Krupp, which alone employ 15,000 people. E. gives name to 
 a circle. P. (1846) 6000; (1871)51,500; (1880)56,900; (1890) 
 78,700. 
 
 Essendlne, par., Eng., Rutlandshire, 4 m. NE. Stamford, on 
 theG. N. R., P.O. P.<2So. See Kyhall. 
 
 Essendon, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, St. Albans div., 4 m. 
 SW. by W. Hertford, ■2\ m. S. Cole Greenstn. , PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Essendon, tn. , Victoria, Bourke co. , 5 m. NW. Melbourne. 
 P. 14,400. 
 
 Essentulii, or Essentnlisiiaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, govt. 
 Terek, 12 m. NW. of Pyatigorsk ; mineral waters, much 
 visited in summer. Alt. 1980 ft. Average yearly temp. 56° P., 
 Jan. 22°, July 70°. P. 7800. 
 
 Essequibo, or Essequebo, a riv. which flows from S. to N. 
 through the whole length of Brit. Guiana. Principal tribs. : 
 (i) the united Cuyuni and Mazaruni, (2) the Potaro, (3) the 
 Rupununi, all on the 1. bk. Its navigation is interrupted by 
 numerous rapids and falls. The first, proceeding upwards, are 
 the Aretalia Cataracts, 15 m. long, in about d^-ff 10' N.; a 
 great cataract occurs in about 5° 16' N. , and above that their 
 occurrence is very frequent. Proc. R. G. S. , 1880, map, p. 528. 
 
 Essex, CO., Canada, in the extreme S. of Ontario, between 
 Lakes St. Clair and Erie. Wine grown in the county. 
 
 Essex, maritime co. , Eng. , bounded on the S. by the Thames 
 and its estuary, divided into the following pari, divs.:— 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. i8gi. 
 
 SW. or Walthamstow 
 
 S. or Romford .... 
 
 W. or Epping .... 
 
 N. or Saffron Walden 
 
 NE. or Harwich 
 
 E. or Maldon .... 
 
 Mid or Chelmsford . 
 
 South-Eastern .... 
 
 Pari. Bors 
 
 Total 
 
 8,871 
 40,194 
 163,678 
 180,990 
 142,898 
 122,807 
 
 145.341 
 
 166,208 
 
 16,037 
 
 101,236 
 
 103,546 
 
 55.416 
 
 47.449 
 55.623 
 54.572 
 58.304 
 69.837 
 239.462 
 
 987,028! 
 
 785.445' 
 
 1 The administrative county excludes part of Sudbury urban sanitary 
 district and part of Haverhill, both in the administrative county of 
 W. Suffolk. Area, 985,545 ac. P. 784,258. 
 
 Surface towards the Thames and the sea flat, marshy, and 
 much broken into penins. and islands ; coast-line 85 m. ; in 
 the centre and N. beautifully diversified and richly wooded. 
 Geologically it belongs mainly to the London clay, but NW. 
 of a line stretching from about Bishop Stortford in Herts to 
 Sudbury in Suffolk to the chalk. Foulness and some neigh- 
 bouring islands are composed of recent alluvium. Principal 
 rivers, the Thames, Lee, Stour, Roding, Crouch, Colne, Chelmer, 
 and Blackwater. Soil mostly a fertile loam. Climate on the 
 coast moist ; inland clear and healthy, with little rain. The 
 county is almost wholly agricultural. Its farming is ranked 
 among the best in England, and the quality of E. wheat is 
 very superior, and E. is on that account one of the counties 
 which have suffered most severely by the agricultural depression 
 of recent years. See Appendix, pp. 7-9. Besides the usual 
 crops, teazels, saffron, carraway, and hops are largely grown. 
 Great numbers of calves are fattened for the London market. 
 The county has silk, velvet, crape, lace, straw-plait, and other 
 manufactures, and there is a government powder factory at 
 Waltham Abbey. The minerals of the land, apart from chalk, 
 used for lime, and brick-earth, are unimportant ; but salt is 
 extracted from the sea. There are valuable oyster fisheries. 
 The Tilbury and the Victoria and Albert docks of the port of 
 London are in E. The East India Barracks are at Warley. 
 At Purfleet there are powder stores, and at Shoeburyness is 
 an extensive practice-ground for government artillery. Epping 
 Forest [Epping] is in the SW. of the county. Hainault Forest 
 adjoining was disaff"orested in 1851, and is now mainly enclosed. 
 There are several watering-places on the coast. The county is 
 ramified by branches of the G. E. R. , whose port for continental 
 traffic is at Harwich. The only other railway is the London, 
 Tillbury, & Southend. The county contains the county bor. 
 of West Ham, six other mun. bors. (Chelmsford, Colchester, 
 Harwich, Maldon, Saffron Walden, and Southend), and two 
 
 503 
 
ESSE — ESTR 
 
 parL bors. (West Ham and Colchester). It is mainly in the 
 diocese of St. Albans, but part of six eccles. pars, are in that 
 of Ely. See England, table. 
 
 Essex, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Middlesex c6., i6 m. W. New 
 London. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Essex, vil., U.S., Iowa, Page co., 43 m. SE. Omaha (Neb.). 
 P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Essex, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, E. co., 8 m. NE. Salem. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Essex, CO., U.S., New Jersey, in the NE., bounded on the 
 W. and partly boimded on the N. by the Passaic. 
 
 Essex, vil., U.S., New York, E. co., on Lake Champlain, 
 28 m. S. Plattsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Essex, CO., U.S., New York, in the NE., bounded on the E. 
 by Lake Champlain, crossed by 44° N. 
 
 Essex, tn., U.S., Vermont, on Winooski R., 34 m. NW. 
 Montpelier by rail. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Essex, CO., U.S., Vermont, in the extreme NE. 
 
 Essex, CO., U.S., Virginia, in the E. , crossed by 38° N. , 
 and by 77° W., boimded on the E. by the estuary of the 
 Rappahannock. 
 
 Essex Centre, viL, Canada, Ontario, E. co., 15 m. SE. 
 Windsor ; a railway junction. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Essexford, stn. , Ire. , on the G. N. (Ire. ) and Donegal Rly. , 
 near Dundalk, co. Louth. 
 
 Essex JnncUon, vil., U.S., Vermont, Chittenden co., 6 m. 
 E. Burlington. P. < 1500. 
 
 EssexTille, vil., U.S., Michigan, Bay co., at mouth of 
 Saginaw R. , 2 m. N. Bay City. P. < 2000. 
 
 Essie, Gaelic, ' a waterfall." See Eos. 
 
 Es Simla, ruins, Palestine, probably the Eshean of the O. T. , 
 31° 26' N., 35° 2' E., 8 m. SW. by S. El Khulil (ancient 
 Hebron). 
 
 Esslnigton, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Kingswinford div., 5 m. 
 NW. Walsall, 2J m. NE. by E. Bushbury stn. , P.O. P. <isoo. 
 See Bnslibnry. 
 
 Es-Sloat, tn., Upper Egypt. See Slnt. 
 
 Esslemont, stn. , Scot. , on the G. N. of S. R. , 2 m. SW. 
 Ellon, Aberdeenshire. 
 
 Essllng, comm., Lower Austria, 7 m. E. by S. Vienna, 
 P. < 2000. See Aspern. 
 
 Essllngen, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, on the r. bk. of the 
 Neckar, 6 m. ESE. Stuttgart, noted for its wines ; has im- 
 portant cotton, woollen, and other factories. P. (1871) 14,100; 
 (1890) tn. P. 17,800 ; comm. P. 22,200. 
 
 Essonne, riv. , France, deps. Loiret and Seine et Oise, rises 
 12 m. NE. Orleans, and after a N. course of 45 m. joins the 
 Seine at Corbeil. 
 
 Essonnes, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, on the L bk. of 
 the Seine, 19 m. SSE. Paris, arr. and i m. SW. Corbeil ; has 
 linen, paper, and other manufactures. P. 5700. 
 
 Essoyes, tn., France, dep. Aube, on the Ource, 27 m. SE. by 
 E. Troyes, arr. and 9 m. ESE. Bar-sur-Seine. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Es SAr, ct. tn. , Palestine. See Tyre. 
 
 Es SA&rir, vil. , Palestine, Saphir in the O. T. , 31° 42' li. , 
 34° 42' E. , 20 m. NE. Ghuzzeh (ancient Gaza). 
 
 Est, Canal de 1', canal, NE. France, starts from the Meuse 
 near Givet, and traverses the valley of the Meuse. At Void it 
 communicates with the Marne-Rhine Canal, passes into the 
 basin of the Moselle at Toul, whence it proceeds S. to Port- 
 sur-Sa6ne. It includes canalised portions of the rivs. Meuse 
 and Moselle. Total length, 285 m. 
 
 Estagel, tn., France, dep. Pjrr^n^es-Orientales, on r. bk. of 
 the Gly, arr. and 11 m. WNW. Perpignan. P. <3000. 
 
 Estaing, tn., France, dep. Aveyron, on the Lot, 51 m. NNE. 
 Albi, arr. and 5 m. NW. by W. Espalion. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Estaires, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. Hazebrouck, 16 m. W. 
 Lille. P. <4000. 
 
 Estarreja, tn. , Portugal, prov. Beira, 23 m. S. Oporto. P. 
 <:3000. 
 
 Estavayer-Ie-lac, or EstaTay^, Ger. Staedls, tn., Switzd., 
 cant. Freiburg, on the E. side of Lake Neuchatel, 10 m. SSW. 
 NeuchStel ; has remains of lake dwellings. P. < 2000. 
 
 Estconrt, settlement. Natal, 52 m. NW. Pietermaritzburg. 
 
 Este, riv. , Ger. , Hanover, flows N. 33 m. , and joins the Elbe 
 7 m. W. Altona, navigable up to Buxtehude. 
 
 Este, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 15 m. SW. Padua, cap. 
 dist. E. It gave name to a noble family very prominent in 
 Italian history in the 15th and 16th centuries, and from which 
 the present royal family of England is descended. P. 10,200. 
 
 Estell, tn.. Central America, Nicaragua, cap. dep. E., 35 m. 
 W. by N. Matagalpa. P. (1888) 8300. 
 
 Estella, tn., Spain, prov. Navarra, 20 m. WSW. Pamplona. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Estelllne, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Hamlin co., ii8 m. N. by 
 E. Yankton. P. < 1400. 
 
 Estepa, tn., Spain, prov. Seville, 40 m. S. by W. C6rdoba. 
 P. 8900. 
 
 Estepona,seapt., Spain, prov. Malaga, 23 m. NNE. Gibraltar. 
 Important mines of magnetic iron ore near. P. 9800. 
 504 
 
 Esterel, Monts d', mts., France, partly in dep. Alpes 
 Maritimes, but mainly in dep. Var {,q.v.\ 
 
 Estemay, tn. , France, dep. Marne, on the Grand Morin, 
 arr. and 28 m. SW. Epernay. P. <20oo. 
 
 Esteron, riv., France. See Alpes Maritimes. 
 
 Estero Real ('royal estuary'), estuary, in the W. of Nica- 
 ragua, formed by the union of the Rio de Villanueva from the 
 E. with another river from the SE. ; mouth at the upper end of 
 the S. branch of the Gulf of Fonseca ; said to be capable of 
 being made navigable for vessels of large size at little cost. 
 
 Estero Salado (' salt estuary '). See Guayaquil. 
 
 Estersnow, par. , Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. and 3 m. SE. 
 Boyle, si m. W. by S. Carrick-on-Shannon ; 6457 ac. P. < isoa 
 
 Estes Park, a beautiful high valley at the base of Long's 
 Peak, U.S., Colorado, Larimer co. , about 55 m. NW. by N. 
 Denver. 
 
 Est«Tan, isl. , Canada, Brit. Columbia, crossed by 53° X., 
 129° 35' W. 
 
 Estevan, coal-mining vil., Canada, about 325 m. SW. of 
 Winnipeg. 
 
 Estbervllle, tn. , U.S., Iowa, Emmett co., 89 m. E. by S. 
 of the NW. corner of state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Esthonla (Ehstland, Esthonian Eesti-maa), Baltic prov. of 
 Russia, on S. coast of Gulf of Finland ; has the govt, of St. 
 Petersburg in E. , Livonia in S. , and Baltic Sea in W. Several 
 islands (Dago, Worms, Kassar, &c.), as well as smaller islands 
 off Reval, belong to it. A low plain, less than 100 ft. above the 
 sea, stretches along the coast, and gradually rises in the interior 
 to 250-300 ft., while a range of hills, 500-550 ft., occupies its 
 southern parts. Entirely covered with the bottom moraine of 
 the Scandinavian glacier lying upon Silurian sandstones and 
 limestones, and covered with recent sands and clays. Watered 
 by Narova, flowing from Lake Peipus or Chudskoye to Gulf of 
 Finland, and many small rivers. Many marshes, gradually 
 transformed into meadows. Good forests. Climate moist. 
 Average temp, at Baltischport, 40.2° F. ; Jan. 21.2°, July 60.6°; 
 yearly rfall. at Reval, 19.7 in. (June to Nov. 13 in. ). Pop. chiefly 
 Ehstes, Germans (12,000), Swedes (5000), and a few thousands 
 of Russians. Religion chiefly Lutheran. Agriculture in good 
 state, especially on landlords' estates ; grain exported. Potatoes 
 largely cultivated, partly for manufacture of spirits. Consider- 
 able cattle-breeding ; good races of ponies kept. Considerable 
 fishing. Various manufactiu'es give occupation to about 10,000 
 workers. Chief ports, Hapsal, Werder, and Dago on Baltic 
 Sea ; Kunda, Reval, and Baltischport on Gulf of Finland. A 
 line of railway runs along the coast of the Gulf of Finland from 
 Baltischport to St. Petersburg. Divided into four dists. : Har- 
 rien (chief tn. Reval, cap. of govt.), Wieck (chief tn. Hapsal), 
 Wierland (Wesenberg), and Jerwen (Weissenstein). Area, 7818 
 sq. m. P. (1819)227,000; (1870)323,960; (1888)395,980. 
 
 Esthonlans, Ebstes, Finnish stem, inhabiting chiefly the 
 Baltic provs. of Russia (Esthonia and Livonia), and also in 
 small numbers those of Pskov and St. Petersburg. Small 
 colonies in E. Russia, and even in Siberia. Have been driven 
 northwards by the Letts. Speak a dialect of Finnish ; Lutherans 
 in religion. 
 
 Esthwaite Water, small lake, Eng. , in the extreme N. of 
 Lancashire, 9I m. W. by N. Kendal, between Coniston Water 
 and Windermere, drained SE. into Windermere. 
 
 Estill, CO., U.S., Kentucky, in the E., S. of 38° N., crossed 
 by 84° W. 
 
 Estlssac, tn., France, dep. Aube, on the Vanne, arr. and 13 
 m. W. by S. Troyes. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Eston, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland 
 div., 3I m. ESE. Middlesbrough, 2 m. SSE. South Bank stn. 
 P. 10,700 ; eccles. par. (E. with Normanby) P. 19,800. 
 
 Eston Grange, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, Cleveland div., on the 
 NE. R., 5 m. ENE. Middlesbrough. 
 
 Estoy, comm., Portugal, dist. Faro. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Estrada, La, comm., Spain, prov. Pontevedra, 15 m. S. by 
 E. Santiago. P. 24,900. 
 
 Estr^s St. Denis, tn., France, dep. Oise, arr. and 8 m. W. 
 by N. Compiegne. P. <20oo. 
 
 Estrelto de Camara de Lobos, comm., Portugal, Madeira, 
 dist. Funchal. P. <.yxx>. 
 
 Estrella, Serra da ('star-range'), the ancient Mons Her- 
 ntinius, a granitic mountain range, Portugal, in the old prov. 
 of Beira, trending 75 m. from NE. to SW. between the valleys 
 of the Mondego and the Zezere, the latter of which separates 
 it from the Spjanish Sierra de Gata. Slopes gently towards the 
 N., abruptly southwards. The SW. end of it is sometimes 
 known as the Serra de Lousa. Highest peak MalhSoda Serra, 
 6535 ft. There is a meteorological stn. at the height of 4728 
 ft.; rfall. (5 yrs.), 137.8 in. 
 
 Estrella, viL, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, 60 m. NW. by W. 
 Porto Alegre. 
 
 Estremadnra, in Portuguese sp>elling Extremadura (the 
 last permanent Christian conquest, in Portugal as well as in 
 Spain, to the beginning of the 13th century, or extrema Durii 
 the /«r/A«/ Christian land beyond the Douro), one of the old 
 
ESTR — ETTE 
 
 central littoral provs. of Portugal, between the Beiras (or Douro 
 and Beira-Baixa in 1834, N. and E.), Alemtejo (E. and S.), 
 and the Atlantic (W.), divided into two parts by the lower 
 valley of riv. Tagus, formed (N.) by a long peninsula-like terri- 
 tory stretching NE.-SW. between the Tagus and the sea, 
 with Serra d'Aire-Monte Junto-Cintra as a backbone; (S.) 
 by a littoral strip of land between the Tagus and Alemtejo, 
 drained by riv. Sado. Hilly in the N., with extensive plains 
 in the valley of the Tagus and S. Forests of oak, chestnuts, and, 
 principally, olive and pine trees. Numerous vines, producing 
 celebrated wines. The alluvial lands on the Tagus are the 
 best producing wheat dist. of Portugal, where good horses 
 and bulls, for the fights, are reared. Lisbon in the centre, and 
 Setubal (S.) are the seaports of E. The old prov. of E. is 
 substituted (since 1842) by three dists : Lisbon, Leiria, San- 
 tarem. See Portugal, Lisbon. 
 
 Estremadnra {extrema-ora, \he furthest conquest over the 
 Moors in the 13th century), an old, natural and historical div. 
 of Spain, continuation (at 1600 ft. mean alt. forming a double 
 inclined plan N. to S. , E. to W. ) of the Castillian plateau (some 
 190 m. by 90 m. ) and of the Tagus and Guadiana valleys, be- 
 tween Sierras de Gata and de Gredos (dividing it from Leon and 
 Old Castille on the N.), Sierra Morena (dividing it from Anda- 
 lucia on the S.), spurs of the latter and of Sierra Guadalupe 
 (dividing it E. from New Castille), Sierras de Gata, Sao Mamede, 
 rivs. Tagus and Guadiana (dividing itW. from Portugal). The 
 middle parts of the parallel valleys (NE.-SW.) of riv. Tagus 
 (N.) and Guadiana (S.), and a high water-parting (Sierras Alta- 
 mira-Guadalupe-Montanchez-San Pedro) between the two, 
 form, with their vast hilly lands (barros, dehesas), the whole of 
 E. , and furnish the winter pastures [invemaderos retazados), on 
 more than one-third of its total area, to the trans humantes sheep 
 (mesta, see Castille) of the N. provs. (agostaderos), and the 
 acorns (bellotas, from extensive oak woods), to numerous swine. 
 In the Roman (see Merlda) and Moorish times wheat was ex- 
 tensively cultivated. The population is now very scarce, and 
 the land mostly neglected. There are important mines. The 
 Guadiana valley is unhealthy. E. is now a military Capitania 
 general [seax at Badajoz), a judicial Audiencia (seat at Cdceres). 
 Administratively it was substituted (since 1833) by two provs. 
 (the largest of all Spanish provs.), Cdceres (the N. half of E.) 
 and Badajoz (the S. half). See Spain, table, &c. 
 
 Estremoz, fortified tn. , Portugal, Estremadura, prov. Evora 
 (in old prov. Alemtejo), 21 m. W. Elvas. P. (comm.) 7300. 
 
 Esupiva Pass, Portuguese W. Africa, E. of Benguella, on 
 the road to Bihe. 
 
 Eszek, or Osjek (in German Esseg), tn., Hungary, Croatia- 
 Slavonia, 43 m. SE. by S. Fiinfkirchen, on the Drave, a little 
 above its confluence with the Danube. Alt. 387 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 51.5° F., Jan. 28.8°, July 72.3° P. 19,800. 
 
 Esztergom, Hungary. See Gran. 
 
 Stables, tn., France, dep. Cotes du Nord, on the N. ct., 37 
 m. W. St. Malo, arr. and 8 m. NNW. St. Brieuc. P. <20oo. 
 
 Etata, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , cap. dist. E. , 75 m. SW. 
 Bareilly. P. (1881) 8100 ; (1891)7800; Hindus, 4900 ; Moham. 
 2400. 
 
 Etain, tn., France, dep. Meuse, arr. and 12 m. E. by N. 
 Verdun-sur-Meuse. P. < 3000. 
 
 Etaiyapnram, or Ettly^puram (census), tn., Brit. India, 
 Madras, dist. and 38 m. NE. by N. Tinnevelli. P. (1881) 
 5200; (1891) 6300; Hindus, 5900. 
 
 EtaJIma, Japan. See Knre. 
 
 Etal, vil. , Eng. , Northumberland, on the r. bk. of the Till, 
 div. and 9^ m. SW. by S. Berwick-upon-Tweed, 4 m. E. Cold- 
 stream stn., P.O. 
 
 Etam, place named in O. T. See 'Ain 'At&n and AitAn. 
 E. ( ' rock ' ). See Beit 'Atab. 
 
 £tanipes, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. E. , 25 m. 
 W. Fontainebleau. P. 8000. 
 
 £tangs. Canal des, France, dep. H6rault, the part of the 
 Canal du Midi which connects the Etang de Thau with the 
 Canal de la Radelle, traversing the Etangs de Maguelonne, 
 Perols, and Maugfuio. 
 
 Etaples, fishing tn., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. Mon- 
 treuil, on the NW. ct., at the mouth of the Canche, 15 m. S. 
 by E. Boulogne. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Et&wah, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., cap. dist. E., on the 
 1. bk. of the Jumna, 85 m. W. by N. Cawnpur. The town 
 proper is situated among ravines clothed with trees, so that from 
 many points of view the city looks like a large garden. E. is a 
 place of considerable trade, but has no important manufacture. 
 The bathing ghats are lined by many handsome shrines. The 
 fort is a handsome ruin. The dist. ranks among the healthiest 
 in the plains of India. P. (1881) 34,700 ; (1891) 38,800 ; Hindus, 
 26,000; Moham. 11,800. 
 
 Et«beniln, riv., Canada, Quebec, issues from Lake E., in 
 Dorchester co. , 47 m. SE. Quebec, and flows NW. to the St. 
 Lawrence, which it enters about 4 m. SSW. Quebec. 
 
 Etcbetab, settlement, U.S., Montana, Custer co., 240 m. E. 
 Butte. 
 
 Etcbilbampton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, div. and 3 m. ESE. 
 Devizes, 12 m. E. by N. Trowbridge. P. <25o. See All 
 Cannings. 
 
 Etcbingbam, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., on the Rother, 
 iij m. SE. Tunbridge Wells, on the SE. R., P.O. P. <iooo ; 
 eccles. par. (E. witb Harst Green) P. < 1000. 
 
 Et«lunladzin. See Ecbniladzln. 
 
 Etcbn, a kuni or old prov., now in Toyama ken, Japan. 
 
 Etel, comm., France, dep. Morbihan, arr. and 9 m. SE. 
 Lorient, on an irregular bay to which it gives name. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Etelessa, tn. , Spain. See Ledesma. 
 
 Eten, tn., S. America, Peru, dep. Lambayeque, on the W. 
 ct. , about 6° 52' S. Shallow and dangerous anchorage. P. 3000. 
 
 Eternity Bay, Canada, Quebec, inlet on the r. bk. of the 
 Saguenay R. , in 70° 22° W. 
 
 Etesian Winds. See Mediterranean. 
 
 Etban, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Davison co., 55 m. NW. by 
 N.Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ether, place named in O. T. See El 'Atra. 
 
 Etberldge, goldfield, Queensland, Gilbert co. , about 190 m. 
 SW. Cairns. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ettaerley, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 
 3 m. WSW. Bishop Auckland, 2^ m. W. of its stn. on the 
 NE. R., P.O. (HigbE.); coal-mining. P. < 2000. 
 
 EtberoTV, small stream, Eng., issues from Torside Reservoir, 
 and flows SW. on the NW. border of Derbyshire till it joins 
 the Goyt. See Mersey. 
 
 Eticnp, postal receiving-house, W. Australia, Hay co., 80 m. 
 N. by W. Albany, on the railway to Albany. 
 
 I'EtiTaz (in 1478 Lestivaz, from Latin Aistiva, ' summer 
 pastures'), vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 11 m. E. Montreux. 
 
 Etire (6t'Iv), Locb, inlet, Scot., NW. Argyllshire, stretching 
 E. then NE. from the Firth of Lome ; receives at its head the 
 riv. Etire from the NE. ; abounds with salmon. See Lora, 
 Falls of. 
 
 Etna, or jEtna, locally Monte Gibello (the latter name 
 tautological, Monte being Italian for mountain, and Gibello a 
 corruption of the Arabic /e^e/, 'mountain'), volcanic mt., Sicily, 
 on the E. ct. of the island, prov. Catania, forming a nearly 
 isolated cone, having E. the Mediterranean, and on the other 
 sides the rivers Simeto and Onobello. The summit of the vol- 
 cano is the culminating point of an irregularly triangular space, 
 and its slopes are divided into three regions ; (i) the lava region, 
 covered with the richest vegetation, elegant cities and villas ; (2) 
 the wooded region ; (3) the upper region, covered with scoriae 
 and ashes, in the midst of which rises the principal crater, which 
 is always covered with snow. Its E. slope is broken by a steep- 
 sided valley, known as the Val del Bue (or Bove). The highest 
 point, 10,865 ft- above the sea, is in 37° 43' 31" N., 15° E. Snow 
 limit, 9530 ft. The first recorded eruption of E. was in the year 
 476 B.C. 
 
 . Etna, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and on Allegheny R. , 4 
 m. NNE. Pittsburg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 iltoile, L', comm., France, dep. Drome, arr. and 7 m. S. 
 Valence. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Etoiles, Les, isls., Bahamas. See Hogsties. 
 
 Eton, tn. and par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div., 
 on the Thames, opposite Windsor. Famous for its college, 
 founded by Henry VII. 1440. PM.O. (E. Wick). P. <30co. 
 
 Eton, small tn. , Queensland, Carlisle co. , 15 m. SW. by W. 
 Mackay, in a sugar-growing dist. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Etorofn-sbima, isl. , Japan. See Iturnp. 
 
 Etosba, salt-pan, S. Africa. See Kalabarl. 
 
 Et'owab, CO. ,U. S. , Alabama, intersected by 34° N. ,and 86° W. 
 
 Etrt^cby, comm., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Etampes, 
 22 m. S. Versailles. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Etr^pagny, tn., France, dep. Eure, 24 m. ESE. Rouen, arr. 
 and 10 m. ENE. Les Andelys. P. <20oo. 
 
 Etretat, comm. and watering-place, France, dep. Seine-In- 
 f^rieure, arr. Le Havre, on the W. ct., 9 m. WSW. Fecamp. 
 
 P. <20OO. 
 
 Etreux, comm., France, dep. Aisne, arr. Vervins, 20 m. NE. 
 by E. St. Quentin. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Etrlgny, comm., France, Sa6ne-et-Loire, arr. and 14 m. S. 
 by W. Chalon-sur-Saone. P. < 2000. 
 
 Etropol Balkans. See Balkan Mountains. 
 
 Etropolje, tn. , Bulgaria, on the N. side of the Balkans, 35 
 m. E. by N. Sofia. P. <4000. 
 
 Etrurla, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., Staffordshire, x\ m. S. 
 Burslem, with a stn. (E. for Basford) on the N. Staffordshire 
 Rly. ; has extensive iron-works, one of the largest potteries in 
 the country, and schools erected by the Messrs. Wedgwood. 
 P. 5400. 
 
 Etscb, riv. See Adige. 
 
 Ettagb, par.. Ire., SW. King's co., bars. Ballybritt and 
 Clonlisk, 6| m. SSE. Parsonstown ; 7033 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ettelbriick, vil., gd. -duchy of and 17 m. N. Luxemburg. 
 P. <;40oo. 
 
 Ettenbeim, tn., Ger., gd.-duchy of Baden, cap. circle, 9 m. 
 N. Freiburg. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 ^ 505 
 
ETT E 
 
 EU R E 
 
 Etterbeek, vil. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, 2 m. ESE. Brussels. 
 P. 17,700. 
 
 Et-Tlh, Desert of. See El Tyh. 
 
 Ettingshnll, eccles. par. and a suburb of Wolverhampton, 
 Eng., Staftbrdshire, in the S. and W. divs. , with a stn. (E. 
 Road and BUston) on the L. & NW. R. P. 6500. 
 
 Ettington, stn. , Eng. , Warwickshire, PMT. O. See Eating- 
 ton. 
 
 EttlyApnram, tn. , India. See Etalyiipnrain. 
 
 Ettllngen, tn., Ger. , gd. -duchy of Baden, 4^ m. S. Karls- 
 ruhe ; has important cotton-spinning and weaving industries, 
 aud many Roman antiquities. P. 5900. 
 
 Etton, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, sjm. NW. 
 by N. Peterborough, i m. NE. Helpstone stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Etton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 12 
 m. NW. by N. Hull, i^ m. NW. by W. Cherry Burton stn., 
 P.O. P.<50o. 
 
 Ettrirk, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Tuapeka co., on 
 the r. bk. of the Clutha, 60 m. WNW. Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ettrlck, par., Scot., Selkirkshire, on the E. Water, 15 m. W. 
 Hawick ; lairthplace (1770) of James Hogg, ' the Ettrick Shep- 
 herd." PM,0., and P.O. at E. Bridge. 42,387 ac. P. -csoo. 
 
 Ettrlck, riv. , Scot. , rises in the extreme SW. of Selkirkshire, 
 flows NE. through the county past Selkirk, and enters the 
 1 weed about 3^ m. below Selkirk. 
 
 Ettrlck, vil., U.S., Virginia, Chesterfield co. , 20 m. S. Rich- 
 mond, 2 m. NW. Petersburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ettrlck Forest, pastoral tract, Scot., Selkirkshire, watered 
 by the Ettrick R. and its tribs. ; was originally part of the great 
 Caledonian forest, but is now almost entirely divested of trees. 
 
 Et^^-all, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 6 m. WSW. Derby, 
 on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Etymander, riv., Afghanistan. See Helmand. 
 
 Etzatlan, tn. , Mexico, prov. Jalisco, 60 m. W. by S. Guada- 
 lajara. P. 8000. 
 
 Etzlkom Coulee, deep river-valley, Canada, in the S. of Alberta 
 and SW. of Assiniboia, discharges into the Pak-Oghkee Lake. 
 
 Eu, tn., France, dep. Seine Inf^rieure, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Presle, 18 m. ENE. Dieppe. The Chateau d'Eu contains a 
 collection of historical portraits, and is surrounded by a park. 
 The forest of Eu extends for a considerable distance to the 
 E. and S. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Ena (e-u'a), one of the Tonga Is., SE. of Tongatabu, in 21° 
 25' S. , 174° 52' W. 
 
 Enbcea (Greek pronunciation, ev-vi'a ; meaning land of ' good 
 cattle feeding'), formerly known, from the Middle Ages onwards, 
 as Evripo, Egribos, or Egripos (the name of the channel on the 
 SW. in a corrupt form being transferred to the isl. ), or Negropont 
 (Italian, 'black bridge'), the largest island of the kingdom of 
 Greece, in the ^gean Sea, lying along the N. coast of the piovs. 
 (iiomoi) of Phthiotis and Phocis and Attica and Boeotia, sepa- 
 rated from the mainland by the channel of E. or Euripos, 
 which is crossed by a bridge at its narrowest and shallowest 
 point opposite Challds, the portion N. of this strait being 
 known as Atalante, or the Talantian Euripos, and that to the 
 S. as Eritrea. Length, 115 m. ; greatest breadth, 33 m. With 
 the northern Sporades (the islands of Skopelos, Khiliodromia, 
 Skyros, &c. ), it forms a prov. (nomas) of Greece. Surface 
 mountainous, but fertile. Highest mountains, St. Elias, near 
 the SE. extremity, 4840 ft., and Delphi, near centre on N. coast, 
 5725 ft. Principal products, corn, wine, cotton, wool, pitch, 
 and turpentine. Many cattle, sheep, and goats are reared. 
 Principal towns, Chalkis, cap. of the N. div. ; Karystos, chief 
 town of the S. div. The mean depth of the N. portion of the 
 channel of Euripos is 435 ft. ; of the S. portion, 165 ft. ; at 
 Chalkis, 23 ft. The channel is remarkable for the repeated 
 occurrence of high water frequently observed in the course of 
 the day — in the S. basin of the harb. of Chalkis, where the 
 phenomenon is most remarkable, about fifteen times a day on 
 many days in the month. (For an account and discussion of 
 this phenomenon, see Petermann s Mitteil. , 1888, pp. 331, &c.). 
 Both sides of the Euripo Channel suffered by a most destructive 
 earthquake towards the end of April 1894. The channel is now 
 (1894) being deef)ened. Area, including small islands adjacent, 
 1420 sq. m. (Wisotzki). See Greece. 
 
 Enchar, River, Scot. See ^amadale, Iiake. 
 
 Encla, tp. and small pt., W. Australia, Eucla div., on the 
 S. ct. , 128° 52' E., the Western Australian terminus of the tele- 
 graphic line from Albany towards Adelaide. Mean temp. , yr. 
 63.0' F., Jan. 69.8°, July 54.2. P. <i50o. 
 
 EvcUd, vil., U.S., Ohio, Cuyahoga co., 10 m. ENE. Cleve- 
 land. P. <T50o. 
 
 Endokeef, or Foggy Islands, group of small isls. in the N. 
 Pacific, off the SE. ct. of Alaska, N. America. 
 
 Endora, vil., U.S., Kansas, Douglas co. , on R. Kansas, 31 
 m. E. by S. Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Endnnda, vil., S. Australia, Eyre co., 58 m. NNE. Adelaide. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Enffhn'la, city, U.S., Alabama, Barbour co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Chattahoochee R., which is navigable to this point for 
 506 
 
 the largest boats at all seasons, 75 m. ESE. Montgomery,'. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Enganean Hills, low range of mts. , Italy, Lombardy, in the 
 W. of prov. Padua, extending for about 10 m. NW. to SE. 
 The mountains are of volcanic origin, trachyte being the prin- 
 cipal rock, and are covered with wood. Warm mineral springs 
 occur at Albano, Battaglia, and Ortone. Highest point, Monte 
 Venda, alt. 1920 ft. 
 
 Eugene City, vil. , U.S. , Oregon, Lane co. , on Willamette R. , 
 here navigable for steam-boats, 102 m. S. by W. Portland. 
 Alt. 451 ft. (R.R.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Engowra, post-tn. , New South Wales, Ashbiu^iham co. , on 
 Manadgery R. , 170 m. W. by N. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eulengeblrge ('owl mountains'), chain of mts., Prussia, 
 Upper Silesia, stretching NW. from the Neisse to the N. of 
 Glatz. Hohe-Eule Peak is 3370 ft. high. 
 
 Eungella, mining locality, Queensland, Carlisle co. , 52 m. 
 W. Mackay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eupatorla (Tatar Ghezler, formerly Koxlov), dist. tn. and 
 seapt., Russia, govt. Taurida, 51 m. NW. of Simpheropol, 
 on W. ct. of Crimea, 45° 12' N. lat., 33° 51' E. long. Open 
 roadstead, 4-16 fathoms deep ; dangerous on account of inland 
 NE. wind. Exports com, wool, hides, butter, tallow, and salt. 
 Many salt lakes in E. dist. P. 17,350. 
 
 Eupen, tn. , Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., cap. circle E. , 11 m. 
 S. by W. Aix-la-Chapelle, close to the Belgian frontier. Carries 
 on wool-spinning and weaving and various other manufacttires. 
 Tn. P. 14,500; comm. P. 15,400. 
 
 Euphrates (native Frat, Furat, Furad), riv. of Asiatic 
 Turkey, the easternmost part of which it drains ; rises by two 
 heads in the tableland of Armenia, the name Frat being locally 
 given to the northern or so-called western branch, called by the 
 Turks Kara-su ('black river'), which rises about 20 m. NE. 
 Erzerum, the other being called the Murad or Morad-su, and 
 rising between Lake Van and Mount Ararat. Both branches 
 have a W. course, and they unite in 39° N., 39" E. , whence the 
 E. has successively a S. and SE. course, encompassing on three 
 sides the whole basin of its chief tributary the Tigris, and 
 separating Turkish Armenia and Mesopotamia from Syria and 
 the Arabian desert. In 31° N. , 47° E., the Tigris unites with 
 it to form the Shat-el-Arab, which, about 100 m. below, enters 
 the head of the Persian Gulf, and including which the total 
 length of the E. to the source of the Murad may be estimated 
 at 1600 m. In its upper third it traverses a mountainous countr)', 
 forming numerous rapids and cataracts. From Someisat, or 
 Samsat, in 37^° N. , it was formerly navigable to the sea, but the 
 upper part of its course can now only be reached during the 
 periodical risings of the waters (at the melting of the mountain 
 snow), but it is still navigable by light boats and rafts as high 
 as Birejik, in 37° N. (E. of Aintab). A steamer has even de- 
 scended the river from this point (to which it was conveyed in 
 sections by land), but at present rapids and falls, caused mainly 
 by irrigation dams, entirely prevent steam navigation during 
 low water, though a commission appointed by the Turkish 
 Government has reported that it could be made navigable for 
 steamers at all seasons at little cost. For vessels of larger size 
 the river is navigable only from the sea to 50 m. above its con- 
 fluence with the Tigris, or for a distance of about 150 m. in 
 all. There is no river in the world of anything like the dimen- 
 sions of the E. the practical value of which is so trifling. The 
 breaking down of the long-neglected embankments in 1834, 
 caused by an unusually high flood from the melting of the snows 
 on the mountains near its source, and the consequent spreading 
 of the waters into huge, shallow, and pestilential morasses, 
 closed the history of this famous stream. Formerly it was the 
 highway for the export of vast quantities of grain raised in the 
 provinces around it. Now its navigation amounts to nothing, 
 its flourishing towns have decayed, and the industries of the 
 provinces have ceased. Besides the Tigris, it receives on the 
 1. bk. the Khabur. The principal towns on its banks above 
 the confluence of the Tigris are Suk-esh-Sheyuk, Hilleh, Hit, 
 and Anah ; below the confluence is the important seaport oif 
 Busra (Bussora). Elstimated length, 1600 m. Area of basin, 
 260,000 sq. m. See Irak Arab!. 
 
 Eurasia. See Europe. 
 
 Eure, the anct. Ebura (contains the Gaelic root bior, ' water '), 
 riv. , in the NW. of France, rises in dep. Orne, flows NE. through 
 the deps. Eure-et-Loir and Eure, past Chartres, Nogent-le-Roi, 
 Ivry, Louviers, and joins the Seine on the left near Pont-de- 
 I'Arche. Chief affluent the Iton, on left. Length 112 m. , for 
 50 of which it is navigable. 
 
 Eure, dep. , NW. France, belonging entirely to the basin of 
 the Seine, which traverses it in the E. , and whose estuary washes 
 its NW. frontier, making it almost maritime in character; formed 
 from three dists. of the ancient prov. of Normandy ; the county 
 of Evreux contributed one-third of the whole area of the dep. , 
 which includes an insignificant strip off Perche ; the arrs. are 
 five : Evreux, the cap. , les Andelys, Bernay, Louviers, and Poni- 
 Audemer. The surface consists of a succession of plateaux 
 (eight in number), for the most part very fertile, formed of chalk 
 
EURE — EURO 
 
 and tertiary rocks, and varied by charming valleys. These 
 plateaux are in the W. , the Lieuvin between the Charentonne 
 and Rille, Pays d'Ouche between the Rille and Upper Iton, the 
 plateau of Breteuil and Conches succeeded to the N. by those 
 of Neubourg and Roumois. The plain of Saint-Andr6 (in the 
 SE. of the dep. ) lies between the Iton, Avre, and Eure ; the Ile- 
 de-Grace between the Eure and Seine, and the Vexin-Normand 
 between the Seine, Epte, Andelle, and N. frontier of the dep. The 
 climate is moist and clement. With the exception of the Pays 
 d'Ouche, the dep. is throughout very fertile ; one-fifth is covered 
 with wood and coppice. Principal cereals wheat and oats, the 
 productiveness of both of which per acre far exceeds the average 
 of France. Among other important crops are mangolds and 
 apples for cider-making, and the production of sugar-beet and 
 colza is considerable, that of flax moderate. Minerals un- 
 important. The first rank in the industries of the dep. is held 
 by the manufacture of textile fabrics, both woollen and cotton, 
 especially in the arr. of Louviers. Area, 2331 sq. m. P. (1891) 
 349,471. See France, table. 
 
 Eare-et-IiOir, dep., N. France, SE. of dep. Eure, formed of 
 parts of Orl^anais (Beauce, dists. Chartrain and Dunois), Nor- 
 mandy (Perche-Gouet, Thimerais), and Ile-de-France (Dronais). 
 Four arrs. : Chartres, cap., Chateaudun, Dreux, and Nogent-le- 
 Rotrou. The E. and W. of the dep. differ much in physical 
 configuration. In the E. is the Beauce, a region relieved only 
 by broad undulations ; in the W. , the Perche, or highland region, 
 abounds in smiling hills crowned with fine forests, and varied by 
 fertile valleys traversed by numerous watercourses. The dep. 
 is divided almost equally between the two basins of the Seine 
 and the Loire, the N. being traversed or bordered by the Eure 
 and its tribs. , the Blaise and Avre (1. bk. ), and the Vesgre (r. bk. ), 
 the S. part by the Loire and Huisne. None of these rivers, 
 except the Eure in that part of its course which borders the dep. 
 of Eure, is navigable or floatable, and there is no navigation 
 canal in the dep. The climate is generally mild ; somewhat 
 colder in the Perche dist. than in the Beauce, the former being 
 essentially healthy, whilst in the latter, especially in autumn, 
 intermittent fever prevails, occasioned by the insalubrity of the 
 pools in which rain water is stored for village and farm use. 
 Agricultural produce similar to those of Eure, except that sugar- 
 beet, colza, and flax are absent, or nearly so. Minerals un- 
 important. The principal manufacturing industry of the dep. 
 is flour-milling in the valleys of the Loir and Eure ; among 
 others, manufactures of hats, textiles, and boots. Area, 2293 
 sq. m. P. (1891) 284,683. See France, table. 
 
 Eureka, city, U.S., Cahfornia, Humboldt co., 87 m. S. of 
 NW. corner of state. The harbour has 15 ft. of water at low 
 tide; E. exports large quantities of lumber. P. < 5000. 
 
 Enreka, tn., U.S., S. Dakota, McPherson co., 97 m. NNE. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eureka, vil., U.S., Illinois, Woodford co., 18 m. E. by N. 
 Peoria. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eureka, city, U.S., Kansas, Greenwood co. , 90 m. SSW. 
 Topeka. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Enreka, tn., U.S., Nevada, cap. E. co. , 175 m. E. by N. 
 Carson City, and 58 m. E. Austin. Alt. 6371 ft. (R.R.). 
 Mean temp, (i yr.), yr. 49.8° F., Jan. 24.2°, Aug. 75.4°; rfall., 
 yr. 11.48 in., June to Sept. 1.43 in. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Eureka, tn., U.S., Utah, Juab co., 57 m. S. by W. Salt 
 Lake City. P. < 2000. 
 
 Eureka City, tn. , South African Republic, Lydenburg dist., 
 14 m. NE. Barberton, on the Kaap Gold Fields. 
 
 Enreka Creek, tin-mining centre, N. Queensland, Chelms- 
 ford CO., near Herberton. P. <i50o. 
 
 Enreka Junction, settlement, U.S., Washington, co. and 
 22 m. NW. Walla Walla. 
 
 Enreka Springs, city, U.S., Arkansas, Carroll co., 146 m. 
 NW. by N. Little Rock, a health resort, with mineral springs, 
 in a picturesque situation. P. <:4000. 
 
 Eurella, post-tn., S. Australia, Dalhousie co., 40 m. E. Port 
 Augusta. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Enripos, tn. and channel, Greece. See Chalkis and EnlMea. 
 
 Euroa, post-tn., Victoria, Delatite and Moira cos., 67 m. 
 WSW. Beech worth. P. < 1500. 
 
 EurolMMlalla, post-vil. , New South Wales, on the Tuross, 
 Dampier co. , in 36° 5' S. , and 149° 58' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Enrongllly, New South Wales. See Clarendon. 
 
 Europa, Penas de, mts. , Spain. See Cantal»rlan Mts. 
 
 Europe, the smallest of the continents (apart from Australia), 
 is physically a penin. of Asia, and for certain purposes it is 
 convenient to view the entire land-mass composed of E. and 
 Asia as one, to which the name of Eurasia has been given. The 
 distinction between the two finds its original explanation in 
 history. It dates back to the time when the civilised nations 
 of the West were gathered round the Mediterranean, where E. 
 and Asia are separated by water. According to EgU, the two 
 names are of Semitic origin, the name E. being connected with 
 the word ereb, or irib, of the Ass5Tian inscriptions, meaning 
 ' sunset,' or ' west ' ; Asia with asu, meaning ' sunrise,' or ' east.' 
 The distinction between the two continents is, moreover, inde- 
 
 feasibly justified by the fact, that where they are not separated 
 by water, the most populous regions of both, inhabited by 
 peoples having a totally different history and civilisation, are 
 separated by vast tracts of thinly peopled country or absolute 
 desert. With respect to the surface, the mainland of E. may 
 be divided into three regions, (i. ) In the N. there is a highland 
 or mountain region occupying the peninsula of Scandinavia. (2. ) 
 Another mountain region occupies the greater part of the S. , 
 reaching farthest N. about the middle, where its boundary 
 advances in central Germany nearly to the latitude of London, 
 receding thence south-westwards through the middle of France 
 to the Pyrenees, and south-eastwards to the mouth of the 
 Danube. The principal mountain ranges in this area are the 
 Pyrenees, Alps, Apennines, Jura, Vosges, Carpathians, and 
 Balkan mountains. Remote from this area is the long series of 
 ranges in the E. of Russia known collectively as the Urals. (3. ) 
 Between these two mountain areas in the N. and S. , there is a vast 
 plain which stretches continuously from the shore of the English 
 Channel and the German Ocean to the E. of E. , and in Russia 
 spreads out N. and S. from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to 
 those of the Black Sea. The chief rivers radiate from two far- 
 distant centres: {a.) The Alps, whence flow the Rhine to the 
 German Ocean; the Rhone, Po, and Adige to the Mediter- 
 ranean ; and several tribs. of the Danube to the Black Sea. 
 {b. ) The region in the heart of Russia, of which the Valdai Hills 
 are the centre, the region from which flow the Volga to the 
 Caspian Sea, the Don and Dnieper to the Black Sea, the 
 Western Dvina and Niemen to the Baltic, and a trib. of the 
 Northern Dvina to the White Sea. The principal lakes are 
 in two great groups. One group lies round the Baltic, 
 and includes large lakes in Russia (Ladoga, the largest in E. , 
 Onega, and Peipus), and in Sweden (Wener, Wetter, and 
 Malar), and a large number of small ones in Russian Finland 
 and N. Germany. The other group is situated N. and S. 
 of the Alps, chiefly in Switzerland and Italy, the largest 
 in this group being only about one-third of the size of the 
 smallest of those mentioned as belonging to the former group. 
 The situation and outline of the continent are peculiarly favour- 
 able to its climate. The difference in the size of E. as com- 
 pared with Asia makes it impossible for it to have such vast 
 tracts as the latter continent, remote from the sources of moisture, 
 the essential condition of fertility and cultivation, or rendered 
 unfit for cultivation by the duration and the rigour of frost. 
 The whole area, except a small fraction in the N., lies within 
 the temperate zone, and the great irregularity of its outline 
 causes it to enjoy in a higher degree than any other continent 
 the mitigating effects of the sea on extremes of heat and cold. 
 Its westerly situation is of even greater importance in this 
 respect [Asia, climate], and its southern penins. have a peculiarly 
 warm and equable climate, not only in consequence of the 
 moderating effect of the Mediterranean Sea on the temperature, 
 but also because these penins. are to a large extent protected 
 from cold northerly winds by mountain barriers on the N. In 
 temperate E. there is the same increase in extremes of tempera- 
 ture from W. to E. as in other parts of the N. temperate zone, 
 and this is true to a certain extent even of the countries belong- 
 ing to the Mediterranean region. Besides these penins., or 
 the greater part of them, nearly the whole of France and the 
 British Isles, and the whole of Belgium and Holland, are out- 
 side of the area in which the mean daily temperature sinks 
 below the freezing-point for at least one month in the year. 
 On the other hand, the area in which the mean daily tempera- 
 ture is above 50° Fahr. for at least eight months in the year 
 is almost confined to the Mediterranean region, although it 
 includes also the W. of France from about the Loire south- 
 wards. In the E. of Russia the area in which there is at 
 least one month with a mean daily temperature above 68° 
 Fahr. extends as far N. as the latitude of the Orkney Islands. 
 By far the greater part of the area of E. has a sufficient 
 rainfall for cultivation, so that S. of the region in which the 
 temperature puts a limit on agriculture, almost the whole of 
 the lowland area, and even in the far S., land at the height of 
 between two and three thousand feet is capable of being tilled. 
 The deficiency of rainfall prevents the pursuit of agriculture 
 chiefly in the SE. of Russia and in the interior of Spain. But 
 though the rainfall is thus generally distributed, and occurs 
 everywhere more or less all the year round, it is most abundant 
 at different places during different seasons. The W. and, 
 above all, the NW. , is the region in which autumn rains prevail, 
 the E. that in which there is a predominance of summer rain, 
 but the Mediterranean Penins. are the only region in which 
 there is a marked deficiency of rain during any particular 
 season. There the rains are chiefly winter rains, and the middle 
 of summer is remarkable for its drought, to the S. of about 40° 
 N. almost rainless. (With respect to the climate of E., the 
 following papers and maps may be referred to as amongst the 
 most instructive: — Supan, On the Mean Duration of Warm 
 Periods, Petermanris Mitteil. , 1887, p. 165, with maps, plate 10 ; 
 Hildebrandson's map showing the date at which the mean 
 temperattire rises above the freezing point in different parts 
 
 507 
 
EURO 
 
 E V E L 
 
 of E. , copied in Longman's New Atlas ; Supan, On the Seasonal 
 Distribution of Rain in E. , W. Asia, and N. Africa, in Peter- 
 mann s Mitteil., 1890, p. 296, with maps, plate 21 ; Elfert, On 
 the Extent of Cloud in Central E. , ibid., p. 137, with map, 
 plate 11). So far as can be judged by language, the people of 
 E. are mainly of Aryan stock. Six families of Aryan languages 
 are spoken : the Slavonic, in the E. and SE. ; the Lithuanic, 
 including the Lithuanian and Lettic, in W. Russia ; the Teu- 
 tonic, in Germany, Scandinavia, Denmark, Holland, part of 
 Belgium, and the British Isles ; the Thraco-Hellenic, including 
 Greek and Albanian, in the southern parts of the Balkan Penin. ; 
 the Italic or Romanic, in certain countries where Roman influ- 
 ence formerly prevailed (Italy, the Iberian Penin., France, part 
 of Belgium, part of Switzerland, Roumania) ; and the Celtic or 
 Keltic, now confined to certain isolated dists. in the British Isles 
 and Brittany. Among the non-Aryan peoples, the most im- 
 portant are those speaking the languages known as the Finno- 
 Ugric, including the Finns and Lapps in the N. , the Esthonians 
 on the S. side of the Gulf of Finland, and the Samoyedes, Sir- 
 yanians, and Voguls in the NE. of Russia. The Basques on 
 both sides of the W. Pyrenees speak a language quite peculiar. 
 As regards religion, Christianity is that of the great majority. 
 About half the Christians are Roman Catholics (chiefly in the S. ), 
 and the remainder are nearly equally divided between Protestants 
 (chiefly in the Teutonic part of the continent) and adherents of 
 the Greek Church (in Russia and the Balkan Penin.). Moham- 
 medanism is the religion of the Turks and some other inhabi- 
 tants of eastern E. , and there are between five and six million 
 Jews scattered through different countries, mainly, however, 
 in that part of central E. which lies between the E. limit of the 
 Dnieper basin in the E. and the upper Oder and the Alps in 
 the W. The great fact in the history of E. , which helps to 
 explain the high density of population in that continent, 
 is the long duration of its advancing civilisation, together 
 with the remarkably rapid strides taken within the last hun- 
 dred years in consequence of the great mechanical inventions 
 which have taken place in E. In civilisation, however, this 
 continent was preceded by Asia and northern Africa (Egypt). 
 In the earliest glimpses that we get of the commerce between 
 western Asia and southern E. , we find the latter region sup)- 
 plying only the produce of their herds and forests — hides, wool, 
 wood, wild honey, cattle, and sheep, besides male and female 
 slaves ; and the articles received in return are ready-made 
 clothes, iron and other metal tools, weapons, images, boxes of 
 bronze, and vessels of glass. The commerce thus carried on by 
 Asia with E. seems, in fact, to have been not unlike that carried 
 on partly by Europeans, partly by Arabs, with the people of 
 Africa at the present day. Many of the cnltiyated trees and 
 plants now thoroughly characteristic of certain parts of E. are 
 known, or appear to have been introduced into that continent 
 within historic times. The olive, the cypress, and the laurel, 
 the evergreens now so characteristic of the Mediterranean 
 Penins. , and so well adapted to stand the dry summers of that 
 region, seem all to be of Asiatic origin, though introduced 
 at a very early date. The olive began to clothe the hills of 
 Sicily as far back as the seventh century, b. c. Of oriental origin 
 also is lucerne, the equally characteristic fodder-plant of that 
 region, the deep>-rooted ally of the clover, which survives the 
 driest summers, and has hence been introduced into many other 
 parts of the world with a similar climate to the Mediterranean. 
 From Asia also came the fig, mulberry, almond, walnut, chest- 
 nut, and apricot, all before the birth of Christ. The mulberry 
 of the ancients, however, was the black mulberry, the sycamine 
 of the Greeks, the white mulberry being a much later arrival 
 from the E. From Asia likewise came at various dates, mostly 
 after the beginning of the Christian era, rice, cotton, and several 
 members of the orange genus (citrons, lemons, and oranges 
 proper) ; and after the discovery of America agaves and cactuses, 
 potatoes, maize, and tobacco were added to the vegetation and 
 agriculture of this continent. The chief cereals of E. , however, 
 seem all to have been cultivated there in pre-historic times. 
 Wheat and barley, as well as two kinds of millet, are proved by 
 remains found beside the lake dwellings of Switzerland to have 
 been cultivated in the later Stone Age ; but the evidence of 
 language would appear to show that many of our common 
 cultivated plants, including cabbages, peas, vetches, parsley, 
 and onions, were introduced into cultivation in central and 
 northern E. directly or indirectly from Italy. As regards its 
 fhnna, E. belongs entirely to the Palaearctic Region of Sclater 
 and Wallace, which embraces also the N. and W. of Asia 
 (exclusive of Arabia) and N. Africa as far as the S. of the 
 Atlas and the head of the Nile delta, and is characterised in its 
 mammalian fauna by its abundance of carnivores (ounces, lynxes, 
 wolves, foxes, bears, weasels, gluttons), rodents (marmots, 
 beavers, pikas), and ungulates (sheep, deer, chamois, and musk- 
 deer), and by the absence of monkeys, lemurs, and frugivorous 
 bats, as well as elephants and the hyrax. A sub-region is 
 formed by the countnes round the Mediterranean. At the pre- 
 sent day E. is to a larger extent a manufacturing region than 
 any other continent, but the predominance of mannfactares 
 508 
 
 is characteristic only of certain countries. The British Isles, 
 France, Germany, and Switzerland, all have manufactured 
 goods as the leading export of native origin, and to these must 
 be added Belgium, if not Holland, though the mode in which 
 the commercial statistics of these countries aie prepared does 
 not make this evident. In all other European countries the 
 chief exports are still products of the soil, the forest, or the sea. 
 One of the most important facts in the commercial history of 
 the continent within recent years, is the extent to which its 
 agriculture has been affected by the rapid development of com- 
 merce in grain with many parts of the world, in which wheat 
 and other crops are produced under exceptionably favourable 
 conditions. For particulars as to the limits, area, &c., see 
 Continents, and for table of countries, see Appendix, p. i. 
 
 Enrotas, Vaslllpotamos, or Iris (Irl), riv., Greece, flows 
 S. past Sparta into the Gulf of Laconia. 
 
 Enskarnlans. See Basques. 
 
 Easkirchen, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , cap. circle E. , 15 m. 
 WSW. Bonn. P. 8800. 
 
 Enston, par., Eng., Suffolk, on the Little Ouse, Stowmarket 
 div. , 10 m. NNE. Bury St. Edmunds, 4 m. SE. Thetford, PT.O. ; 
 4160 ac. P. <25o; eccles. par. (E. trlth Little Fakenbam 
 and Barnbam) P. <:750. 
 
 Enston, stn., London, Eng. See St. Pancras. 
 
 Enston, postal-tn., New South Wales, Taila co., on the 
 Murray, about 500 m. W. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Entafr, tn., U.S., Alabama, Greene co., 78 m. SW. by W. 
 of Birmingham. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Entaiv Springs, riv., U.S., S. Carolina, an affluent of the 
 Santee R. Near it was fought a battle between the British and 
 Americans, 1781. 
 
 EntaiVTllle, tn. , U.S., South Carolina, Berkeley co., 50 m. 
 NNW. Charleston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Entln, tn. , Ger. , gd. -duchy Oldenburg, between Great and 
 Little Eutin lakes, 19 m. N. by W. Ltibeck. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Entritzsch, former vil. , now included in Leipzig, Saxony. 
 
 Euxine Sea, Europe and Asia. See Black Sea. 
 
 Enxton, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Chorley div. , 6^ m. S. by E. 
 Preston, on the L. & NW. and L. & Y. Rlys. , PM.O. P. <isoo. 
 
 Evandale, tp., Tasmania, Cornwall co., 13 m. SE. by S. 
 Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eyangelist Islands, or Islands of Direction, 4 isls. in the 
 Pacific Ocean, at the W. entrance of the Strait of Magellan, in 
 52° 24' 18" S., and 75° 2' 50" W. (Fitzroy). With others about 
 15 m. W. they compose a group called the Twelve Apostles. 
 
 Evans, Mount, U.S., Colorado, 35 m. WSW. Denver. Alt. 
 14,330 ft. (Hayden), 14,321 ft. (Wheeler). 
 
 Evansford, settlement, Victoria, Talbot co., on Stony Creek, 
 82 m. NW. by W. Melbourne. 
 
 Evans' Hills, vil., U.S., New York, Jefferson co., 55 m. NE. 
 Oswego, and 8 m. NE. by N. Watertown. P. < 1500. 
 
 Evanson's Cove, inlet. Ire., in the extreme SW. co. Cork, on 
 N. side of Dunmanus Bay. 
 
 Evanston, tp., U.S., Illinois, Cook co., on Lake Michigan, 
 13 m. N. by W. Chicago ; seat of the College of Liberal Arts, 
 and the Schools of Theology in connection with the North- 
 western University [Cbicago] and of Dearborn Observatory. 
 P. (1880) 6700; (1890) 13,000. South Evanston, adjoining vil. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Evanston, tn., U.S., Wyoming, Uintah co. , 18 m. N. by E. 
 fi-om the SW. corner of the state, on the U. P. R. Alt. 6835 
 ft. (Hayden). P. <20oo. 
 
 Evansvllle, city, U.S., Indiana, Vanderburg co., on the r. 
 bk. of Ohio R. , 27 m. NE. by E. of SW. corner of state ; is the 
 S. terminus of the Wabash and Erie Canal ; important railway 
 centre, and rising manufacturing town. Alt. 378 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. (1870)21,800; (1880)29,300; (1890)50,800. 
 
 Evansvllle, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Rock co., 71 m. W. by S. 
 Milwaukee. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Evanton, vil., Scot., Ross-shire, on the Glass, ^\ m. NE. by 
 N. Dingwall, close to Novar stn., PMT.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Evaro, settlement, U.S., Montana, Missoula co., 102 m. NW. 
 Butte City. Alt. 3946 ft. ( R. R. ). 
 
 Evart, vil. , U.S. , Michigan, Osceola co. , on the R. Muskegon, 
 72 m. W. by N. Bay City. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Evaux, tn. , France, dep. Creuse, arr, Aubusson, 13 m. SW. 
 by S. Montlu9on; has mineral springs. P. < 2000. 
 
 Eve, negro tribe, Guinea, established on the Slave Coast, to 
 the E. of the lower Volta, between the kgds. of Ashanti and 
 Dahome. 
 
 Evedon (' on the brink of the hill'), par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 
 N. Kesteven div., 13^ m. NE. by E. Grantham, 2J m. NE. 
 Sleaford. P. <25o. 
 
 Eve Hall, eccles. par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, in Dudley union. 
 P. 6600. 
 
 Eveleen Hine, tp. , S. Australia, Northern Terr. , 140 m. SE. 
 Palmertston ; has silver, lead, and copper mining. P. < 1500. 
 
 Evell, mt., Italy, Piedmont, in the Alps, 37 m. WNW. 
 Como. Alt. 6840 ft. 
 
 Evelyn, co. , New South Wales, W. frontier, crossed by 30° S. 
 
EVEN — EWHU 
 
 Evenjobb, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 3 m. ENE. New 
 Radnor, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Evenley, par. , Eng. , S. div. of Northamptonshire, 7^ m. W. 
 by N. Buckingham, i m. S. Brackley stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Erenlode, riv. , Eng., rising in the NW. of Oxfordshire, and 
 flowing SE. past Blandford into the Thames, 5 m. above Oxford. 
 
 ETeulode, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, 3 m. NE. Stow, on the 
 Wold. P. <25o. 
 
 Erenwood, par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 5 m. 
 SW. Bishop Auckland, i m. SSE. of its stn. on the NE. R.; 
 has coal-mines. PMT.O. 5437 ac. P. < 4000. 
 
 ETcrard, a large, irregular lake, S. Australia, to the W. of 
 Lake Gairdner, communicating on the N. with Lake Harris. 
 
 Evertoecq, comm., Belgium, Hainaut, 22 m. NE. Tournay. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Eyercreech, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 8 m. SE. by E. 
 Wells, with a stn. (New E.) on the M. R., PMT.O.; 41 10 ac. 
 P. < 1500; eccles. par. (E. ivltb CliesterMade) P. <isoo. E. 
 Jane, a stn. 2 m. to the S. 
 
 Everdon, par. , Eng. , S. div. of Northamptonshire, loj m. W. 
 by S. Northampton, 2^ m. WSW. Weedon stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Evere,coinm. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Brussels. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Eyerek, or Ilbniiar, tn. , Asia Minor, in SE. of vilayet 
 Angora, 30 m. S. Kaisariye, to the S. of the Erjias Dagh. 
 P. <5ooo (Cuinet). 
 
 Everest, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Cass cc, 20 m. W. Fargo. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Everest, Honnt (or Mont), the name given in 1856 by Sir 
 A. Waugh, Surveyor-General of India, in honour of his pre- 
 decessor. Sir G. Everest, to the highest known peak in the 
 Himdlayas, or the world, situated on the frontier of Nepal and 
 Tibet, in 27° 59' N., 86° 58' E. ; sometimes identified with the 
 GaurisankarofH.Schlagintweit. Alt.29,oo2ft. SeeFroc.J?.G.S., 
 1886, p. 176; 1891, p. 108; Petermann's Mitteil., 1890, p. 251. 
 
 Everett, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co. , 48 m. N W. by 
 N. Toronto, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Everett, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and 8 m. E. Bedford 
 by rail. P. <20oo. 
 
 Everett, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 4 m. N, 
 Boston. P. (1880) < 5000 ; (1890)11,100. 
 
 Everette, seapt., U.S., Washington, on E. side of Puget 
 Sound, in 48° i' N.; shipbuilding carried on. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Evergla«Ie8, marshy region in the S. of Florida, U.S. {q.v.). 
 
 Evergheni, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 4 m. N. by 
 W. Ghent. P. 7000. 
 
 Evergreen, tn., U.S., Alabama, cap. Conecuh co., 81 m. 
 SW. Montgomery by rail. P. <2oco. 
 
 Everlngham, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div. , 12J m. N. by E. Goole, 2 m. N. by W. of its stn. on the 
 NE. R., PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Everley, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 15I m. N. by 
 E. Salisbury, 2| m. NW. Ludgershall stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Everley, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Snflleld with Everley. 
 
 Eversden, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Cambridge, Chesterton div., 6i m. WSW. Cambridge. E. 
 Great, PM.O., P.<25o; E. Liule, ■zk, m. W. by S. Lord's 
 Bridge stn. , P. < 250. 
 
 Eversbolt, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Luton div., 12 m. SSW. 
 Bedford, 3 m. S. by E. Ridgmont stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Evershot, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 9 m. SSW. 
 Sherborne, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. Market-day, S. P. 500. 
 See Fro me St. Qalntln. 
 
 Eversley, par., Eng., Hampshire, Basingstoke div., on the 
 Blackwater, Zh m. NW. Aldershot, 3 m. SW. by W. Wellington 
 College stn., PM.O., and P.O. at E. Cross. P. < 1000. 
 
 Everswlnkel, comm. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 10 m. 
 E. by S. Miinster. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Evertliorpe, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howden- 
 shire div., iit^ m. ENE. Goole, i m. E. North Cave stn., P.O. 
 
 Everton, vil., Canada, Ontario, Wellington co., 41 m. W. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Everton, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 9 J m. 
 E. Bedford, i^ m. NW. Potton stn., P.O. P. <2So; eccles. 
 par. (E. with Tetworth) P. <soo. 
 
 Everton, vil., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 13^ m. E. 
 Bournemouth, 2^ m. WSW. Lymington stn., P.O. 
 
 Everton, par., Eng., Lancashire, giving name to a northern 
 div. of pari. bor. of Liverpool. Par. P. 110,600; div. P. 78,300. 
 
 Everton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 8 m. 
 W. by N. Gainsborough, 2J m. ESE. Bawtry stn. , P.O. P. <:7SO. 
 
 Everton, postal-tp. , Victoria, Bogong co. , 7 m. SW. Beech- 
 worth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eves, Anglo-Saxon, ' a margin.' 
 
 Evesbatcb ('the brink of the brook'), par., Eng., Hereford- 
 shire, Leominster div. , 12^ m. ENE. Hereford, 6 m. W. Malvern 
 Link stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Evesham (ivz'ham), mun. bor. (till 1885 also a pari. bor. ) and 
 market-tn., Eng., Worcestershire, on an eminence rising from 
 the Avon (here navigable), ii| m. NE. Tewkesbury, and 15 
 m. SE. , and in the diocese of Worcester, on the G. W. and 
 
 M. Rlys. E. has been long noted for its market-gardening ; it 
 has some manufactures of agricultural implements, and of gloves 
 and hosiery. It has a fine tower and gateway belonging to an 
 old abbey, Prince Henry's grammar-school, founded 1546, and 
 Dearie's free school. In 1265 it was the scene of a battle in 
 which the Barons' War was terminated by the defeat and death 
 of Simon de Montfort by the army of Henry III. Market-day, 
 M. Alt. 124 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 27.58 in. P. (1801) 
 2800; (1851) 4600; (1891) 5800; pari. div. P. 49,500. 
 
 Evlan-les-Balns, tn., France, dep. Haute Savoie, on the S. 
 shore of the Lake of Geneva, 26 m. NE. by E. Geneva, arr. 
 and 6 m. ENE. Thonon-les-Bains. A health resort, with alka- 
 line waters, to which the town owes its name (from tve, in 
 French patois, 'water'). Alt. 1150 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Evle and Kendall, united par. , Scot. , Mainland, Orkney Is. , 
 PMT.O.; 14,719 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Evlklshta, riv. , Russia. See Evst. 
 
 Evlng, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Amsberg, circle 
 Dortmund. P. <4000. 
 
 Evlngton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 3 m. ESE. 
 Leicester, i m. SW. Thurnby stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Evlngton, North, par., Eng., in co. bor. of Leicester. 
 P. <4Soo. 
 
 Evlonuaz, comm., Switzd. , cant. Valais, 3 m. SSE. St. 
 Maurice. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Evlsa, comm., Corsica, 24 m. N. by E. Ajaccio. P. <20oo. 
 
 Evolena, vil., Switzd., cant. Valais, 10 m. SE. by S. Sion, 
 in the Val d'H6rens. Alt. 4430-4520 ft. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Evora, tn., Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, 70 m. E. byS. Lisbon, 
 cap. of dist. E.; pleasantly situated on a height on a fertile 
 plain, bounded on the N. and E. by the Serra d'Ossa ; seat of 
 an archbishop ; from 1550 to the middle of the i8th century 
 seat of a university ; has remains of a temple of Diana, dating 
 from the time of the Roman town of Liberlitas Julia. Alt. 
 1027 ft. Mean temp., yr. 61.4° F. , Jan. 49.7°, Aug. 75.4°. P. 
 (comm.) 13,000. 
 
 Evora d' Alcobaca, tn., Portugal, Estremadura, dist. and 
 20 m. SSW. Leiria. P. (comm. )<3000. 
 
 Evort, Loch. See Eport, Loch. 
 
 Evran, tn., France, dep. Cotes du Nord, on the Ranee, 19 
 m. S. St. Malo, arr. and 6 m. SE. by S. Dinan. P. < 2000. 
 
 ivrecy, vil. , France, dep. Calvados, arr. and 9 m. SW. Caen. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Evreux, ancient Mediolanum, cap. of the Eburovices, tn., 
 France, cap. dep. Eure, arr. E., on the Iton, 20 m. SSE. Elbeuf. 
 Alt. 210 ft. Has a cathedral (iith-i6th centuries), the church 
 of St. Taurin, and an old episcopal palace ; near is the castle 
 of Navarre. P. 16,900. 
 
 Evrlpo, isl. , Greece. See Euboea. 
 
 Evron, tn. , France, dep. Mayenne, arr. and 18 m. ENE. 
 Laval. P. <3oc)o. 
 
 Evst (Evlklshta), riv., Russia, r. bk. trib. of western Duna, 
 which it joins 65 m. above Riga, outlet of Lake Luban ; flax, 
 corn, charcoal, and timber floated down. Length, 65 m. 
 
 Ewanrlgg, vil. , Eng. , Cumberland. See Ellenborongh. 
 
 Ewart, par., Eng., Northumberland, 4 m. NW. Wooler. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Ewarton, vil., Jamaica, 19I m. SW. Porto Maria. 
 
 Ewdeu, riv. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, flowing E. through 
 the Hallamshire div., and joining the Don on the r. bk. about 
 6 or 7 m. NW. of Sheffield. 
 
 Ewe, Isle of, Scot., Ross-shire, off the NW. ct., in Loch 
 Ewe, 2,\ m. long by nearly i m. broad. P. 39. 
 
 Ewe, Loch, inlet, Scot., Ross-shire, on the NW. ct., opening 
 NNW. into the Minch. See Klnlochewe. 
 
 Ewell, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 2 m. NW. 
 Dover, close to Kearsney stn., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Ewell, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 2 m. NE. byN. Epsom, 
 with stns. on the L. & SW. R. and the L. B. & S. C. R., 
 PMT.O. Market-day, Th. P. < 3500. 
 
 Ewelme, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Henley div. , i2| m. NNW. 
 Reading, 3I m. ENE. Wallingford, PM.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Ewenmar, co. , New South Wales, crossed in the S. by 32° S. , 
 and the W. by 148° E. 
 
 Ewenny, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 16 m. SE. 
 Neath, i^ m. S. Bridgend stn., P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Ewerby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 3^ m. 
 E. by N. Sleaford, 13 m. W. by N. Boston, P.O. P. 500. 
 
 Ewes, par. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, 4m. N. Langholm ; 24,94iac. 
 P.<:Soo. 
 
 Ewesley, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck div. , 9J m. 
 WNW. Morpeth, on the N. B. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Ewhnrst, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 5J m. 
 NW. by W. Basingstoke, 4 m. N. Oakley stn. P. <:25o. See 
 Wolverton. 
 
 Ewhnrst, par. , Eng. , Surrey, div. and 8^ m. SE. Guildford, 
 2| m. ENE. Cranleigh stn., PMT.O. ; 5419 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ewhnrst, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 9 m. N. by W. 
 Hastings, 3 J m. E. Robertsbridge stn., PM.O. ; 5846 ac. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 509 
 
EWIN — EYMO 
 
 Ewlng, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, in the NW. corner. 
 
 Ewlngton, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Dauphin co. (in SE. of 
 state). P. < 1500. 
 
 Ewood (i'wud) Bridge and Edenfield, stn. , Eng., Lanca- 
 shire, Heywood div.. on the L. & Y. R., 6^ m. N. Bury. 
 
 Ewshott, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, 2 m. from Crondall, 
 P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Ewyas Harold, par., Eng., Hereford, Ross div., 11 m. SW. 
 Hereford, i| m. NW. Pontrilas stn., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Exaerde, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 8 m. NW. 
 Termonde. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Exaltaclon de la Crnz, vil., N. Bolivia, dep. Beni, on the 
 L bk. of the Rio Mamore ; founded in 1696, ttie last Bolivian 
 settlement in descending the Mamore. P. <2ooo. 
 
 E-vbonrne, par. , Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div. , 18 m. SE. 
 by S. Bideford, 3 m. NW. Sampford Courtenay stn., PM.O. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Exbnry, par., Eng.. Hampshire, New Forest div., on the ct., 
 7 m. S. Southampton, at the mouth of the Beaulieu R. (E. bk.), 
 PM.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Excelsior, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Hennepin co., 4m. S. Long 
 Lake stn. ; is a favourite surnmer resort. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Excelsior Springs, city, U.S., Missouri, Morgan co., 30 m. 
 W. by S. Jefferson City. P. <3000. 
 
 Exchange, stns., Eng. See Bradford, Uverpool, and 
 JHanehester. 
 
 Excliauge, a W. div. of the pari. bor. of Liverpool. P. 47,700. 
 
 Excidenil, tn., France, dep. Dordogne, arr. and 19 m. NE. 
 by E. P^rigueux. P. < 2000. 
 
 Exe, riv. , Eng. , rises in Exmoof Forest, in the W. of Somerset, 
 flows SE. into Devonshire, and then S. past Tiverton, Exeter, 
 and Topsham into the English Channel at Exmouth. It has 
 been made navigable to Exeter for vessels of 300 tons. Length, 
 55 m. ; area of basin, 584 sq. m. 
 
 Exea de los Cahalleros. See Egea de los Caballeros. 
 
 Exe, Nether, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div., 5 m. N. 
 Exeter, on the 1. bk. of the Exe, dose to Thorverton stn. P. 
 
 Eve, West, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshirep Tiverton par. 
 P. <35oo. 
 
 Exebrldge, P.O., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div., on the 
 Exe, 7J m. N. by W. Tiverton, i m, S. Dulverton stn. 
 
 Exelby, Leemliig and Newton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. 
 Riding, Thirsk and Malton div. , 9^ m. N. Ripon, 2 m. SE. by 
 E. Bedale stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Exeter, or Franclstown, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Huron co. , 
 27 m. NNW. London, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Exeter, the ancient Isca Damnoniorum, co. tn., pari, (i 
 member), mun., and co. bor., mun. div., river port, city, co. of 
 itself, and episcopal see, Eng., Devonshire, on R. Exe, i2i m. 
 S. by W. Tiverton, on the G. W. and L. & SW. Rlys. ; with 
 paper mills and several large foundries. Its cathedral, 408 ft. 
 long, v«th Norman towers 130 ft. high, has a richly-carved W. 
 front, a great bell weighing 2500 lbs., and an astronomical 
 clock. The ancient guildhall, originally dating from 1325, was 
 restored in 1720 and 1864 ; St. John's Hospital was founded in 
 the reign of Henry III. , the museum and free library built in 1864. 
 E. has a large floating basin, and a ship canal to Topsham, by 
 which vessels of 300 tons approach the city. For shipping 
 statistics, see Appendix, p. 13. Market-days, Tu., F., and S. 
 Alt. (Brampford Speke), 1140 ft. Mean rfall. , 36.6 in. Mun. 
 bor. P. (1801) 17,400; (1851)32,800; (1871)34,700; (1891)37,400; 
 pari. bor. P. 50,600 ; eccles. par. (E. with Oldrldge) P. 7700. 
 
 Exeter, post-tn., Tasmania, Devon co. , on the 1. bk. of the 
 Tamar, 16 m. NW. Launceston. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Exeter, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Rockingham co., 25 m. 
 E. Manchester. P. < 5000. 
 
 Exeter, tn., U.S., Rhode Island, Washington co., 17^ m. 
 SSW. Providence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Exford, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., on the Exe, 
 17^ m. NNW. Tiverton, PM.O. ; 5956 ac. P. <;soo. 
 
 Exhall, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Nuneaton div. , 4 m. N. by 
 E. Coventry, with a stn. (Longford and E.) on the L. & NW. R. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Exhall, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 6 m. W. Stratford- 
 on-Avon, x\ m. SE. Alcester stn., P.O. P. <:25o; eccles. par. 
 (E. with Wlxford) P. <5oo. 
 
 Exln, tn., Prussia, prov, Posen, 23 m. WSW. Bromberg. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Exlra, vil., U.S., Iowa, Audubon co., 60 m. ENE. Omaha 
 (Neb.). P. < 1 500. 
 
 Exmes, or Hlemes, tn., France, dep. Orne, 20 m. SE. by E. 
 Falaise, arr. and 9 m. E. by N. Argentan. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Exmlnster, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div., 3]^ m. 
 SSE. Exeter, on the G. W. R. PM.O.; 4847 ac. P.<2Soo. 
 
 Exmoor, par., Eng., Somerset, formerly a forest, now a wild 
 tract of moorland ; 20,344 ac. P. <:50O. 
 
 Exmouth, watering-place, seapt., and market-tn., Eng., 
 Devonshire, Honiton div., at the mouth of the R. Exe, on the 
 L bk., on the L. & SW. R. In 1869 new docks were opened. 
 510 
 
 Length, 530 ft. ; depth on sill at high water ordinary springs, 
 17 ft.; ordinary neaps, 13 ft. Chief industries: lace-making 
 and fisheries. It is a mild winter residence, being sheltered 
 from easterly winds. Mean rfall. (Budleigh Salterton, 1866-80), 
 34.7 in. Market-days, Tu. and S. P. (1871) 5600 ; (1891) 8100. 
 See Llttlehani. 
 
 Exmouth Gulf, a large gulf in the NW. of W. Australia, its 
 mouth to the N. of 22° S. , and E. of 114° E. 
 
 Exiling, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, in a detached part of Stovvmarket 
 div., 2 m. NW. Newmarket, PMT.O.; 4987 ac. P. <30oo; 
 eccles. par. (E. with Landwade) P. <:25oo. 
 
 Exploits, Bay of, a bay broken up into numerous inlets on 
 the N. ct. of Newfoundland, in 54i°-55i° W. It receives at its 
 head the E. River from the SW. , draining Red Indian Lake. 
 
 . Exton, vil., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., on the 1. bk. of 
 the Exe, 6 m. SE. Exeter, cjose to Woodbury Road stn. 
 
 Exton, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 10 m. SE. 
 by E. Winchester, 4^ m. ENE. Bishops Waltham stn. P. <50o. 
 
 Exton, par., Eng., Rutland, 5 m. NE. Oakham, PM.O.; 
 4072 ac. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (E. with Horn) P. <75o. 
 
 Exton, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., on the Exe, 
 13 m. N. by W. Tiverton ; 4230 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Exton, postal-tp. Tasmania, Westmoreland co. , 22 m. W. 
 by S. , and on the railway to Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Extwistle, vil., Eng., Lancashire. See BrlercllfTe. 
 
 Exuma, Great and Little, two of the Bahama Is. ; the larger, 
 in 23° 30' N. , and 75° 50' W. , and 30 m. by 3 m. , has one of the 
 best harbours in these islands. 
 
 Exwlck, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire, li m. NW. Exeter, 
 P.O. P.<750. 
 
 £>', Anglo-Saxon, 'an island.' See .£a. 
 
 Eyam (im), par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., \o\ E. by N. 
 Buxton, 4 m NNE. Longstone stn.; has baryt'es mining. 
 PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Eyam Woodlands, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Bakewell union. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Eyarth, stn., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., on the L. & 
 NW. R., 8^ m. SE. by S. Denbigh. 
 
 Eyassi, lake, Ger. E. Africa, to the SW. of Lake Manyara, 
 E. of Unyamwezi. Shrinks to small size in the dry season. 
 
 Eydon, par., Eng., div. and 15 m. WSW. Northampton, 2 
 m. W. by N. Morton Pinkney stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Eydtiiuhnen, market-vil. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, on the 
 E. frontier, 44 m. SE. Tilsit. P. <4000. 
 
 Eye (formerly Heya, ' an island,' so called from being sur- 
 rounded by a rivulet), mun. bor., incorporated by King John 
 (till 1885 also a pari, bor.), par., and market-tn., Eng., Suffolk, 
 E. div., 19 m. N. Ipswich, on an affluent of the ^\'aveney, with 
 a stn. on the G. E. R. E. has a grammar-school, with two 
 exhibitions to Cambridge. The making of pillow lace, formerly 
 an extensive industry, is now almost extinct. PMT. O. Market- 
 day, M. 4410 ac. Mun. bor. P. <25oo ; pari. div. P. 54,800. 
 
 Eye, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 3^ m. NE. 
 by E. Peterborough, with a stn. (E. Green) on the M. & G. N. 
 Joint Rly., PM.O. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Eye, Scot. See Knock. 
 
 Eye and Dnusden, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, 5 m. SW. 
 Henley-upon-Thames. P. < 1000. 
 
 Eye, Moreton and Ashton, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, div. 
 and 3i m. N. Leominster, with a stn. (Berrlngton and E.) on 
 the L.- & NW. R. P.<5oo. 
 
 Eyemouth, par. and tn. , Scot., Berwickshire, on the E. ct., 
 at the mouth of Eye Water, 3I m. SE. by S. St. Abb's Head, 
 on the N. B. R. E. is the headquarters of a fishery district 
 extending from St. Abb's Head, in Berwickshire, to Amble, in 
 Northumberland. PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Eyeo, tn. , Sudan. See Katunga. 
 
 Eyerdlr, lake and tn. , Asia Minor. See Egerdlr. 
 
 Eyeries, tn.. Ire., SW. ct. co. Cork, bar. Bear, 21 m. W. by 
 N. Bantry, 34 m. from Skibbereen stn., with a coastguard 
 station, PM.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Eyford, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Cirencester div, , 12| m. 
 E. by N. Cheltenham, 2J m. W. Stow stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Eygul^res, tn., France, dep. Bouches-du- Rhone, arr. and 
 20 m. E. .\rles. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Eygurande, tn., France, dep. Corrfeze, 32 m. W. by S. 
 Clermont-Ferrand, arr. and 11 m. NE. Ussel. P. <20oo. 
 
 Eyhorne Street, hamlet, Eng., Kent, Medway div., 4J m. 
 E. by S. Maidstone, close to Hollingboume stn. 
 
 Eyja-fiord, or EyjaQords, Iceland. See Akreyri. 
 
 Eyke, par., Eng., Suffolk, 3 m. NE. Woodbridge, P.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Eylau, Deutsch-, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 40 m. S. by 
 E. Elbing ; manufactures agricultural implements, &c. P. 5300. 
 
 Eylau,. Preussisch*, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 23 m. S. 
 by E. Ki3nigsberg. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Eymet, tn., France, on the S. border of dep. Dordogne, arr. 
 Bergerac, on the Dropt, 34 m. NNW. Agen. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Eymoutiers, tn. , France, dep. Haute Vienne, on the Vienne, 
 arr. and 23 m. E. by S. Limoges. P. <:3000. 
 
E YN E 
 
 F A I C 
 
 Eynesbury (iJnz'bi-ri), par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, adjoin- 
 ing St. Neots. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eynort, IjOcIi, inlet, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the W. of the 
 Isle of Skye, stretching 3 m. E. and N. from its mouth, in 
 
 57° i3l'~i4' ^. 
 
 Eynort, Loch, inlet, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the E. of the 
 island of S. Uist, reaching about 5 m. into the island. 
 
 Eyitsford, par., Eng., Kent, Dartford div., on the Darenth, 
 9 m. SW. by W. Gravesend, on the L. C. & D. R., PM.O. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Eynsham (gn'sham), or Eusliam, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, 
 div. and 4^ m. S. by W. Woodstock, on the G. W. R. ; has 
 paper-mills ; remains of an abbey near. PMT.O. 5446 ac. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Eype, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire. See Symouds- 
 bnpy. 
 
 Eypel, ri v., Hungary. See Ipoly. 
 
 Eyre, great salt lake, S. Australia, or rather two lakes, N. 
 and S. , communicating only by a very narrow channel, extend- 
 ing between 27° 50' and 29° 20' S. , crossed in the W. by 137° E. 
 It has an area of about 4000 sq. m. , is very shallow, and has 
 salt-encrusted shores. In times of high water it is fed by the 
 Barcoo, Diamantina, and Macumba, but it has no outlet. 
 
 Eyre, co. , S. Australia, bounded on the N. by 34° S. , to the 
 E. of 139° E. 
 
 Eyre, telegraph stn., W. Australia, Eucla div., on the S. ct., 
 i^J 126° 17' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Eyrecoupt, tn,, Ire., SE. co. Galway, bar. Longford, 11 m. 
 NW. by W. Parsonstown, 5 m. from Banagher stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Eyre Ranges, New Zealand, South I. , S. of Lakes Te Anau 
 and Wakatipu. 
 
 Eyre's Peninsula, the large penin. between the Great 
 Australian Bight and Spencer Gulf, S. Australia {t^.v.), consists 
 generally of rugged densely-scrubbed plains with very little 
 
 water. Named after J. E. Eyre, who in 1841 explored the 
 southern part of S. and W. Australia as far as Rossiter Bay. 
 
 Eyrlksjolenll, mt. , Iceland, 65 m. NE. Reykjavik. 
 
 Eyscliol, vil. , Switzd. See Elscbol. 
 
 Eythorn, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 5I m. NNW. 
 Dover, 2 m. NE. by E. Shepherd's Well stn. , PM.O. (Eythorne). 
 P. <:Soo. 
 
 Eyton, hamlet, Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., i6i m. E. by S. 
 Newtown, ij m. S. of its stn. (Eaton) on the Bishops Castle 
 Rly. ■ 
 
 Eyton, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 2 m. NW. 
 Leominster. P. <25o. 
 
 Eyton, par., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., 3^ m. S. by E. 
 Wrexham. P. <500. 
 
 Eyton on the Weald Moors, par., Eng., Salop, Wellington 
 div., on the 1. bk. of the Severn, 6i m. SE. Shrewsbury, 2 m. 
 WNW. Cressage stn., P.O. (E.). P. <2So. See Wellington. 
 
 Eynb, a suburb of Constantinople,' containing a mosque 
 erected by Mohammed II., immediately after the capture of the 
 city in 1453, over the tomb of E., the companion of Mohammed, 
 the founder of the Mohammedan religion, E. having been killed 
 here at the first Mohammedan siege of the city in 672 (Egli). 
 
 Ey Water, small riv., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, flowing N. 
 through Glen Ey and the middle of Glen Ey Forest into the 
 Dee, which it enters 11^ m. W. by S. Crathie. 
 
 Eyworth, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, 12J m. E. by S. Bedford, 
 div. and sh m. E. Biggleswade, 3 m. SE. Pottoh stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ezashi, tn. , Japan. See Esashl. 
 
 Ezcaray, tn., Spain, prov. and 30 m. W. by S. Logrono. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Eze, comm., France, dep. Alpes Maritimes, arr. Nice, on 
 the S. ct., 3 m. W. by S. Monaco. P. < 2006. 
 
 Ez Zebedanl, tn., Palestine, 33° 44' N., 36° 5' E., 19I m. 
 NW. Damascus. Alt. 3980 ft. P. 3S,ocx), nearly all Moslems, 
 i a few Christians (Lady Burton). 
 
 F 
 
 Faahorg, seapt., Denmark, on the S. ct. of Fyen I., prov. 
 Svendborg, 22 m. SSW. Odense. The harbour has a depth of 
 14 ft. at entrance and quayside. Anchorage in 13-15 ft. outside 
 harbour. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Faa Fjord, Norway. See Xordfjord. 
 
 Faarawa, atoll. Pacific. See Fakarafa. 
 
 Fabian, vil., Philippine Is., on the W. ct. of Luzon I., on 
 the Bay of Lingayen. 
 
 Fabri^gaes, comm., France, dep. H^rault, arr. and 6 m. S. 
 by W. Montpellier. P. < 2000. 
 
 Fabriano, tn. , Italy, The Marches, prov. Ancona, 30 m. 
 NE. by E. Perugia ; has a cathedral, many fine churches, and 
 manufactures of paper and parchment. Birthplace of the artist 
 Gentile de F. P. 18,200. 
 
 Fabrlzia, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 33 m. SSW. 
 Catanzaro. P. 5800. 
 
 Faccombe, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 5 m. SW. 
 Newbury, 5 m. W. Burghclere stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (F. with Tangley) P. <5oo. 
 
 Faceby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 
 II m. S. Middlesbrough, i| m. SSE. Sexhow stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Fachan, or Fatshan, properly Fuh-shan, tn. , China, prov. 
 Kwangtung, 9 m. WSW. Canton, on one of the arms of the 
 delta of the Si-kiang ; carries on important manufactures of all 
 kinds. P. 400,000. 
 
 Fachingen, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, govt. Wies- 
 baden, 9 m. ENE. Nassau, on the Lahn ; with a mineral spring, 
 the waters of which are exported. P. -<2ooo. 
 
 Faeliio, Japan. See Izugahara. 
 
 Fachwen, P.O., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 2 m. from 
 Llanberis. 
 
 Faclt, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Middleton div., 3 m. 
 N. by W. Rochdale, on the L. & Y. R., PM.O. P. 5200. 
 
 Factory, or Athlnmney, tn.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Skreen, 
 i^ m. E. by N. Navan. P. <250. 
 
 Factory Island, one of the isls. de Los, off the W. ct. of 
 Africa, 75 m. NW. Sierra Leone. 
 
 Fad, Loch, lake, Scot., I. of Bute, in the S., 2^ m. long, 
 drained N. into Rothesay Bay. 
 
 Fadasl, or Fardassi, dist.. Upper Nubia, Sennar, Bertat, to 
 the S. of Fazokl ; centre of trade between Nubia and Abyssinia. 
 
 Fadd, fishing vil. , Hungary, co. Tolna, circle Szegszard, on 
 the Danube. P. 5500. 
 
 Faddiley, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 4 m. W. 
 Nantwich. P. <:25o. 
 
 Fademln, Fldimln, or Fidmin, tn., Upper Egypt, 7^ m. 
 NW. Medinet-el-Fayum. P. (1882) 5600. 
 
 Fadln, vil., Brit. W. Africa, Lagos, on the Bight of Benin, 
 32 m. E. Lagos, in 3° 54' E. 
 
 Fadmoor, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 20 m. 
 SW. Whitby, 2J m. NW. by N. Kirby Moorside stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Fadngu, prov. of Segu, western Sudan. 
 
 Fadyeevskly, isl. See New Siberia. 
 
 Faedls, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. Udine, dist. Cividale. 
 P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Faeninnd, Lake, Norway. See Faniund. 
 
 Faenza, the ancient Faventia, city, Italy, Emilia, on the Via 
 Emilia, prov. and 17 m. SW. Ravenna, at the junction of the 
 canal of Zanelli with the Lamone. F. is enclosed by walls, and 
 has a cathedral, and manufactures of a peculiar kind of earthen- 
 ware which took from this town the name of fayence, silk twist, 
 and paper. P. 36,600. 
 
 Faerder, small isl. , Norway. See Farder. 
 
 Fsiproe Islands. See Faroe Islands. 
 
 Faeto, comm., Italy, prov. Foggia, circle Bovino. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Fafe, comm. and vil., Portugal, dist. Braga. Comm. P. 
 22,700; vil. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Fagagna, comm. , Italy, Venetia, prov. Udine, dist. Daniele. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Eagerness, cape, Norway, in the Ofoten Fjord, in 68° 2/ N., 
 17° 28' E. Mean temp., yr. 36.7° F., Jan. 25.9°, July 54.6''. 
 
 Fagnano, Alto, comm., Italy, prov. and 14 m. SE. Aquila. 
 P. <:30oo. 
 
 Fagnano Castello, comm., Italy, prov. and 22 m. NNW. 
 Cosenza. P. <;4000. 
 
 Fagnano Olona, comm. , Italy, prov. and 19 m. NW. Milan, 
 on r. bk. of the Olona. P. <4C)oo. 
 
 Faha, P.O., Ire., co. Kerry, 7 m. from Killarney. 
 
 Fahamore, tn.. Ire., NW. co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 14 
 m. W. by Tralee, on Brandon Bay. P. <soo. 
 
 Fahan, Lower and Upper, two adjoining pars.. Ire., NE. 
 CO. Donegal, bar. W. Inishowen, on the E. shore of Lough 
 Swilly, 9J m. NW. Londonderry. Lower F. , with a stn. (F.) 
 on the Londonderry and Lough Swilly and Letterkenny Rly., 
 P.O., 24,779 ^c. , P. <45oo; Upper F., 10,445 ac , P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fahlun, Sweden. See Falun. 
 
 Fahr,fuhr, Teutonic and Scandinavian, ' a way or passage.' 
 
 Fahy, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. Longford, on the Shannon, 
 2 m. SW. Eyrecourt ; 3779 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 Fahy, Lough, lake, Ire., extreme W. co. Mayo, 30 m. W. 
 by S. Ballina, close to Blacksod Bay. 
 
 Fahymore, electoral div.. Ire., Clare, dist. Bridgetown. 
 
 Falcchio, comm., Italy, prov. Benevento, circle Cerreto. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 611 
 
F A I D 
 
 F AIZ 
 
 Faido (Ger. Pfald), tn., Switzd., cant. Ticino, 9 m. ESE. 
 Airolo, on the R. Ticino. Alt. 2355 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Falfley, vil. , Scot. , Dumbartonshire, sh ™- N- ^X ^- Renfrew, 
 i|m. NNE. Dalmuirstn. P. (including Hardgate) < 1000. 
 
 Faifo, tn., Annam, about 60 m. SE. Hue, and 15 m. S. 
 Turan ; formerly the centre of trade with China. P. 5000 (nearly 
 all Chinese). 
 
 Failswortta, par. and tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, Prestwich div. , 
 on the L. & Y. R. , 4 m. NE. Manchester, with cotton mills. 
 P. 10,400. 
 
 Fair Alrd (or Far Ont) Head, Scot. , Sutherland, 8J m. ESE. 
 Cape Wrath, jutting out as a narrow penin. on E. side of Kyle 
 of Durness ; rises near its N. end to 329 ft. 
 
 Falrbnrii, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., 9J m. ENE. Wakefield, i m. W. Burton Salmon stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Falrbnrii, vil, U.S., Georgia, Campbell co., 16 m. SSW. 
 Atlanta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Falrbnry, tn. , U.S., Illinois, Livingston co., 57 m. E. Peoria. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Falrbnry, city, U.S., Nebraska, cap. Jefferson co., 100 m. 
 SW. Omaha. P. <3000. 
 
 Fairchance, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Fayette co., 49 m. 
 S. by E. Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Falrcblld, vil. , U.S. , Wisconsin, Eau Claire co. , no E. by S. 
 St. Paul ( Minn. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Fairfax, post-tn., New Zealand, South L, Wallace co. 
 25 m. (by rail and road) NW. Invercargill. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fairfax, tn., U.S., Vermont, Franklin co., on Lamoille R. 
 
 P <2COO. 
 
 Fairfax, co., U.S., Virginia, in the NE., crossed in the N. 
 by 39° N. , and bounded on the NE. and E. by the Potomac. 
 Cap. F. Court-House. 
 
 Fairfield, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, St. John co., 
 near Bay of Fundy, 8 m. from St. Martin's. 
 
 Fairfield, vil., Canada, Ontario, Leeds co., 48 m. NE. 
 Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fairfield, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Bathurst, 63 m. 
 ENE. Port Elizabeth. 
 
 Fairfield, par. and tn., Eng., Derbyshire, High Peak div., 
 J m. NE. Buxton. P. <4ooo ; tn. P. <25oo. 
 
 Fairfield, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 4 m. NE. Rye, 2 
 m. W. Brookland stn. (^.v.). P. <250. 
 
 Fairfield, vil. , Eng. , Lancashire, 3^ m. E. Manchester, on 
 theM. S. &L. R., PM.O. 
 
 Fairfield, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, suburb of Liverpool. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Fairfield, Eng., Worcestershire, Droitwich div., 3 J m. N. 
 Bromsgrove, PM.O. See Belbrongtaton. 
 
 Fairfield, subtu-b of Melbourne, Victoria. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fairfield, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , co. Taieri, 7 m. 
 S. Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fairfield, vil. , U.S., California, Solano co., 38 m. SW. by 
 W. Sacramento. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fairfield, tn. and port of entry, U.S. , Connecticut, near Long 
 Island Sound, F. co. P. <4000. 
 
 Fairfield, tn., U.S., Illinois, Wayne co., in m. E. by S. St. 
 Louis (Mo.). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fairfield, city, U.S., Iowa, Jefferson co., 48 m. W. by N. 
 Burlington. P. <4000. 
 
 Fairfield, tn., U.S., Maine, Somerset co. , 21 m. N. by E. 
 Augusta. P. <4000. 
 
 Fairfield, co., U.S., Ohio, in the S., E. of 83° W., and S. 
 of 40° N. 
 
 Fairfield, co., U.S., South Carolina, crossed by 81° W., to 
 the N. of 34^ N. , between the Catawba and Broad Rivers. 
 
 Fairfield, tn., U.S., Vermont, Franklin co., 41 ra. NW. 
 Montpielier. P. <20oo. 
 
 Falrford, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., on 
 the R. Coin, 4 m. WNW. Lechlade, on a branch of the G. W. 
 R., PMT.O. Mean rfall. (Kempsford, 1866-80), 28.4 in. 
 Market-day, Th. 4012 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Falrtaangh, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 13 m. NW. Roth- 
 bury. P. <;250. 
 
 Falrhaven, or Deer Island, vil. , Canada, New Bnmsvrick, 
 Charlotte co., in Passamaquoddy Bay, 5 m. from Eastport. 
 P. -CI 500. 
 
 FairhaTen, watering-place, U.S., Maryland, Anne Arundel 
 CO., on Chesapeake Bay, 18 m. S. Annapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fair Haven, vil., U.S., Connecticut, on New Haven Bay, co. 
 and 2 m. E. by N. New Haven. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Falrliaven, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co., on E. side 
 of New Bedford Harbour, opp)osite New Bedford. P. <3000. 
 
 Fair Haven, vil., U.S., New York, Cayuga co., on Little 
 Sodus Bay, Lake Ontario, 14 m. SW. Oswego. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Falrhaven, tn., U.S., Vermont, co. and 15 m. W. Rutland ; 
 with slate and marble quarries, and great water power. P. -c 3000. 
 
 Falrliaven, city and seapt. ,U.S. , Washington, Whatcom co. , 
 on the E. side of Puget Sound, 40 m. ENE. Victoria, Vancouver 
 1. P. < 5000. 
 612 
 
 Fair Head, cape. Ire., SW. ct. co. Cork, N. of Bantry Bay. 
 Fair Head, Ire. , Antrim. See Benmore Head. 
 
 Falrhlll Cloonbnr, vil. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. Ross, 18 m. 
 SSE. Westport. 
 
 Fair Isle, Scot., Shetland Is., 24 m. SW. by S. Sumburgh 
 Head, Mainland, in i°35' W.; accessible for vessels at only one 
 point on the SE. The Duke of Medina-Sidonia, admiral of the 
 Spanish Armada, was wrecked here in 1588. PMT.O. P. 223. 
 
 Falrlee, tn., U.S., Vermont, Orange co., on the Connecticut, 
 33 m. SE. by S. Montpelier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Falrlle, vil., Scot., N. Ayrshire, on the E. shore of the Firth 
 of Clyde, vdth two stns. (F. and F. Pier) on the G. & SW. R., 
 2j m. S. Largs, PMT.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Falrlle, tn. , New Zealand, Mackenzie co. , 28 m. NW. Timaru. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Fatrllght, ct. par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 2^ m. ENE. 
 Hastings. P. <soo. 
 
 Fair Hlle, stn., Eng., Surrey. See Oxstaott. 
 
 Fairmont, vil., U.S., Minnesota, cap. Martin co., 103 m. 
 SW. by S. Minneapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fairmont, city, U.S., Nebraska, Fillmore co., 98 m. SW. 
 by W. Omaha. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Fairmont, coal-mining tn. , U.S., West Virginia, cap. Marion 
 CO. , on the Monongahela R. , 40 m. NW. by W. of the SW. 
 corner of Maryland. Alt. 888 ft. (R.R. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Falrmount, tn., U.S., Illinois, Vermilion co., 45 m. NW. 
 by N. Terre Haute (Ind.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Falrmount, tn., U.S., Indiana, Grant co., 50 m. NNE. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Falrmonnt, vil. , U.S., N. Dakota, Richland co., 57 m. S. 
 by E. Fargo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Falrmount City, coal-mining vil. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, Clarion 
 CO. , I J m. E. New Bethlehem. P. < 1500. 
 
 Falmley, par., Eng., Northumberland, 12 m. NW. Morpeth. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Fair Oak, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 6J 
 m. NE. Southampton, 2 J m. E. Eastleigh and Bishop Stoke stn. , 
 PM.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Fair Play, vil., U.S., Colorado, cap. Park co., on the moun. 
 tain route between Denver and Santa F6, 62 m. SW. by W. 
 Denver, 16 m. E. Leadville. Alt. 9941 ft. (R.R.). P. <i5oo. ' 
 
 Falrport, vil., U.S., New York, Monroe co., on the Erie 
 Canal, 10 m. SE. by E. Rochester. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Falrport, vil., U.S., Ohio, Lake co., on the coast, 30 m. 
 NE. Cleveland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Falrseat, hamlet, Eng., Kent, 7J m. NE. Sevenoaks, PM.O. 
 
 Falrsted, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., 4J m. S. Brain- 
 tree, 2 m. SW. White Notley stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Falrvlew, vil, U.S., N. Dakota, Richland co., 43 m. S. 
 Fargo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Falrvlew, vil, U.S., Ohio, Guernsey co., 40 m. SSW. 
 Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Falrvlew, coal-mining bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, in co. and 
 10 m. SW. by W. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fair View, vil, U.S., Utah, San Pete co., 82 m. SSE. Salt 
 Lake City. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Falrwarp, hamlet, Eng., Sussex, 3 J m. N. Uckfield, P.O. 
 
 Falrwcather, cape, Alaska, W. ct. , in 58° 51' N. 
 
 Falrweather, Mt., volcano, Alaska, 15 m. ENE. of Cape 
 F.; is variously estimated at from 15,500 to 16,650 ft. above 
 sea-level 
 
 Falrweattaer, isl, U.S., now Fayer-weather(^.i'.). 
 
 Fairy Cross, hamlet, Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., 3^ 
 m. SW. by W. Bideford, P.O. 
 
 Falrymount, tnld. , Ire., co. Roscommon, 4 m. from French 
 park, bar. S. Ballintober, Kilgefin par., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Fairy Water, riv. , Ire., in the NW. of co. Tyrone, flows 
 ESE. to the Strule, which it joins about 2 m. NNW. Omagh. 
 
 Fals, or TromeUn, isl , Pacific, in the W. of the Caroline 
 g^oup, in about 9° 40' N. , 141° E. 
 
 Falsaiis, lie des, small isl. , formed by the Bidassoa, on the 
 borders of France and Spain, near Irun. Here the treaty of the 
 Pyrenees was concluded between France and Spain, Sept. 5, 
 1659. 
 
 Faltblegg, par., Ire., co. Waterford, Gaultiere bar., on 
 Waterford Harbour, and 5 m. E. Waterford. P. <75o. 
 
 Faltsllong, prolongation of Allong Bay, Tongking. See 
 Geoj^. Jour. ii. , p. loi. 
 
 Fain, East and West, two isls. , Pacific, in the Caroline group. 
 
 Falnm, Egypt. See Faynm. 
 
 Falzabad, or Fyzabad, tn., Afghanistan, N. of the Hindu 
 Kush, 87 m. ENE. Kunduz, on 1. bk. Koksha. Alt. 3830 ft. 
 
 Falieabad, tn., khanate and 286 m. ESE. Bukhara, between 
 Kafirnahan and Vaksh rivs. Alt. 3670 ft. 
 
 FalzAbAd, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, cap. dist. F., on the I bk. 
 of the Gogra, 75 m. E. Lucknow. It occupies the site of the 
 ancient city of Ajodhya, in remote antiquity one of the most 
 magnificent of Indian cities, cap. of the kingdom of Kosala, 
 corresponding to the modern Oudh. P. (1891) 72,700 ; Hindus, 
 54,900 ; Moham. 17,300 ; total, including cantonment, 78,900. 
 
FAIZ — FALL 
 
 Falzabad, vil. , Chinese Turkistan, 40 m. E. Kashgar. 
 Falzabad, tn., Persia, on the Atrek, 46 m. SSW. Ashkabad. 
 Falzpnr, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khandesh, 100 m. 
 S. Indore. P. (1881) 9600; (1691) 9500; Hindus, 8000. 
 
 Fajardo, fishing tn., isl. of Porto Rico, E. ct., 31 m. ESE. 
 San Juan. P. 8800. 
 
 Fakaao, a native name of Bowdltcb Island {g.v.). 
 Fakaina, or Predprlatle, isl.. Pacific, in the NE. of the 
 Tuamotu group, in about 15° 45' S. , crossed by 140° W. 
 
 Fakarafa, Fakarawa, Faarawa, or Wittgenstein, a con- 
 siderable atoll of the Tuamotu Is., in 16° 31' S. , 145° 23' W. 
 
 Fakenbam, market-tn. and par., Eng. , Norfolk, NW. div., 
 20 m. WSW. Cromer, on the G. E. R. and Midland and Great 
 Northern Joint Rly. (F. Town) ; has an important corn-market. 
 Market-day, Th. P. <300o. 
 
 Fakenbam Magna, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, on R. Brandon, 5^ 
 m. SE. Thetford, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Fakenbam FarTa, or Little, eccles. par. See Enston. 
 
 Fakkebjerg, vil. , on the S. ct. of the Danish isl. Langeland, 
 in 10° 42' E. ; has a lighthouse, visible 16 m. 
 
 Fal, small riv. , Eng. , Cornwall, flowing S. into the English 
 Channel at Falmouth. Its mouth forms an estuary with many 
 branches, the easternmost of which receives the river proper. 
 The lower part of the estuary is called Carrick Road. 
 
 Fala and Sontra, par., Scot., partly in Midlothian, partly in 
 a detached part of Haddingtonshire, 7^ m. SE. by E. Dalkeith, 
 3 m. ENE. Tynehead stn. ; 6064 ac. P. <250. 
 
 Falaba, tn.. Sierra Leone, 217 m. NE. Freetown, at the NE. 
 limit of the colony of Sierra Leone. P. 6000. 
 
 Falalse, tn., France, dep. Calvados, 22 m. SSE. Caen, cap. 
 arr. It still contains the castle in which William the Conqueror 
 was bom in 1024 ; has manufactiu^es of cotton yam, caps, and 
 hosiery. In Guibray, a suburb on a height immediately E. , a 
 famous fair is held from loth to 25th August. P. 8300. 
 
 Falbygden, plain, Sweden. See Falkoplng. 
 
 Falcaragb, or Falcarragb, PMT.O., Ire. See Crossroads. 
 
 Falces, comm. , Spain, prov. Navarra, dist. Tafalla. P. <4000. 
 
 Fiilctn, tn., Roumania, on the Pruth (E. frontier), 63m. SSE. 
 Yassy; gives name to a prov., the cap. of which is Husi. 
 P. 2000. 
 
 Falcoelro, cape, Spain, Galicia, prov. Corunna, at the 
 entrance to the Ria de Arosa. 
 
 Falcon, cape, Algeria, on the NW. ct., in 0° 4/ W., 10 m. 
 WNW. Oran, with a lighthouse, visible 25 m. Mean temp., 
 yr. 65.3° F., Jan. 55.6°, Aug. 77-5°; rfaM. (5 yrs.J, 27.24 in. 
 
 Falcon (formerly Coro), state, Venezuela (^.v.), N. ct., 
 including the formerly separate state of Zulia, surrounding the 
 Gulf of Maracaibo, and bounded on the W. by Colombia ; cap. 
 CapAtarida. 
 
 Falcon, small isl. , in the Pacific, formed by a volcanic erup- 
 tion of the 14th of Oct. 1885, in about 20° 20' S., 175° 20' W. 
 See Froc. R. G. S., 1890, p. 157. 
 
 Falcon, mt. , Ire. , co. Mayo, 2^ m. S. Ballina. 
 
 Falcone, Capo del, the NW. point of mainland of Sardinia, 
 
 Falconera (Greek Gerakonnla), small isl., in the Grecian 
 Archipelago, 16 m. WNW. Melos, in 36° 51' N. 
 
 Falcott, vil., Eng., Northamptonshire, 5 m. NE. Brackley. 
 See Astwell wltb Falcott. 
 
 Faldlngwortb, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 
 iT-m. NE. by N. Lincoln, i^ m. NW. by N. Wickenby stn., 
 P.O. P. <soo ; eccles. par. (F. wltb Basllngtborpe) P. <Soo. 
 
 Faldonet, P.O., Eng., Channel Is., Jersey, 2 m. from Gorey. 
 
 Faleallll Harbour, S. ct. Upolu I., Samoan group, S. 
 Pacific, in 14° S. , 171° 37' W. 
 
 Falealnpo, vil. , close to the W. end of Savaii I. , Samoan 
 group, S. Pacific, in 13° 31' S. , 172° 48' W. 
 
 Falefa Harbour, N. ct. Upolu I. , Samoan group, S. Pacific, 
 in 13° 53' S. , 171° 33' W. 
 
 Falclatal Bay, S. ct. Upolu I., Samoan group, S. Pacific, 
 in 13° 53' S., 172° W. 
 
 Falenie, or Tenne, riv. , W. Africa, Senegambia, trib. of the 
 Senegal, which it joins in 14° 46' N. and 12° 15' W., after a N. 
 course of about 200 m. 
 
 Faleria, Italy. See FaUerone. 
 
 Falfield, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 2 m. NE. 
 Thornbury, PMT.O. P. <7SO. 
 
 Fallnge, eccles. par. and vil., Eng., Lancashire, i m. W. 
 Rochdale. P. 6600. 
 
 Fallsolle, comm., Belgium, prov. Namur, 8 m. E. Charleroi. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Falkenan, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 11 m. W. by S. Karlsbad; 
 has manufactures of cotton, and alum and coal mines. P. 5500. 
 
 Falkenberg (French Fanlquemont), tn., Ger., Alsace- 
 Lorraine, on the Nied R., 19 m. ESE. Metz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Falkenberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle F., 45 m. NW, 
 by N. Ratibor, 13 m. W. by S. Oppeln. P. <:3000. 
 
 Falkenberg, tn., Sweden, prov. Halland, on the SW. ct., 59 
 m. S. by E. Gothenburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Falkenburg, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 60 m. E. 
 by N. Stettin. P. <4000. 
 513 
 
 Falkenham, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, on Deben estuary, div. and 
 8 m. S. Woodbridge, 9 m. ESE. Ipswich. P. <soo. 
 
 Falkensteln, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, x-j\ m. S. by W. 
 Zwickau ; manufactures of lace curtains, textiles, &c. P. 7100. 
 Falkingtaam, Lincolnshire. See Folklngham. 
 Falkirk, pari, and mun. burgh, market-tn. , and par. of Scot. , 
 CO. Stirling, on an eminence at the SW. extremity of the fertile 
 tract called the Carse of F., 24 m. WNW. Edinburgh, 2\ m. 
 SW. by W. Grangemouth, i m. NE. of its stn. on the N. B. R., 
 but containing Grahamston station in the middle of the towm. 
 The Carron iron-works, and several extensive coal-mines, are 
 within 2 m. of the town, which is itself now the centre of the 
 Scotch iron-founding trade. The three annual cattle fairs, 
 called trysts, held in August, September, and October, axe 
 gradually dying out. The burgh unites with Linlithgow, Lanark, 
 Hamilton, and Airdrie (forming the Falkirk dist. of bors.), in 
 sending one member to House of Commons. In 1298 a battle 
 was fought here between the troops of Sir W. Wallace and of 
 Edward I., the latter victorious ; and in 1746 an engagement in 
 which the Highlanders, under Prince Charles Edward, were 
 defeated by the English under General Hawley. Market-day, 
 Th. Mean rfall. (Kerset, 1866-80), 32.9 in. Par. 19,551 ac, 
 P. 30,700; tn. P. 19,800; pari, burgh (1891) P. 16,600; mun. 
 burgh P. (1801) 8800; (1871) 9500; (1891) 17,300; pari. dist. 
 (1891) P. 65,300. 
 
 Falkland, royal burgh, par., and vil., Scot., E. Fife, 9 m. 
 ENE. Kinross, 2| m. NW. by W. of its stn. (F. Road) on the 
 N. B. R. F. has an ancient palace, in which James V. died 
 (1542). PMT.O. Par. 8265 ac, P.<25oo; vil. P.<i5oo; royal 
 burgh P. < 1000. 
 
 Falkland Islands (French Malonlnes, Spanish Bialvlnas) 
 a group in the S. Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Great Britain, and 
 consisting of 2 large and 200 small isls. , between 51° and 52° 30' 
 S., 57" 40' and 61° 20' W. , about 310 m. E. the Strait of 
 Magellan, Patagonia. The East Falkland I. is nearly 100 m. 
 in length NE. to SW., by 60 m. in greatest breadth, and the 
 West Falkland about 90 by 50 m. ; they are separated by Falk- 
 land Sound, from 9 to 12 m. in breadth. Shores greatly 
 indented, and mostly low, afford good harbours. Surface more 
 lofty in the W. than in the E. portion of the group, but in the 
 latter are hills 1700 ft. above the sea. Mount Adam, the 
 highest land of the gioup, is 2315 ft. in elevation. Clay slates 
 of the Silurian system constitute the greater part of the level 
 country, and quartz rock the mountain summits. Climate 
 temperate .and healthy, but moist westerly winds, often very 
 violent, prevail. Mean temp., yr. 47°. 2; summer, 53°. 3, 
 winter, 39°. 9 F. ; mean rfall. 28-29 in. Grass lands are extremely 
 luxuriant, and sheep-rearing is now the chief occupation of the 
 people (in 1890, sheep 676,000 ; cattle 7200 ; horses 3700). The 
 tussac grass grows to the height of 6 ft. Shrub trees are the 
 only timber. Peat is abundant to the depth of 10 ft. Some 
 vegetables are raised in the settled parts, but little or no corn. 
 The only indigenous quadruped is a large fox ; sea-fowl are in 
 considerable numbers; snipe, quails, hawks, &c., and a species 
 of vulture, are found in the islands. Copper and iron ores have 
 been discovered ; whales are plentiful around the coasts ; and 
 fish, especially cod, are abundant in the bays. The sealing 
 trade suddenly collapsed in 1870, ovdng to the seals having been 
 exterminated or driven away from the island. The trade is almost 
 entirely with the United Kingdom; annual value of imports 
 ;^5o-6o,ooo ; of exports, ^^90-120, 000 ; chief article of export, 
 wool. The export of frozen meat is increasing. These islands 
 form a convenient station for ships to procure provisions and 
 fresh water. Stanley Harbour was founded in 1853. The 
 Falkland Is. were discovered by Davis in 1592, colonised by the 
 French in 1763, taken by the Spaniards in 1767, and ceded in 
 1771 to the British, who have held uninterrupted possession of 
 them only since 1833. Government is administered by a 
 governor, an executive, and a legislative council. Since 1885 
 the colony has been self-supporting. Total area, 7500 sq. m. 
 P. (1891) 1789, mostly of European descent; of Stanley, 694. 
 
 Falkner Island, U.S., Connecticut, off the entrance to 
 Guilford Harbour. 
 
 Falkoplng, tn., Sweden, prov. Skaraborg, 35 rn. NW. by 
 N. Jonkoping, in the fertile plain of Falbygden. Here Queen 
 Margaret of Denmark gained a victory over King Albert of 
 Sweden, 24th Feb. 1389. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Fallagta, lower, tnld. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, bar. Upper Strabane» 
 Lower Bodoney par. P. <:25o. 
 
 Fallaghearn, tnld., Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. Clogher, par. 
 Errigal Keerogue. P. <:25o. 
 
 Fallaghloon, P.O., Ire., co. Londonderry, 2 m. from 
 Maghera. 
 
 Fall Brook, coal-mining bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Tioga 
 CO. , 72 m. W. by N. Scranton. Alt. 1842 ft. ( R. R. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Falle, vil. , E. Africa, Shoa, in about 9° 21' N. , 38° 37' E. , 24 
 m. NW. Antotto. 
 
 FaUerone, the ancient Faleria, tn. , Italy, prov. Ascoli-Piceno, 
 circle Fermo. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Fallaba, Sierra Leone. See Falaba. 
 
 2 K 
 
FALL 
 
 F AN C 
 
 Fallerslelteii, vil., Prussia, pro v. Hanover, 13 m. NE. 
 Brunswick. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pallet, mt., Italy, in the extreme NW., in the Alps, 6 m. 
 NW. by VV. Aosta. Alt. 6855 ft. 
 
 Falllbroome, par., Eng., Cheshire, Macclesfield union. 
 P.<:25o. 
 
 Falllngbostel, vil. , Prussia, prov. and 33 m. N. Hanover. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Falling Creek, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Lenoir co., 20 m. 
 ESE. Goldsboro. P. < 1500. 
 
 Falloden, par., Eng., Northumberland, 6 m. NE. Alnwick. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Fallon, settlement, U.S., Montana, Custer co., 155 m. S. by 
 W. from the NE. corner of the state. 
 
 Fallos Channel, Chile. See Campafta Island. 
 
 Fallowfleld, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. S. Man- 
 chester, on the M. S. & L. R., PMT.O. P. <3000. 
 
 Fallotvfleld, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 2^ m. 
 N. by W. Hexham, close to Wall stn. ; has lead ore. P. <25o. 
 
 Fallowlees, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 5 J m. SW. Roth- 
 bury. P. <;25o. 
 
 Fall River, viL , U.S. , Kansas, Greenwood co. , 132 m. SSW. 
 Kansas City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fall Blver, city and port of entry, U.S., Massachusetts, 
 Bristol CO., on Mount Hope Bay, near frontier of Rhode L, at 
 the head of deef>-water navigation. The harbour is safe, easy of 
 access, and will admit vessels of the largest class. It is one of 
 the most important and most rapidly growing seat of the cotton 
 manufacture in the U.S., the situation affording every facility 
 for obtaining supplies of the raw material and fuel, and the 
 atmosphere the requisite degree of moisture. Besides cotton 
 mills, there are large establishments for the dyeing and finishing 
 of textiles, foundry and machine shops, &c. Has an admirable 
 High School belonging to the city. Fall R. derives its name 
 from a small stream of that name entering the Taunton near 
 its mouth. It was first settled in 1659. P- (1870) 26,800 ; (1880) 
 49,000; (1890)74,400. 
 
 Fall River, co., U.S., S. Dakota, in the SW. corner. 
 
 Falls, city, U.S., Nebraska, cap. Richardson co., 85 m. S. by 
 
 E. Omaha. P. <3000. 
 
 Falls, CO., U.S., Texas, crossed by 97° W., N. of 31° N., 
 traversed by the Brazos R. 
 
 Falls Cburch, vil., U.S., Virginia, Fairfax co., 8 m. W. 
 Washington (D. C). P. < 1500. 
 
 Fallslde, stn., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, on the C. R., 3 m. 
 N. by W. Hamilton. 
 
 Fall's Station, stn., Congo Free State, just below the Stanley 
 Falls (seventh cataract), in 0° 25' N., 25° 23' E. 
 
 Fallston, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and on Beaver R., 
 22 m. NW. Allegheny. P. < 1500. 
 
 Falmer, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Lewes div. , 3J m. NE. Brighton, 
 on the L. B. & S. C. R., PM.O. ; 4393 ac. P.<750. See 
 Stanmer. 
 
 Falmontta, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Hants co. , on R. Avon, 
 47 m. NNW. Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Falmouth Bay, Eng. , on the S. ct. of Cornwall. 
 
 Falmouth, seapt. , mim. bor., market-tn. , Eng., Cornwall, 
 div. and 7 m. S. by W. Truro, with a stn. on a branch of the G. 
 W. R. F. forms a pari. bor. with Penryn (g.v.). The harbour, 
 formed by the estuary of the Fal, with numerous creeks, is 5 m. 
 in length and i m. in breadth. Two breakwaters, 1000 ft. long, 
 protect the port, which, besides the tidal harbour with anchorage 
 for vessels of any draught, has spacious graving docks, and is 
 the first safe harboiu' for vessels sailing up the English ChanneL 
 
 F. was a mail-packet stn. from 1668, tiU in recent years it was 
 superseded in this respect by Southampton. For shipping statis- 
 tics, see Appendix, p. 13. F., previously named Smithic, re- 
 ceived its present name by royal proclamation in 1660, and in 
 r66i had its charter of incorporation bestowed on it. Exports 
 china clay, fish, tin, &c. Market-day, S. Mun. bor. P. (1891) 
 4700, but at the same date within the limits of the bor. as ex- 
 tended Nov. 9, 1892, 12,800. 
 
 Falmouth, tn., Jamaica, Cornwall co., on the N. ct., 18 m. 
 E. Montego Bay, in 77° 39' W. P. 4000. 
 
 Falmouth, post-tn., Tasmania, Cornwall co., on the E. ct., 
 56 m. E. by S. Launceston, in 41° 30' S. P. < 1500. 
 
 Falmouth, tn., U.S., Kentucky, cap. Pendleton co., 30 m. 
 S. by E. Cincinnati (Ohio). P. < 1500. 
 
 Falmouth, tn. , U.S., Maine, Cumberland co. , on Casco Bay, 
 5 m. N. Portland by rail. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Falmouth, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Barnstable co., on the 
 coast, 17 m. ESE. New Bedford. P. <3000. 
 
 Falmouth, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co. , on the 1. 
 bk. of Susquehanna R., 12 m. SE. by S. Harrisburg. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Falmouth, seapt.. West Indies, on the S. ct. of Antigfua I. 
 
 False Bay, bay, in the SW. of Cape Colony, 25 m. S. Table 
 Bay. See Simon's Town. 
 
 False Bay, New Zealand, on the W. side of North I. , in 36° 33' S. 
 
 False Bay, South Australia, on the western shores of Spencer's 
 Gulf, and near its head. 
 514 
 
 False Cape Horn. See Horn, Cape. 
 
 False Point, cape, harbour, and lighthouse, Brit. India, 
 Bengal, in Cuttack dist. , on the E. ct. , to the N. of the mouth 
 of the Mahdnadi, in 20° 20' 10" N. So called because often 
 mistaken by ships for Point Palmyras, one degree further N. 
 It is the best harbour on the E. ct. of India, S. of the Hugh ; 
 safe and roomy. The port, opened in i860, has had its trade 
 greatly promoted by the opening of canals, the principal being 
 the Kendrapara Canal, which extends from Cuttack 42J m. 
 Lighthouse, visible 19 m. 
 
 Falset, tn., Spain, prov. and 22 m. W. Tarragona; has im- 
 portant silver-lead and manganese mines. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Falsgrave, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, | m. W. 
 and included in the parL bor. of Scarborough. P. 10,900. 
 
 Falster (probably from /aia, 'a plain,' with suffix j//-), isl., 
 Denmark, off the S. ct. of Seeland ; length, 30 m. ; breadth, 
 2-13 m.; surface flat, well watered, and fertile. Malarial fever 
 is, however, endemic in the low and marshy parts. Chief tn. , 
 Nykjobing. P. (1890) 32,639. See Hasnedo. 
 
 Falsterbo, tn., Sweden, prov. Malmohus, 15 m. SW. by W. 
 Malmo, on a tongue of land jutting out into the sea, and 
 crowned by a lighthouse. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Falstone, eccles. par. , Eng. , Northumberland, on the L bk. of 
 the North Tyne, div. and 19 m. NW. Hexham, on the N. B. R.. 
 PM.O.; has coal. P. <:7So. 
 
 Falta, vil., India, Bengal, Twenty-four Parganis, on the 
 Hugh, nearly opposite its junction with the Damodar. Site of 
 an old Dutch factory. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Falterona, Mount, a summit of the Apennines, Italy, 25 m. 
 ENE. Florence. Alt. 5380 ft. The Arno rises on its S. side. 
 
 Falticeni, tn. , Roumania. See Folticenl. 
 
 Falu, or Falva, Hungarian, ' a village.' 
 
 Falun, or Fahlun, tn. , Sweden, cap. prov. Kopparberg, 50 
 m. W. Gefie. Specially noted for its copper-mines, which date 
 back at least 600 years, and in the middle of the 17th century 
 yielded 3000 tons of copper annually. Alt. 380 ft. Mean temp. , 
 yr. 38.9° F. , Feb. 20.0°, July 61.8°. P. 8000. 
 
 Faluni^res, Le Plateau de, dist. , France. See Indre>et« 
 Loire. 
 
 Famagusta (a name in use since Venetian times, Turkish, 
 Mausa, both forms probably connected with the Semitic, hamath, 
 'a castle,' the town being of Phoenician origin — Egli), walled 
 seapt. tn. , Cyprus, on the E. ct. , in 35° 8' N. , and 33° 59' E. , is 
 built on the ruins of the ancient Arsinoe. Under the Venetian 
 rule it was one of the chief commercial cities of the Levant ; but 
 the port is now available for small ships only. About 5 m. to 
 the NE. is Old F., the ancient Salamis and Constantia, a site 
 covered with ruins. The walls still remain in good repair, but 
 the town within is in ruins, and all the business is now carried 
 on at Varoshia, a new town outside the gates. F. gives name 
 to one of the six dists. into which Cyprus is divided. Tn. P. < 
 2000; dist. P. (1891)41,400. 
 
 Famagusta Bay, the large bay in the E. of the isl. of Cyprus. 
 
 Famaka, tn. , En. Sudan, on the r. bk. of the Bahr-el-Aa:«k, 
 180 m. SE. by S. Sennar, cap. of Fazokl. 
 
 Famars, coram., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 4 m. S. by W. 
 Valenciennes, v«th remains of the ancient fort called Fanum 
 Martis (' the temple of Mars'). P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Famatina, vil., Argentine Republic, Rioja, 197 m. NNE. 
 San Juan, 56 m. NW. by W. Rioja. 
 
 Famatina, Sierra, mt. range, Argentine Republic, state 
 Rioja, trending nearly N. and S. in 68° W. , between 28° and 30° 
 S. Highest peak Nevado de F. , 19,750 ft. 
 
 Famhridge, North and South, two pars. , Eng. , Essex, SE. 
 div., on the N. shore of the estuary of the Crouch, 6 m. S. 
 Maldon, with stn. (Fambridge) on the G. E. R. North F. 
 P. <25o; South F. P. <250. 
 
 Famine (or Hnuger) Port, penal settlement, S. America, 
 Chile, on the W. side of F. Beach, a portion of the Strait of 
 Magellan, in 53° 38' S. and 70° 58' W. Now abandoned. 
 
 Famine River, riv. , Canada, Quebec, flows SE. to the R. 
 Chaudi^re, which it joins about 54 m. SSE. of Quebec. 
 
 Famma, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Gowran, on the 
 Nore, 2 m. SE. "rhomastown. P. <2SO. 
 
 Famo, isl. , Denmark, to the N. of Laaland. 
 
 Famund, or Faemund, lake, Norway, dist. Hedemark, near 
 the Swedish frontier, 85 m. SW. Trondhjem. Length, N. to S. , 
 37 m. ; breadth, varying to 5 m. 
 
 Fanad, penin. , Ire. , co. Donegal, to the W. of Lough Swilly, 
 terminating in F. Point, in 7° 38' W. , on which is a Gghthouse 
 with fixed light (Lough Swilly), visible 14 m. 
 
 Fanano, comm. , Italy, prov. and 30 m. SW. Modena, near 
 Monte Cimone. P. <50oo. 
 
 Fanar, suburb, Constantinople. See Phanar. 
 
 Fanaraki, vil. , Turkey in Europe. See Fener>kdi. 
 
 Fanrheng, tn., China, Hupe, on the 1. bk. of the Han-kiang, 
 opposite Siang-yang, 162 m. NW. Hankow; important com- 
 mercial centre at the meeting-place of the trade-routes leading 
 up the valley of the Han-kiang to southern Shensi, NW. across 
 the Tsin-ling P. to Singan-fu, and N. up the valley of the Pei-ho 
 
F AN E — FAR I 
 
 to Honan, or up the valley of the Tang-ho, then NE. to Kai- 
 fong. P. about 100,000. 
 
 Fane River, Ire., in the SE. of co. Monaghan, and the N. 
 of CO. Louth ; flows SE. then E. into Dundalk Bay. 
 
 Fang, tn. , in the Shan states, Indo-China, -jj m. N. by E. 
 Chieng-mai. 
 
 Fangaloa Bay, N. ct. Upolu I., Samoan group, S. Pacific, 
 in 13° 55' S., 171^° W. 
 
 Fangloss, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Barmby Uoor. 
 
 Fangfoss with Spittle, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Howdenshire div., io| m. E. York, on the NE. R. P. <25o. 
 See Barmby Moor. 
 
 Faug-kl, small isL, China, off the S. ct., prov. Kwangtung, 
 in 21° 18' N. and 110° 35' E. 
 
 Fangsban-lislen, tn., China, Pechili, 25 m. SW. Peking; 
 coal-mining. 
 
 Fanjeanx, comm., France, dep. Aude, arr. Castelnaudary, 
 17 m. W. Carcassonne. P. < 2000. 
 
 FanUng-Tao, isL, in the Sea of Japan, E. of Korea, in 36° 
 48' N. and 128° 50' E. 
 
 Faulobbus, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Carbery E. , W. div. , 
 on R. Bandon; contains Dimman way tn. ; 35,606 ac. P. 6300. 
 
 Fannlcb, Locb, lake, Scot., Ross-shire, 9 m. E. Loch Maree, 
 drained E. and then SE. by the F. R. into the Bran ; 6J m. 
 long by % m. broad. Alt. 822 ft. 
 
 Faunln, co., U.S., Georgia, on N. frontier, W. of 84° W. 
 
 Fannin, co., U.S., Texas, in the NE., on the Red R. (N. 
 frontier), crossed by 96° W. 
 
 Fanning, coral isl., in the Pacific, in 3° 63' N., 158° 23' W.; 
 has a large lagoon, in which large quantities of mother-of-pearl 
 shell are found. A kind of guano found on the island itself. 
 On the route of the proposed cable from Vancouver to Australia. 
 Annexed by the British in 1888. 
 
 Fannystelle, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of the 
 C. P. R., 31 m. WSW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Fano, Greek Othonos, one of the Ionian Is. , 14 m. NW. Corfu. 
 
 Fano, the ancient Fanum Fortunae, 'the temple of Fortune,' 
 tn. , on the E. ct. of Italy, The Marches, prov. and 8 m. SE. 
 Pesaro ; has manufactures of silk twist, a cathedral, and a 
 university college. P. 20,600. 
 
 Fano, isl., Denmark, off the SW. ct. of Jutland. Mean 
 temp., yr. 45.8° F., Feb. 32.4°, July 61.5°. P. (1890) 3202. 
 
 Fans, Mfan, Pangwe or Mpangwe, Osheba or Osyeba, 
 a people of W. Africa, inhabiting the highlands of the French 
 Congo Terr, and German Kamerun Terr. , between the equator 
 and 3° or 3^° N. ; of a light brown colour, hair neither crisp nor 
 woolly, jaws not protruding, and in other respects differing from 
 the negro race. They are quite savage, live chiefly by hunting, 
 a little by agriculture. Cannibals. 
 
 Fausba-ne, a lofty cape projecting into Prince Frederick 
 Sound, W. ct. Alaska, in 57° 11' N. 
 
 Fantl, coast-tribe and dist. , in the middle of the Gold Coast, 
 W. Africa. 
 
 Faunaloa, 'great land,' Samoan name of Bowditch I. 
 
 Fanum FortuncB, tn., Italy. See Fano. 
 
 Fao, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, at the mouth of the Shat-el-Arab, 
 head of the Persian Gulf, where the Ottoman govt, telegraph 
 line is connected with the cable to Bushire and India. 
 
 Faon, Le, fishing-tn., France, Finist^re, on the W. ct., 16 m. 
 ESE. Brest, arr. and 8 m. NE. by N. Ch^teauhn. P.<2ooo. 
 
 Faouct, le, tn., France, dep. Morbihan, arr. Pontivy, 21 m. 
 N. by W. Lorient. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fara In Sablna, comm. , Italy, Umbria, prov. Perugia, 24 m. 
 NE. by N. Rome. P. <;30oo. 
 
 Faraday, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Hastings co., 41 m. 
 from Madoc. 
 
 Farafangana, place with indiarubber trade in the SE. of 
 Madagascar, near Fort Dauphin. 
 
 Farafreb, or Farafrab, an oasis, Africa, in the Libyan 
 desert, in 27° N., and 28° 4' E., 100 m. NNW. the oasis of 
 Dakhel ; it comprises several villages and a town with traces of 
 Greek and Roman edifices. P. <200o. See Petermanti's Mitteil. , 
 1875, p. 205. 
 
 Faragllonl, small group of basaltic islets on the E. side of 
 Sicily, near Acireale ; on the coast near is a cave supposed to 
 be identified as the one described by Homer as the cave of the 
 Cyclops Polyphemus. 
 
 Farab, or Farrab, vil. , Afghanistan, near the F. Bnd (a river 
 flowing SW. then S. to the Hamun-i-F.), 136 m. S. Herat; 
 surrounded by an earthen rampart and ditch. 
 
 Farab, site, Palestine, Parah in the O. T., 31° 50' N., 35° 
 18' E. , 6 m. NE. Jerusalem. 
 
 Faraby, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bars. Condons and Clangibbon, 
 and Fermoy, 7 m. SW. Mitchelstown, 9 m. from Ballyhooley 
 stn.; 5493 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Farakbabad, Farababad, Farbabad, or Ferababad, tn. , 
 Persia, near the Caspian Sea, 25 m. NE. Barirush. In the 
 vicinity are ruins of a city and of a vast palace, favourite resid- 
 ence of Shah Abbas, who died in it in 1628. 
 
 Farallones (Spanish, 'islets'), a group of six small, lofty. 
 
 rocky isls. , 30 m. W. by S. of the entrance to San Francisco 
 Bay, U.S., California. The eggs of the gull and murre are 
 collected here in enormous numbers ; the coasts abound in seals ; 
 lighthouse (Farallon) in 37° 42' N. , 123° W. , visible 26 m. Rfall. , 
 yr. 18. 17 in., May-Sept. 1.30 in. 
 
 Faraslna Canal, strait, Austria, Istria, joins the Gulf of 
 Quarnero with the Gulf of Fiume. 
 
 FarblU, bar. , Ire. , in the SE. of co. Westmeath. 
 
 Farcet, par. , Eng. , Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div. , 3 m. S. 
 by E. Peterborough, x\ m. NE. by N. of its stn. on the G. N. R. , 
 PM.O. ; 4487 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Farcbeii, mt., Carpathians, Transylvania, in 47° 55 J' N., 
 24° 27' E. Alt. 6430 ft. 
 
 Farclennes, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 4 m. S. Fleurus. 
 P. 6100. 
 
 Far Cotton, eccles. par. , Eng. , Northamptonshire, 2 m. S. 
 Northampton, PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Fardassl, Sennar. See Fadasl. 
 
 Fiirder, or Faerder, small isl. , off the S. ct. of Norway, at 
 the entrance to Christiania Fjord ; has a lighthouse, visible 20 m. 
 
 Fardes, riv., Spain, prov. Granada, flows N. from the Sierra 
 Nevada, and unites with theGuardalto form the GuadianaMenor. 
 
 Fardleblll, Scot. See Elderslle and Fardleblll. 
 
 Farebam, small port, market-tn. , and par. , Eng. , Hampshire, 
 F. div. , on Harbour and 5 m. NW. by N. Portsmouth, with a 
 stn. (F. June.) on the L. & SW. R. ; with shipbuilding, brick- 
 making, and some manufactures of earthenware. 6386 ac. 
 P. 7900; pari. div. P. 66,000. 
 
 Faremontlers, comm., France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, on the 
 Grand Morin, 13 m. SSE. Meaux, arr. and 5 m. W. by S. 
 Coulommiers. P. <20oo. . 
 
 F'areskur, tn. , Egypt, on r. bk. of the Damietta mouth of 
 the Nile, 9 m. SW. Damietta. P. 5000. 
 
 Farewell and Cborley, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 
 3 m. NW. by W. Lichfield. P. <:25o. 
 
 Farewell (Danish Farvel), cape, the S. point of Greenland, 
 in 59° 49' N., 43°54' W. 
 
 Farewell, Cape, the N. point of South I., New Zealand, in 
 4o°3i'S., 172" 4/ E. 
 
 F"ar Forest, Bewdley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Worcestershire and 
 Salop, Rock and Slottesden pars. P. <75o. 
 
 Farfortb, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 5| m. S. 
 by W. Louth. P. ■C250. See Knckland. 
 
 Farg, stream, Scot., Perthshire, and on border of Kinross- 
 shire and Fifeshire, rises among the Ochils, descends the romantic 
 and woodedGlen Farg, and enters the Tay i^ m. N W. Abernethy. 
 
 Fargo, city, U.S., N. Dakota, cap. Cass co., at the head of 
 steamer navigation on the Red River of the North, opposite 
 Moorhead (Minn.), and 145 m. S. by E. Pembina. Alt. 903 ft. 
 (R.R.). P. (1880) 2700 ; (1890) 5700. 
 
 Farbabad, tn., Persia. See Farakbabad. 
 
 Farb&nl, vil. , Ger. E. Africa, in a luxuriant plain in Usagara, 
 in about 6° 43 S. , 37° 5' E. 
 
 Far Headlngley, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Leeds par. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Farlbanlt, city, U.S., Minnesota, cap. Rice co., on the 
 Cannon R. , 43 m. S. by W. St. Paul. P. 6500. 
 
 Faribault, co., U.S., Minnesota, on the S. frontier, crossed 
 by 94° W. 
 
 FariddbM, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 16 m. SSE. 
 Delhi. P. (1881)7400; (1891)5900: Hindus, 4100. 
 
 Faridkot, tn. , India, Punjab, Patiala, cap. of F. state, 65 m. 
 S. by W. Amritsar. P. (1881) 6600; (1891) 8300; Moham. 
 4100 ; Hindus, 2500 ; Sikhs, 1400. 
 
 Faridpnr, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. dist. F., on the 
 r. bk. of the Ganges, 37 m. W. by S. Dacca. P. (1881) 10,300 ; 
 (1891) 10,800; Hindus, 5700: Moham. 5000. 
 
 Faridpnr, vil. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. and 15 m. SE. 
 by S. Bareilly, ontheOudhand Rohilkhand Rly. P. (1881) 5900 ; 
 (1891) 6400; Hindus, 3400; Moham. 2900. 
 
 Farllboes, group of small isls., Portugal, off the W. ct., 11 
 m. NW. Cape Carvoeiro, in 39^° N. 
 
 Farlm, stn., Portuguese Guinea, on the Cacheo R., in 12° 30' 
 N., i5°io' W. 
 
 Farina, or GoTerninent Cinms, telegraph stn. , S. Australia, 
 198 m. N. Port Augusta, in 30° 8' S. and 138° 17' E. , on the 
 main northern railway. A NE. branch of this railway is pro- 
 jected from this point to Innamincka, near the E. frontier of the 
 colony. P. < 1500. 
 
 Farina, seapt. , Tunis. See Porto Farina. 
 
 Farina, Cape, Tunis. See Sldi AU el Mekki. 
 
 Farindola, comm., Italy, prov. Teramo, dist. and 6 m. 
 WSW. Penne. P. <40oo. 
 
 Faringdon ('fern hill'), par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield 
 div., 14^ m. SW. Aldershot, 3 m. S. by W. Alton stn., P.O. 
 (Lower F.). P. <:75o. 
 
 Faringdon, Great, par. and market-tn., Eng., Berkshire, 
 Abingdon div., xo\ m. NNE. Swindon, on the G. W. R. 
 Market-day, Tu. 5897 ac. P. < 3500; eccles. par. (F. wltb 
 Little Coxwell) P. <30oo. 
 
 516 
 
F ARI 
 
 F ARN 
 
 Faringdon, Little, pai., Eng., Oxfordshire, on the Leach, 
 div. and 17 m. SW. by W. Woodstock, i m. NE. Lechlade 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Farlngton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Blackpool div., 3 m. S. 
 Preston, on the L. & NW. and L. & Y. Rlys., PM.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Farlni d'Olmo, comm., Italy, prov. and circle Piacenza. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 Farkasd, tn. , Hungary, co. Pressburg, on r. bk. of the Vag 
 (Waag), 19 m. SSW. Neutra. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Farkeln, tn. , Tiirkey in Asia. See Hayafarkeln. 
 
 Farlam, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Eskdale div. , 9J m. E. by 
 N. Carhsle, i m. S. by E. Bampton stn.; 5310 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 FarlanA Head, cape, Scot., N. Ayrshire, in 55° 42' N. 
 
 Farlelgli, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Kent, 
 div. and on R. Medwav, 2^ m. SW. Maidstone. F. East, on 
 the SE. R., PM.O., P.'<2ooo; F. West, PT.O., P.<soo. 
 
 Farlelgh Hnngerford, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., 
 Sh m. SSE. Bath. P. <;25o. 
 
 Farlelgb Wallop, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, div. and 3J m. 
 SSW. Basingstoke. P. <2So. See CUddesden. 
 
 Farlesthorpe (farlz'thorp), par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. 
 Lindseydiv., 12^ m. SE. Louth, i^ m. NNE. Willoughby stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Farleton, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, div. and 7 m. NE. by E. 
 Lancaster, i J m. SW. by W. Hornby stn. See Hornby. 
 
 Farleton, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, div. and 8 m. S. by E. 
 Kendal, i^ m. E. by S. Milnthorpe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Farley, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, div. and 9 m. SE. by S. 
 Leek, i m. NW. Alton stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Farley, par. , Eng. , Surrey, Wimbledon div. , 5 m. SE. Croy- 
 don, 2 m. ENE. Upper Warhngham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Farley, vil., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 5^ m. E. Salisbury, 
 2 m. NE. Alderbury June. , P.O. Eccles. par. (F. witb Pltton) 
 P. <5oo. See Pltton and Farley. 
 
 Farley, vil., U.S., Iowa, co. and 18 m. W. by S. Dubuque. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Farley Cbamberlayne, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover 
 div. , 5^ m. W. by S. Winchester, 3J m. SE. by E. Farley stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Farley Hill, hamlet, Eng., Berkshire, 4 m. SW. Woking- 
 ham, P.O. 
 
 Farlington, par., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., 4^ m. 
 NE. Portsmouth, 2 m. E. by N. Cosham stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Farlington, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 10 m. N. York, 4^ m. NW. Flaxton stn. 
 P. <25o. See Harton In tbe Forest wltb Hoxby. 
 
 FarlOTT, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 12^ m. W. by 
 N. Kidderminster, 5 m. NW. Cleobury Mortimer stn., P.O. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Farmborongb, par. , Eng. , Somerset, N. div. , 6 m. WSW. 
 Bath, 2I m. E. by N. Glutton stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Farnicote, part of eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire. See 
 Gnltlng Power. 
 
 Farmer, vil., U.S., New York, Seneca co., 42 m. SW. Syra- 
 cuse, 16 m. NW. Ithaca. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Farmer City, U.S., Illinois, De Witt co., 57 m. SE. by E. 
 Peoria. P. < 1500. 
 
 FarmersTllle, vil., U.S., Ohio, Montgomery co., 41 m. N. 
 by E. Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 FarmersTllle, vil., U.S., Texas, Collin co., 40 m. NE. 
 Dallas by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Farmerrllle, vil. , U.S. , Louisiana, Union par. , on R. Corney 
 Creek, 80 m. ENE. Shreveport. P. < 1500. 
 
 Farmlugdale, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Monmouth co., 32 m. 
 E.Trenton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Farmlngdale, vil., U.S., New York, Queens co., Long I., 
 28 m. E. by N. Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Farmlngton, vil. , Canada. See Wllmot. 
 
 Farmlngton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 11 m. 
 NE. Cirencester, 4I m. SW. by S. Bourton-on-the- Water stn. , 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Farmlngton, tn., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 9 m. WSW. 
 Hartford. P. <4000. 
 
 Farmlngton, coal-mining tn. , U.S., Illinois, Fulton co., 63 
 m. N. by \V. Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Farmlngton, city, U.S., Iowa, Van Buren co., on 1. bk. of 
 Des Moines R. , 25 m. NW. Keokuk. P. < 1500. 
 
 Farmlngton, tn., U.S., Maine, Franklin co., 28 m. NW. by 
 N. Augusta ; has slate quarries. P. <40oo. 
 
 Farmlngton, riv., U.S., Massachusetts and Connecticut, 
 flows SE. and NE. into Connecticut R. , 7 m. above Hartford; 
 about 100 m. long. 
 
 Farmlngton, viL, U.S., Minnesota, Dakota co., on Vermil- 
 lion R., 26 m. S. St. Paul. P. < 1500. 
 
 Farmlngton, city, U.S., Missouri, cap. St Fran9ois co., 58 
 m. S. by W. St. Louis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Farmlngton, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Strafford co., 28 
 m. NE. by E. Concord. P. < 4000. 
 
 Farmlngton, viL, U.S., Utah, Davis co., 15 m. N. Salt 
 Lake City. P. < 1500. 
 516 
 
 Farmlngton, vil. , U.S., Washington, Whitman co., 44 m. 
 SSE. Spokane Falls. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fannland, vil., U.S., Indiana, Randolph co., 58 m. NE. by 
 E. Indianapolis. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Farmrllle, tn. , U.S., Virginia, Prince Edward co., 53 m. 
 W. by S. Richmond. P. ■<3ooo. 
 
 Farn, Teutonic 'fern.' 
 
 Farn, or Feme Islands (the first is the spelling of the 
 Admiralty lists, the second of the English census), or Tbe 
 Staples, a group of 17 basaltic islets and rocks off the E. ct. of 
 Eng. , CO. Northumberland, lying between i^ and 5 m. from the 
 mainland, opposite Bamborough. There are two lighthouses 
 (Inner Fern and Longstone), the highest, on the SW. point, 
 revolving; the other, on NW. point, fixed. Lat. 55° 37' N., 
 long. 1° 39' W. The passage between the islets is, in rough 
 weather, very dangerous. Here the Forfarshire was wrecked in 
 1838, when nine persons were saved by the heroism of the light- 
 house-keeper and his daughter, Grace DarUng. P. 15. 
 
 Farnanes, tnld. , Ire. , W. co. Cork, bar. Muskerry, East, 7^ 
 m. ESE. Macroom, 4 m. from Crookstown Road stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Farnans, tnld. , Ire. , Queen's co. , bar. Slievemargy, Killab- 
 ban par. P. <25o. 
 
 Farnangbt, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Drumlish, co. Longford. 
 
 Farnboro, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Brome co. , on R. Yamaska, 
 47 m. ESE. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Famborongb ('the dwellings among fern'), par., Eng., 
 Berkshire, div. and 9I m. N. by W. Newbury, 4^ m. SE. by S. 
 Wantage, 5J m. SW. by W. Upton stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Famborongb, par., Eng., Hampshire, Basingstoke div., on 
 the Blackwater, 2\ m. N. Aldershot, vrith stns. on the SE. R. 
 and L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. 8100. 
 
 Famborongb, par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., 7^ m. El. 
 by S. Croydon, i m. SSW. Orpington stn. , PMT.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Famborongb, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Rugby div. , 6 m. 
 N. by W. Banbury, 2 m. S. Fenny Compton stn., PMT.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Famcombe, eccles. par. , Eng. , Surrey, div. and 3 J m. SSW. 
 Guildford, i m. NE. Godalming stn. P. <:300o. 
 
 Farndale, part of eccles. par. , Eng. See Bransdale. 
 
 Famdale, East Side and West Side, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, the former 11 m. NW. Pickering. 
 F. , E. Side, 6166 ac. , P. <:50o; W. Side 7182 ac. , P. <:25o. 
 
 Farndale Low Quarter, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 6 m. N. Kirby Moorside. P. <25o. 
 
 Farndale Moor, upland tract, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 div. and 17 m. WSW. Whitby, head of the valley of the Dove. 
 . Farndlsb, eccles. par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div. , 
 iij m. NW. by N. Bedford, ij m. S. Irchester stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Farndon, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Missisquoi co. , 39 m. SE. 
 by E. Montreal P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Farndon, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 8 m. S. 
 Chester, on the r. bk. of the Dee, 4 m. E. by S. Gresford stn., 
 PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Farndon, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, div. and 2J m. SW. 
 Newark, on the r. bk. of the Trent, P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Farndon, East, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 
 15 m. ENE. Rugby, i^ m. SE. Lubenham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Farndon, West, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Northampton- 
 shire. See Woodford cum Nembrls. 
 
 Famell, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 3^ m. SE. by S. Brechin, 
 with a stn. (F. Road) on the C. R., P.O. ; 5703 ac. P. <7Sa 
 
 Farnell, co.. New S. Wales, W. frontier, crossed by 31° S. 
 
 Famese, comm., Italy, prov. Rome, dist. Viterbo, to the N. 
 of Canino ; the birthplace of Pope Paul III. P. <:3000. 
 
 Farney, bar. , Ire. , in the SE. of co. Monaghan. 
 
 Farnbam, tn., Canada, Quebec, Missisquoi co., 35 m. SE. 
 by E. Montreal ; an important railway junction. P. (1881) 
 1900; (1891) 2800. 
 
 Farnbam, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, N. div. , 14J m. SW. by 
 W. Salisbury, P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Farnbam, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 9^ m. SSW. Saffron 
 Walden, 2 m. W. Stanstead stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Farnbam, par., Eng., Northumberland, 5 m. W. Rothbury. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Farnbam, market-tn. and par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 10 
 m. W. by S. Guildford, near the border of Hants, on the L. & 
 SW. R. F. is noted for its excellent hops. Coprolite beds are 
 worked at Dippen Hall in the vicinity. PMT.O. Market-day, 
 Th. Par. 10,118 ac, P. 12,400; tn. P. 1^500. 
 
 Farnbam, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 17 m. NE. Ipswich, 
 ajm. SW. Saxmundham, PM.O. P.<2SO. 
 
 Farnbam, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., 2J 
 m. N. Knaresborough, 2 m. SW. Copgrove stn. P. <:2So; 
 eccles. par. (F. wltb Scott on) P. <5oo. 
 
 Farnbam Royal, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, Wycombe 
 div., 3^ m. N. Windsor, 2 m. NW. by N. Slough stn., PM.O., 
 and PMT.O. at F. Common. P. <i5oo. 
 
 FamblU, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3J m. SE. 
 Skipton. P. <7So. 
 
FARN — FASK 
 
 Farnlugliani, par., Eng., Kent, Dartmouth div., on the 
 Darenth, 8 m. SW. by W. Gravesend, i^ m. NE. by N. Eyns- 
 ford stn. (L. C. & D. R.), 2 m. S. by W. of F. Koad, PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Faniley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in SW. of bor. 
 of Leeds, with a stn. (F. and Wortley) on the L. & NW. R., 
 PM.O., and P.O. (New F.). P. <4000. 
 
 Farnley, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley div. , 10 m. 
 NNE. Bradford, 2 m. NNE. Otley stn., P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Farnley Tyas, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Holmfirthdiv., 3 m. SE. by S. Huddersfield, 2 m. W. Kirk- 
 burton stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Farnoge, electoral div. , Ire. , Kilkenny, dist. Kilmakevoge. 
 
 Farnstield, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 7$ m. 
 ESE. Mansfield, on the M. R., PMT.O. ; 4556 ac. P. <iooo ; 
 eccles. par. (F. fvltta Hexgreave) P. <iooo. 
 
 Farnworth, par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, Radcliffe-cum- 
 F. div., 3 m. SSE. Bolton, with a stn. (F. and Halshaw Moor) 
 on the L. & Y. R. ; has coal-mines and cotton manufactures. 
 P. 23,800; eccles. par. (F. \rlth Kearsley) P. 10,100. 
 
 Farnworth, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Widnes div. , 5^ 
 m. W. Warrington, with a stn. on the L. & NW. R., and 
 another on the Cheshire Lines Rly., PMT.O. P. 7000. 
 
 Faro, riv., Adamawa, flows N. into the Benue above Yola. 
 
 Faro, isl. , Sweden , off the N E. extremity of Gotland , separated 
 from it by F. Sound, 2 m. across. 
 
 Faro, seapt. and fishing tn., Portugal, S. ct., prov. Algarve, 
 54 m. W. by S. Huelva, cap. of dist. F., which is conterminous 
 with the prov. Algarve; has a cathedral, citadel, and arsenal. 
 P. 8600. 
 
 Faro, Pnnta del, cape, Sicily, in the extreme NE., in 38° 16' 
 N., with hghthouse (Cape Peloro) visible 19 m. 
 
 Faroe Islands (in Danish, or rather old Norse, Far-oer, 
 'sheep islands'), a group of islands in the North Sea belong- 
 ing to Denmark, 180 m. NW. of the Shetlands, between 61° 
 20' and 62° 25' N. , 6° 20' and 7° 40' W. It consists of 21 
 islands (formerly 22, Monken, or Munken, the southernmost of 
 the group, having since 1885 completely disappeared), 17 in- 
 habited. Coasts steep and rugged ; interior mountainous ; 
 highest peaks, in Ostero, 2790 ft., and in Stromo, the central 
 island and largest of the group, 2415 ft. The channels which 
 separate the islands afford several good bays. The islands 
 enjoy all the advantages of an insular climate, and derive great 
 benefit from the N. branch of the Gulf Stream, which, besides 
 raising the temperature, carries to their shores considerable 
 quantities of drift wood. Winters extremely mild [TliorsbaTn] ; 
 so much so, that sheep and cattle require no housing. Summer 
 moist and foggy. There is no timber on the islands, but peat 
 is abundant. Barley is cultivated, but does not always ripen. 
 Turnips and potatoes yield good crops. Most of the inhabitants 
 are employed in the fisheries, of which that of a species of small 
 whale (the pilot-whale, called by the islanders the grind) is the 
 most important, and in the preparation of wool. Sheep form 
 the chief riches of the islanders. The horses are small but 
 powerful ; waggons are not employed. Sea-fowl are numerous, 
 and feathers form a considerable article of commerce. The 
 flora is of Germanic type. Among minerals, the chief are fine 
 opals and coal, the last especially in Sydero. The people, of 
 Norwegian descent, are robust and healthy; their spoken lan- 
 guage is a dialect of the North German, but their written 
 language is Danish. The islands are governed by an amtmann, 
 who is also military commandant, a judge, and a provost. 
 Thorshavn, on the S. coast of Stromo, is the cap. and the only 
 town. The chief islands are Stromo, the central and largest of 
 the group, Boro, Videro, Ostero, Vaago, Sando, Sydero. Total 
 area, 510 sq. m. P. (1870) 9992 ; (1890) 12,954. 
 
 Faro Floppeto, cape, Italy, in N. of Procida I., 40° 45^' N. 
 
 F&rosnnd, seapt., Sweden, between the main isl. of "Got- 
 land, N. end, and the small isl. of Faro. Safe harbour, with 
 24-28 ft. of water and two pubhc piers; depth alongside, igjft. 
 
 Far Out Head. See Fair Alrd. 
 
 Farqnhar's Gronp, an extensive range of shoals and islets, 
 off the NE. ct. of Australia ; the westernmost is in 17° 39' S. 
 and 151° 27' E. They are all connected by a reef. 
 
 Farqnhar Islands, small group, Indian Ocean, between 10° 
 and 11° S. , about 180 m. NE. of the N. extremity of Madagascar. 
 
 Farr, P.O., Scot., in co. and 8 m. SE. Inverness. 
 
 Farr, par. , Scot. , on the N. ct. of Sutherland, 25 m. W. by 
 S. Thurso, PMT.O. (BettyhUl) ; 188,355 ac. P.<2000. 
 
 Farr Point, a cape to the N. of Farr village. 
 
 Farra di Sollgo, comm., Italy, prov. Treviso, circle Valdob- 
 biadene. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Farrah, tn. , Afghanistan. See Farah. 
 
 Farran, tnld.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Muskerry, East, 11 m. W. 
 by S. Cork, near the r. bk. of the Lee, 7 miles from BallincoUig 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Farranalleen, stn.. Ire., co. Waterford, on the Waterford 
 and Limerick Rly. , 12 m. S. Thurles. 
 
 Farraubrten, tnld.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Kinalea, Tracton 
 par. P. <:25o. 
 
 Farranfore, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Kerry, bar. Magunihy, 7^ m 
 N. by W. Killarney, on the G. S. & W. R., PM.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Farrangalway, tnld.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. and 2 m. N. 
 Kinsale, on the Kinsale Branch Rly. P. <25o. 
 
 Farraurory, electoral div. , Ire. , Tipperary, dist. Ballingarry. 
 
 Farrar, riv., Scot., N. Inverness-shire, issues from Loch 
 Monar, on the border of Ross-shire, and flows E, through Glen 
 Strathfarrar till it unites with the Glass to form the Beauly. 
 
 Farra I'lcentlna, comm. , Italy, prov. Vicenza, circle Marcos- 
 tica. P. <40oo. 
 
 Farrell's Flat, post-tn. , S. Australia, Stanley co. , 72 m. NNE. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Farrennamore, Mount, Ire. , extreme N. co. Galway, 12 m. 
 S. Westport. Height, 2239 ft. 
 
 Farrlhy Bay, Ire. , SW. ct. co. Clare, 8 m. NW. Kilrush. 
 
 Farringdon, Eng. , Dorsetshire, N. div. , i2| m. E. by S. Sher- 
 borne, 3 m. ENE. Sturminster stn. See Iiverne Courtuay. 
 
 Farringdon, par., Eng., Hants. See Farlugdon. 
 
 Farringdon Street, stn. , Eng. , London, on the Dist. Rly. 
 (Inner Circle), \ NNW. St. Paul's. 
 
 Farringdon, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Honiton div. , 6 m. E. 
 Exeter, 3 m. SE. by S. Broad Clyst stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Farrlugton Gurney, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 8 m. 
 NE. Wells, I m. S. Hallatrow stn. ; coal-mining. P.O. P. 
 <75o. See Stone Easton. 
 
 Farrtyeb, ruins, Palestine, Haphraim in the O. T., 32° 3/ 
 N., 35° 7' E., 12 m. WSW. Nazareth. 
 
 Far Kockaway, vil., U.S., New York, Queens co., 21 m. 
 SE. Brooklyn by rail. P. <3000. 
 
 Fars, the Arabic name of Persia, now applied, frequently 
 in the form Farsistan, to the prov. in the SW. which anciently 
 formed the nucleus of the Persian Empire, and still contains 
 the ruins of Persepolis and Pasagardce. See Persia. 
 
 Farsan Islands, a group of two large and several small 
 isls. and reefs, Arabia, in the Red Sea, off the coast of Yemen, 
 between i6§° and 17° N. 
 
 Far Sawrey, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. SE. Hawks- 
 head, PM.O. 
 
 Farshlnt, or Farsbnt, tn. , Upper Egypt, near the 1. bk. of 
 the Nile, 20 m. ESE. Girgeh, in 26° 12' N. P. (1882) 8000. 
 
 Farsld, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, sj m. E. 
 Queenstown, 6 m. from Midleton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Farsley, tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Pudsey div., 3I 
 m. ENE. Bradford, close to Stanningley stn., PMT.O. P. 
 5300. See Calverley. 
 
 Farsnnd, fishing tn. , Norway, diocese Christiania, 50 m. W. 
 Christiansand, on the North Sea, on the F. Fjord. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fartagh, par. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny. See Fertagh. 
 
 Fartak, cape, Arabia, S. ct., in 15° 3/ N. and 52° 21' E. 
 
 Fartak, Saif, or Kersah, seapt. viL , Arabia, on the S. ct. , 
 on the W. side of Cape F. ; has a harbour, which gives anchorage 
 in 9 fathoms of water. 
 
 Farther India. See Indo-Chlna. 
 
 Farthlnghoe, par. , Eng. , S. div. of Northamptonshire, 5 m. 
 E. by S. Banbury, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Farthlngstone, par. , Eng. , S. div. and 10 m. WSW. North- 
 ampton, 3 m. SSW. Weedon stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Fartliradeen, P.O. , Ire. , 5 m. from Bailieborough, co. Cavan. 
 
 Fartullagh, bar. , Ire. , in the SE. of co. Westmeath. 
 
 Farukb&b^d, city and municipality, Brit. India, N W. Provs. , 
 dist. F. , 2 or 3 m. from the r. bk. of the Ganges, which formerly 
 flowed under its walls, 68 m. S. Bareilly, forming a joint 
 municipality with Fatehgarh. P. (1872) 79,200; (1881)62,400; 
 (1891) 73,000; Hindus, 51,800; Moham. 20,300; including can- 
 tonment, 78,000. 
 
 Famkhnagar, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gurgaon, 32 m. 
 WSW. Delhi, in the midst of a sandy, sterile tract. Salt is 
 produced by evaporation from saline wells. P. (1881) 8700; 
 (1891) 5900; Hindus, 3600; Moham. 2000. 
 
 Farvel, cape, Greenland. See Farewell. 
 
 Farway, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 3 m. S. Honiton, 
 16 m. E. by N. Exeter, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Fas, city, Morocco. See Fez, 
 
 Fasa, or Fesa, tn. , Persia, prov. Fars, 83 m. SE. Shiraz. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Fasana, fishing tn. , Austria, crownland Istria, on the W. ct. , 
 5 m. NW. Pola. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fasano, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Bari, 26 m. N. by E. Taranto, 
 P. 15,500. 
 
 Fasher, or El Faslier, tn.. En. Sudan, cap. of Dar-Fur. 
 
 Fasher, or El Fasber, tn. , En. Sudan, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Atbara, at one of the most frequented crossing-places of that 
 river, 40 m. WSW. Kassala. 
 
 Fasbn, Upper Egypt. See Fesbn. 
 
 Fasboda, tn.. En. Sudan, on the 1. bk. of the Bahr-el-Abiad, 
 in 9° 55' N., 205 m. SW. by W. Famaka (Fazokl). 
 
 Fasklne and Palacecralg, vil., Scot., NW. Lanarkshire, 
 on North Calder Water, \\ m. S. Airdrie, \ ra. W. Calder- 
 bank stn., and on the Monkland Canal. P. (including Hill- 
 head) < 500. 
 
 517 
 
FASN — FAWL 
 
 Fasnaclolch, PM.O., Scot., Argyllshire, 8 m. E. Appin. 
 
 Fasnakyle Forest, dist., Scot., Inverness-shire, in the angle 
 between Glen Cannich and Glen Affric. 
 
 Fasogl, dist. , Sudan. See Fazogl. 
 
 Fassa-tltal. See AtIsIo. 
 
 Fassadiiiln, bar. , Ire. , in the NE. of co. Kilkenny. 
 
 Fast Castle, ruin, Scot., on the N. ct. of Berwickshire, 3J m. 
 WNW. St. Abb's Head, identified with the Wolfs Craig of Sir 
 W. Scott's Bride of Lammermoor. 
 
 Fastnet Rock, islet, Ire. , off SW. ct. , co. Cork, ^\ m. WSW. 
 Cape Clear, with revolving white light (i minute) visible 18 m.; 
 explosive fog signals. 
 
 FastoT (KhvastoT), tn., Russia, govt, and 40 m. SW. Kiev ; 
 railway junction. P. 8000. 
 
 Fataka, small isl., Pacific Ocean, in u° 55' S., 170° 8' E. 
 
 Fatatenda, or Fattatenda, tn. , W. Africa, on the r. bk. of 
 the Gambia, one of the oldest seats of the slave trade ; still an 
 important market. 
 
 Fatchlo, tn. and bay, E. side of Tsu-shima I. , Japan ; called 
 by the Japanese Izugahara. 
 
 Fateli&1>ild, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Hissdr, 98 m. 
 SW. by W. Ambdla. P. (i88i)<30oo; (i89i)<sooo. 
 
 Fateh&b^d, tn., India, Central India, 27 m. NNW. Indore, 
 in a part of Gwalior. 
 
 FatebganJ) East, vil. , India, NW. Provs. , dist. and 23 m. 
 SE. Bareilly. Scene in 1774 of a victory of the British over 
 the RohillAs. 
 
 FatehganJ, West, vil. , India, NW. Provs. , dist. and 10 m. 
 NW. Bareilly. Scene of a British victory over the Rohillds in 
 
 1794- 
 
 Fatebgarh, tn. and cantonment, Brit. India, NW. Provs. , cap. 
 dist. Farukhabdd, on the r. bk. of the Ganges, 70 m. S. Bareilly ; 
 with a Government gun-carriage factory. In 1857, during the 
 Mutiny, nearly the entire European population, upwards of 200, 
 were killed by the rebels. P. (1881) 12,400. 
 
 Fatehjang, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 25 m. W. by 
 S. Rawalpindi; petroleum occurs near. P. (i89i)<;sooo. 
 
 Fatebpnr, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , cap. dist. F. , 70 m. 
 NW. Allahabad. P. (1881) 21,300; (1891) 20,200; Hindus, 
 11,000; Moham. 9200. 
 
 Fatebpnr, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Bara Banki, 27 m. 
 NE. Lucknow. P. (1891)8300; Moham. 4300; Hindus, 4000. 
 
 Fatebpnr, fortified tn. , India, Rajputina, 102 m. E. Bikaner. 
 P. (1881) 14,700. 
 
 Fatebpnr Sikrl, tn. , India, NW. Provs. , dist. and 23 m. W. 
 Agra. Founded by the Emperor Akbar in 1570, and enriched 
 by magnificent architectural works in the time of Akbar and 
 Jahingfr. Consists chiefly of a vast expanse of ruins enclosed 
 by a high stone wall. The modem town lies SW. of the ruins. 
 P. (1891)6300; Hindus 3800; Moham. 2500. 
 
 Fatekonda, tn., Senegambia, on the r. bk. of the Faleme, 
 1. bk. trib. of the Senegal, W. of the French stn. of Medina. 
 
 Fatezb, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 30 m. N W. of Kursk ; 
 trade in corn. P. 6200. ' 
 
 Fatfleld, eccles. par. , Eng. , Durham, Chester-le-Street div. , 
 on the Wear, 6 m. WSW, Sunderland, i m. W. Penshaw stn. , 
 PM.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Fatber Point, vil., Canada, Quebec, Rimouski co., on the 
 r. bk. of the R. St. Lawrence, in 68° 28' W., 63 m. ENE. of the 
 mouth of the Saguenay R. Mean temp., yr. 34.2° F., Jan. 8.5°, 
 July 56.8°. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Fatbom, Upper, tnld. , Ire. , SE. co. Armagh, bar. Upper 
 Orior, ij m. S. Newry, on the Newry Canal, P.O. P. <2oo. 
 
 Fatlko, one of the former Egyptian settlements in equatorial 
 Africa, 149 m. S. Lado, in 3 2' N., 32° 37' E., in a well- 
 watered and fertile district. 
 
 Fatlsa, Fatsa, or Fatseb, ancient Phadisana, decayed sea- 
 port of Asia Minor, on the Black Sea, vilayet and 115 m. W. 
 Trebizond, 65 m. ESE. Samsun. It is surrounded by wide- 
 spread ruins in stone and brick ; the line of a high breakwater 
 500 yds. in length, curving out from the shore to a small island 
 opposite the town, is still traceable at various depths below the 
 waters of the bay, and remains of a paved Roman road to Niksar 
 are still to be seen. 
 
 Fatsban, tn., China. See Facban. 
 
 Fatslzio, or Fatsljlo, isl., Japan. See Hacbijo-sblma. 
 
 Fattatenda. See Fatatenda. 
 
 Fatn-blra, or Isla de la Madalena, one of the Marquesas 
 Is. , in 10° S. and 143° 20' E. ; inhabited by Maori. 
 
 Fatnna. See Erronam. 
 
 Fatuva, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 6 m. SSE. Patnd; 
 five festivals held annually. P. (1881) 10,900; (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Fanclgny, le, an old prov. and bar. of Savoy, now arr. 
 Bonneville, the most mountainous portion of dep. Haute-Savoie, 
 France. 
 
 Fancllles, range of hills, France, deps. Marne and Vosges, 
 sweeping round in the shape of a sickle (¥r&nch faucille), convex 
 to the N. from the Vosges in the E. to the plateau of the Langres 
 in the SW. , separating the basins of the Meuse and Moselle from 
 that of the Sadne ; highest peak under 2000 ft. 
 518 
 
 Fancogney, tn., France, dep. Haute-Saone, arr. Lure, on the 
 Breuchin, 20 m. NW. Belfort. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fangbalstown, par. and tnld.. Ire., N. co. Westmeath, bar. 
 Fore, 8 m. N. MuUingar. Par. 6146 ac. , P. <75o ; tnld. P. <2So. 
 
 Fangban Rlrer, Ire. , in the W. of co. Londonderry, flows 
 N. into the head of Lough Foyle. 
 
 Fanghanrale, par. , Ire. , NW. co. and 9 m. ENE. London- 
 derry, bar. Tirkeeran ; 20,466 ac. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Fangbart, par., Ire., N. co. Louth, bar. Upper Dundalk, 
 3I m. N. Dundalk. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fanglla, comm. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Pisa, 10 m. E. by N. 
 Leghorn. P. 7400. 
 
 Fanldbouse, tn., Scot., Linlithgowshire, on the C. R., 11 m. 
 E. by S. Airdrie ; has coal-mines and paraffin works. F. Hoor, 
 to the N. PMT.O. P. (including Crofthead)< 3000. 
 
 Fanlborn, mt., Switzd., cant. Bern, 6 m. E. by S. Interlaken, 
 commanding a magnificent view of the giants of the Bernese 
 Oberland. Alt. 8800 ft. 
 
 Fanlk, co., U.S., S. Dakota, crossed by 45° N. and 99° W. 
 
 Fanlkbonrn, par. , Eng. , Essex, Maldon div. , 5^ m. SE. by 
 S. Braintree, i| m. NW. Witham stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Fanlkner, co., U.S., Arkansas, on the Arkansas R., a little 
 to W. of 92° W. , and crossed in S. by 35° N. 
 
 Faulkner's Island, U.S., Connecticut, off the entrance to 
 Guilford Harbour ; now called Falkner Island. 
 
 Fanlkton, tn., U.S., S. Dakota, Faulk co., 74 m. NE. by 
 
 E. Pierre. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fanlqnemont, the French name of Falkenberg, Alsace- 
 Lorraine. 
 
 Fanls, eccles. par. , Eng. , Shropshire, Prees par. P. <:7So. 
 
 Fanqnembergnes, tn. , France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. and 
 13 m. SW. by S. St. Omer. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fanqnier, co., U.S., Virginia, in the NE., S. of 39° N., 
 crossed in the NW. by 78° W. 
 
 Fftnrel, vil, and riy. junc, Roumania, prov. and 37 m. 
 WSW. Braila. 
 
 Fanresmltb, tn.. Orange Free State, cap. of F. div., 65 m. 
 SSE. Kimberley. The Jagersfontein diamond diggings lie a 
 few miles to the SE. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fanro, small isl., Solomon group, SE. of Bougain\ille, in 
 60° 55' S. and 56° 3' E. , with German trading station. 
 
 FanTlIle, tn., France, dep. Seine-Inf6rieure, arr. Yvetot, 12 
 m. SE. by E. Fecamp. P. < 2000. 
 
 Fanx Cap, cape, isl. and republic, Haiti, W. ct., 140 m. W. 
 Port-au-Prince, in 18° 33' N. , 74° 25' W. 
 
 FaTara, comm., Sicily, prov. and 4m. E. Girgenti. P. 16,300. 
 
 Faventia, city, Italy. See Faenza. 
 
 FaTerges, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Savoie, 23 m. NE. by E. 
 Chambdry, arr. and 15 m. SE. Annecy. P. <2ooo. 
 
 FaTersbam, mun. bor. , market-tn. , and riv. port, Eng. , Kent, 
 
 F. div. , 9 m. W. by N. Canterbury, on a navigable arm of the 
 Swale, and on the L. C. & D. R. Member of the Cinque Port 
 of Dover. Has a valuable oyster fishery, and carries on shipy- 
 building and brick and cement making, and is the centre of a 
 large fruit and hop trade. Near F. are large gunpowder and 
 cotton-powder works. Its port admits vessels of upwards of 
 200 tons. Some fragments of the wall of Stephen's Abbey, in 
 which he and his queen, Matilda, and son, Eustace, were biuied, 
 are still in existence. Market-days, W., F., and S. Mun. 
 bor. P. (1801) 3400; (1851)4600; (1871)7200; (1891)10,500; 
 pari. div. P. 69,300. 
 
 Favlgnana, isl., Italy, one of the Egadi Is., 11 m. NW. by 
 N. Marsala; on its E. side is the chief town, San Leonardo, 
 and on the N. coast a good harbour, defended by Fort San 
 Giacomo. It carries on tunny and sardine fisheries. Alt. 990 ft. 
 
 FaTor Royal, electoral div. , Ire. , S. co. Tyrone, bar. Clogher, 
 16 m. SE. Omagh, 5 m. from Clogher stn., P.O. 
 
 Fafreett Forest, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, 7 m. NE. Ken- 
 daL P. <:25o. 
 
 Fawcett Hill, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Westmorland 
 CO., 6 m. from Petitcodiac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fawdlngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 5 m. NE. 
 Boroughbridge. P. <:25o. 
 
 Fawdon, par., Eng., Northumberland, Tyneside div., 4 m. 
 N. by W. Newcastle, i^ m. WNW. Gosforth stn. P. 500. 
 
 Fawdon and Cllncb, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick- 
 upon-Tweed div., 10 m. W. by N. Alnwick, 2 m. WSW. 
 Hedgeley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Fawfleldbead, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 7 m. NE. 
 Leek ; 5383 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Fawkenbnrst, or Hurst, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, in the 
 par. of Hurst, near Ashford. P. <;250. 
 
 Fairkhani, par., Eng., Kent, Dartmouth div., 5 J m. SW. 
 Gravesend, on the L. C. & D. R., PM.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Faivler, vil., Eng., Berkshire. See Kingston Lisle. 
 
 Fawler, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury div., on the 
 Evenlode, 4 m. W. Woodstock, 2^ m. SE. Charlbury stn. 
 P. <25o. See Flnstock. 
 
 Fawley, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div., 14^ 
 m. WNW. Windsor, 6 m. W. Great Marlow stn, P, <5oo. 
 
FAWL — FEDE 
 
 Fawley, par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 5 m. SSE. 
 Southampton, PMT.O.; 6843 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fa'wley, part of eccles. par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 
 4 m. N. by W. Ross, on the G. W. R., P.O. (F. Station). See 
 Fownliope. 
 
 Fawley, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, Abingdon div. , 10 m. NW. 
 by N. Newbury, 4 m. S. Wantage, 6 m. S. by W. Wantage 
 Road stn., P.O. (Great F.). P.<:2So. 
 
 Faivns, par., Eng., Northumberland, 13 m. W. Morpeth. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Fawr, Welsh, 'great.' See Mawr. 
 
 Fawsley, par. , Eng. , S. div. of Northamptonshire, 3J m. S. 
 by W. Daventry. P. <25o. 
 
 FaxaQord> the large bay in the W. of Iceland on which 
 Reikjavik stands. 
 
 Faxe, comm. , Denmark, in the S. of Seeland, prov. Prasto, 
 34 m. SW. by S. Copenhagen. 
 
 Faxfleet, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., on the Humber, 7 m. E. Goole, 3J m. SE. by S. Staddle- 
 thorpe stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Faxlna, tn. , Brazil, in the S. of the state of Sao Paulo, 180 m. 
 W. Santos. P. 6000. 
 
 Faxton, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 8 m. 
 NW. by N. Wellingborough, 2 m. E. Lamport stn. P. <;2So. 
 See Lamport. 
 
 Fay-de-Bretagne, comm. , France, dep. Loire-Inf6rieure, arr. 
 St. Nazaire, 8 m. NE. Savenay. P. <2000. 
 
 Fayal, one of the Azores Is., lat. of Horta, 38^° N., long. 
 28° 41' W. ; surface fertile ; in the centre is a mountain about 
 3000 ft. high; has a fine bay on the SE., which makes it the 
 most frequented of the group after St. Michael ; Horta, the 
 chief town, is on this bay, which has a breakwater, under shelter 
 of which 10 or 12 vessels of 20 ft. draught can be accommodated. 
 Area about 37 sq. m. 
 
 Fayal, comm., on the NE. ct. of Madeira I. P. <300o. 
 
 Fayence, tn., France, dep. Var, arr. Draguignan, 14 m. N. 
 by W. Fr^jus. P. < 2000. 
 
 Fayerweatlier Island, U.S., Connecticut, at the entrance 
 of Black Rock Harbour, with a lighthouse, in 41° 9' N., 73° 13' 
 W., visible 12 m. 
 
 Fayette, tn., U.S., Alabama, F. co., 58 m. W. by N. of 
 Birmingham. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Fayette, co., U.S., Georgia, between 33° and 34° N. and 84° 
 and 85° W. 
 
 Fayette, co., U.S., Illinois, intersected by39°N. and 89° W. 
 
 Fayette, co., U.S., Indiana, S. of 40° N., and bounded on 
 E. by 85° W. 
 
 Fayette, tn., U.S., Iowa, F. co., 54 m. SW. of the NE. 
 corner of state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Fayette, co., U.S., Kentucky, W. of the meridian 84°, and 
 crossed by the parallel of 38° N. 
 
 Fayette, vil., U.S., Mississippi, cap. Jefferson co. , 21 m. 
 ENE. Natchez. P. <isoo. 
 
 Fayette, city, U.S., Missouri, Howard co., 48 m. NW. by 
 N. Jefferson City. P. <3000. 
 
 Fayette, vil., U.S., Ohio, Fulton co., 41 m. W. Toledo. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Fayette, co., U.S., Ohio, in the SW., crossed by 39^° N. 
 and 831° W. 
 
 Fayette, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, F. co., on Monongahela 
 R., 29 m. S. by E. Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fayette, co., U.S., Tennessee, in the SW., on the S. frontier, 
 W. of 89° W. 
 
 Fayette, co., U.S., Texas, in the SE., crossed by 97° W., 
 and in the N. by 30° N. , traversed by the Colorado R. 
 
 Fayette, co., U.S., W. Virginia, in the S., crossed by 81° W. 
 and by 38° N. , with coal-mines. 
 
 FayettevUle, city, U.S., Arkansas, cap. Washington co., 42 
 m. SE. of the NW. comer of state. P. <3000. 
 
 Fayettevllle, vil., U.S., New Yofk, Onondaga co., near the 
 Erie Canal, about 8 m. E. Syracuse. P. < 1500. 
 
 FayetteTllle, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, cap. Cumberland co., 
 on Cape Fear R., which has been rendered navigable as far 
 as the coal-mines of Chatham co. , 50 m. S. by W. Raleigh. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 FayetteTllle, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Franklin co., 43 m. 
 SW. by W. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 FayetteTllle, tn., U.S., Tennessee, cap. Lincoln co., 70 m. 
 S. by E. Nashville. P. <300o. 
 
 FayetteTllle, vil, U.S., W. Virginia, cap. Fayette co., on 
 the Great Kanawha R., 33 m. SE. Charleston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fay Gate, stn., Eng., Sussex, on the L. B. & S. C. R., 4 m. 
 NE. Horsham, PMT.O. 
 
 Fayld, tn., Egypt, on the W. shore of Bitter Lake, 19 m. S. 
 Ismailia. 
 
 Fay-le-Frold, tn. , France, on the SE. border of dep. Haute 
 Loire, arr. Le Puy, 32 m. S. by W. St. Etienne. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Fay8*Blllot, or Fayl-Blllot, tn. , France, dep. Haute Marne, 
 arr. Langres, 41 m. NE. Dijon ; has manufactures of scythes 
 and cutlery. P. < 3000. 
 
 Fayt-le-Franc, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 11 m. SW. 
 Mons. P. < 2000. 
 
 Fayt-les-Seneffe, comm. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 3 m. SSW. 
 Seneffe, loj NW. by W. Charleroi. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Fayum, Fayonm, or Falnm, prov., Egypt, to the W. of the 
 Nile a little above the head of the delta, the cultivated area of 
 which has for three thousand years been fed with water by the 
 Bahr-Yusuf {q.v.); cap. Medinet-el-Fayum. The drainage of 
 this dist. is received by the lake called Birket-el-Kerun (q.v.). 
 Important explorations were made by Mr. Flinders Petrie at 
 the sites of ancient cities in this prov. in 1887-88. See Petrie, 
 Hawara, Biahmu, and Arsinoe, Lond., 4to, 1889. Cultivated 
 area of prov. (including the oases of Beharieh and Farafrah), 
 4930 sq. m. ; settled pop. (1882) 206,000. 
 
 Faza, tn. , on a small isl. , Brit. E. Africa, in 2° S. 
 
 Fazakerley, par., Eng., Lancashire, Bootle div., 4 m. NNE. 
 Liverpool, on the L. & Y. R. P. <iSoo. 
 
 Fazeley, par. , Eng., Staffordshire, Lichfield div., ij m. S. 
 by E. Tamworth, i\ m. W. Wilnecote and F. stn. on the M. R., 
 PMT.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Filzllka, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Firozpur, 80 m. 
 S. by W. Lahore, 5 m. from the 1. bk. of the Sutlej. P. (1881) 
 6900; (1891) 7600; Hindus, 5300; Moham. 2100. 
 
 Fazogl, Fazokl, Fazoglo, or Fasogl, mountainous dist., 
 Sudan, on both banks of the Blue Nile, in ii°-ii^° N., cap. 
 Famaka; produces gum, senna, tamarinds, gold, and ivory. 
 Estimated P. 500,000 (Funj Negroes). 
 
 Fea, Longb, small lake. Ire. , in the extreme S. of co. London- 
 derry, 6\ m. NW. Cookstown, drained by the Moyola into 
 Lough Neagh. 
 
 Feagh, St. BUcbael's of, par. , Ire. , co. and in tp. of Wexford, 
 bar. Forth. P. <3000. 
 
 Feakle, par. and tn., Ire., NE. co. Clare, bar. Upper Tulla, 
 12 m. NW. Killaloe, 6 m. from Sixmilebridge stn., P.O. Par. 
 35,999 ac, P. <45oo ; tn. (Banrroe and F.) P. <25o. 
 
 Feale, riv. , Ire. , rises in the N W. of co. Cork, flows NW. , 
 forms part of the boundary between Limerick and Kerry, then 
 traverses the N. of Kerry, passing Listowel, and takes the name 
 of Cashen before entering the estuary of the Shannon. 
 
 Fear, Cape, U.S. See Smltb's I., N. Carolina. 
 
 Fearby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div., 
 9^ m. NW. Ripon, q.\ m. W. Masham stn., P.O. P. <:250. 
 
 Fearn, Gaelic, ' alder- tree. ' 
 
 Fearn, par. and vil. , Scot. , Ross-shire and Cromarty, 4§ m. 
 SE. Tain, with a stn. on the H. R., PMT.O.; 7841 ac. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Fearn, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 7 m. N. by E. Forfar, P.O. ; 
 8792 ac. P. <:50o. 
 
 Fearnan, hamlet, Scot., Perthshire, near Fortingall, P.O. 
 
 Fearnbead, vil., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. NE. Warrington. 
 See Poulton. 
 
 iFeatber, riv., U.S., California, trib. of Sacramento, which it 
 joins on the 1. bk. in 38° 46' N. It is navigable for steamers to 
 Yuba City. 
 
 Featberbed Lane, gorge. Ire., NE. co. Dublin, 15 m. SE. 
 by S. Drogheda. 
 
 Featberston, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., co. Waira- 
 rapa South, 50 m. by rail from Wellington. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Featberstone, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , 4^ m. N. 
 by E. Wolverhampton, 2^ m. SE. Four Ashes stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Featberstone, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. 
 W. Pontefract, with a stn. on the L. & Y. R. ; coal-mining. 
 P.O. (Nortb F.). Par. P.<4Soo ; tn. P. 7500. 
 
 Featberstone, par., Eng., Northumberland, on theS. Tyne, 
 3 m. SW. Haltwhistle, with a stn. on the NE. R. P. <50o. 
 
 Featberstone, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I. , Wairarapa 
 South CO., 28 m. ENE. Wellington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Featberstone, Sontb, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. 
 See Purston. 
 
 Febres, vil., Portugal, dist. Coimbra. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Fecamp, seapt. tn., France, dep. Seine-Inf6rieure, on the W. 
 ct., at mouth of R. Fecamp, 22 m. NE. by N. Havre; its new 
 dock and tidal harbour have a depth of 22.8 ft. at neap, 29.2 ft. 
 at spring tides. F. has numerous cotton, oil, and other mills. 
 Mean temp., yr. 51.5° F., Jan. 40.6°, Aug. 63.6°. P. (1872) 
 12,650; (1891)12,700. 
 
 Fecbenbelm, vil. , Prussia, prov. Hesse- Nassau, govt, Cassel, 
 8 m. W. Hanau. P. <40oo. 
 
 Fecbllu, riv. , Scot. See Klllln, Locb. 
 
 Fecbt, riv. , Ger. , Alsace, rises on the Rheinkopf, and flows 
 NE. by E. through the Miinster valley, and then NE. into the 111, 
 about midway between Kolmar and Schlettstadt ; not navigable. 
 
 Feckenliam, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Evesham div. , 7 m. 
 SE. by S. Bromsgrove, 4 m. W. Coughton stn., PMT.O.; 
 6978 ac. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Fedamore, par. , Ire. , NE. co. and 8 m. S. Limerick, bars. 
 ClanwiUiam and Smallcounty, 5 m. from Croom stn., P.O.; 
 6738 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Feddyglass, electoral div. , Ire. , Donegal, dist. Raphoe. 
 
 Fede, Tibbu name of the Bahr-el-Ghazal (Lake Chad region). 
 
 519 
 
FEDE — FELL 
 
 Federaclon, tn. , S. America, Venezuela, Zulia, 220 m. E. 
 Cartagena. 
 
 Federal Point, vil., U.S., Florida, Putnam co., on r. bk. of 
 R. St. John's, 43 m. S. by W. of mouth of the river. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Fee, Longh, Ire., NW. co. Galway, 18J m. SW. Westport. 
 
 Feeagh, Longh, Ire. , NW. co. Mayo, 20 m. SW. by W. Ballina. 
 
 Feeder, rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, Haldimand co., 33 m. 
 SE. by S. Hamilton. 
 
 Feehorn, Switzd. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 1. 
 
 Feejee Islands. See Fiji Islands. 
 
 Feenagh, vil. , Ire., S. co. Limerick, bar. Upper Connello, 
 20 m. NW. by N. Mallow, P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Feenagh, par. , Ire. , co. Clare, bar. Bunratty, Lower, i| m. 
 W. Sixmile bridge. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Feeny, tn. , Ire. , in co. and 13J m. SE. by E. Londonderry, 
 bar. Tirkeeran, 4 m. from Dungiven stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Feeriug, par. , Eng. , Essex, Maldon div. , on the Blackwater, 
 7J m. ESE. Braintree, i m. NE. Kelvedon stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Fegyremek, comm., Hungary, co. Jisz-Nagy-Kis-Szolnok, 
 dist. Tisza k6z6p. P. 5600. 
 
 Feher, Hungarian, 'white.' 
 
 Feh^r-Gyarmat, vil., Himgary, co. Szatmar. P. < 4000. 
 
 Felierinana, or Ferenai, dist. in the SW. of Madagascar, 
 crossed by 22° S. 
 
 Feb^rtemplom. See Weissiurchen. 
 
 Fehmarn, Fehmern, or Femern, isl. , Prussia, prov. Schles- 
 wig-Holstein, off the E. ct., in 54^° N. and 11° 15' E., separated 
 from the mainland by F. Sonnd, and from the Danish island of 
 Laaland by F. Belt ; cap. Burg. Area, 61^ sq. m. P. 9800. 
 
 Felirbellin,tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. and 29 m. NNE. Branden- 
 burg ; connected by canal with the HaveL Victory of the Elector 
 Frederick William over Sweden, i8th June 1675. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Feia, Lagoa, a lagoon near the E. ct. of Brazil, prov. Rio de 
 Janeiro, crossed by 22° S. 
 
 Felgh, tnld. , Ire. , co. Antrim. See DnuseTerick. 
 
 Feigbenllen, par. , Ire. , co. and 4 m. N. Kildare, bars. Con- 
 nell and E. Offaly, on Grand Canal ; 4085 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Feildlng, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Oroua co., 85 
 m. NE. by N. Wellington, with which it is connected by raiL 
 P. <:2ooc. 
 
 Feiluan-tn, improperly called Samsab Bay, bay with 
 narrow opening to the China Sea, on the NE. ct. of the Chinese 
 prov. of Fokien. Sheltered roadstead 62-75 m. long, 19-25 m. 
 wide, strewn with numerous islets. 
 
 Fcld, isl., Denmark, to the N. of Laaland ; has fisheries. 
 
 Feira, seapt. tn., Portugal, prov. Beira, dist. Aveiro, 14 m. 
 SSE. Oporto. P. < 3000. 
 
 Felran, Sinai penin. See Firan. 
 
 Feistritz, vil., Austria, Carinthia, 35 m. W. Klagenfurt. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Feizor (fei'zor), hamlet, Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton 
 div. , 23 m. SE. Kendal, 3 m. NW. by N. Settle. 
 
 Fejer, co., Hungary, bounded E. by the Danube, crossed by 
 47° N. ; cap. Stuhlweissenburg, which is also the German name 
 of the county. 
 
 Fekete, Hungarian, 'black.' 
 
 Feketehalom, Ger. Zeiden, viL, Hungary, Transylvania, 
 CO. and 8 m. NW. Kronstadt. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Feketetaegy, or Feketits, viL, Hungary, co. Bacs, circle 
 Zombor, dist. Kula. P. 5200. 
 
 Felanltx, or Felanlcbe, tn. , Spain, isL of Majorca, 27 m. E. 
 by S. Palma, with Puerto Colon, its port, safe but shallow, 7^ 
 m. ESE. P. 11,800. 
 
 Felbridge, eccles. par. and viL, Eng., Surrey and Sussex, 
 2 m. NW. East Grinstead, P.O. P. -C500. 
 
 Felbrigg, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 2J m. SW. by S. 
 Cromer. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (F. witb RIetton) P. <25o. 
 
 Feld, or Veld, Teutonic, ' a plain or field. ' 
 
 Feldbacb, tn., Austria, Styria, on the Raab, 23 m. ESE. 
 Graz. P. <20oo. 
 
 Feldberg, mt. , Ger. , Baden, loj m. SE. Freiburg, the highest 
 peak of the Black Forest Alt. 4900 ft. 
 
 Feldkircb, tn., Austria, prov. Vorarlberg, on the 111, just 
 above the place where that river emerges on the alluvial plain of 
 the Rhine, 16 m. SE. St. Gall, Switzd. ; manufactures cottons, 
 ribbons, &c. Alt. 1480 ft. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Feldkirchen, viL, Austria, Carinthia, 14 m. NW. by W. 
 Klagenfurt. P. <20oo. 
 
 Feldmark, part of comm. of Bocholt, Prussia, near Essen. 
 P. 7200. 
 
 Feldmark, vil., Prtissia, Rhine Prov. See Wesel. 
 
 Feldmocbing, viL , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 5 m. NNW. Munich. P. <20oo. 
 
 Feldsbcrg, tn. , Lower Austria, 39 m. NNE. Vienna. P. <400o. 
 
 Feldsee, lake, Ger., Baden, on the E. side of Feldberg Mt. 
 
 F('-lcg}'taiiza, or Kis-knn F^legybAza (pronounced feledy- 
 haza, nearly felejhaza), free tn. , Hungary, 15 m. SSE. Kecs- 
 kemet. P. (1850) i7,8ioo; (1869)21,303; (1890)30,300. 
 
 Feliciana, East, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, in the S., on 
 520 
 
 the N. (Mississippi) frontier, crossed by 91° W. Feliciana, 
 West, par. adjoining East Feliciana, bounded on the W. by the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 FeUclty, viL, U.S., Ohio, Clermont co., 28 m. SE. by E. 
 Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Felicndi, isls. , Mediterranean. See Fllicnrl. 
 
 Felindre, hamlet, Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., 6 m. 
 N. by W. Swansea, 3 m. E. by S. Pontardulais stn., P.O. 
 
 Fellnfoel, eccles. par. and mining vil., Wales, Carmarthen- 
 shire, E. div., 2 m. N. by E. Llanelly, PM.O. P. <4000. See 
 Vellnvoel. 
 
 Felln Hen, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, .\rfon div., on the 
 L. & NW. R., 3 m. S. Bangor. 
 
 Felino, the ancient Felinuni, comm. , Italy, prov. and circle 
 Parma. P. <40oo. 
 
 Feliskirk, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 13 m. NE. by E. Ripon, 2i m. ENE. Thirsk, P.O. 
 P. <25o ; eccles. par. (F. with Boltby) P. <: 1000. 
 
 Felixstoyre, or Felixtowe, par. and rising watering-place, 
 vrith firm sandy beach, Eng. , Suffolk, \2.\ m. SE. Ipswich, with 
 a stn. on the G. E. R. ; there is a tidal dock 23 ft. deep at ordinary 
 low water. PMT.O., and PT.O. (F. Ferry). Par. P. <:2ooo ; 
 lu-ban sanitary dist. (F. and Walton) P. <4000. 
 
 Felizzano, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 8 m. W, 
 Alessandria. P. <30oo. 
 
 Felkington, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, div. and 6\ m. SW. 
 by S. Berwick-upon-Tweed, 3 m. S. Velvethall stn. P". <25o. 
 
 Felklrk -with Brierley, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, div. and 5 m. NE. by N. Bamsley, i.\ m. ESE. Royston 
 and Notton stn. Felkirk ' still literally the Fieldkirk, a church 
 in the fields," no village having gathered around it ( York Dioc. 
 Mag., Oct. 1892). P. <25oo. 
 
 Fell, Fjeld, Scandinavian, a ' hill,' ' mountain,' or ' rock,' pro- 
 bably cognate with Ger. Fels, the former occurring in English 
 and Icelandic proper names (in Icelandic also Fjdll), the latter 
 (plur. Fjeldene) in Norwegian and Swedish ; usually in proper 
 names a suffix, and spelt everywhere, except in England, in one 
 word with the name proper (hke Snaefell, in the Isle of Man 
 and in Iceland). See Elf. 
 
 Fella, riv., in the SE. of Carinthia, and NE. of Venetia, L bk. 
 trib. of the Tagliamento ; its valley is ascended by the railway 
 from Udine to Villach and Klagenfurt. 
 
 Fellabtn. See Egypt. 
 
 Fellata, Fnlah, Fnlbe, called by the Haussa Fellani, or 
 Fillani, one of the most important and interesting peoples of 
 Africa. They inhabit the western and central Sudan from 
 Senegambia to the Chad region, and S. of it to Adamawa. 
 Nowhere in these countries do they form the sole population, 
 but they live among the other races that have been subdued by 
 them, e.g., the Haussa {q.v.). The F. are a fine race of light 
 colour. Their intelligence is far superior to that of the negro 
 inhabitants of the western Sudan. Intermarriage between the 
 two races is frequent, and the distinction of red and black F. is 
 due to this fact. The great majority of the F. are Moham- 
 medans, those of Adamawa are pagans. Their occupation is 
 cattle-rearing and agriculture. On the Gambia, the upper 
 Niger, and in Adamawa the former prevails, whilst the inhabi- 
 tants of Sokoto and Gando chiefly follow agricultural pursuits. 
 Trade and industries are on a comparatively high level in these 
 semi-civilised territories : cotton cloths, salt, leather goods, guru 
 nuts, and pottery ware are the chief trade articles. The chief 
 trade centre for the western F. sultanates is Timbuktu {q.v.), 
 and for the states E. of the Niger, Kano (P. 60,000). The 
 ethnological position of the F. and their origin are entirely 
 unknown. We are able to assert, however, that in the i6th 
 century they inhabited the territories of the lower Senegal, 
 especially Futa Toro, and from there they began their first 
 conquests. But it is only since the beginning of this century 
 that they have obtained their present standing. Sheikh Othman , 
 whose first conquests were in 1802, was the founder of the great 
 F. empire which flourished under his successors, Mohammed 
 Bello and Atica, But during the last thirty years the vast 
 territories of this state have been split up into a number of 
 sultanates, the most imp>ortant of which are those of Futa 
 Jallon, Futa Toro, Segu-Kaarta, Massina, Gando, Yoruba, 
 Abeokuta, and the great sultanate of Sokoto, including Adam- 
 awa. But even in countries more to the E., such as Bornu, 
 Bagirmi, Wadai, and Darfur, F. colonies are to be found. 
 About areas and P. , see Sokoto, Adamawa, Massina, Cando. 
 [H. «. 8.] 
 
 FeUbach, viL, Ger., kgd. Wtirtemberg, 4^ m. ENE. Stutt- 
 gart. P. <4O0O. 
 
 Felleringen, viL , Ger. , Alsace, 39 m. NW. by W. Mlilhausen. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Felletin, tn., France, dep. Creuse, on the Creuse, 38 m. SW. 
 by S. Montlu9on, arr. and 5 m. S. Aubusson. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Felley, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 6 m. SW. by 
 S. Mansfield. P. <25o. 
 
 Fellbanuner, vil. , Pnissia, prov. Silesia, govt. Breslau, circle 
 Waldenburg, dist. Gottesberg. P. <40oo. 
 
FELL 
 
 FENT 
 
 FelUn, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Livonia, 142 m. NNW. of 
 Riga, at Lake Fellin. P. 5360. 
 
 Fellliig, eccles. par. and tn. , Eng., Durham, in the W. of the 
 Jarrow div., 2^ m. SE. Newcastle, on the NE. R. Par. P. 
 7800 ; tn. P. 17,500. 
 
 Fellliigsbro, comm. , Sweden, prov. (Ian) and 20 m. NE. 
 Orebro ; has several iron-works. P. 7000. 
 
 Felliscllffe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3 m. SW. 
 Ripley. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Fellow Green, hamlet, Eng., Surrey, 7^ m.SW.Chertsey, P.O. 
 
 Fellowship, one of the Seychelles, Indian Ocean. 
 
 Felniersltam, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 
 on the Great Ouse, 6.^ m. NW. by N. Bedford, ij m. SSW. 
 Sharnbrook stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Felmlngliani, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 8 m. S. by E. 
 Cromer, on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Felpham, ct. par. , Eng. , Sussex, Chichester div. , on the S. ct. , 
 6 m. SW. Arundel, 2 m. E. Bognor, PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Feb, Felsen, Ger. , 'a rock,' 'rocks.' See Fell. 
 
 Felsltam, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 6 m. W. by S. Stow- 
 market, 7 m. SE. Bury St. Edmunds, PM.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Felso, Hungarian prefix meaning Upper. Some names of 
 towns having this prefix will be found entered under the second 
 part of the name. 
 
 Felso-Banya, Hungary. See Banya. 
 
 Felstead, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., 5^ m. W. by S. 
 Braintree, i m. SE. by E. of its stn. on the G. E. R., PMT.O. ; 
 6426 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Feltliam, par., Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge div., 4 m. E. 
 Staines, on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. <4000. 
 
 Feltborpe, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 7 m. NW. by W. 
 Norwich, 2^ m. E. by N. Attlebridge stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Feltou, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div., 7^ m. 
 NE. Hereford. P. <250. 
 
 Felton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., on the Coquet, 8 m. S. Alnwick, 2\ m. WSW. Acklington 
 stn., PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Felton, old par. , Eng. , Northumberland. See Acton. 
 
 Felton, hamlet, Eng., Somerset, N. div., 5^ m. SW. by W. 
 Bristol, 2J m. S. Bourton stn., P.O. 
 
 Felton, West, par., Eng., Salop, div. and 4^ m. SE. by E. 
 Oswestry, 2 m. SW. Rednallstn., PMT.O.; 6108 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Feltou Common Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Somersetshire, 
 Backwell, Winford and Wrington pars. P. <5oo. 
 
 Feltre, the a.nc\ent Feltria, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. Belluno, 
 29 m. NW. by N. Treviso ; has a cathedral. P. 13,300. 
 
 FeltweU, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 13 m. NE. by E. 
 Ely, PMT.O. ; 13,181 ac. P.<20oo. 
 
 Feltwell Anchor, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, adjoining F. P. < 250. 
 
 Felu, cataracts. See Senegal. 
 
 Feluja, tn., Turkey in Asia, on the Euphrates, W. by N. 
 Bagdad, with which it is connected by the Sarsar CanaL 
 
 Felnps. See Fnlups. 
 
 Felny, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 2J m. N. Seneffe, 13^ 
 m. NW. Charleroi. P. <4000. 
 
 FelTlncz, tn. , with magistracy, Hungary, Transylvania, 29 m. 
 SSE. Klausenburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Femern, isl. , Prussia. See Fehmam. 
 
 Femlna, or Femmlne, a small rocky isl. off the N. ct. of 
 Sicily, 10 m. NW. Palermo. 
 
 Fen, part of eccles. par. , Eng. See Hecklngton. 
 
 Fen, West, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, parts of Lindsey, Spilsby 
 union. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Fenagh, par., Ire., co. and 9 m. E. by N. Leitrim, bars. 
 Carigallen, Leitrim, and Mohill, P.O.; 9761 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Fenagh, PM.O., Ire., co. Carlow, 6 m. E. Bagnalstown. 
 
 Fenain, comm. , France, dep. Nord, 10 m. W. Valenciennes. 
 P. <:30oo. 
 
 Fenaroa, tn., Abyssinia, Tigre, no m. NE. Debra Tabor. 
 
 Feitarol, vil. , Uruguay, dep. and 10 m. N. by E. Montevideo. 
 
 Fenay Bridge, hamlet and stn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 on the L. &. NW. R., 5 m. SE. Huddersfield, PM.O. 
 
 Fenby, vil., Eng., Lincolnshire, parts of Lindsey, 5 m. SW. 
 Grimsby. See Ashby with Fenby. 
 
 Feucehonses, hamlet and stn. , Eng. , Durham, on the NE. R. , 
 5^ m. NNE. Durham ; has coal. 
 
 Fence In Pendle, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. N. 
 Burnley, PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fenchon, or Fon-chon, tn. , China, prov. Shansi, near the 
 r. bk. of the Fen-ho, 305 m. SW. by W. Peking, 60 m. SW. by 
 W. Taiyuen-fu. 
 
 Feuchnrch Street, stn. , Eng., London, i m. E. by S. St. 
 Paul's, one of the termini of the G. E. R., also the terminus of 
 the London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly. 
 
 Fencot and Murcot, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock 
 div., on the Ray, 7^ m. NE. by N. Oxford, 3 m. ENE. Islip 
 stn. P. ■C250. 
 
 Fencote, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 8J m. 
 SE. by E. Richmond, 2 m. NW. by W. Scruton stn., P.O. 
 (Great F.). See Klrkby Fleetham. 
 
 Fenderbrldge, hamlet, Scot., W. Perthshire, on the Fender, 
 I m. N. by E. Blair Athole, P.O. 
 
 Fen Dltton, par., Eng., Cambridge, Newmarket div., 2 J m. 
 NE. by E. Cambridge, with a stn. (Barnwell) on the G. E. R. ; 
 has phosphate of hme deposits. P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Fen Drayton, Eng., Cambridgeshire. See Drayton, Fen. 
 
 Fendrlth Hill, Eng., Durham, 15 NE. by E. Appleby, 
 Alt. 2284 ft. 
 
 Fendnk, vil., Turkey in Asia, near 1. bk. Tigris, 105 m. 
 NW. MosuL Near it rock-cut dwellings, supposed by some 
 to be remains of the ancient Bezabde. See Jezlre-lbn-Omar. 
 
 Fene, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. Corunna, dist. Puente- 
 d6ume. P. 5000. 
 
 Fenelon Falls, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Victoria co. , 67 m. NE. 
 by N. Toronto, on Sturgeon Lake. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Fen End, hamlet, Eng., Warwickshire, 3 m. E. Knowle 
 stn., P.O. 
 
 Fener-Bnmn, small penin., Turkey in Europe, jutting W. 
 into the Karagach-Liman (.^gean Sea), 18 m. E. by N. of the 
 mouth of the Kara-su. 
 
 Fener-kiii, or Fanaraki ('village of the lighthouse,' after 
 an old lighthouse in the vicinity), vil., Turkey in Europe, at the 
 Black Sea end of the Bosporus. 
 
 Fenestrelle, fortified vil. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 31 m. 
 W. Turin. To the N. is the pass of F., connecting the valley 
 of the Clusone with that of the Dora Riparia. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Feng-ynng, tn., China, prov. Pechili, 95 m. E. Peking. 
 
 Fenham, par., Eng., Northumberland, i^ m. NW. New- 
 castle. P. <;25o. See Benwell. 
 
 Fen-ho, or Fou-ho, riv., China, prov. Shansi (q.v.), rises in 
 the N. half of the prov. and flows on the whole S. , past or near 
 Taiyuen-fu, Fen-chou, and Pingyang, then turns WSW. and 
 joins the Hwang-ho in about 35° 25' N. 
 
 Fenlscowles, or Fennlscowles, eccles. par., Eng., Lanca- 
 shire, Darwen div., 2^ m. SW. Blackburn, on the Leeds and 
 Liverpool Canal and The L. & Y. R., P.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fenit, par.. Ire., NW. ct., co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy, 
 on E. shore of bay and 7^ m. W. by N. "Tralee, with a stn. on 
 the Waterford and Limerick Rly., PMT.O. P. <:500. 
 
 Fenltou, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 3^ m. W. by S. 
 Honiton, 12 m. SE. by E. Tiverton, close to Sidmouth June, 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Fennagh, par., Ire., co. Carlow, bars. Idrone E. , Forth, and 
 Rathvilly, 9J m. SSE. Carlow; 10,515 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Fenneirs, or Croxon's Corners, vil., Canada, Ontario, 
 Simcoe co. , 2 m. from Gilford, and 15 m. from Barrie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fennlscowles, Eng., Lancashire. See Fenlscowles. 
 
 Fennor, par., Ire., co. Meath, bar. Lower Duleek, on R. 
 Boyne, i m. S. Slane. P. <:25o. 
 
 Fennor, par.. Ire., NE. co. Tipperary, bar. SUeveardagh, 
 9^ m. E. by N. Thurles ; 7918 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Fenn's Bank, stn., Wales, Flintshire, on the Cambrian Rly., 
 12^ m. SW. by W. Nantwich. 
 
 Fenny Bentley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 10 m. SW. 
 by W. Matlock, 2^ m. N. Ashbourne stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Fenny Compton, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Rugby div. , 8 m. 
 NNW. Banbury, on the L, & NW. R., PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Fenny Drayton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 5 m. 
 SW. Bosworth, 2 m. WNW. Higham on Hill stn. , P.O. P. <:250. 
 
 Fenny Stratford, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Buckingham- 
 shire, div. and iii m. E. Buckingham, on the Ousel, on the 
 L. &NW. R., PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. P. < 3000. 
 
 Feno, headland, Corsica, on the W. ct. , to the NW. of Ajaccio. 
 
 Fenoagh, par.. Ire., co. Waterford, bar. Upperthird, on the 
 Suir, 2 m. SE. Carrick-on-Suir ; 3613 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 FenoarlTO, tn. , Madagascar, on the E. ct., in about 17° 20' S. 
 
 Fenor, P.O., Ire., co. Waterford, 3 m. from Tramore. 
 
 Fenrother, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 
 4J m. NNW. Morpeth. P. <2So. 
 
 Fen Stanton, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 5J 
 m. ESE. Huntingdon, i^ m. S. by W. St. Ives stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <; 1000. 
 
 Fenton, vil. , Eng. , Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div. , 7 m. NE. 
 Himtingdon, i m. SE. by S. Warboys stn. See Pldley and 
 Somersham. 
 
 Fenton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 8^ m. 
 WNW. Lincoln, i^ m. SSE. Torksey stn. P.<25o. See 
 Kettlethorpe. 
 
 Fenton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 5J m. 
 ESE. Newark, 2 m. NE. Claypole stn. P. <:2So. See Beck- 
 ingham. 
 
 Fenton, eccles. par. and tn. , Eng. , Staffordshire, included 
 in the pari. bor. of Stoke-upon-Trent, adjoining Stoke on the 
 SE. , with two stns. (F. and F. Manor) on the N. Staffordshire 
 Rly. Par. P. 12,100; tn. P. 17,000. 
 
 Fentonbary, post-tn., Tasmania, Buckingham co., 48 m. 
 N. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 FentonTllle, vil, U.S., Michigan, Genesee co., 50 m. NW. 
 Detroit. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Fenton, Kirk or Chnrch, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 
 521 
 
PENT 
 
 FERN 
 
 Barkston Ash div., loj m. SW. by S. York, on the NE. R. 
 (Church F.). P. <5oo. 
 
 Feuton, Uttle, par., i m. S. by W. Kirk Fenton. 
 P. <:2So. 
 
 Fentress, cc, U.S., Tennessee, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 by 85° W. 
 
 Fenwlck, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 9 m. SSE. 
 Berwick-upon-Tweed, 2 m. S. Beal stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Fen-wick, hamlet, Eng., Northumberland, div. and 9^ m. 
 NE. by E. Hexham, near the Pont, 6 m. NNW. Prudhoe stn. 
 
 Fenwlck, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross div. , 
 8 J m. N. by E. Doncaster, ij m. S. Balne stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Fenwlck, par. and vil., Scot., N. Ayrshire, 4 m. NE. by N. 
 Kilmarnock, PM.O. Par. 18,104 ac, P. <iSoo; vil. P. <5oo. 
 
 Fen-wlck, vil. , U.S. , Connecticut, Middlesex co. , on the coast, 
 15 m. WSW. New London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Feock, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, 4 m. S. Truro, P.O. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Feolianagh (fi'na), tnld. , Ire., SW. co. Limerick, bar. Glen- 
 quin, 22 m. ESE. Listowel, 5 m. from Newcastle stn. , P.O. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Per, French, from 'L.viXm.ferruvt, 'iron.' 
 Fer, Cap de, Algeria. See Ras Hadid. 
 Fer, lie de, Canary Is. See Ferro. 
 
 Feraghan, plain, Persia, prov. Irak Ajemi, between Kum and 
 Hamadan ; noted for its carpet manufactures. Alt. 7000 ft. 
 
 Ferahabad, Persia. See Farakhabad. 
 
 Fer'ata, vil. , Palestine, probably the Ophrah of the O. T. , 
 31° 11' N., 35° 10' E., 6 m. W. by S. Nablus. 
 
 Ferbane, tn.. Ire., NW. King's co. , bar. Garrycastle, 11^ m. 
 SSE. Athlone, on the Claraand Banagher Rly. , PMT. O. Market- 
 day, Th. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ferdaneh, vil. , Eg)rpt, on the W. side of the Suez Canal, 
 9 m. NNE. Ismailia. 
 
 Ferdinand, vil., U.S., Indiana, Du Bois co., 57 m. W. 
 Louisville (Ky.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Ferdinnndea, or Ciraham Island, a remarkable volcanic 
 islet, which appeared in the Mediterranean July 31, 1831, in 
 37° 8' 3" N. , 12° 42' 15" E. , between Sicily and Pantelleria, and 
 remained visible above the water for three months. The depth 
 at the place where it appeared has gradually increased from z\ 
 fathoms in 1832 to 24 fathoms in 1885. 
 
 Fire, Ia, fortified tn. , France, dep. Aisne, on the Oise, arr. 
 and 14 m. NW. by W. Laon ; has a large arsenal and a school 
 of artillery. Was taken by the Spaniards in 1536, and occupied 
 by the Prussians in 1814, 1815, and 1870. P. <4ooo. 
 
 F^re-Champenolse, tn., France, dep. Marne, arr. and 20m. 
 S. Epernay. P. < 3000. 
 
 Fire en Tardeuois, tn., France, dep. Aisne, arr. Chateau- 
 Thierry, 16 m. SE. by S. Soissons. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ferejlk, Feret, or Fered, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 
 15 m. ENE. Dede-Agach ; with warm saline springs and large 
 and luxurious baths. P. 4000. 
 
 Ferenal, dist., Madagascar. See Feherenana. 
 
 Ferentino, tn. , Italy, prov. Rome, 30 m. SE. Tivoli ; seat of 
 a bishop. P. 10,700. 
 
 Feret, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Ferejik. 
 
 Feret, Cape, France, dep. Gironde, at N. entrance of the 
 Bassin d'Arcachon ; dangerous for navigation. 
 
 Fergana, prov., Russian Turkistan, formerly khanate of 
 Kokan, has Syr-daria on W. and N. ; Semiryechensk and 
 Kashgaria on E. ; the Pamirs, the khanates of Karategin and 
 Darvaz, and Russian prov. Zerafshan in S. Occupies the rich 
 valley of the upper Syr and Naryn opening to the W., and 
 extends in the N. over the mountains of the Tian-Shan system, 
 while it spreads in the S. over the Alai Mts. and part of the 
 Pamirs, the S. frontier still remaining unsettled. The pop., 
 which consists chiefly of Sartes (about 350,000), nomadic Kir- 
 ghizes (about 130,000), Tajiks (about 12,000), and Kipchak 
 Tatars (70,000), with a few thousands of Russians, is chiefly 
 settled in the valley, the Kirghizes living nomadically in the 
 mountains. The fertile parts of the valley are well irrigated 
 and cultivated. Chief towns: Kokan (cap. of prov.), Andijan, 
 Namangan, Margelan, Osh, Uzgent, Gulcha; divided into 
 seven dists. Area, 35,654 sq. m. P. 716,000. 
 
 Fergus, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Wellington co. , on the Grand 
 R., 53 m. W. by N. Toronto, on a railway. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fei-gns Rlrer, Ire., in the S. of co. Clare, passes Ennis and 
 enters the Shannon by a wide but shallow estuary after a SE. 
 course of about 27 m. 
 
 Fergus, co., U.S., Montana, crossed by 47° N., and in the 
 middle by 109° W. 
 
 Fergus Falls, city, U.S., Minnesota, cap. Ottertail co., on 
 the Red River of the N., 168 m. NW. by W. Minneapolis. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Fergnshlll, vil. , Scot. , N. Ayrshire, 2J m. N. Irvine, 2 m. 
 E. Kilwinning stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Ferguson, co. , Queensland, crossed by 150° E. , and in the N. 
 by 24° S. , bounded on the W. by the Dawson R. 
 
 Fergusson, co. , S. Australia, occupying nearly the whole of 
 Yorke's Penin. 
 522 
 
 Fergusson, the middle of the three main islands of the 
 D'Entrecasteaux group. 
 
 Ferla, tn. , Spain, prov. and 29 m. SE. Badajoz. P. 3000. 
 
 Ferlana, tn. , Tunis, on the r. bk. of the Wadi F. , 103 m. 
 SW. by W. Kairwan, a few miles to the SW. of the ruins of 
 the ancient Thelepte. 
 
 Feriutosh, a detached portion of Nairnshire, Scot. , at the 
 head of the Cromarty Frith, about 2 m. E. by S. Dingwall. 
 
 Ferkan, tn. , Algeria, 133 m. SSE. Constantine. 
 
 Ferkela, tn. , Morocco, prov. Tafilelt. 
 
 Ferla, comm. , Sicily, prov. and 20 m. W. by N. Syracuse. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Ferman'agh, co.. Ire., Ulster, bounded W. by co. Leitrim, 
 N. by cos. Donegal and Tjrrone, E. by co. Monaghan, and S. 
 by CO. Cavan ; divided into the following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 P. 1891. 
 
 Clanawley .... 
 
 Clankelly 
 
 Coole 
 
 Knockninny .... 
 
 Lurg 
 
 Magheraboy .... 
 
 Magherastephana 
 
 Tirkennedy .... 
 
 Total, Fermanagh. 
 
 72,876 
 39,068 
 17,302 
 27,730 
 66,167 
 79.121 
 58,978 
 56,423 
 
 9,616 
 
 7.223 
 
 3.320 
 
 5,800 
 
 12,361 
 
 12,504 
 
 10,412 
 
 12,934 
 
 417.665 
 
 74.170 
 
 The surface is irregular, and mostly hilly, the highest points 
 being Cuilcagh (2188 ft. ) and Belmore (1312 ft). The geological 
 formation is mainly limestone (with underground watercourses), 
 millstone grit, and Old Red Sandstone. The riv. Erne, with its 
 two fine lakes, drains nearly the whole county, dividing it into 
 two equal parts by its course from SE. to NW. The lower 
 lands are fertile, owing to their rich, loamy soil. For agricul- 
 tural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10 -12. Antiquities : A roimd 
 tower and ancient abbey on one of the lake-islands, Danish 
 raths, and some ruined castles. In 1688-89 this county dis- 
 tinguished itself in the Protestant cause, so that ' Enniskilleners ' 
 became synonymous with 'brave and loyal.' The Sligo and 
 Dundalk Rly. intersect F. The county returns two M.P.'s, one 
 for each div. ; it contains 23 pars, in diocese of Clogher, except 
 a small portion in Kilmore. The population, which has steadily 
 dechned since 1841, was in 1891, 74,200. See Ireland, table. 
 
 Fermersleben, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Magdeburg, 
 circle Wanzleben, near Magdeburg. P. <30oo. 
 
 Fermo, comm. Sicily, prov. and 20 m. W. by N. Syracuse. 
 P. <:50oo. 
 
 Fennense, fishing settlement, Newfoundland, on coast, 51 
 m. S. St. John's. 
 
 Fermo, tn., Italy, The Marches, prov. Ascoli, 34 m. S. by E. 
 Ancona ; seat of an archbishop, P. 17,800. 
 
 Fermoselle, the ancient Ocellum Durii, frontier tn., Spain, 
 prov. and 26 m. SW. Zamora, at the confluence of the Tormes 
 and the Douro. P. 5400. 
 
 Fennoy, par. and tn. , Ire. , NE. co. Cork, bar. Condons and 
 Clangibbon, 14 m. W. Lismore, with a stn. on the G. S. & W. R. ; 
 an important military station. Has large flour-mills, and a 
 Roman Catholic college (St. Colman's). Alt. 176 ft. Mean temp. 
 (7 yrs., 1867-73), yr. 50.1° F., Jan. 40.7°, July 60.9°. Market- 
 day, S. Par. 3481 ac, P. 6800; tn. P. 6500. 
 
 Fermoy, bar.. Ire., co. Cork, in the N. 
 
 Fernandlua, city and port of entry, U.S., Florida, Nassau 
 CO., at the mouth of St. Mary's R., 19 m. N. by W. of the 
 mouth of St. John's R. ; has an excellent land-locked harbour, 
 capable of being entered at high tide by vessels drawing 20 ft. 
 Its entrance is marked by a lighthouse, in 30° 40' N. , visible 16 m. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Fernando, Spanish form of Ferdinand. 
 
 Fernando Po (Spanish P60), isl, W. Africa, in the Gulf of 
 Guinea, between 3° 10' and 3° 48' N., 8" 25' and 8° 58' E. 
 Length, NNE. to SSW., 45 m. ; breadth, 5 to 15 m. Its coasts 
 are rocky and steep, its interior entirely mountainous, and it 
 presents an appearance of extreme beauty and fertility. It 
 rises by regular slopes to two peaks, the northernmost and 
 highest of which (Clarence Peak, or Santa Isabel) is 9350 ft. 
 above the sea; the southern, 8760 ft. A great portion of the 
 island is covered with dense forests of valuable timber. Culti- 
 vated products, cotton, coffee, and yams, the last being the 
 principal food of the natives. It abounds in monkeys, some 
 of which are remarkable for their great size, and contains also 
 many wild goats and sheep. Its climate is excessively hot, and 
 it is exposed to the hartnattan, a pestilential wind from the 
 continent, but is healthy after the rainy season. The interior 
 is inhabited by negroes under native chiefs. F. P. is now in 
 regular communication with the northern country by means of 
 a Spanish line of steamers. The island was discovered at the 
 close of the 15th century by the noble Portuguese Fernao do 
 Pao. In 1827 the British (Baptist) settlement of Clarence Town 
 
FERN — FERR 
 
 was established at the NE. end of the island. The Baptist 
 missionaries were bought out by the Spaniards in 1858, and 
 went to a new station at Victoria, near the Kamerun mountains, 
 and the name of the settlement on F. Po was changed to Santa 
 Isabel, though the name of Port Clarence is still given to the 
 bay on English Admiralty charts. For an account of the geology, 
 see Petermann's Mitteil., 1887, p. 265. Mean temp. (4^ yrs. 
 1859-63), yr. 78.1° F., Jan. 81.9°, July 76.4°. Area, 800 sq. m. 
 P. including Annobon, Corisco, and the Elobey Islands, 45,000. 
 
 Fernaiid Vaz, port, French Congo Terr. , in 1° 18' S. 
 
 Fernan N^iiiiez, tn., Spain, prov. and 15 m. S. by E. Cdrdoba. 
 P. 5500. 
 
 Fernao, Portuguese form of Ferdinand. 
 
 Fernfto (frequently Fernando) do Noronlia, isl., S. Atlantic 
 Ocean, 125 m. from the E. extremity of Brazil, to which it 
 belongs ; peak, SE. side, in 3° 50' 4" S. , 32° 25' 5" W. Length, 
 NE. to SW., 8 m. F. do N., in the wayside of the commerce 
 of the world, is sighted by more ships, and visited by fewer, 
 than perhaps any other spot of earth. It is a broken, pictu- 
 resque, volcanic rock (basaltic, with peaks of phonolite) in mid- 
 ocean, covered with verdure, including trees of some size, and 
 the top of the main island is cultivated in small farms. Climate 
 hot, but tempered by frequent sudden showers. The soil is a 
 ferruginous clay of the richest description. The native vegeta- 
 tion (Euphorbiacese, Ipomasas, &c.) is rapidly giving way before 
 an invasion of foreign intruders. No native mammals. The 
 island is a convict station of the Brazilian government. Females 
 are prohibited from landing on this island. P. <2000 ; about 
 three-fourths convicts. Named after the Count of Noronha, 
 commander of the ships which first sighted it (1503). See 
 Proc. R. G. S. , 1888, pp. 424-35. 
 
 Fernao Veloso, bay, Portuguese E. Africa, in 14° 24' S. The 
 fine harbour of Port Nakala, 13 m. long by 5 m. wide [Proc. R. 
 G. S., 1885, p. 431), runs SSW. from its head. Native name 
 Maslslma. Belmore Harbonr opens from it to the N. 
 
 Ferndale, Wales, Glamorganshire, on the Rhondda-fach 
 branch of the Taff Vale Rly. , 6^ m. SW. by S. Merthyr Tydfil, 
 PMT.O.; has coal. See Tylor's Town. 
 
 Ferndown, P.O., Eng., E. Dorset, 2 m. from Longham 
 West Moors. 
 
 Feme Islands, Eng. See Farn Islands. 
 
 Ferney- Voltaire (so called by national decree in 1878), 
 formerly Ferney, or Fernex, tn. , France, on the SE. border of 
 dep. Jura, 4 m. NNW. Geneva, at the foot of the Jura mountains. 
 It was the residence of Voltaire, who founded the village, from 
 1758 to 1778 (the year of his death). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fernbani, par., Eng., Berkshire, Abingdon div., 9I m. NE. 
 by E. Swindon, 2 m. S. by E. Faringdon. P. <25o. See 
 Iiongcot. 
 
 Fernhlll Heath, vil. and stn. , Eng. , Worcestershire, 4 m. 
 NE. Worcester, on the G. W. and M. Rlys., PMT.O. 
 
 Fcrnlillls, tn.. New Zealand, South I., Southland co. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Fernhurst, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Horsham div. , 15 m. N. by E. 
 Chichester,3m.S. Haslemere stn., PMT.O.; 4950 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fernlegalr, vil. , Scot. , Mid Lanarkshire, on the C. R. , i J 
 m. SE. Hamilton, P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Fernllee, par., Eng., Derbyshire, High Peak div., 4m. NW. 
 by N. Buxton. P. < 1500. See Hope. 
 
 Fernmonitt, postal and telegraph stn.. New South Wales, 
 on the coast of Raleigh co. , 250 m. NNE. Sydney. P. <isoo. 
 
 Fern Pass. See Alps, Passes, III. (10/). 
 
 Ferns, par.. Ire., W. co. Wexford, bars. Gorey and Scara- 
 walsh, 6 m. NNE. Enniscorthy, on the Dublin, Wicklow, and 
 Wexford Rly. Market-day, M. 10,412 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fernsbaw, settlement, Victoria, Evelyn co., 40 m. ENE. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ferns Lock, rly. stn. , Ire. , SE. co. Meath, bar. Upper Deece, 
 Sl m. WNW. Maynooth, on the Royal Canal and the Midland 
 Great Western Rly. 
 
 Fern Tree Gaily, postal-tn. , Victoria, Mornington co. , 40 m. 
 ENE. Melbourne; a picturesque spot abounding in tree ferns, 
 &c. , and now connected by railway -mth Melbourne. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Fernwood, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Delaware co., 3 m. 
 NNW. Philadelphia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Feroe Islands. See Faroe Islands. 
 
 Feroleto Antlco, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 12 m. 
 WNW. Catanzaro. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Fer'on, vil. , Palestine, Pirathon in O. T., 32° 17' N. , 35° i' E. , 
 IS m. WNW. Nabias. 
 
 Ferozabdd. See Flroziil>4d. 
 
 Ferozepnr. See Firozpnr. 
 
 Ferozesluih. See Flrozshiili. 
 
 Ferrandina, tn., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 36 m. ESE. 
 Potenza. P. 7200. 
 
 Ferrara, the ancient Forum- Alieni, ' the market-place of the 
 foreigners,' city, N. Italy, cap. prov. of the same name, 27 m. 
 NE. by N. Bologna, on a canal connecting the Po di Velano 
 with the Po della Maestra ; situated on a low marshy plain 
 near lagoons alternately dried and submerged, it is highly 
 
 malarious. With museums, a rich public library, &c. It is an 
 archbishop's see, has a university for medicine and law. Under 
 the line of Este, it was the cap. of a duchy. It was the asylum 
 of Calvin, Marot, and other reformers. Birthplace of Guarini, 
 Savonarola, Bentivoglio, and others, and the residence of 
 Ariosto and Tasso. P. (1871) 72,500; (1891)75,600. 
 
 Ferrara dlMontebaldo, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. Verona, 
 dist. Caprino Veronese, at the foot of Monte Baldo ; the birth- 
 place of Julius Caesar Scaliger. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ferrard, bar. , Ire. , in the S. of co. Louth. 
 
 Ferrari, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 34 m. S. by E. 
 Buenos Aires. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ferrato, Capo, cape, Sardinia, in the SE., in 39° 14' N. 
 
 Ferrazzano, comm. , Italy, prov. , dist. and i m. SSE. Campo- 
 basso. P. <40oo. 
 
 Ferrelra, tn., Portugal, prov, Alemtejo, dist. Beja, 37 m. 
 SSW. Evora. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ferreira d'Aves, tn., central Portugal, Beira Alta, dist. and 
 15^ m. NE. Vizeu. P. <4000. 
 
 Ferrelra do Zezere, tn. , Portugal, Estremadura, dist. San- 
 tarem, 35 m. S. by E. Coimbra, 2^ m. W. Zezere. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Ferrensby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., 2^ 
 m. NNE. Knaresborough, i^ m. S. Copgrove stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ferrera, Ansser, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 16^ m. N. 
 Chiavenna. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ferrera, Inner, vil., 2 m. to the S. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ferret, Cap, cape, France, on the W, ct., in 44° 32^' N., at 
 the entrance to the Bassin d'Arcachon. 
 
 Ferret, Col de, a pass over the Pennine Alps, from Orsieres, 
 Switzd., on the N. to Courmayeur, Piedmont. Alt. 8175. 
 
 Ferrlby, Nortli, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howden- 
 shire div., on the Humber, 7J m. W. by S. Hull, with a stn. (F.) 
 on the NE. R., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ferrlby, South, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 
 on the S. bk. of the R. Humber, 15^ ra. E. by S. Goole, 3 m. 
 W. by S. Barton-upon-Humber, PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Ferrlere, comm., Italy, Emilia, on the Nurc, prov. and 28 
 m. S. by W. Piacenza. P. 6800. 
 
 Ferri^re-anx-Etangs, La, tn., France, dep. Orne, arr. 
 Domfront ; with important iron-mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ferrl6re>la-Grande,comm. , France, dep. Nord, arr. Avesnes, 
 15 m. S. by E. Mons ; has iron mines and works. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Ferrlires, tn., France, dep. Loiret, on the C16ry, 22 m. S. by 
 E. Fontainebleau, arr. and 8 m. NNE. Montargis. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Ferrl^res, comm., France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, arr. Meaux, 
 17 m. E. by S. Paris. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ferrl^res-snr-Slchon, comm., France, dep. Allier, arr. and 
 4 m. SSE. La Palisse. P, <2ooo. 
 
 Ferring, ct. par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., on the S. ct., 
 6 m. SE. by E. Arundel, i| m. W. by S. Goring stn., PM.O. 
 P. <25o; eccles. par. (F. with Kingston and East Preston) 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Ferrlsbnrg, tn., U.S., Vermont, Addison co., 19 m. S. 
 Burlington. P. 2000. 
 
 Ferriter's Cove, harb. , Ire. , W. ct. , co. Kerry. 
 
 Ferro, Portuguese, Spanish Hierro, French He de Fer, the 
 most SW. of the Canary Is., about 13 m. long by 10 m. broad. 
 Highest point in centre, 4670 ft. ; area, 50 sq. m. Chief town, 
 Valverde. The use of the meridian of F. as the first meridian, 
 may be said to have originated with Ptolemy (second century 
 A.D.), whose prime meridian is the westernmost of the Canary 
 Is. , the westernmost land of the then-known world. The so- 
 called meridian of F. , as now used (mostly in Germany), exactly 
 20° W. of the meridian of Paris, was fixed as the first meridian 
 by an ordinance of Louis XIII. of France, dated the ist of July 
 1634. It is 17° 39' 45" W. Greenwich, and runs nearly 2 m. E. 
 of the island. 
 
 Ferro, Capo di, cape, Sardinia, in the NE., at the mouth of 
 the Gulf of Arsachena, in 41° 8|' N. 
 
 Ferrol, bay, N. ct. of Peru, in 9° 8' S. , with a well-sheltered 
 roadstead, and a low, sandy coast ; on its shore, Chimbote. 
 
 Ferrol, seapt. tn. , and one of the principal naval arsenals of 
 Spain, prov. and 12 m. NE. Corunna, on the N. arm of the Bay 
 of Betanzos. Lat. of mole 43° 29' 30" N. , long. 8° 13' W. Its 
 harbour is entered by a strait which admits only one ship at a 
 time, and is defended by the castles of San Felipe and Palma. 
 The town, on its N. shore, is strongly fortified on the land side. 
 Its arsenal and dockyard cover nearly 24 ac, and comprise 
 many docks and storehouses. The harbour is deep, but along- 
 side the quay of Muille de Perez there is only 16 ft. at high water. 
 Manufactures comprise spirits, earthenware, chocolate, leather, 
 naval stores, and textiles. P. (1877) 23,800; (1887)25,700. 
 
 Ferry, stn., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., on the M. & G. N. 
 Joint Rly., 11 m. W. by S. King's Lynn. 
 
 Ferry, vil., U.S., Maine, Cumberland co., on Casco Bay, i 
 m. SE. Portland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ferry, East, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div. , on 
 the r. bk. of the R. Trent, div. and 7 m. N. Gainsborough, 3J 
 m. ENE. Haxey and Epworth stn. P. <25o. See Scotton. 
 
 Ferrybank, vil.. Ire., NE. co. Waterford, bar. Gaultiere, oa 
 
 523 
 
FERR — FFRI 
 
 the 1. bk. of the Suir, opposite Waterford, i m. from Waterford 
 stn.. PMT.O. 
 
 Ferrybridge, hamlet and stn., Eng., Yorkshire, PMT.O. 
 See Pontefract. 
 
 Ferry Corner, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, i m. SW. Swines- 
 bead. P. <:2So. 
 
 Ferryden, viL, Scot, Forfarshire, on the E. ct., on the 
 S. shore of Montrose Basin, opposite Montrose, P.O. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Ferry Fryston, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, in parL 
 bor. of Pontefract. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ferryhlll, par., Eng., Durham, Mid div., 5 m. ENE. Bishop 
 Auckland, i m. WNW. of its stn. on the NE. R., PM.O. 
 (F. Village), 2 m. from F.; has coal. P. <4000. 
 
 FerryWll, eccles. par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, Old Machar 
 par. P. 6200. 
 
 Ferryland, tn. and port of entry, Newfoundland, cap. dist. 
 F. , 40 m. S. St. John's. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ferry Port on Craig, or Tayport, par. and tn. , Scot. , E. 
 Fife, on the S. shore of the Firth of Tay, 3^ m. E. by S. Dundee, 
 with a stn. (Tayport) on the N. B. R. , with lighthouses in 56° 
 27' N. , 2° 49' W. , visible 10 and 12 m. ; town engaged in salmon- 
 fishery, and Unen and jute spinning and weaving. Par. P. < 
 3500; tn. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ferrysburg, vil., U.S., Michigan, Ottawa co., near the 
 mouth of the Grand R., opposite Grand Haven, 124 m. WSW. 
 Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ferry Side, vil., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., on the 
 G. W. R. , 7 m. SSW. Carmarthen, PMT.O. See St. Ishmael. 
 
 Fersala, tn., Greece. See Pharsalos. 
 
 Fersfleld, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 19J m. SW. by S. 
 Norwich, 4^ m. NW. by W. Diss stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Fertagli, or Fartagb, par. , Ire. , NW. co. Kilkenny, bars. 
 Galmoy and Crannagh, 13 J m. NE. by E. Thurles ; contains 
 Ballyspellan Spa, a powerful chalybeate medicinal spring ; 6720 
 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ferta BlTer, Ire., W. co. Kerry, flowing into Valencia 
 Harbour. 
 
 Feri^ (from L,3itin _^rmiias), an old French prefix, meaning 
 ' a feudal fortress. ' 
 
 Fert^-Alals, La, tn. , France, dep. Seine et Oise, arr. Etampes, 
 on the Essonne, 17 m. WNW. Fontainebleau. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fert^-Beruard, La, tn., France, dep. Sarthe, arr. Mamers, 
 on the Huisne, 24 m. NE. by E. Le Mans. P. <:50oo. 
 
 Fert^-Frfenel, La, tii., France, dep. Ome, arr. Argentan, 
 25 m. SE. by S. Lisieux. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fert^-Gancher, La, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Mame, on the 
 Grand Morin, 24 m. SE. by E. Meaux, arr. and 11 m. E. by S. 
 Coulommiers. P. < 2000. 
 
 Fert6-Mac6, La, tn., France, dep. Ome, arr. Domfront, 22 m. 
 SSW. Falaise. P. 5400. 
 
 Fert^-sons- Jonarre, La, tn. and riv. port, France, dep. Seine- 
 et-Marne, on the Marne, arr. and 12 m. E. Meaux ; has manu- 
 facturies of mill-stones. P. <400o. 
 
 Fert^-St. Aubln, La, tn. , France, dep. Loiret, arr. and 13 
 m. S. by E. Orleans. P. <30oo. 
 
 Fert^-sar-Amanee, La, tn., France, on SE. border of dep. 
 Haute Marne, arr. Langres, 45 m. NNW. Besan9on. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fert^-Vldame, La, tn. , France, dep. Eure - et - Loir, arr. 
 Dreux, 30 m. WNW. Chartres. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fertlana, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Eliogarty, on R. Suir, 
 2 ni. S. Thurles. P. <5oo. 
 
 Fertlt. See Dar-Fertlt. 
 
 Ferto-tava, Hungarian name of the Neusledler-see ig.v.). 
 
 Ferwerderadeel, comm., Holland, prov. Friesland, on the 
 N. ct. , 10 m. N. Leeuwarden. P. 8200. 
 
 Fesa, tn. , Persia. See Fasa. 
 
 Feshle Bridge, hamlet, Scot., Inverness-shire, on riv. Feshie, 
 2 m. SE. Kincraig stn. , P.O. 
 
 Fesbn, or Fashn, tn., Upper Egypt, on the Ibrahimiyeh 
 Canal, near 1. bk. of the Nile, in 28° 49' N. P. (1882) 6000. 
 
 Fesle, vil., isl. and republic Haiti, S. ct., 24 m. S. Port-au- 
 Prince, in 72° 19' W. 
 
 Feste, German, Vesting, Dutch, 'a fortress.' 
 
 Festenberg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 24 m. NE. Breslau. 
 P. -c 3000. 
 
 Festlnlog, tn. and par., Wales, Merionethshire, on the G. 
 W. R., 10^ m. NE. Harlech, and 8^ m. ENE. Portmadoc. 
 Market-day, S. Par., including Blaenan F. {q.v,), 16,323 ac. , 
 P. 11,100; eccles. par. (F. with Maentwrog) P. <4Soo. 
 
 Festns, city, U.S., Missouri, Jefferson co. (on the E. frontier 
 to the S. of St. Louis). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Fetebam, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 4^ m. SW, by W. 
 Epsom, close to Bookham stn., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Fetbaland, Point of, the N. end of the Mainland of the 
 Shetland Is. , Scot. 
 
 Fethard, par. and market-tn.. Ire., SE. co. Tipperary, bar. 
 Middlethird, 'j\ m. N. Clonmel, on the Waterford and Limerick 
 Rly., PMT.O. Market-day, S. Par. P. <2ooo; tn. P. <2ooo. 
 
 F«tliard, par. and tn. , Ire. , SW. co. Wexford, bar. Shelburne, I 
 524 
 
 12 m. ESE. Waterford, on Bannow Harb. , with a coastguard stn. , 
 PMT.O. Par, 3930 ac, P. <i5oo; tn. P. <soo. 
 
 Fetlar, isl. , Scot. , one of the Shetland Is. , 33 m. NE. Lerwick, 
 P.O. P. 363 ; par. (F. and Nortb Yell) 26,659 ac, P. <i500. 
 
 Fetsara, or Fezzara, black, stagnant, muddy lake or marsh, 
 Algeria, to the SW. of Bona, and S. of the iron-mines of Ain- 
 Mokra. Area about 50 sq. m. 
 
 Fetterangns, vil., Scot., in a detached part of Banffshire, 
 9^ m. WNW. Peterhead, ij m. N. Mintlaw stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Fettercalrn, par. and vil. , Kincardineshire, on Dourie Burn, 
 8^m. NNE. Brechin, 4 m. W. by N. Laurencekirk stn. , PMT.O. 
 Alt. 230 ft. Mean temp. (20 yrs., 1861-80), yr. 45.4° F., Jan. 
 35.2°, July 57,4°; mean rfall. (1866-80), 36.3 in. Par, 13,728 
 ac. , P. < 1500; vil. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Fetteresso ('the uncultivated \a.nd.,Jiadhair, near the water- 
 fall'), par. and tn., Scot., Kincardineshire, on Carron Water, 
 i| m. W. Stonehaven. Par. 27,245 ac, P. 5600. The town is 
 included in the town of Stonehaven {q.v.). 
 
 Fettes College. See Edinburgh. 
 
 Feu, French, 'fire.' See Fuego. 
 
 Feucht, German, 'moist,' 'marshy.' 
 
 Fenchtwangen ('the marshy field'), tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, 
 govt. Middle Franconia, 36 m. SW. by W. Fiirth. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Fendenbelm, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle and dist. 
 Mannheim, on the Neckar. P. < 4000. 
 
 Fenerbach, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, 2 m. N W. by N. 
 Stuttgart. P. 6000. 
 
 Feagh, Water of, small riv. , Scot. , Aberdeenshire and Kin- 
 cardineshire, flows E. then NE. into the Dee opposite Banchory. 
 
 Feurs, tn., France, dep. Loire, arr. Montbrison, on the Loire, 
 23 m. NNW. St. Etienne ; has mineral springs, 62^° F. P. <:300o. 
 
 Fewcott, Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 9J m. NE. Woodstock, 
 3 m. E. Somerton stn. See Stoke Lyne. 
 
 Fews, par.. Ire., S. co. Waterford, bar. Decies without Drum, 
 12 m. NE. Dungarvan ; 6818 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Fews, Lower, bar. , Ire. , in the middle of co. Armagh. 
 
 Few8, Upper, bar. , Ire. , in the SW. of co. Armagh. 
 
 Fewston, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley div. , on the 
 Washburn, 7 m. W. Harrogate, 4 m. S. by W. Darley stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o; eccles. par. (F. with Blabber-honses) P. <iooo. 
 
 Fez, or Fas, city, Morocco, about 3 m. from the 1. bk. of the 
 Sibu {q.v.), 36 m. E. by N. Mekinez, in 34° 6' N., 4° 55' W. 
 
 F. is the holy city of the empire, and one of the three residences 
 of the Sultan ; founded by Mulai Edris the younger about 793. 
 It is surrounded by old walls, and has an ancient fort at each 
 of its extremities E. and W. , vdth three in ruins outside the walls. 
 It consists of two parts. Old F. and New F. (the latter containing 
 only the palace and the Jewish quarter), both enclosed in walls. 
 The chief mosque, called El Karaouin, has 300 pillars and 
 numerous fountains ; its tower contains a library of MSS. , 
 globes, and astronomical instruments ; the Mulai Edris, like all 
 buildings containing tombs of ' saints,' is an old sanctuary for 
 criminals, the foimder of the city being buried here. Manufac- 
 tures carpets, morocco leather, woollens, silks, jewellery, sadd- 
 lery, and earthenwares. The leathers of F. are esteemed the 
 finest and most durable made in N. Africa. The red caps, or 
 fezes, for which it was once noted, are now made chiefly in 
 Austria, France, and Turkey. The Jews used to coin money in 
 the mint, a rather handsome building forming part of the Sultan's 
 palace, but the coinage is now struck in Paris. It is the seat of 
 the once famous university of Morocco, and contains numerous 
 schools. F. is the leading commercial town of Morocco ; it has 
 a large wholesale trade. The principal articles imported from 
 Europe are raw and manufactured silk, cotton stuffs, cloths, paper, 
 weapons, powder, tea, sugar, drugs, spices, &c. Alt. 1285 ft. 
 (Schnell) ; 1155 ft. (Duveyrier, mb.). P. about 60,000 (when the 
 Sultan is in residence), including about 10,000 Jews and 10,000 
 negroes. 
 
 Fezzan, the ancient Phazania, country, Africa, S. of Tripoli, 
 is formed by a number of oases in the middle of the desert, and 
 extends between 23° 30' and 30° 50' N. , 12° and 19° E. It forms, 
 with Tripoli and Barka, a regency of the Turkish dominions in 
 Africa. It is said to comprise about 100 towns and villages, or 
 inhabited oases, which are fertile, especially in palms. It is 
 inhabited by Tuaregs, Arabs, Moors, and negroes. The chief 
 takes the title of Sultan, and resides at Murzuk, towards the 
 S. of the prov. (alt. 1450 ft.). The chief town in the N. is 
 Sokna (alt. about 1000 ft.). Wheat and barley are raised, but 
 dates form the chief article of food. Trade in slaves, ivory, 
 senna, and gums. The prov. abounds in salt lakes, and is the 
 seat of pernicious endemic malarious fevers (Hirsch). P. esti- 
 mated by Rohlfs at 200,000. 
 
 Fezzara, lake, Algeria. See Fetsara. 
 
 Ffalrfach, hamlet and stn. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, on the 
 
 G. W. R. , I m. S. Llandilo stn. 
 
 Fforest Fawr, upland tract, Wales, in SW. of Brecknockshire. 
 Ffostrasol, P.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, 3 m. from Maesllyn. 
 FfMdd Ciate for Llanwrin, stn. , Wales, Montgomeryshire, 
 on the Corris Rly. , near Machynlleth. 
 
 Ffkith, PM.O., Wales, Denbighshire, 2 m. NW. Wrexham, 
 
FF Y N — FI J I 
 
 Ffyuuon Groyw, eccles. par., Wales, Flintshire, i m. from 
 Mostyn stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Flamblro, Galla vil. , E. Africa, 27 m. E. by N. Harrar. 
 
 Flamlsuano, comm. , Italy, Abruzzi, prov. and 15 m. WSW. 
 Aquila, circle Cittaducale. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Fiandrantsoa, tn. , Madagascar, cap. prov. Betsileo, 180 m. 
 S. by W. Antananarivo. P. 5000. 
 
 Flanona, or Plomln, tn. , Austria, on an inlet on the E. ct. 
 oflstria, 20 m. SW. Fiume. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ficarolo, comm., Italy, prov. Venice, 19 m. WSW. Rovigo, 
 on the Po. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Flche, vil. , E. Africa, Shoa, in about 9° 50' N. , 38° 48' E. 
 
 Flchtelberg, mt. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony. See Erzgebirge. 
 
 Flchtelgebirge ('fir-mountains,' so called on account of the 
 extensive tir-forests with which they are covered), an isolated 
 range of mts. in the NE. of Bavaria, Ger., composed chiefly of 
 gneissose and other crystalline rocks of plutonic origin ; some- 
 what of the shape of a horse-shoe, open to the NE. , and enclos- 
 ing the basin of Wunsiedel ; crossed by the railway from BajTeuth 
 to Eger. Streams radiate thence to the basins of the Danube, 
 Elbe, and Rhine. Highest peaks, Schneeberg (3455 ft.) and 
 Ochsenkopf (3360 ft. ). 
 
 Flcksbarg, vil., S. Africa, in E. of Orange Free State, 83 m. 
 ENE. Bloemfontein ; cap. F. div. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Flcnlle, comm., Italy, Umbria, prov. Perugia, 30 m. N. 
 Viterbo. P. < 3000. 
 
 Fldalgo, harb., U.S., Alaska terr., on the S. ct., NE, of 
 Prince William Sound, in 60° 50' N. and 145" 45' W. ; it bears 
 the name of its Spanish discoverer (1790). 
 
 Fidallali, walled seapt. tn. , Morocco, 65 m, SW. Rabat, in 
 33° 44' N. 
 
 Flddlch, riv. , Scot. , Banffshire, flows NE. through Glen F. , 
 then W., and NNW. past Dufftown to the Spey, which it joins 
 on the r. bk. at Craigellachie. 
 
 Flddlchow, tn. , Prussia, Pomerania, on the Oder R. , 22 m. 
 SSW. Stettin. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Flddlngton, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 6 m. 
 WNW. Bridgwater. P. <25o. 
 
 Flddleford, vil., Eng., Dorsetshire, 3 m. E. Sturminster 
 Newton, P.O. 
 
 Fiddler's Ferry, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & 
 NW. R. (F. F. and Peiiketh), 2^ m. SW. Warrington. 
 
 Flddowu, par. and tn. , Ire. , SW. co. Kilkenny, bars. Iverk 
 and Knocktopher, on R. Suir, 5 m. ESE. Carrick-on-Suir, near 
 F. Bridge, with a stn. on the Waterford and Limerick Rly.; 
 11,109 ac. Par. P. < 2500; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Flderls, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 10 m. ENE. Chur, in 
 the Pratigau. The baths of F. are in a wild gorge, not unlike 
 Pfaffers ; they are the strongest acidulous springs in Switzerland. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Fldlmln, Upper Egypt. See Fademln. 
 Fldjl Islands. See FIJI Islands. 
 Fldnilu, Upper Egypt. See Fademln. 
 Fldonlsl. See Serpents, Isle of. 
 
 Fldra, islet, Scot., in the Firth of Forth, off the N. ct. of 
 Haddingtonshire, in 2° 4/ W. P. 4. 
 
 Field, stn., Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R., 973 m. 
 by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Field, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Burton div., 9 m. NE. 
 Stafford, i^ m. SE. Leigh stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Field, mt. , Tasmania, in the centre of the island. Alt. 4721 ft. 
 
 Field Bronghton, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, N. Lons- 
 dale div., II m. SW. Kendal, 3 m. NW. Grange-over-Sands 
 stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Field Dalllng, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 14 m. W. 
 Cromer, 4 m. NNE. Thursford stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Field of Mars, post-tn. , New South Wales, Cumberland co. , 
 15 m. W. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Flener Brnch, morass, Prussia, in the E. of prov. Saxony, 
 to the S. of the Plauen Canal. 
 
 Flerles, tnld. , Ire., N. co. Kerry, bar. Magunihy, 8 m. 
 NNW. Kilkrney. P.<2So. 
 
 Flesole, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 3 m. NE. Florence; 
 was anciently one of the twelve chief cities of Etruria, and has 
 remains of Cyclopean walls, a cathedral, and a Franciscan 
 monastery. Alt. 970 ft. P. 13,700. 
 
 Fife, stn. of African Lakes Co., Brit. Central Africa, near 
 the Songwe, about 80 m. W. of the head of Lake Nyassa. 
 
 Fife, or Flfeshlre, maritime co. , Scot. , forming a penin. on 
 its E. coast, between the Firth of Tay on the N. and the Firth 
 of Forth on the S. Greatest length, 44 m. ; greatest breadth, 
 18 m. Surface diversified. The R. Eden flows through the 
 length of the county into St. Andrew's Bay, traversing a highly 
 productive valley known as the ' Howe (hollow) of Fife,' com- 
 posed of Upper Old Red Sandstone, to the N. of which the 
 principal rocks are igneous outpourings of the Old Red Sandstone 
 age. The rocks in the S. and larger portion of the county are 
 mainly of Carboniferous age, the stratified deposits consisting 
 chiefly of Calciferous Sandstone and Carboniferous Limestone, 
 with a considerable area of Coal Measures extending from 
 
 Dysart to Largo Law on the coast, and inland northwards as 
 far as Markinch. To the W. of Kirkcaldy are interbedded 
 basalts of the Calciferous Sandstone period, and large patches 
 ot intrusive basalt are distributed over all the S. part of the 
 county. The Coal Measures are traversed by the Leven, the 
 outlet of Loch Leven. Highest points, E. Lomond, 1471 ft.; 
 W. Lomond, 1713 ft. ; Largo Law, 965 ft. Agriculture is in an 
 advanced state. For statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. Coal 
 (to a large extent parrot and splint coal) is mined to the value of 
 upwards of ;^i,ooo,ooo annually, the mines occurring not only 
 at Dysart, West Wemyss, Leven, Markinch, and other places 
 on or close to the Coal Measures, but also at Dunfermline, Kelty, 
 Lochgelly, Cowdenbeath, Cardenden, Kirkcaldy, and other 
 places amongst the older Carboniferous rocks in the W. of the 
 county. A large amount of oil-shale was formerly produced at 
 Burntisland, and limestone and ironstone are still worked. 
 There are blast-furnaces at Cowdenbeath and Lochgelly. 
 Linen manufactures are carried on at Dunfermline, Kirk- 
 caldy, Dysart, Cupar, Newburgh, Auchtermuchty, &c. All 
 the railways of the county now belong to the N. B. R. system. 
 One line is carried across the Firth of lay to Dundee. Contains 
 13 royal burghs, and a number of towns and villages, chief of 
 which are Cupar, the county town, Dunfermline, St. Andrews, 
 Kirkcaldy, Ebe, and other towns on the SE. shore. For pari, 
 purposes the county is divided into two divs. , E. Fife (P. 50,996) 
 and W. Fife (P. 58,458), which, together with the St. Andrews 
 dist. of burghs (P. 18,941), make up the whole county. Area, 
 314,952 ac. P. 187,300. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Flfebead Magdalen, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., on 
 the Stour, 9 m. E. by N. Sherborne, 3 m. E. Henstridge stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Flfehead NeTllle, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 9 m. 
 ESE. Sherborne, 2^ m. SW. Stui minster stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Flfe-Kelth, tn., Scot., Banffshire, part of Keith town (^.v.). 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Fife I<ake, viL, U.S., Michigan, Grand Traverse co., 21 m. 
 by rail SE. Traverse City. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Fife Ness, low cape, Scot. , the E. point of Fife, in 56° 16^' N. 
 To the N. of it dangerous reefs, called the Balcomie Briggs and 
 the Carr Briggs, run seaward. 
 
 Flfleld, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Holyport, near Maidenhead 
 (Berks). 
 
 Flfleld, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury div., 13 m. W. by 
 N. Woodstock, 2| m. S. by W. Chipping Norton June, PM.O. 
 P. <25o; eccles. par. (F. vritb Idbnry) P. <5oo. 
 
 Flfleld BaTant, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., on the 
 Chalk, 9 m. WSW. Salisbury, 3I m. S. Dinton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Flgalo, cape, Algiers, on the NW. ct., in 1° 12' W., 36 m. 
 WSW. Oran. 
 
 Flgarl, Capo, cape, Sardinia, in the NE., in 41° N. 
 
 Flgart, electoral div. , Ire. , Donegal, dist. Raphoe. 
 
 Flgeac, tn., France, dep. Lot, 48 m. N. Albi, cap. of arron- 
 dissement. Alt. 660 ft. Is situated in a deep valley, surrounded 
 by rocky vine-clad heights ; has linen and cotton manufactures, 
 dye-works, and tanneries. P. 6700. 
 
 Flgbeldean (fail'din), par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Avon, 11 m. N. Salisbury, 9 m. (byroad) NNW. 
 Porton stn., P.O.; 5439 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 lighting Cocks, PMT.O., Eng., Durham, 4 m. SE. Dar- 
 lington. 
 
 Flglg (in French spelling FigM^ , ox Figuig), oasis, in Sahara, 
 in about 32'^ 10' N. , 1° 15' W. ; has warm springs. 
 
 Flglliie, comm., Italy, Tuscany, on the 1. bk. of the Arno, 
 prov. and 15 m. SE. Florence. P. 9800. 
 
 Fig Tree Pocket, settlement, Queensland, 9 m. from Brisbane. 
 
 Flgnelra, vil. , Brazil, state of Minas Geraes, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Rio Doce, in 19° 3' S., 41° 57' W. 
 
 Flgu^lra da Foz, seapt. tn. , Portugal, prov. Beira, dist. and 
 23 m. W. by S. Coimbra, on the r. bk. of the mouth of the 
 Mondego, the terminus of a railway to Salamanca. The 
 anchorage is on shifting sand. The tidal harbour has 13-14 ft. 
 water on bar ordinary springs. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Flgn^ras, tn., Spain, prov. and 20 m. N. by E. Gerona. 
 P. 12,600. 
 
 Flgnerd-dos-Tlnlios,tn., Portugal, Estremadura, dist. Leiria, 
 97 m. NE. Lisbon. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Flgnlg, Sahara. See Flglg. 
 
 Flgnllar, electoral div. , Ire. , Monaghan, dist. Glaslough. 
 
 Fljenoord, suburb of Rotterdam, on 1. bk. of the Maas, with 
 steam-engine and other works. 
 
 FIJI (formerly spelt also Feejee, or FldJl) Islands, a group 
 composed mainly of volcanic islands situated to the N. of New 
 2!ealand, and mostly lying between the parallels of 16° and 19° S. 
 Their total area is about equal to that of Wales, and Viti Levu, 
 the largest of the islands, embraces more than half the land- 
 surface belonging to the group. Fijian names are variously 
 spelt, owing to the fact that certain letters have peculiar sounds : 
 b is pronounced as mb, c as th, d as nd, g as ng (in sing), and q 
 as ngg {ng in finger). In the following list of the chief islands, 
 the spelling is phonetic (vowels sounded as in Italian) : — Viti 
 
 525 
 
 '^y OF THS ' 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
FI K 
 
 FINE 
 
 Levu, Vanua Levu, Ta\'iuni, Kandavu, Mango, Vulanga, 
 Yathata, Vatuvara, Lakemba, Vanua Mbalevu, Mothe, and 
 Mbau. As to climate, see Mbna and Delanasan. The rain- 
 fall varies greatly in different parts of the islands. The native 
 Fijians are a dark copper-coloured race of the Polynesian type, 
 all at least nominal Christians, and mostly belonging to the 
 Wesleyan body, which has maintained mission work actively on 
 the islands since 1835. The islands were ceded in 1874 by their 
 native king to Britain, and now form a British Crown colony. 
 Even before that time people of European origin had established 
 plantations of tropical crops on several of the islands, and since 
 that date the products of such plantations (chiefly sugar, but 
 also coco-nut, maize, tobacco, coffee, a little tea, arrowToot, 
 and cotton) have increased very greatly, and a large trade has 
 thus grown up. The plantation labourers are partly natives of 
 the islands themselves ; but as these are not enough, Indian 
 coolies and labourers from other islands (principally the New 
 Hebrides and the Solomon Islands) are introduced to work for 
 the planters for a period of years. The introduction of these 
 labourers and their treatment on the plantations are entirely 
 under the control of the government. Cattle run wild, and a 
 few horses and sheep are reared. The annual value of the 
 exports is j^3oo,ooo to ;^5oo,ooo ; imports, ;^2oo,ooo to ;^3oo,ooo. 
 The principal exports are sugar, fruit (fresh bananas, pine-apples 
 in cases, &c. ), and copra ; among others are trepang, coco-nuts, 
 cotton, hides, maize, peanuts, tortoise-shell, and spirits. About 
 nine-tenths of the total trade is with the colonies of New Zealand, 
 New South Wales, and Victoria. The export of fresh fruit to 
 New Caledonia is growing. The chief towns of the group are 
 seaports, with fine harboiu-s protected by coral reefs. The 
 capital is Suva, in the SE. of Viti Levu. The next in import- 
 ance is Levuka, the former capital, on a small island to the E. 
 of Viti LeviL The small island of Rotumah, to the N. of the 
 F. group, is now annexed to the colony of F. Total area, 8034 
 sq. m. ; inhabited islands, 7740 sq. m. P. in 1859 estimated 
 at 200,000 ; in 1874, 140,000, a number which was still fitrther 
 reduced by a deadly epidemic of measles in 1875 ; at the census 
 of 1884, 128,000 (3513 Europeans) ; in 1891, 124,000 (Europ>eans, 
 2036 ; Fijians, about 111,000 ; Indians, 7500 ; Polynesians, 2300). 
 
 Fik, vil. , Palestine, Aphek in the O. T. , 32° 4/ N. , 35° 42' E. , 
 9 m. E. Tiberias. 
 
 Fllabres, Sierra de las, mt. chain, Spain, prov. Almeria, joins 
 the Alpujarras with the Sierra de Gata. 
 
 Flladelfla, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 19 m. SW. by W. 
 Catanzaro. P. 6200. 
 
 Fllattlerra, comm., Italy, prov. Massae Carrara, circle and 
 5 m. SE. Pontremoli. P. <:4000. 
 
 Fllby, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, E. div. , 5 m. NW. Yarmouth, 2J 
 m. WSW. Great Ormesby stn., PM.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Filehne (Polish W lelen), tn. , Prussia, on an isL in the Netze, 
 prov. and 45 m. NW. Posen. P. <4000. 
 
 Filer, vil., U.S., Michigan, co. and i m. SE. Manistee. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Filey, ct. tn. and par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div. , on F. Bay, 7 m. SE. Scarborough, on the NE. R. It has 
 a fine sandy beach, and saline springs, and is a favourite water- 
 ing-place. PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Filey Brigg, a ridge of rocks with numerous caves running 
 \ m. seawards from Filey on the N. of the bay. 
 
 Fllflla, iron-mines, Algeria. See PUllppeTille. 
 
 Filgie Rirer, Ire. , in the SE. of King's co. , flows S. to the 
 L bk. of the Barrow. 
 
 FUgrave, vil., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Buckingham div., 11 
 m. ^V. Bedford, 3 m. SSW. Olney stn. See Tyriugbaiii. 
 
 Flllata, tn. , Tiu-key in Europe, vilayet and 29 m. W. Yanina, 
 a few miles firom the strait of Corfu. P. 4000. 
 
 Fillbe, Bulgaria. See Phlllppopolis. 
 
 Fillciui, Filicndi, or Fellcudi, one of the Lipari Is. , Italy, 
 19 m. W. by N. of the middle of Lipari I. Alt 2535 ft. 
 
 FUlk, viL, Upper Nubia. See Fillik. 
 
 Filios, riv. , Asia Minor, formed by the union of the Boli-su 
 (iiom. the SW.), and the Soghanlii (from the SE.), enters the 
 Black Sea 120 m. N. by W. Angora. 
 
 FlllpescI de Tirgn, tn., Roumania, prov. Prahova, 12 m. 
 WNW. Ployeshti. P. < 2000. 
 
 FillpgUid, tn., Sweden, prov. Vermland, 50 m. NW. Orebro. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Fil, Jezireb el (' elephant island'), Arab name of an island 
 in the Blue Nile above Khartum. 
 
 Fllkins, eccles. par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, 5 m. SW. Burford, 
 PM.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Fillan, riv. , Scot. , Perthshire, Killin par. , enters Loch Tay 
 after an E. course of 10 m. 
 
 Fillelgb (ni'I), par., Eng., Devon, S. Molton div., 7 m. SE. 
 by E. Barnstaple, i^ m. SW. of its stn. on the G. N. R. , PM.O. , 
 P. <:soo ; eccles. par. (F. frith East Bnckland) P. <;5oo. 
 
 FillUt, Filik, or FiUe, tn. , En. Sudan, 42 m. N. Kassala, on 
 the route to Suakim (Sawikin). 
 
 Fillingluini, par., Eng. , Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div. , 8^ m. 
 E. by S. Gainsborough, 6 m. EN E. Stow Park stn. , P. O. P. <: 500. 
 526 
 
 Fillmore, co., U.S., Minnesota, in the SE., on the S. • 
 frontier, crossed by 02° W. 
 
 FUlmore, co., U.S., Nebraska, S. of 41° N., E. of 98° W. 
 
 FiUiuore, vil., U.S., Utah, Millard co., 125 m. S. by W. 
 Salt Lake City. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 FUlongley, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., 6 m. 
 NW. by N. Coventry, li m. S. of its stn. (Arley and F.) on the 
 M. R., PM.O.; 4761 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Filly Close, vil. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Reedley Hallows. 
 
 Filottrano, comm., Italy, The Marches, prov. and 15 m. 
 SW. by S. Ancona. P. 8600. 
 
 Filton, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , 4 m. N. 
 Bristol, on the G. W. R. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Fimber, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 19^ m. SSW. Scarborough, with a stn. (Sledmere and F.) on 
 the NE. R., P.O. (F. Station). P. -=250. See Tl'etwang. 
 
 Fin,fionn, Gaelic, 'fair,' 'white,' 'clear' ; Welsh, ^jww. 
 
 Finalborgo, comm., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, near the 
 coast, 12 m. SW. Savona. P. <40oo. 
 
 Finale, Capo, cape, Sicily, middle of N. ct., in 14° 8' E. 
 
 Finale naU' Emilia, tn. , Italy, Emilia, prov. Modena, on 
 the Panaro, 15 m. W. Ferrara. P. 13,500. 
 
 Finalmarina, comm., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the 
 coast, 12 m. SW. by S. Savona. P. <4000. 
 
 Fifiana, tn., Spain, prov. and 28 m. NW. Almeria, at foot 
 of Mount Almirez. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Fiuart Bay, Scot. , Argyllshire, in the W. of Loch Long, in 
 56° 3' N. , at the mouth of Glen F. , which ascends 4 m. NNW. 
 towards Loch Eck. 
 
 Finborongb, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Suffolk, div. and 2i m. SW^ Stowmarket, PM.O. (Great F.). 
 P. <;5oo ; Little F. P. <25o. 
 
 Fincalrn, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Dungiven, co. Londonderry. 
 
 Fineastle, dist., Scot., W. Perthshire, 2 m. S. by W. Blair 
 Athole, PT.O. 
 
 Fincastie, vil., U.S., Virginia, cap. Botetourt co., 131 m. 
 W. Richmond, 40 m. W. by N. Lynchburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fincb, CO. , New South Wales, on the N. frontier, bounded 
 on the E. by the Darling or Barwon R. 
 
 Flncbam, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 9J m. SSE. King's 
 Lynn, 5 m. E. by S. Stow stn., PM.O. P. <7S0. 
 
 Fincbampstead, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, Wokingham div. , 8 m. 
 SE. Reading, 2 m. W. Wellington College stn. , PT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Finctalngfield, par., Eng., Essex, Saffron Walden div., 7^ 
 m. NW. by N. Braintree, si m. SW. by W. Yeldham stn., 
 PMT.O.; 8430 ac. P. <20oo'; eccles. par. (F. witb Cornlsb 
 Hall End) P. <75o. 
 
 Finebley, par. , tn. , and local govt. dist. , Eng. , Middlesex, 
 Homsey div., 4 m. S. Barnet, on 5ie G. N. R. East F., stn., 
 i^ m. SE. P. 16,600; eccles. par. (F. witb Wbetstone) 
 P. <;3000. 
 
 Finebley Koad, three stns., Eng., London, Hampstead, 4 
 m. NW. by W^ St. Paul's, on the M. R. (F. B. and St. John's 
 Wood), Metropolitan Riv., and the Hampstead and City June. 
 Rly. (F. R. and Frogual). 
 
 Findelen Glacier. See Alps, Subdivisions, D. A. 1. 
 
 Flndern, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, S. div. , 5 m. SW. by S. 
 Derby, 2 J m. E. by N. Egginton stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Findhorn, seapt. vil., Scot., Elginshire, at the mouth of F. 
 Bay, E. side, 3 m. N. Forres, PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Findhorn, riv. , Scot. , rises in Inverness-shire, near Strath- 
 dearn, flows through that county, Nairn, and Moray, and after 
 a NE. course of 45 m. enters the Moray Firth. There is a 
 valuable salmon fishery. Destructive intmdations, termed the 
 ' Moray floods,' took place here in 1829. 
 
 Findlater, settlement and stn., Canada, Assiniboia, 41 m. 
 NW. by W. Regina. 
 
 Findlay, riv., Brit. Columbia, flows from the NW., and 
 unites with the Parsnip to form the Peace [q.v.). 
 
 Findlay, city, U.S., Ohio, Hancock co., on Blanchard Fork 
 of the Maumee R., 44 m. S. by W. Toledo. P. (i88o) 4600; 
 (1890) 18,600. 
 
 Findlay Seat, hill, Scot., Elginshire, in the SW., 7 m. SE. 
 by S. Elgin. Alt. 861 ft. 
 
 Findo, isL , off the SW. ct. of Norway, dist. and 15 m. ENE. 
 Stavanger, in Bukke Fjord. 
 
 Findochty, viL , Scot. , Banffshire, on the N. ct. , 3 m. W. by 
 N. CuUen, on the G. N. of S. R.. PMT.O. P.<isoo. 
 
 FindO'Gask, par., Scot., co. and 8 m. SW. Perth, P.O. 
 (Gask); 5185 ac. P. -csoo. 
 
 Flndon, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 7m. E. Arundel, 
 4 m. NNW. Worthmgstn., PMT.O.; 4370 aa P. < 1000. 
 
 Findon, or Finnan, fishing viL , Scot. , Kincardineshire, on 
 the E. ct., 5^ m. S. Aberdeen, i m. ENE. Portlethen stn.; 
 gives name to a well-known kind of dried haddocks. 
 
 Findon, post-tn. , suburb of Adelaide, S. Australia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Finea, Ire. See Finnea. 
 
 Finedon, par., Eng., E. div. of Northamptonshire, 3 m. NE. 
 by N. Wellingborough, \\ m. ESE. of its stn. on the M. R., 
 PMT.O. P. < 3500. 
 
FINE — FINL 
 
 Fliiesliade, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 7 m. 
 SW. by S. Stamford, 2 m. W. by N. King's Cliffe stn. P. <2So. 
 
 fluestrat, tn., Spain, prov. and 23 m. NE. Alicante, on the 
 Torres, near the Mediterranean. P. <30oo. 
 
 Fluflunl, vil., E. Africa, Shoa, in about 9° N., 38° 51' E., 
 6 m. S. Antotto. 
 
 Fingal, vil., Canada, Ontario, Elgin co., 19 m. S. by W. 
 London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fingal, municip., Tasmania, Cornwall co., 45 m. ESE. 
 Launceston ; gold, silver, and coal mines near. P. <35oo. 
 
 Flngask, stn. , Scot. , on the borders of E. and W. Aberdeen- 
 shire, 3J m. N. Inverurie, on the G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Flngest (fin'jest), par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe 
 div. , i4i m. S. by W. Aylesbury, 5^ m. SW. by W. of West 
 Wycombe stn. P. <soo ; eccles. par. (wltb Ibstone) P. <soo. 
 
 Fliighall, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 7 m. S. 
 Richmond, with a stn. (F. Lane) on the NE. R. , P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Flnglas, par. and tn.. Ire., E. co. Dublin, bars. Castleknock 
 and Nethercross, 3 m. N. by W. Dublin, P.O. ; 4697 ac. Par. 
 P. <:20oo; tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Flnglas, par., Ire., King's co., bar. Clonlisk, 4 m. SW. 
 Roscrea. P. <:250. 
 
 Flngle Bridge, the most beautiful spot on the Teign, Eng., 
 Devonshire, ii| m. W. by S. Exeter, 3I m. NNW. Moreton 
 Hampstead stn. On the top of the left bank adjoining are 
 remains of the old camp called Prestonbury Castle. Near the 
 spot is a well-knovra logan, or rocking-stone. 
 
 Flugos and Flngolaud. See Cape Colony and Kafl^arla. 
 
 Flngringlioc, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 3I m. S. by E. 
 Colchester, on Roman R., i m. SW. by S. Wyvenhoe stn., 
 P.O. (Flngrinboe). P. <75o. 
 
 Flulka, probably the ancient Phcenicus, small seapt. , on S. 
 ct. Asia Minor, vilayet Konia, 105 m. E. by S. Rhodes. Open 
 and shallow roadstead exposed to S. winds. Large vessels 
 anchor i m. from shore. P. 3000, in great part orthodox Greeks 
 (Cuinet). 
 
 Flulsb, isl. , Ire. , W. co. Galway, at the N. of the entrance 
 to Kilkieran Bay. 
 
 Flulsk, riv. , Ire. , in the W. of co. Waterford, flows S. then 
 W. to the Blackwater, which it joins on the 1. bk. about 2 m. 
 below Cappoquin. 
 
 Flnlst^re ('land's end'), dep., NW. France, at the end of 
 the penin. of Brittany (q.v.), and composed of the old dists. of 
 L^on, or L^onais, in the N., Cornuaille occupying the SW. 
 penin., and Tr^guier; now divided into five arrs., Quimper, 
 the cap., Brest, Chiteaulin, Morlaix, and Quimperl6. The dep. 
 is essentially composed of primitive granites, schists, mica- 
 schists, and gneiss. Without being mountainous, F. is undu- 
 lating, with two chains of hills, the Montagnes d'Arr^e, with 
 the highest point of the dep. {1280 ft.), and in the S. the 
 Montagnes Noires, both chains trending ENE. On the W. 
 coast the Capes of Raz and St. Mathieu are respectively of 
 gneiss and granite. The intervening softer schistose rocks have 
 been washed away by the violence of the waves, which have 
 thus carved out, behind the larger gulf known as Iroise, between 
 the 1. of Ouessant (Ushant) on the N. and that of Sein on the 
 S., the roadstead of Brest and the bay of Douarnenez. The 
 coast line of this dep. , including its small bays, has a length of 
 375 m. The only river of importance is the Aune, or Aulne, in 
 Breston Aown, with its valley enclosed between the Montagnes 
 d'Arrte and the Montagnes Noires ; navigable for sea-going 
 ships as fEu: as Port Launay. The Odet, or Quimper, riv. is 37 
 m. long, and the Laita, or Quimperl^, riv. , in the extreme SE. , 
 about 45 m. Climate remarkably mild and temperate [Brest]. 
 Arable land occupies more than one-third of the dep., and its 
 fertility is increased by sea-weed manure. Principal cereals, 
 wheat and oats. Vegetables and fruits are largely cultivated 
 in many cantons, for the supply of Brest, Paris, and England. 
 The silver lead-mines in the vicinity of Huelgoat and PouUa- 
 ouen, formerly the richest in France, worked since the fourteenth 
 century, are now exhausted. The fine grey granite of Kersanton 
 is noted ; slates are quarried at Mor&ix and Chiteaulin, and 
 porcelain-clay obtained near Daoulas. Brest is an important 
 centre of iron shipbuilding, and linen is manufactured at Lan- 
 derneau. Sardine-fishery is profitable, and extensively carried 
 on, Douarnenez and Concameau being celebrated for this 
 specialty ; the latter of these places also breeds lobsters and 
 oysters. Two railways traverse the dep., one N. of the 
 Montagnes d'Arr^e from Paris to Brest, vid Morlaix and Lan- 
 derneau, another from Nantes to Landerneau, near the S. 
 and W. coast, vid Quimperl6 and Quimper, with a branch 
 to Douarnenez. Area, 2730 sq. m. P. (1891) 727,012. See 
 France, table. 
 
 Flnlsterre, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. Corunna, govt. 
 Corcubion. P. < 5000. 
 
 Flnlsterre, cape, Spain, on the W. ct., 38 m. W. Santiago, 
 at the S. end of a small penin. , with lighthouse, in 42° 53' N. , 
 visible 21 m. 
 
 Flnke, principal riv. in the central part of the Colony of S. 
 Australia (N. of Lake Eyre), derives its headwaters chiefly from 
 
 the S. slopes of the Macdonnell Ranges, and comes to an end 
 in sandy flats in about 26^° S., and only in times of flood 
 supplies a little water to the" basin of Lake Eyre ; the country 
 through which it flows embraces much well-watered land fit for 
 pasture. 
 
 Flukenwarder, comm., Ger., Hamburg. P. <4000. 
 
 Finland, Archdnchy of, a part of the Russian Empire, 
 situated between 59° 48' and 70° 6' N., 20° and 32° E., 
 bounded N. by Lapland, E. by the Russian govts. Archangel 
 and Olonets, S. by the Gulf of F., and W. by the Gulf of 
 Bothnia and Sweden. It was ceded to Russia by Sweden in 
 1809, and has preserved, by special grant of Alexander I., the 
 chief features of its ancient constitution. It is governed by a 
 ' Seim,' consisting of elected representatives of the four estates — 
 the nobles, the clergy, the burghers, and the peasants — and 
 convoked by the Grand Duke, Emperor of Russia. The 
 schemes of laws are elaborated by a ' Committee for the affairs 
 of F.,' sitting at St. Petersburg, and are proposed to the Seim 
 by the Grand Duke, who also has the right of veto. The exe- 
 cutive is in the hands of a Senate, which sits at Helsingfors, and 
 is composed of members nominated by the Crown, under the 
 presidency of a Governor-General. It is composed of two 
 departments, Justice and Finance, which have under them the 
 administration of education, justice, police, post, railways, 
 canals, custom-houses, and hygiene. The military department 
 and the foreign affairs are under Russian ministries, and the 
 posts and telegraphs have recently been brought under the 
 supervision of the Russian authorities. None but Finnish 
 citizens can be employed in the civil service of the country. 
 F. has also its own army (eight battalions of riflemen), as also 
 its own money and custom tariffs. It is divided into eight 
 provinces : — 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Area, 
 sq. m. 
 
 Out of it 
 under 
 Lakes, 
 sq. in. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Inhabi- 
 tants 
 per 
 
 sq.m. 
 
 Average 
 yearly- 
 Increase. 
 
 1873. 
 
 1890. 
 
 Abo-Bj5meborg 
 
 9.332 
 
 400 
 
 310,159 
 
 395,474 
 
 4' 
 
 5,019 
 
 Kuopio 
 
 16,499 
 
 2,697 
 
 230,692 
 
 290,654 
 
 16 
 
 3,527 
 
 Nyland . 
 
 4,584 
 
 286 
 
 '75,558 
 
 239,456 
 
 50 
 
 3.758 
 
 St. Michel . 
 
 8,819 
 
 2,149 
 
 160,694 
 
 180,920 
 
 19 
 
 1,190 
 
 Tavastehus 
 
 8.334 
 
 1,400 
 
 197,140 
 
 257,140 
 
 30 
 
 3,572 
 
 UleS,borg . 
 
 63,957 
 
 3,344 
 
 189,044 
 
 246,993 
 
 3 
 
 3,409 
 
 Viborg 
 
 13.530 
 
 1,402 
 
 278,754 
 
 351,600 
 
 19 
 
 4.285 
 
 Vasa. 
 
 16,105 
 
 1,314 
 
 314.994 
 
 417,192 
 
 24 
 
 6,011 
 
 Finnish part of 1 
 Lake Ladoga / 
 
 3.094 
 
 3,°94 
 
 
 
 
 
 Finland (1890) . 
 
 144.254 
 
 16,086 
 
 1.857,035 
 
 2,380,140 
 
 16 
 
 30,771 
 
 „ (1850) . 
 
 
 
 
 1,636,915 
 
 11 
 
 18,581 
 
 „ (X815) . 
 
 — 
 
 
 1,095,957 
 
 8 
 
 16,456 
 
 The average number of births (79,245 in 1886-90) exceeded the aver- 
 age number of deaths (45,953) by 33,292 every_ year, while emigration 
 (45,000-50,000 every year) but slightly exceeds immigration. 
 
 F., in its southern part, may be considered as an undulating 
 pentagonal penin,, 300-500 ft. high, stretching: NE. to SW., 
 and limited by the Gulf of Bothnia in the NW., and by the 
 Gulf of F. and the depression of Lakes Ladoga and Onega 
 in the SE. ; its surface is intersected by low undulating hills 
 and flat depressions, occupied by lakes. Beyond the 65th 
 degree of latitude, the hills rise to above 1000 ft., attaining 
 1330 ft. in the Man-selka hills, and from 2200 to 2245 ft. in 
 the Soula-selka hills of Laponia. Countless small islaiids are 
 scattered along the shores of F., part of them forming the 
 Aland archipelago in the SW. The rocks are granites, gneisses, 
 and a variety of Archean (Laurentian) schists, thickly covered 
 all over with glacial and post-glacial deposits. Southern F. is 
 covered by a labyrinth of lakes connected together by short 
 streams, which, with the aid of many canals, offer great facili- 
 ties for navigation, as well as for floating timber from the interior 
 to the coast region, while the streams supply the motive-power 
 to himdreds of saw-mills. The chief lakes are Lake Ladoga ; 
 Saima, whose outlet, the Vuoksen, flows into Lake Ladoga, 
 forming the Imatra rapids, while the Saima is connected by a 
 canal with locks with the Gulf of F. ; Pyha-selka, Ori-vesi, 
 and Pielas-jarvi, connected by streams and canals with the 
 above ; Pajane, discharging its waters through the Kymmene 
 into the same gulf; Nasi-jarvi and Pyha-jarvi about Tammer- 
 fors ; Ule&-trask and several smaller ones sending their waters 
 into the Gulf of Bothnia; and Enare, in the Kola Penin., 
 discharg^ing its waters into the Arctic Ocean through the Pats- 
 joki. The climate is extreme, with protracted winters and hot 
 but short summers, early frosts often damaging the crops. The 
 soil is fertile in the middle and W. , but stony and poor in the 
 SE. and N., where failures of crops are frequent. Grain is 
 exported from Uleaborg, but has to be imported in the S. 
 and SE. Chief crops, rye, barley, and oats. The land was 
 owned in 1890 by 114,582 persons (89,000 holding less than 
 67 acres), and is rented by the large owners to small farmers 
 (nearly 70,000), whose condition is generally precarious. An 
 
 527 
 
F I NL — F I RB 
 
 uverage crop attains 52,000 hectolitres of wheat, 4,500,000 of 
 rye, 2,300,000 of barley, 5,000,000 of oats, and about 6,000,000 
 of potatoes. In addition to this, about 110,000 tons of cereals 
 are imported every year, while from 45,000 to 50,000 tons, 
 chiefly of oats, are exported. Cattle breeding is an important 
 pursuit, especially for the export of milk and butter. Forests 
 cover immense areas, those of the Crown alone covering 
 35,276,000 acres, while the saw-mills give occupation to more 
 than 7000 workers. Hunting in the N., and sea hunting in 
 the archipelagoes, are substantial branches of income. Bog iron 
 is found in very many lakes, 20,000-25,000 tons of pig iron being 
 obtained every year. The manufactures are steadily develop- 
 ing, and give occupation to an aggregate of nearly 60,000 
 workers ; their yearly production attains about ;^6, 500,000. 
 The chief are iron and mechanical works, textiles, wood 
 works, distilleries, paper and leather works. The chief com- 
 merce of F. is with Russia, Germany, and Great Britain, 
 the exports attaining, in 1886-91, from about /3,ooo,oc)o to 
 
 f 4,000, 000, while the imports vary from ;^3, 600,000 to 
 6,000,000. The chief exports are timber, butter, paper, 
 leather, flour, cottons, hides, tar and pitch ; and the chief 
 imports com and flour, cofifee and colonial goods, iron, tex- 
 tiles, raw cotton, chemicals, tobacco, &c. With the exception 
 of some 42,000 Greek Orthodox and Nonconformists in Karelia 
 (E^t F.), and about 500 Roman Catholics, the population are 
 Lutherans ; and out of a legal population of 2,371,092, no less 
 than 2,048,445 were Fins, and only 322,647 Swedes. F. is 
 well provided with schools. It has one university at Helsing- 
 fors (over 1700 students), and a considerable number of schools 
 for secondary and professional education, both for boys and 
 gfirls. The primary schools are in a good condition, and 
 owing to a system of ambulatory schools in the least peopled 
 parts of the territory, only 12,000 children out of 420,000 in 
 the school age received no instruction. F. has 1930 kilometres 
 of railways (1891), all very economically built by the state. A 
 main^line runs from St. Petersburg to Helsingfors, Hangoudd, 
 and Abo, with branches to Sestroryetsk, on Lake Ladoga, and 
 Kotka, Borgo, and Sveiborg on the shores of the Gulf of F. ; 
 two main lines branch northwards, one to Kuopio, and the 
 other to Vasa and Uleaborg. The chief towns are Helsing* 
 fors, cap. of F. (61,000 inhabitants, with Sveaborg, its fortress), 
 Al>o (29,000), Tammerfors (19,000), Vlborg (18,000), IJlei- 
 borg (12,500). BJ6meboi% (10,500), Nikolaistad, or Yasa 
 (9500), and Knoplo (9100). The aggregate population of the 
 towns attained 235,300 in 1890. All units of measures and 
 money are on the metric system (mark=franc). 
 
 Finland, Gnlf of, great arm of Baltic Sea, extending E. 
 between 58° 40' and 60° 40' N. , 23° and 30° 10' E. , having 
 Finland in N. , and Russian govts. St. Petersburg and Esthonia 
 in E. and S. Length, 260 m. ; breadth, 25-90 m. Contains 
 numerous islands : Kotlin, on which Kronstadt is built, Hogland, 
 Tiitters, Nargen being the chief Receives the Neva, Luga, 
 Narova, and is connected by Saima canal (a canal with locks) 
 v^th the interior lakes of Finland. St. Petersburg is at its E. 
 end, and the towns Hangoudd, EkenSs, Helsingfors, Sveaborg, 
 Borgo, Kotka, Viborg, and Sestroryetsk are on its N. coast ; 
 Baltisch Port, Reval, Narva, and Oranienbaimi on its S. coast. 
 Two lines of railway run along both coasts, with branches to 
 above towns. Chief channel for Russian export trade. Free 
 from ice for 207 and 220 days at Helsingfors and Kronstadt, and 
 309 and 332 days at Hangoudd and Baltischport. 
 
 Flnlay, riv., Canada. See Peace KlTcr. 
 
 Flnlayson Channel, strait, Brit. Columbia, between Roderick 
 and Sarah and Princess Royal Is. , in about 52° 3o'-5o' N. , 128° 
 15' W. At its N. end are Hiehish Narrows. 
 
 Flnmark, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 1031 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Flnmark, a bailiwick, or amt, Norway, prov. and diocese 
 Tromso, forms the most N. part of continental Europe, and 
 is situated between the Arctic Ocean and Russian Lapland. 
 See Norway, table. 
 
 Flnmere, pai-., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 3^ m. 
 W. Buckingham, P.O. P<5oo. 
 
 Finn, riv. , Ire. , co. Donegal, issues from Lough Finn, and flows 
 E. then NE.tillit unites with the Moume(Strule) to form the Foyle. 
 
 Finn, riv.. Ire., cos. Monaghan and Fermanagh, flows S., 
 SW. , and then N W. into the head of Upper Lough Erne. 
 
 Finn, Longta, lake. Ire., in the NW. of co. Donegal, 13J m. 
 N. Donegal 
 
 Finnan, riv., Scot., Inverness-shire, flows through the valley 
 of Glenfinnan into the E. end of Loch Shiel. 
 
 Finnan, vil. , Scot. See Flndon. 
 
 Flnnea, tn.. Ire., N. co. Westmeath, bar. Fore, 17J m. E. 
 by N. Longford, at the outlet of Loch Sheelin, 2 m. from Bally- 
 willan stn., P.O. (Finea). P. <25o. 
 
 Finney, co., U.S., Kansas, in the SW., crossed by 38° N. 
 and 101° W. 
 
 Unnlngham, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 6 m. SW. by W. 
 Eye, 14 m. E. by N. Bury St. Edmunds, on the G. E. R., 
 PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 528 
 
 Flnnlngley, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 
 7 m. ESE. Doncaster, on the G. E. and G. N. Joint Rly., P.O. 
 P. <Soo. 
 
 Flunlss Vale, South Australia. See Second Valley. 
 
 Flnnoe, par., Ire,, co. Tipperary, bar. Lower Ormond, 2 m. 
 SW. Borrisokane ; 5054 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Flnow Canal, navigable canal, Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 
 connecting the Oder with the Havel in about 52° 50' N. , partly 
 composed of the canalised Flnow R. (1. bk. trib. of the Oder) ; 
 constructed in 1744-46. 
 
 Flnsbary, settlement and rly. stn. , Canada, Assiniboia, about 
 80 m. NW. Regina. 
 
 Flngbnry, pari. bor. , Eng. , in the N. of London, divided into 
 the East, Central, and Holborn divs. P. 182,500. 
 
 Flnsbary Park, part of eccles. par. and important junc. , 
 Eng., London, on the G. N. R., 3^ m. N. St. Paul's. P. 6000. 
 
 Flnschbafen, former stn. , on E. ct. of Ger. New Guinea, N. 
 of Huon Gulf, abandoned on account of its extreme imhealthiness. 
 
 FlnstaU, eccles. par., Eng., Worcestershire, 2 m. SE. Broms- 
 grove, PT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Flnsteraarbom, Mount. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. B. 1. 
 
 Flnstermtinz, narrow pass, Austria, in the Tirolese Alps, on 
 the Inn, 18 m. N. Glums. 
 
 Flnsterwalde, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 27 m. 
 WSW. Kottbus. P. 7900; comm. P. 8100. 
 
 Flnsthwalte, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, 8 m. NE, 
 Ulverston. P. <soo. 
 
 Flnstlngen, tn. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, on the Saar R. , 34 m. 
 W. by S. Worth. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Flnstock, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury div., 5 m. W. 
 Woodstock, 2 m. S. Charlbury stn., P.O. P. <75o; eccles. 
 par. (F. with Fawler) P. <75o. 
 
 Flnstown, seapt. viL, Scot., Orkney Is., at head of Bay of 
 Firth, 6^ m. NW. KirkwaU, PMT.O. 
 
 Flnthen, vlL, Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, 4 m. W. by S. Mainz. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Flntona, tn. , Ire. , SW. co. Tyrone, bar. Clogher, on R. Drum- 
 ragh, 7 m. S. Omagh, with two stns. (F. and F. Jnnc.) on the 
 Londonderry and Enniskillen Rly., PMT.O. Market-day, F. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Flntowu, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 9 m. NE. Glenties, 17 m. 
 from Stranorlar stn. 
 
 Flntown, electoral div.. Ire., bar. Boylagh, co. and 14^ m. 
 N. Donegal. 
 
 Flntragh Bay, Ire. , SW. co. Donegal, in the N. of Donegal 
 Bay, in long. 8° 30' W. 
 
 Flntray, par. , Scot. , E. Aberdeenshire, the vil. called Hatton 
 of F. on the 1. bk. of the Don, 5^ m. SE. by E. Inverurie, i^ 
 m. NE. Kinaldie stn., P.O. ; 7319 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Flntry, par. , Scot, , Stirlingshire, 11^ m. WSW. Stirling, 5 m. 
 N. Campsie Glen stn., P.O.; 13,772 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Flntry Hills, range of hills, Scot., Stirlingshire, about 8^ m. 
 WSW. Stirhng ; highest peak Stronend, 1676 ft. 
 
 Flnnge, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Clanmaiuice, on R. Feale, 
 3 m. SW. Listowel, P.O.; 3741 ac. P. <750. 
 
 FlmToy, par., Ire., NW. co. Antrim, bar. Kilconway, io| m. 
 SE. by S. Coleraine, 5 m. from Ballymoney stn., P.O.; 16,369 ac 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Fion, Gadhaelic, 'fair,' 'white,' 'clear.' See Fin. 
 
 Flonphort, place with P.O., Scot., Argyllshire, in the SW. 
 of Mull I.; ferry to lona. 
 
 Flora, viL , Switzerland. See Flilelen. 
 
 Florano Modenese, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and dist, 
 Modena. P. <35oo. 
 
 Fiord, Fjord, Scandinavian, ' a gulf,' in Icelandic Fjordr, in 
 Scotch names FirtA, and by transposition of the r in English, 
 Frith. In Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish proper names it 
 is always a suffix, and spelt as one word with the name proper. 
 In this Gazetteer the same rule is followed as for elf(q.v. ). 
 
 Fiord, CO. , New Zealand, South I. , in the S W. comer. 
 
 Florenznola, comm., Italy, Emilia, on the Emilian Way, 
 prov. and 14 m. S. Piacenza E. P. 6900. 
 
 Flpa, region, central Africa, to the E. of Lake Tanganyika, 
 between about 7° and 8° 20' S. 
 
 Flran, or Felran, Wadl el, oasis, on Sinai Renin. 
 
 Flrando, or Flrato, isl. , Japan. See Hlrado. 
 
 Fira-shlma, isl., Japan. See Hlra-shlma. 
 
 Flraan, general name given by Arab' geographers to the large 
 shot or sebkha in the S. of Tunis, crossed in the N. by 34° N., 
 and including the Shot ed Jerid in the W., and the Shot el Fejej 
 in the E. 
 
 Flrbank,par., Eng., Westmorland, 6m. E. KendaL P. <2So. 
 
 Flrbeck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Doncaster div., 
 9 m. ESE. Rotherham, 5 m. NE. Kiveton Park stn., P.O. 
 P. <:250 ; eccles. par. (F. with Letwell) P. <5oo. 
 
 Flrby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., on 
 the Derwent, 13^ m. NE. York, 4^ m. SW. by S. Malton, close 
 to Castle Hovrard stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Flrby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div., 9J 
 ro. N. by W. Ripon, i^ m. S. Bedale stn. P. <25o. 
 
F I RE — FI TZ 
 
 Fire Island, small isl., U.S., New York, in the Great South 
 Bay, S. of Long Island. At its W. end is Fire I. inlet, in 73° 15' 
 W., with a lighthouse, visible 19 m. 
 
 Fire Island Beach, narrow strip of land, 40 m. long, on the 
 S. ct. of the middle portion of Long I., U.S., New York, con- 
 nected at one place with the mainland of Long I. 
 
 Flreuze, Italy. See Florence. 
 
 Flreiizuola, comm. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 25 m. N. by 
 
 E. Florence. Alt. 1385 ft. P. 10,000. 
 
 Flrles, P. O. , Ire. , 3 m. from Farranfore, co. Kerry, ^ m. from 
 Molahiffe stn. 
 
 Firinghl B&x&r, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Dacca, in 
 23° 33' N. , 90° 33' E. ; the first Portuguese settlement in the 
 dist., formed about 1663. P. <:50oo. 
 
 Flrle, "West, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Eastbourne div. , 4^ m. SE. 
 by E. Lewes, 2 m. SSE. Glynde stn., PM.O. P. <7So; eccles. 
 par. (F, West with Beddlngham) P. < 1000. 
 
 Flrnil, comm., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. Villefranche, cant, 
 and 4.^ m. E. Aubin ; has coal and iron mines. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Flrmliiy, comm., France, dep. Loire, arr. and 6 m. SW. 
 St. Etienne ; important coal-mines ; manufactures of cast steel, 
 &c. P. 13,100. 
 
 Firmiuni Jvlium, tn. , Spain. See Motrtl. 
 
 Flrniount, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Dripsey. 
 
 Fir Mountain, Ire., in the E. of co. Tyrone, 6 m. NW. 
 Cookstown. 
 
 Flrozdb^d, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. 
 and 20 m. E. Agra. P. {1891) 15,300; Hindus, 9500; Moham. 
 4700. 
 
 Flrozpnr, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gurgaon, 54 m. 
 NW. Bhartpur. P. (1881) 6900; (1891) 6800; Moham. 3400; 
 Hindus, 3000. 
 
 Flrozpnr, tn. and military cantonment, Brit. India, Punjab, 
 cap. F. dist., 47 m. SSE. Lahore, on the old high bank of the 
 Sutlej, 3J m. from the present bed of the river. The canton- 
 ments lie 2 m. S. The dist. is reputed exceptionally healthy. 
 P. (1881)39,600; (1891)50,400; Hindus, 23,000; Moham. 22,000. 
 
 Flrozsh&h, battlefield, India, Punjab, dist. Firozpur, 48 m. 
 S. Amritsar, where the British forces under Sir Hugh Gough 
 and Sir Henry Hardinge captured a formidably entrenched 
 Sikh camp, Dec. 22, 1845, after two days' severe fighting. 
 
 Firry, electoral div., Ire., Longford, dist. Granard. 
 
 Flrsby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 15 m. NE. 
 by N. Boston, i m. S. by W. of its stn. on the G. N. R. P. < 
 250 ; eccles. par. (F. with Great Steeping) P. <5oo. 
 
 Flrshy, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Lincoln- 
 shire, parts of Lindsey, near Market Rasen. F. Blast, P. <25o ; 
 
 F. West, P. <2So. See Saxby. 
 Firth, in Scotch names. See Fiord. 
 
 Firth and Stennes, united par. , Scot. , Orkney Is. , Mainland, 
 contains Finstown ; 15,891 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fir Tree, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, Witton-le- Wear par. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Flrnzabad, tn. , Persia, prov. Fars, 65 m. S. Shiraz. 
 
 Flschaniend, market-tn. , Lower Austria, 11 m. SE. by E. 
 Vienna. P. <30oo. 
 
 Flscheln, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 3 m. SSE. Krefeld. 
 Scene of the battle of Krefeld, June 23, 1758. P. <4000. 
 
 Flschenthal, valley and comm., Switzd., cant, and 18 m. E. 
 by S. Zurich. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Fischer, 8. Pedro, Wlshart, or Snzannet, thickly peopled 
 isl., Bismarck Archipelago, crossed by 2° 35' S. , 152° E. 
 
 Flschern, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on R. Eger, 2 m. NW. 
 Karlsbad. P. 5200. 
 
 Flschhausen, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, on the N. shore 
 of the Frisches Haff, 20 m. W. Konigsberg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Flsch-See, Grosser ('great fish lake'), Hungarian, Hal-to, 
 small lake (about 80 acres in extent), Hungary, in the Tatra 
 Mountains. Alt. 4665 ft. Greatest ascertained depth, 195 ft. 
 
 Flsclano, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. and dist. Salerno. 
 P. 8300. 
 
 Fish Bay, Cape Colony, S. ct., in 22° E. 
 
 Flshbonrne, New, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 2 m. W. 
 Chichester, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Flshbnrn, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 8| m. SE. Durham, 
 2\ m. WNW. Hurworth Burn stn. P. <500. 
 
 Flshcross and Sanchle, vil. , Scot. , Clackmannanshire, 2 m. 
 N. Alloa, PMT.O. (Sanchle). P.<soo. 
 
 Fisher, vil., U.S., Illinois, Champaign co., 81 m. NW. by 
 N. Terre Haute (Ind.). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Fisher, CO., U.S., Texas, W. of 100° W., N. of 32° N. 
 
 Flsherle, vil., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 8 m. NE. Turriff, P.O. 
 
 Flsherrow, tn., Scot., Midlothian, on the N. ct., on the 
 1. bk. of the Esk, opposite and included in the pari, burgh of 
 Musselburgh. P. 5100. 
 
 Fisher's Island. See Pescadores. 
 
 Fisher's Island, small isl., U.S., New York, at the E. end 
 of Long I., Suffolk co. , in 72° W. 
 
 Fisher's Lake, lake, Canada, Nova Scotia, Annapolis co., 
 drained SE. into the Atlantic. 
 529 
 
 Fisher's Pond, P.O., Eng., Hampshire, near Southampton, 
 3 m. from Shawford. 
 
 FIsherstreet, tn.. Ire., NW. ct. , co. Clare, bar. Corcomroe, 
 23 m. SW. by S. Galway, 18 m. from Ennis stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Flsherton, eccles. par. , Scot. , Maybole par. , co. and 6 m. 
 SW. Ayr. P. <75o. 
 
 Flsherton Anger, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, in the pari. bor. of 
 Salisbury. P. 5100. 
 
 Flsherton de la Mere, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Wilton div. , 
 on the Wily, 11 m. NW. by W. Salisbury, i m. N. Wylye stn. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Flsherrllle, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, co. and on the 
 Merrimack R. , 5^ m. NNW. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 FIsherwIck, par., Eng., Staffordshire, 3J m. NE. Lichfield. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Fishguard, or Abergwaen, contributory pari. bor. , seapt. , 
 market-tn., and par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on F. Bay, which 
 forms an excellent natural harbour (depth at entrance high 
 water ordinary springs 14 ft., at quayside 8 ft.), 13^ m. N. 
 Haverfordwest, with fife-boats and coastguard station, PMT.O. 
 Par. 4206 ac. , P. <20oo ; bor. P. <i5oo. See Pembroke. 
 
 Fish Haven, settlement, U.S., Idaho, Bear Lake co., 175 m. 
 S. by W. from the NE. corner of the state. 
 
 FIshklll on Hudson, vil., U.S., New York, Dutchess co., 
 on the 1. bk. of the Hudson R. , 14 m. S. by W. Poughkeepsie. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Flslilake, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 8 m. 
 NE. Doncaster, on the Don, close to Stainforth and Hatfield 
 stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 FIshley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Norfolk, E. div. , 8J m. WNW, 
 Yarmouth, i m. N. Acle stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Fishponds, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Stapleton 
 par., with stn. on the M. R., PMT.O. P. 6800. 
 
 Fish River, SW. Africa, Great Namaqualand, flows when 
 running SW. into Angra Pequeiia Bay ; frequently dry. 
 
 Fish Klver, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. and 35 m. SE. 
 Middelburg, on the railway from Port Elizabeth. 
 
 Fish River, Great. See Great Fish River. 
 
 FIshtoft, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Holland div. , 2^ m. ESE. 
 Boston, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Fish Town, tn., Brit. W. Africa, on the Bight of Benin, at 
 the mouth of the Benin, 58 m. SSW. Benin, in 5° 3' E. 
 
 FIshtowu, or New Sierra Leone, vil., Brit. W. Africa, Gold 
 Coast, on the Bight of Benin, in 1° 14' E. 
 
 Flshwlck, par., Eng., Lancashire, included in the co. bor. 
 of Preston. P. <3500. 
 
 Flskerniis, Danish settlement, on the SW. ct. of Greenland, 
 is a Moravian mission stn. 
 
 FIskerton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 5 m. 
 E. Lincoln, i m. WNW. Five Mile House stn., P.O. P. <:50o. 
 
 FIskerton with Morton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, 
 Newark div., 12 m. NE. Nottingham, with stn. (FIskerton) on 
 theM. R., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Flsk University. See Nashville. 
 
 Flsmes, tn., France, dep. Marne, on the Vesle, arr. and 17 m. 
 W. by N. Reims. P. •C4000. 
 
 Flstral Bay, Eng., on the NW. ct. of Cornwall, to the W. 
 of New Quay. 
 
 Fltchbui^, city, U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co. , 24 m. 
 W. by S. Lowell, on a branch of the Nashua R. , which furnishes 
 abundant water-power ; has machine shops, textile manufac- 
 tures, and paper-mills. P. (1880) 12,400; (1890) 22,000. 
 
 FItero, tn., Spain, prov. Pamplona, on 1. bk. of the Alhama, 
 40 m. NE. by E. Soria ; has celebrated sulphur-baths. P. <4000. 
 
 Fitful Head, cape, Scot. , Shetland Is. , on the SW. ct. of the 
 Mainland, in 59° 55^' N. , 6 m. NW. Sumburgh Head. Alt. 929 ft. 
 
 FItling, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 
 lo^ m. E. by N. Hull, 5^ m. NNE. Ryhill stn. P. -C250. 
 
 FIts-along, group of isls. in the NE. of Tongking, between 
 Kebao I. and Hongai. 
 
 FIttleton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, on the Avon, 6^ m. N. 
 Amesbury. P. <5oo. 
 
 Flttleworth, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 8 m. N. 
 Arundel, i^ m. N. of its stn. on the L. B. & S. C. R., PM.O 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 FItto dl Ceclna, comm., Italy. See Ceclua. 
 
 FIttrl, or Fltrl, lake, central Africa, 140 m. E. Lake Chad. 
 
 Fltz, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., on the 1. bk. of the 
 Severn, 4^ m. NW. Shrewsbury, 2 m. W. Leaton stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Fitzgerald, co. , New S. Wales, S. of 30° S. , crossed by 144° E. 
 
 FItzhead, par., Eng. , Somerset, Wellington div., 7 m. W. by 
 N. Taunton, 2 m. E. Wiveliscombe stn., P.O. P. 250. 
 
 FItzhugh Sound, strait running S. from 52° N. , Brit. Colum- 
 bia, between themainland and Hunter, Calvert, and other islands. 
 
 Fltzroy, CO., New South Wales, on the ct., crossed by 30° S. 
 
 FItzroy, co., Queensland, S. of 26° S., crossed in the middle 
 by 152° E. 
 
 Fltzroy, riv., Queensland, formed by the union of the Mac- 
 kenzie from the N. and the Dawson from the S. , flows E. into 
 the Pacific about the Tropic of Capricorn ; navigable 35 m. from 
 
 2 L 
 
FITZ — FLAT 
 
 its mouth as far as Rockhampton, which can be reached by 
 
 vessels of 1500 tons. 
 
 Fltzroy, city, Victoria, a NE. subuib of Melbourne. P. 32,500. 
 
 Fitzroy, large riv. , Kimberley div. of W. Australia, traversing 
 
 many m. of well- watered grassy plains and flowing W. then N W. 
 
 into the head of King Sound ; navigable by steamers 100 m. up. 
 
 Fitzroy, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., co. Taranaki. 
 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Fitzroy Channel, Chile. See Skyrlug Water. 
 
 Fitzroy Downs, an isolated range in the S. of Queensland, 
 about 320 m. W. Brisbane ; principal town, Roma. Average 
 height, 1 100 ft. 
 
 Fltz Boy Harbour, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Carleton, on 
 R. Ottawa, 12 m. E. Arnprior. Mean temp. , yr. 41. 5° F. , Jan. 
 10.2°, July 70°. P. <isoo. 
 
 FltzwllUam, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Cheshire co., 2 m. 
 N. Cheshire Depot. P. < 1500. 
 
 FltzwllUam Depot, viL, U.S., New Hampshire, Cheshire 
 CO., 15 m. E. of the SW. comer of the state, with granite 
 quarries. P. < 1500. 
 
 FltzwllUam Island, isl., Canada, Ontario, off the SE. of 
 Grand Manitoulin I., 8 m. long by 4 m. broad. 
 
 Fltzwllllam's MIU, viL, U.S., Texas, Bastrop co., SE. of 
 Austin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Flume (Ital. ' river ' ; called in the Middle Ages Fanum Sancti 
 Viti ad Flumen, ' temple of St. Vitus by the river,' corrupted in 
 German into St. Veit am Flaum, called in Croatian Rieka, a 
 translation of the Italian name), seapt. tn., Hungary, forming 
 with the adjoining territory an independent dist., surrounded by 
 the prov. of Croatia Slavonia, on the Gulf of Quamero, at the 
 mouth of the Fiumara, in the Adriatic, 40 m. SE. Trieste. At 
 the time of the adoption of the Hungarian constitution (1867) 
 F. had only a small trade, but much has been done since by 
 the Hungarian government, as well as by the local government, 
 to improve the port. It has been connected by rail with the 
 interior of Hungary (as well as the Austrian provs. ). Since 1872 
 a harboiu- has been formed, sheltered by a breakwater 1552 yards 
 long, and accessible to ships of any size, which load and unload 
 at quays. There is also a petroleum port, besides the old port 
 in the Fiumara channel, and a timber port and a floating dock 
 intended for the port are now (1893) in course of construction. 
 F. has in consequence become the chief place of shipment of 
 Hungarian grain and flour, as well as the seat of a large export 
 trade in timber and other products, total value ;^4,ooo,ooo to 
 ;^5, 000,000. Its import trade is only about two-thirds of that 
 value ; principal articles, petroleum, rice, wine, coal, jute, and 
 other raw materials. The shipping frequenting the port in- 
 creased from 4331 vessels of 280,919 tons entered and cleared 
 in 1871, to 12,522 vessek of 1,855,226 tons in 1891 (12,510 vessels 
 of 1,627,927 tons in 1892). Till July 1891 F. was a free port. 
 The chief drawback that still remains to the development of 
 the port lies in the fact that the railways connecting it with the 
 interior are only single lines. F. is also a manufacturing town ; 
 chief manufactures, machinery, hemp and jute fabrics, paper, 
 &c., besides shipbuilding. Difference between highest and 
 lowest tides 27^ in. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 57.3 F., Jan. 
 42.8°, July 74.5°. Area, tn. and dist., 8 sq. m. P. (1869) 
 17,900; (1880)21,000; (1890)29,500. 
 
 Flumefreddo Bruzlo, comra. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 
 on the coast, 37 m. NW. Catanzaro. P. <5oo. 
 
 FlnnilceUo Urago, comm. , Italy, prov. and i m. W. Brescia. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Flumlclno, small seapt. , Italy, prov. and 15 ra. WSW. Rome ; 
 founded in 1825. 
 
 Flumorbo (' river of disease,' the ancient Hierus), small riv., 
 Corsica, flowing E. into the sea about 42'' N. ; so called on account 
 of the noxious exhalations of its marshy banks. 
 
 Flvealley, P.O., Ire., W. King's co., bar. Eglish, 5 m. NE. 
 by N. Parsonstown. 
 
 Fire Ashes, hamlet, Eng., 3 m. from Mayfield, Sussex, P.O. 
 
 Five Dock, post-tn. , New South Wales, Cumberland co. , 8 
 m. W. Sydney, on the Parramatta. P. <i5oo. 
 
 FlTehead, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 8 m. E. 
 by S. Taunton, P.O. P. <soo; eccles. par. (F. with Swell) 
 P. <750- 
 
 Fire Islands, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Colchester co. , on 
 Minas Basin, 60 m. WNW. Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Five Islands Harbour, bay on the W. ct. of Antigua I. , 
 Brit. W. Indies. 
 
 FlTe Men's Sound, in Frobisher Strait, Brit. N. America. 
 
 FlTe*mlle-bourne, P.O., Ire., NW^. co. Leitrim, bar. 
 Drumahaire, 6 m. E. Sligo. 
 
 Flye Mile House, stn. , Eng., Lincolnshire, Sleaford div., 
 on the G. N. R. , 5 m. E. Lincoln. 
 
 Fire Mile House, P.O. , Scot. , Forfarshire, 5 m. NW. Dundee. 
 
 Five MUe Point, cape. Ire. , on the E. ct. of co. Wicklow, 
 in 53° 4' N. 
 
 Five Mile Point, cape, U.S., Connecticut, on the S. ct. of 
 New Haven co. , in 72° 54' W, , at the E. of the entrance to New 
 Haven Bay. 
 530 
 
 Five Mile River, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Hants, on 
 Nine Mile R. , 9 m. from Maitland, near Cobequid Bay. P. <: 1500. 
 
 FlvemUetown, tn. , Ire., S. co. Tyrone, bar. Clogher, 15 m. 
 S. Omagh, PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Five Oak Green, hamlet, Eng., Kent, div. and 3J m. ESE. 
 Tunbridge, i^ m. W. Paddock Wood June, P.O. 
 
 Five Oaks, vil., Eng., Channel Is., Jersey, li m. NE. St. 
 Helier, PM.O. 
 
 Flvepenuy Borve, vil., Scot., Ross-shire, Lewis I., Barras 
 par. P. < 500. 
 
 Five Koads, P.O., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 4 m. from 
 Llanelly. 
 
 Five Sisters Islands, a group in Tenasserim Prov. , Burma, 
 in 11° 25' N. 
 
 Five Ways, stn., Eng., Birmingham, on the M. R. 
 
 Five Ways, PM. O. , Eng. , Staffordshire, 2 m. from Hednesford. 
 
 Flvlzzauo, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Massa, 11 m. N. 
 Carrara, P. 15,700. 
 
 Flxby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3^ m. NW. Hud- 
 dersfield ; has stone-quarries. P. <5oo. 
 
 FJallsJo, comm., Sweden, prov. W. Norrland, 96 m. NW. 
 by N. Hernosand. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Fjeld,fjeldene,fioll, ' a mountain.' See Fell. 
 
 Fjord, fj'drdr. See Fiord. 
 
 FlackweU Heath, hamlet, Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 
 10 m. NW. by N. Windsor, 2 m. ESE. Wycombe, close to 
 Loudwater stn. , P. O. 
 
 Flacq, tn. , Mauritius, on the E. ct. 
 
 Fladbury, par., Eng., Worcestershire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Avon, div. and 3 m. NW. by W. Evesham, on the G. W. R., 
 PM.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (F. with Wyre Piddle and 
 Throckmorton) P. <; 1500. 
 
 Fladda, islet, Scot. , Argyllshire, ofi" the W. ct. of Mull, in 
 56° 31' N., 6° 235^' W. 
 
 Fladda, or Phladda, small isl. , vrith lighthouse, visible 11 m., 
 Scot., Argyllshire, at N. end of Scarba Sound, in 56° 15' N., 
 5° 41' W. 
 
 Fladda, isl. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, Outer Hebrides, S. Uist 
 par. , between Vatersay and Pabbay in 56° 54' N. P. 76. 
 
 Fladday, small isL , Scot. See Flodda. 
 
 Fladstrand. See Frederlkshavn. 
 
 Flagg, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , 6 m. SE. by E. Buxton. 
 P. <;25o. 
 
 Flagnac, comm. , France, dep. Ave)Ton, arr. Villefranche, on 
 the Lot, 48 m. N. Albi. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Flagstad (or Flahstad) -o, small isl. , Norway, off the SE. ct., 
 prov. Nedenaes, 7 m. NE. Arendal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Flagstad-o, one of the Lofoten Is. , S. of Vest-Vaagen. 
 
 Flamborough, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., 16^ m. SE. Scarborough, 3^ m. ENE. Bridlington, 2 m. 
 
 E. of its stn. on the NE. R., PMT.O. P.<:i5oo. 
 Flamborough Head, cape, Eng., consists of a range of 
 
 limestone rocks, 450 ft. in elevation, extending along the shore 
 for several miles, with a lighthouse 2 14 ft. in height, in 54° 7' N. , 
 0° 5' W. , visible 21 m. The rock is perforated by caverns, 
 which are the resort of numerous sea-fowl. 
 
 Flamstead, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, St. Alban's div., 4 m. 
 S. by W. Luton, 2 J m. NW. Redbourn stn., P.O., and P.O. at 
 
 F. End ; 6004 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Flanders, the former name of an extensive country of Eiu-ope 
 comprised between the Lower Scheldt, the North Sea, Artois, 
 Hainaut, and Brabant. It was long governed by the Counts of 
 F., and in 1369 passed by marriage to the house of Burgundy, 
 and then in 1477 to that of Habsburg [Austria and Spain, 
 historical notes]. Louis XIV. of France conquered part of it, 
 and it now forms the provs. of E. and W. Flanders in Belgium, 
 part of the prov. Zeeland in the Netherlands, and the greater 
 part of the dep. Nord in France. The people are called in 
 English, Flemings ; and their langfuage (nearly akin to Dutch), 
 Flemish. See Belgium, table. 
 
 Flandrean, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Moody co., 90 m. NNE, 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Flanlgan's, vil. , Canada. See M'Cllllvray. 
 
 Flannan Isles, or the Seven Hunters, Scot., 21 m. WNW. 
 Gatton Head (Hebrides), off the W. side of Lewis I. The 
 Insula SacrcB of Buchanan, with Culdee remains. A rocky 
 group, comprising Rodhoreim I. , Brona Cleit, Eilean a Ghobha, 
 Eilean Mhor, Gealtaire Mhor, and Soraidh, the seventh island 
 having no name. These islands swarm with eider ducks, gannet, 
 and other sea-fowl ; sheep are also fattened on them. 
 
 Flannery, co. , U.S., N. Dakota, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 by 103° W. , bounded on the S. by R. Missouri. 
 
 Flashy with Wlnterburn, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, div. and 4^ m. NW. Skipton, 16^ m. NNE. Burnley, aj 
 m. NNE. Gargrave stn. ; 4340 ac. P. <2SO. 
 
 Flstbush, vil., U.S., New York, Long I., 4 m. S. Fulton 
 Ferry, Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Flathead Indians, a misnamed tribe of the Selish family, re- 
 moved in 1871 by the U.S. government from the Bitter Root R. 
 to the Joko valley, Montana. 
 
FLAT 
 
 FLI M 
 
 Flathead Pass, U.S., Montana, a gap in the Gallatin range 
 of the Rocky Mts. 
 
 Flat Holme, isl. , Eng. , Somerset, in the Bristol Channel, 6 
 m. W. by N. Weston-super-Mare, i^ m. in circumference, and 
 consists mostly of rich pasture land ; has a lighthouse with a 
 revolving light, 156 ft. above the sea, in 51° 22' N., 30° 7' W., 
 visible 18 m. 
 
 Flatlands, vil., U.S., New York, King's co., 5 m. SE. 
 Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Flatlauds, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, Restigouche 
 CO. , near the W. end of Chaleur Bay, 
 
 Flatonla, city, U.S., Texas, Fayette co., 57 m. SE. Austin. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Flatow, tn., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, on a small lake, 42 
 m. WNW. Bromberg. P. <40oo. 
 
 Flat Point, the S. extremity of Sumatra I. , E. Indies. 
 
 Flattery, Cape, Australia, in the E. , in 14° 52' S. ; named by 
 Cook, who believed there was an opening through the Barrier 
 Reef here, but found he was mistaken. 
 
 Flattery, Cape, U.S. , Oregon, at S. side of entrance of strait 
 of Juan de Fuca. 
 
 Flanudeu, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Watford div. , lo^ m. 
 WSW. St. Albans, 5 m. WSW. King's Langley stn., P.O. P. 
 <25o. See Latimer. 
 
 Flavia, tn., Spain. See I<ora del Rio. 
 
 Flavia Casanensis, dist. which formed the central and largest 
 part of Britannia (Roman period). 
 
 Flarlguy, tn., France, dep. Cdte^d'Or, arr. Semur, 27 ra. 
 NW. by W. Dijon, 9 m. E. Semur-en-Auxois. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Flavium Axatitanum, tn., Spain. See Lora del Klo. 
 
 Flawborougb, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, div. and 7 m. 
 S. by W. Newark, 3 m. SSW. Cotham stn. P.<250. See 
 Stannton. 
 
 FlawU, viL, Switzd., cant, and 9 m. W. St. GaU. P. <sooo. 
 
 Flawltli, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 11 J m. NW. York, i^ m. SW. by W. Alne stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Flax Bourton, par. , Eng. , Somerset, N, div. , s| m. WSW. 
 Bristol, with a stn. on the G. W. R. ; has ochre and iron ore 
 mines. PMT.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Flaxby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., 2^ m. 
 E. by N. Knaresborough, close to Goldsborough stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Flaxley, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div., 
 9 m. W. by S. Gloucester, 2^ m. WSW. Grange Court stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Flaxtou npou the Moor, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Thirsk and Malton div., 8^ m. NE. York, with a stn. (Flaxtou) 
 on the NE. R., P.O. (Flaxton). P.-ssoo. 
 
 Flean More, tnld., Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Shanid, Kilfergus 
 par. P. <25o. 
 
 Fl^che, La, tn., France, dep. Sarthe, cap. arr., on the Loire, 
 25 m. SW. by S. Le Mans ; has a military school, now called 
 the Prytande, founded by Henry IV. in 1607, and manufactures 
 of gloves and paper. P. 7300. 
 
 Flecke, Teutonic and Scandinavian, ' a spot ' or ' level place,' 
 hence 'hamlet.' 
 
 Fleckuey, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Harborough div. , 8 m. 
 SE. by S. Leicester, 3 m. W. Kibworth stn., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Flecknoe, hamlet, Eng., Warwickshire, div, and 8 m. S. 
 Rugby, 3^ m. W. by N. Daventry, P.O. 
 
 Fledborough, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Newark div. , 10 
 m. W. Lincoln, on the 1. bk. of the Trent, 4 m. E. by N. Tux- 
 ford stn. P. •<25o. 
 
 Fleet, in English place names, connected with Fleot, Fliez, 
 Teutonic, Vliet, Dutch, and Fleur'va. Norman names, ' a channel 
 on which vessels may float.' 
 
 Fleet, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., on the coast, on the 
 East Fleet, 3 m. WNW. Weymouth. P. <25o. 
 
 Fleet, The, Eng., Dorsetshire, between Chesil Bank and the 
 mainland. 
 
 Fleet, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 11 m. E. by 
 N. Basingstoke, on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P.<i50o. 
 
 Fleet, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland div., 9 m. E. 
 Spalding, on the G. N. R., PM.O. ; 6836 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fleet, riv. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, issuing from a lake of 
 same name, and flowing SSE. into Wigtown Bay. 
 
 Fleetham, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div. , 9I m. N. Alnwick, x\ m. E. Newham stn. P, <250. 
 
 Fleet Loch, an inlet with a narrow mouth, Scot., on the E. 
 ct. of Sutherland, 2| m. SW. Golspie. 
 
 Fleet Marstou, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 3 m. 
 NW. by W. Aylesbury. P. <25o. 
 
 Fleet-wood, eccles. par. , seapt. tn. , and watering-place, Eng. , 
 Lancashire, div. and 8. m. N. by E. Blackpool, par. Poulton- 
 le-Fylde, on the mouth of the Wyre, 1. bk., at the entrance of 
 Morecambe Bay, 18 m. NW. Preston, on the L. & Y. R. and 
 the L. & NW. R. It has a custom-house, lighthouse, visible 
 13 m. , life-boat, and light-vessel, and docks ; Royal mail steamers 
 ply hence to Belfast and Scotland, and there is regular communi- 
 cation with the Isle of Man. For statistics of shipping, see 
 
 Appendix p. 13. Wyre dock has an area of 10 acres, with a 
 depth over sill of 25 ft. at ordinary spring, 18 ft. at ordinary 
 neap tides, and is connected with timber pond (area 15 acres). 
 Market-day, F. P. (1871) 4400; (1891) 9300. 
 
 Fleetwood, bor., U,S,, Pennsylvania, Berks co., 9 m. NE. 
 Reading. P. < 1500. 
 
 Flegg Burgh, par., Eng., Norfolk, 7 m. NW. Yarmouth, 
 PM.O. See Burgh St. Margaret. 
 
 Flelmser>Thal, valley, Austria, in the Tirol, traversed by the 
 Avisio, chief towns, Cavalese and Predazzo ; has iron-works, and 
 manufactures of paper and leather. P. 7000. See Avlslo. 
 
 Flekkefjord, tn., Norway, prov. Lister and Mandal, on the 
 S. ct. on Lister Fjord, 50 m. WNW. Christiansand ; the harbour 
 can be entered by ships up to 25 ft. draught. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Flekkero, isl., on the S. ct. of Norway, to the S. of 
 Christiansand ; the harbour is in 58° 5' N. and 8° i' E. 
 
 Flt^malle-Grande, comm., Belgium, prov., arr., and 5 m. 
 SW. Li6ge, on 1. bk. Meuse. P. <5ooo. 
 
 F16malle>Hant«, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. Li^ge, 
 immediately above Fl^malle-Grande. P. <4000. 
 
 Fleming, stn., Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R., 
 21X m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Fleming, co. , U.S. , Kentucky, crossed by 38^° N. , E. of 84° W. 
 
 Flemlngshnrg, tn. , U. S. , Kentucky, cap. Fleming co. , 60 m. 
 SE. Cincinnati (Ohio). P. < 1500. 
 
 Flemlngstoue, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 11 m. 
 WSW. Cardiff, 3 m. SSE. Cowbridge stn. P.<25o. 
 
 Flemington, mining vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, in par. and 
 near Cambuslang, with a stn. on the C. R. P. < 1000. 
 
 Flemington, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Hunterdon co., 22 m. 
 N. by W. Trenton. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Flemington and Kensington, a N W. suburb of Melbourne, 
 Victoria. P. 10,000. 
 
 Flempton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., on R. 
 Lark, 5 m. NW. Bury St. Edmunds, P.O. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (F. with Hengrave) P. <5oo. 
 
 Flensbnrg, tn., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 19 m. N, 
 by W. Schleswig, at head of Flensburg fiord (fohrde, inlet). 
 F. is the chief port of Schlesvdg, of which it was the cap. under 
 Danish rule ; has iron and other metal works, machine factories, 
 &c. P. (1872) 21,300; tn. P. (1891) 36,400 (including Duburg 
 and Fischerhof, now incorporated with it) ; comm. P. 36,900. 
 
 Fl^nn, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainault, arr. Mons, P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Fleot, Fliez, Teutonic. See Fleet. 
 
 Flers, tn., France, dep. Orne, arr. Domfront, 20 m. SW. by 
 W. Falaise, with noted linen industry. P. 11,400. 
 
 Flers-en-Escr^bleux, or Escarpelle, comm., France, dep. 
 Nord, arr. and i\ m. NW, Douai ; coal-mines (Escarpelle basin). 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Flesh Bay, bay. Cape Colony, on the S. ct., in 21° 55' E. 
 
 Flesherton, or Artemesla, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Grey co. , 
 25 m. SW. Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Flesk, riv.. Ire., co. Kerry, flows W. into Lough Leane, 
 about 2 m. S. of Killarney. 
 
 Flesselles, comm., France, dep. Somme, arr. and 8 m. N. 
 by W. Amiens. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Flesslngue, French name of Flushing, Belgium. 
 
 Fletchlng, par., Eng., Sussex, E. Grinstead div., 8| m. N. 
 Lewes, x\ m. E. Sheffield Park stn., PMT.O. ; 8522 ac. P.<: 
 2500. 
 
 Fletschhorn, peak of the Pennine Alps, in the Valais, 
 Switzd., near the Simplon Pass. Alt. 13,125 ft, 
 
 Fletton, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, i^m. S. and included 
 in the pari. bor. of Peterborough, PT.O. (Old F.). P. <25oo. 
 
 Fleur, in Norman names. See Fleet. 
 
 Fleurance, comm., France, dep. and on the Gers, 25 m. S. 
 Agen, arr. and 7 m. SSE. Lectoure. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Fleur de Lis, vil., Wales, on W. border of Monmouthshire, 
 x\ m. from Pengam stn. ; has coal-mines. PM.O. 
 
 Fleurler, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Neuchatel, 7 m. NNW. Grand- 
 son. P. <4000. 
 
 Flenrus, comm. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 2J m. SSW. Ligny, 
 15 m. W. by N. Namur. Sanguinary battles took place in its 
 vicinity in the years 1622, 1690, 1794, and 1815. P. 5200. 
 
 Fleury-aux-Chonx, comm., France, dep. Loiret, arr. and 
 2 m. NNE. Orl(5ans. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fleury-snr-Andelle, tn. , France, dep. Eure, arr. Les Andelys, 
 12 m. ESE. Rouen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Flless, vil., Austria, Tirol, 38 m. W. by S, Innsbruck, P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Fliez, Teutonic, ' a channel. ' See Fleet. 
 
 Fllgely, cape, Franz-Josef Land, in 82° 5' N., the most 
 northerly point reached by the Payer and Weyprecht expedition. 
 
 Flimby, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Cockermouth div. , on the 
 coast, 2 m. S. by W. Maryport, on the L. & NW. R.; has coal, 
 PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Fllmwell, eccles. par., Eng., Kent and Sussex, Ashford 
 div., II J m. ESE. Tunbridge Wells, 3^ m. NE. by N. Etching- 
 ham stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 531 
 
FLIN — FLOR 
 
 Flinders, co.. New South Wales, crossed by 147° E. and 32° S. 
 
 Flinders, co. , Queensland, on E. ct. , crossed in N. by 24° S. 
 
 Flinders, riv., Queensland, flows N. into the SE. angle of 
 the Gulf of Carpentaria. Its banks are now occupied by settlers. 
 
 Flinders, watering-place, Victoria, Mornington co., 47 m. 
 S.Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Flinders Bay, W. Australia, in the SW., just E. of Cape 
 Leeuwin. 
 
 Flinders Island. See Farneanx. 
 
 Flinders Laud, a name formerly given to the ct. of S. 
 Australia, between 127° and 140° E. ; discovered bv Flinders in 
 1802. 
 
 Flinders Passage. See Great Barrier Reef. 
 
 Flinders Range. See Sontb Australia. 
 
 Flinders Town, South Australia. See Streaky Bay. 
 
 Fllnes l'Al»baye, or FUnes-L^s-Raches, comm., France, 
 dep. Nord, arr. and 3 m. NE. Douai. P. <4000. 
 
 Fllnsl>erg, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and 17 m. SW. 
 Lowenberg ; has a mineral bath, the Holy Springs. P. <2cioo. 
 
 Flint, pari. bor. , mun. bor. (since 1284), seapt., and market- 
 tn., Wales, cap. Flintshire, on the riv. Dee, and the L. & 
 NW. R. F. exports coal and lead from mines near, and has 
 large alkali works. The wharves are approached by vessels of 
 300 tons at all states of the tide. F. is the principal polling- 
 place for the county. The bor. unites with Caergwrle, Caerwys, 
 Holywell, Mold, St. Asaph, Rhyddlan, and Overton (forming 
 the F. dist. of bors.) in sending one member to ParUament. 
 Market-day, S. Mun. bor. P. 5247 ; cont. pari. bor. P. 5291 ; 
 pari. dist. of bors. P. 23,500. 
 
 Flint, riv., U.S., Georgia, rises in Clayton co. and flows 
 SSE. then SSW. to the W. corner of the state, where, joining 
 the Chattahoochee, it forms the Appalachicola R.; length, 300 
 m.; navigable to Albany by light draught steamers at high- 
 water, and at all times to Bainbridge by larger steamers 50 m. 
 from its mouth. 
 
 Flint, riv., U.S., Michigan, in the E., it rises in the E. of 
 the state, in the N. of Lapeer co., and flows SW. then NNW. to 
 the Saginaw R., which it joins on the r. bk. 8 m. SW. Saginaw. 
 
 Flint, city, U.S., Michigan, Genesee co., on Flint R., 40 m. 
 S. by E. Bay City. P. (1880) 8400; (1890) 9800. 
 
 Fllntham (traditionally pronounced flint'am, though the 
 educated are beginning to say flin'tham), par., Eng. , Notting- 
 hamshire, div. and 6| m. SW. by S. Newark, near the Trent, 
 3 m. SE. Thurgarton stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Flint Hill, P. O. , Eng. , Surrey, 2 m. from Dorking. 
 
 Flintshire, maritime co. , N. Wales, in two unequal parts, 
 separated by the co. Denbigh, having N. the Irish Sea, E. the 
 estuary of the Dee and Cheshire, S. Salop, and W. Denbigh- 
 shire. Surface level in the N., elsewhere diversified, and a hill- 
 range runs parallel with the Dee throughout the main part of 
 the county. Chief rivers, the Dee, Clwyd, and Alyn, the last a 
 trib. of the Dee running parallel to the rang^ of hills just referred 
 to. The E. part of the main section of the county belongs to 
 the Upper Carboniferous series, including the Coal Measures 
 and the Millstone Grit, which are succeeded to the W. by Lower 
 Carboniferous and Silurian rocks, and then in the Vale of Clwyd 
 by New Red Sandstone. Rocks of this last period cover the 
 greater part of the detached section between Denbigh and 
 Salop, though here also there is a narrow strip of the Coal 
 Measures bordering the Dee. Soil fertile in the plains and 
 vales. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. The 
 mining industries are varied and important. Coal, the principal 
 product, is mined at Wrexham, Mostyn (which has blast fur- 
 naces), Holywell, Mold, Flint, Hawarden, Bagillt, Northop, 
 and Buckley; lead ore at Holywell, Mold, Halkyn, Dyserth, 
 and elsewhere ; zinc ore at Holywell and Rhyl ; iron ore at 
 Bodfari ; fire-clay at Buckley and Buckley Mountain ; barytes 
 at St. Asaph ; cobalt and nickel at Cwm. The railways are 
 the L. & NW. R. and the Wrexham, Mold, & Connah's Quay 
 Rly. in the main section of the county, and the Cambrian in 
 the smaller section. F. contains one city (St. Asaph), one mun. 
 bor. It sends one member to House of Commons for the 
 county, and one for its bors. [Flint.] The county belongs 
 wholly to the diocese of St. Asaph, except the eccles. par. of 
 Whitewell and parts of Dodleston and Lache-with-Saltney in 
 that of Chester, and the eccles. par. of Penley in that of Lich- 
 field. Area, 164,050 ac. P. (1891) 77,277. See Wales, table. 
 
 Flinton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 
 9 m. NE. by E. Hull, 4 m. SE. by E. Burton Constable stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Fllsk, par., Scot., E. Fife, on S. shore of Firth of Tay, 6 m. 
 NW. by N. Cupar. P. <25o. 
 
 Fllta, numerous Arab tribe, Algeria, prov. Oran, which 
 offered a stout resistance to French domination. 
 
 Flltcbam with Appleton, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, NW. div. , 
 8 m. NE. by E. King's Lynn, ij m. NE. by N. Hillington stn., 
 P.O.; 4223 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Flltsch, Plezzo, or Boyee, market-tn., Austria, Gorz and 
 Gradisca, 29 m. N. by W. Gorz. A castle-crovraed rock guards 
 the Flitscher-Klause, a neighbouring mountain pass. P. <20oo. 
 532 
 
 Flltton, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Luton div., on the Ivel, 
 9 m. S. Bedford, 2 m. ENE. Flitwick stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Flltwlck, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Luton div., 10 m. S. 
 Bedford, on the M. R. P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Fllxborough, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 10 
 m. SE. by E. Goole, 5 m. WNW. Appleby stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 See Burton-npon-Stather. 
 
 Fllxton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Eccles div., 6 m. WSW. 
 Manchester, on the Cheshire Lines Rly., PMT.O. P. <3000. 
 
 Fllxton, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 16 m. W. by S. 
 Lowestoft, on the r. bk. of the Waveney. P. <25o. 
 
 Fllxton, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 2^ m. WNW. Lowe- 
 stoft. P. <25o. See Blnndeston. 
 
 Fllze, tn., France, dep. Ardennes, arr. M^ziferes, on the L bk. 
 of the Meuse, 8 m. W. Sedan. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Float, stn.. Ire., NW. co. Westmeath, bar. Moygoish, 14 m. 
 NNW. MuUingar, on the Cavan Junction Rly. 
 
 Flobecq, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 9 m. SE. Oude- 
 narde. P. < 5000. 
 
 Flockton, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Nor- 
 manton div., 4^ m. S. Dewsbury, 3 m. ENE. Kirkburton stn., 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Flodda, Flodday, or Fladday, small isl., Scot., Inverness- 
 shire, Portree par., to the N. of Raasay I. P. 51. 
 
 Flodday, small isl., Scot., S. Uist par. See Fladda. 
 
 Flodden, hiU, Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., on the Till, 12 m. E. Kelso, 3 m. N. by W. Kirknewton 
 stn. Here was fought the battle of F. Field (9th Sept. 1513), 
 between the Scotch and English, when the former were defeated 
 with immense loss. A commemoration pillar has been erected 
 on the spot. 
 
 Flogny, vil., France, dep. Yonne, arr. Tonnerre, on the 
 Arman9on, 26 m. SSW. Troyes. P. <20oo. 
 
 Floha, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 6 m. ENE. Chemnitz ; has 
 coal and clay pits. P. <30Cio. 
 
 Floha, riv., Ger., kgd. Saxony, flovrs N. by W. into the 
 Zschopau at F. ; not navigable. 
 
 Flolng, tn. , France, dep. Ardennes, on the r. bk. of the Meuse, 
 arr. and 2 m. NW. by N. Sedan. P. <20oo. 
 
 Flookbnrgh, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale 
 div., II m. NW. Lancaster, close to Cark-in-Cartmelstn., P.O. 
 (Flookborongh). P. < 1500. 
 
 Floore, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 7 m. 
 W. Northampton, i m. E. by N. Weedon stn., P.O. P. <i500. 
 
 Flora, city, U.S., Illinois, Clay co., 92 m. E. St. Louis (Mo.). 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Florae, tn. , France, dep. Lozfere, 51 m. N W. by W. Nimes, 
 cap. arr. Alt. 2000 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Flordon, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., on the Tese, 8 m. 
 SSW. Norwich, on the G. E. R., P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Flor do Onro, indiarubber collecting stn. on the Aquiry, Peru, 
 in about 10° 5' S. , 67° 45' W. 
 
 Floreana (or Florlana), La, or Charles Island, one of the 
 S. isles of the Galapagos group, in 1° 16' S. 
 
 Floreffe, comm., Belgium, prov. and 5 m. W. by S. Namur, 
 on the Sambre. P. <3000. 
 
 Florence, Victoria, or Zone Mills, vil., Canada, Ontario, 
 Lambton co., 44 m. SW. by W. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Florence, rising place, Eng., Staffordshire, Stone and 
 Treatham pars., 2 m. SW. Newcastle-under-Lyme. 
 
 Florence, Italian Flrenze, ancient Florentia, city, Italy, 
 cap. prov. F. , previous to i860 cap. gd. -duchy of Tuscany, and 
 for some time cap. of the kingdom of Italy. Situated at the 
 head of navigation on the Arno, 42 m. E. Pisa, and 140 m. 
 WNW. Rome, at the foot of the Apennines and at the S. end 
 of a plain stretching to Pistoja, 20 ni. NW. Florence. The city 
 was formerly surrounded with walls ; eight of the ancient gates 
 are still open, and there are two Medicean fortresses. Prin- 
 cipal buildings, the cathedral of Santa Maria-del-Fiore, with 
 a cupola 384 ft. , and a tower 266 ft. in height ; the churches of 
 Santa Croce, Santa Maria Novella, and many others, remarkable 
 for their architectiu-e and the magnificent works of art they 
 contain ; the Palazzo Vecchio, or palace of the ministers ; the 
 Pitti palace, former residence of the Grand Duke, now a royal 
 palace, in the Boboli Gardens, containing a rich collection of 
 paintings ; the Palazzo del Podesti, also with many fine paint- 
 ings ; the Palazzo Riccardi, formerly residence of the Medici, 
 with many valuable manuscripts; the Palazzo Spini, now the 
 town house, and the place where all marriages in Florence 
 must take place. There are also numerous private palaces. 
 The Imperial, or Uffizzi, gallery contains rich collections of 
 paintings, sculptures, and antiquities. Among its many edu- 
 cational establishments are the university (founded 1438), 
 Accademia della Crusca, the Laurentian library; besides the 
 national library composed of the Palatine library and the 
 library of Magliabecchi or the national library, with upwards 
 of 200,000 volumes and 10,000 manuscripts ; a botanic garden 
 and an astronomical observatory, connected with which is an 
 extensive museum of natural history. Chief manufactures, 
 silks, straw hats, porcelain, glass flasks, besides several branches 
 
FLO R 
 
 FLOR 
 
 of art-work, including sculpture in marble, alabaster, and ser- 
 pentine (carried on on a commercial scale), wood-carving, pietre 
 dure mosaics (of which there is a royal factory, originally founded 
 in 1574), painted glass, and jewellery. F. was an impor- 
 tant place during the wars of Sulla ; in the Middle Ages it 
 was one of the most powerful of the Tuscan republics ; under 
 Napoleon I. it was cap. of the dep. Arno in the French Em- 
 pire. After being for some years the seat of the government 
 of the kingdom of Italy, F. had to cede this honour to Rome 
 when the latter city was abandoned by its French garrison in 
 1870, after the outbreak of the Franco-German war. It is the 
 birthplace of Dante, Leonardo da Vinci, Boccaccio, Macchi- 
 avelli, Guicciardini, Amerigo Vespucci, Pope Leo X., and 
 Cherubini, and was long the residence of Michael Angelo, in 
 whose house a collection of his works is still shown. Alt. 
 (Campo di Marte) 180 ft. Mean temp., yr. 57.9° F. , Jan. 40.6°, 
 July 76. 3°; rfall. (1832-91), yr. 35 in., Oct.-Nov. 8.9in. P. (1872) 
 167,100; (1881) 169,200; (1891, estimated) 198,000. See Italy, 
 climate. 
 
 Florence, city, U.S., Alabama, Lauderdale co., on the r. bk. 
 of the Tennessee, 100 m. NNW. Birmingham, at the head of 
 steam navigation on Tennessee R. Iron, coal, and limestone 
 abound in the neighbourhood, and since 1887 various manu- 
 factures have arisen. P. (1880)2000; (1890)6000. 
 
 Florence, tn., U.S., Arizona, Pinal co. , 180 m. NW. from 
 the SE. corner of the Terr. Alt. (Signal Station) 1553 ft. Mean 
 temp. (7 yrs.), yr. 68.8° F. , Jan. 49.2°, July 89.7°; rfall., yr. 
 9.45 in. , July-Aug. 3. 19. P. < 1500. 
 
 Florence, vil., U.S., Colorado, Fremont co., 93 m. S. by 
 W. Denver, with petroleum wells. P. < 1500. 
 
 Florence, vil., U.S., Florida, co. and on the r. bk. of R. St. 
 John's, 30 m. SW. by S. of the mouth of the river. P. <isoo. 
 
 Florence, gold-mining vil. , U.S., Idaho state and co. , in the 
 Salmon R. Mountain range, about 150 m. N. Boise City. Alt. 
 8coo ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Florence, vil., U.S., Indiana, Switzd. co., on r. bk. of Ohio 
 R., 93 m. NE. Louisville (Ky.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Florence, city, U.S., Kansas, Marion co., on Cottonwood 
 R., 90 m. SW. by W. Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Florence, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Douglas co., on the r. bk. 
 of the Missouri, 7 m. N. by W. Omaha. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Florence, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Burlington co. , on the 
 Delaware R., 7 m. SSW. Trenton. P. <i500. 
 
 Florence, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, Darlington co., 75 m. E. by 
 N. Columbia. P. <40oo. 
 
 Florence, tn., U.S., Wisconsin, cap. F. co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Menominee R., 100 m. N. by W. of the head of Green 
 Bay. P. -CI 500. 
 
 Floreneeconrt, tnld. and stn.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, on the 
 Sligo, Leitrim, and Northern Counties Rly., 6 m. SW. Ennis- 
 killen, PMT.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Florencerllle, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Carleton co., 
 on R. St. John, 57 m. NW. Fredericton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Florencla, colony, Argentine Republic, Santa F6, on the r. 
 bk. of Rio Parana, 42 m. SW. by S. Corrientes. 
 
 Florennes, tn., Belgium, prov. Namur, 14 m. SE. by S. 
 Charleroi. P. < 3000. 
 
 Florensac, tn. , France, dep. Hdrault, arr. B^ziers, 12 m. W. 
 by S. Cette. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Florentia, city, Italy. See Florence. 
 
 Flores, tn. and stn., Argentine Republic, prov. and 98 m. 
 SW. by S. Buenos Aires. P. < 2000. 
 
 Flores, the most westerly of the Azores Is., in 39° 25' N. 
 and 31° 12' W. Surface mountainous, but fertile ; shores steep. 
 Principal towns, Santa Cruz and Lagens. P. 10,500. 
 
 Flores, tn., Central America, in the NE. of Guatemala, cap. 
 dep. and on isl. Pet^n, in Lake Itzal. P. <20oo. 
 
 Flores, or Florls, isl. of the Malay Archipelago, and the 
 largest of the chain that extends from Java to Timor, between 
 8° and 9° S. , 120° and 123° E. Length, W. to E. , about 230 m. ; 
 average breadth, 35 m. Surface hilly, two or three chains of 
 limestone running parallel to the N. coast; on its S. side are 
 several lofty volcanic peaks. Coasts skirted by coral reefs. 
 Rice and maize are grown on the coasts, but the only exports 
 are sandal-wood, sappan, cinnamon, bees'-wax, and ponies. 
 The native inhabitants are mainly Papuans, who live in fortified 
 villages of low huts. On the coasts are several colonies of 
 Malays and Bugis, which latter possess the valuable port of 
 End6, on the S. coast. At its E. extremity is Larantuka, a 
 former Portuguese station, and now the seat of the Dutch 
 administrator, who is dependent on the resident at Kupang 
 in Timor. The principal trade of F. centres in Singapore. 
 The Straits of Flores, on the E. , separates this island from 
 those of Solor and Sabrao, or A denara. There are two anchor- 
 ages with 20-25 fathoms of water. Vessels load and discharge 
 by means of lighters. Area about 9200 sq. m P. vaguely 
 estimated at about 250,000. 
 
 Flores, dep., Uruguay, crossed by 57° W., and in the ex- 
 treme S. by 34° S. 
 
 Flores, Isla de, small isl. , Uruguay, in the Rio de la Plata 
 
 13 m. E. by S. Montevideo, with quarantine hospital and light- 
 house in about 34° 57' S., 55" 55' W., visible 12 m. 
 
 Floresvllle, vil. , U.S., Texas, Wilson co. , 27 m. SE. San 
 Antonio. P. < 1500. 
 
 Florlan, or Florlana, suburb of La Valetta, Malta, sur- 
 rounded by a separate wall. 
 
 Florlana, one of the Galapagos group. See Floreana. 
 
 Florida, the southernmost of the U.S., N. America, between 
 25° and 31° N., 80° and 87° 44' W., having N. Georgia and 
 Alabama, E. the Atlantic Ocean, S. and W. the Gulf of Mexico ; 
 385 m. in length by 333 m. in breadth, the greater part forming 
 a penin. stretching N. to S. between the ocean and the Gulf of 
 Mexico, and separated from Cuba by F. Strait, 140 m. across. 
 Surface mostly level, nowhere more than 250 or 300 feet above 
 the sea. The S. point of the penin. is underlaid by a succession 
 of coral reefs, covered with fresh water, and called the Ever- 
 glades, an immense area, 120 by 40 m., 6 ft. deep, filled with 
 islands covered with a dense jungle of vines and evergreens, pines 
 and palmettos. Included in it is the Okechobee Lake, 40 m. 
 long. With regard to the growth of the coral reefs of F. , see 
 Alex. Agassiz, The Three Cruises of the ^ Blake,' Boston and 
 New York, 1881. The lands of F. are curiously distributed in 
 high and low hummock, swamp and savanna, and covered 
 with pine woods. In the S. half of the state, which is very 
 scantily peopled, large tracts uninhabited, there flourishes a sub- 
 tropical forest vegetation, including mahogany, ironwood (Sider- 
 oxylon Mastichodendron), the sea-grape (Coccolaba urifera), the 
 coco-nut, and other palms. The cabbage-palm is met with 
 all over the state. The principal rivers are the Appalachicola, 
 Suwanee, St. John's, St. Mary's, Kissimee, and Escambia. 
 On its E. side are inlets and good harbours. Maize, cotton, 
 tobacco, rice, sugar, and coffee, flax, and silk are raised; timber 
 is an important product. Figs, pomegranates, oranges, and 
 dates grow freely in F. For oranges, which are largely exported 
 to the northern states, the soil and climate are especially well 
 adapted, the only drawback in the climate being a liability to 
 occasional frosts severe enough to do great injury to the planta- 
 tions, as in 1835 and 1886. Round the S. coast sisal hemp, 
 first introduced in 1836, grows wild, but is now again an object 
 of cultivation. The only mineral of importance is phosphate 
 rock, which has been found since 1888 in a belt of 6-10 m. in 
 width at a distance of 20-30 m. from the northern part of the 
 W. coast of the peninsular portion of the state, and also round 
 Bartow in Polk county. On the extensive grazing lands of the 
 state many cattle are reared. The climate of the state, especially 
 the peninsular portion, is in high repute for its mildness, hence 
 the dist. is a favourite winter resort of invalids suffering from 
 pulmonary diseases. As to the climate of West F. , see Cedar 
 Keys and St. Marks, East F. Jacksonville, and South F., 
 Key West and Pnnta Rassa. Chief towns, Tallahassee (the 
 cap.), St. Augustine, Pensacola, Jacksonville, and Key West. 
 F. was discovered on Easter Day (in Spanish, Pascua Florida), 
 March 27, 1512, by Juan Ponce de Leon, who gave it the 
 name of F., both with reference to the date, and on account 
 of the flourishing condition of the vegetation which he saw on 
 its shores (near St. Augustine) ; settled by the Spaniards in 
 1565 ; and ceded to the United States by a treaty concluded in 
 1819, and ratified by the King of Spain in 1821. Area, 58,680 
 sq. m. P. (1890) 391,422. See United States, table. 
 
 Florida, vil., U.S., Orange co., state of and 65 m. W. New 
 York. P. < 1500. 
 
 Florida, or San Fernando, tn., Uruguay, cap. dep. F., 50 
 m. N. Montevideo ; founded 1800. P. <yx)0. 
 
 Florida, Cape, U.S. , Florida, E. ct. of Dade co. , in 25° 42' N. 
 and 80° 3' W. 
 
 Florida, Gulf of. See Bahama Channel. 
 
 Florida, La, vil., Chile, prov. and 20 m. E. Concepcion. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Florida, or Ngela Islands, Brit. New Guinea, crossed by 
 
 9° S. , 160° E. 
 
 Florida Bay, U.S., F. state, an arm of the Gulf of Mexico, 
 between F. Keys and the mainland. 
 
 Floridia, comm. , Sicily, prov. and 8 m. W. by N. Syracuse. 
 P. 9200. 
 
 Floridsdorf, tn. , Lower Austria, 3 m. N. Vienna. P. 6100. 
 
 Fiorina, Greek, Hlertn, or Leriu, Servian, tn., Turkey in 
 Europe, prov. and 17 m. S. by E. Monastir. P. 11,000. 
 
 Florluas, comm., Sardinia, prov. and 8 m. SE. Sassari. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Floris, isl. of the Malay Archipelago. See Flores. 
 
 Flor'isant, viL, U.S., Missouri, co. and 5 m. NW. St. Louis, 
 near Missouri R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Floriston, stn., Eng., Cumberland, on the C. R., 6 m. 
 NNW. CarUsle. 
 
 Floro, tn., Norway, on an island of the same name (Nordre- 
 Bergenhus, ancient), in 61° 36' N. , 5° 2' E. Mean temp. , yr. 
 43.9° F., Feb. 33.9°, July 57.4°; rfall. (11 yrs.), 69.69 in. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Florsheim, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, on the Main, 
 8 m. E. by N. Mainz ; has sulphur springs and baths. P. -C3000. 
 
 533 
 
FLOS 
 
 FOLD 
 
 FI088, coram., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, dist. 
 Neustadt an der Waldnaab ; granite quarries and glass-works. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Flotta, isl., Scot., Orkney Is., Walls and F. par., between 
 Hoy and S. Ronaldshay, P.O. P. 423. Par. F. and Walls 
 {24,327 ac. ), P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Flotterton, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 3J m. W. Rothbury. 
 P.<;25o. 
 
 Flowerliill, eccles. par. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, New Monkland 
 par. P. < 5000. 
 
 Flower Islands, small isls. , Nevrfoundland, off the E. ct. , in 
 49° 8-12' N. 
 
 Flowton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 5^ m. 
 WNW. Ipswich. P. <25o. 
 
 Floyd, CO., U.S., Georgia, on W. frontier, and N. of 34° N. 
 
 Floyd, CO. , U. S. , Indiana, on the Ohio, crossed in W. by 86° W. 
 
 Floyd, CO. , U. S. , Iowa, crossed by 43° N. , and in W. by 93° W. 
 
 Floyd, CO., U.S., Kentucky, crossed by 37!° N., E. of 83° W. 
 
 Floyd, CO., U.S., Texas, crossed by 34° N., bounded on the 
 E. by 101° W. 
 
 Floyd, CO., U.S., Virginia, in the SW., crossed by 37° N., 
 to the W. of 80° W. 
 
 Fliiela Pass. See Alps, Passes, III. (io«). 
 
 Fliielen, Italian Flora, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and at the SE. 
 angle of the Bay of Uri (Lake of Lucerne), 9 m. S. by W. 
 Schw^z. P. <:200o. 
 
 Flngga, Mnckle, isl. , Shetland Is. , N. of Unst par. P. 3. 
 
 Fluh, in Swiss names, 'rock.' 
 
 FliUill, viL , Switzd. , cant, and 17 m. SW. Lucerne. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Flume, The, a rocky gorge, U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton 
 CO., in the Franconia Mts., 15 m. SE. Littleton; has a water- 
 fall of 600 ft. , and is a favourite summer resort. 
 
 Flnmendosa, riv., Sardinia, it rises near the E. ct., and 
 flows NW., W., and SE. till it enters the sea on the E. ct. in 
 about 39° 26' N. ; 75 m. long. Basin, 686 sq. m. ; mean dis- 
 charge, 500 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Flnmini-Magglore, coram., Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, circle 
 Iglesias. P. <40oo. 
 
 Flnms, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 23 m. S. St. Gall. P. <4000. 
 
 Flnntem, coram. , Switzd. , suburb of Zurich. P. <4000. 
 
 Flurry Bridge, PMT.O., Ire., NW. co. Armagh, 7 m. N. 
 Dundalk, 6 m. from Newry stn. 
 
 Flnstadyke, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, Normanton div., on the 
 G. N. R., 3 ra. W. by N. Wakefield. 
 
 FlusUng, eccles. par., Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., on the 
 W. of Carrick Road, \ ra. N. Falmouth, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Flushing, Dutch Vllsslngeu, French Flesslngue, fortified 
 seapt. tn., Holland, on the S. ct. of the I. of Walcheren, prov. 
 Zeeland, 4 ra. SSW. Middelburg, at the raouth of the W. 
 Scheldt; has inner docks and outer harbour, the latter 22.4 ft. 
 deep at low, 34.4 ft. at high water ; also a dry dock 243 ft. 
 long, 13 ft. deep on sill. Landing-place of the mails from 
 England (Queenborough) to Holland and N. Germany. Mean 
 temp., yr. 50.0° F., Jan. 37.7°, July 65.1. P. 13,500. 
 
 Flushing, vil., U.S., Michigan, Tennesee co., on Flint R., 35 
 m. S. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Flushing, vil., U.S., New York, on F. Bay, W. of Long I., 
 Queens co., 12 m. NE. Brooklyn. P. {1880) 6700; (1B90) 8400. 
 
 FluTanna, co., U.S., Virginia, S. of 38° N., and W. of 
 78° W. 
 
 Fly, riv. , New Guinea, flows first S. , now in British now in 
 Dutch terr. , then ESE. through British terr. , entering the W. 
 side of the Gulf of Papua by a wide estuary, in which the water 
 is broken up into several channels by large islands. It promises 
 to become an important highway, affording everywhere, accord- 
 ing to Sir W. Macgregor, who has navigated it up to the British 
 boundary, a depth of 3-4 fathoms ; also called Cower. 
 
 Fly ford FlaTell, par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 8 ra. 
 NNW. Eveshara. P. <25o. 
 
 Flynn's Creek, post-tn. , Victoria, Buln-Buln co. , 98 m. ESE. 
 Melbourne, on a creek of the same name. P. < 1500. 
 
 Foaty, isl. in R. Lee, Ire., co. Cork, bar. Banymore, 7^ m. 
 E. Cork. 
 
 Fobbing, par. , Eng. , Essex, SE. div. , loj ra. W. Southend, 
 2j ra. ENE. Stanford-le-Hope stn., P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Fo2a, tn., Bosnia, 29 ra. SE. by S. Sarajevo. P. <500o. 
 
 Foca, sraall isl. on the W. ct. of Peru, in 5° 10' S. 
 
 Foeha (Foja, or Fokla) Esklje (' Old Focha,' or KaraJa- 
 F., 'black F.'), the zxic\^x\\. Phocma, seapt., Asia Minor, on a 
 small inlet on W. side of a penin. at the raouth of the Gulf 
 of Srayma, E. side, vilayet, sanjak, and 25 m. NW. Smyrna ; 
 anciently an important city. Yenlje (New) F. is a seapt. on 
 the N. ct. of the same penin. P. 6100 ; orthodox Greeks, 4400 ; 
 Moham. 1400. 
 
 Foeh'abers, viL , Scot. , Elginshire, on the r. bk. of the Spey, 
 7 m. NW. Keith, on a branch line of the H. R., and 3^ m. 
 S. by W. of F. on Spey stn. (Banffshire) on the G. N. of S. R. 
 Alt. (Gordon Castle) 70 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 31.1 in. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 534 
 
 Fochrlw, stn. , Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div. , on the Brecon 
 and Merthyr Rly., 4 ra. E. by S. Merthyr-Tydfil, PM.O. 
 
 Fockerby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., 6J ra. ESE. Goole, on the Lincolnshire frontier, 5 m. N. 
 by E. Althorpe and Keadby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 FoesanI, tn. , Roumania, prov. Putna, 45 ra. WNW. Galatz. 
 P. 17,000. 
 
 Fodderty, par., Scot., Croraartyshire, 2 J m. W. by N. Ding- 
 wall, i^ m. E. by S. Auchtemeed stn. ; 64,230 ac. P. 2000. 
 
 Fo fanny, electoral div., Ire., co. Down, dist. Bryansford. 
 
 Fogaras, raarket-tn. , Hungary, cap. co. F. , on the Aluta, 40 
 m. E. Hermannstadt. Alt. 1935 ft. P. 5400. 
 
 Fogera, or Fogara, fiat and fertile dist., Abyssinia, Arahara, 
 to the E. of the Tsana Lake. 
 
 Foggathorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howden- 
 shire div., 7 m. ENE. Selby, on the NE. R. P. <250. 
 
 Foggla, the ancient Arpi, city, S. Italy, cap. prov. F., in the 
 great plain of Apulia, 80 m. NE. Naples, 48 m. NE. by E. 
 Benevento ; entrepot of a trade in corn, wool, cheese, cattle, 
 wine, oil, and capers ; and the place of registration for the 
 flocks feeding in the Apulian tavoliere. Mean temp. , jr. 60. 5° 
 F., Jan. 43.3°, July 79.9°; rfall. (1873-91), yr. 17.3 in., June to 
 August, 2.7 in. P. 38,900. 
 
 Poc^y Island. See Eudokeef Island. 
 
 Fogllzzo, comm., Italy, prov. and 17 ra. NNE. Turin. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 /^3j^(7, Portuguese, ' fire.' S&e Fuego. 
 
 Fogo, isl. , Newfoundland, off the N. ct. , in 54°-54° 20' W. 
 Mean terap. (15 yrs.), yr. 38.7° F., Feb. 16.3°, Aug. 61.3°. 
 
 Fogo, cape, on the E. of Fogo I. 
 
 Fogo, dist., Newfoundland, to the S. of Notre Darae Bay 
 and the Bay of Exploits. 
 
 Fogo, one of the Cape Verd Is., W. of Santiago, nearly 
 circular, and 40 m. in circumference. Produces the best grain 
 and fruit in the archipelago. Chief port, Nostra Senhora da 
 Luz, in 14° 53' N., 24° 30' 5" W. 
 
 Fogo, sraall isl. off the E. ct. of Africa, Mozambique ChanneL 
 
 Fogo, par., Scot., Berwickshire, on Blackadder Water, 3 m. 
 SSW. Duns, I ra. E. Marchraont stn. ; 4652 ac P. <500. 
 
 Fogo Rocks, N. of Fogo I. 
 
 Fohanagh, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bars. Clonraacnowen and 
 Kilconnell, 2 m. S. Ahaseragh ; 8686 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Fohn, a wind which blows moistiu-e-laden up one side of a 
 mountain, and dry down the opposite side. In the ascent the 
 moisture is condensed into rain, the heat thereby liberated 
 raising the temperature, so that the descending current is warm. 
 Hence this wind in the Alps is known as the great snow-raelter. 
 So also in the Rocky Mt. region, where such vnnds are known 
 as Chinook winds. Where such winds blow in lower latitudes, 
 as in New Zealand across the Southern Alps, the descending 
 current is withering. 
 
 Fohnsdorf, viL, Austria, Styria. P. <400o. 
 
 Fiihr, isL, Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, off the W. ct., 
 in 54° 43' N. , 8° 30' W. ; oysters largly exported to Hamburg, 
 and numerous wild fowl taken in autumn. 
 
 Follnaman, electoral div. , Ire. , Tipperary, dist. Borrisoleigh. 
 
 Folx, tn. , France, cap. dep. , arr. F. , and on the Ariege, 45 ra. 
 S. by E. Toulouse. F. v/as the birthplace of Gaston de Foix, 
 and cap. of the old county of F. , part of the domain of Henry 
 IV., now forming more than two-thirds of dep. Ariege. Alt. 
 1421 ft. Mean temp., yr. 52.4° F., Jan. 39.6°, July 66.9°. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 FoJa, Asia Minor. See Focha. 
 
 Fojanodella Chlana, coram. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 15 
 m. S. by W. Arezzo, in the Valle di Chiana. P. 7700. 
 
 Fojnlca, viL, Bosnia, 30 m. WNW. Sarajevo; iron-mines 
 and blast-furnaces. Alt. 1915 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fokla, Asia Minor. See Focha. 
 
 Foklen, Fnhklen, or Fuklan, maritime prov., China, 
 mostly between 23° 30' and 28° 30' N. , 116° and 121° E. , having 
 SE. the China Sea, and on other sides the provs. Chekiang, 
 Kiangsi, and Kwangtung. Surface mountainous, scarcely any 
 considerable plain. Principal river, the Min-kiang, Niaotung- 
 kiang, or Si-ho, which enters the sea below Foochow, the cap. 
 city. Produces the finest black tea, and the best camphor, 
 tobacco, sugar, iron, indigo, and alum ; these articles, with 
 porcelain, urabrellas, cloths, and other raanufactured goods, 
 forra its chief exports. Principal iraports are grain, pulse, drugs, 
 salted meat, fruit, and silk piece goods, received from the N. 
 provs. Contains the treaty ports of Foochow and Amoy. Till 
 1887 the isl. of Forraosa forraed a dependency of this prov. Area 
 46,332 sq. ra. P. (estiraated) 20,500,000. See China, table. 
 
 Fola, vil., Brit. W. Africa, Lagos, on the Bight of Benin, 61 
 m. E. by S. Lagos, in 3"^ 55' E. 
 
 Fola Rapids, on the White Nile below Dufle (Dufile), in 30' 
 42' N. , the only insuperable obstruction to navigation between 
 Lado and Lake Albert Nyanza. See Jour. R. G. S., 1876, pp. 
 431-32. 
 
 Fold, Hungarian, 'land.' 
 
 Folda, hamlet, Scot., Forfarshire, 13 m. NW. Alyth, P.O. 
 
FOLD — FONT 
 
 Foldeiik, comm. , Hungary, co. Csanad, dist. Kozpont. P. 
 <:5ooo. 
 
 Folden Fjord, inlet, Norway, W. ct., its mouth about 64° 
 40' N., one of the largest fjords of Nordland. 
 
 Foldes, comm., Hvmgary, co. Hajdu, dist. Nidudvar. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 FoldTdr, Hungary. See Marieulinrg. 
 
 Foleshill, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div. , 3 m. 
 NE. by N. Coventry, i^ m. E. of its stn. on the L. & NW. R. 
 P. 8700; eccles. par (F. with Longford) P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Follgno, or Fnligno, tn., Italy, Umbria, prov. and 20 m. 
 SE. by E. Perugia. F. suffered greatly from the earthquake of 
 1832 ; near it is a remarkable natural grotto filled with stalac- 
 tites. The R. Topino, on which the town stands, falls in 
 beautiful cascades. P. (comm. ) 22,400. 
 
 Folke, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 3 m. SE. by S. 
 Sherborne. P. < 500. 
 
 Folkestone, an old mun. bor., seapt. , and market tn. , 
 Eng., CO. Kent, St. Augustine div., on the S. ct. , 41^ m. E. 
 Hythe, and 5 m. WSW. Dover, of which cinque port it is a 
 member, and included within the pari. bor. of Hythe, with 
 two stns. (F. and F. Harbour) on the SE. R. ; 70 m. from 
 London. The construction of a deep sea harbour was begun 
 in 1881. For shipping statistics, see Appendix, p. 13. The 
 town partly lies in a hollow, between two high cliffs, on the 
 English channel, opposite Boulogne, with which it communicates 
 by steamers daily (distance, 29 m. ; average passage, i^ hours ; 
 railway journey London to Paris 28 m. shorter than by Dover and 
 Calais). It has a battery, a harboiu: admitting vessels of from 
 10-12 feet draught at high water, and a market house. F. has 
 a promenade pier and pavilion, public museum, and lending 
 library and reading-rooms. The parish church is of great 
 antiquity, and the free grammar school, founded in 1674, was 
 endowed by Sir Eliab Harvey, brother of the celebrated Dr. 
 William Harvey, the discoverer of t"he circulation of the blood, 
 who was born here in 1578. Market-days, W. and S. Mun. 
 bor. P. (1801)3300; (1851)6700; (1871)11,300; (1891)23,900. 
 See Hythe. 
 
 Folklugham, or Falklngham, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 
 S. Kesteven div., 10 m. E. by S. Grantham, 2^ m. W. by S. 
 Billingborough stn. , PMT.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. (F. with 
 Langhton) P. <75o. 
 
 Folklugton, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 4^ m. NW. East- 
 bourne, i| m. SW. Polegate stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Folksworth, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 6 
 m. SSW. Peterborough, 3^ m. SW. by W. Yaxley and Farcett 
 stn. P. -caso. 
 
 Folkton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 5^ 
 m. S. by E. Scarborough, 2 m. S. Cayton stn. ; 5499 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Follett, CO. , Victoria, on the W. frontier, just S. of 37° S. 
 
 FolleTllle, comm., France, dep. Somme, 15 m. S. by E. 
 Amiens, arr. and 10 m. WNW. Montdidier. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Folllfoot, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., 2| 
 m. S. by W. Knaresborough, 2 m. NW. by W. Spofforth stn. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 FoUlgny, comm., France, dep. Manche, arr. Avranches, 9 m. 
 E. by S. Granville. P. <:20oo. 
 
 FolUna, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 21 m. N. by W. 
 Treviso. P. <40oo. 
 
 Folllsto'wn, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Skreen, 3 m. SE. 
 Navan. P. <25o. 
 
 Follonlca, maritime vil. , Italy, prov. Pisa, on the Mediter- 
 ranean, opposite Elba ; deserted from July to October on account 
 of malaria. The ore from Elba is smelted here. 
 
 Folly Island, small isL, U.S., S. Carolina, Charleston co., 
 on the S. of Charleston Harbour. 
 ^ Folsom City, vil., U.S., California, co. and 21 m. ENE. 
 Sacramento. P. < 1500. 
 
 Foltlcenl, or Faltlceul, tn. , Roumania, cap. prov. Suceava, 
 9 m. S. by E. Czernovritz (Bukovina). P. 8500. 
 
 Foman, or Fommanah, vil., W. Africa, Ashanti (Upper 
 Guinea), S. of Kumassi. 
 
 Fonchon, tn. , China. See Fenchon. 
 
 Fonda, vil., U.S., New York, Montgomery co., on the 
 Mohawk R. and Erie Canal, 40 m. WNW. Troy. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fonda's Bnsh, vil., U.S., New York, on F. Creek, 37 m. N. 
 Albany. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fond du lac, fort, Canada, NW. Terr. , on N. shore of Lake 
 Athabasca, towards E. end. 
 
 Fond dn lac, vil., U.S., Minnesota, St. Louis co., on St. 
 Louis R., at the head of Lake Superior, 10 m. SW. Duluth. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 Fond dn Iiac, city, U.S., Wisconsin,, cap. F. du L. co. , 
 among hills, at the head of Lake Winnebago, 60 m. NNW. 
 Milwaukee ; has numerous artesian wells, and a large lumber 
 trade. P. (1880) 13,100; (1890) 12,000. 
 
 Fondeadero, Spanish, 'anchorage.' 
 
 Fondl, the anct. Fundi, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 
 13 m. NW. by N. Gaeta. F. is unhealthy from the proximity of 
 a salt lagoon (anct. Lacus Fundanus) ; has a Gothic cathedral. 
 
 and extensive remains of Cyclopean walls. Thomas Aquinas 
 taught theology in the Dominican convent here. Its vicinity 
 (the anct. Cacubus Ager) is extremely fertile, and was formerly 
 famous for its wine, the cultivation of which has rapidly increased 
 in the prov. since 1885. P. 7000. 
 
 Fondo, vil., Austria, Tirol, 12 m. WSW. Botzen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Fondra, vil. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and dist. Bergamo ; has 
 iron-mines and smelting-works. 
 
 Fondnk, Le, vil., Algeria, dep. Algiers, cap. cant. P. <20oo 
 (about half of whom are natives). 
 
 Fongyang, tn., China, Nganhwei. See Fniigyang. 
 
 F6n-ho, riv., China. See Fen-ho. 
 
 Fonnl, comm. , Sardinia, prov. and 55 m. SE. by S. Sassari. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Fou-nlng, tn., China, prov. Pechili, 110 m. NNE. Peking. 
 
 Fonsagrada ('holy well'), tn., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 23 
 m. ENE. Lugo, 76 m. ENE. Santiago. P. 16,400. 
 
 Fonseca, tn., Colombia, Magdalena, 174 m. E. by N. Carta- 
 gena. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Fonseca, Gnlf of, large gulf in the W. of Central America, 
 bordered by the states of Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua ; 
 entrance between the volcanic cones of Conchagua and Cose- 
 guina, 20 m. wide, 35 m. in breadth from mouth to head of 
 innermost bay, 47 m. from head of bay in NW. to head of bay 
 in SE. Admits everywhere vessels of the largest size. Dis- 
 covered in 1522 or 1523 by Gil Gonzalez de Avila, and named 
 by him in honour of his patron the Bishop of Burgos. 
 
 Font, Fontaine, French, ' a fountain ' or ' well. ' See Fonte. 
 
 Font, riv., Eng., flowing through part of the Hexham and 
 Wansbeck divs. of Northumberland, trib. of the Wansbeck, 
 which it joins on the 1. bk. at Mitford. 
 
 Fontaine, comm. , France, arr. and 7 m. E. by N. Belfort. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Fontalneblean, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, arr. F. , 
 35 m. SSE. Paris, 10 m. S. by E. Melun, in the middle of a fine 
 forest, occupying a tract of sandstone furnishing excellent 
 material for glass-making. F. is celebrated for its ancient 
 royal palace, long the favourite residence of the French kings, 
 surrounded by gardens and parks ; has manufactiu^es of porce- 
 lain, large trade in grapes, and quarries of paving stones. Pope 
 Pius VII. was detained here for eighteen months, and here 
 Napoleon I. signed his first abdication in 1814. P. 10,800. 
 
 Fontaine Francalse, tn., France, dep. Cote d'Or, arr. and 
 21 m. NE. Dijon. *P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fontalne-le-Dnn, tn., France, dep. Seine Inf^rieure, arr. 
 Yvetot, 13 m. SW. by W. Dieppe. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fontaine rEv^qne, mining tn. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 5J 
 m. W. Charleroi. P. 5600. 
 
 Fontaines, vil., Switzd., cant, and 4 m. NNW. Neuchatel. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Fontana, lake, 30 m. long, Argentine Republic, govt, of 
 Chubut, at base of Andes, in 44° 50' S. Source of the Senger. 
 
 Fontana Fredda, comm., Italy, prov. and 32 m. WSW. 
 Udine. P. < 5000. 
 
 Fontanellato, comm., Italy, Emilia prov., and 9 m. NW. 
 Parma. P. 5900. 
 
 Fontanelle, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. Treviso, dist. 
 Oderzo. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Fontanelle, vil., U.S., Iowa, Adair co., 55 m. WSW. 
 Des Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fontauettod'Agogne, comm., Italy, prov. and circle Novara. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Fontanges, comm., France, dep. Cantal, 54 m. SW. by S. 
 Clermont-Ferrand, arr. and 11 m. SE. Mauriac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fontarabla, tn. , Spain. See Fneuterrabla. 
 
 Fontarable, French form of the Spanish Fnentarrabla. 
 
 Fonte, Italian and Portuguese, Font, Fontaine, French, Fuente 
 and Montana, Spanish, ' a fountain ' or ' well.' 
 
 Fonteboa, vil., Brazil, Amazonas, on the Amazon, in 66° 7' 
 W. , 480 m. W. by N. Manaos. 
 
 Fontenay-Ie-Comte, tn., France, dep. and on R. Vendue, 
 19 m. NW. by W. Niort, cap. arr. ; has manufactures of hats 
 and coarse linen and woollen cloths. P. 7200. 
 
 Fontenay-Tr^slgny, comm., France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, 
 arr. Coulommiers, 25 m. ESE. Paris. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fontenoy, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 5 m. SE. 
 Toumay ; famous for the defeat of the English by the French 
 in 1745. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Fontestorbe, intermittent fountain, France. See Belesta. 
 
 Fontesvllla, vil., Portuguese E. Africa, at the head of 
 ordinary navigation on the Pungwe, 28 m. NW. Beira ; start- 
 ing-point of the railway to Chimoyo. 
 
 Font^Tranlt ('the well of St. Evrault'), vil., France, dep. 
 Maine-et-Loire, arr. and 10 m. SE. Saumur, in the middle of 
 the forest of F.; with celebrated abbey, headquarters of the 
 order founded by Robert d'Arbrissel in 1109. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fonthlll, vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Monck, 5 m. from Port 
 Robinson. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Fonthlll Bishop, par., Eng., Wiltshire, 2 m. N. Fonthill 
 Gifford. P. <25o. 
 
 536 
 
FONT — FORD 
 
 FontUll eifford, par.. Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 14 m. 
 W. Salisbury, 2 m. NW. Tisbury stn. Near the village was the 
 seat of Beckford, author of Vathek. P. <5oo. 
 
 Fontl, or La Fuente, maritime vil., Morocco, prov. S6s, 2 m. 
 SE. Agadir, with good anchorage. 
 
 Fontmell Magna, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, N. div. , 14^ m. E. 
 Sherborne, 5 m. ENE. Sturminster stn., PM.O. P. <75o; 
 eccles. par. (F. M. with West Orcbard) P. <iooo. 
 
 Fontstown, par., Ire., co. Kildare, bars. Narragh and Reban 
 E. , and Offaly W. , 7 m. NE. by N. Athy, P.O. ; 5294 ac. P. < 
 750- 
 
 Fonzaso, comm. , Italy, Venetia, prov. Belliaio, 35 m. NNE. 
 Vicenza. P. 5400. 
 
 Foo, Chinese, ' provincial city." See Fu. 
 
 Foocbow, Fncbon, or Fncban, city, China, cap. prov. Fokien , 
 on the Min R. , 34 m. firom its mouth, in 26° 5' N. , 185 m. S. by 
 W. Hangchow, one of the treaty-ports opened to foreign com- 
 merce after the first Chinese War in 1842. The city proper is 
 surroimded by walls 8^ m. in circuit. It occupies a healthy 
 situation on a soil of red clay and disintegrated granite, affording 
 excellent drainage, and begirt at the distance of about 4 m. by 
 hills. It is the residence of a viceroy and a British and other 
 foreign consuls. The town is commanded by a fortified hill 
 500 feet above the plain, and inside the walls is another height, 
 crowned by a conspicuous watch-tower. The river is here 
 divided into two channels by the densely peopled island of 
 Chung-Chow, or the 'Middle Island.' Between this island 
 and the northern bank of the river extends the ' bridge of Ten 
 Thousand Ages,' beheved to have been built in the nth century, 
 a quarter of a mile in length, about 14 feet wide, and resting 
 on forty piers of hewn granite. Formerly occupied in part by 
 shops, the bridge is now wholly devoted to the use of passengers 
 and for the conveyance of merchandise. Foreign ships are 
 obhged to anchor at a point 18 m. below the city, as there is 
 not sufficient depth of water higher up. The port has a dry 
 dock 390 ft. long, 15 ft. deep on silL Large quantities of cotton 
 goods and superior dyed blue cloths are manufactured here, 
 and 500 ovens for the production of porcelain are constantly 
 employed in the city and its vicinity. There is now also a govt, 
 shipbuilding yard for the building of ships of war on European 
 models. Near it are also extensive lead-mines ; the black tea 
 district is within 70 m. , and tea is the only article of importance 
 among the exports. Of late years it has been rapidly declining 
 in amount and value. The import trade is mostly by way of 
 Hong-Kong. Opium is the principal article, cotton goods are 
 next in importance, and then tin and lead. The total value 
 of the exports of local origin is about ;^i, 500,000. F. is the 
 Fugiu of Marco Polo, which represents a pronunciation more 
 closely approximating to the Chinese pronunciation than the 
 spelling current in English. Mean temp, (i^ yr., 1886-87), yr. 
 65.5° F., Feb. 48.8°, Aug. 80.8°. Estimated P. (1891) 636,000. 
 For other Chinese towns of this name, see Facbon. 
 
 Foolow, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , 9 m. ENE. Buxton, 
 4 m. N. Longstone stn. P. <250. 
 
 FooLstone, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Huddersfield 
 union. P. <2ooo. See Fnlstoue. 
 
 Foote, CO., U.S., Kansas, in the SW., crossed by the Ar- 
 kansas R. 
 
 Foots Cray, par., Eng., Kent, Dartford and Sevenoaks divs., 
 on the Cray, 5J m. SSE. Woolwich, i m. SE. by S. Sidcup stn. 
 Alt (Sidcup) 231 ft. Mean rfalL (1866-80), 25.9 in. PMT.O. 
 P. < 3500. 
 
 Footscray, mun. bor. , Victoria, Bourke co. , 3 m. W. by N. , 
 and suburb of Melbourne. P. (1891) 19,100. 
 
 For (Kbor, incorrectly Por), riv., Russian Manchuria, r. bk. 
 trib. of Usuri ; rises in Sikhota Ahn Mts. , marshy in lower 
 parts. Length, 200 m. 
 
 Forbacb, tn. , Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, 33 m. E. by N. Metz; 
 has coal-mines and iron-works, and manufactures of papier- 
 mach6, &a ; famous on accoimt of the defeat here of the French 
 on Aug. 4, 1870, at the commencement of the Franco-German 
 War. P. 7300. 
 
 Forbes, isl. , Australia, ofif the coast of New South Wales, in 
 12° 18' S. 
 
 Forbes, viL, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Colchester, 25 m. 
 from Pictou. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Forbes, Lough, lake, Ire., cos. Longford and Roscommon, 
 traversed by the Shannon. 
 
 Forbes, isL, off the W. ct. of Tenasserim, Lower Burma, 
 crossed in the S. by 11° N. 
 
 Forbes, co. , New South Wales, bounded on the N. by the 
 Lachlan R. , crossed in the W. by 148° E. 
 
 Forbes, tn. , New South Wales, Ashbumham co. , on the r. 
 bk. of the Lachlan, 90 m. W. Bathurst. Alt. 1120 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 62.2° F., Jan. 78.6°, July 47.3°. P. about 3000. 
 
 Forbes, anct. par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, on R. Don, 2 m. 
 from Alford. (F.) is now imited to Tullynessle {q.v.), P.O. ; 
 1 1 , 279 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Forca'doH, branch of the Niger delta, entering the Gulf of 
 Guinea, in about 5° 22' N. , a broad stream (the entry for large 
 536 
 
 vessels to Benin) , ' with a safe and relatively deep bar. ' Proc. R. 
 G. S., 1888, p. 762. 
 
 Forealquler, tn., France, dep. Basses-Alpes, cap. arr. , 35 m. 
 NE. by N. Aix. Ah. 1800 ft. P. <30oo. 
 
 Forcarey, comm. , Spain, prov. Pontevedra, dist. La Estrada. 
 P. 8400. 
 
 Forcas, Cabo de tres, headland, N. Africa, on the N. ct. of 
 Morocco. 
 
 Force, in some English names, ' a waterfall. ' See Fors. 
 
 Force, comm., Italy, The Marches, prov. Ascoli, 45 m. S. 
 Ancona. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Forcett, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 7 
 m. N. Richmond, 3 m. S. by E. Gainford stn. See Carkln. 
 
 Forcett, postal-tp., Tasmania, Pembroke co., 15 m. NE. by 
 E. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Forchbelm, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Franconia, 
 on the Regnitz, 15^ m. N. Nuremberg. Formerly an important 
 fortress ; belonged from 1062 to 1802 to the bishopric of Bamberg. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Forchles-la-Harche, comm. and mining viL, Belgium, prov. 
 Hainaut, 5 J m. WNW. Charleroi. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Ford, Anglo-Saxon, Furt, Furth, German, Voord, Dutch, 
 ' a shallow passage over a river.' 
 
 Ford, part of par. , Eng. , Cheshire. See BIdston with Ford. 
 
 Ford, stn., Eng., Devonshire, on the L. & SW. R., 2§ m. 
 NW. Devonport. 
 
 Ford, par., Eng., Durham, on the Wear, 3 m. W. Sunder- 
 land. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Ford, hamlet, Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 10 m. 
 SSE. Evesham, 5 m. N. by W. Notgrove and Westfield stn. 
 
 Ford, or Fordsbrldge, par. , Eng. , Hereford, div. and 3 m. 
 SSE. Leominster, with a stn. (Ford Bridge) on the G. W. and 
 L. & NW. Rlys. P. <2So. 
 
 Ford, vil. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Orrell. 
 
 Ford, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the Till, div. and 10 
 m. SSW. Benvick-upon-Tweed, 4^ m. N. by E. Kirknewton 
 stn.; has coal-mining. P.O. 11,727 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ford, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 5 J m. W. by N. 
 Shrewsbury, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ford, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., on the Aran, 2 J 
 m. SSW. Anmdel, the jimc. for Littlehampton on the L. B. & 
 S. C. R. P. <:25o; eccles. par. (F. with ¥apton) P. <75o. 
 
 Ford, hamlet, Eng., Wiltshire, 6 m. NW. Chippenham, P.O. 
 
 Ford, tn.. Ire., E. co. Wexford, bar. Ballaghkeen, 12 m. E. 
 Enniscorthy, 10 m. from Ferns stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ford, vil., Scot., Argyllshire, at head of Loch Awe, PT.O. 
 
 Ford, vil. , Scot. , Midlothian, on R. Tyne, 10^ m. SE. Edin- 
 burgh, PMT.O. 
 
 Foris, CO., U.S., Illinois, touching in N. 41° N., and W. of 
 88° W. 
 
 Ford, CO., U.S., Kansas, in the SW., crossed by 37^° N. 
 and 100° W. 
 
 Ford, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Armstrong co. P. -cisoo. 
 
 Fordcombe, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, 4 m. W. Ttmbridge 
 Wells, P.O. (F. dreen). P. <75o. 
 
 Fordel, mining viL, Scot., Fifeshire, i m. SE. Crossgates 
 stn. P. (including Wemyss Square) <; 750. 
 
 Fordell, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., co. and 13 m. 
 from Wanganui. P. < 1500. 
 
 Forden, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 3 m. N. Mont- 
 gomery, on the Cambrian Rly., P.O. ; 5361 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 FonI End, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Essex See Walthani, 
 Great. 
 
 Forder, vil., Eng., Cornwall, 2 m. from Saltash, P.O. 
 
 Forderstedt, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 15 m. S. 
 Magdeburg. P. •<3000. 
 
 Ford Cireen, hamlet, Eng., Staffordshire, si m. N. Stoke- 
 upon-Trent, with stn. on the N. Staffordshire Rly. 
 
 Fordham, par., Eng., Cambridge, div. and i,\ m. N. New- 
 market, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. ; 4204 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fordham, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 5^ m. NW. by W. 
 Colchester, 2 m. E. Chappel stn., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Fordham, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 13 m. S. King's 
 Lynn, close to Ryston stn. P.<25o. See Ryston. 
 
 Ford Houses, hamlet, Eng., Staffordshire, Kingswinford 
 div., 3 m. N. Wolverhampton, i^ m. N. Bushbury June. , P.O. 
 
 Fordlngbrldge, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Hampshire, New 
 Forest div., on the Avon, gi m. S. Salisbury, i^ m. E. by S. of 
 its stn. on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. ; 6303 ac. P.<:350o; 
 eccles. par. (F. with Ibsley) P. <:3000. 
 
 Fordtngton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, mostly included in 
 Dorchester bor. P. 5100; eccles. par. (West F.) P. < 2500. 
 
 FordlngtOB, vil., Eng., Lincolnshire. See Ulceby. 
 
 Fordley, part of eccles. par., Eng., Suffolk, 3 m. NE. Sax- 
 mimdham. See Mlddleton. 
 
 Fordon, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 8^ 
 m. S. Scarborough, 3 m. W. by S. Hunmanby stn. P. <2So. 
 See Bnrton Fleming. 
 
 Fordon, tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Vistula, 20 m. WNW. Thorn, 7 m. ENE. Bromberg. P. <30oo. 
 
FORD — FORG 
 
 Fordonn, par., Scot., Kincardineshire, 7J m. NW. by W. 
 Bervie, 2| m. NW. of its stn. on the C. R. ; 26,869 ac. P. <25oo. 
 Fordsbrtdge, par. , Eng. , Hereford. See Ford. 
 Fordsburg, tn. , African Republic, dlst. Johannesburg. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Fordstown, tnld. , Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. Upper Kells, 
 9 m. W. by N. Navan, 4J m. S. by W. Kells, 5 m. from Athboy 
 stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ford Street, hamlet, Eng., Essex, Maldon div., on the 
 Colne, 51^ m. W. by N. Colchester, 2 m. SE. by E. Chappel 
 stn., PM.O. 
 
 Fordwlch, par. and corporate member of the Cinque Port 
 of Sandwich, Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div. , on the Stour, 2 
 m. NE. by E. Canterbury, close to Sturry stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Fordyce, par. and vil., Scot., Banffshire, 2J m. SW. by W. 
 Portsoy, I m. SSW. Glasseugh stn., P.O. Par. 17,198 ac, P. 
 <45oo; vil. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Fore, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Westmeath, bar. Fore, 12 m. NNE. 
 MuUingar, 7 m. from Float stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Fore, bar. , Ire. , in the extreme NW. of co. Meath. 
 
 Foreglen, electoral div. , Ire. , Londonderry, dist. Feeny. 
 
 Forekareah, riv. , Senegambia. See Forkaria. 
 
 Foreland, Nortb, cape, Eng., on the E. ct. of Kent, in 51° 
 22J' N. It has a lighthouse, visible 20 m. ; and there is a light- 
 vessel 7 m. ESE. 
 
 Foreland, South, cape, 16 m. to the S. , in 51° 8 J' N. It has 
 a lighthouse, vis. 26 m. ; and there is a light-vessel 4 m. E. by S. 
 
 Foreland, Tbe, cape, Eng., the mostly northerly point of 
 Devonshire. 
 
 Foremark, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 5 m. ENE. 
 Burton, 2 m. ESE. Willington stn. P, <25o; eccles. par. 
 (F. wltb lugleby) P. <2So. 
 
 Foremass, electoral div.. Ire., Tyrone, dist. Ballygawley. 
 
 Forenaghts, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. S. Salt, 2 m. NE. 
 Naas. P. <25o. 
 
 Forenza, comm., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 15 m. N. by E. 
 Potenza. P. 7400. 
 
 Forest, comm., Belgium, prov, Brabant, art. Brussels. P. 
 6000. 
 
 Forest, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Lambton co. , 40 m. W. London. 
 P. (i88i)<i6co; (i89i)<2ioo. 
 
 Forest, or La For^t, par. , Eng. , Channel Is. , Guernsey, on 
 S. ct., 3 m. SW. St. Peter Port, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Forest, post-tn., Tasmania, Wellington co., no m. WNW. 
 Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Forest, tn., U.S., Illinois. See Forrest. 
 
 Foi^st, vil., U.S., Mississippi, cap. Scott co., 50 m. W. 
 Meridian by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Forest, vil., U.S., Ohio, Hardin co., 65 m. NW. by N. 
 Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Forest, CO., U.S., Pennsylvania, in the NW., traversed in 
 the W. by the Allegheny R., crossed by 41^° N. 
 
 Forest, or Pentecost, bor., U.S., in the NE. of Pennsyl- 
 vania, Susquehanna co. ; coal-mines. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Forest, CO., U.S., Wisconsin, in the NE., on the N. frontier, 
 crossed in the W. by 89° W. 
 
 Forest, llfe"w, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 8J m. NW. 
 Richmond. P. <:25o. 
 
 Forest and Frith, par. , Eng. , Durham , 4I m. N W. Middleton 
 in Teesdale; has lead ore ; 17,708 ac. P. <7So; eccles. par. (F. 
 and F. ivith Harwood) P. <75o. 
 
 Forest Cantons ( Waldstdtten), Switzd., are cants. Lucerne, 
 Schvv^iz, Uri, and Unterwalden, in the centre of which is the 
 Lake of Lucerne, or Lake of the Four F. C. ( Vierwaldstattersee). 
 See Alps, Subdivisions, U. B. 2. 
 
 Forest City, vil., U.S., Colorado, Sierra co., 30 m. NE. 
 Nevada City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Forest City, vil., U.S., Iowa, Winnebago co., on Lime 
 Creek, 116 m. N. Des Moines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Forest City, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Potter co., 42 m. N. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Forest Facta, coal-mining vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 
 m. from Swansea, PM.O. 
 
 Forest Gate, suburb of London, Eng., West Ham bor., on 
 the G. E. R., 6 m. EXE. St. Paul's. See Ham, West. 
 
 Forest Grove, or Arrilalata, post-tn. , Queensland, Portland 
 CO., 355 m. SW. by S. Townsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Forest Grove, vil., U.S., Oregon, Washington co., 64 m. 
 SE. of the mouth of the Columbia. P. «=i5oo. 
 
 Forest Hall, stn., Eng., Northumberland, Tyneside div., on 
 the NE. R., 4 m. NE. by N. Newcastle, PMT.O. 
 
 Forest Head, hill, Eng., Cumberland, 12 m. E. Carlisle. 
 
 Forest Hill, suburb of London, Eng. , Surrey, Lewisham div. , 
 5 m. S. by E. St. Paul's, London, on the L. B. & S. C. R., with 
 two stns. (Lordship Lane and Honor Oak) on the L. C. & D. R. 
 
 Forest Hill, gold-mining vil., U.S., California, Placer co., 
 46 m. NE. Sacramento. 
 
 Forest Hill -with Shotover, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Wood- 
 stock div., 4I m. E. by N. Oxford, 2 m. NNW. Wheatley stn., 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Forest Hill (formerly Kincardine), stn., Scot., Fife, on the 
 N. B. R. , 3 m. E. Alloa, 3 m. N. Kincardine. 
 
 Forest nioor, upland tract, Eng. , Ripen div. of the W. Riding 
 of Yorkshire, about i| m. N W. Harrogate. 
 
 Forest of Dean. See Dean, Forest of. 
 
 Foreston, U.S., lUinois. See Forreston. 
 
 Forest Beefs, postal and mining tp., New South Wales, 
 184 m. (by rail and road) W. Sydney. P. <i50o. 
 
 Forest Bow, eccles. par. , Eng. , Sussex, E. Grinstead div. , 
 10^ m. W. by S. Tunbridge Wells, on the L. B. & S. C. R., 
 PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Forest School, P.O. , Eng. , Durham, 7 m. from Middleton-in- 
 Teesdale. 
 
 Forest Side, P. O. , Eng., 2 m. E. Mansfield, Nottinghamshire. 
 
 Forest Side with Standstead, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, 
 7 m. NW. Chichester. P. <5oo. 
 
 Forestvllle, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Norfolk, 14 m. from 
 Simcoe. P. < 1500. 
 
 Forestvllle, vil. , U.S., Connecticut, co. and 14 m. WSW. 
 Hartford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Forestvllle, vil, U.S., Georgia, Floyd co., in NW. of state. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Forestvllle, vil. , U.S., New York, Chautauqua co., 32 m. 
 SSW. Buffalo. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Forfet, La, par., Channel Is. See Forest. 
 
 For^t-elz-Chaudfoutalne, comm. , Belgium, prov. and 7 m. 
 SE. by E. Lifege. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Forez, an old div. of France, in prov. Lyonnais, whose cap. 
 was Montbrison, now forming the greater part of dep. Loire. 
 
 Forez, nionts da, mt. chain, central France, deps. Loire 
 and Puy-de-D6me, betweert the basins of the upper Loire and 
 Allier; culminating point Pierre-sur-Haute, or Pierre-sur-Autre. 
 Alt. 5380 ft. 
 
 Forfar, par., tn., pari, and royal burgh (since the reign of 
 David I.), Scot., Forfarshire, on E. shore of Loch of F., 13 m. 
 N. by E. Dundee, on the C. R. ; has manufactures of linen, 
 especially coarse linen. The town cross stands on the site of 
 an old castle demolished by Robert Bruce in 1308. It is a 
 member of the Montrose {q-v.) pari, burghs. Market-days, 
 M. and S. Par. 8353 ac, P. 13,700; tn. and pari, burgh, 
 P. (1801)5200; (1871) 11,000; (i«9i) 12,100; royal burgh, P. 
 12,800. 
 
 Forfarshire, or Angns, maritime co. , Scot. , having N. the 
 COS. Aberdeen and Kincardine, E. the North Sea, S. the Firth 
 of Tay, and W. co. Perth. Surface naturally divided into four 
 parallel belts, running from NE. to SW., viz., the Braes of 
 Angus, forming part of the Grampians (furrowed by Glen Isla, 
 Glen Prossen, Glen Clova, and Glen Mark, or upper Glen Esk, 
 in succession from W. to E. ), the Vale of Strathmore (here 
 known as the Howe, or hollow, of Angus), the Sidlaw Hills, the 
 plain on the Firth of Tay and the sea. The principal mountain 
 in the county is Glas Meal, 3502 ft. (at the meeting-place of 
 counties F., Perth, and Aberdeen). Bulg mountain, 1986 ft., 
 9^ m. NNW. Brechin, is a station in the Ordnance Survey. 
 Mean height of county, 856 ft. Geologically the greater part of 
 the county belongs to the Lower Old Red Sandstone, succeeded 
 to the NW. by the Metamorphic Quartzites, &c. , of the highlands. 
 In the Sidlaw Hills and elsewhere are volcanic rocks of the Old 
 Red Sandstone Period, along with some intrusive basalt. Round 
 the basin of Montrose lie some Post-Tertiary marine deposits 
 (raised benches). There are no minerals of great economic 
 importance. Chief rivers, the North and South Esks and Isla. 
 Climate in elevated parts rather chilly and moist. Soil various. 
 Agriculture greatly advanced For statistics, see Appendix, 
 pp. 10-12. It is the chief seat of the coarse linen manufactures 
 of Scotland. The county has five royal burghs, viz., Dundee, 
 Arbroath, Forfar, Montrose, and Brechin. It sends four mem- 
 bers to House of Commons, one being for the county, two for 
 Dundee, and one for the Montrose dist. Area, 560,186 ac. 
 P. (1891) 277,800; pari. dist. P. 67,500. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Forg, tn., in the SW. of Persia, no m. NW. Bender Abbas. 
 P. 2000. 
 
 Forgan, par., Scot., E. Fife, 3 m. SE. by S. Dundee, i m. 
 SE. by E. Newport Wester stn. ; 4983 ac. P. (including 
 training-ship) <4ooo. 
 
 Forgandenny, par., Scot., E. Perthshire and Kinross-shire, 
 3 J m. SW. by S. Perth, on the C. R. , PMT. O. ; 8946 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Forgarla, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. Udine, dist. Spilim- 
 bergo. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Forge Hills (for Coleshill), stn., Eng., Warwickshire, on 
 the M. R. , 8 m. ENE. Birmingham. 
 
 Forges-les-Eanx, tn., France, dep. Seine Inf^rieure, arr. 
 Neufchatel, 24 m. NE. by E. Rouen ; has cold mineral springs 
 frequented from July to September, and manufactures of porce- 
 lain and vitriol. P. <20oo. 
 
 Forge Valley, that part of the valley of the Derwent, York- 
 shire, Eng., which lies due W. of Scarborough. It gives name 
 to a stn. on the NE. R. , 4^ m. WSW. Scarborough. 
 
 Foible, hamlet, Scot., Banffshire, with a stn. on the H. R., 
 2i m. NW. Keith. 
 
 537 
 
F O R G 
 
 FORS 
 
 Forglen, par. , Scot. , Banffshire, 8^ m. S. Banff, 2 m. WNW. 
 Turriff stn. , P. O. ; 6249 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Forgney, par.. Ire., SE. co. Longford, bar. Shrule, 14 m. 
 SSE. Longford ; 5455 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Forgne, par. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, on the Bum of F. , 6 
 m. NE. by E. Huntly, PM.O. ; 17,354 ac. P. <2Soo. 
 
 Forino, comm. , Italy, prov. and circle Avellino. P. <400o. 
 
 Forlo, seapt. comm. , Italy, on the W. ct. of the isl. Ischia, 
 circle and 16 m. WSW. Pozzuoli ; has warm mineral springs. 
 P. 6600. 
 
 Fork, a term frequently used in N. America to denote the 
 confluence of two or more streams, and, by transference, to de- 
 note one of the streams themselves. 
 
 Forkarls, riv. , Senegambia, with French stn. at Fort Dupuy, 
 near the S. bk. of its mouth. 
 
 Forked Deer, riv., U.S., Tennessee, in the W., formed by 
 the union of two branches, the N. fork and the S. fork, which 
 unite in Dyer co. , after which the river flows SW. then W. to the 
 Mississippi, which it joins in 33° 52' N. ; length about 100 m. 
 
 Forkill, par., Ire., SE. co. Armagh, bar. Orior, 8 m. SSW. 
 Newry, 5 m. from Dundalk stn., PMT.O. (ForkbUl) ; 12,578 
 ac. P. <4500. 
 
 Forll, ancient Forum-Livii, walled city, Italy, Emilia, cap. 
 prov. F. , on the Montone, 9 m. SE. by E. Faenza ; seat of a 
 cardinal legate ; has a cathedral, sugar refinery, silk-spinning, 
 and manufactures of silks, &c. Mean temp., yr. 56.2° F., Jan. 
 35.6°, July jj.f. P. 39,500. 
 
 Forll del Sannlo, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov.and 
 26 m. WNW. Campobasso, 46 m. S. Chieti. P. <c3ooo. 
 
 Forllmpopoll, the ancient Forum Popilii ( ' the forum of the 
 people"), tn., Italy, prov. and 5 m. ESE. Forli, on the .(Emilian 
 Way. P. 5300. 
 
 Forman, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Sargent co., 66 m. SW. by 
 S. Fargo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Formarin, lake, at the source of the Lech, Vorarlberg, 
 Austria. Alt. 5510 ft. 
 
 Formazza, Val, the uppermost part of the valley of the Toce, 
 in the extreme N. of Eastern Piedmont, Italy. 
 
 Formby, ct. par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 7 m. SSW. 
 Southport, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. ; 6619 ac. P. 5900. 
 
 Formby, post-tn. , Tasmania. See DCTonport. 
 
 Formby Point, cape, about 2 m. W. Formby, Eng. , the most 
 westerly point of S. Lancashire. See Crosby Cbannel. 
 
 Formentera (' wheat island '), the anct. Ophiussa, or Pityusa 
 Minor, one of the Balearic Isles, Spain, to the S. of Ibiza (Ivica), 
 of which it is a dependency. Area, 35 sq. m. 
 
 Formentor, cape, Spain, the NE. point of the isL of Majorca. 
 
 Formerle, tn. , France, dep. Oise, arr. and 22 m. N W. Beau- 
 vais. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Formla, comm. , Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, on the Gulf 
 of and 3 m. N. by E. Gaeta. P. 9700. 
 
 Formica, La (Italian, 'ant'), small rocky islet, one of the 
 Egadi Is., Italy, 5 m. WSW. Trapani, with a lighthouse, visible 
 8 m. The name is applied in the plural form (Formlcbe) to 
 this island and a smaller island adjacent; also to a group of 
 islets off the mouth of the Ombrone, in the S. of Tuscany (F. dl 
 Grosseto). 
 
 Formlcbe, Pnnta delle, cape, the most southerly point of 
 Sicily, with a lighthouse on Correnti Islet, visible 9 m. 
 
 Formlcola, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, •j\ m. 
 N. by E. Capua. P. <3000. 
 
 Formlga, tn., Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, 212 m. NW. Rio 
 de Janeiro. P. 2000. 
 
 Formlgas, group of rocks in the Azores Archipelago, to the 
 NE. of Sta. Maria I. 
 
 Formlglne, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 8 m. SW. by 
 S. Modena. P. 6800. 
 
 Formosa, terr. or govt, of the Argentine Republic, forming 
 the N. portion of the Gran Chaco {q.v.), and separated from 
 the govt, of Chaco by the rivs. Bermejo and Teuco. 
 
 Formosa, colony, Argentine Republic, F. territory, on the r. 
 bk. of Rio Paraguay, 62 m. SW. by S. Asuncion. Alt. 330 ft. 
 Mean temp. (4 yrs., 1879-82), yr. 72° F., Jan. 80.8°, July 63.3°. 
 
 Formosa, the northernmost of the Bissagos Is. , off the W. ct. 
 of Africa ; is fertile and well-wooded, but has no good water. 
 
 Formosa (Chinese Tai-wan), isl. of the Pacific, between 21° 
 53' and 25° 16' N. , and 120° 15' and 122° E., about 100 m. from 
 the Chinese coast, from which it is separated by the channel 
 of Fokien or F. Length, 235 m.; breadth (average), 65 m. A 
 mountain chain, highest summits. Mount Morrison (12,850 
 ft.) and (towards the N.) Mount Sylvia (11.300 ft.), traverses 
 the centre of the island, separating the Chinese colonists 
 (principally from Fokien and Kwangtung) of the N. and W. 
 from the wild Formosans on the E. side. This range is im- 
 perfectly explored, and its geological structure unknown, but in 
 the N. of the island there are various signs of volcanic activity. 
 Tatung-shan, N. of the Tamsui R. , is an extinct volcano, and 
 there are numerous geysers and sulphur springs. The coasts 
 are jjeculiarly dangerous. The W. ct. is bordered by broad mud- 
 banks, deposited in times of flood by the rivers on this side, and 
 538 
 
 the annual number of wrecks on these banks is considerable. 
 The E. ct. is rock-bound. Surface of the Chinese portion well 
 watered and generally extremely fertile, producing rice, sugar, 
 camphor, tobacco, wheat, tea, maize, millet, various fruits and 
 spices, rhea, jute, manilla, hemp, silk, timber, and dye-woods. 
 Rice is the principal food-crop, and is so abundantly produced 
 as to have won for the island the name of the ' Granary of 
 China ; ' but with the increase in the number of labourers on 
 tea and sugar plantations, &c., the available surplus of rice for 
 export has greatly diminished. The tea plantations are princi- 
 pally in the N., near Tai-pei and Tamsui, and are rapidly 
 extending as the forest gets cleared; the sugar plantations 
 mainly in the neighbourhood of Tainan. The tea is mostly 
 exported to the United States. As to the climate, see Tamsui. 
 The mountains are forest clad, and in this region camphor is a 
 valuable product. There are immense carboniferous deposits, 
 and coal is known to exist both in the N. and S. of the island. 
 The chief coalfield is on the NE. ct., near Kelimg, but the mines 
 have not yet been worked with any great success. Sulphur is 
 extracted from sulphur springs not far firom Tamsui, and a 
 little gold is derived from washings near Keltmg. Petroleum 
 wells have been worked (near Takow and Ulan), but not with 
 success. A railway has been constructed from Kelung to Hsinchu 
 near the W. ct. , in 24° 50' N. , and its continuation to Tainan is 
 projected. There are no good natural harbours. The best is 
 that of Kelung. It is a dependency of the treaty-port of 
 Tamsui. The only other treaty-port is Tainan, with its de- 
 pendencies Anping and Takow. The Chinese colonists are 
 of a very mixed description, F. having been a kind of ' Botany 
 Bay ' to China ; but among them there are many wealthy and 
 active traders. The native Formosans are of Malayan type, 
 but present in some cases a hirsuteness not usual in that race. 
 They are mostly savages, but some of them, known to the 
 Chinese as Pepohwans, or 'savages of the plain,' have settled 
 down to agriculture under Chinese rule, inhabiting the W. base 
 of the mountains to the E. of the Chinese settlers and the 
 Kapsulan plain in the NE. F. received its name from the 
 Portuguese, the first Europeans who visited it (1590). In 1642 
 the Dutch became masters of the island, but they were expelled 
 by the pirate Coxinga, whose successors ruled here till 1683, 
 when the island was taken by the Chinese. It remained a 
 dependency of the Chinese prov. of Fokien till 1887, and was 
 a separate prov. from 1887 to 1895, when it was ceded to Japan. 
 Area, 13,330 sq. m. P. about 3,000,000. See Consular Repwrt 
 by Mr. Hosie [Commercial, No. 11, 1893). 
 
 Formosa Bay. See Ungama. 
 
 Formoyle, electoral div., Ire., Clare, dist. Milltovromalbay. 
 
 Formoyle, par. , Ire. , NE. co. Londonderry, bar. and 5 m. 
 WSW. Coleraine ; 4270 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Fomas, cape, Denmark, the most easterly point of Jutland. 
 
 Fomcett, St. Mary and St. Peter, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Norfolk, S. div. , 11 m. SW. by S. Norwich, with a stn. (Fomcett) 
 on the G. E. R. F. St. Mary, P.O., P.<5oo; F. St. Peter, 
 PM.O., P.<75o. 
 
 Fornelll, fortified inlet, vnth harb. of the same name, Spain, 
 on the N. ct. of Minorca, Balearic Is. 
 
 Fometb, P.O., Scot., Perthshire, 6 m. W. Blairgowrie. 
 
 Fombam, All Saints, St. Martin, St. Gcnevere, three 
 adjoining pars. , Eng. , Suffolk, near Bury St. Edmunds. F. All 
 Saints, P. 0. , P. <5oo; eccles. par. (F. All Saints wltb Westley) 
 P. <75o; F.St. Martin, P.O., P. < 500; F. St. Geneveve, P. <25o. 
 
 FornoTO dl Taro, comm. , Italy, Emilia, on the Ceno, prov. 
 and 13 m. SW. Parma. P. <:4000. 
 
 Forrabnry, ct. par., Eng., Cornwall, on the NW. ct., div. 
 and 14^ m. W. by N. Launceston. P. <5oo. 
 
 Forres, stn., Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R., 616 
 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. See luTerness. 
 
 Forres, par. , tn. , and royal and pari burgh, Scot. , Elginshire, 
 9^ m. E. by N. Nairn, on H. R.; on Cluny Hill stands a well- 
 known hydropathic establishment. Par. 5440 ac, P. < 5000; 
 tn. and pari, and royal burgh, P. <40oo. 
 
 Forrest, tn., U.S., Arkansas, St. Francis co., 41 m. W. by S. 
 Memphis (Tenn. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Forrest, or Forest, tn., U.S., Illinois, Livingston co., 168 m. 
 E. Burlington by rail P. <isoo. 
 
 Forrestfleld, stn., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, on the N. B. R., 
 6 m. E. by N. Airdrie. 
 
 Forrestou, or Foreston, tn., U.S., Illinois, Ogle co., 62 m. 
 ESE. Dubuque (lo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Fors, Fobs, Scandinavian, in some English names /or<:«, 'a 
 waterfall.' 
 
 Forsbrook, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Leek div., 6 m. 
 ESE. Stoke-upon-Trent, \ m. E. Blyth Bridge stn., P.O. P. 
 <i50o. 
 
 Forscote, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., 6J m. SSW. 
 Bath, i^ m. E. Radstock stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Forse, or Forss, riv. , Scot. , Caithness, rises near the centre of 
 the CO., and flows N. into the Pentland Firth near the village F. 
 
 Forslnard, stn., Scot., Sutherland, on the H. R.. 21 m. SW. 
 Thurso, P.O. 
 
FO RS 
 
 FORT 
 
 Forss, P.O., Scot., Caithness, on F. Water, 6m. W. Thurso. 
 
 Forst, vorst, Teutonic, ' a wood. ' 
 
 For8t(inderLansltz), tn.,Ger. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 
 13 m. E. by S. Kottbus ; has important manufactures of cloth 
 and machinery. P. 23,500; including Barge, P. 28,700. 
 
 Forst, comm., Ger. , Baden, circle Karlsruhe, dist. Bruchsal. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Forst, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Forster, tp., New South Wales, Gloucester co., on the coast, 
 67 m. NE. Newcastle, in 32° 15' S. P. < 1500. 
 
 Forsyth, vil., U.S., Georgia, cap. Monroe co., 22 m. NW. 
 Macon. P. < 1500. 
 
 Forsytb, co., U.S., Georgia, N. of 34° N., and crossed in E. 
 by 84° W. 
 
 Forsyth, vil., U.S., Montana, Custer co., 225 m. SW. by S. 
 from the NE. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Forsyth, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, N. of 36° N., and W. of 80° W. 
 
 Fort fi la Corne, settlement, Canada, dist. and on Saskat- 
 chewan R. , 30 m. E. Prince Albert. 
 
 Fort Albany, Canada, Ontario, at the mouth of the R. 
 Albany, in the SW. of James Bay (Hudson Bay). 
 
 Fort Alexander, settlement, Canada, prov. Manitoba, at 
 the entrance of Winnipeg R. into Lake and 65 m. NE. by N. 
 Winnipeg. 
 
 Fortaleza, Brazil. See Ceard. 
 
 Fort Anderson, fort, Brit. Nyassa-land, nearSE. frontier, at 
 S. end of Mount Mlanje. 
 
 Fort Ann, vil., U.S., New York, Washington co., on Wood 
 Creek and the Champlain Canal, 60 m. N. Albany by rail. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Fort Apache, U.S., Arizona, A. co. , 175 m. NNW. from the 
 SE. corner of the territory. Mean temp. (18 yrs.), yr. 54.4° F., 
 Jan. 34.7°, Aug. 74.6° ; rfall., yr. 21.04 in-. July-Aug. 8.24 in. 
 
 Fort ABSinlbolne, ruined fort, Canada, dist. Alberta, on 
 Athabasca R., 74 m. NW. by N. Edmonton. 
 
 Fort Atkinson, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Jefferson co., 47 m. 
 W. by S. Milwaukee. P. < 3000. 
 
 Fort Augustus, vil., Canada, Prince Edward's I., Queen's 
 CO., 16 m. from Charlottetown. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fort Augustus, vil., Scot., Inverness-shire, at the head of 
 Loch Ness, PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Fort Ayliff, vil., in the NE. of Cape Colony, Herschel dist., 
 55 m. E. by N. Aliwal, North. 
 
 Fort Barrancas, U.S., Florida, on the N. of Pensacola Bay, 
 protects the U.S. navy yard at Warrington. 
 
 Fort Bascom, vil., U.S., New Mexico, San Miguel co., 128 
 m. E. by S. Santa F^. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Fort Bayard, U.S., New Mexico, in 32° 47' N., 108° 09' W. 
 Alt. 6022 ft. Mean temp. (14 yrs.), yr. 55.4° F., Jan. 37.9°, 
 July 73.5°; rfall., yr. 14.27 in., July-Aug. 6.15 in. 
 
 Fort Beaufort, municip. , Cape Colony, dist. Fort Beaufort, 
 45 m. W. by N. King William's Town. Alt. 1493 ft. Rfall. (5 
 yrs.), 24.60 in. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Fort Belknap, settlement, U.S., Montana, Choteau co. , 227 
 m. NE. Butte City. 
 
 Fort Bend, co. , U.S. , Texas, in the SE. , crossed by Brazos R. 
 
 Fort Benton, vil., U.S., Montana, Choteau co. , 150 m. NE. 
 by N. Butte City, on Missouri R. , at head of steamboat naviga- 
 tion, 40 m. below the Great Falls. Alt. Signal Station 2674 ft. 
 (U.S. Signal Office). Mean temp. (5 yrs., 1880-84), 5^- 42.3° F., 
 Jan. 13.8°, July 69.8°; rfall. (6 yrs.), 13.27 in. P. <isoo. 
 
 Fort Bodo, stn., Congo Free State, N. of the Ituri (Biyerre, 
 or Aruwimi), in about 1° 20' N., 29° 20' E. Alt. 3500 ft. 
 
 Fort Bowie, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Cochise co. , 60 m. 
 NNW. from the SE. corner of the territory. Mean temp. (22 
 yrs.), yr. 63.0° F., Jan. 43.9°, July 80.0°; rfall., yr. 15.41 in., 
 July-Aug. 6.18 in. 
 
 Fort Branch, vil., U.S., Indiana, Gibson co., 78 m. S. by 
 W. Terre Haute. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Fort Bridger, U.S., near the extreme SW. of Wyoming. 
 Alt. 6656 ft. Rfall. 113 yrs.), 8.43 in. 
 
 Fort Buckingham, fort, near the N. frontier of Natal, 62 m. 
 NE. by N. Pietermaritzburg. 
 
 Fort Buford, U.S., N. Dakota, on the Missouri, near the 
 W. frontier. Alt. 1930 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 38.4° F., 
 Jan. 4.4°, July 68.3°. 
 
 Fort Burgers, stn., S. African Republic, Lydenburg dist., 
 83 m. N. by W. Barberton. 
 
 Fort Charter, stn. , British S. Africa, Mashona-land, in 18° 
 35' 40" S., 31° 9' 45" E. Alt. 4408 ft. (Swan, ab.). 
 
 Fort Chilestin, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, at 
 the S. end of Chilestin Lake, 215 m. N. by W. Vancouver. 
 
 Fort Chlmo, Hudson Bay Co.'s stn. in terr. E. of Hudson 
 Bay, near the mouth of the Koksoak R., in about 58^° N., 68J° 
 W. Mean temp. (2 yrs., 1882-84), >t. 18.8° F. 
 
 Fort Chlppewyan, fort, Canada, NW. Terr., on N. side of 
 Lake Athabasca, opposite the influx of R. Athabasca, 58° 40' 
 N.,iii°2o'W. Alt. 700 ft. Mean temp. (2 yrs., 1884-85), yr. 
 27.1° F., Jan. -15.5°, July 60.6°. 
 
 Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay Co.'s stn., at the mouth of the 
 Churchill R. \q.v.). Mean temp. (3I yrs., 1811-13, 1884-85), 
 yr. 14.2° F., Jan. -26.9°, Aug. 51.5°. 
 
 Fort Clark, U.S. post, Texas, about 120 m. W. San Antonio. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Fort Collins, city, U.S., Colorado, Larimer co. , 57 m. N 
 Denver. P. <:300o. 
 
 Fort Confidence, ruined fort, Canada, NW. Terr., at N. end 
 Great Bear Lake. Alt. 500 ft. Mean temp. (2 yrs., 1837-39), 
 yr. 13.4° F. , Jan. -29.3°, July 54.8°. 
 
 Fort Conger. See Arctic Regions. 
 
 Fort Connelly, Brit. Columbia, 56° 5' N., 126° 50' W., at the 
 outlet of a small lake of the Skeena basin. 
 
 Fort Cooper, Queensland. See Nebo. 
 
 Fort Coulonge, vil. , Canada, Quebec, co. Pontiac, at con- 
 fluence of C. and Ottawa R. , 23 m. from Portage du Fort. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Fort CoTington, vil., U.S., New York, Franklin co., on 
 Salmon R., 72 m. NW. by W. Burlington (Vt.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Fort Craig, U.S., New Mexico, in 33° 40' N., 107° 01' W. 
 Alt. 4619 ft. Mean temp. (20 yrs.), yr. 59.8° F., July 8i.i°, Dec. 
 37.1°; rfall., yr. 10.84 in-, July-Aug. -Sept. 6.85 in. 
 
 Fort CreTecoeur, Holland, prov. N. Brabant, on the tongue 
 of land between the Maas and the mouth of the Dieze, 3 m. 
 NW. by N. Bois le Due. 
 
 Fort Custer, vil. and military post, U.S., Montana C. co., 
 233 m. E. by S. Butte City, on Big Horn R. , 27 m. S. of the 
 Yellowstone R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fort Dauphin, tn., Madagascar, on the SE. ct., in about 
 25° S. ; trade in india-rubber. 
 
 Fort Davis, vil. and military post, U.S., Texas, Presidio co., 
 185 m. SE. by E. of the W. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fort Defiance, U.S., Arizona, in 35° 43' N., 109° 10' W. 
 Alt. 6500 ft. Mean temp. (8 yrs.), yr. 47.3° F., Jan. 24°, July 
 70.3°; rfall., yr. 14.19 in., July-Aug. 5. 17 in. 
 
 Fort de France, fortified tn., on W. ct. of Martinique I., 
 cap. arr. , built on alluvial ground, on a site exposed to winds 
 from the most unhealthy quarter, but possessing a good harbour, 
 with dry dock 418 ft. long, 28J ft. deep on sill high water 
 ordinary spring tides ; seat of the governor-general of the 
 French W. Indies. Rebuilt since its destruction by an earth- 
 quake in 1839. P. (1888) 17,400. 
 
 Fort Dodge, city, U.S., Iowa, Webster co., riv. and 72 m. 
 NNW. Des Moines. P. < 5000. 
 
 Fort Douglas, U.S., Utah, a few miles NE. Salt Lake City. 
 P, < 1500. 
 
 Fort Duffierln. See Mandalay. 
 
 Fort Dnnregan, Canada. See Dunregan. 
 
 Fort Duqnesne. See Pittsburg. 
 
 Forteau Bay, inlet, Canada, Labrador, on SE. ct., near SW. 
 end of Straits of Belle Isle. 
 
 Fort Edmonton. See Edmonton. 
 
 Fort Edward, Brit. E. Africa, Usongora, to the W. of the 
 NE. extension of Lake Albert Edward. 
 
 Fort Edward, vil., U.S., New York, Washington co., on 
 the 1. bk. of Hudson R. and on the Champlain Canal, the 
 former of which affords good water-power, 38 m. N. Troy. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Fort Elllce, settlement, Canada, prov. Manitoba, on Assini- 
 boine R. , 140 m. E. Regina. 
 
 Fort Ellis, military post, U.S., Montana, at the end of the 
 Gallatin Valley. P. <; 1500. 
 
 Fort Enterprise, fort, Canada, NW. Terr., 150 m. N. Great 
 Slave Lake, in about 64° 40' N., 113° 15' W. 
 
 Fort Erie, vil. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Welland 
 CO. , at the E. end of Lake Erie, 3^ m. N W. Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fortescue, co. , Queensland, crossed by 150° E. and 26° S. 
 
 Fortescne, riv., in the NW. of W. Australia, flovving NW. 
 into the Indian Ocean, which it enters in about 21° S. 
 
 Forteyentura, one of the Canary Is. See FuerteTentura. 
 
 Forteviot, par., Scot., E. Perthshire, on the Earn, 12 m. E. 
 by S. Crieff, on the C. R., P.O. ; 7785 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Fort Fairfield, tn., U.S., Maine, co. and on R. Aroostook, 
 140 m. NNE. Bangor. P. < 4000. 
 
 Fort Eraser, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on 
 Nechaco R. , 330 m. N. by W. Vancouver. 
 
 Fort Gaines, U.S., Alabama, defends the sea entrance to 
 Mobile Bay. 
 
 Fort Gaines, tn., U.S., Georgia, cap. Clay co., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Chattahoochee R. , 62 m. N. by W. of the SW. corner of 
 state. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Fort Galpin, settlement, U.S., Montana, Dawson co., 125 
 m. SW. by W. from the NE. corner of the state. 
 
 Fort Garry. See Winnipeg. 
 
 Fort George, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on 
 Eraser R. , in 53° 58' N. 
 
 Fort George, fortress, Scot., Inverness-shire, at the E. of the 
 mouth of Inner Moray Firth, with a stn. on the H. R. , 3 m. to 
 theSE., PMT.O. 
 
 Fort George, U.S. See Caldwell, New York. 
 
 539 
 
FORT — FORT 
 
 Fort Gibson, military pwjst of the Cherokee nation, U.S., 
 Indian terr. , on the Neosho R. , near its confluence with the 
 Arkansas. Alt. 540 ft. Mean temp., yr. 59.8° F., Jan. 37.8°, 
 July 81.5°. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fort Good Hope, Canada, NW. Terrs. , on r. bk. Mackenzie, 
 at the confluence of the Hare Skin R. , in 66° 10' N. Old F. 
 G. H. is on the 1. bk., in 67^° N. 
 
 Fort Grant, Brit. E. Africa, in Ankoli, to the E. of Lake 
 Albert Edward. 
 
 Fort Grant, U.S., Arizona, 105 m. NW. by N. of the SE. 
 comer of the terr. Alt. 4860 ft. Mean temp. (17 yrs. ), 61.4° F. , 
 Jan. 44°, July 79.1°; rfalL, yr. 16.85 in., July-Aug. 7.08 in. 
 
 Fort Gratiot (grash'i-ot), city, U.S., IVIichigan, St. Clair co., 
 at the outlet of Lake Huron. P. <3000. 
 
 Forth, bar. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Carlow. 
 
 Fortb, bar. , Ire. , in the SE. corner of co. Wexford. 
 
 Fortb, electoral div., Ire., Wexford, dist. Taghmon and 
 Glynn. 
 
 Fortb, vil., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, 7 m. NE. by N. Lanark, 
 1 m. SW. Wilsontown stn., with coal-mine, P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Fortb, riv. , Scot. , formed by the union of two headstreams, 
 the Duchray Water, which rises on the NE. side of Ben Lomond, 
 CO. Stirling, and flows E., and just above Aberfoyle joins the 
 Laggan, which is wholly in Perthshire, and drains Lochs Chon 
 and Ard (to the S. of Loch Katrine). The Forth then flows past 
 Stirling and Alloa, where, after a winding course through pic- 
 turesque scenery, it expands into the arm of the sea called the 
 Firth of Forth (Bodotria , or Boderia yEstuarium, ' Scots Water ' ) , 
 dividing the cos. Perth, Clackmannan, and Fife on the N. from 
 Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, and Haddington on the S. 
 The course of the F. , including its many ' links ' or windings, is 
 estimated at 170 m. Breadth of estuary at Queensferry, 3 m. ; 
 at Leith Fort, 6 m. Chief tributaries, the Teith, Allan, and 
 Devon. The Forth has many good harbours ; St. Margaret's 
 Hope, above Queensferry, where the Firth begins, is one of the 
 safest roadsteads in Scotland. The river is navigable to Stirling 
 for vessels of 100 tons, and to Alloa for vessels of 300 tons. The 
 Fortb and Clyde Canal, 35 m. long (exclusive of a branch to 
 Glasgow, 3I m. long), connects the F. at Grangemouth with 
 the Clyde at Bowling, and admits vessels of 8 ft. 9 in. draught. 
 It is proposed to sujjersede this canal by one capable of being 
 used by large ocean-going vessels. On the present canal Sym- 
 ington tried his first steamer in 1801-2. 
 
 FortHamllton, vil., U.S., New York, King's co., on Long I. , 
 about 5 m. S. New York. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Fortbampton, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, div. and 2 m. W. 
 Tewkesbury, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Fort Harris, fort, S. Africa, Pondo-land, 140 m. NE. East 
 London (Cape Colony). 
 
 Fort Hastings, fortified hill, Brit India, NW. Provs., dist. 
 Kamaun, in 29° 25' N., 80° 5' E. 
 
 Fort Hawley, settlement, U.S., Montana, Choteau co., 204 
 m. SW. by W. from the NE. corner of the state. 
 
 Fortb Bridge, rly. bridge across the Firth of Forth at 
 Queensferry in connection with the N. B. R. system, 2765 yds. 
 long, with two spans of 1700 ft. each, beneath each of which 
 there is, for a length of 500 ft. , a clear headway for navigjation of 
 150 ft. above high water spring-tides. Opened in 1890. 
 
 Fortb End, P.O., Eng., Essex, 3 m. from Chelmsford. 
 
 Fort Hope, Arctic Regions, on Repulse Bay, in 66° 32' N. , 
 86° 56' W. Mean temp. (2 yrs., 1846-47, 1853-54), yr. 3.7° F,, 
 Feb. - 31.6°, July 41.0°, 
 
 Fort Hosklns, U. S. , Oregon, in 45° 6' N. , 123° 26' W. Mean 
 rfalL (7 yrs.), 66.70 in. 
 
 Fort Howard, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Brown co., at the head 
 of Green Bay, on the 1. bk. of the Fox R. P. <500o. 
 
 Fortb Mountains, range of hills. Ire., co. and 4 m. SW. 
 Wexford. In 1798 about 15,000 insurgents encamped here 
 previous to the attack and capture of Wexford. 
 
 Fortlngall, par., Scot., W. Perthshire, on the Lyon, 7\ m. 
 W. by S. Aberfeldy ; 2^ m. NE. of the village are the ruins of 
 Garth Castle, in the latter part of the fourteenth century the 
 Stronghold of the Wolf of Badenoch (Earl of Buchan), PMT.O. , 
 196,683 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Fort Independence, one of the defences of the inner harbour 
 of Boston, U.S., Massachusetts. 
 
 Fort Isle anx Kolx, or Fort Lennox, unoccupied fortress, 
 Canada, Quebec, in riv. Richelieu. 
 
 Fortitude Valley, NE. suburb of Brisbane, Queensland. 
 
 Fort James, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, 335 
 m. N. Vancouver, at the SE. end of Stewart Lake. 
 
 Fort Jefferson, large fort, U.S., Florida, on Gardea Key I., 
 with lighthouse in 24° 38' N., 82° 53' W., visible 13 m. 
 
 Fort Jobnston, stn., Nyassa-land, Brit. S. Africa, at the 
 outlet of the Shire fi-om Lake Nyassa, immediately opposite 
 Mponda's Town. 
 
 Fort Kearney, U.S., Nebraska, Kearney co., on the r. bk. 
 of Platte R. , 160 m. WSW. Omaha, 29 m. W. by N. Hastings. 
 
 Fort Kent, tn., U.S., Maine, Aroostook co., on St. John R. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 540 
 
 Fort Keogb, fort, U.S., Montana, Custer co., 195 m. SSW. 
 from the NE. corner of the state. 
 
 FortKlpp, settlement, Canada, dist. Alberta, 92 m. SSE. 
 Calgary. 
 
 Fort Klamatb, military post, U.S., Oregon, Klamath co., 
 122 m. ENE. of the SW. comer of the state. 
 
 Fortland, tnld.. Ire., co. Sligo, bar. Tireragh, Easky par. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 FortLapwal, settlement, U.S., Idaho, Nezperces co., 8 m. 
 E. by S. Lewiston. Alt. 2000 ft. RfalL (9 yrs.), 16.68 in. 
 
 Fort Laramie, vil. , U.S. , Wyoming, co. and on riv. Laramie, 
 2 m. firom its mouth, 88 m. NNW. from the SE. corner of the 
 state. Alt. 4472 ft. Rfall. (18 yrs.), 14.45 in. P. <iSoo. 
 
 Fort LeaTenwortb, viL and military post, U.S., Kansas, 
 Leavenworth co. , on riv. Missouri, 2 m. above Leavenworth. P. 
 <i50o. 
 
 Fort Lee, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Bergen co. , on the r. bk. of 
 Hudson R., 12 m. ESE. Paterson, 10 m. NNE. New York 
 Harbour. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fort Lennox, Canada. See Fort Isle anx Xolx. 
 
 Fort Llard, on the Mountain R. , or Riviere aux Liards, about 
 55 m. from the NE. corner of Brit. Columbia. 
 
 Fort Libert^, seapt. tn., Haiti, on the N. ct., in 19° 4a' N., 
 71° 5/ W. 
 
 Fort Llefkeusboek, Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, on the 
 1. bk. of the Scheldt, 7 m. NW. Antwerp. 
 
 Fort Llllo, Belgivmi, prov. and 8 m. NW. by N. Antwerp, 
 on the r. bk. of the Scheldt. 
 
 Fort Lister, military post in the Milanji country, Nyassa- 
 land, S. Africa, due E. of Blantyre. 
 
 Fort Livingston, U.S., Louisiana, protects the entrance of 
 Barataria Bay. 
 
 Fort Llwonde, fort, Brit. Nyassa-land, on the Shire, above 
 the rapids, in 15° S. 
 
 Fort Lome, Brit. E. Africa, between Lakes Albert and 
 Albert Edward. 
 
 Fort 91'Dowell, U.S., Arizona, in 33° 38' N., 111° 38' W. 
 Alt. 1250 ft. Mean temp. (22 yrs.), 3rr. 69.0° F., Jan. 49.1°, 
 July 92.3°; rfall., yr. 10.38 in., July-Aug. 2.74 in. 
 
 Fort M'Leod, tn., Canada, dist. Alberta, 92 m. S. by E. 
 Calgary. Alt. 2400 ft. Mean temp. (4^ yrs., 1875-79), yr. 
 42.6° F., Jan. 14.4°, July 67.4°. 
 
 Fort M'Leod, Canada, Brit. Columbia, on an affluent of the 
 Parsnip R., 155° N., 125° 10' W. 
 
 Fort M'ainrray, Canada. See Atbabasca River. 
 
 Fort Hadlson, city, U.S., Iowa, cap. Lee co., on r. bk. of 
 Mississippi R. , 18 m. NE. Keokuk; has various manufactures, 
 and is a busy river-port. P. 7900. 
 
 Fort Maglnnls, viL, U.S., Montana, Fergus co., 177 m. NE. 
 by E. Butte City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fort Hagnlre, military post, Brit. Nyassa-land, on the pro- 
 montory on the E. side of Lake Nyassa, formerly occupied by 
 Makanjira's, chief town, in 13° 44' S. 
 
 Fort Marlon, old fort, U.S., Florida, built by the Spaniards 
 at St. Augustine. 
 
 Fort Hatllda, stn. , Scot. , W. Renfrewshire, on the L Mc of 
 the Clyde and the C. R. , at the W. end of the pari burgh of 
 Greenock. 
 
 Fort Hlfliln, U.S., Pennsylvania, on Mud I., at mouth of 
 the Schuylkill R. , adjoining the League Island Navy Yard. 
 
 Fort Mobare, vil., U.S., Arizona, Mohave co., 140 m. S. 
 by W. from NW. corner of the terr. Mean temp. (23 yrs.), yr. 
 72.9° F., Jan. 51.3°, July 95.3°; rfall., yr. 5.99 in. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Fort Monroe, U.S., Virginia, Elizabeth Cityco., at the N. 
 entrance to Hampton Roads, Chesapeake Bay. P. < 150a 
 
 Fort Montgomery, strong fort, U.S., New York, on the 
 Canadian frontier, at N. end of Lake Champlain. 
 
 Fort Morea, or Khlon, fort, Greece, prov. Elis and Achaia, 
 at the head of the Gulf of Patras, S. shore, 5 m. NNE. Patras. 
 
 Fort Morton, at Sima, in the Kachin or Kakhyen country. 
 Upper Burma. 
 
 Fort Mumford, Brit. Columbia, on the Stikeen R. , in about 
 57° SS' N., 131° 15' W. 
 
 Fort Mnnro, Brit. Baluchistan, 93 m. W. by S. MiUtiUi, 
 51 m. W. by S. Dera Ghizi Khdn, in 29° 55' N., 70° E. 
 
 Fort National, military post, Algeria, 50 m. W. by S. Bougie. 
 
 Fort Norman, Canada, NW. Terrs., on r. bk. Mackenzie, 
 at confluence of Bear R. , in 64° 40' N. 
 
 Fort O'Donell, in the jade dist. of Upper Burma. 
 
 Forton, eccles. par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Andover div. , on the 
 Test, 9J m. NNW. Winchester, close to Long Parish stn. 
 P. 7200. 
 
 Forton, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, 4 m. N. Garstang. P. <75a 
 
 Forton, par., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 11 m. W. byS. 
 Stafford, i^ m. N. by E. NewT)ort, on one of the Shropshire 
 Union Canals. P. <75o. 
 
 Fort Orange, on the E. side of Temate I. , Moluccas. 
 
 Fortore, riv., Italy, mainly in the N. of Apulia, partly on 
 the S. frontier of Abruzzi e Molise, flows N. then NE. into the 
 Adriatic, emptying itself in about 15° XT' E. ; 60 m. long. Basin, 
 
FORT — FORT 
 
 603 sq. m. ; mean discharge 750, highest 49,000 cubic ft. per 
 second. 
 
 Fort Payne, city, U.S., Alabama, Dekalb ec, 90 m. NE. 
 of Birmingham. Alt. 883 (R.R.). P.<3000. 
 
 Fort Pearson, Natal, on the Tugela, 50 m. NNE. Durban. 
 
 Fort Peek, settlement, U.S., Montana, Dawson co., 135 m. 
 SW. by W. from the NE. corner of the state. 
 
 Fort Pelly, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on Assini- 
 boine R. , 140 m. NE. by E. Regina. 
 
 Fort Perle, Belgium, pro v. E. Flanders, on the Scheldt, 6 
 m. NW. by W. Antwerp. 
 
 Fort Pitt, settlement, Canada, Assiniboia, on Saskatchewan 
 R., in 51° 30' N., 109° 50' W. 
 
 Fort Plain, vil, U.S., New York, Montgomery co., 50 m. 
 W. by N. Troy, on Mohawk R. and Erie Canal. P. <30oo. 
 
 Fort Kae, Canada, NW. Terr., in 62° 39' N., 115° 44' W. 
 Alt. 530 ft. Mean temp. (2^ yrs., 1875-77, 1882-83), yr. 17.1° 
 F., Jan. —23.0°, July 62.9°. 
 
 Fort Randall, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Todd co., on the r. bk. 
 of the Missouri R., 60 m. W. by N. Yankton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Fort BecoTeiT» vil., U.S., Ohio, Mercer co., 14 m. from 
 Celina. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fort Reliance, Canada, NW. Terrs., on the r. bk. of the 
 Yukon, about 20 m. above its entrance into Alaska ; also a 
 ruined fort N. shore of Great Slave Lake, near its E. end. 
 
 Fort Resolution, trading post, Canada, NW. Terrs., on the 
 delta of the Great Slave R. , S. of the Great Slave Lake. 
 
 Fort Rtalon, Greece. See Fort Morea. 
 
 Fortress Monroe, U.S. See Fort Monroe. 
 
 Fortrie, P.O., Scot., 6 m. from Turriff (W. Aberdeenshire). 
 
 Fortrose, post-tn., New Zealand, on S. ct. of South I., 
 Southland co., 23 m. E. by S. Invercargill. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fortrose, vil. , royal and pari, burgh [InTerness], Scot. , Ross- 
 shire, on the N. shore of Inner Moray Firth, 7^ m. NNE. 
 Inverness. F. is a summer resort, and has fine golf links, on 
 Iffanch line to Muir of Ord, H. R. ; has daily communication 
 by steamer with Inverness. PMT.O. P. (including Rose- 
 markie) < 1000 ; pari, and royal burgh, P. (i89i)<iooo. 
 
 Fort Rosebery, fort, Brit. Central Africa, on r, bk. Luapula 
 (upper Congo), in about 10° 35' S. 
 
 Fort Rumelias, Greece. See AntlrrUou. 
 
 Fort Rupert, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on 
 the NE. ct. of Vancouver I., 244 m. NW. Victoria. 
 
 Fort Rnssell, vil. , U. S. , Wyoming, Laramie co. , 40 m. W. 
 by N. from the SE. corner of state, on the U. P. R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fort St. Andrew, Brit. Guiana, at the mouth of the R. 
 Berbice, r. bk. , 4 m. N. New Amsterdam. 
 
 Fort St. DaTld, ruined fort, Brit. India, 100 m. S. Madras, 
 i^ m. N. Cuddalore ; important in the wars between the British 
 and French in the middle of the i8th century. 
 
 Fort St. George, citadel of Madras, Brit. India. 
 
 Fort Salisbury, the seat of administration of the Brit. S. 
 Africa Company in Mashona-land, near the source of the Hanyani 
 R., and about 6 m. SE. of Mount Hampden, in 17° 49' 30' S., 
 31° 4' 15" E. ; connected by telegraph with Cape Town early 
 in 1892, and now (1894) being so connected with Tete on the 
 Zambezi. Alt. 4820 ft. (Swan, ad.). Absolute extremes of 
 temp. (1891, 1892), 34° and 92° F. ; mean rfall. (same yrs.), yr. 
 34.9 in., Dec. -March, 28.1 in. No rain fell June-Sept. 
 
 Fort Sandeman, Brit, military stn., Brit. Baluchistan, in 
 the Zhob valley ; named after Sir Robert Sandeman. 
 
 Fort Sanders, vil., U.S., Wyoming, Albany co., 82 m. 
 WNW. from the SE. corner of the state, on the U. P. R. 
 Alt. 7180 ft. (R.R.). Rfall. (7 yrs.), 11.46 in. P.<:isoo. 
 
 Fort San Sebastian, the citadel of the Portuguese settle- 
 ment, Mozambique, E. Africa. 
 
 Fort Saskatcbewan, Canada, dist. Alberta, on Saskatche- 
 wan R. , 15 m. NE. by N. Edmonton. 
 
 Fort Scbuylcr, one of the defences of New York, U.S., at 
 the junction of East R. with Long Island Sound. 
 
 Fort Scott, city, U.S., Kansas, cap. Bourbon co., 88 m. S. 
 Kansas City ; has various manufactures ; repeated experiments 
 have been made here in the extraction of sugar from sorghum. 
 P. (1880) 5400; (1890) 11,900. 
 
 Fort Selden, U.S., New Mexico, on the Rio Grande del 
 Norte, 48 ra. N. of the U.S. frontier. 
 
 Fort Staarpe, fort, Brit. Nyassa-land, on the Shire, above the 
 rapids. 
 
 Fort Shaw, U.S., Montana, about 200 m. SE. by E. of the 
 NW. corner of the state, 20 m. W. of the Great Falls of the 
 Missouri. Alt. 6000 ft. Rfall. (7 yrs.), 6.95 in. 
 
 Fort Staepberd, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the r. bk. 
 of the Columbia, just before it crosses the Canadian frontier. 
 
 Fort Simcoe, U.S., Washington, Yakima co., no m. SE. 
 by E. Olympia. 
 
 Fort Simpson, settlement on the coast of Brit. Columbia, at 
 N. end of Tsimsian (Chimsyan) Penin., in 54° 37' N., 130° 23' 
 W. Mean temp. (2^ yrs., 1886-89), JT- 44-8° F., Jan. 31.7 , 
 Aug. 56.0°. 
 
 Fort Simpson, stn. of the Hudson's Bay Co., Canada, NW. 
 
 Terrs. , at the confluence of the Mackenzie and Mountain R. , in 
 61° 50' N. Alt. 1830 ft. 
 
 Fort Smitb, Brit. E. Africa, in terr. of Kikiiyu, about 280 m. 
 NW. Mombasa, 36 m. SE. Lake Naivasha. Alt. 6300 ft. 
 
 Fort Smitb, Canada. See Great Slave River. 
 
 Fort Smitb, city, U.S., Arkansas, Sebastian co. , on r. bk. of 
 Arkansas R. , close to the W. frontier of the state. Alt. 449 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 59.8° F., Jan. 36.8°, July 80.2°. P. 11,300. 
 
 Fort Spokane, settlement, U.S., Washington, Lincoln co.-, 
 48 m. W. by N. Spokane Falls. 
 
 Fort Stanivix, U.S., New York. See Rome. 
 
 Fort Stanton, U.S., N. Mexico, in 33° 30' N. , 105° 26' W. 
 Alt. 6154ft. Mean temp. (14 yrs.), yr. 52.1 F. , Jan. 35.0°, July 
 69.4°; rfall., yr. 19.05 in., July- Aug. -Sept. 9.65 In. 
 
 Fort Stedman, Upper Burma, on E. side of Lake Inle, 113 
 m. SE. by S. Mandalay. 
 
 Fort Steele, settlement, Canada, Brit. Columbia, on the 
 upper Kootenay R., in about 49° 37' N., 115° 40' W. 
 
 Fort Steele, vil. , U.S. , Wyoming, Carbon co. , 157 m. WNW. 
 from the SE. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fort Stellacoom, U.S. , Washington, on SE. of Puget Sound. 
 Alt. 300 ft. Mean rfall. (12 yrs.), 38.92 in. 
 
 Fort Stevens, U.S., Oregon, at the mouth of the Columbia. 
 Mean rfall. (6 yrs.), 78.57 in. 
 
 Fort Stewart, P.O., Ire., E. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 II m. W. Londonderry, 9 m. from Newtowncunningham stn. 
 
 Fort Stockton, U.S., Texas, Pecos co., 240 m. ESE. of W. 
 comer of state. Alt. 3010 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 63° F., 
 Jan. 43.8°, July 82.3°; mean rfall. (7 yrs.), 20.1 in. 
 
 Fort SnUy, vil. , U. S. , S. Dakota, Sully co. , on the 1. bk. of the 
 Missouri R., 20 m. NW. Pierre. Alt. 1678 ft. Mean temp., 
 yr. 44.9° F. , Jan. 12.8°, July 74.7°. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Fort Snmner, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, San Miguel 
 CO., 132 m. SE. Santa F6. 
 
 Fort Sumter, U.S. , S. Carolina, at the entrance of Charleston 
 Harbour. 
 
 Fort Taylor, U.S. , Florida. See Key West. 
 
 Fort Tongass, ct. settlement, Brit. Columbia, on Portland 
 Inlet, in the SW. of Pearse I., in 54° 4/ N. ; a calling-place for 
 steamers on the route through the channels of the Alaskan 
 archipelago. Mean temp. (2^ yrs., 1868-70), yr. 46.3° F., Jan. 
 33.9°, Aug. 58.6°. 
 
 Fort Tull, stn. of the Brit. S. Africa Co., in 21° 55' 20" S., 
 29° 20' 15" E. (Swan). 
 
 Fort Tnllocb, U.S., Montana, Custer co., 245 m. E. Butte. 
 
 Fortuna, comm., Spain, prov. and 16 m. NNE. Murcia. 
 P. 5700. Saline mineral springs ; frequented April-June, 
 Sept.- Oct. 
 
 Fortune, fishing settlement, Newfoundland, Burin dist. , on 
 F. Bay, in 55° 45' W. 
 
 Fortune, East, stn. , Scot. , Haddingtonshire, on the N. B. R. , 
 4 m. SE. of N. Berwick. 
 
 Fortune Bay, large bay, Newfoundland, S. ct., between the 
 mainland and the Burin Penin. , extending from about 54^° W. 
 (its head) to 56° W. 
 
 Fortune Harbour, inlet and fishing settlement, Newfound- 
 land, on the N. ct. , in 55° 15' W. 
 
 Fortuneswell, vil., Eng., Dorsetshire, 3 m. S. Weymouth, 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Fort Valley, tn. , U.S., Georgia, Houston co., 25 m. SW. 
 Macon. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fort Vancouver, military post, U.S., Washington, 7 m. N. 
 Portland, Oregon. Mean rfall. (17 yrs.), 38.37 in. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Fort Verde, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Yavapai co., on the 
 Verde, 222 m. SE. from the NW. comer of the terr. 
 
 Fort Vermillion, important fur-trading post, Canada, Atha- 
 basca, on r. bk. of Peace R. (^.v.), in about 115° 55' W. 
 
 Fort Victoria, Canada, Hudson Bay Co.'s stn. , near the mouth 
 of the Big R., E. side of Hudson Bay, in 54° N. 
 
 Fort Victoria, stn. , Brit. S. Africa, Matabili-land, in 20° 7' 
 53" S., 31° o' o" E. Alt. 3380 ft. (Swan, ad.). 
 
 Fort Victoria, India. See BUnkot. 
 
 Fort Victoria, Malay Archipelago, is the citadel of the cap. 
 town of Amboyna. 
 
 Fortville, vil. , U.S., Indiana, Hancock co., 18 m. NE. by 
 E. Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fort Walsb, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, 48 m. SE. 
 Medicine Hat. 
 
 Fort Wavertree, Brit. E. Africa, Unyoro, about midway 
 between Lakes Albert and Albert Edward. 
 
 Fort Wayne, city, U.S., Indiana, cap. Allen co., at conflu- 
 ence of the rivs. St. Mary and St. Joseph, which unite there 
 and from the Maumee ; has machine shops, railway carriage 
 works, &c. P. (1880) 26,900; (1890) 35,400. 
 
 Fort Weber, stn., S. African Republic, Lydenbiu-g dist., 
 88 m. NW. by N. Barberton. 
 
 Fort Wbipple, vil., U.S., Arizona, Yavapai co., 200 m. NE. 
 from the SW. corner of the terr. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fort William, or Prince Arthur's Landing, vil. , Canada, 
 prov. Ontario, Algoma dist., on Kaministiquia R., near 
 
 541 
 
FORT — FOUL 
 
 Thundo- Bay, on the C. P. R., 998 ra. by rail W. Montreal 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Fort William, India, the citadel of Calcutta (^.v.). 
 
 Fort WlUlam, vil. with fort (the present structure dating 
 from 1690), Scot., Inverness-shire, at the head of Loch Linnhe, 
 on the E. side, at the base of Ben Nevis, on N. B. R. ; favourite 
 tourist resort. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fort WUllam Henry* U.S. See Caldwell, New York. 
 
 Fort WUllamsou, fort. Natal, on the Tugela, 50 m. NE. 
 by N. Durban. 
 
 Fort Wortb, city, U.S., Texas, Tarrant co., on Trinity R., 
 30 m. W. Dallas ; has large flour and grist mills, and machine 
 shops. Alt. 623 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 6700; {1890) 23,100. 
 
 Fort Wrangel, ct. settlement, U.S., Alaska, at the N. end 
 of Wrangel I., in 56^° N., 132° 22' W. ; calling-station of the 
 steamers through the inner route of the Alaskan Archipelago. 
 Mean temp. (5 yrs., 1868-70, 1875-77), y- 43- 1° F., Jan. 26.3°, 
 July 58. 1°. 
 
 Fort Yamlilll, U.S., in the NW. of Oregon, Willamette 
 valley. Mean rfalL (9 yrs.), 55.59 in. 
 
 Fort York, Canada. See York Factory. 
 
 Forty Foot Bank, North, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Holland 
 div. , near Swineshead. P. <25o. 
 
 Forty Foot Bridge, hamlet, Eng., Huntingdonshire, 3 m. 
 NE. Ramsey, P.O. 
 
 Forty Fort, bor. , U. S. , Pennsylvania, co. Luzerne. P. <: 1 500. 
 
 Forty Hill, hamlet, Eng., Middlesex, div. and i m. NNE. 
 Enfield Town stn. (G. E. R.), 10 m. N. by E. St. Paul's, London, 
 with a stn. on the G. E. R. 
 
 Forty Mile Coulee, deep river valley in the SE. of Alberta 
 and the SW. of Assiniboia, Canada, drained NE. into the S. 
 Saskatchewan R. at Medicine Hat. 
 
 Fort Ynma, U.S., in the extreme SE. of California, opposite 
 Yuma {g-v.}. Mean temp. (24 yrs.), 74.4° F., Jan. 55.6°, July 
 94.2°; rfalL, yr. 3.16 in. 
 
 Forum- Alieni, city, Italy. See Ferrara. 
 ■ Forum Caseorum, tn., Hungary. See K^smsirk. 
 
 Forum-Dom,itii, tn., France. See Frontignan. 
 
 Forum /ovis, tn. , Eng. , Cornwall. See Marazlon. 
 
 Forum-Livii, city, Italy. See Forll. 
 
 Forum Neronis, tn., France. See Lod^Te. 
 
 Forum Popilii, tn. , Italy. See Forllnipopoll. 
 
 Forum-Sempronii, tn., Italy. See Fossonibrone. 
 
 Forward, Cape, the name originally given in 1587 by the 
 English navigator, T. Cavendish, to the most southerly point of 
 the mainland of S. America, now called Cape Froward (q.v.). 
 
 Forward Green, P.O., Eng., Suffolk, 11 m. NNW. Ipswich. 
 
 Foryd, stn. , Wales, on the N. border of Denbighshire, W. div. , 
 on the L. & NW. R. , at the mouth of the Clwyd, 10 m. NNW, 
 Denbigh. 
 
 F08, comm., France, dep. Bouches-du-Rh6ne, arr. Aix, on 
 the Gulf of F. , on the S. ct. , 23 m. SE. Aries. See Rbone, riv. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Fosbnry, eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire and Berkshire, 6 m. 
 NE. Ludgershall, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Foscott, or Foxcott, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 
 2 m. NE. Buckingham. P. <25o. 
 
 FosdlnoTo, comm. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Massa, 5 m. NW. 
 Carrara. P. 6100. 
 
 Fosdyke, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Holland div. , on the coast, 
 7 m. S. by W. Boston, li m. ESE. Algarkirk and Sutterton stn., 
 P.O. (Fossdyke). P. <5oo. See Algarkirk. 
 
 /^?jj, Scandinavian, 'a waterfall.' See Fors. 
 
 F088, riv. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, flowing SE. and S. 
 through the Thirsk and Malton div., tributary of the Ouse, 
 which it joins on the 1. bk. at York. 
 
 Fosg, eccles. par., Scot., W. Perthshire, 7 m. SW. Blair 
 Athole, 4^ m. S. by W. Struan stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Fossacesla, comm. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Chieti, dist 
 Lanciano. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Fossa Engenla, canal, Prussia, govt., Dusseldorf, made in 
 1626-27 to connect the Maas and Rhine, now choked up. 
 
 Fossano, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, 14 m. ESE. 
 Saluzzo. F. is surrounded by old walls, and has a cathedral, 
 mineral baths, and manufactures of silk, paper, and leather. 
 P. 16,900. 
 
 FossannoTS, vil., Italy, prov. Rome, dist. Frosinone, con- 
 tains the tomb of Thomas of Aquinas, who died here in 1274. 
 
 FoBsat, Le, comm., France, dep. Ari^ge, arr. Pamiers, 30 
 m. S. Toulouse, 18 m. NW. by N. Foix. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Fossato del Vlco, comm., Italy, Umbria, prov. and 23 m. 
 NE. by E. Perugia. P. <3O0o. 
 
 Fossato dl Calabria, comm. , Italy, prov. and circle Reggio 
 di Calabria. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Foss Cross, stn. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, on the M. and SW. 
 Jimc. Rly., 3 m. N. Cirencester. 
 
 Fossdyke, Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Fosdyke. 
 
 Foss Dyke, one of the drains of the Bedford Level, Eng., 
 Lincolnshire, extending from the Trent at Torksey to the 
 Witham, near Lincoln ; used also for navigation, admitting 
 542 
 
 vessels of 5 ft. draught. Originally dug by Henry I., now 
 belongs jointly to the G. N. and G. E. Rlys. 
 
 Fosse, a ditch or trench dug around a fortified place. 
 
 Fosse, comm. , Belgium, prov. and arr. Namur. P. <40oo. 
 
 Fossebridge, PM.O., Eng., Gloucestershire, 4 m. from Chel- 
 tenham. 
 
 Fosses la Vllle, tn., Belgium, prov. Namur, xx\ m. E. 
 Charleroi. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fossil Brook, tin-mining settlement, N. Queensland, near 
 Georgetown. 
 
 Fossombrone, anct. Forum-Sempronii (' the forum of Sem- 
 pronius'), tn., Italy, The Marches, prov. and 16 m. S. by W. 
 Pesaro, on R. Metauro ; seat of a bishop. P. 9100. 
 
 Fossoway and Tnlllebole, par., Scot., on the borders of 
 Kinross-shire and Perthshire, on the Devon, 17 m. SE. Crieff, 9 
 m. SE. Crieff June, PMT.O. ; 17,333 ^-c P. <;i500. 
 
 Fossy, or Tlmaboe, par. , Ire. , Queen's co. , bars. Cullenagh, 
 Maryborough, E. , and Stradbally, 4 m. S W. Stradbally ; has an 
 ancient round tower. P.O. (Tlmaboe). 10,652 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Fostat, tn. , Egypt. See Cairo. 
 
 Foster, co., U.S., N. Dakota, between 47° and 48° N., crossed 
 by 99° W. 
 
 Foster, tn., U.S., Rhode I., co. and 15 m. W. Providence. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Foster, or Stockyard Creek, post-tn. , Victoria, Buln Buln co. , 
 on a creek of the same name, 86 m. SE. Melbourne. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Foston, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Harborough div. , 6 m. S. 
 by E. Leicester, i^ m. E. by S. Countesthorpe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Foston, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , 5^ m. N W. 
 by N. Grantham, 24 m. WSW. Hougham stn., P.O. P. <50o. 
 See Bennington, Long. 
 
 Foston, par, Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton 
 div., lo^ m. NE. York, ^ m. NW. Barton Hill stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Foston and Scropton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, 6J m. NW. 
 Burton-on-Trent, PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Foston upon the Wolds, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Buckrose div., 17 m. N. Hull, 3 m. S. by E. Lowthorpe stn. 
 P. <:250. 
 
 Fostorla, city, U.S., Ohio, Seneca co., 35 m. S. by E. Toledo, 
 P. 7100. 
 
 Fota, stn.. Ire., near Cork, on the G. S. & W. R. 
 
 Fotberby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 3 m. N. 
 by W. Louth, P.O. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (F. with Bracken* 
 borough) P. <:50o. 
 
 Fotberlnghay, par. , Eng. , N. div. of Northamptonshire, on 
 the Nan, 9 m. S. by E. Stamford, i m. SW. by S. Elton stn., 
 P.O. In F. Castle, Mary Queen of Scots was confined for the 
 last few months of her life, and was beheaded in 1587. P. <250. 
 
 Fotherley, High, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 7 
 m. SE. Hesham, 2\ m. S. Riding Mill stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Fotu-la, pass. See Kashmir and Jammu. 
 
 Fotuna, isl. , Pacific. See Hoom. 
 
 Fouesnant, tn. , France, dep. Finist^re, 32 m. WN W. Lorient, 
 arr. and 9 m. SE. by S. Quimper. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fougeray, vil., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, arr. Redon, 27 
 m. S. Rennes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fong^res, tn., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, on the Couesnon, 
 cap. arr., 27 m. NE. by E. Rennes; has manufactures of sail- 
 cloth. F. was often taken and retaken in the wars between the 
 French and English from the nth to the 15th centuries. P. 
 18,200. 
 
 Fougerolles, comm., France, dep. Haute-Sa6ne, arr. Lure, 
 28 m. NW. Belfort. P. 6000. 
 
 Fouges, an old form of the name Focha, Asia Minor. 
 
 Foullloy, comm., France, on the N. borders of dep. Oise, 
 arr. and 24 m. NW. by N. Beauvais. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Foula, small isl. , Scot. , Shetland I. , 27 m. W. Scalloway, in 
 60° 6J'-9^' N. Length, 3J m.; breadth, 2| m. P.O. P. 239. 
 
 Foulby (faul'bi), vil., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Normanton 
 and Osgoldcross div., 4 m. ESE. Wakefield, i m. WNW. 
 Hare Park and Crofton stn., PM.O. See Hnntwlck. 
 
 Foulden (fol'den), par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 16 m. 
 SE. by S. King's Lynn, 4 m. E. by S. Stoke Ferry stn., P.O. 
 P. <soo. See Oxborongh. 
 
 Foulden (faul'den), par., Scot., Berwickshire, 4^ m. WNW. 
 Berwick-upon-Tweed, 3 m. S. Ayton stn., P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Fonlepolnt, tn. , Africa, Madagascar I. , on the E. ct. , about 
 35 ni. N. Tamatave, in 17° 40' S. ; formerly an important trading 
 station. 
 
 Fonlls, Scot. , Perthshire. See Fowlls. 
 
 Foulls, or Fowlls, stn., Scot., Ross-shire, on the H. R., on 
 the N. shore of Cromarty Firth, 4 m. NE. Dingwall 
 
 Foul Island, uninhabited isl off the ct. of Sandoway, Arakan 
 div.. Lower Burma, in about 18° 3' N. ; the name due to its 
 emissions of marsh gas. 
 
 Foulkesmlll, vil , Ire. , SW. co. Wexford, bar. Shelmaliere, 
 W., 10 m. SE. New Ross, 6 m. from Wexford stn., P.O. 
 (Foulksmlll). 
 
 Fonlk Stapleford, p>ar. , Eng. , Cheshire, 5^ m. SE. Chester. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
FOUL — FOX 
 
 Foalmere, par., Eng. , Cambridge, Chesterton div., 8 in. 
 SSW. Cambridge, 2 m. SSE. Foxton stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Foulness (faul-nes'), cape, Eng., at E. end of Foulness I. 
 
 Foulness, insular par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 8 J m. NE. by 
 E. Southend ; the largest of a cluster of islands formed by the 
 riv. Crouch and creeks communicating with that river. P.O. 
 6162 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Fonlney Island, islet, Eng., Lancashire, ij m. NE. of the 
 S. end of Walney I. 
 
 Fonlridge (faul'rij), par., Eng., Lancashire, Clitheroe div., 
 7 m. NNE. Burnley, on the L. & Y. and M. Rlys., PM.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Foulsbam (fol'sham), par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. , 16 m. SW. 
 Cromer on the G. E. R., PMT.O. Market-day, Th. P.< 
 1500. 
 
 Foal Sound, Ire., in the W. of Galway Bay, between the 
 Aran Is. Inishmaan and Inisheer. 
 
 Foulweatber, cape, U.S., Oregon, in the Pacific, in 
 44° 41' N. 
 
 Foul* wind, cape, New Zealand, on the W. ct., near West- 
 port, in 41° 46' S. 
 
 Fountain, vil., U.S., Colorado, El Paso co., 75 m. S. by E. 
 Denver. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fountain, co., U.S., Indiana, crossed in S. by 40° N., and 
 bounded on NW. by Wabash R. 
 
 Fountain City, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Buffalo co., on the 
 Mississippi, 90 m. SE. St. Paul (Minn.). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Fountain Cross, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Ennis, co. Clare. 
 
 Fountain Green, vil., U.S., Utah, San Pete co., 80 m. S. 
 by E. Salt Lake City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fouutainhall, hamlet, Scot., Midlothian, with stn. on the 
 N. B. R., 6^ m. W. by N. Lauder, PMT.O. 
 
 Fountains Abbey, monastic ruin, Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, div. and 3J m. SW. by W. Ripon. 
 
 Fountains Eartb, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 4 m. 
 SW. Ripon ; 6744 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Four, Passage (or Chenal-)-dn-, channel, France, dep. Fini- 
 st^re, between the mainland and the group of islands to the E, of 
 Ushant. Several lighthouses on the islands. 
 
 Fourab Bay. See Sierra Leone. 
 
 Fonras, comm., France, dep. Charente Inf^rieure, on the W. 
 ct. , arr. and 7 m. NW. by W. Rochefort. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Four Asbes, stn. , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , on the L. & 
 NW. R., 9 m. S. Stafford. 
 
 Fonrcbambault, tn., France, dep. Nifevre, arr. and 5 m. 
 NW. Nevers, on r. bk. Loire ; one of the most important iron- 
 works in France ; has cold bicarbonate of lime waters. 
 P. 5800. 
 
 Fourcbe la Fare, riv., U.S., Arkansas, flows E. to Arkansas 
 R. , which it joins on r. bk. in about 34° 58' N. ; about 150 m. 
 long. 
 
 Fourcbn Harbour, inlet, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton 
 I. , about the middle of the SE. ct. 
 
 Four Crosses, hamlet, Wales, Carnarvonshire, 3 m. NE. 
 Pwllheli, PMT.O. 
 
 Four Crosses, stn., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Cam- 
 brian Rly., 7| m. NNE. Welshpool, PM.O. 
 
 Fourcroy, cape, N. Australia, Bathurst I. (opposite the NW. 
 point of Arnhem Land). 
 
 Fourei, riv. , Africa. See Gambia. 
 
 Four Elms, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, div. and 8^ m. W. 
 Tunbridge, 2 m. E. by N. Edenbridge (SE. R.) stn., P.O. 
 P. <750. 
 
 Four Evangelists, islets. See Evangelist Islands. 
 
 Four Forlis, P.O., Eng., Somerset, 4 m. W. Bridgwater. 
 
 Four Lanes, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 3 m. from Redruth. 
 
 Fourmles, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. Avesnes, 22 m. 
 WNW. Rocroy, one of the chief wool-markets in France ; 
 has wool-spinning mills, a large glass-work, foimded in 1599, 
 &c. P. 13,300. 
 
 Four Mile House, P.O., Ire., co. and 5 m. from Roscommon. 
 
 Fournels, tn. , France, dep. Lozere, arr. Marvejols, 67 m. 
 S. Clermont-Ferrand, 15 m. S. St. Flour. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fournier, vil., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the Sault 
 St. Mary line of the C. P. R,, 469 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 P. <isoo. 
 
 Fournier, vil., Canada, Ontario, Prescott co., 68 m. W. 
 Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Four Oaks, stn., Eng., Warwickshire, on the L. & NW. R., 
 1^ m. N. Sutton Coldfield. 
 
 Fours, tn. , France, dep. Nifevre, arr. Nevers, 33 m. W. Le 
 Creuzot. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fonrstones, hamlet, Eng., Northumberland, div. and 3I 
 m. NW. Hexham, on the NE. R., with mines of barytes. 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Fonsseret, La, tn., France, dep. Haute Garonne, arr. Muret, 
 on the Louge, 30 m. SW. Toulouse. P. <2000. 
 
 Fouta Djallon. See Futa Jallon. 
 
 Forant, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 9^ m. W, Salis- 
 bury, i| m. S. by W. Dinton stn., P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Fovcanx Strait, New Zealand, in 46" 40' S. and 168° 
 10' E. , separates South I. from Stewart I. ; breadth from 
 10-25 rn- 
 
 Foveran, par., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on F. Burn, 13 m. 
 E. by N. Inverurie, 4^ m. ESE. Logierieve stn. ; 10,537 ac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Fowey (foi), small seapt., market-tn., and par., Eng., Corn- 
 wall, on the r. bk. of the R. Fowey, div. and 9I m. SSE. 
 Bodmin, on a branch of the G. W. R. Its harbour is defended 
 by one ancient and two modern forts ; one of the chief places 
 of export of china-clay, which is obtained near. The chief 
 industry is the pilchard fishery. The tidal harbour has a depth 
 of 18 ft. at low water spring tides. PMT.O. Market-day, S. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Fowey, riv. , Eng. , rising in the E. of Cornwall, and flowing 
 SW. then S. into the English Channel, after a course of about 
 30 m. It has a broad estuary, and is navigable to near Lost- 
 withiel. 
 
 Fowler, tn., U.S., Indiana, cap. Benton co., 83 m. S. by E. 
 Chicago (111.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Fowler's Bay, S. Australia, near the head of the Great 
 Australian Bight, W. Point F., in 32° i' S., 132° 30' E., with 
 telegraph stn. , about 565 m. (by rail and road) N W. Adelaide. 
 
 Fowlerville, vil., U.S., Michigan, Livingston co., 63 m. S. 
 by W. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fowlis, or Fonlis, vil., Scot., E. Perthshire, sh m- WNW. 
 Dundee, 2 m. SW. Dronley stn., P.O. See Lundie and 
 Fowlis. 
 
 Fowlis, stn., Scot., near Dingwall. See Fonlis. 
 
 Fowlis Wester, par., Scot., W. Perthshire, 4^ m. ENE. 
 Crieff, 2 m. NW. by W, Madderty stn. ; 22,8o"3 ac. P. < 
 1000. 
 
 Fowlmere, PM.O., Eng., near Royston, 3 m. from Shepreth, 
 Cambridgeshire. 
 
 Fownbope, par. , Eng. , Hereford, Ross div. , 6 m. SE. by E. 
 Hereford, 2 m. SE. by E. Holme Lacey stn., PM.O. P.<: 
 1000 ; eccles. par. (F. witb Fawley) P. -ciooo. 
 
 Foxboro, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co., 14 m. NW. 
 by N. Taunton. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Foxburg, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Armstrong co., on Alle- 
 gheny R., 50 m. NNE. Pittsburg. P. <i500. 
 
 Fox Cbannel, between Fox-land (N. of the W. end of 
 Hudson Strait), Melville Peninsula, and Southampton I., in 
 Arctic America. 
 
 Foxcott, Eng. , Buckingham. See Foscott. 
 
 Foxcott, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, div. and i^ m. NW. Andover 
 {^.v.), 14I m. NW. by N. Winchester. P. <25o. 
 
 Fox Creeli, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, co. West- 
 morland, on Petitcodiac R. , 6^ m. from Moncton. 
 
 Foxcroft, tn., U.S., Maine, co. and on the 1. bk. of the 
 Piscataquis, 34 m. NW. by N. Bangor. P. <20oo. 
 
 Foxdale, hamlet. Isle of Man, 4^ m. SSE. Peel, on the Manx 
 Northern Rly. ; has lead-mines. PMT.O. 
 
 Foxeartb, par., Eng., Essex, Saffron Walden div., 14^ m. 
 NNE. Braintree, i m. S. by E. Glemsford stn., P.O. P.< 
 500. 
 
 Foxfield, stn., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., on the 
 Furness Rly. , 10 m. N. Barrow. 
 
 Foxford, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Mayo, bar. Gallen, 10 m. SE. 
 by S. Ballina, vidth a stn. on the M. G. W. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Fox Glacier, South I. of New Zealand, to the N. of Mount 
 Cook, descends to the W. , terminating at an alt. of 700 ft. (the 
 lowest of all New Zealand glaciers). The Fox R. flows W. to 
 the Cook R. Near its end is a hot spring, with a temp, over 
 ioo° F. Geo^. Jour. , I. p. 37. 
 
 Foxball. See Brigbtwell. 
 
 Foxball, vil, Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 4 m. E. by 
 S. Ipswich. P. <:250. See Kesgrave. 
 
 Foxball, electoral div.. Ire., Galway, dist. Tuam No. 2. 
 
 Foxball, electoral div. , Ire. , Longford, dist. Abbeyshrule. 
 
 Foxball, P.O., Ire., 8 m. from Hollymount, co. Mayo. 
 
 Foxbam, part of eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham 
 div., 12 m. WSW. Svjdndon, 2^ m. SSW. Dauntsey stn. See 
 Brembill. 
 
 Fox Harbour, fishing settlement, Newfovmdland, on E. side 
 of Placentia Bay. 
 
 Fox Harbour Hills, Newfoundland, in the E., in 49° 10-20' 
 N., 53° 50-54° W. 
 
 Foxboles witb Boytborpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, L. 
 Riding, Buckrose div., <^\ m. S. by W. Scarborough, 4 m. SSE. 
 Ganton stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Fox Island, isl. , Canada, New Brunswick, at the entrance to 
 Miramichi Bay. 
 
 Fox Island, U.S., New York, Jefferson co., in the extreme 
 E. of Lake Ontario, in 44° N. 
 
 Fox Islands, the name given to that portion of the Aleutian 
 Is., Alaska, W. of Unimak Pass (88° W.). 
 
 Fox Lake, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Dodge co., 29 m. E. 
 Portage City by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 643 
 
FOXL — FRAN 
 
 Foxley, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 14J m. NW. by W. 
 Norwich, i| m. S. by E. Foulsham stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Foxley, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 13 m. SW. 
 Cirencester, 3 m. WSW. Malmesbury. P. <25o. 
 
 Fox River, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Gasp6 co. , on S. shore of 
 the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in 49° i' N., 64 28' W. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fox RiTer, called by the Indians Neenab, U.S., Wisconsin, 
 rises in the S. central part, flows SW. to within ij m. of Portage, 
 on the Wisconsin R. , with which it is here connected by a ship 
 canal, then it turns suddenly N., then NE., and flows through 
 Lake Winnebago into the S. end of Green Bay. The rapids in 
 its lower course furnish immense water-power. Length, 250 m. 
 
 Foxrock, stn.. Ire., co. and 6 m. S. Dublin, on the Dublin, 
 Wicklow, and Wexford Rly., PM.O. 
 
 Fox'8 Castle, electoral div.. Ire., Waterford, dist. Kilmac- 
 thomas. 
 
 Foxton, par., Eng., Cambridge, Chesterton div., 7 m. SSW. 
 Cambridge, on the G. N. and G. E. Joint Rly., P.O. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Foxton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 11^ m. 
 BE. Leicester, 3 m. NW. by W. Market Harborough stn., 
 PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Foxton, tn. , New Zealand, North I. , Manawatu co. , 66 m. 
 NNE. Wellington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Foxton and Sbotton, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 6 m. 
 NW. by W. Stockton, i m. N. Stillington stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Fox Warren, stn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R., 
 145 m. by rail W. Portage-la-Prairie. 
 
 Foy, par., Eng., Hereford, div. and 3 m. N. Ross, 2 m. 
 ESE. Fawley stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Foyers, riv. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, flows N. into the middle 
 of Loch Ness (E. side) ; celebrated falls just above its mouth. 
 
 Foy la Grande, comm. , France. See Ste. Foy. 
 
 Foyle, Lough, an arm of the sea. Ire. , forming estuary of 
 riv. Foyle ; length 18 m. by 9 m. broad. Though shallow, it has 
 a navigable channel at high water for vessels drawing nearly 24 
 ft. as high as Londonderry. See MoTille. 
 
 Foyle, RlYer, Ire., Ulster, formed by the confluence of the 
 Finn and Mourne at Lifford, flows N. in a broad tidal stream 
 till it expands into Lough F., after a course of 14 m. ; has a 
 salmon fishery. 
 
 Foynes, vil. , Ire. , N W. co. Limerick, bar. Shanid, 19J m. 
 NE. Listowel, on R. Shannon, terminus of the Limerick and 
 Foynes Rly., PMT.O. 
 
 Foynes, isl. , in the Shannon, immediately opposite village of F. 
 
 Foyran, par.. Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Fore, on Lough 
 Sheelin, 2 m. E. Bally willan stn.; 5377 ac. P. <7SO. 
 
 Foz, Portuguese, ' river mouth. ' 
 
 Foz, seapt. on the N. ct. of Spain, prov. Lugo, 47 m. E. by 
 N. Ferrol. P. 6100. 
 
 Foze Rocks, islets. Ire. , off W. ct. co. Kerry, in N. 
 
 Frabosa Soprana, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 15 m. 
 SE. by E. Cuneo. P. <4000. 
 
 Frackvllle, coal-mining bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuyl- 
 kill CO., II m. NW. by N. Pottsville. P. <3000. 
 
 Fraddon, vil., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 9 m. NNE. 
 Truro, 2 m. SE. St. Columb Road stn., P.O. 
 
 Frades, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Ordenes. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Fradley, part of eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 
 4 m. NE. Lichfield, ij m. SW. Alrewas stn. See Alrewas. 
 
 Frads-well, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 6 m. NE. 
 Stafford, 3 m. ENE. Sandon stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Fraga, tn., Spain, prov. Huesca, 15 m. WSW. L6rida, on 
 the R. Cinea. P. 7200. 
 
 Fralle Mnerto, settlement, Argentine Republic, prov. and 
 123 m. SE. C6rdoba, in 32° 34' S., long. 62° 37' W. Alt 459 ft. 
 Rfall. (2 yrs.), 35.69 in. 
 
 Fralle, Pnnta, cape, Peru, in 13° 6' S., 85 m. SE. Callao. 
 
 Fralles, tn., Spain, prov. Jaen, 5 m. E. Alcali-la-Real, in a 
 lovely situation ; has bitter mineral waters and a good establish- 
 ment. Alt. 1140 ft. P. < 4000. 
 
 Fralles, Los, or Frayles, group of small W. Indian Is. 
 belonging to Venezuela, E. of the NE. point of Margarita I. 
 
 Fralsthorpe (colloquially, frez'thrup), par., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 E. Riding, Buckrose div., ij m. from the coast, 18^ m. SSE. 
 Scarborough, 4 m. S. by W. Bridlington, 2 m. S. Carnaby [q.v.) 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Fraize, tn. , France, dep. Vosges, arr. St. Di6, on the Meurthe, 
 20 m. WNW. Colmar. P. <20oo. 
 
 Framboise, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Richmond, 
 53 m. from Port Hawkesbury. 
 
 Framerles, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 4 m. SW. 
 Mons ; has coal-mines. P. 10,800. 
 
 Framfleld, par., Eng., Sussex, E. Grinstead div., Sjm. NE. 
 Lewes, \\ m. E. Uckfield stn., PMT.O. ; 6468 ac. P.<2ooo. 
 
 Framliode wltb Epney, eccles. par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, 
 8 m. SW. Gloucester, on the Severn, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Framlngbam, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 20 
 m. W. by S. Boston. P. (1880) 6200 ; (1890) 9200. 
 544 
 
 Framlngbam Earl, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 5 m. SE. 
 by S. Norwich, 3^ m. SE. Trowse stn., P.O. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (F. Earl -wltb Blxley) P. <5oo. 
 
 Framlngbam Plgot, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, adjoining F. Earl. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Framllngbam, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Eye div. , 
 14 m. NE. by N. Ipswich, on the G. E. R. The Albert memo- 
 rial college and school for boys was built in 1864. PMT.O. 
 Market-day, S. 4688 ac. P. <300o; eccles. par. (F. with 
 Saxtead) P. <3ooo. 
 
 Framllngbam, post-tn. , Victoria, Villiers co. , 68 m. S. by 
 W.Ararat. P. <i5Do. 
 
 Framllngton, Long, par., Eng., Northumberland, in NE. of 
 the Hexham div., 8^ m. SSW. Alnwick, 3 m. ENE. Brinkburn 
 stn., P.O.; 5102 ac. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Long F, with 
 Brlnkbnrn) P. <7So. 
 
 Frampton, or St. Edoaard, vil., Canada, Quebec, Dor- 
 chester CO., 31 m. SE. by S. Quebec. P. 2000. 
 
 Frampton, East, vil., Canada. See St. Halacble. 
 
 Frampton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., on the Frome, 
 5 m. NW. Dorchester, on the G. W. R. (Grlmstone and F. 
 stn.), P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Frampton, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire. See 
 Sapperton. 
 
 Frampton, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Holland div. , 2^ m. S. 
 Boston, I m. ENE. Kirtonstn., P.O. ; 5387 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Frampton Cotterell, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury 
 div., 7i m. NE. by N. Bristol, i^ m. S. by W. Iron Acton stn., 
 PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Frampton Hansell, P.O., Eng., Gloucestershire, 2 ri. from 
 Chalford, gj m. N. by E. Ipswich. 
 
 Frampton on Severn, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkes- 
 bury div. , 8 J m. N. Wotton under Edge, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Severn, 3I m. WNW. Stonehouse stn. on the M. R., PMT.O. 
 Mean rfall. (1866-80), 29.8 in. P. <iooo. 
 
 Framsden, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Framwellgate, par., Eng., Durham, Mid div., x\ m. N. 
 Durham, P.O. (F. Moor). P. 5600. 
 
 Fran a, vil., Brazil, in the NE. of the prov. of Sao Paulo, in 
 20° 25' S. , 47° 50' W. 
 
 Francalse, La, tn. , France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, on the 
 Aveyron, arr. and 10 m. NW. by N. Montauban. P. <2ooo. 
 
 FrancaTllla, comm., Sicily, prov. Messina, 27 m. N. 
 Catania. P. < 5000. 
 
 Francavllla al Mare, comm., on the E. ct. of Italy, Abruzzi 
 e Molise, prov. and ']\ m. NE. by E. Chieti. P. < 5000. 
 
 Francavllla Fontana, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 
 20 m. WSW. Brindisi. P. 20, 100. 
 
 Francavllla snl Slnnl, comm., Italy, prov. Potenza, 25 m. 
 E. Lagonegro. P. <:4000. 
 
 France, a repub. in the W. of Europe, situated mainly between 
 Spain and Belgium, vdth a coast-line on the SE. on the Mediter- 
 ranean, in the W. on the Atlantic, and in the NW. on the 
 English Channel, and to a small extent on the North Sea, but 
 including also the island of Corsica. The mainland portion lies 
 between lat. 42° 20' and 51° 6' N. All except about one thirty- 
 fifth of its surface lies wholly to the S. of England, and more 
 than half of the area even of the mainland wholly to the S. of 
 Germany. The country is divided into the 86 departments, 
 together with the territory of Belfort, enumerated in the following 
 table, the population, in which is the ' legal" population, includ- 
 ing absent persons domiciled at the places where the census was 
 taken : — 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Area in 
 
 Population in Thousands. 
 
 Pop. 
 per 
 
 1891. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1801. 
 
 1846. 
 
 X872. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Ainl 
 
 2,249 
 
 297.0 
 
 367-3 
 
 363-3 
 
 356.9 
 
 159 
 
 Aisne 
 
 2,868 
 
 425-9 
 
 S57-4 
 
 552-4 
 
 545-5 
 
 190 
 
 Allier 
 
 2,850 
 
 248.8 
 
 329-5 
 
 390-8 
 
 424.4 
 
 149 
 
 Alpes, Basses- . . 
 
 2,699 
 
 134.0 
 
 156.6 
 
 139-3 
 
 1243 
 
 46 
 
 Alpes, Hautes- . . 
 
 2,178 
 
 112.5 
 
 133- 1 
 
 118.9 
 
 "§•1 
 
 53 
 
 Alpes-Maritimes* . 
 
 1.444 
 
 
 
 199.0 
 
 258.6 
 
 179 
 
 Ardeche .... 
 
 2,145 
 
 266.6 
 
 379-6 
 
 380.3 
 
 371-3 
 
 173 
 
 Ardennes 3 . . . 
 
 2,028 
 
 259-9 
 
 326.8 
 
 320.2 
 
 324-9 
 
 160 
 
 Arifege 
 
 1,893 
 
 196.4 
 
 270.5 
 
 246.3 
 
 227.5 
 
 120 
 
 Aube 
 
 2,327 
 
 231-4 
 
 261.8 
 
 255-7 
 
 255-5 
 
 no 
 
 Aude 
 
 2,448 
 
 225.2 
 
 289.6 
 
 285.9 
 
 317-4 
 
 130 
 
 Aveyron 4. . . . 
 Belfort, Terr.S . . 
 
 3,386 
 
 326.3 
 
 389.1 
 
 402.5 
 
 400.5 
 
 118 
 
 23s 
 
 
 
 56.8 
 
 83-7 
 
 356 
 
 Carrj'/orwani . 
 
 28,750 
 
 2724.0 
 
 3461-3 
 
 3711-4 
 
 3806.0 
 
 
 i Exclusive of the arr. of Gex till 1814. 
 2 Mainly composed of territory ceded by Italy in i860, 
 it Including till 1815 Philippeville, Marienbourg, &c., now belonging 
 to Belgium. 
 
 4 Including till 1808 a small part of the present dep. of Tarn-et- 
 Garonne. 
 
 5 The only part of the former dep. of Haut-Rhin not ceded to 
 Germany in 1871. 
 
FRANCE 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Brought forward 
 Bouches-du-Rhone 
 Calvados . 
 Cantal . . 
 Charente . 
 Charente-Inftrieure 
 Cher . . . 
 Correze . . 
 Corsica . . 
 C6te d'Or . 
 Cotes du Nord 
 Creuse . . 
 Dordogne 
 Doubs . . . 
 Dr6me . . . 
 Eure . . . 
 Eure-et-Loir. 
 Finistfere . . 
 Card . . . 
 Garonne, HautC' 
 GersK . . . 
 Gironde . . 
 H^rault ._ . 
 Ille-et-Vilaine 
 Indre . . . 
 Indre-et-Loire 
 Isfere . . . 
 Jura . . . 
 Landes •* . . 
 Loir-et-Cher . 
 Loire . . . 
 Loire, Haute- 
 Loire-Inftrieure 
 Loiret . . . 
 Lots . . . 
 Lot-et-Garonne 
 Lozere . . . 
 Maine-et-Loire 
 Manche . . 
 Marne . . . 
 Marne, Haute- 
 Mayenne . . 
 Meurthe - et - Mo 
 
 selie 5 . . 
 Meuse . . . 
 Morbihan 
 Nifevre . . 
 Nord . . . 
 Gise . . . 
 Orne . . . 
 Pas-de-Calais 
 Puy-de-D6me 
 Pyrdii^es, Basses-6, 
 Pyr^n6es, Hautes 
 Pyr^n^es-Orien tales 
 Rhone .... 
 Sa6ne, Haute- . 
 Sa6ne-et-Loire . 
 Sarthe .... 
 Savoie? . . . 
 Savoie, Haute-7 
 Seine .... 
 Seine-Inf^rieure 
 Seine-et-Marne . 
 Seine-et-Oise 
 Sfevres, Deux- . 
 Somnie , . . 
 Tarn .... 
 Tarn-et-Garonne 8 
 Var" .... 
 Vaucluse . . . 
 Vendue 1 . . . 
 Vienne . . . 
 Vienne, Haute- . 
 Vosges 1" . . , 
 Yonne .... 
 
 Total 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 28,750 
 2,026 
 2,198 
 2,230 
 2,306 
 2,792 
 2,819 
 2,273 
 3-368 
 3>392 
 2,787 
 2,164 
 3.561 
 2,052 
 2>533 
 2,331 
 2,293 
 2,730 
 2,270 
 2,458 
 2,429 
 4,141 
 2,403 
 2,699 
 2,666 
 
 2,377 
 3,180 
 
 1,951 
 3,615 
 2,479 
 1,853 
 1,931 
 2,69s 
 2,630 
 2,018 
 2,079 
 1,996 
 2,812 
 2,475 
 3,168 
 2,416 
 1,987 
 
 2,037 
 2,409 
 2.739 
 2,659 
 2,229 
 2,272 
 
 2,372 
 2,606 
 3,090 
 2,978 
 1,750 
 1,599 
 1,104 
 2,07s 
 
 3,331 
 2,412 
 
 2,389 
 1,775 
 185 
 2,448 
 2,273 
 2,185 
 2,338 
 2,423 
 2,232 
 1,440 
 2,334 
 1,381 
 2,692 
 2,712 
 2,120 
 2,305 
 2,894 
 
 Population in Thousands. 
 
 2724.0 
 285.0 
 451.8 
 220.3 
 299. o' 
 
 399-1 
 217.7 
 
 243-7 
 163.9 
 340-5 
 504.2 
 218.0 
 409.5 
 216.22 
 
 235-3 
 402.7 
 257-8 
 439-0 
 300.1 
 345-1 
 270.6 
 502.7 
 275-4 
 488.8 
 205.6 
 268.9 
 435-9 
 288.2 
 224.3 
 209.9 
 290.9 
 229.8 
 369-3 
 286.1 
 377-3 
 323-9 
 126.5 
 
 375-5 
 530.6 
 304-7 
 226.7 
 305-7 
 
 269.5 
 401.2 
 232.6 
 765.0 
 350.9 
 395-7 
 505.6 
 507-1 
 355-6 
 174-7 
 1 10. 7 
 299.4 
 291.6 
 452-7 
 
 631.6 
 609.8 
 299.1 
 
 421.5 
 241.9 
 
 459-5 
 270.9 
 
 271.7 
 191-4 
 243-4 
 241.0 
 245-1 
 308.9 
 320.5 
 
 3461.3 I 
 413-9 
 498.1 
 260.4 
 
 379-0 
 468.1 
 
 294-5 
 317-5 
 230.2 
 396-5 
 628.5 
 285.6 
 503.5 
 292.3 
 320.1 
 423.6 
 292.6 
 612. 1 
 400.3 
 481.9 
 314.8 
 602.4 
 386.0 
 562.9 
 263.9 
 312-4 
 598-4 
 316.1 
 298.2 
 256.8 
 453-7 
 307- 1 
 517.2 
 331-6 
 294.5 
 346.8 
 143- 3 
 504-9 
 604.1 
 
 367-3 
 262.0 
 
 368.4 
 
 325-7 
 472.7 
 322.2 
 
 ,132-9 
 406. o 
 442.1 
 
 695-7 
 601.5 
 457.8 
 251.2 
 180.7 
 545-6 
 347.0 
 565-0 
 474.8 
 
 1,364-9 
 758.8 
 340.2 
 
 474-9 
 321.6 
 570.5 
 360.6 
 242.4 
 349-8 
 259.1 
 376.2 
 308.4 
 314-7 
 427.8 
 374-8 
 
 3711-4 
 554-9 
 454-0 
 231.9 
 367-5 
 465.7 
 
 335-4 
 302.7 
 
 258.S 
 374.5 
 622.3 
 274.7 
 480.1 
 291-3 
 320.4 
 377-9 
 282.6 
 643.0 
 420.1 
 479-4 
 284.7 
 705.1 
 429.9 
 589-5 
 277.7 
 317-0 
 575-8 
 287.6 
 300.5 
 268.8 
 550.6 
 308.7 
 602.2 
 353.0 
 281.4 
 319-3 
 135- 1 
 518.5 
 544-8 
 386.2 
 251.2 
 350-6 
 
 365-1 
 284.7 
 
 490-4 
 339-9 
 1,447.8 
 396.8 
 398.2 
 761.2 
 566.5 
 426.7 
 235.2 
 
 191-9 
 670.2 
 
 303- 1 
 598-3 
 446.6 
 268.0 
 273-0 
 2,220.0 
 790.0 
 
 341.5 
 580.2 
 331-2 
 557-0 
 352.7 
 221.6 
 293.8 
 263.5 
 401.4 
 320.6 
 322.4 
 393-0 
 363-6 
 
 1891. 
 
 Pop. 
 per 
 sq.m. 
 1891. 
 
 3806.0 
 630.6 
 428.9 
 239.6 
 360.3 
 456.2 
 
 359-3 
 328.1 
 288.6 
 376.9 
 618.7 
 284.7 
 478.5 
 303.1 
 306.4 
 349-5 
 284.7 
 727.0 
 419.4 
 472.4 
 261. 1 
 793-5 
 461-7 
 626.9 
 292.9 
 337-3 
 572-1 
 273.0 
 297.8 
 280.4 
 616.2 
 316.7 
 645.3 
 377.7 
 253.9 
 295-4 
 135.5 
 518.6 
 513.8 
 434.7 
 243-5 
 332.4 
 
 444.2 
 292.3 
 544-5 
 343-6 
 1,736.3 
 401.8 
 
 354-4 
 874.4 
 564-3 
 425.0 
 
 225-9 
 210. 1 
 806.7 
 280.9 
 619.5 
 429.7 
 263.3 
 268.3 
 3,141.6 
 839.9 
 356.7 
 628.6 
 354-3 
 546-5 
 346.7 
 206.6 
 288.3 
 235-4 
 442.4 
 
 344-4 
 372.9 
 410.2 
 344-7 
 
 207,ii3ll|27,349.o 35.401.7 |36,io2.9 38,343.2 1 158 
 
 1 Census returns imperfect. 
 
 2 Exclusive of arr. Montb^liard, transferred from dep. Haut-Rhin 
 in 1814. 
 
 S Including till 1808 a portion of the present dep. of Tarn-et- 
 Garonne. 
 
 4 Including till after 1856 a small part of the present dep. of Basses- 
 Pyr^n^es. 
 
 5 Formed in 1871 out of the portions of the old deps. of Meurthe and 
 Moselle not ceded to Germany. 
 
 6 See note 4. 
 
 7 Ceded by Italy in i860. 
 
 8 Formed in 1808 out of portions of the deps. Lot, Lot-et-Garonne, 
 Haute-Garonne, Gars, and Aveyron. 
 
 9 Including till i860 the arr. of Grasse, now forming part of the dep. 
 Alpes-Maritime.s. 
 
 10 Till 1871, 2386 sq. m., 81 sq. m. of the dep. having been ceded in 
 that year to Germany. 
 
 11 According to a more recent measurement the total area of France is 
 207,206 sq. m. 
 
 545 
 
 French Possessions and Dependencies.! 
 
 
 Sq. m. 
 
 Pop. in 
 Thousands. 
 
 Africa — 
 
 
 
 Algeria 
 
 200,000-230,000 
 
 3.817 
 
 Tunis 
 
 54,000 
 
 1,500 
 
 Senegal and Dependencies . 
 
 about 200,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 Gold Coast and Gulf of Benin 
 
 9.650 
 
 300 
 
 Gabun and French Congo 
 
 
 
 Territory .... 
 
 270,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 Comoro Islands . 
 
 410 
 
 80 
 
 Nossi-B^, Diego Suarez, and 
 
 
 
 Ste. Marie (Madagascar) . 
 
 300 
 
 21 
 
 Madagascar (Protectorate) . 
 
 230,000 
 
 3,600 
 
 Reunion .... 
 
 970 
 
 164 
 
 Obok 
 
 
 
 Asia— 
 
 
 
 Possessions in India 
 
 ? 
 
 282.7 
 
 Indo-China .... 
 
 ? 
 
 14,416 
 
 Oceania— 
 
 
 
 New Caledonia and Depen- 
 
 
 
 dencies .... 
 
 6,700 
 
 64 
 
 Tahiti, Tubuai Is. , Rapa.Tua- 
 
 
 
 motu Is. , Marquesas 
 
 1,670 
 
 29 
 
 America— 
 
 
 
 St. Pierre and Miquelon 
 
 91 
 
 6 
 
 Guadeloupe & Dependencies 
 
 685 
 
 182 
 
 Martinique .... 
 
 380 
 
 176 
 
 French Guiana . 
 
 • 40,500 
 
 24 
 
 Total ' 
 
 28,661.7 
 
 1 In round numbers based on the Risutnf Colonial in Levasseur's 
 La France et les Colonies (1893), vol. iii. , pp. 365-71. 
 
 The surface of F. is in great part elevated, but the highest 
 mountains are on the frontiers. The S. part of the E. frontier is 
 formed by the Alps, separating F. and Italy, and having in the 
 N. part of this frontier Mont Blanc (15,775 ft.), the culminating 
 peak of the whole system. The highest peak wholly vrithin 
 French territory is the Barre des Ecrins, in the Pelvoux (13,460 ft. ). 
 The Rhone valley and the Lake of Geneva separate the Franco- 
 Italian Alps from the Jura, which, owing to their structure, 
 present a considerable obstacle to communication, necessitating 
 large expense in the construction of roads and railways between 
 F. and Switzerland. A broader opening than that between the 
 Jura and the Alps divides the Jura from the Vosges. This 
 opening contains the fort of Belfort, and is traversed by th» 
 Rhone and Rhine Canal and the railway from Besanpon to 
 Miilhausen in Alsace, N. of which the Vosges present an inter- 
 ruption to railway communication till the crossing-place of the 
 Rhine-aux-Marne Canal is reached beyond the French frontier, 
 in about the lat. of Paris. The only other frontier mountains 
 of F. are the Pyrenees on the side of Spain, a range with peaks 
 above 11,000 ft., as yet uncrossed (though rounded at both 
 extremities) by railways, and crossed by few highways. The 
 highlands within F. lie almost wholly towards the E., and 
 form a continuous series curving round from the neighbourhood 
 of the Pyrenees to the Vosges, and separated on the E. from 
 the Alps and the Jura by the narrow valley of the Rhone and 
 Saone. The great feature is what is known as the Central 
 Highlands {le Massif Central), divided from the northern spurs 
 of the Pyrenees to the SE. of Toulouse by the passage of 
 Naurouse, which is traversed at the height of 625 ft. by the 
 Canal du Midi, connecting the Garonne with the Mediterranean. 
 These highlands form a large area, mainly of primitive granite 
 and gneiss, about 200 m. in extreme length and extreme breadth, 
 for the most part above 3000 ft. in height, bordered on the E. 
 and SE. by the C^vennes and their continuations, sloping more 
 gradually or descending in terraces to the W. and NW. , and 
 crowned in the middle by extinct volcanic cones, rising to the 
 height of more than 6coo ft. [Auvergne.] The northern limit 
 of these Central Highlands is formed by the narrow opening 
 between the Monts du Charolais and the Cote d'Or, traversed 
 at the height of about 1000 ft. by the Canal du Centre, connect- 
 ing the Loire and Saone. In a geological sense, however, the 
 Central Highlands may be regarded as prolonged northwards, 
 or more properly as having a semi-detached bastion in the 
 granitic heights of the Monts du Morvan (2960 ft. ), at the source 
 of the Yonne, separated in the E. from the Cote d'Or by the 
 valley of the Arroux. The Cote d'Or again is limited on the 
 N. by the passage followed by the Bvu-gundy Canal (highest alt. 
 about 1000 ft.), and is succeeded to the N. by the plateau of 
 Langres, and this again by the Triassic Monts Faucilles, 
 curving round to the granites at the S. end of the Vosges, and 
 bounding on the N. with the concavity of the curve, the valley 
 of the Saone. Both these ranges are comparatively easy to 
 cross. Several railways across the plateau of Langres connect 
 
 2 M 
 
FRANCE 
 
 the Sa6ne valley with the basins of the Seine and Meuse, and 
 the Monts Faucilles are crossed by the railway from Epinal to 
 Vesoul and Besanfon. To the W. and NW. of the Vosges 
 there lies a stretch of country of variable but generally moderate 
 elevation, composed of Triassic, succeeded to the W. by 
 Jurassic deposits. The so-called plateau of Lorraine, is, 
 relatively speaking, a depression between the Vosges and 
 the heights bordering the deeply-cut valley of the Meuse, 
 but is itself so varied in surface, and so deeply furrowed by 
 river valleys, as to have necessitated great outlay for cutting 
 tunnels and bridges in constructing the great eastern railways 
 from the N. of F. to Germany. To the W. of the heights 
 of the Meuse lies the short but important range of the Foret 
 d'Argonne. To the NW. lies the easily traversed Jurassic and 
 Carboniferous plateau of Ardennes. It is in the series of 
 highlands just described that all the great rivers of F., except 
 the Rhone and Garonne, take their origin. The remainder of 
 F. to the W. , traversed by the lower course of all its great 
 rivers except the Rhone, may be roughly spoken of as the plain, 
 the elevations of this region generally reaching no great alt., 
 and being quite detached from the main highland regions. The 
 principal heights of this part of F. are in the W. penin. of 
 Brittany and the adjoining parts of Anjou and Poitou, and are 
 rather to be regarded as a hilly region, composed of ancient 
 Cambro-Silurian and Metamorphic rocks studded with bosses 
 of granite, lying to the W. of the plain proper. The greatest 
 elevation of this region does not reach 1400 ft. (Les Avaloirs 
 in Normandy, near Alen9on, 1370 ft. ). Most of this hilly region 
 lies N. of the Loire, but S. of that river there lie the sterile 
 granitic heights of the Gatine, inclosing the upper valley of the 
 Sevre-Nantaise, succeeded, to the NW. by the more fertile and 
 lower elevations of the Vendean Bocage. The remainder of F. is 
 almost entirely composed of Secondary and Tertiary rocks. Paris 
 lies in the middle of a large Tertiary basin, bordered by more or 
 less continuous Cretaceous deposits, these latter forming in the E. 
 the somewhat bare plateau of Champagne, which is separated 
 on the E. by the plain of Chalons from the Jurassic elevations 
 already mentioned, and is continued on the SW. to the neigh- 
 bourhood of Paris by the Tertiary clay or marl hills of La 
 Brie. Of the more low-lying tracts of this Tertiary area may 
 be mentioned the fertile Beauce, N. of the great bend of the 
 Loire, followed to the SW. , but still N. of the Loire by the 
 barren Gitinais, to the S. of the great bend of the Loire the 
 marshy, unhealthy, and unproductive Sologne, and further to the 
 SE. , separated from the main Tertiary area by Cretaceous and 
 Jm-assic deposits, the great lertiary lacustrine area of the 
 Limagne, forming as it were a long gulf penetrating the Central 
 Highlands on both sides of the Allier to the E. , or rather NE. , of 
 the mountains of Auvergne. On the SW. of the Tertiary area of 
 the N. a broad Jurassic belt of lowlands, between the ancient 
 rocks of the Central Highlands and those of the mouth of the Loire, 
 forms the passage of Poitou leading to the other great Tertiary 
 region of F. , making up the greater part of the basins of the 
 Garonne and Adour. The most striking feature of this region 
 is the vast and remarkably level plain of the Landes, stretching 
 from the Gironde to the Adour, with a surface composed for 
 the most part of a layer of sand, hardened in many places into 
 a stony crust impervious to vegetation, and bordered on the W. 
 by hnes of sand-dunes and a string of coast-lagoons. The 
 rlTers of F. belong mainly to the basin of the Atlantic, includ- 
 ing the English Channel In the N. and NE. the Scheldt 
 (Escaut), Meuse, and Moselle have their upper waters in F., 
 but finish their course outside its borders. The following is a 
 list of rivers of 60 m. or more in length having their mouths in 
 French coasts, in the order from N. to S. on the NW. and W. 
 coasts, from W. to E. on the Mediterranean coast: Basin of the 
 English Channel: — Canche, Authie, Somme, Seine, Touques, 
 Dive, Orne, Vire, Ranee. Atlantic Basin: — Aulne or Aune, 
 Blavet, Vilaine, Loire, Charente, S^vre-Niortaise, Garonne, 
 with the Gironde (estuary of the Garonne and Dordogne), Adour. 
 Mediterranean Basin : — Tet, Aude, Orb, H^rault, Vidourle, 
 Rhone, and Var. The most important of these in respect of 
 length are the Loire (540 m.), Rhone, Seine, Garonne, and 
 Dordogne, even the last of which, the shortest (260 m.), is con- 
 siderably longer than the Shannon. Separate articles will be 
 found on these rivers ; but here it may be mentioned that of the 
 five great rivers, the Seine is that which presents the greatest 
 facilities for navigation, through the regularity and moderate 
 speed of its flow, especially in its upper and middle course ; a 
 circumstance which probably contributed among others to the 
 growth of the cap. of F. on the Seine rather than the Loire. 
 About 75 per cent, of the basin of the Seine consists of permeable 
 rocks, as against only 60 per cent, in the basin of the Loire, the 
 bed of which, moreover, has in its upper parts a much more 
 rapid fall than that of the Seine. These two circumstances tend 
 to regulate the flow of the Seine within narrower limits than that 
 of the Loire, except near the mouth. At Paris the discharge of the 
 Seine varies from 1870 cubic ft. per second at low water to 56,500 
 in flood, which is in the proportion of i : go. At Orleans the dis- 
 ■chargeof the Loire varies from 1590 to265,ooocubic ft. per second, 
 546 
 
 a ratio of i : 366. The discharge of the Gironde varies from 1765 
 to 420,000 cubic ft. per second. Being regulated by the Lake 
 of Geneva, and fed both by the rains of the Saone basin and the 
 melting of Alpine snows, the Rhone never sinks very low ; its 
 lowest discharge is 17,650, its highest about 530,000 cubic ft. 
 per second. High water occurs in the Seine basin in winter ; in 
 those of the Loire and Gironde in spring, owing to the melting 
 of the snows of the Central Highlands and the Pyrenees ; in that 
 of the Rhone in summer, in the mountains, owing to the melting 
 of Alpine snows, in winter, in the plains. The principal lakes 
 wholly in F. are the long Alpine lakes of Bourget and Annecy, 
 in deps. Savoie and Haute-Savoie. Part of the Lake of Geneva 
 also is French. In the Pyrenees are the small lakes of Lanoux, 
 Gaube, Oo, &c. ; in the Jura, the lake of Nantua (348 ac.) ; in 
 the Vosges the still smaller, but very beautiful, lakes of Gerardmer , 
 Longemer, and Retoumemer. The crowd of small lakes that 
 stud the Dombes (dep. Ain) and the plains of the Sologne and 
 Bresse in Central F. are now being rapidly drained. The only 
 other lakes are the coast-lagoons (Jiangs) on the Bay of Biscay, 
 S. of the Gironde and the Mediterranean ; the former (Hourtin, 
 Lacanau, Cazau, Parentis, Aureilhan) fresh water, those on 
 the Mediterranean (W. half of the French coast, Leucate, Sigean, 
 Thau, Valcarfes, Berre) salt. (See a list of French lakes, with 
 area and depth, in Scot. Geog. Mag., 1894, p. 259.) 
 
 The climate of F. , like that of Europe generally, shows a 
 decided fall of the winter temperatures from W. to E. and 
 a gradual rise of the summer temperatures in the same direc- 
 tion. The Breton Penin. is especially characterised by its mild 
 winters. The mean Jan. temperature at Brest is nearly as high 
 as at Marseilles. Camellias are grown in the open air throughout 
 Brittany. On the other hand, the northerly rise of the summer 
 and autumn temperatures from W. to E. is illustrated by the 
 gradual rise of the northern limit of vine cultivation, beginning 
 near the mouth of the Loire and gradually rising eastwards to 
 beyond the NE. angle of the country. The rfall. of the plains 
 is mostly 20-30 in. , except near the base of mountains. In the 
 Rhone valley there is on the whole a gradual diminution in the 
 summer rains from N. to S., the Mediterranean littoral being 
 nearly rainless in that season. The following particulars wiS 
 serve to illustrate roughly the climate of F. : — 
 
 Brest. Nancy (725 ft.). 
 Mean Han. 43.5° 34.7° 
 
 temp. \ July 64. 1° 66.6° 
 
 Fahr. \yc. 53.1° 54.2° 
 
 Mean rfalL 28.4 in. 31 in. 
 
 Nantes. Lyons. 
 
 Mean Han. 39.9° 35-8° 
 
 temp. -! July 65.8° 70. 8° 
 
 Fahr. yft. 52.7° 52.9° 
 
 Mean rfalL 25.6 in, (Macon.) 33.5 in. 
 
 La Grande Sauve (331 ft. , near Bordeaux). Marseilles. 
 
 Mean Han. 39.4° 44-2° 
 
 temp. -{ July 68. 2° 72.0° 
 
 Fahr. ^yr. 53.8° 57.5° 
 
 Mean rfaU. ... 20. i in. 
 
 For further illustrations of the climate of F. , see Amiens, Caen, 
 Ste. Honorlne-dn-Fay, Lorlent (Armorican, or NW. maritime 
 region) ; Venddme, Pt^rlgnenx, La-Koche-snr-Tonne (Giron- 
 dine, or SW. region) ; Paris, Orleans, Poitiers, Bonrges 
 
 (Sequanian regjion, or region of the Seine basin and that of the 
 middle Loire) ; Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Donic, Hoollns, 
 Limoges, Anrlllae (Central Highlands) ; Xancy (region of 
 NE. plateaux) ; Besancon, Lyons, GrenoMe, Barcelonnette 
 
 (Rhodanian region, or inland region of the Rhone basin) ; 
 ATlgnon, Hontpelller, Nice, Perplgnau (Mediterranean 
 region). The flora of F., sharing as it does both in that of 
 Central Europe and that of the Mediterranean, is remarkably 
 rich. Its fauna still includes the wolf and the wild boar. In 
 no country in Europe is agriculture more varied or on the 
 whole more productive than in F. Though the ratio of the 
 total surface of F. to that of the British Isles is only 1.751, the 
 extent of corn-crops in F. has in recent years been more than 
 3^ times as great as in the United Kingdom. The wheat-crop 
 of F. is next in amount to that of the United States among all 
 the countries of the world for which statistics are obtainable. 
 On the average of the ten years 1881-90, it was estimated to 
 form nearly one-fourth of the whole wheat-crop of Europe ; 
 and in addition to wheat and other British crops, F. produces 
 large quantities of maize (principally in deps. Landes, Garonne, 
 Lot-et-Garonne, Basses- Pyr^ntes, and Tarn), besides the less 
 valuable rye and buckwheat. Besides corn-crops, F. produces 
 all the ordinary British green-crops, potatoes and mangold,, 
 each covering more than twice as g^eat an area as in the British 
 Isles. The vine, the most valuable of all the French crops, 
 still covers, notvdthstanding the devastations of the phylloxera, 
 an area as large as that occupied by wheat and barley together 
 in the United Kingdom. In recent years it has been cultivated 
 in all except nine deps. and the territory of Belfort. The 
 
FRANCE 
 
 leading deps. in respect of quantity are H^rault, Gironde, Aude, 
 Gard, Gers, Pyr^n^es-Orientales, Sa6ne-et-Loire, Puy-de-D6me, 
 Maine-et- Loire, and C6te d'Or. In recent years the total pro- 
 duction has been under 650 million gallons, as against upwards 
 of 1 100 miUion gallons on the average of the twenty years 
 1860-79. The deps. that have suffered most from the phylloxera 
 are Charente-Inflrieure (where the industry has been almost 
 ruined), H^rault, Gironde, Loire-Inf6rieure, Rhone, and Sa6ne- 
 et-Loire. The average of sugar-beet (grown principally in 
 deps. Aisne, Nord, Pas-de-Calais, Oise, Somme, and other 
 northern deps.) greatly exceeds the British average of man- 
 gold ; and large areas are occupied by olive-yards (chiefly in 
 Bouches-du- Rhone, Corsica, Gard, and Alpes-Maritimes). Mul- 
 berries, for the rearing of silk-worms (chiefly in Gard, Vaucluse, 
 Ard^che, and Dr6me) ; colza (chiefly in Seine-Inf^rieure and 
 Calvados) ; hemp (the fibre chiefly in Maine-et-Loire and Sarthe, 
 the seed in Sarthe, C6tes du Nord, Dordogne, Maine-et-Loire, 
 and Vienne) ; and flax (chiefly in Nord, Pas-de-Calais, C6tes du 
 Nord, Manche, Gard, Gers, and Haute-Garonne), though the 
 last-mentioned crop is smaller than that of Ireland. Tobacco 
 is likewise a product of no little importance, though the total 
 acreage occupied by it is less than half of that devoted to 
 hops in England. It is grown chiefly in deps. Dordogne, 
 Is^re, Lot, and Lot-et-Garonne ; hops most largely in Cote 
 d'Or, Nord, and Meurthe-et-Moselle. Where French agri- 
 culture is inferior to British is in the amoimt of produce 
 of crops common to both countries relatively to acreage. If 
 an acre of wheat were as productive in France as in Britain, 
 then the total wheat-crop of France would be at least 6^ times 
 instead of little more than 3^ times that of the British Isles. A 
 steady improvement in French agriculture is, however, shown 
 by the fact that in every decennial period from 1821-30, when 
 the average yield of wheat per acre was 13 J bushels, there has 
 been a rise in the average down to 1881-5, when it amounted to 
 18 bushels. 
 
 The mineral wealtb of France is greatly inferior to that 
 of the United Kingdom, and the inferiority is most serious in 
 the case of coal. The coal-fields, though small, and not very 
 productive, are, however, scattered over different parts of the 
 country, and the central region — that, accordingly, which is 
 furthest from supplies of sea-borne coal— has the greatest number 
 of centres of local supply. There are numerous coal-fields on the 
 margin of the Central Plateau (except in the projection of this 
 plateau to the W.), and a string of coal-fields across the plateau 
 (by Commentry and the upper valley of the Dordogne) from 
 Decize in the N. to Mauriac, near the foot of Mount Dore, in 
 the S. The most productive coal-field is a continuation of that 
 of Belgium, and the chief centre of production close beside 
 Valenciennes. Next in productiveness are those on or near 
 the eastern side of the highlands which border the basins of 
 the Rhone and Saone on the W., round St. Etienne in the 
 middle, round Creuzot further N., and at Alais in the S. 
 The chief producing deps. are Pas-de-Calais, Nord, Loire, 
 and Gard ; next to these Allier and Ave)Ton. The greaX 
 bulk of the iron ore produced in France is obtained from 
 the basin of the Moselle in the extreme NE. of the country 
 (deps. Meurthe-et-Moselle and Ardennes). The deps. next in 
 importance under this head are Pyr6ne6s-Orientalea Gard, 
 Is^re, Haute-Marne, and Sa6ne-et-Loire (roimd Creuzot). Sea- 
 salt is obtained from salt-pans on the Western Mediterranean 
 coasts and on the coasts of the Bay of Biscay ; rock-salt, near 
 Nancy, in the NE. (dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle), to a smaller 
 extent in deps. Doubs, Jura, Landes, Haute-Sadne, Var, &c. 
 
 One consequence of the wide dispersal of the French coal- 
 fields, is the fact that the localisation of the great French 
 manufacturing Industries is governed more by the position 
 of local supplies of raw materials, and the conveniences for 
 obtaining supplies from abroad, than is observable in other 
 countries where the supply of fuel is more concentrated. The 
 woollen industry is chiefly carried on in the N. , where there are the 
 principal supplies of native wool, and where supplies of foreign 
 wool are most easily obtained from the R. Plate and from 
 England by way of Dunkirk and Havre, as well as the Belgian 
 port of Antwerp. The principal markets for wool in France in 
 the order of importance are Roubaix, Tourcoing, Reims, 
 Fourmies, and Amiens. Sedan, on the Meuse, in the NE., is 
 another old manufacturing town engaged in the same industry, 
 fostered by the sheep-pastures of Ardennes. Elbeuf, on the 
 Seine above Rouen, and Louviers, a little to the SE., are noted 
 for their woollen (as distingfuished from worsted) cloths; and 
 Troyes, on the Upper Seine, has long been noted as the chief 
 seat of French hosiery. The silk manufactures still have their 
 seat in the valley of the Rhone, where they first grew up in 
 consequence of the introduction of the silk-worm. In the cotton 
 industry the manufacturing towns of Normandy are pre-eminent, 
 and above all Rouen. Further N. the chief cotton-market is 
 St. Quentin, to the S. of Cambrai. In the E. cotton factories 
 have been established at S^nones, St. Di6, Epinal, and other 
 places W. of the Vosges, since the transference of the busy 
 £otton-manufacturing district of Alsace to Germany in 1871. 
 
 Creuzot is the town whose name is most associated with the 
 making of machinery, locomotives, and other railway material, 
 because these industries, in addition to the smelting of iron, are 
 the great staples on the basis of which the town has grown into 
 importance within the last fifty years ; but such industries are 
 also largely carried on at Paris, Lille, and other large towns. 
 Limoges (g'.v.), is noted for its porcelain and earthenware. 
 Glass is made on the coal-fields of the N. and centre ; paper at 
 Angouleme in the W. , and Annonay in the E.; watches at 
 Besan9on in the Jura. Classified according to the total amount 
 of horse-power used in industral operations, the leading deps. 
 are Nord, Seine, Pas-de-Calais, Seine-Inf^rieure, Loire, Saone- 
 et-Loire, and Meurthe-et-Moselle. Those of Nord and Seine- 
 Inf^rieure are far ahead of all the others in the amount of horse- 
 power used in textile industries (Nord making use of more than 
 twice as much as Seine-Inf^rieure) ; and Nord, Meurthe-et- 
 Moselle, Sa6ne-et-Loire, Loire, and Seine take the lead in 
 metal industries. The rivers of France are much more im- 
 portant as means of Internal communication than those of 
 England. The Seine (with its tributaries, the Oise, Marne, 
 Aube, and Yonne), the Loire, Dordogne and Garonne, and 
 the Saone, the chief tributary of the Rhone, as well as minor 
 rivers, flow through plains and valleys presenting few obstruc- 
 tions to navigation for the greater part of their course. The 
 impetuous Rhone, though navigable from Lyons, has its course 
 impeded by sandbanks and other obstructions. The importance 
 of the navigation naturally afforded by the rivers is shown by the 
 canal connections between the rivers in the E. and W. The 
 Marne and Rhine Canal unites the Seine navigation to that of 
 the Rhine, begfinning at a point on the Marne about 300 m. 
 above the mouth of the Seine. The Burgundy Canal, which 
 connects the navigation of the Seine and Rhone by means of 
 the Yonne and Saone, begins on the former river at a point 
 about 275 m. above the mouth of the Seine, and ends on the 
 latter rather more than 300 m. above the mouth of the Rhone. 
 It crosses the Cote d'Or at the height of 1230 ft., and passes 
 Dijon. The Canal du Centre connects the Loire about 400 
 m. from its mouth with a lower point on the Sa6ne. The 
 Rhone and Rhine Canal quits the Sa6ne near the point of 
 entrance of the Burgundy Canal, and enters the Rhine valley 
 through the opening known as the Burgundy Gate, between 
 the southern end of the Vosges and the western slopes of the 
 Jura. The Canal du Midi connects the Garonne at Toulouse 
 with the Mediterranean at Cette. All the rivers mentioned 
 are navigable from the points where they are joined by canals, 
 but in some cases the navigation is assisted by lateral canals 
 below the points of junction. The most important of these 
 lateral canals is that on the Garonne below Toulouse, 120 
 m. in length. On all these canals the navigation is of con- 
 siderable importance, but the chief inland navigation in France 
 is in the N.. between the basins of the Seine, Somme, and 
 Escaut (Scheldt), where the flatness of the surface has favoured 
 canal construction, and where there is a large amount of heavy 
 traffic. Under a law passed in 1879, empowering the state 
 to acquire the canals, about seven-eighths of all the canals of 
 France have become public property, and are now free from 
 tolls. The project of connecting the Atlantic with the Mediter- 
 ranean by a ship canal across F. has frequently been mooted. 
 The most recent project of the kind laid before the French 
 Chamber is one for a canal from Bordeaux to near Narbonne 
 376 m. long, 27 ft. deep, with twenty-two locks. 
 
 The principal seaports of France, in the order of their im- 
 portance, are Marseilles, Havre, Bordeaux, Dunkirk, Rouen, 
 St. Nazaire, Cette, Dieppe, Boulogne, Calais. Foreign com- 
 merce. — In recent years wine, grain and flour, raw wool, and 
 raw silk have made up together about 30 per cent, of the value 
 of the special Imports, and among other leading imports have 
 been timber, raw cottoi., hides and skins, oil-seeds, coal, and 
 living animals. Four articles have also made up about 30 per 
 cent, of the value of the exports of native origin, namely, 
 woollen and silk manufactures, wine, and raw and waste silk. 
 Among others of importance are leather and leather wares, 
 haberdashery, cheese and butter, raw wool, and cotton manu- 
 factures. The raw wool imported into France is mainly derived 
 from South America, and is partly introduced through Belgium. 
 That of Australian origin is mainly imported from the United 
 Kingdom. Oil-seeds are a rapidly growing import from India 
 and other tropical countries, including the French settlements 
 in West Africa and Indo-China. The United Kingdom and 
 Belgium supply most of the coal and coke imported into France, 
 the United Kingdom having the advantage of sea-carriage, 
 and Belgium that of canal and river commimication with the 
 chief manufacturing regions of northern F. The countries with 
 which the foreign commerce of F. is mainly carried on, are the 
 adjoining countries of Europe, the United Kingdom being first 
 both in exports and imports. It receives more than a fourth in 
 value of the| whole exports. The U.S. usually ranks foiu-th or 
 fifth among the countries supplying the imports. In the recent 
 history of French commerce, the most striking fact is the rapid 
 growth of the wine import (from Spain, Italy, Algeria, &c.). 
 
 547 
 
FRANCE 
 
 The quantity of wine imported is now four times that exported, 
 the value of the import more than two-thirds in excess of that 
 of the export. The monetary system of F. is on a gold basis. 
 The money of account is the franc, of the value of about 9jd. , 
 divided into loo centimes. The standard coin is the 20-franc gold 
 piece, nine-tenths fine, gross weight 99.563 grains troy, fine weight 
 89.607 grains. The same currency with the same names is in 
 use in Belgium and Switzd. , and the French franc is equal to the 
 lira of Italy, the peseta of Spain, the drakhma of Greece, the 
 dinar of Servia, the ley of Roumania, and the lew of Bulgaria; 
 the p>eso of the Argentine Republic, Uruguay, Chile, Ecuador, 
 Guatemala, and Costa Rica, the boliviano of Bolivia, the sol 
 of Peru, and the venezolano of Venezuela and Colombia are 
 each equal to five francs. The metric system, the system of 
 weights and measures first adopted in F. , and now very widely 
 adopted in other countries, is a decimal system, in which the 
 names of different measures are derived from those of the units 
 by means of the following prefixes : — 
 
 Deci- = ^j} Deca- = 10 times 
 
 Centi-= Y^ Hect-or Hecto-= 100 ,, 
 
 Milli- —Y^ Kilo- =1000 ,, 
 
 The unit of length is the miire=^g.37 in. =3.28 ft. (i kilomitre 
 = .6214 mile); the unit of area the are (one square metre)= 
 1076.4 sq. ft. =.0247 acre (i hectare, therefore, = 2.47 acres, and 
 I sq. kilom6tre=247 acres=.386i sq. m.); the unit of cubic 
 measure the stire, or cubic mfetre=6i,028 cubic in. =35.317 
 cubic ft. ; the unit of liquid measure the litre (i cubic decimetre) 
 = 1.76 pint (i hectolitre accordingly= 22.0097 gallons, or 2.7512 
 bushels: hectolitres per hectare x 1.113= bushels per acre); the 
 unit of weight \hegramme (i cubic centimetre at 4" C.) = i5.432 
 grains=.035 oz. =.0022 lb. avoir, (i hectogramme =3. 5274 oz. : 
 I kilogramme, or kilo. =2.2046 lbs.; i metric quintal= 100 kilos. 
 =220.5 lt)s. ; I metric ton = 1000 kilos. =2204.6 lbs. =.984 
 English ton. 
 
 The GoTernnient of France is a republic, the third estab- 
 lished in the country, dating from 1870, after the overthrow 
 of Napoleon III. The executive is vested in the President, 
 assisted by a responsible ministry. The legislative power is 
 exercised conjointly by the Senate (300 elected for nine years, 
 one-third retiring every three years) and the Chamber of 
 Deputies (584, elected for four years). The deputies (one for 
 each arr., or two if the population exceeds 100,000) are 
 elected by universal suffrage, every citizen, twenty-one years of 
 age, resident six months in the electoral dist., having a vote. 
 Senators are elected indirectly by a body consisting of Deputies, 
 Delegates from the Municipal Councils, Councillors-General, 
 and District-Councillors. Deputies must be citizens over twenty- 
 five, and Senators over forty years of age ; both are paid. The 
 President is elected for seven years by a Congress consisting of 
 the united Chambers. The President and ministers may be 
 impeached of high treason, in which case, as in all other cases 
 of high treason, the Senate acts as a High Court of Justice. 
 The ' Conseil d'Etat' is a consultative body, presided over by the 
 Minister of Justice. F. is divided into 87 deps. , each adminis- 
 tered by a Prefect representing the Executive. The deps. are sub- 
 divided into electoral dists. or 'arrs.' (362), generally under a 
 sub-prefect. There is a still further subdivision of the country 
 into communes, in most of which the population is less than 
 1500. Each commune has a municipal council for the manage- 
 ment of local affairs, under the direction of the Prefect. For 
 judicial purposes the communes are grouped (or in the case of 
 a few larger ones, subdivided) into cantons, in each of which 
 is a Justice of the Peace. The arrs. and the deps. elect councils ; 
 these are mainly deliberative, with but Uttle active authority. 
 Finance. — The revenue is derived mainly from indirect taxes 
 (62 per cent.) ; direct taxes (land, capitation, door and window 
 taxes, and trade licences) ; post, telegraphs, and other state 
 monopolies ; income from state lands, railways, and a few other 
 sources. Military service is compulsory. Every Frenchman be- 
 tween the ages of 20 and 45, not physically disabled, is liable to 
 service during the whole period — three years in the Active Army 
 and ten in its Reserve, six in the Territorial Army, and six in 
 its Reserve. Soldiers in the active army who have attained a 
 certain standard of efficiency may be granted indefinite furlough 
 at the end of one year. The Navy is recruited by conscription 
 and by voluntary enlistment. The ' Inscription Maritime ' is a 
 list of all seafaring men between 18 and 50 years of age. The 
 conditions of service are similar to those in the army. Within 
 certain limits as to numbers and fitness for the duties, young 
 men not on the ' Inscription Maritime ' are permitted to enter 
 the navy instead of the army. The principal fortresses are : — 
 NE., Lille, Dunkirk, Arras, Douai, Belfort, Verdun, and 
 Brianpon; E., Lyon, Grenoble, Besan9on; S., Toulon (also 
 the chief naval station) and Perpignan on the Mediterranean, 
 and Bayonne, on the Bay of Biscay, the two latter near 
 the Spanish frontier; W., Rochefort, Lorient, Brest, and 
 Cherbourg on the English Channel Paris is surrounded 
 by extensive fortifications, and there are many other for- 
 tresses. F. is divided into 18 military regions, each under a 
 548 
 
 general of division ; for naval administration there are five 
 'divisions maritimes.' There is no state religion in F., the 
 adherents of all sects being by law on an equal footing. Any 
 sect numbering 100,000 may claim a grant. State allowances 
 are made to Roman Catholics, Protestants, Jews, and in Algeria 
 to Mohammedans. At the census of 1881 Roman Catholics 
 formed 78. 5 per cent, of the population, Protestants i. 8 per cent. , 
 Jews and other creeds less than i per cent., the remainder 
 being of no stated belief. Public education is under state 
 control, and entirely secular. Ample provision is made for the 
 instruction of all classes in free Primary Schools, Colleges, or 
 ' Lyc6es,' and the ' Facult^s de I'^tat ' providing imiversity edu- 
 cation, as the term is understood outside of France. Primary 
 instruction , either at school or at home, is compulsory for children 
 between the ages of 6 and 13, but those over 11 who have passed 
 the necessary examinations may discontinue attendance. Private 
 schools must be conducted by certified teachers. The whole 
 educational system of France is regarded as constituting the 
 university of France, which is under the direction of the minister 
 of education, who bears in this capacity the title of grand-mattre 
 de r university. The university is divided into 16 academies in 
 France proper (besides one in Algeria), and the faculties have 
 their chief seats in the capitals of these academies, namely, at 
 Paris, Aix, Besanfon, Bordeaux, Caen, Clermont, Dijon, LiUe, 
 Grenoble, Lyon, Montpellier, Nancy, Poitiers, Rennes, Toulouse, 
 Marseilles, and Chamb^ry. Each of the two last has combined 
 ' facult^s ' for letters and science ; Aix, letters only ; the others 
 have separate ' facult6s ' for letters and science. Protestant 
 theology, law, and medicine have also their special ' facult^s.' 
 The cro^vn of the whole system, under the minister of educa- 
 tion, is the ' Institut de France,' comprising five academies, 
 chief of which is the ' Academy of France. ' At the census of 
 April, 12, 1891, there were twelve to-vms (Paris, Lyons, 
 Marseilles, Bordeaux, Lille, Toulouse, Nantes, St. Etienne, 
 Rouen, Le Havre, Roubaix, and Reims) with more than 
 100,000 inhabitants, 21 with from 50,000 to 100,000 inhabitants, 
 and 24 with a population of from 30,000 to 50,000. 
 
 Historical Notes. — The SE. of ancient F., or Gallia, was 
 made a Roman province in 121 B.C., and the remainder was 
 conquered by Julius Caesar in 58-50 B.C. In the fourth century, 
 when the Roman Empire was falling to pieces, various Teutonic 
 tribes poured into Gallia or Gaul, founding the Burgundian 
 kingdom in the SE. , and the kingdom of the Visigoths in the 
 S. , on both sides of the Pjrrenees, with Toulouse as cap. The 
 Franks, a confederation of Germanic tribes, established them- 
 selves in Northern Gallia and Germany, and were distinguished 
 as the West and the East Franks ; the former became the 
 dominant people in Gallia, and eventually gave their name to 
 the country. The history of modem F., however, begins in 
 the 9th century after the breaking up of the great Western 
 Empire, over which Charlemagne ruled. Louis, his successor 
 in the empire, made his son Charles (the Bald) King of Neustria 
 (the NW. part of modem F.), while Pepin, another son, reigned 
 in Aquitaine. On the death of Pepin in 838 Aquitaine was 
 annexed to Neustria, and here, according to Mr. Freeman, 
 ' we have the first beginning of the kingdom of F. ,' now called 
 Karolingia, and entirely separated from Germany. By the 
 treaty of Verdun, 843, still more territory was added. The 
 eastern borderland, known as Lotharingia, a name still sur- 
 viving in Lorraine, belonged alternately to the Frankish and 
 to the German kingdoms, but subsequently became definitely 
 attached to the latter. Karolingia thus fell short of modern 
 F. towards the E., while on the NE. it included part of what 
 is now Belgium, and in the S. the 'Spanish March.' Mean- 
 while the great fiefs had been growing up, and the country owning 
 Frankish supremacy was split into a number of semi-independent 
 states, chief of which were the duchy of Aquitaine, S. of the 
 Loire ; duchy of Gascony, between the Garonne and the Pyrenees ; 
 cotmty of Toulouse, E. of Gascony ; and the marches of Septi- 
 mania and Barcelona, extending SE. as far as the Ebro. In 
 the NW. was Brittany, E. the duchy of Burgundy, with its 
 cap. Dijon, and the duchy of F., cap. Paris. The last-named 
 state was the nucleus of modern F. To it belonged several 
 fiefs, including Anjou and Champagne, and Normandy, granted 
 to RoUo in 912. The kingdom of Burgundy (or Aries, as it 
 was also called from its cap.), which arose anew out of the 
 divisions of the ninth century, formed a separate state lying 
 between the Sa6ne, Rhone, and Alps. Burgundy split up 
 into two parts, a northern and a southern, the former, some- 
 times called the ' Regnum Jurense,' comprised the territory 
 N. of Lyon, and the latter, Provincia. The N. section again 
 formed two states — the county Palatine (modem Franche- 
 Comt6) and Lesser Burgundy (W. Switzerland and N. Savoy). 
 The Burgundian kingdom, after a separate existence of about 
 i^ centtu-ies, was united to Germany, but from time to time 
 portions were annexed by F. , leaving only the part now forming 
 the W. cantons of Switzerland. In the S., besides Provence, 
 were a crowd of small states, including the dauphiny of Vienne, 
 the principahty of Orange, the counties of Venaissin and Nice, 
 and several free cities. The election of Hugh Capet, duke 
 
FRAN 
 
 FRAN 
 
 of the French, to the crown in 987, marks an epoch in the 
 development of F. At this time the immediate possessions 
 of the Crown consisted mainly of the later Isle of F. and 
 the government of Orleans. Towards the end of the eleventh 
 century, the small states of Gatinois and Bourges were annexed ; 
 Amiens and Vermandois, 1183 ; Valois, 1185 ; Artois, 1180-87. 
 There had been a temporary union of Aquitaine with the crown 
 of F. in 1 137, when Louis VII. married the heiress of Guienne 
 and Poitou ; but by her subsequent marriage with Henry of 
 Anjou, afterwards Henry II. of England, Aquitaine and its 
 fiefs were joined to Maine, Anjou, and Normandy, the sove- 
 reignty of which was already united in the person of Henry, 
 while Brittany was practically a dependency of Normandy. 
 During the reign of John of England, Anjou, Maine, Touraine, 
 and Normandy were seized by F. , 1202-3, ^"d formally secured, 
 as was also Poitou, by the treaty of 1258. Aquitaine and Gascony 
 still remained to England. The territories forming the later prov. 
 of Languedoc were annexed — Narbonne and other fiefs, 1229, 
 the county of Toulouse, 1270 ; on the other hand, French claims 
 over Rousillon and Barcelona were withdrawn. Blois and 
 Chartres were annexed in 1234, and Perch6 in 1257. The 
 marriage of Phihp the Fair, 1284, with the heiress of Cham- 
 pagne united that county to the Crown, and with it, for a 
 time, was acquired the sovereignty of Navarre. Navarre was 
 surrendered by Philip of Valois in 1328. The Hundred Years' 
 War between England and F. resulted in the acquisition of 
 Aquitaine, 1451-53, six centuries after its first union with 
 Neustria. The duchy of Burgundy, which had fallen to the 
 Crown in 1361, and was shortly afterwards again separated, 
 had been extending E. , N. , and NW. It included the counties 
 of Charolois, Flanders, and Artois, and the imperial county 
 of Burgundy, besides numerous fiefs in Germany and in the 
 Low Countries. After the death of Charles the Bold, 1477, 
 Louis XI. got possession of the duchy, while the counties just 
 named became French fiefs. Flanders and Artois passed later 
 under Spanish rule, and were entirely separated from F. in 
 1525. The only great fief still remaining was Brittany, but 
 the marriage of Charles VIII. with the Duchess Anne in 1491 
 united it peaceably to the Crovm, with which it was finally 
 incorporated, 1532. The bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun 
 were acquired in 1552. Calais was recovered from the English, 
 1557. Elsass was gained in 1648, as the result of the Thirty 
 Years' War, and the French frontier extended to the Rhine. 
 A temporary advance into the Low Countries in 1659, and 
 still further in 1668, was checked by the treaty of Nimeguen, 
 1678. Franche-Comt6 was conquered in 1668, and Strassburg 
 in 1681. By the treaties of Utrecht and The Barrier (1713 
 and 1715), a portion of Flanders and other important terri- 
 tories were obtained ; the principality of Orange was incor- 
 porated, 1714, and Lorraine, 1766. The addition of Savoy 
 and Nice in i860, and the cession of Elsass (except Belfort) 
 and part of Lorraine to Germany in 1871, constitute the principal 
 changes which have been made in the map of F. during the 
 present century. The temporary extension of French influence 
 under the first Napoleon caused no permanent alteration in 
 the limits of the country. For particulars of colonial expan- 
 sion, see France, table, and under the headings of the various 
 possessions. [Government, &c., and History, by E. J. H.] 
 
 France lynch, vil. , Eng. , Gloucestershire. See Blsley. 
 
 Frances, post-tn., S. Australia, MacDonnell co., 180 m. 
 SE. Adelaide, on the railway to Mount Gambier. P. -< 
 1500. 
 
 Frances, Cape, W. Indies, the W. point of the Isle of Pines, 
 in 21° 41' N. , 83° 12' W. 
 
 Francescas, tn. , France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, 15 m. SW. 
 Agen, arr. and 9 m. SE. N6rac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Francevllle, stn. , French Congo Terr. , on the Passao (r. bk. 
 trib. Ogowe), in about 1° 35' S., 13!° E. , founded by Savorgnan 
 de Brazza. Alt. 124^ ft. Also called Port Yllla. 
 
 FrancevlUe, vil., U.S., Colorado, El Paso co., 68 m. SSE. 
 Denver ; deposits of lignite. P. < 1500. 
 
 Franctae, part of eccles. par., Eng., Worcestershire, Droit- 
 wich div., i^ m. NW. and partly included in the pari. bor. of 
 Kidderminster, P.O. See Kidderminster. 
 
 Francbe>Conit4^, or Upper Burgundy, an old prov. in the 
 E. of France, the cap. of which was Besan9on, now divided into 
 the deps. Doubs, Haute-Saone, and Jura. Anciently inhabited 
 by the Sequani, it afterwards formed part of the duchy of 
 Burgundy, passed with it to the house of Austria in 1477, was 
 occupied by Louis XIV. in 1674, and definitely ceded to France 
 by the treaty of Nimeguen in 1678. 
 
 Francla, Sierra de. See Gata, Sierra de. 
 
 Francis, isl. , Pacific. See Peru Island. 
 
 Franclsto^vn, Canada. See Exeter. 
 
 Francis Josepb Glazier, New Zealand, on W. side of 
 Southern Alps, N. of Mt. Cook, its head separated by Mt. de 
 la Beche from that of the Tasman Glacier. 
 
 Francis Josepb Land. See Franz-Josef Laud. 
 
 Franco, El, comm., Spain, prov. Oviedo, dist. Castropol. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Francofonte, comm., Sicily, prov. and 26 m. WNW. Syra- 
 cuse. P. 5600. 
 
 Francois, tn. , W. Indies, on E. ct. of Martinique I. P. 5000. 
 
 Franconla (German Franken), an old duchy, afterwards a 
 circle of the Germanic Empire, between Upper Saxony, the 
 Upper and Lower Rhine, Swabia, Bavaria, and Bohemia. 
 Chief cities, Niirnberg, Wiirzburg, and Ansbach. Since 1806 
 it has been divided between the grand-duchies of Baden and 
 Hesse, and the kingdoms of Saxony and Bavaria. It gives 
 name to three governments of the kingdom of Bavaria : Upper, 
 Middle, and Lower Franconia. [Bavaria.] 
 
 Franconla, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co., 85 m. 
 N. by W. Concord ; has valuable iron-mines, and is a place of 
 summer resort. Near is the F. Notcb, in the White Mts., with 
 noted gigantic profile of human face. P. < 1500. 
 
 Frauconlan Jura. See Jura, German. 
 
 Franconvllle, comm., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. 
 Pontoise, 10^ m. NW. by N. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Franeker^ tn., Holland, prov. Friesland, 10 m. W. Leeu- 
 warden, and on the Harlingen Leeuwarden Canal. Seat of a 
 university from 1585 to 1811. Possesses the orrery made by 
 Eise Eisinga in 1773-80, now the property of the state. P. 7200. 
 
 Frangy, tn., France, dep. Haute-Savoie, arr, St. Julien, on 
 the Usses, 16 m. SW. Geneva. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Frankby, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Wirral div. , 5 m. W. by S. 
 Birkenhead, 2 m. E. West Kirby stn., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Franken (Ilnter, Mlttel, and Lower — Lower, Middle, and 
 Upper), the German name of Franconia. 
 
 FraiLkenau, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 21 m. NNE. 
 Marburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Frankenberg, tn., Ger. , kgd. Saxony, on the Zschopau, 
 8 ra. NE. Chemnitz, with important manufactures of textiles, 
 fancy articles, &c. P. (1871) 9700; (1890) 11,400. 
 
 Frankenberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, cap. circle 
 F. , 17 m. N. by E. Marburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Frankenbnrg, vil., Upper Austria, 28 m. NE. Salzburg. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Frankenbansen, tn. , Ger. , principality Schwarzburg-Rudol- 
 stadt, cap. dist. F., on the Wipper, 27 m. N. Erfurt ; has lignite 
 mines and important rock-salt mines and salt-works. In the 
 vicinity are the ruins of Kyffhauser and Rothenburg, on the 
 Kyffhauser Mt. P. 5900. 
 
 Frankenmntb, vil., U.S., Michigaw, Saginaw co., on Cass 
 R. , 15 m. SE. East Saginaw. P. < 1500. 
 
 Frankenstein, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. circle F., 37 
 m. S. by W. Breslau, 13 m. NE. by N. Glatz. P. 8100. 
 
 Frankentbal, tn. , Ger., Bavaria, Palatinate of the Rhine, 
 7 m. S. by W. Worms ; has manufactures of textiles and 
 machinery, brass and bell foundries, &c. Tn. P. (1871) 8000; 
 (1890) 12,900; comm. P. 13,000. 
 
 Frankenwald, or Friinklscher Wald, chain of mts. , Ger. , 
 Bavaria, in the NE. , between the basins of the Main and Saale, 
 unites the Fichtelgebirge with the Thtiringerwald (Thuringian 
 Forest). Highest point the Dobraberg, 2610 ft. 
 
 Frankford, or Cole's Creek, viL, Canada, Ontario, co. 
 Hastings, on R. Trent, 14 m. WNW. Belleville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Frankford, tn.. Ire., W. King's co., bar. Ballyboy, 9 m. 
 NE. Parsonstown, 9 m. from Ferbane stn., PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Frankford, post-tn., Tasmania, Devon co., 18 m. from 
 Westbury stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Frankford, vil.. U.S., Delaware, Sussex co., 11 m. WNW. 
 of the SE. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Frankfort (on the Main and Oder), Ger. See Frankfurt. 
 
 Frankfort, settlement. Orange Free State, on the Vilge R., 
 about 175 m. NE. Bloemfontein, and 20 m. from the Vaal R. 
 
 Frankfort, city, U.S., Indiana, Clinton co., 40 m. NW. by 
 N. Indianapolis. P. 5900. 
 
 Frankfort, city, U.S., Kansas, Marshall co., 60 m. NW. 
 Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Frankfort, city, U. S. , Kentucky, Franklin co. , on both bks. 
 of R. JCentucky, 62 m. above its mouth, and 50 m. E. Louisville. 
 P. 7900. 
 
 Frankfort, tn., U.S., Maine, Waldo co., 15 m. S. Bangor. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Frankfort, viL, U.S., Michigan, Benzie co., on Lake 
 Michigan, 140 m. NW. by W. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Frankfort, vil., U.S., New York, Herkimer co., 50 m. E. 
 Syracuse, and 8 m. SE. by E. Utica, on the Erie Canal. P. 
 <300o. 
 
 Frankfort, vil., U.S., Ohio, Ross co., on the N. branch of 
 Pain Creek, 42 m. S. by W. Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Frankfurt (am-Main), formerly a free city of Germany, now 
 incorporated with Prussia, and forming the chief town of the 
 govt. Wiesbaden, in the prov. Hesse-Nassau. It lies on both 
 sides of the Main, which divides it into two unequal parts, the 
 city proper being on the N., and its suburb, Sachsenhausen, 
 with which it communicates by bridges, on the S. side. It is 
 situated in 50° 6' 43" N., 8° 41' 24" E. , 19 m. E. by N. of the 
 influx of the Main into the Rhine at Mainz (Mayence). The 
 town arose at a ford of the Main (whence the name, in the 
 
 549 
 
FRAN — FRAN 
 
 eighth century, Franconofurd) where the banks of that river 
 stood high enough to be free from liability to inundation, and 
 soon became a place of importance, as the place where the 
 routes from Franconia (N. Bavaria) by the upper Main valley, 
 and from the NE. on both sides of the Vogelsberg, namely, from 
 Thuringia by Fulda and the Kinzig valley on the E. side, and 
 from the valleys of the Leine and upper Weser by Mtinden, 
 Kassel, Giessen, and the valley of the Nidda on the W. side, 
 between the Vogelsberg and the Taunus, converged on the valley 
 of the Middle Rhine, along the N. of which valley the Main has 
 now (since 1886) been canalised, so as to form a waterway for 
 vessels of 1000 tons burden. A promenade round the city takes 
 the place of the old fortifications. Principal edifices, the Romer, 
 or old palace, in which the Emperors of Germany were elected 
 (from 1356 onwards), and in which are portraits of all the German 
 emperors from Kourad I. to Francis II. ; the Thum-und-Taxis 
 palace, place of meeting of the former diet ; the cathedral ; an 
 important technical school ; two Jews' synagogues ; the Saalhof, 
 a modern imperial palace ; the house of the Teutonic order in 
 Sachsenhausen ; \hGHauszumBraunfels,OT&yichs.ng^\ academy 
 of painting, and the Senkenberg museum, with Riippell's African 
 collection. It has a college, medical institute, an important 
 technical school, several learned, scientific, and literary institu- 
 tions, including a geographical society. Formerly it was the 
 principal seat of banking and exchange in Germany, and since 
 this branch of business has been gradually transferred to Berlin, 
 it has been constantly acquiring more importance as a centre of 
 trade, especially in vegetable oils, hides, leather, coal, and metals. 
 Principal manufactures, articles of fashion, printing-type, sewing- 
 machines, soap, perfumes. Two large fairs are held here 
 annually. Charlemagne held a council in F. in 793 ; it was 
 fortified in 838 and 843, and erected into a free city in 1154. 
 Goethe the poet was born here in 1749. Napoleon I. made it 
 cap. of a grand-duchy, and it was incorporated with Prussia, 
 Sept. 20, 1866. Alt. 300 ft. Mean temp., yr. 49.6° F., Jan. 
 31.1°, July 66.6°. P. (1817) 41,500; (1871) 91,000; (1880) 
 137,000; (1890) 180,000; including Bockenheim, 198,000. 
 
 Fraukfnrt (an der Oder), tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 
 on both sides of the Oder, 19 m. S. by W. Kiistrin, cap. govt. 
 F. , 47 m. ESE. Berlin ; important rly. centre ; has manufactures 
 of tobacco, potato -starch, earthenware, &c. ; seat of a university 
 from 1506 to 1811, when it was transferred to Breslau. P. (1816) 
 15,100; (1871) 43,200; (1880) 51,000; (1890) 55,400; comm. 
 P. 55.700. 
 
 I'^iinMscher Wald, mts. , Ger. See Frankenwald. 
 
 Frankley, par., Eng. , Worcestershire, N. div., 7 m. SE. by 
 S. Dudley 2 ra. E. Hunnington stn. P. <250. 
 
 FranJUln, vil., Canada, Ontario, Durham co., 54 m. NE. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Franklin, riv. , Canada, Keewatin, in about 54° 25' N., 
 96^° W. , part of the boat route to York Factory. 
 
 Franklin, co. , New South Wales, bounded on the S. by the 
 Lachlan, crossed in the W. by 145° E. 
 
 Franklin, tp., Tasmania, Kent co., 20 m. SW. by W. 
 Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Franklin, co. , Tasmania, S. of 42° S. , crossed by 146° E., 
 partly bounded on the W. by Macquarie Harbour. 
 
 Franklin, co., U.S., Alabama, on W. frontier, N. of 34° N. 
 
 Franklin, co., U.S., Arkansas, crossed by 94° W., and tra- 
 versed by the Arkansas R. 
 
 Franklin, tn., U.S., Connecticut, New London co., 19 m. 
 N. by W. New London. P. <:i5oo.' 
 
 Franklin, co. , U.S. , Florida, on the Gulf of Mexico, crossed 
 in the E. by 85° W. 
 
 Franklin, co., U.S., Georgia, on E. frontier, and between 
 34° and 35° N. 
 
 Franklin, vil., U.S., Idaho, Oneida co., 178 m. S. by W. 
 from the NE. comer of the state. P. < 15O0. 
 
 Franklin, settlement, U.S., Illinois, Sangamon co., 19 m. 
 SW. Springfield. 
 
 Franklin, co. , U.S. , Illinois, intersected by 38° N. and 8^ W. 
 
 Franklin, co. , U.S. , Indiana, on E. frontier, and N. of 39 " N. 
 
 Franklin, city, U.S., Indiana, Johnson co., 21 m. S. by E. 
 Indianapolis. P. <:4000. 
 
 Franklin, co., U.S., lovira, S. of 43° N., and W. of 93° W. 
 
 Franklin, co., U.S., Kansas, in the E., S. of 39" N., E. of 
 96° W. 
 
 Franklin, co., U.S., Kentucky, in the N., E. of 85° W., S. 
 ofsS^'N. 
 
 Franklin, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Simpson co., 40 m. N. by 
 E. Nashville (Tenn. ). P. <3000. 
 
 Franklin, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, in the NE., crossed 
 by 91^° W. , and in the S. by 32° N. 
 
 Franklin, tn. , U.S., Louisiana, cap. St. Mary par., on r. bk. 
 of the Bayou Bceuf, 86 m. W. by S. New Orleans. Y'.<.V)oo. 
 
 Franklin, co., U.S., Maine, in the W., crossed by 45 N. 
 
 Franklin, tn., U.S., Maine, Hancock co., on Frenchman's 
 Bay, 30 m. SE. by E. Bangor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Franklin, co., U.S., Massachusetts, on the N. frontier, 
 traversed by the Connecticut R. 
 550 
 
 Franklin, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co., 20 m. 
 NW. Taunton. P. < 5000. 
 
 Franklin, vil., U.S., Michigan, Houghton co., 4 m. N. 
 Hancock; has copper-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Franklin, co., U.S., Mississippi, in the SW., crossed in the 
 W. by9i" W., N. of3i°N. 
 
 Franklin, co., U.S., Missouri, in the E., crossed by9i° W., 
 and bounded on the N. by the Missouri. 
 
 Franklin, co., U.S., Nebraska, on the S. frontier, crossed 
 by 99° W. 
 
 Franklin, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, co. and on the 
 Merrimack R., 22 m. NNW. Concord. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Franklin, viL, U.S., New Jersey, Essex co., 7 m. S. Pater- 
 son. P. ■< 1500. 
 
 Franklin, vil., U.S., New York, Delaware co., 65 m. SE. 
 Syracuse. P. < 1500. 
 
 Franklin, co., U.S., New York, in the NE., on the N. 
 frontier, crossed in the extreme E. by 74° W. 
 
 Franklin, co. , U.S., N. Carolina, in the N., crossed in the 
 S. by36°N., W. of78° W. 
 
 Franklin, co., U.S., Ohio, crossed by 40° N. and by 83° 
 W. It contains Columbus, cap. of the state. 
 
 Franklin, viL, U.S., Ohio, Warren co., on Great Miami R., 
 33 m. N. by E. Cincinnati. P. <30oo. 
 
 Franklin, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, Venango co. , on Alleg- 
 heny R., at the confluence of French Creek, 53 m. S. by E. Erie ; 
 has many petroleum wells near. P. 6200. 
 
 Franklin, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, on the S. frontier, crossed 
 in the extreme SW. by 78° W. 
 
 Franklin, co. , U.S., Tennessee, on the S, frontier, crossed 
 by 86° W. 
 
 Franklin, tn., U.S., Tennessee, Williamson co., 20 m. 
 SSW. Nashville. P. <3000. 
 
 Franklin, co., U.S., Texas, in the NE., W. of 95' W., and 
 crossed in the S. by 33° N. 
 
 Franklin, tn., U.S., Vermont, F. co. (bounded W. by 
 Lake Champlain), 5 m. N. North Sheldon. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Franklin, co., U.S., Virginia, in the S., crossed by 37° N., 
 and in the W. by 80° W. 
 
 Franklin, co., U.S., Washington, between 46° and 47° N., 
 crossed by 119° W. 
 
 Franklin, settlement, U.S., Washington, King co., 55 m. 
 ENE. Olympia. 
 
 Franklin Bay, Ger. New Guinea, in 4° 25' S. , 145° 20' E. 
 
 Franklin Bay, inlet of Arctic Ocean, Canada, S. of 70° N., 
 I24°-I26° W. 
 
 Franklin Falls, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, on a trib. of 
 Merrimack, 2 m. to the E. of Franklin. 
 
 Frankllnford, post-tn. , Victoria, Talbot co., 24 m. NNE. 
 Ballarat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Franklin Inlet, Canada, Ontario, Georgian Bay, in 45° 27'- 
 35- N. 
 
 Franklin Island, with volcanoes in the Antarctic Ocean, in 
 76° 8' S. and 168° 12' E. 
 
 Franklin Islands, Australia, off" the E. ct., in 17° 13' S. 
 and 146° 8' E. 
 
 Franklin Lake, U.S., Nevada, Elko co., is shallow, and 
 has no outlet. 
 
 Franklin Strait, N. of Brit. N. America, between Boothia 
 Felix and Prince of Wales I. 
 
 FrankllnTllle, vil., U.S., New York, Cattaraugus co., 45 
 m. SE. by S. Bufialo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Frankstadt, tn., Moravia, 25 m. NNW. Olmiitz. P. <3000. 
 
 Frankstadt, tn., Moravia, 31 m. SSE. Troppau. P. 5800. 
 
 Frankston, post-tn. , Victoria, Mornington co. , 25 m. SSE. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Frankton, vil., Eng., Shropshire, 3 m. SW. EUesmere, with 
 a stn. on the Cambrian Rly. 
 
 Frankton, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 6 m. SW. by 
 W. Rugby, \\ m. W. Birdingbury stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Frankton Junction, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., co. 
 Waipa, 85 m. by rail SSE. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Franktown, French Congo Terr. See DIakabana. 
 
 Frankto>Tn, silver-mining vil., U.S., Nevada, Washoe co., 
 8 m. NNW. Carson City. P. < 1500. 
 
 FrankTllle, settlement, W. Africa, French Congo Terr. , on 
 the 1. bk. of the Kwila, 152 m. N. by W. Boma, in about 3° 14' 
 S. , 12° 50' E. 
 
 Fransche Hock. See Frencb Hock. 
 
 Fransliam, Cireat and lilttle, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Norfolk, Mid div., 19 m. ESE. King's Lynn, with a stn. 
 (Fransham) on the G. E. R., PM.O. (Utile F.). Great F. 
 P. <Soo ; Little F. P. <25o. 
 
 Franshettl, vil. and rly. stn. , Algeria, 62 m. SE. Oran. 
 
 Frant, par., Eng., Sussex and Kent, Rye div., 2J m. S. by 
 E. Tunbndge Wells, i\ m. W. of its stn. on the SE. R., 
 PMT.O. ; 8991 ac. P.<4ooo. 
 
 Franzendorf, viL, Austria, Bohemia, dist. Reichenberg. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Franzensbad, vil., Austria, Bohemia, on river and 3 m. N, 
 
FRAN 
 
 FRED 
 
 by W. Eger, beautifully situated amongst richly wooded hills 
 and mountains ; has celebrated mineral baths, and nine springs. 
 Alt. 1900 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Franzensbrnnn, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, circle and 17 m. 
 WSW. Elbogen ; has celebrated bath establishments in con- 
 nection with mineral springs strongly charged with carbonic 
 acid, and mud strongly impregnated with iron. Both the 
 waters and the mud are exported in large quantities. 
 
 Franz Josef Fjord, long inlet on the E. ct. of Greenland, in 
 73° 15' N. ; discovered by the second German N. polar expedition. 
 
 Franz Josef Glacier. See Francis Joseph Glacier. 
 
 Franz Josef Laud, archipelago, Arctic Ocean, in 8o°-83° 
 N. and about 48''-66° E. , discovered Aug. 31, 1873, by the 
 Austrian navigators Payer and Weyprecht, and explored by 
 them from March to May of the following year. Mean temp. 
 (2 yrs.), yr. 4.6° F., Feb. -22°, July 35.2°. See /our. E. G. S., 
 1875, pp. I, &c. ; Proc. R. G. S., 1881, pp. 129, &c., map, p. 192. 
 
 Frasca, Capo della, cape, Sardinia, in the W., in the S. of 
 the Gulf of Oristano, in 39° 47' N. 
 
 Frascatl, tn. , Italy, prov. and 12 m. SE. by E. Rome ; has 
 a cathedral. Here are the remains of Tusculum, the birthplace 
 of Cato, and where Cicero, Lucullus, Maecenas, and Marcus 
 Brutus had villas ; was destroyed by the Romans in 1191 ; is 
 the seat of a bishop. Alt. 1055 ft. P. 7000. 
 
 Fraserbnrg, tn. , Cape Colony, cap. dist. F. , 70 m. NW. by 
 W. Beaufort West ; with sulphur springs. Alt. 4003 ft. Rfall. 
 (6 yrs. ), 6. 10 in. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Fraserbnrgli, par. and tn. , Scot. , E. Aberdeenshire, NE. ct. , 
 on F. Bay, 15 m. NW. by N. Peterhead, terminus of a branch 
 of the G. N. of S. R. ; chief seat of the Scotch herring fishery ; 
 with three tidal harbours, two of which, the N. and S., have 
 a depth of 18 ft. over entrance at ordinary spring tides, and 
 15 ft. at ordinary neap. The 'Balaclava Breakwater is available 
 as quayage in calm weather for 700 ft. Depth at shore end 
 12 ft. , sea-end 25 ft. , ordinary spring tides. Market-day, Tu. 
 Par. 8367 ac. , P. 8400 ; tn. (including Broadsea) P. 7500. 
 
 Fraserbnrg Roadj vil. and rly. stn.. Cape Colony, dist. 
 Prince Albert, 45 m. SW. by W. Beaufort West. 
 
 Fraserpet, tn., Brit. India, Coorg, 20 m. E. Merkdra (cap. of 
 Coorg), a pleasant retreat during rainy season. P. (i89i)<2000. 
 
 Fraser Klrer, Brit. Columbia, N. America, rises N. of 
 Mount Brown, in the Rocky Mountains, flows NW. 190 m., 
 then SW. 100 m., when it turns S. in 54° N., and flows through 
 the centre of the colony 370 m. to Hope, when it turns W. and 
 flows 80 m. to its mouth in the Gulf of Georgia, which separates 
 Vancouver I. from the mainland. On the coastland at Yale the 
 F. becomes a navigable river, and for 190 m. from its mouth it 
 is traversed by small and powerful steam-vessels, which force 
 their way up its rapid current. Above that it rushes through a 
 deep canon, on the sides of which space has been found only 
 Mrith difficulty for the line of the C. P. R. , which accompanies 
 the river from Lytton downwards. Its chief tributaries are, on 
 the right, the Stuart R. , the Chilcoaten R. ; left, the Thompson 
 R. Gold was discovered on the middle course of the F. in June 
 1856, and soon after on its tributary the Thompson R. , and at 
 Lake Shushwap. Length of course, 740 m. Area of basin, 
 138,000 sq. m. 
 
 Frasertown, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I. , Wairoa co. , 
 47 m. NE. Napier. P. <isoo. 
 
 Fraserrllle, Canada. See Rlri^re du Ijoap en Bas. 
 
 Frasherl, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Ergeri, 70 m. SW. 
 Monastir. 
 
 Frasnes-lez-Bnlssenal, comm. , Belgium, prov. Hainault, in 
 the NE. , arr. Tournay. P. <4000. 
 
 Frassino, Italian, 'the ash tree.' See Frene. 
 
 Frasslnoro, comm. , Italy, prov. Modena, circle PavuUo. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Frasslan, or Braslovce, vil., Austria, St)n:ia, 31 m. NE. by 
 E. Laibach. P. <20oo. 
 
 Frasso Teleslno, comm., Italy, prov. and 14 m. W. by N. 
 Benevento. P. < 5000. 
 
 Frat, riv. See Enpbrates. 
 
 Fratelll, I., ' the brothers,' Italian name for three Algerian 
 coast-rocks to the S. of Galita I. 
 
 Fratlng, par., Eng. , Essex, div. and 5 m. ESE. Colchester, 
 I m. NW. by N. Thorington stn., P.O. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (F. wltb Tborrlngton) P. <75o. 
 
 Fratta Magglore, city, Italy, prov. and 6 m. N. Naples, 
 cap. circle. P. 10,900. 
 
 Fratta Poleslna, comm., Italy, prov. and 7 m. WSW. 
 Rovigo. P. <:40Oo. 
 
 Fratton, stn., Eng., Hampshire, included in the bor. of 
 Portsmouth, on the L. & SW. and L. B. & S. C. Jfoint Rlys. 
 
 Franenbnrg, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Brauns- 
 berg, 18 m. NE. by N. Elbing, on the Frisches Half. Close by 
 is the cathedral of the bishopric of Ermeland, containing the 
 tomb of the astronomer Copernicus (died 1543). P. <3000. 
 
 Franendorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Randow, 
 prettily situated on the Oder, near Stettin, a pleasure resort for 
 the people of Stettin. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Fraaenfeld, tn. , Switzd. , Thurgau, 14J m. WSW. Constance 
 
 (Baden) ; has cotton, silk, and woollen manufacttires. P. <;4000. 
 
 Franenkappelen, vil., Switzd., cant, and 6 m. W. Bern. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 FranenTVortb, isl. , Upper Bavaria, in Lake Chiem. 
 
 Franlantern, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Trier (Treves), 
 circle and dist. Saarlouis ; famous for the victory of the Swedes 
 over the Saxons and Russians in 1706. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Franrentb, market-tn. , Ger., principality of Reuss-Greiz, 7^ 
 m. NE. Greiz; wool spinning. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Franstadt, tn. , Prussia, cap. circle F. , prov. , govt, and 48 m. 
 SSW. Posen, 13 m. NE. Glogau. P. 6900. 
 
 Fray Bentos, or ludependencla, tn. , Uruguay, on the R. 
 Uruguay, in about 33° 8' S., 62 m. S. by W. Paysandu, 172 m. 
 NW. Montevideo, with manufactures of meat-extract. P. about 
 5000. 
 
 Frayles, Los. See Fralles. 
 
 Frazer Island. See Great Sandy Island. 
 
 Frazerpet, tn. , Brit. India. See Fraserpet. 
 
 Freagbana, electoral div. , Ire. , Kilkenny, dist. Graigue. 
 
 Frecben, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt, and circle Cologne, 
 22 m. SSW. Diisseldorf. P. <:400o. 
 
 Freckenbam, par., Eng., Suffolk, on R. Lark, Stowmarket 
 div., 6 m. NE. Newmarket, and x\ m. SE. Isleham stn., P.O. 
 P. <:soo. 
 
 Freckleton, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Blackpool div. , 6J m. 
 W. Preston, on the N. shore of the estuary of the Ribble, 3 m. S. 
 by E. Kirkham stn., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fredensborg, a former Danish fort and settlement, on the 
 Gold Coast of Africa. 
 
 Fredensborg, vil., Denmark, in the NE. of Seeland, prov. 
 Frederiksborg, 9 m. WSW. Elsinore. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Frcderlca, vil. , U.S., Delaware, Kent co. , 52 m. S. by E. 
 Wilmington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Frederlcla, or Frlderlcla, tn. and fortress, Denmark, on the 
 SE. ct. of Jutland, prov. Veile, 20 m. S. by W. Horsens ; 
 with 2000 ft. of quayage, and a depth of 18 ft. P. 10,000. 
 
 Frederick, city, U.S., Maryland, cap. F. co. , 41 m. W. by 
 N. Baltimore. P. (1880) 8760; '(1890) 8200. 
 
 Frederick, co. , U.S. , Virginia, in the angle in the extreme N, 
 
 Frederlcksbnrg, Canada. See Delbl. 
 
 Fredericksburg, vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Lebanon co. , 27 
 m. ENE. Harrisburg, and 6 m. WNW. Lebanon. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Frederlcksbnrg, tn., U.S., Texas, cap. Gillespie co., 70 m. 
 W. Austin. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Frederlcksbnrg, city, U.S., Virginia, Spottsylvania co. , 
 on the S. bk. of the Rappahannock R., at head of tide-water 
 92 m. from its mouth, 48 m. SW. by S. Washingfton. A dam, 
 just above the city, renders available the whole water-power of 
 the river. F. has noted wheat-mills. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Frederick 8onnd, Alaska. See Prince Frederick Sound. 
 
 Frederickton, post-tn.. New South Wales, Dudley co. , no 
 m. E. Tamworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Frederick toM'u, vil., U.S., Missouri, cap. Madison co., on 
 Little St. Francis R. , 30 m. S. Bismarck. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fredericton, city and port of entry, Canada, cap. of New 
 Brunswick, York co. , on the riv. and 55 m. NW. by N. St. 
 John, here about three-quarters of a mile wide, and navigable 
 for vessels of 120 tons ; has a university and cathedral. Mean 
 temp., yr. 40.0° F., Jan. 11.4°, July 65.7°. P. (1881) 6200; 
 (1891) 6500. 
 
 Frederik Hendrik, large isl., on the S. ct. of Dutch New 
 Guinea, 8° S. , 138' E. 
 
 Frederiksberg, comm., Denmark, a suburb on the W. of 
 Copenhagen. P. 47,000. 
 
 Frederiksborg, comm., Denmark, in the NE. of Seeland, 
 prov. F. , 142 m. WSW. Elsinore. P. 3000. 
 
 Frederlksbaab, Danish settlement, on the W. ct. of S. 
 Greenland, between Lichtenfels and Julianehaab. Mean temp. 
 (4 yrs., 1856-60), yr. 30.7° F., Jan. 15.6°, July 44.0°. 
 
 Frederikshald. See Fredrlkshald. 
 
 Frederiksbavn, tn., Denmark, on the E. ct. and cap. of 
 Jutland, prov. Hjorring, 36 m. NE. Aalborg. The harbour 
 is 21^ ft. deep at entrance at low water ; has a ferry to Fredriks- 
 varn in Norway, and is protected by the citadel Fladstrand, 
 which formerly gave name to the tovm. P. <:sooo. 
 
 Frederlksoord, pauper colony, Netherlands, in the SW. of 
 prov. Drenthe, and SE. of Friesland; founded in 1818. 
 
 Frederikssted, tn. , Santa Cruz I., on the W. ct. , Danish 
 Antilles. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Frederlkssnud, fishing tn. , Denmark, on the N. ct. of See- 
 land, prov. Frederiksborg, 22 m. NW. by W. Copenhagen. 
 
 P. «C2000. 
 
 FrederiksTark, tn. , Denmark, Seeland, in the NE. of the 
 Roeskilde Fjord. P. <20oo. 
 
 Frcdonia, tn., Colombia, in S. of dep. Antioquia, SE. of 
 Medellin. Rich deposits of coal worked. Alt. 6050 ft. P. (in- 
 cluding dist.) 11,000. 
 
 Fredonla, city, U.S., Kansas, cap. Wilson co., 103 m. S. 
 Topeka, 30 m. W. Erie. P. <2ooo. 
 
FRED— FREI 
 
 Fredonia, vil., U.S., New York, Chautauqua co., 38 m. 
 SW. Buffalo. P.<:4000. 
 
 Fredrlcksburg, vil. , U.S., Ohio, Wayne co., 59 m. S. by 
 W.Cleveland. Alt. 968 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Fredrlcktown, viL , U.S., Ohio, Knox co., 44 m. NE. by 
 N.Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fredriksborg, citadel, Sweden, on Vermdo I., 15 m. ENE. 
 Stockholm, defending the entrance to its harbour. 
 
 Fredrlksbald, maritime tn. , Norway, prov. Smaalene, 38 m. 
 ESE. Tonsberg, 57 m. SSE. Christiania, on a small river near 
 the NE. angle of the Skager-rak ; famous for its fortress of 
 Fredriksteen, at the siege of which Charles XII. of Sweden 
 was killed in 1718. Trade in timber and iron. Sugar-refining 
 and tobacco manufactures. Harbour 14-62 ft. deep. P. 11,200. 
 
 Fredrikstad, tn. , Norway, prov. Smaalene, on the S. ct. , 
 20 m. WNW. Fredrikshald. Its harbour is 15-24 ft. deep. F. 
 was formerly a fortress ; has manufactures of nails. P. 12,300. 
 
 FredriksTarn, vil. and fortress, Norway, SE. ct., 5 m. S. 
 Laurvik, in 10° E. Ferry to Frederikshavn, Denmark. P. <20oo. 
 
 Freeboru, co. , U.S. , Minnesota, in the SE. , on the S. frontier, 
 W. of 93° W. 
 
 Freebnrg, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Snyder co., 36 m. N. 
 Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Freebnrgli, post-tn. , Victoria, Delatite co. , on Ovens R. , 135 
 m. NE. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Freeby, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 3I m. E. by 
 N. Melton Mowbray (g.v.), i m. WNW. Saxby stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Freedom, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Beaver co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Ohio, 19 m. NW. Allegheny. P. < 1500. 
 
 Freefolk Manor, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 
 10 m. W. by S. Basingstoke, li m. E. by S. Whitchurch stn., 
 P.O. P. <:25o. See Iiarerstoke. 
 
 Freeford, par., Eng., Staffordshire, i m. SE. Lichfield. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Freehay, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Cheadle par. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Freehold, formerly Honmonth Court House, tn., U.S., 
 New Jersey, cap. Monmouth co., 26 m. E. Trenton. Here 
 the battle of Monmouth, between Washington and the English, 
 took place, June 28, 1778. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Freeholders Quarter, par., Eng., Northumberland, 6J m. 
 NW. Morpeth. P. <25o. 
 
 Freeland, eccles. par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, 5J m. NW. Oxford. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Freeland, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co., 28 m. S. 
 by W. Scranton, 14 m. S. Wilkesbarre. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Freellng, vil., S. Australia, Light co., 36 m. NNE. Adelaide, 
 8 m. SW. Kapunda. P. < 1500. 
 
 Freels Cape, cape, Newfoundland, on the E. ct. , in 49° 14' N. 
 
 Freels Cape, Newfoundland, on the S. ct. , in 53° 36' W. 
 
 Freeman, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Hutchinson co., 32 m. N, 
 by W. Yankton. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Freemansbni^, bor. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, Northampton co. , 
 on Lehigh R., 36 m. NE. by E. Reading. P. < 1500. 
 
 Freemantle, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, 2 m. NW. 
 Southampton. P. 6300 ; tn. (Shirley and F.) P. 15,900. 
 
 Freemonnt, viL , Ire. , N. co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 14J m. 
 NW. Mallow, 8 m. from Newmarket stn., P.O. 
 
 Freeport, city, U.S., Illinois, cap. Stephenson co., 55 m. E. 
 by S. Dubuque (lo.). P. (1880) 8500; (1890) 10,200. 
 
 Freeport, tn., U.S., Maine, Cumberland co., on Casco Bay, 
 20 m. NE. Portland by rail. P. <3Qoo. 
 
 Freeport, vil, U.S., Ohio, Harrison co., on Stillwater Creek, 
 17 m. SW. Cadiz. P. < 1500. 
 
 Freeport, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Armstrong co., on 
 Allegheny R., 22 m. NE. Pittsburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Freestone, co., U.S., Texas, S. of 32° N., and crossed by 
 96° W. , bounded on the E. by Trinity R. 
 
 Freethorpe, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 7J m. W. by S. 
 S. Yarmouth, 2 m. ENE. Cantley stn., P.O. P. <500. See 
 Reedham. 
 
 Freetown, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co., 7^ m. S. by 
 E.Taunton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Freetown, or St. George, tn. , W. Africa, cap. of the British 
 settlement of Sierra Leone, on the W. ct., in 8° 30' N. ; is 
 enclosed landward by an amphitheatre of mountains. An 
 important Protestant missionary station. It is built on a soil 
 of red sandstone or clay containing much iron, and has a supply 
 of pure water, but partly overlooks the unhealthy marsh known 
 as Kroo Bay. Mean temp. (9 yrs., 1875-83), yr. 81.8°; rfalL 
 (5 yrs.), 125.80 in. P. (with dist.) 40,300. 
 
 Freewill, isl. See Mapla. 
 
 Frcgatte, small isl. , W. Indies, off the E. ct. of St. Barth61emy. 
 
 Fregenal de la Sierra, tn. , Spain, prov. and 50 m. SSE. 
 Badajoz ; manufactures woollens, baize, flour, sombreros, &c. 
 P. 8800. 
 
 Fregona, comm. , Italy, Venetia, prov, Treviso, dist. Ceneda. 
 P. <;40oo. 
 
 Frehel, cape, France, N. ct., dep. C6tes du Nord, to the 
 NW. of St. Malo, with lighthouse, visible 23 m. 
 552 
 
 Frehlll, islet, Ire. , off W. ct. of the S. of Mayo, in 53° 39' N. 
 
 Fret, or Frey, German, 'free.' 
 
 Frelamt, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle Freiburg, 
 dist. Emmendingen ; composed of several small vils. P. -csooo. 
 
 Freiberg, or PHbor, vil., Austria, Moravia, 24 m. SSE. 
 Troppau. P. < 4000. 
 
 Freiberg, tn. , Ger. , Saxony, circle, govt. , and 20 m. SW. 
 by W. Dresden, 2 m. W. of the Mulde. It has a cathedral, is 
 the seat of the administration of mines and foundries for the 
 kingdom, and of a mining academy, with Werner's collection 
 of minerals, and a hbrary. The pupils work practically in the 
 neighbouring mines. In the vicinity are silver, copper, lead, 
 and cobalt mines. Extensive smelting works and foundries are 
 seated at Halsbriicke, 3 m. distant. Manufactures gold and 
 silver lace, artificial manures, pigments, leather wares, &c. P. 
 (1871) 21,700; (1890) 29,000; including Frelbergsdorf, 31,300. 
 
 Freiburg (Im Brelsgau), Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, 24J m. 
 E. by S. Colmar( Alsace-Lorraine), on the Dreisam, at the foot 
 of the Black Forest, and the mouth of a valley which leads up 
 to the Hollenthal (g.v.); cap. circle F. Has a noble Gothic 
 cathedral, with a spire 380 ft. high ; a university, with valuable 
 collections, and noted as a school of Roman Catholic theology ; 
 a school of forestry; manufactures of chicory, tobacco, and 
 soap, tanning, bell-founding, &c. Alt. 1000 ft. Mean temp., 
 yr. 49.6° F,, Jan. 32.6°, July 67.6°. P. (1871) 24,700; (1880) 
 36,400; (1890)47,400; comm. P. 48,900. 
 
 Frelbni^, comm., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 35 m. NE. by E. 
 Bremerhaven, i m. from the 1. bk. of the Elbe. P. < 3000. 
 
 Freiburg (an der Uustrut), tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, on 
 the Unstrut, 3 m. S. Rossbach, 21 m. SSW. Halle. P. <:4000. 
 
 Freiburg, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 36 m. SW. by W. 
 Breslau, 7 m. W. by N. Schweidnitz. P. 8500. 
 
 Freiburg, cant., Switzd. , bouixled E. by the cant. Bern, S. 
 and W. by Vaud, and NW. by the Lake of Neuchatel, which 
 separates it from the cant, of that name ; it includes also three 
 detached pieces, situated in the cant Vaud. Surface hilly in 
 the S. and E. , where it is traversed by ramifications of the 
 Bernese Alps ; culminating points, the Dent de Brenlaire 7723 
 ft. ; Dent de FoUigran, 7716 ft. ; Mont Moleson, 4584 ft. above 
 the sea. Principal rivers, the Sarine and the Broie. The gjreater 
 part of Lake Morat is in this cant. Climate mild in the N. 
 and on the Lake of Neuchatel. Agriculture is the chief occu- 
 pation of the jjeople in the N. , and cattle-rearing in the S. 
 dists. Corn is grown barely sufficient for home consumption, 
 and dairy husbandry is well conducted. The breeds of horses 
 and cattle are valuable. Timber and peat are important pro- 
 ducts. It manufactures straw hats, which, with cheese and 
 timber, form the chief exports. The inhabitants are mostly ol 
 GaUic descent, and French is the prevalent language in the 
 towns, but German is spoken in the NE. Chief towns, Frei- 
 burg, Romont, and Bulle. Area, 644 sq. m. P. (1888) 110,832, 
 mostly Roman Catholics. 
 
 Freiburg, French Frlbourg, tn., Switzd., cap. cant. F., 17 
 m. SW. by W. Bern, on both banks of the Saane (Sarine), the 
 opposite sides of which are connected by a beautiful wire 
 suspension-bridge. The river affords water-power, which is 
 utilised in the manufacture of ice, sewing-machines, agricultural 
 implements, &c. Seat of the Bishop of Lausanne. German 
 prevails in the lower town, French in the upper. Alt. 1750-2075 
 ft. P. (comm.) 12,200. 
 
 Frelenwalde, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 33 m. E. Stettin. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Frelenwalde an der Oder, tn., Prussia, Brandenburg, 30 
 m. NE. by E. Berlin ; has alum and lignite mines. P. 7100. 
 
 Frellasslng, vil., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 on the SE. frontier, 3 m. NW. Salzburg. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Frelmiersdorf, comm. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt, and circle 
 Cologne. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Frelnshelm, comm., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Palatinate of the 
 Rhine, 22 m. NE. Landau. P. <300o. 
 
 Frelrlna, tn., Chile, prov. Atacama, 90 m. SSW. Copiap<5, 
 at the mouth of the Huasco, cap. dep. F. ; founded 1753. P. 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Frelseubmch, viL , Ger. , Prussia, govt. Amsberg, dist. Steele, 
 with coal-mine. P. < 3000. 
 
 Fielslng, or Freyslng, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Bavaria, on the L bk. of the Isar, 20 m. NNE. Munich ; has 
 manufactures of agricultural implements, earthenware, &c Seat 
 of a prince-bishop from the time of Ferdinand II. to 1802. P, 9500. 
 
 Frelstadt, tn.. Upper Austria, 19 m. NE. by N. Linz. P, 
 <4ooo. 
 
 Frelstadt, or Frysztat, tn. , Austria, Silesia, 29 m. E. by S. 
 Troppau, and 8 m. NW. by N. Teschen ; near are important 
 coal-mines, and the saline bath of Roy Darkau. P. <3000. 
 
 Frelstadt, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 23 m. W. by N. 
 Glogau. P. <4000. 
 
 Frelstadt, comm., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 39 m. S. by W. 
 Elbing. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Frelstadtl (German, in Hungarian Galgdcz), tn., Hungary, 
 prov. Neutra, 75 m. SE. Brunn. P. 7200. 
 
FREI — FRES 
 
 Frelstett, comm., Ger., gd.-duchy Baden, circle Offenburg ; 
 river port on the Rhine. P. <3000. 
 
 Frelstbii (fres'ton), or Frlestoii, par., Eng. , Lincolnshire, 
 Holland div. , 3 m. ENE. Boston, P.O. ; 4406 ac. P. < 1000; 
 eccles. par. (F. with Butterwlck) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Freites, tn., Venezuela, Bermudez, 197 m. ESE. Cardcas. 
 
 Frelwaldaii, tn., Austria, Silesia, 37 m. NW. by W. 
 Troppau ; near it is the hydropathic establishment of Grafen- 
 berg, erected by Priesnitz, the founder of hydropathy. Alt. 
 1440 ft. P. (F. wltli«rafenl>erg)<4ooo. 
 
 Frelwaldaa, vil, Prussia, prov. Silesia, 20 m. N. by E. 
 Gorlitz ; manufs. of china, earthenware, &c. P. <3000. 
 
 Fr^Ju8, seapt. tn., France, dep. Var, arr. Draguignan, 16 
 m. SW. by W. Cannes ; seat of a bishop, and contains Roman 
 remains ; has factories for pickling anchovies and sardines. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Frellghsburg, vil. and port of entry, Canada, Quebec, 
 Missisquoi co., 45 m. SE. Montreal. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Fremantle, tn., W. Australia, on the W. ct., at the mouth 
 o.' the Swan R., co. and in 32° 3' S., 10 m. SW. Perth, with 
 which it is in daily communication by river steamers ; chief port 
 of the colony ; harbour only an open roadstead, but improve- 
 ments contemplated. Mean temp. (6yrs., 1880-85), yr. 63.2°F., 
 Jan. 73.4°, July 55.0°. P. 5600. 
 
 Fremiugton, par. and small port, Eng., Devonshire, div. 
 and 3 m. W. by S. Barnstaple, on the estuary of the Tawe and 
 the L. & SW. R. The tidal harbour (depth 18 ft. high water, 
 dry at low water) has 450 f. of quayage. P.O. 6i35ac. P. <:i500. 
 
 Fremiugton, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the 
 Swale, div. and 8 m. W. Richmond, 4^ m. N. Redmire stn. 
 
 Frenioua, ruined Portuguese fortress and (Jesuit) convent 
 near Adua, Abyssinia. 
 
 Fremont, co., U.S., Colorado, crossed in the E. by 105° W., 
 N. of 38° N. 
 
 Fremont, vil., U.S., Indiana, Steuben co., 7 m. W. by S. of 
 NE. corner of state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fremont, co., U.S., Iowa, in the extreme SW. 
 
 Fremont, vil., U.S., Michigan, Newaygo co., 32 m. SW. 
 Big Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fremont, city, U.S., Nebraska, cap. Dodge co., on the 1. bk. 
 of Platte R., 30 m. WNW. Omaha. P. 6700. 
 
 Fremont, city, U.S., Ohio, cap. co. and on Sandusky R., 
 30 m. SE. Toledo. Alt. 632 ft. (R.R.). P. 7100. 
 
 Fremont Peak, mt., U.S., Wyoming, F. co., 140 m. SSE. 
 from the NW. corner of the state. Alt. 13,570 ft. 
 
 Fremont's Basin. See Great Basin, U.S. 
 
 Frenctaay, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 4 m. NE. 
 Bristol, P.O. P. -cisoo. 
 
 French Broad, riv. , U. S. It rises in the.NW. of N. Carolina, 
 in the Blue Ridge Mts., flows N. then NW. and enters Tennes- 
 see, through which it flows W. to the Holston, which it joins on 
 the 1. bk. 4 m. E. Knoxville ; navigable for boats of 15 tons to 
 Dandridge. 
 
 French Congo Territory, one of the most promising colonies 
 in Africa. It comprises the countries N. of the Lower Congo, 
 the southern boundary line running from Loema on the coast 
 to Manyanga on the Congo, and from there along the right 
 banks of the Congo and Ubangi. On the N. and W. it borders 
 the German Kamerun possessions, the boundary running from 
 the mouth of the Campo due E. to the Ngoko and Sango rivs. , 
 thence to the intersection of 4° N. lat. and 15° E. long., and then 
 along the last-named meridian to 8° 30' N. lat. (Kunde French). 
 From there the boundary-line runs to Bifara on the Mayo Kebbi, 
 and along the loth degree of N. lat. to the point where it meets 
 the Shari, and finally along this river to Lake Chad. A consider- 
 able portion of these territories is still entirely unexplored, but 
 the known parts belong to the richest regions of tropical Africa. 
 Palm-oil is already a very important article of export ; other 
 products are gums, resins, dye-woods, caoutchouc, cotton, 
 cinnamon, cocoa, pepper, tobacco, and coffee. It is expected 
 that several of these will become of great importance in the 
 near future. The chief drawback is the climate, which is 
 unhealthy for Europeans. The principal French settlements 
 in the interior are Pranceville, Madiville, and Bue (all on the 
 Ogowe), Diele (on the Alima), Stefanieville (on the Niadi), 
 and Brazzaville (on the Congo). A number of other stations 
 are situated on the Kwilu. Places of importance on the coast 
 are Libreville (on the Gabun), Mayumba Bay, Loango, and 
 Pointe Noire. The French possessions date back to 1845, 
 when there was a small French settlement on the Gabun. In 
 1862 this was extended to Cape Lopez ; but all efforts to pene- 
 trate into the interior were unsuccessful until Savorgnan de 
 Brazza, in 1878, succeeded in crossing the watershed between 
 Congo and Ogowe. In 1880 he reached the Congo. To his 
 efforts the establishment of the present French Congo Territory 
 is almost solely due. [H. G. S.] 
 
 French Creek, riv., U.S., Pennsylvania, in the NW. It 
 rises in the extreme NE. of Erie co. , and flows SW. then SE. 
 to the Allegheny, which it joins on the r. bk. at Franklin, in 
 about 41° 27' N. 
 
 I 
 
 French Drove, stn., Eng., Cambridgeshire, on the G. N. 
 and G. E. Joint Rly., 8 m. W. Wisbech. 
 
 Frenchfort, tnld., Ire., co. and 6 m. E. by N. Galway, bar. 
 Dunkellin. P. <250. 
 
 French Hook, Dutch Frausche Hoek, vil. , Cape Colony, 
 Paarl dist., 35 m. E. Cape Town, in vine-growing valley. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Frenchman's Bay, bay, U.S., Maine, in the SE. of Hancock 
 CO., its mouth just to the W. of 68° W. 
 
 Freuchmoor, par., Eng., Hampshire, 7 m. NW. Romsey. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Frenchpark, tn.. Ire., NW. co. and 18J m. NNW. Ros- 
 common, bar. F., 8 m. from Boyle stn., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 French Pass, strait. New Zealand. See D'Urvllle Island. 
 
 French River, riv., Canada, Ontario, flows W. into the NE. 
 of Georgian Bay after a course estimated at 60 m. 
 
 French Blver, Canada, joins the Abbitibbi R. a little above 
 its confluence with the Moose R., Ontario. 
 
 French Shore. See Neivfonndland . 
 
 Frenchtown, bor., U.S., New Jersey, Hunterdon co., on 
 the Delaware, 32 m. NW. Trenton by rail. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Frenchvllle, tn., U.S., Maine, Aroostook co. P. <;3000. 
 
 French West Africa, vast territories in the western Sudan 
 and western Sahara, the French sphere of influence comprising 
 the Upper Senegal regions and the Upper and Middle Niger 
 regions (including Kong and surrounding dists.), and also (by 
 Anglo-French agreement of Aug. 5, 1890) the extensive Sahara 
 territories S. of Algeria, and N. of a line from Say on the Middle 
 Niger to Barrua on Lake Chad. To these we have to add the 
 French possessions bordering the Atlantic S. of Cape Blanco, 
 viz. , Senegal, Rivieres du Sud, Ivory and Gold Coast possession, 
 and Dahome. According to Villault de Bellefond, an official 
 of the French East India Company, who had been struck with 
 the traces of French settlements on the W. ct. of Africa during 
 a voyage in 1666, and published on account of them {Relation 
 des Cotes d Afrique appelees Guinde ; Paris, 1669), a series of 
 voyages to the coast of Guinea were made on behalf of merchants 
 of Dieppe from 1364 onwards, and in 1383 those merchants 
 founded a settlement there, which they called La Mine, since 
 known by the Portuguese name of Elmina. Villault relates that 
 at the time of his visit, when the place was in the hands of the 
 Dutch, the arms of France were still to be seen on a church then 
 in use. After the abandonment of the settlements of this date 
 no others were founded by the French till the close of the 17th 
 century, when they occupied a few West African coast places, 
 and at the end of the last century, when Mungo Park opened 
 up the interior, Gor^e and St. Louis were the principal French 
 settlements ; but no efforts were made till the middle of the 
 present century to extend the French sphere of influence to the 
 Niger. Since that time much has been done, with the results 
 above given. Total area estimated at 1,550,000 sq. m. Total 
 P. estimated at 3,000,000. [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Frenda, vil. , Algeria, prov. and 105 m. SE. by E. Oran, arr. 
 Mascara, in a healthy, well-watered, and fertile dist. Numerous 
 pre-Roman and Roman remains near. Alt. 3470. P. -c 2000. 
 
 Frine, French ; Frassino, Italian ; Fresno, Spanish, ' the ash 
 tree. ' 
 
 Frensham, par. , Eng. , Surrey, Guildford div. , 4 m. S. by E, 
 Farnham, PMT.O.; 8807 ac. P. <:3000. 
 
 Frenate, eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 19 m. SSW. 
 Norwich, i| m. E. Diss. P. <:25o. 
 
 Freretown, or Klsannl, vil., Brit. E. Africa, on the E. side 
 of an inlet bounding Mombasa I. on the E., 2 m. NNE. 
 Mombasa, headquarters of the Church Missionary Society in 
 Brit. E. Africa. 
 
 Freshfleld, stn., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 6 m. SSW, 
 Southport, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Freshford, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., 3 m. SSE. 
 Bath, on the G. W. R. ; has freestone. PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Freshford, par. and tn.. Ire., NW. co. and 8 m. NW. Kil- 
 kenny, bar. Crannagh, 5 m. from Ballyragget, PMT.O. Par, 
 P. < 1000; tn. P. <;750. 
 
 Freshvrater, par., Eng., Isle of Wight, 9J m. W. Newport, 
 on Isle of Wight Central Rly., PMT.O., and PMT.O. at F. Bay 
 (or Gate), vil., \\ m. SSE. ; par. 4836 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Freshwater Bay, Newfoundland, a long inlet in the W. of 
 Bonavista Bay. 
 
 Freshwater Bay, on the S. ct. of New Guinea, in 146° E. 
 
 Freshwater Bay, Wales, on the W. ct. of Pembrokeshire, 
 to the S. of Milford Haven. 
 
 Freshwater Creek, post-tn. , Victoria, Grant co. , 9 m. SW. 
 Geelong. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fresnay-sur-Sarthe, or F. C. Vlcomte, tn., France, dep. 
 and on Sarthe, arr. Mamers, 11 m. SSW. Alen9on. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Fresnes, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 5 m. NNE. 
 Valenciennes ; coal mined since 1720 ; manufactures of woollens, 
 glass, &c. P. <5000. 
 
 Fresnes en Woevre, tn., France, dep. Meuse, arr. Verdim- 
 sur-Meuse, 13 m. ESE. Verdim. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fresnlllo, tn. , Mexico, state and 35 m. N W. Zacatecas, at 
 
 553 
 
FRES^FRIE 
 
 the foot of the Cerro de Proano, which abounds in silver. P, 
 15,000. 
 
 Fresno, Spanish, ' the ash tree.' See Fi-ene. 
 
 Fresno City, city, U.S., California, F. co., 163 m. ESE. San 
 Francisco. Mean temp. (13 yrs.), yr. 65.4° F., Jan. 47.6°, July 
 84.7°; rfall., yr. 9.02 in., May-Sept. 0.56 in. P. (1880) 1200; 
 (1890) 10,800. See California. 
 
 Fresnoy-le-Grand, tn. , France, dep. Aisne, arr. St. Quentin. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Fressingfleld, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 21 m. WSW. 
 Lowestoft, PMT.O. ; 4618 ac. P. <i5oo ; eccles. par. (F. with 
 Wltbersdale) P. < 1500. 
 
 Freston, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , near S. bk. 
 of the Orwell, 3I m. S. Ipswich, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Freswlck, vil., Scot., Caithness, 10^ m. N. Wick, on F. 
 Bay, P.O. 
 
 Fretherne with Saul, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkes- 
 bury div. , on the 1. bk. of the R. Severn, 9 m. SW. by W. 
 Gloucester. P. < 1000. 
 
 Fr^than, comm., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. Boulogne, 
 3 m. SSW. Calais. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Frette, La, comm. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Versailles, 
 on the Seine, 11 m. NW. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Frettenham, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 7 m. N. by E. 
 Norwich, 2 m. SW. Coltishall stn. , P.O. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (F. with StannlnghaU) P. <soo. 
 
 Fretum Herculeum. See Gibraltar, Strait of. 
 
 Freachle, or Fmchle, vil., Scot., E. Fife, 2 m. E. by S. 
 Falkland, i m. N. Falkland Road stn.; has a linen factory. 
 PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Freude, Ger. , 'joy.' 
 
 Frendenhurg, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 15 m. SSW. Treves. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Frendenstadt, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 29 m. W. by 
 S. Tubingen ; has woollen manufactures ; royal iron and steel 
 works near. P. 5700. 
 
 Frendenthal, tn., Austria, Silesia, 20 m. W. by N. Troppau; 
 important textile industry, manufacture of machinery, &c. Alt. 
 1800 ft. P. 7800. 
 
 Fr^rent, tn., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. St. Pol, on the 
 Canche, 22 m. W. Arras, 9 m. NNW. Doullens; has manu- 
 factures of linen and woollen goods, and iron-works. P. <4000. 
 
 Frewsbnrg, vil., U.S., New York, Chautauqua co., on 
 Conewango R., 58 m. S. by W. Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Frey, Ger., ' free.' See Frei. 
 
 Freybnrg, Ger. See Frelbnrg. 
 
 Freyclnet Estuary, bay, W. Australia, in the SW. of Sharks 
 Bay, named after one of the commanders of a French exploring 
 expedition that visited these coasts in 1801. 
 
 Freynestown, par.. Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. Upper Talbots- 
 town, 5 m. N. Baltinglass. P. <:25o. 
 
 Freyr, vil., Belgium, prov. Namur, arr. Dinant; has a 
 remarkable stalactite cave. 
 
 Freyslng. See Freising. 
 
 Freystadt, tn. , W. Prussia. See Frelstadt. 
 
 Freystrop, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 2 m. SSE. Haver- 
 fordwest. P. <5oo. 
 
 Friar Islet, small isl. , Ire. , ofif W. coast co. Galway. 
 
 Friar Here, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Colne 
 Valley div., 11^ m. WSW. Huddersfield, 4 m. NE. by E. Old- 
 ham, I m. NNW. Delph stn. P. <300o. 
 
 Friars Point, vil., U.S., Mississippi, cap. Coahoma co., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Mississippi, 65 m. SW. by S. Memphis (Ten- 
 nessee). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Frlaal, Italy. See Frinll. 
 
 Frlbonrg, Switzd. See Frelbni^. 
 
 Frlck, vil., Switzd., cant. Aargau, 8 m. N. by W. Aarau; the 
 Frickthal, of which F. is the cap. , is a valley of about 100 sq. m. 
 in extent, with a pop. of 20,000, mostly Roman Catholics, partly 
 employed in cotton spinning. P. of vil. <20oo. 
 
 Frickley, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 7 m. 
 WNW. Doncaster, i m. E. of its stn. on the Swinton and 
 Knottingley Joint Rly. Eccles. par. (F. with Clayton) P. <soo. 
 See Clayton. 
 
 Friday Bridge, eccles par. , Eng. , Cambridge, div. and 3 m. 
 S. Wisbech, 2| m. NE. by E. Coldham stn., P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Friday Harbor, vil., U.S., Washington, cap. San Juan co., 
 15 m. E. by N. Victoria (V.I.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Friday Island, Brit. New Guinea, in Thursday Sound, 
 crossed by 10" 35' S. , 147° E. 
 
 Frldaythorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., 18 m. E. by N. York, 2 m. SW. Sledmere and Timber 
 stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Frldd Gate, stn., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Corris 
 Rly., 10 m. S. by E. Dolgelly. 
 
 Fride, in place names Fried, or Friede, from old German, 
 Vride, 'a hedge.' 
 
 Frldericla. See Frederlda. 
 
 Friedan, or Omio2, vil. , Austria, Styria, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Drave, 41 m. N. by E. Agram. P. <2ooo. 
 554 
 
 Frledberg, market-tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on the Moldau, 26 
 m. SW. by S. Budweis. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Frledberg, vil. , Austria, Styria, 27 m. SSW. Wiener Neustadt. 
 Alt. 1970 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Frledberg, tn. , Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, cap. circle F., 10 m. 
 NE. Homburg, 17 m. N. by E. Frankfurt; manufactures of 
 artificial manure, photographic chemicals, &c. P. 5300. 
 
 Frledberg bel Angsbnrg, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. 
 Upper Bavaria, 4 m. E. by S. Augsburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Frledebei^, tn. , Austria, Silesia, 45 m. N W. by W. Troppau. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Friedebei^, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle F., 44 m. 
 ENE. Kiistrin ; woollen manufactures. P. 5900. 
 
 Friedeberg (am Qneis), tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. 
 Liegnitz, circle Lowenberg, dist. Hirschberg. Alt. 1050 ft. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Frledeck, or Fr/dek, tn. , Austria, Silesia, 27 m. SE. Trop- 
 pau ; has manufactures of cotton, iron, and steel. P. 7400. 
 
 Frledenan, vil., Prussia, prov. Potsdam, dist. Berlin. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Friedenshiitte. See Benthen, Upper Silesia. 
 
 FriedensTlile, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lehigh co., 6 m. S. 
 Bethlehem ; with noted zinc-mines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Friedland, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 11 m. N. by E. Reichen- 
 berg ; seat of an extensive woollen industry ; on a steep basaltic 
 rock is the castle formerly owned by Wallenstein. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Friedland, tn., Austria, Moravia, 32 m. SE. Troppau. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Friedland, tn. , Ger. , Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 30 m. NE. by N. 
 Neu-Strelitz. P. 5600. 
 
 Friedland, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Alle, 28 m. SE. Konigsberg. Here the French defeated the 
 allied Russians and Prussians, June 14, 1807. Gives name to 
 a circle, the seat of administration of which is, however, at 
 Domnau. P. <300o. 
 
 Friedland, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 20 m. SW. by 
 S. Frankfurt. P. < 2000. 
 
 Friedland, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 50 m. SW. Breslau, 15 
 M. ENE. Trautenau (Bohemia). P. <3000. 
 
 Friedland, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 39 m. NW. Ratibor. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Friedland, INLarkisch-, and Preusslsch-, tns., Prussia. 
 See Sliirklsch-Frledland and Frenssisch-Friedland. 
 
 Friedland an der Mohra, vil., Austria, Moravia, dist. 
 Romerstadt ; has large iron- works. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Frledrlchroda, tn., Ger., duchy Saxe-Koburg-Gotha, in the 
 Thuringian Forest, 8 m. SW. Gotha. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Frledrlchsberg, colony, Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt. 
 Potsdam, dist. Berlin. P. 19,600. 
 
 Freidrichsfelde, comm., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 4 m. 
 ESE. Berlin. P. <:4000. 
 
 Friedricltsgraben, riv. , Prussia. See Fregel. 
 
 Friedrichsgriin, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, 
 dist. Wildenfels. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Frledrichshafen, formerly Bnehhom, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiir- 
 temberg, on the E. shore of Lake Constance, 13^ m. E. Con- 
 stance ; is a royal summer residence and a watering-place. 
 Alt. 1336 ft. Mean temp., yr. 47.6° F. , Jan. 30.4°, July 65.5°. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Frledrichshagen, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt. 
 Potsdam, circle Niederbarnim. P. 7900. 
 
 Friedriehshall, salt-mine, Ger. , principality of Saxe-Mein- 
 ingen, 9 m. W. by S. Koburg, worked since 1152 ; yields 
 Glauber and potash salts. 
 
 Frledrlchshof, vil., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 93 m. SSE. 
 Konigsberg, close to the frontier of Poland. P. <30oo. 
 
 Frledrlchstadt, tn., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, on 
 the Eider, 20 m. SW. by W. Schlesvrig. P. <30oo. 
 
 Frledrlchstadt (Lettish Jauua>Ielgawa), dist. tn., Russia, 
 govt. Courland, 72 m. E. of Mitau, near 1. bk. of Diina. P. 
 6800. 
 
 Frledrichsthal, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 37 m. SE. by S. 
 Treves ; has coal-mines and manufactures of glass. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Friedrlchswalde, post-tn., S. Australia, Light co., 55 m. 
 NNE. Adelaide. P. <isoo. 
 
 Frledrich-Wilhelms Bad, watering-place, Prussia, on 
 Rtigen I., near Lauterbach and Putbus. 
 
 Frledrlch-Wllhelnis Graben, canal, Prussia, govt. Frank- 
 furt, circle Lebus, joins the Spree and the Oder. 
 
 Friedrlch-Wllhclmshafen, natural harb. in Astrolabe Bay, 
 in the E. of New Guinea, in 5° 15' S. , formed by Schering Penin. , 
 and protected by two or three isls. at the mouth ; the principal 
 seat of activity of the German New Guinea Co. On Beliao, one 
 of the islands, an hospital for whites has been erected. 
 
 Frledsburg, vil. , Canada. See Sarepta. 
 
 Friend, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Saline co., 18 m. W. Crete by 
 rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Friendly Islands. See Tonga Islands. 
 
 Friendship, vil., U.S., New York, Allegany co., 6r m. SE. 
 Buffalo. P. < 1 500. 
 
FRIE — FROH 
 
 Friem Barnet, par. and tn. , Eng. , Middlesex, Enfield div. , 
 3 m. SE. by S. Bamet, close to Woodside Park stn. on the G. 
 N. R. P. 9200. 
 
 Friesacli, vil., Austria, Carinthia, 22 m. N. by E. Klagen- 
 furt. P. < 2000. 
 
 Frlesack, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 22 m. N. Brandenburg, 
 on the Kleiner Rhin, at the point where it is joined by the 
 F. (drainage) Canal. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Frlesche Gat, channel, Holland, between the isls. of Ame- 
 land and Schiermonnikoog, prov. Friesland. 
 
 Frlesenlielm, coram., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle Offen- 
 burg, 2 J m. N. Lahr. P. <3000. 
 
 Frlesenbelm, comm. , Ger. , Bavaria, govt. Palatinate of the 
 Rhine, 15 m. N. Spires (Speier). P. <50oo. 
 
 Friesland, prov. of the Netherlands, on the NE. side of the 
 Zuider Zee {g.v.), having landwards the provs. Groningen, 
 Drenthe, and Overijssel. Surface flat, and being in great part 
 below or near the level of the sea, its coasts are protected by 
 dykes. Much of it consists of sandy heaths, but in the N. and 
 W., where there is a rich soil, formerly sea-bottom, stretching 
 inland to Dokkum, Leeuwarden, and Sneek, are some pasture 
 lands, where live stock are reared. Lakes are numerous (Tjeuke 
 Meer, Sloter Meer, De Fluessen, with the Heeger Meer, Sneeker 
 Meer, &c.). Peat forms the principal fuel in use. Woollens 
 and fine linen fabrics, sailcloth, tiles, &c., are manufactured. 
 The chief exports are cattle and dairy produce. It is subdivided 
 into three arrs. ; principal towns, Leeuwarden, the capital, 
 Heerenveen, and Sneek, with Harlingen, Franeker, and Dokkum. 
 Area, 3320 sq. m. P. (1889) 335,558. See Netberlands, table. 
 
 Frlestborpe, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 10 m. 
 NE. Lincoln, i m. WNW. Wickenby stn. P. <25o ; eccles. par. 
 (F. wltli Snarford) P. <25o. 
 
 Frleston, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Frelston. 
 
 Frleth, hamlet, Eng. , Buckinghamshire, 8 m. SW. Wycombe. 
 See HamUedon. 
 
 Friczelaiid, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Roch- 
 dale par., with a stn. (Frlezlaiid) on L. & NW. R. P. <250o. 
 
 Frigate Island, W. Indies, belonging to the Grenadine 
 group, to the S. of Carriacou. 
 
 Frigate Isle, Indian Ocean, the most easterly of the Sey- 
 chelles, in 4° 32' S. and 56° E. , 2| m. long, 550 ft. high ; inhabited. 
 
 Frlgento, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 18 m. ESE. 
 Benevento. P. <4000. 
 
 Frlglllana, tn., Spain, prov. and 27 m. E. Malaga, near the 
 Mediterranean. P. <c4ooo. 
 
 Frllford, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, div. and 3^ m. W. Abingdon. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 FrH'sham, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 6 m. NE. New- 
 bury, 2 m. E. Hermitage stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Frlmley, par. , Eng. , Surrey, Chertsey div. , 9 J m. NW. by W. 
 Guildford, on the L. & SW. R. , PM.O. , and PT.O. (F. «reen) ; 
 7674 ac. P. -c 5300. 
 
 Frlndsbnry, par. , Eng. , Kent, i m. NNE. and included in 
 the pari. bor. of Rochester, close to Rochester and Strood stn. 
 P. 5100. 
 
 Frlng, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 12 m. NE. King's 
 Lynn, 2| m. SE. Sedgeford stn. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (F. wltli 
 Shernbornc) P. <c5oo. 
 
 Frlngford, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 6^ m. 
 WSW. Buckingham, 3I m. N. Marsh Gibbon and Poundon 
 stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Frlnstead, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 8 m. E. Maid- 
 stone, 3 m. NNE. Harrietsham stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Frlnton, par., Eng., Essex, Colchester div., on the E. ct., 
 9^ m. S. by W. Harwich, with stn. (F.-on-Sea) on the G. E. R., 
 P.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 Frlntrop, vil. , Prussia, prov. Diisseldorf, dist. Borbeck. P. 
 -<4000. 
 
 Frio, capes, Africa, Brazil. See Cabo Frio. 
 
 Frio, CO. , U.S. , Texas, in the S. , crossed in the N. by 29° N. , 
 and in the E. by 99° W. 
 
 Frloekbelm (fri'ok-6m, or fri'kgm), vil. , Scot. , Forfarshire, 6J 
 m. NNW. Arbroath, on the Arbroath and Forfar Rly. ; has 
 bleachworks, wood-turneries (producing chiefly mill-bobbins) 
 and stone quarries. PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Frlol, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and dist. Lugo. P. 8600. 
 
 Frlsanco, comm. , Italy, Venetia, prov. Udine, dist. Maniago. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Frlsby, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 8 m. E. by S. 
 Leicester. P. <25o. 
 
 Frlsby on tbe Wreak, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton 
 div. , 4 m. W. by S. Melton Mowbray, on the Wreak, and with 
 stn. (F.) on the M. R., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Frlscbo HaflT, Das ('The Freshwater Haven'), lagoon of 
 Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, between 54° 15' and 54° 45' N., 19° 15' 
 and 20° 25' E., separated from the Baltic by the Friscbe- 
 Nebmng, a tongue of land 38 m. in length by i m. in breadth, 
 and at the NE. extremity of which, at Pillau, it communicates 
 with the Baltic by a channel \ m. across. Length of the Haff, 
 SW. to NE. , 57 m. ; average breadth, 5 m. Depth in no place 
 
 more than 12 ft. It receives the Pregel and Passarge Rivers, and 
 two arms of the Vistula, at its delta. 
 
 Frisco, a popular colloquial name of San Francisco, U.S. 
 
 Frisco, vil., U.S., Utah, Beaver co., 105 m. NNE. from the 
 SW. corner of the terr. P. < 1500. 
 
 Friskney, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 11^ m. 
 NE. Boston, 3 m. SW. Wainfleet stn., PMT.O. ; 6844 ac. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Friskney Flat, sandbank, Eng. , on the SE. ct. of Lincolnshire. 
 
 FrLston, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 19 m. NE. by E. 
 Ipswich, and 3 m. SE. Saxmundham June, P.O. P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (F. wltb Snape) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Frlston, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 4 m. W. Eastbourne. 
 P. <25o. See Dean, East. 
 
 Frltcbley, hamlet, Eng., Derbyshire, Middle div., $\ m. SE. 
 by S. Matlock, 2 m. ESE. Whatstandwell Bridge stn., P.O. 
 
 Frttbam, hamlet, Eng. , Hampshire, New Forest div. , iij m. 
 SE. by S. Salisbury, 5^ m. ESE. Breamore stn., P.O. 
 
 Frith, in proper names. See Fiord. 
 
 Frltb, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Cheshire. See Wrenbury. 
 
 Frltb, vil. , Eng. , Durham. See Forest and Frltb. 
 
 Fritb Bank, hamlet, Eng., Lincolnshire, 3m. NNW. Boston, 
 included in the pari. bor. of Boston. 
 
 Fritbelstock, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 5 m. 
 S. Bideford, i^ ra. W. by S. Torrington stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Fritbs, The, uninhabited par., Eng., Lincolnshire, parts of 
 Holland, Boston union. 
 
 FrltbTllle, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 5 m. N. and included 
 in the pari bor. of Boston, 2J m. W. Sibsey stn. ; 4191 ac. P. 
 750. See Carrington. 
 
 Frittenden, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., io| m. S. by E. 
 Maidstone, 2 J m. SW. Headcorn stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Frltton, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 10 m. S. Norwich, 3I 
 m. E. Forncett stn., P.O. P. <:250. 
 
 Fritton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Lowestoft div., on the Waveney, 
 6 m. SW. Yarmouth, close to St. Olaves stn. i| m. from the stn. 
 is the lake (' broad ') called F. Decoy. See Broads. P. <5oo. 
 
 Frltwell, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 8 m. 
 SE. by S. Banbury, 2\ m. SSE. Aynho stn., P.O. P. <750- 
 
 Frltzlar, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle F., 16 m. 
 SW. Kassel. P. < 4000. 
 
 Frlnll, in Ger. Frlaul, a former prov. of Venetia, bounded 
 W. by the Livenza, and a spur of the Carnian Alps, now form- 
 ing the Italian prov. of Udine, along with the circle of Porto- 
 gruaro (prov. Venice). 
 
 Frlzlngball (fraiz'ing-hawl), vil. and stn., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, 2 m. N. Bradford, on the M. R. 
 
 Frlzlngton, vil. , Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 4^ m. 
 E. by S. Whitehaven, on the L. & NW. R. ; has iron ore (red 
 hematite) mines. PMT.O. Tn. (Arlecdon and F.) P. 5600. 
 
 Froblstaer Bay, Brit. N. America, between Hudson Strait 
 and Cumberland Bay, in 62°-64° N. and 65°- 73° W. ; length, 
 240 m. ; mean breadth, 20 m. ; its shores are abrupt, rugged, 
 and mountainous. 
 
 Frocester (fros'ter), par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Stroud div., 
 j\ m. N. by E. Wotton under Edge, on the M. R., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Frodesley (frodz'li), par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 7 J m. 
 S. by E. Shrewsbury, 2^ m. ESE. Dorrington stn. , P.O. P. 5250. 
 
 Frodlngbam, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 12 
 m. SE. Goole, with a stn. (F. and Scnntborpe) on the M. S. 
 & L. R. ; has iron ore mines and blast-furnaces. PM.O. ■ P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Frodlngbam, \ortb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Buckrose div., 15^ m. N. Hull, 4 m. E. Hutton Cranswick 
 stn., PM.O. P.<750. 
 
 Frodlngbam, Sontb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Holderness div., 2 m. SW. by W. Withernsea stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Frodsbam, market-tn. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 8^ m. 
 SW. Warrington, and 3 m. SSW. Runcorn, on the L. & NW. 
 R. ; has salt-works, stone-quarries, and manufactures of cotton. 
 PMT.O., and PT.O. (F. Bridge). P. (par. F. I^rd8blp)<: 
 2000; P. (par. F. Township) <3Soo; eccles. par. (F. with 
 Mauley) P. 5100. 
 
 Froges, comm., France, dep. Is^re, arr. Grenoble, between 
 Grenoble and Chamb^ry, with aluminium works. P. <20oo. 
 
 Froggatt, par., Eng., Derbyshire, on the Derwent, 5^ m. 
 NE. Bakewell. P.<2So. 
 
 Frogball, stn., Eng., Staffordshire, on the R. Churnet, and 
 N. Staffordshire Rly., 6^ m. SE. Leek ; has coal. P.O. 
 
 Frogmore, vil., Eng., Devonshire, 2 m. SE. Kingsbridge, 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Frogmore, eccles. par., Eng., Hertfordshire, 2 m. SE. Hemel 
 Hempstead, with a stn. (Park Street and F.) on the L. & NW. 
 R. Here is the tomb of the Prince Consort. PMT.O. (F. End). 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Frogmore, old copper-mining tp. , New South Wales, Mont- 
 eagle CO., 140 m. WSW. Sydney. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Frognal, stn., London. See Flnchley Road. 
 
 Fro Havet. See Fro Islands. 
 
 555 
 
FROH — FUEN 
 
 Frohborg, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 20 m. SSE. Leipzig. P. 
 <3000. 
 Frohiibansen, Prussia, Rhine Prov. See Altendorf. 
 
 Frolen, an isl. group, Norway, off the W. ct. , to the W. of 
 the entrance to the Trondhjem Fjord. 
 
 Frol Fjord, Norway. See NordQord. 
 
 Fro Islauds, in Norwegian Frooerne, group of small isls. , 
 Norway, prov. S. Trondhjem, crossed by 64" N. F. HaTet, a 
 channel between these islands and the mainland. 
 
 Frolssy, tn., France, dep. Oise, arr. Clermont, 11 m. NE. by 
 N. Beauvais. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Froland, comm. , Norway, prov. (amt) Nedenaes ; has large 
 iron- works. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Frome, riv. , Eng. , Dorsetshire. It rises in the W. of the 
 CO. , and flows SE. and E. past Dorchester into Poole Harbour, 
 at Wareham. 
 
 Frome, riv., Eng., Herefordshire, rises near the border of 
 Worcestershire, flows past Bromyard S. and SW. for 20 m. to 
 the Lugg, near its confluence with the Wye. 
 
 Frome, riv., Eng., Somerset, rises near Bruton, flows N. 
 past the town F., and joins the Avon between Bradford and 
 Bath, after a course of 20 m. 
 
 Frome, riv. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, rises a little to the S. of 
 Cheltenham, flows S. then W. past Stroud into the Severn, 7J 
 m. SW. Gloucester. Its valley is one of the principal seats of 
 the manufacture of W. of England cloth, and contains numerous 
 dye-works, the water of the river being peculiarly well adapted 
 for use in dyeing, especially in scarlet. 
 
 Frome, formerly F. Selwood, market-tn. and par. (till 1885 
 a pari. bor. ), Eng., Somerset, F. div., 11 m. S. by E. Bath; has 
 manufactures of cards for dressing woollen-cloth, broad-cloth, 
 and other fine woollens ; has stn. on the G. W. R. Alt. 342 ft. 
 Mean rfall. (1866-80), yr. 42.2 in. Market-days, W. and S. 
 Par. 7614 ac, P. 11,500 ; tn. P. 9600 ; pari. div. P. 53,600. 
 
 Frome, co. , S. Australia, crossed by 33° S. and 138° E. 
 
 Frome Billet, Eng. , Dorsetshire. See Stafford, West. 
 
 Fronientiiie, strait, France, between the W. ct. of the dep. 
 Vendee and Noirmoutier I. 
 
 Frome St. Qniutin, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , 9J m. 
 NW. by N. Dorchester, li m. S. Evershot stn. P. <25o ; eccles. 
 par. (F. St. anlntin Mltli Erersbot and Melbury Bubb) P. 
 <75o- 
 
 Frome Vaucburcb, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., on 
 the F., 7 m. NW. by W. Dorchester, close to Maiden Newton 
 stn. P. <:25o ; eccles. par. (F. Vancbnrcb yvith Batcombe) 
 P. <Soo. 
 
 Frome Whitfield, Eng. , Dorsetshire. See Dorcbester. 
 
 Frougocb, eccles. par., Wales, Merionethshire, vnth stn. on 
 the G. W. R., 20 m. E. Portmadoc, 3 m. NW. Bala, P.O. P. 
 <75o- 
 
 Fronsac, tn., France, dep. Gironde, on the r. bk. of the 
 Dordogne, 15 m. ENE. Bordeaux, arr. and 2 m. WNW. 
 Liboume. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fronteira, tn., Portugal, dist. and 21 m. SW. Portalegre, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Zatas. P. <3000. 
 
 Fronteuac, co., Canada, Ontario, stretching 75 m. NNW. 
 from the upper part of the Lake of the Thousand Islands. 
 
 Frontenac, vlL , U. S. , Minnesota, Goodhue co. , on Lake Pepin, 
 opposite Maiden Rock (Wis.), 19 m. by rail NW. Wabasha; 
 favourite summer resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fronteuay-Roban-Kobau, tn., France, dep. Deux Sevres, 
 arr. and 6 m. SW. Niort. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Frontera, seapt., Mexico, Tabasco, near the mouth of the 
 Usumacinta, 230 m. E. by S. Vera Cruz. 
 
 Frontier, co., U.S., Nebraska, crossed by 40 J° N., and in 
 the extreme E. by 100° W. 
 
 Frontignan, anct. Forum-Domitii, ' forum of Domitius', tn. , 
 France, dep. H^rault, on the S. ct. (Etang de Vic), 5 m. NE. 
 Cette, arr. and 14 m. SW. MontpeUier ; its vineyards almost de- 
 stroyed by the phylloxera, P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Fronton, tn., France, dep. Haute-Garonne, arr. Toulouse, 
 12 m. S. by E. Montauban. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Front Bange, range of mts., U.S., Colorado, in the N., 
 between Larimer co. and Grand co., in front (to the NE.) of 
 the Middle Park, between 40° 15' and 40° 30' N., 105° 40' and 
 106° W. ; has Long's Peak (above 14,000 ft. ) at its SE. end. 
 
 Front Koyal, viL , U.S. , Virginia, cap. Warren co. , on the S. 
 fork of the Shenandoah R. , 61 m. W. Washington (D. C). Alt. 
 495 ft. and 546 ft. (both R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Frooerne, small isls. , Norway. See Fro Islands. 
 
 Frose, viL, Ger., duchy Anhalt, 20 m. NNW. Eisleben, 2\ 
 m. ENE. Quedlinburg. P. <30oo. 
 
 Frosinone, tn., Italy, prov. Rome, 32 m. NNW. Gaeta, cap. 
 dist. F. P. 10,700. 
 
 Frosft, isL, Sweden, in Stor Lake, prov. (Ian) Jemtland, 
 joined to the town of Ostersund by a bridge. 
 
 Frosolone, coram., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 11 J m. 
 WNW. Campobasso, 56 m. W. by N. Foggia. P. 6000. 
 
 Frostbnrg, tn., U.S., Maryland, Allegany co., 30 m. E. by S. 
 of the N W. comer of the state. Alt. 1920 ft. ( R. R. ). P. <40oo. 
 55G 
 
 Frostenden, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 9 m. SW. by S. 
 Lowestoft, 4J m. ESE. Brampton stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Frosterley, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 
 on the 1. bk. of the Wear, 12 m. WNW. Bishop Auckland, 
 on the NE. R.; has lead ore mines and lead smelting works. 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fronard, comm., France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, on the 
 1. bk. of Moselle, arr. and 5 m. NW. by N. Nancy. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Froward, or Pnnta de Santa Agneda, the most S. point of 
 the mainland of S. America, in 53° 53' 43" S. and 71° 16' 30" 
 W. See Forward, Cape. 
 
 Frowleswortb, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div. , 
 9i ra. N. Rugby, 2 m. NNW. Ullesthorpe stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Froxfleld, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 3 m. WNW. 
 Petersfield stn., 14J m. E. by S. Winchester, P.O.; 4909 ac. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Froxfleld, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 14 m. SE. 
 Swindon, 3 m. W. Hungerford stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Froyle, or Upper Froyle, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Petersfield, 
 9^ m. SW. by W. Aldershot, 2^ m. W. Bentley stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Froyle, Lo-vrer, P. O. , i m. N. Upper Froyle. 
 
 Frozen Strait, Brit. N. America, between Southampton I. 
 and Melville Penin., in 63° 40' N. and 84^° W. ; average 
 breadth, 15 m. 
 
 Fmcble, Scot. , E. Fife. See Frencbie. 
 
 Fmges, tn., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. Montreuil, 17 
 m. SSW. St. Omer. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Frnln Water, small riv. , Scot. , Dumbartonshire, flows SE. 
 then E. into the lower end of Loch Lomond. 
 
 Fruit-HiU, electoral div., Ire., NE. co. Londonderry, bar. 
 Keenaght, 11 m. SW. by W. Coleraine. 
 
 Frnltport, viL, U.S., Michigan, Muskegon co., on Spring 
 Lake, 6 m. NE. Grand Haven ; has a mineral spring, and is a 
 favourite summer resort. P. <; 1500. 
 
 Frntigen, comm., Switzd., cant, and 27 m. SSE. Bern, in 
 F. valley. Alt. 2600-2715 ft. P. < 5000. 
 
 Fr^dek, tn. , Austria. See Friedeck. 
 
 Fryebnrg, tn., U.S., Maine, Oxford co., on Saco R., 49 m. 
 NW. Portland by rail; summer resort near the White Mts. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Fryeni Baruet. See Frleru Barnet. 
 
 Frycriiiiig, eccles. par., Eng., Essex, div. and 6 m. SW. 
 Chelmsford, i m. NW. Ingatestone (q.v.) stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Fryerstown, telegraph stn. , Victoria, Talbot co. , 27 m. S. 
 Sandhurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Frysztat, tn. , Austria. See Frelstadt. 
 
 Fryton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton 
 div., 16 m. NNE. York, i m. WSW. Slingsby stn. P.<2So. 
 
 Fu, or Foo, Chinese, ' provincial city. ' 
 
 Fua, tn. , EgjTJt, on the r. bk. of the Rosetta arm of the Nile, 
 opposite the June, of the Mahmudiye Canal, 37 m. E. Alexandria; 
 has several state factories. P. 9900. 
 
 Fnan, tn. , China. See Fongan. 
 
 Fabine, comm., Italy, prov. and 9 m. WNW. Alessandria. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Fnca, strait. See Juan de Fnca. 
 
 Fuceccbio, comm., Italy, Tuscany, on the Arno, prov. and 
 21 m. W. by S. Florence. P. 11,000. 
 
 Fucbou, or Fncbau, tn., China, Fokien. See Foocbo-w. 
 
 Fncbon, tn., China, Siichwan, on the r. bk. of the Yangtse- 
 kiang, and the 1. bk. of the Wu-kiang, 53 m. E. by N. Chung- 
 king, an important seat of trade, the Wu valley and those of 
 its tributaries affording the means of communication with provs. 
 Kweichou and Hunan. 
 
 Fncbon, tn., Manchuria, prov. Liautung, 75 m. S. by W. 
 Newchwang, on the E. shore of the Gulf of Liautung. 
 
 Fncbon, tn., China, prov. Kiangsi, 128 m. S. by E. Kiukiang; 
 important seat of trade in native paper. 
 
 Fncino, or Celano, former lake, Italy, Abruzzi, prov. Aquila, 
 35 m. SW. Chieti, 60.9 sq. m. in extent, drained and rendered 
 fit for cultivation by Prince Torlonia in 1854-76. The value 
 of the produce yielded by the area is now from ;^i5o,ooo to 
 ;^200,ooo annually, against less than ;^30oo yielded by the 
 former lake. 
 
 Fnda, or Fuday, small isL, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the 
 Sound of Barra (57° 2-3' N.), separated by the Sound of F. 
 from the N. penins. of Barra. P. 7. 
 
 Fndtblls, a restless and warlike tribe in the S. of Arabia, on 
 the coast, to the NE. of Aden. 
 
 Fuego, Spanish, /tjfo, Portuguese, /«<7<:^, Italian, y^«, French, 
 ' fire,' from L,a.tm/ociis. 
 
 Fnego, Volcano de (' Fire Volcano'), mt., Central America, 
 Guatemala, 20 m. W. the Volcano d'Agua ; has frequent erup- 
 tions. Alt. 13,000 ft. 
 
 Fnegos, one of the Philippine Is., Asiatic Archipelago, 30 m. 
 N. Mindanao, in 9° 12' N., 123° 40' E. ; 20 m. long, and 6 m. 
 broad ; so called from having a volcanic peak in its centre. 
 
 Fnencallente, comm., Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, 40m. NW. 
 by W. Linares, 40 m. SE. Almaden ; has sulphur-springs and 
 mines of argentiferous galena. P. <2ooo. 
 
FUEN — FULN 
 
 Fueiiglrola, fortified tn., on the S. ct. of Spain, prov. and 
 17 m. SW. Malaga. P. < 5000. 
 
 Fncnsallda, tn. , Spain, prov. and 16 m. NW. Toledo. P. 3100. 
 
 Faen-Santa, comm., Spain, prov. Jaen, 58 m. S. Cuenca. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Fuente, Spanish, ' a fountain' or ' well.' See Fonte. 
 
 Fnente Alamo, comm., Spain, prov. and 18 m. S. Murcia. 
 P. 8900. 
 
 Fnente de Cdntos, tn. , Spain, prov. and 54 m. SE. by S. 
 Badajoz ; has woollen factories. P. 7600. 
 
 FnentedelMae8tre,tn., Spain, prov. and 30 m. SE. Badajoz. 
 P. 6500. 
 
 Fnente, la, vil. , Morocco. See Fontl. 
 
 Fnente la Illgnera, tn., Spain, prov. Valencia, 43 m. NW. 
 Alicante. P. <4000. 
 
 Fnentelapeila, tn. , Spain, prov. and 29 m. SW. Zamora. 
 P. <300C. 
 
 Fnente OTeJnna, comm., Spain, prov. and 45 m. NW. 
 C6rdoba ; has mines of argentiferous galena. P. 8700. 
 
 Fnente Palmera, comm., Spain, prov. Cdrdoba, dist. 
 Posadas. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Fnenterrabla, or FontaraMa, French Fontarable, fortress, 
 Spain, prov. Guipiizcoa, at the mouth of the R. Bidassoa on 
 the French frontier, 9 m. E. by N. San Sebastian ; unsuccess- 
 fully attacked by the French under the Duke of Berg in 1638. 
 P. <5ooo. See Fonte. 
 
 Fnentesatitco, comm., Spain, prov. Zamora, 21 m. NE. by 
 N. Salamanca. Alt. 2750 ft. P. <400o. 
 
 Fnentes de Andalncia, tn., Spain, prov. and 35 m. E. 
 Seville. P. 7200. 
 
 Fnentes de Ledn, comm., Spain, prov. Badajoz, dist. 
 Fregenal de la Sierra. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Fnentes de Nava (or De Don Bermudo), tn., Spain, prov. 
 and 12 m. WNW. Palencia. P. <3000. 
 
 Fnentes de Onoro, tn., Spain, prov. Salamanca, 16 m. SW. 
 Ciudad Rodrigo. The scene (1811) of several engagements 
 between the English and French. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fnentldneiiia de Tajo, comm., Spain, prov. Madrid, on 
 the r. bk. of the Tag^s, 21 m. ENE. Aranjuez. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fnerte, small isl., S. America, off the NW. ct. of Colombia, 
 in the Caribbean Sea, 86 m. SSW. Cartagena, to the SW. of 
 the mouth of the Morrosquillo Bay, in 9° 9' N. 
 
 Fnerte, tn. , Mexico, Sinaloa, 170 m. SW. Chihuahua, on the 
 Rio de F. , which flows SW. into the Gulf of California. P. 3000. 
 
 Fnerte, Klo de, riv. , Mexico, Sinaloa, which enters the Gulf of 
 California, in 25° 50' N. , after a W. courseof about io8m. P. 3000. 
 
 Fnerte de Andalgalii, tn., Argentine Republic, Catamarca, 
 82 m. SW. by W. Tucuman ; with important silver-mines. 
 
 Fnerte Ventnra, or Forteventnra, one of the Canary Is. , 
 in the E. of the Archipelago, separated from Lanzarote in the 
 N. by the channel of Bocaina ; NW. point in 28° 42' N., 14° i' 
 W. ; cap. Betancuria, near W. coast. 
 
 Fnerty, par., Ire., W. co. and 3 m. W. by S. Roscommon, 
 bar. N. Athlone, P.O. ; 13,476 ac. P. <:2000. 
 
 Fnga, one of the Philippine Is. , Babuyanes group, 25 m. N. 
 Luzon, in 19° N., 121° 20 E. 
 
 Fngglestone St. Peter, par., Eng., Wiltshire, near Wilton, 
 P. < 1500; eccles. par. (F. ivith Bemerton) P. < 1500. 
 
 Fnghda, tn., Tripoli, Fezzan, 190 m. NE. Murzuk. Alt. 
 5180 ft. 
 
 Fnglo, one of the Faroe Is. , 25 m. E. Stromo. 
 
 Fnglo, group of isls. , Norway, Finmark, in the Arctic Ocean, 
 50 m. NE. Tromso, in 70° 18' N., 20° 40' E. ; dangerous to 
 shipping. 
 
 Fngnan, tn. , Eastern China. See Fungan. 
 
 Fnliklen, prov. , China. See Fokien. 
 
 Fnhlsbiittel, vil. , Ger. , belonging to and near the town of 
 Hamburg, on the r. bk. of the Alster. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ftthnen, or Fttnen, isl. See Fyen. 
 
 Fn-lto, riv. , China, Kwangsi. See Tan-kiang. 
 
 Ftihr, ' a way' or ' passage.' See Fakr. 
 
 Fnlt-sban, China. See Fachan. 
 
 FnJino-yaina,or Fnjl-yama, less properly Fnsino-yama, or 
 Fnsi-yama, with Chinese termination Fuji-san, the highest 
 mountain in Japan, 60 m. SW. Tokyo, from which it is visible, 
 a remarkably regular snow-capt volcanic cone ; last eruption in 
 1707, but found to be giving out steam in 1880. Alt. variously 
 estimated. According to Milne ( Trans. Seismological Society, 
 Japan, IX. p. 73), the most probable alt. is between 12,400 and 
 12,450 ft., the mean, between which has been adopted by 
 Naumann. Rein's, alt. {b.) is equivalent to 12,285 ft. 
 
 Fnjlsawa, tn., Japan, prov. Sagami (SW. of Tokyo). P. 
 6600. 
 
 Fn-kiang, riv., China, Siichwan, flovre SE. into the Kialing- 
 kiang, which it joins in 30° 3' N., 106° 40' E. at Ho-chou ; 
 navigable. 
 
 Fnklen, prov. , China. See Fokien. 
 
 Fnkna Jebel. See Jebel Fnkna. 
 
 Fnkne, tn., Japan, on the small island of Goto, 65 m. W. 
 Nagasaki. 
 
 Fnknl, tn., Japan, near the NW. ct. of Honshiu, 86 m. 
 NNE. Kyoto. P. 39,200. 
 
 Fnknoka, tn. and rly. stn., Japan, Honshiu, prov. {kuni) 
 Mutsu, 50 m. SE. by S. Aomori. P. < 3000. 
 
 Fnknoka, tn. and rly. stn., Japan, Kiushiu, 65 m. NNE. 
 Nagasaki, cap. of F. ken. P. (end of 1887) 53,800. 
 
 Fnknshima, tn. and rly stn. , Japan, prov. {kuni) Oshima, 
 cap. ken F. , Honshiu, 85 m. E. Niigata. P. 9700. 
 
 Fnkuyama, tn. and rly. stn. , Japan, on the S. ct. of Honshiu, 
 112 m. W. by S. Kobe. P. 14,700. 
 
 Fnknyama, Matsmal, or Matsumal, seapt., Japan, Yezo, 
 on Tsugaru Strait, 35 m. SW. by W. Hakodate. P. (1887) 11,400. 
 
 Fnkwok, isl. , in the Gulf of Siam, near its E. ct. , in 104° E. , 
 just N. of 10° N. ; high and wooded. Length, 34 m. ; greatest 
 breadth, 16 m. 
 
 Fnladngn, dist. , French W. Africa, to the S. of the Gambia, 
 between about 14° and 15° W. ; the original country of the Fulah, 
 or Fulbe, nation. 
 
 Fnladngn, region, French W. Africa, between about 9° and 
 10° W. and 12° 40'- 1 3^° N. 
 
 Fnlah, or Fnlbe, people, Africa. See Fellata. 
 
 Fnlbeck ('dirty stream,' from Anglo-Saxon, ful, 'dirty'), 
 par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 9^ m. E. by S. 
 Newark, i m. N. Caythorpe stn., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Fnlbonm, par., Eng., Cambridge, Newmarket div., 4^ m. 
 ESE. Cambridge, with stn. (Fnlbonrne) on the G. E. R., 
 PMT.O. ; 5263 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fnlbrook, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 12 m. W. byS. 
 Woodstock, 5 m. NN W. Bampton stn. P. < 500. See Bnrford. 
 
 Fnlbrook, par., Eng. , Warwickshire, 4 m. NE. Stratford-on- 
 Avon. P. <25o. 
 
 Fnlda, riv. , Ger. , one of the headwaters of the Weser, rises 
 in the Rhongebirge, flows on the whole N. through the E. of 
 Hesse-Nassau, E. of the Vogelsgebirge, then passing Fulda, 
 Hersfeld, and finally Kassel, uniting with the Werra at Munden ; 
 total length; no m. 
 
 Fnlda, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse- Nassau, circle F. , on R. Fulda, 
 45 m. E. Giessen ; an early seat of culture, important in the 
 Christianising of Germany. Long the seat of an abbey imme- 
 diately dependent on the empire ; since 1752 seat of a bishop. 
 P. (1871) 9500; (1890) 13,100. 
 
 Fnldera, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 26 m. E. by N. St. 
 Moritz, in the Miinster-thal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fnlfen, par., Eng., Staffordshire, near Lichfield. P. <25o. 
 
 Fnlford, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 6 m. SE. 
 Stoke-upon-Trent, 2 m. S. by W. Blyth Bridge stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Fnlford, S. suburb of the city of York, Eng., partly in- 
 cluded within the city, PMT.O. Eccles. par. (F. St. Oswald) 
 P. <5ooo. See also Gate Fnlford and Water Fnlford. 
 
 Fnlham, par. , Eng. , London co. , F. div. , on the 1. bk. of the 
 Thames, 5 m. SW. by W. St. Paul's, London, with stns. (Putney 
 Bridge and Parson's Green) on the Metropolitan District Rly. 
 The palace of F. , a residence of the Bishops of London since 
 the time of Henry VII., is surrounded by beautiful grounds and 
 encircled by a moat communicating with the Thames. The par. 
 now forms a pari. bor. P. 91,600. 
 
 Fnltaam, post-tn., S. Australia, a W. suburb of Adelaide. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Fnllgno. See Foligno. 
 
 Fnlin, tn., China, Siichwan, to the N. of the Tatu-ho, 120 
 m. SW. by S. Chengtu-fu, situated in a valley surrounded by 
 high mountains. Alt. 2150 ft. Proc. R. G. S., 1891, p. 334. 
 
 Fnllarton, eccles. par., Scot., Ayrshire, Dundonald par. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Fnllarton, suburb of Adelaide, S. Australia. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Fnllarton, tn., Scot., NW. Lanarkshire, 3^ m. E. by S. 
 Glasgow, I m. NW. Carmyle stn. P. <75o. See Tollcross. 
 
 Fnllaway, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, 4 m. NE. Devizes. P. <25o. 
 
 Fnllerton, hamlet, Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., on the 
 Test, 9 m. NW. Winchester, with a stn. (F. Jnnctlon) on the 
 L. & SW. R. 
 
 Fnllerton, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Nance co., on the Loup R. , 
 103 m. W. Omaha. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fnlletby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 9 m. S. 
 by W. Louth, 3I m. NE. Horncastle stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Fnll Sntton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 9jm. E. by N. York, i^m. N. Fangfoss stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Fnllwood, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 4 m. 
 SW. Shefiield, P.O. P.<20oo. 
 
 Fnlly, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, 3 m. NE. by N. Martigny. 
 
 P. <20OO. 
 
 Fnlmer, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div. , 5J m. 
 NNE. Windsor, 3 m. WNW. Uxbridge stn,, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Fnlmodestone (ful'mo-ston), par., Eng., Norfolk, 5fW. 
 div., 4 m. E. Fakenham, 23 m. E. by N. King's Lynn, P.O. 
 P. <:soc. 
 
 Fnlneck, vil, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 5^ m. E. 
 Bradford, P.O. 
 
 Fnlnek, tn., Austria, on the N. frontier of Moravia, 16 m. 
 S. Troppau. P. <4ooo. 
 
 557 
 
FULN — FURN 
 
 Fnlnetby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, parts of Lindsey, 3 m. 
 NW. Wragby. P. <25o. See Baud. 
 
 Fttlopgz^ll&8, comm. , Hungarj^ co. Pest-Pitis-Solt-Kis-Kun, 
 dist. Kiskun felso. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Fnlshaiv, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Knutsford div. , 6 m. N W. 
 Macclesfield, PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fnlstone, urban sanitary dist. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 near Holmfirth, comprising most of the civil par. of Foolstone. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Fnlstow, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , and 6 m. 
 N. Louth, i^ m. NE. by E. Ludborough stn., PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Fulton, CO. , U. S. , Arkansas, on N. frontier, crossed by 92° W. 
 
 Fulton, viL, U.S., Arkansas, Hempstead co., on the Red R. , 
 124 m. SW. Little Rock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fulton, CO., U.S. Georgia, crossed by 34° N., and between 
 84° and 85° W. 
 
 Fulton, city, U.S., Illinois, Whiteside co., on L bk. of 
 Mississippi R., 50 m. SE. by S. Dubuque (lo.). P. <30oo. 
 
 Fulton, CO., U.S., Illinois, N. of 40° N., and crossed in E. 
 by 90° W. 
 
 Fulton, CO. , U.S. , Indiana, crossed by 41° N. , and in extreme 
 E. by 86° W. 
 
 Fulton, tn., U.S., Kentucky, F. co., 47 m. SW. Paducah by 
 rail P. <2ooo. 
 
 Fulton, city, U.S., Missouri, Callaway co., 22 m. NE. by N. 
 Jefferson City. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Fulton, CO., U.S., New York, in the E., W. of 74° W., 
 crossed in the S. by 43° N. 
 
 Fulton, viL, U.S., New York, Oswego co., 11 m. SSE. 
 Oswego, on the Oswego Canal ; has numerous factories. P. <; 
 5000. 
 
 Fulton, CO., U.S., Ohio, in the NW., on the N. frontier, 
 crossed in the E. by 84° N. 
 
 Fulton, settlement, U.S., Oregon, Multnomah co., near 
 Willamette R., 3 m. S. Portland. 
 
 Fulton, CO. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, on the S. frontier, crossed by 
 78° W. 
 
 Fulton, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Ohio co., i m. E. Wheehng. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 FnltonTllle, viL, U.S., New York, Montgomery co., on the 
 Erie Canal and the r. bk. of the Mohawk R., 40 m. WNW. 
 Troy. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 FultouTille, settlement, U.S., Oregon, Wasco co., at the 
 confluence of the Deschutes and Columbia Rivs. , 88 m. E. by 
 N. Portland. 
 
 Fulnps, or Felnps, negro tribe, Senegambia, on the Atlantic 
 ct. between the estuary of the Gambia on the N. and the Rio 
 Sao Domingo or Cacheo R. on the S. , between about 13° 30' 
 and 12° 30' N. 
 
 Fnlwell, stn. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire. See Westbnry. 
 
 Fulwell, par., Eng., Durham, Houghton-le-Spring div., on 
 the coast, i^ m. N. Sunderland, i m. NNE. Monk Wearmouth 
 stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Fulwell, stn. , Eng. , Middlesex, Brentford div. , on the L. & 
 SW. R., 12 m. WSW. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Fulwood, par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, in pari. bor. of 
 Preston, with a stn. on the L. & NW. and L. & Y. Joint Rlys. 
 P. <4300- 
 
 Fulwood, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, 6J m. NW. Mans- 
 field. P. <:25o. 
 
 Fulwood, viL, Scot, Lanarkshire, part of Clydesdale {g.v.). 
 
 Fumal, comm. , Belgium, prov. Li^ge, on the M6haigne, 16 
 m. NE. by E. Namur. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Fnmay, tn., France, dep. Ardennes, on the r. bk. of the 
 Meuse, arr. and 10 m. ENE. Rocroy. P. <500o. 
 
 Fumel, tn., France, dep. Lot-et-Garoime, arr. Villeneuve- 
 sur-Lot, on the Lot, 27 m. NE. .Agen. P. <3000. 
 
 Fnmun, Chinese name of the Bocca Tigris. See Canton B. 
 
 Funabashl, tn., Japan, in the NW. of Tokyo Bay, to the E. 
 of Tokyo. P. 19,200. 
 
 Funehal ('a field of fennel'), chief tn. of Madeira I., on the 
 S. ct., a calling place for steamers to the Cape, in 32° 3/ N. 
 and 16° 54' W. F. is the seat of the governor and a bishop, and 
 has regular steamer communication with England; steamers 
 can anchor at 2-2^ cables from the beach in 8-12 fathoms, and 
 are loaded and discharged by lighters. Rfall. (i6 yrs. ), 29.21 in. 
 P. 19,800. 
 
 Fundfto, tn. , Portugal, prov. Beira, 36 m. SW. Guarda. P. 
 <3ooo; of coram. P. 26,700. 
 
 Fnudenliall, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 9^ m. SW. by S. 
 Norwich, close to Ashwellthorpe stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Fuuderlln, Lougb, lake. Ire., in the SW. of co. Westmeath, 
 12^ m. NE. by E. Attdone. 
 
 Fundi. See Fondl. 
 
 Fuiidy, Bay of, inlet of the Atlantic, separating Nova Scotia 
 from New Brunswick, in 44° N. ; length, SW. to NE. , 100 m. ; 
 average breadth 35 m. At its upper end it forks into Chignecto 
 Bay, running NE. , and Minas Channel and Basin, nmning nearly 
 due E. , Chignecto Bay, forking again into Shepody Bay to the 
 W., and Cumberland Basin to the E. Passamaquoddy Bay 
 556 
 
 opens into it near its mouth. The Bay of Fundy is deep, but 
 its navigation is dangerous, on accoimt of the rapid rise of the 
 tides, which are the highest in the world, attaining in Shepody 
 Bay a height of 50-60 ft. It receives the St. John and St. Croix 
 Rivers. See Jfova Seotla. 
 
 Fiineu Island, Denmark. See Fyen. 
 
 Fiinf Iians, a SW. suburb of Vienna, Austria, P. 40,000. 
 
 Fiinrklrctaen (' five churches,' German, in Hungarian P^c»), 
 royal free tn., Hungary, cap. prov. Baranya, 69 m. W. Maria- 
 TheresiopeL Alt. 523 ft. Mean temp., yr. 51.4 F., Jan. 29.2°, 
 July 70.7". P. (1850) 15,300 ; (1869) 23,900 ; (1890) 34,100. 
 
 Fnngan, Fuguan, or Fnan, tn. , Eastern China, prov. Fokien, 
 84 m. NNE. Foochow. The Christian commimity of F. is one 
 of the most ancient and flourishing of the prov. 
 
 FungUanhlau, tn. , China, prov. Kiangsu, on Hangchow 
 Bay, 25 m. SSE. Shanghai. 
 
 Fuughwang-clilng, walled city, Manchuria, 102 m. SSEi. 
 Mukden, carries on a good country trade, and is otherwise a 
 populous and important place. It is the first station at which, 
 on the occasion of the passage of the embassy from Korea to 
 Peking, the Korean and Chinese officials exchange courtesies. 
 
 Fnugn Klsimkasl. See Latbam Island. 
 
 Fung yang, tn., China, prov. Nganhwei, 98 m. NW. by W. 
 Nanking, a Uttle to the S. of the Hwei-ho. 
 
 Funlng, tn., China, prov. Pechili, 160 m. E. Peking. 
 
 Funlng, tn., E. ct. China, prov. Fokien, 70 m. NE. by N. 
 Fuchou (Foochow). 
 
 Funln-shan, range of mts., China, prov. Honan, forming 
 an easterly continuation of the Tsin-hng-shan, trending W. to 
 E. then SE. , between the basins of the Hwang-ho and Hwei-ho, 
 and that of the Yangtse-kiang. 
 
 FunJ, negro tribe. Nubia, between the White and Blue Nile, 
 in Sennar and Fazokl. 
 
 Funkstown, viL, U.S., Maryland, co. and 57 m. NW. by 
 N. Washington (D. C). P. < 1500. 
 
 Funnel Hill, fort and hiU, India. See Karn&la. 
 
 Foutlugton, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 4I m. NW. by W. 
 Chichester, 2§ m. N. Boshamstn., P.O. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Funza, tn. , Colombia, former cap. of the southern Muyscas, 
 Cundinamarca state, 10 m. NW. Bogota (g.v.). P. in the time 
 of Quesada 80,000 - 100,000 ; at present not more than 3000. 
 Alt. 8450 ft. 
 
 i^M^cf, Italian, 'fire.' See Fue^o. 
 
 Furat, or Fnrad, riv. See Euphrates. 
 
 Fnrbogh, electoral div. , Ire. , Galway, dist. Spiddle. 
 
 Fnrca, or Furka, pass. See Alps, Passes, VII. (6) (i). 
 
 Fiired, or Balaton-Fiired, viL, Hungary, co. Zala, on the 
 NW. side of Lake Balaton, 65 m. SW. Budapest ; is a watering- 
 place, and has a whey cure establishment. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Fiired, Htmgarian, 'a bath,' or 'watering-place.' 
 
 Furens, riv. or torrent, France, dep. Loire, flows past St. 
 Etienne {q.v.) into the Loire. 
 
 Fure-8ee, large lake, Denmark, Seeland I. , NW. of Copen- 
 hagen. 
 
 Furka, pass. See Alps, Passes, VII. [b) (i). 
 
 Furlo Pass. See Apennines, C. 
 
 Furnace, isL, Ire., W. co. Galway, at the S. entrance to 
 Kilkieran Bay. 
 
 Furnace, viL, Scot., Argyllshire, on the W. shore of Loch 
 Fyne, 14 m. NE. Ardrishaig, P.MT.O. 
 
 Furnace, P.O., Wales, Carmarthenshire, i m. from Llanelly. 
 
 Furnace End, P.O., Eng., 3 m. firom Whitacre Junction, 
 Warwickshire. 
 
 Furnas, co., U.S., Nebraska, on the S. frontier, crossed by 
 100° W. 
 
 Furueaux, or Flinders Islands, group, Australasia, in Bass 
 Strait, between Tasmania and Australia; lat. 40° S., long. 
 148° E. They consist of three or four large and many smaller 
 islands ; Fhnders I. , the principal, being 46 m. long by 10 m. 
 broad. Cape Barren, Clarke, Hummock, and Babel Is. are 
 those next in size. Flinders and Clarke Is. are hilly, and have 
 peaks 2500 ft. above the sea. Soil sandy and vegetation feeble. 
 Discovered by the English navigator Furneaux in 1773. 
 
 Furueaux, isl. , in the Pacific, 17° S. , 143° 6' W. 
 
 Furneaux Pelluuu, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 
 12 m. NE. by N. Hertford, 3^ m. E. Westmill stn., P.O. P. 
 <:75o. See Brent Pelliam. 
 
 Furuer, settlement, S. Australia, Grey co., 55 m. NW. of 
 the SE. corner of the colony. 
 
 Fnrner's Green, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Dane Hill, Sussex. 
 
 Fumes, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, at jimction of 
 several canals, near the North Sea, 26 m. WSW. Bruges. P. 
 5500. 
 
 Fnmess, a manorial liberty of Eng. , Lancashire, in the NW. , 
 forming a promontory on the Irish Sea; is a rugged region, 
 mostly covered with imderwood. The pop. is mostly employed 
 in iron-mines and furnaces, slate quarries, and charcoal burning. 
 
 Fnmess Abbey, picturesque ruin, Eng., Lancashire, included 
 in the pari. bor. of and 2 m. NNE. Barrow, with a stn. on the 
 Furness Rly. (Carnforth to Whitehaven, with branches to 
 
FURR — GABA 
 
 Ambleside and Coniston). The abbey was built by Norman 
 monks at the suggestion of King Stephen (twelfth century), j 
 PM.O. I 
 
 Fnruess Bank, sandbank, Eng., off the NW. ct. of Lanca- 
 shire, in the W. of Morecambe Bay. 
 
 Furness Vale, stn. , Eng. , Cheshire, on the L. & NW. R. , 
 8i m. SE. by E. Stockport ; has coal. PM.O. 
 
 "Furnlval's Inn, par., Eng., London co., in Finsbury pari, 
 bor. , and partly in the city of London. P. <25o. 
 
 Fnrreeddb&d. See FarldAbdd. 
 
 Furreedpore, dist. and tn., Brit. India. See Farldpnr. 
 
 Furroor, tnld., Ire., co. Clare, bar. Islands, Clonagad par. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Fiirrnckabad, Fnrracknuggnr, India. See Farnkb&bdd, 
 Farakluiagar. 
 
 Fiirst, German, ' a prince, or ' first in rank.' 
 
 Fiirstenberg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Oder, 14 m. SSE. Frankfurt. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Fiirstenberg, tn. , Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 13 m. S. by E. Neu- 
 Strelitz. P. <3000. 
 
 Fiirstenfeld, tn., Austria, Styria, 31 m. E. Graz. P. <sooo. 
 
 Fiirstenfelde, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 10 m. W. by 
 W. Kiistrin. P. <3000. 
 
 Fdrstenwalde, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, on the 
 Spree, 20 m. W. Frankfurt; seat of woollen manufactiu-es. 
 Tn. P. 12,800 ; comm. P. 12,900. 
 
 Fttrstllcta-Langenan. See Langenan. 
 
 Furt, or Furth, German. See Ford. 
 
 Fttrtb, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle Franconia, at 
 the confluence of the Rednitz and Pegnitz, 4 m. WNW. Nurem- 
 berg. P. 43,200. 
 
 Furth, tn., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, 39 m. NE. 
 by E. Ratisbon ; close to the pass by which the railway to Pilsen 
 crosses the Bohemian Forest. P. <4000. 
 
 Fortho, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, ']\ m. NE, 
 Buckingham, 2 m. WSW. Castlethorpe stn. P. <250. 
 
 Furt-fvangen, tn., Ger., Baden, 17 m. E. by N. Freiburg; 
 manufactures wooden wares, clocks, straw-plait. P. <3000. 
 
 Fnrnhlra, tn., Japan, in the SW. of Yezo ; with silver mine. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Fumkaiva, tn., Japan, Honshiu, 125 m. ENE. Niigata. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Fnry-and-Hecla Strait, in the N. of Canada, leads N. , con- 
 necting Fox Channel wath Boothia Gulf. 
 
 Fnry Point, Arctic America, on W. side of N. Somerset I. , 
 in 72° 40' N., 91° 55' W. 
 
 Furze Piatt, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Maidenhead. 
 
 Furzy Park and Porttield, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, in 
 bor. of Haverfordwest. P. <c25o. 
 
 Fusagasnga, large vil., Colombia, state of Cimdinamarca, 
 dep. and 25 m. SW. Santa F6 de Bogotd. P. 8000. 
 
 Fusan, treaty port, Korea, on the SE. ct., in 35° 6' N., at 
 head of Bay of Chosan, or Chao-sian, protected on the NE. by 
 Cape Young Penin. (Kai-un-po), and at the mouth by Deer I. 
 (Tsiel-yong-to) ; affords excellent anchorage. Mean temp. (2J 
 yrs., 1884-86), yr. 54.5° F., Jan. 33.0°, Aug. 76.8°. 
 
 Fnsaro, the ancient Acheron, lake, Italy, prov. and 11 m. 
 W. Naples, on the penin. of BaicB. 
 
 Fnscaldo, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, on the W. ct., 
 46 m. NW. Catanzaro. P. 9900. 
 
 Fnseno-nmi, bay on the N. ct. of Honshiu, Japan, in 137°- 
 137° 20° E. ; also called Toyama Bay. 
 
 Fnshan, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, on the strait of Pechili, 
 10 m. W. by N. Chefoo (Chifu). 
 
 Fnshiebrldge, vil. , Scot. , Midlothian, on Gore Water, and 
 on the N. B. R., \\ m. SSE. Dalkeith. 
 
 Fusliikl, tn., Japan, on the NW. ct. of Honshiu, 130 m. 
 SW. by W. Niigata. P. <5000. 
 
 Fusliiml, tn., Japan, Honshiu, 6 m. SE. by E. Kyoto. P. 
 20,600. 
 
 Fushnn-bslen, tn., China, Such wan, on the To-kiang R., 
 100 m. W. by S. Chungking. 
 
 Fusiguano, comm., Italy, prov. Ravenna, circle Lugo, 30 
 m. SE. Ferrara. P. 5700. 
 
 Fusino-yama, Fusl-yama. See Fujino-yams. 
 
 Fttssen, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Lech, 55 m. S. by W. Augsburg. P. <30oo. 
 
 Futa Jallon, a W. African Fellata sultanate, now belonging 
 to French W. Africa. It is situated between the Upper Niger 
 and the coast. It is a mountainous country, and both Senegal 
 and Gambia take their rise in F. J. It is fertile, well adapted 
 for cattle-rearing and agriculture, and although at present its 
 resources are but little developed, it is regarded as one of the 
 most valuable parts of the French West- African terrs. Places 
 of importance are Timbo, Labi, and Tubah. See Fellata. 
 
 Fntak, <S (' old'), vil., Hungary, on the 1. bk. of the Danube, 
 6 m. W. Neusatz. P. 5000; with UJ ('new') F. 8900. 
 
 Futa, La, pass. See Apennines, B. 
 
 Futslng, tn., China, prov. Fokien, on the E. ct., 25 m. S. 
 Foochow. 
 
 Fnttehpoor, Futtypoor, Fnttygurh, India. See Fateb- 
 pur, Fatebgarta. 
 
 Fntterlll, vil., Eng., Gloucestershire, 6 m. from Lydney stn., 
 with coal-mining. 
 
 Fuur, or Fnurland, isl., Denmark, in the N. of Jutland, 
 in the Liim Fjord, 30 m. NW. Viborg, crossed by 9° E. 
 
 Fiizes-Abony, vil., Hungary, comm. Heves, 10 m. S. by E. 
 Erlau. P. <5000. 
 
 Fiizes-Ciyarniat, vil., Hungary, co. B^k^s, dist. and 6 m. 
 N. Szeghalom. P. 7800. 
 
 Fuflu, vil., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, 13 m. E. Fiume. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Fwambo, viL, Nyassa-land, about 21 m. ESE. of the S. end 
 of Lake Tanganyika (Abercorn), station of London Missionary 
 Society. Alt. 5300 ft. 
 
 Fwddog, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, 8 m. SE. Ross. P. <250. 
 
 Fyansford, post-tn. , Victoria, Grant co. , 3 m. N W. Geelong. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Fyen, or Fyn ('fine'), Ger. FiUuien, or Fiinen, the latter 
 of which names is often Anglicised into Funen, Latin Fionia, 
 an isL in the Baltic, and, next to Zealand, the largest of the 
 Danish Is., between 55° 4' and 55° 38' N., 9° 44' and 10° 53' 
 E., separated from Seeland E. by the Great Belt, and from the 
 mainland W. by the Little Belt. Surface undulating ; hilly in 
 the W. and SW. Shores greatly indented. In the NE. the 
 Odense Fiord receives the Odense, the principal river, 35 m. 
 in length. Towns, Odense, Svendborg, and Nyborg. See 
 Denmark. 
 
 Fyfe Barnett, Queensland. See Mount Perry, 
 
 Fyfleld (fai'flld), par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 4J m. W. 
 by N. Abingdon, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Fyfleld, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., on the Roothing, 
 8i niv W. Chelmsford, 2^ m. NE. Ongar stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Fyfleld, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 4J m. W. by N. 
 Andover, 14 m. NE. Salisbury, i m. W. by N. Weyhill stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Fyfleld, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Devizes div. , 9 J m. S. Svidndon, 
 2^ m. W. Marlborough. P. <25o. See Overton. 
 
 Fyfln, P.O., Ire., co. Tyrone, 4 ra. from Castlederg. 
 
 FyUugdales(fai' — ), ct. par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. 
 and 5 m. SE. by S. Whitby, i m. from Robin Hood's Bay 
 stn. ; 6325 ac. P. < 1500. F. Moor is an uninhabited tract of 
 7002 ac. common to the pars, of F. and Hawsker with Stainsacre. 
 
 Fyllug Hall, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, Whitby div., on the 
 NE. R., si m. SSE. Whitby. 
 
 Fylton, Eng. , Gloucestershire. See Fllton. 
 
 Fyn, riv., Eng., Suffolk, trib. of the Deben, which it joins on 
 the r. bk. about i m. below Woodbridge. 
 
 Fyne Loch, the anct. Lelannonius Sinus, an inlet of the sea, 
 Scot., CO. Argyle, commencing between the Isles of Bute and 
 Arran, and running up between the dists. Kintyre and Cowal 
 for about 40 m. , with an average breadth of 5 m. It receives 
 at its head the short R. Fyne. Shores deeply indented. The 
 loch is noted for its herring fishery. 
 
 Fysingen, lake, Sweden, prov. (Ian) Stockholm ; has two 
 royal seats on its shores. 
 
 Fyvle (fai'vi), par., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on the Ythan, 
 10 m. N. Inverurie, i m. SE. of its stn. on the G. N. of S, R. , 
 PMT.O. ; 29,586 ac. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Fyz4bild, India and Afghanistan. See Falzdb&d. 
 
 G 
 
 Craabensc, vil. and ferry stn., Denmark, on the N. ct. of 
 Falster I. 
 
 Caaben-sund, strait, Denmark, between the isls. Seeland 
 and Falster. 
 
 Gaarden, vil. , Prussia, Schleswig-Holstein, adjoining Keil on 
 the S. P. 10,500. 
 
 Ciaasterland, comm., Netherlands, in the SW. of prov. 
 Friesland, on the N. shore of the Zuider Zee. P. 5600. 
 
 GaasTar, group of small flat isls. in the Arctic Circle, about 
 7 m. from the coast of Norway ; has a herring fishery. 
 
 dabalTa, eccles. par., Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. NE. 
 Llandaff. P. < 1000. 
 
 Gabarret, tn., France, dep. Landes, arr. Mont-de-Marsan, 
 34 m. WSW. Agen. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Ciabarns Bay, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I. , on the 
 E. ct. , in 45° 47'-52' N. 
 
 559 
 
GABA — GAIN 
 
 Ctabas, riv. , France, a 1. bk. trib. of the Adour, which it joins 
 near St. Sever, in dep. Landes. 
 
 Gabas, frontier vil., France, dep. Basses- Pyr6ndes, comm. 
 Laruns, where the ascent of the Pic-du-Midi is begun. 
 
 CiabiM Valley, dist., U.S., Nevada, in Esmeralda and Nye 
 cos. , 80 m. ELSE. Carson City. 
 
 Gabel, Teutonic, ' a fork,' the confluence of two rivers. 
 
 Gabel, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 13 m. W. Reichenberg, 5^ m. 
 ESE. Zwickau. P. <3000. 
 
 Gaber, Slovenian form of the Old Slavonic ^a^w, Servian and 
 Polish, grab, Chekh, habr, ' the beech' ; met with in place names 
 in the forms Gabri-, Gabro-, Habr-, Habri-, Habro-, &c. 
 
 Gabersdorr, viL, Prussia, Silesia, govt. Breslau, circle and 
 S m. N. Glatz; has coal-mines. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Gabes, tn. and gulf, Tunis. See Cabes. 
 
 Gabian, comm., France, dep. H6rault, arr. and 12 m. N. by 
 E. Beziers, with small coalfield and petroleum well. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gablano, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, 15 m. 
 SW. Vercelli. P. <3000. 
 
 Gabin, tn. , Russian Poland. See Gombin. 
 
 Gabion, vil., U.S., Texas, Galveston co., at E. of the mouth 
 of bay and 9 m. NE. Galveston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Gable Head, P.O., Eng., Hampshire, i m. from Hayling I. 
 
 Gable nberg, vil., Wiirtemberg, near Stuttgart. P. <30oo. 
 
 Gablenz, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, govt. Zwickau, near Chem- 
 nitz, with hosiery manufactures. P. (1871) 4200; (1890) 9900. 
 
 Gablonz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 34 m. WNW. Trautenau, 
 7 m. SE. by E. Reichenberg ; chief seat of the Austrian trade in 
 glass beads, paste- jsearls, and artificial gems. Alt. 1625 ft. P. 
 (1869) 6800; (1890) 14,700. 
 
 Gabo (said to be native mispronunciation of ' Cape Howe '), 
 small isl. off the coast of Victoria, a few m. W. of Cape Howe, 
 with lighthouse, visible 20 m. , 37° 35' S. , 149° 55' E. Mean temp. , 
 yr. 58.1° F., Feb. 65.5°, July 49.8° ; rfall. (13 yrs.), 38.66 in. 
 
 Gabon, or Gaboon, V^. Africa. See Gabnn. 
 
 Gabrls, mt., Switzd., cant. App)enzell, Outer Rhodes, 6 m. 
 SE. St. GalL The footpath from Gais to Trogen is at the NW. 
 foot of the mountain. Alt. 4100 ft. 
 
 GabroTO, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. Sevlijevo, 22 m. SW. Tirnova ; 
 manufs. woollens, cords, knives, leather- wares, &'C. P. 8000. 
 
 Gabnn, or Gaboon, in French Gabon, an inlet on the W. ct. 
 of AfHca, about 50 m. long by 5-10 m. broad, opening into the 
 Atlantic in 0° 25' N. It forms the estuary of several rivers, the 
 principal of which is the Komo, or Como, which enters its head 
 from the NW. Mean temp. (4 3TS.), yr. 78.1° F.; mean rfall. 
 (5 yrs.), 93.8 in. See French Congo Territory 
 
 Gae^, tn., France, dep. Orne, arr. Argentan, 24 m. ESE. 
 Falaise. P. <2000. a 
 
 Gachln, vil. , Persia, near the S. ct. of prov. Kerman, 32 m. 
 WSW. Bender Abbas. 
 
 Gacblna, tn. , Russia, govt, and 38 m. by rail S. of St. 
 Petersburg, in a flat, marshy country ; imperial palace and 
 residence of Paul I. and the reigning emperor. P. 11,560. 
 
 Gacllly, La, tn. , France, dep. Morbihan, arr. Vannes, 32 m. 
 SW. Rennes, 9 m. NNW. Redon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gadiltlhar, riv., India, joins the Brahmaputra in Bengal, 
 dist. and 45 m. NE. Rangpur, after a S. course through Bhutan 
 and the W. of Assam, estimated at 150 m. , during which it forms 
 numerous cataracts ; navigable in the plains by small boats. 
 
 Gadag-Bettlgerl, tn. , Brit. India. See Garng. 
 
 Gadames, oasis, Sahara. See Gbadames. 
 
 G^daw&r&, or Gadariivara (census), tn., Brit. India, Central 
 Provs., dist. Narsinghpur, 72 m. WSW. Jabalpur. P. (1881) 
 8100; (1891)8800; Hindus, 7300. 
 
 Gad CllflT, Eng. , on the S. ct. of Dorsetshire, in 2° 10' W. , 6 
 m. WNW. St. Albans Head. 
 
 Gadderbanm, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Minden, 
 circle and dist. Bielefield. P. 5600. 
 
 Gaddesby, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 5;^ m. SW. 
 Melton Mowbray, 2\ m. ESE. Rearsby stn., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Gaddesden, Great and little, two adjoining pars., Hert- 
 fordshire, St. Albans div., 7 m. SW. by S. Luton, 3 m. NW. 
 Hemel Hempstead stn. Great G. , 4149 ac. , P. < 1000 ; Little G. , 
 PMT.O., P.<soo. 
 
 Gaddesden Roifr, hamlet, Eng., Hertfordshire, St. Albans 
 div., 6 m. SSW. Luton, 2i m. W. Redbum stn., P.O. 
 
 Gade, riv., Eng., Hertfordshire, rises near Gaddesden, and 
 flows S. to the Colne, which it joins near Rickmansworth ; runs 
 parallel to the L. & NW. R. for many miles, and supplies the 
 Grand Junction CanaL 
 
 Gadebosch, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, i^ m. NW. 
 by W. Schwerin. 'The lyric poet Th. Korner fell near this place 
 in an engagement with the French, Aug. 26, 1813. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gadenl, a tribe which inhabited the SE. central part of 
 Valentia, Britannia, N. and S. of the Cheviot Hills. 
 
 Gadmen, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 12 m. SSE. Samen, 8 m. 
 E. Meiringen. Alt. 3945-4005 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gador, comm., Spain, prov. and dist. and on the r. bk, of 
 the riv. Almeria, at the foot of the G. mountains ; has mines of 
 sulphur and silver-lead. P. <3000. 
 560 
 
 Gador, Sierra de, mt. chain, Spain, Andalucia, to the N. 
 and W. of Almeria, separated frdm the Sierra Nevada by a 
 defile traversed by one of the feeders of the Rio de Almeria ; has 
 lead-mines. 
 
 Gadr, Phoenician, Kirjath, Hebrew, 'an enclosure.' 
 
 Gadra, tn., India, Gujarat, 67 m. WSW. Cambay. P. 5800. 
 
 Gadsden, tn., U.S., Alabama, Etowah co., 60 m. NE. by E. 
 of Birmingham. P. <3000. 
 
 Gadsden, co., U.S., Florida, on the N. frontier, E. of 85°W. 
 
 Gads Hill, hill, Eng., Kent, Medway div., 3 m. NW. by W. 
 Rochester ; height, 256 ft. Famous as the scene of Falstaiffs and 
 Prince Henry's rencontre. It gives name to an adjoining house 
 long occupied by the novelist Dickens. PMT.O. 
 
 Gadyacb, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 74 m. NNW. Poltava, 
 on Psiol R. P. 10,300. 
 
 Gaerwen, hamlet, Wales, Anglesey, on the L. & NW. R. 
 (G. Junction), 4 m. SE. Llangefni, PM.O. 
 
 GftescI (ga-esh'ti), tn., Roumania, prov. Dimbovija, on the 
 Bastoca, 37 m. WSW. Ploescl. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gaeta, fortified tn. and seapt. , Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 
 on the W. side of the Gulf of G. , 33 m. W. by N. Capua, and 
 40 m. N W. Naples. Near was the villa of Cicero, in the grounds 
 of which he was assassinated, B.C. 43. G. was taken by the 
 French in 1798 and 1806. P. 18,900. 
 
 Gafiat, or Gaffat, vil. , Abyssinia, near Debra Tabor, 70 m. 
 SE. Gondar, the Abyssinian ' Woolwich ' and arsenal during the 
 reign of Theodore. 
 
 GaflTney, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, co. and 20 m. by rail NE. 
 Spartanburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gaffliey's Creek, or LanrarUIe, post-tn., Victoria, 90 m. 
 NE. by E. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gafea, the ancient Capsa, tn., Tunis, 115 m. SW. Kairwan, 
 situated where a breach between the Jebel Orbata and the Jebel 
 Ben Yunes opens the only practicable inland route to the S. An 
 oasis of 2720 ac. , irrigated by warm springy. Immense beds of 
 phosphate of lime occur in the mts. to the W. Alt. 1130 ft. 
 
 G^gar, portion of the outer Himalayan range, India, NW. 
 Provs. , Kumaun dist. The principal peak, China, overlooks the 
 lake and station of Naini Tal. 
 
 Gage, CO., U.S., Nebraska, on the S. frontier, E. of 97° W. 
 
 Gage City, settlement, Ecuador, founded as a gold-mining 
 centre near the Santiago R., about 100 m. NNW. Quito. 
 
 Gagetown, tn. , Canada, New Brunswck, Queen's co. , on riv. 
 St. John, 27 m. ESE. Fredericton; coal-mines near. P. <ri5oo. 
 
 Gagglano, comm., Italy, prov. Milan, circle Abbiategrasso. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Gagglo Hontano, comm. , Italy, prov. Bologna, circle Vergato. 
 P. ■< 5000. 
 
 Gagho, western Sudan. See Gogo. 
 
 Gagllano Castelferrato, comm., Sicily, prov. Catania, 30 
 m. NE. by E. Caltanissetta. P. < 5000. 
 
 Gagny, comm., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Pontoise, 8^ 
 m. E. by N. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <4000. 
 
 Gago, western Sudan. See Gogo. 
 
 G^raan, tn. and fort, India, RAjputina, JhAldwir state, 136 
 m. SE. Ajmere. 
 
 Gagry, seapt., Russia, N. Caucasia, on Black Sea, 15 m. 
 NW. of Sukhum-kale ; open roadstead ; previously fortified. 
 
 Gabmar, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Ghdzfpur, on 
 the r. bk. of the Ganges, 50 m. E. by N. Benares. P. (1881) 
 10,400; (1891) 11,100; Hindus, 10,400. 
 
 Gala, Portugal. See Villa Nora de Gala. 
 
 Galdaros, or Galdaronlsl, the ancient Hyettusa, a small 
 Turkish isl. on the W. of Asia Minor, 14 m. off the E. end of 
 Samos I. 
 
 Gall, Slav. Sllla, riv. , Austria, Carinthia, rises near the Tirol, 
 and joins the Drave 2 m. below Villach, after an E. course of 65 m. 
 
 Galldorf, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, on the Kocher, 30 m. 
 NE. by E. Stuttgart. P. < 2000. 
 
 Galle, par. , Ire. , co, Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 5 m. SW. 
 Thurles. P. < 500. 
 
 Galles, stn. , Scot. , S. Ayrshire, 2 m. S. Irvine, on G. & SW. R. 
 
 Galley with Hatherton, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, 
 W. div., with stn. (Galley) on the L. & NW. R., 8 m. S. by 
 W. Stafford, P.O. (Galley). P.<iooo. 
 
 Galllac, tn., France, dep. and on R. Tarn, 13 m. W. by S 
 Albi, cap. arr. P. 5700. 
 
 Galllon, tn., France, dep. Eure, arr. Louviers, near the 1. bk. 
 of the Seine, 13 m. NE. Evreux. P. <2ocio. 
 
 Gaines, co. , U.S., Texas, on the W. frontier, S. of 33° N. 
 
 Gainesville, tn., U.S., Alabama, Sumter co., on Tombigbee 
 R. P. < 1500. 
 
 GalnesTllIe, city, U.S., Florida, Alachua co., 75 m. SW. of 
 the mouth of St. John's R. P. <:3000. 
 
 GalnesTllle, city, U.S., Georgia, Hall co., 53 m. NE. 
 Atlanta ; has several valuable mineral springs, and is a popular 
 health resort. Alt. 1227 ft. (R.R.). P.<:40oo. 
 
 GalnesTllle, city, U.S., Texas, cap. Cooke co., 65 m. NNW. 
 Dallas. P. 6600. 
 
 Galnford, par. , Eng. , Durham, Barnard Castle div. , on the 
 
GAIN — GALD 
 
 1. bk. of the Tees, yi m. W. by N. Darlington, with a stn. on 
 the NE. R., PMT.O; 24,770 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Galnsboroagli, riv. port, market-tn. , par., and pari. div. , 
 Eng. , CO. and i m. NW. Lincoln, on the r. bk. of the Trent, 
 26 m. from its junction with the Humber, on the M. S. & L. R. 
 and G. N. and G. E. Rlys. The canals connecting with the 
 Trent render G. a natural outlet on the E. ct. for the Midland 
 counties, in consideration of which it was made a port in 1840 ; 
 but though vessels of 12 ft. draught can ascend to the town, 
 G. has almost ceased to be a seaport for foreign trade. The 
 steamers of the G. Steampacket Co. ply to Grimsby (of which it 
 is a Jhb-port) and Hull. The town has extensive engineering 
 works, iron-shipbuilding yard, large timber yard and saw mills, 
 a large seed-crushing business, manufacture of agricultural 
 implements, &c. Market-days, Tu. and S. Far. 7210 ac, P. 
 14,500; tn. P. (1801)4500; (1871)7600; (1891) 14,400; pari. 
 div. P. 49,600. 
 
 Galiisford, Queensland. See Boolbnrra. 
 
 Galra Bay, S. America, on the N. ct. of Colombia, state of 
 Magdalena, SW. of Sta. Marta. 
 
 Gairach, or Jurjev Kloster, coram. , Austria, Styria, 6 m. 
 SSE. Cilli. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Crairduer, salt lake, S. Australia, crossed by 32° S., 136° E., 
 about 100 m. long by 10-33 m. wide. Alt. 366 ft. 
 
 Galr Loch, small inlet, Scot., Argyllshire, on the W. side 
 of Loch Fyne, in 56° 4' N. 
 
 Galrloch, par., Scot., Ross-shire, at head of Gair Loch (an 
 inlet opening westwards), 4 m. SW. by W. of the W. end of 
 Loch Maree, PMT.O. ; 200,646 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Oalrlocliy, hamlet, Scot., Inverness-shire, at the foot of Loch 
 Lochy, PT.O. 
 
 Gairsay, isl. , Scot. , Orkney Is. , Evie and Rendall par. P. 33. 
 
 Galg, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 4 m. NE. Appenzell, on the S. 
 slope of theGabris Mts. ; has mineral springs and baths. P. <3000. 
 
 Gaisbnrg, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, i^ m. E. Stuttgart. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 GalsgiU, hamlet, Eng., Westmorland, div. and 10 m. SSW. 
 Appleby, on the Lune, and the NE. R. 
 
 Galsln, dist. tn., SW. Russia, govt. Podolia, 180 m. E. of 
 Kamenets-Podolsk. P. 9700. 
 
 Gaitsglll, Eng. , Cumberland. See Gatesglll. 
 
 Gajariue, comm. , Italy, prov. Treviso, circle Conegliano. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Gajeiidragad, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Dharwar, 66 m. 
 E. byN. Dh4rwar. P. (1881) 5500 ; (1891) 8000; Hindus, 6700. 
 
 Gajole, comm., Italy, prov. and circle Siena, in the upper 
 valley of the Arbia. P. 5600. 
 
 Gala, Slavonic, 'wood.' See Gola. 
 
 Galabat, dist., E. Africa, Nubia, at the confluence of the 
 Blue Nile and the Atbara, on the borders of Abyssinia; in- 
 habited by Funj. 
 
 Galaclsta, vil. , Turkey in Europe. See Galatslsta. 
 
 Galacz. See Galatz. 
 
 Galajlo, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Kirk-Kilise, on the 
 Black Sea, 36 m. SE. by S. Burgas. 
 
 Galani, French dist. , Africa, on the Senegal, cap. Bakel. 
 
 Galamns, or St. Antolne de Galamns, hermitage, France, 
 dep. Pyr^n^es-Orientales, 3 m. N. St. Paul de Fenouillet ; much 
 visited by pilgrims. 
 
 Galan, tn., France, dep. Hautes-Pjrr^n^es, arr. Tarbes, 17m. 
 NE. by E. Bagneres-de-Bigorre. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Galan, or Gallant, good harbour in Long Reach, Strait of 
 Magellan, in 53° 42' S. and 71° 22' W. 
 
 Galana, Galla word for ' river.' 
 
 Galang, isl.. En. Archipelago, to the E. of Sumatra, 42-50 
 m. SE. by S. Singapore. 
 
 Galdotbl, tn. , India, NW. Provs. , dist. and 12 m. N. Buland- 
 shahr. P. (1881) 5400. 
 
 Galdpagos, sometimes spelt in English Gallapagos (Spanish, 
 'tortoise' isls.), group of the Pacific Ocean, on and near the 
 equator, between 89° and 92' W., 730 m. W. the coast of 
 Ecuador, S. America, to which state they belong. The group 
 consists of five principal and eight small islands ; the largest, 
 Albemarle I., being 60 m. in length by 15 m. in breadth, 
 with an elevation of 4000 ft. All are entirely composed of vol- 
 canic basalts, and there are upwards of 2000 craters of extinct 
 volcanoes. In respect of climate, there are two well-marked 
 zones dependent on elevation. Up to about 800 ft. (which 
 includes about eleven-twelfths of the entire surface) is the dry 
 zone, which receives only scanty rains, and these only from 
 February to the end of May, and is entirely uncultivable. 
 Above that rains are plentiful during the rainy season, and 
 even during the dry season heavy mists (called as on the coast 
 of Peru, garuas) keep the vegetation moist. The vegetation 
 of the two zones differs greatly both in aspect and composition. 
 Below, oases of vegetation, characteristic of an arid region, alter- 
 nate with stretches of black, grey, or reddish lava. The lower 
 region is, however, the zone of the archil lichen, which long 
 formed the only export. Above, there is, wherever the soil admits 
 of it, a complete covering of green, and in cultivated tracts 
 561 
 
 tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate products (the potato as 
 well as sugar-cane) thrive admirably. Scarcely a dozen plants 
 are common to both zones. The vegetation as a whole is largely 
 endemic. Out of 374 vascular plants in the collection of Hooker 
 and Anderson, 190 are peculiar to the islands. Palms, plantains, 
 and the ginger and arum families are entirely absent. The 
 fauna, too, is to a great extent peculiar. All the reptiles, with- 
 out exception, are so. Among these is the large land-tortoise 
 [Testudo elephantopus), to which the islands owe their name, 
 and which at the time of the discovery of the group by the 
 Spaniards in the i6th century abounded on all the islands, 
 but is now scarce in some, extinct in others. The coasts are 
 frequented by turtles of enormous size. No attempt was made 
 to colonise the group before 1832, which accounts for the fact 
 that most of the islands still retain the names given to them 
 by English explorers and surveyors. The principal islands 
 are Albemarle, Indefatigable, Chatham, James, Narborough ; 
 among others are Charles (called in Ecuador, Floreana), Hood, 
 Barrington, Bindloe, and Abingdon. In 1832 the islands were 
 taken possession of by Ecuador, and small plantations have 
 been formed on five of the islands— Charles, Chatham, Indefati- 
 gable (Chaves), James (Santiago), and Albemarle. Area of the 
 whole group, 2950 sq. m. 
 
 Galapagos, an unimportant group of the W. Indies, Bahamas, 
 N. of Abaco. 
 
 Galashiels, pari, burgh. , burgh of bar. , par. , and tn. , Scot. , 
 cos. Roxburgh and Selkirk, on Gala Water, 3J m. ^X'^NW. 
 Melrose, on the N. B. R. ; has extensive manufactures of shawls, 
 plaids, and tweeds from home and foreign wools ; the mills are 
 wrought partly by water and partly by steam power. Alt. 385 
 ft. Market-day, Tu. Par. 8439 ac, P. (1871) 6062; (1891) 
 11,600; tn. P. (1871) 10,300; (1891) 17,400; pari, burgh, P. 
 (1871) 9700; (1891) 17,300. 
 
 Galata, vil., Bulgaria, on the Black Sea, prov. and 3 m. 
 SSE. Varna. 
 
 Galata (named by the Genoese after one Galatius — Egli), 
 suburb of Constantinople, on the N. side of the Golden Horn, 
 f m. W. the Seraglio Point. It is 4 m. in circumference, en- 
 closed by walls, and entered by numerous gates, which are shut 
 at sunset. The inhabitants are mostly European Christians, 
 and G. is the chief seat of the foreign trade of the Turkish 
 capital. It has the custom-house for the port of Constantinople. 
 
 Gal&fl, Roumania. See Galatz. 
 
 Galatl, comm., Sicily, prov. and 43 m. W. by S. Messina. 
 P. <3cxx>. 
 
 Galatl, vil. and rly. stn. , Sicily, E. ct. , prov. and 6J m. SSW. 
 Messina. 
 
 Galatia, vil., U.S., Illinois, Saline co., 102 m. SE. by E. 
 St. Louis (Mo. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Galatlna, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 17 m. W. by N. 
 Otranto. P. 10,900. 
 
 Galatone, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 22 m. W. 
 Otranto. P. 6000. 
 
 Galatslsta, Tiu-kish ; Servian Galacl^ta (galatsishta), Greek 
 Galatlsta, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 19 m. ESE. 
 Salonica. P. about 3000. (G. ) 
 
 Galatz, or Galacz, Roumanian Gal4|l (ga-lats'), tn. and 
 seapt. , Roumania, prov. Covurlul, on the 1. bk. of the Danube, 
 just below the point where that river in receiving the Sereth turns 
 eastwards, built partly on bluffs rising 60-200 ft. above the river, 
 partly (the business part) on low ground exposed to inundation 
 between the Danube and Lake Bratifu (Bratish). It is the chief 
 port of Roumania, but is losing ground through the rise of 
 Braila. The depth of water in the river here varies from about 
 19J ft. in October and November to about 42J ft. in May and 
 June. See, however, Danube. Seat of a British consul-general 
 and vice-consul. Value of exports, ;^i,5oo,ooo-;^2, 000,000. P. 
 (1836) io,ooo ; (1891) 59,000. 
 
 Gala Water, riv., Scot., rises in the Muirfoot Hills, co. Edin- 
 burgh, flows SSW. through the above county and Roxburgh, 
 and joins the Tweed close to Abbotsford ; length, 20 m. 
 
 Galaxydlon, seapt. tn., Greece, prov. Phthiotis and Phocis, 
 on the N. shore of the Gulf and 31 m. E. Lepanto. P. <Sooo. 
 
 Galbally, par. and tn. , Ire. , SE. co. and 23 m. SE. by S. 
 Limerick, bar. Coshlea, 3 m. from Emly stn., PM.O. Par. 
 15.457 ac. , P. <30oo ; tn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Galbally, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Donaghmore, co. Tyrone. 
 
 Galbally, liOugh, lake. Ire. , in the SW. of co. Tjo-one, 10 m. 
 SW. Omagh. 
 
 Galbooly, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Eliogarty, 2 m. SE. 
 Thurles. P. <25o. 
 
 Galbnn>gobl, part of the desert of Gobi, central Asia, 
 crossed by 42° N., 104° and 105° E. 
 
 Galby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 7^ m. ESE. 
 Leicester, 4 m. NE. by E. Glen stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Galcantry, Easter and Wester, hamlets, Scot., Inverness- 
 shire, 7 m. SW. by S. Nairn, 3J m. SE. by E. Dalcross stn. , 
 P.O. (Galcantry). 
 
 GAldar, tn., N. Africa, Canary Is., on the NW. ct. of Grand 
 Canary I. P. 5100. 
 
 2 N 
 
GALD — GALI 
 
 Cialdhiiplgen, GaldliSplg, or Galboplgen ('high peak of 
 Galde,' a neighbouring vil. where the road is left and the ascent 
 of the mountain begins — Egli), the highest summit of the Jotun- 
 fjeld and of Norway, 130 m. NE. Bergen. Ah. 8540 ft.; snow 
 line, 4500 ft. 
 
 Galeana, tn., Mexico, Nuevo Leon, 70 m. SSE. Monterey. 
 P. S500. 
 
 Galeata, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Florence, 20 m. S. 
 Faenza. P. <40oo. 
 
 Gale Beck, Eng., one of the headwaters of the Ribble (g.v.). 
 
 Galeed, place named in O. T. See Snf. 
 
 Galega, isL, in the Indian Ocean, to the NE. of Madagascar, 
 in 10° 28' S. and 56° 30' E. ; is covered with coco trees, and 
 exports oil 
 
 Gale*Haiiike*s-I<and, a strip of land on the E. ct. of Green- 
 land, in 75° N. 
 
 Galekaland. See Transkel. 
 
 Galekas, Gcalekas, or Amakosa Kaffirs, Bantu tribe in 
 the Transkeian territory of Cape Colony, between the Great 
 Kei and Bashee Rivers. 
 
 Galena, settlement, U.S., Idaho, Custer co., 90 m. ENE. 
 Boise. 
 
 Galena, city, U.S., Illinois, Jo Daviess co. , on Galena R. , 5 m. 
 from its confluence with the Mississippi, 14 m. ESE. Dubuque 
 (lo. ); is built on bluffs on both sides of the river, which is ordinarily 
 navigfable by steam-boats. The town is so called from the mines 
 of lead-sulphide (galena) which abound in this locality, and have 
 been worked since about 1810. P. (1880) 6500 ; (1890) 5600. 
 
 Galena, city, U.S., Kansas, Cherokee co., 4 m. N. by W. of 
 the SE. corner of the state ; has lead-mines and smelting-works. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Galenstock. See Alps, Subdivisions, n. B. 2. 
 
 Galeota Point, cape. West Indies, the SE. point of Trinidad. 
 
 Gale'ra, tn. , Peru, situated close to the place where the railway 
 from Lima passes through the W. chain of the Andes by a tunnel 
 3855 ft. long at the alt. of 15,660 ft. 
 
 Galera, comm., Spain, prov. Granada, dist. Huescar; has a 
 sulphur spring. P. <4000. 
 
 Galera, Pnnta, cape, Ecuador, in about 0° 52' N. 
 
 Galera de Zamba, bay, on the NW. ct. of Colombia, about 
 midway between Cartagena and Barranquilla. 
 
 Galera Point, cape. West Indies, the NE. point of Trinidad. 
 
 Galerla, small seaport, France, Corsica, W. ct., arr. and 
 8^ m. SSW. Calvi ; silver-lead mined. 
 
 Galesbnrg, city, U.S., lUinois, cap. Knox co., 85 m. NNW. 
 Springfield. P. (1880) 11,400; (1890) 15,300. 
 
 Galesbnrg, vil., U.S., Michigan, Kalamazoo co., and on 
 Kalamazoo R. , 118 m. W. Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Galesbnrg, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Traill co., 40 m. 
 NW. Fargo. 
 
 GalesTille, viL, U.S., Wisconsin, Trempealeau co., 105 m. 
 SE. by E. St. Paul (Minn.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Galets, Polnte des, port on the isl. of R^imion {q.v.). 
 
 Galey, par. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bar. Iraghticonnor, on riv. Galey, 
 am. NW. Listowel; 12,602 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Galgate, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, div. and 4 m. S. by E. 
 Lancaster, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Galgdcz, Hungary. See Frelstadtl. 
 
 Galgomi, tnld.. Ire., W. co. and 10^ m. NNW. Antrim, bar. 
 Lower Toome, i m. from Ballymena stn. , P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Gal'hampton, hamlet, Eng., Somerset, E. div., 9^ m. NE. 
 by N. Yeovil, 2^ m. S. Castle Cary stn., P.O. 
 
 Galboplgen, mt. , Norway. See Galdtaoplgen. 
 
 Gallano, isl., Brit. Columbia, parallel to the SE. end of 
 Vancouver I. ; 13 m. long, crossed in the N. by 49° N. 
 
 Gallano, isl. , in Queen Charlotte Sound, off the N. end of 
 Vancouver I. , in 50° 50' N. At its W. end a spire of rock crowns 
 a promontory 1200 ft. high. 
 
 Gallce, viL , Bulgaria, circle Rahova, 39 m. WN W. Plevna. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gallch, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 81 m. NE. Kostroma, 
 on Lake Galich ; trade in orchard produce, fish, gloves, and furs. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Gallchnlk, tn. , Turkey in Europe, 50 m. NW. by N. Monastir. 
 P. 2700(0.). 
 
 Gallcla (name derived from the castle of Halics), one of the 
 Cisleithan provs. of Austria-Hungary, lies outside the great 
 rampart of the Carpathians, by which it is separated from the 
 other parts of the empire. The surface features of G. vary 
 considerably. The S. and SE. are mountainous, being formed 
 by the mountain ranges and offshoots of the Carpathians (q.v.), 
 which give rise to numerous streams and slope down to the 
 valleys of the Vistula, San on the N. , and that of the Dniester 
 on the E. , whilst N. and E. of these valleys the country rises to 
 altitudes of 1550 ft. and 1300 ft. respectively, thus connecting 
 G. with the plateaux of Poland and Podolia. The average 
 elevation of G. is estimated at 800 ft. above sea-level. The 
 climate is less moderate than that of any other prov. of 
 Austria-Hungary (q.v.), G. being exposed to the cold N. 
 and NE. winds, whilst the Carpathians shut out the warm 
 562 
 
 breezes from the Mediterranean. The winters are long and 
 severe, the springs late, and the summers short but hot 
 [Cracow, Iiemberg, Tarnopol, Sereth]. Nevertheless, 50 per 
 cent, of the total area is used as arable land, 21 per cent, 
 consists of pastures, and 27 per cent, is covered by forests. 
 Cattle-rearing and horse-breeding are of considerable import- 
 ance. The chief cereals, oats, rye, and barley. Much timber 
 is exported to Russian Poland and Prussia (especially to the 
 port of Danzig). G. has many valuable minerals, the most 
 important of which are salt, petroleum, and coal. Rock-salt 
 and brine are found in large quantities at a great many places, 
 the chief localities being Wieliczka, Bochnia, Lacko, Drohobycz, 
 Stebnik, Bolechow, Dolina, Kalusz, Delatyn, and Kossow. 
 The petroleum and ozokerite industry of G. is increasing from 
 year to year, oil of good quality being foimd in many parts of 
 the country. Of great importance in this respect are the follow- 
 ing localities : — Boryslaw (SW. of Drohobycz), Sloboda-run- 
 giirska (near Kolomea), Kryg, Libusza, Polanka, and Fagorzany. 
 Rich coalfields exist in the Cracow district, especially near 
 Jaworzno. Of other minerals must be mentioned iron, lead, 
 and zinc ores near Czerna, and sulphur at Swoszowice (W. of 
 Wieliczka). There are but few manufacturing industries in the 
 country. Biala is a textile centre of some importance, otherwise 
 only distilleries and breweries exist in considerable numbers. 
 The commerce is mostly in the hands of Jews. There are 660 m. 
 of navigable rivers. As to railways, see Anstrla-Hnngary and 
 Carpathians. River navigation is considerable (660 m. of 
 navigable rivers). The pop. mostly consists of Slavs, of whom 
 the Poles (51.5 per cent, of the total population) prevail in the 
 western, and the Ruthenians (42.9 per cent, of the total popula- 
 tion) in the eastern territories. The mountainous parts of the 
 country are inhabited by the Gorals and Huzuls, the former 
 being a branch of the Poles, and the latter of the Ruthenians. 
 The majority of the Ruthenians belong to the Greek Church, 
 whilst the Poles are mostly Roman Catholics. G. has more 
 Jews (700,000) than any other part of Austria-Hungary, and in 
 Lemberg, Cracow, and other large towns the Jews constitute 
 one-third of the inhabitants. G. has two universities, Lemberg 
 and Cracow. From the end of the 14th century to the first 
 division of Poland in 1772, G. formed part of this kingdom. 
 After that date it became a prov. of the Austro-Hungarian 
 monarchy. Area, 30,309 sq. m. P. (1890) 6,608,000. See 
 Austria-Hungary, table. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Gallcla, a kingdom of G. , was founded by the Suevi in the 
 5th century. In the i6th, G. was made a prov. or Audiencia 
 territorial of Castille, the cap. of which was alternately Santiago, 
 Corunna, Orense. From 1789 to 1833 G. was divided into seven 
 provs. ; since 1833 into four : Corunna, Lugo (N. ), PonteTedra, 
 Orense (S. ). G. forms a square at the N W. angle of the Iberian 
 Penin., on the W. extremity of the Pyrennean ridge, having the 
 Atlantic W. and N. (Cantabrian Sea), Asturias and Leon (E.), 
 Portugal (S. ). The mountains, which cover all G. , are branches 
 of the Cantabrian Pyrenees : (i) running NW.-SE. to Cape 
 Finisterre and Ortegal; (2) running NE.-SW., (a) to separate 
 the valley of riv. Mino (which crosses the whole of G. , NE.- 
 SW.) from the valleys of rivs. Tambre, UUa, Lerez ; (b) to 
 separate the valley of riv. Mino from that of its great branch 
 riv. Sil, and to make the high E. border (Sierras de Leon). All 
 the N. and W. coasts are cut by deep fjords (rtas), making 
 numerous and some of the best ports in the world (Ribadeo, 
 Vinero, Ferrol, Corunna, Camarinas, Corcubion, Noya, Muros, 
 Carril, Pontevedra, Vigo). These rias, where rivers have their 
 mouths, are navigable to a long distance inland. But the only 
 important river is the Mino (forming the S. border between G. 
 and Portugal), which (though with a dangerous bar) is navigable 
 for more than 20 m. G. is one of the dampest regions in Spain 
 and Europe. Its pastures are extensive ; large quantities of 
 cattle are exported (to England) ; mountains are covered with 
 forests intersected by thickets of shrubs (GAndaras). The people 
 live on agriculture, and are, on the littoral, to a great extent 
 fishermen (principally of sardines). G. is the densest peopled 
 region in Spain (178 per sq. m.). There is a large emigration 
 to the great towns of Spain and Portugal (or into the agricul- 
 tural dists. of the penins. at harvest-time) and to Brazil and 
 Cuba. No important industries excepting the manufacture of 
 cigarettes. Many valuable but unexplored minerals. Numerous 
 mineral waters. G. forms a military Capitania general (Coninna). 
 See Spain. [J. B. R.] 
 
 Gallkonda, range of hills, India, Madras Presidency, Vizaga- 
 patam dist., crossed by 18° 30' N. and 18° 50' E., about 45 m. 
 from the sea. Alt. 2800-5000 ft. The two highest peaks reach 
 5345 ft. and 5287 ft. 
 
 Galilee, one of the three provs. into which Palestine (q.v.) 
 was divided in the time of our Lord, comprising the country W. 
 of the Jordan, between Samaria and Judea. See Tiberias, 
 Sea of. 
 
 Gallna Point, cape, Jamaica, on the N. ct., in 76° 54' W. 
 
 Gallnara, small isL, Italy, Sardinia, in the Gulf of Genoa, 
 near Albenga. 
 
 Gallnas, one of the Bissagos Is. , off the W. ct. of Africa. 
 
G A L I — G A L S 
 
 Gallndien, dist. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, in the S. , 
 stretching from NE. to SW. 
 
 Gallola, isl. .-Istria, in the Adriatic Sea, at the entrance to 
 the Gulf of Quarnero. 
 
 Gallou, city, U.S., Ohio, Crawford co., 55 m. N. by E. 
 Columbus. P. 6300. 
 
 Gallst^o, fort, Spain, prov. Ciceres, on the Alagon, 40 m. 
 NE. by E. Alcdntara. P. <2000. 
 
 Ciallta, the ancient Calatlie, isl., in the Mediterranean, off 
 the N. ct. of Tunis, in 37° 31' N,, 8° 55' E. Between it and 
 the mainland are the Sorelli rocks. 
 
 Gallagb Road, stn. , Ire., co. and 3I m. NW. Londonderry, 
 on the Londonderry, Lough S willy, and Letter kenny Rly. 
 
 Gallant, harbour. Strait of Magellan. See Galaii. 
 
 Gallapagos. See Galdpagos. 
 
 Gallarate, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 23 m. NW. by 
 W. Milan. P. 8000. 
 
 Gallas, one of the most important native races of E. Africa, 
 They occupy the inland territories W. of the Somali country 
 between Abyssinia and the equator. Their country is but little 
 known, and is in all probability a plateau connecting Abyssinia 
 with the mountain region of eastern equatorial Africa. The 
 Gallas are of tall stature, and of lighter colour than Bantus and 
 negroes. Their origin is quite uncertain. Their principal 
 occupation is cattle-rearing and horse-breeding, agriculture 
 being of subordinate importance. They are splendid horse- 
 men, and their wild hordes have overrun southern Abyssinia for 
 centuries past. The north-eastern Gallas are fanatical Moham- 
 medans, the others are pagans. According to Paulitschke, the 
 Gallas are identical with the Zenj nation of the early Arabian 
 geographers. They are estimated by Krapf and Paulitschke 
 at seven or eight millions. [H. G. S.J 
 
 GaUatla, vil, U.S. See Galatla. 
 
 Gallatin, co., U.S., in the SE. of Illinois, bounded on the 
 E. by the Wabash and Ohio. 
 
 Gallatin, co., U.S., Kentucky, on the Ohio, E. of 85° W. 
 
 Gallatin, city, U.S., Missouri, Daviess co., 50 m. E. by N. 
 St. Joseph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gallatin, settlement, U.S., Montana, G. co., 53 m. E. by S. 
 Butte City. 
 
 Gallatin, tn. , U.S., Tennessee, Sumner co. , 22 m. NE. 
 Nashville. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gallatin Blver, U.S., Montana, one of the head-streams of 
 the Missouri, rises in the NW. of Yellowstone National Park, 
 flows N. 125 m. 
 
 Galle (Singalese, ' stone,' ' rock '), formerly often called Point 
 de Galle, municip. and shipping seapt. , Ceylon, S. Prov., on 
 the S. ct. , 66 m. S. by E. Colombo, which has superseded it as 
 a place of call for mail steamers to eastern Asia and Australia. 
 The harbour has good holding-ground, with a depth of 24-33 ft. , 
 but vessels are loaded and discharged by cargo-boats. Mean 
 rfall. 105 in. P. (1871) 48,000; (1891) 33,900. 
 
 Galleso, riv. , Spain, flows S. from the Pyrenees (one of its 
 headwaters rising on the Pic du Midi, another on the Vignemale), 
 S. to the Ebro just below Saragossa ; length, 80 m. 
 
 Gallegos, a rapid riv. of Patagonia, flows E. from a plain on 
 the borders of Last Hope Inlet, traversing for the greater part 
 of its course a gorge cut through basaltic rocks, and enters the 
 Atlantic opposite ^C Falkland Is., in 51° 38' S., 69° W., by a 
 large estuary (Puerto G.), in which the tide is said to rise 46 
 ft. ; length at least 230 m. 
 
 Gallen, bar. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Mayo. 
 
 Gallen, par. and tnld. , Ire. , N W. King's co. , bar. Garrycastle, 
 12 m. SSE. Athlone. Par. 19,192 ac, P. <25oo; tnld. P. <25o. 
 
 Galley Head, cape. Ire., on the S. ct. of co. Cork, in 8° 57' 
 W. , on E. side of Rosscarbery Bay, with a lighthouse, vis. 19 m. 
 
 Galley Hill, PM.O. , Eng., i m. from Swanscombe, Kent. 
 
 Galleywood Common, Eng., Essex, div. and 2^ m. S. 
 Chelmsford, P.O. See Baddow, Great. 
 
 Gallia, CO., U.S., Ohio, bounded on the E. and S. by the 
 R. Ohio, W. of 82° W. 
 
 Galllagb, P. O. , Ire. , co. and 33 m. N W. Londonderry. 
 
 Galllate, comm. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 4 m. NE. 
 Novara. P. 7600. 
 
 Galllcauo, comm. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Massa, 16 m. N. 
 by W. Lucca. P. <400o. 
 
 Galileo, comm. , Italy, prov. and circle Reggio (Calabrie). P. 
 < 5000. 
 
 GalUe Dyb, navigable channel, Denmark, the S. of Fano 
 I., SW. ct. of Jutland. 
 
 Galllera, comm., Italy, prov. and circle Bologna. P. -csooo. 
 
 Galllera Veneta, comm. , Italy, prov. Padua, circle Cittadella. 
 P. <40Oo. 
 
 Gallim, place named in O. T. See Belt J&la. 
 
 Galllna, comm., Italy, prov. and circle Reggio (Calabrie). 
 P. 6200. 
 
 Galllnas, riv. , in the S. of the colony of Sierra Leone, mouth 
 •(blocked by sand in the dry season) in 9° N. Froc. R. G. S., 
 1892, p. 434. 
 
 GalUnas, Punta, the northernmost point of the mainland of 
 
 S. America, in about 71° 35' W. , at the extremity of Goajira 
 Penin. , Colombia. 
 
 Galllnas Springs, settlement with spring of water, U.S., New 
 Mexico, about 100 m. E. Albuquerque, 67 m. ESE. Santa F6. 
 
 GalUnbas, isl. in the Bissagos Archipelago, Senegambia, at 
 the mouth of the Rio Grande. 
 
 GalUons, stn., London, Eng. See Victoria Docks. 
 
 Galllpoll, the ancient Kallipolis (' city of beauty'), fortified 
 seapt. tn., S. Italy, Apulia, prov. and 29 m. WSW. Lecce, 
 127 m. W. by S. Otranto, on a rocky islet in the Gulf 01 
 Taranto, on the W. ct. , connected by a bridge with its suburb 
 Lizza, on the mainland. Opposite is the small island called 
 ' Isola Sant' Andrea, with a lighthouse, visible 19 m. Between 
 this island and the town is the harbour, with minimum depth 
 at entrance of 8^ ft. ; length of quayage, 3000 ft. ; vessels loaded 
 and discharged by lighters. It is noted for its cisterns, ex- 
 cavated in the rock, and peculiarly adapted for clarifying olive 
 oil; and this port is one of the most frequented in S. Italy, 
 exporting large quantities of olive oil, wine, dried figs, &c. 
 Sailors visiting the port frequently suffer from fever. P. 10,800. 
 
 Galllpoll, penin. , the anct. Thracian Ckersonesus, extending 
 SW. , separates the Dardanelles in the SE. from the .iEgean Sea, 
 and Gulf of Saros on the W. and N. ; length, 63 m. ; breadth, 
 4-13 m. 
 
 Galllpoll, Turkish Gellboln, the ancient Kallipolis, seapt. , 
 Turkey in Europe, cap. prov. G. , on the Dardanelles, near the 
 W. end of the Sea of Marmora, 132 m. SW. Constantinople, 
 and 87 m. S. Adrianople. G. is the principal station of the 
 Turkish fleet, and has manufactures of cotton, silk, earthen- 
 ware, and morocco leather ; is the see of a Greek bishop ; 
 residence of a captain pasha; and was the first European town 
 taken by the Turks (1357). Part of the Anglo-French army 
 for the protection of Turkey landed here in 1854. P. (very 
 mixed, including Greeks, Armenians, and Jews, all hving in 
 distinct communities — Greeks predominating) 20-30,000. 
 
 Galllpolls, city, U.S., Ohio, Gallia co., on the Ohio, 92 m. 
 SSE. Columbus. P. <sooo. 
 
 Gallltzln, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Cambria co., 75 m. 
 E. Pittsburg, and 8 m. W. by S. Altoona. Alt. 2161 (R.R.). 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Gallo, riv., Spain, one of the headwaters of the Tagus, rising 
 on the N. slopes of the Sierra de Albarracin. See Tagus. 
 
 Gallo, Cape, headland, Greece, S. point of W. penin. of 
 the Morea, the ancient Akritas. 
 
 Gallo, Capo dl, cape, Sicily, in the NW., 8 m. NNW. 
 Palermo, with a hghthouse, visible 12 m. 
 
 Gallocanta, large salt lake, Spain, prov. Saragossa, to the 
 S. of the town of Daroca. Alt. 3295 ft. 
 
 Galloon, par.. Ire., S. co Fermanagh, bars. Coole, Clan- 
 kelly, and Knockninny, 13 m. SE. Enniskillen ; 56,611 ac. P. 
 <45oo. 
 
 Galloper Sand, in the North Sea, 30 m. NE. North Foreland, 
 with a hghthouse (visible 11 m.) in 51° 43' N., 1° 57' E. 
 
 Gallow, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Deece, on Royal 
 Canal, 3 m. NW. Kilcock. P. <:soo. 
 
 Galloway, dist., Scot., in the SW., comprising the county 
 of Wigtown and Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. The designation, 
 though long used, implies no political jurisdiction. 
 
 Galloway, SInll of, cape, Wigtownshire, in the extreme S. , 
 in 4° 51J' W., with a lighthouse, visible 25 m. 
 
 Galloway, New, See New Galloway. 
 
 Gallow Hill, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 7^ m. SW. Mor- 
 peth. P. <250. 
 
 Gallows Inn, PM.O., Eng., 2 m. from Ilkeston, Derbyshire. 
 
 Gallncclo, comm. , Italy, prov. and circle Caserta. P. <4oco. 
 
 Gallup, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Bernalillo co., 100 
 m. S. by E. from the NW. corner of the terr. ; coal-mining centre. 
 
 Gallur, comm., Spain, prov. and 27 m. NW. by N. Sara- 
 gossa, on the r. bk. of the Ebro. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gallnra, moimtainous granitic dist. in the NE. of Sardinia, 
 the Limbara range in the S. 
 
 Gallnzzo, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 2^ m. SSW. 
 Florence. P. 14,900. 
 
 Galmls, vil., Switzd. See Charmey. 
 
 Galmlsdale, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the extreme SE. of 
 Eigg I., on the coast, P.O. 
 
 Galmoy, bar. , Ire. , in the extreme N W. of co. Kilkenny. 
 
 Galmpton, P.O., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 5 J m. SSW. 
 Torquay, on the estuary of the Dart, i m. W. Churston stn. 
 
 Galmpton, P.O., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 14 m. SW. 
 by W. Dartmouth. 
 
 Galops Canal, in the St. Lavvrence R. , Canada, cos. Gren- 
 viUe and Dundas, beginning nearly opposite Ogdensburg, U.S., 
 7f m. long ; three locks, with total rise of is| ft. 
 
 Galpbay, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 3^ m. 
 W. by N. Ripon. 
 
 Galston, par. and tn., Scot., S. Ayrshire, on the Irvine, 4^ 
 m. E. by S. Kilmarnock, with a stn. on the G. & SW. R., 
 centre of an extensive coalfield ; has manufactures of muslins 
 and blankets. Par. 15,243 ac, P. 6400; tn. P. <45oo. 
 
 563 
 
GALS — GAMI 
 
 Giilsz^cs, tn., Hungary, co. ZempWn, 22 m. N. Satorallja- 
 Ujhely. P. <4000. 
 
 Gait, tn. , Canada, Ontario, Waterloo co. , on the Grand R. , 
 and a railway 26 m. WNW. Hamilton ; has manufactures of 
 machinery, &c. P. (1881)5200; (1891)7500. 
 
 Galter'niore, mt. , Ire. See Galty Mountains. 
 
 Cialtl Stack, isolated rock, Scot. , Shetland Is. , Mainland, on 
 the NVV. ct., Northmaven par., in 1° 32^' W. 
 
 Cialtres Forest, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, extended 15 m. 
 NE. from York City, NW. to Aldborough ; formerly moor and 
 forest, is now cleared and drained. 
 
 Galtrlm, par. , Ire. , co. Meath, bar. Lower Deece, 4 m. SE. 
 Trim ; 4129 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Galtymore, mt. , Ire. , in the SW. of co. and 7 m. S. Tip- 
 perary. Height, 3015 ft. 
 
 Calty (or Galtee) Honntalns, range of mts.. Ire., in the 
 SE. of CO. Limerick, and in the SW. of co. Tipperary ; length, 
 15 m. Alt. 3010 ft. in Galteemore. 
 
 Galva, tn., U.S., Illinois, Henry co., 97 m. SSE. Dubuque, 
 (lo.). P. < 3000. 
 
 GalTeston, city, U.S., the principal seapt. of Texas, cap. G. 
 CO. , at W. of the mouth of G. Bay, in 29° 17' N. , 94° 49' W. , on a 
 narrow sand island, 30 m. long, connected by railways with the 
 mainland. It is the second cotton port in the U.S., and exports 
 also oil-cake, cotton-seed, oil, grain (one elevator has a capacity 
 of 1,000,000 bushels), wool, hides, tallow, and timber. Carries 
 on direct trade with Great Britain, Germany, France, Cuba, 
 Mexico, and Brazil. Total value of exports about ^^7,000, 000. 
 At present the bar 4 m. outside of the harbour entrance has a 
 depth at extreme high-water of only 16.3 ft., but works for in- 
 creasing this depth to 30 ft. are now (1894) in progress. Health 
 good ; epidemics rare (none in 25 years). Mean temp. , yr. 
 69.9° F., Jan. «.8°, July 83.8°; rfalL (20 yrs.), 52.30 in. P. 
 (1870) 13,800; (1880) 22,300; (1890) 29,100. 
 
 Galyez, comm. , Spain, prov. and 15m. SW. Toledo. P. <40oo. 
 
 Galway, bar.. Ire., on the NE. of G. Bay, co. G. 
 
 Galway, maritime co., Ire., Connaught, partly bounded on 
 the S. by G. Bay, and on the SE. by Lough Derg, divided into 
 the following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. i8gi. 
 
 Aran 
 
 11,288 
 
 2,907 
 
 Athenry 
 
 
 
 25.782 
 
 3.436 
 
 Ballymoe . 
 
 
 
 89,271 
 
 16.351 
 
 Ballynahinch 
 
 
 
 192,965 
 
 20,569 
 
 Clare . 
 
 
 
 127,487 
 
 20,229 
 
 Clonmacnowen . 
 
 
 
 35.467 
 
 6,991 
 
 Dunkellin . 
 
 
 
 83.371 
 
 10,293 
 
 Dun more 
 
 
 
 71,011 
 
 15.344 
 
 Kilconnell . 
 
 
 
 64,819 
 
 6,954 
 
 Killian 
 
 
 
 52,389 
 
 8,695 
 
 Kiltartan . 
 
 
 
 65,665 
 
 10,038 
 
 Leitrim 
 
 
 
 109,567 
 
 11,966 
 
 Longford . 
 
 
 
 96,507 
 
 io,93S 
 
 Loughrea . 
 
 
 
 64,406 
 
 7,603 
 
 Moycullen . 
 
 
 
 202,386 
 
 21,911 
 
 Ross . 
 
 
 
 77,351 
 
 8,023 
 
 Tiaquin 
 
 
 
 110,136 
 
 15.508 
 
 Galway, Co. of the town of, 
 
 22,493 
 
 16.959 
 
 
 1,502,362! 
 
 214,712 
 
 1 Exclusive of 67,143 ac. under larger rivers, lakes, and tideways. 
 
 The great mass of the surface is below 500 ft. in alt. , but the 
 W. of the county is mountainous and rugged (2395 ft. ). The W. 
 pKKtion (divided into the districts known as Connemara, larcon- 
 naught, and Joyce's Country, and much visited by tourists on 
 accovmt of its wildly beautiful scenery) is separated from the E. 
 and larger portion of the county by Lough Corrib (navigable from 
 the sea to Cong in co. Mayo), and in the N. the boundary line 
 of the county passes through the middle of Lough Mask. This 
 western region is desolate and sparsely populated, but the soil is 
 capable of high cultivation. The remainder of the county is level 
 and boggy, bog and marsh making up about 15 per cent, of the 
 surface. E. of Lough Corrib almost the whole area is compKjsed 
 of Lower Carboniferous rocks, but with some Old Red Sand- 
 stone hills in the SE. W. of Lough Corrib the rocks in the S. 
 are almost wholly of granite, which is followed northwards by 
 Cambrian and Silurian, and Archaean or metamorphic rocks. 
 The coast is deeply indented, the chief bays being Little Killary, 
 Ball)rnakill Harbour, Mannin, Bertraghboy, Kilkieran, Oran- 
 more, and Dunbuleaun Bays. The chief rivers are the Shannon, 
 which partly bounds the county on the SE. , its r. bk. tributary 
 the Suck, eastern boundary of the county, and the Clare. The 
 islands are numerous, the chief being those of Inishbofin, Inish- 
 shark, Lettermore, and Gorumna, besides the Aran group. The 
 only mineral of importance is the copper ore found at Round- 
 stone, in the SW. of the county, on Roundstone Bay. The 
 564 
 
 inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agriculture or, on the coast, 
 in fishing. (For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. ) 
 The chief railway line is the Midland Great Western (Dublin to 
 Galway), from which, at Athenry, a line branches N. to Tuam 
 and Claremorris (co. Mayo), S. to Ennis (co. Clare). There 
 is a branch of the Grand Canal between Shannon Harbour 
 and Ballinasloe. Only manufactures, coarse linens, woollen 
 stockings, and, along the shore, kelp. The county returns five 
 members to Parliament, four for the county (N., S., E., and 
 Connemara divs.), and one for the borough of G. In the far 
 W. of the county Irish is largely spoken, there being a popula- 
 tion of nearly 18,000 in the county who speak no other language. 
 See Ireland, table. 
 
 Galway, pari. bor. (one member) and mun. bor. , seapt. and 
 market-tn. , cap. co. Galway, and co. of itself, at the mouth of 
 the riv. flowing from Lough Corrib into G. Bay, 105 m. W. 
 Dublin, with which city it is connected by the Midland Great 
 Western Rly. One of the Queen's colleges was opened here 
 in 1849. The harbour has two docks, the deeper of which is 
 22 ft. deep over sill at neap, 26 ft. at spring tides, and it 
 is connected with Lough Corrib by a canal ; has extensive 
 herring and other fisheries. Exports consist chiefly of agricul- 
 tural produce and beautiful black marble slabs of large size. 
 G. has a distillery, saw-mills, brush factories, flour-mills, and 
 near the town a bag factory. Galway was conquered in 1235 
 by the Anglo-Normans imder De Burgh, many of whose descen- 
 dants still reside in the town. The town suffered greatly during 
 the troubles of the 17th century. Market-days, W. and S. 
 P. (1841) 17,300; (1851) 23,800; (1871) 15,600; (1891) 13,800; 
 pari. bor. P. (1891) 17,000. 
 
 Galway Bay, bay in the W. of Ireland, between cos. Galway 
 and Clare. The bay has lighthouses on Eeragh, Straw, Inisheen, 
 and Mutton Is. , as well as at the entrance to Galway Docks. 
 
 Gams, La, settlement and rly. stn. , Argentine Republic, prov. 
 and 180 m. SW. Buenos Aires. 
 
 Ganiaehes, tn., France, on the S. border of dep. Somme, 
 arr. Abbeville, 23 m. E. by N. Dieppe. P. <300o. 
 
 Gamakh, Asiatic Ttirkey. See Kemakli. 
 
 Gambatesa, comm., Italy, prov., circle, and 16 m. ESE, 
 Campobasso. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Gambia, called by the natives Ba-dlman, or Fonrel, Stachir 
 of Ptolemy, riv., western Africa, Senegambia, the centre of 
 which region it traverses, entering the Atlantic at Bathurst, no 
 m. SE. Cape Verde, in 13° 24' N., 16° 36' W., after a WNW. 
 course estimated at upwards of 550 m. At its mouth it is 4 m. 
 across, but immediately within this its width is doubled. Vessels 
 of 300 tons can reach the vicinity of Barrakunda, or Barraconda, 
 in 13° 50' W. , where the navigation is stopped by falls. 
 
 Gambia, The, Brit, colony, W. Africa, embracing the terr. 
 on both banks of the riv. G. as far as Yarlsutendi. It has been 
 continuously in British hands since the foundation of a fort, now 
 Fort James, at the mouth of the river in 1664, an independent 
 colony in 1843-66, and again since 1888. Value of imports and 
 exports each ;^i,2oo,ooo. Principal exports, ground-nuts; 
 others are maize, india-rubber, and palm-kernels. The one 
 metalled road connects Bathiu-st, cap., on St. Mary's I., 
 with British Combo on the mainland, across Oyster Creek. 
 Fortnightly steamers from Liverpool carry the mails, and com- 
 munication is regular with Bordeaux, by Dakar. Four cables 
 connect Bathurst with Eiu-ope and other West African settle- 
 ments. There are not more than fifty Europeans in the colony, 
 which consists chiefly of negroes of the Jolah, Mandingo, and 
 JoUof tribes. P. (1881) 14,150; (1891) 14,266. 
 
 Gambler, vil., U.S., Ohio, Knox co., 42 m. NE. Columbus. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Gambler Islands, group in the Pacific Ocean, in 23° 15' S., 
 134° 45' W. , at the S. end of the Low Is., or Tuamotu 
 Archipelago, consisting of five large islands and several islets 
 in a coral reef lagoon, and important as being the only known 
 station, except Pitcaim I., between Chile and Tahiti where good 
 water is procurable. The French have exercised a protectorate 
 over the islands since 1844. 
 
 Gambler Islands, group in Spencer Gulf, S. Australia, 
 Wedge I., the largest, being in 35° 6' S., 136" 28' E. 
 
 Gamblerton, tn. , S. Australia. See Monnt Gambler. 
 
 Gamblla, or Toclii, riv. , Afghanistan and Bannu dist. , Pun- 
 jab, flows E. into the Kuram, which it enters in 32° 37' N., 71" 
 6' E. Its banks afford little opportunity for cultivation. 
 
 Gamblesby, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on the 
 Wampool, 9^ m. W. by S. Carlisle, 2^ m. N. by E. Wigton 
 stn. P. <25o. See Addlngham. 
 
 Gamblesby, par., Eng., Cumberland, div. and 8^ m. NE. 
 Penrith, 3^ m. E. Lazonby stn. ; 5393 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Gamboid, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 15 m. WNW. 
 Pavia. P. 7000. 
 
 Gaming, vil. , Lower Austria, 32 m. E. by S. Steyr ; has iron- 
 works and petroleum springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gamleby, comm., Sweden, prov. Kalmar, on the E. ct., 50 
 m. S. by E. Norrkoping ; connected by canal (available for 
 vessels drawing 15 ft.) with Vestervik. P. <3ooo. 
 
G A ML — GANG 
 
 damllngay, par., Eng., Cambridge, Chesterton div., 14J 
 m. W. by S. Cambridge, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. ; 4460 
 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gamlitz, tn., Austria, Styria, 24 m. S. Graz. P. < 2000. 
 
 Crampel, vil., Switzd. , cant. Valais, at the mouth of the 
 Lotschen-thal, 5 m. E. Leuk. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ccampb Monntaius, range of mts. , Ire. , in the extreme SW. 
 of CO. Sligo. 
 
 Gampola, ancient Ganga-sri-piira, vil., Ceylon, Central 
 Pro v., II m. S. by W. Kandy, in one of the most lovely valleys 
 of the central range ; from 1350-1405 cap. of the island. 
 
 Gampn, ancient tn. , China. See Kanpn. 
 
 Gamrle (gem'ri), par., Scot., Banffshire, 6| m. E. by S. 
 Banff, 5I m. E. by S. Macduff stn. The village is at the foot 
 of a steep cliff, which shuts off the sunlight for eight months in 
 the year. 17,041 ac. P. 7000. 
 
 Gamrnn, another form of Gombroon. See Bender Abbas. 
 
 Gamgton, par., Eng., co. and 3 m. SE. Nottingham. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Gai.t!>tou, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlavsf div., 8 m. 
 E. by S. Worksop, 3 m. S. Retford stns., P.O. P. <250 ; eccles. 
 par. (G. -wltb Eaton) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ganitoos, riv.. Cape Colony, formed by the union of the 
 Kariga R. from the N. and the Groote R. from the W., flows 
 SE., and enters St. Francis Bay (S. coast) to the W. of Port 
 Elizabeth, in 25° 5' E. 
 
 Gan, tn., France, dep. Basses-Pyr^ntes, arr. and 4m. S. Pau. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Ganale Gudda River, W. Africa. See Jnb. 
 
 Gananab, or Gananeb, vil. , E. Africa, Somali-land, on the 
 Jub, in about 3° 30' N. , 42° 25' E. 
 
 Gananoane, vil. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Leeds 
 CO., on the 1. bk. of the mouth of the St. Lawrence, 18 m. ENE. 
 Kingston ; manufactures machinery, agricultural implements, 
 &c. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Ganarew, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 7 m. SW. 
 Ross, 2 m. NW. Symonds Yat stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Gana'tlr, or Kana'tlr, El (Arabic, ' the bridges'), region of 
 the Algerian Sahara, in about 33° N. , and from about i" 45' to 
 3° E. ; so called because the intervals of sand between the wadis 
 that cross it are likened by the Arabs to bridges. 
 
 Ganavan Bay, Scot., Argyllshire, on the W. ct., in the NE. 
 of the Firth of Lome, i^ m. N. Oban. 
 
 Gancbow-foo, tn. , China. See Kancbon. 
 
 Gancbn's, vil., W. Africa, on the r. bk. of the Congo, in 
 3° 18' S., 16° 23' E. 
 
 Gand, French form of Gbent. 
 
 Ganda, tn. in the Golo country, E. Africa, in 7° 43' N. , 
 26° 52' E. 
 
 Gandak, Great, N^rsiyanl, or Salgrdnii, the Kondochates 
 of the Greeks, riv. , Brit. India, N W. Provs. and Behar, rises in 
 the Nepdl Himalayas, flows SW. till it crosses the frontier, then 
 SE. on the border of or through the NW. Provs. , finally enter- 
 ing the Ganges just opposite Patna. Floods often inundate 
 large tracts on either side. Its lowest discharge is 10,391 cubic 
 ft. per second ; the highest recorded flood volume 266,000 cubic 
 ft. per second. During the rains boats can make their way up 
 to Lilganj (about 25 m.), beyond which point it is navigable 
 with great difficulty, never fordable, and full of rapids and 
 whirlpools. Rafts of timber come down from Nepdl. 
 
 Gand^niak, or Gnndamnk, vil., Afghanistan, 28 m. W. 
 Jalalabad. Here the last survivors of the British force escaping 
 from Kdbul in 1842 were massacred, one man alone escaping; 
 and here in 1879 the treaty was concluded by which a rectifica- 
 tion of the British Indian frontier on the side of Afghanistan 
 was agreed on. 
 
 Gilndara, comm. , Sdmar I. , Philippine Is. P. 9000. 
 
 GandiiTa, fortified vil., Baluchistan, 63 m. WNW. Jacobd- 
 bdd ; political cap. of Kachhi Prov. See Kacbb GanddTa. 
 
 Gand&va Pass. See Slula Pass. 
 
 Gander, lake, tworivs. , and a bay, Newfoundland. Great 
 (or Big) Gander Lake extends for about 40 m. from WSW. 
 to ENE. in the NE. of the island, is fed by the Slain Gander 
 R. and the Soutb-West Gander R., both of which flow from 
 the SW. , and is drained NE. into Gander Bay, an inlet 
 in S4|° W. 
 
 Gandersbeim, tn. , Ger. , duchy Brunswick, cap. circle and 
 24 m. N. by E. Gottingen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gandesa, comm., Spain, prov. Tarragona, 17 m. NNW, 
 Tortosa ; thrice besieged by the Carlists in 1836 and 1837. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Gandevi, tn. , India, Bombay Presidency, in 20° 47' N., 73° 
 3' E. P. (1881)7100; (i89i)<5000. 
 
 Gandgarb, range of hills, India, Punjab, in the Rawal Pindi 
 and Hazdra dists. 
 
 Gandl, tn. , W. Africa, kgd. of and 32 m. WSW. Sokoto. 
 
 Gandla, fishing tn. and seapt. , Spain, prov. and 36 m. SSE. 
 Valencia, with good anchorage, and small harbour (area, 22 J 
 ac. ; depth at entrance and alongside, 19 ft. ). P. 8700. 
 
 Gaudlkot, mountain fortress, India, Madras Presidency, | 
 
 Cuddapah dist. , in 14° 48' N., 78° 20' E. ; in ancient days a 
 famous stronghold. Alt. 1670 ft. 
 
 Gandino, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 13 m. NE. by 
 E. Bergamo ; has coal-mines. P. < 1000. 
 
 Gandlole, or Gandlolle, tn. and French post, W. Africa, 12 
 m. SSE. Saint Louis, on the 1. bk. of the mouth of the Senegal. 
 
 Gando, harb., on the E. ct. of Grand Canary I. 
 
 Gando, or Gnndn, Fellata sultanate and tn. , W. Africa. The 
 sultanate extends on both banks of the Niger between 11° and 
 14° N. In former times it was much larger, Yauri and Nupe 
 (S. of Gando) belonging to it. These provinces are, however, 
 now independent. Provinces still belonging to Gando are 
 Gurma and Kebbi. Agriculture is the principal occupation of 
 the inhabitants. Area, 78,500 sq. m. P. estimated at 55 millions. 
 The Lower Gando is situated between Sokoto and the Niger, 
 and is described by Barth as pleasantly situated and surrounded 
 by groves and banana plantations. P. estimated at 50,000. 
 [H. G. S.J 
 
 Ganfn, ancient tn. , China. See Kanpn. 
 
 Ganga, or Gunga, Sanskrit, 'a river.' 
 
 Ganga-dwsira, tn. , India. See Hardwdr. 
 
 Gaugaikanddpur, tn. and temple, Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 Trichinopoli, in 11° 13' N., 79^° E. Close to the town is one 
 of the most remarkable temples of S. India. Running N. is an 
 embankment 16 m. long, which must have been one of the 
 largest reservoirs in India. 
 
 Gangal, tank or small lake, India, Kashmir state, near the 
 NE. boundary of the valley, in 34° 37' N., 74° 58' E.; sacred 
 in the eyes of the Hindus. 
 
 Gang&pnr, tn. , India, Rajputdna, 70m. ESE. Jaipur. P. 5900. 
 
 Ganga-sri-piira, vil. , Ceylon. See Gampola. 
 
 Gang&wall, seapt., India, Bombay Presidency, Kdnara 
 dist., at mouth of Gangdwali R., in 14° 36' N. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Gangela, or Gangella, country, Portuguese W. Africa, SE. of 
 Bihe, about 13° S. , i7°-i9° E. ; well watered, soil comparatively 
 fertile ; inhabited by a well-formed race. 
 
 Gangelt, market-vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 15 m. N. by W. 
 Aix-la-Chapelle. P. <3ocio. 
 
 Gauges, tn., France, dep. H^rault arr. and 24 m. NNW. 
 Montpellier, 7 m. SE. by E. Le Vigan. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ganges (Sanskrit Gangd, 'river'), the principal and most 
 sacred river of India. It issues from a Himalayan ice-cave nccur 
 Gangotri, in the state of Garhwal, at the height of 13,800 ft., 
 breaks through the southern chain of the Himalayas, and enters 
 the plain just above Hardwar, becoming navigable almost as 
 soon as the plain is reached, and flows eastwards and south- 
 wards to the Bay of Bengal. On the left it receives from 
 the Himalayas the Gumti, Gogra, and Gandak (Gunduk), 
 and on the left the Jumna. The only great tributary which it 
 receives directly from the southern tableland is the Son, but the 
 Jumna receives from these highlands two great feeders — the 
 Chambal (Chumbul) and the Betwa. Before entering the Bay 
 of Bengal it unites with the Brahmaputra to form one great 
 delta, the largest in the world. [Delta.] The principal mouths 
 of this delta in the order from W. to E. are the Hugli, 
 (Hoogly) Matla, Raimangal, Haringhata or Baleswar, and 
 Meghnd. The greatest discharge of the G. in time of flood 
 above the delta is above 1,800,000 cubic ft. per second; its 
 smallest discharge at low water sinks to about 45,000 cubic 
 ft. per second. (Compare Mabdnadl.) In the G. basin 
 the heavy rainfall of the rainy season is gradually carried ofif 
 by the numerous rivers flowing across a gently sloping plain, 
 and hence the river remains near its highest level for three 
 weeks. During the dry season, again, the G. and its numerous 
 Himdlayan tributaries are constantly replenished vsdth water 
 from these mountains, their water having partly fallen as rain 
 on the Himdlayan slopes, and partly due at certain periods of 
 the dry season to the melting of the Himdlayan snows. Every 
 year more or less devastation arises from floods and shiftings of 
 the river-bed, due to floods in the G. valley [Godldnda]. These 
 floods, however, are of importance in the cultivation of such 
 crops as rice, which require great quantities of water in certain 
 stages of their growth, and the fine silt which floods spread over 
 the surface forms a soil of unsurpassable fertility. Hence, in 
 the valley of the G. , ' embankments are in few places required 
 to restrain its inundations. ... If one crop be drowned by the 
 flood, the cultivator calculates that his second crop will abun- 
 dantly requite him' (Hunter). The Hiigli is the most impor- 
 tant channel of the delta for navigation, being ascended by 
 ocean-going vessels to Calcutta, 80 m. from the mouth. Higher 
 up the navigation is almost confined to native craft, railway 
 competition, together with the increasing shoals in the river, 
 having put an end to the steamer traffic which was carried on 
 as high as AUahdbdd down to about i860. Cargoes are prin- 
 cipally brought down stream, and during the rainy season, the 
 boats often returning unloaded during the rest of the year. 
 Among the products carried down in different parts of the 
 course are timber from the Bijnaur forests, destined for Agra 
 and Delhi, and by the Ramganga and Garra Rivers for Faruk- 
 hdbud, Cawnpur, and AUahdbdd ; grain and oil-seeds, salt 
 
 565 
 
GANG — CARD 
 
 cotton, stone (from the Mirzapur dist.). The sacredness of 
 the river attracts countless numbers of Hindu pilgrims to bathe 
 in it and various particularly sacred spots, above all at the con- 
 fluence of the Jumna and G. at AllahdbM. Length (according 
 to the contour map of India, Calcutta, 1886), 1455 m.; area of 
 basin, 397,300 m. 
 
 Ganges Canals, Upper and Lower, system of canals irri- 
 gating a large part of the Great Do4b (between the rivers Ganges 
 and Jumna) from Hardwar in the N. (where the Upper G. 
 Canals derive their supply) to a point on the Jumna a little 
 above the confluence of the Betwa. The original Upper G. 
 Canal was opened in April 1854. The total length is now 
 upwards of 1000 m. , but varies as new branches are opened or 
 old ones closed up. About 400 m. available for navigation. 
 Area irrigated about 1800 sq. m. 
 
 Gangl, comm. , Sicily, prov. Palermo, 23 m. NNE. Caltanis- 
 setta. P. 13,800. 
 
 Ganglm, tn. , Brit. India, N W. Provs. , dist. Muzaffamagar, 
 36 m. NW. byW. Meerut. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Gangob, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Sahdranpiu", 50 
 m. SE. by S. Ambala. P. (1891) 12,100; Moham. 6600 ; Hindus, 
 5400. 
 
 Gangotrl, mt. temple, India, NW. Provs., Garhwdl state, in 
 30° 59' N. , 78° 59' E., on the r. bk. of the Ganges, 8 m. from 
 its source. Place of pilgrimage, where flasks are filled with 
 sacred water. Alt. 10,319 ft. 
 
 G&ngpur, native state, India, Bengal, Chutid Nagpur, 
 crossed by 22° N. , 85^° E. Area, 2484 sq. m. 
 
 Gangri, Tibetan, ' snowy mountain. ' 
 
 Gangnella, Portuguese spelling of Gangela {q.v.\ 
 
 GambM-ny, Chinese prov. See Nganliwel* 
 
 Ganj, or Gunge, Sanskrit, ' a market-town.' 
 
 Ganja, tn. , Russia. See Ellsa1>etbpol. 
 
 Ganjdm, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. G., on the Bay of 
 Bengal, 60 m. SW. by W. Puri, at the mouth of the Rishikuliya 
 R, Formerly the cap. of the dist. , and fortified. The govern- 
 ment salt manufacture now the principal industry. N. of the 
 town the ground is low and feverish. P. (1891) 4700, nearly all 
 Hindus. 
 
 Ganjdm, suburb of Seringapatam, India, Mysore. 
 
 Ganll'wyd, P.O., Wales, Merionethshire, 5 m. from Dolgelly. 
 
 Gannat, tn. , France, dep. Allier, cap. arr. , 22 m. N. by E. 
 Clermont-Ferrand. Alt. 1140 ft. P. 5100. 
 
 Gannet Rock, isL , Canada, New Brunswick, in the Bay of 
 Fundy, with a lighthouse (vis. 12 m.) in 44° 31' N. and 66° 47' W. 
 
 Gannet Kock, rocky isl., U.S., Maine, on the NE. ct., 6 
 m. from the SW. point of Grand Manan I., with a lighthouse, 
 visible 12 m. 
 
 GannoTir, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Whalley par. P. 
 7800. 
 
 Gann Valley, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Buffalo co., 71 
 m. ESE. Pierre. 
 
 Ganos, vil. , Turkey in Europe, on the Sea of Marmora, prov. 
 and 43 m. NE. by E. GaUipoli. 
 
 Ganstead, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 4J m. NE. 
 Hull, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Gansnr, tn.. Lower Egypt, prov. Menufiye. P. 5900. 
 
 Gantang, mt. pass, India, Pimjab, Bashahr state, leading 
 E. into Tibet, in 31° 38' N., 78° 4/ E. Alt. 18,295 ft. 
 
 Gantheamne, cape, the southernmost point of Kangaroo I. , 
 S. Australia. 
 
 Gantborpe, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, Thirsk and Malton div. , 
 13 m. NNE. York, 3J m. NW. Castle Howard stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Gantles, vil., France, dep. Haute-Garonne, arr. Saint- 
 Gaudens, with two bathing establishments frequented for their 
 ferruginous waters. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gantocks, Tbe, rocks, Scot. , in the Firth of Clyde, about \ 
 m. SE. Dunoon. 
 
 Ganton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 7^ 
 m. SSW. Scarborough, on the NE. R., PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 GantAr, tn. , India. See Gantaii*. 
 
 Ganntl^, tn. , India, Bengal, in 23° 52' N. , 87° 53' E. ; the 
 centre of the silk industry of Bfrbhiim. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Gap, Tbe, stn. , Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R. , 902 
 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Gap, the ancient Vapincum, cap. dep. Hautes-Alpes, France, 
 arr. G. , on the Luye, 48 m. SSE. Grenoble ; has a Gothic cathedral, 
 and manufactures of wooUen, silk, and linen fabrics. P. 6900. 
 
 Gapan, comm., Philippine Is., Nueva Ecija. P. 20,300. 
 
 Gara, comm., Hungary, co. BAcs-Bodrog, dist. Baja. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Gara, El, small oasis in the Libyan desert, on the route from 
 Cairo to Siwah, in 29° 3/ N., 26° 51' E. 
 
 Gars, Loagb, lake. Ire. , in extreme SE. of co. Sligo, 14 m. 
 W. by S. Leitrim. It receives the Lung, and is drained by the 
 Boyle into Lough Key. 
 
 Gara Bridge, stn. , Eng. , Devonshire, near Brent, on G. W. R. 
 
 Garacblco, tn. , Teneriffe I. , on the N. ct. , nearly destroyed 
 by a volcanic eruption in 1705, before which it was one of the 
 most important places in the island. 
 566 
 
 Garadlce, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Ballinamore, co. Leitrim. 
 
 Garadlce, tnld., Ire., SE. co. Meath, bar. Upper Deece, 7 
 m. NW. by W. Maynooth, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Garadlce Lougta, lake. Ire., in the SE. of co. Leitrim, 13 m. 
 WNW. Cavan, on the Erne and Shannon Junction Canal, 
 176 ft. above sea-level. 
 
 Garafraxa, or Douglas, viU, Canada, Ontario, co. Welling- 
 ton, on Grand R., 45 m. by rail from Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Garag,orGadag-Bettlgerl(census),tn.,Brit. India, Bombay, 
 dist. Dhdrwdr, 42 m. E. by S. Dharwar, a railway junction. P. 
 (1881) 17,000; (1891) 23,900; Hindus, 18,400. 
 
 Garabans, vil. , Brazil, state and 120 m. SW. by W. Pernam- 
 buco, with which it is connected by raiL 
 
 Gar&l, or Gordl, riv. , Bengal. See M^obnmati. 
 
 Garaway, W. Africa, See Garraway. 
 
 Garb, prov. , Morocco, in the N W. , contains the towns Tangier, 
 Ceuta, and Tetuan. 
 
 Garbagna, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 20 m. ESE. 
 Alessandria. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Garbh, Gaelic, Garw, Cymro-Celtic, 'rough.' 
 
 Garbbalg, or Gararalg Locb, small lake, Scot., Ross-shire, 
 drained W. into the middle of Loch Maree. 
 
 Garboldlsbam, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, Mid div. , 23 m. SW. 
 Norwich, 4^ m. SSE. HarUng Road stn., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Garbn, prov. , Senegambia. See Kabn. 
 
 Garbntts Falls. See Belize, riv. 
 
 Garcbrle Moss, dist., Scot., Wigtownshire, in the NW., 4^ 
 m. WNW. Stranraer. 
 
 Garcia, tn., Mexico, Nuevo Leon, 22 m. NW. by W. Mon- 
 terey. P. 4000. 
 
 Garcia Hemikndez, comm. , Bohol I. , Philippine Is. P. 5800. 
 
 Gard, riv., France, dep. G., formed by the union of the 
 Gardon d'Anduze and the Gardon d'Alais, and flowing on the 
 whole SE. into the Rhone, which it enters (r. bk. ) a short dis- 
 tance above Beaucaire. The G. is subject to terrible floods. 
 At Collias, below the confluence of the Alzon, the discharge, 
 for ten months of the year, is from 210-1400 cubic ft. per second, 
 sometimes in flood 141,000 cubic, ft. Length, about 85 m. 
 
 Gard, southern dep., France, partly bounded on the E. by 
 the Rhone, and on the S. by the Mediterranean ; divided into 
 four arrs., Nimes (cap.), Alais, Uzfes, and le Vigan. From the 
 Cevennes (here crossed by the railway connecting the valleys 
 of the G. and Allier), which occupy the W. and N. of the 
 dep. , the surface slopes rapidly towards the plains of the Rhone 
 and the sea. The culminating point of the dep. , 1' Aigoual, has 
 an alt. of 5140 ft. The Mediterranean coast is bordered by 
 sand-dimes, behind which stretch numerous marshes. By far 
 the greater part of the dep. , except a small portion in the extreme 
 W. , belongs to the basin of the Rhone, the principal affluents of 
 which in the dep. are the Ard^che, forming part of the northern 
 boundary, the Cfeze, and the G. (the basin of which forms the 
 dist. of Gardonnenque), which all enter from its right bank. 
 Two small rivers, the Vidourle and Vistre, traverse the SW. of 
 the dep.; the former communicates with the sea by the Grau- 
 du-Roi. The climate is mainly of the Mediterranean type. 
 Principal cereals, wheat and oats. The vine occupies nearly 
 8 per cent, of the surface : before 1875 — since when the vine- 
 yzi6s have been devastated by the phylloxera — nearly double 
 that. The production per acre, nearly twice the average in 
 France. The production of mulberry leaves and cocoons is 
 the highest in France. In the NW. of the dep. are the rich 
 coal-mines of Bass^ges and Grand-Combe, forming together 
 the Alais basin, which ranks in respect of the quantity of coal 
 produced next after those of Valenciennes and the Loire. 
 Lignite is worked in the Bagnols and Barjac basins in the NE. 
 of the dep. Iron ore is also produced and smelted. Alais, 
 Besseges, Nimes, and their environs abound in iron and copper 
 works. Alais is also the principal centre of the silk industry. 
 Anciently part of the Roman Provincia, G. afterwards became 
 subject to the Carlovingian kings ^nd the counts of Toulouse. 
 In 1229 Nimes and Beaucaire became royal towns. Area, 2270 
 sq. m. P. (1891) 419,388. See France, table. 
 
 Gard, Pont de. See Kimes. 
 
 Garda, Lake of [Lacus Benacus), the largest lake of northern 
 Italy, between 45° 26' and 45° 56' N., 10° 35' and 10° 50' E., 
 enclosed by the provs. Verona, Mantua, and Brescia, and the 
 circle Roveredo, Tirol. Its banks are bold on all sides except 
 the S., where the penin. of Sirmio extends into it. At its N. 
 extremity it receives the Sarco R., and at its SE. end it dis- 
 charges itself by the Mincio into the Po. Near its E. shore the 
 battle of Rivoli was fought in 1796. Length, N. to S., 35 m. ; 
 breadth, 2-10 m ; area, 141 sq. m. ; greatest depth, 960 ft. 
 Alt. 215 ft. 
 
 Garda, in French Cap de Garde, cape, Algeria, at the NW. 
 of the Gulf of Bona ; has a fort and lighthouse. 
 
 Gardala, Algeria. See Gbardala. 
 
 Gardanne, tn., France, dep. Bouches-du-Rh6ne, arr. d'Aix, 
 5 m. S. by E. Aix. P. <3000. 
 
 Gardd, Cymro-Celtic, ' a garden." See Garrdh. 
 
 Gai^elegen, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, cap. circle, on the 
 
GARD — GARI 
 
 Milde, govt, and 30 m. NNW. Magdeburg; important centre 
 of the hop-trade ; various manufactures, that of mother-of-pearl 
 buttons being important. P. 7300. 
 
 Gardempe, riv. , France. See Ciartenipe. 
 
 Garden, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Frontenac co. , on an island 
 in the St. Lawrence, opposite Kingston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Garden, city, U.S., Kansas, Finney co., on R. Arkansas, 93 
 m. NE. by N. of the SW. corner of the state. Alt. 2827 ft. 
 (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Gardenay, another name of Gerard de Nys I., Bismarck 
 Archipelago. 
 
 Garden City, vil., U.S., New York, Queen's co., on Long L, 
 20 m. E. by N. Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gardenhlll, electoral div. , Ire., Fermanagh, dist. Holywell. 
 
 Garden Island, Australia. See Bnache. 
 
 Garden Island, small isl. , Canada, Ontario, at the E. end 
 of Lake Ontario, W. of Wolfe I. , 2 m. S. Kingston. P. 1000. 
 
 Garden Island Creek, post-tn. , Tasmania, Buckingham co. , 
 40 m. from Hobart. P. <isoo. 
 
 Gardenmorrls, electoral div., Ire., Waterford, dist. Bun- 
 mahon. 
 
 Garden of the Gods. See Colorado Springs. 
 
 Garden Reacb, suburb of Calcutta, on the HiigK, 3 m. S. of 
 the city. 
 
 Garden River, tp. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the Sault St. 
 Mary line of the C. P. R. , 615 m. by rail W. Montreal, in 
 Algoma dist., 12 m. from Sault St. Mary; silver, lead, and 
 copper mines near. P. <isoo. 
 
 Gardenstoirvn, vil., Scot., Banffshire, on the N. ct. , on 
 Gamrie Bay, 7 m. E. Banff ; founded in 1720 by Alexander 
 Garden of Troup. PMT. O. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Garderbonse, P. O. , Scot. , Shetland Is. , 15 m. NW. Lerwick. 
 
 Gardlkl, tn. , Turkey in Europe, Albania, on a steep acclivity, 
 35 m. N. by E. Corfu. Previously to 1812 it was a flourishing 
 city, but was then taken and mostly ruined by All Pasha. 
 
 Gardlklon, vil. , Greece, prov. Phthiotis and Phocis, 35 m. SE. 
 Pharsalos. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gardiner, city, U.S. , Maine, Kennebec co. , on the Cobbossee 
 R. , which affords valuable water-power utilised for saw-mills, 8 
 m. S. by E. Augusta. Alt. 23 ft. (R.R.). P. 5500. 
 
 Gardiner, vil., U.S., Oregon, Douglas co.,near the mouth 
 of the Umpqua R., 120 m. N. of the SW. corner of the state, 
 in 43° 45' N. 
 
 Gardiner's Island, U.S., New York, Suffolk co., off the 
 NE. of Long I., in 72° 4'-8' W., on the E. side of G. Bay. 
 Colonised by the English in 1639. Its N. point, in 41° 8' 18" N. 
 and 72° 8' 13" W. , has a lighthouse. 
 
 Gardlscher See, ct. lake, Pnissia, in the E. of Pomerania, 
 crossed by 17° 5' E. 
 
 Gardner, vil., U.S., Illinois, Grundy co., 60 m. SW. by S. 
 Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gardner, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 24 m. NNW. 
 Worcester ; has cane and wood seat chair factories. P. 8400. 
 
 Gardner, Mount, mt., U.S., California, belonging to the 
 Sierra Nevada, 230 m. E. by S. San Francisco. 
 
 Gardner Channel (or Canal), or Kltlnp Cafton, inlet of 
 the Pacific, Brit. Columbia, with its mouth in 532° N., 50 m. 
 long. Noted for its magnificent rocky scenery. 
 
 Gardner Islands, two adjacent islands in the Bismarck 
 Archipelago, N. of Neu-Mecklenberg (New Ireland), the 
 southern crossed by 3° S. , 152° E. 
 
 Gardon d'Alals, and Gardon d'Andnze. See Gard, riv. 
 
 Gardone, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 10 m. N. by 
 W. Brescia, on the Mella, in the Val Trompia. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gardone Riviera, small winter resort, Italy, on W. side of 
 Lake Garda, prov. and 20 m. ENE. Brescia. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gare Loch, inlet, Scot., Dumbartonshire [q.v.), in the SW., 
 running 6J m. NNW. from the Clyde. Clyde-built steamers 
 usually resort to this loch for the testing of their compasses. 
 Length, S. to N., 7 m. ; average breadth, i m. 
 
 Garelochhead, vil. , Scot. , Dumbartonshire [q.v.), at the head 
 of Gare Loch, 6J m. NW. by N. Helensburgh, with a stn. on 
 the N. B. R. ; frequented as a watering-place. PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Garendon, par., Eng., Leicestershire, 2 m. W. Lough- 
 borough. P. <250. 
 
 Garenganze, or Katanga, a country in central Africa, situated 
 between the two g^eat source rivers of the Congo, the Lualaba 
 and Luapula, and forming the SE. corner of the Congo Free 
 State. The northern parts of G. consist of vast plains, whilst 
 the southern are mountainous. The principal river traversing the 
 country is the Lufira, a trib. of the Lualaba. Inhabitants, 
 Bantu of various tribes. The country is reported to be rich in 
 copper, gold, india-rubber, and wax ; the exploitation of G. 
 being in the hands of the Katanga Company, an international 
 syndicate with headquarters at Brussels. (See Proc. R. G. S. , 
 1889, pp. 65-82 ; 1892, pp. 36-47 ; Geog. Jour., 1893, ^ol- "• PP- 
 238-248.) [H. G. S.] 
 
 Garesslo, tn., Italy, Piedmont, in the Maritime Alps, prov. 
 and 27 ra. SE. by E. Cuneo. P. 7300. 
 
 Garfagnana, dist., Italy, Tuscany, formerly comprised in 
 
 the dominion of Modena, and formed part of the upper valley of 
 the Serchio ; chief town, Castelnuovo di Garfagnana. 
 
 Garfield, co., U.S., Colorado, on the W. frontier, crossed 
 by 107° and 108° W. and by 40° N. , with coal-mines. 
 
 Garfield, co., U.S., Nebraska, crossed by 99° W., and in the 
 N. by 42° N. 
 
 Garfield, tn., U.S., New Jersey. P. < 1500. 
 
 Garfield, co., U.S., N. Dakota, crossed by 48° N. and 102° 
 W. , bounded on the S. by R. Missouri. 
 
 Garfield, co., U.S., Utah, crossed by 38° N. and 111° and 
 112° W. 
 
 Garfield, co., U.S., Washington, on the S. frontier, crossed 
 by 117° and 118° W., bounded on the N. by Snake R. 
 
 Garfield, vil., U.S., Washington, Whitman co., 47 m. S. by 
 E. Spokane Falls. P. < 1000. 
 
 Garfield Beach, watering-place and summer resort, U.S., 
 Utah, Tooele co., 20 m. W. by S. Salt Lake City, on the Great 
 Salt Lake. 
 
 Garflnny, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 2 m. NE. 
 Dingle; 3915 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Garford, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 4J m. W. by S. 
 Abingdon, on the Ock, 3 m. N. by E. Wantage Road stn. 
 P. <:250. See Marcham. 
 
 Garforth, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., b\ m. E. Leeds, on the NE. R., PMT.O. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Gargallanol, tn. , Greece, prov. Messenia, 11 m. NNW. 
 Navarino. P. (tn.)55oo; (comm., Platamodes), 7600. 
 
 Gargallga, small riv., Spain, Estremadura, 1. bk. trib. of 
 the Ruecas. 
 
 Gargano (the ancient Garganus), penin. , in the E. of Italy, to 
 the S. of 42° N., extending for about 30 m. into the Adriatic, 
 15-30 m. broad, occupied by the Monte Calvo or G. ; is a 
 limestone mass, 5295 ft. high. 
 
 Gargano, Testa del, the E. end ('head') of the G. Penin., 
 in 41° 50' N. 
 
 Gargle Moor, dist., Scot., Wigtownshire, in the S., between 
 Castle Loch and Mochrum Loch, 8| m. W. by S. Wigtown. 
 
 Gargnano, comm., Italy, prov. and 23 m. ENE. Brescia, 
 cap. dist., on W. shore of Lake Garda. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Gargrave, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 on the Aire, the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, and the M. R., 14^ 
 m. NNE. Burnley, 4^ m. WNW. Skipton, PMT.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Gargnnnock, par., Scot., Stirlingshire, i m. S. of the Forth, 
 and its stn. on the N. B. R., 5^ m. W. by N. Stirling, PT.O.; 
 9859 ac. P.-C750. 
 
 Garhil, ancient tn. , India, Central Provs. , dist. Jabalpur, in 
 23" 10' N., 79° 56' E. P. (i89i)<5oco. 
 
 Garh^kotd, tn. , India, Central Provs. , dist. Sdgar, in 23° 4/ 
 N., 79° n' E. P. (1881) 11,400; (1891) 9500; Hindus, 7700. 
 
 Garhgilon, ruined tn. and fort, Brit. India, Assam, dist. 
 Sibsagar ; the earliest seat of government of the Aham princes. 
 P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Garhl Ydsln, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, Sind, dist. Shikirpur, 
 26 m. S. by E. Jacobabdd. P. (1891) 6000; Hindus, 3600; 
 Moham. 2400. 
 
 Garhmnkhtesar, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Meerut, 
 on the high cliffs on the r. bk. of the Ganges, 30 m. SE. by E. 
 Meerut. P. (1881) 7300; (1891)6100; Hindus, 4100 ; Moham. 
 1900. 
 
 Garhshankar, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. HoshiArpur, 
 64 m. W. by N. Simla. P. (1891) 6100 ; Hindus, 2300 ; 
 Moham. 3700. 
 
 Garhw^l, Himalayan dist. in the extreme N W. of the NW. 
 Provs., Brit. India, overrun in 1803 by the Giirkh^, then the 
 dominant race in Nepal, and reduced by them to a terrible state 
 of desolation, from which it has gradually recovered since the 
 conquest of the dist. by the British in 1814-15. Tea plantations 
 have been established in the dist. , which is now very prosperous. 
 
 GarhM^^il, native state, separated from the Brit. dist. of G. 
 on the E. by the Alaknanda R. ; left in the possession of the 
 native raja when the remainder of the state was seized by the 
 British in 1815 ; cap. Tehri. Area, 4164 sq. m. P. 241,242. 
 
 Garla Bay, Newfoundland, on the S. ct., in 58° 35' W. 
 
 Garlep. See Orange River. 
 
 Garles, rural vil., Cape Colony, Namaque dist., 112 m. SE. 
 by S. Port NoUoth. P. <30oo. 
 
 Garlgllano, the ancient Liris, riv., Italy, rises about 5 m. 
 SE. Tagliacozzo, flows SE. through provs. Aquila and Caserta, 
 turns W. , and enters the Mediterranean 9 m. E. Gaeta, after a 
 course of 104 m. Area of basin, 1938 sq. ni. ; discharge, highest, 
 47,300 ; lowest, 900 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Garlgllone, Monte, mt., Italy, in the S., in the Apennines, 
 prov. and 17 m. N. by E. Catanzaro. Alt. 5855 ft. 
 
 Garln, city, Turkish Armenia. See Erzemm. 
 
 Garlulsh, tnld.. Ire., SW. ct. co. Cork, bar. Bear, on Bally- 
 donegan Bay, 29 m. W. by S. Bantry. 
 
 Garloch (' the rough district'), inland dist., Scot., Aberdeen- 
 shire, comprising 150 sq. m. , and including 15 pars, in the centre 
 of the county. 
 
 Garloch, Chapel of, par. , Scot. See Chapel of Garloch. 
 
 567 
 
GARI — GARR 
 
 earltza, vil. , Greece, isl. of Corfu, on the E. ct., 2^ m. S. 
 Corfu. P. < 3000. 
 
 Garland, co. , U.S., Arkansas, crossed by 93° W. , and 
 between 35° and 34° N. 
 
 Ciarlasco, comm., Italy, Lorabardy, prov. and 12 m. W, 
 Pavia. P. 7300. 
 
 Garletou Hill, Scot. See Haddlngtoiishlre. 
 
 Garlieston, vil., Scot., Wigtownshire, on G. Bay, 6 m. SSE. 
 Wigtown, with a stn. (Garliestowu) on the Portpatrick and 
 Wigtownshire Joint Rly., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Garlluge, P.O., Eng., Kent, i m. SW. by W. Margate. 
 
 Garlowcross, P.O., Ire., co. Meath, 5 m. from Navan. 
 
 Garmarnd, or Germarud, dist., Persia, Azerbaijan, NW. 
 of the northern bend of the Kizil Uzen R. 
 
 Garmlscli, vil., Ger., Upper Bavaria, in the valley of the 
 Loisach, near the fort of the Zugspitze, 49 m. SW. by S. 
 Munich. P. <20oo. 
 
 Garmondsway Moor, par. , Eng. , co. and 6^ m. SE. Dur- 
 ham. P. <;25o. 
 
 Garmontli, seapt. vil., Scot., co. and 7^ m. E. by N. Elgin, 
 on the Spey, with a stn. on the G. N. of S. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Garmslr, Garmsll, or Garmsel ('the hot country'), the 
 name applied to a strip of rich land, about 2 m. wide, on both 
 banks of the Helmund, where it flows from ENE. to WSW., 
 and then from E. to W. , in the S. of Afghanistan. The name 
 is also applied to the littoral portion of the Persian provs. of 
 Fars and Khuzistan on the Gulf of Persia. 
 
 Gam, PM.O. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, 4^m. NW. Tremadoc. 
 
 Garnant, coal-mining vil., Wales, on the border of the cos. 
 of Carmarthen and Glamorgan, on the G. W. R., 14 m. ENE. 
 Llanelly, PMT.O. 
 
 GarndllTalth, P.O., Eng., Monmouthshire, 4^ m. from 
 Pontypool. 
 
 Garn Dollieninaen, PM.O., Wales, Carnarvonshire. See 
 Dolbenmaen. 
 
 Garneddwen, stn., Wales, in the S. of Merionethshire, on 
 the Corris Rly. , i m. beyond Corris. 
 
 Garnet, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Haldimand co. , 27^ m. SSW. 
 Hamilton, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Garnett, city, U.S., Kansas, Anderson co. , 58 m. SSE. 
 Topeka. P. < 3000. 
 
 Garngad, rly. stn. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, in the burgh of and 
 2 m. NE. by E. Glasgow, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Garnklrk, vil., Scot., NW. Lanarkshire, on the C. R., 5^ 
 m. WNW. Airdrie ; has fireclay works. P. (including Crow 
 Row and Heathfield)<:75o. 
 
 Garnqneen and Glenbolg, united vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, 
 2^ m. NW. Coatbridge. P. < 1500. 
 
 G&ro (formerly spelt also Garroiv) Hills, mountainous dist. 
 on the W. frontier of Assam, Brit. India, to the S. of the 
 Brahmaputra ; the mountains in the form of long even ridges, 
 with deep valleys between ; highest summit, 4650 ft. The moun- 
 tains, except on the rare spots annually cleared for cultivation (on 
 what is here known as thejtlm system), are densely clothed with 
 forests, including great quantities of the valuable s41 tree, but 
 at present too remote from the means of communication to 
 yield much profit. The Gdros are a robust and active race, 
 of middle height, and dark brown colour. Strangers are liable 
 to fevers of a malarious type. 
 
 Garonne, the ancient Garumna (probably equivalent to the 
 Gzi^c garvan, garbk amhainn, 'rough river'), riv. , France, 
 rises in the Pyrenees (on the Spanish side), flows NW. then 
 NE. to Toulouse, then on the whole NW. again to its confluence 
 with the Dordogne to form the estuary of the Gironde. Its 
 chief affluents are (r. bk. ) the Ari^ge, Tarn, and Lot ; (1. bk. ) 
 the Save, Gers, and G61ise. The mean discharge at Tonneins 
 amounts to 23,275 cubic ft. per second, which in flood becomes 
 350,000-370,000, or, occasionally, 420,000 cubic ft. per second. 
 The G. is officially regarded as floatable downwards from Pont- 
 du-Roi to Boussens, navigable from Boussens to Toulouse. 
 Really navigation commences at Toulouse, where the river is 
 connected with the Mediterranean by the Canal du Midi. Even 
 below Toulouse navigation is carried on mainly by the lateral 
 canal, which follows the r. bk. of the river from Toulouse to 
 Agen (with a branch from Montech to Montauban), and the 
 1. bk. from Agen to Castets, where it rejoins the river a little 
 above the place where the G. makes its last turn to the NW. by 
 N. Total length of canal, 120 m. (including b\ m. for the 
 branch to Montech). Large ocean vessels ascend the river 
 itself to Bordeaux. Total length of river, excluding the estuary 
 of the Gironde, 355 m.; including that estuary, 400 m. See 
 France, rivers. 
 
 Garonne, Hante«, dep. in the SW. of France, bounded on 
 the S. by one of the highest portions of the Pyrenees ; divided 
 into four arrs. : Toulouse (cap.), Muret, Saint-Gaudens, and 
 Villefranche-de-Lauraguais. The dep., densely mountainous 
 in the extreme S. , culminates in Mont Perdigu^re (alt. 10,560 
 ft.), one of the numerous summits which rise round the town 
 of Bagn6res-de-Luchon and the magnificent valley of Larboust. 
 568 
 
 Between the crests of these mountains, ports, or passes, open, 
 the most frequented of which is the Port de V^nasque, through 
 which runs the road from Bagnferes-de-Luchon to the Spanish 
 town of V6nasque (Benasque). The central region of the dep. is 
 formed by a series of Tertiary plateaux and hills, monotonous 
 in aspect, but mostly cultivated, and varying in height from 
 1150-1500 ft. The whole dep. is drained by the G., the 
 chief affluents of which in the dep. are the Pique and Save 
 (1. bk.), the Salat, Ari^ge, and Hers (r. bk.). The Saint- 
 Martory irrigation canal is on the G. , 20 m. below St. Gaudens. 
 As to climate, see Tonlonse. The Pyrennean Mountains and 
 those near the r. bk. of the G. are generally bare almost to 
 the base. The valleys, on the other hand, are very fertile, and 
 magnificent pastures varied by fields of oats, maize (called 
 milloc in the district), and excellent beans, border the G. 
 The vine covers more than 8 per cent, of the surface, but the 
 production per acre is small. Among minerals a considerable 
 quantity of rock-salt is produced. The marbles of Saint-B^at 
 rival those of Carrara. The dep. is rich in mineral springs, the 
 most frequented being those of Bagnferes-de-Luchon, Encausse, 
 and Ganties. After the overthrow of the last bulwark of Roman 
 civilisation towards the close of the 6th century, the basin of 
 the G. passed first to the duchy then to the kingdom of Aqui- 
 taine. From 850-1249 Toulouse was the cap. of a powerful 
 county, which in the latter year was practically united to the 
 kingdom of France. Area, 2458 sq. m. P. (1891) 472,383. 
 
 Garonpe, cape, S. ct. of France, dep. Var, in 7° 8' E. , with 
 lighthouse, visible 24 m. 
 
 Garpenberg, comm., Sweden, prov. Kopparberg; has 
 copper mines and works. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Garrabost, vil, Scot., Outer Hebrides, Lewis I., 7 m. E. 
 Stornoway, PT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Garrad, Gaelic, 'an enclosed place.' See Garth. 
 
 Garrafiranes, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Dunmore, co. Galway, 
 10 m. from Tuam stn. 
 
 Garranamanagh, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Crannagh, 
 2 m. NW. Freshford. P. <;25o. 
 
 Garrane, electoral div. , Ire. , Limerick, dist. Croom. 
 
 Garraneklnnefeake, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 
 2 m. W. Cloyne. P. <:7SO. 
 
 Garranes, electoral div. , Ire. , Cork, dist. Dromdaleag^e. 
 
 Garrangibbon, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bars. IffaandOffa 
 E. , and Slievardagh, 6 m. NW. Carrick-on-Suir ; 4713 ac. P. 
 <Soo. 
 
 Garrard, co., U.S., Kentucky, S. of the parallel 38°, and 
 W. of the meridian 84°. 
 
 Garratt Green, suburb of London, Eng., Surrey, Wands- 
 worth div., on the Wandle, 7 m. SW. by S. St. Paul's, London, 
 between Earlsfield and Haydons Road stns. 
 
 Garra'fvay, or Garaway, tn. and harb. , W. Africa, on the 
 coast of Liberia, to the NW. of Cape Palmas. 
 
 Garrdh, Gaelic, Gardd, Cymro-Celtic, in place names, Garry, 
 ' a garden. ' 
 
 Garreg, P.O., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 4I m. NE. Welsh- 
 pool, i| m. E. Pool Quay stn. 
 
 Garrett, tn., U.S., Indiana, Dekalb co., 117 m. NNE. 
 Indianapolis, 31 m. SW. of NE. corner of state. P. < 3000. 
 
 Garrett, co. , U.S., Maryland, in the extreme NW. 
 
 Garrett, High, PM.O., Eng., 3 m. from Bocking Church 
 Street, Essex. 
 
 GarrettSTllle, vil., U.S., Ohio, Portage co., 37 m. SE. 
 Cleveland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Garrigill, Eng. , Cumberland, div. and 16 m. ENE. Penrith, 
 on the S. Tyne, 4 m. SSE. Alston stn. ; has lead and zinc mines. 
 P.O. See Alston Hoor. 
 
 Garrlgnes, Les, range of mts. , or rather series of limestone 
 plateaux, on the SW. skirts of the central plateaux of France, 
 dep. H^rault, connected in the N. with the Gausses ; for the 
 most part naked, but in places sparsely clad with the stunted 
 kermes-oak (garrigue) and other shrubs. 
 
 Garrlsdale Point, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, on the W. ct. of 
 Canna I. , in 57° 3' N. 
 
 Garrison, tnld. , Ire., NW. co. Fermanagh, bar. Magheraboy, 
 7 m. SE. Ballyshannon, on SE. shore of Lough Melvin, P.O. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Garrison, vil. , U.S. , Montana, Deer Lodge co. , 40 m. NN W. 
 Butte City. Alt. 4295 ft. (R.R.). P. <iooo. 
 
 Garrison Side, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, in co. bor. of Kingston 
 upon Hull. P. <5oo. 
 
 Garrlston, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 5^ m. 
 S. Richmond, ij m. N. by W. Constable Burton stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Garrlstoivn, par. and tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Dublin, bar. 
 Balrothery, W. , 10^ m. S. by W. Drogheda, P. O. Par. 5343 ac. , 
 P. <:75o; tnld. P. <;soo. 
 
 Garroblllas, tn., Spain, prov. Cdceres, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Tagus, 20 m. E. Alcantara. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Garrobo, comm., Spain, prov. and 17m. NW. by N. Seville. 
 P. <:2000. 
 
 Garrochales, vil. , isL of Porto Rico, near the N. ct. , 35 m. 
 W. San Juan, in 66° 35' W. 
 
GARR — GARV 
 
 Garrocb Head ('the point of the rough headland'), cape, 
 Scot. , the S. end of the island of Bute. 
 
 Garron Point, cape. Ire., E. ct., in 55° 3' N. , P.O. 
 
 Garroii Point, cape, Scot., Kincardineshire, on E. ct., in 
 56° 59' N. 
 
 Garovlllas, Spain. See Garroblllas. 
 
 Gar-Konbbau, Algeria. See Ghar-Rnbban. 
 
 Garrow Hills, Assam. See Giiro. 
 
 Garrown, electoral div. , Ire. , Cork, dist. Dunraanway. 
 
 Garraclia, seapt. , Spain, prov. and 41 m. ENE. Almeria, dist. 
 Vera; seat of a British vice-consul. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Garry, in place names, ' a garden.' See Garrdh. 
 
 Garry, riv. and loch, Scot. , Inverness-shire. See Glengarry. 
 
 Garry, riv. , Scot. , Perthshire, issues from Loch Garry (3 m. 
 long ; alt. 1332 ft., 6\ m. NNW. of the foot of Loch Rannoch), 
 flows ESE. through Glen Garry, and after an impetuous course 
 of 30 m. passing Blair Athole, joins the Tummel just S. of the 
 Pass of Killicrankie. Its valley leads up to Drummouchter 
 Pass (1500 ft.) and thence into Glen Truim, and is ascended by 
 the old road across the Grampians and now also by the H. R. 
 
 Garrycastle, bar. , Ire. , in the extreme NW. of King's co. 
 
 Garrycloyne, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bars. Muskerry E., and 
 Barretts, 7 m. NW. Cork ; 5865 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 GarrydooUs, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Pallasgreen, co. Limerick. 
 
 Garrydnff, P.O., Ire., SW. co. Kilkenny, bar. Iverk, sj m. 
 NE. Carrick-on-Suir. 
 
 Garrydnff, electoral div. , Ire. , Limerick, dist. Newcastle. 
 
 Garryflne, P. O. , Ire. , co. Limerick, 4 m. from Bruree. 
 
 Garryhlll, electoral div.. Ire., co. Carlow, dist. Fennagh 
 and Mephall, 6 m. SE. Bagenalstown, PM.O. 
 
 Garry Island, Arctic Ocean, Brit. N. America, off the mouth 
 of Mackenzie R. , lat. 69° 36' N. , long. 135° W. 
 
 Garry Lake, Brit. N. America, in 66° N., ioo°-io2° W., 
 communicates with Lake Pelly in the W., and Lake Macdougal 
 in the E. , all three forming one lake in the course of Back's R. 
 
 Garrylncas, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 7 m. from Kinsael. 
 
 Garrymore, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Ballindine. 
 
 Garrymore, electoral div.. Ire., Queen's co., dist. Mount- 
 mellick. 
 
 GarryspeUane, P.O., Ire., SE. co. and 20 m. SSE. Limerick, 
 bar. Coshlea, 2 m. from Knocklong stn. 
 
 Garryvoe, par.. Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 8^ m. 
 SW. Youghal. P. <5oo. 
 
 Garscadden, vil. , Scot., Dumbartonshire, i| m. SW. Bears- 
 den stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Garscnbe Iron Works, vil., Scot., Dumbartonshire, 2 J m. 
 NE. by E. Renfrew, near Great Western Road (Glasgow) stn. 
 See Netherton. 
 
 Garsdale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on R. Clough, 
 8 m. SE. Sedbergh, P.O. (G. Head) ; 12,172 ac. P, <7So. 
 
 Garsdou, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 10 m. 
 SSW. Cirencester, 2| m. E. by S. Malmesbury stn. P. <25o ; 
 eccles. par. (G. 'with Lea) P. <750. 
 
 Garslngton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 5 m. SE. 
 by E. Oxford, 3 m. E. Iffley stn., P.O. P. <:750. 
 
 Garslppa, Garsoppa, or Garsappa, falls, India. See 
 Shlr&Tatl, river. 
 
 Garstang, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Lancaster 
 div., on R. Wyre and the Lancaster Canal, 10 m. E. by S. 
 Fleetwood, with a stn. on the G. and Knot-end Rly., and 
 another (G. and Catterall) on the L. & N W. R. , PMT. O. Near 
 it are several large cotton factories. Market-day, Th. P. < 1000. 
 
 Garston, PT.O., Eng., Hertfordshire, 4 m. NE. Watford. 
 
 Garston, par. and tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, Widnes div. , on the 
 Mersey, 5^ m. SE. Liverpool, on the L. & NW. R. and the 
 Cheshire Lines. It has two docks belonging to the port of Liver- 
 pool, the new dock with a depth of 21^ ft. on sill at ordinary 
 spring, x'j\ ft. at neap tides. Large quantities of coal shipped. 
 P. 13,400. 
 
 Garston, East, par., Eng., Berkshire, on the Lambourn, 
 div. and 9 m. NW. Newbury, 5^ m. NNE. Hungerford stn., 
 P. O. ; 4409 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Garswood, stn., Eng., Lancashire, 2^ m. NE. St. Helens, 
 on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Gart, ' an enclosed place.' See Garth. 
 
 Gartan, par., Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 6 m. 
 NW. Letterkenny; 44,124 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gartang (or Gartung) -chn, riv. , Tibet. See Gartokh. 
 
 Gartan Longh, lake, Ire. , in the N. of co. Donegal, 23 m. 
 W. Londonderry, drained into Lough Swilly. 
 
 Gartbrattan, P.O., Ire., co. and 5 m. from Cavan. 
 
 Gartcosh, vil. , Scot. , NW, Lanarkshire, on the C. R. , 4^ m. 
 WNW. Airdrie, P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Gartempe, or Gardempe, riv. , central France, which after 
 a course at first W. and then N. through the deps. Creuse, 
 Haute-Vienne, and Vienne, joins the Creuse 25 m. ENE. 
 Poitiers ; course 105 m. , but it is of little importance. 
 
 Gartglll, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, i| m. from Coatbridge. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Garth, Welsh, ' a hill,' 
 
 Garth, Gart, Teutonic and Scandinavian ; Garrad, Gaelic 
 (English, j(2r^), 'an enclosed place.' 
 
 Garth, hamlet, Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Walls par., 
 on St. Magnus Bay, 192 m. NW. by W. Lerwick. 
 
 Garth, N. suburb of Bangor, Wales, Carnarvonshire, with 
 ferry across the Menai Strait. 
 
 Garth, stn., Wales, Brecknockshire, 15 m. NNW. Breck- 
 nock, on riv. Yrfon, and the L. & NW. R., PM.O. 
 
 Garth, PM.O., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 3 m. ENE. 
 Llangollen, close to Trevor stn. 
 
 Garth and Ystrad, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, on R. Teifi, 
 3 m. SW. Tregaron. P. <25o. 
 
 Garthbelblo, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Banw, 
 15 m. W. by N. Welshpool; 8346 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Garthbrengy, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 3 m. N. Breck- 
 nock. P. <25o. 
 
 Garthby and Disraeli, tp. , Canada, Richmond and Wolfe 
 CO., 47 m. by rail from Sherbrooke. P. <20oo. 
 
 Garth Castle, Scot. See Fortlngall. 
 
 Garthell, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 6 m. WSW. Tregaron. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Garthmyl, P.O., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 3 m. NW. 
 Montgomery. 
 
 Garthorpe, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 5 m. E. 
 by N. Melton Mowbray, i\ m. ENE. Saxby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Garthorpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Trent, 7 m. ESE. Goole, 5^ m. NNE. Althorpe 
 and Keadby stn., P.O. P. <7SO. See Lnddlngton. 
 
 Gartly, par., Scot., in a detached part of Banffshire and 
 Aberdeenshire, 3 m. S. Huntly, i^ m. N. by E. of its stn. on the 
 G. N. of S. R., PT.O.; 18,089 ac P. < 1000. 
 
 Gartmore, eccles. par., Scot., W. Perthshire, and partly in 
 Stirlingshire, 12J m. NE. of the foot of Loch Lomond, with a 
 stn. on the N. B. R. \\ m. to the NE., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Gartmoru Dam, lake, Scot., Clackmannanshire, 2 m. ENE. 
 Alloa. 
 
 Gartness, stn., Scot., Stirlingshire, on Endrick Water, 7^ m. 
 ENE. of the foot of Loch Lomond, on the N. B. R., P.O. 
 
 Gartocharn, hamlet, Scot., Dumbartonshire, 7 m. NNE. 
 Dumbarton, and 2 m. NNW. Caldarvan stn., PM.O. 
 
 Gartok, vil. , in the E. of Tibet, about 35 m. SW. Batang, in 
 29° 41' N., 99° 7' E. Alt. 12,240 ft. {Rockhill. bp.). 
 
 Gartokh, or Gartok, tn.. Great Tibet, in the Nari-Khorsum 
 Prov., on the r. bk. of the Gartung-chu (long supposed to be 
 the headwater of the Indus, and now known to be the first con- 
 siderable affluent of that river), in 31° 44' N., 80'^ 24' E. It 
 stands at the height of 14,240 ft. above the sea, in one of the 
 loftiest mountain regions in the world, the cradle of the Brahma- 
 putra, the Sutlej, and the Indus. To the E. of the town are salt- 
 mines, and 85 m. NE. is the important gold-mining dist. of 
 Thok-Jalung. 
 
 Garton on the ffolds, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Buckrose div., i8| m. S. by W. Scarborough, i m. N. Garton 
 stn. (onNE. R.), P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Garton with Grlmston, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Holderness div., iij m. ENE. Hull, 7 m. ESE. Burton Con- 
 stable stn. P. <:250. 
 
 Gartsherrle, eccles. par., Scot., NW. Lanarkshire, on the 
 C. R. , 2 J m. WNW. Airdrie ; has iron-works noted for the 
 high quality of the iron produced. P. (1871) 2200; (1881) 
 9100; (1891)12,200. 
 
 Gartnrk, eccles. par., Scot., Lanarkshire, Old Monkland 
 par. P. < 5000. 
 
 Garty, Longh, lake. Ire. , in the W. of co. Cavan, 9 m. SW. 
 by W. Cavan ; 224 ft. above sea-level. 
 
 Gartymore, vil., Scot., Sutherland, on the E. ct., 14 m. NE. 
 Golspie, I m. SW. Helmsdale stn. See West Helmsdale. 
 
 Gartz, tn., Prussia, Pomerania, on the Oder, 17 m. SSW. 
 Stettin. P. < 5000. 
 
 Garn and Slnder (or Zlnder), two adjacent vils., western 
 Sudan, on the r. bk. of the Niger, immediately below rapids in 
 that river, about 350 m. SE. Timbuktu, in about 14° 20' N. P. , 
 together, 16-18,000 (Earth). 
 
 Garn, Sahara, W. Tibesti. See Ka-war. 
 
 Garumna, riv., France. See Garonne. 
 
 Gammna Island, Ire., co. Galway, 20m. from Spiddal, P.O. 
 
 Garragh, electoral div., Ire., Leitrim, dist. Drumahaire. 
 
 Garragh, tn. , Ire., NE. co. Londonderry, bar. and 10 m. S. 
 Coleraine, on the Derry Central Rly. , PMT.O. Market-day, F. 
 P.<7SO. 
 
 Garvaghy, par.. Ire., NW. co. Down, bars. Lower Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, and Upper Iveagh, Lower Half, 11 m. SSW. 
 Lisburn, 4 m. from Dromore stn., P.O. ; 10,256 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Garraghy, tnld. , Ire., S. co. Tyrone, bar. Clogher, 10 m. 
 SE. Omagh, P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Garvald, par. , Scot. , Haddingtonshire, 5 m. ESE. Hadding- 
 tonshire, 4 m. S. East Linton stn., PT.O. ; 13,442 ac. P. < 
 750. 
 
 Garran, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, on the SW. shore of 
 Loch Eil, 8 m. W. by N. Fort William. 
 
 569 
 
GARY — GATE 
 
 Garvan Islands, small isls., Ire., off the NE. ct. of co. 
 Donegal, in 7° 18' W. 
 
 Ciarre, stn. , Scot., Ross-shire, on the Dingwall and Skye 
 Rly., 8| m. ESE. of the foot of Loch Fannich, a little to the 
 NW. of Loch ۥ., a small lake (alt. 220 ft.), drained E. into the 
 riv. Conan, PMT.O. 
 
 GarreUocb Islands, or Isles of the Sea, Scot., Argyll- 
 shire, at the mouth of the Firth of Lome, in 56° 13-15' N. On 
 the most westerly of the group are remains of a monastery of 
 the 6th century. 
 
 Garren, mt., Scot., Argyllshire, in the NW., 4J m. E. by 
 N. of the head of Loch Sunart. Alt. 2500 ft. 
 
 Garrery, P.O., Ire., co. Fermanagh, 3 m. from Enniskillen. 
 
 Garrestone, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 13^ m. W. Nor- 
 wich, 4i m. SSE. E. Dereham, i m. WNW. Thuxton stn., 
 P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Garroc, post-tn., Victoria, Hampden co., 20 m. NE. by E. 
 Warrnambool. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Garrock, par., Scot., Kincardineshire, 5^ m. W. by S. 
 Bervie, 2 m. ESE. Laurencekirk stn. ; 7966 ac. P. <5oo. 
 Ganv, Cymro-Celtic, 'rough.' See Garbh. 
 
 Garw, tn. , Wales, Glamorganshire. See Ogmore. 
 
 Garwd, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Lohdrdagd, 87 m. 
 SW. by W. Gayi. P. (i89i)<sooo. 
 
 Garway, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , 9^ m. W. by 
 S. Ross, P.O. (G. Common). P. <5oo. 
 
 Garway HUl, hill, N. of Garway. Alt. 1197 ft. P.O. 
 
 GariTlck Bay, E. ct. of Isle of Man, 6 m. NE. Douglas. 
 
 Garwolln, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt. Siedlce, 38 m. 
 SE. of Warsaw. P. <400o. 
 
 Gary, viL, U.S., S. Dakota, Deuel co., 140 m. NNE. Yankton. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Garz, comm.. Gen, Prussia, prov. Pomerania, isl. of Rugen, 
 II m. E. Stralsund. P. < 2000. See also Gartz. 
 
 Garza, co., U.S., Texas, crossed by 30° N., bounded on the 
 E. by 101° W. 
 
 Garzon, tn. , Colombia, Tolima, 175 m. SW. by S. Bogotd, 
 
 Garzweller, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 17 m. SW. by 
 W. Diisseldorf. P. <:3000. 
 
 Gas&n, comm., Mindoro I., Phihppine Is. P. 5400. 
 
 Gascanane Sound, strait. Ire., between Clear I. and Sherkin 
 I. , in the SW. of co. Cork. 
 
 Gascogne, Golfe de. See Biscay, Bay of. 
 
 Gascolgne Wood Junction, stn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 on the NE. R., 6 m. W. Selby. 
 
 Gasconade, co., U.S., Missouri, bounded on the N. by the 
 Missouri, E. of92°W. 
 
 Gasconade, riv. , U.S., Missouri co., flows nearly NE. into 
 the Missouri in G. co. ; navigable at high water for small steam- 
 boats for 66 m. 
 
 Gascony, French Gascogne, in the Middle Ages Vasconia, 
 'land of the Basques,' an old prov. of France, near its SW. ex- 
 tremity, now forming the deps. Landes, Gers, Hautes-Pyr^n^es, 
 and part of Basses-Pyr^n6es. It was a dependency of Guienne, 
 and its cap. was Auch. A portion of it belonged to the sovereigns 
 of Navarre, and it was united to France in 1589. 
 
 Gascoyue, riv. , W. Australia, flows W. through G. div. into 
 Sharks Bay, which it enters in about 24° 55' S. 
 
 Gash, March, or Sona, riv. , E. Africa, rises in the N. of 
 Abyssinia, and flows first W. , forming the S. boundary of the 
 colony of Eritrea, then NNW. past Kassala to Fillik, in about 
 16'' N. Here it usually disappears in the sands, but in very 
 wet years a small stream reaches the Atbara in about 17° 5' N. 
 
 Gaslp, settlement. Cape Colony, Griqualand West, dist. Hay, 
 75 m. SSW. Kuruman. 
 
 Gask, par., Scot., E. Perthshire, 9 m. E. Crieff, 5J m. NE. by 
 N. Auchterarder, i^ m. SSE. Balgowan stn. See Undo Gask. 
 
 Gaspar Grande, isl. , S. America, in the Gulf of Paria, near 
 the NW. extremity of "Trinidad. 
 
 Gaspar Rico, isL , Pacific. See Taongl. 
 
 Gaspar Strait, En. Archipelago, between Billiton I. and 
 Banka I. 
 
 GasparlUa Sound, U.S. , Florida. See Charlotte Harbour. 
 
 Gasp^, CO. , Canada, Quebec, between the Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence and the mouth of Chaleur Bay. 
 
 Gasp^ Basin, port of entry, Canada, Quebec, G. co. , on G. 
 Bay, in 48° 4/ N., with extensive salmon, mackerel, and cod 
 fisheries. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Gasp^ Bay, Canada, Quebec, inlet of the Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence, on the E. ct. of G. co., stretching about 25 m. ESE. 
 to WNW. 
 
 Gasp^ Cape, cape, Canada, Quebec, forms E. extremity of 
 G. Peninsula, in 48 45' N. and 64° 9' 56" W. 
 
 Gasp6 Peninsula, Canada, Quebec, between the Gulf of St. 
 LawTence and Chaleur Bay. 
 
 Gasperean Lakes, a chain of four lakes, Canada, Nova 
 Scotia, King's co. , 52 m. WNW. Halifax, drained into Lake 
 Sherbrooke. 
 
 Gaspereanx, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Queen's co. , 46 
 m. NE. by E. Fredericton. P. < 1500. 
 570 
 
 Gasperlna, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and i2i m. SSW. 
 Catanzaro. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Gassa, tn. , equatorial Africa, 330 m. E. of the mouth ot 
 Kamerun R., in about 4° 5' N., 14° 20' E. ; an ivory-market in 
 a dist. said to be rich in copper. 
 
 Gassen, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 28 m. E. 
 Kottbus. P. <300o. 
 
 Gasslno, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 8 m. NE. Turin, 
 on the r. bk. of the Po. P. <40oo. 
 
 Gass Moor, dist., Scot., Wigtownshire, in the SE., 7 m. W. 
 by N. Wigtown. 
 
 Gasstown, viL, Scot., in co. and 2 m. from Dumfries, P.O. 
 P. (including Heathery Row) < 500. 
 
 Gasteln, Hof-, market-vil. and health resort, Austria, crown- 
 land and 43 m. S. Salzburg, on the G. , a small stream flowing 
 N. to the Salzach ; now (1893) being connected with the rly. stn. 
 of Lend by an electric line. It is supplied by pipes with the 
 mineral waters of Wildbad-G. Alt. 2850 ft. P. (1890) < 2000. 
 
 Gasteln, WUdbad-, vil. , 5 m. S. of Hof-G. and a few hundred 
 ft. higher up, beautifully situated on the slopes of the Tauern 
 Alps ; long noted for its remarkably invigorating thermal 
 springs. "The convention between Austria and Prussia on the 
 affairs of Schleswig-Holstein was held here, Aug. 14, 1865. P. 
 (1890) 558. 
 
 Gaster, dist., Switzd., cant. St. Gall, on the Wallensee and 
 Linth Canal. 
 
 Gasterenthal, a high valley, Switzd. , cant. Bern, the upper 
 part of the Kanderthal ; frequent avalanches. 
 
 Gasthorpe, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., on the Little 
 Ouse, 24 m. SW. Norwich, 4^ m. S. by W. Harling Road stn. 
 P. <:25o. See Rlddlesworth. 
 
 Gastlneau Channel, between Douglas I. and the mainland 
 
 of Alaska, its NW. end in 58° 20' N. 
 
 Gaston, co. , U.S. , N. Carolina, on the S. frontier, W. of 81° W. 
 
 Gastonla, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, Gaston co., 150 m. WSW. 
 
 Raleigh , and 22 m. W. Charlotte. Alt. 832 ft. ( R. R. ). P. < 1 500. 
 
 Gastorf, vil., Austria, Bohemia, 25 m. ESE. Teplitz, 10 m. 
 
 ESE. Leitmeritz. P. <20oo. 
 
 GastounS, tn., Greece, prov. Elis and Achaia, 39 m. SW. 
 Patras. P. < 2000. 
 
 Gastourlo, vil., Greece, isl. of Corfu, on the E. ct., 4 m. S. by 
 W. Corfu. P. < 2000. 
 
 GiUtrlkland, Sweden. See Gestrlkland. 
 Gat, Scandinavian, 'an opening' or 'passage.' 
 Gata, comm., Spain, prov. Alicante, dist. Denia. P. <400o. 
 Gata, comm., Spain, prov. and 65 m. NW. Caceres, on riv. 
 Gata. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gata, Caho de (the anct. Charidemum Promontorium), cape, 
 in the S. of Spain, 17 m. ESE. Almeria. 
 
 Gata, Sierra de, mt. range, Spain and Portugal, separating 
 the basins of the Tagus and Douro, and the old Spanish provs. 
 of Estremadura and Leon, continued NE. into Leon under 
 the name of the Peiia de Francia (alt. 5690 ft.), separated from 
 the Sierra de Gredos by the valley of the Alagon. 
 
 Gatconibe, small hamlet, Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of 
 Dean div., on the Severn, 11 m. ESE. Monmouth; formerly 
 an important shipping place for oak timber. 
 
 Gatcomhe, par., Eng., Hampshire, Isle of Wight div., 2^ m. 
 S. by W. Newport, li m. SW. by W. Blackwater stn. P. <25o. 
 Gateaere (get'e-k'r), vil., Eng., Lancashire, Widnes div., 6 
 m. ESE. Liverpool, on the Cheshire Lines Rly., PMT.O. 
 
 Gate Burton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 4 
 m. S. by E. Gainsborough, 2 m. S. Lea stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Gateforth, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., 13 m. WNW. Goole, i m. S. Hambleton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Gate Fnlford, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, partly in 
 York city. P. 7500. 
 
 Gatehead, stn., Scot., N, Ayrshire, on the G. & SW. R., 2 J 
 m. WSW. Kilmarnock. 
 
 Gate Helmsley, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 2 m. from 
 Stamford Bridge, P.O. P. <;2So. 
 
 Gatehouse of Fleet, viL , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, on the 
 Water of Fleet, 6 m. NW, by W. Kirkcudbright, PMT.O. 
 (Gatehouse). P. < 1500. 
 
 Gateley, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 20 m. SW. by S. 
 Cromer, 7 m. N. East Dereham, ij m. W. by N. County School 
 stn. P. <:25o. See Brlsley. 
 
 Gatenby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., on the Swale, loj m. N. Ripon. P. <25o. 
 
 Gatersleben, viL , Prussia, prov. Magdeburg, circle and dist. 
 Aschersleben. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gates, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, in the NE., on the N. frontier, 
 E. of 77° W. 
 
 Gatesglll, Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., near the Caldew, 
 Sj m. S. Carlisle, 3 m. WSW. Wreay stn. See Raugtaton Head. 
 Gateshead (gets'hgd), parL bor. (i member) and mun. bor. 
 (since 1164), co. bor., and seapt. tn., Eng., Durham, on r. bk. of 
 the Tyne, opposite Newcastle, with three stns. on the NE. R. ; 
 has coal-mines, extensive chemical works, iron-foundries, and 
 the railway works of the NE. R., where the locomotives are 
 
GATE — GAYA 
 
 made. The original parts of the parish church, St. Mary, are 
 said to date from about 1450. The town has a public recreation 
 ground on Windmill Hills, a public park upwards of 50 acres in 
 extent, and a free public library. P. mun. bor. (1801) 8600 ; 
 (1851)25,600; (1871)47,800; (1891)85,700. See Newcastle. 
 
 Gateslde, vil., Scot., N. Ayrshire, 10 m. SW. Paisley, and i 
 m. E. Beith stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Gateside, stn., Scot., E. Fife, on the N. B. R.. 4J m. W. by 
 N. Fall<land, P.O. 
 
 Gateside, vil., Scot., Renfrewshire, Neilston par., near 
 Barrhead. P. <5oo. 
 
 GatesTlUe, city, U.S., Texas, cap. Coryell co. , on the Leon 
 R., 80 m. N. Austin. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Gaih, place named in O. T. See Tell es S&li. 
 
 Gatbabawn, P.O., Ire., co. Kilkenny, 5 m. from Johnstown, 
 7 m. from Ballyragget stn. 
 
 Gatbnrst, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & Y. R,, 3 m. 
 WNW. Wigan. 
 
 G&tlnals, ancient dist. , France, formerly part of the govts, of 
 Ile-de-France and Orldanais. It was divided into two sections, 
 G. Francals, having Nemours as cap., G. Orl^anals, cap. 
 Montargis. 
 
 G&tliie, France. See Sevres, Denx- and Indre>et- Loire. 
 
 Gatlnean, riv., Canada, Quebec, flows W. the Ottawa R., 
 which it joins opposite the city of that name, from Ijake G., in 
 48" N. Large quantities of logs are floated down it annually. 
 
 Gatley, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, Altrincham div., 4 m. 
 SW. by W. Stockport, i m. SE. Northenden stn., P.O. P. < 
 1500 ; tn. (Cbeadle and G.) P. 8300. 
 
 Gato, or Agatton, tn. and riv. , Guinea. See Gwato. 
 
 Gatroii, Gatrnn, or Qatrnn, oasis, Tripoli, Fezzan, 100 m. 
 SE. Murzuk. 
 
 Gattatlco, comm., Italy, prov. and circle Reggie d' Emilia. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Gatten, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Isle of Wight, 
 Brading par. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gattes, comm., Italy, prov. Forli, circle and 7 m. E. Cesena. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Gattevllle, a dangerous rock in front of Cape Balfleur, 
 Normandy, surmounted by a high lighthouse, visible 22 m. 
 
 Gattliiara, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 20 m. 
 N. by W. Vercelli. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Gatton, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 2 m. N. Reigate, i m. 
 NW. Merstham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Gatton, post-tn., Queensland, Churchill co., 45 m. W. 
 Brisbane. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gattonslde, P.O., Scot., Roxburghshire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Tweed, opposite Melrose. 
 
 Gatt Sand, sandbank, Eng., off the coast of Lincolnshire, in 
 the SW. of the Wash. 
 
 Gatan, riv.. Central America, Isthmus of Panama, rises in 
 the mountains E. of Puerto Bello, flows N. to the Chagres R. 
 at the vil. G. , 8 m. from the Caribbean Sea. 
 
 Gat-wlck, race-course, Eng., Surrey, 6 m. S. by E. Reigate, 
 near Horley stn. A station at G. is open during the races. 
 
 Gau, Govia, Ger., 'a district.' 
 
 Gan, Ngan, or Angan, one of the smaller Fiji Is., to the E. 
 of Viti Levu, crossed by 18° S. 
 
 Gan-Algesbelni, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, 5 m. E. by S. 
 Bingen. P. <30oo. 
 
 Gaube, small lake, France, dep. Hautes-Pyr^ndes, fed by a 
 stream issuing from a lake on the W. side of Vignemale. Alt. 
 5865 ft. 
 
 Gauchos, a name somewhat variously applied in S. America, 
 but generally used to designate the mounted herdsmen of the 
 Pampas. 
 
 Gaucln, comm., Spain, prov. and 53 m. WSW. Malaga. P. 
 <5ooc. 
 
 Gandenzdorf, suburb of Vienna, Austria. P. 12,400. 
 
 Ganb&tl (gowhatty), tn., Brit. India, Assam, cap. dist. 
 Kdmrup, on both banks of the Brahmaputra, but principally on 
 the left, 45 m. N. by W. Shillong, with the exception of Barpetd, 
 the most populous town in the Brahmaputra valley. The site of 
 G. is considered very unhealthy, being in a basin shut in by 
 hills which prevent ventilation by the breezes of the valley. Alt. 
 370 ft. Mean rfall., yr. 68.8 in. , April-Sept. 60.8 in. P. (1891) 
 10,800; Hindus, 7800; Moham. 2400. 
 
 Gaulanitis, ancient dist. See Jolan. 
 
 Ganldry, P.O., Scot., E. Fife, 4J m. SSW. Dundee, 2 m. 
 W. by S. St. Forts stn. 
 
 Ganley mountain, mt. range, U.S., W. Virginia, in the N. 
 of Fayette co., part of the ridge known further SW. as the 
 Cumberland Mts., 15 m. long W. to E., the W. end 25 m. 
 ESE. Charleston. 
 
 Ganlsklll, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Ida, 3 m. N. 
 Waterford. P. <25o. 
 
 Ganltlere, bar. , Ire. , in the extreme E. of co. Waterford. 
 
 Gannless, riv., Eng., Durham, flowing E. then N. till it 
 joins the r. bk. of the Wear \ m. below Bishop Auckland. 
 
 Ganr, ruined city, Brit. India, ancient cap. of Bengal, dist. 
 
 Maldah, 75 m. ESE. Bhdgalpur, on a deserted channel of the 
 Ganges, in 24° 52' N., 88 10' E. Conquered in 1204 by the 
 Mohammedans, and for more than three centuries the chief seat 
 of their power in Bengal. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Ganra, tn. , India, NW. Provs., Gorakhpur dist. See Gora. 
 
 Ganrain-Ramecrolx, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainault, arr. 
 Tournay. P. <4000. 
 
 Ganrib^r, vil.. Central India, 83 m. S. Cawnpur, cap. of 
 small native state of G. 
 
 Ganripnr, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Godlpdri, on the 
 r. bk. of the Brahmaputra, 40 m. E. by S. Kuch Behar. P. (1891) 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Ganrlsankar, native Nepalese name of one of the peaks of 
 the group, or of the whole group, to which Mount Everest {q.v. ) 
 in the Himalayas belongs. 
 
 Ganrltz, or Ganrits, riv. , Cape Colony, formed by the con- 
 fluence of the Gamka and Olifants Rivs. , and separating the 
 dists. George and Zwellendam to the sea, which it enters after 9. 
 tortuous S. course of 50 m.; it is rapid, and liable to sudden 
 inundations. 
 
 Gansdal, sanatorium, Norway. See OJer. 
 
 Gantampnra, tn.. Central India, state Indore. P. (1891) 
 5000 ; Hindus, 3000 ; Moham. 1200. 
 
 Gantb)", par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 12^ m. 
 E. Lincoln, 3 m. SE. by E. Kingthorpe stn. P. <25o ; eccles. 
 par. (G. wltb Waddlngwortb) P. <25o. 
 
 Gantbler, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Red R. , 50 m. WSW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Gauxbolme, PM.O., Eng., Lancashire, Middleton div., 6 m. 
 NNE. Rochdale, i| m. S. Todmorden stn. 
 
 Gavaln, vil., Greece, prov. Acarnania and .^Etolia, 12 m. 
 NNE. Mesolonghi. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Garamle, frontier hamlet, France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n^es, 
 34 m. S. Tarbes. It is situated on a small stream called Gave- 
 de-Pau, which about 3 m. S. of G. plunges in the fall of G. 
 (alt. 1385 ft.) into the famous cirque (or round-headed rock-girt 
 valley) of G. 
 
 GaTdos, or Gozzo, small isl. , Turkey, 22 m. off the S. ct. of 
 the isl. of Crete, crossed by 24° 5' E. ; the anct. Clauda mentioned 
 in St. Paul's voyage. 
 
 Gavel Fell, hill, Eng., Cumberland, 9 m. E. Whitehaven. 
 Height, 1720 ft. 
 
 GaTell, stn., Scot., Stirlingshire, on the Kelvin, 8 m. NW. 
 by N. Airdrie, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Gaves, generic names of the Pyrenean torrents on the N. slope 
 between the basin of the Neste on the E. , and the Basque region 
 on the W. 
 
 GaTl, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, 21 m. N. by 
 W. Genoa. P. 6500. 
 
 Garleside, vil., Scot., Midlothian, in par. and i m. NE. West 
 Calder. P. <7So. 
 
 Gavinton, P.O., Scot., Berwickshire, ij mi. SW. Duns. 
 
 GaTlrat«, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 18 m. W, 
 Como. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gavktaane, salt-marsh, E. of Ispahan, Persia, receives in 
 flood the Zainde-rud. 
 
 GaYone,comm. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo,26m.SE.Turin. 
 
 Gavorrano, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Grosseto, 36 m. 
 SW. by S. Siena. P. 5700. 
 
 Gavrllovskly Posad, tn. , Russia, govt, and 30 m. NW. of 
 Vladimir ; centre for cotton mills. P. <300o. 
 
 GaTrinJg, small isl., France, on the S. ct. of Brittany, in the 
 Gulf of Morbihan, with a grotto (discovered in 1832) composed 
 of menhirs, or upright stones, supporting a rocky table. The 
 walls of the grotto are ornamented with sculptures likened to 
 the tattoo marks of the New Zealanders. 
 
 Gawa, Japanese suffix, ' a river.' 
 
 Gawber, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. 
 NW. Barnsley, PM.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 , Gawcott, eccles. par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and i^ 
 m. SW. by S. Buckingham, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 G^wilgarb, hill fortress, Brit. India, Berar, dist. Ellichpur, 
 40 m. NW. Amrdoti, in 21° 21' N., 77° 24' E. Alt. 3595 ft. 
 
 Gawler, mun. tp., S. Australia, G. co., 24 m. N. by E. 
 Adelaide, on the Great Northern Rly. Rfall. (22 yrs.), 18.85 '"• 
 P. <25oo. 
 
 Gawler Ranges, hill ranges, S. Australia, stretching E. and 
 W. in the N. of Eyre's Penin., in about 32^° S. ; composed of 
 porphyritic granite. Alt. 2000 ft. 
 
 Ga-wley's Gate, P.O., Ire., co. Armagh, 7 m. from Lurgan. 
 
 Gawswortb, par., Eng., Cheshire, div. and 3 m. SW. by S. 
 Macclesfield, 2 m. NNW. North Rode Junction, P.O.; 5704 ac. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Gawtborpe, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Morley div., 
 2 m. E. Dewsbury. See Ossett. 
 
 Gaya, or Kyjor, tn., Austria, Moravia, 26 m. SE. by E. 
 Brtinn. P. <4000. 
 
 Gayil, or Gya, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. dist. G., 58 m. S. 
 by W. , and connected by rail with Patnd ; situated amongst rocky 
 hills running out into the Ganges valley, which teem with associa- 
 
 571 
 
GAYA — GEES 
 
 tions of Buddhism. Alt. 375 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 79° F. , Jan. 
 64°, May 92°; rfall. , yr. 41 in., June-Sept. 35 in. P. (with 
 Sahibganj, 1881) 76,400; (1891) 80,400; Hindus, 63,000; 
 Moham. 17,100. See Bnddli-Gay&. 
 
 Gaya, stn. , in the W. of Brit. N. Borneo, in 6° N. , at the E. 
 end of Gaya I., which lies to the SW. of «. Bay. G. Head, 
 cape, in 6° 6' N. 
 
 Gaybrook, electoral div. , Ire., co. Westmeath, dist. Milltown, 
 4 m. S. MuUingar, P.O. 
 
 Gaydon, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 9 m. SE. 
 by S. Warwick, 3 m. ENE. Kineton stn., P.O. P. <:5oo; 
 eccles. par. (G. with Chadshant) P. <500. 
 
 Gay Head, bold headland, U.S., Massachusetts, forming the 
 W. point of Martha's Vineyard I. 
 
 Gaybnrst, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, on the Great Ouse, 
 div. and 12 m. NE. Buckingham, 2^ m. NW. by W. Newport 
 Pagnell stn. P. <:25o ; eccles. par. (G. wltli Stoke Goldlng- 
 ton) P. < 1000. 
 
 Gayles, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 4J m. 
 NW. by N. Richmond. P. <25o. 
 
 Gaylord, vil., U.S., Kansas, Smith co., on Solomon R., 178 
 m. W. by N. Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gaylord, vil., U.S., Michigan, Otsego co., 54 m. S. Straits 
 of Mackinac. Alt. 1349 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Gayudah, mun. tp. , Queensland, Mackenzie co. , 165 m. SSE. 
 Rockhampton ; has gold-mine and slate-quarries. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Gayoso, viL, U.S., Missouri, cap. Pemiscote co., on the 
 Mississippi, 32 m. below New Madrid. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Gaygport, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Blair co., separated from 
 Holidaysburg by a small stream. P. <:i500. 
 
 Gayton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 6 m. SW. by S. 
 Birkenhead, on the R. Dee, close to Heswall. P. <25o. 
 
 Gayton, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 7 m. E. King's 
 Lynn, 2^ m. NE. East Winch stn., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Gayton, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 5 m. SW. 
 Northampton, i m. W. by N. Blisworthjunc. , PMT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Gayton, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 4J m. NE. 
 Stafford, i m. N. Weston stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Gayton le Harsh, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey 
 div., 6i m. ESE. Louth, 3 m. NE. by N. Authorpe stn., P.O. 
 (Gayton). P. <5oo. 
 
 Gayton-le-Wold, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 
 5^ m. W. Louth, 3 m. N. Donington-on-Bain stn. P. <25o ; 
 eccles. par. (G.-le-W. -with Blscathorpe) P. <25o. 
 
 Gayton Road, stn., Eng., Norfolk, on the M. & Great N. 
 Joint Rly. , 2 m. E. King's Lynn. 
 
 Gaytonthorpe, par., Eng., Norfolk, i m. SE. Gayton. P. 
 <2So. See Walton, East. 
 
 Gayw^ood, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, NW. div. , 1 J m. E. King's 
 Lynn, PM.O. P. <iooo; eccles. par. (G. with Hlghate) P. 
 <:25oo. 
 
 Gaz, Persia, See Gez. 
 
 Gaza, place named in O. and N. T. See Ghuzzeh. 
 
 Gaza, small isl. , Austria, Istria, 8 m. N W. by W. Pola. 
 
 Gaza-land, large terr. in SE. Africa, W. of Sofala and 
 Inhambane. The greater part of Gaza-land lies within the 
 Portuguese sphere of influence (prov. of Louren9o Marquez), 
 but the fertile districts of NW. Gaza-land belong to the British 
 possessions. Rivers : Sabi, Gorongoza, Bozi, and Shengane. The 
 eastern parts of the country are low, the north-western mountain- 
 ous (max. alt. 5000 ft.). Many parts of Gaza-land are fertile, 
 but the vast plains S. of the Sabi R. are often impassable on 
 account of the scarcity of water. Inhabitants : various Bantu 
 tribes, chiefly engaged in pastoral pursuits. (See Proc. R. G. S., 
 1891, pp. 588-591.) [H.G.8.] 
 
 Gazeley, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 5 m. E. 
 Newmarket, 2 m. SW. Higham stn. , PM. O. ; 5918 ac. P. < 1000 ; 
 eccles. par. (G. with Kentford) P. <75o. 
 
 Gazelle Hafen, Ger. New Guinea, in about 6° 36' S. , 155° i' E. 
 
 Gazelle Peninsula. See Blsmarek Archipelago. 
 
 Gazlmur, silver and lead works, Russia, E. Siberia, govt. 
 Transbaikalia, 71 m. NW. of Nerchinskiy Zavod, on Gazimur 
 R., 1. bk. trib. of Argun, which flows from the Gazimur Mts. 
 
 Gaz Knl. See Victoria lake and Yarkhnn, riv. 
 
 Gazost, comm., France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n6es, arr. Argel^, 
 cant. Lourdes ; has mineral springs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gazzalh&ttl ('the Elephant Track'), pass, India, Madras 
 Presidency, in 11° 33' N., 77° 3' E., formerly the principal 
 pass from Coimbatore into Mysore. The head of the pass is 17 
 m. from the Mysore frontier. Alt. 2800 ft. 
 
 Gazzaolo, comm., Italy, prov. and 11 m. W. Mantua, dist. 
 Bozzolo. P. <5000. 
 
 Gcalekaland, or Galekaland. See Transkel. 
 
 Gcalekas, tribe. See Galekas. 
 
 CidoT, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 142 m. SW. of St. Peters- 
 burg, on Lake Chudskoye. P. < 3000. 
 
 Gealng, native name of Friday I. , Brit. New Guinea. 
 
 Geanles, Lower, P.O., Scot., 4 m. from Fearn, Ross-slure. 
 
 G^ant, one of the principal summits of the Pennine Alps, in 
 the range of Mont Blanc. Alt. 13,180 ft. The Col (or pass) 
 572 
 
 du G., leading S. from Chamonix to Courmayeur, is 11,145 ft- 
 high. In the neighbourhood of the pass a few hundred head 
 of the Alpine ibex are preserved by the King of Italy. 
 
 Geashlll, par. and tn. , Ire., E. King's co., bars. G. and 
 Upper Philipstown, 7^ m. ¥SE. Tullamore, 2^ m. from stn. on 
 the TuUamore and Portarlington Rly., PM.O. Par. 43,299 ac., 
 P. < 4500; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Geashlll, bar.. Ire., in the S. of King's co. 
 
 Geanga, co., U.S., Ohio, in the NE., to the N. of 41° N., 
 bounded in the E. by 81° W. 
 
 Geba, place named in O. T. See Jeb'a. 
 
 Geha, riv. , W. Africa, Portuguese Guinea, flows W. into the 
 Atlantic Ocean, which it enters by a wide estuary (in which are 
 the island and town of Bissao) to the S. of 12° N. Also a Portu- 
 guese station on that river, in 12° 12' N. , 14° 37' W. 
 
 Gebel, Arabic, ' a hill.' See Jebel. 
 
 Gebesee, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, 9 m. NNW. Erfurt. P. 
 <300o. 
 
 Gebl, isl. , Malay Archipelago, Jilolo passage, on the equator, 
 in 129^° E. ; about 26 m. long ; average breadth, 3 m. 
 
 Gebirge, German, 'mountains.' 
 
 Gebize, tn. , Asia Minor, near the N. side of the Gulf of 
 Ismid, 28 m. SE. by E. Constantinople. 
 
 Gebweller, in French Gu^bwlller, tn., Ger., Alsace- Lor- 
 raine, on the r. bk. of the Lauch R. , 12 m. NW. by N. Miil- 
 hausen ; has various textile manufactures. Alt. 880 ft. P. (1871) 
 11,350; (1890)12,300. 
 
 Geddes, vil., U.S., New York, Ohondago co., on the Erie 
 Canal, 5 m. NW. Syracuse ; has extensive salt and iron works, 
 potteries, &c. P. <45oo. 
 
 Gedding, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Stowmarket div. , 7 m. SE. by 
 E. Bury St. Edmunds, 3J m. E. by S. Welnetham stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Geddlngton, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 9^ 
 m. N. Wellingborough, 2 m. SE. of its stn. on the M. PL, 
 PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Gederah (of Judah and Benjamin), places named in O. T. 
 See Jedireh. 
 
 Gederoth, place named in O. T. See Katrah. 
 
 Gedgrave, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, on Batley Creek, 2 m. SW. 
 Orford. P. <:25o. 
 
 Gedik, Turkish ' col,' ' mountain-saddle.' 
 
 Gediz, tn. , Asia Minor, near the source of the Gediz-Chai, 82 
 m. S. by E. Brussa. 
 
 Gedlz-Chal, or Sarabat, rises on the E. side of the Ak-Dagh, 
 and flows on the whole W. into the mouth of the Gulf of Smyrna, 
 which it now enters in 38° 37' N. Formerly it entered that gulf 
 on its N. side, but as its deposits were blocking up the access to 
 Smyrna, its course was diverted into a still older bed in 1886. 
 
 Gedliug, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div., 3 m. 
 ENE. Nottingham, with stn. (G. and Carlton) on G. N. R. , P.O. 
 P. <75o ; eccles. par. (G. with Stoke Bardolph) P. < 1500. 
 
 Gedney, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland div., 10 m. E. 
 Spalding, on the G. N. R. ; 10,990 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gedney Broadgate, i m. to the S. 
 
 Gedney DroTC End, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, on the 
 ct., in Gedney Marsh, a,\ m. NE. Gedney stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Gedney Dyke, PM.O., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland div., ij 
 m. N. Gedney stn. 
 
 Gedney Hill, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland div., 9 m. 
 SE. bv S. Spalding, 2 m. N. by E. French Drove stn., P.O. 
 (Gedney), and PM.O. (G. Hill). P. <5oo. 
 
 Gedor, place named in O. T. See JedAr. 
 
 Gedrosia. See Baluchistan. 
 
 Gee Cross, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, 6 m. SW. Long 
 Sutton, PMT.O. P. < 3500. 
 
 Gcelong (ji'long), tn. and seapt., Victoria, Grant CO., 40 m. 
 SW. by W. Melbourne, at the head of Corio Bay, the W. arm 
 of Port Phillip Bay. A bar at the mouth of Corio Bay, which 
 affords good anchorage, is crossed by two channels, one of 
 which was being deepened in 1892 to a depth of 22 ft. Vessels 
 of 17-19 ft. draught can lie along the quays at low water ; rise 
 of tide, I ft. 9 in. G. established the first woollen mill in the 
 colony, and is now noted for its tweeds throughout .Australia. 
 It has also large tanneries and rope-works, and at Fyansford, 3 m. 
 distant, is a large paper-mill. Extensive vineyards in the dist 
 have been destroyed under the Phylloxera Act. P. (1891) 11,700. 
 
 GeelTink Bay, large bay, in the NW. of New Guinea, on the 
 N. side of the isl. Named after the Dutch ship Geelvink (1705). 
 
 Geelvluk Channel, off the coast of W. Australia, between 
 the Abrolhos or Houtman Rocks and the mainland, in about 
 27^°-29° S. 
 
 Gceraerdsbergen, Geertsbergen, Flemish forms of the 
 name Grainnioni, Belgium. 
 
 Gcertruldeiibcrg, fortified fishing tn. , Holland, prov. N. 
 Brabant, on the HoUandsch Diep, 8 m. NNE. Breda. P. 2000. 
 
 Geesala, PM.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 10 m. from Belmullet. 
 
 Geest, Geeste, Ger., ' barren land.' 
 
 Geeste, small riv. , Prussia, Hanover, flows W. into the Weser 
 at Geestemiinde; navigable 11 m. up, and then connected by 
 the G. Canal with Lake Bederkesa and the Meden R. 
 
GEES — GENE 
 
 Ceestemdude, seapt. tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, cap. 
 circle G., on the r. bk. of the Weser, adjoining Bremerhaven on 
 the S. ; provided in 1857-63 with a harbour, including a dock 
 with a depth of 24 ft. on sill at lovirest neap, 32 ft. at highest 
 spring tides. Has large petroleum wharf. Defended along 
 with Bremerhaven by strong fortifications. P. 15,000. 
 
 Geestbaclit, coram. , Ger., Hamburg, 9 m. SE. Bergedorf. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Geet-Betz, coram., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Louvain, 
 9 m. NE. by E. Tirlemont. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 deete, Great, small riv. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, uniting with 
 the Little G., and joining the Demer a mile or two above Diest. 
 
 Geeyagli, P.O., Ire., SE. co. Sligo, bar. Tirerrill, 14^ m. SE. 
 Sligo, 7 m. from Boyle stn. 
 
 Geervllet, coram., Holland, prov. S. Holland, 11 m. WSW. 
 Rotterdajn. P. <:2000. 
 
 Geevegtoii, post-tn., Tasmania, Kent co., 26 m. SW. 
 Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gefle, tn., Sweden, cap. prov. (Ian) Gefleborg (see Sweden, 
 table), on the E. ct., 50 m. E. by N. Falun, the port of 
 Dalanie exporting the iron of Dannemora and copper of Falun, 
 as well as pine timber of high quality. Large vessels anchor in 
 the roadstead, the entrance to which is now (1894) being dredged 
 to 25 ft. Quays available for vessels drawing 15 ft. P. 23,500. 
 
 Geli, vil., Persia, Mekran, 237 m. ESE. Bender Abbas. 
 
 Getaena, or Gebiue, tn. , Upper Egypt, prov. Girge. P. 14,400. 
 
 Gebren, tn., Ger., principality of Schwarzburg-Sonders- 
 hausen, 15 m. S. Arnstadt; near it iron-mines and the iron- 
 works of Giinthersfeld, belonging to the prince. P. <3000. 
 
 Geibsdorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 9 m. ESE. GorUtz. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gelersberg, or Kyiilperk, comm., Austria, Bohemia, 32 m. 
 ESE. Koniggratz. P. <20oo. 
 
 Geiersberg, mt., Ger., the highest point of the Spessart, 
 Bavaria. Alt. 2015 ft. 
 
 Gelkle Glacier, Alaska. See Glacier Bay. 
 
 Gelleuklrclieu, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle G., 15 m. 
 N. Aix-la-Chapelle. P. <4000. 
 
 Gelrw Klver, sraall riv., Wales, cos. of Denbigh and Merio- 
 neth, flows E. to the Dee, which it joins above Corwen. 
 
 Gelseiifeld, comra. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 32 ra. SW. Regensburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gelseuhelm, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, on the r. bk. 
 of the Rhine, 3 ra. E. by N. Bingen. P. <4000. 
 
 Gelslliigeu, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 31 m. ESE. Stutt- 
 gart, 16 m. NNW. Ulm, in the valley separating the Rauhe 
 Alb frora the Albuch ; ceraent works, turnery (in wood, horn, 
 and ivory), &c. P. 5300. 
 
 Gelspolshelni, vil. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, 7 m. SW. Strass- 
 burg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Geiss, German, 'goat.' 
 
 Gelstlngen, coram., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 7 m. E. by N. 
 Bonn. P. 5100. 
 
 Geltbaln, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, iSJ m. NW. by N. 
 Chennitz; limestone quarries. P. < 5000. 
 
 Geja, dist. , Ger. E. Africa, crossed about the middle by 6° S. 
 and 37° 20' E. 
 
 Gela, small riv. , Sicily. It rises near Caltanissetta, and flows 
 SE. and SSW. , emptying itself into the sea at Terranova. 
 
 Gelderland, prov. , in the E. of the kingdom of the Nether- 
 lands, between the SE. of the Zuider Zee and the Prussian 
 provs. of Westphaha and the Rhine, bounded on the S. by the 
 Maas, separating it from N. Brabant, traversed from E. to W. 
 by the Maas and Rhine (Neder Rijn or Lek), frora S. to N. by 
 the Ijssel ; cap. Arnhera. Contains the dists. of Betuwe (in the 
 S.) and Veluwe (in NW.). Area, 1962 sq. m. P. 516,000. See 
 Netherlands. 
 
 Geldern, tn., in the W. of Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Diissel- 
 dorf, circle G. , 17 ra. SW. Wesel, on the Niers ; has woollen and 
 various other manufactures. P. 5500. 
 
 Geldeston, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 13 m. SW. Yar- 
 mouth, on the G. E. R. , PMT.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Geldrop, coram., Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 21 m. SE. by 
 S. Bois le Due. P. < 3000. 
 
 Gelenau, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 9 m. S. by E. Chemnitz. 
 P. 5700. 
 
 Gelert, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Haliburton co. , 85 m. E. by 
 N. Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gellbola, the Turkish form of Gallipoli, on the Dardanelles. 
 See GalUpoll. 
 
 Gellerttaegy, hill, Hungary. See Budapest. 
 
 GelU, PM.O., Wales, i ra. from Pentre, Glamorganshire. 
 
 Gelllbraud Point, signal stn., Victoria, on the E. side of 
 the promontory on which Williarastown is built, in the extreme 
 N. of Port Phillip Bay ; has also a lighthouse, with red light 
 (vis. 10 ra.), and a harbour defence battery. 
 
 Gelllgaer, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., 8| m. SE. 
 Merthyr-Tydfil, i^ m. E. by N. Llancaiach and Nelson June, 
 P.O. ; has coal-rames ; 16,772 ac. P. 12,800; eccles. par. (G. 
 wltb Brltbdlr) P. 5800. 
 
 Gelll Lydan, P.O., Wales, 2 ra. from Tanybwlch, Merioneth- 
 shire. 
 
 GelllTara, tn., Sweden. Close by is a hill, rising with a 
 gradual slope 5-600 ft. above the surrounding country, and 
 having -^-^ of its surface occupied by a raass of iron ore (raagne- 
 tite, with a core of hematite, but with a large proportion of 
 phosphorus). The hill is now connected by rail with Lulea, 
 120 m. distant on the Gulf of Bothnia, and now (1893) getting 
 connected by rail with the Ofoten Fjord, Norway. 
 
 Gellywen, PM.O., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 5 m. SW. 
 Llanboidy. 
 
 Gelnliausen, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, cap. circle 
 G., 23 ra. ENE. Frankfurt. On an island in the Kinzig, 
 which here emerges from the mountains on the plain, is the fort 
 of G., built of the stones from the ruins of the palace of the 
 Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. P. <40oo. 
 
 Gelsenklrchen, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 5 m. NE. 
 Essen, cap. circle G. Extensive coal-mines ; blast-furnaces ; 
 manufactures of cast-steel, steam-engine boilers, &c. P. (1852) 
 844 ; (1890) 28,100. 
 Gelshagh, electoral div., Ire., Longford, dist. Ballinalee. 
 Gelston, Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 5^ ra. N. 
 Grantham, i ra. ENE. Hougham stn. See Hougli on the Hill. 
 Gelston, P.O., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 2 m. S. by E. 
 Castle Douglas. 
 
 Geltsdale Forest, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, 7 m. SE. Bramp- 
 ton ; 5245 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Gelvlii, electoral div. , Ire. , Londonderry, dist. Dungiven. 
 Gembllug, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div. , 
 18 m. N. Hull, 2^ ra. SE. by S. Lowthorpe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Gemblonx, comm. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, sm. ENE. Ligny, 
 arr. and 11 m. NW. Namur ; has manufactures of cutlery, and 
 an important agricultural station. Here was a former Bene- 
 dictine abbey {Gemblacum). P. <4ooo. 
 
 Gemllk, Ghlo, or Kemllk, the ancient Kios, seapt., Asia 
 Minor, at the head of the Injir Liman, Sea of Marmora, 18 m. 
 NNE. Brussa. 
 
 Gemml, pass, across the Bernese Alps, leading from the 
 Kanderthal to Leuk (Loeche-les- Bains), in 7° 3/ E. Alt. 7640 ft. 
 Gemona, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 15 ra. NNW, Udine. 
 P. 8200. 
 
 Gemund, Gmund, Gmiind, Gmunden, German, 'a river- 
 mouth,' 'a confluence.' 
 
 Gemiind, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 22 m. SE. Aix-la- 
 Chapelle ; near it are the lead-works of Mechernich and the 
 mineral spring of Heilstein, whose waters are bottled. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Gemttnden, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 20 m. NW. by N. Wiirzburg, on the r. bk. of the Main, at the 
 mouth of the Franconian Saale. P. <:3000. 
 
 Gen, Genau, Celtic, 'a raouth' or 'an opening.' 
 Genadendal (Dutch 'valley of grace'), settlement, originally 
 a Moravian mission stn., established in 1739, Cape Colony, dist. 
 Caledon, 65 m. E. by S. Cape Town. 
 
 Genappe, tn. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Nivelles, on the 
 Dyle, 3 m. N. Quatre-Bras, 17 m. S. by E. Brussels. Victory 
 of the Prussians over the French, i8th June 1815. P. <20oo. 
 Genau, Celtic, 'a mouth' or 'opening.' See Geri. 
 Genazzano, coram., Italy, prov. Rome, 13 m. SE. Tivoli. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Genek, corara. , Belgium, prov. Liraburg, arr. Hasselt, 11 m. 
 NW. Maastricht. P. <3000. 
 
 Gendrlngen, coram., Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, cap. 
 cant. , on the Oude (old) Ijssel, 22 ra. ESE. Arnhera. P. 5800. 
 Genelcken, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Gladbach, 
 part of the urban comm. of Rheydt. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Genemnlden, tn. , Holland, prov. Overijssel, on the E. ct. 
 of the Zuider Zee, 8 m. NNW. Zwolle. P. <3000. 
 
 General Acha, tn. , Argentine Republic, terr. of the Pampa, 
 410 ra. S. C6rdoba. P. <2ooo. 
 Gdnes, French forra of Genoa. 
 
 Genesee, co., U.S., Michigan, E. of 84° W., and crossed by 
 43° N. , traversed by the Flint R. 
 
 Genesee, co., U.S., New York, in the W., crossed by 43° 
 N. , and in the E. by 78° W. 
 
 Genesee ('pleasant valley'), riv., U.S., New York, in the 
 W. , rises in the N. of Pennsylvania, and flows NNW, then 
 NNE. past Rochester into Irondequoit Bay, Lake Ontario; 
 abounds in cataracts. Just above Rochester commences a 
 series of rapids, which terminate in the city itself in a sheer fall 
 of 96 ft. 6 m. frora its raouth is a broken fall of 84 ft. 
 
 Genesee, tp. and vil., U.S., Wisconsin, co. and 8 m. SE. 
 Waukesha. P. < 1500. 
 
 Geneseo, city, U.S., Illinois, Henry co., 78 m. SSE. Dubuque 
 (lo.). P. < 4000. 
 
 Geneseo, vil., U.S., New York, cap. Livingston co., on Gene- 
 see R., 28 ra. SSW. Rochester. Alt. 1526 ft. (R.R.). P. <3000. 
 Genest, corara., France, dep. Manche, on the Bay of Mont 
 St. Michel, 12 ra. SE. byS. Granville, arr. and6m.W.Avranches. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 573 
 
GENE — GENT 
 
 Genest, !«, coram., France, dep. Mayenne, arr. and 6 m. 
 WNW. Laval. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Geneya, the westernmost cant, of Switzd. , is composed of the 
 former republic of Geneva and part of the co. of Gex in Savoy. 
 The pop. is generally of French extraction, and is almost equally 
 divided between Protestant and Roman Catholic. Principal 
 towns, Geneva (the cap.), Carouge, and Plainpalais. Area, io8 
 sq. m. P. (1888) 105,509. See Switzerland, table. 
 
 Geneva (French Gentve, Ger. Genf, Italian Ginevra, pro- 
 bably from the Celtic root gen, genau, 'mouth'), tn., Switzd., 
 cap. cant, same name, 85 m. SW. Bern, on the Rhone, at its 
 outlet from the W. extremity of the Lake of Geneva. Lat. of 
 observatory, 46° ii' 58" N. ; long., 6° 9' 11" E. G. has a 
 Gothic cathedral, a university academy, founded by Calvin 
 in 1568, a school of arts and manufactures, public library, and 
 a Isu'ge collection of curious MSS. , botanic garden, observa- 
 tory, museum of natural history. The Rhone divides the town 
 into two parts ; the smaller portion on r. bk. is called the 
 Quartier St. Gervais, the principal seat of trade. Between 
 them is ' the island,' a favourite promenade, connected with 
 the town by several bridges, and containing a statue of J. J. 
 Rousseau. Above the island a fine bridge with twelve arches spans 
 the whole width of the Rhone. Hydraulic machinery supplies 
 the public fountains as well as motive-power for G. and adjoin- 
 ing towns. The principal manufactures are watches, musical 
 boxes, chronometers, mathematical instruments, jewellery, 
 cutlery, fire-arms, and musical instruments. Few towns of its 
 extent have produced, or adopted, so many learned men as 
 Geneva. Among these are Calvin, Beza, Cranmer, Lesage, 
 Saussure, de Luc, Lefort, Neckar, and Jean Jacques Rousseau. 
 John Knox, the Scottish Reformer, was long a resident here. 
 It was one of the chief towns of the Allobroges in the times of 
 Caesar, was subject to the Romans till the beginning of the 
 Sth century, cap. of the second kingdom of Burgundy till 
 1034, and was under the sovereignty of the Emperor of Ger- 
 many till the beginning of the i6th century. Calvin intro- 
 duced the Reformation here in 1535, and from that time 
 G. , a free city, was considered the chief seat of Calvinism. It 
 was taken by the French in 1798, and formed, till 1813, cap. 
 of the dep. Leman in the French Empire, under Napoleon I. 
 In 1814, along with a small terr. , it joined the Helvetic Con- 
 federation. Alt. 1335 ft. Mean temp., yr. 49.2° F., Jan. 32.5°, 
 July 66.7°; rfall. (50 yrs.), 32.13 in. P. (i860) 41,400; (1888) 
 52,600 ; with Plainpalais and Les Eaux Vlves, 72,800. 
 
 Geneva, Lake of, or Lake Leman (Ger. Genfer-see, ancient 
 Lacus Lemanus), lake of Europe, between Switzd. and the French 
 prov. of Haute-Savoie. It is crescent-shaped; length, 45 m. ; 
 breadth, 1J-9 m. The lake is traversed by the Rhone from 
 E. to W. , and receives the Dranse, Venoge, and other small 
 rivers. Owing to the superior density of the Rhone water to 
 that of the lake, the river at once sinks on entering, and has 
 hollowed out a subaqueous bed, which has been traced near the 
 S. shore of the lake for nearly 4 m. Its waters have a peculiar 
 deep blue colour, are transparent, and contain a great variety 
 of fish. It is never wholly frozen over, and is subject to seiches, 
 or remarkable risings of from 1-4 or 5 or even 6 ft. , which are 
 explained by Forel as due to a long or a progressive wave being 
 reflected from the shores of the lake, and giving rise by inter- 
 ference of the primary and reflected waves to stationary or oscil- 
 latory waves. Observations made at Vevey have shown that the 
 rise and fall on such occasions indicate two regular oscillations, 
 the duration of the quicker of which is about 35^ minutes, 
 that of the longer nearly twice as long. The original wave is 
 ascribable to some local shock, such as a sudden gust of wind, 
 a landslip or avalanche, or an earthquake. The greatest seiches 
 are observed when the atmospheric pressure is low and variable. 
 The banks of the lake are highly picturesque, the S. bold and 
 lofty, the N. undulating and richly cultivated. Steam naviga- 
 tion was introduced on it in 1823. The bise, or NE., and the 
 bornand, or SE. , vnnd are regarded as dangerous to shipping. 
 Area, 223 sq. m. Mean alt., 1230 ft.; mean depth, 500 ft.; 
 greatest depth about midway between Lausanne and Evian, 
 1015 ft. SeeF. A. Forel, 2S\A.LeLiman, Vol. I., Lausanne, 1892. 
 
 Geneva, co., U.S., Alabama, on S. frontier, second from 
 the E. 
 
 Geneva, city, U.S., Illinois, Kane co., 35 m. W. by N. 
 Chicago. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cieneva, city, U.S., Nebraska, cap. Fillmore co., 55 m. SW. 
 Lincoln. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Geneva, vil., U.S., Ohio, Ashtabula co., 45 ra. ENE. Cleve- 
 land. P. <30oo. 
 
 Geneva, vil., U.S., New York, Ontario co., on Senaca R., 
 37 m. SE. by E. Rochester. P. 7600. 
 
 Geneva, viL, U.S., Wisconsin, Walworth co., 40 m. SW. 
 Milwaukee, on a lake of the same name (8 m. long), which is 
 drained into the Fox R. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Geuevra, Col dl, or de Gen<^vTe. See Alpes, Passes and 
 Railways, I. (7). 
 
 Cienga, comm., Italy, prov. and circle Ancona, 7 m. NE. 
 Fabriano. P. <4ooo. 
 574 
 
 Gengenl>acb, urban comm. , Ger. , Baden, on the Kinzig R. , 
 16 ra. SE. Strassburg, Alsace-Lorraine. P. <30oo. 
 
 Geulcliesk (Turkish Enlclil), tn., Russia, in NW. corner of 
 the Sea of Azov, on G. Strait, which lies between the raainland 
 and the Arabat Penin., and connects the Sea of Azov with the 
 Putrid Sea. Salt lakes close by. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Genii, riv. , Spain. See Jeull. 
 
 Genlleh, tn., Egypt, on the N. ct., 7 m. NNW. Port Said. 
 
 Ciennargentn, rat. knot, in the E. of Sardinia, in 40° N., 
 9° 20' E. Alt. 6365 ft. 
 
 Gennaro, rat., Italy, 21 ra. NE. by E. Rome, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Tiber, opposite the famous Soracte (Soratte) on the r. bk. 
 Alt. 4160 ft. 
 
 Gennebreck, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, 
 circle and dist. Schwelm. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gennep, tn. , Holland, prov. Liraburg, on the Niers, 19 ra. 
 S. Arnhera. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Geunesaret, lake raentioned in N. T., now the Balir>et- 
 Tubarfya. See Tiberias, Sea of. 
 
 Gennevllllers, tn. , France, dep. Seine, arr. St. Denis, 6 m. 
 NNW. Notre Dame, Paris, 2\ ra. from the city wall. Adjacent 
 are numerous market-gardens, irrigated by Paris sewage. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Genoa, Italian Genova, French G^nes, ancient Genua (pro- 
 bably of the same root as Geneva), a fortified seapt. city of the 
 kgd. of Italy, cap. prov. , at the head of the Gulf of G. , Mediter- 
 ranean, 79 ra. SE. Turin. At present it is connected by rail 
 with Piedraont only by the line ascending by the Giovi Pass and 
 passing thence to Novi and Alessandria [Apennines, A.], but 
 a line further W. , crossing the Apennines by a tunnel and pass- 
 ing by Ovada and Asti to Turin, is now (1893) in progress. Lat. 
 of lighthouse, 44° 24' 18" N. ; long., 8° 54' 24" E. Climate sub- 
 ject to great vicissitudes, the NW. wind (tramontane) cold and 
 biting, and the SW. warm and humid. The port, protected 
 seaward by moles (the old and new), on the latter of which is 
 a lighthouse 300 ft. high, is surrounded landward by the city, 
 which rises like an amphitheatre out of the water, being situated 
 on the ridges of hills, and enclosed by two series of walls ; the 
 whole embraced by a line of detached forts and outworks, 
 crowning the hills for a circuit of about 7 m. In the older part 
 of the city the streets are steep and very narrow. Araong its 
 principal edifices are the Doria-Parafili, the Royal, Ducal, Brig- 
 nole, Durazzo, Serra, Spinola, Balbi, Pallavicini, and numerous 
 other palaces, all rich in choice works of art ; the cathedral, a 
 Saraceno-Gothic structure ; numerous other handsome churches ; 
 and the university (founded in 1775), with a library and botanic 
 garden. It is an archbishop's see, and has a royal college, a 
 naval school, and important manufactures of maccaroni and 
 vermicelli, thrown silk, machinery, paper, oils, metals, earthen- 
 ware, artificial flowers, &c., with marble, alabaster, and coral 
 works. The building of iron and steel ships, torpedo-boats, and 
 locomotive engines is carried on at the suburb of Sampierdarena, 
 and there are other large iron-works at Sestri and Rivarolo. 
 The harbour affords araple water space, and there is a depth of 
 25-26 ft. of water at the quays (in all 20,000 ft. long), but the 
 development of the port is still hampered by the want of proper 
 docks for the prorapt discharge and sorting of cargoes. There 
 are three dry docks (the largest 720 ft. long, 27.9 ft. deep on sill) 
 besides a floating dock 321 ft. long at the bottom, with a lifting 
 power of 3500 tons. The total value of the imports, £^\t, 000, 000 
 to ;^2o,ooo,ooo ; of the exports, ;^3,5oo,ooo to ;^5, 000,000. (See 
 Italy, foreign coraraerce). From the nth down to the i8th cen- 
 tury G. was, with some interruptions, the capital of a commercial 
 repubhc, which planted numerous colonies in the Levant and 
 on the shores of the Black Sea. It was taken by the French in 
 1797, and ceded to the King of Sardinia in 1815. Mean temp. 
 (15 yrs.), yr. 60.0° F., Jan. 45.5°, July 75.4°; mean rfall. (1833- 
 91), yr. 51.3 in., Oct.-Nov. 15.4 in. P. (1871) 130,300; (1891) 
 212,000. 
 
 Genoa, vil., U.S., Ohio, Ottawa co., 13 ra. SE. Toledo. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Genoa, vil, U.S., New York, Cayuga co., 19 m. S. Auburn. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Genoch Rocks, Scot., Wigtownshire, off the NW. ct., in 
 54° 59' N. 
 
 Genosa, corara. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 25 m. W. by N. 
 Taranto. P. 7500. 
 
 Genova, Italy. See Genoa. 
 
 Gensan, Korea. See Wiinsan. 
 
 Gent, German forra of Ghent. 
 
 Gentbriigge, coram. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. and 
 an E. suburb of Ghent, on the right bank of the Scheldt. 
 P. 8300. 
 
 Genthln, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, 17 ra. W. Brandenburg, 
 on the Plauescher Canal. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Genthod, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 4 m. N. Geneva. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gentllly, viL , Canada, Quebec, Nicolet co. , on the r. bk. of 
 the St. Lawrence, 62 m. WSW. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gentllly, tn., P'rance, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, 2^ m. S. Notre 
 Dame, Paris, just outside the city wall The comm. comprises 
 
GENT 
 
 GEO R 
 
 the vil. of BicStre, celebrated for its castle, serving as a large 
 hospital for old men. Near this is the new fort of Bicetre. 
 P. 1 1, 600. 
 
 CSentlesbaiv, eccles. par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, in ancient par. 
 of Cannock and Longdon, 4 m. E. Cannock stn., P.O. P. 
 <:iooo. 
 
 Gentry, co., U.S., Missouri, intheNW., to the N. of 40° N., 
 and W. of 94° W. 
 
 Genua, city, Italy. See Genoa. 
 
 Genzauo, comm., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 19 m. NE. by 
 N. Potenza. P. 7400. 
 
 Genzano dl Soma, tn., Italy, prov. and 18 m. SE. by S 
 Rome. P. 5500. 
 
 Geographe Channel, strait, W. Australia, forming the 
 northern entrance to Sharks Bay. 
 
 Geok-tepe, fort, Russia, Transcaspian terr. , formerly strong- 
 hold of Turkomans, 304 m. by rail SE. of Uzunada. 
 
 GeonUiilli (Cowcolly), vil. , India, 40 m. below Calcutta, on 
 the Hugli, vnth lighthouse. 
 
 George, small isl. of the Falkland group, in the southern 
 entrance to Falkland Sound. 
 
 George, dist. , on the S. ct. of Cape Colony, crossed by 22^° E. 
 
 George Cape, the SE. point of Kerguelen Land. 
 
 Georgedorp, tp. , in the Witwatersrand goldfield, S. African 
 Republic. P. <:2000. 
 
 Georgeham, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 7 m. NW. by 
 W. Barnstaple, 2\ m. NW. by N. Braunton stn., P.O.; 4160 
 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 George Inn, former stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., 
 on the L. & NW. R., 7 m. ESE. Merthyr Tydfil, now caUed 
 Brithdir ; coal-mines near. 
 
 George Island, one of the Bermuda Is. 
 
 George Island, one of the S. Shetland group. 
 
 George Lake, lake, near the coast of Grey co., in the SE. of 
 S. Australia. 
 
 George Lane (Woodford), stn., Eng., Essex, Walthamstow 
 div., on the G. E. R., 7^ m. NE. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 George Lake, lake, U.S., in the E. of New York, on the 
 border of Warren and Washington cos. , and partly in Essex co. , 
 35 m. long, 1-3 m. broad, drained from its N. end by a stream 
 about 2 m. long into the S. end of Lake Champlain. One of 
 the most picturesque of the lakes of the U.S.; on its banks are 
 remains of several forts. Alt. 324 ft. (Toner). 
 
 Georgemas Junction, Scot. , Caithness, 6 m. SSE. Thurso, 
 on the H. R. 
 
 Georgenberg, tn., Hungary, prov. Zips, on the Poprid, 50 
 ra. WNW. Kaschau. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Georgentlial, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 22 m. WNW. Reichen- 
 berg. P. <3000. 
 
 Georgenthal, Meder and Ober, comms. , Austria, 12 and 13 
 m. WSW. Teplitz. P. (Nleder G.)<300o; (Ober G.)< 2000. 
 
 George Nympton, par., Eng., Devonshire, 11 m. SE. by E. 
 Barnstaple, div. and 2^ m. SSW. South Molton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 George's Bay, Tasmania. See St. Helens. 
 
 George's Green, P.O., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 2 m. from 
 Wexham. 
 
 George's Plains, postal-stn., New South Wales, on the 
 G. W. R., 152 m. W. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 George's River, New South Wales, flows into Botany Bay. 
 
 George's River, post-tn., Tasmania, 42 m. ENE. Launces- 
 ton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Georgesto'wn, electoral div. , Ire. , Waterford, dist. Bunmahon. 
 
 George Town, formerly Stabroek, cap. of British Guiana, 
 CO. and on r. bk. of the Demerara, near its mouth, here almost 
 I m. across, in 6° 49' N. and 58° 11' W. Depth on bar of harbour 
 at ordinary neap tides, 16 ft.; spring, 18 ft. Good anchorage. 
 Dry dock, 230 ft. long, 9 ft. on sill. Death-rate from consump- 
 tion (ascribed chiefly to overcrowding) excessively high. Mean 
 temp. (8 yrs., 1846-56), yr. 79.5° F.; rfall. (11 yrs.), 95.03 in. 
 P. 53,200. 
 
 Georgetown, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Halton co. , 30 m. W. 
 Toronto; a railway junction. P. (i89i)<2000. 
 
 Georgetown, municip. , Cape Colony, cap. dist. G. , 120 m. 
 E. Swellendam. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 George Town, cap. I. of Penang, Straits Settlements, on 
 NE. ct. of island. 
 
 Georgetown, seapt. tn. , Canada, Prince Edward I. , King's co. , 
 on Cardigan Bay, 30 m. E. by S. Charlottetown ; fine harbour 
 1380 ft. of wharfage, depth alongside, 8-24 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 George Town, stn. and SE. suburb of St. Heliers, Jersey, 
 Channel Is. 
 
 Georgetown, small post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Waitaki 
 CO. , 10 m. N. Oamaru. 
 
 George Tow^n, post-tn. , Queensland, Gilbert co. , 165 m. E. 
 byS. Norman ton; important gold-mining centre. P. < 2000. 
 
 George Town, or Huddlestone, tn. , S. Australia, Victoria 
 CO., 70 m. SE. by S. Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 George Town, watering-place, Tasmania, Dorset co. , 28 m. 
 NW. Launceston, 46 m. E. Emu Bay ; has gold-mines. P. < 
 1500- 
 
 Georgetown, tn., U.S., Colorado, Clear Creek co. , 40 m. 
 W.Denver. Alt. 8474 ft. (R.R.). P.<20oo. 
 
 Georgetown, port of entry, U.S., dist. of Columbia, on the 
 1. bk. of the Potomac, just above Washington, at the head of 
 navigation. G. was founded by the colonial government of 
 Maryland in 1751, merged in the dist. of Columbia in 1871, and 
 incorporated with the city of Washington in 1878 ; contains the 
 G. College, the oldest Roman Catholic college of the U.S. 
 P. 12,600. 
 
 Georgetown, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co. , 13 m. 
 WNW. Bridgeport. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Georgetown, tn., U.S., Delaware, Sussex co., 24 m. NW. 
 of the SE. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 George Town, vil., U.S., Idaho, Bear Lake co., 146 m. S. 
 from the NE. corner of the state. Alt. 6019 ft. (Wheeler), 5800 
 ft. (Hayden). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Georgetown, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Scott co. , 62 m. S. Cin- 
 cinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Georgeto'wn, tp. , U.S., Maine, Saga Dahoc co. , on an island 
 at the mouth of Kennebec R., 39 m. S. Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Georgetown, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co. , 9 m. E. 
 by N. Lawrence. P. <3000. 
 
 Georgetown, vil., U.S., New Mexico, Grant co. , 130 m. 
 NE. by N. from the SW. corner of the terr. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Georgetown, vil., U.S., Ohio, Brown co., 35 m. ESE. Cin- 
 cinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Georgetown, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, cap. G. co. , on r. bk. 
 of the estuary of the Pee Dee R. , 54 m. NE. Charleston. G. 
 Entrance is the name given to the mouth of this river, and is 
 obstructed by a bar. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Georgetown, tn. , U.S., Texas, cap. Williamson co., 25 m. 
 N. by E. Austin. P. < 3000. 
 
 George Town, vil., W. Indies, on E. ct. of Tobago I 
 
 Georgeto'wn, tn., W. Indies, on the E. ct. of St. Vincent I. 
 
 Georgetown, North, vil. and steamboat landing, U.S., Maine, 
 Sagadahoc co. , 7 m. SE. Bath. P. < 1500. 
 
 Georgevllle, post-vil. and summer resort, Canada, Quebec, 
 CO. Stanstead, on E. side of Lake Memphremagog. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Georgevllle, Nova Scotia. See Cape George. 
 
 Georgia, Russian Grnzlya, ancient IveHa, a state which, 
 together with Imeretia, Mingrelia, Kakhetia, and Guria, now 
 forms part of Russian Transcaucasia, govts. TifJis and Kutais. 
 The Georgians, who call themselves Kartli, and are named Guri 
 by the Persians, are divided into three stems : Georgians proper, 
 Mingrelians and Imeretians, Lazes and Svanetes. In the 3rd 
 century they constituted a mighty state, and under King Vakh- 
 tang (466-99) they conquered Mingrelia, Abhasia, Erzerum, and 
 Tiflis. This state lasted till 1424, when it divided into three 
 parts : Imeretia, Kartalinia, and Kakhetia. In 1800 the ruler 
 of the two latter became a vassal of Russia, and after his death, 
 in 1810 Georgia, and later on (1838) Imeretia, were incorporated 
 into the Russian Empire. 
 
 Georgia, one of the original thirteen United States, has a 
 coast-line on the Atlantic of 128 m., between S. Carolina 
 and Florida, with an area about that of England and Wales ; 
 cap. Atlanta; other chief towns. Savannah, the chief port, 
 Augusta, Macon, and Columbus. Off the coast are nume- 
 rous well-wooded islands. The surface rises from the coast to 
 about 5000 ft. in the NW. , and presents three great natural 
 divisions, knovra as Lower, Middle, and Upper G. Lower G., 
 covering more than half the state, comprises first the littoral 
 belt, about 20 m. in breadth, mean elevation 12 ft., with nume- 
 rous swamps, of which the most noted is the great Okefinokee 
 swamp in the S. More inland is the belt of pine-barrens and 
 sand-hills, the land rising by slight gradations to less than 600 
 ft. at a distance of 140 m. from the coast. Middle G. , or the 
 Hill country — a broad plateau in the S. , breaking up into ranges 
 of hills in the N. — stretches inland for 60 or 70 m. to the Appa- 
 lachian foot-hills ; mean elevation, 1000 ft. Upper G. , covering 
 an area of about 10,000 sq. m. in the NW., contains the last 
 elevations of the Appalachian system. The chief rivers are 
 Savannah, on the Carolina frontier ; Ogeechee, and Altamaha, 
 flowing SE. to the Atlantic ; and Chattahoochee, on the Alabama 
 frontier, to the Gulf of Mexico : all navigable after leaving the 
 Hill country, where they form falls [United States, physical 
 featiu-es]. As regards geological structure. Tertiary and Qua- 
 ternary deposits cover the lowlands ; Archaean and Palagozoic 
 rocks predominate in the NW. ; and Cretaceous rocks in the W. ; 
 a belt of CrystaUine and Metamorphic rocks traverses the N. and 
 middle of the state. The climate is sub-tropical, and very un- 
 healthy on the coasts and islands, where malarial diseases pre- 
 vail during the summer ; the pine-barren district is healthier and, 
 advancing inland, the climate becomes more bracing and salu- 
 brious with elevation [Augusta, Savannah, Tybee Island], 
 Agriculture is the leading industry, the staple product being 
 cotton, cultivated extensively on the sandy soils of the S^ and W. 
 and of the Central and N. parts ; the production of long-staple 
 cotton, for which the islands are famous, has of late decreased. 
 Rice and sugar-cane are grovm to a small extent in the lowlands. 
 The minerals include coal, worked chiefly in Dade county, 
 
 575 
 
GEOR — GERM 
 
 the beds being a continuation of the Alabama coalfield ; con- 
 siderable deposits of brown hematite and other iron ores occur ; 
 marble, first quarried in 1885, is extensively worked, chiefly in 
 Pickens county ; granite in Dekalb county ; slate, emery, and 
 graphite are also found. Forests cover large areas, and supply 
 annually more than 200,000,000 ft. of timber ; the principal 
 trees are the live oak and the yellow pine, the former found 
 chiefly in the SE. The leading manufacture is that of cotton, 
 employing about 10,000 persons (the chief centres at present are 
 Atlanta, Augusta, and Columbus), and now rapidly extending, 
 but the fabrics made are chiefly of the coarser kinds ; and the air 
 in the present manufacturing centres (near the coalfields or where 
 the falls afford water-power) does not seem to have the requisite 
 humidity for the spinning and weaving of the finer class of 
 goods. Other manufactures are woollens, steel, and iron ; there 
 are also large flour and lumber mills. The Indians formerly 
 inhabiting this region were the Cherokees and the Miscogees. 
 The first white settlement was founded by General Oglethorpe in 
 1733 as a refuge for debtors and other distressed persons, and 
 named after George II. Within a few years parties of Metho- 
 dists were brought over by the Wesleys and Whitefield. Area, 
 59,475 sq. m. P. (1890) 1,837,353. See United States, table. 
 [E. J. H.] 
 
 Georgia, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Franklin co., 16 m. NNE. 
 Burlington. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ceorgla, New, one ofthe Solomon Is. , crossed by 8 J°S. , i57i°E. 
 
 Georgia, South, isl. , in S. Atlantic Ocean, crossed by 54I S. , 
 37° W. Mean temp, (i yr.), yr. 34.9° F., Feb. 42.2°, July 28.3°. 
 
 Georgia, Strait of, channel, N. America, separates Van- 
 couver I. from the mainland, in 49° N. and 124° W.; average 
 breadth, 20 m. It communicates with the Pacific, N. by Queen 
 Charlotte Sound, and SW. by the strait of Juan de Fuca. 
 
 Georgiana, co. , New South Wales, crossed by 34° S. , and 
 on the E. touching 150° E. 
 
 Georgian Bay, large sheet of water, Canada, Ontario, on 
 the NE. of Lake Huron. 
 
 Georglavllle, vil. , U.S. , Rhode I., Providence co. , on Woonas- 
 quatucket R. , 7 m. NW. Providence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Georglevsk, dist. tn. , Russia, N. Caucasia, govt. Terek, 23 
 m. NE. of Pyatigorsk railway stn. Alt. 996 ft. P. 10,700. 
 
 Georgiiia, or Sutton, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. York, near 
 Lake Simcoe, 56 m. by rail N. Toronto ; a favourite summer 
 resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Georgltslon (yoryitsi), vil., Greece, Laconia, 11 m. NW. 
 Sparte, 40 m. SW. Argos, in comm. PellanS. P. <20oo; P. 
 (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Georg-Marlenbiitte, comm., Prussia, Hanover, circle and 
 4 m. S. Osnabriick, with large mines of brown hematite, and 
 smelting furnaces. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gera, riv. , Ger. , flows through Gotha, Schwarzburg-Rudol- 
 stadt, Prussian Saxony, and Weimar, and joins the Unstrut 
 12 m. N. Erfurt, after a course of 38 m. 
 
 Gera, tn. , central Ger. , princip. Reuss, cap. lordship G. , on the 
 White-Elster, 35 m. SSW. Leipzig. It manufactures worsted 
 fabrics, accordions, steel organs, machinery, sewing-machines, 
 leather, leather gloves, ivory buttons, tobacco, porcelain, and 
 carriages ; and has dye-works, breweries, and brick-kilns. 
 P. (1871) 17,900; (1890)39,600. 
 
 Cieral>ronn, vil. , Ger. , Wiirtemberg, Jagstkreis, 47 m. NE. 
 Stuttgart. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gerace, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, E. ct. , prov. and 34 m. E. by N. 
 Reggio ; noted for its wine, known as Lacrima di G. P. 7700. 
 
 Geracl Slculo, comm., Sicily, prov. Palermo, 26 m. N. by E. 
 Caltanissetta. P. <40oo. 
 
 Geragh, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 7 m. from Clonakilty. 
 
 Gerah El Gelllf, salt lake, Algeria, prov. and SSE. Con- 
 stantine, crossed by 35° 45' N., and in the E. by 7° E.; bordered 
 by Roman ruins. Area, 20 sq. m. 
 
 Gerakarlon [yera — ), vil., Greece, isl. of Zante, 7 m. WNW. 
 Zante. 
 
 Gerakl {yera — ), cape, the SE. point of the isl. of Zante. 
 
 Gerakonnla, isl. , Greece. See Falconera. 
 
 Geraldlne, postal-stn.. New Zealand, South I., G. co., 18 m. 
 N. Timaru. P. < 1500. 
 
 Geraldlne, old mining tn. , W. Australia, Victoria dist. , 290 
 m. N. by W. Perth. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Geralds Pass, Ire., in the E. of co. Armagh, 4^ m. NNW. 
 Newry. 
 
 Geraldton, post-vil., Queensland, Nares co., 150 m. SSE. 
 Cooktown ; centre of the sugar-growing tp. of Johnstone R., 
 with well-sheltered harbour of fair depth at Mourilyan, 7 m. off. 
 
 Geraldton, port and mining tn., W. Australia, chief port of 
 the Central or Victoria dist., on the W. ct., 230 m. NNW. 
 Perth, in 28° 4/ S.; on the rly. from Northampton ; now being 
 extended to the Murchison goldfield. Has gold and lead mines, 
 and exports wool, copper, and lead. Mean temp. (6 yrs. , 1880- 
 85), yr. 65.5° F., Feb. 74.6°, July 57.5°; rfall. (2 yrs.), 17.13 in. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 Gerapetra. See Kastell. 
 
 Gerar, place named in O. T. See I'mm el Jer&r. 
 576 
 
 Gerard de Nys, or Gardenay, isl. , Bismarck Archipelago, 
 crossed by 3° 5' S. , 152° 38' E. . 
 
 G^rardmer, tn., France, dep. Vosges, arr. St. Di6, 23 ra. 
 W. Colmar ; an important tourist resort in a lovely part of the 
 Vosges, with hydropathic establishment. P. <300o. 
 
 Gerard's Bridge, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & NW. 
 R., and the L. & Y. R., near St. Helen's. 
 
 Gerba, isl. , Africa. See Jerha. 
 
 GerlM^Tlller, tn. , France, dep. Meurthe et Moselle, arr. 
 Lun^ville, on the Mortagne, 7 m. S. by E. Lun(^ville. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Gerbl, or Zerbl, isl. , Tunis. See Jerba. 
 
 Ger bier de Jonc. See Loire, riv. 
 
 Gerbstiidt, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, 8 m. NE. by N. 
 Eisleben ; has copper and silver mines. P. -C5000. 
 
 Gerdanen, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, cap. circle, 40 m. 
 SE. by E. Konigsberg. P. <:300o. 
 
 Gerels, vil. , Egypt, on the r. bk. of the Rosetta mouth of 
 the Nile, 27 m. NW. Cairo. 
 
 Gerez, Sierra de, mt. chain, Portugal, partly on the border 
 of the Spanish prov. of Galicia, between the basins of the Douro 
 and Minho, W. of Montalegre ; length, N. to S., 18 m. ; is 
 composed of a succession of granite peaks. The culminating 
 point is 4740 ft. high. In 1809 the retreating French army 
 passed through a gorge forming one of the passes of this chain. 
 
 Gerga, tn. , Egypt. See Girgeh. 
 
 G^rgal, tn., Spain, prov. Almeria, 18 m. NNW. Almeria; 
 has alum mines and mineral springs. P. <4000. 
 
 GergOTle, small basalt-crowned mt. , France, dep. Puy-de- 
 Dome, 4 m. SSE. Clermont, celebrated as having been success- 
 fully defended by Vercingetorix against the troops of Julius 
 Cassar. 
 
 Gerica, comm., Spain, prov. Castell6n, dist. Viver. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Gerlngong, New South Wales. See Gerringong. 
 
 Gerlngsfvaide, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 17 m. N. Chemnitz. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Gerizim, mt. named in O. T. See Jebel et T&r. 
 
 Gerlan, P.O., Wales, Carnarvonshire, near Bangor. 
 
 Gerllngen, vil., Ger., Wiirtemberg, circle Neckar, 2 m. E. 
 Leonberg. P. <3000. 
 
 Gerlognbi, watering-place for cattle, with numerous never- 
 failing wells, E. Africa, Somali-land, Ogadain prov., in about 
 6° 50' N. , 44° 55' E. 
 
 Gerlos, high valley, Austria, Tirol, opening opposite Zell. In 
 it is the G.-Wand. Alt. 7050 ft. The G. Pass joins the Inn 
 valley (Tirol) with the upper Salzach valley (the Pinzgau) at the 
 W. end of the crownland of Salzburg. 
 
 Gerlsdorf Spitze, in Hungarian Gerlachfalva, highest 
 summit of the Tatra Mts. , Hungary. Alt. 8735 ft. 
 
 Germade, comm., Spain, prov. Lugo, dist. Villalba. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 German, par.. Isle of Man, including the town of Peel. 
 
 German, tn. , isl. Porto Rico, 70 m. WSW. San Juan. P. 9200. 
 
 German East Aflrica, Ger. colony in Equatorial E. Africa, 
 between the Portuguese and British spheres of influence. It 
 includes the coast from the Rovuma R. (10° 30' S. lat.) to 
 Wanga (4° 40' S. lat. ). In the interior the boundary line runs 
 along the Rovuma to the Msinje valley, thence to Mbampa 
 on Lake Nyassa, and along the NE. and NW. shores of this 
 lake to the mouth of the Songfwe R. , from there to the mouth 
 of the Kilambo R. , Lake Tanganyika, and along the E. shore 
 of this lake to the mouth of the Ruzizi R. , whence it is continued 
 to the intersection of 30° E. long, and 1° S. lat. ; from this point 
 to the E. coast, see British East Africa. To this terr. we have 
 to add the island of Mafia. The coast has but a few small 
 bays, viz., those of Mikindani, Lindi, Pangani, and Tanga. 
 The coast-belt is low and flat, but in the interior the country 
 is mountainous, forming widely extending plateaux, above which 
 many isolated mountain groups rise to great altitudes (Kiliman- 
 jaro, 19,720 ft.; Meru, 14,630 ft.; Gelei, 13,780 ft. ; Mbeye,98oo 
 ft. ). Rivers [a) to Indian Ocean (none of them navigable) : 
 Umbekuru, Rufiji, Kingani, Wami, Ruvu ; {b) to Lake Tan- 
 ganyika : Malagarazi ; (c) to Lake Victoria : Kagera, Isanga, 
 Simiu. The climate of the coast-belt is oppressively hot, and 
 unhealthy to Europeans ; that of the interior is less dangerous, 
 but unsuitable for European colonisation. Flora and fauna 
 are those of tropical central Africa. The tsetse-fly {q.v.) occurs 
 in the coast-area and some other districts. No other African 
 country shows so great a variety of ethnological elements. We 
 distinguish four groups : (i) Arabs, found everywhere in the 
 trading places of the coast and of the interior ; (2) Swahili {q.v. ) ; 
 
 (3) Nuba tribes, viz., Masai [q.v.), Wakwafi, and Wandorobbo ; 
 
 (4) numerous Bantu {q.v.) tribes, forming the great majority of 
 the population. Arabs and Swahili are Mohammedans, the 
 others pagans. G. E. A. is essentially an agricultural country, 
 but the fertility of the soil varies greatly, the central plateaux, 
 between the great lakes and the E. coast, consisting mostly of 
 sterile deserts and steppes, whilst the terrs. E. and W. of them 
 are well watered and fertile (Jagga, Usambara, Usagara, Un- 
 yamwezi). Principal products : millet and other tropical grains, 
 cassava, bananas, coco-nuts, areca-nuts, cloves, castor-oil, sugar- 
 
GERM — GERM 
 
 cane, and various vegetables ; and the Germans have success- 
 fully cultivated tobacco, cotton', and coffee. Cattle-rearing and 
 sheep-breeding are likewise of importance. The commerce is 
 considerable, the chief exports being ivory, gum-copal, hides, 
 caoutchouc, tobacco, timber, grain, orchella, and copra ; prin- 
 cipal imports : textiles, spirits, iron-ware, and glass-beads. 
 Principal trading places {a) on the coast : Bagamoyo, Kilwa- 
 kivinji, Dar-es-Salaam, Pangani, and Tanga ; (b) in the interior : 
 Tabora, Ujiji, and Mpwapwa. The Germans took possession 
 of various parts of the country in 1884 and 1885, and the present 
 
 boundaries were determined by agreements with Portugal (1886), 
 England (1886 and 1890), and the Sultan of Zanzibar (1890). 
 The German government is represented by an Imperial governor. 
 Area, 369,000 sq. m. P. estimated at 2,900,000. [H. G. 8.]. 
 
 German Empire, in German Dentsches Reich, situated in 
 the centre of Europe, between 47^° and 56° N. , and between 6° 
 and 23° E. As regards area, the G. E. is the fourth state of 
 Europe, and as regards population the second, only Russia 
 having more inhabitants. It is made up of the states shown 
 in the foUovring table : — 
 
 
 
 States of the German 
 
 Empire. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Population in 
 
 Average per Cent, per 
 
 Population in Thousands, 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thousand.s.i 
 
 Annum, 1840-85. 
 
 
 December i, 1890. 
 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 Area in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pop. per 
 
 per cent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 End of 
 
 1840. 
 
 End of 
 
 1885. 
 
 Increase 
 of Pop. 
 
 Excess 
 
 of 
 Births. 
 
 Loss or 
 Gain(-H) 
 by Mig- 
 ration. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Protest- 
 ants. 
 
 Roman 
 Catho- 
 lics. 
 
 Jews. 
 
 sq. m., 
 1890. 
 
 per 
 Annum, 
 1885-90. 
 
 Kingdoms. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I. Prussia : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Prozi. East Prussia . 
 
 14,279 
 
 iy39S 
 
 1,961 
 
 ■746 
 
 .gSi 
 
 ■233 
 
 r,939 
 
 1,676 
 
 257 
 
 14.4 
 
 '37 
 
 Dec. 
 
 ,, West Prussia . 
 
 9,S49 
 
 gi8 
 
 1,410 
 
 •913 
 
 ^•303 
 
 ■390 
 
 1,434 
 
 681 
 
 7'8 
 
 21.8 
 
 '43 
 
 0.33 
 
 ,, Berlin 
 
 24 
 
 323 
 
 i,3'7 
 
 3123 
 
 •913 
 
 2.212 
 
 1379 
 
 1,353 
 
 '33 
 
 79-3 
 
 
 3-6g 
 
 ,, Brandenburg . 
 
 13,380 
 
 1S36 
 
 2,343 
 
 ■972 
 
 1.1 go 
 
 .227 
 
 2,342 
 
 2,431 
 
 go 
 
 13-8 
 
 163 
 
 1.63 
 
 ,, Pomeram'a 
 
 11,625 
 
 1,058 
 
 1,508 
 
 ■750 
 
 1.416 
 
 .666 
 
 1,321 
 
 1,4-/6 
 
 27 
 
 12.2 
 
 131 
 
 0.18 
 
 „ Posen 
 
 11, 1 Si 
 
 ','3S 
 
 1,718 
 
 ■ 729 
 
 1.264 
 
 ■335 
 
 1,732 
 
 342 
 
 1,164 
 
 44-3 
 
 '37 
 
 0.39 
 
 „ Silesia 
 
 1S,5(>I 
 
 2,86t 
 
 4,116 
 
 .808 
 
 ■978 
 
 .170 
 
 4,224 
 
 1,921 
 
 2,248 
 
 48.0 
 
 271 
 
 0.52 
 
 „ Saxony . 
 
 9,749 
 
 i,(>39 
 
 2,431 
 
 .891 
 
 1.166 
 
 ■273 
 
 2,380 
 
 2^84 
 
 183 
 
 7-9 
 
 265 
 
 o.ig . 
 
 „ Schleswig-Holstein . 
 
 7,27^ 
 
 846 
 
 1,151 
 
 .68s 
 
 1.114 
 
 ■429 
 
 1,220 
 
 1,191 
 
 22 
 
 .?-6 
 
 168 
 
 1.12 
 
 ,, Hanover . 
 
 14,858 
 
 1,741 
 
 2,173 
 
 ■3" 
 
 ■932 
 
 .421 
 
 2,278 
 
 ',970 
 
 2S7 
 
 '3^' 
 
 133 
 
 0-93 
 
 „ Westphalia 
 
 7,801 
 
 1384 
 
 2,207 
 
 1.08b 
 
 1.163 
 
 ■077 
 
 2,429 
 
 1,133 
 
 ',25' 
 
 ig.2 
 
 3" 
 
 '■93 
 
 ,, Hesse- Nassau . 
 
 6,056 
 
 1,270 
 
 1,394 
 
 •332 
 
 ■941 
 
 409 
 
 1,664 
 
 1,156 
 
 453 
 
 44^3 
 
 273 
 
 087 
 
 ,, Rhine Pro-nince 
 
 10,421 
 
 2,607 
 
 4,349 
 
 1.170 
 
 1.186 
 
 .017 
 
 4,7'o 
 
 2,2C)6 
 
 3,332 
 
 47.2 
 
 432 
 
 1.61 
 
 ,, Hohenzoliem . 
 
 441 
 
 61 
 
 67 
 
 .213 
 
 ■7S4 
 
 ■372 
 
 66 
 
 3 
 
 63 
 
 0.7 
 
 '30 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Total . 
 
 134,500 
 
 18,873 
 
 28,349 
 
 .914 
 
 1.115 
 
 .201 
 
 29,957 
 
 19,232 
 
 10,253 
 
 372-1 
 
 223 
 
 I. II 
 
 2. Bavaria :^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The 3 Govts. Franconia . 
 
 
 iJSS 
 
 i,S6g 
 
 .418 
 
 .760 
 
 ■341 
 
 1,892 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.24 
 
 Remainder East of Rhine. 
 
 
 2,208 
 
 2,838 
 
 ■390 
 
 ■59' 
 
 .001 
 
 2,974 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.80 
 
 Rhine Palatinate 
 
 
 580 
 
 697 
 
 •423 
 
 1.2^0 
 
 .867 
 
 72S 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.88 
 
 Total . 
 
 a9>293 
 
 4,342 
 
 5,424 
 
 .508 
 
 •742 
 
 •234 
 
 5,595 
 
 1,572 
 
 3.963 
 
 53^9 
 
 191 
 
 0.62 
 
 3. Saxony 
 
 S.789 
 
 1,711 
 
 3,186 
 
 1.398 
 
 1-254 
 
 .144 
 
 3.503 
 
 3,352 
 
 129 
 
 9.4 
 
 605 
 
 1.91 
 
 4. Wiirtcmberg .... 
 
 7iS3i 
 
 1,647 
 
 1.997 
 
 •439 
 
 .962 
 
 .522 
 
 2,037 
 
 1,407 
 
 610 
 
 12.6 
 
 270 
 
 0.40 
 
 Grand-Dochies. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5. Baden 
 
 5.823 
 
 1,297 
 
 1,603 
 
 .482 
 
 .956 
 
 •474 
 
 1,658 
 
 599 
 
 1,028 
 
 26.7 
 
 285 
 
 0.68 
 
 6. Hesse . . . . 
 
 2,966 
 
 777 
 
 957 
 
 .441 
 
 1.032 
 
 •591 
 
 993 
 
 666 
 
 294 
 
 25- S 
 
 335 
 
 0-73 
 
 7. Mecklenburg-Schwerin . 
 
 5,082 
 
 495 
 
 576 
 
 •327 
 
 1.025 
 
 .698 
 
 578 
 
 571 
 
 5 
 
 2.2 
 
 114 
 
 0.09 
 
 8. Saxe-Weimar. 
 
 1,383 
 
 248 
 
 314 
 
 ■532 
 
 1.028 
 
 .496 
 
 326 
 
 3'3 
 
 12 
 
 1-3 
 
 235 
 
 0.75 
 
 9. Mecklenburg-Strelitz . 
 
 1,131 
 
 90 
 
 98 
 
 .186 
 
 •978 
 
 .792 
 
 98 
 
 97 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.5 
 
 87 
 
 Dec. 
 
 10. Oldenburg .... 
 
 2,480 
 
 279 
 
 342 
 
 •454 
 
 .922 
 
 •469 
 
 355 
 
 274 
 
 78 
 
 1.6 
 
 143 
 
 0.76 
 
 Duchies, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II. Brunswick . . • . 
 
 1,425 
 
 264 
 
 373 
 
 .808 
 
 •843 
 
 •034 
 
 404 
 
 384 
 
 16 
 
 1.6 
 
 284 
 
 i.6t 
 
 12. Saxe-Meiningen . 
 
 953 
 
 153 
 
 215 
 
 .772 
 
 I.2I3 
 
 .440 
 
 224 
 
 219 
 
 3 
 
 1.6 
 
 235 
 
 0.80 
 
 13. Saxe-AUenburg 
 
 5" 
 
 123 
 
 162 
 
 .622 
 
 1.036 
 
 .414 
 
 171 
 
 169 
 
 2 
 
 
 3.55 
 
 I- 13 
 
 14. Saxe-Koburg-Gotha 
 
 756 
 
 141 
 
 199 
 
 •765 
 
 1.025 
 
 .260 
 
 207 
 
 202 
 
 3 
 
 0.5 
 
 274 
 
 074 
 
 15. Anhalt 
 
 886 
 
 149 
 
 248 
 
 1.167 
 
 1.248 
 
 .081 
 
 272 
 
 261 
 
 9 
 
 1.6 
 
 307 
 
 1.82 
 
 Principalities. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16. Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 
 
 363 
 
 67 
 
 84 
 
 •516 
 
 1.060 
 
 .664 
 
 86 
 
 85 
 
 0.4 
 
 
 235 
 
 0.36 
 
 17 Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. 
 
 333 
 
 57 
 
 74 
 
 •559 
 
 1.222 
 
 •544 
 
 76 
 
 75 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.2 
 
 224 
 
 0.27 
 
 18. Waldeck .... 
 
 433 
 
 58 
 
 57 
 
 -.063 
 
 .917 
 
 •979 
 
 57 
 
 55 
 
 1-7 
 
 0.8 
 
 132 
 
 0.2s 
 
 19. Reuss, elder line . 
 
 122 
 
 33 
 
 56 
 
 1.208 
 
 1.362 
 
 •155 
 
 63 
 
 62 
 
 0.9 
 
 
 516 
 
 2.32 
 
 20. Reuss, younger line 
 
 319 
 
 74 
 
 III 
 
 .942 
 
 1. 187 
 
 •245 
 
 120 
 
 118 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.1 
 
 376 
 
 1-59 
 
 2r. Schaumburg-Lippe 
 
 131 
 
 28 
 
 37 
 
 .674 
 
 1.084 
 
 .410 
 
 39 
 
 38 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.4 
 
 298 
 
 i-os 
 
 22. Lippe 
 
 469 
 
 103 
 
 123 
 
 •443 
 
 1.130 
 
 .688 
 
 128 
 
 123 
 
 4-3 
 
 t.o 
 
 273 
 
 0.81 
 
 Frek Towns. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 23. Liibeck 
 
 "5 
 
 41 
 
 68 
 
 1. 183 
 
 .706 
 
 +•477 
 
 76 
 
 75 
 
 I.I 
 
 0.7 
 
 
 2-47 
 
 24. Bremen ..... 
 
 99 
 
 72 
 
 166 
 
 1.891 
 
 I-I53 
 
 +•739 
 
 180 
 
 170 
 
 8-3 
 
 I.O 
 
 
 1. 71 
 
 25. Hamburg . . . . 
 
 160 
 
 199 
 
 519 
 
 2.291 
 
 •792 
 
 + •498 
 
 623 
 
 571 
 
 23 
 
 17.9 
 
 
 3-71 
 
 Imperial Territory. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26. Alsace-Lorraine 
 
 5,602 
 
 1,505 
 
 1,565 
 
 .085 
 
 .675 
 
 •590 
 
 1,604 
 
 337 
 
 1,227 
 
 34.6 
 
 286 
 
 0.48 
 
 Total . 
 
 208,660 
 
 32,828 
 
 46,902 
 
 .804 
 
 '•037 
 
 0-233 
 
 49,428 
 
 31,027 
 
 17,675 
 
 567.9 
 
 237 
 
 1.06 
 
 1 These columns from Staiistik des deutschen Reichs, Neue Folge, Band ^^, p. 4. 
 
 Superficial features. — The country slopes gradually towards 
 the N. , the highest parts being the southern dists. , especially 
 Upper Bavaria, to which belong some parts of the northern 
 Alps. (See Alps, Subdivisions, B. 4.) Here the Algauer Alps 
 contain the Zugspitze (9710 ft.), the highest summit of the 
 G. E. North of this range a large plateau, the Oberdeutsche 
 Hochebene, extends between the Alps, the Bavarian Forest 
 Mts. , and the Jura. On either side of the Rhine plain in 8. 
 Germany [Baden] run a series of mountain ranges, viz., on the 
 E. the Black Forest, Odenwald, and Spessart, on the W. the 
 Vosges and Haardt. The Rhine leaving S. Germany forces 
 its way through the Rhenish- Westphalian Mts., an extensive 
 mountainous plateau divided into separate parts by numerous 
 valleys. West of the Rhine are the Hunsriick, Eifel, and Hohe 
 Venn, and east of it the Taunus, Westerwald (with Sieben- 
 gebirge), and Sauerland. East of the Taunus rise the volcanic 
 groups of the Vogelsberg and Rhongebirge. The Hercynian 
 Mts. form the great mountain system of central Germany. 
 They comprise two ranges, the general direction of which is from 
 SE. to NW. , and several mountain-chains between them. The 
 577 
 
 southern range consists of the Bohemian and Bavarian Forest 
 Mts. , the Fichtelgebirge, Thuringian Forest Mts. , Werra Mts. , 
 and Teutoburg Forest Mts. The northern range commences 
 with the Silesian Mts. , called Sudetes proper. Then follow to 
 the NW. the Harz Mts., the last offshoots of this northern 
 range extending to the Leine and Weser. Between these two 
 principal ranges rise the Erzgebirge and Lusatian Mts., con- 
 necting the Fichtelgebirge with the Sudetes proper. North of 
 the Hercynian mountain system lies the vast North German 
 Plain, extending to the North Sea and Baltic. This plain is, 
 however, by no means a uniform lowland, but is interrupted by 
 a number of elevations, the most important of which are two 
 plateaus (' Landriicken'), viz., the Baltic Lake Plateau {q.v.), 
 extending from E. Prussia to Jutland, and the Flaming and its 
 offshoots, situated between the Oder and Elbe. 
 
 This great diversity in the orographical features of the G. E. 
 has a favourable influence on the bydrograpby of the country. 
 The G. E. has seven principal rivers, viz., the Memel, Vistula, 
 Oder, Elbe, Weser, Rhine, and Danube. Although all of them, 
 with the exception of the Weser, belong only partially to the 
 
 2 O 
 
GERM 
 
 G. E. , yet their total navigable length in German terr. amounts 
 to not less than 5900 m. The number and mileage of canals 
 is, however, limited, the latter amounting to 1490 m. The 
 principal canals are the Finow and Miillrose Canal, by means 
 of which a connection between the Oder and Elbe is effected ; 
 the Ruppin and Plauen Canals, important for the Havel naviga- 
 tion ; the Steckenitz Canal, between Steckenitz and Trave ; 
 the Eider Canal, connecting the Eider with Kiel; and the 
 Bremervorde Canal, from the Oste to the Hamme. A canal 
 connecting the North Sea and the Baltic is in course of con- 
 struction (see Xorth Sea and Baltic Canal), and it is pro- 
 posed to construct a canal connecting the Elbe at Lauenburg 
 with the Trave at Liibeck. In S. Germany the most important 
 canal is the Ludwigs Kanal, which effects a communication 
 between Danube and Main. 
 
 Geology. — Almost all geological formations are represented 
 in the G. E. Palaeozoic rocks are largely met with in south 
 and central Germany. The Silurian formation extends in 
 Thuringia and the Harz Mts. * Devonian rocks are of great 
 importance on the Rhine, in Westphalia, and Nassau, in the 
 Harz and Sudetes proper, and in various other parts of central 
 Germany. About the Carboniferous formation, see aftenvards 
 Tinder coal. Dyassic and Triassic rocks are foimd in the Vosges, 
 Black Forest, Odenwald, and in central Germany. The Jurassic 
 formations are of great importance in S. Germany. Cretaceous 
 rocks are met with in Prussia, Saxony, Silesia and the Alps. 
 Tertiary deposits occur in many parts of Prussia and S. Ger- 
 many. Diluvial and alluvial deposits exist all over the country, 
 especially in the N. German plain. Volcanic rocks are found 
 in the Vosges, Black Forest, Hegau, Odenwald, Thuringian 
 and Bohemian Forest Mts., Erzgebirge, Sudetes, Silesia, on 
 the middle Rhine, and in other parts of central Germany. 
 
 The climate of the G. E. is moderate, and the gradual 
 sloping of the country towards the north compensates for the 
 difference of geographical latitude, and it is for this reason that 
 we find pretty much the same climate all over Germany. The 
 slight differences of climate which are noticeable refer less to 
 the northern and southern than to the eastern and western parts 
 of the empire, eastern Germany having more severe winters 
 than western Germany. There are, however, pronoimced local 
 differences, due to altitude and exposure, as exemplified in the 
 contrast between the mild climate of the lovely and fertile vallejrs 
 of the Rhine, MoseUe, Main, and Neckar, as contrasted with the 
 inclemency of the surrounding highlands. The following table 
 may serve for illustration. In all cases the mean temperatures 
 are those of the 15 years 1870-84 : — 
 
 Mean Temperature, Fahr. 
 
 Hamburg. 
 
 Kiel. . 
 
 Stettin. 
 
 Konigsberg. 
 
 Jan. 331° 
 
 33.6° 
 
 31.0° 
 
 25.5° 
 
 July 63.4° 
 
 62.8° 
 
 65-7° 
 
 63.4 
 
 Year 47. 1° 
 
 46.9° 
 
 46.9° 
 
 43-5° 
 
 Hanover. 
 
 Beriin. 
 
 Posen. 
 
 
 Jan. 34.2° 
 
 32.8° 
 
 29-3° 
 
 
 July 65.4° 
 
 66.7° 
 
 66.0° 
 
 
 Year 48.5^ 
 
 48.5° 
 
 47-3° 
 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle 
 
 Cologne. 
 
 Leipzig 
 
 Breslau 
 
 (581ft.). 
 
 
 (387 ft.). 
 
 (483 ft.). 
 
 Jan. 36.3= 
 
 35-9° 
 
 30.6° 
 
 29.4° 
 
 July 65.7° 
 
 65.8° 
 
 65.0° 
 
 65.8° 
 
 Year 50.2 
 
 50.2° 
 
 46.7° 
 
 46.7° 
 
 Karlsruhe 
 
 Stuttgart 
 
 Regensburg 
 
 
 (404 ft.). 
 
 (881 ft.). 
 
 (1178 ft.). 
 
 
 Jan. 33.4° 
 
 32.5° 
 
 28.1° 
 
 
 July 67.0° 
 
 66.9° 
 
 6:;. 8° 
 
 
 Year 49.3° 
 
 49.2° 
 
 46.6° 
 
 
 Friedrichshafen 
 
 Munich 
 
 
 
 (1336 ft.). 
 
 (1734 ft.). 
 
 
 
 Jan. 30.4° 
 
 27.6° 
 
 
 
 July 65.5° 
 
 63.7° 
 
 
 
 Year 47.6° 
 
 45.0° 
 
 
 
 The rainfall also is fairly uniform, amoimting on the average 
 to about 27 inches — higher in mountainous dists. , lower in 
 plains and valleys on the sheltered side of mountains. The 
 flora of the G. E. is that of central Europe. Among 
 animals may be mentioned the stag, deer, hare, wild boar, 
 ■wild cat, fox, and badger. Many wild animals, once common, 
 have now almost or entirely disappeared : the ur or auerochs, 
 the bison, and the lynx are no longer to be found, the elk and 
 the beaver are very rarely met with, and the wolf is extinct 
 everywhere, except in Lorraine, the Hunsriick, and the forests 
 of eastern Prussia. Kites, buzzards, herons, snipes, partridges, 
 and wild ducks are numerous. The rivers abound in fish. Agri- 
 culture is in a flourishing state. All kinds of cereals are ctilti- 
 vated, rye being the most important. In former times cereals 
 were largely exported, but the population has so much increased 
 that, in spite of the large proportion of arable land (48^ per 
 578 
 
 cent, of the total area of the G. E.), large imports of rye, 
 wheat, barley, and oats are necessary. Other objects of culture 
 of importance are potatoes (^ of the total area of arable land), 
 flax, and hemp (Hanover and Posen), tobacco (S. Germany, 
 Thuringia, Silesia), sugar-beet (Anhalt and Prussia), hops of 
 excellent quality (S. Germany and Posen). Fruits and vege- 
 tables are grown in enormous quantities, especially in central and 
 southern Germany. The vineyards of Germany cover an area 
 of not less than 300,000 ac. Celebrated are the Nines grown in the 
 valleys of the Rhine, MoseUe, Main, and Neckar. Cattle-rear- 
 ing is of importance in E. Frisia, Oldenburg, Mecklenburg, 
 Pomerania, Thuringia, and in many parts of S. Germany. 
 Horses are bred in e31 parts of the country, the best being those 
 of Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg, and E. Prussia. Sheep- 
 breeding is of less importance than it used to be, and down 
 to the present day Saxony and Silesia are renowned for the 
 excellence of their wools. Fisheries are an important source 
 of revenue in many inland dists., where salmon, trout, carp, 
 silurus, and pike are the principal fish. Sea-fisheries are, how- 
 ever, but little developed. The same is the case with the oyster 
 trade, 5000 tons of oysters being the maximum per annum. 
 Twenty-five and a half per cent, of the total area of Germany 
 is covered with forests, the cultivation of which is carried on 
 with the utmost skiU and diligence. They form a valuable 
 source of revenue for many dists. 
 
 The mineral productions of the G. E. rank foremost among 
 the countries of the continent of Europe. Silesia, the Lower 
 Rhine dists. , Saxony, and the Harz Mts. are the principal seats 
 of the German mining industries. The Carboniferous forma- 
 tion yields almost inexhaustible quantities of coal, the produc- 
 tion of which is next, among European countries, to that of the 
 United Kingdom. (See Appendix, p. 14.) There are seven 
 large coalfields, viz., that of the Ruhr dist. (Westphalia and 
 the Rhine Prov.), the coal mines of Upper and Lower Silesia, 
 those of south-western Germany (between Neunkirchen and 
 Saarbriicken), the coal-measures of Aix-la-Chapelle and those 
 of Saxony, near Potschappel and Chemnitz. Moreover, there 
 are large deposits of Tertiary coal or lignite, especially on the 
 Rhine, in Anhalt and in the Prussian provs. of Saxony and 
 Brandenburg, the total output being about one-fourth of that 
 of the true coal of the coal-measures per annum. Peat is found 
 in the N. German plain as well as in the Rhon and Hohe Venn 
 Mts. Iron ores are found at many places all over Germany, 
 but only where coal occurs can they be worked at a profit. 
 This is the case with the Rhenish- Westphalian iron ore deposits 
 (in the dists. of Miisen and Siegen), and with the iron ores 
 which are obtained near Wiesbaden and Wetzlar. Other iron 
 ore deposits of great importance occur in Lorraine, W. of the 
 Moselle. The total annual production of pig iron in Germany 
 amounts to more than 3 millions of tons, only Great Britain 
 and the U.S. of America producing larger quantities. Zinc 
 ranks next in importance among the German mining industries. 
 Zinc ores occur in Upper Silesia, in the Rhine Prov. , and in 
 Westphalia. The total production amounts to 120,000 tons of 
 raw zinc per annum. The output of lead ores is 90,000 tons 
 annually; the mines are situated in the Rhine Prov., Saxony, 
 and Silesia. Copper is found in Mansfeld, Westphalia, Rhine 
 Prov., Hesse, and the Harz Mts. About 18,000 tons are pro- 
 duced annually. Bismuth is obtained in Saxony, antimony 
 in Thuringia, and quicksilver in Westphalia. Silver is of 
 importance in Saxony, Mansfeld (f.v.), and the Harz Mts. 
 About 500,000 lbs. are produced annually. The gold produc- 
 tion of Germany is small, amounting to not more than 930 lbs. 
 per annum. The salt production is of great importance ; there 
 are large deposits of rock-salt in Prussia, Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, 
 and Lorraine. The potassium-compoimds of Stassfurt are 
 renowned all over the world, camaUite being the principal 
 mineral which is exported in large quantities. Already in 
 antiquity the German coast of the Baltic was celebrated for 
 yielding amber, and to the present day the coast between Danzig 
 and Memel is the principal amber-producing dist. of the world. 
 Mannfactoring industries have made rapid strides in the 
 course of the present century. The northern slopes of the 
 mountain ranges of central Germany are the seat of the large 
 manufacturing dists. of the empire. The iron and steel works 
 of Germany Wong to the most important of the world. West- 
 phalia, the Rhine Prov., and Saxony are celebrated in this 
 respect. Next in importance rank the textile industries of 
 Germany. The value of their annual production is estimated 
 at ;^8o,ooo,ooo. The manufacture of woollen textiles is of chief 
 importance in the Rhine Prov., Saxony, Brandenburg, Silesia, 
 and south Germany (including Alsace). The mountainous 
 dists. of Silesia, Lusatia, Westphalia, and of the Harz Mts. 
 are renovmed for their linen industry. Cotton and silk goods 
 are manufactured in large quantities in north-western Germany. 
 Other manufactures are : paper, beet-sugar, glass-ware, earthen 
 and china ware, chemical products, and machinery. Breweries 
 and distilleries are of very great importance in many parts of 
 the country, especially in Bavaria and in the north-eastern paurts 
 of Prussia, 
 
GERM 
 
 Means of Comniuiileatloii. — The railway system of Ger- 
 many is the best of the European continental states ; it is 
 carefully adapted to strategical, industrial, and commercial 
 requirements. (See Appendix, pp. 4-5.) The inland and 
 foreign trade of the G. E. has increased in modern times in 
 gigantic proportions. Exports, especially such articles whose 
 raw products are of German origin, are of very great import- 
 ance. The trade with foreign countries is principally European. 
 As regards Russia and Austria-Hungary, the imports exceed the 
 exports ; but in the trade connections of the G. E. with the 
 western countries of Europe, the imports are far exceeded by 
 the exports. The principal exports are iron and ironware, 
 machinery, coal, textiles, paper, porcelain, potteries, glass- 
 ware, and leather goods. The principal Imports are cereals 
 and timber. Since 1873 the metric system of weights and 
 measures has been adopted by all the German states. The 
 monetary system is on the gold basis. The unit of account 
 is the mark (i mark = 100 pfennige) ; but the standard gold 
 coin is the 20-mark piece, ^^ fine, weighing 122.9179 grains 
 troy gross, and 110.6268 grains fine ; accordingly somewhat 
 less in value than an English sovereign (113. 0016 grains 
 gross, fine weight). The value of the unit of account is about 
 exactly iifd. The G. E. is a confederation of the twenty-six 
 states. 
 
 Ciovernmeut. — As regards their respective governments, 
 these states are perfectly independent of one another. At the 
 head of them is Prussia, the king of which is German Emperor. 
 In this capacity he is the highest authority in military and 
 political matters, and the international representative of the 
 G. E. The legislative functions of the G. E. are in the hands 
 of the Bundesrath (Federal Council) and Reichstag (Imperial 
 Parliament). The Bundesrath consists of fifty-eight members, 
 who represent the different states ; it deliberates upon bills to 
 be submitted to the Reichstag, and forms seven permanent 
 committees — for war, navy, customs and taxes, commerce, rail- 
 ways, posts and telegraphs, and administration of justice. No 
 change in the constitution of the empire is possible if vetoed by 
 only fourteen members of the Bundesrath. The Reichstag con- 
 sists of 397 members, who are elected by universal suffrage and 
 ballot. The votes of the Reichstag are by absolute majority. 
 The Emperor has the right to prorogue and dissolve the Reich- 
 stag ; but no prorogation can last longer than sixty days, and 
 in case of a dissolution the new general elections must take 
 place within the same space of time. The only politically 
 responsible minister of the G. E. is the Imperial Chancellor. 
 He is at the head of the whole administration of the empire. 
 The unity of judicial procedure since 1878 is one of the most 
 important results of the establishment of the empire. The 
 imperial revenue is derived from customs and excise duties, 
 stamp duties, interests upon the ' fund for invalids,' profits on 
 posts and telegraphs, and matricular contributions from the 
 different states. The military service is obligatory on all. The 
 duration of service with the colours is two years xminterruptedly, 
 for cavalry and horse artillery three years (Army Act of 1893). 
 The German navy is sufficient for the defence of the coasts and 
 of the commercial and colonial enterprises of the G. E. The 
 chief naval arsenals are at Kiel, on the Baltic, and at Wilhelms- 
 hafen, on the North Sea. The number of fortresses of the 
 G. E. is comparatively limited, being in total only 38. They 
 occupy, however, excellent and carefully selected positions, and 
 are constructed in the most effective manner. Some of the 
 most important fortresses are : Magdebiu-g, Spandau, Kiistrin, 
 Danzig, Cologne, Mayence, Metz, Strassburg, Rastatt, and 
 Ulm. 
 
 The population of the G. E. consists of more than 45 millions 
 of pure or mixed Germans (see Historical Notes), and 3^ 
 millions of non-Germans. The Germans are divided into two 
 groups, High Germans and Low Germans. The former com- 
 prise the Upper Saxons, Franconians, Swabians, and Austro- 
 Bavarians ; the Low German group comprises Frisians, West- 
 phalians, and Lower Saxons. As regards the non-German 
 inhabitants of the empire, there are 2\ millions of Poles in 
 Posen and Silesia, 50,000 Czechs in Silesia, 150,000 Lithuanians 
 in E. Prussia, 140,000 Wends in Lower Lusatia, 140,000 
 Danes in Schleswig, and 220,000 Frenchmen in Alsace-Lorraine. 
 The German language is spoken by 55 millions of people in 
 central Europe, and extends far beyond the political boundaries 
 of the empire. High German is the language of literatiure, but 
 there are numerous dialects, the most important being Low 
 German, which is spoken by more than 10 millions of North 
 Germans. Religion. — 62.7 per cent, of the population are 
 Protestants, 35.9 per cent. Roman Catholics, 1.2 per cent. 
 Jews, and the remaining 0.2 per cent, belong to other creeds. 
 Education in Germany is on the whole very good. It is on a 
 higher level in central and south-western Germany than in 
 many parts of Bavaria and Prussia. Everywhere the education 
 of children between the ages of six and fourteen is compulsory. 
 The pride of Germany are her 21 universities, with a staff of 
 more than 1800 professors and ' privat-docenten ' (corresponding 
 somewhat to what are known in Scotland as extra-mural lec- 
 
 turers), and attended by more than 20,000 students. In addition 
 to the universities, numerous technical high-schools exist. 
 
 Historical Notes. — Nothing definite is known about the 
 autochthonic population of ancient Germany. The first know- 
 ledge of a people called Germani was obtained by Pytheas of 
 Massilia (4th century B.C.). At that time they occupied the 
 country E. of the Rhine and N. of the Main. But shortly 
 afterwards they pushed towards the S. , subduing numerous 
 Celtic tribes, and even threatening the Roman Empire (Cimbri 
 and Teutones, 102 and loi k.c). At Caesar's time German 
 tribes had taken possession of a part of Gaul, but by his victory 
 over Ariovistus, the Rhine became the boundary between GaiU 
 and Germania Magna. The victory of Arminius in the Teuto- 
 burg Forest (9 a.d. ), and the resistance of the Germans against 
 the attacks of Germanicus (14-16 a.d.), made the majority of 
 the German tribes independent of the Romans. The lower 
 Rhine, however, and the country between the middle Rhine 
 and the Danube [agri decumates) became provs. of the Roman 
 Empire. In the course of the Peoples' Migration (4th and 5th cen- 
 turies A. D. ) many German tribes left their original abodes, and 
 either perished or became completely Romanised ; and about 
 a century afterwards the Bavarians, Alemans, Thuringians, 
 Saxons and Franconians were the only tribes inhabiting German 
 terrs. At that period all the terrs. E. of the Elbe were sub- 
 dued by Slav tribes. Charlemagne (768-814) was the first 
 under whose reign the German race held the political superiority 
 in western Europe, but under his successors only the eastern 
 parts of the Carolingian Empire remained German, the western 
 becoming completely Romanised. By internal feuds as well 
 as by the invasions of Normans, Moravians, and Magyars the 
 country suffered greatly. It is due to the Saxonian dynasty 
 (919-1024 A.D.) that Germany made herself independent and 
 respected by her neighbours. Henry I. (919-936) successfully 
 repulsed the Magyars, and his son. Otto the Great (936-977), 
 was the founder of Germany's greatness in the early part of the 
 Middle Ages, by subduing the terrs. between Elbe and Oder, 
 by completely vanquishing the Magyars, and by regaining the 
 Roman imperial crown of Charlemagne. But the Italian policy 
 of Otto the Great proved fatal to his successors, and internal 
 feuds and external enemies reduced the power of the emperors. 
 The Franconian dynasty (1024-1125) was especially unfortunate 
 in this respect. Henry IV., a talented and gifted prince, found 
 it impossible to fight at the same time the recalcitrant German 
 nobility and the ambitious Italian clergy under the leader- 
 ship of the energetic Pope Gregory VII. The emperor's dis- 
 graceful surrender at Canossa (1077 A.D.) was followed by 
 the complete victory of the clergy under his successor, Henry V. 
 (1106-1125). But a new era commenced with the Hohenstaufen 
 dynasty (1138-1268). Their reign was the most illustrious 
 period of the old G. E. Mighty emperors and warriors like 
 Frederic I. (1152-90), Henry VI. (1190-97), and Frederic II. 
 (1215-50) ruled over the G. E. , which at that time extended 
 from Sicily to the shores of the North Sea and Baltic. Arts, 
 science, and literature flourished during the Hohenstaufen 
 period, and the Crusades, although politically an entire failure, 
 were of the utmost importance, by bringing occidental strength 
 and power into contact with oriental art and learning. But 
 the foreign policy of the Hohenstaufen dynasty proved fatal, 
 as in former times : Germany was neglected, and the stubborn 
 opposition of the Church to the Italian policy of the emperors 
 was the ruin even of this powerful dynasty. Its fall involved 
 the decline of the imperial power. From 1273 to 1806 the 
 sovereigns of the G. E. were dependent on a number of Ger- 
 man princes, the so-called 'electors,' whose sole aim was to 
 limit as much as possible the imperial power, and to exercise 
 a complete control over it. Under these circumstances the 
 constitution became more and more oligarchic, and only very 
 few of the emperors, like Sigismund (1410-37), were powerful 
 enough to raise the authority of the imperial crown to some- 
 thing like the old standard. The history of Germany during 
 this period is, however, of the utmost importance, from the fact 
 that three events of universal importance took place in Germany 
 during the 15th, i6th, and 17th centuries, viz., the invention of 
 the art of printing by Gutenberg in 1450, the reformation of 
 the Church by Dr. Luther (commencing 1517), and the Thirty 
 Years' War (1618-48). The last-named event was the greatest 
 calamity that ever befeU central Europe. By this terrible war 
 many parts of Germany were completely devastated, and the 
 imperial power sank into insignificance during the 17th and 
 i8th centuries. During this time Prussia {q.v.) came more 
 and more into prominence. It was but natural that any poli- 
 tical complication would be the death-blow to the old empire. 
 This was the case when, at the beginning of the 19th century, 
 the Confederation of the Rhine was founded under the pro- 
 tectorate of Napoleon I. The majority of the German princes 
 seceded from the empire, and consequently the Emperor Francis 
 II. resigned his crown on the 6th of August 1806. From this 
 date to 1871 Germany was spUt up into a number of inde- 
 pendent states, politically, with the exception of Prussia, more 
 or less insignificant. But by the victorious war against France 
 
 579 
 
GERM — GEYE 
 
 (1870-71), and by Bismarck's genius, the new G. E. was created 
 under the leadership of Prussia. On January 18, 1871, King 
 William I. of Prussia was elected German Emperor. Since 
 the establishment of the new empire Germany has acquired a 
 number of colonies in Africa and in the Pacific Ocean. See 
 German East Africa, Kamemn, Damara-land, and Nama- 
 qua-land. [H. G. S.] 
 
 dermaula, colony, Brazil, Rio Grande de Sul, on the r. bk. of 
 the Rio Pardo, 95 m. W. by N. Porto Alegre. 
 
 Germansweek, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 9^ 
 m. NE. Launceston, 3I ro. WSW. Ashbury stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ciermanton, postal-tp. , New South Wales, Goulburn co. , 
 30 m. NE. Albury. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gerniantown, vil. , Canada. See Beaver Brook. 
 
 Germanto'wii, vil., U.S., Illinois, Vermillion co. (on middle 
 of E. frontier of state). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Germantofra, vil., U.S., Maryland, Montgomery co., 21 m. 
 NW. by N. Washington (D. C.). P.<isoo. 
 
 Ciennanto'vrn, viL, U.S., Ohio, Montgomery co., 38 m. 
 N. by E. Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Germantown, former bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Mont- 
 gomery CO. , now included in Philadelphia. 
 
 Germantown, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Shelby co., 15 m. 
 ESE. Memphis. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Germantown, p)OSt-tn., Victoria, Grant co., 49 m. SW. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Germarnd, Persia. See Garmamd. 
 
 (iermasir, or Germeslr, gulf-coast, Persia. See Garmslr. 
 
 Germeln Bay, S. Australia, an inlet on the E. side of 
 Spencer Gulf, near its head. 
 
 Germersbelm, fortified tn. , Ger,, kgd. Bavaria, Palatinate of 
 the Rhine, on the L bk. of the Rhine, at the influx of the Queich, 
 7^ m. SSW. Spires ; important rly. June. ; ruins of castle of 
 Friedrichsbiihl, in which Rudolph of Habsburg died in 1291. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Germoe, par. and viL , Eng. , Cornwall, Truro div. , 7 m. E. 
 Penzance, 4 m. WSW. NancegoUan stn. , P.O. P. <soo. See 
 Breage. 
 
 Gernonstofrn, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. Ardee ; contains 
 Castle Bellingham town. P. <:75o. 
 
 Gernonstown, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Slane, 
 3 m. W. Slane. P. <5oo. 
 
 Gernrode, tn. , Ger. , duchy Anhalt, 12 ra. S. by E. Halber- 
 stadt. P. <3000. 
 
 Gernsbach, tn. , Ger., gd.-duchy of Baden, 4J m. E. Baden ; 
 health resort, with pine-leaf baths. P. <30oo. 
 
 Gernshelm, tn., Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, on the 
 r. bk. of the Rhine, 11 m. SW. Darmstadt. P. <4000. 
 
 Gerogery, post-tn. , New South Wales, Hume co. , 15 m. N. 
 Albury. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gerolsteln, vil., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 32 m. N. Treves. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Gerolzhofen, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 20 m. ENE. Wiirzburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Gerona, fortified tn., Spain, cap. of prov. G., 53 m. NE. 
 Barcelona; on both sides of the Onar, a little to the S. of its 
 confluence with the Ter, in a broad valley surrounded by pic- 
 turesque hills. Seat of a bishop, with a isth century cathedral. 
 G. has stood twenty-five sieges, the most noteworthy, of seven 
 months' duration, in 1809, at the hands of the French. P. 15,500. 
 
 Gerrans, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., on G. Bay, 
 6J m. SSE. Truro ; coastguard stn. P. <iooo. 
 
 Gerrara (French spelling Gnerrara, or Ga^rara), oasis, 
 Algeria, 275 m. S. by W. Bougie ; a member of the Mzab Con- 
 federation, founded about 1650 by inhabitants of Ghardaia. Alt. 
 970 ft. P. 4000. 
 
 Gerrard's Cross, eccles. par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 
 Wycombe div., 7J m. NNE. Windsor, 5 m. NW. Uxbridge 
 stn. , with chalk-pits, PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Gerreshelm, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 4 m. E. by N. 
 Diisseldorf. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Gerrlngong, viL and mun. dist., New South Wales, Camden 
 CO. , on the ct. , 63 m. S. by W. Sydney, in 34° 44' S. P, <i5oo. 
 
 Gerron, conspicuous headland. Ire. See Garron. 
 
 Gers, riv., France, rises in the Pyrenees, flows N. and enters 
 the 1. bk. of the Garonne above Agen. Length, nearly 106 m.; 
 but except after long rain, a mere brook, muddy and neither 
 navigable nor floatable. 
 
 Gers, dep., France, in the SW., formed from various dists. 
 of Gascony. The general aspect of the valleys and water- 
 courses of the dep. is that of an immense fan, having its centre 
 of radiation in the plateau of Lannemezan, NE. of Hautes- 
 Pyr6n6es, and W. of Haute-Garonne. The highest point in 
 the dep. is not more than 1300 ft. Chains of bills, formed of 
 Tertiary rocks and rising from calcareous clays, run from S. to 
 N. of the dep. , and do not entirely cease before the 1. bk. of the 
 Garonne is reached. Most of the water-courses descend to the 
 Garonne, only two in the W. entering the Adour. All without 
 exception are scantily supplied with water, the gravelly soil of 
 the plateau of Lannemezan allowing too much of the surface 
 580 
 
 water to be lost in the ground. Ihe principal are the Save, 
 Gimone, Gers, and Bayse, or Baise. The climate is generally 
 mild and agreeable ; rain is very abundant ; storms frequently 
 accompanied by hail are much dreaded in spring and early 
 summer. The principal cereals are wheat and oats. The vine 
 occupies more than 15 per cent, of the surface, and the average 
 production per acre is more than half that of France generally. 
 Mineral productions are insignificant. From the loth to the 
 i2th century the dist. detached from the gd.-duchy of Gascony 
 got divided into several cos., among which that of Armagnac 
 became preponderant, and ended by securing all the other fiefs 
 with the exception of Astarac. Its supremacy terminated in 
 1473 with the annexation of the county to the crown of France. 
 Area, 2429 sq. m. P. (1891) 261,084. See France, table. 
 
 Gersappa Falls. See ShirilTati, river. 
 
 Gersan, vil., Switzd. , cant. Schwiz, at the foot of the Rig^, 
 on the Lake of Lucerne. Alt. 1509 ft. Rfall. (14 yrs.), 63.38 in. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Gersdorf, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 9 m. WSW. Chennitz ; has 
 hosiery manufactures. P. 5900. See also Altgersdorf and 
 Nengersdorf. 
 
 Gersfeld, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse- Nassau, cap. circle G., 
 which till 1866 belonged to Bavaria, 40 m. SSW. Eisenach, 13 m. 
 SE. Fulda. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gersoppa Falls. See SlilnlTati, riv. 
 
 Gerstetten, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 16 m. N. Ulm. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Gerstnngen, market-tn. , Ger., gd.-duchy Saxe- Weimar, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Werra R. , 10 m. W. Eisenach. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gersweiler, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Trier 
 (Treves), circ. and dist. Saarbriicken; has coal-mines. P. <3000. 
 
 Gemn, an old name of Ormuz I. 
 
 G^ryville, oasis and fort, Algeria, 158 m. SE. by E. Tiemsen. 
 Alt. 4285 ft. Rfall. (5 yrs.), 7.39 in. P. <:2000. 
 
 Gerze, vil., Asia Minor, on the N. ct. , 16 m. S. by E. Sinope. 
 
 Gescbenen, Giiscbenen, or Casinotta, vil. , Switzd. , cant. 
 Uri, 14 m. SSW. Altdorf, on the Reuss, at the N. end of the 
 St. Gothard tunnel. Alt. 3610-3730 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Geseke, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 48 m. WNW. Kassel, 
 12 m. WSW. Paderborn. P. <4000. 
 
 Gesenke, Ger. corruption of Slavonic Jesenik = ' ash moun- 
 tains ' (Egli), the SE. and lower part of the Sudetes Mts. in 
 Moravia and Austrian Silesia, stretching from the Altvater SE. to 
 the source of the Oder ; densely wooded ; abounds in iron- works. 
 
 G«serieb«See, lake, Prussia, on border of provs. E. and W. 
 Prussia, stretching 16 m. N. from Deutsch-Eylau, connected 
 by canal with Lake Ewing to the N. , and Lake Drewenz to the 
 E. , and also in communication with the Oberlandisch CanaL 
 
 Gesben Amba, lofty mt., Abyssinia, dist. Amhara, with a 
 fortress, in which the non-regnant royal princes of Abyssinia 
 used to be imprisoned ; has a permanent supply of water, in 
 12^° N. and 39 23' E. 
 
 Geslret-Sbandawil (or Sbendawln), tn. , Upper Egypt, 
 prov. Girge. P. 7400. 
 
 Gestlngtborpe, par., Eng., Essex, Saffron Walden div., 10 
 m. NNE. Braintree, 3 m. NE. Hedingham stn., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Gesto, settlement, Canada, Ontario, co. Essex, 6 m. from 
 Essex centre. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Gestrlkland, or Gastrikland, dist, Sweden, prov. (Ian) 
 Gefleborg, on the Gulf of Bothnia. 
 
 Gesnaldo, tn., Italy, prov. Avellino, 2 m. SW. Frigento. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Getafe, tn., Spain, prov. and 6 m. S. by W. Madrid. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 Gettysburg, viL, U.S., S. Dakota, Potter co., 45 m. NNE. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gettysburg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Adams co., 35 i». 
 SSW. Harrisburg. G. is famous for the battles fought here, 
 July I, 2, and 3, 1863, in which the Confederates, under General 
 Lee, were defeated by the Union army under Meade. The G. 
 springs (medicinal) are i m. away. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Gevandan, an old div., France, prov. Languedoc, the cap. 
 of which was Mende, now comprising the deps. Haute-Loire 
 and Loz^re. 
 
 Geve, comm., Spain, prov. and dist Pontevedra. P. <40oo. 
 
 Gerelsberg, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 6^ m. NE. 
 by E. Barmen. P. 9400. 
 
 Gerrey, or Gerrey Cbambertin, tn., France, dep. C6tc 
 d'Or, arr. and 8 m. SW. by S. Dijon ; produces Cbambertin 
 wine. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gewltscb, or Jevicko, tn., Austria, Moravia, 25 m. W. 
 Olmiitz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gex, tn., France, dep. Ain, 11 m. NNW. Geneva, cap. of 
 arr. Till the time of the Revolution cap. of a dist. enjoying a 
 certain amount of independence ; annexed to dep. Ain in 1814. 
 Alt. 2000 ft. P. <3000. 
 
 Geyer, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. Ehren- 
 friedersdorf ; mines of iron pyrites and iron ore ; manufactures 
 of trimmings and hosiery, machinery, sulphuric acid, &c. Alt. 
 1970 ft. P. 5300. 
 
GEYE — GHEN 
 
 Geyersberg. See Gelersberg. 
 
 Geysir, or Geyser, a hot spring which periodically shoots up 
 columns of hot water into the air ; met with in Iceland, the 
 Yellowstone National Park, U.S., the North I. of New 
 Zealand, and elsewhere. 
 
 Geyzen Brlggs, shoal, Scot., across the Dornoch Firth, 3 m. 
 below Tain. 
 
 Gez, riv., central Asia, draining the meridional valley of 
 Sarik-kol, in the E. of the Pamirs, through a defile in about 
 38° 45' N., 75^° E. Its waters generally disappear in the plains 
 of Eastern Turkistan before reaching the Kashgar R. 
 
 Gez, Bander Gez, or Beu<ler>i-Gez, small seapt., Persia, 
 Mazanderan, in the SE. of the Caspian Sea (Astrabad Bay) ; 
 seat of Russian trade with Astrabad and Shahrud. 
 
 Gezer, place named in O. T. See Tell Jezer. 
 
 Gbab, tn. , W. Sudan. See Nloro. 
 
 Ghada'nies, or Rbadames, a Berber oasis, Tripoli, on the 
 W. frontier, 310 m. SW. by W. Tripoli, at the crossing of the 
 trade routes from Tunis and En. Algeria to the central Sudan, 
 and from Tripoli to Tuat ; Roman Catholic mission station. 
 Alt. 1385 ft. 
 
 Ghagra, riv. , India, Oudh. See Gogra. 
 
 Ghaiiayem, tn.. Upper Egypt, prov. Siut. P. 8900. 
 
 Ghar, Arabic, 'a cave.' 
 
 Ghar, Ghur, or Gore, Sanskrit, ' a fort. ' 
 
 Ghdrdp-uri, isl. , Brit. India. See Elephanta Island. 
 
 Gharb, El, Arabic, 'the west.' 
 
 GharM, Wa«ll el, valley, N. Africa, Fezzan, NW. of Murzuk, 
 containing several oases. 
 
 Gliarbiye, or Gliarbleb, prov. , Lower Egypt, made up of 
 the northern and larger portion of the area between the two 
 main arms of the Nile Delta. 
 
 Gbardala, Gliardela, Gardala, or Kliardala, the chief tn. 
 of the Mzab Confederation in the Algerian Sahara, built on the 
 slopes of a dolomitic hill on the r. bk. of the Wadi Mzab, 85 m. 
 WNW. Wargla, in 32° 29' N., 3° 54' E. Alt. 1800 ft. P. 28,800. 
 
 Gliar el Mela ('salt-mines'), European Porto Farina, tn., 
 Tunis, at the N. side of an inlet now very shallow (3-5 ft.), but 
 at one time forming an excellent harbour (a great resort of 
 pirates), N. of the mouth of the Mejerda, 25 m. N. Tunis. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Gharian (or Ghnrlan) Jebel, mt. range, Tripoli, to the S. 
 of the town of Tripoli, N. Africa. 
 
 GItarra, petty state, Central India, feudatory to Gwalior. 
 
 Ghar Bnbban, or Gar-Konbban, tn., Algeria, prov. Oran, 
 arr. Tlemsen, with mines of copper and lead. 
 
 GItarsa, shot, Tunis. See Kharsa. 
 
 Ghat, oasis, Tripoli, Fezzan, 255 m. W. by S. Murzuk. 
 Belongs to Turkey since 1874. Alt. 7945 ft. 
 
 Ghdtsil, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Midnapur, 40 m. W. 
 by N. Calcutta. P. (1891) 13,900 ; Hindus, 3500. 
 
 Ghiits, or Ghants (Sanskrit, ' a stair ' or ' mountain pass '), 
 Eastern and Western, the mountain ranges forming the SW. 
 and SE. boundaries of the great Indian tableland. The Western 
 Ghiits, or Sahysidrl Mountains, form the loftiest and most 
 continuous range. They stretch from the valley of the Tapti, 
 in 21° 21' N., 73° 45' E., for 800 m. along the western side of 
 the penin. , at a distance of 10-60 m. from the coast. The 
 range increases in elevation as it extends southwards, and at 
 Mahabaleshwar, in 18° N., is 4700 ft. above the sea. S. of 
 this it decreases, till in lat. 15° it is only 1000 ft., and still 
 farther S. it again rises and reaches its culminating point to 
 the N. of the Nilgiris {q.v.), which form a somewhat detached area 
 of mountains and tablelands at the junction of the Eastern and 
 Western Ghits, in Mulaina-giri(6307ft.)intheW. of Mysore. The 
 Ghdts, if we include the Nilgiris, terminate abruptly in the 
 precipices forming the N. side of the Palghdt gap. Seen from 
 the surface of the tableland, indeed, the Ghdts scarcely pre- 
 sent the appearance of mountains. They are rather low hills 
 crowning the edge of the tableland. This is especially the case 
 with the Eastern Ghdts, which are lower and less continuous than 
 the Western range, so that the name is sometimes restricted to 
 their more continuous portion S. of the Kistna. They likewise 
 differ from the Western Ghdts in being more winding in their 
 course, and in leaving a much wider stretch of plains between 
 their base and the sea-coast (the Bay of Bengal). Seen from 
 the sea, the Western Ghits have the appearance of an unbroken 
 range of mountains parallel to the coast, and everywhere close 
 to it. Only a narrow strip of lowland fills the mouths of their 
 numerous short valleys. From the boldness and precipitous 
 character of the trap rocks, of which the Western Ghdts are largely 
 composed, many parts of the range are nearly inaccessible, and 
 their natural fastnesses having been improved by art, the hillforts 
 of the Ghdts have always been regarded as the bulwarks of the 
 Deccan [Mahrattas]. The amount of moisture condensed in 
 these mountains is very great, in some places above 200 in. 
 annually [Matheran, Mahilbaleshwar, KarwAr, Manga- 
 lore]. For further particulars as to the climate, and also as 
 to the geology, see India. The numerous torrents which 
 traverse the low lands between the Ghdts and the sea stagnate 
 
 as they approach the coast, and form a series of shallow lakes 
 called backwaters. The principal passes are the Thal-ghat and 
 the Bhor-ghdt, respectively NE. and SE. of Bombay [q.v.). The 
 principal sanitary hill stations are Matheran and Mahibaleshwar. 
 
 Ghazal, or Ghasal, Arabic, ' gazelle. ' 
 
 Ghdzidbild, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Meerut, i? 
 m. ENE. Delhi; a railway junction. P. (1881)12,100; (1891) 
 10,200 ; Hindus, 6800 ; Moham. 3100. 
 
 Gbtlzipur, city, Brit. India, NW. Provs. , cap. dist. G. , on the 
 low alluvial northern bank of the Ganges, 40 m. ENE. Benares ; 
 headquarters of the Government opium dep., where all the 
 opium from the NW. Provs. is collected and manufactured 
 under a monopoly. There is a monument to Lord CornwaUis, 
 who died here in 1805. The dist. is one of the hottest and 
 dampest in the NW. Provs. P. (1881)32,900; (1891) 45,000; 
 Hindus, 30,400 ; Moham. 14,200. 
 
 Ghazul, Gbnznee, Gliizneb, or Glilzni, famous fortified 
 city, Afghanistan, on the W. extremity of a hill range, 78 m. 
 SW. K4bul, in 33° 34' N., 68° 19' E. It stands on a scarped 
 rock, 280 ft. above the adjacent plain on its W. side. Its walls, 
 about 35 ft. in height, and flanked with numerous towers, form 
 an irregular square about ij m. in circumference, the whole 
 being enclosed by a. fausse-brage and a wet ditch. In the NE. 
 part of the town is the citadel, with a palace, magazine, and 
 granary. The whole city is, however, commanded by adjacent 
 heights. From its elevated position the winter cold is intense ; 
 from 10-20° below zero. It has several bazaars, and is an 
 entrepot for the trade between Afghanistan and the Punjab. 
 Old G., destroyed in the 12th century, is about 3 m. NE. Its 
 ruins cover an extensive space ; and here are two fine minarets, 
 and the tomb of Mahmud of G. , whence the so-called ' gates 
 of Somndth' were removed in 1842. Under the dynasty of 
 Mahmud of G., and his father, Subuktigin, in the loth and nth 
 centuries, G. was the cap. of an empire reaching from the 
 Ganges to the Tigris, and from Jaxartes to the Indian Ocean. 
 It was stormed and taken by the British under Lord Keane, 
 July 23, 1839 ; in 1842 the garrison surrendered it to the 
 Afghans, but it was retaken in the same year by the troops 
 under General Nott. Alt. 7279 ft. (Curzon). P. estimated at 
 from 3000-10,000. 
 
 Gbeber, small isl., French W. Africa, in the mouth of the 
 Senegal 
 
 Gbedl, comm. , Italy, prov. and 9 m. SSE. Brescia. P. <40oo. 
 
 Gheel, comm., Belgium, prov. and 25 m. E. by S. Antwerp, 
 arr. Turnhout. From time immemorial idiotic or insane persons 
 of peaceable habits from the neighbouring provs. have been 
 boarded here at farmhouses, &c. P. 14,200. 
 
 Gbeluwe, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 
 9 m. SE. Ypres. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ghemme, comm. , Italy, prov. , dist. and 14 m. NW. Novara, 
 on the Mora. P. <4000. 
 
 Ghenneh, city, Egypt. See Keneh. 
 
 Ghent, French Gand, German Gent, a city of Belgium, cap. 
 prov. E. Flanders, 30 m. WNW. Brussels, at the confluence of 
 the Scheldt and Lys, and on railway from Ostende to Cologne, 
 and at the head of a ship canal, admitting vessels of 2500 tons 
 burden (17^ ft. draught), and connecting it with Terneuzen on 
 the Scheldt in Holland. It is enclosed by walls 7 or 8 m. in 
 circumference, entered by seven gates, and is intersected by 
 numerous canals, dividing it into twenty-six islets, the most im- 
 portant of which, and that which formed the nucleus of the 
 city, is now known as La Cuve (in Flemish De Kuyp). Principal 
 structures, the university, with a library ; the cathedral, dedicated 
 to St. Bavon, and containing pictures by Rubens and the brothers 
 Van Eyck ; the belfry, the church of St. Michael, containing the 
 famous ' Crucifixion ' by Van Dyck ; the Grand Bdguinage, a 
 convent of vast extent belonging to a community of unmarried 
 women under temporary vows. G. is an archbishop's see, the 
 residence of the military commandant for Flanders, and the 
 seat of a chamber of commerce, and of important schools of 
 engineering and arts and manufactures. It has always been 
 important as an emporium of trade. Manufactures cotton yarn 
 and cotton tissues on a large scale, linens ('hollands' being a 
 specialty), soap, &c. , and has large bleachworks. It has two 
 dry and two wet docks, the latter 18 and 21 ft. deep respectively, 
 and is connected by shallow ship canals with Bruges and Ter- 
 monde, as well as with Terneuzen by the larger canal above- 
 mentioned. The antiquity of G. is proved by the large number 
 of Roman remains found in and near the town, which is, however, 
 first mentioned by name in the 7th century. In 1 180 it became 
 the cap. of Flanders, with which it was annexed to Burgundy 
 under Philip the Fair in the 14th century. Its liberties having 
 been curtailed, it broke out in revolt, and for seven years (1338- 
 45) was governed by the leader of the revolt, Jacques d'Arte- 
 velde. It continued, however, to flourish chiefly through its 
 commerce and its woollen manufactures. In the i6th century 
 it revolted against Charles V. , who was born here in 1500, and 
 who had succeeded to the Burgundian dominions, and it suffered 
 greatly under the oppression of his son Philip II. of Spain, under 
 whom it was finally reduced to subjection in 1584. By that time, 
 
 581 
 
GH ER 
 
 G I B R 
 
 however, its prosperity had declined, not to be regained for 
 centuries. During the French Empire under Napoleon I., 
 from 1793 to 1814, the cap. of the dep. Scheldt. A treaty of 
 peace between England and the United Provinces was con- 
 cluded here in 1814. P. (1867) 126,000; (1880) 131,400; (1890) 
 149,700; including Ledeberg and Mont-Salnt-Amand, P. 
 171,900. 
 
 Gherlnghap, post-tn., Victoria, Grant co., 10 m. NW. 
 Geelong. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gheny, Sanskrit, 'a mountain." See Giri. 
 
 Cihezler, tn. , Russia. See Enpntorla. 
 
 Cfhlamel, vil. , Portuguese E. Africa, Gaza-land, 117 m. S. 
 Sofala. 
 
 Ghlgh, Wa(U, or Wad. See RUrli. 
 
 Crbilan, or Gilan, prov. , Persia, between 36° 20° and sS'' 30' 
 N. , 48° 50' and 50° 30' E. , having NE. the Caspian Sea, and on 
 other sides Mazanderan, Irak-Ajemi, Azerbaijan, and Russian 
 Transcaucasia ; area probably 6000 sq. m. The Elbiu-z moun- 
 tains bound it on the S. It is fertile, densely wooded, swampy, 
 and unhealthy. Rice is the principal grain cultivation. Rainfall 
 heavy. Forests dense ; mulberry plantations are extensive. 
 Principal towns, Resht, its port, Enzelli, Lahijan, and Mosulla. 
 
 ehilzal, Afghan tribe. See Afghanistan. 
 
 CUnda, E. Africa. See Cinda. 
 
 ftWo, tn. , Asia Minor. See Gemlik. 
 
 Cililr, cape and riv. , Morocco. See Glr. 
 
 Cihlrgtaeh, prov. , Egypt. See Glrgeh. 
 
 Ghislengblen, comm. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Ath, 15 
 m. N. by ^^'. Mons. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ghlstelles, comm. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 6 
 m. S. by E. Ostende. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Ghlzeh, tn., Egypt. See Glzeh. 
 
 Glilznelt, or Ghlznl. See Gbazni. 
 
 Glilzri Creek, inlet, Brit. India, Sind, a few miles to the SE. 
 of Kardchi. 
 
 GUln, comm. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Mons. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Gholgh^t, viL, India. See H«kgU. 
 
 Ghor, The, valley of the Jordan between Lebanon and the 
 Dead Sea. 
 
 Ghorasar, tn., India, 52 m. NE. by E. Ahmadabdd, cap. 
 of small native state of G. 
 
 Ghorband, valley, Afghanistan, stretching from NE. to SW. 
 between the SW. of the Hindu Kush Range and the Paghman 
 Hills, traversed by the riv. Ghorband, which joins the Panjshir 
 about 33 m. N. by E. Kabul. Proc. R. G. S., 1879, p. 116. 
 
 Ghorbandar, port, Brit. India, Bombay harbour on the N. 
 ct. of Salsetle I., 25 m. NNE. Bombay. P. (i89i)<:5ooo. 
 
 Ghotkl, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, Sind, dist. Shikdrpur, 60 
 m. ESE. Jacobdbad. P. <sooo. 
 
 Ghnbbet Dacuoo, bay, Abyssinia. See Annesley Bay. 
 
 Glinmnrjlna, tn. , Turkey. See Giimiirjlna. 
 
 G/utr, Sanskrit, 'a fort.' See Ghar. 
 
 Ghorlan, tn., Afghanistan, 40 m. W. Herat Alt. 2878 ft. 
 (Carzon). 
 
 Ghnrlan, mt. range, Tripoli. See Gharian. 
 
 Ghnsal, mt. pass, India, Punjab, Bashahr state, in 31° 21' N. , 
 78° 13' E. Alt. 15,851 ft. 
 
 Ghnznee, Afghanistan. See Ghaznl. 
 
 Ghnzzeh, tn. , Palestine, Gaza, in the O. and N. T. , 31° 30' 
 N. , 34° 27' E. , 26 m. NW. Beersheba, situated at the foot of a 
 height which was crowned by the ancient town ; seat of a Greek 
 and an Armenian bishop ; international post and telegraph stn. 
 P. about 16,000. 
 
 GhiviUilrl, pass across the Suldiman range. See GamM. 
 
 Ghyamlsh, mt. , Transcaucasia, 40° 20' N. , 46° 15' E. Alt. 
 12,269 ft. 
 
 Glacdano con BarncheUa, comm., prov. Rovigo, circle 
 Badia Polesine. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Gla-Dinh, Annamese name for Lower Cochin-China, or, 
 more exactly, the prov. of Saigon. 
 
 Glanltsades, group of small isls. , Turkey, 7 m. off the N. ct. 
 of Crete, in 26° 12' E. 
 
 Glannntrl, iHoIa dl, isl., Italy, off the W. ct., in 42° 16' N., 
 to the S. of Mt. -Argentario. 
 
 Glant'8 Castle, summit of the Quathlamba Mts., on the 
 frontier of Natal and Basuto-land, in 29° 20' S. Alt. 9657 ft. 
 
 Giant's Canseway, a celebrated formation of prismatic 
 basaltic columns, i6 m. ENE. Portrush, with which it is con- 
 nected by an electric railway, N. ct. of Ire., Ulster, co. Antrim, 
 W. of Bengore Head, and about 2 m. NNE. Bushmills. The 
 coast here is for a great distance disting^shed by curious and 
 magnificent basaltic cliffs and caves; but the 'causeway,' pro- 
 fwrly so-called, is a platform projecting into the sea from the 
 base of a stratified cUff about 400 ft. in height, and resembling 
 a pier 700 ft. in length, 350 ft. in breadth, and rising to 30 ft. 
 in height above the strand. It is separated by trap rock dykes 
 into three divisions, comprising together about 40,000 perfectly 
 formed, closely united, and very dark coloured polygonal 
 columns, each consisting of many pieces, the joints of which 
 582 
 
 are articulated with the greatest nicety. Their depth below 
 the surface is tmascertained. 
 
 Giant's King, Ire. , co. Down. See Mllltown. 
 
 Glarre, tn., near the E. ct. of Sicily, prov. and 16 m. NNE. 
 Catania. P. 18,400. 
 
 Glarretta, riv., Sicily. See Slmeto. 
 
 Glanr Dagh, or Jebel Bereket, short range of mts. in the 
 SE. of Asia Minor, stretching SW. from the Marash valley, 
 separated from the N. end of the Alma Dagh by a trib. of 
 the Jihan. 
 
 Glare, comm., Sardinia, prov. and 22 m. SSE. Sassari. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Glareno, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 15 m. W. Turin. 
 P. 10,300. 
 
 Glbara, harbour, Cuba, N. ct. , 80 m. N. by W. Santiago de 
 Cuba, in 76° 9' W. ; rising exp>ort of bananas. 
 
 Gibbethon, place named in O. T. See Klbbleh. 
 
 GlbbonsTllle, viL, U.S., Idaho, Lemhi co., 147 m. ESE. 
 Lewiston. P. <iooo. 
 
 Glbbstoivn, stn.. Ire., co. Meath, on the M. G. W. R., 4 m. 
 N. Navan. 
 
 Gibeah fof Benjamin), place named in O. T. See Jebta. 
 
 Gibeah (of Judah), place named in O. T. See Jeb'a. 
 
 Gibeah Phinehas, place named in O. T. See Afvertah. 
 
 Glbelllna, comm. , Sicily, prov. Trapani, 29 m. E. Marsala, 
 P. 6200. 
 
 Glbello, Monte, mt., Sicily. See Etna. 
 
 Gibeon, place named in O. T. See El Jib. 
 
 Glbltzenhof, comm., Ger., Bavaria, circle Niirnberg, dist. 
 Altdorf. P. < 5000. 
 
 Glbrale6n, comm. , Spain, prov. Huelva, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Odiel, 8 m. N. Huelva. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Gibraltar, strongly-fortified seapt. tn. and garrison belong- 
 ing to Great Britain, near the S. extremity of Spain, on a moun- 
 tainous promontory, E. of its bay, and on the N. side of the 
 Straits of Gibraltar, at the entrance of the Mediterranean, 60 m. 
 SE. Cadiz. Lat. of the Mole, 36° / 3" N. ; long., 5° 21' 2" W. 
 The celebrated rock (ancient Mons Calpe, one of the ' pillars of 
 Hercviles') forms a promontory connected w^ith the continent 
 by an isthmus of sand f m. long, and consists of a mass of 
 brownish grey limestone or marble, containing numerous caves, 
 and is 3 m. in length N. to S. , by i J to f m. in breadth. Area 
 nearly 2 sq. m. It rises abruptly to 1439 ft. above the sea on all 
 sides except the W. , and is everywhere fortified by works of 
 gjeat strength and extent ; besides which there are two galleries 
 excavated in the rock, 2 m. in length, and of sufficient wdth 
 to admit carriages. At Europa Point, its S. extremity, are a 
 signal-house and a lighthouse. Surface parched in dry weather, 
 but after rain covered with vegetation. The zoologj' of the 
 rock comprises snakes, rabbits, woodcocks, and small monkeys, 
 the only species of that group found native in any part of Europe. 
 The town is built on its W. side, which shelves down to the 
 bay ; and here the fortifications have latterly been greatly im- 
 proved and strengfthened. The harbour is good, and protected 
 by two moles, one iioo, the other 700 ft. in length. Gibraltar 
 was made a free port in 1704, and still remains so, the only 
 customs dues levied being those on alcoholic liquors. It is the 
 entrepot of a considerable trade between the United Kingdom 
 and the N. of Africa, and a calling-place for Mediterranean 
 steamers. Spain complains greatly of the smuggling carried on 
 across the British frontier, but an arrangement has now been 
 concluded by which it is hoped this will be checked. The cur- 
 rency is that of Spain. The Moors, on their first incursion into 
 Spain in 171 1, took possession of the town and of Mons Calpe, 
 to which they gave the name of Jebel-al-Tarik. It was ceded 
 to Spain by the Moors in 1462, and taken by the English, under 
 Sir G. Rooke, in 1704. Under Lord Heathfield it withstood 
 successfully a memorable siege by the French and Spaniards 
 in 1779-83. The government is entirely in the hands of the 
 governor. Mean temp., yr. 65.2° F., Jan. 56.5°, Aug. 77.5°. 
 P. (1871) 25,200, including 6500 military; (1891) 25,000, in- 
 cluding 5900 military. 
 
 Gibraltar, tn., Venezuela, Zulia, 290 m. WSW. Cardcas. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Gibraltar, Bay of, inlet of the Meditenanean, near the S. 
 extremity of Spain, Andalucia, between the Rock of Gibraltar 
 on the E. and Cape Carnero on the W. Length and breadth 
 about 6 m. each; greatest depth, no fathoms. It is well 
 sheltered, and admirably adapted for shipping. On its E. side 
 are the town and harbour of Gibraltar, and on the W. the 
 Spanish town and port Algeciras. 
 
 Gibraltar, Strait of, ancient Prelum Herculeum, the narrow 
 W. entrance to the Mediterranean, between Spain on the N. 
 and Morocco (Africa) on the S. Length, about 50 m. ; breadth, 
 8^-23 m. Proceeding W. to E., Capes Trafalgar and Tarifa, 
 and Europa Point (S. extremity of Gibraltar Rock) are on its 
 N. , and Cap>es Spartel, Tangier, and Ceuta on its S. sides. A 
 strong CTirrent runs here from the Atlantic Ocean into the 
 Mediterranean sea, and an undercurrent (due to the difference 
 in salinity) from the Mediterranean into the Atlantic. 
 
GI B R — G I LC 
 
 Gibraltar Point, cape, Eng., on the E. ct. of Lincolnshire, 
 at the entrance to the Wash. 
 
 Cilbson, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, York co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the St. John R., opposite Fredericton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gibson, tn., U.S., Illinois, Ford co., 65 m. E. by S. Peoria. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Gibson, CO., U.S., Indiana, on W. frontier, bounded on N. 
 by White R. , and on W. by Wabash R. 
 
 Gibson, CO., U.S., Tennessee, in the NW., crossed by 36° 
 N. and 89° W. 
 
 Glbsonbnrg, vil., U.S., Ohio, Sandusky co., 22 m. SE. by 
 S. Toledo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gibson's Desert, the middle portion of the great desert in 
 the eastern half of W. Australia. 
 
 Giddim, vil, Palestine. See Hatttn. 
 
 Glddlng, Great, par. , Eng. , co. , div. , and loj m. N W. by N. 
 Huntingdon. P. <Soo. 
 
 Glddlng, Uttle, par., Eng. , i^ m. to the S. by E. P. <25o. 
 
 Glddlng, Steeple, par., Eng., adjoining Little Gidding on 
 the S. , 5^ m. ESE. Barnwell stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Glddlngs, tn., U.S., Texas, cap. Lee co., 44 m. E. by S. 
 Austin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gidhanr, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, in 24° 51' N., 86° 14' E. 
 P. (i89i)<;5ooo. 
 
 Gidbanr Gala ('Jackal's alley or lane'), pass, Brit. India, 
 Punjab, in Peshawar dist., on the old road from Peshdwar to 
 Attock, 5 m. NW. Attock. 
 
 Gldl, desert, Sahara. See Igldl. 
 
 Gldlelgb, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 16 m. W. 
 by S. Exeter, 6 m. WNW. Moreton Hampstead stn. In the 
 neighbourhood are numerous ancient ' hut-circles,' the principal 
 being that of Fernworthy. P. <25o. 
 
 Gieban, comm., Austria, Moravia, 10 m. NE. Olmiitz. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Gleblchensteln, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 5 m. W. Halle, 
 with which it is connected by an electric tramway. Has 
 manufactures of machinery, &c., and ruins of a castle which 
 till 1467 was the residence of the archbishops of Magdeburg. 
 Vil. P. 14,400 ; comm. P. 14,500. See HaUe. 
 
 Gleboldehansen, market-vil. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, 13 m. 
 ENE. Gottingen. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Glen, tn. , France, dep. Loiret, cap. arr. G., on the r. bk. of 
 the Loire, 32 m. ESE. Orleans. Alt. 415 ft. P. 6900. 
 
 Glengen, tn., Ger., Wtirtemberg, 18 m. NE. by N. Ulm. 
 P. <;4000. 
 
 Glens, Presftu' lie de, penin., in the S. of France, dep. Var, 
 connected with the mainland by two narrow isthmuses between 
 the Rade d'Hyferes on the E., and the Golfe de Giens on the W. 
 
 Gler, torrent, France, rises in dep. Loire, and passing several 
 industrial towns (which form, as it were, a long street of mills 
 upon its banks) enters dep. Rhone, and joins the Rhone at 
 Givors. 
 
 Glesenklrcben, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 14 m. 
 WSW. Dlisseldorf. P. <sooo. 
 
 Glessen (from the Old High German zi din giezon ' by the 
 rivers,' because here the Wieseck enters the Lahn), tn., Ger., 
 gd.-duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, cap. circle G., on the 1. bk. of the 
 Lahn, 16 m. S. by W. Marburg. Its university became famous 
 for its school of organic chemistry under Baron Liebig, and has 
 a valuable library of books, MSS., and collections in natural 
 history. Manufactvu-es of woollen goods, tobacco, and leather. 
 P. (1871) 12,200; (1890)20,400. 
 
 Glessendam, comm., Netherlands, prov. S. Holland. P. 
 <4C)oo. 
 
 Glessbttbel, comm. , Austria, on the frontier of Bohemia, 22 
 m. SE. by E. Trautenau. P. <300o. 
 
 Glessbttbel-Pncbsteln, a beautifully situated spa, Austria, 
 Bohemia, 9 m. from Karlsbad; noted for its aerated mineral 
 water. 
 
 GUTen, stn., Scot., N. Ayrshire, on the C. R., 11 m. SW. 
 Paisley. 
 
 GUrnock, stn. , Scot. , Renfrewshire, 4 m. SSW. Glasgow, on 
 theC. R., P.O. 
 
 Glffonl sel Casali, comm., Italy, prov. and circle Salerno. 
 P. <;5ooo. 
 
 GUToul Valleplane, comm. , Italy, prov. and circle Salerno. 
 P. 6800. 
 
 Glfford, vil., Scot., Haddingtonshire, on G. Water (r. bk. 
 trib. of the Tyne), 4 m. S. by E. Haddington. Birthplace of 
 Knox, the Reformer, 1505. PMT.O. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Glfford Compton, par. , Eng. , Devonshire. See Compton G. 
 
 Glfllw Alpine, torrent, France, dep. Haute-Savoie, flows 
 W. then S., and enters the Arve (r. bk.) between Cluses and 
 Bonneville. 
 
 Glfliorn, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, on the riv. Aller, 
 16 m. N. Brunswick. P. <4000. 
 
 Glfa, tn., Japan, 75 m. NE. by E. Kyoto, cap. ken (pre- 
 fecture) G. Mean temp. (6 yrs., 1881-86), yr. 56.8° F., Jan. 
 36.0°, Aug. 78.9°; rfall. (4 yrs.), 75.41 in. P. 24,700. 
 
 Glgaqnlt, comm., Mindanao I., Philippine Is. P. 5500. 
 
 Glgen, tn. , Bulgaria, circle Svistov. P. <3000. 
 
 Glggleswlck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton 
 div., on the r. bk. of the Ribble, and on the M. R. , 20 m. N. 
 Burnley, ^ m. W. Settle ; has a noted grammar-school (founded 
 in 1553), and a remarkable periodic spring. 4338 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glgba, an irregularly shaped isl., Scot., Argyllshire, sepa- 
 rated from Kintyre by the Sound of G., 6 m. long by J-i J m. 
 broad, PT.O. P. 398. 
 
 Glgba and Cara, united par. , Scot. , Argyllshire ; 3647 ac. 
 P<5oo. 
 
 Glgbay, isL, Scot., Inverness-shire, off the NE. ct. of Barra 
 I., in 57° i' N. 
 
 Glgbt, P.O., Scot., near Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, 4 m. from 
 MethUck. 
 
 Glgllo, the ancient Igilium, small isl., Italy, off the W. ct., in 
 42° 20' N. , 10° 53' E. , 10 m. SW. Mount Argentaro, with a light- 
 house on the N. end, and another on the middle of the E. ct. 
 Alt. 1635 ft. 
 
 Glgnac, tn. , France, dep. H^rault, arr. Lodeve, 17 m. W. 
 by N. Montpellier. P. <3000. 
 
 Glgnod, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, 4 m. N. by W. 
 Aosta. P. <20oo. 
 
 Glguela, riv. , Spain, trib. of the Zancara. See Zaneara. 
 
 Gljgarh, tn. , India, Rdjputdna, 50 m. E. by S. Jaipur. 
 P. (1881) 5200. 
 
 Gljon, seapt. tn., Spain, prov. and 11 m. NNE. Oviedo, on 
 the Bay of Biscay, in 5° 45' W. It has blast-furnaces, and 
 manufactures of copper, linens, jet ornaments, &c. ; is con- 
 nected by rail with the interior of Spain by way of the pass of 
 Pajares and Leon ; and being also connected with the principal 
 coal-mining centres of the prov. (the most productive in Spain), 
 has a large trade in coal. It has also important fisheries. Its 
 harbour has a depth on the bar of 18 ft. at high water ordinary 
 neap tides, 22 ft. springs. The depth along the quays varies 
 from 6^-i6i ft. P. (1877) 30,700 ; (1887) 35,200. 
 
 Gila, (hi la) riv., U.S., rises in the Sierra Madre Mts., flows 
 SW. then S. into Arizona {q.v.), finally W. to the Colorado, 
 near the Mexican frontier. For more than half its length it passes 
 through mountains, and in some places through deep cafions. 
 Length, 480 m. 
 
 Gila, CO., U.S., Arizona, S. of 34° N. , crossed by 111° W. 
 
 Gila City, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Yuma co. , 30 m. NE.. 
 by E. from the SW. corner of the terr. Alt. 175 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Gllad, comm., Hungary, co.Temes, dist. Csakovar. P. <4000. 
 
 Gilan, Persian, 'mud.' 
 
 Gllan, prov. , Persia. See Gbllan. 
 
 Gllan, tn., Persia, prov. Ardilan, 73 m. WNW. Hamadan. 
 
 Gllane, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Prishtina, 24 m. W. 
 by S. Vranja. 
 
 Gllberdyke, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire, 
 div., 6 m. NE. by E. Goole, close to Staddlethorpe stn., P.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Gilbert, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 1244 
 m. by rail W. Montreal, 180 m. E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Gilbert Islands, group of isls., Chile, off the SW. of Tierra 
 del Fuego, in 55° S. , 7i|° W., with good harbour in Doris Cove. 
 
 Gilbert, or Klngsnilll Islands, group in the Pacific Ocean, 
 bisected by the equator between about 171° and 177° E. , com- 
 posed of 16 atolls, producing coco-nuts and screw-pines, and 
 inhabited by fishermen. Largest, Taputeonan, 30 m. by | m.; 
 next in order, Tarawa or Cook I., Apiang, Nonuti or Syden- 
 ham, Butaritari or Pitt, the northernmost and most important ; 
 Peru or Francis, Nukunau or Byron. Discovered by Commo- 
 dore Byron in 1765, and again by Captains Gilbert and Marshall 
 in 1788 ; annexed by the British in 1892. P. 22-25,000, includ- 
 ing less than 100 Europeans (English, Americans, Germans, 
 and others). See HnlgraTe Archipelago. 
 
 Gilbert Mountains, the general name for the dividing range 
 of N. Queensland. 
 
 Gllberton, tn., Queensland, Gilbert co., 200 m. SE. by E. 
 Normanton; has gold-mining. P. <25o. 
 
 Gllberton, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co., 50 m. 
 SW. by S. Scranton, and 8 m. N. PottsviUe ; has large collieries 
 round about. P. <:4000. 
 
 Gilbert Rlrer, Queensland, flows NW. into the Gulf of 
 Carpentaria, which it enters by several mouths, some N. and 
 some S. of 17° S. 
 
 Gllbertstofrn, par., Ire., co. Carlow, bar. Forth, 2 m. SW. 
 Tullow ; 3167 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Gilbert Town, suburb of Adelaide, S. Australia. 
 
 GllbertvlUe, vil. , Canada. See River Gilbert. 
 
 GllbJei^hOTed, cape, Denmark, the most northerly point of 
 Seeland. 
 
 Gilboa, mt. named in O. T. See Jelbdn and Jebel Fnkna. 
 
 Glleomston, eccles. par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, in Old 
 Machar par. P. 14,700. 
 
 Gllcrnx, par., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., near 
 the Ellen, 5 m. E. by N. Maryport, x\ m. SE. Bull Gill stn., 
 P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 583 
 
G I L D — G I N C 
 
 Glldersleere's Landing, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Middlesex 
 CO. , on Connecticut R. , 12 m. S. by E. Hartford. P. <; 1500. 
 
 Cilldersoine, par. and tn.,Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Pudsey div., 4^ m. SW. by W. Leeds, on the G. N. R., 
 PMT.O. P. < 3500. 
 
 Cilldlng Well8, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Doncaster 
 div., 9^ m. SE. by E. Rotherham, 3 m. N. Shireoaks stn. P. 
 <:25o. 
 
 Ciliead, mt., Syria, 25 m. NNE. the Dead Sea, in 32° 7' N. 
 and 35° 46' E. , near the S. extremity of the region G. , which 
 extended for some distance N. along the E. side of the Jordan. 
 
 Ciliead, viL, U.S., Maine, Oxford co., on the r. bk. of the 
 Androscoggin R., 58 m. W. Augusta. Alt. 711 ft. (R.R.). P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Cilles, CO., U.S., Tennessee, S. frontier, crossed by 87° W. 
 
 Giles, CO., U.S., Virginia, on the NW. frontier, S. of 37^°N. 
 
 Gllesgate Moor, PM.O. , Eng., co. and 2 m. from Durham. 
 
 Gileston, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., on the S. 
 ct. , 12 m. WSW. Cardiff, 4I m. SSE. Cowbridge stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Gllfach, P.O., Wales, near Cardiff, Glamorganshire, 3 m. 
 from Maesycwmmer. 
 
 CSllfacli, viL, Wales, Glamorganshire, on the N. border of 
 the S. div. , on the G. W. R. , iij m. SW. by S. Merthyr Tydfil ; 
 has coal-mines. PMT.O. (G. Coch). 
 
 Gilford, isl. , Brit. Columbia, in Queen Charlotte Sound. 
 
 Gilford, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co. , 39 m. N. by W. 
 Toronto, on a rly. near Cook's Bay, Lake Simcoe. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Gilford, niunicip. tn., Ire., NW. co. Down, bar. Lower 
 Iveagh, Upper Half, 5 m. SE. Portadown, on the r. bk. of the 
 Bann, ij m. E. of Tanderagee stn. on the G. N. R., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Gilford, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Belknap co. , 25 m. 
 NE. Concord. P. <4000. 
 
 Gilgal, places named in O. T. See JiljMleh and Jlljllla. 
 
 Gllgandra, post-tn., New South Wales, Gowan co., 324 m. 
 NW. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gllga Springs, W. Australia, En. div. , 240 m. N. by E. Perth. 
 
 GUge, riv. , E. Prussia. See Heniel. 
 
 GUglilt, or Gllglt, vil. , India, Kashmir, 130 m. N. by W. 
 Srinagar, on the G. or Yisin R. , which flows E. from the mts. 
 on the E. side of the Chitral valley to the Indus, and the lower 
 part of whose valley, nearly 40 m. in length, forms the G. district. 
 The vil. stands a httle above the place where the G. receives 
 the Hunza from the N. Mountain roads radiate from it in all 
 directions. Alt. 4900 ft. P. (dist. ) about 4500, very mixed. 
 
 GUglll, Algeria. See Jljelll. 
 
 Gllklcker Point, cape, Eng., Hampshire, at the W. of the 
 entrance to Portsmouth Harbom-. 
 
 Gill, gja, Scandinavian, 'a ravine.' 
 
 Gill, part of par. , Eng. , Cumberland. See Greystoke. 
 
 Gill, viL, U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co., on the 1. bk. of 
 the Connecticut R. , 31 m. N. by E. Holyoke. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Gill, Low, vil., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 6J m. ENE. 
 KendaJ, with a junction on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Glllamoor, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the Dove, 
 div. and 19^ m. SW. Whitby, 2J m. NNW. Kirby Moorside 
 stn. P. <2So. See Klrkby Bloorslde. 
 
 GlUean, isL , Scot. , Ross and Cromarty, Lochalsh par. P. 14. 
 
 Gllles, lake, S. Australia, Eyre's Penin. , to the W. of the head 
 of Spjencer's Gulf, about 26 m. long by 5 m. broad. 
 
 Gillespie, CO., U.S., Texas, N. of 30" N., crossed by 99° W. 
 
 Gillespie's Beach and Point, New Zealand, W. ct of 
 South I. , W^estland co. , 97 m. NW. Timaru, in 43° 23' S. 
 
 Gillette, vil. , U.S. , Arizona, Maricopa co. , 188 m. NE. by 
 E. from the SW. corner of the terr. P. < 1500. 
 
 GUlfoot Bay, Scot., in the SE. of Kirkcudbrightshire, N. 
 of Southerness Point. 
 
 GlUlam, CO., U.S., Oregon, in the N., on the Columbia, 
 crossed in the extreme E. by 120° W. 
 
 Gllllng (^hard), par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 
 2^ m. N. Richmond, PM.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Gllllng, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 16 
 m. N. York, on the NE. R., P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 GllUnghain, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 12 m. ENE. 
 Sherborne, on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O.; 773930. P. <3Soo. 
 
 GUllngtaani, par. and tn. , Eng. , Kent, i m. ENE. and in- 
 cluded in the pari. bor. of Chatham, close to New Brompton 
 stn. Par. 431730., P. 27,900; tn. P. 27,800; eccles. par. (G. 
 with Ipberry) P. 9700. 
 
 GllUnghain, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 12 m. SW. Yar- 
 mouth, 2 m. E. Geldeston stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Gill Longh, lake, Ire., in the NE. of co. Sligo, 2 m. SE. Sligo. 
 
 Gillow Heath, stn., Eng., Staffordshire, 4 m. SE. Congleton, 
 on the N. Staffordshire Rly. 
 
 Gill Pike, hill, Eng., Hexham div. of Northumberland, 
 23 m. S. Jedburgh. 
 
 GUIs, viL , Scot. , on the N. ct. of Caithness, on G. Bay, sj m. 
 W. Duncansbay Tiead. 
 
 GlUtown, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Naas S., 3 m. SE. 
 Kilcullen ; 4^82 ac P. <7So. 
 6S4 
 
 Gllly, coal-minmg comm. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. 
 and 2 m. ENE. Charleroi. Here is the deepest coal-mine in 
 Belgium, one shaft having been sunk experimentally to a depth 
 of nearly 3000 ft. laelovv sea-level. P. 20,600. 
 
 GUly, \'iL, Switzd., cant. Vaud, 11 ra. NNE. Coppet. P. 
 <;2ooo. 
 
 Gllman, city, U.S., Illinois, Iroquois co., 78 m. S. by W. 
 Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gllman, vil., U.S., Iowa, Marshall co., 62 m. W. by S. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gllman Point, cape, Wales, on Carmarthen Bay, 8 m. NE. 
 by E. Tenby. 
 
 GUmanton, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Belknap co., 20 m. 
 NE. Concord. P. <:i50o. 
 
 Gilmer, co., U.S., Georgia, S. of 35° N., and between 84° 
 and 85° W. 
 
 Gilmer, viL, U.S., Texas, cap. Upshur co., 71 m. W. by 
 N. Shreveport (La.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Gilmer, co., U.S., W. Virginia, E. of 81° W., crossed in 
 the N. by 39° N. 
 
 Gllmerton, viL , Scot, Midlothian, 2J m. WNW. Dalkeith, 
 on the N. B. R. ; has coal-mines. PM. O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gllmerton, viL, Scot, W. Perthshire, 2 m. NE. Crieff, P.O. 
 
 GUmonby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the Greta, 
 div. and 13^ m. NW. by W. Richmond, 4I m. WSW. Barnard 
 Castle, close to Bowes stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Gllmore, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Sarpy co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Missouri, 10 m. S. Omaha, P. <i5oo. 
 
 GUmorton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 9J 
 m. NNE. Rugby, 4 ra. E. Ullesthorpe stn. , PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Gllnahirk, P.O., Ire., near Belfast. 
 
 Giluockie, stn., Scot., Dumfriesshire, on the N. B. R., 4 m. 
 SSE. Langholm. Near this place stood the stronghold of Johnnie 
 Armstrong, the Border freebooter (executed 1529). 
 
 Gilok, place named in O. T. See JAla. 
 
 Gllolo, isL, Dutch E. Indies. See Halmahera. 
 
 GUp, Loch, Scot. See Lochgilphead. 
 
 Gllpalgan, tn., Persia. See Gnlpalgan. 
 
 Gilpin, riv., Eng., Westmorland, flowing S. through the 
 Kendal div. into Morecambe Bay, i m. below Gilpin's Bridge. 
 
 Gllptn, CO., U.S., Colorado, in the N. , S. of 40° N., and 
 crossed by 105^° W. 
 
 Gllroes, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Barrow-upon-Soar union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Gllroy, tn., U.S., California, Santa Clara co., 70 m. SE. 
 San Francisco. G. Hot Springs, 15 m. to the NE., are much 
 resorted to. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gllschwltz, comm., Austria, Silesia, dist Troppau. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Gllsland with Upper Denton, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cumber- 
 land, Eskdale div., on the Irthing, 16 m. ENE. Carlisle, on 
 the NE. R., PMT.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Gllston, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and 7m. E. Hertford, 
 2 m. NW. Harlow stn. P. <:50o. 
 
 Glltar Point, cape, Wales, on the S. ct. of Pembrokeshire, 
 ij m. SSW. Tenby. 
 
 Glltbrook, P.O., Eng., i m. from Kimberley, near Not- 
 tingham. 
 
 Glial, riv., E. Siberia, prov. of Amur, r. bk. trib. of the 
 Zeya, rising in Stanovoi highlands ; has lately rich gold-wash- 
 ings in its basin. 
 
 Gllwern, stn. , Wales, Brecknockshire, on the L. & NW. R. , 
 4 m. W. Abergavenny, PMT.O. 
 
 GUyaks, a tribe supposed to be akin with the aborigines ol 
 Kamchatka, the Kurilians, and perhaps the .■\inu. Inhabit the 
 banks of the lowest parts of the Amur, the Pacific coast to the 
 N. of its mouth, and N. Sakhahn. Live by hunting and fish- 
 ing. P. estimated at 8240 in the Amur prov. in 1866. 
 
 Gimborn, viL, Prussia, Rhine Prov., 24 m. ENE. Cologne. 
 P. <:40oo. 
 
 Gimbsheim, viL, Ger., gd. -duchy of Hesse, circle Worms, 
 dist. Oppenheim. P. <3000. 
 
 Glmlgllano, coram., Italy, prov. Catanzaro, circle Nicastro. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Gimlngham, ct par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 5J m. SE. 
 Cromer, 2 ra. ENE. Gunton stn., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Gimino, comm., Austria, Istria, dist Hltterbnrg. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Glmll (Icelandic, 'heaven'), Icelandic settlement, Canada, 
 prov. Manitoba, on the W. side of Lake Winnipeg, 55 m. N. by 
 E. Winnipeg. Alt. 730 ft Mean temp. (3 yrs. , 1877-80), yr. 
 32.3° F. , Jan. - 3.6°, July 64.0°. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glmone, riv., S. France, enters dep. Gers, flowing NNE. 
 In summer almost dry. Length, 81-87 >"• 
 
 Glmont, tn., France, dep. Gers, on the Giraone, 27 m. W. 
 Toulouse, arr. and 15 m. E. Auch. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gimzo, place named in O. T. See Jinu4. 
 
 Ginambanza, viL, central Africa, Lunda, in 7° 15' S., 20°5s'E. 
 
 Glnatlliin, coram., Cebii I., Philippine Is. P. 9400. 
 
 Glnci Pass. See Balkan Mountains. 
 
G I N D — G I RT 
 
 Glnda, or Ghlnda, vil. , E. Africa, Eritrea, 30 m. SW. by W. 
 Massaua, at the meeting-place of several roads among the hills. 
 
 Glnestas, tn. , France, dep. Aude, arr. and 10 m. NW. 
 Narbonne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 eineta, La, comm., Spain, prov. and 13 m. NW. by N. 
 Albacete. P. <40oo. 
 
 Olngelom, comm., Belgium, prov. Limburg, arr. Hasselt, 
 10 m. ESE. Tirlemont, 20 m. WNW. Liege. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gill Gin, post-tn. , Queensland, Cook co. , 140 m. SE. by S. 
 Rockhampton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gliiglii, post-tn., W. Australia, Twiss co., 40 m. N. Perth. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 GiiiginUovo, scene of a British victory over the Zulus 1879, 
 in Zulu-land, 27 m. NNE. of the mouth of the Tugela. 
 
 Glniiekeii-en-BaTel, comm., Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 2 
 m. SSE. Breda. P. <:5ooo. , 
 
 Glnst Politt, cape, Wales, on Carmarthen Bay, 9 m. SW. 
 by S. Carmarthen. 
 
 Gluzo de Llmla, comm., Spain, prov. and 23 J m. SSE. 
 Orense. P. 5500. 
 
 Glol, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. and 35 m. SE. by S. 
 Salerno. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gloja dal CoUe, comm. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 23 m. S. 
 by E. Bari. P. 14,200. 
 
 Gloja del Marsl, comm. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, 
 36 m. SW. Chieti. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gloja Sauultlca, comm., Italy, prov. Caserta, circle and 6 
 m. SE. Piedimonte. P. <4000. 
 
 Gloja Tanro, comm., Italy, Calabria, W. ct., prov. and 
 26 m. NE. by N. Reggio. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Glojosa Jonlca, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 39 m. 
 ENE. Reggio. P. 9100. 
 
 Glojosa Marea, comm., on the N. ct. of Sicily, prov. and 
 35 m. W. Messina. P. < 5000. 
 
 Giordano, Capo, Italy. See Altano. 
 
 Gloriilco, in German Iriils, vil., Switzd., cant. Ticino, on 
 the R. Ticino, 15 m. SE. by E. Airolo. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 GloTluazzo, comm., Italy, E. ct., Apulia, prov. and 11 m. 
 WNW. Bari. P. 9700. 
 
 Glovl Pass. See Apennines, A. 
 
 Glovo, comm. , Austria, Tirol, 7 m. N. by E. Trent. P. <30oo. 
 
 Glpplng [g hard), par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 3^ m. NNE. 
 Stowmarket, 13 m. NNW. Ipswich, 2 m. ENE. Haughley June. 
 P. <25o. See Shelland. 
 
 Glpplng, riv. , Eng. , Suffolk, rises a few m. W. of Stowmarket, 
 passes Stowmarket and Needham Market, and below Ipswich 
 forms the estuary kno\vn as the Orwell ; navigable to Stowmarket. 
 
 Glpps, CO., New South Wales, bounded on the N. by the 
 Lachlan R. , crossed in the W. by 147° E. 
 
 Glpp's Land. See Victoria (col. ). 
 
 Glpsey Bridge, P.O., Eng., Lincolnshire, 5 m. from Boston. 
 
 Glpsey Race, small stream, Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Buckrose div., flowing E., S. , and E. into the North Sea at 
 Bridlington Quay. 
 
 ftlpsy (jlp'sl) lllll, eccles. par. and stn., Eng., London, on 
 the L. B. & S. C. R., 6 m. S. St. Paul's. P. 5000. 
 
 Glr, a succession of rugged ridges and isolated hills, India, 
 Bombay Presidency, in Kathiawar Penin., N. of Diu I., about 
 40 m. in length. 
 
 Glr, or Gbtr, cape, W. ct. Morocco, in 30° 38' N. 
 
 Glrard, city, U.S., Illinois, Macoupin co., 26 m. S. by W. 
 Springfield. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Glrard, city, U.S., Kansas, Crawford co., no m. S. Kansas 
 City, and 22 m. E. by S. Erie. P. <3000. 
 
 Glrard, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and 15 m. SW. Erie. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Glrardot, Colombia. See Jlrardot. 
 
 Glrardvllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co., 49 m. 
 NE. by N. Harrisburg, and 9 m. NNW Pottsville. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Gircovu, vil. , Roumania, prov. Romanaji, on the Danube, 
 15 m. W. by N. Nikopoli. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Girdle Ness, cape, Scot., Aberdeenshire, on the E. ct., 
 in 57° Si' N. 
 
 Girdler, sandbank, Eng. , in the North Sea, in the Thames 
 estuary, about 8 m. from the Margate div. of Kent. 
 
 Glrgeb, Glrge, Jlrje, or Gerga, tn.. Upper Egypt, cap. 
 prov. G., on 1. bk. of the Nile, 60 m. NW. Thebes, in 26° 20' 
 N. ; has a government cotton factory. P. (1882) 14,800. 
 
 Glrgentl, tn. , near the S. ct. of Sicily, cap. prov. G. , on the 
 slope of a mt. formerly crowned by the acropolis oi Agrigentum 
 (Greek, Akragas), 30m. SW. by W. Caltanissetta. On the coast 
 is the port called Porto Empedocle, which has a mole, but no 
 docks. Officially the port of G. includes also Licata and Sicu- 
 liana, and in that sense is the principal port in Italy for the 
 shipment of sulphur. There are extensive reniains of the ancient 
 city E. of the modern town. Alt. 837 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 62.5° 
 F., Feb. 50.5°, July 78.4°. P. 18,800. 
 
 Giri, in older spelling Cherry, Sanskrit, ' a mountain.' 
 
 Glrlaml, a people, Brit. E. Africa, occupying the coast-lands, 
 in about 3°-3i° S. 
 
 GlrldU, stn. , India, terminus of a branch railway to the im- 
 portant Karharbari coalfield. 
 
 GlrlCalco, comm., Italy, Cajabrie, prov. and 11 m. SW. by 
 W. Catanzaro. P. <:sooo. 
 
 GlrllamtMne, post-tn., New South Wales, Canbelego co. 
 105 m. by rail SE. by S. Bourke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glrln, vil. , Cyprus. See Kyreula. 
 
 Glrln, Manchuria. See Klrln. 
 
 Glrlshk, fort, Afghanistan, on the Helmand, 69 m. W. by 
 N. Kandahar. Alt. 2881 ft. 
 
 Glrly&k, vil. , Brit. India, Patna dist. , on Panchina R. , in 
 21° 2' N., 85° 34' E. , with ruins of great archaeological interest. 
 
 Glrley, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Kells, 3 m. N. 
 Athboy ; 5060 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Glrlington, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in 
 par. and suburbs of Bradford. P. 12,000. 
 
 Girls (plural ^AzV/a), Russian for branch of a river in a delta. 
 
 Glrn^r, a remarkable mt., India, towards the SW. of the 
 penin. of Kathiawdr, 230 m. NW. Bombay. Alt. 3500 ft. 
 Around its base are several valleys, gorges, and hills of moderate 
 height, covered with jungle. The mountain is peculiarly sacred, 
 having several Jain temples. 
 
 Glrnlgoe Castle, a former stronghold of the Sinclairs, Scot. , 
 Caithness, on the coast, 2^ m. N. by E. Wick ; now in ruins. 
 
 Glromaguy, tn. , France, in the terr. of Belfort, on the 
 Savoureuse, arr. and 8 m. NNW. Belfort. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Glron, tn. , Colombia. See Jlron. 
 
 Glronde, estuary, France, formed by the confluence of the 
 rivs. Garonne and Dordogne, 13 m. N. Bordeaux. Length, 
 45 m. ; breadth, 2-6 m. , its mouth being 3 m. across. It is 
 navigable throughout, but encumbered with sandbanks, and 
 subject at flood-tide to a heavy reflux from the sea, termed the 
 mascaret, similar to the barre in the Seine. 
 
 Glronde, maritime dep., the largest in France, in the SW., 
 mainly to the S. and W. of the estuary of the Gironde and the 
 R. Garonne, but partly to the E. of the river and estuary; 
 formed from various dists. of the ancient government of 
 Guyenne. The whole littoral, in the W. of the dep. (in all 
 about one-twentieth of the surface), belongs to the region of the 
 Landes, which is separated from the sea by a system of sand- 
 dunes consisting of from 2-4 parallel chains, sometimes con- 
 nected by cross-ridges, varying in height from 35-300 ft. , and 
 extending for 75 m. The intervening valleys are locally known 
 as leties or IMes. To this region belong the basin of Arcachon 
 and the itangs of Lacanau and Hourtin. The average density 
 of population is less than one-third of that even of the country 
 dists. of the rest of the dep. Between the Landes and the 1. 
 bk. of the river lie two dists. celebrated for their vineyards. 
 The dist. above Bordeaux, more particularly known as the 
 riigion giro?idine, includes several fairly high hills. M6doc, the 
 dist. below Bordeaux, was formerly separated from the port of 
 Verdon by marshes, which are now however reclaimed. Between 
 the Garonne and Dordogne extends the most hilly, picturesque 
 and fertile portion of the dep., known as Entre-deux-Mers. 
 To the N. of the latter river, in order from E. to W., are 
 the three regions of Libournais, Fronsadais, and Blayais. 
 Almost the whole of the dep. belongs to the Gironde basin. 
 The climate is generally mild, but unseasonable frosts occur 
 up to the middle and even the end of April, and sometimes at 
 the beginning of autumn ; and hailstorms are dreaded. The 
 principal cereals are wheat and rye, but the agricultural wealth 
 of the dep. consists in its vineyards, which cover more than 
 12 per cent, of the surface (in 1873, before the ravages of the 
 phylloxera, more than 18 per cent.), and whose produce has been 
 renowned for its quality since the 17th century, and even since 
 the time of the Romans. The three great vineyards are Chateau- 
 Margaux, Chdteau-Lafitte, and Chateau-Latour, all in the 
 M^doc region. This dep. ranks second on the list of forest 
 deps. in France, the first being dep. Landes ; the landaise 
 portion being covered with forests of sea-pines. Mineral 
 wealth unimportant, though a little sea-salt is produced. Prin- 
 cipal town and seaport Bordeaux. Oyster fishery is carried on 
 round the Landes basins, particularly that of Arcachon. Leech 
 rearing is also carried on. Divided into six arrs. : Bordeaux 
 (cap.), Bazas, Blaye, Lesparre, Libourne, and La R6ole. Area, 
 4141 sq. m. P. (1891) 793,500. See France, table. 
 
 Glrotte, lake, France, Savoie, between the valleys of Beaufort 
 and Bonnant, f m. long by \ m. broad. Greatest depth, 325 ft. 
 Its bottom waters contain a considerable proportion of sulphate 
 of lime and a certain amount of sulphuretted hydrogen, and 
 have a constant temp, of 45° F. , the lowest temp, of the lake 
 (39°-40° F. ) being found at a depth of 80-90 ft. 
 
 Glrrolrs, rly. stn.. Nova Scotia, co. Antigonish, 62 m. from 
 New Glasgow. 
 
 Glrsby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 
 on the r. bk. of the Tees, 5^ m. SE. Darlington, 3^ m. ENE. 
 Dalton June. P. <25o. 
 
 Glrttaon, par., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 2 m. SE. Gate- 
 house; 33,374 ac. P. -CI 500. 
 
 Glrton, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, Chesterton div. , 3 m. N W. 
 
 585 
 
GI RT — GL AI 
 
 Cambridge ; since 1873 seat of a college for women , connected 
 with the university of Cambridge (q.v.), originally founded at 
 Hitchin in 1869, but transferred hither in 1873, i m. W. Histon 
 stn., PO. P. <:5oo. 
 
 €ilrt4>n, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 8 m. N. by 
 E. Newark, 2J m. NE. Carlton on Trent stn. P. <2SO. See 
 Scarle, Sontb. 
 
 Ciirran, par. and tn., Scot., S. Ayrshire, on the W. ct., 10 
 m. SW. Maybole, on the G. & SW. R., at the mouth of the 
 Water of G. Arising watering-place, with boulder strewn beach, 
 but with facilities for sea-bathing; has a harbour 11 ft. deep at 
 high water spring tides. Handloom weaving is still carried on, but 
 the winter herring fishery is now the chief industry, though latterly 
 it has been declining; also a trade in coal. Market-day, M. Par. 
 14,580 ac, P. <5ooo; tn. P. <45oo. 
 
 Glrran, Water of, small stream, Scot., S. Ayrshire, issues 
 fi-om a small lake called the G. Eye (4^ m. W. by S. of the S. 
 end of Loch Doon), flows N., NW., and then SW. till it enters 
 the sea at Girvan. 
 
 Girvtn, settlement and rly. stn., Canada, Assiniboia, 75 m. 
 NW. by W. Regina. 
 
 Girwa, riv. , India. See dogra. 
 
 Cilsborne, or Porerty Bay, post-tn. and port of entry for 
 Poverty Bay, New Zealand, North I., Cook co., on the E. ct., 
 85 m. NE. Napier, in 38° 45' S. ; mineral oil has been found in 
 the neighbourhood. P. 3000. 
 
 eisborne, post-tn., Victoria, Bourke co., 28 m. NW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. (oftn. and shire) <:25oo. 
 
 Glsburn, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 10 m. N. Burnley, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. P. -csoo. 
 
 Cilsbnm Forest, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Clithe- 
 roe union ; 4859 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Glslkon, vil., Switzd. , cant, and 7 m. NE. Lucerne. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Glsleham, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 4J m. SW. Lowes- 
 toft. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Glsllngham, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 4^ m. W. Eye, 
 i4i m. ENE. Bury St. Edmunds, 2^ m. SW. MeUis stn., P.O. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Cilso, isl. , Brit. New Guinea, New Georgian group, crossed 
 by8°s'S.. 156° 45' E. 
 
 Glsors, tn., France, on dep. Eure, arr. Les Andelys, 18 m. 
 SW. by W. Beauvais. P. <:4000. 
 
 Glssl, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 30. m. SE. 
 by S. Chieti. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Glsslng, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 16 m. SSW. Norwich, 
 I m. N. by E. Burston stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Glta Nzlge, lake, central Africa. See IbraMm Lake. 
 
 Glto, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 15 m. NE. Ypres. 
 P. -ciooo. 
 
 Gits, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. Roulers. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 Gltscbln, tn., Austria, Bohemia. See Jlcln. 
 
 Gittah-Hepher, place named in O. T. See El Hesh-bed. 
 
 Glttlsbani, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 2J m. SW. 
 Honiton, 14 m. ENE. Exeter, 3 m. ESE. Sidmouth June, 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 GlugUano, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. and 6 m. NNW. 
 Naples. P. 12,300. 
 
 Glnllamerk, tn. , Asiatic Turkey. See Jalamerk. 
 
 Glallana, comm., Sicily, prov. and 32 m. SSW. Palermo. 
 P. <; 1000. 
 
 GlnllanoTO, comm., Italy, E. ct. Abruzzi e Molise, prov. 
 Teramo, 30 m. NNW. Chieti. P. 5900. 
 
 Glnljana, or Zalljana, vil. , Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on 
 the W. ct., 37 m. WNW. Ragusa. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Glnmagllo, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Ticino, 17 m. WNW. Bellin- 
 zona, in the \'al Maggia. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Glapana, coast vil., Austria, Dalmatia, at the SE. end of 
 Glnpana I., 11 m. WNW. Ragusa. 
 
 Glnra, isl. , Greece. See Gyaros. 
 
 Glnrgln, or Glnrgero, tn. , Roumania, cap. dist. Vlasca, on 
 the 1. bk. Danube, opposite Rustchuk, 40 m. SW. Bucharest. 
 The town originated in the foundation of a Genoese fort, dedi- 
 cated to St. George, in the 14th century. The fortifications, 
 formerly encircling the town, were levelled by the Russians in 
 1829. Here the Russians were defeated by the Turks July 
 7, 1854. P. 12,600. 
 
 Glnssano, coram., Italy, prov. Milan, circle Monza. P. 
 <Sooo. 
 
 Glvendale (^hard), par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. 
 SE. Ripon. P. <2So. 
 
 Glvendale, Great, par., Eng., Yorkshire. E. Riding, How- 
 denshire div., 13^ m. E. York, 3 m. N. by E. Pocklington stn. 
 P. <25o. See SUlllngtoii. 
 
 GlTet, comm. and fortified tn. , and place of war of the first 
 class, France, dep. Ardennes, arr. Rocroi, on the Meuse, 
 ao m. NE. Rocroi, at the end of an elevated tongue of land 
 projecting into Belgian terr. On an adjacent height is the citadel 
 of Charlemont, built by Charles V. , Emperor of Germany, and 
 586 
 
 reconstructed by Vauban. Noted for its crayons ; has also 
 large copper works, and sealing-wax factories. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 GlTors, comm. and tn., France, dep. and on r. bk. of 
 the Rhone, cap. cant., arr. and 13 m. S. Lyons. 7 m. NW. by 
 W. Vienne ; has coal-mines, glass-works, &c. Connected by 
 the canal of G. (13J m. long) with Rive-de-Gier and Grand- 
 Croix. P. 10,000. 
 
 Glvry, or Glnry Cortlambles, tn. , France, dep. Saone-et- 
 Loire, arr. and 6 m. W. Chalon-sur-Saone. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Glza, tn., Egypt, on the r. bk. of the Nile, 24 m. SSW. 
 Tanta. P. <; 5000. 
 
 Glzeb, or Gblzeb, Egjrpt, on the L bk. of the Nile, here 
 crossed since 1872 by a railway bridge, nearly opposite Cairo. 
 A few miles to the W. are the great pyramids, the largest of 
 these being that attributed to Cheops, which is 746 ft. square at 
 its foundation, covering 12.77 ac, and 450 ft. high. In the dist. 
 is the colossal Sphinx, and to the S. the ruins of Memphis. A 
 museum of antiquities placed here is about to be transferred to 
 the Cairo side of the Nile. P. 11,400. 
 
 Glzblga, or Glzblglnsk, dist. tn. , E. Siberia, prov. Anadyr, 
 at the head of G. Bay of the Sea of Okhotsk. P. 400. 
 
 Gja, Scandinavian, ' a ravine.' See Gill. 
 
 GjaesTaer, or GJesTiir, fishing vil., in the N. of Norway, 
 Finmark, in 71° 12' N. Mean temp., yr. 33.8° F. , Feb. 23.0°, 
 July 48.6°. 
 
 GJakoTlca, Turkey in Europe. See Jakova. 
 
 Gjedesby, comm., Denmark, on the coast, in the S. of Falster, 
 12 m. S. by E. Nykjobing. 
 
 GJoTlk, or GJoTlg, tn. , Norway, prov. Hamar, on the W. 
 shore of Lake Miosen, 28 m. SW. LiUehammer. P. <:20oo. 
 
 GJurgJevac, or Sankt Geoi^en, viL, Hungary, Croatia- 
 Slavonia, 55 m. ENE. Agram. P. 7200. 
 
 Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, NE. ct. of Cape Breton I. , in 46° 
 10' N., 60° W. Rfall. (6J yrs.), 53.66 in. P. (of sub. -dist) 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Glacier Bay, a large bay, Alaska, in 58° 2o'-S5' N., crossed 
 by 136° E. ; round its head several large glaciers (Muir, Pacific, 
 Hugh Miller, Geikie, and other glaciers). 
 
 Glacier House, stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the 
 C. P. R. , in 117° 29' W. , 1059 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, 423 m. 
 E. Vancouver. Alt. 4120 ft. 
 
 Gladbacb, tns., Prussia. See Berglscb> and Miinchen-G. 
 
 Gladbeck, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 8 m. N. by W. 
 Essen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gladbrook, vil., U.S., Iowa, Tama co., 58 m. W. by N. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glade, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and near Warren, near 
 W. end of N. frontier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gladestry, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 3^ m. SSE. New 
 Radnor, 2 m. S. by W. Dolyhir stn., P.O. P". <5oo. 
 
 GladesYllle, or Tarban, post-vil.. New South Wales, 
 Cumberland co. , on N. bank of Parramatta R. , 7 m. W. Sydney. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Gladbonse Reservoir, Scot, Midlothian, 8 m. NNE. 
 Peebles. Alt. 900 ft. 
 
 GladOTa, tn. , Sen-ia. See KladoTO. 
 
 Gladsmulr, par., Scot., Haddingtonshire, 3^ m. W. Had- 
 dington, 2 m. S. Longniddry stn., P.O. ; 7044 ac. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Gladstone, vil. and stn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the 
 Manitoba and NW. Rly., 35 m. by rail W. Portage-la-Prairie. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Gladstone, post-tn.. New South Wales, Macquarie co., on 
 riv. Macleay, 90 m. S. Grafton. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Gladstone, bor.. New Zealand, South I., Vincent co., 85 m. 
 WNW. Oamaru. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gladstone, co., Queensland, on the E. ct., crossed by 20° 
 S., bounded on the SW. and S. and partly on the E. by the 
 Burdekin. 
 
 Gladstone, seapt., Queensland, Clinton co., on the E. ct., 
 55 m. SE. by E. Rockhampton, in 23° 52' S. ; centre of important 
 gold-field. Settled in 1846 at the instance of Mr. W. E. Glad- 
 stone. Possesses fine harb. , spacious, deep, and well-sheltered. 
 Good steam coal has been discovered at Callide Creek, about 52 
 m. from G. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Gladstone, tn., S. Australia, Victoria co.. 60 m. SE. Port 
 Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gladstone, co., S. Australia (Northern Terr.), fronting the 
 Limmen Bight, the westernmost bay of the Gulf of Carpentaria, 
 crossed in the middle by Roper R. 
 
 Gladstone, or Mount Cameron, gold-mining tp. , Tasmania, 
 Dorset co., on Ringarooma R., 54 m. NE. by E. Launceston. 
 P. tp. <:i5oo; P. dist. < 5000. 
 
 Gladstone, city, U.S., Michigan, Delta co. (at mouth of 
 Green Bay). P. < 1500. 
 
 Gladstone, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Stark co., 95 m. NE. from 
 the SW. corner of the state. Alt. 2346 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Gladstone, co. , Victoria, crossed in the S. by 37° S. , and in 
 the extreme E. by 144° E. 
 
 Gladwin, co. , U.S. , Michigan, crossed by 44° N. , W. of 84° W. 
 
 Glaldney, vil. , Scot. , Fifeshire, part of Ceres {q.v. ). P. <2So. 
 
GLAI — GLAS 
 
 dials, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., on the M. R., 
 5^ m. NE. Swansea; has coal-mining. PM.O. 
 
 eialsdale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the Esk, 
 div. and 8| m. WSW. Whitby, on the NE. R., PMT.O. ; 
 4967 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Cilalsdale Moor and Sealliolme Moor, common moorland, 
 in the pars, of G. and Danby ; 11,598 ac. 
 
 Glaise, in place-names ^/aj, glashin, &c., Gaelic, 'a small 
 stream.' 
 
 eialshammer, comm., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Middle Fran- 
 conia, dist. Niirnberg ; has a mirror factory. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Glamls, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 5 m. WSW. Forfar, i| m. 
 SSE. of its stn. on the C. R., PMT.O ; 14,347 ac P. <i5oo. 
 
 Glamorgan, co., Tasmania, E. ct., crossed in the middle 
 by 42° S. 
 
 dlamorgansMre, co., in the S. of Wales, bounded on the S. 
 by the Bristol Channel, belonging almost entirely to the diocese 
 of Llandaff, but with small portions in that of St. David's ; cap. 
 Cardiff; other chief towns, Llandaff, Swansea, Merthyr-Tydfil, 
 Aberdare, Neath, Pontypridd, and Barry ; divided into the follow- 
 ing pari. divs. : — 
 
 
 Acres. Pop. 1891. 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Rhondda 
 
 Western, or Gower .... 
 
 Mid 
 
 Southern ...... 
 
 Pari, bors 
 
 73,921 72,463 
 
 19,441 ] 68,721 
 
 105,419 1 57,261 
 
 120,330 ; 61,865 
 
 144,232 : 75,772 
 
 53,616 351.136 
 
 Total 
 
 516,959^ 687,218' 
 
 1 The administrative county has an area of 516,966 ac, but its popu- 
 lation is identical with that of the ancient county. 
 
 Surface mountainous in the N., level in the S., the 'Vale of 
 Glamorgan ' being unsurpassed for fertility in Wales. The chief 
 rivers are the Tawe, Neath, Taff, Rhymney (Rumney), the last 
 forming the boundary on the Monmouthshire border, and in the 
 W. the Llwchwr, or Loughor, which forms part of the western 
 boundary. The greater part of the county is occupied by the 
 Coal Measures, the great coalfield of S. Wales [Wales] extend- 
 ing through the whole length of the county from E. to W. , and 
 through the whole breadth of the county N. of Swansea Bay. 
 Older rocks (Old Red Sandstone and Lower Carboniferous 
 Limestones) are met with in the parts that jut S. into the Bristol 
 Channel — the Gower Penin. , between Burry Inlet and Swansea 
 Bay, and the dist. to the W. of Cardiff. The quality of the coal 
 rendering it specially valuable for smelting purposes and for use 
 in steam-ships, the coalfield has been developed with extra- 
 ordinary rapidity since the great expansion of the iron industry 
 and the rise of ocean-steaming, in consequence of which the 
 population of the county has increased since the beginning of 
 the present century at a more rapid rate per cent, than that of 
 any other county in the British Isles. Coal is now mined almost 
 all over the county, Aberdare, Pontypridd, and Rhondda valley, 
 Merthyr-Tydiil, Port Talbot, and Briton Ferry (at all of which 
 there are blast-furnaces) being among the principal seats of the 
 industry. There are also blast-furnaces at Swansea, Cardiff, 
 Dowlais, Bridgend, and Landore. Besides coal, iron ore abounds 
 in the county ; but the production is comparatively small, the ore 
 being so refractory that the smelters find it more advantageous to 
 depend on imported (principally Spanish) ore. It is mined at 
 Llanharry (about the middle of the S. div.), where also ochre, 
 umber, and limestone are obtained. The inhabitants are chiefly 
 occupied in mining industries, and industries connected vdth 
 metals — iron, tin, and copper-smelting, and the manufacture of 
 tin and zinc-plate, and nickel. For agricultural statistics, see 
 Appendix, pp. 7-9. The chief railway systems are the L. & 
 N W. R. , the G. W. R. , the Taff Vale Rly. , following the course 
 of the Taff R. from its mouth to Merthyr-Tydfil, and sending off 
 short branch-lines in the SW. to Cadoxton, and in the W. (from 
 Pontypridd) to Treherbert, where it is joined by the Rhondda 
 and Swansea Bay line and the Rhymney line from Rhymney 
 Bridge to Cardiff, descending the upper part of the Rhymney 
 valley. Another important line is the Barry Rly. , from Cardiff 
 to Barry by Cadoxton, with a mineral line from Hafod to Barry. 
 Merthyr-Tydfil is connected by canal with Cardiff, this canal 
 being joined by another from Aberdare. In the W. of the 
 county is the Neath and Swansea Canals, in the lower parts of 
 the valleys of the Neath and Tawe respectively. The pari. bors. 
 are Merthyr-Tydfil, Swansea (2 members each), and Cardiff 
 with dist. (i member). See Wales, table, and Gower. 
 
 Glan, riv., Ger., Palatinate of the Rhine, partly on its NW. 
 frontier, iiows NE. into the Nahe ; not navigable. 
 
 Glan, harbour, Philippine Is., on the S. ct. of Mindanao I., 
 E. side of Sarangani Bay, in 125° 15' E. 
 
 Glan, lake, S. Sweden, a little to the W. of Norrkoping, which 
 stands on an isthmus traversed by the Motala, between this lake 
 and the head of the inlet of Braviken. 
 
 Glannlter, PT.O. , Wales, near Carnarvon. 
 
 Glanadda with Penrhdsgarnedd, eccles. par. , Wales, Car- 
 narvonshire, Bangor par. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Glanamman, vil. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div. , on the 
 G. W. R., 13 m. NE. by E. Llanelly ; has coal-mines. PM.O. 
 
 GlanarongUt, bar. , Ire. , in the extreme SE. of co. Kerry. 
 
 Glanbeliy, par., Ire., W. co Kerry, bar. Iveragh, 17 m. SW. 
 by S. Tralee, with stn. (Glenl>elgli) on G. S. & W. R., PMT.O. 
 (Glenbelgh) ; 30,259 ac. P. <:35oo. 
 
 Glan Conway, stn. , Wales, Denbighshire. See Uansalnt- 
 flft-ald Glanconway, PMT.O. 
 
 Gland, vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 8 m. NNE. Coppet. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Glandford wltli Bayfield, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 11^ 
 m. W. Cromer, 3 m. NW. Holt stn. P. <25o. See Blakeney. 
 
 Glandore, vil. , Ire. , SW. ct. co. Cork, bar. E. Carbery, W. 
 div., on G. Harbour, 6 m. E. by N. Skibbereen, PT.O. 
 
 Glandovey, vil. , Wales, Cardiganshire, on the Cambrian Rly. , 
 12 m. NE. by N. Aberystwdth, PMT.O.; has lead and zinc mines. 
 
 Glandovey Junction, stn. , i m. NNE. , in Montgomeryshire. 
 
 Glanford, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Wentworth co. , on a rly. , 
 9^ m. S. Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glanford Brlgg, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, contains Brigg 
 town. P. <35oo ; eccles. par. (G. Bridge) P. <35oo. 
 
 Glangoolln, P.O., Ire., co. Cavan, 6 m. from Dowra. 
 
 Glanlee, electoral div. , Ire. , Kerry, dist. Kilgarvan. 
 
 Glanlongb, electoral div. , Ire. , Cork, dist. Durrus and Kil- 
 crohane. 
 
 Glanlongh, electoral div. , Ire. , Kerry, dist. Kilgarvan. 
 
 Glanmlre, vil.. Ire., S. co., bar. and 3^ m. ENE. Cork, i m. 
 from Dunkettle stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Glanmlre, postal and mining tp.. New South Wales, Rox- 
 burgh CO., 7 m. NE. Bathurst. P. <:i500. 
 
 Glanmlre, New, vil.. Ire., 32 m. to the E. Glanmire, in bar. 
 Barrymore, with a stn. on the Cork and Youghal Rly. 
 
 Glanmore, electoral div. , Ire., Kerry, dist. Tuosist. 
 
 Glanogw^eu, eccles. par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Llanllechin 
 par. P. < 5000. 
 
 Glanrbyd, stn., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., 18 m. E. 
 by N. Carmarthen, on the G. W. R. 
 
 Glanmddery Mountains, Ire., in the N. of co. Kerry. 
 
 Glantane, vil.. Ire., N. co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 5^ m. SW. 
 by W. Mallow, 2 m. from Lombardstown stn., PM.O. 
 
 Glantlees, Eng. See Greens. 
 
 Glanton, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., 7\ m. W. by N. Alnwick, on the NE. R., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 GlanTllle Wootton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 6^ m. 
 SSE. Sherborne, P.O. (GlanvlUes Wootton). P. <25o. 
 
 Glanwortb, par. and tn.. Ire., NE. co. Cork, bars. Condons 
 and Clangibbon and Fermoy, and 5 m. NW. Fermoy, with a 
 stn. on the G. S. and W. R., PMT.O. ; 9680 ac. P. < 2000; 
 tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Glan-y-don, P.O., Wales, Flintshire, 2 m. from Mostyn stn. 
 
 Glaptbom, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, N. div., io| m. 
 S. Stamford, 2 m. NW. Oundle. P. <Soo. See Cotterstock. 
 
 Glapton, part of par. , Eng. See Clifton -with Glapton. 
 
 GlapweU, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Chesterfield div., 5 m. 
 NW. Mansfield, 4 m. W. by S. Shirebook stn. , on the M. R. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Glarentsd, Greece. See KyllSne. 
 
 Glamiscb, mt. mass, Switzd., cant, and to the SW. of the 
 tovm of Glarus. Alt. Hinter-G. , 9580 ft. 
 
 Glaras (probably named after St. Hilarius, the patron saint 
 of the monastery of Sackingen, to which the valley belonged) , tn. , 
 Switzd., cap. cant. G., on the Linth, 19 m. E. Schwytz. Alt. 
 1545 ft. Mean rfall. (12 yrs), 60 in. P. 5400. 
 
 Glarus, or Glaris, German-speaking cant. , Switzd. , enclosed 
 by the cants. St. Gall, the Grisons, Schwytz, and Uri. ; cap. G. 
 It is a cul-de-sac, consisting of the valley of the riv. Linth and 
 its affluences, which pour themselves into the Lake of Wallen- 
 statt, on its N. frontier ; on aU other sides it is hemmed in by 
 high mountain ranges, and the Todi, at its S. extremity, 11,885 
 ft. in height, is the loftiest summit in E. Svritzd. Orchards 
 are numerous, but little corn is grown. Cattle rearing and 
 manufactures of cotton goods form the chief occupations of the 
 inhabitants. The extensive water-power of the cant, is largely 
 made use of in the factories. The Schabzieger cheese (a kind 
 of cheese flavoured with blue melilot, then reduced to powder 
 and pressed into moulds) is whollymade in this canton. Principal 
 mineral product, slate. Area, 267 sq. m. P. (1888) 33,800 (three- 
 fourths Protestants, the remainder mostly Roman Catholics). 
 See Switzerland, table. 
 
 Glaryford, stn.. Ire., NW. co. Antrim, bar. Kilconway, 17J 
 m. SE. Coleraine, with stn. (Glarryford) on the Ballymenaand 
 Portrush Rly., P.O. (Glarryford). 
 
 Glas, glashin, in place-names, ' a small stream.' See Glaise. 
 
 Glas, Celtic, 'gray-blue,' or 'green.' 
 
 Glas Bheinn. See Glasven. 
 
 Glashnry, eccles. par., Wales, Brecknockshire, Aberlunvey 
 and G. pars. P. < 1000. 
 
 587 
 
GLAS — GLAS 
 
 Glasbury, par., Wales, Radnor, on the Wye, ii m. NE. by 
 E. Brecknock, wth stn. (G.-on^Wye) on the M. R., PMT.O. 
 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Glascarrlg Point, cape. Ire. , on the E. ct. of co. Wexford, 
 in 52° 35' >^- 
 
 Glasco, vil., U.S., New York, Ulster co., on the r. bk. of 
 Hudson R. , 21 m. N. Poughkeepsie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glascoed ('green wood'), par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. 
 div. , 3I m. E. Pontypool. P. <25o. 
 
 Glasconia, Eng. See Glastonbury. 
 
 Glascock, CO., U.S., Georgia, N. of 33° N., and between 82° 
 and 83° W. 
 
 Glascote, viL, Eng., Warwickshire, a SE. suburb of Tam- 
 worth (17. i*.) ; has fire-clay. PT.O. See BolehaU. 
 
 Glascwm ('green hollow'), par., Wales, Radnorshire, 6 m. 
 SW. by S. New Radnor; 8793 ac. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (G. 
 M'ith Colva and Rbnlen) P. <75o. 
 
 Glasdrnmnian, tnld.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Mourne, par. 
 Kilkeel. P. <5oo. 
 
 Glaserberg, mt. , Austria, on the frontier of Bohemia and 
 Silesia, 40 m. N. Olmiitz. 
 
 Glasfk-yn, P.O., Wales, Carnarvonshire, 5^ m. SW. Brynkir 
 stn. , 4 m. N. Pwllheli. 
 
 Glasgow, vil. , Brit. Guiana, on the L bk. of the Demerara, 
 24 m. SSW. Georgetown. 
 
 Glasgow (glas'ko), co. of a city and pari, and royal burgh, 
 Scot., Lanarkshire, extending into Renfrewshire, on the Clyde, 
 47^ m. by rail WSW. of Edinburgh, and 400 m. NNW. London. 
 Lat. of observatory, 55° 52' 42.6" N. ; long. , 4° 17' 38" W. The 
 city is divided by the Clyde, the larger portion being on the N. 
 side. The most ancient part of the town is on elevated ground on 
 the NE. , where stands the cathedral of St. Mimgo, a fine old 
 Gothic structure, supposed to have been founded in 1197, though 
 very little of the structure of that date survives. The present 
 building, which bears marks in its architecture of various dates 
 of erection, is supposed to have been commenced towards the 
 middle of the 13th century. Length, 319 ft. ; height of tower and 
 spire, 225 ft. "The crypt of the cathedral is remarkable both for 
 its extent and beauty. The choir is now used as a parish 
 church. Since 1859 nearly all the windows, both of the church 
 and crypt, have been fitted with stained-glass windows. The 
 High Street, the centre of the old city, leads southwards down 
 a gentle slope to the Saltmarket and Gallowgate, once the abode 
 of well-to-do inhabitants, but which afterwards sank to the con- 
 dition of slums, but have since been improved by the operation 
 of the City Improvement Trust, founded in 1866. SW. of the 
 cathedral, in the High Street, stood the university, founded in 
 1450, but which has been cleared away to make room for a 
 railway stn. In 1868 the foundation-stone of the new university, 
 opened in 1870, was laid by the Prince of Wales. The building 
 stands on a commanding site at the west end, and has cost 
 upwards of ;^50o,ooo. The university, well endowed, consists 
 of a chancellor, rector, dean, principal, professors, and students ; 
 and has a library with over 175,000 vols. , and a museum founded 
 by Dr. W. Hunter. Connected with the university are an 
 astronomical observatory, and the Western Medical School, an 
 extra-mural school in special connection with the Western In- 
 firmary (general hospital). Among other educational institu- 
 tions is the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College, 
 founded in 1886, with which are incorporated Anderson's College, 
 founded in 1796, and the CoUege of Science and Arts ; there are 
 also a Free Church Theological College, and a Veterinary College, 
 to which an Agricultural College is affiUated. Of the public build- 
 ings, the most noteworthy, in addition to the cathedral and the 
 new university buildings, are the municipal buildings, opened in 
 1889. G. is supplied with water from Loch Katrine by magnifi- 
 cent aqueducts opened by Queen Victoria in September 1859. 
 PubUc parks include the Green (140 ac). Botanic Gardens and 
 Kelvingrove in the W. , Queen's S. , and Alexandra E. There are 
 several cemeteries, chief of which is the picturesque Necropolis, 
 E. of the cathedral and on the N. bank of the river, containing 
 among many others the monmnent to John Knox. Numerous 
 railways communicate with the surrounding districts, and the 
 Clyde affords great facilities for steam-boat conveyance, and an 
 underground railway facilitates communication between the E. 
 and W. districts of the city. The prosperity of G. has resulted 
 largely from the conversion of the Clyde from a fordable stream 
 into a river navigable by the largest vessels. As early as 1566 
 an attempt was made to cut a channel through a sandbank at 
 Dumbreck, above Dumbarton. In 1755, Smeaton enumerated 
 twelve shoals between Glasgow and Dumbarton, of which that 
 at Ponthouse Ford, now within G. harbour, had a depth at low 
 water of only ij ft. The first Act of Parliament authorising 
 improvements in the river was obtained in 1759, and a second 
 in 1760. In 1768, the construction of rubble jetties and the 
 removal of shoals was begun. Under the f>owers conferred on 
 the Clyde Trust by Acts of 1809 and 1825, improvements were 
 continued till, in 1836, there was a depth at the Broomielaw at 
 low water of 7 ft., while the tide, which in 1755 had scarcely 
 been felt, gave a high water depth at neap and spring of 12 
 588 
 
 and 15 ft. respectively. Fui-ther powers were obtained by 
 Acts of 1840, 1857, and 1873, and the channel has now a uniform 
 depth of 24 ft. between G. and Port-Glasgow. The harbour 
 extends W. from Victoria bridge on both sides of the river. 
 The lower harbour has a depth of 24-28 ft. at ordinary spring 
 tides. Besides basins in connection with private estabUshments, 
 there are two tidal docks, Kingston and Queen's, the latter with 
 a depth of 27-30 ft. at ordinary spring tides. Cessnock Dock, 
 the largest of all, will, when completed, afford depths of 20-28 
 ft. at low water, 31-39 ft. at high water, average spring-tides, and 
 will have 3760 yards of quayage, an area of 34! ac. water-space, 
 of which rather more than a third was already available in Feb. 
 1894. G. is celebrated as the Scottish emporium of trade and 
 manufactures. The commercial history of G. begins in the 15th 
 century, when fish-curing, which continued to te a leading in- 
 dustry till the middle of the i8th century, was established. In 
 the 17th century there was a fair inland and a hmited foreign 
 trade. The colonial trade of G. developed rapidly after the 
 Union, and at one period (1771) more than half the tobacco 
 imp>orted was brought here. The American War ruined this 
 trade, but a fresh field for commerce was found in the W. Indies. 
 In 1816 trade with India began, and this has since been vastly 
 developed and extended to all quarters of the globe. As a port 
 of commerce with the U.S. , G. is surpassed only by London and 
 Liverpool. For statistics of the port, see Appendix, p. 13. 
 Exports of British produce, principally manufactured iron and 
 steel, machinery, pig iron, cotton, linen and jute, yarn and 
 thread, spirits and ale, and coal; imports, floiu-, wheat, maize, 
 tobacco, sugar, brandy, saltpetre, petroleum, leather, and 
 woollen yam. Almost every manufacture is represented in G. ; 
 its leading industries comprise shipbuilding, cotton-spinning and 
 weaving, printed calicoes, linen, carpets, iron and engineering 
 works (including locomotive building and the construction of 
 marine engines), pottery and glass, with all the manufactures de- 
 pending on these, distilleries, breweries, dye-works, bleach-fields, 
 &c. Textiles were little developed till after the Union, though 
 the manufacture of cloth had been early introduced. The im- 
 portance of the linen manufacture dates from 1720. Between 
 1730 and 1745 naany new industries were introduced. The use 
 of the steam-engine for cotton-spinning dates from 1792, and 
 the introduction of pwwer-looms from about the same period ; 
 thenceforward the growth of the cotton industry was mar- 
 vellously rapid. The chemical works at St. RoUox, established 
 in 1800, cover 13 ac. The first pwttery was commenced in 1728 ; 
 there are now about twenty potteries. G. has numerous foundries 
 where the heaviest work for ships, marine and other engines, 
 boilers, and all kinds of forgings and steel castings are manu- 
 factured. More iron and steel ships are built at G. and on the 
 banks of the Clyde below G. than at any other port in the king- 
 dom. Fuel is supplied in abundance from the surrounding 
 collieries. Coal is first mentioned in 1578, when coal-pits were 
 opened, probably in the Gorbals. G. was early distinguished 
 for superior letterpress printing, its Foulis' edition of the classics 
 and other books. The Romans had a station on the R. Clyde, 
 in the locality of G. , which they retained till the year 426. 
 Antoninus' Wall commenced a few miles W. of the city. In 560 
 the see of G. is said to have been founded by Kentigern or St. 
 Mungo ; about the year 11 15 the see was refounded by David, 
 Prince of Cumberland. It was erected into a burgh of barony by 
 William the Lion in 1180, and by James II. , 1454, made a burgh 
 of regality. Towards the end of the 15th century it was con- 
 verted into an archbishopric, and in 1636 into a royal burgh. The 
 name ' G. ' does not appear till the 12th century, but there were 
 two villages on the site, Deschu and Cathures ; the former 
 name is supposed to be a corruption of ' Cleschu,' whence 
 'Gleschu,' 'Glasgu,' 'Glasgow;' ' Glas' = green, 'ghu'=be- 
 loved, 'the beloved green place.' Birthplace of General Sir 
 John Moore, Lord Clyde, Sir Thomas Munro, and Thomas 
 Campbell the poet. The burgh sends seven members to House 
 of Commons. Alt. 66 ft. Mean temp., Jan. 37.5° F., July 
 57.2°; annual rfall. 45.4 in. P. (1801) 77,385; (1821) 147,043; 
 (1851)329,097; (1871) 491,846; (1891) parL and mun. burgh, 
 P. 565,000; mun. burgh at same date, including extensions 
 under Act of 1891 subsequent to the census, 656,000 ; royal 
 burgh (equivalent to city par.), P. 176,800. 
 
 Glat^ow, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Barren co., 75 m. NE. Nash- 
 ville (Tenn.). P. -c 3000. 
 
 Glasgow, city, U.S., Missouri, Howarci co., 55 m. NW. by 
 N. Jefferson City. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Glasgow, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Beaver co., 15 m. W. 
 Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glasgow & SW, Rly., a railway system in the SW. of Scot- 
 land, main line Glasgow by Kilmarnock and Dumfries to Long- 
 town (Cumberland) ; branches to Greenock, Ardrossan and 
 Largs, Irvine, Troon, Ayr, and Stranraer; has joint running- 
 powers with the C. R. from Glasgow to Kilmarnock, and over 
 the Portpatrick & Wigtownshire Joint Rly. (Dumfries to Port- 
 patrick). 
 
 Glashare, par. , Ire. , cos. Kilkenny and Queen's, bars. Galmoy 
 and Clarmallagh, 3 m. NE. Johnstown. P. <25o. 
 
GLAS — GLEN 
 
 Ctlasbedy, isl. , Ire. , off the N E. ct. of co. Donegal, in the N. 
 of Pollan Bay, in 7° 24' W. 
 
 Crlashiitte, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, on R. Miiglitz, 15 m. S. 
 Dresden ; straw-plaiting, watch-making, &c. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Cilaslnflryn, Wales. See Pentlr. 
 
 Cilaskerniore, tnld., Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Upper Half, Aghaderg par. P. <25o. 
 
 Cilaslongb ('green lake"), tn.. Ire., NE. co. Monaghan, bar. 
 Trough, 5^ m. NE. by N. Monaghan, with a stn. (Glasslougb) 
 on the G. N. (Ire.) R., PMT.O. (Glasslongli). P.<5oo. 
 
 Glasnevln (glas-nSv'in), par. Ire., E. co. Dublin, bar. Coo- 
 lock, 2 m. N. Dublin. Has d large botanic garden, under the 
 management of the Science and Art Department ; cemetery, 
 containing the remains of J. P. Curran, Daniel O'Connell, and 
 C. S. Parnell ; an agfricultural school ; and a deaf-mutes institu- 
 tion. P. <2000. 
 
 Glass, par. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire and Banffshire, on the 
 Deveron, 6 m. W. Huntly, 4^^ m. SE. by E. Drummuir stn., 
 PT.O. ; 12,594 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Glassan, electoral div.. Ire., SW. co. Westmeath, bar. Kil- 
 kenny W., 4 J m. NE. Athlone. 
 
 Glassary, or Kllmlcliael Glassary, par., Scot., Argyllshire, 
 on R. Add, 4 m. N. Lochgilphead, P.O.; 60,229 ^•^' P. <4000. 
 
 Glassangb, rly. stn. , Scot. , Banffshire, 2 ra. WSW. Portsoy, 
 on the G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Glassborongli, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Gloucester co., 18 m. 
 S. Philadelphia ; has several manufactures of glass. P. <25oo. 
 
 Glassdrnmniond, P. O. , Ire. , co. Down, 6 m. S. Newcastle. 
 
 Glassel, stn. , Scot. , on the S. border of W. Aberdeenshire, on 
 the Deeside Rly. , 17J m. E. Ballater. 
 
 Glassen Point, cape. Cape Colony, S. ct. , in about 25^° E. 
 
 Glasserton, ct. par., Scot., Wigtownshire, 2 m. SW. Whit- 
 horn, P.O. ; 13,284 ac. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Glassford, par., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, with a stn. on the 
 C. R. , 2 m. N. by E. Strathaven, 4J m. S. by W. Hamilton ; 
 6442 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Glass Honghtou, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. 
 NE. Pontefract, P.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Glasshouse Dlonntalns, group of mts., Queensland, l3ring 
 a little inland from the mouth of Moreton Bay, in 27° S. ; so 
 named by Captain Cook from the fact that when seen from the 
 sea they present a resemblance to three glass-kilns. 
 
 Glass Island, Scot. See Island Glass. 
 
 Glassleck, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Bailieborough. 
 
 Glasslongh, Ire. See Glaslongb. 
 
 Glasson, stn. , Eng. , Cumberland, Eskdale div. , on the Solwav 
 Firth and N. B. R., 9^ m. WNW. Carlisle, ij m. W. by N. 
 Drum burgh stn. 
 
 Glasson, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, div. and 4^ m. SSW. 
 Lancaster, i m. S. Glasson Dock stn. , on the L. & N W. R. G. 
 Dock belongs to the port of Lancaster, with which it is con- 
 nected by canal, and is 13 ft. 9 in. deep over sill at ordinary neap, 
 21 feet deep at spring tides ; area, 2| ac. ; area of canal-basin in 
 shore of dock, 13 ac. ; depth on sill, 14 ft. Trade principally 
 coasting, but partly in the American and Baltic ports. PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Glasson, P.O., Ire., co. Westmeath, 5 m. NE. Athlone. 
 
 Glassonby, par., Eng., Cumberland, div. and 6| m. NE. by 
 N. Penrith, 2 m. ESE. Lazonby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Glass Point, cape, Wales, on the SW. of Carnarvonshire, in 
 52° 51' N. 
 
 Glastenbnry, tn., U.S., Vermont, Bennington co., 45 m. S. 
 by W. Rutland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glasterlaw, stn., Scot., Forfarshire, 3 m. NE. Friockheim, 
 on the Dundee and Arbroath Joint Rly. 
 
 Glaston, par., Eng., Rutland, 5^ m. SSE. Oakham, 2 m. 
 NNW. Seaton and Uppingham stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Glastonbury, Brit, name Yniswitryn ('isle of the glassy 
 water'), the Roman Glasconia, mun. bor. since the time of 
 Queen Anne, Eng. , Somerset co. , E. div. , 5 m. SW. by S. Wells, 
 25 m. SW. Bath, with a stn. on Somerset and Dorset Rly. It 
 is situated in a penin. formed by the riv. Brue, between the 
 Polden and Mendip hills, and anciently known as the I. of 
 Aval on or Apples. Many of the houses have been built out of 
 the materials of its superb abbey, once covering 60 acres, but 
 of which, the ruins of the church, with St. Joseph's chapel and 
 the abbot's kitchen, now form the chief remains. Other struc- 
 tures of interest are a market cross, St. George's inn, formerly the 
 abbey hospitium, the tribunal, the abbey house, the great gate- 
 house, now also an inn, the hospital of St. Mary Magdalen, 
 founded in 1246. Manufactures : sheepskin, mats, rugs, gloves, 
 and pottery. Peat is dug between G. and Highbridge. Chaly- 
 beate springs led from the hill called G. Tor at one time enjoyed 
 a high reputation. About a mile N. of the town remains of a 
 village of marsh dwellings have been discovered. Mun. bor. , 
 5000 ac, P. 4100; par., 7166 ac, P. 4200. 
 
 Glastonbury, tn. , U.S., state and on R. Connecticut, co. and 
 6 m. below Hartford. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Glasren, or Glas Bbelnn, mt., Scot., Sutherland, 8 m. W. 
 by N. of the head of Loch Shin. Alt. 2541 ft. 
 
 Glasynfiryn, P.O., Wales, Carnarvonshire. See Pentlr. 
 
 Glatton, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 8 J m. 
 S. by W. Peterborough, 3 m. W. by S. Holme stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Glatz, Slavonic Kladsko, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt, 
 and 5 m. SSW. Breslau, cap. circle G. , on the Neisse, near the 
 frontiers of Bohemia, Moravia, and Austrian Silesia, with 
 manufactures of damasks, woollen cloth, plush, ribbons, muslins, 
 hosiery, machinery, &c. Till 1891 it was strongly fortified, but 
 the fortifications have since been razed. It was taken by the 
 Prussians under Frederick the Great in 1742, by the Austrians 
 in 1759, and by the Wiirtemberg and Bavarian troops in 1807. 
 The former co. of Glatz belonged mostly to Bohemia, but passed 
 with Silesia into the hands of Prussia in 1742. P. (1816) 7600 ; 
 (1890) 11,600; comm. P. 13,500. 
 
 Glsncban, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle G. , on the Zwickauer 
 Mulde, 6 m. NNE. Zwickau ; has manufactures of cloth, paper, 
 iron goods, &c. P. (1834) 6300 ; (1890) 23,400. 
 
 Glann-na-coppnl, glen. Ire. See Glenacappul. 
 
 Glazebrook, vil., Eng., Lancashire, 6 m. NE. Warrington, 
 on the L. & NW, R. See Klxton. 
 
 Glazebnry, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, 10 m. W. Man- 
 chester, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Glazeley, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., on the Borle, iij 
 m. NW. Kidderminster, 3^ m. S. by W. Bridgnorth. P. <2So. 
 See Cbetton. 
 
 GlazoT, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 140 m. SE. Vyatka, on 
 navigable Cheptsa R. Trade in com, hemp, and flax with 
 Archangel. P. 2000. 
 
 Gleadless, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Hal- 
 lamshire div., 2J m. SE. by E. Sheffield, 2 m. ESE. Heeley 
 stn., P.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Gleann Dombaln. See Glen Doln. 
 
 Gleann Fhlodbalg. See Glen Evalg. 
 
 Gleaston, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 4 m. 
 E. by N. Barrow. 
 
 Glebe, SW. suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. 
 
 Glebe Town, suburb of Hobart, Tasmania. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Gle-Cbue, W. Africa. See Wbydah. 
 
 Gleenly, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Culdaff, near Londonderry. 
 
 Glebn, vil., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Neuss, 10 m. 
 WSW. Diisseldorf. P. <30oo. 
 
 Glelcben, stn., Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R., 785 
 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glelcben, former co. {Grafschaft), Ger., Thuringia, now 
 included in Saxe-Gotha, Saxe- Weimar, Saxe-Koburg, Schwarz- 
 burg-Sondershausen, and the Prussian govt, of Erfurt. 
 
 Glelcbenberg, watering-place, Austria, Styria, 26 m. ESE. 
 Graz ; much resorted to. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Glelsdorf, tn. , Austria, Styria, 14 m. E. Graz. P. <3000. 
 
 Glelslngerfels, iron-mines, Ger., Bavaria, Upper Palatinate, 
 near the Fichtelberg. 
 
 Glelivltz, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Tost-G. , 24 
 m. NE. by E. Ratibor ; has a royal iron-foundry, glass-works, 
 woollen manufactures, &c. P. 19,500; including Trynek, 23,600. 
 
 Glembam, Great, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 15 m. NE. 
 Ipswich, 2 m. E. Parham stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Glembam, little, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, 2 m. S. Great G. , i^ 
 m. E. Marlesford stn., P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Glemsford, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 5 m. NW. by W. 
 Sudbury, 10 m. SSW. Bury St. Edmunds, i^ m. N. Glemsford 
 stn., on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Glen. For other names beginning with this prefix, see under 
 the name of the river that gives name to the glen. 
 
 Glen, stn. , Eng. , Leicestershire. See Glen Magna. 
 
 Glen, riv., Eng., Lincolnshire, rises near Grantham, and joins 
 the Welland 3 m. from Fosdyke Wash. 
 
 Glen, riv. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed div. , 
 flowing into the Till on its 1. bk., about 3 m. NNW. Wooler. 
 
 Glen, Ire. , SW. co. and loj m. S. by W. Cavan, bar. Clan- 
 mahon, on the Cavan June Rly., P.O. 
 
 Glen, small riv.. Ire., co. Cork, flows N. to the Blackwater, 
 which it joins 11 m. W^ Mallow. 
 
 Glen, electoral div.. Ire., N. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 on l/ougb Glen, 21 m. NW. by W. Londonderry. 
 
 Glen, electoral div.. Ire., co. Down, dist. Donaghmore. 
 
 Glen, electoral div.. Ire., Waterford, dist. Rathgormuck. 
 
 Glen, vil, Scot., Inverness-shire, Barra par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Glen, Lougb, small lake. Ire. , cos. Longford and Westmeath, 
 10 m. ESE. Longford, 212 ft. above sea-level. 
 
 Glenacappul, or Glaun-na-coppul ('glen of the horse'), 
 glen, Ire., SE. co. Kerry, bar. Magunihy, 8\ m. NW. Kenmare, 
 on the E. side of Mount Mangerton, enclosed on every side by 
 rugged and precipitous rocks. 
 
 Glen Acballt, narrow valley, Scot. , in one of the W. parts of 
 Cromarty, stretching about 45 m. E. from the head of Loch 
 Achallt. 
 
 Glenade, electoral div.. Ire., co. Leitrim, on G. Lough, 6 m. 
 NW. Manor Hamilton, P.O. 
 
 Glen Adelaide, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on S, 
 Antler R. , 125 m. ESE. Regina. 
 
 589 
 
GLEN 
 
 GLEN 
 
 Glenade Lough, small lake, Ire., in the N. of co. Leitrim, 
 lo m. NE. Sligo. 
 
 Glenageary, stn.. Ire., SE. co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown, i m. 
 S. Kingstown, on the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Rly. 
 
 dileiiago-vver, electoral div. , Ire. , Limerick, dist. Ardagh. 
 
 Glenahlry, bar.. Ire., in the NW. of co. Waterford. 
 
 Glenaladale, or Bedford Bay, post-vil., Canada, Prince 
 Edward I., co. Queens, 14 m. firom Charlottetown. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glen Aladale, narrow valley, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the 
 SW. , in the SE. of Moidart Penin. , stretching N. from the N. 
 shore of Loch Shiel. 
 
 Glenalla, tnld.. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 Aughinish par. P. <25o. 
 
 GLenalmond, PT. O. , Scot. , Perthshire , 4 m. N W. Methven stn. 
 Near is the G. Trinity College (Scottish Episcopal), opened 1847. 
 
 Cilenamaddy, PM.O., Ire., NE., co. Galway, bar. Bally- 
 moe, 15 m. W. Roscommon. 
 
 Gleuamoy, small riv. , Ire. , in the N W. of Mayo, flows W. 
 into Broad Haven. 
 
 GlenaniflT, electoral div. , Ire. , Leitrim, dist. Lurganboy. 
 
 Glenannan, viL , Canada, Ontario, Huron co., 64 m. SW. 
 by W^. Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glenanne, PMT.O., Ire., co. Armagh, 3 m. S. Markethill. 
 
 Glenans, group of small rockv islets, France, off S. ct. Fini- 
 stere (Brittany), crossed by 4" W. Lighthouse on Penfret, the 
 largest, visible 12 m. 
 
 Glemans, lies de, group of isls., France, dep. Finistfere, in 
 the Atlantic Ocean, in 47° 43' N. , 4° W. 
 
 Glen App, narrow valley, Scot., Ayrshire, in the SW., 
 stretching NE. from Loch Ryan. See Batters Clinrcli. 
 
 Glen Aray, narrow valley, Scot. , Argyllshire, stretching about 
 6 m. N. Inveraray (^.t^.). P. <75o. 
 
 Glenariffe, P.O., Ire., NE. co Antrim, bjur. Lower Glenarm, 
 17 m. NNW. Larne, on Red Bay, 5 m. from Parkmore stn. 
 
 Glenarm, seapt. tn. and summer resort. Ire., E. co. Antrim, 
 bar. Lower G., 9 m. NNW. Larne, on G. KiTer and G. Bay ; 
 has mines of alum, clay, and iron ore (aluminous hematite). 
 The harbour, belonging to the Eglinton Chemical Co., is 16 ft. 
 deep at high water ordinary springs. The small river on which 
 the town stands has a depth on the bar of 8 ft. at high water 
 springs. PMT.O. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Glenarm, IiOirer and Tpper, two bars.. Ire., in the E. of 
 CO. Antrim. 
 
 Glenartney, Forest of, upland tract, Scot. , W. Perthshire, 
 about 7 m. NNE. Callander, to the S. of the E. end of Loch 
 Earn. 
 
 Glenanl, electoral div.. Ire., Armagh, dist. Blackwatertown. 
 
 GlenaTon, Forest of, highland dist., Scot., in the extreme 
 S. of Banffshire. 
 
 Glenavy, par. and tn., Ire., SW. co. and 8 m. S. Antrim, 
 bar. Upf)er Massereene, on the Belfast and Antrim June. Rly., 
 P.O. Par. 7753 ac, P. <:20oo; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Glenbane, par. , Ire. , SW. co. and 5J m. W. Tipperary, bar. 
 ClanwiUiam, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Glenbarr, PMT.O., Scot., Argyllshire, e^m. S. Tayinloan. 
 
 Gleubarry, stn. , Scot. , Banffshire, on the G. N. of S. R. , 7J 
 in. SSW. Portsoy. 
 
 Glen Bay, Ire. , on the W. ct. of co. Donegal, lat. 54° 42' N. 
 
 Glenbeg, riv. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, in the W. , flows into the 
 Sound of Sleat, in 57° 12' N. 
 
 Gleubeigh, PMT.O., Ire. See Glanttehy. 
 
 Glenberrie, par., Scot., Kincardineshire, 6^m. NW. Bervie, 
 i^ m. W. Drumlithie stn. ; 15,041 ac. P. -ciooo. 
 
 Glenbolg, vil. , Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, on the C. R. , 3 m. 
 NW. Airdrie ; has coal-mines. PMT.O. See Garnqneen. 
 
 Glentioro, stn. , Canada, prov. Manitoba, on a branch of the 
 C. P. R., 120 m. WSW. Winnipeg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glenboy, electoral div. , Ire. , N. co. Leitrim , bar. Drumahaire, 
 14 m. E. Sligo. 
 
 Glenbrlen, Ire., E. co. Wexford, bar. Ballaghkeen, 4^ m. 
 SE. Enniscorthy, P.O. (Gleubryan). 
 
 Glen Brittle, Scot. See Brittle, Locb. 
 
 Glenbrohane, electoral div., Ire., co. Limerick, 5 m. from 
 Knocklong, P.O. 
 
 Glcnbroofc, P.O., Ire., co. Monaghan, 3 m. from Newbliss. 
 
 Glenbnck, tnld.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Kilconway, Rasharkin 
 par. P. <soo. 
 
 Glenbnck, vil., Scot, Ayrshire, 3^ m. NE. Muirkirk, with a 
 stn. on the Caledonian and G. & SW. Rlys., PM.O. P. ^isoo. 
 
 Glenbncket, par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, on the W. border, 
 44^ m. NW. Aberdeen; 11,084 ac. P. <Soo. 
 
 Glenbnrnle, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Frontenac, on 
 Collins Lake, 6 m. from Kingston. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Glenbomle, settlement, S. Australia, Grey co., 4 m. ESE. 
 Mount Gambier. 
 
 Glenbnsh, P.O., Ire., 9 m. from Ballycastle (co. Antrim). 
 
 Glencalm, viL, Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., 56 m. NW. 
 by N. Toronto, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Glencalrn, par. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, 8 m. SW. Thornhill 
 stn.; 30,083 ac. P. ■<20oo. 
 59U 
 
 Glen Cannlch. See Cannlcb. 
 
 Glen €aple, vil, Scot., Dumfriesshire, 5 m. SSE. Dumfries 
 (g.v.), 4 m. SSW. Racks stn., on the 1. bk. of the Nith, P.O. 
 
 Glencar, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Leitrim, bar. Rosclogher, on 
 E. shore of Lough Glencar, 6J m. NE. Sligo, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Glencar, electoral div., Ire., Sligo, dist. Carney. 
 
 Glencarron, stn., Scot, Ross-shire, on the Dingwall and 
 Skye Rly., in the valley of the same name (see Carron), 8i m. 
 SSE. of the head of Loch Maree. 
 
 Glencarse, stn., Scot., co. and 5 m. E. by S. Perth, on the 
 C. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Gleucastle, electoral div., Ire., NW. co. Mayo, bar. Erris, 
 29 m. W. by N. Ballina. 
 
 Glen Chalmadale, narrow valley, Scot, I. of Arran, in the 
 N., opening WNW. into the head of Loch Ranza. 
 
 Glencblel, tnld.. Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. Upper Strabane, 
 Upper Bodoney par. P. <25o. 
 
 Glencloy, electoral div.. Ire., Antrim, dist. Glenarm. 
 
 Glencloy, small valley, Scot. , I. of Arran, opening from the 
 SW. into Brodick Bay. 
 
 Glenco, electoral div. , Ire. , Mayo, dist. Bangor. 
 
 Glencoe, vil., Canada, Ontario, Middlesex co., 28 m. SW. 
 by W. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glencoe, valley, Scot. , co. Argyll, dist. Lome, near the head 
 of Loch Etive extending from Ballachulish in an E. direction 
 for 10 m. , within which distance there is but one sohtary farm- 
 house. The vale is edged on both sides by almost f)erpendicular 
 mountains of grotesque forms, 3000 feet high, in the chffs of 
 which snow lies all the year round. Its bed is swept by Ossian's 
 ' dark torrent of Cona ' (R. Coe), which enters the head of Loch 
 Leven, and no other portion of the Highlands presents such a 
 scene of gloomy sublimity. The massacre of the Macdonalds 
 occurred here in February 1692. 
 
 Glencoe, cattle stn. , S. Australia, N. Terr. , Rosebery co. , 3 
 m. SSE. Palmerston. 
 
 Glencoe, vil., U.S., Minnesota, McLeod co., 45 m. WSW. 
 Minneapolis. P. <20oo. 
 
 Glen ColnmbklUe, par. , Ire. , SW. co. and 25 m. W^. by N. 
 Donegal, bar. Banagh, PM.O. ; 32,246 ac. P. <:4000. 
 
 Glencorse, par., Scot, Midlothian, 14^ m. S. Edinburgh, 
 vnth a stn. on the N. B. R. G. Reservoir furnishes part of the 
 water-supply of Edinburgh. 4257 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Glencoul Lock, inlet, Scot., in the W. of Sutherland, 
 communicating with Loch Cairnbawn, and having its mouth in 
 58° 15' N. 
 
 Glencree KlTer, Ire. , in the NE. of co. Wicklow, flows E. 
 into St. George's Channel at Bray. 
 
 Glen Croe, narrow valley, Scot., Argyllshire, in the E., 
 stretching from N W. to SE. , and opening on the upper end of 
 Loch Long. 
 
 Glencross, stn., Scot., Midlothian, on the N. B. R., 6 m. 
 SW. by W. Dalkeith. 
 
 GlencDllen, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown, 4J 
 m. W. by N. Bray. P. <25o. 
 
 Glenenllln Iiongh, Ire., extreme SW. co. Mayo, 13^ m. 
 S\\^ Westport. 
 
 Glendale, settlement. Natal, on the Umvoti, 35 m. N. by 
 E. Durban. 
 
 Glendale, PMT. O. , Scot. , Skye I. , near Dunveg^n. 
 
 Glendale, vil., U.S., Montana, Beaver Head co. , 30 m. 
 SW. by S. Butte City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glendale, vil., U.S., Ohio, Hamilton co., 12 m. N. by E. 
 Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glendale, vil., U.S., S. Carolina, Spartanburg co., near the 
 W. of N. frontier. P<i500. 
 
 Glendalough, electoral div. , Ire. , NE. co. and 10 m. WNW. 
 Wicklow, bar. Ballinacor N., 8 m. from Rathdrum stn. It 
 takes its name from the Vale of G. (' glen of the two lakes '), a 
 valley about 2 m. long and f m. wide, renowned for its pictur- 
 esque and romantic scenery, and containing scattered ruins of 
 an ancient city, which was the see of a bishop from the 6th 
 century to 1214, when the bishopric was united to that of 
 Dublin. The chief ruins are those of ' Seven Churches ' (a name 
 sometimes given to the valley), which are noted for their simple 
 but beautiful architecture. One of them was the old cathedral. 
 In the side of a precipice overhanging one of the two lakes 
 of the valley is a small recess known as the bed of St. KeWn, 
 the fotmder of the first Christian church in the valley (about the 
 close of the 5th century). PT.O. 
 
 Glendarragh, electoral div.. Ire., Sligo, dist Tobercurry. 
 
 Glendarnel, narrow valley, Scot, Argyllshire, traversed by 
 the R. Ruel, opening S. into the head of Loch Riddon, to the 
 N. of the Kyles of Bute, 10 m. long, P.O. 
 
 Glendarnel, post-tn., Victoria, Talbot co., on Bell's Creek, 
 i8 m. from Ballarat P. <isoo. 
 
 Glen Dessary, narrow valley, Scot., in the W. of Inverness- 
 shire, stretching 4 m. WNW. from the head of Loch Arkaig. 
 
 Glendevon, pjar., Scot, Perthshire, on the Devon, 12^ m. 
 SE. by S. Crieff, 5 m. SSE. Auchterarder, P.O. ; 9133 ac. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
GLEN — GLEN 
 
 Glendlin, Loch, inlet, Scot., in the W. of Sutherland, com- 
 municating with Loch Cairnbawn ; mouth in 58° 15I' N. 
 
 Cilendlnnliig, settlement, Canada, near the SE. end of 
 Pelican Lake, 113 m. WSW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Cilendlre, vil. , U.S., Montana, Dawson cc, on the Yellow- 
 stone R. , 135 m. S. by W. from the NE. corner of the state. 
 
 P. <I50Q. 
 
 Cilendoan, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 10 m. from Letterkenny. 
 
 Glen Doclierty, short and narrow valley, Scot., Ross-shire, in 
 the middle, stretching NW. to Kinlochewe and Loch Maree. 
 
 Glen Doe, narrow valley, Scot., Inverness-shire, ascending 
 SSE. from the SE. of Loch Ness. 
 
 Glendolck, P.O., Scot., E. Perthshire, 6 m. E. Perth, i m. 
 NE. Glencarse stn. 
 
 Glen Dolii, narrow valley, Scot., Argyllshire, in the W. , 
 stretching SW. , 13 m. S. Oban. 
 
 Glendon, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, 2J m. NW. Ket- 
 tering. P. <250. 
 
 Glendoif'an Slountains, Ire. , in the NW. of co. Donegal. 
 
 Glendree, electoral div. , Ire., Clare, dist. Tulla. 
 
 Gleudne Fell, hill, Eng. , Northumberland, 20 m. W. by S. 
 Hexham. Height, 171 1 ft. 
 
 Glendnn, riv.. Ire., in the NE. of co. Antrim, flows NE. 
 then E. into the N. Channel at Cushendun. 
 
 Glenealy, par., Ire., E. co. Wicklow, bars. Arklow and 
 Newcastle, 4J m. W. by S. Wicklow, on the Dublin, Wicklow, 
 and Wexford Rly., P.O.; 8098 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Glen Easan Bioracli, narrow valley, Scot. , I. of Arran, in the 
 N., ascending 3 m. SSE. from Lochranza. 
 
 Gleneely, electoral div. , Ire. , SE. co. Donegal, bar. Raphoe, 
 8i m. SW. by W. Lifford. 
 
 Gleneely, electoral div.. Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. E. 
 Inishowen, 7I m. NW. Moville. 
 
 Gleuelg, vil., Canada, Ontario, Grey co., 32 m. WSW. 
 Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glenelg, par., Scot., Inverness-shire, on G. Bay, on the E. 
 side of the Sound of Sleat, 19I ra. NE. Point of Sleat, PM.O. ; 
 134,778 ac. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Glenelg, tn. and watering-place, S. Australia, on the W. ct. , 
 CO. and 5 m. SW. Adelaide, in 34° 39' S. , on Holdfast Bay. Here 
 in 1836 S. Australia was proclaimed a British colony. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Glenelg, riv. , Victoria, Australia, receives all the rivs. SW. 
 of the Grampian Mts. , and enters the Southern Ocean at Nelson, 
 on the dividing line between Victoria and S. Australia. It is 
 sometimes dry in summer, but in the rainy season the floods 
 rise in some parts to 49 ft. above low water level. Though of 
 considerable size, it has but a shallow outlet. Length, 281 m. 
 
 Glenelg, co. , W. Australia, between 116° and 118° E., and 
 bounded on the S. by 31° S. 
 
 Glenelg, large dist. in the NW. of the Kimberley div. of W. 
 Australia, crossed by 16° S. and 125° E. 
 
 Gleuelg, East, vil. , Canada. See Markdale. 
 
 Gleuelly Klver, Ire., in the N. of co. Tyrone, flows W. 
 then S. to the Owenkillew R. 
 
 Glen Evalg, or Gleann Fbiodbaig, short narrow valley, 
 Scot. , Ross-shire, stretching E. , 12 m. SE. of the head of Loch 
 Maree. 
 
 Glenfarg, stn., Scot., E. Fife, on the N. B. R., ci m. N. by 
 E. Kinross, PMT.O. 
 
 Glenfarn, electoral div. and stn., Ire., Leitrim, dist. Manor- 
 hamilton, with stn. (Glenfarne) on the Sligo, Leitrim, and N. 
 Counties Rly., P.O. (Glenfarne). 
 
 Glenfern, post-tn. , Tasmania, 25 m. from Hobart. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Glenfleld, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 3 m. 
 W. by N. Leicester, on the M. R. , P.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. 
 (G. Mvlth Brannstone and Klrby Mnxloe) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Glenfleld Frith, par., Eng., Leicestershire, 4 m. NW. 
 Leicester. P. <25o. 
 
 Glen Flnuan, narrow valley, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the 
 SW., stretching N. from the head of Loch Shiel, P.O. 
 
 Glenflesk, P. O. , Ire. , co. Kerry, upper part of the valley of 
 the Flesk, 8 m. from Killarney stn. 
 
 Glengad Head, cape, Ire., on the NE. ct. of co. Donegal, 11 
 m. NNW. Moville, with a coastguard station. 
 
 Gleiigalrn, Scot. See Glenmnlck. 
 
 Gleugar, electoral div.. Ire., Tipperary, dist. Cappagh. 
 
 Glengarnock, vil., Scot., N. Ayrshire, 14J m. S. by E. 
 Greenock, on the C. R.; has a wincey factory and large iron- 
 works. PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Glengarrlff, electoral div., Ire., SW. co. Cork, bar. Bantry, 
 6 m. NW. Bantry, on G. Hartranr, at the head of a mountain 
 vale, G., PMT.O. 
 
 Glengarry, co. , Canada, the easternmost co. of Ontario, on 
 the St. Lawrence. 
 
 Glengarry, eccles. par., Scot., Inverness-shire, Boleskine, 
 AbertarfF, Glenelg, and Kilmonivaig pars. P. <;75o. 
 
 Glengarry, narrow valley, Scot. , in the W. of Inverness-shire, 
 ascending 16 m. W. from Loch Oich, traversed by the R. Garry, 
 which issues from Loch Quoich, and containing Loch Garry (4J 
 m. long ; alt. 258 ft. ). See also Garry, riv. , Perthshire. 
 
 Glengarry, post-tn., Tasmania, Devon co., 8 m. from 
 Beaconsfield. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Glengarry Forest, upland tract, Scot., Inverness-shire, to 
 the N. of the N. half of Loch Lochy. 
 
 Glengesh, electoral div. , Ire. , Donegal, dist. Ardara. 
 
 Glenglrnalg, P. O. , Scot. , Aberdeenshire, 4 m. from Ballater. 
 
 Glen Gloy, narrow valley, Scot. , Inverness-shire, parallel to 
 and about i^ m. distant from the E. side of Loch Lochy, with 
 terraces (one on each side, alt. 1156-1173 ft.), similar to the 
 ' parallel roads of Glen Roy.' 
 
 Glengort, electoral div. , Ire. , Limerick, dist. Abbeyfeale. 
 
 Glengowan, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, 5 m. from Airdrie. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Glengo'wer, or Camphelltoivn, post-vil., Victoria, Talbot 
 CO., 9 m. NNE. Clunes. P. <i50o. 
 
 Gleugyle, narrow valley, Scot., Perthshire, at the head of 
 Loch Katrine. 
 
 Glenham, vil., Scot., U.S., New York, Dutchess co., 13 m. 
 S. by E. Poughkeepsie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glenhapple Bloor, dist., Scot., Wigtownshire, in the NE., 
 3^ m. NW. by N. Newton Stewart. 
 
 Glen Head, cape. Ire., W. ct. Donegal, 54° 44' N. 
 
 Glenhest, electoral div. , Ire. , Mayo, dist. Newport. 
 
 Glenholm, par. , Scot. See Bronghton. 
 
 Glenhull, P.O., Ire., co. Tyrone, 16 m. E. Newton Stewart. 
 
 Glen Hurlch, narrow valley, Scot., Argyllshire, in the NW. , 
 parallel to and about 2J m. firom Loch Shiel, traversed by the 
 R. Hurich. 
 
 GlenifTer Wood, Scot., W. Renfrewshire, zj m. SW. by S. 
 Paisley. 
 
 Glenila, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Parry Sound dist. , 87 m. N. 
 by E. Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glenlnagh, par.. Ire., NW. ct. co. Clare, bar. Burren, 11 m. 
 SW. by S. Galway, on Blackhead Bay ; 4292 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Glen Innes, tn.. New South Wales, Gough co., 70 m. W. 
 Grafton ; has gold and tin mines. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Glen lorsa, narrow valley, Scot. , in the W. of the isl. of Arran, 
 stretching from NNE. to SSW. 
 
 Glenlron FeU, hill, Scot., Wigtownshire, 8^ m. E. by N. 
 Stranraer. Alt. 631 ft. 
 
 Glenisla, par., Scot., Forfarshire, on riv. Isla, 9 m. NW. 
 Alyth, P.O; 41,242 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Glen Island, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Carra, 6J m. NW. 
 Castlebar. 
 
 Glenkeel, electoral div., Ire., Fermanagh, dist. Ely. 
 
 Glenkeen, electoral div. , Ire. , Londonderry, dist. Garvagh. 
 
 Glenkeen, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Upper Kilmanagh, 
 5 m. SW. Templemore ; 14,496 ac. P. <:3000. 
 
 Glen Klngle, narrow valley, Scot. , Inverness-shire, in the W. , 
 ascending 10 m. WSW. from the head of Glengarry. 
 
 Glenlara, electoral div. , Ire. , Cork, dist. Newmarket. 
 
 Glenlark, electoral div., Ire., T)Tone, dist. Gortin. 
 
 Glenleheeu, electoral div. , Ire. , Donegal, dist. Doocharry. 
 
 Glenllvet, or Glenlivat, eccles. par. , Scot. , Banffshire {^.v. ), 
 Inveravon par. ; scene of a battle, in which a body of Roman 
 Catholic insurgents under the Earl of Huntly defeated the 
 Protestants under the Earl of Argyll (1594). PMT.O. P. <i500. 
 
 Glenlochar, P.O., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 3 m. NW. 
 Castle Douglas. 
 
 Glenlough, electoral div.. Ire., Westmeath, dist. Ballyna- 
 carrigy. 
 
 Glen loy, narrow valley, Scot. , Inverness-shire and Argyll- 
 shire, ascending 6 m. W. from the R. Lochy. 
 
 Glenlace, vil., Scot., Wigtownshire, 9 m. ESE. Stranraer, on 
 the Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Joint Rly. , PMT. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Glenlnce, postal centre, Victoria, Talbot co., on the Loddon, 
 84 m. NW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glenlnsk, post-tn. , Tasmania, 10 m. from Hobart. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Glenlyon, Scot. See Innemvick (Perth) and Lyon, riv. 
 
 Glenlyon, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co. P. <3oco. 
 
 Glenlyon, post-tn., Victoria, Talbot co., 12 m. E. Clunes. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Glenmaggie, post-tn. , Victoria, Tanjil co. , 128 m. by rail and 
 road E. Melbourne, 20 m. NW. Sale, direct. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glen Magna, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 6 
 m. SE. Leicester, i m. N. Glen stn. , on the M. R. P. 750 ; 
 eccles. par. (G. M. with Stretton Magna) P. <75o. 
 
 Glenmakeeran, electoral div.. Ire., Antrim, dist. Ballycastle. 
 
 Glen Mallle, narrow valley, Scot. , Inverness-shire, ascending 
 9 m. WSW. from the lower end of Loch Arkaig. 
 
 Glenmalnre, small valley. Ire. , in the middle of co. Wicklow, 
 16 m. W. by N. Wicklow. 
 
 Glenmavis, vil., Scot. See Moukland New, and G. 
 
 Glen Mazeran, narrow valley, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the 
 NE. , stretching W. from the end of Strath Dearn, about 
 57° 15' N. 
 
 Glenmore, electoral div.. Ire., Clare, dist. Kilmihil. 
 
 Glenmore, P.O., Ire., SE. co. Kilkenny, bar. Ida, 4 m. SW. 
 by W. New Ross. 
 Glenmore, riv., Scot., Inverness-shire, in the W. It rises 
 
 591 
 
GLEN — GLIN 
 
 near the head of Loch Hourn, and flows NNW. and W. into 
 Glenelg Bay, Sound of Sleat. 
 
 Cileumore Forest, upland dist. , Scot. , on the E. border of In- 
 verness-shire, where it adjoins the cos. of Banff and Aberdeen. 
 
 dlenmoristoii, PMT.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, 9 m. SW. 
 Torgoyle Bridge. See Ilrqnhart and Glenmorlstou. 
 
 Gleumornau, electoral div. , Ire. , T)Tone, Dunnamanagh dist. 
 
 eienmoy, P.O., Eng., Isle of Man, 3 m. SW. Peel. 
 
 eienmnlck, Tnlllch, and Glengairn, united par., Scot., 
 Aberdeenshire, on the Dee, 2 m. SW. Ballater ; 87,341 ac. P. 
 
 <2500. 
 
 Glennagalbagh, mt., Ire., in the NE. of co. Clare, 4 m. 
 WNW. Killaloe. Height, 1746 ft. 
 
 Cilennagannon, electoral div., Ire., Donegal, dist. Carn- 
 donagh. 
 
 eiennamaddy. Ire. , Galway. See eieiiamaddy. 
 
 Glen Bierls, narrow valley, Scot., in the SW. of Inverness- 
 shire, 9 m. long, on the S. and W. of Ben Nevis, opening into 
 the head of Loch Linnhe. 
 
 Glennle's Islands, group of small isls. , Victoria, Bass Strait, 
 to the W. of Wilson's Promontory. 
 
 Glenn Magna and Parra. See Glen Magna and Parra. 
 
 Glenn's Ferry, settlement, U.S., Idaho, Alturas co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Shake R., 62 m. SE. Boise. 
 
 Glenn Springs, tp. and vil. , U.S., S. Carolina, co. and 10 
 m. SE. Spartanburg ; is a health resort, with a mineral spring. 
 P. <300o. 
 
 Glenochll, stn., Scot., Clackmannanshire. See Henstrie. 
 
 GlenogllTy, P.O., Scot., Forfarshire, 2 m. from Forfar- 
 Glamis. 
 
 Glenogra, par. , Ire. , co. Limerick, bar. Smallcounty, on riv. 
 Commogue, 3 m. NW. Bruff; 4253 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Glenone, P.O., Ire., E. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Belfast, 3^ 
 m. S. by W. Larne. 
 
 Glen Onoko, settlement, U.S., Pennsylvania, Carbon co., on 
 Lehigh R. , 35 m. S. by W. Scranton. 
 
 Glenora, post-tn., Tasmania, Buckingham co. , 25 m. NW. 
 by W. Hobart ; the Russell Falls are near. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glenorchy, tn., Tasmania, Buckingham co., 7 m. NW. 
 Hobart. P. <:2ooo; P. of dist. 5000. 
 
 Glenorchy, tp. , Victoria, Borung co. , 30 m. NNW. Ararat. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Glenorchy and Inlshail, par., Scot., Argyllshire, 12 m. 
 NNE. Inverary. The church is close to Dalmally stn.; 146,588 
 ac. P. <2ooo. See Orchy, riv. 
 
 Glenore, post-tn., Tasmania, Westmoreland co., 13 m. SW. 
 Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glen Osmond, suburban vil. , S. Australia, 4 m. SE. Adelaide ; 
 has a silver-mine, and stone quarries, from which a large part of 
 Adelaide was built. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Glenpark, postal-tp., Victoria, Grenville co., 70 m. NW. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glen Parra, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 
 on the L. & NW. R., 4 m. S. Leicester. P. <soo. 
 
 Glenpatrlck, ravine. Ire., N. co. Waterford, bar. Upper- 
 third, 5 m. ESE. Clonmel. 
 
 Glen Peau, narrow valley, Scot. , in the W. of Inverness-shire, 
 stretching 5 m. W. by S. from the head of Loch Arkaig. 
 
 Glenprosen, eccles. par., Scot., Forfarshire, containing part 
 of the par., and 12 m. NW. Kirriemuir. P. <2So. 
 
 Glenqnln, bar. , Ire. , in the extreme SW. of co. Limerick. 
 
 Glenrarlll, electoral div.. Ire., Antrim, dist. Broughshane ; 
 has iron ore. P.O. (Glenravel). 
 
 Glen Reservoir, Scot. , Renfrewshire, 4I m. SE. by S. Paisley. 
 
 Glenrlddlng, mt. vale, Eng., Westmorland, in the NW. of 
 the Appleby div., at the head of Ullswater, 12 m. SW. Penrith, 
 6i m. S. by W. Troutbeck stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Glenrlnnes, eccles. par., Scot., Banffshire, Aberlour and 
 Mortlach pars. P. <5oo. 
 
 Glen River, Ire. , in the extreme SW. of co. Donegal, flows 
 S. into TeeUn Bay. 
 
 Glenroan, tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Tyrone, bar. Upper Strabane, 
 on R. Glenelly, 13J m. NNE. Omagh. P. <2So. 
 
 Glenroe, electoral div.. Ire., NW. co. Clare, bar. Inchiquin, 
 18 m. S. Galway. 
 
 Glen Rosa, narrow valley, Scot. , in the E. of the I. of .Arran, 
 stretching first S. then E. , and opening into Brodick Bay. 
 
 Glenrowan, postal-tp., Victoria, Delatite co., 30 m. W. by 
 S. Beechworth. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Glen Roy, narrow valley, Scot. , Inverness-shire, opening from 
 the N. into Glen Spean, mainly parallel to and 3^5 m. distant 
 from the E. side of Loch Lochy ; celebrated for the terraces in 
 its middle portion known as the ' parallel roads of G. R.' 
 
 Glen Sannox, narrow valley, Scot., in the E. of the I. of 
 Arran, stretching first N. then E., its mouth 5 m. N. Brodick. 
 
 Glen Scaddle, narrow valley, Scot. , in the NE. of Argyllshire, 
 stretching 8 m. W. from Inverscaddle Bay, Loch Linnhe, about 
 56° 45' N. 
 
 Glen Scorrodale, narrow valley, Scot. , in the S. of the isl. of 
 Arran, stretching S., traversed by the Sliddery Water. 
 592 
 
 Glen's Falls, vil., U.S., New York, Warren co., on thel. bk. 
 of the Hudson R. , where it is connected by a feeder with Cham- 
 plain Canal, 40 m. N. Troy. It descends 50 ft. between black 
 marble cliffs. G. Falls has manufs. of lime, collars and cuffs, 
 and paper, and a lumber trade. P. (i88o)<5ooo ; (1890) 9500. 
 
 Glen's Falls, South, vil. , on the opposite bank of the river, in 
 Saratoga co. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Glenshane Pass, Ire., co. Londonderry, 16 m. N. by W. 
 Cookstown. 
 
 Glensharrold, electoral div. , Ire. , Limerick, dist. Ardagh. 
 
 Glenshee, eccles. par., Scot., Perthshire, on Shee Water, 
 20 m. NW. Blairgowrie, P.O. P. <;25o. See Blackwater. 
 
 Glenshesk, riv.. Ire., in the NE. of co. Antrim, flows N. 
 into Ballycastle Bay. 
 
 Glenshlel, par., Scot., Ross-shire, on the S. shore of Loch 
 Duich, 25 m. NE. Point of Sleat, P.O. ; 573,320 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Glen Shleldalg, narrow valley, Scot. , Ross-shire, in the W. , 
 stretching N W. , and opening into Loch Shieldaig between Loch 
 Torridon and Upper Loch Torridon. 
 
 Glen Spean, narrow valley, Scot. , Inverness-shire, 17 m. long, 
 traversed by the R. Spean, which issues fi-om Loch Laggan and 
 flows W. into the R. Lochy, at the foot of Loch Lochy. 
 
 Glenstal, electoral div. , Ire. , Limerick, dist. Moroe. 
 
 Glen Stockdale, short and narrow valley, Scot. , Argyllshire, 
 in the N W. , stretching SW. to Loch Laich. 
 
 Glen Strath Farrar, Inverness-shire. See Farrar, riv. 
 
 Glen Snlleag, narrow valley, Scot., in the NE. of Argyllshire, 
 ascending 3 m. N. from the middle of Loch Eil. 
 
 Glentane, P.O., Ire., co. Galway, 2 m. W. Castleblakeney. 
 
 Glentanner, vil. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, on the r. bk. of 
 the Dee, 7 m. E. by N. Ballater, i m. E. by S. Dinnet stn. 
 See Ahoyne and Glentanner. 
 
 Glen Tarbert, narrow valley, Scot. , in the N. of Argyllshire, 
 stretching 4 m. W. from Loch Linnhe, about 56° 41' N. 
 
 Glen Tarff, narrow valley, Scot., Inverness-shire, ascending 
 SSE. from the head of Loch Ness. 
 
 Glen Tarsan, narrow valley, Scot., Argyllshire, in the SE., 
 stretching NNE. from the head of Loch Striven. 
 
 Glentham, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div. , 12 m. 
 E. Gainsborough, 6| m. W. by S. Usselbystn., PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Glenthompson, postal-tp., Victoria, VilUers co. , 52 m. N. 
 Warmambool. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Glentles, tn. , Ire., W. co. Donegal {q.v.), bar. Boylagh, 12 
 m. NW. Donegal, PMT.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Glentogher, electoral div., Ire., in the NE. of co. Donegal, 
 dist. Carndonagh, P.O. 
 
 Glentress Forest, forest, Scot., Peeblesshire, about li m. 
 ENE. Peebles. 
 
 Glentfvorth, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div. , 8 m. 
 E. by S. Gainsborough, 6| m. E. by N. Lea stn. , P. O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Glen Udale, short and narrow valley, Scot., in the W. of 
 Ross-shire, stretching WSW. , and opening into the lower end 
 of Glen Carron. 
 
 Glen mg, valley, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the extreme SW., 
 stretching S. from G. Bay to the N. shore of Loch Moidart. 
 
 Glen Urqnhart, P.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, 7 ra. from 
 Drumnadrochit (near Urquhart Bay, Loch Ness). 
 
 Glenrale, tp., Victoria, Bourke co., 28 m. NE. Melbourne. 
 P. -1500. 
 
 Glenvannan, electoral div.. Ire., NE. co. Fermanagh, bar. 
 Lurg, 14 J m. ESE. Donegal. 
 
 GletTTar, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 6 m. from RathmuUen, 9 
 m. from Fahan stn. 
 
 Glenvllle, tn., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, loi m. N. 
 by E. Cork, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Glenrllle, vil., U.S., Ohio, Cuyahoga co. , on the coast, 4 m. 
 ENE. Cleveland. P. < 1500. 
 
 GlenTllle, tp. and vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Gilmer co., on 
 the Little Kanawha R., 58 m. NE. Charleston. P. (vil. )< 1500. 
 
 Glenwhan Moor, dist. , Scot. , Wigtownshire, about 3 m. N. 
 by W. of the head of Luce Bay. 
 
 Glenwhllly, stn. , Scot. , Wigtownshire, on the G. & SW. R. , 
 9 J m. NE. Stranraer, P.O. 
 
 GlenwWrry, par., Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Antrim, in 
 G. Vale, 6 m. E. Ballymena, 3 m. from Moorfields stn., P.O. 
 (Glenwherry) ; 11,365 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Glenivllliam, electoral div. , Ire. , Waterford, dist. Ardmore. 
 
 Glenwood, city, U.S., Iowa, Mills co., 17 m. SE. by S. 
 Omaha (Neb.), and 20 m. by rail S. Council Bluffs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Glenwood Springs, tn., U.S., Colorado, Garfield co., 123 
 m. W. Denver, on the Grand R., with coal (anthracite) and 
 iron mines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Gleowceaster and Glevum, city, Eng. See Gloucester. 
 
 Glewstone, P.O., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 3 m. WSW. 
 Ross, on the r. bk. of the Wye. 
 
 GUdden, tp. and vil., U.S., Iowa, Carroll co., 85 m. NE. 
 Omaha (Neb.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Glin, tn.. Ire., NW. co. Limerick, bar. Shanid, on the 
 Shannon, 12 m. NE. Listowel, 9 m. from Foynes stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
GLI N 
 
 G LOU 
 
 Glina, Slavonic, 'clay.' 
 
 GUna, comm., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, 32 m. S. by E. 
 Agram. P. < 2000. 
 
 Crlludow, comm. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Zauch- 
 Belzig. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Gllulany, tn., Austria, crownlandGalicia, 22 m. E. Lemberg. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Cclliisk, tn. , Russia, govt, and 90 m. NW. of Poltava. P. 5000. 
 
 Glliitou, par. , Eng. , N. div. of Northamptonshire, 5 m. NNW. 
 Peterborough, i m. W. Peakirk stn., PMT.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Glion, tn. , Switzd. See Ilaiiz. 
 
 Glloii, Switzd. See Moutrenx. 
 
 Gils, comm. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, i m. WSW. Brieg. P. -<20oo. 
 
 Globe, vil. , U.S., Arizona, Gila co., 170 m. NW. from the 
 SE. corner of the terr. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Globe Road and DeTouslilre Street, stn. , Eng. , London, 
 on the G. E. R., 2^ m. ENE. St. Paul's. 
 
 Glocester, tn., U.S., Rhode I., Providence co. P. <3000. 
 
 Glockiier, Gross, mt. See Alps, Subdivisions, III. A. 1. 
 
 Glodwlck, Clurlstcbiirclt, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, 
 Prestwick par. P. 5800. 
 
 Glodwlck St. Mark, eccles. par. adjoining. P. 9700. 
 
 Glodwlck Koad, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Oldham. 
 
 Glog, Slavonic, 'the white thorn.' 
 
 Glogan, tn. and important fortress, Prussia, prov. Silesia, 
 circle G., on R. Oder, 32 m. N. Liegnitz, with cathedral on 
 island in the Oder ; has manufactures of agricultural machinery, 
 tower-clocks, tobacco, &c. G. was fortified about 1000, and 
 was long cap. of a principality. P. (1816) 10,100; (1871) i8,'3oo ; 
 
 (1890) 20,500. 
 
 Gloggiiltz, vil.. Lower Austria, 17 m. SW. by W. Wiener 
 Neustad ; manufactures of fezes, lignite mines. P. < 3000. 
 
 GlogOTacz, comm., Hungary, co. and 4I m. Arad, on the 
 Maros ; ruins of the old fortress of Orod destroyed by the 
 Turks. P. <sooo. 
 
 Glogue, stn. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, on the G. W. R. , 9 m. 
 SSE. Cardigan. 
 
 Glommen, the chief riv. of Norway, rises on the Dovrefjeld 
 tableland, 2400 ft. above sea-level, issumg from Lake Oeresund, 
 near Roros, 70 m. SE. Trondhjem, flows generally S. through 
 dists. Hedemarken and Akershus, traverses the Oieren Lake, 
 and enters the Skager-rak by two arms, the principal passing 
 Frederikstad, 50 m. SE. Christiania, after a course estimated at 
 350 m. Its navigation is impeded by numerous falls, the lowest 
 of which, the Sarpsfos (70 ft.), occurs only a few miles above its 
 mouth, where the discharge is about 280,000 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Glooston, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 10^ m. 
 SW. Oakham, 3 m. W. Hallaton stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Gloppeu, comm., Norway, diocese and 100 m. NNE. Ber- 
 gen, on G. Fjord. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Glore, electoral div.. Ire., Westmeath, dist. Coole. 
 
 Glorleta, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Santa ¥€ co., 15 
 m. SE. by E. Santa F6. 
 
 Gloilosa Islands, small group in the Mozambique Channel, 
 Indian Ocean, 100 m. from the N. extremity of Madagascar; 
 taken possession of by the French in 1892. 
 
 Glorornm, par., Eng., Northumberland, 4 m. E. Belford. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Glossa, or Llngnetta, cape, Turkey in Europe, in the W. , 
 in 40° 26' N., at the end of a penin. on the W. side of the Bay 
 of Valona. 
 
 Glossop, mun. bor. (since 1866) and par., Eng., Derbyshire, 
 High Peak div. , 10 m. E. by N. Stockport, on a branch of the 
 M. S. & L. R. ; coal-mines near ; chief seat in Derbyshire of 
 the cotton manufactures, and has woollen mills, dyeing, bleach- 
 ing, print, paper-works, and iron-foundries. PMT.O. Market- 
 day, S. Par. 18,432 ac, P. 24,600; mun. bor. P. (1871) 17,000; 
 
 (1891) 22,400 ; eccles. par. (G. wltli Bngswortb) P. <:45oo. 
 Gloster, tn., U.S., Mississippi, Amite co. P. <isoo. 
 Glo.ster Hill, par., Eng., Northumberland, on riv. Coquet, 
 
 71 m. SE. Alnwick. P. <:25o. 
 
 Gloncester, co. , Canada, in the NE. of New Brunswick, on 
 Chaleur Bay and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Gloncester, viL , on the ct. of Dutch Guiana, in 56° 42' W. 
 
 Gloncester (glSs'ter), the ancient Glevuin, or Claudia (Anglo- 
 Saxon, Gleowceaster), city, co. in itself, pari. bor. (i member) and 
 mun. bor. (since time of Henry III.), and port, England, cap. co. 
 G. , Tewkesbury div., on 1. bk. of the Severn, and on the G. W. 
 & M. Rlys., 7i m. W. by S. Cheltenham, 33 m. NE. Bristol. It 
 occupies a slight eminence on the E. bank of the Severn, where it 
 divides to enclose the island Alney, each of the two channels being 
 here crossed by a bridge. The cathedral, formerly the church 
 of a rich Benedictine abbey, but converted into a cathedral at 
 the time of the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII. in 
 1541, is one of the finest in England. Its architecture is mainly 
 Norman, but replaced and partly overlaid in the choir and tran- 
 septs by Early English. It is the place of a triennial musical 
 festival, alternately with Worcester and Hereford. A statue of 
 Bishop Hooper is erected near the spot of his martyrdom. G. 
 has manufactures of cutlery and shipbuilding, extensive wharves, 
 593 
 
 railway waggon works, steam flour and saw mills, chemical 
 works, manufactories for agricultural implements, &c. , and a 
 considerable trade with the Baltic and other foreign ports. For 
 shipping statistics, see Appendix, p. 13. The Berkeley Canal, 
 16 m. in length, from G. to Sharpness Docks, enables vessels 
 drawing 13-15 ft. to reach the city. The College School, near 
 the cathedral, is a foundation school ; the Crypt Grammar 
 School has an exhibition to Pembroke College, Oxford ; and 
 the Blue Coat Hospital was founded in 1666 by Sir Thomas 
 Rich. Adjoining the public park and pleasure grounds, SE. 
 of the city, is a saline chalybeate spa, discovered in 1814. 
 Parliaments have been held in G. , by Richard II. in 1378, and 
 Henry IV. in 1407. Glevum, said to be derived from the 
 British Caer-Glow, ' the fair city,' was a place of importance 
 when made a Roman station under Claudius in 44 ; and 
 throughout the Saxon and Norman periods it retained a large 
 share of importance. Its bishopric, founded by Henry VIII., 
 was united with that of Bristol in 1836, and comprises the co. of 
 G. and parts of Somerset and Wiltshire. Market-days, W. and 
 S. Mean temp. (14 yrs., 1861-63, 1867-78), yr. 50.3° F., Jan. 
 38.8°, July 63.5°. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 5800; (1851) 17,600; 
 (1871) 31,800 ; (1891) 39,400. 
 
 Gloucester, post-tn.. New South Wales, G. co., 70 m. N. 
 by E. Newcastle. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gloucester, co. , New South Wales, on theE. ct. , crossed by 32° S. 
 
 Gloncester, city, U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., on the ct. , 
 14 m. ESE. Salem, near the S. extremity of Cape Ann Penin. 
 G. has one of the best harbours on the coast, and is the chief 
 cod and mackerel fishing port in the world ; the neighbourhood 
 abounds in granite quarries. About 2 m. from it is Norman's 
 Woe, the scene of the wreck of the Hesperus of Longfellow's 
 poem. Favourite resort for summer visitors and artists. P. 
 (1880) 19,300 ; (1890) 24,700. 
 
 Gloncester, city, U.S. , New Jersey, Camden co. , on the Dela- 
 ware, opposite the S. end of Philadephia (Penn.). P. 6600. 
 
 Gloucester, co., U.S., New Jersey, in the SW. , bounded on 
 the NW. by the Delaware, below Philadephia (Penn.). 
 
 Gloncester, co., U.S., Virginia, in the E., bounded on the 
 SW. by York R. , and on the E. partly by Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Gloucester, New, tn., U.S., Maine, Cumberland co. , 22 m. 
 N. Portland by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Gloucester Island, Pacific. See Plraoa. 
 
 Gloncester Koad, stn., Eng., London. See Brompton. 
 
 Gloucestershire, co., in the W. of England, on both sides 
 of the Severn and the upper part of its estuary, belonging, vntb 
 the exception of small portions in the dioceses of Oxford and 
 Worcester, to the diocese of Gloucester and Bristol ; cap. 
 Gloucester ; other chief towns, Cheltenham, Stroud, and Ciren- 
 cester, divided into the following pari. divs. : — 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Middle or Stroud .... 
 N. or Tewkesbury . . 
 E. or Cirencester .... 
 Forest of Dean .... 
 S. or Thornbury .... 
 Bristol, pari. bor. (portion in Glou- 
 cestershire) ..... 
 Cheltenham ..... 
 Gloucester, parL bor. of. 
 
 Total 
 
 795.734^ 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 76,152 
 
 56,488 
 
 192,619 
 
 50.340 
 
 261,507 
 
 53.341. 
 
 117,560 
 
 52.793 
 
 131,207 
 
 62,951 
 
 8,366 
 
 234.815 
 
 6,886 
 
 49.775 
 
 1.437 
 
 39.444 
 
 599.947^ 
 
 1 The administrative co. includes part of the co. bor. of Bristol in the 
 ancient co. of Somerset. Area, 796,731 ac. P. 645,574. 
 
 Physically and geologically the county falls into four divs. — 
 the hill dist. (Cotswolds) extending from N. to S. in the E., and 
 belonging to the Oolites ; the level dist. between these hills and 
 the Severn, belonging to the Lias ; and the two coal basins of 
 Bristol (S. of the Severn) and the Forest of Dean (NW. of the 
 Severn). The chief rivers are the Severn (navigable throughout 
 the county), Avon, Lower Avon (on the S. border, where it is 
 navigable throughout). Wye, and Thames, whose two head- 
 waters, the Coin and the Churn, lie wholly within this county, 
 which contains also the upper parts of its tribs. , the Leach and 
 Windrush. Minerals are important. Coal is mined in many 
 places, the Forest of Dean and Bristol being the chief centres. 
 The Forest of Dean also abounds in iron ore, which is mined at 
 Cinderford (which has also blast-furnaces), Bream, Coleford, 
 Newland, Mitcheldean, E. Dean, Lydbrook, and Lydney. 
 Among other minerals are ochre (at Winford) and freestone 
 (Stroud and other places). The Vale of the Severn is noted for 
 its cornlands, rich pastures, and general fertility ; in the hills 
 sheepfarming forms an important industry. The manufactures 
 are silk, hosiery, woollens, gloves, stockings, cotton, baskets, 
 brushes, combs, shoes, earthenware, glass, nails, and pins. The 
 Stroud Valley is noted for its broadcloths. The chief railway 
 systems are the M. R. , G. W. R. , and in the W. of the county 
 the Severn and Wye, Severn Bridge and Monmouth Rlyik 
 
 2 P 
 
GLOU — GOAL 
 
 (through the Forest of Dean). The Thames and Severn Canal 
 lies wholly within the county. An important ship canal ascends 
 to Gloucester (j.v.). The people of this county had a great 
 share in the conquests of Wales and Ireland ; and in the Middle 
 Ages the monasteries were numerous and powerful. In Berkeley 
 Castle Edward II. was killed (1327), and in the Yorkist war the 
 battle of Tewkesbury was fought in this county (1471). See 
 England, table. 
 
 (;ioantIiane, P. O. , Ire. , co. |Cork, i m. from Queenstown Jimc. 
 
 Glonp Voe, inlet, Scot., Shetland Is., Yell I., in the N., in 
 1" 5' W. 
 
 CJlorer, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Dickey co., 77 m. SW. 
 by W. Fargo. 
 
 GlOYCr's Island, isl., Newfoundland, in Grand Lake. 
 
 Gloversvllle, city, U.S., New York, Fulton co., 40 m. NW. 
 by W. Troy ; the chief business is the glove manufacture. P. 
 (1880) 7100; (1890) 13,900. 
 
 GlozdoTO, tn., Bulgaria, prov. and 23 m. ESE. Ruschuk. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 (]ilat>oka, tn. , Roumania. See Pomtrla. 
 
 Glilckstadt, tn., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, on the 
 Elbe, 28 m. NW. by W. Altona, a free port, formerly fortified, 
 in an unhealthy situation ; has shipbuilding and various manu- 
 factures. Fortified 1620-1815. P. 570c. 
 
 Cilnkltov, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 133 m. E. Chernigov ; 
 trade in corn. P. 17,000. 
 
 Glnrns, vil., Austria, Tirol, on the Etsch, 42 m. WNW. 
 Botzen. Alt. 3000 ft. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Glasbnrn, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Keighley div. , 
 i2| m. NE. by E. Burnley, 4^ m. S. Skipton, i m. WSW. 
 Kildwick and Cross Hills stn. P. <2ooo. 
 
 GlaScl, vil., Servia, circle Podrinje. P. < 3000. 
 
 GlnsbkOTO, tn. , Russia, govt, and 25 m. W. of Kursk; 
 woollen cloth mills. P. 7000. 
 
 Glass Isle, penin., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, on the 
 NE. ct., in the S. of Yell Sound, in 60° 28j'-3o' N., on the E. 
 side of G. Voe. 
 
 Glyde River, Ire. , flows through the middle of co. Louth and 
 into the S. of Dundalk Bay, joining the Dee just above its mouth. 
 
 Glyme, riv., Eng., Oxfordshire, flowing SE. and S. through 
 the Banbury and Woodstock divs. , joining the Evenlode, on the 
 1. bk. , I m. below Long Handborough. 
 
 Glympton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., on the 
 Glyme, 3J m. N. by W. Woodstock, 4 m. NW. Kirklingfton 
 stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Glyn, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, registration sub-dist. of 
 Devynnock ; 6062 ac. P. <2So. 
 
 Glyn, PMT.O. , Wales, Denbighshire, near Ruabon. 
 
 Glynarthen, PM.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, 10 m. NW. 
 Llandyssil. 
 
 Glyn-Collwng, narrow valley, Wales, Brecknockshire, to the 
 E. of the Brecknock Beacons, opening NE. into the Usk vaUey, 
 traversed by the Brecon and Merthyr Rly. 
 
 Glyn-corrwg, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div., 8 m. 
 E. by N. Neath, PM.O. ; 12,251 ac. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Glynde, par., Eng., Sussex, Eastbourne div., 2| m. E. by S. 
 Lewes, on the L. B. & S. C. R. Here the first Telpher line was 
 erected in England in 1885, and is used for the conveyance of clay 
 from the pits to the Portland cement works. PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Glyndon, tp. and vil. , U. S. , Minnesota, Clay co. , 205 m. NW. 
 by W. Minneapolis, 10 m. E. Fargo (N. Dakota). P. < 1500. 
 
 Glyndyfrdwg, eccles. par., Wales, Merionethshire, with stn. 
 {Giyndyfrdwy) on the G. W. R. , 4 m. W. by N. Llangollen, 
 PMT.O. (Glyndyft^wy). P. <:7So. 
 
 Glynfaeh, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 2 m. S. Hay. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Glyn Garth, PMT.O., Wales, near Bangor. 
 
 Glynn, par. and tn. , Ire., E. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Belfast, 
 i^ m. S. Larne, on the Carrickfergus and Lame Rly., P.O. 
 Par. 4501 ac. , P. <2ooo; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Glynn, electoral div.. Ire., S. co. Carlow, bar. St. Mullins 
 Lower, yh m. N. by E. New Ross. 
 
 Glynn, electoral div.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Bantry, 6 m. 
 WNW. Wexford, P.O. 
 
 Glynu, maritime co. , U.S., Georgia, N. of 31° N. 
 
 Glyn-Neatli, PMT.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div., 9J 
 m. NE. by E. Neath, on the G. W. R. 
 
 Glyn Tair, eccles. par., Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., 11 
 m. NW. by N. Cardiff, ij m. N. Treforest stn. P. 7400. 
 
 Glyutaive, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 7J m. W. Breck- 
 nock. P. <:25o. 
 
 Glyn Tralan, par., Wales, Denbighshire, 3J m. SE. Llan- 
 gollen ; 7830 ac. P. -c 1000. 
 
 Gmiind, gmunden, Ger. , ' a river mouth.' See Gemund. 
 
 Gmiind, vil., Austria, Carinthia, 43 m. NW. by W. Klagen- 
 furt. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Gmiind, tn., Lower Austria, 45 m. NE. Linz. Alt. 1605 ft. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Gmnnd, small summer resort, Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Bavaria, 27 m. S. by E. Munich, at the outlet of the Tegem-See. 
 594 
 
 Gmiind, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Jagst, on the 
 Rems, 28 m. E. Stuttgart; has manufactures of jewellery, 
 especially gold and silver, wood-carving, &c. Near, on the 
 Sal vator- Berg, is a celebrated pilgrimage chapel. P. 16,100; 
 (comm. ) 16,800. 
 
 Gmnnden, vil., Austria, crownland Upper Austria, 30 m. W. 
 by S. Steyr, on the Traun, at its issue from Lake Traun. G. 
 is the chief town of the salt dist., and chief depot for the salt trade 
 of Hallstadt, Ischl, Ebensee, and Aussee. It is a favourite 
 summer resort on account of the beauty of its situation. Alt. 
 1615 ft. P. <4ooo. 
 
 G?iade, German, 'grace.' 
 
 Gnadenfrei, tn. , Ger. See Pellan. 
 
 Guadlersdorf, or Hn&nlce, comm. , Austria, Moravia, 5 m. 
 SW. by S. Znaim. P<2ooo. 
 
 Gneeres, electoral div., Ire., Kerry, dist. Brosna No. i. 
 
 GneeTgullla, PM.O., Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Magunihy, loj 
 m. NE. Killarney. 
 
 Gnesen, tn., Prussia, prov. and 29 m. E. by N. Posen, cap. 
 circle G. , seat of an archbishop and of a seminary for Roman 
 Catholics; linen and woollen manufactures. P. (1871) 9900; 
 (1890) 18,100. 
 
 Gnle'wko>vo, Ger. , Prussia. See Argenan. 
 
 Gnlloye More, another name of the Sivash. See Azot, 
 Sea of. 
 
 Gnolen, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg- Schwerin, circle Ribnitz, 
 22 m. ESE. Rostock. P. <4ooo. 
 
 GnosaU, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, on R. Rowley and on the 
 L. & NW. R., 6 m. SW. Stafford, PMT.O. ; 10,007 ac. P. < 
 2500 ; eccles. par. (G. with Knightley) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Go, Japanese, 'hinder.' 
 
 Goa, comm., Philippine Is., Camarines. P. 5600. 
 
 Goa, colonial terr. of Portugal, larger than Staffordshire, 
 on the W. ct. of India, i5°-i6° N. lat., 72 m. long (in a 
 NW.-SE. direction), 37 m. wide, between the Indian Ocean 
 and British India, from which it is separated (N.) by riv. 
 Arondem (forming the frontier on the side of the native state 
 of Sdwantwari), and (NE., E., and SE.) by the Western Ghdts, 
 the spurs of which (with heights from 2000 ft. to about 4000 ft. ) 
 divide the fluvial basins of the Portuguese terr. Two rivers, 
 the Mandovi and Inari, drain two-thirds of the whole land, 
 and form, at their common mouth, several islands, on one of 
 which lies, besides the ruins of the first Cidade de G. (Velha, 
 or Old G.), founded by Albuquerque in 1510, ^"ora (or Kew) 
 G., or Panjim (founded 1765), the present capital of Portu- 
 guese India (1082 m. S. of Bombay). The rivers are navigable 
 far into the land, and form very good ports (Tiracol, Chapora, 
 Aguada), and above all Marmagao, now the terminus of a 
 railway, connected, through the Kwisim (Cuissim) Ghat, with 
 the Anglo-Indian railways. The lands are of great fertility. 
 Cereals, rice, tropical fruits, pepper, cinnamon, medicinal plants 
 are produced. The interior is covered with forests giving very 
 valuable woods (teak). Iron is abundant. Nova G. is very 
 unhealthy. The heat is intense and constant. There is a dry 
 season (Dec-May) and a rainy one (June-Nov. ). Mean temp. 
 82° F. ; max. (Dec.) 96°; min. (Jan.) 69°; rfall. 120 in. (See 
 India, climate.) G. has an archbishop, ' Primate of the East,' 
 with Roman Catholic jurisdiction over many terrs. beyond the 
 Portuguese establishments. Besides the terr. of Goa proper, 
 the prov. of Goa includes Dam^n (Damao) and Diu, forming 
 the whole of Portuguese India (Estados da India). Goa proper, 
 official area, 1447 sq. m. ; according to Danvers, 1062 sq. m. 
 P. (1887) 495,000 ; prov. 1605 (Danvers, 1196^) sq. m., P. (1887) 
 572,000. [J. B. R.] 
 
 Goadby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 9 m. SW. 
 Oakham, 2J m. WSW. East Norton stn. P. <;25o. See 
 BlUesdon. 
 
 Goadby Starwood, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 
 10^ m. SW. by W. Grantham, 2§ m. ESE. Long Clawson and 
 Hose stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Goajira, penin., jutting 120 m. NE. into the Caribbean Sea 
 to the W. of the Gulf of Maracaibo, formerly claimed partly by 
 Venezuela, but now (since 1891) wholly belonging to Colombia, 
 of which it forms a national terr. Surface level in the SW. , 
 covered with detached ranges of volcanic hills towards the N., 
 the northernmost of these hills being the only part which has a 
 sufficient rainfall to be really fertile ; elsewhere agriculture is de- 
 pendent on wells and tanks. Thinly peopled by G. Indians. See 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1885, pp. 781, &c. (with map). 
 
 GoiUdnda, municip., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Faridpur. 
 on the r. bk. of the Ganges, at the confluence of the Brahmaputra, 
 40 m. W. by N. Dacca, terminus of the Eastern Bengal Rly. , 
 and point of departure of Assam steamers. The site has fre- 
 quently been changed owing to the destructive floods and shift- 
 ings of the river channel, in consequence of which none but tem- 
 porary buildings are now erected. P. (1881) 8700. 
 
 GoMpHrA, tn., Brit. India, Assam, the largest in dist. G., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Brahmaputra, 70 m. W. GauhAti, in a very 
 malarious situation. The civil station is built on the summit of a 
 hill rising 250 ft. above the plain. The dist. is considered very 
 
GO AS 
 
 GO DN 
 
 unhealthy, both for Europeans and natives. P. (1881) 6700 ; 
 (1891) 5400; Hindus, 3500; Moham. 1700. 
 
 doascoraii, riv. , Central America {q.v.), flows S. into the NW. 
 arm of the Gulf of Fonseca, partly on the E. frontier of Salvador. 
 
 Goat Fell, mt., Scot., isl. of Arran, 3 J m. NNW. Brodick. 
 Its upper portion is of granite formation ; its lower, clay-slate 
 and old red sandstone. Alt. 2866 ft. 
 
 doatliill, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 7J m. E. Yeovil, 2^ 
 m. E. Sherborne. P. <25o. 
 
 Ccoatbland, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 7J 
 m. SW. by S. Whitby, on the NE. R. , with whinstone quarries, 
 PM.O. ; 9032 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Cioathnrst, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 3 m. SW. by W. 
 Bridgwater, P.O. P. <:500. 
 
 Goat Island, isl., in the Pacific Ocean, 3 m. SW. Juan 
 Fernandez, about 5 m. in circumference, 500 ft. high, and is 
 volcanic and desolate. Called by the Spaniards Santa Clara. 
 
 Goat Island, the smallest of the Bashi Is., En. Archipelago. 
 
 Goat Island, U.S. See Niagara Falls. 
 
 GoatstOMii, P.O., Ire., N. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower Or- 
 mond, loi m. SW. Parsonstown. 
 
 Gobardiingii, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. 24 
 Parganas, 33 m. NE. Calcutta. P. (1881) 6200; (1891) 6700; 
 Hindus, 4700 ; Moham. 2000. 
 
 Gobardhiin, ancient tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., Muttra 
 dist., in 27° 30' N., 77° 30' E. P. 5400 ; Hindus, 5100. 
 
 Gobardhdnglrl, fortified hill on the W. frontier of Mysore 
 state, India, in 14° 9' N. , 74° 43' E. , commanding the old pass 
 that leads by the famous Falls of Gersoppa. 
 
 Gobblns CllflTs, The, Ire. , E. ct. co. Antrim, about 54° 50' N. 
 
 Gobek, tn., Asia Minor, 46 m. E. by N. Alashehr. 
 
 Gobep or Gablr, dist. inhabited by a heathen tribe in the N. 
 of Sokoto, central Sudan. 
 
 Gobha , Gaelic (in place-names Gow, or Gowan), ' a blacksmith. ' 
 
 Gobi (Mongolian, 'desert'), called by the Chinese Shamo 
 (' sea of sand '), or sometimes Shaho (' river of sand '), from the 
 fact that the sand-dunes of which it is in places composed are 
 constantly moving from SW. to NE. ; a vast region, mainly 
 desert, lying to the E. of Chinese Turkistan, and W. of Man- 
 churia, from which it is separated by the Khingan Mts. , and 
 between China proper in the S. , and the more mountainous and 
 better watered parts of Mongolia in the N. General alt. about 
 3000-3300 ft. The names Shamo and Shaho misrepresent the 
 general character of the surface of this region, the greater part 
 of which is covered with a loamy coarse sand mixed with gfravel, 
 considerable tracts here and there being strewn with boulders 
 and pebbles of all sizes. The term desert, moreover, is not 
 strictly applicable to the greater part of the G. W. of about 
 the meridian of 100° E. large areas of true desert occur, but 
 further E. summer rains (occasionally falling two or three days 
 in succession) and the melting of winter snows give a steppe- 
 like character to the surface, allowing of the growth of sufficient 
 vegetation to afford food for horse and camel caravans. Sands 
 are to be seen chiefly in the Ordos (within the great N. loop of 
 the Hwang-ho). Among other parts of the G. known by special 
 names are the Galbun (Galpin, or Golbin) G. , NW. of the 
 Ordos, the Alashan or Lian (or Little) G. , W. of the Ordos, and 
 the Tashun G. , W. of the line of oases from Ngansi-chou to 
 Barkul. See Blougolla. 
 
 GoblndganJ, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. and 13 m. W. 
 by N. Sylhet. P. (i89i)<sooo. 
 
 Gobowen, vil., Eng., Shropshire, 2J m. NE. Oswestry, on 
 the G. W. R. ; has coal-mining. PMT.O. 
 
 Gobnr, or Godfrey's Creek, postal-tp. , Victoria, Anglesey 
 CO., 68 m. NNE. Melbourne. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Gob-wen, small vil., E. Africa, 2| m. from the mouth of the 
 Jub ; has two very ancient Arab forts, one on each side of the river. 
 
 Goch, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 40 m. NW. Diisseldorf, circle 
 and 7 m. S. Cleve. P. 6500. 
 
 God'alnilng (Saxon, Godhelm's Ing, ' the meadow of God- 
 helm '), mun. bor. (since 1575, extended 1892), Eng. , Surrey, div. 
 and 4 m. SW. by S. Guildford, with two stns. (G. Neiiv and G. 
 Old) on the L. & SW. R. Manufactures of paper, leather, 
 stockings, gloves. Since 1872 G. has been the seat of the 
 Charterhouse public school, originally founded in 161 1 by 
 Thomas Sutton at Smithfield, London, where the great hall 
 of the old school (now occupied by the Merchant Taylors 
 School) is still used for the annual celebration of Founder's 
 Day (Dec. 12th). Market-days, W. and S. P. <3000 ; par. 9049 
 ac, P. 10,500. 
 
 GodAvarl, or Godarery ('the cattle-giving'), the longest river 
 in the peninsular portion of India, and that which has the largest 
 basin. Its source is in the Western Ghdts, a little to the S. of 
 the 2oth parallel, near the village of Trimbak. On a hill behind 
 that village is an artificial reservoir (3500 ft. above sea-level), 
 which receives drop by drop the water from a trickling spring 
 that has been regarded as the source from time immemorial. 
 The river flows with a nearly easterly course across the greater 
 part of the tableland, but turns to the SE., where it receives on 
 its 1. bk. the Pranhfta, the most important of all its tribs., 
 
 which empties into it from the N. the united waters of the 
 Wardha and the Waingangi. On entering the plains the G. , 
 like all the other rivers which cross the Eastern Ghits, forms 
 a delta, the surface of which is now seamed with irrigation 
 canals led from the river, which is dammed at the head of the 
 delta (Dowlaishvaram), so as to supply 3000 cubic ft. per second 
 at low water, 12,000 cubic ft. in flood. The Wardhd, Prdnhfta, 
 and lower G. form together the most important line of navigation 
 in the G. basin, all the more important because the WardhA 
 flows through a very fertile valley, which is also rich in coal. 
 In this line of navigation there are, however, three serious in- 
 terruptions. The gorge of the G. through the Eastern Ghdts, 
 a gorge beginning where the Sabari flows in from the N., is 
 navigable throughout. The first interruption to navigation — 
 the first barrier, as it is called — occurs at Dumagudiem, about 
 165 m. from the sea ; the second just below the confluence of 
 the Pranhita ; the third beginning about 40 m. higher up, and 
 stretching for an equal distance upwards. This last stretch, 
 which reaches to the neighbourhood of the important trading 
 town of Chinda, can be navigated in time of high water, and 
 so also can the first barrier if the river is very high. To render 
 this entire line of navigation unbroken works were begun 
 by the Government, but were abandoned on account of the 
 expense. Length, 795 m.; area of basin, 121,379 m. (Contour 
 Map of India, Calcutta, 1886.) 
 
 Godiivarl, dist., Brit. India, Madras, mainly made up of the 
 delta of the Godavari R.(g.v.); cap. Cocandda. Beriberi endemic 
 in the dist. , but for the most part confined to the natives. See 
 Hadras, table. 
 
 Godbont, or Goodboat Klver, Canada, Quebec, Saguenay 
 CO., flows SE. then S. to the St. Lawrence, which it enters in 
 about 67° 38' W. 
 
 Goddeit Green, P.O., Eng., Kent, zh m. NE. Sevenoaks. 
 
 Goddlngton, or Godlngton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Wood- 
 stock div., 5 m. SW. Buckingham, 3 m. NE. Marsh Gibbon 
 and Poundon stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Godet', tn. , Bulgaria, prov. Sofia, 25 m. ESE. Pirot. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Godega dl Saut Trbluo, comm. , Italy, prov. Treviso, dist. 
 Castelfranco Veneto. P. < 1000. 
 
 Godellielm, vil., Prussia, Westphalia, govt. Minden, dist. 
 Hoxter ; frequented mineral springs. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Goderlch, port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Huron co. , on 
 Lake Huron, 55 m. NNW. London ; manufactures iron-castings 
 and machinery ; has also several salt refineries, a good harbour, 
 and valuable fisheries. Alt. 728 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 45. 1° F. , 
 Jan. 22.2°, July 68.4°. Mean rfall. (18 yrs. , 1869-87), 23.63 in.; 
 snowfall, 77.54 in. P. < 5000. 
 
 Goderlch, co. , W. Australia, crossed by 34° S. , 117° E. 
 
 Godesberg, vil., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 5 m. 
 SE. by S Bonn, opposite the Siebengebirge ; has mineral 
 springs, alum, clay, and lignite. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Godfrey, rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, Addington co. , on 
 Kingston and Pembroke Rly. , 28 m. from Kingston. 
 
 Godfrey's Creek, tp. , Victoria. See Gobur. 
 
 Godhaab, Greenland. See Godthaab. 
 
 GodhaTn, tn. , Danish Greenland, seat of the inspector of the 
 N. , on the S. ct. of Disco I. , in 69° 14' N. 
 
 GodhrsI, or Godra (census), tn. , India, Bombay Presidency, 
 dist. Panch Mahals, in 22° 47' N., 73° 40' E. ; almost surrounded 
 by jungle. P. (1881) 13,300; (1891) 14,700; Hindus, 6500; 
 Moham. 7500. 
 
 Godlasco, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Pavia, 21 m. E. 
 Alessandria. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Gliding, or Hodonln, tn., Austria, Moravia, on riv. March, 
 22 m. E. by N. Nikolsburg. P. 8500. 
 
 Godlngton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire. See Goddlngton. 
 
 God-1-Zlrreh, or Shelagh Hamnn, large swamp in the 
 NW. of Baluchistan. 
 
 Godjani, Godjeb. See Gojani, Gojeb. 
 
 Godley, par., Eng., Cheshire, Hyde div., zh m. SW. by S. 
 Stalybridge, close to Newton stn., i m. NW. G. Jnnctlon, on 
 the M. S. & L. R. P. < 1500 ; eccles. par. (G. with Newton 
 Green) P. <25oo. 
 
 Godley Head, New Zealand. See Lytteltou. 
 
 Godmanches'ter, the ancient Durolipons, sometimes pro- 
 nounced locally gumses'ter, mun. bor. (since 1213) and par. , 
 Eng., Huntingdonshire, on the r. b'K. of the Ouse, div. and i 
 ra. S. Huntingdon, on the M. R. and G. E. R. ; noted for its 
 milk cheeses. Mun. bor. P. <;25oo ; par. 4907 ac. , P. <25oo. 
 
 Godmanstone, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., on the 
 Cerne, 4J m. NNW. Dorchester, 2 m. NNE. Grimstone and 
 Frampton stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Godmersham, par. , Eng. , Kent, Ashford div. , on the Stour, 
 6 J m. SW. by W. Canterbury, 2 m. SW. Chilham stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Godnd, or ReTelganJ (census), tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. 
 Saran, on the Gogra, just above its confluence with the Ganges ; 
 the port of Saran, and place of transhipment fi^om the Lower 
 Bengal into the FaizAbdd and Gorakpur boats. P. (1881) 12,500; 
 (1891) 14,700; Hindus, 6500; Moham. 7500. 
 
 595 
 
GO D N 
 
 GOLB 
 
 Godney, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 2 J m. N. 
 by W. Glastonbury, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Ccodnow Bridge, stn., Eng., Lincolnshire, Gainsborough 
 div. , on the M. S. & L. R. , 7 m. S. by E. Goole. 
 
 Godofelnssl, tn., eastern Sudan, 67 m. SW. Massaua. Alt. 
 6500 ft. 
 
 Ciodollo, comm., Hungary, Buda, 15 m. NE. Budapest, with 
 magnificent imperial castle having a park and zoological garden. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Godolplilii, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cornwall, 5 m. N W. Helston, 
 P.O. (G. Cross). P. < 1500. 
 
 Godolphln Hill, Eng., Cornwall, between Marazion and 
 Helston, 12 m. WSW. Falmouth. Alt. 530 ft. 
 
 Godra, tn., India. See Godlirii. 
 
 Godrery Island, Eng., Cornwall, on the N. side of St. 
 Ives Bay, with lighthouse, showing lights visible 17 and 15 m. 
 
 Godsheld, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 8^ m. 
 NE. by E. Winchester, 3 m. N. Alresford stn. P. <2So. 
 
 GodsMU, par., Eng., Hampshire, Isle of Wight, on the Yar, 
 
 3 m. NW. Ventnor, i^ m. S. Merstone stn., PM.O. ; 6628 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 God's Lake, Canadian NW. Terrs., crossed by 54^° N., and 
 in the extreme W. by 95° W., drained NE. by God's R. 
 
 Godstone, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 6 m. E. Reigate, 2 
 m. N. by W. of its stn. on the SE. R. ; has deposits of silver 
 sand and white sand. PMT.O., and PM.O. (South G.). 6830 
 ac. P. <25oo ; eccles. par. (G. 'wltb Walfclngstead) P. <20oo. 
 
 Godtliaab, or Godbaal) (Danish, 'good hope'), the oldest 
 Danish colony in Greenland (founded 1721 by Hans Egede), on 
 the W. ct. , in 64° 10' N. ; seat of the inspector of the S. ; has a 
 good harbour. Mean temp. (11 yrs.), yr. 28.7° F., Feb. 14.0°, 
 July 44.2° ; rfall. (10 yrs.), 24.26 in. 
 
 Godallahiitte, part of Orzegow, Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. 
 Oppeln, circle Beuthen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Godwal, tn. , India, state of and 89 m. SW. by S. Haidardbdd. 
 
 Godwlck, Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 18 m. E. King's Lynn, 
 
 4 m. SSE. Raynham Park stn. See Tlttesball. 
 God'«vln>Ansten, the name given in 1888 by the Royal Geo- 
 
 gjraphical Society to the Himalayan peak K^, in 35° 53' N., 
 76° 34' E. , in honour of the first explorer of the mountains of 
 this region. It is the highest known summit in the world except 
 Mount Everest. Alt. 28,265 ft- (''''•)• 
 
 Goede-Hoop, or Good Hope, the northernmost point of New 
 Guinea, in the W. of the island. 
 
 Goedc Hoop, De ('the good hope'), vil. , Dutch Guiana, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Koppename, 43 m. W. by S. Paramaribo. 
 
 Goeree, or Goedereede ('good roadstead'), isl., Holland, 
 prov. S. Holland, formerly an island at the mouth of the Maas, 
 between Brouwershaven Gat and Goereesche Diep, now con- 
 nected by dykes and polders with the isl. of Overflakkee ; the 
 town G. is on the E. ct. P. (tn.)<20oo. 
 
 Goes, or Tergoes, fortified tn. , Holland, isl. of S. Beveland, 
 prov. Seeland, 12| m. E. Middelburg ; connected by canal with 
 the R. Scheldt. P. (comm.) 6600. 
 
 Goes, tn. , Portugal, prov. Estremadura, dist. Coimbra, at the 
 foot of the Serra da Estrelha. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Goeta-elf, Sweden. See Giita-elf. 
 
 Goethlte, vil., U.S., Alabama, Tuscaloosa co., 25 m. SW. 
 Birmingham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Goff's Oak, eccles. par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, par. and i^ m. 
 NW. Cheshunt, P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Goflfstown, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Hillsborough co. , on 
 Piscataqua R., 13 m. S. by W. Concord. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gogar, hamlet, Scot., Midlothian, i m. NNW. from its stn. 
 on the N. B. R. , on G. Burn, 4^ m. SE. by S. South Queensferry. 
 
 Gogebic, settlement, U.S., Michigan, G. co., at the head of 
 G. Lake, 44 m. ESE. of the NW. corner of the state. The 
 county is in the extreme NW. of the state, on Lake Superior 
 and the Wisconsin frontier. See Iroiifvood. 
 
 Gogebic Lake, 12 m. long, is drained from its N. end first E. 
 into the Ontonagon R. , and by that N. into Lake Superior. 
 
 Gogebic Kauge, range of hills, U.S., Michigan and Wiscon- 
 sin, parallel to the S. shore of Lake Superior, one of the principal 
 dists. producing iron ore in the U.S. 
 
 Gogglngen, market-vil. , Ger. , Bavaria, govt. Swabia, on the 
 Wertach, circle and 2 m. SW. Augsburg. P. <40oo. 
 
 Gogbo, or Gogb&, tn. , Brit. India. See Gogo. 
 
 Goglnan, seat of lead-mines, Wales, Cardiganshire, 7J m. 
 NE. Aberystwith, PM.O. 
 
 Gogniagog Hills, a range about 3 m. SE. Cambridge, with 
 traces of a Roman camp with a triple entrenchment. 
 
 Gogo, tn., India, KithidwAr Penin., Bombay, dist. Ahma- 
 dabdd, on the W. side of the Gulf of Cambay, 45 m. W. 
 Broach. The natives are reckoned the best sailors or laskars 
 in India. The roadstead is a safe refuge during the SW. mon- 
 soon. P. (1881)7100; (1891)6600; Hindus, 3200; Moham. 2900. 
 
 Gogo, or Gagho, tn., western Sudan, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Niger, where it flows SE. in about 16° 15' N. ; cap. of the empire 
 of the Songhai or Sonrhai from the beginning of the nth to the 
 i6th century, now a miserable village. 
 596 
 
 Gogolin, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Strehlitz, 29 m. 
 NNW. Ratibor. P. <3000. 
 Gogoyan, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 4 m. SW. Tregaron. 
 
 P- <2SO. 
 
 Gogra, riv. , India, rises at the height of 13,000 ft. above the 
 Tibetan tn. of Tdkla Khdr, near the sources of the Sutlej and 
 the Brahmaputra, flows SE. then S. through Nepdl under the 
 name of the Karndli, or Kauriala, on entering the plains of the 
 Tarai gives off an eastern branch known as the Girwa, which 
 reunites with the western (Kauriala) branch in Brit. terr. (in the 
 Kheri dist. of Oudh). After the reunion the river again assumes 
 a SE. direction till it joins the Ganges just above Chapra. 
 Faizibdd is the only large town on its banks. Principal trib. 
 the Sarda, which joins it on the r. bk. ENE. of Lucknow. The 
 river is navigable throughout its whole course in Indian terr. , 
 and its traffic is important. Depth in mid channel nowhere 
 less than 6 ft. Length, 570 m. 
 
 Gognnda, tn., India, Rdjputina, 107 m. SSE. Jodhpur. 
 
 Gobad, fortified tn. , Central India, Gwalior state, in 26° 25' N. , 
 78° 29' E. P. (1891) 5400; Hindus, 4600; Moham. 600. 
 
 Gob&na, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Rohtak, 47 m. NW. 
 Delhi. P. (1881)7400; (1891)7700; Hindus, 2800; Moham. 4100. 
 
 Gobfeld, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Herford, 32 
 m. E. by S. Osnabriick, 9 m. SW. Minden. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Goblls, former large vil. , Ger. , N. of Leipzig, in which it is 
 now included. 
 
 Gobna, Himalayan vil. , in Brit. Garhwal, in 30° 23' N. , 79° 34' 
 E. , on the Birah-ganga, a 1. bk. trib. of the Ganges. Here a 
 series of landslips, the largest occurring on Sept. 22, 1893, caused 
 by the damming of the river, the formation of a lake, which sub- 
 sisted till Aug. 26, 1894, when the dam collapsed. 
 
 Giibren, vil., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, isl. of Riigen, on the 
 E. ct., 27 m. E. Stralsund. P. <20oo. 
 
 Goll, Locb, inlet, Scot. , Argyllshire, in the SE. , ascending 7 
 m. NNW. from the W. side of Loch Long. 
 
 Golndl, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Hamirpur. P. 
 (1891) 5300 ; Hindus, 5100. 
 
 Goln Locb, or Black-woodblll Dam, Scot. , E. Renfrewshire, 
 10 m. SSE. Paisley, drained SW. into the R. Irvine. 
 
 Golsem, vil.. Upper Austria, 30 m. ESE. Salzburg, 6 ra. S. 
 Ischl. P. < 2000. 
 
 Golto, comm., Italy, prov. and 8 m. NW. Mantua, dist. 
 Volta Mantovana, on the Mincio. P. 5600. 
 
 Gojam, dist., in the S. of Abyssinia, bounded by the Bahr- 
 el-Azrek (Abai), both on the E. and S. ; military cap. Monkorer ; 
 commercial cap. Basso. 
 
 Gojeb, torrent of the Galla lands, S. of Abyssinia, r. bk. 
 trib. of the Gugsa. 
 
 Gbk, Turkish, 'blue,' 'blue-green.' 
 
 Gok4k, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Belgium, 51 m. N. 
 by W. DhArwdr. P. (1881) 10,300; (1891) 12,100; Hindus, 9600. 
 
 Gokarn, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. N. Kdnara, on the 
 W. ct. , ^^ m. SW. by S. Dharwar ; place of pilgrimage. P. 
 (i89i)<sooo. 
 
 Gokcba (Gok-cbal, Armenian Sevanga), alpine lake, 
 Transcaucasia, govt. Erivaii, 40° 9'-4o° 37' N., 45° 1-45° 
 40' E. Alt. 6345 ft. Length, 45 m.; width, 20 m.; maximum 
 depth, 57 fathoms. Surrounded by mountains 12,000 ft. high, 
 and fed by numerous streams. Its level is subject to consider- 
 able periodic variations ; has one island, Sevanga, with a 
 monastery on it. Area, 527 sq. m. 
 
 Goklnal, in the old div. of Japan, the provincial group round 
 Kyoto, N., and E. of Ozaka Bay (Izumi-Nada). 
 
 Goklan, tribe. See Gnklan. 
 
 Gokong, tn. , Lower Cochin-China, about 37 m. S. Saigon 
 
 Gok-sn, riv., Asia Minor. See Selbiin. 
 
 Goktelk, gorge. Upper Burma, about 20 m. E. Mandalay, 
 on the route of the railway to Thibaw. 
 
 Gol, Mongolian, 'lake.' 
 
 Gdl, Turkish, 'lake.' 
 
 Cola, o\ gala, Slavonic, 'wood.' 
 
 Gola, territory, Africa. See Liberia. 
 
 G0I&, tn., Brit. India, NW. Prov., dist. Gorakhpur, on the 
 Kunna, 73 m. NNE. Benares. P. (1881) 7200; (1891) 6100; 
 Hindus, 5400; Moham. 700. 
 
 Gola, isl.. Ire., off NW. ct. of co. Donegal, at N. of entrance 
 to Gweedore Bay, in lat. 55° 6' N. On the E. G. Roads, which 
 affords a safe anchorag:e. 
 
 Golada, comm. , Spain, prov. Pontevedra, dist. Lalin. P. 5100. 
 
 Goliigbiit, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Sibsdgar, 88 m. SW. 
 Dibrugarh. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Golan Head, cape. Ire., on a small island at N. of entrance 
 to Galway Bay. 
 
 Goland, electoral div., Ire., Donegal, dist. Killygordon. 
 
 Golant, P.O., En^., Cornwall, on riv. and 2 m. N. Fowey. 
 
 Golbantl, viL, Brit. E. Africa. See Borabliil. 
 
 Golbome, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Newton div. , 5J m. S. by 
 E. Wigan, on the L. & NW. R. ; has coal. PMT.O. P. 5600. 
 
 Golborne Bellow and Golbome Bavld, adjoining pars., 
 Eng. , Cheshire, the former 7 m. SE. Chester. P. (of each) <2So. 
 
GOLC — GOLL 
 
 Clolcar, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Colne 
 Valley div. , 3 m. W. by S. Huddersfield, with a stn. on the 
 L. & NW. R. P. 9100. 
 
 Golconda, decayed city, India, in an arid, rocky desert, state 
 and 7 m. W. Haidardbdd, once the cap. of a powerful kingdom 
 of same name ; still possesses a fort crowning a rocky ridge of 
 granite, which alone gave importance to the site. The diamonds 
 for which it used to be famous were merely cut and polished 
 here, being found chiefly in the SE. of the Nizam's dominions. 
 
 Golconda, vil., U.S., Illinois, Pope co., on r. bk. of Ohio R. , 
 122 m. SE. St. Louis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Golconda, post and mining tn. , Tasmania, Dorset co. , 20 m. 
 by rail NNE. Launceston. P. <i50o. 
 
 Golconda, vil., U.S., Nevada, co. and on Humboldt R., and 
 the Central Pacific Rly., 168 m. NE. Carson City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Goldap, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, cap. circle G. , 
 55 m. S. by E. Tilsit. P. 6600. 
 
 Goldan, vil., Switzd., cant, and 5^ m. WNW. Schwiz, at 
 the S. foot of the Rossberg, by a landslip of which mountain the 
 formerly existing village of the same name, with the villages 
 Bussingen, Rother, and a part of. Lowerz, were totally buried 
 with 450 persons and many cattle, 2nd Sept. 1806. 
 
 Goldberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle G.-Hainau, on 
 the Katzbach,"i2 m. WSW. Liegnitz; woollen manufactures. 
 P. 6400. 
 
 Goldberg, tn., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle Parchim, 37 
 m. E. Schwann. P. <:4000. 
 
 GoldclifT, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , on the N. bk. 
 of the R. Severn, 4 m. SE. by E. Newport. P. 250. 
 
 Gold Coast, ct. region and Brit, colony and protectorate in 
 W. Africa, forming part of Upper Guinea. The Gold Coast 
 e.xtends from Newtown (W. of Cape Three Points) to Denu 
 (E. of Cape St. Paul). It is a monotonous tract of land, the 
 greater part of which is hilly, as the SW. offshoots of the Akposso 
 Mts. approach the coast between Axim and the Volta R. 
 Rivers : Tanoe, Ankobra, Busum-Pra, Volta, and Tojie. The 
 climate is oppressively hot, and very unhealthy to Europeans. 
 Inhabitants : numerous negro tribes (Ahanta, Dankira, Tufol, 
 Fanti, Adangbe, &c. ), their chief occupation being commerce. 
 Principal exports : palm-oil, palm-kernels, india-rubber, kola- 
 nuts, timber ; chief imports : textiles, hardware, spirits, and 
 tobacco. The whole region is more or less auriferous, and in 
 past times large quantities of gold were exported, but the aboli- 
 tion of slavery caused the decline of the gold industry among 
 the natives, and the great obstacles to European enterprise are 
 the unhealthiness of the climate, and the difficulties of transport, 
 as roads are absolutely wanting. Chief towns and roadsteads : 
 Axim, Elmina, Cape Coast Castle, Winnebah, Accra, Christians- 
 borg (old Danish fort, adjoining Accra, seat of Governor), and 
 Kita. There is cable connection with England, and regular 
 steam communication with England (African Steamship Co., 
 and British and African Steam Navigation Co.), and Germany 
 ( Woermann Line). Estimated area of colony, 15,000 sq. m. ; of 
 protectorate, 24,000 sq. m. Estimated P. 1,500,000 (150 Euro- 
 peans). See R. F. Burton and V. L. Cameron, To the Gold Coast 
 for Gold, London, 1883. [H. G. S.J 
 
 Gold Cove, Newfoundland, at head of White Bay, 56° 55' W. 
 
 Golden, tn., Ire., S. co. Tipperary, bar. Clanwilliam, 4 m. 
 WSW. Cashel, on the 1. bk. of the Suir, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Golden, city, U.S., Colorado, Jefferson co. , 11 m. W. Denver. 
 Alt. 5684 ft. (R.R.). Mean temp, (i yr.), yr. 51.6° F., Jan. 
 31.5°, July 75.5° ; rfall. , yr. 17.55 i"-. March-July 11.07 in- P- 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Golden BaU, P.O., Ire., SE. co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown, 
 4^ m. NW. Bray, 2 m. from Carrickmines stn. ; lead-smelting 
 works near. 
 
 Golden Bay, in NW. of South I. of New Zealand. See 
 Massacre Bay. 
 
 Golden City, vil., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the 
 C. P. R. , about 117° 20' W. , 1006 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, 476 
 m. E. Vancouver. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Goldeudale, vil., U.S., Washington, Klikitat co., 120 m. 
 W. by S. Walla Walla. P. <isoo. 
 
 Golden Gate, U.S. See San Francisco. 
 
 Golden Green, P.O., Eng., Kent, 2J m. NE. Tunbridge. 
 
 Golden Grove, stn., Wales, Carmarthenshire, on the Central 
 Wales and Carmarthen June. Rly., 11 m. E. by N. Carmar- 
 then, P.O. 
 
 GoldenhlU, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, 3 m. NW. 
 Burslem, with coal, on N. Staffordshire Rly., PM.O. P. <4000. 
 
 Golden Horn, The. See Constantinople. 
 
 Golden lake, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co., on 
 the R. Bonnech6re, at the outlet of the lake of the same name, 
 74 m. W. by N. Ottawa. 
 
 Golden Yale, fertile plain. Ire., cos. Limerick, Tipperary, 
 and Waterford, N. of the Galtee Mts. , consists of deep loam 
 on limestone, 250-400 ft. high, and is well adapted for apple 
 growing. 
 
 Golden Valley, dist., Eng., in the SE. of Gloucestershire, 
 between Bitton and Wick. 
 
 Golden Valley, post-tn., Tasmania, Westmoreland co., 35 
 m. SW. by W. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Golden Valley, settlement, W. Australia, in 30° 54' S. and 
 119° i' E. 
 
 Golden Valley Rallivay, rly., Eng., Herefordshire, laid 
 through the valley of the Dore from Pontrilas to Hay. 
 
 Goldbanger, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., on the N. 
 shore of the estuary of the Blackwater, 3^ m. E. by N. Maldon, 
 P. O. P. < 500 ; eccles. par. (G. with Little Tothani) P. < 1000. 
 
 Gold Hill, mining tn. , U.S., Nevada, Lyon co., 12 m. NE. 
 Carson City. Alt. 7000 ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Goldlngen, Lettish Knldlga, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Cour- 
 land, on Windau R. , 80 m. W. of Riga. P. 9500. 
 
 Goldlugton, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div. , on 
 the Great Ouse, 2 m. E. by N. Bedford, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Goldkronach, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Fran- 
 conia, 7 m. NE. Bayreuth. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gold 9f lues, post-vil. , Nova Scotia, co. Hants, 4 m. from 
 Mount Uniacke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gold Kiver, riv. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Lunenburg co. , issues 
 from Lake Sherbrooke, and flows E. into the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Golds (Chinese Yu-pi-dta-tsl), tribe of Tungus stem, occupy 
 a large terr. in Manchuria, on the lower Sungari R. , and in 
 Russia on the banks of the Amur, below its junction with Sun- 
 gari, and on lower Usuri. Number about 2500 in Russia. 
 Fishing and hunting are their chief means of living. Shamanists. 
 
 Goldsboro, city, U.S., N. Carolina, Wayne co. , 50 m. SE. 
 by E. Raleigh. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Goldsboro' Beef, or Goldsborough, post-tn., Victoria, 
 Gladstone co., 25 m. W. Sandhurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Goldsborongh, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the 
 coast, div. and 4^ m. NW. by W. Whitby, near Kettleness stn. 
 
 Goldsborongh, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon 
 div., 2| m. E. by S. Knaresborough, on the NE. R., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Goldsborongh, post-tn., New Zealand, South I., Westland 
 CO., 15 m. S. by W. Greymouth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Goldsborongh, gold-mining tp. , Queensland, Nares co. , 120 
 m. S. by E. Cook town. P. < 1500. 
 
 Goldshaw Booth, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, 6 m. NW. Burn- 
 ley. P. <5oo. 
 
 Goldstone, vil., Canada, Ontario, Wellington co., 62 m. 
 NE. by N. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Goldstone, vil., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 15J m. S. by E. 
 Nantwich, 4^ m. SSE. Market Drayton, on one of the Shrop- 
 shire Union Canals. 
 
 Golea, £1, or El Goleah, oasis of the Shaamba, Algeria, 
 420 m. S. Algiers. Alt. 1450 ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Goleen, tnld.. Ire., SW. ct. co. Cork, bar. W. Carbery, W. 
 div., 20 m. W. by S. Skibbereen, PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Golek-Boghaz, the Turkish name of the Cilician gates {q.v.). 
 
 Golcse, comm., Italy, prov. and circle Parma. P. <40oo. 
 
 Goletta ('throat,' Italian translation of the Arabic An^ el 
 Wed, ' river,' or ' wady throat ' — Egli), in French, La Gonlette, 
 the port of the city of Tunis, situated at the narrow mouth of 
 the shallow lagoon at the head of which the city stands. Now 
 connected with Tunis (q-v.) by a ship canal. 
 
 Golfo Dalce, large inlet, Central America, in the S. of Costa 
 Rica, Pacific coast. 
 
 Golfo Dnlce ('Fresh Gulf), lake of Central America, state 
 and 125 m. NE. Guatemala. Length about 36 m. , average 
 breadth 11 m., average depth from 6-8 fathoms. It receives 
 at its head the Polochic, and communicates with the Caribbean 
 Sea by an outlet 23 m. in length, known as the Rio Dulce, 
 which expands midway into another lake termed the ' Golfete,' 
 or Little Gulf. The lake, which is also called Lake Izabal, is 
 deep enough for large vessels, but a bar at the mouth of its 
 outlet admits only small ships. 
 
 Goliad, vil., U.S., Texas, cap. G. co., on San Antonio R., 
 no m. S. by E. Austin. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Goliad's Kraal, vil.. Cape Colony, Graaff Reinet co. , in 
 32° 8' S. , 24° 40' E. Alt. 3494 ft. Rfall. (20 yrs. ), 13.97 in. 
 
 Gollk, barbarous race, E. Tibet. See Kolo. 
 
 Goljema, Goljemi, Goljemo, S. Slavonic, 'great.' 
 
 Goljema 2eIJezna, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. LoveC, 31 m. SSW. 
 Plevna. P. < 3000. 
 
 Goljemo-Konare, tn. , Eastern Roumelia, prov. and 13 m. 
 NW. by W. Philippopolis. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Goljemo Selo, tn.. Eastern Roumelia, prov. Stara-Zagora. 
 P. <;30oo. 
 
 GoUan and Cefn Pawl, par., Wales, Radnorshire. See 
 Abbey cwm Hir. 
 
 Gollega, tn. , Portugal, prov. Estremadura, dist. Santarem, on 
 r. bk. of the Tagus, 70 m. NNE. Lisbon. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Golleschaa, comm., Austria, Silesia, 40 m. ESE. Troppau, 
 and 5 m. ESE. Teschen. P. <2poo. 
 
 Gollnow, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Nau- 
 gard, on the Ihna R. , 15 m. NE. Stettin. P. 7700. 
 
 Gollub, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, on the S. frontier of W. Prussia, 
 circle Briesen, 20 m. ENE. Thorn. P. < 3000. 
 
 597 
 
GOLN — GOOD 
 
 Golnltz, or GoInlczbAiiya, royal free tn. , with magistracy, 
 Hungary, prov. Zips., on Golnitz R., trib. of the Hernad, 19 
 m. NW. by W. Kaschau ; has iron and copper mines, worked 
 by Germans since the Middle Ages. Alt. 1220 ft. P. <:4000. 
 
 Golo, riv. , Corsica, enters the Mediterranean on its E. ct. , 12 m. 
 S. Bastia, 38 m. long ; near its mouth are the ruins of Mariana. 
 
 Golobok, vil. , in the N. of Servia, W. of the Morava, circle 
 Semendria. P. <:3000. 
 
 Golonstraya, vil. , Russia, E. Siberia, on W. shore of Lake 
 Baikal, 60 m. NE. of Irkutsk. From that spot the lake is 
 crossed (38 m. to Posolskiy monastery) on sledges during the 
 winter. 
 
 Golra Junction, rly. stn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 8 
 m. WNW. Rdwal Pindi. 
 
 Golspie, par. , Scot. , Sutherland, on the E. ct. , at the mouth 
 of G. Burn, 7 m. NNE. Dornoch, on the H. R. About 2 m. 
 NE. is Dunrobin Castle, the Scottish seat of the Duke of Suther- 
 land, said to be the oldest inhabited house in Scotland, having 
 been founded, according to one account, in 1098, according to 
 another, in 1275, by a thane of Sutherland ; mainly, however, 
 dating from 1845-51. 19,690 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Goltbo, par., Eng. , Lincolnshire, 2 m. SW. Wragby. P. < 
 250 ; eccles. par (G. wltli Bnlllngton) P. <25o. 
 
 Goltscb Jenlkan, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 30 m. N. by W. 
 Iglau. P. <:3000. 
 
 Golubac, vil., Servia, prov. Pozarevae, on the Danube, 38 m. 
 W. Orsova. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Golnblncl, comm., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Sriem, 
 dist. Stara Pazova. P. <:50oo. 
 
 Golnblnje, vil. , Servia, prov. Kraina, on the Danube, 17 m. 
 SW. by S. Orsova. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Golango, vil. , Portuguese W. Africa, 73 m. ESE. Loanda. 
 
 Goinngo Alto, vil. , about 42 m. E. Golungo. Rising coffee 
 plantations ; connected by rail with Loanda. 
 
 Gomal, riv. and pass across the Sulaiman range. See GnmfU. 
 
 Gomanton Hill, hill in the E. of Brit. N. Borneo, to the S. of 
 Sandakan Harbour, with celebrated caves from which edible 
 birds'-nests are obtained. 
 
 Gomasba, tn. , En. Sudan, 62 m. SSW. Famaka (Fazokl). 
 
 Gomdti, riv. , India. See GAnitl. 
 
 Gombd, or Gonbd, Tibetan, ' a monastery. ' 
 
 Gombe, tn., central Africa, Sokoto, about 160 m. SE. by 
 E. Kano, in about 10° 50' N., 10° 20' E. Alt. 1370 ft. (Rohlfs), 
 
 Gombln [Gqbiri], tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 72 m. W. 
 of Warsaw ; woollen-cloth mills. P. 5150. 
 
 Gombroon. See Bender Abbas. 
 
 Gomel (Homel), dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 108 m. SSE. 
 Moghilev, on Sozh R. ; important rly. junc. Trade in timber, 
 hemp, and linseed. P. (with Byelitsa suburb) 30,900. 
 
 Gomen, vil. , on the W. ct. of New Caledonia, in 20° 46' S. ; 
 has the E. end of the cable connecting the island with Queens- 
 land (Bundaberg). 
 
 Gomera, one of the Canary Is., W. of Teneriffe, from which 
 it is separated by a strait 13 m. broad. Length, 12 m. ; breadth, 
 
 9 m. Principal town St. Sebastian, on the E. ct. 
 Gomersal (gflm'er-sal), par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 
 Riding, Spen Valley div., 4^ m. SE. by S. Bradford, PMT.O. 
 Par. P. 13,000 ; tn. P. <4000. 
 
 Gomesende, comm., Spain, prov. Orense, dist. Celanova. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Go'metra, isl., Scot., Argyllshire, on the W. of Mull, in 
 56° 28^-30' N. , 6" 15-18^' W. P. 31. 
 
 Gomez, isl., Colombia, in the Caribbean Sea, at mouth of 
 the Magdalena, in 11° 6' N. and 74° 50' W. 
 
 Gommern, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Jerichow I., 
 
 10 m. ESE. Magdeburg. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Giimdr, co. (comitat), in the N. of Htmgary, crossed by 
 48^° N. , 20° E. 
 
 Gomsball, PMT.O., Eng., Surrey, div. and 5.^ m. E. by S. 
 Guildford, with a stn. (G. and Sbelre) on the SE. R. 
 
 Gonaires, seapt., isl., and republic, Haiti, cap. arr. ,W. ct. , 67 
 m. NNW. Port-au-Prince, in 19° 28' N. P. 3000. 
 
 Gonalston, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, div. and %\ m. SW. 
 by W. Newark, i^ m. SW. Thurgarton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Gonars, vil. , Italy, prov. Udine, circ. Palmanova. P. <4000. 
 
 Gonbd, Tibetan, ' a monastery.' See Gombil. 
 
 Goncelln, vil., France, dep. and on the Isere, arr. and 17 
 m. NE. by E. Grenoble. P. < 2000. 
 
 Gonchen, Tibetan, 'large monastery.' 
 
 Gonda, tn., India, KdthiAwar Penin. , 88 m. N. Diu. 
 
 Gonda, tn. , Brit. India, Oudh, cap. dist. G. , 69 m. E. by N. 
 Lucknow, occupying a site originally a jungle, in the centre of 
 which was a cattle-fold (Gontha, or Gothdm) protected from wild 
 beasts. P. (1881) 13,700 ; (1891) 17,400 ; Hindus, n,6oo ; 
 Moham. 5700. 
 
 Gondal, fortified tn. , India, Bombay Presidency, cap. of G. 
 state, in 21° 58' N., 70° 53' E. P. (1881) 13,500. 
 
 Gondar, tn. , Abyssinia, cap. of the prov. of Dembea in Am- 
 hara, 68 m. N W. by N. Debra Tabor, 25 m. N. of Lake Tsana. 
 Near it the ruins of the fort of Gimp, built by the Portuguese 
 598 
 
 as a residence for the king, but burnt by King Theodore. Alt. 
 variously estimated at firom 6200-7500 ft. Mean temp. (2 yrs. , 
 1832-33), yr. 66.9° P., Jan. 66.9°, July 62.4°. P. in last century 
 30,000, now reduced to about 8000. 
 
 Gondo, Gallery of, Switzd. , cant. Valais, the most remark- 
 able on the Simplon route, 596 ft. long, cut in the granite. Close 
 to the mouth of the gallery the roaring waterfall of the Frasci- 
 nonne leaps from the rocks close to the road, and is carried over 
 it by a bridge. 
 
 Gondo'koro, vil., En. Sudan, on the r. bk. of the Nile, in 4° 
 54' N., 9 m. above Lado. Alt. 1526 ft. 
 
 Gondomar, comm., Spain, prov. Pontevedra, dist. Vigo. 
 P. 7900. 
 
 Gondreconrt, comm., France, dep. Meuse, arr. Commercy, 
 21 m. SW. by W. Toul. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gondwdn^ ('the land of the Gond race'), an imperfectly 
 defined tract, India, between 18° and 24° 30' N. , ■j-j'^ and 87° E., 
 now mainly included in the Central Provs. It is hilly, comprising 
 the eastern portion of the Vindhya and Mahadeva Mts. , and in 
 some parts 5000 ft. above the sea. The country is wild and covered 
 with jungle, and the original natives, the Gonds, who speak a 
 Dravidian dialect, which survives chiefly in the S. and W. of G., 
 are savage and cruel. They were one of the earliest and most 
 powerful of the original dynasties of India. See India, Geologfy. 
 
 Goner by. Great, par. , Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , 
 2 m. NW. by N. Grantham, P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gonerby, Little, vil. adjoining. See Mautborpe. 
 
 Gonesse, comm., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Pontoise, 
 10 m. NNE. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <300o. 
 
 Gonfaron, comm., France, dep. Var, arr. Brignoles, 24 m. 
 NE. Toulon. P. < 3000. 
 
 Gonflrtta, hamlet, Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Delting 
 par., on an inlet of the same name, 14^ m. NNW. Lerwick. 
 
 Gongolgan, tp. , New South Wales, Cowper co. , 50 m. ESE. 
 Bourke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Goni, small isl. , on the W. of Asia Minor, opposite Chios I. , 
 in 38° 28' N. 
 
 Gonia, ct. vil. and seapt. , on the W. side of the Kapu Dagh 
 Penin. , Sea of Marmora, Asia Minor, 70 m. W. by N. Brussa. 
 
 Gonnesa, comm., Italy, Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 5 m. SW. 
 Iglesias. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gonnosfanadiga, comm., Sardinia, prov. and 30 m. NW. 
 Cagliari. P. 4000. 
 
 Gonobitz, vil. , Austria, Styria, 46 m. NW. Agram. P. <2000. 
 
 Gonor, rly. stn. Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R. , 
 1409 m. by rail W. Montreal, 15 m. E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Gonsenbelm, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle and 2J m. 
 W. Mainz. P. <;40oo. 
 
 Gonzaga, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 14 m. S. 
 Mantua. P. 7700. 
 
 Gonzales, city, U.S., Texas, cap. G. co. , on Guadalupe R. , 
 58 m. S. by E. Austin. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Goo-. See also under spelling Gn-. 
 
 Gooburmm, settlement, Queensland, Cook co. , on the 
 coast, in 24° 50' S. , near Bundaberg. 
 
 GoocMand, co., U.S., Virginia, S. of 38°N., and crossed by 
 78° W. , bounded on the S. by the James R. ; cap. G. Court House. 
 
 Goodbout, riv. , Canada. See Godbout. 
 
 Good Easter, Eng., Essex. See Easter, Good, P.O. 
 
 Goode Island, small isl. of the Prince of Wales group, N. 
 end of Queensland, with a signal station for ships. 
 
 Goodenougb, large bay, on the NE. ct. Brit. New Guinea, 
 in 9|°-io:^° S. 
 
 Goodenougb Island, the westernmost of the D'Entrecasteaux 
 group. 
 
 Gooderbam, vil., Canada, Ontario, Haliburton co. , 96 m. E. 
 by N. CoUingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gooderstone, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 14^ m. SE. by 
 S. King's Lynn, 3^ m. ENE. Stoke Ferry stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Good Ground, vil., U.S., New York, Suffolk co., on Long 
 I., 80 m. E. by N. Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Good Hope, Canada. See Fort Good Hope. 
 
 Good Hope, isls. , Polynesia. See Nluafu and Rekareka. 
 
 Good Hope, Bay of, bay, Alaska, at the end of Kotzebue 
 Sound, in 66° 28' N., i6i°-i64° W. 
 
 Good Hope, Cape of, the cape at the S. end of the narrow 
 penin. miming S. from Cape Town, S. Africa. The name is a 
 translation of the Portuguese Cabo da Boa Esperanfa, the name 
 given by King John II. of Portugal, because its doubling in 
 1487 by Bartholomew Diaz, who called it Cabo Tormentoso, or 
 Stormy Cape, afforded good hope of the discovery of the long- 
 sought for sea-way to India. 
 
 Good Hope, Cape, New Guinea. See Goede Hoop. 
 
 Goodbue, co. , Minnesota, in the SE. , bounded on the E. by 
 the Mississippi, N. of 44° N. 
 
 Goodland, vil, U.S., Indiana, Newton co., 73 m. S. by E. 
 Chicago (Illinois). P.<iSoo. 
 
 Goodland, city, U.S., Kansas, Sherman co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Goodleigh, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 2^ m. E. by 
 N. Barnstaple, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
GOOD — GORD 
 
 Goodmanliaiii, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howden- 
 shire div., 15^ m. NE. by N. Goole, i m. NE. Market Weigh- 
 ton stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Goodman Island, another name of Nugarba I. , Ger. New- 
 Guinea. 
 
 Goodna, rly. stn., Queensland, Stanley co., 10 m. SW. 
 Brisbane; coal-mines near. P. < 1500. 
 
 Goodnestone, par. , Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div. , si m. 
 WSW. Sandwich, i| m. E. Adisham stn., P.O. P.<Soo; 
 eccles. par. (G. wltb Grareney) P. <soo. 
 
 Goodnestoue, par. , Eng. , Kent, div. and 2 m. E. Faversham. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Goodooga, tp.. New South Wales, Narran co., 130 m. NE. 
 Bourke. P. <;isoo. 
 
 Goodrlcb, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 5 m. SSW. 
 Ross, I m. W. Lydbrook June, PM.O. P. <750. 
 
 Goodrington, vil. , Eng. , Devonshire, div. and 4 m. SW. by S. 
 Torquay, on Tor Bay, i^ m. S. Paignton stn. 
 
 Goodsba^v, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Rossendale div. , 
 4 m. ESE. Accrington, 2 m. E. Baxenden stn., with coal-mines. 
 P. 6100. 
 
 Goodson, tn., U.S., Virginia, Washington co. , adjoining 
 Bristol. P. <2000. 
 
 Goodwan Plateau, in the E. of the S. African Republic, with 
 a precipitous escarpment of 1500 ft., fronting the Kaap valley. 
 
 Goodwlck, PM.O., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on bay and ij 
 m. NW. Fishguard. 
 
 Good-win, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Deuel co., 145 m. N. by E. 
 Yan kton. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Good-win Sands, range of shoals at the S. extremity of the 
 North Sea, extending off the E. ct. of Eng., co Kent, between 
 the N. and S. Forelands, 5-8 m. from the coast ; the roadstead, 
 termed the Downs, lies between them and the mainland. Length 
 about 10 m. by i^ m. in breadth. They are divided into two 
 parts by Trinity Bay and the Swash, in many places bare at 
 low water, and owing to their shifting and loose nature and 
 position near the entrance to the Thames, have, perhaps, proved 
 more fatal to life and property than any other known quicksands. 
 Floating lights, with bells rung during fogs, are placed upon them. 
 The name has been conjectured to be connected with a British 
 word gwydn , meaning ' a soft tenacious soil. ' By popular 
 tradition the name has been connected with Earl Godwin 
 (Camden speaks of the Godw^yn Sands), the shoals being held 
 to represent a former island said to have belonged to Earl 
 Godwin, and to have been submerged, when one of the abbots 
 of St. Augustine, Canterbury, to which the island had been 
 transferred, diverted the funds for the maintenance of the sea- 
 wall round the island to the erection of Tenterden steeple. 
 
 Goodwood, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. and 27 m. NNE. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. See also Bryanston. 
 
 Good-wood, seat of the Duke of Richmond, Eng., Sussex, 
 div. and 3 m. NE. by N. Chichester, 3 m. N. Drayton stn. G. 
 racecourse is i m. to the NE. 
 
 Good-wood, suburb, 2| m. S. Adelaide, S. Australia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Goodwortli Clatford, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 2 m. 
 S. by E. Andover, on the Anton, \ m. NW. Winchester, close 
 to Clatford stn. P. 500. 
 
 Goolagong, tn. , New South Wales, Forbes co. , on R. Lachlan , 
 45 m. SW. by W. Orange. P. < 1500. 
 
 Goolamore, electoral div.. Ire., Mayo, dist. Bangor. 
 
 Goold's €ross and Casbel, stn.. Ire., W. co. Tipperary, bar. 
 Kilnamanagh Lower, 8i m. SSW. Thurles, on the Great 
 Southern and Western Rly., PT.O. 
 
 Goole, par., market-tn. , and seapt. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Osgoldcross div., on the r. bk. of the Ouse, and on the 
 NE. R. and L. & Y. R., 17 m. NE. Doncaster. Has a dry 
 dock and patent slip, and eight wet docks, all commimicating 
 with one another, the deeper ones 18-22 feet deep on sill at 
 high water. Imports raw wool, linen yarn, grain, fruit, &c. ; 
 exports cotton yarn and piece goods, woollen yarn and tissues, 
 machinery and mill-work, i&c. To enable large ships to reach 
 G. great improvements have been effected in the lower reaches 
 of the Ouse by the erection of training walls. For statistics, see 
 Appendix, p. 13. Market-day, W. Par. 4838 ac, P. < 5000; 
 tn. P. (i88i) 10,400; (1891) 15,400. 
 
 Goole Fields, P.O., 2 m. S. Goole stn. 
 
 Gool-wa, fishing tn. and riv. port., S. Australia, Hindmarsh 
 CO., at the mouth of the Murray, on Lake Alexandrina, 43 m. 
 SSE. Adelaide, connected bv rail with the seapt. of Port Victor 
 (see Murray, riv.). Rfall. (19 yrs.), 16.85 in. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Goona, tn. , Central India, Gwalior state, cap. G. dist., 98 m. 
 N. by W. Bhopil. P. (i88i)<4000. 
 
 Goondl-wlndl, tn., Queensland, Marsh co., 175 m. WSW. 
 Brisbane. P. < 1500. 
 
 Goonbarern, P. O. , Eng., Cornwall, 2 m. NE. Perranzabuloe. 
 
 Goor, tn., Holland, prov. Overijssel, 14 m. W. Enschede. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Goorase, eastern Sudan. See Atbara, riv. 
 
 Goornong, post-tn., Victoria, Bendigo co. , 15 m. NE. Sand- 
 hurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Goose Bradon, Eng. See Hambrldge. 
 
 Goose Green, PM.O., Eng., Lancashire, Ince div., 2 m. SW. 
 Wigan, I m. SE. Pemberton stn. 
 
 Goose Island, Canada, Quebec, in the St. Lawrence R. , 13 
 m. NE. Orleans I. 
 
 Goose Island, Canada, Nova Scotia, off the coast of Halifax 
 and Guysborough cos. , just W. of 62° W. 
 
 Goose Island, rocky islet, Tasmania, in Bass Strait, in lat. 
 40° 18' S., 148° 5' E. Mean temp., yr. 55.9° F., Jan. 62.5°, Aug. 
 49.4°. 
 
 Goose Lake, stn. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R. , 
 529 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Goose Lake, Canada, Ontario, dist. Keewatin, to the W. of 
 92° W. , drained SE. by a short river into a smaller lake. 
 
 Goose Lake, Canada, Ontario, dist. Keewatin, just W. of 88° 
 W. , drained W. into Cross Lake. 
 
 Goose Lake, U.S., California and Oregon, in 120° 40' W., 
 drained by the Pit R. into the Sacramento, 30 m. long by 10 
 m. wide. It lies W. of the Warner range, but is connected 
 with Warner Lake E. of that range. 
 
 Goosey, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 9^ m. WSW. Abing- 
 don, im. N. Challow stn. P.<:25o. See Stanford In the Vale. 
 
 Goosnargb, par., Eng., Lancashire, Blackpool div., 5 m. 
 NNE. Preston, 3 m. W. by S. Longridge stn. , PM.O. ; 8673 ^*^- 
 P. <2ooo ; eccles. par. (G. -wltb Wblttlngbam) P. <35oo. 
 
 Goostrey cum Barnsba-w, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford 
 div., 9 m. W. by S. Macclesfield, 2 m. NNE. Holmes Chapel 
 stn., with a stn. (G.) on the L. & NW. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Gooty, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Anantapur, 48 m. E. byS. 
 Bellary, with a fort of immense strength ; captured by the British 
 in the Mysore campaign of 1799. P. (1881) 5400 ; (1891) 6600 ; 
 Hindus, 4400. 
 
 Gopdlpur, tn. and seapt. , Brit. India, Madras, on the Bay of 
 Bengal, dist. and 10 m. SW. Ganjam, of rapidly increasing im- 
 portance. Vessels anchor i^ m. from shore, and load and dis- 
 charge by surf-boats. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Gopiimau, tn. , Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Hardoi, 58 m. NW. 
 Lucknow. P. (1881) 5400; (1891) 6000; Moham. 3400; 
 Hindus, 2600. 
 
 Gopes, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 14 m. NW. by W. 
 Monastir. 
 
 Gopplngen, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle of the 
 Danube, 22 m. E. by S. Stuttgart. P. 14,300 ; (coram.) 14,440. 
 
 Gopsall, par., Eng., Leicestershire, 4^ m. NW. Market 
 Bosworth. P. <25o. 
 
 Gor, comm., Spain, prov. Granada, dist. Guadix. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Gara, Slavonic, 'a mountain' or ' hill.' 
 
 Gortl, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Gorakhpur, on riv. 
 Rapti, in 26° 33' N. , 83° 51' E. P. (1891) 7800; Hindus, 7200; 
 Moham. 600. 
 
 Goragb, vil.. Ire., co. Armagh, bar. Upper Orior, 3J m. N. 
 b-y W. Newry, with a stn. (Goragb-wood June.) on the G. N. 
 of Ire. Rly. 
 
 Goral, riv. , Bengal. See SIddbumati. 
 
 Gora Kal-warya, tn. , Russian Poland, on 1. bk. Vistula, 
 govt, and 23 m. SE. of Warsaw ; place of pilgrimage. P. 3300. 
 
 Gorakhpur, or Gomckpore, city, Brit. India, NW. Prov., 
 cap. dist. G., on the Rapti, 100 m. N. by E. Benares. Alt. 
 256 ft. Mean rfall., yr. 48.3 in., June-Oct. 44.6 in. P. (1872) 
 51,100; (1881)57,900; (1891)63,200; Hindus, 41,100 ; Moham. 
 21,700 ; total including cantonment, 63,600. 
 
 Gorals, people, Austria. See Gallcla. 
 
 Goram, Dutch isl. , Malay Archipelago, 20 m. in circumference, 
 in 4° 3' S. , and 131° 30' E. 
 
 Gorazda, vil. , Bosnia, on the Drina, prov. and 29 m. SE. by 
 E. Sarajevo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gorbals, par. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, part of Glasgow. P. 6000. 
 
 GorbatOT, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 35 m. WSW. of 
 Nizhniy Novgorod ; manufacture of iron goods and hardware. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Gorbea, Pena de, mt., Spain, between the provs. Vizcaya 
 and Alava, in 43° 2' N. Alt. 5045 ft. 
 
 Gorbersdorf, vil. , Prussia, Silesia, govt. Breslau, dist. Fried- 
 land, close to the Bohemian frontier ; a frequented health resort. 
 Alt. 1800 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Gorblcbenskoye, vil., E. Siberia, prov. and 20 m. SE. 
 Yeniseisk, Yenidei. P. <-20oo. 
 
 Gorbltsa, vil., Russia, E. Siberia, govt. Transbaikalia, 155 
 m. NE. of Nerchinsk, on 1. bk. ofShilka. P. < 1000. 
 
 Gorcha, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Korltsa. 
 
 Giirchen, tn., Prussia, prov. and 52 m. S. Posen, circle 
 Rawitzsch. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gordano, dist. , Eng. , in the N. of Somerset, W. of Bristol. 
 
 Gorden, co. , New South Wales, crossed in the S. by 33° S., 
 and crossed in the W. by 147° E. 
 
 Giirdlz, tn. , in the W. of Asia Minor, vilayet and 73 m. NE. 
 by E. Smyrna, sanjak Sarukhan. P. 4000 ; Moham. 3400. 
 
 Gordo. See Punta Gordo. 
 
 Gordon, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Essex co., on the R. 
 Detroit, 12 m. S. by W. Windsor. 
 
 599 
 
GORD— GORO 
 
 Gordon, par., Scot., Berwickshire, on Eden Water, 4 m. 
 SW. Greenlaw, and 11 J m. SW. Duns, with a stn. on the 
 N. B. R., PM.O. ; 9713 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Gordon, riv., Tasmania, rising W. of Lake St. Clair, flows 
 W. into Macquarie Harbour on the W. ct. 
 
 Gordon, post-tn. , New South Wales, Drake co. , 30 m. NW. 
 by N. Grafton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gordon, co., Queensland, crossed by 26° S. and 142° and 
 143° E. 
 
 Gordon, Tasmania. See Three Hat Point. 
 
 Gordon, postal-vil. , S. Australia, Newcastle co. , 41 m. NE. 
 Port Augusta. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Gordon, co. , U.S., Georgia, between 34° and 35° N., and 
 crossed by 85° W. 
 
 Gordon, settlement, U.S., Nebraska, Sheridan co., 93 m. 
 E. by S. of the NW. corner of the state. 
 
 Gordon, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schulykill co., 44 m. NE. 
 by N. Harrisburg, and 10 m. WNW. Pottsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gordon, mining tp. , Victoria, Grant co., 13 m. E. Ballarat. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Gordon, East and West, two vils., Scot., Berwickshire, the 
 latter 8 m. E. by S. Lauder, with a stn. (G.) on the N. B. R. 
 
 Gordon Bay, on the S. ct. of Cape Colony, in the NE. of 
 False Bay. 
 
 Gordon Bennett, mt. , central Africa, seen and named by 
 Stanley in 1875 ; probably one of the peaks of Ruwenzori {g.v.}. 
 Alt. 14-15,000 ft. 
 
 Gordon Hoofd, cape, Dutch Guiana, in 56° 43' W. 
 
 Gordonla, dist., in SW. of Brit. Bechuana-land, on Orange 
 R. , between about 20° 50' and 21° 50' E. 
 
 Gordon Memorial, eccles. par. , Scot. See Bartbol Cbapel. 
 
 Gordon Mills, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Hastings, on 
 R.Trent. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gordon Place and Dyce, vil. , Scot. , Aberdeenshire, Dyce 
 par. P. <75o. 
 
 Gordon Keef, Fiji Is. See Tamiri. 
 
 GordonsTllle, vil, U.S., Virginia, Orange co., 57 m. NW. 
 Richmond. P. < 1500 
 
 Gore, Sanskrit, 'a fort.' See Ghar. 
 
 Gore, post-vil. , Canada, about the middle of Nova Scotia, co. 
 Hants, 16 m. from Schubenacadie, with granite and slate quarries. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Gore, tn. , New Zealand, South L, Southland co., 37 m. NE. 
 Invercargill. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Gorebrldge, vil. , Scot., Midlothian, on Gore Water, 3i m. 
 S. by E. Dalkeith, on the N. B. R. ; has coal-mines. PMT.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Goree, basaltic isl. and tn., western Africa, belonging to 
 France, immediately SE. Cape Verde, opposite Dakar, in 14° 
 41' N., 17° 24' W.; about 3 m. in circumference, and steep on 
 the W. , S. , and E. sides, and is defended by Fort St. Michael. 
 At its NE. extremity is a roadstead, 30-60 ft. deep, safe for 
 shipping during eight months in the year. It is the seat of civil 
 and commercial tribunals, and the entrepot for French com- 
 merce on the coast of Senegambia. Exports gold dust, ivory, 
 wax, &c. Moderately healthy. G. was repeatedly taken by the 
 English and Dutch in the last and the present centuries, and the 
 name is of Dutch origin — equivalent to Goeree. Rfall. (10 yrs. ), 
 20.95 inches. P. 2000. 
 
 Gorefleld, eccles. par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Leverington 
 par., 3 m. NW. Wisbech, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Gore Island, or St. Matthew, isl. , in the Bering Sea, about 
 midway between America and Asia, in 60° 18' N. and 172° 4' 
 W. ; 28 m. long. 
 
 Gore Point, another name for Hunstanton Point, Eng. 
 
 Gore Sand, sandbank, Eng., Somerset, in Bridgwater Bay. 
 
 Goresbridge, tn.. Ire., E. co. Kilkenny, bar. Gowran, 11 
 m. E. by S. Kilkenny, on the r. bk. of the Barrow, with a stn. 
 on the G. S. & W. and Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Rlys. , 
 PMT.O. P. 500. 
 
 Gore Wood, uninhabited par., Eng., Dorsetshire, Cerne 
 union. 
 
 Gorey, tn., Eng., Channel Is., Jersey, on the E. ct. , 3^ m. 
 ENE. St. Helier, PMT.O., with two stns. (G. and G. Pier). 
 Harbour area, 11 ac. ; depth at quayside high water ordinary 
 springs, 18 ft. 
 
 Gorey, civic tn. , Ire., NE. co. Wexford, bar. G. , 10 m. SSW. 
 Arklow, on the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Rly. P. <25oo. 
 
 Gorg^ny Szent Inure, tn. , Hungary, prov. Maros-Torda, 
 60 m. E. Klausenburg. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Gorghan, riv. , Persia. See Gnrgan. 
 
 Gorgie, vil., Scot., Midlothian, \ m. WSW. from its stn. on 
 the N. B. R., 2 m. SW. by W. Edinburgh. P. <iooo. 
 
 Gorgona, small isl. , off the W. ct. of Colombia, in 3° N. and 
 78° 12' W. 
 
 Gorgona, small isl. , in the Mediterranean, between Corsica 
 and Leghorn. 
 
 Gorgonzola, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 13 m. 
 ENE. Milan ; noted for its cheese. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Gorgotton Lalie, lake, Canada, Quebec, on the W. border 
 600 
 
 of Saguenay co. , drained SE. by the R. Escoumins into the R. 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 Gorgram, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Rangpur, 30 m. 
 SSE. Darji'ling. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Gortaam, tn., U.S., Maine, Cumberland co., 7 m. W. by N. 
 Portland. P. <3000. 
 
 Gorliani, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Coos co., 91 m. NW. 
 Portland ; is a favourite summer resort. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gorhamhnry, viL, Eng., Hertfordshire, St. Albans div., on 
 the Ver, 2^ m. WNW. St. Albans. 
 
 Gori, dist., Afghanistan, N. of the Hindu Kush, 50 m. SW. 
 Kunduz. 
 
 Gori, dist. tn. , Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 50 m. by 
 rail NW. of Tiflis. Alt. 2000 ft. P. 7300. 
 
 Gorial, tn., India, Rijputdna, 55 m. SW. by W. Ajmere. 
 
 Gorinchem, popularly called Gorkum, comm., Holland, 
 prov. S. Holland, on the Maas, 12 m. E. Dordrecht. P. 12,000. 
 
 Goring, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Thames, 8J m. N W. by W. Reading, on the G. W. R. , 
 PMT.O., and P.O. (G. Heath) ; 4611 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Goring, ct. par., Eng., Sussex, Lewes div., 6| m. ESE. 
 Arundel, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Goritsa, vil., Turkey in Europe, on the Boyana, prov. and 
 7 m. SW. by W. Scutari. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Goritz, tn., Ger. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle West- 
 sternberg, on the r. bk. of the Oder, 7^ m. S. Kiistrin ; has 
 lignite mines. P. <:3000. 
 
 Goritza, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Korltsa. 
 
 Gorizio, tn. , Austria. See Gorz. 
 
 Gor jin, prov. , in the SW. of Roumania, stretching S. from the 
 Transylvanian Alps, crossed by 23^° E. ; chief town, Tirgu JiuUu. 
 
 Gorkan, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 19 m. SW. by W. Teplitz. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Gorltl, or Gory-gorkl, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 80 m. 
 NE. of Moghilev ; high school of agriculture. Alt. 679 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 40.3° F., Feb. 16.1°, July 64.8°. P. 6600. 
 
 Gorkum. See Gorinchem. 
 
 Gorleston, eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk and Suffolk, on the 
 Yare, opposite Yarmouth, and included in that bor. P. 11,700. 
 
 Gorlice, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, 39 m. SE. by E. 
 Bochnia. P. 5700. 
 
 Gorli Minora, comm., Italy, prov. Milan, circle Gallarate. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Gorlitz, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 25 m. E. Bautzen (Saxony), 
 on the Neisse, here traversing a narrow valley, cutting through 
 the foot-hills of the Sudetes (Lausitzer-Gebirge). It was already 
 a fortified town in the 12th century, passed with the rest of Upper 
 Lusatia to the electorate of Saxony in 1635, but annexed to 
 Prussia in 1815. It has grown rapidly since Saxony joined the 
 German Customs Union in 1833. Has woollen and various other 
 manufactures. Cap. circle G. Alt. 725 ft. P. (1831) 8000; 
 (1871) 42,200 ; (1890) 62,000. 
 
 Gorm, Gaelic, 'blue.' 
 
 Gorm Loch, lake, Scot., Argyllshire, Islay I., in the W. 
 drained SW. into Machir Bay. 
 
 Gormanstown, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Meath, bar. Upper Duleek, 
 7 m. SE. by S. Drogheda, on the Dublin and Drogheda Rly. ; 
 in a rich fruit-growing dist. P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Gornal, Lower, eccles. par. and suburb of Wolverhampton, 
 Eng. , in the S. div. , about 2 m. WSW, Tipton stn. , with coal- 
 mining, PMT.O. P. 6500. 
 
 Gornal, Upper, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, adjoining 
 Lower Gornal, PM.O. P. <sooo. 
 
 Gorne Grodzisko, comm. , Austria. See Grodzisko. 
 
 Gorner Glacier and Gorner Grat. See Alps, Subdivisions, 
 II. A. 1. 
 
 Gornja, Gornje, Gornji, S. Slavonic, 'upper.' For names 
 beginning with these prefixes, see under the second part of the 
 name. 
 
 Gornjane, vil. , in the NE. of Servia, dist. Kraina. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gornsdorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, 4^ m. 
 ENE. Stolberg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gorodishche, Horodiszcze, Grodisko, Gorod, Grad, Slavonian, 
 formerly for ' fort,' later on for ' town.' 
 
 Gorodishche, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 32 m. ENE. of 
 Penza. P. 4500. 
 
 Gorodishche, tn., Russia, govt, and 100 m. SE. of Kiev; 
 sugar-works and steam flour-mills. Mean temp., yr. 47.2° F., 
 Jan. 21.8°, July 69.8°. P. 7000. 
 
 Gorodnya, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 36 m. NE. of 
 Chernigov, near to railway line to Vilna. P. 4000. 
 
 Gorodok, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 23 m. NNW. Vitebsk. 
 
 P- 5750- 
 
 Goroke, post-tn., Victoria, Lowan co., 300 m. NW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 GorokhoTets, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 160 m. by rail E, 
 of Vladimir, on Klyazma R. P. <3000. 
 
 Gorongoza, picturesque, fertile, and thickly peopled region, 
 Portuguese E. Africa, S. of the Zambezi, crossed by 18° S. , 35° E. 
 
 Gorontalo, tn. and dist., En. Archipelago, in the NE. of 
 
GO RP 
 
 GOSS 
 
 Celebes I., a few miles to the N. of the N. shore of the Gulf 
 ofTomini. P. (dist.) 81,000. 
 
 Gorple Stones, hill, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, sj m. E. 
 Burnley. Height, 1533 ft. 
 
 ClOrran, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., on €>orran 
 Haven, 11 m. E. by S. Truro, with a life-boat; crab-fisheries. 
 PM.O., and P.O. («. Haven). 4961 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Gorrltl, isl. , off the S. ct. of Uruguay, in 55° W. , sheltering 
 the roadstead of Maldonado. 
 
 Gorron, tn., France, dep. and arr. Mayenne, on the Colmont, 
 24 m. N. Laval. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gitrsdorf, comm. , Bohemia, circle Reichenberg, dist. Kratzau ; 
 has lignite mines. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Gorsedd, eccles. par., Wales, Flintshire, Whitford and 
 Ysceifiog pars. P. <75o. 
 
 Gorse Lane, stn. , Wales, Glamorganshire, ij m. W. Swan- 
 sea, on the Swansea and Mumbles Rly. P. <3000. 
 
 Gorseinoii, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., on the 
 L. & NW. R., 5 m. NW. Swansea; has coal. PMT.O. 
 
 Gorsko SUvovo, tn., Bulgaria, dist. Sevlijevo. P. < 3000. 
 
 Gorslas, eccles. par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, Llandebie, 
 Llanfihangel, Aberbythych, and Llanarthney pars., P.O. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Gorsley and Clifford's Mesne, eccles. par., Eng., Glou- 
 cestershire and Herefordshire, Ross div., 5 m. E. by N. Ross, 
 and 2 m. WSW. Newent. P. < 1000. 
 
 Gorsty Hill, P.O. , Eng. , i m. from Blackheath, Staffordshire. 
 
 Gort, Celtic (Irish), 'field.' 
 
 Gort, tn.. Ire., S. co. Galway, bar. Kiltartan, 14 m. SW. 
 Loughrea, on the Athenry and Ennis Rly., PMT.O. Market- 
 day, S. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Gortaclnre, P.O., Ire., co. Tyrone, 3 m. from Beragh. 
 
 Gortahlll, P.O., Ire., co. Cavan, 3 ra. from Blacklion. 
 
 Gortaliork, electoral div. , Ire. , N W. co. Donegal, bar. Kil- 
 macrenan, on Ballyness Bay, 32 m. WNW. Londonderry, PM.O. 
 
 Gortabnrk, electoral div.. Ire., Fermanagh, dist. Florence- 
 court. 
 
 Gortaittaold Point, cape, Scot. , Argyllshire, on the N. ct. 
 of Islay I., in 6° 16' W. 
 
 Gortatlea, stn., Ire., co. Kerry, 6 m. SE. Tralee, on the 
 G. S. & W. (Ire.)R., P.O. 
 
 Gortavoy, tnld. , Ire., E. co. Tyrone, bar. Middle Dungannon, 
 6 m. N W. Dungannon, 3 m. from Pomeroy stn. , P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Gorteeii, electoral div. , Ire. , NE. King's co. , bar. Philipstown 
 Lower, i2i m. N. by W. Portarlington. 
 
 Gortcen, electoral div. , Ire., King's co., dist. Roscrea No. i. 
 
 Gorteeii Point, cape, Ire. , SW. ct. co. Galway. 
 
 Gorteudoil, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, in the SE. of Mull I., 
 at the S. of the entrance to Loch Spelve. 
 
 Gortenfeni, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, on the N. ct. of Ard- 
 namurchan Penin. , 15 m. NN W. of the head of Loch Sunart. 
 
 Gortermone, electoral div., Ire., Leitrim, dist. Carrigallen. 
 
 GortKraiiagli, electoral div.. Ire., Tyrone, dist. Drumquin. 
 
 Gortlca^tle, I'pper, P.O. , Ire. , 13 m. from Newtown Stewart. 
 
 Gortln, tn. , Ire. , NE. co. Tyrone, bar. Upper Strabane, 9 m. 
 N. by E. Omagh, PM.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Gortkelly, electoral div. , Ire. , Tipperary, dist. Borrisoleigh. 
 
 Gortleck, or Gorthllck, P.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, 15 m. 
 NE. Fort Augustus. 
 
 Gortniore, electoral div., Ire., Cork, dist. Kanturk. 
 
 Gortnadieve, P. O. , Ire. , NE. co. Galway, 8 m. from Ballymoe. 
 
 Gortnagnlllon, electoral div. , Ire. , co. and dist. Leitrim. 
 
 Gortnapeaky, electoral div. , Ire. , Waterford, dist. Ballyduff. 
 
 Gortnascreeny, electoral div. , Ire. , Cork, dist. Dromdaleague. 
 
 Gortnaskeliy, electoral div.. Ire., Cork, dist. Kilworth. 
 
 Gortuatnbbrid, electoral div.. Ire., Cork, dist. Slieveardagh. 
 
 Goi'tnavern, electoral div. , Ire. , Donegal, dist. Letterkenny. 
 
 Gortnessy, P.O., Ire., NW. co. Londonderry, bar. Tirkeeran, 
 4 m. Londonderry. 
 
 Gorton, par., Eng., Lancashire, G. div., part in city of Man- 
 chester, on M. S. & L. R., PM.O. (West «.). Alt. 263 ft. 
 Mean rfall. (1866-80), 34.5 in. P. 41,200; urban sanitary dist. 
 P. 15,200; pari. div. P. 77,700. 
 
 Gortreagli, P.O., Ire., 5 m. firom Cookstown, co. Tyrone. 
 
 Gortroe, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 3 m. SE. 
 Rathcormack, i m. from Lombardstown stn. ; 9043 ac. P. < 
 1000. 
 
 Gortys, Greece. See Karytaiiia. 
 
 Gornckpore. See Goraklipnr. 
 
 Gornnina, electoral div. , Ire., Galway, dist. Lettermore. 
 
 Gornmua, isl.. Ire., W. co. Galway, N. of entrance to 
 Galway Bay ; 5871 ac. P. 1706. 
 
 Goriin, or Giiriin, tn., Asiatic Turkey, 90 m. E. Kaisarieh ; 
 mission stn. Alt. 5790 ft. P. <2000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Gorvagli, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Mohill (Longford). 
 
 Gor'wydd, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, on R. Teifi, 2 m. N. 
 Lampeter ; 6359 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Gory-gorki, tn. , Russia. See Gorki. 
 
 Goryft, riv., E. Siberia, 1. bk. trib. of lower Amur; length, 
 300 m. 
 
 Gorz, Italian, Gorlzio, tn. , Austria, Coast Province, 20 m. 
 N. by W. Trieste, near 1. bk. of the Isonzo ; seat of an arch- 
 bishop ; winter health resort ; various manufactures. Alt. 308 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 55.3° F., Jan. 38.0°, July 74.2°. P. 21,800. 
 
 Gorzone, or Canal Xegro, canal, N. Italy, parallel to the 
 Adige, N. bank, joins the Brenta S. of Chioggia. 
 
 Gosan, wooded valley. Upper Austria, contains two lakes. 
 Alts. 3935 ft. and 3070 ft. 
 
 Gosbeck, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 7 m. N. 
 Ipswich, 4 m. E. Needham Market. P. <5oo. 
 
 Gosberton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland div., 5^ m. N. 
 Spalding, on the G. E. andG. N. Joint Rly., PMT.O. ; 8335 ac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Gosberton Clough, P.O., 4 m. from Gosberton. 
 Goschenen, vil. , Switzd. See Gesclienen. 
 
 Goschen Strait, the channel between the E. end of New 
 
 Guinea and Normanby I. 
 
 Gose, riv. , Ger. See Goslar. 
 
 Gosfleld, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., 4^ m. NNE. 
 Braintree, 2 m. WSW. Halstead stn., PM.O. P. <7SO- 
 
 Gosford, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, on the Cherwell, div. and 
 4 m. SE. by E. Woodstock, 2 m. SE. Woodstock Road stn. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Gosford, postal-tp. , New South Wales, Northumberland co. , 
 35 m. N. by E. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gosford Bay, bay, Scot., on the NW. ct. of Haddington- 
 shire, in 55° 59I' N. 
 
 Gosforth, par., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 11^ m. 
 SE. by S. Whitehaven, z^va. NE. by E. Seascale stn., PMT.O ; 
 8257 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gosforth, North, par., Eng., Northumberland, Tyneside 
 div., 4^ m. N. Newcastle. P. <25o. 
 
 Gosforth, South, par., 2 m. S. Gosforth, with a stn. (Gos- 
 forth) on the NE. R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gosha, dist. , Brit. E. Africa. See Gusha. 
 
 Goshaden, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Claudy, co. Londonderry. 
 
 Goshcha, Slavonic. See Goszcza. 
 
 Goshen, post-tn., Tasmania, Cornwall co. , 50 m. E. Laun- 
 ceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Goshen, city, U.S., Indiana, Elkhart co., 90 m. E. by S. 
 Chicago (111.). P. 6000. 
 
 Goshen, vil., U.S., New York, Orange co., 29 m. SW. by 
 S. Poughkeepsie. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Goslar, tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 18 m. S. by W. Wolfen- 
 biittel, on an affluent of the Oker, at the NE. foot of the Harz, 
 at the foot of the Rammelsberg, a mountain rich in silver and 
 other metallic ores, which have been mined from an early date, 
 and are still worked, though they have lost a good deal of their 
 former importance. Smelting, and beer brewing, and various 
 other industries are carried on. Slate quarries near. Fortified 
 by Henry the Fowler early in the loth century ; was formerly a 
 frequent seat of the German Diets, and residence of the emperor, 
 and still retains an old imperial palace. G. is the seat of the 
 mining council of the Harz, and of the corn depot for the 
 Prussian portion of that region. The first part of the name is 
 derived from the R. Gose, a small stream which joins the Oker 
 near G. , but the origjin of the termination lar, which occurs also 
 in Wetzlar, Fritzlar, and many old German names, is doubtful 
 (Egli). P. (1825) 5700; (1890) 13,200; (comm.) 13,300. 
 
 Gospel Oak, stn., Eng., London, N. St. Pancras div., 4^ m. 
 NW. by N. St. Paul's, on the Hampstead June. Rly. 
 
 Gosper, co., U.S., Nebraska, S. of 41° N., crossed in the 
 SW. by 100° W. 
 
 Gospic, comm. , Hungary, 70 m. SE. by S. Fiume. Alt. 1842 
 ft. Mean temp., yr. 48.0° F., Jan. 27.6°, July 69.0°. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Gosport, vil., U.S., Indiana, Owen co., on r. bk. of W. 
 branch of White R., 39 m. E. by S. Terre Haute. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gosport and Alverstoke, fortified seapt. tn. (urban sanitary 
 dist.), Eng., CO. Hants, W. of and separated from Portsmouth 
 by the mouth of Portsmouth Harbour, across which a floating 
 bridge connects the two towns. It is at the termination of a 
 branch of the L. & SW. R. , and has another stn. (G. Road) on 
 the same railway, 77 m. SW. London. Inhabitants mostly 
 engaged in government works, or in retail trade, yachting, and 
 shipping. Sail-making and the manufacture of yacht-stoves and 
 yacht iron-work are also carried on in private establishments. 
 The ramparts form an inner line of defence, while an outer 
 circle of forts completes a fortified barrier enclosing Portsmouth, 
 Portsea, and Gosport. It has extensive barracks, the Royal 
 Clarence victualling yard, and a powder magazine, and contains 
 the largest naval hospital in the world, Haslar Hospital. P. 
 (G. with Alverstoke) (1801)7500; (1871)22,600; (1891)25,400. 
 
 Gos Bejeb, tn. , eastern Sudan, on the 1. bk. of the Atbara, 
 70 m. N W. Kassala, on the caravan route from Suakim (Sawikin) 
 to Sennar. 
 
 Gossabrongh, hamlet, Scot., Shetland Is., Yell I., E. side, 
 in 60° 32' N. 
 
 Gossan, valley, Austria. See Gosan. 
 
 Gossan, comm. , Switzd. , cant, and 6 m. W. St. Gall. P. 5400. 
 
 Gossan, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 11 m. ESE. Zurich. P. <3ooo. 
 
 601 
 
GOSS — GOUV 
 
 Gosselles, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 4 m. N. 
 by W. Charleroi. P. 9300. 
 
 Cosseiisass, comm. and summer resort, Austria, Tirol, in the 
 valley of the Eisack, dist. Sterzing. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gossnitz, tn. , Ger. , Saxe Altenburg, circle Ost, on the Pleisse, 
 31 m. S. Leipzig. P. 5200. 
 
 €U>stlTar, or Kostoro, vil., Turkey in Europe, dist. and 31 
 m. WSW. Uskiib, in the upper valley of the Vardar. P. 2000 ; 
 Christians, 1200. 
 
 Ciostyn, tn. , Prussia, prov. Posen, 37 m. S. Posen, circle G. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Gostynln, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 86 m. WNW. 
 of Warsaw. P. 5600. 
 
 Goswlck, vil., Eng., Northumberland, on the coast, div. and 
 6 m. SE. Berwick-upon-Tweed, i m. SE, Windmill Hill stn. 
 
 Goszcza, Goshcha, or Hoszcza, Slavonic for temporary settle- 
 ment chiefly with cattle ; frequent at the beginning or the end 
 of Slavonic names. 
 
 Ciota Canal, S. Sweden, connecting the navigation of the 
 Gota-elf with the Gulf of Bothnia by Lakes Wener (Venem), 
 Vykeen, W'etter (Vettem), Boren, and Boxen, and terminating 3 
 m. below Soderkoping. Total length of canal, 46^ m. ; of naviga- 
 tion (including lakes), 235 m.; depth, 10 ft.; breadth, 78.7 ft.; 
 57 locks. Originally projected by Gustavus Vasa, but not executed 
 till 1810-32. 
 
 €;6ta-eir, or Gceta-elf, riv., Sweden, flows from Lake Wener 
 (Venern), and dividing at Kongelf into two arms, the southern 
 of which passes Goteborg (Gothenburg), enters the Kattegat 
 after a S. course of 50 m. It is navigable almost throughout, 
 but near its source are the falls of Trolhatta, to avoid which the 
 Trolhatta Canal was constructed. Area of basin, 18,792 sq. m. 
 (Strelbitsky) ; mean discharge, about 18,500 cubic ft. per second. 
 GotarUte ('kingdom of the Goths'), in English GotUand, 
 the southern div. of Sweden {q.v.). 
 Goteborg. See Gothenburg. 
 
 Gotera, tn. , Central America, Republic Salvador, 70 m. E. 
 San Salvador. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Gottaa, tn., central Ger., cap. duchy Saxe-Koburg Gotha, 
 14 m. W. by S. Erfurt, both towns lying amidst the foot-hills 
 on the N. side of the Thuringian Forest. It stands on the 
 declivity of a hill crowned by the palace of Friedenstein, the 
 usual residence of the sovereign of Saxe-Koburg and G., 
 containing a gallery of paintings, a large library with 
 several thousands of MSS., and various museums of arts and 
 sciences. Manufactures comprise machinery, fire-eng^ines and 
 fire-hose, porcelain, tobacco, colours, lead and tin toys, &c. The 
 town is also an important seat of the book trade, and is well 
 known as the seat of the geographical establishment of Justus 
 Perthes. Lat. new observatory, near the foot of the Seeberg 
 (a hill 1335 ft. high SE. of the town), 50° 56' 37" N., 10° 42' 
 38" E. G. is an old city, first mentioned under the name of 
 Gotaha in 770 ; surrounded by walls in 930 by Gothard, Abbot 
 of Hersfeld, who afterwards came to be regarded as the patron 
 saint of the town. Cap. of the duchy of G. 1640-1825. P. 
 (1816)10,600; (1871)20,600; (1890)29,100. 
 
 Gotham, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div. , 6^ m. 
 N. Loughborough, 3 m. ESE. Trent June, with gypsum-mines, 
 PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 CU>thenbnrg, Swedish Goteborg, tn. and seapt., Sweden, 
 prov. G. and Bohus, on the W. ct. , 82 m. W. Jonkoping, near 
 the mouth of the Gota-elf. Manufactures textiles (principally 
 cotton, also woollen), joinery, matches, wood-pulp, paper, which 
 along with pit-props, deals, and other wooden goods, iron and 
 zinc ore, pig and rolled iron, butter, and grain, form the chief 
 exports. Harbour 17 ft. deep at entrance ; there is a depth of 
 16-20 ft. alongside of the Skeppsbron quays. Mean temp., 
 yr. 44.8° F., Feb. 29.9°, July 62.8°; rfall. 3i.07in. P. (1871) 
 57,400; (1890)104,700. 
 
 Gotherlngton, par. , Eng. , Gloucester, Tewkesbury div. , 4 m. 
 N. by E. Cheltenham, 2 m. ENE. Cleeve stn., P.O. P.<500. 
 Gothic, vil., U.S., Colorado, Gunnison co., 42 m. SW. by 
 W. Leadville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gothland, Swedish Gotland, isl., forming a prov. {Idn), 
 Sweden, off the E. ct., to the S. of 58° N., and E. of 18° E., 
 83 m. long by 1-31 m. broad. Surface generally from 200-300 
 ft. above the sea. Timber, marble, sandstone, and lime exported 
 to Stockholm. Numerous fine architectural remains. Chief tn. 
 Visby (Wisby), on the N. ct., which is connected by rail with 
 Hemse in the interior. Area, 1151 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). P. (1890) 
 51,300. See also Gotarlke. 
 Goto, Cape. See Ose-sakl. 
 
 Cioto Islands, group belonging to the Japanese Archipelago, 
 in the channel of Korea, W. of the I. of Kiushiu. 
 GotOTlJe, comm. , Austria. See Gutendorf. 
 Gottesberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 45 m. SW. by W. 
 Breslau, circle and 4 m. W. by S. Waldenburg ; has large coal- 
 mines, and woollen and hosiery manufactures. Alt. 1940 ft. 
 P. 6700. 
 
 Gottesgab, free tn., Austria, Bohemia, 13 m. N. by E. 
 Karlsbad. P. <20oo. 
 602 
 
 Gotteskoog, large lake, Prussia, govt. Schleswig, SW. of 
 Tondern ; rich in fish. 
 
 Gottingen, tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, cap. princip. G., 
 and of a dist. in the bailiwick Hildesheim, on the Leine Canal. 
 It is pleasantly situated at the foot of the mountain Hainberg, 
 55 m. SSW. Brunswick, 37 m. W. Nordhausen, and formerly 
 was enclosed by walls. Principally noted for its university, 
 founded by George II. of England in 1734, and rechartered 
 in 1836 as the Academia Georgia Augusta. Connected with 
 the establishment are a royal society of sciences, a library of 
 400,000 printed vols, and 5000 MSS. , an academical museum, 
 a botanic garden, an observatory (in 9° 56' 36" E., 51° 31' 47" 
 N.), and various other institutions. Noted in the 14th and 15th 
 centuries for its woollen industry, introduced by Flemings, now 
 carrying on important manufactures of surgical instruments, 
 leather work, &c. Alt. 492 ft. Mean temp., yr. 47.0° F., Jan. 
 31.6°, July 64.0°. P. (1812) 9000 ; (1871) 15,900 ; (1890) 23,700. 
 Gottlleben, comm. , Switzd. , cant. Thurgau, 2 m. W. by S. 
 Constance. P. <:2ooo. 
 Gotto. See Goto Islands. 
 
 Gottschee,tn. , Austria, Carniola, 29 m. NE. Fiume. P. <20oo. 
 Gotzls, vil. , Austria, Vorarlberg, 16 m. SW by S. Bregenz. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gou, Chinese, 'mouth,' 'pass.' 
 Gouas, road, France. See Xolrniontler. 
 Gouba, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Tulbagh, 60 m. NE. 
 by N. Cape Town. 
 
 Gonda, or Ter-gonw, comm. , Holland, prov. S. Holland, on 
 the Ijssel, 10 m. NE. by E. Rotterdam ; has manufactures of 
 pipes and pottery, and an extensive cheese mart. P. 20,000. 
 
 Goudhnrst, par. , Eng. , Kent, Ashford div. ,9 m. E. by S. 
 Tunbridge Wells, with a stn. on the SE. R., PMT.O. ; 9798 
 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gondlni, vil.. Cape Colony, Worcester div., in a narrow 
 fertile valley, 55 m. (loi m. by rail) ENE. Cape Town. 
 P. < 1500. 
 Gonffre, The, bay, in the S. of Guernsey, in 2° 37' W. 
 Gongh, CO. , New South Wales, crossed in the S. by 30° S. , 
 and in the E. by 152° E. 
 Gongh Island. See Tristan da Cnnha. 
 Gonlbnrn (gol'bern), city. New South Wales, Argyle co., on 
 the Wollondilly R. , 108 m. by rail SW. Sydney ; the see of an 
 Anglican and Roman Catholic bishop. Has several tanneries, 
 breweries, boot and shoe factories, and flour mills. Alt. 2129 
 ft. Mean temp., yr. 56.8° F., Jan. 70.3°, July 43.5^; rfall. (27 
 yrs.), 25.35 in. P. 10,900. 
 
 Gonlbnrn, co.. New South Wales, bounded on the S. by the 
 Murray, crossed in the W. by 147° E. 
 
 Gonlbnrn, one of the chief rivs. of Victoria, Australia, rises 
 in the dividing range near Emerald Hill, flows W. then N. and 
 finally WNW. , and falls into the Murray 10 m. above Echuca. 
 Its course above Seymour (37° 2' S.) is interrupted by fallen 
 trees, broken rocks, rapids, &c., and could not easily be rendered 
 navigable ; below this point, however, it might be navigated. 
 There are goldfields on the upper or mountainous portion of the 
 river. Immense irrigation works in progress (1893) in the valley. 
 Length, 345 m. 
 
 Goulceby, or Gonlsby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey 
 div., 7 m. SW. Louth, 2 m. SSE. Donington on Bain stn., P.O. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Gonld, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Compton co. , on the R. Salmon, 
 86 m. S. by W. Quebec. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Gonldsboro, tn., U.S., Maine, Hancock co., 22 m. E. by S. 
 Ellsworth ; has lobster and other fisheries. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gonld's Country, or Knnnarra, post-tn. , Tasmania, Dorset 
 CO., 48 m. E. by N. Launceston; has tin-mining. P. < 1500. 
 Gonlet, entrance to the harbour of Brest, France. 
 Goulette, La, Tunis. See Goletta. 
 
 Gonph (kop). The, an inhospitable tract of the Great Karroo, 
 in the W. of Cape Colony, dists. Prince Albert and Beaufort W., 
 crossed by 33° S. , 22° E. Average annual rainfall only about 4 in. 
 Gold was discovered in this region in 1891 (Prince Albert dist.). 
 Gonrdon, tn., France, dep. Lot, cap. arr., 46 m. SE. P6ri- 
 gueux, 13 m. SE. by S. Sarlat. Alt. 845 ft. P. <30oo. 
 
 Gonrdon, vil. , Scot., Kincardineshire, on the E. ct., i^ m. 
 SSW. Bervie, on the N. B. R., PMT.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Gonrltz, riv.. Cape Colony, formed by the union of the 
 Groote and Olifants R. , flows SSE. and enters the Indian Ocean 
 in 21° 50' E. to the W. of Mossel Bay. 
 
 Gonrnay en Bray, tn., France, dep. Seine-Inf6rieure, arr. 
 Neufchdtel, 17 m. W. by N. Beauvais. P. <40oo. 
 
 Gonrock (gu'rok), tn. and watering-place, Scot., W. Renfrew- 
 shire, on the 1. bk. of the mouth of the Clyde, and on the C. R., 
 2 m. W. Greenock ; has large passenger traffic by Clyde steamers. 
 P. <450o. 
 Gonrton, par., Wales, Denbighshire, 2 m. E. Wrexham. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 CfOUTela, or Gnvea, vil. and Portuguese military post in a 
 valley of Gorongoza, Portuguese E. Africa, about 125 m. NNWj 
 Beira (mouth of Pungwe), 70 m. SW. Sena (on the Zambezi). 
 
GOUV — GRAC 
 
 Gonrela, vil. , Portugal, prov. Beira, dist. Guarda, 53 m. ENE. 
 Coimbra. P. <30oo. 
 
 Voaveriieur, vil., U.S., New York, St. Lawrence co., on 
 Oswegatchie R., 78 m. NE. Oswego. P. < 4000. 
 
 CiouyaTe, or Charlottetowii, tn. , West Indies, W. ct. of 
 Grenada I. 
 
 tiony-lez-Pl^ton, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. 
 Charleroi. P. <40oo. 
 
 Goran (gflv'an), burgh, suburb of Glasgow, Scot. , Lanarkshire 
 and Renfrewshire, on the 1. bk. of the Clyde and the G. & SW. 
 R. Large shipbuilding yards, engineering and boiler-making 
 establishments, and other industries. Along with Govanhill re- 
 turns one member to Parliament. Par. 6734 ac, P. 280,300 ; tn. 
 P. (i8oi)<iooo; (1871)19,200; (1891)63,600. 
 
 Govanhill, tn., Scot., Lanarkshire, suburb of Glasgow. P. 
 14,300. See Govan. 
 
 GoTansto^yn, vil., U.S., Maryland, co. and about 8 m. N. 
 Baltimore. P. 1500. 
 
 Gove, CO., U.S., Kansas, crossed by 39° N. and ioo|° W. 
 
 Governador, lllia do, isl., Brazil, prov. Rio de Janeiro, in 
 its bay, 7 m. N. Rio. Length, E. to W. , 6 m. ; breadth, ^ m. 
 Populous and well-cultivated. 
 
 Government Gums, S. Australia. See Farina. 
 
 Government Boad, rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, on the C. P. 
 R. , 99 m. W. of Ottawa. 
 
 Government's Island, U.S., Illinois, in Mississippi R., 
 between Rock Island City and Davenport, Iowa ; contains U.S. 
 armouries and arsenals. 
 
 Governor's Island, fortified port, U.S., in New York 
 Harbour. 
 
 Govett's Leap, New South Wales, near Blackheath stn. , deep 
 chasm between perpendicular cliffs more than 3000 ft. high. 
 
 Govia, Ger. , 'a district.' See Gate. 
 
 GovUon, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., on the L. & 
 NW. R., 2 m. W. Abergavenny, P.O. 
 
 Govlndgarb, fortress, Brit. India, Punjab, at a short distance 
 from the walls of Amritsar. P. (1891) 8500; Hindus, 4400; 
 Moham. 2900 ; Sikhs, 1200. 
 
 Govorovo, vil. , E. Siberia, on 1. bk. lower Lena, 70° 20' N. 
 P. <i 1000. 
 
 Go wan, stn., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., on Kempenfeldt 
 Bay, Lake Simcoe, 56 m. N. by W. Toronto. 
 
 Goivanbank, P.O., Scot., Forfarshire, 3^ ra. NW. Arbroath, 
 2 m. W. Latham Grange stn. 
 
 Gowanda, vil, U.S., New York, Cattaraugus co. , on Catta- 
 raugus Creek, 29 m. S. Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 GoMdall, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div. , 8 m. W. Goole, i^ m. W. Snaith stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Gowel, electoral div. , Ire. , co. and dist. Leitrim. 
 
 Gower, North, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Carleton co., 
 22 m. S. Ottawa. 
 
 Gower (or Unexpected) Island, low wooded isl. , in the S. 
 Pacific, Solomon group, N. of Malaita, and E. of Isabel, crossed 
 by 7° 50' S. , 160° 28' E. 
 
 Gower, riv. , New Guinea. See Fly, riv. 
 
 Gower, or Gwyr, penin. of S.Wales, projecting into the Bristol 
 Channel, and forming the westernmost part of the co. Gla- 
 morgan, of which it now forms one of the pari. divs. Length, E. 
 to W., 13 m. ; average breadth, 5 m. It has bold, rocky, and 
 deeply indented shores. Lime is exported. A colony of Flem- 
 ings have occupied the SW. extremity of this penin. since the 
 reign of Henry I. They have preserved much of their original 
 language, dress, and manners, and rarely intermarry with the 
 Welsh. Pari. div. P. 57,300. See Glamorganshire. 
 
 Gower Street, stn., Eng., London, on the Dist. Rly. (Inner 
 Circle), ij m. NW. by W. St. Paul's, not far from Euston stn. 
 
 Gowerton, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., on the 
 G. W. R. and L. & NW. R., 44 m. NW. by W. Swansea; has 
 coal-mining. PMT.O. 
 
 Gowhatty, tn. , India. See Ganhatl. 
 
 Gowlane, electoral div. , Ire. , Cork, dist. Clonmoyle. 
 
 Gown, lioch, lake, Scot., Ross-shire, 9^ m. SE. by E. of 
 the head of Loch Maree, drained N. into the R. Bran. 
 
 Gowua, P.O., Ire., co. Cavan, 6 m. SW. Crossdoney.stn. 
 
 Gowna, Longh, lake. Ire., cos. Longford and Cavan 12 m. 
 NE. Longford, drained N. through Lough Oughter into L. Erne. 
 
 Gowran, par. and tn. , Ire. , NE. co. Kilkenny, bar. G. , 8 m. 
 ESE. Kilkenny, i^ m. from its stn. on the Irish SE. Rly., 
 PMT.O. Par. 6347 ac, P. <isoo ; tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Gowthorpe, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div. , io| m. E. by N. York, i| m. NE. Fangfoss stn. See ¥oal- 
 thorpe. 
 
 Gowtow, isls. See Kao-Tao. 
 
 Go-wy» small riv., Eng., Cheshire, flows NW. and N. to the 
 Mersey, which it enters about ij m. E. Ellesmere Port. 
 
 Goxhlll, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 13 m. 
 NW. by W. Grimsby, on the M. S. & L. R.; 5737 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Goxhlll, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div. , 
 11^ m. NE. by N. Hull, with astn. on the NE. R., P.O. P. <2so. 
 
 Goya, tn., Argentine Republic, Corrientes, on the 1. bk. of a 
 
 navigable arm of the Rio Parana, 116 m. SSW. Corrientes ; 
 founded in 1807. Mean temp. (loyrs. , 1876-86), yr. 67.9° F. , 
 Jan. 77.4°, July 58.0° ; rfall. (6 yrs.), 46.20 in. P. 4000. 
 
 Goyana, tn., Brazil, prov. Pernambuco, cap. dist., on riv. 
 Goyana, 40 m. NNW. Pernambuco. P. 10,000. 
 
 Goyaz, tn., Brazil, cap. state G., in 16° 12' S., 50° 34' W., 650 
 m. NW. Rio de Janeiro. Unhealthy. Goitre frequent. P. 8000. 
 
 Goyaz (after the Indians Goyazes), the central state of Brazil, 
 stretching N. to S. for about 15° lat. , and 4° long., including 
 all terrs. between the two branches of rivs. Tocantins and 
 Araguay, nearly the whole basin of the principal one, from its 
 origin, and the high valleys of the Paranahiba-Parana. Gold 
 (at Meia Ponte, Ouro Finb, upper Araguaya), iron (Corumbd), 
 diamonds (Dois Irmaos), mica (G., Meia Ponte), copper, 
 chrome. The site for the new federal capital of Brazil has 
 been selected in the S. of Goyaz. See Brazil. 
 
 Goyder's Une. See South Australia. 
 
 Goyt, riv. , Eng. See Mersey. 
 
 Goytrey, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., 4J m. NE. 
 Pontypool, close to Nantyderry stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Goyts Moss, upland tract, Eng., in the SW. of the High 
 Peak div. of Derbyshire, about 2 m. NW. Buxton. 
 
 Gozler, I-e, comm., W. Indies, Guadeloupe I., arr. and 5 m. 
 SE. Pointe-i-Pitre, on the Cul-de-Sac. P. <4000. 
 
 Gozo, or Gozzo, one of the Maltese group of isls., in the 
 Mediterranean, 4 m. N W. Malta. Length, 9 m. ; breadth, 4^ m. 
 Mainly composed of coralline and globigerina limestone, with 
 considerable tracts of blue clay and marl, and narrow strips of 
 greensand. It has a richer soil, and is better cultivated than 
 Malta ; its stirface is agreeably diversified, and has many fertile 
 valleys. Rabat, or Rabato, its chief town, is situated near the 
 centre. Fort Chambray is on its SE. coast. The principal 
 object of interest in the island is the Giant's Tower, a Cyclopean 
 building. Area, with Comino, 36^ sq. m. See Malta. 
 
 Goz6n, comm., Spain, prov. Oviedo, dist. Avil^s. P. 8200. 
 
 Goz-Bejeb. See Gos Bejeb. 
 
 Gozzano, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 23 m. NNW. 
 Novara. P. <3000. 
 
 Gozzo, isl., Turkey. See Gavdos. 
 
 Graa Dyb, channel, Denmark, on the SW. ct. of Jutland, 
 between Skallingen Penin. and Fano I., forming the entrance to 
 the port of Esbjerg. 
 
 Graaff Belnet' (or Beynet), tn., Cape Colony, dist. G. R., 58 
 m. SW. by S. Middelburg, on a small plain nearly enclosed on 
 one side by a spur of the Sneeuwbergen, and on the other by a 
 bend of the Sunday R. One of the oldest towns in the colony, 
 noted for its gardens, vineyards, and choice fruit ; the terminus 
 of one of the railway lines from Port Elizabeth (184 m.). Two 
 mineral springs (sulphur) near ; much resorted to for rheumatic 
 affections. Alt. 2500 ft. Mean temp., yr. 64.0° F., Feb. 74.0°, 
 July 52.3°; rfall. (23 yrs.), 14.53 '"• 
 
 Grab, Slavonic, ' the beech. ' 
 
 Graben, German, 'a trench.' 
 
 Graben, comm., Ger., Baden, 11 m. N. by E. Karlsruhe. 
 P, <3000. 
 
 Grabow, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 23 m. S. by E. 
 Schwerin, and 4 m. SE. Ludwigslust. P. <sooo. 
 
 Grabo-w, tn. , Prussia, Pomerania, on the 1. bk. of the Oder 
 R., 2 m. NNE. Stettin. P. 15,700. See Stettin. 
 
 Grabow, riv. , Prussia, Pomerania, flows on the whole N. into 
 the Baltic, which it enters at the Riigenwaldermiinde, 34 m. 
 ENE. Kolberg, used for floating timber from PoUnow, 52 m. 
 
 Grabs, vil. , Switzd. , cant. St. Gall, adjoining Werdenberg on 
 the N. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Grabnsa, the anct. Korykos, cape, forming the NW. angle of 
 the I. of Crete, bounded on the W. by the deep bay of Kisamo. 
 Two adjacent isls. , on one of which stands a castle which played 
 a prominent part in the history of the wars of Venice against the 
 Turks, are called respectively G. and Agrla-G. 
 
 Gracanlca, tn. , Bosnia, 40 m. NE. Sarajevo ; has hot mineral 
 springs. Alt. 735-1015 ft. P. <40oo. 
 
 Gracay, comm., France, dep. Cher, arr. and 27 m. W. by N. 
 Bourges. P. < 2000. 
 
 Grace, settlement, S. Australia, Gawler co. , 40 m. N. Adelaide. 
 
 Gr&ce Berlenr, comm. , Belgium, prov. and arr. Lifege. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 Grace Hill, stn., Ire., W. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Toome, 10 
 m. NNW. Antrim, on the BaUycastle Rly., PMT.O. 
 
 Gracla, tn., Spain, prov. and 3 m. N. by W. Barcelona; 
 cotton, hemp, and linen manufactures. P. 45,000. 
 
 Graclas, tn.. Central America, Honduras, 70 m. NE. by N. 
 San Salvador. P. 4000. 
 
 Graclas a Dlos, headland, Argentine Republic, at the mouth 
 of the Gallegos R., S. side, in 51° 34' S. 
 
 Graclas a Dlos, rapids on the Sarstoon R. , in the SW. angle 
 of Brit. Honduras. 
 
 Graclas a Dlos, Cabo de, cape and tn. , Central America, 
 Nicaragua, on the E. ct., cap. dist. {comarca) G. a D., C. 
 de, in 14° 59' N. In 1782 an excellent port, at which the prin- 
 cipal vessels of the Spanish navy touched ; now silted up. 
 
 603 
 
GRAC — GRAI 
 
 Constant violent winds neutralise the effect of the marshy ex- 
 halations. 
 
 Graclosa, one of the Azores Is. , Atlantic, NW. Terceira and 
 NE. Fayal, 20 m. long by 6 m. broad. 
 
 Graciosa, the most NE. of the Canary Is., unimportant. 
 
 Grad, Slavonic, 'wall,' "hurdle." 
 
 Ciradacac, tn. , Bosnia, prov. Dobija-Tiula, 70 m. N. Sarajevo. 
 P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Graddum, electoral div. , Ire. , Cavan, dist. Kilnaleck. 
 
 Grade, ct. par., Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., 13 m. SSW. Fal- 
 moutli. P. <:5oo; eccles. par. (G. with Knan Minor) P. <.-Jio. 
 
 Gradec, vil. , Eastern Roumelia, on the Deli-KamCik, circle and 
 14 m. NE. by E. Sliven, 100 m. ENE. Philippopolis. P. <:3000. 
 
 Gradefes, coram. , Spain, prov. and dist. Leon. P. 4000. 
 
 Gradlsca, vil. , Austria, Gorz and Gradisca, 6 m. WSW. Gorz, 
 on the r. bk. of the Isonzo. P. -czooo. 
 
 Gradlite, viL , Servia, prov. Pofexevac, on the Danube, 43 m. 
 W. Orsova. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gradlzhsk {Gradische), tn., Russia, govt, and 73 m. SW. 
 of Poltava, onr. bk. Dnieper; considerable fair. P. 10,800. 
 
 Grado, tn. , Austria, Gorz and Gradisca, 19 m. W. Trieste, 
 occupying a small island at the entrance to the Gulf of Trieste. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Grado, tn. , Spain, prov. and 12 m. W. by N. Oviedo. P. 
 (1887) 16,500. 
 
 Graemsay, isl., Scot., Orkney Is., Hoy and G. par., in Hoy 
 Sound, I m. S. Stromness, P.O. P. 223. 
 
 Gruesoe, isl. , Sweden. See Griiso. 
 
 Graf, Teutonic and Scandinavian, 'count' or 'earl,' grafen, 
 ' count's.' 
 
 Grafenan, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Bavaria, 20 
 m. N. Passau. P. < 2000. 
 
 Grafenberg, vil. , Austria, See Frelwaldan. 
 Crafeiiiialnlclien, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 12 m. SW. 
 Wittenberg. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Grafenort, vil., Switzd., cant. Unterwalden (ob dem Wald), 
 6 m. ESE. Sarnen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Grafenroda, vil., Ger., Saxe-Koburg-Gotha, circle and 6 m. 
 SSE. Ohrdrutf. P. ^3000. 
 Grafensteln, vil. , Austria, Carinthia, 8J m. E. Klagenfurt. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Grafenthal, tn. , Ger. , duchy Saxe-Koburg-Gotha, 23 m. NE. 
 Koburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Grafen-Tonua, vil. , Ger. , duchy Saxe-Koburg-Gotha, 10 m. 
 N. by E. Gotha. P. < 2000. 
 
 Graffham ('the moated town,' from the German graben, ' a 
 trench'), par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 8| m. NE. by N. 
 Chichester, 3 m. E. Cocking stn. P. <50o ; eccles. par. (G. 
 w-ltli E. Lavlns^n) P. <75o. 
 
 Grafntam, par. , Eng. , Huntingdonshire, div. and si m. W. 
 by S. Huntingdon, with stn. (Grafham) on the M. R., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Graff-Reyuet, Cape Colony. See Graaff Belnet. 
 
 Graliy, electoral div. , Ire. , Donegal, dist. Glenties. 
 
 Grafbam, eccles. par. , Eng. , Siurey, Dunsfold and Bramley 
 pars. P. < 500. 
 
 GraCratb, tn., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 4^ m. SW. Elber- 
 feld. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Grafskaya, Cossack viL , E. Siberia, Maritime Prov. , on r. 
 bk. Usuri, 250 m. by rail NW. Vladivostok. P. <iooo. 
 
 Graft, vil, Holland, prov. N. Holland, 6 m. SE. by S. Alk- 
 maar. P. (coram. )< 2000. 
 
 Grafton, or Haldimaud, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Northumber- 
 land CO., 83 m. W. by S. Kingston, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Grafton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 3^ m. NW. 
 Malpas. P. <25o. 
 
 Grafton, par., Eng., in co. and dty of Hereford. P.<:25o. 
 See Balllnghope, Upper. 
 
 Grafton ( ' the moated town, ' firom the root of German graben, 
 'a trench"), vil., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 15J m. 
 W. by S. Oxford, 2^ m. S. Barapton stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Grafton, viL, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., 6^ 
 m. NE. Knaresborough, 3 m. SSE. Boroughbridge stn., P.O. 
 See Martou. 
 
 Grafton, city and riv. port. New South Wales, Clarence co. , 
 on the Clarence, 165 m. NE. Tamworth, 350 m. N. Sydney, 405 
 by sea ; see of an Anglican and a Roman Catholic bishop ; centre 
 of a rich agricultiu^ dist. Accessible to sea-going ships of 
 moderate burden. Coal found close at hand ; has gold-mining. 
 Mean rfalL (16 yrs.), 33.83 in. Tp. P. <sooo. 
 
 Grafton, isls., Tierra del Fuego, just S. of 54° S., crossed by 
 73 J° W. , separated by a narrow channel from Santa Inez I. 
 
 Grafton, vil. , U.S. , Illinois, Jersey co. , on L bk. of Mississippi 
 R., 27 m. NNW. St. Louis (Mo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Grafton, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 6 m. SE. by E. 
 Worcester. P. 5000. 
 
 Grafton, tp., U.S., New Hampshire, G. co., 31 m. NW. 
 Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grafton, city, U.S., N. Dakota, Walsh co., 37 m. S. by W. 
 Pembina. P. <2ooo. 
 604 
 
 Grafton, viL, U.S., Ohio, Lorain co., on Black R., 8 m. SE. 
 EljTia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grafton, tn., U.S., W. Virginia, cap. Taylor co., on the 
 Monongahela R. , 29 m. WNW. of the SW. corner of Maryland. 
 Alt. 985 ft. (R.R.). P.<4ooo. 
 
 Grafton, viL, U.S., Wisconsin, Ozaukee co., 22 m. N. by 
 W. Milwaukee. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Grafton, East, eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 11 
 m. NW. by N. Andover, with a stn. (G. and Barbage) on the 
 M. and S. W. June. Rly., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Grafton Flyford, par., Eng. , Worcestershire, Evesham div., 
 on the Piddle, 7\ m. E. by N. Worcester, P.O. P. -=250. 
 Graflon Islands, S. Chile, crossed by 54° 5' S. 
 Grafton Manor, par., Eng., Worcestershire, 2 m. SW. 
 Bromsgrove. P. <25o. 
 
 Grafton Kegls, par. , Eng. , S. div. of Northamptonshire, 9 
 m. S. Northampton, 3 m. S. Roade stn., P.O. P. <25o ; eccles. 
 par. (G. B. wltli Alderton) P. <5oo. 
 
 Grafton I'nderwood, par., Eng., N. div. of Northampton- 
 shire, 8^ m. N. by E. Wellingborough, 2 m. N. by W. Cranford 
 stn., P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Graglla, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 27 m. NW. 
 Vercelli. P. < 3000. 
 
 Gragnano, tn. , Italy, prov. Naples, 2 m. E. Castellammare, 
 P. 12,900. 
 
 Gragnano-Trebblense, coram., Italy, prov. and circle Pia- 
 cenza, P. <40oo. 
 
 Graliam, isl., Brit. Columbia, one of the Queen Charlotte 
 group, crossed by 132" W. and 54° N. 
 Grab.tm, P.O., Eng., Huntingdonshire, 2 m. from Ellington. 
 Graliam, co., U.S., Arizona, on the E. frontier, crossed in 
 the middle by 55° N. 
 
 Grabam, co., U.S., Kansas, in the NW., crossed by 39^° N. 
 and 100° W. 
 
 Grabam, co., U.S., N. Carolina, on the NW. frontier, just 
 E. of 84° W. 
 
 Grabam, viL, U.S., Texas, cap. Young co., 110 m. W. by 
 N. Dallas. P. <: 1500. 
 Grabam, tn. U.S., Virginia, Lee co. P. <i5oo. 
 Grabam, telegraph stn. , W. Australia, 590 m. E. Albany. 
 Grabam Reacb, strait, Brit. Columbia, between Princess 
 Royal I. and the mainland, crossed by 53° N. ; 17 m. long. 
 Grabam's Dyke. See Autonlne, Wall of. 
 Grabam's Island, Mediterranean. See Ferdlnandea. 
 Graham's Land, a tract in the S. Atlantic, between 55° and 
 70° W., extending from about 63° S., an unknown distance 
 beyond the Antarctic Circle. 
 
 Grabamston, eccles. par., Scot., Stirlingshire, in the pari 
 burgh and \ ra. N. Falkirk, on the N. B. R. P. 6200. 
 
 Grabamstown, tn. , Cape Colony, cap. dist. Albany, 55 m. 
 WSW. King William's Town, on the railway to Kimberley; the 
 most important city of the first plateau, with manufactures of 
 blankets and tweeds of colonial wooL Seat of an Anglican and 
 Roman Catholic bishop, and of the Eastern Districts' Court. Alt. 
 1800 ft. Mean temp. (6 yrs., 1854-59), yr. 62.7° F., Feb. 70.8°, 
 July 53.1° ; rfalL (22 jts.), 28.78 in. P.Vsoo. 
 
 Grabamstown, or Thames, gold-mining tp. , New Zealand, 
 North I. , Thames co. , 46 m. ESE. Auckland. P. 4600. 
 Gralan Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions, I. A. 3. 
 Gralg, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, 3 m. NNW. Newport 
 P. <i5oo. 
 Gralgabbey, electoral div. , Ire. , Galway, dist. Athenry. 
 Gralgnagower, electoral div.. Ire., N. co. Waterford, bar. 
 Glenahiry, 6 m. S. Clonmel. 
 
 Gralgne, tnld. , Ire. , SE. Queen's co. , bar. Slievemargy, on 
 the r. bk. of the Barrow, 5 m. from stn. and opposite Carlow. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Gralgue, electoral div. , Ire. , Tipperary, dist. Riverstown. 
 
 Gralgne, electoral div. , Ire. , Tipperary, dist. Tullamain. 
 
 Gralguenamanagh, par. and tn., Ire., E. co. Kilkenny, 
 bar. Gowran, 10 m. N. New Ross, on the r. bk. of the Barrow, 
 PMT.O. (Gralgne). Par. 12,423 ac, P. <25oo; tn. P. <iooo. 
 
 Grain, Island of, isL , Eng. , Medway div. of Kent, between the 
 estuaries of the Thames and Medway, PM.O.; has salt-works. 
 P. 570. 
 
 Grain Coast, W. Africa, is that portion of Guinea W. of the 
 Ivory ct. , and extending between 4° and 7° N. and 7° and ii" E. ; 
 it comprises most of the terr. of Liberia. 
 
 Grainger, co., U.S., Tennessee, in the NE., crossed by 83^* 
 W., N. of 36° N., bounded on the SE. by the Holston R. 
 
 Grainsby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 7 m. S. 
 Great Grimsby, i^ m. WNW. N. Thoresby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Gralntborpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 3 m. 
 from the coast, 7 m. NE. by N. Louth, 6 m. ENE. Ludborough 
 stn., P.O.; 4387 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Gralslvandan, former dist. , France. See Is^re, dep. 
 
 Gralsaesssc, coal-mining comm., France, dep. H^rault, arr. 
 and 24 m. N. by W. B6ziers, on the slope of the Garrigues. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Graltney, Scot. See Gretna. 
 
GRAI — GRAN 
 
 GraiToron, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 88 m. SSW. of Kursk. 
 P. 6ocx). 
 
 erajakan, tn., Java, on the S. ct., E. end, in 114° 16' E., 145 
 m. SE. Surabaya. 
 
 Grallagh, par. , Ire. , co. Dublin, bar. Balrothery W. , 3 m. SE. 
 Garristown. P. <25o. 
 
 GraUagh, electoral div., Ire., Waterford, dist. Ardmore. 
 
 Gramada, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. and 15 m. SW. by S. Viddin. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gramat, tn., France, dep. Lot, 57 m. SE. by E. P^rigeux, 
 arr. and 17m. E. by N. Gourdon ; has mineral springs. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Grainatnensiedl, tn.. Lower Austria, dist. Ebreichsdorf. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Grammlchele, or Gramnichele, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 32 m. 
 SW. Catania; has beautiful marbles. P. 11,400. 
 
 Grammont, or Geertsbergen, comm., Belgium, prov. E. 
 Flanders, arr. Alost, 12 m. ESE. Oudenarde. P. 10,700. 
 
 Grampians [Drum Alban), mt. chain, Scot., forming 
 the natural rampart vi^hich separates the Highlands from the 
 Lowlands. Its limits, owing to numerous parallel ridges and 
 scarcely connected branches, are difficult to define, but the 
 mountains may be said to stretch from the W. coast of Argyll- 
 shire and Dumbartonshire NE. across the island, terminating 
 on the E. and NE. coasts of the cos. Aberdeen and Banff, in 
 two branches running on each side of the riv. Dee. This 
 mountain chain is composed of granite, porphyries, schists, 
 quartzite, and marble. General aspect wild and rugged, espe- 
 cially on the N. side. On the S. hills the slopes are more 
 gentle, the pasture finer, and the numerous defiles which indent 
 the range often present scenes of the most romantic beauty. 
 The streams flowing from the N. side are affluents of the 
 Findhorn, Spey, Don, and Dee ; those on the S. join the Forth, 
 Tay, and S. Esk. See Scotland, Surface. 
 
 Grampians, mt. range, Victoria, stretching crescentwise N. 
 and S. between 35° 52' and 37° 38' S., and 142 25' and 112° 47' 
 E. , bounding E. the basin of the Glenelg and its affluents. 
 Height of Mount William, its central and loftiest peak, 8600 ft. 
 
 Gramponnd, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, St. Austell div. , on the 
 R. Fal, ']\ m. ENE. Truro, 2 m. SE. by E. Grampound Road 
 stn., on the G. W. R., PMT.O. Market-day, S. P. <soo. 
 See Creed. 
 
 Grampus, isl. , Pacific. See Sebastian Lobos. 
 
 Gramsbergen, tn. , Holland, prov. Overijssel, on the Vecht, 
 3 m. SW. by S. Koevorden. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Gran, probably from the Slavonic Gron, hron, 'river.' 
 
 Gran (Hungarian Esztergom, ancient Strigonium), royal free 
 city, with magistracy, Hungary, cap. co. G. , and earliest cap. of 
 Hungary, with a steam-packet station on r. bk. of the Danube, 
 opposite the influx of the Gran, 24 m. NW. by N. Budapest. 
 Seat of primate of Hungary ; birthplace (about 969) of Stephen, 
 first king of Hungary ; has strong sulphate of magnesia springs. 
 Chief edifice, an unfinished cathedral, occupying with the arch- 
 bishop's palace and chapter-house a precipitous height, formerly 
 the site of a fortress. Alt. 510 ft. P. (1869) 8800 ; (1891) 9300. 
 
 Granada, prov. (since 1834), Spain, Andalucia, composed 
 only of the central part of the old Moorish kingdom of G., 
 detached in 1238 from the califate of C6rdoba, occupying the 
 upper valleys of rivs. Jenil, Guadiana Menor, and Almeria, and 
 the surrounding mountains as far as the Mediterranean (64 m. 
 of coast), formerly comprising also the valley of the upper 
 Guadalqmvir (now in Jaen). It was the last Spanish terr. to 
 be conquered by the Christians (Jan. 1492). From the central 
 Sierra Nevada rivers run in all directions, reaching, ultimately 
 (N.), the Guadalquivir and (S.) the Mediterranean. G. has all 
 the climates, from African ones, in the lowlands and sheltered 
 valleys, up to thiise of more N. countries, on the high snowy 
 summits (some above 11,000 ft.), and therefore a very rich 
 flora, with all economical plants, from cereals to vine, cotton, 
 and sugar-cane, presenting some of the more picturesque 
 scenery in the world (Alpujarras, Sierra Elvira, &c.). The 
 garden-like valleys, the orchards of the vegas, between the 
 mountain ridges (above all la vega, near Granada, with more 
 than 40 m. around), are celebrated for their fertility and for 
 their old Arab irrigation works. Mineral deposits are im- 
 portant, but, to a great extent, unworked. Many well-known 
 springs of mineral waters. Some industries were prosperous 
 in old times (silk in Alpujarras). At present manufactures are 
 very limited (sugar, distilleries, linen and wool). The two ports, 
 Almun^car and Motril, are insufficient. Trade chiefly overland. 
 See Spain, Andalncla, Sierra Nerada. 
 
 Granada, the old Phoenician Karnattah, the (Latinised) 
 Iberian IlUberis, Liberini ('new town'), tn., Spain, 130 m. 
 E. by S. Seville, cap. prov. G. , on the banks of riv. Jenil, and 
 traversed by riv. Darro, its affluent, on the N. slope of Sierras 
 Nevada, built on the border of a well irrigated plain [Granada, 
 prov.], on three hills said to be like the parts of an o^pen pome- 
 granate, on one of which are the Torres Bermejas (' red towers,' 
 the original part), and on the highest of the three the Alhambra 
 (Arabic, alhamara, ' the red'), the most celebrated of its many 
 monuments, palace and castle of the Moorish kings, the master- 
 
 piece of Arab architecture (nth to 15th century), an irregular 
 mass of houses and towers on a commanding height, surrounded 
 by groves, and of which the bastioned walls, arches, halls of 
 the Abencerrages and ambassadors, court of lions, mezquita, 
 and the unfinished palace of Charles V. are the portions most 
 worthy of notice. Of its Christian edifices the most important 
 is the cathedral, with nave and four aisles, founded in 1529, 
 and containing the magnificent tombs of Ferdinand and Isa- 
 bella, Joanna, the mother of Charles V., and of Philip I. Seat 
 of a university founded 1531, an archseological museum founded 
 1879, and centre of a military Capitania general (comprising 
 provs. G. , Almeria, Malaga, Jaen). Mean alt. 2250 ft. ; alt. of 
 meteorological station, 3409 ft. Mean temp., yx. 58.7° F., Jan. 
 43.0°, Aug. 77.0° ; rfall. (10 yrs.), 39.33 in. P. in Moorish times 
 said to have reached 500,000 ; (i860) 67,300 ; (1887) 73,000. 
 
 Granada, tn., Central America, Nicaragua, cap. dep. G., 
 27 m. SE by E. Managua, \\ith which it is connected by rail ; 
 principal port on the Lake of Nicaragua. P. 21,000. 
 
 GranadlUa, tn., Canary Is., on the S. side of Teneriffe I. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Granadilla, comm., Spain, prov. Caceres, 54 m. NE. 
 Alcantara. P. < 2000. 
 
 Granagllone, comm. , Italy, prov. Bologna, circle Vergato. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Granard, par. and municip. tn., Ire., NE. co. Longford, 
 bars. G. and Ardagh, 13 m. ENE. Longford, 4 m. from Bally- 
 willan stn., PMT.O. ; 18,050 ac. P. <sooo; tn. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Granarolo, dell' EmlUa, comm., Italy, prov. and dist. 
 Bologna. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Granbnry, tn., U.S., Texas, cap. Hood co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Brazos R., 60 m. WSW. Dallas. P. < 1500. 
 
 Granby, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Shefford co. , on a trib. of R. 
 Yamaska,4im. E. by S.Montreal. P.(i88i)<;i5oo; (i89i)<;2ooo. 
 
 Granby, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 11 m. 
 E. by S. Nottingham, close to Barnston stn., P.O. P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (G. iprltb Sutton) P. <soo. 
 
 Granby, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Hartford co., 47 m. N. New 
 Haven. P. < 1500. 
 
 Granby, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire co., 6 m. 
 NE. by E. Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Granby, tn., U.S., Missouri, Newton co., 35 m. NE. of the 
 SW. corner of the state. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Gran Canarla, or Grand Canary, one of the Canary Is. , 
 the cap. of which is Las Palmas ; highest point, Los Pechos, 
 6400 ft. high. 
 
 Gran Chaco (Spanish, ' great hunting-ground '), a vast region 
 in the middle of S. America, extending through eastern Bohvia, 
 western Paraguay, and the N. of the Argentine Republic, 
 between 18° and 30° S. and 57° and 63° W. , divided into three 
 sections: the Chaco Boreal (N.), from the plains (llanos) of 
 Chiquitos to the Pilcomayo, with an area of about 81,000 sq. 
 m. ; the Chaco Central, between the Pilcomayo and Bermejo, 
 72,000 sq. m. ; and the Chaco Austral (S.), between the Bermejo 
 and Salado, 77,600 sq. m. The whole is a sandy formation 
 sloping from N. to S., and from WNW. to ESE. ; uniformly 
 flat except in the part of the Chaco Boreal, which separates the 
 basins of the Parapiti and Pilcomayo. There are no regular 
 observations as to the climate ; but there appears to be a very 
 marked dry season from May to November, alternating with a 
 rainy season, in which the rains are so abundant as to fill the 
 whole region vnth vast lagoons, and almost to convert it into 
 one vast lake. The Chaco Boreal is one vast forest, in which 
 the quebrachos and algarrobos predominate. Further S. forests 
 are not so unbroken, though they extend over vast areas. The 
 region is very scantily peopled by uncivilised Indians. See also 
 Pilcomayo and Bermejo. 
 
 Grancy, vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 9 m. NW. by W. Lau- 
 sanne. P. <2000. 
 
 Grand, co. , U.S., Colorado, in the N., crossed by 106° W., 
 and in the S. by 40° N. 
 
 Grandas de Sallme, comm., Spain, prov. Oviedo, dist. 
 Castropol. P. <4000. 
 
 Grand Bank, tn. and port of entry, Newfoundland, on S. of 
 Fortune Bay. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Grand Bassam. See Bassam. 
 
 Grand Bornand, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Savoie, arr. Annecy ; 
 has anthracite mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Grandborongb, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 7J m. 
 SE. by S. Buckingham, 2 m. ENE. Grandborough Road stn., 
 on the Metropolitan Rly., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Grandborongb, par., Eng., Warwickshire, on riv. Leara, 
 5 m. S. Rugby, P.O. ; 4494 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Grand Bonrg, to., cap. French W. Indian I. Marie Galante; 
 has a fort and roadstead. 
 
 Grand Bonrg, IiC, tn., France, dep. Creuse, 30 m. NE. by 
 N. Limoges, arr. and 12 m. W. Gu^ret. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Grand Calnmet, Canada. See Calumet. 
 
 Grand Canal, Ire. , cos. Dublin, Kildare, and King's, proceeds 
 W. from Dublin to the Shannon, which it joins at Shannon 
 Harbour, near Banagher. Length main line, 79.2 m.; numerous 
 
 605 
 
GRAN — GRAN 
 
 branches, of which the most important is that to Athy (28.4 m.), 
 by which it communicates with the Barrow navigation, and that 
 to Ballinasloe (14 m.), by which the navigation is continued on 
 the W. side of the Shannon ; total length, including branches, 
 165! m. ; 64 locks (34 on main line); admits boats of 4^ ft. draught. 
 cTrand Canary. See Gran Canarla. 
 Grand Cafton, U.S. See Colorado, riv. 
 Grand Cayman. See Caymans. 
 
 Grand Champ, tn. , France, dep. Morbihan, 24 m. E. Lorient, 
 arr. and 8 m. N\V. by N. Vannes. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Grand Cbenier, vil., U.S., Louisiana, par. and 28 m. E. 
 Cameron, on the Gulf of Mexico. P. < 1500. 
 Grand Comblu, mt. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 1. 
 Grand Conronne, comm. , France, dep. Seine Inf(^rieure, on 
 1. bk. of the Seine, arr. and 7 m. SW. by S. Rouen. P. <2ooo. 
 Grand Cr^do, mt., France. See CrMo. 
 Grand-Croix, La, comm., France, dep. Loire, on the Gier, 
 arr. St. Etienne, 11 m. ENE. St. Etienne. P. < 4000. 
 
 Grand'combe, La, comm., France, dep. Gard, 31 m. NW. 
 by N. Nimes, arr. and 7 m. NNW. Alais ; has glass-works and 
 zinc and coal mines. P. 7200. 
 
 Grande, isl., Brazil, SW. of Rio Janeiro, in 23° 12' S. and 
 44° 15' W. 
 
 Grande, Cagayan, or Tago, Rio, the longest riv. in Luzon, 
 Philippine Is., flows N. into the middle of the bay on the N. ct. 
 Grande Bale, Canada, Quebec. See Ha Ha Bay. 
 Grande Brlere, marshy, peaty plain, France, dep. Loire-In- 
 ft^rieure, N. of St. Nazaire, in the penin. between the Vilaine and 
 the mouth of the Loire. 
 Grande Chartreuse, La, France. See Chartreuse. 
 Grande, Kio ('great river"), riv., Brazil, Bahia, flows E. 
 then NE. and joins the Sao Francisco at Barra, in 11° 56' S. 
 Its 1. bk. trib., the Preto, is connected with the Sapao, and it 
 again with the Rio do Somno, which flow along the base of the 
 Chapada de Mangabeira and joins the Tocantins in about 8° 35' 
 S. , forming a waterway navigable by canoes between the Sao 
 Francisco and the Tocantins. See also Paranik. 
 
 Grande, Rio, riv.. Central America, Costa Rica, flows W. 
 into the mouth of the Gulf of Nicoya ; numerous rapids impede 
 the navigation. 
 
 Grande, Rio, riv. , Colombia, Isthmus of Panama, flows SE. 
 into the Gulf of Panama, to the W. of the town of Panama. 
 The Panama Rly. runs through the upper part of its valley, 
 which was to have been followed to its mouth by the Panama 
 Canal. 
 Grande, Rio, Guatemala. See IMotagna. 
 Grande, Rio, riv., Spain. See Gaadalfeo. 
 Grande, Rio, the Koll of the Mandingoes, and Mayo-Kabu 
 or Hayo-Komba of the Fulahs, coast riv., western Africa, Sene- 
 gambia; rises in Futajalon, in French terr., flows on the whole 
 W. through Portuguese terr., and joins the Geba at the head 
 of its estuary. 
 
 Grande (or Bravo) del Xorte, Rio (great riv. of the N.), or 
 Klo Grande, large riv. of the U.S., rises in the San Juan Mts., 
 in the SW. of Colorado, in about 37° 45' N., 107!° W. , flows 
 first E. then S. tlirough New Mexico, and finally SE. into the 
 Gulf of Mexico, forming the whole of the SW. frontier of Texas ; 
 chief trib. the Pecos, 1. bk. Its navigation is impeded by rapids 
 and shoals, but small steamers have ascended fi-om the sea to 
 Kingsbury Rapids, about 450 m. up. Total length about 1800 m. 
 Grande de Matagalpa, Rio, riv., Central America, Nica- 
 ragua, flows E. into the Caribbean Sea, in about 12° 45' N. 
 Grande de Mindanao, Rio, riv. See Palangui. 
 Grande de Santiago, riv., Mexico, issues under the name 
 of Rio de Lerma from the Lake of Lerma (E. of Toluca and 
 SW. of the city of Mexico), and flows first NW. into the Lake 
 of Chapala, issues from that lake on the N. side, and still flow- 
 ing NW. passes near the city of Guadalajara, then turns WN W. 
 and enters the Pacific in 21° 40' N. near San Bias. Difllcult of 
 navigation on account of the numerous falls and the rapidity of 
 its course in its upper parts, and on account of its shallowness, 
 at least in the dry season, lower down. Length roughly esti- 
 mated at about 600 m. 
 Grand Entry Harbour. See Magdalen IslandSc 
 Grande RivK're. See Mauritius. 
 
 Grande Roblne, canal, France, dep. Gard, joins the town 
 Aigues-Mortes with the Mediterranean. 
 
 Grande Roiide, The, beautiful valley, Union co. , Oregon, near 
 the NE. corner of the state, drained NE. by the Grande R. into 
 the Snake. 
 
 Grande-SauTe, La, E. Bordeaux, in 44° 46' N., 0° 19' W. 
 Alt. 331 ft. Mean temp., yr. 53.8° F., Jan. 39.4°, July 68.2°. 
 
 Grandes Rousses, glaciated mt., France, in the SE., on the 
 frontier of deps. Isere and Savoie. Alt. 11,500 ft. 
 
 Grand i:tang, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I., 
 Inverness co. , on W. ct., 58 m. NW. by N. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 Grande Yallee, vil., Canada, Quebec, Gasp6 co., on the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, in 65° 6' W. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grande Tlgie, Pointe de, the northernmost point of the I. 
 of Guadeloupe, W. Indies, with a lighthouse (Vigie). 
 606 
 
 Grand Falls, or Colebrooke, port of entry, Canada, New 
 Brunswick, Victoria co. , at the head of navigation on the riv. St. 
 John, jj m. SW. by S. of the W. end of Chaleur Bay ; situated 
 below the falls, 45 ft. high, which interrupt the navigation of the 
 St. John R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grand Falls, Labrador. See Grand River. 
 Grand Forks, city, U.S. , N. Dakota, G. F. co. , 72 m. S. Pem- 
 bina, has steamboat communication with Manitoba. P. <5ooo. 
 Grand Harbour, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Grand 
 Manan I., 54 m. SW. St. John. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grand Haven, city and port of entry, U.S., Michigan, Ottawa 
 CO., on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Grand R., on its 1. bk., 
 125 m. WSW. Bay City, in 43° 5' N. ; has magnetic mineral 
 springs, and several factories. Alt. 620 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 47. 1° 
 F., Jan. 25.6°, July 69.7° ; rfall. (10 yrs.), 39.17 in. P. 5000. 
 
 Grand Island, isl, Canada, Quebec, in the riv. St. Law- 
 rence, 32-37 m. SW. by W. Montreal. 
 
 Grand Island, city, U.S., Nebraska, cap. Hallco., 125 m.W. 
 by S. Omaha, and 20 m. N. Hastings ; has beet-sugar factories. 
 Alt. 1871 ft. (R.R.). P. 7500. 
 
 Grand Isle, vil., U.S., Louisiana, Jefferson par., at entrance 
 to Barataria Bay, 24 ra. SW. Buras. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grand Isle, co. , U.S., Vermont, composed of the isls. in the 
 N. of Lake Champlain and that part of the penin. in the lake 
 which belongs to the U.S. 
 
 Grand Junction, stn. , S. Australia, Adelaide co. , 5 m. N. 
 Adelaide, on the Great Northern Line. P. < 1000. 
 
 Grand Junction, city, U. S. , Colorado, Mesa co. , at the con- 
 fluence of rivs. Gunnison and Grand, 135 m. S. by E. of the 
 NW^ corner of the state. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Grand Junction, vil., U.S., Iowa, Greene co., 47 m. NW. 
 Des Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grand Junction Canal, Eng. , main line from Brentford on 
 the Thames, above London, to Braunston on the W. border of 
 Northamptonshire, near Rugby, where it communicates with the 
 Oxford Canal, and through it with the Coventry and Birmingham 
 Canals and the Trent ; branches to Slough, Wendover, Aylesbury, 
 and Buckingham on the W^., from Paddington to a junction with 
 the Regent's Canal, and from Ellsworth to Northampton and the 
 Nen navigation on the E. Length of main line, 93I m. ; total 
 including branches, 140? m ; 136 locks ; navigable by boats of 3 ft. , 
 in places of 4 ft. , draught. See also Grand I'nlon Canal. 
 
 Grand Lac Jacques Cartler, lake, Canada, Quebec, Mont- 
 morency CO. , drained SW. by Jacques Cartier R. 
 
 Grand Lake, Canada, New Brunswick, 20 m. long by 2-4 m. 
 breadth, 40 m. N. St. John. It receives numerous rivers, and is 
 drained S. into the riv. St. John. 
 
 Grand Lake, lake, Canada, Nova Scotia, 17 m. N. Halifax, 
 drained N. into Cobequid Bay by the R. Shubenacadie. 
 
 Grand Lake, Canada, Quebec, co. Quebec, drained SW. by 
 Bastonnais R. 
 
 Grand Lake, lake, Newfoundland, stretching about 50 m. 
 fi-om SW. to NE. in the W. of the isl. , with a breadth of i -3 m. , 
 drained into the Bay of Islands on the W. ct. Coal has been 
 found near. 
 
 Grand Lake, or Lake catetlmaches, lake, U.S. , in the S. of 
 
 Louisiana, receives the Atchafalaya in the N. and the Bayou Boeuf 
 
 in the S. , and is drained into the Gulf of Mexico by the Myrtle Bayou. 
 
 Grand Lake, U.S., Maine, in the W. of Washington co., 
 
 45 m. NE. by E. Bangor, drained SE. into Big Lake. 
 
 Grand Lake Ha Ha, Canada, Quebec, Chicoutimi co. , 
 drained N. into Ha Ha Bay, Saguenay R. 
 
 Grand Ledge, \al. , U.S., Michigan, Eaton co., on Grand R.., 
 70 m. SW. by S. Bay City, and 8 m. W. Lansing. P. <20oo. 
 
 Grand Lemps, Le, comm., France, dep. Is^re, arr. la Tour- 
 du-Pin, 22 m. NW. Grenoble. P. <20oo. 
 
 Grand-lieu, Lac de, France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, 8 m. 
 SW. Nantes ; length, 8 m. ; average breadth, 4 m. It receives 
 the Boulogne and Ognon Rivs., and discharges itself into the 
 Loire by the Achenau ; all navigable. 
 Grand Manan Island, Canada. See Manan, Grand. 
 Grand Manitoulln Island, large isL , Canada. See Manl- 
 toullii Islands. 
 
 Grand Mesa, range of mts., U.S., Colorado, on the SE. 
 border of Mesa co. , crossed by 29° N. and 108° W. 
 
 Grand Mound, vil., U.S., Washington, Thurston co. , 18 m. 
 SS W. Olympia. P. <: 1000. 
 
 Grandola, tn. , Portugal, prov. Estremadura, on the Davino, 
 49 m. SE. Lisbon. P. < 3000. 
 
 Grand Pabos, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Gasp6 co. , at the 
 mouth of Charleur Bay, in 48° 20' N. 
 
 Grand Piles, stn. , Canada, Quebec, Champlain co. , on the 
 1. bk. of the riv. St. Maurice, 76 m. W. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grand Point tt. Plment, vlL, isl., and republic Haiti, on the 
 S. ct. of the N. penin. , 78 m. N W. by N. Port-au-Prince, in 
 73° i' W. 
 
 Grand Pr*, or Lower Horton, settlement, Canada, Nova 
 Scotia, King's co., on Minas Basin, 48 m. NW. Halifax. Ihe 
 scene of Longfellow's poem ' Evangeline. ' 
 Grand Rapids, city, U.S., Michigan, Kent co., at the bead 
 
GRAN — GRAN 
 
 of the navigation of the Grand R. , which here falls i8 ft. in a 
 niile, affording valuable water-power, 130 m. NNE. Chicago ; 
 has extensive manufactures of furniture, carpet-sweepers, and 
 agricultural instruments, and large milling trade ; large gypsum 
 quarries near. P. (1880) 32,000 ; (1890) 60,300 ; since the latter 
 date the city boundaries have been extended so as to embrace 
 an area which in 1890 had a population of about 75,000. 
 
 Cirand Rapids, settlement, U.S., Minnesota, Itasca co., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Mississippi, 75 m. WNW. Duluth. 
 
 Grand Rapids, vil. , U.S., N. Dakota, Lamoure co. , 80 m. 
 WSW. Fargo. P. <: 1000. 
 
 Ciraud Rapids, city, U.S., state and on the 1. bk. of the 
 Wisconsin, Wood co. , 86 m. W. of the head of Green Bav. 
 Alt. 1024 ft. (R.R.). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Oraiid Riband, Le, channel, France. See Porqnerolles, 
 lie de. 
 
 Cirandrlf, comm., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Ambert ; 
 has mineral springs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cirand River, Canada, Nova Scotia, in the SE. of Cape 
 Breton I., flows S. into the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Grand RlTcr, Canada, Ontario, rises in Grey co., flows 
 S. then SE. , and enters Lake Erie after a course of 130 m ; 
 navigable 70 m. up, and is connected with Lake Ontario by the 
 Welland Canal. 
 
 Grand River, Canada, Quebec, flows into the Chaleur Bay 
 about 64^° W. 
 
 Grand River, or Hamilton River, Labrador, issues from 
 Lake Petchikapou, in about 54° 35' N., 64° 50' W., flows S. 
 through a chain of lakes, below the last of which occur the Grand 
 Falls, estimated at nearly 2000 ft. in height, then turns E. and 
 finally NE. , entering the Atlantic through Lake Melville and 
 Hamilton Inlet. See Proc. R. G. S. , 1888, pp. 198-99, and map, 
 p. 260. 
 
 Grand River, U.S., Colorado and Utah, one of the head- 
 streams of the Colorado of the W. , rises in the Rocky Mts. , in 
 about 40° 17' N. and 105° 43' W. ; flows SW. 350 m. , and joins 
 the Green in Utah ; flows through a mountainous region, and 
 forms deep and precipitous canons, now traversed in great part 
 by the railway from Leadville into Utah terr. 
 
 Grand River, U.S., Michigan, rises towards the SE. of the 
 state in Jackson co. , flows first W. then N. to Lansing, then 
 again W. to Lake Michigan, which it enters at Grand Haven ; 
 navigable by steamers for 40 m. to the rapids at Grand Rapids. 
 
 Grand River, U.S., NW. Missouri, rises in Iowa, and flows 
 .SE. and joins the Missouri at Brunswick ; length about 300 m. 
 
 Grandson, Gransee, or Gransen, comm. , Switzd. .cant.Vaud, 
 on the SW. of Lake Neuchatel, 2 m. N. Yverdon. Victory of the 
 .Swiss Confederates over Charles of Burgundy in 1476. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Grand Teton, mt. See Hayden Mountain. 
 
 Grand To^ver, vil. , U.S., in the S. of Illinois, Jackson co. , on 
 Mississippi R. , 24 m. SW. Carbondale. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Grand Traverse, co., U.S., Michigan, at the head of G. T. 
 Bay, S. of 45° N., W. of 85° W. 
 
 Grand Trunk Canal. See Trent and Slersey Navigation. 
 
 Grand Trunk Railway. See Canada, railways. 
 
 GraudtuUy, stn. , Scot., Perthshire, on the Tay, 4J m. NE. 
 Aberfeldy, on the H. R. 
 
 Grand Tunnel, settlement, U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co. , 
 on the r. bk. of the N. branch of the Susquehanna, 21 m. SW. 
 by W. Scranton, and 6 m. W. by S. Wilkesbarre. 
 
 Grand Turk, isl., W. Indies, with a lighthouse (vis. 15 m.) 
 in 21° 31' N. , 71° 8' W. ; with two wooden wharves. See Turks 
 Islands. 
 
 Grand I'nlon Canal, Eng. , cos. Leicester and Northampton, 
 rises from the Leicestershire and Northamptonshire Union Canal 
 by a flight of ten locks at Foxton, and runs S. to the Grand 
 Junction Canal, which it joins at Long Buckby, near the N. ter- 
 minus of the latter. Length (including a am. branch to Welford), 
 25 m. ; admits boats of 4 ft. draught. 
 
 Grand View, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Douglas co. , 60 
 ni. NW. by W. Yankton. 
 
 Grand View, vil., U.S., Indiana, Spencer co. , on r. bk. of 
 Ohio R. , 68 m. W. by S. Louisville (Kentucky). P. < 1500. 
 
 Grandvllle, vil. , U.S. , Michigan, Kent co. , on the Grand R. , 
 108 m. WSW. Bay City, and 8 m. SW. Grand Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 GrandvlIUers, comm., France, dep. Oise, arr. and 18 m. 
 XXW. Beauvais. P. < 2000. 
 
 Grand West«rn Canal, Eng. , continues the Bridgwater and 
 Canal to Tiverton, 10.6 m. long; no locks; admits boats of 5 
 ft. draught ; belongs to the G. W. R. 
 
 Grane, or Greln, Asiatic Turkey. See Koelt. 
 
 Grane Road, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Rossendale div. , 8 m. 
 N. by W. Bury, on the L. & Y. R. 
 
 Graneros, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. Tucuman. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Graney, par.. Ire., S. co. Kildare, bar. Kilkea and Moone, 
 10 m. SE. by E. Athy ; 5236 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Graney, Longta, lake, Ire. , in extreme NE. of co. Clare, 14 m. 
 .s. by W. Loughrea, drained by the R. Graney into Lough Derg. 
 
 Grangiirde, comm. , Sweden, prov. and 33 m. SW. Falun ; 
 has extensive iron-works. P. 8700. 
 
 Grange, part of par., Eng., Cheshire. See Claugliton. 
 
 Grange, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 'j\ m. SW. 
 Birkenhead. P. <25o. 
 
 Grange, vil. , Eng. , Cumberland, Penrith div. , on the Derwent, 
 I m. above its entrance into Derwent Water, 4! m. SSW. Kes- 
 wick stn. ; has lead ore mines. P. O. 
 
 Grange, vil. , Eng. , Herefordshire. See Adforton. 
 
 Grange, par., Eng., Kent, 7.\ m. NE. Chatham. P. <:25o. 
 
 Grange, tn., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., on More- 
 cambe Bay, 11 m. NNW. Lancaster, on the Furness Rly. , 
 PMT.O. P. <2ooo; eccles. par. (G.-over-Sauds) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Grange, vil., Eng., Yorkshire. See Bennlngbolnie. 
 
 Grange, par.. Ire., co. Armagh, bars. Armagh and Oneilland 
 West, Q.\ m. N. by E. Armagh ; 6796 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Grange, P.O., Ire., NE. co. Cork, \ m. NW. Fermoy. 
 
 Grange, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bars. Kilconnell and Loughrea, 
 5 m. S. Woodlawn stn. ; 4696 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Grange, par.. Ire., NW. co. Kildare, bar. Carbury, 15 m. 
 SE. MuUingar. P. <25o. 
 
 Grange, par., Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Shillelogher. P. <2So. 
 
 Grange, P.O., Ire., SW. co. Kilkenny, bar. Iverk, 6\ m. 
 ESE. Carrick-on-Suir. 
 
 Grange, par.. Ire., NE. co. Limerick, bar. Glenquin, 10 m. 
 S. by E. Limerick, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Grange, stn.. Ire., NE. co. Louth, bar. Lower Dundalk, 9 
 m. E. Dundalk. 
 
 Grange, PM.O., Ire., NE. co. Sligo, bar. Carbury, 15 m. 
 SW. by W. Ballyshannon, 10 m. from Bundoran stn. 
 
 Grange, P.O., Ire., S. co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa West, 
 5 m. W. by S. Clonmel. 
 
 Grange, par.. Ire., co. Waterford. See Usgenan. 
 
 Grange, par., Scot., Banffshire, on the 1. bk. of the Isla, 3^ 
 m. E. by N. Keith, i m. NW. by W. of its stn. on the G. N. 
 of S. R. , P.O. ; 15,041 ac. P. <2oc)o. 
 
 Grange, southern suburb of Edinburgh, Scot. 
 
 Grange, East, stn. , Scot. , Perthshire, 5^ m. W. by N. Dun- 
 fermline, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Grange, Newton, Scot. See Newton Grange. 
 
 Grangebellew, P.O., Ire., SE. co. Louth, bar. Ferrard, 7m. 
 N. Drogheda, 2^ m. ESE. Dunleer stn. 
 
 Grange Chine, small, deep, and narrow valley, Eng., Isle of 
 Wight, 6 m. NW. St. Catherines. 
 
 Grange City, settlement, U.S., Washington, Columbia co., 
 35 m. N. by E. Walla Walla. 
 
 Grangeclare, par.. Ire., co. and 2 m. NW. Kildare, bar. 
 Offaly E. P. <25o. 
 
 Grange Con, stn. , Ire. , near Tullow, on theG. S. & W. R. , P. O. 
 
 Grange Corner, P.O., Ire., W. co. Antrim, bar. Upper 
 Toome, 9 m. NW^ by W. Antrim, 5 m. from Toome Bridge stn. 
 
 Grange Court, stn., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean 
 div. , 6J m. W. by S. Gloucester, on the G. W. R. 
 
 Grange de lings, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Lindsey div. , in 
 Lincoln union. P. <:250. 
 
 Grangeford, par.. Ire., N. co. and bar. and 6 m. E. by S. 
 Carlow, Q.\ m. NW. Tullow stn., P.O. ; 3503 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Grangegeeth, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Slane, 3 m. 
 N. Slane, P.O.; 4453 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Graiigegorman, par., Ire., co. and partly in city of Dublin, 
 bar. Coolock. P. 10,200. 
 
 Grangekllree, par.. Ire., co. and 3 m. SE. Kilkenny, bar. 
 Shillelogher. P. <25o. 
 
 Grange Lane, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the M. 
 S. & L. R., 5i m. N. Sheffield. 
 
 Grangemaccomb, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Fassadinin, 
 2 m. S. Ballyragget ; 3486 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Graugemellon, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Kildare, bar. Kilkea 
 and Moone, 3 m. SSE. Athy. P. <25o. 
 
 Grange mil, P. O. , Eng. , Derbyshire, 3 m. from Winster. 
 
 Grangemoekler, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Slieveardagh, 
 7 m. N. Carrick-on-Suir. P. <5oo. 
 
 Grangemoutb, seapt. tn. , Scot. , co. Stirling, on the Firth of 
 Forth, at the mouth of the Carron, starting-point of the Forth 
 and Clyde Canal, near the Forth, with a terminal stn. on branch 
 line of the N. B. R. , on which the C. R. has running powers, 
 ■2\ m. NE. by E. Falkirk. It has a graving dock, a harbour for 
 vessels drawing 11 ft. of water, two docks belonging to the 
 C. R. , the larger of which has a depth of 16-22 ft. on the sill 
 at high water, and outside the harbour a sea-wall 850 ft. long, 
 alongside which the largest ships can lie. The port has regxilar 
 steam-communication with London, and considerable trade with 
 the Continent (for statistics, see Appendix, p. 13). There are 
 coal-mines near, establishments for shipbuilding, sawmills, brick 
 and tile works, and a rope and sail factory. P. (i87i)<;30oo ; 
 (1891) 6400. 
 
 Grange of Ballysculllon, Ire. See Ballysculllon, Doagk, 
 &c. , Grange of, pars. , Ire. See under Ballysculllon, &c. 
 
 Grange-over-Sands, Eng., Lancashire. See Grange. 
 
 Grangepans, tn., Scot., Linlithgowshire, on the S. shore of 
 the Firth of Forth, 3 m. N. Linlithgow, i m. E. Bo'ness stn,, 
 part of Borrowstounness [q.v. ). P. <; 1500. 
 
 607 
 
GRAN 
 
 GR AO 
 
 Grange Soad, stn., Eng., Sussex, 3 m. SW. East Grinstead, 
 on the L. B. & S. C. R. 
 
 CirangerosnolTan, par., Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Kilkea and 
 Moone, 4 m. SE. Athy. P. <25o. 
 
 Granges, French name of Grenchen (g.v.), Switzd. 
 
 GrangesllTla, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Gowran, contains 
 Goresbridge town ; 4807 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Grangetown, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, Cleveland div. , 4 m. E. 
 Middlesbrough, close to Eston Grange stn., with iron-works, 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Grange Town, stn. , Wales, Glamorganshire, in the pari. bor. 
 of Cardiff, on the Taff Vale Rly. See Leckwlth. 
 
 Grania's Bock, cape, Ire. See Dennot and G. R. 
 
 Granlca, frontier tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 66 m. by 
 rail S. of Radom, on railway from Vienna to Warsaw, one of 
 the chief custom-houses of the empire. P. 2200. 
 
 Granicus, riv. , Asia Minor. See KIioja-€hai. 
 
 Granite, tn., U.S., Montana, Deerlodge co., 38 m. NW. 
 Butte City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Granite, vil., U.S., Virginia, Chesterfield co., 3 m. WSW. 
 Richmond. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Granite Creek, tin-mining locality, Queensland, Palmer 
 dist. ; produce despatched from Cooktown. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Granite Falls, vil., U.S., Minnesota, cap. Yellow Medicine 
 CO., on Minnesota R., 114 m. W. St. Paul. P. <i5oo. 
 
 GranltevUle, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, Aiken co., 11 m. ENE. 
 Augusta (Ga. ). P. <2ooo. 
 
 GrnnltevUle, vil., U.S., Rhode I., co. and 6 m. NW. 
 Providence, on Woonasquatucket R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Granltola, Capo, cape, Sicily, in the W. , in 37° 33' N. 
 
 Granltza, tn. , Greece, prov. Acamania and JEtolia, 50 m. 
 W. by S. Pharsalos. P. <20oo. 
 
 Granja, vil., Brazil, state and 170 m. W. by N. Cear4, con- 
 nected by a railway %yith the seaport of Camocim. 
 
 Granja de Torrehermosa, comm. , Spain, prov. and 35 m. 
 S. Badajoz. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Granmlchele, tu., Italy. See Grammlchele. 
 
 Granollers, tn. . Spain, prov. and 18 m. NNE. Barcelona, 
 cap. of the dist. known as Valles, with ferruginous and woollen 
 manufactures, and various establishments in connection with 
 warm saline waters in the neighbourhood. P. 6200. 
 
 Gran Paradlso, mt. See Alps, Subdivisions, I. A. 3. 
 
 Gran Sasso d' Italia. See Apennines, D. 
 
 Gransden, Great, par. , Eng. , Huntingdonshire, Huntingdon 
 div., 12 m. W. Cambridge, 3 m. WNW. Old North Road stn. 
 
 P.<75o- 
 
 Gransden, little, par. adjoining Great Gransden, on the 
 SE. , in the Chesterton div. of Cambridgeshire. P. <25o. 
 
 Gransee, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt, and 4 
 m. NNE. Potsdam. P. <:4000. 
 
 Gransee, Switzd. See Grandson. 
 
 Gransen. See Grandson. 
 
 Gransha, P.O., Ire., co. Down, 9 m. from Ballynahinch. 
 
 Gransmoor, par. , Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 ig m. S. by E. Scarborough, 2 m. E. by S. Lowthorpe stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Granston, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 4 m. WSW. Fish- 
 guard. P. <25o. 
 
 Grant, co., U.S., Arkansas, between 34° and 35° N., and W. 
 of 92° W. , traversed by Saline R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grant, co., U.S., S. Dakota, on the E. frontier, crossed in the 
 S. by 45° N. 
 
 Grant, co., U.S., Indiana, between 40° and 41° N., and E. 
 of 86° W. 
 
 Grant, co., U.S., Kansas, in the SW., crossed by ioii° W. 
 
 Grant, co., U.S., Kentucky, N. of 38!° N., W. of 84° W. 
 
 Grant, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, S. of the parallel 32°, 
 and W. of the meridian 92°, between Red and Little Rivs. 
 
 Grant, co., U.S., Minnesota, in the W., crossed by 96° W., 
 and in the N. by 46° N. 
 
 Grant, city, U.S., Missouri, cap. Worth co., 94 m. NW. 
 Chariton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grant, CO., U.S., Nebraska, crossed by 42° N. , and in the 
 W. by 102° W. 
 
 Grant, co. , U.S. , New Mexico, in the SW. comer of the terr. 
 
 Grant, co., U.S., Oregon, on the S. frontier, crossed by 119° 
 and 120° W. , and stretching from 42° to 45° N. 
 
 Grant, co., U.S., W. Virginia, in the NE., crossed by 39° N., 
 and in the E. by 79° W. 
 
 Grant, CO., U.S., Wisconsin, in the extreme SW., between 
 the Mississippi on the W. , and the Wisconsin on the N. 
 
 Grant, co. , Victoria, crossed by 38° S. , and in the W. by 144° 
 E. , bounded on the E. by Port Phillip Bay. 
 
 Grant, mining vil., Victoria, Dargo co. , 52 m. N. by E. Sale. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Granta, riv. , Eng. See Cam. 
 
 Grant Bay, bay in the N. of Lake Victoria Nyanza, central 
 Africa, in 33° i2'-2o' E. 
 
 Grantcliester, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, Chesterton div. , onthe 
 Cam, 2^ m. SW. Cambridge. P. < 1500. 
 608 
 
 Grant City, settlement, U.S., Missouri, Worth co., 58 m. 
 NNE. St. Joseph. 
 
 Grantham (gran'tam), pari. bor. (i member) and mun. bor. 
 (since 1463), market-tn., par., and tp., Eng., co. and 23 m. S. by 
 W. Lincoln, parts Kesteven, on the Witham, with a junc. stn. 
 on G. N. R. G. has iron ore mines ; imports coal by a canal 
 belonging to the G. N. R. connecting the town with the Trent 
 at Nottingham. Has extensive agricultural implement manu- 
 factories, brickyards, a paper-mill, and is noted for ginger-bread. 
 Among its notable buildings and institutions are the fine church 
 of St. Wulfram's, with a spire 279 ft. high, a grammar school at 
 which CoUey Cibber and Sir Isaac Newton were educated, and 
 the Angel Hotel, where Richard III. signed the death-warrant 
 of the Duke of Buckingham, Oct. 19, 1483. Numerous seats 
 near. The par. contains also the town of Little Gonerby. Market- 
 days, M. and S. P. mun. bor. (1801) 5400 ; (1851) 3300 ; (1871) 
 5000 ; (1881) 16,900 ; (1891) 16,700 ; pari. bor. 17,200 ; par. 5700. 
 
 Grantham, co., W. Australia, between 116° and 118° E. 
 and S. of 32' S. 
 
 Grantham Grange, uninhabited par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 
 Grantham union. 
 
 Grant Isle, tp. and vil., U.S., Maine, Aroostook co., on St. 
 John R. , 12 m. from Van Buren. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grantley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 5 m. 
 W. by S. Ripon, P.O. P. <:25o. See Wlnksley. 
 
 Granton, par., Scot., Midlothian, on the Firth of Forth, 3 J 
 m. NW. by N. Edinburgh, on the N. B. R. It has a harbour, 
 with depth of 15-31 ft. alongside quays at high water ordinary 
 springs. Ferry to Burntisland, Fife. P. (including part of 
 Wardie) < 1000. 
 
 Granton Boad, stn. , on the C. R. , ^ m. S. Granton. 
 
 Grantown, vil., Scot., Elginshire, on the Spey, 19 m. S. 
 Forres, with stns. on the G. N. of S. R. and the H. R. Market- 
 day, F. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grant Pass, tn., U.S., Oregon, Josephine co., in the Cascade 
 Mts.,55m. NE. by E. of the SW. corner of the state. P.<:i5oo. 
 
 Grantshnrg, tn., U. S. , Wisconsin, Burnett co., 65 m. SSW. 
 of the N W. corner of the state ; totally destroyed in a forest fire, 
 Sept. 1894. 
 
 Grantsdale, vil., U.S., Montana, Missoula co., 75 m. W. 
 by N. Butte City. P. < 1000. 
 
 Grant's House, stn. , Scot. , Berwickshire, on Eye Water, 7 m. 
 WSW. St. Abb's Head, on the N. B. R., PM.O. 
 
 Grant's Pr'^s, channel, U.S., Alabama, connecting Missis- 
 sippi Sound with Mobile Bay. 
 
 Grautstown, electoral div.. Ire., in the SW. of Queen's co., 
 dist. Rathdowney. 
 
 GrantsTllle, vil., U.S., Utah, Tooele co.. 32 m. WSW. 
 Salt Lake City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grantnlly, eccles. par., Scot., Perthshire, Dull and Little 
 Dunkeld pars., on the Tay, 4J m. NE. Aberfeldy. P. <5oo. 
 
 GrantTllle, military post, W. Africa, French Congo Terr. , 
 on the coast, in 4° 30' S. , a little N. of Loango Bay. 
 
 Grant Vllle, vil., U.S., Georgia, Coweta co., 42 m. SW. by 
 S. Atlanta. P. <: 1500. 
 
 GrantTllle, post-tn., Victoria, Momington co., on Western 
 Port Bay, 50 m. SE. by S. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 GranTllle, settlement, Brit. New Guinea, in about 147° 10' E. , 
 9° 27' S. , centre of a growing trade with Cooktown, Queensland. 
 
 GranTllle, tn., France, dep. Manche, on the W. ct., arr. 
 Avranches, 23 m. NE. by E. St. Malo ; has dock and tidal harb. , 
 the latter 18 ft. deep at high water neap, 31.5 ft. at high water 
 spring tides ; has regular steamboat communication with Jersey. 
 P. 10,400. 
 
 GranTlUe, P.O., Ire., SE. co. Tyrone, bar. Middle Dun- 
 gannon, 2 m. SSW. Dungannon. 
 
 GranTllle, tn. , New South Wales, Cumberland co. , 13 m. W. 
 Sydney ; has an important junc. stn. P. <450o. 
 
 GranTllle, co. , S. Australia, bounded on the N. by 32° S. , 
 and crossed in the E. by 139° E. 
 
 GranTllle, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampden co., 14 m. 
 W. by S. Springfield. P. <: 1500. 
 
 GrauTllle, tp. and vil., U.S., New York, Washington co., 53 
 m. NNE. Troy; has slate quarries. Vil. P. <i5oo; tp. P. <:4^oo. 
 
 GranTllle, co., U.S., N. Carolina, on the N. frontier, E. of 
 79" W. 
 
 GranTllle, vil., U.S., Ohio, Licking co., 26 m. ENE. 
 Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 GranTllle, East, settlement, U.S., Vermont, Addison co., 
 20 m. SW. by S. Montpelier. 
 
 GranTllle Ferry, \il. and summer resort, Canada, Nova 
 Scotia, CO. and on the W. side of the estuary of the R. Annapolis, 
 100 m. W. by N. Halifax. P. <i5oo. 
 
 GranTllle, Lower, 10 m. WSW. G. Ferry, on Bay of Fundy. 
 
 Granya, post-tn., Victoria, Benambra co., 40 m. NE. by E. 
 Beechworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grao, or Gran, maritime comm. and bathing-place, Spain, on 
 the Mediterranean, prov. and 3 m. E. Valencia, of which city it 
 is the port. The full name is Villa Nueva del Grao, ' new town 
 of the flat beach.' P. <5ooo. 
 
GRAO — GRAY 
 
 Gv&o Para, colony, Brazil, in the E. of Santa Catharina, in 
 28°S., 49j°W. 
 
 drappeiihall, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Knutsford div. , 2^ m. 
 SE. by E. Warrington, on the Bridgewater Canal, PMT.O. 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Cirasbrook, isl., Ger., suburban to Hamburg, on 1. bk. of 
 Norder Elbe. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Cirasby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 12 m. W. 
 by S. Great Grimsby, 2 m. E. by N. Howsham stn. , P.O. 
 P. <:500. 
 
 Graslitz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 17 m. WNW. Karlsbad. P. 
 10,000. 
 
 Grasmere, par. and tn., Eng., Westmorland, Appleby div., 
 near the N. shore of Lake G., 14J m. NW. by W. Kendal, yj 
 m. N W. Windermere stn. The lake is traversed by the Rothay. 
 The churchyard contains the grave of the poet Wordsworth 
 (died 1850), who resided near the lake. PMT.O. Mean rfall. 
 (High Close, alt. 553 ft., 1866-80), 82.1 in. 7334 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Grasmoor, hill, Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., on 
 the E. side of Crumnock Water, 6 m. WSW. Keswick. 
 
 Griiso, or Graesne, isl. , Sweden, in the Gulf of Bothnia, W. 
 and somewhat N. of the Aland Is. (N. point in 60° 25' N. ), 18 m. 
 long by 2-3 m. broad, separated from the coast by the Oregrund 
 Channel. 
 
 Grass, riv. , U.S., New York, in the NE., rises in a small 
 lake at the foot of Bear Mt. , and flows N W. then N. then ENE. 
 to the St. Lawrence, which it joins on the r. bk. opposite Corn- 
 wall, Ontario. 
 
 Grassano, comm., Italy, prov. and 25 m. E. Potenza, circle 
 Matera. P. 5600. 
 
 Grasse, tn. , France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, cap. arr. , 9 m. 
 NW. by N. Cannes ; has Roman antiquities. Large quantities 
 of perfumery are made at G. , which has also silk spinneries, &c. 
 Now connected by rail with Nice, and becoming a favourite 
 health resort. Alt. 1065 ft. P. 8000. 
 
 Grassendale, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, in the ancient 
 par. of Childwall. P. <3ooc. See Cresslng^on. 
 
 Grassett, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 710 
 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Grassholm, small isl., off the W. ct. of Pembrokeshire, 7 m. 
 W. by S. Skomer I. 
 
 Grasslngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 on the Wharfe, 20 m. W. by S. Ripon, 7 m. N. by W. Embsay 
 stn.; has coal-mining. PMT.O. 5802 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Grass Lake, Canada, Saskatchewan, 30 m. N. Lake Winni- 
 peg, drained E. into the W. branch of the Nelson R. 
 
 Grass Lake, tp. and vil. , U.S., Michigan, Jackson co., 60 m. 
 W. Detroit. P. (vil. )< 1500. 
 
 Grassmoor, PM.O., Eng., Derbyshire, 3 m. S. Chesterfield, 
 on Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Rly. 
 
 Grass Pond, or St. Etieiune de Bonlton, post-vil. , Canada, 
 Quebec, co. Brome, 11 m. from Waterloo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grass River, Canada, issues from Herb Lake, Saskatchewan, 
 flows E. into Lake Setting, then NE. into the Nelson R., which 
 it enters in 56° N. 
 
 Grasstborpe, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, div. and 9 m. N. 
 Newark, i m. E. Crow Park stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Grasstree, Queensland. See Dliuterton. 
 
 Grass Valley, vil., U.S., California, Nevada co., 17 m. N. 
 Colfax ; has gold-mining. P. 6700. 
 
 Grassy Trail, settlement, U.S., Utah, Emery co., 123 m. 
 SE. Salt Lake City. 
 
 Grasted, vil. , Denmark, Seeland, prov. Frederiksborg, 13 m. 
 W. by N. Elsinore. 
 
 Grately, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., iij m. NE. 
 Salisbury, with stn. (Grateley) on the L. & SW. R., P.O. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Grate's Cotc, fishing settlement, Newfoundland, at entrance 
 to Trinity Bay. 
 
 Gratianapolis. See GrenoMe. 
 
 Gratiot, CO. , U.S. , Michigan, N. of 43° N., and E. of 85° W. 
 
 Gratton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., t\ m. W. by N. 
 Matlock. P. <25o. 
 
 Gratwicb, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Burton div., 8 m. NE. 
 by E. Stafford, 2J m. SSE. Leigh stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Gratz, Austria, Styria. See Graz. 
 
 Griitz, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. and 26 m. WSW. Posen. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Gran, comm. , Spain. See Grao. 
 
 Granbiindeu, canton, Switzd. See Grisons. 
 
 Grandenz, tn.,. Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, on the r. bk. of 
 the Vistula, 40 m. NE. Bromberg ; has numerous and varied 
 manufactories, and has steamboat communication with Danzig. 
 The fortress of G., erected by Frederick the Great in 1772-76, 
 stood a httle N. of the town, and is now razed. P. 20,400. 
 
 Granhof, vil., Prussia, Hanover, govt. Hildesheim, dist. 
 Goslar. Near is a mineral spring, whose waters have been ex- 
 ported since 1875 under the name of Harz bitter water. 
 
 Granlliet, tn., France, dep. Tarn, arr. Lavaur, 14 m. SW. by 
 S. Albi. P. <sooo. 
 609 
 
 Graun, comm., Austria, Tirol, 46 m. NW. by W. Botzen. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Graupen, tn., Bohemia, 3 m. NNE. Teplitz. P. < 4000. 
 
 Grava, small seapt., Turkey in Europe, W. ct., vilayet and 
 34 m. W. by S. Yanina. 
 
 Grave, fortified tn., Holland, prov. N. Brabant, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Maas, 18 m. E. by N. Bois le Due. P. {comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Grave, La, comm., France, dep. Hautes-Alpes, arr. Brianpon, 
 30 m. ESE. Grenoble. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Grave, Pointe de, cape, France, on the W. ct. , at the mouth 
 of the Gironde, S. side. 
 
 Gravedona, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, on the NW. shore of 
 Lake Como, prov. and 25 m. NNE. Como. P. <2C)oo. 
 
 Gravel, P.O., Eng., Shropshire, 7 m. SW. Minsterley. 
 
 Graveley, par., Eng., co. and 13I m. WNW. Cambridge, 
 Chesterton div. , 3 m. SE. Offord and Buckden stn. , P. O. P. < 250. 
 
 Graveley, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 10 m. 
 ENE. Luton, 2 m. NNE. Stevenage stn., PT.O. P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (G. witli Cliivesfleld) P. <500. 
 
 Gravelines, comm. and strongly fortified seapt. tn., France, 
 dep. Nord, cap. cant., arr. and 12 m. WSW. Dunkirk, on the 
 Aa, near its mouth in the English Channel, 12 m. ENE. Calais. 
 It stands in a marshy plain, protected from the sea by dunes 
 or sandhills, and which may be laid wholly under water; 
 has an arsenal, military hospital, fisheries, salt refineries, and 
 shipbuilding. It is the centre of the egg trade in this part of 
 France. The harbour (75 acres) has a depth at high water at 
 entrance of 18 ft. ordinary springs, 16 ft. ordinary neaps. There 
 is a canal between G. and the sea, length i m. 3 furlongs, and 
 available for vessels drawing 50 ft. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Gravellona, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Pavia, 10 m. SE. 
 Novara. P. <3oco. 
 
 Gravelly Hill, stn. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Tamworth div. , on 
 the L. and NW. R., 3 m. NE. Birmingham, PM.O. 
 
 Gravelotte, vil. , Ger., imperial terr. Alsace-Lorraine, circ. and 
 6\ m. W. of Metz. In the neighbourhood a great battle of the 
 Franco-German War was fought on Aug. 18, 1870, resulting in 
 the defeat of the French under Marshal Bazaine, and their re- 
 tirement to the entrenched camp of Metz. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Gravel River, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 896 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Graveney, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 2J m. ENE. Favers- 
 ham, P.O. (Gravenuy). P. <5oo. See Goodnestone. 
 
 's Gravendeel, comm., Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, at the 
 E. end of the Hoeksche Waard, SW. of Dordrecht. P. <4ooo. 
 
 '8 Gravenhage. See Hague, The. 
 
 's Graveuzande, comm., Holland, prov. S. Holland, on the 
 W. ct., 7 m. SW. The Hague. P. (comm.) 5000. 
 
 Gravenbnrst, vil, Canada, Ontario, Muskoka co., at the S. 
 end of Lake Muskoka, 54 m. NE. by E. Collingwood. Alt. 700 
 ft. Mean temp., yr. 40.5° F., Jan. 14.3°, July 66.0°. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gravenhurst, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, Luton div. , 9J m. 
 N. Luton, 3 m. SW. Shefford stn. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Graves, co., U.S., Kentucky, in the SW., on the S. frontier, 
 E. of 89° W. 
 
 Gravesend, called in Domesday Book Graves-ham, mun. 
 bor. (since the reign of Elizabeth) and pari. bor. (i member), riv. 
 port, market-tn., and par., Eng., co. Kent, on the r. bk. of the 
 Thames, and on the SE. R. and L. C. and D. R., and con- 
 nected by ferry with the Tilbury stn. of the London, Tilbury, and 
 Southend Rly. , 6\ m. NW. by W. Rochester, defended by three 
 forts on the Kentish coast, besides Tilbury fort on the Essex side. 
 G. is the boundary of the port of London, a place where troops 
 and passengers embark for long voyages ; and has Milton Mount 
 college for daughters of Congregational ministers, Parrock Hall, 
 industrial school for boys, and a free grammar school founded 
 in 1580, science and art schools, and a free library. G. is a 
 noted resort for holiday makers, who flock here and to Rosherville 
 and Springhead, which are in the neighbourhood, as is also 
 Cobham Hall, the seat of the Darnley family. Market-day, S. 
 Mun. bor. P. (1801) 2500; (1851) 16,600; (1871) 21,300; (1891) 
 23,900; pari. bor. P. (1871)27,500; (1891)35,100; par. P. 9900. 
 
 Graveshlp, Ketber, par., Eng., Westmorland, in bor. of 
 Kendal. P. < 1000. 
 
 Gravllle St. Hoiiorlne, tn., France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, 
 arr. le Havre, about midway between Havre and Harfleur ; has 
 lead, zinc, and copper mines. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Gravina, seapt., U.S., Alaska, in 60° 44' N. and 145° 46' W. 
 
 Gravina, comm. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 31 m. SW. Bari. 
 P. 14,900. 
 
 Gravinas, group of isls. , W. ct. N. America, Brit. Columbia, 
 S. of Revilla Gigedo, crossed by 85° N. 
 
 Gravlr, P.O., Scot., Lewis, 8 m. from Balallan. 
 
 Gravlev, comm., Denmark, in the E. of Jutland, prov. 
 Aalborg, on the Lindenbora Aa, 14 m. SSW. Aalborg. 
 
 Gray, comm., France, dep. Haute-Sa6ne, on the 1. bk. of the 
 SaSne, cap. arr., 25 m. NW. by W. Besancon. Alt. 720 ft. 
 P. 5800. 
 
 Gray, tn., U.S., Maine, Cumberland co., 19 m. N. Portland; 
 
 P. <2000. : i 
 
 2Q 
 
GRAY — GREA 
 
 «niy, CO., U.S., Texas, in the NW., E. of ioi° W., and N. 
 of 35" N. 
 
 Grsylngliain, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 8^ 
 m. ENE. Gainsborough, 2 m. E. Northorpe stn, , P. O. P. <.2So. 
 
 Grayling, settlement, U.S., Michigan, Crawford co., on An 
 Sable R., 80 m. S. of the Straits of Mackinac. Alt. 1135 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 Grayling, settlement, U.S., Montana, Beaver Head co., 70 
 m. S. by W. Butte City. Alt. 5442 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 Grayrlgg, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, div. and 4^ m. NE. by E. 
 Kendal, on the Mint, and on the L. & NW. R. , P.O. P. <:2So. 
 
 Grays, stn., Eng., Essex. See Grays Tbnrrock. 
 
 Gray's Harlior, inlet, U.S., Washington, in 47° N., receives 
 the Chehalis R. at its head ; affords shelter to vessels of 20 ft. 
 •draught. 
 
 Graysliott, PT.O., Eng., Hampshire. 
 
 Gray's Inn, par., Eng., Middlesex, in the city of London. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Grayson, co., U.S., Kentucky, W. of the meridian 86°, and 
 N. of the parallel 27°. 
 
 Grayson, viL, U.S., Kentucky, Carter co., 100 m. SE. by E. 
 Cincinnati (Ohio). P. < 1500. 
 
 Grayson, co., U.S., Texas, in the N., E. of 97° W., on the 
 Red R. (N. frontier). 
 
 Grayson, co., U.S., Virginia, in the SW., on the S. frontier, 
 crossed in the SE. by 81° W. 
 
 Gray's Peak, mt., U.S., Colorado, in the Rocky Mts., 48 m. 
 W. Denver. Alt. 14,340 ft. 
 
 Grays Tbnrrock, par. and tn., Eng., Essex, SE. div., on 
 the Thames, gh m. SE. Romford, vnth a stn. (Grays) on the 
 London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly. Trade in bricks, lime, 
 -whiting, and cement. ' Shaftesbury ' industrial training-ship 
 (under the London School Board) moored off here. Market- 
 day, Th. P. 12,200. 
 
 Graystown, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bars. Middlethird and 
 Slieveardagh, 7 m. E. by N. Cashel ; 7801 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Graytown, post-tn., Victoria, Dalhousie co., 68 m. N. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grayrllle, city, U.S., Illinois, White co., on Wabash R., 40 
 m. SW. Vincennes. P. 2000. 
 
 Graz, or Gratz (connected with Slavonic ^ra<f), tn., Austria, 
 cap. Styria, on the Mur, at the head of the first important ex- 
 pansion of the valley of that river, and built round the foot of 
 the truncated, isolated conical hill called the Schlossberg, which 
 rises about 400 ft. above the town, and was fortified even in the 
 time of the Romans. It is the seat of a bishop, and has a 
 university, a technical high school, and other important educa- 
 tional institutions. It has grown rapidly since the introduction 
 of rlys. and steam factories. The valley of the Mur affords rly. 
 communication both N. and S., and it has Ukewise rly. com- 
 mimication eastwards by the valley of the Raab. Its manu- 
 facturing industries (machinery, iron-wares, paper, leather, &c. ) 
 are promoted by the vicinity of the lignite of the Kainach valley, 
 the most important deposit of mineral fuel in the Alps. In the 
 neighbourhood are the cold mineral sprinrjs of Radegund, and 
 the health-resort of Tobelbad. Alt. 1 165-1235 ft. Mean temp. , 
 yr. 48.6° F., Jan. 29.0°, July 67.8°. P. (1869) 81,000; (1880) 
 ^8,000; (1890) 112,100. 
 
 Grazalema, tn., Spain, prov. Cadiz, 45 m. E. by N. Jerez, 
 on a steep rock on G. Sierra ; difficult of access. P. 9000. 
 
 Grazeley, par., Eng., Berkshire, Newbury div., 4 m. S. by 
 W. Reading, 2J m. NE. by N. Mortimer stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Grazzanlse, comm. , Italy, prov. and circ. Caserta. P. <4000. 
 
 Greagh, electoral div. , Ire. , Monaghan, dist. Ballybay. 
 
 Greaghglass, electoral div. , Ire., Leitrim, dist. Ballinamore. 
 
 Grean, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bars. Clanwilliam and 
 Coonagh, contains Pallasgrean town ; 7191 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Grean Head, cape, Scot., Inverness-shire, on the W. ct of 
 Barra I., in 57° i' N. 
 
 Grean Kock, islet. Ire. , SW. ct. co. Clare, 9 m. W. by N. 
 Kilrush. 
 
 Greasbrongk, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. 
 and 2m. NNW. Rotherham, PM.O. Par. P. <4Soo; tn. P. <4000. 
 
 Greasby, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Wirral div. , 4J m. W. by S. 
 Birkenhead, 2 m. SSE. Moreton stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Greasley, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Mansfield div. , 7^ m. 
 NW. Nottingham, 2 m. NNW. Kimberley stn., ij m. NW. 
 Watnall stn. ; 7220 ac. P. ii.ioo. 
 
 Great Barrier Island, isl. , off the E. ct. of the North I. , New 
 Zealand, off the mouth of Hauraki Gulf, just S. of 36° S. A 
 small island to the W. is known as Little Barrier I. 
 
 Great Barrier Reef, series of coral reefs oflf the E. ct. of 
 Australia, beginning about 1° N. of the Tropic of Capricorn, and 
 •extending for a distance of 1250 m. , advancing into the latitude 
 of Torres Strait, which it nearly closes. The wdest part is in 
 the S. , where it extends for about 100 m. from E. to W. , and 
 in that part also it lies furthest from the coast (150 m.). As it 
 narrows towards the N. it comes nearer to the coast, being in 
 many places within 10 m. of the land, opposite the promontories, 
 ■and generally not more than 15 or 20 m. distant. At low tide 
 the surface of the reef is just above the level of the surface of 
 610 
 
 the water, and at all states of the tide the border of the reef can 
 be distinguished by the strong breakers that wash over it. The 
 reef, however, is not continuous. It is broken up by many 
 deep channels, some of which are narrow, others from 10-12 m. 
 wide, enabling vessels to take either an inner or an outer route. 
 The principal of these channels are the Bligh Entrance, in 9° 20' 
 S. , 143° 45 E. , which affords the best access to the outer route 
 from Torres Strait ; the Olinda Entrance, in 11° 20' S. ; the Raime 
 I. Entrance, in 11° 40' S. ; and Flinders Passage, E. of Towns- 
 ville and N. of Bowen, Queensland, in 19° S., 148° E. The 
 route within the reef along the Australian coast has the advantage 
 of a calm and beautiful sea, owing to the protection which the 
 reef affords, and is that preferred by steamers, whose course can 
 be more easily controlled than that of saiUng vessels. But this 
 route is one that requires careful navigation, and above all at 
 night, when the reef cannot be made out at a greater distance 
 than half a mile. By day it is visible at a distance of 4 m. 
 from the bridge, and 7 m. from the rigging. Hence sail- 
 ing vessels that take the inner route proceed on their course 
 only by day, anchoring for safety at night ; and as a rule such 
 vessels go outside of the reef altogether into the open ocean, and 
 pass through one of its northern channels into or out of Torres 
 Strait. The most valuable products of the reef are pearls and 
 pearl shells from Mekagrina margaritifera, and trepangs 
 \Stichopus vulgaris, Holothuria mammifera, and Actinopyga 
 obesa). The whole area enclosed by the reef cannot be less than 
 100,000 sq. m. See The Great Barrier Reef of Australia : its 
 Products and Potentialities. By W. Saville-Kent. London, 1893. 
 
 Great Basin, at one time called also Fremont's Basin, a 
 vast region of inland drainage in the SW. of the United States, 
 considerably larger than France, covering portions of Nevada 
 (nearly the whole), Utah, Oregon, and California, between the 
 Sierra Nevada on the W. , and the Wasatch Mountains on the E. , 
 bounded on the S. by the mountains of S. California, and on the 
 N. by the low water-parting forming the limit of the Columbia 
 basin. General level of broadest part, 4000-5000 ft. It is 
 traversed everywhere by mountains trending usually N. and S. , 
 and rising from 1000-4000 ft. above the level of the plateau. 
 Intervening valleys almost 20 m. wide, and often of great length. 
 The hills are barren, the earth parched and almost destitute of 
 higher vegetation, and it is only on the banks of streams that 
 grass and trees or cultivated fields are seen. The soil where 
 irrigation can be applied is exceedingly fertile. There are 
 broad flats covered with salts, usually nitrate of soda, which 
 are perfectly barren. The lakes are numerous (in the E. Great 
 Salt Lake and Lakes Utah and Sevier, in the W. Lakes Malheur 
 and Harney, the Humboldt and Carson Sink, Lakes Carson, 
 Walker, &c.), and all of them are either salt themselves, or they 
 add their waters to a salt lake. The lakes in the NE. are relics 
 of a much larger lake, called Lake Bonneville, which in a recent 
 geological period extended over a fourth of the area of the 
 G. B. Another extinct lake of great size in the NW. of the 
 G. B. (principally in Nevada, but partly in California) has been 
 called Lake Lahontan. (See Monographs of the U.S. Geo- 
 logical Survey, voL i., Washington, 1890.) Soda Lake and 
 Deatb Talley, in this region, are peculiar depressions of the 
 surface, 4000 ft. below the general surface of the plateau, and 
 even some distance below the level of the sea. Vast deposits of 
 silver ore are ascertained to be stored among the mountains all 
 over the country. 
 
 Great Bay, U. S. , New Jersey, in the SE. , in 39^° N. , between 
 Burlington and Atlantic cos. 
 
 Great Bear Lake, Canada. See Bear Lake, Great. 
 
 Great Bend, city, U.S., Kansas, Barton co., on the 1. bk. of 
 the Arkansas R., 175 m. W. by S. Topeka. P. <:3000. 
 
 Great Bend, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Richland co., 
 50 m. S. Fargo. 
 
 Great Bend, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and on the r. bk. 
 of the N. branch of the Susquehanna R. , opposite G . B. Village, 
 40 m. N. by W. Scranton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Great Bras d'Or Cbannel, off the E. of Cape Breton I., 
 Nova Scotia, just N. of 46° N. 
 
 Great Bridge, stn., Eng., S. Staffordshire, on the G. W. 
 and L. & NW. Rlys., 2^ m. NE. Dudley. 
 
 Great Central Lake, Brit. Columbia, Vancouver I. , drained 
 SE. by .Alberni Canal into Barclay Sound. 
 
 Greatconnell, par. , Ire. , N. co. Kildare, bar. Connell, 6 m. 
 E. by N. Kildare ; 4584 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Great Dividing Bange. See Australia, Surface. 
 
 Great Eastern Ballvray, important rly. system, Eng., 
 having almost a monopoly in the counties between the Thames 
 estuary and the Wash ; London terminus, Liverpool Street. 
 
 Great Egg Harbor, inlet, U.S., New Jersey, between 
 Atlantic and Cape May cos., in 39° 18' N. 
 
 Great Falls, city, U.S., Montana, Cascade co., 115 m. NE. 
 by N. Butte City. P. <4000. 
 
 Great Falls, viL, U.S., New Hampshire, Strafford co., on 
 Salmon Falls R. , 34 m. E. by N. Concord ; has vast cotton mills, 
 driven by water-power supplied by the Salmon R. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Great Flsb Blver, or Back's Blver (Indian name, Thlew-ee- 
 
GREA — GREE 
 
 Choh), riv., Canada, NW. Terrs., rises close to the N. shore of 
 Lake Aylmer (Mackenzie basin), and flows NE. over a succession 
 of granites and sands, forming numerous rapids, which render 
 the river almost useless for navigation, and expanding in places 
 into lakes, the largest of which are the connected series Pelly, 
 Garry, and Macdougal, in 66° N. It finally enters the Arctic 
 Ocean by a wide estuary in 68° N., 96° W. At its mouth is 
 Montreal I., where relics of Sir John Franklin's party were 
 discovered. Ironstone abounds on its r. bk. near its head. 
 
 Great Fisli Klver, S. Africa, Cape Colony, rises in the 
 Sneeuwberg (Snowy Mts. ), flows tortuously SSE. through the 
 dists. Somerset, Albany, &c. , and enters the Indian Ocean near 
 33° n' S. and 27° 2' E. , after a SE. course of about 230 m. A bar 
 at its mouth renders it inaccessible except by boats. The rlys. 
 from Port Alfred and Port Elizabeth after their union ascend its 
 valley from Commadagga. 
 
 Greatford, par., Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 5 m. 
 NE. by E. Stamford. P. <2So ; eccles. par. (G. ■with Wlls- 
 tborpe) P. <5oo. 
 
 Greatford, post-tn. , New Zealand, Rangitikei co. (S. ct. of 
 North I.), 37 m. from Wanganui. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Greatliam, par. , Eng. , Durham, SE. div. , 4^ m. SW. by S. 
 Hartlepool, with a stn. on the NE. R. ; has manufactures of salt 
 made from brine. PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Greatliam, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 14J m. 
 SSW. Aldershot, 2 m. N. by E. Liss stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Greatbam, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 6 m. NNE. 
 Arundel, ijm. SSE. Hardhamstn. P. <2So. See Wlggonholt. 
 
 Great Island, isl.. Ire., co. Cork, in Cork Harbour; it 
 contains Queenstown. 
 
 Great Island, Ire., co. and 3 m. NE. and on N. side of Wex- 
 ford Harbour. 
 
 Great Island, the largest of the Furneaux group, in the E. of 
 the Bass Strait, Tasmania. 
 
 Great Kel, riv. See Kel. 
 
 Great Lake, Tasmania, is the largest lake of that country, and 
 is 3800 ft. high, in the Central Highlands of the island, co. West- 
 morland, 30 m. SW. Launceston ; drained S. by the Shannon 
 through the Ouse into the Derwent ; 13 m. long by 3-8 m. broad ; 
 area, 28,000 ac. 
 
 Greatman's Bay, Ire. , N W. co. Galway, at the N. of entrance 
 to Galway Bay. 
 
 Great Neck, vil., U.S., New York, Queen's co., ism. NE. 
 Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Great Nortltern Itallway, an important rly. system, Eng. ; 
 main line, London (King's Cross) to York. Numerous branches 
 on either side. 
 
 Great Xortbern Kailway (Ire.), a rly. system in the N. 
 of Ire. ; main line, Dublin (North Wall) to Belfast; numerous 
 branches in Ulster, also a branch from Drogheda to Oldcastle 
 (Westmeath) ; headquarters at Dundalk. 
 
 Great North of Scotland Railway, rly. system, Scot., 
 headquarters at Aberdeen, whence there are lines to Banff, 
 Elgin, Dyce, Culter, Peterhead, Fraserburgh, and Braemar, 
 the last known as the Deeside Rly. 
 
 Great Pedro Bluff, cape, Jamaica, on the S. ct. , in 77° 44' W. 
 
 Great Salt Lake, lake with no outlet, U.S., Utah, between 
 40° 40' and 41° 45' N., and 111° 50' and 113° 10' W., is 80 m. 
 long by 32 m. broad. It contains numerous rocky isles, the 
 largest, Antelope, being 18 m. long. The lake is from 10 to 50 ft. 
 deep. It is fed by Bear, Ogden, Weber, and Jordan Rivs., all 
 too small for navigation. In 1850, its area was 1700 sq. m. , 
 and its water contained 22.4 per cent, sohd matter. Between 
 i86i and 1869 it increased in depth 11 ft., and had in 1869 an 
 area of 2360 sq. m. , and a percentage of 14. 8 of solid matter in 
 solution— chloride of sodium, 11.862; chloride of magnesia, 1.490; 
 sulphate of soda, 0.932 ; and smaller amounts of potassium and 
 lime. This is about three times the percentage in sea-water. 
 In later years its area has diminished somewhat. See Great 
 Basin. 
 
 Great Sandy Island, Queensland, on the ct. , stretching from 
 Wide Bay to Hervey Bay, of which it forms the E. side ; crossed 
 by 25° S.; 65 m. by 10 m. Barren soil. Excellent fishing. 
 Sometimes called Frazer's I. 
 
 Great Slave Lake, large lake, Canada, NW. Terrs. , between 
 61° and 63° N., 1082° and ii8^° W., 300 m. long by nearly 60 
 m. wide ; area, 7100 sq. m. Very irregular in shape ; forms in 
 the E. two large bays, McLeod's Bay in the N. , and Christies Bay 
 in the S. , nearly separated by a large island. Connected in the E. 
 through Lockhart's R. (unnavigable) with Artillery Lake, Clin- 
 ton-Golden Lake, and Aylmer Lake. From its W. issues the 
 Mackenzie R. Contains trout, a kind of salmon, and other fish. 
 Freezes in winter to a depth of 6-7 ft. 
 
 Great Slave Klver, Canada, N W. Terrs. , issues from the W. 
 of Lake Athabasca, flows N. and enters Great Slave Lake by a 
 large delta ; ascended by sea-going steamers to the rapids near 
 Fort Smith (a little N. of 60° N.), where there is a portage of 13 
 m. , above which it is navigated by river steamers to its head. 
 
 Great Slide, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on 
 Bella Ceola R. , 245 m. NW. by N. Vancouver. 
 
 Great Smoky 9Ionntalu8» See Appalachian Mts., B. I. 
 
 Great South Bay, lagoon, U.S., New York, between Fire 
 I. Beach and the mainland of Long I., in 72^73^° W. 
 
 Great Southern «& Western Ballway, the chief rly. system 
 in the SW. of Ire. ; main line, DubUn (North Wall) to Cork. 
 
 Great Valley, U.S. See Appalachian Mountains, B. I. 
 
 Great Victoria Desert, the southern part of the desert in the 
 eastern half of W. Australia. 
 
 Great Village, seapt. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Colchester co. , 
 on Cobequid Bay, 54 m. WSW. Pictou. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Great Western Koad, stn., Scot., Lanarkshire, Partickdiv., 
 in a W. suburb of Glasgow, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Great Western, Queensland. See Watsonvllle. 
 
 Great Western, postal- vil. , Victoria, Borung co. , 8 m. by 
 rail SSE. Stawell ; has slate quarry near. P. < 1500. 
 
 Great Western Railway, one of the largest rly. systems of 
 Eng. ; main line from London (Paddington) to Bristol, Exeter, 
 and Penzance ; numerous ramifications over the western cos. 
 as far N. as Chester, and in Wales principally S. Wales, but 
 also to Barmouth and Blaenau Festiniog in N. Wales. Loco- 
 motive and carriage works at Swindon. 
 
 Greatworth, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 6Jm. 
 E. by N. Banbury, 2J m. WSW. Helmdon stn. , P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Grebensteln, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 11 m. NNW. 
 Kassel. P. <3000. 
 
 Greco, or Grego, cape in SE. of Cyprus, in 34° 57' N. 
 
 Greco Milanese, comm., Italy, prov. and dist. Milan. 
 P. <;40oo. 
 
 Gredos, Sierra de, nit. range, Spain, to the N. of 40° N., and 
 stretching nearly E. and W. between 4^° and 6° W. , between the 
 headwaters of the Alberche and Tormes on the N. , and that of 
 the Tietar on the S. , the Alberche, where it turns southwards, 
 separating it from the Sierra de Guadarrama. Highest peak the 
 Plaza de Almanzor, 8730 ft. Principal pass the Puerto del Pico, 
 ia about 5° W. 
 
 Greece, a kingdom in the SE. of Europe, in the E. of the 
 Mediterranean, comprising a peninsular portion, with the Ionian 
 Is. on the W. , and Eubcea, the Cyclades, and other islands on 
 the E. , in the .^gean Sea ; two of these islands, Leukas and 
 Euboea, being separated from the mainland only by very narrow 
 channels, that of Leukas not being navigable by ships. The 
 kingdom is divided into provs. (nomoi), eparchies [eparkheiai), 
 and demes {demoi) or communes. The area and pop. of the 
 provs. are shown in the following table : — 
 
 
 Area 
 
 ^?°f 
 
 . in 
 
 Incr. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Provinces {nomoi). 
 
 in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Thousands. 
 
 p. cent. 
 
 '79-89. 
 
 per 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1889. 
 
 Arta 
 
 537 
 
 31 
 
 33 
 
 
 6i 
 
 Trikkala 
 
 2,267 
 
 117 
 
 143 
 
 .. 
 
 63 
 
 Larissa 
 
 2,52s 
 
 146 
 
 168 
 
 
 67 
 
 North Greece 
 
 S.3»8 
 
 294I 
 
 344 
 
 
 65 
 
 Attica and Bceotia 
 
 2,481 
 
 185 
 
 258 
 
 39 
 
 104 
 
 Euboea (with Skopelos, &c.) 
 
 1,602 
 
 95 
 
 103 
 
 9 
 
 64 
 
 Phthiotis and Phocis . 
 
 2,374 
 
 128 
 
 136 
 
 6 
 
 57 
 
 Acarnania and yEtolia 
 
 3,034 
 
 138 
 
 162 
 
 17 
 
 53 
 
 Mid Greece (Roumelia) 
 
 9.490 
 
 S47 
 
 660 
 
 22 
 
 70 
 
 ArgolisandCorinthia(withCerigo) 
 
 2,020 
 
 136 
 
 145 
 
 6 
 
 71 
 
 Achaia and Elis .... 
 
 2,028 
 
 182 
 
 211 
 
 16 
 
 104 
 
 Arcadia 
 
 1,678 
 
 149 
 
 148 
 
 -0.2 
 
 88 
 
 Laconia 
 
 1,632 
 
 121 
 
 126 
 
 4 
 
 77 
 
 Messenia 
 
 1,329 
 
 156 
 
 183 
 
 17 
 
 138 
 
 PeIeponnesus(with Cerigo) 
 
 8,689 
 
 743 
 
 813 
 
 9 
 
 94 
 
 Cyclades .... 
 
 959 
 
 132 
 
 132 
 
 -0.3 
 
 137 
 
 Corfu (with Leukas and Paxos). 
 
 414 
 
 106 
 
 "5 
 
 8 
 
 277 
 
 Cephalonia (with Ithaca) . 
 
 306 
 
 81 
 
 80 
 
 -0.4 
 
 261 
 
 Zante (with Siivali) . 
 
 166 
 
 45 
 
 44 
 
 -I 
 
 265 
 
 Ionian Isles .... 
 
 887 
 
 231 
 
 *39 
 
 3-5 
 
 269 
 
 Army and Navy 
 
 
 3» 
 
 ?3o 
 
 
 
 Greece (total) 
 
 »S,3S3 
 
 1,979 
 
 2,217 
 
 
 88 
 
 1 Census 1881. 
 The peninsular part of the country is itself divided into two 
 portions by the isthmus of Corinth, which forms the connecting 
 link between N. and Mid Greece on the one hand, and the 
 Peloponnesus or Morea on the other hand, the latter running 
 out into four minor peninsulas, the southernmost of which, the 
 peninsula of Mani or Maine, ends in Cape Tainaron or Matapan, 
 in 36° 23' N., 22° 29' E. The isthmus separates the Gulf of 
 ^gina on the E. from that of Corinth or Lepanto, continued 
 beyond the narrows in 22° E. by the Gulf of Patras, and the 
 minor peninsulas of the Peloponnesus form in the order from 
 W. to E. the Gulfs of Messenia or Korone, Laconia or Mara- 
 thonesi, and Nauplia or Argolis. By far the greater part of the 
 surface is mountainous, and the coasts are mostly high and 
 cUffy, the principal stretches of the coast-line having a different 
 character being those on both sides of the Gulf of Patras, and 
 on the NW. and W. of the Peloponnesus. The principal plains 
 are those of Thessaly, drained by the R. Peneios (Peneus) in 
 the NE. of the country, the basin of that river being divided by 
 mountain spurs into two sections, corresponding pretty nearly 
 
 6U 
 
GR EE 
 
 with the nomoi of Trikkala (in the W. ) and Larissa (in the E. ). I 
 The other considerable plains are those traversed by the Sper- 
 kheios at the head of the Gulf of Malia or Zeituni, separated 
 from the plains of Thessalyby MountOthrys ; the plain in Boeotia, 
 formerly occupied for the most part by Lake Kopais (g.v.) ; and 
 a plain in the W. in Acarnania, traversed by the lower Akheloos 
 or Aspropotamos. In the Peloponnesus there are hardly any 
 districts that can be described as plains. The greater part of the 
 surface there is upwards of 1650 ft. in height, the principal areas 
 below that level being the valley of the Eurotas and adjoining 
 tracts N. of the Gulf of Laconia, and in the lower valley of the 
 Alpheios(Ruphia) in the W. A narrow tract under that elevation, 
 in which are the towns of Karytaina and Megalopolis, connects 
 these two districts. The mountains of G. comprise few chains 
 of any considerable length, even in proportion to the size of the 
 country. Among the lew is Mount Othrys, already mentioned 
 as separating the valleys of Thessaly from that of the Sperkheios, 
 a range stretching E. and W. on the parallel of 39°, and attain- 
 ing in Gerakobuni in the E. an alt. of 5670 ft. , in Hagios Elias 
 in the W. one of 4215 ft. ; another is the range on the E. of 
 the plain of Larissa and the Gulf of Volo, known in the N. as 
 Ossa or Kissavos, 6405 ft., and in the S. as Pelion (Plaisidi, 
 5305 ft.); a third. Mount Taygetos or Pentedaktylon, runs 
 S. through the peninsula of Mani, reaching in Hagios Elias the 
 height of 7870 ft. Among other notable peaks are Bardousia 
 (8185 ft.), Nkiona (8240 ft.), and Parnassus (8065 ft.), all in 
 Phthiotis and Phocis, and Helikon (5735 ft.), in Boeotia. The 
 geological structure of the country accounts in a great 
 measure for the peculiar character of the hydrography. The 
 greater part of the coimtry is composed of limestones of 
 Cretaceous age, or belonging to the formations immediately 
 preceding. The remainder of the surface is mainly occupied 
 (at least in the Peloponnesus) by neogene marls, sands, and 
 sand-stones, and conglomerates, with strips or more extensive 
 tracts of alluvium on the coasts, especially at the head of the 
 bays. The islands on the W. are similar in structure. The 
 Cyclades, on the other hand, are mostly composed of metamorphic 
 rock, Melos and Santorin volcanic. The peninsula of Methana, 
 in the Gulf of .(Egina, is likewise of volcanic origin (trachytic). 
 The rocks of G. are much faulted, and earthquakes are very 
 frequent. Seven different areas independently liable to earth- 
 quake shocks are distinguished: (i) the Corinthian, extending 
 from the isthmus of Corinth to Patras, a district in which shocks 
 are very frequent and sometimes violent, the parts suffering 
 most severely being the incompact alluvial strip on the coast ; 
 (2) the Phocaean, from Delphos to beyond Lidorikion ; ^3) the 
 Agrinian in the W. of Mid and N. Greece, from Agrimon to 
 Vonitsa and Prevesa; (4) the Ionian, embracing the S., and 
 especially the SW. , of the Peloponnesus and the Ionian Is. 
 northwards to Leukas ; (5) the region of the Cyclades ; (6) the 
 Eiiboean district from Chalkis to Thebes ; and (7) the Thessalian 
 plains. Hot springs are numerous ; almost all rich in common 
 salt, and near the sea, most having also more or less sulphur. 
 Wherever limestones are found, and to a less extent in the districts 
 of the conglomerates, the surface water disappears to a large 
 extent in fissures (here called katavothrai), and circulates under- 
 ground till it reappears in clear and nearly constant springs 
 \kephalaria or kephalovrysi) at the junction of the limestone with 
 the neogene marls or some other hardly permeable rock. The 
 principal rivers are the Peneios, Sp>erkheios, and Akheloos, all 
 already mentioned in N. and Mid G., and the Eurotas or Iri, 
 the Pamisos, and Alpheios in the Peloponnesus. It is note- 
 worthy in this peninsula that, on the E. side from the Gulf of 
 .^gina to the Eurotas, there is not a single perennial or even 
 periodic stream, whereas on the W. side, from the Pamisos to 
 the Gulf of Corinth, they are all perennial, or at least periodic, 
 all dangerous torrents, liable to swell to destructive dimensions, 
 and rolling enormous masses of debris down to the sea. Most 
 of the lakes of G. are either coast lagoons (like that of Agoulinitza) 
 or lakes with underground outlets, and liable from time to time 
 to be entirely drained off and disappear. The chief lakes are 
 Bolbeis or Karla, in the E. of Thessaly, at the base of Mount 
 Pelion ; Amvrakia and Trikhonis, in Acarnania and .<Etolia ; 
 Lykeri and Paralimni in Boeotia, through which Lake Kopais is 
 now drained into the sea ; and Pheneos (Phonia) and Stymphalos, 
 in the N. of the Peloponnesus. The climate of G. is that of 
 the Mediterranean generally, the chief characteristics being 
 moderate temperatures and dry or nearly rainless summers. 
 [Europe, climate ; Corfu, Atliens.] At Athens there are five 
 months — April, June, July, August, and September — in which the 
 mean rfall. is less than four-fifths of an inch. Northerly winds 
 (the Etesians of the ancient, the Melteraia of the modern, Greeks) 
 prevail in July and August and sometimes during the first half 
 of September. On the coasts these are modified by the occur- 
 rence of land- and sea-breezes, but in enclosed valleys calms 
 generally prevail in the intervab during which the northerly 
 winds of this period do not blow. Malaria is a scourge 
 throughout the whole country. Not even the most elevated 
 village is free from the dreaded malarial fevers, but the 
 peculiar seats of such diseases are the low grounds and 
 612 
 
 hill coimtry of the coast region, composed of alluviimi and in- 
 compact neogene deposits ; and the period when it reaches its 
 height is August and September, that is, towards the end of the 
 dry season, and especially after the first rains. Malaria appears 
 to be much more severe than in ancient times, probably ovdng 
 to the neglect of cultivation and want of care in regulating the 
 surface water. G. is pre-eminently an agricultural country. 
 The products of most importance is that of currants, the culti- 
 vation of which is chiefly pursued in the Ionian Is. , where the 
 sweetest and best-flavoured fruit is grown, and in the provs. of 
 Achaia and Elis, at the head and along the S. shore of the Gulfs 
 of Corinth and Patras; other southern fruits are also grown, 
 particularly olives. The mountain districts are almost exclusively 
 agricultural, wheat and barley being the chief crops. Maize is 
 cultivated to an alt. of 3600 ft. The native grain production is, 
 however, insufficient for the requirements, especially on the 
 Cyclades and in the currant-producing districts. The cultiva- 
 tion of cotton, already considerable, is increasing, the reclaimed 
 plain of Kopais being well adapted for this crop. The principal 
 forest tree is the Aleppo pine, next in number are various oaks 
 (the Valonia oak of economic importance), firs, and black pines. 
 Forests give place to low scrub at an alt. of 6200-6500 ft. Fish 
 are abundant off the coasts, but the Greeks are not fishermen. 
 The wild animals include, in the Morea, foxes, and even a few 
 jackals. The eagle, vulture, and hawk are the commonest birds 
 of prey. The chief minerals are the silver-lead, and mangani- 
 ferous iron and zinc ores of Laurium (at the SE. extremity of 
 Attica), and the iron ores of the isl. of Seriphos (SW. of Syra). 
 Recently a beginning has been made with the working of ex- 
 tensive deposits of argentiferous barytes on the isl. of Melos 
 (Milo), where also manganese ores and sulphur are worked. 
 Anciently iron ores were worked in Laconia, but the ores, though 
 abundant, are not sufficiently rich or well situated to be worked 
 profitably under modern conditions. Metals and metallic ores 
 make up 20 per cent, of the value of Greek exports. Among 
 the minor minerals is the statuary marble of the isl. of Paros. 
 The anciently celebrated black marble quarries of Tainaron 
 have not yet been identified with certainty. Manufacturing 
 establishments using steam or water pwwer are rapidly increas- 
 ing in Athens and the other large towns. They are principally 
 confined to the production of coarse cotton and other textiles, 
 but machinery is made at the Piraeus. The making of furniture, 
 and shipbuilding are important. The means of communlca* 
 tlon are still defective. The first rly. (from Athens to the Piraeus) 
 was opened in 1869. It is on the ordinary gauge. Narrow- 
 gauge rlys. now run from Athens to the Laurium mines, and 
 along the E. side of the isthmus of Corinth, and along the N. 
 and N W. coasts of the Peloponnesus to Pyrgos, with a branch 
 from the isthmus to Mylos (Myli), the port of Argos, now being 
 continued by Tripolis to Kalamai (Kalamata). Of the rlys. 
 now in progress, is that which has been constructing since 1890 
 from Athens to Larissa. It is on the ordinary gauge, and is 
 intended to be ultimately brought into connection with the rly. 
 from Belgrade to Salonica. Already a rly. runs through the 
 Thessalian plain from Larissa to Trikkala, describing a great 
 curve to the S. , so as to pass near Pharsalos. The ship-canal 
 which, since 1893, has afforded a passage through the isthmus 
 of Corinth, is important not only as effecting a saving of time 
 (about half a day) in the voyage between the E. and W. of 
 Greece, but also as enabling ships to avoid the often dangerous 
 voyage through the rocky waters in the S. of Greece. Currants 
 make up fully half the value of Greek exports. England and 
 France together receive more than 60 per cent, in value ; Russia, 
 England, and Austria- Hungary furnish fully that percentage of 
 imports, nearly 40 per cent, of which consists of grain. Honey, 
 Weights, and Measures. — The unit of ciurency is the drachma 
 [drakhmi), of the same weight and fineness as the franc, but 
 = only about 8Jd., and divided into 100 lepta ; the Grecian 
 pike=^ of an English yard; the siremma = ^ of an English 
 acre; the oie=2.8o lbs. avoirdupois; the daril (vrine)=i6.33 
 imperial gallons. GoTernment, Army, and Fleet. — The 
 government is a constitutional hereditary monarchy. The 
 executive authority is vested in the king and his ministers, the 
 heads of seven departments, and the legislative in a single 
 Chamber of Representatives, called the Foule. Deputies (since 
 1886, 150 in number) are elected by manhood suffrage for a term 
 of four years ; they receive payment. The Voule must meet 
 annually for not less than three, nor more than six months. 
 Service in the army is compulsory. Every man over twenty- 
 one years of age must serve. The period of service is nineteen 
 years, two of which are with the colours, eight and seven in the 
 reserve, the remainder in the militia. The navy, which is in- 
 significant, is manned partly by conscription, partly by enlist- 
 ment. The period of service is two years. The population of 
 G. is of very mixed origin. Anciently the whole country was 
 occupied by Hellenes, but from the 3rd century onwards Goths, 
 Heruli, and Slavs formed settlements of greater or less extent, 
 Slavs along with Avars settling in great numbers towards the 
 end of the 6th century. A still more important admixture is 
 that of the Albanians, whose settlements date principally from 
 
GREE — GREE 
 
 the 13th and 14th centuries, when G. was in a large meastire 
 depopulated by misrule and pestilence (the black death in 1348). 
 The Albanian language is still spoken to a large extent, not only 
 in N. Greece, but also in the Peleponnesus (especially on the 
 Gulf of yEgina and at the head of the Gulf of Corinth). There 
 is a considerable 1 talian element in the Ionian Is. , but modern 
 Greek, or so-called Romaic, that is, the language of the 
 (Eastern) Roman Empire, is gradually spreading over the whole 
 country, and through the efforts of the educated classes is being 
 more and more approximated to the Greek of ancient classical 
 times. The prevailing religion is that of the Greek Orthodox 
 Church, but complete toleration and liberty of worship prevails. 
 Education is free throughout, from the primary schools to the 
 university of Athens, and between the ages of five and twelve 
 compulsory, but in country districts the law is not well enforced. 
 The following are the principal towns, in order of population, 
 above 20,000 : — Athens, Piraeus, Patras, and Hermoupolis. 
 Historical notes.— G. as a single state is entirely a creation of 
 modern times. The kingdom dates from 1830, when a rebellion 
 of the Greeks against the Turks resulted through the intervention 
 of the great powers in the establishment of Greek independence. 
 An area of about 5200 sq. m. , with a population of about 300,000, 
 was added to the kingdom by the treaty of Berlin in 1878. See 
 C. Wordsworth, Greece {hondon, 5th ed., 1868); R. C. Jebb, 
 Modern Greece (London, 1880) ; Dr. A. Philippson, Der Pelo- 
 ponnes (Berlin, 1891), with two maps on the scale of i : 300,000, 
 one geological (coloured according to the nature of the rocks), 
 the other topographical and hypsometrical ; Kiepert's Ueber- 
 sicht der Hohenverhdltnisse der Hellenischen Lander in Europa 
 (Berlin, 1869), is a hypsometrical map of the whole of G. A new 
 edition of the official map of G. , in twenty sheets, on the scale 
 1 : 200,000, was published in 1880. 
 
 Greeley, city, U.S., Colorado, cap. Weld co., 48 m. NNE. 
 Denver. Alt. 4642 ft. (R.R.). P. <3000. 
 
 Greeley, co., U.S., Kansas, on the W. frontier, N. of the 
 parallel 38°. 
 Greeley, co. , U.S. , Nebraska, S. of 42° N. , and W. of 98° W. 
 Green, Cape, New South Wales, N. of Cape Howe, a few 
 miles S. of Twofold Bay. 
 Green, U.S., co., Kentucky, N. of 37° N., W. of 85° W. 
 Green, riv., U.S., Kentucky, flows W. then NW. to the 
 Ohio, which it joins on the 1. bk. in about 87!° W. 
 Green, co., U.S., Wisconsin, on the S. frontier, E. of 90°W. 
 GreenagU, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 7 m. from Blarney. 
 Greenaley Point, cape, Eng., Somerset, in 3° 30' W. 
 Greenan (' a sunny spot'), electoral div., Ire., Tyrone, dist. 
 Dromore. 
 Greenane, electoral div. , Ire. , Cork, dist. Kanturk. 
 Greeuane, electoral div. , Ire., Kerry, dist. Kenmare, P.O. 
 Greenbank, stn., Eng., Cheshire, on L. & NW. R., between 
 Northwich and Acton Bridge. 
 
 GreenbaiLk, eccles. par., Scot., Renfi-ewshire, Cathcart, 
 Eastwood and Mearns pars. P. <25oo. 
 
 Green Bay, inlet, Canada, Newfoundland, on the SW. of 
 Notre Dame Bay, with its mouth in 55° 53' W. 
 
 Green Bay, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Brown co., at the head of 
 the bay of the same name, on the r. bk. of the Fox R. ; its chief 
 trade is in lumber. P. (1880) 7500; (1890) 9100. 
 
 Green Bay, inlet, U.S., Wisconsin, 90 m. long, 15 m. broad, 
 opening off Lake Michigan. It receives the Fox R. at its head ; 
 navigable throughout for vessels of 200 tons. 
 Greenbrae, vil., Scot. See Stoop. 
 
 Greenbrier, co., U.S., W. Virginia, in the SE., on the E. 
 frontier, crossed by 38° N. 
 
 Greenbrier, riv., U.S., W. Virginia, in the E., rises on the 
 Alleghany Mts. , and flows SW. to the Great Kanawha, which it 
 joins on the r. bk. at Hinton, in 37° 22' N. , 81° W. 
 
 Greenbarg, tp. and vil., U.S., New York, Westchester co., 
 on Hudson R., 5^ m. from Yonkers. P. (vil. )< 2000. 
 
 Greenbnsli, vil, U.S., New York, Rensselaer co., on the 1. 
 bk. of the Hudson, nearly opposite Albany. P. <73oo. 
 
 Greencastle, tn., Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Belfast, on 
 Belfast Lough, 3 m. N. Belfast, on the Belfast and Ballymena 
 Rly. P.<7So. 
 
 Greencastle, vil. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. E. Inishowen, at the 
 m. of Lough Foyle, 2J m. ENE. Moville, PM.O. Mean temp. 
 (7 yrs., 1874-80), yr. 48.1° P., Jan. 39.8°, July 58°. P. <iooo. 
 
 Greencastle, tnld. , Ire. , SE. co. Down, bar. Mourne, 13 m. 
 E. by N. Dundalk. P. <5oo. 
 
 Greencastle, city, U.S., Indiana, cap. Putnam co., 38 m. W. 
 by S. Indianapolis. P. < 5000. 
 
 Greencastle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, cap. Franklin co., 55 
 m. SW. by W. Harrisburg. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Green Core Springs, tn. , U.S., Florida, Clay co. , on the 1. 
 bk. of St. John's R. , 31 m. SW. by S. of the mouth of the river. 
 P. < 1500. 
 Greencroft, par., Eng., Durham, i m. N. Lanchester. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Greendale, postal-tp. , Victoria, Bourke co. , 50 m. by road 
 NW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Greene, co., U.S., Alabama, crossed by 33° N. and 88° W. 
 
 Greene, co. , U. S. , Arkansas, E. frontier, crossed in S. by 36° N. 
 
 Greene, co. , U.S., Georgia, between 33° and 34'^ N. , crossed 
 in extreme E. by 83° W. 
 
 Greene, co., U.S., lUinois, N. of 39° N., and bounded on W. 
 by lUinois R. 
 
 Greene, co. , U.S. , Indiana, intersected by 39° N. and 87° W. , 
 and traversed lay W. branch of White R. 
 
 Greene, vil., U.S., Iowa, Butler co., on Shell Rock R., 88 m. 
 NW. Cedar Rapids. P. <isoo. 
 
 Greeite, co. , U.S., Iowa, crossed by 42° N. , and W. of 94° W. , 
 traversed by Raccoon R. 
 
 Greene, co. , U.S., Mississippi, in the SE., on the E. frontier, 
 crossed in the S. by 31° N. 
 
 Greene, co. , U.S., Missouri, in the S. , to the E. of 94° W. , and 
 N. of 37° N. 
 
 Greene, co. , U.S., New York, in the SE., bounded on the E. 
 by the Hudson R., N. of 42° N. 
 
 Greene, vil., U.S., New York, Chenango co., 50 m. SSE. 
 Syracuse, on the Chenango Canal. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Greene, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the E. , to the S. of35°N., 
 and E. of 78° W. 
 
 Greene, co., U.S., Ohio, in the SW., to the S. of 40° N., 
 crossed in the W. by 84° W. 
 
 Greene, co. , U.S., Pennsylvania, in the extreme SW. 
 
 Greene, settlement, U.S., Rhode I., Kentco., i9im. SW. by 
 W. Providence. 
 
 Greene, co. , U.S., Tennessee, on the SE. frontier, crossed in 
 the S. by 39° N. , and in the W. by 83° W. 
 
 Greene, co., U.S., Virginia, in the N., N. of 38° N., and 
 W. of 78" W. 
 
 GreenesTllle, co., U.S., Virginia, S. frontier, E. of 78° W. 
 
 Greene Vtlle, U.S., Georgia and Tennessee. See Greenville. 
 
 Greenfield, stn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, Golne Valley div. , on the 
 L. & NW. R., 4 m. E. Oldham, PMT.O. 
 
 Greenfield, stn. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, 6 m. WNW. of the 
 head of Loch Lochy, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Greenfield, city, U.S., Illinois, Greene co., 48 m. N. St. 
 Louis ( Mo. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Greenfield, city, U.S., Indiana, Hancock co. , 19 m. E. 
 Indianapolis. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Greenfield, tn., U.S., Iowa, Adair co., 50 m. WSW. Des 
 Moines. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Greenfield, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co., 26 ra. 
 N. Holyoke ; a summer resort ; has manufactures of cutlery, 
 edge tools, &c. P. 5300. 
 
 Greenfield, vil., U.S., Missouri, cap. Dade co., 76 m. NE. 
 by N. of the SW. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Greenfield, tp. and vil., U.S., New York, Ulster co., 30 m, 
 W. Poughkeepsie. P. (vil. )< 1500. 
 
 Greenfield, vil., U.S., Ohio, Highland co., 62 m. ENE. 
 Cincinnati. P. <30oo. 
 
 Greenfield, U.S., Pennsylvania. See Pike Bnn. 
 
 Greenfield, vil. , Wales, Flintshire, on the 1. bk. of the Dee, 
 included in the par. and pari. bor. of Holywell, PMT.O. 
 
 Greenford, par., Eng., Middlesex, Brentford div., ij m. 
 NNW. Hanwell stn., 11 m. W. St. Paul's, London, PT.O. 
 P. <:75o. 
 
 Greenfort, electoral div.. Ire., Cork, dist. Blarney. 
 
 Greenfort, electoral div. , Ire. , Donegal, dist. Fanad. 
 
 Greengalrs, vil., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, 3 J m. NNE. 
 Airdrie, 2 m. W. by N. Longriggend stn., P.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Greenhalgb ivlth Ttalrleton, par., Eng., Lancashire, in 
 Fylde union. P. < 500. 
 
 Greenhall, electoral div. , Ire. , Tipperary, dist. Silvermines. 
 
 Greenbam, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, div. and i^ m. S. by E. 
 Newbury. P. <25oo. 
 
 Greenbam, PT.O., Eng., Somerset, 5^ m. SW. Milverton. 
 
 Green Hammerton. See Hanimerton, Green, PMT.O. 
 
 Greenbaugta, P.O., Eng., Northumberland, on the Tarset 
 Burn, div. and 17 m. NW. by N. Hexham, x\ m. N. by E. 
 Tarset stn. 
 
 Greenbead, vil., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 17^ m. 
 W. Hexham, on the NE. R., P.O. See Haltwhlstle. 
 
 Greenbead, eccles. par. , Scot. , Glasgow, Barony par. P. 5400. 
 
 Greenbeys, eccles. par. , Eng. , Manchester. P. 7700. 
 
 Greenblll, vil., Eng., Derbyshire, 4 m. S. Sheffield, P.O. 
 
 Greenblll, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Lindsey div., 4 m. 
 NE. Gainsborough. P. <:25o. 
 
 Greenblll, vil. , Eng. , Middlesex. See Harrow-on-tbe-Hlll. 
 
 Greenblll, P.O., Eng., near Sunderland, i m. from Murton 
 Colliery. 
 
 Greenblll, PM.O., Eng., Worcestershire, 3 m. from Broms- 
 grove. 
 
 Greenblll, electoral div.. Ire., SE. co. Fermanagh, bar. 
 Magherastephana, 8| m. E. Enniskillen. 
 
 Greenblll, stn., Scot., Stirlingshire, on the C. R., 4 m. W. 
 by S. Falkirk. 
 Greenblll Lane, P.O., Eng., Derbyshire, 2| m. SE. Alfreton. 
 Greenbltbe ('the green haven'), eccles. par., Eng., Kent, 
 
 613 
 
GR EE - 
 
 Dartford div., on the Thames, 4 m. W. Gravesend, on the SE. 
 R., PMT.O. P. <:2ooo. 
 Greenholm, tn., Scot., Ayrshire, part of Newmilns (q.v.). 
 
 P. -ClOOO. 
 
 ereenbow, eccles. par. , Eng. See Ingleby Greenhow. 
 
 Greenbowblll, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 3^ m. NE. Pately Bridge. P. <:soo. 
 
 Green Island, Alaska, at entrance of Prince \MlUam Sound. 
 
 Green Island, Hudson Strait, Brit. N. America, 100 m. 
 NW. Cape Chudleigh. 
 
 Green Island, islet. Ire., off the NE. ct. of co. Louth, at 
 the mouth of Carlingford Lough, on Belfast and N. Counties 
 Rly., P.O. 
 
 Green Island, seapt., Jamaica, on the NW. ct., in 78° 16' 
 W., in G. L Harbour, 8 m. SW. Lucea. 
 
 Green Island, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Taieri co. , 
 6 m. WNW. Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Green Island, vil., U.S., New York, on an island in the 
 Hudson R. , between Troy and W. Troy ; has important manu- 
 factures of railroad cars, iron, machinery, &c. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Greenknowe, eccles. par., Scot, Dumfriesshire, Annan par. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Green Lake, a beautiful lake, U.S., near Georgetown, 
 Colorado. 
 
 Green Lake, co., U.S., Wisconsin, S. of 44° N., and crossed 
 by 89° W. ; takes its name from a beautiful lake (15 m. by 3 m. ) in 
 the middle of the county. 
 
 Greenland (Danish Gronland) , a detached portion of America, 
 roughly triangular in shape, lying between lats. 59° 49' and 82° 
 N. , and longs. 70° and 20° W. , or at its broadest about 700 m. , 
 though most of it is much narrower, its entire area being about 
 700,000 sq. m. The coast is intersected by deep narrow Ijords, 
 but with the exception of a strip of varying breadth bordering 
 the sea. The country is entirely overspread by a thick glacier 
 sheet, rising to the height of 7000 ft. and sloping E. and W., 
 its overplus being discharged in the shaf)e of icebergs. A few 
 ' nunataks,' islets formed by peaks still unsubmerged, and all 
 near the edges, are the only signs of uncovered land in this dreary 
 uninhabited interior. A few mountains rise to some height on 
 the mossy ice-shaven, ice-free coast stripe, the highest of which 
 is Sukkertoppen (4000 ft.) on the W., and Petermann's Peak 
 (11,000 ft.) on the E. coast; but except here and there some 
 birches in sheltered places in S. Greenland, the creeping willow 
 is the only semblance of tree growth in the country. Its flora 
 and fauna are essentially Arctic, the musk ox, ermine, and 
 lemming not extending further S. than Scoresby Sound on the 
 E., and Cape York on the W. coast, though the intermediate 
 shore is inhabited by them. On the E. coast there are one or 
 two Eskimo families, and about 250 people N. of Melville Bay ; 
 but the population is mostly concentrated on the W. coast between 
 Cape Farewell and 73° N. , in little ' kolonis ' or settlements imder 
 Danish officials, who administer the government and the trade in 
 oil, ivory, seal-skins, &c. , as a monopwly of the Danish crown, 
 though entirely for the benefit of the natives. The mean annual 
 value of the products exported is about ;^45,ooo. In 1890 the 
 total population of the two Inspectorates of N. and S. Greenland 
 was 10,516, of which 309 were European officials and their 
 families, or an increase of 5 per cent, in ten years. Of these 
 people 1668 are engaged in whale and seal fishery, 365 ordinary 
 fishermen, 33 are settlers, 47 are hunters, and 3 own cattle, a 
 few of which have been introduced into S. Greenland, where a 
 few potatoes and other vegetables but no grain can ripen. The 
 W. coast natives, much intermixed with European blood, are all 
 civilised ; the E. and NW. coast people, in all about 300, are 
 still barbarians. A little coal, mined on Disco I. and the 
 Noursoak Penin. for local use, and cryolite, from S. Greenland, 
 are the only economic minerals. The climate is extremely severe, 
 though the sea does not freeze over in S. Greenland. During 
 winter snow falls heavily, and all communication with the outer 
 world is cut off from October till May or June. [Llchtenau, 
 JInllanehaab, Ivlgtnt, Fredrlckshaab, Godthaab, Sakker> 
 toppen, Egedesmlnde, Jakobsbam, TpernlTlk.] G. was 
 discovered by Red Erck in A.D. 986, and up to the Middle 
 Ages was settled by Norsemen. It was subsequently redis- 
 covered and explored, so far as the coasts are concerned, by 
 various modern navigators (Arctic Beglons). The nature 
 of the interior has been ascertained by the researches of 
 Whymper, Brown, Nordenskjbld, the Danish Royal Geo- 
 graphical Commission, Nansen, who in 1888 for the first time 
 crossed from the E. to W. , and Peary, who in 1886 made an 
 expedition into the interior from the W. coast, and in 1892 
 doubled the N. end of the country to Independence Bay, in 34° 
 W. long., though the ice-covered character of the interior, the 
 termination of the country in about lat. 82°, and the convergence 
 of the coasts had as early as 1875 been presaged by Brown from 
 a study of the November ice, the tides, and the distribution of 
 Arctic animals. 
 
 Greenland, P. O. , Scot. , Caithness-shire, 3J m. E. Castletown. 
 
 Greenlands, PT.O., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 2 m. NE. 
 Henley on Thames. 
 614 
 
 - G R E E 
 
 Green Lane, stn., Eng., Cheshire, on the Mersey Rly., near 
 Liverpool. 
 
 Green Lanes and Xoel Park, stn. , Eng. , Middlesex, Totten- 
 ham div., on the G. E. R., 5^ m. N. St. Paul's. 
 
 Greenlaw ('the green hill." See law), par. and small tn., 
 Scot, Berwickshire, on Blackadder Water, 6J m. SW. Duns, 
 on the N. B. R. ; the county town from 1696 to 1853, now 
 sharing that dignity with Duns. PMT.O. Par. 12,149 ac, P. 
 <iSoo; tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Greenleaf, vil., U.S., Kansas, Washington co., 90 m. 
 NW. by W. Topeka. Alt 1462 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 Greenlelghton, par., Eng., Northumberland, 6 m. SW. 
 Rothbury. P. <2So. 
 
 Greenloanlng, viL , Scot. , W. Perthshire, on Allan Water, 
 8^ m. S. by W. Crieff, 5 m. NE. Dunblane, on the C. R. 
 
 Green Lowther, hill, Scot. See Lo-»ther Hill. 
 
 Greenmoont, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Heywood div., on the 
 L. & Y. R., 3 m. NW. Bury. 
 
 Green Mountains, the N. part of the Appalachian system, 
 U.S., commence near the Hudson R., New York, and extend 
 N. through Massachusetts and Vermont ; their highest points 
 are over 4000 ft. high. See Appalacblau Honntalns. 
 
 Greenock, seapt. , manufacturing tn. , par. , and pari, burgh, 
 Scot., W. Renfrewshire, on the 1. bk. ot the Clyde, at its mouth, 
 on the G. & SW. R. and the C. R., and (Upper G.) on the C. 
 R. , 3^ m. S. by W. Helensburgh. The town carries on ship>- 
 building, sugar-refining on a large scale (the first refinery erected 
 in 1765), the making of steam-boilers and steam-engines, in- 
 cluding locomotives, anchors, chain-cables, sail-cloth sails, 
 woollen goods, &c. In the factories extensive use is made of 
 water-power, the principal water-works (all of which belong to 
 the Corporation) being on hills above the town, and thus in a 
 situation affording facilities for providing the necessary falls. 
 The port has five dry docks, the James Watt wet dock, and six 
 tidal harbours, including the Garvel Basin and the Great Harbour 
 now in progress, which, when finished, will have a depth, the one 
 of 30, the other of 38 ft. at high water. The Prince's Pier affords 
 1382 ft. of quayage along the Clyde, with a depth of 16 ft. at 
 low, 26 ft. at high water, and being connected by a covered 
 way with the terminus of the G. line of the G. & SW. R. was 
 formerly the principal place of starting and landing of pas- 
 sengers by the Clyde river-steamers, but has latterly been 
 superseded in this respect to a large extent by Gourock. Birth- 
 place of James Watt (1736-1819), the improver of the steam- 
 engine. Mean temp. (16 yrs., 1861-72, 1877-80), yr. 47.5° F., 
 Jan. 38.8°, July 58.5°; rfall. (1866-85), 64.4 in^ Market-day, 
 F. Tn. P. (1735) 4100; (1851) 36,700; (1871) 57,100; (1891) 
 63,400; pari, burgh P. 63,100. 
 
 Greenock, tp., S. Australia, Light co., 38 m. NE. by N. 
 Adelaide, 8 m. S. Kapunda. P. < 1500. 
 
 Greenodd, viL, Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., on riv. 
 Leven, 11 m. NE. Barrow, on the Fumess Rly., PMT.O. 
 
 Greenoge, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. and 10 m. N. by W. Dublin, 
 bar. Newcastle, 9 m. from Malahide stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Greenoge, par. , Ire. , co. Meath, bar. Ratoath, 5 m. SW. Dun- 
 boyne. P. <25o. 
 
 Greenore, tn.. Ire., on the NE. ct of co. Louth, on Carling- 
 ford Lough, bar. Lower Dundalk, 11 m. E. by N. Dundalk, 
 with a stn. on the L. & NW. R., which maintains a steamer 
 service between here and Holyhead, PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Greenore Point, cape. Ire., on the SE. ct. of co. Wexford, 
 in 52° 14' N. 
 
 Greenongh, post-tn., W. Australia, Victoria dist., on the 
 W. ct, 220 m. NNW. Perth, in 28° 56' S. P. <isoo. 
 
 Greenongb Point, cape, Canada, Ontario, on Lake Huron, 
 in 44° 56' N. 
 
 Greenpark, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Dunshaughlin, co. Meath. 
 
 Greenpark, electoral div.. Ire., Westmeath, dist. Mul- 
 lingar. 
 
 Green Patch Point, cape, Brit. W. Africa, at the mouth of 
 the Old Calabar R., E. side, in 4° 52' N., 8° 25' E. 
 
 Green Point and Sea Point, municip. , Cape Colony, ad- 
 joining Cape Town, on Table Bay. P. <300o. 
 
 Green Ponds, tp., Tasmania. See Kempton. 
 
 Greenport, vil. and port of entry, U.S., New York, Suflfolk 
 CO., on Long I., Peconic Bay, 88 m. ENE. Brooklyn; has a 
 good harbour, which admits the largest vessels. P. <25oo. 
 
 Green KlTer, Canada, in the NW. of New Brunswick, flows 
 S. into the riv. St. John. 
 
 Green Kiver, U.S., Colorado and Utah. See Colorado 
 (RiTer of the North). 
 
 Green BlTer, U.S., Kentucky, rises in Lincoln co., and 
 flows 300 m. W. and NW. to the Ohio. It is navigable in its 
 lower part by steamboats at all times, and by means of dam» 
 and locks small steamers reach Greensburg, 200 m. up. 
 
 Green River, U.S., Massachusetts, joins the Deerfield R. at 
 Greenfield ; it affords good water-power. 
 
 Green Blver City, vil., U.S., Wyoming, Sweetwater co., 90 
 m. ENE. from the SW. corner of the state, on the U. P. R. 
 Alt 6088 ft (R.R.). P. <i5oo. 
 
GREE — GREE 
 
 dreeu Road, stn. , Eng., Cumberland, on the Furness Rly., 
 9 m. N by W. Barrow. 
 
 Cireeus, P.O., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 7 m. E. Turriff. 
 
 Greens and Glantlees, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 6 m. 
 NE. Rothbury. P. <25o. 
 
 Greens1>oro, tn. , U.S., Alabama, Hall cc, 73 m. SW. of 
 Birmingham ; with the Southern University. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Greensboro, city, U.S., Georgia, Greene cc, 72 m. E. by S. 
 Atlanta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Greensboro, vil. , U.S., Maryland, Caroline co., 44 m. ESE. 
 Baltimore. P. < 1500. 
 
 Greensboro, city, U.S., N. Carolina, Guilford co., 68 m. 
 W. by N. Raleigh. P. <4000. 
 
 Greensbnrg, city, U.S., Indiana, Decatur co., 44 m. SE. by 
 E. Indianapolis, 68 m. NW. Cincinnati by rail. P. <:4000. 
 
 Greensbnrg, tp. and vil., U.S., Kentucky, Green co. , 70 m. 
 S. by E. Louisville. P. (vil. )< 1500. 
 
 Greensbn^, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Westmoreland co., 
 26 m. ESE. Pittsburg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Green's Creek, post-tn. , Tasmania. See Heidelberg. 
 
 GreenshawhlU, vil. , Eng. See Ingram. 
 
 Greenslde, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, Chester-le-Street 
 div., 7 m. W. by S. Newcastle, 2 m. SSW. Ryton stn., P.O. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Greenslde, eccles. par., Scot., Edinburgh. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Greens Norton, or Norton Davie, par. , Eng. , co. and 9 m. 
 SW. Northampton, S. div., i m. W. by N. Towcester stn., 
 P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Green Springs, vil., U.S., Ohio, Sandusky and Seneca cos., 
 38 m. SE. Toledo ; has sulphur spring. P. < 1500. 
 
 Greenstead, eastern suburb of Colchester, Eng., Essex, in- 
 cluded in the pari. bor. of Colchester, P.O. P. (par.)-ciooo. 
 
 Greenstead, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 9 m. N. by E. 
 Romford, close to Ongar stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Greenstead Green, eccles. par. , Eng. , Essex, Maldon div. , 5 
 m. NE. by E. Braintree, 2 m. SSE. Halstead stn. , P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Greenstone Point, cape, Scot. , Ross-shire, in the NW. , in 
 6° 3/ W. 
 
 Green Street, Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div. , 5I m. N W. by 
 W. Dover, close to Shepherd's Well stn., P.O. 
 
 Green Street, Eng., Sussex, div. and 5 m. SSW. Horsham, 
 2| m. W. West Grinstead stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Green Street Green, Eng., Kent, Dartford div., 5 m. WSW. 
 Gravesend, i^ m. NW. Farningham Road stn., PT.O. 
 
 Green Street Green, Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., 8| m. E. 
 by S. Croydon, close to Chelsfield stn., P.O. 
 
 Greennp, vil., U.S., Illinois, Cumberland co. , 40 m. WSW. 
 Terre Haute (Indiana). P. < 1500. 
 
 Greennp, co., U.S., Kentucky, ontheOhio, crossed by 83° W. 
 
 Greennp, vil., U.S., Kentucky, cap. G. co., on the 1. bk. of 
 the Ohio, 100 m. ESE. Cincinnati (Ohio). P. < 1500. 
 
 Greenrlew, tn., U.S., Illinois, Menard co., 9 m. W. by S. 
 Mason City. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Greenville, electoral div. , Ire. , Cork, dist. Cannaway. 
 
 Greenville, American mission stn., on ct. of Liberia, W. 
 Africa, in about 9° W. , about 150 m. SE. Monrovia. 
 
 Greenville, city, U.S., Alabama, Butler co., 44m. SSW. 
 Montgomery. P. <3000. 
 
 Greenville, vil. , U.S., Connecticut, New London co. , on the 
 Quinnebaug, am. NE. Norwich. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Greenville, tn., U.S., Georgfia, cap. Meriwether co. , 60 m. 
 W. by N. Macon. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Greenville, city, U.S., Illinois, Bond co., 45 m. ENE. St. 
 Louis (Mo.). P. < 2000. 
 
 Greenville, vil. , U.S. , Kentucky, cap. Muhlenberg co. , 78 m. 
 NNW. Nashville (Tenn.). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Greenville, vil. , U.S. , Maine, Piscataquis co. , on the S. shore 
 of Moosehead Lake, 58 m. NW. by N. Bangor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Greenville, city, U.S., Michigan, Montcalm co., on Flat R. , 
 75 m. WSW. Bay city ; has excellent water-power. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Greenville, tn. , U.S., Mississippi, cap. Washington co., on 
 the Mississippi, 75 m. N. Vicksburg. P. 6700. 
 
 Greenville, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Hillsborough cc, 
 31 m. SSW. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Greenville, tn. , U.S., N. Carolina, Pitt co., on Tar R., 75 
 m. E. by S. Raleigh. P. < 2000. 
 
 Greenville, city, U.S., Ohio, Darke co., 71 m. N. Cincin- 
 nati. P. 5500. 
 
 Greenville, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Mercer cc, on Beaver 
 R., 52 m. S. by W. Erie. P. <:4000. 
 
 Greenville, city, U.S. , S. Carolina, cap. G. co. , 95 m. NW. by 
 W.Columbia. Alt. 976 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880)6200; (1890)8600. 
 
 Greenville, vil., U.S., Tennessee, cap. Greene co., 75 m. 
 SW. by W. of the NE. corner of the state. P. <2000. 
 
 Greenville, tn., U.S., in the NE. of Texas, cap. Hunt co., 
 60 m. NE. by E. Dallas, 52 m. SE. Denison ; important railway 
 centre. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Greenville, co., U.S., Virginia. See Greenesvllle. 
 
 Greenway, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on the N. Pacific and 
 Manitoba Rly. , 95 m. WSW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Greenway, P.O., Eng., Herefordshire, 3 m. E. Ledbury. 
 
 Greenfrlcli (Anglo-Saxon Grena or Grene-vic, ' green bay '), 
 pari. bor. (i member), market- tn., and par. , Eng., in the ancient 
 CO. of Kent, but now included in the administrative co. of London, 
 on r. bk. of the Thames, 4 m. SE. by S. St. Paul's, London, 
 with two stns. (G. and G. Park) on the L. C. & D. R. , and three 
 stns. (G., Maze Hill, and M'estcombe Park) on the SE. R. 
 It has a naval hospital, the noblest establishment of the kind in 
 Europe, and the finest palatial structure in England. It occupies 
 the site of the royal palace of Placentia ; was commenced in the 
 reig;n of Charles II. , and in the reign of William III. was granted 
 as an asylum for disabled seamen of the navy. This hospital 
 was formerly arranged in dormitories and dining-halls for about 
 2700 old or disabled seamen, but there are now only a few 
 pensioners in the building ; the greater number now reside with 
 their friends, receiving their pensions for personal use ; and the 
 building is utilised for the Royal Naval college, transferred here 
 from Portsmouth. The most notable rooms of the hospital are 
 a chapel, with rich marble carved work, and a painting, by 
 West, of the shipwreck of St. Paul ; and a spacious hall, 106 
 ft. in length by 56 ft. in breadth, decorated with representations 
 of sea-fights, statues, portraits, and relics of naval heroes. The 
 building covers 20 acres. Detached from the edifice are the 
 buildings of an upper and lower school for 800 sons of naval 
 officers and seamen, which have been much enlarged. G. 
 Hospital was in 1732 enriched with the forfeited estates of Lord 
 Derwentwater. The management of its revenue is vested in 
 commissioners under the Admiralty. The town also contains 
 Trinity Hospital, founded by the Earl of Northampton, 1613, 
 for twenty pensioners. G. was a royal residence from the year 
 1300 to the reign of William and Mary. Henry VIII. was born 
 and baptized here, and here he married Anne of Cleve. It was 
 also the birthplace of Queens Mary and Elizabeth, and here 
 Edward VI. died. G. Park, between the hospital and Black- 
 heath, first enclosed by Duke Humphrey of Gloucester, pro- 
 tector in the reign of Henry VI. , contains about 200 acres of 
 undulating and wooded land, and has numerous herds of deer. 
 On one of its eminences, 160 ft. above the river, is the Royal 
 Observatory, founded by Charles II. in 1674, the residence of 
 the astronomer-royal, and from which the longitudes on all British 
 maps and charts are reckoned. Lat. 51° 28' 38. 2" N . , long. 0° o' o". 
 Mean temp., G. Observatory, alt. 155 ft. (20 yrs., 1861-80), 
 yr. 50.2° F., Jan. 38.3°, July 63.9°; rfall. (1866-80), 26.1 in. 
 Market-days, W. and S. Metropolitan urban sanitary area, 
 P. 165,413 ; par. P. 57,200 ; pari. bor. P. (1851) 105,800 ; (1871) 
 169,400; (1891)78,200. See Poplar. 
 
 Greenwich, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co. , 25 m. 
 WSW. Bridgeport. P. (1880) 7900; (1890) 10,100. 
 
 Greenwich, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire cc, 20 m. 
 NE. by E. Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Greenwich, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Cumberland co. , 37 m. 
 S. by W. Philadelphia (Penn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Greenwich, vil., U.S., New York, Washington co., 26 m. 
 NNE. Troy. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Greenwich, settlement, U.S., Ohio, Huron co., 68 m. SE. 
 by E. Toledo. 
 
 Greenwich, or Plklram Island, Pacific, in about 1° N., 
 IS4F E. 
 
 Greenwich, East, tn., U.S., Rhode I., Kent co. , on the W. 
 side of G. Bay, 11 m. S. by W. Providence ; has several cotton 
 mills. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Greenwich, North, stn. on the N. London Rly. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Thames, opposite Greenwich. 
 
 Greenwich Bay, U.S., Rhode I., in the E. of Kent co., in 
 the NW. of Narragansett Bay, in 41° 4i'-42' N. 
 
 Greenwich Island, New S. Shetland, is between Livingstone 
 and King George Is., in 62° 30' S. and 59° 40' W. ; has a 
 good harbour. 
 
 Greenwood, vil., Canada, Ontario prov. and co., 24 m. 
 NE. by N. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Greenwood, cc, U.S., Kansas, in the SE., crossed by 38° 
 N. , and bounded on the E. by 96° W. 
 
 Greenwood, tn., U.S., Mississippi, cap. Le Flore co. , on 
 Yazoo R., 30 m. SW. Grenada. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Greenwood, tn., U.S., S. Carohna, Abbeville co., 50 m. N. 
 by W. Augusta (Ga.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Greenwood Iiake, vil., U.S., New York, on borders of New 
 York and New Jersey, Orange co. , 37 m. SSW. Poughkeepsie. 
 The lake, 6 m. long, lies amidst rugged rocks and woodland 
 scenery ; a favourite summer resort. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Greese River, Ire. , in the S. of co. Kildare, flows SW. to 
 the Barrow. 
 
 Greet, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 9^ m. NE. Leo- 
 minster, 2 m. NNW. Tenbury stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Greeta, riv., Eng., Yorkshire and Lancashire, formed at 
 Ingleton by the union of the Long Gill (from Whernside), and 
 the Doe Beck (from Ingleton Fells), and flowing W. to the 
 Lune, which it joins about 4 m. below Kirkby Lonsdale. 
 
 Greetham, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , loj m. 
 S. by W. Louth, 3 m. E. by N. Horncastle. P. <:25o. 
 
 615 
 
GREE — G R ES 
 
 GTeettasm, par., Eng., Rutland, 6 m. NE. Oakham, 4J m. 
 E. Ash well stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Greetlilll, electoral div. , Ire. , Galway, dist. Athenry. 
 
 Creetland, tn. and part of par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 EUand div., 2J m. SSW. Halifax, with a stn. (Ci.and North 
 Dean) on the L. & Y. R. P. (tn.)<45oo. See EUand. 
 
 Greetwell, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div. , zh m. 
 E. Lincoln, ^ m. N. Washingborough stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Grefratb, market-vil., Pnissia, govt. Diisseldorf, with Unen 
 and other te.xtile manufactures, &c. P. <3ooo. 
 
 dregg, CO., U.S., Texas, in the NE., N. of 32° N., and E. of 
 95° W. 
 
 Grego, cape, in the SE. of Cyprus I., in 34° 57' N. 
 
 Gregory, Cape, Newfoundland, on the W. ct., in 49° 20' N. 
 
 Gregory, co. , New South Wales, crossed by 31° S. and 148° E. 
 
 Gregory, riv., in the NW. of Queensland, flows NE. then 
 NNE. into the Gulf of Carpentaria. 
 
 Gregory, formerly Queen of tUe North, postal centre, 
 Queensland, in 15" 59' S., 144° 16' E. 
 
 Gregory, lake, S. Australia, E. of Lake Eyre ; no outlet in 
 ordinary seasons. 
 
 Gregory, settlement, U.S., Montana, Jefferson co., 32 m. 
 NE. Butte City. 
 
 Gregory, co., U.S., S. Dakota, on the S. frontier, crossed by 
 99° W. , and bounded on the E. by riv. Missouri. 
 
 Gregory Range, mt. range in N. Queensland, with a NW. 
 to SE. trend, between 18° and 20° S., 142^° and 144° E. On 
 the SW. lies the Croydon goldfield. 
 
 Gregory Sound, Ire. , &tween the Aran Is. Inishmore and 
 Inishmaan, at the mouth of Galway Bay. 
 
 Grelerz, tn. , Switzd. See Gmy^re. 
 
 Greifenberg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the Rega R. , 
 30 m. SSW. Kolberg. P. 5100. 
 
 Gretfendorf, tn., Austria, Moravia, 31 m. W. by N. Olmiitz, 
 4 m. S. by E. Zwittau. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Grelfeuhagen, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the Reglitz 
 R., 12 m. S. by W. Stettin. P. 6500. 
 
 Greifeiisee, vil. , Svsdtzd. , cant, and 6| m. E. Ziirich, on small 
 lake, G. (4^ m. long N. to S., i m. wide, no ft. deep), with eel- 
 fishery. P. <2000. 
 
 GreUTenberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 35 m. WSW. 
 Liegnitz. P. <4000. 
 
 Grelfswald, tn. and small seapt. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 
 govt, and 19 m. SE. by S. Stralsund, on the Ryk, near its 
 mouth in the Baltic. The port was established in 1241 by the 
 Cistercian Abbey of Eldena, and was of importance in the 
 flourishing period of the Hansa, but is now accessible only to 
 small vessels. G. has been the seat of a university since 1456, 
 and has an observatory, botanic garden, and museums. P. 
 (1871)17,200; (1890)21,600. 
 
 Grelfewalde Oe, islet, in the Baltic Sea, 9 m. SE. Riigen. 
 
 Grelf^walder Bodden, bay, to the NE. of Greifswald. 
 
 Greig, isl. See Niaa. 
 
 Grein, Asiatic Turkey. See Koelt. 
 
 Greln, vil., Upper Austria, on the 1. bk. of the Danube, just 
 above the Donaustrudel ('Danube whirljxjol '), where the 
 Danube passing swiftly over a granitic bed divides into three 
 arms, only one of which is constantly navigable, 27 m. E. by S. 
 Linz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Grelnton, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 5 m. 
 WSW. Glastonbury. P. <25o. 
 
 Grelz, tn. , Ger. , cap. of the principality of Reuss, older line, on 
 r. bk. of the White Elster, 49 m. SSW. Leipzig ; an important 
 manufacturing tn. , producing chiefly cottons, woollens, and other 
 textiles, machinery, &c. P. (1871) 11,600; (1890) 20,100. 
 
 Grelllngen, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Bern, 7 m. S. Basel. P. <20oo. 
 
 Grenaa, tn., Denmark, on the E. ct. of Jutland, prov. 
 Randers, 32 m. NE. by E. Aarhus. P. <30oo. 
 
 Grenada, W. India I., belonging to Great Britain, Wind- 
 ward group. Lat. of St. George 12^ / N., long. 61° 48' W. 
 Siu-face mountainous in the centre, where several small lakes 
 occupy extinct volcanic craters. Climate unhealthy ; soil fertile. 
 Principal product formerly sugar, now cacao, which furnishes 
 about five-sixths of the total value of the exports, which amounts 
 from ;^2-3oo,ooo. Other important products fruit, sugar, 
 and cotton. The United Kingdom ftirnishes on the average 
 fully half the imports, and receives fully 90 per cent, of the ex- 
 ports. Chief tns. , St. George, the cap. , Charlotte Town, and St. 
 Mark on the W. , St. Patrick on the N. , and St. Andrew on the 
 E. coast. G. was discovered by Colimibus in 1498, and was 
 first named Ascension. From 1674 to 1762 it was a prosperous 
 French colony. In the latter year it was taken by the British, 
 to whom it was confirmed by the treaty of Paris in 1763. Vessels 
 anchor in 50-60 ft. of water, and load and discharge by lighters. 
 P. including the Grenadines, a group of small isls. extend- 
 ing N. towards St. Vincent, the largest of which is Carriacou 
 (1871)37,700; (1891)53,200. 
 
 Grenada, tn., U.S., Mississippi, cap. G. co., 96 m. S. by E. 
 Memphis (Tenn.). P. <3000. 
 
 Grenada, New. See Colombia. 
 61fi 
 
 Grenade, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Garonne, on the Garonne, 
 arr. and 14 m. NW. by N. Toulouse. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Grenadines. See Grenada. 
 
 Grenagh, par., Ire., co. Cork, bars. Barretts and Muskerrv 
 E. , 5 m. NW. Blarney; 13,558 ac. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Grenchen, or Granges, tn. , Switzd. , cant, and 7 m. W. Solo- 
 thum. P. (comm. )<5ooo. 
 
 Grendon, par., Eng., E. div. of Northamptonshire, 5 m. S. 
 by W. Wellingborough, i^ m. SE. by E. Castle Ashby and 
 Earls Barton stn., P.O. P. <.7$o. 
 
 Grendon, par., Eng., Warwickshire, near the Coventry 
 Canal, div. and 6 m. ESE. Tamworth, 2 m. SE. Polesworth 
 stn. P. <:75o. 
 
 Grendon Bishop, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, div. and 6^ m. 
 E. by S. Leominster. P. <25o. 
 
 Grendon Tnderwood, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. 
 and 8 m. S. Buckingham, 3 m. SE. Marsh Gibbon and 
 Poundon stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Grendon Warren, par., i m. SW. G. Bishop. P. <25o. 
 
 Grenelle, suburb, Paris, on the 1. bk. of the Seine, cele- 
 brated for the artesian well, 1704 ft. deep, which supplies the 
 upper part of the city with water. Temp, at bottom of well, 
 82=^-85° F. 
 
 Grenfell, stn., Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R., 
 280 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Grenfell, tn.. New South Wales, Monteagle co. , 80 m. 
 WSW. Bathurst, in a goldfield. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Grenglols, vil., Switzd., cant. Valais, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Rhone, 7 m. NE. Brieg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Grenna, tn. , Sweden, prov. Jonkoping, on the E. side of 
 Lake Wetter, 23 m. NE. by N. Jonkoping. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Grenuansto>vn, electoral div. , Ire. , Meath, dist. Athboy. 
 
 Grennoch Loch, lake, Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, in the W., 
 in 55° N. , 6 m. SW. by W. New Galloway, drained N. into the 
 riv. Dee. 
 
 Grenoble, the ancient Gratianapolis, or Cularo, fortified 
 tn. , France, cap. dep. and on both sides of riv. Isfere, 28 m. 
 SSW. Chamb^ry. The city proper on the S. bank of the river is 
 enclosed by bastioned ramparts, and has a citadel. The fau- 
 bourg St. Laurent, the original quarter on the opposite bank, is 
 protected by the fort of La Bastille. It has a cathedral and 
 university academy, and is the principal centre of the manufac- 
 ture of kid gloves, which is carried on in most of the villages 
 within a radius of 40 m. G. was the first place which of>enly 
 received Napoleon I. after his return from Elba in 1815. The 
 town occupies an important strategic position, being situated 
 at an angle of the Is6re valley, where it is joined by a pass 
 road leading from the Col de Genevre, and the road (by Gap), 
 and the railway from Sisteron. (See Alps, Passes, I. (7) to 
 (10), and Alpes, Hantes-.) Alt. 714 ft. Mean temp., yr. 51.3° 
 F., Jan. 33.8^ July 68.9°. P. (1872) 35,300 ; (1891) 60.400. 
 
 Grenoch, or Woodhall, Loch, lake, Scot., Kirkcudbright- 
 shire, 6^ m. S. by E. New Galloway, drained N. into riv. Dee. 
 
 Grenola, vil., U.S., Kansas, Elk co., 125 m. SSW. Topeka, 
 25 m. N. of the S. frontier of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Grenoslde, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 4J m. NW. 
 Sheffield, P.O. 
 
 Grenrllle, co., Canada, Ontario, between the riv. St. Law- 
 rence, and the Rideau Canal, crossed in the extreme W. by 
 76° W. 
 
 GrenTllle, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Argenteuil co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the riv. Ottawa, 53 m. W. by N. Montreal, at the upper end 
 of the G. Canal (see Ottawa B.). P. (of sub. dist. ) <2ooo. 
 
 Grenrllle, tp., Victoria, G. co., 17 m. S. Ballarat. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 GrenTllle Channel, strait, between Pitt I. and the W. ct. of 
 the mainland of Brit. Columbia, 45 m. long, its N. end in 54° N. 
 
 GrenTllle Harbour, large and irregular inlet, Canada, 
 Prince Edward I. , about the middle of the N. ct. 
 
 Grenze, Ger., 'boundary.' 
 
 Gr^nlx, or Gr^onx, comm., France, dep. Basses- Alpes, 
 arr. Digne, cant, and (>\ m. SW. Valensolle ; has warm sulphur 
 springs, used since Roman times. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gresek, or Grlssek, prov., Java I., in the E., chief tn. G., 
 opposite Madura. 
 
 Gresford, post-tn., New South Wales, Durham co., 30 m. 
 NNW. Newcastle. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Gresford, par., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., 3J m. NNE. 
 Wrexham, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Gresham, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 4 m. SW. by W. 
 Cromer, 3 m. SE. by S. Sheringhara stn., PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Gresham, co. , New South Wales, crossed by 30° S. , and in 
 the W. by 152" E. 
 
 Gr^slTaudln, or GralslTandan, a former dist. of France. 
 See Is^re, dep. 
 
 Gresley, stn. , Eng. , Derbyshire. See Church Gresley. 
 
 Gressenhall, par. , Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 18 m. WNW. 
 Norwich, 2 m. NW. East Dereham, PMT.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Gressenlch, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 10 m. E. Aix-la-Cha- 
 pelle ; has iron-mines, and manufactures of flannel. P. <5ooo. 
 
ORES 
 
 GRIF 
 
 Gregslngliam, par., Eng., Lancasliire, div. and 8 m. NE. 
 Lancaster, on the r. bk. of the Lune, i| m. NNW. Hornby 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Gressoney, St. Jean, Val de lys, one of the Piedmontese 
 valleys of Monte Rosa, the upper parts of which are inhabited 
 by people speaking an archaic German dialect, with distinct 
 customs, who have long had relations rather with Ger. Switzer- 
 land and Germany than with Piedmont. 
 
 Gresty, par., Eng. See Sbavlugton cum Gresty. 
 
 Greta, riv., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., rises in the ex- 
 treme S. , flows first N. to the base of Saddleback, then W. till 
 it joins the Derwent on its issue from Derwent Water. 
 
 Greta, riv., Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, rising in Stainmore 
 Forest, Richmond div., and flowing NE. to the Tees, which it 
 joins about 4 m. below Barnard Castle. The scene of Scott's 
 Rokeby is largely laid on its banks. 
 
 Greta (formerly Anvil Creek), colliery vil. and rly. stn.. 
 New South Wales, Northumberland go., 25 m. WNW. New- 
 castle. P. < 1500. 
 
 Greta, postal-tp. , Victoria, Delatite co. , 28 m. WSW. Beech- 
 worth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gretabrldge, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the 
 Greta, 3 m. SE. Barnard Castle. 
 
 Gretna, stn. , Canada, on the S. frontier of Manitoba, on a 
 branch of the C. P. R., 64 m. SSW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Gretna, tn., U.S., Louisiana, Jefferson par., on the r. bk. of 
 the Mississippi, 4 m. S. New Orleans. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Gretna, or Graltney, par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 9^ m. NW. 
 CarUsle, including the village of G. Green, PMT.O. ; 7863 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Gretna, New, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Burlington co., 6 m. 
 W. Tuckerton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gretna Green, vil., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 8 m. E. by N. 
 Annan, on the G. & SW. R., i m. WNW. Gretna, on the 
 C. R. (in Cumberland). It has long been celebrated as the 
 resort of parties bent on clandestine marriages to avoid the 
 English marriage law, though owing to a change in the law 
 these marriages are no longer so numerous as formerly. 
 
 Gretton, vil., Eng., Gloucester, Tewkesbury div., 6 m. NE. 
 by N. Cheltenham. See fVlnchcomb. 
 
 Gretton, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, on the 
 Welland, 12^ m. SW. Stamford, on the M. R. , PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Grenssen, tn., Ger., principality Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 
 on the Helbe, 10 m. SSE. Sondershausen. P. <4000. 
 
 GrcTC, comm. , Italy, Tuscany, on the Greve, prov. and 13 
 m. S. by E. Florence. P. 11,700. 
 
 Grfcre an L'Anclion (or Lancon), bay, Eng., at NW. ex- 
 tremity of Jersey, Channel Is. 
 
 Gr<;ve d'Azette, bay, Eng., SE. of St. Helier Harbour, 
 Jersey I. 
 
 Grisre de liecq, bay, Eng., on N. side of Jersey, Channel 
 Is., in 2° 13' W. 
 
 GreTellngen, or Brouwersbavensche Gat, an arm of the 
 Maas mouth, Holland, between Schouwen I. on the S., and 
 Goeree and Overflakkee on the N. 
 
 Greven, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt, and 9 m. N. 
 Munster. P. <3000. 
 
 GreTenbrolch, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., cap. circle G., on 
 riv. Erft, 13I m. SW. Diisseldorf ; has textile and other manu- 
 factures. P. <2000. 
 
 GrevesmiLhlen, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 11 m. W. 
 by S. Wismar. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Grewelthorpe, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 7 m. SW. 
 Wath stn., P.O. ; 4394 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Grey, cape, Australia, on the W. ct. of the Gulf of Carpentaria, 
 in 13° i' S. 
 
 Grey, co., Canada, Ontario, on the SW. of Georgian Bay. 
 
 Grey, co.. New Zealand, South I., W. ct. , crossed by 42!° S. 
 
 Grey, co. , Queensland, bounded on the S. by 26° S. , and 
 ■crossed by 142° E. 
 
 Grey, co. , in the extreme SE. of S. Australia. 
 
 Grey, co. , W. Australia, between 30° and 32° S. , and crossed 
 in the E. by 118° E. 
 
 Grey Abbey, par. and tn.. Ire., E. co. Down, bar. Lower 
 Ards, 7 m. SE. Newtown Ards, on the E. side of Strangford 
 Lough, vdth picturesque ruins of ancient abbey founded in 1193. 
 Par. 7689 ac, P. < 2500; tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Greyerz, or Greierz. See Grnyire. 
 
 Greyn-lars, eccles. par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, St. Nicholas 
 par. P. 5800. 
 
 Greyflrlars, Old and New, eccles. pars. , Scot. , in the City 
 of Edinburgh. In the Greyfriars burying-ground the ' Solemn 
 League and Covenant ' was signed, March 1638. New G. P. 
 <:3ooo; Old G. P. <:2soo. 
 
 Greyfriars, or New Cbnreb, eccles. par., Scot., Dumfries- 
 shire, Dumfries par. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Greylock Peak, mt., U.S., Massachusetts, in the Hoosac 
 Mts. , 10 m. SE. of the NW. corner of the state. Alt. 3535 ft. 
 •(Appalachian Club). 
 
 Grey Mare's Tall, waterfall, Scot., Dumfriesshire, 8J ra. N E 
 
 Moffat, on the Tail Burn, a few miles S. of St. Mary's Loch. 
 It is nearly 200 ft. high. See Skeen, Locb. 
 
 Greymontb, seapt. tn.. New Zealand, South I., Grey co., 
 on the 1. bk. of the Grey, on the W. ct. , 105 m. N W. Christ- 
 church, in 42° 25' S. It is the port of a productive goldfield, 
 and one of the ports of the principal coalfield of the colony. 
 The depth on the bar is 6\ ft. at low, 17 ft. at high water ; but 
 there is good anchorage outside the bar, and three government 
 railway wharves, which can be reached at high water ordinary 
 springs by vessels drawing respectively 18J, 22^, and 26^ ft. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Grey Plains, dist. on the E. side of Sharks Bay, to the S. of 
 the Gascoyne R. , W. Australia, in about 25° S. 
 
 Grey Point, cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I., on 
 the W. ct., in 46° 25' N. 
 
 Grey Point, cape, Ire. , on the N. ct. of co. Down, in 5° 44' W. 
 
 Grey Range, hill range in the extreme NW. of New South 
 Wales. 
 
 Greys Forest, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 6 m. N W. Wooler; 
 6585 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 Greysontben, par., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., 
 4^ m. E. Workington, i m. E. Bridgefoot stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Greystead, eccles. par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 
 17 m. NW. by N. Hexham. P. <25o. 
 
 Greysteel, P.O., Ire., co. Londonderry, 6m. from Limavady. 
 
 Greystoke, Jobnby, Little Glencow, Motberby and Gill, 
 par., Eng., Cumberland, on the Petterill, div. and4jm. W. Pen- 
 rith, i^ m. WNW. Blencowstn., PMT.O.; 7511 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Greystone, P.O., Scot., Forfarshire, j\ m. NW. Arbroath. 
 
 Greystones, tn. , Ire., NE. ct. co. Wicklow, bar. Rathdown, 
 4 m. S. by E. Bray, with a stn. (G. and Delgany) on the Dublin, 
 Wicklow, and Wexford Rly.; coastguard stn. P. <:75o. 
 
 Greyton, vil. , Cape Colony, Caledon dist. , 60 m. E. by S. 
 Cape Town. P. < 1500. 
 
 Greytow^n, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Stutterheim, 30 m. 
 N. by E. King William's Town. 
 
 Greytown, or San Juan del Norte, or de Nicaragua, tn. , 
 Central America, on the E. ct. , at the mouth of the San Juan, 
 in 10° 55' N., in the extreme SE. of Nicaragua, of which it 
 is the principal seaport. Depth on bar uncertain, but stated to 
 be about ii| ft. Situation of town low, soil sandy and porous ; 
 climate healthy for a tropical locality. Trade principally with 
 the U.S., whither it sends bananas, rubber, mahogany, &c. In 
 1890 the inhabitants numbered 1567. This number has in- 
 creased tenfold (1894). See Nlcaragna Canal. 
 
 Greytown, tn.. Natal, 38 m. N. by E. Pietermaritzburg, 
 cap. Umvoti dist. P. < 1500. 
 
 Greytown, Nortb, post-tn. and rly. stn. , Ne wZealand , N orth I . , 
 Wairarapa, South co., 38 m. NE. by E. Wellington. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Greytown, Soutb, post-tn. and rly. stn. , New Zealand, South 
 I., Taieri co. , 12 m. W. by S. Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Greywell, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 5 m. E. by S. 
 Basingstoke, i|m. S. Hook stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. See Odibam. 
 
 Grezzana, comm., Italy, prov. and 6 m. NE. Verona, govt. 
 Venice ; has remarkable fossil remains, rich marble quarries, 
 and the famous natural bridge of Veja near. P. <45oo. 
 
 Grlbbln Head, cape, Eng., on the S. ct. of Cornwall, at the 
 W. of the entrance to Fowey Harbour, in 4° 40' W. 
 
 Grlbtborpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 7 J m. N. Goole, i m. SSE. Foggathorpe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Gries, Ger. , ' sand ' or ' gravel. ' 
 
 Grles, comm., Austria, Tirol, at the S. end of the Sarnthal, 
 opposite Bozen, on the S. slope of a spur of the Sarnthal Alps. 
 A winter resort of growing repute. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Grles Mount, Alpine summit between the NE. of Piedmont 
 and the Swiss cant. Valais, at the head of the valley of the Toce, 
 which forms a remarkable cataract on the S. side. A pass (7800 
 ft. ) leads into the head of the Rhone valley. 
 
 Grlesbacb, small watering-place, Ger. , Baden, in the Black 
 Forest, 26 m. ESE. Strassburg, about the foot of Kniebis, with 
 iron waters for bathing and drinking. P. <20oo. 
 
 Grlesbeini, market-vil., Ger., gd. -duchy, Hesse-Darmstadt, 
 5^ m. W. Darmstadt. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Grlesbelm, viL, Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, on riv. Main, 
 4 m. W. Frankfurt. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Grlflf, vil., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., 6 m. NNE. 
 Coventry, ij m. S. Chilvers Coton stn., P.O. 
 
 Grlffe Grange, tract, Eng., Derbyshire, 2^ m. W. Wirks- 
 worth, with mines of lead ore and baiytes. 
 
 Grlfiln, city, U.S., Georgia, Spalding co. , 35 m. S. by E. 
 Atlanta. Alt. 975 ft. (R.R.). P. < 5000. 
 
 Grlffln Lake, stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the 
 C. P. R., 1 120 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, 362 m. E. Vancouver. 
 
 Grlfflnstown, tnld., Ire., SE. co. Westmeath, bar. Farbill, 
 Z\ m. ESE. MuUingar. P. <;25o. 
 
 Grlintb, post-settlement, Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co., on 
 the riv. Madawaska, 74 m. W. by S. Ottawa. 
 
 Grlffltb's Crossing, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, on the 
 L. & NW. R., 2 m. NNE. Carnarvon. 
 
 Griffltb's Point, or San Remo, favourite watering-place, 
 
 617 
 
SRI F — GRI Q 
 
 Victoria, 65 m. SE. Melbourne, on the E. entrance to Western 
 Port Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 ClrlfDtlt's Town, PMT.O., Wales, Monmouthshire, near 
 Newport. 
 
 Griny Dam, P.O., Eng., Leicestershire, Loughborough div., 
 7 J m. W. by S. Loughborough, 2 m. S. Worthington stn. 
 
 Griggs, CO., U.S., N. Dakota, between 47° and 48° N,, and 
 98° and 99° W. 
 
 GrlggsTille, city, U.S., Illinois, Pikeco., 37 m. E. Hannibal. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Cirlglonl, canton, Switzd. See Grlsous. 
 
 Grlgnan, tn. , France, dep. Drome, arr. Mont^limar, 21 m. 
 N. by E. Orange. The castle of G. , the seat first of a barony, 
 then of a marquisate, contains souvenirs of Madame de S^vign^ 
 (who spent here the latter years of her life) and her daughter. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Grlgnols, vil., France, dep. Gironde, 36 m. WNW. Agen, 
 arr. and 10 m. ESE. Bazas. P. <20oo. 
 
 Cirlgorlopol, tn., Russia, govt. Kherson, 25 m. ENE. of 
 Kishinev, on 1. bk. Dniester. P. 6500. 
 
 Grlgorlpollnskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, govt. 
 Kuban, 50 m. WNW. of Stavropol, on r. bk. Kuban R. P. 
 
 7750- 
 
 GrjJalTa, riv. , southern Mexico, flows W. then NW. then 
 N. and enters Gulf of Campeachy by the bar of Tabasco ; length, 
 370-400 m. 
 
 Grlj<i9 comm., Portugal, dist. Oporto. P. < 4000. 
 
 Grljpskerk, comm., Netherlands, prov. and 11 m. WNW. 
 Groningen. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Grilly, electoral div.. Ire., Cavan, dist. Belturbet. 
 
 Grlmaldl, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 25 m. 
 NW. Catanzaro. P. <4000. 
 
 Grimaud, comm., France, dep. Var, arr. Dragfuignan, 15 m. 
 SW. Fr6jus. P. <20oo. 
 
 Grlniberglieu, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. 
 Brussels. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Grlmblethorpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 
 6J m. W. Louth. P. <2So. 
 
 Grimes, co., U.S., Texas, S. of 31° N., crossed by 96° W. 
 
 Grime's Dyke. Same as Graham's Dyke. See Antonlnns, 
 HVaU of. 
 
 Grlmliilsh Point, cape, Scot., Inverness-shire, on the NW. 
 ct. of N. Uist, in 57° 39^' N. 
 
 Grimlsay, isl. , Scot., Inverness-shire, between N. Uist and 
 Benbecula, PM.O. (Grlmsay). P. 281. 
 
 Grlmley, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., on the 
 r. bk. of the Severn, 4 m. N. by W. Worcester, P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Grlmma, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, on the 1. bk. of the riv. 
 Mulde, 16 m. ESE. Leipzig, with lignite mines and porphyry 
 quarries, and a noted school founded in 1550. P. 9000. 
 
 Grlmmen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, cap. circle G. , 15 
 m. S. by W. Stralsund. P. <400o. 
 
 Grimoldby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 4 m. 
 E. Louth, on the G. N. R., P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Grlmsargh wltb Brockholes, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Black- 
 pool div., 4 m. NE. Preston, with stn. (G.) on the L. & Y. R., 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Grlmsay, PM.O., Scot. See Grimlsay. 
 
 Grlmsbnry Castle, an old earthwork, Eng., Berkshire, div. 
 and 4 m. NNE. Newbury, near Hermitage stn. 
 
 Grlmsbnry, hamlet, Eng., Northamptonshire, now included 
 in mun. bor. of Banbury. 
 
 Grimsby, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Lincoln co., 17^ m. ESE. 
 Hamilton, on Lake Ontario, and a railway. P. -cisoo. 
 
 Grimsby, pari. bor. (i member), mun. bor. (since the time 
 of King John) and co. bor., Eng., Lincolnshire, at the mouth 
 of the Humber, 30 m. NE. Lincoln, and 15 m. SE. of Hull, 
 the terminal stn. of the M. S. & L. R. and E. Lincolnshire Rly. 
 stns. (Great G. and G. Docks) in the diocese of Lincoln. It is 
 connected by steam-packets and sailing vessels with Holland, 
 N. Europe, the Baltic, &c. Has four dry and five wet docks, 
 the largest of which, the Alexandra Dock (48 ac), has a depth 
 on sill of 14-19J ft. at high water. Exports the manufactures 
 of W. Yorkshire and Lancashire ; imports raw wool and woollen 
 yarn, flax, rags, and other raw products of Russia, Denmark, 
 Hamburg, &c. , besides tobacco, grain, fish, fruit ; more fish are 
 landed at this port than at any other in the British Is. except 
 London. Shipbuilding is carried on to some extent, and there 
 are rope-walks,- breweries, seed and bone-crushing mills, and 
 manure works. G. has a free grammar school, and a park of 27 
 ac. Numerous tumuli, traces of fortifications, and the discovery 
 of Roman and Saxon coins seem to point G. out as a British settle- 
 ment. Market-days, M. and F. Mun. and co. bor. P. (i8oi)< 
 2000; (1851)8900; (1871)20,200; (1891) 51,900; pari. bor. P. 
 (1851)12,300; (1871)27,000; (1891) 58,700; par, P. (GreatG.) 
 33,300. j^, 
 
 Grimsby, Little, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 
 3 m. N. Louth. P. <25o. 
 
 Grimsel, Pass. See Alps, Passes, VII. {a), (i). 
 
 GrlBuey, small isl. to the N. of Iceland, in 66° 34' N., 18° 3' 
 618 
 
 W. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 34.9° F., Feb. 26.8°, Aug. 45.6° ; 
 mean rfall. (10 yrs.), 16.4 in. 
 
 Grimstad, seapt. , Norway, prov. Nedenas, on the S. ct. , 8 m. 
 SW. by S. Arndal ; with three harbours, the inner having a depth 
 of 37-125 ft. P. <3000. 
 
 Grlmstead, East, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 5^ m. 
 E. by S. Salisbury, 2 m. E. Alderbury June. P. <;25o. See 
 Dean, West. 
 
 Grlmstead, West, par. , i^ m. SW. of East G. , P. O. P. <25o. 
 
 Grlmstborpe, vil. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , 10 
 m. N. by E. Stamford, 3^^ m. W. by S. Morton stn., P.O. 
 
 Grimston, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 5 m. 
 WNW. Melton Mowbray, on the M. R., PMT.O. P.<;25o; 
 eccles. par. (G. wltb Wartnaby) P. <5oo. 
 
 Grimston, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 6J m. E. King's 
 Lynn, i^ m. E. by S. of its stn. (G. Road) on the G. N. & G. 
 E. Joint Rly.; 4263 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grimston, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Garton. 
 
 Grimston, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 3 m. E. York, 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Grimston, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, i| m. S. Tad- 
 caster. P. <250. 
 
 Grimston, Korth, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buck- 
 rose div., iji m. SW. Scarborough, 4J m. SE. by E. Malton, 
 on the NE. R. , P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Grimstone and Framptou, stn. , Eng. , Dorset, on the M. R. , 
 4 m. NW. Dorchester. 
 
 Grind, isl., Holland, prov. N. Holland, in the Zuider Zee, 
 between the isl. of Vlieland and prov. Friesland. 
 
 Grludale, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div. , 
 12^ m. SSE. Scarborough, 3 m. NW. by W. BridUngfton, 3^ m. 
 W. Bempton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Grindall, eccles. par. , Eng. See Sewerby. 
 
 Grlndel-wald, vil., Switzd., cant, and 35 m. SE. Bern, at 
 the foot of the Schreckhorn, in the Bernese Oberland. Near 
 are the glaciers of Upper and Lower G. , the latter the most 
 accessible of all Swiss glaciers, and that which descends to the 
 lowest level. Alt. 3505-3555 ft. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Grindlay, settlement and rly. stn., Canada, Saskatchewan, 
 about 140 m. NW. by N. Regina, 
 
 Grindleford Bridge. P.O., Eng., Derbyshire, on the Der- 
 went, 6 m. NE. Bakew«l, with stn. (G.) on Dore and Chinley 
 branch of M. R. 
 
 Grlndleton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div. , 
 9j m. NW. by N. Burnley, i^ m. NNW. Chatburn stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Grlndley, par., Eng. See Tnshlngbam with Grindley. 
 
 Grindley, stn., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 8 m. ENE. 
 Stafford, on the G. N. R. 
 
 Grindlow, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 9 m. ENE. 
 Buxton, 4 m. NNE. Millersdale stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Grindon, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 5 m. NW. by N. 
 Stockton. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (G. wltb Wyn ward) P. <5oo. 
 
 Grindon, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 7 m. SW. 
 Berwick-upon-Tweed, 2^ m. ENE. Twizel stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Grindon, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 6^ m. E. by S. 
 Leek. P. <5oo. 
 
 Grlngley on the Hill, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Basset- 
 law div. , 5 m. W. by N. Gainsborough, on the Chesterfield Canal, 
 2^ m. W. by S. Walkeringham stn. , PMT.O. ; 4351 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Griunell, city, U.S., Iowa, Poweshiek co. , 58 m. WSW. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. <40oo. 
 
 Grinnell Land, tract of land, Arctic N. America, bordering 
 the Kennedy Channel on the W. See Arctic Regions. 
 
 Grlnsdale, par. , Eng., Cumberland, in Carlisle union. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Grlnsblll, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 7 m. N. by E. 
 Shrewsbury, i^ m. ESE. Yorton stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Grlnstead, East, par. and tn. , Eng. , Sussex, on the N. border 
 of the CO. , E. G. div. , 12 m. W. Tunbridge Wells, an important 
 June, on the L. B. & S. C. R. Alt. 356 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 
 34 in. 15,130 ac. Par. P. 7600 ; tn. P. 5200 ; pari. div. P. 52,500. 
 
 Grlnstead, West, par., Eng., Sussex, on the Adur, div. and 
 6i m. S. Horsham, i^ m. SW. of its stn. on the L. B. & S. C. R. , 
 PM.O.; 6757 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Grlnton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the Swale, 
 div. and 8 m. W. by S. Richmond, 4^ m. N. Redmire stn., 
 P.O. ; 8182 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Griqnaland, East* div.. Cape Colony, separated by the 
 Kwathlamba Mts. from Basuto-land, and bounded on the N. by 
 Natal, on the E. by Pondo-land, and on the S. by Tembu-land ; 
 inhabited chiefly by Kaffirs. 
 
 Grlqualand, West, the portion of Cape Colony to the N. of 
 the Orange R., and W. of the Orange Free State, now divided 
 into the electoral divs. of Kimberley, Barkly West, Hay, and 
 Herbert. Annexed to Cape Colony in 1871, shortly after the 
 discovery of the great diamond-fields near the Vaal ( Kimberley, 
 Dutoitspan, Bultfontein, Pniel, Klipdrift), for which the region 
 is now famous, and completely incorporated with the colony in 
 1880. See Cape Colony, table. 
 
GRIQ — GROO 
 
 firlqaato-vrii, vil. , Cape Colony, Griqualand W. , dist. Hay, 
 95 m. W. Kimberley. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grlqnet, bay, Newfoundland, on the E. ct., in 51° 33-37' N. 
 
 drlsedale Pike, mt., Eng., Cumberland, on the SW. border 
 of the Penrith div., 4 m. W. by S. Keswick. Height, 2593 ft. 
 
 Orlsedale Tarn, small lake, Eng. , in the W. of the co. of 
 Westmorland, Appleby div., 15J m. SW. Penrith, drained NE. 
 into Ullswater. 
 
 Grls-^ez, Cap, cape, France, on the Straits of Dover, opposite 
 Dungeness, with a lighthouse, in 50° 52' N. , visible 22 m. 
 
 CirisoUes, comm. , France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, arr. Castel- 
 sarrasin, 14 m. S. by W. Montauban. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Grlson, isl. , W. Indies, in the Grenadines group, in 12° 20' N. 
 
 Grlsons, Ger. Granbiinden, Ital. Grigloul, the largest cant. 
 of Switzd. , cap. Chur (Coire), bounded N., W., and SW. by 
 the cants. St. Gall, Glarus, Uri, and Ticino, and on other sides 
 by Lombardy and the Austrian and Lichtenstein dominions, 
 but from all which it is nearly shut off by lofty mountain ranges. 
 The whole canton is traversed by mountain ranges belonging to 
 the Rhaetian Alps [Alps, Subdivisions, II. A, 3]. Nearly 
 one-half of the population speak German, the remainder the 
 Romansh or Rumonsh dialect, except those in the southern 
 valleys, who speak Italian. It comprises the Engadine (g.v.) 
 or upper valley of the Inn, with the sources and early affluents 
 of the Rhine, and tributaries of the Ticino and Adda, being 
 little more than a mass of mountains and narrow valleys. 
 Climate cold and severe in the upper valleys, which are covered 
 with snow during seven months of the year ; but notwithstanding 
 the cold, the dryness combined with the rarity of the air in such 
 high valleys as those of Davos and the upper Engadine, has 
 been found to be very beneficial in some cases of chest com- 
 plaint. Scenery very magnificent. In this cant, are 240 glaciers. 
 Fruits and a little wine are exported ; but the corn, hemp, flax, 
 &c. , produced are insufficient for home consumption, and cattle 
 form the principal wealth of the inhabitants. Many flocks and 
 herds are driven hither from Italy in summer to pasture. The 
 chief mineral riches are iron (in the Val Mesocco), silver and 
 lead in the valleys of Davos and Schams, and copper in the 
 valley of Schams, but few mines are wrought. Its manufactures 
 are mostly domestic ; the principal are of cotton and linen 
 fabrics. Transit trade active across the Spliigen, St. Bernard, 
 and Septimer passes. See also Alps, Passes, III. (6) — (lo^). 
 Area, 2773 sq. m. P. (1888) 94,800. See Switzerland, table. 
 
 Grlssek, Java. See Gresek. 
 
 Grlsselliamn, fishing vil. and harb. , Sweden, on the Baltic 
 Sea, prov. (Ian) and 56 m. N. Stockholm, in 60° 5' N. , opposite 
 Aland I. , with which it is connected by submarine cable. 
 
 Grlssletaamn, Sweden. See Grlsselhanin. 
 
 Grlsthorpe, ct. par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby 
 div., 5I m. SE. by S. Scarborough, on the NE. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Grlston, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 19 m. WSW. Nor- 
 wich, i^ m. SE. by p. Walton stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Grlston, electoral div. , Ire., Limerick, dist. Kilfinnane. 
 
 GrlSYfold, stn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R., 
 157 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Grlswold, tn. , U.S. , Connecticut, New London co. , 3 m. SE. 
 Jewitt City. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Grlswold, vil., U.S., Iowa, Cass co., 41 m. E. Omaha 
 (Neb.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Grlswoldvllle, vil., U.S., Georgia, Jones co., 12 m. E. by N. 
 Macon. Scene of a battle between the Federals and the Con- 
 federates, 22nd November 1864. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grlta, tn., Venezuela, Los Andes, 280 m. NE. by E. Bogotd. 
 
 Grlttleton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, div. and 12 m. NE. by N. 
 Bath, 6 m. NW. Chippenham stn., PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Grlvegn^e, comm., Belgium, SE. suburb of Liege. P. 9600. 
 
 Grize beck, vil. , Eng., Lancashire, North Lonsdale div., 10^ 
 m. N. by E. Barrow, 2 m. ESE. Foxfield June, P.O. 
 
 Grjlan, vil. , Servia, circle Crna Reka. P. < 3000. 
 
 Groals Island, isl., Newfoundland, off the E. ct. , in 
 50° 54-51° N. 
 
 Griiba, vil. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, dist. Grossenhain. P. <30oo. 
 
 Grobln, dist. tn. , Russia, govt. Courland, 7 m. E. of Libau. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Groby, part of eccles. par. , Eng. See Katby. 
 
 Grobzig, tn. , Ger. , duchy Anhalt, 15 m. N. by W. Halle ; im- 
 portant coal-mines near. P. <3000. 
 
 Grocka, vil., Servia, on the r. bk. of the Danube, prov. and 
 15I m. SE. Belgrade. P. <3000. 
 
 Gr6dek, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, 17 m. W. by S. 
 Lemberg. P. 10,700. 
 
 Groden, Frisian, ' land reclaimed from the sea.' 
 
 Grodisko, Slavonian. See Gwodishche. 
 
 Grodltz bel Grossenhain, vil. and iron-works, Ger., kgd. 
 Saxony, dist. Grossenhain. P. <20oo. 
 
 Grodner Thai, Ital. Val Gardelua, valley between Brixen 
 and Bozen, in the Tirol, Austria ; the inhabitants (Ladiner) speak 
 a Romance dialect. 
 
 Grodno, a Lithuanian govt, of W. Russia, annexed to 
 Russia in 1793, having the Polish govts, of Suwalki, Lom2a, 
 
 Siedlce, and Lublin in the W., Volhynia in S., Minsk in E., 
 and Vilno in N. Surface undulating in N. and NE. (670 to 
 920 ft.), and gently sloping towards a woody and marshy plain 
 in the S. Soil clayey and sandy. Watered by the Niemen 
 and the western Bug on its W. frontier, and by their tribs., 
 the Narev, the Bobr, and many others, and the Yatsolda, trib. 
 of Pripet. All these are important channels for navigation, 
 connected by canals (Bag, Niemen, Dnieper). Large parts 
 are covered with marshes, or with thick forests (Byelovyezb- 
 skaya Pnsbcba). Climate wet and cold, the average tempera- 
 ture at Grodno being, yr. 42° F., Jan. 22°, July 73°; yearly 
 rainfall, 20.5 in. Population consists of White and Little 
 Russians (30 per cent.), Lithuanians (27 per cent.), Poles (22 
 per cent.), and Jews (12 per cent.) ; 53 per cent, of the popula- 
 tion are Orthodox Greeks, and 34 per cent. Catholics. G. is 
 the most fertile of the Lithuanian provs. , and in good years it 
 has a surplus of corn. Flax and hemp are cultivated, besides 
 cereals. Woollen cloth factories and distilleries attain a certain 
 importance. A considerable trade is carried on, timber, cattle, 
 corn, hemp, flax, and wool being exported abroad, and woollen 
 cloths to Poland and Russia. Area, 14,931 sq. m. P. (i860) 
 862,854; (1892) 1,510,030. 
 
 Grodno, cap. of above govt., is situated on r. bk. of Niemen, 
 on the main railway line from St. Petersburg to Warsaw, 533 
 m. SW. of the former. It is well provided with educational 
 institutions, and has several old Catholic monasteries. Con- 
 siderable amounts of com are shipped down the Niemen. P. 
 (1860)20,120; (1891)49,950. 
 
 Grodzlsko, comm. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 73 m. WNW. 
 Lemberg. P. <20oo ; including Dolne G. and Gorne G. , P. 560c. 
 
 Groen, Teutonic, 'green.' See Gron. 
 
 Groen Fonteln, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Calvinia, 25 
 m. SSE. Calvinia. 
 
 Groenlo, comm., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 17 m. SW. 
 Enschede. P. <3000. 
 
 Groes, Wales, in co. and 3 m. from Denbigh, P.O. 
 
 Groesbeck, comm. , Netherlands, prov. Gelderland. P. 5000. 
 
 Groesfford, Wales, in co. and 3 m. from Brecknock, P.O. 
 
 Groeslon, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., on the 
 L. & NW. R., 5 m. S. Carnarvon, P.O. 
 
 Grogan, Ire. , NW. King's co. , bar. Garrycastle, 9 m. WNW. 
 Tullamore, P.O. 
 
 Grogarry, Scot. , near the W. ct. of S. Uist, Inverness-shire, 
 in 57° 20' N., PT.O. 
 
 Grogey, electoral div. , Ire., Fermanagh, dist. Brookeborough. 
 
 Grohn, vil. , Prussia, Hanover, on the r. bk. of the Weser, 
 adjoining Vegesack (Bremen). P. <:3000. 
 
 Groltzsch, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 14 m. SSW. Leipzig. 
 P. 5400. 
 
 Grolx, or St. Tudy, He de, isl. , France, off the S. ct. of 
 Brittany, dep. Morbihan, in 47° 39' N., 3° 35' W.; length, E. to 
 W., 4^ m.; breadth, 2 m. Active deep-sea fishery is carried on 
 in sloops of 40-50 tons. P. 4935. 
 
 Grojcy (Russian Groitsy, formerly Grdjec and Grodziec), dist. 
 tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 28 m. SSW. of Warsaw. P. 4450. 
 
 Gron, groen, ox griin, Teutonic and Scandinavian, ' green.' 
 
 Gronant, lead-mining vil., Wales, Flintshire, Z\ m. NW. by 
 W. Holywell, i m. E. Prestatyn stn., P.O. 
 
 Gronau, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, on the Leine, 20 m. S. 
 Hanover. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Grondlnes, vil., Canada, Quebec, Portneuf co., on the 1. bk. 
 of St. Lawrence, 44 m. W. by S. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grondre, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3 m. NE. Narberth. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Grone, or Gmn, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Rhone, 5 m. E. by N. Sion. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Grongar Hill, eminence, Wales, Carmarthenshire, on the 
 Towy, 3I m. SW. Llandilofawr. 
 
 Gronlngen, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 8 m. ENE. Halber- 
 stadt. P. <4oc)o. 
 
 Gronlngen, the northernmost prov. of the Netherlands, on the 
 German Ocean, bounded E. by the Prussian prov. of Hanover, 
 S. and W. by the provs. of Drenthe and Friesland. Surface flat, 
 low, and partly exposed to the inundations of the sea. It is rich 
 in pasturage, but marshy in the SE. , where it is bounded by the 
 morass of Bourtang. Area, 887 sq. m. P. 275,000. 
 
 Gronlngen, seapt. tn. of the Netherlands, cap. prov. same 
 name, 92 m. NE. Amsterdam, 31 m. E. Leeuwarden, on the 
 Hunse. It has a university, founded 1614. Its port is accessible 
 for large vessels by means of a canal ; it has shipbuilding yards, 
 paper-mills, and an extensive trade in cattle and butter ; it com- 
 municates by canals with Leeuwarden, Winschoten, and Delfzijl. 
 Formerly fortified, the works having been strengthened by 
 Coehorn in 1698, now dismantled. Mean temp., yr. 47.3° F., 
 Jan. 34.5°, July 63.0°. P. (1869) 34,800; (1889) 56,000. 
 
 Gronland, Danish form of Greenland. 
 
 Gronsnnd, channel, Denmark, between Falster and Moan Is. 
 
 Groombrldge, vil. , Eng. , Kent, Tunbridge div. , 3* m. W, 
 by S. Tunbridge Wells, with two stns. on the L. B. & S. C. R., 
 PMT.O. See Speldhnrst. 
 
 619 
 
GROO — GROT 
 
 Groombrtdge, New, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, Withyham 
 par. P. <75o. 
 
 Groomsport, vil. , Ire., NE. ct. co. Down, bar. Lower Ards, 
 2^ m. ENE. Bangor, with a stn. (G. Road) on the Belfast and 
 Co. Down Rly., PM.O.; two coastguard stns. 
 
 Groot, Dutch, 'great.' 
 
 Groot Boetsap, Cape Colony. See Daniel's Kail. 
 
 Groote Eylandt, ' great inland,' the largest isl. of the Gulf of 
 Carpentaria, N. Australia, off the W. ct., in 13° 45' S. and 136° 
 45' E. , extreme length and breadth about 40 m. each. Shape 
 irregular, centre mountainous, coasts dry and barren; little 
 explored. 
 
 Grootegast, comm., Netherlands, prov. Groningen, W. of the 
 town of Groningen, on the border of Friesland. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Groote Rlet, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. and 150 m. 
 NNE. Calvinia. 
 
 Groote River, several rivs. of Cape Colony, S. Africa, one of 
 which joins the Doom after a WNW. course of 84 m. 
 
 Groot Fonteln, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Prince Albert, 
 85 m. NE. by N. Swellendam. 
 
 Gropparello, comm. , Italy, prov. Piacenza, circle Firenzuola. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Groppello Lomelllno, vil. , Italy, prov. Pavia, circle Lomel- 
 lina. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Groslo, comm. , Italy, prov. and circle Sondrio, on the r. bk. 
 of the Adda, near Tirano. P. 3000. 
 
 Grosmont, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div. , on the 
 Monnow, 9 J ra. NE. Abergavenny, 2 m. S. Pontrilas stn., 
 PM.O.; 6799 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Grosmont, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the 
 Esk, div. and 5^ m. SW. by W. Whitby, on the NE. R., 
 PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Gros Home, mt. , on the French isl. Reunion, Indian Ocean. 
 Alt. about 9800 ft. 
 
 Grosnez Point, cape, Eng. , in the NW. of Jersey, Channel Is. 
 
 Gross, ' great. ' For some names beginning with this prefix, see 
 under the second part of the name. 
 
 Grossa, or Iiunga, isL , on the ct. of Dalmatia, Austria, crossed 
 about the middle by 43° N. , 27 m. long by i-2| broad ; light- 
 house on NW. end, Punte Blanche. 
 
 Gross- Almerode, tn., Prussia. See Almerode. 
 
 Gross-Aabelm, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, on the 
 r. bk. of the Main, 11 m. E. Frankfurt. P. <4000. Klein 
 Anhelm opposite on the 1. bk. , in Hesse. 
 
 Gross - Blttesclt, Slavonic Bytes Tell£4, vil., Austria, 
 Moravia, 19 m. NW. Briinn. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gross-Bottwar, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 17 m. NNE. 
 Stuttgart. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Grossbreltenbacb, tn. , Ger., principality Schwarzburg- 
 Sondershausen, dist. Oberherrschaft. P. <:3000. 
 
 Gross-Dobern, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, on the r. bk. of 
 the Oder, 43 m. SE. by E. Breslau, 7 m. NNW, Oppeln. P. 
 (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Gross-Bombrowka, viL, Prussia, prov. Silesia, 38 m. ENE. 
 Ratibor, and 4 m. NE. Konigshtitte, with zinc (calamine) mine 
 near. P. <3000. 
 
 Gross-Elsllngen, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, Danube 
 circle, dist. Goppingen, 25 m. E. by S. Stuttgart. P. <3000. 
 
 Grosse Isle, vil. and port of entry, U.S., Michigan, Wayne 
 CO. , on an island of the same name in river, and 20 m. SW. 
 Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grossendorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 26 m. ENE. 
 Osnabriick, 17 m. NW. by W. Minden. P. <3000. 
 
 Grossengottern, market-vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 
 govt. Erfurt, circle and dist. Langensalza. P. <3000. 
 
 Grossenbaln, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 10 m. N. by E. 
 Meissen ; has manufactures of cloth and wooUen goods, hosiery, 
 and machinery. P. 11,900. 
 
 Grosser Ocean, one of the German names of the Psclflc. 
 
 Grossetete Bayon (grosi'-tet),riv. arm, U.S. , Louisiana, starts 
 in Point Coupee par. , and runs SE. into Plaquemine Bayou. 
 
 Grosseto, fortified tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. G. , on riv. 
 Ombrone, 40 m. SSW. Siena ; has a fine cathedral, but is 
 very unhealthy. Near are the ruins of the Etruscan city of 
 Ruselke. P. 7400. 
 
 Grossftirst Alexia Hafen, port, Ger. New Guinea, in about 
 S°7i'S.,i4S°4/E. 
 
 Grossgartach, viL , Ger. , Wiirtemberg, Neckar circle, 25 ni. 
 N. Stuttgart, dist. and 4^ m. W. Heilbronn. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gross-Geran, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle G., i6 m. 
 SW. by S. Frankfurt. P. <40oo. 
 
 Grog8>Gloekner, pyramidal shaped mt. , Austria, in the None 
 Alps, on the borders of Salzburg, the Tirol, and Carinthia ; has 
 two peaks, alt. of the higher bemg 12,455 ft. 
 
 Gross-Hartmannsdorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 9 m. S. 
 Freiberg. P. <3000. 
 
 Gross-Herrlltz, comm., Austria, Silesia, 7^ m. W. by N. 
 Troppau. P. <2000. 
 
 Gross-Jedlersdorf, tn. , Austria, prov. Lower Austria, a few 
 miles N. of Vienna. P. 7800. 
 620 
 
 Gross-Karlowltz, Slavonic Karlovlce Velk^, tn. , Austria, 
 Moravia, 44 m. SSE. Troppau. P. < 5000. 
 
 Grosskoppe, mt., Austria, on the NE. portion of Bohemia, 
 25 m. ENE. Koniggratz, one of the Erlitzgebirge. 
 
 Gross-Lateln, or Slatenlce Velkd, viL, Austria, Moravia, 
 7 m. W. by S. Olmiitz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gross-Lewltz Brack, morass, Ger. , in the SW. of Mecklen- 
 burg-Schwerin, to the S. of Lake Schwerin. 
 
 Grossllchterfelde, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 7 m. 
 SSW. the royal palace, Berlin ; seat of the chief training insti- 
 tute for cadets. P. 6100. 
 
 Gross-Heserltscb, Slavonic MezlHi^l Velk^, tn., Austria, 
 Mora\'ia, 20 m. E. Iglau. P. 5400. 
 
 Gross-Moyeuvre, Alsace-Lorraine. See Moyenvre, Gross-. 
 
 Grosso, Capo, cape, Italy, Egadi Is. , in the N. of Levanzo 
 I., in 38° 2' N., 12° 19' E., with a lighthouse. 
 
 Gross-Oemer, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Merse- 
 burg, circle Mansfeld, dist. Hettstedt. P. < 3000. 
 
 Gross-Olbersdorf, vil. , Ger. , in the S. of kgd. Saxony, circle 
 Marienberg. P. <:300o. 
 
 Gross-Ostbelm, market-tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower 
 Franconia, 26 m. SE. by E. Frankfurt. P. <30oo. 
 
 Gross-Ottersleben, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, dist. and 4 
 m. SW. Magdeburg ; manufactures of cast steel, sugar, &c. 
 Klelm-O. is an adjacent vil. on the NW. Gross-O. P. 6200; 
 Klein-O. P. <:200o. 
 
 Gross-Pa^vlowltz, or Parlovlce, comm. , Austria, Moravia, 
 II m. NE. Nikolsburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Gro88-Peter»'ltz, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 6 m. W. Ratibor. 
 P. (of comm.) < 3000. 
 
 Gross-Pobloni, or Polom TelkA, comm., Austria, Silesia, 
 10 m. SE. by E. Troppau. ' P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gross-Prostken, viL, Ger., Prussia, on the SE. frontier of 
 the prov. of E. Prussia, 96 m. S. by E. Tilsit. P. <3000. 
 
 Grossramlug, vil., Austria, crownland Upper Austria, on 
 the Enns, 13 m. SE. by S. Steyr. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gross-Reken, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 26 m. 
 WSW. Miinster. P. (of comm.) < 3000. 
 
 Grossrohrsdorf, tn. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Kamenz, 18 
 m. W. by S. Bautzen. P. 5900. 
 
 Gross-Salze, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt, and 9 m. SSE. 
 Magdeburg, circle Kalbe. P. <4000. 
 
 Gross-Scbonaa, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 22 m. SW. by S. 
 Gorlitz, and 2 ra. SE. Warnsdorf, 6 m. W. Zittau. P. 6300. 
 
 Gross-Scbonebeck, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle 
 Niederbarnim. dist. Liebenwalde. P. < 3000. 
 
 Gross-Seelowltz, or ZldlochoTlce, comm. , Austria, Moravia, 
 on riv. Schwarzawa, loi m. S. Briinn. P. <300o. 
 
 Gross-Steliibeim, tn. , Ger. See Stelnbelm. 
 
 Gross-Streblltz, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Strehlitz, 
 29 m. N. by E. Ratibor. P. 5100. 
 
 Gross-Tajax, or Byjakowlce Velk^, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 
 13 m. ESE. Znaim. P. <:3000. 
 
 Gross-llnistadt, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, 12 
 m. E. Darmstadt. P. <:3000. 
 
 Gross-Venediger, peak of the Hohe Tauern. See Alps, 
 Subdivisions, III. A. l. 
 
 Grosswardeln (German, in Hungarian .Xagyriirad), muni- 
 cip. , Hungary, cap. prov. Bihar, on the Sebes (Swift) Koros, at the 
 mouth of the valley traversed by the upper part of that stream, 
 36 m. SSE. Debreczen ; seat of a bishop. Near are several 
 hot springs, one at the vil. Hajo of sulphur. Alt. 415 ft. P. 
 (1850) 22,500; (1869) 28,700; (1890) 38,600 (Magyars, Wala- 
 chians, and Germans). 
 
 Gross- Wartenberg, formerly Polnlsch- (Polish) W., tn., 
 Prussia, Silesia, cap. circle G., 32 m. ENE. Breslau. P. <3000. 
 
 Gross-^lsternltz, or Bystirlce Velkd, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 
 on riv. Bistrica, 5 m. E. Olmiitz. P. <:3000. 
 
 Gross-Zlmmern, market-vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse-Dann- 
 stadt, 7^ m. E. Darmstadt. P. <4000. 
 
 Grosszscbocber, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, dist. Leipzig. P. 
 <300o. 
 
 Grosrenor Dale, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Windham co., 45 
 m. NNE. New London. P. <isoo. 
 
 Grosvenor Road, stn. , Eng. , London, on the L. B. & S. C. 
 R. and the L. C. & D. R., 3 m. SW. St. Paul s. 
 
 Gros Ventre Peak, mt., U.S., Wyoming, Fremont, Uintah 
 CO., 130 m. SSE. from the NW. corner of the state. Alt. 11,570 
 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 Gros Ventres, American Indian tribe. See Arapaboes. 
 
 Groton, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 5 m. E. Sudbury, 13J 
 m. W. by S. Ipswich. P. <5oo. 
 
 Groton, tn., U.S., Connecticut, co. and opposite New 
 London, on r. bk. of Thames R. P. 5500. 
 
 Groton, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 14 m. W. 
 by S. LowelL P. <3000. 
 
 Groton, tp., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co., 37 m. 
 NNW. Concord, with mines of muscovite. P. <;isoo. 
 
 Groton, vil., U.S., New York, Tompkins co., 33 m. SSW. 
 Syracuse, and 12 m. NE. Ithaca. P. < 1500. 
 
GROT — GUAD 
 
 Groton, tn. , U.S., S. Dakota, Brown co. , 130 m. NE. by E. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grotoii, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Caledonia cc, on Wells R. , 28 
 m. SE. Montpelier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grottaglle, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 11 m. ENE. 
 Taranto. P. 9300. 
 
 Crrottamare, comm., Italy, E. ct. , The Marches, prov. and 
 18 m. ENE. Ascoli, 47 m. SSE. Ancona. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Grottamlnarda, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 
 15 m. E. by S. Benevento. P. 5100. 
 
 Grottau, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 10 m. N W. by W. Reichen- 
 berg, 3 m. SSE. Zittau, Saxony. P. <400o. 
 
 Cirotte, comm. , Sicily, prov. and 9 m. NE. Girgenti. P. 8100. 
 
 Cirotte dl Castro, comra., Italy, prov. Rome, circle Viterbo. 
 P. <40oo, 
 
 Grotterla, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 38 m. NE. by 
 E. Reggio. P. 5500. 
 
 Cirottkau, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 26 m. SSE. Breslau. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Grotton, stn. , Eng., Yorkshire, Colne Valley div., on the 
 L. & NW. R. , 2^ m. E. Oldham. 
 
 Griitzliigen, tn. , Ger., kgd. Wlirtemberg, 12 m. NE. by E. 
 Tubingen. P. <;30oo. 
 
 Gronsehall, electoral div. , Ire. , Donegal, dist. Pettigoe. 
 
 Gronvlllc, par. and vil. , Eng. , Jersey, Channel Is. , on G. Bay, 
 3 m. E. St. Helier, with a stn. on the Jersey Rly. , PM.O. 
 
 Grove, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 7I m. SW. Abingdon, 
 I m. N. Wantage, i m. S. Wantage Road stn,, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 GroTC, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 8^ m. NE. 
 Aylesbury, 2 m. SSE. Leighton June. P. <25o. 
 
 Grove, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 10 m. 
 E. Worksop, 2 m. ESE. Retford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Grove, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. Pontevedra, dist. Gam- 
 bados. P. <400o. 
 
 Grove, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Cameron co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Grove, Long, eccles. par., Eng., Herefordshire, Llangarren 
 par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Grove Ferry, stn. , Eng. , Kent, on SE. and L. C. & D. Joint 
 Rly. , near Canterbury. 
 
 Grove Hill, tp. , South Australia, N. Terr. , Rosebery co. , 40 m. 
 SE. by S. Palmerston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Groveland, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., on the r. 
 bk. of the Merrimac R., 7 m. NE. by E. Lawrence. P. <3000. 
 
 Grovely Wood, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 7 m. 
 WNW. Salisbury, 2 m. SW. Wishford stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Grove Park, stn., Eng., Kent, Lewisham bor., on the SE. 
 R., 8 m. SE. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Grove Park, stn., Eng., Middlesex. See Chlswlek. 
 
 Grove Koad, stn. , Eng. See Hammersmltli. 
 
 Groveport, vil., U.S., Ohio, Franklin co., 9 m. SE. by S. 
 Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Groveton, tn., U.S., Texas, Trinity co., 89 m. N. by E. 
 Houston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Groxnyl, dist. tn., Russia, N. Caucasia, govt. Terek, on r. 
 bk. of Sunzha, 58 m. NE. of Vladikavkaz. P. 6250. 
 
 Grubenbageii, a former principality of Ger., Hanover, 
 bailiwick Hildesheim, was composed of two unequal portions 
 divided by the Harz Mts. ; chief town, Eimbeck. 
 
 Grubeshov, tn., Russian Poland. See Hrubieszdw. 
 
 Griics, Isles Anx, Canada. See Crane Island. 
 
 Grniuard, isl., Scot., in the NW. of Ross-shire, in G. Bay, 
 in 57° 53'- 54' N., 6° 28' W. 
 
 Grninard, riv. , Scot. , Ross-shire, which drains Loch Shellag 
 NW. into G. Bay, forming the SW. boundary of two parts of 
 Cromarty. 
 
 Grnlnart, P.O., Scot., Argyllshire, in the NW. of Islay, 4^ 
 m. NNW. Bowmore. 
 
 Grnlnart loch, inlet, Scot., Argyllshire, 5 m. long, in the 
 N. of Islay, opening to the N. 
 
 Grnlssan, fishing comm., France, dep. Aude, arr. and 7 m. 
 SSE. Narbonne. P. <:yxx>. 
 
 Grnlssan, ct. lagoon (salt water), France, dep. Aude, joined 
 to the Mediterranean by the channels of Grau-de-Gazelle and 
 Grau-de-la-Veille-Nouvelle,andto the Canal du Midi by a canal. 
 
 Grnllcli, or Kraliky, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 40 m. NW. 
 by N. Olmtitz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Grnllne, P. O. , Scot. , in the E. of Mull I. , 3 m. from Aros. 
 
 Gmutberg, comm., Austria, Moravia, 37 m. NW. by N. 
 Olmiitz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Grumello Cremonese, comm., Italy, prov. and 9 m. NW. 
 Cremona. P. <40OO. 
 
 Grumme, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, 
 circle and dist. Bochum. P. (of comm.) < 3000. 
 
 Grnmo Appnla, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 11 m. 
 SW. Bari. P. 8980. 
 
 Grumo Nevauo, comm. , Italy, prov. and 6 ra. N. Naples. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Griin, German, 'green.' See Gron. 
 
 Griiin, or Lhota Zelen^, comm., Austria, Bohemia, 36 m. 
 S. by W. Pilsen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Grnn, vil. , Switzd. See Gr6ne. 
 
 Gruua, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, govt. Zwickau, 5 m. W. 
 Chemnitz. P. < 5000. 
 
 Gruuay, small isl. , Scot. , Shetland Is. , one of the group of 
 Out Skerries, in 60° 25' N. , 0° 44' W. P. (Grnna Skerries) 25. 
 
 Griiuberg, tn. , Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, 12 m. E. 
 Giessen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Grunl>erg, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. circle G., 32 m. 
 NW. by W. Glogau ; has lignite mines and manufactures of 
 woollens, machinery, straw hats, &c. Wine largely grown in 
 the neighbourhood, and champagne manufactured. P. (1871) 
 11,700; (1890)15,700. 
 
 Grund, Ger., ' a valley-bottom. ' 
 
 Gmnd, Iin, vil., Switzd., cant. Valais, 11 m. NE. by E. 
 Zermatt, in the Saasthal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Grnndel Rock, islet. Ire., W. ct. Clare, in 52° 47' N. 
 
 Grnndel See, lake, Austria, Styria, source of the Traun. 
 
 Grnudlsbnrgli, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 3 m. NW. 
 Woodbridge stn., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Grundy, co., U.S., Illinois, N. of 41° N., and between 88° 
 and 89° W. 
 
 Grundy, co., U.S., Iowa, in the NE. ; cap. G. Center. 
 
 Grundy, co. , U.S., Missouri, in the N., crossed in the S. by 
 40° N. , to the E. of 94° W. 
 
 Grundy, co., U.S., Tennessee, N. of 35° N., E. of 86° W. 
 
 Grundy Center, tn. , U.S., Iowa, cap. G. co., 65 m. WNW. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Grune Point, cape, Eng., on the N. ct. of Cumberland, on 
 the Solway Firth, 17 m. W. Carlisle. 
 
 Grnnhaln, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 18 m. SE. by E. Zwickau. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Grnnkalnlcben, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, govt. Zwickau, circle 
 Floha, dist. Augustusburg, the headquarters of the wood trade 
 of Saxon Erzgebirge ; has manufactures of bandboxes. P. < 3000. 
 
 Griinlngen, vil., Switzd., cant, and 12 m. SE. by E. Zurich. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Griinstadt, tn. , Ger. , Bavarian Palat. , 10 m. WSW. Worms ; 
 has manufactures of delft-ware and other crockery. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Grunthal, settlement and rly. stn., S. Australia, co. and 12 
 m. SE. by E. Adelaide. 
 
 Gruuty Fen, par. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire, Ely union. P. < 250. 
 
 Grusbacta, or Hrusovany, vil., Austria, Moravia, on riv. 
 Jaispitz, II m. W. Nikolsburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Grusbevskaya, two Cossack vils. , Russia, prov. of Don 
 Cossacks. 1. 5 m. W. of Novocherkassk. P. <5ooo. 2. 20 m. 
 N. of the same. Thick layers of anthracite and coal mines. 
 P. 8000. 
 
 Grntlng, Wick of, bay, Scot., Shetland Is., on the NE. of 
 Fetlar I. 
 
 GriitU, Switzd. See RutU. 
 
 Graver, vil. , Scot. , Hebrides Is. , Lewis I. , 16 m. S. Stomoway. 
 P.<:5oo. 
 
 Gruyfere, in Ger. Grelerz, tn., Switzd., cant and 16 m. S. 
 by W. Freiburg, gives name to the well-known cheese which 
 is largely produced in the dist. P. <20oo. 
 
 Grnzlya, Russian name of Georgia [q.v.) state, Russian 
 Transcaucasia. 
 
 Grwynefiiwr, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 3 m. NE. Tal- 
 garth. P. <25o. 
 
 Grwynefeclian, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 3 m. NE. 
 Talgarth. P. <;25o. 
 
 Gryazovets, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 29 m. by rail SE. 
 of Vologda; trade in flax, linen, butter, tallow, and hides. 
 P- 2350. 
 
 Grybd-w, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 33 m. SE. Bochnia. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Gryfe Water, riv. , Scot. , Renfrewshire, issues from G. Reser- 
 voir, and flows ESE. to Bridge of Weir, then ENE. to the 
 Black Cart Water, which it joins on the 1. bk. about \ m. SE. 
 of Houston stn. 
 
 Gryon, small vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 7 m. above Bex, 11 
 m. SE. of the head of the Lake of Geneva ; a summer health 
 resort. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Grzymalfiw, tn. , Austria, Galicia, dist. G. P. < 5000. 
 
 Gstelg, or Ch&telet, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 11 ra. NNW. 
 Sion. From here a road leads to Sion over the Sanetsch Pass. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Guablare, trib. of the Orinoco. See Gnavlare. 
 
 Gnacheta, tn,, Colombia, Cundinamarca state, 50 m. N. 
 Bogota. P. (of dist. ) 5500. 
 
 Gnaclilpas, tn. , Argentine Republic, Salta, 90 m. N. by W. 
 Tucuman. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Guaclpatl, vil. , Venezuela, state of Bolivar, 190 m. S. by W. 
 of the SW. point of the isl. of Trinidad. 
 
 Quad, guada, the name given to the rivs. in Spain by the 
 Moors, from the Arabic, Wadi. 
 
 Guadatra, riv. , Spain, prov. Seville, flows NW. by W. to the 
 Guadalquivir, which it joins a few miles below Seville. 
 
 Guadajoz, riv., Spain, Andalucia, flows N. then WNW, into 
 the Guadalquivir below C6rdoba. 
 
 621 
 
GUAD — GUAD 
 
 Guadalajara, tn., Mexico, cap. Jalisco, 120 m. SSW. 
 Zacatecas, 285 m. WNW. Mexico. Founded in 1542, it has 
 long been one of the chief cities of Mexico. It now carries on 
 various manufactures, and is the seat of a mint, a university, and 
 an academy of painting. Alt. 5140 ft. RfalL (7 yrs.), 35.36 in. 
 P. 95,000. 
 
 Guadalajara, tn. , Spain, cap. of prov. G. , on the Henares, 
 32 m. NE. by E. Madrid. P. 11,200. 
 
 GnadalaTlar (from Arabic Wadi-l-Abyadh, 'white river"), 
 Tikria, or Klo Blanco ('white river'), riv., Spain, rises on the 
 N. side of the Montes Universales, viithin 3 m. of the source of 
 the Tagus, flows first E. , turns S. at Teruel, and finally flows 
 ESE. into the Mediterranean about 3 m. below Valencia. The 
 first part of its course is mainly through deep gorges of Jurassic 
 limestones ; in the plains it is largely used for irrigation. 
 
 Guadalcanal, tn., Spain, prov. and 48 m. N. by E. Seville, 
 in a plain near the Sierra Morena ; formerly had mines of silver, 
 and now carries on coal-mines. P. 6200. 
 
 Gnadalcanar, isl. , one of the larger members of the Solomon 
 group, Pacific Ocean, just N. of 10° S. , crossed by 160° E. , about 
 100 m. long by 34 m. broad. Discovered by Mendaiia in 1568, 
 and originally called by the Spaniards Guadalcanal. Surface 
 largely mountainous , rising to 8000 ft. Generally densely clothed 
 wth forests, but with some op>en, grassy, hilly country in the 
 NW. Natives, Papuans of a dark colour. Principal towns, 
 Aola and Lvmga, both on the N. ct. 
 
 Guadalcazar, tn., Mexico, state of and 40 m. NE. San Luis 
 Potosi. Important quicksilver-mines near. P. 13,000. 
 
 Gnadalen, riv., Spain, flows SW. to the Guadalimar, which 
 it joins to the E. of Linares. 
 
 Gnadalete (' the small river '), riv. , in the SW. of Spain, flows 
 SW. past Arcos into the Bay of Cadiz at Puerto de Santa Maria. 
 
 Gnadalfeo, or Rio Grande, small coast riv., southern Spain, 
 prov. Granada, flows through the principal valley of the Alpu- 
 jarras, tiurns S. to enter a breach between the Contraviesa on 
 the E. and the Sierra de Almijara on the W. , and enters the 
 Mediterranean SW. of MotriL 
 
 Guadalborce, or Guadaljorce, riv. , in the S. of Spain, rises 
 at the W. end of the Sierra de Alhama, and flows W. then S. 
 then SE. into the Mediterranean, to the W. of Malaga ; liable 
 to destructive floods. 
 
 Gnadallmar ('red river'), riv., Spain, rises on the SE. side 
 of the Sierra de Alcaraz, and flows SW. to the Guadalquivir, 
 which it joins to the N. of Jaen ; receives on the r. bk. the Gua- 
 darmena fi-om the N. side of the same sierra, a river longer than 
 the part of the G. above the confluence, and at least as copious. 
 
 Gnadalope, riv. , Spain, rises on the S. side of the Sierra de 
 San Just, and flows E. then NE. to the Ebro, which it joins 
 just to the W. of the meridian of Greenwich ; length, 93 m. 
 
 GnadalqniTir (firom the Arabic Wadi-el-kebir, ' the great 
 river'), riv., in the S. of Spain, rises at the Canada de Fuentes, 
 at the height of 1580 ft. , on the N. slope of the Sierra de Pozo, 
 flows first NE. through the narrow valley between that range 
 and the Sierra de Cazorla, but meeting a spur of the Sierra de 
 Segura turns SW. through the gorge known as the Tranco de 
 Monzique, and maintains that direction on the whole to its mouth. 
 Below this gorge it winds through a picturesque valley contain- 
 ing the town of Andujar, and then passing through the rapids 
 of Montoro emerges on the Andalusian plain, becomes navigable 
 for boats at C6rdoba, and a few miles above Seville becomes 
 subject to the action of the tide. By dredging it has been made 
 navigable to Seville, 70 m. firom its mou^, for vessels of 3000 
 tons. About 30 m. lower down it breaks up in passing through 
 an unhealthy marshy region, known as the Marismas, subject 
 to regular inundation, into three arms, which reunite, enclosing 
 the islands called Isla Mayor and Isla Menor ( ' larger ' and 
 'smaller island'), and shortly after the reunion enters the 
 Atlantic at San Liicar de Barrameda, to the S. of the sand-dunes 
 of Arenas gordas, which separate the Marismas from the sea. 
 Its principal tribs. are the Guadalimar (.q.v.) on the r., and the 
 Guadiana Menor on the 1. bk. in the upper part of its course, 
 and the Jenil on the 1. bk. lower down. As both the latter 
 derive feeders, and the Jenil indeed is wholly supplied from the 
 Sierra Nevada, the melting of the snows of that range in summer 
 (the dry season) tends to maintain the level of the G., whose 
 volume is consequently tolerably constant. For the most part 
 high water is not more than 8 ft. above the normal. Great 
 floods are rare. The most terrible known hitherto are those of 
 1626 and 1642, the former of which caused the destruction of 
 3000 houses in Seville. Length, 374 m. ; area of basin, 21,580 
 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). 
 
 Guadalupe, tn. , Spain, prov. Cdceres, 33 m. E. Trujillo, 
 with a celebrated ancient Hieronymite monastery (founded in the 
 14th century). P, <3O0O. 
 
 Guadalupe, tn., Colombia, Santander state, dep. and 19 m. 
 SW. Socorro. P. <50oo. 
 
 Guadalupe, viL and collegiate church, N. America, state 
 and 3 m. N. Mexico ; greatly resorted to in pilgrimage. 
 
 Guadalupe, mountainous isL, in the Pacific Ocean, off the 
 coast of Lower California, in 29° N. , 118° 22' W, ; length, 15 m. 
 622 
 
 Guadalupe, Sierra de, the anct. Carpetani Montes, range 
 of mts., Spain, part of the mts. of Toledo, near the limits of the 
 provs. Cdceres, Toledo, Ciudad Real, and Badajoz, forming 
 the ridge between the Tagus and Guadiana basins ; everywhere 
 cultivated or occupied by forests. Highest point the Cabeza del 
 Moro, 5110 ft. 
 
 Guadalupe, tn. , Mexico, state of and 90 m. N. by W. San 
 Luis Potosi, on the Tropic of Cancer. 
 
 Guadalupe, tn., Peru, dep. Lambayeque, near the W. ct, 
 in about 7° 15' S. , connected by rail with the port of Pacasmayu. 
 P. <3c>oo. 
 
 Guadalupe, Uruguay. See Cianelones. 
 
 Guadalupe, co. , U.S., Texas, S. of 30° N. , crossed by 98° W. 
 
 Guadalupe (gwa-da-lo'pe), riv., U.S., Texas. It rises in the 
 S. in Kerr co., and flows E. then SSE. till it joins the San 
 Antonio a few miles above the mouth of the latter in San 
 Antonio Bay. 
 
 Guadalupe Mountains, U.S., range of mts., in the NW. of 
 Texas and New Mexico, between the Rio Grande and the Pecos. 
 Alt. 9800 ft. 
 
 Guadalupe Pass, U.S., Texas, in the N, of El Paso co., in 
 the Apache Mts. , 100 m. E. of the W. corner of the state. Alt. 
 5717 ft. (P. R. R. Reports). 
 
 Guadamez, riv., Spain, Estremadura, flows NW. to the 
 Guadiana from the Sieira del Pedroso. 
 
 Guadamnr, comm. , Spain, prov. and dist. Toledo ; has lead- 
 mines. P. <2000. 
 
 Guadarmena, riv. , Spain. See Guadalimar. 
 
 Guadarrama, comm. , Spain, prov. and 26 m. N W. Madrid. 
 P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Guadarrama, Sierra de, the principal mt. range be- 
 tween the old provs. of Old and New Castile. It describes a 
 northerly curve with a general trend from SW. to NE., begin- 
 ning in the SW. at the valley of Alberche which separates it 
 from the Sierra de Gredos (a westerly continuation of the 
 Guadarrama range known as the Paramera de Avila lying to 
 the N. of the upper course of that river), and ending in the 
 NE. in the Altos de Barahona, a little to the W. of the route 
 followed by the railway connecting the valley of the Ebro with 
 central Spain by the valleys of the Jalon and Henares. Mainly 
 composed of granite, but in the E. of Silurian slates, which latter 
 are succeeded to the S. by gneiss containing the silver veins 
 of Hiendalaencina. Highest summit the Pico de Peiialara 
 (7890 ft.), NNW. of Madrid; next in height the two Cabezas 
 de Hierro ('iron summits'), respectively 7770 and 7745 ft. In 
 the E. to the E. of the pass of Somosierra (in 3° 36' W. , 4690 ft.) 
 rises the conspicuous pyramid of Ocej6n (8545 ft.). The pass 
 leading from Madrid to Segovia and Valladolid is the Puerto 
 de Navacerrada (5705 ft.), near which a railway tunnel has been 
 in progress for some years. At present the only railway leading 
 NW. fi-om Madrid (to Avila) crosses the Paramera de Avila 
 in the tunnel of La Canada (4460 ft.), the highest railway tunnel 
 in Europe. 
 
 Guadazaon, riv. , Spain, in the E. of prov. Cuenca, flows S. 
 then SE. to the Gabriel, which it joins in about 39° 41' N. 
 
 Guadeloupe, W. Indian isL, one of the principal French 
 colonies in the Atlantic. Lat. of Fort Irois, 16° N.; long., 61° 
 45' W., about 25 m. N. Dominica, and SE. Montserrat It 
 is divided into two islands by the Riviere Sal6e (' Salt River'), 
 an arm of the sea, 5 m. long, and 100 to less than 400 ft. broad, 
 with depth (nowhere more than 16 ft.) for vessels of from 
 40-60 tons. The E. island, the so-called Grande Terre, in 
 reality scarcely three-fourths of the area of the W. island, is 36 
 m. long by 12 m. broad. It is generally low, of coral forma- 
 tion, with a dry sandy, but, with adequate rain, fertile soil. G. 
 Proper, the W. island, is 35 m. long by 18 m. broad, and is 
 traversed by mountains, three of which are extinct volcanoes, 
 the culminating point (4870 ft.) being the active volcano of 
 La Soufiriere (so-called from the sulphur vapour it emits). 
 SW. of this mountain is a boiling spring, issuing fi-om out 
 of the sea. The island is well watered and fertile. Basse- 
 Terre is the chief town, with an indifferent harbour. The 
 contiguous and dependent islands are Marie Galante, D^sirade 
 (Deseada), and Saintes. E^arthquakes are common ; a severe 
 one occurred in 1843. The principal plantation product is 
 sugar-cane, but coffee, cacao, cotton, tobacco, and vanilla are 
 also grown. The population, originally Carib, is now similar 
 to that of the other W. Indian islands. The island with its 
 dependencies is ruled by a governor and a colonial council of 
 French residents. Principal towns Basse- Terre, the seat of 
 govt., on the SW. , and La Capesterre, on the SE. of G. 
 Proper, and Pointe-k-Pitre, the most populous and in many 
 respects the most important town in the colony, on the SW. , 
 and Le Moule on the N. coast of Grande Terre. The island 
 was discovered by Columbus Nov. 4, 1493, when it was known 
 to the Caribs as Karukera. It was colonised in 1635 by the 
 French, afterwards taken by the English, and finally delivered 
 to the French in 1810. In 1848 slavery was abolished by a 
 decree of the French Republic. Mean rfall. (Cafeiere de P6rou) 
 (19 yrs.), 126.7 in. Area, 533 sq. m. P. (1871) 113,350; (1891) 
 
GUAD — GUAN 
 
 iSO.cxDO. Area with dependencies (including besides the islands 
 above named, the island of St. Barth^lemy and the French part 
 of St. Martin), 687 sq. m. P. (1869) 175,000; {1891) 182,000. 
 
 Cinadlaua ('the river of Anas' [the anct. name]), an impor- 
 tant riv. , Spain and Portugal, its basin lying between those 
 of the Tagus and Guadalquivir. Its true headwater, known 
 as the Zancara, rises in 40° N. SW. , of Cuenca, and flows first 
 S. then W.; but the name of G. was long given to a stream, 
 now known as the G. Alto, rising in the dist. of La Mancha 
 called the Campos de Montiel, 15 m. NE. Villahermosa, and 
 flowing NW. , partly underground (reappearing at intervals in 
 small lakes known as Los ojos, or eyes, de la G.), towards the 
 true G. , but dying out in a marsh before reaching the main 
 stream, which pursues a westerly course to Badajoz, after which 
 it turns SW. then S. , and flows partly through Portugal partly 
 on the Portuguese frontier. Its mouth is divided by sandbanks 
 into several arms, of which that known as La Canela has a 
 depth of 15 ft. on the bar even at ebb tide ; but large ships can 
 ascend only to Ayamonte and Castro-Merim, and smaller vessels 
 only to Mertola, 35 m. up. Chief affluents on right, the 
 Giguela and Guadaranque; on left, the Jabalon, Zujar, and 
 Ardila. Length, 515 m.; area of basin, 23,300. 
 
 Gnadlana, tn. , Mexico. See Darango. 
 
 Gaadlana Menor, riv., in the S. of Spain, flows E. then 
 NN W. into the Guadalquivir, which it joins about 3° 14' W. 
 
 Guadlaro, riv. , Spain, enters the Mediterranean 11 m. NE. 
 Gibraltar, after a course of 40 m. , generally S. 
 
 Gnadlato, riv., Spain, Andalucia, flows SE. then SW. to the 
 Guadalquivir, below C6rdoba. 
 
 Gnadlela, riv., Spain, prov. Cuenca, flows W. to the Tagus, 
 about 40° 25' N. 
 
 GnadUbc (Arabic Wadi-ash, ' River of Life '), city, Spain, 
 prov. and 26 m. E. by N. Granada, on 1. bk. of the G. (one of 
 the headwaters of the Guadiana Menor). It is enclosed by old 
 walls and mulberry plantations. Its vicinity has curious geo- 
 logical features, and near it are the warm mineral baths of 
 Graena. Reconquered from the Moors in a sanguinary battle 
 in 1315. P. 12,000. 
 
 Guaduas, tn., Colombia, Cundinamarca, a few miles E. of 
 the Magdalena, 45 m. NW. Bogotd.. P. 11,000. 
 
 Gnafo, isL, Chile. See Hnafo. 
 
 Gaagiio, tn., Corsica, arr. Ajaccio, cant, and 4 m. from 
 Soccia, with hot springs (124° F.). P. <20oo. 
 
 Guagua, comm., Philippine Is., Luzon, prov. Pampanga. 
 P. 10,000. 
 
 Gnahan, Gaajto, or Guam, the southernmost and largest 
 of the Marianne Is., or Ladrone Archipelago, Pacific Ocean, in 
 13° 27' N. and 145° E. It is about 100 m. in circumference, sur- 
 rounded by coral reefs, and has a town and a roadstead defended 
 by two Spanish forts. The island is thickly wooded, and well 
 watered and fertile. The chief town, Agano, on the W. ct., is 
 the seat of the Spanish viceroy of the group. 
 
 Gnalaneco Islands, group of isls. off the W. ct. of Chile, 
 at the N. entrance to the Messier Channel, in 47° 45' S. ; principal 
 island, B)Ton. 
 
 Gaaicaby, tn. , Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, at the confluence 
 of the riv. G. and the Sao Francisco. P. 3000. 
 
 Gnalcaby, or Klo das Velltas, riv., Brazil, prov. Minas 
 Geraes, an eastern branch of the Sao Francisco, flows generally 
 NW. parallel to the Serra do Espirito Santo, and enters the 
 Sao Francisco in 17° 12' S. ; navigable for more than 217 m. 
 firom Sahara, in 19° 50' S., 45 m. NW. Ouro Preto. At its 
 confluence the G. discharges 7382 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Gnalnla, riv. , S. America. See Negro, Bio. 
 
 Gnalra, La, tn. , Venezuela, the seapt. of Cardcas (q.v.), and 
 the most important in the republic ; has a harbour, with water 
 area of 90 acres accessible to the largest ships, and vnth depth 
 alongside quays of 10-40 ft. The town was destroyed by an 
 earthquake in 1812. P. 14,000. 
 
 Gnajaba, isL , Cuba. See Cayo Gnajaba. 
 
 Gnajaba, riv., Brazil, state of Maranhao, rises in theSW. of 
 the state, and flows NE. then N. into the Bay de Sao Marcos, 
 to the W. of the isl. of Maranhao, of which an arm of this river 
 forms the southern boundary ; navigable from Chapada. 
 
 Guajan. See Gnaban. 
 
 Guajara, an arm of the Tocantins, leaving the estuary of 
 that river on the r. bk. , in 2° N. , and rejoining it at the town of 
 Par4 (Belem) ; encloses the isl. of Carnapijo. 
 
 GnaJara-SOrtm, rapid on the Madeira. See Madeira. 
 
 Gaajlro, Colombia. See Goajlra. 
 
 Gnaka, S. Africa. See Daka. 
 
 Gnalaceo, tn. , Ecuador, prov. Azuay, 85 m. SE. Guayaquil. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Gnalan, tn.. Central America, republic and 80 m. ENE. 
 Guatemala, on the Motagua R. ; navigable for large boats from 
 this point. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gnalata, large oasis, Sahara, between Morocco and Timbuktu. 
 
 Gnalatierl, volcano, Andes. See Hnalatlrl. 
 
 Gnalcbos. coram., Spain, prov. Granada, dist. Motril. P. 
 <4ooo. 
 
 Gnaldo Cottaueo, comm. , Italy, prov. Perugia, circle Spoleto. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Gnaldo Tadino, comm., Italy, Umbria, prov. and 21 m. 
 ENE. Perugia. P. 8400. 
 
 Gnaleguay, tn., Argentine Republic, Entre Rios (g.v.), on 
 Rio G. , 78 m. E. by S. Rosario. P. 11,000. 
 
 Gnaleguaycbu, tn. and riv. fort, Argentine Republic, Entre 
 Rios, on the Rio G. , 115 m. N. Buenos Aires. P. 14,000. 
 
 Guallabamba, Kio. See Esmeraldas, Rio. 
 
 Gnalqul, tn. , Chile, prov. and 14 m. by rail from Concepcion. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Gnaltieri, comm. , Italy, prov. and 16 m. N. Reggio, on the 
 Po. P. 6000. 
 
 Gnaltieri Slcaniino, comm. , Sicily, prov. and circle Messina. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Gnam. See Gnaban. 
 
 Gnama, riv. , Brazil, flows N. then W. througti the state of 
 Para into Rio Para, at the town of Para. 
 
 Gnamacara, comm., Cuba, prov. Matanzas. P. 10,200. 
 
 Gnamal, viL, Colombia, dep. of Magdalena, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Cauca, at the place where it is joined by the Loba arm of 
 the Magdalena, 198 m. above Barranquilla. 
 
 Guanio, tn. , Colombia, Tolima, 80 m. WSW. Bogota, at con- 
 fluence of Magdalena and Saldaiia. P. (including dist.) 12,000. 
 
 Gnamntas, comm., Cuba, prov. Matanzas. P. 11,600. 
 
 Guana, comm., Cuba, prov. Pinar del Rio. P. 22,700. 
 
 Gnana, several isls., W. Indies, the principal being off' the 
 E. ct. of Abaco, Bahamas ; it is 17 m. long, and 2J m. broad. 
 
 Guanabacoa, tn. , Cuba, N. ct. ,8 m. E. Havana, in 82° 17' 
 W. P. (comm.) 28,000. 
 
 Gnanacaste, western dep. of the Costa Rica republic. 
 
 Gnanacevi, tn., Mexico, state of and 135 m. NW. by N. 
 Durango ; mining centre. P. <4000. 
 
 Guanacos, paramo or mt. desert, in the middle chain of 
 the Andes of Colombia, NE. of Popayan. 
 
 Guanabanl, the native name of the isl. in the W. Indies on 
 which Columbus first landed, Oct. 12, 1492, and to which he 
 gave the name of San Salvador ; formerly identified with Cat I. , 
 now generally identified with Watling I. See Proc. R. G. S. , 
 1892, pp. 591, &c. 
 
 Gnanaja, isl. , Caribbean Sea. See Bay Islands. 
 
 Gnanaja, tn. , Cuba, N. ct. , 175 m. NW. Santiago de Cuba, 
 in 77° 42' W. 
 
 Gnanajay, tn., Cuba, 22 m. SW. Havana, in ^3° 39' W. 
 P. (comm.) 9500. 
 
 Gnanajayabo, comm. , Cuba, 86 m. E. by S. Havana. P. 
 8100. 
 
 Gnanajuato, interior state of Mexico, on the Mexican 
 central plateau and its SW. slopes to the Santiago-Lerma 
 valley. It is one of the richest and more densely peopled of the 
 Mexican states, with inexhaustible lead, gold, and (principally) 
 silver ores (vena madre de G.), which are even used in the 
 building of the houses. Mountainous ridges traverse the state 
 NW.-SE. (Sierras Gorda and G. with the mining region), 
 having between them very fertile llanos (Bajio, San Felipe). 
 See Mexico, table, &c. 
 
 Gnanajnato ('frog mountain'), tn., Mexico, cap. state of G. , 
 80 m. S. by W. San Luis Potosi, built on both sides of a narrow 
 defile called the Ca&ada de Marfll, is one of the richest mining 
 dists. of Mexico, terminus of a branch line 11 m. long con- 
 nected with the Mexican Central Rly. at Silao (750 ft. lower). 
 Seat of a mint and of various textile industries, besides those 
 connected with mining. Alt. 6660 ft. P. 52,100. 
 
 Gnanal. See Punta Guanal. 
 
 Guanaparo, riv., S. America, Venezuela, state of Zamora, 
 flows 230 m. E. to the Portuguesa, which it joins 25 m, NW, 
 San Fernando de Apure. 
 
 Gnanape, tn. , Venezuela, Bermudez, 105 m. ESE. Caracas. 
 
 Gnaiiape, Peru. See Hnanape. 
 
 Gnanare, tn. , Venezuela, cap. of Zamora state, 225 m. SW. 
 by S. Cardcas. P. 10,900. 
 
 Gnanarilo, tn., Venezuela, Zamora, on the riv. G. (trib, 
 Portuguesa), 210 m. SW. Caracas. 
 
 Gnancabellca, stn. , Peru. See Hnancavellca. 
 
 Guancbes. See Canary Islands. 
 
 Gnandn, vil. , Brazil, Espirito Santo, on 1. bk. of the Rio G., 
 just above its entrance into the Rio Doce, in 19° 35' S. , 41° 9 W. 
 
 Gnanica, vil. and bay, isl. of Porto Rico, S. ct., 65 m. SW. 
 by W. San Juan, in 66° 53' W. 
 
 Guanico. See Punta Guanico. 
 
 Gnano, tn., Ecuador, prov. Riobamba, carries on spinning, 
 weaving, and dyeing. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Gnanta, seapt. , on the N. ct. of Venezuela, in about 64" 50' 
 W. , state of Bermudez, 12 m. NW. Barcelona, with which it is 
 connected by rail, with a good anchoring ground for vessels of 
 any size alongside of quays. 
 
 Guant&namo, tn. , Cuba, on a large inlet of the S. ct. , prov. 
 and 40 m. E. Santiago de Cuba ; very productive sugar estates 
 near. P. 23,700. 
 
 Gnanuco, Peru. See Huanuco. 
 
 62S 
 
GUAP — GUAT 
 
 Cnapay, or Rio Grande, riv. , Bolivia. See Madeira. 
 
 Gnapl, tn. , Colombia, dep. Cauca, 84 m. W. Popayan. P. 
 (of dist.)<:5ooo. 
 
 Cruapore, or Iteuez, large riv., S. America, rises in the 
 SVV. of Brazil, to the N. of 16^ S., flows N. past Matto Grosso, 
 touches the Bolivian frontier a little to the N. of 14° S., and 
 after that forms the frontier of Bolivia and Brazil till it joins the 
 Mamore in about 11° 50' S. ; navigable during the whole year 
 for vessels of a draught not exceeding 3 or 4 ft. from its mouth 
 to a few miles above Matto Grosso. 
 
 Gnarambare, vil. , Paraguay, 17 m. SE. Asuncion. 
 
 Gnarauda, tn. , Ecuador, cap. prov. Bolivar, at SW. base of 
 Mount Chimborazo, on the principal route connecting the sierra 
 with the coast region. P. <4000. 
 
 Gnaraplctae, ct. riv., Venezuela, flows into the Gulf of 
 Paria. 
 
 Gnaratlba, promontory, Brazil, prov. and SW. Rio Janeiro, 
 in 23° 3' 50" S. 
 
 Gaaratlngnetil, tn. and rly. stn. , Brazil, Sao Paulo, 104 m. 
 NE. Santos. Alt. 1730 ft. P. 10,000. 
 
 Gnarannos, aboriginal population of the delta of the Orinoco 
 and of the neighbouring territories, Venezuela. 
 
 Gnarclno, comm. , Italy, prov. Rome, 32 m. ESE. Tivoli. 
 P. <300o. 
 
 Gnarda, the ancient Lancia Oppidana, fortified tn., Por- 
 tugal, prov. Beira, cap. dist., at the NE. end of the Serra da 
 Estrella, 65 m. ENE. Coimbra; seat of a bishop. Alt. 3409 
 ft. Mean temp., yr. 50.2° F., Jan. 37.7°, Aug. 67.7°. P. 
 (comm. )<: 5000. 
 
 Gnarda, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 29 m. E. by S. Chur, 
 in the Lower Engadine. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gnardafnl (Portuguese Gnardafn, 'beware'), cape, at the 
 E. angle of Somali-land, E. Africa, at the mouth of the Gulf of 
 Aden, in 11° 50' N. ; long, variously determined at from 51° 
 19' 8" (Captain Owen, 1823) to 51° 30' 50" (Captain Weather- 
 head, 1809). By Captain Fleuriot de Langle (whose determina- 
 tion of the long, of Raz Hafun is given in the article Continents) 
 it was determined in 1861 at 51° 26' 34", and by another obser- 
 vation at 51° 26' 52". 
 
 Gnardal, or Barbata, riv. , Spain, prov. Granada, flows S. 
 from La Sagra, then WS W. , and unites with the Fardes to form 
 the Guadiana Manor. 
 
 Gaardavalle, comm. , Italy, prov. and dist. Catanzaro, 20 m. 
 S. Squillace. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Gnardbrldge, viL , Scot. , E. Fife, on the N. B. R. , on the 
 E. ct., at the mouth of the Eden, 4 m. WNW. St. Andrews, 
 P.O. P. <:7So. 
 
 Gnardla, or Kampanon, cape, Greece, the NE. point of 
 Andros I. 
 
 Gnardla, comm., Spain, prov. Pontevedra, dist. Tuy. 
 Mean temp., yr. 57.7" F., Jan. 47.0°, Aug. 68.6°. P. 6000. 
 
 Gnardla, La, comm., Spain, prov. and 28 m. ESE. Toledo. 
 P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Gnardla, Pnnta della, cape, Italy, in the S. of Isola di 
 Ponza, in 40° 52J' N. 
 
 Gnardlagrele, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e MoUse, prov. and 12 m. 
 S. by E. Chieti. P. 9200. 
 
 Gnardla Iiombarda, comm., Italy, prov. AyeUino, on the 
 Lombarda, 3 m. NE. St. Angelo de Lombardi. 
 
 Gnardla San Framontl, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. 
 and 13 m. NW. Benevento. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Gnardlella, suburb of Trieste, Austria. 
 
 Gnarefta, comm., Spain, prov. Badajoz, 17 m. E. by S. 
 M6rida. P. 6400. 
 
 Gnarena, riv., Spain, in the SE. of Leon, flows NNW. to 
 the Douro. 
 
 Gnarlco Blanco, riv. , Venezuela, state of Miranda, flows S. 
 past Calabozo into a branch of the Apure, 12 m. E. San Fer- 
 nando, after a S. course estimated at 200 m. 
 
 Gnarlcnra, isl., Brazil, in the Amazon, opposite the town 
 Para, near the mouth of the Xingu. 
 
 Gnarlsamey, vil. , central Mexico, state and W. of Durango ; 
 once a noted silver-mining centre. 
 
 Gnarlford, eccles. par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Great Malvern 
 and Madresfield pars. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Gnarne, tn. , Colombia, dep. Antioquia, 6 m. E. Medellin. 
 
 Gnammo, tn., Colombia, Cundinamarca, on then bk. of the 
 Magdalena, 75 m. ESE. Medellin. Alt. 580 ft. 
 
 Guascama, the most southerly point of the Colombian coast, 
 in 2^° N. 
 
 Gnash, or Wasb, riv. , Eng. , rises in Leicestershire, and flows 
 E. through Rutland into the Welland, on the borders of Lin- 
 colnshire, near Stamford. It waters a vale of high fertility. 
 The form Guash is usually confined to the upper part of the 
 river. 
 
 Gnaso Jfylro, riv. , Brit. E. Africa, rises in the Aberdare range, 
 and flows NE. then E. past the base of Moimt Kenia, and 
 gradually dwindles away in the Larrian or Lorian swamp (N. 
 of 1° N., in about 39° 33' E.). Receives from the SW. the 
 Gnaso Narok (' black river '), in about 0° 30' N. , 37° E. 
 624 
 
 Gnastalla, fortified tn., Italy, Emilia, prov. Reggio, on r. 
 bk. of the Po, 18 m. NE. by E. Parma. P. 11,300. 
 
 Guatarlta, vil, Colombia, dep. Cundinamarca, 20 m. NNE. 
 Bogotd, at the foot of a hill having a rich coal-mine. Lake 
 G. near it is about 9 m. long, very deep, and had anciently on 
 its banks many highly venerated Peruvian temples. P. 7000. 
 
 Gnatemala, a republic in Central America, occupying the 
 high lands at the base of the Yucatan penins., 274 m. long 
 (W.-E.), 171 m. wide at its narrowest part (from the Atlantic, 
 on which there is a coast-line of 93 m. , to the Pacific, wdth a 
 coast-line of 154 m.), with an area equal to one-half of Great 
 Britain. S. Guatemala is formed by (i) a mountainous district, 
 the SE. and E. continuation of the Sierra Madre (see Mexico, 
 Chiapas), attaining in its general alt. 5500-8000 ft. (altos), 
 and then (SE.) lowering to 1600 ft., very abrupt along the 
 Pacific coast, more gradually sloping N. , although varied with 
 high ridges and deep valleys, until it reaches (2) a low marshy 
 terr. around Lake Peten ; (3) an alluvial band on the Pacific 
 coast, with some lacustrine depressions near the shore. On the 
 S. of the high terrace of the Cordillera volcanoes rise to a 
 great height, the highest (Fuego) 13,940 ft. in the SE. From . 
 the mountains five principal fluvial systems interweave their 
 branches, the more important draining the lands NW. , through 
 the Usumacinta, to the Gulf of Campeachy, and E. to the Gulf 
 of Honduras ; the largest is the Rio Grande (340 m. , navigable, 
 by bongos some 120 m. ). Geology. — Volcanic rocks, some of 
 Quaternary age, spread around the now more or less active 
 volcanoes, and all over S. and centre of G. cover the Archaean 
 formations (granite, mica schists), which are followed by Meso- 
 zoic rocks to lacustrine Tertiary (Calcareous) region on the 
 coast. Mineral Prodncts. — Silver is mined at Alotepeque, 
 in Chiquimula; gold on the Rio Grande, and at Libertad, 
 in Izabal ; mercury at Huehuetenango ; iron, copper, lead 
 (Cumbre de Chixoy), tin, sulphur also occur, the last being 
 worked in large, always increasing, quantities. Mineral waters, 
 Escuintla, Ciudad Vieja, on the Pacific coast. Climate. — 
 As a tropical, mountainous region G. varies with altitude. 
 Temjjerature on the lowlands uniform (mean 92° F. , sometimes. 
 104°). As to the plateau, see Gnatemala, tn. Rain is every- 
 where abundant, but, as elsewhere in Central America, most; 
 copious on the Atlantic slopes exposed to the NE. trade winds. 
 Rainy season May-Dec, but on the Atlantic warm slopes 
 heavy mists are frequent, and rain almost constant. The 
 highlands generally are very healthy (with occasional goitre, 
 gueguecho). The hot and the damp valleys and the lacustrine 
 littoral of the Pacific are very unhealthy. The flora of G. 
 is a continuation of the E. Mexican. Forests, which abound 
 everywhere, are particularly dense on the N. , the NE. slopes, and 
 in the hot valleys (barrancas). On the lowlands of the Pacific 
 coast are extensive groves of palms and bamboos (some about 
 looft. ). Towards Lake Peten the flat lands are mostly covered 
 with savannahs. Bananas, coffee, sugar-cane grow from 1600. 
 ft. to 5000 ft. Fauna. — G. is in the Mexican division of the 
 neotropical zoological region, with many South American types. 
 It is very rich in birds (the Quetzal, Trogon resplendens, being 
 adopted, since 1871, as the emblem of the republic). Many 
 insects, some very dangerous (the niguas entering the skin of 
 the human feet). Almost all the fishes and a crocodile in Lake 
 Peten are endemic species. Turtles abundant (Golfo Dulce). 
 Ethnography. — The Indians inhabiting G. are principally of 
 Maya (¥ncatan) or Aztec (Mexico) origin. The languages 
 still spoken are numerous, but many are extinct. Caribs are 
 mixed with negroes (Zambos) on the Atlantic and N. The 
 Spanish blood is very little apparent, although the Spanish 
 language is suppressing all others. Very little immigration 
 (Italians). The population is concentrated on the highlands, 
 where the principal towns are : the capital, Quezaltenango, 
 Coban, Totonicapan, San Marcos. Agrlcnltnral Prodncts. — 
 Coffee (cultivated since 1859) is the principal commercial pro- 
 duct. Sugar-cane, tobacco, cacao (in the hottest, dampest, 
 most unhealthy regions), cochineal (since 1811 but very de- 
 cadent), tropical fruits. Indian com (which produces, in the 
 low hot zone, two, sometimes three, crops a year), beans, and 
 bananas are the general food. Wheat, potatoes (above 5800 ft. ), 
 rice, vanilla, rubber (from Castilloa elastica), and cinchona, 
 are also among the products. Lands are extensively fertile. 
 N. savannahs produce magnificent pastures for cattle and horses. 
 Sheep on the altos. Commerce. — The Pacific ports, San Jose 
 and Champerico, are very insufficient, the former being the 
 most important. On the Atlantic side (Gulf of Honduras) 
 Amatico, Golfete, and Golfo Dulce (with ports Izabal, Living- 
 ston) afford spacious shelter, but are very shallow, Puerto 
 Barrios (in the Bay of Santo Tomas) being the only port for 
 ships drawing 13-16 ft. The exports are coffee d^ths of the 
 total), sugar, fruits, skins and leather, wood, caoutchouc, silver. 
 The Imports, cottons, flour, machinery, wines, cattle. Ex- 
 ports and imports in 1888, ;^2, 300,000 ; in 1892, ^^3, 400, 000. 
 Trade principally with Great Britain and United States ; next 
 France, Germany. Means of Communication.— Roads aie 
 very bad. Railways are still in fragments connecting the 
 
GU AT 
 
 GUEB 
 
 Pacific ports with the interior : (i) San Jose-Escuintla- 
 Guatemala (72 m. ) ; (2) Champerieo-Retalhulen-San Felipe 
 (27 m.) ; (3) Puerto Barrios (Bay of Santo Tomas) ; total, 120 
 m. The railway connecting Central America with Mexico will 
 pass through the Peten region. Public Institntlons. — An 
 Assemblea Nacional is elected for four years ; a president for 
 six. G. is divided into twenty-three departments. Instruction 
 is gratuitious and compulsory. There is an army (3700) and 
 a militia (67,000). No official religion, although the Roman 
 Catholic predominates, money. — The feso or dollar (6^ = ;i^i). 
 Weiglits and measnres are the old Spanish [see Bolivia]. 
 History. — G. was occupied in the 13th century by the Quichei, 
 Cachiquels, and Zutugils [see Mexico]. In 1524 it was con- 
 quered by Alvarado. Under Spain it belonged to an Audiencia 
 real (including Chiapas to Costa Rica) of the viceroyalty of 
 New Spain, but used to be itself called 'kingdom.' From 
 1821 to 1824, it was independent ; from 1824 to 1847, part of the 
 Federation of Central America ; 1838 to 1864, under the dictator- 
 ship of Raphael Carrera. First Constitution, 1879 (modified, 
 1885-89). Area, 46,800 sq. m. P. (1778) 360,000; (1872) 
 1,190,000; (1892) 1,500,000. More than two-thirds are Indians, 
 the rest {Ladi?ios) very mixed. [J. B. K.] 
 
 Guatemala, tn. , cap. of the republic of G. , on the plateau, 
 in 14° 40' N. , 90° 30' W., 5 m. from the Pacific, and 15 m. 
 from the Gulf of Honduras, dating in its present situation only 
 from 1776, built of low houses in consequence of the liability 
 to earthquakes [G. Antigua]. The climate is healthy. It has 
 a university, polytechnic college, libraries, and a museum. Alt. 
 4850 ft. Mean temp. (4 yrs., 1879-82), yr. 65.6° F., Jan. 61.9°, 
 July 66.7°; mean rfall. , 39 in.; 141 days of rain; snow occa- 
 sional. P. 70,000. 
 
 Guatemala Antigua, or G. la Vleja (both meaning ' old G. '), 
 sometimes called simply La Antigua ('the old'), tn., 15 m. 
 WSW. of the present city of Guatemala, originally founded by 
 the Spaniards in 1524 on the N. slope of the Volcano del Agoa, 
 but destroyed by an eruption of that volcano in 1541, after which 
 it was rebuilt on its present site (about 3 m. NE. of the original 
 one), in a beautiful valley between the volcanoes del Agoa and 
 del Fuego. Destroyed by an earthquake in 1773, again rebuilt, 
 and after attaining a population of 20,000, again destroyed by an 
 earthquake in September 1874. 
 
 Guateycas, gulf of the Pacific Ocean, Chile, containing the 
 Archipelagos of Chiloe and Chonos. 
 
 Guanra, tn. , Peru. See Iluaura. 
 
 Gnavlare, or Gnayabero, riv. , Colombia, flows E. 450 m. to 
 the Orinoco, which it joins near San Fernando, in about 3° 50' N. ; 
 principal affluent is the Inirida. 
 
 Guavlytk, tn. , Uruguay, dep. and 35 m. N. Paysandii, with 
 extensive meat-packing establishment. 
 
 Guay, stn., Scot., in the NE. ofW. Perthshire, on the H. R., 
 on the 1. bk. of the Tay, 4^ m. NNW. Dunkeld. 
 
 Guayabal, tn., Colombia, state Tolima, 140 m. N. Neiva, in 
 5° i' N. P. 9000. 
 
 Guayabal, comm., Cuba, prov. Pinar del Rio. P. 6300. 
 
 Guayabal, tn., S. ct. Cuba, prov. Puerto Principe, in 77° 39' 
 W., 128 m. WNW. Santiago de Cuba. P. (comm.) 6300. 
 
 Guayabal, tn., Venezuela, state Miranda, 170 m. SSW. 
 Caracas. P. <4ooc. 
 
 Gnayaberas, goldfield, Ecuador. 
 
 Gnayabero, name of the upper Guaviare (q.v.). 
 
 Gnayacan, tn. , Chile. See Herradura (bay). 
 
 Guayama, tn., isl. of Porto Rico, S. ct., 37 m. S. by E. San 
 Juan, in 66° W. P. 13,500. 
 
 GuayanaTleJa, Venezuela, Bolivar, on the r. bk. of the Ori- 
 noco, 150 m. SSW. of the SW. point of the isl. of Trinidad. 
 
 Guayanllla, comm. , Porto Rico, S. ct. , in 66° 48' W. P. 7800. 
 
 Guayaquil, the principal seapt. and seat of trade in Ecuador, 
 cap. prov. Guayas, 165 m. SW. by S. Quito, situated in 2° 12' 
 S. , 79° 52' W. , on the r. bk. of the Rio Guayas, at a point on that 
 riv. about 35 m. above the mouth, at the head of navigation for 
 large vessels, and only about i^ m. distant from the Estero Sa- 
 lado, an inlet running parallel to the estuary of the Guayas to the 
 W. It is well laid out, and has some good public edifices ; but 
 it is entirely built of wood, and on low ground, ill supplied with 
 water, unhealthy, and infested with vermin. Arrangements have 
 been in progress for more than 20 years for draining the city and 
 for providing a good water supply, but are not yet (1893) com- 
 pleted. A line of diligences has been established to Quito, and 
 the first part of a railway to Quito, starting at Duran, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Guayas, opposite G., has been completed. G. is the seat 
 of a bishop, and of a university. There are large gas-works, an 
 ice-factory, brewery, and shipbuilding yards. The principal 
 exports and imports are those of Ecuador [q.v.) generally. P. 
 (1871) estimated at 22,000; (1890)44,800, of whom 4400 were 
 foreigners. 
 ^Guayaquil, Gulf of, inlet of the Pacific, between lat. 2° and 
 4° S. , long. 80° and 81° W. It receives the Guayaquil, Daule, and 
 Tumbez Rivs. , and contains many isls. , most of which are low, 
 flat, mangrove-covered isls., near the S. shore or in the estuary 
 of the riv. Guayas. The principal island, however, Puni (32 by 
 
 12 m.), is of this nature only in the middle of the E. side. It 
 divides the gulf into two channels, the Canal de Jambeli on the 
 E. side, 5 m. wide at its narrowest part, and forming the only 
 approach to G. , though its navigation is rendered dangerous 
 by shifting sandbanks, and the Canal del Morro on the W. side, 
 li m. wide, and still more dangerous. The whole of the NW. 
 shore of the gulf is avoided by navigators on account of a broad 
 belt of reefs and sandbanks which borders it, and the absence 
 of any safe roadstead. 
 
 Guayas, riv. , Ecuador, rises in the W. chain of the Andes, 
 where it is known as the Zapotal or Caracol R. , flows on the 
 whole SW. , takes the name of Rio de Bodegas on passing the tn. 
 of Bodegas (or Babahoyo), and becomes known as the G. only 
 on turning S. after receiving the Daule from the N. Besides 
 the Daule it receives the Vinces from the N. , and the Chimbo 
 or Rio de Yaguachi on the 1. bk. from the E. Navigable by large 
 ocean vessels to Guayaquil, by river steamers all the year round to 
 Bodegas, by canoes all the year round to Zapotal, near the base 
 of the Andes. Area of basin, 13,300 sq. m. 
 
 Guayas, prov. , in the SW. of Ecuador, cap. Guayaquil ; sur- 
 face level or gently undulating. See Ecuador, table. 
 
 Gnayaberas, gold-mining settlement in the N. of Uruguay, 
 not far from Corrales (dep. Rivera). 
 
 Gnaybamba (another form of Gnallabamba), riv. , Ecuador. 
 See Esmeraldas, Rio. 
 
 Guaycnras, Indians in the southern portion of the Californian 
 Penin. 
 
 Gnaycurus, Indians of Gran Chaco, S. America, chiefly in the 
 angle between the rivs. Paraguay and Pilcomayo. 
 
 Guaymas, seapt., Mexico, Gulf of California, 275 m. W. 
 Chihuahua, in 27° 58' N. , chief port of the state of Sonora, in 
 which it is situated ; connected by rail with the U.S. rly. system 
 at Nogales. Natural harb. , well sheltered and affording anchor- 
 age close in shore in 4-5 fathoms of water. P. 7000. 
 
 Gnajrra, La, seapt., Venezuela. See Gualra, La. 
 
 Gnayra, La, falls of the Parana (q.v.). 
 
 Guaytecas Islands, off the coast of Chile, crossed by 44° S. 
 
 Gnazacoalcos, riv., Mexico. See Coatzacoalcos. 
 
 Gnazti-Cuii, vil. , Paraguay, 90 m. S. Asuncion. 
 
 Guba, Russian, 'bay.' 
 
 Gubacreeny, electoral div.. Ire., Leitrim, dist. Kinlough. 
 
 Gubat, comm., Philippine Is., Albay. P. 12,100. 
 
 Gubaveeny, P.O., Ire., co. Fermanagh, 6 m. from Black- 
 lion, 4 m. from Belcoo stn. 
 
 Gubbl, tn., India, Mysore, 50 m. NW. by W. Bangalore. 
 P. (i88i)<4ooo. 
 
 Gnbblo, the ancient Iguvium, episcopal city, Italy, Umbria, 
 prov. and 19 m. NE. by N. Perugia. Near it, among the ruins of 
 a temple of Jupiter Apenninus, the famous Eugubine tables were 
 discovered in 1446. P. 23,800. 
 
 Gubden, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Daghestan, 52 m. 
 NW. of Derbent, 10 m. from Caspian shore. P. 7100. 
 
 Gnben, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, cap. circle G. , on the 
 Neisse, 28 m. S. by E. Frankfurt ; manufactures hats, woollens, 
 machinery, &c. P. (1871) 21,400; (1890) 28,800. 
 
 Gnbenbacb, riv., Prussia, Pomerania, flows W. into the 
 Papenwasser, at the head of the Stettiner Haff ; used in its lower 
 course for floating timber. 
 
 Gnblr, dist. , Sudan. See Gober. 
 
 Gubroenacoragh, cape, Ire. See Saddle Head. 
 
 Gubuluwayo. See Buluwayo. 
 
 Gncben, tn. , Dzungaria, in about 44° N. , 89° 40' E. , a place 
 of considerable trade, 240 m. from Hami. P. 2-3000, inclusive 
 of garrison. Proc. R. G. S., 1890, p. 81. 
 
 Gudbrandsdalen, valley, Norway, 100 m. long, stretching 
 from NW. to SE. between the Jotunfjeld on the S., and the 
 Dovrefjeld on the N. 
 
 Gudara, tn., Abyssinia, Gojam, cap. chiefship, 85 m. SW. 
 Debra Tabor, at the source of the Abai. In a kind of citadel 
 here are a church and the residence of the chief and his principal 
 officers. 
 
 Gudldtham, or Gudlydtam (census), municip. tn., Brit. 
 India, Madras, dist. N. Arcot, 16 m. W. by N. Vellore. P. 
 (1881) 10,600 ; (1891) 18,700 ; Hindus, 15,900. 
 
 Guden-aa, principal riv. of Jutland, Denmark, dioceses 
 Aarhuus, Viborg, and Randers, joins the Kattegat about 16 m. 
 NE. Randers, the principal town on its banks, by an estuary i m. 
 wide, after a tortuous NE. course of 80 m. 
 
 Gndensberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 12 m. SW. 
 by S. Kassel ; has iron and coal mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gndmundra, comm., Sweden, prov. W. Norrland, on an 
 inlet on the E. ct. , 22 m. N. by W. Hernosand. P. <4000. 
 
 Guduk, pass, Persia, NE. of Teheran, between the provs. 
 Mazanderan and Irak-Ajemi. 
 
 Glkdikr, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Karntil, 113 m. S. 
 Haidardbdd. P. < 5000. 
 
 Gikdikr, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 24 m. SW. by S. 
 Nellore. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Gtd, French, ' a ford.' See Nolrnioutler. 
 
 GuebwlUer, tn., Ger. See Gebweller. 
 
 2R 
 
GUEC — GUIA 
 
 Gnecho, comm. , Spain, prov. Vizcaya, dist. Bilbao. P. <4000. 
 
 Gnegnensl, isl. , in the Gulf of Fonseca, belonging to Hon- 
 duras, E. of Zacate Grande, from which it is separated by a 
 narrow channel. 
 
 Gtl^JaivSlerra, comm. , Spain, prov. and dist. Granada. P. 
 <:4000. 
 
 Gaelllf, El, Algeria. See Gerah El Gelllf. 
 
 Gnelma, tn. , Algeria, on a rly. , 36 m. SW. by S. Bona ; has 
 iron and antimony mines. Alt. 915 ft. Mean temp., yr. 62.8° 
 F., Jan. 49.5°, July 80.7° ; rfall. (5 yrs.), 20.04 i". P. <50oo. 
 
 Guelpb, city and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Wellington 
 CO. , on the riv. Speed and two rlys. , 28 m. N W. by N. Hamilton ; 
 manufactures machinery, agricultural implements, &c. ; pro- 
 vincial agricultural college near. P. (1881) 9900 ; (1891) 10,500. 
 
 Gu^rande, tn., France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, arr. and 11 m. 
 WNW. St. Nazaire ; salt made in large quantities from a salt- 
 marsh at the base of the hill on which the town stands. P. <30oo. 
 
 Gn^rara, Algeria. See Gerrara. 
 
 Gnercbe, La, tn., France, dep. Cher, arr. St. Amand-Mont- 
 Rond, II m. W. by S. Nevers. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gnerctae-de*Bretagne, La, tn., France, dep. lUe-et-Vilaine, 
 arr. Vitr6, 23 m. WSW. Laval. P. <4000. 
 
 Garret, tn., France, cap. dep. Creuse, arr. G., 38 m. W. by 
 S. Montlu9on. Alt. 1460 ft. P. 5300. 
 
 Gu^rlgny, vil., France, dep. Nifevre, arr. and 7 m. NNE. 
 Nevers, 38 m. E. Bourges ; with large iron-works, the property 
 of the state since 1781. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Guernsey, the anct. Sarnia, the second in size of the Channel 
 or Anglo-Norman Is., 30 m. W. the coast of Normandy, 17 
 m. NW. Jersey ; length, 9 m. ; greatest breadth, 5 m. Lat. of 
 St. Peter's Port, its cap., the only town on the isl. (80 m. from 
 Weymouth, and 140 m. from Southampton), 49° 2/ N., long. 2° 
 33' W. Its form is triangular, and its coast-line of about 30 m. 
 is indented with bays, and surrounded by sunken rocks. Surface 
 gently varied, but generally sloping fi-om the S. , where the cliffs 
 are lofty, to the N. coast, which is low. It is well watered. 
 Soil rests on a structure almost everywhere syenite or horn- 
 blendic granite and syenitic gneiss, and is with the aid of sea- 
 weed and artificial manure rendered very fertile. Climate 
 moist, but healthy, and so mild that oranges, melons, figs, 
 myrtles, and the G. lily flourish luxuriantly. Farms average 
 from 5-12 ac. , the land being greatly subdivided under the 
 law which g^ves to each son an equal share in his father's 
 landed property. Chief crops are vegetables, wheat, barley, 
 and apples for cider. The orchards likewise furnish pasture 
 for the famous breed of cows, which are larger and more 
 valued than even those of Alderney, and yield on an average 
 I lb. of the finest butter per day throughout the year. Swine 
 are numerous. Immense quantities of grapes and tomatoes are 
 grown under glass. Chief exports (the total value of which 
 exceeds j^3oo, 000), vegetables, fruit, cattle, granite, the last-men- 
 tioned article being an extremely hard, compact, and weather- 
 resisting material, almost unrivalled for paving, and forming the 
 sole export of the small port of St. Sampson's. There are 
 several brickfields and ornamental pottery works. It has an 
 entrepSt for strong wines for the London houses. Customs 
 duties are moderate, and provisions are cheap. Steamers com- 
 municate frequently with Southampton, Weymouth, Jersey, and 
 Alderney. The isl. is divided into ten pars. , forming a deanery 
 of the Church of England, in the diocese of Winchester. The 
 natives of the lower orders speak the old Norman French, and 
 French is used alternately with English in the services of all the 
 churches. The isl. is under a lieutenant-governor, who re- 
 presents the sovereign in the assembly of the States, a parlia- 
 mentary body composed of a bailiff (appointed by the Crown) 
 and twelve jurats, who compose the Royal Court, the procureur 
 or attorney-general of the isl. , the beneficed clergy, and fifteen 
 delegates elected by the parishioners. The Royal Court has 
 jurisdiction over all the Channel Is. except Jersey. G. formed 
 a part of the duchy granted by Charles the Simple to the 
 Norman RoUo, to whose descendants it has now belonged 
 for nearly 1000 years. It is defended by strong fortifications, 
 and has a well-organised militia, all males between the ages of 
 sixteen and sixty being obliged to serve. Mean temp. (40 yrs.), 
 Feb. 43° F. , July 60.6° ; mean rfalL 37I in. Area, 16,005 ^^- (^S 
 sq. m.). P. (1881) 32,600; (1891) 35,243 (1400 to the sq m.). 
 Area of G. and its dependencies of Alderney, Herm, Jethou, Le 
 Marchant, Great and Little Sark, and Brechou, 19,605 ac. P. 
 (1831) 26,100; (1891) 37,716, the increase having been unin- 
 terrupted at each decennial census since 1831, except in the 
 period 1861-71, See Scot. Geog. Mag. , 1886, p. 720. 
 
 Guernsey, co., U.S., Ohio, in the SE., W. of 81° W,, and 
 crossed in the S. by 40° N. 
 Guerrara, tn. , Algeria. See Gerrara. 
 Guerrero, littoral state of Mexico (since 1849), on the lower 
 slopes of the Anahuac plateau, between riv. de las Balzas- 
 Mexcala and the Pacific (310 m. of coast). Very mountainous. 
 Great mining and agricultural capabilities. Pop. almost entirely 
 Indian. Contams a very good port (Acapulco). See Mexico, 
 table, &c. 
 
 626 
 
 Guestllng, eccles. par., Eng. , Sussex, Rye div., 3 m. NE. 
 by N. Hastings, P.O. (G. Green). P. -ciooo. 
 
 Guestwlck, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 14 m. SW. Cromer, 
 on the G. N. and G. E. Joint Rly., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Gnetbenbras Point, cape, Eng., on the SW. ct. of the co. 
 of Cornwall, 3 m. SE. Land's End. 
 
 Guengnon, tn., France, dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire, arr. Charolles, 
 on the Arroux, 22 m. SW. by W. Le Creuzot. P. <3000. 
 
 Gttferborn, Mount. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. %. 
 
 Guff, in Yorkshire names, ' a narrow rugged valley.' 
 
 Gugglsberg, comm. , Switzd. , cant. Bern, 9 m. ESE. Freiburg. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gngllonese, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 28 m. 
 NE. Canipobasso, 48 m. SE. Chieti. P. 5600. 
 
 Gnguan, one of the Marianne Is. ; the most easterly point is 
 in 17° 35' N. and 145° 53' E. 
 
 Gnbrau, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 20 m. E. Glogau. P. < 5000. 
 
 Guia, tn. , Canary Is. , Grand Canary I. , NW. coast. P. 5200. 
 
 Gula, tn., Canary Is., on the S. ct. of Teneriffe. P. <4000. 
 
 Guiana, in its widest signification, a geographical term 
 indicating the region bounded on the N. and E. by the 
 Atlantic, on the S. by the Amazons, on the W, by the Rio 
 Branco, and thence northwards to the mouth of the Orinoco. 
 This terr. is claimed and settled by Venezuela, England, Hol- 
 land, France, and Brazil, in the order named, from NW. to 
 SE. and S. The area and population of Colonial Guiana 
 are shown in the following table : — 
 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Thousands. 
 
 Date. 
 
 British Guiana 
 
 Dutch .... 
 
 French .... 
 
 109,000! 
 46,060 
 30,460* 
 
 2782 
 30 
 
 1891 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 1 Official estimate including all terr. claimed by Great Britain. 
 
 2 In 1871, 193,500; in 1881, 252,000. 
 
 3 Area actually occupied. Extensive territories are claimed from Brazil. 
 
 Almost the only cultivated districts of Colonial Guiana belong 
 to a belt of very low, but very fertile, alluvial coastlands, 
 10-50 m. in breadth, and composed of blue clay and sand. 
 These lowlands are protected from the ocean by mudflats and 
 sandbanks, held together by the roots of mangroves, and 
 intersected by a network of canals; but the whole region 
 is generally flooded in the rainy seasons (two). Behind the 
 lowlands is a forest region, about which comparatively little 
 is known, save that it is exceptionally rich in timber, g^ms, 
 medicinal plants, oils, balsams, and flowers, and rises by a series 
 of gentle terraces up to 3000 ft. in the Imataca and Pacaraima or 
 Parima Mts. in the W. , and to the same elevation in the Acarai 
 and Tumuc-Humac Mts. in the S. A group of isolated sand- 
 stone peaks, of which Roraima {q.v.) is the best known instance, 
 stands on the boundary of Brit. G. and Venezuela. The whole 
 of G. is abundantly rich in streams ; they rise in the mountains 
 and descend by falls and cataracts to the lowlands, where they 
 frequently anastamose ; but navigation is hindered by mud-bars, 
 and invariably checked at 10-150 m. from the sea by the falls 
 (e.g. , Kaieteur, 800 ft. in the Potaro, a trib. of the Essequibo). 
 The principal rivs., proceeding SE. from the Orinoco, are the 
 Amakuru, Barima, Waini (trib. Barama), Pomerun, Essequibo 
 (tribs. Rapununi and Mazuruni, and the Cuyuni, a trib. of the 
 Mazuruni), Demerera, Berbice, Corentyne, Coppename, Sara- 
 macca, Surinam, Maroni or Marowyne and its continuation the 
 Lawa or Awa (trib. Tapanahoni), Mana, Sinnamary, Kuru, 
 Approuague, Oyapock, and Aragouary, the provisional boundary 
 of French G. vrith Brazil The Corentyn separates Brit, from 
 Dutch G. , and the Maroni (400 m. long) the latter from French 
 G. The Essequibo, the longest riv. , exceeds 600 m. Besides the 
 large timber, palms, creepers, ferns, orchids, and lilies are con- 
 spicuous features of the forest landscapes. Birds — e.g. , bell-bird, 
 humming-birds, oriole, toucan, jacamar, trogon, curassow, cock 
 of the wood, jacana, tinamou, sun-bittern, parrots, besides 
 numerous commoner species, are the most distinctive forms of 
 the fauna; the mammals include the jaguar, peccary, tapir, 
 sloth, armadillo, ant-eater, agouti, capybara, opossum, racoon, 
 coati, porcupine, vampire bat, and manatee ; and there are 
 swarms of insects, amphibia, snakes, fishes (including the 
 electric eel). The climate is hot and moist, ranging from 
 70°-go° F. in the inhabited parts. The rainfall is heavy, 120- 
 140 in. on the coast, higher in the savanna (forest) region. 
 There are two rainy seasons, Dec. to Feb. and May to Aug. 
 Yellow fever is a frequent visitant, and leprosy is endemic. The 
 upland region (600-1300 ft.), touching the Tumuc-Humac Mts. 
 in the S. of French G. , is stated to be fairly healthy, and to possess 
 a fertile soiL Gold is obtained by washing and quartz-crushing in 
 all the colonies; silver, iron, and coal exist in French G., and 
 diamonds in Brit. G. The waterways are the principal means 
 of communication, roads being few. History. — This part of 
 the world was visited by Raleigh, Hutten, and others in quest of 
 
GUI A — GU IN 
 
 the fabulous El Dorado ; but the Dutch were the first to plant 
 colonies on the Essequibo about 1613, the English followed suit on 
 the Surinam in 1650, and the French on the Kourou and Oyapock 
 in 1664 and 1674. In 1667 Surinam was given to the Dutch 
 in exchange for New Amsterdam (New York). In 1803 the 
 English dispossessed the Dutch, but restored Surinam in 1813, 
 retaining Demerara. Slavery was abolished in Brit. G. in 1834, in 
 French G. in 1848, in Dutch G. in 1863. British «., or Demer- 
 era. — A new (North- Western) dist. , extending from the Essequibo 
 to the Orinoco, has been opened up since 1883. The cultiva- 
 tion of the sugar-cane, gold-mining, and wood-cutting are the 
 principal occupations. Eighty per cent, of the annual aggregate 
 exports, which reach 2-3 millions sterling, are for sugar, and 
 eleven per cent, for gold (60,000-100,000 oz. — 250 oz. in 1884). 
 The imports, consisting of provisions and manufactured goods, 
 are valued at 1^-2^ millions sterling. Nearly all the import 
 trade, and three-fourths of the export trade, are carried on with 
 the United Kingdom. The population embraces Europeans, 
 Negroes, Indians, Hindus, Chinese. The Asiatics perform 
 nearly all the plantation work. The Indians — Caribs, Arawaks 
 (of Carib stock), and aborigines — number about 10,000. A line of 
 railway, 21 m., connects Georgetown, the cap., with Mahaica. 
 New Amsterdam is the only other town. There are three 
 counties, Berbice, Demerera, and Essequibo, and the North- 
 Western Dist. The governor is appointed by the crown, and 
 is assisted by an executive council and a legislative body, the 
 Court of Policy, of fifteen members, of whom eight are elected 
 directly by the people. Six additional elected members are 
 added to the Court of Policy, to determine questions of finance 
 and taxation. See Brit. G. Directory (annual), and Proc. R. 
 G. S., 1892. Dntcb C, or Surinam. — A portion of terr. 
 between the Awa and the Tapanahoni, upper arms of Maroni, 
 was definitively ceded to Dutch G. in 1891. The principal pro- 
 ductions are cocoa, sugar, gold, all exported to the annual value 
 of ;^9o,ooo-iso,ooo. Timber, balata, bananas, and coffee are 
 also exported. Here too, as in the other colonies, the Negroes 
 and Indians grow for their own sustenance manioc (cassava), 
 bananas, rice, maize, sweet potato, yams, and other tropical 
 fruits. The exports average about ^350,000 annually ; the im- 
 ports some ,^500,000. Trade with Holland, U.S., and United 
 Kingdom. Besides the cap., Paramaribo, which contains fully 
 one-half of the total population, there are eight administrative 
 divisions. The bulk of the people are Moravian Brethren. 
 There are Hindus, Javanese, Chinese, an influential colony of 
 Jews, some 20,000 Indians, and 4000 Bush Negroes, descendants 
 of escaped slaves, who exist in semi-independence in the savanna 
 dists. The governor is assisted by an executive council and a 
 partly elective legislative body. The colony costs the mother- 
 country ;^io,ooo-2o,ooo a year. See Kappler, Surinam (in 
 German), 1887. Frencb G., or Cayenne, the eastern boun- 
 dary, is by treaty the 'river of Vincent Pinzon,' which is 
 provisionally taken by the French to be the Aragouary, and em- 
 braces the small republic of Kunani (q.v.), which lies between the 
 Oyapock and the Araguay. The coast is higher than in Brit, 
 and Dutch G. , and the f les de Salut form a good harbour. The 
 total trade, almost entirely with France, barely exceeds half a 
 million sterling. The chief export is gold. Cap. Cayenne. The 
 colony is in a backward and deplorable state, being used as a 
 place of transportation for Arabs and Negroes from Algiers and 
 Tunis, and for Asiatics from Annam and Tongking, and costing 
 France more than ;^5o,ooo sterling a year. See H. A. Coudreau, 
 La France Equinoxiale (1887) ; F. Hue, La G. Francaise (1890) ; 
 and L. Brunetti, La G. Francaise (1890). Of the remainder of 
 G. , Teneznela claims all the terr. W. of the Essequibo from its 
 mouth to its source. This claim is, however, resisted by Eng., 
 who maintains that her sovereignty is limited in the W. by the 
 rivs. Takutu and Cotinga (as far as Roraima), thence to the 
 Imataca Mts. , and so N. to the mouth of the Orinoco. Brazilian 
 *J. extends along the southern side of English, Dutch, and French 
 Guiana, from the Atlantic to the Rio Branco, and is limited on 
 the S. by the riv. Amazon. 
 
 Gnla Narrows, strait, S. Chile, NE. of Hanover I., and SW. 
 of Chatham I. , crossed by 50° 50' S. 
 
 Gulbarra, riv. , Ire. See Gweebarra. 
 
 Gnlcbapa, tn. , Mexico, state of and 55 m. SW, by W. Vera 
 Cruz. 
 
 Gulcben, vil., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, arr. Redon, 12 m. 
 SW. by S. Rennes ; has ferruginous mineral springs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gulcben Bay, in the S. of S. Australia, in 37° 5-10' S. , 139° 
 45' E. ; affords good anchorage, sheltered from S. and SW. vnnds. 
 
 Gnlcbenbach, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Treves, 5 m. 
 N. Saarbriicken ; coal-mines. P. (comm.)<4000. 
 
 Gnlcowar, or G&ekwar's Dominion. See Baroda. 
 
 Guide, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. from Lower Darwen. 
 
 Guide Bridge, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, 5 m. NE. Stock- 
 port, with an important rly. junc. 
 
 Gulenne, or Guyenne, the ancient Aquitania, old prov., in 
 the SW. of France, the largest of all, the cap. of which was Bor- 
 deaux, and of which Gascony was a dependency. These provs. 
 now form the deps. Gironde, Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonr.e, Lot, 
 
 Aveyron, Tarn-et-Garonne, Landes, Gers, Hautes-Pyr6ne6s, part 
 of Haute-Gironde, Ari^ge, and Basses-Pyr6n^s. After having 
 been possessed by the English diu-ing three centuries, this 
 country was united to France by Charles VII. in 1453. 
 
 Gulers, riv. , France, formed by the union of the G. Vif and 
 G. Mort, both of which rise in dep. Is6re, the G. Vif forming part 
 of the boundary between Is6re and Savoie. 
 
 Gulglla, comm. , Italy, Emilia, prov. Modena, 19 m. WSW, 
 Bologna. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Gulgnes, comm., France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, 17 m. NNE. 
 Fontainebleau, arr. and 9 m. NE. Melun. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gulgulnto, comm., Philippine Is., Luzon, prov. Bulacan. 
 P. 5100. 
 
 Gulja, lake. Central America, between Salvador and Guate- 
 mala, its centre in about 14° 15' N. and 89^° W. ; about 19 m. 
 long by 6 m. wide. Remains of the city of Zacualpa are to be 
 seen on one of the two islands in this lake. Alt. about 3280 ft. 
 
 Gull, riv. , France. See Alpes, Hautes*. 
 
 Gullcagb, par.. Ire., co. Waterford, bar. Upperthird, 5 m. 
 SE. Carrick on Suir ; 3950 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Gullden Horden, par. , Eng. , in the extreme SW. of Cam- 
 bridgeshire, Chesterton div., 14^ m. SW. by W. Cambridge, 3^ 
 m. NNW. Ash well stn.. P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Gullden Sutton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 3 m. 
 ENE. Chester, i m. SE. Mickle Trafford stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Guildford, par., market-tn., and ancient prescriptive mun. 
 bor. (already recognised as such at the date of its first known 
 charter, 1256, till 1885 also a pari, bor.), Eng., Surrey, G. div., 
 17 m. SW. Kingston, situated where the Wey passes through 
 the N. Downs, at the E. end of the Hog's Back, with stns. on 
 the L. & SW. R. , SE. R. , and L. B. & S. C. R. , having also water 
 communication by means of the Wey with the Thames and with 
 Godalming. Seat of a bishopric suffragan to Winchester. Has 
 a grammar school founded by Edward VI., and Archbishop 
 Abbot's school, and the Royal Surrey County Hospital. Market- 
 days, Tu. and S. Mun. bor. P. (i8oi)<300o; (1851) 6700; 
 (1871) 9100; (1891) 14,300; par. P. 8200; parL div. P. 67,700. 
 
 Guildford, tn. , Victoria, Talbot co. , 28 m. S. by W. Sand- 
 hurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Guildford, tp., W. Australia, co. and 10 m. NE. by E. 
 Perth. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Guildhall, vil. , U. S. , Vermont, Essex co. , on the Connecticut, 
 54 m. ENE. Montpelier. P. < 1500. 
 
 GuUdtoiirn, P.O., Scot., E. Perthshire, 5 m. N. by E. Perth, 
 2 m. SE. Stanley Junc. 
 
 Guilford, post-tn. and rly. stn. , New South Wales, Cumber- 
 land CO., 17 m. S. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Guilford (gail'ford), tn., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 12^ m. 
 E. New Haven. P. <3000. 
 
 Guilford, tn., U.S., Maine, co. and on riv. Piscataquis, 60 
 m. NW. Bangor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Guilford, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, crossed in the W. by 80° 
 W. , and in the S. by 36° N. 
 
 Guilford, tp. and vil. , U. S. , Vermont , Windham co. , 8 m. N W. 
 of the SE. -corner of the state, with slate-quarries. P. <:i500. 
 
 Gulllotl^re, La, suburb of Lyons, France. 
 
 Gnilsborough, par., Eng., co. and 9 m. NW. by N. Nor- 
 thampton, Mid div., 4 m. W. by N. Brixworth stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Gullsfleld, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 3 m. N. by W. 
 Welshpool, PM.O. ; 15,311 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Gulmar, tn. , Canary I. , on the SE. ct. of Teneriffe. P. <40oo. 
 
 GulmarSes, tn. , Portugal, dist. Braga, 25 m. NE. Oporto. 
 P. (comm. ) 7700. 
 
 GulmarHes, maritime tn., Brazil, prov. Maranhao 37 m. 
 NNW. Sao Luiz. 
 
 Gulmaras, small isl. , of the Philippine group, between Negros 
 and Panay. 
 
 Gnlmbal, comm., Ilo-Ilo I., Philippine Is. P. 11,600. 
 
 Guln, Switzd. See Diidlngen. 
 
 Guinea, a name applied to the whole of the African ct. from 
 the Senegal to the S. limit of Portuguese Terr. , and to the large 
 gulf between the part of the coast which trends E. and W. , 
 and that which trends N. and S. in that regfion. The name was 
 originally applied by the Portuguese in the form Guine to the 
 region near the Senegal from a native kingdom with a similar 
 name, and was gradually extended in its application with the 
 progress of Portuguese discoveries in the 15th century. The part 
 N. of the Gulf of Guinea is known as Upper G. (Senegambia, 
 Sierra Leone, Liberia, Gold Coast, Lagos, &c.), that to the E. of 
 that gulf as Lower G. (Kamerun Terr., French Congo Terr., 
 Angola). For an account of explorations in the Gulf of Guinea, 
 see Scot. Geog. Mag., 1888, pp. 177, &c., pp. 233, &c. 
 
 Guinea, Los, tn. , Cuba, 30 m. SE. Havana. P. 12,600. 
 
 Guinea, tn., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. Boulogne, 7 m. 
 S. Calais. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Gulngamp, tn., France, dep. C6tes du Nord, on theTrieux, 
 52 m. W. St. Malo, cap. arr. ; from the 14th to the 17th century 
 cap. of the duchy of Penthifevre. P. 7000. 
 
 Gulnlgariln, comm., Negros I., Philippine Is. P. 9000. 
 
 627 
 
GUIN — GUMR 
 
 Calnobatdii, comm., Albay I., Philippine Is. P. 19,500. 
 
 Gnlpikzcoa, the most easterly of the three Basque Provs. 
 
 Ciaira de Meleua, tn. , Cuba, prov. Havana. P. 8700. 
 
 Gnisacban Forest, upland tract, Scot., Invemess-shire, about 
 27-30 m. SW. by W. Inverness. 
 
 Ciaisbroiigh, or Gnlsborongb (giz'bra), par. and market-tn., 
 Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., at the foot of the 
 Cleveland Hills, 7J m. ESE. Middlesbrough, on the NE. R. 
 The par. has many mines of Cleveland iron ore, and the chief in- 
 dustry of the town is cast-steel founding. The earUest alum- works 
 in England were estabhshed here about the year 1600, but have 
 long been abandoned. Of a rich monastery that once stood here, 
 built in 1119 by Robert de Brus, lord of the town, there remains 
 a magnificent arch in an almost perfect state of preservation. 
 Alt. 302 ft. Market-day, Tu. Par. 7014 ac. P. 5600. 
 
 Guise, tn. , France, dep. Aisne, arr. Vervins, 16 m. E. by N. St. 
 Quentin. The most populous town of the arr. , with important 
 industrial establishments. Manufactures of stoves, shawls, &c. 
 Fortified since nth century, and several times besieged (last in 
 1650). The duchy dates from 1528. Birthplace of Camille 
 DesmouUns (died 1794). P. 8000. 
 
 Gniseley (gaiz'li), par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley 
 div., 6^ m. NNE. Bradford, on the M. R., PMT.O. P. <45oo. 
 
 Gnlst (gaist), par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 18 m. SW. by 
 W. Cromer, i^ m. NE. County School stn., PM.O. P. <soo. 
 See Twyford. 
 
 Gultaue, Longb, lake, Ire., SE. co. Kerry, 4^ m. SE. Kil- 
 larney, drained into the Flesk. 
 
 Giiltera-GloTlcaccle, comm. , France, Corsica, arr. Ajaccio ; 
 has warm springs (sulphate of soda). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gnltlng (or Gnytlug) Power, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 Tewkesbury div. , 9 m. E. by N. Cheltenham, 2 m. N. Notgrove 
 and Westfield stn. P. <:5oo ; eccles. par. (G. P. with Farmcote) 
 P. <:75o. 
 
 GuiT&n, ct. comm., near the S. end of Simar I., Philippine 
 Is. P. 10,600. 
 
 Gnlzauce, or Gnyzauce, par., Eng., Northumberland, 
 Berwick-upon-Tweed div. , on the Coquet, 6 m. S. by E. Alnwick, 
 2 m. NNW. AckUngton stn. P. <250. 
 
 Gujan, comm., France, dep. Gironde, on the S. shore of the 
 Bassin d'Arcachon, arr. and 29 m. SW. by W. Bordeaux. 
 P. •<4000. 
 
 Gujarat, Gnjerat, or Guzer^t, the northern maritime prov. 
 of Bombay Presidency, including the penin. of Kdthidwdr, and 
 extending from 2o°-24° 25' N., and from 69°-74° 20' E. As 
 to climate, see Disa. 
 
 Gnjba, or Gnjeba, tn. , central Africa, in the SW. of Bomu. 
 Alt. 1604 ft. (Rohlfs, 1866). P. 30,000. 
 
 Gnjerat, prov. , India. See Gajar&t. 
 
 Gnjr&nwdla, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, cap. dist. G. , 42 m. 
 N. by W. Lahore, on the Grand Trunk Road and Northern 
 Punjab State Rly., lying in a plain dead level, and without 
 natiu^l drainage. Birthplace of Ranjit Singh, founder of the 
 Sikh kingdom. P. (1881) 22,900 ; (1891) 26,800 ; Hindus, 9900 ; 
 Moham. 14,000. 
 
 Gnjrdt, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, cap. dist. G. , 75 m. N. by 
 W. Lahore, with abundant water supply and good sanitation ; 
 situation high. In the centre of the town a fort. Noted for its 
 brass vessels, boots and shoes, and inlaid work in gold and iron. 
 P. (1868) 14,900; (1881) 18,700; (1891) 18,100; Hindus, 4700; 
 Moham. 12,800. 
 
 Golilaii, or Goklan, tribe, Turkoman Persia, Mazanderan. 
 
 Gulalieit, or Gnlliek, vil. , Persia, 6 m. N. by E. Teheran, 
 on the slopes of the Shemran Mts. , with the summer quarters of 
 the Brit, legation. The village itselfisvmder the jtirisdiction of a 
 headman nominated by the Brit, minister. Alt. nearly 5000 ft. 
 
 GulaotiU, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Buland-Shahr. 
 P. 5900 ; Hindus, 3000 ; Moham. 2900. 
 
 Giilbagliclie ('rose-garden'), ct. tn., Asia Minor, on an arm 
 of the Gulf of Smyrna, 26 m. W. by S. Smyrna. 
 
 Gulbarga, tn. , India. See Knlbarga. 
 
 Gnllier Wick, small inlet, Scot., Shetland Is., in the SE. of 
 the Mainland, in 60° 8' N., 2^ m. SW. Lerwick. 
 
 Gnlbiii, riv., Scot., Inverness-shire, in the S., issues from 
 Loch G. and flows N. into the riv. Spean near its head. 
 
 Galbi-n-Sokoto. See Sokoto R. 
 
 Gnldborg Sonud, Denmark, between Laaland and Falster Is. 
 
 Galdbraudsdaleu. See Gadbraudsdalen. 
 
 Gnldeford, East, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and i m. ENE. 
 Rye. P. <2S0. 
 
 Guledgarh, or Goledgnd (census), tn., Brit. India, Bombay, 
 dist. Kalidgi, 53 m. S. Bijapur. P. (1881) 10,600; (1891) 
 15,500; Hindus, 13,600. 
 
 Gillek'Boghaz, the Tiu-kish name of the Cilician Gate (g'.v.). 
 Gnir Stream, marine current of the N. Atlantic Ocean, so 
 called because first recognised as a distinct current at the mouth 
 of the Gulf of Mexico (Strait of Florida). It originates partly in 
 the N. Atlantic equatorial current, which is divided on encounter- 
 ing the eastern members of the W. Indian Is. into branches, 
 the main branch passing north-westwards outside the archipelago, 
 028 
 
 a smaller portion passing between these isls. into the Caribbean 
 Sea, and thence into the Gulf of Mexico. After penetrating a 
 certain distance into that gulf this feeble current becomes deflected 
 to the NE., where it becomes strengthened (probably in conse- 
 quence of the inflow of river water into the gulf), and passes out 
 at the straits as a well-marked current, about 30 m. wide, with a 
 speed of about 4 m. an hour, and a temperature above 80° F. , 
 and with water of a deep blue colour, due to the high degree of 
 saltness. This current then unites with the portion that creeps 
 along the outside of the W. Indies, and thence proceeds north- 
 eastwards, shallowing, spreading out, and finally breaking up into 
 branches (a marine delta) as it advances. As a distinct current 
 it comes to an end between long. 30° and 40° W. , but a great 
 deal of its waters is swept north-eastwards to the shores of 
 Europe and Iceland (Gulf Stream Drift) under the influence 
 of the prevailing south-westerly vrinds, and is well recognised 
 even on the Murman Coast, and the W. coast of Novaya 
 Zemlya. A portion of these waters, however, returns souUi- 
 wards along the coast of Portugal and the NW. of Afidca. 
 
 Gnlgong, mining-tp. , New South Wales, Phillip co. , 70 m. 
 N. Bathurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gnlgnla, ruined city, N. Afghanistan, in the valley, and 
 facing the gigantic figures and excavations of Bamian. 
 
 Gultaiek, Persia. See Gnlataek. 
 
 Gnllstan, or Gulistan Karez, vil., Brit. Afghanistan, Pishin, 
 38 m. NW. Quetta. Alt. 5112 ft. 
 
 Galladnff, tnld., Ire., SE. co. Londonderry, bar. Loughin- 
 sholin, 14^ m. NNE. Cookstown, i m. from Knockloughrim stn. 
 
 P. <250. " 
 
 Gnllane, electoral div. , Ire. , Kerry, dist. BaUylongford. 
 
 Gnllaue (gll'en), viL, Scot., Haddingtonshire, 4^ m. WSW. 
 North Berwick, 3 m. NW. Drem June, PMT.O. G. Point, 
 a cape, i| ra. W. 
 
 Gnllegltem, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 
 7 m. W. Courtrai, cant. Moorsele. P. <4000. 
 
 Gull Island, islet. Ire. , co. Waterford, in 7° 26' W. 
 
 GuU Islands, two isls. (Great and Little G.), U.S., New 
 York, at the entrance to Long I. Sound, in the Race (so called 
 from the swiftness of the current). 
 
 Gull liake, stn. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R. , 
 546 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Gnll Lake, lake, Canada, Ontario, Hahburton co., 75 m. E. 
 by N. Collingwood, drained S. into Lake Balsam. 
 
 Gull Rock, islet, Eng. , Cornwall, i m. from S. ct , in 4° 53' W. 
 
 Gnlmai^, or Gulmerg, vil. , Kashmir, 30 m. W. Srinagar ; 
 summer retreat of the European residents of that town. 
 
 Gulpaigan, or Gilpalgan, tn. , Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 102 
 m. NW. by W. Ispahan. Alt. 6090 ft. 
 
 Gnlran, viL, in the NW. of Afghanistan, Badghiz, 60 m. 
 NNW. Herat. 
 
 GnlTaiu, mt. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, in the W. , 2| m. SSE. 
 of the head of Loch Arkaig. Alt. 3224 ft. 
 
 Gulral, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Ives div., i^ m. NE. by 
 N. Penzance, PMT.O. ; 4355 ac. P. <:i50o. 
 
 Gnma, tn. , Eastern Turkistan, prov. Khotan, on the Kilian 
 R., 80 m. SE. Yarkand, is enclosed by a fortified wall; the 
 dist. is richly cultivated. 
 
 Gnmaca, comm., Phihppine Is., Luzon, prov. Tayabas. 
 P. 7500. 
 
 Gnm&l, Gomal, or Gomnl, riv., Afghanistan and India, 
 flows S. then E. across the Sulaiman Mts. into the Indus ; used 
 for irrigation. It gives name to a pass (alt. 7500 ft), also called 
 the Gliw&lari Pass, but this latter name specially belongs to a 
 part of the route to the S. of the G. , in about 32 5' N. , 70° E. 
 Proc. R. G. S. 1879, p. 52; Ji. G. S. Supp. Papers, voL L, pp. 
 381-90. 
 
 Gnmbinnen, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 36 m. SSE. 
 Tilsit ; has various manufactures, and important colt market 
 P. 11,900. 
 
 Gnmbmn, lamassery, China. See Knmbum. 
 
 Giimieuje, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 35 m. NW. 
 Salonica ; wine-growing centre. 
 
 Gomeracha, tp.. South Australia, Adelaide co., 20 m. ENE. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gamft^ston, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, i^ m. WNW. 
 Tenby, with chalybeate spring. P. <25o. 
 
 Giimish-khane. See Glimiisli-kliane. 
 
 Gam Koili, or Bgum Kope, vil., Ger. W. Africa, Togo- 
 land, on the Bight of Benin, in 1° 33' E. 
 
 Gnmley, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 11 m. 
 SE. by S. Leicester, 2 m. S. by W. Kibworth, P.O. P.<250. 
 
 Gumma, ken or prefecture, Japan, cap. Takasaki. 
 
 Gnmmel, tn., central Sudan, Bornu, cap. of prov. and 280 
 m. W. Kuka. P. 12,000. 
 
 Gummersbacli, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 27 m. E. by N. 
 Cologne. P. <3000. 
 
 Gumna, tn., India, Mysore, 63 m. NNE. Bangalore. 
 
 Gnmpoldskirclien, vil. , Austria, crownland Lower Austria, 
 13 m. SSW. Vienna. P. •<3ooo. 
 
 Gnmry, Transcaucasia. See Alexandropol. 
 
GUMS 
 
 GU R H 
 
 etinislkr, tn., India, Madras, dist. Ganjdm, in 19° 50' N., 84° 
 42' E. P. <sooo. 
 
 Gam Swamp, U.S., N. Carolina, Columbus co., in the S., 
 about 40 m. W. Wilmington. 
 
 Ciiiimtl, Sanskrit Gdmati ('rich in cattle'), riv., Brit. India, 
 NW. Provs. and Oudh, flows generally SE. , traversing Lucknow 
 City, and enters the Ganges about 25 m. below Benares. Navig- 
 able throughout the year to Lucknow by small boats ; boats of 
 17 tons can even navigate the river almost throughout its course 
 in Oudh. The worst shoals are in Sultdnpur dist. The G. 
 rises 520 ft. above sea-level ; length from source to main stream, 
 365 m. ; length to sea, 1079 m. 
 
 Criimiirjlua, tn., Turkey in Europe, at the foot of the 
 Rhodope Mts. , 70 m. SW. by W. Adrianople, 15 m. from 
 Karagach Liman (Mgeaxi Sea), on the Karaja-su and on the route 
 of the projected railway from Dede-Agach to Salonica. P. 8000. 
 
 Gumiisk, Turkish, 'silver.' 
 
 Ciumilsb Hajlkol, vil. , Asia Minor, vilayet and 122 m. N W. 
 by W. Sivas, 15 m. W. Mersivan. Silver-lead mines, to which 
 the place owes its name, now abandoned. 
 
 Gttmttsb-kliaue (' place of silver'), Asia Minor, vilayet and 
 44 m. SSW. Trebizond, with silver-mines now almost abandoned. 
 "The dist. is that of the ancient Khalybes, a name of Armenian 
 origin, apparently meaning ' miners.' The chief industry of 
 to-day is the culture of and commerce in fruits. The ancient 
 Kanis is near. P. about 3000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Gun, isl. , W. Australia, at the mouth of the Swan R. 
 
 Gnnabad, dist. , eastern Persia, chief town Jumain. 
 
 Gnnabad, vil. , in the NE. of Persfa, 26 m. NW. by W. Meshed. 
 
 Gnnbower, co. , Victoria, on the N. frontier, crossed in the 
 W. by 144° E. 
 
 Gnnby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 9 m. S. 
 Grantham, 5 m. WSW. Corby stn. P. <250. See Stainby. 
 
 Gnnby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., isi m. SE. 
 byS. Louth, \ m. WNW. Burgh stn. P. <25o. SeeWelton 
 In tbe Slarsb. 
 
 Gnnby, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Breighton. 
 
 Gnucbon-fn, tn. , China, Kansu, in 35° 25' N. , 104^° E. , about 
 70 m. SSE. Lanchou-fu. 
 
 Gnndagal, post-tn. , New South Wales, Wynyard co. , 95 m. 
 NE. Albury; goldfields near. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gundamorla Bar, opening into the sea, India, Madras Pre- 
 sidency, E. ct. , in 15° 31' N. ; about 7 ft. deep, and 325 yards wide. 
 
 Gnndamnk, vil. , Afghanistan. See Gaud^mak. 
 
 Gnndaroo, post-tn. , New South Wales, Murray co. , 35 m. 
 SW. by S. Goulburn. P. < 1500. 
 
 GnndaTa. See Gandava. 
 
 GnndelHugen, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, 20 m. 
 NE. by E. Ulm, i m. from the 1. bk. of the Danube. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gnuderbooka, co. , New South Wales, bounded on the S. 
 by the Darling, crossed by 146° E. 
 
 Gnndlll, vil., E. Africa, 58 m. NNW. Harrar. 
 
 Gnudls, vil. , Switzd. See Contliey. 
 
 Gundlakamma (literally 'stony bed'), riv., India, in NE. of 
 Madras Presidency, rises in 15° 40' N., flows NE. through the 
 Eastern Ghdts, then SE. through the plain, and enters the Bay 
 of Bengal. The chief mouth (6-12^ ft. deep) is always open, 
 the second mouth only in the rains. See Cnmbnm. 
 
 Guudnck, or Gundnk, riv. , India. See Gandak. 
 
 Gundnbnan, comm. , Bohol I. , Philippine Is. P. 6700. 
 
 Gnndwana, or Goudwilna, India. See Central Provinces. 
 
 Gnnfleet, sandbank, Eng., in the North Sea, about 4 m. from 
 the SE. ct. of the Colchester div. of Essex. 
 
 Gunga, Sanskrit, 'a river.' See Ganga. 
 
 Gunge, Sanskrit. See Ganj. 
 
 Gungels, mt. pass. See Kunkels. 
 
 Gungnnbaua's, tn. , S. Africa, Gaza-land, 148 m. W. by S. 
 Sofala, in 20° 40' S. , 32° 25' E. 
 
 Gnnbonse, par. , Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., on the 
 r. bk. of the Trent, 10 m. SE. by S. Goole, i m. N. by E. Althorpe 
 and Keadby stn. P. <2So ; eccles. par. (G., or Gnnness, -wltb 
 Bnrrlugbam) P. < 1000. 
 
 Gnnlb, fort, N. Caucasia, prov. Daghestan, alt. 4020 ft. ; 
 last refuge of Shamil. Close by G. Peak, 7718 ft. high. P. 1000. 
 
 Gnnjlal, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Shahpur, 118 m. S. 
 by E. Peshawar. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Gannanr, tn. , Brit. India, N W. Provs. , in Budaun dist. , 3 m. 
 from the 1. bk. of the Ganges. P. 5500 ; Moham. 3200 ; Hindus, 
 2300. 
 
 Gnnnedab, postal-stn.. New South Wales, Pottinger co., 40 
 m. W. by N. Tamworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gnnnersbnry, eccles. par., Eng., Middlesex, Ealing div., 8 
 m. S. St. Paul's, London, on the N. L. & Dist. Rlys. and M. R. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Gnnnerslde, PM.O., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the 
 Swale, div. and 14^ W. Richmond, 4I m. N. by E. Askrigg stn. 
 
 Gnnnerton, vil. , Eng. , Northumberland, div. and 7 m. N. 
 by W. Hexham, \\ m. NW. Barrasford stn., P.O 
 
 Gnnness and Bnrrlngbam, stn., Eng., Lincobishire, Brigg 
 div. , on the M. S. & L. R. , 9^ m. WNW. Brigg. See Gnnbonse. 
 
 Gilnnlgfeld, vil. , Prussia, Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, dist. 
 Gelsenkirchen. P. (of comm.) < 3000. 
 
 Gnnnlng, postal-tp.. New South Wales, King's co., 27 m. 
 W. Goulburn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gnnnlslake, vil. and mining dist. , Eng. , Cornwall, 4 m. SW, 
 Tavistock; arsenic refining. PMT.O. 
 
 Gnnnlson, riv., U.S., Colorado, in the SW., rises in the N. 
 of Saguache co., flows W. then NW. to the Grand R., which 
 it joins at Grand June, 25 m. E. of the W. frontier of Colorado. 
 The G. runs through several caiions, the largest, of granite 
 formation, is above 40 ft. long, and 2500 ft. deep. 
 
 Gnunlson, city, U.S., Colorado, G. co., on Gunnison R., 
 132 m. SW. by W. Denver by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gnnnlson, mt., U.S., Colorado, in the NW. of G. co., 140 
 m. WSW. Denver. Alt. 12,688 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 Gnnnlson, vil., U.S., Utah, San Pete co., no m. S. Salt 
 Lake City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gnnnlster, isl., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Northmaven 
 par., on G. Yoe (W. ct.), 13^ m. S. by W, of the N. end of the 
 Mainland. 
 
 Gunong, Malay, 'mountain.' 
 
 Gnnong Apl. See Apl. 
 
 Gunong Taban. See Taban. 
 
 Gunpowder, riv. , U.S., Maryland, flows SE. into Chesapeake 
 Bay, 14 m. NE. Baltimore. 
 
 Guns (Ger. , in Hungarian Kttszeg), royal free tn. , with magis- 
 tracy, Hungary, prov. Eisenburg, 20 m. S. by W. Odenburg : 
 successfully resisted the Turkish army under Solyman in 1532. 
 P. 7100. 
 
 Gnnsborongb, electoral div.. Ire., N. co. Kerry, bar. 
 Iraghticonnor, 3J m. NNW. Listowel. 
 
 Gnns Island, Ire. , off the E. coast of co. Down, in 54° 18' N. 
 
 Gnntawang, post-tn.. New South Wales, Phillip co., 17 m. 
 NNW. Mudgee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gnnthorpe, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 14 m. W. by S. 
 Cromer, 2 m. NW. Melton Constable stn. P. <25o ; eccles. 
 par. (G. wltb Bale) P. <5oo. 
 
 Gnntborpe, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, in the Soke of 
 Peterborough. P. <25o. See Fasten. 
 
 Gnntborpe, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 6^ 
 m. ENE. Nottingham, on the 1. bk. of the Trent, i m. S. 
 Lowdham stn., P.O. P. <5oo. See Lowdbam. 
 
 Gnntborpe, par. , Eng. , Rutland , 2 m. SE. Oakham, P. < 250, 
 
 Guntbwalte, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2J m. N, 
 Penistone. Par. P. <25o; tn. (G. and Ingblrcbwortb)P. <5oa 
 
 Gnntln, comm., Spain, prov. and dist. Lugo. P. 5700. 
 
 Gnnton, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 5 m. S. Cromer, on the 
 G. E. R. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (G. wltb Han'wortb) P. <soo. 
 
 Gnnton, ct. par., Eng., Suff^olk, div. and 2| m. N, Lowestoft, 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Gontramsdorf, vil. , Lower Austria, dist. Modling. P. <40oo. 
 
 Gnntlkr, or GantUr, municip., Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 Kistna, 48 m. W. by N. Masulipatam ; very healthy, but difficult 
 of access. P. (1881) 19,600; (1891)23,400; Hindus, 17,300. 
 
 Gnnwalloe, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, Truro div. , on the S. ct. , 
 iii m. SW. Falmouth, 3^ m. S. Helston. P. <25o. See Cnry. 
 
 Gttuz, riv., Bavaria, formed by the union of the Upper and 
 Lower G. below Ottobeuren, enters the Danube near Giinzburg. 
 
 Gnnzbnrg, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, 13 m. ENE. 
 Ulm, on the r. bk. of the Danube. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Gnnzenbansen, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle Fran- 
 conia, 22 m. NE. by N. Nordlingen. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Gur (singular. Gar a), term used by Arabs of the Sahara for 
 isolated, flat-topt, steep-sided hills of hard rock. 
 
 Gnra, tn. , eastern Sudan, 50 m. SW. Massaua. 
 
 Gnrabo, tn. , isl. of Haiti, republic Santo Domingo, 95 m. NE. 
 by E. Port-au-Prince. P. 7100. 
 
 Gnrage, state in Shoa (S. of Abyssinia), to the right of the 
 Hawash ; said to be inhabited by Christian Gallas. 
 
 Gnra Humora, tn. , Austria, Bukovina, dist. G. H. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Gnrai'a, tn. , Algeria, on N. ct. , arr. and 68 m. W. by S. Algiers, 
 
 P. <2O0O. 
 
 Gnrara, dist., Africa, western Sahara, crossed by 29° N,, 
 1° E. ; containing the large sebkha or shallow salt lake of G. 
 
 Gnraya, mt., Algeria. See Bongle. 
 
 Gnrczyn, vil. , Prussia. See Gurtsebln. 
 
 Gnrddspnr, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, cap. dist. G. , 45 m. NE. 
 Amritsar, on the high plain between the Rdvi and the Beas. A 
 monastery of Saraswati Brihmans now occupies the old fort. 
 P. (1891) 5900 ; Hindus, 3000 ; Moham. 2600. 
 
 Gnre, tn., central Sudan, cap. dist. Munio, Bornu, 220 m. 
 WNW. Kuka. P. 9-10,000. 
 
 Gnrgan, Gorgban, or Giirgen, riv. , N. Persia, flows W. then 
 WSW. into the SE. of the Caspian. 
 
 Gnrgan, tn., Persia. See Jorjan. 
 
 Gni^^on, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, cap. dist. G., 15 m. SW. 
 by W. Delhi; healthily situated. P. (i89i)<sooo. 
 
 Gurgnela, riv., northern Brazil, prov. Piauhy, the most im- 
 portant r. bk. trib. of the Parnahyba. Length more than 373 m. 
 
 Gnrbwal, India. See GarbwiU. 
 
 629 
 
GURI — GW AL 
 
 GnrlcT, or Crurier Gorodok (formerly Yaiiskiy Gorodok), 
 dist. tn., SE. Russia, govt. Uralsk, on r. bk. Ural R., ii m. 
 above its entrance into the Caspian Sea. Mean temp., yr. 
 47-5° F-. Jan. 15.5°, July 77.3°. P. 6000. 
 
 Gurk, 1. bk. trib. of the Drave, Austria. 
 
 Gnrkal), vil., Nubia, Dongola, on the 1. bk. of the Nile; 
 interesting ruins, in 16° 55' N. 
 
 Carkfeld, or Mesto KrSko, tn., Austria, Carniola, 28 m. 
 WNW. Agram, on the r. bk. of the Save. P. <20co. 
 
 Gnrkh^k, vil. , India, Nep41, 55 m. WNW. Khdtmandu. 
 
 Gnrla Nandhata, mt. , India. See Hlm&layas. 
 
 Gnrma, dist. , on the r. bk. of the Niger, W. Africa, between 
 about 2° W. and 1° E. 
 
 Gurma, prov. , W. Africa, S. of 12° N. , between 0° and 2° E. , 
 said to belong to the Sokoto-Gandu empire. 
 
 Gurna, Asiatic Turkey. See Korua. 
 
 Gurnard, vil., Eng., Hampshire, Isle of Wight, li m. W. 
 Cowes, PM.O. 
 
 Guruards Head, cape, Eng., on the W. ct. of Cornwall, 6 
 m. WSW. St. Ives. 
 
 Gurnet Point, cape, U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., in 
 the W. of Cape Cod Bay, just N. of 42°. 
 
 Gurney Slade, P.O., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 5 m. ENE. 
 Wells, I m. E. Binegar stn. 
 
 Gurnlgelbad, watering-place, Switzd., cant. Bern, 9 m. (16 
 m. by road) W. Thun, with sulphur and iron springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gursar&l, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Jhdnsi, 98 m. 
 SW. Cawnpur. P. 5800 ; Hindus, 5200. 
 
 Gnrskoe, isl. , Norway, off the W. ct. , prov. N. Bergenhus, 
 about 62° 17' N. 
 
 Gnrteen, P. O. , Ire. , 7 m. from Woodlawn stn. , co. Galway. 
 
 Gurteen, P.O., Ire., co. Leitrim, 5 m. from Manorhamilton. 
 
 Gurteeu, PM.O., Ire., co. Sligo, 8 m. S. Ballymote. 
 
 Gurteen, electoral div., Ire., N. co. Waterford, bar. Upper- 
 third, 4 m. E. Clonmel. 
 
 Gurteeny, P.O., Ire., co. Galway, 4 m. from Woodford, 14 
 m. from Loughrea stn. 
 
 Gurtnahoe, P.O., Ire., co. Tipperary, 7 m. SW. Johnstovra. 
 
 Gurtschln, or Gurczyn, vil. , Prussia, prov. , circle, and dist. 
 Posen. P. < 4000. 
 
 Gurtymadden, P.O., Ire., co. Galway, 8 m. from Loughrea. 
 
 Gnrua, Fulbe tn., W. Africa, on the r. bk. of the Benue, in 
 13° 26' E. , chief town of a dependency of Yola. 
 
 Gttrttn, tn. , Asia Minor. See Gorttn. 
 
 Gumpd, isl. , in the mouth of the Amazon, crossed about the 
 middle by 5ii^° W. 
 
 Gnrupy, boundary riv. , northern Brazil, between the provs. 
 of Para on the W. and Maranhao on the E. , enters the Atlantic 
 137 m. E. Para. Its valley is richly wooded. T ^ngth about 280 m. 
 
 GuruT&ydlr, vil, India, Madras Presidency, dist. Malabdr, 
 in 10° 36' N., 76° 4' E. P. (1881) 6700 ; (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Gnruwe's, vil., Portuguese E. Africa, at the base of the 
 Namuli Hills, in 15° 27J' S. , 37° 2' 20" E. Alt. nearly 2000 ft. 
 
 Gnrzan, vil, Afghanistan, on the Murghab, 172 m. ENE. 
 Herat. 
 
 Gusanel, vil., Bulgaria, circle Lom-Palanka. P. < 2000, 
 
 Gttsemissar, Aidin. See Aldln. 
 
 Gnsba, or Gosha, dist. , Brit. E. Africa, on the lower Jub, 
 extending to 1° N. ; well-wooded, but with villages, banana 
 groves, and other cultivation in clearings. 
 
 Gusherbrum, mt. , India. See Himalayas. 
 
 Guslnye, tn., Turkey in Europe, northern Albania, 44 m. 
 NE. Scutari. 
 
 Guspinl, comm. , Italy, Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 16J m. NNE. 
 Iglesias. P. 5900. 
 
 Gnssage All Saints, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, Eastern div., 
 12^ m. N. Poole, 3^ m. W. by N. Verwood stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Gussage St. Andrew, vil., 4 m. NW. G. All Saints. See 
 Handley. 
 
 Gnssage St. DUchael, par., 2^ m. WNW. G. All Saints. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Gn^tsago, comm., Italy, prov. and 5 m. NNW. Brescia. P. 
 <Sooo. 
 
 Gusserane, P.O., Ire., 8 m. from New Ross. 
 
 GustaTla, tn., W. Indies, cap. isl. of St. Barth^lemy, on S. 
 ct. ; has a good harbour. P. 10,000. 
 
 GustaTBberg, frequented watering-place, Sweden, prov. (ISn) 
 Gothenburg and Bohus, near the town of Uddevalla. Good 
 anchorage. Depth in port, 39-49 ft. Quay available for vessels 
 drawing 17 ft. 
 
 Glisten, tn., Ger., duchy Anhalt, 19 m. N. by E. Eisleben, 
 on the Wipper. P. < 5000. 
 
 Guston, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 2 m. N. by E. 
 Dover. P. <7So. See River. 
 
 Gttstrow, tn. , Ger. , Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 21 m. S. Rostock; 
 with machine and carriage factories, damask weaving, and 
 cement manufactures. P. 14,600. 
 
 Gut, Ger., ' a property.' 
 
 Gdta, comm., Hungary, co. Komdrom, dist. Csalldkdz. P. 
 7100. 
 
 630 
 
 Gutacb, comm., Ger., Baden, circle Offenbach, dist. Wolfach. 
 P. (comm. )<; 3000. 
 
 Gutcher, P.O., Scot., Shetland Is., on E. ct. of N. Yell, 3 m. 
 from Cullivoe. 
 
 Gutendorf, or Gotorlje, comm. , Austria, Styria, 35 m. ENE. 
 Laibach. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Gutensteln, tn., Austria, prov. Lower Austria, 33 m. SW. 
 Vienna. On a neighbouring height are the ruins of a castle, for- 
 merly the residence of several of the Habsbtu-g princes. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gnterslob, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 29 m. SE. by S. 
 Osnabriick. Mean temp., yr, 48.3° F., Jan. 34.3°, July 64.5°, 
 P. 5900. 
 
 Gutbera, cape, Turkey, on the SE. ct. of the isl. of Crete, in 
 26° 8' E. 
 
 Gutbrle, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 7 m. E. Forfar, on the 
 C. R., P.O. ; 3823 ac. P.<soo. 
 
 Gutbrle, co., U.S., Iowa, S. of 42° N., and W. of 94° W., 
 traversed by Mid and S. Raccoon Rivs. 
 
 Gutbrle, tn., U.S., Oklahoma, on the Cimarron R., 270 m. 
 SW. by S. Kansas City ; founded 1889, when the terr. was thrown 
 open for settlement. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Gutbrle Centre, tn., U.S., Iowa, G. co., 48 m. W. by N. 
 Des Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Gutierrez, vil, Bolivia, dep. and about 115 m. SSE. Santa 
 Cruz ; formerly a Jesuit mission stn. Unhealthy. 
 
 Gut of Canso, channel, about2om. long, i-2m. broad, Canada, 
 separating the mainland of Nova Scotia from Cape Breton I. 
 
 Gutta, vil., Hungary, co. Komorn, 24 m. ESE. Pressburg, at 
 the confluence of the Vag (Waag) with the N. arm of the Danube. 
 P. 6100. 
 
 Guttannen, vil, Switzd., cant. Bern, in the Hase-thal, 14 
 m. SE. by E. Brienz. Alt. 3475 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Guttenberg, tn., U.S., Iowa, Clayton co., on the r. bk. of 
 Mississippi R., 31 m. NW. Dubuque; lead is mined near. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Guttenberg, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Hudson co., 3 m. NNE. 
 Hoboken. P. < 2000. 
 
 Guttentag, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 36 m. N. by E. Ratibor. 
 P. <300o. 
 
 Guttstadt, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 42 m. E. by S. 
 Elbing. P. <sooo. 
 
 Gtttzkow, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 11 m. S. by E. 
 Greifswald. P. <3000. 
 
 Gtttzlaff Island. See Hangcbow Bay. 
 
 GuTea, E. Africa. See Gonvela. 
 
 Guyenne, prov. , France. See Gnlenne. 
 
 Guyandotte (gai-an-dot'), vil, U.S., W. Virginia, Cabell co., 
 at the confluence of the Guyandotte R. with the Ohio, 43 m. W. 
 by N. Charleston. P. <20oo. 
 
 Gnyblrne (gai'hirn) wltb Ring's End, eccles. par., Eng., 
 Cambridge, div. and 5 m. SW. by W. Wisbech, with a stn. on 
 the G. E. and G. N. Joint Rly., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 GuyotTllle, vil. , Algeria, 9 m. WNW. Algiers, at the foot of 
 the Sahel, on the coast. P. <20oo. 
 
 Guyra, mining-tp. , New South Wales, in the police dist. of 
 Armidale, 386 m. N. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Guysborougb, seapt. tn. , Canada, Nova Scotia, cap. G. co. , 
 on Chedabucto Bay, 61 m. ESE. Pictou; harbour with good 
 anchorage ; depth on bar at high water spring tides, 22 ft.; neap 
 tides, 20 ft. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Guy's CllflTe, par. , Eng. , in co. and bor. of Warwick. P. <25o. 
 
 Gnytlng Power, Eng. , Gloucestershire. See Gultlitg Power. 
 
 Guyzance, Eng. , Northumberland. See Gulzance. 
 
 Guzar, Bukhara. See Kbuzar. 
 
 Giizel-blssar, tn., Asia Minor. See Aldln. 
 
 Gnzerat, prov. , India. See Gujardt. 
 
 Guzman Blanco, former name of Miranda, state Venezuela. 
 
 Guzman Blanco, agricultural colony, Venezuela, 60 m. SE. 
 Caracas. Alt. 4200 ft. 
 
 G wadar, Gwadur, or G wuttur, tn. , on a small penin. running 
 S. from the N. shore of the Arabian Sea, in a small detached terr. 
 belonging to Oman, surrounded by Baluchistan, 300 m. W. 
 Kardchi, one of the landing places of the Anglo-Indian tele- 
 graph cable. 
 
 Gwaelod-y-Gartb, P.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. from 
 TafTs Well. 
 
 Gwaenysgor, par., Wales, Flintshire, 8 m. WNW. Holywell, 
 2 m. S. Prestatyn stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Gwal, riv., Brit. S. Africa, flows N. into the Zambezi, in 
 about 27° E. 
 
 Gwaja, pass, Afghanistan, between the S. end of the Khoja 
 Amran range and the N. end of the Ashusta Hills, 42 m. NW. 
 by W. Quetta. This pass was at first selected as the route for 
 the railway to Kandahar. Alt. 6888 ft. 
 
 Gwajak, vil. , Baluchistan, 150 m. SW. by S. Kelat. 
 
 Gwal, vil. , Brit. Baluchistan, 25 m. NE. by N. Quetta. 
 
 Gwalchmal, PMT.O., Wales, Anglesey, 5 m. W. Llangefni. 
 
 Gwallor, the largest of the native states of Central India, 
 composed of many detached portions, the largest forming the 
 most northerly part of the Central India Agency, bounded 00 
 
GWAL — HAAR 
 
 W. and N. (where it is contiguous to the NW. Provs.) by 
 the Chambal. In large parts stony and sterile. Inhabited by 
 Mardthas, Bundelas, Jdts, and Rdj puts. Area, 29,067 sq. m. P. 
 (1881) 3,073,000; (1891) 3,523,000 (122 to the sq. m.). 
 
 Crwallor, or Lasbk^r, tn. , Central India, 64 m. S. by E. Agra, 
 cap. G. state ; celebrated as an ancient seat of Jain worship, and 
 also for its strong fortress, crowning a rock which rises sheer 
 above the plain to the height of 342 ft. This fortress was in the 
 hands of the British from 1858 to 1885. The British cantonments 
 are now at Mordr, to the E. of Gwalior. P. (1881) 88,100 ; 
 (1891) 104,100; Hindus, 76,900; Moham. 23,000; Jains, 1900. 
 
 Gwarafog, par. , Wales, Brecknockshire, 14 m. NNW. Breck- 
 nock, close to Garth stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ciwassan, mt. , Japan. See Hagnro-san. 
 
 Gwatar, tn. , Persia, prov. Mekran, S. ct. See Gwetter. 
 
 Gwato, Gato, or Agatton, the port of Benin (25 m. NE. of 
 G.), Upper Guinea, at the confluence of the G. Creek with the 
 Benin R. ; once a large town, now only a small village. Near 
 this place Belzoni the traveller died in 1823. 
 
 Gwann-cae-Gurwen, coal-mining vil., Wales, Glamorgan- 
 shire, 2 m. from Garnant ; PM.O. 
 
 Gweebarra, Klrer, Ire. , in the extreme W. of co. Donegal, 
 flows SW. into G. Bay (lat. 54° 50' N.). 
 
 Gweedore, Ire., co. Donegal, 3 m. E. Bunbeg, 21 m. from 
 Letterkenny stn. , PMT.O. 
 
 Gweedore Rlrer, Ire., in the NW. of co. Donegal, flows 
 NW. into G. Bay (55° 4' N.). 
 
 Gweek, small seapt. , Eng. , Cornwall, Tniro div. , at the head 
 of the creek called the Helford R., 7 m. SW. by W. Falmouth, 
 on the projected line of railway from Penryn to Helston, P.O. 
 
 Gwehelog, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 8 m. ENE. 
 Pontypool, 2 m. W. Llandenny stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Gwen, Cymro-Celtic, 'fair,' 'white.' 
 
 Gwenddwr ('the fair water'), par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 
 9^ m. N. by E. Brecknock, 2 m. WSW. Erwood stn.; 7545 ac. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Gwennap ('the fair slope '), par., Eng., Cornwall, Camborne 
 div., 5^ m. SW. by W. Truro, 2 m. W. Perranwell stn., P.O.; 
 6630 ac. P. 6300. 
 
 Gweriiafleld, eccles. par., Wales, Flintshire, Mold par., P.O. 
 (Gwernaffleld). P. <7SO. 
 
 Gwernesney, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 9 m. E. 
 Pontypool, 2 m. S. Llandenny stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Gwernlliowel, par., Wales, Denbighshire, 2 m. SW. Pentre- 
 voelas. P. <25o. 
 
 Gwernogle, P.O., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 6 m. S. Llany- 
 byther. 
 
 Gwernymynydd, lead-mining vil., Wales, Flintshire, 2 m. 
 WSW. Mold, P.O. 
 
 Gwersyllt, par. , Wales, Denbighshire, E. div. , 2\ m. N W. by 
 N. Wrexham, with a stn. on the Cheshire Lines Rly. P. < 
 4500. 
 
 Gwespyr, P.O., Wales, Flintshire, 3 m. from Prestatyn. 
 
 Gwetter, ct. tn., in the SE. of Persia, on G. Bay, which 
 belongs partly to Persia and partly to Baluchistan. 
 
 Gwlnear, par., Eng., Cornwall, Camborne div., 5.^ m. SE. 
 by E. St. Ives, 2 m. SW. by W. Gwinear Road stn., on the 
 G. W. R., P.O.; 4647 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Gwinnett, co., U.S., Georgia, intersected by 34° N. and 84° 
 W. ; is rich in minerals, including gold, which is found on the 
 Chattahoochee, iron, antimony, and superior granite. 
 
 Gwlthla, vil. , Eng. , Wales. See Trewern. 
 
 Gwltblan, par., Eng., Cornwall, Camborne div., 4^ m. E. 
 St. Ives ; arsenic refining. P. <75o. See PUllack. 
 
 Gwnnws, Lower and Upper, two adjoining pars., Wales, 
 Cardiganshire, on riv. Ystwith, 12 m. SE. Aberystwith. Lower 
 G. P. <25o ; Upper G. , 6229 ac. , P. <7So. 
 
 Gwredog, vil. , Wales, Anglesey, 6 m. SW. by S. Amlwch, 
 I J m. WNW. Llanerchymedd stn. [q.v.]. 
 
 GwThyd, hill, Brecknockshire, loj m. NW. Brecknock. 
 
 Gwnttnr, tn. , on Arabian Sea. See Gwadar. 
 
 Gwy, or Wy, Cymro-Celtic, ' water. ' 
 
 Gwyddelwern, par., Wales, Merionethshire, 9.^ m. WNW. 
 Llangollen, on the L. & NW. R.., P.O. ; 6557 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Gwydlr, riv. , New South Wales, flows W. into the Barwon 
 (Upper Darling), in about 29!° S. 
 
 Gwynfe, P.O., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 5 m. SW. Llan- 
 dovery stn. 
 
 Gwynfll, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 4 m. SW. Tregaron. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Gwyr, penin. , S. Wales. See Gower. 
 
 Gwynn, Welsh, 'fair,' 'white,' 'clear.' Se^ Fin. 
 
 Gwyrdd, Welsh, 'green.' 
 
 Gwys, coal-mining vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., 
 on the M. R., 9 m. N. Neath. 
 
 Gwytlierln, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 12 m. W. 
 by S. Denbigh, 5 m. E. by S. Llanrwst stn.; 5966 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Gya, tn., India. See Gay^. 
 
 Gya-la-slndong, vil.. En. Tibet, on the r. bk. of the Brahma- 
 putra, a little below the place where it turns to the SE. , in about 
 29° 40' N. , 94° 10' E. Alt. 8000 ft. 
 
 Gyalng, riv., Lower Burma, dist. Amherst, flows W. for 45 
 m. and falls at Maulmain into the Salwin ; navigable all the 
 year round by boats. 
 
 Gyamjsb (giimiish), peak, Russia, Transcaucasia, 25 m. SW. 
 Elisabethpol. Alt. 12,269 ft- 
 
 Gyangtse, city, Great Tibet, on the Penanangchu, a trib. of 
 the Brahmaputra, in 28° 56' N. and 89° 28' E. , about 105 m. 
 SW. by W. Lhassa. Excellent crops of grain and vegetables 
 are raised here, and different varieties of woollen cloths are 
 manufactured. Alt. 13,000 ft. 
 
 Gyarmata, vil., Hungary, co. Temes, 6 m. N. Temesvdi. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 Gyaros, or Glnra, isl., Greece, one of the Cyclades, 25 m. 
 SSE. of the SE. point of Eubcea. 
 
 Cyei*gy<i» or Czomafalva, dist., in the E. of Transylvania, 
 Hungary, an expansion of the Maros valley at its head. 
 
 Clyergyii-Alfaln, comm., Hungary, co. Csik, dist. Gyergy6- 
 Szent-Mikl6s. P. 5200. 
 
 Gyergyd-Dltrd, comm., Hungary, co. Csik, dist. Gyergy6- 
 Szent-Mikl6s. P. 5800. 
 
 Gye^yd-Remete, comm. , Hungary, co. Csik, dist. Gyergy6- 
 Szent-Mikl6s. P. < 5000. 
 
 Gyergyd-Szent-SIlklos, market-tn., Hungary, Csik co., in 
 the G. valley, 95 m. E. Klausenburg. P. 6100. 
 
 Gyetva, comm., Hungary, co. Zdlyom, dist. Nagy-Szalatna. 
 P. 6300. 
 
 Gyffln, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, \ m. S. Conway, in- 
 cluded in the pari. bor. of Conway. P. <7S0. 
 
 GyHyilJog, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 6 m. S. Den- 
 bigh, 4 m. W. by S. Ruthin stn., P.O. (Cyliyillog) ; 8181 ac. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Gyimes, pass, leading from Transylvania into Roumania across 
 the Carpathians, where they are crossed by the Tatros valley. 
 Alt. 2360 ft. 
 
 Gyleen, vil.. Ire., on the SE. ct. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, sj 
 m. SE. Queenstown, 10 m. from Midleton stn. 
 
 Gymple, tn., Queensland, March co., 90 m. N. by W. Bris- 
 bane, 50 m. S. Maryborough ; centre of an important goldfield. 
 P. (1871) 5800 ; (1891) 8400. 
 
 Gyoma, comm. , Hungary, prov. B6k6s, 53 m. E. Kecskemet. 
 P. 10,900. 
 
 Gyongyos, tn. , with magistracy, Hungary, prov. Heves, 23 
 m. WSW. Erlau; has manufactures of woollen goods, cloth, 
 and leather. The fine Vissouta wine is made in the vicinity. 
 The Hungarians defeated the Austrians here, April 3, 1840. 
 P. 16,100. 
 
 Gyor, Hungary. See Raab. 
 
 Gyor Szent Marton, Ger. Martlnsberg, comm. , Hungary, 
 II ra. SE. Raab, cap. of dist., on a hill. The splendid abbey, 
 founded at the end of the loth century by Geisa, father of the 
 King St. Stephen, is the most ancient in Hungary; library of 
 80,000 vols. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Gyorszlget, comm., Hungary, co. and dist. Raab. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Gysllflnb, or Gysnlaflnb, mt., Switzd., cant. Aargau, on 
 1. bk. of the Aar, 4 m. ENE. Aarau. Alt. 2540 ft. 
 
 Gytbelon, or Maratbonlsl, comm., Greece, prov. Laconia, 
 on the W. shore of the Gulf of Marathonisi, or Laconia, 27 m. 
 N. by E. of Cape Matapan. P. 5200. 
 
 Gynla, tn., with magistracy, Hungary, cap. prov. B6kes, 35 
 m. N. Arad. P. 20,000. 
 
 Gynla Feb^rrAr, Hungary. See Karlsbni^. 
 
 Gzbatsk, dist. tn., Rtissia, govt, and 147 m. NE. of Smo- 
 lensk, on Moscow- Warsaw Rly. P. 7000. 
 
 Gzbel, vil. , Russia, govt, and 30 m. E. Moscow ; china clay 
 largely extracted around it. P. <iooo. 
 
 H 
 
 Haa, small isl., Scot., Sutherlandshire, off the N. ct., near the 
 mouth of Loch Eriboll. 
 
 Haag, comm.. Lower Austria, 9 m. NE. Steyr. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Haaksbergen, comm., Holland, prov. Overijssel, 'j\ m. 
 WSW. Enschede. P. < 5000. 
 
 Haan, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 7 m. WSW. Elberfeld. P. 
 <30oo. 
 
 Haardt, mts. , Ger. See Vosges. 
 
 Haardt, vil. , Prussia, in the S. of Westphalia, circle and dist. 
 Siegen ; has iron mines and works. P. < 2000. 
 
 631 
 
HAAR — HACK 
 
 Haaren, isl., Prussia, prov. Hanover, bailiwick Osnabruck, 
 6 m. SE. Meppen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Haarlem, vil.. Cape Colony, div. Uniondale. P. < 1500. 
 
 Haarlem, or Harlem, city, Nethfixlands, cap. prov. N. Hol- 
 land, II m. W. Amsterdam. The cathedral of St. Bavon con- 
 tains the famous Haarlem ojgaru The statue of L. Coster, the 
 reputed inventor of movable printing types, and a native of this 
 town, stands in the market-place: It has also steam cotton mills, 
 bleaching, dyeing, and printing mills, and small manufactures of 
 silk fabrics, carpets, lace, ribbons, soap, and a typefoundry. It 
 is the centre of the important Dutch trade in flowers and flower 
 seeds. The painters Ostade, Philip Wouverman, Berghem, and 
 Ruisdael, with Vanderhelst and Adriaan Brouwer were natives 
 of Haarlem. P. (1869) 27,300 ; (1889) 52,000. 
 
 Haarlem, isL , Palk's Strait, off the N. extremity of the isl. of 
 Ceylon. 
 
 Haarlemmer Sleer (Haarlem Lake), former lake, Nether- 
 lands, prov. N. Holland, 2 m. SE. Haarlem, about 33 m. in cir- 
 cumference. It was formed gradually. In the middle of the 
 13th century it consisted of three separate lakes, the united area 
 of which was about 22,500 ac, and by the middle of the 19th 
 century the three had coalesced into one of nearly double that 
 area. The lake has been drained (drainage completed in 1852), 
 and 41,700 ac. of land have thus been gained. It now gives 
 name to a comm., the population of which in 1869 was 11,300 ; 
 in 1889, 15,500. 
 
 Haarstrang, or die Haar, ridge, Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 
 on the r. bk. of the Mohne and Ruhr, about 50 m. long, stretch- 
 ing E. and W. ; has many fossils of marine animals. 
 
 Haast Hoimtalii, Southern Alps, New Zealand, NE. of 
 Mount Aorangi (Cook). See Tasman Glacier. 
 
 Haast, settlement, New Zealand, South I. , Westland co. , on the 
 W. ct. , 120 m. WNW. Timaru, at the mouth of the Haast R. 
 
 Haast's Pass, New Zealand, across the Southern Alps, at the 
 head of the Haast R. valley, in 44° 5' S. 
 
 Haay, isL , Scot. , Hebrides, in the Sound of Harris, between 
 Harris and N. Uist 
 
 Hab, riv. , on the W, frontier of Sind, India, for some distance 
 the boundary between British terr. and Baliichistdn, enters the 
 Arabian Sea in 66° 42' E. 
 
 Habab, African tribe. See Ababdeh. 
 
 Habban, tn. , S. Arabia, 172 m. NE. Aden, situated in the 
 midst of a plain of about 60 sq. m., 124 m. NW. of the port of 
 Bir All. [Jour. R. G. S., 1871, p. 232.) P. 2-3000. 
 
 Habberley, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 8^ m. SW. 
 Shrewsbury, 2 m. ESE. Minsterly stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Habble's Howe, hollow, Scot., 13 m. WSW. Edinburgh, at 
 the S. base of the Pentland Hills, near the head of the N. Esk ; 
 the scene of Allan Ramsay's 'Gentle Shepherd.' 
 
 Habblesthorpe, part of par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire. See 
 Leverton, North. 
 
 Habelscliwerdt, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. circle H. , 59 
 m. S. by W. Breslau, 37 m. SE. by E. Trautenau (Bohemia) ; 
 gives name to a part of the Sudetes Mts. P. 5600. 
 
 Habergbam Eaves, par., Eng., Lancashire, partly included 
 in bor. of Burnley ; 4217 ac. P. 46,900. 
 
 Habersham, co. , U.S. , Georgia, on E. frontier, andS. of 35°N. 
 
 Habesh (Arabic, ' a conglomeration of tribes ' ) , the Arab name 
 of Abyssinia. 
 
 Hablbas Islands, group of rocky islets 7 m. from ct. of Algeria, 
 30 m. W. Oran. 
 
 Hablchtswald ('hawk's wood'), woody volcanic mt. ridge, 
 Prussia, W. of Kassel ; on its W. side are two rich coal-mines. 
 Alt. 1950 ft. 
 
 Habitants, Les, vil. , W. Indies, on W ct. of Guadeloupe I. , 
 in 16° 3' N. 
 
 Habkern, vlL , Switzd. , cant. Bern, 3 m. N. Interlaken. P. 
 (comm.)<:20oo. 
 
 Habra, riv., Algeria, prov. Oran, formed 19 m. SW. Mas- 
 cara by the union of four streams, flows N. , and after uniting 
 with the Sig enters the Mediterranean about 12 m. lower down, 
 in about o" 10' W. In 35^° N. its waters are held back by a 
 dam, 1568 ft. long, 131 ft. high, and 128 ft. broad, below which 
 the water is used for irrigation. In 1881 this dam, known as the 
 barrage de Perrigaux, burst in a great flood, but it has since been 
 reconstructed. Total length of river, 146 m. 
 
 Habr Aw^al (or Awel)^ tribe, E. ct. Africa, living near the 
 head of the Gulf of Aden, from Zeila to Berbera. 
 
 Habr Gerhajl, tribe, E. Africa, living S. of the E. section of 
 the Habr Awal. 
 
 Habrongh, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 8 m. 
 WNW. Great Grimsby, 1 m. NE. of its stn. on the M. S. & L. 
 R., P.O. P.<soo. See Kllllngholme. 
 
 Hababnrg, or Hapsborg, vil., Switzd., cant. Aargau, near 
 the r. bk. of the Aar, il\ m. S W. Brugg. To the N. of the village 
 is the castle of H. (nth century), the original seat of the im- 
 perial family of Austria. P. (comm. ) <2000. 
 
 Habsbnrg, Nen, castle, Switzd., on the Kiissnacht arm of 
 the Lake of Lucerne, cant, and 3 m. E. by S. Lucerne. 
 
 Habton, €>reat and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , York- 
 632 
 
 shire, N. Riding, AVhitby div., on the Rye, 18^ m. NE. by N. 
 York. Great H. P. <25o; Little H. P. <25o. 
 
 Haccombe with Combe (kum), par., Eng., Devonshire, 
 Ashburton div., 4I m. NNW. Torquay, 2i m. ESE. Newton 
 Abbot stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Hacconby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , 9 m. 
 W. by N. Spalding, i m. N. by E. Morton stn. , P.O. (Haconby). 
 P. <5oo. See Horton. 
 
 Haceby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 7 m. 
 E. Grantham, 4^ m. SW. by W. Aswarby stn. P. <:250. See 
 Newton. 
 
 Hacha, riv. , in the NE. of Colombia, enters the Caribbean 
 Sea 90 m. ENE. Santa Maria ; length, 120 m. See Rio Hacha. 
 
 Hach Bel, mt. pass, in the SE. of Asia Minor, between 
 Bagche and Marash. Alt. 3700 ft. 
 
 Hacheney, viL , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Dort- 
 mund, dist. Horde. P. (comm. )<4ooo. 
 
 Haeheston, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye, on the Ore, 13 m. NE. 
 Ipswich,- I m. NW. Marlesford stn., P.O. P. <500. See 
 Par ham. 
 
 Hachljo-shlma, or Hatslzlo, isl. (the Fatslzlo of marine 
 charts). Pacific, 137 m. S. of Tokyo Bay, in about 33^ 6' N., 
 139° 50' E. , essentially volcanic in character, with coast generally 
 rugged ; cap. Okago, on the W. ct. P. 2000. 
 
 Hachilah (Hill), placed named in O. T. See Dhahret el 
 Kolah. 
 
 Hachl-lshl, Japan. See Nlltko. 
 
 Hachl-no-he, tn. , Japan, 48 m. SE. by E. Aomori. P. 10,600. 
 
 Hachlojl, tn. , Japan, 25 m. W. Tokyo, centre of an important 
 silk dist. P. 17,400. 
 
 Hachlro-gata, large lagoon, Japan, on W. ct., crossed by 
 40° N., 140° E. , communicating on the SW. with the sea by an 
 entrance only 150 yds. wide. Greatest length (N. to S.), 17 m. ; 
 breadth about ^\ m. 
 
 Hackballs Cross, P.O., Ire., NW. co. Louth, bar. Upper 
 Dundalk, 5 m. WNW. Dundalk. 
 
 Hackbrldge, hamlet, Eng. , Surrey, Wimbledon div. , 9J m. 
 S. by W. St. Paul's, London, on the L. B. & S. C. R. 
 
 Hackensack, tn., U.S., New Jersey, cap. Bergen co., on 
 Hackensack R. , 12 m. N. Jersey City, 14 m. by rail N. New" York. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Hackensack, New, vil., U.S., New York, Dutchess co. , 64 
 m. N. New York. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hackenthorpe, P.O., Eng., Derbyshire, 2 m. W. Beighton. 
 
 Hacketstown, par. and tn. , Ire. , cos. Carlow and Wicklow, 
 bars. Rathvilly and S. Ballinacor, 15^ m. E. by N. Carlow, 5 
 m. from Rathvilly stn., PM.O. Par. 11,623 ^^•> P. <25oo; 
 tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Hackettstown, tn. , U.S., New Jersey, Warren co., on 
 Musconetcong R., 63 m. by rail SW. New York. P. <3000. 
 
 Hackford, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 12 ra. WSW. 
 Norwich, i^ m. SSW. Kimberley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hackford, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, 7 m. NE. Elmham. P. <750 ; 
 eccles. par. (H. and Whltwell) P. < 1500. 
 
 Hackforth, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 6^ ni. 
 SE. Richmond. P. <250. 
 
 Hacking Point, harb. , New South Wales, about 18 m. S. 
 Port Jackson. 
 
 Hacklngton, par. , Eng. , Kent, partly in bor. of Canterbtiry, 
 on the Stour. P. <75o. 
 
 Hacklnsall, par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Preesall. 
 
 Hackleton, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 5 m. 
 SE. Northampton, i\ m, W. Piddington and Horton stn. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Hackmys, par. , Ire. , cos. Cork and Limerick, bars. Orrery 
 and Kilmore, and Coshma, i m. E. Charleville. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hackness, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 
 on the Derwent, 4^ m. W. by N. Scarborough, PM.O. P. <25o ; 
 eccles. par. (H. "with Harwood Dale) P. <750. 
 
 Hackney, settlement. Cape Colony, div. Queenstown, 60 m. 
 NW. King William's Town. 
 
 Hackney, par. and pari, bor., in the NE. of London, the 
 latter divided into the N. (P. 77,200), Central (P. 64,800), and 
 S. (P. 87,600) divs. , each returning one member, on G. E. & N. 
 London Rly. Par. P. 198,600; metropolitan urban sanitary 
 area, P. 229,500. H. Harsh, an area of 337 ac. between H. 
 and Low Leyton, partly skirted and p»artly traversed by the 
 Lee, was opened as a public playground in July 1894. 
 
 Hackney Downs, junc. stn., Eng., London, on the G. E. R. 
 (June, for Chingford), 3 m. NE. by N. St. Paul's. 
 
 Hackney Wick, suburb of London, Eng., Middlesex, 
 Hackney div., 3^ m. NE. St Paul's, close to Homerton and 
 Victoria Park stns. 
 
 Hackpen Hill, Eng., in the NE. of Devonshire, 11 m. E. 
 Tiverton. 
 
 Hackthom, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 7 m. 
 N. by E. Lincohi, 5 m. WNW. Snelland stn., P.O. P.<50o; 
 eccles. par. (H. with Cold Hanworth) P. <5oo. 
 
 Hackthorpe, PMT.O., Eng., Westmorland, Appleby div., 
 5 m, SSE. Penrith, i J m. S. cSfton and Lowther sta 
 
H AGO 
 
 H A D R 
 
 Haconby, P. O. , Eng. See Hacconby. 
 
 Had, Ras el, the SE. point of Oman, Arabia, in 22° 3' N. 
 
 Hadamar, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 21 m. ENE. 
 Koblenz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Uadas, wadi, Abyssinia, flowing in rains N. then E. into 
 Annesley Bay, in 15° 15' N., its bed affording an easy pass (the 
 Tekonda Pass) to the tableland; its 1. bk. trib., the Aliguddi, 
 affords another easy pass more to the N. 
 
 Hsidaya, tn., India, Punjab, in native state of Patiala. P. 
 6200 ; Hindus, 2500 ; Sikhs, 2400. 
 
 Hiidda, meteorological stn. , Scot. , Argyllshire. See Jura. 
 
 Haddam, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Middlesex co. , on r. bk. 
 of the Connecticut, 23 m. WNW. New London ; has extensive 
 granite quarries. P. <3000. 
 
 Haddeby, the oldest Christian church and par. in Schleswig, 
 Ger. , on the Schlei, opposite the town Schleswig. The church 
 is said to have been built in 851. 
 
 Haddenham, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 6 m. 
 SW. by W. Aylesbury, 2^ m. NE. Thame stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Haddenliam, par., Eng., Cambridge, Chesterton div., 5^ m. 
 WSW. Ely, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. ; 8924 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Haddeii HIU, hill, Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 3I m. ENE. 
 Lyme Regis. 
 
 Haddington, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., on 
 the Witham, 6 m. SW. by S. Lincoln, 2 J m. SSE. Thorpe stn. 
 P. <25o. See Hyckham, South. 
 
 Haddington, royal burgh, market-tn. , and par., Scot., cap. 
 CO., on the Tyne, terminus of a branch of N. B. R. , 18 m. E. 
 Edinburgh, 7 m. S. by W. North Berwick. It is perhaps the 
 largest market in Scotland for corn and other agricultural pro- 
 duce. Fairs in April and October. H. is a very ancient royal 
 burgh, and holds its last charter dated 1624. King Alexander 
 II. was born here in 1198. The town disputes with Gifford 
 the honour of being the birthplace of the Reformer John Knox. 
 Alt. 147 ft. Market-day, F. Par. 12,113 ^'^■> P- S^oo ; tn. and 
 royal burgh, P. <40oo. 
 
 Haddington Hill, hill, Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 5J 
 m. SE. by S. Aylesbury. 
 
 Haddingtonshire, or East Lothlau, co., Scot., having 
 about 17 m. of coast on the NW. and N. on the Firth of Forth, 
 and 13 m. on the NE. on the German Ocean, in both cases ex- 
 clusive of windings. Its surface sinks from the Lammermuir 
 Hills, or more properly uplands (highest point 1749 ft., about 
 the middle of the S. border), towards the N. and E. Only 
 stream of importance the Tyne, which enters the county from 
 Midlothian and flows NE. and enters the German Ocean about 
 3 ra. W. Dunbar. The hill tracts, which have smooth rounded 
 outlines, and are adapted for the most part for little but sheep- 
 pastures, though the lower spurs are in some cases carefully 
 cultivated to the top, are mainly composed of Silurian shales 
 with flagstones, graywackes, and other rocks of Silurian age, 
 associated in places with members of the Upper Old Red Sand- 
 stone. The lowlands are mainly of Carboniferous age, the NE. 
 half from the meridian of N. Berwick belonging chiefly to the 
 Calciferous Sandstone period, and containing extensive volcanic 
 remains of that p)eriod in the form of porphyritic lavas, coarse 
 ash, breccias, and agglomerates. In places these remains form 
 isolated hills, Garleton Hill (590 ft., on the top of which is the 
 monument to the Earl of Hopetoun), composed of lava and 
 tuff, to the N. of Haddington, North Berwick Law (612 ft.) and 
 Traprain Law (724 ft., near East Linton), both volcanic vents 
 filled with crystalline rocks. The W. half of the lowlands 
 mainly belongs to the Carboniferous Limestone, including the 
 upper and lower limestones and a middle series containing coal 
 and ironstones adjoining the coalfield of Midlothian. Coal, 
 including splint and parrot coal, is mined at Tranent, Ormiston, 
 Prestonpans, and Macmerry. Ironstone was till recently mined 
 at the last-mentioned place, where there are iron-works. Red 
 hematite was formerly mined on Garleton Hill. The county 
 has long been noted for its agriculture. A strip of rich soil is 
 found along the base of the hills, where lie the villages of Salton, 
 Gifford, Garvald, Stenton, Spott, Innerwick, and Oldhamstocks, 
 in that order from W. to E. Further N. a band of tough in- 
 tractable clay stretches across the county, but in the neighbour- 
 hood of Dunbar this gives place to a rich loam and light clay, 
 noted for its wheat, oats, and potatoes. (For agricultural 
 statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12.) The N. B. R. main line 
 runs from W. to E. through the county to Dunbar and thence 
 along the coast into Berwickshire, and has branches to North 
 Berwick, Haddington, and Macmerry. Principal towns, Had- 
 dington (the county town), Dunbar, North Berwick, Tranent, and 
 Prestonpans. The county returns one member to Parliament. 
 Area, 173,447 ac. P. (1891) 37,500. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Haddlscoe, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 9 m. SW. Yarmouth, 
 on the G. E. R., P.O. P.<soo; eccles. par. (H. with Toft 
 Monks) P. <iooo. 
 
 Haddlesey, or Chapel Haddlesey, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Barkston Ash div., on the Aire, 11 m. W. by N. Goole, 
 2 m. WNW. Temple Hirst stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Haddlesey, West, par. , i m. to the W. , on the Selby Canal. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Haddock Sands, Scot. , Shetland Is. , Mainland, off the W. 
 ct. , in 60° 11' N., 1° 23' W. 
 
 Haddon, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 5J m. 
 SW. Peterborough, 3 m. SSW. Overton stn. P. <25o. See 
 Chest«rton. 
 
 Haddon, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Mid div. 
 of Northamptonshire, iijm. ESE. Rugby, ijm. NNW. Althorp 
 Park stn. East H., PMT.O., P.<soo; West H., PMT.O., 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Haddon, Nether and Over, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Derbyshire, W. div. , 10 m. ESE. Buxton, 2 m. SE. Bakewell ; 
 ochre mined. Nether H. P. <25o; Over H. P. <:2So. 
 
 Haddon, post-tp., Victoria, Grenville co., 7J m. WSW. 
 Ballarat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Haddonfleld, bor., U.S., New Jersey, Camden co., 6 m. E. 
 Philadelphia (Penn.). P. <3000. 
 
 Hadeln (formerly Otterudorf), circle, Prussia, in the N., 
 prov. Hanover, N. of 53^° N., crossed in the extreme W. by 
 8|° E. ; cap. Otterndorf. 
 
 Hadendoa, or Hadendowa, the most powerful tribe of the 
 Beja stock in S. Nubia, inhabiting the Taka plateau between 
 Kassala and Fillik, and the region to the N. between the Barkat 
 and the Atbara. Rear excellent camels ; given to rapine ; speak 
 Arabic. 
 
 Hadersleben, tn. , Ger., Prussia, prov. Schleswig- Holstein, 
 cap. circle H., 32 m. N. by E. Flenslaurg, on H. Fohrde (inlet). 
 P. 8400. 
 
 Hadfield, eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire, High Peak div., 
 3i m. ESE. Stalybridge, on the M. S. and L. R., PMT.O. 
 P. 7300. 
 
 Hadham, Little, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and loj m. 
 NE. by E. Hertford, 2^ m. WNW. Bishop Stortford, P.O. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Hadham, Much, par. , 2J m. SW. by S. Little H. , i^ m. N. of 
 its stn. (Hadham) on the G. E. R., PMT.O. ; 4490 ac. P. < 
 1500 ; eccles. par. (Mnch H. with Perry dreen) P. < 1500. 
 
 Hadhdz, Hungary. See Hajdn-Hadhdz. 
 
 Hadhr, El, site with ruins, Turkey in Asia, Mesopotamia, 
 about 75 m. SW. Mosul ; the Aira of the Roman wars against 
 the Parthians. 
 
 Hadld, Ras, or Cap de Per, cape, Algeria, N. ct., in 7° 10' 
 E., with a lighthouse. 
 
 HadlkfalTa, or Dornestl, comm. , Austria, Bukowina, 28 m. 
 S. by E. Czernowitz ; rly. junc. for Radautz. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Hadltha, tn. , Turkey in Asia, on an island in the Euphrates, in 
 34° 15' N., about 160 m. WNW. Bagdad; formerly important. 
 
 Haditheth, vil., Palestine, Adida in the O. T.,3i° 58' N., 
 34° 57' E. , 13 m. SE. by E. Jaffa (ancient Joppa). 
 
 Hadlelgh, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 4^ m. W. by N. 
 Southend, 2 m. ENE. S. Benfleet stn. ; has a labour colony, 
 founded by ' General ' Booth. P. <75o. 
 
 Hadlelgh, market-tn. and par., Eng., Suffolk, on riv. Brett, 
 Sudbury div., 9 m. W. by S. Ipswich, with a terminal stn. on 
 the G. E. R. Market-day, M. 4318 ac. P. -c 3500. 
 
 Hadlelgh near Boxford, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Sudbury div. , 
 3 m. SW. Hadleigh stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hadley, eccles. par., Eng., Salop, Wellington div., 10 m. E. 
 Shrewsbury, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Hadley, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Ombersley, Worcestershire. 
 
 Hadley, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire co., on the 
 1. bk. of Connecticut R., 10 m. N. by E. Holyoke. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Hadley, vil., U.S., New York, on Hudson R., co. and 22 m. 
 N. Saratoga Springs by rail ; gneiss extensively quarried here. 
 
 Hadley, South, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire co., 3 
 m. NNE. Holyoke ; has Mount Holyoke Seminary, the first 
 college for females established in the country. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hadley FaUs, South, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire 
 CO., opposite Holyoke, 8 m. N. Springfield, on Connecticut R., 
 which here falls 45 ft. , a series of rapids affording water-power 
 utilised in the manufacture of ginghams, &c. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hadley Wood, stn., Eng., Middlesex, Enfield div., on the 
 G. N. R., ii|m. N. St. Paul's, PMT.O. 
 
 Hadlow, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Levis co. , on the r. bk. of St. 
 Lawrence, 4 m. S. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hadlow (ancient Haslow, ' hazel hill. ' See Law) par. , Eng. , 
 Kent, div. and sh m. NE. by E. Tunbridge, 3J m. W. Yalding 
 stn., PMT.O. ; 5936 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Hadlow Down, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, Rye and E. Grin- 
 stead divs., 10 m. SSW. Tunbridge Wells, 2 m. E. Buxted stn., 
 P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hadlow Road, stn., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., on the 
 L. & NW. R., 8 m. NW. Chester. 
 
 Hadnall, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 5 m. NNE. 
 Shrewsbury, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Hadramut, more commonly but apparently improperly 
 Hadramaut, a name sometimes applied to the part of S. Arabia 
 between Yemen and Oman, sometimes restricted to the region 
 extending E. from Yemen and the dependencies of Aden to about 
 
 633 
 
HADR — HAHA 
 
 51 J° E. , bounded on the N. by desert ; but originally, it would 
 appear, and still strictly, applied to a valley in this latter 
 region running for about 100 m. first parallel to the coast, and 
 then bending round to the SE. and opening into the Indian 
 Ocean at Seihut in 51 J° E. , where it discharges the scanty waters 
 of the neighbouring plateau {akaba), which is furrowed by its 
 tributary valleys or ravines, and in the S. descends rather 
 abruptly to the narrow littoral tract (sahit). The littoral tract 
 is extremely arid, but contains numerous hot springs, which are 
 utilised by means of underground channels to fertilise tracts here 
 and there. The principal cultivation is in the valleys, where 
 groves of date-palms abound. Cap. and chief town in the interior 
 Shibam, at the meeting-place of the chief valleys ; chief coast 
 towns, Mokalla, Sheher, Koseir, and Seihut. The main valley 
 was first reached by Europeans in 1893, when it was entered by 
 Mr. Leo Hirsch, and afterwards by Mr. and Mrs. Bent. See 
 Geog. Jour., 1894, pp. 315, &c. Principal port, Makalla. Area 
 about 100,000 sq. m. P. estimated at 500,000. 
 
 Hadres, tn. , Lower Austria, dist. Haugsdorf. P. < 3000. 
 
 Hadrian's Wall, the Roman wall connecting the Tyne and 
 the Solway in the N. of England. It began at Newcastle, and 
 kept generally 2-4 m. N. of the Tyne, in Cumberland N. of 
 the Irthing, crossed the Eden at Carlisle, and terminated on the 
 Solway at Port Carlisle. The wall was of stone, bordered by 
 a ditch on the N. and a line of ramparts on the S. It is named 
 after the Emperor Hadrian, who probably built it about 119 a.d. 
 About ninety years later it was restored by Severus. Remains 
 of the wall can still be traced in many places. 
 
 Hadselo, or ITlfS, isl. , off the N. ct. of Norway, the most 
 southerly of the Vesteraalen group. 
 
 Hadsor, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Droitwich div., 6 m. 
 SSW. Bromsgrove, i m. E. Droitwich, on the Worcester and 
 Birmingham Canal. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (H. with Oddlngley 
 E.) P. <soo. 
 
 Hadspen, post-tp. , Tasmania, Cornwall co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the S. Esk, 8 m. SW. by S. Launceston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hadstock, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 4 m. NNE. Saffron 
 Walden, i m. S. Linton stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Hadstone, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 10 m. NE. Morpeth. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Hadzl-Jeiles, vil. , Bulgaria, En. Roumelia, on the Maritsa, 
 prov. Has-koi, 24 m. E. Philippopolis. P. <20oo. 
 Hadil-Oghlu-PazardzUi, Bulgaria. See Dobrlc*. 
 
 Haeltert, comm. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. and 3 m. 
 SW. by S. Alost. P. <4000. 
 
 Haenertsbnrg, small settlement, S. African Republic, Zout- 
 pansberg dist. , about 145 m. NE. by N. Pretoria; goldfield near. 
 
 Hafaln-bn, isls., Pacific. See Varan. 
 
 Hafar, or Haffar, channel. See Karnn R. 
 
 Hafen, Havn, Hamm, Teutonic and Scandinavian, 'a harb.' 
 
 Haffen-lMelur, vil. , Prussia, in the N. of the Rhine Prov. , 14 
 m. ESE. Cleve. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Hafflr, vil., Africa, Nubia, on 1. bk. of the Nile, 46 m. N. 
 New Dongola. 
 
 Hafnerzell. See 01>ernzell. 
 
 Hafod (from Hafbod, Cymric, 'a summer residence.' See 
 Bod), place, Wales, Glamorganshire, i m. N. Swansea, included 
 in the pari. bor. of Swansea, with copper-mine. 
 
 Hafod, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. NW. Pontypridd, 
 on the Taff Vale Rly., with coal-mine, PMT.O. 
 
 Hafsa, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. and i6j m. SE. by E. 
 Adrianople. 
 
 Hag, Hagen, Haigh, Hay, Hain, Teutonic and Scandinavian, 
 ' an enclosure,' literally ' a place surrounded by a hedge.' 
 
 Hagbonrne, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Berk- 
 shire, div. and 6 m. SSE. Abingdon, i^ m. NE. Upton stn., 
 PM.O. East H. P.<i5oo; West H. P.<2So. 
 
 Hagedls, rocks, in Sunda Archipelago, SE. of Celebes. 
 
 Hagen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, lo^ m. S. Dortmund. 
 P. 35,400. 
 
 Hagenan, French spelling Hagnenan, tn., Ger., Alsace-Lor- 
 raine, on the Moder R., 9 m. S. by E. Worth, 16 m. N. by E. 
 Strassburg ; has important manufactures of enamelled earthen- 
 ware stoves, shoes, cotton goods, &c. The forest of H. , 58 sq. 
 m. in extent, belongs half to the state, and half to comm. P. 
 10,100. 
 
 Hagendorf, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Solothurn, 3 m. WSW. Olten. 
 V. (comm.)<20oo. 
 
 Hagenow, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 17 m. SW. by 
 S. Schwerin. P. <40oo. 
 
 Hagerstown, vil., U.S., Indiana, Wayne co., 88 m. by rail 
 NW. Cincinnati. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hagerstown, manufacturing city, U.S., Maryland, Wash- 
 ington CO., 60 m. NW. by N. Washington (D. C). P. lo.ioo. 
 
 Hagcrsyllle, vil., Canada, Ontario, Haldimand co., 25 m. 
 SSW. Hamilton; a rly. June. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hagetman, tn., France, dep. Landes, arr. St. Severs, 15 m. 
 NE. Orthez. P. <20oo. 
 
 Haggardstown, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. Upper Dundalk, 
 on bay and 2 m. SE. Dundalk. P. <7SO. 
 
 6;^ 
 
 Haggerston, Eng., London, on the N. L. R., 2 m. NNE. St. 
 Paul's. 
 
 Haggerston, pari. div. , Eng. , London. See Sboredltcb. 
 
 Haggs, vil., Scot., StirHngshire, 6 m. W. Falkirk, i m. WSW. 
 Dennyloanhead stn. See HoUaudbnsb. 
 
 Hagl, tn., Japan, 145 m. NE. by N. Nagasaki, on the W. ct. 
 of Honshiu. P. 21,000. 
 
 Hagia Anna, vil, Greece, in the N. of Euboea I., 30 m. 
 NNW. Chalkis. 
 
 Hagla Harlna, small seapt., on the E. side of Leros I., Asia 
 Minor, in 37° 10' N. , 26° 54' E. 
 
 Haglon Oros. See Atbos. 
 
 Hagios, -a, -on (pronounced aiyos, &c.), Greek, 'holy.' 
 
 Haglos Geoi^los, fort, Greece, on the W. ct. of Acarnania 
 and .iEtolia, 47 m. NW. Mesolonghi. 
 
 Haglos Georglos, tn. , Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinthia, 
 13 m. N. by W. Argos. P. <20oo; comm. (Nemea)<5ooo. 
 
 Haglos Georglos, or Belblna, isl. , Greece, at the mouth of 
 Gulf of .iEgina, 35 ra. S. by E. Athens. 
 
 Haglos loannes, vil., Greece, prov. Arcadia, 18 m. SW. by 
 S. Nauplia. P. < 2000. 
 
 Haglos Nlkolaos, vil., Greece, on the E. ct. of Cerigo I, 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Haglos Petros, tn., Greece, prov. Arcadia, 16 m. SE. by S. 
 Tripolis. P. <40oo; comm. (Parnon)<:5ooo. 
 
 Haglostratl (aiyistrati), Greek name, Turkish Bozbaba, 
 Turkish island in the .<Egean Sea, SSW. of Lemnos, and 
 WNW. of Mitylene. 
 
 Hagley, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Droitwich div., 6 m. 
 ENE. Kidderminster, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hagley, postal-tp., Tasmania, Westmoreland co., 14 m. 
 WSW. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hagley Road, stn. , Eng. , Birmingham, Edgbaston div. , on 
 the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Hagnaby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 12 m. 
 N. by E. Boston, 4 m. WSW. Spilsby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hagnaby, part of par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Hannah. 
 
 Hagrl, riv. , India. See Hngrl. 
 
 Hags Head, cape. Ire., on NW. ct. co. Clare ; height, 407 ft.; 
 lat. 52° 5/ N. 
 
 Hague, a former dist. of Normandy, France, chief town Cher- 
 bourg, now part of dep. Manche. 
 
 Hague, tn., U.S., New York, Warren co., on N. of Lake 
 George, 52 m. S. by W. Burlington (Vt.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Hague, Cap de la, cape, France, the NW. point of penin. 
 of Cotentin, dep. Manche, on the English Channel. 
 
 Hague, The, Dutch, s'Grarenhage (' the Count's enclosure,' 
 a hunting seat of the princes of Orange. See Hag), or Den 
 Haag, French La Haye, tn., Netherlands, cap. prov. of S. 
 Holland, and the usual residence of the court, and the seat 
 of the States-General, though Amsterdam still retains the 
 nominal title of cap. of the Netherlands, on a branch of the 
 Leyden and Rotterdam Canal, 14 m NW. Rotterdam, and 33 m. 
 SW. Amsterdam, 4 m. from the watering-place of Scheveningen, 
 on the North Sea, with which The H. is connected by a magnifi- 
 cent avenue bordered by trees ; 52° 3' N., 4° 18' E. It is en- 
 closed by a moat, crossed by drawbridges, and many streets are 
 intersected by canals, bordered with rows of trees. All the prin- 
 cipal edifices are in the Vyverberg, or great square of its north or 
 fashionable quarter. The national museum comprises collections 
 of Chinese and Japanese curiosities, and of Dutch national relics, 
 with a rich gallery of Dutch paintings, among which is Paul 
 Potter's celebrated ' Bull' The royal library is remarkably rich 
 in ivories, paintings, incunabula, and MSS. The Binnen- 
 hof, appropriated to the States Assembly and the chief govt, 
 offices, comprises a portion of the residence of the ancient counts 
 of Holland. A road called the Voorhout leads N. to the park 
 called the Bosch, on one side of which a zoological and botanic 
 garden has been laid out. Printing and various manufactures 
 are carried on. Birthplace of the astronomer Huygens, the 
 physician Boerhaave, and the place where Spinoza, to whom a 
 monument has been erected, died (1677). P. (1869) 82,000 ; 
 (1889, including Scheveningen) 160,500. 
 
 Haguenan, tn., Ger. See Hagenan. 
 
 Hague's Peak, mt., U.S., Colorado, in the S. of Larimer 
 CO., in the Front range, 65 m. NW. Denver. Alt. 13,832 ft. 
 (King). 
 
 Haguro-san (38:^° N., 140° 2' E.)and Gwassan (12 m. to 
 the E.), mts., Japan, noted throughout the length and breadth 
 of the land for their sanctity, and yearly visited by crowds of 
 pilgrims. 
 
 Hagworthlngham, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey 
 div., II m. S. Louth, 4 m. NW. by W. Spilsby stn., PMT.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Haha, prov. , Morocco, on the Atlantic coast, near Cape Gir ; 
 chief town, Mogadon 
 
 Ha Ha Kay, or Grande Bale, bay and summer resort, 
 Quebec, Chicoutimi co., stretching 7 miles WSW. from the 
 riv. Saguenay, in 70° 46'-55' W. , and receiving from the S. the 
 Ha Ha R., which issues from Ha Ha Lake in the S. of the co. 
 
H A H N 
 
 H A I N 
 
 Hatandorf, tp. , S. Australia, co. and 15 m. SE. by E. Ade- 
 laide ; has goldfields near. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hahn's Peak, vil., U.S., Colorado, Routt co., no m. E. by 
 S. of the NW. corner of the state ; gold-mines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hai, Chinese, ' sea.' 
 
 Hai, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 106 m. NW. Busra, 
 sanjak Muntefik. P. 5000 (mainly Shiah Moham. ). 
 
 Haicheng, or Halcbiing, tn. Manchuria, prov. Liautung, 
 32 m. E. by N. Newchwang ; scene of a defeat of Chinese by 
 Japanese, December 19, 1894. 
 
 Hald, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, 27 m. W. Pilsen. Alt. 1550 ft. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Haida, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 22 m. W. Reichenberg. P. 
 <30oo. 
 
 Haldar&bM, or Hyderilbdd, tn. , Brit. India, Sind, dist. H. , 
 90 m. ENE. Kardchi ; the old cap. of Sind, to the E. of the 
 Indus, standing on one of the few insignificant limestone ridges 
 that traverse the Indus valley. Noted from earliest times for 
 its manufactures, ornamented silks, silver and gold work, and 
 lacquered ware. Alt. 94 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 79° F. , Jan. 63°, 
 June 91°; rfall., yr. 8.0 in., July-Aug. 6.0 in. P. (1891) 54,600; 
 Hindus, 32,100; Moham. 22,000; with cantonment, 58,000. 
 
 HaldardbM, or Nlzilin's Domlulous, large native state, 
 India, confined to the southern tableland. It owes its second 
 name to the title conferred by the Mughal emperor in the early 
 part of last century on the nobleman who afterwards became the 
 first ruler of the present dynasty, and who fixed his capital at 
 the city of Haidardbdd, divided into the districts named in the 
 following table : — 
 
 Haidarabdd (NizSm's 
 
 Area in 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Increase 
 
 Pop. per 
 
 Dominions). 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 I88I. 
 
 I89I. 
 
 1881-91. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Bidar .... 
 
 4.180 
 
 789 
 
 902 
 
 14-3 
 
 215 
 
 Nandair 
 
 3.343 
 
 636 
 
 633 
 
 •5 
 
 189 
 
 Naldrflg 
 
 4,010 
 
 543 
 
 649 
 
 19-5 
 
 162 
 
 W. Div. . 
 
 ".S33 
 
 1,968 
 
 2,184 
 
 II.O 
 
 189 
 
 Yelgandal 
 
 7,207 
 
 940 
 
 1,095 
 
 16.S 
 
 152 
 
 Indor .... 
 
 4.822 
 
 577 
 
 640 
 
 10.8 
 
 132 
 
 Medak .... 
 
 2,017 
 
 327 
 
 36s 
 
 11.6 
 
 180 
 
 Sirpur Tandur . 
 
 5.029 
 
 21S 
 
 232 
 
 8.0 
 
 46 
 
 N, Div. . 
 
 19.07s 
 
 2,058 
 
 «>33i 
 
 13.2 
 
 122 
 
 Aurangabid . 
 
 6,176 
 
 730 
 
 829 
 
 13-5 
 
 134 
 
 Parbaini 
 
 5,087 
 
 685 
 
 805 
 
 17.6 
 
 158 
 
 Bhir .... 
 
 4,460 
 
 559 
 
 643 
 
 15.0 
 
 144 
 
 NW. Div. . 
 
 ="5.723 
 
 1,974 
 
 a.«77 
 
 iS-3 
 
 144 
 
 Kamamet 
 
 9.779 
 
 676 
 
 853 
 
 26.2 
 
 87 
 
 Nagar Karnul 
 
 6,497 
 
 548 
 
 675 
 
 23.2 
 
 104 
 
 Nalgonda 
 
 4,131 
 
 494 
 
 625 
 
 26.4 
 
 151 
 
 E. Div. . 
 
 20,407 
 
 1,718 
 
 a, 152 
 
 'S-3 
 
 los 
 
 Kulbarga 
 
 4.064 
 
 524 
 
 649 
 
 23-9 
 
 170 
 
 Linsugur . . . 
 
 4,907 
 
 481 
 
 620 
 
 29.0 
 
 126 
 
 Raichur 
 
 3,661 
 
 399 
 
 512 
 
 28.S 
 
 140 
 
 S. Div. . 
 
 12,632 
 
 1,303 
 
 1,782 
 
 36.7 
 
 14s 
 
 Atrafa Balda Dist., in- \ 
 eluding Bolarum ) 
 
 
 
 
 9.6 
 
 
 3,302 
 
 356 
 
 390 
 
 118 
 
 Haidarab^d City . 
 
 4 
 
 124 
 
 124 
 
 .3 
 
 49,623 
 
 Suburbs, including \ 
 Secunderabad . / 
 
 23i 
 
 244 
 
 291 
 
 19.4 
 
 12,382 
 
 Grand Total . 
 
 82,698 
 
 9,846 
 
 ",537^ 
 
 17.2 
 
 140 
 
 1 Including 6600 employed on railways. 
 
 The terr. still under native administration [Berar] is bounded 
 in the NE. by the Wardha, Pranhlta, and Goddvari, in the S. by 
 the rivs. Tungabhadra and Kistna, the line of which is continued 
 roughly north-eastwards to the Godivari by the Eastern Ghits, 
 which complete the southern or south-eastern boundary. In 
 the NW. the terr. extends to the Ajanta Hills, which separate 
 it from part of Bombay ; farther E. the northern boundary 
 is mainly formed by the riv. Pengangd, the southern limit of 
 Berar. The whole course of the riv. Manjira, the chief r. bk. 
 trib. of the Goddvari, is within the western boundary of the 
 state, but the three more important rivers, the Goddvari, Bhfmd, 
 and Kistna, are all cut by the irregular western boundary separat- 
 ing Haidardbdd from Bombay. The Goddvari and the Sina, 
 the latter a trib. of the Bhfma, form part of this boundary in 
 certain places. The surface is varied, and presents no very 
 marked features. The soil is equally varied even on the level 
 tracts. In some places there occurs the black soil (regar), 
 characteristic of the Deccan ; in others, a coarse red soil, far 
 from fertile ; in others again, a finer and richer red soil, believed 
 to be first accumulated in the form of ant hills. As to the climate, 
 see India and Secnnderdb&d. Among the grain crops, in 
 addition to the commoner millets, rdgi has a prominent place. 
 Cotton is grown in considerable quantity, and in some places of 
 specially good quality. Indigo and sugar-cane are among the 
 other more valuable products of agriculture. Fruits are abun- 
 dant, and some of these, as the melons and pine-apple of 
 Haidardbdd, and the purple grapes of Daulatdbdd, have a high 
 reputation outside the limits of the state. Among domestic 
 animals may be mentioned sheep and horses, the latter of which 
 have long been noted. The rivers have only a minor value as 
 
 means of communication. The standard-gauge railways which 
 establish communication between Bombay and Madras cross 
 the SW. angle of the state, and from this hne the Nizdm's 
 railway, also standard-gauge, proceeds eastwards past Haidard- 
 bdd, to which there is a short branch, and finally south-eastwards 
 to Bezwdda, at the head of the Kistna delta, in Madras. A 
 branch from this line goes to the Singareni coalfield. 
 
 Haldar^Md, tn., India, cap. H. state, in 17° 21' 45" N. and 
 78° 30' 10" E. ; founded in 1589, and first called Bhdgnagar, is 
 situated towards the S. of the state, on the Musi R. , a trib. of 
 the Kistna. It is a walled town, standing amidst wild and pic- 
 turesque scenery, and is inhabited by the most varied population 
 in India, and the most warlike in aspect. Its chief buildings 
 are the palace of the Nizam, several mosques, and towering 
 above all the magnificent pile forming the British Residency. 
 P. with suburbs, including Secunderdbad (1881) 355,000 ; (1891) 
 415,000. 
 
 Haldardbild Assigned Districts. See Berar. 
 
 Haldargarb, pass, Brit. India. See Hosangadl. 
 
 Haldas, tribe. See Qneen Cbarlotte Islands. 
 
 Haide, or Heide, Teutonic, ' a heath.' 
 
 Haldra, celebrated ruined site, 7 m. from the Algerian frontier 
 of Tunis, 20 m. in a direct line NE. Tebessa. 
 
 Haldncl ^okar Pass. See Balkan Monntalns. 
 
 llaldznong, fortified tn. , Tongking, on an arm of the Song- 
 koi delta, 32 m. E. by S. Hanoi, cap. of prov. of same name. 
 
 Hale Descartes, La, comm., France, dep. Indre-et- Loire, 
 on the Gartempe, arr. Loches, 29 m. S. Tours. P. <20oo. 
 
 Haifa, Calffa, Kbalfa, or Kalffa (the Scaminum of St. 
 Jerome and Eusebius), seapt., Syria, 32° 49' N., 35° E., 9 m. 
 SSW. Acre, at the foot of Mount Carmel, starting point of a pro- 
 jected railway to the Hauran and Damascus ; roadstead open to 
 the N W. , with good anchorage in 6 fathoms of water, and steam- 
 boat stn. There is a German colony in the neighbourhood, dating 
 from 1870 ; and more recently a colony of Russian Jews has 
 been settled near. P. 3000. 
 
 Halfeng, or Halfong, tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, 135 m. 
 E. Canton. 
 
 Halfong, or Halpbong, tn. and seapt., with French settle- 
 ment, Tongking, on the Cam, one of the branches of the Songkoi 
 delta, in 20° 51' 43" N., 106° 40' 45" E. ('the great pagoda'), 
 situated amidst marshes, 60 m. in a direct line, 144 m. follow- 
 ing the windings of the river from Hanoi ; the only port in the 
 interior to which vessels drawing 13 ft. of water can penetrate. 
 A sandy bar prevents the entrance of vessels of larger size. 
 There are floating iron wharves and a pontoon, 540 ft. long, 
 but no docks. Imports consist chiefly of Chinese silks, English 
 cotton, and various medicines ; exports tin, lacquer, varnishing 
 oils, raw cotton, &c. Mean temp., yr. 75.6° F., Jan. 61.7°, Aug. 
 84.6°. P. at least 10,000, including many French. 
 
 Halfang, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, 98 m. SSE. Tientsin. 
 
 Haigk, Teutonic, ' an enclosure. ' See Hag. 
 
 Halgb, par., Eng. , Lancashire, Ince div., 2^ m. NNE. Wigan 
 (q.v.), I m. E. Red Rock stn., with coal-mines, PMT.O. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Halgb, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the L. & Y. R., 
 4J m. NW. Barnsley, P.O. 
 
 Halgbton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Blackpool div., 4 m. NE. 
 by N. Preston, i m. NW. Grimsargh stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Haljn, tn. , Korea, 54 m. NW. Chemulpo, in 38° i' N. 
 
 Halkeu, tn. , China. See Holbou. 
 
 Hail, improperly Hayll, oasis, Arabia, at the E. end of the 
 Jebel Aja, about 280 m. NE. Medina. 
 
 Hall4k4ndl, vil. , Brit. India, Assam, dist. Cachar,N8o m. W. 
 by S. Manipur. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Halle, par., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 7J m. SE. 
 by S. Whitehaven, 2 m. NE. Beckermet stn. P. <250. 
 
 Halles, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 8 m. 
 NE. by E. Cheltenham. P. <:25o. See Dldbrook. 
 
 Halles, Jfew, stn. , Scot. , Midlothian, x\ m. W. by S. Mussel- 
 burgh, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Halley, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 6 m. WSW. 
 Woodstock, x\ m. N. by W. Witney. P. < 1500; eccles. par. 
 (H. -vvltb Crawley) P. < 1000. 
 
 Halley, vil, U.S., Idaho, cap, Alturas co., 95 m. E. Boise. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Halleybury College, Eng. See Hertford. 
 
 Hal-Llug, isl. , on the S. ct. of China, prov. Kwangtung, 
 SW. of the Bay of Canton. 
 
 Hallsbam, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 6^ m. N. by W. 
 Eastbourne, on the L. B. & S. C. R. ; 5330 ac. P. <35oo ; 
 eccles. par. (H. wltb Polegate) P. <35oo. 
 
 Hall Weston, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and 8 m. 
 SW. Huntingdon, 2^ m. WNW. St. Neots stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 See Sontboe. 
 
 Halmer, El, caravan stn. in the Nubian desert, on the road 
 from Assuan to Senndar ; has brackish spring water. 
 
 Hain, Teutonic, 'an enclosure.' See Hag. 
 Hainan, large isl. , in the S. of China, separated by H. Strait 
 from the penin. in the S. of the prov. of Kwangtung, to which it 
 
 635 
 
HAIN — HAIT 
 
 belongs; chief town, Kiungchou, near the N. ct., a treaty 
 port (harbour at Hoihou). The central and southern portions 
 are mountainous, but the whole northern half is a plain, mostly 
 undulating, but level to a great extent, and broken occasionally 
 by low ridges and isolated hills. The island is subject to 
 typhoons and earthquakes. The coast opposite the mainland, 
 and all the low-lying land up to the base of the hills (which are 
 inhabited by the Lis, a simple, kindly, hospitable people), is 
 peopled by Chinese immigrants. Area, 13,166 ac. P. (estimated 
 1890) 2,000,000. 
 
 Hainan, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 10 m. WNW. Liegnitz. 
 P. 8100. 
 
 Halnanlt, or Halnbanlt (he'nawlt). Forest, a former forest, 
 Eng. , Essex, to the SE. of Epping Forest, and separated from it on 
 the NW. by the Roding valley, 3 m. NW. Romford ; contained 
 the Fairlop Oak, under which an annual fair was held for centuries. 
 Disafforested about 1855, and now mainly under the plough. 
 
 Halnant, formerly spelt also Hainanlt, middle prov. on the 
 S. frontier of Belgium (^.v.), traversed in the SE. by the valley 
 of the Gambre, cap. Mons ; contains the two richest coalfields 
 of Belgium (respectively round Mons and Charleroi). Area, 
 1437 sq. m. P. 1,049,000. 
 
 Halnant, an old div. of French Flanders, now comprised in 
 dep. Nord. 
 
 Halnbnrg, tn. , Austria, crownland Lower Austria, 25 m. E. 
 by S. Vienna, on the r. bk. of the Danube ; has the ruins of 
 a castle of the Knights Templars on a rock rising from the 
 Danube. P. 5100. 
 
 Halndorf, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Friedland. P. <3000. 
 
 Halne, riv., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, flows W. 40 m. past 
 Mons and St. Ghislain to the Scheldt, which it joins opposite 
 Cond6, dep. Nord, France, whence it is navigable to Mons. 
 The prov. Hainaut derives its name from this river. 
 
 Haines, mission stn., U.S., Alaska, on N. side of Chilcoot 
 Inlet, in 59° 14' N. and 135° 27' W. 
 
 Halne St. Panl, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Mons, 
 II m. W. by N. Charleroi. P. 5000. 
 
 Halne St. Pierre, comm., adjoining Haine St. Paul on the 
 E., arr. Thuin. P. 5000. 
 
 Halnewalde, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, govt. Bautzen, dist. 
 Gross-Schonau. P. <30oo. 
 
 Halnfeld, market-vil. , Lower Austria, 30 m. WSW. Vienna. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Halnford, Eng. , Norfolk. See Haynford. 
 Haliig-gyf , or Negrals, isl. See Basseln, riv. , Burma. 
 Hnlnhanlt Forest, Eng. , Essex. See Halnanlt. 
 
 Halnholz, vil., Prussia, prov., circle, and dist. Hanover. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Halulchen, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 10 m. WNW. Freiberg ; 
 has manufactures of cloth and flannel, japanned leather, tanneries, 
 &c. ; the birthplace of Gellert. P. 8300. 
 
 Halnlug, tn. , China, prov. Chekiang, on Hangchow Bay, 28 m. 
 NE. by E. Hangchow. 
 
 Halnton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindseydiv., 9 m. W. 
 by S. Louth, with a stn. (8. WlUlnghani and H.) on the 
 G. N. R., PMT.O. P.<50o. 
 
 Halnworth, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Iiigroiv. 
 
 Haiphong, tn. , Tongking. See Hal-fong. 
 
 Halrmyres, stn., Scot., Lanarkshire, on the C. R., 6J m. S. 
 by E. Glasgow. 
 
 Halshro', Eng. See Happlsbnrgb. 
 
 Hals, El, oasis. See El Hayz. 
 
 Halstborp, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div. , 
 16 m. S. by E. Scarborough, 4 m. SW. by W. Bridlington, i^ 
 m. W. Carnaby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Haitan, isl. , China, in the strait of Formosa, in 25° 35' N. 
 and 120° 27' E. 
 
 Haltang, vil., China, prov. Siichwan, 143 m. SW. by S. 
 Chengtu-fu. Alt. 6490 ft. Also called Ning-yuch. 
 
 Haiti (from an old Carib name meaning 'rough land'), the 
 second in size and in population of the W. Indian Is. , situated 
 between Cuba, from which it is separated by the Windward 
 Passage, and Puerto Rico, from which it is separated by the 
 Mona Passage ; the mainland between 17^° and 20° N. , and 68° 
 20' and 74^° W. Discovered by Columbus, who landed at the 
 Bay of the Mole St. Nicolas in the NW. of the isl. , on the 6th of 
 December 1492. By Columbus it was called Espaflola, ' little 
 Spain,' whence the Latinised name of Hlspanlola. It was 
 afterwards called also Santo Domingo, after its chief town. The 
 isl. is irregular in shape, sending out to the W. two long penins. , 
 one, that of Tiburon, towards Jamaica, and the other, that of St. 
 Nicolas, towards Cuba, and terminating in the E. in two other 
 penins. , these, however, of very unequal size, bounding on the N. 
 and S. the large Bay of Samana. The surface is very varied. 
 There are four principal mountain chains. In the middle section 
 of the isl. there runs parallel to the N. ct. the range of Monte 
 Cristi, which reaches in the Loma Diego Campo the height of 
 4000 ft. To the S. of this range stretches the largest plain in the 
 isl. , the Vega Real (' royal garden '), from the Bay of Manzanillo 
 in the W. , to the Bay of Samana in the E. , 140 m. long by 15-30 
 636 
 
 ft. broad. There next follows a chain, or series of chains, with 
 a WNW.-ESE. trend, running through the whole isl. firom the 
 Cap k Foux at the W. end of the St. Nicolas penin. to the S. 
 shore of the Bay of Samana. The highest part of this series is 
 about the middle of the isl., and is known as the Sierra de 
 Cibao (from a Carib word meaning ' stony'), whose culminating 
 peaks are the Pico de Yaqui, 9695 ft., the Pico del Valle, 8625 ft., 
 and a little to the S. the Loma Tina, 10,300 ft. , the highest moun- 
 tain in the W. Indies. The third chain, running from about 
 the middle of the western gulf to the region lying N. of the Gulf 
 of Neiba, is nearly parallel to the former, and culminates in the 
 Loma Barranca, 7495 ft. The fourth occupies nearly the whole 
 of the penin. of Tiburon, and runs eastwards to the S. shore of 
 the Gulf of Neiva, rising in the Mornes de la Hotte at the W. 
 end of the penin. of Tiburon to 7395 ft. , in the Sierra de la Selle, 
 about the E. end or root of that penin. , to 8905 ft. Two of the 
 four chief rivers water the Vega Real, both rising in the Sierra 
 de Cibao, the Yaqui, after descending to the plain, flowing 
 WNW. to the Gulf of Manzanillo, and the Yuna E. to the head 
 of the Bay of Samana. The two others flow through the hilly or 
 undulating valleys between the second and third main chains of the 
 isl. , the Artibonite, collecting numerous headwaters from a circle 
 of mountains and finally flowing W. to the large Haitian Gulf, 
 and the Neiba or Yaqui Chico (' Little Yaqui ') flowing S. to the 
 Gulf of Neiba. The climate and vegetable products are similar 
 to those of the other W. Indian Is. The most important export 
 product is coffee. Forests including valuable cabinet and dye- 
 woods (mahogany, brazil-wood, logwood, &c. ) abound over the 
 whole isl. About nine-tenths of the people are negroes, and the 
 remainder mulattoes. At the time of the discovery of the isl. the 
 native Carib population was estimated by Columbus to number 
 about 900,000. This estimate was probably excessive, but there 
 is no doubt that between that date and 1508, when the colonists 
 estimated the number of the natives at 60,000, there was an enor- 
 mous destruction of human life, due to the barbarities inflicted 
 by the Spaniards on the natives in compelling them to aid in the 
 search for gold. In 1533 there are said to have been only 4000 
 surviving Caribs, and by the middle of the i8th century the 
 original natives had all died out. The loss of native labour 
 thus brought about was made good here as elsewhere by the 
 importation of African negroes as slaves. The island remained 
 entirely a Spanish possession till the 17th century. In the first 
 half of that century the French began to settle permanently in 
 the Haitian Gulf, and in the treaty of Ryswick (Rijswijk), in 1697, 
 the western portion of the island was definitely ceded to France. 
 In the course of the next century this part of the island became 
 the seat of numerous cotton and sugar plantations, belonging to 
 wealthy French planters employing negro slaves. This state of 
 matters was put an end to by the outbreak of the French Revolu- 
 tion, when a rebellion broke out among the negroes, in con- 
 sequence of which the white population was extinguished, the 
 whites being either massacred or compelled to make their escape 
 to other isls. In the course of these troubles the Spanish portion 
 of the island had been ceded (1795) to France, and it remained 
 attached to the French portion when the island declared its inde- 
 pendence in 1 801, and again on the ist Jan. 1804. This indepen- 
 dence was gradually recognised by foreign powers, in 1825 even 
 by France, but on condition of the payment of a large indemnity. 
 By the French portion of the island this settlement was accepted, 
 but the Spanish portion refused to share in the payment which 
 ultimately led (in 1844) to the separation of the Spanish portion. 
 Since that date accordingly the island has been divided into two 
 negro republics, a western, occupying about Y*iths of the island, 
 known as the Republic of Haiti, in which French is the oflScial 
 language, and an eastern, known as Santo Domingo, in which 
 the official language is Spanish. 
 
 Haiti, republic, about one-third of the size of Ire. , in the isl. 
 of H. , composed of the two western penins. and the land joining 
 them as far E. as a nearly straight line (apart from minor irregu- 
 larities) , connecting the Bay of Manzanillo in the N. , in 71° 48' W. , • 
 and the mouth of the Pedernales, in 71° 40', in the S. Mountain- 
 ous ; only river the Artabonite. The most important export is 
 coffee, which is sent chiefly to Havre, Hamburg, and Antwerp. 
 Among other exports are cacao, cotton, sugar, mahogany, and 
 logwood. All kinds of industry are, however, in a backward 
 state owing to the indolence of the people, the want of means of 
 communication with the interior, and recurring political and 
 financial troubles. Irrigation is required, but neglected. Coffee- 
 pulping and peeling machines are only beginning to be i ntroduced. 
 There are no railways, but contracts have been signed for the 
 construction of lines from Port-au-Prince, the cap. , and the port 
 of Cape Haitien, on the N. ct., to the interior. The legislative 
 assembly is composed of two chambers, the lower elected for a 
 term of five years by the direct vote of all male citizens engaged in 
 some occupation, the upper nominated by the lower from lists pre- 
 sented by the executive and the electoral colleges. The French 
 system of weights and measures is in use, and French coins 
 circulate. The local monetary unit is the gourde, of 100 cents, 
 equal to the peso of Peru, &c. ; value about 3s. 4d. Area, 11,072 
 sq. m. P. (1887) 960,000, or 87 to the sq. m. 
 
HAIY— HALE 
 
 Halyan, tn. , China, prov. Chekiang, on Hangchow Bay, 50 m. 
 ENE. Hangchow. 
 
 Halyan, ruins, Palestine, Ai in the O. T., 31° 55' N., 35° 16' 
 E. , 9 m. N. by E. Jerusalem. 
 
 Halyang, tn., China, prov. Shantung, on the E. ct., 58 m. 
 S. by W. Chifu. 
 
 Haiyangso, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, on the Yellow Sea, 
 50 m. S. by E. Chifu. 
 
 Haiyiintan, isl. , Manchuria, in Korea Bay, 39° N. , 123° 10' E. 
 
 Halz, tn. , in the SW. of Arabia, southern Yemen, about iq 
 m. from the sea, and 55 m. NNE. Mokha ; noted for its manu- 
 facture of earthenware. P. (adult male) 2000. 
 
 Haizdar, fertile plain, Turkish Armenia, SE. of Lake Van. 
 
 Hajanu'o, or Hujamree, the name of one of the mouths 
 of the riv. Indus, in Sind. It enters the Arabian Sea in about 
 24° s' N. 
 
 Hajar, Batn el {'entrails of rocks'), part of the Nile valley 
 of Nubia, between the second cataract (Wadi Haifa) and Dar 
 Seikkot, having a length of about 93 m. 
 
 Hajareln, tn., Hadramut, S. Arabia, in 15° 29' N.i 46° 22' E. 
 
 HaJar (or Ilejer), El, name applied to that portion of the 
 Arabian coast of the Persian Gulf N. of the Bahrein Gulf as far 
 as Koeit. 
 
 Hajar-Kum ('stones of the Romans '), vil. , Algeria, prov.Oran, 
 19 m. E. Tlemsen, with ruins of the Roman Castra Severiana. 
 
 HajdA-BoszoriiK^ny, tn., with magistracy, Hungary, prov. 
 Hajduken, 13 m. NNW. Debreczen. P. (1850) 14,900; (1869) 
 19,200; (1890)21,200. 
 
 Hajdil-Dorog (or Dolog), market-tn., Hungary, prov. Haj- 
 duken, 21 m. N. by W. Debreczen. P. (comm.) 8700. 
 
 HaJdA-Hadbilz, tn., Hungary, prov. Hajduken, 12 m. N. 
 by E. Debreczen. P. (comm.) 8000. 
 
 Hajdd-N^uils, tn., with magistracy, Hungary, prov. Haj- 
 duken, 20 m. S. Tokay. P. 14,500. 
 
 Uajdaken, or HaJdOi, co., Himgary, crossed by 47^°N., 21 J 
 E. , cap. Debreczen ; so called because during the Ottoman in- 
 vasion into Hungary several towns defended themselves by 
 establishing local constabularies, which were called Hajdii, over 
 which ruled a captain of the dist. 
 
 Hajdii Szobogzlii, tn. , with magistracy, Hungary, prov. Haj- 
 duken, 12 m. WSW. Debreczen. P. 14,700. 
 
 Hajeb, El, ruined site, S. Tunis, about 37 m. SW. Kairwan. 
 
 Hajl Abbas, vil. , Asia Minor, 80 m. N. Angora. Near are 
 some remarkable caves. 
 
 Hajl-Balramll, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Seres, 27 m. 
 NNE. Salonica. 
 
 Hajl Bajur Bay, bay, on the E. side of the Caspian Sea, 
 Russian Transcaspian Terr. , in about 39° N. 
 
 Hajl Bektash, important salt-mines, Asia Minor, vilayet and 
 no m. SE. Angora, 50 m. WNW. Kaisariye. 
 
 Hajl Hamza, vil. , Asia Minor, pashalic Sivas, 68 m. SSW. 
 Sinope, near the 1. bk. of the Kizil Irmak, here crossed by a 
 stone bridge. The mountains in the vicinity, over an area of 
 300 sq. m., present geological peculiarities which indicate the 
 presence of silver. Old shafts have been discovered, which are 
 said to have been worked in classic times. 
 
 Hajl-Kandll, vil.. Upper Egypt, prov. Siut, on the r. bk. of 
 the Nile. Near the village is the mount of Tell-el-Amarna {q.v). 
 
 najikbak Pass. See Bamian. 
 
 Hajl-Kol, tn. , Asia Minor, 30 m. WNW. Amasia. P. <3000. 
 
 Hajln, tn. , Asia Minor, near the r. bk. of the Gok-zu, vilayet 
 and 82 m. NE. by N. Adana, sanjak Khozan. Alt. 4595 ft. 
 P. 12,000 ; Gregorian Armenians, 7500 ; Moham. 3500 (Cuinet). 
 
 Hd,Jipar, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Muzaffarpur, on the 
 1. bk. of the Gandak, at its confluence with the Ganges, 8 m. N. 
 Patnd, with an old fort. P. (1881)25,100; (1891)21,500; Hindus, 
 17,900 ; Moham. 3600. 
 
 Hajlra, El, oasis, Algeria, prov. Constantine, 45 m. NNE. 
 Wargla, on the route to Tuggurt. 
 
 vH4jo, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Kdmriip, 12 m. WNW. 
 Gauhiti. Near it is the celebrated Mahdmuni temple, annually 
 visited by thousands of pilgrims from all parts of India. 
 
 Hajds, comm., Hungary, co. Pest, 10 m. SE. Kalocsa. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Hakarl, mt. dist. , Turkish Kurdistan. See Hakklarl. 
 
 Hakata, tn., Japan, near the NW. ct. of Kiushiu, prov. 
 Chikuzen, 70 m. NNE. Nagasaki, port of Fukuoka, with cele- 
 brated silk manufactures. P. 23,000. 
 
 Hakeu Berg, mt., Ger., E. of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 30 
 m. SE. Rostock. 
 
 Hakersay, one of the smallest of the Hebrides Is., Scot., 
 between Barra and S. Uist. 
 
 Hakklarl, Hakkarl, Hekklarl, or Hakarl, mountainous 
 dist., Kurdistan, on the borders of Turkey and Persia, between 
 Lakes Van and Urumia. About one-half of the population 
 Mohammedan Kurds, one-half Nestorian Christians. Gives 
 name to a Turkish vilayet. See Ottoman Empire. 
 
 Hakkas, an aboriginal tribe of the prov. of Kwangtung, 
 China. Numbers of them have emigrated from Canton to 
 Formosa. 
 
 Hakodate, or Hakodadl, seapt. tn. and treaty port (opened 
 to commerce in 1854), Japan, on a peninsula at SW. extremity of 
 Yezo, in Sangar or Tsugaru Strait, at the foot of a bold rock 
 (1157 ft.) often compared to Gibraltar. The harbour is com- 
 pletely land-locked, easy of access, and spacious enough for the 
 largest navy to ride in. The water is deep, and the anchorage 
 good. The town is regularly built with streets at right angles to 
 each other, paved, macadamised, drained, and kept remarkably 
 clean. The town has a naval school ; and in 1889 water-works 
 were constructed. H. has regular communication with Aomori 
 and Yokohama, but the foreign trade is of little account. Chief 
 exports to foreign countries edible seaweed, b6che-de-mer (iriko), 
 sulphur, dried tish, and fish-manure; total value under ;^i5o,ooo. 
 Mean temp. (14 yrs., 1859-63, 1877-86), yr. 47.6° F. , Jan. 27.4°, 
 Aug. 70.1 ; rfall. (7 yrs.), 44.45 in. P. (1871) 14,600; (1890) 
 55.700. 
 
 Haklnyt, high cape on the NW. ct. of Spitzbergen, in 79 
 74' N. and 10° 54' E. 
 
 Hakone, vil., Japan, prov. Sagami, isl. of Honshiu, 58 m. 
 SW. Tokyo, 8 m. WSW. Ociawara, on the r. bk. of a lake famous 
 for the beauty of its scenery, in a volcanic chain of mountains rich 
 in mineral waters, generally sulphurous and warm ; becoming a 
 Japanese Davos Platz. A magnificent avenue of giant pines, 
 cedars, and cypress lead to H. along the border of the lake. At 
 a neighbouring pass, called the H. Pass, crossed by the coast 
 road from Tokyo to Kyoto, there was formerly a barrier (kwan 
 or kuvan), with reference to which the W. part of Honshiu was 
 spoken of as Kwansal (W. of the barrier), the E. as Kwanto 
 (E. of the barrier). 
 
 Hakscbeen Vley. See Hogskln Vley. 
 
 Hakn-yama, or Slro-yama, both meaning 'white mountain," 
 mt., in the W. of Honshiu, Japan, 35 m. SSE. Kanazawa. 
 Alt. 9185 ft. 
 
 Hal, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, on the Senne, arr. and 
 10 m. SW. by S. Brussels, on the Charleroi Canal ; has manu- 
 factures of sugar and chicory. P. 10,500. 
 
 Hal, Hungarian, 'fish.' 
 
 H&la, Old, tn. , Brit. India, Sind, dist. Haidaribdd, 107 m. 
 NE. by E. Karachi, near the E. or 1. bk. of the Indus, the 
 threatened encroachments of which caused the partial abandon- 
 ment of the town (in 1880) and the building of 'Sew H. (formerly 
 known as Slnrtlzdb^d) 2 m. off, on the Ah'ganj Canal. P. New 
 H. (i88i)<40oo; (1891) 5100; Hindus, 1700; Moham. 3300. 
 
 Hdla Mountains, a name sometimes given to the Kirthir Mts. 
 between Sind and Baluchistan. 
 
 Halal, tn. , En. Sudan, 42 m. S. by W. Massaua. P. 3000. 
 
 Halam, par., Eng. , Nottinghamshire, div. and 7^ m. W. 
 Newark, 2 m. W. Southwell stn., P.O. P. <5oo. See 
 Edlngley. 
 
 Halas, fishing tn. , Hungary. See Kls-Kun-Halas. 
 
 Halbeatb, vil., Scot., Fife, 2^ m. ENE. Dunfermline, on the 
 N. B. R. , with coal-mining, PT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Halberstadt, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt, and 29 m. 
 SW. Magdeburg, 34 m. SE. Brunsvvdck, cap. circle, on the Hol- 
 zerame, an affluent of the Bode. It has Gleim's Institute, 
 private museums and picture galleries, manufactures of leather, 
 gloves, cigars, sugar, &c., and the central workshop of the 
 Magdeburg-Halberstadt Rly. P. (1871)25,400; (1890)36,700. 
 
 Halberton, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 3 m. E. Tiver- 
 ton, on the Great Western Canal, PM.O. ; 7553 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Halbery Head, cape, Scot., Caithness, on the SE. ct., in 58° 
 19*' N. 
 
 Halcombe, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I. , Oroua co. , 87 m. 
 NNE. Wellington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Haldd, riv. , Bengal, dist. Chittagong, one of the chief tribs. 
 of the Karnaphuli. 
 
 Haldaur, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Bijnaur. P. 
 5500 ; Hindus, 4600 ; Moham. 800. 
 
 Halde, Ger. , ' a declivity. ' 
 
 Haldeu, Hlgb, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 7I m. WSW. 
 Ashford, 4 m. SSW. Pluckley stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Haldenby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., 5^ m. SE. by E. Goole. P. <25o. 
 
 Haldensteln, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 2 m. N. by W. 
 Chur. P. (comm. )< 2000. 
 
 Haldern, vil., Ger., Prussia, govt. Diisseldorf, circle Rees. 
 P. (comm. ) <; 3000. 
 
 Haldimand, vil. , Canada. See Grafton. 
 
 Ualdlmand, co., Canada, Ontario, on Lake Erie, to the W. 
 of79rW. 
 
 Haldon, Great and little, upland tracts, Eng., Devonshire, 
 10 m. S. Exeter. 
 
 Hale, par., Eng., Cheshire, Altrincham div., 7 m. WSW. 
 Stockport, 2 m. E. Peel Causeway stn., P.O. P. <35oo. 
 
 Hale, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, New Forest div. , on the Avon, 
 7\ m. S. by E. Salisbury, ij m. ENE. Breamore stn. P. <2So ; 
 eccles. par. (H. with part of S. Cbarford) P. <25o. 
 
 Hale, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Widnes div. , on the Mersey, 
 9 m. SSW. St. Helens, 2 m. S. Halebank stn. , PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Hale, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., Lincoln- 
 
 637 
 
HALE— HALL 
 
 shire, N. Kesteven div., urn. W. Boston, the latter close to 
 Heckington stn. Great H. P. < 750; Little H. P. < 500. 
 
 Hale, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, Guildford div., ih m. N. by 
 W. Farnham, PM.O. (Upper H.). P. <3Soo. 
 
 Hale, CO., U.S., Alabama, bounded on the W. by Tom- 
 bigby R., and intersected in the extreme N. by 33° N. 
 
 Hale, CO., U.S., Texas, in the NW., bounded on the W. by 
 102° W. , crossed by 34° N. 
 
 Halea«kala, extinct volcano, Sandwich Is. See Maai. 
 
 Haleb, Syria. See Aleppo. 
 
 Halebank, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Widnes div., on the 
 L. & NW. R., 9 ra. W. by S. Warrington. 
 
 Halebl, or Haleblye, ancient Zenobia, ruins, on the r. bk. of 
 the Euphrates, 157 m. E. by S. Aleppo. 
 
 Halel>ld{siteof theanct. city Dordsamudra, or Dvdrdvatipura), 
 vil. , India, Mysore state, dist. Hassan, vi^ith two magnificent 
 temples to Siva, masterpieces of Hindu art. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hale End, stn., Eng., Essex, Walthamstow div., on the 
 G. E. R,, 8 m. NE. by N. St. Paul's, London. See Hlghams 
 Park. 
 
 HalenkoT, comm., Austria. See Halleukau. 
 
 Hale Slver Goldfleld. See Stacdonnell Kanges. 
 
 Hales, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., ii| m. SW. by W. 
 Yarmouth, z\ m. NNE. Ellingham stn., P.O. P. <Soo ; eccles. 
 par. (H. wltli Hecklngbam) P. <75o. 
 
 Hales, eccles. par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Drayton in Hales par. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Hales, North. See CoTehlttae and Beuaere. 
 
 Halesowen, market-tn. and par., Eng., Worcestershire, N. 
 div. , 4I m. SSE. Dudley, on the G. W. and M. Rlys. ; has coal- 
 mines. Market-day, S. P. <40oo. 
 
 Halesfvorth, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Suffolk, on riv. Blyth, 
 div. and 15 m. SW. by W. Lowestoft, on the G. E. R., and 
 terminus of a narrow-gauge railway to Southwold. Market-day, 
 Tu. P. <25oo; eccles. par. (H. wltli Cbedlston) P. <3ooo. 
 
 Halewood, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Widnes div. , 8 m. ESE. 
 Liverpool, on the Cheshire Lines Rly., PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Haley Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, Halifax par. P. 7300. 
 
 Halfatl, viL , Turkey in Asia. See Kam kale. 
 
 Halfaya, or Halflye, tn., eastern Sudan, on the r. bk. of 
 the Nile, a little below the confluence of the Blue and White 
 Nile, a place of great importance till the subjugation of this 
 territory by Mehemet Ali in 1821. 
 
 Half Jack, trading stn. , on the Ivory Coast, Upp>er Guinea, 
 on Grand Bassam I., in about 4° 20' W. 
 
 Half Jlloon Bay, U.S., California, San Mateo co., 25 m. S. 
 San Francisco. 
 
 Half Moon Islands, group of isls. , Eastern Archipelago, in 
 9° N. and 115° 10' E. 
 
 Half Hoon Keys, group of reefs and islets, Jamaica, off the 
 S. ct. , E. of Portland Point. 
 
 Halftnorton, border par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 6 m. SW. 
 Canonbie ; 6084 ac. P. <Soo. 
 
 Halford, par. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , 18^ m. S. by W. 
 Shrewsbury, i m. N. Craven Arms Jtmc, P.O. P. <5oo. See 
 Blbdon Carwood. 
 
 Halford, par., Eng., Warwickshire, on the Stour, div. and 
 7 m. SE. by S. Stratford-on-Avon, 3 m. S. Ettington stn. P. <250. 
 
 Halfway Bridge, P.O., Wales, Carnarvonshire, 2 m. from 
 Bethesda. 
 
 Halfweg, vil. , Holland, prov. N. Holland, 4 m. E. Haarlem. 
 
 Halga. See Kalgan. 
 
 Halgan, isl. , Pacific. See Loyalty Islands. 
 
 Halgbton, par., Wales, Flintshire, 5 m. NE. Ellesmere. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Halibnrton, vil., Canada, Ontario, H. co., 94 m. ENE. 
 Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Halibnrton, co., Canada, Ontario, between 78° and 79° W., 
 crossed in the S. by 45° N. ; has numerous lakes separated by 
 portages. 
 
 Halibut Island, N. Pacific Ocean. See Sannak Island. 
 
 Haliez, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, on the r. bk. of the 
 Dniester, 48 m. SW. by W. Tarnopol, with the ruins of a castle 
 formerly the residence of the princes of H.; once the most im- 
 portant principality of the country. The Karaite Jews of Galicia 
 live principally in and round H. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Halldon Hill, hill, Eng., 2 m. NW. Berwick-upon-Tweed; 
 in 1333 scene of the battle which preserved the town for the 
 English. 
 
 Halifax, seapt. city, Canada, cap. Nova Scotia, H. co., on its 
 SE. ct. , 90 m. SW. by S. Pictou. It stands on the declivity of a 
 hill 250 ft. high facing the harbour (originally called Chebucto), 
 and its houses are mostly of wood, though elegant and sub- 
 stantial stone and brick buildings are yearly becoming more 
 numerous ; has the residences of the military commandant and 
 admiral, two sets of barracks and military hospital, ordnance 
 and commissariat departments, Dalhousie College. The harbour 
 (6 m. long, average width i m.) affords excellent anchorage in 
 12-15 fathoms, can float the largest vessels alongside its wharves, 
 and is open at all seasons, its navigation seldom being inter- 
 638 
 
 rupted by ice. As chief naval station of Brit. N. America, H. 
 has a large dockyard (graving dock 593^ ft. long, and three 
 patent slips, one with lifting power of 3000 tons), and harbour 
 and city are protected by eleven fortifications. Seat of an Angli- 
 can and Roman Catholic cathedral, and university. Carries 
 on all branches of manufactures pursued in the dominion. On 
 E. side of the harbour is the town of Dartmouth. It is the 
 chief rendezvous of the British navy on the N. American station, 
 and the winter calling-place of the royal mail steamers (Allan 
 and Dominion lines) ; E. terminus of the C. P. R. and Grand 
 Trunk (Intercolonial) systems. Shortest sea route to Spithead 
 (Eng.), 2510 m. H. was founded in 1749 by the Hon. Edward 
 CornwaUis, governor of Nova Scotia, who named it in honour of 
 Earl of Halifax. It is an important military post. It is also 
 the chief naval station for the pro vs. and the W. Indies. Mean 
 temp., yr. 42.6° P., Jan. 22.1°, August 63.8°; rfall. (19 yrs., 
 1869-88), 47.17 in. ; snowfall, 83.81 in. P. 38,600. 
 
 Halifax (original name Horton), pari. bor. (2 members), mun. 
 bor. (since 1848), co. bor., and par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 EUand div., diocese of Ripon, 6 m. SW. by W. Bradford, on 
 the G. N., L. & Y., and L. & NW. Rlys., 209 m. from Lon- 
 don by rail. It is built partly on the slope and partly on the 
 top of a gentle hill a little to the N. of the Calder, and was 
 originally, according to Camden, called Horton. Has coal- 
 mines, custom-house, and bonding warehouses, and manufac- 
 tures of woollen goods of the lighter class, and carpets. It is to 
 the woollen industry that the town owes its growth and prosperity. 
 In the latter half of the 15th century it had only 13 houses, but 
 that industry was introduced before the close of the century, and 
 as early as 1520 the woollen goods of this town had a high re- 
 putation. There are four public parks — the Savile park recrea- 
 tion ground (56 ac), Shrogg's park (46 ac. ), Bankfield park 
 (9 ac), with a mansion containing an art-gallery and museum, 
 and the Akroyd park and museum. There are also free libraries, 
 a set of public baths, a magnificent town hall (opened 1863), and 
 the piece-hall, a vast quadrangle containing 315 rooms or ware- 
 houses, in which the manufacturers formerly kept their cloths 
 for sale, now used by the corporation as a wholesale market. 
 Among the schools are grammar schools founded by Queen 
 Elizabeth and Matthew Broadley (1647), and a blue-coat school 
 The charities include two sets of almshouses (founded by Sir F. 
 Crossley and his brothers), the Crossley orphan home and school, 
 and the Waterhouse charities, bequeathed in 1750. The water 
 supply is furnished by reservoirs at Warley Moor, Castle Carr, 
 and Mixenden, and the riv. Calder communicates with Hull on 
 one side, and with Liverpool, by canal, on the other. Market- 
 day, S. Pari, mun., and co. bor. P. (1801) 8900 ; (1851) 33,600 ; 
 (1871)65,500; mun. and co. bor. P. (1891)89,800; pari bor. P. 
 82,900; par. P. 48,100. 
 
 Halifax, riv. or lagoon, U.S., Florida, on the E. ct. of Volusia 
 CO. ; navigated by pleasure steamers. 
 
 Halifax, vil, U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., 14m. NE. 
 by E. Taunton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Halifax, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, cap. H. co., on the navig- 
 able Roanoke R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Halifax, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Dauphin co., 15 m. N. 
 by W. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Halifax, CO., U.S., Virginia, on the S. frontier, crossed by 
 79° W. 
 
 Halifax Bay, NE. Australia, in 19° S., 147° E., between 
 Rockingham and Cleveland Bays, 45 m. in width, contains 
 Palm Is. 
 
 Halifax Bay, Canada, on SE. ct. of Prince Edward I., 38 
 m. W. Charlottetown. 
 
 Halifax Island, small isl , to the W. of the penin. bounding 
 Angra Pequeiia Bay, SW. Africa, on the SW. ; annexed, t<J 
 Cape Colony in 1867. 
 
 Halln In Waternlsta, eccles. par., Scot., Skye I., Inverness- 
 shire, Duirinish par., PMT.O. (Waternlsb). P. < 1000. 
 
 Hallyiil, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. N. Kandra, 20 m. 
 WSW. Dharwdr. P. (1881) 5500; (1891) 6200; Hindus, 4100. 
 
 llalk-el-91enzel, sebkha or salt lagoon, Tunis, separated by 
 a narrow strip of land from the shore of the Gulf of Hammamet, 
 crossed in the N. by 36° N. 
 
 Halkett, Cape, headland, N. America, Alaska, on the 
 Arctic Ocean, in 70° 50' N. and 152° W., bounds Harrison Bay 
 on the W. 
 
 Halkett, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Selwyn co. , 18 m. 
 firom Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Halkln, par. , Wales, Flintshire, 2^ m. SW. by W. Flint ; 
 has lead ore. PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Halkirk, par. and vil, Scot., Caithness, on riv. Thurso, 6 
 m. S. by E. Thurso, on the H. R., PMT.O. ; 95,763 ac P. 
 <3ooo; vil P. <5oo. 
 
 Hall, Halle, in German topography 'a place where salt is 
 manufactured. ' 
 
 HaU, tn., Austria, Tirol, on the 1. bk. of the Inn, 4 m. E. 
 Innsbruck ; has celebrated brine and mineral springs ; is a health 
 resort. Alt. 1815-1835 ft. P. (1890) 5800. 
 
 Hall, vil, Upper Austria, 9^ ra. W. Steyr, with much fire- 
 
HALL — HALS 
 
 quented saline and iodine springs. The iodine waters bottled 
 for export. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Hall, or Scliw^Mscb-Hall, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 
 on the Kocher R., 34 m. NE. Stuttgart; formerly a free im- 
 perial city, enclosed by walls. Has spinning and weaving fac- 
 tories, and brine springs. Alt. 795 ft. P. 8900. 
 
 Hall, CO., U.S., Georg[ia, N. of 34° N., and crossed in extreme 
 SW. by 84° W. 
 
 Hall, CO., U.S., Nebraska, in the S., E. of 99° W. , crossed in 
 the N. by 41° N. 
 
 Hall, CO., U.S., Texas, in the NW., to the S. of 35° N., and 
 E. of 101° W. 
 
 Halladale, riv. , Scot. , Sutherlandshire, flows 22 m. N. through 
 Strath H. to the sea at Portskerry ; has salmon and trout. The 
 valley is tenanted by a prosperous peasantry, with holdings 
 larger than the average of the dist., on which account the 
 tenantry were allowed to remain here when the other straths of 
 the county were cleared early in the present century. 
 
 Hallah, city, Persia. See Holwau. 
 
 Hallam, the W. div. of the pari. bor. of Sheffield. 
 P. 54,900. 
 
 Hallam^' Nether and Upper, two pars., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, in the co. bor. of Sheffield. Nether H. P. 46,300 ; 
 Upper H. 6334 ac. , P. <3000. 
 
 Hallam, West, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, Ilkeston div. , 5J m. 
 NE. by E. Derby, on the G. N. R. , P.O. (H. Fields). P. <7So. 
 
 Hallamstalre, ancient lordship, Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding ; 
 believed to have been nearly identical with the extensive pars, of 
 Sheffield and Ecclesfield. It gives its name to a pari. div. lying 
 to the N. of the pari. bor. of Sheffield and the div. of Rother- 
 ham. P. (of pari, div.) 73,200. 
 
 Halland, P.O., Eng., Sussex, 3 m. N. Laughton. 
 
 Halland, maritime prov. , Sweden, having W. the Kattegat ; 
 cap. Halmstad. 
 
 Hallanlyah, one of the Kuria Muria Is. {q.v.). 
 
 Hallaton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 9 m. SW. 
 by S. Oakham, on the G. N. R., PM.O. Market-day, Th. P. 
 < 1000 ; eccles. par. (H. -wltb Blaston) P. < 1000. 
 
 Hallatrow, vil., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 8^ m. SW. by 
 W. Bath, on the G. W. R., P.O. 
 
 Hallan, Enter-, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 9 m. W. Schaffhausen, 
 with mineral springs and bathing establishment. P. <3000. 
 
 Hallltank Gate, vil., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 11 J 
 m. E. by N. Carlisle, 2 m. E. Brampton stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Hall Bay, inlet of Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland, N. ct., 
 with its mouth in 55° 46' W. 
 
 Hall Carr, vil. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Cowpe Leneb. 
 
 Halle, in German topography. See Hall. 
 
 Halle, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 20 m. SE. Osnabriick, 
 Z\ m. WNW. Bielefeld, cap. circle H. ; manufactures sailcloth 
 and pack-linen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Halle, city, Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Merseburg, cap. 
 circle, on the Saale, in 51° 24' N., 18 m. E. by S. Eisleben, and 
 at the junction of railways to Magdeburg, Leipzig, and Weimar, 
 20 m. WNW. Leipzig. Its university, founded in 1694, had 
 united to it in 1815 that of Wittemberg, and possesses a valuable 
 library, museums, chemical laboratory, botanic garden, &c. 
 Near the city are salt springs {Halloren), yielding upwards of 
 300,000 cwt. of salt annually. H. is the seat of the mining 
 board for the provs. between the Elbe and Weser. It is an ancient 
 city ; first mentioned in 806 ; already a considerable town in 
 965 , when it came into the hands of the Archbishops of Magdeburg ; 
 in the 13th and 14th centuries a flourishing Hanse town. In the 
 present century it has grown rapidly, in consequence of the de- 
 velopment of manufacturing industries fostered by the presence 
 of extensive beds of lignite in the neighbourhood ; now the centre 
 of paraffin-refining, the raw material for which is obtained from 
 these beds ; carries on also sugar-refining, and the manufacture 
 of machinery, textiles, porcelain, &c. Michaelis, the theologian 
 and orientalist, and Handel were born here. P. (1850) about 
 40,000; (1871) 52,600; (1890) 101,300; including Gleblcben* 
 stein, 115,900. 
 
 Halleck, vil., U.S., Nevada, Elko co., on the Humboldt R., 
 and the Central Pacific RR., 100 m. SW. of the NE. corner of 
 the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Halleln, tn. , Austria, Salzburg, 8 m. S. Salzburg, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Salzach ; has important brine baths. P. <:4000. 
 
 Hallen, part of eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Thorn- 
 bury div., 5 m. NNW. Bristol, 2^ m. ENE. Avonmouth stn., 
 P. O. See Henbnry. 
 
 Hallenconrt, comm., France, dep. Somme, arr. and 9 m. S. 
 by E. Abbeville. P. <3000. 
 
 Hallenkau, or Haleukov, comm., Austria, Moravia, 45 m. 
 S. by E. Troppau. P. < 3000. 
 
 Hallett, post-tn., S. Australia, Burra co. , 90 m. SE. Port 
 Augusta, on the Great Northern Line. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hallettsvllle, tn., U.S., Texas, cap. co. and on riv. Lavaca, 
 85 m. SE. Austin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hallenx, Grand, comm., Belgium, prov. Luxembourg, 14 m. 
 S. Spa. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Hall Green, vil., Eng., Worcestershire, E. div., 3 m. SSE. 
 Birmingham, ij m. SW. Acocks Green stn., P.O. 
 
 Hall Hills, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, mun. bor. Boston. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 HalUford, Vpper, PM.O., Eng., Middlesex, 2 m. from 
 Halliford. 
 
 Halllford-on-Tbames, PMT.O., Eng. See Sbepperton. 
 
 Halllg Islands, Prussia, on the W. ct. of Schleswig [q.v.). 
 
 Hailing, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 3^ m. SW. by S. 
 Rochester, on the SE. R., PMT.O. (Lovrer H.). P. <:25oo. 
 
 Halllngbary, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Essex, Epping div., 10^ m. E. by N. Ware, i^ m. SE. Bishop's 
 Stortford stn., both with P.O. Great H. P.<75o; Little H. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Halllngton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 2 m. 
 SW. by W. Louth, on the G. N. R. P. <25o. See Raitbby. 
 
 Halllngton, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 8 m. 
 NNE. Hexham, 4 m. ENE. Barrasford stn., P.O. Mean rfall. 
 (1866-80), N. Tyne valley (alt. 300 ft.), 30.3 in. ; Green Crag, 
 N. Tyne (alt. 800 ft.), 33.1 in. P. <25o. 
 
 Hall Islands, Canada, at N. of entrance to Frobisher Bay, 
 in62i°N., 64^° W. 
 
 Halllirell, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, W. Houghton div. , 2 m. 
 NW. by W. and partly in bor. of Bolton, on the L. & Y. R. 
 P. 16,500. 
 
 Hallock, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Kittson co., 80 m. S. by E. 
 Winnipeg (Dominion of Canada). P. < 1500. 
 
 HaUong Bay, Tongking. See Along. 
 
 Hallouan, Bn, tribe, Algeria. See Halw&n. 
 
 Hnllongbton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 7 m. 
 W. by S. Newark, 2 m. NW. Bleasby (q.v.) stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Hallow, Nortb, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 
 3 m. NW. by N. Worcester, PM.O. P. < 1500; eccles. par. 
 (H. wltb Broadbeatb) P. <2ocio. 
 
 Hallow, Sontb, par. , Eng. , co. and in the co. bor. of Wor- 
 cester. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hallowell, city, U.S., Maine co. , on the r. bk. of the navig- 
 able Kennebec R., 2^ m. S. Augusta; excellent granite is ex- 
 tensively quarried. P. <40oo. 
 
 Hall Boad, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Southport div., on the 
 L. & Y. R., 61 m. NNW. Liverpool. 
 
 Hallsauds, fishing vil., Eng., Devonshire, 9 m. SW. Dart- 
 mouth, P.O. 
 
 Hall's Arcblpelago, group of isls. , off" the W. ct. of Korea, 
 in the Yellow Sea, S. of 38° N. 
 
 Hallside, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, 2 m. SE. Cambuslang. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hall's Islands, Brit. N. America, at the W. entrance of 
 Frobisher Strait, in 63° N. and 65° W. 
 
 Hall's Key, group of islets, in the Bay of Honduras. 
 
 Hall Sound, bay, on the S. ct. of Brit. New Guinea, in 
 146^° E. 
 
 Halls tadt, market-tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Franconia, 3 m. N. Bamberg. P. <3000. 
 
 Hallstattersee, lake, in the extreme SW. of Upper Austria 
 (the Salzkammergut), drained N. by the Traun into the Traun- 
 see ; abounds with fish ; 655 ft. deep. On its W. shore the 
 small village of Halls tatt. Alt. 1620 ft. 
 
 Hallstead (formerly Great Bend Village), bor., U.S., 
 Pennsylvania, co. Susquehanna. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hairs Stream. See Connecticut, riv. 
 
 Hall's Track, post-tn., Tasmania, Dorset co., 15 m. by rail 
 N. by E. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Halltoft End, P.O., Eng., Lincolnshire, 4 m. from Boston. 
 
 Hallnln,comm. , France, dep. Nord, onthefrontier of Belgium, 
 arr. Lille, 4 m N. by W. Tourcoing. P. 9800. 
 
 Hallivyl, lake, Switzd., cant. Aargau, is an expansion of the 
 riv. Aa, 9 m. SE. Aarau, 5 m. long and i m. broad. Area, 4 m. ; 
 alt. 1485 ft.; depth, 155 ft. 
 
 Halmabera, vil, Malay Archipelago. See Jllolo. 
 
 Halmer End, mining hamlet, Eng. , Staffordshire, 4I m. NW. 
 Newcastle-under-Lyme, on the N. Staffordshire Rly., PMT.O. 
 
 Halmstad, rising seapt., Sweden, prov. Halland, on the SW. 
 ct. , 70 m. NW. Christianstad ; terminus of three lines of rlys. 
 Harbour 13J ft. deep, now being deepened to 17 ft. Principal 
 exports oats and granite. Mean temp., yr. 44.4° F., Feb. 30.0°, 
 July 61.8°; rfall. 28.74 in. P- 11,800. 
 
 Halmyros, or Klrtslnion, tn. , Greece, prov. Larissa, 18 m. 
 SW. by S. Volos. P. <40oo. 
 
 Halnaker, hamlet, Eng., Sussex, div. and 3^ m. NE. by E. 
 Chichester, PMT.O. 
 
 Halong Bay, Tongking. See Along. 
 
 Hals, maritime tn., Denmark, Jutland, prov. and 15 m. ESE. 
 Aalborg, on the N. ct. of the Liimfiord, the entrance to which 
 is defended by a battery E. of the town. P. <20oo. 
 
 Halsall, par., Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., 5 m. SSE. 
 Southport, on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, and the W. 
 Lancashire and Liverpool Rly., P.O.; 6995 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Halse, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 6 m. W. by 
 N. Taunton, i| m. NE. Milverton stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 639 
 
HALS — HAMB 
 
 Halse, comm., Norway, prov. Romsdal, on the W. ct., 15 m. 
 ESE. Christiansund. 
 
 Halseto-wn, eccles. par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and i^ m. S. 
 by W. St. Ives. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Halsbam, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div. , 
 II m. E. Hull, I m. N. Ottringham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Halshaw Sloor, stn., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m, SE. Bolton. 
 See Farn^Tortb and Halsbaw Moor. 
 
 Halstead, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Essex, Maldon div. , on 
 the Colne, 6 m. NE. Braintree, on the G. E. R. Market-day, Tu. 
 Par. 5633 ac. , P. 7000 ; tn. P. 6100. 
 
 Halstead, par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., io| m. E. by S. 
 Croydon, i m. SW. of its stn. (H. for Knockbolt) on the SE. R., 
 PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Halstead, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 11 m. E. 
 Leicester. P. <25o. 
 
 Halstead, city, U.S., Kansas, Harvey co., on Little Arkansas 
 R., 122 m. SW. by W. Topeka, and 25 m. NNW. Wichita. 
 P. <isoo. 
 
 Halstock, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div,, 8^ m. SW. 
 Sherborne, 3 m. SW. Sutton Bingham stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Halstow, BUgh, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 5 m. NE. 
 Rochester, i m. NW. Sharnal Street stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Halstow, Lower, par. , in the Faversham div. , 7 m. SE. High 
 H., 2 m. N. Newington stn., P.O. (Halstow). P. <7So. 
 
 Haltemprlce, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howden- 
 shire div. , 4 m. NW. Hull. P. <25o. 
 
 Haltern, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, on riv. Lippe, 
 21 m. NNE. Essen. P. <4000. 
 
 Haltham, par., Eng.,. Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., on the 
 Bain, 14 m. NNW. Boston, 4 m. SW. Horncastle, 3 m. E. 
 Woodhall Spa stn. P. <25o. See Roughton. 
 
 Halton, CO. , Canada, Ontario, bounded SE. by Lake Ontario, 
 crossed in the W. by 80° W. 
 
 Halton, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 4^ m. SE. by 
 E. Aylesbury, 4 m. S. by W. Marston Gate stn., on the Wen- 
 dover branch of the Grand Junction Canal, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Halton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Northwich div., 6 m. SW. 
 Warrington, and ij m. SE. Runcorn, i^ m. N. of its stn. on 
 the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Halton, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, on riv. Lune, div. and 3 m. 
 NE. by N. Lancaster, on the Morecambe branch of the M. R., 
 PMT. O. P. < 1000 ; eccles. par. (H. wltU Augbton) P. < 1000. 
 
 Halton, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 4^ m. ENE. 
 Hexham, 2^ m. N. by E. Corbridge stn. P. <2So. See Cor- 
 bridge-on-Tyne. 
 
 Halton, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash div. , 
 3 m. E. Leeds, i m. SW. Cross Gates stn., PM.O. 
 
 Halton, East, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div. , lo^m. 
 NW. by W. Grimsby, 2 m. ENE. Thornton Abbey stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Halton, East, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 15^ m. NW. 
 by N. Bradford, div. and 3^ m. ENE. Skipton, i m. WNW. 
 Bolton Abbey stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Halton, West, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 10^ 
 m. E. by S. Goole, 6 m. NNW. Appleby stn., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Halton, West, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton 
 div. , 13^ m. N. Burnley. P. <;2So. 
 
 Halton Beck, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 flowing into the Wharfe on the r. bk. i m. above Conistone. 
 
 Halton Gill, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 25 m. ESE. Kendal ; 7862 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Halton Holegate, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Horncastle div. , 
 15 m. SSE. Louth, with a stn. (H. Holgate) on the G. N. R., 
 P.O. P.<:500. 
 
 Halton In Hastings, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, Hastings 
 par. P. < 2000. 
 
 Haltwblstle, market-tn. and par., Eng., Northumberland, 
 div. and 14^ m. W. Hexham, on the NE. R. Lies in the valley 
 of S. Tyne, and has coal-mines and manufactures of coarse 
 baize ; a Roman wall is i| m. S. The town contains various 
 interesting antiquities. PMT.O. Market-day, Th. P. < 2500; 
 eccles. par. (H. witb Greenbead) P. 5300. 
 
 Halul, or Hanlal, one of the isls. in the S. of the Persian 
 Gulf, on the coast of Arabia ; has rich pearl fisheries, 25° 40' N., 
 52° 22' E. 
 
 Halver, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 15 m. ESE. 
 Barmen. P. (comm.) 8000. 
 
 Halvergate, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 7m. W. Yarmouth, 
 2^ m. SSE. Acle stn. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (H. yrlth Tnustall) 
 
 P. <750- 
 
 Halverstown, P.O., Ire., E. co. Kildare, bar. Kilcullen, 7 
 m. SE. by E. Kildare. 
 
 Halwad, fortified tn., India, Gujardt, 90 m. W. AhmadAbad. 
 P. (1881)6000. 
 
 Halwan (Halloaan), Bn, tribe, Algeria, prov. Algiers. The 
 principal valley of their territory is traversed by the railway from 
 Algiers to Oran before it enters the valley of the Shelif. 
 
 Ualwell, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 11 m. NE. 
 by N. Launceston, i m. SW. Halwill June, on the L. & SW. R. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 640 
 
 Hal-well, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 6 m. W. by 
 N. Dartmouth, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Halys, riv., Asia Minor. See Kizil-Irmak. 
 
 Ham, Heim, Ujem, Teutonic and Scandinavian, ' a home ' ; 
 literally ' a place of shelter.' 
 
 Ham, par., Eng., Kent, 2 m. SW. Sandwich. P. <25o. 
 See Bettesbanger. 
 
 Ham, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 17 m. SE. by S. 
 Swindon, 4 m. SSW. Hungerford stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Ham, comm. , France, dep. and on the Somme, arr. Pdronne, 
 12 m. SW. by W. St. Quentin. Its old fortress is used as a 
 state prison. In 1830 the ministers of Charles X. , and after- 
 wards (1840-46) Prince Louis Napoleon, late Emperor of the 
 French, were imprisoned in it. P. <30oo. 
 
 Ham, East, par., Eng., Essex, Romford div., i^ m. SW. 
 Barking, on the London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly. P. 28,700. 
 
 Ham, Hlgb, par. , Eng. , Somerset, E. div. , 6^ m. SW. Glas- 
 tonbury, P.O. at Amtsv H., I m. SE.; 5017 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ham, Long, vil , Eng. , Dorsetshire. See Longbam. 
 
 Ham, West, mun. bor. (since 1856), pari. bor. (2 members), 
 CO. bor., and par., Eng., Essex, immediately to the E. of 
 London, from which it is separated by the riv. Lee, on the G. 
 E. and London, Tilbury, and Southend Rlys. , and including in 
 its area the Victoria Docks, and a portion of the Royal Albert 
 Docks ; has also the locomotive and other works of the G. E. R. 
 and London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly. Cos., besides iron and 
 shipbuilding, and india-rubber and gutta-percha works, sugar 
 refineries, and soap and jute works, &c. The parish church 
 dates from the 12th century. West H. Park is about 80 ac. in 
 extent. The London northern outfall sewer passes through the 
 entire length of the borough. Fifty years ago West H. did not 
 contain 6000. Its enormous growth is due chiefly to the desire 
 of manufacturers to escape the restrictions imposed by the 
 Metropolitan Board of Works under the Act of 1854 ; par. 4706 
 ac. P. (1871)62,900; (1891)204,900. 
 
 Hamad (Arabic, 'the hard and stony ground'), vast desert, 
 northern Arabia, extending from the mountains of Hauran and 
 the Euphrates valley in the N. to Jof in the S. It consists of 
 a stony plateau, with an altitude rising slightly to the N. The 
 only two permanent localities of the H. are those of Kaf and 
 Itteri, small oases on the Wadi Sirhin. 
 
 Hamada, tn., Japan, on the W. ct. of Honshiu, 200 m. NE. 
 by N. Nagasaki. 
 
 Hamadan (generally believed to be the ancient Ecbatana, 
 although Ferrier believes that city now to be represented by 
 Kangavar or Kengover), tn. , Persia, prov. Irak Ajemi, 185 m. 
 WSW. Teheran ; situated at the E. base of the Elvend Kuh, 
 at the meeting-place of two pass-roads across the Zagros Mts. , 
 leading by Kangavar to Kermanshahan, hence an important 
 entrepot for the commerce between Bagdad and the modern 
 cap. of Persia. Noted for its manufactures of leather, felts, and 
 its copper-work ; it also manufactures and dyes cottons. Near 
 it is an edifice containing the tomb of Avicenna, resorted to by 
 numerous pilgrims. It also contains the traditional tombs of 
 the Jews Mordecai and Esther. Has an American high school 
 for boys. Alt. 6156 ft. (Schindler) ; 6280 ft. (Curzon). P. 
 40-50,000 (Polak). 
 
 Hamab, or Hama, ancient Epiphania,- tn. , Syria, on the 
 Nahr-el-Asy (Orontes), 30 m. N. Homs, in a plain irrigated by 
 means of water-wheels (norias) driven by the current of the river ; 
 seat of a kaimakam ; manufacture of mantles ; caravan station 
 between the N. and the S. 
 
 Hamama, or Hamamma, large nomadic tribe, southern 
 Tunis, occupying the vast region bordering the N. shore of the 
 great-shots of Jerid and Gharsa, between the Gulf of Gabes 
 'and the Algerian frontier. 
 
 Hamamatsa, tn. , Japan, 120 m. W. by S. Yokohama. 
 Mean temp. (6 yrs., 1881-86), yr. 58.3° F., Jan. 39.8", Aug. 
 78.1°; rfall. (4 yrs.), 71.12 in. P. 13,200. 
 
 Hamamet, tn. and gulf, Tunis. See Hammamet. 
 
 Ham and Stone, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 3 m. S. Berke- 
 ley ; 4410 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hamar, tn., Norway, prov. Hedemarken, on the E. side of 
 Lake Mjosen, 65 m. N. by E. Christiania ; seat of a bishop. 
 P. 4000. 
 
 Hamara, tn., in the S. of Arabia, 140 m. NE. Aden. 
 
 Hamasen, or Amasen, prov., in the extreme N. of Tigre, 
 Abyssinia, now mainly included in the Italian colony of Eritrea ; 
 cap. Asmara. 
 
 Hamaxlklon (Amaxiki), tn. , Greece. See Leakas. 
 
 Hnmbacb, comm., Ger., Bavaria, govt, palatinate of the 
 Rhine, cant, and 2 m. SW. Neustadt. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Hambald, tn. , Ecuador. See Ambato. 
 
 Hambantota, tn., Ceylon, Southern Prov., on the S. ct., 64 
 m. E. Galle. 
 
 Hamble, vil., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., on the N. 
 shore of Southampton Water, and the W. side of the creek or riv. 
 Hamble, 4^ m. SE. by E. Southampton, i^ m. SE. Netleystn., 
 with coastguard stn. ; has important lobster fisheries. PMT.O. 
 
 Hambleden, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div., 
 
HAMB — HAMI 
 
 13 m. NW. by W. Windsor, 3 m. NNE. Henley-on-Thames 
 stn., PMT.O.; 6s98ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Hambledon, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div. , 9^ m. 
 N. Portsmouth, 6 m. ESE. Bishop's Waltham stn., PMT.O.; 
 9447 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 HamMedon, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 7 m. S. by W. 
 Guildford, 1^ m. NE. Witley stn., P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Hambledon, Black, hill, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Sowerby div., 6 m. ESE. Burnley. Height, 1574 ft. 
 
 Hamble-Ie-Uice, par., Eng., Hampshire, on Southampton 
 Water, 5 J m. SE. Southampton. P. <soo. 
 
 Hamblen, co., U.S., Tennessee, in the NE., to the W. of 
 83° W. , and N. of 36° N. , bounded on the W. by the Holston R. 
 
 Hambleton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Lancaster div., on the 
 r. bk. of the Wyre, 4 m. SE. by S. Fleetwood, 4 m. SW. Pilling 
 stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Hambleton, par., Eng., Rutland, 2| m. ESE. Oakham, 
 PT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Hambleton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., 13^ m. WNW. Goole, on the NE. R., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hambleton Hills, Eng., in N. of Thirsk and Malton div., 
 Yorkshire, N. Riding, forming W. border of Yorkshire Moors. 
 Black H., at their N. end, 7 m. E. Northallerton, 1249 ft. high. 
 
 Hamborn, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Dtisseldorf, circle 
 Mulheim, dist. Ruhrort. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Hambridge with Earnshill, eccles. par. , Eng. , Somerset, 
 S. div., 10^ m. E. by S. Taunton, 3 m. SSW. Langport stn., 
 PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Hambrook, hamlet, Eng., Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , 
 4I m. NE. by N. Bristol, 2 m. E. Filton stn., partly included 
 in the pari. bor. of Bristol, PMT.O. 
 
 Hamburg, settlement. Cape Colony, div. Peddie, 25 m. S. 
 King William's Town. 
 
 Hamburg (name derived from Hainmaburg, i.e. , ' castle in the 
 Hamme,' the latter being the name of the forest covering the 
 district), free Hanseatic terr. and town in NW. Germany, near 
 the mouth of the Elbe. A terr. of 158 sq. m. belongs to H., 
 comprising the town of H. and its surroundings, several islands 
 situated in the Elbe, the dist. of Ritzebiittel, and several small 
 enclaves. The country is ilat, forming part of the fertile 
 ' marshes ' near the North Sea. The H. terr. is one of the 
 states of the German Empire, and is represented by one member 
 in the Bundesrath, and by three members in the Reichstag. The 
 town of H. is the most important commercial centre of Germany, 
 and ne.xt to Berlin the largest city of the empire. Lat. of 
 observatory, 53° 33' 7" N., long. 9° 58' 25.5" E. H. is situated 
 on the Lower Elbe. Above H. this river divides into two arms, 
 the Norder-Elbe and the Siider-Elbe. The town is chiefly 
 situated on the r. bk. of the Norder-Elbe, and is divided by the 
 Alster, a northern affluent of the Elbe, into two parts, the ' Alt- 
 stadt ' on the 1. bk. of the Alster, and the Neustadt on the r. bk. 
 Various suburbs surround these parts, the most important being 
 the suburb of St. George on the eastern, and that of St. Pauli on 
 the western side of the Alster. The Norder-Elbe and the Alster 
 form numerous subdivisions and canals, called ' Fleete." These 
 are characteristic features of H. , which have, however, greatly 
 changed in appearance during the last fifty years. Moreover, 
 the Alster forms a lake, called Aussenalster, on the northern side 
 of the town. The general appearance of H. in modern times 
 has been changed by two events of great importance, viz. , the 
 enormous conflagjration by which the greater part of old H. was 
 destroyed in 1842, and secondly, the great harbour improvements 
 which have been in progress since 1883. At the present time 
 the finest parts of the town are situated near the Alster ; they 
 are celebrated for the superior style of their buildings. The 
 great conflagration of 1842 destroyed many public buildings and 
 churches. The most important was the celebrated church of St. 
 Nicholas, which was, however, splendidly rebuilt in pure Gothic 
 style after designs by the celebrated British architect Sir Gilbert 
 Scott. This church has a noted tower 482 ft. high. But the 
 chief characteristics of H. are its foreign trade and commercial 
 enterprise. The ' Altstadt ' forms the commercial centre. Al- 
 though the town is 65 m. distant from the sea, its harbour is 
 always accessible to vessels drawing 20 ft. , and at high water 
 ordinary spring tides to vessels drawing 24 ft. The most im- 
 portant docks, including the Sandthorhafen, Grasbrookhafen, 
 and Dampfschiffhafen on the N. side of the Norder-Elbe, and 
 all those on the S. side belong to the free-port [Freiha/en- 
 gebiet). The position of the port among those of the world, 
 with the value of its commerce in recent years, is shown in the 
 table in the Appendix, p. 14, and the following table shows its 
 growth in twenty years : — 
 
 Years. /hips 
 I i-ntered. 
 
 Register 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Ships 
 Cleared. 
 
 Register 
 
 Tons 
 
 186s 
 
 1875 
 1885 
 
 5186 
 5260 
 6790 
 
 1,223,000 
 2,118,000 
 3,704,000 
 
 5186 
 5209 
 6798 
 
 1,216,000 
 2,085,000 
 3,712,000 
 
 641 
 
 Most of the ships visiting H. are German and English, then 
 follow those of the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and France. 
 As regards imports, those of Great Britain and the United States 
 of America are of principal importance. H. has ample railway 
 facilities, six railway lines diverging from H. in various directions. 
 The principal imports are sugar, textiles, coffee, wool, cotton, 
 tobacco, spirits, wines, machinery, saltpetre, and petroleum ; 
 the principal exports are iron and ironware, machinery, woven 
 textiles, woollen and worsted yarns, glass-ware, cattle, cereals, 
 and timber. Emigration is also one of the important factors of 
 H.'s foreign connections. On the average, more than 30,000 
 emigrants annually pass through H. In addition to the com- 
 merce, the industries of the town are of considerable importance ; 
 distilleries and breweries, tobacco, sugar, and iron factories, and 
 chemical works have to be mentioned, most of these being in 
 direct connection with the trade of the town. H. was founded 
 by Charlemagne (about 810 a.d. ) as a stronghold against the 
 Slavs, and as early as 834 it became the seat of an archbishop. 
 But nevertheless it was of subordinate importance until the end 
 of the i2th century, as the town of Bardowiek, higher up the 
 Elbe, was one of the commercial centres of NW. Germany in 
 the early parts of the Middle Ages. At the beginning of the 
 13th century, however, H. took the lead on the Elbe, and in 
 1242 it concluded an alliance with Liibeck and Bremen, this 
 alliance forming the nucleus of the great Hanseatic League. 
 H.'s greatness dates from the time when local coast navigation 
 was superseded by extensive maritime trade connections. During 
 the i6th century its commercial connections with Great Britain 
 became of the utmost importance, and in the i8th century its 
 great trans- Atlantic trade commenced to flourish. But up to the 
 present time its commercial importance has not yet reached its 
 climax. Its population has been increasing at the rate of more 
 than 3^^ per cent, per annum during the last five years, which is 
 more rapid than that of any other town of the German Empire, 
 and its spirit of commercial enterprise is livelier than ever. 
 Joining the German Customs Union in 1888 has greatly improved 
 H.'s commercial position. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 47.2° F. , 
 Jan. 33.1°, July 63.4° P. (beginning of 14th century) 7000; 
 (beginning of 19th century), 100,000; (1850) 150,000; (1875) 
 348,000; (1885)471,000; (1890)569,000. [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Hamburg, tn., U.S., Arkansas, Ashley co., iii m. S. by E. 
 Little Rock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hamburg, tn. , U.S., S. Carolina, Aiken co. , opposite 
 Augusta, Georgia, terminus of one of the oldest railywas in 
 U.S. (from Charleston), opened in 1833. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hamburg, city, U.S., Iowa, Fremont co. , on S. frontier of 
 state, 50 m. S. by E. Omaha (Neb.). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hamburg, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Sussex co., 25 m. NW. 
 by W. Paterson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hamburg, vil., U.S., New York, Erie co., 10 m. S. by E. 
 Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hamburg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Berks co., on Schuyl- 
 kill R. , 15 m. N. by W. Reading. P. <3000. 
 
 Hamburg, New, vil., U.S., New York, Dutchess co., on 1. 
 bk. of Hudson R. , 9 m. S. by W. Poughkeepsie. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hamden, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, co. and 6 m. N. by E. 
 New Haven. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Hamden (formerly Hamden Junction), vil., U.S., Ohio, 
 Vinton co., 62 m. SSE. Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hamellu Harbour, inlet, W. Australia, 14 m. NNW. Cape 
 Leeuwin, connected by tramway with the timber mills of Karri- 
 dale dist. 
 Hamelln Pool, gulf, in the SE. of Sharks Bay, W. Australia. 
 Hameln, tn. , Prussia, on the r. bk. of the Weser, prov. and 
 25 m. SW. Hanover ; manufactures of machinery, cement, 
 paper, &c. P. (1871) 8600 ; (1890) 13,500. 
 Hamer. See Benl Amer. 
 
 Hamer, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Rochdale par. P. 
 5200. 
 
 Hamerlngbam, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 
 13 m. S. by W. Louth, 3^ m. ESE. Horncastle. P. <:25o; 
 eccles. par. (H. and Scrafield) P. <25o. 
 
 Hamersleben, vil. , central Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle and 
 6 m. N. Oschersleben, with Hgnite mines. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Hamertou, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and 8 m. NW. 
 Huntingdon, 5J m. W. by N. Abbotts Ripton stn., P.O. 
 P. <:25o. 
 Hametoun, Scot. , Shetland Is. , in the S. of Foula I. 
 Hameye, deserted station of the Imperial British East African 
 Company, Brit. E. Africa. See Tana B. 
 
 Hamfallow, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, in Thornbury 
 union. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ham-gyung (-do), prov. , in NE. of Korea. See Hamkyong. 
 Hamlienng, walled tn. , in the plains near E. ct. of Korea, 
 in about 39° 56' N. P. 25-30,000. \Proc. R. G. S. , 1892, p. 148. ) 
 Haml, Kliaml, or Khamll, tn. and oasis, on the N. side of 
 the desert of Gobi, China, 240 m., or 11 ordinary cart stages or 
 days, from Ngan-si-chou, the nearest oasis of importance on the 
 S. side of the desert. The oasis does not extend over 30 m. in 
 any direction, but is a rich one. P. in the suburb and old towa 
 
 2 S 
 
HAMI — HAMM 
 
 about 5000 ; in the Moham. towTi about 2000 (Taranchis). 
 See Proc. R. G. S., 1890, pp. 76 and 77. 
 
 Hamld, mountainous sanjak of Asia Minor, crossed by 36° N. , 
 31° E. ; contains Lake Egerdir and part of Lake Beishehr 
 ^Kirili) ; cap. Isbarta. 
 
 Hanildabad, Asia Minor. See Iztwrta. 
 
 Hamidiye, tn., Asia Minor, on the L bk. of the Gediz-chai, 
 vilayet and 20 m. NE. by N. Smyrna. 
 
 Hamidiye, or Melet, tn., Asia Minor, vilayet and 57 m. 
 NE. Sivas. P. 2000. 
 
 Hamilton, tn., cap. Bermuda, on Main I. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hamlltou, city, Canada, Ontario, Wentworth co., at the W. 
 end of Lake Ontario, on Burlington Bay, 39 m. SW. Toronto. 
 H. is one of the most beautiful and prosperous cities of the 
 colony ; it is the station for steamers from Montreal, and has ex- 
 tensive commerce. Alt. 332 ft. Mean temp., yr. 46.8° F., Jan. 
 23-3°. July 71.9°; rfall. (loyrs., 1878-87), 25.06 in.; snowfall, 
 54.56 in. P. (1871) 26,700; (1881)36,000; (1891)49,000. 
 
 Hamilton, post-tn. , New South Wales, Northumberland co. , 
 3 m. W. and a suburb of Newcastle. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hamilton, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , co. Waipa, 86 m. 
 S.Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hamilton, pari, biu-gh, market-tn., and par., Scot., Mid 
 Lanarkshire, on the Clyde, 6J m. SSW. Airdrie, with stns. on 
 the C. R. and the N. B. R. ;" has a cavalry barracks and the 
 ducal palace of the house of H. , in the high park of which the 
 aboriginal breed of wild cattle are still kept. H. was long the 
 principal seat of imitation cambric weaving in Scot. , but now its 
 chief industries are connected with coal, iron ore, and limestone 
 mining, all of which are carried on in the par. , which contains 
 also blast-furnaces. It gives the title of duke to the premier 
 peer ol Scot. The marquisate of H. was created by James VL 
 Market-day, F. Mean rfalL (Bothwell Castle, alt. 164 ft.), 
 30.6 in. Par. 14,243 ac, P. 35,200 ; tn. P. 24,900. See Falkirk 
 and Cadzo>v. 
 
 Hamilton, tn., S. Australia, Light co. , 50 m. N. by E. 
 Adelaide, 8 m. NNW. Kapunda. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hamilton, co., U.S., Florida, N. frontier, crossed by 83° W, 
 
 Hamilton, co., U.S., Illinois, crossed in S. by 38° N., and 
 between 88° and 89° W. 
 
 Hamilton, city, U.S., Illinois, at foot of theDes Moines rapids, 
 Hancock co., on the Mississippi, opposite Keokuk. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hamilton, co. , U.S. , Indiana, intersected by 4° N. and 86° W. 
 
 Hamilton, co., U.S., Iowa, N. of 42° N., and E. of 94° W. 
 
 Hamilton, co., U.S., Kansas, W. frontier, crossed by 38° N. 
 
 Hamilton, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Esse.x co., 7 m. N. by 
 E. Salem. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hamilton, tn., U.S., Missouri, Caldwell co., 46m. E. St. 
 Joseph. P. < 2000. 
 
 Hamilton, co., U.S., Nebraska, crossed by 98° W., and 
 bounded on the NW. by the Platte R. 
 
 Hamilton, vil., U.S., New York, cap. Madison co., 32 m. 
 ESE. Syracuse, on the Chenango Canal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hamilton, co., U.S., New York, E. of75° W., crossed in the 
 N. by 44° N. 
 
 HamUton, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, co. and 15 m. SW. Pem- 
 bina. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Hamilton, co., U.S., Ohio, in the extreme SW. 
 
 Hamilton, city, U.S., Ohio, Butler co., on Great Miami R., 
 and the Miami and Erie Canal, both of which afford veater- 
 power, 20 m. N. by W. Cincinnati. P. (1880) 12,100; (1890) 
 17,600. 
 
 Hamilton, co. , U.S., Tennessee, in the S., bounded on the 
 E. by the Tennessee R. , and N, of 35° N. 
 
 Hamilton, co., U.S., Texas, S. of 32° N., crossed in the E. 
 by 98° W. 
 
 Hamilton, principal inland tn. , in the western dist. of Victoria, 
 COS. Dundas and Normanby, 50 m. NE. by N. Portland. P. 
 (1871) 2300; (1891)3400. 
 
 Hamilton, Hoiint, mt., U.S., California, Santa Clara co. , 
 41 m. SE. by E. San Francisco, with the Lick Observatory, 
 in 37° 20' 25' N., 121° 38' 42.1" W., with largest refracting 
 telescope ever made (object lens 3 ft. in diameter ; focal length, 
 
 47 ft.). Alt. observatory, 4227 ft. ; highest summit, 4440 ft. 
 Hamilton, Soatli, tp., New Zealand, South I., Manitoto co., 
 
 48 m. N. by W. Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hamilton Down, upland tract, Eng. , Devonshire, in the E. 
 of Dartmoor Forest, about 16 m. SW. by W. Exeter. 
 
 Hamilton Inlet, Labrador. See Grand KlTer. 
 
 Hamilton on Clyde, tp. , Tasmania, Monmouth co. , 30 m. 
 NW. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hamilton on Forth, post tn. , Tasmania, Devon co. , 30 m. 
 W. Beaconsfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hamilton Palace Colliery Rows, viL, Scot., Lanarkshire, 
 Bothwell par. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hamilton Kiver, Labrador. See Grand River. 
 
 Hamilton'8 Bawn, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Armagh, bar. Lower 
 Fews, 4 m. E. by S. Armagh, on the Armagh Rly. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Hamilton Sound, channel, Newfoundland, on the N. ct., 
 between Fogo I. and the mainland, 49° a^'-ya' N. 
 642 
 
 Hamirpnr, or Humeerpoor, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., 
 cap. dist. H. , on the r. bk. of the Jumna, at the confluence of 
 the Betwa, 38 m. SSW. Cawnpur. P. (1891) 7100; Hindus, 
 5500 ; Moham. 1600. 
 
 Hamkyong, Hamkyeng, or Ham-gyong, NE. prov. of 
 Korea, extending from the S. of Broughton Bay to the N. 
 frontier ; cap. Hamheung. 
 
 Hamley, co. , S. Australia, boimded on the S. by the Murray 
 R. , between 140° and 141° E. 
 
 Hamley Bridge, post-tn., S. Australia, Gawler co., 38 m. 
 N. Adelaide, 15 m. W. Kapimda, on the Great Northern Line. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Hamlin, co. , U.S. , S. Dakota, S. of 45° N. , crossed by 97° W. 
 
 Hamm, vil., Ger., 3 m. ENE. Hamburg, in the terr. of 
 Hamburg ; has numerous iron-mines, and furnaces for the pro- 
 duction of cast steel. P. 12,300. 
 
 Hamm, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, on riv. Lippe, 22 m. 
 SSE. Miinster ; important iron industry. P. 10,500. 
 
 Hamm, Scandinavian, 'a harbour.' See Hafen. 
 
 Hamma de Gabes, El, the ancient Aquce Tacapince, tn. , N. 
 Africa, Tunis, 18 m. W. Gabes ; famous for its baths. 
 
 Hammada, El, a generic name applied to stony (or partly 
 stony, partly sandy) and waterless plateaux above the level of 
 the surrounding desert in the N. of Africa. 
 
 Hammam, Arabic and Turkish, ' hot springs or baths." 
 
 Haminam*Bn-Gliars, warm spring, Algeria, prov. Oran, 
 26 m. E. Tlemsen. 
 
 Hammam-Bn-Hajar, vil., Algeria, prov. and about 31 m. 
 SW. Oran, with mineral waters (alkaline-ferruginous) in many 
 respects resembling those of Vichy. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hammam-Bn-Hanefla, springs and baths, Algeria, prov. 
 Oran, 12 m. SW. Maskara, on the route to Sidi-bel- Abbes. 
 
 Hammam-el-Uf, or Hammam-el-Enf, tn. , northern Tunis, 
 near the Gulf and 9 m. SE. the town of Tunis, stn. on the rail- 
 way from Tunis to Susa. 
 
 Hammam-es-SalaMn, Algeria. See Hammam-Salabin. 
 
 Hammaniet, or Hamamet, walled seapt., Timis, on the 
 N. shore of the Gulf of H., 36 m. SE. Tunis ; founded at the 
 beginning of the i6th century ; with an insecure and ill-sheltered 
 port. Large quantities of hemp are cultivated in dist. P. 4000. 
 
 Hammamet, Golf of, the northern of the two wide bays in 
 the E. of Tunis, N. Africa. ItsW. shore for a distance of about 
 20 m. is separated by only a narrow neck of land from the two 
 coast lagoons, or sebkkas, of Jiriba and Halkel-Menzel, which 
 communicate wth the gulf by several channels. 
 
 Hammam Gerbus, vil. , Tunis, on the E. shore of the Bay 
 of Tunis, 22 m. E. Tunis. 
 
 Hammam-Meskhutln, vil., Algeria, prov. Constantine, 10 
 m. WSW. Guelma, stn. on the railway from Bona to Constan- 
 tine. Climate healthy, surroundings beautiful, and with sulphu- 
 rous and ferruginous warm mineral springs (i72°-209° F.), the 
 calcareous deposits from which slowly form curious cones (to the 
 number of about 100, varying in height from 3-40 ft. ). Ruins 
 of Aqttae Tibilitanae, Roman town with baths, some of which 
 are still made use of. Alt. 820 ft. 
 
 Hammam-Rlrha, viL, Algeria, 16 m. NE. Miliana, 7 m. 
 from Bu-Medfa (rly. stn. on the Une between Algiers and Oran), 
 in a beautiful mountain dist. connected with the Zaccar range 
 (alt. 5150 ft.). Saline springs (i04°-i24° F.) and ferruginous 
 springs (i55°-i66°), and a fine establishment. Ruins of Aquae 
 Calidae. Alt. 230 ft. 
 
 Hammam -Salahln, or Hammam •es-Salahin, thermal 
 spring and baths, Algeria, prov. Constantine, 4 m. N. Biskra. 
 
 Hammana, vil., Palestine, 33° 50' N., 35°45'E., 15m. ESE. 
 Beirut. 
 
 Hammar, El, spring and caravan stn. on the road from 
 Fezzan to Bornu. 
 
 Hammath, place named in O. T. See El Hamm/km. 
 
 Hamme, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Amsberg, 
 circle and dist. Bochum. P. 5100. 
 
 Hamme, riv., Prussia, prov. Hanover, flows first NE. then 
 SW. to the Wiimme ; navigable in its lower course, and con- 
 nected by canal with the Oste. 
 
 Hammelbnrg, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Fran- 
 conia, 22 m. N. Wiirzburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Hamme«lez-Termonde, comm. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 
 arr. and 5 m. N. by E. Dendermonde. P. 12,000. 
 
 Hammer, Scandinavian, sometimes ' a village," sometimes 'a 
 rock." 
 
 Hammer, or Ratibor Hammer, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 
 9 m. NNE. Ratibor. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Hammeren, cape, Denmark, the N. point of Bornholm. 
 
 Hammerfest, northernmost tn. of Europe, Norway, govt. 
 Finmark, on the Kval-oe (Whale I.), of which it is the chief 
 port, 60 m. SW. the North Cape, in 70° 38' N., 23° 39' E. 
 Houses of wood, and painted externally. Communication be- 
 tween its quarters is kept up by boats, and its harbour is defended 
 by a fort. The sun here remains two months above the horizon. 
 In summer the heat is sometimes oppressive, and throughout 
 the winter the temperature is mild enough for the fishery to be 
 
H AM M 
 
 HA MP 
 
 carried on. Exports comprise stock-fish, whale, seal, and shark 
 oil, skins, walrus hides and teeth, copper, and feathers. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Hammer Island, another name of Lombom I., Ger. New 
 Guinea. 
 
 Hammerlane, electoral div., Ire., SE. King's co., bar. 
 Philipstown Upper, 4^ m. WSW. Portarlington. 
 
 Hammerstanns, vil., Denmark, on the W. ct. of Bornholm, 
 in the N. Mean temp., yr. 45.5° F., Feb. 32.2°, July 62.6°. 
 
 Hammersley Range, range of mts. , in the NW. of W. 
 Australia, to the S. of the Fortescue R., in about 22° S., ii6^°- 
 118"= E. 
 
 Hammersmith, suburb of London, Eng. , Middlesex, H. bor., 
 on the 1. bk. of the Thames, 5 m. W. by S. St. Paul's, London, 
 with a stn. on the Metropolitan Rly. , and two others (CJroTe Road 
 and RaYensconrt Park) on the L. & SW. R. 
 
 Hammersmith, pari. bor. , in the W. of London, stretching 
 from the Thames (1. bk.) to Harrow Road. P. 97,200. 
 
 Uammersteln, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 58 m. 
 NW. Bromberg, about i m. from the W. frontier of the prov. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Hammerton, Green, and Kirk Hammerton, two adjoin- 
 ing pars., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., 7 m. E. 
 Knaresborough, with a stn. (Hammerton) on the NE. R. 
 Green H., PMT.O., P.<5oo; Kirk H., P.O., P.<5oo. 
 
 Hammerwlch, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 3 m. 
 WSW. Lichfield, on the L. & NW. R. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hammerwood ivlth Holtye, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, 
 Hartfield and East Grinstead pars. P. <5oo. 
 
 Mammon, place named in O. T. See 'Ain Ham^. 
 Hammouasset Point, cape, U.S., Coruiecticut, New Haven 
 CO. , in 72° 32' W. 
 
 Hammond, stn. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. P. 
 R. , 1458 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 24 m. from Vancouver. 
 
 Hammond, post-tn. , S. Australia, Frome co. , 30 m. E. Port 
 Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hammond, city, U.S., Indiana, Lake co. , on W. frontier of 
 state, 15 m. S. by E. Chicago (Illinois). P. 5400. • 
 
 Hammond, or Kerirl, isl. , Queensland, in S. of Torres 
 Strait, NW. of Thursday I., in 10^° S., 142° 10' E. 
 
 Hammond Islands, Pacific Ocean, Solomon group, in 8° 
 40' S. and 157° 20' E. 
 
 Hammond River, or Naawlgewauk, post-settlement, 
 Canada, New Brunswick, King's co., 17 m. from St. John. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hammondsport, vil., U.S., New York, Steuben co. , at the 
 bead of Crooked Lake, 55 m. SSE. Rochester ; great centre of 
 grape culture and wine manufacture. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hammonton, tn. , U.S., New Jersey, Atlantic co., 30 m. 
 SE. Camden. P. <4000. 
 
 Hammoon, par. , Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., on the Stour, 
 11^ m. E. by S. Sherborne, i^ m. E. Sturminster stn. P. <:25o. 
 Hamuavoe, hamlet and bay, Scot. , Shetland Is. , Mainland, 
 Nesting par., 16 m. SSE. of the N. end of the mainland. 
 
 Hamnavoe, hamlet, Scot., Shetland Is., Yell I., Mid and S. 
 Yell par., 11^ m. SE. by S. of the N. end of the mainland. 
 
 Hamoaze^ The, bay, on the Cornwall side of Plymouth 
 Sound, opposite estuary of the Tamar, Plymouth [q.v.), and 
 Devonport. 
 
 Hamoix, or Hamois, comm., Belgium, on the Ourthe, prov. 
 and 15 m. S. Li6ge. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Hamont, comm., Belgium, prov. Limburg, arr. Maeseyck, 
 20 m. W. by N. Roermond. P. < 2000. 
 Hnnioon. SeeHamun. 
 
 Hamp<len, mun. bor. , New Zealand, North I. , Waipawai co. , 
 32 m. SW. Napier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hampden, tn. , U.S., Maine, Penobscot co. P. <:3ooo. 
 Hampden, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, H. co., 9 m. ESE. 
 Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hampden, co., Victoria, crossed in the middle by 38° S. 
 and 143° E. 
 
 Hampden, Great and little, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, 
 div. and 7J m. S. by E. Aylesbiuy, 3 m. E. Princes Risborough 
 stn., P.O. (H. Row). P.<:5oo. See Hartwell. 
 
 Hampden, Mount, Brit. S. Africa, Mashona-land, near the 
 source of the Mazoe R., 8| m. NW. Fort Salisbury, in about 
 17° 40' S. , 30° 55' E. 
 
 Hamphall Stnbbs, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Hems- 
 worth union. P. <;25o. 
 
 Hampi, ruined city, Brit. India, Madras Presidency, dist. and 
 36 m. N W. Bellary, on the S. bank of the Tungabhadra ; site of 
 the ancient cap. of the Vijayanagar kings. 
 
 Hampnett, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 
 10.3 m. ESE. Cheltenham, 4 m. S. Notgrove and Westfield stn, 
 P. <25o; eccles. par. (H. with Stowell) P. <25o. 
 
 Hampole, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 6 m. 
 NW. Doncaster, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Hampreston, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., 6 m. NNE. 
 Poole, 2 m. E. Wimborne stn.; 5351 ac. P. < 2000. 
 Hampshire, Hants, or County of Southampton, one of 
 
 the southern counties of England, including the Isle of Wight 
 [Wight, Isle of], from which the mainland portion is divided 
 by the Solent and Spithead ; mainly in the diocese of Win- 
 chester, but with small portions belonging to Oxford and Salis- 
 bury ; cap. Winchester ; other chief towns Southampton, Ports- 
 mouth, Aldershot, Bournemouth, Christchurch, Ryde, and 
 Newport ; divided into the following pari. divs. : — 
 
 N. or Basingstoke 
 W. or Andover 
 E. or Petersfield . 
 S. or Fareham 
 New Forest . 
 Isle of Wight 
 Pari. bors. — 
 
 Christchurch . 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 Southampton . 
 
 Winchester 
 
 Total (anct. and administrative co. ) 1,037,764 
 
 Pop. 18 
 
 136,467 
 
 70.497 
 
 276,333 
 
 51.223 
 
 211,377 
 
 47,180 
 
 70.559 
 
 66,014 
 
 213,884 
 
 51.328 
 
 93.342 
 
 78,672 
 
 22,659 
 
 53.270 
 
 4.320 
 
 159.251 
 
 7.774 
 
 93.589 
 
 1,049 
 
 19.073 
 
 690,097 
 
 Surface mainly under 500 ft. in height, and nowhere rising 
 above 1000 ft. The county is traversed by the N. and S. Downs, 
 which form pastures for large flocks of sheep. The Downs 
 themselves and the intervening region belong entirely to the 
 Chalk, but in the S. half of the county this formation gives 
 place to early Tertiary deposits, principally to the Bagshot 
 Beds (middle Eocene). The SW. of the county is chiefly occupied 
 by the New Forest, and the whole county is well-wooded, and 
 noted for its timber. The chief rivers are the Avon, Stour, 
 Test, and Itchen, all entering the English Channel or its inlets. 
 For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. The manu- 
 factures are unimportant, the shipbuilding yards of Portsmouth 
 and Southampton Docks, and the carriage works of the L. & 
 SW. R. at Eastleigh, excepted. Bank-note paper is made at 
 Freefolk, watch chains at Christchurch, and in a few other places 
 linseys, druggets, and bombazines. There are no minerals of 
 economic importance. The railways belong chiefly to the South- 
 western system, and the NE. of the county is traversed by the 
 Basingstoke Canal. Winchester was the ancient cap. of Wessex, 
 and during the Saxon, Norman, and early Angevin dynasties cap. 
 of England. In the 9th and loth centuries H. was wasted by 
 the Danes, and during the Parliamentary War was the scene of 
 several battles and sieges. Antiquities (Roman, monastic, and 
 castellated) are numerous, the chief being the Roman remains 
 of Silchester, Netley and Beaulieu abbeys, and Porchester and 
 Carisbrook castles. See England, table. 
 
 Hampshire, 00., U.S., Massachusetts, in the W. , crossed in 
 the extreme N W. by 42^° N. , and in the middle by 72^° W. 
 
 Hampshire, co., U.S., W. Virginia, on the Potomac (Mary- 
 land frontier), bounded on the E. by Virginia. 
 
 Hampstead, par. and pari. bor. in the co. of London, 
 Eng. , 4 m. N W. St. Paul's, London, with a stn. (H. Heath) on the 
 N. L. & Dist. Rlys. , with several other stns. adjoining. The 
 public park of H. Heath and Parliament Hill (together about 
 505 ac), the summit of which (430 ft.) commands fine views, is a 
 favourite holiday resort of Londoners. The mineral spring was 
 in high repute during the last and preceding centuries, at which 
 time H. was a fashionable watering-place. The par. , which is 
 conterminous with the pari, bor., includes Belsize Park, Haver- 
 stock Hill, Primrose Hill, and part of Kilbum. P. 68,400. 
 
 Hampstead, tn., New Zealand, South I., co. Ashburton. 
 P. (with dist.)<i5oo. 
 
 Hampstead, West, stn., London, Eng., 4J m. NW. by W. 
 St. Paul's, on the Metropolitan Rly. 
 
 Hampstead Marshall, par., Berkshire, Eng., div. and 45 m. 
 W. by S. Newbury, 2 m. SE. Kintbury stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hampstead Norrls, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 6 m. 
 NE. by N. Newbury, on the G. W. R., P.O.; 6047 ac. P.< 
 1500 ; eccles. par. (H. Jf, with Langley) P. < 1000. 
 
 Hampsthwaite, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon 
 div., on the Nidd, 3 m. NW. Harrogate, on the NE. R., P.O. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Hampton, tn., Canada, New Brunswick, King's co., on the 
 riv. Kennebecasis, 22 m. NE. by N. St. John. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hampton, vil., Canada, Ontario, Durham co., 40 m. NE. 
 by E. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hampton, par., Eng., Cheshire, 2 m. NE. Malpas, P.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Hampton, par. , Eng. , Middlesex, Uxbridge div. . on the 1. bk. 
 of the Thames, on a branch of the L. & SW. R., 3^ m. SW. by 
 S. Richmond. P. 5800. 
 
 Hampton, hamlet, Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 9 m. NW. 
 Kidderminster, with a stn. (H. Iioade) on the G. W. R. 
 
 Hampton, par., Eng., Worcestershire, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Avon, div. and i m. W. Evesham, with a stn. (H. June.) 
 on the M. R., P.O. P.<7So. 
 
 643 
 
HAMP — HAND 
 
 Hampton, vil. , U.S., Connecticut, Windham co. , 31 m. E. 
 Hartford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hampton, vil., U.S., Georgia, Henry co., 26 m. S. by E. 
 Atlanta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hampton, vil., U.S., Illinois, Rock Island co., on 1. bk. of 
 Mississippi R., 68 m. S. by E. Dubuque (lo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Hampton, tn., U.S., Iowa, Franklin co., 98 m. NW. by W. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Hamipton, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Rockingham co., 30 
 m. E. Manchester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hampton, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, H. co., 58 m. N. Savannah 
 (Ga. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Hampton, tn. , U.S., Virginia, Elizabeth City co., on the ct. , 
 70 m. SE. by E. Richmond. H. Koads, the channel to the S. , 
 at the mouth of the James R. It is a naval station, defended 
 by two strong forts, and admitting the largest vessels. P. <3000. 
 
 Hampton, coal mining vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Kanawha 
 CO., on the Great Kanawha R., 13 m. SE. by E. Charleston. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Hampton Blsbop, par., Eng., Hereford, Ross div., 4 m. 
 ESE. Hereford, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hampton Cliarles and Hampton Wafer, two adjoining 
 pars., Eng., Herefordshire, 5 m. NW. Bromyard. H. Charles, 
 P. <;25o; H. Wafer, P. <25o. 
 
 Hampton Court, rojral palace, on the N. bank of the Thames, 
 founded by Cardinal Wolsey, is about i m. from the village, on 
 L. & SW. R. It contains the state-rooms, in which are some 
 rich furniture and tapestry, and a superb collection of paintings, 
 chiefly historical portraits. The palace is built of brick, with 
 stone decorations. Its ceiling was painted by Verrio. The garden 
 is laid out in the Dutch style ; it has a fine terrace, some good 
 sculpture, fountains, vases, and a grape-house, containing a vine 
 said to be the largest and most productive in Europe. The park, 
 S m. in circumference, is well stocked with deer. This palace 
 was an occasional royal residence between the reigns of Henry 
 VIII. and George II. The Home Park (500 ac.) was thrown 
 open to the pubMc in 1893. 
 
 Hampton, East, settlement, U.S., Connecticut, Middlesex 
 CO., 18 m. SE. by S. Hartford. 
 
 Hampton Gay and Hampton Poyle, two adjoining pars. , 
 Eng., Oxfordshire, on th° Cherwell, div. and 2^ m. E. by S. 
 Woodstock, ij m. S. Woodstock Road stn. H. Gay, P. <25o ; 
 H. Poyle, P. <25o. 
 
 Hampton Hill, eccles. par. , Eng. , Middlesex, Hampton par. 
 P. <:25c)0. 
 
 Hampton in Arden, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Tamworth 
 div., 8^ m. W. by N. Coventry, with a June. stn. on the L. & 
 NW. R., PMT.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Hampton Loade, stn. , Eng. , Salop. See Hampton. 
 
 Hampton LoTett, par., Eng., Worcestershire, 6 m. SW. by 
 W. Bromsgrove, div. and ij m. NW. Droitwich. P. <:25o. 
 
 Hampton Lucy, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, on the r. bk. of the 
 Avon, div. and 4 m. ENE. Stratford-on-Avon, P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Hampton Plains, dist., W. Australia, in about 31 S., 
 i22°-i23° E. , covered with stunted scrub salt-bush and grass ; 
 the soil a red loam, of volcanic origin. 
 
 Hampton Roads. See Hampton, U.S., Virginia. 
 
 Hampton Tableland, dist., in the S. of W. Australia, S. 
 of 33° S. , crossed by 122° E. 
 
 Hampton Wick, par., Eng., Middlesex, on the Thames and 
 L. & SW. R., 15 m. SW. London. Mean rfall. (The Grove, 
 alt. 27 ft.), 24.9 in. P. <25oo. 
 
 Hamptworth, P.O., Eng., Wiltshire, 8| m. SE. Salisbury. 
 
 Hamran, Arab tribe, eastern Sudan, in the upper valley of 
 the Atbara, on the NW. borders of Abyssinia. 
 
 Hamrin, Jebel, range of hills, Asiatic Turkey, trending from 
 NW. to SE. from the Tigris to the Persian frontier, between 
 about 35° 20' and 33° N. 
 
 Hamsabi%, tn. , Hungary. See Erd. 
 
 Hamsey, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Lewes div. , on the Ouse, i J m. 
 N. L'^wes. P. <75o. 
 
 Hamstal Rldware, par., Eng., Staffordshire, on riv. Blythe, 
 div. and 6 m. N. by W. Lichfield, 2^ m. NE. Armitage stn., 
 P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Hamstead, PMT.O., Eng., Staffordshire, near Birmingham. 
 
 Hamst«els, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, Lanchester par. 
 P. <:4500. 
 
 Hamst«rley, par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 6 m. 
 W. by N. Bishop Auckland, 3 m. W. by S. Witton-le-Wear stn. , 
 P.O. , and PM.O. (H. Colliery). P. <:500. 
 
 Ham Street, vil. , Eng. , Kent, div. and sJ m. S. Ashford, on 
 theSE. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Ham-8iir>Sambre, comm. , Belgium, prov. and arr. Namur, 
 on the Sambre, 6 m. ESE. Fleurus. P. < 3000. 
 
 Hamnn (Persian, 'expanse'), a vast shallow trough in Seistan, 
 on the borders of Persia and Afghanistan, between about 30° 
 and 31^° N.; in time of flood covered with water, but usually 
 dry, with the exception of two large lakes in the N., within 
 Afghanistan, namely, the Hamun-i-Farah, to the W., receiving 
 the Farah-Rud and Harrud from the N., and the Hamun-i-Saw- 
 &44 
 
 aran, to the E., receiving the Helmand from the S., and the 
 Kash-rud from the E. The two are separated by a reedy 
 thicket, which is sometimes converted into a marsh. 
 
 Hamura, vil. , Japan, about 30 m. W. Tokyo, with massive 
 stone-work dam for carrying off the water to supply that city. 
 
 Ham fritb Hatch, par., Eng., Surrey, Kingston div., on 
 the Thames, 2 m. S. by W. Richmond, i^ m. N. Hampton 
 Wick stn., PM.O. P. <2ooo. Ham Common, urban sanitary 
 dist., P. < 1 500. 
 
 Hamwortby, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, on Poole Harbour, i^ 
 m. WNW. Poole, on the L. & SW. R. P. <7So. 
 
 Hamwortby Junction, stn., Eng., Dorsetshire, on the 
 L. & SW. R., I m. NW. Hamworthy. 
 
 Han, riv. , central China. See Han-kiang. 
 
 Han, riv. , Korea, flows W. into the Yellow Sea by an estuary, 
 in 37° 45' N. Steamers ascend to Mapu, the port of Soul (which 
 hes a little to the N.), but only those of shallow draught can 
 cross the sandbanks at the mouth at low tide. About 100 m. 
 above Soul it becomes almost impracticable for junk traffic 
 owing to the many rapids. 
 
 Hanau, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 11 m. E. by 
 N. Frankfurt, on 1. bk. of the Kinzig, near its junction with the 
 Main. Has a castle, now the seat of a society of natural history ; 
 manufactures of gold and silver articles, &c. Near are the 
 mineral springs of Wilhelmstadt. At H. the French, in their 
 retreat from Leipzig, totally defeated the Bavarians, Oct. 30, 
 1813. Birthplace of the brothers Grimm. P. 24,900. 
 
 Hanbnry, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 6 m. NW. by 
 W. Burton, 2^ m. SSE. Marchington stn.; has gypsum-beds. 
 PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Hanbury, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Droitwich div. , 4^ m. 
 S. Bromsgrove, P.O.; 7790 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hanby, eccles. par., Eng., Lincolnshire. See lAvlngton. 
 
 Hauchnng (or Hanchoug) -fu, tn., China, SW. Shensi, on 
 the Han-kiang, which is navigable to this point, about 225 m. 
 NE. Chengtu-fu ; an important centre on the trade route from 
 Siichwan to N. China. Alt. 2000 ft. 
 
 Hancbnrcb, P.O., Eng., Staffordshire, 3^ m. SW. Stoke. 
 
 Hancock, CO., U.S., Georgia, N. of 33° N., crossed by 83° W. 
 
 Hancock, co., U.S., Illinois, on W. frontier, between 40° 
 and 41° N. 
 
 Hancock, co., U.S., Indiana, S. of 40° N.. and E. of 86° W. 
 
 Hancock, co. , U.S. , Iowa, crossed by 43° N. , and E. of 94° W. 
 
 Hancock, co., U.S., Kentucky, on the Ohio, E. of 87 W. 
 
 Hancock, tn., U.S., Maine, H. co. , on Frenchman's Bay, 31 
 m. SE. Bangor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hancock, vil. , U.S. , Maryland, Washington co. , on the Poto- 
 mac, 77 m. NW. Washington. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hancock, vil., U.S., Michigan, Houghton co., in the Lake 
 Superior copper region, on the N. side of Portage Lake, 69 m. 
 NW. by W. Marquette. Alt. 707 ft. (R.R.). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hancock, co., U.S., Mississippi, in the SE., bounded on the 
 S. by the Mississippi Sound, and on the W. by Pearl R. , which 
 separates it from Louisiana. 
 
 Hancock, vil., U.S., New York, Delavraie co., 72 m. W. by 
 N. Poughkeepsie, at the confluence of the E. and W. Branches 
 of the Delaware R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hancock, co. , U.S., Ohio, E. of 84° W., crossed by 41° N. 
 
 Hancock, co., U.S., Tennessee, in the NE. , on the N. 
 frontier, crossed in the E. by 83° W. 
 
 Hancock, co., U.S., W. Virginia, in the extreme N. 
 
 Hand, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, between 44° and 45° N., crossed 
 in the middle by 99° W. 
 
 Handa, tn. , Portugtiese W. Africa, 260 m. E. by S. Mos- 
 samedes, in 15° 44' S., 15° 58' E. 
 
 Handa, isl., Scot., off the W. ct. of Sutherland, Eddrachillis 
 par., separated from the mainland by the Sound of H., in 
 
 58° 22^' N. 
 
 Handab, or Handak, tn. , Africa, Nubia, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Nile, in i8^° N., 40 m. SE. New Dongola. 
 
 HandaWan, pass, Persia, prov. Luristan, about 90 m. S. by 
 E. Hamadan, on the road from Khorremabad to Burujird. 
 Alt. 7500 ft. 
 
 Handborough, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 
 on the Evenlode, 3 m. SSW. Woodstock, with a stn. on the 
 G. W. R. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Hand Cross, vil, Eng., Sussex, E. Grinstead div., 6 m. E. 
 Horsham, 2^ m. WNW. Balcombe stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Handeck, fall, on the riv. Aar, Switzd., in Bern, Upper 
 Haslethal, on the pass-road over the Grinsel ; has a fall of 23a 
 ft. in a dark abyss. 
 
 Handforth, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Altrincham div. , 5^ m. SW. 
 by S. Stockport, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Handley, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 7 m. SE. by 
 S. Chester, i m. SW. Tattenhall stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Handley, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, E. div. , 12 m. SW. Salis- 
 burv, PM.O.; 6014 ac. P. < 1000; eccles. par. (H. witli Clus- 
 sagie St. Andrew) P. <iooo. 
 
 Handley, Middle, P.O., Eng., Derbyshire, 7 m. SE. by S. 
 Sheffield. 
 
HAND — HANN 
 
 Hanclsboro, tn. and watering-place, U.S., Mississippi, 
 Harrison co., 66 m. ENE. New Orleans (Louis.), midway be- 
 tween New Orleans and Moble. P. < 1500. 
 
 Uanilschuhsheim, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, i m. 
 NW. Heidelberg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Haiidsworth, par. and tn. , Eng. , S. Staffordshire, H. div. , 
 between Birmingham and W. Bromwich, in whose industries it 
 shares, with stn. (H. and SmetUwick) on the G. W. R. Par. 
 7752 ac, P. (1871) 16,000; (1891)35,100; tn. P. 32,800; parL 
 div. P. 84,800. 
 
 Handsworth, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Hallam- 
 shire div., 3 m. ESE. Sheffield, i^ m. SE. by E. Darnall stn. 
 P. 10,300. 
 
 nauford, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, on riv. Stour, 4 m. NW. 
 Blandford. P. <:25o. 
 
 Haiiford, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 2 m. 
 S. by W. Stoke-upon-Trent, i§ m. NW. Trentham stn., P.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Hauford Water, inlet, Eng. , on the E. ct. of Essex, to the 
 N. of the Naze. 
 
 H&ngal, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 50 m. S. by E. 
 Dhdrwdr. P. (1881) 5300; (1891)6500; Hindus, 3600. 
 
 Hangarkatta, port, Brit. India, Madras Presidency, dist. S. 
 Kanara, on the W. ct. , 41 m. N. Mangalore ; called in the 
 government returns the port of Bdrkiir. P. < 5000. 
 
 Hangchow, or IIangchau>fii, tn. , China, prov. Chekiang, at 
 head of Hangchow Bay, no m. SW. Shanghai, at the mouth 
 of the Tsientang-kiang, S. terminus of the Imperial or Grand 
 Canal ; extensive silk manufactures. The Kinsai, Kinsav, 
 Ki7igtse, or Quinsay of Marco Polo. Opened to foreign com- 
 merce 1895 [Japan, end of article]. P. (estimated) 800,000. 
 
 UangchOTV Bay, the largest inlet on the coast of China, S. of 
 the Gulf of Pechili, about 130 m. long and 70 m. wide at the 
 mouth, gradually narrowing towards its head, the upper part 
 (above the narrowing, in about 121° E.) forming the estuary of the 
 Tsientang-kiang. Numerous small islands off its mouth and in 
 the bay, with lighthouses on one of the Saddle group, on Giitz- 
 laff I., and on Volcano I. (the last in the bay). On account of 
 the violence of the bore which occurs at every tide in the estuary 
 of the Tsientang (sometimes attaining at spring-tide, when the 
 moon is in perigee, a height of 23 ft.) ships cannot ascend 
 above Rambler I., in 120° 58' E. The bore rushes with peculiar 
 violence against the N. shore, which is protected by an embank- 
 ment, at least 1000 years old, running past Haining to Hangchow, 
 where the bore usually loses nearly all its violence, and is danger- 
 ous only to small boats. Another embankment protects the S. 
 side of the estuary. (See Jour. China Branch Royal Asiatic Soc. , 
 1888, vol. xxiii.). Gutzlaff I. is connected by submarine cables 
 with Nagasaki, Wusung, and Amoy. 
 
 Hanger Hill, hamlet, Eng., Middlesex, close to Ealing stn. 
 (G. W. R.), 9 m. W. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Hanging Heaton, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Morley div., i m. NE. Dewsbury, close to Batley stn. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Hanging Hongliton, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, i m. 
 SW. Lamport. P. <25o. See Lamport. 
 
 Hanging Kock, New South Wales. See Xnndle. 
 
 Hanging Rock, vil, U.S., Ohio, Lawrence co., r. bk. of the 
 Ohio, 100 m. S. by E. Columbus, 5 m. below Ironton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hangka, Khlnka, or Khanka, Hlngal, Hengka, Sinlial, 
 lake of E. Asia, on the boundary between the Chinese and 
 Russian possessions in Manchuria, 100 m. N. Vladivostok, in 
 44° 30-45° 20' N., 131° 4o'-i32° 30' E. Drains to the Usuri. 
 Length, 60 m. ; breadth, 27-53 ™- E. shores marshy, W. 
 hilly ; elsewhere a rich prairie, especially in the valleys of its 
 feeders, the Lefu (S.) and Mo (SW.). Russian settlements 
 have been planted on its shores, and it is navigated by Russian 
 steamers. The Vladivostok Rly. passes near the E. shore. 
 Area, 1692 sq. m., of which 1113 belong to Russia. Greatest 
 depth, 5 fathoms. 
 
 Hang-klang, China. See Han-klang. 
 
 Hang Klip, cape, on S. ct. of Cape Colony, at the E. of the 
 entrance to False Bay. 
 
 Hangletou, par., Eng., Sussex, Lewes div., 3J m. WNW. 
 Brighton, i^ m. N. Portslade stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hangman Hills, small range of hills, Eng. , in the N W. 
 of Devonshire, 5 m. E. Ilfracombe. 
 
 Hango, or Hangoudd, tn. , Russian Empire, Finland, govt. 
 Nyland, 138 m. by rail W. Helsingfors ; terminus of railway 
 running from St. Petersburg along N. shore of Gulf of Finland. 
 P. (1890) < 3000. 
 
 Hangrang, or Hungrnng, mt. pass, India, Punjab, Bashahr 
 state, between Kundwar and Tibet, in 31° 48' N. , 78° 35' E. Alt. 
 14,800 ft. 
 
 Hangn BlTer, riv., in the E. of Afghanistan, flowing NE. to 
 the Kohat R., which it joins in about 33° 33' N., 71° 20' E. 
 Its valley and the mountains adjacent on the S. are inhabited 
 by the Miranzai. There is a stone fort at the village of H. , on 
 the Punjab frontier. 
 
 Han-hal (' dry sea"), the Chinese name for the vast area of 
 
 inland drainage in central Asia composing Eastern Turkistan 
 and the so-called desert of Gobi. 
 
 Hanham, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , on the 
 r. bk. of the Avon, 3 m. E. by S. Bristol, PM.O. P. <20oo; 
 eccles. par. (H. Abotts) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Han-ho, riv. , China. See Han-klang. 
 
 Hanish, isls. , Red Sea. See Harnlsh. 
 
 Haiije, vil. , French Congo Terr. , on the coast, in 1° 22' N. 
 
 Hankelow, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 4 m. S. 
 by E. Nantwich, 2 m. NE. by N. Audlem stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hankerton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 8 m. 
 SW. Cirencester, 3 m. NE. Malmesbury stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hankey, vil.. Cape Colony, div. Humansdorp, 45 m. WNW. 
 Port Elizabeth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hankbam, P. O. , Eng. , 2 m. from Pevensey, Sussex. 
 
 Han-klang, Han-ho, or Hang-klang, riv. , China, one of the 
 chief tribs. of the Yangtse-kiang, rises in the mountains of Tsin- 
 hng, in the SW. corner of Shensi prov. , which it traverses from 
 E. to W., then enters Hup6, in which it flows on the whole 
 SE. to Hankow (Hankau), where it enters the Yangtse-kiang, 
 Navigable in its lower course for large junks to Fancheng (q.vT), 
 and for smaller vessels to Hanchung, in SW. of prov. Shensi, 
 not far from its source. A boat journey from Hankau to Han- 
 chung lasts 2^-5 months (Proc. R. G. S. , 1890, p. 64). Towards 
 the middle of its course the Han-kiang traverses a chain of 
 mountains rich in coal and slate, here forming 360 rapids. 
 
 Hankison, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Richland co., 55 m. S. by 
 W. Fargo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hankow, or Hankaa (' Han-mouth'), treaty port of China 
 since 1861, the natural focus of the export and import trade 
 with the central and western provs., on the north bank of 
 the Yangtse, 700 English miles from its mouth, and at the con- 
 fluence with it of the Han-kiang, in 30° 33' N. , 114° 19' E. It 
 faces Hanyang city across the Han, and Wuchang across the 
 Yangtse. It remained an unwalled town till 1863, when an 
 attack of the roving banditti of the northern provs. being appre- 
 hended, a wall of stone, 13 ft. high, with a brick parapet 5 ft. 
 high, was built around it. The British settlement is now covered 
 writh palatial buildings, to the E. of which is the British con- 
 sular establishment. The port is accessible to large ocean 
 steamers ; greatest recorded depth at the entrance, 48 ft. 3 in. 
 Vessels loaded and discharged by lighters. Average value of ex- 
 ports, including re-exports, about ^7, 000,000 ; principal article, 
 black tea ; next in importance, raw silk, medicines, wood-oiL 
 Since the opening of the port the town has been three times sub- 
 merged — in 1866, 1869, and 1870 — each inundation leading to 
 an outbreak of fever. Mean temp. (5 yrs. , 1877-81), yr. 62.2° 
 F., Jan. 37.90°, July 84°. P. 300,000 ; joint P. of H., Hanyang, 
 and Wuchang, 1,200,000. 
 
 Hanle, vil., India, in the SE. of Kashmir, 160 m. NE. Simla, 
 consisting of several houses surrounding a Buddhist monastery. 
 The valley includes several dists. in which barley is cultivated. 
 Alt. 15,070 ft. 
 
 Hanley, settlement and rly. stn., Canada, Assiniboia, about 
 115 m. NW. Regina. 
 
 Hanley, pari. bor. (i member), mun. bor. (since 1857), and 
 CO. bor., Eng., Staffordshire, pari. bor. i m. NNE. Stoke-upon- 
 Trent, on the N. Staffordshire Rly. and the Cauldon branch of 
 the Trent and Mersey Canal, centre of the potteries dist. ; has 
 coal and iron mines. Its manufactures of earthenware are the 
 largest in the dist., and include the finest kinds of porcelain. 
 It has also iron furnaces and foundries, and brick-works. Market- 
 days, Tu. , W. , and S. Mun. and CO. bor. P. (1871)40,000; (1891) 
 54,900; pari. bor. P. 86,900; eccles. par. (H. or Wellington) 
 P. 12,300. 
 
 Hanley Castle, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., 7^ 
 m. NW. by N. Tewkesbury, i| m. N. by W. Upton-on-Severn 
 stn., PMT.O., and PM.O. (H. Swan) ; 5923 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Hanley Cbild and Hanley William, two adjoining pars. , 
 Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., H. Child 13 m. SW. by 
 W. Kidderminster, 3 m. S. Newnham Bridge stn. H. Child, 
 P. <25o ; H. William, P. <25o. See Eastham. 
 
 Haulltb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., on 
 the Aire, 18 m. N. by E. Burnley. P. <25o. 
 
 Hanmer, par., Wales, in a detached part of Flintshire, 10 m. 
 SE. Wrexham, 2 m. N. Bettisfield stn., PMT.O. P.<5oo; 
 eccles. par. (H. witb Tallarn Creen) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hanmer Plain, dist., New Zealand, South I., Amuri co., 
 90 m. N. Christchurch, with medicinal hot spring. 
 
 Hanna, riv., Austro-Hungary, Moravia, r. bk. trib. of the 
 March or Morava, watering the largest and most fertile plain of 
 Moravia, the inhabitants of which (Checks) are called Hannaks ; 
 principal town, Prossnitz. 
 
 Hannab ivitb Hagnaby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lind- 
 sey div., 12 m. ESE. Louth, 2 m. WSW. Sutton-on-Sea stn. 
 P. <25o; eccles. par. (H. with Hagnaby and Harkby) P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Hannahsto'wn, P.O., Ire., co. Antrim, 4 m. from Dunmurry. 
 Hannathon, place named in O. T. See Kefr 'Anftn. 
 Hanney, East and West, adjoining pars. , Eng. , Berkshire, 
 
 645 
 
HANN — HANW 
 
 div. and t;J m. SW. by W. Abingdon, i^ m. NNE. Wantage 
 Road stn." P.O. (East H.). East H. P. <75o ; West H., P.O., 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Hannibal, city, U.S., Missouri, Marion co., on r. bk. Mis- 
 sissippi, 49 m. S. Keokuk (la.). H. is a busy commercial town, 
 and an important river port and railway centre, carrying on 
 various manufactures ; principal shipping trade in lumber. P. 
 (1880)11,100; (1890)12,900. 
 
 HannlngfleM, East, Sontb, and West, three adjoining pars. , 
 Eng. , Essex, div. and (East H.) 5^ m. SE. by S. Chelmsford, 
 P.O. (East H. and Sontli H.). East H. P. <:5oo; South H. 
 P. <25o; WestH., P.O., P.<soo. 
 
 Hannlngton, lake, Brit. E. Africa. See liOsngnta. 
 
 Hannlngton, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 6J m. 
 WNW. Basingstoke, 3 m. NNW. Oakley stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Hannlngton, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 
 6 m. WNW. Welhngborough, 4^ m. E. Spratton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hannlngton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade div., 6 m. N. 
 by E. Swindon, on a branch of the G. W. R., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Hannut, comm. , Belgium, prov. and 17 m. WNW. Liege, 
 arr. Waremme. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hanoi, the cap. of Tongking, situated on the S. or r. bk. of 
 the Song-koi (Red R.), about no m. from its mouth, and 60 m. 
 in a direct line from the sea. Has a citadel, reconstructed 
 under the direction of French ofRcers about the beginning of the 
 present century. The houses are mostly of brick or stone, and 
 the principal streets are paved in the middle with black marble. 
 Accessible to vessels drawing 6 ft. , or in flood even 8 ft. Founded 
 by a Chinese governor about 767, on a site at that time close to 
 the sea [Tongking]. The town is officially called Thamlang- 
 ttaam ('city of the red dragon'), and also known as Hesbo 
 ('the great market'), Bacthanli ('citadel of the N.'), and 
 Dongkink (' cap. of the E.'). Mean temp. (1877-79), yr. 75.6° 
 F., Jan. 60.1°, July 87.6°. P. estimated at 100-150,000. 
 
 HanoTcr, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Grey co. , on the riv. Sau- 
 geen, 47 m. WSW. CoUingwood. P. <i5oo. 
 
 HanoTer, municip. , Cape Colony, div. H. , 55 m. NW. Middel- 
 burg; has sulphur springs. Alt. 4500 ft. Meanrfall., 25.75 in. 
 P. -CI 500. 
 
 Hanover, German Hannover (name derived from Jwnover, 
 ' high bank' [al/.a ripa]) , prov. , Prussia, situated in NW. Germany, 
 between Holland and the Elbe. Only the southern parts are 
 hilly and mountainous (Harz Mts. [if. v.], Weser Mts., Deister, 
 Soiling Forest, hills of Schoppingen, and Bentheim), the greater 
 part of H. belonging to the N. German Plain. The character- 
 istic features of this portion of the plain are heaths (heath of 
 Liineburg), marshland, swamps, and peat-bogs (morass of Bour- 
 tange, 540 sq. m. ; ' floating fields ' in the terr. of the Hamme 
 R. ). The marshland is well drained, and very fertile. Much 
 has been done in recent times to cultivate the bog land, and 
 large tracts of fertile land have been reclaimed (Papenburg and 
 dists. E. of Bremen) ; also on the coast land has been recovered 
 in many places, the dykes of western H. (' German Friesland') 
 being not less remarkable than those of Holland. Navigable 
 rivers : Elbe (with Ilmenau and Oste), Weser (with AUer and 
 Leine), and Ems (with Haase). Canals are numerous, the 
 principal ones being the Bremen, Hadeln, Ems, and Ems- 
 Vechte Canals (see also Oldenbnrg). H. has only a few small 
 lakes, viz., the Steinhud, Bederkesa, and Diimmersee. The 
 climate varies greatly in the different parts of the prov. It is 
 moist on the coast, mild in the plain, and bleak on the Harz 
 Mts. (f.v.). The southern parts are rich invaluable minerals 
 (see Harz) ; coal and lignite occur near Osnabriick, Osterwald, 
 and Weetzen ; salt is found near Egestorfshall and Neuhall ; 
 and petroleum at Olheim, S. of Celle. Enormous quantities of 
 {jeat are met with, and used as fuel in the northern parts of 
 H. Agfriculture (cereals, flax, hemp), cattle-rearing, and horse- 
 breeding are in many parts of the prov. in a flourishing state 
 (especially in the well drained marshlands). Industries and com- 
 merce are likevnse of importance ; textiles, pig-iron, machinery, 
 hardware, chemicals, and cigars being the principal manu- 
 factures. Hanover, Linden, Osnabriick, Hameln,Geestemiinde, 
 Harburg, Osterode, Hildesheim, and Celle are the principal 
 industrial and commercial centres. Gottingen is a famous uni- 
 versity-town. The railways mostly belong to the state. Most 
 of the inhabitants of H. are Protestants. In the early times of 
 the Middle Ages H. was a part of the duchy of Brunswick 
 {g.v.) ; 1569-92, William, founder of the line Brunswdck-Liine- 
 Ijurg ; 1714, Gieorge Ludwig (1698-1727), King of England 
 (George I. 1714-27) ; 1815, H. kingdom ; 1866, H. prov. of 
 Prussia (g.v.). Area, 14,862 sq. m. P. (1890) 2,278,361. See 
 (iermau Empire. [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Hanover, tn., cap. Prussian prov. and govt. [Regierungs- 
 bezirk) H., on the Leine, 80 m. S. by W. Hamburg. It is a 
 well-built town, with beautiful parks and suburbs, containing 
 a royal library of 175,000 volumes, several picture-galleries, a 
 provmcial museum, with collections of the historical society for 
 Lower Saxony, the Kestner museum, with collections of Etruscan, 
 Roman, and Greek antiquities, a zoological garden (in the Eilen- 
 riede Forest E. of the town), &c. H. was first made a ducal 
 646 
 
 residence by Duke George in 1641, but even after that its growth 
 was slow, its rapid development dating from about the year 
 1845. As a manufacturing town H. is rapidly rising into im- 
 portance (cotton-mills, dye works, chemical works, foundries, 
 machine shops). Mean temp. , yr. 48. 5° F. , Jan. 34.2°, July 65.4° ; 
 rfall. (16 yrs.), 22.61 in. P. (1812) 21,000; (1870)74,000; (1890) 
 163,600 ; including Linden and list, P. 194,900. 
 
 Hanover, large isl. , S. Chile, crossed in the middle by 51° S. 
 
 Hanover, vil., U.S., Kansas, Washington co. , on Blue R., 
 92 m. NW. Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hanover, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co., on the 
 1. bk. of the Connecticut, 50 m. NW. Concord. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hanover, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., 20 m. SE. 
 by S. Boston. P. < 3000. 
 
 Hanover, vil., U.S., Michigan, Jackson co., 78 m. W. by S. 
 Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hanover, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, York co., 32 m. S. by 
 W. Harrisburg. P. <:4000. 
 
 Hanover, co., U.S., Virginia, in the E., bounded on the NE. 
 by the Pamunky R., S. of 38° N., and W. of 77° W. 
 
 Hanover, or Bmnsvrlck Bay, W. Australia, Kimberley 
 div. , at the mouth of Prince Regent R. 
 
 Hanover, New, co., U.S., N. Carolina, on the Atlantic, 
 bounded W. by Cape Fear R. 
 
 Hanover Court House, vil., U.S., Virginia, H. co., 15 m. 
 NNE. Richmond. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hanover Island, large isl., Chile, in 51° S. and 74° 45' W., 
 separated from the mainland and Chatham I. by the E. channel. 
 
 Hanover Point, cape, Eng., on the SW. ct. of the Isle of 
 Wight div. of Hampshire, 5J m. E. by S. of the Needles. 
 
 Hansa, isl. , Ger. New Guinea. See Nantimud^r. 
 
 Hansa Bay, on S. ct. of Neu-Pommern I., Bismarck Archi- 
 pelago, crossed by 150° 10' E., 6° 10' S. 
 
 Hans^ (Hungarian Hanysdg, ' a morass,' called by the 
 Germans Wasen), a morass, Hungary, to the SE. of the 
 Neusiedler-See, and separated from it by a mole. The surplus 
 water has an outlet to the Raab. Area about 147 sq. m. ; large 
 portions of it are now drained. 
 
 Hanse Towns, name given to three towns of Germany, 
 namely, Hamburg, Liibeck, and Bremen, the only remaining 
 members of the Hanseatic League. This league, begun in 1241 
 by Hamburg and Ltibeck to protect their commerce against 
 pirates, soon embraced the principal maritime cities between 
 the Scheldt and the Gulf of Livonia. Liibeck was regarded as 
 cap. of the league, and the States-General met there every three 
 years. The society was very powerful in the 14th century, but 
 declined after the discovery of America and the route to India 
 at the end of the 15th century. 
 
 Hansford, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW., on the N. frontier, 
 E. of 102° W. 
 
 Htosl, municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. HissAr, 82 m, 
 WNW. Delhi. P. (1881) 12,700 ; (1891) 15,200 ; Hindus, 7800 ; 
 Moham. 6600. 
 
 Hanslng-llng, pass, China, prov. Shansi, betweenTaij-uen-fii 
 and Pingyang-fu. Alt. 4000 ft. Proc. J?. G. S. , 1890, p. 61. 
 
 Hanslope, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire and Northampton- 
 shire, div. and xo\ m. NE. Buckingham, i| m. N. Castlethorpe 
 sti.., PMT.O.; 6281 ac. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (H. wltli Castle 
 Thorpe) P. < 2000. 
 
 Hanson, co. , S. Australia, bounded on the S. by 32° S. , and 
 crossed in the E. by 139° E. 
 
 Hanson, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., x6 m. NE. 
 Taunton. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Hanson, co., U.S., S. Dakota, between 43° and 44° N. and 
 97° and 98^ W. , traversed by the riv. James. 
 
 Hanstholm, cape, Denmark, on the NW. of Jutland. 
 
 Hansweert, vil., Holland, prov. Seeland, in the comm. of 
 Kruiningen, at the S. end of the canal through S. Beveland. 
 
 Hanthawadl, dist., Lower Burma, Pegu div., traversed by 
 the Hlaing or Rangoon R. ; cap. Rangoon. See Burma, table. 
 
 Hants, CO. , Canada, Nova Scotia, on Minas Basin and Cobe- 
 quid Bay, crossed by 45° N. and 64° W. 
 
 Hants, Eng. See Hampshire. 
 
 Hants Harbour, port of entry, Newfoundland, on E. side of 
 Trinity Bay. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hantsport, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Hants co., on Minas 
 Basin, 43 m. NW. HaUfax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hantaan, or Hanthuan, tn. , Annam, 97 m. E. by N. Saigon. 
 
 Hanumiingarh, tn., India. See Bhatnalr. 
 
 Hanwell, par. , Eng. , Middlesex, Brentford div. , 10 m. W. 
 St. Paul's, London, on the G. W. R. P. 6100. 
 
 Hanwell, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 2^ m. NNW. 
 Banbury. P. <2So. 
 
 Hanwood, Great, par. , Eng. , Salop, Oswestry di v. , 4 m. SW. 
 by W. Shrewsbury, with stn. (H.) on the G. W. and L. & NW. 
 R'lys.. PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Ilanworth, par. , Eng. , Middlesex, Uxbridge div. , 4J m. E. 
 Staines, i m. NW. Hampton stn., PMT.O. P. <i500. 
 
 Hanworth, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 5 m. S. by W. 
 Cromer, 3 m. W. Gunton stn. , PMT. O. P. < 250. See Gunton. 
 
H AN W 
 
 HARD 
 
 Hanworth, Cold, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, parts of Lindsey. 
 P. <25o. See HacktUorne. 
 
 Hanyang, tn., China, prov. Hupe, on the L bk. of the 
 Yangtse-kiang, and the r. bk. of the Han-kiang, opposite Han- 
 kow ; has iron and steel works, supplied by neighbouring iron 
 and coal mines and conducted on modem principles, besides 
 an arsenal P. 400,000. 
 Hanyang, Korea. See Siinl. 
 
 Hanyanl, or Manyaml, riv. , S. Africa, rises near Fort Salis- 
 bury, Mashona-land, and flows W. then N. to the Zambezi, 
 which it enters in about 30° 40' E. 
 
 Hanza, riv. , India. See Hnnzs. 
 
 Hao, isl. See Harp Island. 
 
 Hapai, group of isls. , in the Pacific Ocean, W. Polynesia, 
 forming part of the Tonga Archipelago ; area about 26 sq. m. 
 
 Haparanda ('aspen coast'), seapt. tn., Sweden, prov. Pitea, 
 on the N. shore of the Gulf of Bothnia, at the W. side of river, 
 opposite town of Tomei ; busy port, founded in 1812 after the 
 cession of Tomei to Russia. Mean temp., yr. 32.0° F. , Feb. 
 10.5°, July 58.8° ; rfall. 16.54 in. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Haphraim, place named in O. T. See Farrtyeh. 
 
 Happlsbnrgh, or Hastiorongta, Haisbro', or Hazebro', 
 par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., on the E. ct., i2| m. SE. by E. 
 Cromer, 3I m. N. by E. Stalham stn. About 8 m. from the 
 coast are the H. Sands, at the SE. end of which is a channel 
 called the H. Gat, leading between the H. Sands and the Newarp, 
 PMT.O. P. <7So ; eccles. par. (H. with Walcott) P. <75o. 
 
 Happy Talley, post-tn., Victoria, Grenville co., 20 m. SW. 
 Ballarat, 114 m. W. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hapsal, dist. tn. and bathing-place, Russia, govt. Esthonia, 
 on Baltic Sea, opposite Dago I., 66 m. SW. of Reval. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hapsbnrg, vil. , Switzd. See Habsbnrg. 
 
 Hapsford, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 6 J m. NE. 
 Chester, i^ m. SW. Helsby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hapton, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 3 m. NE. Accring- 
 ton, on the L. & Y. R.; has coal-mines. 4008 ac. P. <3500. 
 
 Hapton, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 9 m. SSW. Norwich, 
 i| m. W. by S. Flordon stn. P. <25o. 
 
 HApnr, or Haaper, municip. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. 
 and 23 m. S. by E.. Meerut. P. (1891) 15,000; Hindus, 8500; 
 Moham. 6400. 
 
 Har, Her, Teutonic, 'army.' 
 
 Hara, mtn. , Arabia, near Mecca, regarded by the Moham- 
 medans as holy, as being the place where Mohammed was called 
 as a prophet. 
 
 Haracta, large tribe, Algeria, prov. Constantine, occupying 
 the high plains around Ain-Beida, to the N. of the Aures range. 
 
 Hara'eva, city, Afghanistan. See Herat. 
 
 Harafaras, people. See Alfuras. 
 
 H&rah, site, Palestine, Horem in the O. T., 33° 10' N., 35° 
 41' E., 28 m. NNE. Tiberias. 
 
 Haralson, co. , U.S. , Georgia, on W. frontier, and S. of 34° N. 
 
 Har&mak, mt., India, Punjab, Kashmir state, in the 
 Himalayas, NE. of Lake Wulur, 25 m. N. Srinagar. Alt. 
 16,015 ft. 
 
 Haramosh, peak of the western Himalayas, in 35° 51' N., 
 74° 57' E. Alt. 24,285 ft. (Hay ward). 
 
 Hardotl, or Haroivtl, tract in Central India, now forming 
 the petty states of Kotah and Bundi, traversed by the Chambal 
 and several of its tribs. , named after the dominant tribe of HarA 
 Rdjputs. 
 
 Harar, tn. , E. Africa. See Harrar. 
 
 Harar, tribe, Algeria. See Harrar. 
 
 Haran, or Heran, tn. , Persia, prov. Azerbaijan, 62 m. WN W. 
 Resht. 
 
 Uarauka, isl. , in the Amboina group. See Hamka. 
 
 Harberton, par., Eng., Devonshire, 7I m. NW. by W. 
 Dartmouth, div. and 2| m. SW. Totnes stn., PM.O.; 5606 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Harbertonford, eccles. par. , Eng. , Devonshire, 4 m. N W. 
 Totnes, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Harbledown, par., Eng., Kent, x\ m. WNW. and partly 
 included in the pari. bor. of Canterbury, P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Harborne, par., Eng., S. Staffordshire, just SW. of the 
 Edgbaston div. of Birmingham, partly included in the pari. bor. 
 of W. Bromwich, and partly in bor. of Birmingham, with stn. 
 on the L. & NW. R. P. 44,100; eccles. par. (H. Heath) 
 P. 5000. See also Smethwlck. 
 
 Harborongh, pari, div., Eng., in the S. of Leicestershire. 
 P. 59,400. 
 
 Harborongh Hagna, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 
 3 m. NW. by N. Rugby, P.O. P.<Soo. 
 
 Harbor Springs, vil., U.S., Michigan, Emmet co., on Little 
 Traverse Bay, 27 m. SSW. of the Straits of Mackinac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harbottle ( ' the dwelling of the army. ' See Har) , par. , Eng. , 
 Northumberland, Hexham div., on the Coquet, 17 m. W. by 
 S. Alnwick, 8^ m. W. by N. Rothbury stn., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Harbour Briton, port of entry, Newfoundland, chief town 
 of Fortune Bay dist. , 24 m. firom St. John's, with good harbour. 
 P. < 150a 
 
 Harbour Buffett, fishing vil., Newfoundland, on Long I., 
 16 m. from Little Placentia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harbour Grace, tn. and port of entry, Newfoundland, Avalon 
 Penin. , on the W. side of Conception Bay, 27 m. W. by S. St. 
 John's. Patent slip, length 260 ft. Mean temp., yr. 40.4° F., 
 Feb. 21.9°, July 59.6°. P. 7000. 
 
 Harbour Island, one of the Bahama Is., at N. end of 
 Eleuthera. 
 
 Harbour Haln, vil., Newfoimdland, chief town of H. M. 
 dist., at head of Conception Bay. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Harbourrllle, port of entry. Nova Scotia, on Minas Channel, 
 Bay of Fundy. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harbrldge, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, New Forest div. , 12 m. 
 S. Salisbury, 3 m. SE. by E. Daggens Road stn.; 4214 ac. 
 P. <;5oo. See Rlngwood. 
 
 Harburg, seapt., Prussia, prov. Hanover, on the Siider-Elbe, 
 6 m. S. Hamburg, with a roomy harbour connected by locks 
 with the Elbe, and having wharves at which vessels can unload 
 directly at a rly. stn. P. (1871) 16,500; (1890) 35,100. 
 
 Harburn, stn. , Scot. , Midlothian, on the C. R. , 10 S. by E. 
 Linlithgow. 
 
 Harbury, par., Eng., Warwickshire, on riv. Ichene, 5 m. 
 SE. Leamington, with a stn. (Sontham Road and H.) on the 
 G. W. R., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., j\ m. N. 
 Melton Mowbray, on the Grantham Canal, with a stn. (H. and 
 Stathern) on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Harby, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 6 m. W. 
 Lincoln, 3 m. S. by W. Saxilby stn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. 
 par., partly in Lincolnshire (H. with Swlnethorpe), P. <:5oo. 
 
 Harconrt, post-tn,, Victoria, Talbot co., 17 m. S. Sandhurst ; 
 has granite quarries. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hard, tn., Austria, Vorarlberg, 3 m. W. Bregenz, on the 
 Lake of Constance. P. <30oo. 
 
 Hard&, municip., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Ho- 
 shangdbdd, 64 m. SSW. Bhopal. P. (1881) 11,200; (1891) 
 13,600 ; Hindus, 10,000. 
 
 Hardanger FJeld, high plateau to the E. of the H. Fjord. 
 
 Hardanger Fjord, inlet, Norway, on the W. ct., prov. S. 
 Bergenhus, about 66 m. long, running mainly from NE. to 
 SW. , and opening in 59° 45' N. 
 
 HardegarUp, viL, Holland, prov. Friesland, 6 m. E. by N. 
 Leeuwarden. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hardeman, co., U.S., Tennessee, S. frontier, crossed by 
 89° W. 
 
 Hardeman, unsettled co., U.S., Texas, on the Red R. 
 (N. frontier), bounded on the W. by 100° W. 
 
 Harden, vil, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley div., 6 m. 
 NW. by W. Bradford, 2 m. SW. Bingley stn., P.O. 
 
 Harden, co. , New South Wales, crossed by 148° and 149° E. , 
 bounded on the S. by Murrumbidgee R. 
 
 Hardeuberg, vil. , Prassia, Rhine Prov. , govt, and 8 m. E. 
 Diisseldorf. P. (comm.) 12,200; Neviges vil. P. < 4000. 
 
 Hardenhulsh, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 11 J 
 m. NE. by E. Bath, i^ m. WNW. Chippenham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Harden Moss, upland tract, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Colne Valley and Holmfirth div. , about 5 m. SSW. Huddersfield. 
 
 Harderwljk, tn., Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the SE. 
 shore of the Zuider Zee, 23 m. WSW. ZwoUe, 29 m. E. Am- 
 sterdam. P. (comm.) 7300. 
 
 Hardeveld, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Namaqua-land, 
 104 m. S. Ookiep. 
 
 Hardgate, vil., Scot., Dumbartonshire, part of Faifley (q.v.). 
 
 Hardham, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 7 m. NNE. 
 Arundel. P. <:25o. 
 
 Hardhelm, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, 23 m. SW. by 
 W. Wiirzburg (Bavaria). P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Hardhom with Newton, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 
 2i m. E. Blackpool. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hardin, co., U.S., Illinois, on the Ohio, midway between 
 37° and 38° N. 
 
 Hardin, co., U.S., Iowa, N. of 42° N., touching in E. 93° W. 
 
 Hardin, co., U.S. , Kentucky, S. of 38° N. , crossed by 86° W. 
 
 Hardin, co., U.S.. Ohio, S. of 41° N., and E. of 84° W. 
 
 Hardin, co., U.S., Tennessee, on the S. frontier, crossed by 
 Tennessee R. 
 
 Hardin, vil., U.S., Texas, cap. H. co., 75 m. NE. by E. 
 Houston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harding, vil.. Natal, co. Alfred, 80 m. SSW. Pietermaritz- 
 burg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harding, co., U.S., S. Dakota, on the W. frontier, between 
 45° and 46° N. 
 
 Hardlnge, co. , New South Wales, crossed in the N. by 30° 
 S., to the W. of 151° E. 
 
 Hardlnge, mt.. New Zealand, in the Southern Alps. Alt. 
 10,000 ft. 
 
 Hardlngham, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., on the Yare, 
 12^ m. W. by S. Norwich, on the G. E. R. H. is the birthplace 
 of Sir Thomas Gresham (1519-1579), founder of the London 
 Royal Exchange. PM.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 647 
 
HARD — HARI 
 
 Hardlnglien, vil. , France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. Boulogne, 
 lo m. S. Calais ; coal-mines. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Hardlnsbnrg, vil. , U.S., Kentucky, Breckinridge co. , 52 m. 
 SW. by W. Louisville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hardlngstoue, par., Eng. , Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 2 
 m. SSE. Northampton, PM.O. P. <3Soo ; urban sanitary dist. 
 P. 6300. 
 
 Hardlngton, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 3^ m. NW. by 
 N. Frome. P. <25o. See Hemington. 
 
 llardlngtou HandeTllle, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 
 4 m. SW. Yeovil, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hardlnxveld, fishing comm. , Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, 
 near the Maas, 4 m. W. Gorkum. P. <sooo. 
 
 Hardknott Castle, Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 13 
 m. S. by W. Keswick ; a group of stones supposed to be the 
 remains of a Roman camp. 
 
 Hardley, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 9^ m. WSW. Yar- 
 mouth, 2 m. SW. by W. Reedham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hardniead, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Buckingham div., 
 7^ m. W. Bedford, 3J m. SW. by S. Turvey stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hardol, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, cap. dist. H.,6om. NW. 
 Lucknow. P. (1881) 10,000; (1891) 11,200; Hindus, 8300; 
 Moham. 2700. 
 
 nardres, IiOfrer and Upper, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Kent, St. Augustine div., 2^ m. S. Canterbury. Lower H. P. 
 <:5oo ; Upper H. P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (Upper H. witb Stel- 
 ling) P. <750. 
 
 Hardrow wltb Lnuds, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. 
 Riding, Richmond div. , on the Ure, 2o| m. SE. by S. Appleby. 
 P.<500. 
 
 Hardt, or Haardt, mts. , Ger. See Vosges. 
 
 Hardt, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Diisseldorf, circle and 
 dist. Gladbach ; manufactures woollens, velvets, silk, &c. P. 
 (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 HardnaganJ, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Alfgarh, 50 
 m. N. byE. Agra. P. (i88i)<5ooo; (1891)6000; Hindus, 5300; 
 Moham. 700. 
 
 Hardvllle, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Parry Sound dist. , 
 65 m. NNE. Colling^vood. 
 
 Hardw&r, or Harl-dw&ra (literally ' gate of Hari, that is, 
 Vishnu'), also called Gangsi-dw&ra ('Ganges gate'), tn. on 
 the frontier of Brit. India, N W. Provs. , dist. Saharanpiur, on the 
 r. bk. of the Ganges where it emerges on the plains, 70 m. 
 NNE. Meerut, at the foot of the Siwdlik Hills. P. (1881) 28, 100 ; 
 (1891) 29,100; Hindus, 22,500; Moham. 6600. 
 
 Hardway, PM.O., Eng., Hampshire, ij m. N. Gosport. 
 
 Uardwlck, par., Eng., Cambridge, Chesterton div., 5 m. 
 W. Cambridge, 3 m. NW. by N. Lords Bridge stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hard wick, stn., Eng., Derbyshire, on the M. R., near 
 Chesterfield. 
 
 Hardwlck, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div. , 6J m. 
 NW. Lincoln. P. <25o. 
 
 Hardwlck, eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 2 m. SE. 
 by S. King's Lynn. See Bnncton, Nortb. 
 
 Hardwlck, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 12 m. S. by W. 
 Norwich, 3^ m. SE. Forncett stn. P. <25o. See Sbelton. 
 
 Hardwlck, par., Eng., E. div. of Northamptonshire, 3 m. 
 NW. by W. Wellingborough. P. <25o. 
 
 HardTvick, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 2 m. 
 SE. Witney. P. <25o. See Duckllngton. 
 
 Hardwlck, par. , Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 8 m. 
 WSW. Buckingham, 5 m. N. Bicester stn. P. <:25o; eccles. 
 par. (H. witb Tnsmore) P. <25o. 
 
 Hardwlck, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., ij m. S. 
 Bury St. Edmunds. P. <25o. 
 
 Hardwlck, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co. , 22 m. 
 WNW. Worcester. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Hardwlck, tn., U.S., Vermont, Caledonia co., on Lamoille 
 R. , 20 m. NE. by N. Montjielier. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hardwlck, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross div., E. H. 8 m. E. by S. 
 Wakefield, i m. NE. by E. Ackworth stn. , P. O. P. (of each) <:25o. 
 
 Hardwlcke, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, on the Thames, 
 div. and 3^ m. N. by W. Aylesbury. P. <2So; eccles. par. 
 (H. wltb Weedon) P. <75o. 
 
 Hardwlcke, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 
 4i m. SW. by S. Gloucester, 2 m. NW. Haresfield stn., P.O. 
 P" <75o. See Standlsb. 
 
 Hardwlcke, eccles. par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Clifford par. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Hardwlcke, or Nnndawar, mt. range, New South Wales, 
 trending E. to W. , in 30° 20' S. and 150° 10' E. , of granite forma- 
 tion ; estimated alt. 3500 ft. 
 
 Hardwlcke Bay, S. Australia, Yorke Renin. , in Spencer Gulf. 
 
 Hardwlcke Island, Brit. N. America, in Johnstone Strait, 
 between Brit. Columbia and Vancouver I., in 50° 25' N. and 
 
 125° 55' w. 
 
 Hardy, part of par., Eng., Lancashire. See Chorlton. 
 
 Hardy, settlement, U.S., Montana, Cascade co., 88 m. 
 NNE. Butte City. 
 648 
 
 Hardy, co., U.S., W. Virginia, E. frontier, crossed by 39° N. 
 
 Hare Bay, Newfoundland, on the E. ct., in 51° io'-2o' N. 
 
 Uareby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 13 m. S. 
 Louth, 4 m. W. Spilsby stn. P. <25o. See Bollngbroke. 
 
 Harecastle, vil., Eng., Staffordshire, on the N. Staffordshire 
 Rly. , 8^ m. in E. Crewe ; has coal-mining. Market-day, S. 
 
 Harefleld, par., Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge div., 6^ m. 
 WNW. Harrow, 3 m. S. Rickmansworth stn., PMT.O. ; 4621 
 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Harebope, par., Eng., Northumberland, 8 m. NW. Aln- 
 wick. P. <250. 
 
 Hareldland, isl. , Norway, W. ct., prov. N. Bergenhus, in 
 62° 20' N. 
 
 Hare Island, Bay of Fundy. See Haut tie. 
 
 Hare Island, isl., Canada, Quebec, in the riv. St. Law- 
 rence, in 69° 43'-46' W. 
 
 Hare Island, Ire., off SW. ct. co. Cork, at entrance to 
 Roaringwater Bay, lat. 51° 30' N. , long. g° 26' W. 
 
 Hare Island, small isl.. Ire., in the S. of Lough Ree, SW, 
 of CO. Westmeath. 
 
 Harelaw, hill, Scot., Berwickshire, 6 m. ENE. Duns, i m. 
 N. Chirnside. Alt. 443 ft. 
 
 Harelaw Dam, small lake, Scot., Renfirewshire, 6 m. S. 
 Paisley, drained N. into the White Cart R. 
 
 Haren, comm., Netherlands, prov. and 3 J m. S. Groningen. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Harena, tn., En. Sudan, on the E. ct., 47 m. SE. Massaua. 
 
 Hare Park and Crofton, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, near Wake- 
 field, on the G. N. R. 
 
 Harescomb, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 
 5 m. S. Gloucester, i^ m. ENE. Haresfield stn. P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (H. witb Pltcbcomb) P. <50o. 
 
 Haresfield, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 
 5 m. S. by W. Gloucester, with a stn. on the G. W. and M. 
 Rlys., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Harestanes and Tbornlce, vil. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, part of 
 Braidwood (^.v.). 
 
 Hare Street, PM.O., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., on 
 the Quin, 12 m. NNE. Hertford, i m. NE. Buntingford stn. 
 
 Hareth, place named in O. T. See Kbar&s. 
 
 Harewood, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 5 m. NW. 
 by W. Ross, PM.O. (H. End). P. <250. 
 
 Harewood, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., 7^ m. N. by E. Leeds, 3 m. WNW. Bardsey stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <:7So ; eccles. par. (H. wltb East Keswick) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Harewood Forest, upland tract, Eng., Andover div. of 
 Hampshire, about 10 m. NNW. Winchester, to the SE. of 
 Andover. 
 
 Harflenr ( ' the harbour on the channel. ' See Fleur) , the anct. 
 Harjloricum, comm., France, dep. Seine-Inferieure, on the N. 
 shore of the estuary of the Seine, arr. and 4 m. E. by S. Havre ; 
 was taken by the English under Henry V. in 1415, after a siege 
 of forty days. Has a sugar refinery, and manufactures of delft 
 ware. P. <3000. 
 
 Harford, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., n m. ENE, 
 Plymouth, i^ m. N. Ivybridge stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Harford, co. , U.S. , Maryland, at the head of Chesapeake Bay, 
 bounded on the E. by the Susquehanna R. 
 
 Harg, small seapt., Sweden, on the Aland channel, prov. and 
 60. m. N. by E. Stockholm ; good anchorage, with a depth from 
 22 to 46 ft. 
 
 Hargazo Falls. See Tana Hirer, Brit. E. Africa. 
 
 Hargbam, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 17^ m. SW. by 
 W. Norwich, i m. N. Eccles Road stn. P. <:25o. See Wilby, 
 
 Hargrare (now Bryson), vil., Canada. See Bryson. 
 
 Hargrave, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 6 
 m. SE. by E Chester, on the Ellesmere Canal, 2 m. ESE. 
 Waverton stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hargrave ('the army entrenchment'), par., Eng 
 Sudbury div., 6 m. WSW. Bury St. Edmunds, 35 
 Higham stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hargrare, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, gjm. E. 
 by N. Wellingborough, 3 m. SSE. Raunds stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Hargrares, formerly Lonlsa Creek, post-tn.. New South 
 Wales, Wellington co. , 45 m. N. by W. Bathurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harba, tn., India, Oudh, dist. Unao, in 26° 25' 20" N., 80° 
 34' E. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Harla, comm., Canary Is,, Teneriffe I. P. <40oo. 
 
 Harlilna (Sanskrit, hari, harit, ' green ' ; ' green land ' on the 
 boundary of Thar desert, in comparison with which it is remark- 
 able for its greenness), town on level upland plain, Brit. India, 
 Punjab, in the heart of Hissar dist. , 58 m. E. Amritsar, the whole 
 surface formerly covered with brushwood, with which it is still 
 largely overgrown. P. tn. (1891) 7100 ; Hindus, 4800; Moham, 
 2200. 
 
 Hari, Batang, riv. , Sumatra. See Batang Hari. 
 
 Harl-dwAra, tn. , India. See Hardwiir. 
 
 Harlbar, or Hnrrybnr [compounded from Hari (Vishnu) and 
 Hara (Siva)l, tn. , India, on the N. frontier of Mysore, 80 ra. SSE. 
 Dh4rwdr. P. (i88i)<sooo. 
 
 Suffolk, 
 Q. SSW. 
 
HARI — HARO 
 
 Uarlh, El, dist., in central Arabia, crossed by 24° N. , 48° E. ; 
 cap. El Hauta. 
 
 Uarlma, kuni or old prov. now included in Hyogo ken, Japan. 
 
 Harlmandalam, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 88 m. 
 SW. by W. Ganjam. 
 
 Harlngay Park, stn. , Eng. , London. See Harringay. 
 
 Harlugltsita, or Baleswar, riv., India, one of the mouths of 
 the Ganges flowing into the Bay of Bengal, in 90° E. 
 
 Harlngrllet, channel, Holland, prov. S. Holland, on the N. 
 of Goeree and Over Flakkee, forming the entrance to the 
 Hollandsch Diep. 
 
 Harlnokl, pass, Japan, between Nagano and Tayamo, in 
 about 36° 4s' N. , 137° 45' E. ; open only in summer (from about 
 June 20th). Alt. 7700 ft. 
 
 Harlpar, municip., Brit India, Punjab, dist. Hazira, 75 m. 
 E. Peshdwar. P, (i88i)<5ooo; (i8gi) 5400; Hindus, 2300; 
 Moham. 2900. 
 
 Harlpnr, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Kdngra, 75 m. ENE, 
 Amritsar. P. (i88i)<3000. 
 
 IIari«riid, another form of Heri-rud (^.v.). 
 
 Barker, stn., Eng., Cumberland, on the N. B. R., 3.^ m. N. 
 by W. Carlisle. 
 
 Harkstead, par., Eng., Suffolk, on Stour estuary. Wood- 
 bridge div., 6J m. SSE. Ipswich, 4 m. E. by S. Bentley stn., 
 P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Harlan, tn., U.S., Iowa, Shelby co., 43 m. NE. Omaha 
 (Nebraska). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Harlan, co., U.S., Kentucky, in the extreme SE. 
 
 Harlan, co. , U.S., Nebraska, S. frontier, E. of 100° W. 
 
 Uarlaston, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Lichfield div., 4 m. 
 NNE. Tam worth, i m. SE. Elford and Haselour stn., P.O. 
 (Harlcstou). P. <25o. 
 
 HArlan, tn., Roumania, prov. BotosanI, on the Bahluiu, 34 
 m. NW. by W. Yassy. P. (comm.)<:5ooo. 
 
 Uarlaxton, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , 3 m. 
 SW. Grantham, P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Harle, Little and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Nor- 
 thumberland, on the Wansbeck, 9^ m. SE. Bellingham, PM.O. , 
 and PM.O. (Harle Syke). Little H. P. <25o ; West H. P. <2So. 
 
 Harlebeke, comm. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, on the 
 Lys, arr. and 3 m. NE. Courtray. P. 6500. 
 
 Harlech, ct. tn. and par. , Wales, Merionethshire, 12^ m. NW. 
 Dolgelly, on the Cambrian Rly. ; has mines of manganese ore. 
 On a precipice overlooking the sea are the ruins of H. Castle. 
 PMT.O. Market-day. S. 
 
 Harlem, Netherlands. See Haarlem. 
 
 Harlem, vil, U.S., Missouri, Clay co., on the 1. bk. of the 
 Missouri, opposite Kansas City. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Harlem River. See New York, city. 
 
 Harlem Springs, vil., U.S., Ohio, Carroll co., 38 m. NNW. 
 Wheeling (W. Va. ). P. <isoo. 
 
 Harlesden, eccles. par., Eng., Middlesex, partly in co. of 
 London, Hammersmith bor., 6 m. W. by N. St. Paul's, London, 
 just to the N. of Willesden June. P. 10,500. 
 
 Harleston (harl'ston), part of par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 
 17 m. S. Norwich, on the G. E. R. See KedeuliaU. 
 
 Harleston, P. O. , Eng. , Staffordshire. See Harlastou. 
 
 Harleston, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 2 m. NW. Stow- 
 market. P. <25o. 
 
 Harlestone, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 4 m. 
 NW. Northampton, 2 m. SE. Althorp Park stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <7so. 
 
 Harleton, Eng. , Cambridge. See Harlton. 
 
 Harley, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 10 m. SE. Shrews- 
 bury, 2 m. NW. Much Wenlock, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Harley Wood, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire and Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, Rochdale and Halifax pars. P. 6000. 
 
 Harllng, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Norfolk, 
 Mid div., the former 21 m. SW. Norwich, i^ m. SE. H. Road 
 stn., onG. E. R., PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. East H. P.< 
 1500; West H. P. <25o. 
 
 Harllngen, tn. , Holland, the chief port of prov. Friesland, 
 on the W. ct. , 16 m. W. by S. Leeuwarden ; has direct steam 
 communication with London and Hull ; depth on harbour bar, 
 15-16 ft. at ordinary spring, 14-15 ft. at neap tides. P. 10,000. 
 
 Harllngerland, dist., Prussia, in the NW. of Hanover, ad- 
 joining Oldenburg, on the North Sea ; marshy, but very fertile. 
 
 Harllngtoii, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, div. and 7 m. NNW. 
 Luton, on the M. R., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Harlington, par., Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge div., 5 m. 
 NE. Staines, i m. S. Hayes stn., PMT.O. P.<2000. 
 
 HarlosU, PM.O., Scot., Skye I., 4^ m. SE. Dunvegan. 
 
 Harlow, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Essex, Epping div. , 7^ m. 
 ESE. Ware, on the riv. Lee, and the G. E. R. Market-day, 
 W. Mean rfall. (Sheering, alt. 214 ft. , 1866-80), 26 in. 4015 ac. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Harlow, Great, hill, Eng. , Yorkshire, in the extreme W. of 
 the W. Riding, 20 m. NNW. Burnley. Height, 1595 ft. 
 
 Harlowe, post-settlement, Canada, Ontario, Frontenac co., 
 50 m. NW. by N. Kingston. 
 
 Harlow Hill, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 9 m. E. 
 by N. Hexham, 3 m. N. by W. Prudhoe stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Harlsey, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , York- 
 shire, N. Riding, Richmond div., i2| m. SE. Darlington. 
 East H., P.O., P. <5oo; West H. P.<25o. 
 
 Harlthorpe, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 9 m. N. Goole, close to Foggathorpe stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Harlton, or Harleton, par., Eng., Cambridge, Chesterton 
 div., 5^ m. SW. by W. Cambridge, i| m. S. by W. Lord's 
 Bridge "stn. , P. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Harm, tn. , khanate, and 325 m. ESE. of Bukhara, on Vaksh 
 R., r. bk. trib. of middle Amu. 
 
 Harmanlii, vil. , Bulgaria, En. Roumelia, prov. Haskoi, near 
 the r. bk. of the Maritsa, 37 m. NW. by W. Adrianople. 
 
 Harmar, vil., U.S., Ohio, Washington co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Ohio, 60 m. SW. WheeUng (W. Va.). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Harmby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 7^ m. 
 SSW. Richmond, P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Harmelen, comm., Holland, prov. Utrecht, on the Old 
 Rhine, 7 m. W. by N. Utrecht. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Harmer Hill, P.O., Eng., Shropshire, 6 m. N. Shrewsbury. 
 
 Harmetray, isl., Scot., Outer Hebrides, in the Sound of 
 Harris, i^ m. NE. North Uist. 
 
 Harmondsworth, par., Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge div., 
 4I m. N. by E. Staines, i m. E. by N. Colnbrook stn., PM.O. 
 P. <:2000. 
 
 Harmony, tn., U.S., Indiana, Clay co., 20 m. NE. Terre 
 Haute. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harmston, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 5^ m. 
 S. Lincoln, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Harnad, riv., India. See Hludan. 
 
 Harnal, vil., Baluchistan, 58 m. E: by S. Quetta, on the rail- 
 way through the Nari Pass. Alt. 2940 ft. 
 
 Harnal, seapt., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Ratndgiri, on the 
 W. ct. , 76 m. SW. by W. Poona ; situated on a small rocky 
 bay, which offers a shelter for coasting craft during N W. winds. 
 A little to the N. of H. is the island fortress of Suvarndrug or 
 Janjira. P. (1881) 5700; (1891) 6100; Hindus, 3900; Moham. 
 2000. 
 
 Harnas, small seapt., Sweden, prov. Gefleborg, ESE. Gefle ; 
 has several piers ; depths 10-19 f^- ! vessels can load in harbour 
 to depth of 20 ft. 
 
 Harnett, co., U.S., N. Carolina, S. of 36° N., crossed in the 
 W. by 79° W. 
 
 Harney, lake, U.S., Oregon, crossed by 43^" N., ii9°io'W.; 
 communicates in the NE. with Malheur Lake ; both lakes in 
 Harney co. 
 
 Harney's Peak, mt., U.S., S. Dakota, in the Black Hills, 
 Pennington co., 64 m. N. by E. from the SW. corner of the 
 state, to the E. of Hill City ; with deposits of tin, now mined. 
 Alt. 9700 ft. (Ludlow). 
 
 Hurnham, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 
 on the Blyth, 8^ m.WSW. Morpeth, 2^ m. SSW. Angerton stn. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Harnbam, East, with West Harnham, eccles. par. , Eng. , 
 Wiltshire, Britford and West H. pars. P. < 1000. 
 
 Harnham, West, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., i m. 
 W. Salisbury. P. < 500. 
 
 Haruhlll, par., Eng., Gloucester, div. and 3 m. E. by S. 
 Cirencester, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Harnlsli, or Hanlsh, a small group of isls. in the middle of 
 the southern portion of the Red Sea, NW. of Mokha ; volcanic, 
 and the scene of numerous shipwrecks. 
 
 Haro, tn. , Spain, prov. Logroiio, on the r. bk. of the Ebro, 
 21 m. SSW. Vitoria. P. 7500. 
 
 Haroh, riv., Brit. India, Punjab, dists. Hazara and Rdwal 
 Pindi, entering the Indus 12 m. below Attock ; on level ground 
 used for irrigation. Length, 90 m. 
 
 Harold, vil, U.S., S. Dakota, Hughes co., 30 m. E. by N. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harold's Moor, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, on Swansea 
 and Mumbles Rly. , i m. N. Mumbles. 
 
 Haroldston St. Issells, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, i^ m. 
 SSE. Haverfordwest. P. <25o. 
 
 Haroldston, West, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, sh i"- ^- 
 Haverfordwest. P. <25o; eccles. par. (West H. with Lamb- 
 ston) P. <5oo. 
 
 Haroldstown, par.. Ire., co. Carlow, bar. Rathvilly, 2 m. 
 SW. Hacketstown. P. <5oo. 
 
 Haroldswlck, vil., Scot., Shetland Is., in E. of Unst I., 
 3 m. NE. Baltasound. 
 
 Harold Wood, stn., Eng., Essex, Chelmsford div., 3 m. 
 ENE. Romford, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Harome, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., on 
 the Riccall, 19^ m. N. by E. York, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hikromsz^k^ co. , Hungary, in the SE. of Transylvania, tra- 
 versed by the Aluta ; cap. Sepsi-Szent-Gyorgy. 
 
 Harosheth, place named in O. T. See El Harathfyeh. 
 
 Haro Strait, Brit. Columbia, between the SE. of Vancouver 
 I., and the isl. of San Juan. 
 
 649 
 
HARO — HARR 
 
 Haron^, tn., France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, on the Madon, 
 arr. and i6 m. S. by W. Nancy ; formerly an important seig- 
 neurie, belonging from the 15th century to the Bassompierre 
 family. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Haro-wtl, tract, Central India. See Hardotl. 
 
 Harp, or Hao, one of the larger members of the Tuamotu or 
 Low Archipelago, Pacific Ocean, in middle of group. 
 
 HarpanahaUl, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 69 m. W. 
 by S. Bellary. P. (1881) 6500; (1891) 7800; Hindus, 6000. 
 
 Harpeu, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arns- 
 berg, circle and dist. Bochum. P. <:3000. 
 
 Harpendeii, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and 4J m. N. 
 by W. St. Albans, on the M. R., PMT.O.; 5112 ac. P.<4ooo. 
 
 Harper, tn., Africa, Liberia (g.v.). 
 
 Harper, city, U.S., Kansas, H. co., 175 m. SW. Topeka. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Harperley, stn., Eng., Durham, 5I m. WNW. Bishop Auck- 
 land, on the NE. R.; coal-mine near, at H. Gate. P.O. 
 
 Harper's Ferry, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Jefferson co., at 
 the confluence of the Potomac and the Shenandoah, where they 
 intersect the Blue Ridge, in the extreme E. of the state ; several 
 times captured and recaptured during the Civil War of 1861-64. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Harpersto^m, electoral div. , Ire. , Wexford, dist. Bannow. 
 
 Harpetb Hirer, U.S., Tennessee, rises in Williamson co. , 
 and flows NW. 60 m. to the Cumberland R., which it joins 
 19 m. NW. Nashville. 
 
 Harpford, par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., 11 m. E. 
 Exeter, i m. S. Tipton St. John stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. (H. 
 with Venn Ottery) P. <5oo. 
 
 Harpliam, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 17 m. S. by E. Scarborough, i m. N. Lowthorpe stn., P.O. 
 P. <:25o. See Bnrton Agnes. 
 
 Harpley, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 12 m. E. by N. 
 King's Lynn, 1 m. N. by W. Massingham stn., P.O. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Harpole, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 4 m. 
 W. Northampton, 3 m. S. by E. Althorp Park stn., P.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Harport, Iioch, Scot. , an arm of Loch Bracadale, in the W. 
 of Skye I. , deflects 6 m. SE. to Drynoch. 
 
 Harpsden, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 5 m. N. 
 E. by N. Reading, i^ m. S. Henley stn. P. <2So ; eccles. par. 
 (H. with Boluey) P. <25o. 
 
 Harps'well, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div. , 7J m. 
 E. Gainsborough, 4 m. SSE. Northorpe stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Harpt«n, par., Wales, Radnorshire, in Kington union. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Harpton, Iiower, par., Eng., Herefordshire, 2 m. NW. 
 Kington. P. <25o. 
 
 Harps well, tn., U.S., Maine, Cumberland co., 40 m. S. by 
 W. Augusta, on the E. side of Casco Bay. P. <20oo. 
 
 Harptree, East and West, adjoining pars. , Eng. , Somerset, 
 N. div., 6 m. N. by E. WeUs. East H., PMT.O., P.<:7So; 
 West H., P.O., P.<5oo. 
 
 Harpnrhey, vil., Canada, Ontario, Huron co., 40 m. N. by 
 W. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harpnrhey with Moston, eccles. par. and a suburb of 
 Manchester, in the N. div. of the pari. bor. P. 14,000. 
 
 Harpnr Hill, P.O., Eng., Derbyshire, 2 m. from Buxton. 
 
 Harra, stony desert, on the confines of Arabia and Syria, on 
 the E. boundary of the Haiu-an. 
 
 Harran, vil., Turkey in Asia, prov. Aleppo, 25 m. SSE. 
 Urfa, generally identified with the Haran or Charran of the 
 O. T. , and with the Carrae or Carrhae of classical writers. 
 
 Harrar, or Harar, large tribe, Algeria, prov. Oran, occupy- 
 ing the high plateaux extending from the Shelif to the great 
 eastern Shott, and to the mountains near Tiaret. 
 
 Harrar, or Harar, tn., E. Africa, SE. of Abyssinia, in 9° 
 i8' N., 42° 43' E. (Cecchi), or 9° 23' N., 42°2s'E. (Paulitschke), 
 situated on a hill in the midst of a fertile and well-irrigated 
 dist. producing coflFee (in large quantity for export), tobacco, 
 bananas, oranges, grapes, &c. Possesses a strong fortress, 
 which makes it the key of the NE. Galla-lands. Founded about 
 300 years ago by Somalis and Gallas, who still form the bulk of 
 the inhabitants ; soon became a leading centre of trade with the 
 coast, which it still is, communicating principally with Zeila {182 
 m.) and Berbera (286 m.). Formerly subject, with the prov. of 
 H. (about 23,000 sq. m.), to Egypt, conquered in 1887 by 
 Menelek, king of Shoa and negus of Abyssinia. Alt. 6090 ft. 
 (Paulitschke), 5590 ft. (Ragazzi). P. 20,000. 
 
 Harrash, small ct. riv. , Algeria, prov. Algiers, formed SE. of 
 Blida from the union of several torrents from the Atlas Mts., 
 flows through savage gorges into the plain of Metija, which it 
 already supplies with much water for irrigation, and enters the 
 Gulf of Algiers. 
 
 Harrat el Khthnrra, a volcanic area in the NW. of Arabia, 
 to the N. of 27° N., and W. of 38° E. 
 
 Harrat e' Sydenyfn, a volcanic area in the NW. of Arabia, 
 to the S. of 28° N., and E. of 37° E. 
 650 
 
 Harrat Khaybar, a volcanic area in the middle of Arabia, 
 crossed about the middle by 22° N. and 40^° E. 
 
 Harrat Moahtb, a volcanic area in the W. of Arabia, to the 
 N. of 26° N., and E. of 38° E. 
 
 Harraton, par., Eng., Durham, div. and 3 m. NE. Chester- 
 le-Street. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Harray and Birsay, united par. , Scot. , Orkney Is. , in N W. 
 of mainland, 4 m. NW. Fishtown, PT.O. (Harray) ; 26,743 ac. 
 P. <:25oo. 
 
 Harricanaw^, riv. , Canada, N W. Terrs. , rises in 49° 55' N. , 
 and flow into James's Bay ; length, 270 m. 
 
 Harrletfleld, PM.O., Scot., on the E. border of W. Perth- 
 shire, on the 1. bk. of the Almond, 8^ m. SSW. Dunkeld, 3 J m. 
 NW. Methven stn. 
 
 Harrietsham, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 7 m. ESE. 
 Maidstone, on the L. C. & D. R., PMT.O. P.<750. 
 
 HarrietTllle, post-tn. , Victoria, Delatite co. , on Ovens R. , 
 43 m. SSE. Beechworth; has gold-mining. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harrlngay, stn., Eng., London, on the G. N. R., 4 m. N. 
 St. Paul's. Haringay Park, stn., ^ m. E., on the M. & G. 
 E. Joint Rly. 
 
 Harrington, par. , Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., on the 
 W. ct., 2 m. S. Workington, on the L. & NW. R., and with 
 stn. (High H.) on Cleator and Workington June. Rly. ; has ship- 
 building, coal-mines, and blast-furnaces ; 1245 ft. quayage ; 
 depth of harbour 17 ft. high water ordinary springs, 11 ft. high 
 water ordinary neaps. PMT.O. P. <40oo. 
 
 Harrington, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 10 m. 
 S. by E. Louth, s| m. WSW. Alford stn. P. -^250 ; eccles. 
 par. (H. with BrlnkhUl) P. <2So. 
 
 Harrington, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 
 loj m. NW. Wellingborough, 2 m. E. Kelmarsh stn., P.O. 
 P. <:2So. 
 
 Harrington, tn., U.S., Maine, Washington co., 20 m. S. 
 Machias. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harrington, vil., U.S., Delaware, Kent co. , 56 m. S. Wil- 
 mington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harrington Inlet, New South Wales, is at mouth of Man- 
 ning R. , 34 m. SSW. Port Macquarie. 
 
 Harrlngworth, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 on the Welland, 9^ m. SW. Stamford, on the M. R., PM.O. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Harris, or Herries, dist. and par. , Scot. , Hebrides Is. , form- 
 ing a penin. comprising the S. part of Lewis I. and small siu-- 
 rounding islands is on a navigable strait studded with rocks and 
 islets ; 90,000 ac. , mostly mountainous. Alt. 2-3000 ft. Between 
 H. and N. Uist I. is the only navigable channel for large vessels 
 through the Outer Hebrides. PMT.O. 123,757 ac. P. 5000. 
 Harris, lake, S. Australia, to the W. of the N. end of Lake 
 Gairdner, communicating on the S. with Lake Evarard. 
 
 Harris, co. , U.S., Georgia, on W. frontier, S. of 33° N., and 
 bounded on W. by Chattahoochee R. 
 
 Harris, co., U.S., Texas, in the SE., to the E. 96° W., 
 crossed in the N. by 30° N. 
 
 Harrisburg, vil., Canada, Ontario, Brant co., 20 m. W. by 
 S. Hamilton; a railway junction. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harrisburg, tn., U.S., Illinois, Saline co., no m. SE. by 
 E. St. Louis (Mo.). P. < 2000. 
 
 Harrisburg, city, U.S., cap. of Pennsylvania, Dauphin co. , 
 on E. bank of Susquehanna R., which is here i m. wide, 52 m. W. 
 by S. Reading, 95 m. W. by N. Philadelphia. An abundant 
 supply of water is obtained from the river. Coal and iron are 
 extensively worked in the neighbourhood. Named after John 
 Harris, Quaker, who settled here in 1704. P. (1870) 23,100; 
 (1880) 30,800 ; (1890) 39,400. 
 
 Harriseahead, vil. , Eng. , Staffordshire, 2 m. N. Newcastle- 
 under-Lyme; has coal-mines. PM.O. 
 
 Harrlsmltta, tn., Orange Free State, cap. of H. div., 127 
 ra. NW. Pietermaritzburg ; for some time terminus of a rail- 
 way leading through Van Reenen's Pass to Ladismith (Natal), 
 and hence placing it in communication with Durban (220 m. by 
 rail), 150 m. from the Witwatersrand goldfield. The railway is 
 now (1895) being extended to Kroonstad. P. <20oo. 
 
 Harrison, stn. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. P. 
 R., 1420 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 62 m. from Vancouver. 
 
 Harrison, tn., U.S., Arkansas, Boone co., 115 m. NNW, 
 Little Rock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harrison, co., U.S., Indiana, on the Ohio, crossed in E. 
 by 86° W. 
 Harrison, co., U.S., Iowa, on W. frontier, S. of 42° N. 
 Harrtson, co., U.S., Kentucky, N. of 38°N., W. of84° W. 
 Harrison, tn., U.S., Maine, Cumberland co., 35 m. NW. 
 Portland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harrison, vil., U.S., Michigan, Clare co., 56 m. NW. by 
 W. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harrison, co., U.S., Mississippi, in the SE., on Mississippi 
 Sound, crossed by 89° W. 
 
 Harrison, co., U.S., Missouri, N. frontier, crossed by 94° W. 
 Harrison, city, U.S., New Jersey, Essex co., adjoining 
 Newark on the E. P. (1880) 6900 ; (1890) 8300. 
 
HARR — HART 
 
 Harrison, vil., U.S., Ohio, Hamilton Co., on the frontier of 
 the state, 20 m. NW. by W. Cincinnati. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Harrison, co., U.S., Ohio, in the E., to the N. of 40° N., 
 crossed by 81° W. 
 
 Harrison, co., U.S., Texas, in the NE., on the E. frontier, 
 N. of 32° N. 
 
 Harrison, co. , U.S., W. Virginia, N, of 39° N., and W. 
 of 80° W. , traversed by the W. fork of the Monongahela R. 
 
 Harrison Bay, on the N. ct. of Alaska, Arctic Ocean, in 
 152° 30' W., bounded E. and W. by Point Beechey and Cape 
 Halkett. 
 
 Harrisonburg, city, U.S., Virginia, cap. Rockingham co., 
 100 m. WSW. Washington (D. C). Alt. 1338 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Harrison Lake, Cireat. See Lllooet. 
 
 Harrlsonvllle, tn., U.S., Missouri, Cape Cass co., 34 m. 
 SSE. Kansas city. P. <2000. 
 
 Harrlston, tn., Canada, Ontario, Wellington co., 66 m. 
 NNE. London; a railway junction. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Harrlston, settlement, U.S., Washington, Adams co., 47 m. 
 SW. Spokane Falls. 
 
 Harrlstown, par., Ire., W. co. Kildare, bar. Offaly W., 
 
 5 m. S. by W. Kildare, with stn. on the G. S. & W. R.; 4667 ac. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Harrlstown, electoral div. , Ire. , Wexford, dist. Bannow. 
 
 HarrlSTllle, stn., Queensland, Ipswich co., 52 m. SW. by 
 S. Brisbane, on the Ipswich and Fassifern Rly. P. < 1500. 
 
 HarrlSTllle, vil., U.S., Michigan, cap. Alcona co., on Lake 
 Huron, 80 m. NNE. Bay City. P. <i5oo. 
 
 HarrlSTllle, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, Cheshire co., 24 m. 
 NE. by E. of the SW. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 HarrlSTllle, vil., U.S., Rhode I., co. and 18 m. NW. Pro- 
 vidence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harro, extinct volcano, E. Africa, Shoa, just W. of that of 
 Dendi. Alt. 10,780 ft. (Borelli). 
 
 Harrodsbnrg, tn., U.S., Kentucky, cap. Mercer co. , 60 m. 
 SE. by E. Louisville. Alt. 915 ft. (R.R.). P. < 4000. 
 
 Harrogate (believed to be derived from Hewi-agate, ' moor- 
 gate '), mun. bor. (since 1884), and one of the principal watering- 
 places of England, co. York, W. Riding, Ripon div., 3I m. W. 
 by S. Knaresborough, on the NE. R., 19 m. W. York. It has 
 cold springs of sulphur, chalybeate, and saline waters. The first 
 springs were discovered by Sir William Slingsby in the latter 
 part of the i6th century, and have enjoyed a high reputation 
 nearly ever since. Most of the springs now belong to the Corpo- 
 ration, and are supplied to the Victoria baths, the Montpelier 
 baths, and the Pump-room. The Corporation has lately adopted 
 plans for rebuilding the Montpelier baths, so as to meet every 
 modern requirement. Alt. 400ft. P. (1871) 6843; (1891) 13,900; 
 eccles. par. (High H.) P. 13,400 ; eccles. par. (Low H. with 
 Harrow Hill) P. <30oo. See Bllton. 
 
 Harrogate, post-tn., S. Australia, Sturt co., 24 m. E. Ade- 
 laide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Uarrold, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., on the 
 Great Ouse, ji m. N W. by W. Bedford, 3 m. N. by W. Turvey 
 stn., PMT.O."" P. < 1000. 
 
 Harrold, settlement, U.S., Texas, Wilbarger co., 160 m. 
 NW. by W. Dallas. 
 
 Harroldstou St. Issells, and West. See Haroldston St. 
 Issells, and West Haroldston. 
 
 Harrop Fell, upland tract, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Skipton div., about 12 m. NW. by N. Burnley. Height, 
 1300 ft. 
 
 Harro w-on-the-HlU, par. andtn., Eng., Middlesex, H. div., 
 II m. WNW. St. Paul's, London, with a stn. on the L. & NW. R. 
 (Harrow), and another (Harrow-on-the-HlII) on the Metro- 
 politan Rly. The famous school was founded by John Lyon in 
 1571. Par. 10,027 ac, P. 13,000; tn. (Harrow) P. 5700; pari, 
 div. P. 96,700; eccles. par. (H.-on-the-H. with €lreenhlU), 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Harro'w, post-tp. , Victoria, cos. Dundas and Lowan, 76 m. 
 W. by N. Ararat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harrowharrow, vil., Eng., Cornwall, 3 m. NW. Calstock; 
 arsenic refining. P.O. 
 
 Harrow Bay, Canada, Ontario, on the W. side of Georgian 
 Bay, in 44° S7'-45° N. 
 
 Harrowhy, stn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the Manitoba 
 
 6 NW. Rly., 168 m. by rail W. Portage-la-Prairie. 
 Harrowby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, ij m. E. and included 
 
 in the pari. bor. of Grantham. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Harrowden, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 E. div. of Northamptonshire, 2^ m. NNW. Wellingborough, 
 each with P.O. Great H. P. <25o; Little H. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Harrowden, P.O., Eng., co. and li m. SE. Bedford. 
 
 Harrow Green, eccles. par. , Eng. , Essex. See Wanstead. 
 
 Harrow Hill, vil. , Eng., Yorkshire. See Harrogate. 
 
 Harrow Point, cape, Scot., Caithness, N. ct., in 3° 15' W. 
 
 Harrow Weald, eccles. par., Eng., Middlesex, Harrow div., 
 2J m. N. Harrow, i m. N. Pinner stn., on the L. & NW. R., 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harrylock, vil. , Ire. , co. Wexford, on the E. side of Water- 
 ford Harbour. 
 
 Harsany, Nagy, vil., western Hungary, co. Baranya, dist. 
 and 5 m. E. Siklos, with renowned vineyard and mineral spring. 
 
 Harshoom. See Edam Island. 
 
 Harsln, vil., Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 25 m. SE. Kirman- 
 shah, with important ruins of antiquity. 
 
 Harsleben, vil., Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 2J m. SSW. 
 Halberstadt. P. <30oo. 
 
 Harson Island, Canada, Ontario, where the riv. St. Clair 
 falls into the lake of that name, in 42° 35' N. and 82° 25' W.; 
 length, N. to S., 10 m. 
 
 H&rsoTa, or HlrsoTa, tn. , Roumania, prov. Dobruja, prov. 
 Constanja, on the r. bk. of the Danube, 24 m. N. by W. Cher- 
 navoda. P. (comm.)<30oo. 
 
 Harsprang, or Harspr&nget, falls. See NJnommelsasiia. 
 
 Harston, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, Chesterton div. ,5 m. SSW. 
 Cambridge, on the G. E. &G. N. Joint Rly., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Harston, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 5^ m. SW. 
 by W. Grantham, PT.O. P.<250. 
 
 Harswell, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 12 m. NNE. Goole, i m. NE. Everingham stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Hart, harz, Teutonic; Hurst, Anglo-Saxon, 'a wood.' 
 
 Hart, in English place-names, 'the hart.' 
 
 Hart, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 3^ m. W. by N. Hartle- 
 pool, on the NE. R., P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Hart, CO., U.S., Georgia, on E. frontier, and N. of 34° N. 
 
 Hart, CO., U.S., Kentucky, S. of 37^° N., crossed by 86° W. 
 
 Hart, vil., U.S., Michigan, Oceana co., 126 m. W. Bay City, 
 47 m. N. Grand Haven. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hartherg, tn., Austria, Styria, dist. H. P. <:3000. 
 
 Harthnm and Harthnrn Grange, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Northumberland, div. and i^ m. from the 1. bk. of the 
 Wansbeck, 7 m. W. Morpeth, ijm. NE. byE. Middleton stn. , 
 PMT.O. H. P.<2So; H. Grange, P. <25o. 
 
 Harthurn, East, par., Eng., Durham, i| m. SW. and in- 
 cluded in the pari. bor. of Stockton, P.O. (Hartbnrn). P. <;soo. 
 
 Hartensteln, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 9 m. ESE. Zwickau; 
 has manufactures of hosiery and weaving. The neighbourhood 
 is rich in fossils. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Harter Fell, mt., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 15 m. 
 S. by W. Keswick. Height, 2141 ft. 
 
 Hartest, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Sudbury div. , 7 m. S. by W. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, PM.O. P. <7So ; eccles. par. (H. with 
 Boxted) P. < 1000. 
 
 Hartfeld. See Jnra, German. 
 
 Hart Fell, mt. , Scot., on the N. border of Dumfriesshire, 
 5 m. NNE. Moffat. Alt. 2651 ft. 
 
 Hartfleld, par., Eng., Sussex, E. Grinstead div., 7 m. W. 
 by S. Tunbridge Wells, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PM.O.; 
 10,387 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hartford, par., Eng., Cheshire, div. and 2 m. SW. by W. 
 Northwich, on the L. & NW. R., with another stn. (H. and 
 Greenbank) on the Cheshire Lines Rly., PMT.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hartford, city, U.S., Connecticut, cap. co. H. and state, on 
 r. bk. Connecticut R. , 35 m. NNE. New Haven, 56 m. by river 
 from Long Island Sound, at the head of steamboat and sloop 
 navigation. The river is usually closed by ice from the middle 
 of December to the middle of March. It is a great centre of 
 insurance business, and has various manufactures, one of the 
 principal establishments being that of the Colt Firearms Co. 
 P. (1870)37,200; (1880)42,000; (1890) 53,200. West H., ad- 
 joining town, P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hartford, tn. , U.S., Indiana, cap. Blackford co. , 59 m. NE. 
 by N. Indianapolis; railway junction. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Hartford, vil., U.S., Kansas, Lyon co. , 93 m. SW. Kansas 
 City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hartford, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Ohio co., on Rough Creek, 
 90 m. N. by W. Nashville (Tenn.) ; has large coal-mines. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hartford, vil., U.S., Michigan, Van Buren co., 48 m. NE. 
 by E. of the SW. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hartford, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Minnehaha co., 56 m. 
 NNE. Yankton. P. <;isoo. 
 
 Hartford, tn., U.S., Vermont, Windsor co., on White R., 
 30 m. E. Rutland. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Hartford, vil., U.S., West Virginia, Mason co., on the 
 Ohio, 50 m. NNW. Charleston ; coal-mines are worked here, 
 and salt is extracted from brine springs. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hartford, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Washington co., 30 m. 
 NW. Milwaukee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hartford, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , North- 
 umberland, on riv. Blyth, 5 m. SW. Morpeth, P. O. (H. Colliery). 
 P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Hartford and Sapley, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, on the 
 Ouse, div. and i| m. ENE. Huntingdon, P.O. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Hartford Bridge, hamlet, Eng., Hampshire, Basingstoke 
 div. , 7 m. NW. by W. Aldershot, 2 m. N. by E. Winchfield 
 stn., PMT.O. (Hartley Wlntney). 
 
 651 
 
HART — HARV 
 
 Hurtford City, tns. , U.S., Indiana and Virgina. See Hart* 
 ford. 
 Hartford Eud, P.O., Eng., Essex, near Chelmsford, 3 m. 
 
 from Felstead. 
 
 Hartha, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 19 m. N. Chemnitz; has 
 manufactures of fustian, felt, and mother-of-pearl goods. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Harthau, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 3 m. S. Chemnitz. 
 P. <50oo. 
 
 Hartliill, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div, , 9^ m. W. 
 by N. Nantwich, 3 m. SE. by S. Tattenhall stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 HartUll, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, 3 m. SE. Bakewell ; has 
 lead-mine. P. <250. 
 
 HartblU, vil. , Scot. , on the E. border of NE. Lanarkshire, 
 
 9 m. E. Airdrie, ij m. SSE. Westcraigs stn., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 Hartliill and Beubar, eccles. par., Scot., Lanarkshire, 
 
 Shotts par. P. < 3000. 
 
 Hartblll with WoodaU, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Doncaster div., 8| m. SSE. Rotherham, i| m. SW, Kiveton 
 Park stn. , PM. O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hartlng, par. , Eng. , Sussex, in the W. of the Horsham div. , 
 
 10 m. NNW. Chichester, 2 m. WSW. Elsted stn., with a stn. 
 (Rogats and H.) on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O.; 7946 ac. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Uartliigton and Hartlngton Hall, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Northumberland, Hexham div., 11 m. W. by N. Morpeth, i 
 m. W. by S. Long-Witton stn. H. P. «C250 ; H. Hall, P. <2So. 
 
 Hartlngton, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Cedar CO., 118 m. NW. 
 by N. Omaha. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hartlngton Middle Quarter, H. Nether Quarter, H.Town 
 Quarter, and H. tpper Quarter, four adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Derbyshire, W. div., 9 m. SE. by S. Buxton in Dove Dale, 
 PMT.O. H. Middle Quarter, 5049 ac, P.<soo; H. Nether 
 Quarter, P. <5oo; H. Town Quarter, P. <5oo; H. Upper 
 Quarter, 10,317 ac, P. <3000. 
 
 Hartkjolen, mt., on the border of Sweden and Norway, 134 
 m. NE. by E. Trondhjem. 
 
 Hartland, par., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., 12 m. 
 W. by S. Bideford, PMT.O. About 2 m. to the NW. is H. 
 Point, the ancient Herculis Promontorium, with a lighthouse, 
 visible 17 m. 17,307 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hartland, vil., U.S., Maine, Somerset co. , 34 m. W. by N. 
 Eangor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hartland, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Windsor cc, on Connecticut 
 R. , 10 m. S. White R. June P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hartland Hill, Eng. , Devonshire, in the NE. of Dartmouth 
 Forest, 19 m. WNW. Teignmouth. 
 
 Hartland Point, cape, Eng., on the NW. ct. of Devonshire 
 and the SW. of Barnstaple Bay, with a lighthouse (visible 17 
 m. ), 51° 2' N., 4° 32' W. 
 
 Hartlaw, vil., Eng., Northumberland, 6 m. S. Alnwick. 
 See Hazon. 
 
 Hartlebury, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 4 m. 
 S. Kidderminster, i m. W. H. June, on the G. W. R. , PMT. O. ; 
 5355 ac P. <25oo. 
 
 Hartlepool and West Hartlepool, two adjacent mun. bors. , 
 seapts. , and bathing-places in S. Durham, Eng. , diocese of Dur- 
 ham, separated only by a small inlet known as the Slake, and 
 forming together the pari. bor. of The Hartlepools (i member) ; 
 both terminal stns. of branches of the NE. R., the stns. named 
 respectively E. and W. Hartlepool. H. , the older of the two, a 
 mun. bor. (first charter of the time of King John) and par., built 
 on the horn of a bay, forming a small harbour of refuge, is 
 nearly surrounded by the sea. St. Hilda's Church (13th centiuy) 
 has a high embattled tower, a conspicuous landmark for 
 mariners, and there are the remains of a priory founded in 
 1275. The lighthouse is visible 15 m. Under the magnesian 
 limestone beds NW. of the town, coal has been worked since 
 1830. Market-day, S. W. Hartlepool is of modern growth, 
 dating from the establishment of its first coal-dock in 1847. It 
 has shipbuilding yards, marine engine-works, steel and iron 
 plate rolling mills, blast-furnaces, paper and pulp manufactures, 
 cement works, pottery, &c. , and an extensive covered market 
 for the landing and sale of fish. The seven wet docks (one at 
 H., six at West H.) belong to the NE. R. Co. Hartlepool, 
 par. P. 15,600; mun. bor. P. (1801) 1000; (1851) 9500; (1871I 
 13,200; (1891) 21,300; W. Hartlepool, mun. bor, P. (1871) 
 21,100; (1891) 42,700; The Hartlepools, pari. bor. P. 64,900. 
 
 Hartley, par., Eng., Kent, Dartford div., 5^ m. SSW. 
 Gravesend, 2 m. SE. by S. Fawkham stn. P. <:soo. 
 
 Hartley, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., on 
 the coast, 4^ m. N. by W. North Shields, 2 m. ESE. of its stn. on 
 the NE. R., PM.O. (New H.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Hartley, par., Eng., Westmorland, i m. SE, Kirkby 
 Stephen. P. <2So. 
 
 Hartley, tp. , New South Wales, Cook co. , 40 m. E. by S. 
 Bathurst, P. < 1 500. 
 
 Hartley, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW,, on the W. frontier, 
 crossed by 36° N. 
 
 Hartley, meteorological stn. , Eng. , Kent, See Cranbrook. 
 652 
 
 Hartleyburn, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 7.\ m. S. Halt- 
 whistle. P. <:7So. 
 
 Hartley Hill, stn. in Mashona-land, S. Africa, on the Umfuli 
 R.. 45 m. WSW. SaUsbury. 
 
 Hartley Maudltt, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 
 12 m. SE. by S. Basingstoke, 3 m. SE. by S. Alton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hartley Westpall, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Basingstoke div. , 
 5i m. NE. Basingstoke, 3 m. NNW. Hook stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Hartley Wlntney, par., 4 m. ESE. H. Westpall, close to 
 Winchfield stn. , PMT. O. P. <2ooo, 
 
 Hartllngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W, Riding, Skipton 
 div. , on the Wharfe, 18^ m, WSW. Ripon, 5 m. NNW. Bolton 
 Abbey stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hartllp, par., Eng., Kent, Faversham div., 5I m. ESE, 
 Chatham, i^ m. WSW. Newington stn. , P.O. P. ■<5oo. 
 
 Hartmanusdorf bel Burgstadt, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 6 
 m. NW. by W. Chemnitz. P. 5100. 
 
 Hartoft, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 6 m. NE. Rich- 
 mond ; 4663 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Harton, par., Eng., Durham, Jarrow div., 4^ m. N. by W. 
 Sunderland, \\ m. E, by N, Tyne Dock June P. <5ooo. 
 
 Harton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div. , 9 m. NE. York. P. <25o. 
 
 Harton Colliery, or West Harton, eccles. par. , Eng. , Dur- 
 ham, Jarrow par. P. <:4Soo. 
 
 Harton Koad, stn. , Eng. , Shropshire, on the G. W. R. , loj 
 m. S. Much Wenlock. 
 
 Hartoshl Mountains, Turkish Kurdistan, in 37 J° N., 42°- 
 43° E. ; numerous sulphur springs, some hot. 
 
 Hartpury, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 4 
 m. NW. Gloucester, PT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Harts, riv. , S. Africa, rises in the S. African Republic near 
 Lichtenburg, flows SW. and enters the Vaal R. in Griqualand 
 W. , 30 m. below Barkly ; length, 250 m. 
 
 Hart's Falls, settlement, U.S., New York, Rensselaer co., 
 on Hoosac R., 12 m. N. by E. Troy. 
 
 Hart's Grounds, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Holland div. , 4 m, 
 S. Tattershall. P. <:25o. 
 
 Hartshead, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 4 m. NW, 
 Dewsbury, P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hartshlll, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Stoke-upon- 
 Trent par. P. <4000. 
 
 Hartshlll, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 3 m. NW. 
 Nuneaton ; supposed to be the Campus Martins of the Roman 
 Manduessedum on the Watling Street. PM.O, P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Hartshorn, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 5 m. E. by S. 
 Burton, i m. NE. Woodville stn., P.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Hartshorn Pike, mt., Scot., Roxburghshire, Cheviot Hills, 
 II m. SE. by S. Hawick. Alt. 1789 ft. 
 
 Hart Side, hill, Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 7J m. ESE. 
 Keswick, overlooking Ullswater on the W. 
 
 Hartslde, vil. , Eng. , Northumberland. See Ingram. 
 
 Hart's Island, or Spectacle Island, U.S., New York, in 
 Long I. Sound ; the property of New York City. 
 
 Hartsop, part of par., Eng., Westmorland, Appleby div., 
 at the head of Patterdale, 12^ m. SW. by S. Penrith. See 
 Patterdale. 
 
 Hartstown, electoral div. , Ire. , W. co. Wicklow, bar. Upper 
 Talbotstown, lo^ m. E. by. S. Athy. 
 
 Hartsvllle, vil., U.S., Tennessee, cap. Trousdale co., i m. 
 from Cumber b.nd R., 42 m. NE. Nashville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hartwell, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and i\ m. 
 WSW. Aylesbury. P. <25o; eccles. par. (H. with Uttl« 
 Hampden) P. <25o. 
 
 Hartwell, par., Eng., S. div, of Northamptonshire, 7J m. S. 
 by E. Northampton, 2I m. SE. Roade stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Hartwell, viL, U.S., Ohio, Hamilton co., 8 m. N. by E. 
 Cincinnati, on the Miami Canal. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Hartwlth with Wlnsley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Rid- 
 ing, on the Nidd, 5 m. NW. Ripley ; 5360 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hartwood, stn., Scot., Midlothian, on the C. R., 1^ m. S. 
 West Calder. 
 
 Harty, par. , Eng. , Kent, on the S. ct, of the isl. of Sheppey, 
 div. and 3I ra. N. by E. Faversham. P. <250. See Leysdown. 
 
 Harud, riv., W, Afghanistan, rises to the S. of Herat as the 
 Adraskand, flows S. past Sebzewar, and finally into the Hamun- 
 i-Farah. 
 
 HaruJ (the Mons Ater or Mons Niger of Pliny), mt. chain, 
 N. Africa, stretching W. to E. from Tripoli to Fezzan. 
 
 Hamkn, Harauka, or Oma, small isl. in the Amboina group, 
 Moluccas, between Amboina on the W. and Saparua on the E. , 
 with two small Dutch fortifications, Hoorn and Zelandla. 
 
 Haruna, vil. and small lake, Japan, about 68 m. NW. 
 Tokyo ; frequented for the beauty of the scenery. 
 
 Haruph, place named in O. T. See Kharftf. 
 
 Harvard, mt., U.S., Colorado, Chaffee co., 90 m. SW. by 
 W. Denver, 18 m. S. bv W. Leadville. Alt. 14,375 ft. (Hay- 
 den), 14,452 ft. (Whitney), 14,151 ft. (Wheeler). In the summer 
 of 1869 it was measured by Prof. J. D. Whitney and other 
 membars of H. University, m whose honour it was named. 
 
HARV— HASI 
 
 Harvard, viL, U.S., Illinois, McHenry co., 63 m. NW. 
 Chicago. P. <20oo. 
 
 Harvard, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., 17 m. 
 • SW. by W. Lowell ; seat of a flourishing community of Shakers. 
 ' P. < 1500. 
 
 Harvard, city, U.S., Nebraska, Clay co., 120 m. WSW. 
 , Omaha, and 12 m. E. by N. Hastings. P. <i50o. 
 
 Harvard University, U.S. See Cambridge. 
 
 Harvel, PM.O., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 6 m. SW. by W. 
 ■ Rochester, 3 m. S. Sole Street stn. 
 
 Harvestelinde, vil. , Ger. , 2J m. N. Hamburg, in the terr. of 
 Hamburg. P. 12,300. 
 
 Harvey, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Albert co., on 
 Shepody Bay, 74 m. ENE. St. John. P. <isoo. 
 
 Harvey, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, York co. , 25 m. SW. 
 by W. Fredericton. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Harvey, co., U.S., Kansas, crossed by 38° N. and 97^° W. 
 
 Harvey Hill, P.O., Ire., co. Londonderry, 3 m. from Kilrea. 
 
 Harveysbnrg, vil., U.S., Ohio, Warren co., 38 m. NE. 
 Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harvey's Creek, vil., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on 
 Cariboo Lake, 260 m. NNE. Vancouver. P. <1500. 
 
 Harvlngton, par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 3^ m. 
 NNE. Evesham, on the r. bk. of the Avon, and on the M. R., 
 PM.O. P.<:7SO. 
 
 Harivell, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 5 m. S. Abingdon, 
 2 m. NNW. Upton stn., PM.O. P.<7S0. 
 
 Harwich (so called because the Danes had a great military 
 dep6t at this place. See Har), mun. bor. (since the time of 
 Edward II., and till 1885 a pari, bor.), Eng., Essex, at the 
 mouth of the Stour, H. div., 16 m. E. by N. Colchester, on the 
 G. E. R. , in the diocese of St. Albans. H. is the chief port of 
 trade with Denmark, Holland, and N. Germany. Regtilar lines 
 of packets are established to Antwerp, Rotterdam, the Hook 
 (Hoek) of Holland (average passage to the Hook rather more 
 than 8 hours), Hamburg, Esbjerg, and London, the steamboats 
 starting from Parkestone Quay, on the Stour, near H. The 
 tidal harbour has a depth at entrance and in port ordinary 
 springs of 32 ft. high water, 19^ ft. low water ; at quayside 
 high water 10 ft., low water nil. The town and entrance to 
 the harbour are protected by a masked redoubt mounted with 
 guns of heavy calibre and a six-gun battery on the cliff above 
 the town, and Landguard Fort on the opposite (Suffolk) shore ; 
 also by a fifteen-gun battery on Shotby Point, opposite the 
 harbour. Has a lighthouse, visible 10 m. Market days, Tu. 
 and F. P. (i8oi)<300o; (1851) 5100; (1871) 6ioo ; (1891) 
 8200 ; pari. div. P. 55,600 ; par. (H. St. Nlcbolas) P. 5500. 
 
 Harvich, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Barnstable co., 44 m. E. 
 New Bedford. P. <3000. 
 
 Harwood, vil., Canada, Ontario, Northumberland co. , on 
 Lake Rice, 66 m. ENE. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harwood, eccles. par. , Eng. , Durham. See Forestand Fritli. 
 
 Harwood, par., Eng., Lancashire, W. Houghton div., 2 m. 
 NE. Bolton. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 HarM'OOd, par., Eng., Northumberland, 6 m. SW. Rothbury. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Har-tvood, vil., U.S., Texas, Gonzales co., 45 m. S. by E. 
 Austin. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Harwood, Great, par., Eng., Lancashire, Darwen div., 3 m. 
 NW. Accrington, on the L. & Y. R. ; has coal-mining. P. 9100. 
 
 Harwood, Little, par., Eng., Lancashire, in the co. bor. of 
 Blackburn. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Harwood Barn, riv., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 
 trib. of the Tees, which it joins on the 1. bk. about 3^ m. above 
 Newbiggin. 
 
 Harwood Common, upland tract, Eng., Barnard Castle 
 div. of Durham, about 10 m. NE. of Appleby. 
 
 Harwood Dale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 9 m. 
 NW. Scarborough ; 5836 ac. P. <25o. See Hackness. 
 
 Har'wood Island, post-tn.. New South Wales, co. and on 
 riv. Clarence, 320 m. N. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harworth, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 
 7 m. SSE. Doncaster, 2 J m. W. by S. Bawtry stn., P.O. ; 
 4532 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Ha7-z, Teutonic, a 'wood.' See Hart. 
 
 Haras (name indicating 'forest-mountains'), the most northern 
 of the mountain groups of central Germany, situated between 
 the rivs. Saale and Leine. The H. forms an isolated and pictur- 
 esque plateau, sloping steeply on all sides to the N. German 
 Plain. Its principal direction is from ESE. to WNW. (total 
 length, 60 m.). The H. is divided into two parts, 'Oberharz' 
 (NW. portion) and ' Unterharz' (SE. portion), the former con- 
 taining the highest elevations (Brocken, 3745 ft. ; Heinrichshohe, 
 3420 ft. ; Konigsberg, 3375 ft. ; Bruchberg, 3040 ft. ). Geologi- 
 cally the H. consists of Palaeozoic rocks, surrounded at the edges 
 by Mesozoic formations, and pierced in many places by volcanic 
 rocks. Granite occurs only at three places, the most important 
 being the Brocken Mt. and the dist. round it. The H. is 
 celebrated for its wealth in valuable minerals, argentiferous lead 
 and copper ores being met with in many places. Principal 
 
 mining localities : Rammelsberg, near Goslar (mines worked 
 since the loth century), Zellerfeld, Klausthal, St. Andreasberg 
 (Samson shaft, 2800 ft. deep), and Harzgerode. Very rich 
 copper ores are found near Mansfeld, on the eastern slopes 
 of the Harz Mts. ; iron is obtained at various places of the 
 Unterharz ; and coal-measures occur at Meisdorf, Grillenberg, 
 and Ilfeld. The climate is bleak, and the mountains are but 
 thinly peopled. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Harzbnrg, or Nenstadt, tn., Ger., duchy and 26 m. S. 
 Brunswick, 6 m. ESE. Goslar, in a beautiful situation at the 
 N. base of the Harz Mts. ; a much frequented health-resort, 
 with whey-cure, pine-needle cure, and other establishments. 
 Near it the strong brine-springs of Julius-hall. H. is properly 
 a collective name for the three adjoining villages of Neustadt, 
 Bundheim, and Schlewecke, which succeed one another in that 
 order from SE. to NW. P. (of group) 5600; P. (Neustadt) 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Harzgerode, tn. , Ger. , duchy Anhalt, 18 m. S. by E. Hal- 
 berstadt : has iron, lead, and silver mines. Near are Alexisbad 
 and the Selkethal. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Hasan At>d41, vil. and ruins, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. 
 Riwal Pindi, one of the ancient cities around the site of the 
 ancient Taxila, in 33° 49' N., 72° 45' E., 65 m. E. by S. 
 Peshiwar, on the NW. Rly. P. < 5000. 
 
 Hasan Dagli (or Tagh), mt., Asia Minor, pash. Karamania, 
 68 m. SW. Erjias Dagh, 86 m. NE. Konieh ; is of a picturesque 
 conical form, of volcanic formation. Alt. 8000 ft. 
 
 Hasani, isl. , in the Red Sea, near the E. ct. , about 100 m. 
 NW. Yembo, in 25° 4' N. and 37° 14' E. Alt. 400 ft. on N. 
 side, whence it slopes SE. 
 
 Hasanpur, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. MoradiMd, 
 42 m. SE. by E. Meerut. P. (1881) 9100 ; (1891) 8700; Moham. 
 4500 ; Hindus, 4100. 
 
 Has&sah, >Vadl, a water-coiu'se having its mouth on the W. 
 side of the Dead Sea, in 31'' 28' N., 35° 23' E. The Cliff of 
 Ziz, mentioned in the O. T. , overlooks the mouth of this wadi. 
 
 Hasbeya, or Hasbaya, tn., Syria, 33° 26' N., 35° 43' E. , 
 22 m. ESE. Sidon, in a deep glen on a ridge of Mount Hermon. 
 A Protestant mission was established in 1846, and in i860 it was 
 nearly ruined during the Druse massacre, when most of the 
 Christians fled for shelter to Sidon and Tyre. Near are asphalt 
 pits. P. 5600, of which 4000 are Christians or Druse. 
 
 Hasborongb, Eng. See Happlsbnrgh. 
 
 Hasbnry, par., Eng., Worcestershire, N. div., 5 m. S. 
 Dudley, i| m. SW. Halesowen. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Hascombe, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 6 m. S. Guildford, 
 3 J m. ENE. Witley stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hase, small tn. , Japan, 25 m. ESE. Ozaka ; celebrated for the 
 great temple of Hase-dera, founded early in the 8th century, 
 and last rebuilt about 300 years ago. 
 
 Hase, riv., Prussia, in W. of prov. Hanover, flows on the 
 whole N., passing Osnabriick, then W. into the Ems at Mep- 
 pen ; navigable from Holze, 37 m. 
 
 Haselbeech, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, in Brixworth 
 union. P. <25o. 
 
 Haselbmnn, vil. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and dist. Plauen. 
 P. <;3000. 
 
 Haselbnry Bryan, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, N. div. , 9I m. 
 SE. Sherborne, 5 m. SW. Sturminster stn., PMT.O. P. <;75o. 
 
 Haselbnry Plncknett, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 6 m. 
 WSW. Yeovil, 2 m. NNE. Crewkerne stn., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Haseley, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon div. , 
 4 m. NW. by W. Warwick, 2 m. N. by E. Hatton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Haseley, Great, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Henley div. , 9 m. 
 ESE. Oxford, 2| m. S. Tiddington stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Haselmoos, lake, Ger. See Kochelsee. 
 
 Haselor, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 5 J m. E. by N, 
 Lichfield, with a stn. (Elford and Haselour) on the M. R. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Haselor, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 6 m. WNW. 
 Stratford-on-Avon, 2 J m. E. Alcester stn. P. <:soo. 
 
 Haselton, P.O., Eng., Gloucestershire, 4 m. from Andovers- 
 ford. 
 
 Hasenpoth, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Courland, 27 m. NE. of 
 Libau. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hasfleld, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, div. and 5 m. SW. by 
 W. Tewkesbury, PT.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Hasgnard, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 4^ m. NW. by W. 
 Milford. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (H. with St. Ishmaels) P. ^750. 
 
 Hashtarud, dist. of Persian prov. Azerbaijan, about midway 
 between the S. end of Lake Urumia and the Caspian Sea. 
 
 Haslki, the westernmost of the Kuria Muria Is. , off the S. 
 ct. of Arabia, in 17° 27' N. and 55° 41' E. , formerly covered 
 with guano. 
 
 Hasingham, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 9 m. E. by S. 
 Norwich, 2 m. NNW. Cantley stn. P. <250. See Bucken- 
 ham. 
 
 Hasinoyn, or Aslnoyn, vil., Japan, prov. Sagami, above the 
 E. shore of Lake Hakone, noted throughout Japan as a thermal 
 station. Alt. 2770 ft. 
 
 663 
 
HASK — HATC 
 
 Haskayne, vil., Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., 6^ m. S. 
 by E. Southport, on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 2 m. E. 
 Barton and Halsall stn. 
 
 Haskell, co., U.S., Kansas, crossed by 37*° N., and in the 
 W. by loi" W. 
 
 Haskell, co. , U.S., Texas, bounded on the W. by 100° W., 
 to the S. of 33° N. 
 
 Haskerland, comm. , Netherlands, prov. Friesland. P. 7500. 
 
 Hasketon, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and i| m. NW. Wood- 
 bridge, 7 m. NE. Ipswich, P.O. P. <:50o. 
 
 Haskler, small isl. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, off the NW. ct. of 
 N. Uist, in 57° 42' N., 7° 41^' W. See also Monacb Islands. 
 
 Haskol, or ILhaskol, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 16 
 m. E. by S. Adrianople. P. (1888) 14,200 ; Btilgarians, 9600 ; 
 Moham. 3800. 
 
 Haskovo, or Haskol, tn., Bulgaria, cap. prov. H., 45 m. 
 ESE. PhilippopoUs. P. 14,200. 
 
 Hasland, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, div. and 2 m. SSE. Chester- 
 field, PMT.O. P. 5800. 
 
 Haslar Hospital, Eng. , Hampshire. See Gosport. 
 
 Haslaa, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Ascb. P. -c 3000. 
 
 Hasle, tn. , Denmark, on the W. ct. of Bornholm. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hasle, or Hasll, valley, Switzd. , near the SE. extremity of 
 cant. Bern, traversed by the upper course of the Aar, and the 
 route leading over the Grimsel, and containing the village of Mey- 
 ringen and baths of Reichenbach. 
 
 Haslemere, market-tn. and par., Eng., Surrey, Guildford 
 div., 10 m. SSE. Farnham, on the L. & SW. R. The town is 
 situated in a picturesque and healthy neighbourhood at the foot 
 of Hindhead Common, and is becoming a favourite place of 
 residence. PMT. O. Market-day, Tu. Mean rfall. (Femhurst, 
 alt. 301 ft., 1866-80), 32.2 in. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 HasUmpm*, cantonment, India. See Meean Meer. 
 
 Hasllngden ('the hollow of the hazels'), mun. bor. (since 
 1891), market-tn., and par., Eng., Lancashire, Rossendale div. , 
 4 m. SSE. Accrington, with two stns. (Hasllngden and 
 Helmshore) on the L. & Y. R. , in the diocese of Manchester ; 
 has coal-mines and iron-works, extensive stone quarries, and 
 manufactures of cottons, silks, and woollens, and sizing of cotton 
 warps. The church dates from the end of the 13th century. 
 PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. and S. Par. 4342 ac, P. 16,000; 
 mun. bor. P. (i8oi)<5ooo; (1871) 7700; (1891) 18,200. 
 
 Hasllngfield, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, Chesterton div. , 5 m. 
 SW. Cambridge, ij m. SSE. Lords Bridge stn., P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Hasllugton, par., Eng., Cheshire, div. and 2 m. E. Crewe, 
 PM.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Hasnon, comm. , France, dep. Nord, arr. Valenciennes, cant. 
 St. Amand. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Hasparren, comm., France, dep. Basses- Pyr6n6es, arr. and 
 12 m. SE. Bayonne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Haspe, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 11^ m. NE. by E. 
 Barmen; seat of an important iron and steel industry, with 
 manufactures of scythes and implements of all kinds, railway 
 material, &c. P. 9700. 
 
 Haspres, comm., France, dep. Nord, arr. Valenciermes, cant. 
 BouchEiin. P. <3000. 
 
 Hasrub, vil. , Asiatic Turkey. See Hazro. 
 
 Hassa, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See El Hofnf. 
 
 Hassall, par., Eng., Cheshire, div. and 4^ m. E. by N. 
 Crewe, 2 m. NW. Alsager stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hassan, tn., India, Mysore, cap. of H. dist., 63 m. NW. by 
 N. Mysore. P. (1881) 6000. 
 
 Hassanl, Arabian isl. in the Red Sea, off the coast of Hejaz, 
 inhabited by Beduins, in 25° 4' N. 
 
 Hassan Kail, bay, on the E. side of the Caspian Sea, between 
 the Russian Transcaspian Terr, and Persia. It receives the 
 Atrek R. 
 
 Hassan-Pasba-Palanka, Servia. See Palanka. 
 
 Hasselfelde, tn., Ger., Brunswick, 35 m. SSE. Wolfenbiittel. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Hasselt (i.e., Hasselholt, 'hazel grove'), comm., Belgium, 
 prov. Limburg, arr. H. 16 m. WNW. Maastricht ; chicory is 
 cultivated in the dist.; has manufactures of linen fabrics and 
 tobacco, with gin distilleries. P. 13,300. 
 
 Hasselt, tn. , Holland, prov. Overijssel, on the Vecht, 5 m. 
 N. Zwolle. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Hassendeau, stn., Scot., Roxburghshire, 4^ m. NE. Hawick, 
 on the N. B. R. 
 
 Hasserode, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, 15 m. WSW. Halber- 
 stadt. P. <3000. 
 
 Hassftirt, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 on the r. bk. of the Main, 19 m. NW. by W. Bamberg ; has 
 bathing establishment, and manufacture of manure. P. •C3000. 
 
 Hassl Hnssl and Hassl Taaber, two stns. in western 
 Sahara, on the route from the oasis of Tuat to Timbuktu. 
 
 HasBllngbansen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arns- 
 berg, circle Schwelm, 8 m. W. by S. Hagen ; has coal and iron 
 mines. P. (comm). <4ooo. 
 
 Hassloch, tn., Ger., Bavaria, palatinate of the Rhine, dist. 
 Neustadt, 9 m. WNW. Spires ; has coal-mines. P. 5700. 
 654 
 
 Hassoeks, stn., Eng., Sussex, on the L. B. & S. C. R., 6 m. 
 
 S. Haywards Heath, PM.O. 
 
 Hassop, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 8 m. W. Chester- 
 field, I m. NE. of its stn. (for Chatsworth) on the M. R., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Hastedt, comm. , Ger. , SE. suburb of Bremen. P. 5000. 
 Hastli^re-Lavaux, comm., Belgium, prov. Namur, arr. 
 Dinant, on the L bk. of the Meuse, 16J m. S. by W. Namur. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Hastlnapnr, ruined city, Brit. India, NW. Provs., Meerut 
 dist., on the bank of the Buhr Ganga or former bed of the 
 Ganges, 22 m. NE. Meerut ; formerly the cap. of the great 
 Pandava kingdom. 
 
 Hastlnglelgh, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 6 m. E. Ashford, 
 3 J m. ESE. Wye stn., P.O. P. <2So; eccles. par. (H. with 
 Elmstead) P. <75o. 
 
 Hastings, sea-tathing place, Barbados, to S. of Bridgetown, 
 
 Hastings, stn. , Canada, prov. Brit. Colvunbia, on the C. P. R., 
 1479 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 3 m. from Vancouver. 
 
 Hastings, %'il. , Canada. See Madoc. 
 
 Hastings, co., Canada, Ontario, stretching 90 m. NNW. 
 from the W. half of the Bay of Quinte. 
 
 Hastings, or Crook's Rapids, viL, Canada, Ontario, Peter- 
 borough CO., 74 m. W. by N. Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hastings (named, according to Camden, after a Danish sea- 
 king, who conquered, built, and fortified the place), parL bor. 
 (i member), mim. bor. (since the time of Elizabeth), co. 
 bor., and one of the Cinque Ports, now a fishing tn., Eng., 
 Sussex, Rye div. , on the S. ct. , 8i m. SW. Rye, on the L. B. & 
 S. C. (the eastern terminus) and SE. Rlys. The old town lies 
 in a valley between two hills, the shelter afforded by which ob- 
 tained for this older part (now little frequented by visitors) the 
 reputation of being a mild winter resort. The new part of the 
 bor., part of which is called St. Leonards, is in a direct line 
 along the shore to the westward. There are two piers, large 
 tepid swimming baths, and the remains of an ancient castle 
 crown the eastern of the two hills enclosing the old town. In 
 1360 the town suffered from the French, and lost its importance, 
 but it has gradually become celebrated as a watering-place during 
 the present century. Msirket-day, S. Mean rfalL (Hollington, 
 alt. 320 ft., 1866-80), 30.7 in. Mun. bor. P. (i8oi)<30oo; (1851) 
 17,000; (1871) 29,300; (1891) 52,200; pari. bor. P. 60,900. 
 See Battle. 
 
 Hastings, riv. , New South Wales, falling into the Pacific ai 
 Port Macquarie. 
 
 Hastings, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Hawkes Bay co., 
 10 m. SSW. Napier. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hastings, post-tn., Tasmania, Kent co., on the S. ct., 44 m. 
 SSW. Hobart, in 146° 50' E. P. <isoo. 
 
 Hastings, city, U.S., Michigan, cap. Barry co., 96 m. SW. 
 Bay City. P. <:3000. 
 
 Hastings, city, U.S., Minnesota, cap. Dakota co. , on the 
 r. bk. of the Mississippi, 18 m. SE. St. Paul. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Hastings, city, U.S., Nebraska, Adams co., 133 m. WSW. 
 Omaha. Alt. 1947 ft. (R.R.). P. (i88o)<30oo; (1890) 13,60a 
 
 Hastings, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Cambria co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hastings, fishing and post-tn. , Victoria, Momington co. , in 
 the NW. of Western Port Bay, 38 m. S. by E. Melbourne. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Hastings Harbour, Lower Burma, Tenasserim div. , Mergui 
 Archipelago, between St. Luke and St. Matthew Is., lat. 
 10" 6' N. It is about 5 m. wide, and affords a sheltered and 
 excellent anchorage in 5-10 fathoms. 
 
 Hastings on Hudson, viL, U.S., New York, W. Chester co., 
 on the 1. bk. of Hudson R., 21 m. N. by E. New York; has 
 marble quarries. P. <i500. 
 
 HasnA, tn., Brit India, Bengal, dist. and 26 m. E. Gaya, 
 P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Has well, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 6 m. E. Durham, 
 on the NE. R., PMT.O. P. 6300. 
 
 Hata, fortress, Manchuria, near the Palisade, 73 m. NE. 
 Mukden. 
 
 Hatamnra, promontory, Japan, Honshiu, on the NW. ct., 
 the northern extremity of Ogashima Penin. 
 
 Hatborougb, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery co., 
 20 m. N. by E. Philadelphia. Alt. 229 ft. (R.R.). P.<i500. 
 
 Hat«b, vil. , Eng. , Surrey. See Ham wltb Hatcb. 
 
 Hatcbani, suburb of London, Eng., Surrey, Deptford div., 
 3i m. SE. St. Paul's, London. Eccles. par. (Hatcbam Park) 
 R 41,100. See Old Kent Koad. 
 
 Hatch Beancbamp and West Hatcb (from hatch, hcua, 
 Anglo-Saxon, ' a bolt,' ' a gate,' hence ' an enclosed dwelling ')^ 
 two adjoining pars., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 5 m. 
 SE. by E. Taunton, with stn. (Hatcb) on the G. W. R., PM.O. 
 (H. West). H. B. P. <:soo ; W. Hatch. P. -csoa 
 
 Hatch End, liamlet, Eng., Middlesex, Harrow div., close 
 to Pinner stn., 13 m. NW. by W. St. Paul's, London, P.O. 
 
 Hatcble, Big, riv., U.S., Tennessee, in the SW. It rises in 
 NE. of Mississippi, flows N. then W. to the Mississippi, which 
 it joins on the L bk. in 35° 35' N. at Randolph. Small steamers 
 
H AT C 
 
 H AU G 
 
 can run for half the year up to Bolivar (Tennessee), 150 m. from 
 its mouth ; its valley is very fertile. 
 
 HatcliflTe, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div. , 7 m. 
 S\V. by S. Great Grimsby, 5 m. W. by S. Holton-le-Play stn. , 
 'P.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 Hatfield, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 6 m. E. Leo- 
 minster. P. <250. 
 
 Hatfield, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and 5 m. E. by N. 
 St. Albans, on the G. N. R. Both Edward VL and Elizabeth 
 v^ere living at H. House, now the seat of the Marquis of Salis- 
 bury, when called to the throne. PMT.O. Market-day, Th. 
 12,884 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Hatfield, P.O., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 4 m. 
 SE. by S. Worcester, i m. S. Norton Junction. 
 
 Hatfield, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 7 m. 
 NE. by E. Doncaster, 2 m. SE. by S. of its stn. (Stalnforth and 
 H.) on the M. S. & L. R., PMT.O.; 16,159 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hatfield, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire co. , on the 
 r. bk. of Connecticut R. , 12 m. N. Holyoke. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Hatfield, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., York- 
 shire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 10^ m. NE. Hull, i m. S. 
 Sigglesthorne stn. Great H. P. <2So; Little H. P. <25o. 
 
 Hatfield Broad Oak, par. , Eng. , Essex, Epping div. , 12J m. 
 E. Ware, 3 m. SSW. Takeley stn. , PM.O. ; 8810 ac. P. <20oo ; 
 eccles. par. (H. B. O., Busb End) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Hatfield Chase, level tract, Eng., in the NE. of the Don- 
 caster div. of the W. Riding of Yorkshire. See Don, riv. 
 
 Hatfield Heatb, eccles. par. , Eng. , Essex, Epping div. , loj 
 m. E. Ware, 2 m. E. Sawbridgeworth stn., PT.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Hatfield Pererel, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 5 m. NW. 
 Maiden, i m. SE. by S. of its stn. on the G. E. R., PMT.O.; 
 4866 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hatford, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 10 m. W. by S. 
 Abingdon, 3 m. E. Faringdon. P. <25o. 
 
 Hatlia, vil., Upper Burma. See Katha. 
 
 Hatbaway, settlement, U.S., Tennessee, Lake co. , on the 
 1. bk. of the Mississippi, 76 m. NNE. Memphis. 
 
 Hatberdeu, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, in the suburbs 
 of Andover, P.O. P. -C500. 
 
 Hatberlelgb, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 15 m. 
 SSE. Bideford, 7 m. ENE. Halwill Junction, PMT.O. ; 7168 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Hatherley, Down and Up, pars. , Eng. See Down and Up H. 
 
 Hatbern, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 2J m. NW. 
 Loughborough, on the M. R., P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hatberop, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., on 
 the Coin, 5 m. NW. Lechlade, 3 m N. Fairford stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hatbersage, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 9 m. WSW. 
 Sheffield, 6 m. W, Dore and Totley stn., on the M. R., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Hatherton, par., Eng., Cheshire, 4 m. SE. Nantwich. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Hatbertou, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 8 m. NNW. 
 Walsall, i^ m. WNW. Cannock stn., P.O. P.<5oo. See 
 Galley. 
 
 Hittbras, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Alfgarh, in 27° 
 36' N., 78° 6' E.; now ranks second to Cawnpur among the 
 trading centres of the Dodb. P. (1881) 25,700; (1891) 39,200; 
 Hindus, 33,700 ; Moham. 5000. 
 
 Hatl^, isl. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Nodkhah, in the Meghna 
 mouth of the Ganges, crossed by 22^° N., 91° E. It is low, and 
 occasionally visited by storm- waves, which are sometimes very 
 destructive ; that in the cyclone of 31st October 1876 completely 
 submerging the island, and causing an estimated loss of 30,000 
 lives. Area, 185 sq. m. P. (1872) 54,100; (1891) 49,300. 
 
 Hatlen, seapt., on the Gulf of Siam, in 10° 23' N., in the 
 extreme NW. of Lower Cochin-China, cap. prov. and arr., at 
 the mouth of a river connected by the Vinh-te Canal with the 
 Bassak arm of the Mekong at Shodok (Chaudoc). 
 
 Hatlllo, tn., Porto Rico, N. ct., 6 m. W. Arecibo. P. 9600. 
 
 Hat Island, Fiji Is. See Vatuvara. 
 
 Hat Island, islet, W. Indies, Leeward Is., off the E. ct. isl. 
 of St. Martin, in 18° 6' N., 62° 59' W. 
 
 Hatle-o, isl. , Norway, 63 m. N. Bergen ; length and breadth 
 about 4 m. each. 
 
 Hatley St. George and Hatley East, adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div., 12 m. WSW. Cambridge, 2 
 m. E. by S. Gamlingay stn., P.O. Hatley E. P. <25o; 
 Hatley St. George, P. <:25o. 
 
 Hat Mountain, mt., U.S., Cahfornia, Lassen co., 65 m. S. 
 by W. of the NE. corner of state. Alt. 7676 ft. (Wheeler, i.). 
 
 Hato, or San Antonio del Hato, tn. , Colombia, Tolima, 56 
 m. SW. Neiva, near and above the 1. bk. of the Magdalena. 
 P. (of dist.) < 5000. 
 
 Hato Grande, or San Lorenzo, tn. , Porto Rico, 16 m. NNE. 
 Guayama. P. 12,600. 
 
 Ha-tong, tn., Korea, on the S. ct. , 74 m. W. by S. Fusan. 
 
 Hato Viejo, tn. , Colombia, Cundinamarca, 19 m. ESE. 
 Ubate, 50 m. NNE. Bogota, on the riv. Fimza, or Bogota. 
 P. (with dist.) 5100. 
 
 Hatsiisl, tn. , Japan. See Nlkko. 
 Hatslnobe, japan. See Hacblnobe. 
 Hatslojl, Japan. See Hacbloji. 
 
 Uatslrogata, great ct. lagoon, Japan, in the N. of Honshiu, 
 communicating on the SW. with the Japanese Sea ; almost 
 insulating the penin. of Oga-shima; in its southern portion 
 hardly salt ; 37 m. in circumference. 
 
 Hatslzlo, Japan. See Hacbljo-sblma. 
 
 H&tszeg (Ger. Hiitzlng), tn., with magistracy, Hungary, co. 
 Hunyad, 85 m. E. by S. Temesvar. P. -<20oo. 
 
 Hatt, PT.O., Eng., Cornwall, 3 m. NW. Saltash. 
 
 HattA, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Damoh, 70 m. 
 N. by W. Jabalpur. P. (1881) 6300 ; (1891) 5800 ; Hindus, 5100. 
 
 Hattem, tn. , Holland, prov. Gelderland, 4 m. SW. by S. 
 Zwolle. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Hattenbelm,vil., Prussia, govt. Wiesbaden, dist. Riidesheim, 
 on the Rhine. In the environs are made the noted Rhine wines, 
 the Markobrunn and Steinberg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hatteras, cape, U.S., N. Carolina, Dare co. , in the E., in 
 35° 14' N. , at S. end of a sandy island at entrance to Pamlico 
 Sound. Storms here produce a heavy sea, rendering this head- 
 land dangerous to navigators ; the ' harborow ' at which Sir W. 
 Raleigh's first expedition arrived on the 4th July 1584. Mean 
 temp., yr. 61.1° F., Jan. 45.7°, July 78.1°. 
 
 Hatteras Inlet, U.S., N. Carolina, in the E., connecting 
 Pamlico Sound with the Atlantic, in 35° ii' N. 
 
 Hattersley, par., Eng., Cheshire, 6| m. NE. Stockport. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Hattia, isl. , Bengal. See Hati&. 
 
 Hattlesburg, tn., U.S., Mississippi, Perry co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hatttn, vil., Palestine, Ziddim in the O.T., 32° 48' N., 35° 
 27' E. , 5i m. W. by N. Tiberias, on a fertile plateau at the 
 foot of Mount Kurun H. In the neighbouring plain the terrible 
 battle of H. took place (July 5, 1187), when Saladin crushed 
 the army of Crusaders, and secured Jerusalem and Palestine to 
 the Mussulmans. 
 
 Hattlngen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Ruhr, 9 m. SE. by S. Essen ; with coal-mines, blast-furnaces, 
 and iron-works, and manufactures of machinery. P. 5900. 
 
 Hatton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 3J m. S. by 
 W. Warrington, 2 m. SE. Daresbury stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Hatton, par., Eng., Cheshire, 6 m. W. Tarporley. P. <25o. 
 
 Hatton, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , 6 m. NN W. Burton, 
 I m. N. Tutbury stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Hatton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 12 m. 
 SW. by W. Louth, 2^ m. E. by S. Wragby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hatton, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon div., 
 4 m. WNW. Warwick, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hatton, P.O., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, j\ra. SW. Peterhead. 
 
 Hatton Heath, P.O., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 5 m. 
 SE. Chester, 2 m. S. Waverton stn. 
 
 Hatton of Flntray, vil. , Scot. See Flntray. 
 
 Hattras, tn., India, NW. Provs. See Hatbras. 
 
 Hatn, coal-mines, Tongking, near Hongai, on the Bay of 
 Along. A solid seam of black coal, 180 ft. in depth, is exposed 
 down the entire front of a hill [Geog. Jour., ii. p. 198). 
 
 Hatuncolla, vil., Sn. Peru, near Lake Titicaca, about 6 m. 
 N. Puno ; former cap. of Collao, great division of the empire of 
 the Incas ; with two very remarkable stone columns, sculptured 
 with geometrical designs, lizards, &c. 
 
 Hatvan, comm. , Hungary, co. Heves, 28 m. E. by S. Waitzen. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Hatzfeld (Ger., in Hungarian Zsombolya), comm., Hun- 
 gary, prov. Torontal, 25 m. W. by N. Temesvar. P. q6oo. 
 
 Hatzfeldtbafen, an abandoned stn. of the Berlin New 
 Guinea Company, situated on Mahde I. , off the N. ct. , in lat. 
 4° 24' S. , long. 145° 9' E. ; had good anchorage. Mean annual 
 temp, (i )T. ), 79.4°, with a very small range ; rfall. (4 yrs. ), 98 in. 
 
 Hiitzingeii, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 6 m. S. by W. Glarus. 
 P. (comm. )< 2000. 
 
 Han, vil. , Egypt. See Hon. 
 
 Hanbonrdin, comm., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 4 m. 
 SW. by W. Lille. P. 6200. 
 
 Hand, a level waterless tract of country to the S. of the Gulf 
 of Aden, between about 8° and 9^° N. and 44°-46° E. 
 
 Handb, El, Sahara. See Hodb, El. 
 
 Hanensteln-Ifentbal, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Solothurn, zi m. 
 NNW. Olten. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hauenstein, Oberer and IJnterer (Upper and Lower), 
 mountain passes over the Jura, Switzd. , cant. Basel-land, near the 
 borders of cant. Solothurn, since 1857 superseded by a railway 
 tunnel Even as late as the middle of the i8th century these 
 pass-routes, the latter of which formed the most direct connection 
 between Basel and central Switzd. , were !n places so steep, that 
 goods were hoisted across the mountains by windlasses. 
 
 Hanfa, or Hanra, tn. , on the coast of southern Arabia, near 
 the mouth of Wadi Meifa, in about 47^° E. P. 6000. 
 
 Hangesund, seapt., Norway, prov. (amt.) and 36 m. NNW. 
 Stavanger ; harbour 17-50 ft. deep ; depth alongside of the 
 small quays, 6-15 ft. P. 5400. 
 
 655 
 
HAUG — HAVA 
 
 Haugh, heugh, how, hope, in Scotch place-names, ' a low- 
 lying meadow between hills or on the banks of a stream.' 
 
 Haugh and ho-cv, in English place-names, from Scandinavian, 
 haugr, ' a heap ' or ' mound. ' 
 
 Hangta, par., Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 9 m. SE. 
 by S. Louth, 2 m. S. Aby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Haugli, electoral div. , Ire. , co. and dist. Donegal. 
 
 Hangbam (hafam — 'the dwelling near the mound'), par., 
 Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 4 m. S. Louth, zi m. SW. 
 by S. Legbourne Road stn. P. <25o. 
 
 HaagUey (hawli), par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 3 m. NW. 
 Stowmarket, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Haugh of I'rr, vil. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, 3J m. NE. 
 Castle Douglas, P.O. 
 
 Haughtou, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , S^m. NW. 
 by W. Nantwich, 2 m. SW. by S. Calveley stn.; the eccles. par. 
 of H. is partly in Lancashire. P. <250. 
 
 Haughton, par., Eng., Lancashire, 6 m. SE. Manchester, 
 PM.O. (II. Green). P. 5300. 
 
 Hanghton, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the North 
 Tyne, div. and si m. N. by W. Hexham, close to Barrasford 
 stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Haugbton, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 8 m. 
 ESE. Worksop, 4 m. WNW. Tuxford stn. P. <:2So. 
 
 Haugbton, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , 4^ m. SW. by 
 W. Stafford, on the L. & NW. R., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Haugbton €onunon, upland tract, Eng., Northumberland, 
 div. and about 10 m. NW. by W. Hexham. 
 
 Haugbton-Ie-Skerne, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., on the 
 Skerne, li m. NE. Darlington, PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Haugbvllle, tn., U.S., Indiana, Marion co. P. <3000. 
 
 Haugsdorf, Clross, vil., Austria, crownland Lower Austria, 
 35 m. NXW. Vienna. P. <3000. 
 
 Haulbonf-Une Island, Ire. , S. of co. Cork, in Cork Harbour, 
 opposite Queensto\\n. See Cork, city. 
 
 Haulbowline Koek, Ire. , co. Down, at mouth of Carling- 
 ford Lough ; has a lighthouse, seen 16 m. away. 
 
 Hanlgb, par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Tonge. 
 
 Haiilnl, small isl., Persian Gulf. See Halnl. 
 
 Hanng>tbaraT« , riv. , Lower Burma, Tenasserim div., rises 
 in Mount Yathay, in Siam, and flows generally N W. into the Gulf 
 of Martaban at Maulmain ; length about 150 m. Navigable 
 for native boats nearly to the Siamese frontier, about 100 m. 
 
 Hauper, tn. , Brit. India, Meerut dist. See Hapor. 
 
 Haupt, Ger. , Moved, Scandinavian, ' a head. ' 
 
 Haura, tn. , southern Arabia, in the interior of Hadramut, in 
 the Wadi Msila, in about 15° 45' N. , 48° 22' E. P. 8000. See 
 also Hanfa. 
 
 Hanra, EI, locality on the Hejaz coast, on a large bay of the 
 Red Sea. 
 
 Hauraki Calf, New Zealand, North I., prov. Auckland, on 
 the E. ct. , is an extensive inlet of the Pacific, 70 m. long, 
 breadth, 40 m ; contains numerous well-wooded islands and 
 several excellent harbours, on one of which (Waitemata) the 
 town of Auckland is situated. The Great Barrier I. forms a 
 good outer breakwater. 
 
 Hauran (Heb. Chauran, 'the hollow land,' from its nume- 
 rous caves), Syria, comprises in its greater acceptation all the 
 mountainous plateau which extends E. from the Jordan and the 
 Sea of Tiberias, and S. of Mount Hermon. It is entirely of 
 igneous origin, and consists of large plains and mountain ranges, 
 with isolated eminences rising steeply from the valley of the 
 Jordan to a mean altitude of about 2000 ft. above the Mediter- 
 ranean. The H. proper, about 50 m. in length and the same 
 in breadth, situated E. of the Sea of Tiberias, comprises the 
 plain of En. Nukrah (the ancient Auraniiis), Jebel Hauran, or 
 Bathanieh, and the Lejah (the Trachonitis of the Greeks, and 
 Argob of the Hebrews, both meaning 'country of rocks'), the 
 whole being the ' Land of Bashan ' and the ' Country of the 
 Rephaim ' of the O. T. The soil is excellent, and in rainy years 
 the plain is extremely productive ; wheat is grown, 300 ship- 
 loads of which are said to leave here every year. A railway is con- 
 structing from Damascus to Mezerib in the heart of the plain. 
 The elevated volcanic »»awy^ of Jebel H., which culminates in 
 the Jebel Juweilil (5847 ft.), gives rise to numerous streams on 
 its S. and W. slopes, which unite lower down to form the 
 Yarmuk. This region is no less remarkable for its geological 
 structure than for the infinite number and peculiar character 
 of the ruined sites with which it is covered. El Lejab ('the 
 refuge') lies NW. of Jehel H., and extends for 25 m. towards 
 Damascus. The entire surface consists of lava which has 
 flowed from the mountain cracked and scored by innumerable 
 crevasses in all directions, and so thickly strewed with loose 
 sharp rocks as to be almost impassable, with a multitude of 
 caverns in its flanks, which have been frequently made use of 
 as places of refuge. The whole country is inhabited only by 
 wandering Beduins and a few colonies of Druses, who reside 
 in the neighbourhood of Jebel H. and the borders of the Lejah, 
 where they are better able to defend themselves against the in- 
 cursions of the Beduins and the exactions of the Turkish pashas 
 656 
 
 than in the plains. It is full of the remains of ancient cities and 
 various monuments, chiefly of the Greek and Roman periods. 
 
 Hanroto, lake. New Zealand, South I. , drained S. into Foveaux 
 Strait, which is only 15 m. distant. Length, 21 m. ; breadth, f-ij 
 m. ; area, 25J sq. m. ; alt. 610 ft. 
 
 Hanma, vil. , New Zealand, North I. , Kawhia co. , on the 
 Waipa, 90 m. S. by E. Auckland. P. <:i500. 
 
 Haus, Teutonic, Huus, Scandinavian, Haza, Himgarian, 
 allied to Latin, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese casa, 'a 
 dwelling. ' 
 
 Hausdorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and dist. Neurode. 
 P. (comm.)<:40C)o. 
 
 Hansen, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 8 m. S. Zurich. Near is the 
 cold-water health resort of Albisbrunn. P. (comm.)<2ooo. 
 
 Hans-i-Sultan, lake, Persia. See Hanz>l>Snltan. 
 
 Hansruck, hill range. See Austria, Archducby of. 
 
 Hanssa, large Negro tribe of the central Sudan, inhabiting 
 the terrs. between Bornu {q.v.) and the Middle Niger. Their 
 chief occupations are agriculture and commerce. Before the 
 Fellatah invasion they formed a number of independent king- 
 doms, all of which are, however, now subjugated by the Fellatah 
 ((J.V.). Most of the H. are Mohammedans. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Hanssy, comm. , France, dep. Nord, arr. Cambrai, 11 m. S. 
 by \\^ Valenciennes. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Hanta, tn., SW. Arabia, cap. Lahej, 21 m. NW. by N. Aden. 
 P. 10-15,000 (Arabs, Jews, Somalis, and a few natives of India). 
 
 Hautapn, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I. , 'W'aikato co. , 7 
 m. SE. Hamilton. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Hantbols, Great, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 8 m. N. by 
 E. Norwich, close to Coltishall stn. P. <25o ; eccles. par. 
 (Great H. M'lth ColtlsbaU) P. < 1500. 
 
 Hantbols, Uttle, vil., Eng., Norfolk. See Lammas. 
 
 Hant-dn-Sec, mt. , France. See Langres, Plateau de. 
 
 Hante-Luee, comm. , France, dep. Savoie, arr. Albertville ; 
 has coal and lead mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hanterlre, comm., France, dep. Allier, arr. Gannat, near 
 Vichy ; has mineral springs. P. <2ooo. ' 
 
 Hant lie, or Hare Island, in Bay of Fundy, 8 m. SW. Cape 
 Chigneto. 
 
 Hautmont, comm., France, dep. Nord, arr. Avesnes, 15 m. 
 S. Mons, with important iron foundries and works, and manu- 
 factures of fire-proof pottery and of chemical products. P. 10,000. 
 
 Hauxley, par. , Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., on 
 the ct. , 8J m. SE. Alnwick, i m. SE. by S. Amble stn. P. < 
 1500. See Amble. 
 
 Hanxton, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div., 4 m. 
 S. by W. Cambridge, x\ m. NE. by E. Harston stn. P. <soo ; 
 eccles. par. (H. wltb Newton) P. <5oo. 
 
 Hanxwell, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 4^ m. S. Richmond. East H. 
 P. <250 ; West H. P. <:25o. 
 
 Hauz, Persian, 'tank,' a 'reservoir.' 
 
 Hanz-1-Sultan, lake, Persia, NE. end, 35 m. S. Teheran, E. 
 of the road to Kum, formed in 1884-85 ; fed by the Kum-rud, 
 which enters on the S. 
 
 Havana (founded in 1519 under the name of ' San Cristobal 
 de la Habana,' or Savanna), frequently spelt in English 
 Havanna, or Havannab, seapt. , on the NW. ct. of Cuba, 
 cap. of the prov. of H., and of the whole island, the most im- 
 portant town of the W. Indies and Central America, in the 
 commercial centre of the three Americas (Have del Nueva 
 Mundo, 'the New World's Key'), in front of the Mississippi 
 valley, at the starting-point of the Gulf Stream to Europe; 
 built on one of two penins. forming the entrance (iioo ft. 
 wide and 4200 ft. long, turned to NNW.) of a large harbour 
 (Puerto de Carenas), internally divided into several bays 
 [Ensenadas de Merimelena, Guasabacoa, Tallapiedra), pro- 
 tected against almost all winds (although both the town and 
 the harbour have been already destroyed by cyclonic storms). 
 Depth of harboiu-, 15 ft. (right under the W. shore) to 30 ft. 
 (at the entrance). The entrance and the sea approaches, sur- 
 rounded by hills (some about 1000 ft. alt.), are well fortified. 
 H. has a university, a meteorological observatory, cathedral, 
 government buildings, &c., large manufactures of tobacco and 
 sugar. Place of con\ergence of three lines of railway. The 
 surroundings, with the country residences, are very fertile. H. 
 is very unhealthy, the yellow fever being there endemic. Mean 
 temp. (19 yrs., 1858-76), yr. 78.5° F., Jan. 72.6°, July 83.7°; 
 rfall. (25 yrs.), 46.5 in. P. of prov. 440,000; of town, 200,000 
 (one-sixth of the total population of Cuba). [J. B. K.] 
 
 Harana, city, U.S., Illinois, cap. Mason co., on the L bk. of 
 the Ilhnois R.. 40 m. NW. by N. Springfield. P. -csooo. 
 
 Havana, viL, U.S., New York, Schuyler co., 62 m. SW. by 
 S. Syracuse, and 20 m. WSW. Ithaca, 3 m. from the head of 
 Lake Seneca, on the Chemung Canal. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Havannata Cbannel, the strait separating New Caledonia 
 from Kuni I. on the S., chiefly used by vessels bound to 
 Numea from the eastward. 
 
 Havannah Harbour, New Hebrides. See Vate. 
 
 Havant, market-tn. and par., Eng., Hampshire, Fareharo 
 
HAVA— HAWA 
 
 div. , on Langston Harbour, 6| m. NE. by E. Portsmouth, on 
 the L. & SW. R. Market-day, Tu. P. <350o; eccles. par. 
 (H. with Brockhampton) P. <35oo. 
 
 HaTard, vil., U.S., lUinois, McHenry co., 64 m. NW. by W. 
 Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 HaTelange, comm. , Belgium, prov. Namur, arr. Dinant, 
 9^ m. S. Huy. P. < 2000. 
 
 Havel, riv., N. Germany, rises in the small Lake Kabe- 
 lick, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, passes Fiirstenberg, Zehdenick, 
 Oranienburg, Spandau, Potsdam, Brandenburg, and joins the 
 Elbe a few miles below Havelberg. Length, 180 m. ; navigable 
 through its entire length for boats, and for large vessels below 
 Fiirstenberg. It forms numerous small lakes in Mecklenburg ; 
 and in Prussia those of Tegel, Potsdam, Werder, and Branden- 
 burg. Chief affluents on right, the Rhin and Dosse ; on left, 
 the Spree, Nuthe, and Plane. It is connected by canals with 
 the small lakes of Mecklenburg, and with the Elde and the Oder. 
 
 Havelberg, tn., Ger. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, on the 
 Havel, 35 m. NW. by N. Brandenburg. P. 6800. 
 
 Uavellaiid, dist. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, divided into 
 two circles, East and West H., respectively 458 and 524 sq. m. 
 in extent. It is a vast plain, but little elevated above the sea- 
 level, traversed by canals, and rich in pasture. 
 
 Uavelock, tp. and summer resort. New Zealand, South I., 
 Marlborough co. , 25 m. E. Nelson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Havelock, post-tn., Victoria, Talbot co., 118 m. NW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Havelock, North, tp.. New Zealand, North I., Hawkes Bay 
 CO., 9 m. S. Napier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Havel Seen, that is, Havel Lakes. See Havel, riv. 
 
 Haven Bank, vil. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 8 m. 
 S. Horncastle. 
 
 Havengore, insular par. , Eng. , in the SE. div. of Essex, 6 m. 
 ENE. Southend. P. <250. 
 
 Haven Street, eccles. par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Isle of Wight 
 div. , 2^ m. SW. by W. Ryde, on the Isle of Wight Central Rly. , 
 P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Haverali Park, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3J m. 
 W. Harrogate. P. <25o. 
 
 Haverbraek, par., Eng., Westmorland, ij m. SW. Miln- 
 thorpe. P. <250. 
 
 Havercroft, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 6J m. NE. 
 Barnsley. P. <75o. 
 
 Haverfordwe-st, or Hwlffordd, mun. bor. (first charter 
 granted by Edward I.), pari. bor. (see Pembroke), riv. port, 
 and raarket-tn., in the SW. and cap. of Pembrokeshire, 9 ra. 
 N. by W. Pembroke, on the W. Cleddan R., and the G. W. R. ; 
 has coal-mines and a small paper-mill ; exports largely cattle, 
 com, general agricultural produce, and hard coal. The quays 
 admit vessels of 100 tons at spring tides. H. has a separate 
 Court of Quarter Sessions, and was formerly fortified by walls 
 and towers ; it had a castle built by Gilbert de Clare about 
 1 140 on a rocky height overhanging the river. Ruins remain of 
 a priory erected or endowed in the 12th century by Robert de 
 Hwlffordd. Market-day, S. P. 6200. 
 
 Havergate Island, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, near Crouch Harbour, 
 separated from the mainland by a narrow belt of water. P. <25o. 
 
 HaverUll, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , cos. Essex and Suf- 
 folk, 11^ m. S. by E. Newmarket, on the G. E. R. ; has manu- 
 factures of silk umbrella covers. Market-day, F. P. < 5000. 
 
 HaverblU, city, U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., on 1. bk. 
 Merrimac R., at the head of navigation, 18 m. from the sea, 
 6 m. NE. Lawrence. H. is noted for the manufacture of boots 
 and shoes ; it is the birthplace of the poet Whittier. P. 27,400. 
 
 Haverlilll, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, cap. Grafton co., on 
 the I. bk. of the Connecticut, 63 m. NNW. Concord, with 
 granite quarries. Alt. 412 ft. (R.R.). P. <3000. 
 
 Haverholme Priory, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven 
 div. , Sleaford union. P. < 250. 
 
 Hiiverl, municip. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 54 m. SSE. 
 Dhdrwdr. P. (1881)5700; (1891)6800; Hindus, 5400. 
 
 Haverlng-atte-Bower, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 2J m. 
 Romford, PMT.O. (Havering). P. <;soo. 
 
 Haverlngland, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 9J m. NW. by 
 N. Norwich, 3 m. ENE. Lenwade stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Haverstaani, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 10^ m. 
 NE. by E. Buckingham, 3^ m. W. Newport Pagnell, i^ m. 
 NNE. Wolverton stn., P.O. P. <2so. 
 
 Haverstock Hill, eccles. par. and suburb of London, Eng. , 
 Middlesex, pars. St. Pancras and Hampstead, 3^ m. NW. St. 
 Paul's, London, on the M. R. Eccles. par. P. 41,100. 
 
 Haverstravr, vil., U.S., New York, Rockland co., on the r. 
 bk. of the Hudson R., 35 m. N. New York, overhung by a line 
 of limestone cliffs. P. 5100. 
 
 Haverthwalte, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale 
 div., 13 m. NE. Barrow, on Furness R., PMT.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Haverton Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, in SE. div., on 
 NE. R. and the N. shore of the estuary of the Tees, 3^ m. 
 NE. by E. Stockton; manufactures of salt extracted from 
 brine. PM.O. P. < 3000. 
 657 
 
 Havlnnes, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 4 m. 
 E. by N. Tournay. P. < 2000. 
 
 Havlxbeek, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle and 9J m. 
 W. by N. Mtinster. P. (comm.) < 3000. 
 
 Havlya, one of the great divisions of the Somali nation. 
 
 Havn, Scandinavian, ' a harbour.' See Hafen. 
 
 Havneby, vil., at SE. end of Romo I., off the W. ct. of 
 Schleswig-Holstein. Various projects for the construction of a 
 harbour here are described in Petermann's Mitteil., 1890, 
 p. 120. 
 
 Havne Fjord, harb., Iceland, on the N. side of the most 
 southerly penin. on the W. ct., S. of Reikiavik. 
 
 Havod, or Hafod, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., on 
 the Taff Vale Rly., 13 m. NW. Cardiff. 
 
 Havra, South, islet, Scot., Shetland Is., about i m. off the 
 W. ct. of the mainland, Bressay par. , in 60° 2' N. 
 
 Havre, Le (formerly Havre deGrace), city and fortified seapt. , 
 France, dep. Seine-Inf6rieure, cap. arr., on the N. bank of the 
 estuary of the Seine, at its mouth in the English Channel, and 
 at the terminus of railway, 108 m. NW. Paris, and 44 m. W. 
 Rouen. The city is built on level ground rising to the N. and W. , 
 and has been greatly improved in recent years; public promenades 
 and noble boulevards have been laid out on the site of the old 
 fortifications, and its present appearance is that of a handsome 
 modern town. The port is, next to Marseilles, the most im- 
 portant in France. It comprises a tidal harbour and 10 docks, 
 with a floating dock and 6 dry docks, the largest of which can 
 receive a vessel 550 ft. long. In the outer harbour there is at 
 spring tides about 32 ft. 2 in. of water, and at neap tides 25 ft. 
 II in.; while at the entrance of the two principal docks, the 
 Bassins de I'Eure and de la Citadelle, there is respectively at 
 spring tides 35 ft. and 31 ft. , and at neap tides 29 ft. 6 in. and 
 25 ft. 6 in. The entrance is open to the SW. , bounded by two 
 piers, with a lighthouse on the N. one visible 10 m. Projects 
 of extensive works for the improvement of the port are in con- 
 templation, including the construction of a breakwater and a 
 new entrance, and other large docks. As to the Havre-Tancar- 
 viUe Canal, see Seine, riv. Numerous steam packets ply regu- 
 larly between H. and the ports of France, England, and N. 
 and S. America. It is the leading French port as regards the 
 value of its exports (nearly ^^30, 000, 000), though behind Mar- 
 seilles in respect of the value of its imports. Large forts have 
 been erected since 1858 on the heights above the town, and the 
 lofty chalk cliffs of Cape la Hfeve on the W. are crowned by 
 two lighthouses with electric lights, visible 27 m. H. was 
 found^ by Louis XII. in 1509, held by the English in 1562, 
 but relinquished in the following year after an obstinate siege, 
 and bombarded by them in 1678 and 1759. P. (1852) 26,400 ; 
 (1872) 86,800 ; (1891) 116,400. 
 
 Havre de Grace, city, U.S., Maryland, Hartford co., on W. 
 bk. of the Susquehanna R. , near its mouth in Chesapeake Bay, 
 35 m. NE. Baltimore. P. 4000. 
 
 Haw, Great, hill, Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 16 
 m. WNW. Ripon. Height, 1786 ft. 
 
 Haw, New, vil., Eng., Surrey, 2 m. from Addlestone, P.O. 
 
 Hawaii, the largest and southernmost of the Sandwich 
 Islands {q.v.), Pacific Ocean, between lat. 18° 53' and 20° 15' 
 N. , long. 154 50' and 156° 4' W. It is a vast mass of volcanic 
 rock and lava, and contains several lofty peaks. Mauna Kea 
 (13,953 ft') is now quiescent ; but Mauna Loa (13,760 ft.) has 
 had several eruptions during the present century, that of 1868 
 being particularly terrible ; and Kilauea (4250 ft.), on the flank 
 of the latter, has a crater 2 m. in length by \\ m. broad, which 
 is a continual lake of fire in constant agitation. The middle of 
 the island consists of a wild rugged plateau, without inhabitants. 
 The NE. ct. is watered by numerous streams, and the soil is 
 very fertile, in which sugar-cane and other tropical products are 
 cultivated. In the extreme N. are excellent pastures, but the 
 W. face of the plateau is completely arid and waterless. Chief 
 town, Hllo, on the E. ct. At Kealakeakua Bay, on the W. side 
 the island. Captain Cook was murdered by the natives, Feb. 
 14, 1779. Area, 4866 sq. m. P. (1884) 24,990. 
 
 Hawakll, or Howafcll, bay, on the W. ct. of the Red Sea, 
 in lat. 15° 10' N. 
 
 Hawala Mohanpnr, tn., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Darrang, 
 25 m. NE. Gauhdti. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hawarden (Welsh, ' upon the hill '), par., Wales, Flintshire, 
 6 m. W. by S. Chester, on the Wrexham, Mold, and Connah's 
 Quay Rly.; has coal-mines. Alt. 270 ft. Mean temp. (14 yrs., 
 1861-74), yr. 49.5° F., Jan. 38.8°, July 61.6°. PMT.O. 15,000 
 ac. P. 7100. 
 
 Hawash, riv. , S. Abyssinia, rises at foot of Mount Ilfata, about 
 lat. 9° 10' N. , 38° E. , flows E. and NE. , bounding dominion Shoa 
 on the S. and E., and enters Lake Abhebad {q.v.) near 11° 25' 
 N., 41° 50' E., after a course of 460 or 500 m. At Melka 
 Kuyo, near the centre of its course, it has been found in the dry 
 season 60 ft. in breadth, with banks 15-20 ft. high, and well 
 wooded. Its volume of water, however, gradually diminishes. 
 
 Hawatlb, isl., in the Red Sea, belonging to Italy, E. by N. 
 Massaua. 
 
 2 T 
 
H AWC — HAY 
 
 Hawcote, Eng. , Lancashire, included m the pari. bor. of and 
 2^ m. N. Barrow. See Xewttarus. 
 
 Hawdon, lake, in the SE. of S. Australia, to the S. of 37° 
 N. , W. of 140° E. 
 
 Hawea, lake. New Zealand, the most northerly of the central 
 lakes of the South I. , drained into the Clutha R. , and is reached 
 from Pembroke. Length, 19 m. ; greatest breadth, 3 m.; depth, 
 910-1285 ft., near the ends 450 ft.; area, 48 sq. m.; alt. 1060 ft. 
 
 Haweh, El, springs, in the E. of Egypt, WSW. of Kosseir. 
 
 Hawera, bor. , New Zealand, North L , Hawera co. , 36 m, 
 S. by E. New Plymouth. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hawerby wltb Beesby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lind- 
 say div., 7^ m. NW. by N. Louth, 2^ m. W. by S. Thoresby 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hawes, market-tn. and par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 on the r. bk. of the Ure, div. and 21 m. WSW. Richmond, 
 with two stns. (H. and H. Jane.) on the NE. R.; coal mined 
 near. PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. Par. 15,979 aa P. -c 2000. 
 
 Hawes, co. , New South Wales, to the N. of 32° S. , crossed 
 in the E. by 152° E. 
 
 Hawes, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Cass co., 21 m. W. by 
 N. Fargo. 
 
 HawesTllle, city, U.S., Kentucky, cap. Hancock co., on the 
 1. bk. of the riv. Ohio, 62 m. WSW. Louisville ; is the centre of 
 the Kentucky coal system. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hawes Water, lake, Eng. , Westmorland, Appleby div. , 9^ 
 m. S. by W. Penrith. Height, 694 ft. 
 
 Hawick, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 7^ m. E. Bellingham. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Hawick, pari, burgh, tn. , and par. , Scot. , Roxburghshire, 
 at confluence of the Teviot and Slitrig, 53 m. SE. Edinbtugh, 
 with a stn. on the N. B. R.; has extensive manufactures of tweeds, 
 hosiery, flannels, plaids and shawls. During the Border wars H. 
 was often invaded by the English. Leyden, the poet, was born 
 near. The burgh unites with Galashiels and Selkirk (forming 
 the H. dist of btirghs) in sending one member to Parliament. 
 Market-day, Th. Mean rfall. (i865-8o), Kirkton, alt. 759 ft., 
 35.8 in. ; Silverbut Hall, alt. 512 ft., 32.8 in. Par. 6113 ac, 
 P. 14,100; tn. P. 19,200; pari, burgh, P. (1871)8700; (1891) 
 19,200; pari. dist. of burghs, P. 42,200. 
 
 Hawkchorcb, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 5 m. N. 
 Lyme Regis, 3 m. S. Chard June. stn. , P.O. ; 4088 ac P. <750. 
 
 Hawkdun Banges, range of mts.. New Zealand, North L, 
 dividing cos. Maniototo and Waitaki. 
 
 Hawke, cape, on the E. ct of Australia, in 32° 13^' S. 
 
 Hawkcdon, par., Eng., Sufifolk, 5J m. NE. Clare, P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Hawke Harbour, Newfoundland, on the W. cL , in 55° 35' N. 
 
 HaM'ker, post-tn., S. Austraha, Blackford co., 57 m. NE. 
 Port Augusta, on the Great Northern Line. P. <iSoo. 
 
 Hawkes, or Hawke, Bay, New Zealand, North I., on the 
 E. ct. , between Auckland and WeUington. Was entered by Cook 
 in the Endeavour on Oct. 8, 1769, and occupied by Europeans 
 in 1848. 
 
 Hawkes Bay, co. , New Zealand, North I. , crossed by 39° 
 S. and 176° and 177° E., cap. Napier. It also gives name to 
 a prov. dist. 
 
 Hawkesbory, isL , Brit Columbia, in 53° 30' N. , 129° W. 
 
 Hawkesbory, viL, Canada, Ontario, Prescott co., on the r. 
 bk. of the riv. Ottawa, 55 m. W. by N. Montreal P. <25oo. 
 
 Hawkesbory, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thombury div. , 3^ 
 m. S. by E. Wotton-under-Edge, 3^ m. ESE. Wickwar stn., 
 PMT.O.; 9912 ac. P. < 2000; eccles. par. (H. with Tresham) 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Hawkesbnry, the chief of the eastward flowing rivs. of New 
 South Wales, formed by the union of the Nepean and Grose 
 Rivs., bounds co. Cumberland on the NW. and N., and enters 
 the Pacific at Broken Bay, 25 m. NNE. Sydney; hable to 
 floods. Navigable for vessels of 100 tons to 4 m. above Windsor, 
 35 m. (but by the winding of the river 140 m.) from the sea. 
 Length, 330 m. The railway bridge over this river opened on 
 May I, 1889, when the railway connection between Adelaide 
 and Brisbane was thus completed, is the largest work of the 
 kind in the southern hemisphere. 
 
 Hawkesbory, bor. , New Zealand. See Walkoualtl. 
 
 Hawkesbory, small isL, in Torres Strait, in 10° 22' S., 
 142° 5' E. 
 
 Hawkesbory Lane, stn. , Eng. , Warwickshire, on the L. & 
 NW. R., I m. S. Bed worth stn., P.O. 
 
 Hawkesdale, post-vil. , Victoria, on Tea Tree Creek, Villiers 
 CO., 20 m. NW. by N. WarrnambooL P. <:i50o. 
 
 HawkesTllle, viL, Canada, Ontario, Waterloo co., 50 m. 
 NE. by N. London, on Canestoga Creek. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hawk Greeo, P.O., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 8 m. 
 SSW. Stockport, i m. SW. Wilmslow stn. 
 
 Hawkhead, stn., Scot., near Paisley, Renfrewshire, on 
 G. & SW. R. 
 
 Hawkhorst, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 12 m. NW. 
 by W. Rye, 3^ m. NE. by E. Etchingham stn., on SE. R.; 
 6521 ac. P. -cssoo. 
 658 
 
 Hawkinge, par., Eng., Kent, 2 m. N. Folkestone, PM.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Hawkins, co., U.S., Tennessee, in the NE., on the N. fron- 
 tier, crossed by 83° W. 
 
 Hawkins, bay, Tierra del Fuego, S. of Cape Froward, called 
 after the EngUsh navigator Richard Hawkins, who sailed through 
 the Strait of Magellan in 1594. 
 
 HawklnsTllle, tn., U.S., Georgia, cap. Pulaski co., 145 m. 
 W. by N. Savannah. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Ha'wk Lake, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 1267 m. by rail W. Montreal, 157 m. E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Hawkley, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Petersfield div. , 16 m. SW. 
 by S. Aldershot, 2 m. NW. by W. Liss stn., P.O. P. <:500. 
 
 Hawkrldge, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 13 m. 
 NNW. Tiverton, 3 m. N. East Anstey stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 See Wltbypoole. 
 
 Hawksdown BUll, Eng., Devonshire, in the SE., Honiton 
 div. , 4 m. S. Axminster. Alt. 558 ft. 
 
 Hawksbaw Lane, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. from Tot- 
 tington. 
 
 Hawkshead and Honk Coniston with Skelwlth, par. , 
 Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 11 m. WNW. Kendal, 4J 
 m. SSW. Ambleside ; has a grammar school founded by Arch- 
 bishop Sandys, at which Wordsworth the poet was educated. 
 PMT.O. 10,429 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hawkswlck, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div. , 
 on Halton Beck, 22 m. W. Ripon. P. <:25o. 
 
 Hawksworth, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 7 m. 
 SSW. Newark, 4 m. SW. by W. Cotham stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Hawksworth, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley div. , 
 6 m. N. Bradford, i^ m. W. Guiseley stn. P. <25o. See Esholt. 
 
 Hawkwell, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 4^ m. N. by W, 
 Southend, i m. NW. Rochford stn., P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Hawkwell, par., Eng., Northiunberland, on riv. Pont, 11 
 m. NE. Hexham. P. <25o. 
 
 Hawley, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Yateley par. P. < 
 15C0. 
 
 Hawley, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co., 29m. NW. 
 by N. Holyoke. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Hawley, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Wayne co., on Lacka- 
 wanna R., and on Delaware and Hudson Canal, 10 m. SE. 
 Honesdale. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hawleyvllle, viL, U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co. , 19 m. 
 NNW. Bridgeport. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hawley with Blinley, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Basingstoke 
 div. , on the Blackwater, 4 m. N. Aldershot, \\ m. NNW. Farn- 
 borough stn. (L. & SW. R.), P.O. ; 4948 ac. " P. < 1500. 
 
 Hawllng, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div. , 7 m. 
 E. Cheltenham, 2^ m. WNW. Notgrove and Westfield stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Hawn, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, i m. N W. Halesowen. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Hawnby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., on the Rye, 19^ m. S. by E. Middlesbrough, P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Hawues, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 6 m. 
 SSE. Bedford, 3m. W. Southill stn. , P.O. (Haynes). P.<:iooo. 
 
 Haworth, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Keighley 
 div., 9 m. NNW. HaUfax, on the M. R. Charlotte Bronte 
 (1816-55) tbs novelist resided here from her fifth or sixth year. 
 8ii4ac. P. 8000; tn. P. 5000. 
 
 Hawrldge, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 9I m. SE. 
 by E. Aylesbury, 3^ m. N. by W. Chesham stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Haws-1-Soltan. See Hanz-1-Soltan. 
 
 Hawsker with Stalnsacre.par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 div. and 3 m. SE. by S. Whitby, on the NE. R. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Hawstead, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 3^ m. S. 
 Bury St. Edmimds, 2i m. W. Welnetham stn., P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Hawthorn, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 8 m. S. by E. 
 Sunderland, 2^ m. E. by N. South Hetton stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Hawthorn, city, Victoria, suburb of Melbourne. P. 19,600. 
 
 Hawthornden, picturesque glen, Scot., Midlothian, traversed 
 through its length by the N. Esk, 3^ m. SW. Dalkeith, 8 m. 
 SE. Edinburgh, vrith a junc. stn. on the N. B. R. 
 
 Hawthorne, viL, U.S., Nevada, Esmeralda co. , 72 m. SE. 
 by E. Carson City. P. <isoo. 
 
 Hawton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 2\ m. S. by 
 W. Newark. P. <2SO. 
 
 HawB-1-Snltan. See Haoz-l-Soltan. 
 
 Haxby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton 
 div. , 4^ m. N. York, with a stn. on the NE. R. , PM.O. P. <750. 
 
 Haxey, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 7 m. 
 NNW. Gainsborough, 2 m. N. of its stn. (H. and Epworth) on 
 the G. N. R., PMT.O. ; 8587 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Hay, Teutonic, 'an enclosure.' See Hag. 
 
 Hay, riv., Brit. America, dist. Athabasca, flows NW. into 
 Great Slave Lake ; length, 350 m. ; navigable about 140 m. up. 
 
 Hay, cape, Brit. America, on the Polar Sea, near 95° W., 
 the extreme point seen by Sir G. Back. 
 
 Hay, viL , Eng. , Westmorland. See Scalthwalterlgg. 
 
HAY — HAZE 
 
 Hay, post-tn. and cathedral city, New South Wales, Warad- 
 gery co., 70 m. N. Deniliquin, in the centre of the Riverina dist. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Hay, par. and tn., Wales, in the extreme NE. of Brecknock- 
 shire, on the Wye, and the M. R. , 12 m. S. New Radnor, 
 PMT.O. Market-day, Th. P.<2Soo; tn. P.<2ooo. 
 
 Hay, CO., W. Australia, crossed by 34° S. and 118° E. 
 
 Hay, riv., W. Australia, flows S. into the Mairet lagoon, 25 
 m. W. Albany. 
 
 Hayange. See Haylugen. 
 
 Haybes, vil., France, dep. Ardennes, on the r. bk. of the 
 Meuse, 10 m. NE. by E. Rocroy ; with important slate quarries, 
 and manufactures of slate billiard tables. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Haybnrn Wyke, stn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, Whitby div. , on the 
 NE. R. , si m. N. by W. Scarborough. 
 
 Haycock, group of small isls. in Mozambique Channel, off 
 the NW. ct. of Madagascar. 
 
 Hayden JHouutuln, U.S., New York, peak in the Catskill 
 Mts. Alt. 2900 ft. 
 
 Hayden Monutaln, or Grand T^ton, U.S. , Wyoming, peak 
 in the Teton range of the Rocky Mts. Alt. 13,691 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 HaydenTille, manufacturing vil., U.S., Massachusetts, 
 Hampshire co. , 6 m. N W. Northampton by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hay dock, par. and tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, Newton div. , 3I m. 
 ENE. St. Helens, 2 m. NW. Newton-le- Willows stn. ; has iron- 
 founding and extensive collieries. PMT.O. P. 6500. 
 
 Haydon, vil., Canada, Ontario, Durham co., 38 m. NE. by 
 E.Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Haydon, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, Northern div., 2^ m. ESE. 
 Sherborne. P. <25o. 
 
 Haydon, par., Eng., Northumberland, 6 m. W. Hexham; 
 13,571 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Haydon, vil. , Queensland, Norman co. , 45 m. ESE. Nor- 
 manton, on railway thence to Croydon. 
 
 Haydon Bridge, eccles. par. , Northumberland, Hexham div. , 
 on the S. Tyne, 6 m. W. Hexham, on the NE. R. ; coal and 
 lead mines near ; in the village smelting works, and iron and 
 brass foundries. PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Haydon's Road, stn. , Eng. , Surrey, Wimbledon div. , on the 
 L. B. & S. C. R., 7 m. SW. by S. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Haydonton, New South Wales. See JMorriimndi. 
 
 Haydor, par., Eng,, Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 6^ m. 
 ENE. Grantham, 3^ m. SSE. Ancaster stn. P. <5oo; eccles. 
 par. (H. >vith CulTerthorpe and Kelby) P. <7So. 
 
 Haydra, site with ruins, Algeria. See Haldra. 
 
 Haye, La, French name of The Hague {g.v.). 
 
 Haye-Descartes, La, vil., France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, arr. 
 and 19 m. SW. Loches, on the r. bk. of the Creuse ; with a 
 statue to Descartes, and the hoi:ise in which he was born (1596). 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Haye dn Pnlts, la, comm., France, dep. Manche, arr, 
 Coutances, 24 m. S. Cherbourg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hayes, par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., 5J m. E. Croydon, 
 on the SE. R., PM.O. There is an elevated common of con- 
 siderable extent to the SE. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hayes, par., Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge div., 5 m. SW. 
 Harrow, i| m. N. of its stn. on the G. W. R., PMT.O., and 
 PM.O. (H. End). P.<3000. 
 
 Hayes, P.O., Ire., co. Meath, 4 m. NE. Navan. 
 
 Hayes, co. , U.S., Nebraska, S. of 41° N., crossed by 
 101° W. 
 
 Hayes Biver, Brit. N. America, rises near Winnipeg Lake, 
 flows NE. 300 m., and enters Hudson Bay at York Factory in 
 57° N. , 92° 30' W. ; banks steep, and in many places bordered 
 by pine woods. Affluents, Fox (1. bk. ) and Shamattawa (r. bk). 
 Navigable for about 140 m. Closed by ice from end of Nov. 
 to middle of May. Known as Hill B. above its junction with 
 the Fox, and as the Steel B. between the mouths of the Fox 
 and Shamattawa. 
 
 Hayes Sound, inlet, on the W. side of Smith Sound, in lat. 79° 
 N. , discovered by the American explorer Hayes in 1854, visited 
 by Nares in 1875, and its greater extent ascertained by Greely in 
 1883. It probably divides EUesmere Land from Grinnell Land 
 by a connection with the Polar Sea SW. of Greely Fiord. 
 
 Hayes, Yllla, Paraguay. See Yllla Hayes. 
 
 HayesTllle, or HaysTllle, vil., U.S., Ohio, Ashland co., 60 
 m. SW. by S. Cleveland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hayes Water, small lake, Eng. , in the W. of Westmorland, 
 Appleby div. , 12^ m. SSW. Penrith. 
 
 Hayfleld, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, High Peak div. , 4^ m. S. 
 by W. Glossop, on the M. R., PMT.O. Market-day, F. 7920 
 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Hayll, oasis, Arabia. See Hail. 
 
 Haylngen, French Hayange, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, 
 circle Diedenhofen, 16 m. NNW. Metz ; seat of old iron-works. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Hayl, Arabia. See Hail. 
 
 Hayle, small seapt. , Eng. , Cornwall, Camborne div. , on St. 
 Ives Bay, 3^ m. SE. St. Ives, on the G. W. R.; has tin-mining 
 and smelting. Its tidal harbour has about i m. of quays, and 
 
 has a depth of 11-20 ft. at high water. P. <i5oo; eccles. par. 
 (H. St. Elwyn) P. <2ooo. See FliiUack. 
 
 Hay ling, Xortk and Soutli, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Hampshire, Fareham div. , with stns. on the L. B. & S. C. R. , 
 situated one in the N. and the other in the S. of Hayllng I., 
 which lies to the E. of Portsmouth and Langston Harbours. 
 N. Hayling, P. <5oo; S. Hayling, P. <i5oo. 
 
 Haymarket, stn., Scot., Edinburgh, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Hay iMllIs, eccles. par., Eng., Worcestershire, Yardley par., 
 PM.O. (H. Mill). P. <2500. 
 
 Uaynes, P.O., Eng., Bedfordshire. See Ha>rnes. 
 
 Haynesto-wn, par., Ire., co. Kildare, bar. S. Salt, 3 m. E. 
 Naas. P. <25o. 
 
 HaynestoTvn, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. Upper Dundalk, 2 
 m. S. Dundalk. P. <250. 
 
 Haynesvllle, rly. stn. , Canada, New Brunswick, co. York, 
 36 m. from Fredericton. 
 
 Haynford, or Halnford, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, E. div. , 7 m. 
 N. Norwich, 2 J m. WSW. Coltishall stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hays, city, tJ.S., Kansas, cap. Ellis co., 200 m. W. Topeka, 
 II m. N. of Smoky Hill R. P. -C150C. 
 
 Hays, CO., U.S., Texas, crossed by 30° N. and by 98° W. 
 
 Hayscastle, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 7^ m. NW. by N. 
 Haverfordwest, P.O. (H.Cross); 4587ac. P. <soo. SeeBrawdy. 
 
 Hayslde Bow, viL, Scot., Ayrshire, part of Southhook (^-v.). 
 
 Hay's Peak, densely wooded, conical mountain, Queensland, 
 in 27° 36' S. and 152° 8' E. 
 
 Haystack Monntaln, U.S., Maine, in the E. of Aroostook 
 CO., 128 m. N. by E. Bangor, and 40 m. NNW. Houlton. 
 
 HaysTllle, vil., U.S., Ohio. See Hayesvllle. 
 
 Hayter (native Sarlba), small isl. , separated by China Strait 
 (about ij m. wide) from the SE. end of New Guinea. Here 
 Captain Moresby took possession of the SE. of New Guinea in 
 the Queen's name in 1873. 
 
 Hayti. See Haiti. 
 
 Hayton, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 6J m. E. by 
 N. Carlisle, P.O.; 7845 ac. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (H. with 
 Talklu) P. < 1500. 
 
 Hayton, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 6 m. 
 SW. by W. Gainsborough, 2^ m. WNW. Clarborough June. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Hayton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div. , 
 on Bielby Beck, 14$ m. E. by S. York, i m. W. by S. Nun- 
 burnholme stn. , P.O. P. <:2So; eccles. par. (H. with Bielby) 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Hayton and Mealo, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Eskdale div. , 
 5^ m. NE. by E. Maryport, 2 m. W. Aspatria stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Hay ward, tn., U.S., CaUfornia, Alameda co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hayward, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Sawyer co., on the Name- 
 kagon R., 60 m. SE. by S. Duluth (Minn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Hayward's Heath, small market-tn. , Eng. , Sussex, E, Grin- 
 stead div., loj m. NW. by N. Lewes, with a junc. stn. on the 
 L. B. & S. C. R. Market-days, Tu. and W. P. <25oo. 
 
 Hayward's Town, tn., U.S., California, Alameda co. , 18 m. 
 ESE. San Francisco. 
 
 Haywood, par. , Eng. , co. and 3I m. SW. Hereford. P. <2So. 
 
 Haywood, vil. , Scot. , S. Lanarkshire, 9 m. NE. by N. Lanark, 
 on the C. R., P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Haywood, vil. , U.S., N. Carolina, Chatham co., on Haw R., 
 25 m. SW. by W, Raleigh. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Haywood, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the W., on the N. firon- 
 tier, crossed by 83° W. 
 
 Haywood, CO., U.S., Tennessee, S. of36°N.,andW. of89°W. 
 
 Hayivood, Great, eccles. par. , Eng. , co. and 5 m. E. Stafford, 
 on N. Staffordshire R. , near Colwich. P. <75o. 
 
 Haywood Oaks, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Newark div. , 
 6J m. SE. Mansiield. P. <25o. 
 
 Hayz, El, oasis of W. Egypt. See El Hayz. 
 
 Haza, Hungarian, 'a dwelling.' See Haus. 
 
 Haz&ra, NE. dist. of the Peshdwar div. of the Punjab, Brit. 
 India, consisting of a long narrow valley shut in by lofty moun- 
 tains, which forms a wedge of Brit. terr. extending far into the 
 heart of the outer Himalayan range ; name said to be derived 
 from the military colonies of a thousand (hazar) men each left 
 behind by Jenggiz Khan. Cap. Abbottdbad. 
 
 Hazar Asp, tn. , khanate, and 40 m. ESE. of Khiva, on 1. bk. 
 of Amu-daria. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Hazareh, or Hazaras, tribe. See Afghanistan. 
 
 Haz&rlb&gh, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. and pictiu-esquely 
 situated on the high central plateau of dist. H., 60 m. SSE. 
 Gaya, in the midst of a group of conical hills. The dist. con- 
 tains six coalfields (the most important, Karharbdri) and several 
 tea plantations. Alt. 2007 ft- Mean temp. , yr. 74° F. , Jan. 61°, 
 May 85°; rfall., yr. 49.4 in., June-Sept. 41.6 in., July- Aug. 
 25.3 in. P. (1891) 16,700; Hindus, 12,100; Moham. 4100. 
 
 Hazebro', Eng. See Happlsbnrgh. 
 
 Hazebroack (Flemish, ' the marsh of the hares') tn., France, 
 dep. Nord, cap. arr., 12 m. E. by S. St. Omer, on the H. Canal, 
 by means of which it communicates with the Lys ; has breweries 
 and manufactures of linen cloth and ginger bread, &c. The 
 
 659 
 
HAZE — HEAT 
 
 Flemish language has persisted more firmly here than in any 
 other town in France. P. 11,700. 
 Hazelbad^e, par., Eng., Derbyshire, 3 m. NE. Tideswell. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Hazelbauk, vil., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Clyde, 3 m. W. by N. Lanark, 2 m. E. by S. Tillietudlem stn. 
 P. <:soo. 
 
 Hazelbeecb, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 12 
 m. NW. by W. Wellingborough, 3 m. NW. by W. Lamport 
 stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Hazelbory Plncknett, P.O., Eng. See Haselbary P. 
 
 Hazelelgb, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 2^ m. SVV. by S. 
 Maldon, 2 m. N. by W. Cold Norton stn. P. <250. 
 
 Hazel Grore, stn., Eng., Cheshire, Altrincham div., 2 m. SE. 
 by S. Stockport, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 
 HazelslaAe, P.O. , Eng. , 2 m. from Hednesford, near Stafford. 
 
 Uazelwood, stn. , Eng. See Hazlewood. 
 
 Hazelwood, par., Eng., Suffolk, SE. of Eye div,, 2 m. NW. 
 Aldeburgh. P. <25o. 
 
 Hazel wood, Yorkshire. See Hazlew'ood. 
 
 Hazely, vil. , Eng. , Hampshire. See Mattlngley with H. 
 
 Hazen, lake, Grinnell Land, lat. 81° 30-82^ N., inland glacial 
 basin at an elevation of 500 ft. above the sea, 300 sq. m. in extent, 
 drained by Ruggles R. into Hall Basin. Upon its shores Lieu- 
 tenant Greely found the most northerly permanent habitation of 
 man that is known. 
 
 Hazerswonde, comm. , Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, 13 m. 
 E. The Hague. P. <40oo. 
 
 Hazireh, ruins, Palestine, En Hazor in the O. T. , 33° 7' N. , 
 35° 21' E. , 15 m. SE. by S. Tyre. 
 
 Hazlebadge, Derbyshire. See Hazelbadge. 
 
 Hazlebatcb, tnld., Ire., co. and 10 m. W. Dublin, bar. New- 
 castle, with a stn. (H. and Celbridge) on the G. S. & W. R., 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Hazlebead Bridge, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, Holmfirth div., 
 on the M. S. & L. R., 14 m. NW. Sheffield, P.O. 
 
 Uazlebarst, vil., U.S., Mississippi, Copiah co., 44 m. SE. 
 Vicksburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hazlemere, eccles. par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, 12 m. SSE. 
 Aylesbury, 2 m. NE. High Wycombe stn., P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Hazleton, settlement, Brit. Columbia, at head of canal 
 navigation on the Skeena. 
 
 Hazletou, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 8J 
 m. ESE. Cheltenham, 3 m. SW. by S. Notgrove and Westfield 
 stn. P. <;25o ; eccles. par. (H. with YaiiM'ortb) P. <5oo. 
 
 Hazleton, vil., U.S., Indiana, Gibson co., on 1. bk. of White 
 R., 61 m. S. by W. Terre Haute. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hazleton, bor. , U. S. , Pennsylvania, Luzerne co. , 34 m. SSW. 
 Scranton. P. (1880) 6900; (1890) 11,900. 
 
 Hazlewood, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, on the Derwent, 6^ m. 
 N. Derby, with a stn. (Hazelwood) on the M. R. P. <soo. 
 
 Hazlewood, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div. , 10 m. ENE. Leeds. See Stutton. 
 
 Hazlewood and Stoilths, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 on the Wharfe, 7 m. NE. Skipton. P. <25o. 
 
 Hazon and Hartlaw, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick- 
 upon-Tweed div., 5I m. S. Alnwick, 2| m. NW. Acklington 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hazor, places named in O.T. See Hazztj* and El Khnrebe. 
 
 Hazretl-Snltan, peak. See Hlssar (mountain chain). 
 
 Hazro, or Hasruh, vil. , Asiatic Turkey, 38 m. NE. Diarbekir ; 
 mission station. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hazro, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Rdwal Pindi, 55 m. E. 
 by S. Peshawar. P. (1881) 6500; (1891) 7600; Hindus, 3400; 
 Moham. 4200. 
 
 Hazz^, ruins, Palestine, Hazor (of Benjamin) in the O. T. , 
 31° 50' N., 35° 11' E. , 4 m. NW. by N. Jerusalem. 
 
 He, Chinese prefix, 'black.' 
 
 Heacham, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N W. div. , i m. from W. ct. , 
 i2im. NNE. King's Lynn, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Headbonme Worthy, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Andover div. , 
 I J m. N. Winchester. P. <:25o. 
 
 Headcorn, par. , Eng. , Kent, Medway div. , on the Beult, 9 
 m. SE. by S. Maidstone, on the SE. R., PMT.O.; 5077 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Headford, tn. , Ire. , on the Black R. , co. and 14 m. N. by W. 
 Galway, bar. Clare, PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. P. <75o. 
 
 Headford, or Headfort, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Kerry, bar. 
 Magunihv, 6 m. E. by S. Killarney, with a junc. stn. on the 
 G. S. & W. R., P.O. Market-day, Tu. P.<:2So. 
 
 Headlngley, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on the Assiniboine, 
 and a branch of the C. P. R. , 12 m. W. by S. Winnipeg. 
 
 Headlngley with Barley, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 on the NE. R., in the NW. bor. of Leeds, of which it is one of 
 the chief residential dists. It contains a Wesleyan Methodist 
 theological college. P. 29,900; eccles. par. (Headlngley) P. < 
 4500 ; Far Headlngley, P. •<25oo. 
 
 Headington, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Woodstock div. , 2 m. 
 ENE. Oxford, PMT.O. P.<3Soo; eccles. par. (Headlngton 
 Quarry), PM.O., P. < 1500. 
 660 
 
 Headlam, par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 7 m. S. 
 by W. Bishop Auckland, i m. NNE. Gainford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Headless Cross, eccles. par. , Eng. , Warwickshire and Wor- 
 cestershire, 5 m. SE. Bromsgrove, PMT.O. P. < 3 500. 
 
 Headley, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Petersfield div. , 10 m. SSW. 
 Aldershot, 3J m. NNW. Liphook stn., PM.O. ; 6923 ac. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Headley, par. , Eng. , Surrey, div. and 3J m. S. Epsom, 2^ 
 m. N. by W. Betchworth stn., P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Headon, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., loj 
 m. E. by S. Worksop, 4 m. SE. Retford stn. P. <25o ; eccles. 
 par. (H. with Tpton) P. <25o. 
 
 Heads Nook, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on the 
 NE. R., 6 m. E. CarUsle, P.O. 
 
 Heads of Ayr, cape, Scot., Ayrshire, in 55° 26' N. 
 
 Headwood, stn.. Ire., co. Antrim, on the Belfast and N. 
 Counties Rly. , 4 m. SW. Lame. 
 
 Heage (hij), or High Edge, par. and tn. , Eng., Derbyshire, 
 Mid div., ■j\ m. SE. by S. Matlock, i m. SE. by E. Ambergate 
 June; has coal-mining. PM.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Healangh (hi'law), P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. 
 and 9I m. W. Richmond. 
 
 Healangh, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div. , 7 m. WSW. York, 4 m. W. by N. Copmanthorpe 
 stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Healdsburg, city, U.S., California, Sonoma co., 76 m. W. 
 by N. Sacramento. P. <i5oo. 
 
 HealesYllle, post-tp., Victoria, Evelyn co., 34 m. ENE. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Healey, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. NW. Rochdale, 
 with a stn. (Shawclongh and H.) on the L. & Y. R., PM.O. 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Healey, par., Eng., Northumberland, 7 m. E. Hexham. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Healey and Comb Hill, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 8 m. 
 NW. Morpeth. P. <25o. 
 
 Healeyfleld, par., Eng., in co. and 75 m. NW. Durham. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Healey House, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, Colne Valley div., on 
 the L. & Y. R., z\ m. SW. by S, Huddersfield. 
 
 Healey with Sutton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Richmond div., 10 m. NW. by W. Ripon, P.O.; 5067 ac. 
 P. <50o. 
 
 Healing, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 3I m. 
 W. Great Grimsby, on the M. S. & L. R., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Heamoor, PM.O., Eng., Cornwall, i m. from Penzance. 
 
 Heanor (hi'nor), par. and tn. , Eng. , Derbyshire, Ilkeston div. , 
 8 m. NE. by N. Derby, on the M. R. ; in an extensive coal dist. ; 
 has iron-works. PMT.O. P. 9800. 
 
 Heanton Pnnchardon, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 4 
 m. W. by N. Barnstaple, close to Wrafton stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Heap, par., Eng., Lancashire, partly in pari. bor. of Bury, 
 P.O. (H. Bridge). P. 17,200. 
 
 Heapey, par., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., 7 m. SE. by 
 S. Preston, on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, and the L. & 
 Y. R. P.<:soo. 
 
 Heapham, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 4 m. 
 E. by S. Gainsborough, 3 m. NE. Lea stn., P.O. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (H. with I'pton and Kexby) P. <75o. 
 
 Heard, isl. , chief of a group in the S. Indian Ocean, in 53° 
 10' S.; named after the American Captain Heard, who dis- 
 covered them in 1853. 
 
 Heard, co., U.S., Georgia, N. of 33° N., crossed in E. by 
 85° W. 
 
 Hearne, viL, U.S., Texas, Robertson co., 80 m. NE. by E. 
 Austin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Heart's Content, seapt. , Newfoundland, on the N. of Avalon 
 Penin. , on the E. side of Trinity Bay, 39 m. N W. St. John, in 
 47° 50' N. , 53° 20' W. The three Atlantic cables from Valentia, 
 Ireland, land here. P. < 1500. 
 
 Heart's Delight, fishing vil. , Newfoundland, dist. Trinity, 9 
 m. from Heart's Content. P. < 1500. 
 
 H6as, hamlet, France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n6es, cant, and 12 
 m. SSE. Luz ; an excellent centre from which to visit one of the 
 finestregionsof the Pyr6n6es, including Marbor^ and Mont Perdu. 
 
 Heath, par., Eng., Derbyshire, div. and 5 m. SE. by E. 
 Chesterfield, with a stn. on the M. S. & L. R., PMT.O. P. < 
 500. See Ault Hucknall. 
 
 Heath, Little, eccles. par. , Eng. , Essex. See Hford, Great. 
 
 Heath, par. , Eng. , Shropshire, 7^ m. NE. Ludlow. P. <:2So. 
 See Stoke St. SUlborough. 
 
 Heath, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Normanton div., 
 I m. E. Wakefield (Klrkgate) stn., P.O. See Warmfleid. 
 
 Heath, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, FrankUn co., 23 m. E. by 
 S. of the NW. corner of the state. P. <isoo. 
 
 Heath and Reach, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Luton div., ii^ 
 m. WNW. Luton, 2 m. N. by E. Leighton Buzzard, P.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Heathcote, tn. , Victoria, Dalhousie co. , 27 m. ESE. Sand- 
 hurst ; has gold-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
HEAT— HECL 
 
 Heath End, PMT.O., Eng., Surrey, 3 m. S. Farnham. 
 
 Heather, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 5 m. N. byW. 
 Bosworth, with stn. (H. and Ibstoch) on the L. & NW. R. ; has 
 coal-mines. P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Heatherlands, eccles. par., Eng., Dorsetshire, Canford 
 Magna par., i m. from Parkstone, PM.O. P. <30oo. 
 
 Heatherlle, eccles. par. , Scot. , Roxburghshire and Selkirk- 
 shire, Selkirk and Galashiels par. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Heathery Carp, rocks, Scot., on the N. ct. of Berwickshire, 
 i^ m. W. St. Abb's Head. 
 ~Heathery Clengh, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, Stanhope 
 par. P. < 1500. 
 
 Heathery Row, vil., Scot., Dumfriesshire, part of Gasstown 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Heathfleld, stn., Eng., Devonshire, on the G. W. R., 7 m. 
 W. by N. Teignmouth. 
 
 Heathfleld, par. , Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 5 m. W. 
 by N. Taunton, 2 m. E. Milverton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Heathfleld, par., Eng., Sussex, Eastbourne div., 11^ m. S. 
 Tunbridge Wells, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O., and P.O. 
 (H. Common). Market-day, Th. 8032 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Heathfleld, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, part of Garnkirk {q.v.). 
 
 Heathfleld Moor, upland tract, Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 div. and about 12 m. W. Ripon. 
 
 Heath Island, New Guinea. See Rogela. 
 
 Heathpool, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., on the Glen, 11 m. ESE. Kelso, 2^ m. SW. by S. 
 Kirknewton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Heathstown, electoral div., Ire., Westmeath, dist. Milltown. 
 
 Heath Town, or Wednesfleld Heath, tn. , Eng. , Stafford- 
 shire, suburb of Wolverhampton, with a stn. (H. T.) on the 
 M. R.; has coal-mines. P. 7100. 
 
 Heathylee, par., Eng., Staffordshire, on riv. Manifold, 2 m. 
 W. Longnor ; 5535 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Heatley and Warbnrton, stn., Eng., Cheshire, on the 
 L. & NW. R., 3 m. W. Dunham Massey, PM.O. (H. Heath). 
 
 Heaton, par., Eng., Lancashire, W. Houghton div., 2 m. W. 
 Bolton, I m. NE. Lostock June. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Heaton, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the NE. R. , in co. 
 bor. and 2 m, ENE. Newcastle. P. 8600. 
 
 Heaton, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 4m. NNW. Leek, 
 i^ m. ENE. Rushdon stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Heaton, par., Yorkshire, W.Riding. P. < 4500. See Bradford. 
 
 Heaton, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, Bradford par. P. 6200. 
 
 Heaton Chapel, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & NW. 
 R. , 4I m. SE. Manchester. 
 
 Heaton, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Lanca- 
 shire, Prestwich div., 4 m. N. Manchester, on the Irk, with 
 a stn. (H. Park) on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. (H. Park). 
 Great H. P. <5oo; Little H. P. < 1000. 
 
 Heaton Mersey, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, on the 
 Mersey, 2 m. W. Stockport, with a stn. on the M. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <300o. 
 
 Heaton Moor, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Manchester 
 par. P. <25oo. 
 
 Heaton Norris, par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, Stretford 
 div., partly in the pari. bor. of Stockport, 4I m. SE. Manchester, 
 on the L. & NW. R.; has extensive cotton factories, &c. Par. 
 P. 23,500; tn. P. 7200; eccles. par. (Heaton Reddish) P. <3000. 
 
 Heaton with OxclitTe, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 2 
 m. W. by S. Lancaster, on the W. side of Lancaster Bay. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Heanx de Br^hat, lighthouse, France, on Br^hat I., off the 
 N. ct. of dep. Cotes du Nord, visible 18 m. 
 
 HeaTitree, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, included in the pari. bor. 
 of and I J m. E. by S. Exeter. P. 6300. 
 
 Heazlewood, post-tn. , Tasmania, co. and 16 m. by rail from 
 Waratah. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hehbnrn, tn. , Eng., Durham, Jarrow div., on the S. shore 
 of the estuary of the Tyne, 4^ m. E. Newcastle, on the NE. R. ; 
 has chemical works, and carries on shipbuilding. P. 16,600. 
 
 Hehhnrn, vil. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck div. , 2J m. 
 N. by W. Morpeth, PMT.O. See Bothal. 
 
 Hehden, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 18^ 
 m. W. by S. Ripon, 6^ m. NNW. Bolton Abbey stn., P.O. 
 
 P, <2SO. 
 
 Hebden Bridge, tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Sowerby 
 div. , 61 m. WN W. Halifax, on the L. & Y. R. , PMT. O. P. 6400. 
 
 Hebden Moor, upland tract, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 about i| m. N. Hebden, and about 16! m. W. Ripon. 
 
 Heber, city, U.S., Utah, cap. Wasatch co., 30 m. SE. by E. 
 Salt Lake City. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hebll, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 7 m. E. Dhdrwdr. 
 P. 5700 ; Hindus, 5200. 
 
 Hebrides, or Western Islands (ancient Ebud<£, and in Celtic 
 Innse Gall, ' the isles of the strangers,' during the Norse occu- 
 pation), a series of isls. off the W. ct. of Scot., between 55° 35' 
 and 58° 30' N. , 5° 40' and 8° 40' W. , and consisting of two 
 principal groups : the Outer H. — Lewis, Harris, N. and S. Uist, 
 Benbecula, Barra, and numerous smaller islands in the counties 
 
 Ross and Inverness, collectively known as the ' Long Island,' 
 130 m. in length, i to 30 m. broad ; and the Inner H., whicli 
 are more scattered and irregularly disposed — Skye, Rum, Eig, 
 Canna, Coll, Tiree, Mull, lona, Colonsay, Jura, Islay, &c. , 
 partly separated from the former by the channel termed the 
 Little Minch, and lying more immediately off the shores of 
 Inverness and Argyll, in which counties they are included ; the 
 small St. Kilda group, lying 60 m. W. of the Outer H. , is also 
 comprised within their area. Geologically, the H. are divided 
 into several groups. The Gneiss Islands comprehend the 
 whole of the Outer H., Tiree, Coll, lona, &c. The Trap 
 Islands are Skye, Rum, Eig, Canna, Mull, Ulva, Staffa, and 
 St. Kilda. The Slate Islands are Islay, Jura, Gigha, Colonsay, 
 &c. An intermittent range of high hills traverses the E. side of 
 the Long I., which is deeply indented by arms of the sea, while 
 low moors, studded with shallow lakes, lie between the hills and 
 the Atlantic. Sand-dunes prevail to a great extent on the coasts 
 of all the islands, more especially on the W. (For an explana- 
 tion of the origin of these sand-dunes, see Scot. Geog. Mag. , 1886, 
 p. 474.) The Inner H. are generally mountainous. Climate 
 moist in Outer H. ; much rain in winter, but little snow. Soil of 
 the Gneiss Is. poor, and often peat-moss ; the trap and sandstone 
 islands are more fertile. Population for the most part Celtic, and 
 generally in the greatest poverty, four-fifths subsisting almost 
 wholly on potatoes and fish. The introduction of steam navi- 
 gation has contributed very much to the improvement of the 
 Inner H. The herring fishery, formerly an important resource 
 of the people, has greatly declined, as has also the manufacture 
 of kelp, of which at the beginning of the present century nearly 
 6000 tons were produced, realising sometimes ;^2o per ton. 
 The rearing of cattle and sheep is the most profitable branch of 
 industry. Live stock, ponies, kelp, wool, cod, ling, herrings, 
 limestone, and slate are the chief exports ; imports are iron, 
 groceries, salt, oatmeal, and in some of the islands peat-fuel. 
 In the Outer H. especially, most of the inhabitants are Roman 
 Catholics. Principal villages, Stornoway in Lewis, Portree in 
 Skye, Tobermory in Mull. These islands were ruled mostly by 
 sovereigns of Norwegian descent (by whom they were known as 
 The Sndreys, ' southern islands ') from the 9th century till 1264, 
 when they were annexed to the crown of Scotland. The islands 
 are visited by large numbers of tourists in the summer, and 
 regular steamboat communication is carried on with Glasgow 
 throughout the year. The principal islands are noticed under 
 their respective names. 
 
 Hebron, place named in O. T. See El Klinltl. 
 
 Hebron, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. and 4 m. from Yar- 
 mouth, on coast. Mean temp. (3^ yrs. , 1882-85), y- 21.7° F. , 
 Jan. -10.0°, July 46.3°. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hebron, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. Barkly West, on the Vaal, 
 30 m. N. by W. Kimberley. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hebron, vil. and Moravian mission stn., on the E. ct. of 
 Labrador, lat. 58° 20' N. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hebron, par., Eng., Northumberland, Morpeth union. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Hebron, tn., South African Republic, dist. and 15 m. NW. 
 Pretoria. 
 
 Hebron, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Tolland co. , 2 m. NW. 
 Tourneville stn. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hebron, vil., U.S., Indiana, Porter co. , 40 m. SE. by S. 
 Chicago (111. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Hebron, tn. , U.S., Nebraska, cap. Thayer co. , 113 m. SW. 
 Omaha. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hebron, P.O., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 5 m. SE. Llan- 
 boidy stn. 
 
 Hebrus, riv. , Turkey. See Maritsa. 
 
 Hecelchakan, or Jekelchakan, tn., Mexico, CampSche, 40 
 m. NE. by N. Campeche, on rly. thence to Merida. P. <50oo. 
 
 Hechingen, tn. , Ger., princip. Hohenzollern, circle H., 13 
 m. SSW. Tubingen. P. <;400o. 
 
 Hechtshelm, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, circle 
 and 3 m. S. Mainz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Heck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross div., 
 lo m. W. Goole, on the G. N. R. P. <25o. See Hensall. 
 
 Heckfleld, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 7J m. NE. 
 Basingstoke, 4 m. SE. by E. Mortimer stn., P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Hecklngham, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 11 m. SW. by 
 W. Yarmouth, 2^ m. SW. Reedham stn. P. <5oo. See Hales. 
 
 Heckington, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 11^ 
 m. W. by N. Boston, 5 m. E. by S. Sleaford, on the G. N. R., 
 PMT.O., and P.O. (East H.) ; 5302 ac. P. <2ooo ; eccles. 
 par. (H. with Fen) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Heckllugen, vil, Ger., duchy Anhalt, circle Bernburg. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Heckmondwike, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Spen Valley div. , ^\ m. E. by S. Halifax, on the L. & Y. R. ; has 
 coal-mines, and important manufactures of blankets, carpets, and 
 other heavy woollen fabrics, and machine works. P. 9700. 
 
 Hecla, or Hekla, Mount (Icelandic hekla, 'a mantle' or 
 ' cap,' because the peak is generally enveloped in a thick shroud 
 of clouds), volcano of Iceland, near its SW. ct. , in 63° 59' N., 
 
 661 
 
HECL — HEID 
 
 19° 42' W. It rises by three or four terraces to an alt. of 5096 
 ft. , with three small craters near its summit, and is surrounded 
 by vast fields of lava, covering an area of 262 sq. m. ; the crater 
 of its principal peak does not much exceed 100 ft. in depth. It 
 is composed chiefly of basalt and lava ; but slag-sand and loose 
 ashes cover a great part of its surface, and obsidian is among its 
 most remarkable products. Eighteen eruptions are recorded 
 within historic times, some of which have been of extreme 
 violence, and continued for months, but the mountain is almost 
 constantly in a convulsed state ; the latest eruption took place 
 in 1875. 
 
 Hecla, mt. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, in the E. of South Uist. 
 Alt. 1988 ft. 
 
 Hecla, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Brown co., 146 m. NE. Pierre. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Hecla Cove, inlet, Spitzbergen, on N. ct. of West I., in 79° 
 5S' N. and 16° 49' E. 
 
 Hector, stn. , Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R. , 965 m. 
 by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Heddernlieliii, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle 
 Frankfurt, s| m. S. by E. Homburg. P. <4000. 
 
 Heddesdorf, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt, and 8 m. N W. 
 Coblenz, circle Neuwied. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Heddeshelm, comm., Ger., gd.-duchy Baden, circle Mann- 
 heim. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Heddlngton, stn., Canada, Alberta, on the Calgary and 
 Edmonton Rly., 9 m. N. Calgary. 
 
 Heddlngton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 11 m. 
 NE. by E. Trowbridge, 3 m. S. Calne, P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Heddon, East, Heddon-on-the-Wall, and Heddou, West, 
 three adjoining pars. , Eng., Northumberland, H.-on-the-Wall, 
 7^ m. W. by N. Newcastle, on the site of the Roman wall, 
 with a stn. on the NE. R., P.O. East H. P.<25o; H.-on- 
 the-Wall, P.<:7So; West H. P.<25o. 
 
 Heddons Month, sea entrance to a narrow valley on coast of 
 N. Devonshire, Eng., 4 m. W. Lynton, enclosed by precipitous 
 and romantic cliffs. 
 
 Hedemarken, amt or prov., Norway (g.v.), diocese Hdmar, 
 bordering on Sweden. Is traversed by the Glommen and other 
 considerable rivers, and dotted vnth numerous lakes ; is one of 
 the most fertile parts of Norway. 
 
 Hedemora, tn., Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, on the Dal Elf, 
 28 m. SSE. Falim. P. < 2000. 
 
 Hedeubam, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 11 m. SSE. Nor- 
 wich, 2i m. NNW. Bungay stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Hedersleben, vil., I^ssia, prov. Saxony, circle Aschers- 
 leben, 10 m. ESE. Halberstadt. P. <30oo. 
 
 Hedesnnda, comm., Sweden, prov. Gefleborg, on the Dal 
 Elf, 22 m. S. Gefle. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hedge End, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, 5 m. E. South- 
 ampton, PM.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Hedgeley, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div. , on the NE. R. , 8 m. W. by N. Alnwick. P. <25o. 
 
 Hedgeley Hoor, upland tract in the Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div. of Northumberland, Eng., 10^ m. WNW. Alnwick. In 
 1463 it was the scene of a skirmish between the adherents of the 
 houses of York and Lancaster, in which Sir Ralph Percy was 
 slain. 
 
 Hedgerley, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div., 
 6^ m. N. Windsor, 3^ m. E. by S. Wooburn Green stn., P.O. 
 P. <250. H, Dean, an adjoining par. P. 250. 
 
 Hedlc, islet, France. See Hoedlc. 
 
 Hedlngham, stn. , Eng. , Essex. See Castle Hedlngham. 
 
 Hediugbam Sible, par. , Eng. , Essex. See Slble H. 
 
 Hedjaz, Arabia. See Hejaz. 
 
 Hedley, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham union. P. 
 •<5oo. 
 
 Hedleybope^ par., Eng., Dia-ham, 4J m. NE. Wokingham. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Hednesford, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 7 m. 
 W. by N. Lichfield, on the L. & NW. R.; has coal. PMT.O., 
 and P.O. (Old H.). P. 10,300. 
 
 Hedon (from Heada, 'a small haven"), mun. bor. (since the 
 reign of James I.), Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div. , si m. E. Hull, on a navigable creek communicating with 
 the Humber, and on the NE. R., PMT.O. Market-day, S. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Hedsor, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div., on the 
 Thames, b\ m. NW. by N. Windsor, i m. SE. Bourne End 
 stn. P. <250. 
 
 Hed worth, Honkton, and Jarrow, par., Eng., Durham, 
 Jarrow div. , 5 m. N W. by W. Sunderland, \ m. W. Brockley 
 Whins stn.; 4314 ac. P. 50,900. 
 
 Heegermiihle, tn. , Prussia, Brandenburg, circle Oberbarnim, 
 20 m. NNE. Berlin ; extensive manufactures of brass, copper, 
 and lead wares. P. <30oo. 
 
 Heeley, par. , Eng. ,Yorkshire, W\ Riding, co. bor. of Sheffield, 
 Ecclesall div., on the M. R. P. 11,800. 
 
 Heemstede, comm., Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, cap. 
 dist., 3 m. S. Haarlem. P. <4000. 
 662 
 
 Heemsklrk, mt. and dist. , Tasmania, Montague co. , 34 m. 
 SW. by S. Warratah, in 41° 53' S. ; has tin and silver mining. 
 P. (of dist.) < 1500. 
 
 Heene, ct. par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., on the S. ct., 
 8| m. ESE. Arundel, close to West Worthing stn. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Heepen, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 30 m. SE. by E. 
 Osnabriick, circle and 3^ m. ENE. Bielefeld. P. (comm.)<3000. 
 
 Heer, comm., Belgium, prov. Namur, arr. Dinant, on the 
 r. bk. of the Meuse, 20 m. S. Namur. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Heerde, comm., Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, 30 m. NE. 
 Arnhem. P. 5500. 
 
 Heerdt, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on 1. bk. of the Rhine, 
 2 m. W. by N. Diisseldorf, circle Neuss. P. (comm.)<4000. 
 
 'sHeerenberg, comm., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 16 m. 
 ESE. Arnhem. P. < 2000. 
 
 Heerenveen, tn., Holland, prov. Friesland, 17 m. SSE. 
 Leeuwarden. P. 4000. 
 
 Heerlen, comm., Netherlands, prov. Limburg, cap. cant., 
 13 m. ENE. Maastricht. P. 5400. 
 
 Hees, Teutonic, ' a hedge ' or ' thicket. ' See Hese. 
 
 Heeze, comm., Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 21 m. NW. by 
 Roermond. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hegenhelm, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle Upper Alsace, 
 near 1. bk. of the Rhine, 14 m. E. Altkirch. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Hegy, Hungarian, 'hill.' 
 
 Hegyalja, or Hegyallya, chain of hills, Himgary, forming 
 the extremity of an offshoot of the Carpathians, which extend 
 S. between the Bodrog and the Hernad Rivs. , and between 48° 
 and 49° N. This is the C6te d'Or of Himgary, and produces 
 the celebrated Tokay wines. The wine-growing dist. is about 
 90 sq. m. in extent. 
 
 He-ho, Klmtn-ho, Nam-Tel, Song-bo, or Black Blver, 
 Tongking, is the principal affluent of the Song-koi. It rises in 
 Yunnan, but its sources are unknown, flows SE. for the greater 
 part of its course to near Chobo, then E., and subsequently N., 
 joining the Song-koi on its r. bk. 40 m. above Hanoi, where it 
 is considerably larger than the so-called main stream. Above 
 Chobo it flows through a mountainous region, and its valley is 
 precipitous and gloomy, with many rapids in the river-bed ; after- 
 wards the countrj' alters in character and becomes open, fertile, 
 and thickly populated. It is navigable by steamers to above 
 Chobo, about 35 m. from its mouth, where a barrage of rocks 
 prevents further passage. See Proc. R. G. S., 1886, p. 219, 
 and 1891, p. 716. 
 
 Hei, Chinese prefix, 'black.' 
 
 Helbak, vil., N. Afghanistan, Kunduz, S. of Khulm, on the 
 route to Bamian, at the N. entrance of the Dura-i-zin-dan defile. 
 
 Heide, Teutonic, ' a heath. ' See Haide. 
 
 Helde, tn. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Hoktein, 29 m. SW. by 
 S. Schleswig, since 1447 cap. of Dithmarschen. P. 7400. 
 
 Heidelberg, municip.. Cape Colony, dist. and 30 m. E. 
 Swellendam. P. < 1500. 
 
 Heidelberg, tn. , Ger. , gd.-duchy of Baden, circle H. , on L bk. 
 of the Neckar, where it enters the middle Rhine valley, 12 m. ESE. 
 Mannheim. The town stands on a narrow strip between the 
 river and a rock crowned by the picturesque ruins of its ancient 
 castle, and has the reputation of being the prettiest town in all 
 Germany, situated in the midst of charming scenery, and domi- 
 nated by two mountains, the Konigsstuhl and the Heiligenberg. 
 It has also some commercial importance. Its university, founded 
 in 1386, has a valuable library of over 500,000 volumes, and is 
 attended by about 1000 students. An observatory was founded 
 in 1894 on the Gaisberg, to the SE. of H. , at a height of 1000 ft. 
 above the university buildings. The famous tun, preserved in 
 the castle cellars, has a capacity of 800 hogsheads. Alt. 397 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 49.7° F., Jan. 34.4°, July 66.7°. P. (1871) 
 20,000; (1891) tn. 27,500; (comm.) 31,700. 
 
 Heidelberg, height in Bohemian Forest (^.w.). 
 
 Heidelberg, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Dresden, dist. 
 Freiberg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Heidelberg, tn. , S. African Republic, cap. of H. dist. , 58 m. 
 S. by E. Pretoria. Coal occurs a few miles to the N. 
 
 Heidelberg, or Green's Creek, post-tn. , Tasmania, Devon 
 CO. , 34 m. NNW. Launceston , 34 m. ESE. Emu Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Heidelberg, tp., Victoria, Bourke co., 6 m. NE. by N. Mel- 
 bourne, on the Yarra R. 
 
 Heldelshelm, tn., Ger., gd.-duchy of Baden, circle and la 
 m. NE. by E. Karlsruhe. P. <3000. 
 
 Helden, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Borken, 36 m. 
 N. bv W. Essen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Helden, vil., Switzd., cant, and 10 m. NE. Appenzell, 
 reached by a mountain railway from Rorschach ; has mineral 
 spring and bath, and is a health resort for whey and air cure. 
 P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Heldenfeld, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Main, 15 m. W. by N. Wiirzburg. P. 7900. 
 
 Heldenhelm, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, Jagst circle, 20 
 m. N. by E. Ulm. P. 7900. 
 
 Heldlngsfeld, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 circle and 2 m. S. Wiirzburg, on the 1. bk. of the Main. P. <4ooa 
 
HEIG — HELL 
 
 Heigtaam, four eccles. pars. , Eng. , in Norwich city. P. 30, 100. 
 
 Hcighington, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 5J m. SSE. 
 Bishop Auckland, on the NE. R. P. <7SO. 
 
 Helgltlngton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 4 
 m. ESE. Lincoln, with a stn. (Branston and H.) on the G. E. 
 & G. N. Joint Rly., PM.O. P.<:75o. See Wastalngborongh. 
 
 Hetgbtlugton, Eng. , Worcestershire, Bewdley div. , 5^ m. SW. 
 by W. Kidderminster, 3 m. W. by S. Stourport. See Rock. 
 
 Heigbton, Sontb, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Eastbourne div. , 5^ m. 
 SSE. Lewes, i m. N. Newhaven stn., P.O. P. <:25o; eccles. 
 par. (H. Mltb Tarring Neville) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Hellbron, tn. , Orange Free State, cap. of H. div. , on the rail- 
 way route to Pretoria, 90 m. SSW. Pretoria, 37 m. NE. by N. 
 Kroonstad ; coal-mines are worked, and iron ore occurs in the 
 neighbourhood. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Heilbronn ('healing spring'), tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 
 circle and on the r. bk. of the Neckar, 25 m. N. Stuttgart ; has 
 important manufactures, especially of silver wares, chemicals, 
 paper, and tobacco. Has large river traffic in wood, leather, 
 wool, corn, and fruit. The mineral spring to which it owes 
 its name dried up in 1857. P. (1871) 19,000; (1890) 29,700; 
 (comm.) 29,900. 
 
 Hellbmnn, vil., Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, on the upper 
 Isar, dist. Tolz. Here is the Adelheid mineral spring, containing 
 iodine and bromine, and a bathing establishment. 
 
 Heilige-Damni, Der, breakwater of loose stones, built by the 
 action of the sea, on the coast of Mecklenburg, near Doberan. 
 There is a village upon it much resorted to for sea-bathing. 
 
 Heiligenbell, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle H., 31 m. 
 NE. Elbing, about i m. from the Frisches Haff. P. -C4000. 
 
 HelUgenberg, viL , Baden, circle Constance, dist. PfuUendorf, 
 a climatic health resort. Alt. 2625 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Heiligenbafen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle 
 Oldenburg, on Fehmarn Sound, 34 m. E. by N. Kiel. P. <3000. 
 
 Helllgenstadt, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 31 m. WSW. 
 Nordhausen, cap. circle H. ; has manufactures of paper, pins, 
 cigars, &c. P. 5900. 
 
 Hello, comm. , Holland, prov. N. Holland, 2 m. SW. by S. 
 Alkmaar. P. <20oo. 
 
 Heilsberg, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle H. , 40 m. S. 
 Konigsberg, on the Alle. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hellstein, mineral spring. See Gemttnd, Rhine Prov. 
 
 Helltz-le-Manrnpt, vil., France, dep. Marne, arr. Vitry-le- 
 Fran9ois, on the Ornain, 16 m. W. by N. Bar le Due. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hellnng-cblang, prov. and riv. Same as Helnng-kiang. 
 
 Heim, Teutonic, 'ahome. ' ^q Ham. 
 
 Heimersbeim, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Koblenz, circle 
 and dist. Ahrweiler ; has iron-mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Helndley, Sontb, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Royston, Cam- 
 bridgeshire. 
 
 Hclnersdorf, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Friedland. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Helnrlcbsbad, Switzd. See Herlsan. 
 
 Uelnsberg, tn. , Prussia, in the W. of the Rhine Prov. , 20 m. 
 N. Aix-la-Chapelle, cap. circle H. P. <3000. 
 
 Helsingen, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Diisseldorf, circle 
 and dist. Essen ; has coal-mines. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Helsker, isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, N. Uist par. P. 135. 
 
 Helssen, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Miilheim, 3J m. 
 WSW. Essen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Helton, vil., Scot., Roxburghshire, 2 J m. SW. Kelso, P.O. 
 
 HeJ4z, or Hedjaz (' the land of pilgrimage '), region, Arabia, 
 forming a prov. of the Turkish Empire, extending along the N. 
 half of the Red Sea. It is almost everywhere sandy, stony, or 
 otherwise unproductive, but comprises the sacred cities of Mecca 
 and Medina, and the seaports of Jedda and Yembo. 
 
 Hejer, Arabia. See Hajar. 
 
 Hekklar^ Asiatic Turkey. See Hakklarl. 
 
 Hekla, volcano, Iceland. See Hecla. 
 
 Hekle-FJeld, most southerly point of the Lang-Fjeld Mts. , 
 Norway, terminates in Cape Lindesnas, the most southerly 
 point of Norway. 
 
 Hel, small riv., Eng., Cornwall, flowing SW. past Helston 
 into the English Channel. 
 
 Hela, maritime tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, at the extremity 
 of H. Penin., in the Baltic, govt, and 19 m. NE. Danzig, on a 
 sand-spit for the most part barren, with a lighthouse, visible 17 m. 
 
 Helbra, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, in lake-circle Mansfeld, 
 dist. Eisleben. P. 6700. 
 
 Helbre, or Hllbre, Islands, group of rocks, Eng., Cheshire, 
 I m. W. Helbre Point. 
 
 Helbre Point, headland, Eng., Cheshire, at W. point of 
 Wirral Penin. , 7 m. W. Birkenhead. 
 
 Heldbnrg, tn., Ger., Saxe-Meiningen, 10 m. W. Koburg, on 
 the Kreck R. P. <7ooo. 
 
 Helder, fortified maritime tn., Holland, prov. N. Holland, 
 22 m. N. Alkmaar, on one of the entrances to the Zuider Zee, 
 and at the N. end of the N. Holland Canal. Its harbour, known 
 as the Nieuwe Diep ('New Deep'), is on the E. side of the 
 peninsula. It communicates with Amsterdam by the N. Holland 
 
 Canal, 50 m. long, 125 ft. broad at surface, and 21 ft. deep, 
 which enables ships of large burden to avoid the navigation of 
 the Zuider Zee, and the completion of which in 1824 first con- 
 ferred commercial importance on H. It has since suffered in this 
 respect by the opening of the North Sea Canal. Near H. the 
 Dutch admiral Van Tromp was killed in action in 1693. The 
 town was taken by the British under Abercrombie in 1799. 
 Mean temp., yr. 48.6° F., Jan. 36.3°, July 62.2°. P. (comm.) 
 22,000. 
 
 Heldmngen, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Eckarts- 
 berga, 23 m. NNE. Erfurt. P. <3000. 
 
 Hele and Bradnlncb, stn., Eng., Devonshire, on the G. W. 
 R., div. and 7 m. S. by E. Tiverton, P.O. (Hele). 
 
 Helena, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Huntingdon co. , 52 m. SW 
 by W. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Helena, France. See Elne. 
 
 Helena, isl., Greece. See DIakronSslon. 
 
 Helena, coal-mining vil. , U.S., Alabama, Shelby co., 15 m. 
 S. by W. Birmingham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Helena, city, U.S., Arkansas, cap. Phillips co., on r. bk. of 
 Mississippi R. , 51 m. SW. by S. Memphis (Tenn.). P. 5200. 
 
 Hel'ena, city, U.S., Montana, cap. Lewis and Clarke co., 
 and of the state, in Prickly Pear valley, at foot of the Rocky 
 Mts., 15 m. W. Missouri R. , 46 m. ENE. Butte. Rich quartz 
 and placer gold-mines and sapphire-mines are in the vicinity. 
 The mountains are covered with forests of pine and fir, which 
 supply several saw-mills. Near it are medicinal hot springs. 
 H. was settled in 1864. P. (i88o)<40oo; (1890) 13,800. 
 
 Helena, mt., U.S., California, near San Francisco Bay. 
 Alt. 4343 ft. 
 
 Helen's Bay, Ire., co. Down, near Bangor, with a stn. on the 
 Belfast and County Down Rly., P.O. 
 
 Helensbnrgb, post-tn. , New South Wales, Cumberland co. , 
 27 m. S. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Helensbnrgb, tn. , Scot. , Dumbartonshire, on the r. bk. of the 
 Clyde, at the mouth of Gare Loch, on the N. B. R. , 3^ m. N. by E. 
 Greenock; a rising watering-place. Mean rfall. (1866-85), 53.3 
 in. P. (1871) 6000; (1891)8400. See Cralgendoran Pier. 
 
 HelensTllle, post-tn. and port. New Zealand, North I., 
 Waitemata co. , on E. shore of Kaipara R. , 25 m. NW. Auck- 
 land. P. < 1500. 
 
 Heleph, place named in O. T. See Belt Llf. 
 
 Helette, comm. and vil., France, dep. Basses- Pyr^n^es, arr. 
 and 17 m. WNW. Maul^on. This place was the scene of a 
 combat between the British and French, Feb. 14, 1814. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Helford, PM.O., Eng., Cornwall, Tnu-o div., on the S. side 
 of the inlet called Helford R., 5 ni. SW. by S. Falmouth. 
 
 Helge, riv., S. Sweden, enters the Baltic at Ahus, 12 m. SSE. 
 Christianstad, after a S. course of 80 m. It expands into several 
 lakes. 
 
 Helgoland, or Heligoland ('holy land'), ancient Hertha, 
 isl.. North Sea, belonging to Prussia, about 46 m. NW. the 
 mouths of the Elbe and the Weser, in 54° 11' N. and 17° 53' E. 
 Area, one-fifth of a sq. m. It consists of a rock rising to about 
 200 ft. in height, on which are a village and lighthouse, and a 
 low plain. It has a harbour on its N. and S. sides, and a sub- 
 marine telegraph cable connects it with Germany at the mouth 
 of the Elbe. Inhabitants, of Frisian descent, were formerly 
 mostly occupied as pilots or in fisheries, but since 1830, when 
 the island became a fashionable sea-bathing place visited by 
 Germans, the people subsist mainly by supplying the wants of 
 their visitors. The anchorage is good for vessels drawing 22 
 ft. ; no bar ; vessels load and discharge by open boats. H. was 
 acquired by the British from Denmark in 1807, and was ceded 
 to Germany in 1890, after which it was annexed to Prussia. 
 Mean temp., yr. 47.4° F., Feb. 34.4°, July 61.2°. P. 2086. See 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1888, p. 712. 
 
 Helbongbton, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., \t\ m. E. by 
 N. King's Lynn, close to Raynham Park stn., P.O. P. <50o; 
 eccles. par. (H. wltb 8. Ralnbam) P. <75o. 
 
 Hellkon, Mount, Greece, prov. Attica and Bceotia, 6 m. S. 
 Livadia. In modern times it has been called alternately Palai- 
 ovuni and Zagora, but it has resumed its ancient name. Alt. 
 S73S ft. 
 
 Hellon Bnmpstead, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 7^ m. E. by 
 N. Saffron Walden, 3 m. SSW. Haverhill stn., P.O. (HeUon's 
 Bnmpstead). P. <75o. 
 
 Hellopolls, coram., Algeria, prov. Constantine, arr. Guelma. 
 Near it are the ruins of an old Roman town, built round a hot 
 spring. P. < 2000 (Europeans). 
 
 Heliopolis, the Or and Beth-Shemesh of Scripture, Lower 
 Egypt, S m. NE. Cairo, near the village of Matarie, the site of 
 an ancient city, of which an obelisk only remains. The French 
 defeated the Turks here in 1800. 
 
 Hells Sound, the strait separating the principal isl. Spits- 
 bergen from Barents I. 
 
 Helkath, place named in O. T. See Yerka. 
 
 Hellaby, Eng., Yorkshire. See Stalnton. 
 
 Hellada, riv. , N. Greece. See Sperkbelos. 
 
 663 
 
HELL — HELV 
 
 Helland, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, div. and 2J m. N. Bodmin, 
 P.O. , and P.O. (H. Bridge). P. <25o. 
 
 Hellebak, maritime vil., Denmark, on the isl. Seeland, at 
 the N. entrance of the Sound, 4 m. NW. Elsinore. 
 
 Hellendoorn, comm., Netherlands, prov. Overijssel, 19 m. 
 NE. Zutfen. P. 6300. 
 
 Hellenthal, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Schleiden, 24 
 m. SE. by S. Aix-la-Chapelle. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Hellertowu, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Northampton co., 
 35 m. ENE. Reading. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hellesdon, par., Eng., Norfolk, 2^ m. NW. Norwich, in- 
 cluded in the pari. bor. of Norwich, on the M. & G. N. Joint 
 Rly. P. <5oo. See Drayton. 
 
 Hellespont. See Dardanelles. 
 
 Helleroetslnls, or HelToetsluls, tn., Holland, prov. S. 
 Holland, on the Haringvliet, with a good harbour at the SW. 
 end of the Voorne Canal, 17 m. WSW. Rotterdam. Mean 
 temp., yr. 49.1° F., Jan. 35.6°, July 65.1°. P. (comm.)<sooo. 
 
 Hellldon, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 11 m. S. 
 Rugby, 4 m. SW. by W. Daventry, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Hellifleld, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 15 m. N. Burnley, 5 m. SSE. Settle, with a railway junction 
 on the M. R. and L. & Y. R., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Hellln, tn. , Spain, prov. Albacete, 45 m. N W. Murcia ; has 
 rich sulphur mines, woollen manufactures, &c. P. 13,700. 
 
 Helllngly, par., Eng., Sussex, on the Cuckmare, div. and 8 
 m. N. by W. Eastbourne, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O. ; 
 6050 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Helllsay, isl. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, off the NE. ct. of Barra 
 I., in 57° i' N. 
 
 HelloTO, mt. range, Greece. See Otbrys. 
 
 Hellr, Scandinavian, ' a cave into which the tide flows.' 
 
 Hell's Glen, a narrow valley, Scot. , Argyllshire, in the E. , 
 stretching from NW. to SE., on the road from Lochgoilhead 
 to Loch Fyne. 
 
 HeU's Hontta, bay, Wales. See Portli Nigel. 
 
 Hell's Skerries, rocks, Scot., 10 m. W. Rum, Inner 
 Hebrides. 
 
 Hellweg, Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, the 
 western continuation of the Haarstrang Mts. 
 
 Helm, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Almondbury 
 ancient par. P. <7SO. 
 
 Helmand, Helmnnd, Helmend, or Hllmend (the ancient 
 Etymander), riv., Afghanistan, rises in the Paghman Mts., 35 
 m. W. Kabul, at an elevation of 11,500 ft., flows SW. 250 m. 
 through a mountainous region, in which a great deal of its course 
 is unknown, to Girishk (2880 ft.), thence S. and WSW., dividing 
 the great desert country of Afghanistan, and finally N. through 
 Seistan into the Hamun-i-Sawaran, after a course of about 700 
 m. At Girishk, 70 m. W. Kandahar, it is, in spring, 1000 yards 
 broad, with a depth of 10 or 12 ft., and a powerful and rapid 
 current, but in the dry season (Oct. ) reduced to 350 yards and 
 3 ft. deep ; whilst at Khwaja Ali, about 180 m. below Girishk, 
 it was only 100 yards wide, and easily fordable by camels in 
 the same month. Its valley through the desert, in which it 
 does not receive a single trib., is generally 3-5 m. in width, 
 but widens after passing Rudbar. Its banks are fertile, and 
 abound almost everywhere with traces of former cultivation and 
 wealth ; but at a little distance the country on either side is a 
 mere arid waste. Very much of the river is absorbed by irriga- 
 tion ; and at Band-i-Kamal Khan in times of extreme flood its 
 water escapes into the western Hamun along a trough which 
 was probably the former normal course of the river. Principal 
 tribs. the Arghanddb \q.v.). Area of basin, 90,000 sq. m. 
 
 Helmsn Head, cape, Scot., Caithness-shire, on the E. ct., 
 in 58° 24' N. 
 
 Helmbrechts, tn., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Upper Franconia, 
 circle Miinchberg, 21 m. N. by E. Bayreuth. P. <40oo. 
 
 Helmdon, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 9^ m. 
 NW. Buckingham, on the Northampton & Banbury June. Rly., 
 PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Helme, riv., Ger., flows E. by S. into the Unstrut, which it 
 joins a little below Artern, in its upper part traverses the 'goldene 
 Aue' ; not navigable. 
 
 Helmend, riv., Afghanistan. See Helmand. 
 
 Helmlngham, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , 8J m. 
 N. by E. Ipswich, 6 m. NE. Claydon stn. , P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Helmlngton, vil. , Eng. , Durham. See Hnnwick and H. 
 
 Helmlngton Row, par. , Eng. , Durham, on the Wear, 4 m. 
 N. Bishop Auckland. P. <4000. 
 
 Helmond, tn. , Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 21 m. SE. Bois 
 le Due, on the Zuid Willem Canal. P. (comm. ) 9000. 
 
 Helmsdale and West Helmsdale, two adjoining vils., 
 Scot. , in the extreme SE. of Sutherland, on the E. ct. , at the 
 mouth of the UUie or Helmsdale, 15 m. NE. Golspie, on the 
 H. R. ; head of the fishery dist. , extending from Embo to Dun- 
 beath. A new harbour is now (1894) in course of construction. 
 Near are the ruins of an old castle, long the residence of the Earls 
 ofSutherland. PMT.O. P. (including East H.)<:7So; P. West 
 H. (including Harrel and Gartyinore)<7So. 
 664 
 
 Helmshore, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Rossendale div., on 
 the L. & Y. R., 6 m. N. by W. Bury, PMT.O. 
 
 Helmsley, tn. and par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby 
 div. , on the Rye, 21 m. ENE. Ripon, with a stn. on the NE. R. ; 
 has manufactures of linen. PMT.O. Market-day, S. 8812 
 ac. P. <:2ooo ; eccles. par. (H. Mith Pockley and^proxton) 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Helmsley, Upper, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the 
 SE. of the Thirsk and Malton div. , 7 m. ENE. York. P. <:25o. 
 
 Helmsley, Gate, Yorkshire. See Gate Helmsley. 
 
 Helmsley Moor, an upland tract, Eng., Whitby div. of the 
 N. Riding of Yorkshire, about 6 m. N. Helmsley, and about 
 17 m. SSE. Middlesbrough. 
 
 Helmstedt, tn. , Ger. , duchy and 21 m. E. Brunswick. Its 
 university, founded in 1576, was suppressed by Jerome Buona- 
 parte in 1809, and part of its library was transferred to Gottin- 
 gen. Has manufactures of agricultural implements, soap, and 
 tobacco. In its vicinity are lignite mines and mineral baths. 
 Cap. circle H. P. ii,oco. 
 
 Helmand, riv., Afghanistan. See Helmand. 
 
 Helong-kiang, prov. and riv. , China. See Uelnug-klang. 
 
 Helonan, Egypt. See Helwan. 
 
 Helpe, La Grande and La Petite, two small r. bk. tribs. of 
 the Sambre, in the French dep. Nord, the former passing 
 Avesnes, the latter Fourmies. 
 
 Helperby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., on the Swale, 8 m. E. by S. Ripon, PMT.O. 
 P. <:75o. 
 
 Helperthorpe, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., 12 m. SW. by S. Scarborough, 5 m. S. Weaverthorpe 
 stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Helpmakaar, vil. , Natal, dist. Klip R. , 80 m. N. Pieter- 
 maritzburg. 
 
 Helprlngham, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div. , 
 12 m. W. by S. Boston, on the G. E. and G. N. Joint 
 Rly., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ifelpstone, eccles. par. , Eng. , N. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 6 m. NW. Peterborough, on the M. R., with a stn. (Helpston), 
 P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Helsa, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Kassel, dist. 
 Ober-Kaufungen ; has coal-mines near. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Helsby, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 8 m. NE. 
 Chester, with a junction station on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Helslngborg, comm. and seapt. , Sweden, prov. Malmohus, on 
 the Sound, opposite Elsinore. Near are coal-mines, and the 
 mineral springs of Kamlosa. Its harbour is well sheltered, and 
 forms an admirable port of refuge in bad weather. Great 
 obstacles have been met with in deepening the new harbour 
 (5000 ft. quayage, depth 23 ft.), owing to the loose and shifting 
 soil of which the bottom is composed. P. 20,400. 
 
 Helslngfors, seapt., cap. of Finland and govt. Nyland, on 
 N. shore of Gulf of Finland, 60° 9' 43" N., 24° 5/ 17" E. (pbs.), 
 seat of Finland's parliament, senate, archbishop, and Russian 
 governor-general. Harbour suitable for war vessels, protected 
 by Sveaborg fortress. Has an astronomical and meteorological 
 observatory, a imiversity, a rich library, and various museums. 
 Connected by rail with St. Petersburg {via Rihimaki, 263 m.) 
 and Hangoudd (138 m.), as well as with all chief towns of 
 Finland. Mean rfall. (38 yrs.), yr. 22.2 in., July-Nov. 12 in. 
 P. (1870) 32,113; (1893) 66,700. 
 
 Helslngor, tn. , Denmark. See Elsinore. 
 
 Helsington, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, 3^ m. SW. KendaL 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Helston, mun. bor. (since the reign of John, until 1885 also 
 a pari, bor.), Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., 9^ m. WSW. Fal- 
 mouth, 3 m. from the seaports of Porthleven and Gweek ; on a 
 branch of the G. W. R. Formerly noted for its tin, and one of 
 the Stannary towns which had the privilege of stamping the 
 metal ; now there is scarcely a mine at work in the dist. The 
 festival of H. Flora Day (May 8th) is a relic of the old Roman 
 worship of the goddess Flora. Market-days, W. and S. P. 
 
 <3Soo- 
 
 Helstone, vil., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 9 m. N. 
 Bodmin, i^ m. SW. Camelford, P.O. 
 
 Helnan^ or Helonan, baths, Egypt. See Helwan. 
 
 Helnng-klang, or Helong«klang ('Dragon river'), the 
 Chinese name for the Amur {q.v.). 
 
 Helnng-klang, prov. of the Chinese Empire, Manchuria 
 (g.v.), bordering on the Amur R.; cap. Tsitsihar. 
 
 Helvecia, colony and tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 50 
 m. NE. Santa F6. P. <20oo. 
 
 Helvellyn, mt., Eng., on the border of Westmorland and 
 Cumberland, 15 m. SW. Penrith, forming part of the mountain 
 chain between Keswick and Ambleside ; it is easy of ascent. 
 Height, 3118 ft. 
 
 HelTetlc Confederation. See Switzerland. 
 
 HelTlck Head, cape. Ire. , on the S. ct. of co. Waterford, at 
 the S. of entrance to Dungarvan Harbour, 52° 3^ N. , 7° 32' W. 
 
 HelToetslnls, tn., Netherlands. See HeUevoetslals. 
 
HELV — HEND 
 
 Helvolrt, comm. , Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 5 m. SW. 
 Bois le Due. P. <20oo. 
 
 Helwan, Heluau, or Helonan, baths, Egypt, on the r. bk. 
 of the Nile, opposite the ruins of Memphis, 14 m. S. by E. Cairo. 
 Here are noted warm sulphur springs, as well as chalybeate and 
 purgative saline waters. 
 
 Helwlck Shoals, The, Wales, off the S. ct. of the Gower 
 Penin. , Glamorganshire ; at the W. end is a light-vessel, vis. 11 m. 
 
 Hely, Hungarian, 'a place.' 
 
 HemaTatl, riv., India, Mysore state, rises in the Western 
 Ghdts, in 13" 12' N. , 75° 44' E. ; it flows SE. and joins the 
 Cauvery, 20 ni. above Seringapatam. Length, 120 m. Dammed 
 in several places for irrigation. 
 
 Hembllugtoii, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, E. div. , 7J m. E. by N. 
 Norwich, 2 m. N. by W. Lingwood stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Hembary Castle, an old Danish entrenchment, Eng., 
 Devonshire, on the W. side of the Dart, 2 m. NW. Buck- 
 fastleigh. 
 
 Hembnry Fort, ancient camp, Eng., Devonshire, 4 m. 
 NW. Honiton. 
 
 Hemel Hempstead, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, Watford div. , 
 6 m. W. by N. St. Albans, with a stn. (H. Hempsted) on a branch 
 of the M. R. ; carries on paper-making and boat-making ; straw- 
 plaiting declining. Market-day, Th. 7184 ac. P. 9700. 
 
 Hemelingeu, vil., Ger. , 4 m. SE. by E. Bremen, in the 
 territory of Bremen, circle Achim. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hemesby, par. , Eng. , Norfolk. See Hemsby. 
 
 Hemlugbrongh, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howden- 
 shire div., 6J m. NW. Goole, on the NE. R., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Hemingby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., on 
 the Bain R. , 10 m. SW. by S. Louth, 3 m. N. by W. Horn- 
 castle stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Hemingfleld, PM.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 4 m. 
 SE. Barnsley. 
 
 Hemlngford Abbots, and Hemlngford Grey, two ad- 
 joining pars., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 3I m. E. 
 by S. Huntingdon, 2 m. SW. St. Ives stn. H. Abbots, P.O., 
 P.<5oo; H. Grey, PMT.O., P. < 1000. 
 
 Uemlngstone, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , 6 m. 
 N. by W. Ipswich, 2\ m. NE. Claydon stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Heiuiugtoii, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and7j m. NW. 
 by N. Loughborough, close to Castle Donington stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hemlngton, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 4 m. 
 SE. by E. Oundle. P. <25o. See Lnddlngtou In the Brook. 
 
 Hemlngton, par. , Eng. , Somerset, div. and 5 m. NW. Frome. 
 P. <:75o; eccles. par. (H. -^vlth Hardlngton) P. <7So. 
 
 Hemls, or Hlmls, monastery, Kashmir, said to be the richest 
 in Ladakh, with 300 lamas, on the Indus, near Leh. 
 
 Hemlxem, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. Antwerp. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Hemley, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, on riv. Deben, 5 m. S. Wood- 
 bridge. P. <250. 
 
 Hemllngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland 
 div., 4 m. S. Middlesbrough. P. <25o. 
 
 Hemmelsdorfer-See, lake, Ger., Oldenburg, princip. of 
 Liibeck, 6 m. long by 2| m. broad ; abounds with fish. 
 
 Hemmlngford, vil. and port of entry, Canada, Quebec, 
 Huntingdon co. , 33 m. S. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hempfleld, settlement, U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co., 
 32 m. SW. Reading. 
 
 Hemphill, co. , U.S., Texas, in the N W. , on the E. frontier, 
 crossed in the N. by 36° N. 
 
 Hempholme, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div. , 13^ m. N. Hull, 4 m. ESE. Hutton Cranswick stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hempnall, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 9 m. S. Norwich, 
 3 J m. SE. by E. Flordon stn., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hemprlggs, Loch, lake, Scot., Caithness, in the E. , drained 
 N. into the Wick Water. Alt. 156 ft. 
 
 Hempstead, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 6 m. E. Saffron 
 Walden, 5^ m. SW. by W. Birdbrook stn.; noted for its fine 
 timber. Doctor William Harvey, the discoverer of the circula- 
 tion of the blood (died 1657), is buried here. P.O. P. <75o. 
 See Sampford, Great. 
 
 Hempstead, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 
 x\ m. SW. Gloucester, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hempstead, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., Z\ m. WSW. 
 Cromer, \\ m. SE. Holt stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Hempstead, co., U.S., Arkansas, E. of 94° W., and crossed 
 in N. by 34° N., partly bounded on SW. by Red R. 
 
 Hempstead, vil., U.S., New York, Queen's co., on Long I., 
 20 m. E. Brooklyn. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Hempstead, city, U.S., Texas, Waller co., 95 m. NW. by 
 W. Galveston. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Hempstead Bay, U. S. , New York, on the S. shore of Long I. , 
 S. of the vil. of H. , separated from the Atlantic by Long I. Beach. 
 
 Hempstead with Eccles, ct. par. , Eng. , Norfolk, E. div. , 14 
 m. SE. Cromer, 3 m. NE. Stalham stn., P.O. P. <25o ; eccles. 
 par. (H. -with Lesslngham) P. <5oo. 
 
 Hempston, Uttle, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 7 
 m. W. by S. Torquay, i m. NE. Totnes stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hempton, par., Eng., Norfolk, on the Wensum, i m. SW. 
 Fakenham. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hempton, vil. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, div. and 5^ m. S. Banbury, 
 3^ m. W. by S. Aynho stn. See Deddlngton. 
 
 Hems, tn., Syria. See Horns. 
 
 Hemsby, or Hemesby, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., on the 
 E. ct., 7 m. N. by W. Yarmouth, on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly. , 
 P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Hemsii, tn. and isl., Sweden, E. ct. , prov. W. Norrland, the 
 town 8 m. NE. Hernosand. 
 
 Hems-well, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 7 m. 
 E. by N. Gainsborough, 4 m. SSE. Northorpe stn., P.O. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Hemsworth, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 6\ 
 m. NE. Barnsley, on the G. N. R., PMT.O.; 4161 ac. P. <3oooT 
 
 Hemyock, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and ii| m. E. Tiver- 
 ton, on the G. W. R.; has ruins of a Norman castle, used by 
 the Parliamentarians as a prison during the Civil War. PM.O. 
 5901 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hen, Cymro-Celtic, 'old.' 
 
 Hen and Chickens, group of isls., Canada, at W. end of 
 Lake Erie. 
 
 Hen and Chickens, rocks, Scot., Outer Hebrides, off E. ct. 
 Lewis I. , 6 m. SE. Stornoway. 
 
 Hen and Chickens Islands, group of rocks at the mouth of 
 Whangarei Bay, New Zealand, North I., E. ct. of Auckland, 
 in 35° 57' S. , on the route from Auckland to Sydney. 
 
 Hen and Chickens Reef, Eng. , off N. point of Lundy I. 
 
 Henares, riv. , Spain, flows SW. past Guadalajara and Alcald 
 de H. to the Jarama, an affluent of the Tagus, 10 m. ESE. 
 Madrid, 75 m. long. 
 
 Henan, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 12 m. W. St. Gall, in Lower 
 Toggenburg, on the Thur. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Henbnry, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , 4 m. 
 NNW. Bristol, 3 m. W. Filton stn., PMT.O.; 8552 ac. P. < 
 2500 ; eccles. par. (H. with Anst, Northwlck, and Hallen) 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Henbary with Pexhall, par., Eng., Cheshire, 2 m. W. 
 Macclesfield. P. <soo. 
 
 Hendaye, comm., France, dap. Basses - Pyr^ntes, on the 
 Bidassoa (Spanish frontier), arr. and 18 m. SW. by W. Bayonne. 
 
 P. <200O. 
 
 Henderskelf, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 6 m. SW. 
 New Malton. P. <;25o. 
 
 Henderson, tp. , New Zealand, North I., Waitemata co. . 12 
 m. from Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Henderson, co., U.S., Illinois, on W. frontier, crossed in 
 extreme N. by 41° N. 
 
 Henderson, city, U.S., Kentucky, in H. co., on the Ohio, 
 103 m. W. by S. Louisville; busy river-port. P. (1880) 5400; 
 (1890) 8800. 
 
 Henderson, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, Vance co. , 41 m. NNE. 
 Raleigh. P. < 5000. 
 
 Henderson, CO. , U.S., N. Carolina, in the W., on the S. 
 frontier, E. of 83° W. 
 
 Henderson, tn., U.S., Tennessee, Chester co., 80 m. E. by 
 N. Memphis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Henderson, co. , U.S., Tennessee, N. of 35° N., and W. of 
 88° W. 
 
 Henderson, co., U.S., Texas, in the NE., crossed in the 
 extreme S. by 32° N. , bounded on the W. by the Trinity R. 
 
 Henderson, tn., U.S., Texas, cap. Rusk co., 66 m. WSW. 
 Shreveport (La). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Henderson Island, Pacific Ocean. See Elizabeth Island 
 and Hatnpl. 
 
 HendersonTllle, vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Kent, 20 m. from 
 Chatham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hendersonvllle, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, Henderson co., 
 100 m. E. by N. of the SW. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hendford, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, partly in Yeovil bor. 
 P. <45oo. 
 
 Hendon, a portion of the co. bor. of Sunderland, Eng., 
 Durham. P. 29,600. 
 
 Hendon, par. and tn. , Eng. , Middlesex, Harrow div. , 5 m. S. 
 by W. Barnet, on the M. R.; 8382 ac. P. 15,800. 
 
 Hendon, stn., Queensland, co. Merivale, 154 m. by rail from 
 Brisbane. 
 
 Hendre, P.O., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 2 m. N. St. Bride 
 Bay, 13 m. SW. by W. Fishguard. 
 
 Hendred, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Berk- 
 shire, div. and 6 m. SSW. Abingdon, 3 m. NW. by W. Upton 
 stn. East H., PMT.O., P.<iooo; West H., P.O., P.<:5oo. 
 
 Hendreforgan, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., on the 
 G. W. R. , 14^ m. N W. by W. Cardiff, with coal-mines. 
 
 Hendrlck, vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Middlesex, 4 ra. from 
 Strathroy. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hendricks, co., U.S., Indiana, S. of 40° N., and between 
 86° and 87° W. 
 
 Hendryx IHlnes, Canada, Brit. Columbia, on the E. side of 
 Kootenay Lake, in about 49° 45' N. 
 
 665 
 
H EN D 
 
 HENS 
 
 Hendy, \il., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., lo m. SE. 
 Cardigan. See Llanerty. 
 
 Heneglwys ('old church'), par., Wales, Anglesey, 9 m. 
 NNW. Carnarvon, 2 m. WNW. Llangefni stn. P. <soo; 
 eccles. par. (H. with Trewalclimal) P. < 1500. 
 
 Henfleld, par., Eng., Sussex, Lewes div., 9J m. NW. by 
 N. Brighton, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O.; 4439 ac. 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Henfryn, rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, Huron co., 49 m. N. 
 by E. London. 
 
 Henfynyw, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 11 J m. NW. Lam- 
 peter, I m. SW. Aberaeron. P. -ciooo; eccles. par. (H. with 
 Atoerayron) P. < 1000. 
 
 IIeng>choii, tn., China, prov. Hunan, on the Heng-kiang, 
 270 m. S. by E. Ichang. 
 
 IIeiig>chon, tn., China, prov. Kwangsi, on the Yu-kiang, 
 17s m. SSW. Kweilin-fu. 
 
 Hengelo, comm., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 18 m. E. by N. 
 Arnhem. P. <4000. 
 
 Hengelo, comm. , Holland, prov. Overijssel, 6 m. NW. by 
 W. Enschede ; has cotton manufactures. P. 10,000. 
 
 Henggart, comm., Switzd., cant. Zurich, 5 m. NW. by N. 
 Winterthur. P. -czooo. 
 
 Henglsthnry Head, cape, Eng., on theS. ct. of Hampshire, 
 to the SE. of Christchurch. 
 
 Heng-klang, riv. , China, prov. Hunan, after a course of 
 nearly 300 m. enters Lake Tungting. The cities Heng-chou 
 and Chang-sha are on its banks. 
 
 Heng>kiang, or Ta>kwan, riv., China, in the NE. of Ytin- 
 nan, flows NE. into the Yangtse, partly on the border of prov. 
 Siichwan ; navigable for some distance up, but with difficulty. 
 
 Hengoed, eccles. par., Eng., Salop, div. and 2^ m. N. 
 Oswestry, i m. N. Gobowen stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Hengoed, vil. , Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., 10 m. SE. 
 Merthyr-Tydfil, with a June. stn. on the L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 
 Hengrave, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 3J m. 
 NNW. Bury St. Edmunds, 2^ m. SW. by W. Ingham stn. 
 P. <25o. See Flempton. 
 
 Hengst, Teutonic, ' a horse. ' 
 
 Henham, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 6 m. S. Saffron Walden, 
 z\ m. NE. by N. Elsenham stn., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Henham, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 11 m. SW. Lowestoft, 
 4 m. E. Halesworth. P. <25o. See Wangford. 
 
 Henheads, par., Eng., Lancashire, i| m. N. Hashngden. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Henhnll, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, i m. NW. Nantwich. P. <:25o. 
 
 Heuln>Iil6tard, comm., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. 
 Bethune, 7 m. NW. by W. Douai. P. 9000. 
 
 Henjam, small isl., near the S. ct. of the isl. of Kishm, at the 
 entrance to the Persian Gulf, with ruins of a considerable town. 
 
 Henkrles, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Namaqualand, 50 
 m. N. by E. Ookiep. 
 
 Henlade, P.O., Eng., Somerset, 2 m. SE. Taunton. 
 
 Henley on Thames, market-tn. , par. , and mun. bor. (since 
 the loth year of Queen Elizabeth's reign), Eng., Oxfordshire, 
 Henley div., on the 1. bk. of the Thames, 6 m. NNE. Reading, 
 on a branch of the G. W. R. Its grammar-school, founded in 
 1604 by James I., and a blue-coat school, founded in 1609, now 
 constitute the United Charity Schools. Leland mentions the 
 discovery of gold, silver, and brass coins of the Romans at this 
 place. H. is the most picturesque boating resort on the Thames, 
 and the regatta held here in the first week of July is regarded 
 as the principal gathering of amateur oarsmen in England. 
 Malting largely carried on. Market-day, Th. Mun. bor. P. 
 <5ooo; par. P. <35oo; pari. div. (Henley) P. 48,500. 
 
 Henley, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 4^ m. N. 
 Ipswich, 2 m. E. by N. Claydon stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Henley, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 13 m. N. by E. 
 Chichester, 4 m. N. by E. Midhurst stn. P. <250. 
 
 Henley, post-tn., New Zealand, South I., Taiera co., 22 m. 
 from Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Henley C^ommon, upland tract, Eng., in the W. of the 
 Horsham div. of Sussex, i m. W. Henley, 13 m. N. Chichester. 
 Height, 648 ft. 
 
 Henley-ln-Arden, small tn. and eccles. par., Eng., Warwick- 
 shire, div. and 8 m. NNW. Stratford-on-Avon, on G. W. R., 
 4 m. NNW. Bearley stn., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Henllan, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, on the Teifi, 3 m. S. 
 Newcastle-in-Emlyn. P. <2So; eccles. par. (H. >rlth Bangor 
 Telfl) P. <soo. 
 
 Henllan, par. , Wales, Denbighshire, 2 m. N W. by W. and in- 
 cluded in the pari. bor. of Denbigh, P.O. ; 14,912 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Henllan Amgoed, par,, Wales, Capmarthenshire, W. div., 
 14^ m. W. Carmarthen, 2 m. Sfe. Login stn. P. <2So; eccles. 
 par. (H. with Eglwysflalr a Chniig) P. <5oo. 
 
 Henllyg, par., Eng., Monmouth, S. div., 4^ m. NW. New- 
 port, 2 m. E. Church Road stn. P. <500 ; eccles. par. (H. with 
 Bettws) P. <5oo. 
 
 Henllys ('old palace'), ct. par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 4 m. 
 NE. Aberystwith. P. <5cio. 
 666 
 
 Henlopen, cape, U.S., Delaware, in the S. of Sussex co., in 
 38° 49' N., at the SW, of the entrance to Delaware Bay (q.v.). 
 
 Henlow, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, 11 m. SE. Bedford, div. 
 and 4 m. S. by W. Biggleswade, 2 m. NNE. of its stn. on the 
 M. R., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hennacllff, rocky piece of coast, Eng. , in the extreme N. of 
 Cornwall. 
 
 Hennebont, tn., France, dep. Morbihan, arr. and 6 m. NE. 
 Lorient, with remains of fortifications important from the 14th 
 to i6th century. Noted for its siege of 1342 ; English expelled 
 by Duguesclin in 1373. P. 5200. 
 
 Hennef, viL, Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt, and 17 m. SE. 
 Cologne, on the Sieg ; has iron and lead mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Heunegau, the German name of Haiuant. 
 
 Heunen, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Iserlohn, 9 m. 
 SE. by E. Dortmund, i m. S. of the Ruhr R. P. (comm. ) <4000. 
 
 Hennepin, vil. , U. S. , Illinois, Putnam co. , on r. bk. of Illinois 
 R., 99 m. WSW. Chicago, 42 m. N. by E. Peoria. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hennepin, co., U.S., Minnesota, boimded on the E. by the 
 Mississippi, and crossed by 45° N.; cap. Minneapolis. Named 
 after the French traveller Hennepin, who in company with La 
 Salle discovered the falls of St. Anthony in 1680. 
 
 Hennersdorf, tn. , Austria, Silesia, 28 m. NW. by N. Troppau. 
 P. -c 3000. 
 
 Hennlker, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Merrimack co. , on 
 Contoocook R., 20 m. W. Concord. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Hennock, par,, Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 9J m. 
 SW. by S. Exeter, i m. SW. Trusham stn., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Hennstedt, par., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle 
 Norderdithmarschen, 23 m. SW. Schleswig. P. <40oo, 
 
 Henny, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Essex, 
 Saffron Walden div., 11^ m. NE. Braintree, 2 m. SSW. Sud- 
 bury stn. Great H. P. <5oo ; Little H. P. <25o. 
 
 Henrlchemont, comm., France, dep. Cher, arr. Sancerres, 
 17 m. NNE. Bourges. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Henrico, co., U.S., Virginia, in the SE., bounded on the 
 S. by James R. , N. of 37° N. , and W. of 77° W. It contains 
 Richmond, the cap. of the state. 
 
 Henrietta, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Blair co., 76 m. W. 
 Harrisburg, and 18 m. S. by E. Altoona. P. < 1500. 
 
 Henrietta, tn., U.S., Texas, Clay co., 107 m. NW. Dallas. 
 Alt. (Signal Station) 9x5 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). P. <3000. 
 
 Henrietta Island, Arctic Ocean, NE. of New Siberia, in 
 lat. 77° 8' N. , long. 157° 43' E. , discovered by De Long, May 
 24, 1881. Animals scarce ; many glaciers. 
 
 Henrietta Harla, cape, Brit. America, in Hudson Bay, lat. 
 55° 15' N., long. 82° 40' W. ; so named, September 2, 1631, by 
 the British North- West navigator James, after his ship, and in 
 honour also of the queen of Charles I. , 'by her Majesty's name, 
 who had before named our ship. ' 
 
 Henry, co., U.S., Alabama, in extreme SE. 
 
 Henry, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Codington co., 145 m. E. by 
 N. Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Henry, co., U.S., Georgia, between 33° and 34° N., and 
 crossed in E. by 84° W. 
 
 Henry, co., U.S., Illinois, N. of 41° N., and crossed in E. by 
 90° W. 
 
 Henry, city, U.S., Illinois, Marshall co., on r. bk. of Illinois 
 R., 104 m. SW. by W. Chicago, 31 m. NNE. Peoria. P. <20oo. 
 
 Henry, co., U.S., Indiana, crossed in N. by 40° N., and 
 W, of 85° W. 
 
 Henry, co., U.S., Iowa, crossed by 41° N,, and between 91° 
 and 92° W. 
 
 Henry, co., U.S., Kentucky, N. of 38° N., crossed in the E. 
 by 85° W. 
 
 Henry, co., U.S., Missouri, in the W., to the S. of 39° N., 
 crossed in the W. by 94° W. 
 
 Henry, co., U.S., Ohio, in the NW., N. of 41° N., crossed 
 in the E. by 84° W. 
 
 Henry, co. , U.S. , Tennessee, on the N. frontier, W. of 88° W. 
 
 Henry, co., U.S., Virginia, on the S. frontier, crossed in the 
 W. by 80° W. 
 
 Henry, Cape, U.S., Virginia, at the S. of the entrance to 
 Chesapeake Bay, opposite and 12 m. S. Cape Charles. Mean 
 temp.,yr. 58.6°F., Jan. 40.6°, July 78.1°; rfall. (11 yrs.), 56.29 in. 
 
 Henry Mountains, group of five elevations separated by low 
 passes, U.S., S. Utah, on the r. bk. of the Colorado, crossed 
 by 110° 45' W. and 38° N., all standing on a desolate plain. 
 Mean alt. 5500 ft. Mount Ellen, the most northerly and highest, 
 alt. 11,250 ft. (See Proc. R. G. S., 1879, p. 797.) 
 
 Henry's Moat, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 8^ m. SE. Fish- 
 guard, 5 m. NE. Clarbeston Road stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 HenryrUle, 8t. George de HenryvlUe, or Riviere dn Snd, 
 vil., Canada, Quebec, co. Iberville, 6 m. firom Clarenceville. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hensall, vil., Canada, Ontario, Huron co., 32 m. NNW. 
 London, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hensall, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross div. , 
 10 m. W. Goole, on the L. & Y. R., P.O. P. <soo; eccles. 
 par. (H. with Heck) P. <7S0- 
 
HENS — HERB 
 
 Hensbarrow Beacon, hill, Cornwall, St. Austell div. , 3 m. 
 N. St. Austell. Alt. 1027 ft. 
 
 Henshaw, par., Eng. , Northumberland, i m. from the 1. bk. 
 of the S. Tyne, div. and 11 m. W. Hexham, i m. W. Bardon 
 Mill stn. ; 13,181 ac. P. <soo. See Iteltlngtaam. 
 
 Henslngham, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Egremont div. , partly 
 included in the pari. tx)r. of Whitehaven, P.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Henslngton, vil., Canada, Prince Edward I., co. Prince, 9 
 m. from Summerside. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hensington, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, 2 m. S. Woodstock. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Henstead, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 6J m. SW. Lowes- 
 toft. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Henstrldge, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 10^ m. E. by N. 
 Yeovil, on the L. & SW, R., PMT.O. ; 4255 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hentland, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 4 m. WNW. 
 Ross. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (H. wltb Hoarvlthy) P. <7So. 
 
 Henton, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 3 m. W. by S. 
 Wells, P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Henwlck, stn., Eng., Worcestershire, i m. W. Worcester, 
 on the G. W. R. 
 
 Henzada, tn.. Lower Burma, cap. dist. H., on the Iriwadi, 
 68 m. W. by N. Pegu. Rfall. (15 yrs.), 79.96 in. P. (1881) 
 16,700; (1891) 19,800; Buddhists, 17,500. 
 
 Heong-sban, dist. tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, on a branch 
 of the Canton R. , 22 m. NW. Macao. The dist. of the same 
 name extends N. to S. 30 m. , and E. to W. 25 m. , intersected 
 by several deep watercourses. 
 
 Hepburn, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., io| m. NW. Alnwick, 2J m. NE. Ilderton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hepburn, post-tn. , Victoria, Talbot co. , 23 m. NE. Ballarat ; 
 has mineral spring, and alluvial and quartz mining. P. <isoo. 
 
 Heperjes, Hungary. See Eperles. 
 
 Heppendorf, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Bergheim, 14 
 m. W. Cologne. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Heppenbelm, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, cap. 
 circle, 13 m. E. Worms ; climatic health resort. The town is 
 commanded by a rock (alt. iioo ft.) crowned by the ruins of 
 Starkenburg, formerly a fortress of the archbishops of Mainz 
 (Mayence). P. < 5000. 
 
 Heppens, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Oldenburg, circle Jever, 2 m. 
 NW. Wilhelmshaven. P. <sooo. 
 
 Hepple, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, on the Coquet, sh ™* 
 SW. Rothbury, P.O. ; 5919 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Hepscott, par., Eng., Northumberland, i^ m. ESE. and in- 
 cluded in pari. bor. of Morpeth, with stn. on the NE. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Hepste, small stream, Wales, Brecknockshire, flows SW. then 
 W. into the Mellte, which it joins about 8 m. NW. Aberdare ; 
 noted for its falls, the Ysgwd-yr-Eira and the Lower H. Fall. 
 
 Heptonstall, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Sowerby 
 div., 7 m. WNW. Halifax, i m. NW. Hebden Bridge stn., P.O.; 
 5394 ac. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hepworth, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Grey co. , 45 m. W. by N. 
 Collingfwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hepwortb, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 9 m. NW. Eye, 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hepfvorth, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Holm- 
 firth div., 7 m. S. by E. Huddersfield, i^ m. SE. Holmfirth stn., 
 P.O. P. < 1 500. 
 
 ffer, Teutonic, ' army. ' See ffar. 
 
 Heralkl, or St. Qnentln, isl.. Pacific, Tuamotu group, in 
 about 17° 25' S. , 143^° W. 
 
 HSraklela (iraklia), isl., Greece, one of the Cyclades, S. of 
 Naxos. Area about 7 sq. m. P. (1889) 211. 
 
 Herakleion, tn., Turkey. See Platamona. 
 
 Heraklla, coalfield, Asia Minor, near Ada Bazar. 
 
 Heraklitsa, vil., Turkey in Europe, on the Sea of Marmora, 
 prov. and 31 m. NE. by E. Gallipoli. 
 
 Herald, small isl. , Arctic Ocean, discovered in 1849 by the 
 English Captain Keller, about i^° E. of Wrangel Land, in 71° 
 19' N., 175° 16' W. 
 
 Herat, ancient ^rza, or Artacoana, the Haraeva of the Zenda- 
 vesta, fortified city, Afghanistan, in the NW., on r. bk. of 
 the Heri Rud, 410 m. W. Kabul. It is built on an artificial 
 mound, nearly i m. square and 60 ft. in height, above a plain, 
 in a well-irrigated and carefully cultivated valley, about 120 m. 
 long by 12 m. wide. Its geographical position, near the only 
 passage for large bodies of troops from the N. towards India, 
 and as being the only place in this part of central Asia where an 
 army could be fed, renders the site of great strategical import- 
 ance ; and from the same cause it is also the emporium for a 
 large commerce from India and Persia to the Caspian Sea and 
 the countries to the E. The town is abundantly supplied with 
 excellent water, but its sanitary condition is very bad. Manu- 
 factures comprise silk, woollen and leather goods, carpets, &c. 
 H. was for long the cap. of the extensive empire ruled by the 
 descendants of Timur ; and probably no city in central Asia 
 has sustained so many sieges, and been so often destroyed and 
 depopulated (in former times it is said to have contained 100,000 
 inhabitants) ; the present city is believed to be the seventh 
 
 occupying the same site. In 1863 it was finally taken by the 
 Amir of Afghanistan, in whose hands it has since remained ; 
 and its fortifications and defences have lately been materially 
 strengthened. A carriage road has recently been constructed 
 from H. to Meshed, a distance of 230 m. Owing to the diffi- 
 culties upon the direct routes between H. and Kabul, caravans 
 prefer the longer journey by Kandahar. The inhabitants are 
 chiefly of the Persian race ; the number of true Afghans is in- 
 considerable. Alt. 3026 ft. (Curzon). P. 12,000, besides large 
 garrison. 
 
 Heran, Persia. See Haran. 
 
 H^ranlt, maritime dep. , in the S. of France, forming the NW. 
 ct. of the Gulf of Lions, divided into four arrs. : Montpellier, 
 cap., B6ziers, Lodeve, and Saint-Pons. The surface of the 
 dep. is varied. From the sandy shore of the Mediterranean rise 
 two isolated hills, the Pilier de Saint-Clair, and the small ex- 
 tinct volcano of Saint-Loup (formerly an islet at the mouth of 
 the riv. H. ). Beyond this sandy tract lie a series of pools {itangs) 
 (the chief being those of Thau, Frontignan, Maguelonne, P^rols, 
 and Mauguio), communicating with the sea by means of channels, 
 locally called graus, and in the SE. the two freshwater but in- 
 salubrious pools of Capestang and Vendres. Beyond these pools 
 again extend plains and hills, and finally in the NW. rise the 
 Monts de I'Espinousse (including a peak, above the source of 
 the Agout, alt. 3680 ft., the highest summit of the dep.), the 
 Garrigues, and a portion of the high plateau of Larzac. Follow- 
 ing the coast from SW. to NE., the rivers of the dep. are the 
 Aude (which merely touches the frontier), Orb, and H^rault. 
 Climate of the Mediterranean type [Montpellier]. Principal 
 cereals wheat and oats, the production of which per acre is, 
 however, much under the average for France. The production 
 of wine, on the other hand, is still greater than in any other 
 dep., though the vineyards have suffered severely from the 
 phylloxera (average, 1869-78, 244 million gallons; 1890, 132 
 million gallons). Silkworms are reared, and the olive cultivated. 
 The principal mineral resources are coal (Graissessac basin) and 
 sea-salt. There are mineral waters at Lamalou, Balaruc-les- 
 Bains (near Cette), Montmajou (comm. of Cazouls-16s-B6ziers), 
 and Fontcaude (comm. Juvignac). The chief manufacture is 
 that of brandy ; coarse cloths (Lodeve and Clermont) and soap 
 are also manufactured. Area, 2403 sq. m. P. (1891) 461,700. 
 See France, table. 
 
 H^rault, riv. , France, rises in the Cevennes, dep. Gard, flows 
 on the whole SSW. , and enters the Mediterranean near Agde, 
 to which town it is navigable for steamers. Mean discharge 
 1800 cubic ft. per second, in flood 130,000 cubic ft ; area of 
 basin, 1120 sq. m.; length, 122 m. Navigable to Bessan, 6^m. 
 
 Herbern, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Liiding- 
 hausen, 16 m. S. Miinster. P. (comm.)<30oo. 
 
 Herbert, div. , Cape Colony, Griqualand W. , on the Orange 
 and Vaal Rivs.; has productive salt-pan. 
 
 Herbert, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Waitaki co. , 14 
 m. SW. Oamaru. P. < 1500. 
 
 Herbert, co. , Queensland, between the E. ct. and the Burde- 
 kin R. , crossed in the N. by 20° S. 
 
 Herbert, co. , S. Australia, crossed in the W. by 139° E. , to 
 the N. of 33° S. 
 
 Herberton, tin-mining tp. , Queensland, Card well co. , 50 m. 
 SW. Cairns, with which it is to be connected by rail. Tin was 
 discovered May 1879, and important lodes are now being de- 
 veloped ; in the immediate neighbourhood gold, silver, antimony, 
 lead, and copper are abundant. Alt. 3000 ft. P. <I500. 
 
 Herbertstaohe, seat of govt, of the Bismarck Archipelago 
 and the German Solomon Is., on Blanche Bay, NE. end of 
 Neu-Pommern (New Britain). 
 
 Hcrbertstowu, Ire., NE. co. and 11 m. SSE. Limerick, 
 bar. Smallcounty, 6 m. from Boher stn., P.O. 
 
 Herbertrille, vil., Canada. See Labarre. 
 
 HerbertTllle, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Patangata 
 CO., 89 m. from Napier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Herbesthal, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Aix, circle and 
 dist. Eupen ; near are zinc and lead mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Herb Lake, Canada, in the N. of Saskatchewan dist. , crossed 
 by 99^° W. , drained E. by Grass R. into Setting Lake. 
 
 Herblay, comm., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, on the Seine, 
 arr. Versailles, 12J m. NW. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <20oo. 
 
 Herblers, Le.s, comm., France, dep. Vendue, arr. La Roche- 
 sur-Yon, 35 m. SE. Nantes. P. <2000. 
 
 Herbiers, important silver-lead mines, France, dep. Savoie, 
 near Modane. 
 
 HerbUIon, comm., Algeria, on the coast, 23 m. NW. by W. 
 Bona. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Herbolzlielm, urban comm. , Ger. , gd. -duchy of Baden, circle 
 and 16 m. N. by W. Freiburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Herborn, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle and on the 
 riv. Dill, 23 m. WSW. Marburg. P. <4000. 
 
 Herbrandston, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 2J m. WNW. 
 Milford, P.O. (Herbrandstone). P. <;soo. 
 
 Herbsleben, market-tn. , Ger. , duchy Saxe-Koburg-Gotha, on 
 the Unstrut R., circle and 13 m. NNE. Gotha. P. <3000. 
 
 667 
 
H E R C 
 
 H ERM 
 
 Herchen, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle and on the riv. Sieg, 
 26 m. SE. by E. Cologne, and 18 m. E. by N. Bonn. P. (comm.) 
 <4000. 
 
 Hercalesbad, Hungary. See Uleliddia. 
 
 Herculis Partus, tn. , Italy. See Porto Ercole. 
 
 Hercynlau Forest {Hercynia Silva, Hercynius Saltus), a 
 name used by the ancients to denote the wooded mountain or 
 highland region N. of the upper and middle Danube, some- 
 times to include the whole region from the Black Forest to the 
 Sudetes inclusive. The root is believed by some to survive in 
 the name of the Harz Mts. 
 
 Herczegfalra, comm. , Hungary, co. Fejdr, dist. SArbogard. 
 P. 7300. 
 
 Herdalii, vil., Prussia, circle and dist. Breslau. P. <3000. 
 
 Herdecke, or Herdegge, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 
 govt, and 29 m. W. Arnsberg, circle Hagen, on the Ruhr, at 
 head of navigation ; has superior sandstone. P. <4O0O. 
 
 Herdorf, viL , Prussia, govt. Koblenz, circle Altenkirchen, dist. 
 Daaden ; has iron-mines and smelting furnaces. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Herdtfeld, bleak tableland, Ger., Wiirtemberg, between 
 the Kocher and the Eger. 
 
 Herdnbreld, mt. , Iceland. See Herthnbreltb. 
 
 Heredla, tn., Costa Rica, 6 m. NW. San Jose. Alt 
 3785 ft. 
 
 Hereford, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Compton co. , 105 m. ESE. 
 Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hereford ('the ford of the army.' See Har), pari. bor. 
 (i member), old mun. bor., and market-tn., Eng., Herefordshire, 
 on the riv. Wye, and the G. W. R., L. & NW. R., and M. R., 
 12 m. S. by E. Leominster ; seat of a bishop ; with manu- 
 factures of encaustic tiles, leather. H. has a grammar-school 
 (endowed with several scholarships), a blue-coat and freemen's 
 sons' school, and the Conyngsby hospital. In the time of 
 Athelstan H. was fortified ; its castle was dismantled in 1652. 
 The cathedral was commenced by Bishop Lozing in 1079. 
 Market-days, W. and S. P. (1801)6800; (1851)12,100; (1871) 
 15,900 ; (1891) 20,300. 
 
 Herefordshire, co., Eng., on the Welsh border, partly 
 bounded on the N. by Shropshire, and on the S. by Monmouth- 
 shire, in the diocese of Hereford, with the exception of small por- 
 tions in the dioceses of Worcester, Llandaff, and Gloucester and 
 Bristol ; cap. Hereford ; divided into the following pari. divs. : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 i Pop. 1 891. 
 
 N. or Leominster 
 
 S. or Ross 
 
 Hereford, pari. bor. . 
 
 276,071 
 
 256,261 
 
 5.031 
 
 45.810 
 49,872 
 20,267 
 
 Total (anct. and adminis. co. ) . 
 
 537.363 
 
 115.949 
 
 Surface undulating, mainly below 500 ft. in height, but rising to 
 more than 1000 ft. where there are ranges of hills stretching 
 from NW. to SE. , traversed in the same direction by the riv. 
 Dore, and now also by the Golden Valley Rly. The rocks are 
 mainly Old Red Sandstone, with small patches of Silurian in 
 the SE., and a more considerable area belonging to the same 
 system in the NW. , where the line of separation is approximately 
 marked by a line drawn from Ludlow (Shropshire) to Kington. 
 The chief rivers are the Wye, traversing the county from W. to 
 SE. , and its trib. the Lugg, which enters from the NW. , flowing 
 E. then on the whole S., entering the Wye E. of Hereford, 
 near the middle of the county. The G. W. R., M. R., and 
 L. & NW. R. all have lines running through the county in 
 connection with their systems. The orchards, which cover a 
 larger proportion of the surface (about 5 per cent. ) than in any 
 other county in England, yield good cider and perry, and 
 timber is abundant (woods and plantations nearly 7I per cent, 
 of the surface). H. is noted for its breed of oxen. For agriculture, 
 see Appendix, pp. 7-9. No minerals of economic importance. 
 H. formed a part of the ancient British Siluria, and was one of 
 the last provinces which submitted to the Saxons, under whom it 
 formed a part of Mercia. See England, table. 
 
 Hereford, Little, par., Eng., Herefordshire, on the r. bk. of 
 the riv. Teme, div. and 7 m. NE. by N. Leominster, close to 
 Easton Court stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hereford Inlet, U. S. , New Jersey, Cape May co. , on the E. 
 ct. , just to the N. of 39° N. 
 
 Hereberetne, or San Pablo, isls. , Pacific, in the S. of the 
 Tuamotu group, in about 145° W. , 19° 50' S. 
 
 Herek, tn. , Asia Minor. See Erbaa. 
 
 H<^r6nience, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, 4 m. SSE. Sion, in 
 the Val d'H^rens. P, (comm.) < 2000. 
 
 Her^ncla, comm., Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, 60 m. SE. by 
 E. Toledo. P. 5900. 
 
 HerencsTolgy, comm., Hungary, co. Zolyoni, dist. Nagy- 
 Szalatna. P. 6100. 
 
 Herendeen Bay, on N. side of Alaska Penin. , in 160° 50' W. , 
 connected by a railway, 13 m. in length, with Portage Bay on 
 the S. side. 
 668 
 
 H^rens, Ger. Erlng, valley, Switzd. , cant. Valais, traversed by 
 the Borgne, opening into the Rhine valley above Sion. 
 
 H6rent, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. and 2^ m. 
 NW. Louvain. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hercutbals, tn. Belgium, prov. and 19 m. E. by S. Antwerp, 
 arr. Turnhout. P. (comm.) 6100. 
 
 Herer, vil. , E. Africa, 80 m. WN W. Harrar. Alt. 2605 ft. 
 
 Herford, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 30 m. ESE. Osna- 
 briick, 8^ m. NE. Bielefeld, in circle H. P. 12,300; (comm.) 
 19,300. 
 
 Herglsdorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Merseburg, in 
 Mansfeld mountain circle, dist. Eisleben. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Herglswll, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 16 m. W. by N. Lucerne. 
 P. (comm. )<; 3000. 
 
 HerglSTvll, vil, Switzd., cant. Unterwalden (nid dem Wald), 
 5 m. S. Lucerne, at foot of Mount Pilatus. P. (comm.)<2ooo. 
 
 Hergla, tn., Tunis, on the S. shore of the Gulf of Hammamet, 
 55 m. SSE. Tunis. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hergott Springs, stn., S. Australia, on the G. N. R., 440 
 m. N. Adelaide, and 231 m. N. Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 H^rlcourt, comm. , France, dep. Haute-Saone, arr. Lure, 7 m. 
 SW. Belfort ; has manufactures of cottons, sacking, leather, &c. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Herlngen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Sangerhausen, 
 5 m. SE. Nordhausen. P. <3000. 
 
 Herlugsdorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, isl. of Usedom, 
 on the Baltic coast, 5 m. NW. by W. Swinemiinde. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Herlngton, city, U.S., Kansas, co. Dickinson, 72 m. WSW. 
 Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Herlnnes-lez'Enghlen, comm. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. 
 and 17 m. SW. Brussels. P. <40oo. 
 
 Herlnnes-lez-Pecq, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. 
 Tournay, on the Scheldt, 8 m. E. Roubaix. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Herlot, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Tuapeka co. , 106 m. 
 from Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Herlot, par., Scot., Midlothian, 9 m. SE. by S. Dalkeith, on 
 the N. B. R., P.O. ; 15,038 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Herlotfield, P.O., Scot. See Harrletfleld. 
 
 Herl-Rnd, or Hnry, riv. , the ancient Arius, riv., N. Afghan- 
 istan, rises in the Kuh-i-Baba, at about 12,000 ft. above sea-level, 
 flows W. in a broad valley to Herat, nearly 300 m. The great 
 dam near this diverts a considerable amount of the water into 
 canals for the irrigation of the fertile Herat valley. Lower down 
 the valley contracts, and the river flows in places in narrow defiles. 
 Near Kuhsan the river turns N. , and its valley is of very varying 
 width to Pul-i-Khatun, its channel being about 120 ft. broad. 
 The water is high during the winter months, but rapidly 
 diminishes, and in the summer only a reach of shallow water 
 is preserved in places between Kuhsan and Pul-i-Khatun, but 
 an underground stream exists. At the latter place the ciirrent 
 re-commences, fed by the Keshef Rud (from the W.) and 
 numerous abundant springs, and is again used for irrigation at 
 Sarakhs, where the supply is uninterrupted all the year round. 
 Beyond Sarakhs the river takes the name of Tejend, and flows 
 NW. until it is finally lost in marshes at the S. edge of the 
 Kara- kum desert. From Kuhsan to Sarakhs the river forms the 
 E. boundary of Persia. It abounds in fish. Length about 650 m. 
 
 Herlsaa, tn. , Switzd. , cant, and 7 m. N W. Appenzell, cap. 
 of the dist. Outer Rhodes ; has manufactures of muslin and cotton 
 embroideries, &c. At a distance of i m. are the sulphur baths 
 of Heinrichsbad. P. (comm.) 13,000. ' 
 
 Herlscbdorf, vil. , Ger. , Silesia. See Hlrschberg. 
 
 Herjaz, Elja, or Erjes, riv., rising in the Sierra de Gata, 
 Spain, prov. Salamanca, and entering the Tagus on its r. bk. 
 below Alcantara. It forms the boundary between Spain and 
 Portugal throughout the greater part of its course. 
 
 Herkimer, vil, U.S., New York, cap. H. co., 55 m. E. 
 Syracuse, and 13 m. ESE. Utica, on the Erie Canal and the 
 Mohawk R., at the influx of W. Canada Creek. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Hcrklngen, comm., Holland, on the former isl. of Over 
 Flakkee, prov. S. Holland, 22 m. SW. by W. Rotterdam. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Herlazhofen, vil. , Ger. , Wiirtemberg, circle of the Danube, 
 dist. Leutkirch. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Herllshelm, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle Hagenau, on 
 the Zorn R., 13 m. NE. by N. Strassburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Herlufsholm, seat of an academy, Denmark, Seeland, amt. 
 Soro. 
 
 Herm, one of the smaller Channel Is. , Eng. , 2^ m. E. from 
 the coast of Guernsey ; noted for the great variety of beautifully 
 coloured shells found on part of its beach. 
 
 Hernia Ness, cape, Scot., Shetland Is., Unst I., in the ex- 
 treme NW., in 60° 51' N. 
 
 Hermand New Houses, viL, Scot., Midlothian, W. Calder 
 par. P. <75o. 
 
 Hermann, tn., U.S., Missouri, cap. Gasconade co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Missouri, 66 m. W. St. Louis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hermann Mestetz, or Helrmannv Mestec, tn., Austria, 
 Bohemia, 20 m. SSW. Koniggratz. P. <5ooo. 
 
HERM — HERS 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 -^'^ califorh;^ 
 
 nerniauuskogcl, summit of the W^iener-wald, overlooking 
 Vienna from the NW. Alt. 1780 ft. 
 
 Herniauustadt, Hungarian Nagy-Szeben, tn., Hungary, 
 Tr^hsylvania, cap. H. co. , in the middle of a small but fertile 
 plain, on the Zibin, an affluent of the Aluta R. , which traverses 
 the Carpathians by the Roteturm Pass leading into Roumania, 
 70 m. W. by N. Kronstadt. It is enclosed by walls, a Greek 
 bishop's see, the headquarters of the military commandant of 
 Transylvania, the seat of a German university, and has many 
 museums, and manufactures of linen and woollen fabrics, felt, 
 hats, horn combs, earthenwares, and leather. Alt. 1360-1415 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 47.1° F., Jan. 23.8°, July 67.2° ; rfall. (28 yrs.), 
 25.94 in. P. (1850) 16,268 ; (1869)18,998; (1890)21,465. For 
 area and population of co. (in Hungarian Szeben), see 
 Hnugary. 
 
 Herniaunstrasse, Prussia, Rhine Prov. See Remsclield. 
 
 Herniano Peak, mt. , U.S., Colorado, La Plata co., 15 m. 
 NE. of the SW. corner of the state. 
 
 Bernianos, Los, group of small isls. in the Caribbean Sea, to 
 the N. of the W. point of Marguerita I. , belonging to Venezuela. 
 
 Hermansbarg, mission stn. , S. Africa, in N. of Natal. 
 
 Ilermanselfeii, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Arnau. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Hermaiius petrns fonteln. See Stanford, Cape Colony. 
 
 Hernietray, isl. , Scot., Inverness-shire, off the NE. ct. of N. 
 Uist, in 57° 39' N. 
 
 Herviinius, Mons. See Estrella, Sierra da. 
 
 Hernilonl, Greece. See Kastri. 
 
 Hermlston, vil. , Scot. , Midlothian, 5^ m. WSW. Edinburgh, 
 \ m. SSE. Gogar stn., P.O. 
 
 Hermit Islauds, S. Pacific. See Lap Islands. 
 
 Hermitage, eccles. par., Eng. , Berkshire, Hampstead Norris 
 par., on the G. W. R., 4 m. NNE. Newbury. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hermitage, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , 6^ m. S. Sher- 
 borne, 3^ m. ENE. Evershot stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Hermitage Bay, Newfoundland, on the S. ct., in 56° W. 
 
 Hermitage Castle, ruin, Scot., Roxburghshire, on H. Water 
 (r. bk. trib. of Liddel Water), one of the oldest baronial build- 
 ings of Scotland, with the largest and best preserved fortalice on 
 the Border. 
 
 Hermitage, L', hill, France, dep. Drome, on 1. bk. of the 
 Rhone near Tain (N. of Valence) ; produces excellent red wine. 
 
 Hermit's Hole, cavern, Eng., Culver Cliff, Isle of Wight, 2J 
 m. SE. Brading. 
 
 Hermou, tn. , U.S., Maine, Penobscot co. , 11 m. W. Bangor. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Hermon, vil. , U.S., New York, St. Lawrence co. , 92 m. NE. 
 Oswego, 20 m. SE. by S. Ogdensburg. P. <:i500. 
 
 Hermou Hill, Eng. , Essex. See Waustead. 
 
 Hermou (Hebrew, ' conspicuous mountain ridge '), Blount, 
 Arabic Jebel-esli-Shelkli, mt., Palestine, forming the S. 
 extremity of the chain of Anti-Lebanon ; Kasr Antar, a ruin on 
 the summit, is 9050 ft. above the sea. It is covered vrith snow 
 during the greater part of the year. 
 
 Hermou, Little, or Jebel-Diklil, is a much lower range, 
 25 m. SE. Acre, bounding the plain of Esdraelon on the E. , and 
 to which the name Hermon was first applied in the Middle Ages. 
 
 Hermosa, vil. , U.S., S. Dakota, Custer co., 70 m. NE. by 
 N. from the SW. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hennoso, Spanish, 'beautiful.' 
 
 Hermoslllo, or Pltic, city, Mexico, cap. state Sonora, on 
 the Sonora R. P. 7100. 
 
 Hermoupolis, seapt. , Greece, cap. and on the E. ct. of Syros 
 I., 78 m. SE. by E. Athens ; called in English consular reports, 
 &c. , Syra. It is the seat of a Greek archbishop, and of a Roman 
 Catholic bishop. Its central situation in the .lEgean makes it 
 an important calling-place of vessels in the Levant. At present 
 the greatest depth alongside of the quays in the harbour is 16 
 ft., but there is sufficient depth for large vessels to enter the 
 port, and great improvements are now in progress. P. 22,100. 
 
 Hermsdorf, Nleder, tn., SE. Prussia, Silesia, circle and 2 
 m. W. Waldenburg, with coal and iron mines. P. 6100. 
 
 Herudd, riv. , N. Hungary, which after an E. and S. course 
 of 120 m. joins the Theiss 18 m. SW. Tokay. Principal 
 affluents, the Tarcza and Sajo. In its lower part it separates 
 into two arms, which enclose an island 30 m. in length. 
 
 Heruals, suburb of Vienna, Austria, on the Alserbach. P. 
 (1869) 32,800 ; (1890) 74,700. 
 
 Heruandarlas, colony, Argentine Republic, Entre Rios, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Rio Parana, 46 m. NE. by E. Parand., in 31° 
 15' S. Mean temp. (8 yrs., 1877-84), yr. 67° F. , Jan. 78.9°, 
 July 55.6° ; mean rfall. (6 yrs.), 39.4 in. 
 
 Heruaudo, co., U.S., Florida, on the Gulf of Mexico, 
 crossed in the S. by 28^° N. 
 
 Hernando, city, U.S., Mississippi, De Soto co., 22 m. S. 
 Memphis (Tenn. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Heruanl, tn., Spain, prov. Guipuzcoa, 8 m. SE. San Sebas- 
 tian, on the Urumea. Here the British legion, under General 
 Evans, met with reverses in 1835 and 1837. P. <40oo. 
 
 Heme, or Uurn, Eng., Hampshire, on the L. & SW. R., 
 
 3^ m. NW. by N. Christchurch, included in the pari. bor. of 
 Christchurch. 
 
 Heme, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 5^ m. NNE. 
 Canterbury ; 4938 ac. P. 5500. 
 
 Heme, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Bochum, 11 m. 
 NE. by E. Essen ; has important coal-mines, powder-mills, and 
 manufactures of steam boilers. P. 12,400 ; comm. P. 13,900. 
 
 Heme Bay, watering-place, Eng., Kent, 1^ m. N. Heme, 
 on the L. C. & D. R. ; has a beach of excellent sand, and a 
 pier 3640 ft. long. P. <40oo. 
 
 Heme Hill, two eccles. pars., Eng., London, on the L. C. & 
 
 D. R., 4 m. S. St. Paul's, Lambeth par. P. 11,700. 
 Uemblll, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 3 m. E. Faversham, 
 
 2^ m. NNE. Selling stn. P. <iooo. 
 
 Heming, comm., Denmark, in the W. of Jutland, prov. 
 and 29 m. E. Ringkjobing. Mean temp., yr. 44.0° F., Feb. 
 30.8°, July 59.7°. 
 
 Herniisand, fishing tn., Sweden, prov. W. Norrland, on the 
 
 E. ct. , 28 m. NE. by E. Sundsvall, with large harbour (depth, 
 40-60 ft.) and good anchorage, also two public quays (length, 
 5500 ft., depth alongside, 13-17 ft.), in 62° 37' N., 18 E. Mean 
 temp., yr. 37.4° F., Feb. 18.0°, July 59.2°;- rfall. 20.67 in- 
 P. 5800. 
 
 Herodsfoot, eccles. par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Pinnock, 
 Duloe, and Lanreath pars., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Hero, Nortb, vil., U.S., Vermont, Grand Isle co. , on an isl. 
 in L. Champlain, which forms the township of N. H. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hero, South, vil. and tp., the township formed by an island 
 lying to the S. of N. Hero. P. < 1500. 
 
 Heron Bay, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 802 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Herongate, vil., Eng., Essex, Chelmsford div., j\ m. E. by 
 N. Romford, i m. NW. East Horndon stn., PM.O. 
 
 Heron Lake, U.S., Minnesota, Jackson co. , is about 10 m. 
 long by 2 m. wide, drained into Des Moines R. Alt. about 
 1400 ft. 
 
 Heronsgate, P.O., Eng., Hertfordshire, i m. W. Rick- 
 mansworth. 
 
 Herpelje, vil., Austria, Istria, 10 m. SE. by E. Trieste. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Herqne, Barranco de, ravine, Canary Is., Teneriffe, with a 
 grotto celebrated for its numerous mummies. 
 
 Herr, German, 'a lord,' Herren, 'lords.' 
 
 Herradura, roadstead and harb. , Chile, prov. and immediately 
 S. of the Bay of Coquimbo ; on its N. shore are the copper- 
 works of Guayacan. 
 
 Herradura (Spanish, 'horse-shoe'), fort and harb., Spain, 
 on the coast of Granada, on the Mediterranean, in the W. 
 vicinity of Motril. 
 
 Herradurra, Punta, cape, Costa Rica, at the entrance to 
 the Gulf of Nicoya. 
 
 Herrenalb, vil. , Ger. , Wiirtemberg, dist. Neuenbtirg, on the 
 borders of Baden, and on riv. Alb, in a valley of the Black Forest ; 
 a climatic health resort amidst pine woods. Near stood the once 
 celebrated monastery of H. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Herrenberg, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, Black Forest 
 circle, 18 m. SW. by W. Stuttgart. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Herrengrund, Hungarian Urvolgy, vil. , Hungary, co. Sohl, 
 dist. Neusohl; has copper-mines. P. < 2000. 
 
 Herreubausen, vil., Prussia, dist. Hanover. P. < 3000. 
 
 Herreusohr, col., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Trier, circle 
 Saarbriicken, dist. Sulzbach. P. <30oo. 
 
 Herrera, comm., Spain, prov. Seville, dist. Estepa. P. 5600. 
 
 Herrera.del-Dnqne, the ancient Leuciana, tn., Spain, 
 prov. and 97 m. S. Badajoz, near the Guadiana. P. <400o. 
 
 Herrlard, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 4 m. SSE. 
 Basingstoke, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Herrles, dist. , Scot. See Harris. 
 
 Herriugby, vil., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 5 m. WNW. 
 Yarmouth, 3 m. E. Acle stn. See Stokesby. 
 
 Herring Cove, vil., Canada. See Brooklyn. 
 
 Herriugfleet, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 5 m. WNW. 
 Lowestoft, with a stn. (H. June.) on the G. E. R. P. <:25o. 
 
 HerrlngSMell, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 6 m. 
 NE. Newmarket, 2 m. NE. by N. Kennet stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Herrington, East and Middle, and Tfest, two adjoining 
 pars., Eng., Durham, Houghton-le-Spring div., 4 m. SW. 
 Sunderland, 2 m. SE. by S. Cox Green stn., P.O. (East H.). 
 H. East and Middle, P. <:25o ; West H. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Herrmanstadt, tn. , Austria, Silesia, dist. Zuckmantel. P. 
 <:300o. 
 
 Herrnhut, or Hermbutta, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 13 J m. 
 SW. Gorlitz ; inhabited by Moravians (a religious sect, so called 
 from having been founded by two Moravian cutlers in 1722) ; 
 and from its having been always the headquarters of that sect, 
 the latter are called in Germany Hernhutter. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Herrustadt, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Guhrau, on the 
 Bartsch R., 27 m. E. by S. Glogau. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hersbruck, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle Fran- 
 conia, circle H., 15 m. ENE. Nuremberg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 669 
 
HERS 
 
 H ES L 
 
 Herscbeld, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Altena, 25 
 m. E. by S. Barmen, 5 m. SE. by E. Liidenscheid. P. <4000. 
 
 Herscliel, viL , Cape Colony, H. div. (in the angle between 
 the Orange R. and Basuto-land), 22 m. E. by N. AUwal North. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Herscbel, Mount, one of the mts. discovered, Jan. 15, 1841, 
 by Capt. J. A. Ross on Victoria Land, in the Antarctic regions. 
 
 Herscbell, another name of the Darling range, W. 
 Australia. 
 
 Hersek, vil., Asia Minor, on the S. side of the Gulf of Ismid, 
 35 m. SE. Constantinople. 
 
 Hersey, viL, U.S., Michigan, Osceola co., on the Muskegon 
 R., 80 m. W. by N. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hersfeld, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, on the riv. Fulda, 
 32 m. SSE. Kassel ; has manufactures of cloth and cigars, and 
 tan-yards ; cap. circle H. P. 6800. 
 
 Hersbam, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, Epsom div., 5 J m. 
 SW. by W. Kingston, with a stn. (Walton and H.) on the 
 L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. <35oo. 
 
 Hersselt, comm. , Belgium, prov. Antwerp, arr. Turnhout. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Herstal ('the place of the army'), comm., Belgium, prov. 
 Liege, on the Meuse, arr. and 3 m. NE. Lifege; has iron and 
 steel works and coal-mines. P. 14,200. 
 
 Herstmonceanx. See Harstmonceanx. 
 
 Herston, P.O., Eng., Dorsetshire, 4 m. SE. Corfe Castle. 
 See Suranage. 
 
 Herta, comm., Roumania, prov. Dorohoi, 19 m. SE. by E. 
 Czernowitz. P. <30oo. 
 
 Herten, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Munster, circle 
 and dist. Recklinghausen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Hertford (probably from Heortsford, ' the ford of harts '), an 
 old mun. bor. (till 1885 also a pari, bor.) and par., Eng,, Hert- 
 fordshire, H. div., in a fertile valley, at the confluence of the 
 Maran and the Lee, 11 m. E. by N. St. Albans, on the G. E. 
 and G. N. Rlys. ; essentially an agricultural town ; no manu- 
 factures of importance. The castle, built by Edward the Elder 
 to resist the Danes, is now a private residence, containing, how- 
 ever, only fragments of the wall of the old edifice. Two miles SE. 
 is Haileybury College, founded in 1806 by the East India Co. 
 as a training school for its civil service, now a public school. 
 Market-day, S. Meanrfall. (Bayfordbury, alt. 250 ft., 1866-80), 
 27 in. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 3400; (1851) 6600; (1801) 7200; 
 (1891) 7500; par. P. 6400; pari. div. P. 54,600. 
 
 Hertford, co., U.S., North Carolina, N. of 36° N., crossed 
 by 77° W. 
 
 Hertfordsblre (formerly spelt also Hartfordshire, as it is still 
 commonly pronounced), co. , Eng., N. of London, from which 
 it is separated only by a portion of Middlesex, mainly in the 
 diocese of St. Albans, but with small portions in the dioceses 
 of Ely, London, and Oxford ; cap. Hertford ; other principal 
 towns, St. Albans, Barnet, Cheshunt, Hitchin, Watford, and 
 Ware ; divided into the following parL divs. : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 N. or Hitchin 
 E. or Hertford , 
 Mid or St. Albans 
 W. or Watford . 
 
 156,775 
 81,620 
 
 100,625 
 67,141 
 
 48,437 
 54.574 
 53,261 
 63,890 
 
 Totals . 
 
 406,161 
 
 220,162 
 
 1 The administrative county includes also the part of E. Barnet Valley 
 and part of Barnet, urban sanitary dists. in the ancient county of Midde- 
 sex. Area, 406,932 ac. P. 224,550. 
 
 Surface for the most part gently undulating, except in the W. , 
 where it approaches the Chiltern Hills, and in an isolated rising 
 in the NE. below 500 ft. in height. Belongs mainly to the 
 Upper Cretaceous rocks, which give place in the SE. , S. , and in 
 isolated patches in the SW. , to the London clay. The principal 
 rivers are the Lee and Colne, with their tribs. The main lines 
 of the L. & NW. R., M. R., G. N. R., and G. E. R. (to 
 Cambridge), and part of the Grand Junction Cahal, all traverses 
 the county. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. 
 The principal manufactures are straw-plait, silk, and paper, 
 together with brewing, tanning, currying, parchment-making, 
 brick, tile, and earthenware making, coach-building, and lace- 
 making. Apart from brick-earth, H. has no minerals of great 
 economic importance. In 896 a severe contest took place in 
 this county between King Alfred and the Danes, and during 
 the Wars of the Roses three great battles, two at St. Albans, 
 one at Barnet, were fought here. See England, table. 
 
 Hertba, isl. , North Sea. See Helgoland. 
 
 Uertbnbreltb, or Herdabreld ('the broad-shouldered'), 
 mtn., Iceland, NE. of Askja. It is about 8 or 10 m. long, with 
 sheer perpendicular cliffs rising about 2000 ft. to the base of the 
 cone summit. It is said to be of volcanic formation, but has 
 never been in eruption. Alt. 5447 ft. 
 
 Hertln, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Eipel. P. <3ooo. 
 670 
 
 Hertlngfordbnry, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, on the Maran, 
 div. and i^ m. W. Hertford, on the Hertford branch of the 
 G. N. R. , PM. O. P. <: 1000 ; eccles. par. (H. wltb Letty Green) 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Hertog, Dutch, Herzog, German, ' a duke.' 
 
 s'Hertogenboscb,orBol8leDne,tn., Netherlands, cap. prov. 
 Brabant, at the confluence of the Dommel and the Aa ; seat of 
 a bishop ; with manufactures of cloth, hats, ribbons, thread, 
 needles, and cutlery — its cutlery and woollens formerly very 
 celebrated. The fortifications, now dismantled, consisted of a 
 citadel and two forts. The town was founded in 1184 by 
 Godfrey III., Duke of Brabant. The defeat here of the Dutch 
 in 1585 decided the fate of Antwerp. P. comm. (1876) 24,500 ; 
 (1889) 27,000. 
 
 Hertzo, isl. , Sweden, prov. Norbotten, in the Gulf of Bothnia, 
 E. Lulea. Length about 10 m. 
 
 H^rvas, tn. , Spain, prov. Caceres, 44 m. SE. by E. Ciudad 
 Rodrigo. P. < 5000. 
 
 Herve, comm. , Belgium, prov. Li^ge, arr. and 5 m. NW. 
 Verviers. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Herrey Bay, between Sandy Cape and Bundaberg, on the 
 E. ct. of Queensland, crossed by 25° S. 
 
 Hervey Hill, electoral div. , Ire., Londonderry, dist. Kilrea. 
 
 Hervey Inlet, Canada, Ontario, an inlet on the E. side of 
 Georgian Bay, in 45° 50' ^f. 
 
 HerTey Islands, a group in the Pacific. See Cook Islands. 
 
 HerM-en en Aerdt, comm., Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, 
 II m. SE. Arnhem. P. <4000. 
 
 Herxbelm, comm. , Ger. , Bavarian Palatinate, circle Landau, 
 16 m. SW. by S. Spires. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Herzberg, viL, Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Osterode, 19 
 m. ENE. Gottingen ; has manufactures of arms and woollen 
 goods, and rearing of canaries. P. <4000. 
 
 Herzberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Schweinitz, 14 
 m. NE. Torgau. P. < 4000. 
 
 Herzebrock, vil. , Pnissia, prov. Westphalia, circle Wieden- 
 briick, 29 m. SSE. Osnabriick. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Herzfeld, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Munster, 
 circle and dist. Beckum. P. <3000. 
 
 Herzfelde, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Nieder- 
 barnim, dist. Altlandsburg. P. <:3000. 
 
 Herzog, German, ' a duke.' See Hertog. 
 
 Herzogeuanracb, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Fran- 
 conia, circle Hochstadt, 22 m. S. Bamberg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Herzogenbncbsee, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 8 m. E. by S. 
 Solothurn; has Roman antiquities. P. (comm.) < 3000. 
 
 Herzogenratb ('the duke's cleared land'), market-tn., 
 Prussia, in the W. of the Rhine Prov. , circle and 7 m. N. Aix-la- 
 Chapelle ; has coal-mines, freestone quarries, and iron and glass 
 works, and manufacttu-e of looking-glasses. P. (comm. ) <4000. 
 
 Hesb^n, ruins, Palestine, Heshbon in the O. T., 31° 48' N., 
 35° 48' E. , 35 m. E. Jerusalem. 
 
 Hesbaye, dist., central Belgium, N, of the Meuse, now 
 forming parts of the provs. Li^ge, Limburg, and Namur. It is a 
 Vast plain of very fertile calcareous soil Cap. was Waremme. 
 
 Hesdlu, fortified tn., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, on the 
 Canche, arr. Montreuil, 21 m. NNE. Abbeville. Taken from 
 the Spaniards by Louis XIII. in 1639, and definitely secured to 
 France in 1659 by the treaty of the Pyrenees. P. <30oo. 
 
 Hese, or Hees, Teutonic, ' a hedge ' or ' thicket,' 
 
 Heshbon, place named in O. T. See Hesb&n. 
 
 Hesket, post-tn., Victoria, Bourke co., on a trib. of Monu- 
 ment Creek, 57 m. NW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 ' Hesket, Low, P.O., Eng., Cumberland, 10 m. SE. by S. 
 Carlisle. 
 
 Hesketb Park, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire, on the W. Lanca- 
 shire and Liverpool, Southport and Preston June. Rly., near 
 Southport. 
 
 Hesketb wltb Becconsall, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Chorley 
 div., at the mouth of the Douglas, 6| m. SW. Preston, with stn. 
 (Hesketb Bank) on the Southport and Preston June. Rly.; 
 4736 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hesket In tbe Forest, par., Eng., Cumberland, on rivs, 
 Petterill and Eden, 9 m. NW. Penrith ; 16,399 ac. P, <20oo, 
 
 Hesket Newmarket, P.O., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div,, 
 on the Caldew, lo^ m. NNE, Keswick, 7^ m. NNW. Trout- 
 beck stn. 
 
 Hesk Fell, hill, Eng,, Ctimberland, Egremont div., 16^ m. 
 N. by W. Barrow. 
 
 Heskln, par., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., 7 m, NW. by 
 N. Wigan, 7.\ m. WNW, CoppuU stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Heslacb, suburb of Stuttgart, Ger. , Wiirtemberg. P. 7300. 
 
 Hesleden, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, W, Riding, on the NE. R., 
 4 m. NE. Skipton. 
 
 Heslerton, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 9^ m. SW. Scarborough, 
 with a stn. on the NE. R. East H. P. <25o ; West H. , PM.D. , 
 P. <:250. 
 
 Hesleybnrst, par., Eng., Northumberland, -^ m. SE. Roth- 
 bury. P. <250. 
 
HESL— HEVI 
 
 Hesllngton (' the dwelling among hazels'), par., Eng., York- 
 shire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div., 2 m. ESE. York stn., P.O. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Hespeler, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Waterloo co. , 27 m. NW. 
 by W. Hamilton, on the riv. Speed, and a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hessay, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk and Malton 
 div., 5i m. W. by N. York, on the NE. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Hesse, or Hesse-Darmstadt, in German Hessen (origin of 
 name ' Hesse' differently explained, and doubtful: either Hassen 
 = Chatten ; or hattr = (English) hat, from peculiar ancient head- 
 gear; or hassen = woodmen, hunters), gd. -duchy, W, Ger., in 
 size and population sixth state of the German Empire (g.v.). 
 It consists of two separate parts, situated respectively S. (provs. 
 of Starkenburg and Rheinhessen) and N. (prov. of Oberhessen) 
 of the riv. Main. The surface of the soil varies greatly, Ober- 
 hessen and E. Starkenburg being mountainous (Vogelsberg with 
 Taufstein, 2530 ft. ; Odenwald with Melibocus, 1700 ft.), whilst 
 W. Starkenburg and Rheinhessen form part of the Rhine Plain 
 (' Oberrheinische Tiefebene'). The principal river of H.-D. is 
 the Rhine, all other rivers being tributary to it, with the excep- 
 tion of those rising N. and E. of the Vogelsberg, which flow to 
 the Weser. The climate differs considerably ; it is mild in the 
 Rhine Plain, and bleak on the heights of the Odenwald and 
 Vogelsberg. H.-D. is principally an agricultural country ; 49J 
 per cent, of its area is cultivated soil, which is very productive, 
 and eminently adapted for the cultivation of cereals, potatoes, 
 and vegetables. Excellent wines are produced in Rheinhessen 
 (Bingen, Oppenheim, Mayence) and on the western slopes of 
 the Odenwald (Bergstrasse). Forests cover not less than 31 per 
 cent, of the surface of H.-D. , oaks, beeches, and pines being the 
 principal trees. Cattle-rearing is of considerable importance. 
 The mineral production of H.-D. is limited, salt being worked 
 at Ludwigshall, Bad-Nauheim, and Theodorshall, and lignite 
 and iron ores occurring at various places in Oberhessen. In- 
 dustrial centres of importance are Mayence and Darmstadt 
 (cap. of H.-D.), the principal manufactures being leather goods, 
 furniture, machinery, beer, chemical products, tobacco, and 
 cigars. Two-thirds of the inhabitants are Protestants, one- 
 third Roman Catholics. There is a university at Giessen, and 
 a technical high-school at Darmstadt. Founder of the present 
 reigning line is George I. (a.d. 1567). During the Thirty 
 Years' War H.-D. suffered greatly. After having joined the 
 Confederation of the Rhine, H.-D. was made a gd.-duchy in 
 1806. Since 1871 it has belonged to the Cerman Empire 
 (q.v.). [H.G.S.] 
 
 Hesselo, small isl., Denmark, off the N. ct. of Seeland, about 
 56° 12' N., 11° 42' E.; surrounded by dangerous sandbanks. 
 
 Hessen, vil., Ger., duchy Brunswick, circle and 14 m. SE. 
 Wolfenbiittel. P. <:3000. 
 
 Hesse^Nassau, prov., Prussia, situated in W. Ger., N. of 
 the riv. Main, and between the rivs. Rhine and Werra. It is 
 mountainous and hilly; Taunus (Grosser Feldberg, 2890 ft.), 
 Westerwald (Fuchskanten, 2155 ft.), Rhongebirge (Wasser- 
 kuppe, 3115 ft.), and in the northern parts of the prov. the 
 so-called Hessian Mts., consisting of a number of isolated 
 mountain groups (Meissner, 2460 ft.; Kaufungerwald, 2100 ft.; 
 Knull Mts., 2085 ft., &c.). All rivers of H.-N. are tribs. of 
 the Rhine and Weser. The climate is that of central Germany. 
 Agriculture and cattle-rearing are of considerable importance, 
 39^ per cent, of the surface of H.-N. being cultivated soil, and 
 16 per cent, pastures and meadows. Timber is plentiful, H.-N. 
 having more forests (40 per cent, of its total area) than any 
 other prov. of Prussia ; the principal trees are beeches, oaks, 
 and conifers. Excellent wines are produced in the ' Rheingau ' 
 (Hochheim, Johannisberg, Riidesheim). The mineral produc- 
 tion of H.-N. is considerable. Large iron ore deposits occur 
 on the Lahn between Dietz and Wetzlar, and on the Dill, near 
 Dillenburg. On the Lahn are also found manganese ores and 
 argentiferous lead ores. Wealden coal occurs near Rinteln, 
 and lignite in the Kaufungerwald and Habichtswald. Clay of 
 excellent quality is found at Grossalmerode. Mineral waters 
 occur at various places, the brine springs of Wiesbaden and 
 the soda-bicarbonate springs of Ems being famous. Manu- 
 facturing industries are of importance in various parts of the 
 prov., the principal manufactures being machinery, pottery, 
 leather goods, iron ware, chemicals, and textiles. The cap. of 
 H.-N. is Kassel. Other towns of importance are Wiesbaden, 
 Frankfurt on the Main, Hanau, Homburg, Fulda, and Mar- 
 burg (university). H.-N. comprises a number of formerly in- 
 dependent German states, viz. , the electorate of Hesse, the duchy 
 of Nassau, the landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg, and the free 
 imperial city of Frankfurt. See Germany, table. [H. €■. S.] 
 
 Hessen Bay, Ger. New Guinea, in the W. of Huon Bay, in 
 about 147° 5' E., 7° 18' S. 
 
 Hesseuford, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cornwall, par. and 3 m. SW. 
 St. Germans, P.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Hessett, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, 5 m. SE. Bury St. Edmunds. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Hessle (hes'el, or h6z'el, 'the place of hazels'), par., Eng., 
 Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div., on the Humber, and 
 
 NE. R., 4 m. W. by S. Hull, and partly in the bor. of Kings- 
 ton upon Hull, PMT.O. P. <30oo. 
 
 Hessler, vil., Prussia, govt. Arnsberg, dist. Gelsenkirchen. 
 P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Hessle with HlU*Top, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 5 
 m. SE. Wakefield. P.<soo. 
 
 Hest, par. , Eng. See Slyne. 
 
 Hest Bank, watering-place, Eng., Lancashire, div, and 3 m. 
 N. by W. Lancaster, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 
 Heston, par. , Eng. , Middlesex, Brentford div. , 12 m. W. by 
 S. St. PaiJ's, London, i m. NNW. H. Hounslow stn. , on the 
 Metropolitan Dist. Rly. P. 10,400; urban sanitary dist. (H. 
 with Isleworth) P. 26,300. 
 
 Hestonville, suburb of Philadelphia, U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 adjoining George's Hill. 
 
 Heswall -with Oldfleld, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 
 6 m. SW. by S. Birkenhead, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <isoo. 
 
 Hetch-Hetchy Valley, transverse valley of the Sierra Nevada, 
 U.S. , California, just S. of 38° N. , and N. of the Yosemite Valley, 
 to which it has many resemblances ; drained into the great gorge 
 of the Tuolumne R. 
 
 Heteren, comm., Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, 7 m. WSW. 
 Arnhem. P. <4000. 
 
 Hethe, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Woodstock div. , 7 m. WSW. 
 Buckingham, 4 m. N. by W. Marsh Gibbon and Poundon stn., 
 P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Hethel, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 6 m. SW. Norwich, 2J 
 m. S. by W. Hethersett stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hethersett, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 5 m. WSW. 
 Norwich, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. < 1500; eccles. par. 
 (H. with Canteloff) P. < 1500. 
 
 Hethersglll, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 9 m. 
 NE. by N. Carlisle, 6 m. ENE. Lyneside stn. ; 5465 ac. P. < 
 750. See Klrkllntou. 
 
 Hett, par., Eng., co. and 3 J m. S. Durham, Mid div., i m. 
 SE. Croxdale stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hettinger, co., U.S., N. Dakota, on the S. frontier, between 
 102^ and 103° W. 
 
 Hetton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div. , 17^ 
 m. NNE. Burnley, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Hetton, South, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, adjoining 
 Hetton-le-Hole, in Haswell par., on NE. R., PMT.O. P. < 
 2500. 
 
 Hetton-le-Hole, par., Eng., Durham, Houghton-le-Spring 
 div., 5^ m. NE. by E. Durham, with a stn. (Hetton) on the 
 NE. R.; numerous coal-mines. P. 12,700. 
 
 Hettstedt, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, Mansfeld, mountain 
 circle, 9 m. N. by W. Eisleben, with copper-works, and mines 
 of argentiferous copper ore. P. 8200. 
 
 Heugh, in Scotch place-names. See Haugh. 
 
 Hengh, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 11 m. NNW. 
 Hexham, i^ m. SSE. Redesmouth stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Heukelnm, tn., Holland, prov. S. Holland, on the Linge, 
 15 m. S. by W. Utrecht. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Henle, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 2 m. 
 WNW. Courtray. P. < 5000. 
 
 Heamar, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Mijlheim, 5 m. 
 E. by S. Cologne. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Heung-hal, tn., Korea, 65 m. N. by E. Fusan, on the E. 
 ct. , in 36° 4' N. 
 
 Heung-shan, tn., China, prov. Kwangtung, 23 m. NW. by 
 N. Macao. 
 
 Hensden, tn. , Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the Maas, 8 m. 
 WNW. s'Hertogenbosch. P. (comm. ) 2000. See Mense. 
 
 Heuvelton, vil., U.S., New York, St. Lawrence co., on 
 Oswegatchie R., 108 m. W. Burlington (Vt.), 6 m. SE. Ogdens- 
 burg. P. < 1500. 
 
 H^ye, Cap de la, ancient Caletorum Promontorium, cape, 
 France, dep. Seine-Infdrieure, at the mouth of the Seine, 2 m. 
 NW. Havre. 
 
 Heven, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Hattingen, 9^ 
 m. SW. by W. Dortmund, i m. N. of the Ruhr. P. (comm.) 5100. 
 
 Hevenlngham, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 19J m. SW. 
 Lowestoft, 4I m. SW. Halesworth, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hever, par., Eng., Kent, on the Eden, div. and 7* m. W. 
 by S. Tunbridge, i m. NE. of its stn. on the L. B. & S. C. R., 
 PM.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Hevera, isl, Scot., Shetland Is., Bressay par. P. 24. 
 
 H<;verl^, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Louvain. 
 P. <: 5000. 
 
 Heyersham with Mllnthorpe, par., Eng., Westmorland, 
 div. and 6| m. S. by W. Kendal, with a stn. (H.) on the 
 Furness Rly. , P. O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Heves, CO. , central Hungary, crossed in the E. by the Theiss 
 just before that river turns S. ; cap. Erlau (Eger). 
 
 Heves, comm., Hungary, co. H., 23 m. S. by W. Erlau. 
 P. 7300. 
 
 Hevlngham, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 12J m. S. by 
 W. Cromer, 2i m. W. Buxton Lamas stn., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 671 
 
HEVN — HICK 
 
 Heme, comm., Norway, prov. S. Trondhjem, on the W. 
 ct. , 40 m. W. by S. Trondhjem. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hevrelsfleld, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean 
 div. , 6 m. NNE. Chepstow, 2 m. ENE. Tintern stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 He>vett Cbannel, Eng. See St. Nicholas Gat. 
 
 Hewlslt, P.O., Eng., Somerset, 6i m. N. Axbridge. 
 
 Hcwlttvllle, tn. , Queensland. See Emu Park. 
 
 Heworth (yu'worth), par., Eng., N. Durham, partly included 
 in Gateshead bor.; has shipbuilding yards, chemical works, 
 paper-making, and coal-mining. P.O. P. 18,500. 
 
 Hewortta, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, partly included 
 in bor. of York. P. <75o. 
 
 HexgreaYC, Eng. See Farnsfield. 
 
 Hexbam, market-tn. and par., Eng., Northumberland, H. 
 div., on the Tyne, 20 ra. W. Newcastle, on the NE. R. and 
 N. B. R. Has ruins of the old priory church of St. Wilfrid 
 (now known as H. Abbey), built towards the close of the 7th 
 century. The church had in the Middle Ages the privilege of 
 sanctuary, and 2ifridstool, the sitting on which made the right 
 of sanctuary peciiliarly sacred, so that no money atonement was 
 accepted for its breach, is still preserved there. From 675 to 
 the early part of the 9th century H. was the seat of a bishop, 
 but the bishopric was then merged in that of Lindisfarne, and 
 afterwards with it in that of Durham. It is now included in 
 the see of Newcastle. A dist. round H. , known as Hexbam- 
 sblre, was a separate liberty till about the close of the i6th 
 century, when it was united to Northumberland. Near the 
 town the Yorkists defeated the Lancastrians in 1463. The 
 town has manufactures of tan gloves and hats, and there are 
 barytes and coal-mines near. Market-days, Tu. and S. Town 
 (urban sanitary dist.) 5136 ac, P. 5900; pars. H., 6924 ac, P. 
 5900 ; H. Hlgb <lnarter, 6539 ac. , P. <:2So ; H. Low Quarter, 
 P. <:Soo; H. Middle Quarter, 4222 ac, P. <25o; H. West 
 Quarter, P. <:25o; pari. div. P. (1891) 51,600. 
 
 Hexbam, post-tn.. New South Wales, Maitland co., 8 m. by 
 rail NW. Newcastle, on the r. bk. of the Hunter R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hexbam, post-tn., Victoria, Villiers co., 51 m. SSW. Ararat. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Hexbamsblre Common, upland tract, Eng. , Hexham div. 
 of Northumberland, about 6 m. S. Hexham. 
 
 Hex RlTer, small riv., Cape Colony, flows S. into the Breede, 
 which it joins a little below Worcester. H. Valley ('witches' 
 valley'), so called by the original Dutch settlers on account of 
 its concealed situation, is a picturesque gorge, through which the 
 railway to Kimberley passes. 
 
 Hextable, PMT.O. , Eng., Kent, Sutton at Hone par., near 
 Swanley Junction. 
 
 Hextborpe, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the Don, 
 div. and i m. SW. by W. Doncaster stn. See Balby. 
 
 Hexton, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 6^ m. N. 
 by E. Luton, 5 m. W. Hitchin stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Hexwortby, hamlet, Eng. , Devonshire, Lidford par. , 6 m. 
 N. Tavistock ; has tin ore. 
 
 Hey, or Lees, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, included in the 
 pari. bor. of and 2 m. E. Oldham, PMT.O. (New H.). P. <40oo. 
 
 Heybrldge, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., on the Black- 
 water and Chelmer navigation, ^ m. NE. Maldon, PMT.O. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Heydeu, Prussia, Rhine Prov. See Rbeydt. 
 
 Heydon, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 7 m. W. by N. Saffron 
 Walden, 5 m. W. by S. Great Chesterford stn., PMT.O. P. < 
 250 ; eccles. par. (H. wltb Little Cblsball) P. <500. 
 
 Heydon, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 11^ m. SW. Cromer, 
 2 m. S. Corpusty and Saxthorpe stn., P.O. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (H. wltb Irmlngland) P. <25o. 
 
 Heyduke, or Halduck, towns. See Hajdu. 
 
 Heyfleld, post-tn., Victoria, Tanjil co., 18 m. NW. by W. 
 Sale. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Heyfleld, Upper, Victoria. See Cowwarr. 
 
 Heyford, Lower and Upper, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., on the Cherwell, 6 m. NE. by N. 
 Woodstock, with a stn. (Heyford) on the G. W. R., PM.O. 
 (Heyford). Lower H. P. <75o; Upper H., P.O., P. <soo; 
 eccles. par. (Upper H., or H. Warren) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Heyford, Netber and Upper, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 6 m. W. by S. Northampton. 
 Nether H., P.O., P.<:iooo; Upper H. P. <250. 
 
 Heybouses, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 4^^ m. SE. 
 Clitheroe. P. <25o. 
 
 Hey Houses by tbe Sea, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, div. 
 and 5 m. SSE. Blackpool, i m. N. Ansdell stn. P. <3000. 
 
 Heylor, PT.O., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Northmaven 
 par., on Ronas Voe, 10^ m. SW. by S. of the N. end of the 
 mainland. 
 
 Heyop, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 8^ m. N. by E. New 
 Radnor, i^ m. W. Knucklas stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Heysbam, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, on the coast, div. and 4 m. 
 W. by S. Lancaster. P. < 1000. 
 
 Heysbott, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 10 m. NW. 
 Arundel, i^ m. E. Cocking stn. P. <soo. 
 672 
 
 Heyslde, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Prestwich par., 2 m. 
 N. Oldham, P.O. P. 5500. 
 
 Heyst, fishing comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, on the 
 coast, arr. and 8 m. N. by E. Bruges. A large harbour, protected 
 by a breakwater 1420 yards long, is about to be constructed 
 here, with a view to the connection of H. with Bruges by a ship- 
 canal. P. <30oo. 
 
 Heyst-op-den-lterg, comm., Belgium, prov. Antwerp, arr. 
 Malines. P. 5300. 
 
 Heytesbury, par. (was a pari. bor. returning two members 
 until 1832), Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div. , io| m. SSE. Trow- 
 bridge, on the G. W. R. , PMT.O.; 5203 ac. P. <iooo ; eccles. 
 par. (H. Mltb Tytberlngton and Knook) P. < 1000. 
 
 Heytesbury, co. , Victoria, on the S. ct. , crossed by 143° E. 
 
 Hytbrop and Duntbrop, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Banbury 
 div., 9^ m., NW. by N. Woodstock, 2 m. E. by N. Chipping 
 Norton. P. <5oo. 
 
 Heytor ('high-tor'), conspicuous granite height of Dartmoor 
 Forest, Eng., Devon, 14 m. SW. Exeter, 5 m. S. Moreton 
 Hampstead ; supplied the material for London Bridge and 
 other public works. 
 
 Heywood, mun. bor. (since i88i), Eng., Lancashire, H. 
 div., 3^ m. E. Bury, on the L. & Y. R., and a branch of the 
 Rochdale Canal ; with manufactures of power-looms, iron and 
 brass founding, boiler-making, railway wagon works, india- 
 rubber and boot factories, and all branches of the cotton- 
 spinning and manufacturing industry. The Free Libraries 
 Act was adopted in 1873, and subsequently the Public Baths 
 and Washhouses Acts. A municipal technical school has been 
 erected. P. (1871)21,200; (1891)23,200; pari. div. P. 56,800. 
 
 Heywood, eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 4 m. 
 SSE. Trowbridge, i m. E. by N. Westbury stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Heywood, post-tn. , Victoria, Normanby co. , 17 m. N. Port- 
 land. P. < 1500. 
 
 Heywortb, vil., U.S., Illinois, McLean co., 40 m. SE. 
 Peoria. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hezron, mountain mentioned in the O. T., in the S. of Pales- 
 tine, probably the Jebel Hadlreb. 
 
 Hia, Chinese prefix, 'lower.' 
 
 Hlamen, isl. , China. See Amoy. 
 
 Hlaolo, people, China. See Hoklo. 
 
 Hlaqnl, riv. , Mexico. See ¥aqul. 
 
 Hlarnoe, isl., Denmark, off the E. ct. of Jutland, at the 
 entrance to Bay of Horsens. 
 
 Hla-tlen, vil., China, prov. Pechili, NE. of Peking ; has an 
 imperial palace. 
 
 Hla'wassee Hirer, U.S., Georgia and Tennessee, flows NW. 
 for about 130 m. into the Tennessee R., 12 m. SW. Decatur 
 (Tenn. ) ; navigable by steamers 20 m. up. 
 
 Hiawatha, city, U.S., Kansas, Brown co., 32 m. NW. 
 Atchison. P. < 3000. 
 
 Hiawatha, tp., U.S., Michigan, Schoolcraft co. (N. of Lake 
 Michigan). P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlbaldstow, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 13^ 
 m. NE. by E. Gainsborough, 3^ m. SSW. Brigg, i m. S. by E. 
 of its stn. (Scawby and Hlbaldstow) on the M. S. & L. R. , 
 P.O.; 4557 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hlbara, vil., Japan, prov. Iwashiro, at the head of Lake H., 
 formed after the last eruption of Bandai-san ; part of the old 
 village in the lake. 
 
 Hlbbs Point, cape, Tasmania, on the W. ct. , in 42° 39' S. 
 
 Hihernia. See Ireland. 
 
 Hlbernla, viL, U.S., New Jersey, Morris co., 18 m. W. by 
 N. Peterson, and 12 m. N. Morristown; has iron ore mines. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Hlcacos, Cape, Cuba, on the N. ct., in 8i° 5' W. 
 Hlcarou, isl. See Jlcarou. 
 
 Hlckleton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 5I m. 
 W. by N. Doncaster, 2^ m. SE. Frickley stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Hlckllng, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 2 m. from the NE. 
 ct., 13 m. NW. by N. Yarmouth, t.\ m. E. by N. Catfield stn., 
 PM. O. ; 4244 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hlckllng* par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Newark div. , lo m. 
 SE. Nottingham, 2 m. NE. Upper Broughton stn., PM.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Hickman, co. , U. S. , Kentucky, in the SW. , bounded on the 
 W. by the Ohio, S. of 37° N. 
 
 Hickman, tn., U.S., Kentucky, cap. Fulton co., on the 
 L bk. of the riv. Ohio, 142 m. W. by N. Nashville (Tenn.). 
 
 p <2000. 
 
 Hickman, co., U.S., Tennessee, S. of 36° N., E. of 88° W. 
 
 Hickory, co. , U.S. , Missouri, E. of 94° W. , crossed by 38" N. 
 
 Hickory, tn., U.S., in the W. of N. Carolina, Catawba co., 
 61 m. W. Sahsbury. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Hlcksford, vil. , U.S., Virginia, cap. Greenville co., on the 
 Meherrin R., 60 m. S. Richmond. P. <:i500. 
 
 HlckSTllle, vil, U.S., New York, on Oyster Bay, Queen's 
 CO., 24 m. E. Brooklyn by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 HlckSTllle, vil., U.S., Ohio, Defiance co., 69 m. WSW. 
 Toledo. P. < 3000. 
 
H I D A — H I GH 
 
 Hlda, a kuni or old prov. now included in Gifu ken, Japan. 
 
 Hidalgo, an interior state of Mexico (since 1869), on the 
 plateau of Anahuac and its NE. slopes (rivs. Pate-Piunco, 
 Desague, Lake Metztitlan, &c.); very mountainous (Sierra 
 Madre), NE. ; large fertile plains, S.; populous; important 
 mining region (Real or Mineral del Monte, yielding one-third 
 of all the silver of Mexico). See Mexico, table, &c. 
 
 Hidalgo, tn., Mexico, Tamaulipas, 128 m. SSE. Monterey. 
 
 Hidalgo, CO., U.S., Texas, in the S., crossed by 98° W., 
 bounded on the S. by the Rio Grande. 
 
 Hidalgo del Parral, Mexico. See Parral. 
 
 Hldcote Bartrlm, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 2 m. N. 
 Chipping Camden. P. <2So. 
 
 Hlddeiisiie, or Hlddeusee, narrow isl. , io| m. long, off the 
 NW. of Rtigen I. , Prussia, mostly flat peat-land. 
 
 Hlehlsb NarroM'S. See Flnlayson Cbaunel. 
 
 Hlel-zan, mt. , Japan, a few miles N. Kyoto, commanding a 
 magnificent view of the valley of Kyoto and of Lake Biwa. 
 
 Hlemes, tn. , France. See Exmes. 
 
 Hie?i, or Hsien, Chinese, ' district city.' 
 
 Hlendelaenclna, tn., Spain, New Castile, prov. Guadala- 
 jara, 60 m. NE. Madrid, on the S. slopes of the Sierra de 
 Guadarrama. In the surrounding mountains are the most pro- 
 ductive mines of argentiferous lead in Spain, opened in 1843. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Hleudley (hind'll), South, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 div. and 6 m. NE. Barnsley, i^ m. SE. Ryhill stn., 2 m. E. 
 Royston stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Hleii Fung, mt., E. Korea, lat. 40° 20' N. Alt. 8104 ft. 
 
 Hiera, isl. , Italy. See Marlttlmo. 
 
 Hlerakarlon, Greece. See Gerakarlon. 
 
 Hlerakl, or Cerakl, cape, Greece, in the SE. of Zante I. 
 
 Hlerapetra, Turkey. See Kastell. 
 
 Ulerl.sos, seapt., Turkey in Europe, prov. Salonica, on the 
 Gulf of H. (at the W. end of the penin. of Athos, N. side), 24 m. 
 S. of the mouth of the Struma ; the only accessible point on the 
 E. coast of Hagion Oros ; place of embarkation for Thasos I. 
 and the port of Kavala. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hleronda, tn. , Asia Minor, near the W. ct. , prov. and dist. 
 Aidin, in 37° 46' N. Near are the magnificent ruins of the 
 temple of Didymean Apollo, the shrine of one of the most 
 celebrated oracles of Asia Minor. 
 
 Hierosolyma, city. See Jerusalem. 
 
 Hlerro, isl. See Ferro. 
 
 Hlerro, Cabezas de. See Guadarrama, Sierra de. 
 
 Hlesfeld, \'il. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Diisseldorf, circle 
 Miilheim, dist. Dinslaken. P. <4000. 
 
 Hle-she-ehln, tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, on the SE. ct. , 
 on Hie-shi-chin Bay, 73 m. SW. by W. Swatow. 
 
 Hletzlng, or Hlezlng Harla, comm. , Lower Austria, a 
 suburb of Vienna. P. (1875)2800; (1890)44,000. 
 
 Hlgashl-l-wase, small port, Japan, on the NW. ct. of Hon- 
 shiu, 120 m. SW. Niigata. P. 6200. 
 
 Hlgbee, tn., U.S., Missouri, Randolph co., 10 m. SW. 
 Moberly. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlggannm, vil. , U.S., Connecticut, Middlesex co. , 24 m. SE. 
 Hartford by rail, with large manufactory of agricultural imple- 
 ments. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlgglnsport, vil., U.S., Ohio, Brovm co., on the Ohio, 35 m. 
 SE. by E. Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 HlgglnsTllle, vil., U.S., Missouri, La Fayette co., 48 m. E. 
 Kansas City. The lower coal-measures are exposed only in the 
 low-lying portions of the dist. along the streams, and the maxi- 
 mum thickness penetrated at any one point is about 225 ft. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Hlgliam, meteorological stn. , Eng. See Cockermontb. 
 
 Hlgham, PM.O., Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div., 5J m. E. 
 Matlock, li m. S. Stretton stn. 
 
 Hlgliam'^ par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 2^ m. NNW. 
 Rochester, i m. N. of its stn. on the SE. R., PT.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hlgham, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 10 m. SW. 
 by W. Ipswich, 3^ m. SW. by S. Raydon stn., on G. E. R., 
 
 P.O. P.<2SO. 
 
 Hlgham I>ykes, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck 
 div., on the Blyth, 7^ m. SW. by S. Morpeth, 5 m. S. by E. 
 Meldon stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Hlgham Ferrers (in Domesday Book Hecham), mun. bor. 
 (since the i6th century, a new charter granted in 1880), 
 and market-tn., Eng., E. div. of Northamptonshire, 5 m. 
 E. Wellingborough, i.\ m. S. of its stn. (H. F. and Irthllng- 
 borongh) on the L. & NW. R. Principal manufacturing in- 
 dustry, boot and shoe making. The town takes its second name 
 from William Ferrers, Earl of Derby, who founded a castle here. 
 PMT.O. Mun. bor. P. <20oo; eccles. par. (H. F. with 
 Cbelveston) P. <25oo. 
 
 Hlgham Gohlon, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, div. and ^\ m. 
 N. Luton, 4I m. E. by N. Harlington stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Hlgham (ireen, eccles. par., Eng., Suffolk, Gazeley par., 
 ^\ m. N E. Newmarket, with a stn. (Hlgham) on the G. E. R. , 
 P.O. (Hlgham). P.<5oo. 
 673 
 
 Hlgham on the Hill, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 
 S m. SSW. Bosworth, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. P. <7SO. 
 
 Hlgham Park, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, 3^ ra. SE. 
 Higham Ferrers. P. <2So. 
 
 Hlghampton, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock div. , 14 m. 
 S. by E. Bideford, 4 m. NE. by E. Halwill June. , P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Hlghams Park, stn., Eng., formerly Hale End {q.v.). 
 
 Hlgham -with West Close Booth, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, 
 Chtheroe div. , 3 m. N W. Burnley, P. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 High Beech, eccles. par. , Eng. , Essex, Epping div. , 8 J m. 
 NW. Romford, am. NW. Loughton stn. , P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 High Bluff, vil. , Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R. , 
 49 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlghbray, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 8 m. E. by N. 
 Barnstaple, 3I m. N. by E. Filleigh stn. ; 4013 ac. P. ^250. 
 
 Hlghbrldge, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., on the 
 Brue, 7 m. N. by E. Bridgwater, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 High Bridge, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Hunterdon co. , on 
 Baritan R. , 54 m. W. New York ; has large iron-works. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Hlghbrook, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, W. Hoathly par. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Highbury, subxu-b of London, Eng., Middlesex, Islington 
 par., ■2.\ m. N. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Highbury and Islington, stn. , Eng. , London, on the N. L. 
 R., 2 m. N. St. Paul's. 
 
 High Church, par. , Eng. See Tranwell. 
 
 Hlghclere, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 5 m. SW. 
 by S. Newbury, on the G. W. R., PT.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 HlghcUffe, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Christchurch and 
 Milton pars., 2 m. E. Christchurch, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 High Cross, eccles. par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Standon par. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 High Edge. See Heage. 
 
 High Falls, vil., U.S., New York, Ulster co., on Rondout 
 R., 12 m. WNW. Poughkeepsie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlghfleld, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Hants, 10 m. from 
 Newport Station, and 16 m. from Windsor. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Hlghfleld, P.O., Eng., Hampshire, near Southampton. 
 
 Hlghfleld, PMT.O., Eng., Lancashire, 1 m. from Pem- 
 berton stn. 
 
 Hlghfleld, P.O., Eng., Oxfordshire, i m. from Headington. 
 
 High Field, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, near Selby,. 
 on NE. R. 
 
 Hlghgate, vil., Canada, Ontario, Kent co., 45 m. SW. 
 London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlghgate, two eccles. pars. , Eng. , Middlesex, Hornsey div. ,. 
 5 m. NNW. London Bridge, on the G. N. R. Mean rfall. 
 (1866-80), 27 in. P. <:45oo and <:5ooo. 
 
 Hlghgate, Eng. , Norfolk. See Ciaywood. 
 
 Hlghgate, tn. and summer resort, U.S., Vermont, on Missis- 
 quoi Bay (Lake Champlain), near the N. frontier of the state, 
 with sulphurous mineral springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hlghgate Hill, eccles. par. , Eng. , co. of London, Islington 
 par. P. 6700. 
 
 Hlghgate Road, stn., Eng., London, on the Hampstead 
 June. Rly. , 3^ m. N W. by N. St. Paul's, i m. S. Highgate. 
 
 High Ccreen, P. O. , Eng. , co. and 6 m. SW. Worcester. 
 
 High Green, PM.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 8i m. N. 
 Sheffield. 
 
 Hlghhead, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cumberland. See Iveglll. 
 
 High Island, isl. , Ire. , off W. ct. Galway, in 53° 33' N. 
 
 High Island, Pacific. See Rewalwal. 
 
 Highland, city, U.S., Illinois, Madison co., 30 m. E. by N> 
 St. Louis (Mo.) ; has a Roman Cathohc university. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Highland, vil., U.S., New York, Ulster co., on Hudson R., 
 opposite Poughkeepsie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Highland, co., U.S., Ohio, in the SW., N. of 39° N., and 
 E. of 84° W. 
 
 Highland, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne CO., towards 
 the NE. of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Highland, co., U.S., Virginia, NW. frontier, N. of 38° N. 
 
 Highland, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Iowa co., 41 m. NNE. 
 Dubuque (Iowa). P. < 1500. 
 
 Highland Falls, vil., U.S., New York, Orange co., on the 
 r. bk. of Hudson R. , 25 m. S. Poughkeepsie. P. <;3000. 
 
 Hlghlandman, stn., Scot., W. Perthshire, on the C. R., li 
 m. SE. by E. Crieff. 
 
 Highland Park, city, U.S., Illinois, Lake co., on Lake 
 Michigan, 22 m. N. Chicago. P. <:3000. 
 
 Hlgliland Hallway, rly., Scot., the main line starting at 
 Perth and ascending the valley of the Garry [q.v.), and then 
 after crossing the Grampians proceeding to Forres, Inverness, 
 Dingwall, Wick, and Thurso ; chief branches from Forres to 
 Keith and Portessie, and Dingwall to Strome Ferry (Dingwall 
 and Skye line). 
 
 Highlands, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, co. Carleton, 9 
 m. from Florenceville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Highlands, name given to all the mountainous region ot> 
 
 2 U 
 
HIGH 
 
 HILL 
 
 Scotland extending N. from the depression of Strathmore. See 
 Scotland. 
 
 Highlands, city, U.S., Colorado, Arapahoe CO., W. subtirb 
 of Denver. P. 5200. 
 
 Highlands, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Monmouth co., on the 
 S. end of Sandy Hook Bay, 20 m. S. Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlglilands, U.S., name given to the heights of the coast of 
 New Jersey extending from Sandy Hook to Raritan Channel. 
 
 Highlands, U.S., name given to the mountainous dist. of 
 the state of New York {g.v.). 
 
 Highland Springs, alkaline springs in Lake co. , California, 
 U.S., NW. Sacramento. 
 
 Hlghlandtown, vil., U.S., Maryland, Baltimore co. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 High Lane, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, Stockport par., 8 J 
 m. NE. Macclesfield, on M. S. & L. R., P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 HlghlaiTS, par., Eng., Northumberland, on riv. Wansbeck, 
 8 m. W. Morpeth. P. <;25o. 
 
 Hlghlaws, High and Low, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 3 
 m. NW. Morpeth. P. <250. 
 
 Hlghleadon, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean 
 div. , 4^ m. NW. Gloucester, on the Hereford and Gloucester 
 Canal. P. <25o. 
 
 Hlghley, par. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , 7J m. N W. by W. 
 Kidderminster, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Hlghley St. Mary, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, on riv. Exe, 2 m. 
 NW. Bamptdn. P. <25o. 
 
 Highlight, par. , Wales, Glamorganshire, 7^ m. SW. Cardiff. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Hlghlow, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, 4 m. SE. Hope. P. <:25o. 
 
 Hlghmoor, eccles. par., Eng., Oxfordshire, 4J m. NW. 
 Henlev-on-Thames, P.O. (Hlghmore Cross). P. <5oo. 
 
 Highmoor Hill. See Caldlcot. 
 
 Highmore, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Hyde co., 45 m. E. by N. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlghnam, Orer, and Linton, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, 
 Tewkesbury div., 2^ m. WNW. Gloucester, close to Barbers 
 Bridge stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 High Peak, pari, div., Eng., in the NW. of Derbyshire. 
 P. 60,700. 
 
 High Peak Junction, P.O., Eng., Derbyshire, i m. from 
 Lea Bridge. 
 
 High Pinnacle, mt. , U.S., N. Carolina, in the W., in the 
 Black Mts. , 203 m. W. Raleigh. Alt. 5690 ft. (Guyot). 
 
 High Point, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Guilford co., 34 ra. NE. 
 Salisbury. P. < 1500. 
 
 High Seat, hill, Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 3 J m. SSE. 
 Keswick. Height, 1996 ft. 
 
 High Seat, mt. , Eng. , Yorkshire, on the W. border of the N. 
 Riding, 14 m. SE. by S. Appleby. 
 
 High Shields, stn. , Eng. , Durham. See Shields. 
 
 High Spen, PM.O. , Eng., Durham, Chester-le-Street div., 
 7| m. WSW. Newcastle, ij m. WNW. Rolands Gill stn. 
 
 High Spire, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Dauphin co., on the 
 Susquehanna R. , 7 m. (by rail) SE. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 High Stile, hill, Eng., Ciunberland, Egremont div., 9J m. 
 SW. Keswick. 
 
 High Street, mt. ridge, Eng. , W^estmorland, extending NNE. 
 from near the head of Windermere Lake to near Penrith ; a 
 Roman road runs along the ridge. 
 
 Hlghtae, vil. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, 2^ m. SSE. Lochmaben, 
 on the r. blc. of the Annan, P.O. 
 
 Hlghton, post-vil., Victoria, Grant co., 48^ m. SW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlghtown, P.O., Eng., i m. from Hednesford, near Stafford. 
 
 Hlghtown, stn., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 8^ m. SW. by 
 S. Southport, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Hightown, PMT.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3 m. W. 
 Birstal. 
 
 Hlghtstown, bor., U.S., New Jersey, Mercer co., 13 m. E. 
 by N. Trenton. P. < 2000. 
 
 Hlghnrst Wood, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, Buxted par. 
 
 P. <7SO- 
 
 Highway, vil., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 9 m. SW. 
 by W. Swindon, 3^ m. NE. Calne. See Bremhlll. 
 
 Hlghweek, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Ashburton div. , 6 m. W. 
 Teignmouth, i m. W. Newton Abbot stn. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Hlghwood, Wrlttle, eccles. par., Eng., Essex, div. and 4J 
 m. WSW. Chelmsford, 3 m. N. by W. Ingatestone stn., P.O. 
 P.<7So. 
 
 Hlghworth, small tn. and par., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade 
 div., 6i m. NNE. Swindon, on a branch of the G. W. R. , 
 PMT.O. Market-day, W. 8399 ac. P. < 3000; eccles. par. 
 (H. with Serenhampton) P. <25oo. 
 
 Hlgo, a kuni or old prov. now included in Kumamoto ken, 
 Japan. 
 
 Higner, El, cape, Spain, prov. Guipiizcoa, to the NW. of the 
 mouth of the Bidassoa, at entrance to harbour of Fuenterrabia. 
 
 Hlgaera, tn. , Chile, prov. and 30 m. N. Coquimbo. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 674 
 
 Hlgaera, Isla de la, or Isla Christina, vil., Spain, prov. 
 and 22 m. WSW. Huelva, with a natural harbour between the 
 rivs. Guadiana and Odiel, on the Mediterranean. 
 
 Hlgnera la Keal, comm. , Spain, Estremadura, prov. 
 Badajoz, dist. Fregenal de la Sierra. P. 5400. 
 
 Hlgnerote, seapt. .Venezuela, Miranda, on the inlet called Port 
 (Puerto) Carenero, 55 m. E. Caracas ; exports cacao. 
 
 Hljar, tn. , Spain, prov. Teruel, 40 m. SE. by S. Zaragoza. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 HJjlll, sea-coast division of Midnapur dist., Bengal, Brit. 
 India, extending from the mouth of the Riipnardyan along the 
 W. bank of the Hugh to the N. boundary of Balasor dist. 
 
 Hljr (or Hejr), El, Arabia. See Hedyln Sallh. 
 
 Hlklda, tn. , Japan, N. ct. of Shikoku, near the E. end, on a 
 creek of the Inland Sea. P. <5oc)o. 
 
 Hlkone, tn. , Japan, 35 m. ENE. Kyoto, on the eastern shore 
 of the beautiful Lake Biwa, with remains of a fine feudal castle, 
 formerly the seat of a Daimyo. P. 18,400. 
 
 Hlknrangi (' ascending to heaven'), one of the volcanoes of 
 the highlands of Waikato, New Zealand, North I. 
 
 Hlkwa, Llkwa, Rnkwa, or Leopold, an almost unknown 
 lake of central Africa, between Lakes Tanganyika and Nyassa, 
 intersected by lat. 8° S. It was discovered by Thomson in 
 1885, who named it Leopold. Water dark in colour, and very 
 salt and ammoniacal ; fish numerous. It is believed to be about 
 80-100 m. in length, has no outlet, and is evidently the shrunken 
 vestige of a much greater lake. Length about 120 m. ; average 
 breadth about 12 m. Alt. 2900 ft. (Johnston, dp.). 
 
 Hllbeck, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 7 m. ESE. 
 Appleby, 2 m. NE. by E. Great Musgrave stn. P. <25o. See 
 Brongh. 
 
 Hllhersdorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. 
 Chemnitz. P. < 5000. 
 
 HUhorough, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 18 m. SE. 
 King's Lynn, 6 m. W. Watton stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hllbre, isls. and point. See Helbre. 
 
 HUchenhach, tn., Prussia, WestphaUa, govt. Arnsberg, 
 circle and 8 m. NNE. Siegen, 50 m. E. Cologne, on the 
 Westerwald ; near are important iron-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hlldasay, islet, Scot. , Shetland Is. , about 2 m. off the W. 
 ct. of the mainland, Tingwall par., in 60° 8' N. 
 
 Hlldbarghauseu, tn. , Ger. , duchy Saxe-Meiningen, circle H. , 
 on the Werra R. , 16 m. SE. by E. Meiningen ; has manufactures 
 of papier-mach6 goods, scientific instruments, and agricultural 
 implements. P. 6000. 
 
 Hllden, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle and 8 m. SE. by E. 
 Diisseldorf. P. < 5000. 
 
 Hlldenborongh, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, div. and 2 m. 
 NW. by W. Tunbridge, i m. NE. of its stn. on the SE. R.. 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlldenley, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 2 m. W. New 
 Mai ton. P. <2So. 
 
 Hlldershani, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, Newmarket div. , 7J m. 
 SE. Cambridge, ij m. E. Lords Bridge stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Hllderstone, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, 7 m. N. by 
 E. Stafford, 3^ m. E. Stone June, PM.O. (Hllderstone). 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Hllderthorpe, ct. par. and viL, Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Buckrose div. , i m. S. BridUngton ; resorted to for sea-bathing. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Hlldesay, isl. , Scot. , Shetland Is. , Tingwall par. P. 30. 
 
 Hlldeshelm, tn., Prussia, prov. and 18 m. SE. by S. 
 Hanover, cap. circle H. It has a cathedral, with beautiful 
 bronze doors of nth century; deaf-mute and lunatic asylums, 
 the latter occupying the old abbey of St. Michael ; and a trade 
 in coarse linen cloths and yarns, and large cattle fairs. It is an 
 old town, and was one of the original members of the Han- 
 seatic League. P. (1871) 20,800; P. (1890) 33,500. 
 
 Hllfleld, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 8 m. S. Sher- 
 borne, 2J m. E. by N. Evershot stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Hllgard Deep, a longitudinal depression in the bed of the 
 Pacific Ocean extending from 4° N. to 10° S. lat., intersected 
 by the meridian of 180". Greatest recorded depth, 19,865 ft. 
 Charted by the American Tuscarora scientific expedition in 
 1876, and named after one of the officers. 
 
 Hllgay, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 14 m. S. King's 
 Lynn, with a stn. (H. Fen) on the G. E. R., PM.O.; 6816 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Hill, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , 7 m. W. 
 by N. Wotton-under-Edge, z\ °i- N. Thornbury stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 7 m. SW. 
 by W. Tamworth, close to Four Oaks stn. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Hill, par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 4^ m. NW. 
 Evesham, i^ m. NW. Fladbury stn. P. <:3000. 
 
 Hill, vil, U.S., Tennessee, Hamilton co. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hill, CO., U.S., Texas, crossed by 32° N. and by 97° W., 
 bounded on the W. by the Brazos R. 
 
 HlUa, tn. , Asiatic Turkey. See Hllle. 
 
 Hlllam, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 
H I L L — H I L T 
 
 div. , 12J m. ENE. Wakefield, 2 m. NE. Burton Salmon stn. 
 P. <:soo. 
 
 Hill and Moor, par., Eng., Worcestershire, i^ m. SW. 
 Fladbury. P. <5oo. 
 
 limbeck, Eng. , Westmorland. See Hllbeck. 
 
 Hill City, gold and silver mining vil., U.S., S. Dakota, 
 Pennington CO., in the Black Hills, about 25 m. NE. Custer. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Hillcrest, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 422 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Hill Cruome, par., Eng., Worcestershire, 2 m. E. Upton- 
 on-Severn. P. < 250. 
 
 Hill Deverlll, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, 3^ m. S. Warminster. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Hllle, isl. , Norway. See Stavanger. 
 
 Hllle, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Minden, 30 m. 
 E. by N. Osnabriick. P. < 3000. 
 
 Hllle, or Hllla, tn., Asiatic Turkey, on the r. bk. of the 
 Euphrates, vilayet and 63 m. S. Bagdad, sanjak H. , nearly 
 opposite and a little to the S. of the ruins of I3abylon. It is 
 enclosed by earth ramparts and a ditch, entered by four gates, 
 and has a citadel. Manufactures of silks and tanneries. It is 
 comparatively healthy. P. 30,000; Moham. 29,500 {26,000 
 Sunnite — Cuinet). 
 
 Hlllegerslierg, coram., Holland, prov. S. Holland, 2^ m. 
 N. by W. Rotterdam. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hlllebolt, vil., Denmark, on the E. ct. of Seeland, Faxe 
 Bay, prov. Masto, 36 m. SW. by S. Copenhagen. 
 
 Hill End, gold-mining tp. , New South Wales, WelUngton 
 CO., 25 m. NNW. Bathurst. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hillend, PT.O., Scot., Fifeshire, ij m. NE. Inverkeithing. 
 
 Hlllend Beserrolr, Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, 4 m. E. by 
 N. Airdrie. 
 
 Hlllerod, tn., Denmark, in the NE. of Seeland, prov. 
 Frederiksborg, 14 m. WSW. Elsinore. P. <4000. 
 
 Hlllesdeii(hllz'den), par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 3 
 m. S. by W. Buckingham, 2 m. NW. Claydon stn. P. ■C250. 
 
 Hlllesley (hllz'li), eccles. par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Hawkes- 
 bury par., 33 m. NE. Wickwar stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hill Farrauce, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington 
 div., 4^ m. W. Taunton, 2^ m. ESE. Milverton stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 HlllgroTe, gold-mining tp. , New South Wales, Sandon co. , 
 on Baker's Creek, 389 m. N. Sydney. P. of dist. 4000. 
 
 Hlllhampton, par., Eng., Worcestershire, 7^ m. NW, 
 Worcester. P. <25o. See Wltley, Great. 
 
 Hillhead, a NW. suburb of Glasgow, Scot. P. 7700. 
 
 Hlllliead, Scot. , Lanarkshire. See Faskliie. 
 
 HlUbouse, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the W. Lancashire 
 and Liverpool, Southport and Preston June. Rly. See Altcar. 
 
 Hllller Bay, W. Australia, on the S. ct., in 117° E. 
 
 Hllllngdon, par., Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge div., 6 m. 
 WSW. Harrow, close to Uxbridge stn., PMT.O., and PM.O. 
 (H. lleatb) ; 4885 ac. P. 10,800. 
 
 Hllllngton, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 7 m. ENE. 
 King's Lynn, on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 HUUngton, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 6^ m. SE. by E. 
 Norwich, 3 m. SW. by W. Cantley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hlllmartou, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 10 m. 
 SW. by W. Swindon, 3 m. NE. Calne, P.O.; 5311 ac. P. 
 
 <IOOO. 
 
 Hlllmorton, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 2J m. 
 ESE. Rugby, PMT.O. P.<isoo. 
 
 Hill of Beatb, mining vil. , Scot. , Fifeshire, Beath par. , lo^ 
 m. N W. Crossgates stn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hill of DoM-n, rly. stn. and electoral div., Ire., co. Meath, 
 bar. Upper Moyfenrath, 11 m. SW. by W. Trim, on M. G. W. 
 R., PMT.O. 
 
 Hill Rld-vvare, P.O., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 6 m. 
 NNW. Lichfield, 2 m. E. by S. Rugeley (Trent Valley) stn. 
 
 Hill RiTer, Brit. N. America. See Hayes Blver. 
 
 Hlllsboro, CO. , U.S. , Florida, on the Gulf of Mexico, crossed 
 by 28° N. 
 
 Hlllsboro, vil., U.S., Illinois, Montgomery co., 52 m. NE. 
 St. Louis (Mo.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hlllsboro, coal-mining vil., U.S., Iowa, Lee co. (in the ex- 
 treme SE. of the state). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hlllsboro, city, U.S. , Kansas, Marion co. , 98 m. SW. by W. 
 Topeka. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hlllsboro, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, H. co., 2 m. from H. 
 Bridge stn. P. <30oo. 
 
 Hlllsboro, vil., U.S., New Mexico, Dona Ana co., 135 m. 
 NE. by N. from the SW. corner of the terr. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlllsboro, tn. , U.S., N. Carohna, cap. Orange co., 30 m. 
 NW. Raleigh. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Hlllsboro, tn., U.S., N. Dakota, Traill co., 38 m. NNW. 
 Fargo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlllsboro, vil., U.S., Ohio, cap. Highland co., 48 m. E. 
 by N. Cincinnati. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Hlllsboro, vil., U.S., Oregon, Washington co., 12 m. W. 
 Portland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlllsboro, city, U.S., Texas, cap. Hill co., 55 m. SSW. 
 Dallas. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Hlllsboro, vil., U.S., Virginia, Loudoun co., 41 m. NW. by 
 W. Washington (D. C). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hlllsboro Bridge, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, H. co. , on 
 Contoocook R. , 17 m. WSW. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlllsboro Klver, salt-water lagoon, U.S., Florida, Volusia 
 CO., on the E. ct. , extending 30 m. S. of Mosquito Inlet (29° 
 5' N. ) ; is navigable for small boats, but is obstructed by man- 
 groves, coral, sand, &c. 
 
 Hlllsborongh, seapt. tn. , Canada, New Brunswick, Albert 
 CO., on the r. bk. of the riv. Petitcodiac, 81 m. NE. by E. St. 
 John, with coal-mines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hlllsborougb, vil., Canada, Ontario, Lambton co., on the 
 S. shore of Lake Huron, in 43° 6' N;, 44 m. W. by N. London. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlllsborongb, PMT.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, i ra. 
 NW. Sheffield. 
 
 Hlllsborongb, small market-tn. and par.. Ire., NW. co. 
 Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, Upper Half, 3^ m. SW. Lisburn, 
 on the Banbridge and Lisburn Rly. H. is beautifully situated 
 on the slope of a hill. Has some linen manufactures. PMT. O. 
 Market-day, W. Par. 8493 ac, P. <3ooo ; tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Hlllsborougb, post-tn., Victoria, Bogong co., 8 m. ESE, 
 Beech worth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlllsborongh, tn.. West Indies, on S. ct. of Carriacou I. 
 
 Hlllsborongb Bay, large inlet on Northumberland Strait, 
 Canada, in the E. of Prince Edward I. It receives the Hllls- 
 borongb B. from the NE. 
 
 Hlllsbrook, electoral div. , Ire. , Galway, dist. Tuam. 
 
 Hlllsbnrgta, viL, Canada, Ontario, Wellington co. , 43 m. 
 WNW. Toronto, on a railway. P. <i50o. 
 
 Hill's Creek, tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Maniototo co. , 50 
 m. W. by N. Oamaru. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hillsdale, vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Simcoe, 7 m. from Elm- 
 vale, and 17 m. from Barrie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hillsdale, vil. , U.S., dist. of Columbia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hillsdale, vil., U.S., Indiana, Vermillion co. , on r. bk. of 
 Wabash R. , 22 m. N. Terre Haute. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hillsdale, city, U.S., Michigan, cap. H. co., 85 m. WSW. 
 Detroit ; seat of a large Baptist college. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Hillside, vil., Scot., Forfarshire, 2J m. N. by W. Montrose, 
 on the N. B. R., PMT.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Hlllston, post-tn.. New South Wales, Nicholson co., on the 
 Lachlan, 75 m. NE. by N. Hay. P. <isoo. 
 
 Hill Street, P.O., Ire., N. co. Roscommon, bar. Roscommon, 
 4^ m. S. Carrick on Shannon. 
 
 Hllls-wlck, seapt. vil., Scot., Shetland Is., on W. side of 
 Mainland, Ura Firth, in 60° 29' N., PMT.O. 
 
 Hlllsivlck, Ness of, penin. , running S. from Hillswick. 
 
 Hill Tlpperab, native state, India, adjoining the Brit. dist. 
 of Tipperah, Bengal, crossed by 91° 20' E., and mostly N. of 
 23° N., cap. Agartala. 
 
 Hill Top, P.O., Eng., in co. and 6 m. NW. Durham. 
 
 Hill Top, PM.O., Eng., Lancashire, i m. from Walkden. 
 
 Hill Top, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire. See Hessle. 
 
 Hllltown, electoral div.. Ire., Westmeath, Castlepollard dist. 
 
 Hllltofrn, tn., Ire., SW. co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, 8 m. E. by N. Newry, PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Hllmend, riv. , Afghanistan. See Helniaud. 
 
 Hllo, tn. and seapt.. Sandwich Is., on the E. ct. of Hawaii I. ; 
 has a harbour with lighthouse, visible 10 m. P. 2000. 
 
 Hllongos, tn. and cape, Philippine Is. , cap. Leyte I. P. 13,700. 
 
 Hllperton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 2 m. NE. 
 Trowbridge, P. O. P. < 1500 ; eccles. par. (H. mvUU Wbaddou) 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hllsea, P.O., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., 3 m. NE. by 
 N. Portsmouth, i m. S. Cosham stn. 
 
 Hllston, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 
 12^ m. E. by N. Hull, 4^ m. NW. by N. Withernsea stn. P. < 
 250. See Tnnstall In Holderness. 
 
 Hilton, stn. , Canada, Manitoba, on the N. Pacific and Mani- 
 toba Rly., no m. W. by S. Winnipeg. 
 
 Hilton, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , 5 m. N. Burton, 2 
 m. WNW. Eggington June. , PM.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Hilton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, 7^ m. SW. Blandford, P.O. 
 P. <7SO. 
 
 Hilton, par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 6 m. SW. 
 by S. Bishop Auckland, 3 m. N. by W. Gainford stn., P.O. 
 P. <:2So. 
 
 Hilton, par., Eng., Himtingdonshire, Ramsey div,, 5 m. SE. 
 Huntingdon, 3^ m. SSW. St. Ives stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Hilton, P.O., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 13 m. NNW. 
 Kidderminster, 4 m. ENE. Bridgnorth. 
 
 Hilton, par., Eng. , Staffordshire, S^m. NE. Wolverhampton. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Hilton, vil. , Eng. , Westmorland, on H. Beck, a r. bk. trib. of 
 the Eden, div. and 3^ m. E. Appleby. See Hnrton. 
 
 Hilton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div. , 6 
 m. SSW. Middlesbrough. P. <25o. 
 
 675 
 
HI LT — HI MA 
 
 Hilton, vil., U.S., Illinois, Tazewell co., near lake of and 3 
 m. E. Peoria; is a place of summer resort, and has an artesian 
 well of sulphur water. P. <isoo. 
 
 Hilton Head Island, isl., U.S., in the S. of S. Carolina, in 
 the mouth of Port Royal Sound, crossed by 32° 10' N. 
 
 Hilton House, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & Y. R., sj 
 m. SE. Chorley. 
 
 Hilton of Cadboll, fishing vil. , Scot. , Ross and Cromarty, 
 Fearn par., on Moray Firth, 7 m. SE. Tain. P. <s°°- 
 
 HllTersnm, comm. , Holland, prov. N. Holland, 10 m. N. 
 by E. Utrecht. P. 12,500. 
 
 Hlmiklayas (Sanskrit, 'the abode of snow,' the first element 
 of the name, Sanskrit hima, ' frost,' reappearing in the Latin 
 Aiems, in the Imaus of Pliny, and the Emodus or Emodi Monies 
 of Ptolemy), the name of the lofty mountain system containing 
 the highest known peaks in the world, extending for 1600 m. 
 fi-om the e.Ktreme N. to the extreme E. of India, with a general 
 trend from WNW. to ENE., but with a gentle curve convex 
 towards the SW., which alters the general trend considerably 
 in different sections. As it communicates with complicated 
 mountainous regions both in the E. and W. , its limits must be 
 fixed more or less arbitrarily. In the W. the Indus valley may 
 be conveniently taken as the limit of the system S. of that 
 part of the valley of the Indus which slopes from SE. to NW. , 
 that is, as the Umit of what is generally considered as the H. 
 proper. That valley here marks approximately the place where 
 the general trend of the mountains changes from south-easterly 
 to south-westerly. But the mountains N. of the upper portion of 
 the Indus valley extending to the upper valley of the Yarkand or 
 Zarafshan, forming a broad and generally very elevated region, 
 belongs to the same great mountain system, and for this portion 
 it is more difficult to fix a limit. On the whole, it is most in con- 
 sonance with topographical features and general usage to take as 
 the limit the Barogil and Darkot passes, lying nearly opposite 
 to each other, in about 73^° E. , near the head of the Chitral or 
 Yarkhun valley, and S. of the Darkot Pass, the Yasin valley, 
 and the valley of the Gilghit to its junction with the Indus. In 
 the E. , all that is known is that the main axis of the H. extends 
 beyond the gorge of the Brahmaputra, but comes to an end 
 somewhere between 95° and 97° E. , where the general trend of 
 the mountains becomes southerly. The whole of the valley of 
 the Sanpu, or Upper Brahmaputra, may be regarded as lyipg N. 
 of the system. The breadth of the H. taken within these limits 
 is greatest in the NW. (270-300 m. ), least in the E. (about 150 m. ). 
 The snbdlTlslons of the H. are even more difficult to deter- 
 mine, especially since the system is still in some large areas very 
 imperfectly known. Colonel Godwin-Austen has attempted a 
 classification based upon geological stmetnre (see P7-oc. R. 
 G. S., 1883, p. 610, and 1884, p. 83, with map), the main divi- 
 sions being marked by the strike of the granitoid or gneissic 
 rocks. Within the limits adopted in this article are classified as 
 Trans-Himalayan, Himalayan, Outer or Lower Himalayan, and 
 Sub-Himalayan , the last being entirely of recent geological origin. 
 The Trans-Himalayan ranges lie mainly N. of the Indus, and 
 are continued eastwards by ranges lying N. of the Sanpu. Two 
 principal subdivisions of these ranges may be mentioned, the 
 Mustagh range, stretching SE. fi-om the Barogil Pass, and the 
 Ladakh range, stretching in the W. between the Indus and the 
 Shaiok, but continued eastwards along the S. side of the Indus 
 valley, and finally S. of the Sutlej, terminating in the Gurla Peak 
 (Gurla Mandhata, 25,360 ft.), S. of Lakes Manasarowar. The 
 Himalayan range hes entirely S. of the Indus and the Brahma- 
 putra, and the Outer Himalayan still further S. Between these 
 granitic axes sedimentary deposits have been laid down ; sub- 
 sequent to which, elevation and lateral compression have taken 
 place at different places at different times, affecting now larger 
 and now smaller areas of the whole system. The elevation has 
 proceeded so slowly in many places, as to allow of rivers deepen- 
 ing their beds as the mountains were raised, and thus preserving 
 their original course. At the same time, it is in a large measure 
 of recent date. Throughout the system marine deposits of 
 miocene age (in a great measure composed of nummulitic lime- 
 stone) are found more or less developed, in some places very 
 extensively. About the W. end of the Outer Himalayas, in the 
 SW. of Kashmir, such deposits have been raised to the height 
 of 11,200 ft. Within the rock-basins are pliocene and post- 
 pliocene beds of great thickness, containing in certain places a 
 wonderfully rich and interesting fauna, but these are of fresh- 
 water origin. Of fresh-water origin, too (late Tertiary), is the 
 Sub-Himalayan ridge, which runs parallel to the H. proper 
 along their whole extent from Attock in the Punjab to the E. of 
 Assam, with only one break of about 50 m. to the E. of the 
 Tfsta (in the NE. of Bengal), a ridge separated from the true 
 H. by a line of valleys called in most places the dtins (in Nepdl, 
 maris), but E. of the gap just referred to, the dwdrs. The whole 
 of this ridge as a topographical and geological feature is called 
 by Colonel Godwin-Austen the SiwAlik Hills [q.v.). In con- 
 sequence of the numerous changes in the physical features, 
 brought about by the forces of upheaval and compression, the 
 divisions of Colonel Godwin-Austen do no correspond very 
 676 
 
 closely with the topography. Another dirlslon is Irased 
 primarily npon tlie bydrograpby of the region (see Geog. 
 Mag., 1877, p. 173). According to it, the true H. of Colonel 
 Godwin- Austen, that is, the Himalayas S. of the Indus and Sanpu, 
 are divided into two chains, the northern of which is composed 
 mainly of the water-parting S. of the Upp>er Indus and Upper 
 Brahmaputra, a water-parting broken only by the gorge of the 
 Sutlej, and the other of which is formed by joining in a line the 
 highest peaks of this part of the sj'stem. This mode of division 
 is convenient for purposes of description, and refers to an im- 
 portant physical feature of the system, inasmuch as all the tribs. 
 of the Indus, except the Sutlej, and the Ganges and all its chief 
 northern tribs. , rise in the interval between these chains, many 
 of the valleys of these rivers affording convenient routes into the 
 intervening region. On the other hand, they are not to be 
 regarded as chains in the strict sense of the term. The H. 
 generally are conceived by General Strachey rather as a series 
 of parallel chains oblique to the main direction of the whole 
 mass, the drainage of which is through gorges at the western 
 and loftier ends of these chains, the water-parting following the 
 lower parts of the ridge. The term chains being used, however, 
 for convenience for two series of heights as above explained, 
 these are sometimes known respectively as the N. and S. 
 chains ; but a third chain, composed of the most northerly and 
 the longest and loftiest crest N. of the Indus, called sometimes 
 the Karakoram, and sometimes the Mustagh or Muztagh range, 
 is by some reckoned as the N. chain of the H. , in which case 
 the first of the other two is spoken of as the central chain. 
 Both Karakoram and Mustagh are properly the names of 
 passes in the water-parting, the Karakoram (alt. 18,550 ft.), 
 in about 77° 50' E. , 35° 30' N. , on the main route firom India 
 to Eastern Turkistan; Mustagh, the name of two passes, a 
 new (alt. 18,400 ft.), in about 35° 40' N., 76^° E., the old, a 
 few m. to the E. (alt. about 19,000 ft.). The highest peak on 
 the crest or water-parting in this range is Mount Godwin- 
 Austen (K-) (alt. 28,265 ft.), to the E. of the Mustagh passes. 
 Other lofty peaks adjoining are Gusherbrum (26,378 ft.), SE. 
 of Mount Godwin- Austen, and Masherbrtim (25,600 ft.), to 
 the S. of the Mustagh passes. The more important of the other 
 passes of the western H. both N. and S. of the Indus, are 
 named in the article Kashmir. Among the more important 
 peaks are Rakaposhi (25,500 ft.), 'a great needle,' between the 
 Indus and the Kanjut or Hunza R. , another mountain belonging 
 to the Mustagh system, though not on the crest of the range ; 
 Nanga Parbat (26,620 ft.), S. of the Indus, at the angle where 
 it turns southwards, the western terminal pillar of the N. or 
 central chain of the true H. W. of the gorge of the Sutlej the 
 Bdra Lachd Pass (16,500 ft.) and the Parang-la Pass (18,500 ft.) 
 lead fi-om the British dist. of Kangra (the former N. from Lahul, 
 the latter E. from Spiti) across the N. chain into Kashmir. E. of 
 that gorge munerous passes lead from British terr. across the 
 same chain into Hundes (Tibet), the most important being the 
 Niti Pass (16,650 ft.), on the best and easiest route from Brit. India 
 to Eastern Turkistan, that from Almora passing by the base of 
 the Nanda Devi Peak (25,660 ft.), and then across the pass and 
 by way of Gartokh and Rudokh to Kiria. One of the easiest 
 entrances into Tibet is by the Karndh (Sarda) valley, in the W. of 
 Nepal, and then across the Lipu Lek Pass (about 16,500 ft.) at 
 its head. Further E. the No-la Pass (16,600 ft.), in about 84^° 
 E. , leads into Tibet from Khatmandu. In the Nepalese section 
 of the S. chain are situated some of the highest peaks of the 
 system, including the highest of all. Among these are, in the 
 order from W. to E., Dhaulagiri (26,826 ft.). Mount Everest 
 (29,002 ft.), Makalu (27,800 ft.), and Kanchanjanga (28,176 ft.), 
 this last on the borders of Nep41 and Sikkim. Through Sikkim 
 several passes lead from Darjfling into the Chumbi valley, the 
 most important being the Jeilep)-la (about 13,000 ft.), and the 
 Gautin-la and Yak-la (about 14,000 ft.), the two latter seldom 
 interrupted by snow for many days. E. of Sikkim the system is 
 little known, but among the peaks may be mentioned Chamal- 
 hari (23,929 ft.) in Tibet, between Sikkim and Bhutdn. The 
 rainfall at the hill stations and cantonments on the outer 
 slopes of the H. [Darjillng, lUnllttaet, ChakrAta, Simla, 
 Mnrree] declines on the whole, as on the plains, from E. to 
 W. (the order in which they are here mentioned), though there 
 are deviations from this rule due to altitude and exposure. At 
 all of them it is very high— at Darjfling (new and higher station) 
 127 in. for the year, 57 in. for July and August ; at Murree 56J 
 in. for the year, 25 in. for July and Augtist, the last-mentionea 
 amount being about equal to the whole rainfall of year at Green- 
 wich. This heavy rainfall within a limited period gives rise to 
 great floods, often destructive, mud avalanches (see Geog. /our. 
 ii. p. 292, with the correction on p. 460), landslips [NAlnl TAl], 
 and other examples of rapid denudation. Every year portions of 
 the Darjfling-Himalayan Rly. are carried away during the rains. 
 Some of the interior valleys, on the other hand, are nearly rain- 
 less (mean rainfall for the year at Leh, in Ladikh, 2.7 in.). 
 According to Blandford, the relative humidity in the Sikkim 
 H. is 84 in. , in the Nepal valley 72 in. , in the lower ranges 
 of the NW. Himdlyas, 62 in., in Laddkh, 49 in. Com- 
 
HIM A 
 
 H I N G 
 
 bined with the high temperature (for details see the stations 
 already referred to), the high degree of humidity in the outer 
 slopes necessarily gives rise to a vigorous vegetation, the char- 
 acter of v^hich is briefly indicated in the article India. The 
 forest limit varies in different parts. On Nanga Parbat the 
 forests form a belt at an elevation of from about 7000-12,000 ft. 
 In the higher altitudes an enormous snowfall answers to the heavy 
 rainfalls of lower levels. In consequence of this, avalanches 
 occur on a scale corresponding to the violences of the floods (see 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1891, pp. 404-5). Glaciers are met with here 
 of greater extent than anywhere else in temperate latitudes. 
 The largest, as might be expected, occur in the NW., in the 
 higher latitudes. In one case there is a continuous stretch of 
 ice for 67 m. [Hlspar, Baltoro]. According to Hermann von 
 Schlagintweit-Sakiinliinski, the mean snow-line from 27^° to 
 342° N. is on the S. or Indian side 16,200 ft., on the N. or 
 Tibetan side 18,600 ft., the higher limit in the N. or higher 
 latitude being due to the fact that the southern part of the 
 system arrests most of the precipitation. Local conditions, 
 however (the nature of the slope, the exposure, &c. ), greatly 
 affect the position of the snow-Une (see Globus, 1877, vol. xxxi, 
 p. 137). In Sikkim, one observer notes that the eastern slopes 
 are all snow-free, whereas the snow-line descends low down in 
 the W. , the explanation being that there the mornings are clear 
 and sunny, the afternoons cloudy {Alpine Jour. , xv. 1890, p. 119 ; 
 see also Proc. J?. G. S., 1891, p. 409). 
 
 Hlniaral-klioklt, peak, Caucasus, central part of Main 
 Range, Alps of Ossetia, 42° 43' N. , 44° 25' E. Alt. 15,673 ft. 
 
 iUmbleton, par. , Eng. , Worcester, div. and 4 m. SE. Droit- 
 wich, 7 m. ENE. Worcester, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ulmejl, tn. , Japan, 30 m. WNW. Kobe; produces cotton 
 and stamped leather goods. P. 25,700. 
 
 Hlml, maritime tn., Japan, 26 m. NE. Kanazawa, on the 
 W. shore of Toyama Bay. P. 8200. 
 
 lllmls, monastery, Ladakh. See Hemls. 
 
 Hlmley, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Kingswinford div., 3^ m. 
 W. by N. Dudley, PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ulmmatgarli, tn., India, Gwalior Terr., in 26° 6' N., 78° 3' 
 E. Near it the British defeated the Mardthds in 1843. 
 
 IIlniinel1>erg, comm. , Austria, Carinthia ; has iron works 
 and mines. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Hlmmelbjerg, hill, Denmark, Jutland, prov. and 25 m. W. 
 Aarhus. 
 
 Hlnimelwltzltach, small riv. , in the SE. of Prussian Silesia, 
 flows NW. into the Malapane, which it enters just above the 
 confluence of that river with the Oder ; used for floating timber. 
 
 Hlniyars, a sub-tribe inhabiting Yemen, Arabia, said to be 
 direct descendants of Kahtan, generally identified with Joktan 
 of the O. T. The race was formerly much more widely diffused, 
 extending from the Euphrates to Abyssinia, within which area 
 many hundreds of Himyaritic inscriptions have been collected 
 during this century. The language still exists over all the S. 
 littoral of Arabia. 
 
 Hlnauaugau, tn. , Philippine Is. , on Leyte I. P. 6800. 
 
 Hincaster, par., Eng., Westmorland, 4 m. S. Kendal. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 IJliiche, tn., Haiti, 46 m. SE. Cap Haytien, on the riv. 
 Hinche, an affluent of the Artibonite. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Hlucblnbrook, isl. , Queensland, Elphinstone co. , in Rock- 
 ingham Bay, off the port of Cardwell, 30 m. NW. by W. 
 Townsville, in i8|° S. and 146° 20' E. Area, 149 sq. m. 
 
 Uluchlnbrooke, stn. , Canada, Ontario, Frontenac co., 24 
 m. NNW. West Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hliickley ( ' the horse's meadow '), market-tn. and par. , Eng. , 
 Leicestershire, div. and 6 m. S. by E. Bosworth, on the L. & 
 NW. R., on the line of Watling Street. Hosiery and the 
 manufacture of boots and shoes are the chief industries. 
 Market-day, M. P. 9600. 
 
 Hinckley, vil., U.S., Minnesota, co. Pine, 55 m. SW. of the 
 head of Lake Superior ; railway junction. Totally destroyed 
 by a forest fire Sept. 1894. 
 
 Hlncksey, New, vil., Berkshire, i m. S. Oxford, P.O. 
 
 Hludau, or Harnad, riv., India, NW. Provs., div. Meerut, 
 has a S. course of 160 m. , nearly parallel with the Jumna, 
 which it joins 15 m. below Delhi. Surface velocity at Ghazid- 
 b4d, II ft. per second. One of the first battles with the revolted 
 Sepoys in 1857 took place near this river. 
 
 Hlndaun, tn., India, Rijputana, 45 m. SW. Bhartpur. P. 
 (1881) 12,800. 
 
 Hlndbnm, small riv., Eng., in the N. of Lancashire, aflduent 
 of riv. Wenning, which it joins on the 1. bk. at Hornby. 
 
 Hlndeloopen, comm., Holland, prov. Friesland, on the 
 Zuider Zee, 23 m. SW. Leeuwarden. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hlnderabl, or Inderabla, Persian isl. , on the E. side of the 
 Persian Gulf, in 26° 40' N. 
 
 Hlnderclay, par., Eng., Suffolk, 2 m. NW. Botesdale, P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Hlnderwell, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the 
 coast, 7im. NW. by W. Whitby, on the NE. R.; has jet quarries. 
 PMT.O. P. <25oo; eccles. par. (H. witli Koxby) P. <25oo. 
 
 Htndhead Common, upland tract, Eng., in the extreme 
 SW. of Surrey. 
 
 Hludlan, Indlyaii, or Endlan, tn. , Persia, govt. Khuzistan, 
 20 m. from the Persian Gulf, 120 m. NW. Bushire. P. <:35oo, 
 mostly Arabs, who carry on some trade with Busrah. 
 
 Hlndieh, riv. , Asiatic Turkey. See Nejef, Lake. 
 
 Hludley, par. and tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, Ince div. , 2 m. E. 
 by S. Wigan, on the L. & Y. R. , i^ m. NW. Hlndley Giwen 
 stn. , on the L. & N W. R. ; has extensive coal-mines. P. 19,000. 
 
 Hlndllp, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 3^ m. 
 NE. by N. Worcester, close to Fernhill Heath stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hlndlow, stn., Eng., near Buxton, Derbyshire, on the 
 L. & NW. R. 
 
 Hlndmarsh, suburban tp., S. Australia, co. and i m. W. 
 Adelaide. P. 8000. 
 
 Hlndmarsh, flat and swampy isl., S. Australia, near the 
 entrance to riv. Miurray, in the SW. corner of Lake Alexandrina. 
 
 Hlndmarsh, co. , S. Australia, on the W. ct , crossed in the 
 E. by 139° E. 
 
 Hlndmarsh, salt-water lake, Victoria, has an outlet north- 
 wards into Lake Albacutya ; in wet seasons, area 30,000 ac. 
 
 Hindoen, the largest of the Lofoten Is., Norway, in the 
 Arctic Ocean, divided between the provs. Nordland and Tromso. 
 Length, 45 m.; breadth, 40 m ; area, 864 sq. m. P. 8200. 
 
 Hlndol, tributary state, Orissa, India, crossed by 2o|° N., 
 85^° E. Arpa, 312 sq. m. 
 
 HlndolTeston, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. , 14J m. SW. by 
 W. Cromer, with stn. (OUndolyestone) on the M. & G. N. 
 Joint Rly., P.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Hlndon, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 15 m. W. by N. 
 Salisbury, 3 m. NW. Tisbury stn., PMT.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Hlndrlngham, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. , 15 m. W. by 
 S. Cromer, 3I m. E. Walsingham stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Hinds, electoral div.. Ire., King's co., dist. Ferbane. 
 
 Hinds, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Ashburton co., 30 
 m. NE. by N. Timaru. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hluds, CO., U.S., Mississippi, in the W., to the N. of 32° 
 N. , and W. of 90° W. It contains Jackson, cap. of the state. 
 
 Hlndsford, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Leigh par. , i m. 
 from Tyldesley, P.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Hludsholm, penin. , Denmark, on the NE. of Fyen I. 
 
 Hluds Fond, lake, Newfoundland, in 48° 5S'-49° 5' N. , 57° 
 W. , drained NW. into Grand Lake. Hinds Hill, a mountain 
 on the NE. 
 
 Hindu Kush, range of mts., Afghanistan, stretching on the 
 whole from WSW. to ENE., between the basin of the Amu, or 
 Oxus, and that of the Kabul. Its SW. extremity is connected 
 with the Koh-i-baba, and the NE. with the Karakoram range. 
 Its peaks attain a height of 20,000 ft. above the sea, and it is a 
 very distinctly defined chain, with a line of loftiest peaks coincid- 
 ing with the line of passes. Principal passes in the order from 
 E. to W. :— I. North-eastern section: (i) The Barogil Pass, in 
 about 73° 30' E.; (2) the Ishtirak, or Ishtrak, Pass, in about 'jtC' 
 50' E. ; (3) the Agram Pass, in about 71° 33' E. ; (4) the Nuksan 
 Pass, in about 71° 35' E. ; (5) the Khartaza Pass, in about 71° 
 30' E.; and (6) the Dora Pass (alt. about 16,500 ft.), in about 
 71° 1/ E. All these passes communicate between the head- 
 waters of the Oxus and those of the Chitral. U. The passes 
 across the middle section, leading from Badakshan into Kafiri- 
 stan, are entirely unknown. HI. South-western section : (i) 
 The Anjuman Pass, leading from Badakshan into the head of 
 the Panjshir Valley, in about 70° 5' E. , alt. 13,200 ft. ; (2) the 
 Khawak Pass, leading from the eastern headwater of Kunduz 
 R. into the head of the Panjshir Valley ; (3) the Bazarak Pass, 
 leading southward from the eastern headwater of the Kunduz 
 R. into the Panjshir Valley ; (4) the Kushan Pass, leading from 
 the western headwater of the Kunduz R. into the Ghorband, 
 alt. 14,300 ft.; (5) the Chardarya Pass, further W., connecting 
 the same two valleys ; (6) the Shibr Pass, leading from Bamian 
 into the head of the Ghorband Valley. {Proc. R. G. S. , 1879, 
 110-121 ; map (1.1,500,000), p. 161.) 
 
 Hlndiipur, tn. , India, Madras Presidency, dist. Anantapur, 
 59 m. N. Bangalore. P. (1881) 7000; (1891) 7900; Hindus, 
 6700. 
 
 Hludur, petty hill state, India, under the Punjab govt., 
 between 30° 55' and 31° 14' N., and 76° 39' and 76° 57' E. 
 Area, 252 sq. m. 
 
 Hindustan, a name sometimes used as equivalent to India ; 
 more properly applied (originally by Mohammedan writers) to 
 that part of India (chiefly the plains of the NW. Provs. and 
 Oudh) in which the Hindi dialect is spoken. See India, 
 Languages. 
 
 Hlne, tn., Kurdistan, prov. and 47 m. NNE. Diarbekir. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Hlnesburg, tn., U.S., Vermont, Chittenden co., 11 m. SE. 
 Burlington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlng-an, tn. , China, prov. Shensi, 124 m. SSE. Singan-fu, 
 on the Han-kiang. 
 
 EUnganghikt, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , dist. Wardhd, 
 48 m. SW. by S. Nagpur. The cotton produced in the Wardhd 
 
 677 
 
HING — HIRS 
 
 valley is noted, and H. is a main seat of the cotton trade. 
 P. (1881) 9000; (1891) 11,000; Hindus, 9400. 
 
 Hlngene, comm., Belgium, arr. Malines, prov. and 10 m. 
 SW. Antwerp. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Hlngham, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 14 m. W by S. 
 Norwi ch , 2 1 m. SW. by S. Hardingham stn. , PMT. O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Hlngham, tn. and summer resort, U.S., Massachusetts, 
 Pl)rmouth CO. , 12 m. SE. Boston, on S. side of Boston Harbour. 
 P. <sooo. 
 
 Hlngham, South, vil. , U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlngham Centre, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., 
 17 m. SE. Boston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlng>hwa, tn. , China, prov. Fokien, on the E. ct. , on Hing- 
 hwa Sound, 50 m. SW. by S. Foochow. 
 
 Hlng-klng, tn. , Manchuria, prov. Liautung, 85 m. E. by S. 
 Mukden. 
 
 Hlnglaj, place of Hindu pilgrimage, Baluchistan, prov. Lus, 
 on the Aghor, 20 m. from its mouth in the Arabian Sea, in 
 about 65° 40' S. 
 
 Hlngl&jgarh, hill fort. Central India, Indore, in 24° 40' N. , 
 75° 50' E. , surrounded by a ravine 200 ft. deep, 250 ft. wide, 
 with perpendicular sides ; stormed on July 3, 1804, by a British 
 detachment under Major Sinclair. 
 
 Hlng-ngln, tn., China, prov. Kwangtung, 80 m. NW. 
 Swatow. 
 
 Hlngoll, tn. , India, Nizam's dominions, HaidarAbad, in 19° 
 43' N-. 77° "' E. P. (1881) 14,800. 
 
 Hlngston Down, hill tract, Eng., Cornwall, 10 m. S. by 
 E. Launceston. Alt. 1097 ft. 
 
 Hlnka, or Hlngka, a spelling sometimes used for Hangka, 
 lake, Manchuria. 
 
 Hlnhsey ('the horse's island or marshy place'), North and 
 South, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Berkshire and Oxfordshire, 
 Abingdon div. , co. bor. and i m. SW. by W. Oxford. North 
 H. P. <25o; South H. P. <isoo. 
 
 Hlnlopen, or Hlnloopen, the strait separating the principal 
 isl. Spitsbergen from East I. 
 
 Hlnnom, Talley of, mentioned in O. T. See Rah&beh, 
 WMl. 
 
 Hlnojosa el Dnque ('the place of fennel'), tn., Spain, prov. 
 C6rdoba, 27 m. SW. Almaden ; has manufactures of linens and 
 coarse woollens ; rich copper-mines. P. 9500. 
 
 Hlnsbeck, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Diisseldorf, circle 
 Geldern, dist. Lobberich. P. (comm. )<3000. 
 
 Hlnschenfelde, vil., Ger., Schleswig-Holstein, govt. Schles- 
 wig, circle Stormarn, dist. Wandsbeck (^.w.). P. <;3000. 
 
 Hinsdale, co., U.S., Colorado, in the SW., crossed in the 
 N. by 2,^" N. , and in the E. by 107° W. 
 
 Hinsdale, vil., U.S., Illinois, Du Page co., 16 m. WSW. 
 Chicago. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hinsdale, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co., 44 m. by 
 rail NW. Springfield. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hinsdale, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Cheshire co., on the 
 1. bk. of the Connecticut, 3^ m. NNW. of the SW. corner of the 
 state ; has good water-power, and large woollen mills. P. <3000. 
 
 Hlnstock, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 15^ m. NE. by 
 E. Shrewsbury, 5 m. ESE. Hodnet stn., PM.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Hlntermeggen, health resort on the Kiissnacht arm of -the 
 Lake of Lucerne, Switzd. 
 
 Hlntlesham, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , 5 m. W. 
 Ipswich, 4 m. E. by N. Hadleigh, 2J m. NE. by E. Raydon 
 stn., P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Hlnton, par. , Eng. , co. and 12 m. SW. Gloucester, Tewkes- 
 bury div., on the Severn, near Sharpness stn. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hlnton, part of par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire. See Dlrham. 
 
 Hlnton, vil., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 9 m. W. by 
 N. Buckingham, 2 m. W. by N. Brackley stn. See Woodford 
 cum Hembrls. 
 
 Hlnton, post-tn., New South Wales, Durham co., at con- 
 fluence of Hunter and Paterson Rivs. , 19 m. N W. Newcastle. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlnton, settlement, U.S., Iowa, Plymouth co., 10 m. NNE. 
 Sioux City. 
 
 Hlnton, tn., U.S., West Virginia, cap. Summers co., at the 
 confluence of the Greenbrier and Great Kanawha Rivs. , 57 m. 
 SE. by S. Charleston. P. <3000. 
 
 Hlnton, Broad, par., Eng., Berks, div. and 4 m. NW. 
 Wokingham. P. <7So. 
 
 Hlnton, Broad, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Devizes div. , 6 m. SW. 
 by W. Swindon, 4 m. SE. by S. Wootton Bassett stn., PM.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Hlnton, dreat and Uttle, two adjoining pars. , En^. , Wilt- 
 shire, Cricklade div., 5 m. E. Swindon, 2^ m. SSW. Shnvenham 
 stn. Great H. P.<25o; Little H., P.O. (H. Parra) P. <:soo. 
 
 Hlnton Admiral, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Christ- 
 church par., on the L. & SW. R. P. -csoo. 
 
 Hlnton Ampner, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Petersfield div. , 
 ■j\ m. E. by S. Winchester, 3 m. S. by E. Alresford stn., P.O. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 678 
 
 Hlnton Blewett, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 8 m. NNE. 
 Wells, 3 m. W. Hallatrow stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hlnton Charterhouse, par., Eng., Somerset, 4 m. SE. 
 Bath, P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Hlnton In the Hedges, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, 
 2 m. W. Brackley. P. <:2So; eccles. par. (H. Mlth Steane) 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Hlnton Hartell, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., 10 m. N. 
 Poole, 4^ m. N. Winiborne stn., P.O. P. <:500. 
 
 Hlnton on the Green, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkes- 
 bury div., 2 m. S. by W. Evesham, with a stn. (Hlnton) on the 
 M. R., P.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 Hlnton Parra, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, 2 m. N. Wimborne 
 Minster. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (Little H. or Stanbrldge) P. 
 <25o. 
 
 Hlnton St. George, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 9 m. W. 
 by S. Yeovil, 3 m. NW. Crewkerne stn. , PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Hlnton St. Mary, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 9^ m. 
 E. Sherborne, i^ m. N. Sturminster stn. , P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Hlnton St. Sllchael, PT.O., Eng., Hampshire, near Christ- 
 church. 
 
 Hlnton Waldrlst, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 7J m. W. 
 by N. Abingdon, 5^ m. NNW. Wantage Road stn., PT.O. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Hints, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Lichfield div. , 2J m. WSW. 
 Tam worth. P. <25o. 
 
 Hlnwil, tn. , Switzd. , cant, and 15 m. E. by S. Ziirich. P. 
 (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Hlnxhlll, par., Eng., Kent, div. and2^m. E. byS. Ashford. 
 P. <:25o ; eccles. par. (H. with Brook) P. <soo. 
 
 Hlnxton, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Newmarket div., on 
 the Granta, 8^ m. S. by E. Cambridge, 2 m. N. by W. Great 
 Chesterford stn. P. <500. 
 
 Hlnxton, PT.O., Eng., near Great Chesterford, Essex. 
 
 Hlnxworth, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 15J m. 
 NE. by N. Luton, 3 m. ENE. Arlesey stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Hlogo, tn. , Japan. See Kohe. 
 
 Hlolo, people, China. See Hoklo. 
 
 Hlppa, isl. , one of the Queen Charlotte group, off the coast of 
 Brit. Columbia, America ; discovered in July 1787 by the English 
 Captain George Dixon, and named after a big hut, ' which was 
 fortified after the manner of the Hippahs of New Zealand.' 
 
 Hlppenscombe, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Devizes div. , 19 m. 
 NE. by N. Salisbury, 5 m. SE. Grafton stn. P. <25o. See 
 Tldcombe. 
 
 Hlpperholme with Brighouse, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, EUand div. , t.\ m. ENE. Halifax, with stn. (Hipper- 
 holme) on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. P. 15,600 ; urban sanitary 
 dist. (Hlpperholme) P. <3Soo. 
 
 Hlppersdorf, comm., Lower Austria, 24 m. NW. Vienna. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Hlpswell, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and q.\ m. 
 SE. by S. Richmond. P. <25o. 
 
 Hir, Cymro-Celtic, ' long. ' 
 
 Hlrado, Hlrato, Flrato, or Flrando, isl. , Japan, in the Strait 
 of Korea, off the extreme W. ct. of Kiushiu, from which it is 
 separated by a narrow channel, Spex Straits. H. was the chief 
 Portuguese settlement in the archipelago, and is noted for the 
 missionary labours of Francis Xavier (i6th century). On the 
 E. ct. is H. town, with a good harbour. Here the Dutch had 
 a trading fort from 1609 to 1640. 
 
 Hlraklla (iraklia), isl, Greece. See HSraklela. 
 
 Hiram, tn., U.S., Maine, Cumberland co., on Saco R. , 30 
 m. WNW. Portland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hlra>shlma, Flra-shlma, or Disaster, one of the Linschoten 
 Is., Japan, in 29° 41' N., 129° 34' E. Alt. 812 ft. 
 
 Hlrato, isl. , Japan. See Hlrado. 
 
 Hlrayu, hot mineral springs, Japan, main isl. , near Takayania ; 
 frequented for their strengthening properties. 
 
 Hlmant, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 16 m. W. by S. 
 Oswestry, 6 m. WNW. Llanfyllin stn. Above the village is the 
 end of the H. tunnel, 2J m. long, by which the water of Lake 
 Vyrnwy is started on Us course for the supply of Liverpool. 
 Par. 4176 ac. , P. <25o. 
 
 Hlrosakl, tn. , Japan, 15 m. SW. by S. Aomori. Formerly the 
 castle town of a Daimyo ; the site of the castle is now occupied 
 by barracks. P. 29,100. 
 
 Hiroshima, tn., Japan, cap. prov. Aki, 155 m. W. by S. 
 Kobe ; seat of a prefecture, and the most considerable Japanese 
 city W. of Kobe. Opposite H. lies the isl. of Miyajima, or Itsku- 
 shima, ' island of light,' dedicated to the goddess Bentin. This 
 island, rocky and richly wooded, about 1500 ft. high, is one of 
 the San-kei, or three chief sights of Japan. The great temple 
 being partly built over the sea on piles, appears at high tide to 
 float on the surface of the water. Mean temp. (6 yrs. , 1881-86), 
 yr. 57.6° F., Jan. 38.0°, Aug. 79.7°. P. 84,100. 
 
 Hlrran, hill, Arabia. Siee Damar. 
 
 //z;jc/i, German, ' the hart.' 
 
 Hlrschherg ('hart's mountain'), coram., Austria, Bohemia, 
 22 m. SW. Reichenberg. Alt. 905-930 ft. P. <30oo. 
 
HIRS — HOAT 
 
 Hlnchlierg, tn., Ger., princip. of Reuss (younger line), on 
 the Saale, dist. H. ; has iron-mines. P. < 2000. 
 
 Hlrschberg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 36 m. ESE. Gorlitz, 
 in circle H. ; its manufactures of superior fine lace are in repute. 
 P. 16,200 ; including Herlschdorf, Knnnersdorf, Warni- 
 brnnn, P. 24,300. 
 
 Hlrschfelde, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zittau, 15^ m. S. 
 by W. Gorlitz. P. <3000. 
 
 Hirslanden, comm., Switzd., cant, and suburb of Ziirich. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 nirson, comm., France, dep. Aisne, on the Oise, 20 m. W. 
 Rocroy, arr. and 10 m. NE. by E. Vervins; with slate-quarries, 
 saw-mills, manufactures of iron-ware, files, and noted basket- 
 work. The vast forest of H. stretches from the Oise to the Gland. 
 P. 6300. 
 
 Hlrsora, tn. , Roumania. See H&rsova. 
 
 Hirst Courtney, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston 
 Ash div. , on the Aire, 9 m. W. Goole, close to Temple Hirst 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hirst, Temple, Eng. See Temple Hirst. 
 
 Hlrtshals, cape, Denmark, N. ct. Jutland, in 57° 35' N. 
 
 Hlrtsholmene, three Danish islands in the Kattegat, to the 
 NE. of Frederikshavn, Jutland ; inhabited by fishermen. 
 
 Hlrwaln, eccles. par. , Wales, Brecknockshire and Glamorgan- 
 shire, on the G. W. R., 6 ra. W. by S. and included in the pari, 
 bor. of Merthyr Tydfil ; has extensive iron- works. PMT. O. 
 P. <3Soo. 
 
 Hlsar-Kaya, fortress, Turkey in Europe, on the Black Sea, 
 prov. Chatalja, 16 m. N. Constantinople. 
 
 Hls-FJord, an arm of the Hardanger-Fjord, on the W. ct. of 
 Norway. 
 
 Hlsbljln, tn., Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, on the Sefid Rud, 
 60 m. S. Ardebil, near the frontier of Gilan, with which prov. 
 it has an active trade. 
 
 Hlslng, isl., on the W. ct. of Sweden, formed by the two 
 arms of the Gota-Elf and the Kattegat. 
 
 Hisn, Turkish and Persian, 'fort.' 
 
 Hlsn-Cthorab ('fortress of the crow'), maritime site, S. 
 Arabia, Hadramaut, in 13° 59' N. , on a small bay offering safe 
 anchorage. 
 
 Hlspanlola. See Haiti. 
 
 Hlspar, a vil. of Nagar, giving name to a vast glacier and 
 a glacier-pass at the W. end of the Trans-Indus Himalayas. 
 The foot of the glacier is in about 36° 20' N. , 75° 5' E. , whence 
 the glacier ascends about 37 m. ESE. to the summit of the pass, 
 where it is connected with the Blafo glacier, which descends 
 SE. about 30 m. to the base of Masherbrum, ending near 
 Askole, in about 35° 40' N. , 75° 50' E. , at an alt. of 10, 145 ft. 
 See Geog. Jour., ii. 289, &c. (1893) ; and Jour. R. G. S., 1864, 
 map, p. 19. 
 
 Hissar, Turkish, 'a castle.' 
 
 Hlssar, a mountainous khanate of Bukhara, on the borders of 
 Russian Turkistan, watered by the Kafirnahan and Siu^khan 
 Rivs. The people are mostly agriculturists ; corn grows in the 
 valleys without artificial irrigation. The H. chain forming its 
 N. boundary extends from 68° to 70° 30' E. , dividing the basin 
 of the Zarafshan from those of the Surkhab and Amu ; in it the 
 Mura Pass, alt. 12,200 ft.; Hazreti-Sultan peak, alt. 14,500 ft. 
 
 Hissar, tn. , Bukhara, cap. khanate H. , on the Kafirnahan R. , 
 125 m. SE. Samarkand ; famed for its cutlery. Here the Emperor 
 Baber took refuge after his defeat near Bukhara in 1512. Alt. 
 2800 ft. P. 10,000. 
 
 Hls8<lr, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, cap. dist. H. , 98 m. WN W. 
 Delhi. Founded in 1354 by, and the favourite residence of, the 
 Emperor Firoz Shdh. It fell into decay in the last century from 
 the constant inroads of the Sikhs and other marauders, and was 
 almost completely depopulated by famine in 1783. P. (1881) 
 14,200; (1891) 16,900; Hindus, 10,000; Moham. 6300. 
 
 Hlssarllk, site on a hill on the E. border of the plain of the 
 Menderez, Asia Minor, 4 m. SE. of the mouth of the Dardanelles ; 
 regarded by Schliemann as that of the ancient Troy. 
 
 Hlstlala, comm., Greece. See Xerokhorlon. 
 
 Hlston, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div., 3i m. 
 NNW. Cambridge, on the G. E. R. and M. R., PM.O. P. < 
 1000. 
 
 Hit, the ancient Is and Acopolis, tn., Asiatic Turkey, on 
 the r. bk. of the Euphrates, 90 m. W. by N. Bagdad ; consists 
 of about 1500 clay-built and flat-roofed houser. The inhabitants 
 still export bitumen and naphtha from the pits here, which were 
 abundantly productive in the earliest ages of antiquity. Contains 
 the grave of Abdallah Moharek. P. 5000. 
 
 Hitachi, a kuni or old prov. now in Ibaragi ken, Japan. 
 
 Hitaka, maritime prov., Japan, on the S. ct. of Yezo. 
 
 Hltcham, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div., 4J 
 m. NW. Windsor, i m. NE. by N. Taplow stn. , P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Hltcham, par., Eng., Suffolk, 6^ m. NW. Hadleigh, P.O. ; 
 4308 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hitchcock, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Beadle co., 96 m. E. by 
 N. Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hitchcock, CO. , U. S. , Nebraska, S. frontier, crossed by 101° W. 
 
 Hltchendon, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire. See Hngh- 
 enden. 
 
 Hltchln, par. and tn. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, H. div. , 7i m. 
 NE. Luton, on the main line of the G. N. R., junction for Cam- 
 bridge. H. is an ancient town, pleasantly situated in a fertile 
 valley; straw-plaiting, formerly an important industry, has greatly 
 declined of late years ; lavender grown in the neighbourhood. 
 Market-day, Tu. Alt. 238 ft. Mean temp. (1866-80), 26 in. 
 6420 ac. P. 9500 ; tn. P. 8900 ; pari. div. P. 48,400. 
 
 Hit he, Anglo-Saxon, 'a haven.' 
 
 Hit or Hiss, tn. , Victoria. See Kooroocheang. 
 
 Hitoyoshl, thriving tn., Japan, Kiushiu, 60 m. SE. by E. 
 Nagasaki, formerly the seat of a Daimyo. P. <40oo. 
 
 Hltterdal, vil., S. Norway, prov. Christiansand, 37 m. W. 
 by S. Drammen ; noted for its lofty wooden church. 
 
 Hltteren, isl., Norway, W. ct., 40 m. W. Trondhjem. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Hittero, isl., Norway, S. ct., at mouth of Flekkefjord. 
 
 Hltteslelgh (hit'iz-lt), par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Ashbiu^ton div. , 
 12 m. W. by N. Exeter, 4 m. SW. by W. Yeoford June, P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Hltzklrch, vil., Switzd., cant. Lucerne, at the N. end of 
 Lake Baldegg, 12 m. W. by N. Zug. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hlnng-yo, tn. , Manchuria, prov. Liautung, 48 m. SSE. 
 Niu-chwang. 
 
 Hlva-Oa, HlTa-Ora, or Dominica, isl., in the S. of the 
 Marquesas Archipelago, slightly N. of 10° N. , crossed by 
 139° W. 
 
 Hiwarkher, or Hlwarkhed (census), tn. , India, Berar, dist. 
 Akola, 49 m. WNW. Amraoti. P. (1891) 6500 ; Hindus, 5400. 
 
 Hlxon, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, 5 m. E. by N. 
 Stafford, on the N. Staffordshire Rly., PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Hlyel-san, mt., Japan, Honshiu, 4-5 m. NE. Kyoto, on the 
 SW. shore of Lake Biwa. 
 
 Hlzen, a kuni or old prov. now in Nagasaki and Saga kens, 
 Japan. 
 
 Hlzmeh, vil., Palestine, Azmaveth in the O. T., 31° 50' N. , 
 35° 16' E., 5 m. NE. by N. Jerusalem. 
 
 ^a/^?, Scandinavian, 'a Viking.' 
 
 Hjelmar, lake, Sweden, between the provs. Orebro and 
 Sodermanland, W. of Stockholm ; drains at E. end to Lake 
 Maelar, and connected by canal with Arboga R. Length, 40 
 m. ; greatest breadth, 14 m. ; area, 189 sq. m ; alt. 79 ft. ; 
 depth, 70 ft. 
 
 Hjem, Scandinavian, 'a home.' See Ham. 
 
 HJo, comm., Sweden, prov. Skaraborg, on the W. side of 
 Lake Wetter, 31 m. WSW. Motala. P. <2ooo. 
 
 HJorrlng, comm., Denmark, in the N. of Jutland, prov. 
 H. , 20 m. W. Frederikshavn. P. 6100. 
 
 Hlalng, tp., Lower Burma, dist. Hanthawadi, on the Hlaing 
 R., 42 m. NW. by N. Rangoon. P. (1881) 30,600. 
 
 Hlalng, riv. , Lower Burma, in the IrAwadi delta, rises E. of 
 Prome, flows generally parallel to the Irawadi, with which it is 
 connected by numerous creeks, and enters the Gulf of Martaban 
 below the town of Rangoon, where it bears the name of Rangoon 
 R. Length about 200 m. Navigable for large ships to Rangoon, 
 and by small steamers a considerable distance above, but naviga- 
 tion depends much on the rainy season. 
 
 H'lassa, city, Tibet. See Lhasa. 
 
 Hlavr-ga, tn. , Lower Burma, dist. Rangoon, on the Hlaing 
 R., 17 m. N. by W. Rangoon by rail. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hlerln, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Fiorina. 
 
 Hllboka, tn. , Austria, prov. Bukowina, dist. Sereth. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Hllnsko, vil., Austria, Bohemia, 29 m. NE. by N. Iglau. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Hlobane Honntaln, S. African Republic, NE. Vrijheid, 27° 
 45' S. , 30° 55' E. Scene of an encounter in the Zulu war. 
 
 Hlnbosch, or Hlnbos, comm. , Austria, Bohemia, 30 m. SW. 
 by S. Prague, 5 m. N. Pfibram. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Hlnk, vil. , Austria, Moravia, 44 m. SSE. Olmiitz. P. <30oo. 
 
 Hn^nlce, comm. , Austria, See Gnadlersdorf. 
 
 Ho, Chinese, 'river.' 
 
 Ho, tn., China, prov. Nganhwei, 25 m. NNW. Wuhu, near 
 the 1. bk. of the Yangtse-kiang. 
 
 Ho, Ger. mission stn.^ Togo-land, W. Africa, Upper Guinea, 
 60 m. N. by W. of the mouth of the Volta. 
 
 Hoa-. For Chinese names beginning with this combination, 
 see under Hwa-. 
 
 Hoang-ho, a common spelling, originally French, of Hwang- 
 ho [q.v.), riv., China. 
 
 Hoar Cross, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Burton div., 7 
 m. W. Burton-upon-Trent, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Hoarwlthy, vil., Eng., Herefordshire, 5 m. NW. Ross, 
 PMT.O. See Hentland. 
 
 Hoath, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 5^ m. NE. 
 Canterbury, ■z\ m. WNW. Grove Ferry stn., PMT.O. P. < 
 500. See Recalver. 
 
 Hoathly, East, par., Eng., Sussex, Eastbourne div., 8 m. 
 NE. by E. Lewes, 4 m. W. by S. Horeham Road stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 679 
 
H O AT 
 
 H O D N 
 
 Hoathly, West, par. , Eng. , Sussex, East Grinstead div. , 12 
 m. E. Horsham, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O. ; 5340 ac. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hobart (named after one of the first settlers), city, cap. Tas- 
 mania, Buckingham co., 100 m. S. Launceston, picturesquely 
 situated at the foot of Mount Wellington, and largely frequented 
 during the summer by visitors from New South Wales and 
 Victoria. The harbour is easily accessible, well sheltered, and 
 has depth of water for ships of any size. Mean temp., yr. 
 53.6° F., Feb. 60.9°, July 45.7°. P. of city (1871) 19,000 ; (1891) 
 24,900 ; P. of city and suburbs, 33,500. 
 
 Hobart, tn. , U.S., Indiana, Lake co. , 27 m. SE. Chicago 
 (111.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Hobbema, stn., Canada, Alberta, on the Calgary and 
 Edmonton Rly. , about 125 m. N. by E. Calgary. 
 
 Hobhole, coastguard stn. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Holland div. , 
 at the mouth of the Witham, 1. bk. 
 
 Hobkirk, par., Scot., Roxburghshire, on Rule Water, 5J m. 
 ESE. Hawick; 16,193 ac. P- <7SO- 
 
 Hoboken, comm., Belgium, prov. and 3 m. SW. Antwerp, 
 on the Scheldt. P. 7300. See Antwerp. 
 
 Hwbo'ken (corruption of Indian Hopoghan), city and seapt., 
 U.S., New Jersey, Hudson co. , on W. side of Hudson R., 
 directly opposite New York, with which it is connected by a 
 ferry. It is an independent municipality, though practically a 
 N. suburb of Jersey City. H. is very popular with the Germans, 
 who form nearly a fourth of the popiilation. Here is the Stevens 
 Institute of Technology. P. (1870) 20,300; (1880)31,000; (1890) 
 43.600. 
 
 Hoborg, cape, Sweden, on the S. ct. of Gottland I., in 56° 
 55' N. 
 
 Hobro, tn. , Denmark, in the E. of Jutland, prov. Randers, 
 on Mariager Fjord, 15 m. NW. by N. Randers. P. <:3000. 
 
 Hobsou, CO. , New Zealand, North I. , W. ct. , crossed by 36° S. 
 
 HubsonTllle, tp., New Zealand, North I., Waitemata co. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Huby, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 5 J m. W. by 
 S. Melton Mowbray, on the r. bk. of the Wreak, i m. N. 
 Brooksby stn. , P.O. P. <soo ; eccles. par. (H. >vltb Rottaerby) 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Hoch, Hohen, German ; Hoog, Dutch, 'high.' 
 
 Hocbela'ga, co. , Canada, Quebec, including Montreal city. 
 
 Hocbfeld, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Diisseldorf, circle 
 Duisburg. P. 11,400. See Dnlsbnrg. 
 
 Hocbfelden, vil. , Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle and 15 m. 
 NW. by N. Strassburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Hochhelm, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 4 m. ENE. 
 Mainz. H. stands on a hill sloping to the Main, on which are 
 the vineyards producing the true Hock, a name, improperly 
 given to Rhenish wines generally. P. <3000. 
 
 Hochlang-bslen, tn. , China, Siichwan, on the r. bk. of the 
 Yangtse-kiang, 65 m. SW. Chungking. 
 
 Hocbklrch, post-vil. , Victoria, Norraanby co. , 47 m. NNW. 
 Warrnambool. P. <i5oo (mostly Germans). 
 
 Hochkonlg, highest summit of the Salzburg Alps, Austria ; 
 covered with perpetual snow. Alt. 9635 ft. 
 
 Hoctaneiiklrch, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Greven- 
 broich, dist. Odenkirchen. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Ho-chon, tn. , China, prov. Siichwan, at the confluence of the 
 Fu-kiang and Kialing-kiang, 35 m. N. by W. Chungking. 
 
 Huchpetsch, comm. , Austria, Bohemia, 40 m. NW. Prague. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Hoehschwab, mt., Austria, prov. Styria, SW. Maria ZelL 
 
 Alt. 7470 ft. 
 
 Hochspeyer, comm., Ger., Bavaria, Rhine Palatinate, cap. 
 circle and 6i m. E. Kaiserslauiern. P. <30O0. 
 
 Hoebst, m., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle H., on riv. 
 Main, 6 m. W. Frankfurt ; has manufactures of aniline, gelatine, 
 oilcloth, mattresses, &c. ; large dye-works. P. 8200. 
 
 Hocbstadt, or Vysoke, tn. , Bohemia, 17 m. ESE. Reichen- 
 berg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Hoctastadt, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Franconia, 
 circle H. , 13 m. S. by W. Bamberg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hochstiidt, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, circle 
 Dillingen, on the 1. bk. of the Danube, 29 m. NE. by E. Ulm ; 
 the battle of Blenheim (Blindheim), fought in its immediate 
 neighbourhood, is called by the French and Germans the battle 
 of Hochstadt. P. <3000. 
 
 Hochstetter, mt.. New Zealand, one of the highest peaks 
 in the Southern Alps, on the border of Grey and Amuri cos. , 85 
 m. NNW. Christchurch ; not to be confounded with H. Dome 
 (alt. 9258 ft.), one of the peaks at the head of the Tasman 
 glacier. Alt. 11,200 ft. (Von Lendenfeld). Named after a 
 celebrated scientific explorer of New Zealand. 
 
 Hochstetter Glacier. See Tasman Cilacler. 
 
 Hocbstetter Plains, dist. , on the S. of the Fitzroy R. , Kim- 
 berley div. of W. Australia, to the S. of 18° S. , crossed by 124° E. 
 
 Hochwald. See HansrUck. 
 
 Hoch-Wesely, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 20 m. NW. by W. 
 Koniggratz. P. <2000. 
 680 
 
 Hockentaelm, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle Mann- 
 heim, on the Kraich, 9 m. SW. Heidelberg. P. <sooo. 
 
 Hockenhnll, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, 5^ m. E. Chester. P. <2So. 
 
 Hockerlll, eccles. par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, anct. par. Bishop 
 Stortford. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Hockerlng, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, Mid div. , loj m. WNW. 
 Norwich, 3i m. SSW. Lenwade stn. P. <;5oo; eccles. par. 
 (H. with Muttlstaall Bnrgh) P. <:75o. 
 
 Hockerton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 5J m. 
 WNW. Newark, 2 m. NNE. Southwell stn., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Hockham, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 21 m. SW. by W. 
 Norwich, 8J m. NE. Thetford, ij m. ENE. (Wretham and 
 H.) stn. on G. E. & Colne Valley Rly., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Hocking, CO., U.S., Ohio, in the SE., crossed by 39*° N., 
 E. of83°W. 
 
 Hocking, riv., U.S., Ohio, in the SE., rises in Perry co., and 
 flows SW. then SE. to the Ohio, which it joins on the r. bk., in 
 about 39° 13' N. ; navigable for boats for nearly 70 m. , and is 
 connected by the H. Canal with the Ohio Canal, 13 m. S. 
 Columbus. Its valley produces large quantities of coke. 
 
 Hockley, NW. suburb of Birmingham, Eng., with stn. on 
 the G. W. R., I m. NW. Snow Hill stn. 
 
 Hockley, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 5 m. NW. by N. 
 Southend, i^ m. NW. of its stn. on the G. E. R., P.O.; 4475 
 ac. P. < 750. 
 
 Hockley, electoral div.. Ire., Armagh, dist. Rich Hill. 
 
 Hockley, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW. , bounded on the E. 
 by 102° W. , to the S. of 34° N. 
 
 Hockley Heath, vil., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon 
 div., 10 m. SSE. Birmingham, 2 m. SW. Knowle stn., PMT.O. 
 See Nnthnrst and Salter Street. 
 
 Hockliffe, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, div. and 8 m. WNW. 
 Luton, 2 m. N. Stanbridgeford stn. , PMT.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Hockwold with Wilton, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 
 13 m. ENE. Ely, i^ m. NE. by N. Lakenheath stn., PM.O.; 
 7671 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Hockworthy, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 7 m. NE. 
 Tiverton, 3 m. NW. Burlescombe stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hodalda, Hodelda, or Hodldah, large fortified tn. and the 
 most flourishing seapt. in Yemen, Arabia, on the E. ct. of the 
 Red Sea, in lat. 14° 50' N. It is subject to frequent attacks of 
 fever, and the water supply is very deficient. It has no harbour, 
 and vessels lie s| m. off the shore. Exports are chiefly coffee, 
 with some pearls, senna, and myrrh to India, and skins to 
 America ; imports grain ; manufactures cotton goods, petroleum, 
 &c. P. (estimated) 30-50,000. 
 
 Hod&l, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gurgdon, 49 m. N. by 
 W. Bhartpur. P. (1881) 6500 ; (1891) 9600 ; Hindus, 8100. 
 
 Hodder, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, rising in Great 
 Harlow, Skipton div., and flowing S. and SE., partly on the 
 border of Lancashire, till it joins the Ribble on the r. bk. 
 
 Hoddesdon, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Lea div., 3J m. SE. 
 by E. Hertford, x\ m. N. Broxbourne June. stn. P. <45oo. 
 
 Hoddle's Creek, post-tn. , Victoria, Evelyn co. , 42J m. NE. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hoddlesdon, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, 4^ m. SSE. 
 Blackburn, PMT.O. P.<20oo. 
 
 Hoddom, par. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, 4§ m. N. by W. Annan, 
 I m. S. Ecclefechan stn. ; 7514 ac. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Hodelda, tn. , Arabia. See Hodalda. 
 
 Hoden, El, or Wedan, oasis and caravan stn., W. Sahara, 
 to the E. of Arguin Bay, on the route from Arguin to Timbuktu. 
 P. 2000. 
 
 Hodgdon, tn., U.S., Maine, Aroostook co., about 5 m. S. 
 Houston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hodge Beck, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 
 flowing SE. , and joining the Dove on the r. bk. 2 m. above 
 Salton. 
 
 Hodgeman, co. , U.S. , Kansas, crossed by 38° N. and 100° W. 
 
 Hodgeston, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 4 m. ESE. Pem- 
 broke, ij m. SE. Lamphey stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hodgkinson, tn. , Queensland. See Thornborongh. 
 
 Hodh, El, or El Haudh, vast plain of the W. Sahara, W. of 
 Timbuktu, between the Taganet on the N., and Kaarta and 
 Bakhunu, pro vs. of the Segu empire, on the S. 
 
 Hod Hill, hill, Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 14 m. E. by S. 
 Sherborne, 3^ m. NW. by N. Blandford. 
 
 Hodidah, in., Arabia. See Hodalda. 
 
 Hodimont, comm., Belgium, prov. Lifege, on the Vesdre, 
 arr. and i m. W. Verviers. P. 5100. 
 
 HiMlmezo-VAsikrhely ('the market-place of the beaver's 
 meadow'), municip., Hungary, prov. Csongrdd, 13 m. NE. by 
 E. Szegedin. P. (1850) 33,090; (1869) 49,153; (1890) 55,475- 
 
 Hodna, or Shott-es-Salda, salt lake, Algeria, prov. Con- 
 stantine, about 83 m. in a direct line from the Gulf of Bougie. 
 The plain on its shores is extremely fertile in the rare seasons in 
 which there falls an abundance of rain. Remains of extensive 
 irrigation works. Alt. 230 ft. ; length, 42 m.; breadth, 2-11 
 m. ; area, 107 sq. m. 
 
 Hodnel, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, 3 m. S. Southam. P. <250. 
 
H O D N 
 
 H O H E 
 
 Hodnet, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 13 m. NE. by N. 
 Shrewsbury, on the G. W. R., PMT.O.; 9625 ac. P. < 2000; 
 eccles. par. (H. witb Peplow and Weston nuder Redcastle) 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Hodonin, comm. , Austria. See Giidlng. 
 
 H«)ds^, comm., Hungary, co. Bdcs-Bodrog, 45 m. SSW. 
 Maria Theresiopel. P. <; 5000. 
 
 HodseU Street, P.O., Eng., Kent, 2 m. S. Ash. 
 
 Uodsock, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 5 m. 
 N. Worksop ; 4237 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Hoe, for Chinese names beginning with this prefix, see Hure. 
 
 Hoe, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, Mid div. , 16 m. WN W. Norwich, 
 2 m. NNE. East Dereham, 2 m. N. by E. Dereham stn. P. 
 <25o. See Derebam, East. 
 
 Hoe, Scandinavian, 'a spit of land running into the sea." 
 See Hoo. 
 
 Hoedlc, or Hedlc (Breton, 'duckling's isle'), islet, France, 
 in the Atlantic, off dep. Morbihan, 8-9 m. E. Belle-Ile I. 
 
 Hoeksche Waard, isl., Holland, prov. S. Holland, between 
 the HoUandsch Diep, the Haringvliet, and the Maas. 
 
 Hoek-van-Hollaud, promontory, Netherlands, S. Holland, 
 at mouth of New Waterway, with port of same name, 17 m. 
 WNW. Rotterdam, railway terminus, with pier and landing- 
 stage for passenger steamers run by the G. E. R. from Harwich 
 (loo m. ). Called in English Hook of Holland, or Tbe Hook. 
 
 Hoenderloo, vil. , Holland, prov. Gelderland, 9 m. N. by 
 W. Arnhem. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hoesselt, vil., Belgium, prov. Limburg, arr. Tongres, 9 m. 
 W. Maastricht. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Hoe Street (for Walthamstow), stn., Eng., Essex, on the 
 G. E. R., 6 m. NE. by N. St. Paul's. 
 
 Hof, Teutonic, Hoven, in Dutch and Scandinavian names, 
 ' an enclosure,' ' manor,' ' court.' 
 
 Hof, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 17 m. WSW. Troppau. P. <3000. 
 
 Hof, tn. , Ger., in the NE. of Bavaria, govt. Upper Fran- 
 conia, circle H. , 30 m. NE. by N. Bayreuth, with cotton spinning, 
 and manufactures of calico, cloth, and hosiery. P. (1871) 16,000; 
 {1890) 24,300 ; (comm.) 24,500. 
 
 Hof, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle Saarburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hof an der Harch, or Markthof, comm. , Lower Austria, 
 25 m. E. Vienna. P. <20oo. 
 
 HoflTenthal, Labrador. See Hopedale. 
 
 Hof-Gastelu. See Gasteln. 
 
 Hofgelsmar, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle H. , 13 
 m. NNW. Kassel. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hofhelm, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Hochst, 
 9 m. E. Wiesbaden. P. < 3000. 
 
 Hofleln, comm. , Austria, Carniola, 18 m. N. by W. Laibach. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Hofmeyer, settlement, S. African Republic, Zoutpansberg 
 dist. , about 200 m. NNE. Pretoria. 
 
 Hofrat-en<Nahas, locality, Sudan, Darfur, about 280 m. 
 SSW. El Fasher, in 9° 48' N., with copper-mines apparently 
 very rich. Alt. 1675 ft- 
 
 Hofstade, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Brussels, 4 
 m. S. by E. Malines. P. < 2000. 
 
 Hofst«de, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, 
 circle and dist. Bochum. P. <:3000 ; comm., including Mar- 
 melshagen (Hofe)<5ooo. 
 
 Hofnf, El. See El Hofuf. 
 
 Hofwyl, formerly Wylhof, castle, and a former celebrated 
 agricultural college, Switzd. , cant, and a few miles N. of the city 
 of Bern ; founded by Emanuel von Fellenberg, 1799. 
 
 Hoganas, seapt., Sweden, prov. Malmohus, on the Sound, 
 46 m. NNW. Malmo ; has coal-mines. The roads (sheltered 
 from S. and E. winds) afford anchorage in 16-17 ft. of water. 
 P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Hogar, Hoggar, or Abaggar, an elevated region, Afi-ica, 
 western Sahara, stretching over about 5° N. to S. and E. to 
 W. , crossed about the middle by 25° N. , 5° E. , with peaks high 
 enough to be covered with snow for some weeks every year ; 
 abounding in springs, wadis, and underground water ; pro- 
 ducing dates, figs, vines, barley and wheat, and supporting 
 camels, horses, asses, &c. The people, an independent and 
 warlike Berber tribe, are also called Ahaggar. 
 
 Hog Bay, vil. , S. Australia, Kangaroo L , 68 m. SW. by S. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hogeland, small isl., N. of Queensland, in Endeavour Strait. 
 
 Hogganfleld, eccles. par., Scot., NW. Lanarkshire, on H. 
 Loch, 4 m. ENE. Glasgow, i m. SW. Steps Road stn. P. 
 <3Soo. 
 
 Hogganfleld, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire. See Millerston 
 and Hogganfleld. 
 
 Hoggestou, or Hogston, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 
 Buckingham div., 7^ m. N. Aylesbury, 3 m. SE. Winslow stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Hoghton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., 4^ m. 
 WSW. Blackburn, on the L. & Y. R., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hog Island, isl. , Brit. Guiana, in the mouth of the Essequibo, 
 to the S. of Wakenaam and Leguan Is. 
 
 Hog Island, Ire., off S. ct. co. Clare, in riv. Shannon, 2 m. 
 S. Kilrush. 
 
 Hog Island, Pnlo Babl, or Slmaln, off the W. ct. 
 
 Sumatra, lat. 2° 2o'-3° N. Length, 68 m.; breadth, 12 m. 
 
 Hog Islands, a cluster of isls. off the SW. ct. of Ire. , co. 
 Kerry, near the mouth of Kenmare R. , 3 m. W. Lamb Head. 
 
 Hoglan Bay, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the NW. of N. Uist, 
 57° 3/ N. 
 
 Hogland, isl., Finland, govt. Viborg, in Gulf of Finland, 
 no m. W. of St. Petersburg. Battle between Russians and 
 Swedes in 1788. Part of the triangulation for measure of 
 meridian arc. Mean rfall. (15 yrs.), yr. 18.5 in., May-Nov. 
 14.4 in. Area, 11 sq. m. P. (1890) 1171. 
 
 Hognaston, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 7^ m. SW. by 
 S. Matlock, 4^ m. NE. Ashbourne stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hogne, vil., Belgium, prov. Namur, arr. Dinant, 20 m. S. 
 Huy. P. < 2000. 
 
 Hogoln, Sag, or Truk, a group of small volcanic islets, 
 Caroline Is., lat. i'-i' 43' N., long. 151° 2o'-iS2° E. They are 
 disposed round a great lagoon in a triangular form. Moun- 
 tainous and wooded. Discovered by Duperrey, 1824. Area 
 about 50 sq. m. P. 12,000. 
 
 Hog Point, the E. cape of Brit. N. Borneo, lat. 5° 18' N., 
 long. 119'^ 15' E. 
 
 Hogs Back, range of hills, Eng. , W. Surrey, in the N. of the 
 Guildford div. , between Farnham and Guildford. 
 
 Hogs Bay, Canada, Ontario, in the SE. of Georgian Bay ; it 
 receives the Severn R. (outlet of Lake Simcoe). 
 
 Hogs Head, cape, SW. Ire., co. Kerry, S. of Ballinaskelligs 
 Bay. 
 
 Uogstaaw, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, 3^ m. SW. Winslow. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Hogskln (Dutch Hakscbeen) Vley, salt-pan, in the W. of 
 Brit. Bechuana-land, just N. of 26° S. 
 
 Hogstborpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindseydiv. , ij m. 
 from the E. ct. , 16J m. SE. by E. Louth, 4J m. E. Willoughby 
 stn., PM.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Hogsties, or Les Etoiles, group of islands and rocks to the 
 N. of Inagua, Bahamas, surrounded by a sandbank ; the most 
 easterly island is in 21° 39' N. and 73° 50' W. 
 
 Hogston, Eng. , Buckinghamshire. See Hoggeston. 
 
 Hogne, La, roadstead, France. See Hongiie, La. 
 
 Hobenau, tn.. Lower Austria, 35 m. NE. Vienna, near the 
 r. bk. of the March. P. <40C)0. 
 
 Hohenberg, vil., Ger., Bavaria, Upper Franconia, dist. 
 Rehau, on the Eger ; has iron-mines, mineral springs, and 
 manufactures of porcelain. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hobenbrnck, or Trebecbovlce, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 7 
 m. E. by S. Koniggratz. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Hobeudodeleben. See Dodeleben. 
 
 Hobenelbe, or Vrcblabl, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, at the source 
 of the Elbe, 14 m. WNW. Trautenau. P. < 5000. 
 
 Hobenems, viL, Austria, Vorarlberg, 10 m. SSW. Bregenz, 2 
 m. from the r. bk. of the Rhine ; has cotton and other manu- 
 factures, and sulphur baths. P. <4000. 
 
 Hobenfelde, NE. suburb of Hamburg, Ger. P. 18,700. 
 
 Hobeufriedberg, tn., Prussia, Silesia, govt. Liegnitz, circle 
 and 6 m. E. of Bolkenhain. Scene of a victory of Frederick II. , 
 1745. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Hobeufnrtb ('the high ford'), tn., Austria, Bohemia, 26 m. 
 SSW. Budweis. Above the town is the Teufelsmaue, a narrow 
 gorge, with walls 328 ft. high, through which the Moldau flows. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Hobenbelm, royal castle, Wlirtemberg, circle Neckar, 5 m. 
 S. by E. Stuttgart, with a famous agricultural school. 
 
 Hobenllmbnrg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arns- 
 berg, circle Iserlohn, 12 m. SSE. Dortmund. P. <:3000. 
 
 Hobeulobe (' the high meadow or thicket '), an ancient prin- 
 cipality of Ger., circle Franconia, now mostly comprised in 
 circle Jaxt (Wlirtemberg), and partly in Bavaria. 
 
 Hobenlobe Harbour, Lake Nyassa. See Langenbnrg. 
 
 Hobenuiautb, or Myto Tysok^, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 23 m. 
 SE. by S. Koniggratz. P. 7800. 
 
 Hobenmantben, or Binta, comm. , Austria, Styria, 40 m. E. 
 Klagenfurt, on the 1. bk. of the Drave. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hobenmolsen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt, and 14 m. 
 SSE. Merseburg, circle Weissenfels ; has lignite mines, and 
 manufacture of paraffin oil. P. <300o. 
 
 Hobenscbwangan, royal castle, Ger., Bavaria, near Fiissen. 
 
 Hobeustadt (Slavonic Zdbreb), tn., Austria, Moravia, 27 m. 
 NW. Olmiitz ; has manufactures of turkey-red dye, linen, and 
 cotton goods. P. <30oo. 
 
 Hobensteiu, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, 9 m. W. 
 by S. Chemnitz. P. 7500 ; including Ernsttbal, P. 12,200. 
 
 Hobensteiu, former co. (Grafschaft), Ger., at the S. foot of 
 the Hartz Mts., now included in the Prussian provs. Hanover 
 and Saxony. 
 
 Hobensteiu, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Osterode, 53 
 m. SE. Elbing. P. <:3000. 
 
 HobentMiei, a former celebrated mountain fortress, Ger., 
 
 681 
 
HOHE — HOLL 
 
 Wurtemberg, dist. Tuttlingen, on a conical hill 2270 ft. high ; 
 destroyed by the French under Vandamme in 1800. It is sur- 
 rounded by the jurisdiction of Baden. 
 
 Holienirart, mt. peak of the Niedere Tauern chain, Austria, 
 prov. Styria, SE. Grobming. Alt. 7745 ft. 
 
 Hohenzollem, a terr. belonging to Prussia in S. Germany, 
 between Wurtemberg and Baden, traversed by the Swabian 
 Jura ; till 1849 composed of the two principalities of H.-Hechin- 
 gen and H.-Sigmaringen, now forming the govt, of Sigmaringen 
 and prov. of H. There is a deposit of rock-salt, with salt-works, 
 near Stetten. Area, 441 sq. m. P. (1890) 66,100, mainly Roman 
 Catholics. 
 
 Hohen, German, 'high.' See Hoch. 
 
 Hoher Dacbstein, mt. , Austria. See Dacbsteln. 
 
 Hober Schneeberg, mt. , Austria, Bohemia, in the NW. , 16 
 m. NE. by E. Teplitz, 5 m. W. by N. Tetschen. 
 
 Hobes Venn ('high marshland'), broad swampy tract on 
 the frontier of Belgium and Rhenish Prussia, SE. of Lifege, 
 rising to 2280 ft. above sea-level ; length, 30 m. 
 
 Hobe Tanern Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions, III. A. I. 
 
 Hobndorf, manufacturing vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle 
 Glauchau, 12 m. WSW. Chemnitz. P. < 4000. 
 
 Hobneck, mt. , Vosges. See Honeck. 
 
 Hobon, or Hobla, tn. , China, prov. Hupe, on 1. bk. of the 
 Yangtse, 260 m. above Hankow. The country is well protected 
 by stone- faced embankments from inundations. 
 
 Hobr, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, govt. Wiesbaden, 
 circle Unterwesterwald, 6 m. NE. by N. Koblenz. P. <:3000. 
 
 Hobscbeid, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Solingen , 8 J m. 
 SW. by S. Elberfeld ; has iron and lead foundries, and manu- 
 factures of whetstones. P. (comm.) 12,600. 
 
 Holbon, or Haiken, tn. , China, chief port of isl. of Hainan, 
 at the head of an inlet in the middle of the N. ct. of that island. 
 
 Hoiran, Lake, Asia Minor. See Egerdtr. 
 
 Holynan, tn. See Knija, New. 
 
 Hoja-ispe, fort, Bukhara, on r. bk. Amu, nearly opposite 
 Charjui, 67 m. SW. cap. of khanate. 
 
 Hoja-Jumbns, tn. , khanate, and 106 m. SW. of Bukhara. 
 P. <5C)oo. 
 
 Hokendanqna, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and on riv. 
 Lehigh, 4 m. NW. AJlentovsTi ; contains several large blast- 
 furnaces. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hokl, a kuni or old prov. now in Tottori ken, Japan. 
 
 Hoklanga, port. New Zealand, North I., H. co., 125 m. 
 NW. by N. Auckland. Timber of great length and straightness 
 found some little distance inland. P. 1500. 
 
 Hokianga, co.. New Zealand, North I., on the W. ct. , 
 between 35° and 36° S. 
 
 Hoklaug-fa, or Ilokien-fa, tn., China, prov. Pechili, 60 m. 
 SW. Tientsin ; the Cacan-fu of Marco Polo ; at mouth of 
 Hokiaug>fa K., which forms the harbour. The bar prevents 
 vessels drawing more than 10 ft. from reaching the quay at high 
 water ordinary springs. 
 
 Hokitlka, tn.. New Zealand, South I., cap. Westland co., 
 on the NW. ct. , 24 m. SW. by S. Greymouth, in 42° 42' S. 
 Valuable goldfields near, the production from which reached 
 its maximum in 1866. Mean temp. , yr. 53.1° F., Jan. 60.2°, 
 July 44.8°; rfall. (9 yrs.), 112.91 in. P. <3000. 
 
 Hokkaido ('route of the N. shore'), administrative name of 
 the Japanese isl. of Yezo {q.v.). 
 
 Hoklo, Hlolo, or Hiaolo, a people inhabiting the provs. 
 Kwangtung and Fokien, China, more particularly the dists. on 
 the coast, and bordering the estuaries of rivers. 
 
 Hokong, valley, Burma. See Hnkong. 
 
 Hoko, Dngei, or Tokto-koto, tn. , N. China, prov. Shansi, on 
 1. bk. of the Hwang-ho, at mouth of Hsiao-Hei-ho, 290 m. W. 
 Peking; has important soda works. Alt. 2997 ft. [Rockhill, bp.). 
 
 Hokon, or Hnkon, tn., central China, prov. Kiangsi, 24 m. 
 E. Kiukiang, on the r. bk. of the outlet of Lake Poyang, 70 m. 
 SW. Nganking ; a great market for black tea. P. 300,000. 
 
 Hoknrokndo, one of the nine old provincial groups of Japan 
 composed of the provs. (kuni) in the W. central region, includ- 
 ing the isl. of Sado. 
 
 Holar, vil. , Iceland, on the N. ct. ; is a bishop's see since 1106. 
 
 Holbiik, tn. , Denmark, on the Isse Fjord, N. ct. of Seeland, 
 prov. Holbak, 32 m. W. Copenhagen. P. <4000. 
 
 Holbeacb, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Holland 
 div. , 7^ m. E. by N. Spalding, on the G. N. R. Market-day, 
 Th. 21,469 ac. P. <sooo. 
 
 Holbeacb Horn, eccles. par., 2\ m. NE. Holbeach, P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Holbeacb Marsb, eccles. par., Eng., Lincolnshire, on the 
 Wash, in a marshy tract to the NE. of Holbeach, P.O. (H. St. 
 Marks). P. <75o. 
 
 Holbeck, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 4^ m. 
 SW. by S. Worksop, t.\ m. ESE. Elmton and Greswell stn. 
 P. 250. 
 
 Holbeck, par. and suburb of Leeds, Eng., in the W. div., 
 with a June. stn. on the G. N. R. , M. R. , and other lines. P. 
 20,600. 
 
 682 
 
 Holbeck Woodbonse, Eng. See Norton Cockney. 
 
 Holbeton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 9 m. ESE. 
 Plymouth. PM.O.; 4639 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Holboru, pari, div., Eng., London. P. (1891) 70,900. 
 
 Holborn Hill, Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., on the 
 estuary of the Duddon, 8 m. N. by W. Barrow, near Millom stn. 
 
 Holborn St. Andrei" above tbe Bars and St. George 
 tbe Martyr, par., Eng., co. of London. P. 26,200. 
 
 Holborn Yladnct, terminal stn. , Eng., London, on the L. C. 
 & D. R. , near St. Paul's Cathedral. 
 
 Holbrook, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, Mid div. , 5^ m. N. by E. 
 Derby, i m. NNW. Coxbench stn., P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Holbrook, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , 5I m. S. 
 Ipswich, 3 m. E. Bentley stn., PMT.O. P. <;iooo. 
 
 Holbrook, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Apache co. , 160 m. 
 SSW. from the NE. corner of the terr. Alt. 5047 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 Holbrook, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co., 14J m. 
 S. by E. Boston. P. <3C)00. 
 
 Holburn, eccles. par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, Old Machar 
 par. , on G. N. of S. R. P. 16,600. 
 
 Holbnm Head, cape, Scot., Caithness, on the N. ct. , in 4° 
 31' W. , 2 m. NNW. Thurso, with a lighthouse adjacent, 
 visible 14 m. 
 
 Holcombe, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Heywood div., 
 3i m. NNW. Bury, with stn. (Holcombe Brook) on the L. & 
 Y". R., P.O. P. < 5000. 
 
 Holcombe, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 7 m. W. by N. 
 Frome, 2 m. SE. Chilcompton stn. , P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Holcombe Bnrnell, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div., 
 4 m. W. Exeter. P. <25o. 
 
 Holcombe Rogns, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 7^ m. 
 NE. by E. Tiverton, 2 m. NW. by N. Burlescombe stn., PM.O. 
 P. <:75o. 
 
 Holcot, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 7 m. W. by 
 N. Wellingborough, 3^ m. ESE. Brixworth stn. , P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Holcntt, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Luton div., 9^ m. SW. 
 Bedford, 2 m. NW. by W. Ridgmont stn. P. <:25o ; eccles. 
 par. (H. -wltb Salford) P. <25o. 
 
 Holden, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 7 m. NNW. 
 Worcester. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Holden, city, U.S., Missouri, Johnson co., 42 m. SE. Kansas 
 City. P. <3000. 
 
 Holdenby, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 6 m. 
 NW. by N. Northampton, ij m. NW. by W. Pitsford and 
 Brampton stn. , P. O. P. <25o. 
 
 Holdenbnrst, par., Eng., Hampshire, on the Stour, 3 m. 
 NW. by W. and included in the pari. bor. of Christchurch ; 
 5935 ac. P. 27,900. 
 
 Holderuess ('the woody promontory.' See Naes), pari. div. , 
 Eng., Yorkshire, in the SE. of the E. Riding. P. 41,300. 
 
 Holderness, tp., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co., 37 m. 
 N.Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Holders HUH, Eng. , Middlesex, Harrow div. , i m. W. by S. 
 Finchley stn. (G. N. R.), 7^ m. NW. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Holdfast, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., 4 J m. 
 NW. Tewkesbury, i| m. S. Upton-on-Severn stn. P. <250. 
 
 Holdfast Bay, bight, S. Australia, on the E. ct. of St. Vin- 
 cent Gulf, S. of the entrance to Port Adelaide ; with good 
 holding ground in 5 or 6 fathoms of water, but exposed to the 
 SW. gales. 
 
 Holdgate, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., i5j^ m. S. by E. 
 Shrewsbury, 3 m. ESE. Rushbury stn. P. <;25o ; eccles. par. 
 (H. wltb Bonldon) P. <2so. 
 
 Holdingbam, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 
 II m. NE. by E. Grantham, i m. NW. Sleaford. P. <:25o. 
 
 Holdredge, city, U.S., Nebraska, Phelps co., 80 m. SE. by 
 E. of the confluence of the N. and S. Platte. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Holekettle, vil., Scot. See Kettlebrldge. 
 
 HoleSov, tn. , Austria. See Hollescban. 
 
 Holetown, tn. , West Indies, on the W. ct. of Barbados. 
 
 Holford, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wellington div. , 9 m. WNW. 
 Bridgwater, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Holgate, par., Eng., Yorkshire, co. bor. York. P. < 1500. 
 
 Holgate, vil., U.S., Ohio, Henry co., 42 m. SW. Toledo. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Holgnin, comm., Cuba, 65 m. NNW. Santiago de Cuba. 
 P. 32,200. 
 
 Holies, market-vil, Hungary, prov. Neutra, 36 m. SE. 
 Briinn. P. (comm. ) 5700. 
 
 Holker, Iiower and Upper, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., iii m. NE. by E. Barrow, i^ m. 
 N. Cark-in-Cartmel stn. Lower H. P. <isoo ; Upper H., 7140 
 ac. , P. < 1000. 
 
 Holkbam, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., i\ m. from the 
 N. ct., 22 m. NE. by E. King's Lynn, i m. WSW. of its 
 stn. on the G. E. R. Mean temp. (20 yrs., 1861-80), yr. 
 48.2° F., Jan. 37°, July 60.7°.; mean rfall. (1866-80), 26.1 in. 
 4666 ac. P. <:soo ; eccles. par. (H. with Egmere and Water- 
 den) P. <:750. 
 
 Holl (Yorkshire names), ' deep or narrow valley.' 
 
H,OLL — HOLM 
 
 HoUabrnnn, OI>er, vil. , Lower Austria, 27 m. NW. Vienna. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Ilollacombe, par., Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock div., 12 m. 
 ^f. by E., Launceston, 2 m. E. by S. Holsworthy stn. P. <25o. 
 
 HoUaln, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the Scheldt, 
 arr. and 5 J m. SSE. Tournay. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hollams (or Hollands) Bird Island, small guano isl., on 
 the W. ct. of Africa, 24° 40' S. , belonging to Cape Colony. 
 
 nolland, stn. , Canada, Manitoba, on the C. P. R. , 80 m. 
 W. by S. Winnipeg. 
 
 Holland, riv. , Canada, Ontario, flows NNE. into the head 
 of Lake Simcoe. 
 
 Holland, country. See Netherlands. 
 
 Holland, city, U.S., Michigan, Ottawa co., 80 m. NE. by 
 N. of the SW. corner of the state ; settled by the Dutch, who 
 form three-fourths of the present population. P. <400o. 
 
 Holland, Great and little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Essex, Colchester div., 9 m. SSW. Harwich, i m. SSW. Kirby 
 Cross stn., on the E. ct. Great H. P. <5oo ; Little H. P. <2So. 
 See Clacton, Great. 
 
 Holland, New, vil., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., on 
 the S. bank of the riv. Humber, opposite Hull, on the M. S. & 
 L. R. ; has docks, and communicates with Hull by a steam 
 ferry. PMT.O. 
 
 Holland, North and South, two adjoining provs. of the 
 Netherlands, on the W. ct. , between the Zuider Zee and the 
 most S. mouth of the Maas R. The surface is everywhere flat 
 and generally below the sea-level, intersected by numerous 
 dykes. The soil is fertile and well cultivated. Amsterdam and 
 Haarlem are chief cities in N. Holland, Rotterdam, The Hague, 
 and Leyden in S. Holland. N. Holland, area 1069 sq. ra., P. 
 (1889) 829,500 ; S. Holland, area 1167 sq. m., P. {1889) 949,600. 
 See Netherlands. 
 
 Holland, South, vil., U.S., Illinois, Cook co., near Chicago. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Holland, Bay of, Scot., Orkney Is., in the S. of Stronsay I. 
 
 Holland, Parts of. See Lincolnshire. 
 
 Holland Arms, stn., Wales, Anglesey, on the L. & NW. R., 
 7 m. W. Bangor. 
 
 Hollandhush and Haggs, vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, Denny 
 and Kilsyth pars., 3 m. SW. Denny, PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Holland Drain, New South, artificial water-cut, Eng., S. 
 Lincolnshire, running 14 m. NE. from the riv. Welland to 
 riv. Nen. 
 
 Holland Fen, eccles. par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland div., 
 7 m. NW. Boston, 2^ m. NW. Langrick stn., P.O. P. <;iooo. 
 
 Holland Island, U.S., Maryland, in Chesapeake Bay, off 
 the coast of Dorchester, in 38° 9' N. 
 
 Holland Landing, vil. , Canada, Ontario, York co. , on the 
 ri\. Holland, 28 m. N. by W. Toronto. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Hollands Bird Island. See HoUams Bird Island. 
 
 Ilollandsch l>lep, channel, Holland, between the provs. S. 
 Holland and N. Brabant ; receives part of the waters of the Maas. 
 
 Hollelscheu, comm., Austria, Bohemia, on riv. Radbusa, 
 16 m. SW. Pilsen._ P. <2ooo. 
 
 HJillengcbirge, group of mts. , in the Upper Austrian Alps, 
 between Lakes Traun and Alter. Highest summit, 6105 ft. 
 
 Hollenthal, a narrow and picturesque valley in the Black 
 Forest {(/.v.), Ger. , Baden, now ascended by the railway from 
 Freiburg to Neustadt. 
 
 Holleschau, Slavonic HoleSov, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 23 m. 
 SE. by S. Olmiitz. P. 5600. 
 
 HoUesley (hSlz'li), par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 12 
 m. E. Ipswich, 5 J m. SE. by E. Woodbridge stn. On H. Bay 
 there is a colonial college, founded in 1887, with training farms 
 of 1200 ac. attached. PM.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Holleth, par., Eng., Lancashire, 4 m. N. Garstang. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Holley, vil., U.S., New York, Orleans co., 23 m. W. by N. 
 Rochester, on the Erie Canal. P. <i5oo. 
 
 HolUdayshurg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, cap. Blair CO., 
 85 m. E. Pittsburg, and 5 m. W. by S. Altoona ; has iron- 
 foundries and other works. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Hollln, vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Wellington, on Conestoga 
 R. , 5 m. from Drayton, 33 m. from Guelph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Holllnghourn, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 5 m. E. 
 by S. Maidstone, with stn. (Holllnghoume) on the L. C. & 
 D. R., PMT.O.; 461 1 ac. P.<iooo. 
 
 Holllngfare, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Newton div. , on 
 the Mersey, 6 m. ENE. Warrington. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Holll]ighlll, par., Eng., Northumberland, 3 m. S. Roth- 
 bury ; 5013 ac. P. <2So. 
 
 HolUngsworth, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Cheshire. See 
 Tlntwlstle. 
 
 HoUington, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 8 m..WNW. 
 Derby, 5 m. SE. by E. Clifton stn., P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Hollln gton, P.O., Eng., Staffordshire, 4 m, SE. Cheadle. 
 See Chef kley. . , 
 
 Hollliigton, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 3 m. W. by N. 
 Hastings, 2 m. NW. St. Leonard's stn., PMT.O. P. <2Soo. 
 
 Holllngworth, par. and tn., Eng., Cheshire, Hyde div., 2^ 
 m. SE. Stalybridge, 1 m. W. Hadfield stn.; has cotton-mills and 
 print-works. P. <300o. 
 
 Holllngworth, PMT.O., Eng., Lancashire, Middleton div., 
 3 m. E. by N. Rochdale, i m. E. Smithy Bridge stn. 
 
 HoUlns, PM.O., Eng., Lancashire, in Oldham bor. 
 
 Holllnsclongh, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Leek div. , 4^^ m. 
 S. by E. Buxton. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Hollln's Green, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. from Cadis- 
 head. 
 
 Hollln's Lane, P. O. , Eng., Lancashire, 4m. NW. Garstang. 
 
 Holllnwood, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, included in the 
 pari. bor. and 2 m. SW. Oldham, on the L. & Y. R. ; has coal- 
 mines. PMT.O. P. 8800. 
 
 Holllnwood Hill, Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div. , 
 5I m. N. by E. Nottingham. Alt. 521 ft. 
 
 Hollls, tn., U.S., Maine, York co., 18 m. SW. Portland. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Hollls, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Hillsboro co. , 7 m. from 
 Nashua. P. < 1500. 
 
 HoUlster, tn., U.S., California, San Benito co. , on r. bk. of 
 San Benito, 85 m. SE. San Francisco. P. < 1500. 
 
 Holllston, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 22 m. 
 SW. by W. Boston. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Hollogne-anx-Plerres, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. 
 Li^ge. P. < 5000. 
 
 HoUoway, PM.O., Eng., Derbyshire, i m. from Lea Bridge. 
 
 HoUoway, a suburb of London, Eng., Islington bor. and 
 par., 3 m. N. by W. St. Paul's, London, on the G. N. R., with 
 another stn. (Upper H.) on the Hampstead June. Rly. 
 
 Hollowell, or Holywell, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamp- 
 tonshire, 8J m. NW. by N. Northampton, 3 m. W. Brixworth 
 stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Hollowtree, post-tn. , Tasmania, Monmouth co. , 32 m. 
 NW. by N. Hobart. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Holly, vil., U.S., Michigan, Oakland co. , 45 m. NW. 
 Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 HoUybush, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., 8 m. W. 
 by N. Pontypool, on the L. & NW. R. ; coal-mines near. 
 
 HoUybush, stn., Scot., S. Ayrshire, on the G. & SW. R., 5^ 
 m. SE. Ayr, PM.O. 
 
 Hollyford, P.O. , Ire. , W. co. and 10^ m. N. by E. Tipperary, 
 bar. Lower Kilnamanagh, 6 m. from Dundrum stn. 
 
 Hollyfort, P.O., Ire., N. co. Wexford, bar. Gorey, 10 m. 
 SW. by W. Arklow, 3^ m. NW. Gorey stn. 
 
 HoUy Hall, PMT.O., Eng., Staffordshire, 2 m. W. Dudley. 
 
 Hollym, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 
 15I m. E. by S. Hull, i| m. S. Withernsea stn. P. <:25o ; 
 eccles. par. (H. with 'Vfithernsea) P. <:75o. 
 
 Hollymount, tnld.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Lecale. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Hollymount, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Mayo, bar. Kilmaine, 19 m. 
 SE. by E. Westport, with a stn. on the M. G. W. R., PMT.O. 
 P. 250. 
 
 Holly Springs, city, U.S., Mississippi, Marshall co., 45 m. 
 SE. Memphis, Tennessee ; seat of the state normal school for 
 coloured students. P. < 3000. 
 
 Hollywood, P.O. , Eng. , Worcestershire, 6 ra. S. Birmingham. 
 
 Hollywood, par. , Ire. , co. Dublin, bar. Balrothery W. , 6 m. 
 SW. Balbriggan. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hollywood, par.. Ire., NW. co. Wicklow, bar. Lower Tal- 
 botstown, 8J m. SSE. Naas, 3 m. S. Ballymore Eustace, P.O. ; 
 18,389 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Holm, Scandinavian, ' a small island. ' 
 
 Holm, par., Scot., Orkney Is., on H. Sound, 6 m. SE. 
 Kirkwall. Par. 8452 ac. , P. < 1000 ; isl. P. 8. 
 
 Holman, isl., Sweden, in Gulf of Bothnia, E. of Umea. 
 
 Holmbrldge, Eng. , Yorkshire. See Holmebridge. 
 
 Holnibnry, eccles. par. , Eng. , Surrey, 8 m. SE. Guildford, 
 PMT.O. (H. St. Mary). P. <75o. 
 
 Holmbury Hill, Eng. , Surrey, div. and 7 m. SE. Guildford. 
 Height, 844 ft. 
 
 Holmbnsh, P. O. , Eng. , Cornwall, i m. from Par stn. 
 
 Holme, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 7 m. S. 
 Peterborough, on the G. N. R., P.O. ; 4435 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Holme, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Clitheroe div., 3^ m. SE. 
 Burnley, on the L. & Y. R. 
 
 Holme, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 6 m. W. 
 Brigg. P. <2So. 
 
 Holme, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, on the r. bk. of the 
 Trent, div. and 3J m. N. Newark, 2 m. WSW. Collingham 
 stn. P. <2So; eccles. par. (H. with Langford) P.<5oo. 
 
 Holme, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 8| m. S. Kendal, 
 I m. N. by E. of its stn. (Burton and H.) on the L. & NW. R. , 
 PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Holme, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton 
 div., on the Swale, ^\ m. NNE. Ripon. P. <25o. 
 
 Holme, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Holmfirth- 
 div., 7^ m. SSW, Huddersfield, 3 m. SW. Holmfirth stn. P. 
 
 683 
 
HOLM — HOLT 
 
 Holme, East, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, E. div. isL of Purbeck, 
 8 ra. WSW. Poole, 2J m. SW. Wareham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Holme, Nortb and Soatb, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , York- 
 shire, N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton div. , 17^ m. NNE. York, 
 6i m. NW. by W. Malton. North H. P. <25o ; South H. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Holme, Abbey, East Waver Holme, Low Holme, and 
 
 St. Catbbert Holme, four adjoining pars. , Eng. , Cumberland, 
 Eskdale div. , on the Solway Firth and the joint estuary of the 
 Waver and Wampool ; Abbey H. , identical -with the eccles. 
 par. of H. Caltram St. Mary, at the mouth of the Waver, 14 m. 
 W. by S. Carlisle, with two stns. (Abbey Junction and Abbey 
 Town) on the N. B. R.; St. Cuthbert Holme, identical with 
 the eccles. par. of H. Cnltram St. Cutbbert ; Low H. in- 
 cludes the port of Silloth. Abbey H. P. -ciooo ; East Waver H. 
 P. <5oo; Low H., 6425 ac, P. < 3000; St Cuthbert H., 6458 
 ac. , P. < 1000. The four together form the urban sanitary dist. 
 of H. Cnltram (P. <5ooo), to which is attached the uninhabited 
 area of Skinburnness Marsh. 
 
 Holme Bridge, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, Almondbury 
 par. , in the bor. of Huddersfield. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Holme Cnltram. See Holme, Abbey, &c. 
 
 Holme Eden, eccles. par., Eng., Cumberland, Heyton and 
 Wetheral pars. P. <75o. 
 
 Holme Hale, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 19 m. SE. by E. 
 King's Lynn, 4 m. E. by S. Swaffhara, on the G. E. R., P.O. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Holme HUl, hill, Eng. , Yorkshire, i m. S. Holme. Height, 
 1720 ft. 
 
 Holme In Cllvlger, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Whalley 
 par. P. <25oo. 
 
 Holme Island, small isL, Eng., in the extreme SW. of 
 Westmorland, at mouth of Kent estuary in Morecambe Bay. 
 
 Holmen, harb. , Norway. See Bergen. 
 
 Holmen, isL, belonging to Norway, prov. (amt.) Finmark, 
 E. of Ando. 
 
 Holme Lacy, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., on the 
 Wye, 6 m. SE. Hereford, i^ m. SE. of its stn. on the G. W. R., 
 P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Holme next Knnctou, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, SW. div. , 6^ 
 m. S. King's Lynn, i m. S. by E. Magdalen Road stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. See Rnucton, South. 
 
 Holme-next-the-Sea, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., i m. 
 from the N. ct. , 15 m. NNE. King's Lynn, 3 m. NE. Hun- 
 stanton stn. P. < 500. 
 
 Holme-on-tbe- Wolds, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Holderness div., 14 m. NW. by N. Hull, 2 m. SE. by S. 
 Middleton-on- the- Wolds stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Holme-upon-Spaldlng-Moor, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. 
 Riding, Howdenshire div., io| m. NNE. Goole, i m. ESE. its 
 stn. (Holme) on the NE. R., PMT.O. ; 11,522 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Holme Plerrepont (pir'pont), par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, 
 Newark div., 3 m. E. Nottingham, on the r. bk. of the Trent, 
 i^ m. W. Radcliffe-on-Trent stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Holmer Green, P.O., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 5 m. SE. 
 Wycombe. 
 
 Holmer Within, and Holmer and ShelMlck, two adjoin- 
 ing pars., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 2 m. N. Hereford, 
 P.O. (Holmer). H. Within, P.<2ooo; H. and Shelwick, P. 
 <Soo ; eccles. par. (H. with Huntington) P. <25oo. 
 
 Holmes, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, i^ m. W. 
 Rotherham, on the M. R. 
 
 Holmes, co., U.S., Florida, in the NW., on the N. frontier, 
 crossed in the W by 86° W. 
 
 Holmes, co., U.S., Mississippi, in the W., crossed by 90° 
 W. , and in the S. by 33° N. 
 
 Holmes, co., U.S., Ohio, crossed by 82° W. and 40^° N. 
 
 Holmesbnrg, a NE. suburb of Philadelphia, U.S. 
 
 Holmescales, vil. , Eng. See Hutton, Old. 
 
 Holmes Chapel, stn., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., on 
 the L. & NW. R., 8 m. NE. by N. Crewe, PMT.O. 
 
 Holmesfleld, par., Eng., Derbyshire, NE. div., 5 m. NW. 
 Chesterfield, 2 m. W. by S. Dronfield stn., P.O. ; 4699 ac. 
 P. soo. 
 
 Holmes' Hole, viL and harb. , U.S. , Massachusetts, on the N. 
 side of Martha's Vineyard, 66 m. SSE. Boston. The harbour, 
 which has deep water, is much frequented by vessels when the 
 wind will not allow their doubling Cape Cod. 
 
 Holmes Hills, post-viL , Canada, Prince Edward L , Queen's 
 CO., 6 m. from Crapaud. P. < 1500. 
 
 Holmes, Mount, mt., U.S., Wyoming, Uintah co., 30 m. 
 NW. by W. from the outlet of Yellowstone Lake. Alt. 10,528 
 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 Holmestrand, seapt. , Norway, provs. Jarlsberg and Laurvik, 
 on Christiania Fjord, 13 m. NNW. Tonsberg ; depth in outer 
 harbour, 62-94 ft- P- (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 HolmesTllle, post-viL , Canada, New Brunswick, co. Carleton, 
 6 m. from Bath, 35 m. from Woodstock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Holmfleld, stn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the G. N. 
 R., 3 m. N. Halifax, P.O. 
 684 
 
 Holuilirth, tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Holmfirth div., 
 Sh m. S. Huddersfield, on the L. & Y. R. ; has coal-mines, and 
 extensive woollen manufactures. P. 8900; pari. div. P. 65,200. 
 
 Holmhead, tn., Scot., Renfrewshire, part of Old Cathcart 
 (g.v.). 
 
 Holm Lacy (or Lacey). See Holme Lacy. 
 
 Holme of Damsay, isl., Scot., Orkney Is., Firth and 
 Stennes par. P. 4. 
 
 Holmpatrick, ct. par. , Ire. , co. Dublin, bar. Balrothery E. ; 
 contains Skerries town. P. <25oo. 
 
 Holmpton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div. , on the coast, 17 m. E. by S. Hull, 3 m. SSE. Withernsea 
 stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Holmrook, PMT.O., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., on 
 the Irt, 132 m. SE. by S. Whitehaven, i m. E. by N. Drigg stn. 
 
 Holmsbo, comm. , Norway, prov. Buskerud, on the E. side 
 of the Drammen Elf, 14 m. SE. Drammen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Holmsdale, beautiful and fertile valley, Eng., Surrey and 
 Kent, stretching E. by S. from Reigate to Tunbridge, traversed 
 by the SE. R. 
 
 Holmslde, eccles. par., Eng., co. and 6J m. NW. by N. 
 Durham, 3 m. ENE. Lanchester stn. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Holmsley, stn. , Eng. , Hampshire, on the L. & SW. R. , 8 
 m. NW. Lymington. 
 
 Holmwood and North Holmwood, two eccles. pars. , Eng. , 
 Surrey, Reigate div. , the former 2 m. S. Dorking, on the L. B. 
 & S. C. R., PMT.O. H. P.<:i5oo; North H. P.<75o. 
 
 Holne, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 14 m. W. 
 by N. Torquay, 3 m. W. Ashburton stn., P.O. ; 5101 ac. P. 
 <500. 
 
 Holnest, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 5 m. S. by E. Sher- 
 borne, 4 m. E. Yetminster stn. P. <25o. See Longburton. 
 
 Holnlcote Bay, on the NE. ct. of Brit. New Guinea, in about 
 8° io'-8^° S. 
 
 Holon, place named in O. T. See Belt 'Al&m. 
 
 Holseno, isl. , Norway, off the W. ct. , 10 m. NW. Bergen. 
 
 Holstebro, tn. , Denmark, in the W. of Jutland, on the Stor 
 Aa, prov. and 23 m. NE. Ringkjobing. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Holsteenborg, or Holstensborg, Danish colony on the W. 
 ct. of Greenland, in about 67° N. 
 
 Holstein, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Grey co. , 43 m. SW. by S. 
 CoUingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Holstein, region, Prussia. See Schleswlg. 
 
 Holsterhausen, Prussia, Rhine Prov. See Altendorf. 
 
 Holsterhansen, group of villages (Bauerschaft), Prussia, 
 Westphalia, govt. Amsberg, circle Gelsenkirchen (NE. of 
 Essen); coal-mining. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Holston, riv., U.S. It rises as the N. and S. forks of H. in 
 the SW. of Virginia, and flows SW. into the NE. of Tennessee, 
 where the two forks join at Kingsport, thence continues SW. 
 until it unites with the French Broad, 4 m. E. of Knoxville, to 
 form the Tennessee. It is not navigable for steam-boats. 
 
 Holsworthy, market- tn. and par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavi- 
 stock div. , i2| m. N. Launceston, on a branch of the L. & SW. 
 R. Market-day, W. 8965 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Holt, Hoh, Teutonic, 'a wood." 
 
 Holt, eccles. par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, Wimborne Minster par. 
 P. <: 1000. 
 
 Holt, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 9 J m. SSW. 
 Oakham, i m. NE. Medbourne stn. P. <:25o. See Hedbourne. 
 
 Holt (' a woody district '), market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Norfolk, 
 N. div., 9 m. W. by S. Cromer, on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly., 
 PMT.O. Market-day, W. P. < 2000. 
 
 Holt, eccles. par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Westbury div. , 3 m. N. 
 Trowbridge, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Holt, par., Eng., Worcestershire, on the Severn, 5^ m. NW. 
 Worcester, P.O. (H. Heath). P. <5oo; eccles. par. (H. with 
 Wltley, Little) P. <5oo. 
 
 Holt, isl. , Pacific. See Taenga. 
 
 Holt, CO., U.S., Missouri, in the NW., bounded on the W. 
 by the Missouri R. , crossed in the S. by 40° N. 
 
 Holt, CO., U.S., Nebraska, on the N. frontier, bounded on the 
 NE. by the Missouri, crossed in the W. by 99° W. 
 
 Holt, contributory pari. bor. and par., Wales, Denbighshire, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Dee, 5 m. ENE. Wrexham, belonging to 
 the Denbigh dist. of pari, bors., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Holtby, par. , Eng. See Alnderby Hyers. 
 
 Holtby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton 
 div., 5 m. E. by N. York, on the NE. R. P. <2So. 
 
 Holt Chapel, P.O., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., 8^ m. N. 
 Poole, 3 m. N. Wimborne stn. 
 
 Holten, comm., Netherlands, prov. Overijssel, 21 m. SSE. 
 ZwoUe. P. < 3000. 
 
 Holtenau, viL, Prussia, prov. Schleswig- Holstein, on Kiel 
 Harbour, circle Eckernforde, at the mouth of the Baltic and 
 North Sea Canal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Holt End, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Redditch. 
 
 Holt drcen, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, i m. from Aughton. 
 
 Holthansen, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., dist. and circle 
 Miilheim an der Ruhr. P. <3ooo. 
 
HOLT — HOME 
 
 Holton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 5 J m. E. 
 Oxford, i| m. NNE. Wheatley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Holton, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 10 m. NE. by E. 
 Yeovil, 2 m. SW. Wincanton stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Holton, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 14 m. SW. Lowestoft, 
 I m. E. Halesworth, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Holton, city, U.S., Kansas, cap. Jackson co., 35 m. W. by 
 S. Atchison. P. <3000. 
 
 Holton Beckerlng, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey 
 div., II m. NE. by E. Lincoln, 5 m. S. Market Rasen, 3 m. 
 ENE. Snelland stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Holton>le-Clay, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 
 5 m. S. Great Grimsby, i m. NNW. of its stn. on the G. N. R., 
 P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Holton-le-Hoor, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 
 14^ m. SW. by W. Great Grimsby, with a stn. (Holton) on the 
 M. S. & L. R., P.O. P. <25o. See Caistor. 
 
 Holton St. Mary, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , 8^ 
 m. SW. byW. Ipswich, 2J m. S. byW. Raydonstn. P. <25o. 
 
 Holtye, Eng. See Hammervrood. 
 
 HolTerstone, par., Eng., Norfolk, s| m. SE. Norwich. 
 P. <25o. See Burgh Apton. 
 
 Hol'wan, a city of antiquity, the Calah and Hallah of the 
 O. T. , nowrepresentedby the village Saripul, Persia, Kurdistan, 
 69 m. W. by N. Kermanshahan, where are sculptured tablets, an 
 excavated royal sepulchre, and numerous mounds. It remained 
 large and populous long after the invasion of Persia, but was 
 finally ruined by the Huns in 1258. The Holwan TH. (Ab-i- 
 Holwan) rises 40 m. SE. of Saripul, and after a tortuous course 
 of about 120 m. falls into the Diyala. 
 
 Holirell, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div. , 9 m. 
 NE. by N. Luton, 2 m. S. Henlow stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hol>Tell, par. , Eng., Dorsetshire, N, div., 5 m. SE. Sher- 
 borne, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Hol'tyell, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 3 m. N. by 
 W. Melton Mowbray, ij m. WSW. Scalford stn. P. <25o. 
 See Abkettleby. 
 
 Holwell, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 14 m. WSW. 
 Woodstock, 4I m. NW. Bampton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Holwerd, vil. , Holland, prov. Friesland, on the N. ct. , 12 m. 
 NNE. Leeuwarden. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Holwlck, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div. , 
 on r. bk. Tees, 14J m. E. by N. Appleby; 5812 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Holy, isl, Scot., Bute, Kilbride par. P. 16. 
 
 Holybonrne, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., on 
 the Wey, 9 J m. SE. Basingstoke, i m. NE. Alton stn., P.O. 
 P.<7So. 
 
 Holy Cross, West«at« Without, par., Eng., Kent, partly 
 included in bor. of Canterbuiy. P. <7So. 
 
 Holy Cross, P.O., Ire., N. co. and 16J m. SW. Limerick, 
 bar. Lower Connello. 
 
 Holycross, par. , Ire. , E. co. Tipperary, bars. Eliogarty and 
 Middlethird, 3^ m. SSW. Thurles, on the Suir R., P.O.; 
 8138 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Holyhead (in Welsh Caer-Gybi, ' the hill fort of St Cybi,' 
 called holy in his honour), isl., seapt. tn., and par., N. Wales, 
 CO. Anglesey, off its N W. side, and connected with that island by 
 a fine road made by Telford, and by the railway (L. & NW. R.), 
 23 m. W. Bangor. The island is mostly a barren rock, inter- 
 spersed with some sheep pasture, and ending on the N. in a 
 headland of serpentine rock, hollowed into many caves, which 
 are the resort of flocks of sea-fowl. A magnificent breakwater, 
 7860 ft. in length, forming a harbour of refuge, was opened in 
 1873 ; it has a lighthouse at its extremity, visible 14 m. Two 
 other lighthouses, with revolving Ughts, visible 20 m. distant, 
 stand on the N. and S. Stacks, two rocks NW. of the Head, 
 with which the S. Stack is united by a suspension bridge. H. 
 is the starting-place of the L. & NW. R. steamers for Dublin 
 and Greenore, and the steamers on the mail service to King- 
 ston. Market-day, S. Mean temp. (19 yrs.), yr. 49.8° P., Jan. 
 42.2°, Aug. 59.5° ; mean rfall. (25 yrs.), 34.4 in. Par. 6293 ac. , 
 P. 9600; tn. P. (i8oi)<30oo; (1871) 5900; (1891) 8700. 
 
 Holyhead Mountain, headland, Wales, Anglesey, at the 
 NW. end of Holy I. Alt. 719 ft. 
 
 Holy Island (from the monastery of St. Cuthbert), or Ilndls- 
 faru, penin. , insulated at high water, and par. , NE. ct. of Eng. , 
 CO. Northumberland, 10 m. SE. Berwick-on-Tweed. The N. 
 part of the island consists of sandhills forming a rabbit warren ; 
 the remainder is fertile. It has a harbour on the E. , defended 
 by a battery ; a village, now much frequented for sea-bathing ; 
 an ancient castle ; and remains of an abbey, founded by Aidan, 
 a follower of St. Columba, A.d. 635, which was destroyed by 
 the Danes in 793, after which the bishopric was removed first 
 to Chester-le-Street and then to Durham. PMT.O. Par. P. 
 (mainly on the mainland) < 500. 
 
 Holy Island, isl. , Scot. , lying off the E. ct. of the isl. of Arran, 
 at the mouth of Lamlash Bay, 2 m. long by ^-f m. broad. 
 
 Holy Island, isl. , Wales, the same as Holyhead I. 
 
 Holy Loch, inlet, Scot., Argyllshire, in the SE., running up 
 3 m. WNW. from the mouth of Loch IvOng. 
 
 Holy Moor Side, viL, Eng., Derbyshire, div. and 3 m. SW. 
 by W. Chesterfield, PM.O. (Holymoorslde). 
 
 Holyoke, city, U.S., Massachusetts, Hampden co., on the 
 r. bk. of Connecticut R. , 8 m. N. Springfield. H. was a small 
 village until 1849, when the river was dammed to supply water- 
 power. It has now various manufactures, paper being its most 
 noted speciality. Alt. 94 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880)21,900; (1890) 
 35,600. 
 
 Holyport, PMT.O., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., 4J 
 m. W. Windsor, 2^ m. SSE. Maidenhead stn. 
 
 Holy Rood, par., Eng., Hampshire, in co. bor. Southampton. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Holystone, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., on 
 the Coquet, 16 m. WSW. Alnwick, 7 m. W. by N. Rothbury 
 stn. ; 5469 ac. P. <25o. See Alirlnton. 
 
 Holytown, tn., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, i m. NW. Holytown 
 Junction, on the C. R., 2 m. NNE. Motherwell, with coal- 
 mines, PMT.O. P. (including Ne'w Stevenston)<3oco. 
 
 Holjrwell, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 6 m. 
 NNW. Stamford, ij m. SW. by W. Little Bytham stn. P. < 
 250. See Careby. 
 
 Holyirell, Eng. , Northamptonshire. See Holloivell. 
 
 HolyweU, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 4^ 
 m. NW. by N. North Shields, i m. N. by E. Backworth stn. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Holywell, par., Eng., Oxford co. bor. P. <75o. 
 
 Holywell, electoral div.. Ire., W. co. Fermanagh, bar. Clan- 
 awley, 10 m. WSW. Enniskillen, at the outlet of Upper Macnean 
 Lough. 
 
 Holywell (from St Winifred's Well, celebrated for its miracu- 
 lous cures), pari, bor., market-tn., and par., N. Wales, co. and 
 4^ m. WNW. Flint, with stn. on the L. & NW. R., 15 m. 
 NW. Chester, belonging to the Flint dist. of bors. ; has lead 
 and zinc ores, coal, and stone (hydraulic limestone), manu- 
 factures of cottons and galloons, smelting houses and foundries. 
 Near the town are the ruins of Basingwerk Cistercian Abbey, 
 built about 1170-1200. The town has a college, called St. 
 Beunos, for the education of Roman Catholic priests. PMT.O. 
 Par. 7808 ac, P. 9500; tn. P. < 3500; pari. bor. P. 8000. 
 
 Holywell Green, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the 
 L. & Y. R., 4 m. SW. Hahfax, PM.O. 
 
 HolyweU Row, P.O., Eng., Suffolk, 2 m. NW. Mildenhall. 
 
 Holywell with Needlngworth, par., Eng., Huntingdon- 
 shire, Ramsey div., 6^ m. E. by S. Huntingdon, ij m. E. 
 St. Ives stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Holywood, par. and civic tn. , Ire. , NE. co. Down, bar. Lower 
 Castlereagh, 5 m. NE. and partly included in the city of Belfast, 
 on Belfast Lough, and the Belfast and Bangor Rly., PMT.O. 
 Par. 8298 ac. , P. 12,000; tn. P. <35oo. 
 
 Holy^rood, par. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, 2J m. NNW. Dumfries, 
 I m. S. of its stn. on the G. & SW. R., P.O. ; 8805 ac. P. <isoo. 
 
 Holz, Teutonic, ' a wood. ' See Ho/i. 
 
 Holzappel, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 13 m. E. 
 Koblenz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Holzhansen, vil., Ger. , princip. Waldeck, near Pyrmont. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Holzmlnden, tn., Ger., duchy Brunswick, circle H., on the 
 r. bk. of the Weser, 29 m. NW. Gottingen. P. 8800. 
 
 Holzwelsslg, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Merseburg, 
 circle and dist. Bitterfeld. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Holzwlckede, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Horde, 
 7 m. E. Dortmund. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Homsira, tn. , Baluchistan. See Ormara. 
 
 Homaros, Bay des, bay, Canada, Quebec, Saguenay co. , 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, in 67 6' W. 
 
 Homathcoh, riv., Canada, Brit Columbia, flows S. into 
 Bute Inlet, mouth in 50° 55' N. , 124° 50' W. 
 
 Hombeek, comm. , Belgium, prov. Antwerp, arr. and 2 m. 
 WSW. Malines. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Homberg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 20 m. S. by 
 W. Kassel, in circle H. P. <4000. 
 
 Homberg, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Mors, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Rhine, .opposite Ruhrort, 13 m. W. Essen. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Hombnrg, tn., Ger., Bavarian Palatinate, circle H., on the 
 Blies R. , 50 m. W. Spires, 5 m. N. Zweibriicken. P. <4000. 
 
 Hombnrg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 9 ra. NNW. 
 Frankfurt, in circle H. P. 8700. 
 
 Homebnsh, suburb of and 8 m. fi-om Sydney, New South 
 Wales, on the Parramatta R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Homebnsh, post-tn., Victoria, Kara Kara co., 35 m. NE. 
 by E. Ararat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Homel, tn. , Russia. See Gomel. 
 
 Homer, vil., U.S., Illinois, Champaign co., 48 m. NW. by 
 N. Terre Haute (Ind.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Homer, city, U.S., Louisiana, cap. Claiborne par., 43 m. 
 ENE. Shreve port P. < 1500. 
 
 Homer, vil., U.S., Michigan, Calhoun co., 90 m. W. by S. 
 Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Homer, vil., U.S., New York, Cortland co., 27 m. S. 
 Syracuse. P. <:25oo. 
 
 685 
 
HOME — HO ND 
 
 Homer, vil., U.S., Texas, cap. Angelina co., iii m. NNE. 
 Houston. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Homersfleld, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, on the Waveney, div. and 
 17^ m. W. by S. Lowestoft, 4 m. WSW. Bungay, with a 
 stn. on the G. E. R., P.O. P.<2So; eccles. par. (H. with 
 South Eliuham) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Honierton, a suburb of London, Eng., Hackney div., 3 m. 
 NE. St. Paul's, London, on the N. L. R. 
 
 Home Kale, post-tp. , New South Wales, Phillip co. , 9 m. 
 NNW. Mudgee; has gold-mining. P. < 1500. 
 
 Homestake SUnes, extensive gold-mines, with ore of low 
 grade, but easily worked, in the N. of the Black Hills, U.S., 
 S. Dakota, near Deadwood. 
 
 Homestead, stn., Queensland, Davenport co., 115 m. SW. 
 Townsville, on the railway from Towns ville. 
 
 Homestead, vil., U.S., Maryland, co. and 10 m. from 
 Baltimore. P. < 1500. 
 
 Homestead, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny co. , on 
 Monongahela R. , 7 m. SE. Pittsburg by rail, with very exten- 
 sive steel manufactures, including armour-plate works. P. 7900. 
 
 Homington, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., on the 
 Chalk, 3 m. SW. by S. Salisbury. P. <25o. See Coomtoe 
 Blssett. 
 
 Homollcs, comm. , Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. Pancsova. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Homran, tn., Arabia, Yemen, SW. of Sana. 
 
 Homs, or Hems, the ancient Emesa, Syria, on the Nahr el 
 Asy (Orontes), 56 m. ENE. Tripoli ; has manufactures of 
 native cotton and woollen stuffs, and is the centre of an agricul- 
 tural and pastoral dist. Its surplus products are sent to Tripoli 
 for sale. It is famous for its breed of horses. The orchards 
 and gardens which skirt the town towards the W. are watered 
 by the Orontes. 
 
 Hon, Tongkinese, ' island.' 
 
 Hamarna, tn. , Sokoto. See Hnri. 
 
 Honan (' south of the river'), an inland prov. , China, between 
 31° 30' and 37° N., 110° and 116° 50' E. ; cap. Kaifung. Its N. 
 part is intersected by the Hwang-ho, but the greater portion of 
 the prov. is watered by the headstreams of the Hwei-ho and its 
 tribs., and in the SW. by affluents of the Han-kiang, all of 
 which rise in the mountainous country in the W. of this prov. , 
 where the range of Funiu-shan rises to a considerable height ; 
 the E. is flat and low. Soil is generally very fertile on the 
 loess of the low lands and in the river valleys, but much depends 
 on the rainfall, and agriculture is very uncertain without irriga- 
 tion ; the higher lands have a relatively small production. On 
 the rich alluvial soil abundant harvests are obtained, but in- 
 sufiicient for the wants of the p>eople. All the cereals are grown, 
 and cotton forms a staple crop (Richthofen). The prov. 
 abounds in coal and probably iron ore. Area, 55,985 sq. m. 
 P. 22,000,000. See China, table. 
 
 Honau-fn, tn., China, in the N. of prov. Honan, 280 m. 
 N. by E. Ichang, on the Lo-ho, about 15 m. S. of the Hwang- 
 ho. The Lo-ho, like the Nile, regularly overflows, and deposits 
 new loess soil every year, conferring remarkable fertility in this 
 dist., probably unsurpassed in its agricultural capacity. Per- 
 colated water is always found at a depth of 12 ft., hence a 
 spring is maintained in every field (Richthofen). 
 
 HonaTalll, viL, India, Mysore, dist. Tiimkiir, 72 m. N. by 
 W. Mysore. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hon^war, or Honavar (census), seapt., Brit. India, Bombay, 
 dist. N. Kanara, on the N. side of the extensive wooded estuary 
 of the Shiravati R. , 91 m. SSW. Dharwir. A small fair-weather 
 port of great beauty. An extraordinary surf is formed on the 
 bar at ebb of spring- tides. P. (1881) 6700 ; (1891)6200; Hindus, 
 5100. 
 
 Hond, riv. See Scheldt. 
 
 Honda, tn. , S. America, Colombia, Tolima, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Magdalena, 65 m. NW. Bogotd. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Honda, Bahla, bay, Philippine Is. , on the E. ct. of Palawan, 
 in 9° 45' -58' N. 
 
 Honda, Bahla, bay. South America, on the N. ct. of Colombia, 
 in 12° 20' N. and 71° 45' W. 
 
 Honda, Bahla, bay, N. ct. of Cuba, 60 m. W. Havana. 
 
 Houdekllp, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Namaqualand, 
 61 m. SW. Ookiep. 
 
 Houden, isls. , Pacific. See Pnkapnka. 
 
 Hondo, isl. , Japan. See Honslilu. 
 
 Hondo, coal-mines, Mexico, Coahuila, 12 m. fi-om Sabinas. 
 
 Hondo, Rio, riv., forming a part of the boundary between 
 Brit. Honduras and the state of Yucatan, Mexico, flows NE. 
 about 140 m. into the Caribbean Sea at Chetumal Bay. 
 
 Hondischoote, comm., France, dep. Nord, close to the 
 fi-ontier of Belgium, arr. and 10 m. ESE. Dunkirk. Scene of a 
 victory of the French over the English, 8th Sept. 1793. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Honduras (' deeps' — referring to the deep soundings in the 
 bay even near the coast), republic in Central America (formerly 
 called also Guaymura, Hlbueras, Nuera Estremadura), be- 
 tween I3°-I7° N., 83°-90° W., half sis large as Great Britain, 
 with a coast-line of 403 m. on the N. , along the Caribbean Sea, 
 686 
 
 and one of 60 m. on the Pacific (Gulf of Fonseca) on the S. 
 The highlands of H. (with a mean alt. of more than 3000 ft. ) 
 form a Sierra Madre (60 m. distant from the Pacific), divided 
 into two sections by a deep interoceanic depression (the 
 Humuya-Goascoran, see America, Central); the W. section 
 beginning at the Guatemala border with Sierras Merendon- 
 Espirito Santo, Grita, Omoa (9800 ft.), to the E. of which lie 
 Sierras Pacaya, Selaque (about 10,000 ft), Opolaca, &c.; the E. 
 section containing Sierras Comayagua, Chile, and others in the 
 W. and SW. ; Congrehoy and others in the N. The volcanoes 
 around the Gulf of Fonseca (Sacate Grande 2217 ft., Tigre 
 2589 ft. ) continue the volcanic regions of Guatemala and Salva- 
 dor. The principal hydrographlc systems are : (i) rivs. 
 Ulua-Chamelicon-Santiago-Humuya-Sulaco (including Lake 
 Yogoa), draining the W. and central region (one-third of all 
 H.) ; (2) rivs. Patuca-Guayambre, draining the NE. to the 
 Caribbean Sea ; (3) rivs. Choluteca and Goascoran, draining 
 the SE. to the bay of Fonseca ; (4) the N. and S. littoral rivs. 
 (Lean, Mirojoco, Nacaome, &c.); (5) the upper courses of 
 some of the Salvador rivers. Along the Caribbean coast there 
 are lakes in communication with the sea (Lagunas Alvarado, 
 Brus, or Cartine, Caratasca, or Cartago), NW. of which lie the 
 five Bay Islands {q.v.). Sacate Grande, Tigre, and a few others 
 are islands in the bay of Fonseca. The ports and harbours 
 on the (i) Caribbean Sea are Trujillo (the most important on 
 the N.), Puerto Cort6s (at the entrance of Lake Alvarado), 
 Puerto Sal, Triunfo de la Cruz, Omoa, Ceiba, Puerto Real (isl. 
 Roatan), Utila ; (2) the N. and part of the E. of the bay of 
 Fonseca belong to H. Its best port is Amapala (isl. Tigre). 
 Geology. — Tertiary rocks are deposited in the Humuya-Goas- 
 coran depression, on the older formations that constitute the 
 mountainous regions, which, in the N., are Calcareous ; so also 
 are the littoral tracts and the islands where there are corali- 
 genous deposits. The islands in the bay of Fonseca are basaltic. 
 H. is the richest of all Central American states in mineral, 
 and specially metallic, products — gold (Olancho, Tegucigalpa, 
 Mirojoco), silver (gold and silver, ^600,000 annually in the 
 i8th century; in 1884, ;^i2o,ooo), iron (Agalteca), copper, lead, 
 antimony, opals (Erandique), white marble (Omoa), coal (Sen- 
 senti), mineral waters (Nacaome) all occur. Climate. — The 
 N. being under the trade winds is very damp, with almost 
 permanent rains (38 in.), and very hot (mean temp. 78" F. ; min. 
 62°, max. 86°). "The Pacific lands are dryer. On the highlands 
 the climate is temperate or even cold ; rains are frequent, 
 temp. 5S°-68° F. Flora. — All the slopes to the Caribbean Sea 
 and great part of the lowlands are covered with tropical forests 
 (mahogany very abundant, rosewood, brazil, logwood, castilloa, 
 vanilla, sarsaparilla). Large savannahs cover some parts of the 
 littoral and interior, stretching between the forests. Pines (on 
 the Pacific side not lower than 1300 ft. ) are characteristic of the 
 temperate zones. Ethnography. — A high civilisation left its 
 monuments in the W. parts of H. (Copan). The Chorti are 
 Maya-Quiche ; and the Aztec language was used in the SW. 
 The Lenca, Paya, Jicaques, Toaca, to the NE. , speak special 
 dialects. There is a large infusion of Negro blood (Sambos) 
 and of Negro-Caribs (since 1796). The Ladinos form three- 
 fourths of the total population. Some of the best regions 
 are still desert. The lowlands of the Atlantic littoral are very 
 unhealthy. Some districts are exceedingly fertile (the Ulua 
 and Chamelicon valleys, Sula, Olancho ; the Sensenti valley 
 at 2800 ft. alt.). The principal agricultural products are 
 tobacco (Santa Rosa: Gracias), sugar, coffee, bananas, Indian 
 corn, indigo, rice. Numerous cattle are reared (Olancho, Yoro). 
 Principal exports, silver, cattle, tropical fruits, cacao, tobacco, 
 coffee, sarsaparilla, gold, wood, indigo, leather. Imports, 
 manufactured products. Exports and imports about four million 
 dollars (1892). Principal conunerce with the United States. 
 There are few roads, and these still incomplete. A small part 
 of the interoceanic railway through the central depression, 
 uniting Puerto Cortes to Amapala, is only in operation for 57 m. 
 (along the Sula valley). I'he N. rivers are very convenient 
 means of access to the interior. H. is divided into thirteen 
 departments. Tegucigalpa is the capital Under the constitu- 
 tion of 1880 the president is elected for four years, and there 
 is an elected congress (three members). The weights and 
 measures are the old Spanish. The silver dollar = 3s. 4d. 
 H. was discovered by Columbus in 1502, and later on was 
 made, under the name of the Diocese of Comayagua, a part 
 of the viceroyalty of Guatemala, which it remained till 1821. 
 In 1839 H. became independent of the Central American 
 federation. England occupied some H. terrs. tmtil 1850. P. 
 (1791) 95,000; (1887) 332,000; (i88q) 400,000, or 9 to the 
 sq. m. See America, Central. [J. B. R.] 
 
 Honduras, British, a British colony in Central America, on 
 the E. coast of the peninsula of Yucatan, between 15° 48' and 
 18° 29' N., slightly larger than Wales. Its W. boundary is 
 defined as a line drawn from the rapids of Gracias a Dios on the 
 Sarstoon R. to Garbutts Falls on the riv. Belize, and thence 
 due N. to the Mexican frontier (by the convention of 1859 with 
 Guatemala). The N. half of the colony may be described as a 
 
HOND — HONO 
 
 dead flat traversed by sluggish streams, whilst the S. portion, 
 whlcli has been only very imperfectly explored, is diversified with 
 plateaux and hill ranges (Cahoon, or Cohun Ridge, &c.), among 
 wh ich the Cockscomb range rises in Victoria Peak to 3700 ft. The 
 coast-land for a few miles inland is low and swampy, abounding in 
 profuse vegetation, and with numerous lagoons. A line of coral 
 reef extends the whole length of the coast about 10 m. out, form- 
 ing a natural breakwater ; it is studded with islands and bays, the 
 largest of which is Turneffe (y.v.). The prevaiUng type of for- 
 mation is tertiary ; soil is a varying depth of clayey loam, over- 
 topped with rich black mould. The estimated area of land in 
 cultivation is only 60,000 acres, the chief products being maize, 
 sugar-cane, and bananas. Extensive forests cover the country, 
 abounding in fine timber trees, among which the mahogany, 
 cedar, and pine are pre-eminent. Some fine gold-bearing quartz 
 veins have been discovered in the SW. , and indications of other 
 minerals were noticed. Among the wild animals are valuable 
 fur beavers, the ounce, panther, tapir, deer, antelope, peccary, 
 opossum, and raccoon. Turtle abound. The Belize is the only 
 river of importance besides the Hondo and the Sarstoon, which 
 respectively form the N. and S. boundaries. Climate hot and 
 moist, but considered not unhealthy for Europeans. It is not 
 exposed to hurricanes and earthquakes, and visitations of 
 malignant fever or cholera are rare. The possession of this 
 colony was long disputed by the Spaniards, but it yielded to 
 Great Britain in 1783, although hostilities were continued until 
 1798. From 1862 until 1884 the settlement was administered by 
 a lieutenant-governor subsidiary to Jamaica ; at the latter date 
 it was declared a separate Crown colony. In 1870 a legislative 
 council was established, presided over (since 1884) by a governor, 
 assisted by an executive or privy council. Cap. Belize. Revenue 
 about j^5o,ooo, steadily increasing; imports about ^250,000, 
 chiefly from the mother-country and the Uiiited States in nearly 
 equal values ; exports over ^1/^280, 000, the principal being 
 mahogany, logwood, coco-nuts, and bananas. For temp, and 
 rfall. , see Belize. Area, 7562 sq. m. P. (1870) 24,700; (1891) 
 31,500, of whom less than 300 are Europeans. 
 
 Honduras, Gulf or Bay of, an extensive bight of the Carib- 
 bean Sea, between 15° 30' and 18° N., 85° and 88° W., having 
 S. the state Honduras, and W. Brit. Honduras. It receives the 
 Belize, Motagua, Ulua, and several other rivers, and contains 
 the isls. Ruatan, Turneffe, Bonacca, &c. , and numerous islets 
 and reefs. 
 
 Houeck, or Huliueck, peak of th^ Vosges, on the border of 
 France and Ger. , between Gerardmer in France, and Miinster 
 in Alsace, 16 m. W. by S. Kolmar, frequently ascended by 
 tourists. Alt. 4480 ft. 
 
 Htinefoss, comm. , Norway, prov. Buskerud, 27 m. NW. by 
 N. Christiania. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Houeoye, beautiful lake, U.S., New York, Ontario co., 26 
 m. S. by E. Rochester, drained NW. into the Genesee R., 5 m. 
 long by I m. vidde. 
 
 Iloneoye Falls, vil. , U.S., New York, Monroe co. , 15 m. 
 S. Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Houesdale, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Wayne co., on Lacka- 
 waxen R. , 22 m. ENE. Scranton. P. < 3000. 
 
 Houeybourne, stn. , Eng. , on the border of the cos. of Wor- 
 cester and Gloucester, on the G. W. R., 5 m. E. Evesham, P.O. 
 See Churcli Hoiicybonrne. 
 
 HoneycbuTcb, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div. , 18 m. 
 SE. by S. Bideford, 3 m. NW. by W. North Tawton stn. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Honey GroTC, city, U.S., Texas, Fannin co. , 77 m. NE. 
 Dallas. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Honey Lake, U.S., California, Lassen co. , near the E. frontier, 
 120 m. S. of the NE. corner of state. It has no outlet ; in the wet 
 season about 100 sq. m. in extent, in the dry season a mere 
 round hole. 
 
 Uoney-Nest-Kloof, settlement. Cape Colony, div. Herbert, 
 35 m. SW. by S. and on the railway to Kimberley. 
 
 Honey wood, post-tn., Tasmania, Huon dist., 36 m. from 
 Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Honlleur, comm., France, dep. Calvados, on the S. shore of 
 the estuary of the Seine, arr. Pont I'Eveque, 7I m. SE. Havre. 
 The tidal harbour can receive vessels drawing at spring tides 
 20 ft., neap tides 15 ft. P. 8700. 
 
 Hongai, Hougay, or Port Conrbet, harb. , Tongking, on the 
 E. side of an inlet opening by a narrow mouth into Allong Bay, 
 in 20° 58' N. , 107° 3' E. It is well sheltered, and has deep water, 
 with an outer roadstead affording good anchorage. It has been 
 recommended as the starting-point for a proposed railway to 
 Hanoi and Yunnan. Large deposits of a smokeless coal of 
 superior quality, similar to Welsh coal, are worked in the vicinity, 
 and exported to Hong-kong. See Hatu and Nagotna. 
 
 Hongai, tn. , India, Bombay Presidency, dist. Belgaum, in 
 15° 48' N., 74° 54' E. P. (1881) 7800; (i8qi)<sooo. 
 
 Hong-cbn, riv. , China. See Hun-shai. 
 
 Huugeu, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 8 m. NE. Aix- 
 la-Chapelle ; has coal-mines and iron-foundries. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hongo, vil., Japan, 135 m. W. by S. Kobe. 
 
 Hong-Ju, tn. , Korea, 70 m. S. by W. Soul, in 36° 37' N. 
 
 Hong-kong (for Hiang-kiang, 'Fragrant Streams'), isL, in 
 the China Sea, off the coast of China, from which it is separated 
 by a narrow strait called the Laimun Pass, about a mile in 
 width, E. of the entrance of the Canton R., in 22° 12' N., 114° 
 11' E. It was yielded to Britain by treaty in 1842, and with 
 Kowloon, a small terr. on the mainland opposite, ceded in 1861, 
 forms a Crown colony. Length, E. to W. ,9m.; greatest breadth, 
 6 m.; average breadth, 3 m. ; area, 30 sq. m. The surface is 
 mountainous, rocky, and bare, almost destitute of vegetation ; 
 excellent water, however, is abundant. Climate unfavourable 
 to Europeans, from the rapid alternations of heat and cold, and 
 from the circumstance that the chief town, banked in by lofty 
 rocks on the S. from the healthful influence of evening breezes, 
 retains the violent heat of the sun for hours after sunset ; and as 
 a consequence, the vapours rising under the sun after rain collect 
 in unhealthy clouds, and hang about the hills uncondensed for 
 days. On the N. coast is the cap. town Tlctorla, laid out in 
 streets and terraces on the steep declivity of Victoria Peak, with 
 numerous fine public buildings and hongs built of stone, and 
 picturesque dwelling-houses surrounded with gardens. P. (1881) 
 97,000; (1891) 136,900. The roadstead has a well-protected 
 inner anchorage in 6-7 fathoms \ m. off shore ; and the port 
 has six graving docks, including three at Kowloon, the largest 
 of which, 562 J ft. long by 86 broad, has 28^ ft. of water over 
 sill at ordinary spring tides. The commerce at this port is in- 
 ferior to that of the principal treaty ports in China ; but as a 
 British colony on Chinese soil, it is the most important in its 
 political and defensive position, and is the headquarters of the 
 military, naval, and mercantile establishments. It is a free 
 port. Total exports are estimated roughly at ;^25, 000,000, 
 and imports at ^^20, 000, 000 ; nearly half of this trade is with 
 China, and a third with India, mainly in tea, silk, and opium. 
 Regular steam communication is kept up with England, India, 
 Manila, Canton, Macao, Shanghai, and all the northern ports. 
 Shortest sea voyage to London, vid Suez Canal, 9700 m. Mean 
 temp. (Victoria Peak, 1816 ft), yr. 67.2° F., Jan. 53.0°, July 
 77.8°; (port) mean temp., yr. 73.5° F., Jan. 59.6°, July 84.5°; 
 rfall. (12 yrs.), 84.45 ii^- P- (1881) 160,400; (1891) 221,400, of 
 whom 211,000 are Chinese. 
 
 Hongtse-bu, or Hnngtse-ba, lake, China, provs. Nganhwei 
 and Kiangsu, traversed by the Hwei-ho. Area about 1350 sq. m. 
 
 Hongyen, tn. and prov., Tongking. See Hungyen. 
 
 Honieknowle, P.O., Eng., Devonshire, 4 m. N. Plymouth. 
 
 Honiley, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon div., 
 6 m. NW. by N. Warwick, 3 m. W. Kenilworth. P. <:25o. 
 
 Honing, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 11 m. SE. by S. 
 Cromer, with a stn. (Honing for Worstead) on the M. & G. N. 
 Joint Rly., P.O. P. <5oo. See Dllbam. 
 
 Honlngbam, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 8^ m. WNW. 
 Norwich, 4 m. NE. Thuxton stn., PM.O. P. <5oo ; eccles. par. 
 (H. witb Taddenbam East) P. <iooo. 
 
 Uonlngton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 4J 
 m. NNE Grantham, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Honington, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Stowmarket div. , 7 m. NNE. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, 4 m. SE. Barnham stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Honington, par., Eng., Warwickshire, on the Stour, div. 
 and 9 m. SSE. Stratford-on-Avon. P. <;25o. 
 
 Honing Vley, seat of a Batlaro chief, Brit. Bechuana-land, 
 about 80 m. N. by W. Kuruman. 
 
 Hon'lster Crag, rocky precipitous mt. , Eng., Cumberland, 
 in the W. , on S. side of Buttermere Hause ; has productive slate 
 quarries. On the S. side is H. Pass, a rugged mountain path. 
 Alt, 1750 ft. 
 
 Hon'lton, an old mun. bor. (till 1868 also a. pari, bor.) and 
 market-tn. , Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., 16 m. ENE. 
 Exeter, in a beautiful valley on the riv. Otter, and the L. & SW. 
 R. Formerly carried on manufacture of serges and woollen 
 goods. Noted for its hand-made pillow lace since the reign of 
 Charles I. The Vale of H. is famous lor its butter. Market- 
 day, S. P. <35oo; pari. div. P. 52,000. 
 
 Honiton Cllst, vil. , Eng. , Devonshire, Honiton div. , 4J m. E. 
 by N. Exeter, i m. S. Broad Chst stn., PM.O. (H. Clyst). 
 
 Honjo, tn., Japan, on the W. ct. of Honshiu, 115 m. NE. 
 by N. Niigata. 
 
 Honley, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Colne Valley 
 div., 3 m. S. by W. Huddersfield, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. 
 P. 5500; eccles. par. (H. wltb Broekboles) P. <45oo. 
 
 Honnef, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , Sieg circle, on the r. bk. of 
 the Rhine, 9 m. SE. Bonn, in a sheltered situation at the foot of 
 the Siebengebirge ; a cUmatic health resort ; has iron, lead, and 
 copper mines. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hoiinerstown, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Cambria co. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Hounscbaften, vils., Prussia. See Zwel- and Sieben- 
 boiinscbaften . 
 
 Houolu'lu, formerly also Honomrn, the cap. of the Sandwich 
 Is., Pacific Ocean, on S. coast of Oahu I., in 21° 18' N., 157" 
 52' W. It is an entrepdt for European and Indian goods. The 
 town contains many houses in American style, built of rock coral, 
 
 687 
 
HONO — HOPA 
 
 with deep verandas, covered with creepers, in the midst of 
 delightful gardens and shrubberies. An English journal, the 
 Polynesian, is published here. A new royal palace and govern- 
 ment hall have been constructed. The natural harbour, formed 
 by a lagoon within the coral reef, has 22 ft. of water at the 
 entrance at high tides, and has a lighthouse, visible 9 m. It 
 has ample room for a large number of ships, and contains a 
 wharf 600 ft. in length, at which vessels drawing 18-22 ft. can 
 discharge alongside ; there are also all facilities for repairing 
 damaged shipping. A telegraph cable connects with San Fran- 
 cisco. Mean temp. (2^ yrs. , 1885-87), yr. 73.0° F. , Jan. 69.5°, 
 July 75.8°. P. 15,000. See Sand-wlcb Islands. 
 
 Honora Bay, Canada, Ontario, at the N. of Grand Man- 
 toulin I. , 82°-82° 12' W. 
 
 Honor Oak, eccles. par. , London, Eng. , Lewisham par. , on 
 the L. C. & D. R., 4 m. SSE. St. Paul's. P. < 2500. See 
 Forest HIU. 
 
 Honor Oak Park, stn., Eng., Kent, on the L. B. & S. C. R., 
 near Sydenham. 
 
 HonsMn, HonsMma, or Hontshl, with Chinese termination 
 Hondo, Japanese names for the largest island of the Japanese 
 Empire, sometimes called Nippon. 
 
 Hont, CO., Hungary, crossed by 48° N. and 19° E.; cap. 
 Ipoly-Sig. 
 
 Hon tana, Spanish, ' a fountain ' or ' well.' See Fonte. 
 
 Hontrop, vil., Prussia, Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, circle 
 Gelsenkirchen, dist. Bochum ; coal-mining. P. < 4000. 
 
 Hontshl, isl. , Japan. See Honsliln. 
 
 Hoo, or Hoe, Scandinavian, ' a spit of land running into the sea. ' 
 
 Hoo, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div. , 11 m. NE. by N. Ipswich. 
 P. <25o ; eccles. par. (H. fvlth lietherlngham) P. <5oo. 
 
 Hoo, Allhallows, par., Eng., Kent. See Allhalloirs. 
 
 Hoo Common, P. O. , Eng. , Kent, 2 m. from H. St. Werburgh. 
 
 Hoo, St. IHary, par., Eng., Kent, 6^ m. NE. Rochester. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Hoo, St. Werbnrgli, par. , Eng. , Kent, Medway div. , on the 
 N. shore of the e;tuary of the Medway, 3^ m. NE. by E. 
 Rochester, i J m. SS W. Sharnal Street stn. , PMT. O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hood, CO., U.S., Texas, N. of 32° N., crossed in the NW. 
 by 98° W. , traversed by the Brazos R. 
 
 Hood Canal (or Inlet), narrow inlet, U.S., Washington, 
 extending SW. from Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, 45 m. long 
 by 2-3 m. wide. 
 
 Hood Grange, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 5^ m. SE. 
 Thirsk. P. <25o. 
 
 Hood Island, the most south-easterly of the GalApagos group. 
 Alt. 640 ft. 
 
 Hood Mountain, U.S. , Oregon, in the extreme W. of Wasco 
 CO., in the Cascade range, 50 m. E. by S. Portland. Alt. 11,225 
 ft. \mi.). 
 
 Hood Point, cape, S. ct. of Brit. New Guinea, in i47°42' E. 
 
 Hood Point, cape, on the S. ct. of W. Australia, in 119° 38' E. 
 
 Hood RlTcr, Brit. N. America, flows into Coronation Gulf, 
 Arctic Ocean. 
 
 Hooe, eccles. par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Plymstock par. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Hooe, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 8 m. NE. by N. East- 
 bourne, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hoog, Dutch, 'high.' See Hack. 
 
 Hooge-Halllg, isl. , Prussia, off W. ct. of Schleswig, crossed 
 by 54° 33' N. and 8° 33' E. Its area (about 1480 ac. ) is rapidly 
 diminishing, the result of tidal action. 
 
 Hoogeveen ('high fens'), comm., Holland, near the middle 
 of the S. border of prov. Drenthe, including the market- vil. of 
 H. and the fen-colony of Hollandsche-Veld, besides several 
 hamlets ; arose in the first quarter of the 17th century through 
 the construction of the drainage canal known as the Hooge- 
 veensche Vaart (to Meppel, leading thence by the Meppeler 
 Diep to the Zuider Zee). P. 11,700. 
 
 Hoogeveld, a high plateau of the S. African Republic, S. of 
 about lat. 25°, connected with the Drakensberg Mts. on the 
 E., forming the watershed between the rivers flowing to the 
 Indian Ocean and those flowing to the Atlantic. General eleva- 
 tion about 4000 ft. , but in the Witwatersrand, which constitutes 
 the highest part of the region, some localities rise to over 5000 
 ft. Climate very salubrious ; dry and cold during winter, abun- 
 dant rains in the summer. Cattle and sheep are raised more 
 successfully than in the lower dists. of the republic. It con- 
 tains important goldfields, including that of Johannesburg, and 
 extensive beds of coal are believed to exist. 
 
 Hoogezand, comm., Holland, prov. and 9 m. ESE. Gronin- 
 gen. P. 8800. 
 
 Hooghly River, India. See H(kgU. 
 
 Hooglede, comm. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. Roulers. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hoogstraeten, tn., Belgium, prov. Antwerp, arr. and 10 m. 
 NW. Turnhout, with tile-works, manufactures of cloth, &c. P. 
 (comm.)<4000. 
 
 Hook, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 11 m. NW. by W. 
 Dorchester, 3^ m. WNW. Maiden Newton stn,, P.O. P. <25o. 
 688 
 
 Hook, Eng. , Hants. See Hook Mlth Warsasb. 
 
 Hook, par. , Eng. , Surrey, Epsom div. , 3 m. S. by W. King- 
 ston, 2 m. S. Surbiton stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hook, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross div., 
 on the Ouse, ij m. NE. by N. Goole. P. 10,900. 
 
 Hook, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Shelburne, on Waterford 
 Harbour, 3 m. S. Fethard. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hook, Loirer, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Upper Long Ditton. 
 
 Hook, The, Holland. See Hoek-van-Holland. 
 
 Hooker, co., U.S., Nebraska, crossed by 42° N., 101° W. 
 
 Hooker, Mount, a summit of the Rocky Mts., N. America, 
 on the E. boundary of Brit. Columbia, 52° 13' N. Alt. doubtful ; 
 formerly estimated at 15,700 ft., but according to recent ex- 
 plorers of the region, the height of the mountain nearest its 
 position in the map is only about 8000 ft., though there are 
 neighbouring peaks of 11-13,000 ft. See Geog. four., v., p. 59. 
 
 Hooker Glacier, New Zealand, Southern Alps, stretches S. 
 from the W. side of Mount Cook. From its S. end issues the 
 Hooker K., which joins the Tasman. 
 
 Hook Green, P.O., Eng., Sussex, 3 m. SE. Frant stn. 
 
 Hook Head, cape. Ire., on the SW. ct. of co. Wexford, at 
 the E. of the entrance to Waterford Harbour, with a lighthouse. 
 
 Hookhoom, valley, Burma. See Hnkong. 
 
 Hooklna Creek, riv. , S. Australia, flows W. into Lake 
 Torrens, in about 31° 35' S. 
 
 Hook Norton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, on the Swere, div. 
 and 8 m. SW. by W. Banbury, on the G. W. R., PMT.O.; 
 5495 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hook of Holland, Eng. translation of Hoek-van-Holland. 
 
 Hooksett, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Merrimack co. , on the 
 r. bk. of the Merrimack R., 7 m. N. Manchester. P. < 2000. 
 
 Hook ■with Warsasb, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, div. 
 and 5i m. E. by N. Basingstoke, on the L. & S. W. R. (Hook), 
 PMT."'0. (Hook). P. < 1500. 
 
 Hoole, par. and tn. , Eng., Cheshire, mostly included in the 
 pari. bor. of Chester, on W. Lancashire and Liverpool Rly. Par. 
 P. <45oo ; tn. P. <:4O0O. 
 
 Hooley HIU, vil., Eng., Lancashire, with a stn. (H. H. 
 ' Guide Bridge ') on the L. & NW. R., 2 m. SW. Ashton-under- 
 Lyne, PMT.O. 
 
 Hoole, Iilttle and Hnch, two adjoining pars., Eng., Lanca- 
 shire, Blackpool div., 6\ m. SW. Preston, with a stn. (Hoole) 
 on the Southport and Preston June. Rly. Little H. P. <;5oo; 
 Much H., P.O., P.<75o. 
 
 Hoon, par., Eng., Derbyshire, 5 m. NW. Burton-upon-Trent. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Hoonahs, American-Indian tribe. See Cblcbagof. 
 
 Hoo-nan, prov. , China. See Hunan. 
 
 Hoo-peh, or Hoo-plb, prov. , China. See Hupe. 
 
 Hooper, vil., U.S., Utah, Weber co., 28 m. N. by W. Salt 
 Lake City, and about 9 m. W. Ogden. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hooper, settlement, U.S., Washington, Whitman co. , 50 m. 
 N. by E. Walla Walla. 
 
 Hoopeston, city, U.S., Illinois, Vermilion co., 70 m. N. by 
 W. Terre Haute (Ind.). P. <20oo. 
 
 Hoopstad, tn.. Orange Free State, cap. of H. div., 95 m. N. 
 Bloemfontein. P. <2000. 
 
 Hoormara, tn. , Baluchistan. See Ormara. 
 
 Hoorn, cape. See Horn, Cape. 
 
 Hoorn, or Home, two isls.. Pacific Ocean, NE. Fiji Is., 
 Fotnna in the NW. , Alofa in the SE. ; mountainous and vol- 
 canic. Inhabitants all Roman Catholic converts. 
 
 Hoorn, tn., Holland, prov. N. Holland, on the W. ct. of the 
 Zuider Zee, 13 m. E. Alkmaar. A seaport formerly important. 
 P. 11,000. See Horn, Cape. 
 
 Hoosac, riv., U.S., New York, in the extreme E. It rises in 
 the SW. of Vermont, and flows W. to the Hudson, which it 
 joins on the 1. bk. about 15 m. N. Troy; affords abundant 
 water-power. 
 
 Hoosac Mountains, range of mts. , U.S. , in the N W. of Massa- 
 chusetts, stretching about 16 m. N. and S. on the E. side of the 
 valley of the Upper Hoosac. The railway tunnel through the 
 range is 11 m. ESE. of the NW. corner of the state. Length, 
 4 m. 180 yards ; alt. at either end, 795 ft. ; central shaft, 819 
 ft.; length, 4 m. 180 yards (Troy and Greenfield, R.R.). 
 
 Hoose, ct. par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 6^ m. W. 
 Birkenhead, close to Hoylake stn. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hooslck Falls, vil., U.S., New York, Rensselaer co., 24 m. 
 NE. Albany. P. 7000. 
 
 Hooton, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Wirral div. , 7 m. SE. Birken- 
 head, on the Birkenhead Rly. P. <75o. 
 
 Hooton Lcvett, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 6 m. SE. 
 Rotherham. P. <25o. 
 
 Hooton Pagnell, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 
 6 m. NW. by W. Doncaster, 2 m. E. Frickley stn. , P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Hooton Roberts, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. 
 and 4^ m. NE. by E. Rotherham, i^ m. E. Kilnhurst stn., 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Hopar, group of vils. in basin-shaped valley in the Hunza- 
 NagAr valley, 34 m. NE. Gilghit. 
 
H O P A 
 
 H O R D 
 
 Hopatcong Lake, beautiful lake, U.S., New Jersey, Sussex 
 CO., 23 m. W. Paterson, 6 m. long, drained SW. by the Mus- 
 conetcong R. into the Delaware. 
 
 Hope, in Scotch place-names. See Haugh. 
 
 Hope, vil. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. P. R. , 
 1393 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 89 m. from Vancouver, with 
 gold and silver mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hope, par., Eng. , Derbyshire, High Peak div. , 10 m. NE. 
 Buxton, 7^ m. ENE. Chapel-en-le-Frith, with stn. (H. for 
 Castletoii) on M. R., PMT.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (H. with 
 Fernllee) P. <25oo. 
 
 Hope, hamlet, Eng. , Devonshire, 3 m. SW. Kingsbridge, P.O. 
 
 Hope, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Eccles par. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hope, eccles. par. , Eng. , Salop, Worthen par. P. -<2ooo. 
 
 Hope, eccles. par., Eng., Stafifordshire, Stoke-upon-Trent 
 par. P. 6700. 
 
 Hope, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 6J m. N. Reeth. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Hope, tn., U.S., Arkansas, Hempstead co., no m. SW. 
 Little Rock. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hope, tn., U.S., Indiana, Bartholomew co., 37 m. SE. by S. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hope, vil., U.S., Rhode I., co. and xo\ m. SW. by W. 
 Providence, on Pawtuxet R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hope, par., Wales, Flintshire, 5J m. NNW. Wrexham, in- 
 cluded in the pari. bor. of Caergwrle, 2 m. S. of H. (Excbange) 
 and H. stns. , on the L. & NW. R. , P.O. ; 9442 ac. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Hope, par. , Wales, Montgomeryshire, i\ m. E. by N. Welsh- 
 pool. P. <:2So. 
 
 Hope, All Saints, par. , Eng. , Kent, Ashford div. , 8 m. ENE. 
 Rye, ijm. NW. NewRomneystn. P. <25o. See Komney, New. 
 
 Hope, Fort, Arctic America. See Fort Hope. 
 
 Hope, Loch, lake, Scot. , in the N. of Sutherlandshire, to the 
 E. of Loch Eriboll, drained N. by the riv. Hope into the mouth 
 of Loch Eriboll. 
 
 Hope Baggot, par. , Eng. , Salop, 15^ m. W. Kidderminster, 
 div. and 5 m. E. Ludlow. P. <25o. 
 
 Hope Bay, vil., on NE. ct. of Jamaica, in 76° 34' W. 
 
 Hope Bowdler, par. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , V2\ m. S. 
 Shrewsbury, 2 m. SE. Church Stretton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hopedale, or Hoifeiithal, Moravian mission stn. , E. ct. Lab- 
 rador, 55|° N. Mean temp., yr. 24° F. , Jan. - 10.1°, July 51.3°. 
 
 Hopedale, tn. , U. S. , Massachusetts, Worcester co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hopefleld, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. and 47 m. W. Ren- 
 frew. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hopefleld, vil.. Cape Colony, div. Malmesbury, 60 m. N. 
 Cape Town. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hope Hill, settlement, W. Australia, in 31° 11' S. , 119° 16' E. 
 
 Hope Hills, part of the Lammermuir Hills, Scot., Hadding- 
 tonshire, 8 m. SSE. Haddington. 
 
 Hope Inlet, N. Australia, in Clarence Strait. 
 
 Hope Island, SE. Spitsbergen, Arctic Ocean, 76° 35' N., 25° 
 20' E. 
 
 Hopeman, vil., Scot., Elginshire, on the coast, 6m. NW. 
 Elgin, and 2 m. E. by N. Burghead stn., with a stn. on the 
 H. R., PMT.O. P.<;isoo. 
 
 Hope Mansell, par., Eng., Herefordshire, \\ m. SE. Ross, 
 P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Hope Jfose, cape, Eng., E. Devonshire, i^ m. E. Torquay. 
 
 Hope Point, cape, Eng., N. ct. Kent, sjm. ENE. Gravesend. 
 
 Hope Reach, Lower and Upper, reach of the Thames, Eng. , 
 extends 6| m. W. from Hope Point. 
 
 Hope River, Jamaica, co. Surrey, enters the Caribbean Sea 
 5 m. ESE. Kingston after a S. course of 10 m. 
 
 Hope's Advance Bay, Hudson Strait, Brit. N. America, on 
 the W. side of Ungava Bay, 59^° N., 70° W. 
 
 Hopesay, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div. , i8| m. E. by S. 
 Newtown, 3 m. W. Craven Arms June. ; 4155 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Hopestown, electoral div., Ire., Westmeath, dist. Mullingar. 
 
 Hojietonn, tp. .Victoria, malleescrubdist.,3S°47'S., I42°23'E. 
 
 Hope Town, vil. , Brit. Guiana, near the 1. iDk. of the Demerara, 
 21 m. SSW. Georgetown. P. 2000. 
 
 Hopetown, post-settlement, Canada, Quebec, co. Bona- 
 venture, on Bay des Chaleurs. 
 
 Hopetovi^n, municip. , Cape Colony, div. H. , on the 1. bk. of 
 the Orange, 80 m. SW. by S. Kimberley. Alt. 3609 ft. ; rfall. 
 (6 yrs.), 10.75 i^- P- <i5oo. 
 
 Hopetown, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. from 
 Normanton, PM.O. 
 
 Hope under Dlnmore, par., Eng., Herefordshire, on the 
 Lugg, div. and 4J m. S. by E. Leominster, i m. N. Dinmore 
 stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Hope Valley, post-tn., S. Australia, co. Yatala, 8 m. N. by 
 E.Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hope Valley, vil. , U.S. , Rhode I. , Washington co. , on Wood 
 R. , 20 m. W. New Port. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 HopcM-ell, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Albert co., on 
 Shepody Bay, 75 m. ENE. St. John. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hopewell, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. and 17 m. by rail 
 W. Pictou. P. < 1500. 
 689 
 
 Hopewell, tn., U.S., Pennsylvania, Bedford co., on the 
 Roystown Branch of the Juniata, 73 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. 
 P. < 1500. 
 Hopewell Harbonr, on E. side Hudson's Bay, in 57° 33' N. 
 Hope Woodlands, par., Eng., Derbyshire, 6 m. NE. Tides- 
 well ; 20,614 3.C. P. <25o. 
 I'Hopltal, former vil. of Savoy. See Albertvllle. 
 Hopkins, CO., U.S., Kentucky, N. of 37° N., E. of 88° W. 
 Hopkins, vil., U.S., Missouri, Nodaway co., 58 m. N. St. 
 Joseph. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Hopkins, CO., U.S., Texas, in the NE., crossed in the S. by 
 33° N., to the E. of 96° W. 
 
 Hopkins River, in the W. of Victoria, Australia, rises in the 
 Pyrenees Mts. near Mount Ararat, and flows SSW. into the 
 Indian Ocean at Warrnambool. Length, no m. Navigable 
 by boats for 5 m. , where further progress is stopped by rapids ; 
 in its upper course it is not a permanent stream, but subsides in 
 summer into a chain of water holes, some of them very deep, 
 the water being brackish, and in some localities too salt for use. 
 Hopklnsvllle, city, U.S., Kentucky, Christian co., 62 m. 
 NW. Nashville (Tenn.). Alt. 550 ft. (R.R.). P. 5800. 
 
 Hopkinton, vil., U.S., Iowa, Delaware co., 33 m. WSW. 
 Dubuque. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hopkinton, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 15 m. 
 E. by S. Worcester. P. < 5000. 
 
 Hopkinton, tn. , U.S. , New Hampshire, Merrimack co. , 7 m. 
 W. Concord. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hopkinton, tn. , U.S., Rhode I., Washington co. , 24 m. W. 
 New Port. P. <3000. 
 
 Hopperton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding. See Allerton 
 Manleverer. 
 
 Hopsten, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, Tecklenburg circle, 
 30 m. N. Miinster. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Hopton, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , 5 m. SSW. Matlock, 
 2 m. W. by S. Wirksworth stn. ; has ochre-mining. P. <2So. 
 
 Hopton, par., Eng., Suffolk, on the coast, div. and 4 m. 
 NNW. Lowestoft, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Hopton, par., Eng., Suffolk, 9 m. ESE. Thetford, PM.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Hopton, Upper, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Kirkheaton and Mirfield par. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hopton and Coton, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 2 
 m. NE. Stafford, P.O. (Hopton). P. <75o. 
 
 Hopton Cangeford, par., Eng., Salop, 21 m. S. by E. 
 Shrewsbury, div. and 4I m. NE. by N. Ludlow. P. <25o. 
 
 Hopton Castle, par. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , 18 J m. SE. 
 by E. Newtown, with a stn. (Hopton Heath) on the L. & NW. 
 R. P, <2So. 
 
 Hopton Wafers, par. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , 12J m. W. 
 Kidderminster, 4 m. W. by N. Cleobury Mortimer stn." PM.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 Hopwell, par., Eng., in co. and 5 J m. E. Derby. P. <:25o. 
 Hopwood, par., Eng., Lancashire, mostly in Heywood bor. 
 P. <: 5000. 
 Hoaniam, tn., U.S., Washington, Chehalis co. P. <i5oo. 
 Hor, name given to the region of Tibet lying to the N. of the 
 series of lakes extending from E. to W. between about 84° and 
 91° E. A region furnishing large quantities of salt, wool, and 
 borax. 
 
 Hor, Mount (Arabian, Jebel Nebi Harim), mt. , Arabia 
 Petr^a, on the E. side of the wadi Arabah, nearly inter- 
 mediate between the Dead Sea and the head of the Gulf of 
 Akabah, and forming part of Mount Seir or Edom. It is a 
 steep and irregular truncated cone, having three peaks on the 
 N., in the loftiest of which is a grotto, the reputed tomb of 
 Aaron. Alt. 4360 ft. 
 
 Hora, tn. , same as Haura in the interior of Hadramut. 
 Horanscross, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Kells, co. Meath. 
 Horazdlowltz, tn., Bohemia, 33 m. SSE. Pilsen. P. <400o. 
 Horh, tn., Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, Black Forest circle, 17 m. 
 WSW. Tiibingen. P. <30co. 
 
 Horhllng, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 11 J m. 
 NW. Spalding, i m. NNE. Billingborough and H. stn., on 
 M. & G. N. Joint Rly., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Horbiiry, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Nor- 
 manton div. , 2| m. WSW. Wakefield, on the L. & Y. R. H. 
 Junction, a stn. 2 m. to the E. P. 5700. 
 
 Horcajada de la Torre, tn. , Spain, prov. Cuenca, 55 m. SE. 
 by E. Alcala. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Horde, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, cap. 
 circle H., 2 m. SE. Dortmund, with important coal and iron 
 mines, blast-furnaces, and steel and ironworks. P. (1871) 12,300 ; 
 (1890) 16,300. 
 
 Hordel, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, circle 
 Bochum. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Horden Point, headland, Eng., Durham, on the N. ct., 4^ 
 m. SE. Seaham Harbour. 
 
 Horderley, stn., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., on the Bishops 
 Castle Rly. , 10 m. NW. Ludlow. 
 Hordle, or Hordlewell, par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest 
 
 2 X 
 
H O R D 
 
 HORN 
 
 div., iij m. E. by N. Bournemouth, 3^ m. W. Lymington, 2 
 m. ESE. Milton stn., PM.O. P. <isoo. 
 
 Hordley, par. , Eng. , Salop, div. and 6 m. E. lay N. Oswestry, 
 3 m. NE. Rednall stn. P. <:soo. 
 
 Hordt, vil. , Ger. , Alsace- Lorraine, circle and 8 m. N. by E. 
 Strassburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Horeabbey, par. and tnld. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Middle- 
 third, near Cashel. P. <.2sp. 
 
 Horeb, one of the mt. tops of Jebel Musa in Sinai (q.v.). 
 
 Hore Bay, a large bay at the SE. extremity of Lake Tangan- 
 yika, central Afirica. 
 
 Horebam, hamlet, Eng., Sussex, Eastbourne div., 11 J m. 
 ENE. Lewes, with a stn. (H. Koad and Waldron) on the 
 L. B. &S. C. R., PM.O. 
 
 Horelmela, tn., central Arabia, Nejd, about 34 m. WNW. 
 Riad ; well fortified, and crowned with a citadel. Birthplace of 
 Mohammed-ibn-Abd-el-Wahab, founder of the sect of Wahabis. 
 
 Horem, place named in O. T. See H&rab. 
 
 Hore town, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. W. Shelmaliere, 3 
 m. W. Taghmon. P. <7^o. 
 
 Horfleld, par. and suburb of Bristol, Eng. , Gloucestershire, 
 in the extreme N. of the W. div., 2 m. NNE. Clifton Down stn. 
 P. 8200 ; urban sanitary dist. P. 7600. 
 
 Horgen, comm. , Switzd. , cant, and on the S. side of Lake 
 Zurich, 7 m. NE. by N. Zug. P. 5500. 
 
 Horgos, tn., Hungary, prov. Csongrdd, 10 m. SW. by W. 
 Szegedin. P. (comm.) 5500. 
 
 Horbam, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, 17I m. N. by E. Ipswich, div. 
 and 4 m. E. by S. Eye, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Horbansen, vil., Prussia, govt. Koblenz, circle and dist. 
 Altenkirchen ; important mines of iron ore. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Horlcon, viL, U.S., Wisconsin, Dodge co., 46 m. NW. Mil- 
 waukee, at the S. end of H. Lake (15 m. long N. to S., 5 m. 
 wide, drained S. by the Rock R.). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Horlnkar, tn. , China, in the N. of prov. Shansi, 230 m. W. 
 by N. Peking. 
 
 Horlon-Hoz^mont, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. Li^ge. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Horltz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 14 m. NW. by N. Koniggratz. 
 P. 6900. 
 
 Horltz, vil. , Bohemia, in the Bohemian Forest, 20 m. SW. 
 Budweis. The Passion Play is performed here frequently by 
 natives of the village and neighbourhood. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Horlncbl, sea-side resort, Japan, on Sagami Bay, 10 m. 
 SSW. Yokohama. 
 
 Horksley, Great and Uttle, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Essex, div. and 5 m. NNW. Colchester. Great H., PM.O., 
 P.<iooo; Little H. (4 m. ESE. Buresstn.), P.O., P.<2So. 
 
 Horkstow, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div. , 16 m. 
 E. by S. Goole, 4 m. SW. Barton upon Humber, P.O. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Horley, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 3^ m. NW. Ban- 
 bury, P.O. P. <Soo ; eccles. par. (H. wltb Homton) P. <750. 
 
 Horley, par. , Eng. , Surrey, div. and 4^ m. SSE. Reigate, on 
 the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O. ; 7320 ac. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Hormara, Baluchistan. See Ormara. 
 
 Horniead, Great and little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 12J m. NNE. Hertford, 2^ m. E. 
 Buntingford stn. Great H. , P.O. , P. <5oo ; Little H. , P. <25o. 
 
 Hormlgas, Las, ' the ants,' two groups consisting of nume- 
 rous isls. and cliffs off the coast of Peru, one to the N. of Callao, 
 the other, known as the H. de Afuera, ' Outer H.,' further S. 
 
 Hormos, Greek, ' open bay' or ' roadstead.' 
 
 Hormnz, Persia. See Ormnz. 
 
 Horn, par. , Eng. , Rutland, 6 m. ENE. Oakham. P. <2S0. 
 See Exton. 
 
 Horn, German, Hoom, Dutch, 'a horn-like projection or 
 cape.' 
 
 Horn, one of the most northerly of the Fiji Is. , Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Horn, suburb continuous with Hamm, Ger., 4 m. E. by N. 
 and in the terr. of Hamburg. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Horn, comm., Ger., princip. Lippe, 4J m. SE. Detmold, 29 
 m. S. Minden. P. <3000. 
 
 Horn, \il. , Switzd., on the S. side of Lake Constance, 6 m. 
 NE. St. Gall, in a detached portion of Thurgau, surrounded by 
 canton of St. Gall ; frequented health resort. P. < 2000. 
 
 Horn, <3ape, the southernmost p>oint of S. America, the S. 
 end of a small island to the S. of Tierra del Fuego, in 55° 58' 40" 
 S. , 67° 14' 21" W. , discovered Jan. 29, 1616, by the Dutch navi- 
 gators Jacob le Maire and Willem Schouten ; named after the 
 Dutch town of Hoom, the native place of Schouten. The name 
 of False Cape Horn is given to a cape to the N W. , the SE. end 
 of Hoste I., in 55° 43' 15" S., 68° 5' 31" W. 
 
 Horn, Slonnt, the most northerly point of Iceland. Alt. 
 1660 ft. 
 
 Homacbos, comm., Spain, prov. Badajoz, dist. Almendralejo. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Hornacbnelos, comm., Spain, prov. C6rdoba, dist. Posadas. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Hom-Afvan, a lake of Swedish Lappmark, prov. Vester- 
 690 
 
 botten, about 66° N. and between 17° and 18° E. Length, 
 NW. to SE., 50 m.; breadth varies from i-io m. It connects 
 with the Stor-Afvan, and thence discharges itself into the Gulf 
 of Bothnia by the riv. Skelleftea. 
 
 Hornbacb, vil. , Ger. , Bavarian Palatinate, on the Horn R. , 
 55 ra. E. Metz, 5 m. S. by E. Zweibriicken. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hornberg, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, circle Villingen, 
 23 m. NE. Freiburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Homblotton, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 6,\ m. ESE. 
 Glastonbury, 2 m. W. Castle Cary stn. P. <25o. See Alford. 
 
 Hornbnrg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle and 22 m. N W. 
 by W. Halberstadt. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Hornby, isl. , Brit. Columbia, Strait of Georgia, in 49° 30' N. 
 
 Hornby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 5^ m. 
 SE. by S. Richmond. P. <:25o. 
 
 Hornby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, W. Cleveland 
 div., 7I m. SE. Darlington. P. <25o. 
 
 Hornby, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., 6 m. from 
 Christchurch. 
 
 Hornby 'wltb Farleton, par., Eng., Lancashire, on riv. 
 Wenning, div. and 8 m. NE. by E. Lancaster, with stn. (H.) on 
 the Morecambe branch of the M. R., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Horncastle, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Lincolnshire, S. 
 Lindsey or H. div., on the Bain, 12 m. SSW. Louth, on the 
 G. N. R. H. horse fair is one of the largest in the kingdom ; 
 remains of Roman fortifications and other antiquities abound in 
 the neighbourhood. Market-day, S. P. <45oo ; pari. div. P. 
 (1891) 46,700. 
 
 Hornctaurcb, par., Eng., Essex, 2 m.. SE. Romford, on the 
 London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly., PMT.O.; 6784 ac 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Horucburcb Margb, marsh, Eng., in the Romford div. of 
 Essex, on the 1. bk. of the Thames, about 11 m. E. St. Paul's, 
 London. 
 
 HorncllfTe, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the r. bk. of 
 the Tweed, div. and 4J m. WSW. Berwick-upon-Tweed, i m. 
 WNW. Velvethall stn. , P. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Horn Dean, vil. , Eng. , Hampshire, Petersfield div. ,9^ m. NE. 
 by N. Portsmouth, q.\ m. NW. Rowlands Castle stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Horndon, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Essex, 
 Chelmsford div. , 8 m. E. Romford. H. East, on the London, 
 Tilbury, and Southend Rly., P. <:5oo; H. West, P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (H. West wltb IngraTC) P. <75o. 
 
 Horndon on the Hill, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 10^ m. 
 ESE. Romford, i m. NW. by W. Stanford-le-Hope stn., 
 PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Home, vil. , Denmark, in the S. of Fyen I. , prov. Svendborg, 
 22 m. SSW. Odense. Home Bay, an inlet to the W. of Home. 
 
 Home, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 6 m. SE. by E. Reigate, 
 3 m. SW. by S. Godstone stn.; 4594 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Home, isls. , Pacific. See Hoorn. 
 
 HornellsTille, city, U.S., New York, Steuben co., 56 m. S. 
 Rochester. P. (1880) 8200; (1890) ir,ooo. 
 
 Hornbansen, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Oschersleben, 
 12 m. NNE. Halberstadt. P. <:4000. 
 
 Horn Head, cape. Ire., N. ct. co. Donegal, in 7° 59' W. 
 
 Horning, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., on the Bure, 9^ m. 
 NE. by E. Norwich, 4 m. E. by S. Wroxham stn., P.O. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Homlngdalsrokken ('the distaff of the H. valley), mt., 
 Norway, near the N. boundary of the prov. of Bergen, appears 
 to rival the Matterhom in steepness and sharpness. Alt. 5010 ft. 
 
 Horningbold, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 8 m. 
 SSW. Oakham, i^ m. ENE. Hallaton stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 HomlnglOfv, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Burton div., 2 m. 
 N. Burton-upon-Trent, with a stn. on the G. N. R., PMT.O. 
 P. 15,400. 
 
 Hornlugsea, par., Eng., Cambridge, W. Newmarket div., 
 3^ m. NE. Cambridge, \\ m. W. by N. Quystn., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Homlngsbam, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Westbury div. , loj m. 
 S. by W. Trowbridge, 4 m. SW. by W. Warminster stn., 
 PT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Horningsbeath, or Horrlnger, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Stow- 
 market div. , 3 m. SW. Bury St. Edmunds, PMT.O. (Horrlnger). 
 P. <7So ; eccles. par. (H.,' Great and Little, -wltb Ickwortta) 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Hornlngtoft, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 20 m. E. 
 King's Lynn, 3 m. W. County School stn. P. <25o. See 
 ^Tblssonsett. 
 
 HornlsgrLnde, the highest summit of the Black Forest, on 
 the borders of Baden and Wlirtemberg, 21 m. E. Strassburg. 
 On its side is a small lake, the Mummel-see (alt. 3400 ft.), the 
 deep black waters of which figure conspicuously in local legend. 
 Alt. 3815 ft. 
 
 Hornlsb Point, cape, Scot, Invemess-shire, on the NW. 
 ct. of S. Uist, in 57° 23^' N. 
 
 Horn Island, small isL, Queensland, in Torres Strait, NE. 
 of Prince of Wales I. 
 
 Horn Island, U.S., Mississippi, off the S. ct., in Mississippi 
 Sound, long. 88° 31-42' W. 
 
HORN — HORS 
 
 Hornos, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 32 m. WSW. 
 Buenos Aires, on the railway to Saladillo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hornos, islets in the estuary of the Rio de la Plata, W. of the 
 town of Colonia, Uruguay. 
 
 Horusby, post-tn. and rly. stn., New South Wales, co. 
 Cumberland, 21 m. N. Sydney. P. <isoo. 
 
 Horus Cross, hamlet, Eng., Devonshire, 5 m. SW. Bideford, 
 PT.O. 
 
 Hornscross, hamlet, Eng., Kent, i m. W. Greenhithe, PM.O. 
 
 Horusea, coast tn. , Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., 13^ m. NE. by N. Hull, with stns. (Hornsea and H. 
 Bridge) on the NE. R. ; much resorted to for sea-bathing. 
 PMT.O. P. urban sanitary dist. (identical with the civil par. 
 ofH.wltb Burton) < 2500; eccles. par. (H. wltb Long Blston) 
 
 P. <250O. 
 
 Hornsey, par., Eng., Middlesex, H. div., 5 m. SSE. Barnet, 
 on the G. N. R. Par. P. 61,100 ; urban sanitary dist. P. 44,200 ; 
 and South H. P. 16,900; pari. div. P. (1891) 77,700. 
 
 Horusey Kise and Hornsey Koad, two eccles. pars., Eng., 
 London, with stn. (H. Road) on the Harapstead June. Rly., 4 
 m. N. by W. St. Paul's. H. Blse, P. 8300 ; H. Road, P. 6700. 
 
 Horn Sound, Greenland, W. ct. , in 73° 45' N. , in which the 
 English navigator, W. Baffin, waited to barter for horns of the 
 narwhal in 1612. 
 
 Horn Soniid, bay, on the W. ct. of the main island of Spits- 
 bergen, near its S. extremity. Hornsund Tind, a mountain on 
 its shore, rises to 4560 ft. , the highest summit in Spitsbergen. 
 
 Horntou, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 5 m. NW. by 
 W. Banbury, P.O. P. <soo. See Horley. 
 
 Horiiu, comm. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 6 m. WSW. 
 Mens, with important coal-mines. P. 8800. 
 
 Hornum, the S. penin. of Sylt I., Prussia, prov. Schleswig- 
 Holstein, 44 m. W. Flensburg. 
 
 Horobetsn, vil. , Japan, on NE. ct. of the isL of Yezo, partly 
 Japanese, partly Ainu. 
 
 Horodenka, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 33 m. N W. by 
 N. Czernowitz. P. n,200. 
 
 Horodiszcze, Slavonian. See Gorodishche. 
 
 Horoizuml, vil. , Japan, on the S. ct. of Yezo, 120 m. E. by 
 N. Hakodate. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Horo-lHLuslro-sIiinia, or Paramushlr, the most northerly of 
 the Kurile Is. , Japan, having its S. point in 50° N. 
 
 Hororata, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co., 43 
 m. from Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Horowhenua, co., New Zealand, North I., crossed by 40^° 
 S. and 1755° E. 
 
 Hofowitz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 24 m. E. by N. Pilsen, 
 with iron-works and important iron and coal mines. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Horpa-cbo, lake, Tibet, in 34° 20' N. , 81° E. , probably the 
 highest known lake in the world. Alt. 17,930 ft. 
 
 Horqueta, viL, Paraguay, 148 m. N. by E. Asuncion, 27 m. 
 ENE. Villa Concepcion. P. <20oo. 
 
 Horrabrldge, eccles. par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock div. , 
 10 m. N. by E. Plymouth, on the G. W. R., at the foot of the 
 beautiful Walkham valley; mines of arsenical pyrites near. 
 PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Uorreni, vil. , Prussia, prov. Cologne, circle Bergheim, dist 
 Kerpen, with lignite mines. P. <:2000. 
 
 Ilorriuger, Eng. See Hornlngsbeatli. 
 
 Uorrlngford, hamlet, Eng., Hampshire, Isle of Wight div., 
 on the Yar, 3^ m. SE. Newport, on the Isle of Wight Central Rly. 
 
 Horrlngtou, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, div. and ij m. 
 NE. by E. Wells. P.<:isoo. 
 
 1Iorri!«dale, isl. , Scot. , in Gair Loch, W. Ross-shire. P. 31. 
 
 Horrock's Creek, settlement, S. Australia, co. Frome, 200 
 m. N. Adelaide. 
 
 Horry, co. , U.S., S. Carolina, in the NE., on the E. frontier, 
 bounded on the S. by the Atlantic. 
 
 Horsea Island, small isl. in Portsmouth Harbour, Eng., 
 Hampshire, i m. E. Porchester. 
 
 Horse and Jockey, Tbe, stn.. Ire., E. co. Tipperary, bar. 
 Eliogarty, 4 m. SSE. Thurles, on the Southern Rly., P.O. 
 
 Horsebrldge, stn., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., on the 
 Anton, Z\ m. W. Winchester, on the L. & SW. R. 
 
 Horsebrldge HUl, PMT. O. , Eng. , I. of Wight, near Newport. 
 
 Horsecastle Bay, inlet, Scot., on the E. ct. of Berwickshire, 
 in 55° 543' N. , J m. SSE. St. Abb's Head. 
 
 Horse Cave, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Hart co., 70 m. S. Louis- 
 ville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Horsehay, hamlet, Eng. , Salop, Wellington co. , vrith stn. (H. 
 for Dawley) on the G. W. R., 12 m. ESE. Shrewsbury, PM.O., 
 with coal-mining. 
 
 Horse Heads, vil., U.S., New York, Chemung co., 6g m. 
 SW. by S. Syracuse, on the Chemung Canal, with one of the 
 largest brick- yards in the U.S. P. <20oo. 
 
 Horse Ueatb, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, div. and 10 m. 
 SW. Newmarket, 2^ m. NE. by N. Bartlow stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Horse House, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 on the Cover, div. and 14^ m. SW. by S. Richmond, P.O. 
 See Coverliam. 
 
 Horse Island, small islet in Ire. , S. co. Clare, in riv. Fergus. 
 
 Horse Island, Ire., off SW. ct. co. Cork, in Roaring\vater 
 Bay, lat. 51° 31' N. , long. 9° 28' W. 
 
 Horse Island, isl., Ire., off SW. ct. co. Kerry, in Ballin- 
 skelligs Bay. 
 
 Horse Island, small isl. , but the largest and most fertile in 
 the Lake Urumia, Persia, prov. Azerbaijan. 
 
 Horse Isle, isl., Scot., lying off the W. ct. of Ayrshire, in 
 55° 39' N. 
 
 Horseleap, stn.. Ire., on the M. G. W. R., P.O. See 
 Ardnurcher. 
 
 Horsell, par., Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div., 5^ m. N. Guild- 
 ford, close to Woking stn., PM.O. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Horsemans, place. Central America, Nicaragua, on the E. 
 ct. , in 12° 5/ N., at the mouth of the Rio Grande. 
 
 Horsemonden, par. , Eng. , Kent and Sussex, Ashford div. , 
 'j\ m. E. Tunbridge Wells, 3 J m. SE. by S. Paddock Wood 
 June, with a stn. (Horsmonden) on the SE. R., PMT.O.; 
 4606 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Horsemore Green, hamlet, Eng., Buckinghamshire, ij m. 
 NW. Colnbrook, PMT.O. (Langley). 
 
 Horsendon, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 7 m. 
 SSW. Aylesbury, close to Princes Risborough stn. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (H. -with Illnilre) P. <25o. 
 
 Horsens, ancient seapt. tn. , Denmark, on the SE. ct. of Jut- 
 land, on H. Fjord, prov. Veile, 23 m. SW. by S. Aarhus, with 
 iron-foundry and manufactures of machines, &c. ; 3560 ft. 
 quayage ; depth at high water 14 ft. , at low water 12-13 ^^• 
 P. 17,300. 
 
 Horsepath, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Henley div. , 3J m. E. 
 by S. Oxford, 2 m. W. Littlemore stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Horsey, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., i m. from the E. ct., 
 II m. NNW. Yarmouth, 3 J m. N. by E. Martham stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Horsey Mere, sheet of water on the W. 
 
 Horsey Island, small isl., Eng., in Hanford Water, Essex, 
 14 m. E. Colchester. It is 6 m. in circumference, and abounds 
 in game. 
 
 Horsford (' the fordof Horsa'j, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 
 6 m. NNW. Norwich, i^ m. NE. by E. Drayton stn., P.O.; 
 4249 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Horsforth, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Pudsey div., 5 m. NW. Leeds, i m. W. of its stn. on the 
 NE. R., and close to the stn. (Mewlay and H.) on the M. R., 
 PMT.O. P. 7100. 
 
 Horsham, par. and market-tn. (till 1885 a pari, bor.), Eng., 
 Sussex, H. div., on the Arun, 18 m. NNW. Brighton, on the 
 L. B. & S. C. R. Market-day, M. Par. 11,087 ac, P. 11,100; 
 tn. P. (i8oi)<35oo; (1851) 5900; (1871) 7800; (1891) 8100; 
 pari. div. P. (1891) 53,000. 
 
 Horsham, mun. bor., Victoria, Borung co., 56 m. NW. 
 Ararat. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Horsham St. Faith and Newton St. Faith, par., Eng., 
 Norfolk, E. div., 4 m. N. by W. Norwich, 2^ m. E. by N. 
 Drayton stn. P. <iooo. 
 
 Horslngtou, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 14 
 m. E. by S. Lincoln, 3 m. NE. by N. Stixwould stn., P.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Horsington, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 10 m. ENE. 
 Yeovil, P.O. P.<750. 
 
 Horsley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Ilkeston div., 5^ m. N. by 
 E. Derby, i m. NE. Coxbench stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Horsley, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Stroud div., 5 m. NE. 
 by E. Wotton-under-Edge, 4^ m. E. Dursley stn., P.O. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Horsley, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 10 m. E. 
 Hexham, 2 m. NW. by W. Wylam stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Horsley, eccles. par., Eng., Northumberland, Elsdon ancient 
 par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Horsley, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Surrey, 
 Chertsey div. , 6 m. E. by N. Guildford, i m. SSE. Horsley stn. , 
 on the L. & SW. R. East H., PMT.O., P.<50o; West H., 
 PMT.O., P. <7So. 
 
 Horsley, Long, eccles. par., Eng., Northumberland, Wans- 
 beck div. , 6^ m. NW. by N. Morpeth, 4^ m. SE. Brinkburn 
 stn., PM.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Horsleydo-wn, par. , Eng. , London, Southwark bor. P. 9800. 
 
 Horsley Woodhouse, par., Eng., Derbyshire, 3 m. SE. 
 Belper, P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Horst, comm., Netherlands, prov. Limburg, 18 m. N. 
 Roermond. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Horst, vil. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle Steinburg, 
 8 m. E. Gliickstadt. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Horst, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, circle 
 Hattingen, a few miles E. Essen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Horst, vil, Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Miinster, circle 
 Recklinghausen, 5^^ m. N. Essen, with coal-mining. P. (comm. ) 
 <4ooo. 
 
 Horstead with Stainlnghall, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 
 ^\ m. N. by E. Norwich, i m. S. by W. Coltishall stn. P. <:75o. 
 
 691 
 
HORS — HOTS 
 
 Honied, Little, par., Eng., Sussex, East Grinstead div., 
 6i m. NE. by N. Lewes, 2 m. S. Uckfield stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Horsted Keynes (kenz), par., Eng., Sussex, East Grinstead 
 div., II J m. N. by W. Lewes, with a June. stn. on the L. B. & 
 S. C. R. , PMT. O. Market-day, F. 4232 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Horstmar, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 15 m. NW. by 
 W. Miinster. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Horta, seapt. tn. of the Azores, cap. isl. Fa)ral, at the head 
 of a wide bay on its SE. ct. P. (comm. ) 7400. 
 
 Horts, comm., Spain, prov. and dist. Barcelona. P. <4000. 
 
 Hortas ('gardens'), Angola. See Hossamedes. 
 
 Horten, tn. , Norway, prov. Jarlsberg and Laurvik, on Chris- 
 tiania Fjord, 8 m. NNE. Tonsberg, the chief military port of 
 the kingdom ; has an arsenal and extensive shipbuilding yards. 
 P. 6600. 
 
 Horton, seapt. tn., Canada, Nova Scotia, Kings co., on 
 Minas Basin, 63 m. NNW. Halifax ; coal and other minerals 
 found near. P. < 1500. 
 
 Horton, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, SE. Wycombe div., 
 on the Colne, 3^ m. ESE. Windsor, i m. N. by E. Wraysburv 
 stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Horton, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, E. div. , 10^ m. N. Poole, 
 3 m. WSW. Verwood stn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (H. 
 with Woodlands) P. <;iooo. 
 
 Horton, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thombury div. , 5 m. S. 
 Wotton-under-Edge, 4 m. ENE. Yate June, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Horton, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 6 m. SE. 
 Northampton, with a stn. (Piddlngton and Horton) on the 
 M. R. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (H. with Piddlngton) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Horton, par., Eng., Northumberland, mostly in Morpeth 
 pari. bor. P. <25oo ; eccles. par. (H. with Cowpen) P. 14,700. 
 
 Horton, hamlet, Eng., Somerset, i^ m. NW. Ilminster, P.O. 
 
 Horton, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, div. and 3 m. W. Leek, i 
 m. WSW. Rudyardstn., P.O.; 4975 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Horton, Eng., Yorkshire. See Halifax. 
 
 Horlon, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 11 
 m. N. Burnley. P. <2So. 
 
 Horton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, suburb and in 
 pari. bor. of Bradford, with stns. (H. Park and Great H.) on 
 the G. N. R. P. 48,800; eccles. par. (H. Great) P. 11,600. 
 
 Horton, stn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, near Settle, on M. R. 
 
 Horton, city, U.S., Kansas, Brown co. P. <:4000. 
 
 Horton, settlement, U.S. , Montana, Custer co. , 207 m. SSW. 
 from the NE. corner of the state. Alt. 2390 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 Horton, Lower, settlement, Canada. See Grand Pr6. 
 
 Horton and Horton with Peele, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 7 J m. E. Wrexham, 2^ m. W. by N. 
 Malpas stn. P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Horton Grange, par., Eng., Northumberland, 6J m. S. 
 Morpeth. P. <25o. 
 
 Horton Heath, P.O., Eng., Hampshire, 3 m. from Bishop- 
 stoke. 
 
 Horton in Blbhlesdale, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Skipton div., on the 1. bk. of the Ribble, 23 m. SE. by E. Kendal, 
 5 m. N. Settle, with a stn. (Horton) on the M. R., P.O. ; 17,257 
 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Horton Klrby, par., Eng., Kent, Dartford div., on the 
 Darenth, 7 m. SW. by W. Gravesend, i m. SSE. Famingham 
 Road and Sutton at Hone stn., P.O. P. <2O0o. 
 
 Horton with Stndley, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, on the E. 
 border of the county, Woodstock div. , 6^ m. NE. by E. Oxfrati, 
 4^ m. E. by S. Islip stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Horw, comm., Switzd., cant, and 2J m. SSE. Lucerne. 
 P. <:2oc)o. 
 
 Horwlch (hSr'ich), par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, West- 
 houghton div., 5 m. WNW. Bolton, on the L. & Y. R. There 
 are coal-mines in the neighbourhood ; it is the seat of the 
 L. & Y. R. works, and bleaching, cotton-spinning, and paper- 
 making are carried on. P. 12,900. 
 
 Horwood, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Barnstaple div. , 3 m. E. 
 by N. Bideford. P. <25o. 
 
 Horwood, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Buckinghamshire, div. and 5 m. ESE. Buckingham. Great H. , 
 P.O., P. <7^o; Little H., P.O., P.<soo. 
 
 Hory Kaspersk^, comm. , Austria. See Bergrelchensteln. 
 
 Horyujl, vil., Japan, 18 m. by rail E. Ozaka, with the oldest 
 Buddhist monastery in Japan, containing an important collection 
 of art treasures. 
 
 Horzowltz, tn. , Austria. See Horowitz. 
 
 Hosah, place named in O. T. See El Ezztyah. 
 
 nosangadl, or Haldargarh, pass, Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 S. Kanara, in 13° 40' N. , 75° i' E. , on the route between Bedniir 
 and the Malab4r coast ; much used in the campaigns with Tipii 
 SultAn. 
 
 Hoscar Moss, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & Y. R., 7 
 m. NW. Wigan. 
 
 Hose, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 6^ m. N. 
 Melton Mowbray, i m. NW. Long Clawson and H. stn., on 
 the G. N. R., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Hoseley, part of par., Wales, Flint. See Harford. 
 692 
 
 Hoseyeh, El, oasis of the penin. of and 31 m. NW. Sinai, 
 Egypt. 
 
 HoshangAbhd, or Hoshnngabad, tn., Brit. India, Central 
 Provs. , cap. dist. H., on the 1. bk. of the Narbadi, 40 m. 
 SSE. Bhopal. P. (1877) 11,600; (1881) 15,900; (1891) 13,500; 
 Hindus, 9900. 
 
 Hoshla, Makua vil., Portuguese E. Africa, in 16° 30' S., 
 38° 5' E. 
 
 Hoshl&rpnr, or Hnshl&rpnr, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, cap. 
 disL H., 62 m. E. Amritsar, on the bank of a broad sandy 
 bed of a torrent, about 5 m. from the foot of the SiwAlik Hills. 
 Malarious fever endemic in dist. P. (1891) 21,600; Hindus, 
 9900 ; Moham. 10,900. 
 
 Hoshnngabad, tn. , India. See Hoshang&b&d. 
 
 Hoslngen, comm. , gd. -duchy of and 28 m. N. Luxemburg. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 HosklnsTlUe, vil., U.S., Ohio, Noble co., 51 m. WSW. 
 WTieeling (W. Va.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hosn Honal, ruined Arab city, in the W. of Algeria, on the 
 coast, near Benisaf, formerly the port of Tlemsen. 
 
 Hosojlma, or Hososhlma, vil., Japan, Kiushiu, on the E. 
 ct., 105 m. E. by S. Nagasaki. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Hoso-o Pass, Japan, SW. of Nikko. Alt. 4100 ft 
 
 Hospenthal, vil., Switzd., cant. Uri, 18 m. S. by W. Altdorf, 
 the oldest settlement in the Urseren-thal, at the foot of St. 
 Gothard, with a hospice dating from the 14th century. Alt. 
 4800 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Hospet, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 39 m. W. by N. 
 Bellary ; its old fort has been levelled. P. (1881) 10,200 ; (1891) 
 12,900; Hindus, 11,000. 
 
 Hospital, par. and tn.. Ire., Limerick, bar. Smallcounty, 15 
 m. SSE. Limerick, 3 m. N. Knocklong stn. H. owes its origin 
 to the Knights Hospitallers, who established themselves there in 
 the reign of King John. PMT.O. Par. P. <i5oo; tn. P. <7So. 
 
 Hospltalet, comm., Spain, prov. Barcelona, dist. S. Felio de 
 Llobregat. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hossegros, or Ossegor, ct. lagoon, France, dep. Landes, on 
 the former bed of the Adour, with important oyster-beds. 
 
 Hossz^ifaln (Hungarian, ' long village'). See Langendorf. 
 
 Hossznmezo-Dlhepolje. See DlhepoUe. 
 
 Hostalrlch, small fortified tn. , Spain, prov. and 18 m. SSW. 
 Gerona ; it played an important part in the Succession War 
 early in the i8th century. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hoste Island, Tierra del Fuego, between 55° and 55° 40' S., 
 68° and 70° W. , 90 m. in length E. to W. , by 50 m. in great- 
 est breadth, very irregular in shape ; separated eastward from 
 Navarin I. by Ponsonby Sound, and northward from King 
 Charles South Land by the Beagle Channel. 
 
 Hostomltz, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, 25 m. SW. Prague, 9 m. 
 N. by E. Pribram. P. <3000. 
 
 Hoszcza, Slavonian. See Goszcza. 
 
 Hota, tn. , in the S. of Arabia, 190 m. NE. Aden, in a gorge 
 surrounded by high and almost inaccessible cliffs. The town 
 has about 200 houses, the valley a papulation of 8-9000. It lies 
 in the fertile dist. of Katn (Katan), or El Katn, a name some- 
 times given to the town. Jour. R. G. S., 1871, p. 230. See 
 also Geog. Jour., Hi., p. 204. 
 
 Hiitensleben, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Neuhaldens- 
 leben, 25 m. W. Magdeburg. P. <:4000. 
 
 Hotha, tn. , China, in the SW. of Yunnan, 65 m. E. by N. 
 Bhamo. Alt. 4200 ft. 
 
 Hotham, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div. , 
 11^ m. NE. by E. Goole, i^ m. N. North Cave stn., P.O. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Hotham, Victoria. See Helbonme, North. 
 
 Hothersall, par., Eng., Lancashire, 6^ m. NE. Preston. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Hothfleld, par. , Eng. , Kent, div. and 3 m. WNW. Ashford, 
 I .n. SW. of its stn. on the L. C. & D. R.. P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Hothorpe, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, 4 m. SW. Market 
 Harborough. P. <:25o. 
 
 Hotl-Nard^n, cantonment, India, Punjab, dist. and 33 m. NE. 
 Peshdwar, headquarters of the Corps of Guides. P. <50oo. 
 
 Hot Lake, small lake, U.S., Oregon, 70 m. SW. of the NE. 
 corner of the state ; a rising health resort. 
 
 Hoton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 3 m. NE. by E. 
 Louc;hborough, P.O. P. <500. See Prestwold. 
 
 Hotsln, tn., China, prov. Shansi, a little above the confluence 
 of the Fen-ho and Hwang-ho. 
 
 Hot Spring, co., U.S., Arkansas, crossed by 93° W., and 
 between 34° and 35° N. 
 
 Hot Spring Lake, beautiful lake, U.S., Utah, 3 m. N. 
 Salt Lake City, fed by the hot springs. 
 
 Hot Springs, city, U.S., Arkansas, cap. Garland co., 48 m. 
 WSW. Little Rock; has about sixty thermal springs, much 
 frequented, temp. 93°-i68° F. Alt. about 600 ft. P. (1880) 
 <4ooo ; (1890) 8100. 
 
 Hot Springs, health resort, U.S., S. Dakota, in the Black 
 Hills, with mineral vreiters at a temp, of 96° F. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hot Springs, vil., U.S., Virginia, Bath co., 35 m. NE. White 
 
HOTS — HOUN 
 
 Sulphur Springs ; has several thermal saline springs, ioo°-io6''F. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Hotspur, post-tp., Victoria, co. Normanby, 32 m. SW. 
 H amilton. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Hottentots (origin of name uncertain, probably nickname 
 given to various H. tribes by the early Dutch colonists), or 
 Koi-koln, peculiar native race of S. Africa, totally different 
 from Bantus and Negroes. In former times the H. occupied 
 the whole of S. Africa S. of the Tropic of Capricorn, but now 
 they only inhabit the desert tracts of Great Namaqua-land 
 {g.v.) and of the Kalahari (g'.v.), and are only found in small 
 numbers in Cape Colony. They are divided into three groups : 
 Namaqua (or Nama), Korana, and Griqua. The H. are of 
 small stature, and of yellow colour. Their language is totally 
 different from all other African languages, and is characterised 
 by peculiar clicking-sounds. They are a nomadic race, and 
 even the earliest European travellers report that the restless 
 H. tribes of Cape Colony were accustomed to migrate towards 
 the N. Hunting and cattle-rearing are their principal occupa- 
 tions, agriculture being of subordinate importance. Total 
 number estimated at 100,000. See Schinz : Deutsch-Siid- West- 
 Afrika, 1891 ; and Schlichter : The Geography of SW. Africa, 
 Scot. Geog. Mag. , 1891. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Hotting, tn., Austria, Tirol, dist. Innsbruck. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hottlugen, suburb of Ziirich, Switzd. P. 7000. 
 
 Hotfvells, stn. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, on the G. W. & M. 
 Joint Rly. , near Avonmouth. 
 
 Hotzelplotz, riv. , Austrian and Prussian Silesia, flows NE. 
 into the Oder, which it enters 20 m. above Oppeln ; not navigable. 
 
 Hotzenplotz, tn., Austria, Silesia, 25 m. NNW. Troppau, 
 with beet-root sugar manufactory P. <4ooo. 
 
 Hotzlng, tn. , Hungary. See Hdtszeg. 
 
 Hon, or Han, viL, Upper Egypt, on the 1. bk. of the Nile, in 
 26° 11' N. ; the Diospolis Parva of the ancients. 
 
 Uonat (Breton, ' duck '), an isl. off the W. ct. of France, dep. 
 Morbihan, 6 m. SE. the penin. Quib^ron, with a fort and small 
 harboiir. 
 
 Hondaiu, tn., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, 15 m. NW. Arras, 
 arr. and 7 m. SW. B^thune, with marble quarry and coal-mine. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Hoadan, tn. , France, on the W. border of dep. Seine-et-Oise, 
 arr. Mantes, 24 m. N. by E. Chartres. P. < 2000. 
 
 Hondeng Almerles, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Soig- 
 nies, 5i m. SW. by W. Seneffe, with coal-mines. P. (comm.) 
 6800. 
 
 Hondeng-Goeguies, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Soig- 
 nies, 5 m. WSW. Seneffe, 14 m. WNW. Charleroi, with coal- 
 mines. P. (comm.) 6100. 
 
 HonfTallze, tn., Belgium, prov. Luxembourg, arr. Bastogne, 
 on the Ourthe, 25 m. S. by W. Spa ; secluded summer resort. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Hongaerde, comm. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Louvain, 
 P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Hongf'oss, waterfall, Norway. See Kongslterg. 
 
 Hough, par., Eng., Cheshire, 4 m. SE. Nantwich. P. <soo. 
 
 Hougham, par. , Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div. , 2^ m. WSW. 
 Dover, P.O. (West H.y. P. 7800. 
 
 Hougham, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , on the 
 Witham, 5I m. N. by W. Grantham, on the G. N. R. P. <5oo ; 
 eccles. par. (H. -with Harston) P. <:75o. 
 
 Hough Green, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Widnes div., 6 m. 
 SSW. St. Helens, on the Cheshire Lines Rly., PM.O. 
 
 Hough on the Hill, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven 
 div., 6\ m. N. Grantham, 2 m. NE. Hougham stn., P.O.; 
 4028 ac. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (H. on the Hill with Brandon 
 and Gelston) P. <75o. 
 
 Houghton, eccles. par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 2^ 
 m. N. by W. Carlisle, P.O. P.<iooo. 
 
 Houghton, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, 8i m. NW. Winchester, 
 P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Houghton, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., on 
 the Ouse, 4 m. E. Himtingdon, 2A m. WNW. St. Ives stn. 
 PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Houghton, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 12 m. ENE. 
 King's Lynn, 2^ m. N. by W. Massingham stn. P. <2So; 
 eccles. par. (H. next Harpley) P. <25o. 
 
 Houghton, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., on the Arun, 
 2^ m. N. Arundel, close to Amberley [q.v.) stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Houghton, viL, Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding. See Sancton. 
 
 Houghton, or Tosset, or Tosslde, eccles. par. , Eng. , York- 
 shire, W. Riding, Normanton div., 6^ m. ENE. Wakefield, i m. 
 E. Altofts and Whitwood stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Houghton, post-tn., S. Australia, co. and 14m. NE. Adelaide. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Houghton, vil., U.S., Michigan, cap. H. co., on the S. side 
 of Portage Lake, 68 m. NW. by W. Marquette ; centre of the 
 great copper-producing district ; seat of the state mining-school, 
 erected 1888-89. P- <3ooo. 
 
 Houghton, viL , U.S., S. Dakota, Brown co., 145 m. NE. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Houghton, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 3 m. ESE. Northampton, 2 m. 
 SW. byW. Billing stn. Great H., P.O., P. <:5oo; Little H., 
 PMT.O., P.<75o; eccles. par. (H., Little, with Brafleld on 
 the Green) P. 1000. 
 
 Houghton, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 5^ m. E. Barnsley, 2 m. W. by 
 S. Frickleystn. Great H., PM.O., P.<75o; Little H., P.O., 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Houghton, Little, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick- 
 upon-Tweed div. , 3 m. NE. Alnwick. P. <:25o. 
 
 Houghton, Long, par. , i^ m. SE. Little Houghton, on the 
 NE. R., P.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Houghton, SUddleton, and Arbury, par., Eng., Lanca- 
 shire, 2.\ m. NE. Warrington. P. <25o. 
 
 Houghton, St. Giles, par., Eng., Norfolk, i m. SW. New 
 Walsingham. P. <25o. 
 
 Houghton, West, par., Eng., Lancashire, West H. div., 5 
 m. SW. Bolton, with manufactxires of cotton and silk, large 
 collieries in the neighbourhood, with stn. (Westhoughton) on 
 L. & Y. R. , PMT.O. Market-day, S. Par. 4341 ac. , P. 11, 100 ; 
 pari. div. P. (1891) 83,100. 
 
 Houghton and Close House, par. , Eng. , Northimiberland, 
 8| m. NW. Newcastle-on-Tyne. P. <25o. 
 
 Houghton Centre, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Norfolk co. , 
 on Lake Erie, 38 m. SE. London. P. <:i500. 
 
 Houghton Conquest, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade 
 div., s m. S. Bedford, 2| m. E. by N. Millbrook stn., P.O. 
 ^■<7So\ eccles. par. (H. C. with Houghton GUdahle) P. 
 
 <7SO- 
 
 Houghton In the Dale, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Norfolk, 
 N. div., 19J m. W. by S. Cromer, i| m. SSW. Walsingham 
 stn. See Walsingham, Little. 
 
 Houghton Lake, U.S., Michigan, one of the head sources 
 of Muskegon R. , in W. interior of Roscommon co. 
 
 Houghton-le-Slde, par., Eng., Diu-ham, 6 m. NW. Dar- 
 lington. P. <250. 
 
 Houghtou-le-Sprlng, par. and market-tn., Eng., Durham, 
 H. div., 6| m. SW. by S. Sunderland, i| m. E. by S. Fence- 
 houses stn. ; numerous coal-mines near. PMT.O. Par. P. 
 6500 ; pari. div. P. (1891) 69,000. 
 
 Houghton on the Hill, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton 
 div., 6 m. E. by S. Leicester, 2 m. E. by S. Thurnby stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Houghton on the Hill, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, SW. div. , iSj 
 m. SE. by E. King's Lynn, 4 m. SE. Swaffham, ij m. SSW. 
 Holme Hale stn. , PT.O. (Houghton). P. <25o. See Plcken- 
 ham. North. 
 
 Houghton Kegls, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, div. and 4^ m. 
 WNW. Luton, I m. NNE. Dunstable stn., P.O. ; 4654 ac. 
 P. <:25oo. 
 
 Houghtons Coldstream, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. 
 Columbia, 182 m. ENE. Vancouver. 
 
 Houghton Wlnterhorne, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div.. 
 iij m. NE. Dorchester, 4^ m. WSW. Blandford, P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Hougne, La, or Hogue (also miscalled La Hague), road- 
 stead, France, dep. Manche, on the E. side of the Cotentin 
 Penin. , off a frowning coast with dangerous rocks ; partly 
 sheltered on the E. by Cape la H. Gives name to the great 
 naval battle of May 29, 1692, when Tourville was beaten by 
 the allied fleets of England and Holland. 
 
 Houilles, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Versailles, 8J 
 m. NW. by W. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <:3000. 
 
 Honlgate, vil. and much frequented sea-bathing resort, 
 France, dep. Calvados, in the comm. of Beuzeval (NE. Caen), 
 with fine sands ; beautiful neighbourhood. P. <20oo. 
 
 Honlme, former dist., France, bounded on the N. by Le 
 Bocage, now comprised in dep. Orne ; principal town, Argentan. 
 
 Honlme, Le, tn. , France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, arr. and 5 m. 
 NNW. Rouen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Honlton, tn., U.S., Maine, Aroostook co., 98 m. NE. by N. 
 Bangor. P. <sooo. 
 
 Houma, tn., U.S., Louisiana, Terre Bonne par., on the 
 Bayou Terre Bonne, 46 m. SW. by W. New Orleans. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Hounam, or Hownam, par. , Scot. , Roxburghshire, on Kale 
 Water, 8 m. E. by S. Jedburgh, P.O. ; 15,074 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Hound, par., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., 3 m. ESE. 
 Southampton, close to Netley stn. The par. includes Netley, 
 with Victoria Military Hospital. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hound Point, cape, Scot., Linlithgowshire, in 3° 21' W. 
 
 Honnds'wood, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Cong. 
 
 Hound Tor, hill, Eng. , in the W. of Devonshire, 19 m. W. 
 by S. Exeter. 
 
 Houndwood, eccles. par. , Scot. , Berwickshire, on Eye Water, 
 l\ m. SW. by W. St. Abb's Head, z\ m. ESE. Grants House 
 stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Houng-tharaw, Lower Burma. See Haung«tharaw. 
 
 Hounsdown, hamlet, Eng., Hampshire, 5J m. W. South- 
 ampton, P.O. 
 
 693 
 
HOUN — HOWI 
 
 Honnslow, suburb of London, Eng. , Middlesex, Brentford 
 div., 12 m. W. by S. St. Paul's, on the L. & SW. R., with two 
 other stns. (H. Barracks and Heston H.) on the Metropolitan 
 District Rly. Here are barracks and gunpowder mills. H. 
 Heath, once notorious as a frequent scene of highway robberies, 
 is in great part enclosed. Eccles. pars. H. Holy Trinity, P. 
 <4Soo ; H. St. Stephen, P. 5300 ; H. Heath, P. <:3Soo. 
 
 Honpeh, prov. , China. See Hnpe. 
 
 Honrdel, fishing port, France, dep. Somme, 2J m. NW, St. 
 Valery-sur-Somme. H. Point consists of a natural dyke (more 
 than 7 m. long), formed from the debris of the Eu and Tr^port 
 cliffs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Honrn, Loch, inlet, W. Scot., Inverness-shire, N. of the 
 Knoydart Penin., stretching 12 m. E. from the middle of the 
 Sound of Sleat. 
 
 Honrtln, vil. , France, dep. Gironde, arr. Lesparre, 15 m. W. 
 Pauillac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Housatonlc (husaton'ik), vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire 
 CO., 4 m. N. Great Barrington by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Honsatonlc Klrer, U.S., rises in the Hoosac Mts., on the 
 W. border of Massachusetts, flows S. through Connecticut into 
 Long Island Sound near Bridgeport. Length, about 120 m. ; 
 14 m. are tidal. It affords water-power to numerous mills. 
 
 Honsay, or Honsle, small isl. , Scot. , Shetland Is. , the largest 
 of the Outer Skerries, in 60° 25' N., 0° 46' W. ; length, 2 m. 
 P. (II. Skerries) 86. 
 
 Hoiisham, Eng., Lincolnshire. See Howsham. 
 
 Honston, co. , U.S., Georgia, between 32° and 33° N., and 
 E. of 84° W. 
 
 Honston, vil., U.S., Minnesota, H. co., 112 m. SE. St. Paul. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Honston, co. , U.S., Tennessee, N. of 36° N., and bounded 
 on the W. by Tennessee R. 
 
 Honston, co. , U.S., Texas, in the E. , crossed by 31° N., 
 and bounded on the W. by Trinity R. 
 
 Honston, city, U.S. , Texas, Harris co. , 48 m. NW. Galveston, 
 at the head of navigation on the Buffalo Bayou, which can be 
 ascended to this point by vessels drawing 9 ft. of water. Prin- 
 cipal railroad centre of the state ; seat of important and varied 
 manufactures, machinery, cotton- seed oil, railway carriages, 
 &c. Once the cap. of the Texan Republic. Alt. 37 ft. and 53 ft. 
 (R. R.). P. (1870) 9400; (1880) 16,500; (1890) 27,600. 
 
 Honston, tn. , U.S., Virginia, Halifax co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Honston and Killellan, par., Scot., W. Renfrewshire, 5 m. 
 WNW. Paisley, with a stn. (Honston, or Crosslee) on the G. & 
 SW. R. , 2 m. to the SE. , and one (Honston) on the C. R. , 3 m. 
 E. by N. of the vil. ; PMT.O. (Honston) ; 7584 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Honston Station, vil., U.S., Delaware, Kent co., 57 m. S. 
 Wilmington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hont, riv. , S. African Republic, flows NNE. into the Lim- 
 popo, which it enters in about 30^° E. 
 
 Hont Bay, Cape Colony, W. ct. , in about 34° 10' S. 
 
 Hontboschdorp, settlement, S. African Republic, Zoutpans- 
 berg dist. , about 150 m. NE. by N. Pretoria. 
 
 Honten, vil. , Holland, prov. and 3 m. S. bv E. Utrecht. 
 
 Hontnian Rocks (Islands, or Abrolhos), W. Australia, a 
 group of isls. lying off Geraldton 50 m. from the coast, in 28° 45' 
 S. ; sometimes applied so as to include the Pelsart and Easter 
 groups, extending altogether 48 m. from N. to S. Named after 
 Frederick Houtman of Alkmaar, who commanded a fleet of 
 Dutch East-Indiamen in 1618. 
 
 Hontzdale, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Clearfield co., 88 m. 
 E. by N. Pittsburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Hovas, the ruling tribe in the isl. of Madagascar. 
 
 HoTden, one of the Lofoten Is. W. of Langoen, Norway. 
 
 Hove, tn. and par., Eng., Sussex, on the S. ct., contiguous to 
 the tn. , and included in the pari. bor. of Brighton, stn. (Hove 
 and West Brighton) on L. B. & S. C. R. P. (1871) 11,300 ; 
 (1891) 26,100. 
 
 hoved, Scandinavian, 'ahead.' See Haupt. 
 
 Hovedoen Island, in Christiania Bay, Norway. 
 
 Hoven, ' an enclosure. ' Se& Hof. 
 
 HoTerlngham, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 7J m. 
 SW. by W. Newark, i m. S. Thurearton stn., P.O. P. <5oo ; 
 eccles. par. (H. with Thnrgarton) P. <75o. 
 
 Horeton St. John and St. Peter, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 9 m. NE. by N. Norwich. H. St. John, 
 I m. ENE. Wroxhamstn., P. <5oo; H. St. Peter, P. <2So. 
 
 Hovlngham, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 16 m. N. by E. York, with a stn. on the NE. R., 
 PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 How, in English and Scotch place-names. See Haugh. 
 
 How, in Yorkshire names, ' small, round, hill.' 
 
 How, Upper Egypt. See Hon. 
 
 How, Great, hill, Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., S. of 
 Sea Fell, 13 m. S. by W. Keswick. 
 
 Howakll Bay, Red Sea. See Hawakll. 
 
 Howard, or Bnrmin, coal-mining tn. , Queensland, Cook co. , 
 150 m. N. by W. Brisbane. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Howard, co. , U.S., Arkansas, crossed by 34° N. and 94° W. 
 694 
 
 Howard, co., U.S., Indiana, between 40° and 41° N. , and 
 midway between E. and W. frontiers. 
 
 Howard, co., U.S., Iowa, on N. frontier, and W. of 92° W. 
 
 Howard, city, U.S., Kansas, Elk co., 112 m. SSW. Topeka. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Howard, co., U.S., Maryland, in the NE., N. of 39° N., 
 crossed in the W. by 'jf W., between the Patapsco and 
 Patuxent Rivs. 
 
 Howard, vil., U.S., Michigan, Cass co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Howard (formerly Howard Lake), vil., U.S., Minnesota, 
 Wright CO., 37 m. W. by N. Minneapolis. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Howard, co., U.S., Missouri, crossed in the S. by 39° N., 
 and E. of 93° W., bounded on the S. and partly on the W. 
 by the Missouri. 
 
 Howard, settlement, U.S., Montana, Custer co., 230 m. 
 SW. from the NE. corner of the state. 
 
 Howard, co., U.S., Nebraska, N. of 41° N., E. of 99° W. 
 
 Howard, co., U.S., Texas, E. of 102° W., N. of 32° N. 
 
 Howard City, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Miner co., 78 m. N. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Howard City, vil., U.S., Michigan, Montcalm co., 80 m. 
 W. by S. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Howard Ilnlrerslty, U.S. See Waslilngton. 
 
 How Caple, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 4^ m. N. 
 Ross, on the 1. bk. of the Wye, PT.O. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (H. C. with SoUershope) P. <25o. 
 
 Howden, par. and market-tn., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Howdenshire div., 3 m. N. Goole, on the Hull and Barnsley 
 Rly., vrith coal-mining. Market-day, S. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Howden Clongh (for Birstall), stn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, on the G. N. R.. 6 m. SW. Leeds. 
 
 Howden Dyke, vil, Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 2 m. from 
 Howden, P.O. 
 
 Howden Edge, hill, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Hallam- 
 shire div., 14 m. S. by E. Huddersfield. Height, 1789 ft. 
 
 Howden-le-Wear, vil. , Eng., Durham, 4 m. NW. Bishop 
 Auckland, with coal-mining, PMT.O. 
 
 Howden Panns, eccles. par. and local govt, dist., Eng., 
 Northumberland, Tyneside div., 5 m. ENE. Newcastle, with 
 stn. (Howdon-on-'Tyne) on the NE. R. P. 6800 ; urban 
 sanitary dist. (Howdon) P. -ciooo. 
 
 Howdenshire, pari, div., in the W. of the E. Riding of 
 Yorkshire, Eng. P. 49,300. 
 
 Howdon-on-Tyne, stn. , Eng. , Northumberland. See How- 
 den Panns. 
 
 Howe, English admiral of the i8th century, as First Lord of 
 the Admiralty one of the chief promoters of the Wallis-Carteret- 
 Cook expeditions, and consequently commemorated in numerous 
 Australian names. 
 
 Howe, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 6\ m. SSE. Norwich, 3J 
 m. E. by S. Swainsthorpe stn. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (H. with 
 Little or West Porlngland) P. <25o. 
 
 Howe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton 
 div., on the Swale, 6^ m. NE. by N. Ripon. P. <25o. 
 
 Howe, Cape, the SE. point of Australia, in 37° 35' S. , 150° E. 
 
 Howe, Lord, isls. See Lord Howe. 
 
 Howe Bridge, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Leigh par. 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Howe Island, isl., Canada, Ontario, Frontenac co. , in the 
 riv. St. Lawrence (Lake of 1000 Isles), 8-17 m. ENE. Kingston. 
 
 Howe Islands, Australia, E. ct. , lat. 31° 42' S. , long. 176" 
 40' E. 
 
 HoweU, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div. , 12 m. 
 W. by N. Boston, and 4 m. E. Sleaford, 2 m. NNW. Hecking- 
 ton stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Howell, vil., U.S., Michigan, Livingston co., 66 m. S. Bay 
 City. P. <:3000. 
 
 Howell, CO., U.S., Missouri, on the S. frontier, crossed in 
 the W. by 92° W. 
 
 Howe of Angns. See Forfarshire. 
 
 Howe (or How) of the Mearns. See Kincardineshire. 
 
 Howe's Cave, U.S., New York, in the Helderberg Mts., run- 
 ning 3 m. underground, abounding in stalactites and stalagmites, 
 and with weird passages, pools, and flowing streams. 
 
 Howe's Foreland, cape, NE. ct. Kerguelen Land. 
 
 Howe's Strand, fishing stn. , Ire. , 4 m. SE. Kilbrittain, co. 
 Cork, P.O. 
 
 Howe Street, P.O., Eng., Essex, div. and 5 m. N. by W, 
 Chelmsford, 4 m. SSE. Felstead stn. 
 
 Howey, hamlet, Wales, Radnorshire, loi m. W. by S. New 
 Radnor, 2^ m. S. Llandrindod Wells stn., P.O. 
 
 Howi^zy, tn., Austria, Moravia, dist. Wsetin. P. <400o. 
 
 HowglU, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, NW. of 
 Skipton div. , 7J m. E. by N. Kendal. P. <2So. 
 
 Howgrare, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Ripon union. 
 P. < 250. 
 
 Ilowgrave, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Sntton HowgraTC. 
 
 liowgrare, part of par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Nnnwlck. 
 
 Howlck, vil. , Canada, Quebec, co. Chateauguay, on English 
 R., 18 m. by rail SE. Coteau Landing. P. < 1500. 
 
HOWI — HUAI 
 
 Hoiv Ick, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Blackpool div. , 2| m. SW. 
 Preston, on the West Lancashire and Liverpool Rly. P. <25o. 
 Hoivlck, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, zj m. NW. Chepstow. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Howlck, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div. , on the coast, 5 m. NE. by E. Alnwick, i m. E. Little Mill 
 stn. (H. HaU). Mean rfall. (H. Hall, alt. 121 ft., 1866-80), 
 28.9 in. P. <5oo. 
 
 Howlck, viL, Natal, dist. and on the railway 15 m. NW. 
 Pietermaritzburg. 
 
 Ho-vrlck, tp. , New Zealand, North I. , Manukau co. ,7 m. E. 
 by S. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ho-wick, CO. , W. Australia, crossed by 32° S. , and touching 
 118° E. in the NE. 
 
 Rowland, vil. , U.S., Missouri, Putnam co. , 114 m. NE. by 
 E. St. Joseph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Holland Island, small isl. of coral formation, Pacific 
 Ocean, lat. 0° 49' N. , 176° 41' 45" W. Its former deposit of guano 
 is now exhausted. 
 
 Howie Colliery, Bast, PM.O., Eng., 2 m. from Ferry Hill, 
 Durham. 
 
 Howley, tp., S. Australia, N. Terr., Rosebery co., 32 m. 
 SSE. Palmerston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Howlong, post-tn., New South Wales, Hume co., 15 m. 
 WNW. Albury. P. < 1500. 
 
 How Mill, stn., Eng., Cumberland, 6J m. E. Carlisle, on 
 the NE. R., P.O. 
 
 Howmore, vil., Scot., W. ct. of S. Uist I., Outer Hebrides, 
 Inverness-shire, in 57° 18' N., PM.O. 
 
 Hownam, par., Scot. See Honnam. 
 
 How of the Mearus. See Kincardiueshlre. 
 
 Ho-wrab, tn. , India, Bengal, opposite and practically a suburb 
 of Calcutta, on the r. bk. of the Hiigll ; terminus of the East 
 Indian Rly. The municipality comprises Sibpur and Ram- 
 krishnapur to the S. , and Salkhia to the N. To the S. of Sibpur 
 are the Royal Botanical Gardens and the Government Engineer- 
 ing College. Mills and manufactures have developed rapidly. 
 P. of municip. (1872) 97,800; (1881) 105,600; (1891) 116,600; 
 Hindus, 86,200 ; Moham. 28,400. 
 
 Howstaam, or Honsliani, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Lincoln- 
 shire, N. Lindsey div., 15 m. W. by S. Grimsby, 3 m. ESE. 
 Brigg, on the M. S. & L. R., P.O. See Cadney. 
 
 Hoivsliain, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div. , 
 on the Derwent, ii^ m. NE. by E. York, 1^ m. SSW. Kirkham 
 Abbey stn. P. <25o. See Scraylngbam. 
 
 How Tallon, hill, Eng., Yorkshire, in the N. of the Richmond 
 div. of the N. Riding, 8| m. NW. by W. Richmond. Height, 
 1467 ft. 
 
 Hoivtell, par. , Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., loi m. E. Kelso, 3 m. E. by N. Mindrum stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Howth, Hill of, penin., par., and tn.. Ire., Leinster, co. 
 Dublin, bar. Coolock, forming the NE. screen of Dublin Bay, 
 mostly a rocky and remarkably picturesque ridge, rising 563 ft. 
 above the sea. H. village is 8 m. by rail ENE. of Dublin, 
 It has a harbour of refuge, with lighthouse and coastguard 
 station ; but from its position, the rocks which still obstruct it, 
 and the accumulation of sand, is now almost useless. At the 
 extremity of the peninsula (H. Head, in 53° 22' N. ) is a lighthouse 
 on a lofty rock, with a fixed red light, visible 11 m. PMT.O. 
 Par. P. < 2500; tn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Howthorpe, part of par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Alryholme. 
 
 Howwood, vil., Scot., W. Renfrewshire, 6 m. WSW. Paisley, 
 on the G. & SW. R. , PT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Hoxne (hox'n), par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 3J m. NE. by 
 N. Eye, on the Waveney, 2 m. N. by E. Ipswich, PMT.O.; 
 4056 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hoxter, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Weser, 32 m. N. by W. Kassel, cap. circle H. P. 6500. 
 
 Hoxton, pari. div. of London, Eng., i| m. NNE. St. Paul's, 
 London, close to Haggerston stn. P. (1891) 67,700 ; comprising 
 eight eccles. pars., total P. 65,000. 
 
 Hoy, stn., Scot., Caithness, 5J m. SSE. Thurso, on the H. R. 
 
 Hoy (old Norse Naey, ' the high island'), isl., Scot., Orkney, 
 4 m. SW. Stromness, separated from the mainland by the Sound 
 of H. It has fine cliff scenery, and a harbour at Longhope. 
 Weekly comnmnication by steam is maintained with Leith. 
 I m. N. of Roray Head is the Old Man of H., a detached 
 pillar-shaped rock, composed of yellow and red sandstone of the 
 Old Red Sandstone series, 450 ft. high. P. O. P. 1320. Part of 
 it forms with Graemsay a par.; 15,183 ac. P. 537. 
 
 Hoya, vil., Prussia, prov. Hanover, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Weser, 23 m. SE. by S. Bremen, in circle H. (formerly a county). 
 P. <30C)o. 
 
 Hoyer, seapt. and fishing vil., Prussia, Schleswig-Holstein, 
 Tondern circle, 26 m. S. Ribe ; has an export trade in oysters, 
 with iron-foundry, manufactures of machines and tobacco. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Hoyerswerda, tn. , Prussia, in the W. of prov. Silesia, 33 m. 
 NE. Dresden. The circle H. contains lignite mines, and the town 
 carries on shoe-making, weaving, and bell-casting. P. <4000. 
 
 Hoylake, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 7 m. W. 
 by S. Birkenhead, on the Seacombe, Hoylake, and Deeside 
 Rly.; pleasant watering-place, with lighthouse, visible 11 m. 
 PMT.O. P. <4000 ; tn. (W. Klrby and H.) P. 6500. 
 
 Hoyland, Hlgb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Holm- 
 firth div. , 5^ m. N W. by W. Bamsley, i m. SE. Clayton West 
 stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Hoyland, Netber, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Hallamshire div. , 3^ m. SSE. Barnsley, i m. E. by N. of Bird- 
 well and H. Common stn. on the M. S. & L. R. P. 11,000. 
 
 Hoyland Swaine, par. , tn. , and local govt. dist. , Eng. , York- 
 shire, W. Riding, 5^ m. SW. Barnsley, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Hoyle Bank and East Hoyle Bank, sandbanks, Eng., at 
 the mouth of the Dee, between Flint and Cheshire. 
 
 Hoyle Mill, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. E. 
 Barnsley, P.O. 
 
 Hoyleton, settlement, S. Australia, Stanley co. , 64 m. N. 
 Adelaide. 
 
 Hoym, tn., Ger., duchy Anhalt, circle Ballenstedt, 14 m. SE. 
 Halberstadt. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Hoynan, tn. , S. China, prov. Kwangtung, at the confluence 
 of the two upper branches of the Tong-kiang, in 23° 42' N. 
 
 Hpyn, small riv. , Lower Burma, Tenasserim div. , trib. to the 
 Sittaung, on r. bk. , 28 m. below Taung-yu ; length, 70 m. 
 
 Hrabo-wa, Gross and Klein, two adjoining vils. , Austria, on 
 the E. frontier of Moravia, about 20 m. SE. by E. Troppau. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Hrad, Turkish, ' a fortified town.' 
 
 Hrddek, Austria. See Erdberg. 
 
 Hronow, tn. and health resort, Austria, Bohemia, dist. 
 Nachod. P. <300o. 
 
 Hmbieszdw, or Rnbleszow (Russian GrnbesboT), dist. tn. , 
 Russian Poland, govt, and 71 m. SE. Lublin, near the B(5g R. 
 P. 11,000. 
 
 Hras-cban, tn., Austria, Silesia, dist. Oderberg. P. < 3000. 
 
 HrnSoTany, comm. , Austria. See Gmsbacb. 
 
 Hs — an initial combination heard in Chinese names. Very 
 often the names and syllables beginning with it are spelt with s 
 only, occasionally with h only. 
 
 Hslakwan ('the lower pass or fortress'), strongly fortified 
 tn. , W. China, prov. Yunnan, at the S. extremity of the plain 
 of Tali-fu, and 8 m. SSE. , on river of same name, near its exit 
 from the Erh-hai ; a busy town on the high-road connecting 
 China and Upper Burma. Alt. 6550 ft. 
 
 Hsiang-llng Pass, Great ( Ta) and Little [Hsiao), two moun- 
 tain passes, W. China, prov. Siichwan, between Yachou-fu and 
 Ningyuan-fu, the former 105 m. SW. Chengtu-fu (9370 ft.), the 
 lower but more difficult of the two, the latter 185 m. SW. by S. 
 Chengtu-fu (9710 ft. ). 
 
 Hsiao, Chinese, 'little.' 
 
 Hsicbang-bsien, tn. , China. See Nlngynan-fn. 
 
 Hsicbnng - bslen, tn., China, Siichwan, no m. NNW. 
 Chungking. 
 
 Hsien, Chinese, ' district city.' See Hien. 
 
 Hsincbeiig, tn. , Manchuria. See Petnna. 
 
 Hsining-fu. See Slning-fa. 
 
 Hslnwen-bsien, tn. , China, Kweichou, 17 m. NW. Kwei- 
 yang-fu. 
 
 Hsnanwei-cbon, tn. , China, Yunnan, 115 m. NE. Yiinnan-fu. 
 
 Hsttebon-fn, tn. , China. See Sui-fa. 
 
 Hsnng-cbon, walled city, China, prov. Kwangsi, upon the 
 1. bk. of the Si-kiang, 68 m. W. Wuchou. P. about 40,000. 
 {Proc. R. G. S., 1891, p. 256.) 
 
 Hsiintien-cbon, tn., China, Yiinnan, 54 m. NE. Yiinnan-fu ; 
 copper is mined in the vicinity. Alt. 6470 ft. 
 
 Hsiiynng-ting, tn. , China, Siichwan, on r. bk. of Yungning, 
 opposite Yungning-hsien, vdth which it is connected by a stone 
 bridge. 
 
 Hu, Chinese, 'water,' 'lake.' 
 
 Hn, tn. , China, prov. Shansi, on r. bk. of riv. Fen-ho, 360 
 m. SW. Peking, 130 m. NNW. Honan. 
 
 Hnaca, comm. , Peru, dep. Piiu-a, on the coast, in about 4° 
 50' S. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Hnacbo, port much frequented by coasting vessels, Peru, 
 dep. of and 78 m. NW. by N. Lima, with which it is connected 
 by rail, and to which it sends vegetables, poultry, and fruits 
 from ihe Huaura valley ; large salt-beds to the S. ; anchorage 
 in 26-33 ft- of water. P. 5000. 
 
 Hnacracbnco, comm., Peru, dep. Huanuco, 250 m. N. 
 Lima. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hnafo (Gnafo) Island, Chile, prov. SW. of the isl. of Chiloe. 
 
 Hnagape, or Vagap, stn. , New Caledonia, on the NE. ct. , 
 N. of 21° S. 
 
 Hnabine, one of the Society Is. , Pacific, 120 m. NW. Tahiti ; 
 surface mountainous and fertile. P. 2000. 
 
 Hnailn, or Wailn, stn. , New Caledonia, about the middle of 
 the E. ct. ; with important deposits of nickel, worked since 1875. 
 
 Hnaina Potosl, mt. , in the Bolivian Andes, Eastern Cor- 
 dillera, N. of La Paz, in about 16° 15' S., 68° W. Alt. about 
 20,500 ft. Tin ore of excellent quality has been found at its base. 
 
 695 
 
HUAI — HUDD 
 
 Hnalna-Pntfna, or Ornate, volcano, in the W. chain of the 
 Andes, in i6° 50' S. ; between 1582 and 1783 had eight consider- 
 able eruptions, the most terrible in 1667. 
 
 Haajaapan, tn., Mexico, Oaxaca, 88 m. S. by E. Puebla. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Haalatlrl, or Gnalatleri, volcanic peak, Andes, on the 
 borders of Bolivia and Chile (prov. Tacna), in about i8^° S. Alt. 
 20-22,000 ft. 
 
 Hnalgayoc, ta , W. Peru, dep. and 52 m. NW. by N. Caja- 
 marca, 415 m. NNW. Lima, cap. prov. H. ; silver mines were 
 formerly worked to a large extent in the prov. ; coal, lead, and 
 gold also occur. P. 3000. 
 
 Hnallaga, prov., E. Peru, dep. Loreto, cap. Tarapoto. 
 
 Huallaga, riv. , Peru, rises in the Andes, near 10° 40' S. , at 
 an elevation of 13,200 ft. above the sea, flows mostly N. , and joins 
 the Amazon near 5° S. , 75° 40' W. , after a total course estimated 
 at 6-700 m. Navigable for vessels of 800 tons to Yurimaguas, 
 and for smaller steamers up to thtpongo of Aguirre, in 6° 25' 50" S. , 
 where the river passes in a narrow gorge through one of the last 
 ridges of the Eastern Cordillera, above which there are numerous 
 rapids ; but canoes ascend to Tingo Maria, in 9° 20' S. 
 
 IlnaUattrl. See Haalatirl. 
 
 HaalLnii, port, Peru. See Haarmey. 
 
 Hnamachnco, tn. , Peru, dep. Libertad, cap. prov. H., 335 
 m. N. by W. Lima. Alt. 10,630 ft. Ruins of the old city 
 occupy the summit of an isolated mountain to the NE. of the 
 modern town. P. 4000. 
 
 Huamalies, prov. of Huanuco dep. , central Peru. 
 
 Haamanga. See Ayacncbo. 
 
 Hnambaclio, creek of Samanco Bay, Peru, in 9° 15' S., 
 with good anchorage. 
 
 HaambUn, or Socorro, isl. off the coast of Chile, crossed by 
 44° 40' S. 
 
 Hua Mnong, tn., French Indo-China, 98 m. ENE. Luang 
 Prabang. 
 
 Hnanape, small port, Peru, dep. Libertad, on the W. ct., 
 about 8° 30' S. To the SW. are the H. Islets. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Hnancabamba, comm. , Peru, dep. Piura, cap. of H. prov. , 
 220 m. S. by E. Guayaquil (Ecuador). Alt. 6405 ft. P. <:3000. 
 
 Hnancane, tn. , S. Peru, dep. and 62 m. N. Puno, cap. prov. 
 H. P. (with dist. ) 9500. 
 
 Haancarqnl, vil., Peru, dep. Arequipa, 70 m. NNW. Mol- 
 lendo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Huancas, one of the three races anterior to the Incas, Peru ; 
 they occupied the central plateau. 
 
 Huanca Sancos, comm., Peru, dep. Ayacucho, 150 m. W. 
 Cuzco. P. <2000. 
 
 HuancaTeli'ca, formerly spelt also Gnancabellca, stn., 
 Peru, cap. dep. and prov. H. , 150 m. ESE. Lima ; chief in- 
 dustry, mining and smelting the ores of gold and silver, and in 
 the quicksilver-mines of its vicinity. P. 5000. 
 
 Haancayo, tn., Peru, dep. Junin, cap. prov. H., on the 
 Mantaro R., 130 m. E. Lima. Alt. 10,800. P. 6000. 
 
 Huancbaca, important silver-mines, Bolivia, prov. and 72 m. 
 WS^^^ Potosi, near Uyuni stn., on the Antofagasta-Oruro Rly. 
 
 Rnancbaco, seapt. viL, N. Peru, in 8° 5' S. , formerly the 
 port of Trujillo ; dangerous anchorage. 
 
 Hmanta, tn., Peru, dep. Ayacucho, cap. H. prov., 200 m. 
 E. by S. Lima. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Hnantajaya, Chili. See Iqulqne. 
 
 Hnannco, or Gnannco, tn. , Peru, cap. dep. and prov. H. , 
 about 170 m. NNE. Lima, 60 m. N. Cerro de Pasco. It is 
 one of the most ancient cities of Peru, finely situated in a 
 valley on L blc of the Rio Huallaga, in a healthy dist, pro- 
 ducing cane sugar, excellent coffee, cotton, maize, English 
 fruits, &c. , all by irrigation, rain falling only occasionally be- 
 tween Nov. and May ; gold, silver, and copper are found in the 
 neighbourhood. Tn. P. <4000 ; including dist. about 7500. 
 
 Haanuco Vlejo, former Indian tn. , 37-50 m. WN W. Huan- 
 uco ; has Inca ruins. 
 
 Haannnl, tin-mining dist. , Bolivia, E. of Lake Aullagas. 
 
 Haaqnl, riv. , Mexico. See Taqnl. 
 
 Haaraz, tn. , Peru, cap. dep. Ancachs and prov. H. , 180 m. 
 N. by W. Lima. P. 17,000. 
 
 Haarl, comm., central Peru, dep. Ancachs, cap. prov. H., 
 190 m. N. by W. Lima. P. <4000. 
 
 Hnarlna, plain, on the E. shore of Lake Titicaca, Bolivia, 
 on which Pizarro routed the Inca army. 
 
 Haarmey (formerly Haallmi), viL and port, Peru, dep. 
 Ancachs, on the W. ct, in about 10° 5' S. Surrounded by a 
 desert of sand ; good anchorage. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Haaroetalrl, prov. of Lima dep. , central Peru. 
 
 Hoasco, tn. , Chile, prov. Atacama, on the W. ct. , 95 m. SW. 
 Copiapo, in about 28° 30' S. , at the mouth of the Huasco R. , in 
 which it has a small harbour divided into two equal parts by a 
 steep promontory. Northern limit of vine-cultivation in Chile ; 
 famous in Chile for its g^pes and raisins. Vessels anchor about 
 i m. from shore, in 6 or 7 fathoms, and load and discbarge 
 by means of lighters. Length of river, 137 m. ; area of basin, 
 4060 sq. m. ; discharge, 70 cubic ft. per second. P. <aooo. 
 696 
 
 Huatlmo Refugio, coast isL , Chile, crossed by 44° S. 
 
 Huatulco, or Santa Cruz de Huatalco, the ancient Coatolco, 
 seapt., Mexico, Oaxaca, 230 m. S. Vera Cruz, 61 m. WSW. 
 Tehuantepec, with commodious port, easy of access, in which 
 vessels of heavy tonnage can anchor. 
 
 Haatusco San Antonio, tn. , Mexico, prov. and 50 m. W. 
 Vera Cruz. P. 6000. 
 
 Hnaucblnango, comm., Mexico, Vera Cruz, 80 m. N. by 
 E. Puebla. P. 8900. 
 
 Hnanra, or Gnanra, seapt. tn. , Peru, prov. and 82 m. NNW. 
 Lima, near mouth of the riv. Huaura, with remains of ancient 
 Peruvian edifices. Situated at the entrance to a valley fertile in 
 all kinds of products ; sugar-cane chiefly cultivated. The valley 
 is about 6 m. broad, and 34 m. from E. to W. P. -C2000. 
 
 Hoaylas, tn. , Peru, dep. Ancachs, 230 m. N. by W. Lima, 
 with silver- mines and rich deposits of anthracite. P. <20oo. 
 
 Habb, riv. , Baluchistan. See Hab. 
 
 Hnbbard, co., U.S., Minnesota, crossed by 47° N., 95° W. 
 
 Habbard, vil., U.S., Ohio, Trumbull co., 63 m. ESE. 
 Cleveland. Alt 937 ft (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Hubbardston, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 20 m. by 
 rail NW. by N. W'orcester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hubbardston, \il. , U.S., Michigan, Ionia co., 60 m. SW. 
 by W. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hubberholme, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 13^ m. NE. Settle. P. <2so. 
 
 Hnbberston, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, i m. W. Milford, 
 in the pari bor. of Milford. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hnbbert's Bridge, stn., Eng., S. Lincolnshire, 3^ m. W. 
 Boston, on the G. N. R,, P.O. 
 
 Hnbertusburg, viL , and formerly a royal castle, Ger. , kgd. 
 Saxony, govt, and 25 m. E. by S. Leipzig, circle Oschatz. In 
 the castle was signed the peace of 1763, which terminated the 
 Seven Years' War. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Hnbll, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist and 15 m. SE. Dh^- 
 wdr, on the main road firom Poona to Harihar ; has become the 
 centre of the cotton trade of the southern Maratha country. P. 
 (1881)36,700; (1891)52,600; Hindus, 34,800; Moham. 15,500. 
 
 Huby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton 
 div., 9I m. N. by W. York, P.O. ; 4658 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Huby, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., 4^ 
 m. SSW. Harrogate, close to Weeton stn. , PM. O. 
 
 Hncclecote, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 
 2| m. E. by S. Gloucester, PM.O. P. <:50o. 
 
 Hucbou, tn. , China, prov. Chekiang, 90 m. WSW. Shanghai, 
 near the S. shore of Lake Tai-lui. 
 
 Huckarde, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle and 2J m. 
 WNW. Dortmund. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 HiickesM'agen, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Lennep, 
 xo\ m. SE. by S. Bannen, with stone quarries, iron-founding, 
 and manufactures of cloth and machinery, &c. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hncklng, par. , Eng. , Kent, Medway div. , 5 m. E. Maidstone, 
 2 m. N. by E. Hollingbourne stn. P. <:25o. See Blcknor. 
 
 Hucklngen, \il. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Diisseldorf, dist. 
 Ratingen. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Hucklow, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Derbyshire, W. div., 9 m. ENE. Buxton, 4 m. NE. Millersdale 
 stn. ; deposits of batrytes worked at Little Hucklow. P. (of 
 each)<:25o. 
 
 Hncknall Torkard, par. and tn., Eng., Nottinghamshire, 
 Rushcliffe div. , ■j\ m. S. Mansfield, with stns. (Hueknall) on 
 the G. N. and M. Rlys. ; coal mined. The church is the burial- 
 place of Lord BjTon, whose body was brought here from 
 MesolonggL PMT.O. P. 13,100. 
 
 Hncknall under Hnthwalte, par. and tn. , Eng. , Notting- 
 hamshire, div. and 4J m. W. by S. Mansfield, 3 m. WNW. 
 Sutton stn., PMT.O. P. <35oo. See Sutton In Ashfleld. 
 
 Huddersfield (formerly Huthersfield , in Doomsday Oderes- 
 field, firom a personal name), parL bor. (i member), mun. bor. 
 (since 1868), and co. bor., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, i6j m. 
 SW. Leeds, on the L. & NW. R. and L. & Y. R. , and con- 
 nected with other railways. H. is a modern town. It is not even 
 mentioned by Camden (1607) ; but before the close of the i8th 
 century it had become a seat of the manufacture of undressed 
 woollens. Its 'cloth-hall,' a circular building, 880 yds. in cir- 
 cumference, was built in 1765. Now it may be considered bead 
 of the fancy woollen trade, including mixed fabricsof worsted, silk, 
 and cotton, and produces also broadcloths, doeskins, worsted- 
 coatings, and trouserings, &c. There are coal-mines and stone- 
 quarries. Two parks, Greenhead and Beaumont, belong to the 
 corporation. Among its educational institutions is a technical 
 schooL The H. Canal (length 23^ m. ) communicates with the 
 Rochdale Canal between Halifax and Dewsbury, and at Man- 
 chester with the Bridgewater p>ortion of the Manchester Ship 
 CanaL Fairs are held on March 31, May 14, and October 4. 
 Market-days, Tu. and F. Par. (1891) 4055 ac, P. 46,100; 
 mun. and co. bor. P. (1871) 70,300 ; (1891) 95,400 ; parL bor. P. 
 (1851)30,900; (1871)74,400; (1891)96,500. 
 
 Hnddlnge, comm. , Sweden,-prov. and 6 m. SSW. Stockholm. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
HUDD — HUGH 
 
 Haddington, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Bewdley div. , 6^ m. 
 E. by N. Worcester. P. <;25o. 
 
 Hnddlestoiie, S. Australia. See Georgetotvn. 
 
 Unddlestoue and Lamby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 8 m. NE. Pontefract. P. <2So. 
 
 HndiksTall, seapt. tn. , Sweden, prov. Gefleborg, on an inlet 
 on the E. ct. , 45 m. S. by W. Sundsvall. Depth alongside 
 public quays, 16 ft.; good anchorage in 30-85 ft. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Hudson, or Poiiite k Caragnol, vil. and summer resort, 
 Canada, Quebec, Vaudreuil co. , on Lake Two Mountains, 32 m. 
 W. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hudson, vil., U.S., Iowa, Blackhawk co. , 50 m. NW. by W. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hudson, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , on Assabet 
 R., 15 m. NE. Worcester. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hudson, vil., U.S., Michigan, Lenawee co. , 74 m. WSW. 
 Detroit. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Hudson, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Hillsboro co., i^ m. 
 EN E. Nashua. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hudson, CO., U.S., New Jersey, in the NE., on the riv. 
 Hudson, containing Jersey City. 
 
 Hudson, city and river-port, U.S., New York, cap. co. 
 Columbia, on the 1. bk. of the Hudson R. at the head of its ship 
 navigation, built on Prospect Hill, a bold promontory over- 
 looking the river, 108 m. N. New York. It has large iron- 
 foundries, knitting-mills, breweries, &c. Founded in 1783, 
 chartered in 1785, the third chartered city in the state in point 
 of time ; long noted as a whaling-port. Numerous steamers ply 
 to New York. P. (1880) 8700 ; (1890) 10,000. 
 
 Hudson, riv. , U. S. , New York, rising in the Adirondack Mts. , 
 flowing 300 m. in a S. direction into New York Bay, where its 
 estuary, called locally North River, forms part of the harbour of 
 New York. It is navigable for ships of the first class to Hudson, 
 117 m. , and for smaller steamers to Troy, at the head of the tide 
 water, 151 m. ; some 50 m. higher up Glens Falls, 50 ft. in height, 
 effectually stops all navigation. In many places the scenery is 
 exceedingly picturesque, and many flourishing cities are located 
 on its banks. By the Erie Canal the river is connected with 
 Lake Erie, by the Champlain Canal with Lake Champlain, and 
 by the Delaware and Hudson Canal with the Delaware R. Chief 
 tribs. the Mohawk and Sacondaga. Upon this river in 1807 the 
 first successful attempt was made in America to propel vessels 
 by steam. Named after Henry Hudson, the English navigator, 
 who first sailed up it in 1609. Area of basin, 16,000 sq. m. 
 
 Hudson, vil. , U.S. , Ohio, Summit co. , 14 m. NE. Akron, and 
 27 m. SE. Cleveland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hudson, city, U.S., Wisconsin, St. Croix co. , on the Missis- 
 sippi, 18 m. E. St. Paul (Minn.). Alt. 700 ft. (R.R.). P. <3000. 
 
 Hudson Bay (properly Sea), an inland sea of N. America, 
 between 51° and 64° N. , 78° and 95° W. , enclosed by the Brit, 
 terr. on all sides except the NE., where it communicates with 
 the Atlantic Ocean by Hudson Strait, and with the Arctic 
 Ocean by Fox Channel. Length, N. to S. , 850 m. ; greatest 
 breadth, 600 m. It receives numerous rivers, the most important 
 of which are the Churchill, Nelson, and Severn, all on its SW. 
 shore. Its S. part is named James' Bay, and receives the Albany, 
 Moose, and other rivers. Hudson Bay has bold shores, but is 
 reported to be remarkably free from rocks and shoals, and has 
 an average and almost uniform depth of 70 fathoms ; but it is 
 free from ice and navigable only for a few months annually. A 
 chain of small islands occur throughout its length on the E. side. 
 Storms and fogs are rare, icebergs are never seen. The climate 
 of the shores during the summer months is mild and genial, but 
 the winters are very severe. Salmon, seal, whale, and walrus 
 are abundant ; the coast regions are rich in minerals. It was 
 discovered by Henry Hudson in 1610, who wintered in James' 
 Bay, and was in the following year cast adrift and abandoned 
 by his mutinous crew. Area, 500,000 sq. m. 
 
 Hudson Bay Territories, a name formerly given to the NW. 
 Terrs, of the present Canadian Dominion. 
 
 Hudson Strait, Brit. America, connects H. Bay with the 
 Atlantic Ocean; about 450 m. in length, NE.-SW., with a 
 breadth of 60-120 m. It is completely frozen in winter, and 
 more or less encumbered during the svunmer with ice brought in 
 by the cold Arctic currents, that it is only navigable with steam- 
 power from the middle of July until October. First navigated 
 by Henry Hudson in 1610. 
 
 Hudsvell, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 1^ m. 
 W. by S. Richmond, on the Swale. P. <250. 
 
 Hue, Hue-fo, or Fu-thuan-tUen, capital city, Annam, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Truong-tien or Hue R. , about 10 m. from 
 its mouth, in 16° 31' N. , surrounded by a wall and a broad moat. 
 The French residency is on the opposite side of the river. The 
 Hue R. has a short course, but is broad at and below the city, 
 owing to the shallow bar at Tuan-an, the port of H., at its 
 mouth in the China Sea. Mean temp. (6 yrs., 1881-86), yr. 
 76.2° F., Jan. 67.1°, Aug. 83.5°. P. 15,000. 
 
 Hueco Pass, U.S., Texas, in the NW. of El Paso co., in 
 the Sierra Blanca Mts. , 35 m. E. of the W, comer of the state. 
 Alt. 5027 ft. (R.R. Surveys). 
 
 HueUueteuango, tn,. Central America, state and 100 m. 
 NW. Guatemala, cap. H. dep. P. 11,200. 
 
 Hnebuetoca, comm., Mexico, 28 m. N. by W. Mexico. 
 Alt. 7510 ft. P. <40oo. 
 
 HuelU-cbou, tn. , China. See Hulll-cbon. 
 
 Huejucar, comm., Mexico, Jalisco, 52 m. WSW. Zacatecas. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 Huelgoat (Breton, 'wood of the heights'), tn., France, dep, 
 Finist^re, 35 m. E. Brest, with the richest mines of argentiferous 
 lead in France, and the Chapelle de Notre Dame des Cieux, a 
 great resort of pilgrims. P. <20oo. 
 
 Huelma, tn. , Spain, prov. and2i m. SE. by E. Jaen. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Hnelva, prov. of Spain, detached (1833) from Andalucia at 
 its W. extremity, having a somewhat triangular form with a 
 base along the Atlantic (Gulf of Cadiz). The Sierra Morena 
 and its spurs (Sierras Aroche, Aracena, Andevalo, Pelada) 
 cover the N. and centre. The NW. and W. are drained by 
 affluents of riv. Guadiana, the NE. and E. by affluents of riv. 
 Guadalquivir, the centre by rivs. Lepe, Odiel, and Tinto, the 
 latter meeting (riv. de Huelva y Palos) on marshy plains 
 stretching SE. to the mouth of riv. Guadalquivir {arenas gordas, 
 marismas). Some of the N. mountains are well wooded (chest- 
 nuts, oaks). Those in the centre are naked and sterile. The 
 great characteristic feature of H. is the e.xtensive deposits of iron 
 and copper pyrites (Rio Tinto, Tharsis, Valverde, Coronada), 
 extending W. into Portugal (Sao Domingos). Some very strong 
 mineral waters (Fuente Tintilla, San Lucar). Some regions 
 are very fertile (wines, fruits). Important fisheries (isls. Chris- 
 tina, Higuereta). Shipbuilding (Ayamonte, Huelva, Cartaya), 
 Columbus sailed from the prov. of H. (Palos) on his first voyage 
 to the W. Indies (1492). See Spain, table, &c. 
 
 Huelva, tn., cap. of prov., 400 m. SW. of Madrid, 70 m. 
 SW. of Seville, connected by railway with Seville, Merida, 
 Madrid, near the confluence of rivs. Odiel-Tinto, which form 
 a very large and well protected harbour. Great exportation 
 of minerals and agricultural products. The entrance to the 
 port is impeded by a bar, which can, however, be crossed by 
 vessels having 21 ft. at spring tides, and the estuary between 
 the bar and the town (13J m.) is available for vessels of that 
 draught, 350 ft. long, and of 50 ft. beam. Several piers, the 
 town pier with a depth of 22 ft. alongside at low water ordinary 
 springs. P. comm. (1877) 12,600; (1887) 18,200. 
 
 Hu^rcal-Overa, comm., Spain, prov. and 40 m. NE. Al- 
 meria. P. 15,600. 
 
 Huer'fauo, co. , U.S. , Colorado, S. of38°N. , crossed by 105° W. 
 
 Huesca, ancient Osca and Ileosca, city, Spain, 40 m. NE. 
 by N. Zaragoza, cap. prov. H.; has a Gothic cathedral (founded 
 1300), and the ancient palace of the Kings of Aragon, memorable 
 for the 'massacre of the bell' (1136). Alt. 1598 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 56.1° F., Jan. 40. 5^^, Aug. 74.8°. P. 13,000. 
 
 Hu^scar, tn. , Spain, prov. Granada, 47 m. W. by N. Lorca ; 
 manufactures straw paper, woollens, and linens. P. 7500. 
 
 Huessos, Altos de. See Altos de Huessos. 
 
 Huetamo, tn. , Mexico, Michoacan, 130 m. WSW. Mexico. 
 P. (of comm.) 15,300. 
 
 Huete, tn., Spain, prov. Cuenca, 45 m. SE. by E. Alcala, 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Huexoclngo, tn., Mexico, Puebla, 15 m. NW. by W. Puebla, 
 P. (of comm. ) 8800. 
 
 Hueyelbne, or San Pedro, small bay, S. Chile, in 41° S. 
 
 Huf buf, Arabia, El Haza. See El Hofuf. 
 
 Hiiflngeu, tn. , Ger., gd.-duchy Baden, circle and 5 m. S. 
 Villingen, with manufactures of machines and clocks. P. <2coo. 
 
 Huggate, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 18 m. E. York, 4 m. SW. by W. Wetwang stn., P.O. ; 
 7007 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Hugglnstown, tn., Ire., SW. co. Kilkenny, bar. Knockto- 
 pher, 10 m. NE. Carrick-on-Suir, 3I m. SW. Ballyhale stn., 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Hugglescote and Donlngton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, 
 div. and 6 m. N. by E. Bosworth, with stn. (Hugglescote) on 
 the L. & NW. R., PM.O. (Hugglescote). P. 6000. 
 
 Hugb Creek, riv. , S. Australia, rises in MacDonnell ranges, 
 23° 30' S. , flows SE. about 60 m. , and enters the Finke R. on 
 its 1. bk. 
 
 Uugbenden (hyu'enden), formerly also Hltcbeudou, par., 
 Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 11 J m. S. by E. Aylesbury, 
 x\ m. N. by W. High Wycombe stn. ; gave the title of Baron 
 to the Earl of Beaconsfield ; 5828 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Uugbenden, municip. , Queensland, Douglas co. , 200 m. SW. 
 by W. Townsville. P. < 2000. 
 
 Hngbes, co., U.S., S. Dakota, between 44° and 45° N., 
 crossed by 100° W. , bounded on the W. and S. by the Mis- 
 souri R. 
 
 Hngbestown, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co. , near 
 Wilkesbarre. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Hugbesvllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lycoming co., 59 
 m. W. by S. Scranton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hugbley, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., loj m. SSEi. 
 Shrewsbury. P. <:25o. 
 
HUGH — HULT 
 
 Hngb Miller, glacier, Alaska. See Glacier Bay. 
 
 Hngb's Islaud, small islet, Ire. , off NE. ct. of co. Sligo, in 
 the S. of Donegal Bay. 
 
 HnKtasoiiTllle, vil., U.S., New York, Dutchess co., lo m. S. 
 Poughkeepsie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hnghton, P.O., Scot., 7 m. SW. Beauly, Inverness-shire. 
 
 Hngh Town, cap. of the Scilly Is. , St. Mary's I. ; has a good 
 harbour and pier, and a fine park. PMT.O. (Scilly). 
 
 Hnglll, par., Eng. , Westmorland, 2 m. E. Windermere. 
 P. <75o ; eccles. par. (Hnglll, or Ings) P. <5oo. 
 
 Hnglflng, vil., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 32 m. 
 SW. by S. Munich. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hdigli (corruption of Hoghd, a. species of bulrush common in 
 the Sundarban), tn., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. dist. H., on the 
 r. bk. of the riv. HiigK, 25 m. N. Calcutta. Said to have been 
 founded in 1537 by the Portuguese, who were driven out about 
 one century later by the Mohammedans. H. with Cbinsnrab, 
 P. (1891) 33,100; Hindus, 26,900; Moham. 5900. 
 
 H^gli RiTcr, the most westerly and commercially the most 
 important of the mouths of the Ganges, formed by the conflu- 
 ence of three divergent streams from the main channel of the 
 Ganges, known as the Nadiya Rivs. , viz. , the Bhagirathf, the 
 Jalangi, and the Churnf branch of the Matabhdnga, 50 m. above 
 Calcutta. During the dry season these dwindle to shallow 
 threads and pools of water, and contribute scarcely any water 
 to the H. , which is then charged mainly by infiltration through 
 the light porous soil on both sides ; but in the rainy season they 
 pour down immense volumes of water, which serve to scour the 
 trough of the H. , and thus prevent it becoming blocked with 
 silt. ' Training ' operations, however, take place annually, with 
 the object of maintaining in them a sufficient flow at all times 
 to keep the channels open. At a few miles below Calcutta the 
 river widens considerably, and receives on its r. bk. the DAmodar 
 and the Rupnayaran, at no great distance from each other, 
 shortly after which it becomes a broad estuary, 5-10 m. in 
 width. The arrest of the current due to the influx of these 
 tribs. causes the deposit of sediment, and has formed the 
 James and Mary Sands, which constitute the chief danger of 
 the navigation of the H., and are remarkable for the appalling 
 suddenness with which destruction has sometimes overtaken 
 vessels that have struck on them. During the monsoon the 
 bore often runs at the rate of 22 m. per hour. Ships drawing 
 26 ft. ascend as far as the port of Calcutta. 
 
 Hngrl, Hagrl, or VeddTatl, riv., southern India, rises in 
 Mysore state, flows 125 m. NE. then N. into the Timgabhadra, 
 which it enters in 76° 58' E. Shallow and rarely navigable. 
 
 HagnesoTka, Russia. See Ynzovka. 
 
 Ilngns, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 3 m. from Chacewater. 
 
 Iliihuerwasser, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 17 m. SW. Reichen- 
 berg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 HalU-cbon, tn., China, Siichwan, 113 m. N. by W. Yiinnan- 
 fu, in a famous copper-mining dist. Alt. 6000 ft. P. about 
 30,000. Supp. papers R. G. S. , i. pp. 92, 93. 
 
 Hnllla, tn. and fort, in the S. of Portuguese W. Africa, prov. 
 Angola, about 90 m. E. by N. Mossamedes, principal town of 
 one of the kingdoms which share the interior of the Portuguese 
 possessions. It has a Roman Catholic mission college. Climate 
 healthy, with abundant rains fertilising the plains and valleys. 
 Near it is the Boer colony of Humpata or SSo Januario. 
 
 Hnilllcbes ('people of the South'), Indians of Araucania, 
 Chile, living S. of the Cautin, their terr. crossed by 39° S. ; more 
 uncivilised than the Araucanians. 
 
 Hnllll^conrt, viL, France, dep. Haute-Marne, arr. Chau- 
 mont, with bell-foundry. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Holmangnlllo, tn., Mexico, Tabasco, 195 m. ESE. Vera 
 Cruz, 43 m. WSW. San Juan Bautista. P. 8000. 
 
 Hnlmllng, high, sandy, heathy, and marshy tract, Prussia, 
 prov. Hanover, circle Meppen, sloping N. towards Ostfriesland, 
 E. towards Oldenburg, S. towards the Hase, W. towards the 
 Ems. 
 
 Hnlsta (hjru'ish), par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 11 
 m. SSE. Bideford. P. <2So. 
 
 Hnlsta, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Devizes div. , 13 m. S. Swindon, 
 4^ m. SW. Marlborough stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hnlsb, Xortb and Sonth, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Devon- 
 shire, Totnes div., 11 m. W. by N. Dartmouth, 2J m. ESE. 
 Kingsbridge Road stn. P. (of each)<soo. See Malborongh. 
 
 Hnlsb CbampHower, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wellington div. , 
 r\\ m. NNE. Tiverton, 2| m. WNW. Wiveliscombe stn. , P.O. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Hnlsb Eplscopl, par. , Eng. , Somerset, E. div. , 9 m. SW. 
 by S. Glastonbury, x\ m. E. Langport stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Hnlsne, riv., France, deps. Orne and Sarthe, joins the 
 Sarthe i m. below Le Mans after a SW. course of 65 m. 
 
 Hnlssen, comm., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 2 m. S. Am- 
 hem. P. -c 5000. 
 
 Hnjamree, a mouth of the Indus. See Hajamro. 
 
 Hnjn, tn. , Korea, 138 m. N. by W. Won-san. 
 
 Hnkerl, tn., Brit India, Bombay Presidency, in 16° 13' N., 
 74° 38' E. P. (1881) ssoo; (i89i)<sooo. 
 698 
 
 Hukkok, place named in O. T. See Yak^k. 
 
 Hnkong, Hokong, or Hookboom, the valley of the upper 
 Chindwin (Kyendwin), Burma, to the SE. of Assam. 
 
 Hnkon, China, Kiangsi. See Hokon. 
 
 Hn-kM-ang, former prov. central China, now forming the 
 two provs. of Hup)e and Hunan. 
 
 Hnla, tn., central Arabia, Nejd, about 62 m. NNW. Riad. 
 
 Hnlam, part of par. , Eng. , Durham. See Sberaton. 
 
 Hnlan, rapidly growing tn., Manchuria, on the Hulan-ho, 
 a little above its confluence with the Sungari (1. bk.), 50 m. N. 
 Kirin. Proc. R. G. S., 1887, p. 552. P. 25,000. 
 
 Hnlcott, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 3 m. NE. 
 by E. Aylesbury, i^ m. W. Marston Gate stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Huleb, Babelret-el, the Waters of Merom of the O. T. , 
 lake, Palestine, traversed by the Jordan, 33° 4' N. , 35° 37' E. 
 It is the Lake Samochonitis of Josephus — a sheet of water 
 nearly triangular in form, 4^ by 3 J m. Round the lake is a 
 broad margin of marshy ground extending some miles to the 
 N. , and covered with thickets and canes. The plain or basin 
 in which the lake is situated is called Ard-el-Huleh (the dist. of 
 Hflleh). Height of lake above the Mediterranean, 7 ft. 
 
 Hnlln Bocks, Ire. See Maidens Rocks. 
 
 Hull, tn. , Canada, Quebec, connected with Ottawa by a 
 suspension bridge spanning the Chaudiere Falls ; extensive 
 lumber trade. P. (1891) 11,300. 
 
 Hnll, riv. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, rising in the S. of the 
 Buckrose div., and flowing S. through the Holderness div. into 
 the Humber at Hull. 
 
 Hull, or Klngston-npon-Hnll, pari., mun., and co. bor., 
 Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, on the riv. Hull, at its confluence 
 with the Humber, in the diocese of York, 174^ m. from London 
 by the G. N. R., and with stns. also on the NE. R. and Hull 
 and Barnsley Rly. The town first grew into importance through 
 its import of fish from Iceland, a trade which had already made 
 it a wealthy town before the close of the 15th centur}^ It now 
 ranks third among the ports of the United Kingdom. The 
 docks are numerous, the Alexandra (46 ac.) having a depth 
 over sill at high water ordinary spring tides of 34 ft. , at ordinary 
 neap tides 28 ft. Among the institutions of H. are the Royal 
 Infirmary, Victoria Hospital for sick children, grammar school 
 (founded i486), Hymers college, several almshouses, including 
 those connected with Trinity House, the Charterhouse Hospital, 
 founded by Lord Chancellor Suffolk (Michael de la Pole) in 
 1384, and a number of others now merged in one organisation 
 erected by the Charity Trustees. The trade in fish is still large, 
 but is far outstript by other branches. Its leading imports are 
 all those of the United Kingdom ; its cliief exports cotton and 
 woollen yarns and tissues, coal, oil, machinery and mill-work. 
 There are large cotton, flax, and oil mills, shipbuilding yards, 
 and other industries. For statistics, see Appendix, p. 13. 
 There were in early times two distinct towns or villages on the 
 site of the modern town, Myton and Wyke or Wik, the latter 
 and larger of which was purchased from the Abbot of Meaux 
 by Edward I., who granted it a charter and constituted it a free 
 borough in 1299. For pari, purposes divided into three divs. 
 (E^st, P. 55,500; Central, P. 65,600; and West, P. 78,900), 
 each returning one member. Mun. and co. bor. P. (1801) 
 29,500; (1851)84,700; (1871)121,900; (1891)200,000. 
 
 Hnll, isls. , Pacific. See Sands Islands. 
 
 Hnlland, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Western div., 9 m. SSW. 
 Matlock, 5 m. E. Ashbourne stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Hnlland Ward, adjoining par., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Hnlland Ward Intakes, adjoining par. P. <25o. 
 
 HnllaTlngton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 
 14 m. NE. Bath, 5 m. W. by S. Somerford stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Hnll Bridge, part of par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See "nekton. 
 
 Hnlleln, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 22 m. SSE. Olmiitz, 3 m. 
 ENE. Kremsier. P. < 4000. 
 
 Hiillborst, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Minden, 
 circle and dist. Liibbecke, with mineral springs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hnlme, part of par., Eng., Cheshire. See Klndcrton. 
 
 Hnlme, par. and a suburb of Manchester, in the SW. div. 
 of the pari. bor. P. 72,000. 
 
 HnlmeTlUe, vil., U.S., Pemisylvania, Bucks co., 23 m. 
 NE. Philadelphia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hnlme Walfleld, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, div. and 7 m. SW. 
 Macclesfield, and ij m. NNW. Congleton. P. <250. 
 
 Hills, market-tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Kempen, 15 
 m. NW. Diisseldorf. P. 5400. 
 
 Hiilscbeld, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Altena, 16 
 m. E. Barmen. P. (comm. )<; 3000. 
 
 Hnlst, tn., Holland, prov. Seeland, 16 m. WNW. Antwerp. 
 It was formerly fortified, and an important military post in the 
 wars of the i6th, 17th, and i8th centuries. P. /comm.)<3000. 
 
 Hnlton, Uttle, Middle, and Over, three adjoining pars., 
 Eng. , Lancashire, near Bolton. Little H. , tn. , with coal-mining, 
 on theL. & NW. R., PMT.O., P. 6700; eccles. par. (Little H., 
 St. Paul, or Peel, and Little H. St. Jobn) P. (of each)< 
 3500; Middle H., P. <300o; Over H., P. < 2000. 
 
HULT — HUND 
 
 Hnltscbln, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and 14 m. S. by 
 W. Ratibor, with coal-mines. P. <3000. 
 
 Halnho, or SancUnchang, tn. , China, Suchwan, 70 m. W. 
 
 by N. Chungking. 
 
 HnlTer, hamlet, Eng., Suffolk, 4 m. SE. Beccles, P.O. 
 
 Hnmacao, tn., isl. of Porto Rico, E. ct., 31 m. SE. San 
 Juan. P. (comm.) 14,700. 
 
 Ilnmahnaca, tn., Argentine Republic, prov Jujuy, 250 m. 
 N. Tucuman, 70 m. N. by W. Jujuy. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hnmalta, vil., Paraguay, on the Paraguay R., 15 m. NNE. 
 of the confluence of the Parana, in 27° 3' S. ; with a fortress, 
 formerly the most formidable in all S. America, founded in 
 1855, taken in 1868 by the allied forces of Brazil and Argentina 
 after a long siege. P. <4000. 
 
 Hnmansdorp, vil. , Cape Colony, cap. of dist. H. , 50 m. W. 
 Port Elizabeth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hambe, tn. and military stn., in the S. of Portuguese W. 
 Africa, prov. Angola, on the Kunene R., at the junction of the 
 Kakulovar, 220 m. SE. by E. Mossamedes, with Roman Catholic 
 mission. 
 
 Hamber, riv. , Canada, Ontario, flows S. into Lake Ontario, 
 a few miles to the W. of Toronto. 
 
 Hamber, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and3^m. SE. by E. 
 Leominster, on the Lugg, close to Steen's Bridge stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hamber, The {Abus of Ptolemy), an estuary of the E. ct. 
 of Eng., between Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, formed by the 
 junction of the Ouse and Trent Rivs., 8 m. E. Goole, whence 
 it proceeds for about 18 m. E. and then for about 20 m. SE. to 
 its junction with the North Sea, below the Spurn Head, at its 
 mouth, in 53° 35' N. , 0° 10' E. General breadth between i^ 
 and 3 m., but near its mouth it widens to 6 or 7 m. It receives 
 fi-om the N. the Foulness and Hull, and from the S. the 
 Ancholme and Ludd Rivs. It is navigable to Hull for the 
 largest ships, and for vessels of considerable burden in all the 
 rest of its extent, and it is connected by canals with all the 
 principal rivers of Eng. Its tribs. drain nearly the whole of 
 Yorkshire, Notts, Leicestershire, with parts of Lincolnshire ; in 
 all, an extent of nearly 10,000 sq. m. , or about one-sixth of Eng. 
 Both ancient and modern names are conjectured by Camden to 
 be corruptions of the Celtic aber, ' mouth," or ' confluence." 
 
 Hnmberstaoe, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, 4 m. S. Dunstable. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Humberston, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey or Louth 
 div. , i^ m. from the E. ct. , 4 m. SE. by S. Great Grimsby, i^ 
 m. E. Waltham stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hamberstone, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 3 m. 
 E. by N. Leicester, on the G. N. R., i^ m. E. H. Road stn., 
 on the M. R. P. <Soo; eccles. par. (H. New) P. 8500. 
 
 Hnmberstone, West, par., Eng., co. and union Leicester. 
 P. <35oo. 
 
 Ilumberton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. and W. Ridings, 2 
 m. NE. Boroughbridge. P. <;25o. 
 
 Hnmberrllle, vil., France, dep. Haute-Marne, arr. Chau- 
 mont, with iron-works. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Humbie, par. , Scot. , co. and 7 m. SW. by S. Haddington ; 
 9316 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 llnmble. West, hamlet, Eng., Surrey, 3im. S. Leatherhead, 
 P.O. (West Humble Street). 
 
 Humble Hill, hill, Eng. , in the W. of the Hexham div. of 
 Northumberland, 21 m. NW. by W. Hexham. Height, 1608 ft. 
 
 Hnmbleton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., I m. W. Wooler, 15^ m. E. by S. Kelso, i§ m. 
 WNW. Wooler stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hnmbleton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., 9 m. ENE. Hull, 5 m. ESE. Skirlaugh stn. P. <2So ; 
 eccles. par. (H. frith Elsternwlck) P. 500. 
 
 Humboldt, settlement, Canada, dist. Saskatchewan, 69 m. 
 S. by E. Prince Albert. 
 
 Humboldt, co. , Queensland, crossed by 24° S. and 149° E. , 
 bounded on the NE. and NW. by the Mackenzie. 
 
 Humboldt, CO., U.S., California, on the coast, stretching 
 from 40° to about 41^° N. 
 
 Humboldt, tn. , U.S., Iowa, H. co., on Des Moines R., 18 
 m. N. Fort Dodge by rail, 132 m. ESE. of the NW. corner of 
 the state. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Humboldt, city, U.S., Kansas, Allen co., on riv. Neosho, 
 87 m. S. by E. Topeka. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Humboldt, city, U.S., Nebraska, Richardson co., 78 m. S. 
 Omaha. P. < 1500. 
 
 Humboldt, co., U.S., Nevada, between the N. frontier and 
 the parallel of 40° N. , traversed by the Humboldt R. 
 
 Humboldt, shallow riv., U.S., Nevada, rises in the NE. of 
 the state and flows W. then SW. till it expands in 40° into 
 Humboldt Lake. It ends a few miles to the S. in the H. and 
 Carsoii Sink, an extensive marshy tract converted into a lake 
 in times of high water, which also receives (from the S.) the 
 Carson River, which traverses Carson Lake. The valley of 
 the H., about 4200 ft. above sea-level, is the only E. and W. 
 valley of this region, and is hence followed by the C. P. R. 
 Length, 384 m. Its waters are alkaline. 
 
 Humboldt, tn., U.S., Tennessee, Gibson co., 77 m. NE. by 
 E. Memphis. P. <20oo. 
 
 Humboldt Bay, or Telok Llnchn, on the N. ct. of Dutch 
 New Guinea, in 140° 50' E. 
 
 Humboldt Bay, U.S., California, a narrow arm of the 
 Pacific Ocean, 15 m. long, 270 m. N. San Francisco, parallel to 
 the coast, with a narrow entrance in 40° 46' N. ; one of the best 
 harbours on the coast, having 21 ft. of water on the bar. Rfall., 
 yr. 33. 84 in. , May-Sept. 2. 19 in. 
 
 Humboldt Glacier, on the NW. ct. of Greenland, with a 
 frontage of 60 m. on the E. side of Kane basin; 300 ft. in 
 height. 
 
 Humboldt Mountains, a range in NW. China, Kansu, 
 connecting the Nanshan with the Altyn-tagh Mts. 
 
 Humboldt (Park), vil., U.S., Illinois, Cook co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Humboldt Range, East and West, two ranges of mts., 
 U.S., Nevada, both with a northerly trend, and mainly N. of 
 40° N., the eastern range S. of the Humboldt R., and W. of 
 115° W., the western range E. of and parallel to the Humboldt 
 R., and W. of 118" W. 
 
 Humbug Scrub, vil., S. Australia, Adelaide co., 20 m. NE. 
 by N. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hnmby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Stamford div., 6 m. SE. 
 by E. Grantham, 4^ m. E. by N. Great Ponton stn. P. <25o. 
 See Somerby. 
 
 Hnmby, Little, part of eccles. par., i m. N. Humby. See 
 Ropsley. 
 
 Hume, CO. , New South Wales, bounded on the S. by Murray 
 R. , and crossed in the E. by 147° E. 
 
 Hume and Stitchel, par. , Scot. , Berwickshire and Roxburgh- 
 shire, 8h m. W. by N. Coldstream, 2 J m. S. Greenlaw stn., P.O. 
 (Hume) ; 6898 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Hnmeerpoor, tn. and dist., Brit. India. See Hamirpur. 
 
 Hnmen, Chinese name for the Bocca Tigris [Canton River]. 
 
 Hnmeston, viL, U.S., Iowa, Wayne co. , 52 m. S. by E. 
 Des Moines. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Humewood, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Wicklow, dist. Kiltegan. 
 
 HummelstOTvn, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Dauphin co. , 9J 
 m. E. Harrisburg by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hnmpata, or SSo Jannarlo, Boer colony, Portuguese W. 
 Africa, 80 m. E. by N. Mossamedes, 14 m. WNW. Huilla; 
 founded 1881. 
 
 Humphrey, Loch, lake, Scot., co. and 3J m. E. by N. 
 Dumbarton, in the Kilpatrick Hills, drained SE. into the Clyde. 
 
 Humphrey Head, headland, Eng., N. Lancashire, on N. 
 side of Morecambe Bay, 3J m. SE. Cartmel. 
 
 Humphrey Island, in the Manahiki group. Pacific Ocean, 
 10° 20' S. , 160° 40' W. ; British. 
 
 Humphreys, co., U.S., Tennessee, bounded on the W. by 
 the Tennessee R. , and crossed in the S. by 36° N. 
 
 Hump Isle, Dutch Bultlg, native Sleosnnm, isl. , in Geelvink 
 Bay, N. ct. of New Guinea, lat. 1° 30' S. , long. 135° 30' E. 
 
 Hnmpoletz, tn. , Bohemia, 15 m. NW. Iglau. P. 5900. 
 
 Humpybong, or Redcllffe, settlement, Queensland, co. 
 Stanley, on the shore of an inlet of Moreton Bay. 
 
 Hnmshangh, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 4 J m. 
 N. by W. Hexham, on the North Tyne, i m. W. Chollerton 
 stn., PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Humnya, riv., Honduras, rises in the Lepaterique Mts., 
 flows NNW., and joins the Sulaco in 15° N. to form the Ulea. 
 Length nearly 100 m. See America, Central. 
 
 Hnna, hamlet, Scot., Caithness, on the coast, 14 m. N. 
 Wick, P.O. 
 
 Hunan (literally, ' South of the Lake," namely, the Tungting- 
 hu), large interior prov. of southern China, between 24° 45' and 
 30 15' N., 109° and 114° E. ; cap. Changsha. It is entirely 
 comprised in the basin of the Yangtse-kiang, which forms part 
 of its boundary in the NE., and all its rivers flow into the 
 Tungting Lake, the principal being the Siang or Heng and the 
 Yuen. Surface is somewhat rugged and elevated ; mountainous 
 in the extreme S., but the N. portion is a fertile plain. The 
 SE. is very sterile, and is little cultivated ; it consists chiefly of 
 sandstone, and a fine white marble is found ; coal is abundant, 
 which is reduced to powder and mixed with clay into balls ; 
 granite is worked near Changsha. A fine quality of tea is 
 grown in the NE. , and abundant crops of rice are produced 
 in the northern plains. Goitre is prevalent. Area, 83,398 sq. m. 
 P. 21,000,000. See China, table. 
 
 Hun-Chun, tn., Manchuria, on 1. bk. of the Tumen, 118 m. 
 S. by E. Ninguta, 8 m. from the Russian frontier. A con- 
 siderable garrison is kept here, and an active trade is carried 
 on between Korea and Manchuria. P. 5000. 
 
 Huncoat, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 2 m. NE. by N. 
 Accrington, on the L. & Y. R. ; has coal-mining and cotton 
 manufactures. P. < 1000. 
 
 Huncote, par., Eng., Leicestershire, 6 m. NE. Hinckley, 
 P.O. P. <5oo. See Narborongh. 
 
 Hunda, isl. , Orkney, S. Ronaldshay par. , off W. ct. Burray 
 Is. P. 7. 
 
 Hunderthwalte, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Rich- 
 
 699 
 
HUND — HUNG 
 
 mond div., 5 m. NW. Barnard Castle, i8j m. E Appleby; 
 6289 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hundertbwaite Moor, an upland tract to the SW. 
 
 Hundes, or Xarl-kliorsam, the dist of Tibet extending 
 from the NW. angle of Nepal S. of Lakes Manasarowar along 
 both sides of the upper Sutlej. 
 
 Handleby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Horncastle div., 13 J m. 
 S. by E. Louth, i m. WNW. Spilsby stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Handleton, P.O., Wales, Pembrokeshire, i| m. WSW. 
 Pembroke. 
 
 Hnndon, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 11 m. SSE. 
 Newmarket, PM.O. ; 4551 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hundred. See England, local government. 
 
 Hundred End, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire, 11 m. NE. Southport, 
 on the Lancashire and Liverpool Rly. 
 
 Hundred House, P.O., Wales, Radnorshire, 6 m. NE. 
 Builth. 
 
 Hundred Stream, small riv. , Eng. , Norfolk, a L bk. trib. of 
 the Bure, to which it flows in a SW. direction from a point 
 within a mile of the E. ct. 
 
 Hnndsbdbel, viL, Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. 
 Schwarzenberg, with stone quarries. P. <:2000. 
 
 Hundsriick, region, Ger. See Hunsriick. 
 
 Hnndwll, tn., Switzd., cant. Appenzell, Ausser Rhoden, 5 
 m. SW^ St. Gall. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hiiufeld, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 46 m. S. by 
 E. Kassel, 31 m. SW. by W. Eisenach, cap. circle H. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Hungary (name derived from Ugor, Yugoria, country of the 
 Ugrians, on the riv. Yugra [upper Pechora], the original home 
 of the Hungarians), the eastern of the two independent sections 
 of Austria-Himgary (jl-v.), consisting of Hungary proper, Tran- 
 sylvania (now completely incorporated with Hungary), Croatia- 
 Slavonia, and the terr. of Fiume. The two larger sections of 
 this terr. are divided for administrative purposes into comitats 
 ('counties '), as shown in the following table (in which German 
 names are given in parentheses) : — 
 
 Area in Square Miles and Population in Thousands 
 OF THE Territories of the Hungarian Crown. 
 
 Hungary [witk Transylvania). 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pop. 
 
 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Comitats. 
 
 Area in 
 
 Dec 31 
 1890. 
 
 Comitats. 
 
 Area in 
 
 Dec 31, 
 1890. 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 Thou- 
 sands. 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 Thou- 
 sands. 
 
 Abauj-Torna 
 
 r.259 
 
 180 
 
 Moson (Wieselburg) . 
 
 788 
 
 8S 
 
 Als6-Feh6r» (Unter- 
 
 
 
 Nagy-KiikuU6 (Gross- 
 Kokel)* . . 
 
 
 
 Weissenburg, 
 
 1.381 
 
 193 
 
 1,201 
 
 135 
 
 Arad .... 
 
 2,498 
 
 344 
 
 N^^ (Neograd) . 
 
 1,682 
 
 214 
 
 Arva .... 
 
 802 
 
 85 
 
 Nyitra (Neutral . 
 
 3,210 
 
 397 
 
 Bics-Bodrog 
 
 4.278 
 
 716 
 
 Oedenburg. See So- 
 
 
 
 Baranya 
 
 1,982 
 
 322 
 
 pron. 
 
 
 
 Bars .... 
 
 1,032 
 
 153 
 
 Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kls- 
 
 
 
 B6k& .... 
 
 1.374 
 
 258 
 
 Kun (Pest - Pilis- 
 
 
 
 Bereg . •„.■.• 
 
 1.438 
 
 179 
 
 Sont-Klein-Kuma- 
 
 
 
 Besztercze- (Bistntz-) 
 
 
 
 nien) 
 
 4.867 
 
 1.225 
 
 Naszod* . 
 
 I.S50 
 
 105 
 
 Pozsony (Pressburg) . 
 
 1,628 
 
 331 
 
 Bihar .... 
 
 4.233 
 
 517 
 
 Raab. See GyOr. 
 
 
 
 Bors6d 
 
 1.324 
 
 217 
 
 Siros .... 
 
 1.476 
 
 168 
 
 Brass6(Kronstadt)*. 
 
 ^ 
 
 87 
 
 SohL See Z61yom. 
 
 
 
 Csanid 
 
 62s 
 
 131 
 
 Somogy (Sum^) 
 Sopron (Oedenburg) . 
 
 2,523 
 
 327 
 
 Csflc* .... 
 
 r.73S 
 
 114 
 
 1.277 
 
 260 
 
 Csongr^ . 
 
 1.318 
 
 261 
 
 Stuhlweissenburg. 
 
 
 
 Eisenburg. See Vas. 
 
 
 
 See Fej6r. 
 
 
 
 Esztergom (Gran) 
 
 434 
 
 78 
 
 Szabolcs . 
 
 1.899 
 
 245 
 
 Fej^r .... 
 
 1.605 
 
 822 
 
 Szatmdr 
 
 3 506 
 
 324 
 
 Fogaras* . 
 
 724 
 
 88 
 
 Szeben (Hennann- 
 
 
 
 G6mor. 
 
 1.651 
 
 175 
 
 stadt) • . . 
 
 1.280 
 
 149 
 
 Gran. See Esztergom. 
 
 
 
 Szepes (Zips) . 
 
 1.392 
 
 163 
 
 Gross - Kokel. See 
 
 
 
 Szildgy . . . 
 
 1.401 
 
 191 
 
 Nagy-KukuU6. 
 GySr IRaab) 
 Hajdii (Hajduken) . 
 
 
 
 Szohiok-Doboka* 
 
 1.988 
 
 218 
 
 533 
 
 116 
 
 Temes 
 
 2,746 
 
 435 
 
 1.295 
 
 191 
 
 Tohia .... 
 
 1.407 
 
 252 
 
 H&romsz^* . 
 
 1.373 
 
 130 
 
 Torda- Aranyos • 
 
 I.3O' 
 
 151 
 
 Hermannstadt, See 
 
 
 
 Toronto . 
 
 3.677 
 
 591 
 
 Szeben. 
 
 
 
 Trencs^n (Trencsin) . 
 
 X^ 
 
 259 
 
 Heres .... 
 
 1.497 
 
 234 
 
 Turicz 
 
 444 
 
 SO 
 
 Hoot . 
 
 1,023 
 
 ^ 
 
 Udvarhely* 
 
 1.320 
 
 110 
 
 Hiinyad 
 
 3,677 
 
 Ugocsa 
 
 4«o 
 
 75 
 
 J«sz-N.-K..Szolnok 
 
 
 
 Ung . . . . 
 
 1.179 
 
 135 
 
 (Tazygien G.-K.- 
 Szolnok) 
 
 
 
 Unter - Weissenbutg. 
 
 
 
 2.07s 
 
 318 
 
 See Als6-Feh&r. 
 
 
 
 Kis-KiikuUo (Klein- 
 
 
 
 Vas (Eisenburg) . 
 
 1.944 
 
 390 
 
 Kokel)* 
 
 636 
 
 lOI 
 
 Veszprim . . . 
 
 1.609 
 
 315 
 
 Kolozs(KlausenburgJ» 
 
 1,988 
 
 225 
 
 Wieselburg. See 
 
 
 
 Komirom (Koniom) . 
 
 1. 137 
 
 160 
 
 Hoson. 
 
 
 
 Krasso-Szoriny . 
 
 3.765 
 
 408 
 
 Zala .... 
 
 1.978 
 
 405 
 
 Kronstedt. SeeBrass6. 
 
 
 
 Zempl&i (Zemplin) , 
 
 2^433 
 
 299 
 
 Upt6 (Liptau) . 
 Maramaros (Mar^ 
 
 873 
 
 77 
 
 Zips. See Szepes. 
 Zfflyom (Sohl) . 
 
 1.054 
 
 112 
 
 maros) . 
 Maros-Torda* . 
 
 3.998 
 1,670 
 
 a68 
 
 178 
 
 
 
 
 Total . . 
 
 10T,»13t 
 
 U,133 
 
 
 a 
 
 'oatia-Slavonia. 
 
 
 
 Belovir-KSrOs . 
 Lika-Krbava . 
 
 1.949 
 
 268 
 192 
 
 Varasd (Wuasdin) . 
 VerOcze . 
 
 ^S 
 
 «59 
 219 
 
 Modms-Fiume . 
 Pozs^a 
 Szer^m (Syrmien) 
 
 1,908 
 2.653 
 
 221 
 204 
 351 
 
 Zdgr&b (Agram) 
 
 490 
 
 
 16,433 
 
 S,302 
 
 
 
 
 Finm* 
 
 t 
 
 SO 
 
 * Transvlvanian comitats. 
 
 t The difference between these figures and the corresponding figures in the table 
 under Austria-Hungary is due to the <act that the former are based nn more recent 
 data kindly supplied by the director of the Central Bureau of Statistics, Hungary. 
 
 700 
 
 Territories of the Hungarian Crown by Geographical 
 Regions. 
 
 Right bank Danube 
 
 Left bank Danube .... 
 
 Between Danube and Theiss (Tisza) 
 
 Right bank Theiss. 
 
 Left bank Theiss .... 
 
 Angle between Theiss and Maros 
 
 Transylvania 
 
 Total, Hungary 
 Croatia-Slavonia . 
 Fiume (and terr.) . 
 Military 
 
 Grand total 
 
 16,780 
 13.964 
 14.035 
 13.151 
 17.165 
 13.299 
 31,519 
 
 107,913 
 16^33 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Dec 31, 
 
 1880. 
 
 2,562 
 1.757 
 2,342 
 1.442 
 1,821 
 1,721 
 2,084 
 
 13,729 
 1.893 
 
 83,000 
 
 124,3M 16,72S 17,«63 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Dec 31, 
 
 1890.* 
 
 2,754 
 1.879 
 2.755 
 1.517 
 3.070 
 1,908 
 2,251 
 
 1B,133 
 
 2,186 
 
 30 
 
 Annual 
 Increase 
 per Cent. 
 
 0.73 
 0.67 
 1.64 
 0.51 
 1.29 
 1-03 
 0.77 
 
 0.93 
 1-44 
 3-64 
 
 • Thousands (000) omitted. 
 
 The principal mountains of H. are the Carpathians [q.v.), spurs 
 of which form extensive ramifications in the N. and in the SE. 
 The northern region is mainly inhabited by Slovaks, and the 
 south-eastern, forming the terr. (once gd. -duchy) of Transyl- 
 vania, mainly by Roumanians. Between these two regions and 
 the Alps in the W. spread the wide plains occupied by the 
 Hungarians proper, or Magyars. These plains are divided by 
 the western ofifshoots of the Inner Carpathians and the eastern 
 offshoots of the Alps [Bakony Forest (2340 ft.). Varies and 
 Gerecse Mts. (2070 ft.), and Pilis Mts. (2480 ft.)] into two 
 parts, the smaller being the Upper Hungarian Plain, on both 
 sides of the Danube, between Pressburg and Gran, and the 
 larger the great Hungarian Lowland, a tract of oval shape, 
 of about 37,000 sq. m. in extent, or three-fourths of the area 
 of England, surrounded by the Carpathians and .A.lps. About 
 altitudes, see Danube. Fertile districts, interrupted by grass 
 land, morasses, and sandy tracts of land (one of these tracts, 
 in the S. , a desert measuring about 40 by 10 m.), form the 
 characteristic features of this region. H. is watered by more 
 than 600 rlyers, all of which flow to the Danube {q.v. ), with the 
 exception of the Poprdd (trib. of the Vistula). The Danube, 
 the Theiss (Tisza), and the Maros are the most important rivers 
 of H. , and enclose between them the lowest part of the great 
 Himgarian plain, distinguished in Hungarian by the name of 
 AUiild ('the plain'), the region of the true pusztas (from 
 Slavonic fusty, 'uninhabited'). Numerous canals, partly to 
 prevent inimdation and partly to promote navigation, connect 
 the Danube and its tribs. , the most important being the Franzens 
 Canal (between Danube and Theiss), the Bega Canal (E. of 
 Theiss), the Sirvitz Canal (W. of Danube, between Stiihlweissen- 
 burg and Szekszird), the Albrecht Canal (Baranya), the Kapos 
 or Zichy Canal (Tolna). H. has but a few lakes, which are the 
 last remnants of a sea which in former times covered the whole 
 of the Himgarian plains; Lake Balaton (270 sq. m.). Lake of 
 Neusiedl (127 sq. m.). About the characteristic moimtain lakes 
 of the High Tatra, see CarpatlUans. Extensive morasses 
 are the Hansdg (145 sq. m.), in connection with the Lake of 
 Neusiedl, the Ecseder morass (near Szatmar), the Sarr^t morass 
 (near the Berretyo R.), and various others. Many of the 
 former swamps in the vicinity of the Theiss and Danube have 
 been artificially drained. The climate of H. is on the whole 
 healthy, but varies greatly in different parts of the country. In 
 many parts of the plain it is mild, but in the mountain regions 
 it is raw and inclement [Austria-Hungary]. Agriculture now 
 forms the principal occupation of the people. Wheat yields the 
 largest crop, then follow maize, oats, barley, and rye. "The 
 cultivation of potatoes and tobacco is likewise of great im- 
 portance. The wines of H. are excellent, those of Gran, Tokay, 
 and those produced on the hills W. of the Danube belonging to 
 the best wines of Eiu-ope. Pastoral pursuits (horse and sheep 
 breeding, cattle and swine rearing), the original occupation of 
 the once nomadic Magyars, still are a very important factor in 
 the life of the true Magyar of the Alfdld, where the Pusztas 
 form excellent pastures. The mineral production is of great 
 importance, H. possessing almost inexhaustible treasures of 
 salt, iron, coal, lignite, gold, silver, and copper. Salt is pro- 
 duced at R6nasz6k, Sugatag, and Slatina, in the Upper Theiss 
 dists.; coal in the Banat, at Steierdorf, Reschitza, Bersaska, 
 Drenkowa, and W. of the Danube at Funfkirchen, and in 
 Transylvania near Kronstadt. Iron is found near Dogndcska, 
 Moravica, Szekul, Doman-Nadrdg, Reschitza, and Steierdorf. 
 Lignite is obtained in the Bakony near Ajka, at Brennberg near 
 Odenburg, and in the dists. of Gran and Ofen (Annathal). 
 Gold is produced in Transylvania (at Abrudbinya, Vorospatak, 
 Almds, Oflfenbinya) and in the so-called Hungarian Ore Mts. 
 near Schemnitz and Kremnitz, and as vrash-gold in the rivs. 
 Maros, Aranyos, and Szamos. The principal silver-mines are 
 at Schmbllnitz and Oravicza. Copper is found at various places 
 (Margitfalva, Szepes-Igl6, SchmoUnitz, Libethen, Nagybdnya). 
 Lead occurs in the dists. round Schemnitz ; nickel and cobalt at 
 
HUNG — HUNT 
 
 Dobschau and Libethen ; antimony and mercury at Rosenau, 
 Magurka, and Schmollnitz. Precious stones are found in many 
 localities, the most important being the opals at VorosvAgds and 
 Nagy Mihdii. Saltpetre, soda, and potash deposits are met 
 with in various parts of the great plain, especially in the dists. 
 between the Theiss and Beretty6 Rivs., and Klein Kumanien. 
 Alum is obtained near Nuczaly, and peat in the Hansdg 
 morass. The Indnstrlal development of H. is still in its 
 infancy, and unable to supply the demands of the country. 
 Iron and steel works have to be mentioned first, Budapest, 
 Krompach, Rhonitz, Steierdorf, and Dios-Gyor being the 
 centres of this branch of industry. Other industrial products of 
 importance are machinery, pottery, glass, flour, spirits, chemi- 
 cals, and tobacco. Commerce considerable ; chief commercial 
 centres Budapest, Arad, Debreczen, Kaschau, Raab, Temes- 
 var, Klausenburg, Kronstadt, Hermannstadt, Sissek, Essek. 
 Principal exports cereals, flour, wool, pigs, timber, wine, 
 spirits ; principal imports textiles, hardware, leather, and 
 fancy goods. H. has 2500 m. of navigable rivers, and its 
 railway net is rapidly extending. Inbabltantg. — The principal 
 race are the Magyars of Turanian origin, who conquered H. at 
 the end of the 9th century of the Christian era. They inhabit 
 the central parts of the country, and are also found in consider- 
 able numbers under the name of Szekler in the part of Transyl- 
 vania stretching SE. from Maros Vasarhely to the frontier. 
 Next in importance follow the Germans, who are, however, 
 politically insignificant, because they are dissipated in small 
 numbers over the whole of the country. ' The Magyars founded 
 the state, the Germans built the cities,' hence the large 
 number of names of Hungarian towns and villages beginning 
 with the prefix Deutsch (in Hungarian Nemet) and in I'ransyl- 
 vania with that of Szasz (Saxon). Then follow Roumanians, 
 Croato-Servians, Slovaks, Ruthenians, Albanians, Greeks, and 
 Jews. The majority of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics ; 
 the Ruthenians and Roumanians belong to the Greek Church. 
 In the time of the Roman Empire H. formed the province of 
 Pannonia. A.D. 890-898 it was conquered by the Magyars. 
 Under Stephen the Saint (997-1038) the Christian faith was 
 adopted by the Magyars, and Transylvania was conquered. 
 Robert (1308-42) introduced occidental civilisation, and his son 
 Louis the Great (1342-82) firmly established the interior and 
 exterior authority of the Hungarian crown. In 1526, after the 
 battle of Mohacs, the Turks conquered the whole of the country, 
 and held the central parts of H. till 1686. In the peace of 
 Karlowitz (1699) the Turks made over the whole of H. , with 
 the exception of the Banat, to the House of Habsburg, and in 
 1739 the present boundaries of H. were established. In 1848- 
 1849 the Magyars made a futile attempt to depose the House 
 of Habsburg and to establish an independent Hungarian state 
 (Kossuth 'Gubernator' of H.), but owing to the interference of 
 Russia the Hungarian armies were defeated, and the constitu- 
 tion of H. was abolished. In 1867, however, the constitution of 
 1848 was again recognised by Austria, and since that time Austria- 
 Hungary has formed two independent states, each having a 
 separate constitution and administration, but both united by 
 common political interests and by the person of the sovereign. 
 See Anstrln-IInngary, Carpathians, Danube. [H. 6. S.] 
 
 Hnnsen, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, 13 m. SE. 
 by E. Giessen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hnngerford, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Berkshire and Wilt- 
 shire, div. and 9 m. W. by N. Newbury, on the Kennet, and 
 on the G. W. R. Market-day, W. 5437 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Hnngerton, or Hnngarton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, 
 Melton div., 7 m. E. by N. Leicester, i m. NNW. Ingersby 
 stn., P.O. (Hnngerton). P. <5oo; eccles. par. (H. with Twy- 
 ford and Thorpe SatchTlile) P. < 1000. 
 
 Hnngerton, vil. , Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven or Stam- 
 ford div. , 4^ m. SW. by S. Grantham, 3 m. W. Great Ponton 
 stn. See Wyrllle. 
 
 Hung-hoa, tn. , Tongking, on r. bk. Song-koi, 35 m. WNW. 
 Hanoi, cap. of prov. of same name. 
 
 Hang Mlotsa. See Ilmmtsl. 
 
 Hnug Xgnyen, vil., on boundary between Cambodia and 
 Cochin-China, 64 m. W. by N. Saigon. 
 
 Hangrnng, pass, India. See Hangrang. 
 
 Hungry Bentley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, 4^ m. S. Ash- 
 bourne. P. <250. 
 
 Hnng-shul, riv. , China. See Hun-shul. 
 
 Huiigtse>hu, lake, China. See llongtse-hu. 
 
 Hnngund, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 60 m. SSE. 
 Bijapur. P. (1881) 5400 ; (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Hnng-yen, tn., Tongking, 1. bk. Song-koi, 30 m. SSE. 
 Hanoi, cap. of prov. of same name. 
 
 Hunlngen, French Hunlngue, tn., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Rhine R. , 2^ m. N. Basel, with celebrated 
 pisciculture, and canal i6| m. long in connection with the Rhine 
 and Rhone Canal. Formerly one of the chief ports on the E. 
 frontier of France. Its fortifications, which were carried out 
 by Vauban, were demolished immediately after the cession of 
 Alsace-Lorraine. P. (comm.)<;300o. 
 
 Hnn-ho, riv. , in the N. of China, formed by the union of the 
 San-kan-ho and the Jupira or Yang-ho from northern Shansi, 
 flows SE. , passing near Peking, and uniting with the Huto-ho 
 enters the Pei-ho at Tientsin. 
 
 Hunmanby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div. , 7i^ m. SSE. Scarborough , on the NE. R. , PMT. O. Market- 
 day, M. 6994 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hunna, pass, Brit. Afghanistan, about 13 m. E. Quetta. 
 
 Hnunlngham, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 4 m. 
 ENE. Leamington, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Hunnlngton, par., Eng., Worcestershire, N. div., 6 m. S. 
 by E. Dudley, on the G. W. and M. Rlys. P. <:25o. 
 
 Hunny Hill, hamlet, Eng., Isle of Wight, i m. N. Newport, 
 PM.O. 
 
 Hunsdon, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and 6 m. E. by N. 
 Hertford, 2 m. E. Mardock stn., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Hunse, riv., Netherlands, provs. Drenthe and Groningen, 
 enters the Lauwers Zee, a bay of the North Sea, after a NW. 
 course of 50 m. 
 
 Hunsheir, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. S. Peni- 
 stone. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hun-shul, Hnng-shul, Hong-chu, or Pak-ho, riv. , China, 
 one of the principal tribs. of the Si-kiang, represented on Chinese 
 maps as rising on the tableland of Yiinnan, whence it flows first 
 S. then E. through Kwang-si till it unites with the Si-kiang in 
 about 23° 35' N., no" 20' E. ; navigable to a few miles above 
 Chieng-kang, about 108^° E. ; receives on the left, in about 109° 
 40' E., the Liu-kiang, an important navigable stream coming 
 from the NW. of Kwang-si, and itself receiving on the left from 
 the N. of the prov. the Yung-fu-kiang and the I-kiang, the latter 
 navigable to near its source, about 30 m. NW. of Kweilin-fu 
 (cap. prov. Kwangsi). 
 
 Hunslngore, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., 
 on the Nidd, 5 m. ESE. Knaresborough, 2 m. SSW. Cattal 
 stn., P.O. P. <:2So. 
 
 Hunslet, par., suburb, and in co. bor. of Leeds, Eng., in the 
 S. div., on the M. R. ; with potteries. P. 58,200. 
 
 Hnnsonby and ITlnskUl, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, div. and 
 5I m. NE. by E. Penrith, ij m. from the r. bk. of the Eden. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 HunsTttck, or Hundsriick ('dog's back"), highland dist., 
 Prussia, Rhine Prov. , in the angle between the Moselle and the 
 Rhine above Koblenz. It is mostly covered with woods ; and 
 in the Soonwald has a height of 2150 ft. ; the Hochwald ( Walder- 
 beskopf), 267s ft- ; and the Idarkopf, 2510 ft. 
 
 Hunstanton (hun'stan-ton, colloquially hiins'ton), par. and 
 watering-place, Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., on the NW. ct. , 15 m. 
 NNE. King's Lynn, on the G. E. R. , with a pier 280 yards long, 
 a sandy beach, and lighthouse visible 16 m. Meanrfall. (H. Hall, 
 alt. 60 ft., 1866-80), 23.5 in. PMT.O. Par. P. <20oo ; tn. P. < 
 1500 ; eccles. par. (H. with Little Blngstead) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hunstanton Point, cape, 2^ m. NE. Hunstanton. 
 
 Hunsterson, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 5 m. SE. 
 Nantwich, 3 m. ENE. Audlem stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hunston, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stow union. P. <2S0. 
 
 Hunston, par. , Eng. , Sussex, div. and 2J m. S. Chichester. 
 P. <:25o. See Mundham, North. 
 
 Hunston worth, or Hnnstanworth, par., Eng., Durham, 
 NW. div. , 9^ m. S. Hexham, 7 m. NNW. Stanhope stn. ; 
 8042 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hunstor, rocky eminence, E. Devon, on NE. border of 
 Dartmoor. 
 
 HlkngiOr, tn. , Brit. India, Mysore, on a trib. of Cauvery R. , 
 22 m. W. by N. Mysore, with extensive manufactory of country 
 carts. P. (1881) 5700. 
 
 Hnnsworth, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3^ 
 m. SE. Bradford. P. <:isoo. See BlrkeushaM'. 
 
 Hunt, CO., U.S., Texas, in the NE., crossed by 96° W. and 
 by 33° N. 
 
 Hunte, riv. , Prussia, rises in the W. of the prov. Hanover, 
 flows N. into Oldenburg, partly on the E. frontier of Oldenburg, 
 then E. past the town of Oldenburg into the Weser ; navigable 
 from Oldenburg 20 m. , connected by canal with the lower 
 Ems. 
 
 Hunter, co. , New South Wales, crossed by 33° S. , and touch- 
 ing 151° E. 
 
 Hunter, vil., U.S., New York, Greene co., 40 m. SW. 
 Albany. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hunter, Coquon, or Coal, riv. , New South Wales, Australia ; 
 rises in the Liverpool Range, flows tortuously S. and E. , separat- 
 ing the CO. Durham from those of Brisbane, Hunter, and North- 
 umberland, and enters the Pacific Ocean at Port Hunter. 
 Length, 300 m. Principal affluent, the Goulburn. Its banks 
 are exceedingly fertile, and its basin, as a vast coalfield, has no 
 rival in the southern hemisphere. 
 
 Hunter, or Kill, small inhabited island, in the Marshall 
 Archipelago, E. of Elizabeth I., in 5° 43' N., 169° 10' E. 
 
 Hunterdon, co. , U.S., New Jersey, on the W. frontier, S. 
 of parallel 41°, with a much frequented mineral spring. 
 
 Hunterfleld and Arnlston Colliery, Scot. See Arulston. 
 
 701 
 
HUNT — HUNT 
 
 Hnnterhengli Crags, range of hills, Eng. , Northumberland, 
 
 5 m. NW. by W. Alnwick. Height, 474 feet. 
 
 Hunter Island, Brit. Columbia, crossed by 52° N. , 128° W. 
 
 Hunter Island, or Onacusa, isl. , Pacific Ocean, NW. the 
 Fiji group. Said to be in 15° 31' S., 176° 11' E., but several 
 vessels have passed the spot without perceiving any trace of an 
 island. 
 
 Hunter Islands, a group at the NW. extremity of Tas- 
 mania, in Bass Strait, comprising Barren, Three Hummocks, 
 Albatross, and some smaller islands. 
 
 Hunter's Bog, hollow, between Arthur's Seat and Salisbury 
 Crags, Edinburgh. 
 
 Hunter's Hill, tn., New South Wales, co. Cumberland, 4 
 m. N. Sydney. P. <4coo. 
 
 Hunter's Home, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, co. Queen's, 
 on riv. Canaan, 30 m. from Apohaqui. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hunter's Island, tract nearly enclosed by rivers on the S. 
 frontier of Ontario, Canada, W. of Lake Superior, crossed by 
 48i°N.,9ii°W. 
 
 Hunter's Point, U.S., New York, the SW. portion of Long 
 Island City. 
 
 Hunter's Quay, part of Dunoon, Scot., Argyllshire, in the 
 NW. of the Firth of Clyde, 6 m. W. by N. Greenock, PT.O. 
 
 HuntersTille, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, cap. Pocahontas co., 
 40 m. NE. White Sulphur Springs. P. < 1500. 
 
 Huntervllle, post-tn., New Zealand, North L, Rangitikei 
 CO., 51 m. from Wanganui. P. < 1500. 
 
 Huntlngburg, city, U.S., Indiana, Dubois co., 48 m. E. 
 Evansville by rail. P. <40oo. 
 
 Huntingdon, viL , Canada, Quebec, cap. H. co. , on the riv. 
 Chateauguay, 45 m. SW. Montreal. Alt. 400 ft. Mean temp., 
 yr. 41.4° F., Jan. 11.7°, July 68.0°. P. <iSoo. 
 
 Huntingdon, mun. bor. (since 1189) and market-tn., Eng., 
 Huntingdonshire, on the Ouse, 17 m. S. by E. Peterborough, in 
 the diocese of Ely, with two stns., H. on the M. R., and H. (St. 
 Ives) on the G. N. R. ; with iron-foundry, two extensive breweries, 
 large carriage manufactory, extensive nurseries, and works for 
 the manufacture of perforated bricks. At its granamar school, 
 founded in 1260, Oliver Cromwell (born in H. ) was educated ; 
 it is attached to the hospital founded by David, Earl of H., in 
 the reign of Henry II. King Stephen gave this town as an 
 earldom to Queen Matilda's brother (afterwards David I. of 
 Scotland), who rebuilt the castle on the site of Edward the 
 Elder's. H. was called by the Saxons Huntantun and Hunte- 
 dune, or Huntersdune, apparently because it stood on a tract of 
 land well suited to the chase. Market-day, S. Mun. bor. P. 
 (i8oi)<25oo; (i85i)<4ooo; (i89i)<45oo; parL div. P. (1891) 
 25,400. 
 
 Huntingdon, electoral div.. Ire., co. Westmeath, dist. 
 Killucan. 
 
 Huntingdon, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, cap. H. co. , on the 
 Juniata, 62 m. W. by N. Harrisburg, and 20 m. E. by S. 
 Altoona. P. 5700. 
 
 Huntingdon, co. , U.S., Pennsylvania, traversed and partly 
 bounded by the Juniata. 
 
 Huntingdon, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Carroll co., 89 m. W. 
 by S. Nashville. P. <:i500. 
 
 HnntlngdonsUre, or Hunts, inland co. , Eng. , bounded N. 
 and N W. by Northamptonshire, and belonging to the S. Midland 
 group of counties ; forms an archdeaconry in the diocese of Ely 
 and province of Canterbury ; cap. H. ; Godmanchester, St. Ives, 
 and St. Neots towns next in importance. Part of the pari. bor. 
 of Peterborough is in this county, which is divided into the 
 following pari. divs. : — 
 
 Southern, or Huntingdon . 
 
 Northern, or Ramsey . 
 
 Part of Peterborough parL bor. 
 
 Total . 
 
 Acres. 
 
 106,883 
 
 127.04s 
 290 
 
 234,218' 
 
 Pop. i8gi. 
 
 25,420 
 
 29.549 
 2,792 
 
 57.761^ 
 
 1 The administrative county excludes part of Peterborough urban 
 sanitary dist., in the administrative county of Soke of Peterborough. 
 Area, 233,928. P. 54,969- 
 
 Surface (all under 500 ft. in alt. ) in the W. , S. , and central parts 
 gently varied ; in the E. and NE. flat, forming part of the great 
 level of the Fens. With the exception of a small area in the 
 NE. (which belongs to the fenland, and is alluvial), the whole 
 county belongs to the Oolite rocks. Chief rivers the Ouse and 
 Nen, which both enter the Wash ; the former traverses the 
 county fi-om SW. to E., the latter forms its N. boundary. 
 H. has extensive grazing lands, and its meadows feed many 
 fat cattle. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7 -9. 
 There are no minerals of great economic importance. Manu- 
 factures are few (the working population being chiefly engaged 
 in husbandry) : they include brick, paper, and parchment mak- 
 ing, brewing, malting, and iron founding. The G. N. R. tra- 
 verses the county firom S. to N. , and is crossed by the St. Ives 
 702 
 
 and H. Rly. , a branch of the G. E. R. This county was included 
 in the kingdom of the East Angles, and subsequently annexed 
 to Mercia. Waltheof, son of Si ward, who held the lands, having 
 married Judith, niece of William the Conqueror, was by him 
 made Earl of Huntingdon. See England, table. 
 
 Hnntlngfleld, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 18^ m. SW, 
 Lowestoft, 3I m. SW. by W. Halesworth, P.O. P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (H. wltb Cookley) P. <75o. 
 
 Huntington, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, 3 m. SE. Chester. P. <25o. 
 
 Huntington, par. , Eng. , on the W. border of Herefordshire, 
 div. and 16^ m. W. by S. Leominster, 3i m. SSW. Stanner 
 stn. P. <:25o. See Kington. 
 
 Huntington, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, in N W. of Hereford 
 city. P. <:25o. See Holmer. 
 
 Huntington, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 7 m. SSE. 
 Stafford, 4 m. E. by S. Penkridge. P. <25o. 
 
 Huntington, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., on the Foss, 3^ m. NNE. York, PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Huntington, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co., 15 m. W. 
 New Haven. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Huntington, city, U.S., Indiana, H. co., 80 m. NNE. 
 Indianapolis, with vast quarries of excellent hmestone. P. 7300. 
 
 Huntington, viL, U.S., Maryland, Baltimore co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Huntington, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire co. , on 
 Westfield R. , 21 m. NW. Springfield by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Huntington, vil., U.S., New York, Suffolk co., Long Island, 
 N. ct., 32m. ENE. Brooklyn; has large brickfields. P. <:4000. 
 
 Huntington, city, U.S., W. Virginia, Cabell co. , on the 
 Ohio, 48 m. W. by N. Charleston. P. (i88o)<400o; (1890) 
 10,100. 
 
 Huntlngtower and KutbTenfleld, vil. , Scot. , co. and 2^ m. 
 NW. Perth, Tibbermore par., vrith extensive bleachfield (estab- 
 lished in 1774). Ruthven, or Huntingtower Castle, was the seat 
 of the Earls of Gowrie, and the scene of the kidnapping of 
 James VI. (' the raid of Ruthven') in 1582. P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 HuntlugtOTvn, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Wexford, dist. CamoUn. 
 
 Huntley, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div., 
 6^ m. W. Gloucester, 2 m. N. Grange Court stn., PMT.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Huntley, vil., New Zealand, North I., Waikato co., 53 m. 
 SSE. Auckland. 
 
 Huntley (formerly Huntley Grore), viL, U.S., Illinois, 
 McHenry co. , 55 m. WNW. Chicago. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Huntiy, burgh of barony, par. , and tn. , Scot. , W. Aberdeen- 
 shire, at the confluence of the rivs. Bogie and Deveron, 9 m. 
 SE. Keith, 41 m. by rail NW. Aberdeen, on the G. N. of S. R. 
 It has trade in agricultural produce, and some manufactures of 
 agricultural implements and woollen goods. Near it are the 
 ruins of Huntiy or Strathbogie Castle, the original seat of the 
 earls and marquises of Huntiy. Par. 12,475 ^c., P. <:5ooo ; tn. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Huntiy, tn., Victoria, Bendigo co., 10 m. N. by E. Sand- 
 hurst. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Hunton, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 6 m. N. 
 Winchester, i m. E. by N. Sutton Scotney stn. P. <25o. See 
 Crawley. 
 
 Hunton, par. , Eng. , Kent, on the E. border of the Tunbridge 
 tliv. , 5 m. SW. by S. Maidstone, 2^ m. E. by S. Yalding stn. , 
 PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hunton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div., 
 si m. S. by E. Richmond, P.O. P.<500. See Patrick 
 Bronipton. 
 
 Hunton Bridge, hamlet, Eng., Hertfordshire, 3 m. NW. 
 Watford, P.O. 
 
 Hunts, CO., Eng. See HuntlngdonsUre. 
 
 Hunts Bay, in the NW. of Kingston Harbour, Jamaica. 
 
 Hunt's Cross, stn., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. NE. Garston, 
 on the Cheshire Lines Rly. 
 
 Huntsham, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 6 m. NNE. 
 Tiverton, 3 m. ESE. Bamptonstn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Huntshaw, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 4 m. 
 SE. by E. Bideford, ■z\ m. NE. Torrington stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Hnntsplll, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 5^ m. N. Bridg- 
 water, i^m. SSW. Highbridge stn. , P.O.; 6215 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Hunt's Point, coast vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Queen's, 
 8 m. from Liverpool. P. < 1500. 
 
 Huntston, electoral div.. Ire., co. King's, dist. Banagher. 
 
 Huntsvllle, viL , Canada, Ontario, Muskoka co. , 72 m. NE. 
 Collingwood, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Huntsvllle, tn. , U.S. , Alabama, cap. Madison co. , the richest 
 of the Tennessee valley counties in the state, 83 m. N. by E. of 
 Birmingham ; noted for its magnificent scenery. P. 8000. 
 
 Huntsvllle, tn., U.S., Missouri, Randolph co., 64 m. N. by 
 W. Jefferson. P. <20oo. 
 
 Huntsvllle, vil., U.S., Tennessee, cap. Scott co., 45 m. NW. 
 Knoxville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Huntsvllle, city, U.S., Texas, Walker co., 69 m. N. Hous- 
 ton. P. < 2000. 
 
 Huntsvllle, vil., U.S., Washington, Columbia co., 18 m. 
 NE. Walla Walla. P. < 1500. 
 
HUNT — HURS 
 
 ' Hanttvick -wltli Foulby and Nostel, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, 4 m. SE. Wakefield. P.<75o. 
 
 Hauna, post-vil. , New Zealand, North I., Manukau co. , 27 
 m. from Auckland. P. <ci5oo. 
 
 Iluuucma, vil. , Mexico, Yucatan, 20 m. WNW. Mdrida. 
 
 Hun wick and Helmlngton, par., Eng., Durham, div. and 
 
 2 m. NW. Bishop Auckland, with stn. (Hnnwlck) on the NE. R. , 
 PM.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Hunwortli, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., n m. WSW. 
 Cromer, 2 m. SSW. Holt stn., P.O. P. <25o; eccles. par. (H. 
 with Stody) P. <soo. 
 
 Hnuyad, co. , Hungary, on S. frontier, crossed by 23° E. , 
 traversed by the Maros, cap. Deva. 
 
 Hnnyad, B^iuflTy, tn. , Hungary, co. and 28 m. W. by N. 
 Klausenburg, on the Sebes (Swift) Koros. Alt. 1800 ft. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Hnuyad, Vajda, tn. , Hungary. See Yajda Hnnyad. 
 
 Hnnza, riv. of the Indus basin, whose valley is regarded by 
 Col. Tanner as forming the W. limit of the Himdlayas, winds S. 
 from the Hindu Kush Mts. near the Irshad Pass (about 36° 55' 
 N. , 74^° E. ) to the Gilghit R. , which it joins a few miles below 
 Gilghit. The upper part of its valley is known as Hunza-Kanjut, 
 the lower as Hunza-Nagar (Nagair, or Nagyr), the latter con- 
 taining the towns and forts of Hunza (on the right or N. bank 
 of the river), and Nagdr (on the 1. bk. opposite, alt. 8000 ft.), at 
 the N. base of Mount Rakaposhi, formerly caps, of separate 
 states. The whole valley was brought under the control of Brit. 
 India in December 1891. 
 
 Hunza, ancient name of Tunja [q.v.), Colombia. 
 
 Huon, riv. , Tasmania, forms the boundary of Buckingham 
 CO. on the S., and joins D'Entrecasteaux channel by an estuary, 
 
 3 m. across. Named after Capt. H. de Kermadeck, commander 
 of the Espirance. 
 
 Hnon Gnlf, an extensive bight on the E. ct. of German New 
 Guinea, lat. 6" 45'-7° 30' S. ; has several good harbours. 
 
 Hnon Islands, Pacific Ocean, a group NW. New Caledonia. 
 
 HnonTllle, post-vil. , Tasmania. See Victoria. 
 
 Hnpe (literally, ' north of the lake,' the Tungting), interior 
 prov., China, in lat. 29^-33° 10' N. It is entirely comprised in 
 the basin of the Yangtse-kiang, which, with its principal trib. , 
 the Han-kiang, intersect the prov. from W. to E. The surface 
 is generally low and flat, and on the lower course of the Han- 
 kiang, even below the bed of the river ; the W. portion, how- 
 ever, is somewhat mountainous, and the Hwai-shan forms part 
 of its N. boundary. Many lakes occur in the E. part of the 
 prov. Climate temperate and salubriotis. Its plains, well 
 watered by numerous streams and irrigation canals, are re- 
 nowned for their fertility, producing, besides rice and the other 
 cereals, excellent tea, cotton in large quantity, and many fruits. 
 Game is abundant, and cattle and bees are reared in large 
 numbers. Extensive forests exist. The prov. is rich in coal ; 
 iron, mercury, tin, &c. , are found ; and building stone is worked. 
 Cotton spinning and weaving, the manufacture of paper, and 
 various articles in iron, steel, tin and copper, and bamboo are 
 the principal industries. Commerce is very considerable, especi- 
 ally in rice, grain, and other productions of the soil, which are 
 sent chiefly to Peking. Cap. Wuchang, besides which the prov. 
 contains the important towns of Hankow and Hanyang, and 
 the treaty port of Ichang. Area, 71,430 sq. m. P. 30,000,000. 
 
 Hnrcars, Tlie, rocks at the entrance to Eyemouth Bay, 
 Berwickshire, Scot. 
 
 Hnrd Cape, Canada, Ontario, on Lake Huron, at the entrance 
 to Georgian Bay, in 45° 13' N. 
 
 Hnrdlow, stn. , Eng. , Derbyshire, near Buxton, on L. & N W. R. 
 
 Hnrd's Deep. See Engllsb Cbannel. 
 
 Hnrdsfleld, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, div. and an eastern suburb 
 of Macclesfield. P. <4000. 
 
 Hnrdtown, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Morris co., 7 m. N. 
 Dover ; has mine of iron ore. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hnrdwar. See Hardwar. 
 
 Hnrlel, tn., France, dep. Allier, arr. and 8 m. WNW. Mont- 
 lu9on. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hnrln, tn. , Persia, Kurdistan, near the Turkish frontier, 130 
 m. NE. by N. Bagdad. It has massive remains of stone build- 
 ings of very high antiquity, and near it some rock-sculptures. 
 
 Hnrka, riv. , Manchuria. See Mntan-kiang. 
 
 llnrleston, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 2 m. NW. 
 Nantwich, on the Ellesmere Canal. P. <25o. 
 
 Hnrlet, vil., Scot., Renfrewshire, 3 m. SE. Paisley, near 
 Nitshill stn. , P. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Hurley, par., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., on the 
 Thames, 9^ m. WNW. Windsor, aj m. SW. Great Marlow 
 stn., PM.O. ; 4159 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hurley, vil. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 6 m. SSE. Tam- 
 worth, 2 m. E. by N. Kingsbury stn., P.O. 
 
 Hnrley, viL, U.S., New York, Ulster co., 3 m. W. Kingston. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Hnrley, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Turner co., 32 m. NNE. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hnrley, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Ashland co. P. <:3000. 
 
 Hnrley RlTer, Ire. , SE. co. Meath, flows N. to riv. Nanny. 
 
 Hnrlford, tn. , Scot. , S. Ayrshire, on the Irvine, 2 m. ESE. 
 Kilmarnock, on the G. & SW. R. , with iron-works, fireclay 
 works, and a worsted spinning-mill; numerous collieries in the 
 vicinity. PMT.O. P. (with Crookedholm) < 4500. 
 
 Hurlstoue Point, Eng. , N. ct. , co. Somerset, in 3° 35' W. 
 
 Hnrn, Eng. , Hampshire. See Heme. 
 
 Hnmal, vil. , Brit. Baluchistan. See Harnal. 
 
 Huron, co. , Canada, Ontario, bounded W. by Lake Huron, 
 to the S. of 44° N. 
 
 Huron, vil., U.S., California, Fresno co., 173 m. SE. San 
 Francisco. P. < 1500. 
 
 Huron, vil., U.S., Iowa, Des Moines co., on Mississippi R., 
 25 m. above Burlington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Huron, CO., U.S., Michigan, in the E. , between Saginaw 
 Bay and Lake Huron. 
 
 Huron, co., U.S., Ohio, E. of 83° W., bounded on the S. 
 by 41° N. 
 
 Huron, vil., U.S., Ohio, Erie co., 55 m. ESE. Toledo. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Huron, city, U.S., S. Dakota, Beadle co. , 104 m. E. Pierre, 
 on the r. bk. of the James R. P. <40oo. 
 
 Huron, Lake, one of the five great lakes of N. America, 
 43°-46° 20' N. , between the U.S. state of Michigan and the 
 Ontario prov. of Canada. Its shape is very irregular ; the NE. 
 portion, named Georgian Bay, being almost detached from the 
 main body of the lake by a long narrow peninsula ; and on the 
 W. side Saginaw Bay forms a deep indentation of the coast. 
 The Great Manitoulin and several smaller islands extend along 
 all its N. part. It communicates with Lake Michigan on the 
 W. (with which it is practically one sheet of water) by the Strait 
 of Mackinaw, receives the outflow of Lake Superior on the 
 NW. by St. Mary R. , and discharges at its S. extremity by the 
 riv. St. Clair to Lake Erie. The water is remarkably sweet and 
 pure. It is subject to violent storms, but navigation is not 
 usually dangerous. There are some fine harbours on the 
 coasts, but no towns of much importance. It has been ascer- 
 tained that the water at the bottom of Georgian Bay is several 
 degrees colder than the even deeper waters of the rest of the 
 lake. An old river channel, now choked by glacial drift, still 
 exists, connecting Lake Michigan with Saginaw Bay; and 
 formerly H. did not drain, as it now does, into Lake Erie, but 
 its slopes converge to the entrance of Georgian Bay, from whose 
 S. end another choked-up valley leads into Lake Ontario. Along 
 this latter valley it has been proposed to construct a ship-railway 
 connecting the two lakes. See America, North. 
 
 Huron Bay, U.S., Lake Superior, 10 m. NE. L'Anse; has 
 slate quarries. 
 
 Hurons, French name of a Canadian-Indian tribe (calling 
 themselves Wendats, or lYyandots) to the E. of Lake Huron, 
 discovered by Champlain in his expedition of 1615, and so called 
 on account of frizzly hair, which gives the head the appearance 
 of that of a wild boar [hure). 
 
 Hurryhnr, tn. , India. See Harlhar. 
 
 Hursley, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div. , 4^ m. SW. 
 Winchester, 3 m. N. by W. Chandlers Ford stn. John Keble, 
 author of the ' Christian Year,' was vicar of this par., and is 
 buried in the churchyard. PM.O. 10,726 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hurst, Anglo-Saxon, ' a wood.' See Hart 
 
 Hurst, eccles. par. , Eng. , Berkshire, Wokingham div. , 5 m. 
 E. Reading, 2 m. S. Twyford stn., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hurst, par., Eng., Kent, 6\ m. SE. Ashford. P. <25o. See 
 Fawkenhnrst. 
 
 Hurst, tn., Eng., Lancashire, adjoining the mun. bor. and 
 included in par. of Ashton-under-Lyne. P. 6800. 
 
 Hurst, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 5^ m. 
 E. by N. Morpeth, close to Ashington stn. P. <250. 
 
 Hurst, settlement, U.S., Montana, Meagher co., 120 m. E. 
 by N. Butte. 
 
 Hurst, Old, par. , Eng. , Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div. , 5 m. 
 NE. Huntingdon, z\ m. SSW. Warboysstn., P.O. P.<25o. 
 See St. Ives. 
 
 Hnrst Castle, Eng., Hampshire, 3I m. S. Lymington, on a 
 remarkable natural causeway, about 200 yards in breadth, run- 
 ning 2 m. into the sea, and approaching within i m. of the Isle 
 of Wight. On Hurst beach are two lighthouses. Mean temp. 
 (17 yrs.), yr. 50.1° F., Jan. 40.7°, Aug. 62.0°; rfall. (25 yrs.), 
 29.1 in. 
 
 Hnrsthourue Priors, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, div. and 4^ m. 
 E. Andover, on the Test, 11^ m. N. by W. Winchester, i^ m. 
 S. by E. of Hurstbourne stn., on the L. & SW. R., P.O. 
 P. < 500 ; eccles. par. (H. P. with St. Mary Bourne) P. < 1500. 
 
 Hnrsthourue Tarrant, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover 
 div., on the Test, 10 m. SW. by S. Newbury, 4 m. NW. 
 Hurstbourne stn. , P.O.; 4842 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hurst Green, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Darwen div., 
 5 m. SW. by W. Clitheroe, 2^ m. NW. Langho stn., P.O. 
 Stoneyhurst college adjoining on N. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hnrst Green, part of eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, on the E. 
 border of the co.. Rye div., 12 m. SE. Tunbridge Wells, i\ m. 
 E. Etchingham (a. v.) stn., P.O. 
 
 703 
 
HURS — HUVE 
 
 Hnrstmonceanx, or Herstmonceanx (herst'mon-su), par., 
 Eng., Sussex, Lewes div., 7^ m. NNE. Eastbourne, 4 m. E. 
 Hailsham stn., PMT.O. ; 650730. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Harstplerpolnt, par. and tn., Eng., Sussex, E. Grinstead 
 div., 7h m. N. by W. Brighton, i^ m. NW. Hassocks stn., 
 PMT.O. ; 5088 ac P. <30oo. 
 
 Hnrstrllle, post-viL and rly. stn.. New South Wales, 9 m. 
 S. Sydney. P. <35oo. 
 
 Hnrstrrood, part of par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Worsthorn. 
 
 Hnrst Tfood, High, P.O., Eng., Sussex, 3 m. from Buxted. 
 
 Hiirtgen, -vil. , Prussia, govt. Aix-la-Chapelle, circle Diiren, 
 with slate and stone quarries. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hurtow, name given by the English to the volcano of Aiven 
 in the Buri Penin. , on the E. side of Annesley Bay, W. side of 
 the Red Sea, also to a cap>e in 15° 28' N. 
 
 Hnmn, lake, Mongolia. See Dalal-Nor Hulan. 
 
 Hnrnnnl, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Ashley co. , 45 m. 
 N. Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hur^'ortta, par., Eng., Durham, on the S. border of the SE. 
 div. , on the 1. bk. of the Tees, 3 m. S. by E. Darlington, i m. 
 ENE. Croft stn. , PMT. O. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Hnrworth Barn, stn., Eng., Durham, on the NE. R., 6J 
 m. W. Hartlepool. 
 
 Hnry, riv. , Afghanistan. See Heri-Bnd. 
 
 Hnsaiii Bell, ferry, India, across the Indus at Gemro, Sind, 
 dist. Shikarpur, in 27° 52' N. 
 
 Husbands Bosworth, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Har- 
 borough div., loj m. NE. by E. Rugby, i m. ENE. Welford 
 and Kilworth stn., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Hnsborne Crawley, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, in N. of 
 Luton div., loi m. SW. by S. Bedford, i m. SW. Ridgmont 
 stn. P. <:soo. " 
 
 Hnsliy, comm., Sweden, dist. Kopparberg, with government 
 p>owder factory and iron-works. P. 6000. 
 
 Hnselnabad, Persia, See Kenarlglrd and Nasratalmd. 
 
 Hnslililrpnr, tn. , India. See Hoshlarpnr. 
 
 HnsI, tn., Roumania, prov. Falciu, 39 m. SE. by S. Yassy, 
 where' the treaty of the Pruth, between Peter the Great and the 
 Grand Vizier, Mohammed Baltaji, was signed in 171 1. The 
 cathedral was built by Stephen the Great in 1491. P. (comm. ) 
 12,700. 
 
 Hnslatjm, tn., Austria, Galicia, on Russian frontier, 43 m. 
 SE. Tarnopol. P. 6100. 
 
 Hnsselnabad, tn. , Persia. See Kenarlglrd and Nasratabad. 
 
 Hnsseln-dey, \-il. , Algeria, arr. and 4 m. SE. Algiers, with 
 superb kitchen-garden, ' at once a pubUc promenade, nursery 
 for the production and distribution of indigenous vegetables, 
 and scientific garden of acclimatisation for exotics and ostrich- 
 rearing.' P. <3coo. 
 
 Hossoffltz, a suburb of Briinn, Moravia. P. 7000. 
 
 Hiisten, viL , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Amsberg, 24 
 m. ESE. Dortmund. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Hosttifralte, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 13^ m. E. by N. Rip)on, with stn. (H. Gate) on the 
 NE. R., P.O. P. <50o; eccles. par. (H. with Blrdforth) 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Hnstlsford, viL, U.S., Wisconsin, Dodge co., on Rock R., 
 5 m. S. Iron Ridge. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hnstopetsch, or Hnstopece, comm. , Austria, Moravia, 29 m. 
 S. Troppau, and 63 m. ESE. Weisskirchen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Hnsnni, tn., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 20 m. W. by 
 S. Schleswig, about i m. from the W. ct., cap. circle H. It 
 has shipbuilding yards and breweries, trade in oysters, and a 
 celebrated annual fair on June i. P. 6300. 
 
 Haszt, tn., Hungary, prov. Mdrmaros, 90 m. NE. by E. 
 Debreczen. P. (comm.) 7500. 
 
 Hut, isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, N. Uist par. P. 7. 
 
 Hntchesontoim, dist. in S. of Glasgow, Scot. P. 9100. 
 
 Hutchinson, city, U.S., Kansas, Reno co., on the 1. bk. of 
 the riv. Arkansas, 140 m. SW. by W. Topeka ; with meat-pack- 
 ing, sugar and lard refining, and salt-works. P. (i88o)<20oo ; 
 (1890) 8700. 
 
 Hutchinson, viL, U.S., Minnesota, McLeod co., 55 m. W. 
 Minneapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hntchlnson, co., U.S., S. Dakota, between 43° and 44° N., 
 crossed in the W. by 98° W. 
 
 Hntchlnson, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW., crossed in the 
 N. by 36° N. , E. of 102° W. 
 
 Hat Island, Scot., Invemess-shire, N. Uist par., Outer 
 Hebrides. P. 7. 
 
 Hntll Bay, Alaska. See Thunder Bay. 
 
 Huto-ho, riv., China, Pechili, flows ESE. into the Talutse-hu, 
 then NE. till it unites with the Hun-ho at Tientsin, and enters 
 the Pei-ho. The lower part of its course forms part of the 
 Grand CanaL 
 
 Hntrl>durga, hill, Brit. India, Mysore, in the SE. of Tdmkiir 
 dist. , crowned with fortifications ; captured by Lord Cornwallis 
 in 1792. 
 
 Hutt, Lower, post-tp.. New Zealand, North I., H. co., 
 10 m. NE. by E. Wellington. P. < 1500. 
 704 
 
 Hutt, Upper, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I. , 20 m. from 
 Wellington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hiittenberg, market-tn., Austria, Carinthia, 24 m. NNE. 
 Klagenfurt, with iron ore mines and iron-works. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hiittenrode, viL, Ger. , Brunswick, circle Blankenburg, with 
 iron ore and slate quarries. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hiittlg-Bassweller, viL, Prussia, govt. Trier, circle Ott- 
 weiler, with coal-mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hnttoft, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 2 m. 
 from the E. ct., div. and 14 m. SE. by E. Louth, i m. ENE. 
 Mumby Road stn., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Button, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 8 J m. SW. by S. 
 Chelmsford, i m. E. by S. of its stn. (Shenfleld and H.) on the 
 G. E. R., PMT.O. P.<:500. 
 
 Button, par., Eng., Lancashire, Blackpool div., 3 m. SW. 
 Preston, i| m. ENE. Longton stn. P. <500. 
 
 Button, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wells div. , 3 m. SE. Weston- 
 super-Mare, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Button, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 
 on the Leven, 9J m. S. by W. Middlesbrough. P. <iooo. 
 
 Button (for Hoavton, 'the dwelling in the hollow.' See 
 Z/aw^A), par., Scot., Berwickshire, 5^ m.W. Berwick-upon-Tweed, 
 3J m. NW. by N. Velvethall stn., P.O.; 5516 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Button, par. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, loj m. SE. by S. Moffat, 
 4 m. E. Dinwoodie stn.; 23,923 ac. P. <75o; eccles. par. (H, 
 and Corrle) P. <:7So. 
 
 Button, Great, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 
 7i m. NNW. Richmond. P. <250. 
 
 Button, Iiow, viL, Eng., Yorkshire, on the Derwent, 2i m. 
 SW. Malton, P.O. 
 
 Button, Xe'w, par., Eng., Westmorland, on riv. Beetha, 4 m. 
 E. Kendal. P. <25o. 
 
 Button, Old, ivlth Bolmescales, par. adjoining New H. , 
 P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Button Beck, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Wbitby div., 
 flowing into the Seven on the r. bk. 2| m. above Marton. 
 
 Button BonTllle, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 4 m. 
 NW. Northallerton. P. <:25o. 
 
 Button Bushel, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby 
 div. , 5^ m. SW. by W. Scarborough, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Button Conyers, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div., i| m. N. by E. Ripon. P. <250. 
 
 Button Cranswlck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buck- 
 rose div., 163 m. N. by W. Hull, on the NE. R. ; 4741 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Button Gate, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, Cleveland div., on the 
 NE. R., 7i m. SE. Middlesbrough, li m. WSW. Guisbrough. 
 Button junction, for Guisbrough, is i^ m. to the E. 
 
 Button Bang, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 3 m. NE. 
 Middleham. P. <:25o. 
 
 Button Benry, par., Eng., Durham, in the N. of the SE. 
 div., 6^ m. W. by N. Hartlepool, i^ m. SE. by E. Wingate 
 stn., P.O. P. < 3500. 
 
 Button In the Forest, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, div. and 5^ 
 m. WSW. Penrith, i m. S. by E. Penruddock stn. P. <250. 
 
 Button In the Bay, part of par. , Eng. , Westmorland. See 
 Scalthwalterlgg. 
 
 Button John, par., Eng., Cumberland, 2^ m. W. Dacre. 
 P. -C250. 
 
 Bntton-le-Bole, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 
 18 m. SW. Whitby, on Hutton Beck, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Button Lowcross, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, \\ m. 
 SW. Guisbrough. P. 250. 
 
 Button Hulgrave, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 4J m. 
 SW. Whitby. P. <25o. 
 
 Button Roof, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, div. and 9^ m. WNW. 
 Penrith, 5 m. NNW. Troutbeck stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Button Boof, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 9J m. 
 SSE. Kendal, 2i m. W. Kirkby Lonsdale stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Button Rudby, viL, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 4 m. SAA". 
 Stokesley, PMT.O. 
 
 Buttons Ambo, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., on the NE. R., 14 J m. NE. York. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Button Sessay, par.", Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div., 11 m. E. by N. Ripon, 4J m. SE. Thirsk. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Button Soil, par., Eng., Cumberland, 5^ m. NW. Penrith ; 
 4482 ac. P. <500. 
 
 ButtonsTllle, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Peel, 4 m. from 
 Brampton. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Button Wandesley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 5^ 
 m. W. York. P. <25o. 
 
 fluttwll, tn., Switzd., cant. Bern, 16 m. ESE. Solotbum. 
 P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Huus, Scandinavian, 'a dwelling.' See Haus. 
 
 BuTeanne, small coast riv. of S. France, rises in dep. Var, 
 flows on the whole W. , and enters the Mediterranean at Mar- 
 seilles (dep. Bouches-du-Rh6ne). In its lower course the irriga- 
 tion canals which it supplies cross the Durance Canal at Marseilles. 
 Length about 34 m. 
 
I 
 
 jP Hiixham, par., Eng. , Devonshire, Tiverton div., 4 m. NNE. 
 '^'' Exeter, close to Stoke Canon stn. P. <25o. See Poltlmore. 
 Huxley, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 7 m. ESE. 
 Chester, i^ m. NE. Tattenhall Road stn., P.O. P. <:2So. 
 
 Huxley Pass, over the Southern Alps, New Zealand, in lat. 
 43° 57' so" S. Alt. 5529 ft. 
 
 Huy, tn., Belgium, prov. and 17 m. WSW. Liege, arr. H., 
 
 on the Meuse, enclosed by heights, and has a citadel. Not far 
 
 from H. , at the abbey of Neuf-Moutier, now in ruins, its founder, 
 
 Peterthe Hermit, died and was buried in 1115. P. (comm.) 14,700. 
 
 Huycn, Tongkinese, ' sub- prefecture. ' 
 
 Huysse, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. and 4 m. 
 N. by W. Audenarde. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Huytou (hai't'n, first syllable pronounced as in height) YKith 
 Roby, par. and tn. , Eng., Lancashire, 5^ m. E. Liverpool, 
 with stns. (Huyton and H. Quarry) on the L. & NW. R., 
 with coal. P. <5ooo. 
 Hnzar, Bukhara. Same as Khnzar. 
 Huzara, dist. , India. See Hazara. 
 Huznls, people, Austria. See Cialicla. 
 Hvaleyri ( ' whale peninsula'), penin. , Iceland, near Reikjavik. 
 Hvaloer ('whale islands'), group of isls. off the S. ct. of 
 Norway, at the entrance to Christiania Fjord ; belonging to 
 Norway ; sixteen of them inhabited. See also Kvalo. 
 
 Hveu, or Hveen, isl., Sweden, in the Sound, 5 m. NW. 
 Landskrona, prov. Malmohus. Here lived Tycho de Brahe in 
 his observatory Uraniborg until 1597. 
 
 Urlddliigsue, isl. , Norway, W. ct. , near Stavanger. Light- 
 house, visible 19 m. 
 Hvl<le-S«e, long lake, S. Norway, prov. Bratsberg. 
 Hvit-Ae ('white water'), riv., W. ct., Iceland, flows WSW. 
 into the middle of the Faxa Fjord. 
 Hvltsteu, vil. , Norway, on the Christiania Fjord. 
 
 Hwal . For Chinese names beginning with this element, 
 
 see also under Hwel . 
 
 Hwal-aii, tn. , China, Kiangsu. See Hwalugan-fu. 
 Hwaiklug-fn, or Waiking-fn, important tn. , China, in the 
 N. of prov. and 43 m. ENE. Honan, situated on a detached 
 field of anthracite. See Shansl. 
 
 Hwalngaii-fn, tn., China, prov. Kiangsu, on the Grand 
 Canal, 98 m. NNE. Nanking. Large salt-trade since the time 
 of Marco Polo, by whom the city is called Coiganju. 
 Hwalyu, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, 35 m. NNE. Peking. 
 Hwauipoa, China, Kwangtung. See Wbampoa. 
 Hiyaugclio-tv, tn. , China, prov. Hupe, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Yangtse-kiang, 37 m. ESE. Hankow. 
 Hwang-hat. See Yellow Sea. 
 
 Uwaiig-lial-do, prov., in W. of Korea, comprising the 
 peninsula jutting out into the Yellow Sea. 
 
 H waug-ho, or YellowRlTer, called byMongols Karamureu, 
 or Black R. ; in Marco Polo Caramoron, large riv. , N. China, rises 
 in the Baian-kara-ula Range in Tibet, about 35° N., 95° 30' E., 
 at an elevation of over 14,000 ft. , and, fed by numerous springs, 
 it soon becomes a considerable stream, and passes through two 
 large lakes (Jaring Nor and Oring Nor), which tend to regulate 
 the water supply to the northern plains of China. Below this 
 its course has not been explored for perhaps more than 800 m. , 
 but it is believed to flow, through a mountainous region, first 
 SE. and E. and NE., afterwards making a sharp elbow and 
 doubling back nearly W. then N. to 35° 20' N. , 100° E., in 
 which distance it has fallen almost 5000 ft. , probably forming 
 many rapids and cataracts. It then flows NE. and waters 
 Kansu Prov., which it crosses, passing the city of Lanchau, 
 emerging on the high plateau of Mongolia, where its course is 
 first N. then E. It again enters China proper in about 40° 25' 
 N. , 111° E. , at an altitude of 3300 ft. above the sea, and flowing 
 a little W. of S. , divides the provs. of Shensi and Shansi, to 34° 
 40' N. , where it receives its largest affluent, the Wei-ho, from 
 the W. Bending E. at a right angle it traverses the N. of 
 Honan Prov., and enters upon the great plain, its present 
 ultimate course from this point being NE. through Shantung 
 into the Gulf of Pechili. It has few tributaries of any import- 
 ance ; and its drainage basin is generally narrow. From the 
 very earliest times the course of the Hwang-ho through the 
 great eastern plain has been subject to great changes, owing to 
 the bursting of its banks, caused chiefly by the large amount of 
 Icess brought down by the rapid current and deposited, gradually 
 raising its bed above the surrounding country, inundating 
 immense areas, and involving an enormous sacrifice of life and 
 property. The first recorded occurred more than 2200 years 
 B.C., and nine others are stated to have taken place during the 
 last twenty-five centuries ; the positions of the mouths of the 
 river resulting therefrom having ranged over an extent of coast- 
 line of some 5° of lat. The most important in recent history 
 was that of 1851-53, when after having for 500 years flowed in a 
 SE. direction from near Kaifung-fu into the Yellow Sea, it burst 
 on its 1. bk. , and after flooding a large extent of country, eventu- 
 ally cut the new bed for itself, and appropriated the channel of 
 the Tatsing-ho, which it still retains. In September 1887 another 
 deplorable breach occurred, on the r. bk. , also near Kaifung-fu, 
 705 
 
 HUXH — HYDE 
 
 which destroyed many towns and villages in Honan and Ngan- 
 hwei, but effectual measures were taken to repair the gap, and 
 it does not appear to have caused any permanent change in the 
 river's course. The H. is almost entirely unsuited to navigation ; a 
 shallow bar exists within the mouth of the river, but vessels 
 of light draught can ascend with difficulty about 150 m. to 
 Tsiho, the port of Tsinan-fu. Length, 2300 m. ; area of basin, 
 387,150 sq. m. Discharge of water at mouth, 116,000 cubic ft. 
 per second ; sediment deposited, 17,520 cubic ft. per annum. 
 As to the earlier changes in the course of the river, see Bulletin 
 Soc. Giog. Paris, May 1862 ; with regard to that in 1851-53, 
 Jour. R. G. S., 1870, p. 2. See also Raphael Pumpelly in 
 Smithsonian Contributions, xv. 
 
 Hwang-ju, tn., Korea, 94 m. NW. by N. Chemulpo, at the 
 head of the Tai-dong R. , in 38° 35' N. 
 Hwangplin, riv. , China. See Wusung. 
 Uwaugplug-cbou, tn., China, prov. Kweichau, 70 m. E. by 
 N. Kweiyang-fu. 
 
 Hwangyan, tn. , China, prov. Chekiang, 120 m. SE. Hang- 
 chow, io-i2m. inland from the head of Tai^ou Bay. P. 120,000. 
 Hwapln-sn, small isl. group in the China Sea, NE. of 
 Formosa, in about 25° 42' N., belonging to Japan. 
 
 Hweichon, tn., China, prov. Nganhwei, 97 m. W. by S. 
 Hangchow. 
 
 Hwelcbou-fn, or Hwntcbon-fu, tn. , China, prov. Kwang- 
 tung, on the 1. bk. of the Tung-kiang, 56 m. N. by E. Victoria 
 (Hong-kong). 
 
 Hwel- (or Hwal-) bo, riv., China, rises in the Fiuniu-shan 
 in the S. of prov. Honan, and flows E. into Lake Hungtse. 
 The name is also applied to the inlet in 34° N., which at one 
 time formed the estuary of the Hwang-ho before its change of 
 course in 1851-53. See also Wel-bo. 
 
 Hwelngau, tn. , China, prov. Fokien, on the E. ct. , 60 m. 
 NE. by E. Amoy, on the bay called Port IHatbeson. 
 Hwelynan-cblng, tn. , central Asia. See Knlja. 
 Hwila, vil., Portuguese W. Africa, Kabinda, on the coast, in 
 5° 33' S. 
 
 Hwlffordd, mun. bor. , Wales, Pembrokeshire. See Haver- 
 fordwest. 
 
 Hwoln-blen, or Kbavaila, tn., China, Pechili, 218 m. by 
 road SW. Peking, at the foot of the pass leading over the 
 Shansi Mts. to Tai-yuen-fu ; important commercial centre. 
 {Proc. R. G. S., 1890, p. 58.) 
 Hwnlcbon-fa. See Hwelcbon-fn. 
 Hyabary, riv. , S. America. See Yararl. 
 Hyannts, seapt., U.S., Massachusetts, Barnstable cc, on 
 the S. ct. , 33 m. E. New Bedford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hyattsvllle, tn., U.S., Maryland, Prince George's co. , ad- 
 joining Bladensburg. P. <20oo. 
 Hyeatn, tn. , Brazil. See Icatn. 
 
 Hyekbam, Nortb and Soutb, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Lincolnshire, Sleaford div., 4 m. SSW. Lincoln, i m. SE. by 
 S. of its stn. (Hykebam) on the M. R. H., Nortb, P.O., P. < 
 500 ; H., Soutb, P. <25o ; eccles. par. (H., Sontb, wltb Had- 
 dington) P. <250. 
 Hydasfes, riv. , India. See Jeblam. 
 
 Hyde, mun. bor. (since 1881) and market-tn., Eng., Cheshire, 
 Hyde div. , 4 m. NE. by E. Stockport, in the diocese of Chester, 
 with stns. (H., H. Junction, and H. Road) on the M. S. 
 & L. R.; with coal-mines, and felt hat trade, and machine, tool, 
 and boiler making ; engineering also extensively carried on. 
 H. was formerly included in the 'Ancient Forest of Maccles- 
 field.' Market-day, S. Mun. bor. P. (1891) 30,700; pari. div. 
 P. (1891) 57,500. 
 Hyde, part of par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire. See Plnnock. 
 Hyde, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., iij 
 m. S. Salisbury, 2 m. SE. by E. Fordingbridge stn. P. < 1000. 
 Hyde, post-tn., New Zealand, South I., Waihemo co., 75 
 m. NW. Dunedin. 
 
 Hyde, co., U.S., N. Carolina, on the Atlantic, crossed by 
 3Si° N. 
 
 Hyde, co. , U.S., South Dakota, between 44° and 45° N. and 
 99° and 100° W. 
 
 Hyde, East, eccles. par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Luton par. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Hyde, Nortb, hamlet, Eng., Middlesex, 2 m. from Southall, 
 P.O. 
 
 Hyde, West, eccles. par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, Watford div. , 
 8 m. WNW. Harrow, PM.O. P.<750. 
 
 Hyde Park, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co., on Ne- 
 ponset R., 7 m. SSW. Boston. P. (1880) 7100; (1890) 10,200. 
 Hyde Park, vil, U.S., New York, Dutchess co., on the 1. 
 bk. of Hudson R., 6 m. N. Poughkeepsie. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Hyde Park, tn., U.S., Vermont, Lamoille co., on Lamoille 
 R. , 32 m. E. by N. Burlington ; with large tanneries, producing 
 a great variety of high class leathers. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hyde Park, New, vil., U.S., New York, Queens co., 17 m. 
 E. New York by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hyde Park Corner, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Middle- 
 sex, 6 m. from London. P. <i5oo. 
 
 2 V 
 
HYDE — IBLE 
 
 Hyderabad, state and city, India. See Haldar&bM. 
 Hyderabad Assigned Districts. See Beriir. 
 Hydergarb, pass, India. See Hosangadl. 
 
 Hydra, isL , Greece, 42 m. S. by W. Athens, is a mere barren 
 rock, but on its N. side is the fortified town of H. , with three 
 small harbours, and an active trade, which previous to the ac- 
 quisition of Greek independence was the most extensive in the 
 jEgean. The people, descendants of Albanian settlers who 
 established themselves on the island in 1730, are noted for their 
 seamanship. Area, 20 sq. m. P. (comm. ) 6500. 
 
 Hydron, isL, between Hydra and the mainland, 4 m. in 
 length by 2 m. across. 
 
 Hy^res, group of isls. , S. ct. of France. The most important 
 are Port-Cros, Porquerolles, Titan, and Bagaud or Bagueau, 
 the first three with forts, Port-Cros with harbotu". Ancient 
 Stxchades. 
 
 Hy^res, tn., France, dep. Var., arr. and 11 m. E. Toulon, 
 with roadstead formed by the Hyferes Is. It stands on a hill 
 over 600 ft. high, crowned by mined walls and towers, 2 or 3 m. 
 back from the sea, protected by hills and islands from most 
 winds, but exposed to the mistral. P. 8300. 
 
 Hyghab, or Hygaab, water-course. See Becbnana-land 
 {crown colony). 
 
 Hykebam, Eng. , Lincolnshire. See HycUiam. 
 
 Hyllpol, eccles. par., Scot., Argyllshire, Tyree par. P. <: 
 1500. 
 
 Hylton (hil'ton), par., Eng., Durham, Houghton-le-Spring 
 ■div. , on the L bk. of the Wear, 3 m. W. Sunderland, on the 
 NE. R., with shipbuilding, and iron and paper and cement 
 works, PMT.O., and P.O. (North H.). P. < 1500; eccles. 
 par. (H., Nortb, and Castleto'wn) P. < 1500 ; eccles. par. (H., 
 South) P. <:3000. 
 
 Hymettos, mountain ridge of Greece, 6 m. SE. Athens, 
 height 3370 ft. , celebrated in modern as in ancient times for its 
 abundance of herbs and honey. 
 
 Hymlsh, viL, Scot., Argyllshire, on the SE. ct. of Tiree I., 
 at the S. end of H. Bay. 
 
 Hyndland, stn., Scot., Lanarkshire, Partick div., on the 
 N. B. R. , in a W. suburb of Glasgow. 
 
 Hyndman, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Bedford co., 83 SE. 
 
 by E. Pittsburg, in an excellent iron ore and limestone district. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 HySgo, ken or prefecture, Japan, cap. Kobe. 
 
 Hypate, or Nea Patra, comm. , Greece, prov. Phthiotis and 
 Phocis, 31 m. SSW. Pharsalos. P. 5400. 
 
 Hymm, city, U.S., Utah, Cache co., 8 m. from Logan. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Hyson Green, eccles. par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Radford, 
 Lenton, and Basford pars., close to Nottingham. P. 16,100. 
 
 Hysslngton, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 6 m. E. by S. 
 Montgomery, 3 m. NW. Lydham Heath stn. P. <5oo ; eccles, 
 par. (H. -with Snead) P. <5oo. 
 
 Hythe, Anglo-Saxon, ' a port,' or 'haven.' 
 
 Hjrttae (haith), south-eastern suburb of Colchester, of which it 
 is the port, Eng. , Essex, included in the parL bor. of Colchester, 
 on the G. E. R. 
 
 Hythe, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., on 
 the S. shore of Southampton Water, 2 m. S. Southampton, 
 PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Hythe, parL bor., mun. bor. (since the reign of Elizabeth), 
 market-tn. , and watering-place, and one of the Cinque Ports, 
 Eng., Kent, on the S. ct. , 4J m. W. Folkestone, in the diocese 
 of Canterbury and deanery of Elham, on the SE. R. H. is visited 
 in summer for bathing, and has a town-hall and market-house 
 (rebuilt by the Corporation in 1794), barracks, royal school of 
 musketry, and a fine sea wall, extending to Sandgate. The 
 harbour was destroyed by the encroachment of the sea about 
 the latter half of the last century, and only small fishing-boats 
 can approach. Mean r fall. ( 1 866- 80) , 36. 8 in. P M T. O. Market- 
 day, Th. Mim. bor. P. <:4Soo ; pari. bor. (including Folkestone 
 and Sandgate) P. (1891) 35,500. 
 
 Hythe, Xew, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Kent. See Mailing, 
 East. 
 
 Hythe, West, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Kent. See lympne. 
 
 Hynga, kuni or sub-prefecture of Kagoshima, Japan. 
 
 Hynga, kuni or sub-prefecture of Miyazaki, Japan. 
 
 Hyumha, riv. , Brazil. See Jnrna. 
 
 Hyntanaham, the lowest falls on the riv. Purus, Brazil, 
 65° 45' W. Steamers subsidised by the government ascend to 
 this point. 
 
 /, Gaelic, ' an island.' 
 
 lacyreta, Isla, an isL in the riv. Parana, in the S. of Para- 
 guay, in 56° 22'-45' W. 
 
 lagaaron, vil. , Paraguay, 25 m. SE. by E. Asimcion. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Ialoml|A, or Jalomltsa, riv. , Roumania, rises in the Transyl- 
 vanian Alps, and flows S. , ESE. , and E. to the Danube, which 
 it joins on the 1. bk. in about 44° 44' N. 
 
 lamboli, or Jamboll, Eastern Roumelia. See Jambol. 
 
 lareonnanght, dist., Ire., co. Galway {3.V.), between Lough 
 Corrib and Kilkieran and Galvray Bays; now forming bar. 
 MoycuUen. 
 
 larpos, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Yarpnz. 
 
 lasl, or Jassy, tn. and prov. , Roimiania. See Tassy. 
 
 latinum, tn. , France. See Heanx. 
 
 Iba, comm., Philippine Is., W. ct. Luzon, 85 m. NW. by W. 
 Manila, P. -c 2000. 
 
 Ibadan, walled city, W. Afirica, Yoruba country, 83 m. 
 NNE. Lagos. P. 120,000; including the numerous \'inages 
 outside the waEs, 200,000. (Proc. R. G. S., 1891, p. 583.) 
 
 Ibagne, tn. , Colombia, cap. dep. ToUma, 90 m. W. Bogota. 
 In the dist. are warm springs and un worked sulphur and silver 
 mines. Guataquisito is the p)ort of I. on the Magdalena, with 
 which river it will shortly be united by rail Alt. 4260 ft. 
 P. (with dist.) 13,000. 
 
 Ibane and Barryroe, bar. , Ire. , on S. ct. of co. Cork. 
 
 Ibang, dist. in the Shan States of Indo-China, N. of 22° N. , 
 between 101° and 102° E. ; produces the famous Puerh tea. 
 
 Ibansa, riv. , Congo Free State. See Hongalla. 
 
 Ibanshl, chief tn. of the Bakuba, Congo Free State, in 4° 57' 
 S., 21° 33' E. 
 
 Ibar, riv. , Balkan Penin. , rises in Albania, near the Monte- 
 negrin frontier, and flows E., N., and NE. to the Morava, which 
 it joins on the r. bk. in the SW. of Ser\aa. 
 
 Ibaragi, or Ibarakl, a ken or prefecture, Japan, E. ct. , main 
 island crossed by 38° N. ; cap. Mito. 
 
 Ibarra, tn., Ecuador, cap. prov. Imbabura, 50 m. NE. by 
 N. Quito. Seat of a bishopric; founded 1606; completely 
 destroyed by the earthquake of 1868. P. 5000. 
 
 Ibb, mountain fortress, Yemen, Arabia, on the eastern road 
 irom Aden to Sana, 100 m. NW. by N. Aden. 
 
 Ibbenbttren, comm. and tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 
 706 
 
 circle Tecklenburg, 21 m. N. by E. Miinster, with mines of 
 coal, iron and lead ore. Comm. P. 5700 ; tn. P. <3C)oo. 
 
 Ibberton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 11 m. SE. by 
 E. Sherborne, 3 m. SW. ShiUingstone stn., P.O. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (I. with Belchalivell) P. <5oo. 
 
 Ibbesley, par. , Eng. See Ibsley. 
 
 Ibea, a name invented for Brit. E. Africa, composed of the 
 initials of the Imperial Brit. E. Africa (Co.). See British East 
 Africa. 
 
 Ibenga, riv., equatorial Africa, flows S. by E. into the 
 Ubangi, which it enters in 2° 16' N., 18° 17' E.; navigable to 
 3° N. , 18° E. 
 
 Ibera, lake, Argentine Republic. See Corrlentes, prov. 
 
 Iberg, Ober and Unter, two adjacent comms. , Switzd. , cant. 
 and 7 m. ENE. Schwiz, near the source of the Sihl. P. 
 (together) <3ooo. 
 
 Iberia, or Iberian Penlnsnla, the SW. portion of Europe, 
 comprising Spain and Portugal. 
 
 Iberia, co., U.S., Louisiana, in the SE., on Vermillion Bay, 
 Gulf of Mexico, W. of 91° W. 
 
 Iberia, Xew, tn., U.S., Louisiana, cap. I. par. (co.), on 
 r. bk. Mississippi, 103 m. W. New Orleans. P. <4000. 
 
 Iberrllle, tn. , Canada. See St. Athanase. 
 
 Iberrllle, co. , Canada, Quebec, bounded on the W. by the 
 riv. Richelieu, S. of 45^° N. 
 
 Iberville, co., U.S., Louisiana, in the SE., partly bounded 
 on the E. by the Mississippi, to the N. of 30° N. 
 
 Ibl, comm., Spain, prov. Alicante, dist. Jijona. P. < 4000. 
 
 Ibl, vil., W. Africa, on the 1. bk. of the Benue, in about 
 9° 44' E. , the headquarters on the Benue of the Royal Niger 
 Company. 
 
 Iblas, comm., Spain, prov. Oviedo, dist Cangas de Tineo. 
 P. 6600. 
 
 Iblcny, viL, Paraguay, 60 m. SE. Asuncion. It has an 
 arsenal, marine and military works. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ibleny-gnassv, trib. of the Uruguay, Brazil, prov. Rio 
 Grande do Sul ; navigable. 
 
 Ibltimi, vil. , Paraguay, 54 m. SE. by E. Asuncion. P. <:2ooa 
 
 Iblza. See Irlza. 
 
 Ible, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 4 m. SW. by W. 
 Matlock. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ibleam, place named in O. T. See Yebla. 
 
I BLO — I C K L 
 
 Iblo, tn., China, prov. Kwangtung, 63 m. E. Canton, on 
 the r. bk. of the Tung-kiang. 
 
 Ibii Ibr&k, vil. , Palestine, Bene Berak in the O. T. , 32° 2' N. , 
 34° 49' E. , 4 m. E. by S. Jaffa (ancient Joppa). 
 
 Ibo, isl. , Portuguese E. Africa, to the E. of Kissanga, in 
 12° 20' S. , 100 m. S. Cape Delgado, with a fort and small town. 
 
 Ibo, tn. , W. Africa. See Abo. 
 
 Ibo, or Igbo, people, W. Africa, dwelling chiefly E. of the 
 Niger, just N. of the delta ; industrious agriculturists. 
 
 Ibra, old tn. , Arabia, Oman, 60 m. SSW. Muscat. 
 
 Ibrahim, Arabian form of Abraham. 
 
 Ibrahim, the ancient Adonis, riv. , Syria, pash. of Tripoli, 
 enters the Mediterranean about midway between that city and 
 Beirut. 
 
 IbraUm, Lake, or Cilta Nzlge, lake, central Africa, in the 
 course of the Nile, 54 m. NW. of its outlet from Lake Victoria 
 Nyanza. 
 
 Ibralilmla, stn. , eastern Sudan, 95 m. S. by E. Gondokoro, 
 on the Unyama, near its confluence with the Nile, in 3° 35' N.; 
 founded by Sir Samuel Baker. 
 
 Ibrlckan, bar. , Ire. , in the W. of co. Clare. 
 
 Ibrlm, vil. , Upper Egypt, 124 m. SSW. Assuan, on the r. bk. 
 of the Nile, between the first and second cataract ; site of the 
 Primis parva of the Romans. 
 
 Ibros, comm. , Spain, prov. Jaen, dist. Baeza. P. <4000. 
 
 Ibrox, stn., Scot., Lanarkshire, Partick div., on the 
 G. & SW. R., in a SW. suburb of Glasgow. 
 
 Ibsambul. See Ipsambnl. 
 
 Ibsley, or Ibbesley, par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest 
 div., on the Avon, 12 m. NNE. Bournemouth, 3 m. N. Ring- 
 wood stn. , P. O. P. <25o. See Fordlngbrldge. 
 
 Ibstock, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, div. and 4I m. N. Bos- 
 worth, I m. E. Heather and I. stn., on L. & NW. R., with 
 coal, PMT.O. P.<3000. 
 
 Ibstoue, or Ipstone, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire and Bucking- 
 hamshire, on the E. border of the county, Henley div. , 12^ m. 
 N. by E. Reading, P.O. (Ibstone). P. <5oo. See Flngest. 
 
 Ibnrg, market-tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Melle, 9 m. 
 S. Osnabriick, with mines of coal, sand, and limestone. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ibztk, ruins, Palestine, Bezek in the O. T. , 32° 22' N., 35° 24' 
 E. , 13 m. NE. Nablus. 
 
 lea, tn. , Peru, cap. dep. and prov. I., 180 m. SE. by S. 
 Lima ; copper mined. Ruined by earthquakes in 1647 and 1644 ; 
 the surrounding country is very fertile. P. 9000. 
 
 lea, a trib. of the Amazon. See Patmnayo. 
 
 Icaria, isl., Asiatic Turkey. See Kariot. 
 
 Icatn, or Hycatn, tn., Brazil, prov. and 32 m. ESE. 
 Maranhao, and 15^ m. E. Rosario, on Sao Marcos Bay. 
 
 Iccomb, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 15 m. 
 N. Lechlade, ij m. E. Stow stn., P.O. (Icomb). P. <25o. 
 
 Iceland, an isl. belonging to Denmark, in the Atlantic 
 Ocean, 700 m. W. Norway, and about 300 m. E. Greenland, 
 between 63° 24' and 66° 33' N. , being immediately S. of the 
 Polar Circle, and 13° 30-24° 30' W. The N. and W. coasts 
 of the island are deeply indented with numerous deep fjords, 
 which penetrate far inland ; and the NW. portion forms a large 
 peninsula, almost isolated. The interior is a vast plateau region 
 about 2000 ft. in height, with a gradual slope northward, com- 
 posed of volcanic matter, and consists for the most part of sand 
 and lava deserts, often absolutely without grass, affording no 
 possibilities for the existence of human settlements. Two chains 
 of volcanic mountains rise on each side of the Faxa Fjord on the 
 W. , and cross the plateau in an easterly direction, upon which 
 extensive glaciers exist, occupying an area of about 5200 sq. m. , 
 ranging in height from 2920 to 6400 ft. Numerous peaks rise 
 on the plateau in all parts of the island to over 4000 ft., the 
 highest summits being Oraefa Jokull, 6431 ft. , on the SE. coast, 
 Snaefell, 5984 ft., and Hekla, 5105 ft. The coast is fringed by 
 a belt of rich pasture land, which lies along the more level parts 
 and up the river- valleys, but these are not e.xtensive, and com- 
 prise only one-fourteenth part of the island. There are many 
 large streams, which flow generally with great rapidity ; the 
 longest, Thjorsa, has a SW. course of 120 ra. Lakes are 
 numerous. L contains many active volcanoes, and has for 
 centuries been the scene of the most violent eruptions ; of Hekla 
 there have been twenty-one within historic times ; the lava fields, 
 which are scored with deep rocky clefts and fissures, cover an 
 area of 4500 sq. m. Solfataras and hot springs are found 
 throughout the whole island, the chief of which is the Great 
 Geyser, whose waters are thrown up to a height of over 100 ft. 
 The climate is very variable, generally raw, cold, and humid ; 
 violent storms are frequent, and snow is experienced in the 
 middle of summer ; sand-storms are also often troublesome. The 
 Gulf Stream raises the mean temp, during winter to the highest 
 point which it reaches in the Polar basin, viz., 30°-35 F., 
 whilst in summer it prevents it rising above 45°-So . See 
 ReykJaTlk. Forests formerly abounded, but the island is now 
 destitute of trees, except a few stunted beeches ; and the flora 
 consists only of mosses and a few shrubs. No grain of any kind 
 can be raised, but cabbages, potatoes, and rhubarb are culti- 
 
 vated. Mineral deposits exist, but no attempt has been made 
 to utilise them ; and sulphur mines, which it is believed might 
 be rendered productive; coal has also been discovered. The 
 chief riches of the country consists in its luxuriant meadow-land 
 and the abundance of fish and birds. Ponies, cattle, and sheep 
 are reared, in which a trade is carried on with Great Britain. 
 There are no roads in the island. I. was discovered by the 
 Norsemen in the 9th century, and colonisation was commenced 
 in 874. It continued as a republic until 1292, when the union 
 with Norway took place. I. fell into the hands of Denmark in 
 1389, in whose possession it has since remained. In 1854 trade 
 was made free, and in 1874 the Icelanders obtained a free consti- 
 tution of their own. The island is divided into three avits, or 
 provs. , subdivided into nineteen syssel or parishes. The popula- 
 tion, which is exclusively confined to the lowlands, is annually 
 decreasing, and extensive emigration to Manitoba and NW. 
 Canada is .taking place. Cap. Reykjavik, which, with Akreyri, 
 are the only villages on the island. Area, 34,850 sq. m. P. 
 (1880)72,000; (1888)69,000. 
 
 Iceni, a tribe of Britons which dwelt in that part of Britannia 
 now known as Norfolk and parts of Cambridge, Suffolk, and 
 Hunts. 
 
 lehaboe, isl. , SW. ct. Africa, belonging to Cape Colony, in 
 26° 18' S., half a mile in circumference, and abounds with sea- 
 fowl. Guano is shipped to the extent of 2000 tons annually. 
 
 Ichak, municip., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Hazdribdgh, 55 
 m. SSE. Gayd. P. (1881)7300; (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Ichang, tn. , and treaty-port since 1876, China, prov. Hupe, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Yangtse-kiang, 165 m. W. Hankow, in 
 30° 39' N. , 111° 10' E. , at the limit of steam navigation. Here 
 commences the gorges of I. and the long series of rapids extend- 
 ing for 100 m. as far as Kweichau-fu ; and below the town 
 vessels ascend with difficulty owing to the rocky nature of the 
 river-bed and the velocity of the current. On this account, as 
 well as from the objection of Chinese merchants, very little 
 trade is carried on, and its importance with respect to European 
 commerce is of small account. The vicinity of the town is 
 subject to inundations. Alt. 500 ft. Mean temp. (1880), yr. 
 63.0° F. , Jan. 39.6°, July 80.4°. P. (1878) 33,600. 
 
 Ichang, tn., China, in extreme S. of prov. Hunan, 170 m. 
 NNW. Canton, on the road crossing the Cheling Pass. 
 
 IchJlpiir, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 30 m. SW. 
 Ganjdm. P. (1881) 5500 ; (1891) 5900 ; Hindus, 5700. 
 
 Ichaull, tn. , Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Bara Banki, in 26° 58' 
 N., 81° 37' E. P. (i89i)<:5ooo. 
 
 Ich&war (census Iclihawar), tn. , Central India, state Bhopil. 
 P. (1891) 5000 ; Hindus, 3500 ; Moham. 1200. 
 
 Ichenhausen, market-tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, 
 circle Giinzburg, 14 m. E. by S. Ulm. P. <3000. 
 
 Ichi, Japanese, ' a fair.' 
 
 lehluoseki, Japan. See Iival. 
 
 lelikerla, terr. in Caucasia, now S. part of Groznyi dist. of 
 prov. of Terek, on upper part of Aksai R. 
 
 Ichou, tn., China, prov. Pechili, 60 m. SW. by W. Peking. 
 
 Ichon, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, 230 m. SW. Chifu, 220 
 m. N. by W. Nanking. 
 
 Ichon, tn. , Manchuria, Liautung, 102 m. W. by S. Muk- 
 den, near the palisade. 
 
 Ichowra, missionary stn., Brit. Guiana, on the Potaro R. , 
 near its mouth. 
 
 Ichteghem, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. 
 Ostend. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ichtershansen, market-tn. , Ger. , duchy Saxe-Koburg-Gotha, 
 circle and 12 m. ESE. Gotha. P. <3000. 
 
 Ichtlman, tn., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. Tatar- 
 Pazardzik, 51 m. WNW. Philippopolis. P. <:4000. 
 
 lei, Slavonic patronymic plural termination indicating a clan, 
 and sometimes the settlement occupied by it ; occasionally con- 
 nected by ov'with the stem, thus Rodovici, ' the family of Rod 
 and their village.' 
 
 Ickbnrgh, par., Eng., Norfolk. See Igborongh. 
 
 Ickenham, par., Eng., Middlesex, div. and 2 m. NE. 
 Uxbridge stn., 4J m. W. by S. Harrow, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ickford, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Buckingham div., 11^ 
 m. W. by S. Aylesbury, i| m. N. Tiddington stn., P.O. P. < 
 500. 
 
 Ickham, par. , Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div. , on the Little 
 Stour, 4I m. E. Canterbury, •z\ m. NE. Bekesbourne stn. P. 
 
 Ickleford, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, div. and close to Hitchin 
 stn., 9 m. NE. Luton, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Icklesham, par. , Eng. , Sussex, div. and 4 m. SW. by W. 
 Rye, 2 m. SW. Winchelsea stn., P.O.; 5188 ac. P. <20oo; 
 eccles. par. (I. M'lth Kye Harbour) P. < 1000. 
 
 Ickletou, par. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire, Newmarket div. , on 
 the Granta, 9J m. S. by E. Cambridge, x\ m. NW. by N. 
 Great Chesterford stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Ickllngham, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., on the 
 Lark, 7J m. NW. by N. Bury St. Edmunds, 4 m. E. by S. 
 Mildenhall stn., P.O. ; 6762 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 707 
 
I CKN — I FFE 
 
 Icknleld Port Road, stn., Eng., Birmingham, Edgbaston 
 div., on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Icknleld Street, ancient Roman road in England, running 
 SW. from Norwich to the valley of the Kennet. 
 
 Icknleld Street, Upper, ancient road, Eng. See Ryknleld 
 Street. 
 
 Ick^forth, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Stowraarket div. , 3I m. SW. 
 by W. Bury St. Edmunds. P. <25o. See Hornlngsheatli. 
 
 Ic6, tn. , Brazil, state and 175 m. SSW^ Ceara. 
 
 Icod, comm. , Canary Is. , W. ct. of Tenerife, dist. La Orotava. 
 P. 5800. 
 
 IcolnikUl (ai-kom-kil'), or I-Colnnit»klU. See lona. 
 
 Icomb, par. , Eng. See Iccomb. 
 
 Iconium, tn., Asia Minor. See Konla. 
 
 Iconlnm, or Roam, a kingdom embracing nearly the whole 
 of Asia Minor at the period of the Crusades. 
 
 Icononzo, natural bridge, Colombia. See Bogota. 
 
 Ida, or [dan. See Ait. 
 
 Ida, mt. See Crete, isl. , and Kaz Dagb. 
 
 Ida, bar. , Ire. , in the SE. of co. Kilkenny. 
 
 Ida, post-tn., Queensland, co. Cook, 2 m. NE. Maytown. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ida, CO., U.S., Iowa, N. of 42° N., and midway between 
 95° and 96"' W. 
 
 Ida, or Iddab, viL and English mission stn., W. Africa, 
 Igara country, on the 1. bk. of the Niger, in about 7° 6' N., 
 6 44' E. Climate very healthy. P. about 8000. 
 
 Idaarderadeel, comm. and tn., Holland, in the middle of 
 prov. Friesland, 5 m. S. Leeu warden. P. 5600. 
 
 Ida GroTC, tn., U.S., Iowa, Ida co., on Maple R., 48 m. E. 
 by S. Sioux City. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Idabo (Indian, 'jewel of the mountain'), co., U.S., Idaho, 
 extending E. and W. from Oregon to Montana. 
 
 Idaho, city, U.S., Idaho, cap. of Boise co., 50 m. NE. Boise, 
 the centre of a very important mining region. P. <200o. 
 
 Idabo', one of the U.S., in the Rocky Moimtain regfion, 
 nearly as large as Great Britain ; cap. Boise ; the only town in 
 1890 with more than 2000 inhabitants. The country is a wedge- 
 shaped tableland, mean elevation 4700 ft. , rising from 670 ft. in 
 the W. , at the confluence of the Clearwater with the Snake, to 
 10,000 ft. m the E. , at the summit of the Rocky Mts. The sur- 
 face is greatly diversified. The principal mountains are the 
 Rockies, on the E. frontier, with their NW. continuations, Bitter 
 Root, Coeur d'AlSne, and Cabinet Ranges ; in the centre are the 
 Clearwater, Salmon, and Sawtooth; in the SE., Snake River 
 Mts. ; in the SW. , Owyhee Mts. Tracts of good arable land are 
 interspersed, as the Camas Prairie, S. of the Salmon R.; Palouse 
 Valley, in the NW., noted for grain ; -Boise and Payette Valleys. 
 The SE. borders on the Yellowstone Park, and partakes of the 
 character of that region. The S. is mainly a great lava desert, 
 400 m. by 50 m., intersected by deep canons, though some of 
 the southern tribs. of the Snake have fertile valleys ; an alkali 
 desert occupies the SW. The principal rivers are the Snake or 
 Shoshone, which has a course of about 1000 m. in Idaho, and 
 drains about two-thirds of the state ; r. bk. tribs. , Napati, Wood, 
 Bois6, Salmon, and Clearwater (the only one navigable) ; L bk. , 
 Owyhee. The Snake is navigable for about 100 m. below the 
 confluence of the Bois6. The Panhandle, as the narrow N. 
 portion of the state is called, is traversed by Clark's Ford, 
 Kootenay, and Spokane, tribs. of the Columbia. There are 
 several lakes, including Bear in the SE., Pend d' Oreille and 
 Kanisha in the NW. Forests cover more than one-sixth of the 
 state. The geological structure is exceedingly complicated. A 
 wide band of volcanic rock curves from S. to NE. ; in the SE. , 
 rocks belong mainly to the Mesozoic and Kainozoic eras ; in the 
 centre. Quaternary dep>osits predominate ; traversed N. and S. 
 by narrow, often alternating, bands of Permo-Carboniferous and 
 Archaean rocks ; the latter also occur in the NE. The climate 
 varies with altitude [Boise, Leivlston]. In the S. irrigation is 
 essential to agriculture, about two-thirds of the farms being 
 irrigated. Minerals abound, but are as yet imperfectly de- 
 velopied ; silver and gold are the most imf)ortant ; the Rocky 
 Mountain region, Owyhee, and other dists. have rich deposits ; 
 as a lead-producing state, Idaho ranks second ; more than three- 
 fourths of the lead is obtained in the Shoshone dist; copper, 
 iron, and coal also occur. The Union Pacific Rly. traverses 
 the SE. and S. , and the Northern Pacific Rly. the N. , of the 
 state. There are various Indian reservations, including Fort 
 Hall in the S. and Lemhi in the E., both inhabited by the 
 Shoshone and related tribes ; the Nez Percys, near the Clear- 
 water ; and the Skizoomish Indians, near Coeur d'A16ne Lake. 
 Area, 84,800 sq. m. P. 84,385. See United States, table. 
 [E. jr. H.] 
 
 Idabo Springs, tn., U.S., Colorado, Clear Creek co., 28 m. 
 W. Denver ; well known for its hot and cold mineral springs. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Idalla, riv., Cyprus, flowing NE. then E. into Famagusta 
 Bay. 
 
 Idanba-a-noTa, tn., central Portugal, prov. Beira, on the 
 Ponsul, dist. and 16 m. ENE. Castello-branco. P. <4ooo. 
 7U8 
 
 Idar, tn., Ger., gd.-duchy Oldenburg, princip. Birkenfeld, 
 30 m. E. Treves (Trier). P. <5ooo. 
 
 Idarwald, highland dist., Prussia, Rhine Prov., between the 
 Moselle and the NE. end of the principality of Birkenfeld. 
 
 Idbnry, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury div., 13^ m. W. 
 by N. \\'oodstock, 2 m. SW. Chipping Norton June. P. <2Sa 
 See Flfleld. 
 
 Iddab, tn. , W. Africa, on the Niger. See Ida. 
 
 Iddeslelgb (idz'li), par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 
 13J m. SE. by S. Bideford, 8 m. W. by S. Eggesford stn., P.O. 
 P. <:Soo. 
 
 Iddlnsball, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, 8jm. NE. Chester. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ide, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div., 2 m. SW. Exeter. 
 P.O. P.<:7So. 
 
 Ideford, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 4 m. NW. 
 Teignmouth, 2| ra. ESE. Chudleigh stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ide Hill, hill and eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div. , 
 7J m. WNW. Tunbridge, 3 m. ESE. Westerham stn., PMT.O. 
 Height of hill, 772 ft. P. < 1000. 
 
 Idelep, tn. , Syria. See Idllb. 
 
 Iden, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 2 m. N. by W. Rye, P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Iderml, Wadl. See Draa, Wadl. 
 
 Idbna, vil., Palestine, Dannah in the O. T., 31° 34' N., 
 34° 58' E., 8 m. WNW. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Idlazabal, viL, N. Spain, prov. Vizcaya, dist. and 15 m. 
 SW. Tolosa, at the foot of the Puerto de Idiazabal. P. <2O0o. 
 See Cantabrlan Mountains. 
 
 Idle, riv. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, formed by the junction of 
 the Maun and Meden, after a N. and E. course, joins the Trent 
 4 m. below Gainsborough ; at E. Retford it is crossed by the 
 Chesterfield Canal. 
 
 Idle, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Shipley div. , 
 3 m. N. by E. Bradford, on the G. N. R. P. 14,500; tn. 
 P. 7100. 
 
 Idllb, Idelep, Edllpo, or Idllp, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, vilayet 
 and sanjak AlepfX), 31 m. SE. by E. Antioch, with flourishing 
 silk industry. The surroimding dist. produces the best Syrian 
 cotton. P. 13,400; Moham. 11,400; Christians, 2000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Idllcote, par. , Eng. , Warwick, div. and 9 m. SE. Stratford- 
 on-Avon, 4^ m. S. by E. Ettington stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Idmlston, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Wilton div. , on the Bourne, 
 
 6 m. NE. by N. Salisbury, close to Porton stn.; 5492 ac. P. < 
 500 ; eccles. par. (I. wltb Porton) P. <75o. 
 
 Idrea, New, viL, U.S., California, Fresno co. , 60 m. SE. 
 Gilroy, with quicksilver mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Idrla, or Idrlja, mining tn., Austria, Carniola, 20 m. E. by 
 N. Gorz. It has an old castle, now used for the residence of the 
 mining director, and for the government offices connected with 
 its celebrated quicksilver mine, the next in importance to those 
 of Almaden in Spain among the quicksilver mines of Europe ; 
 has also iron and copper mines. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Idrldgebay and Alton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 
 
 7 ra. S. by W. Matlock, with stn. (I.) on the M. R., PM.O. 
 (Idrldgehay). P. <5oo. 
 
 Idro, Lake, the ancient Edrinius La^us, N. Italy, prov. and 
 17 m. NE. Brescia, intermediate between the Lakes Garda and 
 Iseo. It is traversed by the Chiese, an affluent of the Po, and 
 it has on its W. side the fortress Rocca d'Anfo, and at its SE. 
 extremity the vil. Idro-Alto. Length, 6.2 m.; greatest width, 
 1.2 m. Alt. 1205 ft. 
 
 Idrone, East and West, two bars., Ire., co. Carlow, on 
 opposite sides of the riv. Barrow. 
 
 Idsteln, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Untertaunus, 
 9^ m. N. Wiesbaden. P. < 3000. 
 
 Idstone, tithing, Eng., Berkshire, Abingdon div., 6 m. E. 
 Swindon, 2i m. S. by E. Shrivenham stn. 
 
 Idsn'Sblma, isl. , at the entrance to the Bay of Tokyo, Japan. 
 
 Idswortb, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 11^ m. 
 NE. Portsmouth, 2i m. N. Rowlands Castle stn. P. -csoo. 
 See Cbalton. 
 
 Idntywa Reserve, dist., Cape Colony, dist. Transkei, 73 m. 
 NNE. East London. 
 
 Idznml and Idzuml-uada. See Iznml and Izomi-nada. 
 
 lelgawa, tn. , Russia. See Friedrlcbstadt. 
 
 lerne. See Ireland. 
 
 leverstown, tnld., Ire., SE. co. Clare, bar. Lower Bunratty, 
 
 8 m. NW. Limerick. P. <2SO. 
 
 If, an islet off the S. ct. of France, dep. Bouches-du-Rh6ne, 
 opposite Marseilles, wholly occupied with a fortress. It owes 
 its name to the jfews (ifs), with which it was originally covered. 
 Lighthouse, visible 9 m. 
 
 Ifalnk, Ifallk, Ifelnk, or Wilson, group in the Pacific, 
 Caroline Is., the northern point of the largest island 7° 15' N., 
 143° 16' E. 
 
 Ifat, or Efat, eastern prov. of Shoa, E. Africa, NE. of 
 Ankobar. 
 
 Iffa and Offa, East and West, two bars.. Ire., in the SE. 
 and S. of co. Tipperary. 
 
 IflTerten, Switzd. See I'verdon. 
 
I F F L — I K A T 
 
 Iflaey, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Henley div. , on the 1. bk. of 
 the Thames, i^ ra. SE. Oxford, P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Ilield, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 3 m. S. Gravesend, 
 li m. NNE. Meopham stn. P. <25o. See Nnrsted. 
 
 Ifleld, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 6J m. NE. Horsham, i^ 
 m. NW. Crawley stn. , P.O.; 4133 ac. P. <30oo; eccles. par. 
 (I. with West Green) P. <3ooo. 
 
 Iflaul, an upland region in the N. of Asia Minor, Anatolia, 
 SE. Amaserah and W. of Kastamuni, with a mean elevation 
 of 2500 ft. , and in which are the two villages, /fiani of Kas- 
 tamuni and Ifla7ii of Zafaran Boli. 
 
 Iford, P.O., Eng., Hampshire, on the Stour, 2 m. W. 
 Christchurch, i| m. NE. Boscombe stn. 
 
 Iford, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 2 m. S. Lewes, P.O. 
 P. <25o. See Kingston. 
 
 Iford, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Wiltshire. See Westwood. 
 
 Ifton, par., Eng., Monmouth, S. div., 6 m. SW. Chepstow, 
 3 m. W. Severn Tunnel June. P. <25o. See Roggiett. 
 
 Iga, a kuni or old prov., now in Mie (Miye) ken, Japan. 
 
 Igarape, riv. arm. See Amazon River. 
 
 Igarap<^ Mlriiu, one of the channels of the delta of the riv. 
 Tocantins, Brazil, prov. Para, and also small town situated on it. 
 
 Igatpnri, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Nasik, 72 m. NE. 
 Bombay, to the E. of the Thai Ghlt. P. (1881) 6300; (1891) 
 7500 ; Hindus, 4800. 
 
 Igawawen, real name of the confederation of Berber tribes, 
 called by the Arabs Zuawa. 
 
 Igbaga, tn., W. Africa, Yoruba country. P. 15,000. 
 
 Igbegbe, vil., western Sudan, on the S. bk. of the Benue, 
 near its confluence with the Niger, with English mission stn. 
 and important trade. 
 
 Igbessa, tn. and dist., W. Africa, 20 m. NW. Lagos, within 
 the British protectorate. 
 
 Igbldo, vil. , Africa, on the Niger. See Budon. 
 
 Igbo, viL , W. Africa, 35 m. E. by S. Abbeokuta. 
 
 Igbo, people, W. Africa. See Ibo. 
 
 Igborongh, or Ickbnrgli, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, SW. div. , 
 20 m. ENE. Ely, 9 m. S. by W. Swaffham, s\ m. NNE. 
 Brandon stn. P. <25o. See Laugford. 
 
 Igdyr, vil., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 33 m. SW. 
 Erivan, chief town of Surmalinsk dist. P. 3000. 
 
 Igelsbiel), vil., Ger., duchy Saxe-Meiningen, circle Sonne- 
 berg, with printing on porcelain, glass factory for chemical and 
 scientific apparatus. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Iggelbelm, comm., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Rhine Palatinate, 
 circle Ludwigshafen, 7 m. NW. Spires. P. <3000. 
 
 Iggesund, port and iron-works, Sweden, prov. Gefieborg, on 
 E. ct. , 50 m. S. by W. Sundsvall. Good anchorage ; the inner 
 harbour has a depth of 17 ft. , the outer of 30-45 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Igbarghar, or Irbarhar (Berber, 'stream,' 'river'), in the 
 central Sahara, NW. Africa, an immense valley, and the bed of 
 an ancient river, now dry. It commences in the most elevated 
 region of the plateau of Ahaggar, 23° 23' N. , 5° 6' E. , at an 
 alt. of about 6600 ft., and continues almost due N. 800 m. to 
 Shott Melrhir, at 102 ft. below the sea-level. In the plateau, 
 where the valley is wooded and has a rich vegetation, it is con- 
 fined and narrow, on leaving which it widens out and presents 
 the aspect of an immense and nearly level plain, forming a 
 natural highway entirely free from sand, and covered with 
 gravel of bright and varied colours. 
 
 Igbtenblll Park, par., Eng., Lancashire, on riv. Calder, 3 
 m. NW. and partly in co. bor. of Burnley. P. <75o. 
 
 Igbtermurragb, par. , Ire. , SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, ']\ 
 m. WSW. Youghal par. ; 5556 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ightfleld, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 10 m. SSW. 
 Nantwich, 4 m. SE. Whitchurch, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Igbtbam (ait'ham, 'the parish with eight villages'), par., 
 Eng., Kent, Medway div., 6 m. N. Tunbridge, i m. WSW. 
 Wrotham and Borough Green stn., with remains of Roman 
 fortifications, PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Igidl, or Gldl, large desert, Africa, western Sahara, to the 
 S. of Morocco. 
 
 Igltkln, isl. , Alaska, near Great Sitkin I. 
 
 Igla, or Iglawa, riv. of Moravia, joins the Schwarzawa 19 
 m. S. Briinn ; course, 70 m. SE. 
 
 Iglan, or Jlhlava (probably connected with Slavonic jela, 
 'a fir' or 'pine tree'), tn., Austria, near the W. frontier of 
 Moravia, 49 m. WNW. Briinn ; with military school, glass- 
 grinding, and large flour mills. Alt. 1690 ft. P. (including 
 suburbs) 23,700. 
 Iglan, tn. , Hungary. See Igl6. 
 
 Igleslas, tn. , Sardinia, prov. and 31 m. W. by N. Cagliari, with 
 which it is connected by railway, with lead and zinc mines. 
 The dist. is still, as it was in ancient times, the centre of mining 
 operations in Sardinia. Enormous malarial death-rate. P. 9900. 
 
 Igll, vil. , Morocco, in the Sahara, on the Wadi Saura, 165 
 m. S. by W. Figig. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Igl6, Ger. Iglan, tn. , Hungary, prov. Zips, on the Hernad, 
 37 m. NW. by W. Kaschau ; founded by German settlers. 
 Alt. 1500 ft. P. 7300. 
 
 Igloollk, isl. , Brit. N. America, in Fury and Hecla Strait, 
 69° 20' N., 81° 53' W. Mean temp. 5.7° F. 
 
 Iguace, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 1146 
 m. by rail W. Montreal, 278 m. by rail E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Ignasblna, vil. , E. Siberia, prov. Amur, on 1. bk. Amur, 40 
 m. from its head at Ust Stryelka. P. <20oo. 
 
 Igonda, vil. , Ger. E. Africa, in 5° 35' S. , 32" 42' E. 
 
 Igonda, tn., W. Africa, on the Bight of Benin, 29 m. E. 
 Lagos, in 3° 51' E. 
 
 Ignacn, Ignassn, or Ygnassn, tn., Brazil, prov. and 21 m. 
 NW. Rio de Janeiro, on river of same name. It has a consider- 
 able trade in grain by the river to Rio. P. 5000. 
 
 Ignacn, Ignassn, or Ygnassn (Guarani, 'great water,' 
 'great river'), riv., Brazil, prov. Parana, rises near the town of 
 Curitiba, has a general W. course for 380 m., and joins the 
 Parana in 25° 40' S., 54° 55' W., the last 80 m. forming the 
 boundary of Brazil and the territory of the Argentine Republic. 
 It is navigable only by canoes, owing to its numerous falls. 
 
 Ignala, tn. , Mexico, Guerrero, 81 m.S. by W. Mexico. P.7000. 
 
 Ignalada, tn. , Spain, prov. and 30 m. NW. by W. Barce- 
 lona ; has textile and other manufactures. P. 10,200. 
 
 Iguap^, riv., Brazil. See Rlbeira. 
 
 Ignap6, Tilla, tn., Brazil, near the E. ct., prov. Sao Paulo, 
 in 24° 42' S. The Porto de I., on the riv. Ribeira, adjoins on 
 the N. 
 
 Iguara, tn. , Cuba, 222 m. ESE. Havana, 45 m. E. by N. 
 Trinidad. 
 
 Ignaracn, tn., ct. of Brazil, state of Pernambuco, NNW. 
 OUnda. P. 5500. 
 
 Ignaracn, tn., N. Brazil, prov. Piauhy, 5 m. NE. Parnahyba, 
 of which it is the port. 
 
 Ignassn, tn. and riv. , Brazil. .See Ignacn. 
 
 Ignmen (Polish Ihnme^), dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 44 m. 
 SE. of Minsk. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Iguvium, city, Italy. See Gnbblo. 
 
 Ibaty, vil, Paraguay, 72 m. ESE. Asuncion, 11 m. NW. by 
 N. Villa Rica. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ible, former trib. of the Elbe, now canalised and communi- 
 cating at the S. end with the Elbe 11 m. NNE. Magdeburg, 
 and at the N. end with the Planer CanaL 
 
 Ibna, riv., Prussia, rises in the SE. of Pomerania and after 
 describing a curve in the S. , in which it forms part of the frontier 
 of Pomerania and Brandenburg, flows NW. past Stargard, and 
 finally W. into the Papenwasser, about 7 m. below Stettin; 
 navigable from the confluence of the Krampehl, r. bk. trib., 
 which enters 37 m. above its mouth, about 2 m. above the 
 confluence of its 1. bk. trib. , the Faule-Ihna. 
 
 Ibosy, tn. , Madagascar, 270 m. SSW. Antananarivo. 
 
 Ibringen, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle Freiburg. 
 P. <:30oo. 
 
 Ilda, tn., Japan, no m. W. Tokyo. P. 13,500. 
 
 IJ, the inlet of the Zuider Zee, Holland, on which Amsterdam 
 stands ; formerly extended 16 m. W. to Bewerwijk, now in great 
 part drained since the construction of the North Sea Canal. 
 
 IJebn Ode, or Jebn Ode, tn.. W. Africa, Lagos, 35 m. 
 NE. by E. Lagos. P. about 13,000 {Proc. R. G. S. , 1891, p. 581) ; 
 about 60,000 {Proc. Ji. G. S. , 1890, p. 596). 
 
 IJll, salt-pan or sebkha, western Sahara, Adrar. 
 
 IJlst, tn., Holland, prov. Friesland, 15 m. SW. by S. Leeu- 
 warden. 
 
 IJmuiden, seapt. , Holland, prov. N. Holland, at the end of 
 the North Sea Canal, 6 m. NNW. Haarlem. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ijo, people, W. Africa, inhabiting the E. portion of the Niger 
 delta. Proc. R. G. S., 1888, pp. 760-61. 
 
 /Jon, place named in 0-. T. See El Kbfam. 
 
 IJssel, two rivs. of Holland. 1. Provs. Gelderland and 
 Overijssel, a delta branch of the Rhine, which it leaves 2 m. 
 above Arnhem, and flows N. about 70 m. into the Zuider Zee 
 on its E. side. Navigable throughout. The upper part of this 
 river was originally a canal, made by the Romans about B.C. 12 
 to unite the Rhine with the river which is now called the Oude 
 IJssel, some 50 m. below its source in Westphalia, NW. Wesel. 
 2. Provs. Utrecht and South Holland, connected with the Oude 
 Rijn by canal at the town of Utrecht, and entering the Nieuwe 
 Maas 3 m. above Rotterdam. 
 
 IJsselmonde, isl. , Holland, prov. S. Holland, between the 
 Oude (Old) and Nieuwe (New) Maas. P. (comm.) 3400. 
 
 IJsselstein, comm., Holland, prov. Utrecht, on the IJssel, 
 6 m. SW. by W. Utrecht. P. <4ooo. 
 
 IJzendlJke, comm. and fortress, Holland, prov. Seeland, ym. 
 S. by E. Flushing. P. <30oo. 
 
 IJzer Fonteln (Dutch, 'iron fountain') Point, cape on the 
 W. ct. of Cape Colony, 40 m. NW. Cape Tovra. 
 
 Ikao, summer resort, Japan, Honshiu, 82 m. NW. by N. 
 Tokyo, built on terraces along the NE. slopes of Mount Haruna, 
 with mineral springs (115° F.). Alt. 2500-2700 ft, P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ikarma, one of the N. Kiu-ile Is. , Japan. 
 
 Ikat, mt. ridge, Siberia, Transbaikalia, forms part of NW. 
 border ridge of Vitim plateau, and separates tribs. of Lake' 
 Baikal from those of Vitim R. Alt. 6-8000 ft. 
 
 709 
 
I K AT — I L 1 G 
 
 Ikatta, riv. , central Africa. See Lnkenye. 
 
 Ike Aral >'or, lake, Mongolia. See Kara-ussn. 
 
 Ikeatliy and Ongbterany, bar. , Ire. , in the N.of co. Kildare. 
 
 Ikegami, place between Tokyo and Yokohama, in the temple 
 of which the Buddhist saint Nichiren died (1282) ; an annual 
 festival, Oct. 11-13, is held in his honour. 
 
 Ikelemba, riv., central Africa, 1. bk. trib. of the Congo, 
 which its enters a little N. of the equator ; navigable for 93 m. 
 to about 19° E. 
 
 Iken, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , on S. bk. of Aide, 
 17 m. NE. by E. Ipswich, 2 m. E. byS. Snape stn. , P. O. P. <soo. 
 
 Ikerrln, bar.. Ire., in the NE. of co. Tipperary. 
 
 Ikl, a kuni or old prov. now in Nagasaki ken, Japan. 
 
 Ikiaitg, riv. , China, trib. Liu-kiang. See Han-sbnl. 
 
 Iktmba Lake, E. Africa, on the W. side of Victoria Nyanza, 
 1° 30' S. , 31° 30' E. , without outlet. 
 
 Ikirnn, tn., W. Africa, Yoruba country, 165 m. NE. 
 Lagos, in about 7° 53' N., 5° 12' E. P. 60,000. 
 
 Ikke Aral Nor. See Kara-nsn. 
 
 Ikkerl, decayed vil., India, Mysore, in 14° / N., 75° 4' E., 
 from i56<>-i640 cap. of the Keladi chiefs, with extensive walls. 
 
 Ikogawa, important riv., Japan, Honshiu, W. ct. , empties 
 itself in two arms into the bays of Niigata and Fukushimagata. 
 
 Ikogmnt, Eskimo settlement in Alaska, near the mouth o* 
 the Yukon R. Lat. 62° N. Mean temp. (2^ yrs.), yr. 24.4° P., 
 Feb. -5.8°, July 51°. 
 
 Ikongo, an isolated mt. , Madagascar, 32 ra. SE. Fianarantsoa, 
 the stronghold of an independent tribe (Ikongo) of the Tanala 
 people. It is about 5 m. long, and rises 1000 or 1500 ft. above 
 the plain ; flat-topped, with very precipitous sides. 
 
 Ikolik, cape, Alaska, on W. ct. Kadiak I. 
 
 Iko'pa, riv. , Madagascar, flows N. firom Imerina W. of An- 
 tananarivo to Mozambique channel at Mojanga. Flat-bottomed 
 steamers and vessels of light draught ascend 100 m. The dist. 
 has considerable mineral wealth, to which attention is now being 
 given. 
 
 Ikoroflong, or Ekrlkok, tn., Brit. W. Africa, on the r. bk. 
 of the Cross R., in 5° 18' N., 8° 5' E. 
 
 Ikos, isl. , Greece. See Kblliodromla. 
 
 Iks^l, vil. , Palestine, Chesuilotk in the O. T. , 32° 41' N. , 35° 
 19' E. , 2 m. SE. Nazareth. 
 
 Iknno, tn., Japan, 35 m. NW. by N. Kobe, with rich gold 
 and silver mines, long worked by the Japanese government, and 
 fine deposits ot copper in the vicinity. P. <30oo. 
 
 Ikzim, vil., Palestine, 32° 39' N., 34° 59' E., 12 m. NE. by 
 N. of the ancient Cassarea. 
 
 Ilaba, tn., W. Africa, Yoruba country, 145 m. NE. Lagos, 
 in about 7° 53' N. , 5° E. P. 60,000. 
 
 Hal, or Day, Peru. See Islay. 
 
 Ilala, country, S. central Africa, on the S. shore of Lake 
 Bangweolo ; contains Chitambo's village {q.v.). 
 
 Ham, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 10 m. ESE. Leek, 
 4 m. NW. Ashbourne stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Ilambn, tn., central Africa, Congo State, on N. shore of 
 Lake Leopold II. 
 
 Dang-hslen, tn., China, Ylinnan, 30 m. E. by S. Yiinnan-fii. 
 
 Ilaiillc, tn., Roumania, Dobruja, on the coast, prov. and 30 
 m. S. by W. Kustenji. P. (comm.)<:20oo. 
 
 Ilaiiz, Rumonsh Gllon (' first town,' namely, on the Vorder 
 Rhine), or Jante, small tn., Switzd., cant. Orisons, on the 
 Vorder Rhine, 16 m. WSW. Chur, in which, alternately with 
 Thusis and Trons, the Grey League held its diets. P. <20oo. 
 
 naro, tn. and dist. , W. Africa, 35 m. NNW. Lagos, within 
 the British Protectorate. 
 
 Hay, Peru. See Islay. 
 
 nbassan, tn. , European Turkey. See Elbasan. 
 
 Ilberstedt, vil. , Ger. , duchy of Anhalt, circle Bernburg, with 
 mines of lignite. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 nbnnar, tn. , Asia Minor. See Everek. 
 
 netaester, or Irelebester, the ancient hchalis, par. , Eng. , 
 Somerset, S. div., 4 m. NNW. YeoviL Birthplace of Roger 
 Bacon (1214). PMT.O. P. <7So; eccles. par. (I. or Sock 
 Dennis) P. <7So. 
 
 nclil, tn.. Eastern Turkistan. See Kbotan. 
 
 nderton, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., 12 m. NW. by W. Alnwick, on the NE. R. Mean rfall. 
 (LilburnTower, alt. 300ft., 1866-80), 30.3 in. 5335 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 He Abbots, P.O., Eng., near Taunton, Somerset, 4 m. from 
 Beauchamp Hatch. 
 
 Uebreivers, par. , Eng. See Isle Brewers. 
 
 Ilebn, tn., Congo Free State. See Irebn. 
 
 He de France, an old prov. of France, of which the cap. 
 was Paris, now forming the deps. Seine-et-Oise, Seine-et-Marne, 
 Aisne, Oise, and parts of Eure-et-Loir, Loiret, and Yonne. 
 
 Hegb, tn., Morocco. See High. 
 Ileosca, city, Spain. See Hnesca. 
 //e;-rfa, tn., Spain. See Lerlda. 
 
 He Koosse, small seapt. and summer resort, Corsica, arr. 
 Calvi, on the N. ct. , 26 m. W. by S. Bastia ; among fine scenery. 
 550 ft. of quayage, depth alongside 6-18 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 710 
 
 Hes, Lac des, lake, Canada, Quebec, prov. and co. , 56 m. 
 NNW. Quebec, drained N. by the riv. Metabetchouan into 
 Lake St. John. 
 
 lies de I'Instltnt, group of isls. off the NW. ct. of Australia, 
 opposite the entrance of Admiralty Gulf, respectively named 
 after the distinguished French authors F6n61on, Montesquieu, 
 Pascal, Descartes, Comeille, and Condillac. 
 
 Hesba, tn., W. Afirica, Yoruba country, 155 m. NE. by E. 
 Lagos. P. 40,000. 
 
 Iletskaya ZasbcUta, old fort, Russia, govt, and 40 m. SSW. 
 of Orenburg, 20 m. above the junction of Ilek K. (300 m. long) 
 with Ural. Rock-salt extracted close by. P. 6300. 
 
 He Verte, tn. , Canada, Quebec, cap. Temiscouata co., on 
 the r. bk. of the St. Lawrence, in 69° 20' W. P. < 1500. 
 
 He Verte, isl., 12 m. long, to the W. of town of Isle Verte. 
 
 Hfeld, vil. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, 5I m. N. Nordhausen, 
 with iron-foundry and coal-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hford, par. and urban sanitary dist. (conterminous), Eng., 
 Essex, div. and 5 m. W. by S. Romford, on the Roding and 
 the G. E. R. Contains the hospital chapel of St. Thomas and St. 
 Mary, nearly 800 years old, in the Middle Ages a leper hospital, 
 now almshouses and chaplaincy, the Claybury Hall lunatic 
 asylum of the London County Council, with over 2000 inmates 
 (erected since the census), the noted Britannia dry-plate works, 
 and a paper-mill. Fossil remains of mammoths found here are 
 now in the British Museum. Area, 8493 ac. P. 10,900; eccles. 
 par. (Great I. St. Mary) P. 6900 ; (Great I. Aldborongh 
 Hatch yvitXk Little Heath) P. <50o ; (Great I. with Barking* 
 side) P. <4ooo. 
 
 Hford, Little, par., Eng., Essex, adjoining Ilford in urban 
 sanitary dist. of East Ham, with stn. (Manor Park) on the 
 G. E. R. ; contains the city of London cemetery. P. < 4000. 
 
 IlfoT, prov. , Roumania, extending from the Danube to the 
 lalomita; cap. Bukarest. 
 
 Hfracombe, par., seapt., market-tn., and watering-place, 
 Eng., Devonshire, div. and 9 m. NNW. Barnstaple, on the 
 L. & SW. R. , with a lifeboat, lighthouse, and coastguard stn. It 
 is now much frequented as a bathing-place and summer resort. 
 The harbour has 700 ft. of quayage, with depth alongside of 21 ft. 
 at high water ordinary springs. Market-days, W. and S. Par. 
 5627 ac. P. 7700. 
 
 liflracombe, post-tn., Tasmania, co. Devon, near George- 
 town. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hgiin, the ancient Tyriaion, tn., Asia Minor, 45 m. NW. 
 Konia, at the S. end of the I. Gol (a salt lake, 13 m. long N. 
 to S. ). P. 2000. 
 
 llha, Portuguese, 'island.' 
 
 Hha do Govemador, isl. , Brazil, prov. and in the bay of 
 Rio de Janeiro, 8 m. in length. 
 
 Hha-Grande, ct. isl. of Brazil, prov. and 68 m. WSW. Rio 
 de Janeiro, in the Bay of Angra, 23 10' S. Length, E. to W., 
 15 m.; greatest breadth, 8 m. It produces sugar and coffee, 
 and has several good anchorages, resorted to by whale ships ; on 
 its W. side is the village of Santa Ana. P. 2000. 
 
 Hhavo, tn., Portugal, dist. and 4 m. S. Aveiro, near the 
 Atlantic, with manufactures of glass and porcelain, Vista- Allegre. 
 P. 7800. 
 
 Ilheos, San Jorge dos, maritime tn. , Brazil, prov. and 130 
 m. SSW. Bahia, in 14° 38' S. lat., at the mouth of the Rio dos I., 
 which enters the Atlantic after an E. course of 130 m. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ili, Turkish, 'a district.' 
 
 HI, tn. , central Asia. See Knlja. 
 
 HI, riv. , central Asia, formed by the junction of the Tekes 
 and Kunges, rising in the Tian-shan, in Chinese Mongolia ; 
 flows W. and waters the plain of Kulja, where it receives the 
 Kash. It is here a very rapid river, in a bed 250 to 400 yards 
 broad, with a depth of 3 to 20 ft. It soon afterwards enters the 
 Russian prov. of Semiryechensk, and at Iliysk fort, where it 
 becomes navigable, it turns to the N W. , and passing through a 
 gorge, the last rocks of which are covered with sculptures of 
 Buddha and Tibetan inscriptions, finally enters Lake Balkhash 
 by several arms forming a delta, having an area of 5000 sq. m. 
 Below Iliysk, for 210 m. to its mouth, there is not a single 
 inhabitable spot on the 1. bk. Length, from the source of the 
 Tekes, about 1000 m. 
 
 Illakl, Turkish, Greek TClos (Tllo), the Piscopia or Episcopi 
 of the Middle Ages, Turkish isl., on the SW. of Asia Minor, 
 about midway between Rhodes and Kos Is., vilayet Jezairi- 
 Bahri-Sefid. P. 4000, nearly all Greeks. (Cuinet.) 
 
 Hlamna, volcano, Alaska, on W. side of Cook's Inlet, at the 
 head of Alaska Renin., in eruption in 1741, since quiet. Alt. 
 12,067 ft. To the SW. lies I. Lake, which discharges its waters 
 by the Kwichak R. into Bristol Bay. Length, 80 m.; breadth, 
 25 m. 
 
 lUats. See Hyats. 
 
 Illgan, tn. , Philippine Is. , on the NW. ct. of Mindanao, in 
 8° 15' N., 124° 15' E. It gives name to the large bay, crossed in 
 the middle by 124° E. , which receives the Iligan R., draining | 
 Lake Lanao. ' 
 
 High, or Uegh, tn., western Morocco, about 35 miles from 
 
1 1. 1 1 
 
 I LLI 
 
 the coast, in 29° 25' N. A few miles from the town is the tomb 
 of a much revered saint, around which, twice a year, a fair 
 lasting three days is held. 
 
 Ullrskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, govt. Kubaii, 
 78 m. NW. Stavropol. P. 8100. 
 
 mja (corruption of the Greek loutra, 'baths'), tn., Turkey 
 in Asia, vilayet and 8 m. W. Erzerum, near which Pompey 
 defeated Mithridates. Frequented summer resort, with warm 
 mineral springs. P. 5000 (1000 Armenians). 
 
 Illjlk, tn. , Bukhara, on the r. bk. of the Amu, 42 m. NW. 
 Charjui. 
 
 Ill-kbota, or Ill-knren, tn. , central Asia. See Knlja. 
 
 lUmpeya, riv. , E. Siberia, 1. bk. trib. of NizhnyayaTunguska, 
 rises near Lena, flows 550 m. N. , forming the frontier between 
 govts. Irkutsk and Yeniseisk. 
 
 Illmsk, vil., E. Siberia, govt, and 290 m. N. Irkutsk, on 
 Ilim R. , r. bk. trib. of Angara. P. < 5000. 
 
 Iliulza, or minlza. See Andes, B. 
 
 Illon, vil., U.S., New York, Herkimer co., S4m. E. Syracuse, 
 and 10 m. SE. by E. Utica, on the Erie Canal, with important 
 manufactures of agricultural implements, small arms, and 
 sewing machines. P. <: 5000. 
 
 ILipula Magna, city, Spain. See Koja. 
 
 Illssns, rivulet, Greece, Attica; rises near the vWage Aleti, 
 flows SW., skirting Athens on the S., and enters the Porto 
 Phanari E. of the Piraeus, after a total course of 10 m. 
 
 Ilinllnk. See IJnalaska. 
 
 Illysk, fort, Russian Turkistan, on Ili R., at the spot where 
 it is crossed by highway from Semipalatinsk to Vyernyi, 60 m. 
 NNE. of the latter. 
 
 Ilkal, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Bijdpur, 75 m. NW. 
 by N. Bellary. P. (1881) 9600 ; (1891) 11,200 ; Hindus, 9000. 
 
 H'kestou (in Domesday Book, 1084, mentioned as Tilchestune, 
 ' the town of Tilch,' a Saxon thane), mun. bor. (since 1887) 
 and market-tn., Eng., Derbyshire, I. div., 7^ m. NE. by E. 
 Derby, with stns. on the G. N. and M. Rlys. (I. and I. Jnuc). 
 Coal and ironstone are found near, and the town has blast- 
 furnaces and iron-works, and manufactures of stone bottles, 
 drain pipes and earthenware, silk goods, lace, hosiery and 
 needles. I. has a mineral spring of sulphate of iron medicinal 
 waters. Market-days, Th. and S. Mun. bor. P. (1871) 9700 ; 
 (1891) 19,700 ; pari. div. P. (1891) 69,200. 
 
 Ilketshall, or Ilketsal, four pars., Suffolk, div. and 13 m. 
 W. by S. Lowestoft, Ilketshall St. John 2 m. SE. Bungay stn. 
 I. S. John, P.<2So; I. St. Andrew, P.O., P.<soo; L St. 
 LawTence, P. <2So; I. St. Margaret, P.O., P. <5oo. 
 
 Ilkley, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley div., 
 on the Wharfe, 10 m. N. by W. Bradford, with stns. on the 
 M. R. and NE. R. In the vicinity are several well-known 
 hydropathic establishments, beautifully situated. Par. P. 5800. 
 
 Ill, riv., Austria, Vorarlberg, flows NW. into the Rhine, pass- 
 ing Feldkirch near its mouth. 
 
 Ill, riv. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, flows N. by E. past Kolmar, 
 Miilhausen, Schlettstadt, and Strassburg, and falls into the 
 Rhine, 1. bk., 11 m. below Strassburg; canalised from Kolmar, 
 66 m. 
 
 lUabarook (late Bull Dog Flat), post-tn., Victoria, co. Gren- 
 ville, 95^ m. W. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 lUabo, tp. , New South Wales. See Billabong. 
 
 Ulampu, or Sorata, the loftiest summit of the E. Cordillera 
 of the Andes, S. America, Bolivia, dep. and 60 m. NNW. La 
 Paz. Alt. 21,500 ft. ; snow limit, 17,200 ft. 
 
 Illanl, bay, Philippine Is. , on SW. of Mindanao, in 7°~7° 40' N. 
 
 Illanmaster, isl. , Ire. , off N. ct. co. Mayo. 
 
 Illaiiog, people of the Philippines, Mindanao, forming an 
 independent confederation in the W. of the island round lUani 
 Bay. 
 
 Jllapel, tn., Chile, prov. Coquimbo, 108 m. N. by E. Val- 
 paraiso. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ill'asa, ruins, Palestine, Eleasa in the O. T. , 31° 54' N., 35° 
 6' E. , II m. NW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Illasl, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 10 m. ENE. Verona. 
 
 Illannmore, isl., in Lough Derg, Ire., co. Galway, bor. 
 Leitrim. P. <25o. 
 
 Ulaivarra, Lake, lagoon, Australia, on E. ct.. New South 
 Wales, Camden co., in 34° 30' S. , 150° 55' E. , 
 
 Ille, riv., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, rises in the Etang 
 Boulet, flows S. 18 m., and joins the Vilaine at Rennes. It 
 communicates with the canal of the Ille and Ranee. 
 
 Ille, tn., formerly fortified, France, dep. Pyr^ni^es-Orientales, 
 arr. and 10 m. ENE. Prades, on the Tet, with a stn. on the 
 railway from Perpignan to Prades. P. <3ooo. 
 
 nieclllewaet, stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the 
 C. P. R. , in the Selkirk Range, 117° 45' W. , 1075 p- by rail from 
 Winnipeg, 407 m. from Vancouver, on the Illecillewaet R. , 16 
 m. below the I. glacier. Alt. 3393 ft. 
 
 IllecUlewaet, or Illecelle-waet, 1. bk. trib. of the Columbia, 
 Brit. Columbia, the valley of which is followed by the C. P. R. 
 from Glacier Hotel, near its source, to its mouth. 
 
 Ille-et-VUalne, NW. maritime dep., France, partly bounded 
 
 on the N. by Mt. St. Michel Bay, and on the W. by deps. 
 Cotes du Nord and Morbihan ; divided into six arrs. : Rennes 
 (cap.), Fougeres, Montfort-sur-Meu, Redon, Saint- Malo, and 
 Vitr6. The surface is generally monotonous, with the exception 
 of the valleys, some of which are pretty, particularly that of the 
 Vilaine. Haute-Foret (alt. 835 ft.), the highest point in dep., is 
 a height on the border of Morbihan, in the forest of Paimpont, 
 the 23 sq. m. of which are the shrunken remains of the extensive 
 ancient forest of Broc^liande. Another portion of this forest, 
 which was at one time in great part suddenly engulphed by the 
 sea, now, after being reclaimed, forms a moist plain (the Marsh 
 of Dol, area 58 sq. m.), and the most productive part of the 
 dep. The dep. owes its name to the two rivers which meet at 
 Rennes, by the greater of which, the Vilaine, three-fourths of 
 the water of the dep. is drained into the Atlantic. The rivers 
 which enter the channel are the Couesnon, Guioult, Ranee, and 
 Fr^mur. The greater part of the coast taelongs to the bay of 
 Mont-Saint-Michel, and up to the port of Vivier is low, and 
 bordered by vast strands alternately bare and covered, and 
 crowned by the imposing rock of Mont-Saint-Michel. W. of 
 that bay, however, the coast forms part of the wild and rocky 
 shore of Brittany. For climate, see Rennes. The principal 
 cereal is wheat (more than one-fifth of the surface, production 
 per acre about equal to the average for France). Buckwheat and 
 barley are also important among cereals. Among other crops, 
 tobacco. It is one of the leading deps. in the production of 
 cider and honey. Minerals consist chiefly of granite (especially 
 in the neighbourhood of Fougeres), slate, and the argentiferous 
 galena of Bruz. There is an export trade in the oysters of Can- 
 cale. St. Servan and St. Malo are very busy ports. Caesar 
 found this region occupied by the Redons (Redones). Area, 
 2699 sq. m. P. 626,900. See France, table. 
 
 nienau, admirably organised lunatic asylum, Ger., Baden, 
 circ. Baden, dist. Achern. 
 
 filer, riv., mainly in Ger., rises in the Allgauer Alps, Vorarl- 
 berg, Austria, flows N. into Bavaria, passing Immenstadt and 
 Kempten into the Danube above Ulm, forming in the last 37 
 m. of its course the boundary between Wiirtemberg and Bavaria ; 
 not navigable, but used for floating timber from Kempten, 65 m. 
 
 Illeray, isl. , Scot. See Baleshare. 
 
 niescas, tn., Spain, prov. Toledo, 13 m. WNW. Aranjuez. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 niey, par., Eng., Worcestershire, ij m. SE. Halesowen. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 nigill Head, hill, Eng. , Cumberland, Egremont div. , 13 m. 
 SSW. Keswick. Height, 1979 ft. 
 
 I Ilia, Basque, ' a town.' 
 
 nilers, tn., France, dep. Eure-et-Loir, arr. and 16 m. SW. 
 Chartres. P. <30oo. 
 
 lilies, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Donegal, dist. Buncrana. 
 
 Illiez, Valley of, Alpine valley, 12 m. long, in the Swiss cant. 
 Valais, traversed by the Vifege, which enters the Rhone at 
 Monthey. 
 
 Illimanl (' snow mountain,' from Aymara word, illi, ' snow '), 
 one of the loftiest mountains of the E. Cordillera of the Andes, 
 Bolivia, dep. and 30 m. ESE. La Paz, 16° 40' S. , 67° 38' W. 
 It is a serrated ridge with four principal peaks, the highest 
 estimated to be about 21,000 ft. above the level of the sea ; 
 snow limit, 17,300 ft. It derives its name from being per- 
 petually covered with snow. On its N. side it has glaciers 
 above the height of 16,350 ft. On it also is the Laie of 
 lUiviani, 15,950 ft. above the sea. 
 
 Illingeu Genn'weller, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Ott- 
 weiler, 34 m. SE. by S. "Treves, with coal-mines. P. (comm.) 
 <300o. 
 
 mington, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 22 m. SW. by W. 
 Norwich, 2 m. NE. Roudham June. P. <25o. 
 
 nUngworth, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Elland div., 2^ m. NW. by N. Halifax, i m. WSW. Holmfield 
 stn., PMT.O. P. 5100. 
 
 Ullnlssa, or nilniza. See Andes, B. (Iliniza). 
 
 Illinois, riv., U.S., N. America, formed by the union of 
 Kankakee and Des Plaines Rivs. , flows S W. and S. through the 
 centre of the State of I., to which it gives name, and joins the 
 Mississippi 20 m. above Alton. It is continuously navigable to 
 La Salle, above the mouth of the Vermilion, where it is ob- 
 structed by rapids, but a canal has been made from this point 
 to Lake Michigan at Chicago, a distance of 96 m. Ascended 
 by Marquette in 1673 ; in 1682 La Salle navigated the whole 
 course of the river. Length about 500 m. 
 
 Illinois (a corruption of an Algonquin word, meaning ' true '), 
 one of the U.S., nearly as large as England, SW. of Lake 
 Michigan, on which it has a coast line of 60 m. The Wabash 
 forms part of its E. and the Ohio its S. frontier, while the W. 
 is formed for 700 m. by the Mississippi. Cap. Springfield ; 
 other chief towns, Chicago, Peoria, Quincy, Rockford, Joliet, 
 Bloomfield. The surface is a vast plain, mean elevation less 
 than 500 ft. , with a slight slope towards the W. , elevation varied 
 by low grassy hills and lines of bluffs bordering the principal 
 rivers. In the S. is a low plateau of great fertiUty, known as 
 
 711 
 
I LLI 
 
 IMAM 
 
 ' Egypt ' (specially noted for its fruit and vegetables) ; the Great 
 Prairie, 200 m. in length, occupies the centre. The principal 
 interior rivers are Des Plaines and Kankakee, which unite to form 
 the Illinois (navigable for 213 m. to La Salle) and its tribs., 
 Fox, Sangamon, Vermilion, Rock, and Kaskakia, besides a 
 vast number of smaller streams. In the NE. are Lake Fox and 
 many other small lakes. Forests cover from 7 to 25 per cent, 
 of the land. As regards geological structure, Permo-Carboni- 
 ferous rocks cover the greater part, Silurian predominate in the 
 N., and a small tract of Tertiary occurs in the W. Rainfall is 
 abundant ; greatest in the S. [Cairo, Chicago]. The soil is a 
 deep rich loam, particularly suited to the growth of cereals. 
 There are large vineyards. Coal is the principal mineral, in 
 the production of which I. ranks next to Pennsylvania ; nearly 
 three-fourths of the total is obtained in the JoUet Region, in the 
 NE. ; iron and zinc are also worked ; lead was formerly mined 
 near Galena ; brine springs occur in the S. Excellent building 
 stone is abundant ; quarried chiefly in Monroe, Lawrence, and 
 Decatur cos. Lines of railway cross the state in every direction. 
 The magnificently endowed state university, called the North- 
 western University, founded in 1851, now hasseven departments — 
 the college of the liberal arts, the schools of theology, the schools 
 of medicine, law, pharmacy, and dentistry, and the woman's 
 medical school, the first two situated at Evanston, the most 
 beautiful suburb of Chicago, and the others in the city itself. 
 The region was first visited by the Europeans Marquette and 
 Joliet in 1673. About 1679 La Salle founded a station at Fort 
 St. Louis. The country was first attached to Canada, and 
 afterwards to Louisiana. In 1763 it was ceded to Great Britain, 
 but was conquered by the Virginians in 1778. Area, 56,650 
 sq. m. P. 3,826,351. See rulted States, table. 
 
 mion, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Roimdstone. 
 
 nuscbestle, tn., Austria, Bukovina, dist. Gura Humora. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 lUklrch-Grafenstadeu, vil., Ger., govt. Alsace-Lorraine, 
 circle Erstein, 4 m. S. by W. Strassburg. P. <5ooo. 
 
 lllmire, or nnier, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 6 
 m. SW. by S. Aylesbury, i m. N. by W. Bledlow stn. P. <25o. 
 See Horsendon. 
 
 ninan, comm., Switzd., cant, and 8 m. ENE. Zurich. 
 P. <300o. 
 
 Illogan, par., Eng., Cornwall, Camborne div., i m. from 
 the coast, 9^ m. W. Truro, 2^ m. NW. by W. Redruth stn. , 
 with arsenic, copper -ore, and tin -ore, and wolfram mines, 
 P.O. (I.), and P.O. (I. Highway) ; 8493 ac. P. 9300; eccles. 
 par. (I, -with Portreath and Trevenson) P. 7800. 
 
 Illora, tn., Spain, prov. and 22 m. WNW. Granada, on the 
 Charcon. P. 9000. 
 
 Illorln, tn. , W. Africa. See norln. 
 
 niiul, vil., W. Africa, on the r. bk. of the Niger, in about 
 6°35'N., 6°37'E. 
 
 niuxt, tn., Russia, govt. Kourland, 12 m. NW. of Dvinsk 
 ( Diin aburg) . P. < 5000. 
 
 Illyria, or Illyricum, the ancient name of the entire region in 
 the W. of the Balkan Penin. from the Drave to Epirus. The 
 Roman prov. of Illyricum comprised the N. part of this region. 
 What is sometimes known as Illyria proper included only the 
 S. part corresponding to the greater part of northern Albania, 
 and including all that part of the W. ct. that trends N. and S. 
 
 nizach, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, govt. Upper Alsace, 
 circle and 3 m. N. Miilhausen. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Ilm, riv., Ger., Bavaria, joins the Danube near Neustadt, 
 after a NNE. course of 40 m. 
 
 Urn, riv., Ger., chiefly in gd. -duchy Saxe- Weimar, rises in 
 the Thuringian forest, flows NE. past Ilmenau, Kranichfeld, 
 and Weimar, and joins the Saale 13 m. N. Jena. Length, 55 m. 
 
 nma, the ancient Alema, viL, Palestine, 32° 45' N., 36° 14' 
 E. , 20 m. W. Kanawat. 
 
 nmefl, lake, Russia, govt. Novgorod ; receives the Lovat, 
 the Sheloii, and several smaller rivers ; has its outflow in the 
 Volkhov, which flows into Lake Ladoga, and is connected by 
 canals with the Msta and the basin of the Volga, and at the 
 head of which stands the old city of Novgorod. Fishing. Alt. 
 107 ft. Area, 358 sq. m. 
 
 nmenan, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Saxe- Weimar, circle Weimar, 
 20 m. SSE. Gotha, on the Ilm, at the foot of the Thuringian 
 forest ; with mines of iron ore, manganese, and coal, and various 
 manufactures, including those of pxarcelain, and chemical and 
 other scientific instruments. P. 6500. 
 
 nmenan, riv., Prussia, Hanover, flows on the whole N., 
 passing Liineburg into the Elbe, which it joins about lo m. 
 above Hamburg ; navigable from Ltineburg, 24 m. 
 
 Ilmer, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire. See Illmlre. 
 
 llmlngton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire and Warwickshire, 
 7\ m. S. by E. Stratford, 4 m. NE. Campden stn,, PM.O. 
 
 P. <750- 
 
 nmlnster, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Somerset, Bridgwater 
 div., 10 m. SE. Taunton, on riv. Isle, and on the G. W. R. , 
 with manufactures of ropes, bricks, and tiles. Market-days, 
 W. and S. 4079 ac. P. <3Soo. 
 712 
 
 no, small seapt., Peru, dep. Moquegua, 65 m. SE. Mollendo, 
 on the Pacific, at the mouth of the riv. Ilo, 17° 37' S. The port 
 proper is at the village of Pacocha, 2 or 3 m. SW., which is 
 connected by rail with Moquegua. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ilohn, tn. , Yoruba country. See nahu. 
 
 nocanos, Malay tribe, Philippines, isl. Luzon, occupying 
 the coast of the N. portion of the island. 
 
 Uollo, Spanish settlement, and the chief port, next to Manila, 
 in the Philippine Is. , situated on the E. ct. of the isl. Panay ; 
 sugar is the chief export. The bar has a depth over it of i6i ft. 
 high water ordinary springs. Vessels load and discharge by 
 means of lighters. The inner harbour has a depth of 14 ft. 
 at high water ordinary springs. Mean temp. {\\ yr., 1863-65), 
 yr. 78.7° F. P. 11,900. 
 
 nok, tn., Austro-Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, on r. bk. of 
 the Danube, 26 m. W. Peterwardein, river-port. P. <50oo. 
 
 nol, tn., India, Bombay, Gujardt, cap. petty state I., 75 m. 
 NNE. Ahmadabad. 
 
 noncsa, comm., Hungary, prov. Bereg, dist. Felvidek, with 
 iron-mines and manufactures of nails. P. <40oo. 
 
 nongos, comm., Phihppine Is., on the W. ct. of Leyte I., 
 in 10° 24' N., 124° 43' E. P. 13,700. 
 
 nopango, or Cojntepeqne, volcanic lake, Salvador, Central 
 America, about 7^ m. E. San Salvador, from which, however, 
 it is separated by mountains, the whole lake being begirt by 
 precipitous cliffs, which leave room for a small strip of low shore 
 only in two places ; 5.6 m. long by 4^ m. broad. Modified by 
 volcanic disturbances in Dec. 1879-Jan. 1880. 
 
 Ilorln, or Alorl, tn., W. Africa, kgd. Yoruba, on a trib. oi 
 the Niger, 170 m. NNE. Lagos. P. estimated at from 70,000 
 to 120,000. 
 
 npendam, comm., Holland, prov. N. Holland, 5I m. N. t^y 
 E. Amsterdam. P. <2ooo. 
 
 ns, riv. , Bavaria. See nz. 
 
 nse, riv., Prussia, govt. Hildesheim, rising on the Brocken 
 (Harz Mts.), and joining the Ocker at Tempelhofen. 
 
 nsenbnrg, vil. and health resort, Prussia, prov. Saxony, 
 circle Wernigerode, 17 m. W. by S. Halberstadt, amid charm- 
 ing woodland scenery. Alt. more than 700 ft. P. <;4000. 
 
 nsfeld, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Besigheim, 20 
 m. N. by E. Stuttgart, 5I m. S. by E. Heilbronn. P. (comm.) 
 <3000. 
 
 Usham, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire, St. Mary Church 
 and Tormoham pars. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 nslngton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., lo m. 
 W. by N. Teignmouth, 2^ m. SW. Bovey stn., P.O.; 7843 
 ac. P. 1000. 
 
 nskaya, tn., Russia, N. Caucasia, govt. Kubaii, dist. 
 Ekaterinodar. P. 6700. 
 
 nsley. East, or Market, and West, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng. , Berkshire, div. and 9 m. N. by E. Newbury, 2 m. W. by 
 N. Compton stn. Islsey, E., small tn., PMT.O., par. P. <:7So ; 
 Ilsley, W. (Mark Antonio, archbishop of Spalato, who first 
 accounted for the colours of the rainbow, was once rector of All 
 Saints' church in this parish), P.O., P. <5oo. 
 
 Ilston, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., 7 m. W. 
 by S. Swansea, 3 m. WSW. Killay stn. P. 250. 
 
 Ilston-on-the-Hlll, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 
 %\ m. ESE. Leicester, 4 m. ENE. Glen stn. P. <soo. See 
 Carlton Cnrllen. 
 
 nton, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 9 J m. SE. by 
 E. Taunton, 2 m. N. Ilminster, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 nton with Pott, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Rich- 
 mond div., 8| m. NW. by W. Ripon, 3 m. SW. by W. Masham 
 stn. There is a ' Druid's temple ' about i m. W. P. <25o. 
 
 nTersgehofen, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle and 2 m. 
 N. Erfurt. P. 6600. 
 
 nwaco, viL, U.S., Washington, Pacific co. , at the mouth of 
 the Columbia R. P. < 1500. 
 
 nyats, generic term appUed in Persia to pastoral tribes of 
 whatever nationality. 
 
 nylnskoye, vil., E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, on highway 
 to Amur, on lower Selenga, 50 m. from Lake Baikal. P. <5ooo. 
 
 nz, or ns, riv., Bavaria, flows S. into the Danube opposite 
 Passau, with pearl fisheries. 
 
 lYza, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 20 m. SSE. Kadom. 
 P. <: 5000. 
 
 Ilzstadt, viL , Ger. , close to the E. frontier of Bavaria, govt. 
 Lower Bavaria, i m. NNE. Passau, on the 1. bk. of the Danube. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Imachar Point, cape, Scot., isl. of Arran, on the W. ct. , 
 
 in 55° 3/ N- 
 
 Imael, North and South, two electoral divs. , Ire. , co. Wick- 
 low, dist. Kiltegan. 
 
 Imaham, or Imaharu, tn., Japan, Isle of Shikoku, 135 m. 
 WSW. Kobe. P. 13,500. 
 
 Imahazony, tn., Madagascar, Betsileo Prov., in 21° 55' S., 
 
 47° 2' E. 
 
 Im&mgarh, ruined fortress, India, Sind, Khairpur State, 
 93 m. NE. by N. Haidardbdd. 
 
IM AM — I NC H 
 
 Iniam-Samara, tn., Turkey in Asia. See Samara. 
 Imamzade-Hasliiiii Puss, Elburz Mts. See Barfrnsb. 
 
 Iniauaudaza, fort, Madagascar, i5om.WSW. Antananarivo. 
 
 Iniautovskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, prov. Akmolinsk, 240 
 m. SW. of Omsk, on highway to Turkistan. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Imari, tn. , Japan, Isle of Honshiu, 35 m. N. Nagasaki ; gives 
 name to the porcelain produced at Arita, here exported. P. 7000. 
 
 Imataka, tn. , Venezuela, Delta terr. , 180 m. E. by N. Bolivar, 
 on r. bk. of the riv. Imataka. 
 
 Imataka, southernmost and chief branch of the Orinoco 
 delta, Venezuela, called at its mouth the Boca cle NaTlos. 
 
 Imatsn, or Imats, tn. , Japan, Kiushiu, prov. Buzen, 44 m. 
 NE. Fukuoka. P. <300o. 
 
 Imaus. See Himalayas. 
 
 Imazlglieii (singular, Aniazigb), name by which all the 
 Berbers of Morocco, in the Atlas Mts., and Sus call themselves. 
 
 Imbabura, volcano. See Andes, B. 
 
 Imbabnra, Andine Prov., S. America, Ecuador, dep. Quito, 
 on the borders of Colombia, cap. Ibarra. 
 
 Imber, par., Eng. , Wiltshire, Westbury div., 9 m. SE. 
 Trowbridge, sj m. ENE. Warminster stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Imbetlba, seapt. , Brazil. See Macahe. 
 
 Imbilaa, Russia. 
 
 Imbitnba, small seapt. on the E. ct. of Brazil, Santa Catha- 
 rina, in 28° 17' S. The produce of the coal-mines of Grao Para, 
 with which it is connected by a railway, is shipped here. 
 
 Im Bodeu, dist., Switzd., at the confluence of the Vorder 
 and Hinter Rhine, in the most fertile part of the cant. Orisons ; 
 cap. Rhaziins. 
 
 Imbros, an isl. in the ^gean Sea, near the entrance to the 
 Dardanelles, belonging to Turkey, vilayet Jezairi-Bahri-Sefid, 
 sanjak Lemni. It is mountainous, rising to 1959 ft. , and densely 
 wooded. Goats and bees are reared. Area, 98 sq. m. P. 9100 ; 
 almost all orthodox Greeks (Cuinet). 
 
 Ime, tn. , E. Africa, Somali country, on the Webbe Shebeli, 
 220 m. S. by E. Harar. 
 
 I-men-hsleu, tn. , China, Yunnan, 45 m. SW. Yunnan- fu. 
 
 Imeretla. See Georgia. 
 
 Imer'iiia, central prov. of Madagascar. Mountainous ; aver- 
 age elevation, 4000-4500 ft. above the sea. Pleasant temperate 
 climate. Area about 7000 sq. m. 
 
 Imerlua, tn. , Madagascar, 35 m. W. Antananarivo. 
 
 Imeroo, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Fermanagh, dist. Tempo. 
 
 Imgodlui, vil. , S. Africa, Kaffraria, dist. Pondo-land, 112 m. 
 SSW. Pietermaritzburg. 
 
 Im Ciruud, Switzd. See Grand, Im. 
 
 Imlellu, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Pless, 43 m. E. 
 Ratibor, 16 m. SE. Konigshiitte. P. (comm.)<:30oo. 
 
 Imlay, vil., U.S., Michigan, Lapeer co., 56 m. SE. Bay City. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Immensee, vil., Switzd., cant. Schwyz, on the W. side of 
 Lake Zug, 8 m. ENE. Lucerne. P. <20oo. 
 
 Immenstaad, vil. , Ger. , gd.-duchy Baden, on the N. shore of 
 the Lake of Constance, circle and 9 m. E. Constance. P. <20oo. 
 
 Immenstadt, tn. , Ger. , in the SW. of Bavaria, govt. Swabia, 
 circle Sonthofen, 58 m. S. by E. Ulm, 21 m. E. by N. Bregenz 
 (Vorarlberg). P. <:4000. 
 
 ImmJLugliani, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindseydiv. , 7 m. 
 NW. by W. Grimsby, 3 m. E. Ulceby stn.; 4130 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 ImiUtz, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 9 m. S. by W, 
 Leipzig. P. <20oo. 
 
 Imohagb, name of the Northern Tuaregs, central Sahara. 
 
 Imokllly, bar. , Ire. , in the SE. of co. Cork. 
 
 Imola, tn. , Italy, Emilia, prov. Bologna, 10 m. NW. by W. 
 Faenza ; has a cathedral, and manufactures of wax, majolica, 
 and glass. P. (1881) 11,000; of comm. 29,000. 
 
 Imosbagb, important Berber tribes of the Sahara Desert, 
 called Tuareg by the Arabs. See Sabara. 
 
 Imoskl, Imoscbl, or Imotskl, frontier vil. , Austria, crown- 
 land Dalmatia, 31 m. W. by N. Mostar. P. <20oo. 
 
 Impalera, trading-tn. , S. Africa, on the Chobe, in 17° 49' S. , 
 25° 19' E. Alt. 3200 ft. {Proc. R. G. S., 1881, p. 209.) 
 
 Imperatorskaya Gavan, bay of Russian Manchuria, Tar- 
 tarian Strait, opposite Sakhalin I. , 49° i' N. , §22° 40' E. Part 
 of it called Barracouta Harbour. 
 
 Imperatorskoye, vil., Russian Central Asia, prov. Uralsk, 
 48 m. NE. Orsk. P. < 1000. 
 
 Imperatrlz, vil., Brazil, Alagoas, no m. SW. Pernambuco, 
 connected by rail with Maceid. 
 
 Imperial, a former city of Araucania, Chile, on the Cauten 
 or Imperial R. , 82 m. N. Valdivia. It is now in ruins. 
 
 Imperial Canal, China. See Cblna, Means of Communi- 
 cation. 
 
 Imperial Canal, Spain, a lateral canal of the Ebro, r. bk., 
 begun in 1529 under the Emperor Charles V., but mainly con- 
 structed between 1768 and 1790. It begins at the Bocal del Rey, 
 3 m. below Tudela, and was completed as far as the monastery 
 of Terrero, below Saragossa, in 1790, and was afterwards con- 
 tinued a few miles further. Total length, 61 m. ; width, 74 ft.; 
 depth, 10 ft. Used for irrigation as well as navigation. 
 
 Imphal, India. See Maiilpnr. 
 
 Inipbrlck, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bars. Fermoy, Orrery, and 
 Kilmore, on riv. Awbeg, 3 m. N. Buttevant ; 4112 ac. P. <Soo. 
 
 Implngton, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div., 
 3 m. N. by W. Cambridge, near Histon stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Impression Bay, post-tn., Tasmania, 50 m. SE. Hobart. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Imralu-ada, small isl., in the SE. of the Sea of Marmora, 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Imsbacb, vil. , Bavaria, Rhine Palatinate, dist. Kaiserslautern ; 
 has mines of brown hematite. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Imst, comm., Austria, prov. Tirol, cap. circle Upper Inn- 
 thai, 31 m. W. Innsbruck ; has cotton-weaving and other manu- 
 facturing industries. A good station for visiting the Upper 
 Innthal, lying 2000 ft. above the sea, among glorious prospects. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Inaba, a kuni or old prov. now in Tottori ken, Japan. 
 
 Inaccessible Island, the most westerly of the Tristan da 
 Cunha group, Atlantic Ocean, in 37° 6' S. , 12° 40' W. 
 
 Inaccessible Islands, the most westerly of the S. Orkney 
 group, Atlantic Ocean, in 60° 40' S., 47° 40' W. 
 
 Inagb, par.. Ire., co. Clare, Inchiquin bar. , 9 m. NW. Ennis, 
 P.O.; 19,888 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Inagb, Longb, Ire., NW. co. Galway, 20 m. S. by W. 
 Westport. 
 
 Inagna, Great and Little, two of the Bahama Is. , the former, 
 the largest and most southerly of the group, 50 m. by 25 m., 
 with salt marshes. Lat. of NE. point, 21° 18' N., long. 73" W. 
 The latfer, 12 m. northward, is about 8 m. in length by 6 m. 
 across. 
 
 Inambarl, riv. , SE. Peru, principal headstream of the Madre 
 de Dios, trib. of the Madeira. 
 
 Inanda, ct. div., Natal, to the N. of 30° S., traversed by a 
 singularly beautiful labyrinthine valley outside Durban, through 
 which the railway passes. 
 
 Inangabua, co.. New Zealand, South I., crossed by 42° S. 
 and 172" E. 
 
 Inanil, vil., Asia Minor. See Inogbl. 
 
 Inarnntuug Point, cape, in the N. of Brit. N. Borneo, in 
 117° 8' E. 
 
 Inasa, or Jelel, one of the states of Negri Sembilan, Malay 
 Penin. 
 
 Inasa-yama, vil., Japan, Kiushiu, near Nagasaki ; used as a 
 sanatorium for the sick landed from Russian men-of-war. 
 
 Inca, tn., Spain, isl. Majorca, 15 m. NE. by E. Palma. 
 P. 7500. 
 
 Inca, Lagnna del, lake, Chile, prov. and on the SW. side 
 of volcano of Aconcagua. Alt. 9710 ft. 
 
 Ince, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 6| m. NNE. 
 Chester, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ince Blnndell, par., Eng., Lancashire, Southport div., 8 m. 
 N. byW. Liverpool, i^ m. E. Hightown stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ince*ln-]Makerfleld, par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, Ince 
 div. , I m. ESE. Wigan, with stn. (Ince) on the L. & Y. R. , 
 with extensive coal-mines, blast-furnaces, iron-works, forges, 
 cotton-mills, and railway- waggon works. Par. and tn. P. 
 19,300; pari. div. P. (1891) 67,000. 
 
 Inch, in Scotch place-names ' an island ' or ' peninsula. ' See 
 Innis. 
 
 Incb, par.. Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 6^ m. SE. by 
 E. Queenstown. P. <75o. 
 
 Inch, par.. Ire., co. Donegal, W. Inishowen bar., 8 m. NW. 
 Londonderry, with stn. (I. Road) on Londonderry, Lough 
 Swilly, and Letterkenny Rly., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Incb, par.. Ire., SE. co. Down, bar. Lower Lecale, 2 m. N. 
 Downpatrick, near Inch Abbey ; 6509 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Incb, tnld., Ire., W. ct. co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 14 m. 
 SW. by W. Tralee. P. <2so. 
 
 Incb, or Incbfogarty, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Elio- 
 garty, 5 m. NW. Thurles ; 4889 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Incb, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. W. Shelmaliere, 6 m. W. 
 Taghmon. P. <25o. 
 
 Incb, par.". Ire., NE. cos. Wexford and Wicklow, bars. 
 Gorey and Arklow, 5 m. SW. Arklow, on Dublin, Wicklow, 
 and Wexford Rly., PM.O.; 6803 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Incb, par., Scot., Wigtownshire, on White Loch, 2^ m. E. 
 Stranraer, near Castle Kennedy stn.; 30,844 ac. P. <4000. 
 
 Inch, St. Lawrence, par. , Ire. , co. Limerick, bar. Clan- 
 william, 7 m. SE. Limerick. P. <5oo. 
 
 Incbagolll, isl. , Ire. , co. Galway, in the N. of Lough Corrib, 
 
 P.<2S0. 
 
 Incbalkaranjl, tn. , India, Bombay, cap. of native state I. , 
 83 m. W. Bijapur. P. (1881) 9100. 
 
 Incbaqnlre, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Kildare, bar. Narragh and 
 Reban East, 8 m. ENE. Athy. P. <2So. 
 
 Incbard, Locb, inlet, Scot., on the W. ct. of the county of 
 Sutherland, in 58° 27J' N. 
 
 Incbbare, hamlet, Scot., Forfarshire, 4 m. N. Brechin, P.O. 
 
 Incbbrayock, or Kossle Island, Scot., Forfarshire, in 
 mouth of riv. South Esk, included in the pari, burgh of Montrose. 
 
 713 
 
I N C H — I N D I 
 
 Inchbrook, hamlet, Eng., Gloucestershire, i m. from Wood- 
 chester stn. , P. O. 
 
 Inchcallloch ( ' the island of the old women or nuns. ' See 
 /nnis), small isl. , Scot., in the E. of Loch Lomond, close to 
 Balmaha Pier; length, f m.; breadth, \ m.; with site of an 
 ancient nunnery, and an old churchyard, a burying-place of 
 the Macgregors. 
 
 Inchcolm ('St. Columba's Island.' See Innis), isl., Scot., 
 in Firth of Forth, in 3° 18' W'. On it are the ruins of a monastery 
 founded by Alexander L in 1123. P. 4. 
 
 Inctaconnaclian, small isl., Scot., in Loch Lomond, 5! m. 
 N. by W. of the foot of the loch. Length, f m.; breadth, | m. 
 
 Inches, stn. , Scot. , S. Lanarkshire, on the C. R. , 3 m. SW. 
 by W. Douglas, with coal in neighboiirhood. 
 
 Inctafad (' long island.' See Innis), small isL, Scot., in the 
 E. of Loch Lomond, 5 m. N. by E. of the foot of the loch. 
 Length, i m.; breadth, J m. 
 
 Inchfogarty, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary. See Inch. 
 
 Iiichgarrie ('the rough island.' See Innis), isl., Scot., in 
 Firth of Forth, now the central support of the Forth Bridge. 
 
 Inclihoit, tn. , Korea, 4 m. SE. by S. Chemulpo, in about 
 37° 25' N. 
 
 Inchlcronan, or Innlscronane, par., Ire., co. Clare, bar. 
 Bunratty Upper, 6 m. NE. Ennis ; 17,438 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Incbicronaii XiOngh, small lake. Ire. , in the N. of co. Clare, 
 si m. NNE. Ennis. 
 
 Inclilgeelagh, par. and tn.. Ire., W. co. Cork, bars. Mus- 
 kerry West and Carbery East, W. div., 8 m. SW. Macroom, 
 PM.O. ; 45,415 ac. P. <:40oo; tn. P. <250. 
 
 Inclilnabacky, par. , Ire. , SE. co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 8 J 
 m. NE. by E. Queenstown. P. <25o. 
 
 Inchlunan, par. , Scot. , Renfrewshire, on riv. Clyde. P. <750. 
 
 luchlqnln, bar. , Ire. , in the N W. of co. Clare. 
 
 Inchlqntn, isl. , Ire. , co. Galway, in Lough Corrib. P. <;25o. 
 
 lucliiquln, Longb, lake. Ire., co. Clare, bar. I., 9 m. NNW. 
 Ennis. 
 
 Inchkelth, isl., Scot., in the Firth of Forth, 2 J m. from the 
 coast of Fife, 4 m. NNE. Leith, with three batteries erected in 
 1878-81, and a lighthouse 220 ft above high water, visible 21 m. 
 P. 30. 
 
 Incbkennetb, or Innlskennetb, isL, Scot., at mouth of 
 Loch-na- Keal, Mull I. ; has the ruins of a very old church. P. 2. 
 
 Inchloiialg, small isl. , Scot. , in Loch Lomond, 6| m. N. of 
 the foot of the loch. Length, i m.; breadth, | m. 
 
 Inctaniabome, isl., Scot., in Lake of Menteith, SW. Perth- 
 shire. 
 
 lucb 9tamock ('Isle of St. Marnoch.' See Innis), small 
 isl. , Scot. , about i m. W. of the Isle of Bute, in 55° 46J'-48J' N. 
 Length, 2 m.; breadth, | m. P. 18. 
 
 Incbmoan, small isl. , Scot. , in Loch Lomond, 5 m. N. by 
 W. of the foot of the loch. Length, i m.; breadth, ^ m. 
 
 Inctamore, isl.. Ire., in Lough Gowna, NE. co. Longford, 
 bar. Granard, n m. NE. by E. Longford, with remains of an 
 abbey. 
 
 Incbmore Island, Ire. , in the S. of Lough Ree, SW. of co. 
 Westmeath, 5 J m. N. Athlone. 
 
 Inchmnrrin, the largest of the islands in Loch Lomond, 
 Scot., 2\ m. NNW. of the foot of the loch. Length, ih m.; 
 breadth, ^ m. 
 
 Inch Point, cape, Ire., W. ct co. Kerry, on Dingle Bay. 
 
 Inchrnlm, small isL, Scot., in Loch Lomond, 5 m. N. of 
 the foot of the loch. Length, f m. ; breadth, ^ m. 
 
 InchtaTannach, small isl., Scot., in Loch Lomond, 5 m. 
 NNW. of the foot of the loch. Length, i m.; breadth, \ m. 
 
 Inchture, par., Scot., Carse of Gowrie, Perthshire, on the 
 C. R., PMT.O. ; 4123 ac. P.<75o. 
 
 Inchyolaghan, par. , Ire. See Castlelnch. 
 
 Inchyra, vil. with harb. , Scot. , E. Perthshire, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Tay, 4^ m. ESE. Perth, i m. SW. Glencarse stn. 
 
 Inclo, comm., Spain, prov. Lugo, dist. Sarria. P. 7800. 
 
 Inclsa, tn., Italy, Tuscany, on the 1. bk. oftheArno, prov. 
 and 12 m. SE. by E. Florence ; has e.\tensive beds of compact 
 marly limestone, from which excellent cement is made. P. <40oo. 
 
 Inclsa Belbo, tn., N. Italy, Piedmont, 14 m. SW. Ales- 
 sandria, on the Belbo. P. <40oo. 
 
 Incomatl, riv. , S. Africa, flows E. from the Transvaal into 
 Portuguese E. Africa, then N. into the Manhissa R. See 
 Komatl. 
 
 Indaal, Loch, large inlet, Scot., Argyllshire, in the S. of 
 Islay I. 
 
 Indals-Eir, riv., Sweden, provs. Jemtland and Vesternorr- 
 land ; rises in the Kjolen Mts. , Norway, flows SE. and enters 
 the Gulf of Bothnia 13 m. N. Sundsvall, after a navigable course 
 of 60 m. 
 
 Indikpnr, tn., India, Bombav Presidency, dist. and 79 m. 
 ESE. Poona. P. (1881) 5600; (1891) 5200; Hindus, 4700. 
 
 Indarpat» viLi India, Punjab, very near Delhi, on the site of 
 the ancient Indraprdstha, probably founded in the isth century 
 B.C. by the earliest Aryan colonists of India. 
 
 Indan, riv., Malay Penin. , forming the boundary between 
 714 
 
 Pahang and Johor, flows first E. then N., with a very winding 
 course, into the China Sea, mouth in 2° 40' N. ; navigable in the 
 northerly part of its course (12 m. direct), above that numerous 
 rapids. 
 
 Indanr. Central India. See ludore. 
 
 Independence, co., U.S., .\rkansas, just to S. of 36° N., 
 traversed by White R., and partly bounded on the E. by the 
 Black R. 
 
 Independence, vil., U.S., California, cap. of Inyo co., 250 
 m. E. by S. San Francisco. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Independence, city, U.S., Iowa, Buchanan co., on Wapsi- 
 pinicon R. , 38 m. NNW. Cedar Rapids. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Independence, city, U.S., Kansas, Montgomery co. , on riv. 
 Verdigris, 125 m. S. Topeka, and 28 m. ENE. Sedan. P. <40OO. 
 
 Independence, city, U.S., Missouri, Jackson co., 8 m. E. 
 Kansas City. P. 6400. 
 
 Independence, \il. , U.S., Oregon, Polk co., on Williamette 
 R., 52 m. SW. by S. Portland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Independenda, vil., Argentine Republic, prov. and 14 m. 
 ESE. San Juan. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Independenda, vil. , Argentine Republic, on the Rio Salado, 
 prov. and 150 m. NNW. Santa F6. 
 
 Independenda, \'iL, Brazil, Parahyba, 92 m. NW. by N. 
 Pernambuco, connected by rail with the town of Parahyba. 
 
 Independenda, bay, S. America, on the W. ct. , in about 
 14° 15' S. 
 
 Independenda, Uruguay. See Fray Bentos. 
 
 Independenda, colony, Venezuela, Miranda, 81 m. SE. 
 Caracds, on the Tuy R.; founded in 1874. 
 
 Inderabla, isl. , Persia. See Hlnderabl. 
 
 India (' the country of the Indus,' or ' of the people dwelling 
 by the Indus'), in a geographical sense the country comprising 
 the p)enin. between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, 
 and bounded on the N. by the Himalayas, on the W. by the 
 Suldiman Mts. , and on the E. by the mountains separating the 
 basin of the Ganges from Indo-China. The present article will 
 be devoted mainly to I. in this sense ; but the following tables, 
 in which the population is given in thousands, and the columns 
 headed Incr. give the rate of increase per cent, per annum, 
 refer to the whole area in connection with the British administra- 
 tion of I. : — 
 
 Administration. 
 
 Area 
 
 in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. 
 1868-72. 
 
 1%. 
 1881. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Feb.26 
 
 I89I. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 per 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Gov. -General of India— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ajmere and Merwara . 
 
 2,711 
 
 317' 
 
 461 
 
 4-37 
 
 542 
 
 1.63 
 
 aoo 
 
 Berar .... 
 
 17,718 
 
 2,232*^ 
 
 2.673 
 
 1-37 
 
 2.897 
 
 0.81 
 
 163 
 
 Coorg .... 
 
 1.5S3 
 
 i68<l 
 
 178 
 
 0.44 
 
 173 
 
 Deer. 
 
 109 
 
 Governors — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Madras .... 
 
 141,189 
 
 30.203' 
 
 30.827 
 
 0.IS 
 
 35.630 
 
 1.46 
 
 252 
 
 Bombay (including Sind, 
 Aden, and Perim) 
 
 } 125,144 
 
 i6,34a< 
 
 16,506 
 
 an 
 
 18,901 
 
 1.36 
 
 151 
 
 Lieutenant-Governors — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bengfal .... 
 
 131.543" 
 
 60.596? 
 
 66,756 
 
 1.08 
 
 71.347 
 
 0.67 
 
 471 
 
 North -West Provinces, 
 Oudh .... 
 
 } 107.503 
 
 f 30,781* 
 
 1 11,220' 
 
 ^'^ 
 
 0.70) 
 0.13/ 
 
 46.905 
 
 0.61 
 
 436 
 
 Punjab .... 
 
 110,667 
 
 I7,6ii' 
 
 i8;843 
 
 0.52 
 
 20,867 
 
 1.03 
 
 188 
 
 Chief Commissioners- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Central Provinces . 
 
 86,501 
 
 8,202* 
 
 9.839 
 
 2.04 
 
 10,784 
 
 0.92 
 
 125 
 
 Assam .... 
 
 49.004 
 
 4.132' 
 
 4.881 
 
 1.87 
 
 5.477 
 
 i.o8» 
 
 112 
 
 Lower Burma . 
 
 87.957 
 
 2,747" 
 
 3.737 
 
 3.69 
 
 4.659 
 
 2.23 
 
 53 
 
 Upper Burma . 
 
 83.473 
 
 
 
 
 2.947 
 
 
 35 
 
 Quettah, &c. . 
 Andamans 
 
 Total British Territory 
 NATIVE STATES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 
 "15 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 964,993 
 
 184.558 
 
 198,861 
 
 
 221,173 
 
 
 239 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In connection with— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Beng-al .... 
 
 35.834 
 
 2,272 
 
 2,786 
 
 
 3.296 
 
 1.70 
 
 93 
 
 North- West Provinces 
 
 5.109 
 
 1,092 
 
 742 
 
 
 792 
 
 0.66 
 
 155 
 
 Punjab .... 
 
 38,299 
 
 5.567 
 
 3.861 
 
 
 4.263 
 
 I.OO 
 
 III 
 
 Central Provinces 
 
 29.435 
 
 1.050 
 
 1,710 
 
 
 2.l6i 
 
 2.37 
 
 ^ 
 
 Madras 
 
 9,609 
 
 4,756 
 
 1:^ 
 
 
 3.701 
 
 1.02 
 
 Bombay 
 
 69,045 
 
 8.840 
 
 ;; 
 
 8,059 
 
 1-53 
 
 117 
 
 Rijputdna Agency 
 
 130,268 
 
 9.262 
 
 9.959 
 
 
 12,016 
 
 1.90 
 
 93 
 
 Central India Agency . 
 
 77.808 
 
 8,361 
 
 9.387 
 
 
 10,319 
 
 t% 
 
 »33 
 
 Baroda .... 
 
 8,226 
 
 
 2.185 
 
 
 2,415 
 
 294 
 
 Haidaribid . 
 
 82,698 
 
 9.000 
 
 9.846 
 
 
 11.537 
 
 1.60 
 
 139 
 
 Mysore .... 
 
 27.936 
 
 5.055 
 
 4.186 
 
 
 4.944 
 
 1.68 
 
 177 
 
 Kashmir .... 
 
 80,900 
 
 
 ., 
 
 
 3,544 
 
 
 3» 
 
 Shan States . 
 
 
 Total Native States . 
 
 Grand Total India 
 
 
 
 •• 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 595.167 
 
 50,200 
 
 54.933 
 
 
 66.050 
 
 
 III 
 
 1,560,160 
 
 
 1 
 253.794 .. 
 
 287,223 
 
 
 184 
 
 " Exclusive of the Sandarbans (about 5500 sq. m.). » May i, 1872. ' Nov. 7, 
 1867. <* Nov. 14, 1871. « Nov. 15, 1871. / Feb. 21, 1872. » Nov. 1871 to AprU 
 1872. » N.-W. Provs., Jan. 18, 1872. • Oudh, Feb. 1. 1869. / Jan. 10, 186a » Jan. 
 25, -1872. ' Nov. 1871 to Feb. 1872. *" Aug. 15, 1872. " Incr. exclusive of ^f. 
 Lushai (44,000). 
 
 Situation and Physical Features. — No part of the world is 
 better marked off by nature as a region by itself than I. , exclusive 
 of Burma, It is a region, indeed, full of contrasts in physical 
 features and in climate, and one that has never been, strictly 
 speaking, under one rule ; but the features that divide it as a 
 whole from surrounding regions are too clear to be overlooked. 
 On the N. and NE. the country may be said to be absolutely 
 secure against attack. At a very remote period, indeed, some 
 
INDIA 
 
 of the earliest inhabitants of I. appear to have entered the 
 country through passes in the NE. Still later, when the country 
 was fully settled, it seems to have been once or twice invaded by 
 other northern passes ; but by modern armies against modern 
 means of defence, I. is on these sides almost unapproachable. 
 It is the western frontier of I. that is weakest on the land side. 
 By the passes through these western mountains [SnliUman 
 Mts.], all the great historical invasions of I. have taken place. 
 Even there, however, the passes are few and by no means easy. 
 Within the mountains a vast plain, composed of recent alluvium, 
 from about 150 to more than 300 m. in width, sweeps round 
 from the delta of the Ganges and Brahmaputra in the E. to 
 that of the Indus in the W. The peninsular portion to the S. 
 of these plains is mainly made up of tablelands, varying in 
 elevation for the most part from about 1500 to 2000 ft. In some 
 places the elevation is below, in others above, these limits. On 
 the W. this tableland advances close up to the sea, and is 
 bounded by the mountains called the Western Ghats ; but on 
 the E. its boundary is generally at a greater distance from the 
 coast, and is more winding. The name of Eastern Ghats is 
 sometimes used generally for the whole of this boundary, some- 
 times restricted to its southern portion. The Sonthem High- 
 lands begin with a hilly and broken regfion, on the NW. of 
 which the chain of the Aravalli Hills look down on the plains of 
 Rajputiina. Of the tableland proper a marked feature is formed 
 by the Vindhya Mts. and their continuation, the Kaimur Mts. , 
 which crown the southern edge of the northern and smaller 
 portion of the tableland looking down on the high valleys of 
 the Narbada (Nerbudda) and the Son. The whole region to 
 the S. of these mountains is properly known as the Deccan, 
 that is, ' the South,' though this name is sometimes restricted to 
 the area between the rivs. Narbada and Kistna (Krishna). The 
 tableland, however, does not e.\tend all the way to Cape Co- 
 morin at the southern extremity of I. It ends in the S. at a 
 well-marked depression known as the Pdlghat Gap, little more 
 than 1000 ft. in height, which lies between the Nilgiri Hills 
 (Dodabetta, 8760 ft.) on the N., and the Anamalai Hills on the 
 S. Both of these hills or mountains rise to upwards of 8500 ft. 
 in height, making the gap between them all the more notable a 
 feature in the geography of I. The Anamalai Mts. are con- 
 tinued southwards by the Cardamon Mts., which stretch near 
 the W. ct. to the low rocky promontory of Cape Comorin. The 
 so-called tableland of the Indian peninsula is far from present- 
 ing the uniform level surface that the name ' tableland ' may 
 seem to imply. It is, in fact, highly diversified. Large areas, 
 especially in the wider parts, are under 1000 ft. in height. The 
 highest plains, situated towards the S. , and forming the northern 
 water-parting of the Cauvery basin, attain an elevation of about 
 3000 ft. In some places the surface is traversed by ranges of 
 hills running in various directions, in others it is studded by 
 bold isolated rocky hills. Geologically, the tableland is much 
 more uniform in its surface features. The greater part of the 
 area S. of the 20th parallel is made up of geologically ancient 
 hard crystalline rocks. Rocks of the same character prevail 
 over the whole of the NE. of the tableland, and to a somewhat 
 less extent on its northern margin, and the hilly region in the 
 extreme NW., including the Aravalli Mts. An even more re- 
 markable geological formation is spread over the W. of the 
 tableland to the N. of the 20th parallel, extending far eastward 
 into the Central Provs. , and northward into the state of Gwalior. 
 It reappears also in the peninsulas of KAthiiwar and Cutch. 
 This formation, commonly known as the Deccan Trap, is a vast 
 sheet of basalt geologically recent (of about the age of the Chalk 
 and the London Clay), but of which, nevertheless, onlyafewtraces 
 of the original outlets of the molten matter can be detected. The 
 area of this Deccan trap or basalt is remarkable for the presence 
 of a black soil (regar), formed on its surface by the wearing down 
 of the hard rock. This soil is notable not only for its colour, but 
 also for peculiar properties which render it of great importance 
 in the agriculture of I. , and which will be described in the section 
 dealing with that subject. It contrasts strikingly with a brick- 
 red soil known as laterite, abundant farther S. , and found else- 
 where in I. Rocks belonging to two other groups cover areas 
 of great extent, though not so large as those occupied by either 
 of the first two. These are the rocks of the Vindhyan and the 
 rocks of the Gondwdna system, both found in different regions 
 of the tableland, but rarely in contact with one another. In 
 both, sandstones are the prevailing rock. The Gondwana system 
 is important from containing the coal measures of India. One 
 considerable area of those rocks occurs in the NE. of the table- 
 land close to the delta of the Ganges — the area from which 
 most of the coal now produced in I. is derived. A second and 
 larger area of the same rocks lies in the hill country, which 
 sends feeders northwards to the Son and southwards to the 
 Mahdnadi. A third lies on both banks of the Goddvari, and its 
 tribs. the Pranhita and Wardhd, where the course of all these 
 rivers is on the whole from NW. to SE. Rlrers of the Table- 
 land. — All but a comparatively small area of the tableland is 
 drained eastwards into the Bay of Bengal. S. of the Ganges 
 basin four rivers, the Mahanadi (Mahanuddy), Godavari (Goda- 
 
 very), Kistna or Krishna, and Cauvery, the last three of which 
 take their rise on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats, drain 
 five-sixths of the peninsula into the Bay of Bengal. Only two 
 great rivers of the peninsula, the Narbada (Nerbudda) and the 
 Taptf, flow W. into the Arabian Sea, the basins of both being 
 long and narrow. S. of these two rivers the streams that descend 
 from the Ghats to the Arabian Sea are only mountain torrents. 
 All the chief rivers of the peninsula on both sides agree in this, 
 that they break through the Ghats in long and narrow gorges, 
 which in some of them offer a serious hindrance to navigation. 
 Other impediments to navigation, through rocky obstructions, 
 occur in other parts of their course, so that none of them affords 
 a waterway from the sea to the rich inland tracts which in some 
 places lie on their upper waters. The four chief rivers of the E. , 
 the Mahanadi, Godavari, Kistna, and Cauvery, have also this 
 in common, that they all form great deltas before entering the 
 sea. The comparatively broad lowland strip at the base of the 
 Eastern Ghats has everywhere a gentle slope from W. to E. , so 
 that the same words, me/ and kil, which signify upper and lower, 
 signify also in this part of the country west and east respectively. 
 From the account just given of the physical features, it may be 
 inferred that communication between the tableland and the sea- 
 ports is not generally easy, and that it is especially difficult on 
 the W. side, where the Ghats have to be ascended within a short 
 distance, and there is no river navigable across that barrier. 
 Few of the railways already laid in this part of I. follow the 
 valleys of the chief rivers for any great part of their course. 
 Those which have been constructed have been in certain places 
 expensive to build, and are still in places expensive to work. 
 Before their construction, many fertile parts of the interior had 
 very imperfect means of communication with the coast. Most 
 of the lakes in I. have been formed artificially for irrigation or 
 other purposes. There are only four natural lakes of any size, 
 and these all differ greatly from one another. In Kashmir 
 there is the fresh-water lake of Wulur, an expansion of the 
 riv. Jehlam, between the two ranges of the Himalayas. In 
 Rajputana, on the NW. of the tableland, is the salt lake of 
 Sdmbhar. On the eastern lowlands are the two very shallow- 
 lakes of Kolar and Chilkd, Lake Kolar, a fresh-water lake 
 between the deltas of the Goddvari and the Kistna, occupying, 
 at least in part, the site of old villages ; Lake Chilkd, to the S. 
 of the delta of the Mahdnadi, a salt lake, scarcely anywhere 
 exceeding 6 ft. in depth, and not properly a lake at all, but a 
 gulf of the sea cut off from the Bay of Bengal by a low sandy 
 ridge, through which there is only one opening. Lake Pulicat, 
 on the same coast, about midway between the mouths of the 
 Northern Penner and the Paldr, is still less to be called a lake, 
 since it communicates even more freely with the sea, and is 
 subject to the influence of the tides. Many of the most striking 
 contrasts of I. are due to its climate ; yet the chief character- 
 istics of the climate are all in a large measure governed by one 
 great fact — the prevalence of the monsoons. In I. the summer 
 monsoon is usually spoken of as the SW. , and the winter mon- 
 soon as the NE. ; but there are few places in I. where these names 
 describe at all accurately the general direction of the wind in 
 summer and winter respectively. The direction becomes modi- 
 fied by the position of the centres of low barometric pressure and 
 by the superficial configuration. In the Ganges basin the summer 
 monsoon blows up the valley, that is, from the SE., towards a 
 centre of low pressure near the head of the plains of the Indus, 
 the vrinter monsoon, down. During the summer months, 
 nevertheless, the prevalent winds in most places in the country 
 are more or less westerly, and generally also somewhat 
 southerly ; during the winter months more or less easterly, 
 and generally also somewhat northerly; and the names SW. 
 and NE. monsoon are so far fitting, that they indicate the 
 region of the ocean from which and to which the monsoon 
 winds blow when they are at their height, and this is the 
 important fact in virtue of which they have so much influence on 
 the Indian climate. At the height of the summer monsoon, 
 the winds that reach the greater part of I. have their origin over 
 or near the equator, far in the SW.; when the winter monsoon 
 is fully established, the winds blow away from I., as a whole, as 
 NE. winds towards the equator. The place of origin of the 
 summer monsoon accounts for the large quantities of rain 
 which they bring to certain parts of I. The winds blowing from 
 the equatorial parts of the ocean are all heavily charged with 
 moisture ; and when these winds are forced to ascend by the 
 form of the land surface, they rapidly become cooled and let fall 
 their moisture in deluges of rain. It should be noticed, how- 
 ever, that the winds that reach the NW. of I. do not arise over 
 the equatorial parts of the ocean if they blow more from the W. 
 than the S. A map of the world shows that the position of 
 Africa and Arabia prevents this. Now the fact is, that the pre- 
 vailing winds are not more southerly than westerly. Even at 
 Bombay the dominant winds are to the S. of W. only when 
 the summer monsoon is at its strongest, from June to August. 
 Such are the main facts which account for the varied climates of 
 different parts of I. The Indian year is usually said to be 
 divided into three seasons — the hot, the rainy, and the cool ; 
 
 715 
 
INDIA 
 
 but these names are appropriate only in certain parts, particu- 
 larly in the NE. and along the western coast. The hot season 
 is from March to May inclusive, the period that embraces the 
 change of the monsoons from NE. to SW., but before the 
 ' bursting ' of the SW. monsoon — that is, before the southerly 
 winds begin to be accompanied by rain. During this period 
 the highest temperature is in the heart of the Deccan. The 
 rainy season lasts from June to October inclusive, and during 
 this period the western slopes of the Western Ghits, the hills of 
 Assam, and in the E. of the Himalayas, and even the plains of 
 the Ganges delta, are deluged with rain, and the greater part of 
 the NE. receives a fairly abundant rainfall. At Cherra Punji, 
 on the Khasi Hills, the annual rainfall is sometimes between 500 
 and 600 inches, or more than twelve times the average of the 
 whole of I. (42 in.). In southern Madras, E. of the Ghats, a 
 large part of the rains are brought by the NE. monsoon, and 
 the rainy season lasts from August or September to November 
 [Madras, Colmbatore, Triclilnopoll, HadaraJ. The part 
 of the Deccan immediately behind the Western Ghits has a 
 very moderate and precarious rainfall, and so too have the 
 plains in the NW. A large part of the Indus region is almost 
 rainless. Where the rains are abundant the temperature is 
 mitigated, but in the arid region just referred to this is naturally 
 the hottest part of the year. At most of the stations between 
 the Suliiman Mts. and the Ganges, June is the hottest month 
 of the year. The cool season, or the season of the NE. mon- 
 soon, lasts from November to February inclusive, and this is 
 the rainy season for the south-eastern plains ; but the amount 
 of rain that then falls is only one-third or one-fourth of that 
 which falls on the best-watered plains during the SW. mon- 
 soon, and in the NW., even on the plains, there are genuine 
 winter temperatures by comparison with the e.xtreme heat of 
 summer. In this region, in the latter halt of the cool season 
 (January to about March), there is a recurrence of rains. These 
 rains seem to be due to a slow evaporation from the plains them- 
 selves. At the season when they occur, the air in that region, 
 owing to the protection of the Himalayas against winds from 
 the N., is so still that the vapour is allowed gradually to diffuse 
 itself to a high level, until from some cause it becomes con- 
 densed as rain. These rains are not great in amount, but are 
 nevertheless of high importance for the winter crops of the area 
 over which they prevaiL The distribution of the Indian rainfall, 
 together with the causes that give rise to it, has several important 
 consequences. It explains the small number of the rivers in the 
 W. of the great Indian plain, in the basin of the Indus, and their 
 immense multitude in the E. of the plain, the basin of the Ganges 
 and the Brahmaputra. It causes an alteration of high and low 
 water in the rivers. It leads to striking differences in the aspect 
 of the vegetation. Nowhere is this more observed than in the 
 S. of the peninsula, where an arid region to the E. of the Ghats 
 lies close beside a profusely watered area on their western slopes. 
 Here we behold on the W. ct. an ' endless panorama of beauti- 
 ful scenery ; a surf-beaten shore-line, sometimes bold with dark 
 rocks, or bright-red laterite cliffs ; sometimes lightened with a 
 brilliant streak of shining yellow sand, but always backed up by 
 the luxuriant foliage of endless groves of coco-nut, pialm, and 
 evergreen bush, completely concealing the narrow belt of low- 
 lands to the very foot of the Ghats, which raise their dark cliffs 
 and lofty summits at a few miles' distance inland, their skirts 
 and valleys clothed with primeval forest. ' But, ' on passing the 
 end of the Ghdts at Cape Comorin, the change is as sudden as 
 it is remarkable. Universal verdure gives place to bare red soil 
 and sandy wastes, and the moist teeming land of the W. ct. is 
 suddenly changed for the parched sunburnt tracts E. of the 
 Ghits.' It renders Irrigation necessary for cultivation in some 
 parts and not in others ; irrigation being required not merely 
 where the rainfall is regularly too scanty for tillage, but also 
 where in one year it may be ample, in another wholly inadequate. 
 It is this area of uncertain rainfall that is liable to be visited by 
 famines. Even where the amount of the rain is sufficient for 
 the requirements of the crops, irrigation is in many cases 
 demanded by the mode in which the rain falls. The NE. 
 monsoon, on which the southern plains (Madras) chiefly depend 
 forrain, is remarkable for the fact that rain falls for the most 
 part in bursts, and generally at night. ' I have known,' says 
 Sir Arthur Cotton, ' a fall of ten inches in one night, and a fort- 
 night after twelve in another' — half a years supply in two 
 showers. The modes of providing for irrigation are various. 
 Throughout a large part of I., water for the purpose is stored in 
 tanks or artificial reservoirs. Thousands of tanks are dotted 
 over the country in Madras, Bombay, and part of the Ganges 
 valley. These, however, contain for the most part Uttle if any 
 more than one year's supply, and hence are inadequate to meet 
 the uncertainties arising from recurring years of drought. In 
 some places larger tanks are constructed, these being mostly 
 situated near the headwaters of rivers flowing across the hard 
 crystalline rocks (see above, under Geology of the tableland), 
 the hollows in which are well adapted to form their beds. In 
 such situations large artificial lakes can sometimes be made at 
 comparatively smaJl expense by throwing a dam across the 
 716 
 
 river valley to collect the water above it [Debar, Ekriik, Cam- 
 bum]. Some similar tanks have been formed also in the region 
 of the Deccan Trap, but there irrigation is less necessary than in 
 many other parts of I. on account of the physical properties of 
 its characteristic black soil [regar). The quality which gives 
 peculiar value to this soil in the region where it most abounds 
 is its remarkable tenacity of moisture. Instead of allowing the 
 rain to sink away to great depths, the soil becomes during the 
 rains a tenacious mud. In dry weather the whole surface of 
 the ground where it occurs becomes seamed with inter-ramify- 
 ing cracks, between which the soil forms hard lumps, which still, 
 however, retain water imprisoned in their spongy cells. Hence, 
 dry as the climate is, and notwithstanding the rapidity with 
 which evaporation takes place on the surface, wherever this soil 
 exists irrigation is not required. In certain places there is a 
 natural storage of water underground that can always be made 
 available by means of moderately deep wells. The rain sinks 
 into porous soil at the surface, but is retained by a stiffer stratum 
 at no great depth. The whole of the plain along the base of 
 the Himalayas has constant supplies of fresh water underground, 
 and the middle portion of it has these supplies near enough to 
 the surface to be easily reached, while not having a copious 
 enough rainfall to enable it to dispense with irrigation. ' Hence, 
 between Delhi and Benares, the upper stratum of the alluvial 
 plain is riddled like a sieve with water-holes or wells 10 to 50 ft. 
 in depth' (Statistical Atlas of India). Many of the irrigation 
 works of I. , and among these the greatest of all, are canals. In 
 some cases, chiefly in the North-^A^est Provs. and Oudh and in 
 the Punjab, these canals are fed by mountain springs and the 
 melting of Himalayan snows. For the most part, however, 
 they are fed from rivers. Some of the canals thus fed are laid 
 so as merely to carry off the surplus waters in time of flood. 
 These are known as inundation canals, and are confined to the 
 NW. of I. (Punjab and Sind), where they were much used even 
 before the British occupation. But works of much greater 
 magnitude have been constructed, mostly under British rule, 
 in the form of perennial canals, into which is led nearly 
 the whole body of water belonging to a river for a greater 
 or less distance, the principal being the Ganges, Jumna, 
 Bari Doab, Saran, Son (Soane), and Sirhind canals in northern 
 India, and the deltaic systems of the eastern plains of 
 the peninsula (Orissa, Kistna, Goddvarf, and Cauvery). 
 Another important effect of climate combined with other circum- 
 stances is to be seen in the dlstrlbntion of population. 
 Taken collectively, the plains of the Ganges basin, exclusive of 
 the Brahmaputra valley in Assam, are the most densely peopled 
 region of I. , and they include considerable tracts in the delta 
 of the Ganges and North- West Provs. , with upwards of 600 to 
 the square mile — a density exceeded by few areas of equal extent 
 in the world. In this region not only the extent of the plains, 
 but the abundance of the rainfall, the facilities for irrigation, 
 and the large number of na.vigable rivers, have all combined to 
 promote the growth of population. Next in point of density is 
 the angle of the peninsula from the latitude of Madras south- 
 wards, where also there are considerable areas of plain with a 
 fairly abundant rainfall and exceptional faciUties for irrigation. 
 In the delta of the Cauvery, where the irrigation system is of 
 very old standing, the population is far above the average of 
 the region, exceeding 500 to the square mile. Other smaller 
 areas, with a dense pxjpulation, are situated on the well-watered 
 parts of the W. coast. The tableland, except such part of it as 
 belongs to the angle just mentioned, has only a moderately 
 dense population — under 200 to the square mile. Finally, the 
 basin of the Indus is the most sparsely peopled portion of India, 
 except in the N., at the base of the Himalayas, where the pre- 
 sence of these mountains favours the deposition of rain, and 
 where, it will be remembered, agriculture is promoted by winter 
 as well as summer rains. Lastly, the character of the sea- 
 coasts, both on the E. and W. , is due to causes connected with 
 the Indian climate. In this case the effect is due directly to 
 the prevailing winds and sea-currents, whose course is dependent 
 on the winds. On both coasts during the SW. monsoon the 
 currents set strongly northwards. On the W. coast the winds 
 then blow inland, and thus tend to blow the dust and the sands 
 of the coast landvrard. The silt that has been deposited in the 
 sea is, however, slowly but steadily washed northwards, and the 
 ports are apt to get blocked by the collection of sediment at 
 their entrances. The strength of the wind, at the same time, 
 drives the waves violently on the shore. From these causes there 
 are few of these ports accessible at all seasons. The great 
 majority are only fair-weather ports, which cannot be visited 
 during the prevalence of the SW. monsoon. On the E. coast 
 the effect of the wind is still more adverse to shipping. On this 
 side the SW. monsoon is the dry season of the southern part of 
 the peninsula. The sand and loose soil of the plains and table- 
 land is thus all the more readily blown about by the wind, and 
 large quantities of such matter are carried directly seawards, and 
 make the sea very shallow for a long distance out, especially off 
 that part of the coast which runs nearly N. and S. At Masuli- 
 patam, between the mouths of the Kistna and the Godivari, 
 
INDIA 
 
 large vessels have to anchor five miles out. The shallowness of 
 the sea has another effect, which is sometimes very disastrous. 
 By checking the advance of the waves, it increases their height, 
 and thus causes a constant surf to beat upon the coast, so that 
 vessels cannot approach, and have to land their goods and 
 passengers by surf-boats and rafts. From all these causes there 
 is not a single safe harbour on the SE. coast of India, nor a 
 river-mouth navigable by vessels of any size. Vegetation, — 
 There can be little doubt that at some remote period the greater 
 part of I. was covered with forests, but the area so occupied 
 has been reduced to make way for cultivation, so that the forests 
 have been left to flourish principally in regions which it is im- 
 possible, or scarcely possible, to reclaim, in rugged mountainous 
 or hilly country, or in swamps like the Sandarbans. The terai 
 at the base of the Himdlayas, a strip of dense jungle, the haunt 
 of wild beasts, was originally left as a barrier to protect the 
 inhabitants of the plain against inroads of the plundering hill- 
 tribes on the N. This area is being gradually reclaimed in 
 places. The destruction of forests has gone so far in India, that 
 it has had to be checked. Certain forest areas under such con- 
 trol are ' reserved,' and in these no one is allowed to cut timber 
 or take any other forest produce without a license. In I. 
 proper (exclusive of Burma) the area of reserved forests in the 
 provs. under British rule is now about 50,000 sq. m., equal to 
 one-third of the area of Bengal. Some of the native states have 
 followed the example of the British government with respect to 
 forest management. Among the principal trees are the conifers 
 (deodar or Himalayan cedar, toon, &c.) of the Himdlayas, 
 especially in the N W. ; the sal, sissii (sissoo) teak (abundant in 
 India proper, but exploited chiefly in Burma, where the rivers 
 afford the means of cheap transportation), satin wood and 
 sandalwood, various acacias, &c., besides numerous palms (the 
 coco-nut, the date- or toddy-palm of Bengal, the Palmyra- or 
 toddy-palm of southern I., the Java sago-palm, the areca- 
 palm, &c.). Wild animals abound in India, especially in the 
 jungle. Many of them are very destructive, and among these 
 some are fatal to great numbers of human beings every year ; 
 but all the efforts made against these species serve only to keep 
 their numbers down and to limit their ravages. Most of them 
 it seems impossible to extirpate. Tigers and leopards are 
 the chief carnivores. The lion, an inhabitant of desert and 
 arid regions, is now nearly extinct in I. A few of a peculiar 
 variety, nearly maneless, still survive in the more rugged parts 
 of the Kathiawar Penin. (Gujarat). The elephant is found in 
 forests in all parts of I. except the NW., but confines itself 
 chiefly to the hills, and even to the higher ridges. It is now 
 commonest in the NE. and in the extreme S. of the peninsula. 
 In all places it seemed to be threatened with extinction, and its 
 capture is now reserved solely to the government. Among 
 other mammals are monkeys, jackals, the wild hog (all found 
 throughout I.), the dhole or wild dog, the sdmbhar (sambur), 
 and axis or spotted deer, the gaur or so-called bison, gayal, 
 buffalo, nflgai (nylgau), wolves, the striped hyagna, and the wild 
 ass (the principal wild animal of the arid regions). High up in 
 the Himalayas the typical animals are wild sheep, goats, and 
 the yak, all of which are used as pack animals across the passes, 
 and some much valued for their fine soft winter wool or down. 
 Of all the animals of I., serpents, above all the cobra or hooded 
 snake and the Russell snake, are the most destructive to human 
 life, causing the death of thousands every year. Crocodiles 
 occur in the rivers, the gavial and a species of dolphin in the 
 Ganges. The insects include bees, silk-moths, the lac-insect, 
 locusts, and white ants. Agriculture. — India is essentially an 
 agricultural country. At the census of 1881 the number ol 
 persons directly supported by agriculture made up more than 
 seven-tenths of the male inhabitants engaged in specific occupa- 
 tions. The crops that may be descrited as universal in India 
 are millets, chiefly the great millet or jodr {Sorghum vulgare), 
 the spiked millet or bdjra (Pennisetum typhoideum), and (especi- 
 ally on the southern part of the tableland) rdgi, the principal 
 small millet, pulses (above all, gram or chick peas), and oil-seeds, 
 sesame (called in I. til or jinjelli), linseed, castor-oil, mustard, 
 and different kinds of rape. Rice is the characteristic grain-crop 
 of the best-watered plains not only in I., but throughout the 
 monsoon region of Asia. Certain varieties, known as upland or 
 hill rice, thrive on a drier soil, and in I. often ascend to an alti- 
 tude of 8000 ft. ; but these varieties make up only a comparatively 
 small proportion of the rice-culture of any country. Opium 
 cultivation has its chief seats in the valley of the Ganges round 
 Patna and Benares, and in Central I., in the region corre- 
 sponding to the old kingdom of Milwd. Cotton is mainly 
 grown on the tableland, and above all, in those fertile regions 
 covered with regar, a soil so well adapted to this crop as to be 
 known as the bkck cotton soil. There is, however, no part of 
 1. with a moderate rainfall in which cotton is not extensively 
 grown. Equally wide is the area over which the cultivation of 
 sugar-cane, indigo, and tobacco is distributed, though even the 
 most extensively grown of these three (sugar-cane) does not 
 occupy altogether one-fifth of the area under cotton. The sugar 
 made from native cane or the sap of palms (almost entirely in | 
 
 the imperfectly refined form oi jdgari or gtir) is much below 
 what is required for home consumption, so that there is a large 
 import of this commodity (chiefly in the form of refined sugar). 
 Sugar-cane is most largely cultivated in the Ganges basin and 
 the N. of the Punjab. Indigo is most abundantly produced in 
 the northern plains, and in certain districts of Madras. Jute is 
 a product of Bengal ; tea, of Assam and the Himalayas (Dar- 
 jfling, Kumdun in the North-West Provs., the Kangra valley in 
 the Punjab, &c.) ; coffee, of the eastern, and therefore drier, 
 slopes of the Western Ghits, S. of about lat. 15° N. (Mysore 
 and Madras, where tea also has now been introduced) ; cinchona, 
 of plantations on the Nilgiri Hills and the Himalayas (Darjfling) ; 
 pepper of the mountains in the S. Silk may also be mentioned 
 among the agricultural products of India, so far as it is obtained 
 from silk-moths reared on mulberry trees planted (chiefly in 
 Bengal) for the purpose, but a large proportion of Indian raw 
 silk is obtained from ' wild ' moths in the hill forests of Assam, 
 western Bengal, and the Central Provs. The great cattle- 
 rearing region of I. is a belt extending from Cutch through 
 eastern R^jputdna and the Punjab to Kashmfr, a belt in which 
 the rainfall is not so excessive as to wash away all the saline 
 constituents which are found to be so essential to the health of 
 cattle. Cattle are the chief beasts of burden and draught 
 in the greater part of I. The mineral wealtli of I. is 
 tolerably abundant, but there are obstacles to its development 
 in the face of foreign (chiefly British) competition. There are 
 some extensive and numerous small coalfields ; but the most 
 extensive, in the W. of Bengal and the E. of Central I., lies 
 in a region imperfectly explored and not easily accessible ; and 
 most of the Indian coal is able to do only from one-half to 
 two-thirds of the work of imported English coal. Nevertheless, 
 the total production of coal in I. is rapidly increasing. In the 
 period 1880-1891 it increased from 998,000 to 2,329,000 tons. 
 The region that produces the greatest quantity of coal in India 
 is the southern part of Bengal (principal centres, Raniganj, 
 Karharbdri, and Jharla) to the W. of the Ganges, on the out- 
 skirts of the tableland. Among other important centres are 
 Makum in Assam, Uman'a in Central I., Waror^ in the Cen- 
 tral Provs. , and Singareni in Haidardbdd. Iron ore is widely 
 scattered over the country, and, with the profuse employment 
 of charcoal, the best material for smelting, the natives make iron 
 of excellent quality; but in the districts most accessible to 
 foreign commerce this expensive mode of working has almost 
 been extingfuished in consequence of the import of European 
 iron and iron-wares. The principal obstacle to the develop- 
 ment in I. of a great iron industry on the European system 
 hitherto has been the difficulty of obtaining good ore, good coal 
 for smelting, and limestone for flux in sufficient proximity to one 
 another. The most persistent attempts at the establishment 
 of such an industry have been made at Barakhar [Bengal, 
 minerals]. Among ores that may some day supply great iron- 
 works are those which crop out on a hill close to the railway 
 from Madras to Calicut, a few miles W. of Salem, N. and E. 
 of the Cauvery, limestone also being found near, though smelt- 
 ing fuel is wanting. Among other Indian minerals of import- 
 ance are gold (in Mysore, in Madras, and Chutia Nagpur), 
 copper, salt, and saltpetre. Salt is obtained by evaporation all 
 round the coast, from the Salt Hills in the N. of the Punjab, 
 and from Lake Sambhar and other lakes or pits in Rajputina, 
 but the production is far below the home demand. Saltpetre is 
 obtained from N. Bengal, petroleum in Burma (q.v.). Manu- 
 factures. — Not only in metal-working, but also in various other 
 branches of manufacture, the Indian handicrafts have suffered 
 greatly from European competition and the introduction into 
 I. of European methods of production. Cheap Manchester 
 cottons, and, more recently, the products of the native cotton- 
 factories, have told heavily on the old hand-spinning and weav- 
 ing. Even the fine muslins of Dacca (Bengal) and Madras, 
 for which I. has long been celebrated, have almost become a 
 thing of the past. Cotton-mills (chiefly for the spinning of 
 yarn) are now to be seen in all parts of I. , but the great majority 
 are in the Presidency of Bombay, and more particularly in 
 Bombay I., where nearly two-thirds of the raw cotton made 
 use of in Indian mills is worked up. Silk factories worked by 
 steam have been started at Bombay, and jute factories have 
 long been worked with success in BengaL The manufacture 
 of leather from native hides and skins by means of native tan- 
 ning materials is also to be included among the rapidly growing 
 industries of India carried on by European methods on a large 
 scale. In the making of various articles of luxury and art, 
 Indian artisans still excel. Cashmere shawls are still made 
 both in Kashmir and the Punjab (Amritsdr, Ludhidna, and else- 
 where). Rich figured silks are made in many towns. Indian 
 carpets and rugs are articles of export, and so also are a variety 
 of articles skilfully wrought in ivory, gold and silver, copper 
 and brass. Means of Internal Conununlcatlon. — The part 
 which rivers play in this respect has already been referred to. 
 The first of the great roads of I. was the Grand Trunk Road, 
 which was constructed for military purposes through the whole 
 length of the great northern plain from the delta of the Ganges 
 
 717 
 
INDIA 
 
 to the north-west frontier. It was begun by a Mohammedan 
 emperor in the sixteenth century, but only finished under British 
 rule in the first half of the present century. Numerous other 
 roads have since been laid, most of them metalled with stone 
 obtained by breaking up the kankar, or nodular limestone 
 lumps, which are to be found in most parts of L, except 
 the great deltas, in the river-beds, and on the alluvial plains. 
 The first railway in I. was that from Bombay to Thana, 
 opened in 1853 — the first part of the Great Indian Peninsula 
 Railway. In March 1890 the total length of railway in I. 
 bad increased to upwards of 16,000 miles. In recent years, the 
 all'■ln.^l addition to the railway mileage has averaged about 
 1000 miles. The great trunk lines of I. are all on the gauge 
 of 5 ft. 6 ins., which is known as the standard gauge. Rail- 
 ways on this gauge now connect Calcutta with the north- 
 western frontier, and that frontier with Karachi ; Bombay with 
 Allahabad, with Calcutta by way of Nagpur, and with Madras, 
 and Madras with Calicut (by a line through the Palghat Gap). 
 The chief trunk line still wanting is one to connect Madras 
 with Calcutta. Several minor railways have been constructed 
 on the metre gauge (3 ft. 3* ins.), and there are a few 
 short lines on gauges still narrower. The great bulk of the 
 foreign eommerce of I. is carried on by sea ; and the rapid 
 growth of this commerce in recent years is shown by the fol- 
 lowing figures, giving, for the whole of British I., including 
 Burma, in millions sterling, at the average rate of exchange 
 for each year, the average value of the imports and exports of 
 merchandise, including government stores, but excluding coin 
 and bullion, for periods of five years ending 31st March : — 
 
 
 1871-75. 
 
 1876-80. 
 
 1881-85. 
 
 1886-90. 
 
 1891-94 
 
 Imports . 
 
 . 31-68 
 
 33-67 
 
 43-40 
 
 45-58 
 
 47.68 
 
 Exports . 
 
 . 55-66 
 
 53-42 
 
 67.30 
 
 65-83 
 
 70.52 
 
 In recent years raw cotton, opium, rice, and oil-seeds have 
 formed half the value of the sea-borne exports of British I., 
 including Burma. Among the other leading exports are wheat, 
 jute, hides and skins, indigo, and tea. Cotton manufactures, 
 including yarn, make up nearly half the value of the imports, 
 and among the other leading imports of ordinary merchandise 
 are metals, railway materials, machinery and mill-work, woollen 
 goods, coal, and kerosine (mineral oil). It is a very remarkable 
 feature of the trade of I. that bullion and specie, chiefly in the 
 form of silver, are regularly imported to such an amount, that 
 the value, even after deducting that of the exports under this 
 head, is on an average equal to at least a fifth of that of all 
 other imports. As a whole, the trade of I. is a striking example 
 of the exchange of agricultural produce for manufactured articles 
 and minerals. Among the countries trading with I . the U nited 
 Kingdom takes the first place. China, which takes most of the 
 opium, ranks second under both heads. In the recent history of 
 Indian commerce, the most noteworthy feature with regard to the 
 commodities has been a steady rise in the quantities of nearly all 
 the leading articles of export and import. The principal excep)- 
 tion is in the export of opium. On the other hand, during the last 
 fifteen years or so I. has shown a rapidly rising export of wheat, 
 tea, and oil-seeds, and a less marked rise in other commodities. 
 Two manufactured articles also are rapidly rising in importance 
 among the exports : these are cotton twist and yarns, and 
 leather. The cotton twist and yarns are mainly sent to China 
 (including Hong-kong) and Japan, and the amount of the 
 export to these countries increased year by year from about 8 
 million lbs. in 1876-77 to above 160 million lbs. in 1890-91, 
 whereas the British exports of these articles to the same countries 
 have not increased at all in recent years. Since 1890-91 there 
 has been a decline in the amount of this export from India to 
 the E., apparently owing to the rise of cotton-spinning in 
 Japan. As regards the dlstrlbatlon of the commerce, the 
 United Kingdom maintained its position in the supply of the 
 imports till the last decade of the 19th century, but its propor- 
 tion of the total value sank from an average of 78.6 per cent, 
 in 1886-90 to 70.3 per cent, in 1893-94. The most notable 
 decline has been under the head of iron and steel, the total 
 import of which from the United Kingdom sank from 4.45 
 million cwts. in 1887-88 (the maximum year) to 2.74 in 
 1893-94, while that from Belgium rose from 0.23 to 1.74. 
 There has been a considerable decline in the importation of 
 British salt. The proportion of Indian exports sent to the 
 United Kingdom has declined considerably since 1870, without 
 doubt in consequence of the Suez Canal promoting direct trade, 
 especially with Mediterranean countries. About four-fifths of 
 the value of the sea-borne imports of merchandise into I., and 
 nearly three-fifths of that of the exports from I., now pass 
 through this canal ; or, in other words, almost the entire 
 trade with countries west of the canal now passes by that 
 route. The foreign sea-borne commerce of I. propjer (exclusive 
 of Burma) is almost confined to four seaports — Calcutta, Bom- 
 bay, Madras, and Kardchi (Kurrachee), and more than 80 per 
 cent, of the whole falls to the share of the first two. The 
 external trade of I. by land has a total value of more than 
 four millions of Rs. in either direction, or about nine millions 
 718 
 
 when the imports and exports are combined, but this includes 
 the trade with Kashmir. Nepal has the largest share of this 
 trade, and Nepal and Kashmir are the only two countries with 
 which this branch of trade exceeds one million in value (imports 
 and exports together). Moneys, M'elghts, and Measures. — 
 The currency of I. is based on a silver standard. The money 
 of account is the rupee, which is divided into 16 aimas, or 192 
 pies (pice), and is a silver coin of 180 grains Troy, gross weight, 
 containing 916^ fine grains per looo, so that the fine weight on 
 issue from the mint is 165 grains. Down to 1873 the value of 
 the rupee was not much under 2s., and rupees were generally 
 converted at the rate of ten to the _^i, but since that date, in 
 consequence of the fall of the price of silver, the value of the 
 rupee has pretty steadily declined. To avoid the growing in- 
 convenience arising from this decline, the government of I., 
 which has to remit large sums to England at gold values as 
 interest on debt, and to meet other home charges, endeavoured 
 to maintain the value of the rupee by closing the Indian mints 
 to silver, and fixing a lower limit for the sale of treasury bills. 
 Yet in June 1893, before the closing of the mints, the rate of 
 exchange for the rupee was a little under is. 3d. ; in June 1895 
 about IS. id. [Appendix, p. 14]. The government has been 
 unable to adhere to the lower limit fixed for its bills. The unit 
 of weight for large quantities is generally called the maund, but 
 the maund differs in different parts of I. At Madras it is 
 nearly 25 lbs. , at Bombay 28 lbs. At Calcutta the imperial or 
 Indian maund weighs 82.13 lbs., the factory maund 74.67 lbs. 
 The maund is divided into 40 seers, the seer into 16 chittaks. 
 India is inhabited by numerous races, which have obtained a 
 footing in the country at different periods. People speaking 
 an Aryan language allied to the Sanskrit must have originally 
 entered I. through the western passes. It is their religion, 
 now called the Hindu religion, that has come to prevail over 
 the greater part of I., and the language just named is that in 
 which their sacred books, the four Vedas, are written. The 
 modern Brihmans and Rajputs, the priestly and the warrior 
 caste, the two castes which are still, as they were in ancient 
 times, the highest in the Hindu reUgion, are believed to 
 be comparatively pure descendants of these original Aryan 
 settlers. Together they now number in British I. about 
 one-twelfth of the population. They are mostly found in the 
 northern plains, where their first settlements were made. The 
 two other castes of ancient I. (now divided into innumer- 
 able minor castes), the Vaisyas, or cultivating caste, and the 
 Sudras, or servile caste, in course of time got mixed with a 
 still earlier population. Others of these original non-Aryan in- 
 habitants took refuge in the mountains and hills. The great 
 majority of these older non-Aryans may be divided into three 
 great groups, Tibeto-Burmans, inhabiting the slopes of the 
 Himalayas, and the mountains in the NE., the Kolarians and 
 Dravidians, inhabiting the southern mountains and tableland. 
 Languages descended from those of the old Aryan and old 
 non-Aryan inhabitants of I. are those which prevail over 
 the country to this day. Aryan languages are those which 
 are spoken not only over the greatest extent of country, but 
 also the most populous regions, and thus by the great majority 
 of the people. Their domain includes all the great plain, 
 together with the northern half of the tableland. They are 
 spoken in seven chief dialects, namely, Bengali, spoken in the 
 valley of the Lower Ganges and Brahmaputra as well as the 
 valley of the Surma (the southern valley of Assam) ; Urlyi, 
 spoken in the region to the SW. (Orissa and the neighbour- 
 hood) ; Hindi, the most widely spoken of all, its domain com- 
 prising the whole of the middle and upjjer Ganges basin, 
 including all that part of the basin which belongs to the table- 
 land on the S. ; Punjabi in the N. , and Sindhf in the S. of the 
 Indus basin ; Gujardthi in the NW. of Bombay, including the 
 penins. of Cutch and Kathiawar ; and Mardthf in the region 
 next to the S. , extending eastward into the Central Provs. Of 
 these seven, Sindhf is the only one that has no literature. Of 
 the non-Aryan languages, the Dravidian are by far the most 
 important, being spoken over nearly all the S. of the tableland 
 together with the adjoining lowlands. There are four chief 
 dialects of this group ; first, the Tamil, spoken by the largest 
 population, its domain being all tlie densely peopled plains 
 and lowlands, together with part of the tableland from Madras 
 southwards ; second, Telugu, spoken in the region to the N. as 
 far as the Godavari ; third, Kdnarese, spoken in the area to the 
 W. of the previous ; and fourth, Malaydlam, spoken on the 
 Malabar coast from Coorg southwards. The Tamil is a culti- 
 vated language, with an important literature. Besides these 
 four, there are several minor dialects ; two of them, the Khond 
 and the Gond, are spoken over considerable areas on the table- 
 land in the E. of the Goddvari basin. Among the religions of 
 I., Mohammedanism is mainly due to two series of invasions 
 from the W., the one beginning early in the nth century of 
 the Christian era, the other with the invasion of the Mughal 
 conqueror Babar in 1526, and many of the Mohammedans 
 are descended from these invaders. Buddhism at one time 
 prevailed all over I., but gradually died out, or nearly, as in 
 
INDI — INDI 
 
 I. proper, after the 8th or 9th century A.D. Christianity, 
 according to the Syrian rite, gained a footing on the Malabar 
 coast before the end of the 2nd century of the Christian era, 
 and a Christian community, numbered by hundreds of tho'osands, 
 descended from these early Christians, survives there to this 
 day. The following table shows the distribution : — 
 
 Population according to Religion at the 
 Census of 1891. 
 
 Thousands (000) omitted. 
 
 Administration. 
 
 Hindus. 
 
 Moham- 
 medans. 
 
 Abori- 
 ginals. 
 
 Budd- 
 hists. 
 
 Chris- 
 tians. 
 
 Sikhs. 
 
 Jains. 
 
 BRITISH INDIA— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ajmere 
 
 438 
 
 74 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 27 
 
 Berar .... 
 
 2.532 
 
 Z08 
 
 137 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 19 
 
 Coorg .... 
 
 ^57 
 
 13 
 
 .. 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Madras 
 
 31.998 
 
 2,250 
 
 473 
 
 z 
 
 866 
 
 
 27 
 
 Bombay 
 
 14,660 
 
 3.537 
 
 214 
 
 
 162 
 
 
 240 
 
 Bengal. 
 
 45.220 
 
 23.438 
 
 a. 295 
 
 i89 
 
 '9J 
 
 
 7 
 
 NW. Provs. and Oudh 
 
 40,402 
 
 6.347 
 
 
 I 
 
 58 
 
 II 
 
 85 
 
 Punjab 
 
 7.743 
 
 11.634 
 
 
 6 
 
 54 
 
 1.390 
 
 39 
 
 Central Provs. , 
 
 8.831 
 
 298 
 
 1.5^ 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 49 
 
 Assam .... 
 
 2.997 
 
 1,484 
 
 970 
 
 "s 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 Burma .... 
 
 172 
 
 253 
 
 168 
 
 6,888 
 
 121 
 
 3 
 
 
 Quettah, &c. 
 Andamans . 
 
 13 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 Native states— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bengal States 
 
 2,604 
 
 221 
 
 459 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 NW. Prov. States . 
 
 550 
 
 243 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Punjab States . 
 
 2,494 
 
 1,281 
 
 
 
 
 
 isi 
 
 "e 
 
 Central Prov. States . 
 
 1,658 
 
 12 
 
 490 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Madras States . 
 
 2.759 
 
 225 
 
 
 
 
 71s 
 
 
 
 Bombay States . 
 
 6.781 
 
 854 
 
 '98 
 
 
 
 
 
 3^5 
 
 Rijputana . 
 
 10.193 
 
 991 
 
 411 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 418 
 
 Central India 
 
 7.735 
 
 569 
 
 1,916 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 90 
 
 Baroda 
 
 2.138 
 
 189 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 Haidardbid 
 
 10.315 
 
 1.139 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 s 
 
 28 
 
 Mysore 
 
 4,639 
 
 253 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 
 13 
 
 Kashmir 
 
 692 
 
 1.794 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 Shan States 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 207,732 
 
 57.321 
 
 9.280 
 
 7.131 
 
 2,284 
 
 1,908 
 
 Ii4i7 
 
 CrOTernmeut. — At the present day almost the whole of I., 
 along with Burma in the Eastern Peninsula, is either under 
 direct British rule, or is subject to native princes more or less 
 under British influence. Among European powers, Portugal 
 and France alone retain possessions in I. Since 1858 the govern- 
 ment of British I. has been vested in the Crown, which appoints 
 a viceroy or governor-general for the whole country, who is the 
 head of two councils, an executive and a legislative. The execu- 
 tive council is composed of seven members, including the viceroy 
 and the commander-in-chief of the army, the members presiding 
 respectively over the following departments: — finance, home- 
 affairs, revenue and agriculture, foreign affairs, military affairs, 
 public works, and legislation. The legislative council comprises 
 the same members along with twelve other nominated members, 
 some official and some non-ofBcial, and the governor of the prov. 
 in which it is held. Bombay, Madras, and Bengal have each a 
 subordinate legislative council, the members of which are ap- 
 pointed by the head of the respective provs. All the provs. of 
 British I. are divided into ' districts,' each under an officer bear- 
 ing the title of collector-magistrate, or (in some parts) deputy- 
 commissioner. In certain provs. dists. are grouped into ' divi- 
 sions,' in each of which a ' commissioner' is the head of the 
 administration. The revenue is mainly derived from a land-tax 
 (yielding at least two-fifths of the whole amount) ; the sale of 
 opium (which is a government monopoly in Bengal) ; a tax on 
 salt (a government monopoly in Madras) ; excise duties on 
 spirits, ganja, and other intoxicating preparations made from 
 hemp, &c. ; customs (import duties and an export duty on rice), 
 stamps, and provincial rates (mainly levied on land for special 
 local purposes). Education is fostered by the government in 
 British I. in various ways. At the head of the educational 
 system are four universities, at Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, and 
 Lahore. Only the last of these has a teaching staff, the other 
 three being merely examining bodies with the privilege of con- 
 ferring degrees. There are many colleges, however, which impart 
 the highest English education, or prepare students for the pro- 
 fessions of law, medicine, or engineering. There is likewise a 
 large number of ' public ' schools, in which the course of study 
 conforms to the standard prescribed by the department of public 
 instruction or the university, and which are either inspected by 
 the department or send up pupils to the public examinations. 
 The native states are subject to their own rulers, who are, how- 
 ever, bound to allegiance to the British authorities, and have a 
 British official stationed at their court. In the larger states this 
 official is known as the British Resident. Some of the smaller 
 states are grouped together and placed under the supervision of 
 an 'agent for the governor-general." The Portuguese were the 
 first Europeans to visit I. and acquire influence there, the Portu- 
 guese navigator Vasco da Gama having sailed to I. after doubling 
 the Cape of Good Hope. For an entire century Portugal retained 
 command of the entire trade between Europe and I. , as well as 
 the rest of eastern Asia. In I. they acquired power in various 
 places, but now the only relics of their rule are the terr. of Goa 
 and the seaports of Daman and Diu, all in Bombay. The 
 
 Portuguese were followed by Dutch, Danes, French, and English 
 all of whom established trading factories in I. During the i8th 
 century a great struggle took place between the French and the 
 British in I. , at the end of which the British came out as the 
 victorious power, and since then British influence in I. has con- 
 stantly increased. The relics of the French possessions are 
 Pondicherri, Chandarnagar, Karikal, Yanaon, and Mahe. 
 In 1765 the (British) East India Company secured from the 
 Mughal emperor the cession of the populous provs. of Bengal, 
 Behar, and Orissa in the NE. Already, however, the power of 
 the Mughal emperor had been reduced to a mere shadow by 
 the establishment of the great Hindu power of the Marathas 
 in the S. , and the encroachments of the Sikhcon federacy on 
 the NW. The British consolidated and extended their own 
 authority by victories over each of these rivals in turn. Several 
 wars were waged against the Marathas, and at the close of the 
 last of them, in 1818, large additions were made to British terr., 
 chiefly on the NW. of the tableland. In 1849 the Punjab was 
 annexed by the British after a successful war against the Sikh 
 confederacy in the NW. In 1857 the last Mughal emperor was 
 deposed by the British. 
 
 ludlaua, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, cap. I. co. , 47 m. E. by 
 N. Pittsburg. I. co. is bounded on the S. by the Kiskiminetas 
 R. P. <20oo. West I., adjoining bor., P. < 2000. 
 
 Indiana, one of the U.S., rather more than half the size of 
 England, N. of the Ohio, with a shore-line of 50 m. on Lake 
 Michigan. Cap. Indianapolis ; other chief towns, Evansville, 
 Fort Wayne, Terre Haute, South Bend, New Albany, and La 
 Fayette. Michigan City is the only sea- (lake-) port. The 
 surface is an undulating plain, sloping towards the SW. High 
 sandhills border the lake-shore, and in the Ohio valley are abrupt 
 limestone hills, 400-500 ft. , in which is the celebrated Wyandotte 
 Cave. Chief river, Wabash, which, with its tribs., drains three- 
 fourths ot the state, and forms the W. frontier for about 100 m.; 
 navigable 300 m. , to Logansport ; principal trib. , 1. bk. , White 
 R. In the N. are several small lakes ; formerly much of this 
 region was covered with swamps and lagoons, but it has now 
 been drained in great part. About one-third of the country is 
 under wood. Permo-carboniferous rocks cover a large area in 
 the S.; Devonian strata form a diagonal central band S. to 
 NW., spreading out widely in the N.; Silurian rocks occur in 
 the extreme NW. and in the E. The climate is in general 
 healthy, but variable ; northerly and north-westerly winds pre- 
 vail during winter [Indianapolis]. Cereals cover about one- 
 third of the state, and yield large crops ; the Wabash valley in 
 particular is noted for its rich harvests of maize and wheat. Flax- 
 seed and sorghum are among the other crops. Apples, peaches, 
 and the vine flourish. The minerals include coal, of which the 
 beds cover 6450 sq. m.; building-stone, including the noted 
 Bedford or Indiana limestone, quarried chiefly in the S. and 
 SE. , and whetstone. Natural gas, first struck in 1889, is proving 
 an important factor in the development of the state, being used 
 in many towns both for domestic and manufacturing purposes. 
 Manufactures have increased tenfold in thirty years. The 
 principal are woollen goods, vehicles of all sorts, ploughs, rope- 
 transmission appliances, machinery, office desks, plate-glass ; 
 pork-packing and the preparation of corn-foods are also exten- 
 sive industries. The state is crossed by a network of railways ; 
 the canal from Toledo to Evansville traverses it for 379 m. , and 
 the Whitewater has a length of 70 m. I. was first visited by La 
 Salle's expedition, 1669-70. The S. was subsequently attached 
 to Louisiana, and the N. to Canada. In 1800 it was formed 
 into a terr. , which, a few years later, included all the land from 
 Ohio to Oregon co. The name was first applied in 1768 to a 
 tract of land granted by the Indians to traders. Area, 36,350 
 sq. m. P. 2,192,404. See Tnlted States, table. [E. J. H.J 
 
 Indianapolis, city, U.S., Indiana, Marion co., at the con- 
 fluence of Fall Creek and White R., 68 m. ENE. Terre Haute. 
 Now an important railway centre, on which fifteen main-lines 
 converge, all connected by the so-called ' belt-line. ' Has large 
 trade in grain and live-stock, and many manufactures. First 
 named in 1821, when it stood in a vast level forest, broken only 
 by Indian trails ; first provided with railway communication in 
 1847. Alt. 753 ft. Mean temp., yr. 53.5° F., Jan. 29.8°, July 
 77.0° ; rfall. (13 yrs.), 47.01 in. Alt. 753 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). 
 P. (1850) 8100; (i860) 18,100; (1870) 48,200 ; (1880) 75, 100; 
 (1890)105,400. North I., adjoining tn., P. < 1500. West I., 
 adjoining tn., P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Indian Bay, Newfoundland, on the E. ct. , in 49° N. 
 
 Indian Cove, post-vil. , Canada, Quebec, co. and 3 m. from 
 Levis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Indian Harbour, an inlet, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the 
 SE. ct., Guysborough co., in 45° 5' N., with post-vil. 10 m. 
 from Sherbrooke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Indian Harbonr, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, on St. Mar- 
 garet's Bay, CO. and 20 m. WSW. Halifax. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Indian Head, vil., Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R., 
 314 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, with government experimental farm. 
 
 Indian Head, cape, Queensland, E. side of Great Sandy I., 
 25° i' S. 
 
 719 
 
I N D I — I N D O 
 
 Indian Island, Canada, Nova Scotia. See lia Have, Cape. 
 Indian (or Big) Lake, Canada. See Big Lake. 
 
 Indian Lake, U.S., New York, Hamilton co., a sheet of 
 water about 5 m. long and i m. wide. 
 
 InfUau mountain, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, co. West- 
 morland, 10 m. from Moncton. P. -cisoo. 
 
 Indian Ocean, ancient Indicum Mare, one of the five great 
 hydrographical divisions of the globe, N. of the Antarctic Circle, 
 separated from the Pacific on the E. by the Asiatic Archipelago 
 and Australia, continued S. by an imaginary meridian line from 
 the S. point of Tasmania, 146° 55' E. ; divided from the Atlantic 
 by Afi-ica and the meridian of Cape Agulhas, 20° E. , on the W. ; 
 and enclosed by the countries of S. Asia on the N. In the NE. 
 it communicates with the Pacific Ocean by the channels between 
 the Sunda Is. and by the Timor Sea. NW. by the Red Sea and 
 the Suez Canal communication is established with the Mediter- 
 ranean. The Bay (or sea) of Bengal and the Arabian Sea form 
 portions of the I. Ocean ; but the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, 
 which communicate with the Arabian Sea by narrow straits, are 
 properly considered separate seas. The Gulfs of Aden and 
 Oman in the Arabian Sea, leading respectively to the Red Sea 
 and Persian Gulf, are the only ones of importance. Chief straits, 
 the broad channel of Mozambique and Palk Strait. The islands 
 are Madagascar, Mauritius, Bourbon, the Comoro, the Sey- 
 chelles, and Socotra belonging to Africa ; the Laccadives, Mal- 
 dives, Ceylon, the Andaman, and Nicobar to Asia ; with the 
 islands off the W. ct. of Sumatra, Sumba, Kerguelen, St. Paul, 
 and Crozets. The drainage area of the I. Ocean is more cir- 
 cumscribed than those of the Atlantic and Pacific, consequently 
 its rivers are of less extent and volume ; the principal are, in 
 Asia, the Salwin, Irawadi, Brahmaputra, Ganges, Godavari, 
 Kistna, Narbadd, Indus, and the Shat-el-Arab, formed by the 
 junction of the Tigris and Euphrates ; in Africa, the Zambezi 
 and Limpopo. The bed is tolerably uniform throughout, 
 shelving steeply to 2000 fathoms at an average distance of 
 about 120 m. from the coast, except in the Bay of Bengal, the 
 Mozambique Channel, and SW. of India, where the greatest 
 depths recorded do not reach 2000 fathoms. The E. side is 
 somewhat the deeper, over 3000 fathoms having been sounded in 
 some places, slanting upwards to the SW. , where in the e.xtreme 
 S. the depth does not exceed 1000 fathoms. The most extensive 
 banks are those on which the Comoro, Seychelles, Chagos, and 
 Maldive Is. are situated, and a long patch NE. of Mauritius, 
 extending from 8°-i7° S. , intersected by 60° E. For dimensions, 
 greatest depths, prevailing winds, currents, tides, and floating 
 ice, see Oceans. 
 
 Indlano'la, vil., U.S., Illinois, Vermillion co., 20 m. SW. 
 Danville by rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Indlanola, city, U.S., Iowa, Warren co., 17 m. S. Des 
 Moines. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Indlanola, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Red Willow co., on the 1. 
 bk. of the Republican R. , 61 m. S. by E. of the confluence of 
 the N. and S. Platte. Alt. 2380 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Indlanola, port of entry and tn., U.S., Texas, cap. Calhoim 
 CO., on Matagorda Bay, 115 m. WSW. Galveston, with large 
 and commodious harbour. I. was submerged during a severe 
 storm, Sept. 15, 1875, and mostly swept away. Mean temp. 
 (15 yrs.), yr. 70.2° F., Jan. 53.0°, July 83.8°; rfalL (12 yrs.), 
 38.72 in. P. (1870) 2100; (i89o)<isoo. 
 
 Indian Pear Island, lake, Canada, Saskatchewan, to the 
 S. of the Saskatchewan R., just above the confluence of the 
 Carrot, crossed by 101° 40' W. 
 
 Indian BlTer, Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co., flows W. 
 into the riv. Ottawa, about 45° 47' N. 
 
 Indian Blrer, post-viL, Canada, Prince Edward I., co. 
 Prince, 3 m. from Kensington stn. P. <isoo. 
 
 Indian BlTer, an inlet, U.S., Delaware, in the S., stretching 
 inland for about 14 m. Its lower part, called I. B. Bay, is 
 entered by a narrow mouth in 38° 37 J' N. , called I. B. Inlet, 
 and communicates with another expansion on the N. called 
 Beboboth Bay. 
 
 Indian Blver, U.S., Florida, narrow tidal channel parallel 
 to and usually only \ m. from the E. ct. , extending along with 
 St. Lucie's Sound, its southerly continuation, about 135 m. S. 
 from 29" 11' N. ; navigable, admits vessels of 5 ft. diraught 
 Resort for invalids and sportsmen. 
 
 Indian Springs, stn. , Canada, Manitoba, on the N. Pacific 
 and Manitoba Rly. , 82 m. WSW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Indian Springs, hot springs near Neosho, Arkansas, U.S. 
 
 Indian Territory, country of the U.S., about the size of 
 Ireland, W. of Arkansas, and surrounding the terr. of Okla- 
 homa, occupied by the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, 
 and Seminole nations, and various small Indian tribes. The 
 surface consists mainly of fertile rolling prairies and rich valleys ; 
 in the S. are the San Bois, Shawnee, and Wichita Hills. 
 Principal rivs. , Arkansas (navigable at high water to Fort Gib- 
 son), r. bit trib. Canadian R.; Red R. (navigable nearly along 
 the whole S. boundary), and its 1. bk. trib. Washita, A belt 
 of forest, chiefly oak, about 40 m. wide, called the Cross Timbers, 
 traverses the terr. N. and S.; other parts are well wooded. 
 720 
 
 Permo-carboniferous rocks predominate in the N., E., and 
 SW. ; Cretaceous rocks occur along the Red R. valley ; Triassic 
 in the W. ; and small deposits of Quatemarj' and .Archaean in the 
 centre and S. The climate is pleasant ; winters short, \vith little 
 snow; summers long and hot [Fort Gibson]. Agriculture, 
 cattle-rearing, and lumbering are the principal occupations. 
 Coal-measures cover an area of 20,000 sq. m., and have an 
 estimated thickness of 8500-10,000 ft. The chief mining centres 
 are M'Allister and Hartshorne in the SW. Railways traverse 
 the E., W., and N. of the terr. Indian Terr, forms part of 
 a much larger region assigned by Act of Congress, 1830, as 
 the domain of Indians transferred thither from eastern states. 
 The Indians have the right of self-government, but the U.S. 
 claims sovereign authority. Each of the five nations is governed 
 by a principal and a second chief elected for two to four years, 
 a legislature of two houses meeting annually, and a judiciary 
 system. An International Council, consisting of representative's 
 from the various tribes, meets occasionally. Education is well 
 advanced, and there are numerous schools conducted by native 
 teachers, while many young Indians are educated in U.S. 
 colleges. The Cherokee nation, originally inhabiting Georgia, 
 occupies the region N. of the Arkansas ; cap. Tahlequah ; 
 principal business tovra, Vinita. The Reservation is divided 
 into nine counties. The Creek nation, formerly inhabiting 
 Alabama and Georgia, dwells S. of the Cherokees,'between the 
 Arkansas and the N. fork of the Canadian R. ; cap. Okmulgee. 
 The Choctaw nation, from S. Alabama and Mississippi, occupies 
 the SE. corner between the Red, Arkansas, and Canadian Rivs. ; 
 cap. Atoka. The Chickasaw nation, from Northern Mississippi 
 and Alabama, occupies the country W. of the Choctaws, and 
 bordering on Texas ; cap. Tishomingo. The Seminole nation, 
 from Florida, the smallest and best organised of the five, 
 occupies the land between the N. and S. forks of the Canadian 
 R.; cap. Wewoka. In the extreme NE. are various small tribes 
 of Resen'ation Indians. Area, 31,400 sq. m. P. 186,490. 
 See Tnlted States, table. 
 
 ludlanto-nn, tn., Canada, New Brunswick, Northumberland 
 CO., 78 m. NE. by N. Fredericton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Indian Village, Canada, NW. Territory, on English R. , 170 
 m. ENE. Winnipeg. 
 
 Indlglrka, riv., NE. Siberia, prov. Yakutsk; rises in 
 Stanovoi highlands, flows W., N., and NE. 1000 m., enters 
 Arctic Ocean under 71° N., 150° E. 
 
 Indigo, post-tn., Victoria, co. Bogong, 187 m. NE. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Indlo, health resort for people suffiering from chest complaints, 
 in S. California, U.S., San Diego co., 120 m. ESE. Los Angeles ; 
 below sea-level. 
 
 Indispensable Strait, Solomon Is., in 8^° S., 160° E., be- 
 tween Santa Isabel and Malaita Is. The boundary between 
 the British and German spheres of influence runs through it. 
 
 Indlyan, tn. , Persia. See Hlndlan. 
 
 IndJlja, comm. , Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Sriem, dist. 
 Ruma. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Indo-Cblna, Eastern Peninsula or Fartber India, the pen- 
 insula between India and China ; now mostly divided between 
 Great Britain, Siam, and France. The British terr. is made up 
 of the former empire of Burma, which, as regards administration, 
 forms part of British India, together svith the Straits Settlements 
 and Protectorates in the Malay Penin. ; the French, of Cochin- 
 China, Cambodia, Annam, and Tongking. The native state of 
 Johore (S. end Malay Penin. ) is in alliance with the British. The 
 N. part of the interior, which is very mountainous, is occupied 
 by Shans, partly belonging to British, and partly to Siamese and 
 French terr. , but practically in a large measure independent. By 
 far the greater part of the area is sparsely peopled, the average 
 density of population being generally under 50 to the sq. m. , the 
 only considerable area with a greater average density being 
 Tongking, in the deltaic portion of which the population is 
 relatively dense. This paucity of population is in a great measure 
 attributable to the mountainous character of a large part of the 
 country, the existence of numerous extensive swamps in the 
 more level tracts of the interior, and the defectiveness of the 
 communications. Among other causes have been devastating 
 wars, inroad of robber to.nds from the mountains, and other 
 consequences of the want of strong government. The people 
 are mainly of Mongolic type, speaking monosyllabic languages. 
 The prevailing religion is Buddhism, but Mohammedans are 
 numerous in the Malay Penin. 
 
 Indong, vil., NE. India, Assam, on the Dihing, 50 m. SE. 
 Sadiya ; coal and serpentine are found in the vicinity. P. <5000. 
 
 Indooroopllly, viL, Queensland, 4 m. from Brisbane. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Indore, large native state. Central India, Malwd, consisting 
 of several isolated tracts in the SW. of the Central India 
 Agency, and composing the terrs. of the Holkar dynasty. 
 Northern parts watered by the Chambal and tribs. ; the southern, 
 traversed by the Vindhya range, and bounded on the S. by the 
 Sdtpura Mts., belongs to the Narbadd valley. Area, 8402 
 sq. m. P. 1,094,150. 
 
I N D O 
 
 I N GB 
 
 Indore, city, Central India, Brit. Residency of the Governor- 
 General's Agent for Central India, and chief town of I. native 
 state, and cap. of Holkar's terrs. , 107 m. WSW. Bhopdl. It 
 stands on an elevated and healthy site, and has a college (for 
 the education of the sons of native chiefs, nobles, and upper 
 classes in Central India) affiliated to the Calcutta university, 
 and the central opium stores for the Agency. Alt. 1786 ft. 
 Mean temp. , yr. 74° F. , May 87°, Dec. 62 ; rfall. , yr. 36. i in. , 
 June-Sept. 33.1 in. P. (1881)75,400; (1891)83,000; Hindus, 
 60,200; Moham. 18,100; Jains, 2500; residency, 9300; Hindus, 
 6800 ; Moham. 1900. 
 
 ludore, tn. , India, Haidardbad, cap. of dist. I. , 93 m. N. by 
 W. Haidardbdd. 
 
 ludragtrl, riv. , Sumatra, flows E. into Brahala Strait, to the 
 S. of the equator. Also a native state and town. 
 
 Indramayn, seapt. , Java, near the N. ct. , in about 108° 18' 
 E. , 108 m. E. Batavia, with fort and harbour. 
 
 ludraprdstha, ancient site, India. See Indarpat. 
 
 Indrapnra, or Indrapore, point, riv. , tn. , state, and volcano, 
 Sumatra, the town near the W. ct., 150 m. NW. Benkulen. 
 Indrapnra Point is in 2° 5' S. , 100° 50' E. , and N. of it is a 
 bay, in which are the Indrapore Islands. The volcano is 
 now generally known as Korintji (^.v.), 
 
 Indravatl, riv., India. See Bast&r. 
 
 Indre, dep. , France, in the central zone, to the S. of the 
 Cher and the Canal du Berry, formed in 1790 from parts of 
 Berry, Orl^anais, Marche, and Touraine; divided into four 
 arrs. : Chateauroux (cap.), Issoudun, Le Blanc, and La ChS.tre. 
 The surface consists of a vast plain sloping downwards to the 
 WNW. , and terminated in the S. by the mountains of Marche, 
 part of the central plateau ol France. The culminating point 
 of the dep., CoUine de Fragne (alt. 1505 ft.), is in this chain. 
 Physically, the dep. consists of three regions : Le Boischaut, dist. 
 of hills, covering all the N. and S. (three-quarters of the area of 
 the dep. ), still abounds in woods (Low Latin boschetum, bosquet, 
 hence name of dist.), heaths, brushwood, marshes, and pools. 
 Le Brenne, occupying more than one-seventh of the dep. in the 
 W. , is a dist. so unhealthy, that it has been called Petite Sologne, 
 or Sologne de Berry. Its unhealthiness is caused by the exhala- 
 tions from its numerous pools, which rest on a basis of imperme- 
 able rock. The surface covered by these pools, which are 
 mostly artificial, dating from the 13th century, has been much 
 reduced, and fever has decreased in proportion. La Champagne, 
 to the E. of La Brenne, covers about 12 per cent, of the surface. 
 The dep. is drained by the Cher, Indre, and Vienne into the 
 Loire. The principal cereal is wheat, the average production 
 of which per acre is below the average for France. The vine 
 occupies more than 2 per cent, of the surface, but produce per 
 acre is less than half the average for France. Sugar-beet is 
 grown to a small extent. The chestnuts of the dep. are noted. 
 Minerals consist chiefly of lithographic stones from Chateauroux, 
 and millstones from Lignac and N6ret. Among the industries 
 of the dep. are the blast-furnaces of Caillaudifere, and the manu- 
 factures of cloth at Argenton, Levroux, and particularly Chateau- 
 roux. Area, 2666 sq. m. P. 292,900. See France, table. 
 
 Indre, riv. , France, chiefly in deps. Indre and Indre-et- Loire, 
 joins the Loire 18 m. WSW. Tours, after a NW. course, deep 
 and calm, of 115 m. On it are the towns La Chitre, Chateau- 
 roux, Chatillon, and Loches, and many mills. Mean breadth, 
 100 ft. ; not navigable. 
 
 Indre-et-Lolre, dep., central France, traversed from E. to 
 W. by the Loire, and just S. of the Loir ; formed in 1790 from 
 Touraine, a small portion of Anjou, piece of Poitou, and a strip 
 of OrManais ; divided into three arrs.: Tours (cap.), Chinon, 
 and Loches. The surface is a plain, 300-450 ft. in height, 
 furrowed by the valleys of rivers all flowing towards the Loire. 
 N. of this river lies La Gatine, a somewhat poor dist.; to the 
 S. stretches Varennes, the part of the Loire valley between the 
 Loire and Cher. La Champagne, or Champagne, is the plain 
 between the valleys of the Cher and Indre, Le V^ron, a fertile 
 dist. between the Loire and the Vienne as far as Chinon. 
 Between the Indre and Vienne the Plateau des Falunieres coxa.- 
 prisesimmenseya/««z<*r^j, debris of shells, and marine organisms, 
 valuable as fertilisers. Principal cereal wheat (occupying 
 about one-sixth of surface), the relative production of which is 
 less than the average for France. The vine occupies more than 
 10 per cent, of surface, but the production of wine per acre is 
 less than one-half average for France. Sugar-beet and flax are 
 grown to a small extent. The chief forests are the former royal 
 ones of Chinon, Loches, and Amboise. Meadow-land stretches 
 more particularly S. of Tours and Amboise, bounded by the 
 lower course of the Cher and Loire. Minerals are unimportant, 
 and manufactures little developed. Area, 2377 sq. m. P. 337,300. 
 See France, table. 
 
 Indre, L', tn., France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, on the r. bk. of 
 the Loire, arr. and 5 m. W. by S. Nantes. P. <3000. 
 
 Indret, small isl. , France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, formed by 
 the Loire, 5 m. W. Nantes. The French government have 
 founded an establishment here for the building of marine engines 
 and steamboats. 
 721 
 
 Indas, the principal riv. of NW. India, rises on the N. of the 
 Kailas Range in Tibet, 18,000 ft. above the sea, in about 31° 30' 
 N., 81° 20' E., near the lakes at the head of its principal trib. , 
 the Sutlej, and only about 80 m. distant from the sources of the 
 Sanpo. It flows first N. and W. 160 m. , through perhaps the 
 wildest parts of the Himalayas, and joins the Gartung-Chu, or 
 ' river of Gartock.' 50 m. below this junction it enters Kashmir, 
 which it crosses in a NW. direction between the Karakoram 
 and Himalaya ranges, through Ladakh in an open valley at a 
 height of 11,000 ft. over a sandy bed with a gentle winding 
 current, past the fruit garden of Skardo, 7700 ft. , succeeded by 
 deep and gloomy gorges in the vicinity of Bunji, where it attains 
 its highest lat. , 35° 50' N. , 74° 45' E. From the mountains of 
 Kashmir on the S. it receives the rivers Zanskar and Dras, and 
 at 75° 57' E. the Shayok on the right, which is its largest trib. 
 above the Kabul. Soon after passing Bunji its direction changes 
 to SS W. , which it maintains as far as 32° N. , receiving at Attock 
 (noo ft.) the Kabul R. from Afghanistan. It has now left the 
 mountainous region of the Himalayas ; but for 100 m. below 
 Attock to Kalabagh it is an enormous torrent, after which it 
 enters the plains, and flows, with numerous side channels, S. to 
 Mithankot, distant 370 m. Here in lat. 29° is the confluence of 
 the Panjnad, the river that conveys the united waters of the 
 Punjab to the I. It flows now SW. then S. , and falls into the 
 Arabian Sea, by many and often-shifting mouths, at 23° 40' to 
 24° 45' N. , throwing off the Narra branch at lat. 28°. The delta 
 begins at 25° 30' N., and has a coast-line of 125 m. From its 
 source to Skardo the I. has an average fall of 24 ft. per mile, 
 thence to Attock 17 ft. , to Kalabagh 50 in. , to Mithankot 12 in. , 
 below which to the sea only 6 in. per mile. At its lowest in 
 winter it is 500 ft. wide at Skardo, and 9 or 10 ft. deep. At 
 Attock, where the bed narrows considerably between rocky 
 banks, its depth is 22 ft. at low water, and the river often rises 
 50 ft. in flood season above the lowest level at other times, with 
 a velocity of 13 m. per hour ; in 1858 the rise was 80 ft. , and in 
 1841 it is believed to have reached no less than 92 ft. , when a 
 vast extent of country was inundated, and great loss of life and 
 immense damage was caused. 20 m. below Attock the river has 
 cut a central trough about 180 ft. in depth. At Dera Ghazi 
 Khan its bed, \ m. wide in the hot season, is increased to 18 m. 
 during the rains. A large amount of silt (very fine sand and 
 clay) is brought down by the powerful current, a great deal of 
 which is deposited after leaving the hills, and employed in raising 
 the bed of the river where the fall is slight and the flow languid ; 
 thus below Sukkur, for nearly 400 m. in the plain of Sind, it flows 
 on an embankment made by itself with a long gentle slope on 
 either side down to the general low level of the country. In this 
 part of its course it is so shallow that it can only be navigated 
 by vessels with a small draught of water, and when swollen, 
 overflows the adjacent country to a great extent, giving rise to 
 subsequent malarial diseases. Its average discharge is computed 
 at 200,000 cubic ft. per second, increased at flood to 380,000 
 cubic ft. , and in exceptional floods to much more. One in the 
 month of August was estimated at 460,000 cubic ft. per second. 
 The solid matter brought down by the I. and its tribs. in three 
 months of flood is said to amount to 6,480,000,000 cubic ft. 
 A steamer service was formerly maintained between the head 
 of the delta and the confluence of the Panjnad, but since the 
 opening of the railway from the northern Punjab to Karachi 
 has been given up. The gavial, or long-snouted aUigator, 
 otters, turtles, porpoises {balhani) are abundant in the river ; 
 fishes and water-serpents occur in great varieties and numbers. 
 Length nearly 2000 m.; area of basin, 360,050 sq. m. 
 
 Industry, vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Beaver co., on Ohio R. , 
 34 m. NW. Pittsburg by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ind^ve, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Wodehouse, 60 m. 
 SE. by S. Aliwal N. , with coal-mines. 
 
 Ineboll (the ancient Niopoli), seapt., Asia Minor, on the 
 N. ct. , 70 m. W. Sinope, between two mountains ; exports 
 copper. 
 
 luegol, lake, Asia Minor. See Alnegiil. 
 
 Inejlk, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Alnajlk. 
 
 Inellan, vil. , Scot. See Innellan. 
 
 Infanta, cape, on the S. ct. of Cape Colony, in 20° 52' E. , 
 at the mouth of the Breede R. 
 
 Infantes, or VlUanneTa de los Infantes, comm., Spain, 
 prov. and 62 m. ESE. Ciudad Real. P. 6900. 
 
 Inficlonado, tn., Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, 19 m. NE. 
 Ouro Preto. P. 4500. 
 
 Ing, Jngen, Inga, Teutonic patronymic suffix. 
 
 Ing, tn., China, prov. Shansi, 170 m. W. by S. Peking. 
 
 Inganlsh, post-settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton 
 I. , Victoria co. , on the E. ct. , 44 m. N. by W. Sydney. Portu- 
 guese settlements were estabhshed here in the i6th century. 
 
 Ingatestone and Fiyernlng, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 5^ 
 m. SW. Chelmsford, with stn. (Ingat«stone) on the G. E. R.; 
 4133 ac P. <2ooo; eccles. par. (I. wltU Buttsljury) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ingbtrcbwortli, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Holm- 
 firth div. , 8i m. SE. by S. Huddersfield, 2 m, N W. Penistone 
 stn. P. <5oo. See Gnnth-n^alte. 
 
 2 Z 
 
I N G E — I N I S 
 
 Ingelmnnster, comm. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, art. 
 Roulers, on the Mandel, 6J m. N. Courtray. P. 6200. 
 
 Ingen, Teutonic patronymic. See Ing. 
 
 Ingeno, isL, on the N. ct. of Norway, SW. of the N. Cape, 
 71° 11' N. 
 
 Ingersby, stn., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div. , on the 
 G. N. R. , 7^ m. E. Leicester. 
 
 Ingersbelm, viL , Ger. , govt. Alsace-Lorraine, on the Fecht 
 R., circle Rappoltsweiler, 3 m. WNW. Kolmar. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ingersoll, tn., Canada, Ontario, Oxford co., on a trib. of 
 the riv. Thames, 17 m. E. by N. London, with iron and other 
 manufactures. P. <:45oo. 
 
 Ingerthorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 4 m. SE. 
 Ripon. P. <25o. 
 
 Ingestre, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , 3 m. E. by N. 
 Stafford, i^ m. S. Ingestre (for Weston) stn. on the G. N. R., 
 \\ m. S. by W. Weston (for Ingestre) stn. on the N. Staf. 
 Rly., P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Ingbam, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey or Gains- 
 borough div., 8 m. N. by W. Lincoln, 6 m. NE. by N. Saxilby 
 stn., PM.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Ingham, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 2^ m. from the NE. 
 ct., 15 m. NW. by N. Yarmouth, i^ m. ENE. Stalham stn., 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Ingbam, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Stowmarket div. , 4 m. N. Bury 
 St. Edmunds, on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <:5oo; eccles. par. 
 {I. -vrltb Cnlford, Tlmwortta, and Cnlford Heatb) P. <iooo. 
 
 Ingbam, post-tn., Queensland, Cardwell co., 60 m. NW. 
 Townsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ingbam, co., U.S., Michigan, W. of 84° W., and S. of 43° 
 N. It contains Lansing, the cap of the state. 
 
 Ingleborongb Hill, hill, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in 
 the W. of the Skipton div. , 17 m. SE. Kendal, 2 m. NE. Ingle- 
 ton ; has traces of an ancient camp on its summit I. cave, on 
 its S. side, is large, abounding with stalactites and stalagmites, 
 and traversed by a small stream of water. It consists of cham- 
 bers connected by passages extending nearly 1000 yards in all. 
 Alt. (hill) 2373 ft. 
 
 Ingleby, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, 7 m. NE. Burton-on-Trent 
 P. <2so. See Foremark. 
 
 Ingleby, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey 
 div., 6^ m. NW. Lincoln, x\ m. N. Saxilby {q.v.) stn. 
 
 Ingleby Amcllire, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleve- 
 land div., 12^ m. SSW. Middlesbrough, 3 m. E. by S. Welbury 
 stn. P. <;50o. 
 
 Ingleby Barwlek, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 3 m. 
 SE. Stockton-upon-Tees. P. <25o. 
 
 Ingleby Cross, hamlet, Yorkshire, N. Riding, 4 m. from 
 Osmotherley, P.O. 
 
 Ingleby Greenbow, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleve- 
 land div. , loj m. SE. by S. Middlesbrough, with a stn. (Ingleby) 
 on the NE. R., PM.O.; 7002 aa P. <:50o. 
 
 Inglesbam, par., Eng. , Wiltshire, Crickdale div,, 9 m. NNE. 
 Swindon, 3 m. SSW. Lechlade stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ingleslde, viL, U.S., West Virginia, Mercer co., 72 m. S. by 
 E. Charleston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ingleton, par., Eng., Durham, in the SE. of the Barnard 
 Castle div., (\ m. SSW. Bishop Auckland, 2 m. N. Gainford 
 stn., P.O. P.<:soo. 
 
 Ingleton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 on the Greeta, 16^ m. SE. Kendal, on the L. & NW. R., where 
 it joins a branch of the M. R., with coal Near it, in Kings- 
 •dale, is a cavern noted for its stalactites. PMT.O. 17,508 ac. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Ingleton Fells, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire. See Cbapel* 
 le«Dale. 
 
 Inglewblte, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, Blackpool div., 6J 
 m. N. Preston, 2 m. ESE. Brock stn., P.O. 
 
 Inglewood, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I. , Taranaki co. , 
 5 m. ESE. New Plymouth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Inglewood, post-tn., Queensland, co. Clive, 180 m. SW. 
 Brisbane. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Inglewood, post-tn., S. Australia, 15 m. NE. Adelaide. P. 
 •CISCO. 
 
 Inglewood, bor., tp., and mining-tn., Victoria, Gladstone 
 •CO., 23 m. NW. by W. Sandhurst P. -cisoo. 
 
 Inglewood Forest, wide moor, Eng., Cumberland, S. of 
 Carlisle. It was disforested by Henry VIII. 
 
 Inglls, CO., New South Wales, crossed by 30° S. and 151° E. 
 
 Ingllsgreen, viL , Scot. , Edinburgh. See Slatoford. 
 
 Ingoda, riv. , E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia ; rises in 
 Yablonovoi Mts., flows NE. and E. for about 400 m. past Chita, 
 and after its jimction with the Onon forms the Shilka ; shallow 
 in summer, but boats floated from Chita in the spring. 
 
 Ingoe, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., 12J m. 
 SW. by W. Morpeth, 6§ m. SSW. Angerton stn. P. ■C250. 
 
 Ingol, viL , Eng. , Lancashire. See Lea. 
 
 Ingol, lake, Siberia, govt Yeniseisk, 100 m. W. Krasnoyarsk. 
 The healing properties of its waters and mud baths have a great 
 xeputation. 
 722 
 
 Ingoldlstborpe, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, NW. div. , z\ m. from 
 the W. ct., 9 m. NE. by N. King's Lynn, i m. SSE. Snettis- 
 ham stn., P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Ingoldmells, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , ig 
 m. SE. Louth, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Ingoldsby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , 7 m. 
 ESE. Grantham, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ingolf, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 1322 
 m. by rail W. Montreal, 102 m. by rail E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Ingolstadt, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt Upper Bavaria, 
 on the L bk. of the Danube, 42 m. E. by S. NordUngen, circle 
 I. Strongly fortified. Its university, foimded in 1472 (and at 
 which, in the i6th century, the celebrated Urban Regius studied 
 under the name of Faustus), was transferred in 1800 to Lands- 
 hut, and afterwards (in 1826) to Munich. The town was first 
 surrounded by walls in 1250, made a fortress in 1539 ; fortifica- 
 tions razed in 1880, but again made a fortress (of the first class) 
 in 1827. Has a royal factory of firearms and gimpowder. 
 P. (1840) 9200; (1871)13,200; (1890)17,600. 
 
 Ingram, Ilnbope, Greensbawhlll, and Hartslde, par. , 
 Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed div., on the 
 Breamish, 11 m. W. by N. Alnwick, 3 m. W. by S. Hedgeley 
 stn. ; 7162 ac. P. •<25o. 
 
 IngraTe, par., Eng., Essex, Chelmsford div., 7^ m. E. by 
 N. Romford, 2 m. E. by S. Brentwood stn., P.O. P. <:750. 
 See Horndon, West. 
 
 Ingreburn Brook, small stream, Eng., flowing S. to the 
 Thames, on the E. border of the Romford div. of Essex. 
 
 Ingrenecbolx Bay, Newfoundland, W. ct. , in 50° 35' N. 
 
 Ingrow witb Halnwortb, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, Keighley div. , with a stn. (Ingrow) on the G. N. R. , 
 8 m. WNW. Bradford. P. 7500. 
 
 Ings, part of eccles. par., Eng., Westmorland. See HugUl. 
 
 Ingnl, Tartar Elngel, riv. , SW. Russia, trib. of the estuary 
 of the Bug. Length, 215 m. 
 
 Ingnr, riv. , Transcaucasia, rises between the Elbruz and the 
 Adai-khokh, flows past Zugdidi into Black Sea, which it reaches 
 in Kutais govt, at Anakliya. 
 
 Ingweller, tn. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, Lower Alsace, circle 
 Zabern, 13 m. WSW. Worth. P. <3ooo. 
 
 lugwortb, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., on the Bure, 8 m. 
 S. by W. Cromer, \\ m. N. Aylsham, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Inbamban, or Inbambane. See Inyambane. 
 
 Inlada, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Kirk-Kilise, on the 
 Black Sea, 52 m. SSE. Burgas. P. 3000. 
 
 Inlesta, comm., Spain, prov. Cuenca, dist. Motilla del 
 Palancar. P. <40oo. 
 
 Inlrlda, or ¥nlrida, riv., Colombia, flow^s E. then NE. into 
 the Guaviare a few miles above the confluence of the latter with 
 the Orinoco. 
 
 Inlscarn, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Londonderry, dist. Drapers- 
 town. 
 
 Inlsfall, stn. , Canada, Alberta, on the Calgary and Edmonton 
 Rly. , about 70 m. N. Calgary. 
 
 Jnish, in Irish place-names, 'island.' See Innis. 
 
 Inlsball, isl. , Scot. , in Loch Awe, Argyllshire, 2| m. SW. 
 Kilchurn Castle. See Glenorcby. 
 
 Inlsbaunon, par. and tn.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bars. Kinalea 
 and Carbery East, E. div., 5§ m. NE. Bandon, at the head of 
 navigation on the Bandon R., with stn. (Upton and Innls> 
 banuon) on Cork, Bandon, & S. C. R. , PMT.O. (Innlsbannon). 
 Par. 7151 ac. , P. <i5oo; tn. P. -csoo. 
 
 Inlsbargy, par.. Ire., E. co. Down, bar. Upper Ards, 10 m. 
 SE. by E. Newtown Ards ; 5857 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Inlsbbeg, isl. , Ire. , off SW. ct. co. Cork, in Baltimore Bay, 
 lat 51° 31' N., long. 9° 22' W. P. <25o. 
 
 lulsbbiggle, isl. , Ire. . off W. ct co. Mayo, between Achill 
 I, and the mainland. P. <250. 
 
 Inlsbbofln, isL, Ire., off N. ct co. Donegal, in the S. of 
 Tory Sound, 55° 10' N., 8° 10' W. P. •<25o. 
 
 Inlsbbofln, par. and isL , Ire. , off the N W. ct of co. Galway, 
 bar. Ballynahinch, vrith coastguard station on S. ct. , P.O. 
 (Innlsboflto). Par. (which includes, besides I., Inishshark, 
 Davillaun, Inishlyon, and more than fifty other islands) 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Inlshcaltra, par.. Ire., cos. Clare and Galway, bars. Tulla, 
 Upper, and Leitrim, 12 m. N. Killaloe ; 9472 ac. P. <;iooo. 
 
 Inlshearra, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Muskerry East, on the 
 L bk. of the Lee, 7 m. W. Cork, 3 m. from Ballincollig stn., 
 P.O. (Innlscarra) ; 10,190 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Inlsbcrone, tn.. Ire., NW. co. Sligo, bar. Tireragh, 7 m. N. 
 by E. Ballina, PMT.O. (Innlscrone, or Ennlscrone). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Inlsbdalla, islet. Ire. , off W. ct. co. Mayo, S. of Inishturk I. 
 
 Inlstadegll More, isL , Ire. , off SW. ct co. Mayo, in the N. 
 of Little Killary Bay. P. <250. 
 
 Inlsbeer, isL forming par.. Ire., one of Aran Is., co. 
 Galway, bar. Aran, in the S. of Galway Bay, with lighthouse, 
 visible 15 m. , P.O. (Inlsbere). P. <5oo. 
 
 Inlshflallen, isL , Ire. , co. Kerry, in Lower Lake of Killarney ; 
 has ruins of an abbey. 
 
I N IS — I N NS 
 
 Inisb-Farnard, isl. , Ire. , off SW. ct. co. Cork, in Kenmare 
 R. P.<25o. 
 
 Iiilsbfendra, isl., Ire., co. Fermanagh, in Upper Lough 
 Erne. P. <25o. 
 
 Inlsbfree Bay, Ire. , NW. of co. Donegal, lat. 55° 3' N. 
 
 Inislifree, isl. , Ire. , off W. ct. of co. Donegal, SE. of Aran 
 I. , 54° 57' N. , 8° 26' W. P. <25o. 
 
 Iiilshgallon, islet, Ire. , in Keel Bay, S. Achill I. , co. Mayo. 
 
 lulshglora, isl. , Ire. , i m. off the Mullet, W. ct. co. Mayo. 
 
 lulsbgort, isl. , Ire. , S. of Inishbofin I. , co. Galway. 
 
 lulshgort, isl. , off W. ct. co. Mayo, in the E. of Clew Bay, 
 with a lighthouse, visible 10 m. P. <2So. 
 
 Inlshkea, Nortli and Sontlt, two small isls. , Ire. , about 2 m. 
 offW. ct. CO. Mayo. P. (of each) < 250. 
 
 Inlslikeel, par. , Ire., co. Donegal, bars. Banaghand Boylagh, 
 II m. N. Killybegs; 101,363 ac. P. 9100. 
 
 Inlsbkeen, par.. Ire., cos. Monaghan and Louth, bars. 
 Farney, Dundalk, Upper, and Louth, 7 m. W. Dundalk, with 
 stn. (Innlskeen) on the Dundalk and Enniskillen Rly., P.O. 
 (lunlskeen) ; 6207 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Inlsbkenny, par.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bars. Cork and Mus- 
 kerry East, 11 J m. W. Queenstown; 3858 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Inlsblackan, isl. , Ire. , off SW. ct. co. Galway, in Round- 
 stone Bay, with a coastguard stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Iiilshlonnagbt, par.. Ire., cos. Tipperary and Waterford, 
 bars. Iffa and Offa E. , and Glenahiry, on riv. Suir, near Clon- 
 mel ; 9378 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 lulsblyou, isl. , Ire. , E. of Inishbofin I. , co. Galway. 
 
 Inisblyre, isl.. Ire., off W. ct. co. Mayo, in the E. of Clew 
 Bay. P. <:25o. 
 
 lulsbmaan, par. and isl., Ire., co Galway, bar. Aran, one of 
 Aran Is. , at the mouth of Galway Bay. Par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Inlsbmacnagbtan, isl., Ire., in Fergus R., co. Clare, bar. 
 Lower Bunratty, 8 m. S. by E. Ennis. P. <25o. 
 
 Iiiisbmacsaliit, par. , Ire. , N W. cos. Fermanagh and Done- 
 gal, bars. Magheraboy and Tirhugh, 7J m. ESE. Ballyshannon ; 
 44,079 ac. P. 7500. 
 
 Inlslunagratb, par., Ire., co. Leitrim, bar. and 7 m. SE. 
 Drumahaire ; 23,420 ac. P. <50oo. 
 
 lulsbmaine, isl., Ire., SE. co. Mayo, bar. Kilmaine, on E. 
 shore of Lough Mask, 16 m. SE. by S. Westport. P. <25o. 
 
 Inlsbmeane, isL, Ire., co. Donegal, near Gweedore Bay, 
 bar. Kilmacrenan. P. <:250. 
 
 Iiilsbmlcatreer, isl. in Lough Corrib, Ire. , co. Galway, bar. 
 Moycullen. P. <:25o. 
 
 Iiiisbmore, isl. , Ire. See Aranmore. 
 
 Iiiisbmore, isl., Ire., in the S. of co. Clare, in riv. Fergus. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Iiilsbmore, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Fermanagh, dist. Lisbellaw. 
 Ijilsbmore, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. Aran ; 7635 ac. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 luisbmot, par., Ire., co. Meath, bar. Slane Lower, 2 m. SE. 
 Drumcondra. P. <25o. 
 
 Iitisbmarray, isl.. Ire., off NE. ct. co. Shgo, at the S. of 
 the entrance to Donegal Bay, in 8° 40' W. P. <25o. 
 
 luisbnabro, isl. , Ire. , off W. ct. co. Kerry, at the entrance 
 to Dingle Bay. 
 
 Iiiisbnee, isl. , Ire. , off W. ct. co. Galway, in Roundstone 
 Bay, lat. 53° 23' N. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Iiiisbowen, East and West, two bars. , Ire. , in the extreme 
 NE. of CO. Donegal. 
 
 Inisbowen Head, cape. Ire. , on the NE. ct. co. Donegal, 
 55° 14' N. , 6° 54' W. , with two lighthouses, visible respectively 
 13 and 15 m. 
 
 Inlsbrasb, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Londonderry, bar. Loughin- 
 sholin, 16^ m. NW. Antrim, 7 m. from Cullybackey stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Iiilshsbark, isl. , Ire. , off NW. ct. co. Galway, W. of Inishbofin. 
 
 Inlshtooskert, isl. , Ire. , off W. ct. co. Kerry, N. of Dingle Bay. 
 
 lulsbtrabnll, isl. , Ire. , off the NE. ct. co. Donegal, with a 
 lighthouse, 55° 25^' N., 7° 13' m. W. P. <25o. 
 
 InlsbtrabuU Sound, Ire., off the NE. ct. co. Donegal, 
 between Inishtrahull I. and the mainland. 
 
 luishtravln, isl. , Ire. , off W. ct. co. Galway, in Kilkieran 
 Bay. P. <:25o. 
 
 Inlsbturk, isl., Ire., off W. ct. co. Galway, N. of Mannin 
 Bay, in 53° 31' N. P. <25o. 
 
 Inlsbtnrk, isl. , Ire. , 8 m. from the W. ct. co. Mayo, SW. 
 of Clare I. , in 53° 42' N. P. <:250. 
 
 InisbTlcklllane, isl. , Ire. , W. ct. Kerry, in 52° 2' N. P. <25o. 
 
 luispoUan, Grange of, par., Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower 
 Glenarm, 5 m. NW. Cushendall. P. <25o. 
 
 Inlstloge, or Innlstiogne, par. and market-tn., Ire., SE. 
 CO. Kilkenny, bar. Gowran, at the head of navigation on the 
 Nore, 14 m. SE. by S. Kilkenny, 6 m. from Thomastown stn., 
 PMT.O. Mean rfall. (Woodstock, alt. 400 ft. , 1866-80), 44.7 in. 
 Par. 9741 ac, P. <20oo; tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Inje Buran ( ' narrow cape '), the ancient Lepsa, the northern- 
 most point of Asia Minor, on the Black Sea, 10 m. NW. Sinope, 
 in 34° 19' E. 
 
 Inje-Kara-Sn, riv. Turkey. See Vlstrltsa. 
 
 InJe Kol, tn., Turkey in Eiu-ope, prov. Kirk-Kilise, 53 m. 
 S. by E. Burgas. 
 
 Injes, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Chatalja, on the Kara-Su, 
 32 m. WNW. Constantinople. 
 
 lujesn, tn., Asia Minor, pash. Angora, in a ravine, 15 m. 
 WSW. Kaisariyeh. P. 3000. 
 
 Injlr Bnruu ('fig-cape'), cape, Asia Minor, on the Black 
 Sea, 13 m. SE. of the mouth of the Kizil Irmak, in 36° 10' E. 
 
 Injlr Llman, the southern of the two gulfs in the E. of the 
 Sea of Marmora, Asia Minor. 
 
 lujlrlii, tn. , Asia Minor, on the r. bk. of the Sakaria, 92 m. 
 E. Constantinople. 
 
 Inkberrow, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, div. and 8^ m. N. 
 Evesham, i,\ m. W. by S. Ilcester stn., PM.O. ; 6879 ac. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Inkerman, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Dundas, 17 m. 
 firom Iroquois, and 15 m. firom Cornwall. P. < 1500. 
 
 Inkerman, ruined vil. , Russia, Crimea, near the E. extremity 
 of the harbour of Sevastopol ; sanguinary battle between the 
 Anglo-French army and the Russians, in which the latter were 
 repulsed with great loss, on November 5, 1854. 
 
 Inkerman, viL, Scot., W. Renfrewshire, t\ m. W. by N. 
 Paisley, near St. James stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Inklssl, riv. , Congo Free State. See Kklssl. 
 
 Inkpen, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, div. and 8 m. W. by S. New- 
 bury, 2| m. SW. by S. Kintbury stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Inland Sea (Japanese Seto-ucbl), Japan, the water-space 
 between the main island on the N. and the islands of Shikoku 
 and Kiushiu on the S. ; noted for its quiet waters and the 
 extreme beauty of its scenery. Length, about 240 m. ; greatest 
 width, about 40 m. 
 
 Inman, coal-mining vil. , U.S., E. Tennessee, SW. of Tracy 
 City, WNW. of Chattanooga. P. < 1500. 
 
 Inman Valley, post-tn. , S. Australia, Hindmarsh co. , 40 m. 
 S. by W. Adelaide, 10 m. WNW. Port Victor. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Inn, ancient Enus, riv., central Europe, rises on the S. 
 slope of the Albula Mts. , to the E. of the Septimer Pass in the 
 Grisons, Switzd. , flows NE. through the Engadine into the Tirol, 
 Austria, continues that course, passing Innsbruck, to the Bava- 
 rian frontier, enters Bavaria, and joins the Danube at Passau, 
 forming for the last 50 miles of its course the boundary between 
 Bavaria and Upper Austria. Length, 320 m. ; navigable from 
 Hall, and for steamers from Simbach. 
 
 Innamlncka, vil., S. Australia, on the borders of Queens- 
 land, on Cooper's Creek, 27° 40' S. , 140° 40' E. 
 
 Innellan, or luellan, vil., Scot., Argyllshire, on the W. 
 shore of the Firth of Clyde, %\ m. WSW. Greenock, 4 m. S. 
 Dunoon, favourite watering-place, PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Inner, in some Scotch names = Inver. 
 
 Innerkip, or Inrerkip, par. and vil., Scot., W. Renfrew- 
 shire, on the Firth of Clyde, vnth a stn. on the C. R. , 5 m. SW. by 
 W. Greenock, PMT.O. Par. 12,549 ac. , P. 6500; vil. P. <75o. 
 
 Innerleitben, par. and tn. , Scot. , Peeblesshire and Selkirk- 
 shire, on riv. Leithen, just above its entrance into the Tweed, 5J 
 m. E. by S. Peebles, on the N. B. R. ; contains pump-rooms, 
 baths, and woollen cloth factories. PMT.O. Par. 23,981 ac, 
 P. < 4500; tn. P. < 3000. 
 
 Innerleven, part of Leven {q.v.), Scot., Fifeshire. 
 
 Innermessan Moat, circular mound, 336 ft. in circumference, 
 60 ft. high, Scot., Wigtownshire, on E. side of Loch Ryan, 2J 
 m. NE. Stranraer ; the site of an important mediaeval town. 
 
 Innemess, Scot. See Inverness. 
 
 lunerpeflray, stn. , Scot. , W. Perthshire, on the C. R. , 2 m. 
 ESE. Crieff. 
 
 Innerwlck, ct. par. , Scot. , Haddingtonshire, 4 m. SE. Dun- 
 bar, i^ m. W. by S. of its stn. on the N. B. R., PT.O. ; 13,157 
 ac P. < 1000. 
 
 lunerwick In Glenlyon, eccles. par., Scot., W. Perthshire, 
 Fortingall and Weem pars., 17 m. W. Aberfeldy, P.O. (Glen- 
 lyon). P. <5oo. 
 
 lunfleld, or Enfield, tn.. Ire., SW. co. Meath, bar. Lower 
 Moyfenrath, 10 m. S. by W. Trim, on the Royal Canal and 
 the Midland Great Western Rly. P. <5oo. 
 
 Innlnmore Bay, Scot., Argyllshire, S. of the Morven Penin., 
 in 5° 41' W. 
 
 Innis, Gaelic (in Scotch place-names often inch, in Irish, 
 ennis and inish), ynys, enez, Cymric, ' an island' or ' peninsula.' 
 
 lunlscbonan, isl., Scot., Argyllshire, Ardchattan and 
 Muckairn par. P. 9. 
 
 lunlscronane, par. , Ire. , co. Clare. See Inebieronan. 
 
 Innlsfallen, small islet, Ire. See Inlsbfallen. 
 
 Innlsbannon, stn. , Ire. See Inlsbaunon. 
 
 Innlskennetb, isl. , Scot. See Incbkennetb. 
 
 Innlsmore, P.O., Ire., co. Fermanagh, 4 m. from Lisbellaw. 
 
 Innis Ratb, isl. in Upper Lough Erne, Ire. , co. Fermanagh, 
 bar. Coole, 12 m. SSE. Enniskillen. 
 
 Innlstiogne, par. , Ire. See Inlstloge. 
 
 lunlsvllle, or Ennisvllle, vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Lanark, 
 15 m. from Perth. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Innsbruck, tn. , Austria, Tirol, on the 1. bk. of the Inn, 62 
 
 723 
 
I NNS - 
 
 m. S. by W. Munich, at the N. outlet of the Brenner Pass. 
 The Franciscan church has a magnificent monument to Maxi- 
 milian I. The chief buildings are the Imperial burg, the univer- 
 sity, with its Ubrary and collections, and a museum of Tirolese 
 art and history. In the botanical gardens is a relief map of 
 Tirol. The town has a monument to Andreas Hofer ; and the 
 Berg Insel was the scene of combat between his peasant army and 
 the French. Alt. 1870-1910 ft. P. (1869) 16,300; {1890) 23,300. 
 
 Innse Gall. See Hebrides. 
 
 Innstadt, vil. , Ger. , close to the E. frontier of Bavaria, on the 
 r. bk. of the Inn, near its mouth, opposite Passau. P. <20oo. 
 
 Inutlial, Ger., the valley of the Inn, specially applied to the 
 portion in Tirol, the Swiss portion being called the Engadine. 
 
 Innnlt, or lunit (' the people '), the name given to the Eskimo 
 by themselves. 
 
 InnTlertel. See Austria-Hungary, Historical Notes. 
 
 Inny, small riv., Eng., in the N. of Cornwall, flowing ESE. 
 then E. to the Tamar. 
 
 Inny, riv.. Ire., SW. co. Kerry, flowing into Ballinskelligs 
 Bay at Inny Bridge. 
 
 Inny, riv.. Ire., Leinster, rises in Lough Sheelin, flows S. and 
 W. through cos. Westmeath and Longford into Lough Ree. 
 
 tamy Junction, stn. on Midland Great Western Rly. , Ire. , 
 CO. Westmeath, io| m. NW. MuUingar. 
 
 Inoglii, Inuugu, or Inanii, vil., Asia Minor, 65 m. ESE. 
 Brusa, with remarkable caverns. Given in fief by the Seljucide 
 Aladin to his general Erthogrul, the father of Osman (who was 
 born here) ; it thus became the cradle of Ottoman power. 
 
 Inoirrazlaw, tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, 20 m. SW. Thorn, 
 cap. circle I. , former cap. of the Polish Palatinate ; the centre 
 of one of the richest corn dists. in Europe. The gypsum rock, 
 on the summit of which the town stands, has been perforated 
 to a depth of 425 ft. , to vast layers of rock-salt. P. 16, 100 ; 
 comm. 16,500. 
 
 Inoz, tn. , Turkey, seat of a Greek bishop. See Enos. 
 
 luquisibi, or Inquisivl, vil. , Bolivia, cap. of prov. I. , in a deep 
 valley on the r. bk. of the riv. Catu, 62 m. ESE. La Paz ; silver- 
 mines in the vicinity were formerly very important. P. <2000. 
 
 Insala, oasis, Sahara. See Ain Salali. 
 
 Insar, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 63 m. NW. of Penza. 
 P. <sooo. 
 
 Insch, par. and viL, Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 9J m. SE. 
 Huntly, on the G. N. of S. R. Par. 8370 ac, P. < 1500; vil. 
 P. <:7SO. 
 
 Inslt, eccles. par., Scot., Inverness-shire, the church on the 
 N. shore of Loch Insh, 5J m. NE. by E. Kingussie, close to 
 Kincraig stn., the village about 3 m. S., ■^ m. E. Kingussie 
 {q.v.),V.Q. P.<soo. 
 
 In-slian, mts., Mongolia, on the N. side of the Hwangho, 
 extending from about 108° to 112° E. See Kliingan. 
 
 InsUp wltb Sowerby, par., Eng., Lancashire, Lancaster 
 div. , 7 m. N W. Preston, 4 m. WSW. Brock stn. , P. O. (InstLip). 
 P. <75o. 
 
 luster, riv., Prussia, in the NE. of prov. E. Prussia, flows 
 SW. , and unites with the Angerapp near Insterburg to form the 
 PregeL 
 
 Insterburg, tn., Pnissia, prov. E. Prussia, 30 m. S. Tilsit, 
 cap. circle I.; port closed by ice in 1883-87 for periods varying 
 from 39 to 118 days; has manufactures of machines, and tiles, 
 and iron-foundry. P. (1871) 14,400; (1890) 19,400; comm. 
 22,200. 
 
 Instow, par., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., 3 J m. NE. 
 by N. Bideford, a rising watering-place, on the estuary of the 
 Torridge and the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Insua, islet, Portugal, at the mouth of the Minho, with a fort 
 and spring. 
 
 Insualm, tn., W. Africa, in the interior of the Gold Coast 
 colony, 54 m. WNW. Accra. Also spelt Nsuaem. 
 
 Insula, riv., France. See Isle. 
 
 Insnlinde {'Island India'), a general name used in the 
 Netherlands for the Dutch E. Indies. 
 
 Intabnri, tn., Siam, on the Liung, a branch of the Menam, 
 90 m. N. by W. Bangkok. 
 
 Intatalali Lake, Brit. Columbia, in 53° 30' N. , 125° 20' W. 
 
 Intalte, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3 m. SE. Shef- 
 iSeld, PM.O. 
 
 Interlalien, viL, Switzd., cant. Bern, on 1. bk. of the Aar, 
 between Lakes Thun and Brienz (whence its name). Health 
 resort, much frequented by visitors. Alt. 1855-1885 ft. Rfall. 
 (14 yrs. ), 61.30 in. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Interlalien, post-tn., Tasmania, co. Somerset, 16 m. from 
 Tunbridge stn., between Lakes Sorell and Crescent. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Intervale, post-vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, co. Westmor- 
 land, 3 m. from Petitcodiac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Intibncat, vil.. Central America, Honduras, 84 m. W. 
 Tegucigalpa. Alt. 5445 ft. P. 4000. 
 
 Intra, market-tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, on the W. 
 shore of Lake Maggiore, 26 m. WNW. Como. P. 5000. 
 
 Intragna, vil., Switzd., cant. Ticino, 15 m. W. Bellinzona, 
 in the Val di Vigezzo. P. <200o. 
 724 
 
 - I N VE 
 
 Intricate Strait, Bismarck Archipelago. See Byron Strait. 
 
 lutrobbio, comm., Italy, Lorabardy, prov. and 21 m. NE. 
 by E. Como. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Introdacqua, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, 27 
 m. SW. by S. Chieti. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Intwood, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 3^ m. SW. by S. 
 Nonvich, ij m. E. Hethersett stn. P. <25o^ eccles. par. (I. 
 witli KesM'lcls) P. <25o. 
 
 luuboye-salii ('cape of the barking dog'), cape, E. ct. of 
 Japan, main island, in 35° 43' N. , with lighthouse, visible 19 m. 
 
 Inni, isl. , Pacific. Same as Nine. 
 
 Innit. See Innuit. 
 
 lunngn, vil. , Asia Minor. See Inogbl. 
 
 Inver, Gaelic, inner, 'a river confluence,' or 'a creek at the 
 mouth of a river. ' 
 
 Inver, par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Belfast, Lower, on Lough 
 Larne, contains part of Larne. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Inver, par.. Ire., S. ct. co. Donegal, bar. Banagh, on I. Bay, 
 7 m. W. Donegal, P.O.; 38,812 ac. P. 7500. 
 
 Inver, P.O., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 3 m. from Crathie. 
 
 Inver, fishing vil. , Scot., in the extreme NE. of Ross-shire, 
 on the N. ct. , on I. Bay, 5 m. E. Tain. P. (including Inver- 
 Skinnerton) <;5oo. 
 
 Inverallan, eccles. par., Scot, Elginshire and Inverness- 
 shire, contains village of Grantown. P. <25oo. 
 
 Inverallochy, fishing viL, Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on the 
 E. ct., 3 m. ESE. Fraserburgh, 2J m. NE. Rathen stn., PT.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Inveramsay, junc. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, on the G. N. 
 of S. R. , on the Urie, 3 m. N W. Inverurie. 
 
 Inveran, hamlet, Scot., Sutherland, i^ m. NW. Invershin 
 stn., PT.O. 
 
 Invera'ray, par. and co. tn., pari, and royal burgh, Scot., 
 Argyllshire, on the W. shore of Loch Fyne, at the mouth of 
 the small riv. Aray, which flows S. through Glen Aray, 20 m. 
 SE. Oban. Noted in Scottish history as the seat of the Argyll 
 family, the head of the clan Campbell. Mean rfaU. (1866-85)^. 
 65.74 ill- P^- 46,892 ac, P. < 1000; tn. and parL burgh P. 
 <:75o; royal burgh P. (i89i)<iooo. 
 
 Inveraray Bay, Brit. New Guinea, in 10° 40' S. , 150° 26' E. 
 
 Inverarity, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 4 m. S. Forfar ; 9583 ac 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Inveraruan, hamlet, Scot. , on the borders of W. Perthshire 
 and Dumbartonshire, i^ m. N. of the head of Loch Lomond, 6 
 m. SW. Crianlarich stn. 
 
 Inveravon, par., Scot., Banffshire and Elginshire, on the 
 Spey, 15J m. S. by W. Elgin, i m. S. Blacksboat stn. ; 48,964 
 ac P. <25oo. 
 
 Inverbervie, burgh, Scot., the same as Bervle {q.v.). 
 
 Inverbraam, meteorological stn. , Scot. See Duniteld. 
 
 luverbrotbocli, eccles. par., Scot., Forfarshire, St. Vigeans 
 par. , containing part of Arbroath. P. 5400. 
 
 Invercannlcb, hamlet, Scot., Inverness-shire, 17 m. SW. 
 Beauly. 
 
 Invercargill, tn. and bor.. New Zealand, South I., cap.^ 
 Southland co. , 100 m. WSW. Dunedin. Bluff Harbour has an 
 area of 1280 ac. ; depth at entrance, ordinary springs high 
 water, 43 ft. , low water, 37 ft. ; in harbour, 23-30 ft. and 17-24 
 ft. Good anchorage for vessels under 1000 tons. P. <5ooo. 
 East and Nortli I. (each) P. < 1500 ; South I. P. <20oo. 
 
 Invercbaolain, par. , Scot. , Argyllshire, on the E. shore of 
 Loch Striven, 5 m. W. by S. Dunoon ; 29,312 ac. P. <50o. 
 
 Inverell, municip.. New South Wales, Gough co., 105 m. 
 W. Grafton. P. < 3000. 
 
 Inveresic, ct. par. and viL, Scot., Midlothian, on the Esk, 
 comprising the vil. of I. and tn. of Musselburgh, with junction 
 stn. on the N. B. R. Par. 5155 ac, P. 11,500; vil. P. <5oo. 
 
 Inverfarigaig, landing-place, Scot., co. and 17 m. SW. 
 Inverness, P.O. 
 
 Invergarry, hamlet, Scot, Inverness-shire, on riv. Garry, 
 3i m. NNE. of the head of Loch Lochy, PMT.O. 
 
 Invergordon, vil. , Scot. , Ross-shire, on Cromarty Firth, 5 m. 
 W. Cromarty ; has fine sea-bathing, with stn. on H. R. , PMT.O. 
 Mean rfall. (I. Castle, alt 20 ft, 1866-80), 26.6 in. P. < 1500. 
 
 Invergof^rle, lAB, and Benyie, par. , Scot. , Forfarshire and 
 Perthshire, with stn. (Invergowrie) on the C. R., on the N. 
 shore of Firth of Tay, 3^ m. W. Dundee ; 7090 ac. P. 47,600. 
 
 Inverbarity, hamlet, Scot., Forfarshire, on the Isla, 19 m. . 
 S. by W. Crathie. 
 
 Inverbnron, viL, Canada, Ontario, Bruce co. , on Lake 
 Huron, in 44° 17' N. P. <i500. 
 
 Inverle, hamlet, Scot., Inverness-shire, on I. Bav, Loch 
 Nevis, 12^ m. E. Point of Sleat, PM.O. 
 
 Inverin, P.O., Ire., 6 m. from Spiddal, co. Galway, 12 m. 
 from Galway stn. 
 
 Inverinate, hamlet, Scot., Ross-shire, on the N. shore of 
 Loch Duich, 26 m. NE. by E. Point of Sleat, P.O. 
 
 Inverlteillor, ct. par., Scot., Forfarshire, on Lunan Water,- 
 5i m. N. by E. Arbroath, on the N. B. R., PMT.O. (Inver- 
 kellor) ; 10,240 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
IN VE — IOWA 
 
 Inrerkelthlng, pari, and royal burgh, par., and vil. , Scot., 
 Fife, on the S. ct., on I. Bay, 3^ m. SE. Dunfermline, on the 
 N. B. R. It has a harbour, with a depth at entrance of 14 ft. at 
 high water in ordinary spring tides ; near it are mills, tanneries, 
 brickworks, and a shipbuilding yard. PMT. O. Par. 4482 ac. , 
 P. <30oo; vil. P. <20oo; pari, burgh, P. (i89i)<20oo; royal 
 burgh, P. (i89i)< 1500. See Stirling. 
 
 luTerkeltbny, par. , Scot. , Banffshire, on the r. bk. of the 
 Deveron, 7^ m. NE. by E. Huntly, 6 m. W. by S. Turriff stn., 
 P.O.; 7641 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 luverklndle, hamlet, Scot., Aberdeenshire, 6 m. from 
 Strathdon, P.O. 
 
 Inyerkip, par. , Scot. See Innerklp. 
 
 luverlelgh, tp. , Victoria, Grenville co., 18 m. W. by N. 
 Geelong. P. < 1500. 
 
 IiiTerleltli, N. suburb of Edinburgh, Scot. 
 
 Inverlet. See Lelth. 
 
 Inrerlochy Castle, ruin, Scot. , Inverness-shire, on riv. Lochy, 
 i^ m. NE. Fort William. Adjoining is the scene of the battle in 
 which Montrose defeated Argyll, fought February 2, 1645. 
 
 IiiTerniorlstou, hamlet, Scot. , Inverness-shire, at the mouth 
 of the Moriston, on the W. shore of Loch Ness, 23 m. SW. 
 Inverness, PMT.O. (Gleumorlston). 
 
 luTerness, co., Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I., on 
 the Gulf of St. Laverence, with coal and petroleum. 
 
 IsTerness, vil., Canada, Quebec, Megantic co., 40 m. 
 SSW. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 InTerness, formerly lunerness, pari, and royal burgh, par., 
 seapt. , market and co. tn. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, on the riv. Ness, 
 at the head of Inner Moray Firth, with a stn. on the H. R. 
 The Caledonian Canal passes within i m. from the town, and at 
 Muirtown there are wharves for loading and unloading goods. 
 There is no anchorage in the river. Vessels anchor in Kes- 
 sock Roads, where there is an area of about 20 ac. of deep 
 water. Depth at mouth of river at high water ordinary springs 
 18 ft., at quay side 18^ ft. It has iron-foundries, shipbuilding, 
 and manufactures of woollen stuffs. Market-days, T. and F. 
 Mean rfall. (Culloden House, alt. 104 ft., 1866-80), 25.9 in. 
 Par. 23,600 ac. , P. 23,900 ; tn. P. 20,900 ; pari, and royal burgh, 
 P. (1891) 19,200; pari. dist. P. 28,100. 
 
 InTeruegg-slilTe, co., in the W. Highlands of Scot., em- 
 bracing in the W. the penins. of Moidart, N. and S. Morar, 
 Knoidart, and the greater part of the penin. N. of Loch Hourn, 
 besides the islands of Skye (with Raasay, Scalpay, &c.), Eigg, 
 and all the Outer Hebrides from the Harris portion of Lewis 
 southwards; divided into two sections by Glenmore, through 
 which the Caledonian Canal {q.v.) runs from Loch Linnhe to 
 the Moray Firth. E. of this depression are the Monagh Lea 
 Mts. , and separated from these by the valleys of the Spey and 
 Spean, a portion of the Grampians, with Ben Nevis (4406 ft.) 
 in the SW. , and Briareach (4248 ft. ) and Cairngorm (4084 ft. ) 
 on the E. borders. Principal lakes, Lochs Ness, Oich, and 
 Lochy in the course of the Caledonian Canal, Lochs Quoich, 
 Garry, and Arkaig to the W. of Glenmore, Loch Shiel in the 
 SW. ; principal valleys. Glen Garry and Glen Morriston W. 
 of Glenmore, those of the Spey and Spean to the E. The 
 valleys of Glen Gloy and Glen Roy, E. of Loch Lochy, are 
 interesting on account of the terraces, or 'parallel roads,' on 
 their slopes. The county is mairily laid out in deer forests; 
 little agriculture (for statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12) ; no 
 minerals of great economic importance (for geology, see Scot- 
 land). Fisheries on the coasts. The H. R. runs through the 
 E. of the county from Dnimmouchter Pass to N. of Boat of 
 Garten Junction. In the SW. is the N. portion of the West 
 Highland Rly. (N. B. R. ). Inverness, the cap. , is the only town. 
 The county returns one member to Parliament. Area, 2,616,545 
 ac. P. (1891)89,300. See Scotland, table ; Skye, Hebrides. 
 
 luTcrsanda, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, on the W. shore of 
 Loch Linnhe, 8J m. W. Ballachulish. 
 
 Inverscaddle Bay, Scot. , Argyllshire, in the N. , on the W. 
 of Loch Linnhe, in 56° 46' N. 
 
 InversUlel, hamlet, Scot. , Ross-shire, at the head of Loch 
 Duich, 27 m. NE. by E. Point of Sleat. 
 
 InTershlu, hamlet, Scot., Sutherland, at the confluence of 
 the Shin and the Oykell, 6 m. S. of the foot of Loch Shin, i m. 
 NW. by N. of its station on the H. R., PT.O. 
 
 Inrersnald, hamlet, Scot. , Stirlingshire, on Loch Lomond, 
 3 m. NE. Tarbet, PT.O. 
 
 InverUel, eccles. par., Scot., Fifeshire, S. ct., on Tiel Burn, 
 comprises the S. portion of Kirkcaldy. P. <25oo. 
 
 luTemgle, vil. , Scot. , E. Aberdeenshire, on the Ugie, 2 m. 
 NW. by W. Peterhead, on the G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Inyernrle, pari, and royal burgh, par., and tn., Scot., W. 
 Aberdeenshire, on the Ury, 14 m. NW. Aberdeen, on the G. N. 
 of S. R. Par. 4946 ac, P. <:300o; tn. P. < 3500; pari, and 
 royal burgh, P. (i89i)<3000. 
 
 Inyerwlck Forest, dist. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, overlooking 
 Glen Moriston to the W. of Loch Ness. 
 
 InTestlgator Islands, a group off the SW. ct. of S. Australia, 
 crossed by 33° 50' S., 134^° E. 
 
 Investigator Road, Queensland, between Sweers and Ben- 
 
 tinck Is. , in the Gulf of Carpentaria. 
 
 Investigator Strait, S. Australia, between Yorke Penin. and 
 Kangaroo I. , leading to the Gulf of St. Vincent. 
 
 Inwardlelgk, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock div. , 17 m. 
 NE. by E. Launceston, 4 m. NW. by N. Okehampton stn. ; 
 6108 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Inffood, vil. , U.S., New York, Long I., Queens co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 luwortb, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 7 m. NNE. Maldon, 
 i^ m. SE. Kelvedon stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Inyak, isl. , Portuguese, E. Africa, in 26° S. , at the mouth of 
 Delagoa Bay. 
 
 Inyambane, in Portuguese spelling Inhambane, vil., Por- 
 tuguese E. Africa, on E. side of I. Bay (which stretches 20 m. 
 SSW.), in 23° 50'. Good harbour. 
 
 Inyamlsongo. See Zambezi. 
 
 luyaiigomo Island, S. Africa. See Zln Zla. 
 
 Iiiyatl, important military kraal, Matabili-land, E. Africa, 
 50 m. E. by S. Gubuluwayo. 
 
 Inyatsetse, post-stn. , Brit. S. Africa, Matabili-land, in about 
 19° 13' S. , 31° E. 
 
 Inyatsntsn, vil., S. Africa, 127 m. ESE. Zumbo, in 16° 12' 
 S., 32° 11' E. Alt. 1700 ft. 
 
 Iu-yeh>gyi, lake, Burma ; another form of Eng-ral-gyl {q.v. ). 
 
 Inyo, CO., U.S., California, on E. frontier, crossed in the 
 S. by 36° N. 
 
 Inyo Mountains, U.S., California, Inyo co., in lat. 36° 
 40' N. , long. 117° 50' W. 
 
 Inzersdorf am Wlenerberg, comm. , Lower Austria, govt. 
 Sechshaus, dist. Hietzing. P. <5ooo. 
 
 luzla, Chla, or Zale, riv., Congo Free State, flows mainly 
 northwards in about 19° E. , but turns N W. in about 4^° S. , and 
 enters the Kwilu in about i8^° E. , a little to the S. of 4° S. ; 
 navigable. 
 
 locbdar, Scot. See Eochar. 
 
 loensnn, tn. , Finland, govt, and 75 m. ESE. Kuopio, on Lake 
 Pajane, now connected by rail with Serdobol, on Lake Ladoga. 
 Timber exported, and manufactured goods imported. P. <5ooo. 
 
 lola, city, U.S., Kansas, Allen co., on riv. Neosho, which 
 furnishes water-power, 80 m. S. by E. Topeka, with artesian 
 mineral well, medicinal. Alt. 955 ft. (R.R.). P. <20oo. 
 
 lona, px)st-viL, Canada, Ontario, co. Elgin, 13 m. by rail 
 from St. Thomas. P. < 1500. 
 
 lona, Icolmklll, or lona-Colnmb-Klll, an isl. of the Inner 
 Hebrides, Scot., Argyllshire, par. Kilfinichen and Kilvickeon, 
 off the SW. extremity of the isl. Mull, from which it is separated 
 by lona Sound. It is 3 m. long, and about i m. broad across 
 the widest part. Surface rocky ; much less than half of it being 
 arable, and it has only one village. In the Middle Ages 
 it was celebrated as the seat of an abbey, founded in the 6th 
 century by St. Coliunb, a native of Ireland, and which long 
 remained the chief seat of learning in the N., and the centre of 
 missionary enterprise undertaken by the Culdees. It has inter- 
 esting ruins of a cathedral or abbey on its E. side ; portions of 
 the building still remain entire ; and the churchyard contains 
 two fine old crosses and tombstones of some of the kings of 
 Denmark and of Scotland. PM. O. The quoad sacra parish of 
 lona, which includes also part of Mull I. P. <75o ; isl. P. 247. 
 
 lona Island, U.S., New York, in the Hudson R., 47 m. N. 
 New York ; has extensive vineyards. 
 
 lone (ai'on), or lone City, vil., U.S., California, Amador 
 CO., 60 m. NE. Stockton by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ionia, city, U.S., Michigan, cap. of I. co., on Grand R., 72 
 m. SW. by W. Bay City. P. (1890) < 5000. 
 
 Ionian Islands, in the Mediterranean, mainly off the W. 
 ct. of Greece (Corfu, Paxos, Leukas, Cephalonica, Ithaca, and 
 Zante), but including also Cerigo, or Corcyra, off the SE. penin. 
 of the Peloponnesus. These islands were subject to Venice from 
 1386 to 1797 ; from 1814 they formed a republic dependent on 
 Great Britain until October 5, 1863, when the parliament at 
 Corfu voted the annexation of the islands to the kingdom of 
 Greece, and they were transferred in 1864. See Greece. 
 
 Ionian Sea, is that part of the Mediterranean between Greece 
 and European Turkey on the E. , and Italy and Sicily on the 
 W. Principal inlets, the Gulf of Taranto, Squillace, Arta, and 
 Patras. It communicates N. with the Adriatic by the Strait of 
 Otranto, and with the Tyrrhenian Sea by the Strait of Messina. 
 It contains all the Ionian Is. except Cerigo. 
 
 lorl, or lora, ancient Cambisus, riv., Caucasia, govt. Tiflis, 
 r. bk. trib. of Alazaii ; rises in Barbalo Mts. , flows S. 180 m. 
 
 los, or Nlos, isl. , Greece, one of the Cyclades, 92 m. SSE. of 
 the SE. point of Euboea. On the W. ct. is a fine port, at the 
 head of which the chief town is situated. Tradition says that 
 Homer was buried in this island. Lighthouse (Cape Fanari) in 
 36° 43' N. , 25° 16' E. Area, 52 sq. m. P. (demos, 1889) 2043. 
 los, or Nlos, tn. , on the W. ct. 
 
 Iosco, CO., U.S., Michigan, in the E., on Lake Huron, N. of 
 44° N. ; cap. Tawas City. 
 
 lofva, CO., U.S., Iowa, S. of 42° N., and crossed by 92° W., 
 traversed by Iowa R, 
 
 725 
 
I O W A — I R A K 
 
 lofra, city, U.S., Iowa, Johnson co., on 1. bk. of Iowa R., 23 
 m. S. by E. Cedar Rapids ; seat of Iowa state university. P. 7000. 
 
 loira, one of the U. S. , a little smaller than England, bounded 
 on the E. by the Mississippi, and on the W. (mainly) by the 
 Missouri. Cap. Des Moines ; other principal towns are Sioux 
 City, Dubuque, Davenport, Burlington, Council Bluffs, and 
 Cedar Rapids. The surface is undulating, highest in NW. 
 (Plateau du Coteau), and sloping to SE. Lines of blxiffs border 
 the principal and other rivers, and in the N. low hills with 
 groves of oak and hazel rise above the plain. The principal 
 interior rivers (but of little use for navigation) are Upper Iowa, 
 Turkey, Maquoketa, Wapsipnicon, Cedar, Iowa, and Des 
 Moines, r. bk. tribs. of Mississippi ; Big Sioux, Little Sioux, 
 Nishnabola, and other L bk. tribs. of Missouri. In the NW. 
 are many picturesque lakes. The best wooded dists. are the 
 river bottoms in the E. As regards geological structure, the S. 
 belongs to the great Permo-carboniferous area ; Sihuian rocks 
 occur in the NE., and between these and the preceding are 
 Devonian formations; Quaternary deposits cover a large area 
 in the NW. The climate is healthy and dry, but the winters 
 are severe [Darenport, Dnbuqne, Keokuk]. The soil is 
 fertile, less than i per cent, being unfit for cultivation ; the 
 richest dists. are the valleys of I. and Des Moines; the least 
 fertile are found in the N. More than half the pop. are engaged 
 in farming. Maize (in the production of which the state ranks 
 first) is the leading crop ; wheat (grown chiefly in Cedar 
 Valley), oats, and potatoes are extensively cultivated. The 
 blue-grass region of the SW. furnishes large quantities of hay 
 for export. Fruits and vegetables are abundant ; the Muscatine 
 dist. is noted for water-melons. Locusts and other insects, 
 notably the chinch bug, have in the past done great damage 
 to crops. Coal-beds imderlie nearly one-third of the state ; the 
 chief mining regions, Mahaska in the NE. , and Des Moines 
 Valley in the SE. ; lead and zinc are obtained in small quantity ; 
 gypsum is worked near Fort Dodge. Manufactiu-es include 
 agricultural implements and waggons, furniture, woollen goods, 
 boots and shoes ; other industries are meat-packing, flour and 
 lumber mills. I. was visited by Marquette and JoUet in 1673, 
 but the first white settler was Dubuque, 1788-1810. The terr. 
 formerly belonged to Louisiana ; in 1812 it was attached to 
 Missouri, and later, for short periods, to Michigan and Wis- 
 consin. Area, 56,025 sq. m. P. 1,911,896. See United States, 
 table. [E. J. H.] 
 
 Iowa, CO., U.S., Wisconsin, in the SW., bounded on the N. 
 by Wisconsin R. , and crossed by 90° W. 
 
 Iowa Falls, tn., U.S., Iowa, Hardin co., 94 m. WNW. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Iowa Indians, a tribe of the Dakota stock, formerly inhabit- 
 ing Iowa and northern Missouri. 
 
 Ipala, extinct volcano. Central America, Guatemala, about 
 22 m. S. Chiquimula. The ancient crater is filled by a small lake. 
 
 Ipane, riv., Paraguay, flows W. and enters the Paraguay R. 
 about 4' S. of the Tropic of Capricorn. 
 
 Ipanema, viL, SE. Brazil, prov. Sao Paulo, 12 m. W. 
 Sorocaba. In vicinity are vast quarries of excellent marbles, 
 and one of the most important iron-mines of S. America, Morro 
 de Ferro. Forges and foundries maintained by the state. 
 
 Ipateva, Serra, mt. chain, Brazil, on the borders of provs. 
 Minas Geraes and Sa,o Paulo. 
 
 Ipek (Turkish, Albanian Pekla, Slavonic Pec), tn. , Tiu-key 
 in Europe, cap. prov. I., 35 m. SSW. Novibazar, with a cele- 
 brated monastery, before 1690 the residence of the Servian patri- 
 arch. Alt. 1755 ft. P. 15-18,000, mainly Moham. (G. 222). 
 
 Ipetnmoda, tn., W. Africa, Yoruba country, no m. NE. 
 by E. Lagos. P. 40,000. 
 
 Ipbofen, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt Middle Franconia, 
 15 J m. ESE. Wiirzburg. P. <200o. 
 
 Iplales, tn. , Colombia, Cauca, 100 m. NE. Quito ; customs 
 station for the Ecuador fi-ontier. P. 13,000. 
 
 Iping, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., on the Rother, ii| 
 m. N. Chichester, 2J m. NW. Midhvirst stn., P.O. P. <75o; 
 eccles. par. (I. with Chitimrst and Iping Harsb) P. <750. 
 
 Ipob, viL, Malay Penin., Perak, on the Kinta, in about 
 4° 38' N. , 101° 3' E. 
 
 Ipolela, viL , Natal, 46 m. W. by S. Pietermaritzburg. 
 
 Ipoly, or Eypel, riv., Hungary, cos. Neograd and Hont, 
 rises among the foot-hills of the Tatra, joins the Danube 6 m. 
 below Gran, after a SW. course of about 125 m., for the last 35 
 m. of which it is navigable. 
 
 IpoIy-.Sikg, comm., Hungary, cap. prov. Hont, 24 m. NNW. 
 Waitzen (Vdcs). P. <4000. 
 
 Ipplepen, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Ashburton div. , 6 m. W, 
 by N. Torquay, 4 m. NE. by N. Totnes stn.; marble largely 
 quarried in the par. PM.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Ippollitts, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 8 m. 
 ENE. Luton, 2 m. NW. Stevenage stn. P. < 1000. See 
 Wymondley, Great. 
 
 Ippn, tn. , on the SW. ct of Sumatra, 82 m. N W. Benkiilen. 
 
 Ipsala, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 38 m. NNW. 
 Gallipoli. P. <40oo. 
 726 
 
 Ipsambnl, or Abn-simbel, ruins, Upper Egypt, on L bk. 
 of the Nile, 47 m. WSW. Korosko, having two temples, with 
 statues and sculpture, built by Rameses the Great. 
 
 Ipsara, or Ipsera, Turkish isl. See Psara. 
 
 Ipsden, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Henley div. , 9I ra. N W. by 
 N, Reading, 3 m. SE. WalUngford, P.O. P. < 1000. See 
 Stoke, Nortb. 
 
 Ipsley, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire and Worcestershire, 7J m. 
 ESE. Bromsgrove. P. <3000. 
 
 Ipstone, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire. See Ibstone. 
 
 Ipstones, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, div. and 5 m. SSE. Leek, 
 2 m. N. Froghall stn., with coal, PM.O.; 5697 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ipswlcb (corrupted from Gypeswic, ' Gipping bay '), seapt., 
 parL bor. (2 members), mun. bor. (since the reign of John), and 
 CO. bor., Eng., cap. co. Suffolk, Woodbridge div., at the head 
 of the Orwell, at the confluence of the Gipping, 23 m. SE. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, in the diocese of Norwich and deanery of 1., 
 on the G. E. R. I. has always been of commercial importance ; 
 its manufactures consist of agricultural implements, railway iron- 
 work, and artificial manure from the coprolites found in vicinity, 
 clothes and shoes, &c. The dock (32 acres), opened in 1842, 
 has a depth of 17 ft., but with a lock entrance (opened 1882) 
 20J ft. deep at neap tides. The grammar school was founded 
 in 1477, and the almshouses were the gift of Henry Tooley (1550) 
 and William Smart (1598). Cardinal Wolsey was born here 
 (1471), in a house still standing. The gate of the Cardinal 
 Wolsey's college is all that has remained for more than a 
 hundred years of that foundation, the site of which was devoted 
 to other piu-poses soon after the disgrace of the founder. The 
 arboretum consists of two well laid out pleasure-grounds. Fairs 
 for lean stock, first Tuesday in May ; for horses and Iambs, 
 August 22. Market-days, Tu. (com and cattle), and S. (pro- 
 visions). Pari., mun., and co. bor. P. (1801) 11,300; (1851) 
 32,900; (1871)42,900; (1891)57,400. 
 
 Ipswlcb, municip. , Queensland, Stanley co. , 20 m. WSW. 
 Brisbane. P. 7600. 
 
 Ipswlcb, tn., U.S., S. Dakota, Edmunds co., 94 m. NE. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ipswich, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co. , on the Ipswich 
 R. , a small stream flowing E. into the Atlantic, which supplies 
 good water-power, ii| m. N. by E. Salem. P. <5ooo. 
 
 laniqne, seapt. tn. , Chile, prov. Tarapaca, on the W. ct. , in 
 20° 12' 15" S. Principal export port for the saltpetre (nitrate of 
 soda), of which there are such abundant deposits in the Pampa 
 del Tamarngal; with commerce also in borax, iodine, and 
 copper and silver ores. Seven to ten miles from the town are 
 the mines of Huantajaya, rich in silver, but difficult to work 
 owing to the total absence of water, the water used either dis- 
 tilled or brought in special boats from Arica. A bad port ; rocks 
 and dangerous reefs prevent ships from coming nearer than 
 2 m. Lighters used, and these often loaded by men who 
 wade in up to the belt on a muddy shore. Piers inadequate. 
 Mean temp. (3 yrs., 1883-86), yr. 64.6° F., Jan. 70.6°, July 59.5°. 
 P. 15,400. 
 
 Iqnitos, or Tqnitos, tn., NE. Peru, dep. and 211 m. W. 
 Loreto, cap. of prov. Bajo Amazonas, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Maraiion or Upper Amazon, 332 m. by water above Tabatinga 
 (first Brazilian town on the river). I. has developed rapidly 
 since the establishment of steam navigation in 1862, and is the 
 headquarters of the Peruvian fluvial navy. Alt. 312 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 76.6° F., Feb. 78.5°, July 74.1°. P. 3000. 
 
 Iraghticonnor, bar. , Ire. , in the extreme N. of co. Kerry. 
 
 Irak, easy pass, Afghanistan, across the highlands, between 
 the Hindu Kush Mts. and the Koh-i-baba Range, about 60 m. 
 W. Kabul, on the road firom Kabul to Bamian. Alt. about 
 13,000 ft. (^Proc. R. G. S., 1879, pp. 192 and 247.) 
 
 Irak, tn. , Asia Minor. See Erbaa. 
 
 Irak-AJemi (anciently the Greater Media), a central prov. of 
 Persia, with undefined umits, approximately between 31° 40'- 
 35° N., 48°-52° 30' E. Ispahan is the great emporium of trade. 
 Other principal cities are Hamadan and Kashan. See Persia. 
 
 Irak Arabl (ancient Land of Shin ar, Babylonia, Chaldea ; 
 native name Sawdd, 'black earth'), a dist. of Asiatic Turkey 
 rather larger than Italy lying around the lower courses of the 
 Euphrates and Tigris, and comprising the southern portion of 
 the vilayet of Bagdad, with the greater part of that of Busrah 
 (exclusive of El Haza). The N. limit is marked by a line of 
 low hills running ENE. from Hadltha on the Euphrates, in 
 34° 8' N.; S., the Persian Gulf; W., the scarp of the Syrian 
 tableland; E., the Zagros Mts. on the Persian frontier. The 
 country is almost entirely alluvial, flat, broken by a few hillocks. 
 The total area of the alluvium is estimated by Sprenger at about 
 94,600 sq. m. A great part is desert or scrub-land, owing to 
 want of water ; the soil is exceptionally fertile, and where irri- 
 gated produces abundant crops. A very complete system of ■ 
 irrigation formerly existed ; many of the ancient canals can still -j 
 be traced, but, owing to neglect, often form unhealthy marshes. 
 The region occupied by the successive caps, of Babylonia, and 
 which Herodotus describes as the richest grain-producing country 
 known to him, was provided with the most pjerfect system of 
 
IRAN — IREL 
 
 canals. The most northerly of these, the Isa, leaving the 
 Euphrates, passed Ambftr, and thence to the Tigris S. of Bag- 
 dad, giving off a network of canals, amongst which were 
 situated the little towns of Mohawal and Kottrabol, the latter 
 famed for its wine. W. of Bagdad the Isa passed through a 
 region noted in early times for its fertility, but later a heath, 
 which in 1884 was converted into a malarial swamp. S. of the 
 Isa at distances of 12 to 16 m. from each other, were four 
 canals— Sarsar, King's, Huthi, and Nil. The region watered 
 by the King's Canal was in the height of its prosperity 2000 
 years ago, but even in the time of the Caliphate 360 villages 
 were situated within its network of secondary canals. The 
 main trunk served as an important link in the line of communica- 
 tion between Syria and Media. The climate [Bagdad, Busrah] 
 is trying ; subject to sudden variations of temperature. Towards 
 the coast the air is oppressive, owing to great humidity. The 
 S. wind dries up vegetation, and frequently brings a scourge of 
 locusts. From 1856 to 1885 plague has never been absent from 
 the country, shifting from one place to another. Bagdad 
 suffered terribly from it in 1715, and was visited by other severe 
 epidemics in 1772, 1800-02, and 1831-34. The country is 
 scantily wooded; fruit-trees, as the fig, orange, &c., are met 
 with only near the towns and rivers, with, in some places, large 
 groves of date palm. The liquorice plant is abundant in the 
 N. , and is collected for export. Springs of naphtha and bitumen 
 occur near the Tigris. The inhabitants are Arabs, belonging, 
 it is said, to more than loo tribes, settled or pastoral; the 
 former, designated 'Mada.n,' are regarded with contempt by 
 the Bedouins, who are by far the most numerous. Means of 
 communication are very defective; there are no roads; inland 
 transit is effected by means of pack animals. The Tigris is 
 navigable by vessels drawing 4 ft., the Euphrates only by those 
 of 2j ft. On the former river regular steam communication is 
 maintained between Bagdad and Busrah. See A. Sprenger, 
 Babylonien, Heidelberg, 1886. 
 
 Iran, great tableland, Asia, stretching from the Hindu Kush 
 Mts., N. Khorasan, and the Elbruz to the mountains running 
 parallel to the Persian Gulf and the valley of the Tigris. 
 
 Irapnato, tn. and rly. June. , Mexico, state and 29 m. SW. 
 by S. Guanajuato, on the line between Mexico and Guadalajara. 
 P. 15,000. 
 Irarlape, riv., Bolivia, 1. bk. trib. of the Aquury \q.v.). 
 Irati, riv., Spain, flows SE, to the Aragon, which it joins at 
 Sangtiesa. 
 
 Irdwadl, or Irawaddy, the principal river of Burma, and 
 one of the great rivers of SE. Asia, whose sources have never 
 been discovered, but are generally accepted as being in^the 
 Namkiu Mts., at the NE. extremity of Assam, in about 28° N. 
 General J. T. Walker, however, has advanced the theory that 
 the Lu-kiang, which rises in the unknown far interior of Tibet, 
 and has been generally held to be the upper waters of the 
 Salwin, is, in fact, the ultimate source of the I. (See Proc. 
 R. G. S., 1887, p. 352.) The river has been ascended J:o a few 
 miles above the confluence of its two main arms in 25° 56' N. , 
 97° 38' E. , where it vras found to be 500 yds. wide ; at 20 m. 
 above the confluence the E. arm was found to have a depth of 
 93 ft. Below the junction the river flows in a SSW. direction, 
 between mountains 1200 to 2000 ft. high, where there are many 
 rapids and whirlpools and narrow defiles, to Bhamo, 150 m., 
 after which another defile, 5 m. long, is entered, but with smooth 
 water, and a due S. course is taken to Mandalay. Below this 
 the direction is SW. for another 150 m., in which distance it 
 receives its principal tributary, the Chindwin, on its r. bk., and, 
 turning to SSW. , enters the Sea of Bengal, between the Gulf of 
 Martaban and Cape Negrais, by nine principal mouths, on the 
 most eastern of which Rangoon is situated. The delta com- 
 mences a few miles below Prome, in lat. 18° 12' N., at about 
 170 m. from the sea, and extends for 160 m. along the coast ; 
 it is constantly extending, ovdng to the immense quantity of silt 
 brought down by the river. The I. is navigable at all seasons 
 by steamers of light draught as high as Bhamo, 900 m. from its 
 mouth ; and a very large traffic is carried on. The value of the 
 trade up and down is about 2^ millions sterling. Length of 
 river and area of basin unknown. See Salwin. 
 
 Ira-wen, spur, running NE. from the Muydir Plateau, Hogar, 
 Sahara, in 26j°-27i° N., 5°-6° E. 
 
 Irazn, volcano, Central America, state Costa Rica, 19 m. E. 
 by N. San Jos6, near the city of Cartago. Alt. 10,850 ft. ^ 
 
 IrMd, ruins, Palestine, Arbela in the O. T., 32° 49' N., 35 
 28' E., 4 m. WNW. Tiberias. 
 
 Irblt, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Perm, no m. NE. of Ekaterin- 
 burg, on Nitsa R. Annual fair, to which more than ;^5,ooo,ooo 
 worth of goods are brought both from Russia and Siberia. All 
 sorts of textiles and manufactured goods, as well as metals and 
 grocery goods for the supply of Siberia, are shipped thither from 
 Nizhniy Novgorod and the Urals, as well as tea, horses, hides, 
 furs, raw wool, tallow, and so on from Siberia. Steamers ply 
 on the Nitsa to towns on the Tobol, Irtysh, and Obi. Mean 
 temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 33.7° F., Jan. 2.4°, July 64° ; rfall. (11 yrs.), 
 yr. 16.5 in., May-Sept. 10.5 in. P. 5750. 
 
 Irbltskly, iron-works, Russia, govt. Perm, dist. and 41 m. 
 SW. of Irbit. P. 2500. 
 
 Irby, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 5 m. SW. by W. 
 Birkenhead, i^ m. ENE. Thurstaston stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Irby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 6 m. SW. 
 by W. Grimsby, 4 m. SSW. Healing stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Irby in the Marsh, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey 
 div., 16 m. NE. by N. Boston, i m. E. by S. Firsby stn. P. < 
 250. See Bratofl. 
 
 Irchester, par., Eng., E. div. of Northamptonshire, 3 m. SE. 
 Wellingborough, on the M. R. , with iron ore, PMT. O. P. <:2ooo. 
 Irch-witz, vil. , Ger. , Reuss, Older Line, dist. Greiz. P. <:4ooo. 
 Ireboli, small tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Alrobol. 
 Irebn, or Ilebn, tn., Congo Free State, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Congo, in 0° 40' S. , 17° 48' E. 
 
 Ireby, High and low, two adjoining pars., Eng., Cumber- 
 land, in the W. of the Penrith div., on the Ellen, 13 m. E. 
 Maryport, 3 m. SE. Mealsgate stn., P.O. I. High, P.<25o; 
 I. Low, P. <soo. 
 
 Ireby, par., Eng., Lancashire, Lancaster div., 13^ m. SE. 
 by S. Kendal, 2 m. ESE. Kirkby Lonsdale stn. P. <:2So. 
 
 Ire'dell, co., U.S., North Carolina, crossed in N. by 36° N., 
 and in W. by 81° W. ; bounded in SW. by Catawba R. 
 
 Irek, tn., Asia Minor, pash. Sivas, 47 m. SSE. Samsun, on 
 the verge of Tash Ova, or Stony Valley. The dist. of Irek, 
 except the Stony Valley, is extremely fertile. 
 Ireland, vil. , Canada. See M'Gilllvray. 
 Ireland (in poetic language, Erin, anciently lerne, Hibernia, 
 Ivema, or Juverna), isl., forming a principal member of the 
 British Archipelago, situated in the North Atlantic Ocean, be- 
 tween 51° 27' and 55° 23' N., 5° 20' and 10° 28' W. It has the 
 Atlantic on all sides except the E., where it is separated from 
 Great Britain by St. George's Channel, Irish Sea, and the North 
 Channel. Length from Fair Head to Mizen Head, about 300 
 m. ; greatest breadth, 170 m. I. is divided into four provs. and 
 thirty-two counties, as exhibited in the table on next page. 
 I. is of a rhomboidal form, with a waved continuous outline on 
 the E. coast, but indented by deep inlets on its other sides, so 
 that no place in the island is more than 50 m. from the coast. 
 On the N. and W. the coast is rock-bound. Surface mostly 
 level. Most of its mountains, as the Wicklow, Mourne, Donegal, 
 Mayo, Galway, and Kerry, are in isolated groups towards the 
 coasts and extremities of the island surrounding a central plain, 
 comprising a large extent of bog-land, and traversed by a few 
 low hill ranges, as the Devil's Bit, Galtees, Mount Leinster, and 
 Slievebloom. Carrantuohill, in M'Gillicuddy Reeks, Kerry, is 
 the highest summit, and rises to 3414 ft. above the sea. Granite, 
 flanked by Silurian strata, forms the Wicklow Range of mountains 
 on the E. coast. The same primary rocks prevail in the Mourne 
 Mts. , and an extensive trap formation in Antrim of 800 sq. m. 
 is succeeded by clay slate on the W. Granite again appears in 
 the Galway Mts. , and the Old Red Sandstone extensively prevails 
 in Munster. The great plain in the centre, 250 to 300 ft. above 
 the sea, is formed of Carboniferous Limestone, and contains six 
 coal districts, the Leinster or Castlecomer, the Sleeve Arda in 
 Tipperary, the Munster, Lough Allen, Monaghan, and Tyrone, 
 besides a small coalfield in co. Antrim. Large areas are 
 occupied by peat-bog and marsh-land. The country is well 
 watered. Principal rivers, the Shannon, Surrow, Blackwater, 
 Suir, Nore, Baun, Foyle, Boyne, Slaney, Liffey, Bandon, and 
 Erne. Principal lakes, Neagh (the largest in the British Isles), 
 Erne, Allen, Corrib, Mask, Conn, Ree, and Derg, besides the 
 small but celebrated lakes of Killarney. The aggregate surface 
 of the lakes is estimated at 336 sq. m. In I. the term lough, 
 like the Scotch lock, is applied both to inland lakes and to 
 inlets of the sea. As regards the climate, the numerous in- 
 dentations of the sea, the extensive inland water area, and the 
 wide distribution of the hills and mountains all conduce to an 
 exceptional degree of moisture ; and the direct exposure to the 
 warm winds from the Atlantic likewise contributes to the general 
 equality of temperature, and more especially promotes mild 
 winter temperatures. The rainier tracts are the SW. , W. , and 
 N. In the lowlands of the middle and eastern counties the 
 mean rainfall is about equal to that of the midland counties of 
 England in corresponding latitudes. The mean annual tem- 
 perature ranges from about 48!° F. in the N. to sij° in the S. 
 The mean January temperature in nearly half the island is 
 higher than anywhere in Great Britain, except Cornwall and W. 
 Devon, and the western peninsulas of Wales. Westerly winds 
 prevail for nine months in the year. Plants that generally 
 require artificial heat in England to enable them to survive the 
 winter, flourish here in the open air. The broad-leaved myrtle 
 grows luxuriantly in some S. counties, and the arbutus-unedo, 
 menziesia, and other plants of S. Europe flourish, while 
 Alpine plants of the extreme N. of Europe are also found on 
 some of the mountains. Agrtcultnre.— I. is essentially an 
 agricultural country, 43.7 per cent, of those pursuing definite 
 occupations in I. having been engaged in this branch of in- 
 dustry in 1891 ; and as the condition of this industry throws 
 most light on the remarkable decrease of population exhibited 
 ^ 727 
 
IRELAND 
 
 Population 
 
 IN Thousands, 
 
 WITH 
 
 Increase 
 
 [+) OR Decrease (- 
 
 ) PER Cent, since the previous Census. 
 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 p Incr.or 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Incror ^°P* 
 
 Incr.oi 
 Deer. 
 
 Pop- 
 
 
 Pop. 
 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Incr.or 
 Deer. 
 
 Census 1891. 
 
 Number per 
 100 above five 
 
 years old 
 unable to read. 
 
 
 Mar. 20, 
 1851.- 
 
 Deer. 
 
 Apr. 7, 
 1861. 
 
 Apr. 2, 
 1871. 
 
 Deer. 
 
 Apr. 3, 
 1881. 
 
 Deer. 
 
 Apr. 5, 
 1891. 
 
 Pop. 
 per 
 
 Roman 
 Catholics 
 
 Speaking 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 per 100. 
 
 per looo. 
 
 1841. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Carlow .... 
 
 346 
 
 86.2 
 
 + 5-1 
 
 68.1 
 
 -21.C 
 
 57-1 
 
 -16. 1 
 
 51-7 
 
 - 9.6 
 
 46.6 
 
 - 9-8 
 
 40-9 
 
 -12. 1 
 
 118 
 
 88.3 
 
 3 
 
 38.0 
 
 14.9 
 
 Dublin . . . . 
 
 349 
 
 373 
 
 - 1.9 
 
 40s 
 
 + 8.7 
 
 410 
 
 + 1.3 
 
 405 
 
 - 1.2 
 
 419 
 
 + 3-4 
 
 419 
 
 + 0.1 
 
 499 
 
 77-0 
 
 8 
 
 29.1 
 
 12.7 
 
 Kildare .... 
 
 654 
 
 114 
 
 + 5.0 
 
 95-7 
 
 - 16.4 
 
 90-9 
 
 - 5-0 
 
 83.6 
 
 - 8.1 
 
 75-81- 9-3 
 
 70.2 
 
 - 7-4 
 
 107 
 
 84.1 
 
 5 
 
 41-9 
 
 14- 1 
 
 Kilkenny. . . . 
 
 791 
 
 202 
 
 + 4-5 
 
 159 
 
 -21.6 
 
 125 
 
 -21.6 
 
 109 
 
 -12.2 
 
 99.5 - 9.0 
 
 87.3 
 
 -12-3 
 
 96 
 
 94.8 
 
 45 
 
 50.2 
 
 1S.8 
 
 King s Co. . . . 
 
 771 
 
 147 
 
 + 1.8 
 
 112 
 
 -23-7 
 
 90.0 
 
 -19.7 
 
 75-9 
 
 -15-7 
 
 72.9 - 4.0 
 
 65.6 
 
 - 10.0 
 
 85 
 
 88.9 
 
 5- 
 
 47-9 
 
 16.4 
 
 Longford .... 
 
 403 
 
 "5 
 
 + 2.6 
 
 82.3 
 
 -28.7 
 
 71-7 
 
 - 12.9 
 
 64-5 
 
 - lO.O 
 
 61.0 - 5-4 
 
 52.6 
 
 -13-7 
 
 130 
 
 91-3 
 
 5 
 
 51-2 
 
 16.9 
 
 Louth 
 
 314 
 
 128 
 
 + 2.7 
 
 108 
 
 - 16.1 
 
 90.7 
 
 -15-7 
 
 84.0 
 
 - 7-4 
 
 77.7 
 
 - 7-5 
 
 71.0 
 
 - 8.6 
 
 188 
 
 91-3 
 
 38 
 
 59-1 
 
 21.3 
 
 Meath . . . . 
 
 904 
 
 184 
 
 + 4-0 
 
 141 
 
 -23-1 
 
 no 
 
 -21.6 
 
 95.6 
 
 -13-4 
 
 87- S 
 
 - 8.5 
 
 77.0 
 
 - 12.0 
 
 85 
 
 93-12 
 
 19 
 
 54-5 
 
 16.3 
 
 Queen's Co. . . . 
 
 664 
 
 1 54 
 
 + 5.^ 
 
 112 
 
 -27-5 
 
 90-7 
 
 -18.8 
 
 7Q-8 
 
 - 12.0 
 
 73-1 
 
 - 8.3 
 
 64-9 
 
 -11.3 
 
 98 
 
 87-7 
 
 3 
 
 41.6 
 
 14.0 
 
 Westmeath . . . 
 
 678 
 
 141 
 
 + 3-2 
 
 III 
 
 -21.2 
 
 90-9 
 
 -18.4 
 
 78.4 
 
 -13-7 
 
 71.8 
 
 - 8.S 
 
 65-1 
 
 
 96 
 
 92-23 
 
 5 
 
 52-1 
 
 16.6 
 
 Wexford .... 
 
 896 
 
 202 
 
 + 10.6 
 
 180 
 
 -10.8 
 
 144 
 
 -20.1 
 
 133 
 
 - 7-8 
 
 124 
 
 - 6.6 
 
 112 
 
 - 9.8 
 
 125 
 
 91-4 
 
 3 
 
 41-3 
 
 19.6 
 
 Wicklow .... 
 
 781 
 
 126 
 
 + 3.!i 
 
 99.0 
 
 -21.5 
 
 86- s 
 
 - 12.6 
 
 78.7 
 
 - 9.0 
 
 70.4 
 
 — 10.6 
 
 62.1 
 
 -II. 7 
 
 80 
 
 79-3 
 
 3 
 
 41-3 
 
 16.7 
 
 Leinster . . . 
 
 7620 
 
 1973 
 
 
 1673 
 
 -15.2 
 
 1458 
 
 -12.9 
 
 1339 
 
 - 8.2 
 
 1279 
 
 - 4-5 
 
 1x88 
 
 - 7-1 
 
 156 
 
 
 12 
 
 44.0 
 
 15-4 
 
 Clare 
 
 1200 
 
 286 
 
 + 10.9 
 
 212 
 
 -25.8 
 
 166 
 
 -21.7 
 
 148 
 
 - ii.i 
 
 141 
 
 - 4-3 
 
 124 
 
 - I2.0 
 
 104 
 
 98.0 
 
 377 
 
 63.1 
 
 19.2 
 
 Cork 
 
 2870 
 
 as4 
 
 + 5-4 
 
 649 
 
 -24.0 
 
 545 
 
 -16. 1 
 
 517 
 
 - 51 
 
 496 
 
 - 4.2 
 
 438 
 
 -"•5 
 
 127 
 
 90.4 
 
 273 
 
 62.7 
 
 20.0 
 
 Kerry 
 
 1811 
 
 294 
 
 + 117 
 
 238 
 
 -18.9 
 
 202 
 
 -iS-3 
 
 197 
 
 - 2.6 
 
 201 
 
 + 2.3 
 
 179 
 
 -10-9 
 
 99 
 
 96.7 
 
 414 
 
 70.4 
 
 24.6 
 
 Limerick .... 
 
 1033 
 
 3.30 
 
 + 4.7 
 
 262 
 
 -20.6 
 
 217 
 
 -17. 1 
 
 192 
 
 - 11.2 
 
 181 
 
 - 5-9 
 
 159 
 
 -12.0 
 
 118 
 
 94.9 
 
 107 
 
 53-4 
 
 16.3 
 
 Tipperary . . . 
 
 1639 
 
 43b 
 
 + 8.2 
 
 332 
 
 -23.9 
 
 249 
 
 -24.9 
 
 217 
 
 -13-0 
 
 200 
 
 - 7-9 
 
 173 
 
 -13-2 
 
 106 
 
 94.0 
 
 71 
 
 51-0 
 
 15- 1 
 
 Waterford . . . 
 
 712 
 
 196 
 
 + 10.8 
 
 164 
 
 -19.6 
 
 134 
 
 -22.2 
 
 123 
 
 - 8.2 
 
 113 
 
 - 8.6 
 
 98-3 
 
 - 12.9 
 
 109 
 
 94.6 
 
 382 
 
 66. s 
 
 26.8 
 
 Mtinster . . . 
 
 9481 
 
 »39<> 
 
 
 1858 
 
 -22.S 
 
 1S14 
 
 -18.5 
 
 1393 
 
 - 8.0 
 
 »33i 
 
 - 4-5x172 
 
 -II.9 
 
 124 
 
 
 262 
 
 60.6 
 
 19.9 
 
 Antrim .... 
 
 1079 
 
 354 
 
 + 8.8 
 
 352 
 
 - 0-5 
 
 369 
 
 + 4.7 
 
 404 
 
 + 9.5 
 
 422 
 
 + 4-4 428 
 
 + 1-5 
 
 191 
 
 24-9 
 
 4 
 
 23.0 
 
 9.0 
 
 Armagh .... 
 
 489 
 
 232 
 
 + 5.6 
 
 196 
 
 -15.6 
 
 190 
 
 - 3-' 
 
 179 
 
 - S-7 
 
 163 
 
 
 M3 
 
 -12.2 
 
 293 
 
 46.1 
 
 24 
 
 42.8 
 
 18-6 
 
 Cavan 
 
 730 
 
 243 
 
 + 6.7 
 
 174 
 
 -28.4 
 
 154 
 
 -11.6 
 
 141 
 
 - 8.6 
 
 129 
 
 - 8.0 
 
 112 
 
 -13.6 
 
 153 
 
 80.9 
 
 30 
 
 51-5 
 
 16-1 
 
 Donegal .... 
 
 i860 
 
 296 
 
 + 2.5 
 
 255 
 
 -13-9 
 
 237 
 
 - 7.0 
 
 218 
 
 - 8.0 
 
 206 
 
 - 5-6 
 
 186 
 
 - 9.9 
 
 100 
 
 77.0 
 
 334 
 
 61-7 
 
 31-1 
 
 Down 
 
 954 
 
 368 
 
 + 4-b 
 
 329 
 
 -10.7 
 
 309 
 
 - 6.1 
 
 293 
 
 - 4.9 
 
 272 
 
 - 7-3 
 
 267 
 
 - 1.9 
 
 235 
 
 27-5 
 
 3 
 
 27-5 
 
 ii-i 
 
 Fermanagh . . . 
 
 653 
 
 i5t> 
 
 + 4-5 
 
 116 
 
 -25.8 
 
 106 
 
 - 8.9 
 
 92.8 
 
 -12.3 
 
 84.9 
 
 - 8.S 
 
 74-2 
 
 -12.6 
 
 114 
 
 55-4 
 
 8 
 
 45-8 
 
 15-4 
 
 Londonderry . . 
 
 802 
 
 222 
 
 + 0.1 
 
 192 
 
 -1.3-6 
 
 184 
 
 - 4-1 
 
 174 
 
 - .S.6 
 
 i6s 
 
 - 5.1 
 
 152 
 
 - 7-9 
 
 190 
 
 44.6 
 
 18 
 
 29.4 
 
 14-3 
 
 Monaghan . . . 
 
 498 
 
 200 
 
 + 2.6 
 
 142 
 
 -29.2 
 
 126 
 
 -10.8 
 
 "5 
 
 - 9.1 
 
 103 
 
 -10.6 
 
 86-2 
 
 -16. 1 
 
 173 
 
 73-3 
 
 33 
 
 51-3 
 
 17-8 
 
 Tyrone .... 
 
 1217 
 
 ,313 
 
 + 2.8 
 
 256 
 
 -18.3 
 
 239 
 
 - 6.7 
 
 216 
 
 - 9-5 
 
 198 
 
 - 8.4 
 
 171 
 
 -13-3 
 
 141 
 
 54-6 
 
 39 
 
 45.0 
 
 17.4 
 
 Ulster. . . . 
 
 «S67 
 
 3386 
 
 
 aoiz 
 
 -15.71914 
 
 - 481833 1 
 
 - 4.2 
 
 1743 
 
 - 4-9 
 
 1620 
 
 - 7.1 
 
 189 
 
 
 52 
 
 40.6 
 
 iS-4 
 
 Galway .... 
 
 2312 
 
 440 
 
 + 6.2 
 
 322 
 
 -26.9 271 
 
 -15-6 
 
 248 
 
 - 8.5 
 
 242 
 
 - 3-1 
 
 215 
 
 -11.3 
 
 8s 
 
 97.0 
 
 585 
 
 76.6 
 
 33-9 
 
 Leitrim .... 
 
 588 
 
 iSS 
 
 + 9-7 
 
 112 
 
 -27.9 
 
 105 
 
 - 6.4 
 
 95-6 
 
 - 8.8 
 
 90.4 
 
 - 5-4 
 
 78.6 
 
 -13-0 
 
 134 
 
 90.4 
 
 72 
 
 57-3 
 
 16-4 
 
 Mayo 
 
 2060 
 
 3«9 
 
 + 6.2 
 
 274 
 
 -29.4 
 
 255 
 
 - 7.2 
 
 346 
 
 - 3-4 
 
 245 
 
 +0.14 
 
 219 
 
 -10.7 
 
 106 
 
 97-5 
 
 504 
 
 79.0 
 
 32.0 
 
 Roscommon . . . 
 
 915 
 
 254 
 
 + 1.6 
 
 173 
 
 -31-6 
 
 157 
 
 - 9-3 
 
 141 
 
 - 10.6 
 
 132 
 
 - ,58 
 
 114 
 
 -13-7 
 
 125 
 
 96.4 
 
 130 
 
 65.0 
 
 18.2 
 
 Sligo 
 
 70b 
 
 181 
 
 + 5-3 
 
 129 
 
 -29.0 
 
 125 
 
 - 2.9 
 
 "5 
 
 - 7-5 
 
 112 
 
 - 3-4 
 
 98.0 
 
 - 12.2 
 
 139 
 
 90.8 
 
 217 
 
 68.7 
 
 22.4 
 
 Connaught . . 
 
 6863 1419 
 
 
 lOIO 
 
 -28.1 
 
 913 
 
 - 9.6 
 
 846 
 
 - 7-3 
 
 822 
 
 - 2.8 
 
 72s 
 
 -11.8 
 
 106 
 
 
 378 
 
 7=.! 
 
 27-4 
 
 Ireland (total) 
 
 3»iS3i 8174 
 
 
 Sssa 
 
 -19.85799 1 
 
 -"-S 
 
 S4« 
 
 - 6.7 
 
 SI7S 
 
 - 4-4 
 
 47051 
 
 - 9-1 
 
 14s 
 
 
 14s 
 
 52.7 
 
 18-4 
 
 * At the censuses of 1841 and 1851 the army and navy serving in Ireland were not included as they were in subsequent censuses. 
 
 t At the census of 1891 there were only six counties in which the number of persons speaking Irish only exceeded 1000. These were Galway 
 (17,646), Donegal (7037), Kerry (4481), Mayo (4234), Cork (2273), and Waterford (1321). 
 
 I From the 1st of May 1851 to the end of 1890 the total number of emigrants from Ireland, including those to Great Britain, was 3,408,000. 
 In recent years the annual number of emigrants has been about 70,000, about five-sixths of whom went to IJ.S., from 4000 to 6000 to Great Britain. 
 
 in the above table, it will be of interest to supply an exceptional 
 amount of statistical information under this head ; the statis- 
 tics being mainly derived from Fads and Figures about Ire- 
 land, by T. W. Grimshaw, Registrar-General for I. (Dublin, 
 1893). The principal Irish crop is the potato, which is pro- 
 duced in greater quantity, relatively to population, in this 
 country than in any other country in the world. On it the 
 prosperity of I. and the number of its population still appear 
 mrgely to depend, a rather serious fact in consideration of the 
 great fluctuations in its produce per acre. Since 1850 its yield 
 per acre has varied from 1.3 ton (1879) to 6.4 tons (1853 and 
 1855). A bad year accordingly produces widespread distress. 
 Formerly, however, the population of I. generally was even 
 more dependent on this crop than at present, and the diminution 
 in its population, which has been so long going on, dates from 
 a great failure of the crop in 1846, and a consequent famine in 
 1846-47. In 184s the population of I. was estimated by Dr. 
 Grimshaw to have reached 8,295,000, and the number of deaths 
 from the famine, and the diseases consequent thereon, is calcu- 
 lated by the same authority at about 729,000. In the tables 
 that here follow we see the effects not merely of the decline of 
 population that then took place, and which continued in con- 
 sequence of the continued flow of the stream of emigration which 
 set in at that time, but also, under some heads, of the depres- 
 sion in agriculture which, especially since the beginning of the 
 eighties, has affected the British Isles generally, and even to a 
 large extent the whole of western Europe : — 
 
 Thousands of Acres (000 omitted). 
 
 Period. 
 
 Com 
 Crops. 
 
 Green 
 Crops. 
 
 Total Land 
 in use for 
 Agricul- 
 ture.! 
 
 Woods 
 
 and 
 Planta- 
 tions. 
 
 Fallow. 
 
 Bog, Mtn., 
 
 Waste, 
 Roads, &c. 
 
 1851-60 
 1861-70 
 1871-80 
 1881-90 
 
 2,810 
 2,296 
 
 1.903 
 1,618 
 
 1.503 
 1,486 
 1,366 
 I.231 
 
 15.169 
 15.496 
 15.571 
 15.156 
 
 310 
 321 
 327 
 330 
 
 75 
 29 
 
 IS 
 18 
 
 4.68s 
 4.47S 
 4,408 
 
 4.825 
 
 1 Including meadow and clover and grass (see below). 
 In this first table, the most striking feature is the great decline in 
 the cropped area, and especially in the area under corn crops. 
 It is to be noted, however, that there is no such great decline in 
 the total area in use for agriculture ; and such decline as is shown 
 728 
 
 under this head, as well as the increase under the head of bog, &c. , 
 is more apparent than real, inasmuch as since 1877 greater care 
 has been observed in distinguishing between grass-lands actually 
 in use for agriculture, and such as are too stony for the purpose. 
 The next table shows that, as in Great Britain, in the case of 
 the three principal corn-crops wheat is that most seriously 
 affected by adverse circumstances. The decline in the wheat area 
 of I. began earlier than in England, having been almost continu- 
 ous since 1847. On the other hand, we may note that this table 
 shows a satisfactory rise in the average yield per acre 
 wheat and oats. 
 
 Thousands of Acres {000 omitted). 
 
 ;ontinu- 
 lis table 
 
 1^ 
 
 Period. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Barley. 
 
 Yield 
 
 per Acre : 
 
 cwts. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Barley. 
 
 1851-60 
 1861-70 
 1871-80 
 1881-90 
 
 461 
 
 295 
 170 
 
 95 
 
 2,075 
 1.789 
 1.484 
 1.323 
 
 221 
 189 
 228 
 182 
 
 13-4 
 11.8 
 
 13-7 
 14.7 
 
 133 
 12.0 
 
 13.6 
 
 16-4 
 
 15- 1 
 16-0 
 IS- 6 
 
 The next two tables relate to green crops, grass, and flax- The 
 first of them shows that it is chiefly the increase under the heads 
 of meadow and clover and grass that make up for the losses 
 that have taken place under other heads. The cultivation of 
 flax has long been a specialty of Irish as distinguished from 
 British agriculture, and in I. is now mainly pursued in the Ulster 
 counties, and more particularly those nearest Belfast, the great 
 seat of the linen industry. It has been subject to considerable 
 fluctuations, but has declined on the whole pretty steadily since 
 1864, when the area under this crop reached its maximum 
 (302,000 ac. ). 
 
 Thousands of Acres (000 omitted). 
 
 Period. 
 
 ! 
 
 Potatoes. Turnips. 
 
 Mangold 
 and 
 Beet. 
 
 Flax. 
 
 Meadow 
 
 and 
 Clover. 
 
 Grass. 
 
 1851-60 
 1861-70 
 1871-80 
 1881-90 
 
 1,040 
 
 1.04s 
 902 
 807 
 
 352 
 337 
 331 
 299 
 
 26 
 20 
 42 
 40 
 
 126 
 222 
 127 
 114 
 
 1.349 
 1.634 
 1,890 
 2,063 
 
 9.375 
 
 9.858 
 
 10,285 
 
 10,130 
 
IRELAND 
 
 Yield per Acre. 
 
 Period. 
 
 Potatoes. 
 
 Turnips. 
 
 Mangold 
 and Beet. 
 
 Flax. 
 
 Meadow 
 and Clover. 
 
 1851-60 
 1861-70 
 1871-80 
 1881-90 
 
 Tons. 
 4-5 
 3-2 
 3-0 
 3-5 
 
 Tons. 
 13-8 
 II. I 
 12.5 
 12.3 
 
 Tons. 
 150 
 II.8 
 134 
 13- 1 
 
 Stones. 
 33-4 
 25-4 
 26.6 
 28.7 
 
 Tons. 
 1.9 
 1.8 
 2.0 
 2.0 
 
 The next tables show the most satisfactory side of Irish agricul- 
 ture, revealing, as they do, a great increase under the head of live- 
 stock corresponding to the increased extent under grass, meadow 
 and clover. Relatively to population, indeed, I. produces, in 
 the aggregate, greater numbers of the larger live-stock than any 
 other country in Europe, for which statistics are obtainable, 
 although it is surpassed in one case by one country, in other 
 cases by others under the individual heads. While the first 
 table shows an absolute increase in numbers under every head 
 except horses on a comparison of the last with the first decade, 
 the second table shows an increase under this head also rela- 
 tively to population. A fairly satisfactory state of matters is 
 likewise shown, notwithstanding foreign competition both in 
 live-stock and in frozen meat, under all heads by the third and 
 fourth tables, relating to the last years individually. 
 
 Thousands (000 omitted). 
 
 Period. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 Pigs. 
 
 Goats. 
 
 Poultry. 
 
 1851-60 
 1861-70 
 1871-80 
 1881-90 
 
 572 
 555 
 544 
 553 
 
 3.480 
 3.526 
 
 4,051 
 4,116 
 
 3.298 
 4.038 
 4.134 
 3.475 
 
 1. 194 
 1,183 
 1,249 
 1.347 
 
 256 
 187 
 259 
 277 
 
 8,958 
 10,483 
 12,763 
 14,107 
 
 Number per Hundred of Population. 
 
 Period. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 Cattle. 
 57 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 Pigs. 
 
 Goats. 
 
 1 
 Poultry. 
 
 1851-60 
 
 9 
 
 54 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 148 
 
 1861-70 
 
 10 
 
 63 
 
 72 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 188 
 
 1871-80 
 
 10 
 
 76 
 
 78 
 
 24 
 
 S 
 
 241 
 
 1881-90 
 
 II 
 
 84 
 
 71 
 
 27 
 
 6 
 
 286 
 
 Thousands (000 omitted). 
 
 Year. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 Pigs. 
 
 Goats. 
 
 Poultry. 
 
 1885 
 
 576I 
 
 4,229 
 
 3.478 
 
 1,269 
 
 264 
 
 13.851 
 
 1886 
 
 578 
 
 4,184 
 
 3.366 
 
 1,263 
 
 266 
 
 13.910 
 
 1887 
 
 587 
 
 4.157 
 
 3.378 
 
 1,408 
 
 272 
 
 14,461 
 
 1888 
 
 595 
 
 4,099 
 
 3.627 
 
 1.398 
 
 296 
 
 14,486 
 
 1889 
 
 604 
 
 4,094 
 
 3,789 
 
 1,381 
 
 304 
 
 14.857 
 
 1890 
 
 615 
 
 4,240 
 
 4,323 
 
 1.570 
 
 327 
 
 15.40^ 
 
 1891 
 
 621 
 
 4,448 
 
 4,723 
 
 1,368 
 
 336 
 
 15.276 
 
 1892 
 
 635 
 
 4,531 
 
 4,828 
 
 1,113 
 
 333 
 
 15,336 
 
 1893 
 
 643 
 
 4,464 
 
 4,421 
 
 1,152 
 
 323 
 
 16,097 
 
 1894 
 
 653 
 
 4,392 
 
 4.105 
 
 1,389 
 
 319 
 
 16,180 
 
 ^ For the individual years, including mules. 
 Number per Hundred of Population. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 Pigs. 
 
 Goats. 
 
 Poultry. 
 
 1885 
 
 11.67 
 
 85-63 
 
 70.43 
 
 25.70 
 
 S-35 
 
 280.5 
 
 1886 
 
 11.79 
 
 85-28 
 
 68.61 
 
 25-75 
 
 5-43 
 
 283.5 
 
 1887 
 
 12.09 
 
 85-59 
 
 69-54 
 
 29.00 
 
 5-59 
 
 297-7 
 
 1888 
 
 12.40 
 
 85-38 
 
 75-54 
 
 29.11 
 
 6.16 
 
 301.7 
 
 1889 
 
 12.70 
 
 86.06 
 
 79-65 
 
 29.02 
 
 6-39 
 
 312.3 
 
 1890 
 
 13-03 
 
 89.88 
 
 91.64 
 
 33-28 
 
 6-93 
 
 326.6 
 
 1891 
 
 13.28 
 
 95-03 
 
 100.88 
 
 29.22 
 
 7.18 
 
 326.3 
 
 1892 
 
 13.70 
 
 97.69 
 
 104.09 
 
 24.01 
 
 7.17 
 
 330.64 
 
 1893 
 
 13-94 
 
 96.72 
 
 9S-80 
 
 24-97 
 
 7.00 
 
 348.79 
 
 1894 
 
 14.21 
 
 95.62 
 
 89-37 
 
 30.24 
 
 6.94 
 
 352-23 
 
 The Irish seas abound in fish, but the table below shows that 
 the fishing industry is in a declining condition. The decline 
 is no doubt mainly due to the fact that a large part of the emi- 
 gration fi-om I. has taken place from those districts in which the 
 industry was most largely pursued, and where the people lived 
 largely on this food. The principal fishing-grounds are off the 
 N. and NW. coasts (N. of Connaught to the N. of Donegal), 
 off the SW. coasts (Kerry and Cork), and off the E. coast of 
 Wexford. There are trawling grounds off the S. coast of Wex- 
 ford, and between Dublin and Dundalk Bays. In the NW. the 
 development of the fisheries is hindered principally by the 
 inadequate means of communication with the English market, 
 in the SW. by the want of sufficient landing accommodation, in 
 the W. of I. generally by the lack of curing establishments. Such 
 fishing as is pursued in Irish waters is to a large extent carried 
 
 on by boats from England, Scotland, and the Isle of Man, the 
 deep-sea (chiefly mackerel) fisheries off the W. coast to a large 
 extent by French boats. The Irish of the W. coast are generally 
 without the boats and apparatus necessary for carrying on the 
 fisheries in these stormy waters. 
 
 Fisheries. 
 
 Period. 
 
 Vessels and Boats. 
 
 Men and Boys. 
 
 1861-70 
 1871-80 
 1881-90 
 
 10,069 
 6,676 
 5,885 
 
 42,921 
 
 25.993 
 22,283 
 
 The mineral resources of I. are very scanty compared with 
 those of the sister island, their total annual value being less than 
 ij Jjth of that of the United Kingdom generally, less than -^^th of 
 that of Scotland. The greatest aggregate value belongs to stone, 
 clay,' slate, &c. (the last produced chiefly in cos. Cork and 
 Tipperary). The next in value is coal, Castlecomer being the 
 chief producing centre, but the whole production amounting to 
 little more than 100,000 tons. Peat, of which there is a vast 
 area in the island, is largely used for domestic fuel, and to some 
 extent even industrially. Next after coal ranks iron ore, the 
 only important deposits of which at present worked are the 
 aluminous hematites of Antrim. Rock-salt is produced to a 
 considerable amount at Carrickfergus, co. Antrim, and white salt 
 is made from it at various places. Among other mineral pro- 
 ducts are alum, clay (co. Antrim), barytes (in Connaught and 
 Munster), bog ore (used mainly for purifying gas, and principally 
 produced in Londonderry dist. with Coleraine), fire-clay (co. 
 Tyrone), and iron pyrites (co. Wicklow). The mannfactnrlng 
 indastrles of I. suffer from the dearth of local coal supplies ; 
 but there is one branch, the linen manufacture, for which I. has 
 long been famous, and is still more largely carried on here than 
 in any other part of the United Kingdom. In former times it 
 was carried on domestically all over I., but it is now centred 
 chiefly in Belfast, which has the greatest advantages in the way 
 of obtaining the raw material, supplies of fuel from the neigh- 
 bouring ports of Scotland, and for exporting the manufactured 
 products. The only other textile industry of importance is the 
 woollen, the growth of which was greatly hindered by the 
 repressive legislation of William III.'s and subsequent reigns 
 in the i8th century, but which has for some time back, as one 
 of the tables below shows, made satisfactory progress. This 
 industry, unlike the linen, is scattered over different parts of I., 
 and it may be noted that formerly at least (in recent years we 
 have no information on this head) it was largely maintained by 
 the use of water-power. In 1870, 977 horse-power employed in 
 this industry was derived from water against 187 from steam. 
 The raw material employed is largely of native origin, some 
 manufacturers using Irish wool exclusively, or almost exclusively. 
 
 Textile Industries. 
 Linen. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1841 
 1850 
 1851 
 1859 
 
 Spindles in 
 thousands. 
 
 250 
 326 
 390 
 652 
 
 Power- 
 looms. 
 
 58 
 3.633 
 
 Year. 
 
 1861 
 1871 
 1881 
 1890 
 
 Spindles in Power- 
 thousands, looms. 
 
 593 
 866 
 879 
 827 
 
 14,834 
 21,779 
 26,590 
 
 Woollen. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Spinning 
 Spindles. 
 
 Doubling 
 Spindles. 
 
 Power- 
 looms. 
 
 Persons 
 employed. 
 
 1870 
 1878 
 188S 
 1889 
 
 28,348 
 40,205 
 70,823 
 64,099 
 
 1.547 
 
 4,942 
 
 8,553 
 
 11,438 
 
 241 1,490 
 4" 1,975 
 763 3.136 
 925 3,443 
 
 Next in importance to the textile industries, in the aggregate 
 (next to linen separately), is the production of whisky and beer 
 (principally porter), the amount of which at difterent dates is 
 shown below. 
 
 Period. 
 
 Whisky— Gallons. 
 
 Beer — Barrels. 
 
 Distilled. 
 
 Per Head 
 of Pop. 
 
 Brewed. 
 
 Per Head 
 of Pop. 
 
 1841-50 
 1851-60 
 1861-70 
 1871-80 
 1881-90 
 
 7,1671 
 8,011 
 5,710 
 
 10,739 
 10,644 
 
 0.90 
 1.32 
 1.02 
 2.03 
 2.16 
 
 741I 
 
 929 
 
 1.378^ 
 
 1.930 
 
 2,216 
 
 0.09 
 0.15 
 0.25 
 0.36 
 0.45 
 
 1 In thousands (000 omitted). 
 
 2 Eight years. 
 729 
 
IRELAND 
 
 Means of Conunnnlcatlon. — The general flatness of the 
 middle portions of I. favoured the construction of canals, which, 
 before the extension of the railway system, were of great import- 
 ance as a means of transport both for passengers and goods. 
 The Shannon, the longest river in the British Isles, has been 
 partly canalised, and has thus been made navigable to the head of 
 Lough Allen, that is, nor far from its source ; and it is connected 
 with Dublin, by two routes, and with Belfast The Grand Canal 
 proceeds from Ballinasloe, on the Suck, a r. bk. trib. of the 
 Shannon, to Dublin, by way of TuUamore, the Royal Canal 
 (now merged in the Midland Great Western Rly. ) from Cloon- 
 dara, on the Shannon (W. of Longford), by way of Longford 
 and Mullingar. The Ballinamore and Ballyconnell Canal con- 
 nects the Shannon with Upper Loch Erne, which again is 
 connected with Lough Neagh and Belfast by the Ulster Canal 
 and Lagan navigation. A branch from the Grand Canal pro- 
 ceeds S. to Athy, the limit of navigation on the Barrow. The 
 Barrow and the Shannon are the most important rivers as regards 
 navigation, but above Athlone the amount of shipping on the 
 Shannon is quite insignificant. Irish railways date from 1842, 
 when the first 14 m. were opened tor traffic. In the remoter 
 mountain valleys communications are still very defective, and 
 since i860 various acts have been passed with the \'iew of pro- 
 moting the construction of tramways and light railways in such 
 dists., the most important being those of 1883, 1889, and 189a 
 The next table shows the progress that has been made in recent 
 decades in Irish shipping. 
 
 Shipping. 
 
 Thousands of Tons (000 omitted). 
 
 Period. 
 
 1841-50 
 1851-60 
 1861-70 
 1871-80 
 1881-90 
 
 Entered. 
 
 Foreign 
 Trade. 1 
 
 330 
 460 
 620 
 980 
 854 
 
 Coasting 
 Trade.2 
 
 2,140 
 2,930 
 3.910 
 4.970 
 S.208 
 
 Cleared. 
 
 Foreign 
 Trade.1 
 
 270 
 230 
 200 
 520 
 338 
 
 Coasting 
 Trade.^ 
 
 1.510 
 2,140 
 2,820 
 3.860 
 3.935 
 
 1 With cargoes and in ballast. *'' Cargoes only. 
 
 The rate of growth of wealth in I. in recent decades may be 
 taken as roughly indicated by the table below, though it must 
 be remembered that there may have been a good deal of private 
 hoarding even after the institution of savings' banks, before the 
 advantages of the institution came to be appreciated. 
 
 Period. 
 
 Deposits in 
 
 Joint-Stock 
 
 Banks. 
 
 Per Head 
 of Pop. 
 
 Savings' 
 Banks. 
 
 Per Head 
 of Pop. 
 
 1841-50 
 1851-60 
 1861 70 
 1871-80 
 1881-90 
 
 7.i8i 
 
 12.755 
 18,856 
 
 30.965 
 31.146 
 
 £ 
 
 0.92 
 2.10 
 3-38 
 5-84 
 
 6-33 
 
 2,^811 
 
 1,702 
 2,162 
 3,210 
 4.677 
 
 £ 
 0.27 
 0.28 
 
 0.39 
 0.61 
 
 0.95 
 
 1 Thousands of £, (000 omitted). 
 
 Perhaps the most satisfactory indication of a general improve- 
 ment in the condition of the Irish people smce the famine 
 is afforded by the classification of houses devised by Sir Thomas 
 Larcom. According to this classification, the fourth class in- 
 cludes all single-room houses of mud or other perishable mate- 
 rial; the third, a better class, with two to four rooms and 
 windows ; the second, a good farm or town house, with five to 
 seven rooms and windows ; and the first, all better houses. On 
 a comparison of the census results of 1841 with those of 1891, it 
 is found that whereas houses of the fourth class had decreased 
 from 491,278 to 20,617, ^nd those of the third class from 
 533,297 to 312,589, those of the second class had increased from 
 264,184 to 466,632, and those of the first from 40,080 to 70,740. 
 On the other hand, increasing distress in a large section of the 
 population appears to be shown by the increase in the last two 
 decades of the average number of cases of pauperism relieved 
 — the ' cases ' including re-entries of the same individual 
 
 Cases of Pauperism Relieved, Thousands (000 omitted). 
 
 1841-50. 1850-60. i86o-7a 1870-80. 1880-90. 
 
 646 324 290 327 498 
 
 Certain dists. of I., generally spoken of as the congested dists., 
 are in a chronic state of distress ; and in the Land Act of 1891 
 special provisions were introduced, aimed at bringing about 
 a gradual improvement of the condition of those parts of the 
 country. A congested county is defined in that Act as one in 
 which the inhabitants live in electoral divs. in which the total 
 ratable value divided by the number of the pop. gives a sum of 
 less than one pound ten shillings for each. Eight covmties, 
 730 
 
 Donegal, Leitrim, Shgo, Roscommon, Mayo, Galway, Kerry, 
 and Cork, were found by the Board to be congested in this 
 sense, and the total area of the congested dists. (chiefly in 
 Donegal, Connaught, and the SW. peninsulas of Kerry and 
 Cork) was found to be 3,608,569 aa, with a pop. in 1891 of 
 549,516. The board is empowered to make efforts to improve 
 these dists. in connection with agricultural development, forestry, 
 breeding of live stock and poultry, sale of seed potatoes and seed 
 oats, amalgamation of small holdings, migration, emigration, 
 fishing, weaving, and spinning, or any other suitable industries. 
 People. — The greater part of the Irish are descendants of the 
 aboriginal Celts, with an admixture towards the N. of Saxons, 
 and in later times of English and Scottish emigrants. Their 
 dark complexion and smaller and more slender form of body, 
 as well as their more volatile temperament, distinguish the Irish 
 from the Saxon. The Erse, a dialect of the Celtic, is the native 
 language, and is now chiefly used in the W. part of the 
 country. (See the table of counties.) In the year 432 Chris- 
 tianity was introduced by St Patrick. From the 8th to the 12th 
 century, the country was the scene of perpetual warfare between 
 the petty kings and their chiefs. In 1174 Henry II. of Eng- 
 land conquered the country, and p)ortioned it out among his 
 Anglo-Norman followers. In the reign of King John the di\'i- 
 sion into counties took place, and English laws and customs 
 were partially introduced. But the powerful barons continued 
 to resist the government of Henry VII., Elizabeth, and James I. 
 with repeated outbreaks and rebellions. The most memorable 
 of these were in 1641, 1689, and 1798. In 1800 the union of 
 I. with England took place. In 1829 the Roman Catholic Eman- 
 cipation Act was passed, in 1832 the Irish Reform Bill, in 1838 
 the Poor Law Bill. In 1844 the Irish repeal agitation was at its 
 height, and in 1848 an insurrection of the populace took place, but 
 was speedily put down. Discontent has since manifested itself in 
 many ways, and led to various measures of remedial legislation 
 (see below). Iiocal Goyemment. — In early times tribal govern- 
 ment prevailed, the people being divided into ' Fine ' or ' Septs,' 
 each under its chieftain or ' Cendfinne,' forming an organised unit, 
 the members of which were mutually responsible. The ' Clann ' 
 was a larger div. comprising several 'fine.' The Tuath was 
 the unit of terr., but it had also a genealogical significance; 
 it was the terr. occupied by a ' clann ' or a div. of one, under a 
 ' Ri," or chief. The Mar Tuath was a confederacy of ' tuatha,' 
 under a great chief, the ' Ri Mor Tuatha.' The chieftain was 
 elected from the ruling family, but not necessarily in the direct 
 line. At the time of the English conquest, in the 12th century, 
 I. was divided into four great confederacies of tribes, or king- 
 doms, Meath being reckoned as a fifth kingdom. These old 
 territorial divs. are preserved in the four Provinces, except that 
 Meath is included in Leinster. The provs. have no longer 
 administrative importance. The following are the principal 
 administrative areas at present existing: — The County proper 
 (32) is the largest div. for the purpose of local govt The div. 
 began in 1210, and was not completed till 1603 ; in some cases 
 the boundaries correspond to old tribal divs., in others new 
 partitions have been made. The chief officials are the lord- 
 lieutenant (in command of the militia) and the high sheriff, both 
 appomted by the Lord-Lieutenant of I. The principal govern- 
 ing body is the Grand Jury, which was originally summoned 
 to aid the Circuit Judges, but, subsequently, the control of the 
 fiscal affairs of the county was also entrusted to it, and this now 
 constitutes the most important function. The Grand Jurors 
 (23) are chosen by the High Sheriff from freeholders and lease- 
 holders with a property Qualification of ;^5o and ;^ioo ; one, at 
 least, from each barony (see below). The Grand Jury is not a 
 continuative body, being dismissed (with the exception of that 
 of Dublin, where a committee is appointed) at the close of each 
 assize ; but certain permanent officials are appointed by it. The 
 Grand Jury levies and administers the County Cess, a rate on 
 real property, and ' one of the oldest and the largest of the local 
 taxes ; ' but it has no power of initiating expenditure, that right 
 belonging specially to the Presentment Sessions. The principal 
 objects to which cess is applied are : the maintenance of roads 
 and bridges (rather more than fifty per cent, of the total), 
 lunatic asylums, salaries of county officers, infirmaries and fever 
 hospitals, govt debts, prison expenses, &a About one-fourth 
 of the presentments are obligatory by Act of Parliament. The 
 Presentment Sessions include the Baronial Sessions, composed 
 of county justices and from five to twelve cess-payers (the 
 number being fixed and the representatives selected by the 
 Grand Jury), and the County-at-large Sessions, composed of 
 county justices and one cess-payer from each barony. These 
 courts deal respectively with the expenditure for the terony and 
 the county. The Coimty Courts are the Civil Bill Court and 
 the Court of Quarter-Sessions ; the latter has criminal jurisdic- 
 tion, and controls the licensing system. The Barony (327) is 
 a div. of a county of English origin, corresponding to the 
 'Hundred.' It was formed by combining or sub-dividing old 
 tribal areas, with the boundaries of which it generally coin- 
 cides ; some half baronies are now treated as separate ones. 
 The Riding, a name borrowed from the English div., is used 
 
 J 
 
I 
 
 IREL — IRKU 
 
 in Tipperary, Cork, and Galway, each of which has two ridings. 
 The Quarter-Sessions divs. (95), Petty Sessions dists. (606), 
 Constabulary divs. (204), and Coroners' dists. are minor judicial 
 areas. A single Court Leet still exists in the manor of Killul- 
 tagh ; it includes the town of Lisburn. The townland, the 
 smallest div. and the unit of nearly all administrative areas, 
 corresponds most nearly to the ancient ' plowland.' The parish 
 (2428), a sub-div. of the barony, originally an eccles. div., was 
 early adopted as a civil area, though never of much importance. 
 It is now taken account of mainly in assessing damages for 
 malicious injury, in the formation of petty sessions dists., and 
 for the levying of county cess. The eccles. par., not always 
 identical with the civil, is of no political importance. The 
 poor-law system is similar to that of England. The Poor-Law 
 Union (160), estabUshed under the Irish Poor-Law Act of 
 1838, consists of a group of electoral dists., each of which 
 comprises several townlands. The local authority is the 
 Board of Guardians, composed of representatives elected by 
 the ratepayers and of county justices ; the property qualifica- 
 tion of the former, determined for each union by the Local 
 Government Board for Ireland, varies from £6 to £2,0. Be- 
 sides the relief of the poor, the Board of Guardians has been 
 entrusted with a number of miscellaneous functions, including 
 the administration of the Medical Charities, Vagrant, and 
 Sanitary Acts ; various Acts relating to Children, River Pollu- 
 tion, Cattle Disease, National Teachers, Jury, Valuation, Parlia- 
 mentary Voters, Income Tax, &c., &c. Rural Sanitary dists. 
 are co-extensive with unions, except that Urban Sanitary dists. 
 are excluded. The latter include all towns of over 6000 pop. 
 An Electoral div. (3446) is a group of townlands, with a single 
 exception (St. Mary's, Drogheda union), confined to one county. 
 A Dispensary dist. (721), created under the Medical Charities 
 Act, 1851, consists of a group of electoral dists. Registration 
 dists. (formed 1864) coincide with, or are divs. of, electoral dists. 
 Superintendent Registrar s dists. are co-extensive with the union. 
 A Registration county comprises a group of registration dists. 
 This div. has been necessitated by the fact that some unions 
 extend into two counties. Parliamentary divs. (100) are divs. of 
 counties and bors. formed mainly under the Redistribution of 
 Seats Act, 1885. Other minor administrative areas are Lunatic 
 Asylum, Arterial Drainage, Inland Navigation, and Harbour 
 Board's dists. Towns are administered under various Acts, chief 
 of which are the Lighting and Cleansing, 1828 ; Municipal Cor- 
 poration Reform, 1840 ; Towns Improvement, 1854 ; under one 
 or other of which any town with population of 1500 may provide 
 for its own government. The local authorities under the Act of 
 1840, which regulates the most important towns, are the Mayor, 
 Aldermen, and Councillors ; all others are governed by Com- 
 missioners ; eight towns are counties of cities or bors. , each 
 having its own Grand Jury and High Sheriff. The tribal 
 system of land tenure, under which the clansmen had a claim 
 on the land, was declared illegal in 1605, and replaced by the 
 English common law. The principal Acts of the present century 
 affecting the tenure of land are the Encumbered Estates Act, 
 and the Acts of 1870, 1881, 1885, and 1891. Previous to 1870, 
 the tenant (except where the right known as the ' Ulster Custom ' 
 prevailed) had no security for any improvements effected by him. 
 The landlord might increase the rent or evict. The Act of 1870 
 provided for compensation to the tenant in case of eviction, 
 but the rent might still be raised. The Act of 1881 enacted that 
 the tenant should enjoy undisturbed occupation, at a fixed rent 
 to be determined by a court of valuation. The Irish Land 
 Commission, consisting of three Commissioners, was established 
 for this purpose, and also authorised to settle disputes between 
 landlord and tenant. Two more Commissioners were added 
 under the Land Purchase Act of 1885, under which loans were 
 granted to facilitate the purchase of the land by the tenant. 
 Extended powers were conferred by the Act of 1891. The main 
 points of the ' Home Rule ' Bill, introduced into Parliament in 
 1893, were the establishment of a separate legislature, consisting 
 of a Legislative Council and a Legislative Assembly ; the former 
 to consist of forty-eight councillors, elected for eight years, half 
 retiring every four years; the latter of 103 members, to be 
 returned by the existing pariiamentary constituencies, and to 
 continue for five years, unless previously dissolved ; the country 
 to send a certain number of representatives to the Imperial 
 Parliament, the authority of which should continue supreme ; 
 the executive authority to be vested in the Lord- Lieutenant and 
 an Executive Committee of the Privy Council ; the Legisla- 
 ture to have power ' to make laws for the peace, order, and good 
 government of Ireland,' in so far as not affecting Imperial 
 interests, vested rights, religious Uberty, and established forms 
 of justice; the revenue, subject to certain charges for Imperial 
 and other specified purposes, to be applied by the Legislature 
 to the public service. Elementary education is controlled by the 
 Commissioners of National Education. Under the Irish Educa- 
 tion Act, 1892, education is compulsory (subject to certain 
 exceptions) in towns and townships under commissioners ; 
 local authority, the council or commissioners. The Intermediate 
 Education Board examines all candidates who present them- 
 
 selves. The Board is annually entrusted with a portion of the 
 funds accruing since the disestablishment of the Irish Church, 
 to be applied to the payment of results fees to teachers. There 
 are two universities in I. recognised by the State, Dublin 
 University (founded 1591) and the Royal University. "The latter 
 is only an examining body, founded by royal charter in 1880 ; 
 but a university education is afforded at the three Queen's 
 Colleges of Belfast, Cork, and Galway, founded in 1849. The 
 Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, is a teaching body under 
 the Science and Art Department, S. Kensington. There is also 
 the Cathohc University of I., founded in 1854 by a bull of Pope 
 Pius IX. , which grants degrees in theology and philosophy, but 
 since 1882 sends up its students to the examinations of the 
 Royal University for degrees in arts, medicine, engineering, 
 and law. Affiliated to this university are St. Patrick's College, 
 Maynooth ; University College, Dublin ; St. Patrick's College, 
 Carlow ; the French College, Blackrock ; Holy Cross College, 
 Clonliffe ; and the Medical School, Cecilia Street, Dublin. 
 [Local Government, &c., byE. G. H.] 
 
 Ireland Island, small isl. in NW. of Bermudas group. 
 
 Ireland, Ness of, promontory, Shetland Is., Mainland, W. 
 side of Dunrossness par. 
 
 Ireland, New. See Bismarck Archipelago. 
 
 Ireland's Eye, small rocky isl. , Ire. , off the E. coast of co. 
 DubUn, 2 ra. N. Howth. 
 
 Ireletb with Askham, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, N. 
 Lonsdale div., 6 m. N. by E. Barrow, i m. E. Askam stn. 
 P. <35oo. 
 
 Iremel, mt. , Russia, govt. Ufa, in the Ural Mts. , in about 
 54" 32' N., 58° 35' E. Alt. 5245 ft. 
 
 Ireshopehnrn, vil. , Eng. , Durham, Barnard Castle div. , on 
 the r. bk. of the Wear, 16^ m. S. by W. Hexham, 8 m. W. 
 Stanhope stn., P.O. 
 
 Irglz, dist. tn. , Russian Central Asia, prov. and 160 m. SW. 
 Turgai. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 41.4° F., Jan. 2.3°, July 76.8 ; 
 mean rfalL (Fort Uralsk, 20 yrs.), yr. 6.9 in., March- July 3.6 in. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Irglz, rivs., Russia. 1. Prov. Turgai, rises in Mugojar Mts., 
 flows S. and SE. 270 m. , and falls into the steppe lake Chalkar- 
 tenis; its former trib. , Turgai, reaches it no more. 8. Govt., 
 Samara, 1. bk. trib. of Volga, which it joins at Volsk after a 
 course of over 200 m. ; renowned nonconformist monasteries 
 on its banks. 
 
 Irharhar, river bed, Africa. See Igharghar. 
 
 Irl, or Iris, riv., Greece. See Enrotas. 
 
 Irlch, ancient tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs. , 118 m. SE. by 
 E. Agra, 42 m. NE. Jhdnsi city. Formerly of great importance ; 
 now in ruins. 
 
 Irlg, comm., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Sriem, dist. I. 
 P. 5300. 
 
 Irlgoyen, vil. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 45 m. SW. by 
 S. Santa F6. P. <30oo. 
 
 Irljo, comm. , Spain, prov. Orense, dist. Carballino. P. 6500. 
 
 IrlJoa, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Betanzos. P. 
 <4ooo. 
 
 Iris, riv. , Greece. See Enrotas. 
 
 Irish Sea, that part of the Atlantic Ocean, N. of 53° N., 
 between Great Britain and Ireland, and communicating by St. 
 George's Channel on the S., and northward by N. Channel. 
 It contains the isles of Man and Anglesey, with Holyhead, 
 Walney, and some smaller islands. Principal inlets, More- 
 cambe and Carnarvon bays, and the estuaries of the Dee, 
 Mersey, and Ribble on the side of England and Wales ; Solway 
 Firth between England and Scotland ; Wigtown and Luce bays 
 in Scotland; and Strangford and Belfast loughs, Dundrum, 
 Carlingford, Dundalk, and Dublin bays in Ireland. It is 150 m. 
 wide ; area, 7000 sq. m.; greatest depth, 500 ft 
 
 Irish Town, post-tn., Tasmania, co. Cornwall, 20 m. from 
 Evandale. P. < 1500. 
 
 Irk, a small stream, Eng., in the SE. of Lancashire, affluent 
 of riv. Irwell, which it joins on the 1. bk. in Manchester. 
 
 Irklnyeeva, vil., E. Siberia, on r. bk. Yenisei, 170 m. ESE. 
 Yeniseisk. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Irkutsk, govt, of E. Siberia, having Yeniseisk and Yakutsk 
 in W. and N. , Lake Baikal and Transbaikalia in E. , and China 
 (NW. Mongoha) in S. Very hilly in S., where it reaches the 
 border of the high plateau of central Asia, and embraces the 
 alpine tracts which fringe the plateau ; namely, the border 
 ridge of Sayan, attaining its highest summit in Munku-Sardyk 
 (12,000 ft., snow-line at about 10,000 ft.) ; the Alps of Tunka, 
 on 1. bk. of Irkut R. ; the Kitoi Alps, between the Kitoi and 
 Byelaya Rivs. ; the many unnamed parallel chains, all running 
 NE. in the upper basin of the Oka, and the auriferous chains of 
 the upper Uda (Nizhneudinskaya taiga), all attaining in their 
 peaks the alt. of 6-8000 ft. The broad depression of the Angara 
 separates these mountains from the Baikal Mts. (6-7000 ft.), 
 which run NE. along the NW. shore of Lake Baikal. Further 
 NE. begin the alpine highlands of the Vitim and Olekma 
 system. The mountains are built up of granites, gneisses, 
 Laurentian and Cambrian schists, and Silurian limestones and 
 
 731 
 
I R K U — 1 R T Y 
 
 slates ; mighty flows of lava are met with all along the border 
 of the plateau, and an extinct volcano, which was probably 
 active in Post-Tertiary times, on the Chinese frontier, at the 
 sources of Junbulak, upper L bk. trib. of Oka. Silurian lime- 
 stones and Devonian red sandstones fringe the Alpine tracts, 
 forming high plains 1500-2500 ft. of altitude, covered with occa- 
 sional layers of marine Carboniferous and freshwater Jurassic, 
 Tertiary and Post-Tertiary deposits. The govt, of I. is rich in 
 metals and minerals ; gold is extracted in considerable quantities 
 in the highlands of the Uda, as well as those of the 1. bk. tribs. 
 of the Vitim (especially Mama). Graphite of high quality has 
 been extracted from Mount Alibert, and lapis-lazuli from the 
 moimtains at SW. corner of Lake Baikal. Rich iron ores ; 
 layers of Jurassic brown coal in the basin of Angara and lower 
 Irkut ; mineral springs on the Irkut (Nilova Pustyn). The chief 
 artery of I. is the Angara (g.v.), or Verkhnyaya Tunguska, 
 which flows from Lake Baikal N. and W. to join the Yenisei, 
 and is used for floating light boats in its middle course, and 
 for navigation in its lower course. It receives from the left 
 a number of large tribs. : Irkut, 240 m. ; Kitoi, 180 m. ; 
 Byelaya, 200 m. ; Oka, 550 m. , with lya ; and Uda, or 
 Tasyeeva (tribs. Ona, Kan, &c.). Of the r. bk. tribs. of the 
 Angara, the Ilim (260 m.) is the largest. The Lena waters I. 
 for nearly 1200 m., and is navigated from Kachug. It receives 
 the Kirenga (350 m. ), the Chuya, and the navigable Vitim, which 
 flows on the N. frontier of the govt. The Nizhnyaya Tunguska, 
 also a trib. of Yenisei, waters the NW. part of I. Climate very 
 severe, the average temp, of I. (52° 17' N., 104° 11' E. ; alt. 1350 
 ft.) being, yr. 31° F., Jan. -6 , July 65°. The whole of the 
 Alpine tracts and large parts of the plains are covered with 
 forests. The pop. is chiefly Russian (60 per cent. ) and Buryate 
 (39 per cent.), the remainder being a few Yakutes and Tunguses. 
 The chief occupation of both the Russians and the Buryates is 
 agriculture, corn being exported to some extent to the gold- 
 washings; cattle-breeding, especially with the Buryates; hunting, 
 and fishing in Lake Baikal. The transport of tea along the 
 highway to Russia, and of Russian goods to I. and Transbai- 
 kalia, is a considerable source of income. Important gold 
 washings in SW.; manufactures in infancy. Divided into five 
 dists. : Irkutsk, Balagansk, Verkholensk, Kirensk, and Nizh- 
 neudinsk. Area, 287,061 sq. m. P. (1862) 363,375 ; (1890) 
 421,190. 
 
 Irkatsk, chief tn. of govt. I., and cap. of E. Siberia, on r. 
 bk. of Angara R., opposite its junction with Irkut, 3378 m. E. of 
 Moscow ; residence of the governor-general of E. Siberia. It 
 is well provided with educational institutions, and has a public 
 library, a museum, and several scientific societies — geographical, 
 technical, musical, &c. Great entrepdt for the trade in tea 
 and the supply of Transbaikalia and the gold-washings with 
 European goods. Seat of many small industries (leather, soap, 
 ropes, tobacco, sweets, &c.). Alt. 1350 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), 
 yr. 31° F., Jan. -6°, July 65°; mean rfall. (9 yrs.), yr. 16.5 in., 
 June-Sept. 10 in. P. (1862)24,780; (1890)50,275. 
 
 Irla1>e, country, Senegambia, on the 1. bk. of the lower 
 Senegal. 
 
 Irlam, eccles. par., Eng. , Lancashire, Eccles div., 7^ m. W. 
 by S. Manchester, at the confluence of the Irwell and Mersey, 
 with a stn. (I. and Cadlshead) on the Cheshire Lines Rly. Here 
 are locks of the Manchester Ship Canal. PM.O. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Irlams o' th' Height, place in Pendleton par. , W. div. of 
 pari. bor. of Salford, Eng., PMT.O. 
 
 Irmak, Turkish, 'river.' 
 
 Irmlngland, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., on the Bure, 
 \o\ m. SW. Cromer, \ m. ESE. Corpusty and Saxthorpes tn. 
 P. <25o. See Heydon. 
 
 Iraham, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 9 m. SE. 
 Grantham, P.O. P. <soo; eccles. par. (I. with Corby) P. 
 -CI 500. 
 
 Jr Nahash, place named in O. T. See Delr Nakhkh&s. 
 
 Irogoyen, tn., Argentine Republic, prov. and 35 m. SW. 
 Santa F6. 
 
 Iroftg, Polnte des, cape, on the SW. ct of Guadeloupe. 
 
 Iron, place named in O. T. See Yar&n. 
 
 Iron, mt., U.S., California, Mendocino co., 142 m. NW, by 
 W. Sacramento. 
 
 Iron, CO., U.S., Michigan, in the NW., on the Minnesota 
 frontier, crossed in the E. by 88" W. 
 
 Iron, CO., U.S., Missouri, in the SE., crossed in the NW. 
 by 91° W. 
 
 Iron, CO., U.S., Utah, on the W. frontier, crossed by 38° N. 
 
 Iron, Longh, Ire., in the NW. of co. Westmeath, 7 m. NW. 
 Mullingar, 204 ft above sea-level; drained by the Inny into 
 Lough Ree. 
 
 Iron Acton, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , 8 m. 
 SW. Wotton-under-Edge, on the M. R.. PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ironbarks, mining tp.. New South Wales. See Stuart 
 Town. 
 
 Ironbrtdge, eccles. par., Eng., Salop, Wellington div., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Severn, 13! m. ESE. Shrewsbury, with a stn. 
 on the G. W. R. (I. and Broseley) ; with coal-mines, blast- 
 732 
 
 furnaces, and other iron- works ; takes its name from the first 
 metal bridge built in England (1779). PMT.O. Market-day, F. 
 P. <;3000. 
 
 Iron City, viL, U.S., Michigan, Marquette co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Iron City, vil., U.S., Utah, I. co., 30 m. SW. Cedar City. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Irondale, vil., U.S., Illinois, Cook co., near Chicago. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Irondeqnolt Bay, U.S., New York, in the S. of Lake 
 Ontario, in tj^i W. 
 
 Irongray, par., Scot. See Klrkpatrlck-Irongray. 
 
 Iron Honntaln, city, U.S., Michigan, Menominee co. , 46 
 m. W. by N. Escanaba. P. 8600. 
 
 Iron nionntalu, vil., U.S., Missouri, St. Franqois co., 66 m. 
 SSW. St. Louis. Here is the famous Iron Mountain, 250 ft. 
 high, chiefly of magnetic iron ore. Village chiefly supported 
 by iron-mines, several blast-furnaces, and other manufactures. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Iron Monntains. See Appalachian Mountains, B. I. 
 
 Iron Point, vil., U.S., Nevada, Humboldt co. , 175 m. NE. 
 Carson City, on the Central Pacific Rly. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Iron Bldge, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Dodge co., 41 m. NW. 
 Milwaukee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Iron Blver, \il., U.S., Michigan, Iron co., 68 m. WSW. 
 Marquette. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Ironside, vil. , Canada, Quebec, co. and 5I m. from Ottawa, 
 on riv. Gatineau ; iron and phosphates mined near. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ironton, vil., U.S., Missouri, Iron co., 74 m. S. by W. St. 
 Louis. Alt. 919 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Ironton, city, U.S., Ohio, cap. of Lawrence co. , on the 
 Ohio, 100 m. S. by E. Columbus, occupying a central position 
 in a productive mineral dist. ; has iron- furnaces, rolling and 
 planing mills, machine shops, and other iron-works of various 
 kinds. P. (1880) 8900 ; (1890) 10,900. 
 
 Ironton, settlement, U.S., Utah, Juab co. , 62 m. SSW. 
 Salt Lake City. 
 
 IronTllle, eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire and Nottingham- 
 shire, 3i m. SE. Alfreton, PMT.O. P. <35oo. 
 
 Ironfrood, city, U.S., Michigan, co. Gogebic, 14 m. SE. of 
 the NW. corner of the state ; has sprung into existence since 
 the census of 1880, in consequence of the working of the valuable 
 deposits of hematite and magnetic iron ore in which the coimty 
 is rich. P. 7700. 
 
 Iroquois, or Matilda, vil., Canada, Ontario, Dundas co., 
 on the 1. bk. of the riv. St. LawTence, 43 m. SSE. Ottawa. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Iroquois (Ir-o-kwoi), or Six Nations, confederation of Indian 
 tribes, which formerly inhabited the central and W. part of the 
 state of New York. The survivors now live partly in Canada, 
 partly in the U.S. 
 
 Iroquois, viL, U.S., S. Dakota, Kingsbury co., 104 m. N. 
 by W. Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Iroquois, co., U.S., Illinois, on E. frontier, and touching in 
 N. 41° N. 
 
 Iroquois Slver, or Plckamlnk, riv., U.S., flows W. and 
 then N. into the Kankakee R., Illinois. Length, about 110 m. 
 
 Irpeel, place named in O. T. See Bd-fat. 
 
 Irrara, co.. New South Wales, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 by 145° E. 
 
 Irsa, comm., Hungary, co. and 35 m. SE. Pest. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Irshad Pass, Hindu Kush. See Hunza. 
 
 Irstead, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., on the Bure, 11 m. 
 NE. Norwich, x\ m. SW. by W. Catfield stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Irt, riv., Eng., Cumberland, issuing from Wast Water, and 
 flowing SW. through the div. of Egremont into the Irish Sea, 
 along with the Esk, about 15 m. SSE. Whitehaven. 
 
 Irtliing, riv., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., rises on Bew- 
 castle Fells in the N. of the county, forms part of the boundary 
 between Cumberland and Northumberland, then flows SW. to 
 the Eden, which it joins at Newby, about 4 m. from Carlisle, 
 after a SSW. course of 26 m. 
 
 Irthlngton, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on the 
 Irthing, 'j\ m. NE. by E. Carlisle, 3 m. W. by N. Brampton . 
 stn., P.O.; 7390 ac. P. < 1000. i 
 
 Irthllngborough, par. , Eng. , E. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 on the Nen, 4 m. ENE. Wellingborough, i m. W. of its stn. 
 (Highani Ferrers) on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. <30oo 1 
 
 Irton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div. , 3^ m. j 
 SW. Scarborough, \\ m. W. by N. Seamer June. P. <25o. ; 
 
 Irton, Santon, and Melthwaite, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, | 
 with stn. (Irton Boad) on the Ravenglass and Eskdale Rly. , \ 
 15 m. SE. by S. Whitehaven ; 6180 ac. P. <7So. J 
 
 Irtysh (^Kalmuck Irtsis, or Ertsls), riv. of W. Siberia, 1. bk. 
 trib. of the Obi ; rises in Chinese Empire, in a chain of moun- 
 tains, often described as Great Altai, 70 m. WSW. of Kobdo, j 
 under the name of Ky I., and further down Kara I. (Black I.), S 
 flows W. for nearly 450 m. , and after having received numbers j 
 of small tribs. from the above mountains, and passed a couple 
 of miles from Lake Ulungur, enters Lake Zaisan. On issuing 
 from this lake it crosses the SW. part of the Altai Mts. in a 
 
I 
 
 I R U E 
 
 gorge, which becomes very narrow and picturesque above 
 Ust Kamenogorsk, where it emerges on the plains and flows 
 NW. for nearly 2000 m. past Semipalatinsk, Omsk, and Tara, 
 At Tobolsk, after having received the Tobol from the S., it 
 turns N. to join the Obi at Samarovskoye. In these two parts 
 of its course it receives many important tribs., Narym and 
 Bukhtarma in the Altais, Chaganka (1. bk.), Om, Tara (r. bk.), 
 and especially the Ishim and the Tobol, which are both large 
 navigable rivers. It is navigated for nearly 2000 m. as far as 
 Semipalatinsk, and metals are shipped even from Bukhtarma. 
 In its middle course it is open for navigation for an average of 
 200 days. Total length, 2310 m.; area of basin, 581,520 sq. m. 
 
 Irnela, La, comm. , Spain, prov. Jaen, dist Cazorla. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Irikn, tn., in the NE. of Spain, prov. Guipuzcoa, near the 
 Bidassoa and the frontier of France, 8 m. E. San Sebastian, 
 with a ferruginous mineral spring near, and an iron-mine in 
 work. All round it are Roman remains. P. 9000. 
 
 Irnya, vil. , Argentine Republic, Salta, 275 m. N. Tucuman. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Irrlne, stn., Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R., 636 
 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Irrliie, or Dublin Kange, post-vil. , Canada, Quebec, co. 
 Megantic, on riv. Thames. P. < 1500. 
 
 IrTine, riv. , Scot. , Ayrshire, rises on the borders of Lanark- 
 shire, flows W., and after a course of 20 m. enters the Firth of 
 Clyde by an estuary. It divides the dists. Kyle and Cunningham. 
 
 Irvine (er'vin), parL and royal burgh, par., market-tn., and 
 seapt. , Scot. , N. Ayrshire, on the Irvine R. , 6^ m. W. Kilmar- 
 nock, on the G. & SW. R. Formerly noted for hand-sewing 
 and the weaving by hand of book muslins and checks ; princip^ 
 industries of the present day the manufacture of chemicals, iron- 
 founding, and shipbuilding. Its harbour is provided with 1746 
 ft. of quayage, having a depth at high water of 14-19 ft. Coal 
 is mined in the neighbourhood, and forms the principal article 
 of export. Duntonknoll Quarry yields a stone largely used for 
 the making of the soles of bakers' ovens. Birthplace of James 
 Montgomery (1771-1854), the poet, and John Gait (1779-1839), 
 the novelist. Market-day, M. Par. P. 6100; royal burgh 
 (which is confined to the r. bk. of the river), P. <5ooo; pari, 
 burgh (which is now identical with the police burgh, and in- 
 cludes the large suburb of Fullarton on the L bk.), P. (1841) 
 4600; (1871)6900; (1891)9000. 
 
 Irrlnebank, tp. , Queensland, Chelmsford co., 135 m. S. 
 Cooktown ; mining centre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Irrlnestown, or liO'wtbersto'wn, tn. , Ire., NE. co. Fer- 
 managh, bar. Lurg, 8i m. N. Enniskillen, on the Enniskillen 
 and Bundoran Rly. , PMT. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Irrlug, viL, U.S., Illinois, Montgomery co. , 58 m. NE. St. 
 Louis ( Mo. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Irrlngton, vil., U.S., Illinois, Washington co., 6 m. S. 
 Centralia by rail; contains the Illinois Agricultural College. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Irvlugton, viL, U.S., Indiana, Marion co., 3 m. E. Indiana- 
 polis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Irv'lngton, vil, U.S., New Jersey, Essex co., 3^ m. W. by 
 S.Newark. P. < 1500. 
 
 Irvlngton, vil., U.S., New York, W. Chester co., on the 
 L bk. of Hudson R., 26 m. N. by E. New York. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Irroua, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Clearfield co., on Clearfield 
 R., 80 m. E. by N. Pittsburg, and 20 m. NNW. Altoona. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Ipwell, riv. , Eng. , in the SE. of Lancashire, rises about 2 m. 
 S. Burnley, and flows S. through Rawtenstall, Bury, and Man- 
 chester to the Mersey, which it joins on the r. bk. at Irlam. 
 Made navigable for barges to Manchester in the early part of 
 the last century. The lower part of its course is now almost 
 entirely included in the Manchester Ship Canal. 
 
 Irwlu, vil., U.S., Colorado, Gunnison co., 125 m. WSW. 
 Denver, with anthracite mines. P. <i500. 
 
 Irwin, CO., U.S., Georgia, between 31° and 32° N., and 
 touching in E. on 83° W. 
 
 Irwin, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Venango co. P. <3000. 
 
 Irvrln River, W. Australia. See Arrowsmltb. 
 
 Irwin's Station, coal-mining bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 Westmoreland co., 21 m. E. Pittsburg. P. <i50o. 
 
 Is, tn., Asiatic Turkey. See Hit. 
 
 Isa, tn. , N. Africa, on the coast, 165 m. SE. by E. Tripoli. 
 
 Isaac, group of small isls. in the Bahamas, NW. of Great 
 Bahama Bank. 
 
 Isaac's Harbonr, viL, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Guys- 
 borough, 45 m. from Antigonish, with gold-mining. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Isabama, isL, Japan, off the E. ct. of the main island, in 
 Sendai Bay, with anchorage in 38° 22' N. 
 
 Isabel, or Tsabel (native Mabaga), one of the largest of the 
 Solomon Is. , Pacific Ocean, near the centre of the group. Nearly 
 depopulated by raids from the neighbouring islands. 
 
 Isabela, cape, isl. of Haiti. See Puuta Roja. 
 
 Isabela, prov. of the isl. of Luzon, Philippines ; cap.Tumanini. 
 
 Isabela, comm., Spanish Antilles, Porto Rico, N. ct., near 
 the westernmost point. P. 12,500. 
 
 - I S EL 
 
 Isabela, La, ancient Thermida, vil., central Spain, New 
 Castille, 57 m. E. Madrid, with royal palace (built by Isabella 
 of Braganza, wife of Ferdinand VII. ), and a mineral spring. P. 
 <2ooo. 
 
 Isabela de Basllau, official name of one of the Philippine 
 Is. , generally known as Basilan {q.v.), crossed by 6J° N. , 122 E. , 
 with town of same name on NW. ct. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Isabela Islands, in the Gulf of Mexico, near the coast of the 
 state of Jalisco, Mexico, N. of the mouth of the Santiago. 
 
 Isabella, port, on the N. ct. of the isl. Haiti, republic St. 
 Domingo, 38 m. NW. Santiago, where Columbus, in 1493, 
 established the first European settlement in the New World. 
 
 Isabella, vil., U.S., Georgia, Worth co., 87 m. N. by E. 
 Tallahassee, Florida. P. < 1500. 
 
 Isabella, co., U.S., Michigan, S. of 44° N., crossed in the 
 W. by 85° W. 
 
 Isabel-seguuda, vil., W. Indies, Isla de Vieques, on the 
 N. ct. P. <20OO. 
 
 Isac, or Isar, 1. bk. trib. of the Vilaine, France, dep. Loire- 
 Inf^rieure, issues from a deep spring. Length, 45 ra. 
 
 Isakcea (isak'cha), frontier tn., Roumania, Dobruja, prov. 
 Tulcea, 19 m. WSW. Ismail The Danube from here is under 
 the administration of the European Commission. P. (comm. ) 
 <4000. 
 
 Isdkbel, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Bannu, 9 m. W. of 
 the present channel of the Indus, 95 m. S. by W. Peshdwar. 
 P. (1881) 7000 ; (1891) 7600 ; Hindus, 1900 ; Moham. 5600. 
 
 Isalco, volcano and tn. , Salvador. See Izalco. 
 
 Isandtalwana, Isandlana, or Isandula, hill, in the W. 
 of Zulu-land, S. Africa, 82 m. N. by E. Pietermaritzburg (Natal) ; 
 scene of a disastrous defeat of the British by the Zulus, Jan. 22, 
 1879. 
 
 Isanglla, stn., W. Africa, Congo Free State, on r. bk. of the 
 Congo, in 5° 19' S., 13° 45' E,, near the I. Falls. 
 
 Isango, Wakonjo name of the Semliki R., central Africa. 
 
 Isanti, CO., U.S., Minnesota, in the E., to the N. of 45° N., 
 and W. of 93° W. 
 
 Isar, riv. , France. See Isac. 
 
 Isar, riv., mainly in Germany, rises on the southern slopes of 
 the N. Tirolese Alps in Austria, and flows on the whole NE., 
 passing Munich and Landshut into the Danube about midway 
 between Ratisbon and Passau; not navigable, but used for 
 floating timber from the Bavarian frontier, 170 m. Length, 
 215 m ; area of basin, 3545 sq. m. 
 
 Isara, riv. , France. See Isfcre. 
 
 Isar a, riv., France. See Olse. 
 
 Isa>sakl, or Asldzurl, cape, the southernmost point of Shi- 
 koku I. , Japan. 
 
 Isbarta, ancient Baris, tn., Asia Minor, no m. W, Konia ; 
 well supplied with water, and has many large gardens. 
 
 Isbester, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 601 
 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Ischalis, par. , Eng. , Somerset See Ilcbester. 
 
 Ischla, isl, Italy, 17 m. WSW. Naples, in the Tyrrhenian 
 Sea, with sulphur and mineral springs at Casamacciola. Sur- 
 face mountainous, and in its centre Mount Epomeo, the eruptions 
 of which down to 1301 were so frequent, that the inhabitants had 
 to be constantly seeking a refuge on the mainland. In that year 
 a new crater was opened, and the last eruption took place ; but 
 on March 4, 1881, the island was disturbed by an earthquake, 
 which was followed on the 28th July 1883 by another, which 
 overthrew every place in the island, except the town of I. , on its 
 NE. coast. P. isl 24,000; P. tn. 3000. 
 
 Ischla dl Castro, vil, Italy, prov. Rome, 20 m. WNW. 
 Viterbo. 
 
 Ischl (in the 8th century Iscala), tn.. Upper Austria, 28 m. 
 E. by S. Salzburg, on the 1. bk. of the Traun, near the con- 
 fluence of the riv. Ischl, a small stream that flows E. from the 
 Wolfgang-see. I. is a favourite summer residence of the Em- 
 peror, who has baths of brine brought from the neighbouring 
 salines. Alt. 1535 ft. P. <3000. 
 
 Iscoyd, par., Wales, in a detached part of Flintshire, 12 m. 
 ESE. W^rexham, 2 m. NNW. Fenn's Bank stn. P. <Soo. 
 
 Iscuande, or Izcnande, vil , Colombia, Cauca, 200 m. N. 
 by E. Quito. P. (with dist. ) 5000. 
 
 Ise, riv. , Eng. , Northamptonshire, rises near Naseby, passes 
 Kettering, and joins the Nen on the 1. bk. just below Welling- 
 borough. 
 
 Ise, a kuni or old prov. now in Mie (Miye) ken, Japan. 
 . Ise«FJord, inlet, Denmark, on N. side of the isl. Zealand. 
 Length, N. to S., 20 m. ; greatest breadth, 10 m. Roeskilde and 
 Lamme Fjords are its chief branches, and it contains the isl Ouroe. 
 
 Ise Fjord, Norway. See NordJQord. 
 
 Iseghem, tn., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. Roulers, 6 
 m. NNW. Courtrai. P. 10,000. 
 
 Isehln, or Iseyln, tn., W. Africa, Yoruba country, 116 m. 
 N. by E. Lagos. P. estimated at 20--6o,ooo. 
 
 Isell, vil, Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., on the 
 Derwent, 9 m. N. Keswick, 3 m. NW. by W. Bassenthwaite 
 Lake stn. See Bllndcrake. 
 
 733 
 
I S E L — I S L A 
 
 Isell Old Park, par., Eng., Cumberland. P. <:25o. 
 
 Iseltwald, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, on the SE. side of Lake 
 Brienz, 5 m. E. by N. Interlaken. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Isenbnrg, Nen, viL, Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse, prov. Starken- 
 burg, circle Offenbach, 33 m. S. Frankfurt-on-the-Main. P. 5900. 
 
 Isenbagen, vil., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 32 m. N. by E. 
 Brunswick, cap. circle I. P. <20oo. 
 
 Iseutbal, wooded Alpine valley, Switzd. , Uri, between steep 
 and rugged mountains. 
 
 Iseo, tn., Italy, Lombard, prov. Brescia, on the S. side of 
 Lago d' Iseo, 11 m. NW. Brescia. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Iseo, Lago d', the ancient Lacus Sevinus, N. Italy, Lom- 
 bardy, at the foot of the Alps, between the provs Brescia and 
 Bergamo, about 14 m. in length by i\ m. average breadth, 
 traversed by the Oglio. Its shores are abrupt and highly pic- 
 turesque. Eel and sardine fisheries are carried on. Alt. 605 
 ft. ; greatest depth, 985 ft. 
 
 Iser, r. bk. trib. of the Elbe, in Bohemia, which it joins near 
 Alt-Bunzlau ; length, 94 m. 
 
 Iseran, mt., France, dep. Savoie, Graian Alps, 40 m. NW. 
 by W. Turin, with a col (pass) on its NE. side, over which a 
 main road is carried. Alt. mt. 10,170 ft.; alt. col 9080 ft. 
 
 Is^re, dep. , SE. France, bounded on the W. and N. by the 
 Rhone, and stretching SE. into the heart of the Alps, formed 
 from various dists. of Dauphin6, and divided into four arrs. : 
 Grenoble (cap.), Saint-Marcellin, La Tour-du-Pin, and Vienne. 
 The course of the Is^re (above Grenoble) and that of its impor- 
 tant trib. , the Drac, divides the dep. into two regions, that to 
 the S. and E. characterised by massive mountains of granite, 
 gneiss, talc, and schist ; that to the N. and W. by calcareous 
 ranges, level plateaux, plains, and valleys. Forests abound round 
 Grenoble, and were formerly much more extensive, especially in 
 the Oisans. The smaller E. section is again divided into two by 
 the profound gorge of the Romanche, to the S. of which lies 
 the Oisans, with the highest point of the dep. in the mountains 
 of Pelvoux, the Meije, or Aiguille du Midi (alt. 13,075 ft.), and 
 to the N. the mountains containing the Grandes Rousses (alt. 
 11,390 ft.) and the Chaine de Belledonne (alt. 9780 ft.). The 
 larger western section is subdivided into three, first a moun- 
 tainous region in the S. , between the Isere and the Drac, including 
 in the SE. a continuation of the D^voluy, and containing valleys 
 (mainly parallel to the Drac) traversed by the railway from 
 Grenoble to Sisteron ; second, to the N. of these mountains the 
 Grande Chartreuse, bounded on the SE. by the beautiful and 
 fertile valley of Gr^sivaudin, traversed by the Is^re, and on 
 the SW. by a further continuation of the Isfere valley ; and 
 third, to the W. of both of these nearly half the dep. com- 
 posed of low plateaux, hills, and low-lying plains. Climate 
 varies with altitude [Cireii.o'ble], and the mean rainfall in- 
 creases from W. to E. The productions are similar to those 
 of the other Alpine deps. [Alpes Basses, «Sc.]. The vine oc- 
 cupies more than 2 per cent of the surface, but the relative 
 production is much under the average for France. In the pro- 
 duction of tobacco it ranks second among the deps. of France. 
 Principal minerals, iron ore and coal, the former chiefly from 
 Allevard, Saint-Quentin, and Verpilliere, the latter from Mure 
 and Bourg-d'Oisans. Marble is fairly common, but the most 
 valuable quarry, that of Valsenestre, cannot yet be worked on 
 account of the absence of roads ; the marble of Echaillon is ex- 
 ported to all parts of Europe. The marshes of Bourgoin yield 
 peat. Area, 3180 sq. m. P. 572,100. See France, table. 
 
 Is^re, the ancient Isara, riv., France, rises on the N. slope of 
 Mt. Is6ran, dep. Savoie, flows tortuously W. and SW. through 
 the deps. Is^re and Drfime, passing Albertville, Grenoble, and 
 Romans, and joins the Rhone 4 m. above Valence. Nominally 
 navigable 90 m. firom Montm^lian, but with much difficulty, 
 owing to islands and shoals. Chief tribs. , the Arc and Drac. 
 Discharge below the confluence of the Drac at low tide 3700 
 cubic ft. per second, at flood 353,200 cubic ft. Length, 150 m. 
 See Alps, Passes, I. (9) and (10). 
 
 Isergeblrge, part of the Sudetes Mts. , a N W. continuation 
 of the Riesengebirge, on the borders of Bohemia and Prussian 
 Silesia, NE. of Reichenberg; the highest point is Tafelfichte, 
 3790 ft. 
 
 Iserlobn (in the nth century simply Loon, properly Lohon, 
 bom lok, 'ahedge'), tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle I., 
 14 m. SE. Dortmund, with manufactures of cutlery, bronze 
 articles, needles, fish-hooks, &c. P. (1871) 15,700; P. (1890) 
 20,700 ; (comm.) 22,100. 
 
 Isernla, circle and tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Campo- 
 basso, 44 m. NE. Gaeta ; has remains of massive walls, and an 
 aqueduct. Near it the first battle took place between the Sar- 
 dinian troops and those of Naples, Oct. 17, i860. Alt. 1065-1500 
 ft. P. tn. (1881) 8000. 
 
 Isertkelly, par., Ire., co. Galway, bar. and 6 m. SW. 
 I^ughrea. P. <250. 
 
 Isertkleran, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Slieveardagh, 8 m. 
 NE. Fethard. P. <2SO. 
 
 Isetskly, two iron and copper works, Russia, govt. Perm, 
 Upper 1. 1 m. NW. of Ekaterinburg, iron and copper works, 
 734 
 
 I and gold-washing. P. 8000. Lo-wer I. 8 m. SE. of same 
 town, iron and cast iron works. P. 10,000. Both on Iset R., 
 which flows from Ekaterinburg dist. 300 m. ENE. to join the 
 Tobol R., in a valley rich in iron ore, gold, marmor, and 
 grinding stone. 
 
 Isetekoye, vil., Russia, W. Siberia, govt, and 53 m. S. of 
 Tobolsk, on 1. bk. of Tobol. P. <: 5000. 
 
 Iseytn, tn. , W. Africa. See Isehin. 
 
 Isfalian, tn. , Persia. See Ispahan. 
 
 Isfandak, tn., in the SE. of Persia, prov. Mekran, 310 m. 
 NW. by W. Karachi. 
 
 Isfleld, par. , Eng. , Sussex, East Grinstead div. , on the Ouse 
 5i ra. NE. by N. Lewes, on the L. B. & S. C. R. , P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ishaga, tn. , W. Africa, Yoruba country. P. 70,000. 
 
 Isbam, par., Eng., E. div. of Northamptonshire, 4I m. N 
 by W. Wellingborough, on the M. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ishartmon, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Forth, on Tacum^ 
 shane Lough, 3 m. S. Killinick. P. <25o. 
 
 IsUka'rl, tn., Japan, seat of govt, of the isL Yezo, on Ishikari 
 R. , near its mouth. P. <20oo. 
 
 Islilkari Kiver, the largest in the isl. of Yezo, Japan, de- 
 bouches on the W. ct. in Strogonoff Gulf. Length, about 200 m. 
 It abounds in salmon, forming the chief trade of I. town. 
 
 Isblkawa, ken or prefecture, Japan ; cap. Kanazawa. 
 
 Ishlm, navigable riv. , Siberia, rises in Akmolinsk, flows 350 
 m. through fertile prairies, W. , N. , and NNE. , to join the Irtysh 
 at Ust-Ishim. 
 
 Islilm, dist. tn., W. Siberia, govt, and 135 m. SE. Tobolsk, 
 on Ishim R. , and on highway from Moscow to Tomsk. Great 
 fair, at which about 70,000 cwt. of butter, 400,000 furs (squirrels, 
 hares, &c.), 200,000 hides and sheepskins, as well as all sorts 
 of manufactured and grocery wares for Siberia, are sold every 
 year. P. 8500. 
 
 IsMmskoye, vil. , W. Siberia, govt, and 58 m. E. Tomsk, on 
 Siberian Rly. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Ishl-no-makl, bustling little seapt., Japan, 135 m. ENE. 
 Niigata, on Sendai Bay. Noted for its slate quarries and salmon 
 fisheries, with shipbuilding in European style. P. 15,200. 
 
 Ishlyama«dera, vil. , Japan, with famous monastery at the 
 outlet of Lake Biwa, near Kyoto. 
 
 Ishlyane, vil.. Natal, on the Buffalo R., 85 m. N. by E. 
 Pietermaritzburg. 
 
 Ishkamlsb, tn., Afghanistan, 38 m. SE. Kunduz. 
 
 Islikashlm, vil., Afghanistan, Badakshan, on the Ab-i-Panj, 
 68 m. ESE. Faizabad. 
 
 Ishml, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Scutari, on the I., 17J 
 m. NE. by N. Durazzo. 
 
 Ista'peming, city, U.S., Michigan, co. and 15 m. WSW. 
 Marquette (on Lake Superior) ; has extensive iron-mines, pro- 
 ducing ore of the best quality. Alt. 1443 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 
 6000; (1890)11,200. 
 
 Ishtlp {Turkish), ^tiplje (shtiplye, Servian), tn. , Turkey in 
 Europe, prov. and 41 m. SE. by E. Ushkub, on the Bregainitsa. 
 P. 10,000 (more than half Servians. G.). 
 
 Ishtlrak, or Ishtrak, Pass. See Hindu Knsk. 
 
 Islgny, market-tn. and small riv. port, France, dep. Calvados, 
 on the Aure, arr. and 18 m. W. by N. Bayeux. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Islli, tn. , Sardinia, prov. and 36 m. N. Cagliari. Alt. 1460 ft. 
 
 Isinglass Hill, U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co., with 
 mines of muscovite mica. 
 
 Islnomakl, seapt. tn. , Japan. See IsU-no-luakl. 
 
 Islplngo, viL, Natal, 12 m. S. Durban by rail. 
 
 Isls, riv. , Eng. See Ttaames. 
 
 Isls, viL, in the SE. of Queensland, terminus of a branch of the 
 railway from Brisbane to Bundaberg. 
 
 Islsford (formerly Wlttown), tp., Queensland, Mitchell co., 
 367 m. SW. by W. Mackay. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Iskander, or Iskender, Arabian form of the name Alexander ; 
 appears in such place-names as Iskanderun, Iskanderiye, Isken- 
 derieh, &c. 
 
 Iskandemn, seapt. and gulf, Asia Minor. See Alexandretta. 
 
 Iskardo, or Skardo, tn. , India, Kashmir, on the Indus, 92 m. 
 NNE. Srfnagar, in a fruitful valley, 7700 ft. above the sea. It 
 has a strong fort and castle, formerly the residence of the chiefs 
 of Baltistan, situated on a rock rising to 800 ft. above the river. 
 
 Iskellb, or Eskllnp, tn. , Asia Minor, pash. Sivas, near the 
 Kizil-Irmak, 92 m. SSW. Sinope. P. 5000. 
 
 Isker, the ancient CEsus, riv. , Bulgaria, flows N W. and NE. , 
 and joins the Danube 22 m. above Nicopolis. Length, 150 m. 
 It is broad, and in many parts shallow. The city of Sophia is on 
 one of its affluents. See Balkan Sioiintalns. 
 
 Iskll, tn. , Asia Minor, pash. and 60 m. NE. Konia. P. 400a 
 
 Isla, riv., Scot., Forfarshire and Perthshire, in part dividing 
 those COS. , enters the Tay 12 m. above Perth, after a SE. and 
 SW. course of about 41 m. 
 
 Isla Crlstlna, comm., SW. Spain, prov. Huelva, dist. and 
 3 m. E. Ayamonte, a little E. of the mouth of the Guadiana. 
 P. 5200. 
 
 Isla de la Hadalena. See Fatn-hlra. 
 
 Isla del Carmen, Mexico. See El Carmen. 
 
^Wa< 
 
 ISLA — ISLY 
 
 k de Leon, Spain. See San Fernando. 
 
 Isia del Key, isl. , Colombia. See San Miguel. 
 
 Isla de Plnos. See Plnos. 
 
 Isla de Vieques, W. Indies. See Vieques, Isla de. 
 
 I$lilm&1>ild, former name of Chlttagong, tn. , Brit. India. 
 
 IslAm^biid, tn. , India, Kashmir, 33 m. SE. by S. Srlnagar, 
 at the head of navigation on the upper Jehlam ; on the summit 
 of a long, low ridge ; large manufacture of Kashmir shawls ; 
 second town in Kashmir ; 1500 houses. 
 
 IsUmgarb, or Noliar, vil. and fort, India, Bahawalpur, 120 
 m. E. by N. Sukkur ; surrounded on every side by sandhills of 
 considerable height. 
 
 IsUmnagar, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Buddun, 43 
 m. W. Bareilly. P. 5900 ; Hindus, 3500 ; Moham. 2400. 
 
 Isldmpur, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, Sitdra dist. P. (1891) 
 10,700 ; Hindus, 9200. 
 
 Island, ct. par., Ire., co. Cork, bars. Carbery East, E. div., 
 and Ibane and Barryroe, 2 m. S. Clonakilty. P. <75o. 
 
 Island, electoral div. , Ire., S. co. Galway, bar. Kiltartan, 19 
 m. SW. Loughrea, 7 m. from Gort stn., P.O. 
 
 Island, CO., U.S., Washington, crossed by 48° S. and be- 
 tween 122° and 123° W. 
 
 Island Beach, a narrow strip of land on the E. of Barnegat 
 Bay, U. S. , New Jersey, in about 39° 44-55' N. 
 
 Island Cove, vil. , Newfoundland, on the W. shore of Con- 
 ception Bay, dist. and 9 m. from Harbour Grace. P. -cisoo. 
 
 Islandeady, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bars. Burrishoole and 
 Carra, 5 m. W. Castlebar ; 23,764 ac. P. <4000. 
 
 Islaudeady Lougb, Ire. , W. co. Mayo, 3^ m. SW. Castlebar. 
 
 Island Glass, lighthouse, Scot. , Hebrides, SE. extremity of 
 Scalpay I., in 57° 51' N. , 6° 38' W., visible 17 m. 
 
 iBlandlkaue, par. , Ire. , co. and 3 m. SW. Waterford, bar. 
 Middlethird ; 4538 ac. P. <:750. 
 
 Island Kelly, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Antrim, dist. Knock- 
 nadona. 
 
 Island Lake, Canadian N W. Terrs. , 44 m. long by 9-13 m. 
 broad, crossed by 53!° N. and 94° and 95° W., drained N. by 
 Island Lake R. 
 
 Island Siagee, par. and a penin.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. 
 Belfast Lower, on the E. side of Larne Lough, 3 m. from 
 Ballycarry stn., P.O.; 7043 ac. P. "=2500. 
 
 Island More, isL, Ire., co. Mayo, in the E. of Clew Bay. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Island Pond, vil., U.S., Vermont, Essex co., 149 m. NE. 
 Portland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Islands, bar. , Ire. , in the SW. of co. Clare. 
 
 Islands, Bay of, Newfoundland, on the W. ct. , in 49° 10' N. 
 
 Islandslilre, a portion of the co. Northumberland, Eng., 
 adjoining Berwick-upon-Tweed, comprises Holy I. Forms with 
 Norham a petty sessional div. 
 
 Islands of tbe Wblte Sea. See Jezalrl-Bahri-Sefld. 
 
 Islas de la Bahla. See Bay Islands. 
 
 Isla Umbi, vil. , Paraguay, 36 m. NE. by E. of the confluence 
 of the Paraguay and Parana, in 27° S. 
 
 Islay, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Victoria, 10^ m. from 
 Lindsay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Islay, Hal, or Hay, maritime tn. , Peru, dep. Arequipa, 5 m. 
 NW. Mollendo. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Islay, one of the larger islands, and the most southerly, of 
 the Inner Hebrides, Scot., Argyllshire, immediately SW. the 
 isl. Jura, and 14 m. W. the peninsula of Kintyre, 25 m. long 
 and 17 m. broad. Estimated area, 154,000 ac. Surface moun- 
 tainous in the E. ; elevation, 1400 ft. ; elsewhere generally level, 
 and, where not cultivated, covered with a green sward. About 
 22,000 ac. are arable. The island is formed of quartz rock 
 and clay schists ; it has limestone, marl, bog icon ore, and lead 
 and copper mines, which have been wrought. Agriculture has 
 of late years greatly improved on the island, and good crops of 
 wheat, barley, oats, peas, flax, and potatoes are raised. Prin- 
 cipal exports cattle, limestone, and spirits. The island is divided 
 into the three pars, of Kilchoman, Kildalton and Kilarrow, and 
 Kilmeny. At Bowmore, on Lochindaal, is a harbour for ships 
 of considerable burden. Other principal villages are Port 
 Ellen, Port Arkaig, and Port Charlotte. Mean rfall. (Eallabus, 
 alt. 67 ft., 1866-80), 49.3 in. P. 7375. Islay Sound, between 
 the island and Jura, has an average breadth of i m. 
 
 Isle, riv. , Eng., rising in the S. of Somersetshire, and flowing 
 NE. into the Parret. 
 
 Isle, the ancient Insula, riv., France, rises i m. SE. Nexon, 
 dep. Haute- Vienne, and joins the Dordogne at Libourne, after 
 a SW. course of 100 m. It is navigable as far as P^rigueux. 
 
 Isle Abbotts, par. , Eng. , Somerset, on riv. Isle, 6 m. SW. 
 Langport. P. <50o. 
 
 Isle Adam, L', tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Pontoise, 
 on the Oise, 18 m. NNW. Paris. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Isle au Haut, isl., U.S., Maine, at the mouth of Penobscot 
 Bay, with a fixed light 40 ft. above sea-level, in lat. 43° 59' N. , 
 long. 68° 34' W. 
 
 Isle aux Coudres, vil. , Canada, Quebec, on isl. Isle aux C. , 
 in St. Lawrence R. , Charlevoix co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Isle aux Grues, or Crane Island, vil. and isL, Canada, 
 Quebec, 6 m. from St. Thomas, in St. Lawrence R. P. ■< 1500. 
 
 Isle aux Oles, isl., 20 m. long, in the riv. St. Lawrence, 
 Canada, Quebec, its upper end 36 m. NE. by E. Quebec. 
 
 Isle Beck, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div. , flowing into the Cold Beck, on 1. bk. , 3^ m. S. Thirsk. 
 
 isle Brewers, or Iletorewers, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridg- 
 water div., 9 m. E. by S. Taunton. Mean rfall. (Walrond 
 Park, alt. 116 ft., 1866-80), 30 m. P. <5oo. 
 
 Isle de B^. See B«. 
 
 Isle du Pas, a long and narrow isl., Canada, Quebec, 
 Berthier co., in the St. Lawrence, just above Lake St. Peter, 
 29-35 m. SW. by W. Three Rivers. 
 
 Isle-en-Dodon, L', tn., France, dep. Haute-Garonne, arr. 
 St. Gaudens, on the Save, 34 m. WSW. Toulouse. P. <20oo. 
 
 Isleham, par. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire, Newmarket div. , 7^ m. 
 SE. by E. Ely, on the G. E. R., PMT.O ; 5230 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Isle-Jourdaln, L', tn., France, dep. Gers, arr. Lombez, on 
 the Save, 18 m. W. Toulouse, with manufactures of watches 
 and bricks. P. <:3000. 
 
 Isle Jourdain, L', viL, France, dep. Vienne, arr. Mont- 
 morillon, on the Vienne, 30 m. SE. by S. Poitiers. P. <2000. 
 
 Isle, L', tn., France, dep. Vaucluse, arr. and 13 m. E. by S. 
 Avignon. P. <4000. 
 
 Isle Madame, isl., Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I., 
 separated from the mainland of Richmond county, to which it 
 belongs, by Lennox Passage and St. Peter's Bay. 
 
 Isle IMadame, isL, Canada, Quebec, in riv. St. Lawrence, 
 off NE. end of Montreal I. 
 
 Isle of Dogs, part of London, Eng., Middlesex, Tower 
 Hamlets div., on the 1. bk. of the Thames, forming a peninsula 
 between the Limehouse and Blackwall reaches. It contains 
 the W. India and Millwall Docks. 
 
 Isle of France, Indian Ocean. See Mauritius. 
 
 Isle of Grain, Man, Pines, Serpents. See Grain, &«,. 
 
 Isle of WMtborn, vil. , Scot. See IVliltltom, Isle of. 
 
 Isle of Wight, CO., U.S., Virginia, E. of ■]^° W., bounded 
 on the NE. by the estuary of James R. 
 
 Isle Perrot, isl., Canada, Quebec, in St, Lawrence R., 
 above Montreal I. , and between Lake of Two Mountains and 
 Lake St. Louis. P. 1000. 
 
 Isle Boyale, isl., U.S., Michigan, in Lake Superior, 45 m. 
 long, 9 m. wide; area, 229 sq. m. The shores are generally 
 rocky and broken. There are extensive veins of native copper, 
 many of which have been worked in prehistoric times, as they 
 are still. 
 
 Isles aux Morts, group of small islands, Newfoundland, off 
 theS. ct., in59° W. 
 
 Islesboro, tn., U.S., Maine, Waldo co. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Isles of the ilea, Scot. See Garvelloch Islands. 
 
 Isle-snr-Douhs, L', tn., France, dep. Doubs, arr. Baume- 
 les-Dames, on the Doubs, 19 m. SW. Belfort. P. <30oo. 
 
 Isle Toll, P.O., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 3 m. from Auldgirth. 
 
 Isieworth (aiz'l-werth), par., Eng., Middlesex, Brentford 
 div. , on the L bk. of the Thames, 10 m. W. by S. St. Paul's, 
 London, on the L. & SW. R. ; produces large quantities of 
 fruit. P. 15,900. See Heston. 
 
 Isley Walton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 8 m. NW. 
 by W. Loughborough, 1 m. NE. Tonge stn. P. <:25o. See 
 Kegworth. 
 
 Islikon, vil., Switzd., cant. Thurgau, 6 m. NE. by E.,. 
 Winterthur. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Islington, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, CO. York, 8 m. from 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Islington, par., Eng., in the co. of London, 2 J m. N. 
 St. Paul's, on the G. E. R. and N. L. R. In the par. is the 
 Agricultural Hall, a building capable of holding 50,000 people. 
 The par. comprises Holloway, Highbury, Ball's Pond, and part 
 of Kingsland. It contains Highbury college for Independent 
 ministers, and a Church of England missionary institution, 
 smallpox and fever and Great Northern hospitals. Royal 
 Caledonian asylum, and the City and Model prisons. Market- 
 days, T., W., and Th. P. 319,100. Also a pari. bor. vdth 
 four divs. : North, P. 90,200 ; 'West, P. 74,200 ; East, P. 83,600 ; 
 South, P. 71,200. 
 
 Islington, eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk, 4 m. SW. King's 
 Ljmn. P. <5oo. See Tilney. 
 
 Isliniye, Bulgaria. See Sliven. 
 
 Islip, par. , Eng. , N. div. of Northamptonshire, on the Nen, 
 9 J m. NE. Wellingborough, close to Thrapston stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Islip, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., on the 
 Cherwell, 5 m. N. by E. Oxford, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Islip, vil., U.S., New York, Suffolk co.. Long I., 41 m. E. 
 Brooklyn ; headquarters of several sporting clubs. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 IsllTig, P.O., Scot., Ross-shire, on 'W. coast of Lewis Is., 
 9 m. from Miavaig. 
 
 Isly, riv. , on the borders of Algeria and Morocco. Victory 
 of the French under Bugeaud over native tribes, August 14, 1844. 
 
 735 
 
I S M A 
 
 IT A 
 
 Ismailla, tn. , Eg>'pt, on the W. side of the Suez Canal, 46 
 m. S. Port Said. Formerly much subject to fever, due to the 
 vicinity of a marsh ; but marsh dried, fever disappeared. 
 Mean temp. (5 J yrs., 1880-85), y- 68.5° F., Jan. 55.0°, August 
 81.7°. P. <4000. 
 
 Ismld, Izmld, or Iznlkmld, the ancient Nicomedia, seapt., 
 Asia Minor, cap. sanjak, at the head of the Gulf of I. , 53 m. ESE. 
 Constantinople. It is the residence of Greek and Armenian arch- 
 bishops. It was anciently the seat of the kings of Bithynia, 
 also the birthplace of Arrian, and the residence of Hannibal, 
 the younger Pliny, and Diocletian. The Turkish government 
 have here a small arsenal. P. 15,000. 
 
 Ismid, Cinlf of, the ancient Astacentis Sinus, an inlet form- 
 ing the E. extremity of the Sea of Marmora, 45 m. in length, 
 25 m. broad at its entrance. 
 
 Ismllan, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Giimiirjina, on the 
 Arda, 48 m. S. PhiUppopolis. 
 
 Isnello, tn., Sicily, prov. Palermo, 30 m. N. by W. Cal- 
 tanissetta. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Isnlk, the ancient Ascanius, a lake in the NW. of Asia Minor, 
 the W. end 24 m. NE. Brusa, 17 m. E. the Gulf of Mudania 
 (Injir Lknan). Length, E. to W., 14 m. ; breadth, 4 m. It has 
 valuable fisheries. 
 
 Isnlk, ancient jV?V<«a, viL and ruined city, on the E. extremity 
 of Lake I. , comprising about 150 houses on part of a wide area 
 enclosed by ancient double walls, with gates and towers still 
 nearly perfect, though hid by vegetation. The first general 
 ecclesiastical council met at Nicasa in 325, on which occasion 
 the ' Nicene Creed ' was framed ; another council was held 
 here in 787. This city was the first conquest of the Crusaders 
 in the E. , having -been taken in 1097. 
 
 Isny, to., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 48 m. S. Ulm, circle 
 of the Danube, dist. Wangen, 26 m. E. by N. Friedrichshafen. 
 Alt. 2365 ft. Mean rfall. (32 yrs.), 55.1 in. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Isobe, inland watering-place, Japan, 73 m. by rail NW. 
 Tokyo, in a wide valley less than 1000 ft. above the sea-level. 
 The mineral waters contain a large quantity of carbonic acid 
 gas. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Isola, Italian, ' island.' 
 
 Isola, tn. , Austria, Istria, 10 m. SW. by W. Trieste, on the 
 Gulf of Trieste. P. <sooo. 
 
 Isola Bella and Nadre, Italy. See Borromean Islands. 
 
 Isola della Scala, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 11 m. S. 
 Verona. P. (comm. ) 6000. 
 
 Isola Grossa, or Lnnga, isL , Austria. See Clrossa. 
 
 Isola Sacra (sacred island), a piece of land, Italy, prov. 
 Rome, at the mouth of the Tiber, between the main stream and 
 the Fiumicino arm. 
 
 Isole KoUe. See Uparl Islands. 
 
 Isonzo, the ancient Sontias, a riv. of Illyria, prov. Gorz and 
 Gradisca, rises in Mt. Terglou, flows tortuously southward, and 
 enters the Gulf of Trieste by two mouths. The right branch of 
 this river is called the Isonzato, the left branch the Sdobba ; 
 the latter only is navigable. Mean discharge estimated approxi- 
 mately at 4200 cubic ft. per second. Length, 81 m. 
 
 Ispahan, or Isfaltan (according to Curzon, the latter form 
 indicates the pronunciation now prevailing, but the former is 
 nearer the ancient form, in Zend, Sepahdn, in Greek, Aspadane, 
 which may be derived either from an old Persian word mean- 
 ing ' a horse-stud,' or one meaning ' a camp ' — Egli), city, and 
 formerly the cap. of Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 218 m. S. by E. 
 Teheran. It is enclosed by orchards and gardens in a fine 
 fertile plain on the Zendeh Rud, here crossed by fine noble 
 bridges, connecting with its suburb Julfa (,q.v.). It was one of 
 the richest and most populous cities of Asia under Shah Abbas 
 the Great in the 17th century ; but in 1722, during the Afghan 
 invasion of Persia, its walls were destroyed, and it was reduced 
 to a state of decay, from which it has never recovered, and in 
 which condition much of its site remains. Principal remaining 
 edifices are the Meidan-i-Shah, or Royal Square, in the centre 
 of the city, one of the most imposing piazzas in the world, laid 
 out by Shah Abbas, surrounded by a long low range of build- 
 ings, divided into two storeys of recessed arches one above the 
 other ; the Musjid-i-Shah, or Royal Mosque ; and the Chehel 
 Situn, or Hall of Forty Pillars, forming part of the royal palace. 
 In spite of its physical decay I. is still the second largest trading 
 emporium in Persia, yielding supremacy only to Tabriz, its com- 
 merce extending E. and W. considerably beyond the confines 
 of the empire. Its exports are chiefly opium, tobacco, carpets, 
 almonds, and rice ; imports consist of manufactured cotton and 
 woollen goods, copper, tin and zinc, sugar, glass, &c. , of which 
 four-fifths are English or Indian. The manufactures com- 
 prise printed calicoes, armour, chiselled brass ware, pottery, 
 tiles. It is also the most important book market in Persia. 
 P. 70-80,000. 
 
 Ispas, tn. , Austria, Bukovina, dist. Wiznitz. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Isplca, valley, Sicily, prov. Syracuse, near Spaccaforno, re- 
 markable for many dwellings cut in the rocks. 
 
 Israelite Bay, telegraph stn., W. Australia, 400 m. NE, 
 Albany, on the W. & S. Australian line. 
 736 
 
 Issa, seapt. , Austria. See Llssa. 
 
 Issaquena, co., U.S., Mississippi, on the riv. Mississippi, S. 
 of33°N. 
 
 Issayudre, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, partly in bor. of 
 Aberystwith. P. <5oo. 
 
 Isse Fjord, Denmark. See Ise Fjord. 
 
 Isser, riv. , Algeria, on the W. border of prov. Constantine, 
 is formed by the union of the Zeitun and Asise, and flows into 
 the Mediterranean. 
 
 Issolre, tn., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, on the Allier, 19 
 m. SSE. Clermont-Ferrand, cap. arr., with manufactures of 
 machines and copper goods. Alt. 1965 ft. P. 5800. 
 
 Issondnn (' the fort on the water '), the ancient Uxellodunum, 
 or Epoldunum, tn., France, dep. Indre, 22 m. WSW. Bourges, 
 cap. arr. ; has quarries of good lithographic stone, copper 
 foundries, and manufactures of woollen and linen cloths, and 
 agricultural implements. P. 13,600. 
 
 Issam, viL, Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Geldern, 25 m. NW. 
 by N. Diisseldorf. P. (comm.)<:4ooo. 
 
 l8«8nr-TUle, tn., France, dep. Cote d'Or, on the Tille, arr. 
 and 14 m. N. by E. Dijon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Issy, tn., France, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, 4 m. SW. by W. 
 Notre Dame, Paris, close to the city wall, with a fort. P. 9600. 
 
 Issyk-knl (Old Chinese /f-z^az, 'warm lake,' IslowgoXTemurtu- 
 nor, 'iron lake'), lake, Russian Turkistan, prov. Semiryechensk, 
 in "Tian Shan Mts.; has the Kungei Alatau on N., and main 
 ridge on S. Alt. about 5000 ft.; length, 120 m. W. to E.; 
 maximum width, 38 m.; area, 2046 sq. m.; depth, 15 to 200 
 fathoms ; bottom, a mud, rich in iron. Water saline, very 
 transparent. Freezes only for a few miles from the shores. 
 Has fisheries. The town of Przhevalsk on its southern shore. 
 
 Istakbr, or Isatakbr, ruins, Persia. See Persepolis. 
 
 Istallf, tn. , Afghanistan, 24 m. N. by W. Kabul. 
 
 Istambnl, or Stambnl. See Constantinople. 
 
 Istanos, tn., Asia Minor, Anatolia, pash. and 20 m. W. 
 Angora, with about 800 houses. 
 
 Istankol, isl. , ^gean Sea. See Ko. 
 
 Istapa, site. Central America, Guatemala, in 13° 54' N. , near 
 the mouth of the Michatoya, on a low, sandy shore ; before i860 
 the only port of Guatemala on the Pacific coast ; now replaced 
 by San Jos6, 9 m. to the W. The construction of a harb. here 
 connected with the Central Rly. is now contemplated. 
 
 Istebna, comm., Austria, Silesia, near the source of the 
 Vistula, 52 m. SE. by E. Troppau. Alt. 1760 ft. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Istluuus, bay, Canada, Ontario, on the W. side of Georgian 
 Bay, in 45° N. 
 
 Istlfan, tn., Asia Minor, on the N. ct., 32 m. W. by S. 
 Sinope. 
 
 Istlp, or Istib, tn. , Turkey, Rumili. See Ishtlp. 
 
 Istria, part of the €oast ProTlnce (^.z/.) of Austria-Hungary, 
 comprising the penin. of I. and the isls. of Veglia, Cherso, and 
 Lussin. The northern parts of the terr. are mountainous, the 
 mountains belonging to the Karst {q.v,). The Istrian Karst is 
 divided into well-defined plateaux and hilly ranges. The most 
 important mountain is the Monte Maggiore, or Caldiera (4570 
 ft), rising near the Gulf of Quarnero. The Karst dists. are 
 arid and sparsely inhabited, but the southern parts of the penin- 
 sula, which gradually slope down towards the Adriatic, are 
 fertile and densely peopled. The climate of I. is mild and 
 dry, and resembles that of Italy. Violent north-easterly storms, 
 called bora, are much dreaded on the coast, and also the 
 sirocco, blowing from SSE., is of no rare occurrence there. 
 Frosts are exceptional, but occasionally they prove destructive 
 to the olive plantations of I. The inhabitants are, with very 
 few exceptions, Italians and Slavs. The latter occupy the up>- 
 lands, whilst the Italians inhabit the fertile maritime regions. 
 Pola, Rovigno, Parenzo, Capo d' Istria, and the other maritime 
 towns of I. are quite Itailian. The principal products of I. are 
 olive-oil, vrine, figs and other fruits, galls, various kind of barks, 
 timber, bay-salt, and cattle. Of industries, shipbuilding has to 
 be mentioned. Coal is worked at Carpano, and alum at Sovi- j 
 grano. Area of I. , 1910 sq. m. P. 300,000. lH. G. S.l 1 
 
 Isto, viL, Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on small island of | 
 the same name, 25 m. WNW. Zara. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Istrana, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 7 m. W. Treviso. 
 
 Istranja, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Kirk Kilise, on the ' 
 Istranja, 47 m. NW. by W. Constantinople. 
 
 Istres, tn. , France, dep. Bouches-du- Rhone, arr. Aix, on the 
 W. shore of the ^tang de Berre, 21 m. SE. by E. Aries, with 
 important salt and soda works. P. <:3000. 
 
 Isuela, riv., NE. Spain, Aragon, prov. Huesca, flows S. past 
 the town of Huesca, then SE. into the Alcanadre (trib. Cinca). 
 
 Isnm, strait, Japan, to the E. of the isL of Awaji, leading into 
 Kobe Bay, from Linschoten Bay. 
 
 Isyeoed, eccles. par., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., 4J m. 
 E. Wrexham. P. <soo. 
 
 iBygarreg, par., Eng., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 4 m. NE. 
 Machynlleth. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ita, in the language of the Tupi Indians, ' bare rock,' ' stone. ' 
 
 Ita, viL, Paraguay, 22 m. SE. by E. Asuncion. P. <2ooo. 
 
IT AB 
 
 I T A L 
 
 Itabagua, trib. of the Xingu, Brazil, prov. Para. 
 
 Itabapuaiia, riv., Brazil, rising in prov. Minas Geraes, and 
 forming for the rest of its course the frontier limit between the 
 provs. of Espiritu Santo and Rio de Janeiro. Length, about 137 m. 
 
 Itaberava, comm. , Brazil, prov. Minas Geraes, SE. Ouro 
 Preto, with gold-mining. P. 6000. 
 
 Itablana, mt. and market-tn., Brazil, prov. Sergipe, the 
 mountain 25 m. from the Atlantic, whence it is very conspicuous, 
 highest point in 10° 45' S., 37° 30' W., the town 58 m. NNW. 
 Sergipe-del-Rey. P. 2000. 
 
 Itablra, vil, Brazil, Minas Geraes, 53 m. N. by E. Ouro 
 Preto. P. 4000. 
 
 Itablra das Velbas, vil. , Brazil, Minas Geraes, 17 m. WNW. 
 Ouro Preto. P. 4000. 
 
 Itaborahy, tn. , Brazil, state of and 13 m. ENE. Rio de 
 Janeiro. P. 18,200. 
 
 Itacambtra, tn., Brazil, Minas Geraes, 120 m. SW. Rio 
 Pardo. P. 5000. 
 
 Itacolnml ('Mountain and Son,' Tupi name of a double 
 topped mt.), several mts. of Brazil. 1. In the Serra do Espin- 
 ha9o, prov. Minas Geraes, immediately S. Ouro Preto ; alt. 
 5750 ft. 2. The highest summit in the Serra des Orgaos, prov. 
 Rio de Janeiro ; alt. 7800 ft. 3. Prov. Maranhao, near the 
 coast, S. of Cuman Bay, above Alcantara, v«th a lighthouse ; 
 alt. 269 ft. 
 
 Itacoluml (or Itacolomls) Recife, coral reefs off the coast of 
 Brazil, between 16° 50' and 17" S. 
 
 Itacnrnbl, vil. , Paraguay, 51 m. E. by S. Asuncion. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Itacurubl del Bosarlo, vil, Paraguay, 77 m. NE. by N. 
 Asuncion. P. <20oo. 
 
 Itagnahl, tn. , Brazil, prov. and 37 m. W. by N. Rio de 
 Janeiro, conected with the river of same name by a canal 2 m. 
 long, opened in 1841. 
 
 Itagnl, tn. , Colombia, Antioquia dep. P. (with dist. ) 8000. 
 
 Itajahy, riv. , Brazil, Santa Catharina, flows N. then E. into 
 the Atlantic at the small seapt. of I., in about 26° 54' S. A 
 European colony has been established in the valley, comprising 
 about 15,000 Germans, and 6000 others, chiefly Italians. 
 
 Itajuba, vil., Brazil, in the S. of the prov. Minas Geraes, 
 114 m. NNE. Santos. 
 
 Italy, in Italian Italia, a country in the S. of Europe, com- 
 posed of the penin. traversed by the Apennines (g'.'v.), the valley 
 of the Po between the Alps and the Apennines, a number 
 of Alpine valleys on the N. and NW. , and the isls. of Sicily 
 and Sardinia, besides a number of small isls. off the coasts. It is 
 divided into great divisions (compartmenti terriioriali) and pro- 
 vinces, as shown in the following table : — 
 
 Area of the Provinces of Italy, with the Population in Thou- 
 sands, on the 2'ist December, and the rate of Increase per 
 Cent, per Annutn of the Great Divisions between the suc- 
 cessive Censuses for which particulars are here given : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Area in 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 ?°P-, 
 
 per 
 
 Compartments. 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 1871. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1891.1 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1891. 
 
 Alessandria 
 
 1,907 
 
 686 
 
 730 
 
 
 
 Cuneo 
 
 2,892 
 
 618 
 
 635 
 
 
 
 No vara 
 
 2.554 
 
 625 
 
 676 
 
 
 
 Turin .... 
 
 4.036 
 
 973 
 
 1,029 
 
 
 
 Piedmont 
 
 11,388 
 
 2,903 
 
 3,070 
 
 3,247 
 
 286 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 0-56 
 
 
 
 Genoa 
 
 1V619 
 
 715 
 
 761 
 
 
 
 Porto Maurizio . 
 
 468 
 
 127 
 
 132 
 
 
 
 Llguria . 
 
 2,088 
 
 842 
 
 892 
 
 946 
 
 463 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 0-68^ 
 
 0-58 
 
 
 
 Bergamo 
 
 1,092 
 
 368 
 
 391 
 
 
 
 Brescia 
 
 1.845 
 
 456 
 
 472 
 
 
 
 Come .... 
 
 1,079 
 
 478 
 
 515 
 
 
 
 Cremona 
 
 687 
 
 301 
 
 302 
 
 
 
 Mantua 
 
 911 
 
 289 
 
 296 
 
 
 
 Milan .... 
 
 1,214 
 
 1,010 
 
 I. IIS 
 
 
 
 Pavia .... 
 
 1. 313 
 
 448 
 
 470 
 
 
 
 Sondrio 
 
 1,206 
 
 III 
 
 121 
 
 
 
 Lombardy ^ 
 
 9,346 
 
 3,461 
 
 3,681 
 
 3,915 
 
 419 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 0-61 
 
 0-62 
 
 
 
 Belluno 
 
 1,292 
 
 175 
 
 174 
 
 
 
 Padua 
 
 797 
 
 364 
 
 398 
 
 
 
 Rovigo 
 
 643 
 
 201 
 
 218 
 
 
 
 Treviso 
 
 953 
 
 353 
 
 376 
 
 
 
 Udine .... 
 
 2.556 
 
 482 
 
 502 
 
 
 
 Venice 
 
 733 
 
 337 
 
 357 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Area in 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. 1 per 
 
 Compartments. 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 I87I. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1891. 
 
 sq. m. 
 1891. 
 
 Verona 
 
 1,228 
 
 367 
 
 394 
 
 
 
 Vicenza 
 
 1.07s 
 
 363 
 
 396 
 
 
 
 Venetla i 
 
 9,276 
 
 2,641 
 
 2,814 
 
 2,998 
 
 323 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 101 
 
 0-64 
 
 
 
 Bologna 
 
 i.'387 
 
 439 
 
 458 
 
 
 
 Ferrara 
 
 1,014 
 
 215 
 
 231 
 
 
 
 Forli .... 
 
 768 
 
 234 
 
 251 
 
 
 
 Modena 
 
 993 
 
 273 
 
 279 
 
 
 
 Parma 
 
 1,277 
 
 264 
 
 267 
 
 
 
 Piacenza 
 
 909 
 
 226 
 
 227 
 
 
 
 Ravenna 
 
 824 
 
 221 
 
 226 
 
 
 
 Reggio neir Emilia 
 
 838 
 
 240 
 
 245 
 
 
 
 Einllla . 
 
 8,012 
 
 2,114 
 
 2,183 
 
 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 0-32 
 
 2,264 
 
 281 
 
 I'mbrla - 
 
 3,'668 
 
 MO 
 
 572 
 
 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 0-70 
 
 0-39 
 
 696 
 
 163 
 
 Ancona 
 
 "788 
 
 262 
 
 267 
 
 
 
 Ascoli Piceno 
 
 770 
 
 203 
 
 209 
 
 
 
 Macerata 
 
 1,072 
 
 237 
 
 240 
 
 
 - 
 
 Pesaro and Urbino 
 
 1,167 
 
 213 
 
 223 
 
 
 
 Marches ^ 
 
 3,797 
 
 916 
 
 939 
 
 964 
 
 264 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 0-26 
 
 0-26 
 
 
 
 Arezzo , 
 
 1.273 
 
 235 
 
 239 
 
 
 
 Florence 
 
 2.239 
 
 767 
 
 791 
 
 
 
 Grosseto 
 
 1. 771 
 
 107 
 
 114 
 
 
 
 Leghorn 
 
 132 
 
 119 
 
 122 
 
 
 
 Lucca .... 
 
 544 
 
 280 
 
 284 
 
 
 
 Massa and Carrara 
 
 648 
 
 162 
 
 169 
 
 
 
 Pisa . . . . 
 
 1,206 
 
 266 
 
 283' 
 
 
 Siena . . . . 
 
 1.477 
 
 206 
 
 206 1 
 
 
 Tnscauy * 
 
 9,290 
 
 2,143 
 
 2,209 
 
 2,277 
 
 246 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 1-61 
 
 0-30 
 
 
 
 Latlnm ^ 
 
 4,'699 
 
 837 
 
 903 
 
 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 0-76 
 
 
 
 Aquila. 
 
 2.558 
 
 340 
 
 353 
 
 
 
 Campobasso 
 
 1.705 
 
 246 
 
 365 
 
 
 
 Chieti . . . . 
 
 1,194 
 
 333 
 
 344 
 
 
 
 Teramo 
 
 1,110 
 
 364 
 
 25s 
 
 
 
 Abmzzi e Mollse . 
 
 6,667 
 
 1,283 
 
 1,317 
 
 1,362 
 
 206 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 0-26 
 
 
 
 Avellino 
 
 1,171 
 
 376 
 
 393 
 
 
 
 Benevento . 
 
 837 
 
 232 
 
 238 
 
 
 
 Caserta 
 
 2,OyO 
 
 697 
 
 714 
 
 
 
 Naples 
 
 336 
 
 908 
 
 1,001 
 
 
 
 Salerno 
 
 1,958 
 
 542 
 
 550 
 
 
 
 Campania 
 
 6,393 
 
 2,766 
 
 2,897 
 
 3,046 
 
 476 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 0-60 
 
 
 
 Bari . . . . 
 
 2,288 
 
 605 
 
 679 
 
 
 
 Foggia 
 
 2,584 
 
 323 
 
 356 
 
 
 
 Lecce . . . . 
 
 3.047 
 
 494 
 
 553 
 
 
 
 Apulia 
 
 7,919 
 
 1,421 
 
 1,689 
 
 1,776 
 
 224 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 112 
 
 
 
 Baslllcata ^ 
 
 3,998 
 
 611 
 
 526 1 640 
 
 136 
 
 Increase . 
 
 1 
 
 
 0-27 
 
 
 
 Catanzaro . 
 
 1 1,227 
 
 ■412 
 
 434 
 
 
 
 Cosenza 
 
 1 2,586 
 
 440 
 
 451 
 
 
 
 Reggio di Calabria 
 
 i 1.993 
 
 354 
 
 373 
 
 
 
 €alabrle . 
 
 ! 5,809 
 
 1,206 
 
 1,258 
 
 1,312 
 
 226 
 
 Increase . 
 
 ... 
 
 
 0-42 
 
 
 
 Caltanissetta 
 
 I 1,270 
 
 230 
 
 266 1 
 
 
 Catania 
 
 1,024 
 
 495 
 
 563 
 
 
 
 Girgenti 
 
 1, 166 
 
 289 
 
 312 
 
 
 
 Messina 
 
 1,246 
 
 420 
 
 460 
 
 
 
 Palermo 
 
 1.985 
 
 618 
 
 699 
 
 
 
 Syracuse 
 
 1.440 
 
 295 
 
 342 
 
 
 
 Trapani 
 
 930 
 
 236 
 
 284 
 
 
 
 Sicily 7 . 
 
 9.961 
 
 2,684 
 
 2,928 
 
 3,318 
 
 333 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 0-78 
 
 1-26 
 
 
 
 Cagliari 
 
 5.283 
 
 393 
 
 421 1 
 
 
 Sassari 
 
 3.922 
 
 243 
 
 261 
 
 
 
 Sardinia 8 
 
 9,206 
 
 637 
 
 682 
 
 730 
 
 79 3 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 0-80 
 
 0-69 
 
 
 
 Grand Total 
 
 111,406 
 
 26,801 
 
 28,460 
 
 30,2210 
 
 271 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 0-60 
 
 
 
 1 There was no census in 1891. The figures below are calculated on 
 the assumption of the same mean rate of increase as that for the period 
 1871-81 being continued in 1881-91. 
 
 - Piedmont and Ligturia, the joint population of which, at the end of 
 1861, was 3,536,000. 
 
 * Population, including Mantua, as at present, end of 1861, 3,257,000. 
 737 
 
 1 Population in 1857, 2,294,000. 
 
 2 Composed solely of the prov. of Perugia. Pop. end of 1861, 513,000. 
 
 3 Population, end of i86i, 883,000. 
 
 •• Population, end of i85i, 1,826,000. 
 ' Composed solely of the prov, of Rome. 
 
 6 Composed solely of the prov. of Potenza. 
 
 7 Population, end of 1861, 2,392,000. 
 * Population, end of 1861, 588,000. 
 
 ** Not the sum of the figures above, but calculated independently. 
 
 3A 
 
ITALY 
 
 The external dominion of I. embraces the colony of Eritrea 
 on the Red Sea, the protectorate of Aussa and the Dankali or 
 Afar territory, and a sphere of influence comprising Abyssinia 
 and its dependencies in virtue of the treaty of the 2nd of May 
 1889, in the 17th article of which ' the lung of the kings of 
 Ethiopia agrees to avail himself of the government of the king 
 of Italy in the arrangement of all affairs with other powers or 
 governments,' and the Somali country as far as the mouth of 
 the Jub, but with the exception of certain maritime strips be- 
 longing to England and France (see Somall-Iand). 
 
 The navigable rivers of Italy are nearly all confined to the 
 northern plain. The Po is navigable for boats to Turin, for 
 steamers to Valenza, seven miles below the confluence of the 
 Sesia ; the Ticino is navigable from its issue from Lake Maggiore ; 
 the Adda from its issue from Lake Como ; the Adige from a 
 little below Bozen in Tirol (Austria) ; the Bacchighone from 
 Vicenza ; the Brenta from Padua. In the peninsular portion of 
 the country the only navigable rivers are the Arno and the Tiber, 
 the former being navigable by boats to Florence, the latter by 
 steamers to Rome, and by smaller boats sixty miles higher up. 
 Besides those just mentioned, the principal Italian lakes are 
 Garda (a small part of which in the N. belongs to Austria-Tirol), 
 Lugano (half Swiss and half Italian), the lagoons known as 
 the Valli di Comacchio, and the lakes of the Apennines (^.^'.), 
 Trasimeno, Bolsena, and Bracciano. The climate is roughly 
 illustrated by the particulars in the following table, in which the 
 stations selected are arranged in the order firom N. (top) to S. 
 (bottom) : — 
 
 
 Mean temperature, F. 
 
 Rfall. 
 Ins. 
 Year. 
 
 60. 5 
 39- S 
 30.1 
 25-3 
 Si-3 
 35-0 
 25.6 
 30.6 
 
 32.4 
 21. 1 
 
 Inches. 
 
 
 Jan. 
 
 July. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Udine (381 ft.) . 
 Milan (482 ft. ) . 
 Venice 
 Bologna . 
 Genoa 
 Florence . 
 Aqjiila (241 1 ft.) 
 Rome 
 
 Naples (489 ft. ) . 
 Syracuse . 
 
 37-6° 
 34-7° 
 37-4° 
 35-4 
 45-5° 
 40.6° 
 
 34-9° 
 44.8° 
 
 47-7° 
 52-7° 
 
 75-2° 
 77.0° 
 
 76.5° 
 77.5° 
 75-4° 
 76.3° 
 72.7° 
 76.6° 
 76.5° 
 79-5° 
 
 55-4° 
 55-4 
 56.1° 
 
 60.0 
 57.9° 
 52.4^ 
 59-7° 
 6i.i° 
 64.8° 
 
 Apr. -Nov. 46.9 
 Oct. -Nov. 9.1 
 
 Oct -Nov. 6.1 
 .. .. 154 
 .. „ 8.9 
 .. „ 6.2 
 „ ., 8.5 
 
 June- Aug. 3.1 
 i> 0.41 
 
 The January temperatures of Bologna, Genoa, and -Florence are 
 specially noteworthy. The furthest apart of these stations in 
 latitude are within 45' of each other (Bologna and Florence), 
 nearly in the same longitude. The temperature in the case of 
 Florence as compared with Bologna exhibits the advantage de- 
 rived from the shelter of the Apennines against cold northerly 
 winds, at Genoa the additional advantage of proximity to the 
 sea. The predominance of late autumnal rains sho%vn in this 
 table is found to obtain at nearly all the meteorological stations 
 of the kingdom. The very light summer rains of the southern 
 stations are characteristic of the Mediterranean in general 
 [Europe, climate] ; but if we make a comparison with Sp)ain and 
 Portugal, it is important to observe that in Italy the only parts 
 to the S. of the parallel of 40° N. are the southern half of the 
 isL of Sardinia, the whole of Sicily, and portions of the smaller 
 peninsulas of the mainland. The mountains of I. promote the 
 rainfall, especially since they descend to the sea on both sides. 
 Even the plain on the N. of the Apennines is not deprived of rain 
 through the intervention of these mountains, since the rain- 
 bearing winds are forced to ascend still higher by the loftier 
 ranges of the Alps. Out of thirty stations enumerated in the 
 Statistical Annuary for Italy for 1892, snow fell on the average of 
 the three years, 1889-91, on 10 days or more at seven, viz. (in 
 the order of frequency), Aquila (30.9 days), Potenza (28.6 days), 
 Camerino, Urbino, Cosenza, Bologna, and Turin. A large part 
 of I. suffers greatly from malaria, the largest areas so affected 
 being one bordering the W. coast, from the lat of Elba nearly 
 to that of Naples, and including the marshes of Grosseto and 
 Orbetello, the Roman Campagna, and the Pontine marshes ; the 
 region round and including the promontory of Grargano, and 
 extending thence S. to the Gulf of Taranto ; a large part of 
 Sicily, especially the S. and SE. , including even tracts at a high 
 elevation, and nearly the whole of Sardinia. (See Petermann's 
 Mitteil., 1895, p. 46, and pL 3.) Under the laws of the 25th of 
 June 1882 and the 4th of July 1886, provision is made for the im- 
 provement of such areas. The necessary works are divided into 
 two classes — (i) those in which increased salubrity is chiefly aimed 
 at, and (2) those in which a great agricultural improvement is 
 combined with hygienic advantages. The state is empowered to 
 contribute half the expenses of the works under the first head, but 
 those of the second class have to be carried out either by individual 
 proprietors or voluntary or compulsory associations of proprietors. 
 The whole improvable area is estimated at about 2700 sq. m. , 
 of which about 2160 sq. m. would, under these laws, have to be 
 improved directly or indirectly by the state. The area on which 
 the necessary improvements had already been carried out 
 738 
 
 (principally in the pro vs. of Rovigo, Padua, Venice, Ferrara, 
 Ravenna, Grosseto, and Aquila) amounted at the end of 1891 to 
 1215 sq. m. 
 
 The snows and glaciers of the Alps are important economi- 
 cally, as helping to maintain the volume of the innumerable 
 streams which descend from them, and thus increased the sup- 
 ply of water for Irrigation, which has been carried out on a 
 more extensive scale in I. than anywhere else in Europe. The 
 irrigated area in the Po basin is about equal in size to the counties 
 of Lincoln and Norfolk combined. Under the laws of Dec. 
 25, 1883, and Feb. 28, 1886, the state is authorised to make 
 advances for some of the necessary works for the extension of 
 irrigation. Among the projects which have been studied under 
 these laws is one for the construction of the Emilian Canal, which 
 would take off from the S. bank of the Po opposite the confluence 
 of the Ticino (in the SE. of Lombardy), and proceed for a length 
 of 185 m. , mainly through Emilia, terminating at the Marecchia 
 (a small stream entering the sea at Rimini), and would, when 
 finished, be capable of irrigating an area of 2868 sq. m. , con- 
 siderably larger than that of Devonshire. The area occupied by 
 corn-crops is about twice as great as in the United Kingdom, 
 over and above the area under vineyards, oUve-yards, fruit-trees, 
 flax and hemp, pasture-grasses, &c. The principal corn-crop is 
 wheat. It covers from four to five times as great an area as in 
 the United Kingdom, but the only Itahan wheat that is noted 
 for its quaUty is that of Apulia, in the SE. , where there is grown 
 a hard wheat well adapted for making maccaroni. Maize, the 
 second Italian corn-crop in extent of acreage, furnishes the chief 
 food of the people throughout a large part of the country. As 
 the maize that falls to the lot of the poorer classes is often 
 mildewed, the use of this standing dish is blamed as the cause of 
 a disgusting disease known as pellagra, very prevalent among 
 the Italians. Rice is the most valuable crop of the irrigated 
 fields in the N. ; and the production of wine is extending most 
 rapidly in the southern parts of the country, above all Sicily. 
 Most Italian wines are ill prepared, so that they deteriorate 
 instead of improving with age. Among those in best repute are 
 Marsala, grown in the W. of Sicily ; Chianti, grown in the higher 
 parts of Tuscany, to the S. of Florence ; and Asti, grown on the 
 southern slopes of the Piedmontese hills to theW. of Alessandria, 
 The grass and forage crops of I. are of special importance in the 
 irrigated plains. The meadows are regularly mown four times a 
 year, and in some peculiarly favoured districts as many as nine 
 crops have been known to be reaped in a single year from the 
 same field. The richness of these meadows leads to a large trade, 
 both export and import, cattle making up the greater number of 
 the animals which are sent to France and elsewhere. But besides 
 this export of cattle there is a large import of milk-cattle from 
 Switzerland, these imported animals yielding a larger quantity of 
 milk than the native breeds. \\'hen fed on irrigated meadows 
 for ten months in the year Swiss cows produce 700 gallons of 
 milk, as against about 550 gallons produced by the native cows. 
 This large produce of milk gives rise also to a large trade in 
 cheese. The famous Parmesan, Gorgonzola, and Stracchino 
 cheese are aU made in the plains of Lomterdy , the first-mentioned, 
 therefore, not as its name would indicate, in the pro\'ince of 
 Parma. The rearing of poultry is likewise characteristic of the 
 agriculture of northern I. Both poultry and eggs are very 
 largely exjxirted, and Italian eggs now even reach England. 
 Apulia, besides being noted for its wheat, is noted for its wooL 
 
 Sulphur, produced chiefly in Sicily, in the vicinity of Cal- 
 tanissetta, Girgenti, and Catania, but also in the provs. Pesaro 
 e Urbino, Ancona, Forli, Avellino, and Catanzaro, is the most 
 important mineral product of the kingdom, making up more 
 than half the annual value of all the mineral products. Iron 
 ore of excellent quahty is obtained in the isl. of Elba, and is 
 exported chiefly to the United States. Ores of the same metal 
 are worked in the Val Trompia, in Lombardy (prov. Brescia, 
 between the lakes Iseo and Garda), and in other Alpine valleys 
 (provs. Bergamo and Novara), in the isl. of Sardinia and else- 
 where. Lead and zinc are important products of this island 
 (the SW. round Iglesias). Copper ores are mined in the 
 provs. of Grosseto, Genoa, and Belluno, and in trifling quantity 
 in one or two others. Mercury is produced in Grosseto, silver 
 in Sardinia (prov. Cagliari), gold in Piedmont (prov. Novara). 
 Tuscany produces among the Apuan Hills in the N. the cele- 
 brated statuary marble of Massa and Carrara, and in a volcanic 
 district in the S. (prov. Pisa) large quantities of boracic acid 
 escape from the groimd in the form of vapour, and the acid is 
 concentrated in water, and then solidified. Mineral fuel exists 
 chiefly in the form of lignite (provs. Arezzo, Perugia, &c.), and 
 even that is far from abundant Asphalt and bitumen are 
 obtained in provs. Syracuse and Chieti, petroleum in Piacenza, 
 rock-salt in provs. Girgenti. Caltanissetta, Cosenza, and else- 
 where, brine-spring salt in Pisa and Parma. Eleven-twelfths of 
 the Italian salt production is, however, sea-salt — chiefly in Sicily 
 (above all prov. Trapani), Sardinia, Apulia (near Barletta), and 
 the Valli di Comacchio. Of Italian mannfactnrlng In- 
 dustries, the chief are those connected with silk, and especially 
 the reeling and throwing of silk, and these industries are so in- 
 
ITALY 
 
 timately connected with the general economic condition of I. 
 that a few details are important. The great seat of all branches 
 of the Italian silk industry are the sub-Alpine provs., where 
 there is a dense agricultural population, affording a large amount 
 of cheap, yet efficient, female and child labour. About 70 per 
 cent, of all those employed in the Italian silk industries are 
 women, and more than two-thirds of the remainder children 
 under 15. Of those employed in reeling, more than half belong 
 to Lombardy, above all, provs. Como, Milan, and Bergamo, and 
 more than four-fifths to the three sub- Alpine divs. of Piedmont, 
 Lombardy, and Venetia. Lombardy alone employs four-fifths 
 of those engaged in throwing, and 85 per cent, of those engaged 
 in silk-weaving belong to the two provs. of Como and Milan, 
 about half the entire number to the single commune of Como, 
 where weaving is carried on almost exclusively in the houses of 
 the weavers. The total production of raw, reeled, and thrown 
 silk increased from about 6780 thousand lbs. in 1863, to about 
 7960 thousand lbs. in 1890, the greater part of this increase being 
 derived from native cocoons. Cotton manufactures (chiefly in 
 Lombardy, Piedmont, and Liguria), and woollen manufactures 
 (chiefly in Piedmont and Venetia, more particularly in the provs. 
 Novara, Vicenza, and Turin). The textile industries of I. in 
 general, however, are mainly domestic, and are not concen- 
 trated in special districts. Factories with modern machinery 
 are nevertheless arising. Water-power is for the most part em- 
 ployed along with steam, steam being resorted to to make up 
 the deficiencies and irregularities of the other agent. The iron 
 industry has been specially encouraged in recent years by the 
 Italian government, with the view of making itself independent 
 of foreign countries. Large works have been established at 
 Terni, where advantage is taken of the enormous water-power 
 furnished by the falls on the Nera, a 1. bk. trib. of the 
 Tiber, and where there is the further advantage of a supply of 
 lignite at Spoleto, a few miles distant. Iron is obtained from 
 Val Trompia, and the company is about to start blast-furnaces 
 at Civita Vecchia, with the view of utilising the ore of Elba. 
 Under the promise of government encouragement several 
 English firms have established large engineering works at 
 Naples, Pozzuoli, and elsewhere. In the special commerce of 
 I. (under which head are included all articles that have paid 
 customs duty), silk (raw and thrown), olive-oil, wine, and fruits 
 make up more than 40 per cent, of the exports. Among the 
 other leading exports are eggs, animals, sulphur, rice, hemp, 
 and flax. Raw cotton, cotton manufactures, wheat, and coal 
 are the principal imports (together above 20 per cent.), hides, 
 timber, and wool, sugar, coffee, and fish being also imported 
 in large amount. France (including Algeria), England, and 
 Austria- Hungary furnish more than 60 per cent, of the imports, 
 and France, Austria-Hungary, and Switzerland receive more 
 than 60 per cent, of the exports, the share of France (with 
 Algeria) amounting to more than 40 per cent, of the whole. 
 It is also w orthy of note that a very large proportion of Italian 
 export commodities are sent abroad by land— through the Alpine 
 tunnels. Among the most remarkable features of the recent 
 history of Italian commerce, as regards commodities, are the 
 rapid rise in the amount of coal, machinery, pig iron, and 
 materials of the textile manufactures, especially raw cotton, im- 
 ported, accompanied by a rapid decline in the import of cotton 
 yarn, and a great rise in the amount of wine and fruit exported. 
 There has also been an increase in the amount of Italian silk 
 manufactures exported. As regards the countries trading with 
 I., the most striking fact is the rapid rise of the percentage 
 belonging to Germany both in the import and export trade. 
 This is in large part due to the opening of the St. Gothard 
 tunnel, the importance of which, in the trade between Italy and 
 Germany, is well shown by the following details : — In 1880, 
 before the opening of the St. Gothard tunnel, the quantity of 
 iron and steel in plates and bars of 5 millimeters (0.2 in.) or more 
 in thickness, imported into Italy from the United Kingdom, was 
 nearly 60 per cent, of the total under this head (the largest under 
 the general head of iron and steel), that from Germany 2 per 
 cent. In 1890 the proportion derived from the United King- 
 dom was less than 22 per cent. , that from Germany more than 
 52 per cent. , and more than nine-tenths of Germany's share was 
 introduced by land. The money, weights, and measures 
 of I. are the same as those of France, the names mostly Italian- 
 ised forms of the French ones. The franc is called the lira 
 {libra), which is divided into 100 centesimi. The annual 
 emigration from I. is greater than from any other country, 
 except the United Kingdom and Germany. In 1871 the total 
 number of Italians abroad was estimated at from 432,000 to 
 452,000, in 1881 at 1,032,000, in 1891 at 1,988,000. The per- 
 manent emigration (namely, of those leaving the country for an 
 indefinite period) is directed chiefly to S. America (especially 
 Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay), and next to the United States. 
 A peculiar feature of Italian emigration, however, is the large 
 number who annually leave the country for short periods. In 
 1892 the number of temporary emigrants was 116,000, against 
 107,000 emigrants in the usual sense of the term. The tem- 
 porary emigration takes place chiefly from N. Italy, and consists 
 
 mostly of labourers on railways, canals, and other great under- 
 takings in neighbouring countries (France, Switzerland, Austria). 
 The goTcrument of I. is a limited monarchy, the executive 
 power belonging to the sovereign, and the legislative authority to 
 king and parliament conjointly. The parliament consists of two 
 chambers, the senate and the chamber of deputies, the members 
 of the former being princes of the royal house when of age, and 
 an unlimited number of persons (above forty years of age) nomi- 
 nated by the king for life, those only being eligible for nomination 
 who fill high offices, have benefited the nation by their scientific, 
 literary, or other attainments, or pay taxes to the annual value 
 of ;^i2o. Deputies of the lower house (to the number of 508, 
 each representing one electoral division) are elected by ballot 
 by all citizens twenty-one years of age, able to read and write, 
 and tax-payers to the amount of 19 lire 80 centesimi (about i6s.). 
 Numerous classes have votes in virtue of their position (members 
 of academies, professors, those who have served their country 
 under arms for two years, &c. ). Deputies must be thirty years of 
 age, and, though unpaid, are able to travel free throughout I. by 
 rail or steamer. Parliament (which the executive must summon 
 annually) lasts five years ; the king can dissolve the lower house 
 at any time, but must order new elections vdthin four months. 
 I. is divided for administrative purposes into provs. and comms. , 
 each of the latter having communal and municipal councils, and 
 a syndic, a government official, elected in the larger comms. by 
 the former council by secret vote from among its own members, 
 and in smaller comms. appointed by the king from among the 
 communal councils. Provincial and communal councils are 
 elected for five years, one-fifth renewable yearly, the former 
 meeting once, the latter twice a year. For judicial purposes I. 
 has twenty appeal courts, subdivided into tribunal districts, and 
 these into magistracies. Finance. — The revenue is derived 
 from direct taxes (on lands, houses, and incomes derived from 
 movable capital and labour) ; indirect taxes ; post telegraph, 
 and other monopolies ; incomes from state lands, railways, and 
 a few other sources. Between the end of 1871 and the middle 
 of 1892 the public debt (including the consolidated and redeem- 
 able debt) increased at the rate of about ^j, 2.00,000 per annum. 
 Military (or naval) service is compulsory, and the period is 
 for nineteen years. A certain portion (200,000) of all youths over 
 twenty years is levied annually, 82,000 are drafted into the stand- 
 ing army, the remainder entered in a second and third category. 
 Recent legislation tends to increase the period of service for cer- 
 tain classes, and a commission is entrusted with the consideration 
 of this and other changes. Yoimg men of superior education are 
 allowed, under certain conditions, to serve as one-year volunteers. 
 The principal passes of the Alps on the Continental frontier are 
 to be defended by fortifications, now in process of execution. 
 The Po basin is also studded with forts, the chief being those 
 of Casale, Piacenza, Cremona, Peschiera, Verona, Mantua, Leg- 
 nago (the last fom- form the old Austrian Quadrilateral), Pavia, 
 Boara, Venice, Alessandria, and Bologna. On the coast and 
 islands are various other fortified places — Ventimiglia, Vado, 
 Genoa, Spezia, Elba, and others on the Gulf of Naples, works 
 in the Straits of Messina, various places in Sicily, Sardinia (N. 
 and S.), and at the mouth of the Adige. Rome is walled and 
 protected by a circle of forts. Roman CathoUcism is the state 
 religion, and embraces all but a small fraction of the people, 
 though freedom is allowed to all other creeds. Public educa- 
 tion is under state control, and no private school may be kept 
 without authorisation. Elementary education for children be- 
 tween six and nine is nominally compulsory, except when the 
 supply of teachers is below the proportion required for the com- 
 munal population. The number of people above school age 
 still unable to read and write is, in fact, still remarkabiy large, 
 the proportion increasing on the whole from N. to S. Still the 
 number is declining. The percentage of males of twenty and 
 upwards unable to read and write at the census of 1861 was 
 65.47; in 1871, 60.17; in 1881, 53.89: females, 1861, 81.52; 
 1871, 77.18 ; 1881, 72.93. From 1875 to 1890 there was a nearly 
 steady increase in the percentage of conscripts able to read and 
 write on enrolment from 46.45 to 58.19, and the percentage of 
 those able to read and write on leaving the army in 1893 was 
 76.01. Schools may be classified as providing (i) elementary 
 instruction ; (2) secondary instruction, classical ; (3) secondary 
 instruction, technical; (4) higher education. In the first class 
 (consisting of two grades, only the lower of which is compulsory, 
 both free) religious instruction is optional. The second class coxa- 
 prise ^innasi and licet, the latter of which lead to the universities. 
 Technical education is supplied by technical schools and insti- 
 tutes, and institutes for the mercantile marine. Higher education 
 is supphed by the universities, seventeen of which (Bologna, 
 Cagliari, Catania, Genoa, Macerata, Messina, Modena, Naples, 
 Padua, Palermo, Parma, Pavia, Pisa, Rome, Sassari, Siena, and 
 Turin) are government institutions, and four (Camerino, Ferrara, 
 Perugia, and Urbino) free, and university courses are given in 
 three licei (at Aquila, Ban, and Catanzaro). Towards all these in- 
 stitutions the state contributes, the provs. , comms., foundations, 
 and in the case of the universities their own ancient revenues 
 supplying other support. At the census of i88i there were nine 
 
 739 
 
ITAT. — ITCH 
 
 towns (Naples, Milan, Rome, Turin, Palermo, Genoa, Flor- 
 ence, Venice, and Bologna) having a population of over 100,000, 
 five of 50,000 to 100,000, and eighteen of 30,000 to 50,000. 
 Historical Notes. — Until 49 B.C. the name ' Italy' was given 
 to that little narrow strip in the extreme S. between the Gulfs of 
 I., Eufemiaand Squillace. Although of the original inhabitants 
 of Italy the Etruscans have left vestiges of an advanced civilisa- 
 tion, its authentic history begins with that of Rome some 300 
 years B.C. A century later the Romans had conquered all 
 within the Alps and what is now called Italy, and it continued 
 under Roman rule up to the fall of the Western Empire in 476 
 A.D., when it was replaced by that of the Ostrogoths until their 
 conquest by the Eastern Empire in 554. In 568 the Lombards 
 invaded Italy, founding a kingdom in the N., which included 
 Tuscany, and a portion of which still bears their name as Lom- 
 bardy ; and to the S. the duchies of Spoletum and Beneventum, 
 while the remainder of I. owned the suzerainty of the Greek or 
 Eastern Empire. The Lombards, defeated by Pepin, king of 
 the Franks, in 755, were finally subjugated by his son Charle- 
 magne in 774, crowned emperor of the Romans in 800. The 
 Carolingian line ended in 888, and for seventy-four years after, 
 ten sovereigns allied to the race of the Franks disputed the 
 crown. Finally in 962 Otto the Great of Saxony was called in 
 and made emperor, from which period the title was always 
 borne by a German king, and Italy considered a fief of the 
 German Empire. There were four emperors of the Saxon 
 dynasty, followed by four of the Franconian, from 1024 to 1125. 
 In 1138 the sovereignty of I. passed to the Swabian family, one 
 of the greatest that ever held it. It was at this time that the 
 names of Guelf and Ghibelin originated, coming to denote the 
 two factions of the popes and emperors respectively, and 
 which, following on the Concordat of Worms in 1122, further 
 consolidated papal independence. At this period too the 
 Normans, by successive conquests extending over a century, for 
 ever displaced the Greek empire in southern Italy, and by 1138 
 had founded the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which they pro- 
 fessed to hold as a fief of the Holy See. Moreover, the temporal 
 power of the Papacy, originating with the advent of the Caro- 
 lingians, was still more strengthened by its formal acknowledg- 
 ment by the Emperor Rudolf of Habsburg in 1278. In 1194 
 the Emperor Henry VI. conquered the Norman kingdom and 
 united all Italy under the imperial power, which now stood at 
 its height. But the Swabian line ended in 1254, and with it the 
 great predominance of the German emperors in I. In the 
 interval until the French invasion of 1494 I. greatly flourished 
 in spite of its constant wars. The power in the N. became 
 settled in the commonwealths of the cities, and that in the S. 
 from 1266 had passed to the House of Anjou, who, however, 
 lost Sicily to Peter of Aragon in 1282. In central I. the popes 
 held in direct dominion that part stretching from Terracina in 
 a NE. direction to the mouth of the Po. From 1494 to 1529 I. 
 was invaded no less than six times by the French, under Charles 
 VIII. , Louis XII., and Francis I., becoming the battle-ground 
 of the rival pretensions of the Spaniards and Imperialists on 
 one side, and of the French on the other. These wars greatly 
 devastated the country, and exposed its people to much cruel 
 suffering. Ultimately they were put a stop to by the peace of 
 Cambray in 1529, which left the Spaniards firmly established as 
 masters of the Two Sicilies and Sardinia, and Charles V. un- 
 disputed liege lord of I., crowned emperor in 1530. In 1537 
 the dominions of the Dukes of Savoy were conquered by the 
 French, and only restored after the peace of C&teau Cambresis 
 of i559> when Venice, Genoa, and Lucca (S. Marino not 
 reckoned) were the sole commonwealths left. The war of the 
 Spanish Succession led to the treaty of Utrecht in 1713, by 
 v/hich the Italian dominions of Spain passed to Austria, except- 
 ing the island of Sicily, given to Victor Amadeus of Savoy, with 
 the title of king. But in 1720 Victor Amadeus had to exchange 
 Sicily for Sardinia with Austria, and take the title of king 
 of Sardinia instead. By the treaty of Vienna of 1738, follow- 
 ing on the war of the Polish Succession, the Two Sicilies 
 passed to Don Carlos of the Bourbons of Spain, Sardinia got 
 Novara and Tortona at the expense of the duchy of Milan, 
 which went to Austria, together with Mantua, Parma, and 
 Piacenza. Moreover, the grand-duchy of Tuscany was given 
 to Francis of Lorraine, son-in-law to the Austrian emperor. In 
 1748 the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, stipulated at the close of the 
 war of the Austrian Succession, modified these partitions only 
 as regarded Parma and Piacenza, awarded to Don Philip, 
 brother to the king of the Two Sicilies, while the duchy of 
 Modena and the republic of Genoa were placed under the pro- 
 tection of the King of France, to whom Genoa afterwards ceded 
 Corsica in 1768. The invasion of I. by the French Republican 
 armies, and the great victories of Napoleon Buonaparte, forced 
 the Emperor Francis II. to sign the treaty of Campo Formio 
 in 1797, by which Austria was given the Venetian territories 
 E. and N. of the Adige, while the remaining territory of the 
 Venetian Republic, with the Romagna, Ferrara, Bologna, 
 Modena, Parma, and Lombardy, went to make up the Cisalpine 
 Republic. The rest of I. also was soon parcelled out into 
 740 
 
 republics, such as the Parthenopoean, Tiberine, Cispadane, and 
 Ligurian. On Napoleon becoming emperor of the French, the 
 Cisalpine Republic was in 1805 turned into the kingdom of I., 
 with himself as king, and it was considerably enlarged by the 
 addition of the Ligurian Republic and the Austrian Venetian 
 territory. In 1806 Napoleon made his brother Joseph king of 
 Naples, and in 1809 he gave to his sister Eliza, Tuscany, Lucca, 
 and Piombino. In this same year the Pope was taken prisoner^ 
 and what remained of the Papal States occupied by the French. 
 On the overthrow of Napoleon in 1815, the Congress of Vienna 
 made Austria the dominant power in I., with the Lombardo- 
 Venetian kingdom and the Austrian princes Ferdinand III. to 
 Tuscany, Maria Louisa to Parma, and Francis IV. to Modena. 
 The Bourbon princes, Ferdinand II. and Charles Louis, were 
 given the Two Sicilies and Lucca respectively, and Pius VII. re- 
 installed in the Papal States. Sardinia regained her dominions, 
 to which was added the territory of the old Genoese Republic. 
 The next lasting territorial changes followed on the Franco- 
 Austrian War of 1859, when Sardinia obtained Lombardy from 
 Austria, and, by popular vote, the Romagna, Tuscany, Modena, 
 and Parma. In i860 came Garibaldi's wonderful expedition 
 into Sicily, resulting in the Two Sicilies, Umbria, and The 
 Marches being brought under the rule of Victor Emmanuel II., 
 declared king of I. in 1861. Death of Cavour, 1861. In the 
 Austro-Prussian war of 1866 I. got Venetia, and finally the 
 Franco- Prussian war of 1870 gave her the opportunity of occupy- 
 ing Rome, which became henceforth the capital, and put an end 
 to the temporal power of the Papacy. 
 
 Itamaraca, isl. , on the coast of Brazil, prov. Pernambuco, 
 23 m. N. Recife. Length, N. to S., 9 m. ; breadth, 6 m. It 
 contains the town Conceipio. 
 
 Itain1>e, mt. , a summit of the Serra do Espinhapo, Brazil, 
 prov. Minas Geraes, SE. of Diamantina. Height, 5958 ft. 
 
 Itaparlcd, fertile isl., Brazil, prov. Bahia, in the mouth of 
 All Saints Bay, with a town at its N. end of the same name, 
 in 13° S. P. of town 6000. 
 
 Itap6, vil. , Paraguay, 74 m. ESE. Asuncion, 9 m. W. Villa 
 Rica, on the railway to Villa Rica. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Itapeclrica, vil., Brazil, prov. and 20 m. SW. by W. Sao 
 Paulo. 
 
 Itapemlrim, small seapt. , Brazil, Espirito Santo, in 20° 59' S. 
 
 Itapicnrn, riv. , Brazil, prov. Bahia, rises in the Serra Dia- 
 mantina, and enters the Atlantic 70 m. NE. Bahia, after an E. 
 course of 350 m. 
 
 Itapicnrn, riv., Brazil, in the E. of Maranhao, flows first E. , 
 at the base of Serra do I. , then N. into the Bay de Sao Jos6, on 
 the E. side of the isl. of Sao Luiz de Maranhao. Length, 600 
 m. In its lower course navigable by steamers. 
 
 Itapoa, or Itapna, cape, Brazil, prov. Bahia, with light- 
 house in 12° 58' S. , visible 14 m. 
 
 Itappo, in S. America, an artificial or semi-artificial water-way 
 connecting two rivers. 
 
 Itapna, Indian name of Villa Encarnacion (q.v.), Paraguay, 
 
 Itaqny, tn. , Brazil, state of Rio Grande do Sul. P. 4000. 
 
 Itdrsi, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Hoshangabid, 
 at the junction of the Great Indian Peninsula Rly. and the 
 Bhopdl State Rly. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Itasca, an unorganised co., U.S., Minnesota, on the N. 
 frontier, crossed by 94° W. 
 
 Itasca Lalce, U.S., Minnesota, Beltrami co. , 150 m. W. by 
 N. Duluth. It collects the remotest headwaters of the Missis- 
 sippi. Alt. 1568 ft. 
 
 Itasy, lake, Madagascar, 56 m. WSW. Antananarivo. Alt. 
 3870 ft. 
 
 Itata, riv., southern Chile, flov«ng from SE. to NW., sepa- 
 rating provs. Nuble and Maule from Concepcion, and entering 
 the Pacific in 36° 22' S. Length, no m.; area of basin, 4245 
 sq. m. ; discharge, 6400 cubic ft. 
 
 Itatiaia-assn, the highest known mt. of Brazil, on the 
 boundary between Minas Geraes and Rio de Janeiro, in the 
 Serra da Mantequeira, 60 m. from the coast. Alt. 8900 ft. 
 (Glaziou, b); 10,300 ft. (see Jour. R. G. S., 1874, p. 265); 
 10,040 ft. (Wells, in Proe. R. G. S. , 1886, p. 357). 
 
 Itatlba, vil, Brazil, prov. and 43 m. N. by W. Sao Paulo. 
 
 Itangna, vil. , Paraguay, 17 m. ESE. Asuncion. P. < 2000. 
 
 Itannas, small seapt. , on the E. ct. of Brazil, Espirito Santo*, 
 in 18° 25' S. 
 
 Itawa, country, central Africa, stretching from the SW. of 
 Lake Tanganyika towards Lake Mwero. 
 
 Itawam'ba, co., U.S., Mississippi, E. frontier, N. of 34° N 
 
 Itclien, or Aine, riv. , Eng. , Hampshire, rising in the W. of 
 the Petersfield div., and flowing W. then S. past Winchester 
 into Southampton Water at Southampton. 
 
 Itclien, vil., Eng., Hampshire, ^ m. E. Southampton, on the 
 E. shore of the estuary of the Itchen, close to Woolston stn., 
 P.O., and PM.O. (I. Ferry). 
 
 Itclien, small riv., Eng., in the E. of Warwickshire, flows 
 W. then N. to the Leam. 
 
 Itchen Abbas and Itchen Stoke, two adjoining pars. , Eng., 
 Hampshire, Andover div., on the Itchen, 4 m. NE. by E». 
 
ITCH — I V Y B 
 
 Winchester. I. Abbas, with stn. (Itcblii A.) on the L. & SW. 
 R., PM.O., P.<25o; I. Stoke, P.<soo; eccles. par. (I. Stoke 
 with Abbotstone) P. <soo. 
 Itclieiior, West, par., Eng., Sussex, 6 m. SW. Chichester. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Itclilugfleld, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 2^ m. WSW. 
 Horsham. P. <5oo. 
 
 Itclilngs-well, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., e,h ™- 
 S. by E. Newbury, 2 m. NE. by E. Burghclere stn. P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (I. with Sydmoutou) P. <7So. 
 
 Itclilngton, Long, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Rugby div. , 6 m. 
 E. Leamington, 2 m. S. Marston stn. , P. O. ; 4869 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Iteiiez, riv. , on the E. frontier of Bolivia. See Guapore. 
 
 Iterup, one of the Kurile Is. , Japan. See Itarnp. 
 
 Ithaca (Greek Ithake, TWakl). 1. Isl., Greece, one of the 
 Ionian Is., 19 m. W. of the prov. Acarnania and.iEtolia. Area 
 37 sq. m. P. (demos, 1889) 4605. 2. Seaport, on the E. side 
 of a bay on the E. ct. P. <400o. 
 
 Itbaca, vil. , U.S., Michigan, Gratiot co. , 43 m. SW. by W. 
 Bay City. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Itliaca, city, U.S., New York, Tompkins co., at the S. end 
 of Lake Cayuga, 45 m. SSW. Syracuse. P. (1880) 9100 ; (1890) 
 11,100. 
 
 Ithouie, comm. , Greece. See Pltauarlou. 
 
 Ithou, riv., Wales, Radnorshire, trib. of the Wye, which it 
 joins on the 1. bk. 13 m. W. by S. New Radnor, 
 
 Itiuibirl, riv. , central Africa. See Lolka. 
 
 Itl'ri, Wahoko name of the Semliki R. , central Africa. 
 
 Itkurl, coalfield, Brit. India, Bengal, Hazdribdgh dist., in 
 valley of Mohdni R. 
 
 Itlaw, hamlet, Scot., in co. and 6 m. S. Banff, P.O. 
 
 Itolga-wa, tn., Japan, 35 m. SW. Niigata. P. 5300. 
 
 Itouanias, riv. , Bolivia. See Sau Sllguel. 
 
 Itn, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 7 m. NNW. Gaeta. 
 P. 6600. 
 
 Itsifoby, tn. , Madagascar, Bara prov. , in 21° 47' S. , 46° 35' E, 
 
 lt«kii>sltiuia, Japan. See Hlrosblma. 
 
 Itterlngham, par., Eng., Norfolk, on the Bure, Northern 
 div., 8i m. SW. Cromer, 4 m. NW. Aylsham, 2 m. E. by N. 
 Corpusty and Saxthorpe stn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. 
 (I. with Maiiuingtou) P. <soo. 
 
 Ittou, par., Eng., Monmouth, S. div., 2^ m. WNW. Chep- 
 stow. P. <250. 
 
 It(i, vil., Brazil, on the riv. Tiete, prov. and 40 m. NW. Sao 
 Paulo. P. 6000. 
 
 Itur%a, region, Palestine, between the Lake of Tiberias and 
 Damascus. 
 
 Itiirl, riv. , Congo Free State. See Aruwlml. 
 
 Ituniba Hills, E. Africa, Usugara, consist of five ranges 
 between 6° 3o'-7° S., 36° s°'~37° E. , the highest peaks about 
 550Q ft. above the sea ; with remarkable native iron-works. 
 {J^roc. R. G. S. 1883, p. 585.) 
 
 Iturup, Iterup, or Stateu Island, the largest of the Kurile 
 Is., Japan, crossed by lat. 45° N. Surface mountainous, and 
 covered with forests ; it contains an active volcano ; streams 
 abound with salmon from August to December. Chief port, 
 Shana, on the NW. ct. Length, 140 m. ; average breadth, 20 
 m. ; area, 2657 sq. m. 
 
 Itzal, reten, or Sau Andres, irregular lake, N. Guatemala, 
 crossed by 90° W. , and just N. of 17" N. Length, 42 m. ; 
 width, 4 m. 
 
 Kzas, Indians. See Petenes. 
 
 Itzehue, tn. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle Stein- 
 burg, on the riv. Stor, 32 m. NW. by N. Hamburg ; river-port ; 
 various manufactures. P. (1871) 9100; (1890) 12,100; comm. 
 P. 12,500. 
 
 Inka (ai-yii'ka), tn. , U.S. , Mississippi, Tishomingo co. , on the 
 Tennessee R., 115 m. E. by S. Memphis (Tenn.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ivaliy, riv., Brazil, Parana, flows NW. then W. into the riv. 
 Parana, which it joins in about 23° 40' S. Its navigation is inter- 
 rupted by frequent rapids, the lowest of which is in about 23° 56' 
 '~^., 52° 30' W. [four. R. G. S., 1876, map, p. 263.) 
 
 Ivauclce, tn. , Austria. See Elbenschltz. 
 
 Ivsinec, comm. , Hungary, prov. Croatia-Slavonia, co. and 12 
 111. SW. Varazdin. P. <40oo. 
 
 Ivan-gorod. 1. Old fortress, Russia, govt, and 85 m. 
 \\'SW. of St. Petersburg, on r. bk. of Narova R., opposite 
 Narva. 2. Tn., Russia, govt, and 58 m. SE. of Chernigov. 
 P. <5coo. 
 
 Ivaiihoe, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Hastings, 20 m. from 
 Belleville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ivanlioc, post-tn.. New South Wales, co. Mossgiel, 410 m. 
 WNW. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ivaulioe, post-tn., Victoria, co. Bourke, 6 m, ENE. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ivaiiic, fortress and monastery, Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, 
 CO. Belovar, 22 m. ESE. Agram. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ivanovo-Vozuesensk, tn. , Russia, govt, and 86 m. by rail 
 (via Shuya) N. of Vladimir ; one of the chief centres of Russian 
 cotton industry ; important fairs. P. 22,000. 
 
 iTauovskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N, Caucasia, govt. 
 Kubaii, dist. Tenaryuk, 30 m. NW. of Ekaterinodar. P. 
 8500. 
 
 Ivauovskoye, vil. , Russia, govt, and 48 m. W. of Kursk ; 
 formerly residence of the Cossack Hetman Mazeppa. P. 5000. 
 
 Ivan Pass, on the boundary line between Bosnia and Herze- 
 govina, with a tunnel, 708 yds. in length, carrying the railway 
 from Mostar to Serajevo. Alt. 3320 ft. 
 
 Iveagli, Iiower, bar. , Ire. , in the NW. of co. Down, divided 
 into a Lower and an Upper Half. 
 
 Iveagli, Upper, bar. to the S. , divided into Lower Half and 
 Upper Half (i) and (2). 
 
 Ivegill, or Hlghliead, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cumberland, on the 
 border-line between the divs. of Penrith and Eskdale, on the 
 Caldew, 8 m. S. by E. Carlisle, 2| m. SW. Southwaite stn., 
 P.O. P.<7SO. 
 
 Ivel (ai'vel), riv., Eng., Bedfordshire, flows NE. then N. past 
 Biggleswade to the Great Ouse, which it joins at Langford End. 
 
 lYelchester, par. , Eng. , Somerset. See nchester. 
 
 Iver (ai'ver), par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div., 
 on the Colne, 5^ m. NE. by E. Windsor, ij m. WNW. West 
 Drayton stn., PMT.O., and P.O. (I. Ueatb) ; 6467 ac. P.< 
 2500; eccles. par. (I. Heath) P. <:75o. 
 
 Iveragh, bar. , Ire. , SW. co. Kerry. 
 
 Iveria, ancient name of Georgia {q.v.), state, Russian Trans- 
 caucasia. 
 
 Iverk (ai'verk), bar.. Ire., in the SW. of co. Kilkenny. 
 
 Iverna. See Ireland. 
 
 Iverskly, monastery, Russia, govt, and 85 m. SE. of Nov- 
 gorod, near Valdai town. 
 
 Iveruss, par. , Ire. , co. Limerick, bar. Kenry, on riv. Shannon, 
 3 m. N. Askeaton. P. <75o. 
 
 IvescI, Roumania, prov. Tecucl, 32 ra. NW. by W. Galatz. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Iveston, par. , Eng. , Durham, NW. div. , 10 m. N W. by W. 
 Durham, x\ m. NE. Knitsley stn. P. <45oo. 
 
 Ivlgtut, or iTlktnt, settlement on SW. ct. Greenland, in 61° 
 10' N. Mean temp. (11 yrs. , 1874-84), yr. 33.5'' F., Feb. 17.4°, 
 July 46.5° ; rfall. (9 yrs.|, 45.75 in. 
 
 Ivlnghoe (ai'ving-ho), par. and market-tn., Eng., Bucking- 
 hamshire, div. and 8 m. E. by N. Aylesbury ; has cattle fairs. 
 PM.O. Market-day, S. 5606 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 iTlngton, eccles. par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 3 m. 
 SW. Leominster. P. <75o. 
 
 iTlza, or Iblza, the most westerly of the Balearic Is. , and the 
 nearest to the Spanish coast ; length, NE. to SW. , 20 m. ; average 
 breadth, 11 m. Surface hilly and well wooded : valleys are fertile. 
 The fisheries are important. Timber and salt, from salt-works 
 along the coast, are almost the sole exports. Area, 230 sq. m. 
 P. about 20,000. Ivlza, the cap., on the SE. ct. , has one of 
 the finest harbours in the Mediterranean. P. (1877) 7400. 
 
 iTOhlbe, a remarkable isolated mountain in S. Madagascar, 
 in 22° 37' S. , 47° 2' E. , with a large town on its flat summit, 260 
 m. S. by W. Antananarivo. (Jour. R. G. S. , 1877, p. 53. ) 
 
 Ivonbrook Grange, par., Eng., Derbyshire, 4 m. NW. 
 Wirksworth. P. <25o. 
 
 ivory Coast, coast region in W. Africa, forming part of 
 Upper Guinea. The I. C. extends from Cape Three Points to 
 Cape Palmas. It is a monotonous tract of land, the eastern 
 parts of which are flat and full of lagoons, the most important 
 being that of Grand Bassam. W. of this lagoon the last off- 
 shoots of the plateaux of the interior approach the coast, and the 
 country gradually rises in the direction of Cape Palmas, the 
 highest elevations being Moimt Oval (1300 ft. ) and the St. Andr6 
 Hills (900 ft. ). It has been proved by Captain Binger's recent 
 explorations that the rivers of the I. C. , viz. , the Komoe, Agniby, 
 and Lahu, are much larger, and take their rise much farther m 
 the interior than was assumed before. Parts of this coast belong 
 to France, Great Britain (Gold Coast col.), and Liberia. A 
 number of trading factories exist, but the moist and oppressively 
 hot climg.te is very unhealthy to Europeans. Ivory, which was 
 in former times plentiful, is now scarce. [H. G. S.J 
 
 Ivoy-le-Pr^. See Yvoy-le-Pr^. 
 
 Ivrea, the ancient Esparedia, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 
 30 m. NNE. Turin, on riv. Dora Baltea; has a citadel, a fort, 
 and an old cathedral ; manufactures of silk goods. Celebrated 
 for its carnivals. Alt. 775 ft. P. (1881) 8700. 
 
 Ivrlje, cape, Turkey in Europe, in the Gulf of Saros, prov. 
 and 15 m. NW. by N. Gallipoli. 
 
 Ivry-la-Batallle, tn., France, dep. Eure, arr. and 17 m. SE. 
 Evreux ; celebrated for the decisive victory gained by Henry IV. 
 over Mayenne in 1590 ; has manufactures of musical instruments 
 and billiard balls, and is noted for its leather. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ivry-soT-Selne, tn., France, dep. Seine, arr. Scdaux, 3I m. 
 SSE. Notre Dame, i m. from the city wall ; with a fort, and 
 various manufactures. P. 19,800. 
 
 Ivybrldge, eccles. par. and small tn., Eng., Devonshire, 
 Totnes div., 10 m. E. by N. Plymouth, on the G. W. R.; charm- 
 ingly situated in the richly wooded valley of the Erme, with a 
 large paper-mill. P. <2ooo. 
 
 741 
 
IVYC-JABB 
 
 IrycUnrcli, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 7J m. NE. by 
 
 E. Rye, 2 m. ENE. Brookland stn., P.O. ; 4563 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Ivy Hatcb, hamlet, Eng., Kent, on the W. border of the 
 
 Med way div., 4^ m. N. Tunbridge, 2 m. SSE. Kemsingstn.,P.O. 
 
 Iwa, Japanese, ' a rock.' 
 
 Iwade (ai'wed), par., Eng., Kent, Faversham div., 4J m. S. 
 by W^ Sheemess, 5 m. N. by W. Sittingbourne stn. P. <soo. 
 Iwal, or IcUnosekl, tn., Japan, 135 m. S. by E. Aomori. 
 P. 13,700. 
 
 iTrakl, kuni or old prov. , Japan, now partly in Fukushima 
 ken, partly in that of Miyagi. 
 
 Iwakl-san, mt., Japan, near the N. end of the main islands 
 SW. of Aomori, often called Tsugaru Fuji on account of it, 
 resemblance to Fujinoyama; ascended by pilgrims. Alt. 5230 
 ft (Naumann). 
 
 Iwakunl, tn., Japan, 167 m. NE. by E. Nagasaki; noted 
 for its manufactures of silk, paper, cotton, mats, and mosquito 
 nets. P. 11,300. 
 
 Iwaml, kuni or old prov. , now in Shiraane ken, Japan. 
 
 Iwan6vrka, vil., Austria, prov. Galicia, dist. Trembowla. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Iwashlro, kuni or old prov. , now in Fukushima ken, Japan. 
 
 Iwate, ken or prefecture, Japan, cap. Morioka, E. side of 
 Honshiu, N. end, crossed in the N. by 40° N. 
 
 Iweme (i-'wem) Conrtnaj, or Shroton, par., Eng., 
 Dorsetshire, Northern div., 14 m. E. by S. Sherborne, 2 m. 
 ENE. Shillingstone stn., P.O. P. <;7So; eccles. par. (I. C. 
 with Faningdon) P. <;7So. 
 
 Iweme Minster, par., li m. NNE. Iweme Courtnav, 
 PMT.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Iwkowa, vil. , Austria, prov. Galicia, dist. Brzesko. P. <3000. 
 
 two, tn., W. Africa, Yoruba country, 102 m. NE. Lagos. 
 P. 60,000. 
 
 Iwonlcz, vil. , Austria, prov. Galicia, dist. Krosno. P. <3000. 
 
 Iwo-san, or Tnzan, mt., Japan, Yezo, 68 m. SW. of the NE. 
 point of the island, covered with thick layers of very good sulphur, 
 which is conveyed to Shibecha by a truck railway 24 m. long. 
 
 Iwo-to, isls. See Sulphur Islands. 
 
 Iwny, market-tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 6 m. NE. 
 Cambrai ; manufactures cutlery. P. <:4000. 
 
 Ixcnlncnltlapllco, vil. , Mexico, Hidalgo, 10 m. W. Pachuca. 
 
 Ixcnlntla, tn., W. Mexico, prov. Jalisco, 37 m. NW. Tepic 
 P. (of comm.) 10,300. 
 
 Ixelles, tn. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, i^ m. S. by E. and a 
 suburb of Brussels, with the zoological gardens. P. (1871) 
 24,900 ; P. (1890) 44,600. 
 
 Ixmlqnllpan, tn. , central Mexico, prov. Hidalgo, 37 m. 
 NW. Pachuca, P. (of comm.) 13,000. 
 
 Ixopo, div. of Natal, between the Umzimkulu (S. frontier) 
 and Umkomanzi Rivs. 
 
 Ixopo, vil.. Natal, 38 m. S. by \\\ Pietermaritzburg. 
 
 Ixtacclhnatl, or Iztacclhnatl ('the white woman'), mt., 
 in the SE. of the valley of and 37 m. from Mexico. Alt. 16,960. 
 
 Ixtahnacan, \'il. , Guatemala, dep. and 10 m. WNW. Solola. 
 P. (of comm.) 16,300. 
 
 Ixtnpalapa, \il. , central Mexico, dep. and 7 m. NE. Tlalpan. 
 P. (of comm. ) 5500. 
 
 Ixtlan, vil. , Mexico, prov. Jalisco, 43J m. ESE. Tepic. P. 
 (of comm. ) 5000. 
 
 Ixworth, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 6 m. NE. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, 3J m. N. by E. Thurston stn., with abbey 
 and Roman antiquities, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ixworth Thorpe. £^ "rhorpe-by^Ixworth. 
 
 lya, riv. , E. Siberia, govt. Irkutsk, 1. bk. trib. of Oka ; rises 
 in Sayan Mts., flows NE. over 350 m. 
 
 lyo, kuni or old prov. , now forming Ehime ken, Japan. 
 
 lynrl, W. ct. of Frederik-Hendrik I., Dutch New Guinea. 
 
 Izabal, seapt. tn.. Central America, Guatemala, 100 m. NE. 
 by E. Guatemala, in a hot, pestiferous locality, on the S. shore 
 of Lake I. or Golfo Dulce {q.v.)\ cap. dep. I. P. (with dist.) 
 5100. 
 
 Izadeh, vil., Persia, prov. Mazanderan, on the Caspian Sea, 
 32 m. W. by N. Barfrush. 
 
 Izaico, or Isalco, tn. , Central America, Republic of Salvador, 
 5 m. NE. Sonsonate. At the time of the Spanish conquest an 
 opulent city. P. 5300. 
 
 Izaico, volcano. Central America, Republic of Salvador, dep. 
 and 19 m. NE. Sonsonate. First eruption March 29, 1793. 
 Izamal, tn., Mexico, Yucatan, 45 m. E. M6rida. P. 6000. 
 Izard, CO., U.S., Arkansas, intersected by 36° N. and 92° W., 
 and bounded on SW. by White R. 
 
 Izbarta, ancient Baris, tn., Asia Minor, vilayet and no m. 
 W. Konia, cap. sanjak Hamid ; well supplied with water; 
 gardens round every house. Suffered firom an earthquake, Jan. 
 16-17, 1889. P. 20,000 ; Moham. 13,000 ; orthodox Greeks, 
 7000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Izborsk, vil. , Russia, govt, and 20 m. SW. of Pskov ; former 
 seat of a fort, mentioned in annals under 862 B.C. at the appeal 
 of the Varyag chieftains by the Russians. P. <iooo. 
 Izcnande. See Iscnande. 
 
 Izel, vil., Belgium, prov. Luxembourg, arr. Virion, on the 
 Semoy, 19 ra. E. Sedan. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Izhevskly, gun-factory and iron-works, Russia, govt. Vyatka, 
 14s m. SW. of Perm, on upper Izh R., 20 m. from Kama R. 
 P. 21,500. 
 
 Izhma, vil., Russia, govt. Archangel, on Izhma R., 40 m. 
 from its junction with Pechora ; centre for the Pechora region. 
 P. -c 1000. 
 Izhorskly, iron-work. See Kolplno. 
 
 Izlenx, tn., France, dep. Loire, on the Gier, arr. and 11 m. 
 ENE. St. Etienne. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Izmall, dist. tn., SW. Russia, prov. Bessarabia, on the Kilia 
 branch of the Danube, 45 m. W. from its entrance into Black 
 Sea ; annexed to Russia in 1878. P. 35,050. 
 
 IzmalloTo, vil., Russia, govt, and 2 m. E. of Moscow; 
 formerly residence of the Tsars. P. <5ooo. 
 Izmld, Asia Minor. See Ismld. 
 Izmir, Asia Minor. See Smyrna. 
 
 Izniijar, comm., Spain, prov. C6rdoba, dist. Rute. P. 7000. 
 Iznalloz, comm. , Spain, prov. and 12 m. NNE. Granada. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Iznatoraf, comm., in S. of Spain, prov. Jaen, dist. Villa- 
 carriedo, between the Guadalquivir and GuadaUmar. P. <4ooo. 
 Iznlkmld, tn. , Asia Minor. See Ismld. 
 Izs^ik, tn., Hungary, co. Pest, dist. Kiskun felso. P. <5ooo. 
 Iztacclhnatl, mt. , Mexico. See Ixtacclhnatl. 
 Izn, kuni or old prov., Japan, now partly in Shizuoka ken, 
 partly in Tokyo-fii. It forms the penin. between Sagami and 
 Suruga Ba)^. 
 
 IzAcar, or Matamoros, tn., Mexico, Puebla, 34 m. SW. by 
 S. Puebla. P. 12,000. 
 
 Izogahara, Izn>hara, or Iznnohara, formerly known to 
 Europeans as Fachio, tn., Japan, cap. Tsu-shima I., in Korea 
 Strait, 34° 12' N., 122° 16' E. Charmingly situated in a valley 
 surrounded by wooded hills, on one of the finest natural harbours 
 in Japanese waters. See Jour. R. G. S. , 1863, p. 178 (with map). 
 P. 7600. 
 
 Izninl, or Idznml, kuni or old prov., now in Ozaka-fu, 
 Japan, on E. side of the I.>Xada, — the bay on which the ports 
 of Ozaka and Kobe stand, separated from the main (western) 
 portion of the Inland Sea by the isL of Awaji. The sea abounds 
 in fish, whence its name. 
 
 Iznml Strait, the entrance to I.-Nada, between Awaji on the 
 W. and the main island of Japan on the E. 
 
 Iznml-yama, quarries yielding the stone employed in the 
 neighbouring potteries of Arita, in the W. of Kiushiu, Japan. 
 Iznmo, kuni or old prov., now in Shimane ken, Japan. 
 Izumo, temple, Japan. See Klzukl. 
 
 Iznmozakl, ct. viL, Japan, Honshiu, 20 m. SW. by S. 
 Niigata. P. 5100. 
 
 Izn-no-Shlchlto (' Seven Isles of Izu '), isls. , Japan, stretching 
 over 100 m. S. from near the entrance of Tokyo Bay to 33° N. 
 
 Iznm, noted limestone caverns, Japan, Honshiu, a few miles 
 S. of Nikko. 
 
 Izynm, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 81 m. SE. of Kharkov, 
 on r. bk. of N. Donets R. P. 23,000. 
 
 Jaba, Bfew, tn.. Eastern Turkistan, prov. and 15 m. W. 
 Khotan, on the 1. bk. of the riv. Karakash, surroimded by a 
 fortified walL District highly cultivated. P. 7500. 
 
 Jabalon, riv., Spain, in the S. of New Castile, flows WNW. 
 to the Guadiana. 
 
 Jabalpnr, or Jnbbnlpore (census), tn., Brit. India, Central 
 
 Provs., cap. dist. J., 150 m. NNE. Nigpur ; situated in a rocky 
 
 basin, surrounded with a series of lakes shaded by fine trees, and 
 
 bordered by fantastic crags ; the town is modem, with wide and 
 
 742 
 
 regular streets ; trade immensely developed by the opening of the 
 railway system ; it is perhaps the most important railway station 
 in India. Alt. 1460 ft. Mean temp., yr. 75° F., Dec. 61°, May 
 QO° ; rfalL, yr. 53.6 in., June -Sept. 49.2 in. ; July-Aug. 32.4 in. 
 P. (1881)75,700; (1891)84,500; Hindus, 60,900; Moham. 19,400. 
 
 Jabayak, tn. , Alwssinia, Ala, 155 m. SiSW. Debra Tabor. 
 
 Jabbok, riv. of Palestine, in the ' country beyond Jordan,' 
 rises in Jebel Hauran, and flows SW. and W. into the Jordan, 
 30 m. above the Dead Sea. Length, about no m. 
 
JABE — JAEN 
 
 Jaber, ruined fort, Turkey in Asia, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Euphrates, 75 m. ESE. Aleppo. 
 
 Jablanoc, Pnnta, cape at the N. end of the isl. of Cherso, 
 Austria, in the Adriatic. 
 
 Jab Ion, Slavonic, 'apple-tree.' 
 
 JaUonka, comm., Hungary, co. Arva, near the Galician 
 frontier, 60 m. NNE. Neusohl. P. <:400o. 
 
 Jablonow, market-tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 45 m. W. 
 by N. Czernowitz. P. <:3000. 
 
 Jablonoiro, estate, Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 32 m. NE. 
 Thorn. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Jablnnkan, vil. , Atistria, Moravia, 39 m. S. Troppau. P. 
 <;2O0O. 
 
 Jablnnkan, tn. , Austria, Silesia, on riv. Osla, 47 m. SE. by 
 E. Troppau. Above it is the Jablnnka Pass [Carpathians, 
 Passes]. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Jabneel, place named in O. T. See Yebnata. 
 
 Jabron, riv., France, deps. Dr6me and Basses- Alpes, flows 
 S. , and enters the Durance near Sisteron. 
 
 Jabn, dist, W. Africa, Upper Guinea, E. of and dependent 
 on Dahome. 
 
 JabnkoTac, viL, Servia, circle Kraina. P. <4000. 
 
 Jabnl, tn. , Syria, 31 m. SE. Aleppo, on the N W. shore of a 
 salt lake ; with important salt-extraction industry. 
 
 Jaca, comm., Spain, in the Pyrenees, prov. and 33 m. N. by 
 W. Huesca, on the Aragon, with a fort ; seat of a bishop. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Jacarehy, coast tn., Brazil, prov. and 60 m. W. by S. Rio 
 de Janeiro. Alt. 1835 ft. 
 
 Jacaretay, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, Sao Paulo, on the Para- 
 hyba, 49 m. NNE. Santos. 
 
 Jacarepagna, tn. , Brazil, belonging to the Municipium Neu- 
 trum, and 17 m. WSW. of Rio Janeiro. P. 6000. 
 
 Jachal, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 94 m. N. by W. 
 San Juan. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Jacje, tn., Bosnia, circle Travnik, dist. J. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Jaek, CO., U.S., N. Texas, N. of 33° N., crossed by 98° W. 
 
 Jacket Birer, Canada, New Brunswick, Restigouche co., 
 flows into Chaleur Bay about 66° W. 
 
 Jackfleld, eccles. par., Eng. , Shropshire, Broseley par., with 
 coal-mining, PMT.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Jack Fish, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 840 
 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Jack IJst, sandbank, Holland, in the North Sea, prov. N. 
 Holland, to the SE. of Vlieland. 
 
 Jack Lahn, vil. , Upper Guinea, Ivory Coast, in about 4i''W. 
 
 Jacksboro, tn., U.S., Texas, Jackco., 85 m. WNW. Dallas. 
 Alt. 1133 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). Mean temp., yr. 64.5° F., 
 Jan. 43 , July 83.7°. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jack's Hole, coastguard stn., 3 m. N. Mizen Head, Ire., 
 CO. Wicklow. 
 
 Jackson, co., U.S., Alabama, in extreme NE., traversed by 
 the Tennessee R. 
 
 Jackson, co. , U.S., Arkansas, crossed in E. by 91° W., and 
 traversed by White R. , S. of 36° N. 
 
 Jackson, vil., U.S., California, Amador co. , 44 m. ESE. 
 Sacramen to. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Jackson, co., U.S., Florida, in the NW., on the N. frontier, 
 crossed in the E. by 85° W. 
 
 Jackson, co. , U.S., Georgia, crossed in extreme S. by 34° N. , 
 and between 83° and 84° W. 
 
 Jackson, co. , U.S. , Illinois, on W. frontier, just S. of 38° N. 
 
 Jackson, co. , U.S., Indiana, crossed by 39° N. and 86° W. 
 
 Jackson, co., U.S., Iowa, on E. frontier, just N. of 42° N. 
 
 Jackson, co., U.S., Kansas, in the NE., crossed by 39^° N. 
 and 96° W. 
 
 Jackson, co. , U.S. , Kentucky, N. of 37° N. , crossed by 84° W. 
 
 Jackson, tn., U.S., Louisiana, East Feliciana par., 92 m. 
 NW. New Orleans. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jackson, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, W. of 92° W., N. of 
 32° N. 
 
 Jackson, city, U.S., Michigan, cap. J. co., on Grand R. , 
 which affords water-power, which, along with the coal found in 
 the neighbourhood, is utilised in manufactures, 68 m. W. by S. 
 Detroit. Principal manufactures, clay goods, railway and other 
 carriages, chemicals, and agricultural implements. P. (1870) 
 11,400; (1880)16,100; (1890)20,800. 
 
 Jackson, vil., U.S., Minnesota, on Des Moines R., 122 m. 
 SW. Minneapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jackson, co. , U.S., Mississippi, in the extreme SE. 
 
 Jackson, city, U.S., Mississippi, Hinds co., on Pearl R., 42 
 m. E. Vicksburg. P. 5900. 
 
 Jackson, vil., U.S., Missouri, Cape Girardeau co., 36 m. 
 NW. Cairo (III). P.<:i5oo. 
 
 Jackson, co., U.S., Missouri, on the W. frontier, bounded 
 on the N. by the Missouri R. 
 
 Jackson, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the W., on the S. 
 frontier, crossed in the extreme E. by 83° W. 
 
 Jackson, vil., U.S., Ohio, cap. J. co., 66 m. SSE. Columbus, 
 with iron-furnaces and important coal-mines. P. <sooo. 
 
 Jackson, co. , U.S., Oregon, in the SW., on the S. frontier, 
 crossed in the W. by 123° W. 
 
 Jackson, co., U.S., S. Dakota, bounded on the N. by 44° 
 N. , between 101° and 102° W. 
 
 Jackson, city, U.S., Tennessee, Madison co., 75 m. ENE. 
 Memphis. Large cotton trade. Seat of the SW. Baptist 
 University, founded 1874. Alt. 425 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 5400 ; 
 (1890) 10,000. 
 
 Jackson, co., U.S., Tennessee, in the N., E. of 86° W., N. 
 of 36° N. , and crossed by the Cumberland R. 
 
 Jackson, co., U.S., Texas, in the SE., crossed by 29° N., to 
 the W. of96°W. 
 
 Jackson, co., U.S., W. Virginia, on the Ohio, crossed in 
 the N. by 39° N. 
 
 Jackson, co., U.S., Wisconsin, N. of 44° N., and crossed 
 by 91° W. 
 
 Jackson, riv., W. Australia, trib. to the Ashburton. 
 
 Jacksonport, vil., U.S., Arkansas, Jackson co., at the junc- 
 tion of White and Black Rivs., 81 m. NW. by W. Memphis 
 (Tenn. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Jackson's Bay, New Zealand, South I. , Westland co. , on 
 the W. ct., in 43° 58' S. 
 
 Jackson's Blrer, U.S., Virginia. See James Blrer. 
 
 Jacksontown, post-settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, 
 CO. Carleton, 8 m. N. by W. Woodstock. 
 
 JacksonTllle, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, co. Carleton, 
 4J m. N. Woodstock. P. < 1500. 
 
 JacksonTllle, tn. , U.S., Alabama, Calhoun co., 65 m. 
 ENE. Birmingham. Alt. 628 ft. (R.R.)- P. <i5oo. 
 
 JacksonTllle, city, U.S., Florida, Duval co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the St. John's R., 12 m. W. by S. of the mouth of the river; 
 the chief distributing centre of commerce between Florida and 
 the North. The port is reached by vessels drawing 14-15 
 ft. In the roadstead inside bar there is a depth of 25-50 ft. 
 Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 69.6° F. , Jan. 56.1°, July 82.9°; rfall. 
 (13 yrs.), 55.31 in. P. (1880) 7700; (1890) 17,200. 
 
 JacksonTllle, city, U.S., Illinois, Morgan co. , 30 m. WSW. 
 Springfield. P. (1880) 10,900; (1890) 12,900. 
 
 JacksonTllle, vil., U.S., Oregon, Jackson co., 65 m. E. by 
 N. of the SW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 JacksonTllle, vil., U.S., Texas, Cherokee co., 100 m. 
 WSW. Shreveport (La.). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Jacmel, seapt. , isl., and republic, Haiti, S. ct., 30 m. SW. 
 by S. Port-au-Prince, in 72° 32' W. The bay is open, and 
 vessels anchor about half a mile from shore in 4-8 fathoms, and 
 load and discharge by means of lighters. There are three 
 small piers. P. 6000. 
 
 JacobilbM, municip., Brit. India, cap. Frontier Dist. of 
 Upper Sind, chief town, 48 m. NW. Sukkur, planned and laid 
 out by General John Jacob in 1847 ; has cantonments. Alt. 
 181 ft. Mean temp., yr. 78° F., Jan. 57°, June 96°; rfall., yr. 
 4.4 in., July and Aug. 2.8 in. City P. (1891) 8300; Hindus, 
 4300 ; Moham. 3800 ; cantonment, P. 4100. 
 
 Jacoblna, tn., Brazil, state and 220 m. NW. Bahia, in a 
 mountainous but fertile dist. P. 10,100. 
 
 Jacobsdal, tn. , Orange Free State, cap. of J. div. , 25 m. S. 
 Kimberley. P. <20oo. 
 
 Jacobsdal, tn., S. African Republic, Marico div., 130 m. 
 W. Pretoria ; lead ores to the S. 
 
 JacobshaTn, settlement on W. coast of Greenland, 69° 14' N. 
 Mean temp. (11 yrs., 1874-84), yr. 23.2° F., Feb. 0.0°, July 
 45.5° ; rfaU. (10 yrs.), 8.79 in. 
 
 Jacobstow, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 10^ m. NW. 
 Launceston ; 4471 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Jacobsto'M'e, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 18 m. 
 SE. by S. Bideford, 5 m. N. Okehampton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Jacomar, promontory, Canary Is. , Fuerteventura. 
 
 Jacqnemel. See Jacmel. 
 
 Jacques Cartler. 1. A county, Canada, Quebec, occupying 
 the SW. end of Montreal I. %, J. C, Grand liake, a lake, 
 in the same prov. , Montmorency co. , 7 m. long N. to S. , in 71° 
 15' W., drained by, 3., the J. C. BlTer, which flows from its S. 
 end, first SW. then S. and again SW. to the St. Lawrence, 
 which it enters about 30 m. above Quebec. 
 
 Jacqnlnot Bay, Bismarck Archipelago, on the E. of Neu- 
 Pommern (New Britain), crossed by 5° 35' S., 151^° E. 
 
 Jacuhy, riv., Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, flows E. into the N. 
 end of the Lagoa dos Patos, opposite Porto Alegre. 
 
 Jade. 1. Small riv., Ger. , Oldenburg, entering the J. Busen 
 from the S. 2. The channel entering the J. Busen from the 
 North Sea. 
 
 Jade Busen, bay, Ger., gd. -duchy Oldenburg, in the N., 
 formed chiefly in 1511 by an irruption of the North Sea. Small 
 tracts at its entrance on each side belonging to Prussia, and the 
 naval station of Wilhelmshaven occupies the western of these, 
 Named after the coast river Jade, which here enters the sea. 
 Connected by canal with the DoUart (mouth of Ems). 
 
 Jaen, or Jaen de Bracamoros, tn. , Peru, dep. and 95 m. 
 N. by W. Cajamarca, 260 m. SSE. Guayaquil. In the vicinity 
 excellent tobacco, called bracamoro, is cultivated. P. <2ooo. 
 
 743 
 
JAEN — JAL 
 
 Jaen, city, Spain, cap. of prov. J., 58 m. E. by S. Cdrdoba, 
 enclosed by tuireted walls, commanded by a fortress on a neigh- 
 bouring hill ; has a cathedral, and manufactures of coarse woollens 
 and linens ; but the extensive manufactures of silk fabrics, which 
 flourished under the Moors, has wholly disappeared. It was an 
 important city under the Romans ; under the Moors it was cap. 
 of the small kgd. of Jaen, and was taken by Ferdinand II. , king 
 of Castile, in 1246. Alt. 1926 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 61.6° 
 F., Jan. 45.1°, July 81.7°. P. (i86o) 22,900 ; (1887) 25,700. 
 
 Jaes, tn. , India. See Jals. 
 
 Jdfar^b^, tn. , India, on the S. ct. of the Kathiawar Penin. , 
 28 m. ENE. Diu, on the estuary of the Randi, the most accessible 
 river on the Kathiiwar ct. , with easy entrance, having no bar. 
 P. (i88i)<sooo. 
 
 Jaffa, or Yafa [Joppa of the O. T. ) , maritime tn. , Palestine , in the 
 Turkish pash. of Syria, 33 m. NW. Jerusalem, with which it is 
 now connected by a railway. There is only an open roadstead, 
 and during westerly gales in winter steamers are firequently un- 
 able to anchor; a harbour has been projected. Around the 
 town are extensive orange and fruit orchards, abounding with 
 wells. The principal exports are oranges, olive-oil, and sesame. 
 Its fortifications were destroyed by Saladin, a.d. 1188. During 
 the Crusades, Richard of England was confined here by sickness. 
 Under the Turks, it was sacked by the Arabs in 1722, by the 
 Mamelukes in 1775, and by Napoleon I. in 1799, when the 
 ' Massacre of Jaffa ' was perpetrated. The Jaffa- Jerusalem Rly. 
 (a single line) starts from the N. of the town close to the seashore, 
 and proceeds E. and S. , past Lydda and Ramleh, where there 
 are stations, to the Wadi Surar, which it ascends on the S. side, 
 passing the Latin convent of Deir Aban, to Bittir, at each of 
 which places there are also stations, thence to Jerusalem. Length, 
 54^ m. Colony of Russian Jews recently settled near. P. 
 about 16,000. 
 
 Jaffa Cape, South Australia. See Beruonllll, Cape. 
 
 Jaffattne, or Jeftnn, Islands, a group of isls. in the Red Sea, 
 off the Egyptian coast, near the entrance of the Gulf of Suez. 
 
 Jaffna, or Jafflnapatam, seapt. tn., Ceylon, Northern prov., 
 on the S. ct. of the isl. of J., 116 m. NW. Trincomali. It has 
 an old Dutch fort, and trade in tobacco and Palmyra timber. P. 
 {1871)34,700; (1891)43,000. 
 
 Jaffrey, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Cheshire co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 JaQrabad, vil. , Persia, Khorassan, 50 m. S. Ashkabad. 
 
 Jag^dbri, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 35 
 m. ESE. Ambald, with considerable manufactures in copper and 
 iron, the metal for which is largely obtained from the adjoining 
 hills ; refinery of borax. P. 13,000 ; Hindus, 9600; Moham. 3100. 
 
 Jagatal. 1. Rangeof mts. , Persia, prov. Khorassan, trending 
 E. and W. to the N. of Sebzewar. 2. A plain to the N. of these 
 mountains, traversed by the Abrishum R. 
 
 Jagatsn, valley, Persia, prov. Azerbaijan, to the S. of Lake 
 Urumia, about 40 m. long, 4-10 m. wade. 
 
 Jagdalak, vil. and pass, Afghanistan, midway between 
 Jalaldbad and Kabul ; scene of engagements in 1842 and 1843. 
 
 Jagdalpnr, chief tn., Bastdr state, India, 198 m. W. by S. 
 Ganjam. P. (i88i)<5ooo. 
 
 Jagdispnr, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Sh4hd- 
 bad, 50 m. W. by S. Patna. P. 12,500 ; Hindus, 10,000. 
 
 Jiigerndorf, tn., Austria, on the frontier of Silesia, on riv. 
 Oppa, 14 m. NW. by N. Troppau ; one of the chief seats of 
 the woollen industry in Austria. Alt. 1025 ft. P. 14,300. 
 
 Jiigers Fonteln, vil.. Orange Free State, Fauresmith div. , 67 
 m. SW. by W. Bloemfontein, with diamond diggings. P. <4000. 
 
 Jaggayyapet, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Kistna, 85 m. 
 NW. Masulipatam. P. 9700 ; Hindus, 8900. 
 
 Jagtaatn, riv., Persia, Azerbaijan, flows NW. , and having 
 watered the plain of Miandab, enters Lake Urumia. Total 
 course probably 130 m. 
 
 Jaglelnica, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 42 m. S. by E. 
 Tamopol. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 JAgir, literally in India, 'a grant of landed estate by the 
 sovereign power,' historical name of a tract of country now known 
 as the dist. of Chengalpat, Madras Presidency. 
 
 Jagltey, tn., Cuba, 91 m. SE. by E. Havana. 
 
 Jagodliia, tn., Servia, prov. Morava, 17m. ESE. Kragujevac. 
 In the town are remains of a mosque, which was one of the largest 
 in Servia. P. < 5000. 
 
 Jagodlna, mts. , near the W. frontier of Servia, containing 
 silver-lead ore, worked by the ancients and still worked, crossed 
 by 42° 20' N. 
 
 Jagr&on, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Ludhidna, 
 67 m. SE. by S. Amritsar. P. 18,100; Moham. 10,100. 
 
 Jagst, formerly Jaxt, riv. , Ger. , Wurtemberg, flows NN W. 
 then W. by S. into the Neckar, opposite Wimpfen, a few miles 
 below Heilbronn ; not navigable. It gives name to a circle of 
 Wurtemberg. 
 
 Jagna, BahJa de, fine bay on the S. ct. of Cuba, 45 m. N W. 
 Trinidad, defended by a strong castle on Cape de los Angelos. 
 
 Jagnar£o, tn. , on S. frontier of Brazil, state of Rio Grande do 
 Sul {q.v.), on the 1. bk. of the J. or Yaguaron, here navigable for 
 Steamers, 12 m. from Lagoa Mirira. P. 5000. 
 744 
 
 Jagnarlbe, riv., Brazil, Ceara, flows E. then NE. into the 
 Atlantic, which it enters by a barred mouth, 72 m. SE. Ceard ; 
 with lighthouse, visible 10 m. 
 
 Jaguarlpe, vil., on the E. ct. of Brazil, Bahia, 28 m. WSW. 
 Sao Salvador, in 13° 9' S. 
 
 Jab&n&bM, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Gayd, 30 m. SSW. 
 Patna. P. (1881)5300; (i89i)<;5ooo. 
 
 JabAn&bikd, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Hugli, on Dhdlkisor 
 R., 40 m. NW. by W. Calcutta. P. (1881) 10,500 ; (1891) 8300; 
 Hindus, 6600. 
 
 Jab&n&b^d, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Fatehpur, 
 26 m. S. Cawnpur. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Jab&nglrdbJld, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Buland- 
 shahr, 50 m. SSE. Meerut. P. (1891) 9900; Hindus, 7200; 
 Moham. 2600. 
 
 Jabde-Bnseu. See Jade-Bnsen. 
 
 Jablam, riv. , India. See Jeblam. 
 
 Jabusbacb, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Annaberg, dist. 
 Ehrenfriedersdorf. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Jabnsdorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Chemnitz, dist. 
 StoUberg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Jabram, tn., Persia, prov. Fars, 162 m. E. by S. Bushire. 
 
 Jalce, fortified tn. , Bosnia, prov. Travnik, on the Vrbas, 66 
 m. SW. by S. Brod. P. <4000. 
 
 Jaldar, tn., Persia, prov. Luristan, 75 m. NW. by N. DizfuL 
 
 Jalgarh, seapt. and vil. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Ratnigiri, 
 on the W. ct. , at the southern entrance to the Shdstri R. , 99 m. 
 S. Bombay city, with a fort, originally built by the Bijdpur 
 kings ; gradually decaying. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Jaila. See Yalla. 
 
 Jallan, dist. of Oman, SE. Arabia, S. of Jebel Akhdar, in- 
 cluding the easternmost point of Arabia. 
 
 Jaluagar, tn. and municip., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. 24 
 Pargands, 28 m. S. by E. Calcutta. P. 8200 ; Hindus, 7500. 
 
 Jalntia Hills, part of one of the hill dists. of Assam, India, 
 S. of the Brahmaputra valley, area about 2000 sq. m. See KbAsl. 
 
 Jatntlapnr, vil., India, Assam, at the foot of the Jaintia 
 Hills, dist. and 23 m. NE. Sylhet ; has some interesting archi- 
 tectural remains. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Jaipur, tn., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Lakhimpur, 32 m. SE. 
 by E. Dibrugarh, on the 1. bk. of Buri Dihing R. , which is navig- 
 able up to this point by steamers during the rains ; extensive 
 coalfields in the neighbourhood. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Jaipur, tn. , India, Rdjputdna,cap. native state J. , 80 m. ENE. 
 Ajmere, chief commercial centre of Rdjputana, which takes its 
 name from Maharaja Siwdi Jai Singh II. , by whom it was foimded 
 in 1728, stands in a small plain supposed to be the bed of a dried- 
 up lake ; remarkable for the regularity and width of its streets. 
 The Rdm Newds Gardens, of 70 ac. , are among the finest and 
 best laid out in India. Alt. 1431 ft. Mean temp., yr. ^f F., 
 Jan. 61°, June 91°; rfall. , yr. 23.8 in., June-Sept. 21.5 in. P, 
 (1870) 138,000; (1881) 143,000; (1891) 159,000. See Amber. 
 
 Jaipur (Jayapurant, ' the city of victory '), tn. , India, Madras, 
 dist. Vizagapatam, residence of the Rdja of the trib. estate of 
 J., in 18° 55' N. and 82° 38' E. Alt. 2000 ft. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Jals, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Rdi Bareli, 57 m. SE. 
 Lucknow; founded in 1540. P. (1891) 11,900; Hindus, 6300; 
 Moham. 5600. 
 
 Jalsalmer, tn., India, Rdjputdna, cap. of native state 
 J., 136 m. ESE. Sukkur, founded in 1156 by Rdwal Jaisal ; 
 situated in a broad belt of low rocky ridges. The buildings are 
 chiefly of yellow sandstone, of great durability and fine grain. 
 There is a fort on a small hill overlooking the town, with walls 
 of great strength, about 25 ft. in height, containing Jain temples. 
 Alt. about 800 ft. P. (1881) 11,000. 
 
 Jaltak, hill fortress, India, Punjab, Sirmiir state, crowning a 
 steep ridge of slate, 30° 36' N. , 77° 24' E. Alt. 4854 ft. 
 
 Jalt^pur, seapt., India, Bombay, dist. Ratndgiri, sub-div. 
 Rdjdpur, 16° 37' N., 73° 24' E. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Jaltpur, decayed tn. , Brit. India, N W. Provs. , dist. Hamirpur, 
 96 m. SW. by S. Cawnpur ; former cap. of native state. P. 
 (1881) 5400. 
 
 Jajarm, vil., Persia, prov. Khorassan, 89 m. NW. by W. 
 Sebzewar. 
 
 J^ljpur, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 43 m. 
 NE. Cuttack, 20° 51' N., 86° 23' E. P. 12,000 ; Hindus, 11,300. 
 Jakbalsbl-Dldl, vil., Caucasia, govt, and dist. of Kutais. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Jakbiiu, seapt., India, Cutch, in the W. of the penin., 155 
 m. SE. Kardchi. P. (1881) 5000. 
 
 Jako, mt. peak, India, Punjab, overhanging the station of 
 Simla, 31° 5' N., 77° 15' E. Alt. 8000 ft. 
 Jakobshavn, Greenland. See Jacobsham. 
 Jakora, Turkish; Slavonic, GJakovlca (jakovitsa), tn., 
 Turkey in Europe, prov. Ipek, i8j m. NW. Prizren. Alt. 1290 ft. 
 Has more than 2000 houses ; 80 per cent, of the pop. Albanians. 
 P. 25,000 (mainly Albanianized Moham.). 
 Jaknns. See Johor. 
 
 Jal, or Jnll, vil. , Baluchistan, on the plain of Kachh Ganddva, 
 60 m. W. Jacobdbdd. 
 
Ij^Hlla, ruins, Palestine, probably the Giloh of the O. T., 31° 
 ^^N., 35° 4' E., 6\ N. by W. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Jala, or ¥ala, tin-mining dist. in the Siamese portion of the 
 Malay Penin., about 6° 30' N., 101° 5' E. The country is 
 elevated, and the climate fine and healthy. 
 Jalaclngo, tn., Mexico, Vera Cruz, 30 m. NW. Jalapa. 
 
 JalilMbM, tn., Afghanistan, to the S. of the Kabul R., 75 
 m. E. Kabul, 91 m. (through the Khaibar Pass) from Peshdwar. 
 Alt. i960 ft. It is famous for the heroic and successful resistance 
 made here by the British troops under Sir Robert Sale in 1841-42. 
 Its defences were destroyed at the British evacuation of Afghani- 
 stan in 1842. Stationary population probably 3000, but the 
 number is greatly augmented in vifinter. 
 
 Jaliiltib^d, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Muzaffarnagar, 
 45 m. NNW. Meerut. P. (1891) 6000; Moham. 3200; Hindus, 
 2800. 
 
 Jaliil^b^d, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Shdhjahanpur. 
 Boats from Cawnpur ascend the Ramgangi as far as Kola Ghat, 
 opposite this town, 48 m. SSE. Bareilly. P. (1881) 8000 ; (1891) 
 6700 ; Moham. 3400 ; Hindus, 3300. 
 
 JaldU, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Ali'garh, 50 m. N. 
 by E. Agra. P. (1891) 7100; Hindus, 4600; Moham. 2500. 
 
 JalsUpnr, tn. and municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gujrat, 
 75 m. N. by W. Lahore. P. 11,100; Hindus, 3200; Moham. 
 7800. 
 
 Jaliilpur, ancient ruined tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Jehlam, 
 68 m. SSE. R4wal Pindi ; identified by General Cunningham 
 with the site of the ancient Bucephala, built, in memory of his 
 famous charger, by Alexander the Great. 
 
 Jal^lpnr, vil. and municip. , Brit. India, Pimjab, dist. and 50 
 m. SSW. Multan. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Jaldlpnr-NaliTl, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Faizabad, 70 
 m. N. by W. Benares. P. 8400; Moham. 4800; Hindus, 3600. 
 
 Jdlandtaar, tn., cantonment, and municip., Brit. India, 
 Punjab, cap. dist. J., 47 m. ESE. Amritsar; original capital of 
 Rajput kgd. of Katoch, which existed as early as the 4th century 
 B.C. P. (1868)50,100; (1881) 52,100; (1891)66,200; Hindus, 
 23,000 ; Moham. 39,000. 
 
 Jalaugi, one of the Nadiya rivs. , Bengal. See UAgli. 
 
 Jalapa, city. Central America, Guatemala, 35 m. E. Guate- 
 mala; cap. dep. J. Alt. 5525 ft. P. 11,100. 
 
 Jalapa, tn., Mexico, state of and 56 m. WNW. Vera Cruz, 
 with which it is connected by rail. Alt. 4330 ft. The medicinal 
 plant ya /a/ grows here wild, and derives its name from this city. 
 P. 18,000. 
 
 Jalapa, small tn., Mexico, Tabasco, 20 m. SE. by S. San 
 Juan Bautista. 
 
 Jal:inu, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. J., 68 m. WSW. 
 Cawnpur ; former cap. of a native state ; the position of the town 
 is low, and surrounded by swamps, which engender cholera and 
 malarious fever. P. (1881) 10,000; (1891)8200; Hindus, 6900; 
 Moham. 1300. 
 
 Jaldessa, tn. , E. Africa, 26 m. N. by E. Harrar. Alt. 3600 ft. 
 
 J^ldhakd, riv. , India, northern Bengal, flows N. to S. be- 
 tween the British dist. of Darjiling and Bhutan state, joins the 
 Dharla near Durgapur. 
 
 Jalesar, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Etah, 
 26 m. NE. by N. Agra. P. (1881) 15,600; (1891) 13,400; 
 Hindus, 7400; Moham. 5700. 
 
 Jalgaou, tn. and municip., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khan- 
 desh, 118 m. S. by W. Indore ; centre of a rich cotton-growing 
 dist. P. (1881) 9900; (1891) 14,700; Hindus, 12,100. 
 
 Jalgdoii-Jambod, or Jalg&on (census), tn., India, Berar, 
 dist. Akola, in 21° 3' N., 76° 35' E. P. 9300; Hindus, 7800; 
 Moham. 1500. 
 
 Jalisco (for some time called Nueva Galicia), a littoral state 
 of Mexico, stretching from the Pacific (with 280 m. coast-line, 
 forming a western promontory-like expansion to Cape Cor- 
 rientes) to the depression (Rio Grande de Santiago-Lake 
 Chapala) between the two Mexican plateaux, on the SW. 
 slopes of the central and Anahuac plateaux, having N. of Rio 
 Santiago the highlands of the Sierra Madre, and from NW. to 
 SE. an extensive volcanic region (Tepic-Colima). The Rio 
 Santiago-Lake Chapala drain the N., the Ameca the centre, 
 riv. Pigiuia the S. Very fertile. Industries active. Important 
 mining (gold, silver). The Tres Marias Is., some 60 m. off 
 the coast, belong to J. , which is the most populous of the states 
 of Mexico. See Mexico, table, &c. 
 
 Jalk ('desolate'), tn. , Persian Baluchistan, near the E. frontier, 
 180 m. NE. by N. of the SE. corner of the empire ; consists of 
 several villages and nine forts in a date-grove at the mouth of a 
 ravine. Total P. 2500-3000. 
 
 Jalk, general name in M^doc and Lande (dep. Gironde, 
 France) for the streams of brown water issuing from the sand of 
 the Landes. 
 
 JalUen, tn., France, dep. Is^re, arr. La Tour-du-Pin, close to 
 Bourgoin. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Jalloukadngn, mountainous country, W. Africa, upper 
 Niger, E. of Futa-jallon. 
 
 JALA — JAMA 
 
 Jallouvre, mt., France, dep. Haute-Savoie, 45 m. WNW. 
 Aosta (Italy). Alt. 7885 ft. 
 
 Jdlua, tn. and cantonment, India, Haidardbdd, 36 m. E. 
 by S. Aurangabdd ; in an arid tract of country, with celebrated 
 gardens growing large quantities of fruit. Rfall. , yr. 33.5 in., 
 June-Oct. 30.2 in. Alt. 1652 ft. P. (1881) 6300. 
 
 Jalo, oasis, belonging to the Aujila group, N. Sahara, Tripoli, 
 78 m. E. Ghadames. 
 
 Jalomitsa, riv. , Roumania. See lalomifa. 
 
 Jal<iu, comm. , Spain, pro v. Alicante, dist. Denia. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Jaloii, riv., Spain, Aragon, rises in the outskirts of the table- 
 land of Castile, and flows NE. past Calayatud and Alagon to the 
 Ebro, about 14 m. NW. Saragossa ; 19 m. above its mouth it is 
 carried through an aqueduct over the Imperial Canal. 
 
 Jdlor, tn., India, Rajputana, 69 m. SSW. Jodhpur. 
 
 Jalorl, or Suket, spur of the N. chain of the Himalayas, 
 running N. and forming the water-parting between the Beas and 
 the Sutlej ; crossed by two roads, the Jalori Pass (alt. 10,980 
 ft.), leading towards Simla, and the Basleo (10,880 ft.), leading 
 towards Rampur. 
 
 Jalpa, tn., Mexico, Tabasco, 15 m. NW. by N. San Juan 
 Bautista. P. (with comm.) < 4000. 
 
 JalpMgnrl, Jalpigori, or Jnlplgoree, tn., Brit. India, 
 Bengal, cap. dist. J. , 50 m. SE. by S. Darjiling. Alt. 270 ft. 
 Rfall., yr. 128.2 in., May-Get. 121. 8 in. P. (1881) 7900 ; (1891) 
 9700 ; Hindus, 5700. 
 
 Jalpan, tn., Mexico, Queretaro, 85 m. E. by N. Guanajuato. 
 P. (with comm.) 10,800. 
 
 Jalnlt, or more properly Jalut, atoll in the Marshall group. 
 Pacific, crossed in the middle by 6° N. and 169° 33' E., measuring 
 38 m. NNW. to SSE., by 22 m. E. to W.; the island of J. in 
 the SE. angle, with the headquarters of a German company 
 trading with the Marshall Is. and neighbouring groups. See 
 Petermann's Mitieil., 1893, P- 238, and plate 17. 
 
 Jamaica (Indian Xaimaca, 'island of springs'), one of the 
 Great Antilles, and the principal of the Brit. W. India Is. , in 
 the Caribbean Sea, between 17° 43-18° 32' N., 76° ii'-78° 21' 
 W., about loom. S. Cuba; length, 144 m. ; average breadth, 30 
 m. Surface mountainous, especially in the E., where the Blue 
 Mountains rise to 7423 ft. ; plains occur only in the S. and W. 
 The N. and E. coasts are consequently bold and abrupt, 
 ascending gradually from the shore to 1000 ft. at a short dis- 
 tance inland ; whilst the S. is more frequently low W. of King- 
 ston, and is more irregular in outline, comprising some fine bays. 
 There are many excellent ports and harbours all round the 
 island. The rivers are numerous, and generally have a very 
 rapid current; only the Black R. is navigable, and that only 
 by small craft for about 30 m. ; valleys are verdant and pic- 
 turesque. The island is composed to a great extent of white 
 and yellow limestone, with patches of metamorphosed and 
 trappean rocks and conglomerate. The mineral deposits are 
 not important, though copper, iron, and lead are widely dis- 
 tributed in small quantities ; there are many mineral and medi- 
 cinal springs, both hot and cold. The climate is said to be 
 superior to that of any other of the W. Indian Is., permitting 
 of an open-air life at all times; the hottest days and nights 
 in the lowlands, except during the rainy seasons in April and 
 May, and September and October, being tempered by sea and 
 land breezes. In the mountains the temperature varies accord- 
 ing to the altitude and exposure to the N. winds. Humidity is 
 scarcely felt in the lowlands, and fogs are never seen along the 
 S. coast. Most of the staple products of tropical countries are 
 raised; and the botanic gardens at Castleton (alt. 600 ft.), 19 
 m. (15 m. N. by W. direct) from Kingston, are used for intro- 
 ducing and establishing new species and varieties of economic 
 plants. The cinchona was introduced in 1866, and now over 
 5000 acres are in cultivation, which, at elevations above 5000 ft. , 
 grows and thrives in a thoroughly satisfactory manner ; tea has 
 recently been introduced. The chief export products are fruit 
 (principally bananas and oranges), sugar, rum, coffee, spices, 
 coco-nuts and dye-woods, 37 per cent, of which in value are ex- 
 ported to England and about one-half to the United States, the 
 trade with which, and above all the fruit trade, has grown very 
 rapidly in recent years. Maize, Guinea corn and rice are the 
 chief grains raised. Cattle and horse rearing are important 
 industries on the N. slopes of the island, where the nutritious 
 grass affords excellent pasture all the year round. Fish are 
 abundant on all parts of the coast. Value of exports and im- 
 ports (consisting mainly of food stuffs and clothing) are nearly 
 equal, each amounting to about ^1,400,000. Revenue and 
 expenditure nearly ;^6oo,ooo. Owing to the character of the 
 country, railways (about 68 m. ) are confined to the S. part of the 
 island, and communication is carried on by road conveyances 
 and mules and pack-horses. The government is administered 
 by a Governor appointed by the Crown, assisted by a Legisla- 
 tive Council composed of nominated and elected members, the 
 latter having the majority. The island is divided into three 
 counties, Surrey in the E. , Middlesex central, and Cornwall in the 
 W. , subdivided into fourteen parishes. There is no ecclesiastical 
 establishment in J. , and the population is almost equally divided 
 ■^ 745 
 
JAMA — JAMU 
 
 between the adherents of the Church of England, Baptists, and 
 Wesleyans. There is a government training-college for males 
 and another for females, each of which is strictly undenomina- 
 tional ; and several endowed schools, where free education may 
 be obtained. Next to Kingston, the cap. of the colony, Spanish 
 Town, the former cap., is the principal town. J. was discovered 
 by Columbus in 1494, colonised by Spain in 1510, and taken by 
 the English in 1655, in whose possession it has ever since con- 
 tinued. Area, 4193 sq. m. P. (1881) 580,800, of whom little 
 over 14,000 are whites. 
 
 Jamaica, vil. , U.S. , New York, Queen's co. , on Long I. , 9 m. 
 E. by N. Brooklyn, with extensive market-gardening. P. 5400. 
 
 Jamaica, tn., U.S., Vermont, Windham co., on West R., 
 37 m. N\\'. Brattleboro by rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Jamdlpnr, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Maim- 
 ansingh, 88 m. N. by W. Dacca. P. (1891) 15,400; Moham. 
 10,700; Hindus, 4700. 
 
 Jam&lpnr, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 7 
 m. S. Monghyr, 32 m. W. by N. Bhagalpur ; containing the iron 
 workshops belonging to the East India Railway Co. P. (1881) 
 13,200; (1891) 18,100; Hindus, 14,100; Moham. 3300. 
 
 Jambell Channel, Ecuador, Gulf of Guayaquil, separating 
 the isl. of Puna from the mainland. See dnayaqnll. Gulf of, 
 
 Jamberoo, post-tp. , New South Wales, Camden co. , 55 m. 
 SSW. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jambes, comm. , Belgium, prov. and art. Namur. P. <4000. 
 
 Jambl (Dutch spelling, DJ), tn., Sumatra, on r. bk. of the 
 Jambi R. , 125 m. NW. Palembang. In and aroimd it many 
 Hindu sculptures have been discovered. 
 
 Jam1>oI, or Jamboll, tn.. En. Roumelia, prov. Sliven, on 
 the Tund2a (Tunja), 49 m. W. Burgas, with which it is con- 
 nected by rail. P. (1888) 11,200; Bulgarians, 8800; Moham. 
 1300. 
 
 Jambn, the northern channel leading inland from False 
 Point anchorage, dist. Cuttack, Orissa, Bengal, India, 
 
 Jamibu, or Jerlng, small maritime state, tributary to Siam, 
 in the Malay Peninsula ; cap. Jambu, in 6° 52' N. , 101° 22' E. 
 
 J&mbnlghiitA, tn., India, Central Provs. , dist. Chanda, 7 
 m. NE. Chimur, with extensive quarries of soapstone. P. 
 <5oc)o. 
 
 J&mbnsar, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 
 28 m. N. by W. Broach. P. 12,100; Hindus, 9100. 
 
 James, city, U.S., N. Carolina, Craven co. P. < 1500. 
 
 James, co. , U.S., Tennessee, on the S. fi^ontier, bounded on 
 the W. by the Tennessee R. 
 
 James and Mary Sands. See HUgli River. 
 
 James Bay, Brit. N. America, a wide gulf of Hudson Bay, 
 on its S. side, between Cape Henrietta Maria and Cape James, 
 5i°-55° N., 78°-83° W. ; length, 280 m. ; average breadth, 150 
 m. The W. and S. coasts are flat, and the water shallow. It 
 contains numerous islands, of which Agoomska and Charlton 
 are the largest ; and receives the Big, East Main and Ruperts 
 Rivs. from the E. ; Moose, Albany, and Attahwahpiskat from 
 S. and W. Explored by Thomas James, the NW. navigator, 
 during the wnter 1632-33. 
 
 James Bay, Canada, Ontario, an inlet of Georgian Bay, on 
 the E. of Grand Mantoulin I. , in 45° 41' N. 
 
 Jamesboro, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Middlesex co., on Mana- 
 lapan Creek, 20 m. ENE. Trenton. P. < 1500. 
 
 James Bridge, stn., Eng. See Darlaston. 
 
 James City, co., U.S., Virginia, in the SE., N. of 37° N., 
 and E. of -jj" W. , bounded on the S. by the estuary of James R. 
 
 James Hall, isls. See Sir James Hall. 
 
 James Island, one of the Galapagos Is., Pacific Ocean, 12 
 m. E. Albemarle I. ; length, 23 m. ; breadth, 10 m. 
 
 Jameson Bay, in the Arctic isL Jan Mayen ; named by the 
 whale-fisher William Scoresby, Jun. , in 1817, after his friend 
 Jameson, the Edinburgh mineralogist. 
 
 Jamesport, vil., U.S., Missouri, Daviess co., 59 m. E. by N. 
 St. Joseph. P. < 1500. 
 
 James RlTer, U.S. , N. and S. Dakota, flows S. then SE. into 
 the Missouri a little below Yankton ; the valley contains good 
 arable soil, rich in phosphate of lime. 
 
 James River, Indian name Po-vrhatan, U.S., Virginia, 
 formed, in about 37° 46' N. , 79° 48' W. , by the union of Jackson 
 and Covirpasture Rivs. (both of which flow for the most part nearly 
 parallel from NE. to SW. near the W. frontier of the state), 
 winds on the whole E. , passing through the Blue Ridge to the 
 NW. of Lynchbiu-g, the first important town on its banks, flows 
 into Chesapeake &y through a broad estuary, at the mouth of 
 which are Hampton Roads ; 450 m. long ; navigable 150 m. up 
 by vessels of 3500-4000 tons to Richmond, where its course is 
 obstructed by rapids. The lateral canal connecting Richmond 
 with Buchanan in Botetourt co. , W. of the Blue Ridge, has long 
 been destroyed. Named by the original settlers (1607) after 
 King James I. of England. 
 
 James River, W. Australia, trib. to the Ashburton. 
 
 Jamestown. See St. Helena. 
 
 Jamestown, viL, Cape Colony, dist and 30 m. S. by E. 
 Aliwal North. P. <i5oo. 
 746 
 
 Jamestown, electoral div. , Ire. , Queen's co. , dist. Emo. 
 
 Jamestown, electoral div., Ire., co. W'estmeath, dist. Castle- 
 town Geogheghan. 
 
 Jamestown, settlement. New Zealand, South I., Lake co., 
 140 m. N. by W. Invercargill. 
 
 Jamestown, vil. , Scot. , Dumbartonshire, on the riv. Leven, 
 and the N. B. R. , 3J m. N. Dumbarton ; has some of the largest 
 print-works in Scotland. PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Jamestown, viL , Scot. , Ross-shire, 5 m. WSW. Dingwall, 2 
 m. SSW. Auchterneed stn., P.O. 
 
 James Town, tn., S. African Republic, Lydenburg div. , 15 
 m. N. Barberton, on the Kaap goldfields. 
 
 James Town, post-tn. , S. Australia, Victoria co. , 68 m. SE. 
 Port .Augusta. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Jamestown, vil., U.S., Indiana, Boone co., 28 m. WNW. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jamestown, city, U.S., New York, Chautauqua co., at the 
 outlet of Chautauqua Lake, 56 m. SSW. Buffalo; favourite 
 summer resort. P. (1880) 9400; (1890)16,000. 
 
 Jamestown, city, U.S., N. Dakota, Stutsman co., 98 m. E. 
 Bismarck, in the artesian well belt of the James R. \'alley ; rail- 
 way jimction. P. <3000. 
 
 Jamestown, vil., U.S., Ohio, Greene co., 46 m. SW. by W. 
 Colvmibus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jamestown, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Mercer co., on Beaver 
 R., 50m. SSW. Erie. P.<;isoo. 
 
 Jamestown, vil., U.S., Rhode I., Newport co., on Canoni- 
 cut I. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jamestown, former tn. , U.S., Virginia, James City co. , 45 
 m. NW. Norfolk ; was the first English settlement in the U.S., 
 founded in 1607, on a promontory of the James R., now an 
 island, which is now the property of the ' Society for the Pro- 
 tection of Virginian Antiquities.' Of the old settlement there 
 remain only ruins of a church-tower and some farm-buildings. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 JamesvUle, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Martin co., on the 
 Roanoke R. , with important herring fisheries. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Jamleson, tp. , Victoria, Wonnangatta co. , ■]2) n^- ENE. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jamlltepec, tn. , Mexico, state and 25 m. SW. by W. Oaxaca. 
 
 J&mlra, one of the mouths of the Ganges, between the Matl4 
 and Hiigli Rivs. 
 
 Jamison, co.. New South Wales, crossed by 30° S., and in 
 the W. by 149° E. , botmded on the S. by the Namoi R. 
 
 Jamkhandl, cap. of native state J., India, Bombay, 37 m. 
 SW. by W. Bijapur. P. (1881) 10,400. 
 
 Jilmkl, tn., Brit India, Punjab, dist Sialkot, 50 m. N. 
 Lahore. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 JammalamadilgU ('the pool of rushes'), tn., Brit India, 
 Madras, dist. Cuddapah, on N. Penner R. , 102 m. E. by S. 
 Bellary. P. 5900 ; Hindus, 4200. 
 
 Jammer Bay, Denmark, on the NW. ct of Jutland. 
 
 Jammerlands Bay, Denmark, on the W. ct of Seeland, 
 prov. Holbak. 
 
 Jammn, Jam<k, or Jnmmoo, tn. , India, Kashmir, 80 m. N. 
 Amritsar, with palace, citadel, and vast ruins ; once the seat of 
 an independent Rajput dynasty, and still one of the residences 
 of the Maharajah of Kashmir ; terminus of a branch railway 
 passing through Sialkot, and connected vrith the NW. Rly. at 
 Wazirdbdd ; formerly unhealthy in consequence of the badness 
 of the water-supply, but since 1889 supplied with good water fi-om 
 a well filled by percolation from the Tawi R. P. (1891) 34,500. 
 
 Jantua, riv.. Northern India. See Jumna. 
 
 Jilmner, tn., Brit India, Bombay, dist Khandesh, 68 ra. 
 NE. by N. Aurangabad. P. 6200; Hindus, 5000. 
 
 JAmnla, chiefship. Central India, 30 m. SW. Indore. P. 
 (i88i)<4ooo. 
 
 Jamnltz, tn., Austria, Moravia, 25 m. WNW. Znaim. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Jamnotrl, hot springs, India, NW. Provs. , Garhwil state, 
 near the source of the Jumna. Alt. 10,849 ft- 
 
 Jampeya, isl., E. Archipelago, in Flores Sound, S. Celfebes I. 
 
 J&mpnr, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Dera Ghdzi Khdn, 64 
 m. SW. by W. MiiMn. P. 5800 ; Moham. 3500 ; Hindus, 2300. 
 
 JsmrHd, strong fort, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 12 m. W. 
 Peshiwar, at the mouth of the Khiibar Pass, 34° N. , 71° 24' E. 
 Alt. 1670 ft. 
 
 Jam<U, tn., India, Bengal, dist Monghyr, in 24° 56' N., 86' 
 16' E. P. (i88i)<:5ooo; (1891) 9300; Hindus, 7500. 
 
 Jam A, tn., India. See Jammn. 
 
 JamunA. See Brabmapntra. 
 
 Jamnnd, vil., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 25 m. E. by N. 
 Kolberg, 3J m. N. by E. Kbslin. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Jamunda, riv. , Brazilian Guiana, 1. bk. trib. of the Amazon ; 
 forms throughout its course of 240 m. (N. to S.) the boundary 
 between provs. Para and Amazonas. 
 
 Jamnndl (formerly Rio Claro), viL, in SW. of Colombia, 
 Cauca, about 15 m. SSW. Cali. (P. of dist) < 3000. 
 
 Jamnr, p)ass across main Caucasus ridge, at the sources of 
 Ksatt R. Alt. 9820 ft. 
 
JAN — JAPA 
 
 Jan, Dutch for John. 
 
 Janda, marshy lake, southern Spain, prov. and 30-40111. SE. 
 Cadiz ; partly reclaimed. Length, 7 m. 
 
 JandldlA, tn. and municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 
 10 m. E. Amritsar. P. 7700 ; Moham. 4100 ; Hindus, 2600. 
 
 Jandl&IA, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Jalandhar, 55 m. SE. 
 by E. Amritsar. P. 6900 ; Hindus, 3100 ; Sikhs, 2900. 
 
 Jdndnla, riv., S. Spain, provs. Ciudad Real and Jaen, r. bk. 
 trib. of the Guadalquivir, which it joins about 4° 10' W. below 
 Andujar. . 
 
 JanesTille, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Waseca co., on Elysian 
 Lake, 116 m. W. Winona by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 JanesTllle, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Rock co., 60 m. WSW. 
 Milwaukee. P. (1880) 9000; (1890) 10,800. 
 
 Janetown, or Jeaiitown, Scot. See Loclicarron. 
 
 Janetstown, vil, Scot., Caithness, 2J m. SW. Thurso, P.O. 
 
 JanevlUe, meteorological stn., Ire., co. Limerick, 6 m. NW. 
 Tipperary. 
 
 Janga, vil., German W. Africa, Kamerun Terr., in about 
 4° 30' N. , 9° 14' E. 
 
 Janglil-tan, peak, Caucasus, central part of Main Range, 
 Alps of Svanetia, 43° i' N., 43° 3' E. Alt. 16,567 ft. 
 
 Janglpnr, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 20 m. NW. by 
 N. Murshidibad. P. 9800; Hindus, 6200; Moham. 3500. 
 
 Jaiiglaclie, tn. and monastery, Tibet, upon the r. bk. of the 
 Sanpu, in about 29° 12' N., 87° 37' E. Alt. 13,600 ft. 
 
 Janlca, Turkey in Europe. See Yemlje-l-Vardar. 
 
 Janlemlier, East, tn. , Victoria. See Serpentine C!reek. 
 
 Janlk, sanjak on N. ct. of Asia Minor; cap. Samsun. 
 
 Janliia, Jaiila, or Joanlna, Albania. See Yanlna. 
 
 Janja, vil. , Bosnia, prov. Dolnja-Tuzla, on the Drina, 69 m. 
 NE. by N. Sarajevo. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Janjlni, tn. and fort, India, J. state (area 324 m.; P. 81,800), 
 in the Konkan, on the W. ct., 48 m. S. Bombay; the fort is 
 situated on an island at the entrance of Rijpuri Creek, J m. from 
 the mainland. The cap. of the state is Murud, on the mainland, 
 opposite J. P. tn. (i88i)<:20oo. 
 
 Jan Jnc, post-tn. , Australia, Victoria, on Spring Creek, 61 m. 
 SW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 JankoT^cz, tn. , Hungary, prov. Bdcs-Bodrog, 20 m. NW. 
 by W. Maria Theresiopel. P. 9100. 
 
 Janlan, elevated plain, Syria, S. of Anti-Lebanon, eastern 
 boundary' of the Jordan valley. 
 
 Jan Blayen, an isl. of the Arctic Ocean, 300 m. E. Greenland, 
 lat. 71° N., long. 8° W. On its N. extremity is the Beerenberg 
 Mt. , 8350 ft. above the sea, and the Esk, a volcano occasionally 
 active. First seen in 1607 by the English navigator Henry 
 Hudson (then in Dutch service), but named after its rediscoverer 
 the Dutchman Jan Mayen, 1611. Mean temp, (i yr., 1882-83), 
 yr. 27.8° F., Jan. 18.9°, July 38.3°. 
 
 Janoah, place named in O. T. See Taniih. 
 
 Janohah, place named in O. T. See Yanftn. 
 
 Jdnosli&za, tn., Hungary, prov. Eisenburg, 46 m. SW. by 
 S. Raab. P. <4000. 
 
 Jilnoshida, vil. , Hungary, co. Jdsznagy-Kun-Szolnok, dist. 
 Jaszsag-felso. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Janow, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, 8J m. SSE. Tabor. P. <20oo. 
 
 Janow, tn., Austria, Galicia, 14 m. WNW. Lemberg. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Jan6w, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 50 m. SW. 
 Lublin, near Austrian frontier. P. 6000. 
 
 Janowltz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 29 m. S. by W. Pilsen, 
 and 5 m. SW. Klattau. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Jsinsatb, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 14 m. SE. 
 Miwaffarnagar. P. (1881) 6300; (1891) 5800; Hindus, 3000; 
 Moham. 2700. 
 
 Jansenvllle, municip.. Cape Colony, dist. J., on Sunday R., 
 45 m. S. by E. Graaf Reinet. Rfall. (6 yrs), 9.45 in. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jante, Switzerland. See Hanz. 
 
 Jantra, riv., Bulgaria, rises in the Balkan Mts., and joins 
 the Danube 13 m. E. Sistova. 
 
 Jannaria, tn., Brazil, Minas Geraes, on the riv. Sao Fran- 
 cisco (q.v.), 350 m. N. Oiu-o Preto. P. 10,000. 
 
 Janum, placed named in O. T. See Benl-Nalni. 
 
 Jany-Daria. See ¥any-Darla. 
 
 Janz^, vil. , France, dep. lUe-et-Vilaine, arr. and 14 m. SE. 
 Rennes. P. < 3000. 
 
 Jdora, tn. , Central India, cap. state J. , 80 m. N W. by N. 
 Indore. P. (1891) 21,800; Moham. 9900; Hindus, 9400; 
 Jains, 1400. 
 
 Japan, an insular empire in the E. of Asia, the main islands 
 of which extend from 4S|° N. to 26° 59' S. , and are separated 
 from the mainland of Asia by the Sea of Japan, the northern- 
 most of these main islands, Yezo, separated from Sakhalin by 
 La Perouse Strait, the southernmost, Kiushiu, from the S. end of 
 Korea by the Strait of Korea. Besides the main islands, how- 
 ever, the empire includes also in the N. the Kurile Is. (Japanese, 
 Chishima), extending to 50° 56' N.; and in the S. the Bonin Is., 
 extending to 27^° N. , and the Liu-kiu Is. , extending to 24° 6' N. 
 1 he area, pop. , &c. , of the group are shown in the table below, 
 
 the mere inspection of which shows that Yezo [q.'t!.), with its 
 insignificant pop. , must be considered apart from the other main 
 islands, and that the great bulk of the pop. is found to the S. of 
 the parallel of 37°, that is, in a lower latitude than Granada or 
 Syracuse in Europe. The name of Nippon, or Niphon, now 
 used even in official publications as one of the names of the 
 main island, is properly that of the whole empire. 
 
 Nippon or) 
 
 Honshiu j 
 
 North . 
 
 Central 
 
 West. . 
 
 Shikoku . . 
 
 Kiushiu . . 
 
 Hokkaido ) 
 
 (Yezo). f 
 
 Total 
 
 Length of Coast- 
 line. Miles. 
 
 Main 
 Islands. 
 
 41765 
 
 1,100 
 2,101 
 
 6,603 
 
 1,649 
 5.869 
 
 3,030 
 
 Area. 
 
 Square miles. 
 
 Main 
 Islands. 
 
 86,301 
 
 6,855 
 13,767 
 
 Includ- 
 ing 
 smaller 
 Islands. 
 
 87,482 
 30,203 
 3(>,'i99 
 20,6So 
 7.031 
 16,840 
 
 36,298 
 
 9,390 17,150 137,036 147,650 36,700' 40,719 1.04 
 
 Population. 
 
 Thousands 
 (000) omitted. 
 
 Dec.31, Dec.31, 
 1881. 1891. 
 
 28,153 
 
 Incr, 
 per 
 cent, 
 per 
 annum. 
 
 1.05 
 
 31,246 
 
 S,4S^ 6,100 1.27 
 14,06313,777 1-'^ 
 S/>3S\ 9,280 
 2,661 2,887 
 5,707J 6,271 
 
 178, 
 
 314 
 
 0.72 
 0.82 
 0.95 
 
 5-84 
 
 Per 
 
 sq. m, 
 
 276 
 
 1 The provs. {ken) wholly or mainly S. of 37° N., and E. of 136° E.' 
 the limits of the region nearly coinciding with the parallel and meridian 
 named. 
 
 OntUne,— All the islands are greatly indented, more especially 
 in the S. The main island stretches first S. from about 41^° N., 
 and then turns W., terminating in two peninsulas, the form of 
 which may be likened to the forefinger with the thumb placed 
 under it. These peninsulas form respectively the N. and E. 
 sides of a parallelogram, the S. side of which is formed by the 
 isl. of Shikoku, and the W. by the NE. coast of that of 
 Kiushiu. The enclosed area, a beautiful expanse of sea studded 
 with countless islands, is known as the Inland Sea, access to 
 which is had from the Pacific by the Bungo and Kii Channels, 
 respectively W. and E. of Shikoku, and from the Sea of Japan 
 by the Strait of Shimonoseki to the N. of Kiushiu. Apart 
 from the Inland Sea, the principal bays of the main island are 
 Owari or Isenomi, Suruga, Sagami, Tokyo, and Sendai on 
 the S. and E. coasts, Aomori on the N. coast, and Fuseno 
 or Toyama on the NW. coast (southern half of the island). 
 Surface. — AU the islands are mountainous and volcanic. Ac- 
 cording to Naumann, the essential feature in the structure 
 of the main island is a band of crystalline slates running near 
 the outer or Pacific side with remarkable continuity from the 
 SW. of Kiushiu through the S. of Shikoku and the S. of 
 Honshiu to about 138° E. , where the band trends northwards 
 and terminates, or at least becomes interrupted, about the middle 
 of the island. In the N. half of the island the band reappears 
 in various places, though with less continuity, and in Yezo it 
 is again a marked feature. Outside of this band eruptive rocks 
 are comparatively scanty, and the rocks associated with it W. 
 of the interruption referred to are mainly stratified deposits of 
 Paleeozoic and Mesozoic age, whereas inside of it eruptive rocks 
 of various age abound. The break in the continuity of the 
 crystalline slates occtirring about 138° E. forms a well-marked 
 feature of Honshiu, both geologically and orographically. Ac- 
 cording to Naumann, there here occurs a huge transversal cleft 
 or fissure, which he designates the Fossa magna, beginning in 
 the N. in 138° E. , nearly opposite the isl. of Sado, and crossing 
 the island in a SSE. direction towards the peninsula between the 
 Suruga and Sagami Bays, opposite the string of islands known 
 as the Izu-nu-Shichito. In this fissure we have only Kainozoic 
 deposits, surmounted by great volcanic masses mainly of recent 
 age, and including Fujino-yama, the highest mountain in Japan 
 (12,425 ft.). Were it not for these volcanic outpourings there 
 would here be a great relative depression in the surface, and 
 in fact the passes in this region are exceptionally easy. Besides 
 Fujino-yama, however, lofty peaks occur both vrithin ^q fossa and 
 on its margin, especially in that part where the crystaUine slates 
 and the associated rocks to the SW. of the fossa trend north- 
 wards. (As to the geotectonic significance of this fossa, see 
 Naumann in Proc. R. G. S. , 1877 ; and Ergdnzungsheft , No. 
 108 to Petermann s Mitteil. ). There are at least twenty peaks 
 of 8000 ft. in alt. in Japan, four (Fuji, Shirane-zan, Yariga-take, 
 and Akaishi-yama) above 10,000 ft., and all three occur in 
 central Honshiu, in the parallelogram enclosed by the parallels 
 of 34°-38° N., and the meridians of i36°-i4o° E. According to 
 Milne, the number of mountains easily recognisable as volcanoes 
 in J. is 129, the number that have undergone eruption within 
 historical times at least 100, and 51 still active in the sense of 
 giving off steam. (See Trans. Seismological Soc. off. , vol. ix. , 
 Part II.) J. is one of the parts of the world in which both 
 volcanic eruptions and earthquake shocks, gentle and violent, 
 are most fi-equent. Hot springs, as is natural, are numerous. 
 The difficulty of the passes in J. generally is out of proportion 
 
 747 
 
JAPAN 
 
 to the alt. of the mountains, which is due partly to the original 
 steepness of the volcanic mountains, partly to the depth of the 
 valleys of erosion wrought by the numerous torrential rivers 
 swelled by the excessive summer rains (see below under climate). 
 There is only one place where the main island is yet crossed 
 by a railway (between Owari Bay and Tsuruga, the line passing 
 E. of Lake Biwa). In central J. the railway connection between 
 Tokyo and Takata is still interrupted for about 5^ m. at the 
 (new) Usui Pass (3170 ft.), where a difference of alt. of nearly 
 2000 ft. occurs in the interval. The rivers of J. are mostly 
 comparatively short, with a rapid fall in their beds, and hence, 
 being abundantly supplied with water, especially in summer, both 
 from rain and melting snow, torrential in their character, and 
 seldom of much use for navigation. On the other hand, they 
 are of immense value in the plains for irrigation. The longest 
 are the Shinano-gawa, flowing N. into the Sea of J. at Niigata, 
 and the Kinu-gawa, flowing S. into Sendai Bay (the latter navi- 
 gable). The Tone-gawa is important, as watering with one of 
 its arms the plain of Tokyo. The principal lake is Blwa, in 
 the W. of central J., near Kyoto. There are large lagoons 
 near the lower course of the principal arm of the Tone-gawa. 
 Lake Suwa, near the middle of Honshiu, is a considerable lake, 
 drained S. by the Tenryu-gawa into the Pacific. The principal 
 facts brought out by the following table illustrating the climate, 
 are the great range of temperatures and the abundance of the 
 rainfall : — 
 
 Station. 
 
 N. Lat. 
 
 Mean Temp. F. 
 
 Rfall. 
 
 in. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Sapporo . 
 
 Hakodate . 
 
 Miyako 
 
 Niigata 
 
 Tokyo 
 
 Kyoto 
 
 Ozaka 
 
 Nagasaki . 
 
 Kdgoshima 
 
 43° 4' 
 41 46' 
 
 39° 38' 
 37„ 55' 
 35 41 
 35! i' 
 34 41 
 32° 44' 
 31 35' 
 
 43-8° 
 46.5° 
 49-2° 
 53-7: 
 56.3 
 56.3° 
 57-7 
 61.1° 
 60.8° 
 
 20.5° 
 27-9° 
 31.8° 
 34.8° 
 36.4° 
 35-9° 
 37- 9„ 
 42.0 
 43-6° 
 
 69.9° 
 
 70.4° 
 71.8° 
 
 77-3° 
 
 77-6° 
 
 79.0° 
 
 80.2° 
 
 80. 5° 1 
 
 79-7° 
 
 40.6 
 44-5 
 57-4 
 70.1 
 60.4 
 58.9 
 52-4 
 77.6 
 82.4 
 
 1 July. 
 
 The great range of temperature is in accordance with the differ- 
 ence generally observed between the E. and W. side of the 
 great northern land masses, but is particularly striking in an 
 insular country and at stations situated on the coast, as most 
 of those in the table are. The mountainous character of the 
 islands, together with their situation, sufficiently account for 
 the abundance of the rainfall. J. being within the monsoon 
 area of Asia the rains are chiefly summer rains, but the prevail- 
 ing directions of the winds in the summer and winter monsoons 
 respectively are SE. and NW. , in accordance with the position 
 of the barometric minima in the two seasons, rather than SW. 
 and NE., as in India. In N. Japan, especially W. of the 
 mountains, the snowfall is enormous, and copious falls of snow 
 are experienced as far S. as Kagoshima, in the S. of Kiushiu, in 
 3ij^° N. Agrlcnltnre. — The productive surface of J. is greatly 
 limited, not merely by the extent of the mountains incapable of 
 cultivation, but also by the natural difficulties in the way of 
 communication, already referred to. Good roads scarcely exist. 
 During the rainy season almost all roads are nearly impassable. 
 Wheeled vehicles are comparatively rare. Where they do exist, 
 they are generally drawn either by men or oxen. Goods are 
 for the most part carried on the backs of men or oxen. The 
 cost of transport is consequently generally high, and tends to 
 limit the production. Rice, for example, will not bear a carriage 
 to market of more than one hundred miles on the best country 
 roads, or more than twenty-five miles on inferior roads. Hence 
 it happens in some cases that at some distance from the sea- 
 coast, where the local market is limited, even good soils remain 
 uncultivated, whereas near the coast even dune-sand, and cer- 
 tainly very poor soil, may be made to bear crops. Less than 
 30 per cent, of the surface is reckoned as productive, and about 
 12 per cent, (less than one-eighth) of the entire surface is devoted 
 to agriculture, including pasture. Yezo and the Kuriles being 
 left out of account, about 17 per cent. , or one-sixth of the re- 
 mainder of the surface, is employed in agriculture. About 25 
 per cent, of that area is under forests (belonging to the state), 
 leaving, after allowing for the area under buildings and other- 
 wise employed, considerably more than half the smface entirely 
 unused. By far the greater part of the agricultural area is 
 under tillage, and by dint of assiduous spade husbandry, and 
 the very careful utilisation of manure (chiefly domestic manure 
 and fish refuse), the small cultivated area is capable of maintain- 
 ing the dense population indicated in the table. This is chiefly 
 due to the large area suited for rice, which occupies about 
 three-fifths of the entire area under grains of all kinds. The 
 rice-fields are densest round Tokyo Bay, in prov. Ozaka, prov. 
 Fukuoka (NW. of Kiushiu), in the S. of Kiushiu, and in 
 Shikoku (except the prov. of Tokushima). In general the pro- 
 748 
 
 duction relatively to area is less than in tropical countries, but 
 in some favoured districts it is very abundant. Near Kyoto, 
 the old capital, it is not uncommon to obtain 70 bushels of rice 
 to the acre as a summer crop from the same land that had pro- 
 duced 40 bushels of wheat to the acre as a winter crop. In 
 favourable years rice takes a high position among the exports. 
 Besides rice, the principal food-crops are wheat, barley, rye, 
 and soya-beans. The produce per acre of such of these grains 
 as are grown in Europe is relatively small, that of wheat, for 
 example, on the average of the ten years 1881-90, only 13I 
 bushels per acre, or less than half the average in the United 
 Kingdom. Mulberries, from which are obtained the principal 
 export product of the empire, silk, are planted in more than 
 three-fourths of the provinces, everywhere in rows, allowing of 
 space for other crops between. Tea, the second export product 
 in value, is grown chiefly between lat. 34° N. and 36° N. , that 
 is in the S. of Honshiu ; and the lacquer-tree {Rhus vernicifera 
 DC), that is, the tree that furnishes the material employed in 
 lacquering, one of the most celebrated of old Japanese industries, 
 is cultivated mainly in the northern part of the same island, 
 between 37° and 39° N. Camphor (derived chiefly from the 
 SW. of Japan), which forms one of the more important among 
 the minor exports of J. , is also one of the ingredients used in 
 the art, since that substance serves as a diluent for the lacquer- 
 ing material. The Japanese camphor is pinkish in colour, and 
 superior to that of Formosa. In recent years the most impor- 
 tant branches of Japanese agriculture have been rapidly extend- 
 ing, no doubt in consequence of the increased facihties for trans- 
 port. In evidence of this, the following figures (the earlier 
 figures in each case being the earliest obtainable from the 
 Japanese statistical annuaries) will be found of interest : — The 
 area under rice increased from 6279 thousand acres in 1880 to 
 6735 thousand acres in 1890, that under other crops, wheat, barley, 
 and rye, from 3510 to 4172 thousand acres. The produce of tea 
 (including bancha tea) increased from 45,671 thousand lbs. in 
 1882 to 57,199 thousand lbs. in 1889, that of raw silk from 4089 
 to 7304 thousand lbs. between the same dates. Japanese agri- 
 culture leaves little room for live-stock, and under this head 
 there has in recent years been no increase. Sheep have only 
 recently been introduced in small numbers experimentallj'. The 
 number of horses is about a million and a half, that of cattle 
 one million, as against nearly two millions of the former and 
 upwards of ten millions of the latter in the British Isles, which 
 have a rather smaller population. J. is thus altogether without, 
 or very poorly supplied with, some important products. It has 
 no native wool, no milk, butter, or cheese, and a comparatively 
 small supply of leather, which has to be replaced for difierent 
 purposes by various other materials. The mineral wealth of the 
 empire is great, but needs development. There are only two 
 minerals in which the empire is really rich, but these are the 
 important ones — coal and iron. The coal production is rapidly 
 increasing, especially in Kiushiu (Karatsu on NW. coast, Taka- 
 shima I. opposite Nagasaki, and Amakusa I. SE. of Nagasaki). 
 On the isl. of Yezo alone the area of coal is two-thirds as much 
 as the area of coal of equal thickness in the British Isles, and a 
 railway has been laid for the purpose of bringing the coal from 
 Poronai, the chief mining centre, to the coast. The total pro- 
 duction increased from 496,000 tons in 1877 to upwards of 
 3,000,000 tons in 1892. The growth of the iron industry is 
 hindered by the fact of there being no coal in the immediate 
 vicinity of the deposits of the ore, which is chiefly found 
 towards the SW. end of Honshiu, on the side next the Sea 
 of J. Charcoal is hence still used in smelting, and the pro- 
 duct is consequently dear, though of good quality. In recent 
 years the production of iron has been steadily decreasing, 
 and the total amount produced is under 4000 tons. Among 
 other minerals are copper, mined at Ashio, in central Hon- 
 shiu, and elsewhere ; gold and silver, produced in the isL 
 of Sado, also in Hyogo ken, and in Iwate ken (N. Honshiu) ; 
 silver, also with antimony, in Akita ken (N. Honshiu), all 
 these, as well as iron, being derived from state mines. Antimony 
 is also produced near Saijo in Ehime ken (in the N. of the 
 island of Shikoku), in Miyasaki ken (SE. of Kiushiu), and Miye 
 ken (W. of Owari Bay, Honshiu). Tin is not yet mined to any 
 extent, but is said to abound in the SW. and E. of Kiushiu and 
 near the W. end of Honshiu. In recent years the production of 
 sulphur (in the E. of Yezo and elsewhere) and graphite has greatly 
 increased (sulphur from 3834 thousand lbs. in 1879 to 45,700 
 thousand lbs. in 1890, graphite from 24 thousand to 10,098 thousand 
 lbs. in the same period). Abundance of kaolin furnishes the raw 
 material for the ancient and celebrated porcelain industry of the 
 country. In all departments of Japanese industry, human labour 
 is assisted only by the most primitive tools and appliances. In 
 agriculture, even the plough is rarely used. The deep and careful 
 tillage of the ground is eff"ected by means of the spade and other 
 hand implements ; and where the plough is used, it is an imple- 
 ment that merely scratches the surface, and is incapable of making 
 anything like a furrow. No carts are used in farming, not even 
 the Chinese barrow. Everything is carried. A primitive hand- 
 mill is the only apparatus used for grinding flour. Flour is, 
 
JAPAN 
 
 indeed, not much used. Bread was unknown till it was intro- 
 duced by the Portuguese, and even j'et is made only to a very 
 limited extent in the form of cakes. All kinds of maunfactnrlug 
 Industries were till recently almost entirely domestic, as they 
 still are mainly, some kind of handicraft being practised in nearly 
 every Japanese household. Great changes are, however, being 
 brought about in consequence of a change in the attitude of the 
 Japanese government towards the civilised nations of the West. 
 Down to about 1868 the Japanese government was as averse to 
 intercourse with European nations as that of China ; but at that 
 date a great change took place in the government of the empire, 
 and the authorities that have since controlled the state have 
 shown themselves eager to place the nation abreast of Europe 
 and America in science and the arts. In consequence of this, 
 the modern methods of transport and production are being 
 rapidly introduced. The tirst ralVwaj, from Tokyo to Yoko- 
 hama, was opened in June 1872. In 1892 a railway already ran 
 along nearly the whole length of the main island on the E. side. 
 From Tokyo, the capital, it proceeds SW. by Nagoya and Kyoto 
 (the old capital) to the ports of Ozaka and Kobe, and thence 
 onwards near the coast. The first native steamship company 
 was established in 1874. The capacity of Japanese merchant 
 vessels of European type increased from 49,845 to 88,816 tons 
 between 1884 and 1889, that of those of Japanese type from 
 2,799,000 to 3,216,000 koku. Machine cotton-spinning factories 
 have been established with great success. At the beginning of 
 1888, the number of spindles in these factories (including those 
 not yet working) was under 200,000 ; in June 1892, the number 
 actually at work was nearly 325,000. The effect that this de- 
 velopment must have on the import of cotton-yarn from England 
 and India is obvious. It must be remembered that Japan, like 
 India, has the advantage of producing the raw material, its own 
 production of raw cotton being equal to nearly fifteen-sixteenths 
 of its requirements. Cotton-weaving mills have not been suc- 
 cessful ; yet, owing to the superior wearing qualities of the pro- 
 ductions of the native domestic looms, the import of cotton 
 piece-goods into J. has shown a nearly continuous decline since 
 1879. In J., as in China, winter garments are mainly padded ; 
 but among the upper classes, and even among the richer trades- 
 people, the use of European woollen garments is coming more 
 and more into favour, and an attempt (hitherto unsuccessful) 
 has been made to establish woollen manufactures with modern 
 machinery in the country. Foreign paper-mills have also been 
 set up ; and a striking illustration of the power of J. to compete 
 with Europe in manufacturing industry has been furnished in the 
 match trade. Japanese matches, made by foreign machinery, 
 are now supplanting Swedish in China, and even in Siam and 
 the Straits Settlements. Foreign Commerce. — Silk and tea 
 make up more than three-fifths of the value of the exports of J. , 
 and among other important exports are sea-animals and seaweed 
 (both used as food in China), artistic products (earthenware and 
 porcelain, lacquered wares, &c. ), coal, rice, copper, camphor. 
 The leading imports are cotton-yarns, woollen and cotton manu- 
 factures, sugar, iron-wares, including machinery. Great Britain 
 and India supply most of the cotton-yarns. Great Britain most of 
 the cotton goods, metal, and machinery ; China supplies the bulk 
 of the sugar, and Great Britain, France, and Germany most of 
 the woollen goods. Altogether , Great Britain supplies nearly one- 
 half the total value of Japanese imports. The U.S. are the largest 
 market for Japanese silk and tea, and take more than two-fifths 
 of the total exports. China and France are the countries that 
 rank next among those to which the exports of Japan are sent. 
 The most rapidly rising import in recent years have been iron- 
 wares and woollen goods; the most rapidly rising exports, 
 copper ore and unrefined camphor. Restrictions are still placed on 
 the commerce of Japan with foreign countries, and the settlement 
 of foreigners in the empire. At present foreigners are allowed 
 to settle and carry on commerce at the treaty ports of Yoko- 
 hama, Ozaka, Kobe, Nagasaki, Niigata, and Hakodate, and 
 within a radius of 25 m. round these, where foreign consuls 
 have rights of jurisdiction in matters concerning Europeans. 
 Foreigners may also visit Tokyo and the neighbourhood with- 
 out a passport, but in the rest of the dominion of J. they are 
 allowed to travel only for health, pleasure, or scientific explora- 
 tion, and a passport is always required. In 1893, however, a 
 treaty was concluded with Great Britain under which provision 
 was made for a revised customs tariff, on the introduction of 
 which foreigners were to be allowed greater liberty of travel in 
 the country, and for the abolition of consular jurisdiction on the 
 completion of the new civil codes now in preparation, and the 
 establishment of the new tribunals now under organisation, 
 after which the liberty to settle in the country and erect factories 
 anywhere is to be accorded. Emigration and Immigration 
 are both scanty. At the end of 1891 there were 32,000 Japanese 
 abroad, of whom 17,700 were in the Sandwich Is. The number 
 of foreign residents in J. at that date was 9550 (including 5344 
 Chinese, 1708 English, and 967 Americans). The monetary 
 system of J. is on a silver basis. The money of account is the 
 yen, which is also a silver coin, weighing 416 grains Troy, nine- 
 tenths fine (fine weight 374.4 grains), and is divided into 100 
 
 sen. Its value has fallen with the price of silver since 1872. (See 
 Appendix, p. 14. ) The principal measures of length are the ri 
 =2.4403 miles, the chd= 5. /^22g chains, the/w = 3. 3140 yards, this 
 last divided decimally into shaku, sun, and bu ; the sq. measures, 
 the sq. r? = 5.9552 sq. m. ; the sq. tAo '(nearly identical with 
 a hectare) = 2. 4507 ac. , divided into ten tan ; the measures of 
 capacity, the koku — 'y).'joyi, gallons or 4.9629 bushels {koku per 
 ^■Aox 2.0251= bushels per ac), divided decimally into to, chd,go ; 
 the unit of weight for large quantities the kwan = Z.'2&\'] lbs. , and 
 for small quantities the mom?ne = 2.1201 drams. The gOTcrn- 
 ment of J. is a monarchy, which from being absolute (claiming 
 to date from 660 B.C.) became in 1889, by a constitution pro- 
 mulgated on Feb. 11, a limited monarchy. For about 700 years 
 previous to 1868 the power of the emperor was overshadowed 
 by that of a military dignitary known as the shogun, originally 
 appointed in a time of internal troubles, whose office had 
 become practically hereditary in one family. By the revolution 
 of the year named, however, the supreme power was restored 
 into the hands of the emperor, who forthwith removed the cap. 
 from Kyoto, where the emperors had resided since the 8th 
 century, to Yedo, which then received the name of Tokyo, or 
 ' capital of the East.' The feudal system was suppressed in 
 1871. The executive is vested in the Emperor, generally known 
 in foreign countries by the ancient title of Mikado (assisted and 
 advised by cabinet ministers, responsible to, and appointed 
 by, himself), who also exercises the legislative power with 
 the consent of the Imperial Diet. This body consists of two 
 houses, a House of Peers and a House of Representatives. 
 Both houses may respectively initiate projects of law, make re- 
 presentations to the government, or present addresses to the 
 Emperor. The House of Peers numbers about 300 members, 
 the House of Representatives 300 (fixed number). The former 
 house consists of male members of the Imperial family above 
 20 years of age, princes and marquises above 25 years, persons 
 above 30 years nominated by the Emperor for state services 
 or erudition, these three classes having life membership ; also 
 nobles of lesser degree, and considerable landowners, elected 
 either by their respective orders or classes, and nominated by the 
 Emperor, whose membership is for seven years. Voters must be 
 male Japanese, over 25 years of age, having fixed actual residence 
 in the fu or ken (see below) for not less than a year, and paying 
 direct national taxes of more than 15 y^w for one year, and income- 
 tax for three years. All members receive payment and travelling 
 expenses, which may not be declined. The Imperial Diet con- 
 trols finances and the administration of justice, and must assemble 
 yearly. Voting is by secret ballot {scrutin de liste). J. is 
 divided, on the principal of decentralisation and self-government, 
 into three Imperial cities (Tokyo-fu, Kyoto-fu and Ozaka-fu)^ 
 and forty-two prefectures (ken). The ken are again subdivided 
 into dists. {ku, gun, or kori). Before the Revolution of 1868 
 the country was divided into 86 provs. {kuni), arranged in 
 groups, the Gokinai or Central Provs., and 9 circuits or do. 
 Members of city and prefectural assemblies are elected, and 
 annually, or every other year, are summoned to the Department 
 of the Interior, to consider questions of local administration. 
 Finance. — Nearly half the revenue is derived from the land-tax, 
 and the remainder chiefly from excise duties (on the manufacture 
 of sake, or rice-beer, and on damaged rice), from government 
 undertakings and custom. JMlUtary service is compulsory for 
 all Japanese (over 20 years) for seven years — three of active service, 
 four in the reserve. For five subsequent years they belong to 
 the Landwehr, after which, up to the age of 40, they are num- 
 bered in the Landsturtn, and can be called to serve in national 
 emergencies. The navy is recruited by conscription and volun- 
 tary enlistment — for the former three years' active and three years' 
 reserve service ; for the latter eight years' active and four years' 
 reserve. Japan is divided into five naval districts, each with an 
 office of commander-in-chief, but at present only three such 
 oflRces are actually established (at Yokosuka, Kure, and Sasebo). 
 There is no state religion, absolute freedom of belief and 
 practice being secured (by the new constitution) as long as com- 
 patible with peace and order. The chief forms are Shintoism 
 (the principal temples maintained by state or local authorities) 
 and Buddhism. Elementary education is compulsory. The 
 university (with colleges of Law, Science, Medicine, Literature, 
 and Engineering) is supported by government, as are the bulk of 
 both the elementary and higher schools ; these latter also by 
 local rates. At the end of 1891 there were six to-nns (Tokyo, 
 Ozaka, Kyoto, Nagoya, Kobe, and Yokohama) with more than 
 ioo,oooinhabitants, eleven ( Kanazawa, Hiroshima, Sendai, Toku- 
 shima, Toyama, Nagasaki, Kagoshima, Wakayama, Hakodate, 
 Kumamoto, and Fukuoka) with from 50,000 to 100,000 inhabi- 
 tants, and seventeen with from 30,000 to 50,000. By the treaty 
 of Shinonoseki, ratified at Pekin in May 1895, which concluded 
 the Korean war [Korea], China ceded to J. Formosa and the Pes- 
 cadore Is., as well as the Liautung Penin. in Manchuria, but J. is 
 reported to have agreed to restore this last terr. China also agreed 
 to open to foreign trade several additional ports, those suggested 
 in the treaty being Kingchou and Shashi in Hupe, Chungking 
 in Siichwan, Suchou in Kiangsu, and Hangchow in Chekiang. 
 
 74!) 
 
JAPA — JATW 
 
 Japan, Sea of, an inland sea, on the E. of Asia, situated 
 between 35° and 46° N. , 128° and 142° E. , bounded by the islands 
 of Japan on the E. , Russian Manchuria and the penin. of Korea 
 on the W. It communicates with the Pacific by Tsugaru Strait, 
 by the channel of Korfea with the East China Sea, and with the 
 Sea of Okhotsk by the Strait of La P6rouse and the Gulf of 
 Tartary. All these straits are under 100 fathoms in depth. 
 
 Jap&ra, fortified tn., Java, on the N. ct, in 110° 40' E. , 30 m. 
 NNE. Samarang. 
 
 Japhia, place named in O. T. See Ystfa. 
 
 Japho, place named in O. T. See JafTa. 
 
 Jappen, or Jobl, isL , Eastern Archipelago, off the N. ct of 
 New Guinea, in Geelvink Bay; no m. long by 20 m. broad. 
 
 Japnra, riv. , Brazil. See I'apnra. 
 
 Jara, La, rugged, sparsely peopled dist., central Spain, 
 principally in prov. Toledo, but partly in provs. Caceres and 
 Ciudad Real, bordering the L bk. of the Tagus to the mountains 
 of Toledo. 
 
 Jara, Pnnta, cape, Chile, in about 23° 53' S. 
 
 Jarabacoa, vil., isl. of Haiti, republic and 70 m. NW. Santo 
 Domingo, 22 m. S. by E. Santiago. 
 
 Jaragnil, suburb of Maceio [q.v.], Brazil. 
 
 Jaral, or Jarral, viL, Mexico, Guanajuato, 35 m. S. San 
 Luis Potosi. P. 3000. 
 
 Jarama, riv. , Spain, New Castile, flows S. from La Cibollera 
 (Sierra de Guadarrama), past Uceda, to the Tagus below Aran- 
 juez. Length about 102 m. 
 
 Jarconnanght, or larconiiangbt [q.v.), dist., Ire., co. 
 Galway {q.v.). 
 
 Jardtues, Banco de los, shoal, off S. ct. Cuba, 8i|^°-82° W. 
 
 Jardlites de la Relna ('gardens of the queen'), an archi- 
 pelago of small isls. off the S. ct. of Cuba, in about 78°-79j° W. ; 
 also called Cayos de las Doce Legaas (' Keys of the Twelve 
 Leagues'). 
 
 Jardlnes del Key ('gardens of the king'), or Islas de 
 Comagney, group of isls. , Cuba, off the N. ct. , between about 
 77° and 79° W., the chief being the Cayos Sabinal, Romano, 
 and Cocos. 
 
 Jareschau, vil., Bohemia, 24 m. SE. Tabor. P. < 2000. 
 
 Jargaln dgach, vil. , Russian Central Asia, prov. Akmolinsk, 
 207 m. W. of Akmoly, on Turkistan highway. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Jarkent, tn. , Russia, Turkistan, prov. Semiryechensk, 150 m. 
 E. of Vyernyi, near to Ili R. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Jarlsberg, vil. , Norway, prov. J. , wit'i iron-works, 2 m. W. 
 Tonsbers^. 
 
 Jarlsberg and Laurrlk, prov. , Norway, diocese Aggershuus, 
 on the W. of Christiania Fjord and the riv. Drammen. 
 
 Jarm, viL , Afghanistan, Badakshan, 25 m. SE. Faizabad. 
 
 Jarmen, vil., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Peene, 12 m. S. Greifswald. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Jarmeritz, tn., Moravia, 18 m. NNW. Znaim. P. < 3000. 
 
 Jarmuth, in O. T. See Er Kameb and Yermnk. 
 
 Jarnac, tn., France, dep. Charente, on the r. bk. of the 
 Charente, arr. and 7 m. E. by S. Cognac. It is the great mart 
 for the wine and brandy of the dist. , and is celebrated for the 
 victory of the Duke of Anjou over the Prince of Cond6, who 
 perished in the battle, 1569. P. <soo. 
 
 Jaromer, tn., Bohemia, 10 m. NNE. Koniggratz. P. 6900. 
 
 Jaroslan, tn. , Austria, Galicia, on the L bk. of riv. San, 58 
 m. NW. by N. Drohobycz. P. 18,100. 
 
 Jarotsebln, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 39 m. SE. by S. Posen, 
 circle J. P. <:3000. 
 
 Jarrahdale, Western Australia. See Rocklngbam. 
 
 Jarral, tn. , Mexico. See Jaral. 
 
 Jarrow, mun. bor. (since 1875) and seapt. (part of the port 
 .of S. Shields), Eng. , Durham, J. div., in the diocese of Durham, 
 on the S. shore of the estuary of the Tyne, ^\ m. E. Newcastle, 
 on the NE. R. Here Bede was born, lived, wrote, died, and was 
 buried ; his bones have since been placed in Durham cathedral 
 Remains of the old church and monastery. In the church, 
 Bede's chair, ' Crucifixion,' by Vandyck, and two ancient bells. 
 1 he rapid growth of J. is owing principally to the establishment 
 of Palmer & Co.'s iron shipbuilding, marine engine works, blast- 
 furnaces, iron-foundries, rolling mills, &c There are also 
 chemical manufactures, paper-mills, lead, copper, and cement 
 works, and coal-mines, llie ancient par. of J. includes the 
 bor. ofS. Shields. Mun. bor. P. (1871) 18,200; (1891) 33,700; 
 pari. div. P. (1891) 80,600. See Hedwortb. 
 Jamco, tn., Cuba, 26 m. ESE. Havana. P. 12,200. 
 Jarum, tn. , Persia, prov. Fars, 90 m. SE. by S. Shiraz ; en- 
 closed by ruined walls, and occupies a large surface. 
 Jdrvi, Finnish word meaning ' lake. ' 
 
 Jarrllle, tn. .France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, on the Meurthe, 
 arr. and 3 m. SE. Nancy. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Jarrls, vi1., Canada, Ontario, Haldimand co., 31 m. by rail 
 SSW. Hamilton. P. <i5oo. 
 Jarrls Brook, PMT.O., Eng., i^m. W. Rotherfield, Sussex. 
 Jarrls (or Jerrls) Islands, Pacific Ocean, in 0° 23' S., 159° 
 52' W. , covered with low shrubs. Belong to Great Britain. 
 Jary, riv., Brazil, GrSo Pari, flows SE. from the Timiac- 
 750 
 
 Humac Mts. to the Amazon, which it enters in 52° W. It has 
 falls in 0° 5/ N. , o' 41' and 0° 55' S. 
 
 Jashpnr, petty state of Chutia Nagpur, Bengal, India, crossed 
 by 23° N., 84° E. Area, 1963 sq. m. P. (1881) 90,200. 
 
 Jask, fort, Persia, prov. Kerman, 138 m. SE. Bender Abbas, 
 near the shore of the Arabian Sea. 
 
 Jaslo, royal free tn., Austria, Galicia, on riv. Jasiolka, 48 m. 
 ESE. Bochnia. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Jasmund, penin., in the E. of Riigen I., connected by a 
 narrow isthmus with the Wittow Penin. in the N W. , and by 
 another narrow isthmus with the SE. end of Riigen, separated 
 from the main body of Riigen I. on the W. by the inlet called 
 the J. Boddeu. On the E. side of the peninsula are the lofty 
 and precipitous chalk cliffs called the Stnbben Kanimer, with 
 the Konigsstuhl, 400 ft. Highest point in the interior, 525 ft. 
 
 Jasper, vil., U.S., Alabama, cap. Walker co., 56 m. NE. 
 Tuscaloosa, in a fertile region abounding in coal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jasper, vil., U.S., Florida, Hamilton co., 80 m. E. Talla- 
 hassee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jasper, vil., U.S., Georgia, Pickens co., 52 m. N. Atlanta. 
 P. < 1500. 
 Jasper, co., U.S., Georgia, N. of 33° N., and E. of 84° W. 
 Jasper, co. , U.S., Illinois, intersected by 39° N., and in ex- 
 treme E. by 88° W. 
 
 Jasper, tn., U.S., Indiana, Du Bois co., 63 m. W. by N. 
 Louisville (Kentucky). P. < 1500. 
 Jasper, co. , U.S., Indiana, intersected by 41° N. and 87° W. 
 Jasper, co. , U.S., Iowa, S. of 42° N. , and crossed by 93° W. 
 Jasper, co., U.S., Mississippi, crossed by 32° N. 89" W. 
 Jasper, co., U.S., Missouri, on the W. frontier, N. of 37° N. 
 Jasper, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Marion co. , 20 m. W. by N. 
 Chattanooga. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jasper, co. , U.S., Texas, in the SE. , crossed in the N. by 
 31° N., in the W. by 94° W., bounded on the W. by Neches R. 
 Jasper House, trading stn. , Canada, dist. Alberta, on Atha- 
 basca R. , 180 m. W. Edmonton. 
 
 Jaspnr, tn., India, NW. Provs., dist. Tarai, 29° 17' N., 78° 
 52' E. P. (1881)7100; (1891)6800; Hindus, 3700; Moham. 3000. 
 Jassy, tn. , Moldavia. See lasl. 
 
 Jastrow, tn., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle Deutsch Krone, 
 52 m. WNW. Bromberg, with manufactures of machinery. P. 
 <:Sooo. 
 
 Jasw&n \»iak, valley, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Hoshiarpur, 
 containing the town of Una. 
 
 Jaswantnagar, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 10 m. 
 NW. Etawah. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 J&sz-AlsO'Szent-Gyorgy, comm., Hungary, co. Jdsz-Nagy- 
 Kun-Szolnok, dist. Jiszsdg als6. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Jdsz Apatl, market-tn. , Hungary, 30 m. S. by W. Erlau. 
 P. 10,400. 
 
 JiUz>Aroksz&ll&s, tn. , Hungary, co. Jasz-Nagy-Kun-Szolnok, 
 dist. Jaszsag felso. P. 11,200. 
 
 J4$z Ber^ny, tn. , with magistracy, Hungary, 40 m. E. Buda 
 Pest. P. (1850) 16,700; (1869)20,200; (1890)24,300. 
 
 J&sz-Ddzsa, comm., Hungary, co. jdsz-Nagy-Kim-Szolnok, 
 dist. Jdszsag felso. P. <4000. 
 
 J&sz-F^nyszam, comm., Hungary, co. Jdsz-Nagy-Kun- 
 Szolnok, dist. Jaszsag felso. P. <sooo. 
 
 J]lsz*J&k«ibalina, comm., Hungary, co. Jasz-Nagy-Kun- 
 Szolnok, dist. Jaszsag felso. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Jiisz-Karajeno, tn., Hungary, co. Pest, dist. Kecskemet. 
 P. 5300. 
 J48Z Kis^r, tn. , Hungary, 34 m. S. by W. Erlau. P. 6000. 
 J&sz Lad^ny, tn., Hungary, 38 m. NE. by N. Kecskemet. 
 P. 8100. 
 
 J&sz-Nagy-Knn-Szolnok (in Ger. Jazygien-Gross-Kumanien- 
 Szolnok), CO. (comitat), Hungary, traversed by the Theiss, 
 crossed in the S. by 47° N. ; cap. Szolnok. 
 
 Jikszo, Joos, or Jdsz«iTar^lJa, vil., Hungary, co. Abauj, 14 
 m. W. by S. Kaschau, with antimony smelting-fumace, mines 
 of iron ore and iron-works. 
 
 J&szs^, two dists. , Hungary, making up the part of the co. of 
 Jasz-Nagy-Kun-Szolnok, situated NW. of the Theiss ; J. als6 
 (lower) W. , J. felso (upper) E. of the Tarna. 
 
 J4sz-Szent- Andres, comm., Hungary, co. Jasz-Nagy-Kun- 
 Szolnok, dist. Jaszsag felso. P. <40oo. 
 
 Jatb, cap. of native state J., India, Bombay, 35 m. NW. 
 byW. Bijapur. P. (1881) 5000. 
 
 J^ktlTa (formerly San Felipe de J&tlTa, the ancient Setabis), 
 tn., Spain, prov. and 35 m. S. by W. Valencia, picturesquely 
 situated on the slopes of a limestone hill. An important place 
 in Roman times, when it was noted for its flax ; in the 12th cen- 
 tiu^ noted for its pajjer. Fortifications razed in 1707. P. 14,100. 
 Jatoi,tn. andmunicip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Muzaffargarh, 
 60 m. SW. Miiltan, on the 1. bk. of the Indus. P. (i89i)<:50oo. 
 JattA, important govt, salt-mine, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. 
 Kohdt, 48 m. SSW. Peshiwar. 
 Jattir, place named in O. T. See Atttr. 
 Jatwara, vil. with rly. stn., India, Rajputdna, 22 m. E. by 
 S. Jaipur. 
 
JAUC — JAVA 
 
 Janclie, tn., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Nivelles, 3 m. NE. 
 Ramillies. P. <2cxx). 
 
 Janer, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 10 m. S. Liegnitz, cap. 
 circle J. Tn. P. 11,400; comm. P. 11,600. 
 
 Janeralg, tn., Austria, in the NW. of Silesia, 51 in. NW. 
 by W. Troppau. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 .lauf. El. See Jot, El. 
 
 Janfeu Pass, Alps, Tirol. See Passeiertbal. 
 
 Janja> prov., central Peru, dep. Junin, bounded on the N. 
 by prov. Tarma, on the S. by Huancayo. 
 
 Janja, or Atanjauja, tn. and riv. , Peru, dep. Junin, 115 
 m. E. by N. Lima, the river, a trib. of the Apurimac, which it 
 joins 100 m. NE. Huancavelica, after a very tortuous SE. and 
 E. course of at least 400 m. , in its lower part called the Mantaro. 
 The town is on its 1. bk. , and is stated to have a trade in rural 
 produce and cattle. There are silver-mines in its vicinity. Health 
 resort for consumptives. 
 
 Janjac, vil. , France, dep. Ard^che, 38 m. NNE. Alais (dep. 
 Gard), noted for its picturesque situation, and for the gorge 
 lined by a cliff composed of basaltic columns here traversed by 
 the Lignon. 
 
 Janua-Ielgawa, Russia. See Frledrlclisladt. 
 
 Jaanpnr, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., cap. dist. J., on the 
 Gumti, 37 m. NW. by N. Benares. Ancient city, former cap. 
 of a large Mohammedan kingdom ; abounds in splendid archi- 
 tectural monuments. The town is celebrated for the manufacture 
 of perfumes. P. (1881) 44,800; (1891)42,800; Hindus, 26,000 ; 
 Moham. 16,800. 
 
 /«7<r, or Javre, a Lapp word, meaning ' lake.' 
 
 Janra, tn. , India. See Jaora. 
 
 Jauru, fort, Brazil, state of and 120 m. ESE. of Mato Grosso. 
 
 Java, the most valuable possession of Holland in the E. 
 Indies, is a long narrow island between the Java Sea on the N. 
 and the Indian Ocean on the S. , measuring 650 m. from E. to 
 W. , and 45 to 130 m. from N. to S. , its extremities lying in 
 5° 52' and 8° 50' S. lat., and 105° 13' and 114" 39' E. long. In- 
 cluding Madura, an adjacent island that is administratively 
 associated with J. , the area is a little more than one-half, but the 
 pop. nearly two-thirds, that of Great Britain. The S. coast is 
 tolerably regular, but inaccessible owing to the fierce surge that 
 beats upon its flat sands and beetling limestone cliffs ; the N. 
 shores are more irregularly low, and afford safe anchorage in 
 the bays of Bantam, Batavia, Samarang, and Surabaya. The 
 backbone of the island is a chain of Cretaceotis mountains, with 
 numerous (45) active volcanoes — Smeru, Ravun, Arjuno, Lavu, 
 Sumbing, Guntur, Galunggung, Merapi, Lamongan — reaching 
 10,000 to 12,000 ft. Volcanic outbreaks are by no means un- 
 common, and by the debris they discharge help to make the 
 extraordinarily fertile plains of J. The rivers are nearly all 
 short, and of comparatively little use for navigation. The greater 
 portion of the island belongs to the Tertiary age, but has in 
 many parts been greatly transformed by volcanic agencies. The 
 climate is hot and moist, and frequently unhealthy in the low- 
 lying districts, but cooler in the higher regions inland. The 
 heat is, however, tempered everywhere by regular land and sea 
 breezes. The temperature (18 years) is pretty uniform : Jan. 
 77.5° F. , July 78. 1°, year 78.6° ; rainfall, 73 in. ; the rainy season 
 (west monsoon) lasts from November to March. Flora and 
 fanua.— It is estimated that one-fifth of the total surface is 
 covered with virgin forest, the teak forests alone occupying 2300 
 sq. m. The vegetation is preponderatingly tropical, and em- 
 braces Araceas, Mesembriacese, Amaranthacae, Euphorbiaceas, 
 Leguminosas, Melastomaceae, Loranthaceae, Rubiaceae, Casu- 
 arina ; mangroves, cocoa-nuts, palms, banyans, bamboos, 
 luxuriant grasses, ferns, pitcher- plants, orchids, creepers, spices, 
 mosses ; and the cultivated plants. The principal representatives 
 of the animal kingdom are the tiger, leopard, rhinoceros, vnld 
 pig, deer, wild cat, wild dog, flying-fox, lemuroids, monkeys, 
 porcupine, leech, turtle, snakes, crocodile ; with swarms of birds, 
 insects, molluscs. Agrlcnltnre. — The extremely fertile soil 
 produces rice and maize, the chief food of the natives; and 
 sugar, coffee, indigo, tea, cinchona, and tobacco for export. 
 Until the year 1870 these products were grown by the natives, 
 under a system of forced labour, exclusively for the government ; 
 but after 1890 coffee was the only commodity cultivated in that 
 way. Sugar (300,000 to more than 400,000 tons annually) is 
 cultivated principally in Middle J. ; coffee (5400 tons) and 
 tobacco (9400 tons) in East J.; cinchona (2300 tons) and tea 
 (8,000,000 lbs. ) in West J. The bulk of the people are engaged 
 in cultivating the soil ; their wealth consists mostly in buffaloes, 
 cattle, and horses. The teak forests belong to the government. 
 Some 500,000 cubic ft. of timber of all kinds is felled every year. 
 Salt, a government monopoly, bringing in ^600,000 to ^^700, 000 
 annually, is the only mineral worked, though coal exists. Gold, 
 formerly plentiful, is now of little account. Flsb are extensively 
 taken on the coasts, and are a common article of diet. The 
 native Industries go little beyond the making of native cloth 
 and mats, Chinese work, rice-husking, and indigo mills. Ice 
 factories, mineral-water works, printing works, distilleries, soap 
 factories, indicate the scope of European manufacturing enter- 
 
 prise. Conununlcatlon.— The island is threaded by good 
 roads, along which goods are drawn in buffalo-carts ; by nearly 
 1000 m. of railway, besides 120 m. of steam tramways ; and by 
 a good network of telegraph lines. Lines of steamships connect 
 J. pretty firequently with Holland, England, France, China, and 
 Australia ; and there is cable connection with both Europe and 
 Australia. The ports of J., especially Batavia, serve as the 
 commercial emporia of the E. Indies. Sugar is exported to 
 the value of between 4 and 6 millions sterling annually, coffee to 
 between i^ and 2£ millions. Other valuable commodities are 
 tobacco, indigo, tea, cinchona, pepper and other spices, rice, 
 (though J. does not produce sufficient for the wants of the 
 people), and tin, which is first imported from Banca and 
 Billiton. The aggregate exports average 10^ millions ster- 
 ling, the imports 8^ millions. Textiles and haberdashery (2-3 
 millions), provisions, petroleum (;^ 600,000), coals, spirits and 
 wine, machinery, pottery, and metals account for the bulk of 
 the imports. The countries principally traded with are Holland, 
 the Straits Settlements (Singapore and Pulo Penang), England 
 (1-2 millions sterling for sugar), and the United States. The 
 harbours of Batavia, with Tanjong Priok, Samarang, and 
 Surabaya, are entered by 3000 or more vessels of 4 million tons 
 burden in the year. The money, "welgbts, and mieasnres 
 are the same as those of Holland ; but the picul ( = 133^ lb. 
 avoir.) and the catty ( = 1^ lb.) are generally used. Govern- 
 ment. — Including Madura, J. is divided into 22 residencies, 
 each administered by a resident, who, whilst subordinate to the 
 governor-general of the Dutch East Indies, exercises almost 
 absolute authority within his province, through European 
 (assistant residents and controleurs) and native (chiefs) inferior 
 officials. Two divisions, however — Surakarta and Jokjakarta, 
 in Middle Java — are ruled by dependent princes. The greater 
 part of the soil belongs to the colonial government, who cultivate 
 large tracts of it by means of native labour (enforced in the 
 coffee plantations), and since 1870 have let large estates to private 
 individuals and public companies. The sale of opium, another 
 government monopoly, gives a revenue of \\ millions a year. 
 The right to gather edible bird's-nests is also a privilege that has 
 to be purchased from government. The Means of Defence 
 embrace an army of 14,000 Europeans, chiefly Dutch and 
 Germans, and 19,000 natives of J., all voluntarily enlisted ; and 
 a fleet of some 40 vessels, manned by 3500 men. The popnla> 
 tlon consists of Javanese, Sudanese, and Madurese, all closely 
 allied divisions of the Malay race ; they make up 22^ out of the 
 23 millions who inhabit the island. P. in 1849 was only 9^ millions 
 all told. Including the European soldiers, the Europeans do not 
 exceed 60,000 in number. The Chinese barely reach a quarter 
 of a million ; and there are some 12,000 Arabs amongst the 
 natives. The chewing of the betel-nut is universal, and the 
 smoking of tobacco and opium is very common. I'here are 
 three native dialects, corresponding to the three typical races ; 
 and a curious distinction exists in diction and grammar between 
 the vulgar Javanese and the language used towards the chiefs 
 and higher classes. There is a native literature of considerable 
 antiquity, its principal forms being puppet-plays (wayangs), 
 chronicles, and poetry. Some of these writings are in Old 
 Javanese or Kawi. Every form of religion is permitted, but 
 no proselytism is allowed. The natives profess Islam, often in 
 a corrupt form. Between 1500 and 3000 pilgrims travel to Mecca 
 every year. One or two tribes, e.g., the Baduwis in Bantam, 
 still cleave to heathenism. Of native Christians (Reformed and 
 Roman Catholics) there are not more than 13,000 in all. The 
 government provides both elementary and middle-class scbools 
 for Europeans, elementary and normal schools for natives, and 
 four schools for the sons of native chiefs. Some of the private 
 schools for natives receive government subventions. Cap. 
 Batavia ; but the governor retires to Buitenzorg, on the highlands, 
 inland, in the unhealthier portion of the year. Other towns have 
 been already mentioned. The earliest authentic blstory of J. 
 begins with the 5th century. During the 8th and 9th centuries 
 Hindu influences were particularly strong, as is partly evidenced 
 by the magnificent temple ruins at Boro-Budur and other places ; 
 but even earlier the people of the island had developed a high 
 civilisation. Mohammedanism invaded J. about a century before 
 the Dutch began to settle themselves there, in 1610. They have 
 ruled the entire island only since 1830. The English held pos- 
 session of J. from 1811 to 1817. See P. J. Veth, Java (in 
 German), 3 vols., 1875-78, where are maps; A. R. W^allace, 
 Malay Archipelago (1869); E. Metzger, in Scot. Geog. Mag., 
 1888. [J. T. B.] 
 
 Java Sea is that part of the Pacific Ocean among the E. 
 Indian Archipelago between 3° and 8° S., 106° and 119° E., 
 having E. the Sea of Flores, S. Java, Bali, Lombok, and Sum- 
 bawa, N. Borneo, and W. Sumatra. It communicates S. with 
 the Indian Ocean by the Straits of Sunda, Bali, and Lombok, 
 NE. by Macassar Strait with Celebes Sea, and NW. with the 
 China Sea by the Carimata Passage and Strait of Caspar, E. 
 and W. of Billiton. It is the shallowest of all the E. Indian 
 seas, the greatest depth not exceeding 550 fathoms. Area, 
 360,000 sq. m. 
 
 751 
 
JAVE — JEDD 
 
 Jarea, comm. , Spain, prov. Alicante, dist. Denia, on a bay 
 in the Mediterranean Sea, frequented by coasting vessels. Port, 
 10-40 ft. deep. Vessels anchor about 300 yards from N. shore, 
 and are loaded and discharged by lighters. P. 7400. 
 
 Javols, the ax\c\eni Anderitum, vil. , France, dep. Lozere, arr. 
 Marvejols, 15 m. NW. Mende, with mineral springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Javor, Slavonic, 'maple,' or sometimes 'plane,' tree. 
 
 Javortna, branch of the Carpathian Mts. , Hungary, on the 
 Moravian border. 
 
 Javre, or Jaur, a Lapp word meaning ' lake. ' 
 
 Jdwad, tn., Central India, Gvvalior state, in 24° 36' N., 74° 
 54' E. P. (1891) 8900; Hindus, 5200; Moham. 1900. 
 
 Ja-vradi, mt. range, Brit. India, Madras Presidency, dist. 
 Salem, crossed by i2|° N., 78° 50' E. ; climate unhealthy, and 
 unsuited to Europeans. Average alt. 3000 ft. 
 
 Jawdlamnkhl, ancient tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Kdngra, 
 73 m. NW. Simla. P. (i89i)<:5ooo. 
 
 Jairdldpnr, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Saharanpur, 
 68 m. NNE. Meerut ; in Hardwar Union. 
 
 Jawall, vil. with rly. stn., India, R4jput4na, 63 m. SSE. 
 Jodhpur. 
 
 Ja-tvana (Dutch spelling DJawana), or Joana, tn., Java, 
 on the N. ct. , in about 111° 6' E., 48 m. ENE. Samarang, on 
 Jawana R., which issues from a marshy lake 31 m. to the SW., 
 and is navigable throughout its course for native boats. P. 
 10,000. 
 
 Jawli^r, chief tn. of native state J., India, 74 m. NNE. 
 Bombay. Area of state, 534 sq. m. P. 52,800. 
 
 Jawor6w, tn. , Austria, Galicia, 29 m. W. by N. Lemberg. 
 P. 9200. 
 
 Jaword-w, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Kos6w. 
 P. <:3O0o. 
 
 Ja-worze, comm. , Austria. See Ernisdorf. 
 
 JiiTTorzno, tn. , Austria, Galicia, 31 m. WNW. Cracow; 
 important petroleum wells. P. 5400. 
 
 Jaxt, riv. and circle, Ger. See Jagst. 
 
 Jay, CO., U.S., Indiana, on E. frontier, and midway between 
 40° and 41' N, 
 
 Jay, tn., U.S., Maine, Franklin co., on Androscoggin R., 
 34 m. N. Lewiston by rail. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Jay, vil. , U. S. , New York, Essex co. , in the N. of the Adiron- 
 dack region ; large beds of iron ore in the dist. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Jayanca, tn., Peru, dep. Lambayeque, 285 m. S. Gua)raquil. 
 
 Jayapuram, tn. , India. See Jaipur. 
 
 Jayes, small post-tn. , W. Australia, Nelson co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Blackwood R. , 120 m. NW. Altiany. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Jazlrab. See Jezlre. 
 
 Jazygla (after the Jazyges, Hungarian Jaszok, 'bowmen'), 
 formerly privileged dist. of Hungary, situated between the 
 Danube and Theiss, cap. Jdsz-Bereny, now included in the co. 
 of Jasz-Nagy-Kun-Szolnok. 
 
 Jazygl^n-Gross-Rnmanien-Szolnok, co., Hungary. See 
 J^sz-Xagy-Kaii-Szolnok. 
 
 Jeanerctte (zhen'er-et), tn., U.S., Louisiana, Iberia co., on 
 Bayou Teche, 45 m. SW. Baton Rouge. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jeanette, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Westmoreland co. P, 
 <:4ooo. 
 
 Jeannette, isl. , Arctic Ocean, NE. of the New Siberian Is. , 
 in 76° 47' N. , 158° 56' E. , discovered by Captain de Long. It 
 received its name from the ship which in June 1881 foundered 
 62 m. NW. of this point. 
 
 Jean River, Canada, Quebec, Chicoutimi co., flows N. to 
 the Saguenay R. , which it enters about 70° 13' W. 
 
 Jeantoiv^n, Scot. See Lochcarroii. 
 
 Jearitn, mt. named in O. T. See Klrjath Jearlm. 
 
 Jeb, riv. , E. Africa. See Jnb. 
 
 Jeb'a, vil., Palestine, Geba (Gibeah of Saul) in the O. T., 
 31° 52' N., 35° 15' E. , 6 m. NNE. Jerusalem. 
 
 Jeb'a, vil., Palestine, Geba in the O. T., 32° 20' N., 35° 13' 
 E. , 7I m. N. by W. Nablus. 
 
 Jeb'a, ruins, Palestine, Gibeah (of Judah) in the O. T, , 31° 
 51' N., 35° 4' E., 9J m. WNW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Jeball, the ancient Byblus, tn. , Syria, on the coast, 18 m. NNE. 
 Beirut. Its walls are i J ra. in circumference, and it has a citadel 
 built with blocks of a vast size, the remains of a church, and 
 various relics of antiquity. 
 
 Jebbar, ruins, Turkey in Asia. See Kalaat-Jebbar. 
 
 Jebel, or Gebel, Arabic, 'a hill,' or ' mountain.' 
 
 Jebel AJa (or AJJa), Arabia. See Sliainniar. 
 
 Jebel Akdar, mt., Arabia, Oman, SW. Maskat, 23° N., 56° 
 30' E. Alt. 6010 ft. 
 
 Jebel>al-Tarlk. See Gibraltar. 
 
 Jebel Arab, mt. , Arabia, near its SW. extremity, with a con- 
 tinuous range of peaks. 
 
 Jei>eI-I>Aliy, mt. range. See Hermon, Little. 
 
 Jcl)cl-cI-Barnk. See Lebanon. 
 
 Jcl»cl-cl-Obarbl, mt. range. See Lebanon. 
 
 Jebel-esh-Sharkl. See Lebanon. 
 
 Jebel-esIi-Sbelkh, mt. , Palestine. See Hermon, Monnt. 
 
 Jebel Esl&miyeb, mt., Palestine, Ebal, perhaps also Mount 
 752 
 
 Zalmon, in the O. T., 32° 15' N., 35° 16' E. , overlooking Nablus 
 on the N. 
 Jebel-es-Soda, or Black Mountains. See Tripoli. 
 
 Jebel-et-Tor, or Jebel-ez-Zelt, IheMoufit of Olives, or Olivet, 
 of the O. T. and N. T., hill, Palestine, to the E. of Jerusalem, 
 from which it is separated by the valley of the Brook Kidron 
 (Wadi-en-Nar). 
 
 Jebel et Tor, mt. , Palestine, Gerizim in the O. T. , 31° 12' N. , 
 35° 16' E. , overlooking Nablus on the SE. 
 
 Jebel et Tor, mt., Palestine, Tabor in the O. T., 32° 41' N., 
 35° 23' E. , 5 m. E. by S. Nazareth. 
 
 Jebel Fnkna, the Mount Gilboa of the O. T. , mt. , Palestine, 
 12-20 m. SSE. Nazareth. 
 
 Jebel Hadlreb, mt. , in the S. of Palestine, 28 m. S. Beersheba, 
 probably the Hez?vn of the O. T. , 30° 51' N. , 34° 50' E. 
 
 Jebeliyab, the most easterly of the Kuria Muria Is. , off the 
 SE. ct. of Arabia. It is a barren granite rock, rising in the 
 centre to 560 ft. 
 
 Jebel Alokatteb, mt., Arabia- Petraea, 40 m. NW. Mount 
 Sinai, on the route to Suez. Here are some ancient sepulchres, 
 and a rock covered with hieroglyphics. 
 
 Jebel Hokattem, hilly range, Egypt, extend for 25 m. east- 
 ward from the Nile, immediately SE. Cairo, the citadel of which 
 stands on its W. extremity. 
 
 Jebel Masa. See Sinai. 
 
 Jebel Nebi Harnn, mt. , Arabia. See Hor, mount. 
 
 Jebel Nimrod, the ancient Niphates, Turkish Armenia, is a 
 prolongation of Mount Taurus, 20 m. S. Mush, separating the 
 pash. Erzerum from Kurdistan. 
 
 Jebel Nur, mt. , Arabia, Hejaz, near Mecca, where the 
 Mohammedans believe the angel Gabriel to have delivered to 
 their prophet the first portion of the Koran. 
 
 Jebel Osh'a, hill, Palestine, probably the Penuel of the O. T. , 
 32° 5' N., 35° 42' E., 19 m. NNW. the ancient Heshbon. 
 
 Jebel Selma (or Sclman), Arabia. See Sbanimar. 
 
 Jebel Serbal, mt. , Arabia-PetrEea, in the peninsula of Sinai, 
 near Mount Horeb. 
 
 Jebel Shammar, Shummer, or Shomer. See Slianiniar. 
 
 Jebel Soghalr, isl. , Red Sea, 35 m. NW. Mokha, in 14° N. , 
 42° 45' E. 
 
 Jebel Sub'li, mt. , W. Arabia, between Yembo and Jedda. 
 It is a stronghold of a warlike tribe of Beduins, and famous for 
 producing the ' Balm of Mecca.' 
 
 Jebel Ter (Tar or Dnkhan), ancient Combusta, volcanic 
 isL, Red Sea, 55 m. WSW. Loheia (Yemen), in eruption in 
 
 1834- 
 
 Jebel Towelk, extensive calcareous plateau, near the centre 
 of Arabia, merging in the SW. in the highlands E. of Mecca. 
 
 Jebel Tyb, long mountainous chain, stretching across the 
 peninsula of Sinai, from the Gulf of Suez to that of Akabah, in 
 20° N. 
 
 Jebel Zatut. See Ape's Hill. 
 
 Jebi'a, site, Palestine, Gibeah (of Benjamin) in the O. T. , 31° 
 48' N., 35° 5' E., 8 m. W. by N. Jerusalem. 
 
 Jeblbina, vil. , Tunis, 47 m. S. by W. Tunis. 
 
 Jebleb, 01; Jibla, tn., Yemen, SW. Arabia, 100 m. SE. by E. 
 Hodaida, with mountain fortress. 
 
 Jebleb, or Jeble, comm., Syria, on the coast, 15 m. SE. by 
 S. Latakieh, with many remains of antiquities. 
 
 Jebrail, dist. tn., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 105 ni. 
 SSE. Elisabethpol ; one of the chief custom-houses of Caucasia 
 on Persian frontier. 
 
 Jebn-land. See Lagas, colony. 
 
 Jebn-ode, tn., Yoruba country. See IJebu>ode. 
 
 Jebnti, port on Red Sea. See Jibuti. 
 
 Jedburgli, 2.ncvtrA!iy Jedworth, popularly /ethart, royal burgh, 
 par., and co. tn., Scot., Roxburghshire, on Jed Water, 10 m. 
 ENE. Hawick, on a branch of the N. B. R., with ruins of a fine 
 abbey founded by David in 1118. The royal burgh was erected 
 by David I., and the last charter is by Mary in 1556. The 
 woollen industry (first of all spinning) was introduced here in the 
 first half of the i8th century, and has been carried on ever since ; 
 principal products, tweeds and blankets. There are also engineer- 
 ing works and other factories. Market-day, Tu. Mean rfalL 
 (Sunnyside, alt. 350 ft., 1866-80), 26.7 in. Royal burgh, P. 
 (i89i)<2soo; par. 22,535 ac, P<Sooo; tn. P. < 3500. 
 
 Jedda, or Jlddn, seapt. of Arabia, on the Red Sea, 60 m. W. , 
 Mecca, of which it is the port. The mother-of-pearl industry, 
 which was formerly of considerable note, has of late years very 
 much decreased. Its exports have also greatly fallen off, and ! 
 the place is now of little importance, except as a landing-place for 
 pilgrims, many thousands of whom arrive here annually. The j 
 harbour is the best in the Red Sea, and ships can lie in safety in 
 any weather (i^ m. out, in 9J-18 fathoms, loading and dis- 
 charging by lighters), but the entrance is difficult. It was bom- 
 barded by the British in 1858. The vicinity of the town is a bare 
 desert. Mean temp. (6 yrs. , 1881-86), yr. 79.0° F., Feb. 69.3°, 
 Aug. 86. 5°. P. about 20,000. 
 
 Jeddo, more properly I'edo, the former name of Tokyo, 
 Japan. 
 
JEDD — JELE 
 
 Jcddo, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co. , 28 m. SSW. 
 Scranton, 18 m. S. Wilkesbarre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jeddore Bay, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the SE. ct. , in 65° W. 
 
 Jedelfia, tn. , Tunis, on the Mejerda Valley Rly. , 14 m. W. 
 by N. Tunis. 
 
 Jcdfoot Bridge, stn. , Scot. , Roxburghshire, on the N. B. R. , 
 2 m. NNE. Jedburgh, on Jed Water. 
 
 Jedl, Wadi, river of the Algerian Sahara, formed of several 
 streams which rise on the S. flank of the Jebel Amur, in prov. 
 Algiers. Its course is first E., past Laghuat, then ENE. to Shot 
 Melrhirh, about 300 m. Only in the rainy season its water reaches 
 the Shot, when it presents the appearance of a broad and rapid 
 river ; at ordinary times it is all absorbed as soon as it enters 
 upon the sandy plains. 
 
 Jedircli, vil. , Palestine, Gederah (of Benjamin) in the O. T, 
 31° 52' N. , 35° 11' E. , 6 m. NNW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Jedireh, site, Palestine, Gederah (of Judah) in the O. T., 31° 
 50' N., 34° 57' E., 17 m. W. by N. Jerusalem. 
 
 fcdla, Slavonic, a ' fir.' See Jela. 
 
 Jedllcze, vil. , Austria, Galicia, 56 m. ESE. Bochnia. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Jedrzcj<i^v (Russian Andreyev), dist. tn. , Russian Poland, 
 govt, and 23 m. SW. Kielce, on highway to Cracow. P. <5ooo. 
 
 JcdAr, ruins, Palestine, Gedor in the O. T., 31° 38' N., 35° 5' 
 E. , 7^ m. N. by W. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Je«l Water, riv., Scot., Roxburghshire, flows N. past Jed- 
 burgh into the Teviot. 
 
 Jedworth, Scot. See Jedburgh. 
 
 Jeetze, riv., Prussia, provs. Saxony and Hanover, flows N. 
 past Salzwedel, and joins the Elbe at Hitzacker. 
 
 Jefferson, name given to commemorate Thomas Jefferson, pre- 
 sident of the N. American Republic (1801-1809). 
 
 Jefferson, co. , U.S., Alabama, midway between E. and W. 
 frontiers, and between 33° and 34° N. 
 
 Jefferson, co. , U.S., Arkansas, traversed by Arkansas R., 
 and crossed by 92° W. 
 
 Jefferson, co. , U.S., Colorado, S. of 40° N. and W. of 105° W, 
 
 Jefferson, co. , U.S., Florida, stretching from the N. frontier 
 to the Gulf of Mexico, crossed in the W. by 84° W. 
 
 Jefferson, vil., U.S., Georgia, Jackson co., 60 m. NE. by E. 
 Atlanta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jefferson, co. .U.S., Georgia, crossed by 33° N. , W. of 82° W. 
 
 Jefferson, vil., U.S., Illinois, Cook co. , 9 m. NW. Chicago 
 by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Jefferson, co., U.S., Illinois, between 38° and 39° N., and 
 crossed by 89° W. 
 
 Jefferson, co. , U.S., Indiana, on the Ohio, W. of 85° W. 
 
 Jefferson, co., U.S., Iowa, intersected by 41° N. and 92° W. 
 
 Jefferson, tn. , U.S., Iowa, Greene co. , on Raccoon R. , 50 
 m. NW. by W. Des Moines. P. < 2000. 
 
 Jefferson, co. , U.S., Kansas, in the NE., bounded on the S. 
 by the Kansas R. , crossed by 95^° W. 
 
 Jefferson, CO. , U.S., Kentucky, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 by 8si° W. 
 
 Jefferson, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, between the Gulf of 
 Mexico and Lake Pontchartrain. 
 
 Jefferson, tn., U.S., Maine, Lincoln co., on Damariscotta 
 R., 18 m. NE. Wiscasset. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jefferson, co., U.S., Mississippi, separated from Louisiana 
 by the Mississippi R. 
 
 Jefferson, city, U.S., Missouri, Cole co. , on r. bk. of the 
 Missouri R. , 107 m. W. St. Louis ; built on elevated and uneven 
 ground. P. 6700. 
 
 Jefferson, co., U.S., Missouri, on the Mississippi, to the N. 
 of 38° N. 
 
 Jefferson, co., U.S., Montana, touched in the S. by 46° N., 
 and crossed by 112° W. 
 
 Jefferson, co., U.S., Nebraska, in the SE., on the S. frontier, 
 crossed in the E. by 97° W. 
 
 Jefferson, mt., U.S., New Hampshire, in the SE. of Coos 
 CO., in the White Mts., 66 m. S. of the NE. corner of the state. 
 Alt. 5714 ft. (Guyot). 
 
 Jefferson, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Coos co., 4 m. SE. 
 Lancaster ; place of summer resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jefferson, co. , U. S. , New York, at the E. end of Lake Ontario. 
 
 Jefferson, vil., U.S., Ohio, Ashtabula co. , 51 m. E. by N. 
 Cleveland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Jefferson, co., U.S., Ohio, bounded on the E. by the riv. 
 Ohio, crossed by 40^° N. 
 
 Jefferson, co. , U.S., Pennsylvania, crossed by 79° W. , and 
 in the S. by 41° N. ; abounds in bituminous coal and iron ore. 
 
 Jefferson, co. , U.S., Tennessee, E. of 84° W., crossed in 
 the S. by 36° N. ; iron ore abounds. 
 
 Jefferson, city, U.S., Texas, Marion co., on Big-Cypress 
 Bayou, one of the feeders of Caddo Lake, navigable to this 
 point for large steamers plying to the Red R. [Cross Iiake], 37 
 m. WNW. Shreveport (La.), with deposits of coal and iron ore 
 in the vicinity. A large charcoal blast-furnace in the city. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 Jefferson, co., U.S., Texas, in the extreme SE. 
 753 
 
 Jefferson, co. , U.S. , Washington, S. of 48° N. , on the W. ct. 
 
 Jefferson, co. , U.S., W. Virginia, in the extreme E. , on the 
 frontier, bounded on the NE. by the Potomac R. 
 
 Jefferson, city, U.S., Wisconsin, cap. co. , 42 m. W. Mil- 
 waukee. P. <3000. 
 
 Jefferson, West, vil., U.S., Ohio, Madison co., on Darby 
 Creek, 16 m. W. Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jefferson Barracks, viL, U.S., Missouri, St. Louis co., on 
 Mississippi R. , 10 m. S. St, Louis by rail, with extensive U.S. 
 barracks. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jefferson City, vil., U.S., Montana, J. co., 35 m. NE. 
 Butte City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jefferson Fork (or Kiver), a riv. of the U.S., Montana, 
 rises among the Rocky Mts. , near the SW. extremity of Montana, 
 flows NE. about 150 m. , and joins the Madison and Gallatin 
 Rivs. to form the Missouri. 
 
 JeffersouTllle, city, U.S., Indiana, Clark co. , at the head 
 of the falls on the Ohio R. , nearly opposite Louisville ; contains 
 the general supply depot of the U.S. army; manufactures iron, 
 railway cars, steamboats, &c. P. (1880) 9400; (1890) 10,700. 
 
 Jeffersonvllle, vil., U.S., Vermont, Lamoille co. , on La- 
 moille R., 22 m. ENE. Burlington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jeffery's-ledge, sandbank, in the Atlantic Ocean, opposite 
 the coast of Maine, U.S. 
 
 Jefl^ston, or Jeffi-eyston, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 
 8 m. ENE. Pembroke, 2J m. W. Kilgetty and Begelly stn. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Jeftnn Islands. See Jaffatlne. 
 
 Jegenye fiirdo. See Klaasenbnrg. 
 
 Jeglndo, isl. and vil., Denmark, prov. (amt.) Thysted, in 
 the Liimfiord, Jutland. 
 
 Jehla, Slavonic, a 'fir.' See Jela. 
 
 Jeblam, Jahlani, or Jlielnm (also known as Bihet, or 
 Bitasta, from the Sanskrit Vitasta, which the Greeks rendered 
 Hydaspes, or Bidaspes), riv. of NW. India, one of the ' five rivers ' 
 of the Punjab, rises in Kashmfr, E. of Srinagar. Flows first S. 
 then NW. for 100 m. through the beautiful valley of Kashmir 
 past Srinagar into Wulur Lake, thence it pours through the 
 snow-clad Pir Panjal Range by the Pass of Baramula, and sub- 
 sequently makes a sharp bend to the S. , flowing in a narrow 
 rocky bed with numerous rapids, and forming the boundary 
 between the state of Kashmir and the British dists. of Hazara 
 and Rawal Pindi. It then skirts the outlying spurs of the Salt 
 Range, and debouches upon the plains a little above the town 
 of Jehlam, about 250 m. from its source ; and, after a further 
 course of 200 m. in a SW. and S. direction, joins the Chenab 
 80 m. NNE. Mulban. Navigable throughout up to its emer- 
 gence from the mountains, and for 70 m. in Kashmir, above the 
 gorge of Baramula. 
 
 Jehlam, or Jhelam (census), tn., municip., and canton- 
 ment, Brit. India, Punjab, cap. dist. J., on the r. bk. of the 
 riv. Jehlam, here crossed by a railway bridge, 60 m. SE. by 
 S. Rawal Pindi. The cantonment is about a mile SW. of the 
 town. The dist. of J. contains the greater part of the Salt Range. 
 P. (1881) 21,100; (1891) 12,900; Moham. 7400; Hindus, 4300. 
 
 Jehol ('Hot Stream'), Chengte-, or Clilngte-fti, tn., N. 
 China, prov. Pechili, 115 m. NE. Peking, near the Lan-ho, 
 beyond the great wall, in 40° 59' N., 117° 59' E. (Fritsche), in a 
 valley abounding in gardens, temples, and palaces, with magni- 
 ficent imperial palace ; favourite residence of the emperor Kien- 
 lung. 
 
 Jehoshaphat, Valley of, Palestine, is a mountain gorge im- 
 mediately NE. the city of Jerusalem, its lower part forming the 
 dry bed of the brook Kedron. It is covered with sepulchres, 
 and contains the site of the garden of Gethsemane, the village of 
 Siloam, and the fountain of the Virgin. 
 
 Jehud, place named in O. T. See El Yehndfyeh. 
 
 Jejny, riv., Paraguay, flows W. into the riv. Paraguay, 
 which it enters by two mouths, the lower of which is small and 
 rarely used, the upper (in 24° 11 J' S.) broad and well canalised, 
 but difficult to enter at low water on account of a bar ; navigated 
 by boats ascending to the most important Yerbales {mate grow- 
 ing dists.) of the country, the only hindrance to navigation 
 being a series of rapids (difficult only at low water) between 56° 
 and 56° 20' W. 
 
 Jekelchakan, tn. , Mexico. See Hecelchakan. 
 
 Jekyl, isl., U.S., Georgia, close to coast of Glynn co. ; 
 interesting as the landing-place of the last cargo of slaves in- 
 troduced into the U.S. ; now entirely a game preserve. 
 
 Jela, Jehla, Jedla, Slavonic, a ' fir,' or ' pine-tree.' 
 
 Jelajil, tn., central Arabia, Nejd, about 35 hours NNW. 
 Riad. 
 
 Jelallabad, Afghanistan. See Jal&ldbsid. 
 
 Jelan, or Jilan, Turkish, 'snake.' 
 
 Jelbdn, vil., Palestine, on the Mount Gilboa of the O. T., 
 32° 28' N. , 35° 25' E. , 18 ra. SSE. Nazareth. 
 
 JelchoTo, vil., E. Roumelia, circle Eski-Saghra. P. <30oo. 
 
 Jelel, state, Malay Penin. See Inasa. 
 
 Jelena, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. and 15 J m. SE. Tirnova. Alt. 
 mo ft. P. <40oo. 
 
JELE — JERS 
 
 Jelep-ls, India. See Jeylepla. 
 
 Jelfa (French spelling Djelfa), vil., Algeria, 143 m. S. 
 Algiers. Alt. 3760 ft. Rfall. (5 yrs.), 9.64 in. P. < 2000. 
 
 JelUng, vil., Denmark, Jutland, prov. and 6 m. WNW. 
 Veile, former royal town, with the funeral mounds of Gorm and 
 Thyra, raised about 960 by their son Harald. 
 
 Jelsa, Servian and Slovenian, 'alder.' See Olse. 
 
 Jelschane, comm., Austria, Istria, 15 m. NW. Fiume. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 Jelsi, vil., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and j\ m. ESE. 
 Campobasso, 38 m. W. by N. Foggia. 
 
 Jeln Dagb, Kurdistan. See Jlln Dagh. 
 
 /?OT, riv., Russia. See Emtta. 
 
 Jem, El, the ancient Thysdrus, vil., E. Tunis, 25 m. SW. 
 Mahadiah, with numerous Roman ruins, including well-preserved 
 remains of a fine amphitheatre. 
 
 Jemtitl, ruins, Palestine, Beth Gamul in the O. T. , 31^° N. , 
 35° 5S' E. , 23 m. S. of the ancient Heshbon. 
 
 Jemappes, or Jemmapeg, comm. and viL, Belgium, 
 prov. Hainaut, arr. and 3 m. W. Mons, on the Haine R. , and 
 the canal from Mons to Conde, with coal-mines and coke 
 works, and manufactures of pottery and machinery. Here the 
 French defeated the Austrians in 1792, an event which mainly 
 led to the annexation of Belgium to the French empire, diu-ing 
 which J. gave name to a dep. nearly coextensive with the prov. 
 Hainaut. P. (1890) 11,600. 
 
 Jemelle, comm., Belgium, prov. Namur, arr. Dinant, 26 m. 
 S. Huy. P. <20oo. 
 
 Jemeppe, comm., Belgium, prov., arr., and 4 m. SW. by W. 
 Liege. P. 8500. 
 
 Jemeppe, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. Namur, on the 
 Sambre, 5 m. E. by S. Fleurus. P. < 3000. 
 
 Jemez, vil., U.S., New Mexico, Bernalillo co. , 44 m. W. 
 Santa F6. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Jenimapes (French name), tn., Algeria, prov. Constantine, 
 arr. and 15 m. SE. Philippeville ; founded in 1848, and now 
 one of the most prosperous French colonies, vdth mercury, lead, 
 and iron mines near ; tanner's bark and cork-oak produced. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Jemtland, prov., Sweden, between 61° 35' and 65° 10' N., 
 12° and 16° ^^ E. , having Norway on the W. 
 
 Jena, tn. , central Germany, duchy Saxe- Weimar, cap. dist. , 
 circle and 12 m. ESE Weimar, on the 1. bk. of the Saale, the nar- 
 row valley of which here has an opening on the left through which 
 pass the road and railway to Weimar. Formerly walled ; since 
 1558 seat of a university, which in the i8th century was attended 
 by 2000-3000 students, and which has numbered among its pro- 
 fessors the poet Schiller (1790-1805) and the philosophers Fichte 
 (1794-99) and Schelling (1799-1803). J. is the seat of the high 
 court of appeal for the Saxon duchies and Reuss principalities. 
 Here, on October 14, 1806, the French under Napoleon I. totally 
 defeated the Prussians under their king and the Duke of Bruns- 
 wick. The latter fell in the action. P. (1871) 8200 ; (1890) 13,400. 
 
 Jena, or Plron, isl. , Louisiade Archipelago, N. of Tagula, 
 crossed by 11° 20' S. and 153° 25' E. 
 
 Jencbnan, port, Korea. See Cbemnlpo. 
 
 Jenb-wal-bsleu, tn., China, Kweichou, 100 m. N. by W. 
 Kweiyang-fu. 
 
 Jenbwal-ttng, tn. , China, in the N W. of Kweichou, 97 m. 
 SSW. Chungking. 
 
 Jenlbnzar, Bosnia. See Yenibazar. 
 
 Jenll, or Genii, riv., Spain, L bk. trib. of the Guadalquivir, 
 rises in the Mulahacen peak in Granada, and flows WNW. 
 through the provs. of Cordoba and Seville, past the towns of 
 Granada and Ecija ; it has numerous rapids in its upper course. 
 Length, 150 m. 
 
 Jentn, tn., Palestine, Engannim in the O. T., 31° 45' N., 
 34° 57' E. , 17 m. S. Nazareth. 
 
 Jenlna, vil. , E. Roumelia, circle Eski-Saghra. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Jenlpazar, Bulgaria and Turkey in Europe. See Norlbazar. 
 
 Jenklnstown, tnld. , Ire., NE. co. Kilkenny, bar. Fassa- 
 dinin, 5 m. N. Kilkenny, on the Dinin, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Jenklnstown, tnld.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. Lower Dundalk, 
 7 m. from Dundalk, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Jenklntofm, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery co., 
 17 m. N. by E. Philadelphia. P. <20oo. 
 
 Jenna, tn., W. Africa, Upper Guinea, 48 m. NW. Lagos, in 
 about 7° N. , 2° 55' E. 
 
 Jenne, tn., W. Africa, cap. of J. or Massina state, on an 
 island in the upper Niger, NE. of Segu, in 13° 30' N. 
 
 Jennings, co., U.S., Indiana, crossed by 39° N., and E. of 
 86° W. 
 
 Jennsdorf, vil. , Switzd. See Conrgenay. 
 
 Jenny, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, cap. Lincoln co., 16 m. N 
 Warsaw. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jenny Jump, mt. , U.S. , New Jersey, Warren co. , in the N. , 
 37 m. W. Paterson. 
 
 Jenolan CaTes, formerly known as Fish River Caves, situated 
 in a deep valley of the Blue Mts. , New South Wales, 36 m. 
 from Tarana stn. ; noted for the beauty of their stalactites. 
 754 
 
 Jeqnetepeqne, vil, Peru, dep. Libertad, near the W. ct., 
 in 7° 20' 8., on the Rio Jequetepeque or Magdalena, whose 
 valley is ascended by the railway from Pacasmayu to Cajamarca. 
 
 Jeqnltliibouba, or Rio Grande, riv., Brazil, rises in the 
 Serra do Espinha9o, Minas Geraes, and flows first N. then on 
 the whole ENE. to the Atlantic, which it enters in 15° 50' S. 
 
 Jeram, Malay, 'rapid.' 
 
 Jerauld, co., U.S., S. Dalcota, crossed by 44° N., between 
 98° and 99° W. 
 
 Jerba, or Gerba, the ancient Meninx, isL , N. Africa, Tunis, 
 in the Gulf of Cabes. Length, E. to W. , about 20 m. ; breadth, 
 20 m. Surface level and fertile. Many important Roman 
 remains. P. 35,000, of whom 360 are Europeans. 
 
 J^r^mle, seapt. tn., isl., and republic, Haiti, on the N. ct. 
 of the southern penin., 119 m. W. Port-au-Prince, in 74° 7' W. 
 The port is open. Vessels lie about i m. from shore, and load 
 and discharge by means of lighters. 
 
 Jerez (or Xerez) de la Frontera (the Roman Asia Regia), 
 comm., S. Spain, prov. and 12 m. NE. Cadiz, on vine-covered 
 plain. Old walls still surround much of the city. The vines of 
 J. , growing in a soil of white chalk and conglomerates, produce 
 sherry, in Shakespeare's time sherris, a form nearly identical 
 with the Arabic name of the tovwi (Sherish). Under the walls 
 of J. the bloody battle (of Guadalete) between Tarik and Rodrigo 
 (Don Roderick), which delivered Spain into the hands of the 
 Moors, was fought in 711. Retaken from the Moors by Alfonso 
 X. of Castile in 1265. P. (i860) 52,200; (1887) 61,700. 
 
 Jerez, tn. , Mexico, state of and 28 m. W. Zacatecas. P. 6000. 
 
 Jerez de los Caballeros, comm. , Spain, prov. and 40 m. S. 
 by E. Badajoz. P. 9000. 
 
 Jerlba, or Jlrlba, coast lagoon, Tunis, in 36° 2-17' N. 
 
 Jericho, places named in O. T. and N. T. See Eriba. 
 
 Jerlcbo, p)OSt-tn., Queensland, Rodney co. , 220 m. SSW. 
 Townsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jerlcbo, post-tn. , Tasmania, Monmouth co. , 65 m. S. by E. 
 Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jerlcbo, tn., U.S., Vermont, Chittenden co. , 10 m. E. 
 Burlington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jerlcbo, post-tn., Victoria, Wonnangatta co. , 52 m. NW. 
 Sale. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jerlcbow, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 23 m. W. by N. Brand- 
 enburg. P. <2000. 
 
 Jerld, Sbot el ('lake of dates'), or Sbot el Keblr ('great 
 lake'), the ancient Triton, Tunis, is the largest and most 
 easterly of the shots of the Sahara. It is of very irregular shape ; 
 120 m. in length, including its comparatively narrow E. pro- 
 longation of 70 m. , known as the Shot el Fejej, and has an 
 area of about 1930 sq. m. The surface of the lake is covered 
 with a solid crust (in parts 20-30 in. thick) composed of sand and 
 pure crystallised salt, at a level of 50 ft. below the Mediterranean. 
 Its E. extremity is only 15 m. distant from the Gulf of Cabes, 
 with which it was evidently formerly connected. The dist. to 
 the N. of the Shot between it and the Shot Rharsa (Gharsa) is 
 known as the Jerld, and contains the four oases of El Hamma, 
 Udian, Tozer, and Nefta. 
 
 Jerldas, Mesa de, isolated plateau, Colombia, Santander, 
 belonging to the E. Cordillera of the Andes. 
 
 Jerllderle, tn. , New South Wales, Urana co., 45 m. E. by 
 N. Deniliquin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jerm, tn., Bukhara, khanate of Kunduz, near 1. bk. of Amu, 
 460 m. SE. of Bukhara. 
 
 Jermab, tn. , khanate, and 190 m. SW. of Bukhara. 
 
 Jermyn, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lackawanna co. , on 
 Lackawanna R. , 10 m. NE. by N. Scranton ; coal-mining and 
 powder manufacture carried on. P. <3000. 
 
 Jerome Canal, channel, Patagonia, connects Otway Water 
 with the Strait of Magellan. 
 
 Jerpolnt Abbey, par. , Ire. , co. and loj m. SSE. Kilkenny, 
 bar. Gowran ; has ruins of a Cistercian abbey (founded 1180). 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Jerpolnt Cbnreb, or Jerpolnt, East, par.. Ire., S. co. 
 Kilkenny, bar. Knocktopher, 11 m. S. by E. Kilkenny; 5995 
 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Jerpolnt, West, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bars. Gowran, 
 Ida, and Knocktopher, 3^ m. S. Thomastown ; 5516 ac. P. <: 
 500. 
 
 Jerretspass, P.O., Ire., co. Down, 5 m. from Newry. 
 
 Jcrrnck, or Jblrak, vil., India, Bombay, dist. and 80 m. E. 
 by N. Kardchi, on an eminence on r. bk. of the Indus. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Jerry's Plains, post-tn. , New South Wales, Hunter co. , 65 
 m. NW. by W. Newcastle. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jersey, the ancient Ccesarea (' Caesar's isle '), the largest 
 and southernmost of the islands belonging to Great Britain 
 in the English Channel, 15 m. W. the coast of France (Coten- 
 tin), and 88 m. S. by E. Portland Bill Lat. of St. Helier, 
 49° 11' 3" N. , long. 2° 7 W. Length, E. to W. , 11 m. ; breadth, 
 4 m. Coasts rocky ; the only considerable inlet is St. Aubin's 
 Bay, on the S. side, skirted by a sandy shore. Surface undulat- 
 ing, with a general slope from N. to S. , enclosing several fertile 
 
JERS — JERV 
 
 valleys. Climate mild. Mean annual temp. (20 yrs.), 51.7° F., 
 Jan. 42.1°, Aug. 63° ; annual rfall. (25 yrs.), 34.2 in. Little com 
 is raised, the chief product being early potatoes. There are also 
 extensive apple-orchards. Cows of a small but good breed are 
 numerous, and butter is exported. Off the SE. ct. are oyster 
 beds, fished by the islanders. Steamers communicate fre- 
 quently with Southampton, Weymouth, St. Malo, and Granville. 
 The island is divided into 12 pas., in the diocese of Winchester. 
 It has its own legislature, the 'States' or insular parliament, 
 consisting of the bailiff of the royal court (appointed by the 
 Crown), who is president, the 12 jurats of the royal court, elected 
 for life by the ratepayers, the rectors of the 12 pas., the 12 con- 
 stables or mayors, elected every three years by the ratepayers, 
 and 14 deputies, also elected every three years ; their acts being 
 confirmed or annulled, in special cases, by the viscount or Eng- 
 lish lieutenant-governor. From the decision of its royal court 
 (the only tribunal in the island) appeal lies only to the sovereign 
 in council. The military governor has under him usually about 
 500 regular troops, besides which Jersey has a militia of 2500 
 men, with an artillery battalion, all males between the ages of 
 16 and 65 being bound to render personal service. Its native 
 inhabitants speak a French patois, and preserve many Norman 
 feudal customs, the Channel Is. having formed a part of the 
 Norman dominions, and remained attached to England, since 
 the Conquest. Principal towns, St. Helier (the cap.) and St. 
 Aubin, connected by a railway. Area, 45 sq. m. (28,717 ac). 
 P. (1831) 36,582 ; (1881) 52,445 ; (1891) 54,518 (1212 to the sq. m. ). 
 Jersey, co., U.S., Illinois, bounded on the W. by Illinois R., 
 and on the S. by the Mississippi. 
 
 Jersey, city, U.S., New Jersey, cap. Hudson co., on r. bk, 
 of Hudson R. , opposite New York, with which it communicates 
 by ferries. Has a great variety of manufacturing industries, and 
 is terminus of the great railways from the port of New York to 
 the S. and W. ; incorporated in 1829. It has piers for shipping, 
 grain elevators, and appliances for shipping coal coastwise. 
 P. (1850) 6900; (1870) 82,500; (1880) 120,700; (1890) 163,000. 
 
 Jersey Shore, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lycoming co., on 
 W. branch of Susquehanna R. P. <20oo. 
 
 JerseynUe, city, U.S., Illinois, Jersey co., 34 m. N. by W. 
 St. Louis (Mo.). P. <40oo. 
 
 Jersboft, lighthouse, Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the 
 Baltic coast, in 54° 33' N., 16° 33' E., visible 18 m. 
 Jersltz, vil. , Prussia, prov. , circle, and dist. Posen. P. 11,700. 
 Jernsalem (Arabic El Kuds, 'the holy'), ancient Hieroso- 
 lyma, a famous city of western Asia, the cap. of ancient Judaea and 
 modem Palestine, and the scene of the most important events in 
 Scripture history, now comprised in the Turkish pash. of Syria. 
 It stands upon a series of rocky spurs near the summit, and on 
 the edge of the great central tableland which traverses the country 
 from N. to S., in 31° 46' N., 35° 18' E., 33 m. distant from the 
 Mediterranean, and 15 m. from the Dead Sea, to which there is 
 a descent of 3870 ft. It is separated from the Mount of Olives on 
 the E. by the valley of Jehoshaphat or the ' brook Kedron,' which 
 unites with the valley of Hinnom, from the W. of the city, on 
 the S. , on the N. and NW. the ground rises in rocky acclivities. 
 It is now connected by railway with the port of Jaffa {q.v.), on 
 the Mediterranean. Modern J. is about 2J m. in circumference, 
 enclosed by walls of hewn stone, covering an area probably equal 
 to that of the city in the time of Hadrian, but before its destruc- 
 tion by Titus it was much larger. The wall, erected or restored 
 in 1534, is crowned by battlements, and makes many angles ; 
 height, 36-42 ft. , and 4-5^ ft. thick. It has four principal gates, 
 facmg the cardinal points : Jaffa on the W. , Damascus N. , St. 
 Stephen's E. , and Zion S. Traces of the ancient wall have been 
 discovered ranning S. from the present wall, the ancient wall 
 having probably extended southwards from the edge of the 
 escarpment overlooking the valley of Hinnom, nearly 400 yds. S. 
 of the present. Outside the walls on the W. a modern suburb has 
 recently been growing rapidly. In 1893 the first public garden 
 was opened outside the Jaffa gate. The interior of the city has 
 a sombre, melancholy aspect, a labyrinth of narrow, dirty, ill- 
 paved streets or lanes, many with open sewers. The heavy, grey, 
 windowless walls of the houses, each with terraced stone roofs, 
 are relieved by only a few cupolas and minarets. The city is 
 divided into four quarters : i. The Moslem, in the NE. , in which 
 is the Serai or palace, close to the haram, and affording the best 
 view of it. 2. The Christian, in which are the Latin convent, on 
 an elevated point near the NW. angle of the city, the church of 
 the Holy Sepulchre, the Armenian convent, the citadel, and the 
 Enghsh church. 3. The Armenian, in the SW. 4. The Jewish, 
 in the SE., the most squalid and filthy of all. The only open 
 space is the haram area (in full, el-haram-esh-sherif, ' the sacred 
 enclosure '), which forms a quarter of itself in the SE. angle of the 
 city, on the top of the ancient Mount Moriah, on which stood the 
 temples of Solomon and Herod, and in which is the so-called 
 mosque of Omar, built not by Omar, who merely fixed the site 
 (the supposed site of the temple of Solomon), but by the tenth 
 cahph Abd-el-Melik towards the close of the 7th century. The 
 noble dome, minarets, and massive walls of this mosque are the 
 pride and ornament of the city. The enclosure in which it stands 
 
 is considered by the Mohammedans as second in sanctity only to 
 Mecca and Medina, and is jealously guarded. In its centre is 
 'the Dome of the Rock' (Arabic JJ^uddei-es-SaMra), a. rough mass 
 of stone covering the summit of Mount Moriah, and the supposed 
 site of the altar of burnt-offering. In the S W. angle of the same 
 area is the Mosk-el-Aksa, supposed to be on the site of the 
 basilica built by the Emperor Justinian in the middle of the 6th 
 century, but the substructures of which are in reality much older. 
 By the Crusaders this edifice was used as a royal palace. A small 
 court adjoining the ancient wall on the S. of the haram is called 
 the 'Jews' wailing place.' Here the Jews have, for centuries, 
 been permitted, on Fridays, to approach the precincts of the 
 temple, and to weep and pray over its desolation. The church 
 of the Holy Sepulclie consisted originally of a group of buildings 
 erected by order of Constantine, a. d. 326, over the reputed site 
 of the tomb of our Lord. It was all but ruined and restored at 
 different times, and the present church dates from 1808. It is 
 divided among many Christian communities, each striving for 
 supremacy, and so neglecting the building that its battered dome 
 threatens to fall in. Near it are the ruins of the hospital of St. 
 John. Besides the Latin convent, there are those of the Greeks, 
 Copts, and Armenians within the walls, and the vast separately 
 walled enclosure of the new Russian convent outside the walls on 
 the NE. The Jews have many synagogues, and near the lower 
 pool of Gihon a large hospital has been erected for his poorer 
 countrymen by Sir Moses Montefiore. Outside the walls, on the 
 N., are the grotto of Jeremiah, the tombs ' of the kings and of 
 the judges,' and beyond, the hill of Scopus; S., near the Zion 
 gate, the huts of the lepers, of whom there are upwards of sixty, 
 the Christian cemetery, the tomb of David, the valley of Hinnom, 
 hill of Evil Council, and remains of Solomon's aqueduct ; SE. 
 the mount of Offence, the pool and village of Siloam, and the 
 fountain of the Virgin ; E. the valley of Jehoshaphat, or the dry 
 bed of the ' brook Kedron,' on the W. of which is the Mussul- 
 man, and on the E. the Jewish cemetery, with the so-called 
 tombs of Jehoshaphat, Absalom, St. James, and Zacharias, the 
 garden of Gethsemane, a small walled enclosure with very ancient 
 olive trees, and the tomb and chapel of the Virgin Mary. Beyond, 
 on the E. , the mount of Olives rises steeply to the height of 2665 
 ft. , siu-mounted by the church of the Ascension ; on the W. the 
 valley of Gihon, with the lower and upper pools, and the Turkish 
 cemetery. The climate of J. is humid in winter and arid in 
 surnmer. Frost is common ; several years pass without snow ; 
 ice is found occasionally one-eighth of an inch thick. The city 
 is badly supplied with water. The fountain of the Virgin is the 
 only useful spring. Rain is collected in numerous cisterns, and 
 water is conveyed in skins from Solomon's pools, whence it is 
 proposed to bring it by reconstructing the aqueducts. The 
 bazaars are extensive, and well supplied with fruits, fowls, and 
 eggs. The Jews bake very fine bread, and the European shops 
 furnish Western luxuries. Commerce is on a small scale, but 
 there are many cabinetmakers, blacksmiths, goldsmiths, tailors, 
 shoemakers, jewellers, and watchmakers. The city, originally 
 taken from the Jebusites by the Hebrews, under Joshua, about 
 B.C. 1400, was taken and destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, B.C. 
 598, rebuilt by command of Cyrus, B.C. 586, again taken by 
 Ptolemy Soter, B.C. 324, and subjugated to Egypt, afterwards 
 held by the Maccabees, taken by Pompey, B.C. 63, and held as 
 a Roman city under Herod, who rebuilt the Temple, until its 
 almost total destmction by the troops of Titus, A. D. 70. At this 
 period, in the words of Pliny, it was the most famous city, not 
 only of Palestine, but of the whole East. In A.D. 135 the Jews 
 were finally dispersed, and the city was again rebuilt by Hadrian. 
 On the conversion of Constantine, A.D. 326, it ceased to be a 
 heathen city, and resumed its ancient name. The Empress 
 Helena adorned it with noble churches. It was captured by the 
 Persians in 614, by the Saracens under Omar in 637, in 1099 by 
 the Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon, and held by the 
 Christians for 88 years, when it was again captured by the forces 
 of Saladin in 1187, and it has remained under Turkish govern- 
 ment ever since, except for a short interval during 1832, when it 
 was taken by the Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha. It has since 
 1840 been the see of a Protestant bishop, appointed alternately 
 by the governments of Great Britain and Prussia. Alt. 2382- 
 2581 ft. Mean temp. (19 yrs., 1863-81), yr. 63° F., Jan. 47.8°, 
 Aug. 75.5°; rfalL (15 yrs.), 22.17 in. P. (1873) 20,000; (1891) 
 58,500; according to another statement for the same year, 
 41,300, of whom 25,300 Jews. See (Sir) Charles Warren, Under- 
 ground Jerusalem, Lond. , 1876 ; Hayter Lewis, The Holy Places 
 of Jerusalem, Lond., 1888; and Conder, Tent Work in Pales- 
 tine, Lond. , 1889 ; Palestine Exploration Fund, vol. vi. 
 
 Jerusalem, post-tn., Tasmania, Monmouth co., 22 m. N. 
 Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jerranlx, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 9J 
 m. S. Richmond, on the Ure, 3* m. SW. J. stn. on the NE. R.; 
 has ruins of a Cistercian abbey (1156). 
 
 Jervls, isl. , Pacific Ocean. See Jarrls. 
 
 Jerrls, cape, S. Australia, at the mouth of the Gulf of St. 
 Vincent, on its E. side. 
 
 Jervls Bay, New South Wales, co. St. Vincent, 90 m. SSW. 
 
 755 
 
JERV— JICA 
 
 Sydney ; is one of the most safe, commodious, and accessible 
 harbours in the world. Its entrance is 2 m. wide, it extends in- 
 land about 10-12 m. , and at its narrowest it is 3 m. across. 
 
 Jervls Inlet, a winding fjord in the W. of Brit. Columbia, 
 crossed about the middle by 50° N. 
 
 Jerriston Square aud Coalball, \-iL, Scot., Lanarkshire, 
 on S. Calder Water, i m. NE. Motherwell. P. <5oo. 
 
 JerTols, CO. , S. Australia, on the W. side of Spencer's Gulf, 
 crossed by 34° S. and 136° and 137° E. 
 
 JFesan, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, 90 m. ESE. Bagdad. 
 
 Jesen, Slavonic, in place-names oh&njasen, ' ash tree.' 
 
 Jeshanah, place named in O. T. See 'Alu Sinia. 
 
 Jeshua, place named in O. T. See S'aiveli. 
 
 Jesi, the ancient ^sium, tn., Italy, The Marches, on the 
 Esino, prov. and 15 m. SW. by W. Aiicona ; has a cathedral, 
 paper-mills, and other manufactures. Birthplace of Frederick 
 Barbarossa and of the p)ainter Pergolese. P. 6200. 
 
 Jesmoiid, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the NE. R., on 
 SE. side and in bor. of Newcastle. P. 8400. 
 
 Jessamine, co., U.S., Kentucky, W. of 84° W., and crossed 
 in the N. by 38° N. 
 
 Jessen, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony circle Schweinitz, 15 m. 
 ESE. Wittenberg. P. <30oo. 
 
 Jessnltz, tn. , Ger. , duchy Anhalt, on the Mulde, circle and 
 II m. S. by E. Dessau. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Jesso, isl., Japan. See Yezo. 
 
 Jessor, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, cap. disL J., 66 m. NE. 
 Calcutta. Alt. 33 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 77° F. , Jan. 65°, May 84° ; 
 rfalL, yr. 68 in., April-Oct 63.5 in. P. 8300; Hindus, 4700; 
 Moham. 3500. 
 
 Jessnliuere, India. See Jalsalmer. 
 
 Jessnp Lake, U.S., Florida, Orange co., in 28° 45' N., com- 
 municates with St. John's R. by a navigable outlet. 
 
 Jesup, formerly! Jessnp, viL , U.S., Georgia, Wayne co. , 45 
 m. SW. by W. Savannah. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jesup, vil. , U.S., Iowa, Buchanan co., 44 m. NW. by N. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Jesus, vil., Paraguay, 150 m. SE. Asuncion, 26 m. N. Villa 
 Encamacion. 
 
 Jesu8 Island, isl. , Canada, Quebec. See Laval, co. 
 
 Jesus Harla, tn., Colombia, in the S. of dep. Santander, 
 about 100 m. by road N. Bogota, Alt. 6320 ft. P. (with dist.) 
 18,000. 
 
 Jesus Maria, tn., central Mexico, prov. and 6 m. NNW. 
 Aguascalientes. P. (of comm. ) 8200. 
 
 Jesus Maria, vil. , Mexico, prov. and 100 m. WSW. Chihua- 
 hua, with a rich mine of aiuiferous silver. 
 
 Jesus Maria, comm., Mexico, state of Vera Cniz, dist. 
 Orizaba. P. 8900. 
 
 Jesus Maria, isL , S. Pacific, one of the Admiralty group, 
 NE. of New Guinea, crossed by 2° 20' S., 147° 50' E. 
 
 Jethlah, place named in O. T. See Belt TAl. 
 
 Jetbon, islet, Channel Is., 2J m. E. Guernsey. It shelters 
 the harbour of St Peter's Port. 
 
 Jetpnr, fortified tn., India, Kdthiawar Penin., 75 m. N. by 
 W. Diu. P. (1881) 11,800. 
 
 JetsonTille, post-tn., Tasmania, Dorset co., 50 m. from 
 Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jette, or Jette St. Pierre, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, 
 arr. and near Brussels on the NW., with important chemical 
 manufactures. P. (1891) 6600. 
 
 Jeumont, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. Avesnes, on the border 
 of Belgium, 14 m. SE. by S. Mons, with marble quarries. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 JeTer, urban comm., Ger., gd. -duchy Oldenburg, circle J., 
 lo^ m. WNW. Wilhelmshaven ; formerly cap. of a principality 
 wluch became Dutch in 1807, and returned to Oldenburg in 181+. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 JeTeros, tn. , N. Peru, dep. Loreto, 44 m. NE. Balsapuerto, 
 situated nearly in the centre of the triangle formed by the 
 Maranon, Huallaga, and its trib. the Paranapura ; former centre 
 of Jesuit missions. 
 
 JeTgelii, Ser\'ian Jerjelya, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. 
 and 39 m. NW. by N. Salonica, near the r. bk. of the Vardar. 
 P. 2400 ; Christians, 2200 (G. p. 49). 
 
 Jerl^ko, comm. , Austria. See Gewitscli. 
 
 Jevington, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 3^ m. NW. by W. 
 ELastbourne, 23^ m. SSW. Polegate stn., P.O. P. <;soo. 
 
 JewAr, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Bulandshahr, 40 
 m. SSE. Delhi, near the L bk. of the Jumna, among the ravines 
 of the high bank separating the uplands firom the Jumna valley. 
 P. (1891) 6600; Hindus, 4500; Moham. 2000. 
 
 Jewell, or Jewell City, vil., U.S., Kansas, J. co., 142 m. 
 WNW. Topeka ; coal found near. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jewett City, vil., U.S., Connecticut, New London co., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Quinebaug R., 19 m. NNE. New London. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Jeylepla, pass, India, on the E. fi-ontier of Sikkim, close to 
 the frontier of Bhutan, on the route from Darjfling to Chumbi 
 in Tibet 
 
 756 
 
 Jeypore, Rajputana and Madras. See Jaipur. 
 
 Jeysulniere, Rajputana. See Jalsalmer. 
 
 Jezalrl - Baliri - Sefld, or Islands of the M'Ute ^a, 
 
 vilayet, Ottoman Empire, comprising all the Turkish islands in 
 the .iEgean and Mediterranean Seas except Crete, Samos, and 
 Thasos ; cap. Rhodes. Area, 2744 sq. m. P. 326,000, almost 
 entirely Greeks and Christians. 
 
 Jezerce, tn., Bulgaria, prov. Razgrad, 26 m. SE. Rustchuk. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Jezero, Ser\ian, 'lake.' 
 
 Jezierua, tn. , Austria, Galicia, dist. Zbordw. P. 5300. 
 
 Jezlerzauy, vil., Austria, Galicia, dist. Borszczow. P. <4000. 
 
 Jezior, Jezier, Jeziorko, Ozier, Polish, ' lake.' 
 
 Jezirah, ox Jezireh, Arabic, 'island.' 
 
 Jezire- (or Jezlreli) Ibn-Omar, tn. , Asiatic Tiu-key, vilayet 
 and 130 m. ESE. Diarbekir, sanjak Mardin, on an island in 
 the Tigris. Rafts available here. Contains tombs of several 
 Abbasaide princes. At the village of Shakh, 8 m. E. , are ex- 
 tensive remains of antiquity, believed by Captain Maunsell to be 
 ruins of the ancient Bezabde. See Geog. Jour., iii., pp. 87, 88. 
 P. 9600 ; Moham. 4500 ; Christians, 5100. 
 
 Jezlreb, Al (or El), \ilayet, Asiatic Turkey. See Mesopo* 
 tamla. 
 
 Jeziret-ez-Zabu. See Assuan. 
 
 JezoM'e, tn., Austria, Galicia, dist. Nisko. P. < 4000. 
 
 Jezreel, Plain of. See Esdraelon. 
 
 Jezreel, place named in O. T. See Zer'in. 
 
 Jeznpol, tn. , Austria, Galicia, disL Halicz. P. <40oo. 
 
 Jezzin, tn., Palestine, 33° 34' N., 35° 34' E., 11^ m. E. Sidon ; 
 inhabited only by Christians. 
 
 Jbilbua, tn. , Central India, cap. of J. state, 80 m. W. Indore. 
 
 Jbajjar, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Rohtak, 
 36 m. W. Delhi. P. 11,900; Hindus, 6900; Moham. 5000. 
 
 Jb^l&w&r, native state, India, Rajputana, consists of three 
 detached tracts, the largest, crossed by 24° N. and 'j'j'^ E., con- 
 taining the cap. Jhalra Patau. Area, 3043 sq. m. P. 343,600. 
 
 Jb<Uod, tn. , India, Bombay Presidency, dist. Panch Mahals, 
 23° 7' N. , 74° 10' E. P. 6000 ; Hindus, 5000. 
 
 Jbalra Piltan, tn., India, Rajputdna, 120 m. NW. BhopaL 
 P. (1881) 11,500 ; (1891) 23,400. 
 
 Jbaln, tn. , Brit India, N W. Provs. , dist Bijnaur, 38 m. NE. 
 by E. Meerut. P. 5700 ; Hindus, 3100 ; Moham. 2600. 
 
 Jbang-Magbi&na, tn. and municip. , Brit India, Pimjab, dist 
 J., 90 m. NE. by N. Miiltan. P. (1891)23,300; Hindus, 11,400; 
 Moham. 11,300. 
 
 Jbaujb&na, agricultural tn., Brit India, NW. Provs,, dist 
 Muzaftarnagar, 48 m. NW. Meerut P. -csooo. 
 
 JbAiisi, tn., Central India, state of and 60 m. SSE. Gwalior, 
 now the centre of the Indian Midland Rly. , fi-om which hues 
 radiate in four directions : (i) S. to Bhopal, whence another line 
 descends a pass of the Vindhya Mt. and unites with the Jabalpur 
 line of the Great Indian Peninsula Rlv. ; (2) E. to Manikpur 
 (for Allahabad), on the E. Indian Rly.; (3) NE. to Cawnpore, on 
 the same railway ; and (4) NW. to Gwalior, and then by the 
 Sindhia's Rly. to Agra, on the same railway. Alt. 855 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 79" F., Jan. 63°, May 95°; rfall., yr. 35.8 in., June- 
 Sept. 33.3 in. P. (1881) 26,800 (previotis census, 16,400) ; (1891) 
 44,500; Hindus, 35,400; Moham. 8100; total, including can- 
 tonment, 53,800. 
 
 Jb&nsl NaoiLbikd, tn., Brit India, NW. Provs., cap. Jhdnsi 
 dist , 63 m. SSE. Gwalior, close under the walls of Jhansi city 
 (Gwalior). P. <5ooo. 
 
 Jbarlk, coalfield, Brit India, Bengal, dist Minbhiim, a few 
 miles SSE. Pdrasnath Hill. 
 
 Jbarll, vil. with rly. stn., Brit India, Punjab, dist. Rohtak, 
 53 m. W. by S. Delhi. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Jbau, or Jbow, viL, Baluchistan, 120 m. NW. KardchL 
 
 Jbeend, or Jblnd, India. See Jind. 
 
 Jbelam, tn. , India. See Jeblam. 
 
 Jhelnni, riv., India, See Jeblam. 
 
 Jliljijhuwilr&, ancient tn. with fort, India, 60 m. WNW. 
 Ahmadabad, on the Little Rann of Cutch. P. (i88i)<4ooo. 
 
 Jblrak, tn., India. See Jerruck. 
 
 Jblri, riv., India, Assam, flows S. into the Surmd, forming 
 the boundary between Cachar dist. and Manipur for a consider- 
 able distance. 
 
 Jbdnjbnn, tn., India, Rijputina, 114 m. WSW. Delhi. 
 P. (1881) 9500. 
 
 Ji, Japanese, at end of temple-names, ' a Buddhist temple.' 
 
 Jibara, or Glbara, bay and port, N. ct. Cuba, in 76° 10' W. 
 P. 26,300. 
 
 Jibaros, or Jlvaros, Indians of the upper Maranon, dep. 
 Loreto, N. Peru ; also the collective name of all wild Indians 
 of the prov. of Oriente (Ecuador), or of the eastern slope of 
 the Andes. 
 
 Jibla, tn. , Yemen. See Jebleh. 
 
 Jibuti, French port, E. Africa, on the Gulf of Aden, at the 
 S. entrance to Tajurra Bay, with a good harbour. 
 
 Jlcaron, or Hicaron, isL, off the S. ct of the isthmus of 
 Panama, 5 m. S. the large isl. of Quibo (Coibo). 
 
JICI — JOCO 
 
 Jlcln, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 26 m. WSW. Trautenau. Alt. 
 845-905 ft. P. 8500. 
 
 Jlda, riv. , Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, 1. bk. trib. of Selenga, 
 rises in Tunka Mts. , and flows E. 200 m. , in a high valley. A 
 line of frontier Cossack villages on its banks. 
 
 Jidda, seapt. , Arabia. See Jedda. 
 
 Jigaute, tn., S. America, Colombia, dep. Tolima, on the 
 Magdalena, 160 m. SW. by S. Bogota. 
 
 Jlgatse, tn. , Tibet. See Slilgatse. 
 
 Jignaiii, tn. , Cuba, 49 m. WN W. Santiago de Cuba. P. 7800. 
 
 Jihlaya, tn. , Austria. See Iglan. 
 
 Jilinu, or Jlhan, sometimes improperly spelt Jihooii, or 
 Jylioon, the ancient Pyramus, riv., in the SE. of Asia Minor, 
 flows SW. , passing Albistan, and a few miles to the W. of Marash 
 enters the plain of Adana, and finally turns E. into the Gulf of 
 Alexandretta, although anciently it continued its course SW. into 
 the Mediterranean. 
 
 Jljelll (FrenchspellingDjliljelU), ih^Igilgilis of the Romans, 
 seapt. , Algeria, arr. and 35 m. E. by N. Bougie, with a lighthouse, 
 visible 7 m. Its anchorage is exposed to the violence of winter 
 winds. In 1856 destroyed by an earthquake, after which not 
 only was the Moorish town rebuilt, but by its side a European 
 town. Formerly exceedingly malarious. P. < 2000. 
 
 Jljona, comm., Spain, prov. and 12 m. N. Alicante. P. 6200. 
 
 Jilan, ox J elan, Turkish, 'snake.' 
 
 Jlldessa, vil. , E. Africa, at the base of the Harrar plateau, 
 about 150 m. SW. Zeila, the first village reached on the route 
 from Zeila. 
 
 JUgojl, or Jllgodl, dist., in the SE. of Masina, western 
 Sudan. 
 
 JUjlUa, vil., Palestine, Gilgal'vx the O. T., 31° 2' N., 35° 13' 
 E. , 17 m. N. Jerusalem. 
 
 JlljMleli, vil., Palestine, Gilgal (of the Goim) in the O. T., 
 32° 10' N., 34° 56' E. , 14 m. NE. by E. Jaffa (ancient Joppa). 
 
 Jiljftlleta, ruins, Palestine, Gilgal in the O. T., 31° 51' N., 
 35° 29' E. , 2 m. E. by S. of the ancient Jericho. 
 
 Jllllfrl, tn. , W. Africa, Senegambia, near the r. bk. of the 
 mouth of the Gambia. In British possession since 1826. The 
 first place of call in the early trading days of the Gambia mer- 
 chants. 
 
 Jllo, or Jllo-P&tan, tn., India, R4jput4na, state Jaipur, dist. 
 Tourwdti. P. (1881) 5900. 
 
 Jlloca, riv., Spain, Aragon, trib. to the Jalon ; used largely 
 for irrigation on both banks. 
 
 Jilolo, or eilolo (Dutch spelling DJ). l.Tn., E. Archipelago, 
 on the W. ct. of Halmahera I. , Moluccas. 2. A name of the 
 isl. of Halmahera. 
 
 Jlln, or Jeln Dagh, mt. range, Turkish Kurdistan, E. of the 
 Great Zab R. , crossed by 37° 25' N. , 44° E. Highest peak, 
 17,280 ft. 
 
 Jim, riv., Russia. See Emba. 
 
 Jlmamallau, tn. , Philippines, on W. ct. of Negros I. P. 7300. 
 
 Jiin1>a, Protestant mission station, Brit. E. Africa, NW. of 
 Mombasa. 
 
 Jimballa, terr. , on the upper Niger, enclosed by the two 
 arms into which that river divides, in about i4°-i6° N. 
 
 Jlmena de la Froutera, comm., Spain, prov. Cadiz, 20 m. 
 N. by W. Gibraltar, with fortified castle of Moorish origin. 
 P. 8600. 
 
 Jimenez, tn., Mexico, state of and 128 m. SE. by S. 
 Chihuahua, on the western border of the Bolson de Mapimi. 
 P. (of comm.) <: 5000. 
 
 Jimenez, Rio de, riv. , Mexico. See Santander, riv. 
 
 Jimlnl, dist. , W. Africa, in about 8° 20-30' N. , 3°- 4° W. 
 
 Jlmua, settlement, Queensland, Lennox co., 70 m. NNW. 
 Brisbane. 
 
 Jlmovasl, tn. , Asia Minor, 13 m. S. Smyrna, 
 
 Jlmzik, vil., Palestine, Gimzo in the O. T., 31° 56' N., 34° 
 56' E. , 14^ m. SE. Jaffa (ancient Joppa). 
 
 Jlnd, Jbeend, or Jblnd, chief tn. of native state J. (E. of 
 the Sutlej ; area, 1268 sq. m. ; P. 284,600), India, Punjab, 75 m. 
 NW. Delhi. P. 8100 ; Hindus, 4800 ; Moham. 3300. 
 
 Jlndabyne, post-vil.. New South Wales, Wallace co., 292 
 i m. S. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jlndera, post-tp. , New South Wales, Goulburn co. , 10 m. 
 I N. by W. Albury. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jindallan, JHonnt, New South Wales, Murray co., the 
 highest summit of the Gourock Range. Alt. 4300 ft. 
 
 Jlnetz, vil., Austria, Bohemia, 29 m. SW. Prague, 6^ m. N. 
 by W. Pfibram. P. <20oo. 
 
 Jlngenge, Cblngenge, or Kldlmba, vil., central Africa, 
 Congo Free State, in the Kassai dist., on the 1. bk. of the 
 Lulua, in about 6° 9' S. , 22° 39' E. , 16 m. SE. by S. Luluaburg. 
 Alt. 2000 ft. 
 
 Jing-rl, rat. mass in Tibet, about 39° N., 91° E. Alt. 
 20,000 (Przhevalsky, estimated). 
 
 Jinja, Japanese, at the end of temple names, ' a Shinto 
 temple.' 
 
 Jlnjlr^, tn. , India. See Janjlra. 
 
 Jluotega, vil.. Central America, Nicaragua, cap. dep. J., 
 
 15I m. NW. Matagalpa, picturesquely situated ; with planta- 
 tions, and an official agricultural agency for stimulating the 
 culture of coffee. A concession has been granted for a railway 
 to unite J. with the nearest navigable portion of the Rio Grande. 
 P. io,oco. 
 
 Jlnotepe, vil. , Central America, Nicaragua, cap. dep. Carazo, 
 15^ m. WSW. Granada, producing sugar of fine quality. Alt. 
 2460 ft. P. 5000. 
 
 Jipe, shallow lake on the borders of Brit, and Ger. E. Africa, 
 SE. of Kilimanjaro, 10 m. long by 3 m. broad, receives the 
 Lumi R. on the N. , drained W. from its N. end by the Ruvu. 
 Alt. 2350 ft. 
 
 Jlpijapa> tn., Ecuador, largest town in prov. Manabi, 80 m. 
 NW. Guayaqviil; noted for its straw (so-called Panama) hats, 
 known in S. America as Jipijapa hats. P. 6000. 
 
 Jlqnlllsco, bay. Central America, Salvador, 65 m. SE. by E. 
 San Salvador. 
 
 Jlqullpan, tn., Mexico, Michoacan, 66 m. SE. by S. 
 Guadalajara, on Lake Chapala. P. 6200. 
 
 Jlqnlrlca, vil., Brazil, Bahia, near the E. ct., 40 m. SW. by 
 W. Sao Sa'lvador, in 13° 12' S. 
 
 Jlrardot, tn., S. America, Colombia, dep. Cundinamarca, 
 on the Magdalena, 60 m. WSW. Bogoti. P. (with dist.) 2000. 
 
 Jirl, riv. , Assam. See Jblrl. 
 
 Jiriba, lagoon, Tunis. See Jerlba. 
 
 Jirje, tn., Upper Egypt. See Glrge. 
 
 Jlron, tn., Colombia, dep. Santander, 175 m. N. by E. 
 Bogoti; noted for its gold-mines and tobacco. Alt. 1845 ft. 
 P. (with dist.) 12,500. 
 
 Jlsr-esh-Sbogbr, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet and sanjak 
 Aleppo. P. <3ooo ; Moham. 2100. 
 
 Jltiuno, vil., W. Africa, in the Mandingo country, in about 
 11° 53' N., 7° 40' W. Alt. 1215 ft. 
 
 Jiang, tribe, China. See Mosso. 
 
 JlTaros, Indians. See Jlbaros. 
 
 Jlzak (KlyncbeTskoye), tn. and fort, Russian Turkistan, 
 prov. Syr-Dariinsk, 180 m. SW. Tashkent, 60 m. NE. Samar- 
 kand. P. 21,800. 
 
 Joacblmstbal, mining town, Austria, Bohemia, 11 m. N. by 
 E. Karlsbad, at the foot of the Keilberg, with mines of silver, 
 bismuth, nickel, and zinc blend ; manufactures of cigars, gloves, 
 and lace. The German thaler (dollar) is an abbreviated form 
 of Joachimsthaler, a coin first minted here in 1518 or 1519. 
 Alt. 2125-2670 ft. P. 5700. 
 
 Joacblmstbal, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle 
 Angermiinde, 35 m. NNE. Berlin ; the royal hunting-seat 
 Hubertusstock is near. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Joadja Creek, post-tp., Australia, New South Wales, Cam- 
 den CO., 84 m. S. Sydney. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Joal, maritime tn. of the French colony, Senegambia, about 
 midway between Cape Verd and the estuary of the Gambia;; 
 formerly an important settlement founded by the Portuguese ; 
 annexed to the colony in 1859. P. 2000. 
 
 Joana, tn. , Java. See Jawana. 
 
 Joauezla, vil., Brazil, Minas Geraes, in 19° 16' S., 42° 33' W. 
 
 Joannes, isl. , Brazil. See Marajo. 
 
 Joannet, another name of Panatinani I. , liOnlslade Arcbl- 
 pelago. 
 
 Joannlua, tn. , Turkey. See Yanlna. 
 
 Joao, Portuguese form of John. 
 
 Joatlnga, promontory, Brazil, prov. Rio de Janeiro, opposite 
 a small island, in 23° 18' S. 
 
 Joazelro, small tn. , Brazil, on the Rio Sao Francisco, at the 
 head of its long series of rapids, prov. and 270 m. N W. Bahia, 
 with which it is united by rail. So called from a kind of jujube 
 tree {zizyphus) which flourishes there. Alt. 1205 ft. 
 
 Jobar, large vil. , Syria, near Damascus, inhabited by Moslem 
 and some Jev«sh families. 
 
 Jobat, tn., Central India, 83 m. W. by S. Indore, state J. 
 (area, 132 sq. m., P. 15,000), the cap. of which is Ghora. 
 
 Jobba, tn., central Arabia, Shammar, 75 m. NW. Hail. 
 
 Jobl, isl. , New Guinea. See Jappen. 
 
 Jobos, Puerto, bay, Porto Rico, S. ct., low and marshy, 33 
 m. E. Ponce, in 66° 5' W., vnth a mouth about i m. wide. 
 
 Job's CoTe, fishing settlement, Newfoundland, on W. shore 
 of Conception Bay. 
 
 Jockmock, market-tn., Sweden, prov. Norrbotten, 95 m. 
 NW. Pitea, in 66° 36' N. , 19° 51' E. , with iron-mines. Alt. 925 
 ft. Mean temp., yr. 29.3° P., Feb. 6.0°, July 58.2° ; rfall. 15.12 
 in. P. <20oo. 
 
 Jock's Lodge, vil., Scot., Midlothian, ij m. E. by N. Edin- 
 burgh, on the S. of Piershill stn. ; contains Piershill (cavalry) 
 Barracks, erected in 1793. 
 
 Jocotenango, vil., Guatemala, dep. Sacatepequez, about \ 
 m. from Antigua Guatemala ; soil fertile ; coffee cultivation. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Jocotepec, tn., central Mexico, prov. Jalisco, dep. and 16 
 m. W. Chapala. P. (of comm. ) 7200. 
 
 Jocotltlan, tn., central Mexico, 12 m. NNW. Ixtlahuaca, 
 P. (of comm. ) 9000. 
 
 757 
 
JODA — JOHO 
 
 JTddar, comm., Spain, prov. Jaen, dist. Ubeda, on the 
 Guadalqui\-ir. P. 5500. 
 
 Jo Darless, co., U.S., in the NW. corner of Illinois. 
 
 JodUa or Joriya, tn. and chief port of Nawanagar state, 
 India, Kathiawdr Penin., 145 m. W. by S. AhmadiMd. P. 
 (1881) 6800. 
 
 Jodbpur, cap. of native state J. or Mirwar, India, RAjpu- 
 ti.na, 98 m. W. Ajmere, on the S. slope of a small range of tuUs 
 whose prevailing geological formation is of red sandstone ; sur- 
 rounded by a strong wall nearly 6 m. in extent entered by 
 seventy gates ; with a fort, containing the Mahdraja's palace, on 
 an isolated rock, the highest point of the range. P. (1891) 
 61,800. Area of estate, including Malldni, 37,400 sq. m. 
 P. 2,522,000. 
 
 Jodolgne, tn. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Nivelles, 5 m. 
 N. by W. Ramillies. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Jof (or Janf), El, Arabic, ' a district surrounded by heights,' 
 oasis, in the N. of Arabia, containing a town of the same name, 
 in lat. 29° 20' N., 40° 20' E., with about 500 houses. The oasis 
 is depressed 200-300 ft. below the level of the surrounding stony 
 desert. P. (of oasis) 7000. (Proc. E. G. S. , 1880, p. 84. ) 
 
 Jogbehah, place named in O. T. See El Jabelbah. 
 
 Joggln HUnes, coal-mining viL, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cum- 
 berland CO. , on Chignecto Bay, 89 m. W. Pictou. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jogigarh, fort, India, Central Provs. , dist. HoshangiMd, on 
 a small island in the Narbadd R. , 22° 25' N., 76° 51' E. 
 
 Johann, German for John. 
 
 Johanna, one of the Comoro Is. {q.v.). 
 
 Joliannes1>erg, viL , Austria, prov. Bohemia, dist. Gablonz. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Johannesberg, hill, Hungary. See Budapest. 
 
 Johannesburg, tn. , S. Afncan Republic, Heidelberg dist , 30 
 m. S. by W. Pretoria, in the midst of the famous Witwaters- 
 rand goldfield. Climate agreeable and healthy ; winter nearly 
 rainless, dust-storms then prevailing. Founded in September 
 1886 on a desolate plateau, at the height of 5600 ft. above sea- 
 level, it has grown with remarkable rapidity, and towards the 
 close of 1893 was estimated, on the basis of a census made by 
 the governing municipal body, to contain a European population 
 exceeding 40,000. 
 
 Johanngeorgenstadt, tn., Ger., on the S. frontier of the 
 k^d. Saxony, circle Schwarzenberg, 15 m. NNW. Karlsbad, 
 with mines of iron and bismuth. P. 5100. 
 
 Johannisberg, viL, Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle 
 Wiesbaden, dist. Rheingau, with manufactures of pianos, 
 hydropathic establishment, and famous for its vineyard, yielding 
 the finest hock wine. 
 
 Johannlsburg, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, cap. circle J. , 
 on the Rosch See, 91 m. SE. by S. Konigsberg. P. <40oo. 
 
 Johaujilgraln, comm. , Ger. , Bavaria, govt Upper Bavaria, 
 circle Weilheim. P. <4000. 
 
 Johlliigen, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle and 8 m. 
 E. Karlsruhe. P. <:3000. 
 
 John, cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the N. ct, Pictou co., 
 in 63° 7' W. 
 
 Johnby, vil., Eng., Cumberland, div. and 5J m. WNW. 
 Penrith. See Crreystoke. 
 
 John Day's Klrer, U.S., Oregon, in the NE.; has several 
 headwaters (' forks') in the N. of Grant co., and flows W. then 
 N. to the Columbia, which it joins on 1. bk. about 120° 37' W. 
 
 Johnes, port, Brit. E. Africa, 4 m. N. Port Dumford. 
 
 John Knox's Church, eccles. par., Scot, Aberdeenshire, 
 Old Machar and St Nicholas pars. P. 7000. 
 
 John o' Gaunt, stn., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., on 
 the G. N. R. , 10 m. ENE. Leicester. 
 
 John o* Groat's House, Scot , Caithness, on the coast, 14 m. 
 N. Wick, I m. W. Duncansbay Head, a site once occupied by 
 a cottage, and proverbially the northernmost p)oint of the main- 
 land of Great Britain. 
 
 Johnsburg, viL, U.S., New York, Warren co., 62 m. 
 NNW. Troy. P. < 1500. 
 
 Johnsharen, fishing vil. , Scot. , Kincardineshire, on the E. ct , 
 4 m. SW. by S. Bervie, on the N. B. R., PMT.O. P. <isoo. 
 
 Johns-Hopklns VnlTerslty. See Baltimore, U.S. 
 
 John's Island, U.S., South Carolina, Berkeley co. , in the SE. 
 
 Johnson, co., U.S., Arkansas, W. of 93° W., bounded on S. 
 by Arkansas R. 
 
 Johnson, co., U.S., Georgia, S. of 33° N., and E. of 83° W. 
 
 Johnson, co., U.S., Illinois, between 37° and 38° N., crossed 
 by 89° W. 
 
 Johnson, co., U.S., Indiana, crossed by 86° W., and mid- 
 way between 39° and 40° N. 
 
 Johnson, co., U.S., Iowa, S. of 42° N., and E. of 92° W. 
 
 Johnson, co., U.S., Kansas, on the E. frontier, bounded on 
 the N. by the Kansas R. 
 
 Johnson, co., U.S., Kentucky, S. of 38° N., E. of 83° W. 
 
 Johnson, co., U.S., Missoiui, in the W., S. of 39° N., 
 crossed by 94° W. 
 
 Johnson, co., U.S., Nebraska, in the SE., to the N. of 40° 
 N., and W. of96''W. 
 758 
 
 Johnson, co. , U.S., Tennessee, in the extreme NE. 
 
 Johnson, city, U.S., Tennessee, Washington co. , 90 m. E. 
 by N. Knoxville. P. <50oo. 
 
 Johnson, co. , U.S., Texas, N. of 32° N., and W. of 97° W., 
 bounded by the Brazos R. for a few miles on the SW. 
 
 Johnson, tn., U.S., Vermont, Lamoille co., on Lamoille R., 
 26 m. N. Montpelier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Johnsonburg, viL, U.S., Pennsylvania, Elk co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Johnson's, post-viL, Canada, Quebec, Huntingdon co., 30 
 m. S. Montreal! P. < 1500. 
 
 Johnsons, or Cornwallls Islands, rocky group, N. Pacific 
 Ocean, belonging to Great Britain (since 1892). Uninhabited ; 
 rich in guano. Lat 17° N. , long. 169° 50' W. 
 
 JohnsonTllIe, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Hutt co. , 6 
 m. W. Wellington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Johnston, co. , U.S. , N. Carolina, S. of 36° N. , and E. of 79° W, 
 
 Johnston, tn., U.S., Rhode I., Providence co. P. (1880) 
 5800 ; (1890) 9800. 
 
 Johnston, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3J m. NE. by N. 
 Milford, on the G. W. R. , P.O. (Johnstone). P. <25o ; eccles. 
 par. (J. TTlth Steynton) P. <4Soo. 
 
 Johnstone, par., Scot, Dumfriesshire, on the riv. Annan, 8 J 
 m. S. Moffat, i m. NW. Dinwoodie stn., P.O. (J. Bridge) ; 
 13,490 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Johnstone, manufacturing tn., Scot, Renfrewshire, Abbey 
 
 rr. , 3 m. SSW. Paisley, on the Black Cart Water, and the G. 
 SW. R. ; it has cotton-mills, brass and iron foundries, and 
 machine factories ; near it are several collieries. P. (1871) 7500 ; 
 {1890) 9700. 
 
 Johnstone River, tp. , Queensland. See Geraldton. 
 
 Johnstone Strait, channel, on the NE. side of Vancouver I., 
 running 55 m. NW. from the elbow in 50° 20' N. 
 
 Johnston lAke, Canada, Assiniboia, to the S. of the C. P. R. , 
 crossed by 106° W. 
 
 Johnstons Bridge, hamlet. Ire., SW. co. Leitrim, bar. 
 Mohill, 6i m. N. by E. Longford, P.O. 
 
 Johnstown, electoral div. , Ire. , co. and dist. Carlow. 
 
 Johnstown, tn. , Ire., NW. co. Kildare, bar. Carbury, loj 
 m. W. by N. Maynooth, i m. S. of the Roval Canal, ij m. W. 
 Innfield stn. , P.O. (J. Bridge). P. <:25o. ' 
 
 Johnstown, par., Ire., NE. co. Kildare, bar. N. Naas, 2 m. 
 NE. Naas, PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Johnstown, tn., Ire., NW. co. Kilkenny, bar. Galmoy, 12 
 m. ENE. Thurles, 9 m. from Ballyraggett stn., PMT.O. P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 Johnstown, viL, U.S., New York, Fulton co., 40 m. WNW. 
 Troy ; manufactures gloves and mittens. P. 7800. 
 
 Johnstown, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, Cambria co., between 
 the Conemaugh and Stony Creek Rivs. , 59 m. E. by S. Pittsburg. 
 It was overwhelmed in a flood of the Conemaugh R. in 1889, 
 when many thousands perished. The country is underlaid with 
 coal, iron ore, and limestone ; the town has large iron and steel 
 works. Alt 1184 ft (R.R.). P. (1880) 8400; (1890) 21,800. 
 
 Johnstown, P.O., Wales, i m. from Rhosllanerchrugog, near 
 Ruabon, Denbighshire. 
 
 JohnsweU, tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Kilkenny, bar. Gowran, 5 
 m. NE. Kilkenny, P.O. P. <:250. 
 
 Johntown, vil., Canada. See Chats worth. 
 
 JohuTllle, settlement, Canada, Quebec, co. Compton, 10 m. 
 from Sherbrooke. 
 
 Johor, or Johore, Malay sultanate, in the extreme S. of the 
 Malay Penin., its southern half extending from the Strait of 
 Malacca to the S. China Sea, its northern portion stretching 
 somewhat in the form of a wedge N. to 3° N. , between Malacca 
 and Negri Sembilan on the W. , and Pahang on the E. ; cap. J. 
 Surface generally low-lying, the mountains, which in most parts 
 form the back-bone of the Malay Penin. , here giving place to 
 scattered groups of hills rising from out of fiat, and for the most 
 part trackless, and uninhabited jungle, in a large measure swampy 
 and fever-stricken. The most extensive area of hills is the Blu- 
 mut group towards the S., highest peak about 3000 ft. The 
 highest elevation is that called by the Malays Gunong Ledang 
 (about 4150 ft), near the NE. frontier of Malacca. It is one of : 
 those mountains to which Europeans have given the name of .' 
 Ophir, on account of the gold found near ; but the alluvial gold 
 is now nearly exhausted, and the reefs have not as yet been t 
 worked with commercial success. The chief rivers are the 
 MuawT, Indau, Sembrong Indau (r. bk. trib. of the Indau), [ 
 Batu Pahat, and Johore, the last forming an estuary immediately , 
 to the NE. of the isl. of Singapore. The Batu Pahat, which ( 
 enters the Strait of Malacca, and the Sembrong Indau, issue 
 from the same swamp, about the middle of the terr. , and a short 
 cutting at their source would afford a complete navigable channel 
 from the Strait of Malacca to the China Sea (SW. to NE. ), which 
 would be important in the NE. monsoon, when the E. coast 
 ports are inaccessible. The chief export products are gambier 
 and pepper, the cultivation of which is by Chinese immigrants, 
 who now form the bulk of the inhabitants. Coffee is also culti- 
 vated. Among the other inhabitants besides Malays are the 
 Negrito aborigines [Malay Peninsula], called by the Malays of 
 
JOHO — JORD 
 
 J. Jakuns. Within the last few years the state has been rapidly 
 advancing. There is a short railway from the port of Bandar 
 Maharani on the W. coast to important plantations in a fertile 
 dist. to the SE., and a line is projected from the town of J. 
 running NW. through nearly the whole length of the terr. Area 
 about 7500 sq. m. P. estimated at 300,000 ; Chinese, 210,000 ; 
 Malays, 50,000. See Geog. Jour., iii. p. 281. 
 
 Jobor, or Johor Barn, tn., cap. of the state of J., on the 
 S. ct. , opposite the middle of the isl. of Singapore ; a free port ; 
 in 1866 a place composed of only a few huts, now (1894) a town 
 with about 15,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Jobor, riv. See Jobor, state. 
 
 Jiibstadt, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Annaberg, 23 m. SSE. 
 Chemnitz, and 3 m. NE. Weipert; manufactures lace, fringe, 
 embroidery, stockings, &c. P. <30oo. 
 
 Jolgny, ancient Joviniacum, tn. , France, dep. Yonne, cap. 
 arr. , on the Yonne, 39 m. SW. by W. Troyes ; manufactures 
 of woollen and linen cloth, arms, and hunting instruments. 
 Several times besieged, notably in 1429, when the English failed 
 to take possession. P. 5100. 
 
 JotnTllle, vil. , Algiers, comm. and i m. W. Blida. P. <20oo. 
 
 Jolnrllle, cape, W. Africa. See Santa Clara. 
 
 JoluTllle, tn., France, dep. Haute-Marne, arr. Wassy, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Marne, 23 m. S. Bar le Due, with blast-fiimaces 
 and foundries, and manufactures of chain cables. The ChS,teau 
 du Grand Jardin, built by the Dukes of Guise under Charles IX. 
 or Henry III. Birthplace of the celebrated chronicler Jean of 
 J. , author of the ' Life of St. Louis ' (died 1319) ; also of Henry 
 of Guise, instigator of the massacre of St. Bartholomew, and of 
 Mary of Lorraine, mother of Marie Stuart. P. <4000. 
 
 JoliiTllle, or Dona Franclsca, tn. , Brazil, Santa Catharina, 
 80 m. N. Desterro. Mean temp. (8 yrs. , 1867-75), y- 69° F. , 
 Jan. 77.0°, July 60.3°. P. < 3000. 
 
 JotnTllle Island, Antarctic Regions, discovered by Dumont 
 d'Urville in 1838, E. of Louis- Philippe Land, crossed by 63° S., 
 between 56°-57° W. 
 
 Jojo, vil., Cuba, S. ct., 80 m. E. Santiago de Cuba, in 
 74° 40' W. 
 
 Jok, Lapp word meaning ' river.' 
 
 JokJokarta (Dutch spelling DJokJokarta), tn., Java, 55 m. 
 S. Samarang, cap. of residency J. P. 59,000. 
 
 Jokneam, place named in O. T. See Tell Kelmftn. 
 
 Joktan, tribe. See Hlmyars. 
 
 Joktheel of Judah, place named in O. T. See Kntl&neb. 
 
 Jolan, the ancient Gaulanitis, dist., Syria, bounded W. by 
 the Sea of Tiberias and the upper Jordan, N. by Mt. Hermon, E. 
 by Wadi RukS,d, and S. by the riv. Yarmuk. From a minimum 
 height of 974 ft. in the S. the plateau rises to over 3600 ft. in 
 the N., and reaches its highest point in the volcanic peak of 
 Tell-esh-Sheka, 4245 ft. The N. and central part is wild and 
 rugged [and covered with lava, inhabited only by nomadic 
 Beduins ; the S. is a fruitful plain, and the people settled agri- 
 culturists, but sparsely cultivated. Area, 560 sq. m. 
 
 JoUba, riv. , Africa. See Niger. 
 
 Jollcnre, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, co. West- 
 morland, II m. from Sackville. 
 
 Jollet (named after a French explorer of the 17th century), 
 city, U.S., Illinois, Will co., 34 m. SW. Chicago; manufactures 
 of various kinds, especially of iron and steel, agricultural imple- 
 ments, and machinery, with quarries of a fine-grained limestone. 
 P. (1880) 11,700; (1890)23,300. 
 
 Jollette, CO., Canada, Quebec, stretching NW. from the St. 
 Lawrence R. above Lake St. Peter. 
 
 JoUette, tn., Canada, Quebec, J. co., on the riv. L'Assomp- 
 tion, 38 m. N. by E. Montreal. P. <40oo. 
 
 Jollmont, hill, Switzd. , cant. Bern, between Lakes Bienne 
 and Neuchitel. Alt. 2150 ft. 
 
 •lolkos, comm., Greece, prov. Larisa. P. < 5000. 
 
 Jolof, the easternmost of the principal divs. of the country 
 of the Wolofs, Senegambia, W. Africa. 
 
 Jolsa, Slovenian, 'alder.' See Ohe. 
 
 J6l8Ta, tn. , with magistracy, Hungary, prov. Gomor-Kis- 
 Hont, 47 m. W. by S. Kaschau. P. <3000. 
 
 Jomallg and Jomonjol, or Slalbon, two islets of the Philip- 
 pines ; the former E. of Luzon, in 14° 35' N., the latter S. of 
 Samar, in 10° 45' N., 125° 40' E. 
 
 Jomanes, riv. , India. See Jnmna. 
 
 JomfVuland, isl. , near the coast of Norway, opposite Kragero 
 Harbour, 58° 51' N. 
 
 JomTu, Protestant mission stn., Brit. E. Africa, W. of 
 Mombasa. 
 
 Jonab'8 Pillar Pass. See Syrian Gate. 
 
 /one, French, from Juncus, Latin, 'a rush.' 
 
 Jones, CO. , U. S. , Georgia, crossed by 33° N. , and E. of 84° W. 
 
 Jones, CO. , U.S. , Iowa, intersected by 42° N. ,andin E.by9i° W. 
 
 Jones, CO., U.S., Mississippi, S. of 32° N., crossed in the E. 
 by 89° W. 
 
 Jones, CO., U.S., in the SE. of N. Carolina, W. of 77° W., 
 crossed by 35° N. 
 
 Jones, CO., U.S., Texas, crossed by 100° W., N. of 32° N. 
 
 Jones Bay, inlet, U.S., New York, in the S. of Long Islandi 
 in 73° 25' W. 
 
 Jonesboro, tn. , U.S., Arkansas, Craighead co., 60 m. NW. 
 by N. Memphis (Tenn.). P. <3000. 
 
 Jonesboro, vil., U.S., Georgia, Clayton co., 17 m. S. by E. 
 Atlanta. Alt. 905 ft (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Jonesboro, vil., U.S., Illinois, Union co., 96 m. SE. by S. 
 St. Louis (Mo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Jonesboro, vil., U.S., Indiana, Grant co., 51 m. NNE. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jonesboro, vil., U.S., Maine, Washington co. , on the coast, 
 60 m. E. by S. Bangor. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Jonesboro, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Washington co. , 78 m. 
 E. by N. Knoxville. Alt. 1734 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Jonesborongb, par. and tn.. Ire., SE. co. Armagh, bar. 
 Upper Orior, 6 m. S. by W. Newry. Par. P. <iooo ; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Jonesborongh, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. Lower Dundalk, 
 5 m. NW. Dundalk. P. <50o. 
 
 Jonesport, tn., U.S., Maine, Washington co., 18 m. SSW. 
 i Machias, with lobster fisheries. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Jones Sonnd, a channel leading from NW, of Baffin Bay 
 into the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 Jonestown, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lebanon co., 23 m. 
 ENE. Harrisburg, and 7 m. NW. Lebanon. P. < 1500. 
 
 JouesTille, vil. , U.S., Michigan, Hillsdale co., on St. Joseph 
 R. , 25 m. SW. Detroit by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jiinkoping, one of the most important industrial towns of 
 Sweden, prov. J., on the S. side of Lake Wetter; has manu- 
 factures of matches, linens, woollens, and leather ; near it are 
 blast-furnaces for the smelting of the magnetic iron ore of the 
 Taberg, 8 m. SE., and large iron-works. Alt. 321 ft. Mean 
 temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 42.6° F., Feb. 27.3°, July 62.1°. P. (1872) 
 11,700; (1890) 19,700. 
 
 Jonnta, tn. , Mexico, Tabasco, 60 m. E. by N. San Juan 
 Bautista. 
 
 Jonzac, tn., France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, cap. arr. J., 
 on the Seagne, 18 m. SSW. Cognac. P. <30oo. 
 
 Joos, vil. , Hungary. See Jaszo. 
 
 Joplln, city, U.S., Missouri, Jasper co., 38 m. S. Kansas 
 City, 14 m. WSW. Carthage ; has rich lead and zinc mines, and 
 smelting furnaces. P. (1880) 7000; (1890)9900. 
 
 Joppa, Palestine, place named in the O. T. and N. T. See Jaflte. 
 
 Joppa, suburb of Portobello, Scot., Midlothian, on the S. 
 shore of the Firth of Forth, 3J m. E. Edinburgh, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Jorat, Ger. Jnrten, chain of heights in the SW. of Switzd. , 
 to the N. of Lake Geneva ; principally composed of sandstone 
 suitable for building purposes. Length about 47 m. Alt. 
 (Dent de Jaman) 6600 ft. 
 
 Jordan, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Lincoln co., 28 m. ESE. 
 Hamilton, on an inlet of Lake Ontario. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jordan, ' the river of Palestine,' rises from springs on the W. 
 flank of Mt. Hermon ; its farthest source is near Rasheyyd, 3500 
 ft. above the sea ; the most copious springs are at Banias and Dan ; 
 besides these, it is fed by many streams in its upper course. It 
 flows southward parallel with the Mediterranean 50 m. to the 
 Bahr-el-Huleh ( Waters of Merom). Hence it rushes to near 
 the Lake of Galilee or Tiberias 11 m., with a fall of 690 ft., 
 but it enters the lake a slow, turbid stream 70 ft. wide. From 
 its exit at the S. of this lake, which is 683 ft. below the level 
 of the Mediterranean, it descends rapidly due S. to the Dead 
 Sea down an inclined plane (wholly below the level of the Medi- 
 terranean), broken by 27 large and many smaller rapids, at 
 the rate of 10 ft. in a mile (direct 3 ft. in river's course), and 
 with a course so tortuous that in a direct distance of 60 m. the 
 length of the river is 200 m. From its rapid fall it derives 
 the name of the 'Descender.' In its upper course it is pure 
 and limpid, but below it is turbid and muddy ; it varies in 
 width from 20-100 yards, and in depth from 3-7 ft. There 
 are now no bridges between the two lakes, but remains of many ; 
 and its only tribs. of importance, in that space, are the Yarmuk 
 {Hieromax) and the Zerka (Jabbok), the former of which enters 
 with a slow current 40 yards wide. With the exception of one 
 or two small villages near the base of the mountains, there are 
 no permanent settlements in the valley S. of 32° 40' N. (about 
 3 m. S. of the Lake of Tiberias). The fords of J. , annually visited 
 by pilgrims at Easter, the supposed place of John's baptism, 
 are a few miles above its mouth in the Dead Sea. Total length 
 of the J., including Lakes Merom and Tiberias, about 135 m., 
 direct distance. "The scenery of the river is neither bold nor 
 picturesque, it has no fishery, and has never been navigable ; 
 its great distinction is its bounding the Holy Land. On the 
 E. it is walled in by the mountains of Moab. The J. is subject 
 to two annual freshets ; one during the rainy season (November 
 to March), the other when the Lebanon snow melts, by which 
 operation whole tracts are irrigated and the land fertilised. 
 The valley of the J., one of the most remarkable fissures in 
 the globe, extends, in its widest sense, from the mountains 
 near the Orontes on the N. to the Gulf of Akabah on the S. ; 
 it is, however, matter of dispute whether the river ever flowed 
 along the intervening 120 m. beyond the Dead Sea to the Red 
 
 759 
 
JORD — JUDA 
 
 Sea. From the Dead Sea to the water-parting there is now a 
 rise of 3270 ft. 
 
 Jordan, riv. , Tasmania, flowing S. into the Derwent. 
 
 Jordan, vil. , U.S., Minnesota, Scott co., near Minnesota R. , 
 32 m. W. St. Paul by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jordan, vil. , U.S. , New York, Onondaga co. , 15 m. W. by N. 
 Syracuse, on the Erie Canal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jordan, riv. of the U.S., Utah terr., flowing from Lake 
 Utah N. to the Great Salt Lake. Length, 45 m. On its E. 
 bank, 10 m. from its mouth, is Salt Lake City, which depends 
 on the irrigation afforded by this river. 
 
 Jordan Bank and Jordan Flats, two sandbanks, Eng. , off 
 SW. ct. of Lancashire, between the mouth of Crosby Channel 
 and Formby Point. 
 
 Jordan Hill, eminence, Eng. , Dorset, near Weymouth, sup- 
 posed to have been the Roman station Clavinium. 
 
 JordanUll, stn., Scot, W. Renfrewshire, on the N. B. R., 
 2J m. E. Renfrew, in a W. suburb of Glasgow. 
 
 Jordan Biver, settlement. Nova Scotia, co. and 7 m. from 
 Shelburne. 
 
 Jordanston, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 4 m. SW. Fish- 
 guard. P. <:25o. 
 
 Jordanstone, stn., Scot., E. Perthshire, on the C. R., 6 m. 
 NE. by N. Coupar Angus. 
 
 Jordanstown, tn. , Ire. , SE. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Belfast, 
 3J m. SW. Carrickfergus, on the Belfast and Ballymena Rly. 
 P.-C500. 
 
 Joritdt, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Sibsdgar, 70 m. SW, 
 Dibrugarh, an important mart, amid valuable tea-gardens. P. 
 (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Joriya, India, Kdthiawdr. See JodUa. 
 
 Jorjan, or Cinrgan, fortified post and ruined tn. , Persia, 73 
 m. NE. by E. Astrabad. 
 
 JornUo, volcano, Mexico, Michoacan, in 19° 9' N. , 101° 31' 
 W. , which rose suddenly from the midst of a plain on the night 
 of the 29th of Sept. 1759. Numerous miniature cones, called 
 horniios, stud the plain around. Alt. 4315 ft. (about 1650 ft. 
 above the plain). 
 
 Josanica-Banja, vil., Servia, dist. Krusevac, at the N. base 
 of the Kopaonik Mts. , 55 m. W. Nis, with celebrated medicinal 
 hot springs (upwards of 165° F.). P. <20oo. 
 
 Jose, Spanish form of Joseph. 
 
 Josefstadt, tn., Austria, Bohemia, on riv. Mettau, 9J m. NE. 
 by N. Koniggratz. P. 6100. 
 
 Jo.sefstlial, viL, Austria, Bohemia, dist. Gablonz. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Josepblne, co., U.S., Oregon, in the SW., on the S. frontier, 
 E. of 124° W. A vast stalactitic cavern, said to be as large as 
 the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, has been discovered at a point 
 60 m. from the Pacific, and 12 m. N. of California. 
 
 Joseph Lake, Canada, Ontario, Parry Sound dist. and 
 Muskoka co. , to the E. of Georgian Bay, in 45° 5'-i3' N., com- 
 municating with Lake Rosseau on the E. 
 
 Joshlmatli, vil., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Garhwal, 
 the winter residence of the Rdwal, priest of the temple of Badri- 
 nath, 30° 33' N., 79° 37' E. Alt. 6200 ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Josloivltz, maricet-tn., Austria, Moravia, 11 m. SE. Znaim. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Josnes, vil. , France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, arr. Blois, 6 m. ESE. 
 Marchenoir ; the lines of J. defended in 1870 by Chanzy against 
 Prince Frederick-Charles. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Josselln, tn. , France, dep. Morbihan, 41 m. ENE. Lorient, 
 arr. and 7 m. W. by N. Ploermel. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Jostedal, tn. , Norway, prov. N. Bergenhus, 1 17 m.N E.Bergen, 
 at the eastern base of the Jostedalsbrii, an extensive elevated 
 plateau, between Sognefjord and Indvikenfjord, covered with 
 glaciers. Highest summit, 6880 ft. above the sea. P. 2000. 
 
 Jost Tan Dyke, isl. , W. Indies, one of the Brit. Virgin Isles, 
 in 18'' 28' N. , 64° 42' W. 
 
 Jotnn-FJeld (' giant mountains '), elevated tableland of Nor- 
 way, govts. N. Bergenhus and Christian, on which rises Gald- 
 hopigen, the culminating point of the penin., 8540 ft. above the 
 sea. Named by Keilhau (Norwegian geologist, died in 1858). 
 
 Joaan, Golfe de, small bay, France, S. ct. , dep. Alpes-Mari- 
 times, between Cannes and Antibes, where Napoleon landed 
 on his return from Elba, March i, 1815. Deep enough for 
 vessels of largest tonnage, and sheltered from all winds but 
 the SE. 
 
 Jonarre, tn., France, Seine-et-Marne, arr. Meaux, 2 m. S. 
 Fert^-sous-Jouarre, with noted mill-stone quarries almost ex- 
 hausted. The abbey of Jotrum was founded for the Benedictines 
 in the 6th century, but used since the loth century as a school. 
 P. (of comm.)<;3000. 
 
 Joat>ert8 Hope, vil , S. African Republic, Lydenburg dist. , 
 50 m. NE. Barberton. 
 
 Jondpore, or Slanvar, India. See Jodlipor. 
 
 Jongne, comm. , France, dep. Doubs, arr. Pontarlier, 10 m. 
 NE. Mouthe, with manufactures of Gruy^re cheese. P. <20oo. 
 
 Jonre, tn., Netherlands, prov. Friesland, 16 m. S. by W. 
 Leeuwarden. P. 4000. 
 
 Jonx, second class fortress, France, dep. Doubs, 3 m. SE. 
 760 
 
 Pontarlier, on a hill commanding the valleys of the Doubs, 
 Cluse, and Combe; as a border position, the scene of many 
 engagements. 
 
 Joux, lake, Switzd. , cant. Vaud, among the Jura Mts., 
 has no visible outlet, but has been proved to have an under- 
 ground outlet to the riv. Orbe. Length, 6 m.; breadth, | m. : 
 alt. 350 ft. above the sea; depth, no ft. ; area, 3J sq. m. 
 
 Jouy-anx- Arches, vil., Ger. , Lorraine, circle Metz, with 
 remains of a Roman aqueduct. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Jove, comm., Spain, prov. Lugo, dist. Vivero. P. < 4000. 
 
 Joviniacum, tn., France. See Jolgny. 
 
 Jcw&l, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Kh4si Hills, cap. sub- 
 div. Jaintia Hills, 21 m. ESE. Shillong. Alt. 4422 ft. ; average 
 annual rfall. (syrs. , 1877-81), 362.6 in. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Joyces Country, dist. , Ire. , in extreme N W. of co. Galway. 
 
 Joyce's Creek, post-tn., Australia, Victoria, Talbot co. . 95^ 
 m. by rail and road NW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Joyense, tn., France, dep. Ard^che, on the Ardeche, 45 m. 
 N. by W. Nlmes, arr. and 5 m. SSW. L'Arg6nti6re. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Jn&h, CO., U.S., Utah, on the W. frontier, S. of 40° N. 
 
 Juan de Fnca, Strait of, connects the Gulf of Georgia with 
 the Pacific Ocean, and separates Vancouver I. on the N. from 
 the state of Washington, U.S., on the S. It is 83 m. in length, 
 and 12 m. wide. 
 
 Juan Fernandez, group consisting of two islands and one 
 islet, belonging to Chile, prov. Aconcagua, the eastern island 
 called Mas a tlerra ('landward'), 96 sq. m. in extent, 415 m. 
 from Valparaiso, in 33° 40' S. , 78° 55' W. , the W. isl. Mas a 
 fuera (' outer '), 100 m. W. of the former, the islet, called Santa 
 Clara, or Goat I., to the SW. of Mas a tierra. The islands 
 owe their name to the Portuguese navigator Juan Fernandez, 
 who discovered them in 1574, and introduced goats and European 
 plants on them. The inner island, which has a good anchorage on 
 its N. side, in San Juan Bautista, or Cumberland Bay, was the 
 solitary residence for four years (1704-9) of a Scotchman named 
 Alexander Selkirk, an incident which is supposed to have formed 
 the basis of Defoe's well-known tale of ' Robinson Crusoe.' 
 
 Juan Godol, tn. , Chile, prov. Atacama, 40 m. S. Copiapo, 
 vdth which it is connected by rail. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Jn&ngs, The, one of the most primitive tribes of the Orissa 
 Tributary States, India, mostly found in Keunjhar and Dhen- 
 kanal states. 
 
 Jnanl, small isl. , Ger. E. Africa, to the SE. of Mafia I. , in 8° S. 
 
 Juarez, tn. and rly. stn., Argentine Republic, state of and 
 220 m. SW. by S, Buenos Aires. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Juarez Alman, Argentine Republic, Chaco, on r. bk. of 
 Parana, opposite Corrientes, port of col. Resistancia. 
 
 Jnb, range of isls. , E. Africa. See Dundas. 
 
 Jub, Jeb, or Juba, riv. , E. Africa, formed to the N. of 3° N. 
 by the union of several streams, of which the Webi Ganana, or 
 Ganale Gudda, rising about 7° N. , 38^° E. , appears to form the 
 main headwater, flows SE. then S. into the Indian Ocean, form- 
 ing from 6° N. downwards part of the frontier of Brit. E. Africa ; 
 navigable by stern-wheel steamers to rapids in about 1 J° N. , 20 
 m. above Bardera. 
 
 Jubal, small isl. and telegraph stn. of Egypt, in the Red Sea, 
 in the strait of same name, which forms the entrance to the Gulf 
 of Suez. 
 
 Jnbbal, one of the hill states of the Punjab, India, crossed 
 by 30° 50' N., 77° 40' E. Area, 289 sq. m. P. 21,400. 
 
 Jubbulpore. See Jabalpur. 
 
 Jubl, or Juby Cape, W. Africa, opposite the isl. of Fuerte- 
 ventura, is a low sandy point, in 27° 58' N., 12° 52' W. Mean 
 temp. {i,\ yrs., 1883-88), yr. 65.3° F., Jan. 61.2°, Aug. 69.4°. 
 
 Jubilee Hlver, Brit. New Guinea, flows SW. to the Gulf of 
 Papua, which it enters in about 144° 50' E. ; ascended by steamer 
 to about 7° 17' S., 145° 28' E.; named in memory of the jubilee 
 year of Queen Victoria (1887), when it was discovered. 
 
 Jub Jenln, vil., Palestine, 33" 39' N., 35° 48' E. , 24 m. SE. 
 Beirut, in the valley of the Nahr-el- Litany. 
 
 Jucar, or Xncar, riv., Spain, provs. Cuenca, Albacete, and 
 Valencia, rises in the Sierra Albarracin, and after flowing a long 
 distance S. through a more or less deep valley, enters the wide 
 plain of La Mancha ; after abruptly turning E. , it descends from 
 the plateau through extraordinary defiles, on issuing from which 
 it irrigates rice and other plantations, and enters the Mediter- 
 ranean at Cullera, 25 m. SSW. Valencia. Length, 270 m. ; area 
 of basin, 7620 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). Average discharge more than 
 3000 cubic ft. per second, at low water 800 cubic ft. 
 
 Jucaro, tn. , Cuba, S. ct. , 250 m. SE. by E. Havana, in 78° 
 57' W. 
 
 JUehen, market-tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circ. Grevenbroich, 
 15 m. SW. by W. Dlisseldorf. P. (comm.)<3000. 
 
 Juchltan, tn. , Mexico, Oaxaca, 18 m. NE. by E. Tehuan tepee 
 P. 6100. 
 
 Judtea, the ancient country or kingdom of Judah, forming the 
 S. part of Palestine, or the Holy Land, having N. Samaria, W. 
 the country of the Philistines (Phoenicians), S. Arabia, and E. the 
 Dead Sea and the riv. Jordan. Chief towns, Jerusalem, Hebron 
 Bethlehem, and Jericho. 
 
JUDA — JUNE 
 
 Jndas, vil., Costa Rica, 35 m. SW. San Jos^, in 9° 32' N. 
 
 Jiide Islaud, Newfoundland, off the S. ct., in Placentia Bay, 
 in 54° 47' W. 
 
 Jndenbnrg ('Jews' castle'), tn., Austria, Styria, on the Mur, 
 25 ni. SW. by W. Leoben. It has coal-mines, and alum and 
 gunpowder factories. In the Middle Ages an important seat of 
 trade, and in 1496 was the scene of a massacre of the Jews. An 
 armistice with Napoleon I. was signed here in 1797. It was 
 almost destroyed by fire in 1827, but has since been rebuilt. 
 Alt. 2410 ft. P. <5ooc. 
 
 Judendorf, vil. , Austria, Styria, dist. Leoben. P. <4000. 
 
 Judge and Clerk, two islets of the Macquarie group, S. 
 Pacific, SW. New Zealand. 
 
 Judiqne, settlement. Nova Scotia, co. Inverness, on Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 Jndltii, Point, cape, U.S., Rhode I., in the extreme SE. of 
 Washington co. , in 41° 22' N., 71° 28' W. 
 
 Jndlth River, U.S., central Montana, flows N., and joins 
 the Missouri R. in about 109° 42' W. It derives part of its head- 
 waters from the J. Mountains, a somewhat isolated range just 
 N. of 47" N., and W. of 109° W. The J. Basin is a tract of 
 grassy prairie of about 1500 sq. m., lying mainly to W. of river. 
 
 Jnfua, riv., Palestine, probably the Ophni in the O.T., 31° 
 58' N. , 35° 12' E. , 13 m. N. Jerusalem. 
 
 Jnfnt-kale, or Chufnt-kale ('Jewish town' in Tartar), 
 ancient Kirkor, small vil, Russia, Crimea, eastern suburb of 
 Bakhchisarai, on a steep cliff, 1844 ft. over the sea, hanging 
 over the valley. Many ruins. 
 
 Jngduluk and Jngdnllnk, other spellings of Jagdalak. 
 
 Jnggurnautb. See Purl. 
 
 Juglong, post-tp., New South Wales, Harden co., 80 m. 
 W. Goulburn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jngjnr (DJngdjnr), mts., part of the StanoTol Mts., E. 
 Siberia, along the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk ; water-parting 
 between the Ud, which flows into the Pacific Ocean, and the 
 tribs. of Aldan, which flows into Arctic Ocean. 
 
 Jngnateu, vil. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 32 m. SE. by S. 
 Memel. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Jugon, tn. , France, dep. C6tes du Nord, arr. Dinan, on the 
 Arguenan, 22 m. SW. St. Malo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Jnlgalpa, tn., Central America, Nicaragua, in 12° N. , 13 m. 
 E. Lake Nicaragua. P. 3000. 
 
 Jnlst, isl. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, crossed by the meridian 
 of 7° E. , 9 m. long by i m. broad. 
 
 Julz de Ford, tn. , Brazil. See Paralilbnna. 
 
 Jujuy, prov., in the extreme NW. of the Argentine Republic. 
 Surface mountainous, and embracing in the W. the plateau 
 known as the Puna de J. (alt. 11,500 ft.), on which are two large 
 salt lakes, Toro in the S., and Casabindo in the N., from the 
 shores of which large quantities of common salt might be ob- 
 tained. Minerals varied and abundant (gold, argentiferous 
 galena, sulphide of copper, copper pyrites, petroleum, &c.), but 
 mining industry at present insignificant. 
 
 Jnjuy, tn. and stn., Argentine Repubhc, cap. state J., 180 
 m. N. Tucuman. It is a place of some trade (particularly in 
 asses and mules), being the terminus of the northern railway, 
 and on the main route from Salta across the mountains into 
 Bolivia. Alt. 4265 ft. P. 5000. 
 
 Julamerk, or Glnliamerk, tn., Asiatic Turkey, vilayet and 
 70 m. SSE. Van, sanjak Hakkiari, near the greater Zab. It 
 stands in a ravine enclosed by rocky mountains. P. 4600; 
 Kurds, 3000 ; Ottoman Turks, 1600. 
 
 Jnlesbnrg, vil. , U.S., Colorado, Weld co., on 1. bk. of S. 
 Platte R., 18 m. W. of the NE. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Jnlf, or Jnlfa, Armenian vil. , Transcaucasia, Russia, govt, 
 and 97 m. SE. Erivafi, on Aras R. , which was formerly crossed 
 here by a bridge mentioned in the history of Tamerlan's con- 
 quests. In old times a big city with 40,000 inhabitants, now a 
 small village. P. 650. 
 
 Jnlfa, tn., Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, forming a suburb of the 
 city of Ispahan, on the opposite side of the Zerdeh-rud, with 
 which it is connected by two bridges. It is almost entirely in- 
 habited by Armenians, and is the place of abode of all such 
 Europeans as reside for business or other piu-poses at Ispahan. 
 P. 2500. 
 
 Jull, tn. , S. Peru, dep. Puno, on W. shore of Lake Titicaca, 
 cap. prov. Chucuito, 100 m. W. by N. La Paz ; founded by the 
 Jesuits. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Julia Geneiiva, tn. , Spain. See Osuna. 
 
 Julian Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions, III. €. 4. 
 
 .lultaneliaab, maritime stn., Greenland, on its W. ct. , no 
 m. N W. Cape Farewell, and the principal place of an extensive 
 dist. Mean temp. (11 yrs. , 1874-84), yr. 33.7° F., Feb. 18.3°, 
 Aug. 46.8°. 
 
 Jnllanstown, par. and tn.. Ire., E. co. Meath, bar. Duleek, 
 4 m. SE. by S. Drogheda, P.O. Par. P. <soo; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Julian Way, ancient Roman road, in S. Wales and the SW. 
 of England (Carmarthen to Bath). 
 
 Jttllch, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., 16 m. NE. Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 cap. circle J. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Jnller, pass. See Alps, Passes and Railways, III. (loa). 
 Juliobona, tn., France. See Lillebonne. 
 Jull, tn. , Baluchistan. See Jal. 
 Julluudur, city, Punjab. See Jalandliar. 
 
 Jnllynosniearn, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Kiltyclogher, co. 
 Fermanagh, 7 m. from Glenfarne stn. 
 Jalplgoree. See Jalptilgnrl. 
 
 Junta, riv., Congo Free State, formed by the confluence of 
 the Kwilu and the Inzia, both of which flow from the S. and 
 unite near 4° N., whence the J. flows NW. by W. into the 
 Kwango ; navigable throughout. 
 
 Juma, tn. , 'Turkey in Europe, prov. Serfije, 50 m. SE. by S. 
 Monastir. P. 3000 (G. inq.). 
 
 Juma, tn., "rurkey in Europe, prov. Seres, 41 m. NE. by N. 
 Salonica. 
 
 Jnma-Dagh, a range of mts. in the extreme W. of Asia 
 Minor, trending nearly E. and W. , in 38" N., between the 
 valleys of the Kiichiik Menderez and Poyiik Menderez. 
 
 Jumaln, tn. , Persia, 140 m. SSE. Sebzewar. Alt. 3250 ft. 
 
 Juniaya, or Juma, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Seres, 40 
 m. S. by W. Sofia. P. about 4000; Christians, 1500; Moham. 
 1500 (G. 180). 
 
 Junientos, chain of keys in the Bahama Archipelago, stretch- 
 ing in a curve (about 112 m. ) from Long I. to Columbus Bank. 
 
 Jnmet, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 3 m. N. 
 by W. Charleroi. P. (1869) 16,700; (1890) 23,900. 
 
 Jumllhac le Grand, tn. , France, dep. Dordogne, 25 m. 
 SSW. Limoges, 7 m. W. by S. St. Yrieix, with blast-furnaces 
 and forges. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Jnmilla, comm., Spain, prov. and 37 m. NNW. Murcia. 
 P. 14,300. 
 
 Jnmmoo, tn., India, Kashmir. See Jammu. 
 
 Jumna, ihejomanes of Pliny , riv. , India, rises on the S. slope of 
 the Himalaya Mts. , in 31° 3' N. , 78° 30' E. It flows S. as far as 
 28° N. , forming the boundary between the Punjab and the NW. 
 Provs. , then SE. through the latter, and joins the Ganges 3 m. 
 below Allahdbdd, enclosing with that river the terr. called the 
 Dodb. Its source is 10,849 ft- above sea-level, 16 m. lower the 
 alt. of the river is only 5036 ft., and where it debouches on 
 the plains (100 m.) 1276 ft. Here it has become a large river, 
 but shortly after its water is almost entirely taken off by the 
 Eastern and Western Jumna canals (q.v. ). Below Agra it receives 
 numerous affluents, and is navigated by clumsy barges, but the 
 traffic is not considerable. Principal tribs. are the Chambal, 
 Sind, Betwa, and Ken on the right, and on the left the Sengur 
 and Rind. The cities Delhi, Agra, and Allahabad, and the 
 towns Muttra and Etawah, are on its banks. Length, 860 m.; 
 area of basin, 118,000 sq. m.; flood discharge, 1,333,000 cubic 
 ft. per second. 
 
 Jumna Canal, Eastern, an important irrigation work in the 
 NW. Provs. It derives its supply from the 1. bk. of the riv. 
 Jumna, irrigates the western portion of the upper Doab, and 
 eventually tails into the Jumna after a course of 160 m. 
 
 Jumna Canal, Western, an important irrigation work in 
 the Punjab, taking its supply of water from the r. bk. of the 
 Jumna, 3^ m. below the head of the Eastern Canal. It irrigates 
 an area of 1640 sq. m. by several branches, amounting in the 
 aggregate to 433 m. ; the water is entirely absorbed. 
 
 Jump, PM.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. from 
 Barnsley. 
 
 Jnmrukcal, the highest summit in the Balkan Mts., Bul- 
 garia, 45 m. SW. by W. Tirnova. Alt. 7795 ft. 
 
 Jundgarh, chief tn. of native state J. (1881, area, 3283 sq. 
 m.; P. 387,500), India, Kdthidwdr Renin., 68 m. NW. by N. 
 Diu ; one of the most picturesque cities in India. The Updrkot, 
 or old citadel, contains interesting Buddhist caves. P. (1881) 
 24,700; (1891)31,600. 
 
 Juncal, two principal peaks of the Chilian Andes, the north- 
 ernmost in 2S°39'S. (alt. 17,526 ft.); the Ccrro Juncal, in 
 23° 2' S., 34 m. S. Aconcagua (alt. 19,495 ft.). 
 
 Junction, stn.. Ire., NE. co. Donegal, on Londonderry and 
 Letterkenny Rly. , junction for Buncrana. 
 
 Junction, stn. , Ire. , in co. and 4I m. NE. Dublin, on G. N. R. 
 
 Junction, city, U.S., Kansas, Davis co., at the junction of 
 the Republican and Smoky Hill Rivs. , 65 m. W. Topeka. Alt. 
 1082 ft. (R.R.). P. < 5000. 
 
 Junction, vil, U.S., Utah, Piute co., 130 m. NE. from the 
 SW. corner of the terr. P. <i5c)o. 
 
 Junction City, vil., U.S., Oregon, Lane co., 90 m. S. by W. 
 Portland, on the Willamette R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Junction Road, stn. , Eng. , London, on the Hampstead June. 
 Rly., 3^ m. NNW. St. Paul's, J m. ENE. Highgate Road stn. 
 
 Junction Road, stn., Scot., Edinburghshire, near Leith, on 
 the N. B. R. 
 
 Jundlahy, vil. , Brazil, prov. and 30 m. NNW. Sao Paulo. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Juneau (ju'no), co., U.S., Wisconsin, crossed by 44° N., and 
 in the E. by 90° W. , bounded on the E. by the Wisconsin R. 
 
 Juneau, tn. , U.S., Alaska, the largest in the terr. , on Gas- 
 tineau channel, 58° 17' N., 134° 16' W. P. 1500. 
 
 :gi 
 
JUNE — JURA 
 
 Jnneaa, viL, U.S., Wisconsin, Dodge co., 49 m. NW. by 
 W.Milwaukee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Janee, incorporated bor. , New South Wales, Clarendon co. , 
 90 m. NNE. Albury. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Jung, German, 'young.' 
 
 Jnngbacta, nL , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Trautenau. P. <4000. 
 
 Jungbunzlan, Check Ml-Boleslar, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 
 30 m. XE. Prague : manufactures of cottons, woollens, &c. 
 Alt. 755-780 ft. P. 11,500. 
 
 Jnngchang-hslen, tn., China, Siichwan, 63 m. W. Chung- 
 king, with manufactures of grass-cloth. 
 
 Jnngfran, mt See Alps, Subdivisions, II. B. 1. 
 
 Jniig-bsien, tn., China, Siichwan, 81 m. S. by E. Chengtu-fu. 
 
 Jang jrnng,*post-tn., Australia, Victoria, Boning co., 191^ 
 m. by rail and road NW. Melbourne. P. <isoo. 
 
 Jungle Maliikls, formerly a vague term applied to certain 
 British possessions and semi-independent chiefdoms in the W. 
 of Bengal, afterwards the name of a British dist., now redis- 
 tributed among other dists. 
 
 Jnngul, tn., BriL India, Pvmjab, dist. Kohat, 36 ra. SW. 
 Peshawar. P. <:sooo. 
 
 Jong Woscliltz, \-iL , Bohemia, 11 m. NE. Tabor. P. <3000. 
 
 Jnnlata, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, in the S., to the E. of 
 meridian 78° W. , and N. of 40 N. , traversed by the Juniata R. 
 
 Janlata, riv. , U.S., Pennsylvania, rises in the spurs of the 
 Allegheny Mts. , and flows into the Susquehanna 14 m. above 
 Harrisburg ; length about 150 m. : not navigable. It is one of 
 the most picturesque streams of the U.S. The Penn canal 
 and railroad follow its banks throughout its whole extent, and 
 are both important for the conveyance of ore from the iron- 
 mines in the E. to Pittsburg. 
 
 Jnnlu, tn. and rly. stn. , Argentine Republic, Buenos Aires, 
 114 m. S. by W. Rosario. P. <20oo. 
 
 Jnnln, vil. , Peru, dep. J., about 95 m. NE. Lima, near S. 
 end of Lake J. (16 m. long, drained S. by the Chinchaycocha). 
 Alt. 13,000 ft 
 
 Janln, dep., Peru, crossed by 76° W., and in the S. by 12° 
 S. ; cap. Cerro de Pasco. 
 
 Jnnln, Cala, roadstead, Chile, on the W. ct. , about 19° 45' S. 
 
 Juniper Green, viL, Scot., Midlothian, on the Water of 
 Leith, 5 m. SW. by W. Edinburgh, on the C. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 Jnnkseylon, isL , Siam. See Salang. 
 
 Jannar, tn. and fort, Brit. India, Bombay, dist, Poona, 48 
 m. N. Poona; fort built in 1436. P. 11,900; Hindus, 9200. 
 
 Jnuqnera de Ambla, comm. , Spain, in the S£. of Galicia, 
 prov. and 11 m. SE. Orense. P. < 4000. 
 
 Jno Falls, Africa. See Lnflra, river. 
 
 Jnparana, Lake, a long shallow lake, Brazil, Espirito 
 Santo, in the course of the Rio Sao Jose, in 19° 6'-i8' S., 40° 
 2'-/ W. {Proc. R. G. S., 1888, p. 62.) 
 
 Jnpllle, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. Li^ge. P. < 5000. 
 
 Jnplra, riv. , China. See Yang-bo. 
 
 Jnplter Creek, goldfield, S. Australia, 15 m. SE. Adelaide. 
 
 Jnplter Inlet, U.S., E. ct of Florida, 26° 56' N. 
 
 Jnqnlla, vil. , Mexico, Oaxaca, 55 m. NW. by N. Tehuantepec. 
 
 Jara, firontier dep. , eastern France, bounded on the N. by 
 Haute-Saone, and formed out of Franche-Comt6 ; divided into 
 four arrs. : Lons-le-Saunier (cap.). Dole, Poligny, and Saint- 
 Claude. The dep. has three natural divisions : the mountain, 
 or region of the Jura, consisting of seven chains of Jurassic 
 limestone running NE. to SW. parallel to each other, with 
 their highest points (Cr6t-Pela, 4910 ft ; Noirmont, 5085 ft. ) near 
 the Swiss firontier ; the vine region, or Coteau, the richest part 
 of the dep. , lying between the foot of the Jura and the boundary 
 riv. Ognon ; the plain is of small extent With the exception 
 of the area drained by the Orbe, which enters Switzerland 
 shortly after feeding the Lac des Rousses, the whole dep. be- 
 longs to the Rhone basin (to which it contributes through the 
 Valserine, Ain, and Sa6ne). Climate very cold in the movm- 
 tainous portion, fairly tempierate in the plain. Principal cereal 
 wheat, which, however, covers less than ^ of the surface. 
 Oats and maize also grown to a considerable extent The vine 
 occupies more than 4 per cent of the surface, but the relative 
 production of wine is less than half the average of France. 
 Among the aromatic and medical mountain plants may be 
 named the vulnerary, called Swiss tea. The forests include 
 that of Chaux, one of the largest in France, and those of Mois- 
 dons, Joux, and Serre. The most important mineral product 
 is rock-salt, notably from Montmorot, near Lons-le-Saunier, 
 Salins, and Grozon. The production of iron ore, formerly con- 
 siderable, is now insignificant Among the principal industries 
 are lapidary work, fancy turnery, watch and clock making, and 
 at Salins and other cantons of the Jura Gruy^re cheese-making. 
 Area, 1951 sq. m. P. 273,000. 
 
 Jura, range of mts. stretching from SW. to NE. for about 
 190 m. between the Rhone and Rhine, chiefly on the borders 
 of France and Switzd. They are chiefly composed of light- 
 coloured limestones, in great measure belonging to the geo- 
 logical system which has received the name of Jurassic in | 
 762 
 
 consequence of their extensive development in these mountains. 
 The Jurassic rocks, however, predominate chiefly on the outer 
 or French side of the mountains, the rocks on the Swiss side 
 being mainly of more recent (Cretaceous and Eocene) age, with 
 long inliers of Jurassic date. In the S. the rocks of the J. are 
 not geologically distinct from those of the adjoining Alps ; but 
 the Rhone vaUey is a sufficiently well-marked feature to \x 
 taken as an orographical limit ; and the same may be said of the 
 Rhine valley in the N. , especially since the mountains on oppo- 
 site sides of the river here present a marked contrast in topo- 
 graphical features. The chains of which the J. mountains are 
 composed are for the most part parallel to the general trend of 
 the range, and separated from one another by longitudinal valleys 
 (one of which contains the important towns of Le Locle and La 
 Chaux de Fonds, at the height of more than 3000 ft. ), correspond- 
 ing to the undulations in the strata of which they are composed. 
 The steep slope throughout is on the inner or Swiss side, where 
 the Lakes of Geneva (W. end), Neuch^tel, and Bienne lie at 
 their base. Parallel chains are met with in France only in the 
 southern portion of the system (from about Pontarlier south- 
 wards), which also contains the highest elevations — Cret de 
 la Neige (5655 ft), Colombier de Gex (5550 ft), La D61e 
 (5505 ft), both the last W. of the Lake Geneva, Mt. Tendre 
 (5515 ft-)- to the E. of the Valine de Joux, Chasseron (5290 ft) 
 V^'. of Lake NeuchiteL Further N. the highest peak is Chas- 
 seral (5280 ft), W. of the Lake of Bienne. In France the 
 northern part of the range takes the form of broad plateaux, and 
 in this part of the system a series of ridges can be made out 
 running E. and W. for nearly 100 m. about the parallel of 47° 
 20', beginning in the W. with the Montagues du Lomont, and 
 continued in Switzd. by the Mont Terrible. Like all limestone 
 ranges the Jura are intersected by numerous precipitous clefts 
 and cracks, in which the surface water to a large extent dis- 
 appears, to continue its course underground. This fissured 
 character of the mountains, as well as the numerous parallel 
 ranges, present great obstacles to communication, especially in 
 the S. Costly works have been required in railway construction. 
 W. of Geneva the railway pierces the Grand Cr6do (more 
 properly CrSt d'E^u) in a tunnel before it bificurates to follow 
 the different routes to Lyons and Macon respectively. N. of 
 this there is no other railway-crossing till we come to the Col de 
 Jougne (50 m. distant in a direct fine), by which the railway 
 crosses from Pontarlier to Lausanne. Intermediate between 
 these points, however, is the old pass-road from the valley of 
 the Doubs to Geneva by the Col de la Faucille (4340 ft.), 
 with a branch to Nyon by the Col de Saint Cergues (4145 ft. ). 
 From Pontarlier to Neuchitel the railway running N E. makes 
 use of the Val Travers, in which it passes through several short 
 tunnels. The derious and costly line from Besan9on to Le 
 Locle and La Chaux de Fonds traverses the Chaumont ridge 
 in a tunnel, and afterwards in crossing the Swiss frontier the 
 defile known as the passage of Les Brenets. Further N. there 
 are important tunnels through the Hauenstein for the line 
 between Liestal and Olten, and through the Romberg for that 
 running W. from Brugg. The N. portion of the Swiss J. are 
 well wooded, but in the S. the forests are smaller and more 
 scattered, and the plateaux of the N. section of the French J. 
 are for the most part bare. Besides agriculture and the rearing 
 of live stock, watchmaking is an important industry [Switzer- 
 land, Besancou.] 
 
 Jara, German. This name may be applied to the ranges 
 which go by the name of the Jura NE. of the Rhine, namely, 
 the series of heights composed of Jurassic rocks continuing the 
 outer Jura SW. of the Rhine, and which are generally regarded 
 as forming two divisions, the Swabian J. extending from the 
 Rhine to the Womitz (where the railway from Nordlingen to 
 Donauworth now runs), and the Franconian J., beyond that 
 limit The Swabian J. is geologically distinct from the part 
 of the Svriss J. immediately to the S. (which is of Tertiary age), 
 and consists mostly of a broad tableland 2300-2700 ft. in height, 
 with its steepest slope on the W. side, and that not rectilineal 
 like the steep slope of the J. proper, but winding out and in 
 with numerous curves. It lies chiefly to the NW. of and 
 parallel to the upp)er Danube in the SE. of Baden, in Hohen- 
 zollern, Wiirtemberg, and the W. of Bavaria. The broader 
 and larger portion SW. of the line of valleys followed by the 
 Stuttgart- Ulm railway is known as the Kanhe Alb (or less 
 properly Alp), and is uncrossed by any railway between its NE. 
 limit and the line from Balingen to Sigmaringen. The term 
 Rauhe ('rough' or 'rude') is applicable, both in virtue of the 
 sterility of its soil and the bleakness of its climate. The small 
 section NE. of the Rauhe Alb, limited eastward bv the Kocher 
 and Brenz valleys (Aalen-Heidenheim-Ulm railway), is called the 
 Albnch, and the remaining small section the Hftrtfeld, which 
 is separated on the N. from the Franconian heights (Franken- 
 hohe) by the Jagst valley. The Franconian J., running first 
 E. and then N. through the middle of N. Bavaria, is rather a 
 tract of hilly country tton a range of hills or mountains. 
 
 Jnra, the ancient Diura, isL, Scot, Argyllshire, Inner Heb- 
 rides, immediately NE. Islay, and S. of S^arba, from which it 
 
JURA — KABU 
 
 is separated by the Gulf of Conyvreckan. Length, NE. to SW. , 
 24 m.; breadth varies from 2 to 8 m. Surface mountainous, 
 and it is the most rugged of the Hebrides ; in the S. are three 
 peaks, termed the ♦ Paps of Jnra * (respectively 2571 ft. , 2477 ft. , 
 and 2407 ft.). On the E. and most populous coast towards 
 the S. end is the bay of Small Isles, on which stands the principal 
 village, with the parish church; on the W. is the deep inlet Loch 
 Tarbet. Principal products oats, barley, potatoes, and slate. 
 Area of island about 54,000 ac. , only 500 of which are arable. 
 With the adjacent isls. of Balnahua, Garvelloch, Lunga, Pladda, 
 Scarba, and Skervuile it forms a par. Par. 93,799 ac, P. <7SO ; 
 isl. P. 619. 
 
 Jnra, Sound of, Scot., Argyllshire, between Jura and the 
 dist. of Knapdale. 
 
 Jnragna, iron-mines, Cuba, prov. Santiago, producing a rich 
 ore with only a small proportion of phosphorus and sulphur. 
 
 Jnrblse, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the Dender, 
 arr. and 6 m. NNW. Mons. P. < 2000. 
 
 Jnrby, par.. Isle of Man, on the W. ct., 6^ m. WNW. 
 Ramsey, P.O.; 4721 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Jnr<^ii, ancient Agraena, vil. , Syria, on the Lejah, 32° 55' N., 
 36° 22' E. , 17 m. NW. Kanawat. 
 
 Jnrlev (TnrlCT), tn., Russia. See Dorpat. 
 
 Jnrjev Kloster, comm. , Austria. See Galracb. 
 
 Jnrjnra, mt. chain, Algeria. See Atlas Honntalns. 
 
 Jarten, mt. chain, Switzd. See Jorat. 
 
 Jnrna, Ynma, or Hynraba, riv. , Brazil, rises in E. cordillera 
 of Andes in Peru, flows NNE., and joins the Amazon in 65° 44' 
 W.; ascended for more than iioo m. by Chandless. A shallow 
 occurs at low water in 50° 49' S. See Jour. R. G. S., 1869, 
 p. 296. 
 
 Jnrneua, riv. , Brazil, prov. Matto Grosso, rises 50 m. NE. 
 Matto Grosso, and flows N., forming one of the headstreams of 
 the Tapajos. 
 
 Jnssey, tn., France, dep. Haute-Sa6ne, arr. Vesoul, 42 m. 
 N. by W. Besanfon. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Jnssy, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 6 m. ENE. Geneva. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Justiniana Secunda, tn., Bulgaria. See Kosteiidil. 
 
 JntaU, riv. , Brazil, prov. Amazonas, joins the Amazon a little 
 to the W. of 67° W. Its course is parallel to that of the Jurua. 
 Length (from the confluence of its two headwaters), 450 m. 
 
 Jiiterbog, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 27 m. S. Potsdam, 
 cap. circle J. , with manufactures of cigars, cloth, &c. Near it, 
 in 1813, was fought the battle of Dannewitz, in which the Prus- 
 sians defeated the French. P. 7100. 
 
 Jntlapa, tn.. Central America, Guatemala, cap. dep. J., 45 
 m. SE. Guatemala. P. 12,200. 
 
 Jntlcalpa, tn.. Central America, Honduras, no m. ENE. 
 Tegucigalpa. 
 
 Jatland, Danish Jylland, the penin. forming the mainland 
 of Denmark {q.v.\ 
 
 Jntogh, small military stn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and a 
 few miles from Simla. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Jntpnt, vil., Brit. Baluchistan, 8 m. NW. Jacobdbdd. 
 
 Juttah, place named in O. T. See Ynttata. 
 
 Juverna. See Ireland. 
 
 Jtivrer Tlefe, a channel on the W. ct. of Schleswig, between 
 the Danish islands of Chori Sand and Mano and the Schleswig 
 island of Rom. 
 
 Jnwaln, tn., Afghanistan, 185 m. S. by W. Herat. Alt. 
 1810 ft. 
 
 Jnwendt, vil., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 27 m. W. by S. 
 Tilsit, on the Kurisches Haff. P. <20oo. 
 
 Jyelep-la, India. See Jeylepla. 
 
 Jyepore, tns. and dists. , India. See Jaipur. 
 
 Jyboon, riv. , Asia Minor. See JUiun. 
 
 Jylland, Danish name of Jutland. 
 
 Jynteali Hills. See Jalutla. 
 
 K 
 
 R2» nit. peak, Himalayas. See GodM'ln-Ansten. 
 
 Kaadeu, tn. , Bohemia, 20 m. NE. by E. Karlsbad. P. 6900. 
 
 Kaafjord, vil. , Norway, govt. Finmark, at the head of Alten 
 Fiord, near 70° N., with a rich copper-mine. 
 
 Kaagb, isl., Norway, diocese Tromso, in the Arctic Ocean, 
 70° N., 20° 50' E. Length, 11 m. ; breadth, 7 m. 
 
 Kaai, Kai, or Kade, Teutonic, 'a quay," or 'bank by the 
 water side. ' 
 
 Kaalmans Hoofd, cape, in the NE. of Dutch Guiana, at the 
 mouth of the Maroni. 
 
 Kaaklika, Turkoman oasis, Russian Transcaspian terr. ; 
 railway station 103 m. NW. of Merv. 
 
 Kaap, or De Kaap, goldfields, in the E. of the S. African 
 Republic, near the NW. frontier of Swazi-land ; business centre, 
 Barberton. 
 
 Kaarlmba, post-tn., Australia, Victoria, co. Moira, 143 m. 
 by rail and road NE. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kaarta, the most N. part of the highland region in Sene- 
 gambia, N. of the upper Senegal, crossed by 15" N. and 10° 
 W. ; good cultivation ; chief town, Nioro. 
 
 Kab, isl. , 40 m. long, in the SW. cf Persia, between the Shat- 
 el-Arab and the Bahmeshir Channel. 
 
 Haba, comm., Hungary, co. Hajdu, dist. Nddudvar, 20 m. 
 SW. by W. Debreczen. P. 6400. 
 
 Kabablsh, Kobablsb, or Knbablsb, pastoral tribes of Arab 
 origin and language occupying the oases of the Libyan desert 
 W. and S. of Dongola. 
 
 Kabadl, dist., in the S. ct. Brit. New Guinea, crossed in the 
 E. by 147° E. 
 
 Kabadlan, tn., khanate, and 268 m. SE. of Bukhara, on 
 Kafirnagan R. , 30 m. from its junction with Amu. Alt. 1360 ft. 
 
 Kabalna, isl. , E. Archipelago, off the S. ct. of the SE. penin. 
 of Celebes I. 
 
 Kabambarre, vil. , Congo Free State, in 4° 40' S. , 28° 5' E. 
 
 Rabango, vil. , central Africa, Lunda, in 9° 23' S. , 21° 10' E. 
 
 Kabaniya, tn. , Russia, govt, and 100 m. SE. Kharkov ; fairs. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Kabauiya, vil., W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, 315 m. W. of 
 Omsk, on Lake Kabaniya. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kabanje, vil. , Portuguese W. Africa, in 15° 10' S. , 16° 32' E. 
 
 Kabansk, vil., E. Siberia, govt. Transbaikalia, dist Verkh- 
 neudinsk, on r. bk. of lower Selenga, on Amur highway, 275 m. 
 W. of Chita. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kabara, tn., Sudan, N. Africa, empire of Massina, on the 
 Niger, 10 m. S. Timbuktu, of which it is the port. P. 2000. 
 
 Kabardla, terr., Russia, N. Caucasia, now W. part of prov. 
 Terek, between the main Caucasus ridge (from Mount Elbruz to 
 Mount Passis-mta),and Terek R. , including the slopes of the main 
 
 Caucasus, the Black Mts. {Chornyia Gory), and the high plains 
 of their N. slope ; annexed to Russia in 1804-22. Peopled 
 by Kabardians (Kabertai), one of the Cherkes, or Adyge stems, 
 who are possessed of feudal rights upon the Ossete villages, as 
 well as upon the Uruspievtsi and the Balkars, both of Turkish 
 origin, who live in village communities in the gorges of the 
 mountains. Russians, Germans, and Jews are also settled now 
 in the territory ; agriculture, breeding of an excellent race of 
 horses, bee-culture. Area about 3800 sq. m. P. over 70,000 ; 
 out of whom one-half are Kabardians. 
 
 Kabaung, riv. , India, Lower Burma, div. Tenasserim, dist. 
 Taung-gnii, falls into the Tsit-taung just below Taung-gnii; 
 navigable for about 25 m. 
 
 Kab, El, Upper Egypt. See El Kab. 
 
 Kabenow, riv. , Ger. New Guinea, flows N. into Astrolabe 
 Bay. 
 
 Kaber, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 9 m. SE. Appleby, 
 2 J m. SE. by E. Musgrave stn.; 4581 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Kablnda, small seapt. , Portuguese W. Africa, in 5° 31' S. , 
 in the detached dist. of Angola N. of the mouth of the Congo ; 
 also the name of that dist. 
 
 Kabkabla, tn., eastern Sudan, Darfur, 112 m. W. El 
 Fasher, N. of Mount Marra. 
 
 Kabos, Greek, 'cape.' 
 
 Kabrera, or Skblza, isl. , Greece, S. of the W. penin. of the 
 Morea, 7 m. W. Cape Gallo, with a good harbour. Length, 5 
 m.; breadth, 2 m. 
 
 Kabmang, isl. of the Talaut group, between the Philippines 
 and Halmahera ; fertile and well populated ; 20 m. in circuit. 
 
 Kabn, Kbabn, or Garbn, prov. of Futa-jallon, Senegambia, 
 peopled by Mandingo tribes. 
 
 Kabul, riv., mainly in Afghanistan, issues from the copious 
 spring of Sar-i-Chasmah (or Sir-i-Chushma) on the SE. slope of 
 the Paghman Mts., flows on the whole E. past K. city (just 
 below which it receives the Logar on the r. bk.), Jalaldbdd 
 (below which it receives the Kunar or Chitral on 1. bk.), then 
 winds through the mountains N. of the Khaibar Pass to the 
 plains of India, entering the Indus opposite Attoch. Every- 
 where fordable above the city of K. ; descended by rafts of in- 
 flated skins from Jaldlabad (above which it is of no use except 
 for irrigation) ; navigable for boats of 40-50 tons from Dtiobandi, 
 40 m. above its mouth. 
 
 Kdbnl, Cabool, or Cabnl, city, Afghanistan, on the Kabul 
 R. , 5800 ft. above the sea, and 82 m. NNE. Ghazni, 190 m. by 
 carriage road from Peshawar. Lat. 34° 30' N. , long. 69° 18' E. 
 It is enclosed on the NW. and S. sides by hills, along which run 
 weak ramparts. It was formerly walled, and at its E. end is the 
 citadel called the Bala Hissar ('palace of the kings'). Streets 
 
 763 
 
KABU — KAGA 
 
 high, built of sun-dried bricks and wood, -with flat roofs ; those 
 intricate and badly paved. Houses in general two or three stories 
 of the wealthy have extensive courts and gardens. It is abun- 
 dantly supplied with water, generally of good quality. Outside 
 the city are the tombs of the Emperor Babar, who made K. his 
 cap., and of Timur-Shah. From its elevation, the winter in K. 
 is long and severe ; the summer is delightful ; average temp, 
 from 75° to 85° F. Just outside of the city are large engineering 
 works, with a rolling-mill and steam-hammer, and including a 
 rifle and cartridge factory, and plant for electric lighting, estab- 
 lished by the Amir Abdur-Rahman. A railway is being laid 
 thence to a marble quarry about 10 m. distant. The inhabitants 
 are tall, well made, not very dark, and have Jewish features. 
 They are Mohammedans of the Sunni sect. The higher classes 
 speak Persian, the common p>eople the Pushtu dialect K. was 
 taken by Subuktigin in 977, by Tamerlane at the end of the 
 14th century, and in 1738 by Nadir Shah. It was the scene in 
 1842 of the treacherous outbreak of the chiefs, the murders of 
 Sir W. Macnaughten and Sir A. Burnes, and the massacre of 
 3800 soldiers and 12,000 camp followers ; was retaken in the 
 same year by the British troops under Sir R. Sale, the bazaars 
 and public buildings burned and finally relinquished. On the 
 3rd of September 1879 Sir L. Cavagnari (the British resident 
 appointed under the treaty of Gandamak in the previous May) 
 and his escort were murdered in an outbreak of the p)opulace 
 and Afghan troops, and on the 9th of October following the 
 city was taken by General Roberts, and remained in British 
 occupation for a year. P. (1876) about 140,000. 
 
 Kabnletia, formerly a prov. of Asiatic Turkey, now part 
 of Russia, Transcaucasia, N. portion of dist. Batum, of govt. 
 Kutais. 
 
 Kabnshan, Persia. See Kncban. 
 
 Kabyles, corruption of an Arabic word meaning ' tribes ; ' the 
 name applied to the Berbers in Algeria. 
 
 Kabylla, Great, the region in the NE. of Algeria (provs. 
 Constantine and Algiers), inhabited largely, especially in the 
 mountains, by Kabyles ; sometimes applied in a special sense to 
 the Jurjura region. 
 
 Kabylla, Little, a name sometimes given to the part of the 
 prov. of Constantine, Algeria, between Jijelli, Bougie, and Setif. 
 
 Kacha Kbali, viL , with rly. stn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist 
 and 40 m. ENE. Miiltin. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kaeliallnskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, chief town of a dist 
 of prov. of Don Cossacks, 210 m. NE. of Novocherkassk, on a 
 branch of Don R. , where it suddenly turns ro SW. , on railway 
 from Tsaritsyn to middle Russia. P. <:5ooo. 
 ..Kacbanlk, or Kacbalnik, viL, Turkey in Europe, prov. 
 Uskiib, 26 m. E. Prizren. Alt 1160 ft P. <20oo. 
 
 Kacbeo, Portuguese W. Africa. See Cacbeo. 
 
 Kacbb, dist. of India. See Cntch. 
 
 Kacblns, or Kakbyens, feudatory tribes. See Bnrma. 
 
 Kacblyama, tn., Japan, at SE. entrance to Tokyo Bay, 
 formerly the castle-town of a small daimyo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kacbkanar, one of the chief summits of middle Urals, govt 
 Perm, 58° 43' N., 39° 43' E. Alt. 2942 ft. 
 
 Kacbng, vil., E. Siberia, govt, and 160 m. N. of Irkutsk. 
 Beginning of navigation on Lena; all provisions for Olekma 
 and Vitim gold-washings shipped from here. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Kaclm, Kaslm, or Kasslm, dist., central Arabia, crossed 
 by26i°N.,44i=E. 
 
 Kaezandwka, viL, Austria, Galicia, dist Skalat. P. <4000. 
 
 Kadalyanalllkr (Kadayanalltkr, census), tn., Brit. India, 
 Madras, dist. and 34 m. NW. by N. Tinnevelli, on Chittur R. 
 P. 8200 ; Hindus, 5000 ; Moham. 3200. 
 
 Kadapa, Madras. See Cuddapab. 
 
 KadaTV, Fiji Is. See Kandam. 
 
 Kadaya, or Kadaylnskiy, gold-washings and silver mine, 
 E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, 33 m. W. of Nerchinskiy Zavod ; 
 political prison. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kade, Teutonic, 'a quay.' See Kaai. 
 
 Kade, tn., French W. Africa, Futa-jallon, in 12° 2' N., 13° 
 23' W. 
 
 Kade, chief tn. of the Musgu dist, central Sudan, in 11° N. 
 and 14° 32' E. , 180 m. SSE. of Kuka. 
 
 Kades, ruins, Palestine, Kedesh Naphiali in the O. T. , 33° / 
 N., 35° 31' E., 22 m. N. Tiberias. 
 
 Kadhlmein, tn. , Asiatic Turkey. See liatblmeln. 
 
 Kadi, tn., India, Baroda, 25 m. NW. Ahmadabad. P. (1881) 
 16,700. 
 
 Kadlak, or Kodlak, isL , Alaska, off the E. ct. of the penin. , 
 from which it is separated by Shelikof Strait, 56° 45-58° N. 
 There are ten salmon-canneries on the island, giving employ- 
 ment to iioo bands in 1890, almost entirely supplied from the 
 fish captured in the Karlak B. (in 1890 more than 3,000,000) ; 
 and at St. Paul, a village on the NE. coast, furs to the value 
 of j^6o,ooo are shipped annually. Rain and fog are perpetual ; 
 snow lies only for a short time. 
 
 Kadl-kol, tn., Asia Minor, on the E. shore of the Sea of 
 Marmora, 2 m. S. Skutari. 
 
 Kadlmlja, mt See Balkan Monntalns. 
 764 
 
 Kadlna, tn., S. Australia, Daly co., 85 m. NW. Adelaide, 
 10 m. NE. Moonta, in copper-mining dist P. < 1500. 
 
 KMirilbM, tn. , India, HaidaraMd, dist and 37 m. E. by 
 S. Aurangabad, on the Kundalika, opposite Jalna. P. (1881) 
 9900; (1891)23,400. 
 
 Kadlrl, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist Cuddapah, 88 m. NE. 
 by N. Bangalore. P. 6100 ; Hindus, 4200. 
 
 Kadisb, ruins, Palestine, Kedesh in the O. T. (Judges iv. 11), 
 32° 44' N., 35° 13' E., 4 m. S. by E. Tiberias. 
 
 KadnlkoT, dist tn., NE. Russia, gon. and 28 m. NE. of 
 Vologda. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kadom, tn., Russia, govt and 170 m. NNE. Tambov, on 
 navigable Moksha ; trade in grain. P. 7400. 
 
 Kadn, residency, Java ; cap. Magelang. 
 
 Kaddir, vil., in K. dist, India, Mysore, Hugri R. , 95 m. 
 ENE. Mangalore. P. (i88i)<:3000. 
 
 Kaeo, viL , New Zealand, North I. , Whangaroa co. , 134 m. 
 NNW. Auckland, at head of WTiangaroa Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kaer, Breton, 'a castle.' See Caer. 
 
 Kaf, tn. , Persia. See Kbaf . 
 
 Kaf, tn. , Tunis. See Kef. 
 
 Kiifertbal, comm., Ger. , gd. -duchy Baden, circle and 3 m. 
 NNE. Mannheim. P. <4000. 
 
 Kaffa, country of the Gallas, E. Africa, S. of Abyssinia, 7° 
 N. , 36° 30' E. ; believed to be the original home of, and to have 
 given name to coffee. Inhabited by Christians. 
 
 Kaffir Kuyl Bay, Cape Colony, on the S. ct., in 21° 30' E. 
 
 Kain-arla, part of Cape Colony, comprising the terrs. between 
 the rivs. Kei and Umtamvuna, and from the Storm- and Draken- 
 bergen to the Indian Ocean. It is divided into the dists. of 
 Transkei, Tembu-land, East Griqua-land, and Pondo-land. K. 
 is a rich tract of land, well adapted for cattle-rearing and agri- 
 culture, and many parts are covered with beautiful forests. 
 Numerous rivers flow to the Indian Ocean, the most important 
 of which are the Kei, Bashee, Umtata, and Umzim\'ubu. The 
 majority of the inhabitants are Kafirs. Area, 16,000 sq. m. 
 P. estimated at 680,000. See Cape Colony. [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Kafir, or Kaffir, name applied by Mussulmans to people 
 generally who do not recognise their faith ; applied by Euro- 
 peans sf)ecifically to the Bantu races of Africa in general, or to 
 the SE. section of those races. 
 
 K&flrlst&n (' Land of the Infidels '), a country of central Asia, 
 between 34° 20' and 36° N., 69° 40' and 71° 40' E. , enclosed by 
 Afghanistan, Kunduz, Badakshan, Chitral, and Swat. It com- 
 prises a part of the S. declivity of the Hindu Kush, and is 
 traversed by affluents of the Kabul R. Its narrow but fertile 
 valleys produce an abimdance of firuits, including wild grapes 
 and pomegranates, along with splendid horse-chestnuts and other 
 foliage trees. At somewhat higher elevations (about 5000-8000 
 or 9000 ft.) dense pine and cedar forests abound. Above 
 13,000 ft. there is no vegetation of any kind except rough grasses 
 and mosses. All the valleys drain directly or indirectly into the 
 Kabul R. The hills separating the main valleys are all of 
 considerable altitude, rugged and toilsome, and in consequence 
 K. is converted in winter into a number of separate communities, 
 without the means of intercommunication. Three entirely 
 distinct languages are spoken. That spoken by the greatest 
 number is the language of the Siah-Posh, who are so called 
 because they affect dark-coloured, nearly black, clothing. The 
 other chief languages are those of the Wai and the Presim 
 people. In religion all the tribes are idolaters, with traces of 
 ancestor-worship. Imru is the creator of all things, but there 
 are a large number of secondary deities, male and female, the 
 chief of these being Gish, the war-god. The commonest dress 
 is a goatskin. See Geog. Jour. iv. , pp. 193-218, with map. 
 
 KItflrkot, ruins, Brit India, Punjab, dist Dera Ismail Khin, 
 a few miles S. of the junction of the Kuram R. with the Indus. 
 
 Kafirnagan, tn., khanate, and 262 m. ESE. of Bukhara, on 
 Kafirnagan R. , r. bk. trib. of Amu. 
 
 Kaflr-Dnar, vil.. Lower Egypt, 13 m. SE. Alexandria. 
 
 Kaft- ez Zalyat, tn. , Egypt, on the r. bk. of the Rosetta arm 
 of the Nile, 11 m. W. by N. "Tanta. P. 5600. 
 
 Kaft, tn., Egypt See Kobt. 
 
 Kafn, riv., central Africa, flows NE. into the Nile at MruH, 
 after draining a large part of Unyow and Uganda. 
 
 Kafii'e, or Kafiikwe, riv., central S. Africa, rises in the 
 Katanga country, W. of Lake Bangweolo, and enters the Zam- 
 bezi on its 1. bk. , in 28° 55' E. It takes the name of Loenge in 
 a great f)art of its course, much of which is unexplored. Protobly 
 unnavigable, even by canoes, far above its confluence with the 
 Zambezi. 
 
 Kaftaro, stn., Africa. See Kaflro. 
 
 Ka'fkiro, vil., central Africa, Karagwe, to the W. of Victoria 
 Nyanza, in about 1° 45' S., 31° 12' E. Alt 4430 ft. (Emin 
 Pasha). 
 
 Kdgd, estuary, India. See Harjikta. 
 
 Kasa, kuni or old prov. , Japan, now included in Ishikawa ken. 
 
 K<^al, tn., India, Bombay, chief town native state K., on 
 Idganga R., 80 m. NNE. Goa. P. (1881) 6400. 
 
 Kagalnlk, tn., S. Russia, govt. Ekaterinoslav, 22 m. ESEl. 
 
KA G A — K AI R 
 
 Taganrog, on a bay of Sea of Azov, at the mouth of Kagalnik 
 R. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ksgalnltskaya, Cossack vil. , and K. fishing stations close 
 by ; considerable fishing. P. 5900. 
 
 Vi&e&n, narrow mountain valley, in the extreme N. of Brit. 
 India, Punjab, Hazard dist., traversed by the Kunhdr R. (r. 
 bk. trib. Jehlam). 
 
 Kagarlyk, tn., Russia, govt, and 53 m, SSE. Kiev; sugar 
 works ; trade in grain. P. <5000. 
 
 Kaga-wa, ken or prefecture, Japan ; cap. Takamatsu. 
 
 Kagayan, one of the Sulu Is. , between Mindanao and Pala- 
 wan, mostly inhabited by Bissayos pirates. 
 
 Kiig^ra, Kitaiignle, or Teiigure, riv., central Africa, the 
 farthest headstream of the Nile, rises in the mountains on the 
 E. of Lake Tanganyika in about 4° S. , and flows N. then E. to 
 Victoria Nyanza, which it enters on its W. side in about 0° 57' S. 
 
 Kageyl, tn. , central Africa, on the S. shore of Victoria Nyanza, 
 at the mouth of Speke Gulf, in 33° 18' E. 
 
 Kagheroma (the Katoua of marine charts), one of the Riu- 
 kiu Is., Japan, in the northern group. 
 
 Kaghyzman, dist. tn., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 30 
 m. S. of Kars, on r. bk. Aras. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kaglnskiy, iron-work, Russia, govt, and 160 m. NE. 
 Orenburg, on Byelaya R. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kagoj^hlma, tn., Japan, 88 m. SSE. Nagasaki, on a bay on 
 the SE. ct. of Kiushiu, opposite the volcanic isl. of Sakura-shima, 
 cap. of K. prefecture ; one of the most ancient cities of Japan, 
 with manufactures ot pottery in imitation of ' old Satsuma ' ; 
 bombarded by a British squadron August 15, 1863, and most 
 of the forts dismantled. Mean temp. (6 yrs., 1881-86), yr. 60.8° 
 F., Jan. 43.6°, Aug. 79.7"; rfall. (4)t:s.), 82.4 in. P. 49,900. 
 
 Kagnl, tn. , SW. Russia, prov. Bessarabia, on lower Danube, 
 150 m. SW. Odessa ; annexed in 1878. P. 6000. 
 
 Kaguiiga, vil. , central Africa, on the E. side of Lake Tan- 
 ganyika, in 4^° S. 
 
 Kahajan, riv. , Borneo. See Kabayan. 
 
 Kalial, vil. , with rly. stn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 45 
 m. W. by S. Rdwal Pindi. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kahuii, tn. , Brit. Baluchistan, 74 m. NNE. Jacobabdd. 
 
 Kahando, lake, Congo Free State, in the course of the Lua- 
 laba, to the S. of 7^° S. 
 
 Kahaiigwa Cape, cape, on the W. shore of Lake Tangan- 
 yika, central Africa, in 5 50' S. 
 
 Kahayan, Kahajan, or Great Dayak, riv. S. Borneo, 
 entering the Java Sea after a course of 250 m. 
 
 Kah'ira, El. See Cairo (Egypt). 
 
 Kalila, tn. , Ger. , duchy Saxe-Altenburg, circle W. , on 1. bk. 
 of the Saale, 17 m. SE. Weimar; the fine castle of Leuchten- 
 burg is on a mountain E. of the town. P. <4000. 
 
 Kahleiiberg ('bald mountain'), hill, Austria, on the r. bk. 
 of the Danube, a little NW. of Vienna, up which there is a rack- 
 railway starting from near Klosterneuburg. Alt. 1475 ft. The 
 Kahlengebirge are the mountains occupied by the Wienerwald, 
 or Vienna forest, W. of Vienna. 
 
 Kahlgiion, tn. , Bengal. See Colgong. 
 
 Kaliiianr, tn. , India, Punjab, dist. Rohtak. P. 5100 ; 
 Moham. 3400 ; Hindus, 1700. 
 
 Kaboka, city, U.S., Missouri, Clark co., 16 m. W. by N. 
 Keokuk (lo.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kabror, tn. andmunicip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 46 m. 
 SE. by S. Miiltan. P. 5500 ; Hindus, 3400 ; Moham. 2100. 
 
 Kabtau, or Qatatau, numerous tribe on the northern borders 
 of Yemen, Arabia. 
 
 Kahn-bowe, vil. , central Africa, in about 14° 30' S. , 20° 18' E. 
 
 Kaliula-wl, small isl. of the Sandwich group, S. of Maui, 
 only temporarily inhabited by fishermen. 
 
 Kai, Teutonic, 'a quay.' See Kaai. 
 
 Kal, kuni or old prov. , Japan, now forming Yamanashi ken. 
 
 Kalapol, bor., New Zealand, South I., Ashley co., 10 m. N. 
 Christchurch, on Waimakariri R. ; navigable for small steamers 
 to the centre of the town ; with woollen, agricultural imple- 
 ments, and other factories. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kalasblk, isl., Alaska, in Bristol Bay, on the E. side of 
 Bering Sea. 
 
 Kaiba, riv. , Africa. See Hodder. 
 
 Kaibab, plateau, U.S., Arizona, in the N. of the state, 
 running NNW. from the angle where the course of the Colorado 
 changes from SW. to W. , crossed by 112° W. 
 
 Kalcbon, tn. , China, Kweichou, 35 m. N. Kweiyang-fu. 
 
 Kalcbon, city, Manchuria, prov. Liautung, 35 m. SE. by 
 S. Newchwang ; considerable trade. 
 
 Kalcoiig, tn. , Cochin-China. See Kalkwong. 
 
 Kaldak, Gulf of, N. Caspian, branch of Mertvyi Kultuk, or 
 Tsesarevich's Bay. 
 
 KaldaloTO, vil., E, Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, 60 m. SE. 
 Chita, on Ingoda R. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kaldlpan, tn., E. Archipelago, Celebes I., on the N. ct., in 
 about 123° 20' E. 
 
 Kaletenr Falls. See Potaro. 
 
 KallTa, seapt., S)rria. See Haifa. 
 
 Raifang-fn, or Khalfong, formerly Plen-leang, tn. , central 
 China, cap. prov. Honan, 295 m. N. Hankow, iiom. E. Honan, 
 9 m. from the r. bk. of the Hwang-ho, the plain between which 
 and the city walls is subject to inundation. From 1280 to 1405, 
 under the name of Tungking ('eastern residence '), cap. of the 
 empire. It has the only Jewish colony in China, consisting of 
 goldsmiths, brokers, and financiers (see Jour. R. G. S., 1858, 
 p. 297). A few miles distant is Chuchenchen, one of the chief 
 marts of China. P. 100,000. 
 
 Kalghn'8 Point, the limit of navigation for vessels of the 
 largest size on the Delaware R. , U.S. 
 
 KalbTva-fn, tn., China, in the SE. of Yunnan, 190 m. NW. 
 by N. Hanoi. Alt. 4210 ft. (Bourne). 
 
 Kaljlck Manlton, lake, Canada, Ontario, Hastings co. , 93 
 m. NW. Kingston, drained by the riv. Shawashkong into the 
 riv. Madawaska. 
 
 Kalkora, Nortb, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., Patangata 
 CO., 30 m. SW. by S. Napier. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kalkoura, post-tp.. New Zealand, South I., K. co., on the 
 E. ct. , between 42° and 43° S. , on the N. side K. of Penlii. 
 The county lies E. of the K. Moiiiitalus. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kalkoura Mountains, New Zealand, South I., prov. Marl- 
 borough, extend across the prov. in a NE. and SW. direction, 
 separating the basins of the Clarence and Awatere Rivs., ter- 
 minating in Cape Campbell. Highest summit, Mount Odin. 
 
 Kalkwong, or Kalkong, tn. , Lower Cochin China, on the 
 Saigon, 47 m. NW. by N. Saigon. 
 
 Kail, ancient port, India, Madras Presidency. See Kayal. 
 
 Kall^s, a spur of the Himalayas, in W^ Tibet, regarded by 
 the Hindus as sacred, between the N. chain of those mountains 
 and the Gangri Mts., to the NW. of Lake Mdnasarowar, giving 
 rise on different sides to the Indus, Sutlej, and Brahmaputra 
 Rivs. Alt. 20,200 ft. 
 
 Kall^bahr, tn., India, Bengal, Hill 1'ipperah, 40 m. S. by 
 E. Sylhet. 
 
 Kalnianawa, mt. chain. New Zealand, North I. , co. E. Taupo. 
 
 Kalniata, post-tn.. New Zealand, 16 ra. from Greymouth. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Knluieul, or Kaymene. See Santorln. 
 
 KdimganJ, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Farukhdbdd, 
 60 m. S. Bareilly; formerly a stronghold of Pathans. P. (1881) 
 10,400; (1891)9300; Hindus, 5900; Moham. 3300. 
 
 Kdlmur Mountains, the eastern but detached portion of 
 the Vindhyan range, running through the state of Rewd and 
 into the Shahabad dist. of Bengal. 
 
 Kaln, tn. , Persia, prov. Khorassan, 180 m. W. by S. Herat, 
 at the N. base of the Gezuk Kuh. 
 
 Kalnglnn, vil., Upper Burma, Theinni, Shan state, 130 m. 
 E. Mandalay. 
 
 Kalnsdorf, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and dist. Zwickau. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Kalnsk, dist. tn., W. Siberia, govt, and 348 m. WSW. 
 Tomsk, on Om R. and great Siberian railway. P. 8300. 
 
 Kalnta, tn., India, Bengal, in native state of Bod, 90 m. W. 
 by N. Cuttack, on the 1. bk. of the Mahanadf. 
 
 Kalnzenbad, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Breslau, circle 
 Guhrau, near Partenkirchen, with bathing establishment, in the 
 Bavarian Alps, and sulphurousand chalybeate springs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kalpara Harbour, extensive inlet, on W. ct. of North I., 
 New Zealand, with entrance, 3 m. wide, in 36° 22' S. It con- 
 sists of several broad arms stretching inland in various direc- 
 tions, that to the SE. being the estuary of Kaipara R. Important 
 exports of Kawii timber from surrounding dists. The Wairoa 
 R. enters in the N. Lighthouse, visible 23 m. 
 
 Kalparowlts Plateau, an arid, rocky tableland, U.S., Utah, 
 to the N. of the Colorado R., in iii°-iii° 35' W. 
 
 Kalplug, tn. , NE. China, Pechili, 74 m. NE. Tientsin, with 
 which it is connected by rail. Near it are the rich coal-mines 
 of Tangshan, yielding from 1000 to 1200 tons daily ; also iron- 
 mines and cement works. 
 
 KaiplscoM', or Kalplshcow, riv., Canada, flows E. into 
 James Bay, on its W. side ; said to be navigable by steamers 
 for a considerable distance. 
 
 Kalpong, or Kypong, isls. , China, forming with the Lema 
 Is. the outermost chain of islands opposite the Bay of Canton. 
 
 Kalra, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, Bombay, cap. dist. K. , 
 22 m. S. by E. Ahmadabad ; a very ancient city, proved to have 
 been known as early as the 5th centiu-y A.D. P. (1881) 12,600 ; 
 (1891) 10,100; Hindus, 6500. 
 
 Kalrtlna, tn. and municip., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. 
 Muzaffarnagar, 40 m. NW. Meerut. P. (1891) 18,400; Moham. 
 10,900 ; Hindus, 7100. 
 
 Kalm, or U'Urrllle, isl. , off Ger. New Guinea, crossed by 
 3° 20' S. . 1431° E. 
 
 Kalrwau, city, Tunis, 31 m. WSW. Susa, founded in 670 by 
 Okbaben-Naii, in the centre of a vast plain, part of which con- 
 sists only of salt marshes, which, according to Dr. Rouire, occupy 
 the site of the ancient Lake Triton. For two centuries K, was 
 the cap. of the most extensive prov. of the empire of the caliphs, 
 and afterwards of a succession of Arab dynasties. Occupied by 
 
 765 
 
KAIS — KALA 
 
 the French since 1881. Among its mosques, the principal is 
 an immense square (length of walls, 460 ft.), with magnificent 
 interior. P. 10,000. 
 
 KalsargarJi, mt. peak in the Suliiman Mts. See Takbt-i- 
 Snldlmau. 
 
 Kaisarleh, tn. , Asia Minor, vilayet and 160 m. SE. by E. 
 Angora, in a fertile valley between two spurs of the Erjias Dagh. 
 It is the seat of an Armenian bishop, and has saltpetre works 
 near. The ancient cap. of Cappadocia. Alt. 3585 ft. P. about 
 72,000; Moham. 45,000 ; Gregorian- Armenians, 9600 ; orthodox 
 Greeks, 14,400 (Cuinet). Also spelt Kaisariye and Kaiseriye. 
 
 Kalsarteh, ct. vil. , Palestine, Ccesarea in the N. T. , 32° 30' N. , 
 34° 53' E. , 27 m. SW. by W. Nazareth. Bosnian colonists have 
 formed a settlement here, and erected large warehouses and 
 grain magazines near a small well-sheltered harbour. 
 
 Kaiser, German, 'emperor.' 
 
 Kaiser Gebli^e, mt., Austria, N. Tirol, E. of Kufstein. 
 Alt. 7645 ft. 
 
 Kaiserin Augusta Bay, Ger. New Guinea, in 6° 36' S., 
 155° I' E. 
 
 Kaiserin Augnsta Biver, Ger. New Guinea, enters the 
 Pacific Ocean on the N. ct. in 144° 32' E. It has been explored 
 for about 250 m. , throughout which extent it is navigable for 
 small steamers, and for sea-going ships about 160 m. , to 142° 50' E. 
 
 Kalserslautem, tn. , Ger. , Bavaria, palatinate of the Rhine, 
 circle K., 31 m. SW. by W. Worms, with manufactures of 
 cotton, woollen yarn, &c.; named in honour of the Emperor 
 Frederick Barbarossa, who built a palace here in 1152. P. (1871) 
 17,900; (1891)36,400; (comm.) 37,000. 
 
 Kalserstulil (' the emperor's seat '), an isolated group of vol- 
 canic mts., Baden, to the NW. of Freiburg; highest peak, the 
 Todtenkopf. Alt. 1825 ft. 
 
 Kalserstulil, comm., Switzd., cant. Aargau, on the Rhine, 
 14 m. NNW. Ziirich. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kalserswertb, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., on the r. bk. of 
 the Rhine, circle and 5 m. N. by W. Dtisseldorf ; has a noted 
 institution for the education of Protestant female teachers. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Kaiser- WUhelm's Land, part of the E. ct. of Greenland, in 
 73° 3o'~77° N. , explored by the German North Pole Expedition, 
 1869 and 1870. 
 
 Kaiser Wllbelm's Land, the name applied to the German 
 portion of New Guinea, comprising the NE. part of the island, 
 between 2° 30' and 8° S., 140° and 148° E. Surface generally 
 mountainous, especially in the SE.; but the interior is almost 
 wholly unexplored and unknown. The mountains are covered 
 with forests ; grassy plains are found on the coast in the N., 
 and in the S. low trees and shrubs ; but the ordinary charac- 
 teristics of tropical vegetation are deficient. 
 
 Kalsong, tn., Korea, prov. Kyong-kwi, 35 m. NNW. Soul; 
 the cap. of the last dynasty. Ginseng is largely cultivated in 
 the vicinity. P. about 30,000. 
 
 Kaltangata, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Bruce co. , 40 
 m. SW. Dunedin, in a coal-mining dist. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kaltbal, ancient tn. and municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. 
 Karndl, 46 ra. SW. by S. Ambdla. P. 15,800; Hindus, 8500; 
 Moham. 6900. 
 
 Kaltokl, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I. , Hutt co. , 27 m. 
 from Wellington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kalwarawara, post-vil.. New Zealand, North I., Hutt co., 
 2 m. from Wellington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kal-yneu, tn., Manchuria, prov. Liautung, 68 m. NNE. 
 Mukden. P. 35,000. 
 
 Kajars, Turkish stem in Russian Armenia, govts. Erivafi and 
 Elisabethpol, transferred by Tamerlane from Syria to Persia, 
 and thence partly to Armenia (Ganja). 
 
 Kaka, tn. , eastern Sudan, on the 1. bk. of the Bahr-el-Abiad, 
 45 m. N. by E. Fashoda. 
 
 Kakal>eka Falls. See Kamlnlstlqnla, riv. 
 
 Kakanul, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Waitaki co., 
 74 m. N. Dunedin. P. <i5oo. 
 
 KakaTa, small isL, S. ct. Asia Minor, Anatolia, pash. Konieh, 
 30 m. W. Cape KheUdonia, with small port and roadstead. 
 
 Kakekaiva, tn., Japan, Honshiu, 105 m. WSW. Yoko- 
 hama. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Kakbatl, viL, Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and W. of 
 Kutais, dist. Zugdidi. P. 4000. 
 
 Kakhetla, formerly separate part of Georgia, Caucasia ; 
 now part of Russian govts. Tiflis and Elisabethpol, and dist. 
 Zakataly. 
 
 Kakhk, tn., Persia, 153 m. SSE. Sebzewar, with the tomb 
 of a Persian saint ; much frequented by pilgrims. P. 4000. 
 
 Kakhyens, feudatory tribes. See Burma. 
 
 Kakoma, native vil. and German stn. , equatorial Africa, 60 
 m. SSW. Tabora. Alt. about 3700 ft. Mean temp. (1881-82), 
 yr. 72.1° F., Feb. 68.7°, Aug. 71.1°. 
 
 Kakonda, tn., Portuguese W. Africa, 140 m. SE. by E. 
 Benguella. Alt. 5500 ft. 
 
 Kakoukali, isL , Sierra Leone, W. Africa, at the mouth of 
 the Great Scarcies R. 
 766 
 
 K&korl, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. and 9 m. W. Lucknow. 
 P. (i88r) 7500; (1891) 8700; Hindus, 4500; Moham. 4200. 
 
 Kakr^la, tn., India, NW. Provs., dist. and 12 m. E. Budaun. 
 P. (1881) 5800; (1891) 5500; Moham. 3400; Hindus, 2100. 
 
 Kaknskauus, lake, Canada, Quebec, on the W. border of 
 Saguenay co. , drained SE. into the St. LawTence by the Saut au 
 Cochon R. 
 
 Kakrlma, Kakrlman, or Klssl-Klssl, riv., W. Africa, 
 Senegambia, entering the Atlantic opposite the Los Is. 
 
 Kal, old Polish ' marsh. ' 
 
 KAl, comm., Hungary, co. Heves, dist. Eger (Erlau). P.< 
 4000. 
 
 Kala, Kula, also Kila, Tatar for ' tower ' or ' fort.' 
 
 Kala, Kal'a, Kalaat, Kale, and in compounds Kal'asi, 
 Arabic, 'a fort.' 
 
 Kalaat-el-9Iedlk, ancient Apamea, tn., N. Syria, pash. and 
 70 m. SSW. Aleppo, on the r. bk. of the Orontes, with an old 
 castle. An adjacent lake abounds with the black fish Macrop- 
 teronotus niger. 
 
 Kalaat Jebbar, ruins, Mesopotamia, on the r. bk. of the 
 Tigris, 82 m. S. by E. Mosul. 
 
 Kalaat Hltkbul, ruins, Mesopotamia, on a ridge to the W. 
 of the Tigris, 75 m. S. by E. Mosul. 
 
 Kalaat Shergat (or Sberkat), Mesopotamia, site with ex- 
 tensive ruins on r. bk. of the Tigris, 55 m. S. by E. Mosul. 
 
 K41abdgb, municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Bannu, 70 
 m. S. Peshawar, on the r. bk. of the Indus, with a cliff of pure 
 rock-salt towering above the town, which is picturesquely situated 
 at the foot of the Salt Range. Salt is quarried at Mari, where it 
 stands out in huge cliffs. P. 6700 ; Moham. 5600 ; Hindus, 1000. 
 
 Kalabaka, vil. , Greece. See Kalampaka. 
 
 Kalabas Kraal, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Malmesbury, 
 26 m. NNE. Cape Town. 
 
 Kalabsbeb, El, ancient Talmis, vil.. Nubia, on 1. bk. of the 
 Nile, 40 m. S. Assuan; has a ruined temple. A system of 
 barrages to control the Nile below this point has been projected. 
 
 Kalaeb, tn., Russia, govt, and 123 m. SE. of Voronezh; 
 leather works ; considerable fairs. P. 14,000. 
 
 Kalaeb, vil., Russia, prov. of Don Cossacks, port on the 
 Don where it approaches the Volga. Goods are loaded here 
 for or from the Don and Volga Rly. to be further shipped up 
 the Volga or up the Don. Permanent P. <iooo. 
 
 Kal^bl, tn., Brit. India. See Kulacbl. 
 
 Kalacblnskaya, vil. , Russia, suburb of Tambov. P. 5000. 
 
 Kalac-kol (kalach-koi), vil., Bulgaria, on the Black Sea, 
 prov. and 38 m. NE. by E. Varna. 
 
 Kaladar, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Addington co., 39 m. 
 NW. Kingston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 KaUMgl, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, Bombay Presidency, 
 dist. and 46 m. SSW. Bijapur. The former dist. of K. is now 
 known as Bijdpur dist. P. (1881) 7000; (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Kalafat, in Roumanian spelling Calafatu, tn. , Roumania, 
 Wallachia, on 1. bk. of the Danube, opposite Vidin. It was the 
 scene of engagements between the Turks and Russians, January 
 and April 1854, in which the latter were defeated. P. 5400. 
 
 K^l&bandl, India. See Karond. 
 
 Kalahari (from Karri-karri, native name = ' the tormenting 
 desert '), an extensive region in the interior of S. Africa, between 
 the Orange R. and Zambezi R., in i8°-29j° S. lat. , and i8J°-28° 
 E. long. The K. is often described as a desert, but many parts 
 of it are periodically covered with vegetation, and possess the 
 characteristic features of African steppes. The K. consists of 
 large plateaux (3300-5000 ft. above sea-level), which from S. ,E., 
 and W. slope towards the centre, and the course of the Oka- 
 vango R. indicates that the NW. parts have the same tendency. 
 Sandy tracts of land, a white Umestone of recent geological age, 
 and numerous salt-pans prove that in former times there were 
 a number of inland lakes in the K. , the last remnant of them 
 being Lake Ngmai. All the water-courses of the K. are periodic, 
 with the exception of the Okavango, which flows into Lake 
 Ngami. This river, however, belongs but partially to the terri- 
 tory in question, and derives its water-supply from the north- 
 western regions far beyond the limits of the K. Of periodic 
 water-courses must be mentioned the Omuramba, Epukiro, 
 Nosob, Molopo, and Hygap. Salt-pans of importance are those 
 of Etosha, Ntwe-ntwe, and Soa. Little is known about the 
 climate of the K.; the summer months are oppressively hot, 
 and the winters seem to be rainy and comparatively cold. The 
 rainfall is larger than might be expected : Schinz, e.g. , has 
 observed that in the winter rain and thunderstorms are by no 
 means rare near Lake Ngami. The K. is but thinly peopled 
 by Bushmen, Bechuanas, Bakalahari, Bamangwato, Batovana, 
 and Bayeye. They live either as nomadic hunters, or have per- 
 manent settlements in the better localities, e.g., in the districts 
 near Lake Ngami and E. of it. Area estimated at 350,000 sq. 
 m. P. estimated at 50,000. [H. d. 8.] 
 
 KtUabastl, or Kdlastrl, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. N. 
 Arcot, on Suvarnamukhi R. , 52 m. SW. by S. Nellore. P. 11,800. 
 
 K&lal, port, India, Bombay Presidency, dist. Thdnd, 19° 14' 
 N., 73° 6' E., on the E. side of Bombay Harbour. P. <5000. 
 
K AL A — KALI 
 
 Ralal-bar-panJ, fort in Shugnan, central Asia (Pamirs), on 
 the 1. (W.) bk. of the Panj, 62 m. NE. by E. Faizabad. 
 
 Kala-l-klininl>, fort, khanate, and 355 m. ESE. of Bukhara, 
 on r. bk. of Amu, where it issues from the Badakshan Mts. and 
 makes a sharp bend to SW. 
 
 Kalai-pauJ, fort, Wakhan, central Asia (Pamirs), on the 1. 
 (S. ) bk. of the Panj, 118 m. E. Faizabad. 
 
 Kalal-IVamar, fort, Roshan, central Asia (Pamirs), on the 
 r. bk. of the Panj, a little below the confluence of the Murgh-ab, 
 80 m. NE. Faizabad. 
 
 Kalajlk, tn. See Kalejik. 
 
 KalakM,' tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 17 m. SW. by 
 S. Tinnevelli. P. (1881)7300; (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Kalakbuud, vil. , with rly. stn. , Central India, 15 m. S. Indore. 
 
 Kalala Kazembe, vil. , central Africa, Lunda, in 10° 30' S. , 
 23° 53' E. 
 
 Kalam, SE. prov. of Sokoto, W. Africa, lying between the 
 Benue on the S. , and the Gongola on the N. 
 
 Kalama, or Kalamas, riv. , Turkey, Albania, flows into the 
 channel of Corfu. 
 
 Kala'ma, vil., U.S., Washington, Cowlitz co. , 72 m. S. 
 Olympia, on the r. bk. of Columbia R., about 70 m. from the 
 Pacific Ocean. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kalamai, or Kalamata, seapt. tn. , Greece, prov. Messenia, 
 at head of the Gulf of Korone, Messenia, or K. , 17 m. W. by S. 
 Sparta. The outer harbour has a depth at entrance of 24 ft., 
 and inside of 14 ft. Vessels discharge and load by means of 
 lighters. An inner harbour is under construction. P. 10,700. 
 
 Kalamakl, viL , Greece, prov. Argolos and Corinthia, at the 
 head of the Gulf of .(Egina, 5^^ m. E. by S. Corinth. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kalamakl Bay, S. ct. Asia Minor, in 36° 15' N. , 29° 25' E. 
 
 Kalamas, riv. , Turkey. See Kalama. 
 
 Kalamata, Greece. See Kalamai. 
 
 Kalamazoo, riv., U.S., in the SW. of Michigan, flows WNW. 
 into Lake Michigan at Saugatuck, in 42° 40' N. ; navigable at all 
 seasons to Allegan by vessels of 50 tons. 
 
 Kalamazoo, city, U.S., Michigan, K. co., on Kalamazoo R., 
 76 m. ENE. of the SW. corner of the state ; has the state insane 
 asylum. Alt. 777 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 11,900; (1890) 17,900. 
 
 Kalamos, isl. , Greece, Ionian Is. , E. of Meganesi, in 38° 38' N, 
 
 Kalamos, vil., Greece, prov. Boeotia and Attica, on the S. 
 shore of the Straits of Euripos, 20 m. SE. Chalkis. 
 
 Kalampilka (Kalabaka), tn. , Greece, Thessaly, 42 m. W. 
 Larissa ; N. of K. are the celebrated convents of the Meteorites. 
 
 Kala Nan, vil., Afghanistan, on one of the feeders of the 
 Kashan R., 70 m. NE. by E. Herat. Alt. 2928 ft. 
 
 Kal&nanr, tn. and municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. 
 Gurdispur, 34 m. NNE. Amritsar. P. 5300 ; Moham. 3600. 
 
 Kal&nanr, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Rohtak, 55 m. 
 WNW. Delhi. P. 7400 ; Hindus, 4100 ; Moham. 3300. 
 
 Kalan Kot, ruins of an ancient fort, India, Bombay Presi- 
 dency, Sind, dist. Kardchi, 3 m. S. Tatta. 
 
 Kalautan, or Kelantan, tn. , Siam, Malay Penin. , near the'E. 
 ct. , on the riv. Kalantan, in about 6° 10' N. ; cap. of a petty state. 
 
 Kalany-Gouga, riv. , Ceylon, enters the Indian Ocean 3 m. 
 N. Colombo, course 60 m. W., for three-fourths of which it is 
 navigable for boats. 
 
 Kalao, isl. , E. Archipelago, in Flores Sea, to the N. of Flores 
 I., in about 120° 48'- 121° 10' E. 
 
 Kalapote, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Seres, 30 m. N. of 
 the mouth of the Struma. 
 
 Kalar, riv., E. Siberia, prov. Yakutsk, r. bk. trib. Vitim ; 
 flows about 400 m. through a very wild alpine region. 
 
 Kalarod, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Khuln4, 50 m. ENE. 
 Calcutta. P. (1881)6000; (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Kalasa, vil., central Africa, in the SE. of the Congo Free 
 State, in 11° 55' S. , 29° 20' E. 
 
 Kalasa, vil, India, Mysore, 42 m. NE. by E. Mangalore. 
 
 Ksllastrl, India. See Kalahastl. 
 
 Kalat-. See Kalaat-. 
 
 Kal&t, Baluchistan. See Khelat. 
 
 Kalat, or Kalah, Arabic, ' a castle.' 
 
 Kalatoa, isl., E. Archipelago, in Flores Sea, to the N. of 
 Flores I., in about 121° 45' E. 
 
 Kalan, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle K. , 16 m. W. 
 by S. Kottbus. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kalainryta, tn. , Greece, prov. Elis and Achaia, 45 m. W. 
 by N. Corinth, 25 m. SE. by E. Patras. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kalbe, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, cap. circle K. , on the 1. 
 bk. of the Saale, 16 m. SSE. Magdeburg. P. 9400. 
 
 Kalbe, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle and 17 m. SSE. 
 Salzwedel, on the Milde. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kaldenklrcheu, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Kempen, 
 17 m. W. Krefeld. P. (coram. )<:4ooo. 
 
 Kale, vil., upper Senegal, 13 m. ESE. Bafulabe, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Bakhoi. 
 
 Kale-bnrnn, cape. See Karabogha. 
 
 Kale-gank, isl. , Lower Burma, off the coast of Amherst dist. , 
 Tenasserim div. ; the northern half consists of a long granite 
 ridge rising sheer from the sea ; length, 50 m. 
 
 Kale-i>Snltaiilye, Cbanak-kalessla, or Dardanellla, 
 
 seapt. , protected by a fort, Tiu-key in Asia, Matessariflik Bigha, 
 on the E. side of the Dardanelles, 20 m. SW. Gallipoli. P. 
 11,100; Moham. 3600; orthodox Greeks, 2600; Jews, 1800. 
 
 Kalejlk, or Kalajlk ('little castle"), tn., Asia Minor, 35 m. 
 ENE. Angora, at the base of a hill crowned by a castle, over- 
 looking the 1. bk. of the Kizil Irmak. It was taken by Ibrahim 
 Pasha in his invasion of Asia Minor, and subsequently sacked 
 by the Turkish troops. P. 3000. 
 
 Kale Water, small riv., Scot., Roxburghshire, flows N. then 
 WNW. to the Teviot, which it joins a,\ m. SSW. Kelso. 
 
 Kale'ra, hills, Brit. S. Africa, Iramba country, between the 
 Zambezi and Luapula, crossed by 13^° S. , 29° E. Alt. 4500 ft. 
 
 Kalgau (Russian corruption of Mongolian Halga, ' the gate,' 
 the town being entered from the N. by a gate through which 
 the Mongols pass the Great Wall ; Chinese, Chaiig-kla>kou, 
 'pass of the Chang family'), tn., China, prov. Pechili, no m. 
 NW. Peking, and near the Great Wall of China, on the route 
 from Peking to Kiakhta, situated in a gorge affording little land 
 suitable for building safe from flood, hence small in proportion 
 to its population. It is divided by a river into a Mongol and a 
 Chinese town, both of which are fortified. The town is an 
 important dep6t of the overland trade between China and 
 Russia. Alt. 2555 ft. (Rockhill, bp.), 2706 (Fritsche), 2709 
 (Przhevalsky). P., including Manchu soldiers, 75,000. See 
 Clilna, surface. 
 
 Kalhat, or Kllbat, dist. of Oman, in the SE. of Arabia, 
 on the Gulf of Oman, near the Strait of Ormuz. Chief port, 
 Dibba, on a fine bay, in 25° 35' N. Also a village on the same 
 coast, in 22° 40' N., near the Ras-el-Had. 
 
 Kalbattl, peak, India. See B&ba Btidau. 
 
 Kali, Javanese, 'river.' 
 
 Kall&bar, vil. , Brit. India, Assam, dist. Nowgong, on the 
 L bk. of the Brahmaputra, t] m. ENE. Gauhati. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kall-Beiigawan, another name for the Solo R. , Java. 
 
 Kall-Brantas, the second river of Java, in the E. of the isl. , 
 flows W. , N. , and finally E. , and enters the Strait of Madura 
 by two chief arms, one of which passes Surabaya. Near Mojo- 
 kerto is a great dam for the purpose of irrigating the delta. 
 Navigable to Kediri. 
 
 Kall-chnng, tn., Manchuria, prov. Liautung, 103 m. NE, 
 by N. Mukden. 
 
 Kallfer, tn. , E. Roumelia. See Kalofer. 
 
 Kdlig&nJ, viL, Brit. India, Bengal, on the r. bk. of the 
 Brahmaputra, dist. and 28 m. ESE. Rangpur, 130 m. NE. 
 Murshidabad. P. <5ooo. 
 
 KdligdnJ, vil, Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Khulnd, on ther. bk. 
 of the Madhumati, 72 m. SSW. Dacca. P. (1881) 5600; (1891) 
 <5ooo. 
 
 K&ligb&t, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. of the 24 Pargands, 
 on the old bed of the Ganges, a few miles S. of Calcutta. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kalikluo, vil. , Russia, govt. Tambov, on Voronezh R. , 95 
 m. NNE. Voronezh. P. 5600. 
 
 Kdlikot, India. See Calient. 
 
 Kallmlyar Point, Madras Presidency. See Callmere. 
 
 Kalimno, Kalymiios, or Kalmlos, isl. , off the SW. ct. of 
 Asia Minor, 15 m. NW. Kos. Surface mountainous and bare ; 
 it was anciently famous for its honey, which is still one of its 
 principal products. Headquarters of the Greeks engaged in 
 the sponge-fisheries of the Levant. Its chief town is on a bay 
 on its SE. coast, 37° N., 27° E. Area, 42 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). 
 P., including its dependency of Astypalaea, 9000, nearly all 
 Greeks (Cuinet). 
 
 KAli BfadI, East, riv., Brit. India, in the NW. of the NW. 
 Provs. , in the Great Dodb, flows nearly parallel to the Ganges, 
 which it ultimately joins on the r. bk. in 27° i' N. , about mid- 
 way between Fatehgarh and Cawnpur. Length about 310 m. 
 
 KAli Nadl, West, small stream to the W. of the upper Kdli 
 Nddi, East, dists. Saharanpur and Muzaffarnagar ; trib. Hindian. 
 Length, 70 m. 
 
 Kalln Art, a pass in the Pamir, near the head of the Alai 
 Valley, 40 m. N. Lake Kara Kul. Alt. 10,800 ft. 
 
 Kallngd, ancient kingdom of S. India, comprising the plains 
 on the W. side of the Bay of Bengal from about 13^ to 18^° N. 
 
 Kallngdpatam, tn. and port, Brit. India, Madras, on the 
 Bay of Bengal, dist. and 95 m. SW. by S. Ganjam, rising in 
 importance as a harbour, being in SW. monsoons the only safe 
 roadstead in 400 m. of coast; with lighthouse, visible 12 m. 
 P. (i89i)<:5ooo. 
 
 KaliJigla, pass, Brit. India, Madras Presidency, dist. GanjAm, 
 over which runs a good cart road, 20'' 6' N., 84° 30' E. 
 
 Kdlliijar, tn. and ancient hill fort, Brit. India, NW. Provs., 
 Bundelkhand, in a small detached part of Banda dist. , 90 m. 
 WSW. Allahabad ; the fort situated on an abrupt isolated hill 
 1230 ft. high. P. <5ooo. 
 
 KallnoTSkaya, Cossack vil., N. Caucasia, govt. Terek, 58 
 m. NE. Vladikavkaz, on 1. bk. Terek. P. 6850. 
 
 KallpetroTO, tn., Bulgaria, prov. and 3 m. SW. Silistria. 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 K&li Sind, riv., Central India and Rdjputana, rises in the 
 
 767 
 
KALI 
 
 K ALU 
 
 Vindhya Mts. , flows N., and after about 225 m. falls into the 
 Chambal, which it joins about the middle of its course. 
 
 Kallsz, govt. , Russian Poland, has Prussia in W., and Russian 
 govts. Warsaw in NE. , and Piotrk6\v in SE. Divided into 
 eight dists. : Kalisz, Koio, Konin, L^czyca, Sfupec, Sieradz, 
 Turek, and Wielun. Area, 4392 sq. m. P. 692,328. See 
 Poland. 
 
 KaUsz, tn. , Poland, cap. of prov. K. , 149 m. WSW. of 
 Warsaw, 70 m. from nearest Russian railway station at Lodz, 
 on Russian frontier of gd. -duchy of Posen, and in the valley of 
 the Prosna, trib. of Warta. Very old city (Calissia of Ptole- 
 maeus). P. 18,350. 
 
 Kalltra, tn., Russia, govt, and no m. SSE. Voronezh, near 
 Don R. , and on railway to Rostov. P. 7000. 
 
 Kallx, riv. , N. Sweden, flowing ESE. , then SE. , and entering 
 the Gulf of Bothnia W. of the Tournei mouth. Length, 250 m. 
 
 Kalk, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Cologne, and im- 
 mediately adjoining Cologne (Deutz) on the E. P. 13,600. 
 
 Kalka, tn., China, prov. Pechili, 130 m. WNW. Newchwang. 
 
 KiUka, vil. and camping ground, India, 23 m. SW. Simla, 
 terminus of the railway from Delhi and Ambala towards Simla, 
 which is 58 m. distant by cart road. Alt. 2000 ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kalkallo, Australia. See Ooimybrook. 
 
 Kalkaiidele (Turkish, Servian TetOTo), tn. , Turkey in 
 Europe, prov. and 21 m. SE. Prizren. Alt. 1430 ft. P. about 
 14,000, more than half Christian Servians (G. 197). 
 
 Kalkar, or Calcar, market-tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle 
 Cleve, 29 m. NNW\ Krefeld. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Kalkas, a race of nomadic Tatars inhabiting a large extent 
 of Mongolia N. of the Gobi desert, between 96° and 118° E. 
 
 Kalkaska, vil., U.S., Michigan, cap. K. co., 78 m. SSW. of 
 the Straits of Mackinac. Alt. 1022 ft. (R. R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Kalk Bay, vil. , Cape Colony, Cape dist. , on False Bay, 14 m. 
 S. Cape Town. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Kalk Fonteln, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Hopetown, 
 98 m. SSW. Kimberley. 
 
 Kalk Fonteln, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Little Namaqua- 
 land, 66 m. NW. Ookiep. 
 
 Kalkndata, seapt. , E. ct. Ceylon, 13 m. N. Batticaloa, visited 
 in place of the latter port in the NE. monsoon. Good sheltered 
 anchorage in 3^-4^ fathoms. 
 
 Kalkun, group of small isls. in the Java Sea, NE. of Kangean, 
 in 6^° S. , iisi° E. Sometimes called the Turkey Islands. 
 
 Kalladakdrlcbl, or Kalladakkorlchl (census), tn., Brit. 
 India, Madras, dist. and 15 m. W. by S. Tinnevelli. P. 11,100 ; 
 Hindus, 9600. 
 
 Kalle, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Meschede, 35 m. 
 ESE. Dortmund. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 KalUes, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Dramburg, 
 55 m. E. by S. Stettin. P. <4000. 
 
 Kiklllg&l, tn. , Madras. See CoUegal. 
 
 Kallnberg, tn., Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Glauchau 7J m. 
 EN E. Zwickau. P. < 3000. 
 
 Kallonl, vil. , near the middle of Mytilene I. , about 2 m. N. 
 of the large Gulf of K. , on the SW. ct. 
 
 Kall-sjon, great lake, central Sweden, prov. (Ian) Jemtland, 
 near the Norwegian frontier, draining SE. Lake Stor-sjon. Area, 
 loi sq. m. 
 
 Kallnndborg, maritime tn. , Denmark, on the W. ct. of See- 
 land, prov. Holbak, 58 m. W. Copenhagen. Depth at two 
 entrances to harbour, 14 ft.; alongside quays, 8-14 ft. 
 
 KalM^, pass in the Eastern Ghats, Brit. India, Madras 
 Presidency, traversed by the trunk road from Madras to Cuddapah. 
 
 Kalmakovo, vil., W. Siberia, prov. Akmolinsk, on g[reat 
 Siberian highway, 240 m. ENE. of Omsk. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kalmar, stn., Canada, Ontario, on the C. P. R., 1314 m. by 
 rail W. Montreal, no m. E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Kalmar, fortified seapt. city, Sweden, cap. prov. K. , 47 m. 
 NE. Karlskrona. It stands on the isl. of Quarnholm, in K. 
 Sound, and communicates with a suburb on the mainland by a 
 bridge of boats ; it is built mostly of wood. In 1873 a telegraph 
 cable was laid between K. and Bornholm. The treaty of K. , 
 by which the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden were 
 united, was signed here in 1397. The harbour has an area of 
 about 12 ac, with a depth at entrance of 16 ft. 9 in., and along- 
 side of 10-13 ft. 9 in. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 44.2° F., Feb. 
 29.3°, July 62.7° ; rfall. 13.37 in. P. it, 800. 
 .. Kalmar 8onnd, strait of the Baltic Sea, separating the isL of 
 Oland from the mainland of Sweden. 
 
 Kalmat, seapt., Baluchistan, 190 m. W. by N. Kardchi. 
 A good port might be formed here, there being 40 ft. of water 
 inside the bar. 
 
 Kalmeshwar, tn., India, Central Provs. , dist. and 16 m. 
 WNW. Nagpur. P. 5900 ; Hindus, 5600. 
 
 KalmetU, tn., Turkey in Europe, Albania, prov. and 17 m. 
 SE. by S. Scutari. 
 
 Kalmlos, isl. See Kallmno. 
 
 Kalmlt, hill, Ger. See Vosges. 
 
 Knlmpthout, vil., Belgium, prov. and 11 m. N. by E. 
 Antwerp. P. <2000. 
 768 
 
 Kalmucks, properly Kalmyks, Mongol stem inhabiting 
 parts of SE. European Russia (provs. Astrakhan, Don Cossacks, 
 Uralsk), N. Caucasia (Stavropol), and W. Siberia (Tomsk, dist. 
 Biysk). Under the name of Four Oirates (Eluts in Chinese pro- 
 nunciation), they occupied in the i6th century the space between 
 the Altai, Lake Balkhash, and Tian Shan Mts. , and were divided 
 into Dzungars, Tunguts, Khoshots, and Durbots. Part of them 
 settled on lower Volga in 1630, but left in 1771, moving towards 
 Dzungaria. Only few, however, reached it and were settled by 
 the Chinese in the valley of Hi. They now number about 
 100,000 in European Russia, 10,000 in N. Caucasia^ and 25,000 
 in W. Siberia. Religion, Buddhism. 
 
 Kalmnn, vil., Syria, 5^ m. SSW. Tripoli, with numerous 
 traces of rock works ; probably the Kalamos of Polybius. 
 
 KalmykoT, dist. tn., Russia, prov. and 148 m. SSE. of 
 Uralsk, on r. bk. of Ural ; centre for administration of 
 Kalmyks. P. < 5000. 
 
 KalnA, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Bardwin, on the r. bk. 
 of the Bhagirathi, 42 m. N. Calcutta. P. (1872) 27,300; (1891) 
 9700 ; Hindus, 8500. 
 
 Kalnlbolotskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kubaii, 100 m. NW. Stavropol. P. 6250. 
 
 Kalocsa, comm. , Hungary, 43 m. SW. by W. Kecskemet, seat 
 of an archbishop. Alt. 338 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 51.6° 
 F., Jan. 28.9°, July 73.2°. P. 18,200. 
 
 Kalofer, vil., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. and 34 m. 
 NNE. Philippopolis. P. <40oo. 
 
 KMol, tn., India, Baroda (Gujarat) ,15 m. NNW. Ahmadabdd. 
 P. (1881) 5900. 
 
 Kalonero Bay, Turkey, in the S. of the isl. of Crete, in 26° E. 
 
 KaloTO, vil., Bulgaria, circle and 8 m. NNE. Rasgrad. P. 
 
 <30G0. 
 
 Kdloz, comm. , Hungary, co. Fejdr, dist. Sarbogard. P. <:5ooo. 
 Kalpeni, the southernmost of the Laccadive Is., 10° 5' N., 
 91° 9' E. 
 
 Kalpentyn, or Calpentyn. See Kalpltlya. 
 
 Killpl, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Jalaun, on the r. 
 bk. of the Jumna, 45 m. SW. by W. Cawnpur, situated among 
 rugged ravines, with houses built chiefly of mud; formerly a 
 place of considerable importance, which figured a good deal in 
 the history of the Mughal empire. P. (1865) 18,500; (1872) 
 15,600; (1891) 12,700; Hindus, 9100; Moham. 3600. 
 
 Kalpltlya, or Kalpentyn, tn. , Ceylon, NW. Prov., on an 
 inlet of the W. ct. , 87 m. NW. by N. Kandy. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Kalslii, one of the Cis-Sutlej native states, India, Punjab, 
 crossed by 30° 20' N. , 77}^ E. 
 
 Kalten, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Saxe- Weimar, 12 m. WNW. 
 Meiningen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kaltenberg, mt. , Austria, Bohemia, in the NW. , 26 m. W. 
 by N. Reichenberg. 
 
 Kaliirll, vil, E. Roumelia, circle Philippopolis. P. <30oo. 
 
 Kaluga, govt, of middle Russia, has Moscow on N., Tula 
 on E., Orel and Chernigov on S., and Smolensk on W. 
 Surface an elevated plain, reaching 800 to 900 ft. in its highest 
 spots, deeply cut in by the river valleys and ravines. Chiefly 
 Carboniferous limestones and Devonian sandstones, covered 
 with outliers of marine Jurassic clays, all clothed with thick 
 layers of boulder clay. Thin layers of coal ; iron ores, fire- 
 clay, and building stone extracted. Soil, chiefly unfertile clay. 
 Watered by Oka and its navigable tribs., Ugra and Zhizdra, 
 and many smaller streams. The Bolva, trib. of Desna, in S. 
 Forests cover nearly 40 per cent, of surface, and timber ex- 
 ported. Population, Great Russian throughout, with a few 
 Karelian Finns in centre. Agriculture carried on everywhere, 
 but crops insufficient, and grain imported ; extensive culture 
 of hemp for export ; meadows insufficient, and cattle-breeding 
 in decline. Gardening and orchards for export of vegetables. 
 Part of the population is engaged in transjjort of goods, and 
 considerable numbers of men go every vear southwards in 
 search of work as carpenters and navvies. All sorts of domestic 
 trades carried on in villages, some trades attaining consider- 
 able development. K. belongs to the industrial govts, of middle 
 Russia, and industries are rapidly developing. Iron-works, 
 cotton-mills, woollen cloth, linen, paper-mills, glass-works, 
 tanneries. Considerable trade in iron, paper, leather, glass, 
 chemicals, linen, hemp, hempseed, hempseed oil, and hides 
 exported ; corn and manufactured goods imported or shipped 
 through. Brisk traffic on the Oka ports. Divided into eleven 
 dists.: Kaluga, Borovsk, Kozelsk, Likhvin, Maloyaroslavets, 
 Medyn, Meshchovsk, Mosalsk, Peremyshl, Tarusa, and Zhizdra. 
 Several villages, as Ludinovsk, Pesochensk, Polotnyanyi Zavod, 
 are important industrial or commercial centres. Area, 11,942 
 sq. m. P. (1834)914,900; (1862)969,919; (1890)1,242,900. 
 
 Kaluga, tn. , Russia, cap. govt. K. , on 1. bk. of Oka (alt. 
 475 ft.), 149 m. SW. Moscow, connected by rail with Vyazma 
 (103 m.) and Tula (81 m. ). Old city, having now but little 
 industrial importance. Considerable trade in leather, furs, 
 mats, cottons, and glass exported, as also in grain and cattle 
 shipped from the S. and conveyed to Moscow. P. (1862) 
 37,918 ; (1890) 40,610. 
 
KALU — KAME 
 
 Kalnmbo, vil. , Portuguese W. Africa, on the r. bk. of the 
 Kwanza, in 9° 4' S. , 13° 28' E. 
 
 Kalu8z, tn. , Austria, Galicia, 45 m. SE. by E. Drohobycz ; 
 yields salt. P. 7500. 
 
 Katuszyn, tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 32 m. by rail E. 
 of Warsaw. P. 10,300. 
 
 Kalntara, tn. , Ceylon, on the W. ct. , 27 m. S. by E. Colombo. 
 P. 10,900. 
 
 KalTorde, vil., Ger., duchy and 34 m. ENE. Brunswick, 
 circle Helmstedt. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kalw, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, on the Nagold, 20 m. 
 W. by S. Stuttgart ; textile manufactures. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kalwarya, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 27 m. NNE. 
 Suwal'ki, on highway to Grodno. P. 10,300. 
 
 Kalydn, tn. and port, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Thdna, 30 
 m. NE. Bombay, atthe junction of the NE. and SE. lines of the 
 Great Indian Penin. Rly. K. rose to importance about the end 
 of the 2nd century. P. 12,600; Hindus, 9700. 
 
 Kalyar, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 39 m. SSE. Mona- 
 stir. P. 2300 (G.). 
 
 Kalyazln, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 112 ra. ESE. of Tver, 
 on r. bk. of Volga ; linen, starch, and treacle works. Entrepdt 
 for goods shipped to St. Petersburg, and important port of the 
 Volga. P. 8200. 
 
 Kalymnos, isl. See Kallnino. 
 
 Kalyub, tn., Egypt, 9 m. NNW. Cairo ; built from the ruins 
 of the ancient Hcliopolis. P. 8600. 
 
 K4nia, tn. , Lower Burma, dist. Thayet-myo, on the r. bk. of 
 the Irawadi, 18 m. NNW. Prome. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Kama, large riv. of E. Russia, 1. bk. trib. of the Volga 
 (Cliolniau - idcl, or Ak - Idel of the Tatars) ; rises on a 
 plateau of the govt. Vyatka, flows first through a woody, 
 sparsely inhabited region NW., NE., and SE., receiving the 
 Keltma and Vishera, and becoming navigable in this latter 
 part of its course. Solikamsk, Dyedukhin, and Usoliye are 
 on its banks. At Perm, where it receives the great navigable 
 Chusovaya, which flows from the Urals past many important 
 iron-works, the K. turns towards SW. and W. , and flows 
 past Okhansk, Yelabuga, Chistopol, and Laishev, receiving the 
 Byelaya and Ik from the left, and Vyatka from the right, and 
 many others. It reaches the Volga 43 m. below Kazaii. By 
 bringing the iron-works and gold-washings, as well as the grain- 
 growing region of the Urals, into connection with the Volga, 
 the K. has a very great importance for trade, the more so as 
 it also constitutes the chief artery for trade with Siberia. Perm 
 (which is connected by rail with Tyumen, in Siberia) being the 
 chief entrepot for the tea, furs, and animal produce, shipped 
 from, as well as for manufactured goods exported to, Siberia, 
 all the produce which is sent from the Urals to middle Russia, 
 i.e., metals and metallic goods, grain, timber and wooden 
 goods, animals and all sorts of animal produce, are shipped 
 down the K. and its several navigable tribs., while all the 
 produce and manufactured goods required for the mining 
 centres of the Urals are sent up the K. and its tribs. The 
 amount of goods loaded on the banks of the K. and its tribs. 
 attained 450,000 tons (worth ;^2, 150,000) in the years 1859-62, 
 while in 1891 it exceeded 1,830,000 tons, and the transit of 
 Siberian goods down and up the K. itself must have increased in 
 proportion. Length of K., 1172 m.; area of basin, 202,620 sq. m. 
 
 Kamaggas, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Little Namaqua- 
 land, 25 m. WSW. Ookiep. 
 
 Kamalsbl, vil., Japan, 120 m. SSE. Aomori, about 10 m. 
 inland from the E. ct. of Honshiu, in a dist. abounding in good 
 iron ore, at one time worked by the government, but with poor 
 results. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kamakura, seaside vil. and health resort, Japan, Honshiu, 
 II m. SSW. Yokohama ; formerly a large town, seat of govt, of 
 eastern Japan from the end of the 12th to the middle of the 15th 
 century. 
 
 KamaMpuram, tn. , India, Madras, dist. Bellary, 5 m. from 
 Hospet. P. (i89i)<5000. 
 
 Kamdiia, tn., India. See Kot KamMla. 
 
 Kanialla, tn., E. Senegambia, 43 m. NW. Bamaku. 
 
 Kamamet, tn. , India, Haidarabad, cap. K. dist. , on Munyeru 
 R. , 99 m. NW. Masulipatam. 
 
 K<km4n, tn., India, Rajputana, 25 m. NW. by N. Bhartpur. 
 P. (1881) 13,200. 
 
 Kamara, vil., Russia, E. Siberia, prov. Amur, c^n 1. bk. 
 Amur, where it enters the prairie, 100 m. above Blagovyesh- 
 chensk. P. < 2000. Kamara Rirer, which flows from the 
 Great Khingan Mts., joins Amur at this spot. 
 
 Kamaran, isl. , in the Red Sea, off the W. ct. Arabia, dom. 
 and 20 m. S. Loheia, with harbour ; pilgrim-quarantine stn. 
 Length, 13 m. 
 
 Kamarlsa, place with large galena and zinc-mines, Greece, 
 in the SE. of Attica (Laurium dist.), near Ergasteria. 
 
 Kamart, vil., Tunis, on the W. shore of the Bay of Tunis, 
 10 m. NE. Tunis. 
 
 Kamasia, mountain range, or rather edge of tableland on the 
 W. side of the great trough of E. Africa, W. of Lake Baringo. 
 7t)9 
 
 Kamaston, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Queenstown, 73 
 m. NW. by N. King William's Town. 
 Knmi^t&pur, ancient city, India. See Knch Behar. 
 
 Kaman, SW. point of Cochin-China. 
 
 Kambakonam, tn. , India. See Combakounm. 
 
 Kambam, tns. , Madras. See Cnmbam. 
 
 Kambangan, isl., off the S. ct. of Java, from which it is 
 separated by a narrow and deep channel, crossed by 109° E. ; 
 volcanic formation. 
 
 Kambar, tn. , Brit. India, Sind, Shikdrpur dist. , 52 m. SW. 
 by S. Jacobdbad. P. 5300 ; Moham. 3300. 
 
 Kambarskly, iron-work, Russia, govt, and 146 m. SW. 
 Perm, near to Kama R. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kamberg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse- Nassau, circle Limburg, 
 16 m. N. Wiesbaden. P. <:3000. 
 
 Kamblng, Portuguese isl. , E. Archipelago, off the N. ct. of 
 the Portuguese part of Timor I. 
 
 Kambnrg, tn. , Ger., duchy Saxe-Meiningen, circle Saalfeld, 
 on the Saale R. , 17 m. ENE. Weimar. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kamcliatka, large penin. of NE. Asia, in N. Pacific, stretch- 
 ing 850 m. SW. , and southwards from the land of the Chukchis, 
 with a width of from 70 to 250 m. , between the Sea of Okhotsk 
 in the W. , and Bering Sea in the E. ; 5i°-6o'' N. , i55°-i64° 20' 
 E. Forms part of maritime prov. [Primorskaya Oblast) of 
 Siberia ; its NW. coast has only one bay, the Penzhinskaya, at 
 its head, while the SE. coast is indented by several large bays, 
 Kamchatskiy zaliv, Kronotskiy, Petropavlovskiy, &c. , Cape 
 Lopatka at its S. extremity. The penin. is continued to the 
 SW. by the range of the Kurile islands toward Yezo (Japan). 
 Surface hilly, high marshy plains in N. ; flat lowlands only along 
 some coasts. Two parallel ridges of mountains running SW. 
 to NE. , and having steep slopes to the SE., fill up the penin., 
 and are separated from each other by the fertile valley where the 
 Bystraya R. flows SW. , while the Kamchatka R. flows NE. 
 The more northern ridge of the two joins in the N. the high 
 plateau of NE. Asia and its border-ridge, the Stanovoi Mts. 
 Granites, porphyries, and Archasan crystalline slates, partly 
 covered with Eocene sandstones and limestones, enter into the 
 composition of these ridges, so also basalts, trachytes, and 
 volcanic lavas. No less than twelve active volcanoes, and 
 twenty-six extinct ones, from 7000 to 16,000 ft. high, are known, 
 all active volcanoes being near to the E. ct. Klyuchevskaya 
 Sopka (15,762 ft., last eruption in 1854), Shevelyuch (9900 ft), are 
 the highest of the former, while the Koryakskaya (11,090 ft.), 
 Ushkinskaya and Kronotskaya Sopkas are the chief among 
 the extinct volcanoes. Native copper, magnetic iron, brown 
 coal, amber, excellent mica, and sulphur. Chief rivers : Kam- 
 chatka, 310 m. , in which valley the chief settlements are situated ; 
 Bolshaya (trib. Bystraya), Avacha, and several rivers flowing on 
 NW. slope of main ridge. Climate severe, especially on account 
 of cold current which flows along E. coast, and lowers the temp, 
 of summer, while winter is very cold on the coasts of the Sea of 
 Okhotsk. Heavy snowfalls on E. coast, but little snow on W. 
 coast, where cattle graze in winter. Average temp, at Petro- 
 pavlovsk, yr. 36°, Jan. 17°, July 58°. Milder climate in interior, 
 especially in the valley of K. , where rye, barley, and vegetables 
 are grown. Snow-line at about 5000 ft. ; forests on mountain 
 slopes. Pop. consists of Kamchadales, Koryaks (about 3500), 
 Lamutes (Tunguses), and Russians. Chief occupation, fishing 
 and hunting ; the rivers are rich in fish, and the shores swarm 
 with morses, sea-lions ; some whaling. Reindeer, bears, a 
 mouflon, or mountain sheep, probably a mere variety of the 
 Rocky Mt. sheep {Ovis montana), sables, black and red foxes, 
 arctic foxes, squirrels, &c. , killed in great numbers; furs ex- 
 ported. K. was discovered and conquered by the Russians in 
 1696-1706. Subdivided into four dists. : chief town, Petropav- 
 lovsk, on SE. ct. ; Bolsheryetsk, on SW. extremity ; Verkhne- 
 and Nizhne-Kamchatsk, on Kamchatka R. Area, 104,260 sq. 
 m. P. about 7500, of which 4500 are indigenes. 
 
 Kamt'lk, riv. , in the SE. of Bulgaria, formed by the union of 
 several headstreams (one of which rises on the S. of the Balkans 
 in Eastern Roumelia), and flowing E. to the Black Sea, which it 
 enters about 13 m. to the S. of Varna. 
 
 KameH, Russian, 'stone,' also 'rock,' 'rocky ridge'; also 
 ' rapids on a river ' ; Kamenka, Kamianka, Kamieh, Kamieniec, 
 Kamennyi, Slavonic names of many places, from ' stony ' or 
 'rocky.' 
 
 Kameii, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Hamm, 26 
 m. S. Miinster, and 10 m. NE. by E. Dortmund. P. 5300. 
 
 Kanieiiets Podolsk, Polish Kamlenec, tn. , Russia, cap. of 
 govt. Podolia, near Austrian frontier, on a cliff" watered all 
 round by the Smotrich, a 1. bk. trib. of the Dnieper, 846 m. SW. 
 of Moscow, 3 m. from railway terminus of the south-western 
 railways. Old city, annexed to Russia in 1795. Fortress. P. 
 36,630 ; half of population are Jews. 
 
 Kamengrad, vil. , Bosnia, prov. BihaC, 74 m. WSW. Brod, 
 with iron and silver mines. 
 
 Kamenltz, vil. , Austria, Moravia, 9m. E.by S. Iglau. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kamenltz an der Llnde, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 21 m. ESE. 
 Tabor. P. <3000. 
 
 3C 
 
KAME— KAN A 
 
 Kamenka, tn. , Russia, govt, and ii8 m. SE. of Kiev, on 
 Tyasmin R. ; sugar-works, distilleries. P. 5000. 
 
 Kamenka, or TsarskonstantlnoTka, vil. , Russia, govt, and 
 105 m. SE. of Ekaterinoslav. P. 5000. 
 
 Kamenka Podkaldatskaya, vil., Russia, govt, and 4 m. 
 NW. of Ekaterinoslav, on 1. bk. Dnieper. P. 7500. 
 
 Kameiuiobrodskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, 
 prov. Kubaii, 22 m. NW. Stavropol. P. 5100. 
 
 Kameunyl Brod, vil., Russia, govt. Volhynia, dist. Nov- 
 grad-Volynsk, NW. of Zhitonia ; large porcelain factory. 
 
 Kamenskiy, iron-works, Russia, govt. Perm, 55 m. ESE. 
 of Ekaterinburg, at junction of I set and Kamenka. P. 6000. 
 
 Kamenz, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 21 m. NE. Dresden, circle 
 K., on Schwarze Elster ; birthplace of Lessing (1729). P. 7700. 
 
 Kameoka, vil. , Japan, 10 m. NW. Kyoto. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kamernu, German possession in Equatorial W. Africa. The 
 coast of K. extends from the Rio del Rey (S. of the 5th degree 
 of N. lat.) to the Campo R. (N. of the 2nd degree of N. lat.). 
 The boundary line between the British and German spheres of 
 influence runs from the Rio del Rey to Yola in Adamawa (Yola 
 being British), and thence to the point where the 14th degree 
 of E. long, cuts the southern shore of Lake Chad. The 
 boundary of K. , towards the French Congo Terr. , runs from 
 the mouth of the Campo R. parallel to the 2nd degree of N. 
 lat., and then N. to Lake Chad (see Freuck Congo Terri- 
 tory). Near the coast the country is generally low, but the 
 Kamerun Mts. , a series of lofty peaks of volcanic origin, tower up 
 in the immediate neighbourhood of the sea. The highest of them , 
 called Mongo ma Loba (13,000 ft. ), has two craters, called respec- 
 tively Victoria and Albert. The interior of the K. terr. consists 
 of high plateaux, which slope down more or less abruptly to the 
 Atlantic. The consequence is, that all the rivers coming from 
 the interior have waterfalls and cataracts, which render them 
 unfit for navigation. The principal rivers are the Mungo, 
 Kamerun R., Sannaga-Mbam, and Nyong. In the coast 
 dists. live the DuaUa, Bakundu, and Bakoko ; the interior is in- 
 habited by the Yeundo, Babu-Babu, Tinga, and other tribes, 
 which are but imperfectly known. The luxuriant tropical vege- 
 tation which covers the coast region of K. is unequalled in Africa. 
 The humus, originating fi-om the decomposition of the volcanic 
 rocks, forms a soil of very great fertility ; and the cacao, coffee, 
 and tobacco plantations, which have recently been started by 
 the Germans, are successful. The plateaux of the interior are 
 covered with widely extending savannahs, well adapted for 
 cattle-rearing. The principal exports are palm-oil, palm-nut 
 kernels, caoutchouc, and ivory ; the principal imports are tex- 
 tiles, rice, salt, spirits, and tobacco. The climate is less un- 
 healthy to Europeans than the surrounding terrs. Places of 
 importance are Victoria, Bimbia, K. town, Batanga, Yaunde, and 
 Ngila. Annual value of exports above ;^2oo,ooo. Area esti- 
 mated at 170,000 sq. m. P. estimated at 2,500,000. [H. G. S.j 
 
 Kamemnga^ settlement, Queensland, co. and 9 m. from 
 Cairns. 
 
 Kames, vil. , Scot. , Argyllshire, on the W. shore of the Kyles 
 of Bute, 8| m. WNW. Rothesay, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kame8 Bay, Scot. , co. and isl. of Bute, in the E. , 2 m. NW. 
 Rothesay. 
 
 Kamesbnrgh, Scot. See Port Bannatyue. 
 
 Kamfa, coalfield, on the coast of Tongking. 
 
 Kamlen, tn., Austria, Galicia, dist. Nisko. P. <:400o. 
 
 Kamien, Polish, 'rocky places ;' also Kamin, Katnin ; firom 
 which Kainianka, or Kamionka, Kamenica, Kamieniec. 
 
 KamJes Bergen, mountainous dist. , Cape Colony, dist. Little 
 Namaqua-land, S. of 30° S. , crossed by 18° E. 
 
 Kamlla, vil., Turkey, on the S. ct. of the isL of Crete, 38 m. 
 SE. by E. Candia, in 25° 41' E. 
 
 Kamln, viL, Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 33 m. NW. by N. 
 Bromberg. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Kaminlskeg, lake, Canada, Ontario, Renfrew and Hastings 
 COS. , drained E. by the riv. Madawaska into the riv. Ottawa. 
 
 Kamiiilstiquia, or Dog Kiver, Canada, Ontario, rises SW. 
 of Lake Nipigon, flows S. and E., and enters Lake Superior by 
 three arms at Fort William. It has numerous rapids and fine 
 cascades, the most important being the Kakabeka Falls (125 ft.), 
 14 m. W. Port Arthur. 
 
 Kamlnlstlquia, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the Kami- 
 nistiquia R. , and on the C. P. R. , 1022 m. by rail W. Montreal, 
 402 m. E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Kamlnltz, vil., Prussia, prov., circle, and dist. Lublinitz, with 
 iron-mine. P. < 2000. 
 
 Kamlnoyania, tn., main island, Japan, 73 m. ENE. Niigata, 
 vdth hot mineral baths, efficacious in rheumatism ; one of the 
 driest places in Japan. P. <: 5000. 
 
 Kamionka, tn. , Austria, Galicia, on riv. Bug, 23 m. NE. 
 Lemberg. P. 6500. 
 
 Kamlln, tn., eastern Sudan, on the 1. bk. of the Bahr-el- 
 Azrek, 72 m. SE. Khartum. 
 
 Kamloops, vil. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. P. 
 R. , about 120° 30' W., 1231 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 251 m. 
 from Vancouver. P. < 1500. 
 770 
 
 Kammer Lake, Austria. See Atter. 
 
 Kamniin, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle K., on the 
 Dievenow, 21 m. E. by N. Swinemiinde. P. 5700. 
 
 Kamo, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I. , Whangarei co. , 84 
 m. NNW. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kamotls, vil. , Brit. S. Africa, 35 m. S. Zumbo, in 16° 7' S. , 
 30° 23' E. 
 
 Kamonraska, viL , Canada, Quebec, cap. K. co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the riv. St. Lawrence, 85 m. NE. by E. Quebec, in 69 50' W. 
 The county is said to contain a mountain of silicates, material 
 used in the manufacture of the finest glass. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kampala, temporary post of the British E. Africa Co. , to 
 the NW. of Lake Victoria Nyanza, near the village of Mengo, 
 Uganda ; fortified. 
 
 Kampanla, plain, Turkey in Europe, N. of the Gulf of 
 Salonica — a name probably dating from the time of Prankish 
 domination in the East (13th century). 
 
 Kampanon, Cape, Greece. See Gnardla, Cape. 
 
 Kampen, fortified tn. , fishing and coasting port, Holland, 
 prov. Overijssel, on the IJssel, 9 m. WNW. Zwolle, with manu- 
 factures of blankets. To render the port accessible, it has had 
 to be prolonged by means of jetties from both banks of the 
 river for nearly 2 m. into the Zuider Zee. P. of comm. 19,000. 
 
 Kamper-Nleuwstad, vil., Holland, prov., Gelderland, on 
 the E. shore of the Zuider Zee, 9 m. W. Zwolle. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kamper Zand, sandbank, Holland, in the Zuider Zee, on 
 the W. ct. of the prov. of Overijssel. 
 
 Kampll, Kamptl (census), tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 and 28 m. N W. Bellary. P. 10,500 ; Hindus, 8100. 
 
 Kampong, Malay; ' a village. ' 
 
 Kampong-Ctaenang, K.-Lyang, Ac. See under Kompong. 
 
 Kampot, seapt. , Cambodia, opposite Fukwok I. , in 10° 33' N. , 
 104° 10' E. ; cap. prov. K. 
 
 K&mrlkp, dist., Brit. India, Assam, in the Brahmaputra 
 Valley, mostly W. of 91° 50' E. ; cap. Gauhati. 
 
 Kamsdorf, Gross and Klein, two vils. , Prussia, Saxony, 
 govt. Erfurt, circle Ziegenriick, dist. Ranis, with copper ores 
 worked since the i6th, iron ores since early in the i8th, century; 
 Bessemer steel manufactured. P. (of each)<20oo. 
 
 Kampn, ancient tn. , China. See Kanpu. 
 
 K&mtlii, or Kamptee, tn. and cantonment, Brit. India, 
 Central Provs. , dist. and 8 m. NE. Nagpur, immediately below 
 the junction of the Kanhan with the rivs. Pench and KolAr ; 
 trade in grain and timber (floated down the river). K. dates only 
 from 1821, when the cantonment was established, being formerly 
 considered unhealthy. P. (1881)51,000; (1891)43,200; Hindus, 
 28,500; Moham. 11,500. 
 
 Kam-tong-niai, or Kam-toug-yai, tn. , French Indo-Cbina, 
 137 m. SW. by W. Hu6. 
 
 Kamanting, vil., Perak, Malay Penin., 11^ m. from Perak, 
 with which it is connected by rail. 
 
 Kamnta Sai, tn., Siam, 180 m. S. by E. Luang Prabang. 
 
 Kamnti, tn., India, Madras, dist. Madura. P. 6500 ; Hindus, 
 4100. 
 
 KamyshCTSkoye, vil., Russia, W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, 
 120 m. NW. of Omsk. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Kamysliin, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 120 m. SSW. of 
 Saratov, on r. bk. of Volga ; terminus of railway to Tambov 
 and Baltic ports. Important port on Volga for export of corn 
 and salt, shipped up the Volga or sent to the Baltic ports 
 (about 35,000 tons). Considerable gardening ; water melons 
 grown for manufacture of treacle, and export. Mean temp. , yr. 
 44.3° F., Feb. 13.6°, July 76.1°. P. 18,000. 
 
 Kamyshloy, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Perm, 80 m. E. of 
 Ekaterinburg, on Pyshma, trib. of Tura. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kamyslina, or Komysiuia, tn., Russia, govt, and 56 m. 
 NW. of Poltava. P. 6000. 
 
 Kana, \il., Palestine, Kanah in the O. T., 33° 12' N., 35° 18' 
 E. , 7^ m. SE. Tyre. 
 
 Kanabec, co., U.S., Minnesota, crossed by 46° N., W. of 
 93° W. 
 
 Kanab Plateau, an arid rocky tableland, U.S., Arizona, N. 
 of the Colorado R., extending W. from the Kaibab Plateau to 
 the Toroweap Valley, in 112° 20-50' W., intersected from N. to 
 S. by the K. Cafton, in 112° 35' W. 
 
 KanagaM'a, ken or prefecture, Japan, cap. Yokohama, 
 
 Kanagawa, seapt. tn. , Japan, Honshiu, on Tokyo Bay, 
 adjoining Yokohama [q.v.) on the N., with higher middle 
 school. P. (1892) 16,300. 
 
 Kanah, place named in O. T. See Kana. 
 
 Kanahara, Japanese colony, on the SE. ct. of Korea, at the 
 port of Fusan ; founded in virtue of the treaty of Feb. 26, 1876. 
 
 Kanak, Palestine. See Kerak. 
 
 Kana-ishi, tn., Japan, 126 m. NNE. Kyoto, on the NW. 
 ct. of Honshiu. P. 9300. 
 
 Kanakas (originally a Hawaiian word meaning ' aboriginals '), 
 name given by Europeans to the natives of the various islands 
 of Oceania. 
 
 Kanala, or Canala, tn. , New Caledonia, on the NE. ct. of 
 the island, with nickel-mines, the ore from which is treated at 
 
KANA — KANG 
 
 Numea. Formerly also called Napoleonville. Mean temp. 
 (2 yrs.), 73.8° F., Feb. 79.3°, July 66.7°. 
 
 Kaiiall, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 10 m. SE. Monastir. 
 
 Kauanaskis, stn. , Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R. , 
 894 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Kanauaskis Pass, Canada, across the Rocky Mts. , in about 
 50" 40' N., leading from head of Kananaskis R., Alberta (trib. 
 Bow), to Palliser R., Brit. Columbia (trib. Upper Kootenay). 
 
 K&nara, Nortb, maritime dist., Brit. India, in the extreme 
 S. of Bombay Presidency ; chief tn. and seapt. , Karwar. 
 
 K;iuara, Sontli, the most northerly dist. on the Malabar 
 (W. ) ct. of the Madras Presidency ; chief tn. , Mangalore. 
 
 Kau^rak (the 'Black Pagoda'), an ancient maritime vil., 
 Brit. India, Bengal, on the Bay of Bengal, dist. and 16 m. 
 ENE. Puri. Here are the ruins of a large Hindu temple, long 
 deserted for that of Jagannath, Puri. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kaitatlr, El, region of the Sahara. See Ganatir. 
 
 KanaaJ, ancient city, Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Faruk- 
 habad, 49 m. NW. by N. Cawnpur, on r. bk. of the Kali 
 Nadi, formerly on the Ganges itself, whose change of course at 
 this place has led to the decay of the city, which in early times 
 formed the capital of a great Aryan kingdom. Its prosperity 
 seems to have culminated about the 6th century after Christ ; 
 taken in 1018 by Mahmud of Ghazni, and in 1194 by Muham- 
 mad Ghori ; in 1540, scene of the defeat of Humayiin by Sher 
 Shah. P. (1871) 17,100; (1881)16,600; (1891)17,600; Hindus, 
 10,400 ; Moham. 6900. 
 
 Kau-aaug, tn. , Lower Burma, dist. Henzada, on the r. bk. 
 of the Irawadi, 40 m. S. by E. Prome. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Kauauta, vil., with rly. stn., India, Rdjputana, 12 m. SE. 
 Jaipur. 
 
 Kaiiawat, or El Kauaivat, the ancient Kanatha, vil., 
 Palestine, Kenath Nobah in the O. T. , 32° 45' N. , 36° 33' E. , 
 55 m. SSE. Damascus. Alt. 4080 ft 
 
 Kauawha (ka-naw'wa), co. , U.S., W. Virginia, N, of 38° 
 N., and W. of 81° W., traversed by the Great Kanawha R. 
 
 Kauawlia, Great, riv., U.S., rises in the Appalachian Mts., 
 in the NW. part of N. Carolina, flows NE. through Virginia, 
 and NW. through W. Virginia, and after a course of about 450 
 m. joins the Ohio near Gallipolis. Chief affluents the Elk, Gauley 
 (above whose confluence the K. is sometimes known as the New 
 R. ), Coal, and Greenbrier Rivs. It is navigable by steamers to 
 the falls, 2 m. below the junction of Gauley R. , about 90 m. from 
 its mouth. Area of basin, 10,800 sq. m. In the neighbourhood 
 of Charleston salt is produced by boiling a very briny water, 
 extracted from the lower coal measures by deep artesian wells. 
 This and other tracts of the K. valley also produce large supplies 
 of petroleum from similar artesian borings. A little farther N. is 
 a smaller river which falls into the Ohio at Parkersburg, little 
 K., which is navigable to the oil-regions of Burning Springs, in 
 38°5s'N.,8i°i7'W. 
 
 Kanawha Station, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Woodco., on 
 the Little Kanawha R., 58 m. N. by E. Charleston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kauazawa, tn., Japan, 125 m. NNE. Kyoto, near the 
 NW. ct. of Honshiu ; cap. of Ishikawa prefecture, with castle, 
 public garden, and industrial museum. Manufactiures of 
 pottery, bronzes overlaid with gold and silver, and fans. Mean 
 temp. (6 yrs., 1881-86), yr. 54.8^ F., Feb. 34.9°, Aug. 77.5°; 
 rfall. (4 yrs.), 109.2 in. P. 96,600. 
 
 Kaubnri, Kancbanaburl, or Pak-Plu«ak, fortified tn., 
 Siam, 70 m. WNW. Bangkok ; cap. K. prov. 
 
 Kducbaujang^, Kiucliinjanga, the extreme eastern horn 
 of the Nepal Himalayas, mt. peak, India, 27° 42' N., 88° 11' 
 E. Alt. 28,156 ft. 
 
 Kan-chou-fn, formerly called Cbong-ye, tn. , China, Kansu, 
 313 m. from Lan-chou by the road to Su-chou. Morasses 
 within the walls render it unhealthy. It corresponds to the 
 Campichu of Marco Polo. Alt. 5300 ft. P. 15,000-20,000. See 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1890, p. 73. 
 
 Kau-cbou-fa, tn. , China, prov. Kiangsi, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Kia-kiang, 213 m. NNE. Canton, with considerable trade 
 and manufactures of much valued Chinese ink and varnish. 
 
 Kaud, peak, Brit. Afghanistan, N. of the Zhob valley, in 30° 
 48' N. , 67° 29' E. 
 
 Kandabar (named after Alexander the Great), Afghan 
 Ahnied-Sbabi, fortified city, Afghanistan, in a fertile plain, 
 3500 ft. above the sea, 318 m. by road (280 m. direct) SW. 
 Kabul, and about 150 m. by rail and road NW. Quetta, 65 m. 
 direct NW. of the terminus of the Quetta Rly., in 31° 3/ N., 
 65^ 45' E. Surrounded by a ditch 24 ft. wide and 10 ft. deep, 
 and a mud wall 27 ft. high, gradually narrowing from a thick- 
 ness of 2o| ft. at the bottom to 14^ ft. at the top. Various 
 manufactures are carried on, and its transit trade is considerable. 
 Its vicinity is well watered by canals from the ArghandAb R. , 4 
 m. W. , and produces fruits, corn, tobacco, and madder. K. , 
 supposed to have been originally founded by Alexander the 
 Great, was taken by Tamerlane in 1389, and by Shah Abbas, of 
 Persia, in 1620 ; and was held by British troops firom 1839 to 
 1842, when it was finally evacuated. P. variously estimated at 
 from 15,500 to 100,000. 
 
 Kandabar, tn. , India, state of and 132 m. NW. by N. Hai- 
 
 darabad. 
 
 Kandalakskaya, bay, Russia, White Sea, 120 m. long and 50 
 m. wide at entrance, stretching WNW. between Laponian Penin. 
 and mainland ; depth, 1 17-190 fathoms. Steep slopes, indented 
 on SW. ct. Receives Kandalaksha R. , outflow of Lake Kovdo. 
 
 Kaudiipiir, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. South KAnara, on 
 the W. ct., 54 m. N. by W. Mangalore. P. (i89i)<5000. 
 
 Kandavn, or Kadaru, one of the Fiji Is., 50 m. S. Viti 
 Levu, 33 m. in length by 4 m. in breadth. It is almost entirely 
 composed of an irregular mountain-chain throughout its entire 
 length, rising at either end to 2180 and 2750 ft. Area, 131 sq. m. 
 P. about 7500. See Scot. Geog. Mag. , 1889, p. 638. 
 
 Kaudel, comm., Ger. , Bavaria, govt. Rhine Palatinate, circle 
 Germersheim, 19 m. SSE. Landau. P. <4000. 
 
 Kaudergrnud, viL, Switzd. , cant. Bern, 12 m. W. by S. 
 Lauterbrunnen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kaiidergmnd, name of that part of the valley of the Kander 
 in which the village lies. 
 
 Kandersteg, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, at the head of the 
 Kandergrund, 13 m. SW. by W. Lauterbrunnen. Alt. 3835 ft. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Kilndbla, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. 
 Muzaffarnagar, 35 m. NW. by W. Meerut. P. (1881) 11,100; 
 (1891) 9500 ; 'Hindus, 4500 ; Moham. 4300. 
 
 Kandbpara, tn. , India. See Kbandpara. 
 
 Kaudbs, Kbands, Kbandbs, Koudbs, or Kbonds, ' the 
 hillmen,' an aboriginal tribe of India, inhabiting the tributary 
 states of Orissa, the eastern states in dists. of the Central Provs. , 
 and the hill dists. in the N. of Madras ; believed to be allied to 
 the Gonds. Agriculturists, living in villages, which are occupied 
 till the neighbouring lands are exhausted, after which they move 
 to other spots where they make clearances in the jungle. 
 
 Ktiudi, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 22 
 m. SW. by S. Murshidibad. P. 11,100; Hindus, 9600. 
 
 Kaudlafala, vil., French W. Africa, on the Kogon R., in 
 11° 20' N. , 14° 43' W. 
 
 Kaudl&ro, tn. , India, Bombay Presidency, Sind, dist. Haidara- 
 bid, 70 m. S. by W. Shikarpur. P. (i89i)<:5ooo. 
 
 Kandlllu ('the lantern'), vil., Asia Minor, on the Bosporus, 
 6 m. NE. Constantinople ; named from ' the lantern ' which crowns 
 the hill of Ijadieh, the point from which the finest panorama of 
 the Bosporus is obtained. 
 
 Kandiyobl, co. , U. S. , Minnesota, crossed by 45° N. and 95° W. 
 
 KandukAr, tn., India, Madras Presidency, dist. and 58 m. 
 N. by W. Nellore. P. 7600 ; Hindus, 6100. 
 
 Kandnln, vil., Portuguese E. Africa, on the r. bk. of the 
 Lujenda R. , in 12° 35' S. , 36° 55' E. 
 
 Kaudy, municip., formerly cap. of Ceylon, Central Prov., 58 
 m. NE. by E. Colombo, beautifully situated on a bend of the 
 Mahaveli Ganga, at the height of 2000 ft. above sea-level. One 
 of its temples contains a reUc alleged to be a tooth of Buddha. 
 Three miles distant are the botanic gardens of Peradeniya. 
 Mean temp., yr. 76° F., Jan. 74°, July 76°; rfall., yr. 84.5 in., 
 Oct.-Dec. 31.3 in. P. (1871) 17,400; (1891)20,400; military, 183. 
 
 Kane, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. Upper Dundalk, 3 m. NW. 
 Dundalk. P. <25o. 
 
 Kane, co., U.S., Illinois, crossed by 42° N., and between 
 88° and 89° W. 
 
 Kane, bor., U.S., Peimsylvania, McKean co., 95 m. SE. 
 Erie by rail. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Kane, co., U.S., Utah, on the S. frontier, crossed by 112° W. 
 
 Kanea, seapt. , Turkey, cap. isl. Crete, on N. ct. , in 24° 12' E. , 
 64 m. W. by N. Candia. Mean temp. (6| yrs., 1879-85), yr. 
 64.6° F. , Feb. 51.1°, July 79.0°. P. 19,000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Kanem, dist. , on the NE. side of Lake Chad, in the central 
 Sudan, Africa; chief town, Mao. Converted to Mohammedan- 
 ism in the nth century, and from the 12th to the 14th century 
 centre of an empire extending to Fezzan and Upper Egypt, and 
 including also Bornu ; now merely a pastoral dist. , the possession 
 of which is disputed by subjects of the sultans of Bornu and 
 Wadai and by other tribes. 
 
 Kauembn, tribe. See Bornn. 
 
 Kanev, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 60 m. SE. of Kiev, on 
 r. bk. Dnieper. P. 9000. 
 
 KaneTskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kuban, dist. Yeisk. P. 9000. 
 
 Kaugamba, tn. , Portuguese W. Africa, in about 13° 37' S. , 
 19° 43' E. Alt. 4030 ft. 
 
 Kangaroo, isl., S. Australia, separated by Investigator Strait, 
 at the mouth of Gulf of St. Vincent, from Yorke's Penin. on the 
 N. , and by Backstairs Passage from the mainland of S. Australia 
 on the E. Kingscote, on the NE. coast, was the first settlement 
 in S. Australia. The area fit for cultivation and pasturage is 
 extremely small, the island being covered with scrub. Discovered 
 by Captain Flinders in 1802. Uninhabited up to 1828 ; from 1877 
 immigration increased rapidly, but latterly the settlers have been 
 reduced to great distress by the spread of a wild plant. Length, 
 E. to W. , 87 m. ; average breadth, N. to S. , 20 m. Area, 1679 
 sq. m. P. (1881) 379 ; (1891) 599. 
 
 771 
 
K ANG 
 
 K ANS 
 
 Kangaroo Flat, post-tn., Australia, Victoria, Bendigo co., 
 98 m. NW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kangaroo Ground, post-tp. , Australia, Victoria, Lowan co. , 
 272 m. NW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kangaroo Valley, post-tn. , New South Wales, Camden co. , 
 45 m. E. Goulburn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kangavar, or Kengaver, tn. , Persia, prov. Ardilan, 39 m. 
 SW. Hamadan, with ruins believed by Ferrier to be those of 
 the ancient Ecbatana. P. 1000. 
 
 KAngayam, tn. , India, Madras Presidency, dist. Coimbatore, 
 11° i' N., 77° 36' E. P. (1881) 5200; (i89i)<50Q0. 
 
 Kangean, or Kanglan, small group of isls. of the Dutch 
 E. Indies, in the Java Sea, E. of Madura, and N. of Bali ; the 
 largest has a length of 25 m. , E. to W. , and average breadth 
 of 8 m. 
 
 Kang-ge, tn. , Korea, 120 m. NNW. Won-san. 
 
 Kang-le. See Saigon, river. 
 
 Kang-nenng, tn. , Korea, 95 m. E. Soul, in 37° 35' N. 
 
 Kangombe, tn. , Portuguese W. Africa. See Kobongo. 
 
 K&ngra, anciently known as Nagarkot, tn. and municip., 
 Brit. India, Punjab, dist. K., 90 m. ENE. Amritsar; formerly 
 the cap. of a considerable Katoch state, on both sides of a hill, 
 overlooking the Bangangd torrent. P. 5200 ; Hindus, 4200. 
 
 K&ngra, a Himalayan dist. in the NE. of the Punjab, Brit. 
 India, Jalandhar div. , composed of K. proper in the W. (now 
 noted for its tea-gardens), and the elevated valleys of Ldhul, 
 Spiti, and Kulu in the E. 
 
 Kangnn, tn., Persia, prov. Mekran, on the S. ct., 230 m. 
 SE. by E. Bender Abbas. 
 
 KangTve, hill, with Protestant mission stn. , in French Congo 
 Terr., on r. bk. Ogowe, just S. of the equator, in 10° 50' E. 
 
 Kang--frdn-do, or Kangwen, prov. , in E. of Korea, border- 
 ing Sea of Japan, crossed about the middle by 38° N. 
 
 Kanh-Hoa, tn. , Annam, cap. prov. K. , 184 m. NE. by E. 
 Saigon, near the E. ct. , in about 12° 18' N. 
 
 Kan-bla-claln, tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, on the SE. ct. , 
 on Hong-hai Bay, 85 m. NE. by E. Hong-kong. 
 
 Kanlerl, vil., New Zealand, South I., Westland co., 24 m. 
 SSW. Greymouth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kanignram, or Kanlgomm, tn., Waziristan (eastern 
 Afghanistan), 81 m. NW. by W^. Dera Ismail Khan. 
 
 Kaniksn, lake, U.S., in extreme NW. of Idaho, 20 m. long 
 N. to S., drained S. into Clark's Fork of Columbia R. 
 
 Kanin, penin., Russia, Arctic Ocean, protruding on E. ct. 
 of White Sea, separating it from Chesskaya Bay ; length, about 
 150 m.; width, 16-55 ™- ^^^ ^- expansion is occupied by 
 Tiunskiy Mts. (350 ft. high), running NW. to SE. from Cape 
 K. to Cape Mikulkin. Covered with low shrubs and tundras. 
 Inhabited by some 2000 Samoyedes, and visited only by seal- 
 hunters. 
 
 Kanina, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Berat, 60 m. S. 
 Durazzo, 3 m. SE. Avlona. P. 4000-5000. 
 
 Kanltz, tn., Austria, Moravia, on riv. Iglawa, 10^ m. SW. 
 Briinn. P. <3000. 
 
 Kanitz, vil. , Austria, Moravia, 16J m. W. Olmiitz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kan-in, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, on the coast, 205 m. 
 SW. by S. Chifu. 
 
 Kanlra, post-tp., Victoria, Lowan co., 272 m. by rail and 
 road NW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. , 
 
 Kanlzsa, 0, tn. , Hungary. See O Kanlzsa and IVagy-K. 
 
 Kanjamalai, hill, Brit. India. See Salem. 
 
 Kanjnt, or Knnjnt, val. to the NW. of India. See Hnnza. 
 
 Kankakee, city, U.S., Illinois, cap. K. co., 52 m. SSW. 
 Chicago ; has one of the chief state lunatic asylums. P. (1880) 
 5700 ; (1890) 9000. 
 
 Kankakee Rirer, U.S., Indiana and Illinois, flows through 
 a flat, marshy region WSW. from St. Joseph's co. to the Illi- 
 nois R. Total length, 225 m. 
 
 Kankan, tn. , western Sudan, on the Mile, r. bk. trib. of 
 the upper Niger, about 160 m. SSW. the French post of Bam- 
 maku ; noted mart, visited by contractors for the English mer- 
 chants of Sierra Leone. 
 
 Kankare, vil. , western Sudan, on the Sangarani, r. bk. trib. 
 of the upper Niger, about 66 m. S. Bammaku. 
 
 K&nker, feudatory chiefship, India, 160 m. ESE. Ndgpur. 
 
 Kankbal, tn. , Brit. India, N W. Provs. , dist. Sahdranpur, on 
 the r. bk. of the Ganges, 70 m. NNE. Meerut. P. (1891) <5ooo. 
 
 Kan>klans, riv. , China, forming a part of its great internal 
 line of navigation, flows throughout the prov. Kiangsi from S. 
 to N., traverses the Lake Poyang, and joins the Yangtse-kiang 
 after a course estimated at 350 m. Its principal affluents are 
 the Kung, Tung, Lu, and Chu. 
 
 Kanmantoo, tp. , S. Australia, Sturt co. , 33 m. ESE. Adelaide. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kanna, tn. , W. Africa, Dahome, a few miles SE. Abome ; 
 taken by the French, 1892. 
 
 Kannl, tn., Upper Burma, on the Chindwin R. , 80 m. 
 WNW. Mandalay. 
 
 Kannstatt, tn. , Ger. , Wlirtemberg. See Cannstadt. 
 
 Kanntir, or Kdnnanttr, tn., India. See Cannanore. 
 772 
 
 Kano, tn. , W. Africa, Sokoto, 320 m. NNE. the confluence 
 of the Niger and Benue, in 12° i' N., 8° 20' E., surrounded by 
 walls not less than 18 m. in circumference, and in very good 
 repair. It is the first town of industrial importance N. of the 
 equator in the central Sudan, and has manufactures of tissues, 
 sandals, and leather, also trading in black tunics made in Nupe. 
 P. 60,000. 
 
 Kanobln, Turkish vil. and Maronite monastery, S>Tia, 13 m. 
 SSE. Tripoli ; residence of the patriarchs of the Maronites. 
 
 Kano-zan, vil. , Japan, on the top of a hill E. of Tokyo Bay ; 
 an agreeable resort during the hot months. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kanpu, or Staapn, tn. , eastern China, prov. Chekiang, 37 
 m. S. by W. Shanghai, on the N. ct. of the Bay of Hangchou, 
 in 121° E. The ancient town of Ganfu, Gampu, or Kampu of 
 Marco Polo has been submerged. 
 
 Kansalo Rapids, S. Africa, in the middle course of the 
 Zambezi R. , in about 28° 4' E. 
 
 Kansas, the central state of the U.S., somewhat smaller than 
 Great Britain, bounded W. by Colorado, and NE. for 150 m. by 
 the Missouri. Cap. Topeka ; other chief towns, Kansas city, 
 Wichita, Leavenworth, Atchison, and Fort Scott. The surface 
 consists mainly of undulating prairie, highest in the N W. (about 
 4000 ft.), and sloping to S. and E. (750 ft. at mouth of Kansas 
 R.). In the S. are low hills (Flint and Gypsum ranges), in the 
 SW. is a belt of sandhills. The chief rivers, besides the Missouri 
 (the only one navigable), are the Kansas and Arkansas, r. bk. 
 tribs. of the Missouri, with their numerous affluents. Carboni- 
 ferous rocks cover the eastern part of the state. Cretaceous 
 predominate in the W., and Tertiary deposits occur in the 
 NW. Rainfall is deficient W. of the looth meridian [Dodge 
 City, Leavenwortbl. Maize, wheat, and oats are the leading 
 crops ; in the S. , sorghum ; the cultivation of sugar-beet is 
 rapidly extending; fruits of excellent quality are produced. 
 The principal minerals are coal (bituminous coal-beds cover 
 about 17,000 sq. m.), worked chiefly in Crawford, Cherokee, 
 Osage, and Leavenworth counties ; lead and zinc in the two 
 first-named counties ; and gypsum in Marshall, Barber, and 
 Saline counties ; salt occurs as an incrustation over extensive 
 areas S. of the Arkansas R., in brine springs, and in rock 
 beds. K. was crossed by Coronado in 1541 ; in 1705 French 
 fur-traders settled in it. The greater part of the state was 
 acquired by the Louisiana purchase, the SW. with Texas. 
 During the years 1850-59 the state was desolated by civil war 
 between the pro- and anti-slavery parties. Area, 82,080 sq. m. 
 P. 1,427,096. See Vnlted States, table. [E. J. H.] 
 
 Kansas, riv., U.S., Kansas, formed by the union of the 
 Republican and Smoky Hill Rivs., flows E. past Topeka and 
 Lawrence to the Missouri, which it joins at Kansas city. 
 Length about 200 m. ; navigable throughout. 
 
 Kansas, vil., U.S., Illinois, Edgar co., 28 m. W. by N. 
 Terre Haute (Indiana). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kansas, city, U.S., Kansas, Wyandotte co. , practically form- 
 ing part of Kansas city (Mo. ). P. (1880) <4000 ; (1890) 38,300. 
 
 Kansas, city, U.S., Missouri, Jackson co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Missouri, where it enters the state. The site, originally 
 very rough and uneven, has been levelled ; a system of pipes 
 has been introduced for supplying cool air in summer, hot in 
 wdnter. A magnificent railway bridge crosses the Missouri, and 
 30 m. of Terminal Rly. connect all the routes entering the city. 
 K. has some of the largest meat-packing houses in the world. 
 At the adjoining city of Argentine (Kansas) there are large 
 smelting works belonging to the Kansas City Smelting and 
 Refining Company, where gold, silver, lead, and copper from 
 the ores of all the principal mining camps and ore markets in 
 the U.S. and Mexico are refined. Alt. 748 ft. (R. R. ). P. (i860) 
 4400; (1870)32,300; (1880)55,800; (1890)132,700. 
 
 Kansk, dist. tn., E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, 142 m. E. of 
 Krasnoyarsk, on r. bk. of Kan R. (a r. bk. trib., 350 m. long, 
 of the Yenisei), and on Siberian railway. Chief town of a dist. 
 rich in gold-washings. P. 6000. 
 
 Kansn, the most NW. prov. of China, between 32° 25' and 
 44° 10' N., 92° 50' and 108° 40' E., constituting a wedge thrust 
 forward between Tibet on the SE. , and Mongolia on the N W. 
 Surface mountainous in the W. , S. , and E. , the Nan-shan form- 
 ing part of the Tibetan border, and the Tsinling-shan entering 
 from Shensi ; in the NE. are extensive open plains merging into 
 the desert of Gobi, in which the N. portion is entirely situated. 
 The greater portion of the prov. is comprised in the basin of 
 the Hwang-ho, which river bisects it from W. to NE. ; the 
 remainder is almost entirely within the continental Gobi basin, 
 and the streams flovnng from the Nan-shan Mts. are absorbed 
 either within the prov. or shortly beyond its limits ; the extreme 
 S. is watered by the headstreams of rivers trib. to the Yangtse- 
 kiang. Soil consists chiefly of sand, gravel, clay, and loess. 
 Coal is abundant. Millet and beans are the main crops. But 
 little rain or snow falls, and the climate is very dry, especially 
 from October to May; and famines are of periodical occur- 
 rence. The country is considered healthy, though temp, has 
 a large range, sinking to 3° F. in the winter, and in summer 
 rising to 95°. The people are excessively poor, and generally 
 
KANT — KARA 
 
 inoffensive ; whilst the country is to a great extent depopulated 
 and uncultivated, in consequence of the Mohammedan rebellion 
 (1858-75). The prov. is traversed throughout its length by the 
 main trade route from Peking to Kashgar. Area, 125,483 sq. 
 m. P. (estimated 1890) 9,300,000. See Cblna, table. 
 
 Kiiutdl, vil. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Muzaffarpiu:, 42 m. 
 N. Patna. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kantara, Egypt. See Al Kantara. 
 
 Kantararom, tn. , Siam, 250 m. ENE. Bangkok. 
 
 Kaittli, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Moraddbdd (in 
 NW. , bounded W. by the Ganges). P. 6900 ; Hindus, 4100 ; 
 Moham. 2800. 
 
 Kanth, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Neumarkt, 13 m. 
 WSW. Breslau. P. < 3000. 
 
 Kautha, riv. , Lower Burma. See Tanng-ngn. 
 
 K&iitlil, tn., India, Bengal. See Contal. 
 
 Kantllo, tn. , India, Orissa, Khandpara state, on r. bk. of 
 the Mahanadi, 20° 22' N., 85° 14' E. P. (i88i)<:5ooo. 
 
 Kantora, dist. , Senegambia, in the N. of Futa-jallon, on the 
 1. bk. of the Gambia. 
 
 Kautau, or Kentau, tn. , Siam, 158 m. ENE. Rahang. 
 
 Kauturk, market-tn., Ire., N. co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, iii 
 m. WNW. Mallow, on G. S. & W. R., PMT.O. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Ktiiinin, tn. , India, Punjab, Bashahr state, in a mountain 
 glen, 31'' 40' N., 78° 30' E. , with a large Tibetan hbrary and a 
 celebrated Buddhist temple. Alt. 9300 ft. 
 
 Kan'url, tribe. See Bornn. 
 
 Kanyaka, post-tp., S. Australia, Newcastle co., 45 m. NE. 
 Port Augusta, on the Great Northern Line. P. <isoo. 
 
 Kanye, native vil. , in the SE. of the protectorate of Bechuana- 
 land, 15 m. N. Mafeking. 
 
 Kanyumba, vil. , Portuguese W. Africa, in about 12° 12' S. , 
 17° 55' E. 
 
 Kauyntkivin, rly. stn., Burma, dist. Shwegyin, 66 m. N. 
 Pegu, 123 m. by rail from Rangoon. 
 
 Kanzakl, vil., Japan, 5 m. N. by W. Ozaka. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kaiizakl, vil. , Japan, Kiushiu, prov. Hizen, near Saga, with 
 manufactures of vermicelli and maccaroni. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kanzam, pass, India, dist. Kangra, between Spiti and Lihul 
 (Chandra valley), S. of the Bara Lacha Pass, 32° 24' N., 'j']° 
 41' E. Alt. about 15,000 ft. 
 
 Kao, in Chinese place-names, 'high,' 'elevated.' 
 
 Kao, or Oghoa, one of the Tonga Is. , Pacific Ocean, 19° 42' 
 S. , 174° 55' W. Alt. 5000 ft. 
 
 Kaobanb, or Kaobang, French spelling Caobang, tn., 
 Tongking, cap. prov. K. , 118 m. N. by E. Hanoi, in the high 
 valley of one of the tribs. of the Tso-kiang, the southern head- 
 water of the Si-kiang ; commands the route from China to 
 Tongking via Thai-nguyen. 
 
 Kao-cbou, tn. , SE. China, prov. Kwangtung, 186 m. SW. 
 Canton, on the high-road between Canton and Tongking. 
 
 Kao-cblug, tn. , China, prov. Honan, 31m. NW. Kweita-fu. 
 
 Kao-bslen, tn., China, in the S. of Siichwan, 150 m. SW. 
 by W. Chungking, 28 m. S. by W. Sui-fu, with coal-mines 
 adjacent. 
 
 Kaokangmlao, or Kaocbaiigmlao. See Klangiiau. 
 
 Kaoko, dist. , S. Africa, W. ct. , one of the divs. of the country 
 of the Damaras, between about 18° 30' and 22° 30' S. 
 
 Kaole, small fortified port, E. Africa, Suahih ct. , 4 m. SSE. 
 Bagamoyo. 
 
 Kaoll-kiaiig, riv. , Korea. See Tninen. 
 
 Kaomliig, tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, 44 m. WSW. 
 Canton. 
 
 Kao-Tao, Gow-tO'w, or Pirate Islands, group of small islands, 
 off the coast, and principal centre of piracy in, the Gulf of Tong- 
 king, between 20° 58' and 21° 16' N., extending NNE. to SSW. 
 for 22 m. 
 
 Kaothang, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Hwang-ho, 150 m. S. by W. Tientsin. 
 
 Kaoya, tn. , China, prov. Kiangsu, on the Grand Canal, and 
 the E. bank of the Kaoyu-hu, 55 m. NE. by N. Nanking. The 
 Cayu of Marco Polo. 
 
 Kaoyu-bu, oval lake, China, prov. Kiangsu, N. of the 
 Yangtse-kiang, 50 m. N. to S. , 20 m. E. to W ; united by a 
 natural canal with Lake Hungtse ; the Grand Canal runs 
 parallel to its E. shore. 
 
 Kapad-wanJ, fortified tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Kaira, 
 30 m. E. Ahmadabad; precious stones (agate, onyx, &c.) are 
 found in the bed of the Mohar R. P. 14,800; Hindus, 8500; 
 Moham. 5600. 
 
 Kapalu, vil., in the richest dist. of Baltistan, India, Kashmir, 
 on the Shaiok, due S. of the peak of Masherbrum, about 100 
 m. NW. Leh. 
 
 Kapaiiga, vil. , New Zealand, North I. , Coromandel co. , 42 
 m. E. by N. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kapaugombo, tn., in S. Portuguese W. Africa, about 65 
 m. E. Mossamedes. 
 
 Kapaoiilk, mt. range, Servia. See Kopaonlk. 
 
 Kapaor, tn.. Eastern Archipelago, in the W. of Dutch New 
 Guinea, on the coast, about 16 m. to the S. of McCluer Inlet. 
 
 KilpargMl, range of hills, India, Bengal, dist Singbhura, 
 with copper-bearing rocks, formerly worked on the N. 
 
 Kaparl, small Turkish isl. , off the W. ct. of Asia Minor, 2J 
 m. N. of Kos. 
 
 Kapela, or Grasso, cape, the S. point of Cerigo I. , Greece. 
 
 Kapella, mt. chain, Croatia, north-eastern continuation of 
 the Dinaric Alps. 
 
 Kapella, tn., Portuguese W^. Africa, in about 11° 50' S., 17° 
 37' E. 
 
 Kapfenberg, market-tn. , Austria, Styria, 12 m. ENE. Leoben, 
 in the Miirzthal, with coal-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 KApUa-vastn (or -nagara). See Nagar KbAs. 
 
 Kaplles-waraparam, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Godavari, 
 on the 1. bk. , one of the principal arms of the Godavari delta, 
 66 m. NE. by E. Masulipatam. P. (1881) 5100; (i89i)<i5000. 
 
 Kaplnl, riv., India, in the S. of Mysore, flows E. into the 
 Cauvery, near Narsipur ; the confluence is a spot of great sanctity. 
 
 Kaplte, plain, Brit. E. Africa, SW. of Ulu. 
 
 Kapltl, isl. , New Zealand. See Entry Island. 
 
 Kaplltz, vil., Bohemia, 16J m. S. Budweis. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Kapnik-B&nya, comm. , Hungary, co. Szatmar, dist. and 15 
 m. E. Nagybanya, with gold and silver mines. P. <;3000. 
 
 Kapoeas, Borneo. See Kapnas. 
 
 Kaponga, bush tp.. New Zealand, North I., Hawera co., 10 
 m. N. Manaia, at foot of Mount Egmont. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 KaposTto, tn. , with magistracy, Hungary, cap. prov. Somogy, 
 28 m. NW. Fiinfkirchen. P. 12,500. 
 
 Kappel, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. 
 Chemnitz. P. 5200. 
 
 Kappel, comm., Switzd., on the Thur, cant, and 16 m. SW. 
 St. GaU. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kappeln, tn., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle and 
 17 m. NE. by E. Schlesvng, on the W. side of the Schlei inlet. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Kappelrodeck, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle Baden. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Kaproucza. See Koprelnltz. 
 
 Kapsallou, tn., Greece, on the S. ct. of Cerigo I. P. 5000. 
 
 Kap-sau, tn., Korea, 140 m. N. by E. Won-san, with copper 
 ores ; gold, silver, and lead are also worked ; 300-400 houses. 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1892, p. 150. 
 
 Kapte, vil., central Africa, 12 m. W. Lake Baringo, in 0° 
 3S' N. , 35° 22' E. 
 
 Kapuas (Dutch spelling Kapoeas), riv., Dutch Borneo, 
 flowing W. past Pontianak, and entering the China Sea just N. 
 of the equator ; navigable by large boats for upwards of 400 m. 
 Coalfields extend along its course for 160 m., between 111° and 
 112° 40' E. 
 
 Kapuas Mnroiig, riv., Dutch Borneo, flowing S. into the 
 Java Sea, to the E. of 114° E. 
 
 Kapn Dagb, the ancient Cyzicus, mountainous penin. , Asia 
 Minor, connected by a narrow isthmus with the middle of the S. 
 shore of the Sea of Marmora ; seat of a Greek metropolitan. 
 
 Kapujlkb, mt. , Russia, Transcaucasia, rises on Armenian 
 plateau, 39° 7' N., 44° 3' E. Alt. 12,855 ft- 
 
 Kapunda, mining tp. and municip. , S. Australia, Light co. , 
 45 m. NNE. Adelaide, with the first copper-mines (discovered 
 1843) worked in Australia. Alt. 800 ft. Mean temp., yr. 60.7° 
 F., Jan. 72.8°, July 48.6°; rfall. (22 yrs.), 19.76 in. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kapikrthala, chief tn. of K. state (area, 598 sq. m. ; P. 
 299,690), India, Punjab, 33 m. ESE. Amritsar. P. 16,700; 
 Moham. 10,200 ; Hindus, 5300. 
 
 Kapnstlnka, or Kapustln Yar, tn. , SE. Russia, govt, and 
 175 ni. NW. of Astrakhan, near the Akhtuba. P. 7500. 
 
 KapuT&r, comm. , Hungary, prov. and 20 m. ESE. Oden- 
 burg. P. 6100. 
 
 Kara, Turkish, 'black.' 
 
 Kara, tn. , India, NW. Provs. See Karra. 
 
 Kara, small riv. (17 m. long), E. Siberia, prov. Trans- 
 baikalia, dist. Nerchinsk, 1. bk. trib. of Shilka, which it joins 
 100 m. below Nerchinsk. In its vaUey are the rich Kara 
 gold-washings [Kariyskiye promysly, or Kara), yielding an 
 average of 3600 lbs. of gold every year, belonging to the 
 ' Cabinet of the Emperor,' and worked by hard-labour convicts. 
 These are kept in three prisons, Upper Kara, Middle Kara, 
 and Lower Kara, which are the chief penal settlements of 
 Siberia. P. about 3000. 
 
 Kara Alan, vil., E. Roumelia, circle Haskovo. P. <3000. 
 
 Karabagb ('black garden'), former khanate, later on prov. 
 of Transcaucasia, now part of Shush a dist. of Baku. 
 
 Karabeal, post-vil. , Australia, Victoria, Dundas co. , 214 m. 
 by road and rail W. Melbourne. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Karabogtaa, anchorage, Asia Minor, on the Sea of Marmora, 
 35 m. E. Gallipoli, sheltered from NW. winds by the Kale- 
 burun (cape). 
 
 Kara-bogbaz, or Kara-bngaz (Turkoman Gull-darlya, or 
 AJl-darlya), large gulf, Caspian Sea, on its E. shore, sepa- 
 rated from it by a narrow sandbank, pierced by but a narrow 
 passage, the Kara-boghaz Strait. Maximum lengthy 100 m. 
 from W. to E.; maximum width, 87 m. ; depth, 4-5 fathoms. 
 
 773 
 
KARA — KARA 
 
 Surrounded on N. and E. shore by clay cliffs. Discovered only 
 in 1836. 
 
 Kara-Bndakb-keiit, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Dag- 
 hestan, 57 m. NW. Derbent, 3 m. from Caspian. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ksrabunar, tn., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. and 18 
 m. SW. by W. Burgas. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kara>1>iuran Lake, in E. Turkistan, in the course of the 
 Tarim, where it changes from S. to E., in about 88° 20' E. 
 
 Kara-barnn ('black cape'), Asia Minor, Sea of Marmora, 
 32 m. E. by N. Gallipoli. 
 
 Kara-bnnin, cape, Turkey in Europe, on the Black Sea, in 
 41° 22' N. 
 
 Karachal, previously a khanate, now part of Russia, Trans- 
 caucasia, alpine portion of dist. Batalpashinsk, prov. Kuban. 
 
 KarachCT, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 55 m. by rail WN W. 
 of Orel ; trade in grain, hemp, and hempseed oil. P. 25,200. 
 
 Karachi, or Knrrachee, seapt. tn. and municip. , Brit. India, 
 cap. Sind, and dist. K., 90 m. WSW. Haidaribid, on a small 
 bay to the W. of the Indus, provided artificially with an excellent 
 harbour. Its trade, especially its export trade in wheat, has 
 increased greatly since the completion in 1878 of the standard- 
 gauge railway connecting Sind with the Punjab, and K. now 
 ranks as one of the four great seaports of India. The tidal 
 harbour, which has 237I ac. of anchorage space, and one side 
 of which is formed by the former isl. of Kiamari, now con- 
 nected by the Napier mole with the mainland, has a depth at the 
 entrance of 23J ft. at low water, 33^ ft. high water ordinary 
 spring tides. Annual value of exports, _,{'4-5, 000,000. Mean 
 temp., yr. j-f F., Jan. 65°, June 87°; rfaU. yr. 7.8 in., July- 
 Aug. 4.9 in. P. (1872) 33,500; (1881) 73,600; (1891) 98,200 
 (Moham. 51,400; Hindus, 42,000); cantonment, 7000; Hindus, 
 2500 ; Moham. 1600. 
 
 Karacholan, ruined tn. , Asiatic Turkey, prov. Mosul, dist. 
 and about 15 m. NE. Sulaimanieh ; formerly the residence of 
 the principal chiefs of S. Kurdistan. 
 
 Kar^d, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. SAtira, 85 m. S. by 
 E. Poona. P. 12,100; Hindus, 10,200. 
 
 Karikd, comm. , Hungary, co. Somogy, dist. Tab. P. <40oo. 
 
 Karadagh, dist. , Persia, prov. Azerbaijan, on the N. frontier 
 of prov. , between 46° and 48° E. 
 
 Kara Dagh (or Tagb) (' black mountain'), a mountain range 
 of European Turkey, pash. and 32 m. E. Prizren. Alt. 2770 ft. 
 
 Kara-I>engglz, Turkish name for the Black Sea. 
 
 Knradfilar, \il. , E. Roumelia, circle Haskovo. P. <3000. 
 
 Karaferia, Servian Verhoye, Greek Venia, tn. , Turkey in 
 Europe, prov. and 38 m. W. byS. Salonica. P. 8000; Moham. 
 2000 (G. inq. 158). 
 
 Karagach-Liman, bay, Turkey in Europe, in the N. of the 
 .^gean Sea, in 26°-26° 10' E. 
 
 Karagasses, dying out Turkish stem, E. Siberia, living now 
 in the Sayan Mts. , in govts. Yeniseisk and Irkutsk. 
 
 Karaghan, plain, Persia, in the NW. of prov. Irak-Ajemi. 
 
 Karagwe, mountainous region, central Africa, on the W. 
 side of Lake Victoria Nyanza, to the S. of 1° S. The inhabitants 
 appear to belong to two distinct races : the Wanyambo, negroes, 
 forming the mass of the population ; the Wahuma, the dominant 
 race, apparently of Galla stock. 
 
 Kara-Hl8sar (' Black Castle'), tn., Asia Minor, vilayet and 
 81 m. ENE. Sivas, stands on a rocky platform, in the midst of 
 a dist. rich in minerals ; cap. sanjak K. The town, which is 
 dominated by a fortress of the time of the Comneni, is also 
 called K..-H. Sharfcl. Alt. 5280 ft. P. 11,700; Sunna Moham. 
 4800 ; Shia Moham. 2500 ; Armenians of various rites, 2700 
 (Cuinet). See also Develtt^KaraliJssar. 
 
 Kara-taotnn, tn. , China. See Lanplng-lislen. 
 
 Karat, two vils., Russia, govt. Saratov, dist. Balashov, 143 
 m. W. of cap. of govt., on Khoper R. P. 4000 and 5500. 
 
 Ksraia, tn. , Central India, Gwalior state. P. 7100 ; Hindus, 
 6500 ; Jain, 300. 
 
 Kar^ib<irl, forest tract within the Garo Hills, India, Assam. 
 
 Karalkkndl, tn., India, Madras, dist. Madura. P. 6600; 
 Hindus, 6400. 
 
 Karalm, tn., Egypt, 15 m. E. by N. Zagazig. P. 6200. 
 
 Karaites, or Karalms, branch of Jews inhabiting Crimea, 
 and partly in the govts. Kherson, Volhynia, Vilno, and Kovno. 
 They do not obey the Talmud, and recognise the books of 
 Moses only ; speak a Turko-Tatar language, and use old 
 Hebraic in worship. They have more likeness with Crimean 
 Tatars than with Western Jews, and dress in Oriental fashion. 
 They have penetrated into Russia (probably in the 7th century) 
 from Persia through Transcaucasia. P. estimated at 5500, out 
 of whom 4500 in Crimea. 
 
 Karaiytir, viL, Ceylon, dist. and div. Jaffna. P. 6400. 
 
 Karaja-dagh, somewhat isolated mt. , Turkey in Asia, SW. 
 of Diarbekir. Alt 6500 ft. See Cerna-gora. 
 
 Karaja^agh, mt. chain. Eastern Roumelia, S. of the Balkans, 
 running parallel to them, but separated by the Tunja. Alt. 3610 ft. 
 
 Karaja-Fokla, Anatolia. See Foctaa. 
 
 Karajaltt, tn., Turkey in Etirope, prov. and 16 m. N. by E. 
 Gallipoli, on the Gulf of Saros. 
 774 
 
 K&rajg&on (Karasgaou, census), tn., Brit. India, Berar, 
 dist. Ellichpur, 28 m. NNW. Anu-aoti. P. 6800 ; Hindus, 6000. 
 
 Karak, Kharak, or KareJ, isl. , in the Persian Gulf, 35 m. 
 NW. Bushire. It is about 15 m. in circimiference, of coral forma- 
 tion, and has on its N. side an old Dutch fort, with a village 
 inhabited by about 1000 Arabs. Chief industry, raising fruits 
 and pearl-fishing. Ships bear up hither from Bushire during 
 strong SW. winds in the gulf, and anchor near it in safety. 
 Held by the British in the war of 1856-57. 
 
 Karakakna, bay, on the 'W. side of Hawaii, in the Sandwich Is. 
 
 Kara Kara, co., Victoria, crossed by 37° S. and 143° E. 
 
 Karakash, tn., central Asia, E. Turkistan, on Karakash R., 
 16 m. NNW. Khotan. 
 
 Karakash, riv. , central Asia, rises on the N. slope of the 
 Karakoram Mts. in Kashmir, 34° 50' N. , 78° 45' E. , at a probable 
 alt. of 16,800 ft. above the sea. It flows first in a general NNE. 
 direction to the foot of the Kuen-lun Mts. , then turns WNW. 
 to Shadihula (11,780 ft.), about 200 m. from its source, where it 
 bends to NE. and passes through the Kuen-lun Range. Beyond 
 Shadihula its course is unknown, except at one point, 37° 15' N., 
 79° 45' E., but it is believed to unite with the Yurungkash, in 
 about 38° 10' N. , 80° 35' E. , to form the Khotan R. 
 
 Karakelang, isl. , Eastern Archipelago, one of the Sangir Is. , 
 NE. of Celebes I. 
 
 Karaklls, Large and Small, vils., Russia, Transcaucasia, 
 prov. and 40 m. NNW. of Erivaii. P. 5700. 
 
 Karak-Moba, tn. , Syria. See Kerak. 
 
 Karakol, Asiatic Russia. See Przbevalsk. 
 
 Karakoram, mt. range. See Himalayas. 
 
 Karakornm, or Caracoron, ancient city of central Asia, 
 said by Chinese authors to have been founded in the 8th 
 century, from 1234 to 1256 cap. of the Mongol empire, now 
 represented by the ruins of Kara-Balgasun, on the 1. bk. of the 
 upper Orkhon, about 30 m. above its confluence with the Urtu- 
 Tamir, in 47° 15' N., 102° 20' E. about 230 m. WSW. Urga. 
 See Yule's Marco Polo, I. 204 ; and Proc. R. G. S. , 1890, p. 424. 
 
 Karaknl, Great ( ' Great Black Lake '), irregularly shaped lake 
 on the Khargosh Pamir, central Asia, crossed in the S. by 39° N. , 
 in the E. by 73^ E. , about 15 m. long by 12^ m. broad ; divided 
 into two basins, E. and W. , by a penin. and irregularly shaped 
 island, the W. basin with a depth of 755 ft., the E. under 65 ft. 
 No outlet at present ; but, according to Geiger, formerly, when 
 its area was thrice what it is now, with a double outlet, one N. 
 to a trib. of the Tarim basin, and one SW. to the Amu basin. 
 Water somewhat brackish. Alt. 12,700 ft. (Sven Hedin, ab. 
 and bp. ). See Geiger, Die Pamirgebiete, pp. 122-23, ^^^i*! Peter- 
 mann's Mitteil, 1894, pp. 211-12. 
 
 Karaknl, Kittle, a small lake in the E. of the Pamirs, in the 
 Sarik-kol, in the course of the Southern Gez, about 90 m. ESE. 
 of the Great Karakul. 
 
 Kara-knlak, vil. , W. Siberia, on Ui R. , trib. of Tobol, 250 
 m. ESE. Ufa. P. <sooo. 
 
 Kara-knm (Kirghiz Black Sands), deserts, Russian Central 
 Asia. 1. In NE. of Lake Aral, about 235 m. from WNW. to 
 ESE. , and 85 m. wide. 2. See Transcasplan Territory. 
 
 Kara-kynra, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Daghestan, 
 dist. Samurzakaii, 48 m. SSW. Derbent. P. < 5000. 
 
 Karall, stn. , Nyassa-land, on the W. shore of Lake Nyassa, 
 in 12° 13' S. 
 
 Karaman, the ancient Laranda, tn. , Asia Minor, 65 m. SE. 
 Konia. 
 
 Karamanla, region, Asia Minor, included within the pash. 
 of Konia, comprising most of the E. portion of the central 
 tableland, between 36^ 50' and 39° 10' N., 31° and 50° E. 
 
 Karambar, riv. , central Asia, issues from K. Sar Lake, flows 
 S. into the Gilghit R. See Chltral Birer. 
 
 KaramnlUa ('the Destroyer of Religious Merit'), India, 
 stream rising in the Kdimur Hills, flows for the most part NE. 
 on the boundary between Bengal and NW. Provs., then N. 
 and NE., and finally enters the Ganges; during the rainy 
 season boats of about two tons can navig^ate the lower parts 
 of the river. The river is regarded with great abhorrence by 
 Hindus, and no person of any caste will either drink or 
 touch its waters except those who reside on its banks. 
 
 Karamoyo, mts. , or rather edge of highlands on the W. side 
 of the great trough of E. Africa, in about 2°-4° N. , 34°-3S'' E. , 
 W. of Lake Rudolf. 
 
 Karamnren ('blackriver'), Mongol name of upper Hwang-ho. 
 
 Karamnrsal, tn., Asia Minor, on the S. shore of the Gulf of 
 Ismid, 46 m. NE. Brussa. 
 
 Karangbolong, tn., Java, S. ct., in about 109° 46' E. 
 
 Karanja, tn., Brit. India, Berar, dist. and 36 m. SW. by S. 
 Amrdoti. P. (1881) 10,900; (1891) 14,400; Hindiis, 10,100; 
 Moham. 3600. 
 
 Karanja Island, isl., Brit. India, on the E. side of Bombay 
 Harb. , held by the Portuguese from 1530 to 1740, with ruins of 
 Portuguese hermitages and churches ; occupied by the Mardthds 
 until 1774, when it came into the hands of the English. Special 
 exports, salt and mahud and date liquor. Chief industry of the 
 people is fishing. 
 
K A R A - 
 
 Kara-Nor, or Kliala-Cbl, lake, central Asia, in the Chinese 
 prov. of Sinkiang, about 200 m. E. by N. Lake Lob-Nor. 
 
 Karanpnra, coalfield, Brit. India, Bengal, in the W. of dist. 
 Hdzaribdgh, 120 m. S. Patnd, traversed by the Damodar R. 
 
 Kardnsebes, tn., with magistracy, Hungary, 55 m. ESE. 
 Temesvar. P. 5500. 
 
 Kara-Ova-Sa, the ancient Aigos-Potamos, riv., European 
 Turkey, flows into the Dardanelles a few miles SW. of Gallipoli. 
 
 Karapca (karapcha), vil., Bulgaria, prov. and 43 m. NE. 
 Varna, on the Black Sea. 
 
 Karapczen, tn. , Austria, prov. Bukowina, dist. Wiznitz. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Kararamnka, English mission station in Ger. E. Africa, 
 about 32 m. NW. by W. of the head of Lake Nyassa. 
 
 Karas, riv. , Hungary, small 1. bk. trib. of Danube, which it 
 enters about 21° 20' E. 
 
 Kara Sea (Russian Karskoye More), sea, Russia, part of 
 Arctic Ocean, between Novaya Zemlya in NW., and the Yalmal 
 penin. of Siberia in SE., over 300 m. long, and 170 m. wide, 
 entered from the W. by Yugorskiy Shar (between mainland 
 and Vaigach L), Kara Strait, or Karskiya Vorota, 27 m. wide 
 (between Vaigach and Novaya Zemlya), and narrow Matochkin 
 Shar, which divides Novaya Zemlya into two parts. Was con- 
 sidered as an 'ice-cellar' until 1870-73, when it was opened 
 by several Norwegian captains, soon followed by Nordenskjold 
 and Captain Wiggins. Both the sea and the two southern 
 straits are open for three to six weeks every year, and the Kara 
 Sea has now become the route for trade of Europe with the Ob 
 and Yenisei. 
 
 Karasgaon, tn. , India. See KdrajKi^on. 
 
 Karasbar, oasis and fort. Eastern Turkistan, on the Yulduz 
 R. , in about 42° 10' N. , 87 E. P. about 11,000. 
 
 Karasjok, vil., Norway, Finmark, on the riv. Karasjok, 1. bk. 
 trib. of the Tana, 69° 18' N. Alt. 438 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), 
 yr. 26.4° F. , Feb. 1.0°, July 54.1°. 
 
 Karas Mountains, a range of mts. composed of Silurian sand- 
 stone, in the SE. of Great Namaqualand, in about 27°-27i° S. , 
 18° 40' E. 
 
 Karas Mountains, Little, a range to the W. of the Karas 
 Mts. , crossed by 18'' E. 
 
 Karassl, sanjak of Khodavendikiar prov., Asiatic Turkey, on 
 the Sea of Marmora and ^gean Sea ; cap. Balikesri. 
 
 Kara-Su ('black river"), a name applied to numerous rivers 
 in the Turkish dominions, among which are the W. branch of 
 the Euphrates (^. v.). See also Struma and Kerkha. 
 
 Kara-Sn, riv., Asia Minor, pash. Angora, trib. to the Kizil 
 Irmak. The city of Kaisariyeh is on its 1. bk. 
 
 Kara-Sn, riv. , in the N W. of Persia, flows W. then N. into 
 the Aras. 
 
 Kara-Su, riv. , Turkey in Europe, rises in the Rhodope Mts. , 
 and flows SE. into the ^gean Sea NE. of Thasos I. In its 
 lower course it forms the E. boundary of Macedonia. 
 
 Karasn-bazar, tn. , Russia, Crimea, govt. Taurida, dist. and 
 
 28 m. ENE. Simpheropol ; trade in wine, animal produce, 
 fruits, ard morocco leather goods. 
 
 Karasnlskoye, vil., Russia, W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, on 
 great highway, 100 m. ESE. Tyumeii. P. < 5000. 
 Karasuln, tn. and rly. stn. , Turkey in Europe, on the Vardar, 
 
 29 m. NW. by N. Salonica. 
 
 Karasu-Yenije, tn., Turkey in Eiu'ope, prov. Giimiirjina, 
 IS m. NE. of the mouth of the Kara-Su. P. <3000. 
 
 Karatagb, tn. , Bukhara, 100 m. SE. Samarkand. 
 
 Karatash-bumn ('black-stone cape'), cape, in the SE. of 
 Asia Minor, at NW. of mouth of Gulf of Alexandretta. 
 
 Karatan, chain of mts., Russian Turkistan, shooting NW. 
 for about 300 m., from the Tian Shan Mts. along r. bk. of 
 Syr-daria. Alt. 7000-11,000 ft. 
 
 Karategln, or Karateghin, khanate, central Asia, in NW. 
 of the Pamirs, valley of the Surkh-ab (trib. Vaksh) ; chief town, 
 Garm ; vassal to Bukhara. See Bnktaara and Pamirs. 
 
 Kara-tepe (' black hill '), frontier vil. , Afghanistan, in Badghiz 
 country, on 1. bk. of Kushk R. 
 
 KaratoTa, Turkey. See KratOTO. 
 
 Karatsu, tn. , Japan, Kiushiu, 45 m. N. Nagasaki ; coal is 
 extensively mined. P. 7700. 
 
 Karauli, Kerowlee, cap. of native state K. (1229 sq. m., P. 
 156,600), India, Rajputana, 55 m. SW. by S. Bhartpur, sur- 
 rounded by a wall of sandstone, also protected on the N. and 
 E. by ravines. P. (1881) 25,600; (1891) 23,100. 
 
 Karanlnoye, vil., Russia, E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, on 1. 
 bk. Yenisei, 76 m. SW. Krasnoyarsk. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kara-nsn ('black waters'), Mongol name of the upper 
 Mekong. 
 
 Kara-nsn, or Ike Aral Xor, lake, western Mongolia, to the 
 E. of Kobdo, crossed by 48° N. and 92° E., 40 m. long by 
 10-15 ™' wide ; receives the Kobelo R. , drained by the 
 Chor-Khariz into Lake Durga-Nor. 
 
 KaraTukoTa, vil. , Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. Hddsdg. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Karawanken Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions, III. C. 3. 
 
 - K ARK 
 
 Karbitz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 5 m. ENE. Teplitz. P. 
 <:5ooo. 
 
 Kar'cblkan, range of mts. parallel to S. shore of Lake Van, 
 Turkish Kurdistan. 
 
 Karczag, tn. , with magistracy, Hungary, 35 m. WSW. Deb- 
 reczin. P. 18,200. 
 Kardakata, vil., Greece, in the NW. of Cephalonia I. 
 Kardamylc, comm., Greece, prov. Laconia, on the E. shore 
 of the Gulf of Messenia, 16 m. SW. by S. Sparta. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kardascta ftecitz, tn., Bohemia, 23 m. NE. Budweis. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Kardashevskoye, vil. , W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, on r. bk. 
 Irtysh, 96 m. NE. of Omsk. P. < 5000. 
 Kardeta, Persia. See Klardl. 
 
 Kardltsa, tn., Greece, prov. Trikkala, 28 m. W. by N. 
 Pharsalos. P. 6800. 
 
 Kardong, Himalayan vlL, India, Punjab, dist Kdngra, on 
 1. bk. of the Bhdga, the largest viL in the L4hul valley. P. < 5000 
 Kardong Pass, Himalayas. See Ktaardung. 
 KareJ, Persian islands. See Karak. 
 Karelia. See Finland. 
 
 Kare'ma (e as in ' get '), mission stn., on the E. side of Lake 
 Tanganyika, in 6° 50' S. 
 
 Karen-ni, dist., stretching E. from the Paung-laung Range, 
 Lower Burma. Chiefly high tableland (alt. 3000-4000 ft.), in- 
 habited by the Red Karens, so named from the bright red 
 turban they wear. 
 Karens, tribe. See Burma. 
 
 Karesvando, vil, Sweden, Lapland, on the Muonio, 180 m. 
 N. by W. TorneL Alt. 1060 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 
 27.2° F. , Feb. 4.0°, July 55.0°. 
 
 Karf, vil, Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Oppeln, circle Beuthen, 
 with iron and zinc (calamine) mines. P. <;3000. 
 
 Karfrelt (German, Italian Caporetta), vil., Austria, Gorz 
 and Gradisca, on the Isonzo, 22 m. N. by W. Gorz. P. <20oo. 
 Kargal'lk, large and thriving market- tn., Eastern Turkistan, 
 36 m. S. by E. of Yarkand, is situated at the junction of all the 
 important routes from India to Yarkand and Kashgar. It is 
 watered '.ly a canal cut from the Tiznaf R. Alt. 4370 ft. P. 
 about 10,000. 
 
 Kai^allnsk, copper-mines, Russia, govt, and 27 m. NW. of 
 Orenburg. 
 Kargban, Persia. See Kergan. 
 
 Kargll, oasis, India, Kashmir, filling a beautiful valley tra- 
 versed by the Sum, 85 m. ENE. Srfnagar. 
 
 Kargopol, dist. tn. , N. Russia, govt. Olonets, 406 m. E. of 
 Petrozavodsk, on 1. bk. Onega, at its outflow from Lake Lache. 
 Over 200,000 ftirs of squirrels exported every year. Mean temp. 
 (15 yrs.), yr. 34.2° F., Jan. 8.2°, July 63.1°. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Karhal, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Mainpuri, 94 m. 
 WNW. Cawnpur. P. (1881) 7900; (1891) 6300; Hindus, 
 3700 ; Moham. 1700. 
 
 Karbarbdri, or Kurhurbaree, Brit. India, Bengal, dist. 
 Haziribagh, 66 m. NW. Ranfganj ; coalfield, 11 sq. m. in 
 extent, producing coal capable of being used in iron-smelting, 
 which the Rdnfganj coal is not ; railway stn. (Glrldbl). 
 
 K4rikdl ('the fish pass'), maritime tn. , French India, on 
 the Coromandel coast, 13 m. N. Negapatam, in a fertile country 
 watered by six branches of the Cauvery, and doing a brisk trade 
 in rice with Ceylon. Franco-Indian Rly. from K. to Peralam 
 projected. P. settlement (1883) 93,100; (1891)70,500. 
 
 Karlmatd, isls. , Eastern Archipelago, off the W. ct. of Dutch 
 
 Borneo, to the N. of 2° S. , separated from Billiton I. by K. Strait. 
 
 KarimganJ, vil. , Brit. India, Assam, dist. and 28 m. E. Sylhet. 
 
 Karimon, isl.. Eastern Archipelago, between the Malay 
 
 Penin. and the E. ct. of Sumatra, to the W. of the Strait of 
 
 Singapore. 
 
 Karlot, Greek Nlkaria, the ancient Icaria, isl., Asiatic 
 Turkey, to the W. of Samos, 25 m. long WSW. to ENE. 
 Length, WSW. to ESE. , 26 m. ; average breadth, 7 m. ; area, 
 103 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). Cap. Fanari. P. (1892) 12,890, nearly 
 all Greeks, and chiefly engaged in agriculture and charcoal 
 burning. See Monogfraph in Petermann s Mitteil, 1894, p. 256. 
 Karlr, isl., India, Cutch, in the Great Rann of Cutch, 
 crossed by 70° 20' E. 
 Kariz, Persian, a canal for irrigation. 
 
 Karjat, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, Ahmadnagar dist., in 
 18° 33' N. , 75° 3' E. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Karjat, vil. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Thdna, 35 m. E. by 
 S. Bombay. 
 
 Karkacha, range of mts. , Afghanistan, stretching SSW. from 
 the Kabul R. to the western extremity of the Safid Koh, about 
 40 m. E. Kabul. 
 
 Karkamb, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Sholapur, 177 m. 
 N. by W. Bijapur. P. 7600 ; Hindus, 6700. 
 Karkar, mt. range, Somali-land. See Darror. 
 Karkar, Dampler, or Noah Island, German New Guinea, 
 crossed by 4° 40' S. and 146° E. 
 
 Karkaraly, dist. tn., Russian Central Asia, prov. Semipala- 
 tinsk, 378 m. SW. of Omsk, at Karkaraly Mts. P. <Sooo. 
 
 775 
 
KARK — KARO 
 
 Karkarooc, co. , Victoria, stretching from the Murray R. to 
 36° S. , between 142° and 143° E. ; includes Mildura as one of 
 its ' shires. ' 
 
 Karkelbeck, vil. , E. Prussia, circle and dist Memel, with 
 amber deposits. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Karkennah, isL, Tunis. See Kerkeuiiah. 
 
 Karkhanda, tn. , India. See Kliarkhaiida. 
 
 Karkog, tn. , eastern Sudan, on the r. bk. of the Bahr-el- 
 Azrek, 60 m. SE. Sennar. 
 
 Karlanda, vil. , Sweden, prov. Vermland, aokil. W. Karlstad. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Karlberg, royal castle, Sweden, prov. Stockholm, E. side of 
 Lake Malar, 2 m. NNW. Stockholm, with military academy. 
 
 Kilrll, cave-temple in Poona dist., Brit. India, Bombay, 
 in 18° 45' N. , 73° 31' E. , the largest and most complete Chaitya 
 cave hitherto discovered in India. 
 
 Karl Lofts, remarkable antiquity, Eng., Westmorland, 2 m. 
 S. Shap, originally an area J m. long, 30 to 60 ft wide, enclosed 
 by huge granite blocks, now intersected by the main line of the 
 L. & NW. R. 
 
 KarloTa, comm. , Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. Torok-Becse. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 KarloTiic, Croatia. See Karlsbni^. 
 
 Karlovase, tn. , on the N. ct. of the isl. of Samos. 
 
 KarloTlce Velk«^, tn. , Austria. See Gross Karlowltz. 
 
 KarloTlcz (Hungarian Karldcza), tn., Hungary, Croatia- 
 Slavonia, 6 m. SE. by S. Peterwardein, with a steam-packet 
 station on r. bk. of the Danube. A memorable treaty between 
 Austria and Turkey was concluded here in 1699. The dist. 
 produces a strong and sweet red wine. P. 5500. 
 
 KarloTO, tn. , Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. and 35 m. 
 N. Philipf)op)olis. P. 8000. 
 
 Karlsbad ('Charles's bath'), tn., Austria, Bohemia, circle 
 Elbogen, on the Tepl, near its junction with the Eger, 66 m. 
 W. by N. Prague ; famous for its hot springs. The town, the 
 most fashionable watering-place in Austria, occupies the bottom 
 of a narrow valley between steep granite mountains, and con- 
 sists mainly of lodging-houses and hotels for visitors. It 
 possesses numerous thermo-sulphated saline springs, with a 
 temp, ranging from i04°-i65° F. ; of these, the Sprudel, temp. 
 165° F., deposits so much incrustation, and is forced upwards 
 with such violence, that fresh orifices have to be continually 
 bored to prevent explosions and damage to the town. The 
 Miihlbrunnen, temp. 138° F. , furnishes most of the water used 
 for drinking. Vapour baths have been constructed over the 
 Hygienquelle. The public walks around the town are admired. 
 The baths are mostly frequented from June to September. K. 
 is celebrated for the congress held there in 1819. Alt. 1243 ft- 
 Mean temp., yr. 46° F. , winter 36.3°, summer 63.7°. P. 12,000. 
 
 Karlsborg^ tn., Sweden, prov. Skaraborg, on the W. side of 
 Lake Wetter, 18 m. W. Motala. P. < 2000. 
 
 Karli^briiiin, watering-place, .Austria, Silesia, circle Freuden- 
 thal, with mineral springs charged with carbonic acid. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Karlsburg (German, in Hungarian Karoly (or €>yiila) 
 Feh^rrllr, the latter meaning 'white fortress of Julius'), the 
 ancient Apulum, fortified tn. , with magistracy, Hungary, 33 m. 
 NW. by W. Hermannstadt, seat of the Bishops of Transylvania ; 
 it has a Roman Catholic gymnasium, with the provincial archives, 
 a mint, observatory, &c. In the neighbourhood, on the Maros, 
 are vineyards of exquisite growth. There are Roman remains, 
 and a collection of mediaeval MSS. In the reig^ of Charles 
 VI., Prince Eugene founded the actual citadel 1715, and called 
 it ' the White Castle of Charles ' {Karoly Fehirvdr). Alt. 720- 
 755 ft. P. (1869) 8000; (1890) 8200. 
 
 Karlsfeld, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 19 m. N W. by N. Karls- 
 bad (Bohemia). P. <20oo. 
 
 Karlsliamn, seapt. tn. , Sweden, prov. Blekinge, on the S. 
 ct., 29 m. E. by N. Christianstad. The basin (length, 2624 ft.) 
 varies in depth from 22-28 ft. Anchorage good. Mean temp. , 
 yr. 44.3° F. , Feb. 28.4°, July 63.0°. P. 7200. 
 
 Karlskrona, fortified seapt. tn. , Sweden, and the principal 
 station of the Swedish navy, near the S. extremity of the 
 kingdom, on five small islands in the Baltic, connected by four- 
 teen bridges with each other and the mainland, 47 m. SW. 
 Kalmar. Harbour safe, with water sufficient for the largest 
 ships, and three entrances, defended by several strong forts ; the 
 inner harbour can accommodate vessels of 17-20 ft. draught. 
 Town, built principally of wood, is separated by a wall from an 
 extensive naval arsenal and dockyard. Manufactures of naval 
 equipments, canvas, linen cloths, and leather; and an export 
 trade in metals, potash, and other Baltic produce. P. (1865) 
 16,245; (1890)20,600. 
 
 Karlsrnhe ('Charles's Rest'), tn., W. Germany, cap. gd.- 
 duchy of Baden, circle K. , 4 m. E. of the Rhine, and 39 m. WNW. 
 Stuttgart The city is regularly laid out in a fan-shape, the rays 
 centring at the castle. It is supplied with water by an aque- 
 duct from Durlach, and ornamented with fountains, and a stone 
 pyramid in the market-place, under which the founder of the 
 city was buried. The gardens of the palace form the chief 
 public promenade. Manufactures of jewellery, carpets, and 
 776 
 
 chemical products, furniture, machinery, tools, and carriages, 
 iron-wares, cement, and pottery ware. Alt 404 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 49.3° F.; Jan. 33.4°, July 67.0°; rfall. (54 yrs.), 28.56 
 in. P. (1871) 36,582, of whom nearly two-thirds are Protestants 
 (1891) 73,700. 
 
 Karlsrahe, vil. , Prussia, Silesia, circle Oppeln, 35 m. ESE. 
 Breslau. P. <30oo. 
 
 Karlstad, tn., Sweden, prov. Vermland, on the N. side of 
 Lake Wener, at the mouth of the Klar-Elf, and on the small 
 isl. of Tingvalla, connected with the mainland by two bridges, 
 61 m. W. by N. Orebro. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 42.4° F. , 
 Feb. 25.0°, July 62.9°. P. 8700. 
 
 Karlstadt, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 on the r. bk. of the Main, 14 m. NNW. Wtirzburg, circle K. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Karlstadt (German, in Hungarian KilrolyrAros, Slavonic 
 KarloT&c), tn., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, 25 m. SW. by W. 
 Agram. P. 5600. 
 
 Karlnk, port of call for Alaskan steamers, on Kadlak I. [q.v. ). 
 
 Karmilla, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Sholapur, 85 m. E. 
 by S. Poona. P. 6100 ; Hindus, 4900. 
 
 Kanuaii, Persia. See Kerniaii. 
 
 Kannanshab. See Kermansbahau. 
 
 Kanno, isl. , Norway, off the W. ct. , prov. Stavanger, 18 m. 
 long, S. end 21 m. NW. Stavanger. 
 
 Karmntzen, lake, Vancouver I. , Brit. Columbia, drained by 
 Nimkish R. into Queen Charlotte Sound. 
 
 Karaabat, or Kamobat, tn. , Bulgaria, Eastern Roimielia, 
 prov. and 26 m. WNW. Burgas. P. 5100. 
 
 Karnagarh, hill or plateau, India, Bengal, dist. and near 
 town of Bhdgalpur. 
 
 Kamak, viL, Upper Egypt, prov. and 34 m. SSE. Keneh, 
 500 yards from the r. bk. of the Nile, in 25° 43' N. ; to this village, 
 the finest group of the ruins of ancient Thebes owes its name. 
 
 Karnak I/o'goue. See Logon Blml. 
 
 Kam&l, tn., Brit India, Punjab, cap. dist. K., 50 m. S. by 
 E. Ambila; a city of great antiquity. P. (1868)27,000; (1891) 
 22,000 ; Hindus, 14,300 ; Moham. 7400. 
 
 Kam&la, or Funnel Hill, fort and hill, Brit India, Bombay, 
 Thdna dist. , 23 m. E. by S. of the city of Bombay. Alt 1560 ft. 
 
 Karn&ll Gogra and K. Sarda, rivs. , India. See Gogra. 
 
 Karnap, viL, Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Diisseldorf, circle 
 Essen. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Kamaphnll, riv. , Brit. India, Bengal, flows first S. through 
 a valley in the Chittagong Hill tracts, then circuitously SW. 
 through a number of mountain ranges, and passes the town of 
 Chittagong a little above its mouth in the NE. of the Bay of 
 Bengal ; navigable by sea-going vessels to Chittagong, by cargo- 
 boats to Kasalong, 96 m. up, a little above the point where it 
 begins its SW. course. 
 
 KamAtlk, or Carnatlc, from KamatAka-desa, the Kana- 
 rese country, a name properly applied to the region of the Indian 
 Penin. in which Kanarese is spoken, corresponding nearly to the 
 state of Mysore, with some adjacent parts of Madras and Bombay, 
 but erroneously applied by Europeans to the region E. of the 
 Ghits from Cape Comorin to 18° N. , that is, the 'Tamil country, 
 with the Telugu dist of NeUore, on the Coromandel coast 
 
 Karnes, co., U.S., Texas, in the SE., crossed by 29° N. and 
 by 98° W. 
 
 Kamobat, tn. , Bulgaria. See Karnabat. 
 
 Karns City, bor. , U. S. , Pennsylvania, Butler co. , 37 m. NNE. 
 Allegheny ; has oil-wells and coal-mines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kiimthen, prov. , Austria. See Carlnthla. 
 
 Karndl (Knrnool, census), municip., Brit. India, Madras, 
 cap. dist. K., 88 m. NE. by E. Bellary, on a rocky spit of land 
 at the junction of the Hindri and Tungabhadra Rivs. ; with a 
 fort, dismantled in 1865. Endemic fever has been prevalent since 
 the construction of the K. Canal (for navigation and irrigation), 
 which connects the Tungabhadra above K. with the Penner 
 above Cuddapah; length, 189 m. (of which 140 are in K. dist). 
 P. (1891)24,400; Moham. 12,600; Hindus, 11,400. 
 
 Karoa, vil. , Portuguese E. .A.frica, 105m. WNW. Mozambique. 
 
 Karollnentbal, tn., Austria, Bohemia, cap. dist K., circle 
 and adjoining Prague on the NE. , between the riv. Moldau and 
 the 2izka-Berg. P. 19,500. 
 
 KArolyfalra, tn. , Hungary, co. Temes, dist Feh^rtemplom. 
 P. <;4000. 
 
 Karoly- Feb^rvAr, Hungary. See Karlsbnrg. 
 
 K&roly, Xagy. See Nagy-Kikroly. 
 
 KArolyviiros, Croatia-Slavonia. See Karlstadt. 
 
 Karond, or KAlAbandl, feudaton^ chiefship, India, Central 
 Provs. , Sambalpur dist. , between 19 5'-20° 30 N. and 82° 40'- 
 83° 50' E. 
 
 Karonga, stn. , Nyassa-land, on the W. shore of Lake Nyassa, 
 at the E. terminus of the ' Stevenson ' road, in 9° 52' S. , with an 
 exposed open roadstead ; main station of the African Lakes 
 Corporation. 
 
 Karoola, post-tn. and rly. stn., Tasmania. P. <i50o. 
 
 Karor, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Dera Ismdil Kh4n, 80 
 m. NNW. Multdn. P. (i89i)<5oog. 
 
K AR O 
 
 K AS A 
 
 Karor, tn., India, Punjab. See Kaltror. 
 
 Karos, small isl. , Greece, about midway between the SE. of 
 Naxos I. , and SW. of Amorgos I. 
 
 Karpas, the E. part of the N. mountain range of Cyprus, 
 occupying the long narrow NE. peninsula. 
 
 Karpatheu, German name of the Carpathian Mts. 
 
 Harpatlios Island, Asiatic Turkey. See Kerpe. 
 
 Karpeiilsion (karpenisi), tn. , Greece, prov. Acarnania and 
 ^tolia, 36 m. N. Lepanto. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Harpfen (Ger. , in Hungarian Korpoua), royal free tn. , 
 Hungary, co. Hont, 40 m. N. Waitzen. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Harra, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., on the r. bk. of the 
 Ganges, dist. and 32 m. NW. by W. Allahdbdd. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Karrack, isl. , Persian Gulf. See Karak. 
 
 Karrldale, settlement, in the extreme SW. of Western 
 Australia, Sussex co. , in a fine timber region. 
 
 Karroos, from a Hottentot word meaning 'dry' or 'hard,' 
 the name given to the arid interior plateaux of Cape Colony 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Kara, prov. , Russia, Transcaucasia, has Tiflis on N. , Kutais 
 on W., Erivaii on E. , and Asiatic Turkey on SW. High 
 plateau, from 5000 to 7000 ft. alt., intersected by ridges attain- 
 ing 10,000 ft. in the S. , in the Alashgerd Mts. and in the 
 Kyzyr-Dagh, which rises over the high plateau of Gele, or 
 Kola. Watered by Aras in S. , its trib. Arpachai on E. frontier, 
 and Kars-chai, which flows NE. and SE. in a high valley, 
 receiving an outflow of Alpine Lake Chyldyr ; also by the 
 r. bk. tribs. of Chorokh in SW. Climate very changeable. 
 Average temp, at K. (alt. 5723 ft.), )t. 40° F. , Jan. 56°, March 
 38°, July- Aug. 63°; yearly rainfall, 21.8 in. Population mixed, 
 mostly Turkish (47,000), Armenian (44,000), Kurdes (30,000), 
 Karapapakhs (27,000), Turkomans (10,200), Greeks (28,000), 
 and Russian (12,000). Agriculture meets with considerable 
 difficulties owing to high position and early frosts ; good 
 gardening. Cattle-breeding is an important source of living, 
 especially with the Kurdes and Karapapakhes. Industry in 
 infancy. Divided into four dists. : Kars, Kagyzman, Ardahan, 
 and Oiti. Area, 7308 sq. m. P. (1891) 225,350. 
 
 Kars, fortress, Russia, cap. prov. K., on Kars R., 115 m. 
 SW. Tiflis, 41° 37'-42° 50' N. Annexed to Russia in 1878, 
 after having been the seat of bloody sieges in 1853. It is partly 
 walled. Alt. 5723 ft. P. (1890) 10,500. 
 
 Karsas, Sahara. See Karzaz. 
 
 Kars-Dulkadrle, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 54 m. NE. 
 Adana, sanjak Khozan. P. <:2000. 
 
 Karshl, tn. , Bukhara, 80 m. SW. Samarkand. 
 
 Karshl, tn. , central Asia, khanate and 105 m. SW. of 
 Bukhara, on the Yak-kobag-daria. 
 
 Karst, Italian Carso, in antiquity Carusavius (name of Celtic 
 origin = 'land of stones'), consists of rugged platforms and 
 mountain ranges rising E. of the Adriatic. The Karst Mts. 
 extend from the Terglou towards S. and SE. until they reach 
 the Shar and other mountains of the Balkan Peninsula. In a 
 more limited sense, we understand by ' Karst proper ' the ranges 
 extending N. of Istria from the Isonzo R. to the Quarnero Gulf: 
 they are about 50 m. in length, 15 m. in width, and have an 
 average altitude of 1300 to 1600 ft. The highest summit of the 
 Karst proper is the Snow Mt. (Sneznica, or Schneeberg, 5890 ft. ). 
 The mountain ranges further to the SE. , viz. , the Great Capella 
 Mts. (Klek, 5400 ft. ), the VeUebic (5770 ft. ), Dinaric Alps (Dinara, 
 6010 ft.), and others have the same orographical and hydro- 
 graphical features as the Karst proper, and therefore the term 
 Karst in a more general sense is applied to all of them, and thus 
 we speak of Istrian, Croatian, and Dalmatian Karst Mts. Even 
 further SE. , in the Herzegovina, in Montenegro, and Albania, 
 K. features are noticeable. The Karst Mts. consist principally 
 •of limestone rocks, mostly of the Cretaceous period. The rain 
 which falls immediately disappears in the ground, and there is a 
 subterranean process of erosion, partly chemical and partly 
 mechanical, by which innumerable caves and funnel-shaped de- 
 pressions or sinks (dolinas) are formed. Subterranean water- 
 ■courses are frequent, and many rivers suddenly disappear under 
 the ground, either reappearing after a while, or coming no more 
 to the surface. The valleys present a very peculiar appearance ; 
 many of them have neither beginning nor end, but form circular 
 or longitudinal grooves and hollows between the mountain ranges. 
 Earthquakes and landslips are of frequent occurrence. The 
 greater part of the Karst terr. is desert, but in former times the 
 mountains were covered with beautiful forests, which supplied the 
 Romans, and afterwards the Venetians, with excellent material 
 for the construction of their numerous fleets. See Daliuatla, 
 Istria, and compare Caasses. fH. G. S.] 
 
 Karsul, vil. , India, Haidarabdd, 2 m. N. Aurangabdd. 
 
 Kartalrl, riv. , India, Madras, in the Nilgiri Hills dist. , flow- 
 ing through a rich coffee-growing tract, and finally falling into 
 the Bhavani on the S. frontier of dist., near Mettapolliem. 
 
 Kartal, vil. , Asia Minor, on the E. shore of the Sea of Mar- 
 mora, 14 m. SE. Constantinople. 
 
 Kartallnlya, or Kartvellya, old name of part of Georgia, 
 now NW. port of govt. Tiflis. 
 
 KarUlrpur, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Jalandhar, 40 m. 
 E. by S. Amritsar. P. 10,400 ; Hindus, 5300 ; Moham. 3600. 
 
 Kartasnra, place, Java, 6 m. W. by NW. of Surakarta, with 
 many ancient temples. 
 
 Karthaus, vil. , Prussia, prov. W. Pnissia, circle K. , 17 m. 
 W. Danzig. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kart-Jnrt, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Kuban, dist. 
 Batalpashinsk, S. of Stavropol. P. 6260. 
 
 KaruaU, riv. , New South Wales, flowing S. into Port Stephens 
 (32°45'S.). 
 
 Kamlzawa Sliln (' new ') and Kyu (' old '), two vils. , Japan, 
 about 85 m. NW. Tokyo, the latter 15 minutes by jinrikisha 
 from the former, and a retreat during the summer months. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Karama Falls, equatorial Africa, on the White Nile, be- 
 tween Victoria Nyanza and Albert Nyanza. 
 
 Karamatttir, tn., India, Madras, dist. Madura, in 9° 57' N., 
 79° 59' E. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Karmnba, Australia. See Kliuberley. 
 
 Kamn (more correctly Kurau, or Kuraiig, from the Kuh- 
 i-Rang, in which it has its source), the ancient Pasiiigris, riv., 
 Persia, Khuzistan, rises in the heart of the Bakhtiari Mts. , and 
 has a very sinuous course of 250 m. to Shushter (75 m. in a 
 direct line), with a fall of 9000 ft. Here it enters the plain, and 
 divides into two arms, the eastern, called the Ab-i-Gargar, arti- 
 ficial, and the western, called the Ab-i-Shateit, natural, the former 
 being that which allows of navigation to near Shushter. These 
 two arms reunite in 31° 39' N. , at the point where the K. re- 
 ceives the Dizful R., or Ab-i-Diz, from the right. Below this 
 point the K. pursues a general SSW. direction towards the 
 Shat-el-Arab, with which it is connected by an artificial cut 
 4 m. long called the Hafar (or Haffar) Canal (on which stands 
 Mohammera), while the original stream continues its way to 
 the Persian Gulf under the name of the Baiunesiilr, or Ban- 
 khusl, channel to the E. of Kab I. The navigation of the K. 
 is impeded at Ahwaz, 117 m. from its mouth, by rapids, both 
 below and above which steamers ply as far as Shushter. In 1888 
 the Shah granted a concession, throwing open the navigation 
 below Ahwaz to all countries, but in its undeveloped state it has 
 up till now been almost valueless. See Proc. P. G. S., 1890, 
 p. 509; Persia, by Hon. G. H. Curzon, Lond., 1892; and map 
 of the Ahwaz obstruction, in Proc. R. G. S., 1883, p. 184. 
 
 Kamngal^lkudl, viL, India, Madras, dist. Madura, in 9° 
 55' N., 78° 34' E. P. (i89i)<:5ooo. 
 
 Kamr, municip. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Coimbatore, 44 
 m. WNW. Trichinopoli, cap. of the ancient kgd. of Chera, or 
 eastern Kerala ; only the ruins of this oft-contested fort (finally 
 ceded to the English in 1801) remain. P. 10,800 ; Hindus, 10,000. 
 
 Karvasaras, vil., Greece, prov. Acarnania and .^Etolia, on 
 the S. shore of the Gulf of Arta, 39 m. NNW. Mesolonggi. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 K&rvir, India, local name of KoUiapur {q.v.). 
 
 Karwaitnagar, Karvetnagar (census), tn., India, Madras, 
 dist. North Arcot, 7 ra. W. Puttiir. P. 6000 ; Hindus, 5400. 
 
 Kdrw&r, seapt. , Brit. India, Bombay, cap. dist. N. Kinara, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Kali R. , 54 m. S. by E. Goa ; the only safe 
 harbour between Bombay and Cochin at all seasons of the year. 
 In the bay, in front of the port, are the Oyster Rocks, with a 
 lighthouse on the largest, visible 25 m. Old K., 3 m. E. of the 
 new town, once an important place of commerce. Mean rfall. , 
 yr. 116.5 in., June-Sept. 105.9 in. P. (1872) 13,300; (1891) 
 14,600; Hindus, 11,700. 
 
 Karwendelgeblrge, rugged limestone mts. , on the frontier 
 of Bavaria and Tirol, rising abruptly from the head of the valley 
 of the Isar ; crossed with difficulty. The highest point is the 
 Karwendelspitze, alt. 8250 ft. 
 
 Karwi, or Karwl Tarabwan (census), tn., India, NW. 
 Provs., dist. Banda, in 25° 12' N., 80° 57 E. P. 6500 ; Hindus, 
 5100; Moham. 1400. 
 
 Karwln, tn., Austria, Silesia, 27 m. E. by S. Troppau, and 
 3 m. SW. by W. Freistadt, with coal-mines. P. 7000. 
 
 Karya, vil. , Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinthia, 28 m. W. 
 by N. Corinth. 
 
 Karyes, or Karyce, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 74 m. 
 ESE. Salonica, on the penin. of Athos ; seat of the Holy Synod. 
 P. <:300o. 
 
 Karystos, seapt. tn., Greece, near the S. end of the isl. of 
 Euboea. P. (1870) of comm. 8800. 
 
 Karytaiua, or Gortys, tn. , S. Greece, prov. Arcadia, 18 m. 
 W. Tripolitza, with an imposing feudal castle crowning a high 
 rock. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Karzaz, Karsas, or Kerzaz, oasis, in the Sahara, Morocco, 
 on the Wadi Saura (continuation of the Wadi Gir), in about 
 28° 40' N. , 0° 40' W. 
 
 Kasa-an Bay, inlet, on the E. ct. of Prince of Wales I., 
 Alaska, in 55!° N. 
 
 Kasal, or Cossye, riv. , Brit. India, Bengal, winds SE. and 
 E. to the Haldi, which it joins about 20 m. above the confluence 
 of that river with the Hugh. 
 
 Kasama, tn., Japan, prov. Hitachi, 55 m. NE. by N. 
 
 777 
 
KASA — KASI 
 
 Tokyo, with ruins of a stronghold which must have been almost 
 impregnable. 
 
 Kasanlik. See Kezanlikk. 
 
 Kiisaragodn, India. See Cassergode. 
 
 Kasassin, lock on the freshwater canal between Zagazig and 
 Ismailia, Egypt, about halfway between the two places ; scene 
 of defeat of Arabi's forces, August 28, 1882. 
 
 Kasatklna, Cossack vil., Russia, E. Siberia, prov. Amur, on 
 1. bk. Amur, 160 m. SE. of Blagovyeshchensk ; chief town of 
 dist. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kasanll, cantonment and sanitary hill stn., India, Punjab, 
 dist. and 32 m. SW. Simla, overlooking the K41ka valley ; liable 
 to epidemics. Alt. 6322 ft. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kasbd, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Pumiah, 55 m. NE. by 
 N. Bhdgalpur. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kasbln, tn. , Persia. See KazYln. 
 
 Kaschan, Ger. ; Hungarian, Kassan, mun. tn. , cap. of Upper 
 Hungary and of prov. Abauj, 40 m. N. by W. Tokay, fortified 
 in 1209 ; with watering-place, Rink Herl4ny, in vicinity. Alt 
 690 ft. P. (1850) 13,000; (1869)21,700; (1890) 28,900 (Thurin- 
 gians, Hungarians, Slovaks, Poles). 
 
 Kase Venne, fen, or marsh, on the r. bk. of the riv. Vechte, 
 Prussia, prov. Hanover, 34 m. W. by N. Osnabriick. 
 
 K&sgaiij, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Etah, 60 m. 
 SW. by W. Bareilly. P. 16,100; Hindus, 10,600; Moham. 
 4900. 
 
 Kash, vil., Afghanistan, on the K. Rud, 177 m. W. Kan- 
 dahar. The K. Rnd flows WSW., and dries up, or in high 
 water turns N. and empties itself into the Hamun-i-Sawaran. 
 
 Kasbaga Dagta, mt. range. See Kosha Dagta. 
 
 Kasliaii, tn. , Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 90 m. N. by W. 
 Ispahan, 120 m. S. Teheran ; its silks, satins, velvets, and 
 brocades have long been famous throughout the E. ; noted 
 also for pierced and inlaid brass and copper wares. P. esti- 
 mated at 70,000 (Euan Smith) ; 30,000 (Schindler, 1885). 
 
 Kashgar, city, Eastern Turkistan, the most W. in the 
 empire, cap. prov. Sinkiang. It comprises an old town, on the 
 Taman R. , and a new town, Yanglstaabr, 5 m. SW. , on the 
 Kashgar R. , with a fort 39° 24' 21" N. , 76° 6' 47" E. It is situ- 
 ated in a rich oasis, at the confluence of roads leading to Peking, 
 India, and the Russian Empire, and is consequently of consider- 
 able commercial and strategic importance. It comprises a 
 collection of squalid huts enclosed within a mud wall. The 
 new town, constructed in 1838, is almost as large as the old 
 town, and is also surrounded by a wall, much higher and more 
 solid. K. was from 1864 to 1877 the cap. of an independent 
 Mohammedan kingdom, which embraced all the western portion 
 of the Chinese Empire. In 1894 K. was connected by telegraph 
 with Peking. Alt 4040 ft. P. 50,000. 
 
 Kashgar, riv. , rising on S. slope of Tian-Shan Mts. , about 
 73° 50' E., flows S. and ESE. under the name of Kizil-su to 
 near Yangishahr, where it takes the name of Kashgar R. , thence 
 turning ENE. and passing Maralbashi about 120 m. from K. , 
 it is soon afterwards lost in canals and streams, which here inter- 
 sect the country. 
 
 Kasblma (' deer island'), vil., Japan, E. ct. Honshiu, 50 m. 
 ENE. Tokyo ; crowded with inns to accommodate pilgrims to a 
 celebrated temple. K. is an island no longer, but a sandy spit 
 separating the sea from the Kita-ura lagoon. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Kashln, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 75 m. NE. Tver, near 
 to Volga R. ; trade in grain ; mineral waters. P. 6820. 
 
 KAshlpnr, tn. , Brit. India. See KAslpnr. 
 
 Kashira, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 70 m. NE. of Tula, on 
 r. bk. of Oka. P. 5060. 
 
 Kashlwazahi, tn. , Japan, near the NW. ct of Honshiu, 
 30 m. SW. by S. Niigata. P. 8300. 
 
 Kashkar Rlrer. See Chltral RlTer. 
 
 Kashmir and Jammn (Cashmere and Jummoo) form to- 
 gether a large native state, about one-ninth smaller than Great 
 Britain, in the extreme NW. of India. It is nominally subject 
 to a mahardji, but since 1889 has been virtually vmder British 
 administration. The state is the most moimtainous in India, 
 containing some of the highest mountains and passes of the 
 Himalayas and the Karakoram Mts. The slopes of the moim- 
 tains are clothed with forests where they look to the N., but 
 generally bare on the S. The whole region is subject to earth- 
 quakes. The p)opulation is mostly confined to a few consider- 
 able valleys lying here and there among the mountains at different 
 elevations, and inhabited by people differing in race, customs, 
 disposition, language, and religion. The most important of 
 these valleys is that of Kashmir proper (chief town, Srinagar), a 
 beautiful expanse traversed by the Jehlam and its r. bk. trib. the 
 Sind, between the first and second chains of the Himalayas, at 
 the height of rather more than 5000 ft above sea-level. The 
 Jehlam {g.v.) is here a quiet stream, the windings of which, as 
 seen from the isolated trap p)eak adjacent to Srfnagar, called 
 Takht-iSuldimAn (6950 ft), are said by the natives to have sug- 
 gested the pattern of the K. shawls. It is navigable from 
 Islamdt^d, in the E. of the valley, to its entrance into Lake 
 Wulur, and then after its exit from that lake to the gorge of 
 778 
 
 Baramula. The valley has a delightful temperate climate, 
 fitting it for the production of nearly all the fruits and grains of 
 the temperate zone (apples, pears, plums, peaches, apricots, 
 the wine-grape, wheat, barley, &c.), as well as rice. Good 
 wine and brandy are made, but their preparation is at present 
 a monopoly of the maharaji. The silkworm is also reared, 
 and the inhabitants are industrious in manufactures. They 
 have long been noted for the exquisitely soft shawls, which they 
 make from the fine winter-wool (pashm), but this manufacture 
 has greatly declined of late years. Other branches of the 
 woollen manufacture are, however, carried on, and the artistic 
 metal-work of the Kashmiris is almost as well known as their 
 shawls. Notwithstanding these advantages, the population has 
 been dwindling away in consequence of the oppressive character 
 of the government ; but since the British assumed control, 
 attempts have been made to improve the condition of the 
 people, and to attract new settlers. This \'alley is mainly 
 inhabited by Sunnite Mohammedans, who have long been 
 subject, however, to a dominant Hindu caste, though the 
 privileges of the ruling race have been curtailed by the British. 
 There are several routes leading out of the valley both W. and 
 S. into the Punjab, and northwards across the second chain of 
 the Himalayas into the valley ot the Indus. At present (1893) 
 the only road in K. fit for wheeled vehicles is that on the 
 westerly route following the course of the Jehlam to Muzaffar- 
 pur, and then continuing S. through the gorge of Baramula to 
 Kohala, on the Punjab frontier, where it joins the road to 
 Rdiwal Pindi. The chief southerly route leads across the Banihdl 
 Pass into the terr. of Jammn, which lies to the S. of the 
 Chenib, and whose cap. , bearing the same name, is now con- 
 nected with the railvreiy system of India. Another leads across 
 the Plr Panjal Pass (11,500 ft.), SW. of Srinagar, and then S. 
 by Naoshera to Gujrat. The chief northerly route is that which 
 goes north-eastwards to Leh in Lad&kh, an expansion of the 
 Indus basin at the height of more than 11,000 ft. above sea- 
 level, in the E. of K. , an arid dusty region of bare tablelands, 
 vrith rainless valleys, dependent on irrigation from snow-fed 
 rivers, and inhabited mainly by Tibetan Buddhists practising poly- 
 andry. The road first ascends the Sind valley, and afterwards 
 crosses three passes, the Zoji-la (11,500 ft)', the Namika-la 
 (13,000 ft), and the Fotu-la (13,400 ft.), the first of which, 
 though the lowest, is the most difficult, on account of the 
 violence of the winds, as well as the fact that the range that 
 it crosses is the only one which receives any great amount ot 
 precipitation. From Leh a trade-route leads NE. across the 
 Chang-la (above 18,000 ft.), and affords communication both 
 with Chinese Tibet and northwards by the Karakoram Pass 
 with Eastern Turkistan. The lower part of the Indus valley 
 is separated from Ladakh by a pathless river-gorge, and access 
 to that region is obtained by the Chorbat Pass (16,700 ft.), 
 leading N. into the valley of the Shaiok (Shyok), 1. bk. trib. of 
 the Indus. From the K. valley, however, this region, BalMstan 
 or Little Tibet, a rugged tract between the Karakoram range 
 on the N., and the second chain of the Himalayas in the S., is 
 reached in winter, after crossing the Zoji-la by the valley of the 
 Sum, which opens into that of the Indus below the gorge, and 
 in summer by routes crossing the lofty plateau of Deosai, further 
 W. Baltistan, the valley bottoms in which are at an elevation of 
 above 7000 ft. [Iskardo], is inhabited by people of various but 
 mainly, like the LadAkhis, of Mongolian origin, but for the most 
 part Shiah Mohammedans in religion, and consequently poly- 
 gamous. Still farther to the NW. a comparatively open valley, 
 inhabited by Dards, that of the riv. Gilghit or Yasin, opens 
 south-eastwards into that of the Indus. The town of Gilghit, 
 to which a road from Srinagar is now (1893) being made, 
 crossing the Himdlayas by the Rajdiangan Pass (11,800 ft.) and 
 the Borzil Pass (13,500 ft), both at present impassable for the 
 greater part of the year, and proceeding thence by Astor and 
 Bunji, occupies the middle of the valley, at the height of rather 
 less than 5000 ft above the sea. The mineral wealth of K. 
 generally is not great. Sapphires are found in the basin of the 
 Bhutna (trib. Chenab), to the SE. of Srinagar, at the height of 
 about 13,000 ft., but the mines are not rich. Area of state, 
 80,900 sq. m. P. (1891, the first census ever taken) 2,544,000, 
 about 31 to the sq. m. 
 
 Kashna, Sudan. See Katsena. 
 
 Kashra, viL, Algeria, prov. Gran, 12J m. SE. Mascara. 
 
 Kashnt, Turkish, Greek Kasos, isl., Asiatic Turkey, 31 m. 
 E. by N. of the NE. end of Crete, in sanjak Rhodes. Area, 
 19 sq. m. P. 8500 (Greeks). 
 
 Kasla, formerly KnsinAgara, vil. , Brit India, N W. Provs. , 
 dist Gorakhpur, 112 m. NW. Patna; for more than iioo yrs. 
 a centre of Buddhist pilgrimage, as being the place where 
 Buddha died. P. <sooo. 
 
 Kaslm, or Kasslm, dist , central Arabia, crossed by 26^° N. , 
 44i°E. 
 
 Kaslma, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, at the head of a gulf openmg 
 westwards from the Persian Gulf, 75 m. S. Busrah. 
 
 KaHlmalmd, tn., north-eastern Persia, prov. Khorassan, 10 
 m. NW. Meshed, with a Kurd population. Birthplace (about 
 
K AS I 
 
 K ATH 
 
 940) of Firdusi (author of the great Persian epic 'Shah-Nameh'), 
 also the place of his death and of that of the caliph Harun-ar- 
 Rashid. 
 
 K^tin1><lz4r, or Cossimbdz&r, decayed tn., India, Bengal, 
 dist. Murshidabdd ; now a swamp, but at one time the seat of 
 one of the great emporiums of Bengal. Having begun to decline 
 in consequence of the growth of Calcutta and other rivals, it 
 was further injured by a great change for the worse of its 
 climate, and was finally ruined through being deserted by the 
 Bhdgirathi in 1813. 
 
 K&slmkota, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 22 m. W. 
 Vizagapatam. P. (1881) 7100 ; (i89i)<sooo. 
 
 KasimoT, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 90 m. ENE. of 
 Ryazan, on 1. bk. of Oka. Formerly chief town of K. khanate ; 
 annexed to Russia in 1667. Manufactures of iron and copper 
 goods and boots as domestic trades. P. 15,850. 
 
 Kdslpnr, called also Kdsblpnr (census), tn. , Brit. India, 
 NW. Provs. , dist. Tarai, 75 m. E. by N. Meerut ; site of an 
 ancient city identified by General Cunningham with the cap. of 
 the Govisana kingdom. P. 14,700 ; Hindus, 8300 ; Moham. 
 6300. 
 
 Kaskaskla, vil. , U. S. , Illinois, Randolph co. , on Kaskaskia R. , 
 founded about 1680 by the French under La Salle. P. <i500. 
 
 Kaskaskia, riv., U.S., Illinois, rises in Champaign co., and 
 flows SW. to the Mississippi R. ; navigable in its lower course. 
 
 Kasko, small port,|Finland, Gulf of Bothnia, in 62° 22' N. Ex- 
 cellent harbour. Mean temp. , yr. 37. 5° F. , Feb. 20.o°,|July 58.4°. 
 
 Kaslinskly, iron-works and gold-washings, Russia, govt. 
 Perm, dist. and 73 m. S. of Ekaterinburg, on Lake K. P. 
 8000. 
 
 Kaslo, tn. , Canada, Brit. Columbia, on the W. side of 
 Kootenay Lake, in about 49° 55' N. , 110° 57' W. An easy pass 
 leads thence to the mining dist. round Slocan Lake. 
 
 Kiisniark, tn., Hungary. See K^sm^rk. 
 
 Kasongo, former Arab tn. , Congo Free State, in about 4° 25' 
 S., 26° 50' E., about 6 m. from r. bk. Congo, 40 m. ESE. 
 Nyangwe ; destroyed in 1893 by the forces of the Congo Free 
 State, and now replaced by a station of the state on the river. 
 P. at the time of its destruction about 60,000. 
 
 Kasos Island, Asiatic Turkey. See Kashnt. 
 
 Kasplya, riv. , W. Russia, 1. bk. trib. of Diina, which it joins 
 at Surazh. Important artery for navigation. 
 
 Kasr, Arabian, ' fortified place.' See Ksar. 
 
 KasT, El, Egypt. See El Kasr. 
 
 Kasri Slilrln, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, 100 m. NE. by N. Bagdad. 
 
 Kasrkaiid, tn., Persia, prov. Mekran, 285 m. E. by S. 
 Bender Abbas. 
 
 Kas'saba, tn., Asia Minor, vilayet and 35 m. E. by N. 
 Smyrna, sanjak Sarukhan, in the valley of, but about 5 m. S. 
 of, the Gediz-chai, on the railway to Alashehr; noted for its 
 melons and cotton. P. 23,000 ; Moham. 19,900 ; orthodox 
 Greeks, 1500 ; Gregorian Armenians, 1000. 
 
 Kassai, riv., central Africa, not fully explored. It rises in 
 Angola, and first flows E. then on the whole N. , forming in its 
 northerly course the boundary between Angola and the Congo 
 Free State, to 7° S. , in about 5° S. receives the Lulua on the 
 right, and in 4° 20' S. unites with the Sankuru, after which it 
 flows WNW. till it unites with the Kwango to form the Kwa ; 
 navigable from its mouth to the Wissmann Falls, in 5° 50' S. , 
 20° 40' E. ; Pogge Falls, in 6° 40' S. 
 
 Kassala, fortiiied tn., eastern Sudan, 200 m. W. Massaua 
 (16 days' caravan journey by way of Keren along the line 
 followed by the old Egyptian telegraph line, now destroyed) ; 
 formerly possessed by Egypt, but ceded in 1884 to Abyssinia, 
 and now included in the Italian sphere of influence ; important 
 seat of trade in slaves, ivory, gold-dust, hides, &c. After being 
 for a considerable time the chief stronghold of the dervishes in 
 the eastern Sudan, it was taken by the Italians in July 1894. 
 Alt. 1870 ft. P. 10,000. 
 
 Kassali, lake, Congo Free State. See Kissale. 
 
 Kassaiidra, Gulf of, the westernmost of the two gulfs in the 
 NW. of the .(Egean Sea, Turkey in Europe, separated from the 
 Gulf of Salonica by the penin. of K. 
 
 Kassanje, tn. , Portuguese W. Africa, Bangala, 325 m. E. by 
 S. Loanda, in 9° 37' S. , 17° 50' E. , in a deep valley ; unhealthy ; 
 many children cut off by fever. Portuguese frontier port. Alt. 
 3100 ft. 
 
 Kassassln. See Kasasstn. 
 
 Kassan, tn., Hungary. See Kaschaa. 
 
 Kasse, state, India. See Manipnr. 
 
 Kasse (or Palm) I^ke, ct. lake, in the SE. of the Brit, colony 
 of Sierra Leone, crossed by 7° 5' N. , 11° 45' W. ; drained into 
 the Atlantic by the Kittam. 
 
 Kassejowltz, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, 25 m. SE. by S. Pilsen. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Kassel, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, cap. circle and govt. 
 K., 24 m. SW. Gottingen, beautifully situated in a fertile dist. 
 on the Fulda. Mentioned in a document of the year 913 under 
 the name of Chassala. Formerly cap. of an electorate which 
 in 1866 was united to Prussia ; from 1807 to 1813 cap. of the 
 
 kingdom of Westphalia under Jerome Bonaparte. Contains the 
 former castle of the prince-electors, a museum with an important 
 library and scientific collections, a large orangery in the Aue 
 park on the Fulda. Seat of various manufactures, including 
 iron-wares and machinery, mathematical and other scientific 
 instruments, musical instruments, &c. In the neighbouring 
 castle of Wilhelmshohe Napoleon III. was held a prisoner from 
 the capitulation of Sedan till the end of the Franco-German war, 
 1870-71. Alt. 670 ft. Mean temp., yr. 47.1° F. , Jan. 31.6°, 
 July 64.0°. P. (1834) 27,300; (1871) 46,400; (1890) 72,300; 
 (comm.) 72,500. 
 
 Kassia, tn. , India, N W. Provs. See Kasia. 
 
 Kasslm, Arabia. See Kaslm. 
 
 Kassinl, short river with large estuary, in SE. of Portuguese 
 Upper Guinea ; mouth in 11° N. 
 
 Kasslterides. See Scilly Islands. 
 
 Kassnbes, Slavonic (Wendish), tribe, Prussia, circle Danzig 
 and Koslin, W. of the Vistula, between Brahe and the Baltic 
 Sea, living entirely apart, and gradually decreasing. 
 
 Kastamnnl, tn., Asia Minor, 76 m. SW. by W. Sinope. 
 Alt. 2790 ft. P. about 210,000. 
 
 Kastav, comm. , Austria. See Castna. 
 
 Kastel, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy of Hesse, on the r. bk. of the 
 Rhine, circle and opposite Mainz. P. 6500. 
 
 Kastell, or Gerapetra (Hierapetra), vil., Turkey, on the S. 
 ct. of the isl. of Crete, 43 m. SE. by E. Candia, in 25° 45' E. 
 Open roadstead, comparatively safe May-Sept. 
 
 Kasteloryzo (Greek, Turkish Mels), small isl. , Asiatic Turkey, 
 mainly inhabited by Greeks, off the S. ct. of Asia Minor, 75 m. 
 E. by S. Rhodes. Chief industry sponge-fishing ; considerable 
 trade. It is the ancient Megiste. Area, 11 sq. m. P. 8000, 
 nearly all Greeks (Cuinet). 
 
 Kastelmtta, comm., Austria, Tirol, 11 m. NE. by E. 
 Botzen. P. <4O0o. 
 
 Kastorl'a, tn., Turkey in Europe. See Kesrl'e. 
 
 Kastri, or HermlonS, vil., Greece, prov. Argolis and 
 Corinthia, on the SE. ct. , 28 m. ESE. Nauplia, with consider- 
 able remains of the ancient Hermione. The rocky peninsula of 
 Visti forms a double port on its N. and S. P. <30oo. 
 
 Kastro, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Khlo. 
 
 KastTO, or Ilnano, tn. , on the W. side of the Turkish isl. of 
 Lemni, .^Egean Sea ; seat of a Greek bishop. See also HUtllinl. 
 
 Kastron, Greek, 'town,' 'fortress.' 
 
 Kastrop, viL, Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle and 7 m. 
 WNW. Dortmund. P. <4000. 
 
 Kas^kr, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 32 m. S. by E. 
 Lahore ; an aggregation of fortified hamlets. P. (1891) 20,300 ; 
 Moham. 15,400 ; Hindus, 4400. 
 
 KasYin, tn. , Persia. See KazTln. 
 
 Kata, isl. , Pacific. See Foloat. 
 
 K^taba, tn., Yemen, near S. frontier, 82 m. N. Aden. 
 
 Kata'gnm, tn., central Sudan, Sokoto, 134 m. ENE. Kano, 
 on the Bornu fi-ontier. P. 8000. 
 
 Katabdln, or Ktaadn, mt., U.S., Maine, Piscataquis co. , 
 76 m. N. by W. Bangor. Alt. 5200 ft. (Eastman). 
 
 Katak, city, India, Orissa. See Cuttack. 
 
 Katakolon, ct. vil. and port, Greece, prov. Elis and Achaia, 
 48 m. SW. by W. Patras. Anchorage for vessels close inside 
 breakwater in 30-36 ft. of water. 
 
 Katala Gansbinga, vil. , Portuguese W. Africa, in 8° 52' S. , 
 16° 38' E. 
 
 Katanga, vil. , central Africa, Garenganze country, in 10° 58' S. , 
 27° 20' E. Protestant mission station. 
 
 Katannlng, vil. , W. Australia, lat. 33° 40' S. , long. 117° 35' E. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Katar, penin. , Arabia. See Katr, El. 
 
 Kat&s, holy fountain, Brit. India, Punjab, Jehlam dist., in 
 32° 44' N. , 73° E. 
 
 Katastarion, vil. , Greece, isl. of Zante, 8 m. WNW. Zante. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 KatavIvanoTskly, iron-works, Russia, govt, and 93 m. E. 
 of Ufa, on a trib. of Yurezaii. P. 6000. 
 
 Katberg Pass, Cape Colony, in the Katberg Mts. , on the road 
 from Grahamstown to Queenstown, in a most wild and beautiful 
 tree-clad neighbourhood. 
 
 Katema, New, tn., central Africa, Lunda, to the NE. of 
 Lake Dilolo, in about 11° 25' S. , 22° 28' E. 
 
 Katema, Old, tn. , about 12 m. SSW. , to the S. of Lake Dilolo. 
 
 Katende, vil., central Africa, Lunda, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Lulua, in 6° 16' S. , 22° 39' E. 
 
 Katerlno-Nikolskaya, vil., E. Siberia, prov. Amur, on 1. 
 bk. Amur, at its issue from gorge across Little Khingan. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Katemberg, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 3 m. N. 
 Essen ; coal-mines. P. <4C)oo. 
 
 Katesbrldge, stn. , Ire., W. co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, 11 m. NE. Newry, on the Bann, and the Bally- 
 roney Branch Rly. , P. O. 
 
 Katlia, tn. , Upper Burma, on r. bk. of Irdwadi R. , 40 m. W. 
 by S. Bhamo, cap. K. dist., which contains deposits of coal 
 
 779 
 
KATH — K A V A 
 
 (outcrop at Pinlebu, some distance from the Irdwadi, about 40 
 m. from Wuntho). P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hatha, or Hatba, vil. , Upper Burma, on r. bk. of Irawadi R. , 
 50 m. N. Bhamo. P. < 5000. 
 Katbal. See Kbitau. 
 
 Kathala, viL, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gujrat, on the r. bk. 
 of the Chenab, 68 m. N. by W. Lahore. P. < 5000. 
 Katliarelu, vil., Austria, Silesia, dist. Troppau. P. 5000. 
 Katharluabei^, mining tn., Austria, Bohemia, 17 m. W. 
 TepHtz. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Kathi, state, India. See Manlpur. 
 
 Katbl, small native state, India, Bombay Presidency, 65 m. 
 E. by N. Broach. Area about 300 sq. m. P. (1881) 10,000. 
 
 K^tbld-vv&r, penin. , in the W. of India, between the Gulf of 
 Cutch and Cambay, a small portion in the E. under direct 
 British administration (dist. Ahmadabad), but mainly divided 
 among 187 native states, forming the political agency of K. in 
 connection with the govt, of Bombay. Surface undulating; 
 irregular lines of low hills running in various directions. Soil 
 generally fine and amply watered. Area of agency, 20,559 sq. ™- 
 P. (1881)2,344,000; (1891) 2,752,400 = 134 per sq. m. 
 
 KatUmelu, or Kadhlmeln, tn., Asiatic Turkey, on the 
 Tigris, pash. and 5 m. NW. Bagdad. It derives its name 
 from a tomb (in which two Imams were buried) of two domes, 
 with gilt tiles and four minarets with enamelled tiles, prettily 
 built, and forming a landmark. Four miles to the SE. of this 
 shrine is the tomb of Zobeyda, the favourite wife of the famous 
 Harun er Rashid. P. 15,000 (except during the pilgrimage 
 season, when the town is crowded with strangers), mostly 
 Persians, who have here a famous mosque. 
 Katif, El, tn., Arabia. See El Kbatlf. 
 Katlkatl, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., co. Tauranga, 
 80 m. SE. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Katir-tan, or Adlsh, peak of Caucasus, Svanetia. Alt. 
 16,296 ft. Gives origin to immense glaciers, of which Adish 
 (Lardhad) has a length of 5 m., and attains the level of 
 7448 ft, 
 
 Katin, or Sakeu, isl.. Pacific, in the Tuamotu group, in 
 about i6|° S., 144° 15' W. 
 
 Katjorl, one of the arms of the Mahanadi delta, Brit. India. 
 After dividing and subdividing, it enters the Bay of Bengal 
 under the name of the Jotdar in about 20° 5' N. 
 
 Katkop and Brand f'ley, rural vils. , Cape Colony, dist. and 
 (the former) 90 m. N. by E. Calvinia. Joint P. <:3000. 
 
 Katla, or Kotlu, active volcano, the southernmost in Iceland, 
 37^ m. SE. Hekla. During the last ten centuries it has ejected 
 cinders and water fifteen times, but no lava. 
 Katmandu, or Katmandbn. See SJtdtmdnda. 
 Kato-Achala, vil. , Greece, prov. Elis and Achaia, on the S. 
 shore of the Gulf of Patras, 14 m. SW. by W. Patras. 
 
 K&tol, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. and 37 m. W. by 
 N. Nagpur. P. <:5ooo. 
 Katona, isl. See Kaglieroma. 
 
 Katonga, riv. , central Africa, flows E. into the NW. of Lake 
 Victoria Nyanza. 
 
 Katooniba, post-tn., New South Wales, Cook co., 45 m. 
 ESE. Bathurst. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kato Phauarton, vil., Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinthia, 
 24 m. E. Nauplia. 
 
 Katoto, vil. , at the head of Speke Gulf, in the S. of Lake 
 Victoria Nyanza, German E. Africa. 
 
 Hatowltz, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, on riv. Woltama, 39 m. W. 
 by S. Tabor, and 3^ m. WNW. Strakonitz. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Kato Zakro, or Sitanos, viL , Turkey, on the E. ct. of the 
 isL of Crete, 66 m. E. by S. Candia, in 26° 17' E. 
 
 Katr (or Katar), El, the large penin. in E. of Aiabia, boimded 
 W. by the Gulf of Bahrein ; soil j)oor, climate extremely arid. 
 
 Katrah, viL, Palestine, Cedron, and probably also the 
 Gederoth, of the O. T., 31° 49 N., 34° 46' E., 16^ m. S. 
 Jaffa (ancient Joppa). 
 
 Katranlca (-taa), viL, Turkey in Europe, prov, Salonica, 36 
 m. SE. Monastir. 
 
 Katrine, Loch, beautiful lake, Scot. , 8 m. long, in the SW. 
 of Perthshire, partly in Stirlingshire, its head 4J m. ESE. of the 
 head of Loch Lomond, drained E. by the Acluray, through the 
 Trossachs. Glasgow is supplied with water from the lake by 
 magnificent aqueducts opened in 1859. Alt. 364 ft. Mean rfall. 
 (Tunnel Hill Top, alt. 830 ft., 1866-80), 78.4 in. 
 Katmn, or Gatmn, oasis, Fezzan, 100 m. SE. Murzuk. 
 KatAcher, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Leobschutz, 10 m. 
 W. by S. Ratibor. P. <:4000. 
 
 Katsena, or Kashna, riv., W. Africa, flows NW. to the 
 Benue, which it enters in 8° 55' E. 
 
 Katsena, tn., W. Africa, Sokoto, 370 m. N. by E. the con- 
 fluence of the Niger and Benue, in 13 N. , 7° 25' E. 
 
 Kattar, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet Busrah, sanjak N^ or 
 Hassa. P. 9300 Moham. ; half Sunnites, half Shiahs. 
 
 Kattegat ('the cat's throat, or passage.' See Gat), arm of 
 the North Sea, a continuation of the Skager-rak southward, 
 between Sweden and Denmark. Length, 150 m.; breadth, 
 780 
 
 40-70 m. It communicates with the Baltic Sea by the Sound 
 and Great and Little Belts. 
 
 Kattowltz, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. circle K., 36 m. 
 E. by N. Ratibor, 4 m. SE. by E. Konigshutte. Tn. P. 16,000 ; 
 comm. P. 16,500. 
 
 Katty-knrgan, dist. tn., Russian Turkistan, prov. and 51 m. 
 by rail W. of Samarkand. P. <5ooo. 
 Kattywar, penin., India. See Kilthl&M'dr. 
 Katambela, ct. vil., Portuguese W. Africa, 8 m. NE. Ben- 
 guella, at the mouth of the Katumbela R. ; most of the Benguella 
 trade with the interior is effected here. 
 Katun, vil. , Servia, circle Morava (Cuprija). P. (1890) <30oo. 
 Katnil, riv., W. Siberia, Altai region, rises from the large 
 K. glacier on the slopes of Byelukha Mt., traverses the alpine 
 region of the Altai at the foot-hills of the snow-clad Katun Mts. 
 (Katunskiye Byelki), which reach an alt. of 11,000 ft.; after 
 making a great curve to the W. and pierced the mountains in 
 a narrow gorge, flows E., and, after its confluence with the 
 Chui, north-westwards, joining the Ob after its junction with 
 Biya R. at Biysk town. Very rapid, and not navigable. Length, 
 over 400 m. 
 Katunga, Nyassa-land. See Shire River. 
 Katnnga, or Eyeo, important tn. of the Sudan, central 
 Africa, empire of Gando, 75 m. SSW. Bussa. P. 15,000 (?). 
 
 K&tw4, tn., Brit India, Bengal, dist. Bardwan, 40 m. S. 
 Murshidabid, on the Bhdgirithf. P. 6700 ; Hindus, 5500. 
 
 Katwljk, comm., HoUand, prov. S. Holland, 5 m. NW. 
 Leiden. P. 6900. 
 Katy, tn. , Himgary, co. Bics-Bodrog, dist. TiteL P. <4000. 
 Katyf, El, tn., Arabia. See El Khatlf. 
 Katym&r, tn. , Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. Bdcs- Almas. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Katzhaeh, riv. , Prussian Silesia, flows NE. past Liegnitz into 
 the Oder; not navigable; length, 35 m. On its banks the 
 Prussians gained a victory over the French in 1813. 
 
 Katzenbiichel, mt. , Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle and 10 
 m. NW. Mosbach ; the highest point of the Odenwald. Alt. 
 2300 ft. 
 
 Katzenkopf, the most westerly and the highest summit of 
 the Kitzbiihel Alps, Austria, Tirol, E. of the ZillerthaL Alt. 
 8310 ft. 
 Kau, Ossetian, 'hamlet.' 
 
 Kauai, the larger of the two N W. isles of the Sandwich Is. , 
 crossed by 22° N., 159^° W., separated from Niihau I. on the 
 SW. by Kaulaka Passage. Nearly round ; culminating point 
 Wailua, 6000 ft. Has Hanalai Harbour in middle of N. ct., 
 Waimea Harbour on S. ct. 
 
 Kauh, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Goarshausen, 
 on the r. bk. of the Rhine, 10 m. NW. by N. Bingen. P. <30oa 
 Kaubul, city, Afghanistan. See Kabul. 
 Kaneriilk, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, on the riv. Drewenz, 
 48 m. NE. by E. Thorn. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Kaufbeuren, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, circle 
 K., 35 m. SSW. Augsburg, with manufactures of textiles and 
 machinery. P. 7300. 
 
 Kaufmann Peak, central Asia, Trans- Alai Mts., on the 
 Pamirs, 39° 18' N., 72° 55' E. Alt. 23,000 ft. 
 
 Kauflbng, viL , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and dist. Schonau, 
 with marble quarries. P. <2000. 
 
 Kauffbngen, viL , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 7 m. ESE. 
 KasseL P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kanfinan, city, U.S., Texas, cap. K. co., in the NE., to the 
 W. of 96° W. , and N. of 32° N. P. <i500. 
 
 Kaukapakapa, post-tn.. New Zealand, prov. Auckland, co. 
 Waitemata, 6 m. from Helensville. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kaukauna, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Outagamie co., onr. bk. of 
 Fox R. , 20 m. SW. by S. of the head of Green Bay. P. <5ocio. 
 Kaukebau, tn. , SW. Arabia, Yemen, on a height W. of Sana. 
 Kaulas, tn., India, Haidardbad, cap. dist., 84 m. NW. by 
 N. Haidardbdd. 
 Kaull-klang, riv., Korea. See Tnmcn. 
 Kau-llng Hills, China. See Klngtecblu. 
 Kuuluu, or Kauluug, China. See Kowloon. 
 Kauniberg, vil. , Lower Austria, 12 m. NW. Wiener Neustad. 
 P. <;2ooo. 
 Kaurlala, riv. , India. See dogra. 
 
 KauJFlm, tn., Bohemia, 25 m. E. by S. Prague. P. <40oo. 
 KaurlyA, viL, Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Rdipur, 95 m. 
 W. by S. Sambalpur. P. <5ooo. 
 
 KauitUKi, isl. , Solomon group. See New Georgia. 
 Kuushld Khan Kala. See JHerv. 
 Kautau, isls. , Tongking. See Kao-Tao. 
 Kaute-hslen, tn. , China, in NW. prov. Kansu, 83 m. ESE. 
 Suchou. Alt. 4660 ft. (Michaelis). P. about 10,000. 
 
 Kantenbach, viL, gd. -duchy of Luxemburg, 23 m. N. by W. 
 Luxemburg. 
 
 Kautb, vil., Austria, Bohemia, SW. by S. Pilsen, 4 m. SE. 
 Taus. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kavadartsl, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Salonica, 44 ra. 
 NE. Monastir. P. 6800 (G.). 
 
KAVA — KAZA 
 
 KavAi, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Malabdr, in io° 56' N., 
 75° 58' E. P. (1881) 6600. 
 
 Kavak, seapt., Turkey. See AnadollkaTak. 
 
 Karakltl, or Ravakll, tn., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, 
 prov. Sliven, 30 m. NNW. Adrianople. P. 7300. 
 
 Karaklii, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. Kirk-Kilise, 30 m. 
 E. Adrianople. 
 
 Kavala, or Cavalla, seapt. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Drama, 
 on the Gulf of K. (^gean Sea, behind Thasos I.), 20 m. WNW. 
 of the mouth of the Kara-Su. The steamers of the Austrian 
 Lloyd's and the Messageries Maritimes Companies call here 
 weekly. Birthplace of the late Mehemet Ali, Pasha of Egypt. 
 
 Karala Island, central Africa, off the W. shore of Lake 
 Tanganyika, in 5° 45' S. Alt. 2910 ft. Mean rfall. (2 yrs.). 
 52.16 in. 
 
 KaTale-dnrga (' Guarding-Hillfort'), hill, India, near the 
 W. frontier of Mysore state, dist. Shimoga, in 13° 44' N., 
 crowned by ruined fortifications. Alt. 3058 ft. 
 
 KATall, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 33 m. N. Nellore. 
 P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Kavalll, riv. , Africa. See Liberia. 
 
 Kavarna, tn. , Bulgaria, on the Black Sea, prov. and 28 m. 
 NE. by E. Varna. 
 
 Kavama, Tilrk, 4 m. NW. 
 
 Karaya, tn. , Turkey in Europe, Albania, prov. Scutari, 11 
 m. SE. by E. Durazzo ; seat of a Greek bishop. 
 
 K&Teri, riv. , India. See Caurery. 
 
 H&TerlpAk, tn. , India, Madras, dist. North Arcot, in 12° 54' 
 N. , 79° 30' E. ; scene of a victory of Clive over the French in 
 1752. P. (1881) 5500. 
 
 KdTerlpnrain, tn., India, Madras, dist. Coimbatore, in 11° 
 SS' N. , 77° 47' E. P. (1881) <5ooo. 
 
 KarlTondo, dist. , central Africa, on the NE. of Lake Victoria 
 Nyanza, Lower K. on both sides of the equator. Upper K. to 
 the N. ; inhabited by two distinct races, and densely populated. 
 
 Kavkazskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kubaii, 70 m. NW. of Stavropol, on 1. bk. Kuban. P. 5850. 
 
 Karkazskoye, vil., E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, 25 m. NE. 
 Minusinsk, on Tuba R. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kawa, Japanese, 'a river.' 
 
 KaTfachl, kuni or old prov., Japan, now in Ozaka-fu. 
 
 Ka^vagoe, tn. , Japan, prov. Musashi, 24 m. NW. Tokyo. 
 P. 15,800. 
 
 KaM'ahl, or Vlncennes, isl. , Pacific, in the Tuamotu group, 
 in about 16° S. , 145° 15' W. 
 
 Ka-wakaiva, coal-mining tp.. New Zealand, North I., Bay 
 of Islands co., no m. NNW. Auckland; connected by rail 
 with Russell. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kawamabad, caravan serai, Persia, prov. Pars, 47 m. NNE. 
 Shiraz. 
 
 Ka-wamba, lake, Congo Free State, in the course of the 
 Lualaba, to the N. of 8° S. 
 
 Kawar, great oasis, central Sahara, on the route firom Fezzan 
 to Bornu, in Tibesti, slightly S. of 20° N., forming a long 
 narrow depression about 50 m. from N. to S., 5-6 m. broad. 
 K. includes the oasis of Bilma (which forms its S. extremity), 
 and has 11 inhabited localities, the largest of which is Garu 
 (Bilma proper), having 300 houses. 
 
 Kaivara, tn., central Arabia, prov. Upper Kafim, 44 m. 
 SSE. Hail. P. 2000. 
 
 Kawarau, post-tn.. New Zealand, prov. Otago, co. Vincent, 
 90 m. NW. Dunedin, in a deep gorge of the riv. Kawarau (which 
 flows E. from the middle of Lake Wakatipu to the Clutha) ; 
 much visited by tourists ; with coal-mine near. P. <i5oo. 
 
 KawardhA, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Bilaspur, 
 112 m. SE. Jabalpur; cap. of the K. chiefship. P. (1881) 5700. 
 
 Ka-wan, rocky isl., New Zealand, in the Gulf of Hauraki, 
 30 m. N. Auckland. It is about 20 m. in circumference. Now 
 a favourite resort of yachting and picnic parties. 
 
 Ka-wele, small dist., central Africa, on E. side of Lake 
 Tanganyika, in 4° 55' S. , including part of the town of Ujiji. 
 
 Ka'wen, group of between 60 and 70 small wooded isls. , 
 Pacific Ocean, in the Radak chain of Marshall Archipelago, lat. 
 8° 30' N. , long. 171° E. 
 
 Kawhla, CO., New Zealand, North I., on the W. ct., crossed 
 by 175° E. 
 
 Kawhla Harbonr, inlet. New Zealand, on the W. ct. of 
 
 North I., S. of Aotea Harbour, in 38° 5' S. 
 
 Kdyal, ancient port, now a petty vil., Brit. India, Madras, 
 dist. Tinnevelli, on the Gulf of Manar, 31 m. E. by S. Tinne- 
 velli ; long a famous coast town, the Cail of Marco Polo, the 
 actual site of which seems, however, to be some miles inland 
 from the present Kayal. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kiiyalpatnain, tn., Brit. India, Madras, on the Gulf of 
 Manar, dist. and 35 m. ESE. Tinnevelli. P. 11,500; Moham. 
 6400 ; Hindus, 4900. 
 
 Kayan, or Ken, riv. , Central India. See Ken. 
 
 Kayell, tn. , Moluccas, Buru I. , E. ct. , on a magnificent bay. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Kayes, French stn., W. Africa, on the 1. bk. of the Senegal, 
 
 in 14" 25' N., 11° 33' W. , 7 m. below Medina, and 570 m. from 
 St. Louis by river, about 280 m. ESE. as a bird flies. K. is 
 the point to which the Senegal is navigable during flood, May- 
 Nov. ; starting point of a railway towards the Niger. 
 
 Kayfnga, native name of Alexandrlna Ylctorla Lake, S. 
 Australia. 
 
 Kaymene. See Santorln. 
 
 Kaysersberg, tn. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, circle Rappolts- 
 weiler, 6 m. NW. Kolmar ; in a lovely valley, with fine ruins of 
 a castle of Frederick Barbarossa. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kaynga, post-tp. , New South Wales, Brisbane co. , 164 m. 
 NNW.Sydney. P.<i5oo. 
 
 KayrlUe, vil., U.S., Utah, Davis co., 20 m. N. by W. Salt 
 Lake City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kaza, a subdivision of Turkish sanjaks. 
 
 Kazachlnskaya, vil. , E. Siberia, govt, and 80 m. NNW. of 
 Irkutsk, on r. bk. Angara. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kazachlya, vil., Russia, suburb of Shatsk, govt, and 232 m. 
 N. of Tambov. P. 5500. 
 
 KazakeTicba, vil., Russian Manchuria, Maritime Prov., 25 
 m. SW. of Khabarovka, at head of the two branches by which 
 Usuri joins Amur. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kazakh, or NoTaya Akstafa, vil., Russia, Transcaucasia, 
 govt. Elisabethpol, chief town of dist. K., 47 m. SE. of Tiflis, 
 near r. bk. of Kura. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kazakhs, or Kalsaks, ancient Kosogs, tribe, Russian 
 Armenia, occupying part of govt. Elisabethpol ; formerly in- 
 habited the plains in N. Caucasia. P. about 10,000. 
 
 Kazaklar, tn., Greece, prov. and 8 m. NNW. Larissa. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Kazallnsk, or Kazala (Fort No. i), fort and dist. tn., 
 Russian Central Asia, prov. Syr-daria, on Syr-daria R. Mean 
 temp., yr. 46.4° F., Jan. 12.0°, July 77.9" ; mean rfall. (11 yrs.), 
 yr. 4. 1 in. P. 5800. 
 
 Kazamanza, spelt by the French Cazamancc, or Casamaiice, 
 riv., W. Africa, Senegambia, flows W., and forms a long and 
 vdde estuary, entering the Atlantic in 12° 35' N. (a little to the 
 N. of Cape Roxo) ; receives on the right the Sungrugu, which 
 also forms a v^ade estuary. 
 
 Kazan, Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia. See Kotel. 
 
 Kazail, govt., middle Russia, at confluence of Volga and 
 Kama, has Nizhniy Novgorod on W., Vologda on N. and 
 NE., Ufa on SE., Samara and Simbirsk on S. and SE. 
 Surface an elevated plain, from 550 to 700 ft. above the sea, 
 reaching 1050-1260 ft. in its highest spots in SE. and E. , where 
 it joins the plateaux of middle Urals. A low depression, only 
 from 175 to 400 ft. of altitude, occupies its central parts, re- 
 presenting the bottom of a great lake which was occupied in 
 the Post-Pliocene period by an expansion of the Caspian Sea 
 extending up the middle Volga and the lower Kama, and now 
 covered chiefly with sands and elongated low sandy ridges 
 clothed with Scotch fir forests, as well as with small lakes and 
 marshes, or with tracts of fertile black earth. The higher 
 plains are thickly clothed with forests. All covered with glacial 
 bpulder-clay and lacustrine deposits overlying Permian sand- 
 stones and Triassic ' variegated marls. ' Watered by the Volga 
 and Kama, the former receiving from the left the Vetluga, Ilet, 
 Kazanka, and Great Cheremshan ; and from the right the 
 Sura and Sviyaga, while the Kama receives the Vyatka and 
 many small streams. Climate severe ; average temp. , yr. 37°, 
 Jan. 7°, July 67°; yearly rfall., 15.3 in. Formerly seat of the 
 Volga Bulgaria, which had its chief towns at Bolgary and 
 Suvar. P. consists of Great Russians (42 per cent.), I'atars (29 
 per cent.), Chuvashes (22 per cent.), Cheremises (6 percent.),. 
 Mordovians (i per cent.). Agriculture chief occupation, but 
 insufiicient for population ; cattle-breeding hampered by want 
 of meadow lands ; fishing, bee culture. All sorts of house 
 industries in villages, wooden ware, leather, and felt goods 
 exported, as well as timber. Cotton and woollen cloth mills, 
 iron-works, building of steamers and smaller crafts, carriage 
 making. Considerable trade due to most advantageous position 
 on two great rivers, and on highway to Siberia. Divided inta 
 twelve dists. : Kazan, Cheboksary, Chistopol, Kozmodemiyansk, 
 Laishev, Mamadyzh, Sviyazhsk, Spassk, Tetyushi, Tsarevokok- 
 shaisk, Tsyvilsk, and Yadrinsk. Several villages on the navigable 
 rivers are very populous, and more important than towns. Area, 
 24,601 sq. m. Mean temp., yr. 37.4° F., Jan. 7.0°, July 67.8°. 
 P. (1834) 1,220,700; (1862) 1,604,705; (1891) 2,208,917. 
 
 Kazaft, tn., Russia, cap. govt. K. , on 1. bk. of Volga, 3 m. 
 from its junction with Kazanka R. , on a low plain inundated 
 by the Volga at high water, 548 m. E. of Moscow, and 276 m. 
 from Nizhniy-Novgorod rly. terminus. Observatory, 55° 48' N. , 
 49° 46' E. Alt. 280 ft. Mean rfall. (20 yrs.), yr. 15.3 in., May- 
 Sept. 10.3 in. Formerly cap. of an important Tatar khanate, 
 taken by the Russians in 1552. Has an old citadel, the Kreml, 
 and is surrounded by several large villages, some of which 
 already may be considered as forming part of the town. A 
 considerable industrial activity has lately developed ; cotton 
 mills, iron and copper works, tallow, soap, and candle works, 
 large tanneries, carriage works, flour and starch mills. The 
 
 ^*^ OF THB ^ 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
K AZ A 
 
 K E EF 
 
 ports of K. are Kazanskaya on Kazanka R. , when the Volga 
 is in inundation ; Ust-Kazanskaya, at the mouth of the 
 Kazanka, and Bakaldinskaya, on the Volga. The shipping 
 to and from these three ports is very considerable, timber, corn, 
 tallow, hides, leather, and metals being shipped to and from 
 the upper and the lower Volga and the Kama. P. rapidly in- 
 creasing : (1862)60,230; (1891)134,359. 
 
 Kazaiiislichi, Cireat and Small, two vils., Caucasia, prov. 
 Daghestan, 85 m. NW. Derbent ; manufacture of arms. P. 
 4700 and 2020 (Kumyks). 
 
 Kazan jik, vil. , Russian Transcaspian terr., rly. stn., 116 m. 
 ESE. of Uzun-ada. 
 
 Kazanliik, Bulgaria. See Kezanlyk. 
 
 Kazanskaya, Cossack viL, Russia, N. Caucasia, 92m.WNW. 
 of Stavropol, on Kuban R. P. 6550. 
 
 Kazatskaya, vil. , Russia, suburb of Kursk. P. 5000. 
 
 Kazliek, peak of Caucasus, 42° 42' N., 44° 51' E. , third 
 highest peak of the ridge, situated in the N. of main ridge, 
 in a parallel chain pierced by the Terek, which rises on its S. 
 slope. Consists of volcanic rocks, and rises as a pyramid 6000 
 ft. above snow-line. Mighty glaciers take origin on its slopes. 
 The Devdorak glacier gives origin to great avalanches, which 
 occasionally stay the course of the Terek. Alt. 16,546 ft. 
 
 Kaz-Dagh, the ancient Ida, mt. range, in the NW. of Asia 
 Minor, stretching E. and W. to the N. of the plain and gulf of 
 Edremid ; highest peak Sarikiz, 5480 ft. 
 
 Kaze, tn. , central Africa. See Tabora. 
 
 Kazembe, vil., in the SE. of the Congo Free State, on the r. 
 bk. of the Lualaba, in 10° 30' S., 26° 15' E. 
 
 Kazengo, coffee-growing dist. , W. Africa, Angola, N. of the 
 Lukalla, about 120 m. ESE. Loanda. 
 
 Kazernn, tn., Persia, prov. Fars, 51 m. W. Shiraz. Alt. 
 about 3500 ft. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kazhlmskly, iron-work, NE. Russia, govt. Vologda, 140 m. 
 NE. Vyatka, on Sysola R.; centre of administration. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kazi-kumnkii, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, chief tn. of K.-k. , 
 dist. of prov. Daghestan, 57 m. WNW. Derbent. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kazinka, tn., Russia, govt, and 100 m. SSE. of Voronezh, 
 near the Don. P. 5000. 
 
 Kazinka, tn., Russia, govt. Tambov, 65 m. NE. of Voro- 
 nezh. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kazmlye, or Klazlmlye, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 
 sanjak Bagdad. P. 6000 (Moham., mainly Shiah). 
 
 Kaznsa, kuni or old prov. , Japan, now included in Chiba ken. 
 
 Kazvln, Kasbln, or Casbln, tn., Persia, 86 m. WNW. 
 Teheran, important seat of trade at the crossiiit'-place of the 
 trade routes from Resht and Tabriz to Teheran, with the latter 
 of which places it is connected by road, as it is also with Hamadan 
 (117 m. SW. by road). Fruit, wine, and grain produced in the 
 neighbourhood in abundance. Weaving and tanning carried on. 
 Alt. 4094 ft. (Curzon). P. 25,000. 
 
 Kea, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, div. and x\ m. SW. Truro. The 
 old church is 2 m. SE. Truro ; 6760 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Kea, isl. and tn. , Greece. See Keos. 
 
 Ke (Kel, or Key) Islands, group of two principal and some 
 smaller islands in the Malay Archipelago, W. of New Guinea, in 
 5° i2'-6° 6' S. , 132°- 133° 10' E. , belonging to Holland. Little Ke 
 and its surrounding islands are low, and of volcanic origin, raised 
 out of the sea about 1850, during the shocks of a severe earth- 
 quake ; whilst Great Ke, the most easterly of the group, is of 
 Tertiary formation, with rocks of sandstone and granite, bordered 
 with high cliffs, and in the interior are a few isolated mountains, 
 the highest being about 2500 ft. The islands are all covered 
 with dense tropical jungle, containing some fine timber, and are 
 entirely surrounded with coral reefs. Annual rfall. 102.5 i^^' \ 
 of which 82 inches from Nov. to April, during the W. monsoon. 
 P. 20,000, of whom one-third are Mohammedans. See Proc. 
 R. G. S., 1888, p. 764, with map (i : 500,000) ; and Scot. Geog. 
 Ma^., 1890, p. 385. 
 
 Keadby, par., Eng., Lmcolnshire, W. Lindsey div., on the 
 L bk. of the Trent, 9 m. SE. by S. Goole, with a stn. (Althorpe 
 {q.v. ) and K.) on the M. S. & L. R. , PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Keadew, tn.. Ire., N. co. Roscommon, bar. Boyle, 5 m. NW. 
 Leitrim, 8 m. ftom Carrick-on-Shannon stn., P.O. (Keadue). 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Keady, par. and tn.. Ire., W. co. Armagh, bars. Armagh 
 and liranny, 7 m. S. by W. Armagh, PMT.O. Par. 15,350 ac, 
 P. 6200; tn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Keady, electoral div.. Ire., co. Londonderry, dist Limavady. 
 
 Keal, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Lincoln- 
 shire, S. Lindsey div., 13J m. N. by E. Boston, 2 m. SW. 
 Spilsby stn. E. Keal, P.O., P.<50o; W. Keal, P.O. (K. 
 Cotes), P. <500. 
 
 Keal, Loch, inlet, Scot., Argyllshire, in the W. of Mull, 
 nearly dividing the island into two. 
 
 Keale, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. CuUen. 
 
 KealklU, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Cork, bar. Bantry, 6 m. NE. 
 Bantry, P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Keallasay Beg and Keallasay More, two small isls. , Scot , 
 Inverness-shire, off E. ct of N. Uist, in 57° 37-38^' N. 
 782 
 
 Keamanelgh Pass, Ire. , W. co. Cork, bar. Muskerry, W. , 
 
 15 m. SW. by W. Macroom. 
 
 Kearby wltb Netberby, par. . Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Barkston Ash div., 5^ m. S. Knaresborough, 2^ m. WNW. 
 Collingham Bridge stn. P. <:250. 
 
 Kearu and Anchlndolr, par. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, on 
 the Water of Bogie, 9^ m. SSW. Huntly, 5^ m. SSW. Gartly 
 stn.; 15,310 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kearney, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Parry Sound dist, 
 86 m. NE. by N. Collingwood. 
 
 Kearney, tnld., Ire., E. ct co. Down, bar. Upper Ards, 11 m. 
 ENE. Downpatrick. P. <25o. 
 
 Kearney, co. , U. S. , Kansas, crossed by 38° N. and 101° 20' W. 
 
 Kearney, city, U.S., Nebraska, Buffalo co., the 1. bk. of 
 Platte R. , 86 m. ESE. of the confluence of the N. and S. Platte. 
 Water-power derived from a canal leading from the Platte, 16 m, 
 W., to the bluffs behind the city. Founded 1872. P. (1880) 
 <2ooo ; (1890) 8100. 
 
 Kearney, co., U.S., Nebraska, S. of 41° N., crossed by 
 99° W. 
 
 Kearsarge, or Pequa^wket, mt, U.S., New Hampshire, 
 Carroll co. , in 44° 6' 20" N. , 71° 5' 40" W. , 20 m. N W. by W. 
 Concord. Alt. 3270 ft. 
 
 Kearsarxe Pass, the highest pass across the Sierra Nevada, 
 U.S., California, in about 36° 40' N., amid wonderful rock 
 scenery. Alt. 12,000 ft. 
 
 Kearsley, par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, 4 m. SE. Bolton, 
 with paper-mills and large coal-mines, with stn. (K. and Stone- 
 clongta) on L. & Y. R., P.O. (K. Moor). P. 8000; eccles. par. 
 (K. Moor) P. <:3ooo. See Farnwortta. 
 
 Kearsley, par., Eng., Northumberland, 11 m. NE. Hexham. 
 P.<;25o. 
 
 Kearsney, hamlet, Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., on the 
 L. C. & D. R., 2i m. NW. Dover. 
 
 Keasden, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Clapbam. 
 
 Keash, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Ballymote, co. Antrim. 
 
 Keban- (or Kyeban-) Maden ('mine of the gorge'), tn., 
 Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 100 m. NW. by W. Diarbekir, 30 m. 
 W. Kharput, on the Euphrates, near the junction of the Murad- 
 chai and Kara-su ; silver-lead mine formerly worked here. 
 
 Kebao, isl., off the coast of Tongking, crossed by 21° 10' N., 
 107° 25' E. It is triangular in shape, 17 m. long by 9 m. in 
 greatest width, at the N.; high and wooded in the S. , sloping 
 northwards. It has an important deposit of coal, 140 ft. thick, 
 and of good quality. Area, 96 sq. m. 
 
 Kebbl, riv. , central Africa, probably flows first W. from the 
 S. end of the Tuburi swamp, expands into Lake Nabdrdt, in 
 9° 62' N., 14' E. , and then flows SW. to the Benue, which it 
 joins in 9° 25' N. , 13° 38' E. ; navigable to Lake Nabdrdt. (Proc. 
 P. G. S., 1891, pp. 449-76, map, p. 512.) 
 
 Kebdana, mts. , eastern Morocco, on the shore of the Medi- 
 terranean, called by the Spanish Qnlbadana. 
 
 Kebllll, vil. , Tunis, on the E. shore of Shat ed Jerid, 150 m. 
 SSW. Kairwan. 
 
 Kebnekalsse, the highest summit in Sweden, 68° 4' N. , 
 191° 10' E. Alt. 7192 ft. 
 
 Kebock, or Cabag, Head, promontory, on E. side of Lewis I. , 
 Outer Hebrides, 13 m. S. Stornoway. 
 
 Keckwlck, or Kekewlck, par., Eng., Cheshire, 4J m. SW. 
 Warrington. P. <25o. 
 
 Kecskemi^t, municip. , Hungarj-, i;o m. SE. by S. Buda Pest, 
 Most important cattle fair in Hungary ; manufacture of soap. 
 P. (1850)31,900; (1869)41,200; (1890)48,500. 
 
 Keczel, tn., Hungary, 44 m. NNW. Szegedin. P. 6000. 
 
 Kedabek, copper-works, Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 
 dist. Elisabethpol ; yearly yield (with Kalahent works) 25,000- 
 30,000 cwt. of copper. 
 
 Kedah, Keddah, or Qaedah, Siamese Mnang-Sai, small 
 principality, Malay Penin., subject to the kingdom of Siam, 
 between 5 and 7° N. ; cap. K. town. 
 
 Kedah, Old, tn. , Siam, Malay Penin., on the W. ct. , cap. 
 Kedah state, in about 5° 41' N. 
 
 Ked4rn&th, famous temple and place of pilgrimage in Garh- 
 wal dist., Brit. India, NW. Provs., in 30° 44' N., 79 6' E. 
 
 Keddlngton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , on 
 the Louth Navigation, 2 m. NE. Louth. P. <25o. 
 
 Kedesh, places named in O. T. See Kadish and TeU Abu 
 Kadels. 
 
 Kedesh Naphtali, place named in O. T. See Kades. 
 
 Kedgeree, or Khejlrl, viL , Brit India, Bengal, on r. bk. of 
 Hiiglf, near its mouth, in 21° 53' N. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kedlrl, tn. , Java, 60 m. SW. Surabaya, on the Kali Brantas, 
 in a lovely valley ; cap. residency K. P. (tn. ) 16,000. 
 
 Kedlugton, or Ketton, par. , Eng. , cos. Essex and Suffolk, 
 II m. SSE. Newmarket, 2 m. NE. Sturmer stn. , P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Ked'lestou, par., Eng., Derbyshire. S. div., 3^ m. NW. 
 Derby. P. <:250. 
 
 Kedn, prov. or residency, central Java, cap. Magelang. 
 
 Kedur, tn., in the S. of Arabia, i7S m. NE. Aden. 
 
 Keefers, stn. , Canada, prov. Brit Columbia, on the C. P. R. , 
 
KEEK 
 
 K E I T 
 
 about 121° 39' W. , 1342 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 140 m. from 
 Vancouver. 
 
 Keeklll, tnld. , Ire., N. co. Galway, bar. Clare, on E. shore of 
 Lough Corrib, io| m. N. by W. Galway. P. <:25o. 
 
 Keel, hamlet. Ire., co. Mayo, on the S. ct. of Achill I., 25 m. 
 WNW. Westport, on the shores of a picturesque bay, on one 
 side of which rise Mount Minnaun and the Cathedral Rocks, 
 with coastguard stn. , P.O. 
 
 Keelby ('ship station"), par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsay 
 div., 7 m. W. Great Grimsby, 2^ m. SSE. Habrough stn., 
 PMT.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Keeldra, electoral div.. Ire., co. Leitrim, dist. Mohill. 
 
 Keele, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, N W. div. , 2^ m. W. by S. 
 Newcastle-under-Lyme, on the N. Staffordshire Rly., PMT.O. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Keeler, tn. , U.S., California, Inyo co. , on E. shore of Owen's 
 Lake, 174 m. N. by E. Los Angeles. Rfall., yr. 3.40 in. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Keeling Islands, Indian Ocean. See Coeos. 
 
 Keels, fishing vil. , Newfoundland, Bonavista dist. , on the E. 
 ct. , 77 m. NNW. St. John's. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Keem, hamlet, Ire., co. Mayo, in the W. of Achill I., 30 m. 
 WNW. Westport. 
 
 Keen, mt. , Scot., on the boundary between cos. Aberdeen 
 and Forfar, in 56° 58' N. , 2° 5/ W. Alt. 3077 ft. 
 
 Keenagb, tn. , Ire. , S. co. Langford, bar. Rathcline, 7 m. S. 
 Longford, PM.O. (Kenagh). P. <2So. 
 
 Keenagbt, bar. , Ire. , in the middle of co. Londonderry. 
 
 Keene, vil., Canada, Ontario, Peterborough co., on Lake 
 Rice, 71 m. NE. by E. Toronto. P. <isoo. 
 
 Keene, city, U.S., New Hampshire, Cheshire co. , 17m. NE. 
 by N. of the SW. corner of the state, on a wide plain, surrounded 
 by lofty hills. P. 7400. 
 
 Keepawa, lake, Canada, on W. border of Quebec, in 47° N., 
 drains W. into the Ottawa R. 
 
 Keeper Hill, mt. , Ire., in the W. of co. Tipperary, 8 m. 
 SSW. Nenagh. Height, 2278 ft. 
 
 Keeragb Islands, Ire., off the S. ct. of co. Wexford, in 
 Ballyteige Bay. 
 
 Keereen, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Waterford, dist. Whitechurch. 
 
 Keer-Weer, or Tnrnagain, cape, Queensland, Australia, on 
 E. side of the Gulf of Carpentaria, in 13° 43' S. 
 
 Keesevllle, vil., U.S., New York, Essex and Clinton cos., 
 on Au Sable R., 15 m. W. by N. Burlington (Vt), vdth iron 
 and nail works. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Keevil, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Westbury div. ,4 m. E. by N. 
 Trowbridge, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Keewa'tin (from an Indian word signifying ' the north 
 wind'), dist., in the NW. Terrs, of Canada, N. of Manitoba, 
 extending to the Arctic Archipelago, between 95° 8' and 100° 8' 
 W. It contains many large lakes and rivers, draining into 
 Hudson Bay. The country is very bleak and rugged, almost 
 everywhere sterile, with occasional forests, but rich in metals. 
 Its only European inhabitants are a few Icelanders, and Indians 
 are very rare. Created in 1876 out of the terrs., and erected 
 into a separate government under the Lieutenant-Governor of 
 Manitoba. Area about 160,000 sq. m. 
 
 Keewatin, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 1295 m. by rail W. Montreal, 129 m. E. Winnipeg. 
 
 kef, tn. , Persia. See Kliaf. 
 
 Kef (Arabian, 'a rock'), the ancient Sicca Veneria, tn. , 
 Tunis, 73 m. SE. Bona (Alg. ), on the slope of a rock ; occupied 
 by the French since 1881. Alt. 2475 ft. P. about 4000 (one- 
 tenth or twelfth Jews), including Maltese and Italians. 
 
 Kefes Bnrnn, cape, with a fort, Asia Minor, on the E. side 
 of the Dardanelles, 26 m. SW. Gallipoli. 
 
 Keffl, or Kein At»d-es-Senga, tn., central Africa, western 
 Sudan, Sokoto, no m. NE. of confluence of Niger and Benue. 
 Alt. 850 ft. P. 80,000. 
 
 Kefllng, isl. , Malay Archipelago, at SE. extremity of Ceram, 
 from which it is separated by a narrow strait; circumference, 
 about 20 m. 
 
 Kefll, vil., Asiatic Turkey, vilayet and 42 m. S. Bagdad, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Hindiye canal, a little S. of the ruins of 
 Babylon, about midway between Nejef and Hille. P. 2500; 
 Moham. 2000. 
 
 Keftreh, ruins, Palestine, Chephirah in the O. T., 31° 50' N., 
 35° 6' E. , 8 m. WNW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Keflinge, vil., S. Sweden, prov. Malmohus, 13 m. ESE. 
 Landskrona. 
 
 Kefr 'Adan, site, Palestine, En Haddah in the O. T., 32° 29' 
 N., 35° 15' E. , 15 m. S. by E. Nazareth. 
 
 Kefr 'Ana, site, Palestine, Chephar Haammonai in the O. T. , 
 31° 58' N. , 35° 15' E., XQ.\ m. N. Jerusalem. 
 
 Keft 'Ana, vil., Palestine, Ono in the O. T. , 32° i' N., 34° 
 47' E. , 7 m. ESE. Jaffa (ancient Joppa). 
 
 Kefr 'Anftn, vil., Palestine, Ha7inathon in the O. T., 32° 55' 
 N-' 35° 25' E., 12 m. NW. by N. Tiberias. 
 
 Kefr-et-Tor, vil., Palestine, on the Jebel-et-Tor {Mount of 
 Olives), perhaps the Bethphage of the N. T. , i m. E. Jerusalem. 
 
 Keft* H&ris, vil. , Palestine, Timnath Heres in the O. T. , 32 
 
 7' N., 35° 9' E. , 10 m. SW. Nablus. 
 
 Kefrl, Kifri, or Salalile, tn., Asiatic Turkey, vilayet Mosul, 
 sanjak Kerkuk, 100 m. N. by E. Bagdad, in a fine wheat-grow- 
 ing dist. P. 6500 ; Moham. 6400 (Cuinet). 
 
 Keftr Keiina, vil. , Palestine, Cana of Galilee in the N. T. , 
 32° 45' N. , 35° 20' E., 4 m. NE. by N. Nazareth. 
 
 Kefir Tbllth, site, Palestine, Baal Shalisha in the O. T., 32° 
 24' N. , 35° 2' E. , II m. SE. by E. of the ancient Caesarea. 
 
 Keft' Yasif, vil. , Palestine, Achshaph in the O. T. , 32° 57' N. , 
 35° 10' E., 6 m. ENE. Acre. 
 
 Kef-nm-Tebnl, important copper and silver-lead mines, in 
 the extreme NE. of Algeria, E. of La Calle. 
 
 Kegalla, tn. , Ceylon, Central Prov. , 20 m. V/. Kandy. 
 
 Keg-wortb, par. and small tn. , Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 
 5^ m. NW. by N. Loughborough, on the M. R.; gypsum mined. 
 PMT. O. P. <2Soo ; eccles. par. (K. wltb Isley >Valton) P. < 
 2500. 
 
 Kebdingen, dist., Prussia, prov. Hanover, stretching for 
 about 25 m. along the 1. bk. of the Elbe from about 53° 35' N. 
 
 Kebl, tn. , Ger., Baden, circle Offenburg, between the 
 Kinzig R. and the r. bk. of the Rhine, 3 m. E. Strassburg ; 
 formerly fortified. It was bombarded by the French in 1870. 
 P. (comm. ) 5900. 
 
 Kehle, German, 'a throat,' 'gorge,' or 'defile.' 
 
 Kel, isls. See Ke. 
 
 Kei, Great, riv. , S. Africa, formed by the union of the Black 
 K. from the W. and White K. from the N W. , flows SE. , and 
 enters the Indian Ocean in 32° 40' S. ; it was for many years 
 the E. boundary of Cape Colony. 
 
 Kelg, par. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, on the 1. bk. of the Don, 
 10 m. W. by S. Inverurie, 2^ m. N. by W. Whitehouse stn., 
 P.O.; 8059 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Keigbley (kith'li), mun. bor. (since 1882) and market-tn., 
 Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, K. div., in the diocese of Ripon, 
 near the r. bk. of the Aire, at the confluence of the Worth, 
 8J m. NW. Bradford, on the M. R. and G. N. R. It has 
 manufactures of woollen and worsted goods, and is the principal 
 seat of the manufacture of the machinery used in worsted spin- 
 ning, and has also very extensive iron-foundries and machine tool- 
 making, washing machine and sewing machine making works. 
 The Leeds and Liverpool Canal connects it with Hull and 
 Liverpool. The par. constitutes an ancient manor, now the pro- 
 perty of the Duke of Devonshire, the direct descendant of the 
 ancient lords, the Kighleys of Kighley. The town has a high- 
 class school, affording general and technical education in con- 
 nection with the Mechanics' Institution, which includes also a 
 flourishing art school and museum, &c. Drake and Tonson's 
 charity is now primarily devoted to the education of girls. 
 Market-days, W. and S. 10,132 ac. Tn. P. (1801) 5700 ; (1871) 
 19,800; mun. bor. P. (1891) 30,800; eccles. par. (K. 'U'ith 
 Lawkbolme) P. <:5ooo; pari. div. P. (1891) 63,300. 
 
 Keilah, place named in O. T. See Kila. 
 
 Keilbei^, mt. , Austria, Bohemia, in the Erzgebirge, in the 
 NW., 12 m. NNE. Karlsbad. Alt. 4080 ft. 
 
 Keilban, vil., Ger., princip. Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, dist. 
 Rudolstadt, with educational establishment founded by Francis 
 Frobel. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Keilli, post-tn. , S. Australia, Daly co. , 80 m. S. by E. Port 
 Augusta. P. <: 1 500. 
 
 Keills, hamlet, Scot. , Argyllshire, 14 m. S W. Crinan Pier, P. O. 
 
 Keilor, tp. , Victoria, Grant co. , 9 m. N W. Melbourne. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Kei Montb, rural vil.. Cape Colony, Komgha div., at the 
 mouth of the Great Kei R. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Kelnton MandeTllle, par. , Eng. , Somerset, E. div. , 6 m. 
 SE. by S. Glastonbury, PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Keir, par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 3 m. SW. Thornhill, P.O. 
 (K. MUl) ; 7806 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Keis, isl. , Persia, Laristan, 10 m. fi-om coast, crossed by 54° E. , 
 75 m. W. Kishm. 
 
 Keisby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , 9 m. SE. 
 by E. Grantham, 4J m. NE. by E. Corby stn. P. <25o. See 
 Larlngton. 
 
 Keiskama Hoek, vil., Cape Colony, dist. and about 30 m. 
 NW. King William's Town. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Keiskamma, riv., S. Africa, Cape Colony, enters the Indian 
 Ocean 30 m. ENE. the Great Fish R. , after a SE. course of 80 m. 
 
 Keiss, fishing vil. , Scot., Caithness, on the E. ct. , 6\ m. N. 
 by W. Wick, PMT.O. P. <SOO. 
 
 Keitb, par. and market-tn., Scot., Banffshire and Elginshire, 
 on the r. bk. of the Isla, 9 m. NW. Huntly, on the G. N. of S. 
 R. It is siirrounded by hills, and now includes Flfe-Keltb, a 
 village, which has sprung up since 1816, on the other side of the 
 river. The ' Summer Eve Fair,' held here in September, is one 
 of the largest in the N. of Scotland for cattle and horses. In or 
 near the town the manufacture of tweeds and flour milling, and 
 of agricultural implements, and the distilling of whisky, are carried 
 on, and extensive lime quarries are worked. Par. 18,195 ^.c. , 
 P. 6600 ; tn. P. < 5000. 
 
 783 
 
K E I T 
 
 K ELS 
 
 Keith, CO., U.S., Nebraska, crossed in the W. by 102° W. , 
 traversed by the N. and S. Platte Rivs. 
 
 Keith, Upper, P.O. , Scot. , E. Lothian, 3 m. NE. Blackshiels. 
 
 Kelth-Hall and Klukell, par., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 2 
 m. E. by S. Inverurie ; 7601 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kelthley, vil., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, 220 m. NNE. 
 Vancouver. 
 
 Kelthshnrg, city, U.S., Illinois", Mercer co., on Mississippi 
 R. , 178 m. WSW. Chicago. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Keltnm, vil., Prussia, govt. Schleswig, on Sylt I. Mean 
 temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 45.9° F., Feb. 32.4°, July 62.8 . P. 
 
 Keizersplek ('emperor's peak'), mt. , Sumatra. See Se- 
 maiigka. 
 
 Kej, tn. , Baluchistan. See Knlatak. 
 
 Kekerangn, settlement. New Zealand, South I., Marl- 
 borough CO. , 60 m. SE. by S. Nelson. 
 
 Kekewick, par., Eng. See Keck-vvlck. 
 
 Kekrl, tn., Brit. India, Ajmere-Merwara, 48 m. SE. Ajmere. 
 P. (1891) 7100; Hindus, 5800; Moham. 900. 
 
 Keknrskoye, vil., E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, on 1. bk. 
 Yenisei, opposite the mouth of Kan, 53 m. NE. of Krasnoyarsk. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Kelang, small isl. of the Moluccas, W. of Ceram. 
 
 Kelantan, Malay Penin. See Kalantan. 
 
 Kelat, Persian, 'a castle.' 
 
 Kelat, tn. , Baluchistan. See Khelat. 
 
 KeIat-1-Ghllzai, tn. and fort, Afghanistan, on the Tarnak, 
 •J"] m. ENE. Kandahar. Alt. 5543 ft. 
 
 Kelat-1-Nadlrl ('the castle or fort of Nadir'), Persia, prov. 
 Khorasan, near the Russian border, N. by E. Meshed. A 
 mountain plateau, about 2500 ft. above sea-level, intersected by 
 deep gullies and ravines, 20 m. in length, by 5-7 m. vs^ide, sur- 
 rounded by a mighty natural rampart of vertical rock 700-1000 
 ft. in height. It is traversed by a small stream, and contains 
 two miserable villages. It was formerly considered an important 
 stronghold. Its unhealthiness is notorious. P. about 1000. 
 See Persia, by Hon. G. N. Curzon ; London, 1892. 
 
 Kelbla, lake, central Tunis, in the plain NE. Kairwan, 
 from which issues the Wadi Menfes, flowing into the coast 
 sebkha ( ' salt lake ' ) of Jeriba. 
 
 Kelbra, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 12 m. ESE. Nordhausen, 
 in the Goldene Aue, wdth good sandstone, granite, and lime- 
 stone. P. <2000. 
 
 Kelbrook, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton 
 div., %\ m. NE. by N. Burnley, i^ m. S. Earby stn., PM.O. 
 P. <\ooo. 
 
 Kelhy, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 6 m. NE. 
 by E. Grantham, 2 m. SE. by S. Ancaster stn. P. <25o. See 
 Haydor. 
 
 Keld, in Yorkshire place-names, 'spring.' 
 
 Keld, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 17J m. 
 W. Richmond, on the Swale, 7 m. N. by E. Hawes stn., P.O. 
 
 Keleuchi, vil., Russian Turkistan, prov. Syr-daria, 33 m. 
 S. of Tashkent. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kelermesskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kuban, dist. Maikop. P. 4700. 
 
 Kelfleld, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., on the Ouse, 8 m. S. York, 2^ m. WNW. Riccal stn., P.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Kelham, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 2 m. NW. 
 Newark, on the 1. bk. of the Trent ; here Charles I. placed 
 himself in the hands of the Scottish army. P.O. P. <250. See 
 Averham. 
 
 Kelhelm, tn. , Ger. , Bavaria, govt. Lower Bavaria, circle K. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the Danube, at the confluence of the Altmuhl, 12 
 m. WSW. Ratisbon. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Kellbla, tn., Tunis, 50 m. E. by N. Tunis. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kelldonla, cape, Asia Minor. See Khelldonla. 
 
 Kelir, tn., khanate of, and 122 m. SSE. of Bukhara, on r. bk. 
 of Amu. Alt. 730 ft. 
 
 KlUab, tn. , Lower Egypt. See Kalynb. 
 
 Kelk, Cireat and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Yorkshire, 
 E. Riding, Buckrose div., 19 m. S. by E. Scarborough, i^ m. 
 SE. by S. Lowthorpe stn. P. (of each) <: 250. 
 
 Kelkla, or Kelkla Irmak, riv. , Asia Minor. See Yeshll 
 Irniak. 
 
 Kellamersh, part of par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Bryiilng. 
 
 Kellet, Nether and Over, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Lanca- 
 shire, N. Lonsdale div., 4J m. NNE. Lancaster, 2 m. E. Bolton- 
 le-Sandsstn. K. Nether, P. <soo; K. Over, P.O., P. <:75o. 
 
 Kelley'8 Inland, small isl., U.S., Ohio, Erie co. , in the SW. 
 of Lake Erie, 42 m. E. Toledo ; the largest of ten islands off 
 Sandusky Bay, with rich vineyards, limestone quarries, and 
 summer villas. 
 
 Kelllng, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, Northern div. , 8 m. W. Cromer, 
 2 m. N. by E. Holt. P. <25o; eccles. par. (K. with Salt- 
 house) P. <Soo. 
 
 Kelllnghusen, vil., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle 
 Steinburg, 30 m. NNW. Hamburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Kelllngton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross | 
 784 
 
 div., on the Aire, i2jm. W. Goole, i| m. N. Whitley stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (K. -with Whitley) P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Kelllstown, par.. Ire., N. co. Carlow, bars. Carlow and 
 Forth, 5 m. SE. Carlow ; 4408 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Kelloe, stn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the Manitoba and 
 NW. R. , 123 m. by rail W. Portage la Prairie. 
 
 Kelloe, par. , Eng. , SE. div. of co. and 6^ m. SE. by E. 
 Durham, i| m. NW. Trimdon stn., PM.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Kellogg, vil., U.S., Iowa, Jasper co. , onN. Skunk R. , 38 m. 
 E. by N. Des Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kells, tn.. Ire., SW. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Antrim, 6^ m. 
 N. Antrim, on riv. Kells, and Belfast and N. Counties Rly. , 
 PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Kells, tnld. , Ire., W. ct. co. Kerry, bar. Iveragh, 24 m. 
 NW. Kenmare, on G. S. & W. R., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Kells, bar. , Ire. , in the SW. of co. Kilkenny. 
 
 Kells, par. and tn. , Ire., co. Kilkenny, bars. Kells and 
 Shillelogher, on King's R., 8 m. S. by W. Kilkenny, PM.O. 
 Par. 4410 ac. , P. <:75o ; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kelts, par. and market-tn. , Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. Upper 
 Kells, 9J m. NW. by W. Navan, with a stn. on the Oldcastle, 
 Kells, and Navan Rly., PMT.O. Market-day, S. Par. 8583 
 ac. , P. <;35oo ; tn. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Kells, par., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, containing the burgh 
 of New Galloway, and 5 m. NNW. New Galloway stn. ; 48,581 
 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kells, Lower, bar. , Ire. , in the NW. of co. Meath. 
 
 Kells, Epper, bar. , adjoining on the S. 
 
 Kells KiTer, Ire., in the S. of co. Antrim, flows W. to the 
 Main. 
 
 Ke Us water, stn. , Ire., co. Antrim, 4 m. S. Ballymena, on 
 the Belfast and N. Counties Rly. 
 
 Kelly, Celtic, 'a wood.' 
 
 Kelly, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 4^ m. ESE. 
 Launceston, 2 m. S. Lifton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kelly's Cross, vil., Canada, Prince Edward I., Queen's co. , 
 S m. from Crapaud. P. < 1500. 
 
 KellysgroTe, tnld.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Clonmacnowen, 
 4 m. from Ballinasloe, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Kelly's Point, post-tn. , Tasmania, Buckingham co. , at N. 
 extremity of N. Bruni I. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kelmarsh, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 12 m. 
 NW. Wellingborough, on the L. & NW. R. , PMT.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kelmscott, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Woodstock div. , at the 
 confluence of the Leach and the Thames, 17 m. W. by S. 
 Oxford, 2 m. SE. Lechlade stn. P. <25o. See Bradwell. 
 
 Kelsale, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 19 m. NE. Ipswich, 
 ijm. NNE. Saxmundham stn., PM.O. P. <i5oo; eccles. par. 
 (K. with Carlton) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kelsall, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 7I m. E. by 
 N. Chester, ij m. S. Mouldsworth stn., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 See Tarrln. 
 
 Kelsey, North and Sonth, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Lin- 
 colnshire, the former 15 m. WSW. Grimsby, div. and 5 m. SE. 
 by S. Brigg. K. North, on the M. S. & L. R., PM.O., and 
 P.O. (N. K. moor), 6227 ac. , P. <iooo; K. South, in Louth 
 div., PM.O., 4198 ac, P. <75o. 
 
 Kelshall, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchindiv., 15 m. N. 
 Hertford, 4 m. S^A'". Royston stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kelslck, vil., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 13 m. W. by 
 S. Carlisle, li^ m. ESE. Abbey Town stn. See Dundraw. 
 
 Kelso, or Elgin, vil., Canada, about 20 m. E. of the SW. 
 corner of Quebec prov., Huntingdon co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kelso, post-tp.. New South Wales, Roxburgh co. , 5 m. 
 NNW. Bathurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kelso, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Tuapeka co. , 62 
 m. W. Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kelso, burgh of barony, par. , and market-tn. , Scot. , Roxburgh- 
 shire, on the 1. bk. of the Tweed, 52 m. SE. from Edinburgh 
 by N. B. R. , and 24 m. W. from Berwick by NE. R. The 
 town has an antiquarian museum, and extensive library; exten- 
 sive coach-building, fishing tackle making, and manufacture of 
 agricultural manures and implements; important ram sale in 
 September ; noted nurseries. At the old grammar school .Sir 
 Walter Scott was a pupil in 1783. Its abbey (founded in 1128 
 by David I.) was ruined by the Earl of Hertford in 1545, and 
 its only remains are a part of the abbey church. The town is 
 connected by a bridge with its suburb Maxwellheugh, and to the 
 NW. of the town is Floors Castle (seat of Duke of Roxburghe). 
 A mile from the town are the ruins of Roxburgh Castle, once the 
 strongest fortress on the E. border. Nothing remains of the 
 town of Roxburgh. Mean rfall. (Springwood Park, alt. 130 ft. , 
 1866-80), 26.7 in. Market-day, F. Par. 5384 ac. , P. < 5000; 
 tn. P. <45oo. 
 
 Kelso, North, eccles. par., Scot, Roxburghshire, Kelso par. 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Kelstern, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 5 m. WNW. 
 Louth, 4^ m. NW. Hallington stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kelston, or Kelweston, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., 
 3i m. WNW. Bath, on the M. R., P.O. P. <250. 
 
KELT 
 
 KEN D 
 
 Kelton, hamlet, Eng., Cumberland, 6 m. E. Whitehaven, 
 with iron ore. 
 
 Kelton, par., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, ijm. S. by W. Castle 
 Douglas; 11,222 ac. P. <;4000. 
 
 Kelton, vil., U.S., Utah, Box Elder co., at NW. extremity 
 of Great Salt Lake. Mean temp. (11 yrs.), 49.5° F., Jan. 22.7°, 
 July 78.4° ; rfall. , yr. 6.10 in. 
 
 Keltonhill, Scot. See Rbonehouse. 
 
 Keltscli, tn., Austria, Moravia, 27 m. ESE. Olmiitz, and 6 
 m. SE. Weisskirchen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Kelty, vil. , Scot. , Fife and Kinross-shire, on the N. B. R. , 6 
 m. NE. Dunfermline, vtfith coal-mines, P.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kelung, more properly Kilnng, seapt., China, on NE. ct. 
 of Formosa (t]'.v.), between the capes of Foki and Petou, 22 
 m. ESE. Tamsui, of which it is a sub-port. At Coal Harbour, 
 a bay near the port, coal-mining is carried on by the Chinese, 
 and the coal (of excellent quality) exported in considerable 
 quantities. The port has a depth of 7 fathoms in outer, and 3 
 fathoms in inner, harbour. Vessels are loaded and discharged 
 by means of lighters. Mean temp. (2 yrs. , 1873-75), yr. 70.8° F. , 
 Jan. 57.9°, July 82.9°. P. 5000. 
 
 KelTedon, par. , Eng. , Essex, Maldon div. , on the Blackwater, 
 7 J m. ESE. Braintree, on the G. E. R. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kelredon Hatch, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 7^^ m. 
 NNE. Romford, 2^ m. SSE. Ongarstn., PMT.O. (Kelvedon 
 Common). P. <scio. 
 
 Kelvin, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Norfolk, 17 m. S. 
 Brantford. P. < 1500. 
 
 KelTln, small riv. , Scot. , rises in the S. of Stirlingshire, about 
 I m. E. Kilsyth, and flows SW. through that county, passing 
 Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch, enters Lanarkshire, and flows S. to 
 the Clyde, which it joins 2 m. below Glasgow Bridge. 
 
 Kelvlnhaugli, eccles. par., Scot., Glasgow, Barony and 
 Go van pars. P. <25oo. 
 
 Kelvinslde, eccles. par., Scot., Glasgow, Barony par. P. 
 18,000. 
 
 KelTlnslde andDowanblll, dist. , Scot. , in NW. of Glasgow, 
 on riv. Kelvin. P. 6200. 
 
 Kelvreston, par. , Eng. , Somerset. See Kelston. 
 
 Kem, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 180 m. WNW. of Arch- 
 angel, on K. bay, 10 m. above the mouth of Kem R., which rises 
 on the frontier of Finland, and flows about 300 m. SE. and E., 
 passing through the chain of Lakes Kutno. Bay frozen from 
 October till May. Centre for Russian seal-hunters, who visit the 
 coasts of the Kola Penin., Novaya Zemlya, and occasionally 
 Spitsbergen. Mean rfall. (20 yrs.), yr. 14.1 in. P. <sooo. 
 
 Kema, free port, Celebes L , near the extreme NE. , on the S. ct. 
 of Minahassa, connected by a good road with Menado, 20 m. to 
 the NW. , for which it serves as port during the W^ monsoon. 
 P. 2000. 
 
 Kemakh, or Gamakb, small tn. , Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 
 120 m. WSW. Erzerum, on the upper Euphrates, partly en- 
 closed by a very ancient wall, embosomed in gardens, and 
 surrounded by old fortresses. P. (1801) 6900; (1851) 11,800; 
 (1891) 13,400. 
 
 Kemback, par., Scot., E. Fife, 3 m. E. by N. Cupar, i m. 
 S. Dairsie stn. P. <;iooo. 
 
 Kemback Mills, part of Dura Den, Scot., Fifeshire. 
 
 Kember, Cymric, ' a confluence. ' See Comar. 
 
 Kemberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle and 7 m. S. by 
 W. Wittenberg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kembert^n, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 16 m. ESE. 
 Shrewsbury, 2 m. SW. by S. Shiffnal, P.O. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (K. -«vltb Sutton Haddock) P. <75o. 
 
 Kenible, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Chippenham div. , 4 m. SW. 
 by S. Cirencester, with stn. (K. Junction) on the G. W. R., 
 PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kemcblk, riv. , western Mongolia, 1. bk. trib. of the upper 
 Yenisei, which it enters, after flowing NE., near the Russian 
 frontier. 
 
 Kemendlne, vil., Burma, dist. Hanthawadi, 4 m. N. by W. 
 Rangoon. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kemer, tn., Asia Minor, 76 m. N. Smyrna, about 2 m. from 
 the head of the Gulf of Adramyti (Edremid). 
 
 Kemerton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 3^ m. NE. 
 Tewkesbury, i m. E. Bredonstn., PMT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Kemeys Commander, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 
 on the Usk, 5 m. NE. by E. Pontypool, 2J m. NNW. Usk stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Kemeys Inferior, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., on 
 the Usk, 6 m. NE. Newport. P. <25o. 
 
 Kemllk, Asia Minor. See Gemllk. 
 
 Kemmern, mineral waters, Russia, govt. Livonia, 30 m. W. 
 of Riga, and 3 m. from the sea-coast. Contains sulphuretted 
 hydrogen, calcium sulphate, and other salts. Temp. 43° F. 
 Visited every year by over 1800 persons. 
 
 Kemnatb, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, 14 
 m. ESE. Baireuth. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Kemnay, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on the C. P. R., 142 m. 
 by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 785 
 
 Kemnay, par. and vil., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on the 
 G. N. of S. R., on the r. bk. of the Don, 4^ m. SW. by S. 
 Inverurie, PMT.O. Par. 5iioac., P. <2ooo; vil. P. <75o. 
 
 Kempen, or Kempeitlaud. See Camplne. 
 
 Kempen, tn., Prussia, in the SE. of prov. Posen, circle K., 
 42 m. ENE. Breslau. P. 5300. 
 
 Kempen, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , cap. circle, 6^ m. WNW. 
 Krefeld ; extensive silk and velvet manufactures. Believed to 
 be the birthplace of Thomas k Kempis. P. 5900. 
 
 Kempenfeldt Bay, Canada, Ontario, an inlet 7 m. long, in 
 the W. of Lake Simcoe. 
 
 Kempenland, Belgium. See Camplne. 
 
 Kemper, co. , U.S. , Mississippi, on the E. frontier, S. of 33° N. 
 
 Kempley, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div., 
 12 J m. NW. Gloucester, 2 m. W. Dymock stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kempocb Point, cape, Scot. , W. Renfrewshire, on the Firth, 
 of Clyde, on the W. of Gourock Bay. 
 
 Kempsey, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., on the 
 1. bk. of the Severn, 4 m. S. Worcester, 2 m. SW. Norton 
 Junction, PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Kempsey, post-tp. and port. New South Wales, Macquarie 
 CO., 100 m. S. Grafton, on Macleay R. ; steamers ply daily to 
 Pelican L P. < 1500. 
 
 Kempsford, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., on 
 the Thames and Severn Canal, 3^ m. WSW. Lechlade, P.O. ; 
 4963 ac. P. < 1000 ; eccles. par. (K. with Whelford) P. < 1000. 
 
 Kempshot, vil., Eng., Hampshire. See Dnmmer with K.. 
 
 Kempston, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., on 
 the Great Ouse, 2 m. SW. Bedford ; pillow-lace is made by the 
 inhabitants. PMT.O. 5026 ac. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kempston, par. , Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 17 m. E. by S. 
 King's Lynn, 2 m. NW. Fransham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kempten, ancient Campodunum (' the fort in the field'), tn., 
 Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, circle K., on the riv. lUer, 
 48 m. S. by E. Ulm ; important cotton, paper, and other 
 manufactures. P. 15,800. 
 
 Kempt Head, vil. , Nova Scotia, Cape Breton L , co. Victoria, 
 at S. extremity of Boularderie I. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kempton, or Green Ponds, tp. , Tasmania, Monmouth co. ,. 
 25 m. N. by W. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kempton Park, racecourse, Eng., Surrey, onS. bk. Thames 
 a little above Hampton Court stn. 
 
 Kemp Town, suburb of Brighton, Eng. , Sussex, on the S. ct. , 
 included in the pari. bor. of Brighton, on the L. B. & S. C. R. 
 
 Kempto'wn, post-vil., Nova Scotia, co. Colchester, 12 m. 
 ENE. Truro. P. < 1500. 
 
 KemptTlUe, vil., Canada, Ontario, Grenville co. , on a trib. 
 of the riv. Rideau, 29 m. S. Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kemslng, par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., 7J m. NNW. 
 Tunbridge, ij m. NW. of its stn. on the L. C. & D. R., PM.O, 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Ken, riv. , Eng. See Kent. 
 
 Ken, or Kayan (the Kainas of the Greeks), riv., India, rises 
 in Bhopdl, on the N. slopes of the Vindhya range, flows generally 
 N. in a deep, well defined rocky bed, passes Banda (from which 
 point, 35 m. above its mouth, it is navigable in the rains), and 
 enters the Jumna about 85 m. WNW. AUahabdd. For the most, 
 part the bed is too much obstructed by rapids and cataracts to 
 admit of navigation. Length, 250 m. Flood discharge at Binda, 
 500,000 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Ken, riv., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, rises on the borders of 
 CO. Ayr, flows S. and joins the Dee at the S. end of the beautifuk 
 Iioch Ken. 
 
 Kenabotch, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the Sault St. 
 Mary line of the C. P. R. , 522 m. by rail W. Montreal 
 
 Kenagh, Ire. , co. Longford. See Keenagh. 
 
 Kenal, penin., U.S., Alaska, on the Pacific coast, between 
 Cook Sound on the N. , Prince William Bay on the S. , between 
 148°-152° W. Coal veins occur at Fort K. (60° 35' N.), and at 
 Graham or English Harbour, on the W. of the penin., near its 
 S. end. 
 
 Kenal, tribe, U.S., Alaska, established chiefly in the Yukon 
 valley and along the coast from Cook Sound to the Atna or 
 Copper R. 
 
 KenansTllle, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, cap. Duplin co. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kenar'dlngton, par., En^. , Kent, div. and b\ m. SSW. 
 Ashford, i^ m. N. Appledore stn. P. <250. 
 
 Kenar-Gez, another name of Gez or Bender Gez, Persia. 
 
 Kenarlglrd, or Husselnabad, tn., Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 
 25 m. SW. by S. Teheran. 
 
 Kenartb, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., on the 
 Teifi, 7 m. SE. by E. Cardigan ; 6530 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kenath Nobah, place named in O. T. See Kauawat. 
 
 Kenchester, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 5^ m. 
 WNW. Hereford, i m. W. Credenhill stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kencott, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 14 m. SW. by W. 
 Woodstock, \\ m. NW. Alvescott stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kendal, or Klrkby Kendal, mun. bor., since 1575 (from 
 1832 to 1885 also a pari, bor.), and market-tn., Eng., Westmor- 
 
KEND — KENO 
 
 land, K. div., in the diocese of Carlisle, on the Kent, 20 m. 
 SW. by S. Appleby, on the L. & NW. R. K. is one of the 
 oldest manufacturing towns in the kingdom, some Flemish 
 woollen weavers having settled here in the reign of Edward III. , 
 and it has been more or less known for its woollen manufactures 
 ever since. At present the woollen goods manufactured here 
 consist chiefly of heavy goods, such as railway rugs. Among 
 other manufactures are coarse kerseys, linens, leather, boots, 
 snuff, tobacco, rope, fish-hooks, &c. K. has an ancient grammar 
 school, and thirty free scholarships to sons of inhabitants. The 
 ancient castle was the birthplace of Catherine Parr, a queen of 
 Henry VIII. Market-day, S. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 6900; (1851) 
 11,800 ; (1871) 13,400 ; (1891) 14,400 ; pari. div. P. (1891) 34,900. 
 
 Kendall, co., U.S., Illinois, between 41° and 42° N., and 88° 
 and 89° W. 
 
 Kendall, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Beaver co., 9 m. S. 
 Smith's Ferry. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kendall, co., U.S., Texas, W. of 98° W., and crossed in the 
 N. by 30° N. 
 
 Kendall Creek, oil-producing bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 McKean co., ij m. from Bradford. P. <isoo. 
 
 KendallTllle, city., U.S., Indiana, Noble co., 118 m. E. by 
 S. Chicago (111. ), 31 m. SW. of the NE. corner of state. P. <30oo. 
 
 Kenderclinrcli, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , on the 
 Dore, 10 m. SW. Hereford, close to Pontrilas stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Kenderes, comm., Hungary, co. Jdsz-Nagy-Kun-Szolnok, 
 dist. Tisza-felso. P. 5200. 
 
 Kendrap&rd, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 35 m. E. 
 Cuttack. P. 17,600; Hindus, 15,500. 
 
 Kendrlck, isl. , Pacific. See Rasa. 
 
 Kenduskeag Blver, U.S., Maine, affluent of the Penobscot, 
 flows SE. to Bangor ; valuable mill-stream. 
 
 Keneh, or Glienneh, city. Upper Egypt, cap. prov., on 
 r. bk. of the Nile, 34 m. NNE. the ruins of Thebes, near the 
 site of the ancient Koinopolis. It is an important mart for 
 agricultural produce, and for the trade between Arabia and 
 central Africa; and has extensive manufactures of earthen- 
 wares, a government cotton factory, and a superior government 
 school. The environs are rich and fertile, and the culture of 
 the sugar-cane has greatly developed in recent years. Mean 
 temp. , Jan. 62.4° F. , July 94.3°. P. (1872) 13,200 ; (1882) 15,400. 
 
 Kenelseb, Jebel. See Lebanon. 
 
 Kenesaw, or Kanasnow, small isl. , Alaska. See Kllllsnoo. 
 
 Kenesaw, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Adams co., 148 m. WSW. 
 Omaha, 12 m. W. by N. Hastings. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kenflg, par. and ancient tn., Wales, Glamorganshire, loj m. 
 SSE. Neath, close to Pyle {g.v.) stn., belonging to the Swansea 
 dist. of pari. bors. , with stn. (K. Hill) on the G. W. R. , PMT.O. 
 {K. Hill). Par. P. <25o. 
 
 Keng, in Laos (Indo-China) dialect 'rapid,' 'cataract.' 
 
 Kengavar, tn. , Persia. See KangaTar. 
 
 Kenhart, vil., Cape Colony, dist. Carnarvon, on the Harte- 
 beest R., 150 m. NE. by N. Calvinia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ken'la, Kenya, called by the people of Kikiiyu Klllnya'ga, 
 by the Masai Do'enyo E'gere (' grey' or 'spotted mountain"), 
 central Africa, an isolated extinct volcanic cone, 0° 12' S. , 37° 30' E. 
 It forms a huge truncated pyramid, nearly 30 m. in diameter at 
 its base, supporting a precipitous rocky pinnacle, divided to a 
 depth of 300 ft. from its summit by a great cleft. Estimated 
 alt. 19,000 ft. above sea-level ; limit of perpetual snow about 
 15,000 ft. ; upper forest limit, 10, 100 ft. ; bamboo zone, 8170-9800 
 ft. See Geog. Jour., iv., pp. 413-21, 523-24. 
 
 Kenllworth, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Wellington co., 
 71 m. NNE. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kenll-worth, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. Kimberley. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ken'Uwortli, par. and market-tn., Eng., Warwickshire, 
 Rugby div., 5 m. N. Wanvick, on the L. and NW. R. K. 
 Castle, in which the Earl of Leicester entertained Queen Eliza- 
 beth and her court in 1575, is now a noble ruin, kept in fine 
 preservation. There are also remains of an abbey, founded 
 1122. Par. 5914 ac, P. < 4500. 
 
 Kenley, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., Z\ m. SE. by S. 
 Shrewsbury, 3^ m. WNW. Much Wenlock. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kenley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Surrey, Wimbledon div. , 4 m. S. 
 Croydon, on the SE. R., PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Kenmare', par. and tn. , Ire. , S. co. Kerry, bar. Glanarought, 
 at the head of Kenmare R., 12 m. S. by W. Killarney, on 
 G. S. & W. R. ; lies in an isolated dist. ; has a suspension 
 bridge across the estuary of the Roughty, and a convenient 
 harbour pier, approached by vessels of large burden. Now a 
 summer resort. PMT.O. Par. 22,508 ac, P. <35oo; tn. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Kenmare River, or Bay, inlet. Ire. , S. co. Kerry, SW. co. 
 Cork, 28 m. long, 2-6 m. broad. 
 
 Kenmore, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Russell, on riv. 
 Castor, 19 m. E. Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kenmore', par., Scot., W. Perthshire, at the foot of Loch 
 Tay, on the Tay, 5J m. WSW. Aberfeldy. The village, which 
 has an old bridge across the Tay, is one of the most picturesque 
 in Scotland. PMT.O. 67,195 ac. P. < 1500. 
 786 
 
 Kenn, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tiverton div. , 4^ m. S. Exeter, 
 3 m. SW. Exminster stn. ; 5331 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Kenn, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 7^ m. NW. Weston- 
 super-Mare, i^ m. S. Clevedon stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kennageall, or Whiten Head, cape, Scot. , on the N. ct. of 
 the CO. of Sutherland, in 4° 35' W. 
 
 Ken'nebec, co., U.S., Maine, in the SW., crossed by 44^° 
 N. , and traversed by the Kennebec R. 
 
 Kennebec, riv., U.S., Maine, in the W., issues from Moose- 
 head Lake, and flows S. past Skowhegan, Augusta, and Bath 
 into the Atlantic; the fall of about 1000 ft. between Moose- 
 head Lake and Augusta has been utilised by the development 
 of water-power at Waterville, Fairfield, Shawmut, Skowhegan, 
 and Madison ; large ships can ascend to Bath 12 m. , and steam- 
 boats to Hallowell. At Augusta a dam with locks has been built 
 to improve the navigation and water-power. Length, 150 m. 
 
 Kennebecasls River, Canada, New Brunswick, Albert and 
 King's COS., rises near the sources of Petitcodiac R., flows SW. 
 into St. John Harbour. 
 
 Keu'nebnnk, tn., U.S., Maine, York co., 23 m. SW. by S. 
 Portland. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Kennebnnkport, tn., U.S., Maine, York co., on the coast, 
 22 m. SSW. Portland ; summer resort. P. <3000. 
 
 Kennedy, co.. New South Wales, between 32° and 33° S., 
 and crossed by 148° E. 
 
 Kennedy, co. , Queensland, crossed by 27° S. and 148° E. 
 
 Kennedy, riv. , Queensland, rises near the Palmer goldfields, 
 and flows N. into Princess Charlotte Bay, in about 14° 25' S. 
 
 Kennedy, or Hotultl, small isolated isl.. Pacific Ocean, in 
 8° 40' S. , 168° E. 
 
 Kenneh, tn., Upper Egypt. See Keneh. 
 
 Kenner, vil., U.S., Louisiana, Jefferson par., on Mississippi 
 R. , 10 m. W. New Orleans by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kennerlelgta, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, S. Molton div. , 9J m. 
 WSW. Tiverton, 5 m. E. by N. Morchard Road stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kennet, riv., Eng., cos. Berkshire and Wiltshire, rises 4 m. 
 SW. Swindon, flows E. past Marlborough and Hungerford, and 
 joins the Thames at Reading. It is canalised to Newbury, from 
 which town the K. and Avon Canal accompanies it to Hunger- 
 ford, proceeding thence to the Avon at Bath, whence the latter 
 river is canalised to Bristol, thus effecting through navigation 
 from the North Sea to St. George's Channel. The whole line 
 of navigation, the establishment of which was authorised under 
 acts of 1712 (the Avon), 1714 (the Kennet), and 1793 (the canal), 
 is 86^ m. long, and admits vessels of 3^ ft. draught in summer, 
 3f ft. in winter. It now belongs to the G. W. R. 
 
 Kennet, East, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 11 m. 
 SSW. Swindon, 5 m. W. Marlborough stn. P. <250. 
 
 Kennet, West, ancient par. , i m. to the NW. 
 
 Kennet and Clackmannan, stn. , Scot. , near Alloa, Clack- 
 mannanshire, on N. B. R. 
 
 Kennetcook, or Burlington, vil. , Nova Scotia, co. Hants, 
 near mouth of Kennetcook R. , lo m. from Newport. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kennetcook River, Canada, Nova Scotia, Hants co. , flows 
 WSW. into Minas Basin. 
 
 Kennethmont, Scot. , Aberdeenshire. See Klnnethmont. 
 
 Kennetpans, small vil., Scot., Clackmannanshire, on the 
 Forth, 3 m. below Alloa, of which it is a sub-port ; has a quay, 
 with 19-24 ft. of water alongside at high tide. 
 
 Kennett, par., Eng., Cambridge, div. and 5 m. NE. by E. 
 Newmarket, i m. N. by E. of its stn. on the G. E. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Kennett Square, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Ct)ester co., 28 
 m. W. by S. Philadelphia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kennewlck, settlement, U.S., Washington, Yakima co., 42 
 m. W. by N. Walla Walla. 
 
 Kennford, vil., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div., 4 m. S. 
 Exeter, 2 J m. WSW. Exminster stn. , PT.O. 
 
 Kennlnghall, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 19 m. SW. 
 Norwich, 3 m. SSE. Eccles Road stn., PMT.O. P.<:i5oo. 
 
 Kenningham, Eng., Norfolk. See Hnlbarton. 
 
 Kennlngton, eccles. par., Eng., Berkshire, Abingdon div., 
 on the Thames, 2 m. S. Oxford. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kennlngton, par. , Eng. , Kent, div. and 2 m. NE. Ashford, 
 PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kennlngton, suburb of London, Eng., Surrey, 2 m. SSW. 
 St. Paul's, London. It gives name to a div. of Lambeth bor. 
 Vauxhall stn. is in the div. K. Oval, stn., is on the City and S. 
 London (electric) Rly. Pari. div. P. (1891) 73,900. 
 
 Kennlshead, stn., Scot., E. Renfrewshire, 4 m. SW. Glas- 
 gow, on the C. R. 
 
 Kennoway, par. and viL, Scot., E. Fife, 7 m. ESE. Falk- 
 land, \\ m. N. Cameron Bridge stn., PM.O. Par. P. <i5oo; 
 viL P. < 1000. 
 
 Kennythorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., 15 m. NE. by E. York, 4 m. S. Malton, 2 m. SE. by S. 
 Huttons Ambo stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kenogaml, lake, Canada, Quebec, Chicoutimi co., 12 m. 
 long, in 48° i5'-2o' N. , 71° 19'-3S' W. , drained E. then N. to 
 the riv. Saguenay. It receives from the S. the rivs. Bois Vert 
 and Chicoutimi. 
 
KENO — KENT 
 
 Kenogami River. See Albany, Canada. 
 
 Kenosba, city, U.S., Wisconsin, cap. K. co., on the coast, 
 30 m. S. by E. Milwaukee. P. 6500. 
 
 Keuoatcbe-wan Rapids, Canadian NW. Terrs., between 
 Beaver Hill Lake and God's Lake, in about 54° 11' N., 95° 4' W. 
 
 KenontcbeTfauoase Rapids, at the N. end of Island Lake 
 R. , Canadian NW. Terrs., in about 54° N., 94° 45' W. 
 
 Kenry, bar. , Ire. , in the N. of co. Limerick. 
 
 Kensal Green, suburb of London, Eng., Middlesex, Mary- 
 lebone div., 5 m. W. by N. St. Paul's, with a stn. (K. Rise) 
 on the Hampstead June. Rly. The cemetery here contains the 
 graves of many celebrated people. 
 
 Kensi. See Kenus. 
 
 Kensington, suburb and pari. bor. , Eng. , London, 4 m. W. 
 St. Paul's, with fourstns. on the Metropolitan and District Rly., 
 namely. South K. and Hlgb Street K. (both on the inner 
 circle), Addison Road K. (on the outer circle, also on the W. 
 London Rly.), and West H. The bor. is divided into a N. and 
 S. div., each returning one member to Parliament. N. div. 
 P. (1891) 82,600; S. div. P. 83,700. 
 
 Kensington, tn. , S. Australia. See Norwood. 
 
 Kensington, suburb, 2 m. (by rail) N. Melbourne, Victoria. 
 
 Kensington, tn. , Victoria. See Leopold. 
 
 Kenswlck (kenz'wik, or ken'zik), par., Eng., Worcestershire, 
 4^ m. NW. Worcester. P. <25o. 
 
 Kenswortb, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, St. Albans div. , 4 m. 
 W. by S. Luton, 2^ m. SE. Dunstable, P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Kent, CO. , Canada, New Brunswick, on the Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence and Northumberland Strait, crossed in the N. by 47° N. 
 
 Kent, CO., Canada, Ontario, bounded W. by Lake St. Clair, 
 SE. by Lake Erie. 
 
 Kent, maritime co. in the SE. of Eng. , partly bounded on 
 the N. by the Thames and Nore, and including the isl. of Sheppey 
 N. of the mainland. With the exception of small portions in the 
 dioceses of Rochester and Chicester, the entire county belongs 
 to the diocese of Canterbury. Cap. Maidstone ; other chief 
 towns, Chatham, Hythe, Gravesend, Dover and Canterbury 
 (also pari, bors.), Margate, Ramsgate, Deal, and Folkestone; 
 divided into the following pari. divs. : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 P. 1891. 
 
 Western, or Sevenoaks 
 
 72,309 
 
 80,063 
 
 North- Western, or Dartford 
 
 61,775 
 
 79.853 
 
 South- Western, or Tunbridge . 
 
 87.596 
 
 72,369 
 
 Mid, or Medway . . , , 
 
 172,918 
 
 64,867 
 
 North-Eastern, or Faversham . 
 
 99,017 
 
 69.345 
 
 Southern, or Ashford 
 
 244,750 
 
 67,820 
 
 Eastern, or St. Augustines 
 
 179,144 
 
 68,025 
 
 Isle of Thanet 
 
 26,886 
 
 60,646 
 
 Pari, boroughs 
 
 Total . 
 
 30,889 
 
 244,281 
 
 975.284 1 
 
 807,269! 
 
 _ 1 The area of ancient county, inclusive of dists. now in the administra- 
 tive county of London, is 995,344 ac. P. 1,142,324. The administrative 
 county includes also the part of Tunbridge Wells, urban sanitary dist. 
 in the ancient county of Sussex, but excludes the dists. now in the county 
 of London. Area, 975,820. P. 808,736. 
 
 Surface undulating, mainly under 500 ft. in all, but varied by 
 the N. Downs, chain of hills running W. to E. across the county, 
 ending in the lofty cliffs of Dover, Folkestone, and Hythe. The 
 main mass of rocks are Lower Cretaceous, in the Kentish por- 
 tion of the Weald [q.v.), succeeded on the N. by Upper Creta- 
 ceous rocks, forming the N. Downs, and terminating in the 
 cliffs of Dover. To this formation belongs also, in the NE. 
 angle of the county, the Isle of Thanet, which is, however, sepa- 
 rated from the chalk of the Downs by the strip of London clay, 
 Avhich forms the greater part of the N. shore of Kent. In the 
 SE. an area of alluvium occurs in the level triangular tract, ter- 
 minating in the low shingly promontory of Dungeness. Besides 
 the Thames and Medway, the chief rivers are the Beult, Stour, 
 and Darent. K. is a very fertile county, and produces cereals, 
 fruits, and hops abundantly ; woods extensive. In the cultiva- 
 tion of hops K. has always been the leading county in England, 
 having from more than six times as great an area under this 
 crop than any other county. Since 1885 the area under this 
 crop has decreased by about 10,000 ac. (partly in consequence 
 of increased foreign imports, but partly, it would seem, from 
 the increasing use of ' hop substitutes ' by brewers), but the hop 
 acreage in K. (nearly 5 per cent, of the whole surface) is still 
 next in extent to that of the three leading cereals, and far ahead 
 of that of any of the ordinary green crops. As regards soil, hops 
 are very exacting and exhausting. The best soils for it are 
 obtained on the Lower Cretaceous area (principally the Weald 
 Clay and Lower Greensand), but hops are grown in places even 
 on the chalk. In respect of its orchards, K. ranks fourth among 
 English counties in absolute area, and fifth if we consider their 
 extent relatively to the total area of the county. There is a large 
 traffic by rail in fruit to the NW. of England, and even to Abo"- 
 
 deen, carried on by means of special trains, which return to 
 London chiefly loaded with milk. The centre of this trade is 
 Faversham. Among other agricultural specialties may be men- 
 tioned maize, which, though it does not ripen, is largely grown 
 for green fodder. (For statistics of the ordinary crops, see 
 Appendix, pp. 7-9.) The manufactures include the making 
 of bricks, tiles, pottery, cement and lime, paper, gunpowder, 
 sugar-moulds, tobacco pipes, hop-bags, sacks, copperas, sugar 
 refining, tar, whiting, and Tunbridge ware. There are also con- 
 siderable shipbuilding and marine-engine yards, iron-foundries, 
 breweries, makings, and tanneries. The county is traversed by 
 the SE. R. (which has works at Ashford) and L. C. & D. R. 
 Coal has been found near Dover, and borings are being made 
 to ascertain whether it exists there in workable quantity. 
 Historically, K. is rich in associations. It was the country of 
 the Cantii, and the first established kingdom of the Saxon 
 Heptarchy (end of 5th centiu-y). Four of the Cinque ports 
 belong to this county (Dover, Romney, Sandwich, and Hythe), 
 which, as the point of England nearest the Continent, has been 
 noted for its naval resources. See England, table. 
 
 Kent, or Ken, riv., Eng., Westmorland, flowing S. through 
 the Kendal div. , past Kendal, into Morecambe Bay. 
 
 Kent, CO. , Tasmania, on the S. ct. 
 
 Kent, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co., 25 m. E. Pough- 
 keepsie (N. Y.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kent, CO., U.S., Delaware, in the middle. 
 
 Kent, CO., U.S., Maryland, in the NE. , between the E, 
 frontier and the upper end of Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Kent, CO., U.S., Michigan, in the W., crossed by 43° N., E. 
 of 86° W. , traversed by the Grand R. 
 
 Kent, vil., U.S., Ohio, Portage co., on Cuyahoga R., 31 m. 
 SE. by S. Cleveland. P. <4000. 
 
 Kent, CO., U.S., Rhode I., stretching from the W. frontier to 
 the head of Narragansett Bay. 
 
 Kent, CO., U.S., Texas, crossed by 35° N., and E. of ioi° W. 
 
 Kent, CO., W. Australia, on the S. ct., between 18° and 20° E. 
 
 Kentan, tn. , Siam. See Kantau. 
 
 Kentcburcb, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., on the 
 Monnow, loj m. NW. by W. Monmouth, i^ m. SE. Pontrilas 
 stn., P.O. P. <50o; eccles. par. (K. wltb Llangna) P. <5oo. 
 
 Kentel, mt. group, in NE. Mongolia, between the sources of 
 the Onon and Kerulen, NE. of Urga. 
 
 Kentford, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 5 m. ENE. 
 Newmarket, \ m. SE. Kennet stn., PT.O. P. <25o. See 
 €azeley. 
 
 Kent House (Penge), stn. , Eng. , Kent, Camberwell bor. , 7 m. 
 SSE. St. Paul's, London, on the L. C. & D. R. 
 
 Kentlsbeare, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and ^\ m. ESE. 
 Tiverton, 2^ m. E. by N. CuUompton stn., PM.O.; 4501 ac. 
 P. <: 1000. 
 
 Kentlsbury, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Barnstaple div. , 7 m. 
 E. by S. Ilfracombe, P.O. (Kentlsburyford). P. <5oo. 
 
 Kentlshbury, tp. , Tasmania, Devon co. , 35 m. W. Launces- 
 ton, 35 m. SE. Emu Bay. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Keutlsbbnry, tn. , Tasmania. See Sbeffleld. 
 
 Keutlsb Knock, sandbank, in North Sea, off mouth of riv. 
 Thames, Eng. , Kent, 15 m. NE. of the North Foreland. Length, 
 7 m.; breadth, 2 m. Lightship, visible 11 m., 3 m. E., tele- 
 phonic communication with which is established from the coast 
 at Kingsgate Bay. 
 
 Kentlsb Town, suburb of London, Eng., St. Pancras div., 
 3 m. NW. by N. St. Paul's, London, with stns. on the M. R. 
 and the Hampstead June. Rly. 
 
 Kent Island, a tract on the Delaware, U.S., Delaware, K. co. , 
 enclosed on three sides by small rivers, in 39° 13-15' N. 
 
 Kent Island, U.S., Maryland, Queen Anne co. , the largest 
 island in Chesapeake Bay, in 38° 5i'-39° 3' N. ; colonised in 1631 
 by Claiborne ; the earUest settlement in the state. 
 
 Kent Islands, Tasmania. See Kents Group. 
 
 Kent Junction, rly. stn., Canada, New Brunswick, co. 
 Kent, 46 m. NNW. Moncton. 
 
 Kentland, vil., U.S., Indiana, Newton co., 72 m. S. by E. 
 Chicago ( 111. ). P. < 1 500. 
 
 Kentmere, par., Eng., Westmorland, on the Kent, div. and 
 ^\ m. NW. by N. Kendal, 4 m. N. by W. Staveley stn.; 6613 
 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Kenton, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tiverton div. , 3 m. WNW. 
 Exmouth, I J m. NW. Starcross stn. , PM. O. ; 5193 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kenton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Tyneside div., 3 m. 
 NW. Newcastle, 2 m. W. Gosforth stn., PM.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Kenton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 13^ m. N. by E. 
 Ipswich, 6 m. WNW. Framlingham stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kenton, vil., U.S., Delaware, Kent co., 42 m. S. Wilming- 
 ton by rail P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kenton, co. , U.S. , Kentucky, on the Ohio,crossed by 84^° W. 
 
 Kenton, city, U.S., Ohio, Hardin co., on Scioto R., 59 m. 
 NW. by N. Columbus. P, 5600. 
 
 Kents Bank, stn., Eng., Lancashire, 8 m. SE. Ulverston, 
 on the Furness R., PMT.O. 
 
 Kents Group, isls., Tasmania, at the E. entrance to Bass's 
 
 787 
 
KENT 
 
 KERK 
 
 Strait, with lighthouse in 39° 29' S. , 147° 21' E. , visible 36 m. 
 Mean temp. (5 yrs., 1861-66), yr. 55.5° F. , Jan. 61.7°, July 48.7°. 
 
 Kents Hole (or CaTcrn). See Torquay. 
 
 Kentstoivn, par. , Ire. , E. co. Meath, bar. Lower Duleek, 
 6 J m. ESE. Navan. P. <25o. 
 
 Kent Town, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, E. Moulsey par. 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Kentucky, one of the United States of America, more than 
 two-thirds the size of England, bounded N. by the Ohio R. Cap. 
 Frankfort ; other chief towns, Louisville, Covington, Newport, 
 Lexington, Paducah, Maysville. The E. belongs to the Alleg- 
 hany region, and in the SE. the parallel Cumberland and Pine 
 Mts. enclose between them Cumberland Valley. At the junc- 
 tion of K. with Virginia and Tennessee is Cumberland Gap, 
 1600 ft The surface descends to NW. in a series of plateaux, 
 through which the rivers have cut deep channels. The principal 
 rivers are Ohio (640 m.) and Mississippi (80 m.), on N. and W. 
 frontier respectively; Big Sandy, Licking, Kentucky, Green, 
 Cumberland, and Tennessee, 1. bk. tribs. of Ohio R. , all in 
 great part navigable. In the NW. is the Blue Grass region, 
 a rich undulating tract of about 10,000 sq. m., walled in by 
 abrupt ridges ; another tract of similar extent is found in SW. ; 
 W. of Green R. are the 'barrens,' really productive prairie- 
 land, diversified with oak-crowned knolls. Saline incrustations, 
 known as 'licks,' occur in several marshy tracts. About two- 
 thirds of the state is under forest. Permo-carboniferous rocks 
 cover most of the state ; in the N. are Silurian rocks, flanked 
 by Devonian. K. is noted for its numerous caves (including 
 the famous Mammoth Cave), which are excavated in the Car- 
 boniferous limestone of the N. There are many mineral springs. 
 Climate mild [LoulsTllle], and very healthy. Rainfall abundant, 
 increasing from Ohio R. to SE. The leading agricultural pro- 
 ducts are maize and wheat, tobacco (two-thirds of the U.S. 
 crop), and hemp. The finest horses in the U.S. are bred in K. 
 The principal mineral is coal, worked chiefly in Hopkins, Ohio, 
 Laurel, and Whitby counties. The production of natural gas, 
 discovered in 1889, is rapidly increasing; iron ore, asphalt, and 
 petroleum are obtained to a limited extent. The first white 
 settlement was formed in 1774, and two years later K. became 
 •a county of Virginia. Area, 40,400 sq. m. P. 1,858,635. See 
 Vnlted States, table. [E. J. H.] 
 
 Kentucky, riv. , U.S., Kentucky, flows W. then NNW. to 
 the Ohio, which it joins on the 1. bk. at Carrollton ; navigable to 
 Congar's Landing. 
 
 KentTllle, post-tn. , Canada, Nova Scotia, King's co. , 55 m. 
 NW. by W. Halifax. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kenus (singular, Kensi), native name for the inhabitants of 
 Lower Nubia from the Egyptian frontier to the neighbourhood 
 of Korosko. 
 
 Kenwyn, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, div. and \ m. N. Truro, with 
 tin ore-mining ; 9206 ac. P. 8500. 
 
 Kenya, mt. , Africa. See Ken'la. 
 
 Kenyon, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Leigh div. , 'j\ m. E. St. 
 Helens, witha junc. stn. on the L. & NW. R., P.O. P. <2So; 
 eccles. par. (Newchnrcb K.) P. <20oo. 
 
 Kenzlngen, urban comm. and walled tn. , Ger. , Baden, circle 
 and 14 m. N. by W. Freiburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Ke'oknk, city, U.S., Iowa, Lee co., pleasantly situated on a 
 high bluff in a curve of the Mississippi (r. bk.), at the foot of the 
 Lower Rapids, at extreme SE. of state, 34 m. SSW. Burlington. 
 Alt. 501 ft. (R.R.); 618 ft. (U.S. Signal Ofiice). Mean temp., 
 yr. 52.5° F., Jan. 25.4°, July "jt-j"; rfall. (12 yrs.), 38.6 in. P, 
 (1880) 12,100; (1890) 14,100. 
 
 Keokuk, co., U.S., Iowa, N. of 41° N., crossed by 92° W. 
 
 Keonthal, a Punjab hill state, India ; lies round Simla. 
 
 Ke08, Kea, Zea, or Tsla, isL, Greece, Cyclades, SE. of 
 Attica, crossed by 24° 20' E. , with town of same name in middle 
 of island. Lighthouse (Point St. Nikalo) in 37° 40' N., 24° 19' 
 E., visible 16 m. Area, 40 sq. m. (Wisotzki), 67 sq. m. (Strel- 
 bitsky). P. (of tn.)<4ooo. 
 
 Keosau'qna, vil., U.S., Iowa, Van Buren co., on 1. bk. of 
 Des Moines R. , 39 m. NW. Keokuk. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ke'ota, vil., U.S., Iowa, on frontier of Keokuk and Washing- 
 ton COS., 47 m. SSW. Cedar Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kep, vil. , Tongking, 40 m. NE. by E. Hanoi. 
 
 Kfpa, Polish, part of bank of a river which is newly formed 
 by the river taking to a new bed ; also dry plain (campa) amidst 
 marshes. 
 
 KephalJf, cape, Greece, isl. of Corfu, on the W. ct. , in 39° 45' N. 
 
 KephallCnia, or Kephalonla, Greece. See Cephalonla. 
 
 Kephlsiios, riv. , Greece, flows ESE. towards the bed of the 
 former Lake Kopais (Boeotia), where its waters are now drawn 
 off in the drainage canals of that area. Also the name of a 
 brook flowing S. through the olive grove W. of Athens into the 
 Bay of Phaleron, E. of the Piraeus. 
 
 Keppel, prov. , on the N W. ct. of Brit. N. Borneo. 
 
 Keppel Bay, Queensland, on the Pacific coast, on the Tropic 
 of Capricorn ; receives the Fitzroy R. K. Cape and Islands just 
 N. of the bay. 
 
 . Kepwlck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 788 
 
 Malton div., 16 m. NE. Ripon, 5J m. ENE. Otterington stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Ker, Breton, ' a castle. ' See Caer. 
 
 Kerak, tn., Palestine, Kir (of Moab) in the O. T., 31° 10' N., 
 35° 45' E. , 43 m. S. by W. of the ancient Heshbon, formerly the 
 cap. of Moab, with a citadel (founded 1131), one of the strongest 
 during the Crusades. The town was captured by the Crusaders 
 in the Middle Ages, and made the seat of a bishop. P. 8000 (of 
 whom more than 6000 are Mussulmans ; 1800 Christians). 
 
 Kerak, the ancient Kanak, Palestine, 32° 43' N., 36° 19' E., 
 15 m. W. by S. Kanawat. 
 
 Kerang, post-tn., Victoria, co. Gunbower, 179 m. NNW. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kerason, Kerasant, Klresttn, Kerasunda, or Keresonn, 
 seapt. tn. , Asiatic Turkey, on the Black Sea, pash. and 70 m. 
 W. Trebizond. Lat. of lighthouse (visible 12 m.) 40" 56' N., 
 long. 38° 25' E. It stands on a rocky promontory, with a spacious 
 bay on its E. side. It is a place of call for steamers plying be- 
 tween Constantinople and Trebizond. Shipbuilding and trade in 
 corn. Hazel-nuts are grown in large quantities. Near it are 
 mines of rock-alum. K. is the ancient Greek colony of Kerasos, 
 with Cyclopean walls, from whence Lucullus brought the first 
 cherry trees (Armenian keraz) to Rome. P. 8500 (Cuinet). 
 
 Keratea, tn., Greece, prov. Boeotia and Attica, 19 m. SE. 
 Athens. P. <20oo. 
 
 Keraull, or Kerowlee. See Karanll. 
 
 Kerdssek, ruins, Palestine, Chorazin in the N. T., 32° 55' N., 
 35° 34' E., 9 m. N. by E. Tiberias. 
 
 Kerban, Gnnong, mt. , Malay Penin. , on the E. side of Perak 
 state, near the sources of the Kinta R. Alt. 7127 ft. 
 
 Ker'bela, tn., Asiatic Turkey, vilayet and 60 m. SSW. 
 Bagdad, cap. sanjak K.; a great Shiah necropolis and place of 
 pilgrimage, on account of its containing the tomb of Hussein 
 and the mosque of Hassan, sons of Ali. See Nejef. P. 65,000 ; 
 Shiah Moham. 54,700 (of whom 41,000 Persians) ; Sunnite 
 Moham. 10,000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Kerch (ancient Pantikapea, later on Bosporus), dist. tn., 
 Russia, Crimea, govt. Taurida, 122 m. ENE. of Simpheropol, 
 on Kerch Penin. , and at K. , or Kerch- Yenikale, Strait ( ' Cimrian 
 Bosphorus^), which connects the Sea of Azov with the Black 
 Sea, and has a length of 22 m. , with a width of from 2 to 22 
 m. , and a minimum depth of 14 ft. Open roadstead ; visited 
 by but few ships. Exports some wheat, hides, and fish. Was 
 taken by the Anglo-French army in 1855. Together with Yeni- 
 kale, makes a township {gradonachalstvo) under a separate 
 governor. Mean temp., yr. 52.8° F., Jan. 30.0°, July 75.0°. 
 P. (of tp. ) 32,170. 
 
 KerdUTstown, par. , Ire. , co. Kildare, bar. N. Naas, 2 m. 
 NE. Naas. P. <25o. 
 
 Kerdlston, Eng. , Norfolk. See Reepham. 
 
 Kerell Gol. See Belshehr. 
 
 Kerembe-burun, cape, N. ct. Asia Minor, 31° 15' E. 
 
 Keren, tn. , eastern Sudan, 63 m. W. by N. Massaua. 
 
 Kerensk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 103 m. WNW. of 
 Penza. P. 12,500. 
 
 Keresley, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., 4 m. 
 NNW. Coventry, P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (K. witb Conn* 
 don) P. < 1000. 
 
 Keresonn, tn. , Asiatic Turkey. See Kerason. 
 
 Keresztes, Mezo-. See DIezo-Keresztes. 
 
 Kereszttjr, comm., Hungary, co. Bdcs-Bodrog, dist. Zi^la. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Kergan, or Karghan, tn. , Persia, Gilan, near the Caspian 
 Sea, 48 m. NW. by N. Resht, on the Kergain Rud. 
 
 Ker'guelen Land, isl. , Indian Ocean, its S. extremity. Cape 
 Challenger, being in 49° 46' S. , 70° 5' E. Itisofvery irregular shape, 
 with a remarkable extent of coast line, possessing no less than 
 fifteen peninsulas and numerous detached islands. Length about 
 no m. It is traversed by numerous ridges, composed chiefly of 
 basalt ; greatest elevation, Mount Ross, 6166 ft. ; glaciers descend 
 from extensive snow-fields. The flora and fauna are both ex- 
 cessively poor, except sea birds, and it is a jjerfect land of desola- 
 tion. The affinities of the flora are chiefly Fuegian. Discovered 
 by Kerguelen in 1772 ; annexed by France, 1893. Mean sum- 
 mer temp. 41.7° F. Area estimated at about 2500 sq. m. 
 Uninhabited. 
 
 Kerl (kyeri), a bay on the S. ct. of the isl. of Zante, 7 m. 
 SW. by S. Zante. 
 
 Kerla, riv. and oasis. See Klrla. 
 
 Kerlmba, Portuguese Ouerlmba, long chain of isls. and 
 islets off the E. ct. of Africa, between 10° 45' and 12° 35' S. Chief 
 islands about thirty in number, and of madreporic formation. 
 
 Kerlnd, tn., Persia, prov. Ardilan, 120 m. NE. by E. Bagdad. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Kerlnea, viL , Cyprus. See Kyrenla. 
 
 Kerioth Hezron, place named in O. T. See El Knrelteln. 
 
 Kerirl, native name of Hammond I., Queensland. 
 . Kerka, or Krka, called by the Italians the Tlzlo, the ancient 
 Titius, riv., Dalmatia, rises in Mount Prologh, flows S. , and 
 after a course of 60 m. enters the Adriatic a little below Sebenico, 
 
KERK — KERR 
 
 which town, and Scardona, are on its banks. Knin and Dernis 
 are on its affluents. Below its falls, near Scardona, below which 
 it expands into the Lake of Proclian, it is navigable for large 
 coasting vessels. 
 
 Kerkeiuiab, Karkennah, or Kerkenl, the ancient Cercina, 
 isl. group of Mediterranean, belonging to Tunis, in the Gulf of 
 Cabes, consisting of two principal islands and some smaller. 
 Though rocky and sterile, some are inhabited, and on the largest 
 are several villages and a castle. P. (total) barely 3000. 
 
 Kerkesla, site with ruins of the ancient Circesium, Asiatic 
 Turkey, on the Euphrates, at the influx of the Khabur, 15 m. 
 below Deir, in 35° 8' N. U nder Diocletian it was a strongly 
 fortified town of the Roman dominions. 
 
 Kerkha, the ancient Choaspes, riv., in the SW. of Persia, 
 formed to the SE. of Kermanshahan by the confluence of the 
 Kara-su and Gamas-ab, flows on the whole SE. , but finally 
 turns W. , and terminates in a swamp on the Turkish frontier in 
 about 31^° N. 
 
 Kerkl, tn. , Bukhara, on the 1. bk. of the Amu, 65 m. N. by 
 E. Andkhui (Afghanistan). 
 
 Kerkl, fort, khanate, and 113 m. SE. of Bukhara, on 1. bk. 
 of Amu. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kerkrade, comm. , Netherlands, prov. Limburg, 13 m. E. 
 by N. Maastricht, close to the Prussian frontier, with coal-mines. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Kerknk, the ancient Corcura, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, 90 m. SE. 
 by E. Mosul, with abundant salt and thermal springs ; in neigh- 
 bouring mountains alabaster is quarried, and N. of the town 
 is a dist. yielding naphtha. The surrounding country is very 
 fertile. P. 30,000 ; Moham. 28,000 ; Jews, 1600. 
 
 Kerkyra, Ionian Is. See Corfa. 
 
 Kerloge, par., Ire., co. and 2 m. S. Wexford, bar. Forth. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Kermadec Islands, a group of four small volcanic islands 
 and several islets in the Pacific Ocean, between 29° 10' and 31° 
 30' S. , 177° 45' and 179° W. Sunday (or Raoul) I., the largest 
 and most N., is 20 m. in circumference, with a rugged surface, 
 covered with forest. Soil very rich. The other islands are much 
 smaller, and without trees. Fish are plentiful round the coasts. 
 Named after Huon de Kermadec, commander of the Esperance 
 in the fleet under D'Entrecasteaux. Annexed by Great Britam 
 in 1886, and to New Zealand in 1887. Area, 13 sq. m. 
 
 Kerman, the ancient Caramania, a large interior prov. of S. 
 Persia, with undefined limits, approximately between 28° and 
 31° N. , 55° and 59° E. It consists chiefly of an elevated moun- 
 tainous country lying in a NW.-SE. direction, bordered on 
 either side by salt deserts. Soil is generally barren, except where 
 the mountain streams can be utilised for irrigation, chiefly for 
 pasture for fine-wooled sheep, camels, and goats ; silk-worms are 
 resu-ed. The climate is unhealthy, hot and dry. Coal, iron, 
 copper, lead, and manganese exist, but are little worked ; and 
 there are several turquoise mines. 
 
 Kerman, city, Persia, cap. prov. K. , in 30° 20' N. , 57° 2' E. , 
 225 m. N. by E. Bender Abbas, its port on the Persian Gulf. 
 It stands in a plain surrounded by mountains ; enclosed within 
 a mud wall, and contains a fort. Situated at the confluence of 
 important routes, the city is a great trading emporium between 
 the Persian Gulf and the marts of northern Persia and central 
 Asia. The bazaars are lofty and well built, and the city has a 
 commercial manufacturing reputation. Manufactures are chiefly 
 shawls and cotton carpets, of excellent quality, and silk goods. 
 The town has been repeatedly sacked and destroyed by invaders 
 from the E. and W. , the last occurring in 1794, after a siege 
 of several months byAgha Mohammed Khan. The present 
 town was shortly after built a little to the NW. of the former 
 site. Alt. 5680 ft. P. about 40,000. 
 
 Kermanla, tn., Syria. See Merash. 
 
 Kermanshah, a small prov. of Persian Kurdistan, approxi- 
 mately between 34° and 34° 50' N. It is one of the richest cereal- 
 producing provs. in Persia, and is famous for its breed of horses 
 and mules, and manufactures of carpets. 
 
 Kermanshahan. 1. Tn., Persia, cap. above prov., 270 m. 
 WSW. Teheran. Situated on the main caravan route between 
 Bagdad and Teheran, and almost equidistant from the latter and 
 from Ispahan and Tabriz it commands roads to each of those 
 places, and is therefore invested with considerable commercial and 
 strategic importance. Around the town are extensive orchards 
 and gardens ; and a short distance NE. are the famous ancient 
 sculptures of Tak-i-Bostan. P. about 40,000. 2. Vil., prov. 
 Kerman, on the route from and 55 m. SSE. Yezd. 
 
 Kermlncham, par., Eng., Cheshire, s\ m. NW. Congleton. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Kermlne, tn., khanate of, and 60 m. NE. of Bukhara, on 
 Zerafshan R. P. -csooo. 
 
 Kenulneh, tn., Bukhara, 60 m. NE. by E. Bukhara, to the 
 S. of the Zerafshan R. , on the railway to Samarkand. 
 
 Kern, riv., U.S., California, issuing from the Sierra Nevada, 
 and flowing into Tulare Lake. 
 
 Kern, co. , U.S. , California, intersected by 35° N. and by 118° 
 and 120° W. ; the W. part contains Kern Lake (salt). 
 
 Kernan, electoral div. , Ire., co. Armagh, dist. Portadown. 
 
 Kerne Bridge, stn., Eng., Herefordshire, on the G. W. R., 
 4 m. SSW. Ross. 
 
 Kerne, Ceryn, Cymric, Cearn, Gaelic, 'a horn,' in place- 
 names applied to headlands. 
 
 Kernel, viL, Siam, Malay Penin., princip. Patani, on the 
 Perak R., in 5° 35' N., 40 m. E. by S. Kedah. A large tin 
 mine, called ' Kleian Intan,' is situated a few miles NW. 
 
 KernersTllle, vil. , U.S., N. Carolina, Forsyth co., 84 m. W. 
 by N. Raleigh. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kerns, tn., Switzd., cant. Unterwalden (ob dem wald), ij m. 
 E. by N. Sarnen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kernnk, another name of Logone, tn. , central Africa, S. of 
 Lake Chad. 
 
 Kernyaja, comm. , Hungary, co. Bdcs-Bodrog, dist. Zombor. 
 P. 7100. 
 
 Keronan, Tunis. See Kalrwan. 
 
 Kerowlee, tn. , India. See Karanll. 
 
 Kerpe, vil. , Asia Minor, N. ct. , 67 m. E. by N. Constanti- 
 nople. 
 
 Kerpe, Turkish, Greek Karpathos, Italian Scarpanto, 
 isl. , Asiatic Turkey, in the SE. of the ^gean Sea, in about 35° 
 24'-5o' N., 27° 7-16', about 30 m. long by 3-7 m. wide. Area 
 at)out 150 sq. m. P. about 8000, nearly all Greeks (Cuinet). 
 
 Kerpen, market-tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 6 m. 
 S. Bergheim, 13 m. WSW. Cologne, with lignite mines. P. 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Kerplulon (kerpini), vil., Greece, prov. Elis and Achaia, 23 
 m. SE. by E. Patras. P. < 2000. 
 
 Kerr, co. , U.S., Texas, E. of 100° W. , crossed by 30° N. 
 
 Kerrera, isl., Scot., Argyllshire, 4^ m. long by ^-2 m. broad, 
 off the W. ct., in the Firth of Lome, separated from the main- 
 land by the Sound of K. Its N. end is opposite Oban. P.O. 
 P. 92. 
 
 Kerrrllle, tn., U.S., Texas, cap. Kerr co., on Guadalupe 
 R., 85 m. SW. Austin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kerry, maritime co.. Ire., Munster, bounded W. by the 
 Atlantic, N. by the mouth of the Shannon R. , E. by cos. 
 Limerick and Cork, and S. by co. Cork, in the dioceses of Ardfert 
 and Aghadoe ; chief towns, Tralee (cap.), Killarney, Dingle, and 
 Kenmare ; divided into the following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Clanmaurice . . 
 Corkaguiny 
 Dunkerron, North . 
 Dunkerron, South 
 Glanarought 
 Iraghticonnor . 
 Iveragh 
 Magunihy . 
 Trughanacmy . 
 
 Total, Kerry 
 
 Acres. 
 
 1.159.356 
 
 P. i8qi. 
 
 120,521 
 
 22,706 
 
 138,606 
 
 20,160 
 
 72.414 
 
 5.287 
 
 96,289 
 
 9,114 
 
 121,866 
 
 9,428 
 
 88,105 
 
 20,711 
 
 159,980 
 
 21.759 
 
 166,427 
 
 26,266 
 
 195.147 
 
 43.705 
 
 179,136 
 
 Surface extremely wild, rugged, and mountainous. Currantuo- 
 hill, in Macgillicuddy Reeks (the loftiest mountains in Ireland), 
 3414 ft., Brandon, 3127ft., and Mangerton, 2756 ft., are in this 
 county, which contains also, near the middle of the county, 
 the celebrated Lakes of Killarney, and in the extreme W. 
 Lake Currane, but slightly divided from Ballinskelligs Bay (q.v. ). 
 Several of the mountain ridges terminate in bold headlands, 
 the valleys between which are the basins of noble bays and 
 estuaries, into which the rivers empty themselves. The coast 
 line is a very long one, owing to the great depth of its inden- 
 tations, the chief of which are Tralee and Dingle Bays, and 
 Kenmare R. Chief rivers are the Feale, which detaches bar. 
 Iraghticonnor (in the N. ) from the rest of the county, the Maine 
 and Laune, both entering Dingle Bay, and the latter draining 
 (NW.) Lough Leane, and the Roughty (in the S.), entering 
 Kenmare R. Among the numerous islands off the coast are 
 Valentia {q.v.) to the S., and the Blaskets to the N. of the 
 mouth of Dingle Bay. The W. and S. portions of the county 
 belong to the Upper Silurian rocks, edged round Kenmare R. , 
 S. coast of Dingle Bay, and in other places by Old Red Sand- 
 stone and Devonian. The N. and E. are of unproductive 
 Carboniferous rocks, varied by an isolated area of Old Red 
 Sandstone and Devonian in the extreme NW. , and a productive 
 region in the NE. There are few minerals of economic im- 
 portance, but slates and flagstones are quarried on Valentia I. 
 Agriculture very backward. The county is one of the most 
 ' congested ' in Ireland [Ireland, Condition of the People]. 
 (For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12.) The 
 climate is exceptionally mild. Several trees, considered indi- 
 genous to warmer latitudes (particularly the arbutus), grow to 
 great size and beauty here. The Great Southern and Western 
 Rly. traverses the central portion of the county to Tralee, to 
 which a branch of the Waterford and Limerick Rly. runs viA. 
 Listowel, and from Farranfore, on the G. S. & W. R. , there 
 
 789 
 
KERR 
 
 KETT 
 
 is a branch to Valentia Harbour. The county returns four 
 members to Parliament (N. , S. , E. , and W. divs. ). In the early 
 part of the reign of Elizabeth the county was the most flourishing 
 part of the S. of Ireland, rich in com, and the most populous 
 county of Munster, but by a series of rebellions in the latter 
 part of her reign was reduced to a state of misery and ruin. 
 See Ireland, table. 
 
 Kerry, riv. , Scot. , Ross-shire, in the NW. , flows W. then 
 NW. through Kerrysdale into the Gair Loch. 
 
 Kerry, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 3 m. ESE. Newtown, 
 on the Cambrian Rly., PMT.O.; 21,654 ac P. <20oo. 
 
 Kerrienrrlliy, bar., Ire., in the S. of co. Cork, extending 
 W. from Cork Harbour. 
 
 Kerry Head, cape, Ire. , NW. ct. co. Kerry. 
 
 Kerrykeel, PMT.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 5 m. from Milford. 
 
 Kersah, vil. , Arabia. See Fartak. 
 
 Kersall, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 7 m. NW. 
 Newark, 5 m. WSW. Carlton on Trent stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kersal Moor, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. NW. 
 Manchester ; the Manchester race- course is here. P. <25oo. 
 
 Kersbrook, tp., S. Australia, co. and 17 m. NE. by E. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kersey, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Sudbury div. , 10^ ra, W. Ips- 
 wich, 2 m. NW. Hadleigh, P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Kershaw, co., U.S., S. Carolina, in the NE., to the W. of 
 80° W. , traversed by the Catawba R. 
 
 Kersliope Foot, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on 
 the N. B. R., 17 m. N. by E. CarUsle, P.O. 
 
 Kerswell AblMts, par. , Eng. See Abbot Kerswell. 
 
 Kerswell Green, vil. , Eng. , Worcestershire, 5^ m. S. Wor- 
 cester, 3 J m. SW. by S. Norton June, P.O. 
 
 Kemlen, riv., N. Mongolia, rises in Kentei Mts. , near 
 Urga, flows NE. past K. town enters Lake Dalainor, which 
 formerly sent its waters into the Argun, but is now rapidly 
 drying up. 
 
 Kerzaz, Morocco. See Karzaz. 
 
 Kesabpnr, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Jessor, 58 m. ENE. 
 Calcutta. P. (1881) 6400; (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Kesanllk, tn. , E. Roumelia. See Kezanlyk. 
 
 Kesarlya, viL, Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Champaran, 58 m. 
 NNW. Patnd. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kesgrave, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 3 J m. 
 ENE. Ipswich, 4 m. WSW. Woodbridge, i m. SW. Bealings 
 stn. P. <2So ; eccles. par. (K. yrltti Brlgbtwell and Fox- 
 liaU)P.<5oo. 
 
 Kesh, tn.. Ire., N. co. Fermanagh, bar. Lurg, 12 m. N. by 
 W. Enniskillen, with a stn. on the Enniskillen and Bundoran 
 Rly., PMT.O. P.<2SO. 
 
 Kesban, or Rnskol, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 32 m. 
 N. Gallipoli. 
 
 Keshcarrlgan, tnld.. Ire., co. and bar. Leitrim, 9 m. from 
 Carrick-on-Shannon, P.O. (Casbcarrlgan). P. <25o. 
 
 Kesblsh Dagb, the ancient Olympus, mt., in the NW.. of 
 Asia Minor, to the SE. of Brussa. Alt. 8185 ft. 
 
 Kesho, or Keso, tn., Tongking, prov. and 18 m. WNW. 
 Nam-dinh, on r. bk. of the Dai. See also Hanoi. 
 
 Kesla, viL, Palestine, Chesalon in the O. T., 31° 47' N., 35° 
 3' E. , 10 m. W. Jerusalem. 
 
 K^sm^rk, or Kasmark, market-tn. , with magistracy, in the 
 N. of Hungary, co. Zips, near the foot of the Tatra Mts., 49 m. 
 NW. by W. Kaschau. Founded (with fifteen others) by German 
 settlers. It is the Roman Forum Caseorum, and one of the 
 most ancient towns of Hungary. Alt. 2080 ft. Mean temp. 
 (is yrs.), yr. 44.3° F., Jan. 23.7 , July 63.5°. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kesrl'e (Turkish ; Kostnr, Servian ; Kastoria, Greek, the 
 ancient Celethrum), tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Koritsa, 36 m. 
 S. Monastir, on the W. side of a small lake. P. 10,000, of whom 
 4200 Servians, the remainder Mohammedan Greeks, Zinzars, 
 and Jews (G. ). 
 
 Kesman, Maronite dist. , Syria, sanjak Tripoli, on the coast, 
 traversed by spurs of Lebanon ; well cultivated. 
 
 Kessel, German, Ketel, Low German, literally ' a kettle,' but 
 in place-names ' a bowl-shap)ed valley. ' 
 
 Kessel-Loo, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, i| m. NE. 
 Louvain. P. (1890) 6000. 
 
 Kessenlcta, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Cologne, circle 
 Bonn. P. <400o. 
 
 Kessera, tn. , central Tunis, i2| m. SE. Suk-el-Jemma. P. 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Kesslngland, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Lowestoft div. , 4J m. SW. 
 by S. Lowestoft, PMT.O., and P.O. (K. Beach). P. < 1500. 
 
 Kessock, hamlet, Scot. , Ross-shire, on the E. ct. , on the N. 
 shore of Beauly Firth, 2 m. NNW. Inverness, PT.O. 
 
 Kesswll, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Thurgau, 8 m. SE. by E. Con- 
 stance, on the S. side of the Lake of Constance. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kestenholx (in French Ch&tenols), vil., Ger., Alsace- 
 Lorraine, circle Schlettstadt, 13 m. N. by E. Kolmar, with mineral 
 spring. P. <3000. 
 
 Kesteren, Parts of, Eng., a subdivision of co. Lincoln, 
 forming its SW. part. It now gives name to two parL divs., 
 790 
 
 which are not, however, jointly identical with 'the Parts of K." 
 See Lincolnshire. 
 
 Keston, par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., 6J m. E. by S. 
 Croydon, 2 m. SSE. Hayes stn., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Keswick, viL , Canada, New Brunswick, York co. , at mouth 
 of riv. Keswick, 9 m. WNW. Fredericton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Keswick, Fpper, 15 m. to the NW., on the same river (a 1. 
 bk. trib. of the St. John). 
 
 Keswick (kSz'ik), par. and market-tn., Eng., Cumberland, 
 \ m. from the NE. shore of Derwent Water, div. and 16 m. 
 W. by S. Penrith, on the L. & NW. R. It has manufactures 
 of linsey-woolseys and black lead pencils, the ' lead ' for which 
 is partly obtained from plumbago mines near. These mines 
 are no longer worked, but silver-lead and zinc ore are mined 
 near (at Threlkeldand Thorn thwaite). The potting of char, 
 taken in the lakes, is also a considerable business. K. was the 
 residence of the poet Southey from 1804 till his death (1843). 
 Mean rfall. (1866-80), K. Post-Office, alt. 270 ft., 60.5 in.; Der- 
 went I., alt. 280 ft., 54.8 in. Market-day, S. P. <4000. 
 
 Kes'wlck, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 3 m. SSW. Norwich, 
 2 m. SW. by W. Trowse stn., P.O. P. <25o. See Intwood. 
 
 Keswick, East, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston 
 Ash div., 7^ m. NE. by N. Leeds, close to Bardsey stn., PM.O. 
 P. <:5oo. See Harewood. 
 
 Keswick Ijake. See Derwent Water. 
 
 Kesztbely, comm., Hungary, prov. Zala, 60 m. WSW. 
 Stuhlweissenburg, with marble and basalt quarries. P. 6200. 
 
 Ket, riv., Siberia, Tomsk, r. bk. trib. of the Ob, which it 
 joins in about 58° 25' N. 
 
 Ket, riv. , W. Siberia, r. bk. trib. of Ob, rises in dist. Yeniseisk, 
 near to Yenisei, flows W. 670 m., joining Ob 150 m. NW. of 
 Tomsk. Its upp)er tribs. are now connected with the tribs. of 
 Yenisei by a canal with locks. 
 
 Ketapang, tn., Dutch Borneo, V\'. ct, in about 1° 50' S. 
 
 Ke1«, W. Africa. See Kratye. 
 
 Ketel, Low German, Uterally ' a kettle.' See Kessel. 
 
 Ketegyhilza, comm. , Hungary, co. B^k^s, dist. Gyula. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 K^ttaely, comm. , Hungarj', co. Somogy, dist. MarczaL P. 
 <4ooo. 
 
 Keti, or Ketl Bandar, tn., Brit. India, Sind, dist. and 58 m. 
 SSE. Karachi, on the Hajamro mouth of the Indus, in the delta 
 of which it is the chief port for river and sea-going boats. During 
 inundation season no trade is done. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ketley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Salop, Wellington div. , 12 m. E. 
 Shrewsbviry, 2 m. E. Wellington, on the G. W. R., PM.O. 
 P. <;25oo. 
 
 Ketosb, Brit. E. Africa ; same as Kltosh. 
 
 Ketsby, Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Onnsby, Sonth. 
 
 Ket'terlng, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , E. div. of Northamp- 
 tonshire, 7 m. N. by W. Wellingborough, on the M. R. , with 
 iron ore quarries and blast-furnaces, manufactures of boots and 
 shoes, clothing and boot and shoe machinery. Market-day, F. 
 Alt. 300 ft. Mean temp. (1866-80), 26.9 in. P. (1871) 7200; 
 (1891) 19,500. 
 
 Ketterlngham, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 6 m. SW. by 
 W. Norwich, i^ m. SW. Hetherseth stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Kettlns, par., Scot., Forfarshire, \\ m. ESE. Coupar Angus, 
 P.O.; 7796 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Kettle, par. and vil., Scot. See King's Kettle. 
 
 Kettlebaston, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 11 m. SE. 
 by S. Bury St. Edmunds, 3 m. E. by N. Lavenham stn. P. <:250. 
 
 Kettlebrldge, or Holekettle, vil. , Scot. , E. Fife, si m. E. 
 Falkland, close to King's Kettle stn. P. <:soo. 
 
 Kettlebrook, mining vil., Eng., Warwickshire, i m. SE. 
 Tamworth, P.O. 
 
 Kettlebnrgh, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 12 m. NE. by 
 N. Ipswich, 2 m. SW. Framlingham stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Kettleby, post-viL , Canada, Ontario, York co. , 26 m. NNW. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kettle Creek, riv., Canada, Ontario, flows SW. into the 
 middle of Lake Erie. 
 
 Kettleness, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the coast, 
 div. and 5 m. NW. by W. Whitby, on the NE. R., with jet 
 quarries. 
 
 Kettleshalme, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Knutsford div. , 5^ m. 
 NE. Macclesfield, 2 m. SW. Whaley Bridge stn. P. <soa 
 See Saltersford. 
 
 Kettlestng, hamlet, Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3 m. SW. 
 Riplev, P.O. 
 
 Kettlestone, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N W. div. , 17J m. WSW, 
 Cromer, \\ WSW. Thursford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kettlethorpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div,, 
 8 m. WNW. Lincoln, 2 m. S. by E. Torksey stn. P. <2So; 
 eccles. par. (K. with Laoghterton and Fenton) P. <5oo. 
 
 Kettlewell, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 on the Wharfe, 21 m. W. Ripon, 10 m, E. Horton stn., PM.O.; 
 8413 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Ketton, par. , Eng. , cos. Essex and Suffolk. See Kedlngton. 
 
 Ketton, par., Eng., Rutland, ^\ m, ESE. Oakham, on the 
 
KETT — KHAI 
 
 M. and L. & NW. Rlys., PMT.O. P. < 1500 ; eccles. par. (K. 
 with TLvoTer) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kettwlg, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on riv. Ruhr, circle and 
 7 m. SW. by S. Essen. P. 5100. 
 
 Kety, tn. , Austria, Galicia, dist. K. , 36 m. W. by S. Cracow. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Ketzln, tn., Prussia, prov. and 13 m. ENE. Brandenburg, 
 circle Osthavelland. P. <4000. 
 
 K'eu, Chinese, 'mouth, pass.' 
 
 Kenka, or Crooked Lake, y-shaped lake, U.S., in the W. 
 of New York state, about 20 m. long, 2 m. wide, 200 ft. deep, 
 718 ft. above sea-level, connected by canal (from its NE. end) 
 with Lake Seneca. 
 
 Kenm, riv. , Korea, flows into the Yellow Sea, in 36° N. 
 
 Kenml^, comm. , Belgium, prov. and arr. Naraur, 2 m. ESE. 
 Fleurus. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kenm-kang-san, or Kenm-gang-san ('diamond mts.') 
 mountain range, Korea, parallel to the E. ct. , in 38°-38° 40' N. , 
 contains the most notable collection of Buddhist monasteries in 
 the country. 
 
 Keanjbar, tn. , India, Bengal, cap. of one of the Orissa trib. 
 states of the same name, 85 m. N. by W. Cuttack. 
 
 Keanthal, Punjab hill state. See Keonthal. 
 
 Kerelaer, market-tn., Prussia, in the NW. of the Rhine 
 Prov., circle Geldern, 21 m. NW. Krefeld. P. < 3000. 
 
 KeTermes, comm. , Hungary, co. Csanid, dist. Battonya. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 Keverstone, vil. , Eng. , Durham. See Raby. 
 
 Keir, ancient Kay-hoo ( ' the quay on the spit of land. ' See 
 Hoo), par., Eng., co. Surrey, on r. bk. of the Thames, here 
 crossed by a bridge, connecting it with Brentford, i^ m. NNE. 
 Richmond, with stns. (K. Bridge and K. Gardens) on L. & 
 SW. R. Here is a royal palace, once the favourite residence 
 of George HI.; it is surrounded by ornamental grounds, cover- 
 ing 120 ac, and containing a pagoda 163 ft. in height. The 
 royal botanic gardens, 70 ac. in extent, possessing one of the 
 most celebrated collections of plants in Europe, was presented 
 to the nation by Queen Victoria in 1840, and is now kept up 
 at the national cost, and is open to the public. The gardens 
 contain three museums, the Jodrell laboratory, and a picture 
 gallery, containing pictures of flowers and other vegetation painted 
 in all parts of the world by Miss Marianne North, and presented 
 by her to the gardens. The palm-house is unrivalled, being 362 
 ft. by 100 ft. An arboretum of 178J ac. has been added to the 
 gardens. Annual rfall. at the Meteorological Observatory (alt. 
 19 ft., 1866-80), 24.7 in. PMT.O. P.<25oo. 
 
 KefT, tp. , Australia, Victoria, co. Bourke, about 4 m. E. 
 Melbourne, with the Metropolitan Lunatic Asylum. P. 8500. 
 
 Kewanee, tn., U.S., Illinois, Henry co., 94 m. SSE. 
 Dubuque (lo. ), 40 m. NNW. Peoria. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kewaunee, city, U.S., Wisconsin, cap. K. co., on the coast, 
 23 m. E. by S. of the head of Green Bay. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ke'weenaw, co. , U.S., Michigan, made up of the NE. 
 portion of K. Penin. , Lake Superior. It terminates in K. Point ; 
 abounds in argentiferous copper, the mining of which is the 
 principal industry. K. Bay is in angle to SE. of K. Penin. 
 
 Kewell, post-tp. , Australia, Victoria, co. Borung, 224 m. 
 NW. Melbourne, on Yarriambiac Creek. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kew^ Gardens, stn., Eng., Lancashire, near Southport, on 
 W. Lancashire and Liverpool Rly. See also Kew, Surrey. 
 
 Kewklang, treaty port, China. See Klnklang. 
 
 Kewstoke, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div. , on the N. ct., 
 2 m. NE. Weston-super-Mare, P.O. P. < 1000; eccles. par. 
 (K. wltU Milton) P. <iooo. 
 
 Kexbrongh, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 4 
 m. NW. by W. Bamsley, i| m. W. Darton stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Kexby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div. , 5 m. SE. 
 Gainsborough, 2 m. E. by S. Lea stn., P.O. P. <5oo. See 
 Heapham. 
 
 Kexby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div., 
 6i m. E. York, 3 m. WSW. Fangfoss stn., P. Or P. <2So. 
 
 Kexholm, fort, tn., Finland, govt, and 50 m. NE. of Viborg, 
 at the influx of the Vuoksen into Lake Ladoga. P. <2000. 
 
 Key, Lough, lake, Ire., in the N. of co. Roscommon, 5 m. 
 W. Leitrim, 139 ft. above sea-level; drained into the Shannon. 
 
 Key, isls. See Ke. 
 
 Keya Paha, co., U.S., Nebraska, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 in the W. by 100° W. 
 
 Keya Paha, riv., U.S., Nebraska, in the N., rises in the 
 extreme S. of Dakota, flows ESE. to the Niobrara, which it 
 joins on the 1. bk. about 99° W. 
 
 Keyham, a N. part of Devonport, Eng. , with a royal dock- 
 yard, on which extensive works are now being carried out. K. 
 Lake is an inlet on the N. communicating with the Hamoaze. 
 
 Keyham, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 5^ m. E. 
 by N. Leicester, 2 m. WNW. Ingersby stn. P. <25o. See 
 Sothley. 
 
 Keylngham (ke'ing-ham), par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Holderness div., 9 J m. E. by S. Hull, on the NE. R., PM.O. 
 P. <7SO- 
 
 Keymer, par., Eng., Sussex, E. Grinstead div., 6| m. N. 
 Brighton, close to Hassocks stn., with stn. (K. Junction) on 
 L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O. P.<:40oo. See Clayton. 
 
 Keymer Junction, rly. stn. , 3 m. N. by E. Keymer, on L. 
 B. & S. C. R. 
 
 Keyneton, post-tp., S. Australia, Eyre co. , 40 m. NE. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Keynsham (ken'sham), par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 5 m. 
 SE. by E. Bristol, on the Avon and the G. W. R. Brass-works 
 and logwood dye-works carried on ; electric light company. 
 Sheep and stock fairs are held twice a year. PMT.O. 4239 ac. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Keyport, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Monmouth co., 20 m. S. 
 Newark, on Raritan Bay. P. <40oo. 
 
 Keyser, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Middlesex, 30 m. 
 from London. P. <i500. 
 
 Keyser, tn., U.S., W. Virginia, Mineral co., on the N. 
 Branch of the Potomac, 31 m. NE. b) E. of the SW. corner of 
 Maryland. P. <30oo. 
 
 Keys, The, isls., Bahamas. See Calcos. 
 
 Keys, or Cays, The, are the islets and reefs along the shores 
 of Central America, Florida, and in other parts of the W. Indies. 
 
 Keys Inlet, the estuary of the Fitzmaurice R. , S. Australia, 
 near the boundary line between the Northern Terr, and Western 
 Australia. 
 
 Keysoe (ke'so), par., Eng., co. and 8^ m. N. by E. Bedford, 
 Biggleswade div. , 5 m. S. by W. Kimbolton stn. , P. O. P. < 750. 
 
 Keyston, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Huntingdon div., 11 
 m. ENE. Wellingborough, 2 m. ENE. Raunds stn., P.O. 
 (Keystone). P. <25o. 
 
 Keystone, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Dickey co., 100 m. 
 SW. by W. Fargo. 
 
 Key Street, vil., Eng., Kent, Faversham div., 8 m. ESE. 
 Chatham, i^ m. ESE. Newington stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Keytesvlile, vil., U.S., Missouri, Chariton co., 108 m. E. 
 Leavenworth (Kansas). P. < 1500. 
 
 Key West, from the Spanish Cayo Hueso, 'bone reef," city 
 and port of entry, U.S., Florida, Monroe co., on a small coral 
 island of same name, 7 m. long, 2 m. wide, the westernmost 
 of the ' Florida Keys ' proper ; naval station. Imports great 
 quantities of tobacco from Cuba for the manufacture of cigars. 
 Sponge-fishing also carried on. Fort Taylor here is mounted 
 with 200 guns. Mean temp., yr. JT-i^ F. , Jan. 70.8°, Aug. 
 84.4°; rfall. (14 yrs.), 40. 12 in. P. (1880) 9900; (1890) 18,100. 
 
 Keyworth, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushchffie div., 6 
 m. SSE. Nottingham, with a stn. (Plumtree and K.) on the 
 M. R., PM.O. P.<iooo. 
 
 Kezanlyk, or Kazanliik, tn., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, 
 prov. and 18 m. NW. by N. Eski-Saghra (Stara Zagora), to the 
 N. of the Tunja (Tundza). P. 9500. 
 
 K^zdl Vds&rhely, tn., with magistracy, Hungary, 39 m. 
 NE. by E. Kronstadt. P. 4700. 
 
 Kezhemskoye, vil., Russia, E. Siberia, govt, and 480 m. 
 NNW. Irkutsk, on r. bk. Angara. P. <2ooo. 
 
 KhabaroTSk, tn., E. Siberia, cap. of Maritime Prov. 
 (Primorskaya Oblast), on a high cUff at confluence of Amur, 
 which is here 2 m. wide, and Usuri, 48° 28' N. , 135° 6' E., 
 5532 m. E. of Moscow, by highway and Amur. Alt. 456 ft. 
 Climate less severe than at Nikolaevsk, former cap. of same 
 prov., the Amur opening in middle of April and freezing in 
 November. Steamers ply up and down the Amur to Sryetensk 
 and Nikolaevsk, and up the Usuri to Lake Khangka. Pro- 
 posed terminus of the railway which is built up the Usuri to 
 Vladivostok. Various educational institutions ; geographical 
 society, library. Seat of governor-general of the Amur. Trade 
 in sables and other furs, exported. Founded in 1858. Mean 
 temp., yr. 32. 5° F., Feb. 2.2°, July 71.2°. P. (with military) 7350. 
 
 Khabls, vil., Persia, prov. and 41 m. E. by N. Kerman. 
 Alt. 1590 ft. 
 
 Ktaabn, prov., Senegambia. See Kabu. 
 
 Khabur, riv., Asiatic Turkey, pashs. Diarbekir and Bagdad, 
 flows S. through Mesopotamia, and joins the Euphrates in 
 35° 8' N., after a course estimated at 190 m. 
 
 Khachrand, or Khachrod (census), tn.. Central India, 
 Gwalior state, 60 m. NW. Indore. P. 9000; Hindus, 5100; 
 Moham. 1900. 
 
 Khadlja (or Khedlja), BorJ, vil. , Tunis, 48 m. SE. by S. Susa. 
 
 Khadkl, tn. , Bombay Presidency. See Klrkl. 
 
 Khaf, Kaf, or Kef, tn., Persia, prov. Khorassan, 122 m. S. 
 by E. Meshed. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Khilgan, mt. valley, Punjab. See Kagan. 
 
 Khagaul, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 11 m. WSW. 
 Patnd. P. (1881) 14,100; (i89i)<sooo. 
 
 Khal, tn. , China, prov. Honan, 260 m. SS W. Tientsin. 
 
 Khalbar, or Khaybar, tn. , Arabia, on the Harrat K. , about 
 90 m. N. Medina. 
 
 Khalbar Pass, the great northern military route from India 
 into Afghanistan, commences near Jamriid, to the W. of 
 Peshiwar, and about 12 m. S. of the Kabul R. , and twists NW. 
 through the mountains at the union of the Safid Koh with the 
 
 791 
 
KH AI 
 
 KHAR 
 
 Suldiman Range for about 33 m., and debouches at DhAka fort, 
 opposite Lalpura, on the KabuL About 4 ni. from Jamriid the 
 pass is 450 ft. wide; further on in places 10-70 ft., the hills 
 being perpendicular and impracticable ; at the fort of Ah Masjid, 
 9^ m. from Jamriid, 40 ft. Landf Kotal, the summit of the 
 pass, is 1700 ft. above Jamriid, 1970 ft. above Dhdka. 
 
 Khaidn-gol, riv. , central Asia. See Ynldnz. 
 
 Ktaaifa, Syria, See Haifa. 
 
 Kbatfong, tn. , China. See Kalfang-fta. 
 
 Kballar, riv., N. Mongolia, flows W. from Great Khingan 
 Mts. , on reaching Russian frontier turns NE. under the name 
 of Argun. K. town on it. 
 
 Khalr&1>M, tn. , Brit. India, Oudh, cap. dist. Sitapur, 45 m. 
 N. by W. Lucknow. P. (1891) 13,800 ; Moham. 7600 ; Hindus, 
 6100. 
 
 Khairabad, vil. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Peshawar, on the 
 r. bk. of the Indus, opposite Attock, 40 m. E. by S. PeshdLwar. 
 
 Kbalrpnr, large native state in Upper Sind, stretching SE. 
 from the Indus to Rdjputana, traversed from S. to N. by the 
 Eastern Nara; generally arid and desolate, but with a fertile 
 soil, and where irrigated very productive. Area, 6109 sq. m. 
 P. (1881) 129,200; (1891) 131,900. 
 
 Kbalrpnr, tn., India, Punjab, Bahawalpur, 64 m. SE. 
 Miiltdn, on the 1. bk. of the Sutlej. 
 
 libalrpnr, tn., India, Sind, cap. of native state K., 55 m. 
 SSE. Jacobabdd. P. (1875) 7300. 
 
 Kbalrpnr Dbarkl, tn., Brit. India, Sind, dist. Shikarpur, 
 80 m. E. by S. Jacobabad. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kbalrpnr Natbesbiib, vil. , Brit. India, Sind, dist. Shikdrpur, 
 93 m. SW. by S. Jacobabad. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kbalran, or Kbelvan, tn. , SW. Arabia, 93 m. NN W. Sana, 
 on the route to Mecca ; formerly the residence of the Himyarite 
 kings ; ruins of ancient palaces. 
 
 Kbajnr4bn, decayed tn. , India, Bundelkhand, about 125 m. 
 WSW. AUahabdd; famous for magnificent architectural remains. 
 
 Kbakn, country in the N. of Upper Burma, near sources of 
 Irdwadi ; fairly well peopled. 
 
 Kbala-cbl, lake, central Asia. See Kara-9for. 
 
 Kbalau, or EkaterlnoTka, vil., Russia, govt, and 93 m. 
 SE. of Kursk, dist. Novyi Oskol. P. 7000. 
 
 Kballs, plain, Asiatic Turkey, between the Tigris and Diyala 
 Rivs. , to the N. of Bagdad. 
 
 Kbalkal, dist, Persia, Azerbaijan, to the NE. of the northern 
 bend of the Kizil Uzen R. 
 
 Kbalkas, a region of the Chinese Empire. See Kalkas. 
 
 Kbalkl, or Kbarkl, one of the Princes Is. , in the Sea of 
 Marmora, vilayet Jezairi-Bahri-Sefid, SE. Constantinople, with 
 an ancient copper-mine and a Greek college. P. about 6500, 
 nearly all Greeks. (Cuinet. ) 
 
 Kbam, prov. , in the E. of Tibet, immediately E. Lhassa. 
 
 Kbamar Daban, ridge of mts., E. Siberia, prov. Trans- 
 baikalia, on S. coast of Lake Baikal, border-ridge of the 
 Mongolian plateau. Alt. 6000-8000 ft. 
 
 Kbamasah, ruins, Palestine, probably the Emmaus of the 
 N. T., 31° 43' N., 35° 6' E., 9 m. SW. by W. Jerusalem. 
 
 Kbambb&llA, tn., India, Bombay Presidency, Nawdnagar 
 state, in 22° 12' N., 69° 50' E. P. (1881) 8600. 
 
 Kbamer, seapt. , Persia, prov. Kerman, on the Persian Gulf, 
 45 m. WSW. Bender Abbas. 
 
 Kb&mg&on, tn., Brit. India, Berir, dist. Akola, 78 m. W. 
 by S. Amraoti ; a large cotton and opium market. P. 15,600 ; 
 Hindus, 11,900 ; Moham. 3300. 
 
 Kbaml, or Kbamll, £. Turkistan. See Haml. 
 
 Kbamlr, maritime viL, Persia, prov. Laristan, opposite Laft, 
 in the isL of Kishm. It exports sulphur to Maskat from mines in 
 its vicinity. 
 
 Kbamtl Hills, mountainous tract on the extreme eastern 
 frontier of Assam, occupied by the Khamtfs, tribe of Shan origin, 
 professedly followers of Buddha. 
 
 Ktaanabad, viL, Afghanistan, 15 m. ESE. Kunduz. 
 
 Kbanakln, tn., Turkey in Asia. See Kbannlkln. 
 
 Khtlnapnr, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Belgium, on 
 Malprabha R. , 36 m. NW. by W. Dhdrwar. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kbandtlla, sanatorium, India, Bombay Presidency, dist. and 
 about 41 m. NW. Poona, near the Bhor Ghit. 
 
 Kbandela, tn., India, RdjputAna, state and 48 m. NNW. 
 Jaipur. P. (1881) 7900. 
 
 Kblkndesh, dist. , Brit India, Bombay Presidency, traversed 
 by the Tapti. The long central plain of 150 m. E. to W. 
 comprises an extensive area of rich alluvial soil, overlooked on 
 the N. by the Satpura Hills. The Tdpti and lesser streams are 
 subject to sudden and disastrous floods. Malaria prevails at 
 the beginning of the cold season. In the extreme E. a small 
 tract is hopelessly unhealthy. 
 
 Kbandglrl, one of two sandstone hills, India, about 12 m. S. 
 Cuttack, in Purl dist., Orissa, which face each other across a 
 narrow gorge in the jungle, the other being VdAyaglrl. Has 
 cave dwellings believed to include the earliest memorials of 
 Buddhism in India. 
 
 KbandplkrA (census Kandbpara), viL, India, cap. of K. 
 792 
 
 native state, Orissa, 48 m. W. by S. Cuttack. P. 5100; 
 Hindus, 5000. 
 
 Kbands, tribe, India. See Kandbs. 
 
 Kbandtarn, tn., India, Bengal, dist Champaran, in 26° 
 40' N., 85° 6' E. P. (1872) 6200; (i89i)<;5ooo. 
 
 Kbandwii, tn., Brit India, Central Provs., cap. dist Nimar, 
 70 m. SSE. Indore; once a great seat of Jain worship. P. 
 15,600 ; Hindus, 10,000 ; Moham. 4800. 
 
 Kbanewal, tn., Brit India, Punjab, dist. and 27 m. ENE. 
 Miiltdn. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kbangal, chain of mts. NW. Mongolia, NW. to SE., be- 
 tween the tribs. of upper Selenga and tribs. of Lake Kirghiz- 
 nor, called Khan-khukhei in NW. Height of pass in NE. of 
 Ulyasutai, 9930 ft. 
 
 Kbangalakb, large isl., E. Siberia, in the delta of Lena, 
 between Tumauskaya and Byelka branches. 
 
 Kbdngarb, vil., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Muzaffargarh, 
 26 m. SW. Miiltan. P. < 5000. 
 
 KbanlMb^na, tn. , Central India, cap. native state K. , 85 m. 
 S. Gwalior. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kbaulkin, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Kbannlkln. 
 
 Kbanka, lake, Manchuria. See Hangka. 
 
 Kbankal, valley, Afghanistan, drained by the Kohat R., 
 between the Safid Koh Mts. on the N. , and the Samana Mts. 
 on the S. , in about 33° 40' N. , 70° 4o'-7i° 10' E. 
 
 Kbanlilje, vil. , Asia Minor, on the Bosporus, 7J m. NE. by 
 N. Constantinople. 
 
 Kbanna, tn., Brit India, Punjab, dist Ludhiana, 40 m. 
 NW. by W. Ambala. P. 5000. 
 
 Kbannlkln, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, close to the Persian frontier, 
 95 m. NE. Bagdad, on the road to Kermanshahan. Alt 1700 ft. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Kbdnpnr, commercial tn., India, Bahawalpur, 120 m. SSW. 
 Miiltan, on the navigable canal from the Panjnad. P. 7500; 
 Moham. 5000 ; Hindus, 2300. 
 
 Kbanskaya, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Kuban, dist. 
 Maikop. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kbanskaya StaTka, viL, Russia, chief town of the Buke- 
 yevskaya horde of Kirghizes, 256 m. NNW. of Astrakhan ; 
 fairs in cattle. Permanent P. < 2000. 
 
 Kban Tengrl, snow-clad peak of Tian Shan Mts. , central 
 Asia, 85 m. SE. of E. extremity of Lake Issyk-kul, rises in high 
 chain of Sary-yassy to alt. of 24,000 ft. Surrounded by mighty 
 glaciers. 
 
 Kbann, tn., Persia, prov. Kerman, 97 m. NE. by E. Bender 
 Abbas. P. 4000-5000. 
 
 Kban-ria, MongoUa. See Tnsbetn-Kban. 
 
 Kbanwab Canal, one of the upper Sutlej inundation channels 
 in Lahore and Montgomery dists. , Punjab, India. 
 
 Kbanzlr, cape, on the W. ct of Syria, at the mouth of the 
 Gulf of Alexandretta, 
 
 Kb^pd, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. and 22 m. 
 NNW. Nagpiu". P. 9400 ; Hindus, 8600. 
 
 Kbapnr, or Haden (or Slaaden) Kbapnr, a name formerly 
 given to the copper-mines of Arghana, Kurdistan. 
 
 Kbaradran, viL , Asia Minor, S. ct. , prov. Adana, 120 m. S. 
 Konia. 
 
 Kbaragbora, salt-pans, India, on the Little Rann of Cutch, 
 4 m. from Patri, 56 m. W. by N. Ahmaddbdd. 
 
 Kbar&lla, or Kbarela, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. 
 Hamlrpur, 75 m. SSW. Cawnpur. P, (1891) 6000; Hindus, 
 5700. 
 
 Kbarak, Persian isL See Karak. 
 
 Kbaran, viL, Baluchistan, 78 m. WSW. Kelat. 
 
 Kbarar, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 27 m. N. by W. 
 Ambdla. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Kbarfts, vil., Palestine, Hareth in the O. 1"., 31° 37' N. , 
 35° 2' E., 7 m. NW. by N. El Khulll (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Kbarazl, Jebel, mt. , S. Arabia, midway between Aden and 
 the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, 5440 ft. above the sea. 
 
 Kbarda, tn., 'Brit. India, Bombay, dist Ahmadnagar, 108 m. 
 E. Poona. P. 6100 (Hindus, 4800) ; hamlets, 1137. 
 
 Kbardnng (or Kardong) Pass, Himalayas, India, in the E. 
 of Kashmir, leading N. from Leh ; difficult of ascent, but prac- 
 ticable for laden horses and yaks. Alt 17,575 ft. above the sea. 
 
 Kbarela, tn. , India, N W. Provs. See Kbaralla. 
 
 Kbarfa, or Kbarfeb, tn. , central Arabia, cap. of Aflaj dist. , 
 30 m. SW. Riad. P. 8000. 
 
 Kbargeb (or Kbarjeb) , El, Upper Egypt See El Kbargeb. 
 
 Kb&rgon, tn. , Central India, state and 60 m. SSW. Indore. 
 P. (1891) 9100; Hindus, 6600; Moham. 2400. 
 
 KbarlAn, viL , Brit India, Punjab, dist Gujrdt, 72 m. SE. 
 Rdwal Pindi, on the NW. Rly. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kbartja* inland tn., Arabia, W. of Makalla (Hadramaut), 
 and reputed to have 3000 inhabitants. 
 
 Kbarkhanda, tn. and municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist 
 Rohtak, 27 m. NW. DelhL P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kbarkl, isL , Sea of Marmora. See Kbalkl. 
 
 Kharkov, Little Russian govt, European Russia, has Cher- 
 nigov, Kursk, and Voronezh on N. , the prov. of Don Cossacks 
 
KHAR 
 
 KHET 
 
 on E., Ekaterinoslav on S., and Poltava on W., occupies the 
 gentle S. slopes of the middle Russian (Kursk) plateau, which 
 have an alt. of from 620 to 760 ft. , and are ravinated near the river 
 valleys. Permian, Carboniferous, Cretaceous, and Tertiary 
 sandstones, limestones, and marls. Phosphorites, building- 
 stone, grinding-stone, and ironstone ; salt extracted at Sla- 
 vvansk from wells. Watered by tribs. of Dnieper (Vir, Sula, 
 P'siol, Vorskla) and Don (N. Donets), none of them navigable ; 
 scarcity of water in E. Climate still severe, though warmer 
 and more changeable than in middle Russia. Average temp, 
 at K., yr. 42° F., Jan. 15.5°, July 70°; yearly rainfall, 21.7 in.; 
 rivers open for 238 days. Population, Little Russian (88 per 
 cent.) and Great Russian (11 per cent.), settled mostly in large 
 villages. Soil fertile, and grain exported abroad. Over 30,000 
 acres under beetroot, and over 2500 under tobacco. Gardening. 
 Considerable cattle-breeding. Industries limited chiefly to dis- 
 tilleries, sugar-works, and flour-mills ; woollen cloth mills of 
 late. Well connected by railways with Moscow, Odessa, Baltic 
 ports, and Azov Sea. Trade in grain and cattle. Divided 
 mto eleven dists. : Kharkov, Akhtyrka, Bogodukhov, Izyum, 
 Kupyansk, Lebedin, Starobyelsk, Sumy, Volkov, Volchansk, 
 and Zmiyev. Area, 21,041 sq. m. P. (1B36) 1,148,239 ; (1879) 
 2.036,949; (1892)2,537,337. 
 
 KbarkoT, tn., Russia, cap. govt. K., 480 m. by rail S. of 
 Moscow ; observatory 50° o' N. , 36° 14' E. ; alt. 437 ft. 
 Situated on an undulating, partly marshy, plain at the junction 
 of Lopan, Netecha, and Kharkov Rivs. Owing to its advan- 
 tageous position as regards railways, rapidly developing into 
 a great city. University, with about 800 students, scientific 
 societies, and a variety of educational institutions. Manu- 
 factures are developing ; wool, woollen cloth, tobacco, refineries, 
 distilleries, iron-works. Important entrep6t for goods shipped 
 from S. Russia northwards. Active trade, both exterior and 
 interior. Two important fairs, showing aggregate returns of 
 ;^6, 500,000 ; 7000 to 8000 tons of wool are brought to the fair 
 and sold. Mean rfall. (16 yrs.), yr. 19.4 in., May-Sept. 10.6 in. 
 P. (1856) 30,600; (1891) 195,100. 
 
 Kharlakl Pass, pass, Baluchistan, 23 m. S. by E. Quetta, 
 leading from N. end of Bolan Pass into the Dasht-i-Bedaulat. 
 
 Kharmaug, vil., India, Kashmir, on the Indus in Baltistan, 
 100 m. NE. by E. Srinagar. 
 
 Kliarpat (Armenian, 'rock castle'), officially Mamnrat-el- 
 Azlz, tn. , Turkish Kurdistan, a little to the S. of the Murad Su, 
 60 m. NW. by N. Diarbekir, on a hill above a fertile plain. 
 The ' College of Armenia,' founded by American missionaries, 
 is the principal establishment of public instruction in Armenia 
 and Turkish Kurdistan. Alt. 4150 ft. P. 11,000. 
 
 Kliars&wdn, vil. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Singbhiim, 145 m. 
 NE. Sambalpur. P. < 5000. 
 
 Khartaza Pass. See Hindu Knsb. 
 
 Kbartnni, tn., eastern Sudan, on the 1. bk. of the Bahr-el- 
 Azrek, or Blue Nile, close to its confluence with the Bahr-el- 
 Abiad, or White Nile, in 15° 37' N., 32° 37' E. (Prout) ; founded 
 by Mohammed Ali in 1820 or 1821 ; fortified with walls and de- 
 tached forts. The rainy season extends from end of July to 
 September, the rains always accompanied by storms. Centre of 
 considerable commerce. Alt. 1273 ft. Mean temp. (1852, 1878), 
 yr. 83.8° F., Jan. 67.5°, July 91.6°. Mixed pop., estimated in 
 1883 at 45,000-50,000. 
 
 Kharturi, tn., India, Bengal, dist. Champaran, in 26° 40' N., 
 85° 6' E., 75 m. N. by W. Patna. P. <5ooo. 
 
 KbarAf, site, Palestine, probably the Haruph of the O. T., 
 31° 38' N. , 35'^ E. , 10 m. N W. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Kharwar, tn., India, Bengal, dist. Midnapur. P. 10,100; 
 Hindus, 9900. 
 
 Kliasav-ynrt, dist. tn. and fort, Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Terek, 87 m. ENE. of Vladikavkaz. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kbash, tn. and fort, W. Afghanistan. See Kash. 
 
 Kh&sl and Jaintla Hills, dist., Assam, S. of the Brahma- 
 putra Valley, between 00° 47' and 92° 52' E.; cap. Shillong. 
 The inhabitants of the Jaintia Hills call themselves Pandrs, but 
 are called Santengs or Syntengs by the Khasis ; both maintain 
 their own forms of religious worship. The Khasis are peculiar 
 also in language (mostly monosyllabic), national characteristics, 
 and political institutions. 
 
 Kbaskol, Turkey and Bulgaria. See Haskol, or HaskoTO. 
 
 Kbasor, hills, India, Punjab. See Klilsor. 
 
 Kliatal, Mongolian tribes. See KMtau. 
 
 Kbatak Hills, a range or series of ranges, Brit. India, Pun- 
 jab, bounding Peshdwar dist. on the S. , and extending from the 
 Safid Koh system to the Indus, in which salt occurs as a solid 
 rock exposed in many places. Highest peak (Jawala Sir), 5110 ft 
 
 Khatauga, riv., E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, rises from lakes 
 in 68° 30' N. lat., flows 400 m. N., receiving the Kheta, 
 Balakhna, Novaya (r. bk.), and Popigai (1. bk.). Freezes in 
 Sept. , opens in June. Enters K. Bay, Arctic Ocean, 160 m. long. 
 
 Kliatangskoye, vil. , on Khatanga R. , no m. from its mouth. 
 
 Khsitanll, commercial tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. 
 Muzaffarnagar, 16 m. N. Meerut. P. (1891) 8000; Moham. 
 4000 ; Hindus, 3400. 
 
 Khathan, place, Brit. Baluchistan, 61 m. from Sibiand42m. 
 from Baber Kuch, on Sind-Pishin Rly., with petroleum springs. 
 
 Khatlf, El. See El Khatlf. 
 
 Kli^tnidndn, tn., India, cap. of native state Nepdl, 145 m. 
 N. Patna, at the confluence of the Vishnumati and the Bighmati, 
 approximately in 27° 42' N., 85° 12' E. ; said to have been 
 founded about 723 A. D. P. (estimated) 50,000. 
 
 Kbatran, or Kketran, a high valley in the SE. of Afghani- 
 stan, in the S. of the Sulaiman Mts. 
 
 KkaTalln, important commercial centre, China. See Hwo- 
 In-blen. 
 
 Kbavza, vil., Asia Minor, vilayet and no m. NW. Sivas, 
 13 m. NE. Mer-Sivan ; becoming much frequented on account 
 of its warm mineral springs (temp. 135° F.) 
 
 Kha-frak Pass. See Hindu Kush. 
 
 Kltaybar, tn. , Arabia. See Khalbar. 
 
 Kbedlja, viL , Tunis. See Kbadlja. 
 
 Kbelbar, tn. , central Arabia. See Ktaalbar. 
 
 Kbelr, tn. , Persia, prov. Fars, on the S. side of Lake Niris, 
 95 m. E. by S. Shiraz, on the road to Kerman. 
 
 KbelTau, tn. , Arabia. See Kbalvan. 
 
 Kbejlrl, vil., India. See Kedgeree. 
 
 Kbekera (census Kekra), tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. 
 Meerut, 19 m. N. by E. Delhi. P. (1891) 10,300 ; Hindus, 
 8500 ; Moham. 1300. 
 
 KbeUt {kaldt, 'fort'), fortified tn. , Brit. Baluchistan, on a 
 northern spur of a limestone hill called Shah Marddn, in 28° 53' 
 N., 66° 28' E.; built in terraces, and with mud walls. Alt. about 
 6780 ft. 
 
 Kbelldonla, cape and group of islets, Asia Minor, on its S. 
 ct. , 30° 25' E. 
 
 Kbelmos, mt. , Greece, in the N. of the Morea. Alt. 7725 ft. 
 
 Kbelong, bay, on W. side of Malay Penin., Siam, crossed 
 by 8° N.; contains numerous islands. 
 
 Kbem Karn, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 30 m. SSE. 
 Lahore. P. 5900 ; Moham. 3900 ; Hindus, 1700. 
 
 Kheneg, in Morocco, 'gorge.' 
 
 KberMn, tn., India, Bombay, Gujarat, in 23° 54' N. , 72° 
 40' E., 6 m. S. by E. Ahmadabdd. P. (1881) 8500. 
 
 Kberl, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. K. (the cap. of which is 
 Lakhimpur), 72 m. N. Lucknow. P. 6200; Moham. 3900; 
 Hindus, 2300. 
 
 Kberson, govt., SW. Russia, part of Novorossia, on N. 
 coast of Black Sea, between the Dnieper and the Dniester. 
 Spurs of the Carpathians in N. (700 to 750 ft.), the remainder 
 a steppe from 400 to 600 ft. alt. in W., and 400 to 760 ft. in 
 E., intersected by flat depressions, deep river valleys, and very 
 many dry ravines, sometimes 300 to 400 ft. deep, and having 
 the aspects of canons on a small scale. Tertiary sandstones, 
 sands, and marls, covered with Quaternary loess, and clays. 
 Some copper ores, p)ottery clays, and lithographic stone. 
 Forests cover i per cent, only of area. Watered on W. 
 frontier by Dniester, which receives Yagorlyk and Kuchurgan ; 
 Bug, Ingul, and many smaller rivers flowing into Black Sea; 
 and Dnieper on E. frontier, with its tribs. Tyasmin, Bezovluk, 
 and Ingulets. Numerous lakes and limans, from several of 
 which salt is extracted, while rushes are used as fuel. Climate 
 extreme, the average temps, being at Nikolayev (46° 58' N., 
 32° 19' E.; alt. 160 ft.), yr. 50° F., Jan. 24°, July 72°. The 
 winters at K. are even still colder, the average temp, of Jan. 
 being only 20°. Yearly rainfall, 14.4 in. at Nikolayev, and 15.8 
 at Odessa. Population : Little Russians 58 per cent. , Great 
 Russians 17 per cent., Moldavians 13 per cent., Jews 3 per 
 cent., Germans 5 per cent., Bulgarians, Greeks, &c. Nearly 
 one-third of area is under crops, and one-half under grazing 
 lands and meadows. Wheat, rye, and barley are the chief 
 crops, and are exported abroad ; tobacco plantations ; garden- 
 ing. Good breeds of horses, cattle, and sheep are kept and 
 exported. Considerable fishing, especially in the estuary of the 
 Dnieper. Manufactures are especially developed in Odessa and 
 Nikolayev ; woollen cloth mills, tanneries, soap and candle 
 works, steam flour mills, tobacco works, machinery works. 
 Considerable shipping and trade. Divided into six dists.: 
 Kherson, Alexandriya, Ananiev, Elisavetgrad, Odessa, and 
 Tiraspol. Odessa makes a separate township, and Nikolayev 
 is under a separate military governor. Area, 27,523 sq. m. 
 P. (1851) 1,020,210; (1890) 2,250,100. 
 
 Kherson, tn., Russia, cap. prov. K., on r. bk. of Dnieper, 
 which divides here into many branches and has a width of 10 
 m., with numerous low islands becoming the seat of fever in- 
 fection after the inundations, 17 m. above the head of the 
 estuary of the Dnieper, and 808 m. by rail S. of Moscow. 
 Monument to John Howard, who died here ; ruins of the old 
 fort. Considerable trade. P. (1872) 45,040; (1891) 75,000. 
 
 Khersones, promontory, Russia, S. extremity of Crimea, 44° 
 35' N. , 33° 43' E. Ruins of K. city, founded in 6th century 
 B.C. by the Greeks (also Megara) on the promontory. 
 
 Ktaeta, vil., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 46 m. WNW. 
 Kuiais, II m. from Black Sea. P. 6250. 
 
 Kbetran. See Kbatran. 
 
 793. 
 
KHET — KHOR 
 
 Khetri, tn., India, RajputAna, 96 m. WSW. Delhi. P. (1881) 
 5300. 
 
 Kbeara, vil. , India, Punjab, Jehlara dist. , a few miles to the 
 N. of the riv. Jehlam, 65 m. S. Rdwal Pindi, terminus of a 
 branch line of railway. In the neighbourhood are the Mayo 
 Mines, the chief mines of the Salt Range. 
 
 KM, tn. , China, prov. Hupe, on the 1. bk. of the Yangtse- 
 kiang, 75 m. SE. by E. Hankow. 
 
 Kbi, tn., China, prov. Pechili, no m. SW. by S. Peking. 
 
 Khiao, Chinese, 'bridge.' 
 
 Kbllcblpnr, tn. , Central India, 80 m. NW. Bhopal ; cap. of 
 K. state (area, 273 sq. m.; P. 36,300). P. (1881) 3-5000. 
 
 RhUlmodion, vil. , Greece. See KlSonal. 
 
 KMliodronila, the ancient Ikos, isl., Greece, one of the 
 northern Sporades, about 30 m. N. of the middle of Euboea, 11 
 m. long NE. to SW., 3 m. broad; mountainous, with few 
 inhabitants. 
 
 Kbllok, riv. , E. Siberia, r. bk. trib. of Selenga ; rises in Yab- 
 lonovoi Mts. , flows over 300 m. in SW. , in a well peopled valley. 
 
 Kblngan, Great, chain of mts., Asia, SE. border-ridge of 
 the great plateau of Mongolia, extends from Kalgan in S. , in a 
 NE. direction, to the part of the Stanovoi water-parting known 
 as the Okhotsk ridge. The Amur, descending from the plateau, 
 issues from it to the lower terrace at Kamara ; rising very gently 
 above the plateau to alt. of from 5000 to 8000 ft. , it falls by an 
 abrupt slope south-eastwards, on all its length of nearly 2000 m. , 
 and is accompanied on its outer side by an alpine region, within 
 which two or more short separate chains, parallel to the border- 
 ridge, but often interrupted, may be distinguished. 
 
 KUngan, Little, mts. , Russia. See Bareya Mountains. 
 
 Kblnjan, vil., Afghanistan, 85 m. S. Kunduz. 
 
 Kblnka, lake. See Hlnka. 
 
 Kblo, or KastTO, tn. , Turkey in Asia, cap. of Khio I. , on the 
 E. ct. , in 38° 23' N. The port is almost inaccessible on account 
 of sand, but the roadstead is good. K. was destroyed in 1881 
 by earthquake. P. 14,250 (Cuinet) (about 1400 Turks). 
 
 KUo, CMOS, or Sclo, Turkish Saklz-Adasl, isl., in the 
 .(Egean Sea, off the W. ct. of Asia Minor, opposite the peninsula 
 of Klazomenai, sanjak or dist. of the prov. of Jezairi Bahri 
 Sefid ; well cultivated, and yielding delicious oranges, citrons, 
 and lemons. Resin is extensively prepared (especially mastic, 
 from the Pistacia lentiscus), more than 20 villages having no 
 other industry than its extraction. K. possesses mines of anti- 
 mony, and quarries of beautiful variegated marbles. The island 
 was conquered by the Venetians, and in 1346 by the Genoese, 
 who lost it in 1566 to the Turks. Area, 319 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). 
 Alt. St. Elias, mountain in the N. , 4155 ft. P. 59,600 ; orthodox 
 Greeks, 56,500 (Cuinet). 
 
 Khlpra, tn., India, Sind, dist. Thar and Pdrkar, about 40 
 m. NW. Umarkot, on the Eastern Nara, with irrigation canal, 
 in which improvements are projected. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kblrpal, viL, Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Midnapur, 45 m. 
 W. by N. Calcutta. P. 5700 ; Hindus, 5500. 
 
 KUsfln, vil. , Syria, 12 m. E. by S. of the N. end of Sea of 
 Galilee, on route of projected railway to Damascus. 
 
 KUsor, or Kbasor HUls, range, Brit. India, Punjab, stretch- 
 ing SW. from the confluence of the Kuram with the Indus. 
 
 Kbltan, or KJiatal, collective name of several Mongolian 
 tribes who in the 10th century inhabited eastern Manchxiria, 
 and conquering the northern provs. of China, maintained their 
 rule there for 200 years (till 1123). Their name in the forms 
 Khitai, Khata, Cathay, &c. , thus came to be used for nearly a 
 thousand years as the name of China among the people of 
 central Asia and those European nations who became acquainted 
 with China through that channel. 
 
 Khlnngclion, China, Hainan. See Klnngcboa. 
 
 KhlTa, Kbwarezm, or Kbarezm, khanate of central Asia, 
 occupying part of the delta of the Amu R. , 4i°-43° 40' N. , 58°- 
 61° 50' E., has Lake Aral on N., the Amu-daria R. and 
 Russian prov. of same name on NE. , and the Russian Trans- 
 caspian terr. on W. and S., where the boundary is unsettled 
 in the Karakum sands. Watered by the numerous canals 
 drawn from the Amu ; owing to these canals, K. is a real oasis 
 amidst the deserts, and its pop. grow considerable amounts of 
 grain, cotton (about 8000 tons of raw cotton exported every 
 year), mulberries (for rearing silk wocrn), and a great variety of 
 fruits and melons. The Khan is a vassal to Russia. He is sup- 
 posed to pay a military contribution for last war, but it is never 
 paid. Chief towns, Khiva, New Urgenj, Hazarasp, and Kun- 
 grad. Area of oasis, 5210 sq. m. P. 300,000 ; area of steppes 
 estimated at 17,000 sq. m. , with about 400,000 nomad Turkomans. 
 
 KblTa, tn. , central Asia, cap. of khanate of K. , on an irri- 
 gated plain, 20 m. from 1. bk. of the Oxus, 41° 30' N., 60° 13' 
 E., 235 m. NW. of Bukhara. Surrounded by a wall, with a 
 citadel ; wide gardens round the city. Has 17 mosques, 4 large 
 and several small medreses (Moham. schools). P. about 12,000. 
 
 Kbmelnik, Polish Cbmielnlk, tn., Russia, govt. Podolia, 
 114 m. NE. of Kamenets-Podolsk, on the Bug. P. 12,250. 
 
 Kbmers, the native name of the Cambodians. 
 
 Kbobar, tn., Ba^chistan. See 4:;babbar. 
 794 
 
 Kbodarendlklar, or KbudaTendlklar, vilayet, in the NW, 
 of Asia Minor ; cap. Brussa. 
 
 Kbol, tn., Persia, prov. Azerbaijan, 75 m. WNW. Tabriz, 
 with a strong fortress. In its plain. Shah Ishmael totally de- 
 feated the Turks under Selim I. in 1514. P. about 30,000. 
 
 Khoja, Turkish, 'old man," as an adjective 'great.' See 
 Koja. 
 
 Kboja Amran, or Kbwaja Amran, range of mts. forming 
 the boundary between the Brit. dist. of Pishin and Afghanistan, 
 trending NNE. and SSW. from 30° 35-31° 15' N., in about 
 66^" E. See Kbojak Pass. 
 
 Kboja-Cbal, ancient Granicus, riv., Asia Minor, flows N. 
 into the Gulf of Artaki, Sea of Marmora. At the point where 
 it leaves the moimtains it was crossed by Alexander the Great in 
 334 B.C., when about to gain his first victory over the Persians. 
 
 Kbojak Pass, Afghanistan, across the Khoja Amran Range, 
 53 m. NW. by N. Quetta, in 30° 51' N. , 66° 33' E. The military 
 road to Kandahar crosses the pass, and the mountains are 
 now pierced below the pass by a railway tunnel nearly 2^ m. 
 (12,531 ft.) long. Alt. of pass, 7380 ft. 
 
 Kbojelll, tn., khanate of and 83 m. NW. Khiva, on 1. bk. of 
 Amu, nearly opposite Russian fort Nukus. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kbojent, dist. tn. , Russian Turkistan, prov. Syr-daria, 95 m. 
 S. of Tashkent, on 1. bk. Syr-daria, and on highway from 
 Samarkand to Bukhara ; alt. 836 ft. Occupied by the Russians 
 in 1866. Manufacture of silks, cottons, and leather, embroidery 
 and iron goods as house trades ; trade in raw cotton, leather, 
 raisins, and fruits. P. 34,800. 
 
 Kbokbol, vil. , Russia, govt, and 21 m. SW. of Voronezh. 
 P. 5500. 
 
 Ktaol&pnr, tn., Brit. India, Berar, dist. and 13 m. WNW. 
 Amrioti. P. (1881) 6500; (1891)5700; Hindus, 4000. 
 
 Kbolm, dist. tn. , NW. Russia, govt, and 150 m. SE. of 
 Pskov, on Lovat R. P. 5500. 
 
 Kbolm, dist. tn. , Russian Poland. See Cbeim. 
 
 Kbolmogory, dist. tn. , N. Russia, govt, and 47 m. SE. of 
 Arkhangelsk, on an isl. of N. Dvina. English factory in i6th 
 century; birthplace of Lomonosov. P. < 2000. 
 
 Kbolmskaya, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Kuban, dist. 
 Temryuk, W. of Ekaterinodar. P. 5500. 
 
 Ktaolnl, vil., Russia, govt, and 63 m. NE. of Vladimir, near 
 to Klyazma R. ; considerable production of holy pictures, and 
 central fairs for them. P. <sooo. 
 
 Kbolnnltskly, iron-work, Russia, govt, and 47 m. ENE. of 
 Vyatka. P. 5000. 
 
 Kbomalr, tribe, N. Africa. See Kmmlrs. 
 
 Kbonds, tribe, India. See Kandbs. 
 
 Kbong, tn. , French Indo-China, on an island in the Mekong, 
 200 m. SW. by S. Hu6. The K. rapids and falls are about 15 
 m. below the town. 
 
 Kbonl, vil., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 18 m. WNW. 
 Kutais. P. 5000. 
 
 Kbonkbolol, vil. , Russia, E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, 90 
 m. SE. of Verkhneudinsk. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kbonsar, tn., Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 92 m. WNW. 
 Ispahan. P. 12,500. 
 
 Kboper, riv., Russia, chief 1. bk. trib. of Don ; rises in Penza, 
 flows SW. and S. 560 m., past many important vils. , joins Don 
 23 m. above junction with Medvyeditsa ; navigable for an average 
 of 244 days for over 450 m. ; very important artery for transport 
 of goods ; chief tribs. Serdoba, Arkadak, and Savala. 
 
 Kbopl {Chobus of antiquity, Turkish Kbeba), riv., Russia, 
 govt. Kutais ; rises in Svanetia, flows into Black Sea ; valley 
 thickly peopled. 
 
 Kbor, riv. , Russian Manchuria. See For. 
 
 Kbora, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Ko, 
 
 Kboramabad, tn. , Persia. See Kborremabad. 
 
 Kborassan ('the land of the sun'), the most NE. prov. of 
 Persia, 30°-38° N., 56°-6i° E. In the N. it is bounded by 
 the gjeat mountain range, the eastern continuation of the Elburz 
 system, by which it is separated from the Russian Transcaspian 
 terr., within which parallel ranges, whose highest peaks rise 
 to an elevation of 12,000 and 13,000 ft. , succeed each other, the 
 intervening valleys, 3000-4000 ft. above the sea, being the 
 recipients of the mountain streams, the areas of cultivation, and 
 the sites of its towns and villages. The prov. is reputed to be 
 rich in coal, copper, and lead, but its mineral resources are quite 
 undeveloped. 'There is, however, a valuable turquoise mine 
 near Nishapur. Cap. Meshed. See Persia. 
 
 Kborat, tn., seat of a vice-royalty, Siam, 132 m. NE. 
 Bangkok, from whence a railway is constructing. Nine miles 
 from K. is the fine temple of Pnom-Wat, apparently belonging 
 to the same period as the monuments of Angkor. Lat. (court- 
 house) 14° 58' 43" N. , long. 102° 6' 52" E. (M'Carthy). P. 6000. 
 
 Kbor AbdaUab, bay, at the head of the Persian Gulf, W. 
 of the mouth of the Shat-el-Arab. 
 
 Khorchen, Tibetan, temple. 
 
 Kbor'emabad, vil., Persia, on the Caspian Sea, 62 m. NE. 
 by E. Kazvin. 
 
 Kbor'emabad, or Ktanremabad* tn. , Persia, prov. Luris- 
 
KH O R 
 
 K I AN 
 
 tan, 85 m. N. Dizful, situated in a precipitous pass, and crowned 
 by a citadel. P. about 7000. 
 
 Khorlnskaya, steppe, E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, on 
 Uda and Ona Rivs. Peopled with over 25,000 Buryates ; centre 
 of administration at K. Stepnaya Dnma, on Ona R. 
 
 Khorol, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 67 m. WNW. of Poltava, 
 on Khorol R. , trib. of Psiol. P. 7050. 
 
 Kbortlon (khorti), vil., Greece, on the E. ct. of Andros I. 
 
 Khortltsa, isl., Russia, on Dnieper, govt, and 51 m. below 
 Ekaterinoslav ; seat of the Sicha of the Zaporogue Cossacks, 
 now occupied by several Mennonite colonies. 
 
 Khosalis, tribe, Brit. Baluchistan, inhabiting the valleys of 
 the SulAiman Range, just to the N. of 30° N. 
 
 Khoslidb, tn., Punjab. See Khnshab. 
 
 BJiost, valley, in the E. of Afghanistan, to the W. of the 
 Kuram valley, about 33° 20' N. 
 
 Khost, vil. , Brit. Baluchistan, 35 m. E. Quetta, on the railway 
 through the Nari Pass ; coalfield near. 
 
 Khotan, or Ilclil, Chinese ¥n-tien, tn.. Eastern Turkistan, 
 near the confluence ot the Karakash and Khotan Rivs. , in 37° 7' 
 N., 77° 5S' E. It is enclosed by earth ramparts, and mostly 
 peopled by Uzbeks, who manufacture leather, silk fabrics, and 
 paper, and have a brisk trade in these goods, and in jasper and 
 other natural produce. Alt 4640 ft. (Dutreuil de Rhins). P. 
 (Turk and Chinese) 40,000 ; of oasis, 120,000. 
 
 Khotln, dist. tn. , SW. Russia, govt. Bessarabia, 14 m. SW. 
 of Kamenets-Podolsk, near to Austrian and Roumanian fron- 
 tiers ; very old town, annexed to Russia in 1818. P. 20,150. 
 
 Ktaowang, vil. , Brit. India, Assam, dist. Lakhimpur, 18 m. 
 S. Dibrugarh. 
 
 Kbozat, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet Mamuret-el-Aziz, cap. 
 sanjak Dersim, 100 m. NW. by N. Diarbekir, 26 m. N. by E. 
 Kharput. P. 5600; Kurds, 2100; Kizilbash, 1800. 
 
 Kbozdar, tn., Baluchistan, 90 m. S. Khelat. P. 5000. 
 
 KhrlstlanS, Greek islet, SW. of Santorin. 
 
 Klirnplsbta, vil, Turkey in Europe, prov. Koritsa, on the 
 Vistritsa, 41 m. S. Monastir. P. 2700; Servians, 1500 (G.). 
 
 Kbryenovoye, vil., Russia, govt, and 55 m. SE. of Voronezh, 
 dist. Bobrov, on Khryenovoye R. Great stud belonging to the 
 crown. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kbnbsn-gnl, lake, Mongolia. See Kosso-gol. 
 
 Kbndaganj, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Shah- 
 jahAnpur. P. 6200 ; Hindus, 5200 ; Moham. 1000. 
 
 Kbadarendiklar, Asia Minor. See SLbodaTendlblar. 
 
 Kbndl, one of the mouths of the Indus R. , India, entering 
 the Arabian Sea 25 m. SE. Karachi. 
 
 Kbtkdidu, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 40 m. S. Lahore. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Kbnlcbon, tn. , China, prov. Chekiang, 100 m. SW. by S. 
 Hangchow. 
 
 Kbalsib, riv., or rather wadi, German W. Africa, Great 
 Namaqualand, the lower part now directed NW. to Walfish 
 Bay. See Sandirlcb Bay. 
 
 Kbnllas, riv. , central Asia, Darwaz, flows W. in about 38° 
 40' N. to the Surkh-ab, headwater of the Amu. Its valley is 
 connected by three passes with Karategin, and contains three 
 forts, Childara, Tabidara, and Ishtiun, in the order from W. to 
 E. {Proc. R. G. S., 1880, p. 573.) 
 
 Kbnlni, Afghanistan. See Tasbknrgan. 
 
 KbuliiA, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. dist. K., 77 m. E. by 
 N. Calcutta, may be termed the cap. of the Sundarbans ; ter- 
 minus of the Bengal Central Rly. The boat traffic from the E. 
 and NE. passes here on its way to Calcutta. P. 8700 ; Hindus, 
 5000; Moham. 3500. 
 
 Kbnmber, tn., India. See Kunibber. 
 
 Kbumli', tribe, N. Africa. See Kmmlrs. 
 
 Kbnii, port, India, Bombay, dist. Ahmad^bdd, on the Gulf 
 of Cambay, 5 m. E. Dholerd. 
 
 Rbnngarl, riv. , Russian Manchuria, Maritime Prov. , r. bk. 
 trib. of Lower Amur, flows 300 m. NNW. from the Sikhota-alin 
 Mts. 
 
 Kbnnzakb, fort, Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Daghestan, dist. 
 Temir-khan-shura, 82 m. NW. of Derbent ; former cap. and 
 oldest settlement of Avaria khanate. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kbnral, tn., Brit. India. See Kurdl. 
 
 Kbnrbet MLnyeb, ruins, Palestine, probably the Capernaum 
 of the N. T. , 32° 52' N. , 35° 32' E. , 5^ m. N. Tiberias. 
 
 Khnrd-Kabnl, vil., Afghanistan, "16 m. SE. Kabul. Alt. 
 7466 ft. Here the British troops, retreating to Kabul from 
 Jalalabad, were slain by the Afghans in 1841. 
 Kbaremabad, tn. , Persia. See Kboremabad. 
 Kbnrba, tn. , Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 120 m. ESE. Hama- 
 dan, 42 m. SW. by S. Kum. 
 
 Kbnrja, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Bulandshahr, 50 
 m. SE. by E. Delhi; chief trading town between Delhi and 
 Hithras. P. (1872) 26,900; (1891) 26,300; Hindus, 14,800; 
 Moham. 11,300. 
 Kbnrba, or Hnrka, riv. , Manchuria. See Hntan-klang. 
 Kburma, tn., Persia, prov. Khuzistan, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Karun, 32 m. NE. by N. Mohammera. 
 
 Kbnrznk, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov, Kuban, 65 m, 
 SW. Pyatigorsk, on upper Kuban R. P. 5750. 
 
 Kbnsf, tn., Persia, prov. Khorassan, 245 m. S. by W. 
 Meshed, 18 m. W. by S. Birjand. P. 5-6000. 
 
 Kbnsf, riv. , Persia, flows W. past Birjand and the town of K. , 
 where it is much below the level of the surrounding country, 
 and then WSW., becoming very salt in its lower course, and 
 finally drying up in a salt marsh. 
 
 Kbnsb^b, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Shdhpur, on the r. 
 bk. of the Jehlam (which is constantly encroaching on the town), 
 105 m. SSW. Rawal Pindi ; carries on a flourishing trade, and 
 has manufactures of coarse cloth and cotton scarves. P. 9800 ; 
 Moham. 7100 ; Hindus, 2500. 
 
 KbnsbdU Kban, tn., Brit. Baluchistan, 38 m. N. by E. 
 Quetta. 
 
 Kbntu, dist. , German E. Africa, crossed by 7^° S. , and ex- 
 tending from about 37°-38i° E. , partly bounded on the S. by 
 Rufiji. 
 
 Kbnzar, or Gnzar, tn., khanate, and 130 m. SE. of Bukhara. 
 Alt. 3015 ft. P. <:sooo. 
 
 Kbnzlstan, or Arablstan, the ancient Susiana, the most 
 SW. prov. of Persia, bordering the head of the Persian Gulf. 
 Cap. Shushter ; other important towns are Dizful and Moham- 
 mera. See Persia. 
 
 Kbralynsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 144 m. NE. of 
 Saratov, on high hills (940 ft.) of r. bk. of Volga. P. 18,500. 
 
 Kbwa, riv. and tn. , Burma. See Kwa. 
 
 Kbwaja Amran Peak, mt. , in the Khoja Amran Range, 47 
 m. NW. Quetta, in 30" 40' N., 66° 24' E. 
 
 Kbyber Pass. See Kb^lbar Pass. 
 
 KbTrarlzm, an ancient kingdom of W. Asia, between the 
 Aral and Caspian seas, the cap. of which, destroyed by Jinghiz 
 Khan, occupied the site of the present Kunia Urgenj. 
 
 Kbyendwen. See Cbliidivln. 
 
 Kbyeus, or Kbylns, tribe. See Bnrma. 
 
 K1-, in Chinese names. See Cbi-. 
 
 Kl, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, 50 m. ENE. Peking. 
 
 Kl, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, 130 m. SW. by S. Tientsin. 
 
 Kla, tn. , China, prov. Shensi, on the r. bk. of the Hwang-ho, 
 350 m. WSW. Peking, in about 38° 8' N. 
 
 Kiablng, tn. , China, prov. Chekiang, on the Grand Canal, 
 50 m. NE. Hangchow. 
 
 Kla-1, tn. , China, in the SW. of prov. Shansi, 295 m. N. by 
 W. Ichang, 90 m. W. by N. Honan. 
 
 Kia-1, or Kla-yl, tn., China, Formosa, 40 m. NE. the sea- 
 port of Tainan-fu. 
 
 Klaklang-bslen, tn., China, Siichwan, on the Ya-ho, 73 m. 
 S. by W. Chengtu-fu, in 29° 44' N. and about 103° 48' E. 
 
 Kiallng, riv. , western China, rises in the E. of the Tsinling- 
 shan Mts. (prov. Kansu), flows S. through provs. Shensi and 
 Siichwan, and enters the Yangtse-kiang at Chungking. Its 
 vaUey is a means of communication between the valley of the 
 Han-kiang and that of the upper Yangtse-kiang. 
 
 Klalla, agricultural and farming dist., Australia, Victoria, 
 Moiraco., 120 m. NE. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klama, tn. , central Sudan, K. dist. , state Nupe, 50 m. SW. 
 Bussa. 
 
 Klama, seapt. tn. , New South Wales, Camden co. , 63 m. E. 
 by N. Goulburn, in 34° 38' S., in a coal-mining and grazing 
 dist. Ships large quantities of basalt under the name of ' blue 
 metal.' P. 3000. 
 
 Kl^m^rl, former isl. , India. See Kardcbl. 
 
 Klaniba, that part of the Somerset Nile which flows between 
 Lake Kioga and Lake Albert Nyanza. 
 
 KlamTO Kansadl, vil. , on the r. bk. of the Kwango R. , W. 
 frontier of the Congo Free State, in 6° 6' S. 
 
 Klancbang, tn. , China, prov. Kiangsi, 195 m. NW. by W. 
 Fuchow. 
 
 Klandra, tp., New South Wales, Selwyn co., 90 m. E. by 
 N. Albury; once an important goldfields tp, Rfall. (i4yrs.), 
 60.61 in. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kiang, Chinese, ' river. ' 
 
 Klang-. For some towns in China and the Shan States 
 (Indo-China), see under Cblang>, or Cbleng-. See also Cbl-. 
 
 Klang, tn. , China, in the SW. of prov. Shansi, on the r. bk. 
 of the Fenho, 92 m. NW. by W. Honan. 
 
 Klangbau, Kaokangmlao, or Kaocbangmlao, arsenal, 
 China, prov. Kiangsu, 3 m. above Shanghai, on the Hwang- 
 phu ; one of the chief maritime dockyards of China ; projectile 
 foundry, &c. 
 
 Klang-nlng. See Nanking. 
 
 Klaugpel-tlng, tn., China, Siichwan, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Yangtse-kiang, and of the Kialing-kiang, adjoining Chungking 
 on the N. 
 
 Klaugplng, port, China, prov. Kwangtung, on the Tongking 
 border, adjoining Mongkai. P. 4-5000. 
 
 Klangsl, interior prov. of China, between 24° 30' and 30° N., 
 113° 35' and 118° 45' E. It is entirely comprised in the basin 
 of the Yangtse-kiang, which passes through the N. extremity of 
 the prov. , and is traversed throughout its length from S. to N. 
 
 795 
 
K I A N — K I E L 
 
 by the Kan-kiang, which with numerous affluents supplies the 
 Poyang lake. The soil is somewhat inferior, producing rice and 
 wheat in the valleys and low lands on the Yangtse-kiang, and 
 timber in the mountains ; tea of the finest quality is the staple 
 article of export ; tobacco and rhea fibre are also cultivated. 
 An inferior coal is found at Loping ; but the prov. does not 
 appear to pwssess much mineral wealth except china-clay, used 
 in the manufacture of porcelain at the imperial potteries at 
 Kingtechin, E. of the Poyang lake. Cap. Nanchang. Area, 
 69,499 sq. m. P. (estimated 1890) 24,600,000. See China, table. 
 
 Klangsn ('many rivers'), prov., China, on the Eastern Sea, 
 between 30° 30' and 35° 15' N. , 116° 30' and 121° 50' E. It is 
 situated entirely in the great plain of China, and the surface 
 is almost uninterruptedly level, scored by innumerable streams 
 and canals, which institute an almost continuous navigation 
 throughout the prov., and containing many large lakes. Ex- 
 tensive sandbanks stretch out from the coast 40-80 m. in nearly 
 its whole length. The embouchure and lower course of the 
 Yangtse-kiang are in the prov. , which is also intersected through- 
 out its length N. of that river by the Grand or Imperial Canal ; 
 and the Hwang-ho (g'.v.) formerly crossed it. The alluvial soil, 
 of which the prov. is almost exclusively composed, renders it 
 one of the richest and most fertile in the empire, supporting a 
 dense population. All kinds of cereals are produced in abund- 
 ance, especially rice ; pulse, fruits, tobacco, cotton, and flax are 
 also cultivated, vvdth tea in the extreme S. ; and the silk-worm 
 is reared. The coasts, lakes, and rivers abound with fish. The 
 climate is temperate and healthy ; much of the marsh-land has 
 been drained. Extensive salines are established on the coasts. 
 Manufactures, which are all of superior quality, are chiefly silk- 
 stuffs, nankeen, and lacquered goods. Cap. Nanking. Area, 
 40,140 sq. m. P. (1842) 39,647,000. 
 
 Klangiran, tn. , China, prov. Kiangsu, 5 m. N. Shanghai. 
 
 Klaugyen-talen, tn. , China, prov. Kiangsu, on the S. bank of 
 the mouth of the Yangtse-kiang, 70 m. NW. by W. Shanghai. 
 
 Klankarl, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Kyankarl. 
 
 Klau-klang, riv., China, prov. Kweichou, the name of the 
 headstream of the Wu-kiang (jr.i;.). 
 
 Klao-clioa, tn., China, prov. Shantung, no m. SW. Chifu. 
 Its p>ort of Tapoh, 5 m. from the town, at the head of K. Bay 
 (the mouth of which is crossed by 36° N.), was formerly a port 
 of the first order, but owing to the silting up of its harbour and 
 the opening of Chifu as a treaty port, it has greatly declined. 
 
 Klaokla-ting, tn. , China, Yiinnan, on r. bk. Kinsha-kiang, 
 133 m. N. by E. Yiinnan-fu ; noted for its pomegranates, grown 
 on the fertile tract of Miliangpa to the S. Alt. 2580 ft. (Baber). 
 
 Kiardl, or Kardeta, vil., Persia, prov. Khorassan, 28 m. N. 
 by E. Meshed, at the entrance to the succession of impregnable 
 defiles leading from Meshed to Kelat-i-Nadiri. 
 
 Klata, post-tn., Australia, Victoria, co. Lowan, 240 m. NW. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klatins-enlil, tn., China, prov. Kiangsu, 18 m. NW. 
 Shanghai. 
 
 Klatlng-fta, or C3ilatlng-fa, tn. , China, centre of silk- weaving 
 industry in Siichwan, on r. bk. Min, at the confluence of Tung-ho 
 and Ya-ho, 82 m. S. by W. Chengtu-fu. P. about 25,000. 
 
 Kiaton, vil., Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinthia, on the S. 
 shore of the Gulf of Lepanto, 12 m. WNW. Corinth, and 2 m. 
 NE. from the site of the ancient Sikyon. 
 
 Klatse, tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, on the SE, ct. , 55 m. 
 SW. Swatow. 
 
 Klafvab Island, a long and narrow isl., U.S., S. Carolina, 
 Berkeley co. , in 32° 32' N. 
 
 Klaylng, tn., China, Kwangtung, 68 m. NW. Swatow. 
 
 Kia]na«kwan, tn. , with a fortress guarding the extreme NW. 
 entrance into China, prov. Kansu, at W. end of the Great Wall 
 which circles round the town. See Proc. R. G. S., 1890, p. 75. 
 
 Klazimlye, tn., Tiu-key in Asia. See Kazmlye. 
 
 lUbambo, lake, Congo Free State, in the course of the 
 Lualaba, to the S. of 8° S. 
 
 Klbanda, viL, Portuguese W. Africa, 135 m. E. by N. 
 Benguella, 
 
 Klbbleli, viL, Palestine, Gibbethon in the O. T., 31° 59' N., 
 35° E. , 19 m. N W. Jerusalem. 
 
 Klbblesworth, viL, Eng., Durham, Chester-le-Street div., 
 9^ m. W. Sunderland, i m. SW. by W. Lamesley stn., P.O. 
 
 Klbo, mt. peak. See Klllma-njaro. 
 
 Klbokwe, dist. W. central Afi-ica, between 11° and 13" S., 
 and crossed by 19° E. 
 
 Klb'oro, British E. Africa, on the E. ct. of Lake Albert 
 Nyanza ; salt produced. 
 
 Klbwezl, Scottish mission stn., British E. Africa, Kikum- 
 bulyu, about 175 m. NW. Mombasa. Alt. 2900 ft. 
 
 Klbworth, Beanctaamp and Harconrt, two adjoining pars. , 
 Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 9^ m. SE. Leicester, 
 with a stn. (Klbi>rortb) on the M. R. K. Beauchamp, P. <: 
 1500; K. Harcourt, PMT.O., P.<5oa 
 
 KlchcTO, or KrchoTO, tn. , Turkey in Europe, 120 m. WNW. 
 Salonica. P. 3500 ; Moham. 1200 (G. 200). 
 
 Kichik, or rather Kiichiik,, Turkish, ' little. " 
 796 
 
 Kl-chn, riv. , Tibet, flows SW. past Lhassa into the Brahma- 
 putra, which it joins in about 29° 20' N. , 90° 41' E. 
 
 Kicking Horse Pass, on the E. boundary of Brit. Columbia, 
 through which the C. P. R. crosses the Rocky Mts., 51° 24' N. 
 Alt. 5296 ft. 
 
 Kid, isl.. Ire., \ m. off N. ct co. Mayo, in Broad Haven. 
 
 Kldata, viL , German E. Africa, chief place in the small dist 
 of K., 174 m. WSW. Dar-es -Salaam. 
 
 Kldbrooke, par., Eng., London, Greenwich bor., 6 m. SE. 
 by E. St. Pauls, London, i m. S. Charlton stn. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Kidder, co., U.S., N. Dakota, crossed in the middle by 47° 
 N. , and in the W. by 100° W. 
 
 Kidderminster, pari. bor. (i member) and mun. bor. (since 
 the time of Charles I.), and market-tn., Eng., co. and diocese 
 of Worcester, Droitwich div., on the Stour, 14 m. N. Worcester, 
 on the G. W. R. ; noted for its woollen manufactures and 
 ' stuffs ' in the reign of Henry VIII. The manufacture of 
 carpets, with which its name is now associated, was introduced 
 in 1735, but the carpets now made here are no longer chiefly 
 the so-called K. (an inferior kind made wholly of wool), but 
 Brussels, Wiltons, Axminsters, and other high-class fabrics, and 
 tapestries. There are also worsted-spinning mills, dye-works, 
 tin-plate works, &c. The Stafford and Worcester Canal passes 
 through the town, and op)ens a communication with Liverp)ool, 
 Hull, and BristoL Market-days, Th. and S. Pari. bor. P. 
 (1891) 26,400; mun. bor. P. (1772) nearly 6000; (1851) 18,500; 
 (1871) 19,500; (1891) 24,800; pars. (K. Borough) P. 22,800, 
 (K. Foreign) 9744 ac, P. 6100; eccles. par. (K. with Trim* 
 pley and Franche) P. 9900. 
 
 Kldderpnr, viL, India, Bengal, in the dist. of the Twenty- 
 four Parganas. Seat of the government dockyard, constructed 
 in the last centiu-y by General Kyd. 
 
 Klddlngton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 4^ m. NNW. 
 Woodstock, on the Glyme, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kldlmba, Congo Free State. See Cbldlmba. 
 
 Kldland, par., Eng., Northumberland, 11 m. NW. Roth- 
 bury ; 17,094 ac. P. <250. See Alwlnton. 
 
 KldUngton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 3I m. ESE. 
 Woodstock, on the Cherwell, and G. W. R. , i m. E. Woodstock 
 Road stn., PMT.O. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (K. -with Water 
 Eaton) P. < 1500. 
 
 Kldmore End, eccles. par., Eng., Oxfordshire, 4 m. N. 
 Reading, P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Kidnappers Cape, E. ct. of the North I. of New Zealand, 
 S. of Hawke Bay, 39° 42' S. 
 
 Kldron, brook named in O. T. See Wady-en-Jfar. 
 
 Kldros, seapt, Asia Minor, N. ct, 115 m. W. Sinope. 
 
 KldsgroTe, eccles. par. and tn. , Eng. , Staffordshire, N W. 
 div., 2\ m. NW. Burslem, with coal and blast-furnaces, and a 
 June. stn. on the N. Staffordshire Rly. (Congleton line), PMT.O. 
 P. <:40oo. 
 
 Kldnrong Bay, W. ct of Borneo, in the extreme N. of 
 Sarawak, 3° 10' N. ; possessing the only well-sheltered harbour 
 between Cap)e Sirik, in the middle of the coast of Sarawak, and 
 Brunei Bay. {Proc. R. G. S., 1881, p. 198.) 
 
 Kidwelly, mun. bor. (since the reign of Henry I.), seapt, 
 and market-tn., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., in the 
 bishopric of St David's, 7^ m. NW. by W. Llanelly, on the 
 G. W. R. , at the mouth of the riv. Gwendraeth, with coal-mines 
 and iron and tin-smelting works, also brick and lime works. K. is 
 one of the most ancient Welsh towns now in existence. It has 
 a ruined castle, dating from the early part of the 14th century, 
 occupjdng the site of an older Norman stronghold. Market-day, 
 F. Par. (K. St Mary) 5504 ac, P. 3002 ; mim. bor. P. (i89i)< 
 2732. 
 
 Klebel, tn. , Prussia, prov. Posen, 28 m. N. Glogau, on the 
 Obra CanaL P. <2ooo. 
 
 Klefei^felden, vil. , Ger. , Bavaria govt. , Upper Bavaria, on 
 the Inn (Tirol frontier) ; vrith marble quarries. Alt 1560 ft 
 
 P-<2000. 
 
 Kiel, tn., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle K., at the 
 head of Kiel Harboiu", 27 m. SE. by E. Schleswig. It has a 
 royal palace ; a university, founded in 1665 ; church of St 
 Nicholas, of the 13th century ; castle, containing sculpture 
 gallery, with copies of the best works of art; an excellent 
 harbour; an annual fair in January, at which extensive ex- 
 changes are transacted, and an important trade in butter. Ship- 
 building is also an important industry; and there are manu- 
 factures of iron goods, machinery, tobacco, starch, and refined 
 sugar. K. is the chief German naval station in the Baltic, and 
 the seat of the naval training-school. There are numerous de- 
 fensive works below the town — on the W. side of the harbour 
 at Friedrichsort, on the E. at Moltenort and Labo ; depth of 
 two harbour basins, 30 and 34 ft. respectively. Mean temp., 
 yr. 46.9° F., Jan. 33.6°, July 62.8°. P. (1803) 7100; (1871) 
 31,800; (1890)69,200. 
 
 Klelan, viL , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 15 m. NW. by N. 
 Danzig. P. <20oo. 
 
 Klelan, Forst, a large forest in the Prussian prov. of W. 
 Prussia, to the W. of the Gulf of Danzig, and N. of 54^° N. 
 
KIEL 
 
 KILE 
 
 Klelder, stn. , Eng. , Northumberland, Hexham div. , on the 
 N. B. R. , near the Kielder Bnru (a 1. bk. trib. of the riv. Tyne), 
 17 m. S. Jedburgh, P.O. 
 
 Klelce, govt., Russian Poland, has Piotrk6won W. , Warsaw 
 on N., Lublin on E., and (Austrian) Galicia on S. Elevated 
 plains, 800-1000 ft. of alt., undulating in NE., and intersected 
 by deep valleys, hilly in S. (1000-1350 ft.). Watered by 
 Vistula, on SE. frontier, Pilica, and Nida. Soil fertile in S., 
 sandy in SW. and centre. All formations represented in 
 Poland (Silurian, Devonian, Trias, Permian, and Quaternary 
 appear in K. Mts. , which are the chief mining centre of Poland). 
 Copper, Devonian and Triassic brown iron ores ; coal, zinc, tin, 
 brown coal , and sulphur are extracted (see Poland ) . Distilleries , 
 sugar-works, cotton-mills, paper-mills. Divided into seven dists. : 
 Kiflce, Jedrzejow, Miechow, Olkusz, Pincz6w, Stopnica, and 
 Wloszczowa. Area, 3897 sq. m. P. (1890) 692,330. 
 
 Klelce, tn., Poland, cap. of prov. K., 107 m. SSW. of 
 Warsaw, 103 m. from Dombrovo, on Austrian frontier. Alt. 
 850 ft. P. (i860) 4000 ; (1890) 12,775. 
 
 Kleiicliaiig, or Chlencb'ang, dist. , China, prov. Siichwan, 
 stretching from N. to S. , between the rivs. Tatu and Kinsha- 
 kiang, in about 102^° E. K. proper is a valley or plain lying 
 nearly due N. and S. , 70 m. long, with an average breadth of 
 about 3 m. , and forming the route from Yunnan to northern 
 Siichwan, watered by the Anning. (Supp. papers, R. G. S., I., 
 pp. 80, 89.) 
 
 Klen-nlng, tn. , China, prov. Fokien, 90m. N W. by N. Fuchow. 
 
 Klenthal, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Bern, 8 m. W. Lauterbrunnen. 
 
 Keir, in Scotch place-names ' a castle. ' See Caer. 
 
 Kler Hills, range of hills, Scot., Dumfriesshire, 12 m. SSE. 
 Sanquhar. Alt. 1171 ft. 
 
 Kierspe, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Amsberg, 
 dist. Altena. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Klesen, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 5 m. NNW. Thun. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Kiev [Kiyef), govt, of SW. Russia, Little Russia, on r. bk. of 
 Dnieper; has Minsk on N., Chernigov and Poltava on NE., 
 Kherson on S., Podolia and Volhynia on W. Surface a 
 plateau of from 600 to 700 ft. alt., which has a steppe char- 
 acter in middle. It gently slopes to the N. , towards the low, 
 woody, and marshy region of the Pripet, belonging to the 
 Polyesie, is intersected by the spurs of the Carpathians in the 
 W. (900-1050 ft.), and falls by a steep slope, intersected by 
 ravines, to the 250-300 ft. high valley of the Dnieper. Ridge of 
 granites and syenites in S. , the remainder being Eocene clays, 
 sands and sandstones, all covered with Quaternary boulder-clays. 
 Fireclay and china clay, lignite, peat, and bog-iron ores. Soil 
 fertile, especially the black earth of the steppes. Forests cover 
 one-fifth of surface ; watered by the Dnieper along NE. boun- 
 dary, and its tribs.: navigable, Pripet, Teterev, and many small 
 ones, and a few tribs. of the Bug. Active navigation on Dnieper, 
 chief river ports being Rzhishchev, Kiev, and Cherkasy. 
 Marshes in N. Climate moderate, average temp, at K. being, 
 yr. 44°, Jan. 21°, July 68° ; yearly rainfall 20.8 in. (summer, 7.8 
 in.). Population chiefly Little Russian (86 per cent.), Jews (12 
 per cent.), and Poles (2.5 per cent.). Chief occupation agri- 
 culture, two-thirds of area under crops, and corn exported. 
 Beetroot extensively cultivated for sugar-works ; good gardening ; 
 attempts at silkworm culture. Good cattle, and fine breeds of 
 sheep ; bee-culture. Considerable development of industries, 
 K. being the chief centre of Russian sugar-works, woollen cloth 
 mills, distilleries, tanneries, flour mills, &c. Exportation of 
 grain, sugar, woollen cloth, china, timber, honey, and wax. 
 Divided into 12 dists.: Kiev, Berdichev, Cherkasy, Chighirin, 
 Kanev, Lipovets, Radomysl, Skvira, Tarashcha, Uman, Vasil- 
 kov, Zvenigorod. Several populous villages from 5000 to 10,000 
 inhabitants. Area, 19,691 sq. m. P. (1862) 2,017,262 ; (1890) 
 3,138,900. 
 
 Kiev [Kiyef), tn., Russia, cap. of govt. K., third capital of 
 Russia, on the hills of r. bk. of Dnieper, 626 m. by rail SW. of 
 Moscow {vid Kursk), and 405 m. by rail NW. of Odessa. 
 Observatory in 50° 27' 12" N., 30° 30' 18" E. Alt. 594 ft.; level 
 of Dnieper, 288 ft. Old city, mentioned in annals under 864 A. D. 
 as conquered by Varyague chieftains. Was chief city of Russia, 
 very populous and wealthy, and centre of Russian learning in 
 the i2th and 13th centuries. It lost its population and import- 
 ance after it had been devastated by Batyi's Mongol invasion in 
 1240, its ruins remaining for years uninhabited. It was con- 
 quered by Lithuania in 1320, and later on, from 1569 to 1654, was 
 part of Poland, when it was reconquered by Russia. K. now 
 covers a strip of land 10 m. long and 2-2^ m. wide along the 
 Dnieper, and consists of three parts : Pechersk and Old K. on 
 the hills, connected together by the rich street Kreshchatik and 
 the Podol on the low banks of the Dnieper, which is crossed here 
 by the railway on a grand iron bridge. It is protected by a 
 first-rank fortress, Pecherskaya, which contains the arsenal for 
 SW. Russia. Its cathedral was built in 1037 by Yaroslav I. , on 
 the model of Ste. Sophie at Constantinople, and part of the old 
 building, as well as Yaroslav's grave, have been preserved till 
 now. Many churches have been rebuilt upon the foundations of 
 
 churches which existed in the loth and 12th century, or of pre- 
 Christian temples. The several monasteries, especially theKievo- 
 Pecherskaya Lavra, and the caverns which have been inhabited 
 by monks in olden times, are visited every year by thousands of 
 pilgrims. K. has a university, with over 2000 students, and 
 various scientific societies, and is well provided with educational 
 institutions and schools, general and technical, both for boys 
 and girls. Large sugar-works and refineries, tanneries, woollen 
 cloth manufactures, steam flour mills, chemical and iron works ; 
 all sorts of small industries. Considerable trade in grain, wool, 
 tallow, hides, leather, sugar, glass, china, salt, metallic goods, 
 and wooden ware exported partly by rail and partly shipped on 
 the Dnieper, K. being the centre of commercial operations for 
 all SW. Russia in its trade with middle Russia and the Urals, 
 as well as an important custom-house for foreign imports. The 
 Kreshchenskaya fair in January shows returns for ^^i, 600,000, 
 the value of goods brought to the fair exceeding _^ioo,ooo. 
 Four other fairs have also some importance. Mean temp. , yr. 
 44. 5° F. , Jan. 20. 6°, July 68. 5° ; mean rfall. (29 yrs. ) , yr. 20. 8 in. , 
 April-Oct. 14.4 in. P. rapidly increasing (1845) 50,137; (1862) 
 70,341 ; (1893) 193,150. 
 
 Klewa, post-tp. , Australia, Victoria, Bogong co. , 201 m. 
 NE. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klflrl, tn. , Asiatic Turkey. See Keft-1. 
 
 Klgganl Bay, Ire. , W. co. Galway, between LettermuUun I. 
 and Gorumna I. , at N. entrance to Galway Bay. 
 
 Klgoma Bay, on the E. side of Lake Tanganyika, central 
 Africa, in 4° 50' S. , forming a spacious harbour. 
 
 Klgomachl, Rag, cape, E. Africa, at the NW. end of 
 Pemba I. 
 
 Klgnmbo, vil. , Portuguese E. Africa, on the Shire, 100 m. 
 W. by N. Kiliman. 
 
 Klblklhl, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., co. Waipa, 104 
 m. S. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kll, a kuni or old prov., Japan, now included in Mie and 
 Wakayama kens. 
 
 Kll, or Klsha, promontory, Japan, on the S. side of Kobe 
 Bay (Izumi-nada). 
 
 Kll-tyii, or Karche, riv., central Asia, Dzungaria, flows N. 
 then W. into Lake Ebi-nor. 
 
 Klkambnlyo, country, Brit. E. Africa, between the rivs. 
 Athi and Tsavo, N. of 3° S., mainly E. of 38° E., inhabited by 
 people of the same origin as those of the Ulu country to the 
 NW. , from which K. is separated by extensive wastes. Alt. 
 above 3000 ft. 
 
 Klkasga, tn., Congo Free State, on the 1. bk. of the Kassai, 
 in 6" 20' S. , 20° 3' E. 
 
 Klklnda, Bfagy-, tn., Hungary. See Nagy-Klklnda. 
 
 Klkombo, ct. vil., Portuguese W. Africa, about 95 m. NNE. 
 Benguella. 
 
 Klkoiidla, lake, Congo Free State. See Klssale. 
 
 Klkonkeb, ct. vil. , Sierra Leone, W. Africa, at the mouth of 
 the Great Scarcies R. 
 
 Klkuiijl Falls, on the Kwango R. , Congo Free State, in 5° 8' S. 
 
 Klkn'yn, a country in British E. Africa, to the SE. of Naivasha 
 Lake, and about 120 m. E. of Lake Victoria Nyanza, with an 
 undulating surface, at the height of 5000-8000 ft. , once entirely 
 forest-clad, but now cultivated in the interior, with a protecting 
 belt of forest round the cultivated area. Good tobacco. 
 
 Kil, Celtic, signifying ' cell ' or ' church. ' 
 
 Kf la, ruins, Palestine, Keilah in the O. T., 31° 37' N., 35° 
 E., 8i m. NW. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 KlllaAbdnUab, tn., Brit. Baluchistan, 40m. NNW. Quetta. 
 
 Kllu-bar-paiiJ, «Kc. See Kalal-bar-pauj, <£e. 
 
 Klla Didar Sliigb, vil., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gujrdn- 
 wila, 45 m. NNW. Lahore. 
 
 Kll&karal, seapt. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 64 m. SE. 
 Madura, on the Gulf of Manar. P. 12,400 ; Moham. 9200 ; 
 Hindus, 2500. 
 
 Kllauerln, P.O., Ire., co. Wexford, 5 m. from Gorey. 
 
 Kllar, tn. , India, Chamba, 135 m. NE. Amritsar. 
 
 Klla-Panja, tn. , central Asia. See Kalal Pauja. 
 
 KUarrow, eccles. par., Scot., Argyllshire, containing the 
 village of Bowmore at the head of Loch Indaal. P. <20oo. 
 
 KUarrow and Kllmeny, par., Scot., Argyllshire, Islay I., 
 on Loch Indaal ; 65,929 ac. P. <30oo. 
 
 KllA Sobba Slugb, tn. , India, Punjab, dist. Sidlkot, in 32° 
 14' N., 74° 48' E. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kllanea, volcano, Hawaii {q.v.). 
 
 Klla VlrarazaTapnram, tn., India, Madras, dist. Tinne- 
 velli. P. 9700 ; Moham. 5400 ; Hindus, 4300. 
 
 Klla Wamar, fort, central Asia. See Kalal Wamar. 
 
 Kllbaba, tn., Ire., SW. ct. co. Clare, bar. Moyarta, on bay 
 of the same name, x'j\ m. WSW. Kilbrush, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllballyowen, par. , Ire. , co. Clare, bar. Moyarta, on riv. 
 Shannon ; 10,835 ^c. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kllballyowen, electoral div., Ire., co. Wicklow, dist. 
 Tinahely. 
 
 Kllbane, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Clare, bar. Lower Tulla, 5 m. 
 W. Killalce, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 797 
 
K I L B — K I L C 
 
 KJlbarchan (-bar'khan), par. and tn. , Scot., W. Renfrew- 
 shire, 5 m. W. Paisley, near Millikenpark stn. ; has manufactures 
 of silks, cottons, and Paisley shawls ; coal and iron mines near. 
 PMT.O. Par. 9006 ac, P. 7100; tn. P. < 3000. 
 
 Kllbarrack, par., Ire., co. and 4 m. NE. Dublin, bar. 
 Coolock. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kilbarron, par.. Ire., S. co. Donegal, bar. Tirhugh, 3 m. 
 NE. by N. Ballyshannon ; 23,932 ac. P. 5000. 
 
 Kilbarron, par.. Ire., cos. Tipperary and Galway, bars. 
 Lower Ormond and Leitrim, on Lough Derg, 16 m. SW. by 
 W. Parsonstown ; 7920 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Kllbarry, tnld. , Ire., co. Cork, bar. W. Muskerry, 6 m. from 
 Macroom, P.O. P. -caso. 
 
 Kilbarry, par., Ire., co. and 2 m. S. Waterford, bar. 
 Gaultiere. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllbarrynieaden, par., Ire., co. Waterford, bar. Decies 
 without Drum, 4 m. SE. Kilmacthomas ; 6263 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kllbeacanty, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Kiltartan, i m. NE. 
 Gort ; 12,226 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kllbeacon, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Knocktopher, 
 contains Mullinavat. P. <7SO. 
 
 Kllbeagb, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Costello, 6 m. E. Swine- 
 ford, on riv. Mullaghanoe ; 33,825 ac. P. 10,300. 
 
 Kllbeg, par.. Ire., co., Meath, bar. Lower Kells, 5 m. N. 
 Kells ; 5280 ac. P. <: 1000. 
 
 Kllbeggan, par. and tn.. Ire., S. co. Westmeath, bar. 
 Moycashel, 6^ m. N. Tullamore, PMT.O. Par. 6089 ac, P. < 
 2000 ; tn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kllbegnet, par., Ire., co. Galway, bar. Ballymoe ; 10,866 ac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Kllbetaeny, par., Ire., SE. co. Limerick, bar. Coshlea, 11 J 
 m. N. by E. Fermoy, P.O. (KUbebenny) ; 15,376 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kllbelfad, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, 4 m. SW. 
 Ballina, on riv. Moy and Lough Conn ; 7261 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kllbennan, par., Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Dunmore, on 
 the Clare R. , 2 m. NW. Tuam ; 7656 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllberrlbert, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Macroom. 
 
 Kllberry, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Naixagh and W. 
 Reban, on riv. Barrow, 4 m. NW. Athy, P.O. ; 10,540 ac P. 
 <:iooo. 
 
 Kllberry, par.. Ire., N. co. Meath, bar. Morgallion, 4 m. 
 N. Navan ; 4818 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kllberry, Scot See Kllealmonell. 
 
 Kllberry Head, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, on the W. ct., in 
 56° 49' N. , 5° 40' W. Alt. 140 ft. 
 
 Kllblr'nle, par. and tn., Scot., N. Ayrshire, 18 m. WSW. 
 Glasgow, with a stn. on the C. R. , and another, 1^ m. to the 
 S. , on the G. & SW^. R. ; has flax-spinning and Unen-thread 
 mills, wincey and fishing-net factories, blast-furnaces, steel, 
 engineering, chemical works, &c. PMT.O. Par. 10,335 ac, P. 
 5500 ; tn. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Kllblxy, par.. Ire., NW. co. Westmeath, bar. Moygoish, 9 
 m. NW. Muilingar ; 6332 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kllbolane, par.. Ire., cos. Cork and Limerick, bars. Orrery 
 and Kilmore and Upper Connello, 8 m. W. Charleville ; 10,014 
 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllbonane, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. E. Muskerry, 6 m. 
 NW. Bandon ; 4710 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllbouane, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Magunihy, 3 m. NE. 
 Milltown, on riv. Laune; 8669 ac. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Kllbora, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Wexford, dist. Ferns. 
 
 Kllboum City, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Sauk co., on 1. bk. of 
 the Wisconsin, 100 m. WNW. Milwaukee ; centre of a consider- 
 able hop-trade ; summer resort at the foot of the ' Dalles of the 
 Wisconsin.' P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllbonrne, par., Eng., Derbyshire. See Kllbnrn. 
 
 Kllbowle, (kil-bau'i), stn., Scot., Dumbartonshire, 7 m. W. 
 Glasgow, on the N. B. R. Near it are the large works of the 
 Singer Manufacturing Co. (sewing machines, cycles, &c.). 
 
 Kllbradran, par. , Ire. , co. Limerick, bars. Lower Connello 
 and Shanid, 3 m. NW. Rathkeale, on riv. DeeL P. <50o. 
 
 KUbragh, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 4 m. 
 NW. Fethard. P.<25o. 
 
 KUbrandon and Kllcbattau, par., Scot, Argyllshire, 
 opposite Mull I. Kilbrandon church is in the S. of Sail I., 11 
 m. SSW. Oban. Par. 13,385 ac, P. <;20oo. 
 
 Kllbreedy Major, par. , Ire. , co. Limerick, bars. Coshlea and 
 Smallcounty, 2 m. SW. Kilmallock. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllbreedy Minor, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Coshma, 
 near Kllbreedy Major. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllbrew, par., Ire., SE. co. Meath, bar. Ratoath, 13J m. 
 E. Trim. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllbrlckan, tnld.. Ire., W. ct co. Galway, bar. Moycullen, 
 on E. shore of Kilkieran fiiay, 24 m. WNW. Galway. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllbrlckan, tnld., Ire., W. Queen's co., bar. Upperwoods, 8 
 m. SW. by W. Maryborough, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Kilbride', par., Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Upper Antrim, 2 m. 
 NW. Ballvclare ; 5644 ac P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kilbride, tnld., Ire., co. Carlow, bar. Forth, 6 m. S. Tullow, 
 P.O. P. <250. 
 798 
 
 Kilbride, par.. Ire., co. Dublin, bar. Newcastle, 2 m. SW. 
 Clondalkin. P. <25o. 
 
 Kilbride, par., Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Ida, 4 m. E. Miil- 
 linavat. P. <25o. 
 
 Kilbride, par.. Ire., co. King's, bar. Ballycowan, on Grand 
 Canal ; 10, 177 ac. P. 5800. 
 
 Kilbride, or Kilbride Langan, par. , Ire. , co. King's, bar. 
 Kilcoursey, on riv. Brosna; 7619 ac P. < 3000. 
 
 Kilbride, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, i m. NE. 
 Ballycastle ; 4457 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kilbride, par.. Ire., cos. Meath and Cavan, bars. Fore and 
 Clanmahon ; 8849 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kilbride, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. and 3 m. NE. Dun- 
 boyne. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kilbride, par. , Ire. , co. Roscommon, bars. S. Ballintober and 
 Roscommon, 3 m. N. Roscommon ; 19,287 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Kilbride, par. , Ire. , co. Waterford, bar. Middlethird, 2 m. 
 NW. Tramore ; 4538 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kilbride, or Kilbride Veston, Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. 
 Fartullagh, 5 m. S. Muilingar. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kilbride, par. , Ire. , E. co. Wexford, bar. Scarawalsh, 10 m. 
 SSW. Arklow, 2 m. ESE. Gorey stn. ; 4474 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Kilbride, par., Ire., SE. co. Wicklow, bar. Arklow, 4 m. 
 SW. by S. Wicklow, P.O. ; 6715 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kilbride, par. , Ire. , NW. co. Wicklow, bar. Lower Talbots- 
 town, 8^ m. E. by S. Naas ; 13,137 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Kilbride, par. , Scot , Argyllshire. See KUmore. 
 
 Kilbride, par., Scot, in E. of Arran I., Buteshire; 38,985 
 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Kilbride, hamlet, Scot, Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire, on 
 S. ct of S. Uist L, P.O. 
 
 Kilbride, East, par., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, 5 J m. W. 
 Hamilton, on the C. R. , PMT.O. ; 22,760 ac. P. <40oo. 
 
 Kilbride, Pass of, par. , Ire. , in the SE. of co. Westmeath, 
 bar. Fartullagh, 7 m. SE. Muilingar; 4032 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kilbride, West, par. and vil., Scot., N. Ayrshire, on the 
 G. & SW. R., 7 m. S. Largs, PMT.O. Par. 10,119 ac, P. 
 <:25oo ; vil. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kllbrldeglynu, par. , Ire. , co. Wexford, bar. W. Shelmaliere, 
 3 m. NE. Taghmon; 4iioac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kllbrln, par. , Ire. , N. co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 10 m. NW. 
 by W. Mallow, P.O. ; 12,631 ac P. <i500. 
 
 Kllbrlttaln, par.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. E. Carbery, E. div., 
 
 5 m. S. by E. Bandon, PMT.O. ; 4750 ac. P. <75o. 
 Kllbrogan, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Kinalmeaky, on riv. 
 
 Bandon ; 7577 ac. P. <300o. 
 
 Kllbroney, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Orrery and Kilmore, 2 
 m. NW. Buttevant P. <25o. 
 
 Kllbroney, pax., Ire., SW. co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Upper Half, 8 m. SE. by E. Newry ; 13,215 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Kllbryau, par.. Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. and 4 m. NK. 
 Boyle. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllbncho, viL , Scot. , Peeblesshire, 13 m. ESE. Lanark, 3 m. 
 SE. by S. Biggar stn. See Brongbton. 
 
 KU burn, suburb of London, Eng. , partly in the Harrow div. 
 of Middlesex, partly in the bor. of Hampstead, 4J m. WNW. St. 
 Paul's, with a stn. (Kllbnrn Brondesbnry) on the Metro- 
 politan Rly. , and two stns. (Kllburu and Malda Vale, and 
 Queen's Park, West Kllbnrn) on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Kllbnrn, or Kllbonrne, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div., 
 
 6 m. N. by E. Derby, with coal-mines, on the M. R., PMT.O. 
 (Kllbnrn). P. < 1500. 
 
 ^Ibnrn, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div. , 13J m. ENE. Ripon, 2 m. NNW. Coxwold stn. , 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllbnme, par.. Ire., co. and 3 m. SW. Waterford, bar. 
 Middlethird. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 6 m. 
 SSE. Leicester, 2 m. WSW. Glen stn., P.O. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (K. >vitb Wlstow and Xewton Harconrt) P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllealmonell and Kllberry, par. , Scot , Argyllshire, 16 m. 
 SSW. Ardrishaig, in the S. of Knapdale, P.O. (KUberry) ; 
 49,659 ac. P. <250o. 
 
 Kllcar, ct. par. and tn. , Ire. , SW. co. Donegal, bar. Banagh, 
 19 m. W. Donegal, PMT.O. Par. 18,881 ac, P. <30oo; tn. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Kllcar, electoral div.. Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. Kiltoom. 
 
 Kllcarn, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Skreen, 2^ m. SE. 
 Navan, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllcaragb, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Clanmaurice, on rivs. 
 Feale and Brick, 5 m. W. ListoweL P. <750. 
 
 Kllcaragb, par., Ire, co. and 3 m. SE. Waterford, bar. 
 Gaultiere, on riv. Suir. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllcasb, par.. Ire., SE. co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa 
 E. , 6i m. N W. by W. Carrick-on-Suir. P. <:75o. 
 
 Kilcaskan, par.. Ire., cos. Cork and Kerry, bars. Bear and 
 Glanarought, 10 m. NK Castletown Bearhaven; 51,492 ac P. 
 <:4500. 
 
 Kilcatherlne, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Bear, on Quoilah 
 Bay, 4 m. N. Castletown Bearhaven, 21,778 ac P. <4ooo. 
 
K I LC — K I LC 
 
 Kllcatberlue Point, cape, Ire. , SW. co. Cork, on Kenmare R. 
 
 Kllcavan, tnld., Ire., co. Queen's, bar. Tinnahinch, 7 m. 
 from Mount Mellick, P.O. (K.. Cross). P. <2SO. 
 
 Kllcayan, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bars. N. Ballaghkeen 
 and Gorey, 2 m. N. Gorey ; 9529 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Kllcavan, ct. par., co. Wexford, bar. Bargy, s ™' SW. 
 Taghmon. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllchattan, vil. , Scot. , Argyllshire, Luing I. , 15 m. SSW. 
 Oban. See KJlbrandon. 
 
 KUchattan Bay, vil., Scot., Bute I., Firth of Clyde, 6^ m. 
 S. Rothesay, PMT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Kllcliberg, vil., Switzd., cant, and 4 m. S. by W. Ziirich, 
 on the W. side of Lake Zurich. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kllclienzle, par. , Scot. , Argyllshire. See Kllleau. 
 
 Kllcboman, par., Scot., Argyllshire, in the W. of Islay ; 
 37,274 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Kilchrenan and Dalavlcli, par., Scot., Argyllshire, to the 
 N. of Loch Awe, 10 m. NNW. Inverary, PM.O. (KUcbrenan) ; 
 45,980 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllcbreest, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Clonderalaw, on riv. 
 Fergus; 7060 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 lUlchreest, par. and tn. , Ire. , SE. co. Galvvray, bars. Dun- 
 kellin and Loughrea, 4 m. WSW. Loughrea, P.O. Par. P. 
 <Soo; tn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllchn, tn. , Korea. See KUJu. 
 
 Kllcbnrn Castle, Scot. See Awe, Locb. 
 
 Kllclare, P.O., Ire., SW. co. Leitrim, bar. and 3 m. NE 
 Leitrim. 
 
 Kllcleagb, par.. Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Clonlonan ; 15,243 
 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kllcllef, par. , Ire. , SE. co. Down, bar. Lower Lecale, 7 m. E. 
 Downpatrick, on entrance to Strangford Lough, P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Kllclober, tnld.. Ire., SW. ct. co. Clare, bar. Moyarta, on 
 N. side of riv. Shannon, 14I m. WSW. Kilrush. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllclonagb, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. EUogarty, 4 m. 
 N. Thurles. P. <25o. 
 
 Klleloue, par., Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Deece, 3 m. NE. 
 Kilcock. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllclonfert, par.. Ire., co. King's, bar. Lower Philipstown, 
 2 m. NW. Philipstown ; 10,268 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllclooney, par. , Ire. , E. co. Armagh, bars. Lower Fews and 
 Lower Orior; 12,834 ac. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Kllcloony, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Clonmacnowen, on 
 riv. Suck ; contains part of Ballinasloe. 7289 ac. P. <4000. 
 
 Kilcoan, par. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny, bar. Ida, 5 m. E. Mul- 
 linavat. P. <25o. 
 
 Kilcock, par. and market-tn.. Ire., NE. co. Kildare, bar. 
 Ikeathy and Oughterany, 4^ m. WNW. Maynooth, on the 
 Royal Canal and the Midland Great Western Rly., PMT.O. 
 Market-day, W. Par. 4058 ac, P. < 1500; tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllcockan, par.. Ire., co. Waterford, bar. Coshmore and 
 Coshbride, 6 m. S. Cappoquin ; 4538 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllcoe, par. , Ire. , SW. co. Cork, bar. W. Carbery, W. div. , 
 6 m. W. by N. Skibbereen ; 5272 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kllcogy, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Cavan, bar. Clanmahon, 11^ 
 m. S. by W. Cavan, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 KUcoke, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Queen's, dist. Rathdowney. 
 
 Kllcolagb, par.. Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. Frenchpark, 6 
 m. S. Boyle ; 7217 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 KUcolgan, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Dunkellin, near 
 Galway Bay, 6 m. SE. Oranmore, P.O.; 5548 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kilcolman, par.. Ire,, co. Kerry, bars. Magunihy and 
 Trughanacmy; includes Milltown. 7751 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Kilcolman, par. , Ire. , co. King's, bars. Ballybritt and Clon- 
 lisk, 4 m. S. Parsonstown, on Little Brosna R.; 8182 ac. P. < 
 looo. 
 
 Kilcolman, par., Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Shanid, 4 m. N. 
 Ardagh, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Kilcolman, par.. Ire., SE. co. Mayo, bar. Clanmorris, 13I 
 m. SE. by E. Castlebar ; 23,739 ac. P. 6400. 
 
 Kilcolman, par.. Ire., cos. Mayo, Roscommon, and Sligo, 
 bars. Costello, Frenchpark, and Coolavin ; 17,091 ac. P. 5300. 
 
 Kilcolmaubane, par.. Ire., co. Queen's, bars. Cullenagh 
 and E. Maryborough, 2 m. SE. Maryborough. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kilcolmanbrack, par.. Ire., co. Queen's, bar. Cullenagh, 5 
 m. SE. Maryborough. P. <25o. 
 
 Kilcolnmb, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Ida, 4 m. NE. 
 Waterford, on riv. Barrow; 8274 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllcomb, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Scarawalsh, 6 m. 
 SW. Gorey, on riv. Bann ; 5441 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Kilcomeuty, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Owney and 
 Arra, 2 m. N. Newport ; 5407 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kllcomln, par.. Ire., SW. King's co. , bar. Clonlisk, 9 m. S. 
 by W. Parsonstown. P. <7SO. 
 
 Kllcommock, par.. Ire., S. co. Longford, bars. Moydow, 
 Rathcline, and Shriile, 9 m. S. Longford ; 11,863 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kilcommon, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, comprising the greater 
 part of bar. Erris (NW. ofco.); 200,960 ac. P. 12,400. 
 
 Kilcommon, par.. Ire., SE. co. Mayo, bar. Kilmaine; in- 
 cludes Hollvmount. 17,396 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Kilcommon, tnld., Ire., W. co. Tipperary, bar. Upper 
 Kilnamanagh, 13 m. S. by E. Nenagh, PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Kilcommon, par.. Ire., co. Wicklow, bars. Arklow and 
 Newcastle, near Rathdrum ; 4807 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kilcommon, par.. Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. S. BaUinacor; 
 includes Tinahely. 11,160 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 KllcondnfT, par.. Ire., NE. co. Mayo, bar. Gallen, on riv. 
 Moy ; contains Swinford. 16,523 ac. P. 7100. 
 
 Kllconlckny, par., Ire., co. Galway, bars. Athenry, Dun- 
 kellin, and Loughrea, 3 m. NW. Loughrea ; 8352 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Kilconierin, par., Ire., co. Galway, bars. Athenry, Dun- 
 kellin, and Loughrea, 4 m. W. Loughrea ; 5479 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Kilconla, par., Ire., co. Galway, bar. Dunmore, 8 m. NW. 
 Tuam, P.O. (Kllconly) ; 9678 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Kllconly, par. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bar. Iraghticonnor, 7 m. W, 
 Ballylongford ; 5742 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kiiconnell, bar. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Galway. 
 
 Kllconnell, par. and tn.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. and 
 4 m. NW. Augtirim, 8 m. W. Ballinasloe, 3 m. E. by S. Wood- 
 lawn stn., P.O. Par. 6082 ac, P. < 1000; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kiiconnell, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 4 m. 
 NW. Fethard. P.<25o. 
 
 Kllconny, tn.. Ire., N. co. Cavan, bar. Lower Loughtee, 8J 
 m. NNW. Cavan, on the 1. bk. of the Erne, opposite Belturbet. 
 P. included in Belturbet tp. <2000. 
 
 Kilconqnbar (locally called kin-yukh'er), par. and vil. , Scot., 
 E. Fife, on Kilconquhar Loch, 9 m. S. by W. St. Andrews, on 
 the N. B. R., P.O. Par. 6891 ac, P.<25oo; viL (including 
 Barnyards) P. <500. 
 
 Kilconry, par.. Ire., S. co. Clare, bar. Lower Bunratty, 9^ 
 m. S. Ennis. P. <;50o. 
 
 Kilconway, bar. , Ire. , in the W. of co. Antrim. 
 
 Kilcoo, par.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, Lower 
 Half, 4 m. from Castlewellan, P.O.; 18,207 a-c. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Kilcoole, par.. Ire., NE. co. Wicklow, bar. Newcastle, 7 m. 
 S. by E. Bray, on the Dublin, Wicklow & Wexford Rly., P.O. ; 
 4573 ac P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllcooley, par.. Ire., co. , bar., and 10 m. N. town of 
 Roscommon. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kilcooly, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Leitrim, 5 m. E. 
 Loughrea. P. <25o. 
 
 Kilcooly, tnld. , Ire. , W. co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 27 m. 
 W. by S. Tralee. P. <25o. 
 
 Kilcooly, par.. Ire., cos. Kilkenny and Tipperary, bars. 
 Crannagh, Eliogarty, and Slieveardagh ; 11,508 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kilcooly, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Navan, 2 m. 
 NE. Trim, on riv. Boyne. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllcoona, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. Clare, 2 m. SE. Head- 
 ford, on Lough Corrib ; 5723 ac. P. <7SO. 
 
 Kllcop, par. , Ire. , co. and 5 m. SE. Waterford, bar. Gaultiere. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllcor, electoral div. , Ire. , E. co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 6 
 m. SE. Fermoy. 
 
 Kilcoran, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, dist. Caher. 
 
 Kilcorby, tnld.. Ire., co. Cavan, ]xlt. Lower Loughtee, 4 
 m. SW. Belturbet, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 KUcorcoran, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 2 m. N. 
 Kanturk. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllcorkey, par.. Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. and 6 m. NE. 
 Castlereagh ; 9090 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kilcormlck, par.. Ire., co. W^exford, bars. N. Ballaghkeen 
 and Gorey, 5 m. SE. Ferns stn.; 10,055 ^'^- P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllcornan, tnld.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Dunkellin, 12 m. 
 WNW. Loughrea. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllcornan, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Kenry, on riv. 
 Shannon, 4 m. N. Adare stn., P.O.; 9436 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllcornan, par.. Ire., co. and 5 m. W. Tipperary, bar. 
 Clanwilliam. P. 250. 
 
 Kilcorney, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Burren, 6 m. NW. 
 Corrofin. P. <25o. 
 
 Kilcorney, par. , Ire. , NW. co. Cork, bar. Muskerry West, 
 23 m. E. Killarney, P.O.; 8836 ac P. < 1000. 
 
 Kllcot, hamlet, Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , 3 m. 
 SE. by S. Wotton-under-Edge, 4 m. E. Wickwar stn. , PM. O. 
 
 Kllconrsey, bar. , Ire. , in the N. of King's co. 
 
 Kllcowan, par., Ire., co. and 9 m. SW. Wexford, bar. 
 Bargy. P. <:500. 
 
 Kilcowanmore, par., Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Bantry, 6 m. 
 SW. Enniscorthy. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllcrea, stn.. Ire., on Cork and Macroom Rly., 11 m. W. by 
 S. Cork, with ruins of abbey to the E. 
 
 Kllcredan, par. , Ire. , SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 7 m. SW. 
 Youghal. P. <;25o. 
 
 Kllcredane, par. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bar. Magunihy, 5 m. N- 
 Killarney. P. < 500. 
 
 Kilcrcdann Point, cape, Ire. , SW, co. Clare, on riv. Shan- 
 non, with a lighthouse (Kilcradan) in 9° 43' W., visible 16 m. 
 
 Kllcreggan, watering-place, with steamboat pier, Scot. , Dum- 
 bartonshire, on the coast, 4 m. WSW. Helensburgh, PMT.O. 
 (K. and Core). P. <iooo. 
 
 799 
 
K I LC 
 
 K I LF 
 
 Kllcroan, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. and 2 m. SW. Ballyinoe 
 stn. ; 7701 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kilcrobane, par., Ire., SW. ct. co. Cork, bar. W. Carbery, 
 W. div. , on N. shore of Dunmanus Bay, 18 J m. W. Skibbereen, 
 P.O. ; 14,588 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Kllcrobane, par., Ire., co. Kerry, bar. S. Dunkerron, 14 m. 
 S\V. Kenmare, on N. shore of Kenmare R. ; 62,912 ac. P. 6800. 
 
 Kilcronagban, par.. Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. Loughin- 
 sholin, 21 m. S. Coleraine, P.O.; 7980 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Kllcronat, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Templemichael, 
 
 Kilcmmper, par., Ire., co. Cork, bars. Condons and Clan- 
 gibbon, and Fermoy, 2 m. N. Fermoy. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kllcullane, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Smallcounty, 3 m. 
 NE. Bruff. P.<5oo. 
 
 Kllcnlleii, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Clonmoyle. 
 
 KUenllen, par. and tn.. Ire., E. co. Kildare, bar. K., 7 m. 
 ESE. Kildare, PMT.O. Par. 7331 ac, P. <i5oo ; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 KUenllen, Old, ruins, i| m. to the S. 
 
 Kllcnlllbeen, par.. Ire., co. W^aterford, bar. K., and partly 
 within Waterford city. P. <iooo. 
 
 Kllcnlly, par., Ire., co., bar., and 2 J m. N. Cork. P. <25o. 
 
 Kilcnmmer, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Fermoy, 2 m. S. 
 Castletownroche. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllcununln, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. MoycuUen, between 
 Kilkieran Bay and Lough Corrib ; 98,510 ac. P. 8600. 
 
 micnmmln, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Magunihy, 4 m. NE. 
 Killamey, P.O. ; 38,953 ac. P. 5900. 
 
 Kilcnmmln, par. , Ire. , co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, on Killala 
 Bay, 4 m. NE. Ballycastle; 4195 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kliennimln Head, cape. Ire. See Beuwee. 
 
 Kllcnniny, par. , Ire. , E. co. Westmeath, bar. Delvin. P. < 500. 
 
 Kllcnmreragb, par.. Ire., cos. King's and Westmeath, Imrs. 
 Kilcoursey, Clonlonan, and Moycashel, 4 m. N. Clara ; 9256 ac. 
 P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Kilcnrley, tnld., Ire., bar. Upper Dundalk, 4 m. from 
 Dundalk, co. Louth, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllcnrry, tnld. , Ire., N. co. Louth, bar. Upper Dundalk, 
 3 m. NNW. Dundalk, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 KUdaconunoge, par. , Ire. , co. Mayo, bars. Carra and Gallen, 
 5 m. NE. Castlebar ; 7553 ac. P. <2500. 
 
 Kildale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 
 9I m. SE. Middlesbrough, on the NE. R., P.O. ; 5192 ac. 
 P. <:2So. 
 
 Kildallan, par.. Ire., co. and 9 m. WNW. Cavan, bar. 
 TuUyhunco, 2 m. NW. Killashandra ; 11,980 ac. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Klldalkey, par. and tn., Ire., SW. co. Meath, bar. Lune, 
 5 m. W. by N. Trim, P.O. Par. 10,410 ac, P. <i5oo; tn. 
 with tnld. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Scot , Argyllshire, in SE. Islay I. ; 
 
 RUdalton, insular par. 
 47,152 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Klldangan, par.. Ire. 
 5 ra. SSW. Kildare, P.O. 
 
 W. CO. Kildare, bar. Offaly West, 
 P. <:25o. 
 Kildare, inland co., Ire., Leinster, boimded W. by King's 
 and Queen's cos., N. by co. Meath, E. by cos. Dublin and 
 Wicklow, and S. by co. Carlow ; in the dioceses of K. and 
 Dublin. Chief towns, Athy, Kildare, and Naas ; divided into 
 the following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Carbury .... 
 
 Clane .... 
 
 Connell .... 
 
 Ikeathy and Oughterany . 
 
 KilcuUen .... 
 
 Kilkea and Moone . 
 
 Naas, North 
 
 Naas, South 
 
 Narragh and Reban, East 
 
 Narragh and Reban, West 
 
 Ofifaly, East 
 
 Offaly, West . . . 
 
 Salt, North 
 
 Salt, South 
 
 Total, Kildare . 
 
 48,264 
 32,027 
 34.784 
 25.755 
 8,478 
 46,281 
 25.573 
 27.490 
 21.376 
 22,13s 
 47.029 
 40,609 
 21,919 
 16,777 
 
 418,496 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 4.019 
 3.952 
 8,061 
 3.302 
 
 1.573 
 5.148 
 S.696 
 3.623 
 3,867 
 7,106 
 ".63s 
 6.195 
 S.osi 
 1.978 
 
 70,206 
 
 Surface mostly below 500 ft., but rising above that alt in the 
 extreme E. The Curragh is a dist. in the heart of the county 
 noted for its. rich verdure and excellent tiu-f. In the NW. is a 
 portion of the Bog of Allen (having a flat dreary siu-face, relieved 
 here and there by verdant elevations, here called 'islands'), and 
 two branches ofthe Grand Canal, by which the Liffey and Shannon 
 are connected (the northern traversing the bog). The main part 
 of the rocks are Carboniferous (two productive areas), but the E. 
 belongs to the Cambrian and Lower Silurian, and granite rocks 
 occur in the extreme S. , where the great granitic mountain range 
 which composes nearly the whole of co. Wicklow ends at Castle- 
 dermot. The chief rivers are the Liffey, which takes a wide 
 curve into the county in the NE., and the Barrow, which runs 
 800 
 
 close along the western boundary of the county. (For agricultural 
 statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12.) The county has some 
 woollen, cotton, and paper factories, but there are no minerals 
 of economic importance. The chief railway line is the Great 
 Southern & Western, which crosses the county from NE. to 
 SW. The county returns two members to Parliament (N. and 
 S. divs.). In the time of Ptolemy mainly inhabited by the 
 Coriundi. Until 1296, when it was constituted a county of itself, 
 it formed part of the county of Dublin. See Ireland, table. 
 
 Kildare, par. and market-tn. , Ire., W. co. Kildare, bars. 
 Connell and Offaly East, the town, wholly in bar. Offaly East, 
 situated on boldly rising ground, 11 m. WSW. Naas, on G. S. 
 & W. R. ; seat of an Anglican bishop, and united with Leighlin 
 as the see of a Roman Catholic bishop. Has ruins of a castle, 
 and of many ancient reUgious edifices. Market-day, Th. Par. 
 9211 ac, P. <2ooo ; tn. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kildarton, par. , Ire. , co. and 3 m. E. Armagh, bars. Lower 
 Fews and West Oneilland ; 4882 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klldary, stn. , Scot. , Ross-shire, near Invergordon,on the H. R. 
 
 Klldavln, tn.. Ire., E. co. Carlow, bar. St Mullins Upper, 
 i3i m. NNW. Enniscorthy, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Klldarln, par.. Ire., co. and 4 m. SW. Wexford, bar. Forth. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Klldelllg, par.. Ire., co. Queen's, bar. Clarmallagh, near 
 Ballybrophy June. P. <250. 
 
 Klldemock, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. and 2 m. SE. Ardee. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllderry, electoral div. , Ire. , Donegal, Londonderry union. 
 
 Kllderry, par.. Ire., co. and 4 m. NE. Kilkenny, bar. 
 Gowran. P. <25o. 
 
 Kildlmo, or Klldeemo, par. and tn. , Ire. , N. co. Limerick, 
 bar. Kenry, 8^ m. W. by S. Limerick, P.O. Par. 6111 ac, 
 P. <i5oo; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Klldlnan, vil.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 4 m. from 
 Rathcormac, near Fermoy, P.O. 
 
 KlldoUagh, par. , Ire. , NE. cos. Antrim and Londonderry, 
 bars. Upper Dunluce and NE. Liberties of Coleraine, on the r. 
 bk. ofthe Bann, 3 m. SE. Coleraine; i960 ac. P. <500. 
 
 Kildonan, vil., Canada, Manitoba, 3 m. NE. by N. Winni- 
 j)eg, on a branch of the C. P. R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kildonan, hamlet, Scot., at SE. extremity of Arran I., 
 Buteshire, 8 m. S. Lamlash, P.O. 
 
 Kildonan, par. , Scot. , Sutherlandshire, on the L bk. of the 
 UlUe or Helmsdale, 13J m. NNE. Golspie, on the H. R., P.O. 
 In the valley of the Suisgill Biu-n, two or three miles NW. of the 
 station, gold has been found, though not in paying quantities. 
 134,550 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kildonan Iiocb, lake, Scot, Inverness-shire, in the W. of 
 S. Uist. 
 
 Klldorougb, P.O. , Ire. , co. Cavan, 2 m. from Ballyjamesduff. 
 
 Klldorrery, par. and tn. , Ire. , N E. co. Cork, bars. Condons 
 and Clangibbon, and Fermoy, 9J m. NW. Fermoy, PMT.O. 
 Par. P. < 1000; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klldress, par. , Ire. , E. co. Tyrone, bar. Uppyer Dungjannon, 
 4 m. W. Cookstown, P.O.; 26,269 ac. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Klldrongbt, par. , Ire. , co. Kildare, bar. North Salt, on riv. 
 Liffey. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klldrnm, par. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 2 m. W. 
 Dingle. P. <750. 
 
 Klldrummy, par., Scot, W. Aberdeenshire, 14 m. S. by 
 W. Himtly, 7 ni. W. by N. Alford stn.; 10,352 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Klldriunsberdan, par.. Ire., N. co. Cavan, bar. "Tully- 
 garvey, 11 m. NE. by E. Cavan; 16,615 ^^- P. <4000. 
 
 Klldwlck, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 3J m. 
 SSE. Skipton, on the Aire, 13 m. NW. Bradford, with a stn. 
 (K. and Cross Hills) on the M. R., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 KUdysart, PMT.O., Ire., co. Clare. See Kllladysert. 
 
 Kllemba, vil. , Congo Free State, Urua, in 7° 40' S. , 25° 48' E. 
 
 Kllfane, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Gowran, 3 m. NE. 
 Thomastown, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllfarboy, ct. par. , Ire. , co. Clare, bar. Ibrickan ; contains 
 Miltown-Malbay. 13,981 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Kllfangbnabeg, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. East Carbery, W. 
 div., 3 m. SW. Rosscarbery. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllfeakle, par.. Ire., SW. co. Tipperary, bar. Clanwilliam, 
 4 m. E. by N. Tipperary ; 6501 ac. P. <7SO. 
 
 Kllfearagb, ct. par.. Ire., SW. co. Clare, bar. Moyarta, 6^ 
 m. W. by N. Kilrush ; 9871 ac. P. <40OO. 
 
 Kllfelgbny, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Clanmaurice, 5 m. 
 SW. Listowel; 11,408 ac. P. <:20oo. 
 
 KUfellm, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist Molahiffe. 
 
 Kllfenora, par. and tn. , Ire. , N W. co. Clare, bar. Corcomroe, 
 13 m. NW. Ennis, P.O. Par. 10,777 ac , P. <:20oo ; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllfenora, tnld., Ire., NW. ct co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy, 
 on E. shore of Tralee Bay, 5 m. W. Tralee, with coastguard 
 station, on the Waterford and Limerick Rly. Market-day, W. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Kllfera, co. , New South Wales, crossed by 34° S. and 144° E. 
 Kllferagb, par.. Ire., co. and 2 m. SE. Kilkenny, bar. 
 Shillelogher, on riv. Nore. P. <25o. 
 
K I LF 
 
 K 1 LK 
 
 Kllfergns, par., Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Shanid ; contains 
 Glin. 14,207 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Kllflan, par. , Ire. , co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, 6 m. W. Killala ; 
 28,736 ac. P. 0500. 
 
 Kllflddane, par., Ire., co. Clare, bar. Clonderalaw, 6 m. 
 NW. Foynes, on riv. Shannon ; 13,733 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Kllflnaghta, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Lower Bunratty ; 
 contains most of Six-mile-bridge. 81 10 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kllflnan, par., Scot., Argyllshire, 6J m. SE. by E. Ardri- 
 shaig, P.O. ; 32,301 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Kllflnlchen aud KilTickeon, par., Scot., Argyllshire, on 
 the N. shore of Loch Scridain, on the W. ct. of Mull I.; 59,942 
 ac. P. <200o. 
 
 Kllfliinane, par. and tn., Ire., SE. co. Limerick, bar. 
 Coshlea, 21 m. S. by E. Limerick, PMT.O. (KUflnane). Par. 
 6487 ac. , P. <25oo ; tn. P. <isoo. 
 
 Kllflniiy, par. , Ire. , N. co. Limerick, bar. Upper Connello, 
 13 m. SW. Limerick, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllflntlnan, par. , Ire. , S. co. Clare, bar. Lower Bunratty, on 
 riv. Shannon ; 6099 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kllflthmone, par.. Ire., NE. co. Tipperary, bar. Eliogarty, 
 7^ m. NW. Thurles. P. <25o. 
 
 Kilflyn, par. and tn. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bar. Clanmaurice, 8J m. 
 SW. by S. Listowel, P.O. Par. 6697 ac. , P. <i5oo ; tn. P. <2So. 
 
 KUfiyn, par.. Ire., SE. co. Limerick, bar. Coshlea, 7 m. S. 
 Kilmallock stn. ; 4819 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Kilfree, par.. Ire., SE. co. Sligo, bar. Coolavin, 18 m. W. 
 Leitrim, with stn. (K. Jane.) on the M. G. W. R. ; 14,043 ac. 
 P. <4Soo. 
 
 Kllfrash, par., Ire., co. and 16 m. SSE. Limerick, bar. 
 Smallcounty, i J m. N. Knocklong stn. P. <2SO. 
 
 Kilgarrlir, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bars. East Carbery, E. div., 
 and I bane and Barryroe ; 4327 ac. P. <40oo. 
 
 Kllgarrylander, par., Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy, 4 
 m. S. Tralee ; 14,630 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Rllgarran, par. and tn.. Ire., SE. co. Kerry, bar. Glana- 
 rought, 7 m. ENE. Kenmare, on riv. Roughty, on the G. S. & 
 W. R., PM.O. Par. 43,631 ac, P. <300o; tn. P. <2So. 
 
 Kllgarrau, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Gallen, 5 m. SE. 
 BalUna ; 19,879 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Kllgarvan, par.. Ire., co. and 12 m. W. by N. Wexford, 
 bar. W. Shelmaliere, 4 m. NW. Taghmon ; 4275 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllgeerer, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Murrisk, including the 
 principal islands in the mouth of Clew Bay ; 58,098 ac. P. 5500. 
 
 Kllgefln, par.. Ire., co. and 6 m. NE. by N. Roscommon, 
 bar. Ballintober South ; 6060 ac. P. -cisoo. 
 
 Kllgerran, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on the Teifi, 2J m. 
 S. by E. Cardigan, on the G. W. R., PM.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 lUlgerrlU, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bars. Clonmacnowen and 
 Kilconnell, 3 m. NW. Balhnasloe ; 6832 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllgetty, stn. , Wales, Pembrokeshire. See Begelly. 
 
 Hilglass, electoral div. , Ire. , Limerick, dist. Mitchelstown. 
 
 Kllglass, par. , Ire. , SE. co. Longford, bars. Ardagh, Moy- 
 dow, and Shrule, 10 m. SE. Longford; 5745 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kllglass, par., Ire., E. co. Roscommon, bars. Ballintober 
 N. and Roscommon, 10 m. NW. by W. Longford, on Lough 
 Kilglass, P.O. ; 14,219 ac. P. < 3500. 
 
 Kllglass, par.. Ire., co. Sligo, bar. Tireragh, 8J m. N. by E. 
 Ballina, P.O. ; 12,887 ac. P. <3cioo. 
 
 KUgobltan, par. , Ire. , NW. co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 9 
 m. W. by S. Tralee; 10,416 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kllgobbln, par., Ire.,SE. co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown, 4^ 
 m. NW. Bray. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllgobnet, tnld. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bar. N. Dunkerron, 9 m. 
 W. Killarney, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllgobnet, par.. Ire., co. Waterford, bar. Decies without 
 Drum, 3 m. NE. Dungarvan ; 16,109 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Kllgolagb, electoral div. , Ire. , S. co. Cavan, bar. Clanmahon, 
 on the W. side of Lough Sheelin, lyj m. ENE. Longford. 
 
 Kilgoly, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Donegal, dist. Carrick. 
 
 Kllgormaii, par. , Ire., co. Wexford, bar. and 5 m. NE. 
 Gorey; 5165 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Kllgowau, tnld., Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Kilcullen, 4 m. from 
 Dunlavin, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllgraut, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa E. , 
 on riv. Suir, 2 m. NE. Clonmel. P. <7So. 
 
 Kllgrogan, par. , Ire. , in N W. of co. Cork, bar. Orrery and 
 Kilmore. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllgnllane, par., Ire., co. Cork, bars. Condons and Clan- 
 gibbon, and Fermoy, 2 m. SW. Mitchelstown. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllgwrrwg, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , 5 m. NW. 
 by W. Chepstow. P. <25o. See Wolves Newton. 
 
 KlUiam, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div. , gj m. E. Kelso, z^ m. E. by S. Mindrum stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllham, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 15 m. S. Scarborough, 3 m. NW. by W. Burton Agnes stn., 
 PM.O. ; 8176 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kiliint, tn., Arabia. See Kalbat. 
 
 KilUern Moss, upland tract, Scot. , Wigtownshire, 9 m. E. by 
 N. Stranraer. Alt. 600 ft. 
 801 
 
 Kilhope Law, mt. , Eng. , on the borders of Northumberland 
 and Durham, 15 m. SW. by S. Hexham. Height, 2206 ft. 
 
 Kill, isl. , Marshall Archipelago. See Hunter. 
 
 Killa, tn., SW. Russia, prov. Bessarabia, on 1. bk. of K. 
 branch of lower Danube, 100 m. SW. of Odessa ; annexed in 
 1878. P. 8050. 
 
 Kllia, fort, Turkey in Europe, on the Black Sea, prov. and 
 16 m. N. by E. Constantinople. 
 
 Klllan, mt. chain. Eastern Turkistan, belonging to the Kuen- 
 lun system, N. of the principal chain, from which it is divided 
 by the valley of the Karakash. 
 
 Klllan, vil.. Eastern Turkistan, 82 m. SSE. Yarkand. P. 
 4-5000. 
 
 KlllarlTO, tn. , in the SW. of Madagascar, a little to the N. 
 of the Tropic of Capricorn, 390 m. SW. by S. Antananarivo. 
 
 Klllfarevo, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. and 6J m. S. by W. Tirnova. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Klllf, tn. , Bukhara, on the r. bk. of the Amu Daria, 53 m. 
 NW. Balkh. 
 
 Klllfl, seapt. , Brit. E. Africa, upon K. inlet (river mouth), in 
 3° 38' S. 
 
 Klllk, pass. See Kllllk. 
 
 Klllmane, in Portuguese spelling Qnillmane, seapt. , Portu- 
 guese E. Africa, in 17° 52' S. , on the r. bk. of the Kilimane R. , 
 or Kwa-kwa, 12 m. above its mouth, on a great mud-bank 
 surrounded by extensive mangrove swamps and rice-grounds ; 
 hence very unhealthy. The KUlmane K., at one time a branch 
 of the Zambezi delta, is now disconnected. It flows mainly E. 
 till it turns SSE. on receiving the Likwali from the NW. just 
 above K. A bar at its mouth impedes the entrance of vessels 
 drawing more than 11^ ft. Above K. it is navigable by canoes 
 to Mopea, in 35° 44' E. , where it is only 6 m. from the Zambezi. 
 A land portage formerly existed here, but it has been abandoned 
 since the discovery of the Chinde mouth of the Zambezi. Ex- 
 ports oil-seeds, rubber, ivory (including hippopotamus and 
 rhinoceros tusks), copra, &c. Retail trade mainly in the hands 
 of Indians. 
 
 KlUma-nJaro [kilima, the Swahili name for 'mountain,' the 
 remainder of the name variously interpreted), a large volcanic 
 mountain (extinct), in E. Africa, S. of 3° S. , and E. of 37° E., 
 rising from a base 40 m. in length E. to W. to two peaks, the 
 higher called Klbo, in 3° 5' S., 37° 22' E., a well-marked crater, 
 the other Ma'wenzl, in which the crater-form has been denuded 
 away, 7 m. to the E. ; ice-capt down to about 15,000 ft. (4700 
 ft. from the top). Well-watered on the S. slopes [Chagga], arid 
 in the N. , where the streams issue from the base of the mountain. 
 First ascended by Dr. Hans Meyer in 1889. The boundary 
 between the British and German spheres of influence in E. 
 Africa is deflected, so as to pass round the mountain on the NE. 
 Alt. of Kibo, 19,270 ft. {tr.)\ of Mawenzi (by better observa- 
 tions), 16,790 ft. (tr. Smith), a difference of 2480 ft. ; according 
 to Meyer, Kibo 19,720 ft., Mawenzi 17,570 ft. {ab. and bp. 
 closely following one another), a difference of 2150 ft. See Proc. 
 R. G. S., 1890, pp. 331, &c. , and map, p. 372 ; Geog. Jour., iv., 
 p. 436-7, and Petermann s Mitteil. , 1893 (March, April, and May). 
 
 Blllndlnl. See Mombasa. 
 
 Killndrla, tn. , Asia Minor, vilayet Adana, on the S. ct. , in 33° 
 5'E., 125 m. SSE. Konieh. 
 
 KlllnyAga, mt. , Africa. See Kenla. 
 
 Kills, Turkey in Asia. See KUlls. 
 
 Klllsa.blssar, vil., Asia Minor. See Klz-Hlssar. 
 
 Klllsall, small isl. , Asia Minor, in the Gulf of Smyrna. 
 
 KUjn, tn., Korea, 170 m. NE. by N. Won-san, 17 m. from 
 the E. ct. , in 41° 10' N. 
 
 Kllkea, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Kilkea and Moone, 5J 
 m. SE. by E. Athy, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kllkea and Moone, bar. , Ire. , in extreme S. of co. Kildare. 
 
 Kllkeary, par.. Ire., NW. co. Tipperary, bar. Upper 
 Ormond, 3^ m. SE. by E. Nenagh. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllkeasy, par., Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Knocktopher, 2 m. 
 SW. Ballyhale stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kllkee, formerly also called Doogh, watering-place and tn. , 
 Ire., SW. ct. CO. Clare, bar. Moyarta, on Moore Bay, 7 m. 
 WNW. Kilrush, one of the most beautiful watering-places in 
 the kingdom, with fine sandy beach and chalybeate springs. 
 Connected by rail with Kilrush, and by steamer with Foynes 
 and Limerick. PMT.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kllkeedy, par., Ire., NE. co. Clare, bar. Inchiquin, i8j m. 
 SW. Loughrea; 18,62930. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kllkeedy, par.. Ire., co. and 4^ m. SW. by W. Limerick, 
 bar. Pubblebrien; 8728 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Kllkeel, par. and seapt. tn. , Ire. , SE. co. Down, bar. Mourne, 
 15 J m. SE. by E. Newry, i m. from the coast, PMT. O. Par. 
 47,878 ac, P. 10,900; tn. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kllkeeran, tnld.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Kilmaine, near the 
 mouth of the Robe, 16^ m. SE. Westport. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllkeerln, par.. Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. and including 
 the town of Castlereagh ; 26,904 ac. P. 6700. 
 
 Kllkelly, tn. , Ire., E. co. Mayo, bar. Costello, 20 m. SE. by 
 S. Ballina, PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 3E 
 
K I LK — KI LL 
 
 Kilkenny, inland co. , Ire., Leinster, bounded W. by co. 
 Tipperary, N. by Queen's co. , E. by cos. Carlow and Wexford, 
 and S. by co. Waterford, in Ossory and Leighlin dioceses ; chief 
 town, K.; divided into the following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 Callan 
 
 5.653 
 
 2,6lO 
 
 Crannagh 
 
 58,075 
 
 6.398 
 
 Fassadinin 
 
 68,174 
 
 12,742 
 
 Galmoy 
 
 40,236 
 
 5.276 
 
 Gowran 
 
 111,706 
 
 i6,8i6 
 
 Ida 
 
 60,133 
 
 9.38s 
 
 Iverk 
 
 40,528 
 
 8,501 
 
 Kells 
 
 38.376 
 
 4.723 
 
 Knocktopher .... 
 
 46,765 
 
 5.833 
 
 Shillelogher .... 
 Total, Kilkenny . 
 
 36,685 
 
 3.929 
 
 506,333 ^ 
 
 76,213 2 
 
 1 Kilkenny city, 921 ac, P. 11,048. 
 
 " Total of county and city, 507,254 ac, P. 87,261. 
 
 Surface undulating, mostly under 500 ft. in alt. , but with con- 
 siderable areas above that alt. , and reaching over 1000 ft. in the 
 NE. of the county. Mainly belonging to the unproductive 
 Carboniferous rocks, with a small productive area (the most im- 
 portant in Ireland, however) in the NE. In the SE. there is a 
 continuation of the granites that form the mountains of Wicklow 
 and Wexford, followed westwards by stratified rocks of pre- 
 Carboniferous age, and then again unproductive Carboniferous 
 deposits. The chief rivers are the Barrow (forming the greater 
 part of the E. boundary of the county), its r. bk. trib. , the 
 Nore, and the Suir, forming the S. boundary of the county. The 
 principal mineral product is anthracitic coal ( Castlecomer ). Coal 
 was first discovered in 1728 below some beds of iron ore which 
 were previously worked. Near the town of K. is the most 
 important quarry of the county, yielding black marble. The 
 soil is very fertile in the valleys. (For agricultural statistics, see 
 Appendix, pp. 10-12. ) Manufactures floiu', beer, whisky, and 
 leather. Railways, the Waterford and Central Ireland, which 
 runs N. and S. through the middle of the county, and is con- 
 nected at Kilkenny city with a branch of the G. S. & W. R. The 
 county returns 3 members to Parliament ; 2 for the county (N. 
 and S. divs.), and i for K. city. According to Ptolemy, origi- 
 nally inhabited by the Brigantes and Caucoi, and it afterwards 
 formed part of the kingdom of Ossory. See Ireland, table. 
 
 Kilkenny [Cill Chainnigh, church of St. Canice), pari, and 
 mun. bor. , civic tn. , and co. of a city, Ire. , cap. co. K. , bar. K. , 
 on the Nore (here crossed by two bridges), 24 m. E. Thurles ; 
 rly. June. (See Kilkenny, co. ) Kilkenny is a noted city 
 historically, the place of meeting of several pariiaments, one of 
 which (1367) is celebrated for the Statute of K. , which among 
 other things made it a capital offence for an Englishman to 
 marry an Irish woman. It is the seat of the Anglican and 
 Roman Catholic bishops of Ossory, the see having been re- 
 moved here from Aghavoe in pre-Reformation days (1178). 
 Among its remains of antiquity are K. Castle, now the residence 
 of the Marquis of Ormond, formerly a fortress of great strength, 
 was besieged and taken by Cromwell in 1650 ; the cathedral of 
 St. Canice (Anglican), founded soon after the transference of 
 the see to K.; ruins of a Franciscan friary, now partly occupied 
 by a brewery; the Black Abbey (Dominican, 13th century); 
 and two city arches. St. Mary's Cathedral (Roman Catholic) 
 is modern (consecrated 1857). At the grammar school Swift, 
 Cong^eve, and Berkeley were educated. Coal and black marble 
 are raised near. The manufacture of blankets, coarse woollens, 
 and linens, formerly important, has declined. Market-days, 
 W. and S. Pari. bor. P. (1891) 13,700 ; mun. bor. and tn. 
 P. (1841) 19,100; (1851) 20,000; (1871) 12,700; (1891) 11,000. 
 
 Kilkenny, West, bar. , Ire. , in the SW. of co. Westmeath. 
 
 Kilkenny, West, par. , Ire. , SW. co. Westmeath, bar. K. 
 West, 7 m. NE. Athlone ; 9554 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Kllkenzle, P.O., Scot, Argyllshire, 5 m. from Campbel- 
 town. 
 
 Kllkertn, tnld. , Ire. , S. co. Clare, bar. Clonderalaw, on Clon- 
 deralaw Bay, 6^^ m. SE. by E. Kilrush. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllkerran, stn., Scot, S. Ayrshire, on the G. & SW. R., 3^ 
 m. S. Maybole. 
 
 KUkerranmore, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bars. E. Carbery, W. 
 div. ; and Ibane and Banyroe, 2 m. SW. Clonakilty ; 6127 ac. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Kllkerrln, par.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Tiaquin, 12 m. 
 E. by N. Tuam, P.O.; 20,247 ac. P. < 3500. 
 
 Kllkliampton, par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div. , 2§m. 
 from the ct, 15^ m. SW. by W. Bideford, 7J m. NW. by W. 
 Holsworth stn., PMT.O.; 8206 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kllkleran, par.. Ire., co. and 3 m. NE. Kilkenny, bar. 
 Gowran. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllkleran Bay, Ire., W. co. Galway, at the N. of the 
 entrance to Galway Bay. 
 802 
 
 Kllklllye, viL, Palestine, 32° 12' N., 34° 58' E., 16 m. NE. 
 by E. Jaffa (ancient Joppa). 
 
 KllkllTery, par. , Ire. , on the N. frontier of co. Galway, bar. 
 Clare. P. < 500. 
 
 Kllklulea, Upper, tnld. , Ire. , SW. co. Limerick, bar. Glen- 
 quin, on the Feale R., 9 m. SE. Listowel. P. <:5c>o. 
 
 Kllklsheu, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Clare, bar. Lower TuUa, 13 
 m. W. Killaloe, P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Kllklvan, mining tp., Queensland, 26 m. W. Gympie, 65 
 m. (by rail) SSW. Maryborough ; gold, copper, cinnabar, silver, 
 antimony, and other minerals found. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Kill, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cavan, dist. Kilnaleck. 
 
 Kill, par. , Ire. , co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown, on Dublin Bay, 
 2 m. SW. Kingstown. P. <25oo. 
 
 Kill, par. and tn. , Ire., NE. co. Kildare, bars. S. Naas and 
 S. Salt, 4 m. NE. Naas, P.O. Par. 4857 ac, P. <7So; tn. 
 (wholly in S. Salt) P. <2So. 
 
 Kill, tn. , Ire., SE. co. Waterford, bar. Decies without Drum, 
 II m. SW. by W. Waterford, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Kill, riv. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., flows S. through the Eifel 
 region into the Moselle at Ehrang, NE. of Treves (Trier) ; float- 
 able in its lower course. 
 
 Klllaan, or Klllane, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bars. Kilconnell 
 and Loughrea, 5 m. .S. Woodlawn stn. ; 7866 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Klllabban, par., Ire., co. Queen's, bars. Ballyadams and 
 Slievemargy, on riv. Barrow ; 25,949 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Klllaconenagh, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Bear, on the N. 
 side of Bantry Bay ; 19,294 ac. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Klllaconnigan, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Lune, 7 m. W. 
 Trim ; 11,569 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kllladens, P.O., Ire., co. Fermanagh, 6 m. S. Irvinestown. 
 See Rockfield. 
 
 Kllladerry, par., Ire., co. King's, bar. Lower Philipstown, 
 on Grand Canal ; 5552 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllladoon, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. N. Salt, on riv. 
 Liffey, 2 m. SW. Celbridge. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kllladoon, par., Ire., co. Sligo, bar. Tirerrill, on Lough 
 Arrow, 6 m. E. Ballymote. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllladrlffe, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, dist. Bansha, 
 
 Kllladysert, par. and tn. , Ire. , S. co. Clare, bar. Clonderalaw, 
 13 m. SSW. Ennis, PMT.O. (Klldysart) ; 12,859 ac. P. <:2Soo. 
 
 Klllag, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Bargy, on Ballyteige 
 Bay, 3 m. SW. Bridgetown. P. <25o. 
 
 Klllagally, par. , Ire. , co. King's. See Wheery, 
 
 Klllagan, par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bars. Upper Dunluce and 
 Kilcon way, on the Belfast and N. Counties Rly. , P.O. P.<i50o. 
 
 KUlagh, par., Ire., E. co. Westmeath, bar. and 3 m. SW. 
 Delvin. P. < 250. 
 
 KUlagholehane, or Kllllallathan, par. , Ire. , co. Limerick, 
 bar. Glenquin, 8 m. SE. Newcastle; 4847 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Klllaglitee, ct. par.. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Banagh, 4 m. 
 SE. Killybegs ; 13,368 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Klllaha, par. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bar. Mag^nihy, on riv. Flesk, 
 7 m. SE. Killarney; 34,843 ac. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Klllahan, par.^ Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Clanmaurice, 3 m. SW. 
 Lixnaw; 4545 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Klllaharler, par.. Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. and 4 m. W. 
 Arklow. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klllaby, par.. Ire., co. and 10 m. NW. Kilkenny, bar. 
 Crannagh. P. <;25o. 
 
 Klllahy, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Knocktopher, 3 m. 
 NW. MuUinavat. P. <soo. 
 
 Klllala, par. and tn.. Ire., N. co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, on 
 SW. side of Killala Bay, 7 m. N. by W. Ballina, on the M. 
 G. W. R. The Roman Catholic diocese of K. includes portions 
 of Mayo and Sligo. PMT.O. Par. 5634 ac, P. < 1500; tn. 
 P. <75o. See also Tnam. 
 
 Klllala, bay, in the N W. of Ire. , between the cos. of Mayo 
 and Sligo. On the shore of the bay, 4 m. from K. , the French, 
 under General Humbert, landed in 1798. 
 
 Klllallaghtan, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bars. Clonmacnowen 
 and Kilconnell, 8 m. SW. Ballinasloe ; 11,869 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 KlUallon, par. , Ire. , co. Meath, bar. Fore, 3 m. SW. Crossa- 
 keel ; 7614 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Klllaloan, par.. Ire., cos. Tipperary and Waterford, bars. 
 Iffa and Offa, East, and b'pperthird, on riv. Suir, 3 m. E. 
 Clonmel. P. <soo. 
 
 Killaloe, par. and tn. , Ire. , co. Clare, bar. Lower Tulla, on 
 the r. bk. of the Shannon, 12J m. NE. by N. Limerick, on the 
 Waterford and Limerick Rly. The cathedral of St. Flannan dates 
 from 1160. The Roman Catholic diocese of K. includes portions 
 of COS. Clare, Tipperary, King's, Galway, Limerick, and Queen's; 
 the Anglican diocese includes portions of cos. Clare, Galway, 
 King's, Queen's, Limerick, and Tipperary. PMT.O. Market- 
 day, Tu. Par. 9978 ac, P. < 2500; tn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Killaloe, par., Ire., co. Kilkenny, bars. Callan, Crannagh, 
 and Shillelogher, on King's R., 2 m. N. Callan ; 5435 ac. P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 KUlaloo, tnld. , Ire., W. co. Londonderry, bar. Tirkeeran, 6J 
 m. SE. Londonderry, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
KILL— KILL 
 
 Klllamarsli, par., Eng. , Derbyshire, NE. div., 8 m. SE. by 
 E. Sheffield, i m. ESE. Mosborough stn., on the M. and M. 
 S. & L. Rlys., with coal-mines. Mean rfall. (Norwood, alt. 
 238 ft., 1866-80), 27.1 in. P. <35oo. 
 
 Klllamery, par. , Ire. , SW. co. Kilkenny, bar. Kells, 9 m. 
 N. by W. Carrick-on-Suir ; 6526 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 Killaue, par. , Ire. , co. Galway. See Klllaan and KlUann. 
 Klllaue, tnld. , Ire. , co. Londonderry, bar. Keenaght, 4 m. 
 from Kilrea, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Klllauena, electoral div.. Ire., NE. co. Clare, bar. Upper 
 Tulla, 15^ m. SSW. Loughrea. 
 
 Klllauey, par., Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Castlereagh, 11 
 m. S. by E. Belfast. P. <750. 
 
 Klllaiui, par.. Ire., W. co. Wexford, bar. Bantry, 8 m. W. 
 by N. Enniscorthy, P.O. (Klllane) ; 11,424 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Klllauulu, par., Ire., co. and 10 m. NW. Galway, bar. 
 Moycullen; 67,156 ac. P. 8800. 
 KlUaimlv, electoral div.. Ire., Clare, Ennis union. 
 
 Klllamiy, par.. Ire., cos. Louth and Monaghan, bars. Ardee 
 and Farney, 10 m. WSW. Dundalk; 7120 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Klllaiinlly, par.. Ire., co. and 4 m. SE. Cork, bars. Cork 
 and Kerricurrihy. P. <25o. 
 
 Killauumniery, par.. Ire., NW. co. Leitrim, bar. Druma- 
 haire, 8 m. SE. Sligo ; 14,074 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Killara, co. , New South Wales, bounded on the E. by the 
 Darling, and crossed by 31° S. 
 
 Klllaragbt, par., co. Sligo, bar. Coolavin, 5 m. W. Boyle; 
 7154 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 HJllard, par., Ire., SW. ct. co. Clare, bar. Ibrickan, 6^ m. 
 NNW. Kilrush ; 17,022 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Klllard Point, cape. Ire., SW. ct. co. Clare, with coast- 
 guard station, lat. 52° 46' N. 
 
 Klllard Point, cape. Ire., E. co. Down, lat. 54° 19^' N. 
 
 Klllardry, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Clanwilliam, 3 m. 
 NW. Caher ; 5624 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Klllare, par., Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Rathconrath ; in- 
 cludes Ballymore. 11,288 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Klllarga, par.. Ire., NW. co. Leitrim, bar. Drumahaire, ii 
 m. ESE. Sligo, P.O. (HJllargne); 14,899 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Klllarney, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of 
 the C. P. R., 122 m. WSW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Klllarney, vil., Canada, Ontario, Algoma dist., on the NW. 
 of Georgian Bay, in 81° 28' W. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Klllarney, par. and civic, tn. , Ire. , E. co. Kerry, bar. Magu- 
 nihy, 16 m. SE. by S. Tralee, 12^ m. N. by E. Kenmare, on 
 the G. S. & W. R. Market-day, S. Pax. 34,789 ac. , P. 8300 ; 
 tn. P. 5500. 
 
 Klllarney, par., Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Gowran, 3 m. NW. 
 Thomastown. P. <25o. 
 
 Klllarney, Lakes of, three connected lakes in the SW. of 
 Ire., CO. Kerry, the lowest or most northern of which (Lower 
 Lake, or Lough Leane) approaches within i^ m. W. of the 
 above town. It is 3 J m. in length by 2 m. in breadth, and is 
 divided from the Middle Lake by a projecting peninsula. This 
 latter again receives the surplus waters of the Upper Lake by a 
 stream 3 m. long, known as the Long Range. On the W. , S. , 
 and SE. sides of these lakes rise the loftiest mountains (still the 
 resort of red deer), the wildest ravines, the finest woods, and 
 some of the boldest cascades in Ireland. These lakes are fed by 
 the riv. Flesk and many smaller streams, and discharge their 
 waters at the NW. extremity of the Lower Lake by the riv. 
 Laune. Total area, 6232 ac. 
 
 Klllarney, agricultural tp. , Queensland, Merivale co., 70 m. 
 .SW. by S. Brisbane. Alt. 1690 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klllary, par. , Ire. , co. Meath, bar. Lower Slane, 5 m. SE. 
 Nobber : 6205 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Klllary Bay, Little, bay, Ire., on the NW. ct. of co. Galway, 
 to the S. of the entrance to Killary Harbour. 
 
 Klllary Harbour, the lower part of the estuary of riv. Erriff. 
 
 KUlastaandra, par. and tn.. Ire., NW. co. Cavan, bar. 
 Tullyhunco, 6§ m. W. by N. Cavan, with a stn. (Klllesliandra) 
 on the M. G. W. R., PMT.O. (KlUesbandra). Market-day, 
 W. Par. 22,169 ac, P- 5900; tn. P. <750. 
 
 Klllasbee, par. , Ire. , E. co. Kildare, bars. North and South 
 Naas, 2 m. S. Naas ; 4143 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klllashee, par. and tn.. Ire., SW. co. Longford, bars. Long- 
 ford and Moydow, 4I m. SW. Longford, on the Royal Canal, 
 P.O. Par. 14,205 ac, P. <i5oo; tn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Klllasnet, par., Ire., NW. co. Leitrim, bar. Rosclogher, 
 Sl m. NE. Sligo ; 26,920 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Klllaspngbrone, par.. Ire., co. and 2 m. W. Sligo, bar. 
 Carbury, on Sligo Bay; 5623 ac. P. <i500. 
 
 KlUaspuglonane, par. , Ire. , co. Clare, bar. Corcomroe, 2 m. 
 NW. Ennistimon. P. <75o. 
 
 Klllaspugmnllane, par., Ire., co. and 6 m. NE. Cork, bar. 
 Barrymore. P. <:250. 
 
 KUlasser, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Gallen, 5 m. NE. Fox- 
 ford, P.O. ; 19,677 ac. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Klllatliy, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. and 3 m. W. Fermoy. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Klllayackan, electoral div.. Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. 
 Strokestown. 
 
 Klllavally, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Castlebar No. i. 
 
 Klllavlnoge, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Ikerrin, 4 m. N. 
 Templemore ; 8160 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klllawlllln, tn. , Ire., NE. co. Cork, bar. and 10 m. W. 
 Fermoy, on the r. bk. of the Blackwater, PM.O. (KlllaTnllen). 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Klllay, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., on the 
 L. & NW. R., 4 m. W. by S. Swansea, P.O. 
 
 KUlcummlu Head, cape. Ire. See Benivee Head. 
 
 Klllea, par.. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. N. Raphoe, on riv. Foyle, 
 4 m. SW. Londonderry, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Klllea, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Ikerrin, 3 m. NW. 
 Templemore; 4773 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Klllea, par. , Ire., SE. co. Waterford, bar. Gaultiere, 7 m. 
 SE. by S. Waterford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klllead, par., Ire., SW. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Massereene, 
 4 m. S. Antrim ; 23,202 ac. P. <;40oo. 
 
 Kllleagb, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Carrignavar No. 2. 
 
 Kllleagli, par. and tn.. Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 
 6 ra. W. by S. Youghal, on the G. S. & W. R., PMT.O. Par. 
 5854 ac, P. < 1 500; tn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kllleagli, par.. Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. Fore, 17 m. N. 
 by E. MulUngar ; 7017 ac P. < 1000. 
 
 Klllealy, tnld., Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Massereene, 
 3 m. from Crumlin, P.O. P <25o. 
 
 Klllean, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Wellington, 7 m. 
 from Gait. P. <:i500. 
 
 Klllean and Kllcheuzle, par., Scot, Argyllshire, in the 
 W. of Kintyre penin., Killean vil. 15 m. N. by W. Campbel- 
 town; 42,109 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllleany, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Burren, 3 m. N. 
 Kilfenora. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllleany, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Clare, near Lough 
 Corrib, 2 m. S. Headford ; 4560 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllleany, tn.. Ire., on Inishmore I., W. co. Galway, bar. 
 Aran, on K. Bay, 28 m. WSW. Galway. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klllearu, par. and viL, Scot., Stirlingshire, 9 m. ENE. of 
 the foot of Loch Lomond, with two stns. (New K. and Old K.) 
 on the N. B. R. Birthplace of George Buchanan (1506-1582). 
 PMT.O. Par. 15,370 ac, P. <;i5oo; vil. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klllearnan, par., Scot, Ross-shire, on the N. shore of 
 Beauly Firth, 6 m. WNW. Inverness, 3 m. E. by S. Muir of 
 Ord stn., P.O. ; 7269 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Kllleavy, P.O., Ire., co. Armagh. See Klllevy. 
 
 Kllledan, par.. Ire., SE. co. Mayo, bar. Gallen, lo^ m. 
 ESE. Castlebar; 14,515 ac. P. 5400. 
 
 Klllednioud, tnld. , Ire. , S. co. Carlow, bar. Idrone East, 
 14 m. NW. by W. Enniscorthy, 3^ m. E. Borris stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Killeedy, par.. Ire., SW. co. Limerick, bar. Glenquin, 18 m. 
 ESE. Listowel ; 25,456 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Kllleek, par.. Ire., co. Dublin, bar. Nethercross, 2 m. W. 
 Swords. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllleely, par. , Ire. , cos. Clare and Limerick, bars. Lower Bun- 
 ratty and North Liberties, on riv. Shannon ; 6578 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Kllleely, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. Dunkellin, 5 m. SE. 
 Oranmore ; 6233 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllleen, tnld. , Ire. , co. Armagh, bar. Upper Orior. P. <50o. 
 
 Kllleen, electoral div.. Ire., co. Galway, dist Tuam No. 2. 
 
 Kllleen, par., Ire., co. Meath, bar. Skreen, 2 m. NW. 
 Drumree stn. P. <50o. 
 
 Kllleen, tnld.. Ire., co. Tipperary, 7 m. from Nenagh, P.O. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllleenadeema, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. and 2 m. SW. 
 Loughrea ; 24,214 ac. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Kllleeuagarrlir, par. , Ire. , co. Limerick, bar. Clanwilliam, 
 3 m. SE. Castleconnell stn. ; 4455 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Kllleenan, tnld.. Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. Upper Dungannon, 
 8 m. W. Cookstown, 4 m. N. Pomeroy stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kllleenasteeua, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 
 3 m. SW. Cashel. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllleenavarra, par. , Ire., co. Galway, bar. Dunkellin, on 
 Kinvarra Bay, 7 m. NW. Gort ; 5174 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Kllleeneen, par., Ire., co. Galway, bar. Dunkellin, 3 m. 
 SW. Athenry ; 4967 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllleenemer, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Fermoy, 4 m. NW. 
 Kil worth. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllleenleagh, electoral div., Ire., SW. co. Cork, bar. W. 
 Carbery, W. div. , 7 m. SE. by E. Bantry. 
 
 Kllleenonghty, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bars. Coshma and 
 Pubblebrien, 2 m. NE. Croom. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllleentierna, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bars. Magunihy and 
 Trughanacmy, on riv. Flesk, 4 m. SW. Castleisland ; 10,231 ac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Killeeshll, par.. Ire., SE. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower Dun- 
 gannon, 7 m. W. by S. Dungannon, P.O. (Kllleesklll) ; 9840 
 ac. P. <;25oo. 
 
 Kllleeyan, par. and tn.. Ire., W. co. Monaghan, bar Dar- 
 
 803 
 
KILL — KILL 
 
 tree, 9 m. SW. by W. Monaghan. Par. 11,571 ac. , P. <;35oo; 
 tn. P. <2y>. 
 
 Killegar, P.O., Ire., co. Leitrim, 4 m. from Killashandra. 
 
 KUleglaud, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. and 2 m. E. Ratoath. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Klllegney, par., Ire., W. co. Wexford, bar. Bantry, 7 m. 
 WSW. Enniscorthy ; 6686 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Klllegray, isl. , Scot., Inverness-shire, Outer Hebrides group, 
 in the Sound of Harris. 
 
 KUlehenny, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Iraghticonnor, on 
 riv. Cashen, 8 m. NW. Listowel ; 4664 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Killelgb, tn., Ire., S. King's co. , bar. Geashill, 4^ m. SSE. 
 Tullamore, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Klllelagh, par.. Ire., E. co. Ixindonderry, bar. Loughin- 
 sholin, 17 m. N. by E. Cookstown; 13,298 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Klllelan, par., Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Kilkea and Moone, 3 
 m. NE. Castledermot ; 7376 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Klllellan, par. , Scot. See Houston. 
 
 KUleln, vil., E. Africa, 100 m. NNW. Harrar. Alt. 1540 ft 
 
 Klllemlagb, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Iveragh, 5 m. SW. 
 Cahersiveen ; 11,860 ac. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 KlUen, tnld. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, bar. W. Omagh, 14 m. WNW. 
 Omagh, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Klllen, P.O., Scot, Ross-shire, 3 m. from Avoch, 8 m. N. 
 Inverness. 
 
 Killenagli, par. and tn.. Ire., E. co. Wexford, bar. N. 
 Ballaghkeen, 13J m. NE. by E. Enniscorthy, 7 m. E. by S. 
 Camolinstn., P.O. (Killena). Par. P. <:5oo; tn. P. <:25o. 
 
 KUlenanle, par. and tn. , Ire. , E. co. Tipperary, bar. Slieve- 
 ardagh, 10 m. SE. by S. Thurles, 2 m. E. Ballinure stn., with 
 coal-mining, PMT.O. Par. 77113.0., P. < 1500; tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Klllenges, tn. , Portuguese W. Africa, 112 m. SE. by S. 
 Benguella, in 14° i' S. , 14° 5' E. 
 
 KUlenny, par. , Ire. , co. Queen's, bar. and 3 m. N W. Strad- 
 bally. P. <25o. 
 
 Killerby, par., Eng. , Durham, SE. div., 6 J m. S. by W. 
 Bishop Auckland, 2 J m. NE. Gainford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 KlUerby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, on riv. Swale, 2 
 m. SE. Catterick. P. <;25o. 
 
 Klllererin, par. , Ire. , NE. co. Galway, bars. Ballymoe, Clare, 
 Dunmore, and Tiaquin, 6J m. ESE. Tuam ; 14,535 ^^- ^• 
 
 <2500. 
 
 Killermogh, par.. Ire., co. Queen's, bar. Clarmallagh, 4 m. 
 SW\ Abbeyleix. P. < 500. 
 
 Kllleroraii, par.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Killian, 22 ra. 
 E. Tuam ; 12,595 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Klllenig) par., Ire., co., bar., and 5 m. NE. Carlow, on 
 riv. Slaney; 5328 ac. P. <;50o. 
 
 KUlerry, par., Ire., co. Sligo, bar. Tirerrill; 8251 ac. P. 
 <:i5oo. 
 
 Klllerton Islands, Brit. New Guinea, in about 150° 40' E. , 
 just S. of 10° 20' S. 
 
 Rlllery Bay. See Klllary Harbonr. 
 
 Killcslinndra, tn. , Ire. , co. Cavan. See Klllasbandra. 
 
 Killesber, par.. Ire., SW. co. Fermanagh, bar. Clanawley, 
 8 m. SSW. Ennisldllen ; 24,290 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Klllesbln, par., Ire., SE. Queen's co., bar. Slievemargy, 3 
 m. W, by N. Carlow ; 10,906 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 KlUesk, par. , Ire. , co. Wexford, bar. Shelburne, 3 ra. NE. 
 Arthurstown. P. < 500. 
 
 Killester, par. , Ire. , co. and 2 m. NE. Dublin, bar. Coolock. 
 P.-C750. 
 
 Kllleter, tnld. , Ire., W. co. Tyrone, bar. W. Omagh, 15^ 
 m. WNW. Omagh, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 KllIeTy, par. , Ire. , SE. co. Armagh, bars. Upper and Lower 
 Orior, 4^ m. SSW. Newry, P.O. (KUleary); 28,161 ac P. 
 13,100. 
 
 Kllllallatban, par. , Ire. See Rlllagbolebane. 
 
 Kllllan, mt. range. Eastern Turkistan. See Klllan. 
 
 Killian, par.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. K., 18 m. E. 
 Tuam ; 13,565 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Killlane, ct. par. , Ire. , co. and 3 m. S. Wexford, bar. Forth. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 KllllAnwilla, battlefield, Punjab. See CbUMn-vr&la. 
 
 KilUecrankie, stn. , Scot., W. Perthshire, 3 m. SE. by E. 
 Blair Athole, on the H. R. , at the N. end of the Pass of K., on 
 the riv. Garry, PT.O. Here, on the 27th of July 1689, Graham 
 of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee, was killed in a battle in which 
 his troops totally routed those of General Mackay, commander 
 of the forces of William III. 
 
 Killlgray, isl., Scot, Inverness-shire, Outer Hebrides, in 
 Sound of Harris. P. 8. 
 
 Kllllli, or Klllk, pass, at the head of the Kanjut (Hunza- 
 Nagar) , valley leading to the Tagdambash Pamir. Alt 1 5 ,000 ft. 
 
 KUllla, par. , Ire. , co. and 9 m. N. Wexford, bar. S. Ballagh- 
 keen. P. <:5oo. 
 
 KillUagb, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Corcomroe, on S. 
 Sound, 6 m. NW. Ennistimon ; 12,357 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Killlmer, par.. Ire., SW. co. Clare, bar. Clonderalaw, 3 m. 
 ESE. Kilrush, P.O. ; 6303 ac. P. < 1500. 
 804 
 
 KilUmor, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Galway, bar. Longford, 12 m. 
 E. by S. Loughrea, PM.O. P. <500. 
 
 Killlmor, electoral div.. Ire., Galway, dist. Eyrecourt. 
 
 KmimoTbologne, par., Ire., co. Galway, bar. Longfford; 
 contains the town of Killimor ; 9220 ac. P. <: 1500. 
 
 KUllmordaly, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bars. Athenry, Kii- 
 connell, and Tiaquin, 7 m. E. Athenry ; 10,212 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Killlu, par. and vil., Scot, W. Perthshire, at the head of 
 Loch Tay, at the mouth of the Dochart, on the C. R. , PMT.O. 
 Par. 96,926 ac, P. <25oo; vil. P. <:75o. 
 
 Klllln Junction, stn., Scot., W. Perthshire, on the C. R. , 
 3J m. SW. of the head of Loch Tay. 
 
 Klllin, Iiocb, small lake, Scot. , Inverness-shire, about 7 m. 
 E. of the upper end of Loch Ness. It receives the Killin R. , 
 and is drained NW. by the riv. Fechlin into the riv. Foyers. 
 
 Kllllnaboy, par.. Ire., NW. co. Clare, bar. Inchiquin, 10 m. 
 N. by W. Ennis ; 17,967 ac P. <:20oo. 
 
 BUllnagb, par., Ire., NW. co. Cavan, bar. TuUyhaw, 13 m. 
 WSW. Enniskillen ; 23,934 ^^ P- <45oo- 
 
 Killlnan, par.. Ire., S. co. Galway, bars. Dunkellin and 
 Loughrea, 6 m. SW. by W. Loughrea ; 5761 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Killlnane, par. , Ire. , co. Carlow, bars. E. and W, Idrone, 
 on riv. Barrow, near Bagenalstov\Ti. P. <500. 
 
 Killlnane, par.. Ire., co. Keny, bar. Iveragh, on Dingle 
 Bay, 5 m. NE. Cahersiveen ; 26,868 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Kllllnardrlsb, tnld.. Ire., W. co. Cork, bar. Muskerry E. , 
 on the r. bk. of the Lee, 5 m. E. Macroom, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllllncarrlg, tnld., Ire., NE. co. Wicklow, bar. Rathdown, 
 5 m. S. by E. Bray, h m. from Delgany stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllllncby, par.. Ire., E. co. Down, bars. Lower and Upper 
 Castlereagh and Dufferin, 8 m. S. Newtown Ards, PM.O. ; 13,870 
 ac. P. <4ooc. 
 
 Kllllncoole, par. ,Ire.,co.,bar.,and2m. SE. Louth. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kllllncooly, par.. Ire., E. co. Wexford, bar. N. Ballagh- 
 keen, 9 m. E. by N. Enniscorthy ; 4431 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Kllllness Point, headland,' Scot., Wigtovmshire, 3J m. 
 NNW. Mull of Galloway. 
 
 Kllllney, par. and civic tn., Ire., SE. co. Dublin, bar. Rath- 
 dowTi, 2 m. SE. Kingstown, on K. Bay, with stn. (K. and Bally- 
 brack) on the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Rly. K. Hill (alt. 
 474 ft) extends along the shore towards Bray, and commands 
 a beautiful view of Dublin and K. Bays. On the landward 
 slopes of the hill are numerous villas. PMT. O. Par. P. < 2000 ; 
 tn. (K. wltb Ballybrack) P. < 3000. 
 
 KilUney, par., Ire., NW. co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 14 m. 
 W. by S. Tralee ; 14,654 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Kllltngball, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., 
 2 m. NW. by N. Harrogate, i m. S. Ripley Valley stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Kllllngbolme, Mortb and Soutb, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Lincolnshire, N. Lindseydiv., North K. 10 m. NW. by W. 
 Grimsbv, zh m. ESE. Thornton Abbey stn. North K. P. <25o; 
 South k.,"P.O., P. <7So; eccles. par. (K. wltb Habrougb) 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllllngly, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Windham co., 36 m. 
 NNE. New London. P. 7000. 
 
 Kllllngton, par., Eng., Westmorland, 7 m. N. Kirkby 
 Lonsdale ; 4938 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllllngton Peak, mt, U.S., Vermont, Rutland co., 7J m. 
 E. Rutland, is the third in height of the Vermont Mts. Alt. 4221 
 ft (Guyot). 
 
 KUllng-n-ortb, eccles. par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Tyneside 
 div., 4i m. NE. Newcastle, on the NE. R., P.O. P. 5600. 
 
 Kllllnlck, par. and tn. , Ire., SE. co. Wexford, bar. Forth, 
 5 m. S. Wexford, on the SW. of Wexford Harbour, P.O. Par. 
 P. <:5oo ; tn. P. <:250. 
 
 KllUnkere, par.. Ire., SE. co. Cavan, bars. Castlerahan and 
 Upper Loughtee, 14J m. SE. by S. Cavan, P.O. ; 15.959 ac 
 P. -c 4000. 
 
 Kllllnny, par.. Ire., S. co. Galway, bar. Kiltartan, 15J m. 
 SW. by W. Loughrea; 6117 ac P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kllllnttaomag, electoral div., Ire., Kildare, dist. Rathangan. 
 
 Klillnure, electoral div.. Ire., co. Westmeath, dist. Glassan. 
 
 Kllllnnre, electoral div.. Ire., co. Wicklow, dist Coolkenna 
 and Hacketstown. 
 
 KlIllnToy, par.. Ire., co. and 6 m. SE. Roscommon, bar. N. 
 Athlone ; ^643 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Klllls, kills, or Kllllz, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet, sanjak, 
 and 34 m. N. by W. Aleppo; European mission station. P. 
 20,000; Moham. 15,000; the remainder chiefly Syrian, Armenia ii, 
 and Catholic Christians. 
 
 Kllllsk, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. S. Ballaghkeen, 6 m. 
 SE. Enniscorthy ; 4038 ac. P. <750- 
 
 Kllllskey, par. , Ire. , E. co. Wicklow, bar. Newcastle, 4J m. 
 NW. by N. Wicklow; 9241 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Kllllsnoo, settlement on Kenasnow (Kanasnow), or Kenasaw 
 I. , W. side of Admiralty I. , Alaska, in 57° 22' N. , 134^° W. , with 
 important herring fisheries ; fishing season September to May. 
 
 KUUsport, Iiocb, inlet, Scot., Argyllshire, on the W. ct, in 
 Knapdale, opening into the Sound of Jura. 
 
i 
 
 K I L L — K I L M 
 
 Kllloclian, stn. , Scot., S. Ayrshire, 3 m. NE. by E. Girvan, 
 on the G. & SW. R. 
 
 Klllodlernau, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Lower Ormond, 
 on riv. Shannon, 6 m. N. Nenagh. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllloe, par., Ire., NW. co. Longford, bars. Granard and 
 Longford, 4J m. NE. by E. Longford, P.O. ; 41,222 ac. P. 
 11,100. 
 
 Killofiu, par., Ire., S. co. Clare, bar. Clonderalaw, . 19J m. 
 SW. by S. Ennis ; 6693 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 KillogUIeeu, par., Ire., co. Galway, bars. Dunkellin and 
 Loughrea, 4 m. W. Loughrea ; 3605 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Killokeuuedy, par. , Ire. , co. Clare, bar. Lower Tulla, 2 m. 
 E. Broadford; 11,656 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Killonaglian, ct. par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Burren, 9 m. N. 
 Ennistimon ; 7351 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Klilouahau, par., Ire., co. and 5 m. SW. Limerick, bars. 
 Coshma and Pubblebrien ; contains part of Patrickswell. P. < 
 500. 
 
 Klllonau, tnld., Ire., N. co. Limerick, bar. Clanwilliam, 4^ 
 m. SE. by S. Limerick, at the junction of the Waterford & 
 Limerick and Great Southern & Western Rlys. P. <2S0. 
 
 Killoue, par., Ire., co. Clare, bar. Islands, on K. Lough; 
 5719 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Klllon Longb, small lake. Ire., co. Clare, 2^ m. S. by W. 
 Ennis, near K. Abbey. 
 
 KlUooly, electoral div.. Ire., co. King's, Tullamore union. 
 
 Killoqutn, Loiver and Upper, two electoral divs. , Ire., 
 Antrim, dist. Dirraw. 
 
 Klllora, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. Dunkellin ; 5372 ac. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Killoran, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bars. Clonmacnowen, 
 Leitrim, and Longford, 5 m. SW. Aughrim ; 5394 ac. P. 
 <iooo. 
 
 Killoran, par.. Ire., NE. co. Sligo, bar. Leyny, 9J m. SW. 
 Sligo ; 13,995 ac. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Klllorglin, par. and tn.. Ire., co. Kerry, bars. N. Dun- 
 kerron, Iveragh, Magunihy, and Trughanacmy, on riv. Laune, 
 12 m. WNW. Killarney, on the G. S. & W. R. ; salmon 
 fishing is carried on. PMT.O. Market-day, Th. Par. 30,946 
 ac, P. 7900; tn. (wholly in bar. Trughanacmy) P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Killoscobe, par.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Tiaquin, 12^ 
 m. SE. by E. Tuam ; 8208 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 KilloscuUy, par.. Ire., W. co. Tipperary, bar. Owney and 
 Arra, 5^ m. ESE. Killaloe, P.O. ; 14,439 ^c. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Killoskelian, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Ikerrin, 4 m. 
 SW. Templemore. P. <;25o. 
 
 KUlosolaii, par.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bars. Kilconnell 
 and Tiaquin, 18 m. E. by S. Tuam ; 11,483 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Klllossery, par., Ire., co. Dublin, bar. Nethercross, 3 m. 
 NW. Swords. P. <25o. 
 
 KUloteraii, par.. Ire., NE. co. Waterford, bar. Middlethird, 
 3 m. WSW. Waterford. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Killongh, seapt. tn.. Ire., SE. ct. co. Down, bar. Upper 
 Lecale, 6 m. SSE. Downpatrick, on K. Bay, and Belfast & Co. 
 Down Rly., PMT.O. P. <:7So. 
 
 KUlonghmni, electoral div.. Ire., W. co. Wexford, bar. 
 Scarawalsh, 4 m. WNW. Enniscorthy. 
 
 Klllongliter, tnld., Ire., E. co. Wicklow, bar. Newcastle, 
 32 m. N. by W. Wicklow. P. <25o. 
 
 Kfllongby, par.. Ire., S. King's co., bar. Ballyboy, 7I m. 
 SSW. Tullamore; 18,132 ac. P. -c 2000. 
 
 Killoweit, par.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Kinalmeaky, 5 m. 
 W. Bandon. P. <25o. 
 
 Klllowen, par. , Ire. , co. Londonderry, bar. and containing 
 part of town of Coleraine, on riv. Bann. P. <:2000. 
 
 Killoweu, vil.. Ire., SW. co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Upper Half (2), 9 m. SE. Newry, on NE. side of Carlingford 
 Lough, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Killower, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. Clare, 3 m. W. Tuam. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Kill St. Lawrence, par. , Ire. , co. and 2 m. SE. Waterford, 
 bar. Gaultiere. P. <25o. 
 
 Kill St. Xlcholas, par.. Ire., E. co. Waterford, bar. Gaul- 
 tiere, 5 m. ESE. Waterford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Killnn, par.. Ire., E. co. Westmeath, bar. Delvin ; 5259 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Killncau, par. and tn.. Ire., SE. co. Westmeath, bars. 
 Delvin and Farbill, 8 m. E. Mullingar, on the M. G. W. R. 
 Par. 35,583 ac, P. <:5ooo; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Killnliiu, par.. Ire., NE. co. Roscommon, bar. Boyle, i| 
 m. SW. Carrick-on-Shannon ; 4752 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Killnliln, par.. Ire., co. and bar. Roscommon, 4 m. SW. 
 Strokestown ; 5957 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Killnlagli, par. , Ire. , E. co. Westmeath, bar. and 2 m. SW. 
 Delvin, on riv. Deel; 8144 ac. P- <7SO' 
 
 Klllnmniod, par. , Ire. , co. Roscommon, bar. Boyle, on riv. 
 Shannon, 3 m. S. Carrick-on-Shannon; 5067 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Killuniney, tnld.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Muskerry E., 8 m. 
 W. by S. Cork, with stn. (Kilnmney) on the Cork and Macroom 
 Rly. P. <25o. 
 
 Killnran, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Lower Tulla, 2 m. NW. 
 Broadford; 6810 ac. P. < 1500. : 
 
 Killnre, electoral div.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Kil- 
 connell, 4^ m. N. Aughrim. 
 
 Killnre, par. , Ire. , co. and 3 m. SE. Waterford, bar. Gaul- 
 tiere. P. <25o. 
 
 Klllnrin, tnld., Ire., co. King's, bar. Geashill, 5 m. SW. 
 Tullamore, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Klllnrin, par.. Ire., E. co. Wexford, bar. W. Shelmaliere, 
 6 m. NW. Wexford, on the r. bk. of the Slaney, on the Dublin, 
 Wicklow, and Wexford Rly., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klllmrsa, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. Clare, on Lough Corrib ; 
 6371 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Klllury, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Clanmaurice, on riv. 
 Shannon, 6 m. N. Ardfert ; 11,090 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Kill von Kull, channel, on N. of Staten I., New York. 
 
 Killybel»ill, par. , Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div. , 4^ m. 
 N. by W. Neath, i m. NE. Pontardawe stn. P. <25oo. 
 ' Klllybegs, small seapt. tn. , Ire. , co. and 13 m. W. Donegal, 
 in the par. of Upper K. , at the head of a beautiful harbour 
 formed by Fintragh Bay and the base of a wide mountainous 
 tract. Connected in 1893 by a light railway with Stranorlar 
 and Donegal The harbour has two lighthouses, visible respec- 
 tively 12 and 14 m. PMT.O. P. <75o. See Donegal, CO. 
 
 Klllybegs, par.. Ire., N. co. Kildare, bar. Clane. P. <75o 
 
 Klllybegs, Lower and Tpper, two adjoining pars. , Ire. , SW. 
 CO. Donegal, bar. Banagh. K. Lower (partly in bar. Boylagh), 
 15,394 ac, P-<25oo; K. Upper, 15,586 ac, P. < 3000. 
 
 Klllyclogber, electoral div.. Ire., co. Tyrone, dist. Omagh 
 No. I. 
 
 Klllyclng, tnld.. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 3 m. 
 from Letterkenny, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Killycolpy, tnld., Ire., NE. co. Tyrone, bar. Upper Dun- 
 gannon, 7^ m. SE. by E. Cookstovra, i m. from Lough Neagh, 
 
 P.O. P.<2SO. 
 
 Killydonnell, tnld. , Ire. , E. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 II m. W^ Londonderry, on the W. side of Lough Swilly. P. <25o. 
 
 Klllyfaddy, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, dist. Clogher. 
 
 Killygar, electoral div. , Ire., co. Leitrim, dist. Newtowngore. 
 
 Klllygarran, par.. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan; 
 9135 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 KUIyglen, Grange of, par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Upper 
 Glenarm, 2 m. NW. Larne. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Klllygordon, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Donegal, bar. S. Raphoe, 
 
 8 m. WSW. Lifford, G. N. (Ire. ) & Donegal Rly. , P. O. P. < 250. 
 
 Klllykeen, electoral div. , Ire. , co. and dist. Cavan. 
 Klllykergan, tnld., Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. Coleraine, 
 
 2 m. from Garvagh, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Klllylea, tnld.. Ire., W. co. Armagh, bar. and 5 m. W. 
 Armagh, on the G. N. (Ire.) R., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 KUlyleagb, par. and seapt. tn.. Ire., E. co. Down, bars. 
 Upper Castlereagh and Dufferin, 5^ m. NNE. Downpatrick, on 
 Strangford Lough, PMT.O. (Klllyleigb). Par. 11,732 ac, P. 
 <5ooo; tn. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Klllylongb,'electoral div. , Ire. , co.Monaghan,dist. Scotstown. 
 
 Killyniaenllwyd. See Cllymaenll-wyd. 
 
 Klllyniau, par., Ire., cos. Armagh and Tyrone, bars. W. 
 Oneilland and Middle Dungannon, 3 m. ESE. Dungannon, 
 P.O.; 10,560 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Klllymard, par.. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Banagh, on riv. 
 Esk; 27,758 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Klllymasny, electoral div.. Ire., Donegal, dist. Church-HilL 
 
 Killynenagb, electoral div. , Ire., co. Monaghan, dist. Drum. 
 
 Klllyon, electoral div. , Ire. , W. King's co. , bar. Eglish, 4^ 
 m. E. Parsonstown. 
 
 Klllyon, par. , Ire., SW. co. Meath, bor. Upper Moyfenrath, 
 
 9 m. SW. Trim; 4317 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klllywban, stn., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, on the G. & 
 SW. R., 6^ m. SW. Dumfries. 
 
 Kllmacabea, par., Ire., co. Cork, bars. East Carbery, 
 W. div. , and West Carbery, E. div. , on Glendore Harbour, 4 
 m. NW. Rosscarbery; 13,756 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kllmacablll, par.. Ire., NE. co Kilkenny, bar. Gowran, 8^ 
 m. E. Kilkenjiy ; 4583 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllntacallau, par. , Ire. , co. Sligo, bar. Tirerrill, near Lough 
 Allen, 6 m. SE. Colooney ; 9691 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Kllmacanoge, par. , Ire. , NE. co. Wicklow, bar. Rathdown, 
 
 3 m. SSW. Bray, P.O. (Kllmacauogne) ; 540330. P. < 1500. 
 Kllmacar, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Fassadinin, 2 m. 
 
 SW'. Castlecomer ; 4816 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kilmacdonogb, ct. par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 5 
 m. SW. Youghal ; 6243 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kilmacduagb, par. , Ire. , S. co. Galway, bar. Kiltartan, 16 
 m. SSE. Galway ; 8804 ^■c. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllmacdnane, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bars. Ibrickan and 
 Moyarta, 5 m. N. Kilrush ; 16,868 ac. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Kllmaclasser, par. , Ire. , co. Mayo, bar. Burrishoole, 3 m. 
 NE. Westport ; 6866 ac P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kllmacleagne, par. , Ire. , co. and 5 m. SE. Waterford, bar. 
 Gaultiere. P. <;5oo. 
 
 805 
 
KI LM — KI LM 
 
 Kllmaclenlne, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Orrery and Kilmore, 
 5 m. NW. Mallow. P. <250. 
 
 KllmacneTan, par., Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Moygoish, 
 on Royal Canal and riv. Inny, 9 m. NW. Mullingar ; 5017 ac. 
 P. <: 1000. 
 
 Kllmacolm, par., Scot. See Kilmalcolm. 
 
 Rllmacomma, tnld., Ire., NW. co. Waterford, bar. Glena- 
 hiry, 2 m. SSW. Clonmel. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllmaeomb, par. , Ire. , co. and 6 m. SW. Waterford, bar. 
 Gaultiere. P. <soo. 
 
 KUmacoo, tnld. , Ire. , co. Wicklow, bar. Arklow, with ochre- 
 mine. P. <250. 
 
 Kllmaco>v, par. and tn. , Ire. , S. co. Kilkenny, bar. Iverk, 
 4i m. NN W. Waterford, on the Waterford and Central Ireland 
 and Kilkenny June. Rly., P.O. Par. 4445 ac, P. < 1500; tn. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Kllmacoiren, par., Ire., co. and 2 m. SW. Sligo, bar. Car- 
 bury, on Ballysadare Harbour. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kllmacredock, par. , Ire. , co. Kildare, bar. North Salt, 2 
 m. N. Celbridge. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllmacree, par., Ire., co. and 5 m. S. Wexford, bar. Forth. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Kllmacrehy, ct. par. , Ire. , co. Clare, bar. Corcomroe, 4 m. 
 NW. Ennistimon ; 7403 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kllmacreiian, par. and tn.. Ire., N. co. Donegal, bar. K., 
 18 m. W. by N. Londonderry, PM.O. (Kllmacrenan). Par. 
 35,580 ac, P. 5200; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllmacrenan, bar. , Ire. , in the N. of co. Donegal. 
 
 KllmacsbalKan, par., Ire., co. SUgo, bar. Tireragh, 5 m. 
 SE. Easky ; 25,955 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 KJlmacshane, electoral div. , Ire. ,Galway, dist. Laurencetown. 
 
 Kilmacsimon, tnld., Ire., co. Cork, bar. East Carbery, E. 
 div. , 4 m. from Innishannon, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllmactalivay, par.. Ire., co. and 7 m. SW. Dublin, bar. 
 Newcastle. P. < 500. 
 
 Kllmacthomas, tn., Ire., S. co. Waterford, bar. Decies 
 without Drum, 10 m. S. Carrick-on-Suir, on the Waterford, 
 Dunganan, and Lismore Rly., PMT.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Kllmactelge, par. , Ire. , SW. co. Sligo, bar. Leyny, loj m. 
 SE. by E. Ballina ; 32,383 ac. P. 5300. 
 
 KUmactranny, par.. Ire., co. SUgo, bar. Tirerrill, 3 m. NE. 
 Ballinafad ; 12,374 ac. P. <;25oo. 
 
 Kllmacnd, par. , Ire. , co. and 4 m. SE. Dublin, bar. Rath- 
 down. P. <250. 
 
 Kllmaciimsy, par.. Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. Frenchpark, 
 3 m. NW. Elphin ; 5454 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 KUmademoge, par., Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Fassadinin, 4 
 m. SE. Ballyragget stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllmadoek, par., Scot., Perthshire, on riv. Teith ; 24,521 
 ac. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Kllmadnm, par. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny, bars. Fassadinin and 
 GowTan, 5 m. S. Castlecomer. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllmagauny, par. and tn.. Ire., SW. co. Kilkenny, bar. 
 Kells, 13^ m. S. by W. Kilkenny, PM.O. (Kllmoganny). Par. 
 7455 ac, P. <iooo; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllmahon, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 4 m. SE. 
 Cloyne. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllmaliaddrlck, par.. Ire., co. and 6 m. W. Dublin, bar. 
 Newcastle. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllmahnmalg, place, with meteorological stn., Canada, 
 Prince Edward I., NW. of Charlottetown. Mean temp., yr. 
 39.6° F., Jan. 14.4°, July 63.8°. 
 
 Kllmalllng, part of Old Cathcart (g.v.), Scot 
 
 Kllmalne, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Mayo, bar. K., 22 m. SE. 
 Westport, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 KUmalne, bar. , Ire. , in the extreme S. of co. Mayo. 
 
 KUmalne1>eg, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Kilmaine, 5 m. SE. 
 Ballinrobe. P. ■<75o. 
 
 Kllmalnemore, par. , Ire. , co. Mayo, bar. Kilmaine, 3 m. 
 SE. Ballinrobe ; 13,792 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kllmalnltam, par.. Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. Lower Kells, 
 14 m. NNW^ Navan, with a stn. (Kilmalnham Wood) on the 
 M. G. W. R., P.O. (KUmalnbamit-ood). P. <75o. 
 
 KUmalnliam, Xew, tn.. Ire., co. Dublin, bar. Uppercross, 
 on W. side of Dublin city; contains the Royal Hospital for 
 ancient and maimed soldiers, and the county gaol. P. 6500. 
 
 Kllmakevoge, par.. Ire., SE. co. Kilkenny, bar. Ida, 5 m. 
 SW. New Ross. P. <7So. 
 
 Kllmakilloge, par. , Ire. , co. Wexford, bars. N. Ballaghkeen 
 and Gorey ; 5315 ac. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Kllmakilloge Harbour, inlet. Ire., S. co. Kerry, opening 
 into Kenmare R. on the S. 
 
 Kilmalcolm, or Kllmacolm (kil-ma-kom'), par. and vil., 
 Scot., W. Renfrewshire, 8^ m. WNW. Paisley, on the G. & 
 SW. R. ; has a hydropathic establishment. PMT.O. Par. 
 19,665 ac, P. <400o; vil. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kllmaleery, par. , Ire. , co. Clare, bar. Lower Bunratty, on 
 riv. Fergus, 2 m. SW. Newmarket. P. <500. 
 
 KUmaley, par.. Ire., SW. co. Clare, bar. Moyarta, 5 m. 
 WSW. Ennis. PM.O.; 23,937 ac P.<:30oo. 
 800 
 
 Kllmallnoge, or Kllnabronoge, par., Ire., co. Galway, 
 bar. Longford, on riv. Shannon, 2 m. NE. Portumna. P. <:5oo. 
 Kllmalkedar, par.. Ire., W. co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 
 27 m. W. by S. Tralee ; 5900 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 KllmalUe, par., Scot., Argyllshire and Inverness-shire, con- 
 tains Fort William ; 273,816 ac. P. <:450o. 
 
 KUmallock, market-tn. , Ire. , S. co. Limerick, bar. K. , 18 m. S. 
 Limerick, with stn. on G. S. & W. R. Market-day, F. P. < 1500. 
 KllmaUock, par., Ire., co. Wexford, bar. S. Ballaghkeen, 
 6 m. SE. Enniscorthy; 4094 ac. P. <;75o. 
 
 KUmnloda, par. ," Ire. , S. co. Cork, bar. East Carbery, E. 
 div., 6J m. SW. Bandon ; 7347 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 KUmanagb, par. and tn.. Ire., NW. co. Kilkenny, bar. 
 Crannagh, 7^ m. WSW. Kilkenny, PM.O. Par. 5621 ac, P. 
 <:75o ; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllmanagban, par., Ire., cos. King's and Westmeath, bars. 
 Kiicoursey and Clonlonan ; 8194 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kllmanaban, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Waterford, bar. Glenahiry, 
 4I m. SW. Clonmel, P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Kllmanabeen, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Corcomroe, on 
 Liscanor Bay ; 8177 ac. P. <350o. 
 
 Kllmanman, par.. Ire., co. Queen's, bar. Tinnahinch; 
 16,847 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kllmannan, par.. Ire., co. and 6 m. S. Wexford, bar. 
 Bargy ; 4251 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Klimauy, par. , Scot. , E. Fife, 4J m. N. by E. Cupar, 2 m. 
 S\\'. St. Forts stn., P.O. ; 5343 ac. P. <:7So. 
 
 Kilmarnock, pari, burgh, par., and manufacturing tn., 
 Scot., N. Ayrshire, 10 m. NE. by N. Ayr, on the G. & SW. R. 
 Round the town are extensive coalfields and works with blast- 
 furnaces ; staple trade now is in connection vnth iron-foundries 
 and machine-making establishments (including manufactures of 
 engines, gas meters, agricultural implements, and hydraulic 
 appliances), and works in connection with the G. & SW. R. 
 Carpet manufacture, introduced in 1777, is still carried on, the 
 carpets made being principally ' Scotch ' (or so-called ' Kidder- 
 minster'). Other manufactures include yarn and bonnet- 
 making, weaving of miscellaneous tweeds, woollen and mixed 
 fabrics, and boot and shoe making. There is a mixed secondary 
 and elementary school under the school board. In Kay Park is 
 a handsome Bums' monument and museum. Market-days, Tu. 
 and F. Mean rfall. (North Craig, alt. 310 ft., 1866-80), 40.7 in. 
 Par. 9444 ac, P. (1871)24,100; (1891) 28,000; tn., K. portion 
 P. 26,100; pari, burgh (including Rlccarton) P. (1891) 28,400. 
 Kilmarnock, Higb, eccles. par., Scot., AjTshire, Kilmar- 
 nock par. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Kllmaron'ock, par., Scot., co. and 8 m. NNE. Dumbarton, 
 and 2 m. WNW. Drymen stn.; 10,325 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Kllmartln, par. , Scot. , Argyllshire, 8 m. N. by W. Ardris- 
 haig, PMT.O.; 25,102 ac. P. <;75o. 
 
 Kllmastnlla, par. , Ire. , W. co. Tipperary, bar. Owney and 
 Arra, 2J m. SE. Killaloe ; 4805 ac. P. 750. 
 
 Kllmanrs, par. and vil., Scot., N. Ayrshire, 2 m. NW. by 
 N. Kilmarnock, on the G. & SW. R. Shoe and bonnet factories 
 in the town ; in the neighbourhood are coal and iron mines ; at 
 one time noted for its cutlery. PMT.O. Par. 5900 ac, P. <: 
 4500 ; vil. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kllmead, tnld.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Narragh and East 
 Reban, 5 m. NE. Athy, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllmeadan, par.. Ire., NE. co. Waterford, bars. Middle- 
 third and Upperthird, 6 m. W. Waterford, on the Waterford, 
 Dungarvan, and Lismore Rly., P.O. (Kllmeaden); 9243 ac 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kllmeage, par. and tn.. Ire., NW. co. Kildare, bars. 
 Connell and E. Offaly, 8 m. WNW. Naas, ij m. from a 
 branch of the Grand Canal, P.O. (Kllmeagne). Par. 10,881 
 ac, P. < 2500; tn. P. <250. 
 
 Kllmeane, par.. Ire., co. and 3 m. SE. Roscommon, bar. 
 N. Athlone, on Lough Ree ; 8002 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Rilmeany, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Listowel. 
 Kilmeedy, par. and tn., Ire., S. co. Limerick, bar. Upper 
 Connello, 21 m. SW. by S. Limerick, PM.O. Par. 9036 ac, 
 P. <;2ooo ; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllmeen, par. , Ire. , N W. co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, on riv. 
 Blackwater, 2 m. W. Kanturk ; 36,710 ac. P. 6000. 
 
 Kllmeen, par. , Ire., SW. co. Cork, bars. E. Carbery, W. div., 
 and Ibane and Barryroe, 20 m. E. Bantry ; 8667 ac. P. <20oo. 
 KUmeen, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bars. Leitrim and Lough- 
 rea, 3 m. E. Loughrea. P. <5oo. 
 
 KUmeena, par., Ire., W. co. Mayo, bar. Burrishoole, 2J m. 
 NW. Westport, P.O. (Kllmena) ; 10,762 ac. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Kllmegan, par., Ire., co. Down, bars. Upper Iveagh, Lower 
 Half, Kinelarty, and Upper Lecale, on Dundrum Bay ; 13,988 
 ac. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kllmelford and KllnlnTer, par., Scot., Argyllshire, Kil- 
 melford vil., at the head of Loch Melford, 10^ m. S. Oban, with 
 slate quarries, PMT.O. (Kilmelford) ; 31,254 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 Kilmena, P. O. , Ire. , co. Mayo. See Kilmeena. 
 Kllmenan, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Fassadinin, 3 m. 
 N. Ballyragget. P. <250. 
 
K I L M — K I LN 
 
 Kllmeny, part of par., Scot., Argyllshire, Islay, 6 m. NE. 
 Bowmore. See Kllarro'w. 
 
 Kllmersdon, par., Eng. , Somerset, div. and 6 ra. NW. by 
 W. Frome, ij m. S. Radstock stn. , P.O. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Kllmessan, par. and tn. , Ire., S. co. Meath, bar. Lower 
 Deece, sj m. E. Trim, on the M. G. W, R., P.O. Market- 
 day, W. Par. P. <:5oo; tn. P. <;25p. 
 
 Kllmeston, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 7J m. 
 ESE. Winchester, 4 m. S. Alresford stn. P. <:2So ; eccles. par. 
 (K. yvlth Beanwortta) P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllmlchael, par., Ire., W. co. Cork, bar. Carbery, E. and 
 W. div., and Muskerry W., 4^ m. SSW. Macroom, P.O. ; 
 20,868 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Kllmlchael Glassary, par., Scot., Argyllshire, P.O. See 
 Cilassary. 
 
 Kllmlchael Point, cape, Ire. , the NE. point of co. Wexford. 
 
 Kllmlhll, par. and tn. , Ire. , SW. co. Clare, bar. Clondera- 
 law, 9 m. NE. Kilrush, PM.O. (KllmlhUl). Par. 18,773 ac, 
 P. <35oo ; tn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllmlngton, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Honiton div. , on the r. 
 bk. of the Axe, i m. W. by S. Axminster {g.v.), P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Kllmlngton, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 7 m. S. Frome, 
 si m. SSE. Witham stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllmocomoge, par., Ire., co. Cork, bars. Bantry, E. Car- 
 bery, W. div., and W. Carbery, E. div. ; 64,586 ac. P. 9400. 
 
 Kllmodan, par. , Scot. , Argyllshire, 9 m. E. Ardrishaig ; 
 25,408 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllmoe, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. W. Carbery, W. div., be- 
 tween Crookhaven and Dunmanus Bay, 8 m. SW. Skull ; 13,974 
 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Kllmoganny, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny. See KUmaganny. 
 
 Rllmokea, par., Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Shelbume, on riv. 
 Barrow, 6 m. S. New Ross. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllmolara, par., Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Kilmaine, on Lough 
 Mask, 3 m. S. Ballinrobe. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kllmolash, par., Ire., co. Waterford, bars. Decies within 
 Drum and Decies without Drum, 3 m. SE. Cappoquin. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllmoleran, par., Ire., co. Waterford, bar. Upperthird, 
 opposite Carrick-on-Suir. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllmouey, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Kerrycurrihy, on riv. 
 Annabuoy, 3 m. SW. Monkstown. P. <5oo. 
 
 KllmonlTalg, par., Scot., Inverness-shire, 10 m. NE. Fort 
 William ; 267,071 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Kllmonoge, ct. par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Kinalea, 2 m. NE. 
 Kinsale. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllmood, par., Ire., co. Down, bar. Lower Castlereagh, 2 
 m. S. Comber ; 4634 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllmoon, par. , Ire. , co. Clare, bar. Burren, 5 m. NW. Kil- 
 fenora ; 6461 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kllmoon, par.. Ire., SE. co. Meath, bar. Skreen, 11 m. SE. 
 by E. Navan. P. <25o. 
 
 KUmorack, par., Scot., Inverness-shire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Beauly, 9^ m. SSW. Dingwall, 2 m. WSW. Beauly stn., P.O. ; 
 142,909 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Kllmore, tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Antrim, in the N. of bar. 
 Lower Glenarm, 4 m. from Cushendall, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllmore, par. , Ire. , NW. co. Armagh, bars. Oneilland W. and 
 Lower Orior, 5jm. NE. by N.Armagh, P.O.; i7,496ac. P. 7000. 
 
 Kllmore, par., Ire., co. and 4 m. SW. Cavan, bars. Clan- 
 mahon and Upper Loughtee. The Roman Catholic diocese of 
 K. includes nearly all co. Cavan, and parts of Leitrim and Fer- 
 managh; with Elphin and Ardagh it forms also an Anglican 
 diocese, including portions of cos. Cavan, Leitrim, Meath, Fer- 
 managh, and Sligo. 14,930 ac. P. <:35oo. 
 
 Kllmore, par. and tn.. Ire., E. co. Down, bars. Upper 
 Castlereagh and Kinelarty, 5 m. NW. by N. Downpatrick, i m. 
 W. Crossgar stn. , P.O. Par. 12,854 ac, P-<3Soo; tn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllmore, electoral div.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, dist. Lisnaskea. 
 
 Kllmore, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Carbury, 4 m. from 
 Summerhill, P.O. P. <;25o. 
 
 Kllmore, tnld., Ire., co. Leitrim, bar. Drumahaire, 3 m. 
 from Drumsna, P.O. 
 
 Kllmore, tnld.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Upper Connello, 4 
 m. from Broadford, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllmore, par.. Ire., NW. co. Mayo, bar. Erris, near Bel- 
 mullet ; 29,493 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Kllmore, par., Ire., SE. co. Meath, bar. Upper Deece, 6 m. 
 NNW. Maynooth ; 6614 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllmore, par.. Ire., NW. co. Monaghan, bar. and 2 J m. W. 
 Monaghan ; 8687 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 _ Kllmore, par.. Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. N. Ballintober, on 
 riv. Shannon, 3 m. SW. Drumsna; 8554 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Kllmore, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Lower Kilnamanagh, 
 5 m. NW. Cashel. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllmore, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Upper Ormond, 6 
 m. S. Nenagh ; 13,535 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kllmore, par. and tn. , Ire., co. and 11 m. SSW. Wexford, 
 bar. Bargy, close to Crossfarnoge or Forlorn Point, opposite 
 the Saltee Is., P.O., and PM.O. (K. Quay). Par. 4234 ac, 
 P. < 1500; tn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kllmore, tn. , Victoria, Dalhousie co., 35 m. N. Melbourne. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllmore and Kilbride, ct. par., Scot., Argyllshire, 4 m. 
 SE. by S. Oban, PT.O. (Kllmore) ; 29,500 ac P. 5700. 
 
 Kllmore and Kllnlnlan, par., Scot., Argyllshire, Mull, 5 
 m. WSW. Tobermory; 74,266 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Kllmoremoy, par.. Ire., cos. Mayo and Sligo, bar. Tir- 
 awley and Tireragh, on riv. Moy ; 12,328 ac. P. 7600. 
 
 Kllmore Point, cape. Ire., W. ct. co. Kerry, S. of riv. 
 Shannon, lat. 52° 30' N. 
 
 Kllmore Quay, P. O. , Ire. See Kllmore, co. Wexford. 
 
 Kllmorgan, par.. Ire., co. Sligo, bar. Corran, 2 m. S. Bally- 
 mote ; 5768 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllmorlch and Lochgollhead, par., Scot., Argyllshire, 5^ 
 m. E. by N. Inveraray, PMT.O. (Lochgollhead); 69,695 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 KUmorle, PMT.O., Scot. See KUmory. 
 
 Kllmorna, stn.. Ire., co. Kerry, 6 m. E. Listowel, on 
 Waterford and Limerick Rly. , P.O. 
 
 Kilmoroney, tnld.. Ire., co. Queen's, bar. Ballyadams, 4 m. 
 S. Athy, P.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 Kllmory, par., Scot., isl. of Arran, 9 m. SSW. Brodick, on 
 K. Water, PMT.O. (KUmorle) ; 67,099 ac P. <3ooo. 
 
 KllmoTce, par. , Ire., E. co. Mayo, bar. Costello, 24 m. W. 
 by S. Carrick-on-Shannon, PM.O. ; 20,757 ac. P. 6400. 
 
 Kllmioylan, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Clare, 6m. S. Tuam ; 
 8568 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllmoylan, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Shanid, on the riv. 
 Shannon, 5 m. SW. Foynes ; 15,091 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 KUmoylerane, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Clonakilty. 
 
 Kllmoyly, par., Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Clanmaurice, on 
 Ballyheige Bay, 3 m. N. Ardfert ; 7743 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kllmncklln, par.. Ire., co. and 3 m. N. Tipperary, bar. 
 Clanwilliam. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllmnckrldge, par. , Ire. , E. co. Wexford, bar. N. Ballagh- 
 keen, 11 m. E. Enniscorthy, PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllmulr, par., Scot., Inverness-shire, in N. of Skye I., 5 m. 
 N. Uig, P.O.; 34,225 ac. P. <;25oo. 
 
 Kllmnlr-Easter, par. , Scot. , Ross and Cromarty, on Nigg Bay, 
 Cromarty Firth, i m. SW. Kildary stn.; 10,999 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllmnllen, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Queen's, dist. Emo. 
 
 Kllmnn, part of par. and sea-bathing vil. , Scot., Argyllshire, 
 on Holy Loch, 8 m. W. Helensburgh, PMT.O. Vil. P. <5oo. 
 See Dnnoon. 
 
 Kllmnrry, par., Ire., SE. co. Clare, bar. Lower Bunratty, 
 14I m. W. by S. Killaloe, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllmnrry, par.. Ire., W. co. Clare, bar. Ibrickan, 19^ m. 
 W. by S. Ennis, P.O. (KlImnrry-l-Brlcken) ; 25,526 ac. 
 P. 5200. 
 
 Kllmnrry, or Kllmnrry Clonderalaw, par.. Ire., co. 
 Clare, bar. Clonderalaw, 18 m. SW. Ennis, P.O. (Kllmnrry 
 SI'SIahon) ; 10,458 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kllmnrry, par.. Ire., W. co. Cork, bars. Muskerry East 
 and West, 5 m. SE. Macroom ; 9108 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Kllmnrry, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Brosna. 
 
 Kllmnrry, vil.. Ire., N. co. Limerick, bar. Clanwilliam, 3^ m. 
 E. Limerick. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllmnrry, par. , Ire. , co. and 2 m. E. Limerick, bar. Clan- 
 william, on riv. Shannon. P. <750. 
 
 Kllmnrry, electoral div.. Ire., co. Monaghan, dist. Donagh- 
 moyne. 
 
 Kllmnrry, electoral div.. Ire., co. Queen's, dist. Mary- 
 borough. 
 
 Kllmnrry, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. IffaandOffa East, 
 
 3 m. N W. Carrick-on-Suir ; 7276 ac. P. < 1000. 
 Kllmnrryely, par.. Ire., co. King's, bar. Clonlisk, 2 m. 
 
 NW. Shinrone ; 5400 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kllmnrry 91'Hahon, Ire. , co. Clare. See Kllmnrry. 
 
 Kllmnrry, tn. , Ire. , W. Inishmore I. , co. Galway, bar. Aran, 
 31 m. WSW. Galway. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllnaboy, P.O., Ire., co. Clare, 2 m. from Corofin. 
 
 Kllnabronoge, par. , Ire. , co. Galway. See Kllmallnoge. 
 
 Kllnaglory, par. , Ire. , co. and 6 m. SW. Cork, bars. Cork 
 and E. Muskerry. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllnagross, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. E. Carbery, E. div., 2 
 m. NE. Clonakilty. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllnahne, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. and 3 m. NW. 
 Gorey; 15,361 ac. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Kllnaleck, tn.. Ire., S. co. Cavan, bar. Castlerahan, 9 m. S. 
 by E. Cavan, PMT.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kilnamanagh, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Bear, on Bantry 
 Bay ; 13,809 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Kilnamanagh, par. , Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. and 3 m. 
 NE. Frenchpark ; 6875 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kilnamanagh, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. N. Ballaghkeen, 
 
 4 m. NE. Oulart. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kilnamanagh, Lower and Upper, two bars. , Ire. , in the 
 W. of CO. Tipperary. 
 
 Kllnamartery, par.. Ire., W. co. Cork, bar. Muskerry 
 West, 2i m. WSW. Macroom ; 11,680 ac. P. <:20oo. 
 
 807 
 
KILN — KILS 
 
 Kilnamona, par., Ire., co. Clare, bar. Inchiquin, 5 m. NW. 
 Ennis, P.O.; 5418 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Klluanare, par., Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Magunihy, 2 m. W. 
 Farranfore stn. ; 5130 aa P. <iooo. 
 
 KllnaueaTC, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Upper Ormond, 
 6 m. SE. Nenagh ; 6608 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Kllnarath, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Owney and Arra, 
 3 m. E. Newport; 10,450 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllnaseer, electoral div. , Ire., co. Queen's, dist. Durrow. 
 
 KUnasoolagh, par., Ire., co. Clare, bar. Lower Bunratty, i 
 m. W. Newmarket; 5131 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kllnanghtlu, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Iraghticonnor, on 
 riv. Shannon ; 9165 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kllndown, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, par. and 2 m. from 
 Goudhurst, PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kilnenor, par. , Ire. , co. Wexford, bar. and 6 m. N. Gorey ; 
 6436 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Kiln Green, vil. , Eng. , Berkshire, si m. NE. Twyford stn. , 
 P.O. 
 
 Kllulinrst, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3J m. 
 NE. Rotherham, with two stns. , one on the M. R. and one on 
 the M. S. & L. R., PMT.O. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Kllnlnlan, vil., Scot., Argyllshire, Mull I., 8J m. SW. 
 Tobermory. See Kllmore and Kllnlnlan. 
 
 Kllnlnver, ct. vil., Scot, Argyllshire, 5^ m. SSW. Oban, 
 PT.O. See Kilmelford. 
 
 Kllnoe, par. , Ire. , co. Clare, bar. Upper Tulla, 3 m. SW. 
 Scarriff; 10,513 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kiln Pit HUl, P.O., Eng., Northumberland, 4 m. from 
 Shotley Bridge. 
 
 Kllnsea, ct. par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., 21 m. ESE. Hull, 8 m. SE. by E. Patrington stn., 4 m. N. 
 by E. Spurn Point. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllnsey, Eng. , Yorkshire. See Conlstone and Easlngton. 
 
 Kllnwlck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 14I m. NNW. Hull, 2| m. NW. Lockington stn., P.O. P. < 
 250. See liund. 
 
 Kllnwlck Percy, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howden- 
 shire div. , 14^ m. E. York, 2 m. NE. by E. Pocklington stn. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 KUogwe, place with cotton plantation, German E. Africa, at 
 the mouth of the Rufu (S. bank opposite Pangani), in 5° 25' S. 
 
 Klloran Bay, Scot., Argyllshire, in the NW. of Colonsay. 
 
 Kllpatrlck, ct. par. , Ire. , S. co. Cork, bars. Kerrycurrihy, 
 and Kinalea, 3 m. N. by E. Bandon. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllpatrlck, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Carbury, on Grand 
 Canal, 4 m. NW. Robertstown ; 7076 ac. P. <:7So. 
 
 Kllpatrlck, par.. Ire., co. and 6 m. NE. Tipperary, bar. 
 Lower Kilnamanagh. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllpatrlck, par., Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Fore, 5 m. SE. 
 CastlepoUard. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllpatrlck, par. , Ire. , co. and 4 m. NW. Wexford, bar. E. 
 Shelmaliere, on riv. Slaney. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllpatrlck, Kew, or East Kllpatrlck, or Bearsden, par. 
 and vil., Scot., Dimibartonshire and Stirlingshire, 3^ m. NE. 
 by N. Renfrew, with stn. (Bearsden). Par. 12,050 ac, P. 
 8300; vil. P. < 2000. 
 
 Kllpatrlck, Old, or West, par. and viL , 4^ m. to the W. , 
 with a stn. on the N. B. R. The wall of Antoninus extends to 
 a point J m. from the old village. K. is traditionally supposed 
 to be the ancient Bonavem Tabernia, birthplace of St. Patrick, 
 the Apostle of Ireland (387-458). PMT.O. Par. 12,554 ac, 
 P. 17,800; vil. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kllpatrlck Hills, range of bills, Scot , Dumbartonshire, in 
 the SE. , stretching E. and W. to the E. of Dumbarton. 
 
 Kllpeacou, par. , Ire. , N. co. Limerick, bars. Pubblebrien and 
 Smallcounty, 5^ m. S. by W. Limerick. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllpeck, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , 7J m. SW. 
 by S. Hereford, close to St Devereux stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllpedder, tn. , Ire. , NE. co. Wicklow, bar. Newcastle, 5J m. 
 S. Bray, 2i m. WSW. Delgany stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllphelan, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Condons and Clangibbon, 
 I m. NE. Mitchelstown. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllpln, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div. , 
 2J m. NE. by N. Goole, i m. W. by N. Laxton stn. P. -C500. 
 
 Kllpipe, par. , Ire. , cos. Wexford and Wicklow, bars. Gorey 
 and S. Ballinacor, 8^ m. WNW. Arklow, 2 m. SW. Aughrim 
 stn. ; 15,611 ac. P. <isoo. 
 
 Kllpoole, ct par. , Ire. , co. and containing part of town of 
 Wicklow, bar. Arklow. P. <25oo. 
 
 Kilqnaln, par.. Ire., SE. co. Galway, bar. Longford, 9 m. 
 SS"E. Aughrim ; 6859 ac P. <:75o. 
 
 Kllqnane, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 7 m. NE. 
 Cork ; 6047 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllqnane, par. , Ire. , cos. Cork and Limerick, bars. Fermoy 
 and Coshlea, 6 m. SE. Charleville. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllqnane, ct par. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 6 m. 
 NW. Dingle; 9709 ac. P. <:i500. 
 
 KllquiKKln, tn.. Ire., SW. co. Wicklow, bar. Shillelagh, 
 15 m. ESE. Carlow, 3 m. NW. Shillelagh stn. P. <:25o. 
 808 
 
 Kllraglitls, par. , Ire. , co. Clare, bar. Upper Bunratty, 2 m. 
 NE. Ennis ; 5588 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllraghts, par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Upper Dunluce, 5 m. 
 SE. Ballymoney, P.O. (Kllranghts) ; 5133 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 KUralny, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Carbury, 5 m. N. 
 Edenderry. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllrane, par.. Ire., SE.co. Wexford, bar. Forth, 8 m. SE. 
 Wexford, 2 m. W. Greenore Point, P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Kllranelagh, par.. Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. Upper Talbots- 
 town, 4 m. E. Baltinglass, P.O. ; 4468 ac. P. <C75o. 
 
 Kllrea, par. and tn. , Ire. , E. co. Londonderry, bars. Coleraine 
 and Loughinsholin, 13 m. SSE. Coleraine, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Bann, and on the Belfast and Northern Counties Rly. , PMT.O. 
 Market-day, W. Par. 6170 ac, P. < 2500. 
 
 Kllree, par., Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Kells, 2 m. NW. 
 Knocktopher. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllreeklll, par.. Ire., E. co. Galway, bar. Leitrim, 5^ m. 
 ENE. Loughrea, P.O. (Kllrlekle) ; 5947 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Kllrenny, pari, and royal burgh, and par., Scot, E. Fife, 
 8^ m. SSE. St. Andrews \q.v.), i m. NE. Anstruther Wester 
 stn., town forming part of Anstruther, P.O. Pari, and royal 
 burgh, par., and tn. P. (i89i)<3000. 
 
 Kllrhedyn, par. , Wales. See Cllrhedyn. 
 
 Kllrlekle, P.O., Ire., co. Galway. See KllreeklU. 
 
 Kllroan, par., Ire., co. Cork, bars. Courceys and Kinsale, 
 3 m. S. Kinsale. P. <5oo. See also Ballydeloher. 
 
 Kllroe, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 10 m. WNW. 
 Mallow. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllronan, tn.. Ire., on Inishmore I., co. Galway, bar. Aran, 
 28 m. WSW^ Galway. P. <7So. 
 
 Kllronan, par., Ire., N. co. Roscommon, bar. Boyle, 6 m. 
 NW. Leitrim ; 15,003 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Kllronan, par.. Ire., co. \\'aterford, bar. Glenahiry, on 
 riv. Suir, 5 m. SW. Clonmel; 16,594 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Kllronan, par.. Ire., co. and 5 m. SW. Waterford, bar. 
 Middlethird. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllroosky, tnld. , Ire., E. co. Roscommon, bar. Ballintober 
 South, 4^ m. NE. by N. Roscommon, P.O. (Kllrooskey). 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Kllroot, par.. Ire., E. ct co. Antrim, bar. Lower Belfast, 
 3 m. NE. Carrickfergus, on the Belfast and Northern Counties 
 Rly. P.<soo. 
 
 Kllross, par., Ire., co. Sligo, bar. Tirerrill, 2 m. NE. 
 CoUooney. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllross, tnld. , Ire. , co. and 6 m. SW. Tipperary, bar. Clan- 
 vrilliam, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllrossanty, par.. Ire., S. co. Waterford, bar. Decies vrithout 
 Drum, 8jm. NE. by N.Dungarvan, PM.O. ; I7,4i6ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Kllraane, par.. Ire., N. co. Tipperary, bars. Lower and 
 Upper Ormond, 3^ m. NE. by N. Nenagh. P. -<5oo. 
 
 Kllmddery Demesne, East and West, two tnlds. , Ire., 
 NE. CO. Wicklow, bar. Rathdown, 2 m. S. Bray. P. <25o. 
 
 Kilrusb, par., seapt, and civic tn.. Ire., SW. co. Clare, 
 bar. Moyarta, on N. shore of riv. Shannon, 25 m. SW. by W. 
 Ennis ; has slate quarries. Par. 15,659 ac , P. 6400 ; tn. P. <45oo. 
 
 Kllmsli, par. , Ire. , co. and 4 m. SE. Kildare, bar. W. Offaly ; 
 4076 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 KUmsli, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, dist Thurles. 
 
 KllmsIi, par.. Ire., co. Waterford, bar. Decies without 
 Drum, 2 m. NW. Dungarvan. P. <75o. 
 
 Kllrasb, par.. Ire., NW. co. Wexford, bar. Scarawalsh, 
 10 m. N. by W. Enniscorthy; 11,386 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllry, eccles. par. , Scot. , Forfarshire and Perthshire, Glenisla, 
 Lintrathen, and Alyth pars., 5 m. from Alyth, PT.O. P. <500. 
 
 Kllsallagh, tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Ballymoe, 
 13^ m. W. by N. Roscommon. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllsallagli, electoral div., Ird,, co. Mayo, dist. Louisburgh 
 No. I. 
 
 Kllsallagtaan, par. , Ire. , co. and 9 m. NW. Dublin, bar. 
 Nethercross, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kllstoran, par. and tn.. Ire., E. co. Louth, bar. Ardee, 8 m. 
 S. Dundalk, ij m. SE. Castlebellingham stn. Par. P. < 1000; 
 tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllsby, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 4J m. 
 SE. by E. Rugby, i| m. E. of its stn. (K. and Crick) on the 
 L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P.-C750- 
 
 KUscanlan, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Bantry, 6 m. SE. 
 New Ross. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllscaunell, par., Ire.^ NW. co. Limerick, bar. Lower 
 Connello, 20 m. E. by N. Listowel. P. -csoo. 
 
 Kllseoran, par.. Ire., co. and 10 m. SE. Wexford, bar. 
 Forth. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllselly, par. , Ire. , co. Clare, bar. Lower Tulla, 9 m. W. by 
 S. Killaloe; 11,003 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 KllsitalTy, par.. Ire., co. Sligo, bar. Corran, 5 m. S. Bally- 
 mote ; 5497 ac. P. -=1500. 
 
 Kllsliainry, tnld. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. Dunmore, Kilconla 
 par. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kllslianahan, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 7 m. St 
 Rathcormack ; 4842 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
K I LS 
 
 K I L W 
 
 Kilsbane, par. , Ire. , co. and 3 m. SE. Tipperary, bar. Clan- 
 william. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllsbanmlg, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, on riv. 
 Blackwater, 4 m. SW. Mallow ; 27,595 ac. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Kilsbauulng, tnld.. Ire., NW. ct. co. Kerry, bar. Corka- 
 guiny, on Tralee Bay, 12J ra. W. by N. Tralee. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllsbanny, par., Ire., co. Clare, bar. Corcomroe, 4 m. N. 
 Ennistimon, P.O. ; 5805 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kilshanvy, electoral div. , Ire. , Galway, dist. Tuam No. 2. 
 
 Kllsbarran, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bars. Lower and Upper 
 Duleek, 3 m. SE. Drogheda. P. <25o. 
 
 Hllsheelan, par. and tn. , Ire. , cos. Tipperary and Waterford, 
 bars. Iffa and Offa East, and Upperthird, 5 m. E. Clonmel, town 
 on the 1. bk. of the Suir, and on the Waterford and Limerick Rly. , 
 PM.O. Par. 5607 ac. , P. < 1000 ; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllshenaue, par. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bar. Clanmaurice, 2 m. 
 SE. Listowel; 13,478 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kllshlne, par.. Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. Morgallion, 7 m. 
 N. by W. Navan. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllslllagta, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Ibane and Barr)Toe, 7 
 m. SE. Clonakilty. P. <25o. 
 
 Kil»«keer, par.. Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. Upper Kells, 
 13 m. W. by N. Navan, 5 m. WSW. Kells; 11,669 ^^• 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Kllskeery, par. , Ire. , SW. co. Tyrone, bar. E. Omagh, 8 m. 
 NNE. Enniskillen, P.O.; 20,439 ac. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Kllskyre, P. O. , Ire. , 8 m. from Kells, co. Meath. 
 
 Kllspliidle, par., Scot., E. Perthshire, 6J m. E. by N. Perth, 
 2J m. WNW. Errol stn.; 6255 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Kllsnb. See Bawnboy. 
 
 Kllsytli, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Grey co., 40 m. W. 
 Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllsytb, burgh of barony, par. , and tn. , Scot. , Stirlingshire, 
 on the Kelvin and the N. B. R., 8 m. NNW. Airdrie, with coal 
 and iron mines, and a cotton factory. On August 15, 1645, 
 Montrose gained a victory here over the Covenanters. PMT.O. 
 13,121 ac. P. 7400; tn. P. 6100. 
 
 Kllsytb Hills, range of hills, Scot. , Stirlingshire, about i^ 
 m. N. Kilsyth, and about 10 m. NNW. Airdrie. 
 
 Klltale, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Lower Deece, 5 m. NW. 
 Dunshaughlin. P. <25o. 
 
 Kiltallagli, bar. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy, on riv. 
 Maine ; 4740 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Klltamagh, tn. , Ire., SE. co. Mayo, bar. Gallen, 12 m. E. 
 Castlebar, PMT.O. (Klltlmagb). P. < 1000. 
 
 Kiltaiioii, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Clare, dist. TuUa. 
 
 Kiltarllty, par., Scot., Inverness-shire, 10 m. WSW. Inver- 
 ness, 3 m. S. by W. Beauly stn., PT.O.; 61,896 ac. P. <:20oo, 
 
 Kiltarsagbaun, tnld. , Ire. , W. co. Mayo, bar. Carra, 7 m. 
 ESE. Westport. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kiltartan, bar.. Ire., co. Galway, extending SE. from the 
 head of Galway Bay. 
 
 Kiltartan, par. , Ire. , S. co. Galway, bar. K. , 12 m. SW. 
 Loughrea; 5725 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 miteale, par.. Ire., co. Queen's, bars. E. Maryborough and 
 Stradbally, 3 m. NW. Stradbally. P. <75o. 
 
 Kiltealy, tn. , Ire., W. co. Wexford, bar. Scarawalsh, 8J m. 
 NW. by W. Enniscorthy, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Kiltearii, par., Scot., Ross-shire, on the N. shore of Cro- 
 marty Firth, at the mouth of the Skiack, 5^ m. NE. Dingwall, 
 close to Novar stn. ; 27,972 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kilteel, par. and tn. , Ire., NE. co. Kildare, bar. S. Salt, 6 
 m. ENE. Naas. Par. P. <50o; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllt«ely, par. andtn.. Ire., NE. co. Limerick, bars. Coonagh 
 and Smallcounty, 13I m. SE. Limerick, PM.O. Par. P. <iooo ; 
 tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllteevau, par., Ire., co. and 3 m. E. Roscommon, bar. S. 
 Ballintober, on Lough Ree ; 7451 ac. P. <i50o. 
 
 KllteeTOge, par.. Ire., S. co. Donegal, bar. S. Raphoe, 17 
 m. W. Lifford, on the Finn ; 41,128 ac. P. < 4500. 
 
 Klltegan, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa East, 
 
 2 m. NW. Clonmel. P. <25o. 
 
 Klltegan, par. and tn. , Ire. , cos. Carlow and Wicklow, bars. 
 Rathvilly, S. Ballinacor, and Upper Talbotstown, 14J m. ENE. 
 Carlow, PMT.O. Par. 15.952 ac, P. <20oo ; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Klltenaulea, par., Ire., co. Clare, bar. Lower Tulla, on riv. 
 Shannon, 2 m. SW. O'Briensbridge ; 7385 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kiltennell, par. , Ire. , co. Carlow, bar. E. Idrone, 3 m. NE. 
 Borris ; 11,170 ac. P. <i500. 
 
 Kiltennell, ct. par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. N. Ballaghkeen, 
 
 3 m. E. Gorey ; 4126 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 KlltesklU, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bars. Leitrim and Lough- 
 rea, 4 m. SE. Loughrea ; 4696 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kiltbomas, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bars. Kiltartan and 
 Loughrea, 4 m. NE. Gort ; 11,710 ac. P. <i50o. 
 
 Klltiernan, par. , Ire. , SE. co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown, 5 m. 
 NW. by W. Bray. P. <75o. 
 
 Klltlmagb, Ire. , co. Mayo. See Klltamagb. 
 
 Kiltinaii, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, on 
 riv. Anner, 3 m. SE. Fethard ; 5102 ac. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Kiltogbert, par.. Ire., co. and bar. Leitrim, on Lough 
 Allen and riv. Shannon ; 28,269 ^c. P. 7700. 
 
 Klltomy, par. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bar. Clanmaurice, 8 m. SW. 
 Listowel; 5866 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Kllton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 13 
 m. E. by S. Middlesbrough, i m. WNW. Loftus stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kllton fvltb Iillstock, ct. par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wellington 
 div., 9 J m. NW. by W. Bridgwater. P. <:2So. 
 
 Klltoom, par., Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. S. Athlone, on 
 Lough Ree and riv. Shannon, 6 m. NW. Athlone, on the 
 M. G. W. R., P.O. ; 10,458 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Kiltoorls Longb, small lake. Ire. , in the extreme W. of co- 
 Donegal, 18 m. NW. Donegal. 
 
 Klltoragbt, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Corcomroe, 2 m. SE, 
 Kilfenora. P. <75o. 
 
 KiltOTcan, electoral div.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, dist. Thomas 
 town. 
 
 KUtormer, par. and tn. , Ire., SE. co. Galway, bar. Long- 
 ford, 5 m. SSE. Aughrira, 6 m. SSW. BalUnasloe, P.O. Par, 
 6898 ac, P. <75o; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Klltrelllg, tn. , Ire., SW. ct. co. Clare, bar. Moyarta, on 
 Kilbaha Bay, 15^ m. WSW. Kilrush. P. <:2So. 
 
 Klltrlsk, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bars. N. Ballaghkeen and 
 Gorey, 6 m. NE. Oulart. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klltrnstau, par. , Ire. , co. and bar. Roscommon ; 6208 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Klltubbrid, par.. Ire., co. and bar. Leitrim, 2 m. SE. 
 Drumshanbo; 15,597 ac. P. < 3500. 
 
 Klltnllagb, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bars. Athenry and Kil- 
 connell, 6 m. SE. Athenry, P.O. ; 8948 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 KUtnllagh, electoral div. , Ire. , NE. co. Galway, bar. Tiaquin, 
 15 m. W. by S. Roscommon, adjoining K. Lough (lake). 
 
 Klltnllagb, par.. Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. and 5 m. SW. 
 Castlereagh ; 24,340 ac. P. 6400. 
 
 Kllturk, electoral div., Ire., co. Fermanagh, dist. Newtown 
 Butler. 
 
 Klltnrk, ct. par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Bargy, 3 m. SE. 
 Bridgetown. P. < 500. 
 
 Klltnrra, par. , Ire. , cos. Mayo and Sligo, bars. Costello and 
 Corran, 5 m. SE. Tobercurry; 6883 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Klltybegs, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Monaghan, dist. Donagh- 
 moyne. 
 
 Klltyclogber, tn., Ire., NE. co. Leitrim, bar. Rosclogher, 
 18 m. ENE. Sligo, PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kllnml, American mission stn. , Portuguese W. Africa, near 
 Bailunda. 
 
 Kllnmney, stn. , Ire. , co. Cork. See KlUnmney. 
 
 Kilnng, tn. , China, Formosa. See Kelung. 
 
 Kllvarnet, par.. Ire., co. Sligo, bar. Leyny, on riv. Owen- 
 more, 4 m. NW. Ballymote ; 6598 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllve, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., ^ m. from the 
 N. ct., io| m. WNW. Bridgwater, P.O. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (K. Tvltb Strtngston) P. <:5oo. 
 
 KllTellane, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bars. Owney and Arra, 
 on riv. Clare ; 8679 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Kllveninon, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Slieveardagh, on 
 riv. Anner, 8 m. NE. Fethard; 10,551 ac. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Kllvergan, tnld., Ire., co. Armagh, bar. E. Oneilland, 3 m. 
 from Lurgan, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Kilverstone, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, Mid div. , 23 m. E. Ely, 
 i^ m. E. Thetford. P. <25o. 
 
 Kllvey, eccles. par. , Wales, Glamorganshire, 4 m. W. Neath. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Kllvickeon, par. , Scot. See Kllflnleben. 
 
 Kllvine, par. and tn.. Ire., SE. co. Mayo, bar. Clanmorris, 
 22 m. SE. Castlebar. Par. 5426 ac, P. <2ooo; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 KllTington, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 7^ m. S. 
 Newark, 2 m. NE. Widmerpool stn. P. <25o. 
 
 KllTington, 3{oi*tb and Soutb, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton div. , on the Cold Beck, 
 iij m. NE. Ripon, 2 m. N. Thirsk, P.O. P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 KUwa, lake, S. Africa. See Ctallwa. 
 
 Kllwa, or Kllvra Klslwanl, seapt., Ger. E. Africa, on a 
 small island 150 m. S. by E. Dar-es-Salaam, in 8° 58' S. The 
 island contains various Arab ruins, and on the W. side remains 
 of a fortress of the Portuguese, who held possession of the 
 island during the greater part of the i6th and 17th centuries. 
 
 Kllwa KlTlnJe, seapt., Ger. E. Africa, 133 ra. S. Dar-es- 
 Salaam, in 8° 45' S. 
 
 KllYfatermoy, par.. Ire., co. Waterford, bar. Coshmore 
 and Coshbride, 4 m. S. Lismore ; 6550 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Kllwangbter, par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Upper Glenarm, 
 4 m. W. Lame, P.O.; 9797 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kllwln'nlng, biurgh of barony, par., and tn., Scot., N. 
 Ayrshire, 3^ m. NW. by N. Irvine, on the G. & SW. R. Has 
 remains of an abbey founded in 1140, and destroyed in 1561 ; 
 large engineering and fire-clay works, the Eglinton iron- works, 
 and a woollen factory, besides coal-pits near ; formerly celebrated 
 for its muslin embroidery. PMT.O. Par. 10,989 ac, P. 7000 ; 
 tn. P. <4ooo. 
 
 809 
 
K I L W 
 
 KING 
 
 Kllworth, par. and tn., Ire., NE. co. Cork, bar. Condons 
 and Clangibbon, 3 m. NNE. Fermoy, PMT.O. Par. 5458 ac, 
 P. <:iooo; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 KllnT^ortli, Xorth and Sonth, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Leicestershire, Harborough div., 9 m. NE. by E. Rugby, with a 
 stn. (Welford and K.) on the L. & NW. R., PM.O. (North K.), 
 P.O. (Sonth K.). P. (of each) <: 500. 
 
 KllMorth Moniitalns, range of mts. , Ire., in the extreme 
 NE. of CO. Cork. 
 
 Kimaiilg, large bay, on the W. ct. of Brit N. Borneo, in 
 about 5° 35' N., 115° 3s'-so' E. 
 
 Kimball, co. , U.S., Nebraska, on W. frontier, bounded on 
 the S. by 41° N. 
 
 KlmbaU, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Brule co., 81 m. SE. by E. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kimberley, municip.. Cape Colony, Griqualand W., cap. 
 div. K. , the great diamond-mining centre of S. Africa, 647 m. 
 by rail NE. Cape Town, 485 m. by rail N. Port Elizabeth. 
 Diamonds were first discovered here at the Colesberg Kopje in 
 1867, but it was not till 1870 that the importance of the dis- 
 covery was realised, and a rush was made to the site, which was 
 at that time barren veld. The mine was for some years an 
 open working, but it is now worked by shafts, one of which has 
 been sunk to a depth of 1200 ft. The town is entirely lighted 
 by electricity, and is supplied with water by pipes laid from the 
 Vaal R. Alt. 4060 ft. Mean temp., yr. 66.4'' F., Jan. 78.8°, 
 July 51.8° P. (1881) 13,600; (1891) 28,700. 
 
 Klniberley, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, Mid div. , loj m. W. by S. 
 Norwich, on the G. E. R. P. <25o. See BariUiam Broom. 
 
 Klmberley, eccles. par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe 
 div., 7 m. NW. by W. Nottingham, on the G. N. and M. Rlys., 
 PMT.O. P. 6500. 
 
 Klmberley, co., Queensland, crossed in the N. by 24° S., 
 and in the E. by 150° E. , bounded on the E. by the Dawson R. 
 
 Klmberley, or Kammba, pilot stn., Queensland, at the 
 mouth of Norman R., Gulf of Carpentaria, 38 m. NW. 
 Normanton by land ; terminus of the Queensland system of 
 teleg^phs. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Klmberley, co. , S. Australia, E. frontier, crossed by 33° S. 
 
 Klmberley, division, W. Australia, covering the whole N. 
 pHDrtion of the colony. 
 
 Klmberley, goldfield, W. Australia, Klmberley div. , 280 m. 
 E. by S. Derby, in 18° S.; discovered in 1884. 
 
 Klmberwortb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 
 ij m. W. Rotherham, close to Holmes stn., PM.O. P. 19,600. 
 
 Klmbljl, Ras, cape, Ger. E. Africa, in 7° S. 
 
 Kimble, Great and Uttle, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 
 div. and 5 m. S. .Aylesbury, with a stn. (Little K.) on the 
 G. W. R. P. <7So. 
 
 Kimble, co., U.S., Texas, crossed in the W. by 100° W., 
 and N. of 30° N. 
 
 Klmblesworth, par., Eng., Durham, Mid div., 3 m. NNW. 
 Durham, i^ m. SW. by S. Plawsworth stn. P. <i5oo. See 
 Itltton Gilbert. 
 
 Kimbolton, par., Eng., Hereford, div. and 3 m. NE. Leo- 
 minster, P.O.; 4140 ac. P. <7So; eccles. par. (K. with 
 Niddleton on the Hill) P. < 1000. 
 
 Kimbolton, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Himtingdonshire, on 
 the Kym, div. and 9^ m. W. by S. Huntingdon, 2 m. SE. of its 
 stn. on the M. R., PMT.O. Market-day, F. Par. 5140 ac, 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Klmbnndn, tn., central Africa, in 10° S., 20° lo' E. Alt. 
 
 4035 ft- 
 
 Klmcote, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 9 m. 
 NE. by N. Rugby, 3 m. NW. Wellbrd and Kil worth stn. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Klmerldge, Eng. See Klmmerldge. 
 
 Klmlltel, vil. , E. Siberia, govt, and 200 m. NW. of Irkutsk, 
 on Siberian highway. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Klmlng, tn. , north-eastern China, prov. Pechili, 38 m. SE. 
 Kalgan, on the main route between Peking and Kalgan. The 
 mountains enclosing the valley have rich t^ds of coal. 
 
 Klmlla, pass, India, Punjab, Bashahr state, in 31° 14' N., 
 78° 28' E. Alt. about 17,000 ft. 
 
 Klmmerldge, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., on S. ct., 
 on K. Bay, 9^ m. SW. Poole, 3J m. WSW. Corfe Castle stn. ; 
 coastguard stn. K. clay, a geological formation belonging to 
 the Upper Oolites (Jurassic), takes its name from this parish, in 
 which beds of bituminous shale occur, used as fuel, and called 
 K. coal. What is locally called ' coal money ' (circular pieces 
 of shale, from 2 in. to 3J in. in diameter, and J in. thick) is 
 found near the surface. P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Klmo, isl. , Japan. See KluHhln. 
 
 Kimolos (kimolo), or Argentlera (name formerly given by 
 the Venetians on account of silver-mines, which are no longer 
 worked, though silver barytes is known to exist on the W. 
 coast), isl. and tn., Greece, one of the Cyclades, 76 m. S. of 
 Euboea, NE. Melos. Area, 16 sq. m. P. 200. 
 
 Klmpoko, stn. , Congo Free State, on the E. side of Stanley 
 Pool, in 4° 12' S., 15° 45' E. ; Protestant mission. 
 810 
 
 Klmpolnng, tn. , Austria, crownland Bukovina, on the Mol- 
 dawa, 55 m. S. by W. Czemowitz. P. 6400. 
 
 Klmpton, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, div. and 5 m. W. by N. 
 Andover, 13^ m. NE. Salisbury, li m. W. by N. Wevhill stn., 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Klmpton, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., si m. 
 ESE. Luton, PM.O. P.<iooo. 
 
 Klmry, vil. , Russia, govt, and 55 m. E. of Tver, on 1. bk. 
 Volga ; tanneries and considerable manufacture of leather 
 goods and boots. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Klmtn-ho, riv., Indo-China. See He-ho. 
 
 Klmnanga, vil., central Africa, Lunda, on the Kwilti R., in 
 7°4o'S., i9''3s'E. 
 
 Kin, Chinese, 'gold.' 
 
 Klnabatangan, riv., Brit. N. Borneo, flows E. into Dewhurst 
 Bay, which it enters in about 5° 35' N.; navigable by steam 
 launches to the confluence of Lokan, in about 1 17° 50' E. 
 
 Klnal, Alaska. See Kenal. 
 
 Klnaldle, stn. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, on the G. N. of S. R. , 
 on the r. bk. of the Don, 5^ m. SE. Inverurie, PM.O. 
 
 Kluale, Iiongta, lake. Ire., in the NE. of co. Longford, 15^ 
 m. E. by N. Longford. 
 
 Klnalea, bar. , Ire. , in the S. of co. Cork. 
 
 Klnallen, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, 8^ m. S. by W. Lisburn, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Klnalmeaky, bar. , Ire. , in the S. of co. Cork. 
 
 Klnangop, part of the scarp or tableland-edge on the E. 
 side of the great E. African trough, immediately above (E. of) 
 Lake Naivasha. 
 
 Klnard, par.. Ire., W. ct. co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, on 
 Dingle Bay, 22 m. SW. Tralee ; 5002 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Klnardochy, Loch, Scot. , W. Perthshire, ■j\ m. E. by S. of 
 the foot of Loch Rannoch, si m. S. by W. Struan stn. 
 
 Klnawley, par., Ire., cos. Cavan and Fermanagh, bars. 
 TuUyhaw, Clanawley, and Knockninny, 8 m. S. Enniskillen, 
 P.O. P. 9100. 
 
 Klnbrace, stn., Scot., Sutherland, on the H. R. , 12J m. E. 
 by S. of the foot of Loch Naver, P.O. 
 
 Klnbnck, vil., Scot., W. Perthshire, on Allan Water, ii m. 
 SSW. Crieff, 2J m. N. by E. Dunblane, on the C. R. 
 
 Klnbnrn, vil. , Canada. See Maboue Bay. 
 
 Klnbam, fort, Russia, opposite Ochakov, at the extremity 
 of the narrow K. promontory, which stretches westwards and 
 forms the S. shore of the estuary of the Dnieper. 
 
 Klncaldmm, P.O., Scot., co. and 5 m. SW. Forfar. 
 
 Kincardine, vil., Canada, Ontario, Bruce co., on Lake 
 Huron, in 44° 10' N. , 74 m. W. by S. Collingwood ; has large 
 salt-works. Alt. 684 ft. Mean temp., yr. 44.3° F., Jan. 21.5°, 
 July 67.3°. P. (i89i)<3000. 
 
 Kincardine, post-vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, co. Victoria, 
 45 m. from Woodstock. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Klncardlnesblre, maritime co. , Scot. , on the E. ct. , occupy- 
 ing the triangular area between Perthshire and Aberdeenshire. 
 The W. and middle portions of the county belong to the Gram- 
 pians, but nearly all the remainder consists of gently undulating 
 country under 500 ft. in height, the northern p)ortions of these 
 lowlands belonging to the valley of the Dee, and the south-western 
 (between the Grampians and a somewhat elevated tract to the 
 E. of Laurencekirk) to the great valley of Strathmore, here called 
 the How of the Mearns. The principal mountain is Mount 
 Battock |alt. 2555 ft.), in the extreme W. The chief rivers are 
 the Dee (on the N.), Esk (S. and SW.), and Cowie and Bervie 
 Waters. Geologically, the Grampian area is compxised chiefly 
 of granites and crystalline schists, the Dee valley of gneiss, but 
 the remainder of the county from Stonehaven southvi'ards belongs 
 almost entirely to the lower Old Red Sandstone, including, 
 however, towards the E. a considerable tract of igneous rocks 
 of that age. There are no minerals of great economic import- 
 ance. The C. R. passes through the How of the Mearns, and 
 then from Stonehaven follows the coast north-eastwards. A line 
 belonging to the N. B. R. follows the coast in the SE. (from 
 Montrose, Forfarshire, to Bervie). For agricultural statistics, 
 see Appendix, pp. 10-12. Bervie or Inverbervie is the only royal 
 and pari, burgh. The only other towns are Stonehaven (cap.), 
 Laurencekirk, and Banchory. The county returns one member 
 to the House of Commons. Area, 245,347 ac. P. (1891) 
 35,600 ; pari. dist. of co. P. 34,400. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Kincardine, par., Scot., Perthshire, 6 m. NW. by W. 
 Stirling, 2^ m. N. Gargunnock stn.; 10,504 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kincardine, tn. , Scot. , in a detached part of Perthshire, in 
 TuUiallan par. , on the N. shore of the Firth of Forth, i\ m. 
 SE. Alloa, on the N. B. R. ; has woollen factories, and a rope 
 and sail work. PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Kincardine, par., Scot., Ross-shire, on the S. shore of 
 Dornoch Firth, loi m. S. by E. of the foot of Loch Shin, close 
 to Bonar Bridge stn. ; 153,054 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kincardine O'Nell, par. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, on 1. bk. of 
 the Dee, 14m. E. byN. Ballater, PMT.O.; 18,182 ac. P.<2000. 
 
 Klncaslongh, tnld. , Ire. , N W. ct. co. Donegal, bar. Boy- 
 lagh, 28 m. NNW. Donegal, PM.O. (Klncasslagh). P. <2SO. 
 
KI N C — KI NG 
 
 Kln*clinn, tn. , Manchuria, prov. Liautung, on the Gulf of 
 Liautung, 137 m. S. by W. Newchwang. 
 Kincbliijlnga, or Klnchlnjnnga. See Knnclinnjanga. 
 
 Klnclioa, tn., China, Hupe. See Klngclion. 
 
 Kinclaven, par., Scot., E. Perthshire, on the r. bk. of the 
 Tay, 4J m. W. by S. Coupar Augus, i m. NW. Cargill stn.; 
 6136 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Klncralg, stn., Scot., Inverness-shire, 5^ m. NE. Kingussie, 
 on the H. R., PT.O. 
 
 Kliicralgy, electoral div., Ire., co. Donegal, dist. Manor- 
 cunningham. 
 
 Kindttcrg, comm. , Austria, Styria, 21 m. ENE. Leoben, in 
 the Mlirz-thal. P. <40oo. 
 
 Kinder, Locli, lake, Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, 7 m. S. Dum- 
 fries, drained into the mouth of the Nith. 
 
 Klnderliook Creek, small riv., U.S., New York, in the E. 
 It rises on the E. frontier in Taghanic Mts. , and flows SW. to 
 the Hudson, which it joins on the 1. bk. about 2^ m. above the 
 Hudson. 
 
 Kinder Scont, mt. , Eng., in the NW. of Derbyshire, 3 m. 
 SE. by S. Glossop ; the highest summit of The Peak. Alt. 2088 ft. 
 
 Klnderton -wltli Hnlme, par., Eng., Cheshire, Northwich 
 union. P. <75o. 
 
 Kliidln, vil. , Malay Penin. , Perak, on the Kinta, in about 
 4° 43' N., 101° 7' E. , with tin mines. 
 
 Klndrants, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet and sanjak Van, 12 m. 
 S. of middle of S. shore of Lake Van. P. 4100; Christians, 3800. 
 
 Kindred, post-tn., Tasmania, 12 m. from Devonport (co. 
 Devon). P. <ci5oo. 
 
 Klndrnin, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 21 
 m. NW. by N. Londonderry, P.O. P. <:25o. • 
 
 Klneagli, par.. Ire., cos. Carlowand Kildare, bars. Rathvilly, 
 and Kilkea and Moone, 2 m. W. Rathvilly ; 6321 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Klnedart, par., Scot. See King Edward. 
 
 Kliielarty, bar. , Ire. , in the middle of co. Down. 
 
 Klnermoiiy, Dangh of, dist. , Scot. , Banffshire, on the NW. 
 border, 12 m. WSW. Keith. 
 
 Klueslima, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 58 m. SE. of 
 Kostroma ; important port on r. bk. of Volga ; trade in grain, 
 flax, iron, and manufactured goods ; flour-mills. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Klneton, par. and market-tn., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby 
 div., 9 m. E. by S. Stratford-on-Avon, on the East and West 
 June. Rly., PMT.O. Par. P. <isoo. 
 
 Kliifare, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Kingswinford div., 7J 
 m. SW. Dudley, on the riv. Stour, and the Stafford and Wor- 
 cester Canal, 3 m. W. byS. Stourbridge stn., PMT.O. (KlnTcr); 
 9011 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Klnfanns, par., Scot., E. Perthshire, 3 m. E. by S. Perth, i 
 m. E. of its stn. on the C. R.; 4291 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 King, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, York co., 21 m. NNW. 
 Toronto. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 King, tn. ,• China, prov. Pechili, 105 m. SSW. Tientsin. 
 
 King, CO. , New South Wales, just N. of 35° S. , crossed by 
 149° E. 
 
 King, riv. , Tasmania, flows into Macquarie Harbour, W. ct. 
 
 King, CO., Tasmania, on the S. ct. , bounded on the E. by 
 the Huon R. and the D' Entrecasteaux Channel. 
 
 King, CO., U.S., Texas, in the N., N. of 33° N., and bounded 
 on the E. by 100° W. 
 
 King, CO., U.S., Washington, crossed by 47^° N., bordered 
 on the W. by the upper part of Puget Sound. 
 
 King, Monnt, mt., U.S., California, Fresno co., 210 m. 
 ESE. San Francisco. 
 
 Kliigalrlocli, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, at the head of a 
 small inlet running W. from Loch Linnhe, 21 m. SW. Fort 
 William, P.O. 
 
 Klngan, tn., China, prov. Kiangsi, on the 1. bk. of the Kia- 
 kiang, 240 m. S. by E. Hankow. 
 
 Klngan, tn. , China, prov. Kwangsi, 133 m. NE. Pakhoi. 
 
 Klngnnl, riv., Ger. E. Africa, flows NE. into the Indian 
 Ocean, opposite the isl. of Zanzibar, a little to the N. of Baga- 
 moyo, in 6° 22' S. Called in part of its course Rufu. 
 
 King and Qneen, co. , U.S., Virginia, in the E. , S. of 38° N. , 
 and crossed by 77° W. , bounded on the SW. by the Matapong R. 
 
 Klngnrrow, tnld.. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Boylagh, 14 m. 
 from Glenties, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Klngarth, par., Scot., Buteshire, in S. of Bute I., P.O.; 
 8995 ac. P. <isoo. 
 
 King Artlinr's Round Table, a circular area, 20 yards in 
 diameter, surrounded by a fosse and mound, on the NW. border 
 of Westmorland, 1^ m. SE. Penrith. 
 
 King Charles's Sontlt Land, a name of the largest isl. of the 
 Tierra del Fuego. Surface low and level, but mountainous in 
 the S. , where Mount Sarmiento rises to 7000 ft. above the sea. 
 
 Klnclton-fn, port, Manchuria, prov. Liautung, 60 m. W. by 
 N. Newchwang ; accessible to small boats at high water. 
 
 Klng-clion, or Klng-chan, tn. , N. China, prov. Kansu, 196 
 m. ESE. Lanchou, on the r. bk. of the King-ho. 
 
 Klngclion-fn, fortified tn. , China, prov. Hupe, 45 m. SE. by 
 E. Ichang, on the 1. bk. of the Yangtse-kiang. 
 
 King Cross, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in par. 
 and on NE. side Halifax, PMT.O. P. 12,100. 
 
 Klnge, tn. , Portuguese W. Africa, 230 m. E. Benguella. 
 
 King Edward (locally Klnedart, or Klned«lar), par. , Scot. , 
 E. Aberdeenshire, on the G. N. of S. R., 4 m. SSE. Banff; 
 contains the castle of the Comyns, Earls of Buchan, once appa- 
 rently a place of great strength. PM.O. 18,570 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Klngennle, stn., Scot., Forfarshire, 5 m. NE. byE. Dundee, 
 on the C. R., P.O. 
 
 Klngerby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 15I m. 
 E. by N. Gainsborough, 3 m. W. Usselby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kingfisher, tn., U.S., Oklahoma, 290 m. SW. Kansas City. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 King George, co., U.S., Virginia, in the E., N. of 38° N., 
 bounded on the N. and E. by the estuary of the Potomac. 
 
 King Oeorge Archipelago, name once given to a portion of 
 the Alaska N. islands, between 56° and 58^° N. Principal isls. , 
 Sitka and Baranof 
 
 King Ceorge IV. Pond, lake, Newfoundland, in 48° 10' N., 
 57° 50-57' W. 
 
 King George Sonnd, W. Australia, a fine roadstead, and 
 contains Princess Royal and Oyster Harbours, both landlocked 
 bays, the former (the inner harbour, with a mouth about | m. 
 wide) lying to the W. , and having on its N. side the town of 
 Albany; the latter to the N., receiving the Kalagan and King 
 Rivs. Lat. of its entrance 35° 6' S. , long. 118° i' E. Port of 
 call for the W. Australia mail steamers between Suez and 
 Adelaide. The harbour is one of the finest in Australia ; imperial 
 coaling station proposed. Important defence works now in 
 progress at the cost of all the Australasian colonies, at the 
 entrance to Princess Royal Harbour and in other parts of the 
 sound. Light on Breaksea I. , visible 24 m. 
 
 King George's Sound, Brit. America. See Nootka Sound. 
 
 Klngham, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, on the W. border of the 
 county, Banbury div., 13 m. WNW. Woodstock, i^ m. N. 
 Chipping Norton June. , PM. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Klng«ho, riv. , China, flows E. from prov. Kansu into prov. 
 Shensi, and enters the Wei-ho a few miles to the NE. of Singan- 
 fu. The main route to the NW. partly follows its valley. 
 
 Klnghorn, pari, and royal burgh, par., and tn. , Scot., Fife, 
 on the Firth of Forth, 2^ m. ENE. Burntisland, on the N. 
 B. R. Alexander III. was killed by falling over a cliff mid- 
 way between K. and Burntisland, and since known as King's 
 Wud End, March 12, 1286, while riding from Inverkeithing to 
 Kinghom Tower. Has an active glue manufacture, and iron 
 shipbuilding. Favourite summer resort ; excellent golf course 
 opened in 1887. PMT.O. Par. 5212 ac, P. <4ooo; tn. P. < 
 2500; pari, burgh P. (i89i)<25oo; royal burgh P. (i89i)<2ooo. 
 
 King Island, ct. isl. , Brit. Columbia, between Burke Channel 
 and Dean Inlet, S. end crossed by 52° N. 
 
 King Island, Pacific, Tuamotu group. See Talarn. 
 
 Kliig-kul, or Klng-kol, tn.. Eastern Turkistan, 47 m. SSW. 
 Yangi-Hissar. P. 3000-4000. 
 
 King Lake, the most northerly and easterly of the series ot 
 salt-water lakes or lagoons which border Gipps Land, the SE. 
 region of Victoria. It abounds with fish and wild sea-birds. The 
 average depth is 3J fathoms. The entrance from the sea is by 
 a narrow and variable opening on the NE. , barred by shifting 
 sand, which occasionally stops navigation. A passage on the 
 SW. connects it with the other lakes of the series. 
 
 Klnglass, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Fermanagh, dist. Florence- 
 court. 
 
 Klnglass, riv., Scot., Argyllshire, rises on Ben Starav, and 
 flows E., S. , SW. , and then W. into the upper part of Loch ' 
 Etive. K. Water, a short river in the same county, flows SW. 
 then W. into the upper end of Loch Fyne. 
 
 Klnglassle, par. and vil., Scot, W. Fife, 5^ m. S. by W. 
 Falkland, 2 m. SW. by S. Leslie stn., vrith coal, P.O. Par. 
 7717 ac, P. <i5oo; vil. P. <;5oo. 
 
 King Leopold Bange, a range of mts. , stretching from NW. 
 to SE. , in the Kimberley div. of W. Australia. 
 
 Kingman, city, U.S., Kansas, K. co., 165 m. SW. Topeka, 
 44 m. W. Wichita. P. <30oo. 
 
 Klngmoor, par., Eng., Cumberland, on riv. Eden, 2 m. 
 NW. Carlisle. P. <7W. 
 
 Klngol'drum, par|jlScot. , Forfarshire, 8 m. WNW. Forfar, 
 3^ m. W. by N. Kirriemuir stn.; 9619 ac. P. <Soo. 
 
 Klngoma, vil. , W. Africa, French Congo Terr. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Congo, in 14° 45' S. , 14° 59' E. 
 
 Klngo-wer, post-tn., Victoria, Gladstone co. , 32 m. WNW. 
 Sandhurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 King Road, roadstead, in the estuary of the Severn, at the 
 mouth of the Avon, between cos. Gloucester and Somerset, Eng. 
 
 King's, CO., Canada, New Brunswick, bounded SE. by St. 
 John CO., crossed in the N. by 46°, W. of 65° W. 
 
 King's, CO. , Canada, Nova Scotia, on the Bay of Fundy and 
 Minas Channel, crossed in the W. by 65° W. 
 
 King's, CO. , Canada, forming the E. end of Prince Edward I. 
 
 King's, CO., U.S., New York, in the extreme SE., at the W. 
 end of Long I. 
 
 811 
 
KING — KING 
 
 Klngsaud, vil. , Eng. , Cornwall, Bodmin div. , on Plymouth 
 Sound, 3^ m. SW. Plymouth, coastguard station. 
 
 Klngsbarns, ct. par. and vil., Scot., E. Fife, 6 m. SE. by 
 E. St. Andrews, i m. ENE. of its stn. on the N. B. R., PMT.O. 
 Par. 4074 ac, P. <iooo ; vlL P. <5oo. 
 
 Klngstioro, viL , U.S., New York, Fulton co., 42 m. NW. 
 by W. Troy. P. < 1500. 
 
 lUiigstrarongh, mining centre, Queensland, Chelmsford co. , 
 no m. S. by W. Cooktown. P. <:i500. 
 
 Kingsbridge, market-tn. , and small port, Eng. , Devonshire, 
 Totnes div. , 10 m. WSW. Dartmouth, at the head of an inlet 
 between Bolt Head and Prawle Point, with stns. (K. and K. 
 Road) on G. W. R. ; industries, shipbuilding, brewery, &c. 
 The situation is so sheltered, and the cUmate so mild, that 
 oranges and some other productions of S. Eiu'ope come to 
 perfection in the open air. Birthplace of Dr. Wolcot (' Peter 
 Pindar," 1738-1819). Alt. (Bolt Tail) 297 ft. Mean rfall. 
 (1866-80), 37.2 in. Market-day, S. Par. P. (K. with Dod- 
 brooke, formed i893)<3ooo. See Ghurcbstow. 
 
 KLug's Bromley, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 5 m. N. 
 Lichfield, 2^ m. E. by N. Armitage stn., PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 King's Broiuley Bteys, par., Eng., Staffordshire, on riv. 
 Trent. P. <:25o. 
 
 Klmgsbnry, par., Eng., Middlesex, Harrow div., 9 m. NW. 
 by W. St. Paiil's, London, with stn. (Klngsbnry-Neasden) on 
 the Metropolitan Rly. P. <7So. See Neasden. 
 
 Klngsbary, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 5 m. S. 
 Tarn worth, on the M. R., P.O.; 8070 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Kingsbury, co., U.S., S. Dakota, N. of 44° N., between 98° 
 and 97° W. 
 
 Klngsbnry Eplscopi, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 8 m. 
 WNW. Yeovil, 2 m. NW. Martock stn., P.O. (Kingsbury). 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 King's Caple, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, div. and 4J m. NW. 
 Ross, on the 1. bk. of the Wye, i^ m. SW. Fawley stn. P. <50o. 
 See Sellack. 
 
 KlngscaTll, viL, Scot., co. and 2 m. E. Linhthgow, P.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Klngsclere, par. and market-tn., Eng., Hampshire, Andover 
 div. , 6J m. SE. by S. Newbury, 3 m. E. Burghclere stn. , PMT. O. ; 
 13,126 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 King's Cllffe, or Cllffe Begls, par. , Eng. , N. div. of Nor- 
 thamptonshire, 7 m. S. by W. Stamford, on the G. N. R. ; 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klngscote, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 3J 
 m. NE. by E. Wotton-under-Edge, 3 J m. ESE. Dursley stn., 
 PMT.O. P. <2So. See Newlngton Bagpath. 
 
 Klngscote, stn., Eng., Sussex, 2 J m. WSW. E. Grinstead, 
 on the L. B. & S. C. R. 
 
 Klngscote, S. Australia. See Kangaroo Island. 
 
 King's County, inland co.. Ire., Leinster, bounded W. by 
 the Shannon, N. by co. Westmeath, E. by co. Kildare, and S. 
 by Queen's co. , in the dioceses of Kildare, Meath, and Killaloe, 
 with portions in Ossory and Clonfert ; divided into the following 
 baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. Acres. 
 
 Pop. i8gi. 
 
 Ballyboy 
 
 32.408 
 
 3.69s 
 
 Ballybritt . 
 
 
 
 
 S3.99S 
 
 9.698 
 
 Ballycowan 
 
 
 
 
 38.64s 
 
 9.332 
 
 Clonlisk 
 
 
 
 
 49.058 
 
 S.971 
 
 Coolestown 
 
 
 
 
 47.880 
 
 5,228 
 
 Eglish 
 
 
 
 . ! 28,706 
 
 2,314 
 
 Garry castle 
 
 
 
 
 103,144 
 
 12,314 
 
 GeashiU . 
 
 
 
 
 30.877 
 
 3.396 
 
 Kilcoursey . 
 
 
 
 
 19.291 
 
 4.372 
 
 Philipstown, Lower 
 
 
 
 30.689 
 
 3.SI9 
 
 Philipstown, Upper 
 
 
 
 37.096 
 
 3.877 
 
 Warrenstown 
 
 
 
 21,462 
 
 1.847 
 
 Tota 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 493.263 
 
 65.563 , 
 
 The surface, except in the SE. where the SUeve Bloom Mts. 
 rise to 1733 ft., below the alt. of 500 ft| The E. portion in- 
 cludes the greater part of the Bog of Allen, here traversed E. to 
 W. by the Grand Canal, which connects the Shannon and 
 Liffey. The whole county belongs to the Carboniferous rocks. 
 Mainly unproductive, but with small areas (in the NW. , SE. , 
 and SW.) of productive. No minerals of great economic im- 
 portance. The chief rivers are the Shannon, forming the NE. 
 boundary, its L bk. trib. the Brosna, and the Barrow, which 
 for a short distance forms the S. boundary. (For agricultural 
 statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12). Chief railway, the Great 
 Southern and Western. The county returns two members to 
 Parliament (divs. Birr and Tullamore). See Ireland, table. 
 
 Klngscourt, tn. , Ire., E. co. Cavan, bar. Clankee, 17 m. 
 WSW. Dundalk, on the M. G. W. R., PMT.O. Market-day, 
 Tu. P. < 1000. 
 812 
 
 King's Cove, fishing port, Newfoundland, dist. Bonavista, 13 
 m. from Trinity. P. < 1500. 
 
 King's Cross, stns. , Eng. , London. See St. Paucras. 
 
 Klngscross Point, cape, Scot., on the E. ct. of the isl. of 
 Arran, in 55° 30^' N., P.O. (King's Cross) near. 
 
 Klngsdale, vale in W. Riding, Yorkshire, extends SE. from 
 Whernside to near Thornton. 
 
 Klngsdon, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 6 J m. NNW. 
 Yeovil, PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 KlngsdoTm, par., Eng., Kent, Dartford div., 8^ m. SW. 
 by S. Gravesend, 3 m. ESE. Eynsford stn., PMT.O. P. <:5oo; 
 eccles. par. (K. with Happlscombe) P. <50o. 
 
 Klngsdown, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 5^ m. W. by S. 
 Faversham, 3^ m. S. by E. Sittingbourne stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Klngsdown, eccles. par. , Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div. , on 
 the E. ct. , 3 m. S. Deal, ij m. SE. by S. Walmer stn., with 
 coastguard station, PM.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Klngseat, mining viL, Scot, 3 m. NE. Dunfermline, Fife- 
 shire, P.O. 
 
 Klngsey, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, 6 m. 
 SW. Aylesbury, 2 J m. ENE. Thame stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Klngsey Falls, post-vil., Canada, Quebec, co. Drunmiond, 
 on riv. Nicolet, 7 m. from Danville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klugsgate, hamlet, Eng., Kent, Isle of Thanet div., on the 
 E. ct., 2^ m. E. Margate, i^ m. NNE. Broadstairs stn., with 
 coastguard station. 
 
 King's Heatb,;eccles. par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, E. div. , on 
 the M. R., 4 m. S. New Street stn., Birmingham, PMT.O. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Klngshonse, inn, Scot., Argyllshire, 11 m. NE. by E. of the 
 head of Loch Etive, near the point of divergence of the roads 
 down Glen Etive and Glen Coe. 
 
 Klngshonse, stn. , Scot. , W. Perthshire, on the C. R. , 8 m. 
 S. of the head of Loch Tay. 
 
 King's Island, the largest island in Bass's Strait, between 
 Victoria and Tasmania, 60 m. S. Cape Otway. It is well wooded, 
 but uninhabited, and dangerous to shipping. Here many ships 
 are wrecked. Length, 35 m. ; breadth, about 15 m. Lighthouse 
 on Cape Wickham (in 39° 36' S. , 143° 57' E.), visible 24 m. 
 Mean temp. {5 yrs.), yr. 55.4° F., Feb. 62.1°, July 49.5°; meaq 
 rfall. (syrs.), 58.7 in. 
 
 King's Island, one of the Maldive Is. , in 4° 10' N. , 73° 40' E.. 
 
 KlngskersM'ell, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 4 
 m. NW. by W. Torquay, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. <isoo. 
 
 Klngskettle, or Kettle ('the hollow in the valley of the 
 Eden'), par. and viL, Scot., E. Fife, on riv. Eden, 3J m. E. by 
 N. Falkland, on the N. B. R., PMT.O. (Kettle) ; 7612 ac. P. 
 <20oo ; viL P. <7S0. 
 
 Klngsknowe, stn., Scot, Midlothian, on the C. R., 3^ m. 
 SW. by W. Edinburgh. 
 
 King's Kraal, Swazi-land. See Mbekelwenl. 
 
 Kli^sland, par. , Eng. , Hereford, div. and 4 m. N W. by W. 
 Leominster, on the G.W.R. On Kingsland field was fought, in 
 1461, the battle of Mortimer's Cross, which established Edward 
 IV. on the English throne. PMT. O. 4932 ac. P. <: 1000. 
 
 Kingsland, suburb of London, Eng. , Middlesex, Islington 
 and Hackney bors., 3 m. N. by E. St Paul's, London; stn., 
 Rectory Road. 
 
 Kingsland, tnld. , Ire. , co. Roscommon, bar. and 4 m. from 
 Frencbpark, 11 m. from Ballaghadereen stn., P.O. P. <c25o. 
 
 Kingsland, viL, U.S., New Jersey, Bergen co., 5 m. NW. 
 Hoboken. P. < 1500. 
 
 King's Langley, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Watford div., 
 ij m. ESE. Abbots Langley, 5 m. WSW. St. Albans, on the 
 L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Klngsley, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 7 m. W. 
 Northwich, 3^ m. SE. Frodsham stn., PM.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Klngsley, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., loj m. 
 SW. by S. Aldershot, 3 m. S. by W. Bentley stn., PM.O. 
 P. <soo. See Blnsted. 
 
 Klngsley, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, div. and 6^ m. S. by E.> 
 Leek, i m. W. Froghall stn. , PM.O. ; 4821 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 King's Lynn, formerly Lynn Regis, locally usually called 
 ■simply Lynn, parL bor. (i member) and mun. bor. (since 1524), 
 seapt. , and market-tn. , Eng. , in the W. of Norfolk, in the diocese 
 of Norwich, at the mouth of the Ouse and the SE. angle of the 
 Wash, with three stations : Lynn, on the G. E. R. , King's Lynn 
 and 8. Lynn (q.v.), on the Midland and Great Northern Joint 
 Rly. Known till the time of Henry VIII. (when the possession 
 of certain rights passed from the church to the crown) as Lynn 
 Episcopi [Bishop's Lynn). Connected by navigable rivers and 
 canals with Northampton and the Grand Junction system, Bed- 
 ford, Cambridge, and Bury St. Edmunds. The shipping trade 
 is increasing (see Appendix, p. 13), and the town has ship>- 
 building yards, iron-foundries, breweries, malt houses, machine 
 factories, oil-mills, &c. The Docks (Alexandra and Bentinck) 
 have a depth over sill at high water highest springs of 25 ft , at 
 low water lowest neaps of 18 ft. , and an area of 18 acres. The 
 public grammar school (foimded by Thomas Thoresby in 1510) 
 has exhibitions to Cambridge University. Market-days, Tu. 
 
KING — KING 
 
 and S. Pari, and mun. bor. P. (1801) 10,100; (1851) 19,400; 
 (1871) 16,600; (1891) 18,400. 
 
 Ktngsmarsh, par., Eng. , Cheshire, on riv. Dee, 9 m. S. 
 Chester. P. <25o. 
 
 King'.s Mcaliarn, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, div. and 4J m. 
 W. Appleby, 4 m. SE. Cliburn stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Klngsmlll Islands. See Cillbert Islands. 
 
 King's Monnt, Ire., in the NE. of co. Sligo, 5 m. N. Sligo. 
 Height, 1527 ft. 
 
 Klngsninlr, vil., Scot., Forfarshire, ij m. ESE. Forfar, on 
 the C. R. 
 
 Klngsnortli, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 2 m. S. by W. Ash- 
 ford, P.O. P.<7So. 
 
 King's Norton, or Norton l)y Galby, par. , Eng. , Leicester- 
 shire, 2^ m. SW. Billesden. P. <250 ; eccles. par. (K. N. •wltlk 
 Stretton Parra) P. <25o. 
 
 King's Norton, par. and tn. , Eng., Worcestershire, 6 m. 
 SSE. Birmingham, partly in the co. bor. of Birmingham, which 
 includes the greater part of the population, on the M. R. , with 
 paper-mills, rolling-mills, a large screw factory, and chocolate 
 works. The Birmingham and Worcester Canal here passes 
 through a tunnel nearly 2 m. in length. 12,180 ac. P. 48,300. 
 
 King's Nynipton, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 
 II J m. SE. Barnstaple, 2 m. NE. by E. S. Molton Road stn., 
 PMO. ;ss86ac. P.<750. 
 
 King's Pyon, par., Eng., Hereford, div. and 7 m. SW. by 
 S. Leominster, 4^ m. W. Dinmore stn. P. <5oo; eccles. par. 
 (K. P. with Blrley) P. <7So. 
 
 King's Blpton, par. , Eng. , Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div. , 3 
 m. NNE. Huntingdon, 2^ m. ESE. Abbotts Ripton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 King's RlTer, Ire. , in the E. of co. Tipperary and in the W. 
 of CO. Kilkenny, flows E. to the Nore about 8 m. S. Kilkenny. 
 
 King's KlTcr, Ire., in the NW. of co. Wicklow, r. bk. trib. 
 of riv. Liffey. 
 
 King's Blver, U. S. , California, rises in Sierra Nevada, flows 
 SW. for about 180 m. , falls into NW. side of Tulare Lake. 
 
 King's Road, P.O., Eng., near Birmingham, i m. firom 
 King's Heath, Worcestershire. 
 
 King's Seat, hill, summit of the Ochils, Scot. , in par. and 2 
 m. NW. Dollar, Clackmannanshire. Alt. 2111 ft. 
 
 King's Seat, hill, summit of the Sidlaws, Scot., on NW. 
 border of Abernyte par. , E. Perthshire. Alt. 1235 ft. 
 
 King's Somborne, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 
 ij m. WSW. Lower Somborne, 8 m. W. by N. Winchester, 
 close to Horsebridge stn., PM.O. ; 6812 ac. P. <:i5oo; eccles. 
 par. (K. S. with Little Somborne) P. <:i5oo. 
 
 King's Sound, large inlet in the W. of the Kimberley div. 
 of W. Australia, crossed in the middle by 17° S. and about 
 123^° E. 
 
 King's Stanley, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 3 m. 
 WSW. Stroud, I m. from Stonehouse stns. (M. R. and G. W. 
 R. ), on the G. W. R. , with remains of a Roman camp, manufac- 
 tures of cloth, deposits of pipeclay worked, PMT.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 King's Sntton with Newbottle, par. , Eng. , Northampton- 
 shire, S. div., on the Oxford Canal, 4 m. SE. by S. Banbury, on 
 the G. W. R., PMT.O. (King's Sntton) ; 6356 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 King's Tanierton, vil., Eng., Devonshire, on riv. Tamar, 4 
 m. NW. Plymouth, P.O. 
 
 Klngstelgnton, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Ashburton div. , 4 m. 
 W. Teignmouth, on the 1. bk. of the Teign, i m. ENE. Newton 
 Abbot stn. , PMT. O. P. < 2000. 
 
 King Stemdale, eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire, Bakewell 
 and Hope pars. P. <25o. 
 
 Klngstliorne, P.O., Eng., co. and 5 ra. SE. Hereford. 
 
 Klngsthorpe, par. and tn. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northampton- 
 shire, 2 m. N. Northampton, PM.O. P. 7700. 
 
 Kingston, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, King's co., 16 m. 
 N. by E. St. John, with a depth alongside its wharves ordinary 
 springs of 15 ft. high water, 10^ ft. low. water. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kingston, fortified city, Canada, Ontario, Frontenac co., 
 at the outlet of Lake Ontario and S. end of Rideau Canal, 92 
 m. SW. by S. Ottawa, on the Grand Trunk Rly., about midway 
 between Montreal and Toronto ; the E. end of the town on the 
 site of the old Fort Frontenac, first settled by the French in 
 1673 ; has various manufactures, including mill machinery and 
 steam engines and locomotives, and cotton and woollen goods ; 
 shipbuilding also largely carried on. There is a dry dock 280 ft. 
 long, 18^ ft. deep on sill. Seat of an archbishop, of Queen's 
 University, a Royal Mihtary College, and Royal Canadian Artil- 
 lery School. Great summer resoi t on account of its proximity 
 to the Thousand Isles of the St. Lawrence. Alt. 307 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 44.0° F., Jan. 17.3°, Aug. 69.2°; mean rfall. (5 yrs.), 
 28.74 in. P. (1871)12,400; (1881)14,100; (1891)19,300. 
 
 Kingston, par., Eng., Cambridge, Chesterton div., 7 m. W. 
 by S. Cambridge, 2 m. E. by N. Old North Road stn., P.O. P. 
 <Soo. 
 
 Kingston, par., Eng., Devonshire, Torquay div., 2 m. E. 
 Dartmouth, i m. E. Kingswear stn., with a coastguard station, 
 P.O. P. <:5oo. See Ermlugton. 
 
 Kingston, eccles. par., Eng., Dorsetshire, Eastern div., isl. 
 
 of Purbeck, 8 m. SW. by S. Poole, 2 m. S. Corfe Castle stn., 
 P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Kingston, vil., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 2 m. E. by 
 N. Ross. 
 
 Kingston, par., Eng., Isle of Wight, 5 m. S. by W. New- 
 port, 3^ m. SW. by W. Merstone stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kingston, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div., sh 
 m. NNW. Loughborough, close to Kegworth stn., P.O. (K.-on- 
 Soar). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kingston, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 3 m. 
 NNW. Taunton, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kingston, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 11 m. W. by S. 
 Yeovil, 2^ m. SE. Ilminster stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kingston, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Burton div., 9^ m. 
 ENE. Stafford, 2 m. E. Grindley stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Kingston, par. and pari. div. , Eng. , Surrey. See Klngston- 
 npon-Thames. 
 
 Kingston, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Chichester div. , on the S. ct. , 
 5^ m. SE. Arundel, 2 m. W. by S. Goring stn. ; coastguard stn. 
 See Ferrlng. P. <25o. 
 
 Kingston, par., Eng., Sussex, Lewes div., 2 m. SW. by W. 
 Lewes. P. <2So; eccles. par. (K. w^lth Iford) P. <5oo. 
 
 Kingston, meteorological stn., Eng., Wiltshire. 
 
 Kingston, cap. and chief seapt. of Jamaica, Surrey co. , S. 
 ct., in 76° 47' W., on the N. side of K. Harbour, an inlet 
 available for the largest ships, 10 m. long, E. to W., by 2-4 
 m. wide ; protected by a long narrow peninsula. The water 
 space is about 4 sq. m. , and there are wharves with a depth 
 alongside of 14-24 ft. A railway between Kingston and Spanish 
 Town, 10 m. W., was opened in 1846. Mean temp. (8 yrs., 
 1880-87), y^"- 79'i°F., Feb. 76.3°, July 81.6°; rfall. (6 yrs.), 35.79 
 in. P. (1871) 34,300; (1891)48,500. 
 
 Kingston, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Lake co. , 73 
 m. N. by E. Invercargill. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Kingston, or Oakey Creek, Queensland, in 16° 18' S., 144° 
 18' E. ; centre of alluvial gold diggings. 
 
 Klitgston, eccles. par., Scot., Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire, 
 on S. side of riv. Clyde. P. 8000. 
 
 Kingston, or Port Caroline, shipping port, S. Australia, 
 MacDonnell co. , 169 m. SE. Adelaide, lighthouse (36° 50' S. , 
 139° 51' E.), visible 10 m. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kingston, or Brown's RlTer, post-tn., Tasmania, Buck- 
 ingham CO., 6 m. S. by W. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kingston, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., 20 m. 
 ENE. Taunton, 2 m. W. Plymouth Bay, with a good harbour 
 for light-draught vessels. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Kingston, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Rockingham co. , 20 
 m. E. Manchester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kingston, East, tn., 2 m. ESE. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kingston, city, U.S., New York, Ulster co., on the r. bk. of 
 Hudson R., where it is joined by the Rondout R. , NE. terminus 
 of the Delaware and Hudson Canal, on N. bk. of Rondout Creek, 
 which has been made navigable for 3 m. , and forms its harbour, 
 15 m. N. by W. Poughkeepsie ; has large cement works, and 
 various other manufactures. P. (i88o) 18,300 ; (1890) 21,300. 
 
 Kingston, coal-mining bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne 
 CO. , on the r. bk. of the N. branch of the Susquehanna, oppo- 
 site Wilkesbarre, 16 m. SW. by W. Scranton. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kingston, vil., U.S., Rhode I., Washington co., loj m. W. 
 New Port. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kingston, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Roane co. , 32 m. WSW. 
 Knoxville, at the place where the Clinch and Holston Rivs, 
 unite to form the Tennessee. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kingston, post-tn. , Victoria, co. Talbot, 92J m. N W. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kingston Bagpnze, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 5 J m. 
 W. by N. Abingdon, PT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Kingston Blount, P.O., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 15 
 m. ESE. Oxford, ij m. NE. Aston Rowant stn. 
 
 Kingston by Sea, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Lewes div. , on the S. 
 ct. , 5 m. W. Brighton, i m. E. Shoreham stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kingston DeverUl, par., Eng., Wiltshire, 6 m. SW. Heytes- 
 bury, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Klngstone, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire. See Klnson. 
 
 Klugstone, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 7 m. 
 WSW. Hereford, 4 m. E. Vowchurch stn., P.O. P. <500. See 
 Thmxton. 
 
 Klngstone, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., on the 
 Little Stour, 5 m. SE. by S. Canterbury, i m. NW. Barham^ 
 stn., P.O. P.-C250. 
 
 Klngstone, P.O., Eng., co. and near Stafford, 5 m. from 
 Uttoxeter. 
 
 Kingston Hill, two eccles. pars., Eng., Surrey, Kingston 
 div., 10 m. SW. St. Paul's, London, close to Norbiton stn. 
 P. (K. H. St. Luke) 7200; (K. H. St. Paul)<5ooo. 
 
 Kingston Lisle and Fawler,par. , Eng. , Berkshire, Abingdon 
 div., II m. E. by N. Swindon, 4^ m. W. Wantage, 2J m. SE. 
 Uffingtonstn. , P.O. (Kingston Lisle). P. <:5oo. SeeSparsholt. 
 
 Klngston-on-Soar, P.O., Eng., co. and near Derby, 2 m. 
 from Kegworth. 
 
 813 
 
KING — KINL 
 
 Kingston Russell, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, 8 m. NW. Dor- 
 chester. P. <250. 
 
 Kingston Seymour, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 6in. NE. 
 by E. Weston-super-Mare, ij m. W. Yatton stn. P. <50o. 
 
 Klngston-npou-Hnll, Eng. See Hull. 
 
 Klugston-upou-Tlianies, mun. bor. (since 1199), par., mar- 
 ket-tn., and popular suburban resort, Eng., Surrey, Kingston 
 div., on the Thames, 3 m. S. Richmond, on the L. & SW. R., 
 in the diocese of Winchester. K. has a free library (opened in 
 1883), recreation-ground of 14 acres, and an endowed grammar 
 school, founded in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Many of the 
 Saxon kings were crowned here. During the Parliamentary 
 war K. was the scene of the last contest in behalf of the royal 
 cause, to which the town firmly adhered. Market-days, Th. 
 and S. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 3800; (1851) 6300; (1871) 15,300; 
 (1891) 27,100; par. (Kingston) 4824 ac, P. 41,900; pari. div. 
 (Kingston) 85,400. 
 
 Kingston Tale, or Robin Hood, eccles. par. , Eng. , Surrey, 
 Kingston par. P. <:75g. 
 
 Klngstofvn, hamlet, Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 2 J m. 
 N. Carlisle, i^ m. SE. Harker stn., P.O. 
 
 Klugsto^vn (formerly Dunleary), civic and seapt. tn. , and 
 watering-place. Ire. , co. Dublin, on Dubhn Bay, bar. Rathdown, 
 6^ m. SE. by E. Dublin, with a harbour and lighthouse (E. 
 Pier, visible 9 m.), on the G. S. & W. R. It is the royal mail 
 packet station for communication with Liverpool and Holyhead. 
 The royal harbour, from which the town may be said to date, 
 was commenced in 1816, and finished in 1859. Two piers en- 
 close an area of 250 acres. Vessels drawing 24 ft. can discharge 
 at the wharf at any state of the tide. The railway to Dublin was 
 opened in 1834. P. (1851) 10,500 ; (1871) 16,400 ; (1891) 17,400. 
 
 Kingstown, tn. , W. Indies, on S. ct. St. Vincent I. P. 6000. 
 
 Klngstovm, Xorth and Soutli, two tns., U.S., Rhode I., 
 Washington co. North K. P. <5c>oo; South K. P. 6200. 
 
 King Street, hamlet, Eng., Berkshire, 3 m. N. Woking- 
 ham, P.O. 
 
 KlngsTllIe, riv. port, Canada, Ontario, Essex co. , 24 m. SE. 
 by S. Windsor, with outflow of natural gas. P. <i500. 
 
 King's Walden, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, Hitchin div. , 2^ m. 
 WNW. St. Paul's Walden, 4^ m. ENE. Luton, P.O. ; 4392 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Klngsfvear, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Torquay div. , on the L 
 bk. of the Dart, oppxDsite Dartmouth, on the G. W. R. , with a 
 lighthouse, visible 11 m., PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Klngswlnford, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, K. div. , 3 J m. W. 
 by S. Dudley, 2 m. WNW. Round Oak stn. ; has coal-mines 
 and blast-fiirnaces, and carries on glass, brick, and tile making. 
 PMT.O. 7372 ac. P. 36,400; pari. div. P. (1891)47,600. 
 
 Kliigsivood, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, 6 m. SE. Bicester, 
 P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Klngswood, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, 3im. Frodsham. P, <25o. 
 
 Klngswood, par., Eng., Gloucester, Stroud div., i m. SW. 
 Wotton-under-Edge ,2 m. ESE. Charfield stn. , PM. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 KlngsYTOod, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Bitton and 
 Mangotsfield, 3 J m. NE. Bristol, PMT.O.; shoe-making is 
 carried on. P. 7900 ; urban sanitary disL P. 9100. 
 
 Klngswood, par., Eng., Surrey, 3J m. NW. Reigate, P.O., 
 and P.O. (Lower K.). P. <75o. 
 
 Klngsw^ood, hamlet, Eng. , Worcestershire, 6^ m. S. Birming- 
 ham, PM.O. 
 
 Klngswood, hamlet, Eng. , Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon 
 div., 9 m. WNW. Warwick, on the Stratford-on-Avon Canal, 
 ij m. W. of its station on the G. W. R. 
 
 King's Wortliy, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Andover div. , on the 
 Itchin, 2 m. N. by E. Winchester, PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Klngteehln, or Klngtechen, tn., China, in NE. of prov. 
 Kiangsi, on the Chang-kiang, 85 m. EiSE. Kiu-kiang, to the W. 
 of the Kau-ling Hills, from which kaolin or China clay is derived 
 (and takes its name, though the kaolin of Europe is not identical 
 in nature) ; chief seat of the Chinese porcelain manufacture, con- 
 taining an imperial porcelain factory. P. estimated by Dr. Halde 
 in last century at 1,000,000, now much declined. 
 
 Klngthorpe, hamlet, Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 
 10 m. E. by N. Lincoln, on the G. N. R. 
 
 Klugthorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 2 m. NE. 
 Pickering. P. <25o. 
 
 Kington, par. and market-tn., Eng., Herefordshire, on the 
 Arrow, div. and 12J m. W. Leominster, on the G. W. R., 
 PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. Par. 8028 ac, P. < 3000; tn. P.< 
 2500 ; eccles. p>ar. (K. with Huntington) P. <35oo. 
 
 Kington, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., on the 
 Piddle, 9 m. E. Worcester, 5^ m. NE. by N. Pershore stn. P. 
 <:25o; eccles. par. (K. wltb Dormston) P. <25o. 
 
 Kington, St. Michael, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham 
 div., i2i m. NE. by E. Bath, aj m. NW. Chippenham stn., 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Kington, West, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 9 
 m. NNE. Bath, 7 m. ESE. Yate stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kingtonlangley, par., Eng., Wiltshire, div. and a^ m. N. 
 by E. Chippenham, 13J m. NE. by E. Bath, P.O. P. <75o. 
 814 
 
 Kington Magna, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, Northern div. , 8^ 
 m. ENE. Sherborne, 3J m. E. Templecombe stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klugtsekwan, or Tlngtsekwan, tn., China, near NW. 
 frontier of prov. Honan, of which it is a customs station, 330 m. 
 by mule-road SE. Singan-fu, on the Tan-ldang, which is navig- 
 able thence to its confluence with the Han-kiang. P. about 10,000. 
 
 Kingste, name by which Marco Polo called Hangchow-fu. 
 
 Kingussie and Iiish, par. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Spey, 23 m. NNW. Blair Athole, on the H. R. Birth- 
 place of Macpherson, translator of Ossian's poems. Now a 
 summer resort. Par. 116,182 ac, P. <:2ooo ; K. vil. P. <:75o. 
 
 Klngwater, riv., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., trib. of 
 the Irthing, which it joins on the r. bk. 2 m. above Irthington. 
 Gives name to a par. , area 18,770 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 KlngM-eston, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Eastern div. , 5^ m. SSE. 
 Glastonburv, P.O. P. <;25o. 
 
 King ivilllam, co., U.S., Virginia, in the E., S. of 38° N.. 
 and crossed by 77° W. , in the angle between the Matapony and 
 Pamunky Rivs. 
 
 King William Court House, vil., U.S., Virginia, King 
 William co. , 23 m. ENE. Richmond. P. < 1500. 
 
 King William Land, large irregular penin. , S. Chile, N. of the 
 W. end of the Strait of Magellan, between about 52° and 53° S. 
 
 King William's Town (named after WilUam IV. ), tn. , Cape 
 Colony, cap. dist. K. , 29 m. W. by N. East London ; formerly 
 cap. British Kaffraria. Chief seat of frontier Kaffir trade. 
 Niunerous German settlers largely engaged in the cultivation of 
 fruit and vegetables. Alt. 1315 ft. Mean temp., yr. 62.3° F., 
 Jan. 70.9°, July 53.5°; rfalL (15 yrs.), 25.7 in. P. 7200. 
 
 KingwllliamstowB, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Cork, bar. Du- 
 hallow, 15 m. NE. by E. Killarney, 8 m. from Rathmore stn. , 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Klu-hwa, tn. , China, prov, Chekiang, 70 m. S. Hangchow. 
 
 Klul-tmlu (' Chinese widow'), mt, in the N. of Borneo, Brit. 
 N. Borneo terr., in 6° 2' N., iiej" E. Alt. 13,680 ft. 
 
 Klnlen, tn. , eastern Sudan, 120 m. WSW. Debra Tabor. 
 
 Klnin'month, eccles. par. , Scot. , cos. Aberdeen and Banff, 
 Crimond, Longside, Lonmay, Strichen, and Old Deer pars. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Klnlsteno, settlement, Canada, dist. Saskatchewan, 34 m. 
 SE. by E. Prince Albert 
 
 Klnjabo, ta , W. Africa. See Krlnjabo. 
 
 Klnkasan, Japan. See Klnkwazan. 
 
 Kinliell, vil. , Scot. , Aberdeenshire, on 1. bk. Don, 2 m. SSE. 
 Inverurie, P.O. (K. Bridge). See Kelth-HaU. 
 
 Klnkora, viL, U.S., New Jersey, Burlington co., on the 
 Delaware, 7 m. S. Trenton. P. <; 1500. 
 
 Klnk'wazan, or Klnkuwasan ('golden flower mountain'), 
 noted isL, Japan, off the E. ct., in 38° 20' N., just E. of the 
 penin. bounding the Bay of Sendai on the E.; abounds with 
 tame deer. The temple formerly belonged to the Shingon sect 
 of Buddhists, but is now in the hands of the Shinto cult, and 
 for centuries has been the resort of pilgrims from all parts of Japan. 
 
 Kinlet, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 8^ m. WNW. 
 Kidderminster, 2^ m. SW. Highleystn., P.O.; 8164 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Klnlochallort, PT.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, at head of 
 Loch Ailort, 28 m. W. Fort William. 
 
 Klnloch and Lethcndy, par. , Scot. , E. Perthshire, 5^ m. 
 NW. by W. Coupar Angus, 2 m. W. Bljiirgowrie stn.; 7060 ac. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Klnloehard, hamlet, Scot. , Perthshire, at head of Loch Ard, 
 5 m. from Aberfoyle, P. O. 
 
 Klnlochbervle, eccles. par., Scot, Sutherland, on the W. 
 ct., on the N. shore of Loch Inchard, iij m. S. by W. Cape 
 Wrath, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kinlochewe, or Ewe, hamlet, Scot. , Ross-shire, on Kinloch- 
 ewe R. , li m. SE. of the head of Loch Maree, 8 m. N. by E. 
 AchnasheUach stn. The name, meaning ' head of Loch Awe,' 
 is taken as evidence of the fact that Loch Maree was continuous 
 with the sea inlet of Loch Ewe when a Celtic population had 
 already settled on its shores. PMT.O. 
 
 Klnlochlaggan, PT.O., Scot., at head of Locb Laggan, 
 Inverness-shire, 13 m. NW. Dalwhinnie. 
 
 Klnlochluichart, eccles. par., Scot., Ross and Cromarty, 
 Contin, Fodderty and Urray pars. P. <750. 
 
 Klnlochmoldart, hamlet, Scot, Inverness-shire, at head of 
 Loch Moidart, P.O. 
 
 Kinlochmore, P. O. , Scot , 15 m. from Onich, Inverness-shire. 
 
 Klnloch Raunoeh, eccles. par., Scot, W. Perthshire, at the 
 foot of Loch Rannoch, 14 m. WSW. Blair Athole. P. <:7SO. 
 
 KinloctaspelTle, eccles. par. , Scot. , Argyllshire, at the head 
 of Loch Spelvie, in the SE. of Mull I., 13 m. WNW. Oban. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Kiniong-kiang, or Lant8an«klang, name borne by the 
 Mekong in its upper course in Chinese terr. 
 
 Klnloss, ct par., Scot, Elginshire, 2J m. NE. Forres, on the 
 H. R.; has a few slight remains of a Cistercian abbey founded 
 by David I. in 1150 or 1151. • 5184 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Kinlongh, tn., Ire., N. co. Leitrim, bar. Rosclogher, 5 m. 
 SW. Ballyshannon, PM.O. P.<2So. 
 
KINM — KINW 
 
 Hlumonnt, vil., Canada, Ontario, Victoria £o., onriv. Burnt, 
 8i m. E. by N. CoUingwood. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kliimack, hamlet, Scot., Aberdeenshire, 4m. SE. Inverurie, 
 P.O. 
 
 Klnninudy, city, U.S., Illinois, Marion co., 73 m. E. by N. 
 St. Louis (Mo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 KUuiacorra Point, cape. Ire., E. ct. Clare I., co. Mayo, in 
 Clew Bay, lat. 53° 48' N. 
 
 Kiuiiagoe Bay, Ire., on the NE. ct. of co. Donegal, in 7° W. 
 
 Kliuiabooey, hamlet, Ire., Clare I., co. Mayo, 18 m. W. 
 Westport, with coastguard station. 
 
 Kliinalrd, par. , Scot. , E. Perthshire, 7 m. S. by E. Coupar 
 Angus, 2 m. W. Inchture Village stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kliiualrd, vil. , Scot. , Stirlingshire, Bothkennar and Larbert 
 pars. P. < 500. 
 
 Kliinaird's Head, rocky headland of mica slate 61 ft. high, 
 Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on the NE. ct., in 2° W., crowned by 
 a lighthouse, visible 17 m. 
 
 Kiuiiatalloou, bar.. Ire., in the E. of co. Cork. 
 
 Klnnear'8 Hills, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. Megantic, 18 
 ra. from St. Julie stn. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Kluiieir and CatterUue, par., Scot., Kincardineshire, on 
 the E. ct., 4 m. NE. by N. Bervie, P.O. (Kluueff) ; 7130 ac. 
 P. < 1000. See Dnnnottar. 
 
 Klnuegad, tn., Ire., SE. co. Westmeath, bar. Farbill, 11 m. 
 SE. by E. MuUingar, 3 m. from Hill of Down stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 KJnnelgh, par.. Ire., SW. co. Cork, bar. E. Carbery, W. div., 
 lom. S. Macroom, 3 m. fromBallineenstn.; is.ogdac. P.<3000. 
 
 Klnnell (kin-nil'), vil. , Scot. , Linlithgowshire, in par. and SW. 
 vicinity of Borrowstounness. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klnnell, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 6 m. NNW. Arbroath, 2^ 
 m. E. Guthrie stn. ; 6577 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Klnnellar, par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, on riv. Don, 10 m. 
 NW. Aberdeen ; 4217 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Klnnerley, par., Eng. , Salop, div. and6J^m. SSE. Oswestry, 
 4^ m. E. Llanymynech stn. , P.O.; 6105 ac. P. < 1500; eccles. 
 par. (K. trlth Maesbrook) P. < 1500. 
 
 Klnnersley, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and iii^ m. SW. 
 by W. Leominster, on the M. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klnnersley, par. , Eng. , Salop, Newport div. , on one of the 
 Shropshire Union Canals, 12 m. E. by N. Shrewsbury, 3 m. E. 
 by S. Crudgington stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Klnnerton, Hlgber, par., Wales, Flintshire, 6 m. SW. by 
 W. Chester, 2 m. SSW. Broughton Hall stn. , with stn. (K.) on 
 the L. & NW. R., P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Kliuierton, Lower, par. , Eng. , co. and 3^ m. SW. Chester. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Klnnerton, Salford, and Badlaud, par., Wales, Radnor- 
 shire, 2§ m. NE. New Radnor. P. <2So. See Kadnor, ©Id. 
 
 Klnuetbmont, par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 7 m. S. Huntly, 
 with stn. (Kennetbmout) on the G. N. of S. R.; 8468 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Klnnettles, par. , Scot. , Forfarshire, on Kerbet Water, 3 m. 
 SW. Forfar. P. <soo. 
 
 Kinney, co., U.S., Texas, in the SW., S. of 30° N., W. of 
 100° W. , bounded for a few miles on the SW. by the Rio Grande. 
 
 Kluuleslde, par t of par. , Eng. , Cumberland. See Ennerdale 
 Bridge. 
 
 Klnnlng Park, tn., Scot., Renfrewshire, in S. of Glasgow. 
 P. 13,700. 
 
 Klnnlslde, part of par. , Eng. , Cumberland. See Ennerdale. 
 
 Klunltty, par. and tn.. Ire., S. King's co., bar. Bally britt, 8 
 m. E. Parsonstown, PMT.O. Par. 14,015 ac, P. <iooo; tn. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Klnnolr, P.O., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 5 m. NE. Huntly. 
 
 Klnnoall, par., Scot., Perthshire, on L bk. of riv. Tay, con- 
 tains the Bridgend suburb of Perth. P. <:45oo. 
 
 Kluomoto, tn., Japan, SE. ct. of Honshiu, 55 m. SE. Ozaka. 
 
 Klnonge River, Canada, Quebec, Ottawa co., issues from 
 Lake Papineau, and flows SSW. into the riv. Ottawa, about 27 
 m. above Grenville. 
 
 Klnonlton, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Newark div. , 8 m. 
 SE. Nottingham, on the Nottingham and Grantham Canal, P.O. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Klnpal, or Klnpao, fortress, eastern China, prov. Fokien, 
 at the entrance to the town of Foochow by the canal N. of the 
 riv. Min ; dismantled in Aug. 1884 by the French fleet. 
 
 Kinross, vil., Canada, Prince Edward I., co. Queen's, 17 m. 
 from Charlottetown, at head of Orwell R. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Kinross, par. and market-tn., Scot., Kinross-shire, on the 
 W. shore of Loch Leven, 9 m. WSW. Falkland, with stn. (K. 
 Junction) on the N. B. R. ; has wool-spinning mills and a linen 
 factory. Market-day, M. Par. 7275 ac, P. < 2500; tn. P. < 
 2000 ; K. portion of pari. dist. P. (1891) 6300. 
 
 Klnrossle, vil., Scot., E. Perthshire, 5 m. SSW. Coupar 
 Angus, 3 J m. S. by W. Woodside stn. P.O. 
 
 Klnross-shlre, small co. , Scot. , bounded E. and S. by co. 
 Fife, W. and N. by co. Perth, and physically W. and NW. by 
 the Ochil, E. by the Lomond, and S. by the Benarty and Cleish 
 
 Hills. Surface varied, and well-cultivated. Loch Leven, in the 
 SE. of the CO. , is drained E. by the riv. Leven. Coal occurs at 
 Lochgelly. (For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10- 
 12.) Chief town, Kinross. The co. unites with Clackmannan and 
 portions of Perth (Culross, Muckart, and Tulliallan, and parts 
 of Fossoway and Logic) and Stirling (Alva) in returning a 
 member to the House of Commons. ./&ea, 46,487 ac. P. 6300. 
 See Scotland, table. 
 
 Klnrovar, cape. Ire., NW. ct. co. Mayo, bar. Erris, between 
 Blacksod and TuUaghan Bays, 33 m. W. Ballina. 
 
 Kinsai, in Marco Polo. See llangebo-w. 
 
 Klnsale', par., seapt. , and civic tn. (till 1885 a pari, bor.). 
 Ire. , S. ct. CO. Cork, bar. K. , on Kinsale Harbour (depth spring 
 tides, 12-15 ft., protected by Charles Fort, now a barrack), at 
 the mouth of the Bandon (here crossed by a ferry, and about 
 2 m. from the town by a bridge), 9^ m. E. by S. Bandon, with 
 stns. (K. and K. Junction) on the Cork, Bandon, and South 
 Coast Rly. Built partly on the side of Compass Hill ; some of 
 the streets are so steep as not to admit carriages. Chiefly 
 known as a summer resort, and for its fisheries. Market-days, 
 F. and S. Par. P. <45oo ; tn. P. <5000. 
 
 Klnsale, vil., U.S., Virginia, Westmoreland co., on Chesa- 
 peake Bay, 57 m. NE. Richmond. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kinsale, Old Head of, cape. Ire., co. Cork, 5 m. S. by W. 
 of the mouth of Kinsale Harb. , with a lighthouse, visible 21 m. 
 
 Kliisalebeg, par.. Ire., SW. co. Waterford, bar. Decies 
 within Drum, on the E. side of Youghal Harb. , opposite Youghal, 
 P.O. ; 5789 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klnsale Harbour, Ire., on the S. ct of co. Cork, with light- 
 house, visible 14 m. 
 
 Klusaley, par.. Ire., co. and 6 m. N. Dublin, bar. Coolock. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Klnsban, tn. , China, prov. Chekiang, on Hangchow Bay, 
 80 m. NE. by E. Hangchow. 
 
 Kliisba-klang (' river of golden sand *), Chinese name for the 
 Yangtse-kiang in its upper course. 
 
 Klusbam, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, div. and 9J m. WN W. 
 Leominster, on the Lugg, 3 m. E. by N. Presteign stn. P. -<25o. 
 
 Kinsley, vil., U.S., Kansas, Edwards co. , near the 1. bk. of 
 riv. Arkansas, 220 m. WSW. Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klnson, or Klngstone, par. and tn., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. 
 div. , 5 m. NE. Poole. Par. 5367 ac. , P. 7300 ; tn. P. 6600 ; 
 eccles. par. (K. wltb Talbot Ylllage) P. <4ooo. 
 
 Klnston, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, Lenoir co., on Neuse R., 
 26 m. SE. Goldsboro by rail. P. <20oo. 
 
 Klnsnka, tn. , W. Africa, Congo Free State, 85 m. E. by N. 
 Vivi. 
 
 Klitta, viL , Malay Penin. , Perak, on the 1. bk. of riv. Kinta, 
 in about 4° 34' N. , 101° E. The riv. Klnta flows SSW. , and 
 joins the Perak by two mouths in about 4° 6' and 4° 8' N. re- 
 spectively. 
 
 Klntall, par., Scot., Ross-shire, on the N. shore of Loch 
 Duich, 27 m. NE. by E. Point of Sleat ; 77,441 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Klntbury, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 5J m. W. New- 
 bury, on the G. W. R. ; chalk here manufactured into whiting. 
 PMT.O. 7778 ac P. <:20oo. 
 
 Klntecbeng, China. See Klngtechln. 
 
 Klntessock, vil., Scot, Elginshire, 2^ m. WNW. Forres, 
 P.O. (Klntessack). 
 
 Klutore, pari, and royal burgh, par. , and vil. , Scot. , on the 
 E. border of W. Aberdeenshire, on the r. bk. of the Don, 11 m. 
 NW. by W. Aberdeen, on the G. N. of S. R., PMT.O. Pari, 
 and royal burgh P. (i89i)<75o; par. 9092 ac, P. <2Soo; vil. 
 P. <:7So. See Elgin. 
 
 Klntsekwan, tn., China, Honan. See Kingtsekwan. 
 
 Kintnrk, electoral div. , Ire., co. Clare, dist. Killaniv. 
 
 Kintark, electoral div.. Ire., co. Westmeath, dist. Castle- 
 pollard. 
 
 Kintyre', or Cantire, penin., Scot., between the Firth of 
 Clyde and the Atlantic Ocean, forming the S. extremity of the 
 CO. Argyll, with which it is united by the narrow isthmus of 
 Tarbert. Length, N. to S. , 43 m. ; average breadth, 6^ m. Sur- 
 face, which comprises 10 pars. , is diversified with hill and dale. 
 Chief place, Campbeltown. The Mull of Kintyre, the SW. point 
 of the above peninsula, has a lighthouse, visible 24 m. Mean 
 rfall. (lighthouse, 1866-85), 43-2 in. 
 
 Klnure, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Kinalea, 4 m. SE. Kinsale. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Kliivarra, tn. , Ire., S. co. Galway, bar. Kiltartan, 15J m. 
 WSW. Loughrea, at the head of K. Bay, which runs SE. from 
 the head of Galway Bay, 5 m. from Ardrahan stn. , PMT. O. 
 (Klnvara). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Klnvarradooms, ct par.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Kiltartan, 
 adjoining Kin varra ; 11,290 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Kinvaston, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, 2 m. SW. Penkridge. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Kinver, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire. See Kinfare. 
 
 Kinivalsey, par., Eng., Warwickshire, \\ m. S. ColeshilL 
 P. <;25o. 
 
 Klnwarton, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 6\ m. WNW, 
 
 815 
 
KI NW 
 
 KI RD 
 
 Stratford-on-Avon, on the AIne, close to Great Alne stn. P. < 
 250 ; eccles. par. (K. -with. Great Alne) P. <soo. 
 
 Klnwon Bay, Canada, on the W. side of Lake Winnipeg, in 
 52" 5' N. 
 
 Rlnynmbi, French missionary stn. in Ngnru, Ger. E. Africa, 
 75 m. W. Saadani. 
 
 Klnzig, riv., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, rises near Schliich- 
 tern, and flows SW. into the Main below Hanau. Length, 50 
 m. ; not navigable. 
 
 Klnzig, riv. , Ger. , rises in Wiirtemberg, in the Black Forest, 
 and flows S. into Baden, then NW. to the Rhine, which it enters 
 at Kehl, opposite Strassburg. Length, 70 m. ; not navigable. 
 
 Kin'zna, viL, U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and about 12 m. NE. 
 Warren ; has several oil wells. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klobdo, tn. , China. See Chamdo. 
 
 Klobenhayn, or Kjot>en]iaTn. See Copenhagen. 
 
 Rlo-fn, the city of Confucius, a walled city of China, prov. 
 Shantung, in 35° 50' N., 117° 13' E. About ij m. N. of it 
 is the burial-place ot the Confucius family, with its ancient 
 tombs guarded by stone lions, elephants, &c. The temple of 
 Confucius and the ducal palace of his descendants are principal 
 places of attraction. The nearest lineal descendant of Confucius 
 enjoys the title of Duke, receives a large pension from govern- 
 ment, and takes rank after the princes of the blood. P. (1869) 
 25,000. See Jour. J?. G. S., 1870, pp. 218-23. 
 
 Kloga, or Koja, lake, central Africa, to the N. of Lake 
 Victoria Nyanza, crossed by ij° N. and 32!° E., traversed by 
 the Somerset Nile. 
 
 Kloge, Denmark. See KJoge. 
 
 A'z'(»', Turkish, 'village.' See A'm. 
 
 Klona, settlement, U.S., Washington, Yakima co., 60 m. W. 
 by N. Walla Walla. 
 
 Klonga, bay and viL, in extreme S. of Ger. E. Africa, S. of 
 the Rovuma, in 10° 35' S. 
 
 Kiora, stn. , Ger. E. Africa, Usagara, 147m. W. Dar-es-Salaam. 
 
 A'ios, seapt. , Asia Minor. See CleinUk. 
 
 Klostenl, isL , Asia Minor, in the Gulf of Smyrna. 
 
 Kioto, to., Japan. See Kyoto. 
 
 Klo-frn, CO., U.S., Colorado, E. frontier, crossed in N. by 
 38^° N.; cap. Sheridan Lake. 
 
 Kiowa, viL, U.S., Colorado, Elbert co. , 40 m. SE. Denver. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Kiowa, vil., U.S., Kansas, Barber co., on the S. frontier, 205 
 m. SW. Topeka. P. -C1500. 
 
 Kiowa, CO., U.S., Kansas, in the S., W. of meridian 99°. 
 
 Klowas, or Kloways, tribe of Indians, Shoshone family, 
 having a reservation in the SW. of the Indian Terr., U.S. 
 
 Klplul, small port, Brit. E. Africa, near mouth of the Azi, 
 on N. side of Formosa Bay, in 2° 32' S., with a shallow and 
 dangerous bar. 
 
 Klplln, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 3 m. SE. Catterick, 
 on riv. Ouse. P. <25o. 
 
 Kipling Cotes, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 3^ m. E. 
 Market Weigh ton, on the NE. R. 
 
 Klpowsln, settlement, U.S., Washington, Pierce co., 33 m. 
 E. by S. Olympia. 
 
 Klppax, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross div. , 
 7J m. ESE. Leeds, on height near riv. Aire, 2 m. S. by E. Gar- 
 forth stn., on the NE. R. , vnth extensive coal-mines near, 
 PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Klppel, viL , Switzd. , cant. Valais, 12 m. NW. Brieg, in the 
 Lotschen-thaL P. <2ooo. 
 
 Klppen, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Huron co. , 36 m. NNW. 
 London. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Klppen, jjar., Scot, Perthshire and Stirlingshire, i m. SW. 
 by W. from its station on the N. B. R., 9 m. W. Stirling, 
 PMT.O. ; 11,256 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klppford, hamlet, Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, on Urr Water, 
 4 m. S. Dalbeattie, P.O. 
 
 Klpplngton, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks par. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Klppnre mountain. Ire. , in the N. of co. Wicklow, 10 m. 
 W. by S. Bray. Height, 2473 ft. 
 
 Klprls, isL, Mediterranean. See Cypnu. 
 
 Klpnngwe, ct. viL, Ger. E. Africa, Useguha, 55 m. N. Baga- 
 moyo, in 5° 39' S. 
 
 A'lV (of Moab), place named in O. T. See Kerak. 
 
 A'tr, Kityath, Hebrew, 'a wall,' or 'stronghold.' 
 
 Kirdly, Hungarian form of Slavonic A'ra^?', 'king.' 
 
 K<ratpnr, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Bijnaur, 42 m. 
 NE. Meerut. P. (1882) 12,700. 
 
 Klrbekan, place in the eastern Sudan, near the L bk. of the 
 Nile, about midway between Ambukol and Abu Hammed ; scene 
 of the victory and death of General Earle in February 1885. 
 
 Klrby, or Klrkby, Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian, ' church- 
 town. ' The two forms are frequently interchanged. For places 
 not found under the one form, see under the other. 
 
 Klrby, West, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 6J m. W. by 
 S. Birkenhead, on the L. & N^^^ R. , and stn. (Klrby Park) 
 on Birkenhead R., PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 816 
 
 Klrby Bedon, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 4 m. SE. by E. 
 Norwich, 2^ m. E. by S. Trowse stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klrby Bellars, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 2J m. 
 W. by S. Melton Mowbray, close to Ashfordby stn. P. -csoo. 
 
 Klrby Cane, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 12J m. SE. Norwich, 
 I m. NNE. Ellingham stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klrby Cross, hamlet, Eng., Essex, Kirby-le-Soken par., 2 m. 
 SW. Walton on the Naze, on the G. E. R., PM.O. 
 
 Klrby Fleetham, PT.O. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Klrkby F. 
 
 Klrby Frith, p)ar. , Eng., co. and 3J m. NW. Leicester. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Klrby Cirlndalyth, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buck- 
 rose div., 15^ m. SW. by S. Scarborough, 3J m. E. North 
 Grimston stn., P.O.; 4526 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Klrby HaU, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 8J m. NE. 
 Knaresborough. P. <25o. 
 
 Klrby Hill, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 5 m. E^E. Ripon, i m. NW. Boroughbridge stn. 
 P. <:25o ; eccles. par. (Klrby on the Moor) P. <75o. 
 
 Klrby In Cleyeland, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleve- 
 land div., 9 J m. S. by E. Middlesbrough, i m. SSE. Stokesley 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Klrby Knowle, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 14 m. NE. Ripon, 4 m. NE. Thirsk. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (K. K. M-lth Bagby) P. <5oo. 
 
 Klrby-le-Soken, par., Essex, Colchester div., on Hanford 
 Water, 7 m. SSW^ Harwich, t.\ m. N. by E. Kirby Cross stn. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Klrby SUsperton, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire. See Klrkby M. 
 
 Klrbymoorslde (the more usual local though not the census 
 spelling). See Klrkby Moorslde. 
 
 Klrby JHoxloe, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 
 4 m. W. by N. Leicester, on the M. R., PT.O. P. <750. See 
 «lenfield. 
 
 Klrby Slgston, viL, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 4 m. NE. 
 Northallerton, P.O. 
 
 Klrby under Dale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Howdenshire div. , 13^ m. E. by N. York, 5 m. NE. Fangfoss 
 stn., P.O.; 5125 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klrby "Wlske, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., on the Wiske, 9^ m. NNE. Ripon, 2 m. SSW. 
 Otterington stn. , PMT.O. P. <25o; eccles. par. (K. W. with 
 Haunby) P. 750. 
 
 Klrchberg, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 7 m. S. by E. 
 Zwickau ; seat of important woollen manufactures. P. 7800. 
 
 Klrchberg, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, on the riv. Jagst, 
 
 40 m. S. Wurzburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Klrchberg, vil., Switzd., cant, and 16 m. W. St. GalL 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Klrchberg am Wagram, comm. , Lower Austria, 27 m. NW. 
 by W. Vienna. P. <20oo. 
 
 Klrchdrsnf. See Szepes-Vdralja. 
 
 Kirche, Ger. and Scandinavian, in English and Scotch place- 
 names kirk, ' a church.' 
 
 Klrchen, viL, Prussia, govt. Koblenz, circle Altenkirchen, 
 with mines of iron ore. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 KlrchenbTlk, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, 12 m. E. by N. Eger. 
 P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Klrchenlamltz, market-tn., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Franconia, circle Wunsiedel, dist. Hof. P. <:3000. 
 
 Klrchhaln, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Luckau, 
 33 m. W. by S. Kottbus. P. <4000. 
 
 Klrchhaln, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 7 m. E. by N. 
 Marburg, at the confluence of the Ohm and Wohra. P. <20oo. 
 
 Klrchhelm, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle and dist. 
 Heidelberg. P. <4000. 
 
 Klrchhelmbolanden, tn., Ger., Bavarian Palatinate, circle 
 K. , 16 m. W. by N. Worms. P. <40oo. 
 
 Klrchhelm nnter Teck, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle 
 of the Danube, 15^ m. SE. by E. Stuttgart P. 7000. 
 
 Klrchhellen, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Miinster, 
 circle Recklinghausen, dist. Dorsten. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Klrchhorde, \il., Prussia, prov. Westphaha, circle Horde, 
 4 m. S. Dortmund. P. (comm. ) 8800. 
 
 Kirch Hundem, viL , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Olpe, 
 
 41 m. ESE. Barmen. P. (comm.)<4000. 
 
 Klrchllnde, viL , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, 
 circle and dist. Dortmund. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Klrchwarder, comm. , Ger. , Hamburg, dist. Bergedorf. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 Klrchweller, vil., Prussia, circle and dist. Daun, with im- 
 portant mill-stone quarries. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Klrcubblu, tn., Ire., E. co. Down, bar. Upper Ards, on the 
 E. side of Strangford Lough, 9^ m. SE. Newtown Ards, PMT.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Klrdford, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and loj m. W. by S. 
 Horsham, 5 m. WNW. Billingshurst stn., P.O.; 12,497 ac. 
 P. <2000 ; eccles. par. (K. with Plalstow) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Klrdorf, viL , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, govt. Wiesbaden, 
 circle Obertaunus, dist. Homburg v. d. Hohe. P. <30oo. 
 
K I RE — K IRK 
 
 Klrensiv'e, vil., Ger. E. Africa, Khutu, 132 m. WSW. Dar- 
 es-Salaam. 
 
 Kirensk, dist. tn., E. Siberia, govt, and 680 m. NE. of 
 Irkutsk, on r. bk. of Lena, at its confluence with Kirenga R. , 
 which flows from the S. after a course of 320 m. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Klreznn, or Kiresiin, tn. , Asia Minor. See Kerason. 
 
 Kirghiz Steppe (Russian Klrgblzskaya Step), name given 
 to a very wide terr. (nearly 185,000 sq. m.) limited by SE. 
 European Russia, southern W. Siberia, the land of the Turko- 
 mans (Transcaspian Terr.), Bukhara and Khiva, the Pamirs 
 and Kashgaria. Though mostly having the characters of 
 steppes and prairies, its E. parts are occupied by the Tian Shan 
 Mts. and their spurs. It is now embodied in the Russian 
 Steppe General-CiOTernorshlp and Unsslau Tnrklstan, 
 while the W. portion of the terr. is divided between the 
 European Russia provs. of Uralsk, Astrakhan, and Orenburg. 
 The Kirghiz-Kaisaks, or Kirghiz-Kazaks, are the chief inhabi- 
 tants of this large terr. , and were till lately distinguished as the 
 Kirghizes of the Interior or Bukeyev Horde on the steppes E. 
 of the Volga (Astrakhan, Uralsk, and partly Samara), the 
 Great Horde in Semipalatinsk, the Middle Horde in the middle 
 parts of the terr., and the Small Horde on the slopes of the 
 Urals ; while the Kirghizes in the S. parts of Russian Turkistan 
 belong to a separate ethnographic agglomeration of the Kara- 
 Kirghizes [Black, or Dikokamennyie K., Chinese Burutes), 
 who inhabit the basin of Lake Issyk-kul, the higher parts of 
 the former Kokan khanate, the Tian Shan Mts., and the 
 Pamirs. The Kirghlz-Kalsaks appear in history in the 
 second half of the 15th century as federations of stems which 
 did not recognise the authority of Mongolian and Chinese 
 rulers (Kazaks, runaways), and by absorbing many non-Kirghiz 
 stems soon attained the number of 1,000,000, and ruled 
 Turkistan. In the i8th century the Kirghiz-Kaisaks were com- 
 pelled to move further N., and part of them (the Small Horde) 
 soon accepted the protectorate of Russia. The remainder 
 were gradually conquered by Russia in the 19th century, by 
 erecting Hnes of Cossack villages in the Steppe, new lines being 
 gradually settled further and further S. , till the whole Steppe, 
 and finally the Turkoman terr. , were conquered. The Kirghiz- 
 Kaisaks, whose numbers are estimated at about 3,000,000, 
 have their own self-government under their elected sultans, 
 placed under the Russian administration. By their ethno- 
 graphic features they belong to the E. Turks, with a strongly 
 pronounced Mongolian type in the upper classes. Their re- 
 ligion is a compound of Islamism and idolatry. Their chief 
 occupation is horse and cattle breeding, and occasionally agri- 
 culture. The Kara-Kirghizes (the Kian-kuen, or Hakas, of 
 Chinese annals of the 5th century) are originally from the 
 upper basin of the Yenisei (now Siberia and NW. Mongolia). 
 They spread in the 9th century as far S. and SW. as the Pamirs 
 and Tibet. The Yenisei K. have since disappeared, having 
 been exterminated by Russians chiefly in the i8th century, 
 while those of the Tian Shan Mts. still number about 350,000. 
 They live by cattle-breeding, and occasionally agriculture. They 
 consider themselves as Mussulmans, but in reality are Shamanists. 
 They have self-government under Russian authorities. 
 
 Klrl, or Klrrl, post, eastern Sudan, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Bahr-el-Abiad, 50 m. S. Lado. 
 
 Klrla, market-tn. , Chinese Turkistan, in 36° 50' N. , 81° 42' E. , 
 94 m. E. by S. Khotan. It stands on the Kiria stream, amid 
 gardens and highly cultivated lands. On the weekly market- 
 days the bazaar is filled with the manufactures of Khotan. Gold 
 ■obtained from mines to the E. Alt. 4570 ft. P. 15,000. 
 
 Klrla'mo, vil., central Africa, to the SW. of Lake Albert 
 Nyanza, in about 0° 58' N., 30° 15' E. 
 
 Kiriathaim, place named in O. T. See El Kurely&t. 
 
 Kirld, isl. See Crete. 
 
 Klrikee, Moaiit, Ire., in the E. of co. Wicklow, 11 m. W. 
 by S. Wicklow. Height, 1559 ft. 
 
 Klrlll Gol, lake, Asia Minor. See Belshehr, 
 
 KlriloT, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 265 m. NE. of Novgorod, 
 70 ra. NW. of Vologda railway terminus, nearSheksna R. ; sur- 
 rounded by lakes. A canal near it unites the basins of the Volga 
 and N. Dvina. Very old monastery, which has a valuable old 
 arsenal and library. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Klrln (or Glrln), or Klrlii IJla (in Chinese Chnen-chang= 
 'naval yard'), tn., Manchuria, cap. K. prov., charmingly 
 situated between a semicircle of hills on the N. , and the riv. 
 Sungari on the S. (at the head of its steam navigation), 225 m. 
 NE. Mukden, 160 m. W. by S. Ninguta; a large number of 
 boats and junks are built at this place. There is an arsenal 
 2 m. E. of the city. The proper name of the town is Girin, 
 though the form Kirin has lately become the most current in 
 England. The K. is due to Chinese influence, but the Chinese 
 name, or rather pronunciation, is Kilin, not Kirin. P. about 
 200,000 {Consular Report, 1885), 75-100,000 {Proc. R, G. S., 
 1887, p. 549)- 
 
 Klrln, tn. , eastern Sudan, 100 m. SSW. Famaka (Fazokl). 
 
 Klrlnd, tn. , Persia. See Kerlud. 
 
 Klrlnla, vil. , Cyprus. See Kyrenla. 
 817 
 
 Klrltsnml, hot springs (slightly saline, 104° P.), Japan, 75 
 m. NW. Tokyo, in a valley. Alt. 2700 ft. 
 
 Klrlwlnl. See Trohrland Islands. 
 
 Klrjalii, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. Giimiiriina, on the 
 Arda, 55 m. S. by W. Eski-Saghra. 
 
 Kirjath, Hebrew, ' an enclosure. ' See Gadr. 
 
 Kirjath, place named in O. T. See Knrlet-el-Anab. 
 
 Kirjath-Arba, tn., Palestine. See El Khiilil. 
 
 Kirjath Baal, place named in O. T. See 'Erma. 
 
 Kirjath Jearim, place named in O. T. See 'Erma. 
 
 Kirk, North, eccles. par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, St. Nicholas 
 par. P. 11,400. 
 
 Klrkablster Ness, cape, Scot., Shetland Is., in the SW. of 
 Bressay I., in 60° 7I' N., with a lighthouse, visible 16 m. 
 
 Klrk-Agach, tn. , in the W. of Asia Minor, vilayet and 54 m. 
 NE. by N. Smyrna, sanjak Sarukhan. P. 20,000 ; Moham. 
 18,000; orthodox Greeks, 20C0. 
 
 Kirk Andreas, par. , Isle of Man. See Andreas. 
 
 Klrkandrews, Stoat, Middle, and Nether, three adjoining 
 pars., Eng. , Cumberland, Eskdale div. , on the Esk, loj m. N. 
 Carlisle, | m. SE. Scotch Dike stn. K. Moat, P. <2So ; K. 
 Middle, 4312 ac, P. <50o; K. Nether, 4878 ac, P. <5oo. 
 
 Klrkandrews-npon-Eden, par., Eng., Cumberland, in the 
 SW. of the Eskdale div. , on the Eden, 3^ m. N W. by W. Car- 
 lisle, on the N. B. R. P. <250 ; eccles. par. (K.-npon-E. with. 
 Beaumont) P. <500. 
 
 Klrkhampton, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 6 m. 
 W. Carlisle, 2 m. SW. Burgh stn., P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Klrkbank, stn. , Scot. , Roxburghshire, on the N. B. R. , 4 
 m. SW. by S. Kelso, P.O. 
 
 Klrkbean, par., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, loj m. S. Dum- 
 fries, 8 m. SE. by E. Kirkgunzeon stn., PMT.O. ; 7937 ac. P. 
 <75o. 
 
 Kirk Braddan, par. , Isle of Man. See Braddan. 
 
 Kirk Bramwlth, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the 
 borders of the Osgoldcross and Doncaster divs. , on the Don, 
 6 m. NE. by N. Doncaster, i^ m. WSW. Stainforth and Hat- 
 field stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Klrkhrlde, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., at the 
 mouth of the Wampool, 10^ m. W. by N. Carlisle, on the 
 N. B. R., PT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Klrkhrlde, vil.. Isle of Man, 5 m. N. Ramsey, P.O. 
 
 Klrkhuddo, stn., Scot., Forfarshire, on the C. R. , 5J m. 
 SE. byS. Forfar, P.O. 
 
 Klrkhuru and Battlehnrn, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Rid- 
 ing, Buckrose div., 18A m. NNW. Hull, i m. NW. Southburn 
 stn., P.O. (Klrkbnru). P. <25o. 
 
 Klrkbnrton, par. and manufacturing tn., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, Holmfirth div., 4^ m. SE. by E. Huddersfield, on 
 the L. & NW. R. ; has manufactures of woollen and fancy 
 goods. P. < 3500. 
 
 Klrkby. As to this element of place-names, see Klrby. 
 
 Klrkby, par., Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., 6^ m. NE. 
 by N. Liverpool, on L. & Y. R., PM.O. ; 4175 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Klrkby, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Klrkby Ireleth. 
 
 Klrkby, vil., Eng., Lincolnshire. See K. with Osgodby. 
 
 Klrkby, stn., Eng., Nottinghamshire, PM.O. (East K.) See 
 Klrkby In Ashfleld. 
 
 Klrkby, East, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., ■L2\ 
 m. N. Boston, PMT.O. P. <500. 
 
 Klrkby, South, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgold- 
 cross div., 7^ m. ENE. Barnsley, with stn. (Hemsworth and 
 South K.) on Hull, Barnsley, and W. Riding June, close to 
 Moorthorpe stn., PMT.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Klrkby Fleetham, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. 
 and 8^ m. SE. by E. Richmond, 2^ m. NW. by W. Scruton 
 stn., PT.O. (Klrby F.). P.<7So; eccles. par. (K. F. with 
 Fencote) P. <75o. 
 
 Klrkby Green, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 
 II m. SE. by S. Lincoln, close to Scopwick {q.v.) and Timber- 
 land stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Klrkby In Ashfleld, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 
 4 m. SW. Mansfield, i m. W. Kirkby stn. , on the M. R. , PM.O. ; 
 5814 ac. P. 6500. 
 
 Klrkby Ireleth, par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 
 6 m. N. by E. Barrow, with quarries of excellent slate, with 
 stn. (Klrkby) on the Furness Rly. , PM. O. (Klrkby In Furness); 
 9702 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Klrkby Kendal, Eng. See Kendal. 
 
 Klrkby la Thorpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven 
 div., 14I m. W. by N. Boston, 2 m. E. Sleaford, P.O. P. < 
 500 ; eccles. par. (K. la Thorpe ■with Asgarby) P. <5oo. 
 
 Klrkby Lonsdale, par. and market-tn., Eng., Westmor- 
 land, on the Lune, div. and 10^ m. SE. by S. Kendal, on the 
 L. & NW. R. Ah. 209 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 47.6 ft. 
 Market-day, Th. P. <2ooo; eccles. par. (K. l. with lupton) 
 P. <:25oo. 
 
 Klrkby IMalham, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton 
 div., on the Aire, 18 m. N. by E. Burnley, i,\ m. ESE. Settle, 
 3 m. N. by W. Bell Busk stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 3F 
 
KI RK — KI RK 
 
 Klrkby Hallory, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, div. and 3^ m. 
 SE. by E. Bosworth, P.O.. P.<;25o. 
 
 Klrkby Halzeard (ker'bi mal'zerd), par., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, div. and 5^ m. WNW. Ripon, 3J m. SW. by S. 
 Tanfield stn., PMT.O. P. <750. See Hasbani. 
 
 Klrkby Mlsperton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby 
 div. , on the Costa Beck, 17J m. W. by S. Scarborough, 4^ m. 
 N. Malton, 2^ m. W. Marishes Road stn., P.O. (Klrby M.). 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Klrkby Hoorslde, par. and market- tn., Eng., Yorkshire, N. 
 Riding, div. and 20 m. SW. Whitby, with a stn. (Klrby M.) 
 on the NE. R. Ironstone mining is carried on near, and the 
 town has manufactures of agricultural implements, iron and 
 brass founding, &c. PMT.O. (Kirl>y M.). Market-day, W. 
 P. <2ooo ; eccles. par. (K. M. with Glllamoor) P. <25oo. 
 
 Klrkby on the Hill, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 6 m. 
 NW. Richmond. P. <25o. 
 
 Klrkby Overblo-w, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon 
 div., 4 m. SSE. Harrogate, ij m. SE. by S. Pannal stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Klrkby Bayensworth, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. 
 Riding, div. and 4 m. NW. by N. Richmond. P. <ioc)o. 
 
 Klrkby Stephen, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Westmorland, 
 div. and loj m. SE. by S. Appleby, on the Eden, and the M. 
 and XE. Rlys. Alt. 574 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 40.1 in. 
 Market-day, M. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Klrkby-super-Baln, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey 
 div., on the Bain, 13^ m. NNW. Boston, 2J m. E. by S. Wood- 
 hall Spa stn., P.O. (K.-on-Baln). P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (K.-snper-B. vrlth Tnmby) P. <75o. 
 
 Klrkby Thore, par., Eng., Westmorland, on the Eden, div. 
 and 5 m. N W. Appleby, on the NE. R. , with gypsum-quarries, 
 PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Klrkby Vnderdale. See Klrby under Dale. 
 
 Klrkby Underwood, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven 
 div., iij ra. SE. by E. Grantham, 2J m. W. by S. Rippingale 
 stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Klrkby Wharfe, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Barkston Ash div. , on the Wharife, 9 m. SW. York, i m. N W. 
 Ulleskelf stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Klrkby Wlske, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Klrby Wlske. 
 
 Klrkby with SUlford, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Tadcaster union. P. <:25o. 
 
 Klrkby with Osgodby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Louth div. , 
 16 m. E. by N. Gainsborough, 2 m. W. Usselby stn. P. <soo. 
 See Owersby. 
 
 Kirkcaldy (ker-kaw'dl), parL, mim., and royal burgh, par., 
 and manufactiuing and seapt tn. , Scot , Fifeshire, on the S. ct. , 
 on the Firth of Forth, 4^ m. NE. Burntisland (sub-port of K.), 
 on the N. B. R. There is an important coalfield near. Great 
 quantities of salt formerly made here. Manufacttu-es of linen 
 sheetings, floorcloth, and linoleum ; machine works, potteries, 
 &c. The harbour has depth of 15^ ft. at entrance and alongside 
 at ordinary spring tides. Birthplace of Adam Smith (1723-90), 
 author of the 'Wealth of Nations.' Market-day, S. Par. 
 P, 10,000 ; tn. P. 27,200 ; pari. dist. of burghs (Kirkcaldy, 
 Burntisland, Dysart, and Kinghorn), P. 36,900; parL burgh, 
 P. (1891) 17,300; mun. and royal burgh, P. (1891) 27,200. 
 
 Klrkcambeck, P.O. and part of eccles. par., Eng., Cum- 
 berland, Eskdale div., 11^ m. NE. Carlisle, 4^ m. NW. Low 
 Row stn. See Lanercost. 
 
 Klrkcolm ( ' the church of St Columba ' ) , par. , Scot , Wigtown- 
 shire, 5 m. NNW. Stranraer, PMT.O.; 13,318 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Klrkconnel, ancient par. , now in Kirkpatrick-Fleming par. , 
 Scot., Dumfriesshire, 6J m. NE. by N. Annan. The church- 
 yard 2^ m. NE. Kirtle Bridge, contains the grave of ' Helen of 
 Kirkconnel Lee,' the subject of one of the most beautiful of 
 Scottish ballads. 
 
 Klrkconnel, par. , Scot , Dumfriesshire, 3^^ m. WNW. San- 
 quhar, on the G. & SW. R., PM.O.; 26,660 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Klrkcowan, par. and viL, Scot, Wigtownshire, 6 m. SW. 
 by W. Newton Stewart, on the Portpatrick and Wigtownshire 
 Joint Rly., PMT.O. Par. 35,864 ac, P. < 1500 ; viL P. <:75o. 
 
 Klrkcndbrtght (ker-ku'bri), ' church of St. Cuthbert,' pari, 
 and royal burgh, par., and co. tn. , Scot., at mouth of Dee, 
 on the L bk., on the G. & SW. R. Its harbour, the best in 
 the S. of Scotland, is formed by K. Bay, an inlet forming the 
 estuary of the Dee, 5 m. long by i to nearly 2 m. wide, but 
 divided at its head into two parts by the peninsula called St. 
 Mary's Isle, and mostly dry at low water. To the W. of this 
 peninsula, about ij m. below the town, there is a bar, on which, 
 however, there is a depth of 20 ft in ordinary spring tides ; and 
 in the channel opposite the town (where there is a small dock) 
 there is a depth varying from 8 ft at low to 28 ft. at high tide. 
 Market-day, F. Par. 12,280 ac. , P. <35oo ; tn. P. •C3000 ; pari, 
 and royal burgh P. (i89i)<3ooo; pari dist P. (1891) 32,700. 
 
 Klrkcndbrlshtshlre, or the Stewartry of Klrkcadbrisht, 
 
 maritime co. , S. Scot , forming the eastern half of the dist. of 
 
 Galloway, bounded N. by Ayrshire, E. by Dumfriesshire, W. 
 
 by Wigtownshire, and S. by Solway Firth, separating it from 
 
 818 
 
 Cumberland. Coast- line bold, rocky, some high cliffs. Many 
 coves used by smugglers in former times. K. coast the scene 
 of 'Guy Mannering.' The surface is hilly, and in the NW. 
 mountainous. The chief heights are Mount Merrick (2764 ft. ) , in 
 the extreme W., with Corserine (2668 ft.) and Carlin's Cairn 
 (2650 ft) slightly to the ENE. ; in the N. is a group (including 
 Cairnsmore of Carsphairn, 2612 ft.) nearly equal to these in 
 altitude ; Cairnsmore of Fleet (2331 ft.) rises a few miles NE. of 
 Wigtown Bay, and Criffel (1866 ft.) in the extreme SE. of the 
 county. Lakes are numerous, the principal being Loch Doon, 
 which forms part of the NW. boundary, and is drained S. by 
 W. by the Gala (Galloway or Gallow) Lane into Loch Enoch 
 and Loch Ken, in the middle of the county, the surplus waters 
 of which are drained by the riv. Dee, which passes its S. end, 
 and which after this point broadens into lake-like expansions, 
 which form a continuation of Loch Ken. Principal rivers, the 
 Dee, Fleet, Ken, and Urr. Climate moist, and, except in the 
 uplands, very mild. Geologically, the NW. of the county be^ 
 longs to the Lower Siliuian age, but the greater part of the 
 surface to the Upper Silurian. In the SE. , in the valley of the 
 Nith, there is a considerable area of Permian sandstones, and 
 there are three large areas of granite — in the SE. , in the N W. , 
 and one towards the middle, SW. of New Galloway. The 
 granite quarries of Creetown and Craignair (Dalbeattie) sup- 
 plied the white granite with which the Liverpool docks and 
 piers were built. Granite quarries also at New Galloway, 
 (For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, p. 10-12.) Pastures 
 excellent ; cattle of the polled Galloway breed are reared 
 and fattened for export. Southdown and Che\iot sheep are 
 numerous in the mountains. The honey of this county is noted. 
 Chief town, Kirkcudbright. The only other towns with popula- 
 tions above 2000 are MaxweUtown (part of Dumfries), Dalbeattie, 
 and Castle Douglas. The county returns one member to the 
 House of Commons. Area, 574,588 ac. P. 40,000. See Scot- 
 land, table. 
 
 Ktrkdale, par., Eng., Lancashire, on N. side and in co. bor. 
 of Liverpool, on L. & Y. R. ; gives name to a pari. div. of the 
 bor. P. 66,100 ; pari. div. P. 77,400. 
 
 Klrkdale, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Helmsley 
 and K. pars., with a cavern in which remains (indicating 300 
 animals), including those of the wolf, cave-lion, cave-bear, 
 elephant, rhinoceros, reindeer, Irish elk, bison, hippop)otamus, 
 &c. , have been found. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Kirk Delghton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston 
 Ash div., 4^ m. SE. by S. Knaresborough, i m. NNW. 
 Wetherby stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klrkden, par. , Scot. , Forfarshire, opposite Letham ; 4999 ac. 
 P. <:i500. 
 
 Klrkeby, vil., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, Romo I., 
 41 m. NW. by W. Flensburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kirk Ella, Eng. , Yorkshire. See Ella, Kirk. 
 
 Kirk Fentou, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Tadcaster 
 union. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Klrkfleld, post-viL, Canada, Ontario, Victoria co., 64 m. 
 NNE. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klrkfleldbank, or Klrkland, vil. , Scot. , S. Lanarkshire, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Clyde, i m. W. Lanark, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Klrkgunzeon (kirk-gun'yon), par., Scot, Kirkcudbright- 
 shire, 7 m. ENE. Castle Dougla!s, with a stn. on the G. & SW. 
 R., P.O.; ii,956ac. P.<:75o. 
 
 Kirk Hallani, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Ilkeston div., 7 m. 
 ENE. Derby, 2 m. E. West Hallam stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Klrkham, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, Blackpool 
 div. , 7 m. W. by N. Preston, on the L. &Y. R. , vrith a richly- 
 endowed grammar school founded in 1658, and manufactures ot 
 cotton and flax. Market-day, Tu. P. <45oo. 
 
 Klrkham, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div.,. 
 14 m. NE. York, 4 m. SSW. Malton, with stn. (K. Abbey) on 
 the NE. R., PMT.O. (K. Abbey). The sution takes its name 
 from ruins of an abbey of Augustinian canons founded in the 
 beginning of the 12th century. P. •<25o. 
 
 Klrkham Gate, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, i m. 
 from Wakefield. 
 
 Kirk Hanunerton, par. , Eng. See Hammerton, Kirk. :> 
 
 Klrkhams, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, i m. from Prestwich. i 
 
 Klrkharle, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., 
 12 m. W. by S. Morpeth, zj m. SE. by S. Knowes Gate stn^ 
 
 P. <250. i 
 
 Klrkhansh, par., Eng., Northumberland, on riv. S. Tyn^ 
 2 J m. NW. Alston ; 6689 ac. P. <;25o. 
 
 Klrkheaton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., i3| 
 m. WSW. Morpeth, 5^ m. SSE. Knowes Gate stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Klrkheaton, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Holmfirth div., zk m. E. bv N. Huddersfield, on the L. & 
 NW. R. PMT.O. P. <30oo. 
 
 Klrkhlll, par., Scot, Inverness-shire, 7 m. W. Inverness, 
 close to Clunes stn., PT.O. ; 11,385 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Klrkhlll, part of Cambuslang, Scot. , Lanarkshire. 
 
 Klrkhlll, vil., Scot, Midlothian, on the North Esk, 7 m. 
 SW. by W. Dalkeith, close to Eskbridge stn. P. <75o. 
 
KIRK — KIRK 
 
 KlTkbope, par. , Scot. , Selkirkshire, on Ettrick Water, 7 m. 
 SW. Selkirk ; 22,724 ac. P. 500. 
 
 Klrkl, or Khakdl, tn. and cantonment, Brit. India, Bombay, 
 dist. and 4 m. N. Poona. P. 11,000 ; Hindus, 7700. 
 
 Mlrklbost, isL, Scot., Inverness-shire, off the W. coast of 
 North Uist, in 57° 32-33' N., P.O. P. 6. 
 
 Klrk-Iuje, tn., Asia Minor, 37 m. SSE. Smyrna, 23 m. 
 WNW. Aidin. 
 
 Klrkiiiuer, par. , Scot. , Wigtownshire, 2^ m. S. by W. Wig- 
 town, with a station on the Portpatrick & Wigtownshire Joint 
 Rly., PMT.O. ; 15,251 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 KlrkliiTlola, par.. Ire., W. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Toome, 
 18 m. W. by N. Larne, 2^ m. N. by E. Ballymena, P.O. ; 6390 
 ac. P. 8500. 
 
 Klrkliitillocb, ancient Caer-pen-tulach, ' the fort at the head 
 of the hill,' par. and tn. , Scot., Dumbartonshire, at the con- 
 fluence of the Kelvin and Luggie Water, 7 m. NE. by N. Glasgow, 
 on the N. B. R. , and Forth and Clyde Canal. Numerous Roman 
 remains have been found. Has coal-mines, chemical works, iron- 
 foundries, steam saw-mills, and a power-loom factory. Par. 
 7146 ac. , P. 12,400 ; tn. P. (including Leiizle) 10,300. 
 
 Kirk Ireton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Western div., 7 m. 
 SSW. Matlock, ij m. NW. Idridgehay stn. , P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Rlrklstowu, tnld., Ire., E. co. Down, bar. Upper Ards, 13 
 m. SE. by S. Newtown Ards. P. <50o. 
 
 Klrkjubo, vil. , on the SW. ct. of Stromo, one of the Faroe Is. 
 
 Klrk-Klllse ('forty churches'), large tn., Turkey in Europe, 
 cap. prov. K. , 35 m. E. by N. Adrianople : enclosed by walls, 
 and has many mosques and baths. P. 16,000. 
 
 Klrkland, part of par., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 
 I m. E. Rowrah stn. See Blennerhasset. 
 
 Klrkland, par., Eng., Lancashire, Lancaster div., on riv. 
 Wyre, i m. SW. Garstang. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klrklaud, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, Kendal union. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klrkland, vil. , Scot. , Fifeshire, on riv. Leven, i m. W. Leven. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Klrkland, vil. , Scot. , Lanarkshire. See Klrkfleldbank. 
 
 Klrkland and Blencarn, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, div. and 
 8^ m. E. by N. Penrith, 3 m. NE. Culgaith stn. ; 4066 ac. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Kirk liangley, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, S. div. , 4^ m. WNW. 
 Derby, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Klrkleatham, par., tn. , and local govt, dist., Eng., York- 
 shire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 6 m. E. Middlesbrough, 2 m. 
 SE. Eston Grange stn. ; 4330 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Kirk LeaTlngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleve- 
 land div., 8 m. SW. by S. Middlesbrough, i| m. NNE. Picton 
 Junction. P. <25o. 
 
 Kirk Lees, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, S. div. , on riv. 
 Calder, 4 m. NE. Huddersfield ; has remains of a Cistercian 
 nunnery founded in the time of Henry II. , in which Robin Hood 
 is said to have been intentionally bled to death, and the cemetery 
 of which contains his reputed tomb. 
 
 Klrkley, par., Eng., Northimiberland, on riv. Blyth, 6J m. 
 SW. Morpeth. P. <:25o. 
 
 Klrkley, par., Eng., Suffolk, on the coast, div. and adjoining 
 the town of Lowestoft on the S. P. <:45oo. 
 
 Klrkllngton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 8 m. 
 WNW. Newark, with a station (K. and Edlngley) on the 
 M. R.,PT.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Klrkllngton -with Epsland, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, 
 N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton div., 6 m. N. Ripon, i m. W. 
 Sinderby stn. , PMT.O. (Klrkllngton). P. <5oo. 
 
 Klrkllnton, Middle, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Eskdale div. , 
 on the Line, 7^ m. N. by E. Carlisle, 3 J m. NE. by E. Lyneside 
 stn., P.O. (Klrkllnton). P.<soo; eccles. par. (Klrkllnton 
 with HethersgUl) P. <iooo. 
 
 Kirkliston ('the church of the strong fort,' founded by the 
 Knights Templars), par. and vil., Scot., Edinburghshire and 
 Linlithgowshire, on the Almond, 8 m. E. by S. Linlithgow, on 
 the N. B. R. The Edinburgh and Glasgow Rly. is here carried 
 across the vale of the Almond on a viaduct of thirty arches. Has 
 coal-mining. PMT.O. Par. 9506 ac, P. <400o; vil. P. <iooo. 
 
 Kirk Lonau, Isle of Man. See Lonan. 
 
 Klrkmabreck, par. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, on Wigtown 
 Bay ; birthplace of Dr. Thomas Brown, the philosopher (1778- 
 1820) ; 23,031 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Klrkmaboe, par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 3 m. N. Dumfries, 
 1^ m. NW. Locharbriggs stn. , P.O.; 12,553 ac. P. <i50o. 
 
 Klrkmalden ('church of St. Medan'), par., Scot., Wigtown- 
 shire, 4^ m. NW. by N. Mull of Galloway ; 13,730 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Klrkniansbnlme, suburb of Manchester, Eng. , S. div. , with 
 a stn. (Longslgbt) on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Kirk Maughold, P.O. , Isle of Man. See Mangbold. 
 
 Kirk SleiTlngton, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, 3J m. SW. 
 Ferryhill J unc. , PM . O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Klrknilchael, vil.. Isle of Man, 6^ m. NE. Peel, on the 
 Manx Northern Rly., PMT.O. See IHlcbael. 
 
 Klrknilcbael, par., Scot., Banffshire, 24 m. SW. Keith, 5J 
 01. SE. by E. Cromdale stn. ; 75,750 ac. P. <i50O. 
 
 Klrkmichael, par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 11 J m. SW. by S. 
 Moffat, 2^ m. NW. Shieldhill stn. ; 16,983 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Klrkmlcbael, par. , Scot. , Ross and Cromarty. See Resolls. 
 
 Klrknilcbael, par. and vil., Scot., S. Ayrshire, 2^ m. E. by 
 S. Maybole, PMT.O. Par. 15,930 ac, P. <2ooo; vil. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Klrkmlcbael, par., Scot., W. Perthshire, 13 m. E. by S. 
 Blair Athole, PMT.O. ; 57,283 ac P. <75o. 
 
 Klrkmnirhlll, mining vil. , Scot. , S. Lanarkshire, 5^ m. W. 
 Lanark, J m. S. Blackwood stn., PMT.O. P. <7SO. 
 
 Klrkiietvton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., II J m, E. by S. Kelso, on the NE. R. P. <;25o. 
 
 Klrkuewton and East Calder, par., Scot., Midlothian, 9^ 
 m. SE. Linlithgow, ^ m. E. by S. Mid Calder stn. Par. 9477 ac. , 
 P. < 3500; vil. (Kirknewton; PMT.O.) P. < 500. 
 
 Kirk of Sfocbrnm, par., Scot. See Mocbrnm. 
 
 Kirk ofSbotts, par., Scot., Lanarkshire. See Shotts. 
 
 Kirk Oncban, viL, Isle of Man, 2 m. NE. Douglas, PMT.O. 
 See Oncban. 
 
 Kirkor, vil. , Russia. See Jnfut-kale. 
 
 Klrkoswald, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, on the r. bk. of the 
 Eden, div. and 7^ m. NNE. Penrith, i m. NNE. Lazonby stn., 
 PMT.O. ; 5737 ac P. <75o. 
 
 Klrkoswald (locally pronounced kir-koz'l), ct. par., Scot., S. 
 Ayrshire, 4 m. WSW. Maybole, PM.O. ; 14,861 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Klrkpatrlck, vil. , Canada, dist. Saskatchewan, 10 m. WSW. 
 Prince Albert. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Klrkpatrlck, stn. , Scot. See Klrkpatrlck-Flemlng. 
 
 Klrkpatrlck-Dorham, par. and vil. , Scot. , Kirkcudbright- 
 shire, 5 ra. N. by E. Castle Douglas, 4 m. NE. by E. Cross- 
 michael stn., PMT.O. Par. 18,277 ac, P. <i5oo ; vil. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klrkpatrlck-Flemlng, par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, on Kirtle 
 Water, 5^- m. ENE. Annan, with stn. (Klrkpatrlck) on the 
 C. R., PMT.O. ; 11,529 ac P.<i5oo. 
 
 Klrkpatrlck-Irongray, par. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, 4 m. 
 NW. Dumfries ; 13,675 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Klrkpatrlck- Jaxta, par. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire and Lanark- 
 shire,2i^m. S. Moffat, i m. SSE. Beattockstn. ; 22,335 ac P. < 1000. 
 
 Kirk Range, a highland dist. , mostly a high plateau, Brit. 
 Nyassa-land, W. of the Shire ; highest peaks about 7000 ft. 
 
 Kirk Sandall, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 4 
 m. NE. Doncaster, on the Don, i m. S. Barnby Dun stn. P. < 
 500. Irong Saudall is about i m. S. 
 
 Klrksanton, hamlet, Eng. , Cumberland, Egremont div. , 8^ 
 m. NNW. Barrow, i m. SSE. Silecroft stn. ; has mines of red 
 hematite. 
 
 Kirk Smeaton, par,, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgold- 
 cross div. , on the Went, 9 m. NNW. Doncaster, on the Hull 
 & Barnsley and S. Yorkshire Rlys., P.O. P.<:5oo. little 
 Smeaton is close by. 
 
 Klrkstall, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, in NW. 
 of Leeds bor. , with well-preserved ruins of Klrkstall Abbey 
 (Cistercian), dating from 1152 ; the church measures 445 ft. E. 
 to W. , by 340 ft. N. to S. ; stns. (K. and K. Forge) on the 
 M.R., PMT.O. P.<4ooo. 
 
 KIrkstaU, post-tn., Victoria, co. Villiers, 180 m. W. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klrkstead, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 14 m. 
 NW. by N. Boston, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Klrkstone Pass, rocky pass in W. of Westmorland, Eng. , 
 3^ m. NE. Ambleside. Alt. 1500 ft. 
 
 KlrksTllle, city, U.S., Missouri, Adair co., 65 m. W. by S. 
 Keokuk (lo.). P. < 4000. 
 
 Klrkton of . The vil. belonging to many pars, in Scot. 
 
 is named in this way. For most of these vils. , see under the 
 name of the par. 
 
 Klrktown, par., Scot., Roxburghshire, 3 m. E. Hawick; 
 6202 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klrkurd, par., Scot., Peeblesshire, 8 m. W. by N. Peebles, 
 •2\ m. SSE. Dolphinton stn. ; 5698 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 KlrkvlUe, vil., U.S., Iowa, Wapello co., ^^ m. WNW. 
 Bur li ngton. P.<i5oo. 
 
 KlrkTlUe, vil., U.S., New York, Onondaga co., 10 m. E. 
 Syracuse by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kirkwall, pari, and royal burgh, seapt. and co. tn., Orkney, 
 on a bay on the NE. side of Mainland, 26 m. NNE. John o' 
 Groat's, in 58° 59' N. , 2° 57' W. The outside basin has a depth 
 of 21 ft. (pier end) spring tides, 12 ft. low water. Chief edifice 
 the cathedral of St. Magnus, a fine cruciform building in mixed 
 Norman and Gothic, date about 1137, the choir of which is used 
 as parish church. K. is now chiefly important for its shipping 
 trade and as a distributing centre, besides being the seat of the 
 superior courts of law for Orkney. The manufacture of hnen, 
 introduced in 1747, is now extinct, and so also are the kelp 
 manufactures and straw-plaiting. Tn. P. <4ooo ; pari, burgh 
 P. (i89i)<4ooo; royal bxu-gh P. (i89i)<3ooo. See Wick. 
 
 KlrkwaU and St. Ola, par., Scot., Orkney, Mainland, con- 
 tains Kirkwall ; 11,088 ac. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Klrkwbelplngton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham 
 div., on the Wansbeck, 12^ m. W. Morpeth, i m. SE. Knowes 
 Gate stn. , PMT.O. P. <;25o. 
 
 819 
 
KIRK 
 
 K IS L 
 
 Klrkwood, vil., U.S., Illinois, Warren co., 115 m. S. by W. 
 Dubuque (lo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Klrk-H-ood, vil., U.S., Missouri, St. Louis co., 12 m. W. by 
 S. St. Louis. P. <20oo. 
 
 KirkMood, vil., U.S., S. Carolina, Kershaw co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kirk Yetholm, vil. , Scot. , Ro.xburghshire, 7 ra. SE. Kelso, 
 6 m. SE. by S. Sprouston stn. P. (wnth Yetholm) <:75o. 
 
 Klrnian, Persia. See Kerman. 
 
 Klrmanshah, tn. , Persia. See Kermanshaban. 
 
 Klrnilngton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., loj 
 m. W. by N. Great Grimsby, ij m. SW. byS. Brocklesby {q.v.) 
 stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Klrniond-le-Mlre, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 
 10 m. WNW. Louth, 5 m. E. Usselby stn. P. <25o. See 
 Staliiton-Ie«Tale. 
 
 Kirn, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on the riv. Nahe, 23 m. SW. 
 by W. Bingen, circle Kreuznach ; manufactures fine leather, 
 woollens, &c. P. 5100. 
 
 Kim, eccles. par., Scot, Argyllshire, on the NW. shore of 
 the P'irth of Clyde, adjoining Dunoon on the N., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Kirnik, mt. , Hungary, co. Als6-Feher (Unter-Weissenburg), 
 near Verespatak ; rich in gold, worked by the Romans. 
 
 Klroiig, tn. , Tibet, 50 m. N. Khatmandu, on the route from 
 Nepal to Janglache, 28° 24' N., 85° 1/ E. It gives name to a 
 pass (Kirong-la) leading from Tibet into NepaL Alt. 9100 ft. 
 P. 3-4000. 
 
 Ktr>OTa, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet Smjona, sanjak and 
 20 m. SSE. Aidin, in the great plain of China. P. (with 
 neighbouring towns) 11,000; Moham. 10,300. 
 
 Klrpe, cape, on the N. ct of Asia Minor, 30° 16' E. 
 
 Klrrl, post, eastern Sudan. See Klii. 
 
 Klrrlemnlr, par. and market-tn. , Scot., Forfarshire, on 
 Prosen Water, 18 m. S. by E. Crathie, on the C. R. ; has manu- 
 factures of brown linen. Market-day, F. Par. 35,600 ac. , 
 P. 6300 ; to. P. <:45oo. 
 
 Kirrlacli, coram., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, dist. Karlsruhe. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kirsanov, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 60 m. by rail E. of 
 Tanibov ; trade in grain, hides, cattle. P. 8100. 
 
 Klrsbehr, or Klrstaelr, tn. , Anatolia, prov. and 85 m. SE. 
 Angora ; cap. of sanjak. Alt. 3235 ft. P. 8500 ; Moham. 
 7800 ; Armenians, 650 (Cuinet). 
 
 Klrstead, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 8 m. SSE. Norwich. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Klrstead Green, i m. to the S. , 5 m. SE. by E. Swainsthorpe stn. 
 
 Klrtlia, or HAla, mts. , India, meridional range on the 
 frontier of Sind and Baluchistan, between about 26° and 28° N. 
 Average alt. about 7000 ft. 
 
 KlrthAl, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 32 m. NW. 
 by W. Meerut. P. (1881) 5500. 
 
 Kirtln<kga, riv. , India, Bengal, Dacca dist. , one of the main 
 channels connecting the Ganges with the Meghnd.. A strong 
 ciurent makes navigation difficult during the rains. 
 
 Klrtle, eccles. par. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, Annan, Kirkf>atrick- 
 Fleming and Middlebie pars. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Klrtlebrldge, vil., Scot., Dumfriesshire, on the Kirtle Water, 
 5 m. NE. by N. Annan, on the C. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Klrtllng, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, div. and 5 m. SE. by S. 
 Newmarket, P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 KirtUngton, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, div. and 4 m. ENE. 
 Woodstock, i^ m. NE. Bletchington stn. , PM.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Klrton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Spalding div., 3J m. S. by 
 W. Boston, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. Market-day, S. 9388 
 ac. P. <2Soo. 
 
 Klilon, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 11 m. 
 ENE. Mansfield, 4^ m. WSW. Tuxford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Klrton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 8 m. ESE. 
 Ipswich, 3^ m. E. by S. Orwell stn., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Klrton Holme, hamlet, 3 m. NW. Kirton, Lincolnshire, P.O. 
 
 Klrton In Undsey, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, 
 W. Lindsey div., 10 m. NE. by E. Gainsborough, with a stn. 
 (Klrton Lindsey) on the M. S. & L. R., PMT.O. (K. Lindsey). 
 Market-day, F. 4690 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Kirtsinion, Greece. See Halmyros. 
 
 KlrnnaTara, bill, Swedish Lapland, 170 m. NNW. Lulei, 
 about 700 or 800 ft. above the adjoining Luosojaur. A seam of 
 magnetite extends through it, of much the same quality as that 
 of Gellivara (g.v.). 
 
 Klrwln, vil. , U.S., Kansas, Phillips co. , on riv. Solomon, 
 193 m. WNW. Topeka, and 15 m. W. by N. Gaylord. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Kirwirl, name given by the natives of Blanche Bay to New 
 Ireland {g.v.). 
 
 KiryA, tn., Japan, prov. Kotsuki, 60 m. NNW. Tokyo; 
 chief products, crape, gauze, and a kind of white silk. P. <5ooo. 
 
 A'is, Magyar, 'little.' 
 
 Kisama, maritime country, Portuguese W. Africa, S. of the 
 lower Kwanza, 9°-io° S. 
 
 Kisamo Bay, the bay between the two long penins. in the 
 W. of Crete, N. ct. 
 820 
 
 KLsamo Kastell, fortified maritime tn. , Turkey, on the NW. 
 ct. of the isl. of Crete, at the head of Kisamo Bay, 84 m. W. by 
 N. Candia, in 23° 40' E. 
 
 Klsarazn, tn., Japan, Honshiu, on Tokyo Bay, 20 m. E. 
 Yokohama. P. 5600. 
 
 Klsauni, vil., Brit. E. Africa. See Freretown. 
 
 Kis-Becskerek, tn., Hungary, co. Temes, dist Kozpont 
 P. (comm. )<4000. 
 
 Kls-B^r, tn., Hungary, co. Komirom, dist Gesztes. P. 
 (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Klsbi, tn. , in the Sahara, Tibesti, on the road from Fezzan to 
 Bornu, N. of Bilma. 
 
 Kiseadale, Xortb and Sontb, hamlet, Scot, isl. of Arran, 
 6^ m. SSE. Brodick, on Whiting Bay. 
 
 Klsfln, or Kbisfln, vil., Syria, 53 m. SE. by S. Damascus, 
 10 m. E. of the Sea of Tiberias, on the route of the projected 
 Acre-Damascus Rly. 
 
 Kisbacoqnillas Valley, U.S. , one of the long narrow valleys 
 of the Pennsylvanian Appalachians, stretching 50 m. NE. and 
 SW. , with a breadth of 4 m. , parallel to and W. of the middle 
 reach of the Juniata R. , from which it is separated by Jack's 
 Mountain. 
 
 Kisbangarb, tn. , India, Rajputana, cap. K. native state, 
 18 m. ENE. Ajmere. P. (1881) 14,800. 
 
 Kls-Harta, tn., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, dist 
 Solt felso. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Kis-Hegyes, tn., Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist Topolya. 
 P. (comm.) 5600. 
 
 Kishen Ganga, riv., Kashmir, flows W. then SW. to the 
 Jehlam, which it joins just below Muzaffardbdd. 
 
 Kisblnev, tn. , Russia, cap. of prov. Bessarabia, 120 m. by 
 rail NW. of Odessa, 30 m. from Roumanian frontier, and 20 m. 
 from the Dniester, on hills 228-750 ft. alt. Annexed to Russia 
 in 1812, when it consisted of but a few huts. Now important city 
 surrounded by gardens and \aneyards. Considerable manufac- 
 ture of tobacco. Chief centre of Bessarabia for trade in grain, 
 wool, tallow, hides, and tobacco. Average temp., yr. 49°, Jan. 
 26°, July 71.5°; mean rfall. (28 yrs.), 18.5 in., May-Sept. 11. o 
 in. Pop. very mixed, and contains many Jews and Moldavians : 
 (1812) 7000; (1862) 91,532; (1891) 118,000. 
 
 Kisltkeam, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 
 17 m. NE. by E. Killarney, 9 m. from Newmarket stn., 
 P.O. (Klskeam). P.<:25o. 
 
 Klsh Light Vessel, Ire. , opposite the mouth of Dublin Bay, 
 S3°i8i'N.,5°56i'W. 
 
 Klshm, tn. , Afghanistan, Badakshan, 32 m. SW. Faizabad. 
 
 Klsbni, or Klssim, tn. , Persia, rudely fortified, the residence 
 of a sheikh, at the E. end of Kishm, or Tavllab I. (the ancient 
 Oaracta), in the Strait of Ormuz, 16 m. S. Bender Abbas. P. 
 3000. The island is 70 m. long, by about 4-23 m. wide, sepa- 
 rated from the mainland by a channel 3-13 m. in breadth, and 
 surrounded by many smaller islands ; extremely arid. At its 
 W. end is a range of salt-hiUs, firom which rock-salt is quarried. 
 Estimated P. 12,000, chiefly Arabs. See Basldn, and Jour. 
 N. G. S. , 1864, p. 251 (with map). 
 
 Klsbom, or Conrtblll, hamlet, Scot. , Ross-shire, on the NE. 
 shore of Loch Kishom, 4 m. NW. by N. Strome Ferrv, PMT.O. 
 (Klsbom). 
 
 Klsbom, Lock, an inlet which receives the riv. Kishom from 
 the N. , and opens into Loch Carron. 
 
 Klshn, Japan. See Kll« 
 
 Klsi, isl. , in Lake Mweru, central Aftica. 
 
 Klsll, an improper spellingof the Turkish Klall,orKyJEyl(y.v.). , 
 
 Kistma Join, a fine harb. , Portuguese E. Africa, in 14° 30' S. 
 See chart, Proc. R. G. S., 1885, p. 416 (O'Neill). 
 
 Klslmkasl, Kas, cape, at the S. end of Zanzibar I. 
 
 Kls-K^r, tn. , Hungary, co. Bdcs-Bodrog, dist. KiUa. P. 
 (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Kiskiinlnitas, riv., U.S., Pennsylvania, formed by the union 
 of Conemaugh R. and Loyalhanna Creek, in the SW., trib. of 
 the Allegheny, which it joins on the 1. bk. , opposite Freeport, 
 in 40° 41' N. 
 
 Kls KorJis, tn., Hungary, 28 m. SW. Kecskemet P. 
 (comm.) 7900. 
 
 Kis-Kun F^legyh&ia, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. 
 Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, 15 m. SSE. Kecskemet. P. (1850) 
 17,800; (1869)21,300; (1890)30,300. 
 
 Kis-Kun Halas, tn. with magistracy and health resort, Hun- 
 gary, CO. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun. P. 17,100. , 
 
 Kls-Kun LaczbAza, tn., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kifr 
 Kun, dist. Pest als6. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Kis-Knn-lMaJsa, tn., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, 
 25 m. NW. Szegedin. P. 12,200. 
 
 KlsUngb«ry, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 3J 
 m. W. Northampton, P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Kislovodsk, tn. and mineral waters, Russia, N. Caucasia, 
 govt, and 87 m. SE. of Stavropol ; connected by railway (23 m.j 
 with Pyatigorsk. Alt. 2600 ft. Permanent P. <2ooo. 
 
 KlslyakoTSksya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kuban, dist. and 70 m. ESE. Yeisk, on Caucasus Rly. P. 970* 
 
K I S M — K I U N 
 
 Kls^HArton, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. Sopron. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Klsmayn, seapt. , Brit. E. Africa, in o° 21' S. , near the mouth 
 of the Jub R. , in a detached part of sultanate Zanzibar. The 
 harbour has excellent approaches and good anchorage, and is 
 a good one for all vessels. 
 
 Klsmull Castle, Scot., Hebrides, picturesque ruin on rock of 
 Barra I. , long the stronghold of the Macdonalds of Barra. 
 
 Hlsokwa, English mission stn., Ger. E. Africa, in about 6° 
 13' S. , 36° 27' E. 
 
 KlsorlganJ, tn., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Maimansingh, 75 
 m. WSW. Sylhet. P. (1881) 12,900. 
 
 Ki8-Oro8z, tn., Hungary, co. Torontdl, dist. Zsombolya. 
 P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Kls-Pest, tn. , Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, dist. 
 Pest-felso. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Klssa, site of Roman ruins, Algeria, prov. Constantine, 6 m. 
 N. Tebessa. 
 
 Klssale, Kassall, Klssall, Klkondla, or Kikonja, lake, 
 Congo Free State, in the course of the Lualaba, to the N. of 8J^° S. 
 
 Klssaiiga, seapt. , Portuguese E. Africa, in 12° 23' S. 
 
 Klssavos, or Klssovo, cape, E. ct. Greece, on W. side of 
 Gulf of Salonica, 39° 46' N.; name also sometimes applied to 
 the neighbouring mountain (Ossa). 
 
 Klssembo, port (difficult of access), W. Africa, S. of the mouth 
 of the Congo, 15^ m. NNW. Ambriz. 
 
 Kisser, barren rocky isl. of the Eastern Archipelago, NE. of 
 Timor, 20 m. in circumference ; under Dutch rule. 
 
 Rlssl, tn. , W. Africa, on the coast of Sierra Leone, 3 m. SE. 
 Freetown. P. <20oo. 
 
 Klssl-Klssi, riv., W. Africa. See Kakrima. 
 
 Klsslju, Persia. See Kishm. 
 
 Klsslminee, city, U.S., Florida, Osceola co., 145111. S. by E. 
 Jacksonville, 70 m. ENE. Tampa, with which it is connected 
 by rail. Kissimmee R. is the principal feeder of Lake Okee- 
 chobee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klsslm (or Kassim) Pasha, suburb of Constantinople, W. 
 Pera, seat of the admiralty and arsenal. 
 
 Klssliigeu, tn. and watering-place, Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. 
 Lower Franconia, 29 m. N. by E. Wiirzburg, circle K. It has 
 three principal springs of saline-chalybeate water, large quantities 
 of which are annually exported in bottle ; adjacent are a pump- 
 room and baths. Mentioned in 823 by the Slavonic name of 
 Chizzicha, ' bitter, roaring spring. ' P. <5ooo. 
 
 Klsslngo, ct. vil., Portuguese W. Africa, about 83 m. NNE. 
 Benguella. 
 
 KLssovo, cape and mt. , Greece. See Kissayos. 
 
 Kls-Szeben, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. Siros, 27 m. 
 N. by W. Kaschau; health resort. P. < 3000. 
 
 Klstelek, tn. , Hungary, co. and dist. Csongrid. P. (comm. ) 
 7500. 
 
 KlstiiA, or Krishna, riv. , S. India, rises in the Mahdbaleshwar 
 range of the Western Ghdts, only about 40 m. from the Arabian 
 Sea, and winds to the SE. , in Bombay Presidency. It then 
 enters the Nizam's dominions, where it drops from the tableland 
 of the Deccan as much as 408 ft. in 3 m. , and flows in a curve 
 W., receiving its chief 1. bk. trib., the Bhfma, to 15' 58° N., 78° 
 20' E. , where its principal r. bk. trib. , the Tungabhadra, enters. 
 From this it flows ENE. , forming the boundary between Haidari- 
 bad and Madras Presidency, then uponreaching thefrontier chain 
 of the Eastern Ghats it turns sharply to SE. , and approaching 
 the Lower Godavdri forms a delta, and enters the Bay of Bengal 
 by two principal mouths. After leaving the Deccan tableland 
 to the head of the delta (295 m.), the river has an average fall 
 of 3^ ft. per mile ; below this it widens out to 3 or 4 m. ; and 
 a large quantity of alluvial soil is deposited annually on either 
 side. At Bezwdda, where the K. bursts down through the 
 Eastern Ghdts in a gorge 1300 yards wide, the maximum flood 
 discharge attains the enormous fig^e of 761,000 cubic ft. per 
 second ; and here an anient has been constructed to conserve 
 the water for irrigation purposes, and regulate the supply to the 
 canals, which have a total length of 254 m. The source of the 
 river is in an ancient temple at the foot of a steep hill 4500 ft. 
 above the sea, and is looked upon as a sacred spot, to which 
 large numbers of pilgrims resort. For navigation the K. is 
 almost useless, its whole course across the tableland being too 
 rocky and rapid even for small craft. Length about 800 m.; 
 I area of basin, 97,050 sq. m. 
 
 Klstna, or Krishna, dist. , Brit. India, Madras, on the coast 
 of the Bay of Bengal, containing the delta of riv. Kistna, cap. 
 Masulipatam. 
 
 Klstrand, comm. , Norway, Finmark, on W. ct. of Porsanger 
 Fjord, 37 m. ESE. Hammerfest. Mean temp., yr. 33.3° F., 
 Feb. 17.^°, July 52.2°. 
 
 Kls njszdllds, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, 45 m. WSW. 
 Debreczen. P. 12,500. 
 
 Kls-Vikrda, tn., Hungary, co. Szabolcs, 54 m. NE. by N. 
 Debreczen, on the railway to Ungvar. P. (comm.) 6500. 
 
 Klswere, inlet and seapt. , Ger. E. Africa, with good anchorage, 
 in 9° 25' S. 
 
 Klsz^cs, tn., Hungary, co. Bics-Bodrog, dist. Ujvid6k. P. 
 (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Kls-ZonitM>r, tn., Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. Nagy-Szent- 
 Mikl6s. P. (comm. )<4000. 
 
 Kita, Japanese, 'north.' 
 
 Klta, or Makandlambugn, stn. (founded 1881), in the French 
 colony of the Senegal, W. Africa, 775 m. SE. St. Louis, and 
 130 m. ESE. Bafulabe, in 12° 55' N., 9° 25' W. K. is properly 
 the name of the country, and M. of the principal village. 
 
 Klta, or Qnltta, ct. tn., Brit. E. Africa, Gold Coast, on the 
 Bight of Benin, in 0° 59' E. The lagoon of K. , behind the town, 
 is 25 m. long, 8 m. greatest breadth. 
 
 Kltah, vil. , Bukhara, 38 m. S. by W. Samarkand. 
 
 Kltakaml-gaiva, riv., in the N. of the main island, Japan, 
 flows S. into Sendai Bay (E. ct.) ; sometimes ascended by small 
 steamers to Kurosawajiri, 65 m. due N. of the bay. 
 
 Kltangnle, vil., central Africa, on the S. bank of the riv. 
 Kitangule or Kagera [q.v.), in about 1° 15' S., 31° 35' E. 
 
 Kit Carson, co. , U.S., Colorado, E. frontier, bounded on S. 
 by 39° N. 
 
 Kltere, tn. , Portuguese W. Africa, upon the r. bk. of the 
 Kunene, 220 m. E. by S. Mossamedes, in 16° i' S., 15° 21' E. 
 
 Kltl, cape, Cyprus. See Klttl. 
 
 Kltlnp Caifton. See Gardner Channel. 
 
 Kltnor, par., Eng., Somerset. See Colbone. 
 
 Kltol, riv., E. Siberia, govt. Irkutsk, 1. bk. trib. of Angara, 
 flows E. for 180 m. , chiefly in a longitudinal valley between 
 the Tunka Alps in S. and the K. Alps in N., which separate 
 it from the Byelaya R. 
 
 Kltosh, dist., central Africa, N. of Kavirondo, NE. of 
 Victoria Nyanza. 
 
 Kltros, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 26 m. SW. by S. 
 Salonica. 
 
 Kitsap, CO., U.S., Washington, occupying the penin. between 
 Hood's Canal and Puget Sound. 
 
 Kltsukl, maritime tn., Japan, Kiushiu, at the head of a bay 
 of the Inland Sea, in 33° 26' N. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Kltta, vil. , Ger. W. Africa, Cameroon Terr. , in about 4" 41' 
 N.,9''3'E. 
 
 Klttam, riv., W. Africa, Sierra Leone, flows first SW. and 
 forms a lagoon, then flowing W. parallel to the coast, from 
 which it is separated by Turner's Penin. , unites with the Bum 
 to form the Bum Kittam, and communicates with the sea at the 
 Shebar entrance, on the SE. of Sherbro I. 
 
 Klttannlng, bor. ,1U. S. , Pennsylvania, Armstrong co. , on Alle- 
 gheny R. , 34 m. NE. Pittsburg. Alt. 1594 ft. (R. R. ). P. <4000. 
 
 Klttara, region, Brit. E. Africa, between Lake Victoria and 
 Lakes Albert and Albert Edward. 
 
 Klttatlnny Range. See Appalachian Mountains, B. I. 
 
 Klttery, tn. , U.S., Maine, York co., at the mouth of Pisca- 
 taqua R., 47 m. SSW. Portland; contains the U.S. (Portsmouth) 
 navy-yard. P. < 3000. 
 
 Klttl, or Kltl, tn. and cape, Cyprus, at the SW. point of the 
 Gulf of Larnaka ; salt-pans. 
 
 Klttlsford, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div. , 9^ ra. 
 NE. Tiverton. P. <25o. 
 
 Kittitas, CO., U.S., Washington, crossed by 49° N. and 120° 
 and 121° W. 
 
 Kittson, CO., U.S., Minnesota, in the extreme NW. 
 
 Klttur, tn., India, Bombay, dist. Belgium, in 15° 36' N., 
 74° 50' E. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Klttybrewster, stn. for Old Aberdeen, Scot. , in NW. suburbs 
 of Aberdeen, on G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Kitty Hawk, ct. viL, U.S., N. Carolina, Currituck co. , on 
 a long peninsula between the Atlantic and Albemarle Sound. 
 Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 59.5° F., Jan. 42.5°, July 79.8°; 
 rfall. (9 yrs.), 64.65 in. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Kltzbilhel, tn., Austria, Tirol, 39 m. SW. Salzburg, with 
 copper and silver mines. The K. Alps, dividing the basins of 
 the Inn and the Salzach, form the boundary between Salzburg 
 and the Tirol. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kltzlngen, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 circle K., on the r. bk. of the Main, 10 m. ESE. Wiirzburg. 
 Important breweries, and large trade in wine, prunes of excel- 
 lent quality, &c. P. 7500. 
 
 Klnfn, tn., China. See Klofu. 
 
 Klnklang, or Kewklang, treaty port, China, prov. Kiangsi, 
 on r. bk. Yangtse-kiang, 480 m. NNE. Canton. It is of 
 small extent, and very sparsely populated. Exports consist 
 chiefly of tea (which is constantly decreasing), with some rhea 
 fibre, tobacco, porcelain ware, and paper made from bamboo. 
 Total annual value of exports and imports combined about 
 ;^2, 500,000. Mean temp. (4 yrs., 1878-81), 63.1° F., Jan. 37.4°, 
 July 85.3°. P. (1874) 35,000. 
 
 Klnn, tn. , China, prov. Hupe, on the r. bk. of the Han-kiang, 
 134 m. N. by W. Ichang. 
 
 Klung-chon, tn., western China, prov. Siichwan, dep. and 
 35 m. WSW. Chengtu-fu ; noted for its paper factories, which 
 produce the best Chinese paper. P. (according to Richthofen) 
 above 50,000. 
 
 821 
 
KIUN — KLEI 
 
 Klnng-ctaoii>fii, tn. , S. China, prov. Kwangtung, on the isl. 
 of Hainan, 9 nw SE. Hoi-hou. P. 200,000. J 
 Klnsbin, Kraslu (more properly Kynsnyn, or Kynslin, 
 
 'nine provinces'), or Klmo, the most southerly of the three 
 principal islands of Japan, in the Pacific Ocean, separated from 
 Korea by the Strait of Korea, and from Honshiu I. , by the Strait 
 of Shikoku. See Japan, table. 
 
 Kiatslng-fii, or Cfaucbing-fii, tn. , S. China, prov. Yunnan, 
 78 m. ENE. Yiinnan-fu ; well fortified, and the residence of the 
 grand treasurer of Yiinnan. 
 
 Klnyn, Ras, cape, E. Africa, at the NE. end of Pemba. 
 
 RiTa'rl, fort, Brit. E. Africa, Unyoro, NE. of Lake Albert 
 Edward Nyanza. 
 
 KlTarlJ, vil., India, Rdjputina, iii m. S. Jodhpur. 
 
 KlTeton Park, viL, Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the 
 M. S. & L. R., 10 m. ESE. Sheffield, PMT.O., and P.O. (K. 
 P. ColUery). 
 
 KiTlra, that part of the Somerset Nile which flows between 
 Lake Victoria Nyanza and Lake Ibrahim. 
 
 Klvu, lake, central Africa, supposed to be about 50 m. N. to 
 S., by 20-25 m. wide, crossed in the S. by 2° S. , probably 
 drained S. by the Rusizi into Lake Tanganyika, Alt. 4890 ft. 
 
 Klwai, isl. , in the delta of the Fly R. , S. ct. of New Guinea, 
 in 143° 5'-3S' E. , 2^ m. broad. The banana is extensively 
 cultivated by the natives. P. about 5000. 
 
 Klwltea, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., Oroua co., 95 m. 
 NE. Wellington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klya, riv. , W. Siberia, govt. Tomsk, 1. bk. trib. of Chulym, 
 which flows into the Ob ; gold-washings. Crossed by main high- 
 way at Mariinsk. Length, 250 m. 
 
 Klyonknt Sound, Canada, Vancouver I., on the W. ct, 
 crossed by 50° N. 
 
 Kiz, ox Kys, Turkish, 'girL' 
 
 Klz-Hlssar, or Kllisa-Ussar, the ancient Tyana, vil. , in the 
 SE. of Asia Minor, 75 m. SW. Kaisarieh. It has the ruins of 
 an aqueduct. Nitre is manufactured here ; and 2 m. distant is 
 a small sulphureous lake, answering in position to the ancient 
 Asmabmus. 
 
 Kizl, lake, Russian Manchuria, on r. bk. of lower Amur, 
 where it approaches the coasts of the Pacific (De Castries Bay), 
 and is separated from them by but a low ridge 10 m. wide. 
 
 Kizil, or Kyzyl, Turkish, ' red. ' 
 
 Hlzll-Aflalar, isls., Turkey. See Princes Islands. 
 
 Klzll Art Pass, over the Trans- Alai Mt. , central Asia, on the 
 N. edge of the Pamir Plateau, in 39° 40' N. , 73° 22' E. Alt. 
 14,200 ft. 
 
 Klzll-Innak, the ancient Halys, the largest river of Asia 
 Minor, rises about 70 m. E. of Sivas, flows first W. past Sivas, 
 then makes a great bend to the SW. and W. , and finally flows 
 NE. with many windings through a deep and narrow valley, and 
 enters the Black Sea in about 36° E. In antiquity it separated 
 the Lydian and Persian dominions ; it now separates the Turkish 
 pashs. Anatolia and Sivas. Principal aflSuent, the Kara-Su, or 
 Kastamuni R. Length, 520 m. 
 
 Kizll-Sn, riv. , Bukhara. See Snrkb-ab and Alal. 
 
 Klzil IJzen (' the red long river '), the ancient Mardus, riv. of 
 Persia, rises in Kurdistan, 23 m. NW. Sinna, and flows with a 
 very winding course through Azerbaijan and Ghilan, where it 
 takes the name of Sefid Rud, into the Caspian Sea, 35 m. E. by 
 N. Resht. The lower portion of the river is navigable, and 
 abounds with sturgeon, salmon, trout, &c. Length about 450 m. 
 
 Klzlyar, fortified dist. tn., Russia, N. Caucasia, govt, and 
 250 m. ESE. of Stavropol, at the head of the delta of the Terek, 
 on a low, often inundated, plain. Extensive vineyards ; wine 
 exported. Centre for trade in E. Caucasia. P. 6000. 
 
 Klznkl, small tn., on the W. ct. of Japan, 175 m. W. by N. 
 Kyoto, in 35° 24' N. ; famed for the great Shinto temple of 
 Izumo, which disputes with Ise the claim to be regarded as the 
 most ancient shrine of the Shinto religion. P. 8300. 
 
 Kizyl-kaya, mt., Caucasus, govt. Baku, dist. Kuba. Alt. 
 12,247 ft- 
 
 KJelTllg, frequented seapt. and fishing vil. , Norway, on the 
 E. ct. of Mageroe Is., NE. of Hammerfest. 
 
 KJertemlnde, seapt. and fishing tn., Denmark, on the E. ct. 
 of Fyen (Funen) I., prov. and 11 m. ENE. Odense. P. <2coo. 
 
 KJiibenliaTn. See Copenkagen. 
 
 KJoge, or Kliige, tn., Denmark, on the K. Bugt (Bay), E. ct. 
 of Seeland, prov. Prasto, 21 m. SW. Copenhagen ; depth at 
 entrance to harbours 14 ft., at quayside 10-14 ft- P- <4000. 
 
 Klaarstroom, vil. , Cape Colony, dist. and about 35 m. from 
 Prince Albert, 70 m. S. Beaufort West P. < 1500. 
 
 Klaarwater, Dutch name of Grlqna Town, S. Afiica. 
 
 KlaasTogel's River, Cape Colony, small river, traversing a 
 fertile valley opening into the Breede valley, E. of Worcester. 
 
 Kladesholmen, fishing vil. , Sweden. See Klodesholmen. 
 
 Kladno, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 15 m. WNW. Prague, with 
 mines of coal and iron orS, and important iron industry. Alt 
 1080-1260 ft. P. 17,200. 
 
 KladoTa, vil. , Hungary, co. Arad, dist Kadna, with silver 
 and copper mines. P. <20oo. 
 822 
 
 KladoTO, tn., Servia, prov. Kraina, on the r. bk. of the 
 Danube, 10 m. SE. Orsova. P. (with Festilam)<3000. 
 Kladran, comm., Austria, Bohemia, 18 m. W. Pilsen. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Kladsko, tn. , Prussia. See Glatz. 
 
 Rlafeld, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle and dist 
 Siegen. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 lUagenfiirt (interpreted by Egli as ' Glan-ford '), tn. , Austria, 
 cap. Carinthia, 41 m. N. by W. Laibach, on the Glan, near 
 Lake Worth, vnth which it is connected by a navigable canal ; 
 important railway centre. Its fortifications were demolished in 
 1809. K. stands near the site of the ancient Virunum. Inter- 
 mittent fever rather common. Seat of the Archbishop of Gurk ; 
 has iron-foundry, and manufactures of machinery, arms, white 
 lead, &c. Alt 1445-1465 ft Mean temp., yr. 45.4° F., Jan. 
 21.6°, July 66.9°. P. 19,800. 
 
 Klamath, riv., U.S., California, issuing from K. Lakes in the 
 S. of Oregon, and flowing into the Pacific about 41° 32' N. It 
 has valuable gold diggings on the banks. At its mouth is a bar, 
 which ships of the line can cross at high tide ; navigable for 
 about 40 m. by small steamers. Length, 275 m. 
 
 Klamath, co., U.S., Oregon, on the S. frontier, crossed in 
 the W. by 122° W., and in the extreme E. by 121° W. K. 
 Harsh, in the middle of the county, is about 20 m. in length. 
 
 Klamath Lake, Lower, lake, U.S., Cahfornia and Oregon 
 States, 127 m. E. of NW. corner of California. 
 
 Klamath Lake, Upper, lake, U.S., Oregon, adjoining Lower 
 K. Lake on the N. 
 
 Klang, town, Malay Penin., in the British protectorate of 
 Selangor, on the riv. Klang, in lat. 3° 3' N. , loi 29' 30" E. , at 
 the head of navigation for vessels dravsning 13 ft. Connected by 
 rail with Kwala Lumpor. 
 
 Klar-Elf (Swedish), or Klara-Elf (Norwegian), riv., Norway 
 and Sweden, issues from Lake Famund, flows SE. through a 
 narrow mountainous valley, and enters the northern portion of 
 Lake Wener (Venern) at Karlstad. Length, 215 m ; area of 
 basin, 4520 sq. m. 
 
 Klarenthal, coal-mining vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 4 m. W. 
 Saarbriicken. P. <20oo. 
 
 Klarentza, seapt. vil. , Greece. See KyllCnC. 
 
 Klattan, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 25 m. S. by W. Pilsen. P. 
 10,100. 
 
 Klause, Ger. (Latin Clausa), 'shut in;' also 'a monastery.' 
 See Clus. 
 
 Klansen, mt. pass, Switzd. , between cants. Glarus and UrL 
 Alt. 6440 ft. 
 
 Klaosenbnrg (German), KolozsT&r (Hungarian), municip. 
 and royal free city, Hungary, Transylvania, 80 m. E. by S. 
 Grosswardein (Nagy-Varos), on the Szamos. From remains that 
 have been discovered, it is certain that it occupies the site of a 
 Roman colony, and its mere geographical position in a part of 
 the valley of the Szamos from which there is easy access to that 
 of the Maros (29 m. distant), has always given it importance, at 
 least in local commerce. It has a citadel, is surrounded with 
 thick walls (beyond which there are now large suburbs), is the 
 seat of a university, and of colleges connected with all the more 
 important religions of Hungary ; and has manufactures of textiles, 
 machinery, porcelain, tobacco, &c. Birthplace of Matthias 
 Corvinus, King of Hungary (1440). Near it are the baths of 
 Jegenyefiirdo. In co. Klausenburg or Kolozs. Alt. 1170 ft. 
 P. (1850) 16,900; (1869)26,400; (1890) 32,800 (the great majority 
 Magyars). 
 
 Klaussen, vil., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, $7 m. S. Gura- 
 binnen. Alt 472 ft Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 43.1° F., Jan. 
 23.4°, July 64.5°. P. <20oo. 
 
 Klansthal, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Zellerfeld, 25 
 m. NE. Gottingen, lying at the height of nearly 2000 ft., along 
 with the tovni of Zellerfeld, which adjoins on the N., near the 
 W. end of the Harz Mts. , in a basin-shaped valley, reached by 
 a road from Goslar on the N. , and by a railway from Langel%:, 
 heim a little further W. ; centre of an important silver-lead 
 mining dist. , with a mining academy, silver-refining works, &-c. 
 The name, which might he translated ' closed valley,' is appro- 
 priate to the site, but seems actually to refer to a Benedictine 
 monastery (Klause) founded in the 12th century. P. 8700. 
 
 Kleeberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 11 m. SSW. 
 Giessen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Klein, Ger., 'httle.' For some of the places beginning with 
 this prefix, see under the second part of the name. 
 
 Klein Anhelm, vil. , Ger. See dross Anhelm. 
 
 Klein Boetsnp, Cape Colony. See Danlel's-kull. 
 
 Klelnborg, viL, Canada, Ontario, York co., on the riv. 
 Humber, 21 m. NW. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Klein Dombrowka, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Katto- 
 witz, 40 m. E. by N. Ratibor, 6 m. ESE. Kbnigshiitte. P. 
 (comm.) 5100. 
 
 Klein Hrabowa. See Hrabowa. 
 
 Klein Katz, viL, Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 12 m. NNW. 
 Danzig. P. <20oo. 
 
 Klein Letaba, goldfield, on the Klein Letaba R. (OlifonU 
 
KLEI — KNAP 
 
 R. basin), in the N. of the S. African Republic, in 23° 25' S., 
 3oJ°-3i° E. 
 
 Klein Meltzendorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, 7^ m. N W. 
 Magdeburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kleln-Muncben, vil.. Upper Austria, dist. Linz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Klein Paternoster Bay, Cape Colony, W. ct., in about 
 32° 45' S. 
 
 Klelnpoort, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Uitenhage, 60 
 m. NW. Port Elizabeth, on the railway to Graaff Rein^t. 
 
 Klelu-Bosseln, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, govt. Lorraine, 
 31 m. E. by N. Metz, circle and 3^ m. NW. Forbach, with 
 coal-mines. P. (comm.)<30oo. 
 
 Klein Spelonken, dist. , S. African Republic, in the northern- 
 most ward of the Zoutpansberg div. 
 
 Klein Wlnterhoek, range of mts. , Cape Colony, trending 
 E. and W. , in about 33° 20' S., 24^°-25^° E. 
 
 Klein Woslawltz, vil. , Austria, Moravia, 18 m. E. by S. Iglau. 
 
 Klein Zabrze, vil. ,. Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Zabrze, 29 
 m. NE. by E. Ratibor. P. 5700. 
 
 Klein Zlmmern, viL, Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, 
 circle Dieburg, 8 m. E. Darmstadt. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Klelnzscbocher, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and dist. 
 Leipzig. P. 8700. 
 
 Klek, small seapt. , Austria, Dalmatia, on a small inlet behind 
 the penin. of Sabbioncello. The head of the inlet belongs to 
 Herzegovina. 
 
 KlekoTaca, mt., NW. Bosnia, the highest summit of the 
 Crljevica range, in 44° 26' N. Alt. 6430 ft. 
 
 KlSmentl, tn. , Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinthia, 20 m. 
 W. by N. Corinth. 
 
 Klenje, vil., Servia, circle Podrinje. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Klendcz, tn., Hungary, co. Gomor, dist. Rimaszombat. 
 P. (comm. )<5ooo. 
 
 Kleonal, or Khlllmodlon, vil., Greece, prov. Argolis and 
 Corinthia, 10 m. SSW. Corinth, on the railway to Nauplia ; the 
 site of the ancient Kleonai is some distance to the W. P. <:3000. 
 
 Klerksdorp, tn., S. African Republic, Potchefstroom dist., 
 123 m. SW. by W. Pretoria, about 7 m. N. of the Vaal R.; 
 centre of a small goldfield ; the oldest Transvaal town, but 
 which remained an insignificant village till gold began to be 
 mined near about 1889. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Klettgan, dist. , between the Rhine and Wutach Rivs. , partly 
 belonging to Baden, and partly to the Swiss cant. Schaffhausen. 
 
 Kletzko, tn., Prussia, prov. and 23 m. NE. by E. Posen, 
 circle Gnesen. P. <20oo. 
 
 KleTe, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 46 m. NW. by N. Diissel- 
 dorf, cap. circle K. , formerly on, now 4^ m. distant from the 
 Rhine, with which, however, it is connected by the Spoy Canal ; 
 has manufactures of machinery, cigars, &c. ■ Contains the 
 Schwanenburg, the old ducal residence, K. having been cap., 
 first of a county, afterwards (from 1417) of a duchy, which by 
 the treaties of Xanten (1614) and Dortmund (1666) was divided 
 between Brandenburg and Pfalz-Neuburg. P. (1890) 10,300; 
 (comm.) 10,400. 
 
 Kllcbklnskly, silver-mine, Russia, E. Siberia, prov, Trans- 
 baikalia, 112 ra. SW. of Nerchinskiy Zavod. 
 
 Klldl, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 18 m. WSW. 
 Salonica. 
 
 Kllkltat, CO., U.S. (named after an Indian tribe), Washing- 
 ton, in the middle of the S. frontier, and bounded on the S. by 
 Columbia R. 
 
 KUkltat RlTcr, U.S., Washington, flows SE. and S. into 
 the Columbia R., 15 m. S. Dalles City. 
 
 KllnioT, tn. , Russia, govt, and 72 m. NE. of Chernigov. P. 
 6610. 
 
 KllnioTlclil,dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 65 m. ESE. of Mogilev. 
 P. <sooo. 
 
 Kllmsawlese, quarter of Konigshiitte, Prussia, govt. Oppeln, 
 circle Beuthen. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Kiln, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 42 m. NW. of Moscow, near 
 to St. Petersburg Rly. P. 5500. 
 
 Klingen, Ger., ' narrow defile. ' 
 
 Kllngenl>erg, tn. , Ger., Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 on the Main, 15 m. S. Aschaffenbiirg, with clay-pits and manu- 
 factures of earthenware. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kllngenmttnster, vil., Ger., Bavarian Palatinate, 20 m. 
 WNW. Karlsruhe. P. < 2000. 
 
 Klings, name given in the Malay Penin., Java, and other 
 islands of the Eastern Archipelago to settlers from India, more 
 strictly from the SE. of India, the region inhabited by Telugu 
 and Tamil speaking communities. The word is contracted 
 from Kelinga, or TeUnga, the Sanskrit name for this region. 
 
 Kllngenthal, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Auerbach, 
 26 m. S. Zwickau, wdth manufactures of musical instruments. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kllngnan, tn., Svntzd., cant, and 16 m. NE. by N. Aarau, 
 on the r. bk. of the Aar. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kllnla, or Annanes, isl., Greece, one of the Cyclades, 98 m. 
 S. by W. of the SE. point of Euboea. 
 
 Kllntjhill, inS. of Sweden, prov. Malmohus, 18 m. E. Malmo. 
 
 Kllntsy, tn. , Russia, govt, and 95 m. NE. of Chernigov, dist. 
 Surazh. P. 11,650. 
 
 Kllpdrlft, a former name of Barkly West, Cape Colony. 
 
 KUp Klver, dist., in NW. of Natal, to the N. of the Tugela 
 R. , traversed by the Klip R. ; cap. Ladismith. 
 
 Klisura, Servian, 'gorge,' 'pass.' 
 
 Kllsnra, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Ergeri, on riv. Viosa 
 Voyutsa, 78 m. SSE. Durazzo, with a mountain fort. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Klo1>onk, vil., Austria, Moravia, 17 m. SE. by S. Briinn. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Klobonk, Walachlan, market-tn., Austria, Moravia, 47 m. 
 SE. Olmlitz. Alt. 1300 ft. P. <4000. 
 
 Kloek, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 307 m. 
 by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Klodesbolmen, or Kladesbolmen, fishing vil. , Sweden, on 
 a small island in the Kattegat, off SW. extremity of Tiorn I. , 
 24 m. NNW. Gothenburg. 
 
 Klodnltz, riv., in the SE. of Prussian Silesia, flows W. into 
 the Oder, about midway between Ratibcr and Oppeln. The 
 K. canal ascends its valley to Gleiwitz, 29 m. 
 
 Klofa-Joknll. See Yatna-Joknll. 
 
 Klontbal, side valley of the Linth, Switzd., cant. Glarus, 
 with a picturesque lake called the Klon-see (alt. 2635 ft-)> l^ss 
 than I sq. m. in area, no ft. deep. 
 
 Klopp, lake, Prussia. See Soldln. 
 
 Kloppenbnrg, urban comm., Ger., gd. -duchy and 21 m. 
 SSW. Oldenburg, circle K. P. <3000. 
 
 Kloster, Ger. (from Latin Claustrum), ' a monastery. ' 
 
 Klostergrab, tn. , Bohemia, 4J m. W. by N. Teplitz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kliisterle, tn. , Bohemia, 17 m. NE. by E. Karlsbad; manu- 
 factures of faience, porcelain, lace, and steel goods. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Klostermansfeld, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, in Mansfeld 
 mountain circle, 5 m. NW. by N. Eisleben. P. <4000. 
 
 Klosternenbnrg, tn.. Lower Austria, 6 m. NNW. Vienna. 
 It is remarkable for the modem buildings of an Augustine 
 monastery founded in 1106, with a library of 30,000 volumes. 
 Cotton spinning and manufactures of nails and iron wire, &c. 
 P. 9000. 
 
 Klosters, tn., Switzd., cant. Orisons, 16 m. E. Chur, in the 
 Prattigau. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kloten, tn. , Switzd. , cant, and 6 m. N. by E. Ziirich. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Kliitze, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Gardelegen, 40 m. 
 NW. by N. Magdeburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Klotzscbe, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Dresden, dist. 
 Dresden-Neustadt. P. <30oo. 
 
 Klnczdw Wlelkl, vil, Austria, prov. Galicia, dist. Pecze- 
 ni2yn. P. <4000. 
 
 Klnndert, fortress and tn., Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 11 m. 
 SW. by S. Dordrecht. P. <4000. 
 
 Klilppelberg, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Wipper- 
 fiirth, 15 m. NE. by E. Cologne, with copper-smelting. P. 
 (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Klyazma, riv. , Russia, govts. Moscow, Vladimir, and Nizhniy 
 Novgorod, 1. bk. trib. of Oka. Pokrov, Vladimir, Kovrov, Vyaz- 
 niki, and many important river-ports on it. Navigable from 
 Pokrov. Length, 425 m. 
 
 Klymenon, vil. , Greece, at the head of a bay on the E. ct. 
 of the isl. of Leukas. 
 
 Klyncbevskaya Sopka. See Kamcbatka. 
 
 Klyncberskoye, tn. , Russian Turkistan. See Jlzak. 
 
 Knab, Knop, Scandinavian and Teutonic, ' a hillock.' 
 
 Knalth, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., r. bk. riv. 
 Trent, 3 m. S. Gainsborough, i m. SW. Lea stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Knapdale, dist. of Argyllshire, Scot., between Loch Tarbet 
 and the Crinan Canal. 
 
 Knapdale, Nortb and Sontb, two pars, in the dist., the 
 church of the first being 5 m. W. Ardrishaig, on Loch Sween, 
 that of the second 6J m. SW. by S. Ardrishaig ; surface mostly 
 mountainous and rugged. North K. 26,293 ac. , P. < 1000; 
 South K. 52,560 ac, P. <3000. 
 
 Knap, Point of, cape, Scot. , Argyllshire, on the SW. ct. , in 
 55° 54' N. , at the entrance to Loch Killisport. 
 
 Knap Head, cape, Eng. , W. ct. Devonshire, in 50° 56' N. 
 
 Knapbill, vil. , Eng. , Surrey, Chertsey div. , 6 m. NW. by 
 N. Guildford, i^ m. NE. by N. Brookwood stn., PMT.O. 
 (Knapp Hill). 
 
 Kuapp, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Dunn co., 51 m. E. St. Paul 
 (Minn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Knappa, vil., U.S., Oregon, Clatsop co., on the 1. bk. of the 
 Columbia, 20 m. E. by S. of the mouth of the river (Point 
 Adams). P. < 1500. 
 
 Knappagb, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cavan, dist. Cootehill. 
 
 Knappagb, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Westport No. i. 
 
 Kuappr, mt. peak, Iceland. See Oraefa-Joknll. 
 
 Knappton, vil, U.S., Washington, Pacific co., 70 m. SW. 
 Olympia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Knaptoft, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, 7 m. NE. Lutterworth. 
 P. <25o ; eccles. par. (K. irltb Sbearsby and Mowsley) 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Knapton, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 2 m. from the NE. 
 
 823 
 
KNAP — KNOC 
 
 ct. , 7^ m. SE. Cromer, 3^ m. E. by S. Gunton stn. , P.O. 
 P. <Soo. 
 
 Knapton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div. , 
 12J m. SW. by W. Scarborough, on the NE. R. P. <:25o. 
 
 Knapton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 2 ra. W. by N. York, i m. S. by E. Poppleton 
 stn., P.O. (K. stn.). P. <2So. 
 
 Knap-vtell, par., Eng., Cambridge, Chesterton div., 8 m. 
 WNW. Cambridge, 4^ m. SSW. Swavesey stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Knaresborongb, par. and market-tn. (till 1885 a pari, bor.), 
 Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the SE. of the Ripon div., on 
 the Nidd, and the NE. R., 3J m. E. by N. Harrogate. Along 
 the river is a pleasant promenade, on which is the famous 
 'dropping weU,' of strongly petrif)dng quality. Ruins of a 
 ■castle, once the seat of the De Burgh family, who held the 
 lordship of K. Has linen manufactures (sheeting, towellings, 
 diapers, &c.). Market-days, W. and S. Par. P. < 5000; urban 
 sanitary dist. (K. and Tentergat«) P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Knaresdale, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, on riv. Tyne, 7 
 ni. SW. Haltwhistle; 15,593 ac. P.<5oo. 
 
 Knavlnstown, par. , Ire. , co. and 3 m. NW. Kildare, bar. 
 West Offaly, on Grand Canal. P. <25o. 
 
 Knayton tvlth Brawitb, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Richmond div., 12J m. NE. Ripon, 3J m. N. Thirsk, 3 m. E. 
 Otterington stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Kne1>el, settlement, U.S., Arkansas, Clay co., 89 m. NNW. 
 Memphis (Tenn.). 
 
 Knebwortb, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, Hitchin div. , 7J m. 
 NW. Hertford, on the G. N. R., P.O., and PMT.O. (K. stn.). 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Knedllngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, on riv. 
 Ouse, I m. SW. Howden. P. <25o. 
 
 Knee liake, Canadian NW. Terrs., crossed by 55° N. and 
 95° W. , drained NE. into Hudson Bay by the Hill R- ; on the 
 boat-route to York Factory. 
 
 Kneesall, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 9 m. NW. 
 Newark, 5I m. W. Carlton-on-Trent stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 KneesM'ortb, par., Eng., Cambridge, Chesterton div., 11^ 
 m. SW. Cambridge, 2 m. WSW. Meldreth and Melbourn stn., 
 P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Kneeton, or Kneveton, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, New- 
 ark div. , on the r. bk. of the Trent, 7i m. SW, Newark, 2 m. 
 E. Lowdham stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Knelston, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., 2 m. 
 from the S. ct., 12 m. W. by S. Swansea. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (K. -wltb Llandewy) P. <25o. 
 
 Knesselaere, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. 
 Ghent. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Knettlsball, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., on the 
 1. bk. of the Little Ouse, 12^ m. NE. by N. Bury St. Edmunds, 
 5 m. S. by W. Harling Road stn. P. <25o. See Klddleswortb. 
 
 Kneveton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire. See Kiteeton. 
 
 Kn^z, coram., Hungary, co. Temes, dist Vinga. P. < 4000. 
 
 Knidos, Asia Minor. See Krlo. 
 
 Knlebls, part of the Black Forest, on the frontier between 
 Wiirtemberg and Baden, crossed by one of the most frequented 
 passes from the Rhine valley. 
 
 Knlelingen, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle and dist. 
 Karlsruhe. P. <3000. 
 
 Knlgb, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Lower Ormond, 3 m. 
 NW. Kenagh ; 4515 ac. P. -csoo. 
 
 Knlgbtley, Eng. , Staffordshire. See Gnosall. 
 
 KnlKbton, viL, Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 5 m. SE. 
 Plymouth, on the Yealme Mouth (r. bk.), PT.O. 
 
 Knlgbton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 2 
 m. S. by E. Leicester, PMT.O. (K. Fields). P. 6ioo. 
 
 Knlgbton, hamlet, Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 11 m. W, 
 by N. Stafford, and 5 m. N. Newport, on the Liverpool and 
 Birmingham Canal, P.O. 
 
 Knlgbton, or Tref-y-Clawdd, par. and market-tn. , Wales, 
 Radnorshire, on riv. Teme, 9 m. NE. by N. New Radnor, on 
 the L. & NW. R. (stn. for Presteign). The great dyke thrown 
 up by Offa in the 8th century as a defence against the Britons 
 passes through the town. PMT.O. Market-day, Th. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Knlgbton, West, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., 3^ m. SE. 
 Dorchester. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (West K. with Broad* 
 mayne) P. <iooo. 
 
 Knlgbton on Teme, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley 
 div., 13 m. W. by S. Kidderminster, close to Newnham Bridge 
 stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Knlgbtsbridge, suburb of London, in the boroughs of West- 
 minster and St George, Hanover Square, 3 m. W. by S. St 
 Paul's, London. 
 
 Knlgbt's Enbam wltb Smannell, eccles. par., Eng., 
 Hampshire, div. and i^ m. N. Andover, 13^ m. SW. by S. 
 Newbury (Berks). P. <750. 
 
 Knlghtsford Bridge, PM.O., Eng., Worcestershire, on riv. 
 Teme, 5^ m. E. Bromyard. 
 
 Knlgbt's Island, Alaska, in Prince William's Sound, about 
 30 m. long, 60° 13' N. , 148° E, 
 824 
 
 Knlgbt's Town, tn.. Ire., at the E. end of Valencia I., co. 
 Kerry, bar. Iveragh, 30 m. W. by N. Kenmare. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kulgbtsto>ru, tn., U.S., Indiana, Henry co., 41 ra. E. 
 Indianapolis. P. <2000. 
 
 KnlgbtSTille, tn., U.S., Indiana, Clay co., 17 m. E. by N. 
 Terre Haute. P. < 1500. 
 
 KnlgbtSTlUe, viL, U.S., Maine, Cumberland co. (in SW. of 
 state). P. < 1500. 
 
 Knlgbtswood, viL, Scot, Dumbartonshire, E. Kilpatrick 
 par. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Kulgbt Tborpe, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, in Loughborough 
 town. P. <25o. 
 
 Knlgbtwlck, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Bewdley div. , 8 m. 
 W. W'orcester, on a branch of the G. W. R. P. <25o ; eccles. 
 par. (K. wltb Doddenbam) P. <5oo. 
 
 Knlll, par., Eng., on NW. border of Herefordshire, div. 
 and 13^ m. W. by N. Leominster, 3 m. SW. Presteign stn. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Knlll, comm., Austria, Dalmatia, 49 m. E. by S. Zara ; 
 crowned by an imposing fortress. Alt. 1161 ft. Mean temp., 
 yr- 55-5° F., Jan. 39.2°, July 74.5°. P. 21,100. 
 
 Knlpe, Tbe, hill, Scot, S. Ayrshire, 8 m. W. Sanquhar. 
 Alt 1950 ft 
 
 Knlppenbni^, Gnt, viL, Prussia. See Lebnikuble. 
 
 Knlpton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 6 m. SW. 
 by W. Grantham, PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Knltsley, part of par., Eng., Durham, NW. div., on the 
 NE. R., 10 m. WNW. Durham. See Conslde. 
 
 Knlttelfeld, tn. , Austria, Styria, 17 m. SW. Leoben. P. 5800. 
 
 Knlttliugen, tn., Ger., kgd. W^iirtemberg, circle Xeckar, 15^ 
 m. E. Karlsruhe. P. <30oo. 
 
 Knlveton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 8 J ra. SW. 
 Matlock, 3 m. NE. Ashbourne stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 KnlTskjiirodde, cape, Norway. See Magero. 
 
 KiijaieTac, tn., Servia, circle Timok, on the Beli Timok, 28 
 m. NE. Nis (Nish). P. 5000. 
 
 Knjeza, tn., Bulgaria, prov. Rahova, 27 ra. W. by N. Plevna. 
 P. <:500o. 
 
 Knobnoster, viL, U.S., Missouri, Johnson co., 62 ra. ESE. 
 Kansas City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Knock (both k and n pronounced), Celtic, ' a hill.' 
 
 Knock, tn.. Ire., SW. ct co. Clare, bar. Clonderalaw, on 
 Clonderalaw Bay, 6 m. E. by S. Kilrush, PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Knoek, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Donegal, dist. Killygordon. 
 
 Knock, tnld. , Ire. , N. co. Down, bar. Lower Castlereagh, 3 ra. 
 E. Belfast, on the Belfast and Co. Down Rly., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Knock, par.. Ire., SE. co. Mayo, bars. Clanmorris and 
 Costello, 15^ m. ESE. Castlebar, 5 m. from Claremorris stn., 
 PM.O.; 11,705 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Knock, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Morgallion, 3 m. SE. 
 Nobber. P. <:25o. 
 
 Knock, P.O., Ire., NE. co. Tipperary, bar. Ikerrin, 14J m. 
 SE. Parsonstown, 5 m. from Roscrea stn. 
 
 Knock (knok), mt. , Scot. , co. and 11 ra. WSW. Banff ; a noted 
 landmark in navigating Moray Firth, 1409 ft. above the sea, in 
 57° 35' N. , 2° 46' W. 
 
 Knock (knok), stn., Scot, Banffshire, ^\ m. E. by N. Keith, 
 on the G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Knock, or Eye, or Ule, eccles. par., Scot., Ross and 
 Cromarty, Stornoway par. , comprises Eye Penin. on E. side of 
 Lewis I., and contains Swordle and Knock, viL, 5 ra. SE. 
 Stornoway. Par. P. < 3500; viL P. <75o. 
 
 Knockadair, electoral div.. Ire., co. Mayo, dist. Knockna- 
 lower. 
 
 Knockaderry, tn.. Ire., S. co. Limerick, bar. Glenquin, 20 
 m. SW. Limerick, 12 m. from Croom stn., P.O. P. <25a 
 
 Knockadoou Head, cape. Ire., on the SE. ct of co. Cork, 
 with a coastguard station, in 7° 52' W. 
 
 Knockabolet, tnld. , Ire. , N W. co. Antrim, bar. Upper Dun- 
 luce, 14 m. SE. by E. Coleraine, 4 m. from Killagan stn., P.O. 
 (Knockabollet). P. <:25o. 
 
 Knockalny, par. and tn. , Ire. , E. co. Limerick, bar. Small- 
 county, 14^ m. SSE. Limerick, 5 ra. from Knocklong stn., P.O. 
 Par. 9248 ac, P. <2ooo; tn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Knockalla Honntalns, small range of mts. , Ire. , in the N. 
 of CO. Donegal, trending SW. from Lough Swilly. 
 
 Knockalongy, mt. , Ire. , in the N. of co. Sligo, 13J m. SW. 
 by W. Sligo. Height, 1778 ft 
 
 Knocka Longb, lake. Ire., SW. co. Clare, 10 m. NE. by E. 
 Kilrush. 
 
 Knockanally, stn. , Ire. , co. Antrim, 7J m. N. by E. Bally- 
 mena, on the Belfast and Northern Counties Rly. 
 
 Kuocknnnin-ln, mt , Ire. See (^meragb Honntalns. 
 
 Kuockaubann, electoral div.. Ire., co. Longford, dist. 
 BalUnalee. 
 
 Knockando, par., Scot, Elginshire, 12 m. S. by W. Elgin, 
 2J ra. NW. by W. Carron stn., P.O. ; 28,134 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Knockane, par. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bars. N. and S. Dunkerron, 
 7 m. NW. Killarney; 57,543 aa P. < 4000. 
 
 Knockaneen Bay, Ire. , W. ct. co. Kerry, S. of riv. Shannon. 
 
KNOC — KNOW 
 
 Knockanevln, tnld. , Ire. , co. Wexford, bar. S. Ballaghkeen, 
 5 m. from Kildorrery, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Knockanore, tnld., Ire., W. co. Waterford, bar. Coshmore 
 and Coshbride, 8 m. from Tallow, PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Huockant«rii, electoral div.. Ire., co. Londonderry, dist. 
 Coleraine. 
 
 Knockantota, electoral div., Ire., co. Cork, dist. Blarney. 
 
 Knockaunre, par., Ire., N. co. Kerry, bar. Iraghticonnor, 
 5 m. E. by N. Listowel ; 5950 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Knockaraven, P.O., Ire., 6 m. from Belturbet, co. Cavan. 
 
 Kuockard and Erropie, vil. , Scot. , Ross and Cromarty, at 
 N. extremity of Lewis I., i m. S. Butt of Lewis. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Knockarce, electoral div.. Ire., co. Sligo, dist. Sligo No. 2. 
 
 Knockarrow, electoral div., Ire., N. co. Westmeath, bar. 
 Fore, 15I m. N. Mullingar. 
 
 Kuockastnrkeen, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 
 7^ m. ENE. Queenstown. P. <:25o. 
 
 Knockateeane, tnld., with colliery, Ire., co. Leitrim, bar. 
 Drumahaire, near Drumkeeran. P. <25o. 
 
 Knockatooaii, electoral div., Ire., NW. co. Cork, bar. 
 Duhallow, 16 m. SE. Listowel. 
 
 Knockaniibrandanii, electoral div., Ire., N. co. Waterford, 
 bar. Glenahiry, 6 m. S. by E. Clonmel. 
 
 Knockavllly, par.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bars. Kinalea and Mus- 
 kerry East, 10 m. SW. by W. Cork ; 6210 ac. P. <i<X)0. 
 
 Knockbaln, par. , Scot. , Ross-shire, 4J m. NNW. Inverness, 
 P.O.; 12,035 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Knockbarron, electoral div. , Ire. , King's co. , dist. Kinnitty. 
 
 Knock Bay, Scot., Wigtownshire, W. ct., in 54" 52' N. 
 
 Knockboy, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Gralway, dist. Roundstone 
 No. 2. 
 
 Knockbrack, tnld. , Ire. , co. Donegal, bar. N. Raphoe, 5 m. 
 from Letterkenny, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Knockbreda, par.. Ire., co. Down, bars. Lower and Upper 
 Castlereagh and Mourne, on riv. Lagan, opposite Belfast, and 
 mostly vnthin its parliamentary limits ; 8354 ac. P. 45,500. 
 
 Knockbride, par.. Ire., NE. co. Cavan, bar. Clankee, 14^ 
 m. E. Cavan, P.O. ; 18,695 ac. P. < 4500. 
 
 Knockbrldge, P.O., Ire., N. co. Louth, bar. Upper Dun- 
 dalk, 4 m. SW. by W. Dundalk, on the riv. Fane. 
 
 Knockcloghrlm, P.O., Ire. See Knoeklonghrlm. 
 
 Knockcommon, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Lower Duleek, 
 on riv. Boyne, 2 m. SE. Slane. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Knockcroghery, tn., Ire., co. and 5 J m. SE. Roscommon, 
 bar. N. Athlone, on the M. G. W. R., PM.O. (Knockroghery). 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Knockdrln, electoral div.. Ire., King's co., dist. Rhode. 
 
 Knockdrln, tnld.. Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Moyashel and 
 Magheradernon, 3 ra. N. by E. Mullingar, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Knockenargan, P.O., Ire., 9 m. from Dunlavin, W. co. 
 Wicklow. 
 
 Knockersally, tnld. , Ire. See Cole Hill. 
 
 Knockeyeu Lough, Ire. , in the N. of co. Westmeath, 6^ m. 
 NNE. Mullingar, 707 ft. above sea-level, drained into Lough 
 Derravaragh. 
 
 Knock Fell, mt., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 7 m. N. by 
 E. Appleby. Height, 2604 ft. 
 
 Knockglass, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Kilgobban. 
 
 Knockglass, tnld., Ire., N. co. Roscommon, bar. French- 
 park, 9^ m. WSW. Carrick-on-Shannon. P. <5oo. 
 
 Knockgraffon, par.. Ire., S. co. Tipperary, bar. Middle- 
 third, 7 m. S. by W. Cashel; 9873 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Knock Head, cape, Scot., Bantfshire, on N. ct., in 2° 34' W. 
 
 Knockkolt, par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., 10 m. ESE. 
 Croydon, 2^ m. WSW. Halstead stn., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Knockle, Loch, lake, Scot., Inverness-shire, ij m. E. of 
 Loch Ness, into which it is drained. 
 
 Knockin, par., Eng., Salop, div. and 6 m. SE. by S. 
 Oswestry, 4 m. E. Pant stn., PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Knockletteragh, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 9 m. from Glenties. 
 
 Knockletteragh, mt.. Ire., extreme W. co. Mayo, in the 
 N. of the Curraun Renin., 23 m. WNW. Castlebar. Height, 
 1509 ft. 
 
 Knocklofty, tnld. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Ifia and Offa W. , 
 5 m. SW. Clonmel, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Knocklong, par.. Ire., SE. co. Limerick, bar. Coshlea, 18^ 
 m. SE. by S. Limerick, on the Great Southern and Western 
 Rly., PM.O.; 4442 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Knocklongh, electoral div.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Crossa- 
 keel. 
 
 Kuocklonghrini, stn., Ire., SE. co. Londonderry, bar. 
 Loughinsholin, 3 m. SE. Maghera, on the Derry Central Rly. , 
 P.O. (Knockcloghrlm). 
 
 Knockmahon, electoral div.. Ire., on the coast, co. Water- 
 ford, bar. Decies without Drum, 12 m. ENE. Dungarvan. 
 
 Knockmark, par.. Ire., S. co. Meath, bar. Lower Deece, 2 
 m. W. Dunshaughlin. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kuockmealdown Monntains, range of mts. , Ire. , between 
 the SW. of CO. Tipperary and the NW. of co. Waterford. 
 Highest peak, 2609 ft. 
 
 Knockmore, tnld. , Ire. , N. co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, 6 m. S. 
 by W. Ballina, on E. shore of Lough Conn, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Knockmonrne, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bars. Barrymore, Condons 
 and Clangibbon, and Kinnatalloon, 4 m. S. Ballyduff stn. ; 8836 
 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Knocknaboley, electoral div.. Ire., co. Clare, dist. Cragga- 
 knock. 
 
 Knocknacarry, tnld., Ire., NE. ct. co. Antrim, bar. Lower 
 Glenarm, 21 m. NNW. Lame, 6 m. from Parkmore stn., P.O. 
 P. < 250. 
 
 Knocknadona, electoral div., Ire., co. Antrim, K. dist., 
 Lisburn union. 
 
 Knocknagashel, tn. , Ire., N. co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy, 
 9 m. SSE. Listowel, 6 m. from Abbeyfeale stn. , PM. O. P. <25o. 
 
 Knocknaganl, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Pubblebrien, 
 3 m. S. Limerick. P. <5oo. 
 
 Knocknageeha, agricultural school, Ire., co. Clare, bar. 
 Upper Tulla, post-tn. Scarrift". P. <25o. 
 
 Knocknagore, electoral div.. Ire., co. Clare, dist. Kilkee. 
 
 Knocknagree, tn. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 9 m. from 
 Mill Street, 3 m. from Rathmore stn., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Knocknahoe, electoral div., Ire., co. Kerry, dist. Killarney 
 No. 2. 
 
 Kuocknalower, electoral div., Ire., in NW. co. Mayo, dist. 
 K. , BelmuUet union. 
 
 Knocknamnckly, tnld. , Ire. , co. Armagh, bar. E. Oneilland, 
 5 m. from Gilford, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Knocknamaunlou, tnld., Ire., W. co. Wicklow, bar. Upper 
 Talbotstown, 19 m. E. Athy. P. <:25o. 
 
 Knockuarea, mt. , Ire. , in the N. of co. Sligo, 3 J m. WSW. 
 Sligo. Height, 1078 ft. 
 
 KuocknascroM', electoral div., Ire., co. Limerick, dist. 
 Mitchelstown. 
 
 Kuockninny, bar. , Ire. , in the S. of co. Fermanagh. 
 
 Knockraha, tnld.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 7 m. 
 NE. by E. Cork, 4 m. from Queenstown June, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Knockrath, par. , Ire. , co. Wicklow, bars. N. and S. Ballina- 
 cor, 3 m. NW. Rathdrum; 18,851 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Knockrawer, mt. , Ire. , W. co. Donegal, bar. Boylagh, 13 
 m. NNW. Donegal. 
 
 Kuockroe, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Inishannon. 
 
 Knockroghery, PM.O., Ire. See Knockcroghery. 
 
 Knocks, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Clonakilty. 
 
 Knockskagh, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cork, dist. Unionhall. 
 
 Knocktemple, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 7 m. N. 
 Kanturk ; 4618 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Knocktopher, par. , Ire. , SW. co. Kilkenny, bar. K. , 12 m. S. 
 Kilkenny, i^ m. from Ballyhale stn. , PMT. O. ; 4722 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 KnockTlcar, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Roscommon, bar. Boyle, on 
 SE. shore of Lough Key, 5 m. W. by N. Leitrim, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Knodlshall, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 20 m. NE. by E. 
 Ipswich, 3 m. from the coast, P.O. (Knoddlshall), ij m. WSW. 
 Leiston stn. P. <50o; eccles. par. (K. with Baxlow) P. <50o. 
 
 Knoll, Teutonic, in Scotch place-names Know, 'a hillock.' 
 
 Knoll and Bassett House, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, 6^ m. 
 NE. Hinckley. P. <25o. 
 
 Knolls Green, P.O., Eng., Cheshire, 3^ m. E. Knutsford. 
 
 Knook, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 12 m. SSE. 
 Trowbridge, i m. E. Heytesbury ^q.v.) stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Knop, Teutonic, ' a hillock.' See Knab. 
 
 Knogsington, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 4 m. 
 W. Oakham, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Knot Mill and Deausgate, stn., Eng., Lancashire, in S. of 
 Manchester, on Manchester, S. Junction, and Altrincham Rly. 
 
 Knott, CO., U.S., Kentucky, in the SE., N. of 37° N., 
 crossed by 83° W. 
 
 Knott, The, mt., Eng., Westmorland, Appleby div., at the 
 head of Hawes Water, iij m. SSW. Penrith. Height, 2423 ft. 
 
 Knotting, par., Eng., on the N. border of Bedfordshire, 
 Biggleswade div., 9^ m. N. by W. Bedford, 2^ m. N. Sharn- 
 brook stn. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (K. -n^ith Sonldrop) P. <5oo. 
 
 Knottingley, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on 
 the G. N. R. and L. & Y. R., 3^ m. ENE. Pontefract, in which 
 pari. bor. it is included. P. 5400. 
 
 Knott Rigg, hill, Eng., Cumberland, in the SW. of the 
 Penrith div. , 4^ m. SW. Keswick. 
 
 Knotty Ash, vil., Eng., Lancashire, Bootle div., 4 m. E. by 
 N. Liverpool, on the Cheshire Lines Rly. 
 
 Know, in Scotch place-names, ' a hillock.' See Knoll. 
 
 Knowbnry, eccles. par., Eng., Shropshire, Cainham and 
 Bitterley pars. , P. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Knowe, P.O., Scot., Wigtownshire, 8 m. NW. Newton 
 Stewart. 
 
 Knowe's Gate, stn. , Eng. , Northumberland, on the N. B. R. , 
 Hexham div. , 14 m. W. Morpeth. 
 
 Knoivle, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, Bedminster ancient 
 par., 2 m. SW. Bristol, P.O. P. 10,800. 
 
 Knoivle, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Tamworth div., 9 J m. 
 SE. Birmingham, i m. NE. of its station on the G. W. R., 
 PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 825 
 
KNO W— KOBT 
 
 Knowle Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham 
 div. , 9 m. W. by N. Windsor, PM.O. (Knowl Hill). P. <7So. 
 
 Knowle St. Giles, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., ii m. SE. 
 by S. Taunton, 2 m. NE. Chard stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Kno'vrlton, tn., Canada, Quebec, Brome co., 56 m. ESE. 
 Montreal P. < 1500. 
 
 KnoTVlton, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 5J m. W. 
 Deal, 3^ m. E. by S. Adisham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Kno'wlton, vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Delaware co. , 20 m. W. 
 by S. Philadelphia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Knoffsley, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Ormskirk div. , 5 m. W. 
 St. Helens, 3 m. N. by W. Huyton stn., PM.O. ; 5058 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 KnoiTStone, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, South Molten div. , 11 m. 
 NW. by W. Tiverton, 3 m. SW. by W. East Anstev stn., P.O.; 
 5144 ac P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (K. ytltli Holland) P. <iooo. 
 
 Knox, isls. , Pacific. See Tarawa. 
 
 Knox, CO., U.S., Illinois, crossed by 41° N., and bounded in 
 the E. by 90° W. 
 
 Knox, CO., U.S., Indiana, on W. frontier, bounded on W. 
 by Wabash R. , and on S. by White R. 
 
 Knox, CO., U.S., Kentucky, in the SE. , crossed by 37° N. 
 and 84° W. 
 
 Knox, CO. , U. S. , Maine, on the Atlantic, W. of the meridian 69°. 
 
 Knox, CO., U.S., Missouri, in the NE. , to the W. of 92° W. , 
 and crossed in the S. by 40° N. 
 
 Knox, CO., U.S., Nebraska, bounded on the N. by the 
 Missouri, crossed by 98° W. 
 
 Knox, CO., U.S., Ohio, S. of 41° N., and E. of 83° W. 
 
 Knox, or EdenboTg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Clarion co., 
 58 m. NNE. Pittsburg ; produces large quantities of petroleum. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Knox, CO., U.S., Tennessee, in the E., crossed by 36° N. and 
 84° W. , traversed by the Holston R. , and partly bounded on the 
 W. by the Clinch. 
 
 Knox, CO., U.S., Texas, in the N., S. of 34° N., bounded on 
 the W. by 100° W. 
 
 Knoxford, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, co. Carleton, 24 m. 
 N. by W. Woodstock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Knoxland, eccles. par. , Scot. , Dumbarton co. and par. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 KnoxTllle, city, U.S., Illinois, Knox co., 81 m. NNW. 
 Springfield, with important coal-mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 KnoxTllle, city, U.S., Iowa, Marion co., 32 m. SE. by E. 
 Des Moines. P. <3000. 
 
 KnoxTllle, vil., U.S., New York, Steuben co., on the L bk. 
 of the Cheming R. , opposite Coming, 75 m. SSE. Rochester, 14 
 m. WNW. Elmira. P. < 1500. 
 
 KnoxTllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Tioga co., 22 m. NW. 
 Wellsboro. P. <2O0o. 
 
 KnoxTllle, city, U.S. , Tennessee, Knox co. , on the Tennessee 
 R. , 98 m. NE. Chattanooga, in the centre of the great valley of 
 E. Tennessee, one of the most fertile and beautiful regions of 
 the U.S.; with the University of Tennessee (including the State 
 Agricultural and Mechanical College), and the K. College, State 
 School for Deaf and Dumb, and State Insane Asylum for E. 
 Tennessee. Alt. 900 ft. (R.R.); 980 ft (U.S. Signal Office|. 
 Mean temp., vr. 57.4° F., Jan. 38.0°, July 77°; rfall. (23 yrs.), 
 £2.1 in. P. (1880) 9700; (1890) 22,500; including suburbs, 
 27,600. Jfortb KnoxTllle, adjoining town, P. <: 3000. West 
 KnoxTllle, adjoining town, P. <3ooo. 
 
 KnoxTllle, viL, U.S., W. Virginia, Marshall co., 15 m. S. 
 by E. Wheeling. P. ^isoo. 
 
 Knoydart, viL, Nova Scotia, co. Pictou, on Cumberland 
 Strait, 18 m. WNW. New Glasgow. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Knoydart, penin. and eccles. par., Scot, Inverness-shire, in 
 the W., between Lochs Hourn and Nevis, 56° S9'-S7° 7^' N. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Knoyle, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Wilt- 
 shire, Wilton div. , 17 m. W. Salisbury, 2J m. N. by E. Semley 
 stn. ; W. Knoyle 2J m. to the N W. East K. , PM.O. , 5926 ac. , 
 P. < 1000; West K. P. -=250. 
 
 Knnckbne, stn.. Ire., co. Cork, 4 m. SW. Dumnanway, on 
 the Cork, Bandon, and S. Coast Rly. 
 
 Knncklas, viL, Wales, Radnorshire, 9 m. N. by E. New 
 Radnor, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 
 ' Knncton Fell, upland tract, Eng. , on the W. border of the 
 NW. div. of Durham, 10 m. S. Hexham. 
 
 Knnde Dyb, channel, Denmark, on the SW. ct. of Jutland, 
 between the isL of Kiel Sand on the N., and those of Chori Sand 
 and Mano on the S. 
 
 KnndstaoTed, two promontories, Denmark, one on the E. ct 
 of Fyen (Funen) I., E. of Nyborg, with a lighthouse (visible 10 
 m.) ; the other at the W. end of a narrow sand-spit (the K. 
 Odde), on the S. ct of Seeland. 
 
 Knntsford (' Canute's ford '), two adjoining pars, and market- 
 tn., Eng., Cheshire, K. div., 6^ m. ENE. Northwich, on the 
 Cheshire Lines Rly. ; pleasantly situated on high ground ; a 
 favourite residence of people having their business in Manches- 
 ter; with manufactures of cotton, worsted, and leather goods. 
 826 
 
 Market-day, S. Nether K. P. <45oo; Over K. P. <soo; parL 
 div. P. (1891) 55,100. 
 
 Knntton, eccles. par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, i m. NW. New- 
 castle-under-Lyme, PM. O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Knnzden, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Blackburn and 
 W'halley pars., with coal-mining, P.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Knyaghlnln, dist tn. , Russia, govt, and 52 m. SE. of Nizhniy 
 Novgorod. P. < 2000. 
 
 Knypersley, Eng. , Staffordshire. See Blddnlpli. 
 
 Knysbln, tn. , Russia, govt, and 48 m. SW. of Grodno, 13 m. 
 from Byelostok railway station. P. 6850. 
 
 Knysna, tn. , Cape Colony, K. div. , S. ct , at the mouth of 
 Knysna R. (on which are alluvial goldfields), in 23° 4' E., with 
 an almost completely landlocked harbour, having a narrow 
 entrance from the sea. K. government forests occupy a narrow 
 strip of country lying between the Outeniqua Mts. and the sea. 
 The region is about no m. long and 10 m. broad ; partly in K. , 
 and partly in Humansdorp div. The harbour has an area of 
 2500 aa; depth on bar at high water ordinary springs 24 ft., 
 ordinary neaps 19^ ft. 
 
 Ko, Kos, or Kbora, tn., on the NE. ct. of Ko I., with 
 roadstead exposed to winds from the NE. and NW. The 
 artificial basin is almost silted up with sand. P. 3000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Ko, Kos, Stanko, or Istankol, isL , JEgesLU Sea, off the SW. 
 ct. of Asia Minor, 25 m. long ENE. to WSW. Area, no sq. 
 m. (Strelbitsky). P., including Nisiro (Nisyros) 10,000, nearly 
 all Greeks (Cuinet). 
 
 Koalt, tn. , Asiatic Turkey. See Koelt. 
 
 Kobablsb, Arab tribe. See Kabablsb. 
 
 Kobber, Danish, 'copper.' See Kupfer. 
 
 Kobbo, tn. , Abyssinia, Tigre, 167 m. S. by W. Debra Tabor. 
 Alt 7675 ft 
 
 Kobdo, tn., western Mongolia, about 250 m. W. Uliassutai, 
 in about 48° N., 91° 35' E., with two fortresses with Chinese 
 garrison. It has a rapidly increasing trade vrith the Russian 
 govt, of Tomsk by the riv. Chui. P. (settled) < 1000, but 
 nomadic Khalkhas and Kalmuks camp near. 
 
 Kobe, tn. , Japan, Honshiu, 16 m. W. Ozaka, on a small 
 bay adjoining that of Hyogo, which now forms one town with 
 K. Opened to foreign trade in 1868, at the same time as 
 Hyogo ; but the foreign settlements were established here, as the 
 bay of K. (area, 470 ac. ; outer depth, 40 ft.; depth close in, 20 
 ft ) is better adapted for large shipping. K. is rapidly extending 
 beyond the settlement to the foot of the hills. The air is pure, 
 and the vicinity beautiful and interesting. P. (including Hyogo} 
 104,000. 
 
 Kobe, or Kobbeb, tn., central AfHca, former cap. Darftir, 
 37 m. WNW. El Fasher, in about 14° N. , 24° 50' E. P. 6000. 
 
 Kobelyakl, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 41 m. SW. of Poltava, 
 on 1. bk. Vorskla R. P. 15,800. 
 
 Koben, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, on riv. Oder, 17 m. SE. 
 by E. Glogau. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kobem, vil., Prussia, on the Moselle, prov. and 7J m. SW. 
 Koblenz ; ironstone mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kobemanser-Wald, hill range, Upper Austria. See Anstrta, 
 Arcbduchy of. 
 
 Koblen, tn., China, Formosa I., on the W. ct., 80 m. SW. 
 Tamsui. 
 
 Kobllnlea, viL, Servia, circle Krajina. P. <30oo. 
 
 Koblzhcba (Polish Kobyzcza), tn., Russia, govt, and 48 m. 
 SSE. Chernigov, on railway to Kiev ; distilleries. P. 8000. 
 
 Koblenz, the ancient Confiuentia (' confluence'), of which the 
 modem name is a corruption, tn. and first-class fortress, Ger. , 
 Prussia, cap. Rhine Prov. , and govt, and circle K. , situated on 
 the low ground at the end of the more elevated tongue of land 
 between the rivs. Rhine and Moselle, both of which are here 
 crossed by railway bridges, the Rhine also by a bridge of boats, 
 and the Moselle by an ordinary bridge, erected by the Elector 
 of Treves in 1244. The fortifications embrace neighbouring' 
 heights on the 1. bk. of the Rhine, as well as the fortress of 
 Ehrenbreitstein on the opposite bank. Numerous industries — 
 japanning, manufactures of machinery, cigars, &c. The town 
 formerly belonged to the Electorate of Treves, and was the 
 residence of the last elector, Wenceslaus (1768-94). In 1815 it 
 passed to Prussia. Birthplace of the statesman Mettemich (1773- 
 1859). P. (1816) 11,300; (1871)28,700; (1890)31,400; (comm.) 
 32,700. 
 
 Ko1t>lcnz, viL , Switzd. , cant, and 17 m. NE. by N. Aargau, 
 on the Rhine, at the confluence of the Aar. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kobongo, or Kangombe, tn. , Portuguese W. Africa, Bihe, 
 240 m. E. Benguella. 
 
 Kobrin, or Kobryn, dist tn. , Russia, govt, and 102 m. SE. 
 of Grodno, 30 m. ENE. of Brest Litovsk, on Mukhavets R. 
 Old nth centxiry castle. P. 9900, chiefly Jews. 
 
 Kobt, Koft, or Knft, the ancient Coptos, tn. , Upper Egypt, 
 12 m. S. Keneh, 24 m. NNE. ancient Thebes, just S. of 26° 
 N., near the r. bk. of the Nile, W. terminus of the desert 
 route from Kosseir on the Red Sea. Under the Ptolemies and 
 early Roman emperors an important seat of commerce ; sacked 
 by Diocletian in the latter years of the 3rd century. The site 
 
KOBU — KOJO 
 
 of the ancient city has recently been cleared by Professor Petrie, 
 who has discovered numerous remains of antiquity, some olF 
 prehistoric age. 
 
 Kobnrg, tn., Gen, cap. duchy of Saxe-Koburg-Gotha, in a 
 narrow part of the valley of the Itz (trib. Main), 48 m. S. by E. 
 Gotha, 26 m. N. by E. Bamberg (Bavaria) ; has textile and 
 other manufactures, noted breweries, and vegetable market, and 
 a well-known establishment for the preparation of theatre 
 decorations. E. of the town is the citadel (alt. 1500 ft.), one of 
 the most celebrated structures of the Middle Ages in Germany, 
 said to date originally from the early part of the loth century, 
 containing a collection of arms and equipments of war, &c.; 
 noted also for the beautiful view it commands. Alt. (town) 960 ft. 
 P. (1816) 8000; (1890) 17,100. 
 
 Kobylin, tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, circle Krotoschin, 43 m. 
 N. by E. Breslau. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kocb, Pall, or B^jbansl, race, India, of aboriginal descent, 
 in NE. Bengal and Assam ; their name is preserved in the 
 independent state of Kuch (or Koch) Behar. 
 
 Kochana, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 50 m. E. by S. 
 Ushkub. 
 
 Kocbanes, or Kocbanuls, vil., Turkish Kurdistan, 65 m. 
 SE. by S. of Van, ecclesiastical and political cap. of the Syrian 
 Christians. 
 
 KocbeLsee, alpine lake, Ger., Bavaria, 11 m. S. of the 
 Wiirm-see, drained by the Loisach N. into the Isar, bordered 
 on the N. by the marsh called the Haselmoos. Alt. 1955 ft. 
 
 Kocbem, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., on the 1. bk. of the 
 Moselle, circle K., 25 m. SW. Koblenz. P. < 4000. 
 
 Kocber, riv. , Ger. , Wiirtemberg, flows N. then W. through 
 a wild narrow valley into the Neckar, a few miles below Heil- 
 bronn. Length, 112 m.; not navigable. 
 
 Kocb-Hlssar, tn. , Asia Minor, vilayet and 90 m. NE. Konia, 
 near the E. bank of salt lake of Tuz-chollii, which is sometimes 
 known as the Lake of Koch-Hissar, in 38° 55' N. , 33° 29' E. 
 
 Kocb-Hlssar, tn., Asiatic Turkey, pash. and 50 m. SSE. 
 Diarbekir, W. of Mardin. 
 
 Kocbl, tn., Japan, on the SE. ct. of Shikoku, cap. of K. 
 prefecture, 135 m. SW. by W. Kobe ; noted for its coral. K. 
 Bay is to be deepened in its outer portion to admit large 
 steamers. The castle, dating from the i6th century, is now a 
 public library. Malaria prevalent. Mean temp. (6 yrs. , 1881- 
 86), yr. 59.7 F., Jan. 41.2°, Aug. 78.1° ; rfall. (4 yrs.), 92.92 in. 
 P. 32,000. 
 
 Kocblowitz, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Kattowitz, 31 
 m. ENE. Ratibor, with zinc-smelting and coal-mines. P. <3000. 
 
 Kocbln, tin-mines, in SE. of Yunnan, China, 20 m. from 
 Mengtse. 
 
 Ko-cbon, tn., China, prov. Kwangtung, no m. E. by N. 
 Pakhol. 
 
 Kocbstedt, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Aschersleben, 
 15 m. E. Halberstadt. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kodagn. See Coorg. 
 
 Kodalkanal, hamlet, Brit. India, Madras, dist. Madura, 50 
 m. NW. by W. Madura. 
 
 Kodardsal, tn., India, Madras, dist. Tanjore. P. 7800; 
 Hindus, 7200. 
 
 Kodlak, isl, Alaska. See Kadlak. 
 
 Kodludr, tn. , India, Bombay, Baroda state, in 20° 4/ N. , 
 70° 46' E. P. (1881) 6500. 
 
 Kodllpet, tn. , India, Coorg, in 12° 48' N. , 75° 57' E. P. < 1000. 
 
 KodnmAr, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Karniil, 69 m. 
 NE. by E. Bellary. P. (i88i)<4000. 
 
 KodnngaUkr, tn., India, Madras, Cochin state, in 10° 14' 
 N., 76° 15' E. According to tradition the first field of St. 
 Thomas' labours in India, but the visit must be regarded as 
 mythical. K. has a ruined fort. P. (1876) 9500. 
 
 Koelt, Ko-«valt, or Koalt, also called Koreln, or Greln, tn. , 
 Asiatic Turkey, on the S. side of a bay opening westwards off 
 the head of the Persian Gulf, vilayet, sanjak, and 80 m. S. 
 Busrah (Basra) ; 3000 houses, 500 serif e. 
 
 Koekelberg, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, NW. suburb 
 of Brussels. P. 6200. 
 
 Koel, India. See Allgarb. 
 
 Koel, Nortb, riv., India, Bengal, ChutiA Nagpur, flows 
 NNW. and enters the Son in 24° 32' N. and 83° 56' E. 
 Navigation is obstructed by a ridge of gneiss rock, and by 
 sudden freshets, to which this river is subject. 
 
 Koel, Sontb, riv. , Bengal. See Brslbmanl. 
 
 Koesfeld (kSs'felt), par. and tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 
 circle K., 19 m. W. Miinster, with textile manufactures, and a 
 castle, once the residence of the bishop- princes of Miinster. Par. 
 P. <30oo ; tn. P. 5600. 
 
 Koetel, Borneo. See Kntet. 
 
 Koetong, post-tp., Victoria, co. Benambra, on K. Creek, 
 222 m. NE. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Koerorden (ku-for-den), fortress and tn., Holland, prov. 
 Drenthe, 28 m. ENE. Zwolle. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Kofel, caravan stn., with springs, in the Sahara, N. of Lake 
 Chad, on the borders of Bornu, Africa. 
 
 Koliyfontetn, mining camp. Orange Free State, div. and 
 30 m. from Fauresmith, 24 m. from Jacobsdal; close to K. 
 diamond mine. 
 
 Koflacb, tn. , Austria, Styria, 17 m. W. Graz, vrith coal-seam 
 and iron-mines. P. <3000. 
 
 Koft, tn. , Egypt. See Kobt. 
 
 Kofn, tn. , Japan, Honshiu, 70 m. W. Tokyo, cap. of prefec- 
 ture of Yamanashi ; noted for kaiki (a thin silken fabric used 
 for dress-linings, &c.) and a sweetmeat consisting of grapes 
 coated with sugar. K. has more buildings in European style 
 than any other provincial town in Japan, including an industrial 
 school and silk-filatures. P. 24,500. 
 
 Kogarab, tp., New South Wales, co. Cumberland, 7 m. 
 from Sydney. P. <30oo. 
 
 Kogel Bay, in the S. of Cape Colony, on the E. of False Bay. 
 
 Kogelbeen, settlement. Cape Colony, Griqualand W. , dist. 
 Hay, 75 m. S. Kuruman. 
 
 Kogou BlTer, French Upper Guinea, Futa-jallon, flows first 
 NW. then SW. into the Atlantic, which it enters by a wide 
 estuary called the Rio Komponi, to the S. of 11° N. 
 
 Koh, Siamese, 'rock,' or mountain,' a prefix of many Siamese 
 islands. 
 
 Koh, Kuh, Persian, 'a mountain.' 
 
 Kobak, Persia. See Kubak. 
 
 Kobalto, a long, isolated, flat- topped mt. on the E. edge of 
 the Abyssinian plateau, surrounded by precipices, and contain- 
 ing ruins which mark the site (»f the ancient Koloe. Alt. 7000 
 ft. (Bent, Geog. Jour., vol. ii. p. 140). 
 
 BLobalom, Hungary. See Reps. 
 
 Kobdt, dist. , Brit. India, Punjab, between the Indus and the 
 border mountains of Afghanistan, crossed by 33^° N. ; chiefly 
 a bare and intricate mountain region. 
 
 Kobdt, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, cap. dist. K. , 28 m. SSW. 
 Peshawar, 2 m. from the S. base of the Afrfdi Hills. P. (1868) 
 11,300; (1891) 27,000; Moham. 17,500; Hindus, 5100; Sikhs, 
 4100. 
 
 Kobatnr, tribe, Brit. India. See Kota. 
 
 Kobcbang, or Cbang, isl., Gulf of Siam, crossed by 102° 20' 
 E. , and in the S. by 12° N. 
 
 Kob-1-Baba, lofty mountain range, Afghanistan, the eastern 
 continuation of the Paropamisus range, and separated from the 
 SW. extremity of the Hindu Kush by the Bamian Pass, the 
 principal pass leading from Kabul into Turkistan. Highest 
 simimit. Shah Fuladi, 16,874 ft. 
 
 Kob-l-Damiiii, ' the foot of the mountains,' region of Afghan- 
 istan, NW. of Kabul, at the base of the Paghman range. 
 
 Koblma, frontier stn. , Brit. India, Assam dist. , N4ga Hills, 
 60 m. N. by E. Manipur ; selected in 1878 in place of Samagu- 
 ting as better situated for the supervision of the Nagds. 
 
 Koblst^u (the 'Land of Mountains') is a name applied to 
 several mountainous dists., as (i) the S. of the prov. of Khor- 
 assan, Persia ; (2) the high valleys of the S. slope of the Hindu 
 Kush, Afghanistan ; (3) the mountains between the Indus and 
 Chitral valleys to the NW^ of India ; (4) the region on the W. 
 of Sind, Brit. India, extending into Baluchistan. 
 
 Kobl-Janowltz, vil., Austria, Bohemia, 32 m. SE. by E. 
 Prague. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kob Pennan, isl., Siam, Malay Penin., off the E. ct., in 
 about 9° 43' N. 
 
 Kobren, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 19 m. NW. Chemnitz. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Kob Samnle, isl., Siam, Malay Penin., off the E. ct., in 
 about 9° 30' N. 
 
 Kob-sl-cbang, group of small isls. , 6 or 7 m. from the E. 
 ct. of the Gulf of Bangkok, Siam, in 13° 10' N. ; fairly good 
 anchorage. 
 
 Kob Tan, isl. , Siam, Malay Penin. , off E. ct. , in about 10° 5' N. 
 
 Kobnkobn, tn.. New Zealand, North I., co. Hokiangi, no 
 m. NNW. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kob Yal, vil. , Siam, 26 m. N. Bangkok. 
 
 KiJi, or Kidi, Turkish, ' village.' Names into which this suffix 
 enters are often spelt in the French way, Keui, or Kieui. 
 
 Koil, India. See Allgarb. 
 
 Kollkonda, tn., India, Haidardbdd, 62 m. SW. by W. 
 Haidardbad. 
 
 Kolnare, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. Rahova, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Isker, 24 m. W. by S. Plevna. P. <40oo. 
 
 Koineon, penin., Greece. See Lttbada. 
 
 Ko'i-saiijak, tn., vilayet, and 83 m. E. by S. Mosul, sanjak 
 Kerkuk, on Little Zab. P. 10,000 ; Moham. 9600. 
 
 Koi-su (Turkish Sheep water), several rivs. of Caucasia, pro vs. 
 Daghestan and partly Tiflis. The Avar K. and Audi K. make 
 the Sulak by their junction. 
 
 Koja, or Khoja, Turkish ' old man,' as an adjective, ' great.' 
 
 Koja, lake, central Africa. See Kloga. 
 
 Kojak Pass, Afghanistan. See Kbojak Pass. 
 
 Kojetelii, tn., Austria, Moravia, on riv. March, 17 m. S. by 
 E. Olmutz. Alt. 660 ft. P. 5600. 
 
 Kojounp, post-tn. , W. Australia, Goderich co., 100 m. 
 NNW. Albany. P. < 1500. 
 
 827 
 
KOJU — KOLL 
 
 Kojnk Bnmn, cape upon the E. side of the Dardanelles, 
 Asia Minor, lo m. SW. by S. Gallipoli, with a lighthouse. 
 
 Kojan-Tepe, plain. Eastern Roumelia, stretching N. from 
 PhilippopoUs. 
 
 K6ka, tn., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, dist. Kecs- 
 kemet felso. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Kokali, tn., Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, loo m. NW. Ispahan. 
 
 Kokalava, vil., Ceylon. See Kokkllay. 
 
 Kokand, or Kokan, formerly independent khanate of central 
 Asia, now part of Russian Turkistan, prov. Fergana. Chief 
 town Kokan, 75 m. SE. of Tashkent (115 m. by road), in a plain 
 10 m. from the Syr ; considerable trade in grain, raw cotton, 
 hides, leather, and other animal produce. Alt. 1300 ft. P. 
 54.050. 
 
 KoklMkty, or Kokpektlnsk, dist. tn. , Russian Central Asia, 
 prov. and 165 m. SE. of Semipalatinsk, 48° 45' N., 82° 25' E., 
 on S. slope of Little Urgheii-tau hills. Small fort, founded in 
 1836. P. 3500. 
 
 Kokcha, riv., central Asia, Badakshan, rises on the N. 
 slope of the Hindu Kush Mts. , and flows first N. then W. past 
 Faizahad to the Amu-daria, which it enters, on its 1. bk., by 
 several arms above Kunda Gizar. Lapis-lazuU is found abun- 
 dantly along its upper course. 
 
 KokchetaT, dist. tn., Russian Central Asia, prov. Semipala- 
 tinsk, 205 m. SW. of Omsk; centre of administration for Siberian 
 Kirghizes. Exports of cattle and hides. P. 6200. 
 
 Kokel, Kiikiilld, Ger. , Magyar, riv. , Transylvania, formed by 
 the junction of two rivers, the Great K. (Gross- K., or Nagy- 
 Ktikiillo) and the Little K. ( Klein- K., or Kis-Kulktillo), each 
 about 100 m. in length, rising on the W. slope of the Carpathian 
 Mts. , which unite at Balasfalva ; its course is thence W. , with 
 many windings, about 20 m. , to the Maros, which it enters 
 6 m. above Karoly Fehervar. The rivers give name to two 
 counties (comitats), the riv. Gross- Kokel separating the county 
 of that name from the county of Klein- Kokel on the N. 
 
 Kokfara, or Sharefa, tn. , Abyssinia, Shoa, 173 m. SE. by 
 E. Debra Tabor, 60 m. N. by E. Ankobar, cap. prov. Jedem. 
 
 Kokl, small state in W. of and dependent on Uganda, 
 Brit. E. Africa. 
 
 Kokkllay, or Kokalara, vil., E. ct. Ceylon, 35 m. NW. 
 Trinkomali, at the mouth of a great lagoon, formerly a fertile 
 rice plain. 
 
 Koko, or Kuku, Mongolian, 'blue.' 
 
 Ko'komo, viL, U.S., Colorado, Summit co., 67 m. WSW. 
 Denver, and 12 m. NNE. Leadville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kokomo, city, U.S., Indiana, Howard co. , 48 m. N. India- 
 napolis. P. (1880) < 5000; (1890)8300. 
 
 Koko-Nor (' blue lake '), Chinese Empire. See Knkn-Nor. 
 
 KokOTa, tn., Hungary, co. Gomor, dist. Rimaszombat. 
 P. (comm. )<4000. 
 
 Kokslial-tan, chain of mts., Turkistan, the southern ridge 
 of the Tian Shan system, runs for about 135 m. SW. to NE. 
 along 1. bk. of Kokshal-tau R. , and is continued by the Sary- 
 Yassy chain. 
 
 Koksoak, lake, Canada. See Caniapnscaw. 
 
 Kokstad, field-cornetcy. Cape Colony, dist. Griqualand E., 
 Mount Currie dist., 92 m. SW. Pietermaritzburg (Natal). 
 
 Kok-HU (Kirghize, ' blue water"), riv., Russian Central Asia, 
 chief of Semipalatinsk prov. ; rises in Semiryechensk Alatau on 
 Chinese frontier, joins Karatal after a course of about 150 m. 
 
 Koknbn, vil., Japan, 10 m. E. by N. Ozaka. P. <3000. 
 
 Koknra, ct tn. , Japan, Kiushiu, on the Inland Sea, 100 m. 
 NE. by N. Nagasaki ; its roadstead is accessible to large vessels. 
 P. 14,200. 
 
 Kol, Turki, 'valley.' 
 
 Kol, collection of aboriginal tribes, India, Bengal, mainly in- 
 habiting the highland dists. of Chutid Ndgpiu". See Kolarlans. 
 
 Kola, penin. , N. Russia, between the Arctic Ocean and the 
 White Sea, joins N. Finland and N. Norway in the W. 
 Beginning with Varanger Fjord in the NW. , its N. ct. , known 
 as Norman ct. , or Murmanskiy Bereg, has but a few indenta- 
 tions (Matov Bay, protected by Rybachiy Penin., and K. Bay, 
 a fjord which receives the Kola R. ). The White Sea ct. is known 
 as Terskiy ct. , and ends in the Kandalaksha Bay. Surface 
 a woody and marshy plateau, about 1000 ft. high, intersf)ersed 
 by numerous large and small lakes (Nuot-jarvi, Imandra, Kano, 
 Kolvits, &c.), which give origin to many rivers : Kola, Tuloma, 
 which rises in N. Finland, passes through Nuot-jarvi, and enters 
 Kola Bay, Niva, &c. The Norman ct. , which has a few settle- 
 ments, is the rendezvous of the fleet of Russian fishers and 
 hunters from the Arkhangelsk govt. , to which the Kola Penin, 
 belongs. 
 
 Kola, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Archangel, on K. Bay, 33 m. 
 from Arctic Ocean, 68" 53' N., 33° i' E. Mean rfall. (5 yrs.), yr. 
 7.9 in. P. <iooo. 
 
 KoUkba, isL, and a portion of terr. on the Konkan ct., India. 
 The island is situated in the Arabian Sea or N. Indian Ocean, 
 in 18" 38' N., 72° 56' E., just outside Alfbagh harbour. The 
 whole is subject to the Bombay Presidency. In 1662 a fort 
 on the island was rebuilt and strengthened by a Mahratta chief, 
 828 
 
 who became a formidable pirate, and so ruinous to the com- 
 merce of the maritime powers, that an expedition of three 
 British ships of the line and a Portuguese land force attacked it 
 in 1722, but were repulsed, and the pirates continued their 
 depredations. On the fall of the Mahratta Peshwa in 1818 K. 
 became feudatory to the British, and in 1840 the island and 
 terr. were annexed to Bombay Presidency, in which they now 
 form a dist. Cap. Alfbagh. See also Bombay, city. 
 
 Kol^bel, tn. , India, Travancore, on the S. ct. , 33 m. SE. 
 Trivandrum. S. Travancore coffee is here prepared and ex- 
 ported. P. (1875) < 5000. 
 
 Kolaczyce, comm. , Austria, Galicia, 45 m. E. by S. Bochnia. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Koladyne, riv. , Lower Burma. See Kuladau. 
 
 Kolak, port, India, Bombay, Surat dist., in 20° 38' N., at 
 the mouth of Kolak R. ; accessible to vessels of 60 tons. 
 
 Kolan, tn., China, prov. Shansi, 270 m. W. by S. Peking, 
 88 m. NW. by N. Taiyuen-fti. 
 
 Kolapore, India. Same as Kolb^pnr. 
 
 KoUir, tn. , India, Mysore, cap. K. dist., 39 m. E. by N. 
 Bangalore. P. (1881) 11,200. 
 
 Kolar, Lake, freshwater lake, Brit India, Madras, midway 
 between the deltas of the Kistna and Goddvari, drained E. into 
 the Bay of Bengal, abounding in waterfowl, and, at dry seasons, 
 with traces of ancient villages perceptible in its bed. Area (in the 
 monsoon) more than 100 sq. m. , but becoming greatly reduced 
 by reclamation and embankments. 
 
 Kolarlans, group of aboriginal tribes of India, scattered in 
 groups over various parts of the highland region in the N. of 
 the tableland between the Aryans on the N. and the Dravidians 
 in the S. , principally in the Santdl Parganas and the Chutii 
 Nagpur div. of Bengal, in the hill dists. of Orissa, in Bastar 
 (Central Provs.), and in Central India. Chief tribes, the Santals, 
 Bhils, Juangs, and Mundas. The term Kols is sometimes 
 applied to the whole group, sometimes restricted to the NE, 
 section. 
 
 KolaSln (kolashin), viL, Montenegro, on riv. Tara, 45 m. 
 NE. Cetinje. 
 
 Kolbei^, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle K.-Corlin, on 
 the ct. , 57 m. ENE. Swinemiinde, in 15° 36' E.; has saline 
 springs, and textile and other manufactures. Ancient Hanseatic 
 town, former cap. of the dist. of the Kassubes. The fortifications 
 have been destroyed, and the means of defence transferred to 
 Kolbergermtinde (port of K.). Tn. P. 15,500; comm. P. 17,000. 
 
 Kolbermoor, comm., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upp>er 
 Bavaria, 30 m. SE. Munich, circle and 3 m, W. by S. Rosenheim. 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Kolbltz, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Wolmirstedt, 13 
 m. N. by W. Magdeburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Kolbnszowa, tn., Austria, GaGcia, 62 m. E. by N. Bochnia. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Koldliig, seapt., Denmark, at the head of an inlet on the 
 E. ct. of Jutland, prov. Veile, 29 m. SW. by S. Horsens. The 
 basin has a depth at entrance and quayside at ordinary spring 
 tides of 15 ft, neap tides 14 ft P. 9700. 
 
 Koldltz, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 23 m. SE, Leipzig, 
 dist. Grimma, on riv. Mulde. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kol^, tn. , Algeria. See Colea. 
 
 Kolendros, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 26 m. SW. by 
 W. Salonica. 
 
 Koletscb, vil., Bohemia, 13 m. NW. Prague. P. <2ooa 
 
 KolgueT, isL, Arctic Ocean, Europe, Russia, govt. Arch- 
 angel, 75 m. NE. of Kanin Penin., 68" 43'-69° 30' N., 48° 15'- 
 49° 55' E. ; has an oval form, with only one long, but shallow, 
 bay, Proma, on SW. ct. Siu^ace, tundras, 100-140 ft. alt 
 Visited by Arctic hunters for walruses, white bears, and birds. 
 Area, 1627 sq. m. 
 
 KollUlpnr (locally called Karrlr), cap. of K. native state, 
 India, Bombay, 97 m. W. Bijdpur, opposite a gap in the Sah- 
 yidri Hills. A picturesque town, thronged by tiaders from many 
 parts ; Buddhist remains dating from the 3rd century B.c. 
 P. (1881) 38,600; (1891) 45,800. Area native state, 2816 sq. m. 
 P. 913,000. 
 
 Koll, riv. , western Africa. See Grande, Klo. 
 
 Kolln, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist K. , on the Elbe, 35 m. EX 
 Prague. P. 13,300. 
 
 Kolluctz, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, 31 m. S. Pilsen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Koilaniallal, mt range, India, Madras, dist. Salem, crossed 
 by 11° 20' N., 78° 25' E. Alt (average) 2500-3500 ft. ; highest 
 point, 4665 ft. 
 
 Kolleda, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Eckartsberga, 
 x-j\ m. NE. by N. Erfurt. P. <4000. 
 
 KoU^glkl, tn., India. See Collegal. 
 
 Kolleschowltz, viL, Austria, Bohemia, 37 m. W, by N. 
 Prague, and 6 m, WNW. Rakonitz. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kolllken, viL, Switzd., cant and 4 m, S. by W. Aarau. 
 
 P. <2O0O. 
 
 Kolln, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, on r. bk. of Elbe, opposite 
 Meissen. P. 5900. 
 Kollo, Algeria. See Collo. 
 
KOLL — KONC 
 
 Kollonldes, comm. , Greece. See KoronS. 
 
 Kollu, dist. , Africa. See Kallii. 
 
 KolIHr, pass, India, Madras, Western Ghats, in 13° 52'-i3° 
 53' N. , connecting the plateau of Mysore and Coorg with the 
 low plains of Kanara. 
 
 Kolmar, tn. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, circle K. , 40 m. SSW. 
 Strassburg, on the 111 R., and a branch of the Rhine and 
 Rhone Canal, with tanneries and carriage factories. The ancient 
 monastery Unterlinden contains the museum and famous town- 
 library. It was ceded to France by the Peace of Ryswick in 
 1697, and restored to Germany by the Treaty of Frankfurt in 
 1871. Alt. 635 ft. P. (1871) 23,000; tn. (1890) P. 30,200; 
 comm. P. 30,400. 
 
 Kolmar (in Posen), or Chodzleseii, tn., Prussia, prov. and 
 40 m. N. Posen, circle K.-in-P. P. <40oo. 
 
 Kolmiiltz, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Dresden, dist. Frei- 
 berg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Koln, Prussia. See Cologne. 
 
 Kolno, tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 18 m. NW. of Lomia, 
 5 m. from Prussian frontier. P. 5350. 
 
 Kofo, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 46 m. NE. of 
 Kalisz ; pottery works. P. 7700. 
 
 Koto, vil. , Upper Guinea, on the Volta, in about 8° 32' N. , 
 0° 56' W. 
 
 Kolo, or Gollk, barbarous race of eastern Tibet, mainly 
 caravan-brigands. 
 
 Kolobeng, missionary stn. , Bangwaketse country, in Protec- 
 torate of Bechuana-land, about 190 m. N. by E. Vryburg. 
 
 KologriT, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 174 m. NE. of Kostroma, 
 on Unzha R. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kolokyuthla, Greece. See Kotronas. 
 
 Kolonibo, tn., Ceylon. See Colombo. 
 
 Kolomea, tn., Austria, Galicia, on riv. Pruth, 45 m. WNW. 
 Czernovvitz. P. (1870)17,700; (1891)30,200. 
 
 Kolomna, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 72 m. by rail SE. of 
 Moscow, on Moskva R.; cotton and silk mills, starch works, 
 tanneries ; trade in grain, cattle, hides, and tallow. P. 27,500. 
 
 Kolonmaes, cape, Greece. See Snnlon. 
 
 Koloslies, Kolulsks, or KoUnsbes. See Tlilin-Klt. 
 
 Kolozs, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. K., 13 m. ESE. 
 Klausenburg. P. <4000. 
 
 Kolozs-M&nostor, tn., Hungary, co. Kolozs, dist. Nddas- 
 ment. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Kolozsviir, Hungary. See Klausenburg. 
 
 Kolplner-See, lake, Ger., Mecklenburg- Schwerin, crossed 
 by 53^^° N. , 12° 32' E. , communicating E. by the Reeck Canal 
 with the N. of Lake Miiritz, and W. through Lake Fleesen with 
 Lake Plauen. Alt. 205 ft. 
 
 Kolplno, vil., Russia, govt, and 17 m. by rail SE. of St. 
 Petersburg ; crown machinery works and foundries (Izhorsk) for 
 the navy, on Izhora R. P. 8100. 
 
 Kolnbara, riv. , Servia, formed by the union of the Ljig and 
 the Gradac, flows N. to the Save, which it joins about 15 m. 
 SW. by W. Belgrade. 
 
 Kolulsks, or Kolulsbes. See TbUn-Klt. 
 
 Koln Plateau, Brit. Baluchistan, about 29° 4S'-30° N. , 68 J°- 
 69i°E. 
 
 Kolurl, a modern name of the isl. of Salamis, now disused by 
 the Greeks, who have returned to the ancient name. 
 
 Kolva, rivs., European Russia. 1. Govt. Perm, r. bk. trib. of 
 Vishera, trib. of Kama, flows 250 m. from the Urals through a 
 woody region ; much timber floated. 2. Govt. Archangel, r. bk. 
 trib. of Usa, which is a r. bk. trib. of Pechora, flows over 250 
 m. through Samoyede tundras. 
 
 Kolwab, large plain in the S. of Baluchistan, between Jhal- 
 awan on the E. , and Kuh-i-Sebz range on the NW. 
 
 Kolyma (Koryma), riv., E. Siberia, govt. Yakutsk, rises in 
 the Stanovoi Mts. , flows NE., receiving the Omolokh (530 m.) 
 and the Great and Small Anyui in its lowest course, enters Arctic 
 Ocean under 69° 40' N. , 162° E. into a large estuary, the K. 
 Bay, S3 m. long; remains frozen for 268 days in its middle 
 course, and for 286 days at Nizhne-Kolymsk, near its mouth. 
 Terrible inundations, coming with a very great rapidity. Banks 
 almost quite uninhabited. Length, mo m.; area of basin, 
 213,740 sq. m. 
 
 Kolymsk. See Sredne-Kolymsk. 
 
 Kolyuchln Bay, Arctic Ocean, at NE. extremity of Siberia, 
 13s m. W. of Bering Strait; length, 70 m.; width, 3-12 m. 
 Whale and walrus hunting. Kolyuchin I., or Bumey's I., 
 opposite its entrance, in 67° 26' N., 184° 33' E. 
 
 Kolyrafl, tn., Russia, W. Siberia, govt, and 142 m. SW. of 
 Tomsk, on 1. bk. of Ob, and on Siberian highway. P. 13,800. 
 
 Kolyrail, iron-works, W. Siberia, Altai region, 155 m. SSW. 
 Barnaul. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kolyvauskly Zarod, vil. , Russia, W. Siberia, govt. Tomsk, 
 192 m. SE. of Barnaul, on Byelaya R., in K. Mts., a branch of 
 the W. Altai, and near Lake K.; quarries of jade, marbles, and 
 other decorative stones ; crown stone-cutting works. Alt. 1290 ft. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Kom, Ossetian, 'glen.' 
 
 Kom, mt., Montenegro. See Kucki-Kom. 
 
 KouHi, Negro race, Africa, eastern Sudan, occupying a 
 mountainous region W. of Abyssinia and N. of Kaffa. 
 
 Kom^dl, tn. , Hungary, co. Bihar, dist. Mezo-Keresztes. 
 P. (comm. ) 6400. 
 
 Komadugu (in Kanori language 'water'), or Waub*, riv., 
 Africa, central Sudan, rises in Sokoto, SE. of Kano, flows 
 WNW. through Bornu, and enters Lake Chad on its W. side 
 at Bosso. Near Birni it receives the Taba on its 1. bk. , an 
 affluent much longer than the K. , rising NW. of Kano. Length, 
 390 m. ; to the head of the Taba, 510 m. It contains water 
 only in the rainy season. 
 
 Komaga-take ('foal's peak'), the name of several mts. in 
 Japan, among the best known of which are one near Hakone, 
 and another in the SW. of Yezo, on Volcano or Uchiura Bay, to 
 the N. of Hakodate, a volcano which erupted in 1852 and 1856. 
 Alt. 4010 ft. 
 
 Komaggas, mission stn. , Cape Colony, 38 m. WSW. Ookiep. 
 
 Komar, vil., Bosnia, between Travnik and Dolnji Vakuf (50 
 m. NW. by W. Sarajevo), where the railway passes between the 
 two places through a tunnel in the Radovan Mts., which are 
 ascended by a cog-wheel railway. 
 
 Komarno, tn., Galicia, 21 m. NNE. Drohobycz. P. 5200. 
 
 Komikron, prov. and tn. , Hungary. See Komorn. 
 
 Komatl, riv. , SE. Africa, flows first E. through the Trans- 
 vaal, then N. partly through Swazi-land, and near the E. fron- 
 tier of the Transvaal unites with the Crocodile to form the 
 Manhissa or K. Manhissa. The pass in which it pierces the 
 Libombo range, in 25° 18' S. , is called K. Poort, and is now 
 traversed by the Delagoa Bay Rly. The upper part of its valley, 
 near Steynsdorp, has goldfields. 
 
 Komatsu, tn., Japan, near the NW. ct. of Honshiu, 117 m. 
 NNE. Kyoto ; with manufactures of silk gauze, and noted as 
 supplying most of the clay for the Terai and Kanazawa pot- 
 teries ; hot spi-ings near. P. 12,800. 
 
 Kombdi, tn. , India, Madras, Madiira dist., in 9° 52' N., 
 Tj° 1/ E. P. (1881) 5800. 
 
 Kombakonum, tn. , India. See Combakonnm. 
 
 Konien, comm. , Austria, Coastland, dist. Gradisca. P. <3000. 
 
 Komgba, vil., Cape Colony, div. K., 37 m. NE. by E. King 
 William's Town, on the extreme eastern border of the colony. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Komharsen, hill state, India. See Knmliilrsaln. 
 
 Komluato, vil., Japan, on E. ct. main island, 42 m. SE. by 
 S. Tokyo, hemmed in on all sides between the mountains and the 
 sea ; birthplace of the great Buddhist saint, Nichiren. P. <20oo. 
 
 Komlsang, isl. See Knme. 
 
 Komjat, tn., Hungary, co. Nyitra, dist. Ersek-Ujvdr. 
 P. (comm. )<4000. 
 
 Kommenda, fort, W. Africa, Upper Guinea, 15 m. WSW. 
 Cape Coast Castle, originally British, ceded to the Dutch in 
 1867, restored in 1871. 
 
 Kommern, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Euskirchen, 21 
 m. WSW. Bonn, with important deposits of silver-lead and 
 brown hematite. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Kom6do, vil.. Eastern Archipelago, between Sumbawa and 
 Flores, 38 by 21 m. 
 
 Komoe, or Akba, riv., W. Africa, flows S. into a lagoon of 
 the Ivory Coast near Grand Bassam, in 3° 42' W. Its basin is 
 rich in goldfields, especially the middle portion. 
 
 Komoka, vil., Canada, Ontario, Middlesex co. , 12 m. WSW. 
 London ; a railway junction. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Komorln, cape, S. point of India, in 8° 4' 20" N. 
 
 Komorn, Ger. , Komdron, Hungarian, fortified municip. tn., 
 Hungary, cap. co. K., in the angle at the confluence of the 
 Danube and Waag, 47 m. WNW. Budapest. P. (1850) 
 11,000; (1869)12,300; (1890)13,100. 
 
 Komoro, busy commercial centre, Japan, Honshiu, 95 m. 
 NW. by W. Tokyo ; formerly the seat of a daimyo. P. <3000. 
 
 Komorowlce, comm., Austria, on the border of Galicia 
 and Silesia, on riv. Biala, 51 m. E. by S. Troppau, and 2 m. 
 N. Bielitz ; with lignite mines, cotton manufactures, and, in the 
 vicinity, metal factories. P. < 3000. 
 
 Komotau, tn. , Bohemia, 21 m. SW. by W. Teplitz. P. 12,900. 
 
 Kompong-staenang (or -sbnang), French spelling, -cben- 
 ang, or -chnang, tn. , Cambodia, on the W. side of Lake 
 Tale Sap, at its outlet, 170 m. NW. Saigon ; cap. prov. K. 
 
 Kompong-Tom, tn., Cambodia, to the E. of Lake Tale Sap, 
 188 m. NW. Saigon. 
 
 Kompongn, vil., W. Africa, Upper Guinea, in about 9° 40' 
 N. , o"^ 32' W. 
 
 Komponl, Rio. See Kogou River. 
 
 Komrat, Bulgarian colony, SW. Russia, prov. Bessarabia, dist. 
 Bendery, 100 m. W. Odessa, near Roumanian frontier. P. 6200. 
 
 Konak, Turkish, 'tent or pavilion of the king," hence 'royal 
 residence.' 
 
 Konakrl, stn. , French W. Africa, on a small island, in 9° 30' 
 N., i3°46' W. 
 
 Koncbugskoye, vil., W. Siberia, govt, and 100 m. W. 
 Tobolsk, on Tavda, trib. of Tobol. P. <sooo. 
 
 829 
 
KOND — KONI 
 
 Konda, riv. , W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, rises in marshes at 
 E. base of the Urals, flows SE. and E. , joins Irtysh 50 m. above 
 its junction with Ob. Length, 410 m. 
 
 Kondacbchl, vil. , on NW. ct. of Ceylon (Gulf of Manar) ; 
 important pearl-fishing station. 
 
 Kondapalll, tn. and hill fortress, Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 Kistna, 50 m. NW. Masulipatam, 8 m. NW. Bezwada; formerly 
 a fortress of some strength, but now unimportant. Manufactures 
 of small figures and toys from a very light wood [Gyrocarpus 
 Jacquini) which grows in its vicinity. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Konde, low lying dist. at the NW. extremity of Lake Nyassa, 
 partly in Brit. Nyassa-land, partly in Ger. E. Africa. The country 
 IS shut in on the W. and N. by the lofty Livingstone Mts. , and 
 is traversed by six large rivers. The area bordering the lake 
 consists mainly of a dead flat, flooded for several months in the 
 summer, and the soil is sandy and unproductive ; in the hills, 
 however, where a heavy loam prevails, the dist. is distinguished 
 for its beauty and fertility. Area about 2000 sq. m. Mean 
 temp. (1892), 72.5° F.; rfall., 48.97 in., only 4 in. of which from 
 May to November inclusive. 
 
 Kondlis, tribe, India. See KandJis. 
 
 Kondlnskoye, viL, W. Siberia, govt, and 300 m. NW. 
 Tobolsk, on r. bk. Ob. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kondo, terr. , Africa. See Liberia. 
 
 Kondoa, viL , Ger. E. Africa, Usagara, 138 m. W. Dax-es-Salaam. 
 
 Kondocbates, riv. , Brit. India. See Gandak, Great. 
 
 Koudonia, riv., W. Siberia, govt. Tomsk, rises in Kuznetskiy 
 Alatau, joins Tom R.; iron ores, and important gold-washings. 
 
 Konducbl, ct. tn., Ger. E. Africa, 13 m. NW. by N. Dar-es- 
 Salaam, in 6° 40' S. 
 
 KoncTets. See Ladoga, Lake. 
 
 Kong, or Pong, tn. , W. Africa, in the Mandingo country, in 
 about 8° 54' N., 4° 10' W. Alt. 2300 ft. (Binger). P. 12-15,000. 
 
 Kong, or Kung, Scandinavian, ' king. ' 
 
 Kong, tn. , French Indo-China, on the Se Don, 130 m. WSW. 
 Hu6. See also Kboug. 
 
 Kong, country, W. Africa, in about 8° 11' N. , 3° 3o'-4° 30' W. , 
 over which France claims to exercise a protectorate. 
 
 Kongarer, tn. , Persia. See KaugaTar. 
 
 Kongelf, tn. , Sweden, Ian and 13 m. N. of Gothenburg, on 
 the Gota Elf; in the river, on a steep rock, stand the ruins of 
 the old stronghold Bohus. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kongen, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, Neckar circle, dist. 
 Esslingen, 10 m. SE. by E. Stuttgart. P. <3000. 
 
 Kong-Ju, tn. , Korea, 80 m. S. by E. SouL 
 
 Kong Moiiutalng, W. Africa, lofty range some 500 or 600 
 m. in length, formerly believed to exist between Upper Guinea 
 and the Sudan, stretching from the sources of the Niger to 
 beyond the riv. Volta, parallel with the coast. This has been 
 proved incorrect ; and although the region has not been thoroughly 
 explored, it appears to comprise isolated mountainous tracts 
 upon the highland at varying distances in the interior, in which 
 some peaks reach 5-6000 ft. above the sea. The whole coimtry 
 is probably highly auriferous. 
 
 Konguoll, tn. , India, Bombay, disL Belgium, in 16° 33' N. , 
 74° 24' E. P. (1881) 5100. 
 
 Kongoni, one of the mouths of the Zambezi R. , entering the 
 Indian Ocean in 36° 10' E., navigable for vessels of 12-14 ft- 
 draught. {Proc. R. G. S., 1890, p. 138.) 
 
 KongOTla, viL, on the Kwanza, in the Gangela country, 
 Portuguese W. Africa. 
 
 Kongsberg, tn., Norway, prov. Buskerud, 43 m. WSW. 
 Christiania, on the Laagen R. Fjord. It has government silver and 
 iron mines, a school of mines, a royal mint, and a manufacture 
 of arms and gunpowder. The silver mine of K., discovered 
 1623, is the most important in the kingdom ; the magnificent 
 waterfall of Hougfos is near. P. 5300. 
 
 KongsTlnger, tn., Norway, prov. Hedemarken, on riv. 
 Glommen, 49 m. ENE. Christiania. P, <2ooo. 
 
 Kongun, seapt. , Persia, prov. Fars, on the Persian Gulf, 130 
 m. SSW. Shiraz. 
 
 Konlakary. See Kunlakarl. 
 
 Kouiecpol, tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 45 m. S. of 
 Piotrkow; battle in 1708 ; iron- works. P. < 5000. 
 
 Konleb, or Konla, the ancient Iconium, tn., Asia Minor, 143 
 m. S. by W. Angora. Its walls, which are from 2-3 m. in cir- 
 cumference, were built with materials of ancient edifices by the 
 Seljuk sultans, whose cap. it was from the 12th century to the 
 time of Jenghis Khan. It has numerous mosques, colleges, 
 Armenian churches, baths, khans, extensive suburbs, a fortified 
 palace, with some massive Arabic architecture, a famous Moham- 
 medan tomb, and manufactures of carpets, woollen goods, and 
 coloured leather, with a Greek archbishop. Alt. 3900 ft. P. 5000. 
 
 Konig, Ger., 'king.' 
 
 KonlggrStz, royal tn., Austria, Bohemia, 24 m. S. by W. 
 Trautenau, on the Elbe, at the confluence of the Adler. Scene 
 of a Prussian victory over the Austrians, July 3, 1866 (known 
 also as that of Sadowa) ; fortress dismantled in 1882. P. 7800. 
 
 Konigin Carola, barb. , Ger. New Guinea, crossed by 5° 10' 
 S..i54i°E. 
 830 
 
 Konlginbof, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on the Elbe, 9J m. SSW. 
 Trautenau. P. 8600. 
 
 Koulgllcbe Welnberge, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on E. suburb 
 of Prague. P. (1869)5600; (1890)34,500. 
 
 Konlgllcb Neadorf, vil. , Prussia, Silesia, circle and 2 m. SE. 
 Oppeln. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Kiiulglicb Scbmelz, vil. , Prussia, circle and dist. Memel, at 
 the influx of the Schmelz and the Konig Wilhelm's Canal into 
 the Kurisches Haff. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kiinlgsaue, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle and dist. Aschers- 
 leben, with lignite mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Konlgsbacb, comm. , Ger., gd.-duchy Baden, circle Karls- 
 ruhe, dist. Durlach. P. <3000. 
 
 Konlgsberg, tn., Austria, Bohemia, on riv. Eger, 8 m. ENE. 
 Eger. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Konlgsberg, comm., Austria, Silesia, 15 m. SE. Troppau. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Konlgsberg, circle, Prussia, in the N. of prov. Brandenburg, 
 crossed in the N. by 53° N. , and in the middle by 14^° E. 
 
 Konlgsberg (founded and named in 1255 in honour of King 
 Ottokar of Bohemia), cap. of the prov. of E. Prussia, situated 
 on the Pregel in 54° 42' 51" N. lat. and 20° 29' 45" E. long. 
 Its position not far from the opening of the Frisches Haff at 
 Pillau [q.v.), and the navigability of the Pregel for vessels of 
 9-10 ft. draught, as well as the river connection (by means 
 of the Deime) between Pregel, the Kurisches Haff, and Memel, 
 make K. one of the most important towns of eastern Germany. 
 K. is a first-class fortress, forming one of the most powerful 
 strongholds of the German Empire. It is also celebrated on 
 account of its university, whose world-wide reputation dates from 
 Kant, the great philosopher. K. is one of the commercial and 
 industrial centres of eastern Germany. Hemp, flax, tow, and 
 timber are exported in large quantities ; the principal industrial 
 products are iron and ironware, yarns, woven textiles, shoddy, 
 chemicals, leather, and amber. Mean temp. , yr. 43. 5° F. , Jan. 
 25.5°, July 63.4° ; mean rfall. (23 )rrs.), 23.9 in. P. (1816) 61,000; 
 (1870)106,000; (1890)161,300; (comm. ) 161,700. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Konlgsberg (in Xeumark), tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 
 circle K. , 27 m. NNW. Kiistrin. P. 5600. 
 
 Konlgsberg (German), rjb&nya (Hungarian), tn. with magis- 
 tracy, Hungary, co. Bars, 52 m. NNE. Komorn. P. <sooo. 
 
 Konlgsbriick, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Kamenz, 17 m. 
 NNE. Dresden. P. <3boo. 
 
 Konlgseck, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 34 m. ENE. Budweis, 
 and 8 m. E. by S. Neuhaus. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Konlgsee, tn., Ger., princip. Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, on 
 the Rhine, circle Oberherrschaft. P. <:3000. 
 
 Kiinlgsfeld, tn., Austria, Moravia, 2^ m. NNW. Briinn. 
 P. 6300. 
 
 Konlgshofen, vil. , Ger. , Alsace- Lorraine, govt. Lower Alsace, 
 circle Strassburg. P. <40oo. 
 
 Konigsbiitte, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Beuthen, 
 35 m. ENE. Ratibor ; the centre of zinc (calamine) production 
 in Silesia, with royal iron and zinc smelting works, coal-mines, 
 and various factories. P. (i852)<5ooo; (1871J 19,500; (1890) 
 tn. P. 23,400; comm. (including Charlottenhof) P. 36,500. 
 
 Konlgslutter, tn., Ger., duchy and 16 m. E. Brunswick, 
 circle Helmstedt. P. <40oo. 
 
 Konlgs-see, a picturesque lake in the extreme SE. of Bavaria, 
 surrounded by almost perpendicular rocks, drained ultimately 
 into the Salzach. Length, 5 m.; depth, 785 ft. 
 
 Konlgsstnbl, mt. , Ger. , Black Forest, SE. of Heidelberg, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Neckar. Alt. 1835 ft. 
 
 Konlgsstnbl, mt. See Jasmund. 
 
 Konlgstadtl, tn., Bohemia, 23 m. W. Koniggratz. P. <:3000. 
 
 Konlgsteele, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, 
 circle Hattingen, dist. Steele. P. <40oo. 
 
 Konlgstelu, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Pima, 17 m. SE. 
 by E. Dresden, close to the 1. bk. of the Elbe, with a fortress, 
 one of the few in Europe never yet taken, built on a precipitous 
 sandstone rock 450 ft. above the surrounding country, 1180 ft. 
 above sea-leveL The royal treasures have usually been deposited 
 here during war. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Konlgsteln, vil. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle and 12 
 m. NE. by E. Wiesbaden, S. slope Taunus Mts. P. < 2000. 
 
 Konlgstetten, comm.. Lower Austria, 12 m. NW. by W. 
 Vienna. P. <20oo. 
 
 Konlgswalde, vil., Bohemia, dist. Schluckenau. P. < 3000. 
 
 Kiinlgswalde, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 4 m. NW. 
 Zwickau, dist. Annaberg. P. <3000. 
 
 Konlgswalde, vil. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 27 m. E. by 
 S. Kiistrin, close to the E. frontier of the prov. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Konigswart, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 12^ m. ESE. Eger ; 
 health resort, with mineral springs, castle with library, and iron 
 and tin mines. P. <3000. 
 
 Konlgswleseu, comm.. Upper Austria, 26 m. E. by N. Linz. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Konlgs'wlnter, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Sieg, on the 
 r. bk. of the Rhine, at base of the Siebengebirge, 6 m. SE. Bonn. 
 P. <4000. 
 
KONI — KORA 
 
 Konlgs Wnsterbaasen, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 
 circle Teltow, dist. Berlin II. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Konlg WUhelm's Dorf, Ger. W. Africa. See Blmbla. 
 
 Konlu, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 32 m. N. of 
 Kalisz, on Warta R. P. 7260. 
 
 Koiiliig Wlllem's Elland, small isl. in the middle of Dampier 
 Strait, off NW. end of New Guinea. 
 
 Koulspolls, tn. , Turkey in Europe, Albania, 35 m. W. Yanina. 
 
 Konltz, vil., Austria, Moravia, dist. K. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Koultz, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle K. , 62 m. SW. 
 Danzig, 43 m. NNW. Bromberg. P. 8800. 
 
 Koulz, comm. , Switzd. , cant, and 3 m. SW. Bern. P. 6500. 
 
 KonJakOTSkly Kameii, highest summit of the Urals, W. of 
 Bogoslovsk, 55° 40' N. Alt. 5396 ft. ; has a second summit 5235 ft. 
 Tree vegetation disappears in alt. 3050 ft. 
 
 Koukau, dist. , India, S. of Bombay Presidency ; fertile and 
 generally level, varying from i or 2 to about 50 m. in breadth, 
 with coco-nut plantations of considerable importance. 
 
 Koiiknati, or Cbitabe, seapt., French Congo Terr., W. 
 Africa, in 4° S. 
 
 Koiiuern, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Saal, 16 m. N W. 
 by N. Halle. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Konnewltz, viL, Ger., kgd. Saxony, a S. suburb of Leipzig. 
 P. 10,600. 
 
 Kouopltsa, Cape. See Samsuu Dagh. 
 
 Kouotop, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 83 m. ESE. of Cherni- 
 gov, on Kiev- Kursk Rly. P. 20,870. 
 
 Konslilma, isL , Japan, S. of Kiushiu ; volcanic and barren. 
 
 Kouskle, Russian Konsk, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, 
 and S3 m. SW. of Radom. P. 6000. 
 
 Koustadt, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Kreuzburg, 45 m. 
 E. by S. Breslau. P. <:3000. 
 
 Konstantlnbafen, stn. of the German New Guinea Company, 
 on NE. ct. of Kaiser Wilhelm's Land, New Guinea, on the SE. 
 side of Astrolabe Bay, in 5° 30' S. , 145° 49' E. Cotton is culti- 
 vated successfully ; coffee and cacao have been introduced. 
 
 Koustantiuograd, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 43 m. ESE. 
 of Poltava. P. 8400. 
 
 KonstantlnoTka, or KantemlroTa, tn., Russia, govt, and 
 138 m. SSE. of Voronezh, near the Don Rly. P. 5500. 
 
 KonstautlnoTka, vil., Russia, govt, and 122 m. E. of 
 Ekaterinoslav, 122 m. by rail N. of Marinpol ; coal-mines ; 
 railway junction. 
 
 KonstantlnoTskaya, dist. tn., Russia, prov. of Don Cossacks, 
 chief town of First Don dist., on r. bk. Don, 48 m. E. of Novo- 
 cherkask. P. 8800. 
 
 Kongtantluovskoye, vil., Russia, in Kirghiz Steppe, prov. 
 Uralsk, 155 m. NE. Orsk. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Koustantlnow, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 33 m. 
 E. ofSiedlce. P. < 2000. 
 
 Koustanz, tn., Ger. See Constance. 
 
 Konz, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., at junction of rivs. Saar and 
 Moselle, 5 m. SW. by S. Treves. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Koog, vil. , Holland, isL of Texel, prov. N. Holland, 9 m. N. 
 Helder. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kookabookra, tp., New South Wales, co. Clarke, 100 m. 
 NNW. Port Macquarie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Koolnuga, post-tn. , S. Australia, Stanley co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Broughton, 80 m. SSE. Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Koondrook, tp., Victoria, co. Gunbower, on riv. Murray, 
 157 m. N. by W. Melbourne. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Koonnnga, post-tn., S. Australia, co. Light, 56 m. N. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hoopnian, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Barkly West, 60 m. 
 NW. by W. Kimberley. 
 
 Koorboora, tin-mining settlement, N. Queensland, near 
 Georgetown. 
 
 Koorla Moorla Islands. See Kurla Ittaria. 
 
 Kooriuga, tn. , S. Australia. See Borra. 
 
 Kooroocbeang (Hit or Miss), viL, Victoria, co. Talbot, 
 98 m. NW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Koosee, riv., India. See Knsl. 
 
 Koo-wl, tn., Siam, W. ct. of the Gulf of Siam. See Kuivl. 
 
 Kootenai (named from an Indian tribe), vil. , U.S. , Idaho, K. 
 CO. , 135 m. N. by E. Lewiston, on the N. shore of Pend d'Oreville 
 Lake, connected by waggon road with Bonner's Ferry [Kootenay, 
 riv.]. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kooteuay, lake, Canada, Brit. Columbia, about 60 m. long 
 N. to S. , and 1-4 m. wide, crossed in the N. by 50° N. , just 
 E. of 117° W., receives the Kootenay R. (g.v.). Upper K. 
 Lake is a lake about 12 m. long from N. to S. , drained S. into 
 the N. end of K. Lake. 
 
 Kootenay, riv. , western N. America, rises in the Rocky Mts. , 
 Brit. Columbia, having several headwaters a little to the N. of 
 51° N., flows first S. parallel to the Columbia, passing within 
 about 2 m. of the head of Upper Columbia Lake, enters Mon- 
 tana, then making a sharp bend to the NW. passes through 
 Idaho and re-enters Brit. Columbia, flowing into the S. end of 
 K. Lake, which it leaves again about the middle of its W. side, 
 draining it W. into the Columbia, which it joins in about 49° 
 
 22' N. , 117° 40' W. In its upper course it flows through a narrow 
 rocky valley, and is too rapid for navigation ; but from Bonner's 
 Ferry, in Idaho, in about 48° 45' N., 116° 20' W., to K. Lake 
 it winds quietly, with a depth of 45-60 ft. , through a flat valley, 
 40 m. long and 3-4 m. wide ; annually flooded, and filled with a 
 fine river sediment. The upper part of the portion between the 
 K. Lake and the Columbia is also navigable, forming rather a 
 western arm of that lake than a river ; but in the last 25 or 30 m. 
 of its course, in which it falls 700 ft., its navigation is completely 
 interrupted by a series of rapids and small falls. Here a railway 
 now runs alongside of it, partly on the N. , partly on the S. bank. 
 
 Kootenay Pass, North, Canada, leading across the Rocky 
 Mts. , in about 49° 18' N. 
 
 KopaganJ, tn. , Brit. India, N W. Provs. , dist Azamgarh, 60 
 m. NE. by N. Benares. P. 8000 ; Hindus, 4700 ; Moham. 3300. 
 
 Kopais, the ancient Topolias, a former large lake or marsh, 
 Greece, prov. Boeotia, enclosed by mountains, and receiving the 
 waters of the riv. Kephissos. A scheme for draining the lake 
 by tunnels cut through the mountains into the adjacent lakes 
 Lykeri and Para and thence into the channel of Atalante was 
 successfully completed in 1893, redeeming nearly 100 sq. m. of 
 land, and converting a fever-stricken and unhealthy dist. into a 
 fertile and salubrious plain. 
 
 Kopal, Kopbal, or Kupal, viL, India, Haidaribdd, 55 m. 
 WNW. Bellary. 
 
 Kopal, dist. tn., Russian Turkistan, prov. Semiryechensk, 
 170 m. NE. of Vyernyi, on highway. Alt. 3200 ft. P. 5000. 
 
 Kopaonlk, or Kapaonlk, mt. range, Servia, stretching into 
 European Turkey, prov. Kossovo, on the r. bk. of the Ibar ; 
 highest point Suvo Rudiste, 6910 ft. See Petermann's Mitteil. , 
 1891, p. 60, with map i : 450,000. 
 
 Kopdrg^on, vil. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Ahmadnagar, on 
 riv. Godavari, 56 m. W. Aurangdbad. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kop'Dagh, mt., Turkish Armenia, 40 m. W. by N. Erzerum, 
 skirted on the E. by the road to Trebizond. Alt. 7500 ft. 
 
 Kopenlek, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Teltow, 
 on the Spree, 8 m. SE. Berlin. Manufactures shoddy, chemicals, 
 &c. Formerly a frequent residence of the electors of Branden- 
 burg. Tn. P. 14,300; comm. P. 14,600. 
 
 Koper, Dutch, 'copper.' ^& Kupfer. 
 
 Koperrlk, vil., Norway, prov. and 26 m. NNW. Stavanger, 
 on Karmo I. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kopf, Koppe, Kuppe, Ger., 'headland,' or 'mountain-peak.' 
 
 Kopldlno, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 27 m. WNW. Koniggratz, 
 and 4 m. NE. by E. Rozdalowitz. P. <:3ooo. 
 .. Kiiplng, tn., Sweden, prov. Vestmanland, 32 m. NE. by E. 
 Orebro. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Kopltz, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Dresden, dist. Pima. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Kopltz, vil. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the Grosses Haff, 
 20 m. N. Stettin. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kopje Alleen, tn., S. African Republic, Middelburg dist., 
 100 ESE. Pretoria. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kopllk, vlL, Turkey in Europe, prov. and 11 m. NNW. 
 Scutari. 
 
 Koporlye, ruins of old fort, Russia, 58 m. SW. of St. Peters- 
 burg ; scene of many battles with Sweden. 
 
 Koppar, Swedish, 'copper.' See Kupfer. 
 
 Kopparberg, prov. (Ian), central Sweden, cap. Falun. 
 
 Koppe, Ger., 'headland,' or ' mountain- peak. ' See Kopf. 
 
 Koppename, riv. , Dutch Guiana, flowing N. to the Atlantic 
 Ocean, which it enters in 55!° W. 
 
 Koppenbrngge, vil. , Prussia, prov. and 18 m. SSW. Hanover ; 
 near it the rocky valley of the Teufels Kiiche (Devil's Kitchen) 
 in the Osterwald (Harz). P. <20oo. 
 
 Kopples, settlement. Cape Colony, Griqualand West, dist. 
 Hay, 80 m. SSW. Kuruman. 
 
 Koprelnltz, or Kaproncza, Ger., Hungarian Koprlmlca, 
 tn. , Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, 48 m. NE. by E. Agram. P. 6500. 
 
 Kopri, or Koprii, Turkish, ' bridge.' 
 
 KoprlTSclca, vil. , Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. Tatar- 
 Pazardzik, 39 m. NW. by N. Philippopolis. P. <sooo. 
 
 KopriUii, or Kapruln, Turkish, Servian Veles, Greek 
 Vellssa, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Salonica, on the Vardar, 
 27 m. SE. by S. Ushkub, with considerable commerce in silk- 
 worms' eggs. Alt. 605 ft. P. 15,000 ; Christians, 12,000 (G.). 
 
 Kopua, rly. stn. , New Zealand, North I. , Waipawa co. , 63 
 m. (by rail) SW. Napier. 
 
 Kopyczynce, tn., Austria, Galicia, 33 m. SSE. Tarnopol. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Kora, isl., Africa, middle Niger, about 31 m. S. and above 
 Timbuktu. 
 
 Koraka, Cape, the S. point of Klazomenas Penin., W. ct. 
 Asia Minor, N. of the isl. of Samos. 
 
 Korana, riv., Croatia, flows N. for a short distance on the 
 W. frontier of Bosnia into the Kulpa. 
 
 Korangamlte, lake, Victoria. See Corangamlte. 
 
 Korangl, tn. , India. See Coringa. 
 
 Koranko, or Knrauko, dist., W. Africa, in about 9° N., 
 and (about) 100 m. W. Sierra Leone. 
 
 831 
 
KORA — KORM 
 
 Korannas, Hottentot tribe, dwelling chiefly on the middle 
 course of the Orange R. , in Cape Colony, Griqualand West, 
 and Brit. Bechuana-land, partly also in the SW. of the S. 
 African RepubUc, on the Harts R. 
 
 Koranza, or Kkoransa, tn., W. Africa, Upper Guinea, on 
 the N. border of Ashanti, in about 7° 30' N. , 1° 30' W. 
 
 Korasl, eastern Sudan. See Atbara BlTer. 
 
 Korat, tn. , Siam. See Khorat. 
 
 Korata, tn. , Abyssinia, 37 m. W. Debra Tabor, on a basaltic 
 promontory which juts out into Lake Tsana, in 11° 44' 22" N., 
 37"" 28' 7" E. (Dr. Stecker). P. <20oo. 
 
 Korb, viL, Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Neckar, dist. 
 Waibhngen. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Korbach, tn. , Ger., princip. Waldeck, circle Eisenberg, 31 
 m. N. by E. Marburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Korbers, viL, Switzd. See Corblires. 
 
 Korchera, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 36 m. ESE. of Tver, 
 on r. bk. Volga. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kordlllo, ct. tn., Asia Minor, upon the N. side of the Gulf 
 of Smyrna, opposite Smyrna. 
 
 Kordofan, co. , E. Africa, S. of Nubia, and W. of the White 
 Nile, between 12° and 16° N. lat. , and 29^^° and 32^° E. long. 
 K. consists of undulating plains, with absolute altitudes from 
 13-1900 ft, the country rising gradually towards the S. and 
 SW. Some isolated mountains rise to about 2600 ft. Widely 
 extending savannahs are the characteristic features. There are 
 only two seasons ; during the dry season the country is arid, but 
 when the rains set in it becomes co\'ered vnth a luxuriant vegeta- 
 tion. K. has no perennial rivers, but merely a number of wadis, 
 which contain more or less water in the rainy season. Cattle- 
 rearing is one of the principal occupations of the inhabitants, and 
 dukhn (Pennisetum typhoidtum) is the chief agricultural product. 
 The inhabitants are a mixed race, of Nubian, Arabian, and Negro 
 origin. A large proportion of the population are slaves. The 
 following tribes must be mentioned : the Radejat, Musabat, 
 Konjara, Kababish, and Bagara. In the southern part of K. 
 lies the important dist. of Takale, inhabited by p>eople of the 
 same name. Products of importance are ostrich feathers, ivory, 
 ox hides, and gum of excellent quality. The principal imports 
 are wheat, rice, sugar, salt, arrack, soap, and tobacco. The 
 cap. of K. is El-Obeid (P. 30,000) ; other towns are Bara and 
 Kadero. From 1820 to 1883 K. formed part of the Egyptian 
 Sudan ; at the present time it belongs to the Mahdi possessions. 
 Area (including the district of Takale), 40,000 sq. m. P. esti- 
 mated at 280,000. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Korea, kgd. of E. Asia, consisting of a large {peninsula, about 
 equal in size to Great Britain, extending S. from Manchuria, 
 between 34° and 43° N. , 124° 40' and 130° 40' E. , separated from 
 Japan by Strait of K. The W. and S. coasts are very irregular 
 in outline, much indented, and lined with innumerable islands 
 and extensive mud banks, whilst the E. coast is almost entirely 
 devoid of harbours. The surface is everywhere mountainous, 
 especially in the N. ; a range of rugged mountains traverses the 
 whole length of the peninsula, forming the back-bone of the 
 country, generally nearer the E. coast, but in the S. trending to 
 the W. , and terminating at the SW. extremity, the highest point 
 of which, however, is only 4500 ft. Owing to the position of the 
 dividing range and the consequent slope of the country, the 
 rivers nearly all drain to the W. , the chief of which is the Amnok, 
 or Yalu, forming part of the N. boundary ; others are the Mokpho, 
 Keum, Han, and Tai-dong. The geological formation is mainly 
 of primitive rocks, granite, gneiss, and schists, whilst evidence 
 of remote volcanic action is found in the vast fields of lava (one 
 40 m. long, with a depth of 100-140 ft.) which occur between 
 Soul and Wonsan. The soil in the valleys is exceedingly fertile, 
 but naturally stony, capable of bearing two crops in a year. The 
 climate in summer, though hot, is greatly tempered by the sea- 
 breezes, but the cold of winter is very severe. Rain falls only 
 from June to September, and during the remainder of the year 
 the sky is bright and clear. Tigers, leopards, bears, and deer 
 are plentiful in the N. , where dense thickets clothe the mountain 
 sides, which is to a great extent wanting in the S. ; pheasants, 
 eagles, and wild fowl of all kinds abound ; trout and salmon are 
 plentiful in the streams on the NE. coast. The main industry 
 is agricaltnre, carried on under disadvantages arising from the 
 mountainous character of the country ; in the S. and centre of 
 the peninsula, where water is abundant and easily manageable, 
 the lower valleys are utilised for rice, the higher portions for 
 millet, beans, wheat, maize, cotton, hemp, and tobacco ; further 
 N. the rice fields give place to barley, oats, and potatoes. The 
 country is believed to be rich in useful and valuable minerals, 
 but they are little worked by the Koreans, and foreigners are not 
 permitted to do so ; gold is popularly supposed to exist every- 
 where in the peninsula, and ' placer ' mining is carried on ex- 
 tensively, but few attempts are made to work quartz veins, and 
 no effort whatever is made to reach the ' bed rock ' ; coal (not of 
 good quality) is said to occur chiefly in the N. ; and small 
 quantities of silver, copper, and iron are also obtained. Manu- 
 factured goods are almost solely for domestic consumption. 
 Native-grown cotton is largely used in making strong and warm 
 832 
 
 though coarse cottons, and as padding for wnter garments. 
 Among other manufactures may be mentioned that of paper. 
 There are no railways in the country, and but few roads ; travel- 
 ling is chiefly accomplished by ponies. Steamers have recently 
 commenced running on the river Han, between Chemulpo and 
 Soul, during the summer. Telegraphs connect the capital with 
 Fusan, as also with the Siberian system by \\'onsan and Vladi- 
 vostok. Maritime comnjerce scarcely exists ; almost all the 
 foreign trade is in the hands of Japanese and Chinese, through 
 the three treaty ports of Jenchuan (Chemulpo), Fusan, and 
 Yuensan (Wonsan, or Gensan). On the W. coast navigation is 
 difficult, owing to the violent tides, sometimes rising to 40 ft. , and 
 exposing the shipping to great danger, whilst the harbours are 
 all frozen up during winter ; and on the E. coast, which is gene- 
 rally free from ice, the only harbour is Wonsan, and that is not 
 a good one. Exp)orts consist chiefly of gold (;i^22o,ooo), beans, 
 cattle, and hides (together about ^^200,000), and ginseng, which 
 is a monopoly of the king. Imports nearly ^500,000, of which 
 more than three-fifths are British and American cotton goods, 
 the remainder being kerosine oil and sundries, the principal item 
 in which is silk. The great cost of interior transport, arising 
 fi-om the want of practicable roads and the natural apathy and 
 indolence of the Koreans, are great factors in preventing the de- 
 velopment of the agricultural resources of the country. The N. 
 portion of the peninsula is very sparsely inhabited ; in the centre 
 and S. the population is estimated to be about twice as dense ; 
 a steadily increasing immigration is taking place from China and 
 Japan. Religion as a stimulating influence appears to have no 
 existence, though many superstitious observances are attended 
 to ; the philosophy of the country is Confucian, but Buddhism 
 is making progress, and its followers are numerous. The country 
 is divided into eight provs. or ' do ' ; the capital is Soul, in the 
 middle of the peninsula, near the W. coast ; Fusan, on the SE. 
 coast, is the only other town of importance. The govt, is a 
 monarchy, formerly owning suzerainty to China. No official 
 post can be held except by nobles, whilst trade or industry 
 disqualifies nobles and their descendants from the privileges of 
 their rank, and the distinction between the nobles and the middle 
 and lower classes is very wide. The history of K. is of very 
 great antiquity, records proving that it was already inhabited in 
 the i2th century B.C. It was not, however, until about 1670 that 
 Europe obtained its first knowledge of the country ; but the in- 
 dependent and exclusive character of the Koreans prevented 
 intercourse with any foreign nation until, in 1876, Japan (who 
 had previously conquered the country in 1598) again invaded 
 K. , and treaty relations were established. This was followed in 
 1882 by a treaty of commerce with the U.S., and in the subse- 
 quent year with the countries of western Europe and Russia. 
 In 1894 a war broke out in Korea between China and Japan, 
 in consequence of misgovernment in K., and the refusal of 
 China to co-op)erate with Japan in putting an end to the disorder. 
 By the peace which concluded this war in 1895 [Japan] K. 
 was declared independent. Area, about 90,000 sq. m. P. 
 estimated at 8-12,000,000. 
 
 Koreil, native state, India, Bengal, Chutia Nagpur, crossed 
 by 23^ N., 82^° E. Area, 1625 sq. m. P. (1881) 29,800. 
 
 Koreln, Asiatic Turkey. See Koeit. 
 
 Korenlca, comm. , Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Liku- 
 Krbava, dist. K. P. < 5000. 
 
 KorenoTSkaya, Cossack viL, Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kubafi, 40 m. NE. of Ekaterinodar. P. 6200. 
 
 Korets, tn., Russia, govt. Volhynia, 76 m. WNW. of Zhito- 
 mir ; woollen cloth mills. P. 8000. 
 
 Korghos, castle, Turkey in Asia, prov. Adana, 56 m. SW. 
 Tarsus, with traces of a double wall belonging to the ancient 
 Korykos. 
 
 Korl Creek, the western channel connecting the Great Rann 
 of Cutch, India, with the Arabian Sea. 
 
 Koiig&nm, tn., Brit. India, Bombay Presidency, dist. and 
 16 m. NE. Poona, on the Bhima; memorable for an obstinately 
 and successfully contested action, fought on January i, 1818, 
 by a few British troops against the army of the Peshwa, esti- 
 mated at 20,000 strong. 
 
 KorlBchl (Dutch spelling -tjl), mt, Sumatra, 185 m. SE. 
 Padang. Alt 12,255 ft. 
 
 Korttmlcza, tn. , Hungary, co. Lipt6, in the Revuca valley 
 (1. bk. trib. upper VAg), about 20 m. N. by E. Neusohl, wth 
 hydropathic establishment and iron-springs. 
 
 Koritea, Crorctaa, or Ciorltea, tn. , Turkey in Europe, cap. 
 sanjak, prov. K. , 41 m. SW. Monastir. P. 10,000 ; Christians, 
 5500 ; Moham. 2500 (G. inq. ). 
 
 Korltschan, viL, Austria, Moravia, 25 m. E. by S. Briinn. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Kork, viL, Ger., Baden, 5 m. E. Strassburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Koria, Elastem Turkistan. See Karla. 
 
 Korlln, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Kolberg-Korlin, 
 on the Persante R., at the confluence of the Radue, 15 m. SE. 
 by E. Kolberg. P. <40oo. 
 
 KormeHd, tn., Hungary, prov. Eisenburg, 46 m. S. Oden- 
 burg. P. (comm.) 530a 
 
KORM — KOSM 
 
 KormoczMnya, Hungary. See Kremnltz. 
 
 Korna, or Gurna, tn., Asiatic Turkey, vilayet and sanjak 
 Busrah, in the angle between the confluence of the Tigris and 
 Euphrates ; noted for the quality of its dates. P. 5000 (Shiah 
 Moham. ). 
 
 KornM, tn. , India. See JHdyaTaram. 
 
 Kornatltz, comm., Austria, Bohemia, 12 m. SE. by E. 
 Pilsen. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Kornegalle, tn., Ceylon. See Knrnnegala. 
 
 Koruellmiinster, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle and 5 m. 
 SE. by E. Aix-la-Chapelle. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Kornet Spruit, or Maklialeng, riv. , S. Africa, Basuto-land, 
 flows SW. from the Mont Aux Sources between the Molappo 
 and Maluti Ranges, and joins the Orange R. on the SW. frontier. 
 
 Kornet Spruit, dist. , in the SW. of Basuto-land, bounded on 
 the E. by the Orange R. 
 
 Kornenburg, tn.. Lower Austria, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Danube, 8 m. N. by W. Vienna. P. 7300. 
 
 Koruok, place with meteorological stn. , Greenland, 64° 26' 
 N., 51° 10' W. Mean temp. (11 yrs., 1874-84), yr. 29.8° F., 
 Feb. 14.0°, Aug. 48.0° ; mean rfall. (10 yrs.), 13.74 in. 
 
 KoriiM-estlielm, vil. , Ger. , Wtirtemberg, circle Ludwigsburg, 
 5J m. N. Stuttgart. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Kornyar^Ta, tn. , Hungary, co. Krass6 Szor^ny, dist. Tere- 
 gova. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Koro, one of the smaller Fiji Is. , in the central portion of the 
 group ; rich in tortoise-shell. 
 
 Korocha, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 'jj m. SE. of Kursk. 
 
 P- 9750- 
 Korolt, tn., Victoria, Villiers co., 43 m. E. by N. Portland. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Korokoro, tribe of Gallas, Brit. E. Africa. 
 
 Korokoro, or Oto Bororuwa, swampy lake on the Tana, 
 Brit. E. Africa, surrounded by numerous villages, in 0° 25' S., 
 39" 10' E. 
 
 Korolerskiy, canal, Russia. See Dyneprovsko-Bngskly. 
 
 Korol6wka, vil. , Austria, Galicia, dist. Borszcz6w. P. <4000. 
 
 Koroud, vil. and health resort, Hungary, co. Udvarhely, 
 dist. Sz6kely- Udvarhely. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Korone, anct. tn., Greece. See Petalidlon. 
 
 KorouS ('a crown,' 'a place built on the top of a hill'), 
 fortified vil. , Greece, prov. Messenia, on the SW. shore of the 
 Gulf of K. or Messenia, 16 m. SE. by E. Navarino, in comm. 
 Kollonides. P. <3ooo ; comm. P. 7300. 
 
 Koroiig Tale, post-tn. , Victoria, Gladstone co. , 46 m. NW. 
 Sandhurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Korop, tn. , Russia, govt, and 78 m. E. of Chernigov, near 
 Desna R. P. 5300. 
 
 Korope, vil., Greece, prov. Bceotia and Attica, 10 m. SE. 
 Athens. P. (comm. Kropia) 8100. 
 
 Koroplec, vil., Austria, Galicia, dist. Potok Zloty. P. <50oo. 
 
 Kororofa, kgd. , Africa, in S. Sudan, between Adamawa and 
 the riv. Benue ; cap. Wukari. 
 
 Koros, riv. , E. Hungary, rises by several heads in Transyl- 
 vania, flows W. , and after a course of 200 m. joins the Theiss 
 at Csongrad. The K. is formed by three water-courses, namely, 
 in the order from N. to S., the Sebes- (or 'swift') K., which 
 passes Grosswardein, the Fekete (or 'black') K., and the Feher 
 (or ' white ') K. Length from the source of the Feher K. about 
 340 m. , of which 136 m. (from B6k6s) are navigable. Area of 
 basin, 10,400 sq. m. 
 
 Koros, Austria, Croatia-Slavonia. See Kreuz. 
 
 Koro Sea is the name given to that portion of the Pacific 
 Ocean enclosed by the Fiji Is. 
 
 Koros-hegy (' blue mountain"). See Bakony. 
 
 Korosko, vil.. Upper Egypt, on r. bk. of the Nile, 112 m. 
 SSW. Assuan; starting-point for caravans across the Nubian 
 desert to Abu Hamed for the eastern Sudan. 
 
 KoroS'Lad^ny, tn., Hungary, co. B^k^s, dist. Szeghalom. 
 P. (comm.) 7100. 
 
 K6ros>Tarcsa, comm. , Hungary, co, and dist. B6k&. P. 5400. 
 
 Korotoyak, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 50 m. S. of Voronezh, 
 on r. bk. Don. P. 10,100. 
 
 Korpona, tn. , Hungary. See Karpfen. 
 
 Kors, Danish and Swedish, ' cross.' See Kreut. 
 
 Korsakova, Cossack vil., Russia, E. Siberia, prov. Amur, 
 on 1. bk. Amur R., no m. NW. of Blagovyeshchensk ; chief 
 town of dist. P. < 2000. 
 
 Korschenbrolcli, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Gladbach, 
 13 m. W. by S. Diisseldorf. P. (comm. ) <4000. 
 
 Kors-FJord, channel, W. ct. Norway, S. of Sund I. , 60° 9' N. 
 
 Korsiir, fishing tn., Denmark, on the W. ct. of Seeland, 
 prov. Soro, 61^ m. WSW. Copenhagen; calling place for 
 steamers between Kiel and Norway. Depth at entrance to 
 harbour 18 ft., at quayside 18-20 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Korsnii, tn., Russia, govt, and 77 m. SE. of Kiev, on Ros 
 R. ; founded in 1032 ; great defeat of Poles by Bogdan Khmel- 
 nitskiy in 1648 ; old castle. P. 5000. 
 
 Korsnii, or Karsuft, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 63 m. W. 
 of Simbirsk ; considerable fair, especially in wool. P. S^^o. 
 833 
 
 Kortemarck, comm. , Belgium, W. Flanders, 15 m. SW. Bruges. 
 
 Kortenboscli, vil., Belgium, prov. Limburg, 14 m. E. by 
 N. Tirlemont. 
 
 Kortl, vil., eastern Sudan, on the 1. bk. of the Nile, in about 
 18° 5' N., place of concentration of the British forces in the 
 expedition for the relief of General Gordon in 1884. A caravan 
 road leads from K. , across the desert of Bayuda, to Metemmeh. 
 
 Kortrljk, tn. , Belgium. See Conrtral. 
 
 Kornmbnrra, post-tn. , Victoria, Mornington co. , 67 m. SE. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Koryaks, Hyperborean stem, E. Siberia, inhabiting the N. 
 shores of the Sea of Okhotsk, and further NE. to Anadjrr Bay. 
 and partly in Kamchatka. Type differs from Mongolian ; 
 married women tattooed ; language near to that of the Chuk- 
 chis ; Shamanists. Breed reindeer, and live by hunting and 
 sea-hunting. P. about 5500. 
 
 Korykos, cape, Crete. See Grabnsa. 
 
 K08, isl. (with tn.), ^gean Sea. See Ko. 
 
 Kosan, viL , Korea, 25 m. SSE. Wonsan, in 38° 50' N. , at 
 the entrance to the pass over the mountains on the road from 
 Wonsan to Soul. 
 
 Kosa NAg, mountain lake and place of pilgrimage, India, 
 Kashmir, in 33° 30' N., 74° 52' E. Alt. (estimated) 12,000 ft. 
 
 Koschir, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Smichow. P. 5100. 
 
 Koscliinln, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 47 m. SSE. Posen, circle 
 K. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Koschiitz, coal-mining vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 2 
 m. SW. Dresden. P. < 3000. 
 
 Kosciusko, mt , New South Wales. See Australian Alps. 
 Since the article on the Australian Alps was written the two 
 highest peaks of the range have been measured trigonometri- 
 callyand Mueller's Peak ascertained to be 7268 ft. high, and the 
 peak to the N., to which the name of Mount Kosciusko is now 
 confined (in 36° 27' 26" S., 148° 15' 56" E.), 7336 ft. See Geog. 
 Jour., iii. p. 520. The name was given in 1840 by Count 
 Strzelecki, but to which peak cannot now be ascertained un- 
 less it can be determined from the fact that the name was 
 suggested by the resemblance of the mountain to the tumulus 
 at Cracow over the tomb of the Polish patriot Kosciusko. 
 
 Kosciusko, CO., U.S., Indiana, N. of 41° N. , and crossed in 
 W. by 86° W. 
 
 Kosciusko, tn., U.S., Mississippi, Attala co., 61 m. NE. by 
 N.Jackson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kosel, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle K. , on riv. Oder, 17 
 m. N. by W. Ratibor ; unhealthy situation. P. 5600. 
 
 Kosen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Naumburg, on the 
 r. bk. of the Saale, 21 m. ENE. Weimar. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kosen, vil., Turkey in Europe, sanjak and 30 m. WNW. 
 Monastir, with sulphur mines. 
 
 Koser, tn. , Upper Egypt. See Kosselr. 
 
 Ko8-gol, lake, Mongolia. Same as KossO'gol. 
 
 Kosha-Dagb, mt. , Persia. See Savalan-Dagb. 
 
 Koshlma, isl., Japan, at the W. entrance of the Tsugaru 
 Strait, off the SW. of Yezo, with small volcano only 160 ft. high. 
 
 Koshtan-tau, the fourth in height of the peaks of the 
 Caucasus, on a spur of Dykh-tau, dist. Pyatigorsk, 40° 3' N., 
 43° 13' E. Alt. 17,091 ft. 
 
 Kosl, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Muttra, 40 m. N. 
 Bhartpur. P. (1881) 11,200; (1891) 8400; Hindus, 4900; 
 Moham. 3100. 
 
 Kosl, or Kosllla, riv., India. See Knsl. 
 
 Kosl, riv., S. Africa, Tonga-land, enters the N. end of St. 
 Lucia Lake ; also called Mkusi. See Kosl Bay. 
 
 Kosl Bay, S. Africa, Tonga-land, in 26° 54' S. , free from out- 
 side bar ; formerly received the Kosi R, , whose ocean mouth is 
 now, however, silted up. 
 
 Ko-sl-Cbang, isl. , Siam. See Kob-sl«cbang. 
 
 KosliiJ Dolnji, tn., Austria, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Lika- 
 Krbava, dist. Perusi<5. P. (comm. ) <4000. 
 
 Koslo, lake, Mongolia. See Kosso-gol. 
 
 Kosltzkau, vil. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 22 m. W. Danzig. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Koslye, or Kuslye, tn.. Upper Egypt, on 1. bk. of the Nile, 
 prov. and 30 m. NW. by N. Siut. P. (1882) 6500. 
 
 Kosklnn, vil., Asiatic Turkey, near the E. ct. of Rhode I., 
 4 m. S. by W. Rhodes. 
 
 Kosll, vil., Brit. India, Punjab, dist Rohtak, 50 m. WSW. 
 Delhi. 
 
 KosUn, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle K. , 24 m. E. 
 Kolberg. Mean temp., yr. 44.8° F., Jan. 29.2°, July 62.9°. 
 P. 17,800. 
 
 Kosludia, vil. , Bulgaria, 15 m. WNW. Varna ; victory of the 
 Russians over the Turks in 1774, after which the peace of 
 Kiichiik Kainardza was concluded, terminating a bloody six 
 years' war. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kosmacz, vil., Austria, Galicia, dist. Kos6w. P, <4000. 
 
 Kosmal, mt. , Servia, 25 m. S. by E. Belgrade, with exten- 
 sive remains of ancient lead and silver mines. Alt. 2050 ft 
 
 Kosmanos, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 33 m. NE. Prague, and 
 2 m. NNE. Jungbunzlau. P. <3000. 
 
 3G 
 
KOSO — KOTT 
 
 Kosdfv, tn. , Austria, Galicia, 37 m. W. Czernowitz. P, <4ooo. 
 
 Kosse, vil., U.S., Texas, Limestone co., 98 m. S. Dallas. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Kosselr, or Koser (Arabian, ' little castle '), seapt. tn., Upper 
 Egypt, W. ct. Red Sea, in 26° 8' N., entrepot for the trade 
 between Egypt and Arabia, defended by a citadel P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kos8o-gol, or K08I0, Mongolian Kbnbsu-gul, freshwater 
 lake, NW. Mongolia, 127 ra. SW. Lake Baikal, about 12J m. 
 from the Russian frontier, in 51° N., iooj° E. ; drained from its 
 S. end by the Ek, Eke, or Eglin gol, a trib. of Selenga. Alt. 
 5320 ft. Length, N. to S. , about 80 m. Area about 1300 sq. m. 
 
 Kossovopolje, Tiu'kish, 'thrushfield.' See Amselfeld. 
 
 Kossdw, viL, Austria, Galicia, dist. Czortk6w; furnishes 
 rock-salt or brine. P. <300o. 
 
 Kossnth, CO., U.S., Iowa, N. frontier, crossed by 94° W. 
 
 Kostajnicza (on 4116 vdros), tn., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, 
 on the Una, 48 m. SE. by S. Agram. P. <30oo. 
 
 Kostel, tn. , Moravia, 9^ m. E. byN. Nikolsburg. P. <30oo. 
 
 Kosteletz, vil. , Moravia, 10 m. S W. by W. Olmiitz. P. < 2000. 
 
 Kosteletz an der Elbe, comm. , Austria. See Elbe Kosteletz. 
 
 Kosten, vil., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Teplitz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Kosten, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 25 m. SW. by S. Posen, circle 
 K., on the Obra Canal. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kostendll, or Kiistendll, the ancient Justiniana Secunda, 
 tn., Bulgaria, cap. prov. K., 43 m. SW. Sofia. Seat of a Greek 
 metropolitan; has warm springs. Alt. 1660 ft. P. (1881)9600; 
 (1888) 10,700; Bulgarians, 8600. 
 
 Kostenec, viL , E. Roumelia, circ. Tatar-Pazardzik. P. <30oo. 
 
 Kostbelm, vil., Ger. , gd.-duchy Hesse, circle Mainz, r. bk. 
 Main, just above its confluence with the Rhine. P. <40oo. 
 
 Kostnltz, Ger. See Constance. 
 
 Kostolac, viL, Servia, circle PoJarevac, 38 m. E. by S. 
 Belgrade, at the confluence of the Mlava and the Danube ; site, 
 in the time of the Romans, of Viminacium, cap. of Upper 
 Moesia. P. <2ooo. 
 
 KostoTO, tn. , European Turkey. See GostiTar. 
 
 Kostroma, govt, of middle Russia, has Vologda on N. , 
 Vyatka E. , Nizhniy Novgorod and Vladimir S. , and Yaroslavl 
 W. ; lies mostly on 1. bk. of upper Volga, Surface an undulat- 
 ing high plain, much cut up by deep valleys, on r. bk. of Volga, 
 flat and marshy in N. , and especially in E. Immense forests, 
 covering 70 per cent, of surface. Soil mostly unproductive, 
 with the exception of small patches covered with black earth. 
 Rocks Permian and Jurassic, thickly clothed with Glacial clays. 
 Watered by Volga, and its navigable tribs. , Kostroma, Vetluga, 
 Unzha, Neya, and Veksa, and several smaller streams taken 
 advantage of for floating timber. Climate severe, average temp, 
 at K. being, yr. 37°, Jan. 9.5°, July 66°; yearly rfalL 20.2 in. 
 Population Great Russian, with some Meryas, Cheremisses, and 
 Tatars. Crops unequal to the wants of population ; flax grovm 
 for export ; bee-keeping. Timber, fuel wood, pitch, tar, mush- 
 rooms, and all sorts of wooden goods for building and household 
 purposes, manufactured in the villages and exported to SE. 
 Russia, are the chief articles of trade ; boat-building. Cotton 
 and flax mills, engineering and chemical works. Divided into 
 twelve dists.: Kostroma, Bui, Chukhloma, Galich, Kineshma, 
 Kologriv, Makariev, Nerekhta, Soligalich, Vetluga, Varnavin, 
 and Yurievets, Area, 32,702 sq. m. P. (1863) 1,073,971 ; (1890) 
 1,381,700. 
 
 Kostroma, cap. of above govt., 230 m. by rail NE. of 
 Moscow, viS, Yaroslavl, on 1. bk. of Volga, at the mouth of 
 Kostroma R. , with suburbs on the opposite side of the Volga. 
 Very old city, having still its Kreml, or citadel. Flax mills and 
 engineering works. Considerable trade in corn, imported ; and 
 timber, wooden goods, linen, leather, pitch, and tar exported. 
 Mean rfall. (13 yrs.), yr. 20.2 in., May-Sept. 12.1 in. P. 32,200. 
 
 Kostromskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, prov. Kuban, dist. 
 Maikop, S. of Ekaterinodar. P. 5720. 
 
 Kostscbln, tn., Prussia, prov. and 13 m. E. by S. Posen, 
 circle Schroda. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Kostnr, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Kesrle. 
 
 Kosva, riv. , NE. Russia, Urals, 1. bk. trib. of Kama ; metals, 
 grinding-stone, and charcoal shipped. Length, 250 m. 
 
 Koswlg, tn. , Ger. , duchy Anhalt, circle Zerbst, on the r. bk. 
 of the EltDe, 10 m. ENE. Dessau, with lignite and ochre mines 
 in the neighbourhood. P. 6500. 
 
 Koszeg, Hungary. See Gttns. 
 
 Kot, Kotta, Sanskrit, 'a fortress.' 
 
 Kota, Javanese, 'fortress.' 
 
 Kota, Kotu, Koter, Kotar, Kohatnr, or Kottnr, primitive 
 tribe, Brit. India, Madras, inhabiting the Nflgiri Hills. 
 
 Kot Ada, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. MuzafEargarh, 40 m. 
 NW. by W. Miiltdn. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kot&e, remains of an old city, India, on the shores of the 
 Rann of Cutch, 12 m, N. Bhuj, with several ruined temples. 
 
 Kot^lri, hill stn. and tea-growing centre, India, Madras, 
 Nflgiri disL, 17 m. from Utakamand, in 11° 20' N., 76° si'-56' E. 
 
 Kotah, tn. , India, Rajputina, 120 m. S. Jaipur, cap. of K. 
 state (area, 3803 sq. m., P. 526,300; see Hafdoti), on the 
 ChambaL P. (1881) 40,300 ; (1891) 38,600. 
 834 
 
 Kotal, ruined city, India. See Kotde. 
 
 Kotakota, or Ngota-ngota, vil., Brit. Nyassa-land, on the 
 W. shore of Lake Nyassa, in 12° 56' S. , with a good harbour, 
 protected from all winds. It is the chief starting-place of the 
 Arab caravans to the interior. Magnificent crops of rice are 
 produced in the dist. 
 
 Kotal, Persian, ' pass. ' 
 
 Kota Lampan, vil., Malay Penin., Perak, on the r. bk. of 
 the riv. Perak, in 5° 10' N. 
 
 KotaM-Pirlzan ('old woman pass'), rugged pass, SW. 
 Persia, on the route from Bushire to Shiraz, 34 m. W. by S. 
 Shiraz. Alt. 7400 ft. (Curzon). 
 
 Kotar, tribe, Brit. India, See Kota. 
 
 Kotar (from Kodu-aru, 'river-fort'), tn. and port, India, 
 Travancore, 43 m. SSW. 'Tinnevelli ; very ancient ; mentioned 
 by Ptolemy, and in the Peutinger tables ; now little frequented. 
 P. (1871) 7300. 
 
 Kota Kaja, tn. , Sumatra, near the NW. end, 7 m. from the 
 coast. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kota Tampan, tn., Siam, Malay Penin., 230 m. S. by W. 
 Lakon, on the r. bk. of the riv. Perak. 
 
 Kot&yam, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist Malabar, 40 m. N. 
 by W. Calicut. 
 
 Kot&yam, or Kottayam, tn. , India, Travancore, 32 m. SEX 
 by S. Cochin. P. (i88i) 11,300. 
 
 Kotchandpnr, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Jessor, 70 m. 
 NE. by N. Calcutta. P. 9500 ; Hindus, 5500 ; Moham. 4000. 
 
 Kotel, or Kazan, tn. , Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. and 
 25 m. SSW. Shumla, P. 5700. 
 
 Kotelnlcli, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 65 m. SW. of Vyatka. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Kotelnyl, isl., Arctic Ocean, Russia, the largest and the most 
 western of New Siberia Archipelago, no m. long, 60 m. wide. 
 
 Kotelva, tn., Russia, govt, and 64 m. WNW. of Kharkov. 
 P, 12,000. 
 
 Koter, tribe, Brit. India. See Kota. 
 
 Kiitbeu, tn., Ger., duchy Anhalt, cap. circle K., 12J m. 
 WSW. Dessau, with an academy (founded by Hahnemann in 
 1820) for the study of homoeopathy ; until 1847 cap. of an 
 independent duchy, now united to that of Anhalt ; has a castle, 
 library, collection of pictures and coins, mines of lignite, and 
 manufactures of machinery, metal goods, &c. P. (1871) 16,200 ; 
 (1890) 18,200. 
 
 Kotlil, tn.. Central India, Bdghelkhand, cap. native state K., 
 80 m. SW. by W. Allahabid. 
 
 Kothlgenbibersbach, viL, Ger., Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Franconia, dist. Wunsiedel, with deposits of kaolin and lapis- 
 lazuli. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kotl, Borneo. See Kntel. 
 
 Kot>Kam41i4, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Montgomery, 
 75 m. NE. by E. Miiltan, 5 m. NW. of present bed of theRavi, 
 on the old high N. bank ; a very ancient town. P. (1881) 7600. 
 
 Kot KAngra. Same as Kangra, town. 
 
 Kotkapnra, tn. and rly. junc; India, Punjab, native state 
 Faridkot, 70 m. S. Amritsar. P. 7700 ; Moham. 3800. 
 
 KotIi,tn. , India, Kashmir, 50m. E. byS. Ri,walPindi( Punjab). 
 
 Kotlln, isL , Russia, Gulf of Finland, at the mouth of Neva ; 
 Kronstadt built upon it. 
 
 Kotln, volcano, Iceland. See Katla. 
 
 Kotoko, people, Africa. See Hakari. 
 
 Kotonn, or Katanu, tn. and port, W. Africa, Upper Guinea, 
 17 m. SW. Porto Novo ; ceded to France by the King of 
 Dahome in 1868. 
 
 Kotor, tn. , Austria. See Cattaro. 
 
 Kot«Patli, tn. , India, R4jput4na, 58 m. NNE. Jaipur. P. 
 (1881) 8100. 
 
 Kotrang, tn., India, Bengal, dist. and on the r. bk. of riv. 
 Hiiglf, in 22° 41' N. , 88° 24' E. P. 5200 ; Hindus, 4700. 
 
 Kotri, tn. , Brit. India, Sind, dist. Karachi, on the r. bk. of 
 the Indus, 6 m. WSW. Haidardbdd ; protected by a dam from 
 the sudden and violent inundations of the Bdran, to which it was 
 formerly exposed. Headquarters of Indus Steam Flotilla when 
 that company existed. P. 7900 ; Moham. 5300 ; Hindus, 2300. 
 
 KotrOnas, Phlomokhorlon, or Kolokynthia, small seapt. , 
 Greece, Laconia, about the middle of W. ct. of Gulf of Laconia. 
 
 Kotsl, seapt. tn. , Japan. See Koctat. 
 
 Kot Sultan, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist Dera Ismdil Khin, 
 55 ra. NW. Miiltdn. 
 
 Kotta, Sanskrit, ' a fortress.' See Kot. 
 
 Kotta, viL , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Dresden, dist Dresden- 
 Altstadt. P. 6100. 
 
 Kottapatnam, port, India. See Allor. 
 
 Kottayam, tn., India. See Kotayam. 
 
 Kottbns, tn. , Prussia, in the S. of the prov. Brandenburg, 
 circle K. , 40 m. S. by W. Frankfurt. ' Smyrna ' carpets are 
 extensively manufactured. P. (1871) 18,900 ; (1890) 34,900. 
 
 Kottlar, vil. , Ceylon, on the S. shore of the Bay of Trinkomali ; 
 settled in 1675 by the Dutch. 
 
 Kottorl, viL, Hungary, prov. Zala, si "^^ NE. Agram. P. 
 <4000. 
 
KOTT— KRAK 
 
 Kottnr, tribe, Brit. India. See Kota. 
 
 Kdtttkr, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 55 m. WSW, 
 Bellary. P. 6i(x> ; Hindus, 5700. 
 
 Koto, tribe, Brit. India. See Kota. 
 
 Kotnpna, post-tn. , Victoria, co. Moira, 140 m. N. Melbourne. 
 "P. < 1 500. 
 
 Kotnr, tn. and fort, Persia, prov. Azerbaijan, no m. W. by 
 K. Tabriz. P. 8000. K. Pass is 7 m. W. , on the boundary 
 between Persia and Turkey, on the road from Tabriz to Van. 
 Alt. 8200 ft. 
 
 Kotzcbne Sonnd, Alaska, an inlet of Bering's Strait, between 
 Capes Spanberg and Krusenstern, 66°-68° N., i62°-i67° W. 
 
 Kotzenan, Klein-, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Liiben, 
 20 m. SSW. Glogau. P. <3000. 
 
 Kotzmann, tn. , Austria, Bukovina, 13 m. NW. by N, Czer- 
 nowitz. P. <sooo- 
 
 Kotzschenbroda, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Dresden, 
 dist. Dresden- Neustadt. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kou, or ICeu, or Gou, Chinese, 'mouth,' 'pass.' 
 
 Konchlbongnac, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Kent co., 
 99 ra. NE. by E. Fredericton, 12 m. above K. Bay, which lies 
 ^opposite the W. end of Prince Edward I. P. < 1500. 
 
 Konka, tn. , Africa. See Kuka. 
 
 Konrtalam, tn., India. See ConrtaUum. 
 
 Kontokelno, or Kontokselno, Lapp vil., Norway, Finn- 
 •marken, in 69° N, , 23° 3' E. , where observations on the aurora 
 were made by S. Tromholt in 1882-83, in correspondence with 
 those at Bossekop. 
 
 Kontsopodlon (kutsopodhi), vil., Greece, prov. Argolis and 
 •Corinthia, 5 m. N. Argos, 3 m. SW. by W. from the site of the 
 ■2.ViC\exiX. Mykenai. P, <20oo. 
 
 KoTacerac (kovachevats), vil., Servia, circle Podunavlje, 
 .30 m. SSE. Belgrade. P. <300o. 
 
 KoTaszlncz, tn., Hungary, co. Arad, dist. Vildgos. P. 
 (comm.)<400o. 
 
 KoTdszna, tn. , and health resort, Hungary, co. Hdromsz6k, 
 dist. Orba. P. (coram. )<4000. 
 
 KoTchas, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Kirk-Kilise, 39 m. 
 NE. by E. Adrianople. 
 
 KoTcl, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Volhynia, 117 m. by rail SE. 
 .of Brest Litovsk. P. 14,700. 
 
 Kovesllget, vil., Hungary, co. Maramaros, dist. T^cso. P. 
 (comm.)<400o. 
 
 KoTlo, or Ynle, mt., Brit. New Guinea, about 8° 15' S., 146° 
 45' E. It consists of a series of peaks of volcanic formation, 
 ■isolated from the main Owen Stanley range, and wooded to the 
 ■summits. Highest point, 10,048 ft. 
 
 Kovno, govt. , NW. Russia, has Courland on NE. , Vilna SE. , 
 Russian Poland and Prussia on S. and SW. , a narrow strip touch- 
 ing the Baltic Sea at Memel. Surface mostly a plateau, only 
 'intersected by two ridges, which do not rise above 800 ft. ; all 
 'Covered with Quaternary boulder-clays, mostly sandy, but fertile 
 •in places ; well watered by the Niemen, the Courland Aa, and 
 the Diina, all navigable, and with navigable tribs. ; many lakes 
 •and marshes; forests still cover nearly one-fifth of area. Climate 
 •relatively mild. Average temp, at Kovno, yr. 44°, Jan. 22°, July 
 65°. Pop. consists of White, Little, and Great Russians, Lithu- 
 anians, Zhmuds, Jews (301,300), and only 3500 Poles. Prevailing 
 religion Catholic, 1,230,000. Nearly two-thirds of the surface 
 .are under crops, grain and potatoes being exported, so also 
 linseed ; industries in infancy ; brisk transit trade, the custom- 
 houses of Taurogen and Yurburg being among the most 
 ,important in Russia. Divided into seven dists. : Kovno, 
 Novoalexandrovsk, Povenyezh, Rossieny, Shavli, Telshi, and 
 (Vilkomir. Surface, 15,692 sq. m. P. (1870) 1,156,040; (1894) 
 1,639,400. 
 
 KoTno, tn., Russia, cap. govt. K., 503 m. SW. of St. Peters- 
 ^burg, on railway to Berlin, at the confluence of the Niemen 
 with the navigable Vilia, a few miles above the mouth of the also 
 navigable Newiezha. The new town is on the r. bk. of the 
 Niemen, while the old town is on the 1. bk. of the Vilia. It 
 was a wealthy commercial city in mediaeval times, but has been 
 ruined by wars, and was but a poor place when it was annexed 
 to Russia in 1795. It has recovered since, and is now an im- 
 kportant entrepot for trade with Prussia and the neighbouring 
 provs. of Russia. P. (1863)23,937; (1891)461,720. 
 
 KoToiigo, tn., central Africa, in about 11° 46' S., 21° 15' E. 
 
 Kovrov, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 40 m. by rail NE. of 
 Vladimir ; centre for cotton-mills ; tanneries of sheep skins ; 
 i.trade in corn and wooden goods. P. 6600. 
 
 Kovrov, vil. , Russia, govt, and 109 m. by rail from Vladimir ; 
 • railway carriage works. 
 
 Kowalk, or Kowelk, riv. , Syria, rises S. of Aintab, flows S. , 
 passes Aleppo, and enters the El-Melak swamp. 
 
 Ko-walt, or Koivayt, Asiatic Turkey. See Koelt. 
 
 KoAverla, mt. , Austria, the highest summit of the Carpathians, 
 - on the boimdary between Hungary and Galicia, 48° 10' N. , 24° 
 25' E. Alt. 6750 ft. 
 
 KoM'ie Riyer, Cape Colony, divs. Albany and Bathurst, flows 
 JE. then SE. into the Indian Ocean at Port Alfred {q.v.). 
 
 Kowloon, or Kanlnn, tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, at 
 the landward end of a peninsula of the same name opposite 
 Hong-kong I. ; ceded to the British January 1861 ; reserved as 
 a sanitarium for troops, and villa residences of colonists. 
 
 Koza, vil., Japan, 75 m. SSE. Ozaka, on the SE. ct. of 
 H onshiu. P. < 2000. 
 
 Kozbunar, vil. , E. Roumelia, circle Haskovo. P. < 3000. . 
 
 Kozelets, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 42 m. SSW. of Cherni- 
 gov, on Oster R. P. 5050. 
 
 Kozelsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 43 m. SW. of Kaluga, 
 on 1. bk. of Zhizdra. P. 6700. 
 
 Kozbani (Servian, Kozlanl, Greek), tn., Turkey in Europe, 
 prov. Serfije, 55 m. SSE. Monastir. Alt. 2320 ft. P. 4000 (G. ). 
 
 KozloT, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 45 m. W. of Tambov, on 
 the Lyesnoi Voronezh. Owing to its position on the railways lead- 
 ing to the Sea of Azov, the lower Volga, and Riga, as well as at 
 the head of the water-communication with the Don, it is an 
 important centre for trade in grain exported from its very fertile 
 dist. , as well as for the import of manufactured goods. P. 35,000. 
 
 Kozlan, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Kralowitz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Kozlodnt, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. Rahova, 37 m. S. by W. 
 Craiova (Roumania). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kozlov, tn., Russia. See Enpatoria. 
 
 Kozl5i¥, tn., Austria, Galicia, dist. Kozowa. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kozlndia (kozluja), tn., Bulgaria, prov. and 18 m. WNW. 
 Varna. P. <3ooo. 
 
 KozlndXa, vil. , Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. SUven, 28 
 m. NNW. Adrianople. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kozminskoye, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Kuban, dist. 
 Batalpashinsk, S. of Stavropol. P. 5960. 
 
 Kozmodemlyansk, dist. tn., European Russia, govt, and 
 137 m. NW. of Kazaii, on r. bk. of Volga. P. 5400. 
 
 Kozowa, tn., Austria, Galicia, dist. K, P. < 5000. 
 
 Kozn, pleasant seaside vil., Japan, about 26 m. WSW. 
 Yokohama, on Sagami Bay ; well protected from cold winter 
 winds, and abounding in orange-trees. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Koznke, kuni or old prov., Japan, now forming Gumma ken. 
 
 Kozushlma, isl. , Japan, off the SE. ct. of Honshiu. 
 
 Kra, riv., Indo-China. See Pak-shan. 
 
 Kra, Isthmus of, Siam, connects the Malay Penin. with the 
 rest of Further India, in about 10° 20' N. A gap (greatest alt. 
 about 100 ft. ) occurs here between the mountains of the main 
 body of mountains in Indo-China and those of the peninsula. 
 It has often been proposed to pierce this isthmus by a ship-canal, 
 which would shorten the route from Calcutta to China by 660 
 m. , and that from Burma to Bangkok by 1300 m. The route 
 for a canal has been surveyed, but the project has, for the present 
 at least, been abandoned. 
 
 Krabln, tn., Siam, 80 m. E. by N. Bangkok. 
 
 Kractal, Togo-land. See Krakye. 
 
 Kracraa, tn. , Cambodia. See Kratle. 
 
 Kradn Water, the eastern part of the Lagos lagoon, W. 
 Africa, receiving the Odo Ona R. from the N. 
 
 Kragerii, maritime tn., Norway, prov. Bratsberg, on the S. 
 ct. , 40 m. NE. Arndal ; exports timber, ice, &c. Harbour deep 
 enough for the largest vessels. P. 5500. 
 
 Kragnyerats (Servian spelling KragnJeTac), tn., Servia, 
 cap. prov. K. , on the Lepenica, 59 m. SSE. Belgrade, terminus 
 of a branch railway. P. 12,700. 
 
 Krataenbad. See iLlpirsbacta. 
 
 Kralbni^, vil., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, on 
 the riv. Inn, 26 m. SSE. Landshut. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kralknish, hamlet, Scot. , isl. of Skye, on the S. shore of 
 Loch Eynort, 11 J m. N. of the northernmost point of Rum. 
 
 Krallsheim, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, Jagst circle, dist. 
 K., 47 m. NE. by E. Stuttgart. P. < 5000. 
 
 Krain, Kraina, Slavonic, 'frontier.' 
 
 Kraln, prov. , Austria. See Caniiola. 
 
 Kraina, or Krajlna, prov. , in the extreme NE. of Servia. 
 
 Kralnbnrg, tn. , Austria, Carniola, on the Save, 15 m. NW. 
 by N. Laibach. P. < 3000. 
 
 Krak, Slavonic, 'raven.' 
 
 Krakatao (improperly Krakatoa), small island of the Malay 
 Archipelago, in Sunda Strait, between Sumatra and Java. It is 
 memorable as the scene of the series of volcanic eruptions which 
 occurred May-Aug. 1883, the most tremendous of modern times, 
 by which two-thirds of the island was completely blown away 
 and a gigantic wave formed, by which 20,000 people perished, 
 and which propagated itself as far as the English Channel. 
 
 Krakan, or Krakow, tn. , Austria. See Cracow. 
 
 Krakan, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Magdeburg, circle 
 Jerichow. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Krakow, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle Giistrow, 
 34 m. E. Schwerin, on the W, side of K. Lake (Nebel basin, 
 5 m. long). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Krakye, tn. and important trading centre, W. Africa, Upper 
 Guinea, on 1. bk. of the Volta, about 7° 50' N. , 0° 16' W. Now 
 a German stn. (Togo-land). Also called or spelt Kraebl, 
 KratU, and Kratye. Alt. 400 ft. P. (including adjacent 
 vils.) 5-6000. 
 
 835 
 
KRAL — KREU 
 
 Krallky, comm. , Austria. See Grullcli. 
 
 Krallugeu, comm. , S. Holland, western suburb of Rotterdam. 
 P. 18,000. 
 
 Kralj, Slavonic, 'king.' See A'iVa/y. 
 
 Kraljevo, tn. , Servia, prov. Caiak, 22 m. SW, by S. Kragu- 
 yevatz, on the site of Pompey's Roman fort, %vith many ruins, &c. 
 .P. <;400o. 
 
 Krnlowitz, tn., Bohemia, 17 m. N. by E. Pilsen. P. <30oo. 
 
 Kralnp, comm. , Austria, Bohemia, on the L bk. of the Elbe, 
 II m. NNW. Prague. P. < 4000. 
 
 Kraninier, estuary of the HoUandsch Diep, Netherlands, 
 flowing E. to W. between the continent and isL of Overflakkee. 
 
 Kramollu, tn., Bulgaria, prov. Sevlijevo, 29 m. SE. by E. 
 Plevna. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Krampehl, riv. , Prussia. See Iluia. 
 
 Kraiteubarg, market-tn. , Prussia, in the NW. of the Rhine 
 Prov., circle and 6 m. W. by N. Cleve. P. (comm. )<3000. 
 ' Kraiildlon (kranidhi), tn., Greece, prov. Argolis and Corin- 
 thia, 23 m. SE. by E. Nauplia. P. 5500. 
 
 Krauowltz, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and 7 m. SW. 
 Ratibor. P. < 3000. 
 
 Krauz, vil. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, on the coast, 19 m. N. 
 Konigsberg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Krao Negroes. See Krn Xegroes. 
 
 Krapina, tn. , Austria, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Varazdin, dist. K. 
 P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Krapirna, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 30 m. SW. of Tula, 
 on Upa R. P. < 5000. 
 
 Krappltz, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Oppeln, on riv. 
 Oder, 29 m. NNW. Ratibor. P. <:3000. 
 
 Krasiia, tn. , Austria, Galicia, dist. Delatyn. P. •<3000. 
 
 Kr&siia, vil., Austria, Moravia, dist. RoJnau. P. -c 3000. 
 
 Krasnaya Polyana, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, govt and 
 E. of Stavropol, dist. Medvyedinsk. P. 8340. 
 
 Krasni, Krasno, Slavonian. See Krasnyi. 
 
 Krasnlli, tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 30 m. SW. of 
 Lublin, on hills 800 ft. alt. Old castle, from which the Mongols 
 were repulsed in 1240. P. 5350. 
 
 Krasnokatsk, tn. , Russia, govt, and 47 m. W. of Kharkov. 
 P. 6400. 
 
 Krasuoslobodsk, dist. tn., Russia, govL and 122 m. NW. 
 of Penza, on 1. bk. Moksha R. P. 8420. 
 
 Krasnouflmsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 135 m. SE. of 
 Perm, on r. bk. Ufa R. P. 6300. 
 
 HLrasuovodsk, bay, on E. ct. of Caspian Sea, protected by 
 K. bank, 40° N. , in N. part of Balkhan Bay ; fort K. on its N. 
 shore. P. <: 1000. 
 
 Krasnoyarsk, tn. , E. Siberia, cap. of Yeniseisk govt. , 56° i' 
 N. , 92° 49' E. , on 1. bk. Yenisei, which is crossed here by Siberian 
 highway ; situated in a plain open to all winds, so that sledge 
 traffic often becomes impossible in winter, and the caravans of 
 tea pass by without entering the town. Seat of provincial ad- 
 ministration, and of usual educational institutions. Natural 
 history museum. Residence of many owners of gold-washings. 
 Trade of no importance. P. 17,200. 
 
 Krasnoye Selo, tn. , Russia, govt, and 16 m. by rail S W. of 
 St. Petersburg, on Duderhof hiUs. Imperial palaces ; summer 
 camps of the Imperial Guard. Permanent P.-<5ooo. 
 
 Krasnyi, Krasni, Krasno, Slavonian, 'red,' also 'pretty.' 
 
 Krasnyi, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 31 m. SW. of Smolensk, 
 on highway to Warsaw. Great battle during Napoleon's inva- 
 sion. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Krasnyi ¥ar (' red cliff"), dist. tn., SE. Russia, govt, and 23 
 m. NE. of Astrakhan, on Buzan, branch of Volga. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Krasnyi Yar, tn. , Russia, govt, and 65 m. SSW. of Saratov, 
 on r. bk. of a branch of Volga. P. 5000. 
 
 Krasnystaw, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 34 m. SE. 
 of Lublin, on Wieprz R. Alt. 800 ft. P. 7500. 
 
 Krassd, co., Hungary. 
 
 KrassoTa, tn., Hungary, co. Krassd-Szor^ny, dist Resicza. 
 P. (comm.)<;400o. 
 
 Kraszna, riv. , eastern Hungary, flows NNW. to the Szamos, 
 which it joins in about 22^° E. ; 112 m. long. 
 
 Krat, tn., Siam, near the S. ct., 168 m. SE. Bangkok. 
 
 Kratle, Kreshe, or Kracraa, tn. , Cambodia, on the L bk. 
 of the Mekong, below the rapids of Sombok, 120 m. NNW. 
 Saigon ; cap. prov. K. Seat of a French resident. P. about 1000. 
 
 Kratll, Togo-land. See Krakye. 
 
 KratoTo, or Karatova, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 38 
 38 m. E. by N, Uskiib. Alt. 2240 ft. P. 4500, mainly Ser- 
 vians (G.). 
 
 Kratye, Togo-land. See Krakye. 
 
 Kratzan, tn. , Bohemia, 5 m. N W. Reichenberg. P. «C40oo. 
 
 Kraachmar, tn. , Cambodia. See Krosluuar. 
 
 Kraachthal, comm., Switzd., cant, and 7 m. NE. by £. 
 Bern. P. <3000. 
 
 Krava, Slavonic (Servian and Chekh), 'cow.' 
 
 KraTang, tn. , Java, on riv. I'arum, 35 m. ESE. Batavia ; in 
 residency K. , the cap. of which is Purvakarta. 
 
 Kraw, isthmus of. Same as Kra. 
 836 
 
 Krawam, vil. See Deutscli-Krawaru. 
 
 Kray, viL, Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 3^ m. ENE. 
 Essen, with coal-mining. P. (comm. )<400o. 
 
 KrchoTO, tn. , European Turkey. See Kicliovo. 
 
 Kredl, name applied by the Arabs to the Negroes of the 
 eastern Sudan on the upper course of the Bahr-el-Arab. 
 
 Krefeld, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle K. , 22 m. WS W. 
 Essen, 13 m. NW. Diisseldorf, 4 m. from the L bk. of the 
 Rhine. It is the principal seat of silk and velvet manufactures 
 in Germany, and next after Lyons in Europe, and has grown 
 with great rapidity in recent years through the expansion of 
 this and other industries (dyeing, printing, and finishing of silk 
 and other fabrics, manufacture of machinery, including sewing- 
 machines, chemicals, wax-cloth, sugar-refining, &c.). The silk 
 industry was introduced in 1656, and is specially favoured by 
 the excellence of the water for dyeing, and further promoted by 
 a well-equipped technical school. K. passed to Prussia in 1702. 
 P. (1816) 14,400; (1871)57,100; (1891) 105,300; (comm.) 105,40a 
 
 Krelbltz-Xeudorfel, comm., Austria, Bohemia, 26 m. W. 
 by N. Reichenberg, and 4 m. SSW. Schonlinde. P. <300o. 
 
 Kreis, Ger., ' a circle.' Applied in Prussia to the subdivisions 
 of provs. , in Bavaria to the subdivisions of govts. {Kegierungs- 
 Bezirke), and considered equivalent in kgd. of Saxony to the 
 subdivisions of govts. {Kreishauptmannschafien), in Wiirtem- 
 berg to the subdivisions of the four main divs., in gd. -duchy of 
 Hesse to the subdivisions of the three main divs., in Alsace- 
 Lorraine to the subdivisions of the three main divs. , and to the 
 divs. of the remaining duchies, gd. -duchies, and principalities. 
 
 Krem, Krim, Slavonic, 'a stone building." 
 
 Kremenchag, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 75 m. by rail 
 SW. of Poltava, on L bk. of Dnieper, with Kryukov suburb on 
 opposite bank ; tanneries, tobacco works, manufacture of agri- 
 cultural machinery. Entrep6t for goods shipped from the 
 region of the Dnieper and S. Russia ; important river-port, 
 considerable trade. P., with Kryukov, 54,850. 
 
 Kremeuets, Polish Krenieulec, dist. tn. , SW. Russia, govt. 
 Volhynia, 128 m. W. of Zhitomir, and 25 m. E. of Brody railway 
 stn. in Galicia. Old Polish fortress amidst rocky hills, attaining 
 alt. of 1350 ft. Trade in grain and tobacco, exported. P.. 
 11,800. 
 
 Kremenskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, prov. of Don Cossacks,. 
 70 m. NW. of Tsaritsyn. P. 9900. 
 
 Kremmen, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 32 m. NE. by E. Branden- 
 burg, circle Osthavelland, on the Ruppin Canal. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kreninltz (Ger., in Hungarian Kormoczb&nya), tn. with 
 magistracy, Hungary, co. Bars, 18 m. N. by E. Scheranitz 
 [q.v.), and belonging to the same trachytic mass as that town, 
 and noted like it for its silver-mines (now much less productive 
 than formerly). P. (1869) 8400; (1890)9200. 
 
 Krems, viL, Bohemia, 9 m. SW. by W. Budweis. P. <20oo. 
 
 Krems, tn. , Lower Austria, the only town of importance itt 
 the archduchy, on the 1. bk. of the Danube, at the mouth of the- 
 riv. Krems, 38 m. WN W. Vienna, with mineral spring, military 
 school, and manufacture of metal buttons. P. 10,600. 
 
 Kremsler, tn., Austria, Moravia, on riv. March, 21 m. SSE. 
 Olmiitz ; has a castle of the Archbishop of Olmiitz, with a^ 
 valuable fine art and scientific collection. P. 12,500. 
 
 Kremsmiinster, vil.. Upper Austria, 13 m. W. by N. Steyr. 
 In the Benedictine Abbey is a large library and observatory. 
 (48° 3' 24" N., 14° 7' 55" E.). Alt. 1260 ft. Mean temp., yr. 
 46.0° P., Jan. 27.6°, July 65.3°. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Krenbolm, tn. , Russia, govt. Esthonia, 80 m. WSW. of St. 
 Petersburg, on an island of Narova R., near Narva town;, 
 cotton miUs, employing about 2000 workers. P. 7950. 
 
 Ki^nowltz, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, 28 m. N W. by N. Iglau, 
 and 3 m. WNW. LedeC. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Krenowltz, comm., Moravia, 9 m. ESE. Briinn. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Krepl, dist. , Africa, Upper Guinea, E. of the lower course of 
 the Volta R. 
 
 Kreschewo, tn. , Bosnia, circle Sarajevo, with iron and quick- 
 silver mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kfesehtowltz, comm., Austria, Bohemia, 18 m. WSW. 
 Tabor. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kreshe, Cambodia. See Kratle. 
 
 Kresseuberg, mt.. Upper Bavaria, dist Traunstein, with, 
 mines of iron ore. 
 
 Krestovaya, or Krestovka, vil., E. Siberia, govt. Yakutsk, 
 on 1. bk. Lena, 35 m. below its junction with Vitim ; chief 
 storehouses for gold-mines. 
 
 KrestoTaya Bay, Arctic Ocean, on W. ct of the northern 
 Novaya Zemlya I., 74° 20' N. lat. 
 
 Krestsy, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 52 m. ESE. of Novgorod. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 KrCta, isl. See Crete. 
 
 Krenth, celebrated watering-place with sulphur springs, Ger., 
 Upper Bavaria, on the Tegernsee, near the Tirolese frontier, 34 
 m. SE. Munich. P. < 2000. 
 
 Kreux, Ger., Kors, Danish and Swedish, 'cross.' 
 
 Kreiu (Ger., Slavonic Koros), tn., Hungary, Croatia-Sla- 
 vonia, 32 m. NE. by E. Agram. P. <sooo. 
 
KREU — KRUP 
 
 ILrenzl)erg, mt. , Ger. See Khongelilrgc. 
 
 Kreazbnrg, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Eylau, 15 
 m. S. by W. Konigsberg. P. <2CX)0. 
 
 Kreazbnrg, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt, and 24 m. 
 NNE. Oppeln, circle K. P. (with Schloss EUguth) 7600. 
 
 Krenzlliigen, comm., Switzd. , cant. Thurgau, i m. SSE. 
 Constance. Alt. 1404 ft. Rfall. (16 yrs.), 50.98 in. P. < 4000. 
 
 Kreazli Pass, Switzd., in the valley of the Vorder- Rhine, 
 leading from Disentis into the Maderanthal. Alt. 7710 ft. 
 
 Krenznacb, tn. , Prussia, in the SE. of the Rhine Prov., cap. 
 •circle, on riv. Nahe (navigable from about this point), 9 m. S. 
 by W. Bingen. Formerly protected by a fort built on the 
 Schlossberg ; vicinity rich in picturesque mediaeval ruins. The 
 mineral waters of K. are used medicinally both for bathing and 
 drinking. Tn. P. 17,800; comm. P. 18,100. 
 
 Krlcher, tn. , W. Russia, govt, and 57 m. SE. of Moghilev, 
 on highway to Warsaw, on Sozh R. P. <50oo. 
 
 Krlegern, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 25 m. E. by S. Karlsbad, 
 and 4 m. S. by E. Podersam. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Krleglach, comm. , Austria, Styria, 24 ra. NE. by E. Leoben, 
 in the Miirzthal. P. <400o. 
 
 Krlegshaber, comm., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Swabia, circle 
 Augsburg. P. <300o. 
 
 Krlens, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 2 m. SW. Lucerne ; has iron- 
 works, &c. P. < 5000. 
 
 Krlesclit, vil. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Oststemberg, 
 15 m. E. Kiistrin. P. <3000. 
 
 Kriewen, vil. , Prussia, prov. and 32 m. S. by W. Posen, on 
 the Obra Canal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Krim, Slavonic, ' a stone building. ' S&& ICrem. 
 
 Krinimltsctaan, important manufac. tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 
 circle and 8 m. NW. by N. Zwickau. Chief industry, woollen- 
 spinning and weaving (products exported even to America) ; 
 among others iron -founding and the making of machinery. 
 Alt. 785 ft. P. (1834) 3800; (1871)15,300; (1890)20,000. 
 
 Krliigelcn, pass leading over the Dovrefjeld, Norway. 
 
 Krinjabo, or KlnJatM), tn. , French W. Africa, about 28 m. N. 
 Assini, in about 5° 34' N., 3° 5' W. 
 
 Krlo, cape, SW. end of Asia Minor. Here lie the ruins of 
 the ancient Knidos, or Triopion. 
 
 Krlo, cape, Turkey, in the extreme SW. of the isl. of Crete. 
 
 Krishna, dist. and riv. , India. See Klstna. 
 
 Krlslinaganj, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Nadiyd, 85 m. 
 NE. Bhagalpur. P. 8500 ; Moham. 4800 ; Hindus, 3600. 
 
 Krlshuagar, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Nadiyd, 55 m. N. 
 Calcutta. P. (1881)27,500; (1891)25,500; Hindus, 17,100. 
 
 Krlsbnaglrl, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Salem, 53 m. 
 SE. by E. Bangalore. P. 9700 ; Hindus, 7200. 
 
 Krlstlan- Krlstlne-. For Scandinavian names beginning 
 thus, see Cbrlstlan* Christine-. 
 
 Krlstluestad, tn., Finland, on Gulf of Bothnia, 65 m. SW. 
 Vasa. P. <5ooo. 
 
 KrlTBlJ, vil. , Servia, circle Cma Reka, 40 m. WN W. Viddin. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Krivltz, tn. , Ger. , Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle and 10 m. 
 m. ESE. Schwerin. P. <:4000. 
 
 KrlTorechna Palanka, tn., European Turkey. See Egrl 
 Palanka. 
 
 Krlievcl, tn. , Austria, Croatia- Slavonia, co. Bjeloyar - Kri- 
 ievci. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Krka, Dalmatia. See Kerka. 
 
 KrnjeTo, vil., Servia, circle Podunavlje. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kroben, tn. , Prussia, prov. Posen, 45 m. S. Posen and N. 
 Breslau. P. 0000. 
 
 Krobo, tn., W. Africa, in the interior of the Gold Coast 
 colony, on the Volta, 42 m. NNE. Accra. 
 
 Krovehlaw, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Kladno. P. <40oo. 
 
 Krojanke, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle Flatow, 44 
 m. W. by N. Bromberg. P. <3000. 
 
 Krolevets, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 87 m. E. of Chernigov ; 
 fair in cattle. P. 12,200. 
 
 Krollwltz, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Merseburg, 
 circle Saal. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kronian, vil. , Austria, Moravia, on riv. Rokitna, 17 m. SW. 
 Briinn, with coal-mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kronimenle, vil. , Holland, prov. N. Holland, 10 m. NW. 
 Amsterdam. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Kromme-Rljn ('crooked Rhine'), Dutch name for one of 
 the branches of the Lower Rhine which waters Utrecht. 
 
 Krompach, vil., Hungary, co. Szepes, dist. Banya, with 
 iron-works. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kromy, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 26 m. SW. of Orel. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Kron, Krone, Scandinavian and Teutonic, 'crown.' 
 
 Kronacta, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Franconia, 
 circle K., 15 m. E. Koburg. Birthplace of the painter Lucas 
 Cranach (1472-1553). P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rronberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Ober- 
 taunus, 14 m. NE. by E. Wiesbaden, on S. slope Taunus Mts. 
 Mineral springs and bathing establishment. P. <:3000. 
 
 Kronborg, fortress, Denmark. See Elslnore. 
 
 Krone, tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, on the riv. Brahe, circle 
 and 13 m. N. by W. Bromberg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Kronenberg, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Mettmann, 3^ 
 m. SSW. Elberfeld. P. (comm.) 8700. 
 
 Kronenbnrg, vil. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, govt. Lower Alsace, 
 circle Strassburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kronlng, vil., Ger., govt. Lower Bavaria, dist. Vilsbiburg, 
 with superior potter's clay, from which the celebrated Kroninger 
 ware is made. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kronoberg, inland prov. (Ian), in the S. of Sweden, taking 
 its name from an old castle now in ruins, on Lake Helga, 61 
 m. WNW. Kalmar ; cap. Vexjo. See Sweden, table. 
 
 Kronprlndsens Island, isl. , on the W. ct. of Greenland, with 
 good harbour, in 68° 57' N. 
 
 Kronstadt (Ger., in Hungarian Brass*), tn. with magis- 
 tracy, Hungary, cap. prov. K., 70 m. E. by S. Hermannstadt, 
 surrounded by walls, and inhabited by Saxons ; the suburb of 
 Alstadt inhabited by Szecklers, and that of Bulgarey by 
 Wallachians. Natives of surrounding countries (Greeks, Turks, 
 Moldavians) meet in the K. market. The cathedral was com- 
 menced about 1385 ; and on Mt. St. Martin is an old castle, with 
 a fort of recent date (1553). K. was founded in 1203, walls 
 were built in 1384. Alt. 1815-1875 ft.. P. (1850) 21,600; (1869) 
 27,800; (1890)30,700. 
 
 Kronstadt, fortress and seapt., Russia, at head of Gulf of 
 Finland, 20 m. W. St. Petersburg, on E. side of small Kotlin I., 
 the fortress built under Peter I., and lately entirely rebuilt. 
 The vast port, chief station of Russian navy, with naval dock- 
 yard and commercial port to the W. (still outport of St. Peters- 
 burg for vessels which cannot enter the new ship canal), is 
 protected by powerful forts, the fort of Kronslot on the other 
 side of the gulf being only 360 yards distant. In winter it is 
 ice-bound, and communication with the cap. is maintained on 
 ice. P. 42,600. 
 
 Kroonstad, or Kronstad, tn., Orange Free State, cap. of 
 K. dist., 96 m. SW. by S. Johannesburg, on the railway to 
 Pretoria ; coal-mines worked in dist. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Kropelln, tn. , Ger. , Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle Doberan, 
 15 m. W. by S. Rostock. P. <3000. 
 
 Kropla, comm., Greece. See Korope. 
 
 Kroppenstedt, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Oschers- 
 leben, 12 m. E. by N. Halberstadt. P. <3000. 
 
 Kroslunar, in French speUing Cranchemar, or Kraneh- 
 mar, tn., Cambodia, cap. prov., 65 m. NE. Pnompenh, on 
 the 1. bk of the Mekong. 
 
 Kroslln, vil., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Peene, 15 ra. E. by N. Greifswald. P. <20oo. 
 
 Krosno, tn. , Austria, Galicia, 62 m. ESE. Bochnia. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Krossen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle K. , on the 
 1. bk. of the Oder, at the confluence of the Bober, 31 m. SE. 
 Frankfurt. P. (1890) 5800. 
 
 Krotoscliln, tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, cap. circle K., 43 m. 
 NNE. Breslau. Tn. P. 10,200; comm. P. 10,600. 
 
 Krottendorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. 
 Annaberg, 21 m. S. Chemnitz ; lace and hosiery manufactures. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Kroya, or Kmya (Turkish Ak-Hlssar), tn. , Turkey, Albania, 
 sanjak and 41 m. SSE. Skutari ; strongly placed on a rock in- 
 accessible from three sides ; fortress razed in 1832. P. 3-5000. 
 
 KrSko, Mesto, tn. , Austria. See Gnrkfeld. 
 
 Krnchten, vil. , gd. -duchy Luxemburg, on the Alzet, 13 m. 
 N. Luxemburg. 
 
 Krndenberg, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., on the Lippe, 18 
 m. NW. Essen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Kmgersdorp, settlement, S. African Republic, K. div., about 
 half-way between Johannesburg and the Blaauwbank goldfields. 
 
 Krnger's Post, fort, S. African Republic, Lydenburg dist. , 66 
 m. N. Barberton, with gold to the E. 
 
 Kmlnlngen, comm., Holland, isl. of S. Beveland, prov. 
 Seeland, 22 m. NW. Antwerp. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Kmman, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on the Moldau, 14 m. SW. 
 by S. Budweis ; linen weaving, and manufactures of paper and 
 cloth. P. 8300. 
 
 Kmrnhermersdorf, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, 
 dist. Floha. P. <30oo. 
 
 Kmmlrs, more correctly Khnmlr, or Khomalr, numerous 
 tribe, or rather confederation of tribes, Africa, NW. of Tunis. 
 
 Kro (or Croo, properly Krao) Negroes, a well-formed, mus- 
 cular, and vigorous race of negroes, probably of the Mandingo 
 stock, inhabiting the coast of Upper Guinea, including the E. 
 half of Liberia, and the tract to the E. as far as the Lahu in the 
 French terr. on the Ivory Coast. Excellent sailors and labourers ; 
 in the old days of American slavery highly valued as slaves. 
 
 Kmng-kao, Siam. See Aynthla. 
 
 Kmpa, vil., Bosnia, on riv. Una, prov. Bihac, 70 m. NE. 
 Zara. P. <3ooo. 
 
 KmpanJ, vil., Servia, prov. Podrinje, 62 m. SW. by W. 
 Belgrade ; lead- mines to the S. P. <2ooo. 
 
 837 
 
KRUP — KUCH 
 
 Krapec, viL, Servia, prov. Pirot, on riv. Nishava, 6 m. 
 ESE. Pirot, on the railway to Sofia. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Krapyangkoye, vil., W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, on r. bk. 
 Irtysh, 40 m. E. of Omsk. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Knuchwltz, market-tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, 25 m. SSW. 
 Thorn, on the W. side of the Goplo-See. P. <20oo. 
 
 Krusenstem, cape, on the NW. ct. of America, at the 
 entrance of Kotzebue Soimd, in 67° 11' N. 
 
 Krasenstern, one of the Diomede Is. , Bering Strait, in 65° 
 46' N. , 168° 55' W. This name is no longer recognised by the 
 U.S. Board of Geographic names, by whom the island is called 
 Little Diomede. 
 
 Kmsenstem, Alln, or Allnk, isls. in Marshall Group, 
 Pacific, in 10° 20' N., 170° E.; also the name of several other 
 small islands in the Pacific. Named after the Russian navigator 
 J. H. Krusenstern, who in 1803-6 commanded an important 
 expedition to the Pacific See Tlkeliau. 
 
 KmieTac (krushevats), tn. , Servia, cap. prov. K. , 37 m. SE. by 
 S. Kragujevac; imtil 1389 residence of the Servian Csars; taken 
 in 1428 by the Turks, and retained by them till 1833. P. 6000. 
 
 KmseTene, viL, Bulgaria, circle Rakhovo. P. < 3000. 
 
 KrusheTo, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 23 m. N. by 
 W. Monastir. Alt. 3860 ft P. 10,000 (G. ). 
 
 Krnshka's Bridge, tn. , Tasmania. See Sloorlna. 
 
 Kmya, tn. , Turkey in Evirope. See Kroya. 
 
 Krazof, isL, Alaska, W. of Baranof I., opposite Sitka. At 
 its S. end is the extinct volcano of Mt. Edgecumbe (alt. 2855 ft.), 
 now in the condition of a solfatara. 
 
 Krroreclika Palanka, tn., European Turkey. See Egrl 
 Palanka. 
 
 Kryg, small comm. , Austria, Galicia, dist. Gorlice ; petroleum 
 deposits worked. 
 
 Krylbo, vil., Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, on the Dal Elf, 18 
 m. NW. Sala. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 KryloTskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kuban, 75 m. N. Ekaterinodar. P. S350. 
 
 Krymskaya, Cossack viL , Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Kuban, 
 53 m. by rail WSW. of Ekaterinodar. P. 9300. 
 
 Hrynlca, vil. and health resort, Austria, Galicia, dist. 
 Muszyna. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Krystynopol, tn. , Austria, Galicia, dist. Sokal. P. <4ooo. 
 
 KrynkoT, tn., suburb of Kremenchng. P. 8400. 
 
 Krz, in Slavonic names pronounced Kzh. 
 
 Krxywcze Gdme, comm., Austria, Galicia, 28 m. N. by K 
 Czernowitz. P. <4000. 
 
 Ksar, Kasr (plural Ksur), Arabian, 'fortified place.' 
 
 Ksar^l-Keblr (probably the ancient Oppidum Novum), vil., 
 Morocco, 55 m. S. by W. Tangiers. In the plain adjacent to 
 the NW. the bloody battle took place (1578) in which Sebastian, 
 King of Portugal, was defeated and killed by the Moors. 
 P. (1864) 20-25,000. 
 
 Kseb, or Diabat, Wadl, riv. , Morocco, flows WNW. , enter- 
 ing the Atlantic in 31° 29' N., a little to the S. of Mogadon 
 
 Ksor (in French spelling Kseur), officially Bltche, viL, 
 Algeria, prov. Constantine, 16 m. SW. Bougie; near it, at 
 Tiklat, are the vast ruins of Tubusupius. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ktaadn. See Katahdln. 
 
 Kua-. For names with this prefix, see under K'wa*. 
 
 Kaan-. For Chinese towns with this prefix, see under Kwau>. 
 
 Kuaotuna, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I. , co. Coroman- 
 del, 60 m. E. Auckland. P. <i50o. 
 
 Kuba, viL , Algeria, dep. arr. and 6 m. SE. Algiers. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Knba, Old, dist. tn. , Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 95 m. 
 NW. of Baku, on a high plain, 1990 ft. alt., facing the Caspian; 
 carpets and silk goods manufactured. P. 13,920. 
 
 Knbabisli, Arab tribe. See Kababista. 
 
 Knbaft (Kubanskaya Oblast), prov., Russia, N. Caucasia; 
 has the Sea of Azov on W. , the prov. of Don Cossacks on N. , 
 Stavropol and Terek on E. , Kutais and the Black Sea on S. ; 
 includes, besides the basin of the Kuban R., the narrow strip 
 along the Black Sea coast, on the SW. slope of main Caucasus 
 ridge, which at one time formed the Chernomorskiy Otdyel. It 
 thus covers the W. part of the very fertile plains, 1000-2000 ft. 
 high, which lie in the N. of the Caucasus ; the low and marshy 
 plains on SE. coast of Sea of Azov, including the terr. of Cher- 
 nomorsk Cossacks; and the main Caucasus ridge from the 
 Elbruz to its western extremity — the N. slope only till the long, 
 of Gagry, and both slopes further W. The main Caucasus 
 ridge, beginning with mountains 2000 ft. high at the Sea of 
 Azov, gradually rises to 15,000 ft. in Oshtek peak, opposite 
 Gagry, and remains snow-clad till it reaches 18,572 ft. in Elbruz. 
 Only five passes lead across it. The S. part of K. prov. is 
 occupied by the several parallel ridges of Black Moimtains 
 (Chomyia Gory) 3000-6000 ft. high. Watered by Kuban R. 
 and its tribs. , Zelenchuk, Urup, Laba, and Byelaya (L bk. ) ; 
 by several smaller rivers flowing into the Sea of Azov without 
 reaching it ; by the Yeya on N. frontier ; and by upper course 
 of Yegorlyk. Soil very fertile in the plains, many p>opulous 
 Cossack villages being seated along the Kuban R. and on the 
 surrounding EaX lands. Considerable amounts of grain grown 
 838 
 
 and exported ; improved agricultural implements largely used. 
 Extensive cattle breeding. Pop. thoroughly Russian (Little- 
 Russians, 51 per cent.. Great Russians, 33 per cent.), the 
 Cherkesses who inhabited the valleys of the main chain having 
 been compelled to emigrate to Turkey (the Bashi-buzuks), and 
 now numbering only 105,200 ; about 6000 each of Armenians 
 and Jews. The Black Sea coast still remains unoccupied, and 
 has only a few settlements at Anapa, Novorossiisk, and Gelenjik. 
 Divided into seven dists. (otdyels): Ekaterinodar, cap. of prov., 
 Batalpashinsk, Kavkazskiy, Laba, Maikop, Temryuk, Yeisk; 
 and a separate military dist., Chemomorsk. Area, 39,277 
 sq. m. P., with Chernomorsk (1893), 1,587,500. 
 
 Knbaft (the Hipanis and Vardan of antiquity), riv., Russia, 
 N. Caucasia, rises on NE. slope of main Caucasus ridge, at 
 the foot of Elbruz, flows NW. and N. through narrow woody 
 gorges, and after having pierced the mountain's ridge enters 
 the plains at Batalpashinsk ; turning then NW. and W. it 
 enters the Black Sea by the Kyzyltash and Kubaii limans, 
 forming a wide delta wherein the Kara-K. and Protoka 
 are the chief branches. Navigation is possible on the last 150 
 m. of its course (till Tiflisskaya). Freezes in December, and 
 opens early in March. Its chief tribs. , Zelenchuk, Urup, and 
 Laba, are from the left. Considerable fishing at its mouth. 
 Length, 547 m.; area of basin, 21,500 sq. m. 
 
 Kubaugo, or Okarango, riv., S. Airica, rises E. of Ben- 
 guella, in about 13° S., 16° E., flows S. and SE. to 18° S., where 
 it turns abruptly to the E. and forms the boundary between the 
 German and Portuguese possessions, after which its course is 
 again S. and SE. , where it takes the name of Tloge, or Tonke,- 
 and enters Lake Ngami at its NW. comer. Length, about 
 1000 m. 
 
 Kubanl, height, in Bohemian Forest {q.v.). 
 
 Knbanskoye, vil, Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Kuban, dist. 
 Labinsk, ESE. of Ekaterinodar. P. 7580. 
 
 Knbenskoye, or Knblno, lake, Russia, SW. part of govt. 
 Vologda, 40 m. long, 3-9 m. wdde ; receives Kubina R. Makes 
 part of the system of canals connecting the Neva with N. Dvina. 
 Considerable fishing. 
 
 Knbo (the Manipur name of the Shans), a valley in the W. 
 of Upper Burma, stretching from about 22 J -24 J° N., parallel to 
 the Chindwin valley in the E. , and the Manipur valley in the 
 W. , with a width of 10-15 m. , abounding in sal, teak, and 
 other timber trees (not available for want of water-carriage), as 
 well as in varnish and wood-oil trees ; notorious for jungle fever, 
 £cital to strangers. See map, Proc. R. G. S., 1889, p. 260. 
 
 Knbo Pass, pass, on the W. frontier of Brit India, leading 
 across the Sulaiman Mts. , in about 29° 33' N. 
 
 Knbn, tn. , Borneo, E. Archipelago, W. ct. , 47 m. S. Pon- 
 tianak, on the 1. bk. of the Kubu R. , branch of the Kapuas delta. 
 
 KnccTO (kuchevo), tn. , Servia, circle Pozarevac, 65 m. ESE. 
 Belgrade ; near, to the SW. , are the zinc, lead, and silver mines 
 of KuCaina (Maidan Ku&ina). P. -caooo. 
 
 Knchan, originally Kabnshan, tn. , Persia, Khorassan, 88 m. 
 NW., and now connected by a cart road with Meshed, in one of 
 the best-watered and most fertile of the northern valleys, inhabited 
 by a Kurdish colony planted by Shah Abbas about 1600 lot 
 defence against the Turkomans. Destroyed by an earthquake 
 in November 1893, when 12,000 persons are said to have perished ; 
 rebuilt, and again destroyed by an earthquake, Jan. 17, 1895. 
 Alt. 41 14 ft. (Curzon). P. about 12,000 (according to Curzoo 
 probably an exaggeration). 
 
 Knchar, walled tn., in the N. of Chinese Turkistan, in about 
 83° 20' E. , in a rich oasis (on the route between Kashgar and 
 Hami) inhabited by 3050 Turk, 1200 Tungani, and 30 Chinese 
 families. Copper ore found in the neighbouring hills. See 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1890, pp. 85-86. In 1890 Lieutenant Bower 
 discovered the remains of a subterranean city near K. , in which 
 he found a birch-bark manuscript, ascribed to the latter half of 
 the 5th century. 
 
 Kncb Betaar, tn. , India, Bengal, native state K. B. , on the 
 Torsha R. P. 11,500; Hindus, 7600; Moham. 3700. 
 
 Kuch Betaar, native state, India, Bengal, a level plain 
 (triangular in shape), the greater portion fertile, well cultivated, 
 and intersected by niunerous rivers. The state contains exten- 
 sive rains of two ancient walled cities, Dharma Pdl's city and 
 Kamatapur, caps, of the Kamriip monarchy (Hindu dynasty 
 overthrown by the Afghan kings about the end of the 15th 
 century). Area, 1307 sq. m. P. 578,900. 
 
 Kttctaelspltz, peak, near the W. boundary of the Tirol, 7 nu 
 S. Arlberg Pass. Alt 10.265 ft 
 
 Knchevlsta, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 8 m. N. by 
 W. Ushkub. 
 
 Knctalng, or Sarawak, tn., cap. of Sariwak, Borneo, at the 
 head of ocean navigation on the Sarawak R. , about 18 m. from 
 its mouth, in 1° 33' N., 110° 21' E. The river is somewhat 
 difficult of navigation, but many ships of war of considerable 
 size have anchored off the town. The wharf cannot be reached 
 by vessels drawing more than 28 ft. P. about 25,000. 
 
 Knctalnoton, seapt, Japan, Kiushiu, NW. of Nagasaki 
 P. 6500. 
 
KUCH — KULA 
 
 Kii-chon, tn., China, in SW. of prov. Shantung, i8o m. 
 SW. Chifu, 50 m. SW. Kiaschou Harbour. 
 
 Kiichiik, Turkish, 'little.' See ICichik. 
 
 KiichtUi-ChekineJe, tn., Turkey in Europe, on the Sea of 
 Marmora, prov. and 10 m. W. by S. Constantinople. 
 
 Kiichttk - Der1)en(I, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. Dede- 
 Agach, on the Kizildeli-chai, 33 m. SW. Adrianople. 
 
 KttchiUc Kalnarja. See Kncnk-Kalnardia. 
 
 Kackl-Kom, mt. , near the SE. frontier of Montenegro. Alt. 
 8030 ft. 
 
 Kil^iik-Kalnardia, vil. , Bulgaria, 15 m. SE. by E. Silistria, 
 where, in 1774, the peace was concluded by which Turkey 
 ceded to Russia Azov and part of the N. ct. of the Black Sea. 
 
 Kncznra, tn., Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. Kiila. P. 
 (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 KndalUr, tn. , Brit. India. Same as Cnddalore. 
 
 Kadara. 1. Steppe and subdivision of Buryate stems, E. 
 Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, in delta of Selenga. 2. Vil. , 50 m. 
 ENE. Posolsk, on Lake Baikal, on great highway to Chita. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Kadat, stn., Brit. N. Borneo, on an inlet running W. from 
 Marudu Bay (N. ct.), in about 6° 53' N., il6° 50' E. 
 
 Kttddow, riv., Prussia, flows S. partly On the frontier of 
 
 f)rovs. Pomerania and W. Prussia, and enters the Netze at Usch 
 Posen) ; navigable from Schneidemiihl, about 55 m. 
 
 KudenetOTO, tsvo vils., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Terek, 
 70 m. NW. Vladikavkaz, on Baksan R. P. 1200 and 6300. 
 
 Kndlnskoye, vil., E. Siberia, govt, and 14 m. NW. of 
 Irkutsk, on Kuda R. , in the Buryate Kudinskaya Steppe. P. 2000. 
 
 Kuduremuklia (literally, 'horse- face'), peak of the Western 
 Ghats, India, between Mysore state and the dist. of S. Kdnara, 
 Madras, in 13° 8' N. , 75° 20' E. , with a summer retreat for the 
 Malabar officials on the summit. Alt. 6215 ft. 
 
 Kndzslr, tn., Hungary, co. Hunyad, dist. Szdszvdros. P. 
 (comm. )<4000. 
 
 Kuelte, tn., in NE. Tibet, SE. of Lake Kuku-Nor, on r. bk. 
 Hwang-ho, in 36° 3' N., 101° 3' E. Alt. 7634ft. (Rockhill, dp.), 
 7500 (Przhevalsky). 
 
 K^elziba, ruins, Palestine, in the O. T., 31° 36' N., 35° 8' 
 E., 6 m. NNE. El-Khulll (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Knenlun, mt. range, or series of ranges, in central Asia. 
 According to Dr. Georg Wegener, it consists of six parallel 
 chains extending from 75°-! 18° E. long., and from 36°-40° N. 
 lat. , having a length of 2390 m. , with a maximum breadth of 
 about 500 m. (See Zeii. der Gesell. fiir Erdkunde zu Berlin, 
 vol. xxvi. No. 3. ) But in the more ordinary acceptance of the 
 name, referring to a huge chain connected with the Pamir 
 plateau on the W. , skirting the N. boundary of Kashmir, and 
 thence, in the shape of a bow, forming the gigantic rampart of 
 the highlands of N. Tibet, and terminating in the mountainous 
 country about the sources of the Hwang-ho. It is of great 
 elevation throughout, crossed by several passes ranging from 
 15,750-19,500 ft. The principal of these, in order from W. to 
 E., are the Yangi from Kulunaldi to Kugiar and Kargalik; 
 the Kilik, Kilian, and Sanju from Shahidula to Kargalik, 
 Kilian, and Sanju respectively; the Hindu-tagh (below the 
 highest known summit, 20,330 ft.) and the Ilchi from the upper 
 Karakash valley to Khotan ; and the Ghubolik Art pass leading 
 from the Aksai Chin desert to Polu and Kiria ; these are all in 
 the W. portion. Beyond this occurs a long stretch of some 8° of 
 long, still unexplored. Further E. it has been crossed by Carey 
 near the meridian of 90° E. at an alt. of 14,000 ft., and by 
 Przhevalsky and Carey near 94° E. by the Anghir-takshia Pass at 
 15,900 ft. In the W. the chain is broken through by the 
 Zarafshan or Yarkand, the Karakash, and the Kiria Rivs., all 
 flowing northwards into the basin of Lob Nor. The geological 
 structure, as far as has been ascertained, is of very ancient date, 
 and proves that the K. is one of the oldest parts of the continent. 
 
 Rnfa, Asiatic Turkey. See Sfejef. 
 
 Knfira, or Kafarali, group of oases in the Libyan desert, S. 
 of Barka, between about 24° and 26° N. , and 21 and 23^° E. , 
 inhabited by Arabs. Area about 7000 sq. m. Alt. 1614 ft. 
 Mean temp. (^ yr., 1886), Aug. 86° F. 
 
 KnAro, or Kafiiro, stn. , equatorial Africa,' Karagwe, on the 
 E. of Lake Victoria Nyanza. 
 
 Knfstelii, tn. and fortress, Austria, Tirol, on the Inn, 42 m. 
 NE. by E. Innsbruck ; the fortress (Geroldstein) is used as a state 
 prison. Alt. 1600 ft. P. <:300o. 
 
 Knft, tn. , Egypt. Same as Ko1>t. 
 
 Knfa, riv., equatorial Africa, trib. of the upper or Somerset 
 Nile, between Lakes Victoria Nyanza and Mwutan Nzige. 
 
 Knglar, vil., Chinese Turkistan, 68 m. S. Yarkand. 
 
 Kngnlta, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, govt, and 27 m. NE. of 
 Stavropol. P. 5500. 
 
 Kugnly, or Konstantlnovskoye, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, 
 govt, and 30 m. NE. of Stavropol. P. 5450. 
 
 Kuh, Ger. , ' cow.' 
 
 Kuh, Persian, 'a mountain.' See Koh. 
 
 Rnhak, vil. and fortress, in the part of Baluchistan claimed by 
 Persia, 170 m. NE. by N. of the SE. corner of the empire. 
 
 Knh-l-ILhwaJah, remarkable isolated basaltic hill in prov. 
 of Seistan, Persia, SW. of Nasirabad (Nasratabad). 
 
 Kuta-1-Rang ('variegated mountam'), mt., in the W. of 
 Persia, in 32° 3/ N. , 50° 7' E. , from the sides of which the 
 Zainde-rud flows E., the Karun S., and the Ab-i-Diz (Dizful R.) 
 W. Highest peak, 12,800 ft. 
 
 KnIi-1-Sebz, range of mts. , Baluchistan, trending ENE. and 
 WSW. to the S. of 28° N. 
 
 Knhlstan. See Kohlstan. 
 
 Kahliiiidchen, very fertile tract in the NE. of Moravia, and 
 in Austrian Silesia ; chief towns, Odrau and Fulnek. 
 
 Kabna Shahr, the Mongol name of the old cities of Yarkand 
 and Kashgar [q.v.). 
 
 Knbstall, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 21 m. SE. by E. Dresden, 
 and 3 m. SW. Sebnitz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kal, wild tribes, central Indo-China, scattered between Cam-' 
 bodia and Yiinnan. 
 
 Knllenbnrg. See Kulenborg. 
 
 Kninder, or TJonger, riv., Holland, prov. Friesland, flowing 
 SW. into the Zuider Zee. 
 
 Knlnbon, tn. , Annam. See Kwinbon. 
 
 Knlnre, fishing vil., Holland, prov. Overijssel, on the NE. 
 ct. of the Zuider Zee, at the mouth of the Kuinder, or Tjonger R. , 
 21 m. NW. by N. ZwoUe. P. <2ooo, 
 
 Knlper, small isl. in Batavia Bay, Java. 
 
 Knln, irregularly-shaped isl., Alaska, crossed by 134° W., 
 stretching 60 m. N. from 56° N., covered with dense forest. 
 
 Knka, or Konka, tn. , central Africa, cap. of Bornu, a few 
 miles to the W. of Lake Chad, in about 12 55' N. , 13° 22' E. 
 Alt. 920 ft. Mean temp. (2 J yrs., 1870-72), yr. 83.5° F., Jan. 
 75.4°, July 83.8°. P. 50-60,000. 
 
 Knkane, tn., Siam, 250 m. E. by N. Bangkok. 
 
 Knkenam, mt., Brit. Guiana, adjoining Roraima on the 
 NW., in 5° 12' N., 61° W. About 10 or 12 m. in length, with 
 direct vertical sides about 1000 ft. in height above the sloping 
 part. See Proc. R. G. S. , 1884, p. 458. 
 
 Knkls, tribe. See Lnsb^l Hills. 
 
 Kakleii, vil., E. Roumelia, circle Philippopolis. P. < 3000. 
 
 Knklena, vil. , Bohemia, 21 m. WSW. Koniggratz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Knksl, tn., Central India, state Dhar. P. 6300; Hindus, 
 3600; Moham. 1400. 
 
 Kuku, or Koko, Mongolian, ' blue.' 
 
 Knkn-kboto. See Kwelhwacheng. 
 
 Knku-Nor, lake, Chinese Empire, just beyond the boundary 
 of Kansu Prov., between the Kuen-lun and Nan-shan Mts., 
 crossed by 37° N. , 100° E. It receives the drainage of a large 
 broad valley, but has no outlet ; its waters are salt and bitter, 
 and remain frozen until the beginning of April. Fish are 
 abundant. Length, 65 m.; breadth, 18-40 m. Alt. 10,700 ft. 
 
 KiikuUS, Kls- and Nagy-, Hungary. See Kokel. 
 
 Knkiirbeta, mt. , Hungary. See BIbar. 
 
 Knkasb, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 23 m. N. by W. 
 Salonica. 
 
 Kn-kuran, difficult pass, E. China, on the boundary between 
 Pechili and Shansi, on the road from Peking to Taiyuen. Alt. 
 2854 ft. 
 
 Kula, Servian, 'tower.' 
 
 Knla, tn., Asia Minor, a few miles to the S. of the Gediz-chai, 
 vilayet and 82 m. E. Smyrna, 14 m. NE. Alashehr, sanjak 
 Sarukhan. P. 6000 ; Moham. 5700. 
 
 Ktila, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. and 19 m. WSW. Viddin. P. <4000. 
 
 Kdla, comm., Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, 34 m. S. by E. 
 Maria Theresiopel. P. 8500. 
 
 Knlab, tn., Bukhara, 70 m. NW. Faizabad (Badakshan). 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Knlacbi, or KaMcbl (census), tn., Brit. India, Punjab, 
 dist. Dera Ismiil Khdn, 132 m. NNW. Mdlt4n. P. 9400 ; 
 Moham. 7000; Hindus, 2300. 
 
 Ktiladan, or Koladyne, riv., Lower Burma, Arakan, flows 
 first N. then S. and enters the Bay of Bengal at Akyab {q.v.), 
 where it is called the Arakan R. by Europeans, but Gat-sa-ba 
 by inhabitants of the country. Navigable for nearly 50 m. by 
 vessels of from 300-400 tons. Gives name to a township in the 
 N. of Akyab dist. containing 294 villages. 
 
 Rnlakla, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 10 m. W. by E. 
 Salonica. 
 
 KnlakoTskoye, vil. , W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, 50 m. E. of 
 Omsk, on Siberian highway. P. <:sooo. 
 
 Knlall, volcano, central Africa, to the E. of Lake Basso 
 Narok, in 2° 35' N. , 36° 20' E. 
 
 Knlambangra, or Coorombangara, isL , Brit. New Guinea, 
 New Georgian group, crossed by 8° S., 15/ E. See Jfew 
 Georgia. 
 
 Kulanjln, tn., Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, on the plain of 
 Karaghan, 49 m. SW. by S. Kazvin. 
 
 Knlarkl, vil., E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, on 1. bk. 
 Shilka, 120 m. NE. Nerchinsk. P. < 1000. 
 
 Knlasekarapatvam, tn., India, Madras, dist. Tinnevelli, in 
 9° s' N., 'j'f 31' E. P. 15,900; Hindus, 8100; Christians, 
 4200 ; Moham. 3600. 
 
 839 
 
KULA — KUNA 
 
 Knlatak, or KeJ, tn., in the SW. of Baluchistan, 75 m. NE. 
 by N. Gwadur. 
 
 Kulbarga, or enlbarga, tn. , India, Haidarabdd, cap. dist. 
 K., 75 m. ENE. Bijapur, on an undulating plain. Formerly 
 (1347-1432) cap. of a powerful dynasty; the palaces, &c., are 
 mainly allowed to fall into decay. Great mosque modelled after 
 the C6rdoba (Spain) mosque. P. 28,200. 
 
 Knldlga, Lettish name of Goldingen town {g.v.). 
 
 Kulen, tin dist in the S. of Kedah, Malay Penin.; a railway 
 is projected from Singora on the E. coast. 
 
 Knlenborg, Knlienborg, or Cnlenborg, tn. , Holland, prov. 
 Gelderland, on the Leek, 9 m. SSE. Utrecht, with manufactures 
 of arms, chairs, and silk ribbon. P. (comm.) 7700. 
 
 Knlgntonskly, vil., Russian Central Asia, on Tiu-kistan 
 highway, 107 m. WNW. of Akmoly. P. < 5000. 
 
 Koll Babans, small isL off the E. ct. of Brit. N. Borneo, in 
 about 4^° N. , separated from the mainland by Treacher Passage. 
 
 Knllltoro, viL , Africa, western Sudan, 40 m. E. of the French 
 station Bamaku. 
 
 KnllkoTO Pole, plain, Russia, govt. Tula, at the junction 
 of Nepryadva with Don. Great battle in 1380 ; ended in the 
 defeat of the Tatars under Mamai. 
 
 KalltaUU, tn. , Brit India, Madras, dist. and 21 m. NW. by 
 W. Trichinopoli. P. <sooo. 
 
 Knlja (Chinese Klnynan, or HTreiyuan-cblng, Mongol 
 Dl-kbota, or Ill*knreii), tn., central Asia, Chinese Empire, 
 cap. Dzungaria, on the Ili, about 48 m. E. of the Russian 
 frontier, in 43° 52' N., 81° 23' E., in a well-cultivated dist Has 
 a citadel ; various manufactures. Alt 1706 ft. Mean temp. 
 {4 yrs., 1852-54, 1856-60), yr. 48.0° F., Jan. 16.3°, July 76.7. 
 P. about 12,000, mainly of Turkish race, and Mohammedan in 
 religion. 
 
 Knlja, New, HI, or Hancbn-Knlja (Chinese Holynan), 
 former tn. , on the Ili, 25 m. lower down, founded in 1764 by 
 the Manchus, and estimated, before the Dzungarian rebellion of 
 1866, to have had a population of 75,000, but destroyed by the 
 rebels, and now in ruins. 
 
 Knllen, cape, Sweden, prov. Malmohus, at the N. entrance 
 to The Sound. 
 
 Kiillstedt, viL , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Mtihlhausen, 37 
 m. NW. by W. Erfurt P. <3ooo. 
 
 Knlln, or Kolln, country, western Sudan, in the basin of 
 the upper Senegal, on the r. bk of the Bafing. P. 4000. 
 
 Knlm, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle K. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Vistula, 23 m. NE. Bromberg. P. 9700. 
 
 Knlmbach, walled tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt Upper 
 Franconia, circle K. , 23 m. ESE. Koburg. P. 7000. 
 
 Knlmerland, dist. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, in the SE. , 
 stretching about 50 m. from SW. to NE. 
 
 Knlmsee, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle and 12 m. 
 N. Thorn. P. 5800. 
 
 Knlp, viL, Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 20 m. SW. of 
 Erivaii ; quarries of rock-salt. Alt. 4200 ft P. 3100. 
 
 Knlpa, riv., Austria, Croatia-Slavonia, rises 25 m. NNE. 
 Fiume, flows E. , and after a course of 120 m. joins the Save 
 a little beyond Petrinia. Length, 230 m.; area of basin about 
 3900 sq. m. 
 
 Knlpab^r, tn. , Brit India, NW. Provs. , dist. Hamirpur, 90 hl 
 SW. by S. Cawnpur. P. 5800 ; Hindus, 5000 ; Moham. 800. 
 
 Knlpin, tn., Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. Ujvid^k. 
 P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Knlsl, forest reserve and experimental plantation, India, 
 Assam, in Kdmnip dist , on r. bk. of Kulsi R. , which enter the 
 Brahmaputra in 91° 22' E. 
 
 Kultuk, Tiu-kish, ' bay." 
 
 Knltnlc, viL , E. Siberia, at SW. extremity of Lake Baikal ; 
 quarries of lapis-lazuli, graphite, baikalite, and other minerals. 
 
 Knln, valley, Brit. India, Punjab, dist KAngra, 25-50 m. in 
 a direct line N. by E. of Simla ; crossed by 32° N. , tj^ E. ; 
 bounded on the NE. and E. by the N. or Central Himalayan 
 range, dividing it from Lahul and Spiti ; on the S. by the riv. 
 Sutlej. Drained entirely by the Beas. Has great mineral 
 wealth (silver, copper, and lead) undeveloped as yet. The best 
 fruits and vegetables in the Simla market come from K. , and 
 are raised by English settlers. 
 
 Knlan, another name for Lake Dalal-Xor. 
 
 Knlyab, tn. , khanate, and 320 m. SE. of Bukhara, 12 m. from 
 r. bk. of Amu ; chief town of khanate. Alt. 1810 ft. 
 
 Kum, Turkish, 'sand.' 
 
 Knm, tn. , Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 80 m. SSW. Teheran, a 
 place of trade connected by a road with Teheran ; noted also as 
 a great Shiah necropolis and place of pilgrimage, on account of 
 its containing the shrine of Fatima, the sister of Reza, the eighth 
 Imam ; now three parts in ruins ; the only industry the manu- 
 facture of porous vases. P. estimated in 1872 at 4000, in 1884 at 
 7000, later 20-30,000, which higher estimate Curzon surmises to 
 include pilgrims. 
 
 Knma (the Udon of antiquity), riv., Russia, N. Caucasia, 
 rises in main Caucasus ridge in SW. of Pyatigorsk, flows NE. 
 and E. towards the Caspian, which it reaches in spring only, 
 840 
 
 being usually lost in sands 50 m. before reaching the sea. 
 Length, 400 m. 
 
 Knnialgarh, fort, India, on W. frontier of native state of 
 Udaipur, RAjputdna, in the heart of the Aravalli Mts. Built in 
 the 15th century on a steep, craggy mountain, at an alt. of 
 3568 ft. above sea-level, and about 700 ft above the pass below. 
 
 Kamamoto, garrison city, Japan, Kiushiu, cap. of prefecture 
 K., 50 m. E. by N. Nagasaki, vnth celebrated fortress of 
 enormous stones. The most populous city in Kiushiu ; centre 
 of the Higo rice trade ; accessible only to very small steamers. 
 Malaria prevalent P. 47,600. 
 
 Knm&n, tn., Hungary, co. TorontAl, dist Tbrok-Becse. 
 P. (comm.) 5500. 
 
 KamanoTO, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 16 m. NE. by 
 E. Ushkub. Alt. 1050 ft P. 5700 ; Christians, 4000 ; Moham. 
 1550 (G. 25). 
 
 Knmara, bor. , New Zealand, South I. , Westland co. , 10 m. 
 SSW. Greymouth. P. < 1500. 
 
 KnmilrkbilU, tn., India, Bengal, dist Nadiyd, in 23° 52' N., 
 89° 17* E. P. 6200 ; Hindus, 3700 ; Moham. 2400. 
 
 Knmassl, tn., W. Africa, cap. of Ashanti, 104 m. N. by W. 
 Cape Coast Castle. 
 
 Knmdnn, principal dist of K. div. , Brit India, NW. Provs. , 
 consisting of the sub-Himalayan ranges and the bhabhar or 
 waterless forest (10-15 ™- broad) between the mountains and 
 the Tarii. The valuable timber, under olBcial supervision, 
 includes sal, Himalayan pine, cypress, fir, &c.; there are mines 
 of iron, copper, gypsum, lead, and asbestos. Near the close of 
 the 18th century K. was seized by the Giirkha tribe, who sub- 
 sequently raided in neighbouring Brit. terr. In 1814 it was 
 finally decided to wrest K. from them and annex it to the Brit 
 possessions, as no legitimate claimant existed. In 1815 the 
 Giirkhas were escorted by our troops across the Kali, and the 
 British took possession of K. and GarhwdL Cap. Almora, 
 which was formerly also the name of the dist. See table, 
 Nortta-West Ptots. 
 
 Knmawn, tn. , W, Africa, Upper Guinea, 6° 58' N. , 1° 12' W, 
 
 Kninba, viL, Ger. W. Africa, Kamerun Terr., in about 
 4° 39' N. , 9° 28' E. 
 
 Knm-Baga, viL, Turkey in Europe, prov. and 8 m. SW. by 
 S. Tekirdagh (Rodosto), on the Sea of Marmora, 52 m. NE. 
 Gallipoli. 
 
 Kambtaakonam, tn. , India. See Combaconnm. 
 
 Kmnbber, or Kbnniber, tn., India, Rajputdna, 12 m. NW. 
 Bhartpur. P. (1881) 7300. 
 
 Knmbnkkan Aar, riv., SE. Ceylon, Uva prov., on which 
 extensive irrigation works are in progress. 
 
 Knmbnlcba, viL , E. Africa, in the Libeni country, in about 
 9° 2' N. , 37° 40' E. 
 
 Kumbaiii, or Gambiun, important lamassery, western 
 China, prov. Kansu, about 50 m. E. lake Koko-Nor, at the 
 N. base of a range of mountains separating the plateau on 
 which the lamassery stands from the valley of the Hwang-ho. 
 
 Knm Bnmn, cape, at the NE. end of Rhodes I. 
 
 Knme, the Komlsang of marine charts, one of the central 
 group of the Riukiu Is. 
 
 Knmeroa, settlement. New Zealand, North I., Waipawaco., 
 75 m. SW. Napier. 
 
 Knmli&rsaln, a hill state, India, Punjab, to the NE. of 
 Simla, bounded on the N. by the Sutlej. 
 
 KamilM, tn. , India. See Comlllata. 
 
 Kmnlsbeh, tn., Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 48 m. S. by EX 
 Ispahan. P. 4000. 
 
 KnmUgarh, fortress, India, in the NE. of the Punjab, 
 Mandi state, near the S. bank of the Beas, in 31° 48' N., 
 76° 43' E. It consists of a range of forts about 3 m. in length, 
 the principal rising on an isolated rock to 1500 ft. above the 
 river and about 3000 ft. above sea-level. 
 
 Kum Kalesl, fort, Asia Minor, at the western entrance of 
 the Dardanelles, opposite the fortress of Seddil-Bahr. P. 2000. 
 
 Knmmerow See, lake, Prussia, prov. Pomerania, and 
 gd. -duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 26 m. SW. Griefswald ; 
 an expansion of the Peene. Length, 7 J m.; breadth, 2 m.; 
 area, 14 sq. m. 
 
 Knmong, harb., Annam, E. ct, 13^° N. 
 
 Knmpta, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. N. Kdnara, 80 m. 
 SW. by S. Dhirwdr, with an open roadstead ; a place of large 
 trade before the opening of the railway from Dhdrwdr to 
 Marmagao (Goa). P. 10,700 ; Hindus, 9300. 
 
 Kamnljljia, tn., Turkey. See dttmilrjlna. 
 
 Knmyk, NE. dist. of prov. Terek, Russia, N. Caucasia, 
 near Caspian Sea. Peopled by about 15,000 Kumyks, a Tur- 
 kish stem (the Kamis, Kamaks, of antiquity), living chiefly on 
 cattle-breeding, and partly agriculture. 
 
 Knnagota, comm. , Hungary, co. Csanid, dist Kovdcshaza. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 KnnaleiHknya, viL, E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, 360 m. 
 SW. of Chita, on Khilok R. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Knnana, Kantrana, or Hoshette, tn. , S. African Republic, 
 Lichtenburg dist, 56 m. NE. Vryburg (Bechuana-land). 
 
KUNA— KURA 
 
 Knnanl, an independent republic, lying between the rivs. 
 Oyapok and Karseven, the Atlantic and the Tumuk-Humak 
 Mountains, S. of French Guiana. It has an area of some 
 23,000 sq. m., and a coast-line of nearly 200 m.; the latter 
 broken by the rivers named, and by the K. and the Kashpur 
 (Cachepour). The country is partly savanna, partly forest up- 
 lands, and enjoys a fine climate. Population, who have strong 
 French sympathies, embrace about 6000 uncivilised Indians 
 and 600 civilised people of mixed blood (Brazilians, Negroes, 
 Indians). Chief town of the settlement is K. (P. 300), founded 
 about i860. Agriculture, cattle-breeding, fishing, and hunting 
 are the chief occupations. 
 
 Kiinar, riv. and valley, Afghanistan. See Chltral Kiver. 
 
 Kanar Idldbad, dist., India, in the NE. of the native state 
 of Haidardbdd ; noted for its excellent cotton. 
 
 Knnaslilr, the southernmost of the Kurile Is., Japan, E. of 
 Yezo, 75 m. long by 10-20 m. broad. 
 
 Knnaylno, tn. , Russia, suburb of Nizhniy Novgorod ; very 
 populous during the fair. Permanent P. <5oco. 
 
 Knn^wdr, a native state, India, in the NE. of the Punjab, 
 between the Sutlej and the Brit. dist. of Kangra; a rugged 
 country 50 m. long by 40 m. broad. The population is mixed 
 Tibetan and Hindu, the northern villagers professing Buddhism, 
 the southern Hinduism. 
 
 K<knch, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Jalaun, 80 m. 
 WSW. Cawnpur. P. (1881) 13,700; (1891) 13,400; Hindus, 
 10,600 ; Moham. 2800. 
 
 K<inddlis, the western wall of the Nflgiri plateau, India, 
 Madras Presidency, rising abruptly from Malabar. 
 
 Hnnddrl, isl., India, Bombay Harb., vrith lighthouse (visible 
 19 m.) in 18° 42' N., 72° 48' E. 
 
 Knndlan, fortified tn. , Africa, upper Senegal, about 43 m. 
 SSE. Bafulabe, in enclosed plain entered only by four defiles. 
 
 Kundla, tn., India, Kdthiawar Penin., 50 m. NNE. Diu, 
 P. (1881) 6100. 
 
 Kniidn, stn. , French W. Africa, in 13° 4' N. , 8° 32' W. 
 
 Knndnz, tn. , Afghan-Turkistan , 92 m. W, by S. Faizabad ; 
 very unhealthy, dirty, and miserable. P. <20oo. 
 
 Knnelylseli, Jebel. See Lebanon. 
 
 Knnersdorf, viL, Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 10 m. NNE. 
 Frankfurt-on-the-Oder, the scene of one of the greatest battles 
 in the Seven Years' War, when Frederick the Great was de- 
 feated by the combined Russians and Austrians, Aug. 12, 1759. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Knne-vvald, vil. , Moravia, 21 m. S. by E. Troppau. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Knnewalde, vil., Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 7 m. SSE. 
 Bautzen, dist. Lobau ; has woollen manufactures (sailors' cloth- 
 ing, &c.), linen manufactures, and granite quarries. P. <400o. 
 
 Knng, tn., China, in the N. of prov. Honan, 305 m. NNE. 
 Ichang, 42 m. E. by N. Honan. 
 
 Kung, Scandinavian, 'king.' See Aowf. 
 
 Knngcheng, tn., western China, prov. Kansu, 124 m. SE. 
 Lanchou, near the source of the Wei-ho. P. 50,000. 
 
 Knngelf, viL, Sweden, on the Gota, prov. and 14 m. N. by 
 E. Gothenburg ($■.».). P. < 2000. 
 
 Knnges, riv. , China. See 111. 
 
 Knngrad, tn., Russian Central Asia, prov. Amu-daria, 40 
 m. S. of Lake Aral. P. <:3000. 
 
 Knngsbacka, vil., Sweden, prov. Halland, on the W. ct., 
 15 m. SSE. Gothenburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kangsbolm, fort, Sweden, prov. Blekinge, on a small island 
 on the S. ct. , 4 m. S. Karlskrona. 
 
 Knugsholmen, Swedish isl. in Lake Malar, containing part 
 of Stockholm. 
 
 Knngnr, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 58 m. SSE. of Perm, 
 on Sylva R. and Siberian highway ; tanneries and considerable 
 manufacture of boots, sent in great quantities all over the 
 Urals and Siberia. P. 12,400. 
 
 Knnb&r Rlrer, Brit. India. See K^&n. 
 
 KUn Hegyes, vil. , Hungary, 40 m. SSE. Erlau. P. 8500. 
 
 Kunl, New Caledonia. See Pines, Isle of. 
 
 Knnlakarl, tn., Africa, upper Senegal, 31 m. ENE. Medina, 
 one of the fortified places of the Segu empire. 
 
 Knnjah, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gujrdt, 70 m. N. by 
 W. Lahore. P. 5500; Moham. 3700; Hindus, 1500. 
 
 Knnjpnra, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Karnil, 47 m. 
 SSE. Ambala. P. (i88i)<sooo. 
 
 Knnjnt, or Kanjnt, valley to the NW. of India. See Hnnza. 
 
 Knnkels, or Gnngels, mt. pass between the Swiss cantons 
 St. Gall and Grisons, on the road from Ragaz up the Tamina 
 to Reichenau. Alt. 4435 ft. 
 
 Knnlon, vil. , Upper Burma, on the Salwfn. A railway from 
 Mandalay, via "Thibaw, has been projected and partially surveyed. 
 
 Klin Madaras, tn. , Hungary, 39 m. SE. by S. Erlau. P. 7700. 
 
 Knn-mlng, lake, China. See Tlen-chlh. 
 
 Knnnara, tn. , Tasmania. See Gould's Country 
 
 Knnnersdorf, vil., Prussia, Silesia, 37 m. ESE. Gorlitz, circle 
 and 2 m. SW. Hirschberg. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Knnnersdorf, Nleder, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 13^ m. SE. 
 Bautzen, circle and 2J m. S, by W. Lobau. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Knnnersdorf, Ober, vil., 2 m. to the S. P. <3ooo. 
 Knno, one of the Faroe Is. , E. of Ostero. 
 Ku-non, isl. , China Sea. See Pnlo-Condor. 
 
 Knnowltz, tn., Austria, Moravia, 40 m. SSE. Olmiitz, and 
 2 m. SSE. Uber Hradisch. P. <4000. 
 
 Knno-zau, mt. , Japan, Honshiu, SW. of Fuji-no-yama, near 
 Suruga Bay, commanding magnificent view. 
 
 JLioi. Szent Morton, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, prov. 
 Szolnok, 28 m. E. by S. Kecskemet. P. 12,600. 
 
 KAn Szent SUklbs, vil. , Hungary, 33 m. S. by E. Budapest. 
 P. (comm.) 8200. 
 
 Ktinikr, mt. sanitarium, India. See Coouoor. 
 
 Knnwald, comm., Austria, Bohemia, 30 m. E. by S. 
 Koniggratz, and 3 m. NE. by N. Senftenberg. P. <:3000. 
 
 Knuwaua, tn. , S. Africa. See Knnana. 
 
 Knnyaug-cbou, tn. , China, Yunnan, at the S. end of the 
 Tien-chih Lake, 27 m. S. by W. Yunnan-fu. 
 
 Knnya-nrgenj, tn., khanate, and 72 m. NW. of Khiva, 12 
 m. from 1. bk. of Amu, former cap. of Khwarezm, fallen into 
 decay since the Amu has deviated its course to the right. 
 Ruins of palaces and mosques, mausoleums of khans. New 
 town on a canal drawn from the Amu. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kilnzelsan, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wurtemberg, circle Jagst, on the 
 Kocher, 41 m. NE. Stuttgart. P. < 3000. 
 
 Knnzendorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt. Frank- 
 furt, circle and dist. Sorau, with lignite. P. <30oo. 
 
 Knnzendorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Breslau, circle 
 and dist. Neurode. P. < 3000. 
 
 Knoklncbang, important tin-mines in the SE. of prov. Yun- 
 nan, China, near Mengtsu, said to employ more than 1000 men. 
 
 Knoplo, govt., middle Finland, including N. Karelia; has 
 the Suomenselka in N. (800 ft.). Chief lakes, Pielis-jarwi, 
 Kalla-vesi, Ori-vesi, and Pyhaselka. Soil of moderate fertility. 
 Iron-works and saw-mills. Chief towns : Knoplo, on Kalla- 
 vesi, 182 m. by rail N. of Kouvola junction of St. Petersburg- 
 Helsingfors Rly. , P. 9150 ; and Joensnn, on Pyhaselka, railway 
 to Serdobol, on Lake Ladoga, P. < 5000. 
 
 Knpal, tn., India. See Kopal. 
 
 Knpang, tn., E. Archipelago, in the SW. of Timor I., on 
 the coast, cap. of the Dutch part of the island. 
 
 Kupfer, Ger. ; Koper, Dutch ; Kobber, Danish ; Koppar, 
 Swedish ; ' copper. ' 
 
 Knpferdreb, vil., Prussia, govt. Diisseldorf, circle Essen, 
 dist. W^erdon, on the Ruhr. P. <4000. 
 
 Knpferberg, tn. , Ger., Bavaria, govt. Upper Franconia, dist. 
 Stadtsteinach, with mines of sulphur and copper-pyrites and 
 serpentine quarry. P. < 2000. 
 
 Knplkln, tn., N. China, 62 m. NNE. Peking; military 
 station guarding the K. gate of the Great Wall. 
 
 Knplll, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Vizagapatam, on the 
 E. ct. , 48 m. NE. Vizagapatam. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kuppe, German, ' mountain- peak. ' §>&& Kopf. 
 
 Knppenhelm, urban comm., Ger., Baden, circle Baden, 3 
 m. S. by W. Rastatt. P. <3000. 
 
 Knpreanof, large isl. , Alaska, between i33°-i34° W., crossed 
 in the N. by 57° N., inhabited by Kakes, who in 1890 had two 
 small villages with a total population of 236. 
 
 Knpres, vil., Bosnia, prov. Travnik, 52 m. NE. by E. 
 Spalato. P. <2coo. 
 
 Kuprl, or Altnn-Koprn, vil. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 
 67 m. SE. Mosul, sanjak Kerkuk, on little Zab. P. (male) 
 1700. 
 
 Knpmln, tn. , European Turkey. See Koprttlii. 
 
 Kiips, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Franconia, 14 
 m. ESE. Koburg. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Knpnszlna, tn., Hungary, co. Bdcs-Bodrog, dist. Apatin. 
 P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Knpyansk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 78 m. SE. of Kharkov, 
 on Oskol R. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Knra, or Knr (the Cyrus, or Koros, of Greeks, Armenian 
 Kur, Turkish Ardaghan-chai), riv., Russia, Transcaucasia, 
 rises in Kysyrdagh ridge, in 40° 54' N., 42° 50' E. , in Kars 
 Prov., flows N. and NE. past Ardahan and near Akhaltsykh 
 from the plateau to the great valley which separates the main 
 Caucasus ridge from the Anti-Caucasus, then down this valley 
 past Gori, Tiflis, and Elisabethpol to the Caspian Sea. After 
 receiving the Arax from the right it enters the Caspian by 
 many mouths, some of which flow into the Kyzyl-agach Bay, 
 while the chief branch enters the sea at Bozhiy Promysel. 
 Apart from the Arax, its r. bk. tribs. are small mountain 
 streams. From the left it receives the Liyakhva in upper 
 course, Aragva above Tiflis, lora with Alazan, and many others. 
 Navigation possible for over 450 m. from its mouth. Con- 
 siderable fishing in lower course (Saliany, Shirvan, Shekinsk). 
 In antiquity the Kura and the Arax entered the Caspian Sea 
 separately. Length, 825 m. ; area of basin, 59,915 sq. m. 
 
 Knracbee, tn. , India. See Karachi. 
 
 Knr&l, or Kbnral (census), tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., 
 dist. Sagar, 78 m. NE. Bhopal. P. 6300 ; Hindus, 4700. 
 
 Knram, riv. , Afghanistan and Brit. India, rises in the former 
 
 841 
 
KURA — KURS 
 
 country, and flows first E. , S. of and parallel to the Safid Koh 
 range, from which it collects its chief headwaters, then SE. past 
 Thai, traversing the Sulaiman Mts. , and emerging from them 
 through the K. Pass, a few miles WNW. of Edwardisbad. It 
 then traverses the plains of the Punjab (Bannu dist.), where it 
 is largely used for irrigation, and enters the Indus in 32° 37' N. 
 
 Karam, or Knrram, fort, Afghanistan, to the N. of the 
 Kuram R., 78 m. SE. by E. Kabul. 
 
 Knramo, isl., W. Africa, in the Gulf of Guinea, off the 
 Slave Coast, with the town of Lagos at its W. end. Length, 
 40-50 m.; breadth, 5-6 m. 
 
 Koran, or Knrang, riv., Persia. See Karon. 
 
 Knranko, dist. , W. Africa. See Koranko. 
 
 Knraoll, tn. , Brit. India. See Korilnll. 
 
 Korasblkl, tn., Japan, Hohshiu, 85 m. W. Kobe. P. 7000. 
 
 Korashlmskly, copper-work, Russia, govt, and 38 m. SE. 
 of Perm. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Koratan-Boron, cape, Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, on the 
 Black Sea, in 42° 22' N. 
 
 Knraoll, or KoraoU (census), tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., 
 dist. Mainpuri, 75 m. SSW. Bareilly. P. 5300 ; Hindus, 4100 ; 
 Moham. 11 00. 
 
 Korayosbl, tn. , Japan, 95 m. N W. by W. Kobe, on the N. 
 ct. of Honshiu. P. 7100. 
 
 Korba, vil., Tunis, on the E. ct., 40 m. ESE. Tunis. P. 2000. 
 
 KorbatoTskoye, vil. , Russia, E. Siberia, govt, Yeniseisk, 73 
 m. WSW. of Krasnoyarsk, on Chulym R. P. < 5000. 
 
 Kor-cbe, riv., central Asia. See Klltyn. 
 
 Korchom Mountains, W. Siberia, branch of Altai ; chief 
 peak Konkai-bash, snow-clad. The Knrchuu R., r. bk. trib. 
 of Irtysh, flows at their base. 
 
 Kurdistan, part of the ancient Assyria, an ethnographic 
 region of western Asia, mostly between 34° and 40° N. , 39° and 
 47 E., extending from, and embracing both the headstreams 
 of the upper Euphrates and along the Russian border E. to 
 Mount Ararat, the upp)er course of the Tigris, and all the moun- 
 tainous country E. of this river to Lake Urumia, extending S. 
 to Luristan ; chiefly in the Turkish empire, and partly in Persia. 
 According to RawUnson, K. is divided into three regions : the 
 first, extending from Kharput and Erzinggan to Lake Van, com- 
 prises distinct chains with a direction from W. to E. , with fertile 
 valleys, forming an undulating plateau bounded SW. by the 
 Tigris, constituting a charming country, and containing several 
 large towns. The second region, extending southwards from 
 Lake Van, is essentially mountainous and of great elevation. 
 The third comprises the Turkish dist. of Suleimanie and the 
 Persian provs. of Ardelan and Kermanshah ; here the country 
 has its least breadth, and the mountains are more "moderate in 
 height, bounded on the E. by the fertile plains of Irak-Ajemi, 
 and on the W. by those bordering the Tigris. The Kurds are 
 a wild, pastoral race, and to a great extent nomadic ; pro- 
 fessedly Mohammedans of the Sunni sect. It is only in southern 
 K., however, that the population is exclusively Kurdish, as north 
 of Mosul there is also a large Christian population. Area about 
 74,000 sq. m. See The Geographical Journal, vol. iii. p. 81, 
 with map, scale i : 3,000,000. 
 
 Kore, important stn. of the Japanese navy, 12 m. SSE. Hiro- 
 shima, on the N. shore of Inland Sea, in 132° 35' E. , romantically 
 situated at the base of the hills of the prov. of Aki. Near, on 
 the barren isl. of Etajima, stands the Imperial naval college. 
 
 Korelka, riv., E. Siberia, prov. Yeniseisk, rises in hilly 
 region beyond the Polar Circle, flows SW. over 350 m. , joins 
 Yenisei below Turukhansk. 
 
 Kuren, Mongolian, 'collection of buildings arranged in a 
 circle. ' 
 
 Korg, prov. , India. See Coorg. 
 
 Korgan, dist. tn. , W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, 195 m. SE. of 
 Ekaterinburg, on L bk. Tobol. P. 9300. 
 
 Knrgannaya, viL , Russia, N. Caucasia, prov, Kuban, 70 m. 
 WSW. Sta\Topol, on Laba R. P, 7200. 
 
 Korgan-tobe, fort, Bukhara, 260 m. SE. of it, on L bk. 
 Kafimagan R. 
 
 Korgos, small isl. in the Nile, below Shendi in Nubia, with 
 pyramid dist. , regarded by Riippell and Lepsius as that of Meroe. 
 
 Karhnrbaree, India. See KarharbArl. 
 
 Karlagaon, vil. , Brit. India, .^sam, dist. Darrang, on Lohit 
 R. , 86 m. SW. by W. Dibrugarh. 
 
 Knrta Maria, group of five lofty rocky islets off the SE. ct. 
 of Arabia, in 17^° N. , 56° E. , ceded to the British by the Imam 
 of Maskat to afford a landing-place for the Red Sea telegraph 
 cable. Guano collected. 
 
 Koriet-el'Anab, tn. , Palestine, Kirjath in the O. T. , 31° 49' 
 N. , 35° 6' E. , 8 m. W, by N. Jerusalem. 
 
 Knrlle Islands (from the Russian Kurity, ' to smoke ; ' 
 Japanese name Chlsbima, ' the thousand isles '), group of about 
 25 isls. belonging to Japan in the N. Pacific, extending from 
 Kamchatka to Yezo. The Kuriles form a continuation of the 
 volcanic mountains of E. Asia. The interior is forest ; the 
 streams abound in salmon (August-December), and bears are 
 plentiful The inhabitants live mostly by bunting and fishing, the 
 842 
 
 products of which they barter to Russian, American, Japanese 
 and Dutch traders. Chief isls., Iturup (Etorofu), Kunashiri 
 Paramushir, Urup, and Amakutan. The chief port of Iturup 
 is Shana, on the N. side of the island. 
 
 Korlscbes Haff, lagoon of Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, of trian- 
 gular shape, between 54° 53' and 55° 42' N. , 20° 32' and 21° 24' 
 E. , separated from the Baltic Sea by the Knrlsche Xebrang^ 
 a tongue of sand 58 m. in length by i-ij^ m. broad, and at 
 the N. extremity of which it communicates with the Baltic by 
 a very narrow passage, on which Memel is situated. Length 
 of the Haff, 58 m. ; greatest breadth (at S. end), 29 m. ; depth 
 nowhere more than 30 ft. It receives the Memel R. by two 
 arms, the Minge and the Dange. 
 
 KurlTlknlam, tn., India, Madras, dist. Tinnevelli, in 9° 11' 
 N., 77° 42' E. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kor>kara-nsn, tn. , central Asia, Dzungaria, 175 m. WNW. 
 Urumtsi. P. 3000. 
 
 Knrla, tn., Brit. India, Salsette I., on the S. ct., 8 m. NNE. 
 Bombay, with which it is connected by the Sion Causeway ; has 
 large cotton mills. Thana dist. P. 11,500; Hindus, 8000. 
 
 Kurla, or Korla, tn. , central Asia, in the Tarim basin, in 
 about 41° 45 N. , 86° 30' E. P. 6000. 
 
 Korlak, vil. , Russia, govt, and 60 m. ESK. of Voronezh ; 
 distilleries. P. 5000. 
 
 Korlyk-Xor, lake, central Asia, Tibet, about 155 m. W. 
 Kuku-Nor, in 37° 20' N.; water brackish, but fit to drink. Alt. 
 9000 ft. 
 
 Kormol, site, Palestine, Carmel of Judah in the O. T. , 3i* 
 36' N., 35° 8' E., 7 m. S. by E. El Khulil (ancient Hebron), 
 
 Ko3miysb, dist. tn. , Russia, govt. Simbirsk, 90 m. ESE, of 
 Nizhniy Novgorod, on 1. bk. Sura. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kiirnbacb, vil. , Ger. , on the frontier of Baden and Wiirtem- 
 berg ; in two portions, one 7 m. ENE. Bretten. P. (joint) <20oo, 
 
 Komlk, tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, circle and dist. Schrimm. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Knrnool, tn. , India. See Kamol. 
 
 Knronibangara, isL , Solomon group. See New Georgia. 
 
 Kurosawa jlri, viL , Japan, Honshiu, no m. S. by E. Aomori, 
 small steamers sometimes ascend the Kitakami-gawa to this 
 place. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kuro Sblwo, sea-current. Pacific. See Oceans. 
 
 Korow^, tn.. New Zealand, South I., Waitaki co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Waitaki, 46 m. SW. by W. Timaru. P. <isoo. 
 
 Korracbee. See Karikcbl. 
 
 Knrrajong (Kortb and Sootb), settlement. New South 
 Wales, CO. Cook, 46 m. NW. Sydney. 
 
 Korrajong Helgbts (Nortbfleld), post-vil., New South 
 Wales, CO. Cook, about 46 m. W. by N. Sydney. P. < 1500. . 
 
 Korram, fort and riv. , Afghanistan. See Koram. 
 
 Korsanda, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Muttra, 15 m. 
 N. Agra. P. (1881) 6000. 
 
 Korsat, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Unao, 30 m. W. Luck- 
 now. P. 6500 ; Hindus, 4400 ; Moham. 2000. 
 
 Korsk, govt. , middle European Russia, in the S. of Moscow, 
 has Orel on N. , Voronezh on E. , Kharkov on S. , and Chernigov 
 on W. Surface an undulating and ravinated plateau, attaining 
 from 700 to 1016 ft. of alt. , and assuming a hilly aspect in the 
 neighbourhoods of the deeply cut in river-valleys. Rocks, 
 Cretaceous and Eocene, covered with boulder-clay. Phospho- 
 rites, chalk, millstones, ironstone, and potter's clay extracted. 
 Soil, mostly rich black earth. Watered by the Seim (trib. of 
 Dnieper) ; the Psiol, Oskol, Vorskla, N. Donets, &c. , take origin 
 on the Kursk plateau, or water it in their upper courses. Forests 
 cover not more than one-tenth of surface. Climate dry and 
 relatively moderate, the average temp, at K., 850 ft. alt., being, 
 yr- 39°. Jan. 13°, July 66°; rfall. (yr. ) 17 in. (9.7 in. in summer). P. 
 entirely Russian (76 per cent. Great Russians, 24 per cent. Little 
 Russians), settled mostly in large villages. Agriculture chief 
 occupation, most of area being under crops, and considerable 
 quantities of wheat, r>-e, barley, &c. , being exported. Fruits and 
 garden produce raised for export. A great variety of domestic 
 trades carried on in villages — pottery, weaving, boots, felt goods. 
 Manufactures begin to develop (woollen cloth mills, sugar-works, 
 tanneries, distilleries, flour-mills). Active trade in grain, hemp, 
 hempseed oil, sheepskins, hides, tallow, felt goods, wax and 
 honey, exported. Divided into fifteen dists. : Kursk, Byelgorod, 
 Graivoron, Dmitriev, Fatezh, Korocha, Lgov, Novyi Oskol, 
 Oboyaii, Putivl, Rylsk, Staryi Oskol, Sudzha, Tim, and Shchigry. 
 Area, 17,937 sq. m. P. (1862) 1,893,597; (1891) 2,666,573. 
 
 Korsk, tn. , Russia, cap. prov. K. , 333 m. by rail SSW. of 
 Moscow, at junction of Moscow-Sebastopol and Kiev- Voronezh 
 mainlines. Very old town of Russia (early nth century). Flour- 
 mills, tanneries ; extensive gardens and nurseries ; consider- 
 able trade in grain, flour, tallow, hides, hemp, bristle, &c., 
 bought in neighbouring govts, and shipped to St. Petersburg. 
 Seat of the Korennaya fair, one of the chief fairs of middle 
 Russia, showing returns of about ;^i ,000,000. Mean rfall. (18 
 yrs.), yr. 17.0 in., May-Aug. 0.7 in. P. with suburbs, 463,050. 
 
 KorSonillJa (kiu^humliya), vil., Servia, prov. Toplica, on 
 riv. Toplica, 35 m. SW. by W. Nish. P. <2ooo. 
 
KURT — KUTE 
 
 I 
 
 Kart>aga, vil. , western Greece, prov, Akarnania and ^tolia, 
 about lo m. NE. Mesolonggi, in the valley of the Phidaris ; 
 according to Leake, near the vil. is the site of the ancient Kalydon. 
 
 Kttrten, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Wipperfiirth, i6 
 m. NE. by E. Cologne. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Knrtics, comm. , Hungary, co. and dist Arad. P. 6600. 
 
 Knrtka, fort, Russian Turkistan, prov. Syr-daria, in Tian 
 Shan Mts. , 305 m. E. of Tashkent. 
 
 Kuru, Turkish, 'arid,' 'barren.' 
 
 Knru, small riv. , French Guiana, entering the Atlantic in 52° 
 40' W. K. town stands on the L bk. Entrance to it is barred 
 by a sandbank. 
 
 Kum-Burnn, cape, Turkey in Europe, on the Black Sea, 
 in 41° 52' N., with a lighthouse, visible 15 m. 
 
 Knm Cbesme, vil., Turkey in Europe, on the Bosporus, 4 
 in. NE. by N. Constantinople. 
 
 Knrukshetra, holy tract and place of pilgrimage, India, 
 Punjab, in dists. Ambdla and Karnal ; chief centres of pilgrim- 
 age the towns of Thdnesar and Pihoia. 
 
 Knru Knh, mt., Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 15 m. NW. by 
 W. Kashan. Alt. 12,000 ft. 
 
 Knr'nman, mission stn., tn. , and dist., in the Brit. Crown 
 Colony of Bechuana-land, tOAvn about 90 m. W. by S. Vryburg ; 
 seat of a resident magistrate. 
 
 Kurame, tn. , Japan, Kiushiu, 50 m. N E. Nagasaki. P. 24,000. 
 
 KurnndifM, tn., India, Bombay, cap. K. state, j-j m. W. 
 Bijdpur, with a municipality. P. (1881) 7100. 
 
 Kurnnegala, tn. , Ceylon, NW. Provs. , 24 m. NW. Kandy. 
 One of the ancient caps, of Ceylon, and from 1319-47 the 
 residence of its kings ; also sacred as a place of pilgrimage to 
 Buddhists, who come to adore a footprint of Buddha. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kurnsh, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Daghestan, 42 m. 
 SW. Derbent, on Ghjoir-ghyur R. P. 5000. 
 
 Knrwal, tn., Central India, cap. K. state, agency, and 71 m. 
 NNE. Bhopdl. P. (1881) 3000-5000. 
 
 Knrzolarl, islets, Greece. See Ekhlnades. 
 
 Kns, tn. , Upper Egypt, prov. Keneh, in 26° N. , on the site 
 of the ancient Apollinopolis Parva. P. (1882) 10,300. 
 
 Kas, Wadl el, riv. , Morocco. See Lnkkos. 
 
 Knsadak, vil., Servia, circle Podunavlje, 20 m. S. by W. 
 Semendria. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kusal, isl. , Pacific. See llalan. 
 
 Knsan, tn. , China, isl. of Formosa, on the W. ct. , about 6 
 m. N. Takao. 
 
 Kusatsn, the coolest of Japan's summer resorts, 25 m. E. by 
 N. Kyoto ; free from mosquitoes ; with medicinal waters bene- 
 ficial in rheumatism and other diseases. Some of the springs 
 range from I i3°-i3o° F. Alt. 3800 ft. P. < 5000. 
 
 Knsel, tn. , Ger. , Bavarian Palatinate, circle K. , 48 m. W. 
 Mannheim, 17 m. WNW. Kaiserslautern. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Knsli Adasl (Turkish, Italian Scala Nnova), seapt., in the 
 W. of Asia Minor, 40 m. S. by E. Samos, vilayet and sanjak 
 Smyrna. P. 6900. 
 
 Knshan Pass. See Hindu Kusb. 
 
 Knshclievskaya, Cossack vil., N. Caucasia, prov. Kiiban, 
 54 m. by rail S. of Rostov, on 1. bk. Kuban. P. 6560. 
 
 Kush'iro, tn., Japan, on the SE. ct. of Yezo, 205 m. ENE. 
 Hakodate, cap. of K. Prov. The port is the nearest to the 
 sulphur mines of Yezo, and is one at which foreign vessels 
 chartered by Japanese subjects are permitted to load exports, 
 such as rice, wheat, sulphur, and coal, the bulk of which is 
 great in proportion to value, direct for foreign countries. 
 
 Kushlar-Dagh, mt. , Turkey in Europe, in the Rhodope 
 Mts. , 55 m. S. Philippopolis. Alt. 7145 ft. 
 
 Knslitl^, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Nadiyd, on the r. bk. 
 of the Ganges, 60 m. ESE. Murshidabdd. P. 11,200; Moham. 
 6000; Hindus, 5100. 
 
 KusIiTa, crown iron-work, Russia, govt, and 194 m. by rail 
 E. of Perm. Mount Blagodat close by. P. <sooo. 
 
 Knsi, Koosee, Kosl, or Rosllla, riv., India, rises in the 
 Himalayas of Nepal, in 28° 25' N., 86° 11' E. , flows SW. , then 
 SE. , and finally S. , entering the Ganges in 25° 22' N. , 87° 19' E. ; 
 remarkable for its rapid course and the westerly movement of its 
 southward flowing portion, which is now 50 m. W. of its position 
 in the early part of the i8th century. Liable to destructive 
 floods ; difficult of navigation. Total length, 325 m. 
 
 KusllJeYO (kushilyevo), vil., Servia, circle and 14 m. ENE. 
 PoJarevac, 47 m. E. by S. Belgrade. P. <4000. 
 
 Knsln^gara, vil. , India. See Kasla. 
 
 Knslye, Upper Egypt. See Koslye. 
 
 Kuskokwlm, or Kusko^ulm, riv., Alaska, flows SW. more 
 than 500 m. into K. Bay, navigable 300 m. up. 
 
 Kiisnach, comm., Switzd., cant, and 4 m. SSE. Zurich, on 
 the E. side of Lake Ziirich. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Riissnacli, comm., Switzd., cant. Schwiz, 6\ m. ENE. 
 Lucerne, at the head of an arm of the Lake of Lucerne, famous 
 in the legend of William Tell as the place where he escaped 
 from Gessler. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Kusso'wlee, tn. , India. See Kasanll. 
 
 Kiisteudll, tn. , Bulgaria. See Kostendll. 
 
 Kusteujl, Roumanian Constanja (konstantsa), seapt., Rou- 
 mania, Dobruja, cap. prov. K. , on the coast, 33 m. ESE. 
 Chernavoda, with which it is connected by rail. The German 
 colony of Anadolkhioi is 2 m. to the NW. K. stands almost 
 on the site of the ancient Tomi, Ovid's place of exile and death ; 
 as a Genoese seaport known as Constantia. Depth on bar 18-20 
 ft. , depth alongside 20 ft. P. 8000. 
 
 Kiistenland (' coast land'), prov., Austria. See Coast Pro- 
 Tlnce. 
 
 Kiistrlii, fortified tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle 
 Konigsberg, 19 m. N. by E. Frankfurt, on the r. bk. of the 
 Oder at the confluence of the Warthe. The fortress of K. , 
 which dates from the latter part of the i6th century, covers 
 Berlin on the E. It was taken by the French without resistance 
 in 1806, and held by them till 1814. Manufactures of machinery 
 and cigars. P. (1816)6000; (1890) 16,600; comm. P. 16,700. 
 
 Kuta1>dl4, isl. and lighthouse (visible 17 m.), India, Bengal, 
 off Chittagong, with embankments more than 40 m. long to 
 prevent incursions of the sea. 
 
 Kntala, or Kyutahlya, the ancient Cotixum, tn., Asiatic 
 Turkey, prov. Brusa, 39° 24' N. , 30° 19' E. , with large ancient 
 fortress, and several Christian churches. P., chiefly Moham- 
 medans, also Greeks and Armenians, 6000. 
 
 Kutals, govt., Russia, Transcaucasia, on E. ct. of Black 
 Sea, including the valley of the Rion, the SW. slopes of the 
 main Caucasus ridge in the SukhumkaJe div. , and the newly 
 annexed parts of Asiatic Turkey, in dists. Artvin and Batum ; 
 has the Russian provs. of Kubaii and Terek on N. , Tiflis and 
 Kars on E. and SE. , Asiatic Turkey on SW. , and Black Sea on 
 W. Consists of several parts, very different in their physical 
 characters : (a) the low and fertile valley of the Rion and the 
 Kvirila (Imeretia and Mingrelia), between the main Caucasus 
 ridge and the Anti-Caucasus, separated from the valley of the 
 middle and lower Kura by the Meskhi ridge, which is crossed 
 at Suram by the Poti-Baku Rly. ; (b) the Alpine slopes of the 
 main Caucasus ridge (Svanetia, Racha, Lechgum, and partly 
 Samurzakan), which gradually rises from the lowlands to over 
 io,oco ft. high snow-clad peaks, and consists of a labyrinth 
 of chains, with occasional broad valleys and plateaux ; (c) the 
 steep slopes of the main ridge towards the Black Sea in Sukhum 
 region (Abhazia, Tsebilda), thickly clothed with forests, and leavr 
 ing but a narrow inhabitable strip along the sea-coast , where beau- 
 tiful fruit-gardens are now laid up ; and [d) the high plateaux, 
 over 5000 ft., of Adzhara (Ajara) and Lazistan, on the Trans- 
 caucasian plateau, falling steeply towards the Black Sea, in the 
 Batum region. Watered by the Rion, with its tribs. Kvirila, 
 Tskhenis-tskhali, and many others ; the Ingur, Kodor, Bzeba, 
 and many small streams in NW., and the Chorokh in SW. 
 Coal is extracted at Tkvibuli, and porphyries in dist. Ozurgeti ; 
 promising naphtha wells have lately been discovered. Exports 
 of manganese ore rapidly gi^own up (2,750,000 cwts.) ; copper, 
 silver, and zinc ores. Climate very varied, but altogether dis- 
 tinguished by an exceedingly great amount of rain, often tor- 
 rential. Dry and cold in the mountains. The average temps, are : 
 Kutais (473 ft.), yr. 58°, Jan. 40°, July 73°, and very much the 
 same at Poti and Sukhum ; Batum, yr. 59°, Jan. 41.5°, July 75° ; 
 while at Suram (2394 ft.) they are: yr. 50°, Jan. 29°, July 68°. 
 The yearly rainfall attains as much as 55.8 in. at Kutais, 65.7 in. 
 at Poti, 81.4 in. at Sochi, and 94.1 in. at Batum. The land, which 
 is mostly owned in very small plots, is well cultivated, parts of K. 
 being as well utilised as in Italy. Population chiefly Georgian, 
 Armenian (15,000), Tatars (29,000), Jews (8000), and Russians. 
 Indian com and wheat are the chief crops, the average crops 
 being 866,000 quarters of Indian com, and 65,000 quarters of 
 wheat. Vineyards cover 80,000 ac. ; some cotton-tree plantations ; 
 bee-culture; silkworm culture ; beautiful forests ; timber exported. 
 Apart from kerosene refineries and a few saw-mills, there are no 
 manufactures, but a variety of domestic trades is carried on in 
 villages. Crossed by a railway from Poti and Batum to Tiflis 
 and Baku, with branches to Tkvibuli coal-mines and Chiaturi. 
 For administrative purposes, the three dists. (okrug) of Sukhum, 
 Batum, and Artvin are under separate military governors. The 
 remainder is divided into seven dists.: Batum, Zugdidi, Lechgum 
 (chief town Lailashi), Ozurgeti, Racha, Sharopan, and Senakh. 
 Area, 13,968 sq. m. P. (1890) 998,620. 
 
 Kutais, tn., Russia, cap. govt. K., 151 m. by rail NW. of 
 Tiflis, on both banks of Rion, connected together by an iron 
 bridge. Supposed to have existed under the name of Kotati, or 
 Kotatis, 1200 B.C.; renamed in 806 a.d. Occupied by Russians 
 in 1773. Ruins of old cathedral ; good botanical garden. Mean 
 rfaU. (14 yrs.), yr. 55.8 in. P. (1861) 6589 ; (1892) 22,650. 
 
 Kntang, vil. , French W. Africa, in 12° 26 N. , 13° 15' W. 
 
 Kutann, seapt. , W. Africa. See Kotonu. 
 
 Kutao Islands, near the E. ct. of Korea, in Broughton Bay. 
 
 Kntbal, vil. , Brit. India, Punjab,dist. and 19m. W. Rawal Pindi. 
 
 Knteb, India. See Cntch. 
 
 Kutcher, vil. , Brit. Baluchistan, 100 m. NE. Jacobdbdd. 
 
 Kntel (Dutch spelling Koetel), tn. , Dutch Borneo, on one of 
 the mouths of the riv. Kutei, 275 m. NE. Banjermassin, in about 
 0° 48' S. 
 
 843 
 
KU T E 
 
 K W A N 
 
 Kntel, or Kott, riv. , E. Borneo, called in its upper (mountain) 
 course the Mabakkam, enters Macassar Strait by a delta after a 
 course of about 400 m. , for 185 of which it is navigable for boats 
 of 10 ft. draught. Several small coalfields near its banks. 
 
 Knt-el-Amara, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet, sanjak, and 65 
 m. SE. Bagdad ; now a tolerably brisk river-port. P. 4100 ; 
 Moham. 4000. 
 
 Kntb&r, one of the Simla Hill States, India. 
 
 Kntl, vil. , Tibet. See Nilain- Joug. 
 
 Kntly&na, tn., India, Bombay, Kathidwar, in 21° 38' N., 70° 
 10' E. P. (1881) 8200. 
 
 Kntlftneh, site, Palestine, perhaps the /oktkeel (of Judah) of the 
 O. T. , 31° 50' N. , 35° 53' E. , 5 m. NE. by E. the ancient Heshbon. 
 
 Kntno, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 83 m. W. of 
 Warsaw, on railway to Berlin ; centre for several important 
 sugar-works. P. 9900. 
 
 Kntomara, silver-mine, E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, 53 
 m. W. of Nerchinskiy Zavod ; mineral waters. 
 
 Katsopodbl, Greece. See Kontsopodlon. 
 
 Kattenberg (Chekh Knttnabora), tn., Austria, Bohemia, 
 31 m. SW. Koniggratz, and 6 m. NW. by W. Caslau, vnth 
 lead and copper mines, cotton spinning, and manufactures of 
 calico and sugar. Formerly one of the most noted silver-mining 
 towns in the world. P. 13,600. 
 
 Knttenplan, comm., Bohemia, 21 m. SE. Eger. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kntnl, vil. , E. Siberia, govt. Irkutsk, 105 m. ESE. Nizhne- 
 udinsk, on Siberian highway. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Katnlik, vil., E. Siberia, govt, and near Irkutsk. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Katnsoir, isls. , Pacific. See Utlrik. 
 
 Kuty, tn., Austria, Galicia, on the Czeremosz, .35 m. W. 
 Czernowitz. P. 6400. 
 
 Knty Stare, vil., Austria, Galicia, dist. Kuty. P. <4000. 
 
 Kntztown, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Berks co., 13 m. NE. 
 by N. Reading. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Knvan-darla, branch of Syr-darta. 
 
 KuTansai and Knvanto, regions, Japan. See Hakone. 
 
 KnTO, riv., W. Africa, Lower Guinea, Benguela, enters the 
 Atlantic 100 m. S. of the Kwanza. 
 
 Knwana, tn., Japan, 55 m. E. by N. Kyoto. P. 16,300. 
 
 Knwl, tn., Siam, near the W. ct. of the Gulf of Siam, 70 m. 
 S. Pechaburi, in about 12° 5' N. 
 
 Knyallnsk, or HaJl-bei-Uman, brackish lake near to the 
 Black Sea coast, 5 m. from Odessa ; salt occasionally extracted. 
 
 Knylenbnrg, tn. See Knleuborg. 
 
 Knyniii, riv., S. America. See Cnynnl. 
 
 Knynnjik, site of ancient Nineveh, Turkey in Asia, prov. and 
 2 m. E. Mosul. See Nineveh. 
 
 Knz&b, site, Palestine, Chusi'xn. the O. T,, 32° 8' N., 35° 15' 
 E. , 6 m. S. Nablus. 
 
 Knzborskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kubaii, dist. Maikop, SE. of Ekaterinodar. P. 7300. 
 
 Knzmln, tn., Austria, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Sriem, dist. 
 Mitrovica. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Kuznetsk, dist. tn., W. Siberia, govt, and 210 m. SE. of 
 Tomsk, on upper Tom R. P. 5800. 
 
 Kuznetsk, dist. tn., European Russia, 150 m. NNE. of 
 Saratov, 74 m. by rail E. of Penza ; manufacture of agricul- 
 tural implements, wooden go»ds, carriages, &c., shipped to the 
 woodless parts of SE. Russia. P. 23,500. 
 
 Knznetskly Alatan. See Alatan. 
 
 Kvalii (' whale island'), isl. , Norway. See Hammerfest. 
 
 KTalo, Nortb, isl. , Norway, 32 m. N. Tromso, N. of Ring- 
 vatso I. 
 
 Kvalo, Sontb, isl. , NW. ct. Norway, W. of Tromso, sepa- 
 rated from the mainland by a narrow channel. 
 
 Krarell, vil., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 65 m. NE. 
 of Tiflis, dist. Telav. P. 3550. 
 
 KTltlri, vil., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and dist. of Kutais. 
 P. <500o. 
 
 Kwa, Annamese and Tongkinese prefix, ' river-moutti,' 'a 
 bay,' or ' port.' 
 
 K-wa, or Kbwa, tn. , Burma, dist. Sandoway, on the K. , 53 
 m. N. by W. Bassein ; has a little coasting-trade. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kwa, riv., Congo Free State, formed by the union of the 
 Kassai from the SE. and the Kwango from the S., 3° 11' S., 
 17° 30' E., flows W. into the Congo, which it joins at Mununu 
 (Kwamouth) in 3° 13' S., 16° 13' E.; navigable throughout. 
 
 Kwa, small riv.. Lower Burma, forming a portion of the 
 boundary between the Arakan and Iriwadi divs. 
 
 Kwa-, or Pa-, a prefix frequently occurring in S. African 
 names, meaning 'village of.' For names beginning with this 
 prefix, see the second part of the name. 
 
 Kfracbon, tn. , China, prov. Kiangsu, on the Yangtse-kiang, 
 opposite Chinkiang, at the point of junction of the Grand Canal. 
 It is the Caiju of Marco Polo. 
 
 Kwa-bol, estuary, Annam. See Song-ka. 
 
 Kwaibn Bay, Brit. E. Africa, in 2° S., N. of Pata I. 
 
 Kwa-kam, riv. mouth, Tongking, NE. of the Doson Penin., 
 in ao° 46' N. , the approach to the port of Haifong. 
 
 Kwakwa, riv., Portuguese E. Africa. See KlUmane. 
 844 
 
 Kwala, Malay, ' mouth of a river.' 
 
 Kwala Kaiigsa, tn. , Malay Penin. , in the Brit. Protectorate 
 of Perak, on the r. bk. of the riv. Perak, in 4° 46' N., 100° 53' 
 E. ; in a picturesque valley, and with the palaces of the Raja 
 and the English Resident. 
 
 Kwala Lnmpor, tn. , Malay Penin. , cap. Brit. Protectorate of 
 Selangor, near head of Klang R., in alDout 3° 12' N., ioi° 53' E. 
 
 Kwamontta, Congo Free State. See Kwa. 
 
 Kwan, Chinese, 'barrier,' 'pass.' 
 
 Kwa-uamtrin, riv. mouth, Tongking, in 20° 50' N., 106° 
 48' E. 
 
 Kwanchingtsn, tn. , Manchuria, 73 m. WN W. Kirin, with 
 considerable trade, especially in opium and indigo. P. (1864) 
 70,000. 
 
 Kwando, riv. , Africa. See Cbobe. 
 
 Kwang, Chinese, ' wide space,' hence ' territory.' 
 
 Kwang, tn., China, prov. Honan, 123 m. NNE. Hankow. 
 
 Kwang-blnb, or Dong-bol, fortified tn., Annam, cap. of 
 K. prov., 75 m. NW. Hu6, in 17^° N, 
 
 Kwangbsl-cbon, tn. , China, Yiinnan, 74 m. ESE. Yiinnan-fu. 
 
 Kwang-Jn, tn., Korea, 120 m. W. Fusan. 
 
 Kwang-jn, tn. , Korea, 15 m. SE. Soul. 
 
 Kwang>naiii, or Qnang-nam, tn., Annam, cap. K. prov., 
 60 m. SE. Hu6, about 15° 50' N. , 9 m. from the coast, on two 
 islands formed by Kwang-nam R. P. 4000-5000. 
 
 Kwangnan-fn, tn., China, in the SE. of Yunnan, near the 
 frontier of Kwangsi, 220 m. N. by W. Hanoi (Tongking). Alt. 
 4310 ft. (Bourne). 
 
 Kwang-ngal, tn., Annam, 9 m. from the E. ct., 120 m. 
 SE. Hu6, cap. K. prov. 
 
 Kwangngan-cbou, tn., central China, prov. Siichwan, 62 
 m. N. Chungking, in a lovely plain in which the opium poppy 
 is grown. 
 
 Kwang-ning, tn., China, prov. Kwangtung, 80 m. NW. 
 by W. Canton. 
 
 Kwang>nlng-blen, tn. , Manchuria, prov. Liautung, 45 m. 
 NNW, Newchwang. 
 
 Kwango, riv. , S. Africa, rises in Angola, flows N. , forming 
 the boundary between Congo Free State and Angola, from 
 8°-5° 50' S., in 4° S. turns NE. and unites with the Kassai 
 to form the Kwa ; navigable up to the rocky barrier of Kingunji, 
 in 5° S.; discharge 145,000 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Kwangplng, tn., China, in the SW, of prov. Pechili, 210 m. 
 SW. by S. Tientsin. 
 
 Kwangsln, tn., China, prov. Kiangsi, 150 m. W. by N. 
 Wenchow, on the Kin-kiang. 
 
 Kwangsbnn-cbon, tn. , China, Kweichou, 39 m. SW. Kwei- 
 yang-fu. 
 
 Kwang-sl, prov., S. China, between 22° and 26° N., 104° 40' 
 and 112° E., bordering on Tongking. It is almost entirely 
 comprised in the basin of the Si-kiang [Cbina, rivers], the main 
 stream of which (the Hun-shui) traverses the centre of the prov. 
 from W. to E. Surface mountainous, highest in the W, On 
 the N. boundary the Nan-shan forms a series of parallel ridges, 
 in which the Pingyi-shan reaches the jserpetual snow-line. Climate 
 is cold and humid, with great variations of temperatvu-e. The 
 soil is not very fertile, and on the whole the country is poor. 
 Mountains are covered with forests, producing valuable timber 
 and cinnamon of excellent quality. The plains, which are con- 
 fined to the narrow spaces bordering the rivers, are almost 
 exclusively in the E. Gold, silver, copper, lead, and tin exist 
 in the mountains, but are not worked to any advantage, except 
 silver, near Kweichou ; the country round Po-se is said to be 
 one vast bed of coal. The prov. is one of the least densely 
 populated in China ; the people are mostly Chinese in the eastern 
 plains, whilst the mountains are inhabited by the half-savage 
 Miao-tse, who are quite independent of the Chinese government. 
 In the W. the bulk of the population are Shans, the Chinese 
 having been destroyed in the great Taiping rebellion. The 
 chief articles of commerce are timber, indigo, sugar, and tea ; 
 but the foreign trade is very unimportant, owing to the poverty 
 of the country, the hostility to foreigners, and the want of security. 
 Cap. Kweilin-fu. Area, 77,220 sq. m. P. (estimated 1890) 
 5,200,000. See Cblna, table. 
 
 Kwangtnng, maritime prov. , S. China, on the China Sea, 
 with a very extensive coast-line extending to and bordering on 
 Tongking, and comprising the large island of Hainan [q.v.). 
 The coast is much indented by bays, affording excellent harbours, 
 the principal being the Gulf of Canton or Canton R. [q.v. ) ; and 
 numerous small islands lie in proximity to the shores. Surface 
 mountainous, tiuversed by several chains, generally parallel to 
 the coast, whilst the Nan-shan forms all the N. boundary. The 
 hydrographic system is well developed, and all parts of the prov. 
 can be reached by navigable rivers and canals, which constitute 
 the only ways of communication and commerce. Three large 
 rivers intersect the prov. from W. , N., and E. , the Si-kiang, 
 the Pe-kiang, and the Tung-kiang, which unite at the Canton 
 R. by numerous arms and channels, forming a delta nearly 120 
 m. in extent. Climate very variable, following the alternations 
 of the monsoons ; humidity is in general very great, and in the 
 
KWAN — KYAU 
 
 delta, where there is much stagnant water in the channels, fever, 
 dysentery, and other similar maladies are common. The soil 
 of the mountainous regions, which form the greater part of the 
 prov. , is too stony for successful cultivation ; the plains and 
 valleys are fertile, and generally well cultivated. Two and three 
 crops of corn are produced in the year, which, however, is not 
 sufficient for the consumption : rice, tobacco, indigo, tea, fruits, 
 and hemp are also cultivated, with sugar-cane in the E. The 
 mountains are almost entirely destitute of wood, but mulberry 
 trees are abundant in the S. , and the production of silk is con- 
 siderable. The larger wild animals are rare ; birds and insects 
 are numerous. Pigs, poultry, and bees are reared, also cattle, 
 but only for agricultural employment. The coasts and rivers 
 abound with fish, which furnish a great part of the subsistence 
 of the people. Salt is made on the sea-shores. Coral fishery, 
 and the capture of large turtles with shells of choice quality, is 
 carried on. The mountains contain mines of copper, iron, mer- 
 cury, silver, tin, and lead, which are all worked; precious stones, 
 marble, and coal are also found. The foreign trade of China is 
 well represented in K., containing the treaty ports of Canton 
 (the cap.), Swatow, Pakhoi, and Kiungchow (Hainan), besides 
 the two European colonies of Hong-kong and Macao. Area, 
 86,873 sq. m. P. (estimated 1890) 27,700,000. See Cbtna, table. 
 
 Kwaiigtrl, or Ouangtrl, fortified tn. , Annam, cap. K. prov. , 
 31 m. NW. Hu6. 
 
 Kwangtnng-bsleni, tn., China, Yiinnan, 63 m. W. by N. 
 Yiinnan-fu. 
 
 Kwangn, riv., central Africa, flows W. then S, into the 
 Ubangi, which it enters in 5° N., 20° 20' E. ; navigable to 5° 
 17' N. , 20° 55' E. 
 
 Kwaugwa, tn., China, Formosa I., on the W. ct., 98 m. N, 
 Takow. 
 
 Kwangyen, fortified tn. and seapt., Tongking, 71 m. E. 
 Hanoi, 16 m. NE. Haifong, about 6 m. from the coast, on the 
 Song-chang, cap. prov. K. ; accessible to vessels drawing 12-13 
 ft. ; important as being near the coal deposits of Hongai, and as 
 commanding the coast-route to the Chinese prov. of Kvvang- 
 tung. P. 43,000. 
 
 Kwanlisleu, tn., China, Siichwan, on the Min, where it 
 emerges from the mountains and begins to be distributed over 
 the plain of Chengtu-fu, in 31° N. , 103° 40' E. , 70 m. WN W. 
 Chengtu-fu. 
 
 K'wanjnlnln, headquarters of the English Brethren mission 
 stn. in Bihe, Portuguese W. Africa. 
 
 Kwannou-zakl, cape, SE. ct. of Honshiu, Japan, at the E. 
 entrance to the bay of Tokyo, with fixed white light (visible 14 
 m. ), showing a red ray in a certain direction, to guide vessels clear 
 off Saratoga Spit (Futtusaki) and Plymouth Rocks to the south- 
 wards. 
 
 Kwauoiijl, tn. , Japan, in the N. of Shikoku I. , Ehime ken. 
 P. 11,100. 
 
 Kwausal, Japan. See Hakoiie. 
 
 Kwautau, state, central Sumatra, on the middle course of 
 the Indragiri. 
 
 Kivanto, Japan. See Hakone. 
 
 Kwan-tang, penin. , in the extreme S. of Manchuria. 
 
 Kwanza, Qnanza, or in Portuguese spelling Coanza, riv., 
 Portuguese W. Africa, believed to issue from Lake Mussombo, 
 in about 13^° S., flows first N. then W. by N. past Dondo till 
 it enters the Atlantic in about 9° 21 J' S. ; navigable for small craft 
 from the Livingstone Falls in 9° 27^' S. , 14° 49' E. , a little above 
 Dondo, to which there is a regular line of steamers from Loanda. 
 At its mouth there is a shifting bar. Map of lower course from 
 the Livingstone Falls downwards, /t?«/". E. G. S., 1876, p, 429 
 (about 1 : 310,000). 
 
 Kwara, riv., Africa. See Niger. 
 
 Kwathlamba Monutaius, or Drakenbergen, a mountain 
 system of SE. Africa, more than 500 m. in length, and running 
 SW. to NE. from the Great Fish R. (31^° S. lat.) to the 
 Olifant R. (24^° S. lat. ). They form the water-parting between 
 the rivers flowing to the Indian Ocean, S. of the Limpopo, and 
 the Orange R. and its tribs. The Kwathlamba range is com- 
 posed of high and picturesque mountains, sloping steeply towards 
 the E. , but gently towards the plateaux of the interior. They 
 form three orographical divisions. The most southern of these 
 is subdivided into the Zuurbergen and Strombergen (alt. about 
 6000 ft. ). Then follows the central Kwathlamba range, form- 
 ing a majestic mountain wall with steep ramparts and serrated 
 crests. It contains the highest mountains of sub-tropical S. 
 Africa, viz., the Mont aux Sources (11,150 ft.), the Champagne 
 Castle (10,360 ft.), and the Giant's Peak (9640 ft.). Further 
 NE. extends the third division, the Northern Drakenbergen, 
 the highest points of which are Mount Malani and Mauch Spitze 
 (both more than 7000 ft). [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Kwa-vanuk, riv, mouth, Tongking, S. of the Doson Penin., 
 in 20° 41' N. 
 
 K'weiclion, interior prov. of China, between 25° and 29° N. , 
 104° and 109° 30' E. Surface mountainous, traversed by several 
 chains having a general direction SW. to NE., but not of very 
 great elevation, except in the SE., where the Nan-ling forms 
 
 part of the boundary with Kwangsi. It is chiefly in the basin 
 of the Yangtse-kiang, its large trib. , the Wu, rising in the SW. 
 of the prov. and quitting it at the NE. , but the S. portion is 
 watered by affluents of the Si-kiang. Climate temperate but 
 very unequal, and in general insalubrious ; the stagnant waters 
 and the marshes which are formed where the rivers have an in- 
 sufficient slope produce fevers in their vicinity. Wheat and 
 maize are the principal crops, with tea (in the W. ), opium, and 
 tobacco ; but in general agriculture is less developed in this 
 prov. than in any other part of China. The horses, however, 
 have a reputation. The mineral riches are considerable, but 
 scarcely utilised ; iron is extracted in the valley of the Wu, 
 which is also rich in coal, but only worked in the neighbourhood 
 W. of the cap. , where large iron-works have recently been estab- 
 lished ; copper is obtained in the vicinity of Kanchui ; mercury 
 was formerly a principal article of commerce, but in consequence 
 of political troubles and the flooding of the mines they are now 
 abandoned ; gold, silver, tin, and lead exist. The prov. is the 
 poorest and one of the most sparsely populated in China, com- 
 posed of Chinese in the plains and valleys, and various tribes of 
 Miaotse in the mountains. The S. is inhabited principally by 
 Shans, nearly all the Chinese having been destroyed in the 
 Taiping rebellion. Cap. Kweiyang-fu. Area, 67,182 sq. m. 
 P. (estimated 1890) 7,700,000. See China, table. 
 
 Kwelchou-fu, tn. , China, in the E. of Suchwan, on the 1. 
 bk. of the Yangtse-kiang, in 109° 55' E. , just above the gorges 
 which terminate above Ichang ; a Chinese customs stn. , near 
 the frontier of Hupe. 
 
 Ktvellml-tlng, tn., China, Kweichou, 52 m. SW. Kwei- 
 yang-fu. 
 
 Kweliifvacheng, in Mongolian Knkn-klioto (or hoto), tn., 
 in the NW. of the Chinese prov. of Shansi, about 250 m. E. 
 by N. Peking, in 40° 48' N., 111° 4/ E. (Ney Elias), SE. 
 terminus of the route across the Gobi desert to Uliasutai, 53 m. 
 N. of the Great Wall. Important seat of commerce at the 
 meeting-place of the trade routes of Uliassutai, Kobdo, Urga, 
 Dzungaria, Eastern Turkistan, and the Koko-Nor region. K. 
 has two portions, the military and religious, and the trading, 
 separated from each other by squares and gardens. Alt. 3635 
 ft. (Rockhill, bp.). P. 200,000. 
 
 KvKel-klang, or Kivelfuiig, names of the Tan>klaiig B., 
 China. 
 
 Kivelslilu, tn., China, prov. Kwangtung, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Tung-kiang, 70 m. E. Canton, adjoining Hweichou-fu. 
 
 K^rel^te, tn. , China, prov. Honan, 285 m. NNE. Hankow. 
 
 Kweltlng-hsleii, tn., China, Kweichou, 25 m. SE. Kwei- 
 yang-fu. 
 
 Kwelyang, tn., China, in the S. of prov. Hunan, 190 m. 
 NNW. Canton. 
 
 Kwelyang-fn, tn., China, cap. of prov. Kweichou, 213 m. 
 S. Chung-king, situated in the region of the sources of the three 
 rivs. , Wu-kiang (r. bk. trib. of the Yangtse-kiang), Yu-an (aflluent 
 of Lake Tungting-hu), and Pan, affluent of the Yii-kiang (left 
 headwater of the Si-kiang) ; of great commercial importance ; 
 coal-mines to the W. 
 
 Kivllu, riv. , Congo Free State. See Junta. 
 
 Kvlln Nladl, riv. , W. Africa, French Congo Terr. , entering 
 the Atlantic Ocean in 4° 30' S.; copper, iron, and lead are 
 found on its course. 
 
 K-wluIion, tn. , Annam, 205 m. SE. by S. Hu6, near the E. ct. , 
 in 13° 46' N. K. Bay was formerly a gulf running far inland, 
 but is now separated from the sea by a narrow strip of coast. 
 
 Kwo Il)o, riv. , W. Africa, Niger Coast Protectorate, flows 
 SSE. , and enters the Gulf of Guinea in 8° E. 
 
 Kyabram, post-tn., Victoria, co. Rodney, 124 m. (by rail) 
 N. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kyalk-to, tn., Burma, dist. Shwe-gyin, 33 m. E. Pegu. P. 
 5200 ; Buddhists, 4400. 
 
 Kyakhta, tn., E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, on Chinese 
 frontier, opposite Maimachin, 277 m. SW. of Chita ; centre for 
 Russian overland trade in tea with China. Teas, 8-12,000,000 
 roubles worth, are imported every year from Peking, across 
 Mongolia, while furs, silver, and partly manufactured goods 
 are exported. Forms a township under a separate governor. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Kyamba, post-tn.. New South Wales, Wynyard co., 55 m. 
 NE. by N. Albury. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kyankarl, tn., Asia Minor, 62 m. NE. Angora. Alt. 2935 
 ft. P. 19,000. 
 
 Kyan-kln, tn. , Burma, dist. Henzada, 36 m. S. Prome. P. 
 8100 ; Buddhists, 7800. 
 
 Ky&rlng Cho, or Nyarlng-tso, fresh-water lake, Tibet, 
 crossed in the S. by 31° N. , its W. end in about 88° E. , about 
 40 m. long by 8-12 m. wide, drained NW. into the Chikut Cho 
 (lake), {/our. R. G. S., 1877, p. no.) 
 
 Kyank-gyi, vil., Burma, dist. Shwegyin, 70 m. N. by E. 
 Pegu. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kyank-pyn, or Kyonk Phyoo (' white stone '), tn. and port. 
 Lower Burma, Isle of Ramri, 114 m. WNW. Prome. 
 
 Kyaukse, tn. , Burma, Upper Burma, cap. dist. K. , 23 m. S. 
 
 845 
 
KYEB — LAAK 
 
 by E. Mandalay, 359 m. by rail N. Rangoon stn. P. 7200 ; 
 Buddhists, 6800. 
 
 Kyeban Hadeu, Asiatic Turkey. See Keban Sladen. 
 
 Kyeng-. For Korean towns, &c., beginning with this prefix, 
 see under Kyong-. 
 
 KyeiidTvln, riv. , Burma. See Chlndwin. 
 
 Kyfflianser-Berg, hill, Ger. , in Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, to 
 the S. of the E. end of the Goldene Aue, between Kelbra and 
 Frankenhausen, 20 m. WSW. Eisleben, with ruins of a castle 
 where Frederick Barbarossa was said in the popular legend to 
 remain asleep ready to reappear when the Old German Empire 
 was restored to its strength and glory. Alt. 1595 ft. 
 
 Kyitbl Bansan, vil.. Upper Burma, in Theinni, Shan state, 
 113 m. E. Mandalay. 
 
 Kyjov, tn. , Austria. See Gaya. 
 
 Kyle, form of Coill, Gaelic, ' a wood.' 
 
 Kyle, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Carlow, dlst. St. Mullin's. 
 
 Kyle, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Clare, dist. Kilkishen. 
 
 Kyle, par., Ire., Queen's co., bar. Clandonagh, 5 m. E. 
 Roscrea; 7151 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Kyle, P.O., Ire., E. co. Wexford, bar, Shelmaliere East, 4 m. 
 NNW. Wexford. 
 
 Kyleakln, viL, Scot, isl. of Skye, at the mouth of Loch 
 Alsh, 20 m. NE. by N. Point of Sleat, PMT.O. 
 
 Kyleniore, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Galway, bar. Ballynahinch, 
 20 m. S. by W. Westport, PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Kyle Hfore, channel, Scot., Ross-shire, between Raasay I. 
 and Scalpay I. 
 
 Kyle of Durness, inlet, Scot., on the N. ct. of the co. of 
 Sutherland, in 4° 48 J' W. 
 
 Kyle of Sntberland. See Sutherland. 
 
 Kyle of Tongue. See Tong^ue. 
 
 Kylertaea, ferry, Scot., isl. of Skye, 19 m^ NE. Point of 
 Sleat, on a Sound of the same name, ^ ™- wide, which connects 
 the Sound of Sleat with Loch Alsh. 
 
 Kyles of Bute, sound, Scot. See Bute. 
 
 KyU, riv. , Ger. See KiU. 
 
 KyllSne, Klarentza, Glarentsa, or CMarentza, seapt. vil. 
 and mt. fortress, Greece, dep. Achaia and Elis, at the W. ex- 
 tremity of the Morea, near Cape Klarentza, 17 m. NE. Zante. 
 In the Middle Ages it formed a principality, which was inherited 
 by a son of Edward III. of England, and from this, junior 
 branches of the royal family of England have since repeatedly 
 borne the title of Duke of Clarence. 
 
 Kyloe, par., Eng. , Northumberland, div. and Z\ m. SSE. 
 Berwick-upon-Tweed, 2 m. SW. Beal stn. ; 9764 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Kym, riv., Eng., in the cos. of Beds and Hunts, joins the 
 Ouse on the 1. bk. just below St. Neots. 
 
 KymS, tn., Greece, near the E. ct. of isl, of Euboea, at the 
 broadest part of island. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kyme, Korth and Sontb, two adjoining pars., Eng., Lin- 
 colnshire, N. Kesteven div., 12 m. NW. by W. Boston, 4 m. 
 ESE. Digbystn. North K.. P.O., P.<75o; South K., P.O., 
 4892 ac, P. <soo. 
 
 Kynance (kai'nans) Core, small picturesque bay, on SW. 
 coast of Cornwall, Eng. , 1 J m. NW. Lizard Head, with white 
 sandy beach overhung in places by cliffs of beautifully coloured 
 serpentine. 
 
 Kyueton, agricultural and mining tn. , Victoria, Dalhousie co. , 
 37 m. S. by E. Sandhurst. Alt. 1687 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 KynoTskly, iron-work, Russia, govt, and 90 m. E. of Perm, 
 on Chusovaya R. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kynumboon, tn. , New South Wales. See Murwlllnmbah. 
 
 Kyo, par., Eng., Durham, NW. div., 8J m. SW. by S. New- 
 castle, 3 J m. NNE. Lanchester stn. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Kyong-heung, tn. and seapt. , Korea, near the NE, frontier, 
 in 42° 27' N, By a convention with Russia in 1888 declared open 
 to Russian subjects. See Tuman, riv. 
 
 Kyong-kwl-do, prov. , in W. of Korea, containing Soul, the 
 cap. of the country. 
 
 Kyong-sang.do, prov. , in SE. of Korea. 
 
 Kydng>8ong, tn. , Korea, on the E. ct. , in 41° 50' N. 
 
 Kyong-won, tn. , Korea, near the NE. frontier, in 42° 43' N. 
 
 Kyoto, less properly Kioto, formerly also called Mlako or 
 JMIyako (the latter name being the native Japanese, the former 
 Chinese, for 'capital'), important city, Japan, Honshiu, 329 m. 
 by rail SW. Tokyo, 30 m. by rail NE. Ozaka, 47 m. NE. Kobe, 
 on the Kamogawa, a small trib. of the Yodogawa, 5 m. from the 
 S. end of Lake Biwa, with which, since 1890, the Kamogawa has 
 been connected by a navigable canal. K. was founded in 793, 
 and from that date till the revolution of 1868 was, except for a 
 short interval towards the end of the 12th century, the cap. of 
 the Japanese empire. The town and neighbourhood hence 
 crowded with places of interest, among which may be mentioned 
 the Mikado's palace, a mass of buildings covering an area of 
 nearly 26 acres, and numerous temples, one of the most celebrated 
 of which is the San-ju-san-gen-do, or temple of the 33,333 images 
 of Kwannon, the goddess of mercy, in the grounds of which is the 
 colossal bust of Daibutsu or Great Buddha, 58 ft. in height, and 
 now also a fine art museum. K. is also the seat of a Christian 
 university, founded in 1875 under the auspices of the American 
 Board Mission. It carries on numerous manufactures, chiefly of 
 products of an artistic or luxurious kind, such as pottery and 
 porcelain, velvets, embroideries, bronzes, &c. Mean temp. (6 
 yrs., 1881-86), yr. 56.3° F., Jan. 35.9°, Aug. 79°; mean rfall. 
 (10 yrs.), 61. 1 in. P. (1890) 290,000. 
 
 Kyouk Pbyoo, Burmah. See Kyank-pyu. 
 
 Kyparlssla, vil. , Greece, prov. Laconia, on the E. ct , 33 m. 
 E. by S. Sparta. 
 
 Kyparlssla, or Arkadla, seapt , Greece, W. ct Messenia, 
 25 m. N. Navarino. P. -csooo. 
 
 Kyphonesos, Ano- and Kato* ('upper' and 'lower'), two 
 small islands, Greece, SE. of Naxos I. 
 
 Kypong, isls. , China. See Kalpong. 
 
 Kyre, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Worcester- 
 shire, Bewdley div., the former 15 m. WNW. Worcester, 4 m. 
 SSE. Tenburystn., P.O. (Kyre). P. (of each) < 250. 
 
 Kyrenla, Kerlnea, Klrlnla, or Glrln, vil. and small seapt 
 on N. ct. of isl. of Cyprus, in 33° 20' E. , 11 m. N. by W. Nicosia. 
 A pass leads S. across the mountains. 
 
 Kyrltz, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Ostprignitz, 
 44 m. NW. Spandau, 16 m. W. by N. Neu-Ruppin. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Kyrk Agacta, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Kirk Agacb. 
 
 Kysblak, tn., Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 66 m. SE. by E. 
 Teheran. 
 
 Kysb-murun, vil., Russian Central Asia, prov. Akmolinsk, 
 370 m. SW. of Omsk, on Lake Dengiz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kysbtym, Upper and Lo-^ver, iron-works, Russia, govt 
 Perm, 94 m. S. of Ekaterinburg. P. 15,000. 
 
 KySperk, comm. , Austria. See Gelersberg. 
 
 KytbSra, isL , Greece. See Cerlgo. 
 
 Kytbnos, isL, Greece. See Tbermla. 
 
 Ky<in-pyaw, vil. , Burma, dist. and 46 m. NE. by N. Bassein. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Kyuquot Sound, wide inlet vrith several branches, Canada, 
 on the W. ct. of Vancouver I., crossed in the S. by 50° N. 
 Union I. is in the middle of its mouth. 
 
 Kyurdamlr, vil. , Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 88 m. W. 
 of Baku, on Gerdyman stream. P. 5000. 
 
 Kyurlnsk, khanate, Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Daghestan ; 
 lies in mountains 8000-9450 ft. high, and has about 35,000 
 inhabitants, who grow considerable amounts of grain for export. 
 Now under a Russian chief. 
 
 Kyusbyu, isl. , Japan. See KlusUu. 
 
 Kyutlaya, or Kyutablya, tn. , Asia Minor. See Kutala. 
 
 Kyz, Tatar, ' girl," enters into many geographical names. 
 
 Kyz, Turkish, 'girl.' See A'j'z. 
 
 Kyzyl, Turkish, 'red.' See Kizil. 
 
 Kyjtyl-arvat, fort, Russia, Transcaspian terr., station of 
 Transcaspian Rly. , 161 m. ESE. of Uzun-ada. 
 
 Kyuyl-kum (Kirghiz, 'red sands'), desert, Russian Central 
 Asia, between the lower Syr and Amu, about 300 m. from NW. 
 to SE. , and 150 ni. wide, joining the Batak kum desert in SW. 
 Old beds of the Syr (Tany-daria) in NW. 
 
 Iia. For places belonging to countries speaking the Romance 
 languages (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese), beginning with 
 this word, see under the second part of the name. 
 
 Laa, tn. , Lower Austria, 35 m. N. Vienna. P. <40oo. 
 
 Iiaacb, vil. and crater-lake, Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt, and 
 14 m. WNW. Koblenz, 4J m. from 1. bk. of Rhine. The lake, 
 about ij m. in diameter, is drained by an artificial cut to the 
 Nette. Water disagreeable to the taste ; never freezes. Alt. 
 750 ft ; depth, 225 ft. 
 
 Laa£; Lage, Ger., Loog, Dutch, 'a site," 'a low-lying field.' 
 846 
 
 Laage, or Iiage, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
 circle and 12 m. NE. Giistrow. P. <3ooo. 
 
 liaagen, IiaaTen, or Nnniedalslaagen, riv. , S. Norway, issues 
 from a small lake on the SE. side of the Joklen, Hardanger Fjeld, 
 flows SE. past Kongsberg, and at Laurvik enters the Laurviks- 
 fjord, Skager Rak. Length, 185 m. ; area of basin, 2185 sq. m, 
 
 Laak, comm., Austria, Styria, 35 m. E. Laibach, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Save. P. <400o. 
 
 Laaklreben, comm. , Upper Austria, 27 m. W. by S. Steyr. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
LAAL — LACA 
 
 Laaland, or Lolland (' low land,' which is also the pronuncia- 
 tion of the name of the isl. ), isl. , Denmark, to the S. of Seeland, 
 36 m. long by 10-17 ™- wide, siarface low and level (almost every- 
 where sea-level), difficult of access on account of the surrounding 
 shallows. It is one of the most fertile of the Danish islands, pro- 
 ducing corn, hemp, hops, apples, and timber. Malarial fever 
 endemic in the low and marshy parts of the island. Area, 444 
 sq. m, (Strelbitsky). P. {including the small islands of Asko, 
 Famo, and Fejo, adjacent on the N.) in 1880, 64,400; (1890) 
 
 65,550- , ^ 
 
 Laam, Anglo-Saxon, 'clay,' 'mud. S&& Lehm. 
 
 Laanecoorie, post-tp., Victoria, co. Bendigo, 90 m. NW. 
 Melbourne, on E. bank of the Loddon. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Laar, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Diisseldorf, circle 
 Ruhrort. P. < 5000. 
 
 Laarat, a small isl. of the Malay Archipelago, off the N. 
 extremity of Timur-laut. 
 
 Laas, tn. , Carniola, 24 m. S. by W. Laibach. P. <2000. 
 
 Laasphe, tn., Prussia, close to the SE. frontier of Westphalia, 
 circle Wittgenstein, 17 m. WNW. Marburg; textile manu- 
 factures, iron-smelting. P. <3000. 
 
 Laareu, riv. , Norway. See Laagen.. 
 
 Lalta, riv., Russia, N. Caucasia, 1. bk. trib. of Kuban, rises 
 in main chain (important passes to Bzyb at sources of Great 
 L.), flows N. and NW. through fertile plains. Length, 160 m. 
 
 La Bale, vil., Canada, Quebec, Yamaska co., 15 m. SW. by 
 S. Three Rivers. P. < 1500. 
 
 Laban Bay. See Labnn Bay. 
 
 Laband, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 24 ra. NE. Ratibor, circle 
 and 4 m. NW. Gleiwitz. P. <:4000. 
 
 La Barca, tn. , Mexico, Jalisco, 70 m. SE. by E. Guadalajara. 
 P. 10,000. 
 
 Labarre, or Herbertvllle, post-vil., Canada, Quebec, co. 
 and 45 m. from Chicoutimi, on Saguenay R. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Labasbeeda, tn., Ire., S. co. Clare, bar. Clonderalaw, on 
 riv. Shannon, 18 m. S W. by S. Ennis, 6 m. from Foynes stn. , 
 PM.O. P. 250. 
 
 Labass^re, viL, France, dep. Hautes-Pyr^n^es, 2^ m. W. 
 Bagn^res-de-Bigorre, with important state quarries and cold sodic 
 sulphur springs. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Labe, or Labi, tn., French W. Africa, Futa-Jallon, in 11° 10' 
 N,, 12° 8' W., 58 m. NNW. Timbo. Alt. 2850 ft. P. (i860) 
 about 10,000. 
 
 La Beaace, or Ste. Marie, vil, Canada, Quebec, Beauce 
 CO., 30I m. by rail SSE. Quebec, on the Chaudifere. P. <isoo. 
 
 Laber (in the 8th century Labara), three small non-navigable 
 rivs., tribs. of the Danube, in the SE. of Bavaria, the Schwarzc 
 (Black) L., on 1. bk., entering the main stream a little above 
 Regensburg, the Grosse (Great) and Klelne (Little) L., on the 
 r. bk. , entering near one another to the E. of 12^° E. , a little 
 above Straubing. 
 
 Laberge, vil. , Canada, Quebec, co. Chateauguay, 5 m. from 
 Beauharnois. P. < 1500. 
 
 Labes, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Regenwalde, 
 42 m. ENE. Stettin. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Labette, co., U.S., Kansas, in the SE., on the S. frontier, 
 W. of 95° W. 
 
 Lablana, or Pola de Lablana, tn. , N. Spain, on the Nalon, 
 prov. and 16 m. ESE. Oviedo. Has productive coal-mines, as 
 well as deposits of iron, copper, and other metallic ores. 
 P. 7900. 
 
 Lablan, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle L., 25 m. ENE. 
 Konigsberg, on the Friedrich's Graben (Canal). P. <5ooo. 
 
 La Blcbe, lake, Canada. See Lac la Blcbe. 
 
 Lablnskaya, dist. tn., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Kuban, 
 65 m. SW. Stavropol, on r. bk. Laba R. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lablschln, tn. , Prussia, prov. Posen, circle Schubin, 12 m. 
 SSW. Bromberg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Labong, Laos tn. , Indo-China. See Lampun. 
 
 Labore, former Egyptian stn., on 1. bk. of the Upper Nile, 
 81 m. S. Lado, in 3° 56' N. 
 
 Laboncbere, co. , Queensland, N. of 26° S. , crossed in the 
 E. by 150° E. 
 
 Labonbeyre, vil., France, dep. Landes, arr. Mont-de- 
 Marsan, 47 m. SSW. Bordeaux. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Labonrd, small dist. of ancient France (cap. Bayorme), 
 now forming the western portion of dep. Basses-Pyr^n^es. 
 
 La BouYcrle, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Mons. 
 P. 6400. 
 
 Labra, Peua, mt. , Spain. See Pena Labra. 
 
 Labrador' (Portuguese Terra de Lavr adores, 'slave coast,' 
 see below), a vast penin. of Brit. N. America, between 50° and 
 62° 30' N., 55° 37' and 79° W., bounded on the E. by the 
 Atlantic Ocean, N. by Hudson Strait, W. by Hudson and James 
 Bays, SE. by the gulf and riv. St. Lawrence, and approximately 
 ■on the SW. by the Rupert and Saguenay Rivs. The greater 
 part of this immense area, about equal to the British Isles, 
 France, and Germany combined, is included within the terr. of 
 the dominion of Canada ; but the Atlantic coast, from Salmon 
 R. in the Strait of Belle Isle N. to Cape Chidley, is under the 
 
 administration of Newfoundland. All the E. coast iS very 
 irregular, indented with a great number of superb natural 
 harbours, and fringed with innumerable small islands and 
 rocks ; the other coasts are more regular in outline, but good 
 harbours exist generally. The interior is almost entirely un- 
 explored ; it consists of a vast tableland, probably more than 
 2000 ft. above the sea, sloping on all sides to the coasts, but 
 more gently to the W. and N. ; all the S. part of the penin. is 
 extremely well watered, and the whole interior contains many 
 large lakes. The coasts have a dreary, desolate appearance, 
 with nothing but bare rocks and occasionally a little stunted 
 grass ; but at a distance of not more than 12 m. inland there 
 commences a luxuriant forest growfth, which clothes the whole 
 country, except in some places towards the N. CUraate on the 
 E. coast is very bleak and severe, but less foggy than New- 
 foundland, and completely ice-bound throughout the winter ; the 
 summer, which lasts from the middle of June to the middle of 
 September, is pleasant. The country is very thinly^ peopled, but 
 a considerable number of Cree Indians are found m the interior, 
 who lead a nomadic life, spending a few weeks in the spring at 
 the Hudson Bay Co.'s posts near the coasts. In the E. a large 
 number of Eskimo are settled, but they are seldom found 
 further S. than Hamilton Inlet ; a few British and Newfound- 
 land emigrants are established also on the E. and S. coasts, 
 whose numbers are increased very largely during the cod and 
 salmon fishing season in the summer by fishermen from New- 
 foundland. Many fur- bearing animals and cariboo still exist, 
 but not to the same extent as formerly. Mineral ores are found 
 here and there near the coast ; graphite occurs on Zach I. , and 
 valuable copper-mines are worked at Tilt Cove, and iron is 
 known to exist. L. was discovered by Cabot in 1497, and re- 
 discovered by G. de Corte Real (1501), to whom the name is 
 due, the natives, on account of their strength, being capable of 
 becoming excellent slaves. According to an old map in the 
 ducal library at Wolfenbiittel, however, the name is said to be 
 due to a farmer (labrador) of the Azores, to whose information 
 the discovery of the land was due. (See Scot. Geog. Mag. , 1894, 
 p. 263. ) It is possible that the country was visited by the North- 
 men in the 9th and following centuries. The Hudson Bay Co. 
 have several trading settlements on the S. , E. , and W. coasts, and 
 on the E. ct. the Moravian Mission has stations at Hebron, Okak, 
 Nain, Zoar, and Hopedale ; and the Church of England, mission 
 houses at Sandwich Harbour and Battle Harbour. Mail com- 
 munication is carried on during the summer by steamers from 
 Newfoundland along the E. ct. to Nain. Area about 530,000 
 sq. m. See Proc. R. G. S., 1888, p. 189, with map, p. 260. 
 
 Labranza-Graude, tn., Colombia, Boyaca state, 68 m. E. 
 Tunja, in about 5° 22' N., 72° 50' W. Alt. 3810 ft. P. 7000. 
 
 La Brea, vil., Central America, Honduras, on the Gulf of 
 Fonseca, 75 m. W. Tegucigalpa, in 13° 30' N. 
 
 La Brea, vil, W. Indies, on the W. ct. of Trinidad, in the S. 
 
 LabrMe, viL, France, dep. Gironde, arr. and 11 m. S. by E. 
 Bordeaux, near the castle of La Br^de, an old feudal fortress ; 
 birthplace of Montesquieu, and still containing his library. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Labrl-Hajl, seapt. tn. of the Malay Archipelago, on the E. 
 ct of the isl. Lombok. 
 
 Labronis, city, Italy. See Leghorn. 
 
 Labmgul^re, tn., France, dep. Tarn, arr. Castres, on the 
 Thor6, 5 m. S. by E. Castres. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Labsblstas, lake. See Yanlna, lake. 
 
 Labuan ('anchor' or 'port' island, from Malay and 
 Javanese labuh, ' to let fall," namely, the anchor), a small 
 island off the NW. ct. of Borneo, about 6 m. distant, in 5° 16' 
 N. It is flat and well-wooded, with excellent water in abund- 
 ance, and possesses extensive coal-measures, which are profit- 
 ably worked. Victoria Harbour, on its SE. side, affords good 
 anchorage in 5-6 fathoms. Sago-flour is the principal pro- 
 duction. It was ceded to Great Britain by the Sultan of Borneo 
 in 1844, and remained a crown colony until 1890, when it 
 was transferred to the Brit. N. Borneo Co. The island is now 
 connected by submarine cable with Singapore, and the connec- 
 tion is to be continued to Hong-kong. Area, 30 sq. m. P. 6000. 
 
 Labnlssl^re, mining vil., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Thuin, 
 on the Sambre, 13 m. SW. by W. Charleroi. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Labnk Bay, large bay, in E. of Brit. N. Borneo, mainly to 
 N. of 6° N. It receives at its head the Labnk R. from the W. 
 
 Labnn, or Laban, Bay, small bay, in the E. of Brit. N. 
 Borneo, in 5° 7' N. 
 
 Lac, French, Lache, Ger. , Lago and Laguna (from Latin 
 Lacuna, *a small lake'), Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, 
 ' a lake,' derived from, or cognate with, the Latin lacus and the 
 Celtic loch or Iwch. 
 
 L'Acadle, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. St. John's, 20J m. SE. 
 Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 La Canardl^re, vil. , Canada, prov. and co. Quebec, opposite 
 Quebec city. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Lacanau, vil., France, dep. Gironde, arr. Bordeaux, 22 m. 
 SW. Pauillac, \ m. from the E. bank of the L. lagoon [itang) 
 (fresh water). P. <2ooo. 
 
 847 
 
LACA — LADA 
 
 Iiacanne, tn., France, dep. Tarn, arr. and 24 m. E. by N. 
 Castres. P. <2ooo. 
 
 LaccadiTe Islands (Sanskrit Laksha dwifa, ' the hundred 
 thousand islands '), a group of low islands in the Indian Ocean, 
 extending between 10° and 14° N. , 71° 40' and 74° E. , at an 
 average distance of 200 m. W. of the Malabar coast. They 
 consist of 14 principal isles, of coral formation. Around each 
 island coral reef extends, forming a lagoon where coir (coco-nut 
 fibre) may be soaked without danger of washing away. The 
 entire product of coir is sold at a fixed price to the Madras 
 government (from the N. group), to the Raja of Cannanore 
 (from the S. group). Other principal products are jaggery, 
 coco and betel nuts, with some rice, sweet potatoes, and small 
 cattle. The islands were annexed to the Madras Presidency in 
 1875. Area vaguely estimated at 80 sq. m. P. (1891) 14,400 
 (all Moham.). 
 
 Ijacchlarella, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Milan, dist. 
 Abbiategrasso. P. < 5000. 
 
 Lac de I'Est, lake, Canada, Quebec, and Maine, U.S., 
 83 ra. E. by N. Quebec, drained SE. into St. John R. 
 
 Iiaceby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 4J m. SW. by W. and 
 included in the pari. bor. of Grimsby, 3 m, SW. by S. Great 
 Coatesstn., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Lacedouia, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 34 m. E. 
 by S. Benevento. P. 5800. 
 
 LacepMe Bay, on the W. ct. of S. Australia, to the N. of 37° 
 S. , in the SE. of Encounter Bay ; named by the French 
 Baudin expedition (April 1802) after the naturalist of this name. 
 
 Lacep^de Islands, low sandy group, NW. Australia, about 
 17 m. S. Darapier Land ; large deposits of guano worked. 
 
 Lacey Green, eccles. par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, par. and 
 2 J m. SE. Princes Risborough. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lacb Dennis, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 3 m. 
 ESE. Northwich. P. <2So. 
 
 Lache, Gar., 'a lake.' See Lac. 
 
 lacbe, lake, N. Russia, govt. Olonets, source of Onega; 
 connected with Sheksna. 
 
 Lachen, viL , Switzd. , cant. Schwyz, on the S. side of Lake 
 Zurich, 14 m. NW. Glarus. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lachenale, viL , Canada, Quebec, L'Assomption co. , on the 
 r. bk. of the Ottawa, 14 m. N. Montreal. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 IiacheTrotlere, stn. , Canada, Quebec, Portneuf co. , 50 m. 
 by rail W. by S. Quebec. 
 
 Iiacbe wltb Saltney, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cheshire and Flint- 
 shire, Chester, St. Mary par. P. <2Soo. See Marlston with L. 
 
 LacUnnangarh, tn., India, Rajputana, 108 m. E. by S. 
 Bfkaner. P. (1881) 8700. 
 
 L'Acblgan River, riv. , Canada, Quebec, flows S. then E. to 
 the riv. L'Assomption, 
 
 Lacblne (la-shin'), tn., Canada, Quebec, Hochelaga co., 
 Montreal I. , 7 m. SW. by S. Montreal, at the head of the L. 
 Rapids [Canada, Internal Communications], on the St. Law- 
 rence. P. (1881) 2400 ; (1891) 3800. See St. Lawrence. 
 
 Lachish, place named in O. T. See Tell-el-Hesy. 
 
 Lacblan, pastoral dist., New South Wales, between the 
 Lachlan and Darling Rivs. 
 
 Lachlan, or Calare, riv. , New South Wales, rises in King 
 CO. , flows W. and joins the Murrumbidgee, a trib. of the Murray, 
 in about 34° 25' S. , 144° 4' E. Navigable in the rainy season for 
 a considerable distance by shallow-draught steamers. Length, 
 700 m.; area of basin, 27,000 sq. m. 
 
 Lachlan, post-tn., Tasmania, co. Buckingham, 20 m. NW. 
 Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lachnte, tn. , Canada, Quebec, Argenteuil co. , on the L bk. 
 of the riv. Du Nord, 40 m. WNW. Montreal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lack, tn.,Tre., co., Fermanagh, bar. Lurg, 7 m. NE. Kesh, 
 P.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 Lack, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. AnascauL 
 
 Lacka, electoral div. , Ire. , Queen's co. , dist. Coolrain. 
 
 Lackabann, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Castleisland. 
 
 Lackagh, par., Ire., co. and 7 m. NE. Galway, bar. Clare; 
 12,997 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lackagh, par.. Ire., co. and 5 m. W. Kildare, bar. W. 
 Offaly, on Grand Canal ; 8317 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Lackagh, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, dist Silvermines. 
 
 Lackaghbeg, electoral div., Ire., NE. co. Galway, bsir. Clare, 
 10 m. S. by W. Tuam, on the r. bk. of the Clare. 
 
 Lackagh Hills, range of hills. Ire. , in the N. of co. Leitrim. 
 
 Lackalea, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Bullaun. 
 
 Lackamore, tnld. , Ire. , W. co. Tipperary, bar. Owney and 
 Arra, 13^ m. E. by N. Limerick, 8 m. from Lisnagry stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Lackan, jjar. , Ire. , N. co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, 12 m. N. by 
 W. Ballina, on Lackan Bay ; 7339 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Lackan, electoral div. , Ire. , W. co. Roscommon, bar. Athlone, 
 6 m. S. Roscommon. 
 
 Lackan, par., Ire., NW. co. Westmeath, bar. Corkaree, 2>\ 
 m. NNW. Mullingar. P. <7SO. 
 
 Lackan, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Wicklow, dist. Blessington 
 and Ballymore. 
 848 
 
 Lackareagh, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Clare, dist. Bridgetown. 
 
 Lackawanna, co. , U.S., Pennsylvania, in the NE. , partly 
 bounded on the \V. by the Susquehanna R., N. branch, crossed 
 by 41 J° N. The riv. Lackawanna rises in NE. corner of the 
 state, flows first S. , enters the NE. extremity of the N. anthracite 
 coalfield, along which it flows SW. for 30 m. past Carbondale, 
 Archbald, Providence, and Scranton to the N. branch of the 
 Susquehanna. 
 
 Lacka waxen, riv. , U.S., Pennsylvania, in the NE. , trib. of 
 the Delaware, which it joins on the 1. bk. in about 41° 25' N. 
 
 Lackeen, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Orrery and Kilmore, 
 7 m. SW. Charleville. P. <2So. 
 
 LackendnflT, tnld.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Ibane and Barryroe, 
 3 m. from Clonakilty, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Lackford, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 5 m. NW. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, 4 m. W, by S. Ingham stn. , PT. O. P. <25o. 
 
 Lackln, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Strokestown, co. Roscommon. 
 
 Lacko, viL, Austria, crownland Galicia, 45 m. SE. by S. 
 Cracow, with salt deposits. 
 
 Lac la Blcbe, lake, Canada, in the NE. of Alberta, with a 
 Hudson's Bay Co.'s post and a Roman Catholic mission stn. 
 on its S. shore, drained W. into the Athabasca R. 
 
 Lac la Hache, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, 
 190 m. NE. by N. Vancouver. 
 
 Lac la Plonge, lake, Canada, on the N. frontier of Saskat- 
 chewan, crossed by 107° W., drained W. into the Beaver R. 
 
 Lac la Ronge, lake, Canada, on the N. frontier of Saskat- 
 chewan, crossed in the E. by 104° W., drained N. through 
 Rabbit Lake into Churchill R. 
 
 Lac la V lellle, lake, Canada, Ontario, Nipissing dist. , 120 m. 
 W. by N. Ottawa, drained N. into the riv. Petewawa. 
 
 La Clede, co., U.S., Missouri, S. of 38° N., and E. of 93° W. 
 
 La Clede, vil., U.S., Missouri, Linn co., 90 m. E. St. Joseph. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Lac Masson, or Ste. Hargnerlte, viL, Canada, Quebec, co. 
 Terrebonne, 45 m. N. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lac Nolr, lake, France, See Lanonx. 
 
 Lacock, or Laycock, par., Eng., Wiltshire, on the Avon, 
 div. and 3^ m. S. by W. Chippenham, 8 m. NE, by N. Trow- 
 bridge, PMT.O. P.<isoo. 
 
 Lacolle, vil. and port of entry, Canada, Quebec, St. John's 
 CO., 33 m. S. by E. Montreal P. < 1500. 
 
 Lacombe, stn. , Canada, Alberta, on the Calgary and Edmon- 
 ton Rly. , about 90 m. N. by E. Calgary. 
 
 Lacon, city, U.S., Illinois, Marshall co., on 1. bk. of Illinois 
 R., 26 m. NE. by N. Peoria. P. < 2000. 
 
 Laconl, vil., Sardinia, prov. and 44 m. N. Cagliari. Alt 
 1750 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Laconla, prov. (nomos), Greece, in the SE. of the Morea, 
 comprising the greater part of the valley of the Eurotas (Iris) 
 and the two penins. terminating in Capes Tainaron and Maleas, 
 and enclosing between them the Gnlf of L., or Marathonisi. 
 Area, 1678 sq. m. P. (1889) 126,000. See Greece, table. 
 
 Laconla, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Belknap co., 24 m. N. 
 by E. Concord. P. 6100. 
 
 LacoTla, tn. , Jamaica, Cornwall co. , 28 m. S. by E. Montego 
 Bay. 
 
 Lac-qul-parle, co., U.S., Minnesota, in the SW., W. 
 frontier, crossed by 45° N. , bounded on NE. by Minnesota R. 
 
 Lacroma, islet of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, immediately S. 
 of Ragusa, at which Richard Cceur de Lion, King of England, 
 landed on his return from Palestine. 
 
 Lac Bond, lake, Canada, Quebec, Ottawa co. , 76 m. NW. 
 by W. Montreal. 
 
 Lacrosse, lake, Canada, NW. Terr., in 55° 25' N., 107° 55' 
 W. , drained E. by Churchill R. 
 
 Lacrosse, city, U.S., Wisconsin, cap. of La Crosse co., 
 on the Mississippi, 175 m. WNW, Milwaukee, in 43° 49' N., 
 at the mouth of Black R. (from the N.), and the La Crosse 
 (from the E.). Large rafting fleet handles most of the pine 
 from the Chippewa and Black R. regions. Alt. 700 ft. Mean 
 temp. (1870-84), yr. 46.6° F., Jan. 16.7°, July 72.9°; (1873-93) 
 yr. 45.9° F., summer 63.2°, vrinter 28.7° ; rfall. (1873-93), yr. 32.1 
 m., simimer 22.9 in., winter 9.3 in. P. (i88o) 14,500; (1890) 
 25,100. 
 
 Lacrosse, small isL, in the NW. of W. Australia, at the 
 mouth of Cambridge Gulf. 
 
 La Crosse Junction, settlement, U.S., Washington, Whit- 
 man CO., 55 m. NNE. Walla Walla. 
 
 Lac Seal, lake, Canada, 95 m. long, varying greatly in width, 
 on the borders of Ontario and dist. Keewatin ; drained W. by 
 the English R. 
 
 Lactora, tn., France. See Lectonre. 
 
 Lacygne (la-sin), city, U.S., Kansas, Linn co., on riv. Osage, 
 52 m. S. by W. Kansas City. Alt 825 ft. (R.R.). P. <i50o. 
 
 Lad, Scandinavian, 'a pile," or' heap' (in several British 
 names). 
 
 Ladakh. See Kashmir. 
 
 Lndakh Bange. See Himalayas. 
 
 Ladario, Brazil, Matto Grosso. See CommbA. 
 
LADB — LAGE 
 
 Ladbergen, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Miinster, 
 circle and dist. Tecklenburg. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Ladbroke Road and dotting Hill, stn. , Eng. , London, on 
 the Metropolitan Rly. 
 
 Ladbrooke, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Rugby div. , 7J m. SE. 
 by E. Leamington, 2^ m. ESE. Southam Road stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Lade, or Lode, Anglo-Saxon, ' a way,' ' passage,' or ' canal.' 
 
 Ladeiibnrg, urban comm. , Get. , Baden, on the r. bk. of the 
 Neckar R., circle and 6\ ni. E. Mannheim. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Ladhope, eccles. par. , Scot. , Selkirkshire and Roxburghshire, 
 Melrose par. P. 6700. 
 
 La Dlgne, one of the Seychelle Is. , E. of Praslin. 
 
 ladlk, the ancient Laodicea combusta, tn., Asia Minor, 57 m. 
 S. of the mouth of the Kizil Irmak ; seat of rug factories. 
 
 Ladlkleb, tn. , Syria. See Latakla. 
 
 Ladlnos, name given by Central American Spaniards to 
 European and Indian half-breeds. 
 
 Ladlns, or Ladliil. See Tirol. 
 
 Ladlsmlth, municip. , Cape Colony, dist. L., 65 m. NE. 
 Swellendam. P. < 1500. 
 
 LadLsmlth, vil. , Natal, dist. Klip R., 80 m. NNW. Pieter- 
 maritzburg, on the railway to Charlestown, where the railway is 
 joined by the road from Harrismith Orange Free State through 
 Van Reenen's Pass. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Ladle Hill, hill, Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 6^ m. 
 S. Newbury. 
 
 Ladner's Landing, settlement, Canada, Brit. Columbia, S. 
 bank Eraser R. , 12 m. below New Westminster. Alt. 350 ft. 
 Mean temp. (2J yrs., 1879-81), yr. 46.6° F., Jan. 32.4°, July 59.6°. 
 
 Lado, tn., eastern Sudan, in the Bari country, on 1. bk. Nile, 
 in 5° 3' N.; founded by General Gordon in 1875. Alt. 1525 ft. 
 Mean temp. (4 yrs., 1880-83), y- 80.0° F., Jan. 82.4°, July 76.8°. 
 
 Ladock, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 5^ m. NE. 
 Truro, i^ m. W. Grampound Road stn., PM.O.; 5828 ac. P. 
 <iooo. 
 
 Ladoga, formerly Nevo, lake, NW. Russia, the largest in 
 Europe, surrounded by govts. St. Petersburg, Olonets, and 
 Viborg, 59° s6'-6i° 46' N., 29° 53'-32° 50' E. ; four-sided, elon- 
 gated from N W. to SE. , with rocky shores on NW. , fringed 
 by numerous small islands (largest, Valaam and Konevets), and 
 marshy flat shores in S. and SE. No less than sixty rivers 
 enter it, the largest being Volkhov, outlet of Lake Ilmeii, 
 Svir' from Lake Onega, Wuoxen and Taipala from the Saima 
 system of lakes of Finland, Syas' from small lakes of Valdai 
 plateau. Its outlet is the Neva (104,000 cubic ft. per second). 
 Begins to freeze in October, all frozen in December ; under ice 
 till end of March, part of ice being discharged through the 
 Neva ; navigable for 180 days. Fauna bears arctic character. 
 Considerable fishing. Steamers ply from St. Petersburg to the 
 Valaam and Konevets monasteries, and to Petrozavodsk up 
 the Svir'. The rivers Volkhov, Syas', and Svir' being parts 
 of the canals which unite the Volga with the Neva (see Volga), 
 and navigation on Lake L. being dangerous on account of 
 storms, a canal 70 m. long connects the mouths of the three 
 rivers with the Neva. Shores scantily peopled (Schliisselburg, 
 New Ladoga, Kexholm, and Serdobol). Area, 7000 sq. m.; 
 alt. 55 ft.; maximum depth, 122 fathoms ; average, 50 fathoms. 
 
 Lado'ga, vil., U.S., Indiana, Montgomery co., 34 m. W. by 
 N. Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ladowltz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Dux. P. < 4000. 
 
 Ladrone ( ' robber ' ) Islands, Pacific. See Marianne Islands. 
 
 Ladrones, group of small isls. in the China Sea, opposite the 
 entrance to the Canton R. , 18 m. SE. Macao. 
 
 Lddura, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 32 m. SE. by S. 
 Ambala. P. (i88i)<5ooo. 
 
 Lady, par., in NE. of Sanday I., Scot., Orkney, P.O. ; 5233 
 ac. P. <: 1000. 
 
 Ladybank, vil., Scot., E. Fife, 3^ m. ENE. Falkland, on 
 the N. B. R., with small coal-mine near. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ladybarn, PM.O., Eng., Lancashire, i m. from Withington. 
 
 Lady Bay, small bay, Victoria, E. of Portland Bay, on which 
 Warrnambool stands. 
 
 Ladybrand, tn.. Orange Free State, cap. of L. dist., 50 
 m. E. Bloemfontein. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ladyburn, eccles. par., Scot., part of Greenock, E. par. 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Lady Franklin Sound, deep inlet on the E. ct. of Grinnell 
 
 Land, .Arctic .America. 
 
 Lady Frere, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. Wodehouse. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lady Grey, cape. See Burra Falsa. 
 
 Lady Grey, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. .Aliwal N. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lady Grey, vil. , Cape Colony, Robertson dist., 76 m. E. Cape 
 Town. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Lady Isle, small uninhabited rocky isl. , Scot. , lying off the 
 W. ct. of N. Ayrshire, in 55° 31^' N., 3 m. WSW. Troon. It 
 is important, as affording the only sheltered anchorage along a 
 great extent of coast. 
 
 Lady Jnlla Percy Island, islet, off the S. ct. of Australia, in 
 Portland Bay ; lat. 38° 35' S. , long. 141^ 50' E. 
 
 Ladyklrk, par., Scot., Berwickshire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 841) 
 
 Tweed, 5J m. NE. by N. Coldstream, i m. WNW. Norham 
 stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Ladylands, stn. , Scot. , on border of Perthshire and StirUng- 
 shire, between Kippen and Port of Menteith, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Lady loan, eccles. par. , Scot. , Forfarshire, Arbroath and St. 
 Vigean's par. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ladysbrldge, tn. , Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 9 m. 
 WSW. Youghal, 3 m. from Mogeely stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Ladysbrldge, stn. , Scot. , Banffshire, on the G. N. of S. R. , 
 2^ m. W. Banff. 
 
 Lady's Island, or St. Mary's, ct. par. , adjoining L. I. Lough, 
 Ire., CO. and 8 m. SE. Wexford, bar. Forth. P. <25o. 
 
 Lady's Island Lough, inlet. Ire., SE. ct. of co. Wexford, 9 m. 
 SSE. Wexford, with ruins of a monastery at head of the lough. 
 
 Ladysmltb, Cape Colony and Natal. See Lndlsmltb. 
 
 Ladytown, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Connell, on riv. 
 Liffey and a branch of Grand Canal, 2 m. SW. Naas. P. <25o. 
 
 Ladyivell, stn., Eng., Kent, Lewisham bor. , on the SE. R. 
 (Mid Kent line), 5 m. SE. by S. St. Paul's. 
 
 Laeken, tn., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. and 2 m. N. by W. 
 Brussels, on a hill near the castle of L. ; usual summer resi- 
 dence of the Belgian royal family. Noted manufactures of 
 carpets. P. (1880) 17,900 ; (1891) 25,300. 
 
 Laen, lehen, Teutonic, in English place-names len or lene, 
 ' land leased out,' a ' fief.' 
 
 Laer, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Bochum, 9 m. 
 WSW. Dortmund. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Laer, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Steinfurt, 13 m. 
 WNW. Miinster ; linen manufactures. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Laerne, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. Den- 
 termonde. P. < 5000. 
 
 Laeso, isl. , Denmark. See Ltiso. 
 
 Lafayette, name given in the U.S. to numerous counties, 
 townships, &c., in remembrance of the French general who 
 took part in the War of Independence. 
 
 Lafayette, tn., U.S., Alabama, Chambers co., 67 m. NE. by 
 E. of Montgomery. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lafayette, co. , U.S., Arkansas, on S. frontier, and bounded 
 on W. by the Red R. 
 
 Lafayette, co. , U.S., Florida, on the Gulf of Mexico, 
 crossed in the E. by 83° W. , bounded on the E. by the Aucilla 
 and Suwanee Rivs. 
 
 Lafayette, city, U.S., Indiana, cap. Tippecanoe co., on the 
 1. bk. of the Wabash R. , 58 m. N W. Indianapolis ; built on 
 rising ground, enclosed in the rear by hill of easy ascent, at the 
 head of navigation on the Wabash R. Alt. 595 ft. (R.R.) P. 
 (1880) 14,900 ; (1890) 16,200. West L., adjoining tn., P. < 1500. 
 
 Lafayette, viL, U.S., Kentucky, Christian co., 63 m. 
 WNW. Nashville (Tennessee). P. <:i50o. 
 
 Lafayette, tn., U.S., Louisiana, cap. L. par. (co.), 117 m. 
 W. by N. New Orleans ; railway junction. P. <30oo. 
 
 Lafayette, co., U.S., Mississippi, in the N., W. of 89° W., 
 and N. of 34*^ N. 
 
 Lafayette, co., U.S., Missouri, in the W., bounded on the 
 N. by the riv. Missouri, crossed in the W. by 94° W. 
 
 Lafayette, mt. , U.S. , New Hampshire, in the NE. of Grafton 
 CO., in the White Mts., 69 m. N. Concord. 
 
 Lafayette, vil., U.S., Rhode I., Washington co., 11 m. 
 NW. by W. New Port. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lafayette, co., U.S., Wisconsin, on the S. frontier, crossed 
 by 90° W. 
 
 Laffan's Bridge, stn. for Killenaule, Ire., 11 m. SE. Thurles, 
 E. CO. Tipperary, on the Waterford and Limerick Rly. 
 
 Lafltte, France, dep. Gironde. See Cliatean-Lafltte. 
 
 La Fourche, par. (co. ), U.S., Louisiana, on the Gulf of 
 Mexico, W. of 90° W. , traversed from end to end by Bay on 
 La Fonrclie, which is navigable by steamers for about 100 m. 
 from its mouth. 
 
 Lag, lug, Gaelic, ' a hollow. ' In Scotch place-names logie, 
 in Irish sometimes lega and laga. 
 
 Lag, place in par. and near Kilmory church, Arran I., Scot., 
 in Firth of Clyde, 8 m. SW. Lamlash. 
 
 Laga, in Irish place-names, ' a hollow.' See Lag, 
 
 Lagan, riv. , Ire. , rises on Slieve Croob in the middle of co. 
 Down, about 13 m. W. Downpatrick, flows NW., N., and 
 finally NE. into Belfast Lough, forming in the lower half of its 
 course the boundary between cos. Down and Antrim. The 
 L. Canal, commencing at Strandmellis, on the Lagan R. , about 
 I m. from Belfast, passes Lisburn and Moira, and enters Lough 
 Neagh about 2 m. from Lurgan ; 27 m. long ; admits vessels of 
 Sj ft. draught. 
 
 Lagartos, lagoon, stretching 50 m. parallel to the N. ct. of 
 the penin. of Yucatan, Mexico, W. end in 88° W. 
 
 Lage, Ger. , ' a site,' ' a low-lying field.' See Laag. 
 
 Lage, tn., Ger. See Laage. 
 
 Lage, tn., Ger., princip. Lippe, circle L. , 22 m. S. by W. 
 Minden, 4 m. NW. Detmold. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lage, comm. , Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Carballo. P. <4000. 
 
 Lagens do Pico, comm., Azores, dist. Horta, on Pico I. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 3H 
 
L A G E 
 
 LAKE 
 
 Lfigerdorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle 
 Steinburg, dist. Itzehoe, with which it is connected by tramway. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Lagg, P.O., Scot., Argyllshire, on the E. ct. of Jura, in 55° 
 56^' N. 
 
 I.aggaii, stn. , Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R. , 956 m. 
 by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Laggaii, viL, Canada, Ontario, Glengarry co. , on the riv. 
 La Graisse, 60 m. W. by S. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Laggan, post-viL , New South Wales, Georgiana co. , 30 m. 
 NW. by N. Goulburn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Laggan, riv., Scot., Argyllshire, rises in the E. of Islay, 
 flows SW. into L. Bay, to the E. of the village of L. and of 
 Ii. Poliit. 
 
 Iiaggan, par., Scot., Invemess-shire, on Mashie Water, 9J 
 m. WSW. Kingussie, 6 m. N. by W. Dalwhinnie stn. Ait. 
 821 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 49.4 in. PMT.O. 150,106 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Laggan, riv. , Scot. , Perthshire. See Fortb. 
 
 Laggau, Locb, lake, Scot., Invemess-shire, in the S., 7 m. 
 long by ^ in. wide, drained W. by the riv. Spean. Alt. 819 ft. 
 
 Laggantallnch Head, cape, Scot., Wigtownshire, on the 
 SW. ct. , in 54° 41' N. 
 
 Lagbnat, French spelling Iiaghonat, also spelt El Arhouat 
 or El Aruat, tn. , Algeria, 200 m. S. Algiers, on the slopes of 
 two elongated heights, between which irrigation canals distri- 
 bute the waters of the Wadi Mzi (L bk. trib. of the Jedi). On the 
 route to Timbuktu ; highly malarious. Taken possession of by 
 the French in 1852. Alt. 2580 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 64. 1° F. , 
 Jan. 46.2°, July 86.3°; rfall. (5 yrs. ), 5.2 in. P. <4000. 
 
 Iiaghy, tn. , Ire., S. co. Donegal, bar. Tirhugh, 2 m. SSE. 
 Donegal, P.O. (Laghey). P. <:25o. 
 
 Lagich, viL, Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 86 m. WNW. 
 Baku. P. 6900. 
 
 Laglewnlk, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 35 m. ENE. Ratibor, 
 and 2 m. NW. Konigshiitte. P. <20oo. 
 
 Iiagkadla (langkadhia), tn. , Greece, prov. Arcadia, 44 m. 
 S. by E. Patras. P. 5400. 
 
 Lagua, or Da*Lagna, riv., Cochin-China, L bk. trib. of the 
 Donai or riv. of Saigon. 
 
 Lagnlen, tn., France, dep. Ain, arr. Belley, 27 m. ENE. 
 Lyons. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Lagny, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Mame, arr. Meaux, L bk. 
 Marne, 17 m. E. Paris ; manufacture of fine brushes. P. 4700. 
 
 Lago, Italian, ' a lake.' See Lac. 
 
 Iiago, comm., Italy, prov. Cosenza, dist Paola. P. < 5000. 
 
 Lagoa, tn. , Azores, on S. ct of San Miguel (St. Michael) I. 
 P. 7400. 
 
 Lagoa, tn. , Portugal, prov. Algarve, dist. Faro, near the S. 
 ct. , 30 m. W. by N. Faro. P. 5300. 
 
 LagodekM, fort, Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 80 m. 
 ENE. Tiflis. 
 
 Lago Magglore ('the greater lake.' See Lac), or Lake of 
 Locarno {Lacus Veriar/us), lake, N. Italy, enclosed by Pied- 
 mont, Lombardy, and the Swiss cant Ticino, being the western- 
 most of the great lakes in this region. Shape very irregular. 
 Length, 40 m. ; average breadth, 2 m. ; area of Swiss portion, 
 17 sq. m.; total area, 82.7 sq. m. Greatest depth, 1230 ft The 
 Ticino R. , of which it is properly but an expansion, enters and 
 leaves the lake. It contains the Borromean Isles, and is tra- 
 versed by steam packets. Climate cool, owing to the proximity 
 of glaciers. Subject to sudden thunderstorms in summer. 
 Alt. 635 ft. 
 
 Lagonegro, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 35 m. S. Potenza, 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lagong, tn. , Siamese Laos. See Xakon-Lampang. 
 
 Lagonoy, comm. , Philippine Is. , Luzon, prov. Camarines, at 
 the head of the large Bay of L., which is situated in the SE. of 
 the island, in 13° 3o'-4s' N. P. (comm.) 10,300. 
 
 Lagos (Portuguese name, native name Eko), tn., Brit W. 
 AfHca, cap. of the colony of L. , on a small island in a lagoon 
 which receives the Ogun, and further E. tlie Odo Ona and 
 Oshun Rivs., 48 m. S. Abbeokuta, in 3° 25' E., 4280 m. from 
 Liverpool It is the only natural harbour on the coast through- 
 out an extent of 1000 m. ; the entrance is narrow, and has a 
 shifting bar with a depth of water about 12 to 15 ft P. (1891) 
 32,500. See Lagos, colony. 
 
 Lagos, tn. , Portugal, prov. Algarve, dist. Faro, on the S. ct. , 
 42 m. W. by N. Faro, m 37° 6' N. , 8° 38' W. Mean temp. , 
 yr. 64.3° F., Jan. 53.3°, Aug. 77.0°. P. 7300. 
 
 Lagos, Turkey. See Porto Lagos. 
 
 Lagos, Brit colony on the Slave Coast in Upper Guinea, W. 
 of the British Niger-Benue possessions. L. is the centre of the 
 W. African palm-oil trade, the principal place being the town 
 of L. , the cap. of the colony. It is the largest and most im- 
 portant trading-place of Upper Guinea. The principal exports 
 are palm-oil, palm-nut kernels, ivory, cotton, and gum copal ; 
 the principal impt>rts are spirits, textiles, tobacco, and hardware. 
 The commerce of L. is chiefly in the hands of British, German, 
 and French merchants, but very few whites live in the colony, 
 850 
 
 owing to the unhealthiness of the climate. L. has direct steam- 
 ship connections with London, Liverpool, and Hamburg. The 
 colony was founded in 1861, and has made rapid strides since 
 that time, the annual value of the exports being at present more 
 than ^^500,000, and that of the imports about ^440,000. Area, 
 1068 sq. m. P. (1870) 27,000; (1891) 85,000 (including 120 
 whites). [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Lagos de Moreno, tn., Mexico, Jalisco, 15 m. WNW. 
 Guanajuato, on the Mexican Central Rly. P. 13,500. 
 
 Lagosta, vil., Austria, Dalmatia, on an island of the same 
 name, 56 m. SSE. Spalato. P. <20oo. 
 
 La Grace, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Campbell co. , 100 ra. 
 N. Pierre. 
 
 Lagrande, city, U.S., Oregon, Union co., 80 m. SE. Walla 
 Walla. P. <3000. 
 
 Lagrange, city, U.S., Georgia, Troup co., 60 m. SW. by 
 S. Atlanta. P. <4000. 
 
 Lagrange, vil., U.S., Illinois, Cook co., 15 m. SW. Chicago 
 by rail P. <:3000. 
 
 Lagrange, tn., U.S., Indiana, Lagrange co., 109 m. E. by 
 S. Chicago (IlL). P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Lagrange, viL, U.S., Kentucky, Oldham co. , 24 m. ENE. 
 Louisville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lagrange, city, U.S., Missouri, Lewis co., on the Missis- 
 sippi, 28 m. S. by W. Keokuk (lo.j. P. <i50o. 
 
 Lagrange, viL, U.S., Ohio, Jeff"erson co., on the Ohio, 16 m. 
 N. by E. Wheeling (W. Va.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lagrange, viL, U.S., Ohio, Lorain co. , 28 m. SW. Cleve- 
 land. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lagrange, city, U.S., Texas, Fayette co., on the L bk. of 
 the Colorado, 59 m. SE. by E. Austin. P. <2ooo. 
 
 La Graisse BlTer, riv. , Canada, in E. of Ontario and W. of 
 Quebec, flows E. into riv. Ottawa (Lake Two Mountains). 
 
 La Gro, viL, U.S., Indiana, co. and 5 m. NE. Waba!sh, 74 
 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 La Gnalra, tn. , Venezuela, See Gnalra, La. 
 
 Lagaaii, isL , Brit Guiana. See Legaan. 
 
 Lagoiole, vil. , France, dep. Aveyron, 63 m. NE. by N. Albi, 
 arr. and 12 m. NNE. Espalion. P. <20oo. 
 
 Laguna, Spanish and Portuguese, ' a lake.' See Lac. 
 
 Lagnna, seapt., on the E. ct of Brazil, Santa Catharina, in 
 26° 36' S. , at the mouth of a lagoon running northwards parallel 
 to the coast P. 3000. 
 
 Lagona, dist , Mexico, on the borders of the states of Coahuila 
 and Durango, on the riv. Nazas, containing some of the finest 
 land in the republic. 
 
 Lagnna, prov., Philippine Is., Luzon, E. of 121° E. , crossed 
 by 14^ N. 
 
 Lagona, La, tn. , former cap. of Canary Is. , on Tenerife, in 
 28° 12' N. , 16° 24' W. ; seat of a bishop. Alt 1790 ft. Mean temp. 
 (6 yrs. , 1876-82), yr. 62.7° F. , Feb. 55.6°, Aug. 72.3°. P. 11,400. 
 
 Lagnna Bay, Queensland, on E. ct , in 26° 18' S. 
 
 Lagnna de la Madre, a long and narrow lagoon, U. S. , Texas, 
 stretching for upwards of 100 m. N. from the extreme S. of the 
 state, parallel to the W. shore of the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Lagnna de la Madre Austral, ct. lagoon, Mexico, Tamau- 
 lipas, on the Gulf of Mexico, stretching from 24°-25|° N. 
 
 Laguna de Teruilnos. See Ternilnos. 
 
 Lagunas, tn., Chile, prov. Tarapaca, 65 m. SSE. Iquique. 
 
 Lagnnas, viL, Peru, dep. Lambayeque, on the W. ct, in 
 about 7° 3' S. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lagona Terde, isl. of Haiti, republic Santo Domingo, 100 
 m. NNE. Port-au-Prince, in 71° 35' W. 
 
 Labalna, tn. , Sandwich Is. , on the W. ct and principal port 
 of Maui. P. 3000. 
 
 Lakajan, tn. , Persia. See Lakljan. 
 
 Lak&r, fortified tn., Central India, Gwalior state, 50 m. E. 
 Gwalior fort, and 85 m. SE. Agra. 
 
 Lahard, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist Killarney No. 1. 
 
 Lakardaon, tnld. , Ire. , N W. co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, 8^ m. 
 SW. Ballina, P.O. (Lafcardane). P. <2So. 
 
 Lakarpe, city, U.S., Illinois, Hancock co., 86 m. NW. by 
 W^. Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Laksrpnr, tn., Brit India, Oudh, dist Sitapur, 58 m. N. 
 Lucknow, in 27° 43' N., 80° 56' E. P. 11,500; Moham. 6200; 
 Hindus, 5200. 
 
 Lakat, vil. , Siunatra, in 3° 12' S. , 104° 36' E. , at the E. base of 
 Mount Dempo, E. of Benkulen and SW. Palembang. Alt. 823 ft. 
 Mean temp. (8 yrs., 1845-52), yr. 80.5°, Jan. 79.3°, July 80.6°. 
 
 La Haole, stn., on ia& line from St Helier to St Aubin, 
 Jersey, Channel Is. 
 
 La Have, cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the SE. ct , on the 
 E. of a sm^ island called Indian I. , in 44° 12' N. 
 
 La Have, riv. , Canada, Nova Scotia, flows SE. to the Atlantic 
 Ocean, which it enters in 44° 1/ N. ; navigable to Bridgewater. 
 Length, 60 m. 
 
 Lakeen, Glen, valley. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Boylagh, 
 opening into the Gweedore valley. 
 
 LakeJ, little state, SW. Arabia, under Brit protection, cap. 
 Hanta. 
 
LAKE — LAKE 
 
 liUhenie, electoral div. , Ire., co. Cork, dist. Courceys. 
 
 La Hestre, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and lo m. 
 WNW. Charleroi. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Lamjau, or Labajaii, tn., Persia, prov. Gilan, 8 m. from the 
 Caspian Sea, 29 m. ESE. Resht. P. 7000. 
 
 Laliincli, PMT.O. , Ire., co. Clare. See Leblncli. 
 
 Lahmam, place named in O. T. See El Lalun. 
 
 Lalin, riv. , Ger. , mainly in the Prussian prov. of Hesse- 
 Nassau, rises in the S. of prov. Westphalia, in the Rothhaar (alt. 
 1975 ft.), flows mostly WSW. , passing Giessen, Wetzlar, and 
 Ems, and enters the Rhine 6 m. above Koblenz. Length, 135 
 m. ; canalised from Giessen (88 m. ) ; area of basin, 2300 sq. m. 
 
 Iifilui, tn. , Prussia, Silesia, circle and 9 m. SSE. Lowenberg, 
 with manufactures of watches and clocks. P. <2000. 
 
 I/atao-kou. See Lobo>koa. , 
 
 lialiolm, tn. , Sweden, prov. Halland, on the Laga A, 56 m. 
 NW. Christianstad. P. <20oo. 
 
 LaboiiUm, extinct lake. See Cireat Basin. 
 
 Lahore, ancient walled tn., Brit India, Punjab, dist. L., near 
 the 1. bk. of the Ravi, 32 m. W. Amritsar, in 31° 34' N., 74° 21' 
 E. The European quarter, with the Government House, the 
 Lawrence Gardens, and the Punjab University, is outside the 
 walls. The military cantonment of Meean Meer (Midn Mir) is 
 6 m. off. Under the Mughal Empire L. reached its greatest 
 size and splendour, in the reigns of Humiyun, Akbar, Jahingir, 
 Shdh Jahin, and Aurangzeb (1530-1707). Alt. 730 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 75° F., Jan. 54°, June 93°; rfall., yr. 21.9 in., July- 
 Aug. 12.0 in. P. including cantonment (1868) 125,400; (1881) 
 149,400; (1891) 176,900; Moham. 102,300; Hindus, 62,100; 
 Sikhs, 7300 ; Christians, 4700. 
 
 Lahorl, mt. chain, Kafiristan, trending SW. from the W. 
 extremity of the Himalayas and the NE. of the Hindu Kush, 
 between the valleys of the Chitral and Panjkora, with peak 
 22,310 ft. in height. 
 
 Laiiosto, isl. , Dalmatia. See Lagosta. 
 
 Lalir, urban comm., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, circle Offen- 
 burg, 17 m. SSE. Strassburg, Alsace-Lorraine. Comm. P. 
 10,800 ; tn. P. 10,200. 
 
 Lahu, or Bandamma, riv. , W. Africa, flows S. into the Gulf 
 of Guinea (Ivory Coast), which it enters in about 3° 55' W. 
 
 Lnlin, small territory belonging to the French colony of Assini, 
 Ivory Coast, W. Africa. 
 
 L^hnl, subdivision of Kangra dist. , Punjab, India, adjoining 
 Ladakh on the SE. ; mainly a waste of rock and ice. Out of a 
 total area of 2255 sq. m. only 5 are under cultivation. 
 
 La Hune, cape, Newfoundland, on the S. ct. , in 56° 54' W. 
 
 Lai, tn. , central Africa, Bagirmi, on the Logone or Serbewel, 
 in 9° 10' N. , 16° 20' E. 
 
 Lalbacb, tn. , Austria, cap. Carniola, 40 m. S. by E. Klagen- 
 furt, on the Laibach, a small stream which joins the Save a few 
 miles E. of the town ; seat of a prince-bishop ; various manu- 
 factures. Suffered severely from an earthquake, April 15-16, 
 1895. Alt. ioi5-ii95ft. ; meteorological station, 943 ft Mean 
 temp., )T. 48.2* F., Jan. 27.8°, July 68°. P. (1869) 22,600; 
 (1880)26,300; (1890)30,500. 
 
 Lalbacb, Ober, comm., Austria, Carniola, 13 m. WSW. 
 Laibach. P. 6000. 
 
 Lalbacber Moor, marsh, near Laibach, 56 sq. m. in extent, 
 formerly larger, but now partially reclaimed. Remains of lake 
 dwellings found in it. 
 
 Lalcb, Locb, small inlet, Scot. , Argyllshire, on the E. side 
 of Loch Linnhe, ii m. NNE. Oban. 
 
 L&lcbaupur, port, now nearly silted up, Brit. India, Bengal, 
 dist. Balasor, 80 m. NE. Cuttack, on the Bay of Bengal, on 
 the Kansbans R. 
 
 Lalcblngen, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle of the 
 Danube, dist. Miinsingen, 30 m. SE. Stuttgart, 15 m. WNW. 
 Ulm. P. <300o. 
 
 Lalcbon, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, a few miles from the 
 Gulf of Pechili, 80 m. W. by S. Chifu. 
 
 Lalcbon, vil., China, Tongking, on the upper He-ho (Black 
 R.), 200 m. WNW. Hanoi, 65 m. S. by W. Manhao ; French 
 military post. 
 
 Laid, P.O., Scot, NW. Sutherland, in par. and 8 m. SE. 
 Durness. 
 
 Laldley, tn., Queensland, Churchill co., 35 m. W. by S. 
 Brisbane, 25 m. ESE. Toowoomba. A bore for artesian water 
 is being sunk by government. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lalgle, tn. , France, dep. Orne, arr. Mortagne, on the Rille, 
 30 m. SW. by W. Evreux; with important manufactures of 
 pins, needles, hooks and eyes, and small hardware. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Laignes, vil., France, dep. Cote-d'Or, 35 m. SSE. Troyes, 
 10 m. W. Chatillon-sur-Seine. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Lalgneglla, comm., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the 
 coast, 22 m. NE. by E. San Remo. P. <2000. 
 
 Lal-klang, Lel-klang, or Lnl-bo, riv. , China, in SE. Hunan, 
 flows NNW. through a dist. rich in coal into the Heng- (or 
 Siang-) kiang, which it enters below Heng-chou in about 27° 5' N. 
 
 Laiklpla, a large plateau, mainly of lava, Brit. E. Africa, 
 to the E. of the great trough containing Lakes Baringo and 
 
 Nakuro, in 0° 30' S. , 1° N. , and 36°-73° E. Alt. about 6300- 
 6700 ft. See Geog. Jour. , iv. , p. 409. 
 
 Lallaslil, dist. tn. , Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and N. of 
 Kutais, chief town of dist. Lechgum, on Lajanuri R. P. < 5000, 
 
 Laluate, vil. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Milan, dist. and about 
 12^ m. SE. Gallarate. P. < 3000. 
 
 Lalndon, par., Eng. , Essex, div. and it m. S. by W. 
 Chelmsford, on the London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly., P.O. 
 P. <;5oo ; eccles. par. (L. wltb Basildon) P. <5oo. 
 
 Lalndon, par. , Eng. , Essex. See Langdon. 
 
 Lalu^, isl. , Pacific. See Lo. 
 
 Lalngsbnrg, vil. , Cape Colony, dist. Prince Albert, 213 m. 
 (by rail) ENE. Cape Town, on the railway to Kimberley. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lalngsbnrg, vil., U.S., Michigan, Shiawassee co., 53 m. 
 SSW. Bay City, and 16 m. NE. Lansing. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lalug's Nek, defile, in the N. of Natal, about 16 m. from 
 the extreme N. frontier ; the railway to Charlestown here passes 
 through a tunnel 2213 ft. long. 
 
 Laluston, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 3 m. NW. 
 by W. Winchester. P. <25o. 
 
 Lalra Green, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 2 m. 
 ENE. Plymouth. P.<5oo. 
 
 Lairg, in place-names, ' a slope.' See Learg. 
 
 Lairg, par., Scot., in the S. of Sutherland (?.w.), at the foot 
 of Loch Shin, on the H. R.; starting point of the chief Suther- 
 land mail and tourist routes ; 121,359 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lalsbev, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 38 m. SE. Kazan, on 
 r. bk. of Kama. P. 5500. 
 
 Lalster Dyke, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Bradford and Calverley pars. , on the G. N. R. P. 17,300. 
 
 Laltbklrk, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Romald- 
 kirk par. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lalyang- (or Lnlyang-) bslen, tn., NE. China, prov. Shan- 
 tung, 45 m. SW. by S. Chifu (Chefoo). Has large manufac- 
 tures of pongee silk (made from the silk of the ailanthus moth). 
 P. 50,000. 
 
 Laja, dep. , Chile, prov. Biobio, bounded on N. by Laja R. 
 
 Lajosfalva, comm. , Hungary, co. Torontdl, dist. Antalfalva. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lajos-Mlzse, comm., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun 
 dist. Pest koz6p. P. 7600. 
 
 Lajnnta, tn., U.S., Colorado, Bent co. , on r. bk. of the 
 Arkansas, 107 m. NW. by W. of the SE. corner of the state. 
 Alt 4044 ft (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Lak, Nagy. See Nagylak. 
 
 L4-k&>dong, or Ilmat, vil., Assam, in the S. of the Jaintia 
 Hills, with small coalfield. Alt. 2200 ft 
 
 Lake, vil., Eng., Isle of Wight, i m. from Sandown, P.O. 
 
 Lake, hamlet, Eng., Wiltshire, 3 m. SW. Amesbury, P.O. 
 
 Lake, co. , New Zealand, South I. , on the W. ct. , crossed by 
 168° and 169° E. 
 
 Lake, co., U.S., California, intersected by 39° N. and 123° 
 W. ; contains Clear Lake. 
 
 Lake, co., U.S., Colorado, N. of 39° N., and W. of 106° W. 
 
 Lake, co., U.S., Florida, crossed by 28^° N., 81° 45' W. 
 
 Lake, co., U.S., Illinois, in extreme NE. 
 
 Lake, co., U.S., Indiana, in extreme NW. 
 
 Lake, co., U.S., Michigan, in the W., crossed by 44° N., 
 and in the extreme W. by 86° W. 
 
 Lake, co., U.S., Minnesota, in the NE., between Lake 
 Superior and the N. frontier. 
 
 Lake, city, U.S., Minnesota, Wabasha co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Mississippi, 50 m. SE. St. Paul. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Lake, co., U.S., Ohio, on Lake Erie, bounded on the E. by 
 81° W. 
 
 Lake, co., U.S., Oregon, on the S. frontier, crossed in the 
 NW. by 121° W. 
 
 Lake, co., U.S., S. Dakota, crossed by 44° N. and 97° W. 
 
 Lake, co., U.S., Tennessee, in extreme NW., on Mississippi. 
 
 Lake, settlement, U.S., Washington, Franklin co., 48 m. 
 NW. Walla WaUa. 
 
 Lake Bolac, or Pampa, post-tp., Victoria, co. Ripon, 162 
 m. W. Melbourne. P. < 1500. See Bolac. 
 
 Lake Brunner, P.O., New Zealand, South I., Grey co., 
 39 m. from Hokitika. 
 
 Lake Charles, tn., U.S., Louisiana, Calcasieu co. , on riv. 
 Calcasieu, 53 m. NE. by E. of the SW. corner of the state. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Lake Charm, post-tn., Victoria, co. Tatchera, on W. bank 
 of Lake Charm, 190 m. NNW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lake City, vil., U.S., Colorado, Hinsdale co., 115 m. NE. 
 by E. of the SW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lake City, tn., U.S., Florida, Columbia co., 72 m. W. by S. 
 of the mouth of the St. John's R. ; seat of a state agricultiu-al 
 college. P. <:300o. 
 
 Lake City, tn., U.S., Iowa, Calhoun co., 89 m. E. by S. 
 Sioux City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lake Cndgelllco, post-tn. , New South Wales, Dowling co. , 
 285 m. W. by N. Sydney. P. <;t5oo. 
 
 851 
 
LAKE 
 
 LAMB 
 
 lAke Danpbln, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, lo m. to the 
 W. of Lake Dauphin, 158 m. NW. by W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Lake District. See England, Physical Features. 
 
 Lake District, or South Longroi4, Tasmania, cos. West- 
 moreland and Somerset, SW. of the Great Western Mts. 
 
 Lake Dor^, \-il., Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co., 66 m. W. 
 by N. Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lake Etcbemin, or St. Clerniaine, vil. , Canada, prov. and 
 48 m. from Quebec, co. Dorchester, on Lake E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lakefleld, or Nortli Dooro, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Peter- 
 borough, 40 m. by rail from Port Hope, at head of Otonabee R. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Lake Forest, city, U.S., Illinois, Lake co. , on W. shore of 
 Lake Michigan, 30 m. NNW. Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lake Geneva, city, U.S. , Wisconsin, W^alworth co. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Lake Linden, vil., U.S., Michigan, Houghton co. , 65 m. 
 NW. Marquette. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lake Lock, PM.O., Eng., Yorkshire, 2 m. from Stanley, 
 near Wakefield. 
 
 Lake Megantic, vil., Canada, Quebec, Compton co. , at the 
 N. end of Lake Megantic, 85 m. S. by E. Quebec. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Lake Mills, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, co. and 8 m. NW. Jeffer- 
 son. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lakenbam, eccles. par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 2 m. S. by E. 
 Norwich, im.S.by W.Trowsestn. (^.i;.),P.O. (OldL.). P. 5900. 
 
 Lakenbeatb, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 13 m. 
 NNE. Newmarket, 2 m. S. by W. of its stn. on the G. E. R., 
 PMT.O. ; 11,331 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Lake of the Tbonsand Islands, Canada. See Tbonsand 
 Islands, Lake of tbe. 
 
 Lake of tbe Woods, Canada. See Woods, Lake of tbe. 
 
 Lake Plains, post-tn., S. Australia, Sturt co., 40 m. SE. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lake Preston, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Kingsbury co., 104 m. 
 N.Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lake Providence, vil., U.S., Louisiana, E. Carroll par., r. 
 bk. Mississippi, 38 m. NNW. Vicksburg (Miss.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Lakerai Kotal, pass, Afghanistan, across the Safid Koh, in 
 34° s' 10" N., 69° 50' 30" E. Alt. 10,600 ft. {Proc. R. G. S., 
 1879, p. 629). 
 
 Lake Rovran, post-tn., Victoria, co. Moira, in 36° 20' S. , 
 146° 2' E. , 141 m. by rail and road NNE. Melbourne. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lake St. Cbarles, viL , Canada, prov. , co. , and 10 m. from 
 Quebec. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Lake Sliore, settlement, U.S., Utah, Davis co., 12 m. N. 
 Salt Lake City. 
 
 Lake Side, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, near S. end of Winder- 
 mere, I m. from Newby Bridge. 
 
 Lakeside, vil., U.S., Michigan, Berrien co., 5 m. NE. New 
 Buffalo bv rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lake Temiscamingne, vil. , Canada, Quebec, co. Pontiac, 
 on Lake Temiscamingue, 80 m. from Mattawa. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Lake Valley, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Sierra co., 128 
 m. NE. from the SW. corner of the terr. 
 
 Lake vie iv, electoral div.. Ire., co. Sligo, dist. Riverstown. 
 
 Lakevie'w, vil., U.S., Michigan, Montcalm co., 72 m. W. 
 by S. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lakevle^v, tn., U.S., Oregon, cap. Lake co., at the head of 
 Goose Lake, 170 m. W. of the SE. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lake Tlew, settlement, U.S., Utah, Utah co., 35 m. S. by 
 E. Salt Lake City. 
 
 LakevUIe, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Kings, 9 m. from 
 Kentville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lakeville, settlement, U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co., 32 
 m. NE. by E. Poughkeepsie (N. Y.). Alt 670 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 Lakeviile, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., 37m. S. 
 by E. Boston, between Assawompset and Long Ponds. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Lake Vyrnwy, P.O., Wales. See Llanwddyn. 
 
 Lakbamis, Arab tribe, Morocco, to the S. of 35° N., and 
 mainly to the E. of 5° W. 
 
 Lakhl (Lukkee), hill range, Brit. India, Sind, running from 
 the Hala or Brahui Mts., on the border of Baluchistan, to the 
 Indus, where they terminate at the L. Pass near the vil. of L. 
 (about 26° 20' N.) in a nearly perpendicular rock 600 ft. high. 
 They are in general of recent formation, and contain a large 
 quantity of marine remains ; much fissured ; abounding in hot 
 springs and sulphurous exhalations. 
 
 Lakbl, viL , India, Bombay, Sind, dist Karachi, near the W. 
 bank of the Indus and the entrance to L. Pass, through which 
 runs the Sind, Punjab, and Delhi Rly., 66 m. NW. Haidar&bdd. 
 
 Lakblmpnr, vil., Brit India, Assam, dist. L., 55 m. WSW, 
 EHbrugarh. P. (i88i)<5ooo. 
 
 Lakblmpnr, dist. , in the extreme E. of Assam (q.v. ), on both 
 banks of the Brdhmdputrd. Coal mined at Mikum, whence 
 there is a railway to Dibrugarh, cap. of the dist. 
 
 Lakblmpnr (census Kheri Lakblmpnr), tn., Brit India, 
 Oudh, cap. dist Kheri, 73 m. N. Lucknow. P. (1891) 8100 ; 
 Hindus, 5900 ; Moham. 2100. 
 852 
 
 Lakblpur, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist Cachar, 60 m. W. 
 Manipur. 
 
 Lakbi Sar&i. See Lnckeeserai. 
 
 Lakbon, tn. , in the eastern Siamese Shan states, 99 m. N W. 
 Kemmerat, on the r. bk. of the Mekong (in 17° 23' N.), at its 
 nearest point to the China Sea. 
 
 Lakbon, or Lagong, tn. , in the western Siamese Shan states. 
 See Nakon-Lampang. 
 
 Lakbpat. tn. , India, Cutch, on the western outlet of the Great 
 Raim of Cutch, 130 m. SE. by E. Karachi. 
 
 Lakbtar, tn. , India, Bombay, Kathiawar, cap. L. state, in 
 22° 51' N., 71° 50' E. P. (i88i)<5ooo. 
 
 Lakmon, pass across Pindos. See Zygos. 
 
 Lakon, tn. , Siam, Malay Penin., near the E. ct. , in about 
 8° 23' N. 
 
 Lakonin. See Laconia. 
 
 Lakota, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Nelson co. , 80 m. SW. 
 Pembina. P. < 1500. 
 
 Laksbmes'^var, tn., India, Bombay, in native state Mirij, 40 
 m. SE. Dharwar. P. (1881) 10,300. 
 
 Laky, China. See Lankl-bsien. 
 
 Lala Mnsa, vil., Brit. India, Punjab, dist Gujrat, 80 m. 
 NNW. Lahore, at the junction of two lines of the N W. R. 
 
 L41atpnr, tn. , India. See Lalltpnr. 
 
 Lalbagb, city, Brit. India. See Murstalddbdd. 
 
 Lalebam, par. , Eng. , Middlesex, Uxbridge div. , on the 1. 
 bk. of the Thames, 2 m. SSE. Staines, PMT.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Laleston, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div., 14 m. SE. 
 by S. Neath, 2 m. W. Bridgend stn. ; has collieries and iron- 
 works. P.O. P. <:75o. See Newcastle. 
 
 LalganJ, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Muzaffarpur, on the 
 r. bk. of the Gandak, 25 m. NNW. Patna; important river 
 mart P. 12,500 ; Hindus, 10,800 ; Moham. 1700. 
 
 Lalib^la, tn., central Abyssinia, 68 m. ENE. Debra Tabor, 
 on a high basaltic terrace. On of the sacred towns of Christian 
 Ethiopia. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Lalln, comm., Spain, Galicia, 37 m. NE. Pontevedra. P. 
 16,300. 
 
 Lalln, tn., Manchuria, 85 m. NNE. Kirin, in the valley of 
 the Lalin-ho, which flows NNW. to the Sungari. P. 20,000. 
 
 L&lltpnr, or Lillatpnr, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , cap. 
 dist. L., no m. S. by E. Gwalior. P. 11,300; Hindus, 8700; 
 Moham. 1600. 
 
 Lallalng, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 5 m. E. by N. 
 Douai. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Lai Lai, post-tn., Victoria, Grant co., 14 m. SE. Ballarat 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Lalla Marnia, comm., Algeria. See Lella-Magbnla. 
 
 Lalpnra, tn. , Afghanistan, to the N. of the Kabul R. , oppo- 
 site the NW. end of the Khaibar Pass, 37 m. WNW. Peshawar. 
 
 Lalsot, tn., India, Rajputana, 44 m. SE. by E. Jaipur. P. 
 (1881) 8700. 
 
 Lam, viL , Lower Bavaria, dist. and 4^ m. ENE. Kotzting, 
 with mines of lead and iron pyrites. 
 
 Lama, vil. , Corsica, arr. and 6 m. SW'. by W. Bastia. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Lama, comm., Spain, Galicia, 12J m. SE. Pontevedra. P. 
 5800. 
 
 Lamacban Hill, Scot, Kirkcudbrightshire, in the W., 7^ 
 m. N. by E. Newton Stewart. Alt. 2349 ft 
 
 Lama de Pellgnl, comm. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 
 22 m. S. Chieti. P. <;3000. 
 
 Lama dl Moct^no, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 25 m. 
 SSW. Modena. P. < 5000. 
 
 Lamallne, p>ort of entry, Newfoundland, dist. and 40 m. 
 from Burin. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Lama Miao, tn. , Mongolia. See Dolon-Nor. 
 
 Lamancba, vil. , Scot. , Peeblesshire, on the N. B. R. , 8 m. 
 NNW. Peebles, P.O. ; coal-mining. 
 
 Lamancbe, mining settlement, Newfoundland, dist Placentia. 
 
 La Mar, or Puerto La Mar, a former name of Cobija, Chile. 
 
 Lama Passage, strait, Brit. Columbia, N. of Hunter I. , in 
 52° 3' N. , 128° W. ; shores beautifully wooded. 
 
 Lamar, co., U.S., Alabama, on W. frontier, and crossed in 
 the N. by 34° N. 
 
 Lamar, tn., U.S., Missouri, Barton co., 112 m. S. by E. 
 Kansas City, and 22 m. N. Carthage. P. <;3000. 
 
 L'Amaronx, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. York, 6 m. from 
 Scarborough. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lamarsb, par., Eng., Essex, Saffron Walden div., on the 
 Stour, loj m. NW. Colchester, 2 m. NNW. Bures stn. P. <:2So. 
 
 Lamas, P.O., Eng., Norfolk, 2 m. from Buxton. 
 
 Lamas, tn. , Peru, dep. Loreto, prov. Huallagas, 195 m. E. 
 Trujillo. P. 4000. 
 
 Lamb, CO., U.S., Texas, in the NW., bounded on the E. by 
 102° W. , crossed by 34° N. 
 
 Lamballe, tn. , France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, on the Couesson, 
 26 m. SW. by W. St. Malo, arr. and 12J m. ESE. St. Brieuc. 
 Mean temp., yr. 50.5° F., Jan. 38.8°, Aug. 62.6°. P. <sooo. 
 
 Lamba Xess, NE. extremity of Unst I., Shetland. 
 
LAMB — LAMP 
 
 lAinbart's Castle, Roman camp, Eng. , W. Dorsetshire, 4 m. 
 NE. Lyme Regis. 
 
 Lambay, isl., Ire., ofFE. ct. of co. Dublin, 53° 30' N., 6° W. 
 
 Lambay, or Mn-kln, islet, China, off the SW. ct. of Formosa, 
 18 m. S. by E. Takow, in 22° 21' N., 120° 23' E.; surrounded 
 by very deep water, and noted for fine marine shell-fish. 
 
 Lambay a, vil., French colony of the Senegal, 54 m. E. 
 Dakar ; principal place of Baol. 
 
 Lambayeque, tn. , Peru, cap. dep. L. , 310 m. S. Guayaquil 
 P. 8000. 
 
 Lanibeg, par. and tn. , Ire., cos. Antrim and Down, bars. 
 Upper Belfast, Upper Massereene, and Upper Castlereagh, i^ 
 m. N. Lisburn, on the L bk. of the Lagan, and the G. N. R., 
 P.O. Par. P. < 3000; tn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Lambcrhnrst, par., Eng., Kent and Sussex, on the NE. 
 border of the county. Rye div., 6 ra. ESE. Tunbridge Wells, 
 4 m. E. Frant stn., PMT.O.; 5479 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Lambertl, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle and dist. 
 Miinster. P. <3ooc. 
 
 Lambert's Bay, bay. Cape Colony, W. ct. , in about 32° 8' S. 
 
 LambertTille, city, U.S., New Jersey, Hunterdon co., on 
 the Delaware R. , 15 m. NW. Trenton. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Lambesc, tn., France, dep. Bouches-du-Rh6ne, arr. and 15 
 m. NW. Aix. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Lambessa, in French Lamb^se, vil. , Algeria, prov. and 65 
 m. SSW. Constantine, arr. and 5 m. SE. Batna, with numerous 
 ruins of the ancient Roman LambcBsa. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lambeth (ancient Lomehithe, ' clayey haven '), pari. bor. and 
 par., in the S. of London, divided into the four divs. of N. 
 Lambeth, Kennington, Brixton, and Norwood. It contains 
 Lambeth Palace, the official residence of the Archbishops of 
 Canterbury, St. Thomas's Hospital, &c. Par. P. 275,200 ; 
 pari. divs. N. Lambeth, P. (1891) 62,600 ; Kennington, P. 73,900; 
 Brixton, P. 70,400; Norwood, P. 68,400. 
 
 Lamb Head, cape. Ire. , S. ct. co. Kerry, at the N. entrance 
 to Kenmare R. 
 
 Lambhlll, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, 2 m. N. Glasgow, on 
 Forth and Clyde Canal, P.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Lambholm, isl. , Scot. , Orkney, in Holm Sound, Holm par. 
 
 P. 7. 
 
 Lainbley, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., on 
 NK. R., i6i m. W. by S. Hexham, with coal, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Lambley, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div. , 5 m. 
 NE. by N. Nottingham, ij m. NNW. Burton Joyce stiu, with 
 coal, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Lambourn (' muddy brook. ' See LeAm), riv. , Eng., Berk- 
 shire, Newbury div. , joining the 1. bk. of the Kennet at Newbury. 
 A light railway or tramroad is about to be laid in the valley by 
 the G. W. R. ' 
 
 Lambourn, par., Eng., Berkshire, Newbury div., 11 m. 
 ESE. Swindon, 6^ m. N. Hungerford stn., PMT.O., and P.O. 
 (Lambonrii Woodlands) ; 14,873 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Lambonru Downs, range of hills, Eng., W. Berkshire, 
 Abingdon and Newbury divs. 
 
 Lambonrue, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 5 m. NNW. 
 Romford, 2^ m. E. Chigwell Lane stn. P. < 1000; eccles. par. 
 (L. with Abridge) P. <iooo. 
 
 Lambrecht, tn. , Ger. , Bavaria, govt. Rhine Palatinate, circle 
 and dist. Neustadt. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Lambrlgg, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 3^ m. NE. 
 by E. Kendal. P. <25o. 
 
 Lambro, riv., Italy, Lombardy, flows S. then SSE. to Monza, 
 joining the Po on its 1. bk. at Corte Sant' Andrea. Length, 75 m. 
 
 Lanibsheim, comm. , Ger., Bavaria, govt. Rhine Palatinate, 
 circle and dist. Frankenthal. P. <3000. 
 
 Lnmbston, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3 m. W. by N. 
 Haverfordwest. P. <25o. See Haroldston, West. 
 
 Lambton, co. , Canada, Ontario, bounded N. by Lake Huron, 
 W. by the riv. St. Clair. 
 
 Lambton, par. , Eng. , Durham, Houghton-le-Spring div. , 5 J 
 m. NNE. Durham. P. <:25o. 
 
 Lambton, tn. , New South Wales, Northumberland co. , 5 m. 
 W. Newcastle, vdth coal-mines near. P. about 2000. Ne"w 
 Lambton, i m. S. by E. 
 
 Lambton Mills, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. York, on riv. 
 H umber, 7 m. from Toronto. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lainbunao, comm. , Philippine Is. , isl. of Panay, dist. Iloilo. 
 P. 7500. 
 
 Lambwath Stream, small stream, Eng., Yorkshire, E. 
 Riding, Holderness div. , flowing W. then S. into the Humber 
 to the E. of Hull. 
 
 Lamego, city, Portugal, prov. Beira, dist. Vizeu, 43 m. E. 
 Oporto ; has a cathedral. P. 8100. 
 
 Lamegnapl, bay, Chile, prov. Valdivia, in 40° 12' S. 
 
 Lamentin, tn. , West Indies, on W. ct. of Martinique I. 
 
 Lamerton, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 3 m. NW. 
 Tavistock stn. , 8^ m. SE. by E. Launceston, with copper ore, 
 P. O. ; 5019 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Lamesley, par., Eng., Durham, Chester- le-Street div., on the 
 NE. R.,4ra. S. Newcastle; 7176 ac. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lamia, Tiu-kish Zeltnnl, or Zltniil, tn. , Greece, cap. prov. 
 {nomas) Phthiotis and Phocis, 28 m. S. by E. Pharsalos, on 
 the side of a hill crowned by the fortress, with remains of the 
 ancient city near the head of the Gulf of L. , on the S. shore of 
 which is the famous pass of Thermopyla, between the mountains 
 and the sea, where, however, alluvial deposits have since greatly 
 increased the breadth of level ground. P. 6900. 
 
 Lamida, tn. , Algeria. See Dledea. 
 
 Lamlngton, vil., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, 9 m. E. Douglas, on 
 the r. bk. of the Clyde, and on the C. R. , PM.O. See WandeU. 
 
 Lamlash, vil., Scot., isl. of Arran, on the E. ct. , 3 m. S. by 
 E. Brodick ; a summer and sea-bathing resort, on L. Bay, which 
 forms an excellent harbour, very large and deep, protected from 
 the sea by Holy Isle, PMT.O. Mean rfall. (1866-85), 44.2 in. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Lamlnn, tn., Turkey in Asia, 118 m. SSE. Bagdad, on the 
 1. bk. of the Euphrates ; inhabited by Arabs of Persian origin, 
 Shiah Mohammedans in religion. 
 
 Lamma, isl., S. China, near the entrance of the Bay of 
 Canton, SW. of Hong-kong. 
 
 Lammas with Little Hantbols, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. 
 div., on the Bure, 9^ m. N. by E. Norwich, i m. E. Buxton 
 Lamas stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lamme Fjord, inlet, Denmark, opening W. off the Isse Fjord, 
 on the N. ct. of Seeland. 
 
 Lammer Law, hill, Scot. See Lanunermnlr Hills. 
 
 Lammermnlr Hills, range of hills, or, more properly, a hilly 
 upland tract, Scot. , extending along the borders of Berwickshire 
 and Haddingtonshire, its steeper slope looking to the NW.; 
 highest summits, Melkle Says Law, 8^ m. SSE. Haddington, 
 1749 ft. ; Lammer Law, 7^ m. S. Haddington, 1733 ft. 
 
 Lamoille, co. , U.S., Vermont, in the NW., crossed in the S. 
 by 44^° N. , and in the E. by 72^° W. , traversed firom E. to W. 
 by the Lamoille B., which rises in the N. of the state, flows W. 
 and enters Lake Champlain in about 44° 35' N., supplying 
 extensive water-power. 
 
 Lamok, small isl., China, prov. Kwangtung, off Swatow, 
 marks the S. entrance to the straits of Pescadores. 
 
 Lamollork, isl., Caroline Is. See Ngoll. 
 
 Lamonby, P.O., Eng., Cumberland, div. and 7J m. NW. 
 by W. Penrith, 5 m. W. Plumpton stn. 
 
 Lamone, riv., central Italy, enters the Adriatic 10 m. N. 
 Ravenna, after a NNE. course of 50 m. 
 
 Lamorbey, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Bexley par. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Lamorlcl6re,tn., Algeria, prov. Oran, arr. and i8jm. ENE. 
 Tlemsen. P. <c2ooo. 
 
 Lamoma, Vale of, picturesque valley, Eng. , Cornwall, 4^ 
 m. SW. Penzance ; excellent granite quarried. 
 
 Lamorran, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., on the r. 
 bk. of the riv. Fal. 3^ m. ESE. Truro. P. <25o. 
 
 Lamothe, tn. , France. See Hothe, La. 
 
 Lamotrek, or Swede, isls. , Pacific, in the Caroline group, 
 in about 7^° N. , 146^° E. 
 
 La Hotte, Isle, U. S. , Vermont, Grand Isle co. , in the N W. , 
 in Lake Champlain, in 44° 5o'-54' N. 
 
 Lamoure, U.S., N. Dakota, L. co., 80 m. WSW. Fargo. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Lampa, tn., Peru, dep. Puno, 185 m. SE. Cuzco. P. -=3000. 
 
 Lampasas, tn., U.S., Texas, cap. L. co., 60 m. NNW. 
 Austin. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Lampazos, vil., Mexico, Nuevo Leon, no m. N. Monterey. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 Lampednsa, the ancient Pelagia, isl., Mediterranean Sea, 
 about midway between Malta and the Tunis coast, in 35° 31' N. , 
 12° 37' E. , belonging to Italy, prov. Girgenti, comm. Licata, 
 seat of a convict prison ; the port, at the NW. point, has a small 
 lighthouse. 
 
 Lamperthelm, market-tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle 
 Bensheim, 6 m. SE. by E. Worms. P. 6200. 
 
 Lam'peter ('Chtirch of St. Peter"), mun. bor., par., and 
 market-tn., Wales, Cardiganshire, on the r. bk. of the Teifi, 
 10 m. SW. by S. Tregaron, on the Manchester and Milford Rly. 
 L. is in the deanery of L. , and the diocese of St. David's. It is 
 said to have been a chartered borough since the time of Edward 
 I. The royal college of St. David's, intended for the education 
 of candidates for holy orders, was founded in 1827 by Bishop 
 Burgess, is affiliated to the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, 
 and has powers to grant the degrees of B.A and B.D. AJt 
 420 ft. Mean temp. (16 yrs., 1861-76), yr. 49.0° F., Jan. 38.9°, 
 July 60.2°. PMT.O. Market-day, F. Par. 6353 ac., P.< 
 2500; mun. bor. P. (i89i)<2ooo. 
 
 Lampeter Vell^ey, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 13J m. E. 
 Haverfordwest, 2^ m. E. Narberth stn. , P. O. ; 5788 ac. P. < looa 
 
 Lamphey, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 2 m. E. by S. Pem- 
 broke, on the Pembroke and Tenby Rly. L. Palace, a pictu- 
 resque ruin, ^ m. N., was in part the work of Bishop Gower 
 (died 1347) of St. David's. P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Lamplone, small isl. , Mediterranean, 8 m, W. Lampedusa. 
 
 Lamporecchlo, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Florence, 8 
 m. S. Pistoja. P. 8700. 
 
 853 
 
LAMP — LANC 
 
 Lamplongli, tn., Victoria, Gladstone co., 35 m. E. by N. 
 Ararat. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Lamplngli, par., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., on the 
 Derwent, 7^ m. SE. Workington, i^ m. ESE. Wright Green 
 stn. , P.O. ; 6342 ac. P. -cisoo. 
 
 Lampone, the southernmost residency of Sumatra. 
 
 Lamport, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 9 m. 
 NW. by W. Wellingborough, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 P. <25o; eccles. par. (L. and Hanging Hongbton with 
 Faxton) P. <5oo. 
 
 Lampron, vil., Asia Minor. See Nammn. 
 
 Lampsacus, tn. , Asia Minor. See Iiapsakl. 
 
 Lampsar, station of the French colony of Senegal, 13 m. 
 EN E. St. Louis (near Cape Verde). 
 
 Lampan, or Labong, tn. , Siamese Shan states, 15 m. S. by 
 E. Chieng-mai. 
 
 Idunsakl, or Lampsakl, Turkey. See IiapsaU. 
 
 Lamta, Lemta, or Lempta, the ancient Leptis Minor, ruined 
 site, Tunis, on the E. ct. , 16 m. SE. Susa, 
 
 Lamn, tn. , Brit. E. Africa, on the E. side of Lamu I. , in 2" 
 16' S. The island is 7 m. long, and separated from the main- 
 land by a narrow channel (with 9 ft. of water throughout), and 
 from Manda I. by a deeper and broader one. P. of tn. 5000. 
 
 Lamn, vil., Burma, dist. Sandoway, 73 m. WNW. Prome. 
 
 Lamnd, tn., Peru, dep. Amazonas, 310 m. SE. by S. 
 Guayaquil. P. <;300o. 
 
 Iiamy, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Santa F6 co., 15 m. 
 S. by E. Santa F6. 
 
 Iiamyatt, par., Eng., Somerset, Eastern div., 9 m. SE. 
 Wells, li m. SE. Pennard stn.. P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Iiamzenan, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, on the Zwickauer Mulde, 
 II m. NW. by N. Chemnitz. P. <2000. 
 
 Lan, Celtic, 'an enclosure.' See Latin. 
 
 liana, coram., Austria, Tirol, 12 m. NW. Bozen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Iianaeken, comm., Belgium, prov. Limbourg, arr. Tongres, 
 3 m. NW. by N. Maastricht. P. <:3000. 
 
 Iianal, one of the Sandwich Is., Pacific Ocean. Area, 181 
 sq. m. 
 
 Lanak, lake, Tibet. See M^nasaroTrar. 
 
 Lanark. I. Co., Canada, Ontario, crossed by 45" N., and in 
 the E. by 76° W. , bounded on the SE. for the most part by the 
 Rideau Lake and CanaL 2. Post-vil. in that co., 43 m. SW. 
 Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lan'ark, pari, and royal burgh, par. , and tn. , Scot. , S. Lanark- 
 shire, Z\ m. SE. Wishaw, on the C. R. It stands on elevated 
 ground near the Clyde, and has coal-mines. In a niche of the 
 church is a colossal statue of the patriot Wallace. Near it are 
 the celebrated Falls of the Clyde, and several Roman and feudal 
 remains. Market-days, Tu. and S. Royal burgh P. (1891) 
 
 f5oo; par. 10,385 ac, P. 7100; tn. P. < 5000; pari, burgh P. 
 i89i)<sooo. See Falkirk. 
 
 Lanark, city, U.S., Illinois, Carroll co., 50 m. SE. by S. 
 Dubuque (lo.). P. <isoo. 
 
 Lanark, co., W. Australia, on the S. ct, crossed by 116° E. 
 
 Lanark, Jfew, vil. , i m. S. Lanark, on the Clyde. Robert 
 Owen's first attempts to estabUsh a new system of social organisa- 
 tion (1815-27) were made here. P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Lan'arkgtaire, inland co., in the SW. of Scot., the most 
 populous in the country, comprising the greater part of the 
 basin of the Clyde above Renfrew, the principal tribs. of the 
 Clyde within the county being the Douglas, Avon, and Calder, 
 together with the Kelvin, the lower part of which is partly on 
 the N. frontier. The surface is very varied, generally speaking, 
 rising from the NW. to the S. and SE. The Lowther Hills 
 border the county in the SW. , and two of their principal heights 
 (Green Lowther, 2403 ft., and Ballencleuch Law, 2267 ft.) 
 occur within its boundary line. Clydesdale [q.v.) is noted for 
 its fertility, but beyond its limits the soil is generally moist, 
 marshy, and barren, with the exception of the excellent moor- 
 land pastures of the Upper Ward. For agricultural statistics, 
 see Appendix, pp. 10-12. The geological structure isvery varied, 
 especially in the highland dists. in the S. and W. , where, how- 
 ever, most of the rocks are of Old Red Sandstone, and Lower 
 Carboniferous rocks, intermingled with igneous rocks of Lower 
 Carboniferous age, prevail ; but the growing wealth of the 
 county, and its rapid increase in jjopulation since the beginning 
 of the present century [Scotland, table], are almost entirely 
 due to the extensive development of the coal-measures, which 
 contain also extensive deposits of ironstone and fireclay in the 
 northern half of the county. The county produces more than 
 half the coal raised in Scotland, and a large proportion of the 
 ironstone, besides benefiting by the large quantities of the latter 
 mineral produced in the adjoining parts of Dumbartonshire and 
 Ayrshire. The ironstone is largely what is known as ' black band,' 
 an ore producing iron of excellent quality, and so rich in car- 
 bonaceous matter as not to require the addition of coal in the 
 operation of roasting preliminary to that of smelting. The 
 principal mining region of the county is in the extreme N. , and 
 is divided into three dists. : that of Glasgow in the W,, that of 
 Baillieston and Shettleston in the middle, and that of Airdrie 
 854 
 
 and Coatbridge in the E. The first abounds in ironstone, the 
 two others in fireclay, and limestone is largely obtained in the 
 eastern dist. The only other mineral of importance is the lead 
 ore, which has long been mined on the southern boundary of 
 the county (Leadhills, Abington). The mineral wealth of the 
 county has given rise to extensive manufactures. Iron ore is 
 smelted at Glasgow, Govan, Hamilton, Motherwell, Wishaw, 
 Newmains, Rutherglen, Bothwell, Airdrie, Coatbridge, and 
 Shotts. All kinds of iron-works, including iron and steel ship- 
 building, are carried on at Glasgow, which has also extensive 
 textile industries. The main railway lines are the North British 
 and Caledonian, which have branches, too numerous to mention, 
 for the extensive traffic incidental to the mineral and commercial 
 importance of the county. The chief towns are Glasgow, Govan, 
 Partick, Coatbridge, Hamilton, Airdrie, Motherwell, Wishaw, 
 and Rutherglen ; pari burghs, Glasgow, Airdrie, Hamilton, 
 Rutherglen, and Lanark; royal burghs, Glasgow, Lanark, 
 Rutherglen. The parL divs. of the covmty (exclusive of Glasgow 
 and other pari, burghs) are : — 
 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 Govan 
 Partick . 
 
 North-Western 
 
 78.512 
 77.136 
 75.019 
 
 North-Eastern 
 Mid . . . 
 Southern 
 
 85.035 
 71.258 
 52,032 
 
 Area, 564,284 ac. P. 1,046,040. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Lancara, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 12 m. SE. Lugo. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lancashire (langTca-sher), maritime and palatine co., Eng., 
 having N. Cumberland and Westmorland, E. Yorkshire, S. 
 Cheshire, and W. the Irish Sea, an arm of which (Morecambe 
 Bay) divides it into two unequal parts, the northern and smaller 
 area constituting the Fumess dist. Mainly in the dioceses of Man- 
 chester, Liverpool, and Carlisle, but partly in those of Chester, 
 Ripon, and Wakefield. The pari. bors. are Liverpool, Manches- 
 ter, Salford, Blackburn, Oldham, Bolton, Preston, Barrow-in- 
 Furness, Burnley, Bury, Rochdale, St. Helen's, Wigan, also 
 Ashton-under- Lyne and Warrington partly in Cheshire, and 
 Stalybridge and Stockport mainly in Cheshire. Of the eighteen 
 mun. bors., those of Liverpool, Manchester, Salford, Oldham, 
 Blackburn, Bolton, and Preston have a population exceeding 
 100,000. The pari. divs. of the county are as follows :— 
 
 1 
 
 Area. 
 
 Pop. 1 891. 
 
 N. Lancashire — 
 
 
 
 N. Lonsdale . 
 
 161,263 
 
 51,181 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 181,458 
 
 64,279 
 
 Blackpool 
 
 105,396 
 
 72,955 
 
 Chorley .... 
 
 73.957 
 
 67.854 
 
 NE. Lancashire — 
 
 
 
 Darwen .... 
 
 64.352 
 
 70.475 
 
 Clitheroe 
 
 68,896 
 
 89.450 
 
 Accrington 
 
 19.315 
 
 75.712 
 
 Rossendale 
 
 23.041 
 
 70,567 
 
 SE. Lancashire — 
 
 
 
 Westhoughton 
 
 49.570 
 
 83,063 
 
 Heywood 
 
 28,778 
 
 56.799 
 
 Middleton 
 
 35.714 
 
 68,540 
 
 RadcUffe-cum-Farnworth 
 
 12,208 
 
 72.931 
 
 Eccles .... 
 
 22,331 
 
 78,102 
 
 Stretford 
 
 17,916 
 
 67,004 
 
 Gorton .... 
 
 4.649 
 
 77,690 
 
 Prestwick 
 
 11,362 
 
 79.497 
 
 SW. Lancashire — 
 
 
 
 Southport 
 
 28,453 
 
 76,581 
 
 Ormskirk 
 
 77.813 
 
 64,096 
 
 Bootle .... 
 
 13.700 
 
 97,552 
 
 Widnes .... 
 
 29.403 
 
 64,507 
 
 Newton .... 
 
 54.592 
 
 63,296 
 
 Ince .... 
 
 13.560 
 
 67,021 
 
 Leigh .... 
 
 22,677 
 
 • 65,167 
 
 ParL bors. 
 
 87,301 
 
 2,282,441 
 
 Total . 
 
 1,207,605! 
 
 3,926,760^ 
 
 1 The administrative county of Lancaster (which includes parts of 
 Mossley and Warrington, belonging to the ancient counties of Yoric 
 and Chester, and excludes parts of Stalybridge and Stockport, assigned 
 to the administrative county of Chester, and part of Todmorden, assigned 
 to that of York) has an area of 1,202,726 ac. , and a population of 3,906,721. 
 
 Surface rugged and mountainous in the N. , where in Coniston 
 Fells the ' Old Man ' rises to 2633 ft. above the sea, and on 
 the E. border, where the long ridge of the Pennine chain separates 
 the county from York ; elsewhere generally level. Often deficient 
 in trees, and in a few parts containing extensive bogs and mosses. 
 Principal rivers the Duddon, Leven, Lune, Wyre, Ribble, 
 Mersey, and Irwell. The northern and detached portion of 
 the county is bounded in the NE. by Windermere Lake, and 
 
LANC — LAND 
 
 contains also that of Coniston. Windermere is partly in this 
 county, which contains also Coniston Lake. Climate mild, but 
 very humid. Carboniferous sandstone and New Red Sandstone, 
 with limestone, form the principal strata of the county. Soil 
 among the hills moorish or peaty, in the lower dist. mostly a 
 fertile sandy loam. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, 
 pp. 7-9. The most important mineral is coal, to the abundance 
 of which the county mainly owes its manufacturing eminence. 
 The L. coalfield is estimated to extend over nearly 400 sq. m. , 
 lying almost entirely S. of the Ribble ; but there is a small 
 detached coalfield on the Lune, near the E. frontier of the 
 county (SW. of Ingleborough Fell). Besides coal the county 
 is rich in iron ore, valuable deposits of red hematite being 
 worked in the Furness dist. (at Barrow, Asleham, Lindal, and 
 Dalton). A small quantity of copper ore is mined at Coniston, 
 an oxide of iron for the making of pigments as well as the pro- 
 duction of iron at Carnforth. Slate is quarried at Coniston, 
 Kirby, Lowick, and other places in the N. ; flag and other 
 paving-stones are quarried at Whitworth, Haslingden, Darwen, 
 and other places near the Pennine chain ; stoneware clay and 
 fireclay at St. Helen's. Brine is pumped for salt-making at 
 Preesall, near Fleetwood. The principal manufactures of L. 
 are carried on in the towns belonging to the great coalfield, 
 this region being the seat of the most extensive cotton industry 
 in the world, cotton-spinning becoming more and more centred 
 in the Oldham dist. (See also Manchester.) There is also an 
 extensive iron industry. Iron ore is largely smelted both in the 
 principal coal-mining towns in the S. (Wigan, Darwen, &c.), 
 and in the iron-mining region of Furness, where Barrow is 
 noted for its iron-works generally, including shipbuilding. 
 Widnes is the chief centre of the alkali industry ; St. Helen's 
 one of the chief seats of the English glass industry ; Liverpool, 
 Warrington, and other towns in the SW. have extensive soap 
 works, and in the same region are large candle works and other 
 industries connected with the oil-trade. The L. & NW., M., 
 and L. & Y. Rlys. , and some local lines, connect the great 
 towns with the manufacturing dists. of Yorkshire and all other 
 parts of England and Scotland! Canals connect SW. Lancashire 
 both with Yorkshire and the midland counties [England, rivers], 
 and a very important addition to the means of communication 
 has been made by the construction of the Manchester Ship 
 Canal {q.v.). L. was the seat of the Brigantes and Volimtii 
 in the Roman Maxima Ccesariensis, and part of Northumbria 
 became, in honour of the Conquest, an earldom (Henry HI.) 
 under Edmund Crouchback, a duchy and palatinate under 
 Edward HL's son, John of Gaunt, and since Edward IV, has 
 been held by the sovereign, with a separate court. 
 
 Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, a rly. system, Eng., 
 extensively developed in the southern portions of the counties 
 from which it takes its name. 
 
 Lancashire, Derbyshire, and East Coast Railway, a rail- 
 way now in progress in Eng., from Warrington, in Lancashire, 
 through Macclesfield, Buxton, and Chesterfield to Sutton, in 
 Lincolnshire, where it is intended to form a great seaport. 
 First sod turned June 1892. 
 
 Lancaster, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Glengarry co. , on 1. bk. of 
 St. Lawrence R., 55 m. WSW. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lancaster (lang'kas-ter ; the Caer-werid, ' green city,' of the 
 Britons), mun. bor. (since the time of King John), pari. bor. 
 from 1295-1867, seapt. , and co. tn. , Eng., Lancashire, L. div. , 
 on the S. bank of the Lune, 45 m. N. by E. Liverpool, in the 
 diocese of Manchester, on the L. & NW. and M. Rlys., and con- 
 nected by canals with Preston and Kendal. The harbour has 
 1700 ft. of quayage (with a depth at ordinary spring tides of 12 
 ft. , ordinary neap 4 ft. ) ; but the port also includes Glasson 
 Dock (g.v.), 5 m. SW. The manufactures are cabinet-making 
 and upholstery, table baize, cotton goods, and railway waggons. 
 A fortress was erected here by the Romans, and the keep of the 
 present castle was erected by Roger de Poitou (by whom the 
 parish church was also founded) in the time of William the 
 Conqueror. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 40.7 in. Market-days, W. 
 and S. Mun. bor. P. (1851) 14,600 ; (1871) 17,200 ; (1891) 
 31,000; pari. div. P. (1891) 64,300. 
 
 Lancaster, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Garrard co., 80 m. SE, by 
 E. Louisville. Alt. 997 ft. (R.R.) P. < 1500. 
 
 Lancaster, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., on 
 Nashua R., 15 m. NNE. Worcester. P. < 3000. 
 
 Lancaster, vlL, U.S., Missouri, Schuyler co. , 60 m. W. by 
 N. Keokuk (lo.), with a large trade in coal, which is mined in the 
 vicinity. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lancaster, co., U.S., Nebraska, in the SE., crossed in the 
 N. by 41° N. , E. of 97° W. 
 
 Lancaster, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Coos co., 60 m. 
 SSW. of the NE. corner of the state, on the Connecticut R. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Lancaster, viL, U.S., New York, Erie co., 10 m. E. Buffalo. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Lancaster, city, U.S., Ohio, Fairfield co., 28 m. SE. Col- 
 umbus, in a beautiful valley on the Hocking R. and CanaL Near 
 it is the state reform farm for boys. P. 7600. 
 
 Lancaster, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, L. co. , 30 m. SW. 
 Reading, in the midst of a rich and beautiful farming country. 
 The settlement was formed in 1730, and from 1799 to 1812 L. 
 was the cap. of the state. Seat of Franklin and Marshall Col- 
 lege. Has cotton mills, large watch-making co. , and various 
 other manufactures ; important tobacco trade. L. co. is 
 bounded on the W. by the Susquehanna R. P. (1880) 25,800 ; 
 (1890) 32,000. 
 
 Lancaster, tn. , U.S., S. Carolina, cap. L. co. , 50 m. N. by 
 E. Columbia. L. co. is bounded on the W. by the Catawba R. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Lancaster, viL , U.S. , Texas, co. and 14m. S. Dallas. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lancaster, co. , U.S., Virginia, in the E. , bounded on the 
 SW. by the estuary of the Rappahannock, and on the E. by 
 Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Lancaster, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Grant co. , 25 m. N. 
 Dubuque (Iowa). P. <20oo. 
 
 Lancaster Canal, the canal connecting Lancaster, Eng., 
 with Preston and Kendal ; with two branches communicating 
 with the Leeds and Liverpool Canal ; 72^ m. long ; admits 
 boats of 3 ft. 10 in. draught. Belongs to the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Lancaster Sands, Eng., in the NW. of Lancashire, in the 
 NE. of Morecambe Bay. 
 
 Lancaster 8onnd, channel, Arctic Regions, leading W. out 
 of Baffin Bay, between North Devon and Cockburn Land, 78°- 
 88° W. , continued W. by Barrow Strait. 
 
 Lancant, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the Wye, 2 m. N. by E. Chepstow. P. <25o. 
 See Wollastone. 
 
 Lancefleld, tp. , Victoria, Bourke co. , 40 m. N. by W. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lancerote, one of the Canary Is. See Lanzarote. 
 
 Lanchester, par., Eng., Durham, in the E. of the NW. div., 
 7 J m. WNW. Durham, with coal-mines, on the NE. R. W. 
 of the village are remains of a large Roman station, from which 
 numerous altars, inscriptions, coins, and other antiquities have 
 been obtained. Interesting church, principally of the 12th and 
 13th centuries. PMT.O. 15,588 ac. P. 5400. 
 
 Lan-chon, tn., China, prov. Pechili, 95 m. ENE. Tientsin, 
 with fine railway bridge over the Lanmu-ho. 
 
 Lanchon-fn, or Lanchan-fta, tn., western China, official 
 cap. of prov. Kansu, 449 m. by road WNW. Singan-fu (the 
 road crossing heights of 8000 and 10,000 ft.), on the r. bk. of 
 the Hwang-ho, here 700 ft. wide, and crossed by a bridge of 
 boats (mentioned by Marco Polo) a few miles above the point 
 where the river makes its great bend to the N. The town com- 
 pletely fills a contraction of the valley, the sides of which are 
 occupied by fortifications. Chief manufacture, cannon found- 
 ing ; another modern manufactory, directed by Europeans, 
 makes cloth for the army, and other coarse materials from 
 sheep's wool and camel's hair ; there are in this town steam- 
 engines worked with coal from neighbouring mines. Alt. 5500 
 ft. (Col. Bell in Proc. R. G. S., 1890, p. 68) ; 4830 ft. (Michaelis) ; 
 5167 ft. (Rockhill, l>/>.), 5446 ft. (W.W.R.) ; 40,000 houses (Col. 
 Bell). P. 3-400,000 (Michaelis), including many Mohammedans. 
 
 Lanclano, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 15 m. SE. 
 Chieti. P. 8800; (comm.) 17,200. 
 
 Lancia Oppidana, tn., Portugal. See Clnarda. 
 
 Lancing, par., Eng., Sussex, Lewes div., 8 m. W. Brighton, 
 I m. N. Lancing stn., on the L. B. & S. C. R., PM.O. (North 
 Lancing), PMT.O. (South Lancing). P. < 1500. 
 
 Lancnt, or Landshnt, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, 80 
 m. E. Bochnia. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lanczyn, vil., Austria, prov. Galicia, dist. Delatyn. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Land, in some Irish place-names, ' a house,' or 'church.' 
 See Lann. 
 
 Laudak, dist. , in the W. of Dutch Borneo, ENE. of Ponti- 
 anak ; important discovery of diamonds reported in 1893. 
 
 Landana, tn., Portuguese W. Africa, Kabinda, near the 
 mouth of the Chiloango, in 5° 14' S. Vessels anchor at a 
 certain distance from the coast, which is very difficult of access 
 on account of the rough bar. Principal exports, palm oil and 
 indiarubber. 
 
 Landan, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Bavaria, 1. 
 bk. Isar, 35 m. W. by N. Passau, cap. circle L. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Landan, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, palatinate of the Rhine, 18 
 m. NW. Karlsruhe, cap. circle L. Imperial town since 1274. 
 Fortified in 1686 by Vauban ; but it no longer ranks as a fortress, 
 being commanded by two adjacent hills. Tn. P. 11,000 ; comm. 
 P. 11,100. 
 
 Landaur, hill cant, and sanitarium, Brit. India, N W. Provs. , 
 dist. Dehra Ddn, ■j'j m. E. Ambdla. Alt. 7459 ft. P. (1891) 
 2000; cantonment (Sept. 15, 1890), P. 4200. 
 
 Landanra (census Landhanra), tn., Brit. India, NW. 
 Provs., dist. Saharanpur, in 29° 48' N., j-f 58' E. P. 5100; 
 Hindus, 3200; Moham. 1800. 
 
 Landbeach, par., Eng., Cambridge, Chesterton div., 4^ m. 
 NNE. Cambridge, ij m. W. Waterbeach stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Landcross, par., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., 2 m. 
 SSE. Bideford, on the 1. bk. of the Torridge. P. <2So. 
 
 855 
 
LAND — LANE 
 
 Landeck ('corner of the land'), vil. , Austria, Tirol, on r. 
 bk. Inn, at the angle where that river resumes its NE. course 
 after a short bend to the NVV., 40 m. WSW. Innsbruck. Alt. 
 2665 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Landeck, tn., Prussia, Silesia, govt, and 54 m. S. by W. 
 Breslau, circle Habelschwerdt, 12 m. SE. by E. Glatz. P. <:3000. 
 
 Landen, tn. , Belgium, prov. Liege, 7 m. ESE. Tirlemont; 
 crossing-place of five railways. P. <2ooo. 
 
 liander, co., U.S., Nevada, crossed by 40° N. and 117° W. 
 
 Lander, vil., U.S., Wyoming, Fremont co., 173 m. NE, by 
 N. from the SW. corner of the state. P. <:i500. 
 
 Landemean, seapt. tn. , France, dep. Finist^re, on the 
 Elorn, arr. and 12 m. ENE. Brest, with imf>ortant manufac- 
 ture of clothes, a large number of the workmen employed in 
 which are of English origin. The name means ' church of St. 
 Ernoc. ' P. 6400. See Lann. 
 
 Landeron, vil., Switzd. , cant, and 8 m. NE. by E. Neu- 
 chitel, on the Zihl, at head of the Lake of Bienne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Landes, natural region in the SW. of France, in the dep. of 
 Landes, Gironde, and to a small extent in the SW. of Lot-et- 
 Garonne, forming a vast triangular plateau bounded W. by the 
 Atlantic, SE. by the Adour, Midouze, and Douze, and NE. by 
 the Ciron and Garonne, apparently level, but actually sloping 
 towards the boundary line in each direction. The dist. , which 
 was formerly submerged, is covered with sand of the Pliocene 
 period, bordered toward the sea by sand-dunes thrown up by 
 the action of the wind, and extending for a distance of 120 m. 
 over an area estimated at more than 220,000 ac, or 366 sq. m. 
 These dunes in many places reach a height of 250 ft.; but 
 slightly below the surface the infiltration of tannin and other 
 organic substances converts the sand into a layer of sandstone, 
 to which the name of alios is given. Br6montier, at the end 
 of the i8th century, recommended the reafforestation of the 
 coast-zone as the best means of checking the spread of the 
 dunes. To a large extent this has been successfully done, 
 730,000 ac. of waste land having been reclaimed by the planta- 
 tion of the maritime pine and vineyards, for which latter the 
 region is all the better fitted, since the phylloxera does not 
 thrive there. Private owners have dealt in the same way with 
 875,000 ac. The deal of Landes is in great request for rail- 
 way sleepers and telegraph posts ; but the principal revenue is 
 derived from the turpentine jrield. Since the draining of the 
 marshlands the dist. , formerly the most unhealthy, has become 
 one of the healthiest in France. 
 
 Landes, littoral dep. in the SW. of France, bounded W. by 
 the Atlantic, E. by deps. Lot-et-Garonne and Gers, N. by 
 Gironde, and S. by Basses-Pyr6n6es ; divided into three arrs. — 
 Mont-de-Marsan (cap.), Saint-Sever, and Dax — and physically, 
 by the Adour, into the two very distinct regions of Landes (see 
 previous article) and Chalosse (occupied by the foot-hills of the 
 Pyrdn^es). The chief river is the Adour, which runs for half 
 of its course in, and drains more than half the area of, the dep., 
 which belongs, however, in the NE. and N. to the basins of 
 the Garonne and Leyre. At a short distance from the coast 
 occur itangs similar to those of Gironde, to which they form the 
 southern continuation. The largest are in the NW. of the dep., 
 the 6tangs de Cazau and Biscarosse. The principal cereals 
 are maize, wheat, and rye ; the vine occupies less than two per 
 cent, of the surface. The slopes of La Chalosse are planted 
 with vineyards and oak-plantations, and its great ravines with 
 wheat, maize, fodder-crops, and forests. As a forest dep. L. 
 ranks first in France. The chief mineral is rock-salt, from the 
 mines at Dax and Lescourre. There are numerous mineral 
 springs at Dax, Tercis, Pouillon, &c. The most important 
 manufacture is that of resin and its derivatives. Area, 3615 
 sq. m. P. 297,300. See France, table. 
 
 Landeshnt, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. circle L. , 30 m. 
 S. by W. Liegnitz, with textile and other manufactures; the 
 town dates from 1294. Alt. 1450 ft. P. 7600. 
 
 Landewednack, par., Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., on the 
 S. ct., 14 m. SSW. Falmouth, 2J m. E. Lizard Head, with 
 magnificent coast scenery. Th^ church, the most southerly in 
 England, is said to have been the place wherein the last sermon 
 in Cornish was preached, not long before 1678. P. <7So. 
 
 Landford, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 9 m. SE. 
 Salisburv, 5 m. E. Downton stn. Alt. 165 ft. Mean rfall. 
 (1866-80'), 31.8 in. PM.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 Landgnard Point, headland, Eng., Suffolk, with lighthouse 
 in 51° 56', visible 10 m. 
 
 Landhanra, tn. , Brit. India. See Laudanra. 
 
 Landlcan, par., Eng., Cheshire, i,\ m. SW. Birkenhead. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 LAndi Khdna, the most difficult part of the Afghan end of 
 the Khaibar Pass, including the highest point of the pass, the 
 Landi Kotil. 
 
 LandlngTllIe, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co., on 
 the Schuylkill R., 48 m. NE. by E. Harrisburg, and 5 m. 
 SE. Potts ville. P. < 1500. 
 
 LandlTlslan, tn., France, dep. Finist^re, arr. Morlaix, 21 
 m. ENE. Brest. P. < 3000. 
 856 
 
 Landkey, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 2 m. SE. by E. 
 Barnstaple, on riv. Tawe, P.O. (L. Neirland). P. <75o. 
 
 Laudmore ('great church.' See Land), tnld.. Ire., E. co. 
 Londonderry, bar. Coleraine, 3 m. SE. Aghadowey, P.O. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Landmotli -wltb Catto, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 4 m. SE. Northallerton. P. <25o. 
 
 Landor, or Landora, tn., Sweden. See Landskrona. 
 
 Landore, vil., Wales, Glamorgan, x\ m. NE. Swansea, on 
 riv. Tawe, and with stn. (L. June.) on G. W. R., with blast- 
 furnaces, PMT.O. 
 
 Landport, or Sontlisea St. Luke, eccles. par. , Eng. , Hamf>- 
 shire, Portsea par., in bor. of Portsmouth, PMT.O. P. 9200. 
 
 Laudquart, riv., Switzd., flows W. to the Rhine through 
 the Prattigau, in the N. of the Grisons. 
 
 Landrake with St. Erney, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, Bodmin 
 div., Landrake vil., 7 m. NW. by W. Plymouth, P.O. (L.). 
 P. <:75o. 
 
 Landrecles, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. Avesnes, 19 m. 
 SSE. Valenciennes ; formerly fortified. Birthplace of Dupleix, 
 the opponent of Clive in India (1697-1763). P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Landrlano, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 10 m. NE, 
 by N. Pavia. 
 
 Landsberg, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 cap. circle L. , on riv. Lech, 23 m. S. Augsburg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Landsberg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, cap. circle L. , 
 on the r. bk. of the Warthe, 28 m. ENE. Kiistrin ; has im- 
 portant iron-foundries and manufactories of machinery, boilers, 
 &c. P. (1816) 8600; (1871) 18,600; (1890) 26,800; (comm.) 
 P. 28,100. 
 
 Landsberg, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Eylau, 30 
 m. S. Konigsberg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Landsberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 9 m. ENE, Halle. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Landsborongh, co. , New South Wales, bounded on the SE, 
 by the Darling, S. of 30° S. 
 
 Landsborongh, post-tn. , Victoria, co. Kara Kara, 120 m. 
 NW. by W. Melbourne. P. <i500. 
 
 Landscove, eccles. par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Staverton par. , 
 4 m. N. Totnes. P. <5oo. 
 
 Land's End, the ancient Bolerium, a celebrated headland, 
 forming the westernmost land of Eng. , and projecting on the 
 Atlantic at the W^. extremity of Cornwall. It is formed of 
 granite cliffs, about 60 ft. in height. About i m. W. are the 
 dangerous rocks called the Longships, with a lighthouse (visible 
 16 m. ) in 50° 4' N. , 5° 45' W. 
 
 Landshipping, small port, Wales, Pembrokeshire, on the 
 E. side of an arm of Milford Haven, 5 m. SE. Haverfordwest, 
 with coal-mining, P.O. 
 
 Landshut, tn. , Austria, Galicia. See Lancnt. 
 
 Landsbnt, market-tn. , Austria, Moravia, 16 m. ESE. 
 Nikolsburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Landshut, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Bavaria, 
 circle L., on the Isar, 34 m. S. Regensburg; from 1204-1506 
 the residence of a ducal branch. In the castle Conradin, the 
 last of the Hohenstaufen, was born. In 1800 the university of 
 Ingolstadt was removed thither; in 1826 it was transferred to 
 Munich. With manufactures of hosiery and scientific instru- 
 ments. P. 18,900. 
 
 Landskron, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 36 m. NW. by W. 
 Olmiitz. P. 5800. 
 
 Landskrona (formerly Landora, or Landor), seapt. tn., 
 formerly fortified, Sweden, prov. Malmohus, 20 m. NNW, 
 Malmo, on The Sound. The port, sheltered by the small 
 island of Graen, is the deepest and the best on the Swedish 
 coast of The Sound. Since 1870 the citadel has been used as 
 a prison, and the fortifications rased. With naval dockyards. 
 Public quays, with depths 15-19^ ft. Excellent bacon exported, 
 besides grain, &c. P. 12,300. 
 
 Landstnhl, tn. , Ger., Bavarian Palatinate, circle Homburg, 
 39 m. W. by N. Spires, 9 m. WSW. Kaiserslautern. P. <4000, 
 
 Landsweller, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Trier, circle 
 and 4 m. SW. Ottweiler ; has coal-mines. P. <3000. 
 
 Landnlpb, par., Eng., Cornwall, Bodmin div., on the r, bk, 
 of the riv. Tamar, 5 m. NNW. Plymouth. P. <5oo. 
 
 Landwade, par., Eng,, Cambridge, div. and 3 m. NNW. 
 Newmarket, i m. S, by E, Fordham stn. P. <25o. See 
 Exnlng. 
 
 Landwasser, stream traversing the Davos valley, Switzd., 
 cant. Grisons, flows SW, into the Albula. 
 
 Lane, P,0., Eng., Cornwall, 2 m. from St. Columb Minor. 
 
 Lane, co., U.S., Kansas, in the W., crossed by 38 J° N., 
 and iooj° W. 
 
 Lane, co., U.S., Oregon, on the Pacific, crossed by 44° N. 
 
 Lane, High, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, Stockport and 
 Prestbury par., on M. S. & L. R., P.O. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Lane, Long, eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire, Sutton-on-the 
 Hill, Trusley and Brailsford pars. P. <;50o. 
 
 Lane, New, stn., Eng., Lancashire, near Southport, on 
 L. & Y. R, 
 
LANE 
 
 LANG 
 
 Laneast, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 6^ m. W. by S. 
 Launceston, on the riv. Inny. P. <25o. 
 
 Lane Cove, tn. , New South Wales. See Gordon. 
 
 Lane End, eccles. par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe 
 div. , 13J m. S. Aylesbury, 3 m. SW. by S. of W. Wycombe stn. , 
 PMT.O. P.<:i5oc. 
 
 Lane End, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Stoke-upon-Trent 
 par. , forms part of the ' Potteries. ' P. 8400. 
 
 Lnnehnni, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 8 
 m. S. Gainsborough, on the 1. bk. of the Trent, 2^ m. SW. 
 Torskey stn. , P. O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lanercust, or Abttey Lanercost with Klrkcamlteck and 
 Midgeliolnie, eccles. par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on 
 the Irthing, Lanercost, 11 m. NE. by E. Carlisle, ij m. NW. 
 Naworth stn. ; has remains of an Augustinian priory of the 12th 
 century, the nave of which is still used as a church. P. <i5oo. 
 
 LaneslM>ro, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co. , 16 m. 
 S. by E. of the N W. corner of the state, with quarries of marble, 
 mines of iron and glass sand. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lanesboro, vil. , U.S., Minnesota, Fillmore cc, 98 m. SE. by 
 S. St. Paul. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lanesboro, vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Susquehanna co. , on 
 Susquehanna R., 20 m. NE. Montrose. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lanesborougb, tn. , Ire., cos. Longford and Roscommon, 
 bars. Rathclineand S. Ballintober, 8J m. WSW. Longford, on the 
 1. bk. oftheShannon, at the head of Lough Ree, PM.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Laneshaw Bridge, vil., Eng., Lancashire, Clitheroe div., 7J 
 m, NE. Burnley, 3 m. E. by N. Colne stn., P.O. 
 
 Lang, in place-names also lange and langen, Ger., Dutch, and 
 Scandinavian, 'long.' 
 
 Laiiga, isl. , Scot. , Shetland, Tingwall par. 
 
 Laugadlna, vil., European Turkey. See Laiigaza. 
 
 Laugar, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 9^ m. 
 ESE. Nottingham, i^ m. SW. Barnston stn. P. <50o; eccles. 
 par. (L. with Barnston) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Laiigat, vil. , Malay Penin. , Selangor, on the Langat R. , in 
 about 2° 52' N., 101° 23' E. The riv. Langat flows W. into the 
 strait of Malacca, which it enters in about 2° 53' N. 
 
 Langaza, or Langadlna, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 
 10 m. NE. Salonica. P. 2200; Servians, 1250 (G.). 
 
 Langbauk, vil., Scot., W. Renfrewshire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Clyde, opposite Dumbarton, on the C. R., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Laiigbar, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding. See 
 Kesfield. 
 
 Langbar, or Borston, vil., Scot., N. Ayrshire, 9 m. NE. 
 Ardrossan, close to Glengarnock and Kilbirnie (G. & SW. R.) 
 stns. P. <5oo. 
 
 Langbnrkersdorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Dresden, 
 dist. Pirna. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Langcllffe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 on the 1. bk. of the Ribble, 20 m. N. Burnley, \ m. N. Settle, 
 PM.O. P.<750. 
 
 Lang Clodle Wick, bay, Scot., Shetland Is., on the W. side 
 of the Mainland, in 60° 35' N. 
 
 Langdale, part of eccles. par., Eng., Durham. See Deaf 
 Hill. 
 
 Langdale, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, 4 m. W. by N. Amble- 
 side, in Great L. Vale. Here are several lakes and waterfalls, 
 and the two Langdale Pikes, mountains respectively 2401 and 
 2323 ft. high. 9511 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Langdale Fell, upland tract, Eng. , Appleby div. of Westmor- 
 land, about 9 m. NE. by E. Kendal. Height, 1556 ft. 
 
 Langden, riv. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the SW. of 
 the Skipton div., flowing into the Hodder on the r. bk. 
 
 Laiigdon, stn. , Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R. , 820 
 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Langdon, vil, U.S., N. Dakota, Cavalier co. , 52 m. W. by 
 S. Pembina. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Langdon, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Kent, 
 St. Aug^tine div. ,E. Langdon, 3 m. NNE. Dover, close to 
 Martin Mill stn. Langdon E., P.O., P. <soo; Langdon W. 
 P. <;25o. See Waldershare. 
 
 Langdon Common, upland tract, Eng. , in the SW. of the 
 Barnard Castle div. of Durham, about 12 m. NE. by E. Appleby. 
 
 Langdon (or Lalndou) Hills, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 
 loi rn. E. by S. Romford, 2 m. SSW. Laindon stn., P.O. 
 Langdon Hill, in vicinity, affords a magnificent view. Alt. 
 378 ft. P. -=250. 
 
 Langeac, tn., France, dep. Haute-Loire, on the AUier, 50 m. 
 WSW. St. Etienne, arr. and 15 m. SSE. Brioude. P. <:4oco. 
 
 Laiigeais, tn. , France, dep. Indre-et- Loire, arr. Chinon, on 
 the r. bk. of the Loire, 14 m. W. by S. Tours. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Langebaan, government quarantine station, Cape Colony, 
 dist. Malmesbury, on the E. ct. of the S. arm of Saldanha Bay, 
 about 55 m. NNW. Cape Town. 
 
 Langebergen (Dutch, 'long mountains'), chain of mts. , 
 Cape Colony, running W. to E. between the Breede and Groote 
 Rivs. , about 31 m. from the Indian Ocean. Also a range in the 
 W. of Griqualand W^est, in the same colony. 
 
 Langefuhr. See Langfnhr. 
 
 L'Ange Gardlen, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Rouville co., 
 34 m. ESE. Montreal. 
 
 Laugeland, isl., Denmark, off the SE. ct. of Fyen (Funen) 
 I. , 32 m. long by 2-8 m. wide. Surface level, but slightly more 
 elevated than the neighbouring islands. Principal town, Rud- 
 kiobing, on the W. coast. Area, 106 sq. m. P. (1890) 19,200. 
 
 Laugelshelm, vil. , Ger. , duchy Brunswick, circle Ganders- 
 heim, 17 m. SSW. Wolfenbiittel. P. < 3000. 
 
 Langemarck, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. 
 Ypres. P. 7000. 
 
 Langen, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle Offenbach, 8 m. 
 S. Frankfurt. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Langenargen, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, on the E. shore 
 of Lake Constance, 17^ m. ESE. Constance, 5 m. SE. Fried- 
 richshafen. P. ■<2ooo. 
 
 Langenan, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Haida. P. <3000. 
 
 Langenaa, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle of the Danube, 
 dist. and 9 m. NE. by N. Ulm. P. <4000. 
 
 Langenaa, Fiirstlich- and Lehn-, two vils. , Prussia, upper 
 Silesia, circle Leobschiitz, adjacent to Katscher, 9 m. W. Ratibor. 
 P. Fiirstlich-L. <3ooo ; Lehn-L. <:20oo. 
 
 Langenberg, market-tn., Ger., princip. Reuss, circle (Land- 
 rathsamt) Gera. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Langenberg, tn. , Prussia, on the E. frontier of the Rhine 
 Prov., circle Mettmann, b\ m. NW. by N. Barmen. P. 6800. 
 
 Langen-Blelan, group of vils. (Neubielau, Oberbielau, 
 Mittelbielau, Niederbielau), Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Reich- 
 enbach, 35 m. SW. by S. Breslau. United P. 15,900. 
 
 Langeubriick, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Oppeln, 
 circle and dist. Neustadt. P. <30cc. 
 
 Langenbnrg, stn. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the Manitoba 
 
 6 NW. Rly., 180 m. by rail W. Portage-la-Prairie. 
 Langenbnrg, Ger. stn. on the E. shore of Lake Nyassa, 
 
 central S. Africa, in 9° 41' S. , on Hohenlohe Harbour. 
 
 Langendorf, Horszlkfalu (Hungarian), comm., Hungary, 
 prov. and 8 m. E. Kronstadt. P. 6400. 
 
 Langendorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Oppeln, circle 
 Neisse, dist. Ziegenhals. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Langendreer, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Bochum, 
 
 7 m. WSW. Dortmund. P. 66co. 
 
 Langenhoe, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 5 m. S. Colchester, 
 31^ m. SW. by S. Wyvenhoe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Langenkandel, tn. , Ger., Bavaria. See Kaudel. 
 
 Langenlols, market-tn.. Lower Austria, 37 m. NNW. 
 Vienna. P. <4000. 
 
 Langeuols, Prussia. See Hittel-Langenols. 
 
 Langensalza, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, cap. circle L., 18 
 m. WNW. Erfurt, on the Salza, not far from the Unstrut ; has 
 manufactures of woollen cloth and yarn, agricultural imple- 
 ments, &c. Alt. 700 ft. P. 11,500. 
 
 Laiigensehwalbaeh, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, cap. 
 circle Untertaunus, 8 m. WNW. Wiesbaden. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Langensee, Ger. name of the Lago Haggiore. 
 
 Laugenselbold, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, govt. 
 Cassel, circle and 6 m. ENE. Hanau. P. <:4000. 
 
 Langenthal, comm., Switzd., cant. Bern, 11 m. SSW. 
 Olten. P. <40oo. 
 
 Langenwang, comm., Austria, Styria, 28 m. ENE. Leoben, 
 in the Miirz-thal. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Langenweddlngen, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Magde- 
 burg, circle and dist. Wanzleben. P. <:3000. 
 
 Langenwetzendorf, vil., Ger., princip. Reuss, circle (Land- 
 rathsamt) Gera. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Langeoog, isl., Prussia, prov. Hanover, crossed by 7^° E. , 7 
 m. long by i-i^ m. wide. 
 
 Langerakkerschans, comm. , Holland. See Nieaweschans. 
 
 Laugerfeld, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Schwelm, 
 2^ m. E. Barmen. P. (comm. ) 6900. 
 
 Langesund, seapt. tn. , Norway, prov. Bratsberg, S. ct. , 32 m. 
 SW. by W. Tonsberg ; large ice export. The harbour includes 
 three ports varying in depth from \\ to 15 fathoms. P. <20oo. 
 
 Langevln, stn., Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R., 
 695 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Langevine, or Ste. Justine, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. Dor- 
 chester, 12 m. from Lake Etchemin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Langewiescn, tn. , Ger., princip. Schwarzburg-Sonders- 
 hausen, circle Oberherrsch aft. P. <3000. 
 
 Langfleld, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, contains part 
 of Todniorden. P. ^(mo. 
 
 Langford, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., on 
 the Ivel, 10 m. SE. bv E. Bedford, 2 m. S. by W. Biggleswade 
 stn., PM.O. P.<:i5oo. 
 
 Langford, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and ij m. NNW. Maldon, 
 on the Blackwater, and G. E. R., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Langford, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 20 m. SE. by S. 
 King's Lynn, 6 m. WSW. Watton stn. P. <25o ; eccles. par. 
 (L. with Ickbnrgh) P. <:25o. 
 
 Langford, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 3 m. NE. 
 by N. Newark, 2 m. SSW. Collingham stn., P.O. P. -£250. 
 See Holme. 
 
 857 
 
L A N G - 
 
 Langford, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 16^ m. 
 W. by S. Oxford, i^ m. SW. Alvescot stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Langford, vil. , Eng. , Somerset, Wells div. ,9 m. E. Weston- 
 super-Mare, 3 m. E. by N. Sandford and Banwell stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Laugfford, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Marshall co., 145 m. NE. 
 by E. Pierre. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Langford, Little, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, on riv. Wiley, 4 m. 
 NW. Wilton. P. <25o. 
 
 Langford Bridge, vil. , Cape Colony, dist Herbert, on the 
 r. bk. of the Orange R., 75 m. SW. Kimberley. P. < 1500. 
 
 Langford BndTlUe, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 
 8 m. W. by S. Taunton, 3 m. S. by W. Milverton stn., P.O. 
 P. <:soo. 
 
 Langfnlu-, or Langefahr, suburb, on the NW. of Danzig, 
 Prussia. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Lang-glang, tn. , Tongking, prov. and 12 m. NE. Bac-Ninh, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Song-thuong, its port known as Tbnong, 
 Iiang-tlinoug, or Ben-tbnong. 
 
 Langbani, par. , Eng. , Essex, on the Stour, div. and 5J m. 
 NNE. Colchester, 3 m. NNW. Ardleigh stn., P.O. P. <:7So. 
 
 Langbam, or Langbam Blsbops, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N. 
 div., 3 m. from the N. ct., 14 m. W. Cromer, 5 m. WNW. 
 Holt stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Langbam, par. , Eng. , Rutland, 2 m. NW. by N. Oakham 
 (^.z^.), PMT.O. P.<:7So. 
 
 Langbani, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Stowmarket div. , 8^ m. ENE. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, 3 m. N. by W. Elmswell stn. P. <25o. 
 
 LangbangliM alls, P.O., Scot., Roxburghshire, 2 m. from 
 Bonchester Bridge. 
 
 Langbemarck, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 4 m. 
 NNE. Ypres, with manufacture of silk lace. P. 7000. 
 
 Langblrano, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 13 m. S. by W. 
 Parma. P. < 2000. 
 
 Langbo, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Darwen div., on the 
 L. & Y. R., 5 m. NNE. Blackburn, PM.O. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Lang'bolm, par. and tn. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, on riv. Esk, 
 15 m. E. Annan, on the N. B. R.; it has woollen manufactures, 
 tanneries, and a distillery. Mickle, the translator of the Lusiad, 
 was born here in 1734, and Thomas Telford, the engineer, was 
 born in the neighbourhood in 1757. In the vicinity are ruins of 
 a square tower, Gilnockie, which belonged to the Armstrongs. 
 Market-day, W. Par. 16,971 ac, P. <4000 ; P. (Old and 
 New L.)<:40oo. 
 
 Langbolm, one of the isls. in the Swedish Lake Malar, on 
 which Stockholm is partly built. 
 
 Langboru, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Bucks co., 24 m. NE. 
 by N. Philadelphia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Langborn's Creek, tp. , S. Australia, co. Hindmarsh, 44 m. 
 SE. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Langkadla, Greece. See Lagkadla. 
 
 Langkat, tn., Sumatra, in the N., on the E. ct, vdth a 
 dangerous bar at the entrance to the port ; important petroleum 
 wells worked. 
 
 Langkloof, range of mts. , Cape Colony, trending E. and W. , 
 about 10 m. from the coast, between about 23° and 25° E. 
 
 Langlaagte, or Paarlsboop, small tp. , S. African Republic, 
 practically part of Johannesburg. 
 
 Langlade, French N. America. See Hiqn^lon. 
 
 Langlade, co., U.S., W^isconsin, in the NE., to the N. of 
 45° N. , and crossed by 89° W. 
 
 Lang Lang, post-tn. , Victoria, co. Momington, 49 m. by rail 
 SE. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Langley, vil. , Canada, Brit. Columbia, on N. bank of Fraser 
 R. , 20 m. ESE. Vancouver. P. < 1500. 
 
 Langley, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Berkshire. See Hamp- 
 Btead Norrts. 
 
 Langley, Eng. , Bucks. See Langley Marlgb. 
 
 Langley, PM.O., Eng., Cheshire, div. and 2 m. SE. Maccles- 
 field. 
 
 Langley, par., Eng., co. and 4 m. NW. Durham, on riv. 
 Browney, PM.O. (L. Park). P.<2So. 
 
 Langley, viL, Eng., co. and 2 m. SW. Durham, PMT.O. 
 fL. Moor). 
 
 Langley, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 6J m. W. by S. Saffron 
 Walden, 4^ m. W. Audley End stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Langley, pars. , Eng. , Hertfordshire. See Abbots Langley 
 and King's Langley. 
 
 Langley, par. , Eng. , Kent, Medway div. , 4J m. SE, Maid- 
 stone, 3 m. S. Bearsted stn., P.O. P.-<yx>. 
 
 Langley, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 9 m. SE. by E. 
 Norwich, 3^ m. W. by S. Reedham stn. The remains of L. 
 Abbey (founded in 1198 for Premonstratensian canons) are near. 
 P.<:Soo. 
 
 Langley, vil. , Eng. , Northumberland, div. and 7 m. W. by S. 
 Hexham, on the NE. R., with coal-mining, P.O. (L.«on>Tyne). 
 
 Langley, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, 5 m. NW. Witney. P. < 
 250. See Sblpton under Wyehwood. 
 
 Langley, part of par. , Eng. , Shropshire. See Bnekley. 
 
 Langley, par., Eng., Warwickshire, 3 m. SE. Henley-in- 
 Arden. P. -<250. 
 858 
 
 -LANG 
 
 Langley, eccles. par., Eng., Worcestershire, with stn. (L. 
 Green) on the G. W. and L. & NW. Rlys., 4J m. WNW. 
 New Street stn. Birmingham, PM.O. (L. dreen). P. 9000. 
 
 Langley, French N. America. See Mlqu^lon. 
 
 Langley, \il., U.S., S. Carolina, Aiken co., 8 m. ENE. 
 Augusta (Ga. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Langley Beck, riv., Eng., Barnard Castle div., trib. of the 
 Tees, which it joins on the 1. bk. i m. above Gainford, 7 m. E. 
 Barnard Castle. 
 
 Langley Bnirell, par., Eng., Wiltshire, div. and ij m. N. 
 Chippenham stn., 13 m. NE. by E. Bath, P.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Langleybnry, eccles. par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Watford 
 and Abbots Langley pars. P. <7SO. 
 
 Langleydale witb Sbotton, par., Eng., Durham, 5 m. N. 
 Barnard Castle ; 4660 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Langley Fltzorse, eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire, Kington 
 par. P. <7So. 
 
 Langley Marlsb, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe 
 div., 3 m. NE. Windsor, vrith stn. (Lai^ley) on the G. W. R., 
 PMT.O. (Langley). P. <250o. 
 
 Langley Hill, viL , Eng. , Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, 
 near Eastwood (q.v.), with coal-mining, PMT.O. 
 
 Langley Moor, PMT.O., Eng., co. and 3 m. SW. Durham. 
 
 Langley Point, cape, Eng., on the S. ct of the co. of 
 Sussex, 2 ra. NE. Eastbourne. 
 
 Langley Priory, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, div. and 6J m. 
 WNW. Loughborough, i m. E. Tonge stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Langley Wood, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, 7^ m. SE. Salisbury. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Langloan, suburb of Coatbridge, Scot , Lanarkshire, on C. R. 
 
 Langnan, comm. , Switzd. , cant and 16 m. E. Bern, in the 
 Emmen-thal. P. 7600. 
 
 Langness, penin. headland, at SE. end of Isle of Man, with a 
 lighthouse, \isible 14 m. 
 
 Langney, P.O., Eng., Sussex, near Eastbourne. 
 
 Lango, central African tribe, known only by repute, dweUing 
 N. of Lake Victoria Nyanza, and said to speak a language akin 
 to that of the Masai. 
 
 Lango, isl. , off the W. ct. of Norway, just S. of 69° N. , be- 
 longing to the Lofoten group, very irregular in shape. Area, 
 343 sq. m. 
 
 Langogne, tn., France, dep. Lozere, arr. Mende, on the 
 Allier, 56 m. SW. by S. St. Etienne. P. <40oo. 
 
 Langon, tn. , France, dep. Gironde, arr. Bazas, on the L bk. 
 of the Garonne, 25 m. SE. by S. Bordeaux. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Langport, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Somerset, E. div. , 9 m. 
 SW. by S. Glastonbury, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. Market- 
 day, S. P. < 1000. 
 
 Langreo, comm. , N. Spain, prov. Oviedo ; the chief vil. , Sama 
 de L., is 9 m. SE. Oviedo, on the Nalon R. ; centre of a rich 
 coalfield ; connected by rail with Gijon. P. 14,000. 
 
 Langres, the ancient Andomatunum, tn. , France, dep. Haute- 
 Marne, cap. arr. L. , 40 m. NNE. Dijon, on a hill 1460 ft high 
 overlooking the L bk. of the Mame near its source, now reached 
 by a rack railway ; important (formerly the principal) seat of the 
 French manufactures of fine cutlery. Fortified place of the first 
 class, commanded by a citadel, and surrounded by 12 detached 
 forts. P. 7000. 
 
 Langres, Platean de, plateau composed of Liassic and Oolitic 
 limestones, chiefly in the French deps. Haute-Marne and C6te 
 d'Or, extending also into Haute-Sa6ne, connecting the Cote d'Or 
 with the Monts Faucilles, traversed by the water-parting between 
 the basins of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Highest 
 point Hant-dn-Sec, 8^ m. SW. Langres. Alt. 1695 ft. 
 
 Langrick, stn. , Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., on the 
 G. N. R., 4i m. NW. Boston, P.O. 
 
 Langrldge, par., Eng., Somerset, Fromediv., 2jm. N. by W. 
 Bath. P. <2so. 
 
 Langrlgg and Mealrlgg, par., Eng., Ciunberland, Eskdale 
 div., 9^ m. NE. by E. Maryport, ij m. N. Brayton stn., P.O. 
 (Langrlgg). P. <soo. 
 
 Langrigg, East and West, two vils. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, New 
 Monkland par. P. (of each) < 750. 
 
 Langrlsb, eccles. par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Petersfield div. , 15 J 
 m. NNE. Portsmouth, 2J m. W. Petersfield stn. , P.O. P. <:750. 
 
 LangriYille, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 5 m. 
 NW. Boston, close to Langrick stn. P. <Soo. 
 
 Langsernd, vil., S. Sweden, Ian Vermland, 39 m. WSW. 
 Karlstad. P. <:4000. 
 
 Langsett, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the S. border 
 of the Holmfirth div., on the Don, 11 m. SSE. Huddersfield, 
 2 m. SSE. Hazlehead Bridge stn. ; 4916 ac P. <Soo. 
 
 Langsbaw, P.O., Scot, Roxburghshire, sm. NE. Galashiels. 
 
 Langslde, suburb of and 2 m. S. by W. Glasgow, Scot, 
 Renfrewshire, \ m. W. Mount Florida stn. , on C. R. The troops 
 of Mary Queen of Scots, on the 13th of May 1568, were totally 
 defeated here by the Regent Miirray. P. (L. wltb Mount 
 Florida and Stratbbnngo) 8200. 
 
 Langson, or Langsbon, tn., Tongking, 82 m. NE. Hanoi, 
 in the centre of a small plain on the Sungchi-kiang, cap. prov. L., 
 
LANG — LANS 
 
 N. of the water-parting between the basin of the delta of Tong- 
 king and that of the Chinese prov. of Kwangsi. Seized by 
 France, Feb. 1885 ; the French garrison to be connected by rail 
 with Chu, terminus of the steam navigation on the Loc-nanh. 
 
 Langston, fishing vil. , Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., 6| 
 m. ENE. Portsmouth, on the L. B. & S. C. R., and on the 
 NE. of L. Harbonr, a bay with a narrow entrance between 
 Portsea and Hayling Is. 
 
 Langstrothdale Chase, an upland tract, Eng. , Skipton div. 
 of the W. Riding of Yorkshire, about 22 m. ESE. Kendal. 
 
 Laiigtao, China. See Laiitao. 
 
 Langthorne, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 7^ 
 m. SE. Richmond, ij m. N. by E. Crakehall (g.v.). P. <25o. 
 
 Langtiiorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., on the Ure, sh ^- ^E. by E. Ripen, close to 
 Borough bridge stn. P. < 500. 
 
 Laiig-tlinoiig, Tongking. See Lang-glang. 
 
 Langti-tlng, tn., China, Kweichou, 77 m. W. by S. Kwei- 
 yang-fu, with coal-mines to the W. Opium is extensively 
 cultivated in the neighbourhood. 
 
 Langtoft, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , 7 m. 
 ENE. Stamford, 3 m. ESE. Braceborough Spa stn., P.O. P. 
 
 <7S0- 
 
 Langtoft, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 13^ m. S. by W. Scarborough, 6 m. N. by W. Driffield stn. 
 P. <7So ; eccles. par. (L. witb Cottam) P. <7So. 
 
 Langton, par. , Eng. , Durham, Barnard Castle div. , 7 m. SSW. 
 Bishop Auckland, ij m. N. by W. Gainford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Iiangton, stn. , Eng. , Leicestershire. See Chnrch Langton. 
 
 Laugton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 13 m, 
 SSW. Louth, 2 m. W. Horncastle. P. <2So. 
 
 Langton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 i6| m. NE. by E. York, 3 m. SSE. Malton, 2 m. ESE. Huttons 
 Ambo stn., P.O. Ancient camp adjoining. P. <25o. 
 
 Langton, par. , Scot. , Berwickshire, 2 m. SW. Duns ; 7139 
 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Langton, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Leicestershire. East L., 3J m. N. Market Harborough, on 
 M. R., PMT.O., P.<25o; West L. P.-C2S0. 
 
 Langton, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the Swale, div. and 8 J m. ESE. 
 Richmond, Little L. 3 m. N. by W. Scruton stn. L. Great, 
 P.O., P. <:25o; L. Little, P. <25o; eccles. par. (L. on Swale) 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Langton by Spllsby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey 
 div. , 12 m. SSE. Louth, 3 m. N. by W. Spilsby stn. P. <2So ; 
 eccles. par. (L. Jaxta Partney) P. <25o. 
 
 Langton by Wragby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey 
 div., 11^ m. ENE. Lincoln, i m. SSE. Wragby stn., P.O. 
 (Langton). P. 250. 
 
 Langton Green, eccles. par. , Eng. , Kent, Tunbridge div. , 
 2 m. W. Tunbridge Wells, i^ m. NE. by N. Groombridge stn., 
 PMT.O. P.<750. 
 
 Langton Herring, ct. par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, Western div. , 
 S m. NW. by W. Weymouth, 2 m. S. Portisham stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Langton Long Blandford, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, i m. 
 SE. Blandford, on riv. Stour. P. <25o. 
 
 Langton IHatraTers, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, Eastern div.. 
 Isle of Purbeck, 7^ m. S. by W. Poole, 2 m. W. Swanage stn. , 
 PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Langtree, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, S. Molton div. , 7^ m. S. 
 Bideford, 3^ m. SW. Torrington stn., P.O. ; 4741 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Langtree, vil. , Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., 4 m. NW. 
 by N. Wigan, ij m. NW. Standish (g.v.) stn. 
 
 Langtry, settlement, U.S., Texas, Val Verde co., on the 
 Rio Grande, 180 m. W. by N. San Antonio. 
 
 Langnard, Plz, mt., Switzd., cant. Grisons, in the Upper 
 Engadine, above Pontresina, 6 m. E. St. Moritz. Alt. 10,710 ft. 
 
 Langnedoc, an old prov. in the S. of France, the cap. of 
 which was Toulouse, now forming the deps. Tarn, Aude, 
 H6rault, Gard, and Ard^che, with parts of Haute-Loire, Haute- 
 Garonne, and Tarn-et-Garonne. So called fi-om the use of oc 
 (Latin koc) for 'yes' in the region composing this prov., the 
 name meaning ' tongue of oc. ' 
 
 Langwarrln, rly. stn., Victoria, co. Mornington, on the 
 Frankston line, with permanent military camp on the E. side of 
 Port Phillip Bay. 
 
 Langwatbby, par., Eng., Cumberland, on the r. bk. of the 
 Eden, div. and 4 m. ENE. Penrith, on the M. R., PM.O. P. 
 •csoo. See Edenliall. 
 
 Langwell Forest, dist., Scot., Caithness, in the SW. 
 
 Langwell Water, riv. , Scot. , in the S. of Caithness, flows E. 
 and unites with the Berriedale Water at its mouth. 
 
 Lang-wlth, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, between rivs. 
 Ouse and Derwent, 4 m. SE. York. P. <25o. 
 
 Langwlth, Bietber, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw 
 div., 6^ m. N. Mansfield, i m. NE. Upper Langwith, close to 
 L. stn., on the M. R., PM.O. (Langwltb). P. <soo. 
 
 Langnrlth, Vpper, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Chesterfield div., 
 
 5i m. N. by W. Mansfield, ij m. NW. Shirebrook stn. , with 
 coal-mines. P. <5oo. 
 
 Langwortli, hamlet, Eng. , Lincolnshire, Gainsborough div. , 
 on the M. S. & L. R., 6 m. ENE. Lincoln, P.O. 
 
 Lan-bo, Lnan-bo, or Laomn-bo, riv., in the NE. of China, 
 prov. Pechili, flows mainly SW. , passing near Jehol, and entering 
 the Gulf of Liaotung in 39° 10-15' N., after dividing into 
 several arms. 
 
 Laubydrock, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 2 m. SSE. 
 Bodmin. P. <25o. 
 
 Lanl-La, mt. pass, Tibet, 56 m. NE. Lhasa. Alt. 15,750 ft. 
 
 Lanlvet, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, div. and 2 J m. SW. Bodmin, 
 with tin ore, P.O. ; 5426 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Lanjar6n, comm., Spain, prov. Granada, dist. Orgiva. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Lanjl, lake, reported by Arabs to exist at the confluence of 
 the Lualaba and Congo, central S. Africa ; according to Del- 
 commune non-existent. 
 
 Lankadla, or Lankadbla, Greece. See Lagkadla. 
 
 Lankara, isl. , Siam. See Palo Lankara. 
 
 Lankl-bslen, or Laky, tn. , China, prov. Chekiang, 75 m. 
 SSW. Hangchow, commercial centre of the basin of the Tsien- 
 tang. P. 200,000 (Fortune, 1850). 
 
 Lank Bigg, hill, Eng. , Cumberland, Egremont div. , 8^ m. 
 SE. by E. Whitehaven. Height, 1750 ft. 
 
 Lankwltz, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt. Potsdam, 
 circle Teltow, dist. Berlin II. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 LanllTery, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 5 m. S. Bodmin, 
 2 m. WSW. Lostwithiel stn. ; 6779 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lanmenr, tn., France, dep. Finist^re, 40 m. ENE. Brest, 
 arr. and 7 m. NE. Morlaix. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lann, Ian, Celtic, ' an enclosure ; ' in Welsh place-names llan, 
 ' a church ; ' in some Irish and Breton place-names, iand, ' a 
 house,' or 'church.' 
 
 Lannartb, eccles. par., Eng., Cornwall, Gwennap par., P.O. 
 (Lanner). P. <2Soo. 
 
 Lannemezan (/anna meta, ' middle land '), tn., France, dep. 
 Hautes-Pyr^n^s, arr. and 13 m. ENE. Bagn^res-de-Bigorre. 
 The Plateau de L., high, undulating plain, in the deps. Hautes- 
 Pyr^ndes, Haute-Garonne, and Gers, at the N. base of the 
 central and western Pyr6n6es, mainly composed of glacial de- 
 tritus. Alt. 1500-2000 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Lanner, P.O., Eng., Cornwall. See Lannartb. 
 
 Lannes, cape (Cape Dombey of the Admiralty charts), in the 
 SE. of S. Australia, in 37° 10' S., with an obelisk 40 ft. high, 
 and visible 12 m. at its S. end. 
 
 Lannllls, tn., France, dep. Finistere, arr. and 13 m. N. 
 Brest. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lannlon, tn. and riv. port, France, dep. Cotes du Nord, cap. 
 arr., on the Lequer, 54 m. ENE. Brest. The port, a fishing 
 and trading one, is sought also as a refuge. P. 5200. 
 
 Lannoy, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. Lille, 3 m. SSE. Rou- 
 baix. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lano Pompeia, tn. , Italy. See Lodl Yeccblo. 
 
 Lanoraye, vil., Canada, Quebec, Berthier co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of St. Lawrence, 36 m. NE. by N. Montreal. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lanonx, or Lac Nolr, lake, France, near the extreme W. of 
 dep. Pyr^n^es-Orientales. Though only about 250 ac. in ex- 
 tent, it is the largest sheet of water in the French Pyrenees, 
 ultimately drained into the Spanish riv. Segre. Alt. 7065 ft. 
 
 Lanplng'bsleii, formerly Kara-botun, tn. , China, prov. 
 Pechili, 103 m. NE. Peking, 11 m. W. by S. Jehol. Alt. 
 
 1305 ft- 
 
 Lanreatb, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, div. and 9 m. SE. Bodmin, 
 P.O. ; 4966 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Lanrlck Castle, meteorological stn. See Donne. 
 
 Lansallos, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 11^ m. SE. by S. 
 Bodmin, on the S. ct., 3^ m. E. by S. Fowey. P. <75o. 
 
 Lansdale, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery co. , 24 m. 
 N. by W. Philadelphia. Alt. 368 ft. (R.R.). P.<:20oo. 
 
 Lansdown, hill, Eng. , Somerset, 2^ m. NW. Bath ; noted 
 for its own beauty and the beauty of the prospects it commands ; 
 crowned by L. Tower (130 ft.), erected by Beckford, the author 
 of Vathek. Geologically it belongs to the Great Oolite. Alt. 
 813 ft. 
 
 Lansdowne, vil., Canada, Ontario, Leeds co., 27 m. ENE. 
 Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lansdofrne, cantonment, Brit. India, NW. Provs., Garhwdl, 
 dist. P. (1891) 1400. 
 
 Lansdowne, co., W. Australia, S. of 31° S., and E. of 118° 
 E. ; near the Yilgarn goldfields. 
 
 Lansdowne Road, stn., Ire., co. and i m. SE. Dublin, on 
 Dublin and Kingstown Rly. 
 
 L'Anse [lans), vil., U.S., Michigan, Baraga co., at the head 
 of Keweenaw Bay, 52 m. >V. by N. Marquette. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 L'Anse & Giles, vil, Canada, Quebec, L'Islet co., 45 m 
 NE. by E. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lansenbnrg, a disused spelling of Lanslngbnrg. 
 
 Lansford, coal-mining bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Carbon co., 
 4 m. NE. Tamaqua by rail. P. <5ooo. 
 
 859 
 
LANS — I. A PP 
 
 Lansing, viL, Canada, Ontario, co. York, 8 m. from Toronto. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lansing, city, U.S., Iowa, Allamakee co., on Mississippi R., 
 8i m. N\V. Dubuque by rail. P. <2oco. 
 
 Lansing, city, U.S., Kansas, co. and 7 m. S. Leavenworth 
 by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lansing, city, U.S., Michigan, Ingham co., on high land on 
 both sides of Grand R. , 68 m. SW. by S. Bay City, cap. of the 
 state, with state agricultural college, and state blind school, and 
 fine water-power, which has made it an important manufacturing 
 centre. Alt. 852 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880)8300; (1890) 13,100. 
 
 Lanslngburg, viL, U.S., New York, Rensselaer co., on the 
 1. bk. of Hudson R. , opposite the mouth of the Mohawk R. , 3 
 m. N. Troy. P. (1880) 7400; (1890) 10,600. 
 
 Lanslebourg, viL, France, dep. Savoie, on the Arc, 37 m. 
 SW. by S. Aosta (Italy). Alt. 4560 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lantao, isl., China, prov. Kwangtung, to the W. of Hong- 
 kong ; length, 16 m. ; area, 58 sq. m. 
 
 Lantar, isL , Siam. See Pulo Lantar. 
 
 Lanteglos, par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 3 m. from 
 the NW. ct., 9|m. N. by E. Bodmin, i m. SSW. Camelford ; 
 4000 ac. P. <:i5oo; eccles. par. (L. toy Camelford -with 
 Advent) P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Lanteglos toy Fowey, ct. par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 10 
 m. SSE. Bodmin, on the E. side of the estuary of the riv. 
 Fowey. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lanton, par., Eng., Northumberland, on riv. Glen, 4 m. 
 NW. Wooler. P. <25o. 
 
 Lantsau-klang, riv. , China. See Klnlong-klang. 
 
 Lantzol, tn. , Greece, prov. Elis and Achaia, 39 m. S. by W. 
 Patras. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Lanasel, market-tn., Sardinia, prov. and 50 m. NNE. 
 Cagliari. P. <:3000. 
 
 Lanvanx, Lande de, France. See Mortollian. 
 
 Lanv^oc, vil. , France, dep. Finistfere, arr. Chateaulin, 8 m. 
 S. by E. Brest, on the S. shore of the Rade de Brest. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lanvollon, tn., France, dep. Cotes du Nord, arr. St. Brieuc, 
 on the Leff, 44 m. W. St. Malo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lanzarote (name derived from the Genoese Lancelot Malo- 
 celli, the first European who settled there), the most north- 
 easterly of the Canary Is. , scantily watered, but yields the finest 
 wine and grapes in the Canaries. Cochineal is the only staple 
 article for exportation. Highest point (Famara) in the N., 
 2245 ft. Cap. Arecife, on SE. ct. , S. of Teguise. Area, 310 
 sq. m. P. 16,300. 
 
 Lanzo, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 18 m. NW. Turin, 
 on the Stura ; lignite and iron mines. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Laodicea ad Libanum, tn., Syria. See Tell Nebl Mlndan. 
 
 Laodicea ad Mare, tn., Syria. See Latakla. 
 
 Laodicea Combusia, tn. , Asia Minor. See Ladlk. 
 
 Lnobo-kon, or Labo-kon. See Lotao-kon. 
 
 Laogbal, Loch. See Loyal, Loch. 
 
 Laokal, or Bao-thaug, frontier tn. , on the Red R. (Song- 
 koi, q.v.), in the NW. of Tongking, 60 m. SE. Manhao 
 (Yunnan) ; French customs station, with small citadel From 
 L. to the commencement of the delta the river has an average 
 breadth of 650 ft. , and is navigable for small steamboats. 
 
 Laokhawa, viL , Brit. India, Assam, dist. Nowgong, on the 
 L bk. of the Brahmaputra, 67 m. ENE. GauhatL 
 
 Lao-llng, mts. See Changpal-shan. 
 
 Laomu-ho, riv. , China. See Lan-bo. 
 
 Laon, the ancient Laudunum, city, France, cap. dep. Aisne, 
 18 m. NE. Soissons, 55 m. NW. Chalons-sur-Marne, on a 
 precipitous limestone rock rising 650 ft. firom the plain. Prin- 
 cipal edifices, a cathedral, dating from 1155-1174; prefecture, 
 with a valuable library ; a leaning tower and citadeL L. has 
 manufactures of nails, coarse cloth, leather, earthenwares, 
 biscuits, &c. ; and in its vicinity are numerous vineyards. Here, 
 on March 9 and 10, 1814, a sanguinary battle was fought be- 
 tween Napoleon I. and the allies imder Blucher. Under the 
 French kings of the first and second races L. was a place of 
 importance, and it remained the last possession of the Car- 
 lovingian dynasty under Louis V., the foundations of whose 
 massive castle still remain. Its bishopric was suppressed in 
 1790. Birthplace of P. Marquette, the discoverer of the Mis- 
 sissippi. .^It. 595 ft. P. 9600. 
 
 Laopal'Sban. See Changpal-shan. 
 
 Laos, series of separate and partially independent states, in 
 SE. Asia, surrounded by or intermixed with the Burmese and 
 Siamese dominions and French Indo-China. The name is a 
 Chinese one, meaning 'ancient.' By the Burmese they are 
 called Shans, and by themselves Tai, or Tai Yai ( ' the elder Tai '), 
 in contradistinction to Tai Noi (the lesser or younger Tai') the 
 name which they give to the Siamese. Boundaries, area, and 
 population unknown to Europeans. The states traversed by 
 the Menam and Mekong Rivs. are said to have a fertile soil, 
 but to be thinly peopled, the inhabitants living mostly in migra- 
 tory hordes. Products similar to those of Siam, to which 
 country many Laos tribes are tributary. In habits, customs, 
 religion, and language the Laos resemble the Burmese and 
 860 
 
 Siamese ; they are divided into the tattooing tribe, and the tribe 
 who hold the practice in detestation. Their money is in the 
 form of ingots, of impure metal, extracted from the mines which 
 abound in the coimtry. The people are peaceable, patient, 
 superstitious, simple, and faithful, holding theft in horror. They 
 cultivate rice, melons, and maize, and sell ivory and skins to 
 the Chinese ; and trade in gold dust, silver, copper ores, gums, 
 lac, wax, and dye-wood in exchange for pottery, glass, &c. See 
 Bnnua, Slam, Tongking. 
 
 Laotang, tn. , China, prov. Kiangsu, 22 m. NW. Shanghai. 
 
 Lapa, cape. Eastern Archipelago, the E. end of Madura I. 
 
 Lapal, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Stourbridge union. P. 
 <Soo. 
 
 La Paz, tn., Argentine Republic, Entre Rios, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Rio Parand, 90 m. NE. by N. Parana. P. 7000. 
 
 La Paz, tn. and stn., Argentine Republic, Mendoza, 75 m. 
 SE. by E. Mendoza, on the Rio Tumuyan. 
 
 La Paz, tn. , Bolivia, dep. La Paz, 260 m. NW. Sucre ; cap. 
 and commercial centre of the republic, 45 m. SE. Chililaya, its 
 port on Lake Titicaca ; at present (1894) getting connected by rail 
 with Onuro and Puno. Mean temp. , 50" F. , range i9.4°-73.4° F. 
 Ah. 12,300 ft. P. (1890) 56,800. 
 
 La Paz, viL, Uruguay, Canelones, 15 m. N. Montevideo. 
 
 La Paz, tn. , Mexico, Lower California, on the E. ct , on the 
 large bay of La P., 330 m. W. Durango, in 24° 10' N. , on a 
 plain backed by mountains and rendered fertile by irrigation. 
 Impwrtant pearl-fisheries in the bay. Seat of trade for the mines 
 of Triumfo, 40 m. SSE. P. 6000. 
 
 Lapeer, city, U.S., Michigan, L. co., 46 m. SE. by S. Bay 
 City. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 La Perouse, strait, between the isL of Yezo, Japan, and the 
 S. extremity of Sakhalin, named after the French navigator La 
 Perouse, who in 1787 sailed through it from Sea of Japan into 
 Sea of Okhotsk. Breadth, 25-29 m. ; average depth, 215 ft. 
 
 Lapford, par., Eng., Devonshire, South Molton div., 14 m. 
 W. by S. Tiverton, on the L. & SW. R., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 La Pierre Harbour, inlet, Newfoundland, S. ct, at the head 
 of Fortune Bay, in 54^°- 55° W. 
 
 Lapland, the country inhabited by the Lapps {q.v.). 
 
 La Plata, lake, Argentine Republic, connected with Lake 
 Fontana by a channel about looo yards long. 
 
 La Plata, Rio de. See Plata, Bio de la. 
 
 La Plata, cap. of the prov. Buenos .^.ires, Argentine Republic, 
 30 m. ESE. of the city of Buenos .Aires, 5 m. S. of its port, 
 Ensenada ; founded in 1882, after the city of Buenos ."Mres {q.v. ) 
 had been sep)arated from the prov. It was planned on a grand 
 scale, and built with great rapidity. P. (1890) 65,000. 
 
 La Plata, comm., Colombia, Tolima, 160 m. SW. Bogota. 
 P. (dist. ) 4000. 
 
 La Plata, tn., Cuba, S. ct, 72 m. W. by S. Santiago de 
 Cuba ; deposits of salt and magnetic iron, in 76° 58' W. 
 
 La Plata, mt, U.S., Colorado, in the N. of L.a Plata co. , 60 
 m. NE. by E. of the SW. comer of the state. Alt 13,316 ft 
 (Wheeler), 14,311 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 Laplata, tn. , U.S., Missouri, Macon co. , 65 m. WSW. 
 Keokuk (lo.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lapley, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Western div., 7^ m. SSW. 
 Stafford, 3 m. WSW. Penkridge stn., P.O. P. < 1000; eccles. 
 par. (L. >« Itb Mlieaton Aston) P. < 1000. 
 
 La Polle Bay, Newfoundland, on the S. ct , in 58° 25'-3o' W. 
 
 Laponla. Same as Lapland. See IJle&borg. 
 
 Laporte, city, U.S., Indiana, L. co., 46 m. ESE. Chicago 
 (111.), railway junction and favourite summer resort, with a chain 
 of beautiful lakes running N. of the city. P. 7100. 
 
 Laporte, tn., U.S., Iowa, Blackhawk co., on Cedar R., 
 38 m. NW. Cedar Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Laponla. Same as Lappland. .'Antiquated. 
 
 LapoYO, tn., Servia, circle and 17 m. NE. Kragujevac, 
 ( Kraguyevats). P. 5100. 
 
 Lappa, customs stn. of the Imperial Maritime Customs, 
 China, close to the port of Macao (mouth of Canton R.). 
 
 Lappmark, name of dists. in N. Sweden inhabited by Lapps. 
 
 Lapps, a people speaking a language belonging to the Finno- 
 Tatar group, and sparsely scattered over the N. of Norway and 
 Sweden and the NW. of Russia, including the N. of Finland 
 and the Kola Penin. The name is of doubtful origin, but is con- 
 jectured by Egli to be a corruption of the Finnish Lappalainen 
 or Lappalaiset, meaning 'dwellers on the frontier,' and the 
 name seems to have been at least first given by the people of 
 Finland. The name was adopted from the Finlanders by the 
 Swedes, who at first called them Finns, and to this day they are 
 not distinguished by the Nor%vegians from the Finns, the prov. 
 of Norway to which most of them belong being known as Fin- 
 mark. By themselves they are called Samelaiset or Suomalaiset 
 They are subdivided into Coast Lapps, who live by fishing (the 
 Norwegians distinguishing also Elv-Finns or River Lapps and 
 Sea-Finns, who fish in salt-water), and Mountain Lapps (the 
 Fjeld Finns of the Norwegians), who lead a nomadic life, living 
 on the produce of their reindeer herds. In Norway they are not 
 confined to the prov. of Finmark, but extend as far S. as 62° N. 
 
L AP R 
 
 L A RN 
 
 Elsewhere they are chiefly found N. of the Arctic circle. Their 
 total number is estimated at about 28,000, of whom about 
 25,000 live in Sweden. and Norway. 
 
 La Prairie, tn. , Canada, Quebec, cap. La P. co. , on the r. 
 bk. of St. Lawrence, 7 m. SSE. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lapsakl, tn. , Asia Minor, on the E. side of the Dardanelles, 
 5 m. S. Gallipoli. The ancient city, Lampsacus, was 3 m. further 
 to the N. P. 2000 ; Moham. 1200. 
 
 Lapsista, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Koritsa, 50 m. S. 
 Monastir. Alt. 2200 ft. 
 
 LapMai, U.S., Idaho. See Fort Lapwal. 
 
 Lapwortb, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon div. , 
 9 J m. WNW. Warwick, 2^ m. WSW. Kingswood stn. , P.O. 
 P. <:75o- 
 
 Lar, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Gorakhpur. P. 7600 ; 
 Hindus, 4600 ; Moham. 3000. 
 
 Lar, tn., Persia, cap. prov. Laristan, 137 m. W. by N. Bender 
 Abbas. 
 
 Lara, state, Venezuela, partly bounded on the E. by the 
 Caribbean Sea, and crossed by 10° N. ; cap. Barquisimeto. 
 
 Lara, formerly Dnckpoiids, vil. , Victoria, co. Grant, 36 m. 
 SW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Laracha, comm., Spain, Corunna, dist. Carballo. P. 7600. 
 
 Laracbbeg, P.O., Scot., 3 m. from Morvern, Argyllshire. 
 
 Larache, Laralclie, Laralsh, or El Aralsli, tn. , Morocco. 
 See Arlsh, El. 
 
 Lar'acor, par.. Ire., SW. co. Meath, bar. Lower Moyfenrath, 
 2| m. S. Trim, P.O. (Laraeor) ; 8419 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Laragli, electoral div.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, dist. Enniskillen. 
 
 Laragli, electoral div.. Ire., SE. co. Monaghan, bar. Farney, 
 16 m. W. by N. Dundalk, 7 m. from Castleblayney stn., P.O. 
 
 Laraglibryau, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. N. Salt, on Royal 
 Canal, contains Maynooth ; 8033 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Larali, par.. Ire., N. co. Cavan, bars. Upper Loughtee 
 and Tullygarvey, 6 m. E. Cavan ; 16,712 ac. P. <4000. 
 
 Laralche, tn. , Morocco. See Arista, El. 
 
 Lar'amie, city, U.S., Wyoming, cap. Albany co. , 83 m. W. 
 by N. from the SE. corner of the state, in the midst of the 
 L. Plains (mean alt. 7000 ft., enclosed by mountains, some of 
 which rise above the snow-line), on the U. P. R. Alt. 7158 ft. 
 (R.R.). P. 6400. 
 
 Laramie, co. , U.S., Wyoming, bounded E. by Dakota and 
 Nebraska, and S. by Colorado. 
 
 Laranda, tn., Asia Minor. See Karaman. 
 
 Larangelras, or Laranjelras, tn. , Brazil, state of Sergipe, 
 in 11° 46' S., 19 m. WNW. of the coast town of Aracaju, on 
 the Cotindiba R. , at the head of navigation for coasters ; con- 
 nected by rail with Capella to the NE. P. 3000. 
 
 Laraqaete, port, Chile, prov. Arauco, in 37° 10' S., 21 m. S. 
 Concepcion ; loading often hindered by wind and sea, but in 
 good weather ships can load 500 tons in ten working hours. 
 Vessels must enter and clear at Lota, 5 m. N. 
 
 Larat, isl., Malay Archipelago, at the NE. extremity of 
 Tenimber, or Timor Laut. 
 
 Larbert, par. , Scot. , Stirlingshire, 2J m. N W. by W. Falkirk, 
 with a stn. on the C. R. , and another (L. Jane.) on the C. R. 
 and N. B. R. , with coal-mines. P. 8300. 
 
 Larbonst, or L'Arbonst, beautiful valley, S. France, dep. 
 Haute-Garonne, forming the W. part of cant. Bagneres-de- 
 Luchon. 
 
 Larctae, Col de. See Alps, Passes and Railways, I. (3). 
 
 LarchTTood, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 461 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Lard, Lac an, lake, Canada, Quebec, Portneuf co. , 67 m. 
 NW. by W. Quebec, drained E. into the riv. Batiscan, and by 
 that into the riv. St. Lawrence. 
 
 Laredo, seapt. tn., N. ct., Spain, prov. Santander, 21 m. E. 
 by S. Santander. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lare'do, city, U.S., Texas, cap. Webb co., on 1. bk. of the 
 Rio Grande, 147 m. SW. by S. San Antonio, and at the junc- 
 tion of the Mexican National with the International Rly. , with 
 coal-mines in the neighbourhood. Garrison town and port of 
 entry. Has car-works and smelting furnaces. Important wool 
 and fruit-growing centre ; noted for its early grapes. P. (1880) 
 <4000 ; (1890) 11,300. 
 
 Laredo, Nnevo, tn., Mexico, Tamaulipas, 140 m. NNE. 
 Monterey, on the r. bk. of the Rio Grande, opposite Laredo, 
 U.S. , with which it is connected by two iron bridges. Garrison 
 town; port of entry. P. (1894)7000. 
 
 LaregoTl, or LerlgOTO, tn., Turkey in Europe, on the penin. 
 of Chalkidike, 35 m. E. by S. Salonica. P. 2500 (G.). 
 
 Lares, ruins, Tunis. See Lorbes. 
 
 Lares, tn., isl. of Porto Rico, 50 m. WSW. San Juan. P. 
 17,100. 
 
 Larg, in place-names, ' a slope.' See Learg. 
 
 Larganreagta, tnld., Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 3 m. from Carrigart, P.O. P. -csso. 
 
 Largeiiti^rc, tn. , France, dep. Ard^che, 49 m. N. Nlmes, cap. 
 arr. ; so called on account of the silver-lead mines worked here 
 from the loth or nth to the isth century. Alt. 735 ft. P. <:3000. 
 
 Largle, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Elgin, 7 m. W. lona. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Largo (Gaelic leargaidh, 'a hillside'), par. and two vils., 
 Scot., E. Fife, on the N. shore of the Firth of Forth, on Loch 
 Bay, 8 m. SSE. Cupar, on the N. B. R. Alexander Selkirk, 
 the prototype of Defoe's ' Robinson Crusoe," was born here in 
 1676. Market-day, Th. Par. 7386ac. , P. <:25oo; vil. (L. Lo^wer 
 and Temple), PMT.O. (Lower L.), P. <7So ; vil. (Kirkton of 
 L.), PMT.O. (Upper L.), P. <Soo. See Juan Fernandez. 
 
 Largoward, vil., Scot., Fife, Kilconquhar par., 4^ m. NE. 
 Largo stn., with coal-mining, P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Largs (Gaelic learg, 'a hillside'), par. and market-tn., Scot., 
 N. Ayrshire, on the E. shore of the Firth of Clyde, iij m. 
 SSW. Greenock, on the G. & SW. R. ; a favourite resort for 
 sea-bathers. A great victory was obtained here in 1263 by 
 Alexander III., over Haco, King of Norway, and numerous 
 tumuli mark the field of battle. Market-day, Th. Par. 21,850 
 ac, P. 5300; tn. P. < 3500. 
 
 Largs Bay, S. Australia. See Port Adelaide. 
 
 Largy, small fishing stn., Ire. , SW. co. Donegal, bar. Banagh, 
 15^ m. W. Donegal, on Fintragh Bay. 
 
 Largydouuell, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Leitrim, bar. Rosclogher, 
 iii m. NNE. Sligo, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Largymore, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Donegal, dist. Killybegs. 
 
 Larl, market-tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Pisa, 14 m. E. by N. 
 Leghorn. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Laribus, ruins, Tunis. See Lorbes. 
 
 Larlktalnskoye, vil., Russia, W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, 165 
 m. SE. Tyumeii, on 1. bk. Ishim. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Larimer, co., U.S., Colorado, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 by 106° and 105° W. 
 
 Larimer's Station, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 Westmoreland co., 11 m. W. Grcensburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Larlmore, vil, U.S., N. Dakota, Grand Forks co. , 74 m. S. 
 by W. Pembina. P. < 1500. 
 
 Larlno, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 21 m. NE. 
 Campobasso, on the Biferno, 40 m. NW. by W. Foggia. 
 
 Larlssa, tn. , Greece, prov. L. , on the Peneios, 33 m. NW. 
 by W. Volos. P. 13,600. 
 
 Laristan, maritime prov. , Persia, having S. the Persian Gulf, 
 and landward the provs. Fars and Kerman. It is an arid and 
 sandy waste, with salt steppes ; salt, silk, and camels are the 
 chief products. The coast is inhabited by independent Arab 
 tribes. Chief town, Lar. 
 
 Larlyatskoye, vil., Russia, W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, 365 
 m. NW. Tomsk, on Vakh, r. bk. trib. Ob. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lark, riv. , Eng. , rises in the SW. of Suffolk, flows first N. 
 past Bury St. Edmunds, then NW. till it joins the r. bk. of the 
 Ouse, 6 m. NNE. of Ely. 
 
 Larklleld, hamlet, Eng., Kent, 4 m. NW. Maidstone, 
 PM.O. 
 
 Larkfleld, vil. , Scot. , Lanarkshire. See Bamtalll and L. 
 
 Larkhall, tn., Scot., Mid Lanarkshire, 3 m. SW. Wishaw, 
 on the C. R. , with coal-mines and bleach-works, a silk factory, 
 and hand-loom weaving. P. 8300. 
 
 L^rkta&na, fortified tn., Brit. India, Sind, dist. Shikarpur, 
 53 m. S. by W. Jacobdbad. The country round is perhaps the 
 finest tract in Sind. P. 12,000 ; Hindus, 6400 ; Moham. 5600. 
 
 LarksTille, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne 
 CO., 3^ m. N. Wilkesbarre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Larkton, or Larton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 
 II m. E. by N. Wrexham, 2 m. ESE. Broxton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Larllng, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 20 m. SW. by W. 
 Norwich, i m. N. by E. Harling Road stn., P.O.; contains 
 Larllngford, vil. P. <25o. 
 
 Lar'naca, Larnlca, or Larneca (Turkish Tnzla, ' salt work'), 
 ancient Citium, tn. of the isl. Cyprus, Mediterranean Sea, near 
 its S. ct. , in a bay formed by Capes Kiti and Pyla, 23 m. SE. 
 Nicosia. It is the principal seat of commerce of Cyprus, and 
 the residence of European merchants and consuls. It does 
 not possess a harbour, but the bay affords excellent anchorage. 
 The pier is 450 ft. long, with a depth alongside of 7-8 ft. It has 
 a citadel, cisterns, and numerous vestiges of antiquity. Alt. 300 
 ft. Mean temp. (4 yrs., 1863-67), Feb. 52.8° F. , Aug. 81.5°. 
 
 Larne, par., market, civic, and seapt. tn. , Ire., E. ct. co. 
 Antrim, bar. Upper Glenarm, beautifully situated at the mouth 
 of Lough L., 9^m. N. Carrickfergus.withstns. (L. and L. Harb.) 
 on the Belfast and N. Counties Rly. L. is 39I m. distant 
 from the Scottish coast, the shortest sea passage between Great 
 Britain and Ireland (steamers carrying mails cross daily in 
 about 2 hrs. 40 min. between L. and Stranraer). Depth along- 
 side quays at ordinary spring tides high water 25 ft. , low water 
 18 ft. There is one staithe for shipment of iron ore. There is 
 a very extensive bleaching establishment, and the town, which 
 uses the electric light for public lighting, has also flour-mills 
 and a weaving factory. L. is much frequented in the summer 
 for its bathing. Interesting raised beaches. Market-days, Tu. , 
 W. ,andT. Par. P. <5ooo; tn. P. < 4500. 
 
 Lamed, city, U.S., Kansas, Pawnee co., on riv. Arkansas, 
 195 m. WSW. Topeka. P. <2ooo. 
 
 861 
 
L ARO 
 
 L ATI 
 
 La Kocqne, P.O., Jersey, 2 m. from Gorey, on the Jersey 
 Eastern Rly. 
 
 Larrabee's Point, viL, U.S., Vermont, Addison co., on the 
 E. shore of Lake Champlain, 27 m. NW. Rutland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Larraim, comm., Spain, prov. Navarra, dist. Pamplona. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Larrian, swamp, Brit. E. Africa. See Gnaso Nylro. 
 
 Larpent, viL , Victoria, co. Polwarth, 100 m. SW. Melbourne. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Lartington, par., Eng., Yorkshire, div. and 14 m. NW. 
 Richmond, N. Riding, 2 m. WNW. Barnard Castle, on the 
 NE. R., P.O.; 5436 ac P.<2So. 
 
 liarton, par. , Eng. , Cheshire. See Larkton. 
 
 Larae (la-ru'), co.-, U.S., Kentucky, E. of 86° W., S. of 38° N. 
 
 Iiame, vil., U.S., Ohio, Marion co., on Scioto R., 48 m. 
 NNW. Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lamns, tn., France, dep. Basses-Pyr^ne^s, arr. Oloron, on 
 the Gave d'Ossau, 22 m. S. by W. Pau. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lamt, dist of Perak, Malay Penin., on the coast, in about 
 4° 3S'-So' N. 
 
 Larzac, plateau, France, deps. Aveyron and H^rault. See 
 Cansses. 
 
 Las, Polish for ' forest of deciduous trees ' (Russian lyes), bor 
 being used for pine forests, and puszcza for both when they 
 remain in their primary wildness ; lasek, ' small forest' 
 
 Las, Baluchistan. See Los. 
 
 Lasalle, vil. , France, dep. Gard, art. Uzte, 30 m. N. Mont- 
 pellier. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lasalle, city, U.S., Illinois, L. co., on a bluff rising from, 
 and at the head of navigation on, Illinois R. , the terminus of the 
 Illinois and Michigan Canal, 84 m. WSW. Chicago, with ex- 
 tensive zinc works, &c.; the surrounding coimtry abounds in 
 bituminous coaL P. {1880) 7800 ; (1890) 9900. 
 
 Lasalle, viL, U.S., Michigan, Monroe co., 40 m. SW. by 
 S. Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lasalle, co., U.S., Texas, in the S., to the N. of 28° N., 
 crossed by 99° W. 
 
 Las Animas, viL, Chile, prov. Atacama, 60 m. N. by W. 
 Copiapo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Las Animas, co. , U.S. , Colorado, in SE. , crossed by 104° W. 
 
 Las Animas, West, viL, U.S., Colorado, Bent co., on r. bk. 
 Arkansas, 98 m. NW. of the SE. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 LaslMrongb, part of eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 Cirencester div., 3^ m. E. by N. Wotton-imder-Edge. See 
 Weston Birt. 
 
 Las Crnces, viL, U.S., New Mexico, Dona Ana co., 150 m. 
 ENE. from the SW. comer of the terr. Agricultural college near. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Lasglrd, fortified viL, Persia, Irak-Ajemi, 94 m. E. by S. 
 Teheran. 
 
 Lasgori, tn., Somali-land, on the S. shore of the Gulf of 
 Aden, 217 m. ENE. Berbera. P. 6000. 
 
 Lasb, tn. , in the W. of Afghanistan, N. of the Hamun Swamp, 
 187 m. S. by W. Herat ; has a strong fortress. Seat of an 
 Afghan chieftain paying only a nominal allegiance to the Amir 
 of Kabul. 
 
 Lasham, par., Eng., Hampshire, on the N. border of the 
 Petersfield div., 6J m. SSE. Basingstoke, 3J m. NW. by W. 
 Alton stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Lasharon, place named in O. T. See Sardna. 
 
 Lashkar, Central India. See Gwallor. 
 
 Lasithi, mt. See Crete. 
 
 Lask, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 27 m. WNW. 
 Piotrk6w. P. 5820. 
 
 Laskill Pasture, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby 
 div., 9 m. S. by E. Middlesbrough, 6 m. NW. Helmsley stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Laso, isl. , Denmark, off the E. ct. of Jutland, in 57° 15' N. , 
 11° E. ; coast surrounded by reefs, and very dangerous for 
 vessels. The N. of the island is covered with shifting sands, 
 and uninhabited. Area, 39 sq. m. P. (1890) 2724. 
 
 Lassa, city, Tibet. See Lhasa. 
 
 Lassan, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Greifswald, 17 
 m. W. Swinemiinde, on the L bk. of the Peene. P. <30oo. 
 
 Lassay, tn., France, dep. and arr. Mayenne, 27 m. W. 
 Alen9on. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lassen, co., U.S., California, on E. frontier, crossed in S. by 
 40° N. 
 
 Lassen Peak, int, U.S., California, Sierra Nevada, at the 
 meeting-place of Shasta, Lassen, Plumas, and Tehama cos. , 130 
 m. SW, by S. of NE. corner of state. 
 
 Lasslngton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 
 2 m. NW. Gloucester, close to Barbers Bridge stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Lasso'die, viL, Scot, Fifeshire, Beath par., 4 m. NE. Dun- 
 fermline, PT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 L'Assomption, tn., Canada, Quebec, cap. of L'A. co., on 
 L'Assomption R., 23 m. N. by E. Montreal, 5 m. S. by E. of 
 its stn. P. < 1 500. 
 
 L'Aasomption, viL, Canada, Quebec, Rimouski co. , on the 
 r. bk. of the St. Lawrence, in 67° 56' W. P. <isoo. 
 862 
 
 L'Assomption Kiver, riv., Canada, Quebec, Joliette and L. 
 COS., flows S. then SE. into the riv. St. Lawrence, opposite the 
 lower end of Montreal 1. Length, 100 m. 
 
 Lasstrade', par., Scot., Midlothian, on the North Esk, 2 m. 
 WSW. Dalkeith, on the N. B. R.; has coal, iron, and shale. 
 Has a carpet manufactory, paper and gunpowder mills. Resi- 
 dence of Sir Walter Scott from 1798 to 1804. 10,678 ac. P. 10, 500. 
 
 Last Hope Inlet (Spanish Bahla de Ultima Esperanza), 
 the inlet E. of the Andes, but communicating with the Pacific, 
 between about 51^° and 52° S. 
 
 Lastingbam, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 17 m. 
 SW. Whitby, 3 J m. NNE. Kirby Moorside stn. , P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Last Mountain Lake. See Long Moontain Lake. 
 
 Lastoursville, or MadlTllle, stn. , French Congo Terr. , on 
 the Ogowe, in about 0° 48' S. , 12° 43' E. , 245 m. ESE. Libre- 
 ville, at the mouth of the Gabun R. 
 
 LasTa, small stream, Bosnia, flows SE. past Travnik into 
 the Bosna. Its valley is now ascended by the railway destined 
 to connect Bosnia with the seaport of Spalato. 
 
 Las Yegas, city, U.S., New Mexico, San Miguel co., 44 m. 
 E. Santa F6, with large foundries and other metal industries. 
 The Las Tegas Hot Springs are near (alt 6765 ft. ; the hottest 
 130°). The baths are mud, medicated, and others, and have 
 been resorted to since 1846. P. <3ooo. East Las Vegas, 
 adjoining town, P. <3000. 
 
 Lasw&ri, vil. in Rajputana, state of and 20 m. ESE. Alwar, 
 50 m. WNW. Bhartpur ; scene of the battle in which Lord 
 Lake, after a severe struggle, destroyed the Maritha power 
 in India (November i, 1803). 
 
 Lataband, or Lattaband, pass, Afghan Turkistan, 35 m. E. 
 Kunduz, on the road to the valley of Kokcha. Alt. 4920 ft. 
 
 Latacnnga, tn., Ecuador, cap. prov. Leon, 39 m. S. by W. 
 Quito, mainly built of a dark-coloured pumice ; on several 
 occasions overwhelmed by eruptions of mud from the neigh- 
 bouring volcano of Cotopaxi (NE.). P. 12,000. 
 
 Lataki'a, or Latakleb, the ancient Laodicea ad Mare, a 
 seapt. tn. of Syria, pash. and 75 m. N. of Tripoli, no m. N. 
 by E. Beirut, on the Mediterranean, in 35° 30' N., borders on 
 a well-sheltered but shallow harbour, or rather roadstead. The 
 upjjer town, dilapidated by an earthquake in 1822, has a Roman 
 triumphal arch and many other remains of the ancient city. 
 Principal exports, tobacco, of a fine flavour, which is grown on 
 the fields near, cotton, wax, scammony, and sponge. It is the 
 chief town of the Ansariyeh country, and the outlet tor the 
 produce of the surrounding dists. , as well as for that of the 
 plains of Antioch, &c. P. 12,000 (about 2000 Christians). 
 
 Lataniers, cape, W. Indies, republic Haiti, the NW. end 
 of the isl. de la Gonave, in 73° 17' W. 
 
 Latbirget, electoral div.. Ire., co. Armagh, dist. Forkill. 
 
 Latchford, par., Eng., Cheshire and Lancashire, included 
 in the parL bor. of Warrington, on the 1. bk. of the Mersey 
 opposite Warrington, on the L. & NW. R. P. 6200. 
 
 Latcbingdon, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 5 J m. SSE. 
 Maldon, \\ m. W. Althorne stn., PMT.O.; 4007 ac P. <soo ; 
 eccles. par. (L. with Snorebam) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Laterriena, viL, isl. of Haiti, republic Santo Domingo, N. 
 ct. , 60 m. NNE. Santo Domingo, in 69^° W. 
 
 Laterza, viL, Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 25 m. WNW. 
 Taranto. P. 6400. 
 
 Latbaicb, Locb, inlet, Scot., Argyllshire, in the SW. of 
 Mull I., in 56° 20' N. 
 
 Latham, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 10 m. N. Goole, i^ m. N. Foggathorpe stn. P. •<25o. 
 
 Latham Island, or Fnngu Kisimkasi, small islet, German 
 E. Africa, 45 m. N. Mafia I., in 6° 57' S., 39° 56' E. 
 
 Lathbnry, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Buckingham div., 
 on the Great Ouse, x\\ m. W. by S. Bedford, i m. N. by W, 
 Newport Pagnell. P. <25o. 
 
 Latheron, par. , Scot. , Caithness, 14^ m. S W. Wick, PMT. O. ; 
 119,539 ac. P. 5900. 
 
 Lathom, stn. , Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R. , 750 m. 
 by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Lathom, par. , tn. , and local government dist , Eng. , Lanca- 
 shire, Ormskirk div., 8 m. W. by N. Wigan, 2 m. SW. Parbold 
 stn.; 8694 aa P. < 4500. 
 
 Lathrop, tn., U.S., Missouri, Clinton co., 30 m. ESE. St 
 Joseph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Latham, viL, Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the IJssel, 4 m. 
 E. Arnhem. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Latiano, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 13 m. SW. by W. 
 Brindisi. P. (comm.) 6900. 
 
 Latimer Koad, stn. , Eng. , London, on the G. W. R. and 
 the Metropolitan Rly. (outer circle), 5 m. W. S. Paul's. 
 
 Latimer with Flannden, eccles. par. , Eng. , Buckingham- 
 shire and Hertfordshire, Chesham and Flaunden pars., 3J m. 
 SE. Chesham, PT.O. (Latimer). P.<soo. 
 
 Latisana, market-tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. Udine, on the 
 Tagliamento, 22 m. SSW. Udine. P. (comm.) 5000. 
 
 Latinm, Italian Lazio, div. (compartimento territoriale), 
 Italy, coextensive with the single prov. of Rome, about two-thirds 
 
LATN — LAUN 
 
 of the size of Wales, with a coast-line on the Tyrrhenian Sea 
 from 41° 17' to 42° 23' N., whence it stretches inland with an 
 average breadth of 35-40 m. from SW. to NE. ; traversed in the 
 middle by the SW. part of the course of the Tiber, which forms 
 the inland boundary of the N. half ; occupied to a large extent 
 by spurs of the Apennines, besides the detached Monti Albani 
 (SE. of Rome) and further S. the Monti Lepini, cut off from the 
 Apennines proper by the valley of the upper Liri. The div. 
 contains the crater lakes of Bolsena, Vico, Bracciano, Albano, 
 and Genzano. Principal cereal wheat, which occupies between 
 two and three times the area of maize, the next in importance. 
 The cultivation of the vine has greatly increased in recent years, 
 vineyards now occupying more than double the area covered 
 by them on the average of the five years 1870-74. Olive culture 
 also considerable. The only important mineral is alum clay. 
 L. , taken as a whole, is one of the divs. of Italy suffering most 
 from malaria. In communes occupying fully a third of its 
 surface the deaths due to malaria on the average of the three 
 years 1890-92 exceeded i per 1000, and the div. includes in the 
 SW. the Pontine Marshes [g-v.), where they exceeded 8 per 1000. 
 Under the amelioration laws of 1882 and 1886 drainage and 
 other works to remedy this evil have been carried out in the 
 pools and marshes near the mouth of the Tiber, and in several 
 dists. N. of the Tiber and W. of Rome (Porto, Campo Salino, 
 Maccarese, valley of the Almone), over an aggregate area of more 
 than 20,000 ac. , as well as about 18,000 ac. in the Pontine 
 Marshes. See Italy, table, and Historical notes. 
 
 Latnamard, tnld. , Ire., co. Monaghan, bar. Dartree, 5 m. 
 from Newbliss, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Latoiir (l*AaTergne. See Tour d'Anrergne, La. 
 
 Latrobe, tn. , Tasmania, Devon co. , 41 m. WN W. Launce- 
 ston, 27 m. ESE. Emu Bay. P. < 2000. 
 
 Latro1>e, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Westmoreland co. , on 
 Loyalhanna R. , 35 m. ESE. Pittsburg. P. < 4000. 
 
 Latrobe Rlrer, the largest stream in Gipps Land, Victoria 
 (S-v.), Australia, rises in the Baw-Baw Mts. , near 37° 50' S., 
 flows S. then E. into Lake Wellington ; length, 135 m.; navig- 
 able by small vessels 14 m. up. 
 
 Latronlco, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 40 m. S. by E. 
 Potenza. P. (comm.)<:4000. 
 
 Lattabaiid, pass, Afghan Turkistan. See Lataband. 
 
 Liitteragh, par.. Ire., NW. co. Tipperary, bar. Upper 
 Ormond, 8 m. SE. by E. Nenagh, P.O.; 4065 ac. P. <Soo. 
 
 Lattlmer, vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lattlu, par.. Ire., SW. co. I'ipperary, bar. Clanwilliam, 5 m. 
 W. Tipperary, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Latton, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 7J m. ESE, Ware, 
 i^ m. S. by W. Harlow stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Latton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade div., 6 m. SE. 
 Cirencester, on the Thames and Severn Canal, li m. N. Crick- 
 lade stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. (L. wltli Elsey) P. <:soo. 
 
 Latton, tnld. , Ire. , co. Monaghan, bar. Cremorne, 7 m. from 
 Ballybay, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Lattone, electoral div.. Ire., W. co. Fermanagh, bar. Clan- 
 awley, 13^ m. W. Enniskillen, near Lough Lattone. 
 
 Latnka, Galla tribe of the upper Nile basin, S. of 10° N., 
 between the main river and the Sobat. 
 
 Lau, Chinese, 'old.' 
 
 Lanbau, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. circle L., on the 
 Quels, 13 m. E. by S. Gorlitz, stn. of branch railway to Gorlitz 
 and Glatz, with important manufactures of linen and cotton, and 
 factory for railway requisites. Tn. P. 11,900; comm. P. 12,000. 
 
 Lanbenbelm, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, 3 m. SE. by S. 
 Mainz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lancha, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Querfurt, on the 
 r. bk. of the Unstrut, 23 m. NE. by E. Weimar. P. <3000. 
 
 Laucbstiidt, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Merseburg, 7^ 
 m. SW. by S. Halle. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Landale, PT.O., Scot., Argyllshire, on S. side of Loch 
 Sunart, 6 m. below head of loch. 
 
 Lauder, royal burgh and par., Scot., Berwickshire, on 
 Leader Water, 8 m. NNE. Galashiels, 5 m. ENE. Stow stn. 
 Here the favourites of James III. were put to death by the 
 Scottish nobles. Mean rfall. (Thirlestane Castle, alt. 558 ft., 
 i866~8o), 31.7 in. PMT.O. Par. 34,898 ac, P. <2O0o; royal 
 burgh P. < 1000. 
 
 Lauderdale, co., U.S., Alabama, in extreme NW. 
 
 Lauderdale, co., U.S., Mississippi, E. frontier, S. of 33° N. 
 
 Lauderdale, co., U.S., Tennessee, on the Mississippi, S. 
 of 36° N. 
 
 Laudunum, city, France. See Laon. 
 
 Laudunum, tn. , France. See Loudnn. 
 
 Lauenburg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, govt, and 68 m. 
 ENE. Koshn, cap. circle L., on r. bk. of the Leba. P. 7800. 
 
 Lauenburg, formerly Lawenburg, from Labenburg, ' town on 
 the Labe' (Slavonic name of the Elbe), tn., Prussia, prov. 
 Schleswig-Holstein, on the r. bk. of the Elbe, 34 ra. S. by W. 
 Liibeck, cap. circle L. Also the name of an ancient German 
 duchy, which was annexed in 1876 to the prov. of Schleswig- 
 Holstein, in which it forms a circle. P. 5200. 
 
 Lanenen, comm., Switzd., cant. Bern, 13 m. N. by W. 
 Sion. P. <2cioo. 
 
 Lanensteln, market-tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 19 m. S. Dres- 
 den. P. < 2000. 
 
 Lauf, Laufen, German, loop, Dutch, ' a current ' or ' rapid." 
 
 Lauf, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle Franconia, 
 circle Hersbruck, 10 m. ENE. Nuremberg. P. <400o. 
 
 Laufen, tn., Ger., in the SE. of Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Bavaria, on the Salzach, 11 m. NNW. Salzburg. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Laufenburg, comm., Switzd., cant. Aargau, 12 m. N. Aarau, 
 on the Rhine. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lauffen, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Neckar, 20 m. 
 N. Stuttgart, near the rapids of the Neckar, now avoided by 
 a canal. P. <30oo. 
 
 Langharne (lam), two adjoining pars, and market-tn., Wales, 
 Carmarthenshire, W. div. , 9 m. SW. Carmarthen, on the estuary 
 of the riv. Glynin, 4^ m. S. by E. St. Clears stn. The walls of a 
 14th century castle, dismantled by the Parliamentarians in 1645, 
 are still standing. L. , a sub-port to Llanelly, is now a summer 
 resort. PMT.O. Par. 5644 ac. , P. <5oc; tn. (L. Townsblp) 
 P. < 1500; eccles. par. (L. witb Llansadnrnen) P. <2ooo. 
 
 LaugUan, Nada, or Manemaiiema, a group of isls. S. 
 Pacific, to the E. of New Guinea, in the Brit, sphere of influ- 
 ence, in 9° 20' S. , 153° 35' E., on a horse-shoe reef open to the 
 W. ; lagoon 4-5 miles wide. Natives of Papuan type. 
 
 Laughterton, Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Kettletborpe. 
 
 Laugbton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., loj 
 m. SSE. Leicester, 2 m. N. Theddingworth stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Laugbton, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div. , 5^ m. 
 NNE. Gainsborough, 2\ m. N. Blyton stn., P.O. P. <:5oo; 
 eccles. par. (L. by Gainsborough with Wildsworth) P. <5oo. 
 
 Laugbton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 11 m. 
 E. by S. Grantham, 2^ m. SW. by W. Billingborough stn. 
 P. <:25o. See Folklngham. 
 
 Laughton, par., Eng., Sussex, Eastbourne div., 6 m. E. by 
 N. Lewes, PM.O.; 5177 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Laughton en le Morthen, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Doncaster div., b\ m. SE. by E. Rotherham, 4 m. N. by E. 
 Kiveton Park stn., P.O. (Laughton). P. <75o ; eccles. par. (L. 
 en le M. with Thorpe) P. <iooo. 
 
 Laulngen, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, circle 
 Dillingen, on riv. Danube, 23 m. N. by E. Ulm. P. <:4000. 
 
 Laujar de Andarax, tn. , Spain, prov. Almeria, 7 m. WSW. 
 Canjayar, with smelting of lead from the Sierra Gador. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 Lanltos (lafkos), viL, Greece, prov. Larissa, at the foot of Mt. 
 Pelion, 23 m. SE. Volo, in comm. Sepias. P. <20oo; (comm. S.) 
 <4000. 
 
 Lann, tn., Austria, Bohemia, on riv. Eger, 35 m. NW. by 
 W. Prague. P. 6300. 
 
 Laun Bay, Newfoundland, on the S. ct. , in 55^° W. 
 
 Launcells, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 14 m. NNW. 
 Launceston, 7 m. W. by N. Holsworthy stn. ; 6186 ac. P. <7S0. 
 
 Launceston (lawn'ston or lon'son ; mentioned in Doomsday 
 Bookas Lanscaveton), mun. bor. (charter granted 1227 by Richard 
 Earl of Cornwall) andmarket-tn. , Eng. , Cornwall, of which county 
 it was formerly joint cap. with Bodmin, on the Kensey, L. div. , 
 12 m. NW. by W. Tavistock, in the diocese of Truro, terminus 
 station of branches of the G. W. R. and L. & SW. R. The 
 town was at one time enclosed in a wall with three arched gate- 
 ways, of which the south gate still stands, the rooms above it 
 being used as the local museum. The remains of Dunheved Castle 
 can be seen, and its gardens and green, belonging to the Prince 
 of Wales as Duke of Cornwall, are open to the public. The 
 grammar school was founded before 1409. Jamaica Inn, iij 
 m. SW., was the birthplace of John Adams, the astronomer 
 (bom 1818), one of the discoverers of the planet Neptune. 
 From 1295 - 1832 the town returned two members to Parlia- 
 ment, and one member until 1885. Market-day, S. Mean rfall. 
 (Altarnum, i866-8o), 63.7 in. Mun. bor. P. <45oo; par. L. St. 
 Mary Magdalene, P. < 3000; pari. div. P. 48,100. 
 
 Launceston, city, Tasmania, Cornwall co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Tamar, 100 m. (133 m. by rail) N. Hobart. L. is the 
 second city in Tasmania, and the principal business centre in 
 the N. The Tamar is navigable for vessels of 4000 tons the 
 whole distance (about 40 m. from its mouth, at the confluence 
 of the N. and S. Esk Rivs. ) at full tide. Depth alongside harbour 
 (at ordinary spring tides), high water 19^ ft., low water 10 ft., 
 Rfall. (3 yrs.), 31.97 in. P. 17,200. 
 
 Launceston and Bude Canal. See Tamar. 
 
 Launching Place, post-tn. , Victoria, co. Evelyn, 40 m. 
 NE. Melbourne. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Laund Booth, New, part of par., Eng., Lancashire. See 
 Keedley Hallows. 
 
 Laund Booth, Old, par., Eng., Lancashire, 2^ m. N. 
 Burnley, near Leeds Canal and riv. Henburn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Launde, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 5 m. SW. 
 by W. Oakham, 2J m. NE. by N. East Norton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Laune (from Gaelic leamhan, 'the elm tree'), riv.. Ire., N. 
 CO. Kerry, flows into the S. side of Castlemaine Harbour. 
 
 863 
 
LAUN — LAVA 
 
 Lannton, par., Eng. , Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 9 m. 
 SW. Buckingham, i| m. E. Bicester, on the L. & NW. R., 
 P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Lanpen, comm., Switzd., cant. Bern, 7 J m. NE. by N. 
 Freiburg, on the Saane, at the confluence of the Sense. P. <2ooo. 
 
 LanperswU, comm., Switzd., cant, and 13 m. E. by N. 
 Bern, in the Emmen-thal. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Lanpbelm, market-tn., Ger., Wiirtemberg, circle of the 
 Danube, cap. dist. L., on the Rottum. P. < 5000. 
 
 Laura, tn. , S. Australia, Victoria co. , 55 m. SE. by S. Port 
 Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lauragh, tnld. , Ire., S. co. Kerry, bar. Glanarought-on- 
 Kilmakilloge Harbour, 11 J m. SW. Kenmare, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Iianraliatte, estate, Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Kattowitz, 
 38 m. S. by N. Ratibor, and 4 m. E. Konigshiitte, with coal- 
 mines, blast-furnaces, and large iron-works, manufactures of 
 boilers, screws, zinc-plate, &c. P. 10,600. 
 
 Laureana, vil. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 36 m. NE. Reggio. 
 P. (comm.) 5700. 
 
 Lauree, electoral div., Ire., co. Westmeath, dist. Kilbeggan. 
 
 Laurel, tn., U.S., Delaware, Sussex co. , 9 m. NE. of the 
 SW. corner of the state, with ores of brown hematite. P. <300o. 
 
 Laurel, vil., U.S., Indiana, Franklin co., 52 m. ESE. India- 
 napolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Laurel, co., U.S., Kentucky, N. of 37° N., crossed in the 
 E. by 84° W. 
 
 Laurel, tn., U.S., Maryland, Prince George's co. , on S. 
 branch of Pawtuxet R. , 16 m. SSW. Baltimore. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Laureles, vil., Paraguay, 75 m. E. of the confluence of the 
 Paraguay and Parani. 
 
 Laurelvale, P.O., Ire., 3 m. NW, Tanderagee, E. co. 
 Armagh. 
 
 Laurencekirk, par. and market-vil. , Scot. , Kincardineshire, 
 7^ ra. W. by S. Bervie, on the C. R. Market-day, M. Par. 
 5612 ac, P. <;2ooo; vil. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Laurencetowii, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Galway, bar. Longford, 7 
 m. SE. Aughrim, 6im. S. by E. Ballinasloe, PM.O. (Lawrence- 
 town). P. <:5oo. See also Lawrencetown. 
 
 Laurens, co. , U.S., Georgia, between 32° and 33° N., and 
 crossed by 83° W. , traversed by Oconee R. 
 
 Laurens, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, cap. L. co., lies between 
 Saluda and Ennoree Rivs., 68 m. N. by W. Augusta (Ga.). 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Laurensberg, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt, and circle 
 Aix-la-Chapelle. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Laureuzana, vil., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 15 m. SE, by 
 S. Potenza. P. (comm.) 6200. 
 
 Lauria, tn., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 40 m. S. Potenza. 
 P. (comm.) 10,200. 
 
 Laurlcocha, small lake, Peru, about 140 m. NNE. Lima, in 
 about 10° 8' S. , 76° 30' W. , drained from its E. end by one of 
 the headwaters of the Maranon. 
 
 Laurleston, vil., Scot., Kirkcudbright, 6 m. NW. Castle 
 Douglas, P.O. 
 
 Laurleston, eccles. par., Scot., Lanarkshire, Govan par., in 
 S. of Glasgow. P. 10,600. 
 
 Laurleston, vil., Scot., Stirhngshire, i^ m. E. Falkirk, i m, 
 ESE. Grahamston stn., PM.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Laurlnburg, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, Richmond co., 90 m. 
 WNW. Wilmington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Laurino, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 39 m. SE. Salerno. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Lanrlon, comm. , Greece, at SE. end of the penin. of Attica, 
 including the mining-town of Ergasteria (^.v.). P. 11,400. 
 
 Laurlston, stn., Scot., Kincardineshire, 6 m. NE. Montrose, 
 on the N. B. R. 
 
 Laurlston, post-tn., Victoria, co. Dalhousie, 50 m. NW. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lanrrlk, or Lanrvlg, seapt. tn. , Norway, prov. Jarlsberg and 
 L. , 24 m. SW. Tonsberg, i m. S. of the town of Frederiksvaern, 
 naval station at the head of a small inlet on the S. coast. Depth 
 of water in harbour, 93-149 ft. ; alongside quay, 15-24 ft. P. 
 10,900. 
 
 Lauro, vil., Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 20 m. E. by N. 
 Naples. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Lauro Slonte, mt. , in SE. of Sicily. Alt. 3230 ft. 
 
 Lausanne, city, Switzd. , cant. Vaud, 32 m.NE. Geneva, about 
 ij m. N. of the Lake of Geneva, on the S. slope of the Jorat 
 Hills, 450 ft. above the lake, and 1700 ft. above the sea. Its 
 educational institutions comprise an academy, with the four 
 faculties — letters, science, law, and theology. Under the French 
 it was the cap. of dep. Leman. Birthplace of Benjamin Constant, 
 and Burckhardt, illustrious traveller, and it was long the residence 
 of the historian Gibbon. The town has a rich library, and manu- 
 factures of woollen cloths, paper, leather, and jewellery. Rfall. 
 (10 yrs.), 40.43 in. P. 34,000. 
 
 Lauscha, comm., Ger., duchy Saxe-Meiningen, circle Sonne- 
 berg, 16 m. NE. by N. Koburg. P. <40oo. 
 
 Lausigk, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 17 m. SE. Leip- 
 zig, dist. Boma. P. <40oo. 
 864 
 
 Lausitz, Die, Ger. See Lusatia. 
 
 Laus Pompeia, vil., Italy. See Lodi Veccblo. 
 
 Laut, isl. , Eastern Archipelago, off the SE. ct. of Borneo. 
 
 Lautaret, Col du, pass, France. See Alpes, Hautes*. 
 
 Lautenbacb, vil. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, circle Gebweiler, 
 13 m. SW. Kolmar. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Lautenburg, tn., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle Strass- 
 burg, 53 m. ENE. Thorn. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Lautentbal, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Zellerfeld, 
 28 m. NE. by N. Gbttingen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Lauter, Ger., 'clear.' 
 
 Lanter, riv. , Ger. , Palatinate of the Rhine, flows SE. from 
 the Hardt Mts. , in its lower course on the frontier of Alsace- 
 Lorraine, and enters the Rhine to the SW. of Karlsruhe ; not 
 navigable. 
 
 Lauter, riv., Ger., Palatinate of the Rhine, flows NW. past 
 Kaiserslau tern from the Hardt Mts. into the Glan ; not navigable. 
 
 Lauter, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. Schwar- 
 zenberg. P. <400o. 
 
 Lauteraarborn, Mt. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. B. I. 
 
 Lauterbacb, tn. , Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle L., 3 J m. E. 
 Giessen. P. <4000. 
 
 Lauterbacb, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, Black Forest 
 circle, dist. Oberndorf. P. (comm.)<30oo. 
 
 Lauterberg, fortress, Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Osterode, 
 24 m. ENE. Gottingen. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lauterbrunnen, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 6^ m. SSE. Inter- 
 laken, in a valley (watered by the White Liitschine), and so 
 confined that in summer the sun does not appear before seven 
 o'clock A.M., nor in winter before noon, and which contains 
 the Staubbach and numerous other cascades ; favourite resort, 
 commanding fine view of the Jungfrau. Alt. 2580-2645 ft. P. 
 (of conlm. ) <3ooo. 
 
 Lanterburg, fortified tn. , Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, on the 
 Lauter R., 8 m. N. Rastatt (Baden), ij m. from the 1. bk. of 
 the Rhine, with extensive cultivation of hops. In 1793 the 
 French took it by forcing the famous lines of L. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lauterecken, tn. , Ger. , on W. border Bavarian Palatinate, 
 on the Lauter R., 35 m. W. Worms (Hesse). P. <:20oo. 
 
 Lautiug, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, 145 m. ESE. Peking. 
 
 Lauwe, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. Courtrai. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Lauwerszee, bay of the North Sea, on the N. ct. of the 
 Netherlands, on the border of provs. Friesland and Groningen, 
 facing Schiermonnikoog Is. ; formed by inundation in the 13th 
 century ; connected by the Reitdiep Canal with Groningen. 
 
 Lauzerte, vil., France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, 20 m. NW. by 
 N. Montauban. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lauzon, vil. , Canada. See St. Josepb. 
 
 Lauzun, vil., France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, 31 m. N. by W. 
 Agen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lavaca, co. , U.S., Texas, in the SE. , to the N. of 29° N., 
 crossed by 97° W. 
 
 Lavadores, comm. , Spain, prov. Pontevedra, dist. Vigo. P. 
 12,400. 
 
 Lavagb, tnld. , Ire. , co. SUgo, bar. Leyny, 5 m. from Tober- 
 curry, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Lavagna, seapt., Italy, prov. and 22 m. ESE. Genoa. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 Laval, riv., Canada, Quebec, flows S. into the riv. St. 
 Lawrence, about 69° 5' W. 
 
 Laval, CO., Canada, Quebec, comprising the whole of the 
 Isle Jesus, the island enclosed by two branches of the riv. St. 
 Lawrence (the Jesus and Prairie Rivs.) to the N. of Montreal. 
 
 Laval, or St. Brigitte de Laval, vil. , Canada, prov. and 19 
 m. from Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Laval, tn., France, cap. of dep. Mayenne, arr. L., on the 
 Mayenne, 42 m. E. Rennes. Birthplace of Ambroise Par4, who 
 has been styled ' the father of modern surgery ; ' died 1590. 
 Has large manufactures of fancy-ticking, &c. , and marble 
 quarries. P. (1872)24,300; (1890)30,400. 
 
 La Taltrie, vil. and riv. port, Canada, Quebec, Berthier co. , 
 on the 1. bk. of St. Lawrence, 30 m. NE. by N. Montreal ; on 
 La Valtrle I. opposite are two lighthouses, visible respectively 
 8 and 10 m. 
 
 Lavan Sands, sandbank, Wales, in the upper part of Beau- 
 maris Bay, occupying most of the space between Llanfairfechan 
 and Beaumaris. 
 
 Lavant, vil., Canada, Ontario, Lanark co., 54 m. WSW. 
 Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lavant, riv., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., flowing S. past 
 Chichester into Chichester Harbour. 
 
 Lavant, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 2 m. N. Chichester, on 
 the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O.; 4073 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Lavaple, Punta de, cape, on the coast of Chile, SW. of 
 Concepcion, in 37° 9' S. lat. 
 
 Lavardac, tn. , France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, on the G61ise, 
 16 m. W. .Agen, arr. and 4 m. NNW. N^rac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lavanr, tn., France, dep. Tarn, cap. arr. L. , on the Agout, 
 23 m. SW. Albi. P. <5ooo. 
 
LAVA — LAX 
 
 Lavarelx-les-Mlnes, tn., France, dep. Creuse, arr. Aubus- 
 son, 13 m. SE. Gueret, 51 m. WNW. Clermont-Ferrand, with 
 important coal-mines and large glass-works. P. -C4000. 
 
 Lavedan, beautiful valley, France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n6es, 
 traversed by the Gave de Pau above Lourdes. 
 
 Lavelaiiet, tn., France, dep. Ari^ge, arr. Foix, 32 m. SW. 
 by W. Carcassonne. P. <30oo. 
 
 Larello, tn., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 29 m. N. Potenza. 
 P. 6300. 
 
 Lareiider Hill, eccles. par., Eng., London, Battersea par. 
 P. 8700. 
 
 Lavendoii, par. , Eng. , N. of Buckinghamshire, Buckingham 
 div., 8^ m. WNW. Bedford, 2 m. NE. by E. Olney stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o ; eccles. par. (L. wltli Cold Brayfleld] P. <750. 
 
 Layenliam, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Sudbury div. , 10 m. SSE. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. Several ex- 
 periments have been made here in the cultivation of sugar-beet 
 and the extraction of sugar from the root. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lareno, market-tn. , Italy, Lombardy, on E. shore of Lake 
 Maggiore, prov. and 23 m. W. by N. Como. P. (comm.)<:300o. 
 
 Laver, riv. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, flowing W. through 
 the Ripon div. , joining the Ure on the r. bk. at Ripon. 
 
 Laver, High and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., Essex, 
 Epping div., 11 J m. W. by N. Chelmsford, 3 m. N. Blake Hall 
 stn. High L. P. <7So ; Little L. P. <2SO. 
 
 LaTcr, Magdalen, par. , Eng. , Essex. See Magdalen Larer. 
 
 Lav'ernock, pan, Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., on the 
 Bristol Channel, 4^ m. S. Cardiff, on the Taft" Vale Rly. P. < 
 250. See Penarth. 
 
 Laverstoke, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 9 m. W. 
 by S. Basingstoke, 2 m. E. Whitchurch (L. & SW. R.) stn. 
 P. <25o ; eccles. par. (L. fvltb Freefolk) P. <7So. 
 
 Laverstoke, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Wilton div. , on the Bourne, 
 i| m. NE. Salisbury, P.O. (Laverstock). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Laverton, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 4 m. N. Frome. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Laverton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., on 
 the Laver, 5J m. W. by N. Ripon, 4 m. SW. by S. Tanfield 
 stn.; 6721 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 LaTertou, tp. , Victoria, co. Bourke, about 14 m. SW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Lavey, par.. Ire., N. co. Cavan, bar. Upper Loughtee, 5 m. 
 ESE. Cavan ; 10,679 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Lavlano, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 30 m. E. by N. 
 Salerno. P. <3000. 
 
 Lavllla, settlement, U.S., Florida, co. Duval. 
 
 LaTln, comm. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 28 m. E. by S. Chur, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Inn, in the Lower Engadine. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Lavlngton, or Lenton, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven 
 div., 8 m. SE. by E. Grantham, 6ra. W. by N. Rippingale stn. 
 P. <25o; eccles. par. (L. with Osgodby, and Hanby with 
 Kelshy) P. <:500. 
 
 LaTlngton, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Sussex. East L., 5^ m. SE. Midhurst, P.O. (LaTlngton), P. 
 <:25o; West L. P. <25o. See Graffham. 
 
 LaTlngton, Market, or East LaTlngton, par. , Eng. , Wilt- 
 shire, div. and 5 m. S. Devizes, 11 m. E. by S. Trowbridge, 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lavlngton, West, or Bishops Lavlngton, par. , Eng. , Wilt- 
 shire, I m. SW. Market L.; seat of an agricultural school. 
 P.O. 5909 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lavls, market-tn., Austria, Tirol, 6 m. N. by W. Trent. P. 
 <30oo. 
 
 Lavos, tn., Portugal, near the mouth of the Mondego, L bk., 
 prov. and 23 m. WSW. Coimbra. P. 6200. 
 
 Lavras, tn. , Brazil, Minas Geraes, 200 m. NNE. Santos. 
 
 LaTre, tn. , Portugal, prov. Evora, on the riv. Lavre (trib. of 
 Latas), 34 m. NE. by E. Setdbal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Law, low, from Anglo-Saxon hleaw, ' a hill. ' 
 
 Law, vil. , Scot., Mid Lanarkshire, on the C. R. (L. Jane.), 
 i^ m. SE. Wishaw, P.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ldwa, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Jehlam, 92 m. SW. 
 Rdwal Pindi. P. {1881) 6200. 
 
 Ldiva, tn. , India, Rajputdna, cap. of L. native state, 40 m. 
 SSW. Jaipur. State area, 19 sq. m. P. <4000. 
 
 La'wilnl, riv. , India. See Ltknl. 
 
 Ldwdr, tn. , Brit. India, N W. Provs. , dist. and 6 m. N. Meerut. 
 P. 5000 ; Hindus, 2700 ; Moham. 2400. 
 
 Lawderdale, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Ballinamore, co. Lei trim. 
 
 Lawers, P.O., Scot., Perthshire, at foot of Ben Lawers, 8 m. 
 NE. KiUin. 
 
 Lawford, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 6J m. NE. by E. 
 Colchester, close to Manningtree stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 LaM'ford, Church, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire. See Chnrch 
 Lawford. 
 
 Lawford, Little and Long, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Warwickshire. Long L. 3 m. NW. Rugby, P.O., P. < 1000; 
 Little L. P. <2So. See Newtoold upon Avon. 
 
 Lawhltton, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 2 m. SE. Launce- 
 sion, P.O. P. <500. 
 865 
 
 Lawkholme, Eng., Yorkshire. See Kelghley. 
 
 Lawkland, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3 m. NW. 
 Settle ; 5350 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lawllrt, post-tn. , Victoria, co. Lowan, 220 m. WNW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. <T500. 
 
 Lawley, eccles. par., Eng., Salop, Wellington div., iii m. 
 E. by S. Shrewsbury, 5 m. W. by N. Shiffnal, with stn.' (L. 
 Bank) on the G. W. R. P. < 1000. 
 
 Lawns Lane, PMT.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, near 
 Wakefield. 
 
 Lawrence, vil., New South Wales, Clarence co. , 15 m. NE. 
 Grafton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Laivrence, tn. , New Zealand, South I., Tuapeka co. , 38 m. 
 W. Dunedin ; centre of a large and rich gold-mining and farm- 
 ing dist. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Lawrence, co., U.S., Alabama, W. of 87° W. , bounded on 
 the N, by the Tennessee R. 
 
 Lawrence, co., U.S., Arkansas, intersected by 36° N. and 
 91° W. , traversed by the Black R. 
 
 Lawrence, co. , U.S., Illinois, on E. frontier, S. of 39° N. 
 
 LaTvrence, co. , U.S., Indiana, crossed in extreme N. by 39° 
 N. , between 86° and 87° W. , traversed by E. branch of White R. 
 
 Lawrence, city, U.S., Kansas, Douglas co., on riv. Kansas, 
 70 m. above its mouth, 22 m. E. by S. Topeka, possessing im- 
 portant water-power, and growing manufactures ; seat of a uni- 
 versity. Alt. 849 ft. (R.R.). P. {1880) 8500; (1890) 10,000. 
 
 Lawrence, co., U.S., Kentucky, on the E. frontier, crossed 
 in the S. by 38° N. 
 
 Lawrence, city, U.S. , Massachusetts, Essex co. , on both bks. 
 of the Merrimac R., which here falls 28 ft., affording immense 
 water-power, 26 m. NNW. Boston, and 8 m. SW. Haverhill, 
 with steam-engine works, paper-mills, and extensive manufac- 
 tures of cotton and woollen goods, and included among them 
 the Pacific Mills, which is one of the largest textile manufac- 
 turing concerns in the world. P. (1880) 39,200 ; (i8go) 44,700. 
 
 Lawrence, vil., U.S., Michigan, Van Buren co. , on Paw 
 Paw R. , 55 m. NE. by E. of the SW. corner of the state. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lawrence, co. , U.S., Mississippi, in the S., crossed by 90°^ 
 W., S. of32°N. 
 
 Lawrence, co., U.S., Missouri, in the SW., crossed in the 
 W. by 94° W. , and in the S. by 37° N. 
 
 Lawrence, co., U.S., Ohio, in the extreme S., on the Ohio, 
 crossed by 82^ W. 
 
 Lawrence, co. , U.S., Pennsylvania, on the W. frontier, 
 crossed by 41° N., with rich mines of coal and iron. 
 
 Lawrence, co. , U.S., S. Dakota, on the W. frontier, between 
 44° and 45° N. 
 
 La'wrence, co. , U.S., Tennessee, S. frontier, W. of 87° W. 
 
 Lawrence, North, coal-mining vil., U.S., Ohio, Stark co. , 
 20 m. E. Wooster. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lawrencehnrg, city, U.S., Indiana, Dearborn co., on r. bk. 
 of Ohio R., 80 m. SE. by E. Indianapolis. Alt. 479 ft. (R. R.). 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Lawrencebnrg, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Anderson co. , 50 m. 
 E. by S. Louisville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lawrencebnrg, vil., U.S., Tennessee, cap. Lawrence co. , 
 69 m. SSW. Nashville. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lawrence Hill, stn., Eng., Gloucestershire, on E. side of 
 Bristol, on G. W. R. and M. R. 
 
 Lawrence Rocks, Victoria, near Portland, 12 m. SE. Cape 
 Sir WiUiam Grant. 
 
 Lavfrencetown, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Annapolis co. , 
 84 m. WNW. Halifax. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Lawrencetown, tn., Ire., NW. co. Down, bar. Lower 
 Iveagh, Upper Half, 6 m. SE. by E. Portadown, stn. (Lanrence* 
 town) on the G. N. (Ire.) R., PM.O. (Lanrencetown). P. <: 
 250. . See also Lanrenceto'wn. 
 
 Lawrencevllle, vil., U.S., Georgia, Gwinnett co., 31 m. NE. 
 by E. Atlanta. P. < 1500. 
 
 LaivrencevUIe, vil., U.S., Illinois, Lawrence co. , on Em- 
 barrass R. , 135 m. E. St. Louis (Mo.), 51 m. S. by W. Terre- 
 Haute (Ind. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Lawrence Waltham, P. O. , Eng. , Berkshire. See Walthani, 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 Lawreniiy, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on an eastern arm 
 of Milford Haven, 4 m. NE. by E. Pembroke, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lawshall, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Sudbury div. , 6 m. S. Bury 
 St. Edmunds, 2 J m. W. Cockfield stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Lawson, vil.. New South Wales, co. Cook, on the Blue Mts., 
 58 m. by rail W. Sydney ; favourite resort for summer visitors. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Lawsons, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Queen's co. , on Long 
 Creek, 12 m. from Welsford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lawton, stn., Eng., Cheshire, 5 m. SW. Congleton, on the 
 N. Staffordshire Rly. 
 
 Lawton, vil., U.S., Michigan, Van Buren co., 141 m. SW. 
 Bay City, and 17 m. SW. by W. Kalamazoo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lax, comm., Switzd., cant. Valais, on the r. bk. of the Rhone,. 
 8 m. NE. Brieg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 31 
 
L A X A 
 
 LE AM 
 
 Laxay, hamlet, Scot., Ross-shire, Lewis I., lo m. SW. 
 Stornoway, P.O. 
 
 Laxdale (old Norse or Danish laxar dalr, 'salmon river'), 
 vil., Scot, Ross-shire, i^ m. NW. Stornoway, Lewis L P. 
 (including Newmarket) < 750. 
 
 Laxefjord, large fjord, Arctic Ocean, N. ct. of Norway, E. 
 of Cape Nordkyn. Length, 84 m. ; greatest breadth, 15^ m. 
 
 Iiaxenbnrg, vil. , Lower Austria, 11 m. S. Vienna. P. <20oo. 
 
 Laxey, vil.. Isle of Man, on the E. ct., 7 m. S. Ramsey; 
 has extensive lead-mines, at which power is obtained from a 
 large water-wheel ; zinc ore also mined. PMT.O. 
 
 liaxfleld, par., Eng. , Suffolk, Eye div. , 21 m. SW. by W. 
 Lowestoft, 6 m. NNE. Framlingham stn. , PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Laxford ('salmon ford'), small riv., Scot., in the NW. of 
 CO. Sutherland, known as one of the mountain streams richest 
 in salmon, flows NW. into Loch Laxford. 
 
 Laxton, par. , Eng. , N. div. of Northamptonshire, 9 m. SW. 
 by S. Stamford, 2J m. E. by S. Harringworth stn. P. <25o. 
 
 laxton, or Lexington, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Basset- 
 law div., 10 m. NW. by N. Newark, 4 m. W. Crow Park stn., 
 P.O. (Laxton) ^007 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Laxton, par.T^ng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div. , 
 2^ m. ENE. Goole, P.O. P.<:2So. 
 
 Layas (in Marco Polo). See Ayas. 
 
 Laybach. See Laibach. 
 
 Laycock, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire. See Lacock. 
 
 Layd, par., Ire., N. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Glenarm, on 
 Red Bay ; 20,067 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Layd, Grange of, par.. Ire., N. co. Antrim, bar. Lower 
 Glenarm, 5 m. W. Cushendall ; 7733 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Layer Breton, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 6 m. SW. Col- 
 chester, 4 m. SSE. Marks Tey stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Layer de la Hay, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 4^ m. SW. Col- 
 chester, 4 m. SE. Marks Tey stn. , P.O. (L.-de-la-Haye). P. <75o. 
 
 Layer Maruey, par., Eng., Essex, div. and b\ m. SW. by 
 W. Colchester, 4 m. S. Marks Tey stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Layham, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 9 m. W. by S. 
 Ipswich, I m. S. Hadleigh, P.O. P. <;75o. 
 
 Laysan, isolated isl. of N. Pacific Ocean, W. of the Sandwich 
 Is. , in about 26° N. and 169° 40' W. 
 
 Laysters, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 6 m. NE. by 
 E. Leominster, 3^ m. SE. by S. Easton Court stn. ■ P. <25o. 
 
 Laysthorp, part of par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Newton, E. 
 
 Layston, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, contains part of Bunting- 
 ford town. P. < 1000. 
 
 Layt«n, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , York- 
 shire, N. Riding, div. and 5^ m. N. Richmond, East L. 4^ m. 
 S. by W. Gainsford stn. East L. P. <:25o ; West L. P. <:2So. 
 
 Layton with Warbreck, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, div. and 1 
 m. ENE. Blackpool. P. 22,000. 
 
 Laytoiivn, hamlet, Ire., E. ct. co. Meath, bar. Lower Duleek, 
 on riv. Nanny, 5 m. SE. Drogheda, on the G. N. (Ire.) R. , 
 PT. O. , with a coastguard station. 
 
 Laza, comm. , Spain, prov. Orense, dist. Verin. P. < 5000. 
 
 Lazaref, Korea. See Port Lazaref. 
 
 Lazarev, promontory, N. Pacific, Russian Manchxiria, 52° 13' 
 N. , 123° 53' E. , narrowest passage of Tatar, or Mamia Rinzo 
 Strait between Sakhalin I. and mainland. 
 
 Lazenby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div. , 
 4^ m. E. by S. Middlesbrough, 2J m. SE. by E. South Bank stn. , 
 PM.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 Laznlca (laznitsa), vil. , in the NE. of Servia, circle Pozarevac. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Lazonby, par., Eng., Cumberland, on the 1. bk. of the Eden, 
 div. and 6 m. NNE. Penrith, on the M. R., PMT.O.; 8378 ac. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Lazy, vil., Austria, prov. Silesia, dist. Freistadt. P. < 3000. 
 
 Le, Kashmir. See Leb. 
 
 Lea, Anglo-Saxon, 'a district.' See Ley. 
 
 Lea, in Celtic names, ' gray. ' See Leagh. 
 
 Lea, riv. , Eng. See Lee. 
 
 Lea, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, 3J m. NW. Chester, on Ellesmere 
 Canal. P. <25o. 
 
 Lea, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, 5 m. SE. Nantwich. P. <25o. 
 
 Lea, part of par., Eng., Derbyshire, P.O., and PMT.O. (L. 
 Bridge). See Dethlck and Lea. 
 
 Lea, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 4 m. ESE. Ross, 
 close to Mitcheldean Road stn., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Lea, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div. , 2 m. S. by 
 E. Gainsborough, i m. NW. of its stn. on the G. E. & G. N. 
 Joint Rly. , P. O. P. < 250. 
 
 Lea, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 11 m. SSW. 
 Cirencester, ij m. N. Somerford stn., P.O. P. <Soo. See 
 Ciarsdon. 
 
 Lea, electoral div. , Ire. , co. King's, dist. Ferbane. 
 
 Lea, par.. Ire., NE. Queen's co., t^r. Portnahinch, 2 J m. E. 
 Portarlington ; 18,488 ac. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Lea, Asliton, Ingol, and Cottam, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, 
 Blackpool div. , with stn. (Lea Boad) on the L. & Y. R. , 3 m. 
 W, by N. Preston. P. < 5000. 
 866 
 
 Lea Bridge, stn., Eng., Essex, Walthamstow div., on the 
 G. E. R. , 4i m. NE. by N. St. Paul's. See also Lea, Derbyshire. 
 
 Lea (or Lee) Brooks, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Riddings, Derby- 
 shire. 
 
 Leac, Gaelic, llech, C5Tnric, in place-names, lick, leek, and 
 league, ' a flat stone.' 
 
 Leach, small riv., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 
 flows SE. past Northleach to the Thames, which it joins 3 or 4 
 m. below Lechlade. 
 
 Leacos Point, cape, W. Indies, in extreme SW. of Trinidad. 
 
 Lea Cross, P.O., Eng., 3 m. NE. Pontesbury, Shropshire. 
 
 Lead, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 4 m. SW. Tadcaster. 
 P. <:25o. See Byther. 
 
 Lead, city, U.S., S. Dakota, Lawrence co., 96 m. N. by E. 
 from the SW. corner of the state. P. <3000. 
 
 Leadborn, in a charter by William the Lion (1167-70) called 
 Lecbernard (Gaelic lee Bernard, ' Bernard's' or Birrin's stone'), 
 hamlet, Scot. , Midlothian, on N. B. R., 9 m. SW. Dalkeith, P.O. 
 
 Leadenham, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 9J 
 m. E. by S. Newark, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Leaden, Boding (or Boothlng), par., Eng., Essex, Epping 
 div., on the Roothing, 8^ m. NW. by W. Chelmsford, 5 m. 
 SSE. Takeley stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Leader Water, trouting stream, Scot., rising on Lammer 
 Law and flowing S. and SE. through Haddingtonshire, Berwick- 
 shire, and Roxburghshire to the Tweed, which it joins 2 m. NE. 
 Melrose. 
 
 Leadgate, eccles. par. and tn. , Eng., Durham, NW. div., 11 
 m. SW. Newcastle, ij m. SE. Shotley Bridge stn.; has coal- 
 mines. PMT.O. P. <5ooo; tn. P. <:45oo. 
 
 Leadhllls, mining vil., the highest in Scot. (1320 ft.), S. 
 Lanarkshire, 7 m. NE. by E. Sanquhar, 4I m. WSW. Elvan- 
 foot stn. The lead mines, to which the village owes its name, 
 have been worked almost continuously since the beginning of 
 the 17th century. Allan Ramsay, the poet, was born here in 
 1685. PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 LeadTlUe, city, U.S., Colorado, Lake co., 78 m. WSW. 
 (171 m. by rail) Denver ; a smelting and refining centre for ores 
 of silver and lead, which exist in the neighbourhood, especially 
 on the W. slopes of the Mosquito Range (where gold also is 
 found) in enormous quantity, and the discovery of which, in 1871, 
 led to the foundation of the town. Recently the production of 
 silver has declined, that of gold rapidly increased. See S. F. 
 Emmon's Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville (Washington, 
 1886). Alt. 10,178 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 14,800; (1890) 10,400. 
 
 Leafleld, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury div., 8 m. W. 
 Woodstock, 3 m. SSE. Ascott-under-Wychwood stn. , P.O. P. 
 <75o ; eccles. par. (L. w^lth Wychwood) P. < 1000. 
 
 Leaf Howe, hill, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 13 m. 
 SW. Whitby. 
 
 Leagh, or Lea, Anglicised forms of Celtic (Gaelic and Irish) 
 Hath, ' gray. ' 
 
 Leagram, pax., Eng., Lancashire, 7 m. NW. Clitheroe. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Leagrave, stn. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, on the Lea, div. and 3 m. 
 NW. Luton, on the M. R., P.O. 
 
 Lea Green, stn. , Eng., Lancashire, ij m. SW. St. Helens 
 Junction, and 10 m. E. Liverpool, on the L. & NW. R. , with 
 coal-mines near. 
 
 League, in place-names, ' a flat stone. ' See Leac. 
 
 League Island. See Philadelphia. 
 
 Lea Hall, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 8| m. SW. by W. 
 Matlock, 4 m. NNE. Ashbourne stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Leake, ct. par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland div., 6\va. NE. 
 by E. Boston, 3 m. E. Sibsey stn., with stn. (Old L.) on G. N. 
 R., PMT.O. (Old L.), PM.O. (New L.) ; 9434 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Leake, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div., 14 
 m. NE. by N. Ripon, 3^ m. ENE. Otterington stn. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (L. with Nether Sllton) P. < 1000. 
 
 Leake, CO., U.S., Mississippi, S. of 33° N., andW. of 89° W. 
 
 Leake, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Notting- 
 hamshire, Rushcliffe div.. East L., 5 m. NNE. Loughborough, 
 I m. E. by N. Kegworth stn. East L., PM.O., P. -c 1000; 
 West L., P. <:2So. 
 
 LeakSTllle, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Rockingham co., on the 
 Dan R., 80 m. NW. by W. Raleigh. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leales, tn., Argentine Republic, Tucuman, on riv. Hondo, 
 22 m. S. by W. Tucuman. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lealholm Bridge, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on 
 the Esk, div. and 9 m. W. by S. Whitby, with a stn. (Lealholm) 
 on the NE. R., P.O. (Lealhome Bridge). 
 
 Lealul, vil. , central S. Africa. See Ualnl. 
 
 Learn (' the muddy river.' See Lehnt), riv. , Eng. , rises in the 
 W. of Northamptonshire, and flows W. past Leamington to the 
 Avon, which it joins just above Warwick. 
 
 Lea Marston, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and j\ m. S. 
 Tamworth, i^m. NW. Whitacre Junction, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Leamhan, Gaelic, in proper names, leven, ' the elm-tree.' 
 
 Leamington, vil., Canada, Ontario, Essex co. , 30 m. SE. by 
 E. Windsor. P. <:20oo. 
 
LEAM — LEBD 
 
 LeanUngton (l&m'ington), Leanilugtou Priors, or Royal 
 
 L, Spa, mun. bor. (since 1875) and watering-place, Eng., War- 
 wickshire, on the Learn, near its junction with the Avon, in the 
 diocese of Worcester, 2^ m. E. by N. Warwick, on the G. W. 
 R., and the L. & NW. R. Its rapid rise to prosperity is due 
 to its mineral springs (discovered in 1784). It is now a favourite 
 place of residence for retired people, on account of the beauty 
 and healthiness of its situation, as well as the excellence of its 
 schools. The river has a magnificent promenade along its banks. 
 L. contains the largest manufacture of cooking ranges in the 
 world. The Free Libraries Act was adopted in 1857. Mean 
 rfall. (i866-8q), 27.4 in. Mun. bor. P. (1871) 20,900; (1891) 
 26,900. 
 
 Leamlugton Hastings, par. , Eng. .Warwickshire, Rugby div. , 
 6 m. SW. by S. Rugby, 2^ m. E. Marton stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Leamore, PM.O., Eng., Staffordshire, i m. from Bloxwich. 
 
 Keamslde, stn., Eng., Durham, Houghton-le-Spring div. , on 
 the NE. R., 3I m. NE. Dui-ham, P.O. 
 
 Leanclioll, stn. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. P. 
 R., about 116° 4/ W., 986 m. by rail from Winnipeg* 496 m. 
 from Vancouver. 
 
 Leane, Lougb, lake, Ire. , SE. co. Kerry, i m. W. Killarney. 
 
 Lea NewlMld, par., Eng., Cheshire, 5 J m. SE. Chester. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Leaug-slian, mts. , China. See Uang-shan. 
 
 Leansaghane, tnld., Ire., NW. co. Kerry, bar. Iraghti- 
 connor, 10 m. NW. Listowel. P. <25o. 
 Leaotnug, China. See Idautung. 
 Leaoyang, city, Manchuria. See Llauynug. 
 
 Leap, tn.. Ire., SW. co. Cork, bars. E. Carbery, W. div., and 
 W. Carbery, E. div. , at the head of Glandore Harbour, si m. 
 NE. Skibbereen, PMT.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Leap Moor, dist., Scot., Renfrewshire, in the NW., 5 m. 
 SSW. Greenock. 
 
 LearcUld, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 6^ m. SW. Alnwick. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Learg, Gaelic, in place-names, larg and lairg, ' a slope ' or 
 'hillside.' 
 
 Learmontb, post-tn., Victoria, co. Ripon, 77 m. WNW. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Learniouut, par.. Ire., cos. Londonderry and Tyrone, bars. 
 Tirkeeran and Lower Strabane, 12J m. SE. Londonderry; 
 17,614 ac. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Leaslugbam, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 
 12 m. NE. Grantham, 2 m. NNW. Sleaford, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 LeasLughani, vil., S. Australia, Stanley co., 65 m. N. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leaslugthorne, hamlet, Eng., Durham, 3 m. E. Bishop 
 Auckland, P.O. 
 
 Leasowe, lighthouse, Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 4 m. 
 NW. by W. Birkenhead, with stn. on Wirral Rly. ; visible 15 m. 
 
 Leatbad. See Clacblet. 
 
 Leatberbead, par. and tn., Eng., Surrey, div. and 3 m. 
 SW. Epsom, with stns. on the L. B. & S. C. R. arid on the 
 L. & SW. R. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Leatbes Water, lake, Eng. , Cumberland. See Thlrlmere. 
 
 Leathley, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley div. , on 
 the Washburn, 6 J m. SW. Harrogate, i m. NW. by N. Poole 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Leaton, eccles. par. , Eng. , Salop, Newport div., 4 m. NNW. 
 Shrewsbury, on the G. W. R. P. <soo. 
 ' L6au, tn. , Belgium. See Zontleenw. 
 
 Leavelaud, par. , Eng. , Kent, div. and 4 m. S. by W. Faver- 
 sham, 3J m. WSW. Selling stn. P. <2So. See Badlesmere. 
 
 Leaveubeatb, eccles. par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 14 
 m. WSW. Ipswich, 3^ m. ENE. Bures stn., P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Leavening, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., 14 m. NE. by E. York, 3 m. ESE. Kirkham Abbey stn., 
 PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Leavenseat, vil., Scot., Edinburghshire, W. Calder par. 
 P. <500. 
 
 Learenwortb, vil. , U.S., Indiana, Crawford co., on N. bank 
 of Ohio R., 31 m. W. by S. Louisville (Ky.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Leaveawortb, city, U.S., Kansas, L. co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Missouri, here crossed by a steel bridge, 25 m. NW. 
 Kansas City. On the N. is Fort L., with a U.S. mihtary prison 
 and garrison. Alt. 765ft. (R.R.); signal stn. 842 ft. (U.S. Signal 
 Office^. Mean temp., yr. 53.3° F., Jan. 26°, July 77.9°; mean 
 rfall. (13 yrs.), 39 in. P. (1880) 16,500; (1890) 19,800. 
 
 Leavesden, eccles. par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Watford div., 
 5 m. SW. St. Albans, i^ m. W. Bricket Wood stn., P.O. 
 (L. Green). P. <4ooo. 
 
 Leba, riv. , Prussia, provs. W. Prussia and Pomerania, winds 
 NW. into the L. See (lake), from which it issues on the NE. into 
 the Baltic at Leba. 
 
 Leba, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on Leba Lake, 88 m. 
 NE. by E. Kolberg, i m. from the coast. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Leba, Lake, ct. lake in E. of Prussian prov. of Pomerania, 
 10 m. long by 4 J m. wide, separated from the coast by a strip oif 
 land J-i J m. in width. 
 
 Lebadela, tn. , Greece. See Levadela. 
 
 Lebanon {Libanus, 'the 'W'Tiite Mountain'), called by the 
 Arabs Jebel-el-Gbarbl ('the White Mountains'), mt. range of 
 Syria and N. Palestine. It begins on the S. at the ravine of the 
 Litany (ancient Leontes), runs NNE. for about 100 m. to the 
 Nahr-el-Kebir, which ilows round its N. end. Parallel to it is 
 the range of Anti- Lebanon {q.v.), the Jebel-esh-Sharki (or Sherki 
 — E. Mts. of the Arabs), separated from it by the valley of Coele- 
 Syria, now called El Bekaa. It covers an area of about 2000 sq. 
 m. Mean height, 6000-8000 ft.; highest peaks, Dhor-el-Khodib 
 (10,625 ft.), ESE. of Ti;ipoli; Sannin, or Sunnin, a little N. of 
 the parallel of Beirut (8555 ft. ) ; Jebel Keneiseh, or Kuneiyiseh 
 (6665 ft.), N. of the pass on the road from Beirut, opposite 
 which there is a higher unnamed peak (7230 ft.); Jebel-el-Baruk 
 (7290 ft.), a few miles further S. Snow lies on the summits all 
 summer. On the seaward side the base is formed of Cretaceous 
 strata. The central ridge, of Jura limestone, has smooth sides 
 and bare tops, and the scenery is of the wildest and grandest 
 description. There are several passes across the chain, but 
 only one well-maintained road — that from Beirut [q.v.) to 
 Damascus. The climate of the lower and middle ranges re- 
 sembles an English spring. Every available spot is cultivated 
 up to 6000 ft. with fig trees, olives, mulberry trees, and patches 
 of grain. Villages and convents cling to the sides of the cliffs, 
 or are perched on the rocks in picturesque confusion. Many 
 streams of classic fame rush down to the MediteiTanean. The 
 recesses are haunted by the jackal, hyaena, wolf, and bear. The 
 Cedars of Lebanon , the wreck of a noble forest, occupy a platform , 
 at the height of 6000 ft. , in the centre of a vast recess in the 
 mountains about 35 m. SE. Tripoli, on the W. slopes of the 
 Jebel Makmel, near the village of Ehden. This is the only 
 grove still known to exist, though others existed fifty years ago 
 further N. The E. slopes of the range are tame and infertile. 
 L. was assigned to, but never occupied by, the Israelites. Since 
 1861 the mountain has been placed mainly under a government 
 distinct from that of the vilayet of Syria. The area of this dist. 
 or mutessariflik, which embraces all the western slopes of the 
 range and part of the eastern slopes and of El Bekaa, is 2200 sq. 
 m. The governor, who, in accordance with an agreement with 
 the great powers, must always be a Christian, has his seat at 
 Beit-ed-dln or Bteddin (34 m. SE. Beirut, near Deir-el-Kamr) 
 in summer, and at Baabda (6 m. SE. Beirut) in winter. The in- 
 habitants are mainly Maronite Christians, but include also a 
 considerable proportion of Greek Christians, and a few Moham- 
 medans, formerly also in the S. a number of Druzes, though 
 these have mostly quitted the dist. since the establishment of 
 Christian rule. "The rearing of silkworms and production of 
 silk is the chief industry. There is very little forest land. Coal- 
 mines exist, and extensive deposits of iron ore occur. The iron 
 mines of this dist. were in ancient times celebrated for the fine 
 steel they produced. Education has made great advances since 
 1861. P. 245,000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Lebanon, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, New London co. , 4 m. S. 
 Windham. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lebanon, city, U.S., lUinois, St. Clair co., 24 m. E. St. 
 Louis by rail. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lebanon, city, U.S., Kentucky, Marion co., 56 m. SE. by 
 S. Louisville. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Lebanon, city, U.S., Indiana, Boone co., 27 m. NW. by N. 
 Indianapolis. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Lebanon, tn., U.S., Maine, York co., 8 m. NE. Rochester, 
 New Hampshire, by rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Lebanon, tn., U.S., Missouri, Laclede co., 68 m. SSW. 
 Jefferson City. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Lebanon, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co., 46 m. 
 NW. Concord. The Muscoma R., which falls 400 ft. in the 
 vicinity of the town, affords water-power. P. <40oo. 
 
 Lebanon, vil. , U.S., Ohio, Warren co., 28 m. NE. by N. 
 Cincinnati. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Lebanon, city, U. S. , Pennsylvania, cap. L. co. , 25 m. E. by 
 N. Harrisburg, in the midst of a rich iron-mining dist. , which 
 abounds in copper, marble, and anthracite coal. Alt. 468 ft. 
 (R.R.). P. (1880) 8800; (1890) 14,700. 
 
 Lebanon, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Potter co., 52 m, 
 NE. by N. Pierre. 
 
 Lebanon, tn. , U.S., Tennessee, cap. Wilson Co., 28 m. E. 
 by N. Nashville. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lebanon, West, settlement, U.S., Indiana, Warren co., 
 71 m, NW. by W. Indianapolis. 
 
 Lebanon Springs, viL, U.S., New York, Columbia co., 2 m. 
 N. New Lebanon ; place of resort for its hot springs, which have 
 a uniform temperature of 73" F. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lebbeke, comm. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. and 2 m. 
 SSE. Dendermonde. P. 6500. 
 
 Lebberston, ct. par., Eng., Yorkshire, in the SE. of the N. 
 Riding, Whitby div., 4J m. SSE. Scarborough, i m. N. by W. 
 Gristhorpe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Lebda, or Leblda, the ancient Z^/^w Magna, tn., Tripoli, on 
 the N. ct., 60 m. SSE. TripoU, with numerous ruins, Phoenician, 
 Roman, Byzantine, and Arab. 
 
 867 
 
LEB E 
 
 LEE 
 
 Lebedln, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 103 m. NW. Kharkov. 
 P. 16,500. 
 
 Lebedyaft, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 134 m. W. TamlKjv, 
 connected by rail with Bogoyavlensk June, on Ryazan-Tambov 
 Rly. P. 6500. 
 
 Lebepe, riv. , Africa. See Limpopo. 
 
 Leberau, French LlepTre, vil. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, circle 
 Rappoltsweiler, 14 m. N. by W. Kolmar. P. (comm.)<:300o. 
 
 Lebldlon, \'il. , Greece. See LeTldlon. 
 
 Lebo, city, U.S., Kansas, Coffee co., 85 m. SSW. Kansas 
 City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leboenf, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Erie co., on French Creek, 
 17 m. SSE. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lebonah, place named in O. T. See El Labbun. 
 
 Lebrlja, the ancient Nabrissa, or N^ebrissa Veneria, tn. , 
 Spain, Seville, 16 m. N. by E. Jerez, passed definitely to the 
 crown of Castile in 1264 under Alfonso the Wise. P. 11,900. 
 
 Lebr^nlk, mt., Montenegro, in the middle, 30 m. NE. by 
 N. Cetinje. Alt. 7135 ft. 
 
 Iicbn, seapt. , Chile, prov. Arauco, in 37° 39' S. , cap. dep. L. , 
 at mouth of riv. Lebu; small coal-mines. P. < 3000. 
 
 Lebns, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Oder, 6 m. N. Frankfurt, cap. circle L. P. <300o. 
 
 liCca da Palmelra, seapt., Portugal, dist. and 6 m. NW. 
 Of)orto ; favourite resort during the bathing season. P. <30oo. 
 
 Lecale, Lower and Tpper, two bars. , Ire. , in the SE. of co. 
 Down, Lower L. to the E. of Upper L. 
 
 Lecarrow, tnld. , Ire., E. co. Roscommon, bar. N. Ballin- 
 tober, 8 m. SE. Roscommon, 2 m. from Knockcroghery stn. , 
 P.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 Lecce, the ancient Lupice Civitas, city, Italy, Apulia, cap. 
 prov. L., 23 m. SSE. Brindisi, with important manufacture of 
 tobacco. Has several monumental gateways, remains of its 
 ancient fortifications. Mean temp., yr. 62.4° F., Jan. 48.9°, July 
 78.7° ; rfall. (1875-91), yr. 23.3 in., June-Aug. 2.0 in. P. 25,900. 
 
 Lecco, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 15 m. E. by N. Como, 
 on the E. shore of the SE. arm of Lake Como, with iron-rolling 
 mills, and wire-drawing works, &c. , and silk-spinning. P. 8000. 
 
 Lecelles, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 9 m. NW. by N. 
 Valenciennes. P. <20oo. 
 
 L^cera, viL, Spain, prov. and 31 m. SSE. Saragossa. P. 
 
 •<2000. 
 
 Lech, riv., Austria and Ger., rises in Vorarlberg and flows 
 NE. through Tirol, then N. into and through Bavaria, passing 
 Augsburg and enters the Danube a few miles below Donauworth; 
 not navigable, but used for floating timber from Fiissen, near 
 the Bavarian frontier, 108 m. The L. is rapidly deepening its 
 bed below Augsburg {q.v.) since the rectification of this part of 
 its course. While unsuccessfully defending the passage of this 
 river against Gustavus Adolphus, Tilly was fatally woimded, 
 April 1632. Length, 177 m. ; area of basin, 1700 sq. m. 
 
 L^cbelles, Switzd. See I'Echelles (under E. ). 
 
 Lectaenlch, market-tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Ens- 
 kirchen, 13 m. SW. Cologne. P. (comm. )<4000. 
 
 Lecbfeld, vil., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, 15 m. S. 
 by W. Augsburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Leehgnm, part of Mingrelia, Transcaucasia, dist. of govt. 
 Kutais ; chief town, Lailashi. 
 
 Lecbliansen, comm., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 circle Friedberg, on the Lech. Tn. P. 10,300 ; comm. P. 10,400. 
 
 Lecblade, par. and market-tn., Eng., Gloucestershire, near 
 the confluence of the Leach with the Thames, and at the junc- 
 don of the Thames and Severn Canal, 23 m. SW. Oxford, on 
 the G. W. R., PMT.O. Market-day, F. Par. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leek, in place-names, ' a flat stone.' See Leac. 
 
 Leek, par., Eng., Lancashire, on Leek stream, 2 J m. SE. 
 Kirkby Lonsdale ; 4636 ac P. <25o. 
 
 Leek, par.. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. N. Raphoe, on Lough 
 Swilly, near Letterkenny ; 10,488 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Leek, or Lek, riv. , Netherlands. See Rhine. 
 
 Leckby, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding. See 
 Cniidall with Leckby. 
 
 Leckford, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., on the 
 Anton, 8 m. NW. Winchester, i m. S. by W. Fullerton Junc- 
 tion, P.O. P. <5cio. 
 
 Leckhampstead, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 5J m. N. 
 by W. Newbury, a,\ m. NW. by W. Hermitage stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Leckhanipstead, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 3^ 
 m. NE. by N. Buckingham, P.O. P.-C500. 
 
 Leckhampton, par. and tn. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkes- 
 bury div., 2 m. S. Cheltenham, on the G. W. R, ; L. Hill is 
 979 ft. high. PM.O. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Leckle, Lagos. See Lekkl. 
 
 Leckmelm Deer Forest, Scot., Ross-shire, on the E. side 
 of Loch Broom, ■^ m. SE. Ullapool. 
 
 Leckonfleld, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holdemess 
 div., II m. NNW. Hull, i m. NE. by E. Cherry Burton stn., 
 P.O. (Leconfleld). P.<soo. See Scorbrongh. 
 
 Leckpatrlck, par. , Ire. , N. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower Strabane, 
 contains part of Strabane ; 13,352 ac. P. < 4000. 
 868 
 
 Leek Point, cape, Ire., NW. ct. co. Kerry, S. of riv. 
 Shannon, 52^ 32' N. 
 
 Leckwlth, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 2 m. 
 WSW. Cardiff, with a stn. (Grange Town) on the Taff Vale 
 Rly. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (L. with Llandongh and Cogan) 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Leclalre, vil., U.S., Iowa, Scott co. , on r. bk. of Mississippi 
 R., 71 m. ESE. Cedar Rapids. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Leclercvllle, Canada. See St. Emille. 
 
 Le t'onte Bay, Alaska. See Thnnder Bay. 
 
 Le Con Harbonr, inlet, Newfoundland, on the S. ct., in 58° 
 40-45' W. 
 
 Lecropt, par., Scot., Perthshire and Stirlingshire, contains 
 part of Bridge of Allan. P. <75o. 
 
 Lectonre, the ancient Lactora, tn., France, dep. Gars, cap. 
 arr. L., on the Gers, 19 m. S. -Agen, with important manu- 
 factures of serge and coarse cloths. Birthplace of Lannes (died 
 1809). P. <3000. 
 
 ibeczyea, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt. Kalisz, 78 m. WSW. 
 Warsaw, on Bzur R. P. 9100. 
 
 Ledalg, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, on the E. shore of Loch 
 Nell, 5 m. NE. by N. Oban, and 2 m. NNW. Connel Ferry 
 stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Ledang, mt. See Johor. 
 
 Ledbnry, par. and market-tn., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 
 II m. NE. by N. Ross, on the G. \\'. R. ; situated on a de- 
 clivity at the S. extremity of the Malvern Hills. In its vicinity 
 are valuable cider orchards, hop grounds, and interesting Roman 
 encampments. Market-day, I'u. 8198 ac. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Leddon, riv. , Eng. , rises in Worcestershire, flows S. through 
 Herefordshire, then SE. through Gloucestershire to the Severn 
 near Gloucester city. 
 
 Lede, tn., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. and 4 m. NW. 
 Alost. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Ledeberg, comm. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, on the Scheldt, 
 arr. and 2 m. SE. Ghent. P. (1886) 5500 ; (1890) 12,200. 
 
 Leder, vil., Bohemia, 25 m. NW. by N. Iglau. P. ■<3000. 
 
 Ledeghem, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. 
 Roulers, 6 m. W. by N. Courtrai. P. <400o. 
 
 Ledesma, tn. , Argentine Republic, Jujuy, on a trib. of the 
 Rio Grande de Jujuy, 215 m. N. by E. Tucuman. P. 2000. 
 
 Ledesma, the ancient Etelessa, tn. , Spain, prov. and 20 m. 
 NW. Salamanca, on the 1. bk. of the Tormes. BaAos de L. is 
 a small village on the same river, 5 m. above L. The chief 
 spring has a temperature of 100° F. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Ledo, cape, Portuguese W. Africa, in 9° 45' S. 
 
 Ledsham, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 6 m. NW. by 
 N. Chester, on the Birkenhead Rly. P. <250. 
 
 Ledsham, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., 9^ m. NE. by E. Wakefield, 2 m. NW. by W. Burton 
 Salmon stn. P. <500. 
 
 Ledstone, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., 8 m. NE. by E. Wakefield, 2 m. NE. by N. Castleford 
 stn., on the NE. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Ledum Salorium, France. See Lons-le-Sannler. 
 
 Ledwlthstown, electoral div., Ire., co. Longford, dist. 
 Ballymahon. 
 
 Ledyard, tn., U.S., Connecticut, New London co. , 6 m. SE. 
 Norwich. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Lee, or Lea, riv., Eng. It rises in the S. of Bedfordshire, 
 flows SE. past Luton, enters Hertfordshire, and flows E. 
 through that co. past Hertford and Ware, then S. , forming the 
 E. boundary of Hertfordshire and Middlesex, and finally enters 
 the Thames just below the Isle of Dogs. Navigable for 28 m. , 
 from Hertford (total fall of 109 ft. 3 in. by means of 19 locks). 
 
 Lee, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 8 m. SE. .^yles- 
 bury,4m. NW.by W. Chesham stn., P.O. (L.Town). P. <25o. 
 
 Lee, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 12 m. W. 
 Dartmouth, 4 m. S. Kingsbridge Road stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Lee, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Hampshire. See Komsey. 
 
 Lee, suburb of London, Eng., Greenwich div., 5-6^ m. SE. 
 St. Paul's, London, on the SE. R. (other stations near, Lewis* 
 ham Junction, Blackheath, and Ladywell). The Merchant 
 Taylors' almshouses are here ; in the churchyard is the grave 
 of Halley, astronomer-royal (died 1742). 
 
 Lee, two eccles. pars., Eng., Northumberland, div. and near 
 town of Hexham. L. St. John of Beverley, P. < 1500 ; L. St, 
 Oswald with Blngfleld, P. < 1000. 
 
 Lee, riv.. Ire., co. Cork, rises in Gouganebarra Lough, flows 
 E. , and enters Cork Harbour ; na\'igable for boats 3 m. above 
 Cork {q.v.) ; length, 35 m. 
 
 Lee, riv.. Ire., NW. co. Kerry, flows past Tralee into the 
 head of Tralee Bay. 
 
 Lee, CO., U.S., Alabama, on E. fi-ontier, midway between 
 33° and 32° N. 
 
 Lee, CO., U.S., Arkansas, S. of 35° N., and bounded on E. 
 by Mississippi R. 
 
 Lee, CO., U.S., SW. Florida, on Gtilf of Mexico, crossed in 
 S. by 26° N. 
 
 Lee, CO., U.S., Georgia, S. 32° N., crossed in NE. by 84° W, 
 
LEE — LEES 
 
 Lee, CO., U.S., Illinois, S. 42° N. , crossed in E. by 89° W. 
 
 Lee, CO., U.S., Iowa, in extreme SE. 
 
 Lee, CO., U.S., Kentucky, in E., S. of 38° N., E. of 84° W. 
 
 Lee, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co., on Housatonic 
 R., 34 m. W. by N. Holyoke; fine white marble quarried. 
 P. <:4000. Soutb L., adjoining vil., has marble quarries. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lee, CO., U.S., Mississippi, in NE., N. of 34° N., E.of 89°W. 
 
 Lee, CO., U.S., Texas, N. of 30° N., crossed by 97° W. 
 
 Lee, CO., U.S., Virginia, in the extreme SW. 
 
 Lee Bay, small bay, Eng., in the NW. of Devonshire, 2^ m. 
 W. Ilfracombe. 
 
 Leebotwood, par. , Eng. , Salop, Oswestry div. , 9 J m. S. by 
 W. Shrewsbury, on the L. & NW. & G. W. Rlys., P.O. P. < 
 250 ; eccles. par. (L. -wltlt Longnor) P. <5oo. 
 
 Lee Brockburst, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 10 m. 
 NNE. Shrewsbury, 2I m. SE. Wem stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Lee Cbapel, par., Eng., Essex, 4 m. S. Billericay. P. <25o. 
 
 Leecb, part of par. , Eng. , Cheshire. See Harlstoii. 
 
 Leeebbarg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Armstrong co., on 
 Kiskiminetas R., 25 m. ENE. Pittsburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Leecb Lake, an irregularly shaped lake, U.S., Minnesota, 
 Cass CO., 105 m. W. by N. Duluth, 20 m. long, 4-15 m. wide, 
 drained E. by Leech Lake R. into the Mississippi. Alt. 1292 ft. 
 (U.S. Engineer Corps). 
 
 Leecb Lake, Indian Reservation, lies on the S. of the lake. 
 
 Leedon Tor, hill, Eng., in the SW. of Devonshire, 12^ m. 
 NE. by N. Plymouth. 
 
 Leeds, CO., Canada, Ontario, on the 1. bk. of the riv, St. 
 Lawrence, crossed in the E. by 76° W. 
 
 Leeds, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Megantic co. , on the Becancour 
 R., 38 m. S. by W. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leeds, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 4J m. SE. by E. 
 Maidstone, ij m. SW. Hollingbourne stn., PMT.O. Contains 
 an old moated castle, originally built in 857, but destroyed by 
 the Danes ; restored after tlie Conquest, and still retaining 
 well preserved portions dating from the 13th century. P. < 
 750 ; eccles. par. (L. wltb Broomfleld) P. < 1000. 
 
 Leeds (Saxon Loyder, Loides, Ledis, Leedes, probably named 
 after a British chief, Lede or Leod), pari, and mun. city 
 and bor., co. bor. (all conterminous), W. Riding, Yorkshire, 
 on the Aire, 186 m. (by rail) NNW. London, 21 m. SW. 
 York, with stations on G. N., L. & NW., M., NE., and L. 
 & Y. Rlys. The town hes chiefly in a crescent-shaped valley, 
 just above the place where the Aire emerges from the last 
 spurs of the Pennine Chain upon the level plain of York. The 
 Town Hall, opened in 1858, is a rectangular pile, 250 by 200 
 ft., on an elevated platform, its four fe.9ades enriched with 
 Corinthian columns. The Yorkshire College, established in 
 1874. was in 1887 affiliated to the Victoria University. New 
 buildings have been erected at Woodhouse on a site covering 3J 
 ac. The departments in operation, and fully equipped, include 
 chemistry, engineering, physics, biology, textile, and art, with 
 a large experimental dye-house. The medical department, a 
 school of high repute, is located near to the L. Infirmary. In 
 1891 a day training-college for male Queen's scholars was 
 established as a branch of the College. The grammar school, 
 originally founded in 1552, and later endowed by Mr. Harrison, 
 is situated on the edge of Woodhouse Moor. There are several 
 almhouses, of which the Harrison Almshouses, as well as St. 
 John's Chiurch, a very rich foundation, are due to the munifi- 
 cence of Mr. John Harrison. There are various medical 
 charities, including a well-endowed infirmary, and various .special 
 hospitals, including a fever and a smallpox hospital belonging to 
 the corporation. The corporation have provided, at a cost of 
 nearly £'2'jo,qoo, a fine system of markets, including a large 
 cattle market well situated for railway communication, fruit, 
 fish, corn, and general markets. They also own the gas and 
 water -works. The principal places of public recreation are 
 Roundhay Park, area 774 ac, about 3 m. from the town, 
 acquired by the Corporation in 1872, Woodhouse Moor, Hims- 
 let Moor, Ivy House Estate, East End Park, Armley Park, 
 and Kirkstall Abbey, the last bought and presented to the 
 borough by Colonel North in 1888. The position of Leeds 
 on the edge of an extensive coalfield, and near to an agri- 
 cultural and grazing district, its commimication with the sea 
 — E. by the Aire (made navigable to L., 1659) and the Hum- 
 ber, and W. by the Leeds and Liverpool Canal (completed 
 in 1816) and the Mersey — and the facilities for railway com- 
 munication with all parts of the country, have contributed to 
 its eminence in manufactures. The first mention of its lead- 
 ing industry, the woollen, occurs in a record of 1373 ; but it 
 was probably not till the i6th century that it was firmly estab- 
 lished. Towards the end of the 17th century the arts of fulling, 
 dyeing, and bleaching were introduced, goods having previously 
 been sent to Holland to be finished. Steam-power, introduced 
 in the latter part of the i8th century, and the demand for army 
 cloths occasioned by the wars, gave a great impetus to the 
 trade. L. is now the greatest cloth-market in the world ; every 
 description of cloth produced in England may be had there. 
 
 The finest broad-cloths are manufactured, and many of the 
 fancy cloths made in other towns of Yorkshire are sent to L< 
 to be finished. Felt-carpeting and drugget are an important 
 branch of manufacture. The iron industry, established in 
 recent times, has rapidly developed, its branches including 
 the smelting of the ore (the supply of which is facilitated by the 
 water communication with both sides of the county), foundries, 
 and the manufacture of machine and locomotive engines, spin- 
 ning machinery, agricultural implements, tools, &c. Decorative 
 earthenware of the finest quality is manufactured at the Btir- 
 mantofts works, on an estate of 150 ac, where both clay and 
 coal are obtained. Other manufactures are leather (a trade 
 of great importance in the borough), chemicals, flax, silk, glass, 
 railway-carriages, tobacco, paper, fire-bricks, brewing, brass- 
 founding, &c. In Saxon times L. was an important place. It 
 is mentioned by Bede as ' Loidis-en-Elmete.' By the time of 
 King John it had increased so much in importance that a 
 charter was conferred on it by the Lord of the Manor in 1208. 
 Charters of incorporation were afterwards granted to the town 
 by Charles I., Charles II., and James II., that of Charles II. 
 being the one under which it is now governed. Except during 
 the Commonwealth, L. was not represented in Parliament till 
 1832. The borough now sends five members to the House of 
 Commons, one for each of the N., S., E., W., and Central 
 divs, Alt. 137 ft. Mean temp. (20 yrs., 1861-80), yr. 49.1° F., 
 Jan. 37.8°, July 62.0°; mean rfall. (Holbeck, alt. 95 ft., 1861- 
 80) 27.7 in.; (Weetwood Hall, alt. 400 ft., 1861-80) 30.7 in. 
 Bor. P. (1801) 53,200; (1831) 123,400; (1851) 172,300; (1871) 
 259,200 ; (1891) 367,500. 
 
 Leeds, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Benson co., 120 m, NE. by 
 N.Bismarck. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leeds, Jfew, P.O., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 8 m. S. Fraser- 
 burgh, I m. SE. by S. Mormond stn. 
 
 Leeds and Liverpool Canal, commences at Leeds by a 
 junction with the riv. Aire, and passes through or adjacent to 
 the towns of Shipley, Bingley, Keighley, Skipton, Colne, 
 Burnley, Accrington, Blackbiu-n, Chorley, Wigan, and so on to 
 Liverpool, with a connection to the riv. Mersey and the Liver- 
 pool Docks. There are branches to the Ribble (8 m.), from 
 Wigan to Leigh (7 m.), and to Bradford (2J m.). Length. 
 128 m. Total length (including branches), 143 m. 
 
 Leeds Tofvn, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, Camborne div., 7 m. 
 SE. by E. St. Ives, 3 m. SE. Hayle stn. 
 
 Leegate, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., on the Mary- 
 port and Carlisle Rly. , 3J m. SW. Wigton. 
 
 Leek, or De Leek, tn., Netherlands, prov. and 8 m. SW. 
 Groningen. P. (comm. ) 5000. 
 
 Leek, market-tn., Eng., Staffordshire, Leek div., 8 J m. NE. 
 by E. Burslem, in a vale in the hilly dist. called the Moorlands, 
 vdth manufactures of silks and ribbons, and specially noted for 
 its sewing thread and its silk-dye works, the water of the neigh- 
 bourhood being among the best dyeing waters of Europe. A 
 canal, connecting it with the Trent and Mersey, and an abun- 
 dance of coal in the vicinity, facilitate its trade. A short 
 distance from the town are the remains of a Cistercian abbey. 
 On the N. Staff"ordshire Rly. Market-days, W. and S. P. 
 (i8oi)<4ooo; (1871) 11,300; (1891) 14,100; par. (L. and Lowe) 
 P. 12,800 ; pari. div. P. (1891) 56,700. 
 
 Leek Fritb, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, contains part of Leek ; 
 7551 ac. P. "Ciooo. 
 
 Leek Wootton, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 
 2j m. N. Warwick, PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lee'lenaw, co., U.S., Michigan, in the NW., between Lake 
 Michigan on the W. and Grand Traverse Bay. 
 
 Leem, Dutch, ' clay,' ' mud.' See Lehm. 
 
 Leemlng, vil, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div. , io| m. SE. Richmond, with a stn. (L. Lane) on 
 the NE. R., P.O., and PMT.O. (L. Bar). See Exelby. 
 
 Lee Hoor, PM. O. , Eng. , Devonshire, 3 m. from Sparkwell. 
 
 Leeu, small riv., Eng., Nottinghamshire, flows S. t« the 
 Trent, which it joins on the 1. bk. at Nottingham. 
 
 Leenaue, fishing hamlet. Ire., NW. co. Galway, bar. Ross, 
 15J m. SSW. Westport, PM.O. 
 
 Lee-on-tbe-Solent, PM.O., Eng., Hampshire, 2 m. from 
 Stubbington, on L.-on-the-S. Rly. (to Fort Brockhurst). 
 
 Leer, tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 13J m. SE. Emden, cap. 
 circle L. , on the riv. Leda, i m. E. of the Ems ; various manu- 
 factures, and much shipping. Harbour with depth alongside 
 quays up to 23 ft. high water ordinary spring tides, 14 ft. low 
 water. P. (1821) 6000; (1890) 11,100. 
 
 Leerdam, tn., Holland, prov. S. Holland, on the Linge, 13 
 m. S. by W. Utrecht. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Leers et Fostean, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, iij m. 
 SW. Charleroi. P. < 2000. 
 
 Lees, part of eccles. par. and tn. , Eng., Lancashire, in- 
 cluded in the parL bor., and practically a suburb, of Oldham, 
 with a similar industry, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. 
 (urban sanitary dist.) <:40oo. See Hey. 
 
 Leesbnrg, viL, U.S., Florida, Lake co., 115 m. S. by W. 
 Jacksonville, 68 m. NE. by N. Tampa. P. < 1500. 
 
 861) 
 
LEES — LEH 
 
 Leesbni^, viL, U.S., Ohio, Highland co., 53 m. ENE. 
 Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leesbnrg, tn., U.S., Virginia, Loudoun co., 30 m. WNW. 
 Washington. P. < 2000. 
 
 Leesbnrg (formerlv Leesrille), viL, U.S., Ohio, Carroll co., 
 40 m. NW. Wheehng (W. Va.). P.<i5oo. 
 
 Lee Scar Rocks, Eng., off the coast of Cumberland, at mouth 
 of Solway Firth, with lighthouse, visible 10 m. 
 
 Iieese, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 6 m. SE. 
 Northwich, on the Dane R., 2^ m. W. by N. Holmes Chapel 
 stn. P. <:2So. See Byley. 
 
 Leesfleld, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Ashton-under- 
 Lyne and Prestwich ancient pars. P. 6800. 
 
 Leeste, viL, Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Syke, 6 m. S. 
 Bremen. P. (comm.)<3000. 
 
 Leeston, tn., New Zealand, South L, Selwyn co. , 27 m. 
 SW. Christchurch, on the railway to Christchurch. P. <:i50o. 
 
 Leestone Point, cape, Ire., on the SE. ct. of co. Down, in 
 54° 4' N. , with a coastguard station. 
 
 Lee Snnunlt, tn., U.S., Missotui, Jackson co., 17 m. SE. 
 Kansas City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leesvllle, vil., U.S., Ohio. See Leesbnrg. 
 
 Leetonla, vil., U.S., Ohio, Columbiana co., 58 m. N.'Wheel- 
 ing(W. Va,). P. -csooo. 
 
 Leeuiv, Dutch, 'lion,' leeuwin, 'lioness.' 
 
 Leeuw, comm. , Belgium. See Zontleenw. 
 
 Leenwarden, tn. , Holland, prov. Friesland, 31 m. W. 
 Groningen, with shipbuilding, iron, copper, and lead works, and 
 important manufactures of cloth, &c. Mean temp. , yr. 47.6'"' F. , 
 Jan. 35.6°, July 63.5°. P. (comm.) 30,500. 
 
 Leeaw-Fonteln, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Carnarvon, 
 95 m. NNW. Beaufort West. 
 
 LeeniT-ln, Cape, the SW. point of Australia. The name was 
 first applied to the land in the neighbourhood of the capte, which 
 was first sighted by a Dutch expedition on board a ship called 
 the Leeuwin in 1622. The cape was first named by the French 
 expedition under Baudin in 1803 Cape Gosselin (after a noted 
 student of ancient geography), but had its name changed to 
 Cape L. by Captain Flinders. The erection on the cape of a 
 lighthouse of the first order, to be visible for 20 m. , has been 
 decided on by the W. Australian government. 
 
 Leeward Islands, a division of the W. Indies, but not always 
 in the same sense. By some geographers it is applied to the 
 Greater Antilles and the adjoining islands, that is, all the islands 
 N. of lat. 18° N., and comprising Cuba, Isle of Pines, Haiti, 
 Porto Rico, and Jamaica, and the smaller islands of Grand 
 Cayman and the Virgin Is. — they extend from 64° 15' W. to 
 85° W. — and by others solely to the islands off the N. coast of 
 Venezuela, the name being used in both these cases as dis- 
 tinguished from Windward to denote the islands not directly 
 exposed to the trade-wind. In England the name is officially 
 used to designate all the British islands between Porto Rico and 
 Dominica, and including the latter, all the others to the S. being 
 called the Windward Is. In this sense the Leeward Is. com- 
 prise the British Virgin Is. , St. Kitts and Nevds, Antigua, Mont- 
 serrat and Dominica, all of which are under a single governor, 
 and have a federal legislative assembly, composed of 10 nomi- 
 nated and 10 elected members. Dominica, St. Kitts, and .Antigua 
 are connected by cable with the U.S. and Eiu-ope. The total 
 value of the exports of the British Leeward Is. varies from 
 ;^400,oootO;^70o,ooo. Total area, 704 sq. m. P. (1891) 126,400. 
 
 Lefanga Harbonr, Upolu I., Samoan group, S. Pacific, in 
 13°S5'S-. 171° 55' W. 
 
 Leflnl, riv. , French Congo Terr., equatorial Africa, flows 
 nearly parallel to the Alima, entering the Congo (r. bk.) in 
 3° 12' S. 
 
 Lefkosla, Cyprus. See Nicosia. 
 
 Leflore, co., U.S., Mississippi, in the W., to the N. of 33° 
 N. , and W. of 90° W. 
 
 Lefroy, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co. , 44 m. N. by W. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lefroy, tn., Tasmania, Dorset co., 25 m. NNW. Launceston. 
 P. <isoo. 
 
 Lefsina. See Lensina. 
 
 Leftwleli, par., Eng., Cheshire, containing part of North- 
 wich. P. <:35oo. 
 
 Leg, in place-names, ' a district.' See Ley. 
 
 Lega, in Irish place-names, ' a hollow.' See I^. 
 
 Lega, or Leglia, Galla tribe in the SW. of Abyssinia. 
 
 Legakelly, P.O., Ire., co. Cavan, 5 m. E. Belturbet. 
 
 Leganes, comm., Spain, Madrid, dist. Getafe. P. < 5000. 
 
 Legaspi, tn. and port, Philippine Is., in the SE. p)enin. of 
 Luzon I., on the Gulf of Albay, with bad roadstead, expwsed in 
 winter to NW. winds. Large export of Manilla hemp. P. 
 (comm. ) 7200. 
 
 Legatlrrlir, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Antrim, dist. Glena\7. 
 
 Legbonme, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 3 m. 
 SE. Louth, with stn. (L. Road) on G. N. R., P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Legden, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt Miinster, circle 
 and dist. Ahaus. - P, (compi.)<3ooo. 
 870 
 
 L^^, tn., France, on the S. border of dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, 
 arr. and 23 m. S. by W. Nantes. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lege, state in Siamese portion of Malay Penin. , E. of the 
 Telubin R. , in about 5° 5S'-6° 35' N. 
 
 Legeoceaster , tn., Eng. See Leicester. 
 
 Legem^ood, par., Scot., Berwickshire, d,\ m. SE. by E. 
 Lauder, 3 m. N. by E. Earlston stn. ; 8789 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Le^amaddy, P.O., Ire., co. Down, 4 m. S. Downpatrick. 
 
 Leggs, tnld. , Ire., NW. co. Fermanagh, bar. Lurg, 9 m. E. 
 Ballyshannon, 5 m. from Belleek stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Leggy go wan, electoral div., Ire., co. Down, dist. Killyleagh. 
 
 Legba, tribe. See Lega. 
 
 Legbom (the ancient Labronis, near the site of PorUcs 
 Herculis, Italian Llvomo, French Llvonme), a fortified seapt. 
 city, Italy, cap. prov. L. , on the coast of the Tyirhenian Sea, lat. 
 43 33' N., long. 10° 20' E., 12 m. SSW. of Pisa. Lies at the 
 westward extremity of a low, somewhat marshy plain, surrounded 
 by hills to the S. and E. , but open on the N. , and towards the 
 sea on the W. It is a bishop's see, and is connected by rail 
 with Pisa and CoUe Salvetti. In the nth century it was but a 
 village, protected against the Saracens by a tower, and came 
 into the possession of the Pisans, with whom it remained for 296 
 years. In 1399 it fell into the hands of the Visconti of Milan, 
 and was occupied by the French fi-om 1404 to 1407, then made 
 over to the Genoese, who in 142 1 sold it to the Republic of 
 Florence. At this time it had a population of only 1200. The 
 Medici steadily favoured its progress, declared it a free port, with 
 special privileges, encouraging settlers, without distinction of race 
 or creed. A large number of Jewish, Moorish, Greek, and other 
 industrious refugees and traders firom Spain, the Levant, and 
 other parts were thereby attracted to L. , and largely added 
 to its population and commercial prosperity. In 1541 a 
 canal was dug, joining L. to Pisa, and thence by the .Arno 
 to Florence. The Medicean Grand Dukes drained the marshes, 
 extended and embellished the town, supplied it with water by 
 means of aqueducts, and intersected it with canals, by which 
 cargoes in the harbour discharged into lighters were stored 
 into spacious warehouses within the town or sent on to 
 Pisa and Florence. In 1605 L. was enclosed by a fortified 
 wall 5800 yards in circuit, and proclaimed a city, when its 
 population stood at 10,000. The old port being found inade- 
 quate, the Medicean port was constructed under Ferdinand I. 
 and Cosimo II., between 1587-1621. When the line of the 
 Medicis became extinct in 1737, the population of L. had in- 
 creased to 40,000. Under the Grand Dukes of the Habsburg- 
 Lorraine line, the magnificent works affording abundant water- 
 supply to L. were carried out, other improvements made, and 
 the Medicean wall pulled down in 1841, and another built 5 m. 
 in circuit, when the town boasted a population of 79,890. In 
 1855 the harbour works were begun, and have been recently 
 completed. The port has now an area of about 124 ac. , with a 
 depth of 23-33 ft. Vessels with 24 ft. draught can enter at high 
 water spring tides, and with 22 ft. at neap tides. The dry dock 
 has a length of 443 ft. , with a depth of 23 ft. The Orlando dock- 
 yard has also wet dock accommodation, with 2460 ft. depth of 
 water. The trade of L. is estimated to exceed ;^io,ooo,ooo 
 sterling. L. is now essentially a modem town, commodious 
 and healthy. It is a great resort of the better classes from the 
 inland towns in the summer months, when the influx of visitors 
 often exceeds 20,000. Mean temp. , yr. 60. 1° F. , Jan. 45. 3°, Aug. 
 76.1°; mean rfalL (1857-91), yr. 33.8 in., Oct.-Nov. 10.3 in. 
 P. (1881) 97,600. [E. A.] 
 
 Legland, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower Strabane, 
 (i\ m. NW. Omagh, P.O. (Leglands). P. <2So. 
 
 Legnago, fortified tn., N. Italy, one of the four fortresses 
 of ' the Quadrilateral ' [Italy], Venetia, prov. Verona, on the 
 Adige, 25 m. E. Mantua ; taken by French in 1796. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Legnano, market-tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Como, on riv. 
 Olona, 16 m. NW. by W. Milan. P. 7100. 
 
 Legnone, Honte, mt. , Italy, in the Alps, on the E. side of 
 Lake Como, to the S. of the Adda. Alt. 8565 ft. 
 
 Legonlel, civic tn. , Ire. , SE. co. Antrim, bar. Upper Belfast, 
 3 m. NW. Belfast, PMT.O. (Ugonlel). P.<45oo. 
 
 L^grM, comm., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, on the r. bk. of 
 the Drave, 53 m. NE. by E. Agram. P. <3000. 
 
 Legsby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 12 m. Wj 
 Louth, 2^ m. SE. by S. Market Rasen stn. P. -csoo. 
 
 Legnan, long isl., Brit. Guiana, in the mouth of the Esse- 
 qtiibo, near the E. shore of the estuar)'. 
 
 L^ga4^, port, France. See Salnt-Brlenc. 
 
 Legya, vil., Uppier Burma, in N. of Shan state L. , 120 m. 
 SE. by E. Mandalay. 
 
 Leh, tn., Kashmir {q.v.), cap. Ladakh, 160 m. E. Srinagar, 
 on a small plain between the Indus (from which it is distant 
 about 5 m. ) and a chain of motmtains. It is enclosed by a wall, ' 
 surmounted, at intervals with square towers, which extend on 
 each side to the tops of the mountains. It has several temples, 
 and the palace of the rajah is of great size, though rude in 
 finish. L. is the great rendezvous for intercourse between the 
 Punjab, and Tibet on the E. , and Chinese Turkistan on the N., 
 
LEHA — LEID 
 
 and the principal mart for shawl-wool, brought from the latter 
 country. Its trade is almost entirely a transit one. Alt. 11,530 
 ft. Estimated population, 4000. 
 
 Iiebaiunore, PT.O., Ire., SW. co. Cork, near AUihies, on 
 Kenmare R. 
 
 Lehardan, tnld., Ire., N. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 14 
 m. NW. Londonderry, on W. shore of Lough Swilly. P. <25o. 
 
 Lehe, vil., Prussia, prov. Hanover, govt. Stade, cap. circle L.; 
 connected by tramjvay with Bremerhafen and Geestemtinde to 
 the S. P. (i82i)<2ooo; (i8go) 14,500. 
 
 Lehen, Teutonic, ' a fief.' See Laen. 
 
 Lehenagh, electoral div., Ire., co. Cork, dist. Douglas. 
 
 Lebesten, tn., Ger., duchy Saxe-Meiningen, circle Saalfeld, 
 25 m. NE. by E. Koburg. P. <3000. 
 
 I/etal City, vil., U.S., state and co. Utah, 25 m. (31 m. by 
 rail) S. Salt Lake City. Alt. 4517 ft. (R.R.). 4586 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Iiehlgb (li'hai), vil., U.S., Iowa, Webster co., on Des Moines 
 R., 58 m. NNW. Des Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leblgli, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Richland co., 38 m. 
 S. by E. Fargo. 
 
 Lehlgb, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Stark co., 90 m. NE. 
 from the SW. corner of the state. 
 
 Lehigh, CO., U.S., Pennsylvania, in the SE., crossed by 40J 
 N. and 75!° E. , partly bounded on the E. by the Lehigh R., 
 which passes through a rich coal region, and breaks through 
 the Blue Ridge 12 m. below Mauch Chunk, to which place 
 it is navigable by canal boats. 
 
 Lehigh, Upper, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co., 26 
 m. SSW. Scranton, and 12 m. S. Wilkesbarre. Alt. 1802 ft. 
 (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Lehigh Gap, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Carbon co., on the 
 1. bk. of the Lehigh, 42 m. S. by E. Scranton. Alt. 393 ft. (R. R. ). 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Lehlghton, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Carbon co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Lehigh, 39 m. S. Scranton. P. < 3000. 
 
 Lehigh University, at S. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, U.S. 
 
 Lehlnch, tn.. Ire., NW. co. Clare, bar. Corcomroe, 16 m. 
 WNW. Ennis, on the W. Clare Rly., PMT.O. (Lahlnch). 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Lehm, Ger., laam, Anglo-Saxon, leem, Dutch, 'clay,' 'mud.' 
 
 Lehmknhle -vrlth Gut Knlppenbnrg, vil. , Prussia, prov. 
 Westphalia, govt. Miinster, circle Recklinghausen. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lebiiln, vil. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt, and 14 m. 
 WSW. Potsdam, circle Zauch-Belzig, between two small lakes 
 in the midst of a large forest. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Le Hoca, stn. , Channel Is. , 2 m. SE. St. Helier, Jersey, on 
 the Jersey Eastern Rly. 
 
 Lehrte, vil., Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Burgdorf, 9 m. 
 E. Hanover. P. <:4000. 
 
 Lelab, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Dera Ismsiil Khdn, 65 
 m. NW. by N. Mi'iltdn. P. 7400 ; Moham. 4200 ; Hindus, 3300. 
 
 Lelblcz, comm. and health resort, Austria- Hungary, co. 
 Szepes, dist. Tdtra. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Lelbltz, tn., Hungary, co. Zips (Szepes), 46 m. NW. by W. 
 Kaschau, with sulphur springs. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Leibnitz, market-tn. , Austria, Styria, on the Lassnitz, 21 m. 
 S. by E. Graz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Leicester (16s'ter), Saxon Legeoceaster, not improbably the 
 Ratce or Ragx of the Romans, old mun. bor. (since John's reign), 
 pari, and co. bor. , and market and co. tn. , Eng. , Leicestershire, 
 diocese of Peterborough, 97I m. by rail from London, 27 m. by 
 rail, 22 m. direct S., Nottingham, on the L. & NW. R., M. R., 
 and G. N. R., and on the riv. Soar, which is navigable to 
 this point, beyond which navigation is continued by the L. 
 and Northamptonshire Union, the Grand Union, and Grand 
 Junction Canals to the Thames. The staple trade of the town 
 is in woollen hosiery, for which it has been noted at least since 
 the middle of the i8th century (the breed of sheep in the 
 county of L. yielding one of the finest wools for the manufacture 
 of worsted yarn). Next in importance to hosiery is the boot 
 and shoe manufacture. Sewing - cotton, lace, and elastic 
 webbing are also made, and there are large mills for the 
 doubling and spinning of lambs' wool. A neighbouring coal- 
 field affords abundant supply of cheap coal. The church of 
 St. Nicholas is built partly of bricks from the old Roman wall. 
 In 1852 the main drainage was commenced and completed in 
 1B54 ; further works on a great scale, begun by the Corporation 
 in 1884, in order to obviate the risk of occasional basement 
 flooding, and to dispose of the tovm sewage, which is utilised 
 on a sewage-farm of 1375 ac. L. was a British city, cap. of 
 the Coritani, and from 680-874 the seat of a bishopric. Formerly 
 seat of an abbey in which Cardinal Wolsey died (1530). Market- 
 days, W. and S. Mun. bor. P. (1851) 60,600; (1871) 95,200; 
 (1891) 142,000; and at same date within area as extended 
 October 31, 1891, 174,600; parl.bor. P. (1891) 142,000. 
 
 Leicester (Igs'ter), tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., 
 5 m. W. by S. Worcester. P. <4000. 
 
 Leicester, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Buncombe co., 95 m. 
 ENE. of the SW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leicester Abbey, par. , Eng. , co. and N. vicinity of Leicester. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Leicester Forest, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Leicestershire, E. Leicester Forest, 2| m. S. Leicester. P. (of 
 each) < 250. 
 
 Leicester Frith, par., Eng., co. and 2 m. NW. Leicester. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Leicestershire, co. , nearly in the middle of Eng. , in the basin 
 of the Trent, which forms a portion of its northern boundary ; 
 belonging mainly to the diocese of Peterborough, but partly in 
 the dioceses of Southwell and Worcester ; cap. Leicester (pari, 
 bor.); other chief towns, Loughborough, Hinckley, Ashby-de- 
 la-Zouch, and Melton Mowbray; divided into the following 
 pari. divs. : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 Eastern, or Melton . 
 Mid, or Loughborough 
 Western, or Bosworth 
 Southern, or Harborough . 
 Leicester, pari. bor. . 
 
 Total .... 
 
 19T.233 
 
 83.736 
 
 "2,457 
 
 136.332 
 
 3.366 
 
 59,860 
 55.164 
 57.146 
 59.369 
 142,045 
 
 527,1241 
 
 373.584^ 
 
 1 The administrative county includes also the parts of Market Har- 
 borough and Great and Little Bowden, urban sanitary dist., in the 
 ancient county of Northampton, and the part of Hinckley dist. in that 
 of Warwick. Area, 528,986 ac. P. 375,092. 
 
 Surface undulating, mainly below 500 ft. , but rising in the NW. 
 in Charnwood Forest to 912 ft. Elsewhere also hilly country 
 prevails, the Soar and its trib., the Wreak, traversing well- 
 marked valleys. Geologically, the E. half of the county be- 
 longs to the Lias, the W. mainly to the New Red Sandstone ; 
 but in Charnwood Forest, besides Archcean and igneous rocks, 
 there is a considerable area of Cambrian age, and in the extreme 
 W. of the county there is a small but productive coalfield, coal 
 being mined at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Whitwick, Bagworth, Moira, 
 Woodville, Ibstock, Heather, Netherseal, and Coalville. Among 
 other minerals of importance are iron ore at Melton Mowbray, 
 fireclay at Burton-on-Trent and Ashby Wolds, pipeclay at 
 Woodville and Overseal. Limestone is quarried at Barrow- 
 on-Soar, and Breedon (for lime), and slate at Swithland and 
 Groby; granite and syenite at Mountsorrel, Groby, Enderby, 
 and Croft. The county is noted for its breed of horses, cattle, 
 and sheep, and for its dairy produce, notably Stilton cheese. 
 The famous L. breed of sheep, which yields one of the finest of 
 ' long-stapled ' wools (adapted for the spinning of worsted yarn for 
 use in the hosiery manufacture), was perfected about the middle 
 of the i8th century by Bakewell, a noted agriculturist of this 
 county. From the tables in the Appendix, pp. 7-9, it may 
 be seen that L. is at the head of all English counties in the 
 relative extent of permanent pasture and number of cattle 
 relatively to total area, and that it is one of those showing 
 the greatest increase under both these heads in 1893 as 
 compared with 1869, while the county shows the same diminu- 
 tion as others in the area under corn and green crops. The 
 principal manufacture is worsted and cotton hose ; there are 
 also agricultural implement and pottery and fire-brick factories. 
 At Melton Mowbray there are blast-furnaces. The railways 
 are numerous, belonging mainly to the Midland system, but 
 also to the G. N. R., and in the S. to the L. & NW. R. 
 Canals from the collieries in the NW., and the Soar near 
 Leicester, connect with the Grand Junction Canal and the 
 Thames. The first known inhabitants of this dist. were the 
 Coritani Welsh, whom the Romans subdued. The terr. 
 was later taken by the English and Warings, named the Middle 
 English, and shared the fate of the kingdom of Mercia. The 
 northmen settled here, and it was within the Dane-laga, but 
 after the accession of William the Conqueror it ranked with the 
 other shires. See England, table. 
 
 Lelcbhardt, co.. New South Wales, crossed by 31° S., and 
 in the N. by 148° E. 
 
 Lelclihardt, pastoral dist., Queensland, behind the coast- 
 range, divided about the middle by the Tropic of Capricorn. 
 
 Lelcbhardt, riv. , Queensland, flows N. across the plains of 
 Promise Land, entering the Gulf of Carpentaria in about 139° 
 50' E. Named in honour of Leichhardt, a German traveller, 
 who perished in one of his explorations, 1848, the cause and 
 place of his death never having been discovered. Length 
 about 250 m. 
 
 Leichhardt, suburb, 3 m. W. Sydney, New South Wales. 
 P. 17,100. 
 
 Lel'Cbon, tn., in the S. of China, on the E. ct. of the L. 
 Renin, (between the China Sea and the Gulf of Tongking), 
 Kwangtung prov. , 82 m. SE. by E. Pakhoi. 
 
 Lelcbllngen, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Solingen, 12 
 m. SSW. Elberfeld. P. (comm. ) 5900. 
 
 Leiden (formerly spelt also Leyden, the ancient Lttgdunum 
 Batavorum), city, Holland, prov. S. Holland, 10 m. NE. by E. 
 
 871 
 
L E I G — L E I R 
 
 The Hague, 22 m. SW. Amsterdam, and 17 m. N. Rotterdam, 
 with both of which it is connected by canals and railways, on the 
 Old Rhine (Oude Rijn) 6 m. from its mouth in the North Sea. 
 Seat of a university (founded in 1575 to reward the inhabitants 
 for their courageous defence against the Spaniards, May 25 to 
 Oct. 3, 1574), for a long time one of the most celebrated 
 .schools of Europe (numbering among its professors Salmasius 
 and Grotius), and still the most important university of Holland. 
 Connected with it are museums of natural history, cabinets of 
 comparative anatomy, an Egyptian museum, botanic garden, 
 and an extensive library of books and rare Oriental MSS. 
 Manufactures, cloths and woollen materials, salt, and soap ; 
 important tanneries. P. (1869) 39,200 ; (1889) 43,500. 
 
 Leigh, in place-names, ' a district. ' See Ley. 
 
 Leish (li), par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 5J m. S. by W. 
 Sherborne, x\ m. SE. Yetminster stn. , PM. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Lelgb, par. and seapt. , Eng. , Essex, SE. div. , on the Thames, 
 2\ m. W. Southend, on the London, Tilbury, and Southend 
 Rly. , with coastguard station, PMT.O. P. <250o. 
 
 Leigh, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 4 m. SSW. 
 Tewkesbury. P. <500. 
 
 I<elgli, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 3 m. W. Tunbridge, i m. 
 SSW. Hildenborough stn. , PMT.O. ; 4721 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leigh, eccles. par. and market-tn., Eng., Lancashire, L. 
 div., 6 m. SE. by E. Wigan, with stn. (L. and Bedford) on the 
 L. & NW. R. The town has extensive cotton manufactures ; 
 coal is abundant, and there is a large foundry for agricultural 
 implements ; a canal communicates with the Leeds and Liver- 
 pool Canal, and with Manchester. Technical school and public 
 library opened in 1894. Par. P. 12,300; tn. P. 28,700; pari, 
 div. P. (1891) 65,200. 
 
 Leigh, West, par., i§ m. NW., on another line of the 
 L. & NW. R. (i m. N. of the stn.), PM.O. P. 10,900. 
 
 Leigh, Eng. , Somerset. See Leigh upon aiendip. 
 
 Leigh, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Burton div., 10 m. NE. 
 Stafford, on the N. Staffordshire Rly. , P. O. ; 6223 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Leigh, par., Eng., Surrey, Reigate div., 4 m. SE. by E. 
 Dorking, 3 m. S. by E. Betchworth stn., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Leigh, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade div., 6J m. SSE. 
 Cirencester, 2 m. W. by S. Cricklade stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 See Ashton Keynes. 
 
 Leigh, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., on the 
 Teme, 4^ m. W. by S. Worcester, with a stn. (Leigh Court) 
 on the G. W. R., PT.O. (L.), and PT.O. (L. Slnton)i; 5623 ac. 
 P. <5ooo ; eccles. par. (L. ivlth Bransford) P. <:isoo. 
 
 Leigh, High and Little, two pars. , Eng. , Cheshire, div. and 
 2J m. NW. by W. Northwich, 2 m. N. Acton Bridge stn., 
 PMT.O. (High Leigh). Little L. P.<soo; High L. 4522 aa, 
 
 P. <IOOO. 
 
 Leigh, North and South, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Oxford- 
 shire, Witnev union. North L. , P.O., P. <:75o; South L., on 
 G. W. R., P'. <:5oo. 
 
 Leigh Delamere, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Chippenham div. , 
 12 m. NE. Bath, 4 m. NW. Chippenham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Leighfield, par. , Eng. , Rutland, 3 m. SW. by S. Oakham. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Leigh Hill, P.O., Eng., Wiltshire, 2 m. from Savernake. 
 
 Lelghland, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, Old Cleeve par. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Lelghlinbrldge (lokhlin-brij), tn.. Ire., co. Carlow, bars. 
 Idrone, W. and E. , on both sides of the Barrow, ^\ m. S. by 
 W. Carlow, 2^ m. N. Bagenalstown, with remains of a fortress 
 dating from 1181, PMT.O., and P.O. (Old LelghUn). P. < 
 
 750- 
 
 Lelghmoney, par., Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Kinalea, 4 m. SW. 
 Kinsale, on riv. Bandon. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Leigh Road, tn., Victoria. See Bannockbnm. 
 
 Lelghs, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., Essex, 
 Chelmsford div. , Little L. 5 m. SSW. Braintree, 4 m. N W. by 
 W. Hatfield Peverel stn. Great L. , PT.O. , P. <75o ; Little L. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Lelghterton, vil. , Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 
 4^ m. ESE. Wotton-under-Edge. See Boxwell. 
 
 Leighton (le'ton), par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 2 m. 
 NW. Crewe. P. <25o; eccles. par. (L. iirith MlnshnllTemon) 
 P. <7SO. 
 
 Leighton, par., Eng., Cheshire, on Dee estuary, in town of 
 Neston and Parkgate. P. <5oo. 
 
 Leighton, par. , Eng. , Salop, Wellington div. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Severn, 9 m. SE. by E. Shrewsbury, PMT.O. P. -csoo. 
 
 Leighton, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on Offa's Dyke 
 and riv. Severn, 3 m. SE. Welshpool, P.O. P. <5oo. See 
 Trelystan. 
 
 Leighton Broms^old, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. 
 and 8 m. WNW. Huntingdon, 3J m. NNE. Kimbolton stn., 
 P.O. (Leighton). P. <5oo. 
 
 Leighton Buzzard, par. and market-tn., Eng., Bedford- 
 shire, div. and 11 m. W. by N. Luton, on the Ousel, 1 m. E. 
 of its stn. (Leighton) on the L. & NW. R., with stone and 
 phosphate of lime. Market-days, Tu. and S. P. 6700. 
 872 
 
 Leighton Hill, hill, Eng. , in the N. of the Hexham div. 
 of Northumberland, 20 m. N. Hexham. 
 
 Leigh upon Mendlp, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 9 m. 
 SW. Bristol, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Lei-klang, riv. , China. See Lal-kiang. 
 
 Lelma, or Leymah, maritime tn. , SE. Arabia, Oman, about 
 250 m. NNW. Maskat, on the strait of Ormuz. 
 
 Leimhach, tn. , Pnissia, prov. Saxony, Mansfeld mountain 
 circle, 4 m. NE. by N. Eisleben. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Leimnlden, comm. , Holland, prov. N. Holland, 9 m. NE. 
 by E. Leiden. P. <2.ooo. 
 
 Leine, riv. , Ger. , rises in the SW. of the Prussian prov. of 
 Saxony, and flows first W. then on the whole N. mainly through 
 the prov. of Hanover past Hanover into the Aller ; navigable 
 from Hanover, 35 m. Length, 119 m.; area of basin, 2425 sq. m. 
 
 Lelnster (Ifin'ster), the SE. prov. of Ire. {q.v. ). The prov. was 
 originally called Galian, but had its name changed to Laighen 
 in the 3rd century A.D., when a body of Gallic mercenaries, 
 armed with broad-headed spears ('laighen'), was introduced 
 on the occasion of a feud in the ruling family. The termina- 
 tion ster was afterwards added, in accordance with the analogy 
 of the names of the other provs. The form Laighensier is found 
 in a document of the 15th century (Joyce). 
 
 Lelnster, dist. , Ire. , in the SE. of Queen's co. , bar. Slieve- 
 margy. 
 
 Lelnster, mt.. Ire., in the W. of co. Wexford, 11 m. NW. 
 Enniscorthy. Height, 2610 ft. 
 
 Lelnthall Earles, eccles. par. , Eng. , Hereford, div. and 6J 
 m. NW. by N. Leominster, 5 m. NW. Berrington and Eye stn. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Lelnthall, Starkes, par. , 2 m. to the N. , 6 m. SW. Ludlow 
 stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Lelntwardlne, North Side, par., Eng., Herefordshire and 
 Salop, div. and 12 m. NW. by N. Leominster, 3 m. E. Buck- 
 nell stn., PMT.O.; 5611 ac. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (L. -with 
 Adforton) P. < 1500. 
 
 Lelpnlk, or Llpnlk, tn. , Austria, Moravia, on riv. Beczwa, 
 16 m. E. by S. Olmiitz. P. 5400. 
 
 Lelpotlng, tn., China, Siichwan, near the L bk. of the 
 Yangtse-kiang, 170 m. S. by W. Chengtu-fu. 
 
 Leipslc, vil., U.S., Ohio, Putnam co., 45 m. SW. by S. 
 Toledo. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Leipzig (name derived firom Slav, lipa or /»^=lime tree), 
 second tn. of the kgd. of Saxony. It is situated in a large and 
 fertile plain, in 51° 20' 6" N. lat. and 12° 23' 30" E. long., at 
 the confluence of the Elster, Pleisse, and Parthe. L. is an 
 interesting town, and has many old buildings and narrow streets 
 in the centre ; these are surrounded by the modern parts of the 
 town, which are finely built, and intersected by broad avenues 
 and promenades. Celebrated are the Pleissenburg (the old 
 citadel of L. during the Middle Ages), the Guild Hall, the Royal 
 Palace, and among the churches New St. Peter's, beautifully 
 built in the Gothic style. A number of suburbs which surround 
 L. , viz., Plagwitz, Lindenau, Reudnitz, Connewitz, and Gohlis, 
 are connected with the industrial development of the town. L. 
 is one of the principal industrial and commercial cities of the 
 German Empire. It is the centre of the German book trade : 
 there are a great many printing and bookbinding establishments, 
 and more than 500 publishing firms have their seat at L. Also 
 other industries have greatly developed in recent times, the 
 textile, iron, leather, pajier, and tobacco industries b:ing in a 
 flourishing state. The great commercial importance of L. is 
 due to its situation in the plain between the industrial dists. of 
 the Erzgebirge and the Thuringian Forest Mts., and on the 
 natural highway connecting the Rhine with the Elbe terrs. Rail- 
 ways converge from all directions, and the three great fairs, 
 which are annually held, are still among the principal commer- 
 cial features of L., although they have ceased to be of such 
 world-wide importance as was the case in the 17th and i8th 
 centuries. Since 1879 L. is the seat of the ' Reichsgericht,' the 
 supreme court of justice of the German Empire. The university 
 of L. , founded in 1409, is one of the principal centres of learning 
 on the continent, and is frequented by more than 3000 students. 
 In the early Middle Ages L. was a village of Wendish fishermen. 
 It is first mentioned as a town in 1015. In the following cen- 
 turies it made rapid strides, but suffered greatly during the Thirty 
 Years' and Seven Years' Wars. The Napoleonic campaigns 
 also proved a very critical period for the town, until the French 
 were finally driven out of Germany after their crushing defeat in 
 the great battle of Leipzig (i6th to 19th October 1813). Since 
 that time the industrial and commercial development of L. has 
 been great and rapid. Alt. 390 ft. Mean temp., yr. 46.7° F., 
 Jan. 30.6°, July 65 ; mean rfall. (ao years), 22.7 in. P. (1676J 
 20,000; (1776) 24,000; (1800) 32,000; (1850) 65,000; (1870) 
 95,000 ; (1890) 295,025. [H. «. 8.] 
 
 Lelpzlis, tn. , Tasmania, co. Glamorgan, 66 m. from Launce- 
 ston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lelrdal, vil. , Norway, on the Sognefjord, 88 m. NE. Bergen, 
 in 61° 7' N. , 7° 27' E. Mean temp. , yr. 43° F. , Jan. 29°, July 
 61.6°; mean rfall. (9 yrs.), 12.6 in. 
 
LEIR — LELU 
 
 Letre, par., Eng. , Leicestershire, Harborough div. , 9^ m. N. 
 by E. Rugby, 2 m. SW. Broughton Astley stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lelila, city, Portugal, cap. prov. L. , 37 m. SW. by S. 
 Coimbra, residence of a bishop. Connected by a horse tram- 
 way with the port of Sao Martinho, 23 m. SSW. To the W. 
 of the town are dunes, planted, since the end of the 13th century, 
 with pines, which now form the largest forest in Portugal. In 
 the neighbourhood iron-mines are worked. P. <:400o. 
 
 Lelro, comm., Spain, prov. Orense, dist. Rivadavia. P. SICX). 
 
 Lels, comm. , Switzd. See Lens. 
 
 Lelsnlg, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Leipzig, dist. Dobeln, 
 on the Freiberger Mulde, 26 m. ESE. Leipzig, and 5 m. ENE. 
 Kolditz ; considerable woollen manufactures and shoemaking. 
 Near it Mildenstein baths (pine-leaf, &c. ) ; also a climatic 
 health-resort. P. 7900. 
 
 Lelsslgeu, comm. , Switzd. , cant. Bern, on the S. side of Lake 
 Thun, 5 m. WSW. Interlaken. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Lelston (le's'n), par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Eye div. , 21 m. SW. by S. 
 Lowestoft, 2 m. from the coast, on the G. E. R. , with extensive 
 manufacture of agricultural implements. L. Abbey dates from 
 about the close of 14th century, or early in 15th century ; parts 
 of the choir, with chapels and transepts, are still standing, and 
 are now used for farm purposes. PMT.O. 4987 ac. P. < 
 3000 ; eccles. par. (L. with Slzewell) P. <:3000. 
 
 Leltanl, Nahr-el*. See Utanl, Nahr-el-. 
 
 Leltchvllle, tn., Victoria, co. Gunbower, 187 m. NW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lelte, one of the Philippines. See Leyte. 
 
 Leltclshaln, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and dist. Zwickau. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Letter, Gaelic, in place-names, letter, ' the slope of a hill.' 
 
 Leltem, comm. , Switzd. See Echelles, L'. 
 
 Leltb (lith), ancient Let or Inverlet, pari, burgh (since 1833), 
 mun. burgh, par. , seapt. , and tn. , Scot. , Midlothian, on S. shore 
 of the Firth of Forth, its S. boundary conterminous with the N. 
 boundary of Edinburgh, with stns. on the C. R. and N. B. R. 
 Besides important shipbuilding yards, the town has saw, flour, 
 and meal mills, sugar refineries, engineering works, breweries, 
 and distilleries. Its formerly important manufacture of glass 
 has all but died out. The first wooden pier was made (by the 
 Earl of Hertford) in 1544, followed early in the 17th century by 
 another. The first wet dock was begun in 1800, and finished in 
 1806. L. has now 6 dry docks, the largest 385 ft. long, 21 ft. 
 deep on sill at high water ordinary spring tides, an inner and 
 outer harbour (the latter with 3000 ft. of quayage ; depth at 
 side ordinary springs, high water, 26J ft., low water, 9 ft.), and 
 6 wet docks, the largest being the Edinburgh Dock, area i6§ 
 ac. , depth over sill, high water, 25J ft. ordinary springs, 22 ft. 
 ordinary neaps. Total water area of harbours and docks, 80 
 ac. The continental trade of L. is chiefly with Hamburg, 
 Christiansand, Copenhagen, Stettin, Bremerhaven, Amsterdam, 
 Antwerp, Dunkirk, and Rotterdam. For statistics, see Ap- 
 pendix, p. 13. There is a Government Navigation School. 
 The town was walled and fortified in 1549 by D'Ess^, com- 
 mander of the French troops in Scotland. The stone wall, 
 pierced by six gates or ' ports,' was partly dismantled in 1560, 
 rebuilt in 1571, and has now totally disappeared. The citadel 
 of L. , constructed mainly by the forces of Oliver Cromwell in 
 1650, was of considerable size, and stood on the North L. side 
 of the river. After the Restoration it was almost entirely de- 
 stroyed, and now only a Saxon archway and a few feet of old 
 wall remain. L. was the birthplace of John Home, the author 
 of ' Douglas. ' L. unites with Musselburgh and Portobello in 
 returning a member to Parliament. Mean temp. (20 yrs.), yr. 
 47.8° F., Jan. 39.1°, July 59.0°; rfall. (25 yrs.), 23.6 in. Tn. P. 
 (1891) 68,700 ; pars. NortbL., on N. B. R. , P. 21,700 ; South L., 
 on N. B. R. , P. 54,500; pari, and mun. burgh P. (1851) 30,900; 
 (1871) 44,300; (1891) 67,700; pari. dist. of burghs P. 84,800. 
 
 Lelth, tn. , Tasmania, Devon co., on the N. ct. , 50 m. 
 WNW. Launceston, 19 m. ESE. Emu Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lelth Walk, stn., Scot., Edinburgh, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Lelth, Water of, riv. , Scot., Midlothian, rises in the SW. of 
 the county, and flows NE. past Currie and Edinburgh into the 
 Firth of Forth at Leith. The name, according to Chalmers, is 
 from Celtic llith, ' flood.' 
 
 Leltha, or Leytha, riv. , Austria-Hungary, r. bk. trib. of the 
 Danube, formed in the SE. of Lower Austria by the meeting of 
 the Schwarzau and Pittenau, flows NE. , forming in some parts 
 the Austro-Hungarian border [Anstrla-Hungaryl afterwards 
 parallel to the main stream, a branch of which (skirting the 
 S. ct. of the isl. of Little Schiitt) it joins at Ungarisch-Altenburg. 
 
 Lelth Hill, Eng. , Surrey, Reigate div. , 4^ m. SW. Dorking, 
 3^ m. W. Holmwood stn. Height, 965 ft. 
 
 Leltholm, vil. , Scot. , Berwickshire, 4 m. NW. Coldstream, 
 S^m. SE. Marchmontstn., PT.O. 
 
 Leltmerltz, or Lltomlerczlcze, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on 
 the r. bk. of the Elbe, 15 m. SE. by E. Tephtz, opposite the 
 fortress of Theresienstadt. Alt. 490-560 ft. P. 11,300. 
 
 Leltomlschl, or Lentomlschel, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 32 
 m. SE. Koniggratz. Alt. 1140 ft. P. 5600. 
 
 Leltrlm (li'trlm), co. , Ire., Connaught, bounded W. by cos. 
 Roscommon and Sligo, N. by the bay and co. Donegal, E. by 
 cos. Fermanagh and Cavan, and SE. by co. Longford ; divided 
 into the following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Carrigallen 
 Drumahaire . 
 Leitrim . 
 Mohill . 
 Rosclogher 
 
 Total, Leitrim 
 
 Acres. 
 
 62,597 
 110,151 
 
 59.243 
 62,903 
 81,616 
 
 376.510 
 
 Pop- 1891. 
 
 14,691 
 20,798 
 14,270 
 
 15.899 
 12,960 
 
 78,618 
 
 The surface is mostly wild and rugged ; in the S. of the county 
 below 500 ft. , in the N. mountainous. Slieve Anierin, E. of 
 Lough Allen, in the centre of the county, reaches a height of 
 1922 ft. Loughs Allen and Melvin are mainly in this county, 
 and there are numerous smaller lakes. The chief river is the 
 Shannon, which enters the county about the middle, flows S. 
 into Lough Allen, which it drains S., forming part of the 
 western boundary of the county. The Erne and Shannon 
 Junction Canal traverses the county through the middle of its 
 lower portion. More than half of the area is pasture land. For 
 agricultiu-al statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. The county 
 belongs almost entirely to the Carboniferous era, but mainly to 
 the unproductive members of the series, although there are 
 one or two patches belonging to the coal-measures, and coal, 
 mined at Knockateeane, Seltannaskeagh, and TuUymorrow, is 
 the only mineral of importance. There are manufactures of 
 linens and coarse woollens. The Longford and Sligo Rly. 
 passes through the extreme SW., and its branch, the Sligo, 
 Leitrim and Northern Cos. Rly. , the N. of the county. Two 
 members (N. and S. divs.) are returned to Parliament. County 
 town, Carrick-on-Shannon ; other towns with more than 1000 
 inhabitants, Manorhamilton and MohilL See Ireland, table. 
 
 Leltrlm, par. , Ire. , cos. Cork and Waterford, bars. Condons 
 and Clangibbon, and Coshmore and Coshbridge, on riv. Black- 
 water, 4 m. NE. Fermoy; 7128 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Leltrlm, tnld. , Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, Lower 
 Half, 5 m. NW. Castlewellan, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Leltrlm, par. , Ire. , SE. co. Galway, bar. L. , 5 m. SE. by E, 
 Loughrea ; 4099 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Leltrlm, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Tarbert No. i. 
 
 Leltrlm, tn. , Ire. , SE. co. L. , bar. L. , on the 1. bk. of the 
 Shannon, 3 m. NNE. Carrick-on-Shannon, PT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Leltrlm, electoral div.. Ire., co. Sligo, dist. Tobercurry. 
 
 Lelva, tn., Colombia, Boyaca, 85 m. NNE. Bogota. Alt. 
 6500 ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lelvanates, ct. vil., Greece, prov. Phthiotis and Phocis, on 
 the Euripus (channel of Atalante), 35 m. WNW. Chalkis. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Lelxllp (li'slip), old Norse Laxhlaup, 'Salmon leap', par. 
 and tn., Ire., cos. Dublin and Kildare, bars. Newcastle and 
 North Salt, on the L bk. of the Liffey, 4^ m. E. by S. Maynooth, 
 I m. from the Royal Canal, on the Midland Great Western Rly. , 
 PMT.O. Par. P. < 2000; tn. P.<75o. 
 
 Lelxoes, the outport of Oporto, Portugal, 3 m. N. of the 
 mouth of the Douro, with an artificial harbour in the form of a 
 square, with a side 3300 ft. long ; width of entrance (on W. side, 
 open to the S.), 748 ft.; least depth, 33 ft.; greatest, 45 ft. 
 
 Lelyang, China. See Lalyaug. 
 
 Lejah, El. See Haaran. 
 
 Lek, riv. , Netherlands. See Rhine. 
 
 Lekhalua, tn., Greece, prov. Achaia and Ehs, 33 m. SW. by 
 W. Patras. P. <3000 ; comm. (Hyrtonntlol) P. 10,700. 
 
 Lekkl, or Leke, W. Africa, on the S. side of the L. lagoon 
 (the eastern expansion of the Lagos lagoon), 50 m. E. Lagos, in 
 4° 8' E., about 2 m. N. of the Bight of Benin, a British posses- 
 sion since 1862. 
 
 Leko, isl., Norway, off the W. ct., prov. N. Trondhjem, in 
 65° 10' N. 
 
 Lekole, riv. , AfHca. See Llkuala. 
 
 Leland, vil., U.S., Illinois, La Salle co., 58 m. W. by S. 
 Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leland Stanford TnlTerslty. See Palo Alto. 
 
 Lelangen, lake, SW. Norway and SE. Sweden, E. of 
 Fredrikshald, S. end 38 m. direct N. Uddevalla, with which it is 
 now being connected by narrow-gauge railway. 
 
 Lelnut, stn. and PMT. O. , Eng. , Cornwall. See Cny Lelant. 
 
 Leila Khedlja, mt. , Algeria. See Atlas. 
 
 Lella-SIaghnla, or Lalla-Mahrnla, tn. , Algeria, prov. Oran, 
 29 m. W. Tlemsen ; the French town dates from 1844 ; with 
 various hot springs in the neighbourhood, and mines of copper 
 and lead near at Ghar Rubben. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Lelley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 7J 
 m. ENE. Hull, 3 m. NE. by N. Hedon stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Lelnndo, or Lllnndo, riv. , in N. of Congo Free State, Africa, 
 flows W. and enters the Atlantic at Fonda Bay, in 6'' 58' S. 
 
 873, 
 
LEMA — LENK 
 
 Lema, group of islets, S. China, 4 m. S. Hong-kong. 
 
 Lematre Bay, Newfoundland, on the E. ct., in 51° 30' N. 
 
 lie Slalre Islands, another name of the Palowi group, Ger. 
 New Guinea. 
 
 lie Malre Islands, Ger. New Guinea, in about 3° 20' S., 
 144° 20' E. 
 
 IiC Haire Strait, S. America, is between Tierra del Fuego 
 and Staten I. , in 54° 40' S. , 65° W. Breadth, 15-18 m. It was 
 discovered in 1616 by the navigators Schouten and Le Maire. 
 
 Lemanaghan, par. , Ire. , N W. King's co. , bar. Garrycastle, 
 loj m. W. Tullamore ; 19,616 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Ionian lake, Switzd. See GeneTa, Iiake of. 
 
 Leman Sand, sandbank, in North Sea, 25 m. NE. Cromer, 
 15 m. in extent from NW. to SE., with a light-vessel between it 
 and Ower Sands, visible 11 m. 
 
 I<einan Street, stn. , Eng. , London, on the G. E. R. and N. 
 L. R., ijm. E. St. Paul's. 
 
 Lemanus, Lacus. See Genera, Lake of. 
 
 Lemars, city, U.S., Iowa, Plymouth co., on Floyd R., 23 m. 
 NE. by N. Siou.x City. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lembecq-lez-Hal, tn., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Brussels, 
 2 m. S. Hal, on the Senne. P. <:4000. 
 
 Iieinl>eke, tn., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 11 m. NNW. 
 Ghent. 
 
 Iiemberg (Polish Tiwo'vr, sometimes called Leopol, from the 
 Latin name Leopolis), tn., Austria, cap. crownland Galicia, 185 
 m. E. by S. Cracow, on the Peltew, in a deep valley ; seat of a 
 Catholic bishop, an Armenian archbishop, and a bishop for the 
 United Greeks ; a university founded in 1817, reorganised in 
 1847 ; a Ruthenian society of literature ; an extensive commerce 
 with Russia and Turkey. The ramparts have been rased and 
 replaced by promenades. L. was founded in 1259, besieged by 
 the Turks in 1524 and 1672, and taken and sacked in 1705 
 by Charles XII. of Sweden. Alt. 978 ft. Mean temp., yr. 
 44.6° F. , Jan. 24.4°, July 65.4°; mean rfall. (45 yrs.), 26.9 in. 
 P. (1809) 42,000; (1870) 87,100; (1890) 127,900, more than 
 30,000 of whom are Jews. 
 
 Lemgo, tn. , Ger., princip. Lippe (Detmold), circle L. , 18 
 m. S. Minden, 7 m. NNE. Detmold, with manufactures of 
 woollen, linen, leather, and meerschaum pipes. It was formerly 
 one of the Hanse towns. P. 7300. 
 
 Leinhl, co. , U.S., Idaho, separated from Montana on the E. 
 by the Rocky Mts. , drained by the E. fork of Salmon R. and 
 by Rocky Creek. 
 
 Lemlil, riv., U.S., in the E. of Idaho, flows NW. parallel to 
 the Rocky Mts. , and enters the Salmon R. at Salmon City, in 
 45° 11' N.; its valley (70 m. long, 4-6 m. wide) is noted for its 
 crops and dairies. 
 
 Lemlngton, stn. , Eng. , Northumberland, Tyneside div. , on 
 the Tyne, 4^ m. W. Newcastle, i m. N. Blaydon stn. , on NE. 
 R., PMT.O. 
 
 Lenilngton, Iiower, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Cirencester 
 div., 13 m. SE. by E. Evesham, i^ m. NE. by N. Moreton in 
 the Marsh stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Lemlara, P.O., Ire., co. and 11 m. NE. by E. Cork. 
 
 Lemmer, De, tn., Holland, prov. Friesland, on the NE. ct. 
 of the Zuider Zee, 24 m. S. by W. Leeuwarden. P. 3000. 
 
 Lenimington, par., Eng., Northumberland, 5 m. SW. 
 Alnwick. P. <25o. 
 
 Lemni, Lemnos, Ilmno, I/lmnl, or Sta-Umene (from a 
 Semitic root meaning 'white'), called by the Greeks Hephaistia, 
 by the Romans Vulcania, or Aithalea ('the burning' or 'flam- 
 ing,' with reference to its volcano, Mosykhlos, active in historical 
 times), isl., Turkey in Europe, vilayet Jezairi-Bahri-Sefid, i^ the 
 N. of the .iEgean Sea, crossed in the N. by 40° N. , E. of 25° E. , 
 of irregular form, composed of several isolated groups of extinct 
 volcanoes (the highest point being 1410 ft.) standing in plains 
 covered with scoria;. Almost destitute of trees, even the olive 
 wanting; soil, however, fertile. Amongst articles of commerce 
 is a red earth, celebrated in the East as an astringent medicine. 
 Ceded to Mahomet II. by a treaty in 1478 ; conquered by the 
 Venetians in 1656, but retaken by the Turks in the following 
 year. P. 27,100; orthodox Greeks, 24,500; Moham. 2500 
 (Cuinet). 
 
 f/emon Koek, islet. Ire., off SW. ct. co. Kerry, in 51° 48' N. 
 
 Lemont, vil., U.S., lUinois, Cook co., 25 m. SW. by W. 
 Chicago. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Lemovicum. See Limoges. 
 
 Lempta, Tunis. See Lamta. 
 
 Lemsford, eccles. par., Eng., Hertfordshire, 2 m. NW. 
 Hatfield, PMT. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Lemta, Tunis. See Lamta. 
 
 LemTlg, tn., Denmark, in the W. of Jutland, on Liim Fjord, 
 prov. and 32 m. N. Ringkjobing. The harbour has 250 ft. of 
 quayage ; depth 9 ft. at high water, 7 ft. at low. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Lemyethna, tn., Burma, dist. and 66 m. NNE. Bassein. 
 P. 5600; Buddhists, 5400. 
 
 Len, in Eng. place-names, 'a fief.' See Laen. 
 
 Lena, riv., E. Siberia, govts. Irkutsk and Yakutsk, one 
 of the largest on the earth, rises on NW. slope of Baikal 
 874 
 
 Mts., describes first a large arc towards the S. , then turns 
 N., and from the mouth of the Kuta assumes a NE. direction, 
 which it maintains till Yakutsk, only making one big bending 
 between the mouths of the Vitim and the Olekma ; from 
 Yakutsk flows NNW. and N. till its entrance into the Arctic 
 Ocean, where it makes a large delta. Only the first 100 m. of 
 its course in the mountains are not navigable ; but from Kachng 
 (alt. about 1500 ft. ), and especially from Verkholensk, it becomes 
 a large river, regularly navigated. On the next 1200 m. of its 
 course, till Olekminsk (60° 22' N. ), it flows in a valley deeply cut 
 into the surrounding high plains, and its shores are high cliffs of 
 sandstones, limestones, and conglomerates, only small poor vil- 
 lages appearing in the narrow lateral valleys. After receiving 
 the Vitim it attains a width of 700 yards, which is doubled 
 below Olekminsk, where many islands appear in the river bed, 
 while the L. flows amidst low plains another 400 m. to Yakutsk. 
 Here begins its lower course, 1200 m., the L. attaining, with 
 its branches, a width of from 5 to 17 m. , and a depth of from 8 
 to 10 fatlioms. The delta of the L., which occupies about 270 
 m. of the coast of the Arctic Ocean, is a labyrinth of islands 
 (Borokhaya and Khangalatskiy being the largest), the chief 
 branches of the L. being at their mouths 5 to 7 m. wide. 
 Sagastyr (73° 35' N. , 117° 20' E. ) is the most northern inhabited 
 spot of the delta, and has been for two years the seat of a Polar 
 meteorological station. The L. is free from ice by the end of April 
 at Kachug, in the first days of June at Yakutsk, and only in 
 July in its delta, which occasionally remains inaccessiljle through- 
 out the summer on account of ice. Freezes by the end of 
 October at Kachug (162 days free from ice at Kirensk), and 
 in first days of October at Yakutsk. Important artery for the 
 transport of provisions and goods to the gold-washings of the 
 Vitim and Olekma region, as well as for food supphes to 
 Yakutsk. Steamers now ply also up the Vitim. Receives over 
 300 large tribs. , of which several are themselves large rivers ; 
 (r. bk. ) Kirenga, Chu)^, Vitim (iioo m.), Olekma (702 m.), 
 Aldan (1160 m.); (1. bk.) Ilga, Kuta, Nyuya, Vilyui (1313 m.) 
 and Muna. Length, 2860 m. ; area of basin, 908,980 sq. m. 
 
 Lena, comm. , Spain, prov. Oviedo, dist. Labiana. P. 13,100. 
 
 Lena, tn., U.S., Illinois, Stephenson co., 43 m. E. by S. 
 Dubuque (lo.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lenaderg, tnld.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, Upper 
 Half, 3 m. from Banbridge, PMT.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Lenadoon Point, cape, Ire., NW. ct. co. Sligo, at the E. 
 entrance to Killala Bay. 
 
 Lenamore, P.O., Ire., 6 m. from Edgeworthstown, E. co. 
 Longford. 
 
 Lenankeel, vil., Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. E. Inishowen, 
 19 m. W. by N. Moville, on the E. shore of Lough Swilly. 
 
 Lenafvee, co., U.S., Michigan, S. frontier, crossed by 84° W. 
 
 Lench, Cliurck, par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 5 m, 
 N. Evesham, 3 m. W. Salford Priors stn., P.O. P. <:50o; 
 eccles. par. (Church Lench with Abbots Lench) P. <5oo. 
 
 Lench, Ronse, par., x\ m. NNW. Church Lench. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lench'vvlck, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, div. 
 and 2 m. N. Evesham. See Norton near ETCSham. 
 
 Lendalfoot, ct. vil., Scot., Ayrshire, 6 m. SW. Girvan, on 
 Water of Lendal, which issues from Loch Lochton, and flows 
 3^ m. SW. to the sea at Lendalfoot. 
 
 LendelMe, tn., Belgium, W. Flanders, arr. and 5 m. N. 
 Courtrai. P. (comm. ) <4000. 
 
 Lendlnara, fortified tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. Rovigo, 23 m. 
 W. Adria. P. 7300. 
 
 Lendn, tribe, central Africa, NW. of Lake Albert Nyanza. 
 
 Lene, in Eng. place-names, ' a fief.' See Laen. 
 
 Lene, Longh, lake. Ire. , in the NE. of co. Westmeath, 10 
 m. NNE. MuUingar, 312 ft. above sea-level ; drained by the 
 Deel into the Boyne. 
 
 Lengbach, Alt, vil. , Austria, crownland Lower Austria, 22 m. 
 W. by S. Vienna. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Lengefeld, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. 
 Marienberg, 14 m. SE. by E. Chemnitz. P. <4000. 
 
 Lengenfeld, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 12 m. SSW. 
 Zwickau, dist. Auerbach. P. 5200. 
 
 Lengerlch, comm. and tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle 
 Tecklenburg, 18^ m. NE. by N. Miinster. P. (comm.)<3000. 
 
 Lengsfeld, vil., Ger., gd.-duchy Saxe- Weimar, 15 m. SW. 
 Eisenach. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lengna de Vaca (cow's tongue), cape, on the coast of Chile, 
 30° 13' S. 
 
 Lengyeltdtl-HAcs, comm. , Hungary, co. Somogy, 86 m. S W. 
 Budapest. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Lenha, Ponta da. See Ponta da Lenha. 
 
 Leiiham, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 9 m. ESE. Maid- 
 stone, on the L. C. & D. R., PMT.O.; 7145 ac. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Lenk, comm., Switzd., cant. Bern, Upper Simmenthal, 23 m. 
 SSW. Thun, with sulphurous baths. Alt. 3530 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lenkoraft, dist. tn., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 125 m. 
 SSW. Baku, on tlie flat sandy W. shore of the Kizil-agach Bay of 
 the Caspian Sea, 38° 45' N. , 48° 51' E. In i8th century was cap. 
 of khanate of Talyshes, annexed to Russia in 1813. Old fortress. 
 
LENN — LEON 
 
 Climate unhealthy, on account of fevers. Mean rfall. (i8 yrs.), 
 yr. 46.9 in., Sept. -Jan. 32.2 in. Mean temp., yr. 60.3° F., Jan. 
 39°, Aug. 80.6". P. 11,500. 
 
 Lenne, riv. , Prussia, Westphalia, rises in the Rothhaar Mts. , 
 near the source of the Ruhr, flows W. then NW. into the Ruhr 
 above Witten ; not navigable. 
 
 Lenne-geblrge. See Westphalia. 
 
 Lenitep, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., cap. circle L., 5^ m. 
 SSE. Barmen, with important manufactures of cloth and 
 machines, and dye-works. Ancient residence of the Counts 
 of Berg. P. 6500. 
 
 Lennox, co. , Canada, Ontario, at the NE. end of Lake 
 Ontario, divided almost equally by "j-f W. 
 
 Lennox, isL, belonging to Chile, S. of Tierra del Fuego, just 
 E. of 67° W. ; alluvial gold formerly worked here, now nearly 
 exhausted. 
 
 Lennox, co., Queensland, crossed in the middle by 26° S., 
 touching 152° E. 
 
 Lennox (Gaelic leamhnach, 'elm- wood'), ancient name of a 
 CO., Scot., including Dumbarton (q.v.) and parts of Stirling, 
 Perth, and Renfrew. 
 
 Lennox, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Lincoln co., 42 m. NE. by 
 N.Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lennox mils, general name for the hills extending from 
 near Dumbarton to near Stirling, divided into three groups by 
 Strathblane, W. of the Campsie Fells, and the valleys of the 
 Endrick and Carron, N. of Campsie Fells and Kilsyth Hills. 
 
 Lennox Passage, channel, Canada, Nova Scotia, in the SE. 
 of Cape Breton L , between Isle Madame and the mainland of 
 Richmond co. 
 
 Lennoxtown, tn., Scot., Stirlingshire, 8 m. NNE. Glasgow, 
 on the N. B. R., with coal-mines, bleachfields, alum-works, 
 calico print-works, &c. , PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 LennoxTille, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Sherbrooke co. , 104 m. 
 SSW. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leno, market-tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 12 m. S. 
 Brescia. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Lenoir (le-nwawr'), co., U.S., N. Carolina, E. of 78° W., 
 crossed in the extreme S. by 35° N. 
 
 Lenoir, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Caldwell co. , 160 m. W. 
 Raleigh. Alt. 1196 ft. (R.R.). P.<isoo. 
 
 Lenox, vil., U.S., Iowa, Taylor co., tj m. ESE. Omaha 
 (Neb.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Lenox, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co., 27 m. S. of 
 the NW. corner of the state. P. <30oo. 
 
 Lens, vil., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the Dender, arr. and 
 8 m. NNW. Mons. P. (comm.)<200o. 
 
 Lens, tn. , France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. B6thune, on the 
 Deule, 10 m. NNE. Arras. P. 13,700. 
 
 Lens, or Lels, comm., Switzd., cant. Valais, 5 m. NE. by 
 E. Sion. P. <30oo. 
 
 Lensabu, vil., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 26 m. 
 NNE. Liibeck. P. < 2000. 
 
 Lcntlnl {a.ncient Leoniinm), tn. , Sicily, prov. Syracuse, 17 m. 
 S. by W. Catania, on a hill about i| m. SE. of Lake L. [Blvlere], 
 the largest sheet of water in Sicily. Neighbourhood highly 
 malarious. Has manufactures of earthenware. Birthplace of 
 Euclid the geometrician. Entirely destroyed by an earthquake 
 in 1693. P. (comm.) 14,000. 
 
 Lenton, Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Lavlngton. 
 
 Lenton, par. and suburb of Nottingham, Eng., in theS. div., 
 on the M. R. P. 11,000. 
 
 Lentran, stn. , Scot., Inverness-shire, on the S. shore of 
 Beauly Firth, 5 m. W. Inverness, on the H. R. , P.O. 
 
 Lcnva, vil., Russia, govt, and 107 m. N. Perm, on 1. bk. 
 Kama, opposite Novoye Usoliye ; salt springs, yielding 600,000 
 cwts. ofsalt. P. < 5000. 
 
 LenTlk, vil. , Norway, prov. and 24 m. SW. Tromso. 
 
 Lenwade, stn., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., on the Wensum, 10 
 m. NW. Norwich, on the M. and G. N. Joint Rly. 
 
 Leny, par.. Ire., NW. co. Westmeath, bar. Corkaree, 7 m. 
 NW. by N. Mullingar. P. <7So. 
 
 Lcnzbnrg, comm. , Switzd. , cant, and 6J m. E. Aarau. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Lenzen, tn., Ger., Prussia, in the NW. of prov. and 67 m. 
 NW. Brandenburg, circle Westprignitz. P. <3000. 
 
 Lenzle, tn. , Scot. , on the borders of Dumbartonshire and NW. 
 Lanarkshire, with junc. stn. on N. B. R., 6 m. NE. Glasgow, 
 with coal-mines, PMT.O. P. <20oo. See Klrklntlllocli. 
 
 Leoben, tn., Austria, Styria, on the Mur, 26 m. N.W. by 
 W. Graz, about 11 m. SE. of the important iron-mines of the 
 Erzberg (Vordernberg), itself a great seat of iron-works. The 
 peace of L., between France and Austria, was concluded here, 
 April 18, 1797. Alt. 1745 ft. P. 6500. 
 
 Leobersdorf, vil., Lower Austria, 9 m. N. by W. Weiner 
 Neustad. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Leobschtttz, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. circle L. , on the 
 Zinna, 18 m. WNW. Ratitor, with mineral waters, and im- 
 portant manufactures of hosiery. From 1524 to 1623 it was the 
 cap. of the principality Jagemdorf. P. 12,600. 
 
 Leoctael and Cnshnle, par., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 18 m. 
 S. Huntly, 4J m. SW. Alford stn. ; 12,856 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leod, Anglo-Saxon, leute, German, 'people.' 
 
 Leogane, tn., isl. and republic Haiti, on the N. ct. of the S. 
 Penin. , 18 m. W. by S. Port-au-Prince, in 72° 33' W. 
 
 Leola, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, McPherson co., 114 m. 
 NE. by N. Pierre. 
 
 Leominster (the Z^wj/^r of Camden, and still so pronounced), 
 mun. bor. (since the time of Queen Mary), also a pari. bor. till 
 1885, Eng., CO., diocese, and 12 m. N. by W. Hereford, L. 
 div., on the Lugg and the G. W. and L. & NW. Rlys. Great 
 trade in hops, cider, and Hereford cattle ; there are also 
 wool-stapling establishments, and woollen cloths were formerly 
 made to some extent. In the beginning of the 17th century the 
 dist. was noted for its wool, which, according to Camden, was 
 spoken of as ' Lemster ore. ' The parish church of SS. Peter 
 and Paul is an ancient edifice. Some remains exist of a priory 
 (dissolved in 1539), and its mill may yet be seen. The old 
 town hall or butter cross (erected by John Abel in 1633), a fine 
 specimen of Elizabethan timber work, was taken down in 1855 
 to make way for a new town-hall, but was purchased by a 
 private gentleman, and has been re-erected in the neighbour- 
 hood as a dwelling-house. Market-day, F. Pars. (L. Borough) 
 P. <:5ooo, (L. Out Parish), 7890 ac, P. < 1500; mun. bor. P. 
 (1891) 5700; pari. div. P. 45,800. 
 
 Leominster, or Lymlnster, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester 
 div., 2 m. SSE. Arundel, PT.O. (Lymlnstcr). P. < 2000. 
 
 Leominster, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., 19 m. 
 N. by E. Worcester. P. 7300. 
 
 Leon, tn., Central America, Nicaragua, cap. dep. L. 
 
 Leon, or Bacnba, navigable riv. , Colombia, Antioquia and 
 Cauca, flows NNW. into the Gulf of Uraba (head of Gulf of 
 Darien). Length, 85 m. 
 
 L^on, or L^onals, dist. , France. See Flnlst^re. 
 
 Leon, manufacturing tn. , Mexico, state of and 31 m. W. by 
 N. Guanajuato. Alt. 5900 ft. Rfall. (9 yrs.), 28.44 if. P. 
 (estimated at) 50,000. 
 
 Leon, an old kgd., afterwards a prov., in the NW. of Spain, 
 now divided into the three provs. of Leon (N. ), Zamora (middle), 
 and Salamanca (S. ), along with which Palencia and Valladolid 
 (now in Old Castille) were formerly included. It stretches from 
 the Asturian or Cantabrian Mts. on the N. to the Sierra de 
 Gata in the S. , and borders W. on Portugal and Galicia. It 
 belongs mainly to the basin of the Douro (Duero), which 
 traverses it in the middle from E. to W. , and here receives the 
 Esla (r. bk. ), and Tormes (1. bk), and other tribs. ; but the NW. 
 belongs to the basin of the Minho, being traversed by the upper 
 Sil, which here flows through the well-wooded and beautiful 
 valley known as El Vierzo ; and the SE. belongs to that of the 
 Tagus, the wild valley of Batuecas, E. of the Sierra de Pena de 
 Francia (a continuation of the Sierra de Gata, running NE. into 
 the present prov. of Salamanca), forming the upper part of the 
 basin of the Alagon. L. belongs, as a whole, to the tableland of 
 Spain, the mean elevation being above 2500 ft. The N. and S. 
 parts are the most mountainous ; mountains covering, on the N. 
 and W. , about half of the present prov. of L. , while the most 
 considerable plains belong to the remainder of that prov. The 
 two provs. to the S. are too deeply cut by the numerous river 
 valleys, and traversed by too many hill ranges, to leave room 
 for plains properly so called. The surface is not very productive. 
 The W. of prov. Zamora is particularly barren. Only a very 
 limited extent is irrigated. The chief crops are grain (above all, 
 wheat) and pulses, as in other parts of the tableland of Spain. 
 Large tracts, especially in the more level areas, are occupied 
 only by sheep>-pastures, which form the summer grazing-grounds 
 of large flocks of merino-sheep. Minerals are of little importance, 
 the mines being mostly little worked, or not at all. Some mines 
 of iron are worked in the mountains of prov. L. , antimony and 
 silver-lead are mined near Alcafiices (near Portuguese frontier, 
 N. of the Douro), tin in Sayago (near frontier S. of the Douro), 
 and copper and iron in the dist. of Zamora. See Spain, table 
 and historical notes. 
 
 L^on, city, Spain, 55 m. SSE. Oviedo, cap. of prov. L. , and 
 formerly of the kingdom of L. Seat of a bishop ; its cathedral, 
 founded in the loth century, but dating mainly from the 14th 
 century, is one of the finest specimens of old Gothic architecture. 
 It contains the tombs of many of the kings of L. The city has 
 also a fine Gothic town-house, and many old palaces of Spanish 
 grandees. L. was only for a short time in the hands of the 
 Arabs, having been wrested from them by Pelayo (Pelagius) in 
 722. L. is of Roman origin, and owes its name to its having 
 been the seat of the 7th legion. P. 13,400. 
 
 Leon, CO., U.S., Florida, on the N. frontier, crossed in the 
 E. by 84° W. 
 
 Leon, tn., U.S., Iowa, Decatur co. , 60 m. S. by W. Des 
 Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leon, CO., U.S., Texas, N. of 31° N., crossed by 96° W. 
 
 Leon, riv., U.S., Texas. See Little Rlrer. 
 
 Leon, Isla de, a long narrow isl. of S. Spain, prov. Cadiz, 
 in the Atlantic, separated from the mainland by the channel of 
 
 875 
 
LEON — LESE 
 
 Santi Petri. Surface mostly sandy and barren, with salt-water 
 marshes. Length, N. to S., lom. ; breadth, 2 m. Chief town, 
 San Fernando. See Cadiz. 
 Leon, Lake of. See Managua. 
 Leona, €ape, the northernmost point of Morocco. 
 Leonard's HIU, tn. , Victoria, co. Talbot, 83 m. NW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leonard Stanley, par., Eng. , Gloucestershire, Stroud div., 
 7^ m. NE. by N. Wotton-under-Edge, i m. \V. by S. Ryeford 
 stn.,PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Leonardtown, vil., U.S., Maryland, cap. St. Mary's co., 74 
 m. S. Baltimore. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leonberg, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wurtemberg, circle Neckar, 7^ m. 
 W. by N. Stuttgart P. <30oo. 
 
 Leuiies, small isl., E. ct. Patagonia, in 45° 6' S. 
 Leouessa, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, 15 m. 
 E. Terni. P. <:20oo; (comm.) P. 5400. 
 
 Leonforte, tn., Sicily, prov. Catania, 2j m. NE. by E. 
 Caltanissetta. Alt. 3400 ft. P. 13,000. 
 
 Leongatlia, tn. , Victoria, co. Buln Buln, 74 m. SSE. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 Leonutim, tn., Italy. See Lonlgo. 
 
 Leonldlon (leonidhi), tn. , Greece, prov. Arcadia, 25 m. E. by 
 N. Sparta, in comm. Limnaion. P. <:400o; (comm. L.)<5ooo. 
 LeonoTO, vil. , Russia, govt, and 5 m. from Moscow, on Yauza 
 R. ; cotton and woollen stuffs mills. 
 Leontarlon, tn., Greece, prov. Arcadia, 22 m. NW. Sparta. 
 Leontes, riv., Palestine. See Lltanl, Nahr-el-. 
 Leontium, tn., Sicily. See Lentlnl. 
 
 Leopardstown, tnld. , Ire., co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown, near 
 Blackrock, i m. from Foxrock stn., PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 Leopol, tn. , Austrian Galicia. See Lemtterg. 
 Leopold, lake, Africa. See Hlk\«'a. 
 
 Leopold (formerly Kensington), tn., Victoria, 52 m. SW. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leopold II., lake, named in honour of the King of the 
 Belgians, Congo Free State, crossed by 2° S., 18^ E. , of 
 irregular shape, 90 m. long N. to S., 2-30 m. wide, drained W. 
 from its S. end by the Mfini into the Kwa ; banks low, and in 
 the NE. liable to inundation. 
 
 Leopoldina, settlement, NE. Brazil, state Alagoas, 66 m. 
 NNE. Maceio. 
 Leopoldina, vil. , Brazil, state and 340 m. W. Pernambuco. 
 Leopoldina, vil. and rly. stn., Brazil, state of and 90 m. 
 NNE. Rio de Janeiro. 
 Leopold Kange, W. Australia. See King Leopold Bange. 
 Leopold KlTer, riv. , Congo Free State. See Mnndnkn-lllu. 
 Leopoldsberg, hill. Lower Austria, some distance N. of 
 Vienna. Alt. 1380 ft. 
 
 Leopold's Canal, canal, Ger. , Baden, nonning SE. from the 
 Rhine to Riegel, at NE. end of the Kaiserstuhl, and there com- 
 municating with the Dreisam Canal, which runs S. to Freiburg. 
 Leopoldsliall, vil. , Ger. , duchy Anhalt, circle and dist. Bern- 
 burg, immediately adjoining the Prussian town of Stassfurt on the 
 SE. ; important salt-works and chemical factories. P. 6400. 
 
 Leopoldsholie, vil. , Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, 3 m. N. by 
 E. Basel, Switzd. P. <2ooo. 
 Leopoldstadt, NE. suburb of Vienna, Austria. 
 Leopoldville, stn. , the most important establishment of the 
 Congo Free State, 1. bk. Congo, at the outlet of Stanley Pool ; 
 cap. Stanley Pool dist. ; founded by Stanley, Feb. 1882. No 
 marshes in the immediate neighbourhood ; good water supply. 
 Leopolis, tn. , Austria. See Lemberg. 
 
 Lepanto (Italian, corruption of the Greek Xepaktos, or 
 Naupaktos), seapt. tn. , Greece, prov. Acarnania and .^Etolia, 
 at the N. of the entrance to the Gulf of Lepanto, iij m. NNE. 
 Patras. P. < 3000. 
 Lepanto, Gulf of. See Corlntli. 
 
 Lepanto, Strait of, the entrance to the Gulf of Corinth, 
 Greece, at its narrowest part about i m. across, and defended 
 by a castle on each side. Here on Oct. 8, 1571, the fleet under 
 Don John of Austria totally defeated that of the Turks. 
 
 Lepe (the Lepa, or Leptis, of the Romans), tn., Spain, prov. 
 and IS m. W. Huelva, with small coasting trade. P. 5500. 
 
 Lepel, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 65 m. WSW. Vitebsk, on 
 Lake Lepel. P. 6770. 
 
 Lepers' Isle, or Aol>a,one of the New Hebrides, Pacific Ocean, 
 between Espiritu Santo and Aurora, crossed by 15 J° S. , 1675° E. 
 Lepini, Monti, range of the Apennines, Italy, in the S. of 
 prov. Rome, separated from the mountains on the E. by the 
 valley of the Liri. On the W. they slope down to the Pontine 
 marshes ; highest peak, Semprevisa (5040 ft.). 
 
 L'Eplphanie, vil., Canada, Quebec, L'Assomption co., on 
 the riv. L'Assomption, 26 m. N. MontreaL P. 1500. 
 Lepontlne Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 2. 
 Leppington, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div, , 
 12 m. NE. by E. York, 2^ m. SE. by S. Kirkham Abbey stn. 
 P. <25o. See Scrayingiiam. 
 
 Leprean Point, cape, Canada, New Brunswick, on the Bay 
 of Fundy, in 45° 4' N. 
 876 
 
 Lepreanx, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, co. Charlotte, on 
 Bay of Fundy, 25 m. (by rail) SW. St. John. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lepsa, Asia Minor. See Inje Bnrun. 
 
 Lepsa, or Lepsinsk, tn., Russian Turkistan, prov. Semirye- 
 chensk, 107 m. SSW. Sergiopol, on Lepsa R., trib. of Lake 
 Balkhash. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Leptis, Spain. See Lepe. 
 
 Leptis Magna. See Lebda. 
 
 Leptis .Minor, Tunis. See Lamta. 
 
 Lepton, par., tn., and local govt, dist., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Holmfirth div. , 4 m. E. by S. Huddersfield, i m. E. by 
 N. Fenay Bridge stn., P.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Leqneltlo, maritime tn. , N. ct. Spain, prov. Vizcaya, 21 m. 
 ENE. Bilbao. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Lerback, vil., Sweden, prov. (Ian) and 27 m. S. Orebro. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Lercara, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 28 m. SSE. Palermo. Alt. 
 2165 ft. P. (comm.) 10,300. 
 
 Lerdo, tn., Mexico, state of and 125 m. NE. Durango, on the 
 Mexican Central Rly. P. 7000. 
 
 Leribe, vil. , in L. dist. , in the N. of Basuto-land, in about 
 28° 57' S., 28° 2' E. Mean rfaH (5 yrs.), 33 in. 
 
 Lerlci, maritime tn., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the giilf 
 of and 5 m. ESE. Spezia ; has works for the smelting of silver- 
 lead ore. P. 3000 ; comm. P. 6100. 
 
 Lerlda, in Catalan Lleyda, the ancient Ilerda, fortified tn., 
 Spain, cap. prov. L., on the Segre, 55 m. N. Tortosa. It stands 
 on a hill-slope commanded by a lofty citadel, and has a 
 cathedral. In the adjoining plain Scipio, the Roman general, 
 defeated the Carthaginian Hanno, B.C. 216. L. was stormed 
 by the French during the war of succession in 1707, and again 
 taken by them under Suchet in 1810. P. 21,900. As to the 
 prov. , see Catalonia and Spain. 
 LerigoTO, tn. , European Turkey. See Laregovi. 
 Lerln, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Fiorina. 
 Lerins, Des de, group of isls. , France, in the Mediterranean 
 Sea, ■2.\ m. S. of Cannes, dep. Var, consisting of the fortified 
 islands of Ste. Marguerite and St. Honorat, the first of which 
 was the prison of the ' man with the iron mask.' Between the 
 twols the anchorage of Frioul, admitting vessels of 16 ft. draught. 
 Lerma, tn., Spain, New Castile, prov. and 23 m. SSW. 
 Burgos, cap. of dist., on 1. bk. of the Arlanza. P. <3000. 
 Lerma, Rio de, Mexico. See Grande de Santiago, Rio. 
 Leros, a Turkish isL, on the W. of Asia Minor, in 37° s'-i3' 
 N., 26° 50' E., vilayet Jezairi-Bahri-Sefid, with white marble 
 quarries. P. (of kaza, which includes Patmos) 7500, almost all 
 Greek (Cuinet). 
 
 Leroy, city, U.S., Illinois, McLean co. , 53 m. ESE. Peoria. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Leroy, vil., U.S., Kansas, Coffey co., on riv. Neosho, 68 m. 
 S. Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leroy, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Mower co., 100 m. S. by E. 
 St. Paul. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leroy, vil., U.S., New York, Genesee co. , 10 m. E. Batavia 
 by rail. The Ingham university for girls is here. P. <:3000. 
 
 Lerrig, tnld., Ire., NW. co. Kerry, bar. Clanmaurice, 7 m. 
 NNW. Tralee. P. <25o. 
 
 Lerrin, vil., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 7^ m. SE. by S. 
 Bodmin, 3 m. SE. Lostwithiel stn. , P.O. (Lerryn). 
 
 Lervity, Pte. de, cape, France, on the W. ct., at the N. 
 extremity of Audierne Bay, dep. Finistere, in 48° N. 
 
 Lerwick (Ifir'wik), par. and seapt. tn., Scot, Shetland Is., 
 Mainland, on Bressay Sound, 21 m. N. by E. Sumburgh Head, 
 with important deep-sea and herring fisheries. It is defended by 
 a fort, which dates from the time of Cromwell, and is one of the 
 chief stations in Scotland for the Royal Naval Reserve, and is 
 the seat of the Shetland courts of law. Public pier, length 300 
 ft.; depth alongside at low water, 10 ft. Par. 5653 ac, P. < 5000; 
 tn. P. <4000. 
 Les, rivs. , France. See Leae. 
 
 Lesa, vil. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, on the W. shore 
 of Lake Maggiore, 25 m. W. Como. P. <20oo. 
 
 Les Anglais, vil., isL, and republic Haiti, S. ct, 125 m. W. 
 by S. Port-au-Prince, in 74° 10' W. 
 
 Les, Breton and Cornish, 'an enclosure,' 'a garden,' or 'fort' 
 See Lios. 
 
 Lesbos, isl. , Grecian Archipelago. See Milllinl. 
 Lesbnry, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., on the Aln, i m. above its mouth, 2J ni. ESE. Alnwick, 
 close tQ Bilton June, PM.O. ; 4055 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Lescar, vil., France, dep. Basses- Pyr^nfes, on the Pau, 4 m. 
 NW. by W. Pau. Alt 524 ft. Mean temp., yr. 54.2° F., Jan. 
 41.7°, July 67.8°. P. < 2000. 
 Leschelles, or Leitern, comm. , Switzd. See Ecbelles, L*. 
 Les Ebonlements, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Charlevoix co. , on 
 the 1. bk. of the St. Lawrence, in 70° 22' W., 62 m. NE. by E. 
 Quebec. P. -cisoo. 
 
 Les Ecnrenils, vil. and riv. port, Canada, Quebec, co. Port- 
 neuf, 25 m. above Quebec, on St. Lawrence R. P. < 1500, 
 Les Esconmaius, vil. , Quebec. See Escoumains. 
 
LESI — LEUB 
 
 Lesldreii, vil. , central Bulgaria, circle Love6. P. <30oo. 
 
 Lesliia, tn. , Austria, crownland Dalmatia, towards the W. 
 end of the S. ct. of Lesina I. , 23 m. S. Spalato. The island 
 (highest point 1090 ft. ) is 43 m. long E. to W. , and 2-7 m. 
 broad. Mean temp., yr. 61.1° F., Jan. 47.3°, July 77.3° ; mean 
 rfall. (12 yrs.), 31.2 in. P. <3ooo. 
 
 lesje, vil., central Norway, prov. Hamar, 56 m. SW. 
 Lillehammer, on the Lesjekogen-Tand (lake). P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Leskan, comm., Austria, Bohemia, 25 m. WNW. Pilsen. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 IieskoTac,tn. , Servia, prov. and 23 m. S. byE. Nish. P. 12,100. 
 
 Leslie, par. and market-tn., Scot., W. Fife, on the Leven, 
 3^ m. S. Falkland, on the N. B. R. ; has flax-spinning mills, 
 bleachworks, and paper mills. Par. 5028 ac, P. <4ooo; tn. 
 P. <3Soo. 
 
 Leslie, par., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on Gady Bum, loj m. 
 SSE. Huntly, 2^ m. SW. Insch stn., P.O. ; 4444 ac. P.<soo. 
 
 LesUe, CO., U.S., Kentucky, in the SE., W. of 83° W., 
 crossed in the S. by 37° N. 
 
 LesUe, vil, U.S., Michigan, Ingham co., 82 m. SSW. Bay 
 City. P. < 1500. 
 
 LeslleTlUe, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. York, 2^ m. from 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lesmataa'gow (corruption oi eaglais-Machute, ' St. Machutus' 
 Church'), or Abbey Green, coal-mining par. and vil., Scot., 
 S. Lanarkshire, 4^ m. SW. by W. Lanark, on the C. R., PMT.O. 
 Par. 41,299 ac. , P. 9800 ; vil. P. < 2000. 
 
 Les Marals, stn. , 4 m. SE. St. Helier, Jersey, Channel Is. 
 
 LeSnd, comm. , Austria. See Losclina. 
 
 LesneTen, tn., France, dep. Finist^re, arr. and 15 m. NE. 
 by N. Brest. P. <3000. 
 
 Lesnewtta, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, div. and 13 m. W. by N. 
 Launceston, 2 m. from the NW. ct. P. <25o. 
 
 Lesparre, tn., France, dep. Gironde, cap. arr. L., 12 m. 
 NW. Pauillac. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Lesse, riv. , Belgium, rises in prov. Luxembourg, flows N. 
 through that prov. and NW. in the limestone country through 
 prov. Namur, rushing into the heart of a mountain by the Cronffl^ 
 de Belvanx, losing itself in a gloomy cavern, Whence it issues 
 more than half a mile below by the Tron da Han, and joins 
 the Meuse on the r. bk. 2 m. above Dinant. Volume 100 cubic 
 ft. per second at low water. Length, 52 m. 
 
 Lessen, tn., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 40 m. NE. by N. 
 Thorn, circle and 13 m. E. by N. Graudenz, on L. Lake, 
 which enters the Vistula. P. <3000. 
 
 Lesser Slave Lake. See Little Slare Lake. 
 
 Lesseyton, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. Queenstown, 80 m. S. 
 Aliwal North. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lesslues, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Soignies, on the 
 Dender, 13 m. SE. Oudenarde. P. (comm.) 8200. 
 
 Lesslngliam, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, E. div. , i^ m. from the 
 E. ct. , 14 m. SE. Cromer, 4 m. E. Honing (for Worstead) stn. , 
 P.O. P. <25o. See Hempstead. 
 
 Lessolo, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 29 m. NNE. Turin, 
 3 m. WNW. Ivrea. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Lessndden, vil. , Scot. See St. Boswell's. 
 
 Lester Vllle, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, co. and 15 m. 
 NW. Yankton. 
 
 Lesu, tribe. See Lolos. 
 
 Lesnenr, bor., U.S., Minnesota, L. co., which lies N. of 44° 
 N., and is bounded on the W. by the Minnesota R. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lesnm, riv., Prussia, prov. Hanover, flowing W. into the 
 Weser, is formed at the N. frontier of the terr. of Bremen by 
 the union of the Wttmme and Hamme ; navigable. 
 
 Lesnto, native name of Basuto-land, Africa. 
 
 Leswalt, par. , Scot. , Wigtownshire, 3 m. NW. Stranraer, 
 PT.O. ; 12,523 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Let See Lelth. 
 
 Letcher, tp., U.S., S. Dakota, Sanborn co., 80 m. NNW. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Letcher, co. , U.S., Kentucky, SE. frontier, N. of 37° N. 
 
 Letchnnore Heath, PM.O. , Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and 6 
 m. S. St. Albans, i^ m. SW. Radlett stn. 
 
 Letchworth, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., loj m. 
 NE. by E. Luton, 2 m. E. Hitchin stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Letcomb Bassett and Letcomb Regis, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Berkshire, div. and 11 m. SW. Abingdon. L. Bassett, 
 3j m. SSE. ChaUow stn., P.<25o; L. Regis, PT.O., P.<soo. 
 
 Letea, Ostrov, marshy isl. of the Dobruja, Roumania, formed 
 by the Kilia and Sulina mouths of the Danube. 
 
 LetelUer, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, 52 m. S. by W. 
 Winnipeg, 2 m. from its stn. on the N. Pacific & Manitoba Rly. 
 
 L'Etete, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, co. Charlotte, 9 m. 
 from St. George. P. < 1500. 
 
 Letham, vil., Scot., E. Fifeshire, 4^ m. W. Cupar, ij m. 
 ENE. Collessie stn., P.O. 
 
 Letham, vil., Scot., Forfarshire, 4 J m. E. by S. Forfar, ij m, 
 SSW. Auldbar Road stn. , PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Letham Grange, stn., Scot., Forfarshire, on the N. B. R., 
 3 m. N. by W. Arbroath. 
 
 Lethanhlll, part of Bumfoothill {q.v.), Scot. 
 
 Lethbrldge, tn., Canada, dist. Alberta, 107 m. SE. by S. 
 Calgary, on the Belly R. , and a branch of the C. P. R. ; coal 
 mined. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lethbrldge, tn.. New Zealand, in the S. of the North I., co. 
 Rangitikei. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lethbrldge, tn., Victoria, Grant co., 18 m. NW. Geelong. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Lethendy, vil. , Scot , E. Perthshire, 6 m. W. by N. Coupar 
 Angus, 2^ m. NE. Murthly stn. See Klnloch. 
 
 Letheuty, stn. , Scot. , on the borders of E. and W. Aberdeen- 
 shire, 2 m. N. by W. Inverurie, on the G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Letherlngham, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 11 m. NE. by 
 N. Ipswich, 3 m. WSW. Parham stn. P. <250. See Hoo. 
 
 Letheringsett, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 11 m. W. by S. 
 Cromer, i| m. W. by N. Holt stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lethnot and Navar, par., Scot., Forfarshire, P.O. (Lethnot), 
 6J m. NW. Brechin ; 26,590 ac. P. <2So. 
 
 Letl, small isl. , Malay Archipelago, 35 m. E. of the N. end 
 of Timor. 
 
 LetichCT, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Podolia, 70 ra. NE. 
 Kamenets Podolsk, on Bug R. P. 8100. 
 
 Letjesbosch, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. and 20 m. SW. 
 by W. Beaufort West, on the railway to Kimberley. 
 
 Letmalhe, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Iserlohn, 
 12 m. SE. by S. Dortmund ; zinc-mines and smelting-works ; 
 brass-working ; manufacture of sulphuric acid ; important lime- 
 stone quarries. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Letnlca (letnitsa), tn., Bulgaria, prov. Love6, on the Osma, 
 
 23 m. ESE. Plevna. P. <:4000. 
 
 Letpadan, vil., Burma, dist. Tharawadi, 56 m. NW. by W. 
 Pegu, 77 m. by rail from Rangoon. 
 
 Letiinol, comm. , Greece. See Pyrgos. 
 
 Letschin, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Lebus, 12 
 m. WNW. Kiistrin. P. <4000. 
 
 Lettee, Malay Archipelago. See Letl. 
 
 Letter, ' the slope of a hill. ' See Letter. 
 
 Letter, Gaelic, Llethr, Cornish, 'a steep slope.' 
 
 Letter, tnld., Ire., co. Fermanagh, bar. Lurg, 3 m. from 
 Pettigoe, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Letter, electoral div., Ire., co. King's, dist. Kinnitty. 
 
 LetterbarroTT, P.O., Ire., co. and 5 m. from Donegal. 
 
 Letterbreen, tnld.. Ire., W. co. Fermanagh, bar. Clanawley, 
 5 m. SW. Enniskillen, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Letterbrlck, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Crossmolina. 
 
 Letterbrlckann, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Cloon- 
 bur No. 2. 
 
 Letterewe ('slopes of Ewe'), hamlet, Scot., Ross-shire, on 
 the N. shore of Loch Maree, 6 m. NW. of the head of the loch. 
 
 Lettcrfore, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Oughterard. 
 
 Letterfirack, tnld. , Ire. , N W. co. Galway, bar. Ballynahinch, 
 
 24 m. SW. Westport; has an industrial school conducted by 
 the Christian Brothers. PMT.O. P.-csoo. 
 
 Letterkenny, civic tn.. Ire., N. co. Donegal, bar. Kilma- 
 crenan, 17 m. W. by S. Londonderry, on the riv. Swilly and the 
 Letterkenny & Lough Swilly Rly. Vessels of 300 tons burden 
 can ascend to Port Ballyraine, i m. below the town. Market- 
 day, F. Fair on the 8th of each month. P. <25oo. 
 
 Letterloan, electoral div., Ire., co. Londonderry, dist. Arti- 
 clave. 
 
 Letterlnna, par.. Ire., co. King's, bar. Ballybritt, 10 m. NE. 
 Parsonstown ; 8312 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lettermacavrard, par., Ire., W. ct. co. Donegal, bar. 
 Boylagh, on the Gweebarra R., 16J m. NNW. Donegal, 
 PM.O. ; 20,289 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Lettermore, electoral div., Ire., co. Donegal, dist. Stranorlar. 
 
 Lettermore, place with granite quarries, Scot., Argyllshire, 
 2 m. from Ballachulish. 
 
 Lettermore Island, Ire., off W. ct. co. Galway, in Kil- 
 kieran Bay, Moycullen bar. , lat. 53° 18' N. P. 832. 
 
 Lettermnllan, isl. , Ire. , W. co. Galway, Moycullen bar. , N. 
 of entrance to Galway Bay, 53° 14' N., 9° 45' W. P. 549. 
 
 Letterston, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 5 m. S. by W. 
 Fishguard, PM'T.O. P. <soo; eccles. par. (L. wlthLlanfalr 
 Nant y G6f) P. <7So. 
 
 Letton, part of par. , Eng. , Herefordshire. See Walford. 
 
 Letton, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div., 12 m. 
 WNW. Hereford, on the 1. bk. of the Wye, 2 m. SE. Eardisley 
 stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Letton, par., Eng., Norfolk, 5 m. SW. Dereham. P. <;25o. 
 See Cranworth. 
 
 Letto-wltz, vil., Austria, Moravia, on riv. Zwittawa, 25 m. N. 
 Briinn. P. <300o. 
 
 Letty Green, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire. See 
 Hertiiigf ordbnry . 
 
 Letwell, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Doncaster div., 
 9^ m. ESE. Rotherham, 4J m. NE. Kiveton Park stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. See Flrbeck. 
 
 Lenbnltz, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 25 ni. SW. by 
 W. Zwickau, 5J m. W. by N. Plauen. P. <3000. 
 
 877 
 
LEUB — LEVI 
 
 Lenbsdorf, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. and 
 7 m. SE. Floha. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Leuca, cape, Italy. See Santa Maria di Ijeuca. 
 
 Leucadla, Greece. See Lenkas. 
 
 LeuccB, tn. , France. See Iioches. 
 
 Leacate, tn., France, dep. Aude, arr. Narbonne, 17m. NNE. 
 Perpignan. The Lake of L. , deps. Aude and Pyr6n6es-Orien- 
 tales, is a lagoon 10 m. long. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Lence, the ancient name of the Isle of Serpents. 
 
 Lenchars, par. , Scot. , E. Fife, 4J m. NW. by W. St. Andrews, 
 with stns. (L. Old and L. Junction) on the N. B, R., PMT.O. ; 
 13.354 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Leuciana, tn. , Spain. See Herrera-del-Duqne. 
 
 Lenk (French Lo^cbe), vil., Switzd. , cant. Valais, 14^ m. 
 ENE. Sion, on the Rhone, at the confluence of the Dala. P. < 
 2000. See Leiikerbad. 
 
 Lenkas (lefkas), Lcucadia, or Santa Maura, one of the 
 Ionian Is. , Greece, 46 m. SE. and part of prov. Corfu, of which 
 it forms an eparchy, separated from the W. coast of Acarnania, 
 with which it is said to have been once connected, by a channel, 
 I m. across, and at present too shallow for any but small vessels. 
 A chain of limestone mountains intersects it from N. to S. , 
 covering the surface with its spurs, and terminating SW. in the 
 promontory of Leukatas, or Dukaton, the ancient Leucadia, 
 famous as ' Sappho's leap,' and from the white cliffs of which the 
 island derived its name. Mount Stavrotas, or Nomali, in the 
 centre, is 3745 ft. in height. Climate very variable, the tempera- 
 ture often rising or falling 20° F. in a day ; the low grounds, 
 especially at the N. extremity, are unhealthy. The N. region is 
 rugged and wild, but towards the S. and E. are some iine valleys, 
 where the olive and vine are cultivated. Many of the population 
 live by fishing, the manufactm-e of salt, and annual emigrations 
 to the mainland as labourers in the harvest time. The castle of 
 Santa Maura is at its N. extremity, on a spit of land to the S. of 
 which is the town of Lenkas, cap. of the island, formerly called 
 Hamaxikion. Length, 22 m. ; extreme breadth, about 8 m. ; 
 area, no sq. m. P. isl. (tn. ) 5500. 
 
 Leukerbad (Baths of Leuk), French Lo£cIie«les«Balns, viL , 
 Switzd. , cant. Valais, 4 m. N. Leuk, in a deep ravine at the S. 
 foot of the Gemmi Pass, from which the sun disappears at mid- 
 summer about 5 p. M. Copious hot calcareous springs (92''-i23° 
 F.), beneficial especially in skin diseases. Frequented in July 
 and August. Alt. 4630 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Leukos, Greek, 'white.' 
 
 Leurbost, vil. , Scot. , Ross and Cromarty, Lewis I. , on Loch 
 L. , 8 m. SW. Stornoway. P. <75o. 
 
 Lensdon, eccles. par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Widecombe in the 
 Moor par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lenslna (lefsina), or Eleusls (the ancient name now revived 
 officially), vil., Greece, prov. Boeotia and Attica, on the S. ct., 
 11^ m. WNW. Athens. Anciently celebrated for its magnificent 
 temple of Demeter, and as the original seat of the Eleusinian 
 mysteries. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Leute, Ger., ' the people.' 
 
 Leutklrcb ('the people's church'), tn., Ger., kgd. WUrtem- 
 berg, circle of Danube, cap. dist. L. , 39 m. S. Ulm. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Lentomlscbel, tn. , Austria. See Leltomlscbl. 
 
 Lentschan, tn. , Hungary. See Locse. 
 
 Leutzsch, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 3 m. WNW. 
 Leipzig. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 LeuTen. See Louvaln. 
 
 Leuze, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 10 m. E. Tour- 
 nay ; rly. junction ; important hosiery and other manufactures. 
 P. (comm.) 5800. 
 
 L^Ta, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. and 3^ m. SE. Bars, 
 cap. dist. P. 7400. 
 
 Levadela (levadhia), tn., Greece, prov. Boeotia and Attica, 
 36 m. N. Corinth. P. <5ooo. 
 
 LeTally Longh, small lake. Ire., in the NE. of co. Galway, 
 5^ m. E. by N. Tuam. 
 
 Levally Lough, small lake. Ire., in the N. of co. Mayo, 10 
 m. SW. by S. Ballina, ij m. \X^. Lough Conn. 
 
 LeTal«Traliegnlc8, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. 
 Thuin, 10 m. W. Charleroi. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Levanger, tn. , Norway, prov. N. Trondhjem, on Trondhjem 
 Fjord, 36 m. NE. by E. Trondhjem. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Levanna, settlement, U.S., Ohio, Brown co., onr. bk. of the 
 Ohio, 40 m. SE. by E. Cincinnati. 
 
 Levanna, La. See Alps, Subdivisions, I. A. 3. 
 
 Levant', a name of Italian origin, given to the eastern parts 
 of the Mediterranean. 
 
 Levant (or dn Titan), ne da, the easternmost of the lies 
 d'Hyeres, France, in the Mediterranean Sea, 
 
 Levante, Riviera dl. See Riviera. 
 
 Levantine, valley. See Leventlna. 
 
 Levaulo, seapt., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the coast, 
 10 m. WNW. Spezia. P. <2ooo; (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Levanzo, the ancient Phorbantia, one of the Egadi Is., Italy, 
 9 m. W. Trapani. 
 
 Leveche, wind. See Mediterranean. 
 878 
 
 Leven, 'the elm-tree.' '&&& Leamhan. 
 
 Leven, riv. , Eng., in the N. of Lancashire, issues from the S. 
 end of Windermere, and flows into Morecambe Bay. 
 
 Leven, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 
 10^ m. N. Hull, 4J m. NW. by W. Whitedale stn. , terminus of a 
 canal (length, 3^ m.) led E. from riv. Hull, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Leven, »iv. , Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, rising in the Cleve- 
 land Hills, in the S. of the Cleveland div. , and flowing W. and 
 N. through that div. to the Tees, which it joins on the r. bk. 
 \ m. below Yarm. 
 
 Leven (li'v'n), riv., Scot., Dumbartonshire, issues from the 
 foot of Loch Lomond, and flows S. to the Clyde, which it joins 
 on the r. bk. at Dumbarton (^.w.) ; on its banks are print-fields, 
 bleach works, and dyeworks. 
 
 Leven, riv. , Scot. , Fife, issues from the SE. of Loch L. , and 
 flows 14 m. E. into the Firth of Forth at the town of Leven. 
 
 Leven, tn. , Scot. , E. Fife, on the N. shore of the Firth of 
 Forth, at the mouth of the Leven R., on the N. B. R. ; has a 
 wet dock, accommodating vessels of 800 tons ; carries on spin- 
 ning and linen-weaving ; in the neighbourhood are coal-mines. 
 Market-day, M. P. (including Innerleven)< 5000. 
 
 Leven, riv., Tasmania, entering Bass's Straits 70 m. NW. 
 Launceston, with a bar entrance navigable only for vessels of 
 light draught. 
 
 Leven, Loch, inlet, Scot. , between the N. of Argyllshire and 
 the S. of Inverness-shire, opening E. off Loch Linnhe, below 
 Corran Narrows. 
 
 Leveu, Loch, lake, Scot., co. and E. Kinross. It receives 
 the N. and S. Queich, Gairney, and all the other streams of the 
 CO. ; is famous for trout, and contains several islands, on one of 
 which, near Kinross, are the remains of a castle, in which Mary 
 Queen of Scots was imprisoned in 1567-68, and signed her abdica- 
 tion on July 4, 1567, and from which, on May 2, 1568, she made 
 her escape shortly before the battle of Langside. Alt. 360 ft. 
 Mean rfall. (1866-80), 36.6 in. 
 
 Leven Point, cape. Cape Colony, S. ct., in about 21° 30' E. 
 
 Levens, par., Eng., Westmorland, on riv. Kent, 5J m. SW, 
 Kendal, P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Levenshulme, par. and tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, Stretford div. , 
 3^ m. SE. Manchester, with a stn. (L. and Burnage) on the 
 L. & NW. R. P. 5500. 
 
 Leventlna, Italian, French Levantine, German Llvlnen> 
 thai, valley, Switzd. , cant, and traversed by the Ticino, named 
 after the Lepontii, ancient Alpine tribe, after whom the Lepontine 
 Alps are also named. 
 
 Levenwlck, ct. vil. , Scot. , Shetland Is. , Mainland, Dimross- 
 ness par. , 8 m. N. Sumburgh Head, P. O. 
 
 Leveqne, cape, W. Australia, at the W. entrance to King 
 Sound. 
 
 Lever, dreat and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., Lanca- 
 shire, W. Houghton div. , both with coal-mines. Great L. i m. 
 S. and partly included in the pari. bor. of Bolton, P. 5400 ; 
 Little L., tn., close to Bradley Fold stn., also having cotton-r 
 mills, paper and chemical works, P. 5200 ; eccles. par. (L. 
 Bridge). P. <:35oo. 
 
 Levera, isl. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, Outer Hebrides, N. Uist 
 par. P. 12. 
 
 Leverano, tn. , Italy, prov., circle, and 11 m. SW, Lecce. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Leverett, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co., 18 m. N. 
 by E. Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leverlngton, par. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire, div. and 2 m. NW. 
 Wisbech, in the Isle of Ely, P.O. ; 4297 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Levern, eccles. par., Scot., Renfrewshire, in Abbey and 
 Eastwood pars. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Levernbank, vil. , Scot. , Renfrewshire, forms part of Croft- 
 head [q.v.). 
 
 Leverstock Green, eccles. par., Eng., Hertfordshire, div. 
 and 4^ m. W. St. Albans, i\ m. ESE. Hemel Hempstead stn., 
 P.O. P.<750. 
 
 Levers Water, small lake, Eng., in the extreme NW. of 
 Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div. , drained SE. into Coniston Water. 
 
 Lcverton (lev'verton), par., Eng., Lmcolnshii-e, Holland 
 div., 6 m. NE. by E. Boston, 3 m. SE. by E. Sibsey stn., P.O. 
 P. <:75o. 
 
 Leverton, North, with Habblesthofpe, and South Lever- 
 ton, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 
 the former 5 m. SSW. Gainsborough, with a stn. (Leverton) 
 on the M. S. & L. R., P.O. (North L). North L. with H. P. 
 <Soo; South L., P.O., P. <5oo. 
 
 Levlco, market-tn., Austria, Tirol, 10 m. E. by S. Trent. 
 P. <:400o. 
 
 Levldlon (levidhi), tn., Greece, prov. Arcadia, 12 m. NNW. 
 Tripolitsa, in comm. Orkhomenos ; suffered severely by an earth- 
 quake in April 1894. P. <3oo6; <comm. 0.)<:5ooo. 
 
 Levle, tn. , Corsica, arr. Sartene, 27 m. SE. Ajaccio. P. 
 <300o. 
 
 Levlnfi^ton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., on the 
 N. bank of the Orwell, 5^ m. SE. by E. Ipswich, x\ m. SSE. 
 Orwell stn., P.O. P. <2So. See Nacton. 
 
LEVI — LEX I 
 
 Levis, CO., Canada, Quebec, bounded N. by St. Lawrence, 
 crossed in the E. by 71° W. 
 
 Ii«vl8, tn. , Canada, Quebec, cap. L. co. , on the r. bk. of 
 St. Lawrence, opposite Quebec, with several factories and mills. 
 P. 7300. 
 
 LeTlsliam, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 
 13 m. W. by N. Scarborough, on the NE. R. P. <:25o. 
 
 LeTlssl, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet Smyrna, sanjak Men- 
 teshe, 4 m. SSE. Makri on gulf facing S. ENE. of Rhodes. 
 P. 3100 (orthodox Greeks). 
 
 LeTltha, small Turkish isl. in the W. of Asia Minor, crossed 
 in the S. by 37° N. , and about the middle by 26^° E. 
 
 Lerronx, tn. , France, dap. Indre, arr. Cha.teauroux, 44 m. 
 SSE. Blois. P. <4000. 
 
 Levuka, former cap. of the Fiji Is. , on E. ct. of small isl. of 
 Ovalau, in 17° 45' S. , 178° 47' W. , surrounded by hills. Good 
 harbour, sheltered by a barrier reef about i m. from the shore, 
 two passages allowing vessels to enter and leave with any wind. 
 Depth at wharf (length, 625 ft.) high water 23-35 ft., at low 
 18-30 ft. Mean temp. (11 yrs. , 1875-85), yr. 78.6° F. , Jan, 81.8°, 
 Aug. 74.3°. 
 
 Levy, CO. , U.S. , Florida, on the Gulf of Mexico, N. of 29° N. , 
 crossed in the W. by 83° W. 
 
 Lew, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 10 m. SW. by W. 
 Woodstock, 3 m. SW. Witney, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Lew, North, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock div. , 14 m. 
 NE. Launceston, 2^ m. NE. Ashbury and N. Lewstn. , on L. 
 & SW. R., PM.O. ; 7179 ac. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (North L. 
 with Ashhnry) P. < 1000. 
 
 Lewannlck, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, div. arid 4 m. SW. by W. 
 Launceston, PM.O.; 4065 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Lewdown, vil., Eng., Devonshire, 8 m. NW. Tavistock, 
 PM.O. 
 
 Lewes (lu'es) , old mun. bor. , but not formally incorporated till 
 1881 (till 1885 also a pari. bor. ), Eng. , cap. co. Sussex, Mid or L. 
 div., on the navigable riv. Ouse (about 7 m. from its mouth), jh 
 ra. ENE. Brighton, in the diocese of Chichester, on the L. B. & 
 S. C. R. L. stands on a small hill surrounded by higher hills, 
 and is an important agricultural centre, holding large annual 
 sheep and lamb fairs. Here, on the 14th of May 1264, Simon 
 de Montfort and the barons defeated Henry IH., and im- 
 prisoned him in the castle, a Saxon erection, which William 
 de Warrene, son-in-law of William I., rebuilt, enlarged, or 
 strengthened. Some of the rooms of this castle are now used 
 as the museum of the Sussex Archaeological Society, and the 
 remains include the gateway, a good and well preserved speci- 
 men of the architecture of the reign of Edward IIL The ruins 
 of a Cluniac priory (founded by the same William de Warrene in 
 1078) are extensive and picturesque. The free grammar school 
 was founded and endowed in 1512. Mean rfall. (1866-1880), 
 33.5 in. Market-day, Tu. Mun. bor. P. (1891) 11,000; pari. 
 div. P. (i8oi)<:4O0o; (1851)9500; (1891)64,000. 
 
 Lewes, tn., U.S., Delaware, Sussex co. , 20 m. N. by W. 
 of the SE. corner of the state, 3 m. WSW. Cape Henlopen ; 
 headquarters of the Delaware Bay pilots. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lewes, or Lewis, riv. , NW. Terrs, of Canada, the S. head- 
 stream of the Yukon, which is formed by the union of the L. and 
 Pelly at the old Fort Selkirk, in about 62° 40' N. , 137° 20' W. 
 
 Lewesdon Hill, Eng. , Dorsetshire. See Lewston Hill. 
 
 Lewes Koad, stn., Eng., Sussex, on NW. side of Brighton, 
 on the L. B. & S. C. R. 
 
 Lewestoii, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 3J m. S. Sher- 
 borne, 2^ m. ENE. Yetminster stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Lewlii, comm., Bohemia, 20 m. E. by S. Teplitz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lewis, CO., U.S., Kentucky, on the Ohio, W. of 83° W. 
 
 Lewis, CO., U.S., Missouri, on the Mississippi, crossed in 
 the S. by 40° N. 
 
 Lewis, CO., U.S., New York, E. of 76° W., crossed in the 
 N. by 44° N., traversed by the Black R. 
 
 Lewis, CO., U.S., Tennessee, in the S., to the W. of 87° W., 
 and N. of 35° N. 
 
 Lewis, CO., U.S., Washington, between 46° and 47° N., and 
 crossed by 122° and 123° W. 
 
 Lewis aud Clarke, co., U.S., Montana, crossed by 47° N., 
 and partly bounded on the E. by Missouri R. 
 
 Lewlsburg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Union co., on the W. 
 branch of the Susquehanna, 49 m. N. Harrisburg. P. <4000. 
 
 Lewlsbnrg, tn., U.S., W. Virginia, Greenbrier co., 65 m. 
 SE. by E. Charleston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lewlsburg, North, vil, U.S., Ohio, Champaign co., 35 m. 
 NW. by W. Columbus. P. <isoo. 
 
 Lewis Fork. See Snake River. 
 
 Lewlsham. 1. Suburb of London, Eng. , Kent, 45 m. SE. St. 
 Paul's, with two stns. (L. Junction and St. John's) on the 
 SE. R., and a third (L. Road) on the L. C. & D. R. 2. One 
 of the pari. bors. of London, including 1. P. (1891) 88,700. 
 
 Lewis Junction, settlement, U.S., Nevada, Lander co., on 
 Reese R. , 180 m. NE. by E. Carson City. 
 
 Lewis Ponds, small stream, New South Wales, Bathurst co.; 
 silver mined near its banks, 16 m. from Orange. 
 
 Lewlston, vil., U.S., Idaho, Nez Perces co. , 175 m. S. from 
 the NW. corner of the state, on the Snake R. , at the confluence 
 of the Clear Water R. , both rivers here navigable by steamers. 
 Alt. 780 ft. Mean temp., yr. 50.3° F., Jan. 31.8°, July 73.5°. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Lewlston, city, U.S., Maine, Androscoggin co., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Androscoggin, opposite Auburn, 28 m. SW. by W. 
 Augusta, the river here breaking over falls more than 50 ft. in 
 distance of 200 ft. , affording extensive water-power, largely used 
 in manufactures of various kinds. P. (1880) 19,100; (1890)21,700. 
 
 Lewlston, vil. , U.S., New York, Niagara co. , at head of 
 steam navigation on Niagara R. , 23 m. N. by W. Buffalo. P, 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Lewlstown, tn., U.S., Illinois, Fulton co., 47'm. NW. by N. 
 Springfield. P. <30oo. 
 
 Lew^lstown, settlement, U.S., Montana, Fergus co. , 160 m. 
 NE. by E. Butte City. 
 
 LewlstO'wn, vil. , U.S., New Jersey, Burlington co. , 17 m. 
 SSE. Trenton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lewlstow^u, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Mifflin co. , on the 
 Juniata R., 44 m. NW. by W. Harrisburg. P. <4000. 
 
 Lewisvllle, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, co. Westmorland, 
 2 m. from Moncton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lewis with Harris, the northernmost and largest island 
 of the Outer Hebrides, off the W. ct. of Scot., between 57° 40' 
 and 58° 32' N. , 6° and 7° W. , separated from the mainland by 
 the Minch, a sea 30 m. across. Length, N. to S. , 60 m. ; greatest 
 breadth, 30 m.; area about 770 sq. m., of which L. , the N. 
 portion, separated from Harris by the inlets Lochs Reasort and 
 Seaforth, comprises about 575 sq. m. Coast line very much 
 indented ; on the E. side are Loch . Erisort and Broad Bay, 
 and on the W. Loch Roag. Its N. headland, the Butt of 
 Lewis, in 58° 31' N. , 6° 14' W. , rises to 80 ft. above the sea. 
 Mealasval in the W. , and Ben More in the E. , of the broadest 
 part of the island both reach 1750 ft. in height, and a great part 
 of the island is rugged ; but it is not generally so lofty and bare 
 as Harris, and it has many low, swampy tracts. Gneiss is the 
 prevailing rock, and much of the surface is covered with peat, 
 and with remains of ancient forests. Chief crops, barley and 
 potatoes ; chief industries, cattle-breeding, fishing, kelp-mak- 
 ing, and domestic manufactures. Extensive improvements in 
 draining, road-making, and building schools have been effected 
 by Sir James Matheson, who acquired the Seaforth estates in 
 1844. The island abounds with Druidic edifices [Callernlsh] 
 and ruined fortresses. The people are almost entirely of 
 Celtic descent, but in the N. (Butt of L.) are a race of purely 
 Scandinavian origin, although speaking the Gaelic language. 
 L. is divided into the four pars.— Stornoway, Uig, Barvas, and 
 Lochs. Stornoway, the only town, is on the E. coast. P. (1871) 
 25.947; (1891)30,726. 
 
 Lewknor, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Henley div. , 14 m. ESE. . 
 Oxford, close to Aston Rowant stn., PMT.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Lewscomhe, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire. See Chelhorough. 
 
 Lewston (or Lewesdon) Hill, hill, Eng., Dorsetshire, W. 
 div., 7I m. NE. Lyme Regis. Height, 910 ft. 
 
 Lew Trenchard, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock div. , 8 m. 
 E. by N. Launceston, 2 m. NNE. Coryton stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lexden, par., Eng., Essex, included in the pari. bor. of and 
 2^ m. W. Colchester. Near the village are various remains of 
 antiquity, Roman or British, among their lines of entrenchment, 
 known as Gryme's Dike. Compare Antoninus, Wall of. 
 PMT.O., and P.O. (L. Heath). P. <4ooo. 
 
 Lexham, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Norfolk, 
 Mid div. , West L. , 14^ m. E. by S. King's Lynn, 3 m. W. by N. 
 Dunham stn., P.O., P. <25o ; East L. P. <25o. See Lltcham. 
 
 Lexington, Eng., Nottinghamshire. See Lax ton. 
 
 Lexington, tn., U.S., lUinois, McLean co. , 42 m. E. Peoria. 
 P. <:i500. 
 
 Lexington, city, U.S., Kentucky, cap. Fayette co., 75 m. E. 
 by S. Louisville. The coimtry is of great beauty and fertility, 
 noted for its horses, L. being the greatest horse-market in the 
 state for thorough-bred trotters and runners ; carriage, bagging, 
 and tobacco factories, and several large distilleries ; seat of 
 Kentucky university and state college. Alt. 946 ft., 975 ft. 
 (both R.R.). P. (1880) 16,700; (1890) 21,600. 
 
 Lexington, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., io| m. 
 NW. by W. Boston. Scene of the first battle of the Revolution 
 between the Americans and the British, when the latter were 
 driven back into Boston, April 19, 1775. P. <40oo. 
 
 Lexington, vil. , U . S. , Mich igan , Sanilac co. , on Lake Huron , 
 68 m. ESE. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lexington, tn., U.S., Mississippi, Holmes co., 54 m. N. 
 Jackson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lexington, city, U.S., Missouri, Lafayette co., 300 ft. above 
 the r. bk. of the Missouri, 38 m. E. by N. Kansas City ; a healthy 
 site ; centre of hemp-growing dist. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Lexington, city, U.S., Nebraska, Dawson co., on 1. bk. 
 Platte R., and U. P. R., 190 m. W. by S. Omaha. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lexington, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, Davidson co., 90 m. W. 
 Raleigh. P. < 1500. 
 
 879 
 
LEXI — LIAS 
 
 Lexington, vil., U.S., Ohio, Richland co., 5.!; m. NNE. 
 Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lexington, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, cap. L. co., 12 m. W. by 
 S. Columbia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lexington, tn., U.S., Virginia, Rockbridge co., W. terminus 
 of James R. and Kanawha Canal, no m. W. by N. Richmond, 
 and 31 m. NW. by N. Lynchburg, with a celebrated natural 
 bridge near ; seat of the Washington and Lee university. Alt. 
 9S8ft. (R.R.). P.<4ooo. 
 
 LSxonrion (leksuri), seapt. , Greece, on W. side of bay of and 
 opposite town of Argostoli, isl. of Cephalonia. P. 5700. 
 
 Lexton, tn., Victoria, Talbot co., 33 m. E. Ararat. P. <I500. 
 
 Ley, lea, leg, Anglo-Saxon, in place-names, often leigh, ' a 
 district ' ; in English topography generally applied to an open 
 field or meadow. 
 
 LeytMtnme, par. , Eng. , Kent, Medway div. , 4I m. WN W. 
 Maidstone, close to Mailing stn. P. <50o. 
 
 Leybnrn, par. and market-tn., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 div. and 7^ m. SW. by S. Richmond, on the NE. R., PMT.O. 
 Market-day, F. P. < 1000. See Wensley. 
 
 Leybnrn, tn., Queensland, Merivale co., 90 m. WSW. 
 Brisbane. P. < 1500. 
 
 Leycett, coal-mining \nl. , Eng. , Staffordshire, 6 m. W. Stoke- 
 upon-Trent, on the N. Staffordshire Rly., PM.O. 
 
 Leyden, tn. , Holland. See Leiden. 
 
 Leydsdorp, vil., S. African Republic, Zoutpansberg dist., 
 113 m. N. Barberton, to the N. of the Olifants R., and of the 
 Drakensberg Mts.; several valuable gold prop>erties in the 
 neighbourhood ; malaria prevails from the end of December to 
 the end of April. Alt. 2300 ft. 
 
 Leyland, par. and tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, Chorley div. , 5 J m. S. 
 Preston, on the L. & NW. and L. & Y. Rlys. , PMT.O. P. 6000. 
 
 Lcylands, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in par. 
 and bor. of Leeds. P. 7100. 
 
 Leymali, tn. , Arabia. See Leima. 
 
 Leynl, tn., Italy, prov., circle, and 9 m. N. Turin. P. <3000. 
 
 I^yi^y* bar. , Ire. , in the SW. of co. Sligo. 
 
 Leysdown, par., Eng., Kent, on the E. ct. of the Isle of 
 Sheppey, 7^ m. ESE. Sheemess, with coastguard station. P. 
 <25o ; eccles. par. (L. witli Harty) P. <5oo. 
 
 Leysmill, vil., Scot., Forfarshire, 5 m. NNW. Arbroath, 
 with stn. on the Dundee & Arbroath, C, and N. B. Joint Rlys. 
 
 Leyte, or Leite, large isL, Spanish Philippines, in the Visayas 
 group, immediately SSW. Samar, near Mindanao, crossed in 
 extreme S. by 10° N., cap. Taclobdn. It is formed by a ridge 
 in continuation of the NE. penin. of Mindanao and the isl. of 
 Panaon, and is itself a detached penin. of Samar, from which it 
 is now separated by the Strait of San Juanico. Area, 2896 sq. m. 
 P. of prov. (including Bilaran, Panaon, Parijan, Camotes, and 
 other islands) 220,500. 
 
 Leytba, riv. , Austria. See Leitba. 
 
 Leyton, tn., Eng., Essex, Walthamstow div., 8 m. W. 
 Romford, on the G. E. R. and London, Tilbury, and Southend 
 Rly.; has yielded many Roman remains. Tn. (urban sanitary 
 dist.) P. 63,100 ; par. (Low L.) P. 43,900. 
 
 Leytonstone, two eccles. pars., Eng., Essex, Walthamstow 
 and Romford divs. , 7 J m. SW. Romford, on the G. E. R. and 
 London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly., both included in the par. 
 of Low Leyton. L. St. Andrew, P. < 1500 ; L. St. Jobn tbe 
 Baptist, P. 12,100. 
 
 Leytron, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, 7^ m. WSW. Sion. P. 
 <;2C)oo. 
 
 Lez, or L^s, name of several rivers and torrents in France, 
 as the Lez d'Axifege, de Drome, and d'H^rault. 
 
 Leiajsk, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, 76 m. WNW. 
 Lemberg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Lezant, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 4 m. S. by E. 
 Launceston; 4841 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 L^zardrieax, tn., France, dep. C6tes du Nord, arr. Lannion, 
 at mouth of the Trieux, 51 m. W. by N. St. Malo. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lezayre, par.. Isle of Man, on the Manx Northern Rly., con- 
 taining part of the town of Ramsey. Area, 16,300 ac. P. <:3C)Oo. 
 
 Lezglilnes (Leii, Leksi, Lezghi), Caucasian stem, inhabiting 
 prov. Daghestan, on N. slope of E. Caucasus (Lezghistan of 
 Eastern writers), and parts of prov. Baku (dist. Kubinsk) and 
 Tiflis (Zakataly). Mentioned by Strabo under the name of 
 Leks. Divided into about 50 tribes, speaking, at least, four or 
 six different languages. Total number about 480,000. Religion, 
 Mussulman Sunnites. 
 
 Leziate, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 5 m. E. King's 
 Lynn, i^ m. S. by W. Grimston Road stn. P. <250. See 
 Asbwicken. 
 
 L^zignan, tn. , France, dep. Aude, arr. and 13 m. W. by N. 
 Narbonne. P. < 5000. 
 
 Lezoux, tn., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 15 m. E. by N. 
 Clermont-Ferrand, arr. and 9 m. W. by S. Thiers. P. <3000. 
 
 Leznza, comm. , Spain, prov. Albacete, dist. La Roda. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Lgov, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 53 m. WNW. Kursk, on 
 Seim R. P. <:50oo. 
 880 
 
 Lbanbryde, vil., Scot., Elginshire, 3J m. ESE. Elgin, on 
 the H. R., P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Lbasa, Lbassa, Lassa, or Hlassa ('land of God,' from Iha, 
 'God,' and sa, 'land'), the cap. city of Tibet, and residence of 
 the Grand Lama, on the Kichu Sanpo, a 1. bk. affluent of the 
 Brahmaputra, in 29° 39' N., 91° 5' E. (Pandit Nain Sing). 
 The city is circular, 2^ m. in circumference, and occupies an 
 open level plain surrounded by mountains. It has numerous 
 towers, bazaars, and temples. The city is remarkable for the 
 number and size of its monasteries, which are greatly resorted 
 to by the Chinese and Mongols as schools of the Buddhist 
 religion and philosophy. It is the ' Rome ' of Buddhism. The 
 Sara monastery, in which 5500 priests are said to minister, is 
 about 3 m. distant from the city, at the foot of a mountain 
 covered with temples having gilded spires, which contain 
 numerous idols richly decked with gold, silver, and precious 
 stones. On the opposite or 1. bk. of the Kichu is the Goldau 
 monastery, three-quarters of a mile in circumference, and with 
 3300 priests. In the centre of the city itself there is a large 
 temple. About 4 m. W. of the city is the Debang monastery, 
 with 7700 priests. The Ramoche monastery is on the N. side 
 of the city. About 2 m. from the latter is a large fort, named 
 Potolah, which is the residence of the great Lama, who is the 
 reputed chief of all Tibet. The first European traveller who 
 visited L. was the monk Odorico di Pordenone, early in the 
 14th century ; the next, the Jesuit Antonio d'Andrada in 1624. 
 In the middle of the i8th century there was a small settlement 
 of Capuchin monks at L. , but since they were expelled in 1760, 
 only three Europeans have succeeded in reaching the city, namely. 
 Manning, the Cambridge mathematician and friend of Lamb, 
 who was there in 1811-12, and the French missionaries Hue and 
 Gabet in 1846. Good crops of barley, wheat, peas, mustard, 
 and a variety of vegetables are produced. There is a consider- 
 able general trade. A great market is held in December, when 
 merchants from all the neighbouring countries are assembled 
 here ; the principal goods for sale are silk, carpets, and porcelain 
 from China ; gold lace, g[ums, and superior carpets from Tartary ; 
 tea, musk, riee, and tobacco from Sikkim. Silver ores and gold 
 occur in abimdance in the surrounding hills, but the govern- 
 ment reftises to work them or to allow them to be worked. The 
 lapidaries, workers in metal, and engravers at L. have a high 
 reputation for skill. Alt. 11,910 ft. P. 25,000. 
 
 Lhoma, Tibetan, 'southern.' 
 
 Lbopa, savage tribe in Bhutan, E. Himalayas, India. 
 
 Lbota Zelend, comm. , Austria. See driin. 
 
 Li, tn. , China, prov. Hunan, 75 m. S. by E. Ichang. 
 
 Lialni, or Leaini, vil. , Brit. S. Africa, in the Barotse Valley, 
 5 m. E. of the Zambezi, in 15° 17' S. , 23° 10' E. , connected with 
 the river by a navigable canal 15 ft. wide by 6 ft. deep, extending 
 also 20 m. N. ; constructed by Lewanika, chief of the Barotse. 
 
 Liambal, name of the Zambezi in the upper part of its course 
 above the Victoria Falls. 
 
 Llanione, riv., Corsica, after a SW. course of 21 m. enters 
 the Mediterranean 11 m. N. Ajaccio. 
 
 Lian (or Liang) ebon- (or Liencbon) fn, tn. , China, in the 
 NW. of prov. Kwangttmg, 135 m. NNW. Canton, cap. dep., in 
 the valley of Liancboa-klang, r. bk. trib. of the Pe-kiang. 
 See also Liencbou-fn. 
 
 Liancbn, tn. , China, Kansu, at the base of the Nan-shan, 
 in 37° 52' N. 
 
 Lianconrt, tn., France, dep. Oise, on the Oise, 19 m. ESE. 
 Beauvais, arr. and 4 m. SE. Clermont de I'Oise, with important 
 manufacture of agricultural implements. P. <40oo. 
 
 Liangan, Ensenada de, bay, Philippine Is., on the E. ct. of 
 isl. Mindanao, in 8° 35'- 40' N. 
 
 Llangcbon-fa, important walled tn., China, Kansu, 180 m. 
 from Lan-chou, in a fertile plain, often inundated by the swelling 
 of the Shwantai-ho. Alt. 5050 ft. P. 20,000-30,000. S?e 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1890, p. 71. 
 
 Liangliiang-bsien, tn., China, prov. Pechili, 20 m. SW. 
 Peking. 
 
 Liang-sban, Lian-sban, or Leang-sban, mts. of S. China, 
 on the borders of provs. Siichwan and Yunnan. One of the 
 chief mining products is a salt of lead, used for painting on 
 porcelain. See Lolos. 
 
 Lianokladi, vil., Greece, prov. Phthiotis and Phocis, 51 m. 
 S. by W. Larissa, 7 m. W. by N. Lamia, on the route of the 
 Athens-Larissa Rly. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lianping-cbon, tn., China, prov. Kwangtung, 107 m. NE. 
 by N. Canton. 
 
 Llaoebon-fn, tn. , China, in the E. of prov. Shansi, 245 m. 
 SW. Tientsin. 
 
 Liaoti-sban, another name for Kwantung Penin. , Manchuria. 
 
 Liard ('poplar'), riv., Brit. N. America, issues from Dease 
 Lake in the N. of Brit. Columbia (about 128° W.), and flows 
 NE. , E., and finally N., and enters the Mackenzie at Fort 
 Simpson, about 121^ W. Navigation impieded by bad rapids. 
 See Fort Liard. 
 
 Liaskovlki, tn.. Turkey in Etirope, prov. and 41 m. N. bf 
 W. Yanina. P. <3000. 
 
LI AU — L I C H 
 
 Llan-ho, riv., Manchuria, formed at the Palisades by the 
 union of the Sira-muren, or Shara-muren, from the NW. , and 
 the Hersu-ho from the NE. , flows SW. through the prov. of 
 Liautung, and, after passing Newchwang proper, enters the Gulf 
 of Liautung at Yingtsu (treaty port of Newchwang). 
 
 Llantniig, Llaotuiig, Leaotnng, or Llentnng, the southern 
 prov. of Manchuria (q.v.), surrounding the Cinlf of L., which 
 runs up NE. from the Gulf of Pechili. Also called Feiigtleii. 
 
 Llan-ynng, or Leaoyaiig, tn. , Manchuria, prov. Liautung, 
 40 m. SSW. Mukden. 
 
 Liba, a name of the upper part of the Zambezi, S. Africa. 
 
 Llbaliell, tn., E. Africa, Somali-land, 124 m. SSW. Berbera. 
 
 Llban, comm. , Austria, Bohemia, 26 m. WNW. Konig- 
 gratz. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 LibanoTO, tn. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet and 22 m. WSW. 
 Salonica. 
 
 Llbauns, P.O., Wales, co. and 4 m. from Brecknock. 
 
 Llbaii, Lettish Leepaja, ancient Lyra partus, tn. and seapt. , 
 Russia, govt. Courland, on Baltic Sea, 143 m. by rail SW. of 
 Riga, on a bank separating Lake Libau from the Baltic, 56° 30' 
 N. , 19° 59' E. ; has an artificial harbour, which offers the advan- 
 tage of freezing for but a few days, so that since L. has been 
 connected by direct railways with the chief grain producing 
 regions of Russia it has become one of the chief seaports of the 
 empire, and has absorbed all exports which formerly were sent 
 to Konigsberg in Prussia. Now fortified, and about to be made 
 an arsenal for the navy. Visited by an average of i960 ships. 
 Exports, chiefly of grain, valued at _^2,700,ooo; imports from 
 /'i, 500, 000 to _^2,ooo,ooo ; coasting trade, 750 ships, value 
 ;^636,ooo. Mean rfall. (18 yrs.), yr. 23 in., July-Nov. 13 in. 
 
 Libbe, lake, Prussia. See Soldln. 
 
 Llbberton, par., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, 6^ m. E. Lanark, \\ 
 m. SE. by S. Bankhead stn.; 8231 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Libeiil, tribe, E. Africa, to the S. of Gojam, Abyssinia. 
 
 Liberia, Negro Republic, on the Pepper Coast in W. Africa, 
 extending S. of Sierra Leone from the Manna R. to the Kavalli 
 R. (E. of Cape Palmas). The boundaries in the interior have 
 not yet been accurately determined. L. comprises the terrs. 
 of Mesurado, Bassa, Sinu, Maryland, Gola, Kondo, Barline, 
 and Busie. The coast is flat and swampy, but in the interior 
 the country gradually rises, and is covered with beautiful forests. 
 Numerous rivers flow to the Atlantic, the principal being the St. 
 Paul's, Dukwea, St. John's, Sestos, and Sinu. The soil of L. 
 is very fertile ; the coffee plant grows in many parts of the 
 country, and Liberian coffee, which is renowned for its excellent 
 quality, is exported in large quantities. Other exports are 
 palm-oil, palm-nut kernels, kola-nuts, sugar, arrow-root, ivory, 
 caoutchouc, timber, dye-woods, hides, and gold. The climate, 
 although somewhat better than the more eastern terrs. of 
 Upper Guinea, is nevertheless dangerous to Europeans ; and 
 with the exception of a number of American, English, German, 
 and Dutch factories, there are no settlements of whites in the 
 country. Only a small portion of the Negro population can 
 be called civilised. The constitution of L. is on the model of 
 that of the U.S. No white man can become a citizen of L. The 
 cap. is Monrovia (P. about 5000) ; other towns are Robertsport, 
 •Edina, Grand-Bassa, Sinu, and Harper. The origin of this 
 native republic dates back to 1822, when a number of American 
 philanthropists bought a tract of land near Cape Mesurado as 
 a settlement for free Negroes. The colony steadily grew, and 
 was declared an independent republic in 1847. But this ex- 
 periment of Negro self-government has proved a failure, as 
 L. is at the present day in a state of pohtical and financial 
 incapacity. Area estimated at 14,000 sq. m. P. at 1,000,000. 
 [H. G. S.] 
 
 Liberia, vil., Costa Rica, 92 m. NW. by W. San Jbs6. 
 
 Libertad, colony, Argentine Republic, Entre Rios, 162 m. 
 ENE. Parana. 
 
 Libertad, seapt. , Central America, Salvador, on the Pacific, 
 22 m. SW. by S. San Salvador, in 13° 29' N. 
 
 Libertad, ct. prov. , N. Peru, cap. Trujillo. 
 
 Libertad, dep. , Peru, on coast, crossed by 8° S. ; cap. Trujillo. 
 
 Libertad, vil. , Venezuela, Zamora, 240 m. SW. Caracas. 
 
 Liberties, Lo'wer, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Londonderry, dist. 
 Kilderry. 
 
 Liberties, Tpper, electoral div. , Ire. , co. and dist. London- 
 derry. 
 
 Llberton (Anglo-Saxon libber tiin, 'leper's house'), par., 
 Scot., Midlothian, 2^ m. SSE. Edinburgh, i^ m. SSE. Newing- 
 ton stn., PMT.O. ; 6617 ac. P. 8300. 
 
 Liberty, co. , U.S., Florida, N. of 30° N., bounded on the 
 \\'. by the Appalachicola. 
 
 Lllierty, ct. co. , U.S., Georgia, crossed in extreme N. by 
 32 N. , and bounded on the SW. by Altamaha R. 
 
 Liberty, tn., U.S., Indiana, Union co., 64 m. E. by S. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Liberty, vil., U.S., Maine, Waldo co., on St. George R., 16 
 m. W. Belfast. P. < 1500. 
 
 Liberty, vil., U.S., Maryland, co. and 11 m. NE. Frederick, 
 35 m. WNW. Baltimore. P. < 1500. 
 881 
 
 Lllierty, city, U.S., Missouri, Clay co. , 15 m. NE. Kansas 
 City. P. <300o. 
 
 Liberty, vil., U.S., New York, Steuben co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Liberty, co., U.S., Texas, in the SE. , crossed in the W. by 
 95° W. , and in the S. by 30° N., traversed by the Trinity R. 
 
 Liberty (former name of Bedford), cap. Bedford cq., U.S., 
 Virginia. 
 
 Liberty, West, city, U.S., Iowa, Muscatine co., 54 m. N. 
 Burlington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Liberty, West, vil., U.S., Ohio, Logan co., 46 m. WNW. 
 Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Liberty, West, coal -mining bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 Allegheny co. , 3 m. S. Pittsburg. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Liberty Centre, vil., U.S., Ohio, Henry co., 30 m. SW. by 
 W.Toledo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Liliertyville, vil., U.S., Illinois, Lake co., 33 m. NW. by 
 N.Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llbethen, or LibetbUnya, free tn., Hungary, co. Sohl, 68 m. 
 N. by E. Waitzen ; has mines of iron and copper. P. <20oo. 
 
 Llbiny Bfc^iuecli^, tn., Austria. See Dentscb Lieban. 
 
 Llbobo, Cape, E. Archipelago, the S. end of Halmah^ra I. 
 
 Libocli, comm. , Austria, Bohemia, on the r. bk. of the Elbe, 
 22 m. N. Prague. P. <20oo. 
 
 LibocliOM'itz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, on riv. Eger, 28 m. 
 NW. by N. Prague. P. <3000. 
 
 Libolchovo, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 43 m. NNW. 
 Yanina, 9 m. ESE. Ergeri. 
 
 Libolio, stn., Congo Free State. See Bangala. 
 
 Llbongo, Portuguese stn. of Angola, W. Africa, half-way 
 between Ambriz and Loanda. 
 
 Llbonta, vil., S. Africa, on the r. or W. bank of the Zambezi, 
 in 14° 57' S. , 23° 10' E. 
 
 Libonriie, tn. and riv. port, France, dep. Gironde, cap. arr. 
 L. , on r. bk. Dordogne, 17 m. ENE. Bordeaux; second town 
 in population and importance of the Gironde. P. 13,900. 
 
 Libreville, tn., W. Africa, at the mouth of the Gabun, NE. 
 side in 0° 22' N. , cap. of French settlements in Gulf of Guinea. 
 
 Libuscbin, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Schlan. P. <30oo. 
 
 Libnsza, comm. , Austria, Galicia, dist. Biecz ; petroleum 
 deposits worked. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Libybaum, seapt., Sicily. See Marsala. 
 
 Libyan Desert, a wide region of N. Africa, including parts 
 of Egypt, Tripoli, and Barka. It contains the oasis of Siwah. 
 See Sahara. 
 
 Lleata, tn., Sicily, S. ct. , at the mouth of the Salso, prov. 
 and 24 m. SE. by E. Girgenti ; exports large quantities of 
 sulphur. P. 17,600. 
 
 Licit, tn.,Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle and 8^ m. SE. by E- 
 Giessen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Llctae, tn., S. Abyssinia, 25 m. WNW. Ankobar, military 
 cap. of the kingdom of Shoa, founded by Menelik. P. 3000. 
 
 Liclifield (called by Bede Lyccitfeld, which is traditionally 
 interpreted as 'field of carcases," and believed to refer to a 
 great massacre of Christians under Diocletian in a place still 
 called Christians' Field), city, mun. bor. (since the reign of 
 Edward VI., till 1885 also a pari, bor.), market-tn., and co. 
 of itself, Eng., co. and 15 m. SE. by E. Stafford, L. div., 
 about I m. N. of the Birmingham Canal, with two stns. (Llch- 
 field, city, and Llcbfleld, Trent Valley, 16 m. from Birming- 
 ham) on different Hues of the L. & NW. R. The cathedral, 
 commenced by Roger de Clinton in 1128, dedicated to St. 
 Mary and St. Ceadd (Chad), and completed in the isth century, 
 is richly decorated, and rendered conspicuous by three spires. 
 Its length is 403 ft. from E. to W., and it has three towers with 
 spires, of which the central is 252 ft. in height. The cathedral 
 library contains the Saxon Gospels of St. Chad, and other 
 literary rarities. It has a museum and free library, attached 
 to which is a public recreation ground of s| ac. , and a free 
 grammar school, in which Addison, Johnson, and Garrick were 
 educated. Johnson's birthplace and monument are in St. Mary's 
 Square. L. is abundantly supplied with water from springs near 
 the city ; has several breweries, and manufactures of carriages, 
 harness, &c. The neighbourhood has extensive market gardens. 
 The bishopric, founded by the early Saxons in the 7th century, 
 comprises nearly the entire county of Stafford, a large part of 
 Salop, and small portions of the counties of Warwick, Derby, 
 Chester, and Flint. Cheese fairs are held on January 12th, 
 February 14th, May 12th, and November 2nd. Market-day, F. 
 P. (1851)7000; (1871) 7350; (1891) 7900; p^rl. div. P. (1891) 
 52,000. 
 
 Lichfield, tn.. New Zealand, North I., co. Piako, 145 m. 
 SSE. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lichten, vil., Austria, Silesia, 13m. WNW. Troppau. P. <300o. 
 
 Lichtenan, tn., Ger. , gd. -duchy and 11 m. W. by S. Baden. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Lichtenan, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 14 m. SE. 
 Marburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lichtenan, Danish settlement in the S. of Greenland, about 
 30 m. SE. Julianehaab. Mean temp. (5 yrs., 1841-46), yr. 
 33.2° F., Jan. 22.3°. July 45.7°. 
 
 3K 
 
LI C H — LI EG 
 
 Llctatenlierg, former principality, Ger., now forming the 
 circle of St. Wendel, in the S. of the Rhine Prov., Prussia, 
 between Rhenish Bavaria on the SE. and Birkenfeld on the 
 NW. Surface hilly, and well wooded. It was ceded to Prussia 
 by the Duke of Saxe-Koburg-Gotha in 1834. Area, 220 sq. m. 
 
 Ucbtenberg, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt. Pots- 
 dam, circle Niederbarnim, 3 m. E. of the centre of Berlin. 
 P. {i87i)<400o; comm. (1890)22,800. 
 
 lilchtcnberg, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Dresden, dist. 
 and 6 m. SSE. Freiberg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Llchtenberg, tn., Ger., on the N. frontier of Bavaria, govt. 
 Upper Franconia, 31 m. N. by E. Baireuth. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lichtenbnrg, tn., S. African Republic, cap. of L. dist., 
 about 130 m. W. by S. Pretoria. 
 
 Iilctateufels, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Franconia, 
 cap. circle L., 8J m. SSE. Koburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Llchtenbof, vil., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Middle Franconia, 
 dist. and i m. S. Niirnberg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Mcbtenstelg, comm., Switzd., cant, and 15 m. WSW. St. 
 Gall, on the riv. Thur. P. < 2000, 
 
 Llcbtensteln, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 72 m. ENE. 
 Zwickau, dist. Glauchau, at the foot of a mountain crowned by 
 a castle ; has manufactures of hosiery, rugs, &c. The town of 
 Kallnberg is only separated from L. by the Rodlitz. P. 5800. 
 
 Iilcbtentbal, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy, circle, and 2 m. SE. 
 Baden. P. < 3000. 
 
 licbteuvoorde, comm., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 21 m. 
 SW. Enschede. P. <:5000. 
 
 Idcbtenwortb, tn., Lower Austria, dist. and 3 m. NE. 
 Wiener-Neustadt. P. < 3000. 
 
 licbtervelde, tn. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. Roulers, 
 13 m. S. by W. Bruges. P. (comm.) 6500. 
 
 Lick, ' a flat stone.' See Leac. 
 
 Lick, tn., Prussia. See Lyck. 
 
 Uckbla, par.. Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Fore, onrivs. Glore 
 and Inny, 3J m. NW. CastlepoUard ; 8836 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Llckeen, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Glanbehy. 
 
 Uckeen Longb, lake, Ire. , NW. co. Clare, 22 m. S. by W. 
 Galway. 
 
 Uckerrig, par.. Ire., E. co. Galway, bars. Athenry, Dun- 
 kellin, and Loughrea, 4J m. N. by W. Loughrea; 4469 ac. 
 P.<SOO. 
 
 Lickey, eccles. par., Eng. , Worcestershire, E. div., 2 m. 
 NE. by N. Bromsgrove, P.O. (L. End). P. < 2500. 
 
 Llckfinn, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Slieveardagh, 2 m. 
 NE. Killenaule. P. <25o. 
 
 Licking, riv. , U.S., Kentucky, flows NW. then N. to the 
 Ohio, which it joins on the 1. bk. between Covington and 
 Newport. 
 
 Licking, riv., U.S., Ohio, in the SE. It rises in the W. of 
 L. CO., flows E. then SE. till it unites with the Tuscarawas 
 near Zanesville to form the Muskingum R. 
 
 Lickmolassy, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. Longford, on riv. 
 Shannon and Lough Derg ; 9888 ac P. <25oo. 
 
 Lick Observatory, U.S. See Hamilton, Mount. 
 
 Llckoran, par.. Ire., co. Waterford, bar. Decies without 
 Drum, 5 m. NE. Cappoquin. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llcodla, tn. , Sicily, prov. Catania, 33 m. W. by N. Syra- 
 cuse. Alt. 2065 ft. 
 
 Licosa, Capo, cape, Italy, W. ct., in 40° 15' N. 
 
 Llcto, vil., Ecuador, 78 m. ENE. Guayaquil, at the foot of 
 the volcano of Sangai. 
 
 Llda, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 60 m. S. Vilna. P. 7550. 
 
 Lldbrook, Eng. , Gloucestershire. See Lydbrook. 
 
 Llddel Water, riv., Scot., Roxburghshire, formed by the 
 union of small streams to the SW. of Peel Fell, Cheviot Hills, 
 flows SW. to the Esk, partly on the English frontier. Its 
 valley forms the romantic dist. of Liddesdale (lldz'del). 
 
 Liddiard Slillicent and Liddlard Tregooze, par., Eng., 
 Wiltshire. See Lydiard Slilliceut and Lydiard Tregooze. 
 
 Llddlngton, par., Eng., Rutland, 7 m. S. Oakham, 2| m. 
 NNE. Rockingham stn., PM.O. (Lyddington). P. -=500; 
 eccles. par. (L. ■wltb Caldecott) P. <750. 
 
 Llddlngton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade div., 4 m. 
 ESE. Swindon, 2 m. ENE. Cbisledon stn., P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Liden, vil., Sweden, prov. W. Norrland, on the Angerman 
 Elf, 68 m. NNW. Hernosand. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lidericiis, riv. , France. See Loir. 
 
 Lidford, par. , Eng. , Devonshire. See Lydford. 
 
 Lldgate, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 6 m. SE. New- 
 market, sk ni- SSE. Higham stn., P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Lidgen, par. , Eng. , Kent. See Lidslng. 
 
 Lldger«vood, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Richland co., 
 58 m. SSW. Fargo. 
 
 Lidgettown, vil. , Natal, dist. and 23 m. NW. Pietermaritz- 
 burg. 
 
 LldingS, isl., Sweden, about 2 m. E. Stockholm. 
 
 Lldkoplng, tn,, Sweden, prov. Skaraborg, on the S. side of 
 Lake Wener (Venern), 67 m. W. Motala. P. 5200. 
 
 Lldlincb, P.O., Eng., Dorsetshire. See Lydllnch. 
 882 
 
 Lidlington, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div. , 8i m. 
 SW. by S. Bedford, on the L. & NW. R., PM.O. P. <750. 
 
 Lido (Italian 'shore'), chain of sandy isls., Austrian Italy, 
 forming a curve between the rivs. Brenta and Piave, separat- 
 ing the lagoons of Venice from the Adriatic Sea. They have 
 several small forts. See Venice. 
 
 Lidorlklon (lidhoriki), tn. , Greece, prov. Phthiotis and Phocis, 
 23 m. ENE. Lepanto. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Lidsdale, tn. , New S. Wales, 70 m.WN W.Sydney. P.<isoo. 
 
 Lidslng, or Lidgen, par. , Eng. , Kent, Medway div. , 3^ m. 
 SE. by S. Chatham, 2^ ra. SW. Rainham stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Lieban, comm. , Austria, Moravia, 15 m. NE. by E. Olmiitz. 
 Alt. 1780 ft. P. <3ooo. See also Dentscb-Llebaa. 
 
 Lieban, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt, and 34 m. SSW. 
 Liegnitz, circle Landeshut, at the base of the Riesengebirge, on 
 the railway to Trautenau (Austrian Silesia). P. 5000. 
 
 Lie1>emiibl, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Osterode, 
 32 m. SE. by S. Elbing. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Llel>en, tn. , Austria, prov. Bohemia, dist. and 2 m. NE. 
 Karolinenthal ; a NE. suburb of Prague. P. 12,500. 
 
 Llebenan, tn. , Bohemia, 7 m. S. by E. Reichenberg. P. <4000. 
 
 Liebenan, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 38 m. E. Frank- 
 furt. P. <; 2000. 
 
 Liebensteln, vil., Austria, prov. Bohemia, dist. and 7 m. 
 WNW. Eger. P.<3ooo. 
 
 Llebentbal, vil., Austria, Bohemia, 29 m. SE. by E. Konig- 
 gratz, 4 m. ENE. Wildenschwert. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Lieltenwalde, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Nieder- 
 barnim, 26 m. N. Berlin, on the Finow Canal. P. <:3000. 
 
 Lielienwerda, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, cap. circle L. , 17 
 m. E. by S. Torgau. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Lieber, cape, Grinnell Land, Arctic America, in 81° 35' N. 
 It was the farthest point actually reached by Hayes in 1861. 
 
 Lieberose, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 26 m. SSW. 
 Frankfurt. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Liebertwolk'witz, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 4J m. 
 SE. Leipzig. P. < 3000. 
 
 Lleblg, CO., Queensland, between Broad Sound (E. ct.) and 
 the Fitzroy R. , crossed in the middle by 150° E. and 23° S. 
 
 Llebllng, comm., Hungary, co. Temes, dist. Csikvar. 
 P. <:400o. 
 
 Lle1)ocb, comm. , Austria, Styria, in the valley of the Kainach, 
 8 m. SW. by S. Graz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Liebotitz, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, 23 m. E. by N. Karlsbad, 
 6\ m. W. Saaz. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Lieltstadt, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 15 m. SSE. Dresden. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Llebstadt, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Mohrungen, 
 30 m. ESE. Elbing. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Liecbtenstein, Principality of, small independent state 
 enclosed between the Austrian prov. Tirol and Vorarlberg and 
 the Swiss cant, of St. Gall, very mountainous, covered by rami- 
 fications of the Rhaetian Alps. Actually completely independent, 
 though its sovereign prince is one of the highest nobles at the 
 court at Vienna, and for judicial affairs it appeals as a last 
 resource to the Imperial Court at Innsbruck. Cap. Vaduz. 
 Area about 61 sq. m. P. (1886) 9600. . 
 
 Liedekerke, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Brussels. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 Llefkensboek, fort, Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, on 1. bk. 
 of the Scheldt, 7 m. NW. Antwerp, the approach to which it 
 protects, with Fort Lillo immediately opposite. 
 
 Ll^e, Flemish Lnlk, German Liittlcb, city, Belgium, 
 cap. prov. L., on the Meuse, just about the point where the 
 hills on its 1. bk. come to an end, and immediately below the 
 place where the valleys of the Vesdre and Ourthe on the r. bk. 
 afford routes for roads and railways, the one E. to Verviers, &c. , 
 the other S. through the Ardennes, 54 m. ESE. Brussels. Manu- 
 factures comprise steam machinery, files, nails, and hardware 
 of all kinds, watches, jewellery, woollen and cotton fabrics, 
 paper, and glass; it has also sugar refineries, tanneries, and 
 distilleries. It supplies fire-arms to nearly all the governments 
 in the world. See also Seralng. The coal-mines in the vicinity 
 employ many thousands. It is the see of a bishop, has a cathe- 
 dral, rebuilt at the end of the 13th century, a town-hall, rebuilt 
 several times since its foundation in the nth century, the last 
 time being in 17 14, a coiu-t of appeal, a university, cabinets of 
 chemistry and natural history, a botanic garden, and a school 
 of mines. Of all its ancient fortifications L. has only two forts. 
 Mean temp., yr. 50.5° F., Jan. 37.2°, July 66.0°; rfall. (17 yrs.), 
 29.63 in. P. (1866) 101,600; (1873) 113,800; (1890) 146,800. 
 
 LK^ge, prov., in the E. of Belgium, nearly bisected by the 
 valley of the Meuse ; rich in coal, iron, zinc, and phosphate of 
 lime (the last on the Hesbaye plateau, NW. of the Meuse) ; cap. 
 Li^ge. Area, 1118 sq. m, P. 743,800. See Belgium, table. 
 
 Liegnitz, tn., formerly fortified, Prussia, in the middle of the 
 prov. Silesia, cap. circle L., on the Katzbach. Birthplace of 
 Dove, the meteorologist. Manufactures woollen cloths and 
 boilers ; has iron-foundries, and its vicinity is famous for horticul- 
 tiu-e. In 1 164 it became the capital of a duchy, and at the death 
 
LIEN 
 
 L I LL 
 
 of the last duke, in 1673, passed to Austria [Silesia]. Here, on 
 Aug. 16, 1760, the Prussians, under Frederick the Great, defeated 
 the Austrians. P. (1816) 8800 ; (1871)23,100; (1890)46,900. 
 
 Llenchon, penin. , in the S. of China, facing the isl. of Hainan. 
 
 Lienchon-fn, tn., China, in the W. of prov. Kwangtung, 
 cap. dep. , at the head of the estuary of the Simen-kiang (influent 
 of the Gulf of Tongking, about 10 m. from the mouth of the 
 Locheng-kiang, which enters a bay on whose shore stands the 
 treaty port of Pakhoi {g.v. ). P. 12,000. See also Llauclion-fa. 
 
 Lleuden, comm., Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, 6 m. NNE. 
 Tiel. P. < 5000. 
 
 liendwe, fertile dist. at the S. end of Lake Tanganyika, to 
 the W. of 31° E., traversed by the Lofu R. [Proc. R. G. S., 
 1890, p. 739.) 
 
 lileiieu, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Tecklenburg, 21 
 m. NE. Miinster, 10 m. S. by W. Osnabriick. P. (comm. ) <4ooo. 
 
 Uenz, tn. , Austria, Tirol, near 1. bk. of the Drave, at E. end, 
 in one of the finest parts of the Puster-thal, and S. end of the 
 Isel-thal, 63 m. S. by W. Salzburg. Alt. 2560 ft. P. <4000. 
 
 Llepvre, vil. , Alsace-Lorraine. See Leberau. 
 
 Ller, vil., Norway, prov. Hedemarken, on the Glommen, 
 49 m. ENE. Christiania. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Llerre, tn. , Belgium, prov. and 9 m. SE. by E. Antwerp, with 
 manufactures of silk textures, cotton, embroidery, lace, &c. In 
 the 14th century the industry of its weavers and cloth-makers was 
 very important. Taken by the Spaniards in 1582, by the Dutch 
 in 1595, and by the allies under Marlborough in 1706; its 
 fortifications were rased in 1784. P. (1866)15,000; (1890)20,100. 
 
 Llers, vil. , Belgium, prov. and 4 m. N. Liege ; railway junc. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 llesborn, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Beckum, 37 
 m. ENE. Dortmund. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Lleslng, tn. , Lower Austria, 5 m. SSW. Vienna. P. 5500. 
 
 Llestal, comm. , Switzd. , cant. Basel-land, on the Ergolz, 8 m. 
 SE. by E. Basel. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Llentnng, prov. , China. See Ilaatang. 
 
 Ll^Tln, tn., France, dep. Pas-de- Calais, arr. B^thune, 9 m. 
 N. Arras, with important coal-mines. P. 11,700. 
 
 Iilfan-fu, tn., China, Siichwan, 74 m. NW. Chengtu-fu. 
 
 Llff, Benvle, and luvergowrle, par., Scot., on the W. 
 border of Forfarshire and Perthshire, Liff 5 m. WNW. Dundee, 
 i^ m. NW. of its stn. (Llff) on the C. R. The par. is almost 
 entirely in Forfarshire, and includes part of the city of Dundee. 
 7090 ac. P. 47,600. 
 
 Llffey, riv. , Ire. , Leinster, rises in the mountains of Wicklow, 
 about 12 m. SW. Dublin, and after a course of 50 m. enters 
 Dublin Bay. 
 
 Llffey, tn. , Tasmania, co. Westmoreland, 25 m. SW. Laun- 
 ceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llffey Junction, stn.. Ire., in co. and N. vicinity of Dublin, 
 on North Wall (Dublin) Extension Rly. 
 
 Llffl, former Egyptian stn. of Dar-Fertit, eastern Sudan, 
 Africa, in 8° 15' N. , 26° 2' E. Alt. 1900 ft. 
 
 Llfford, stn. , Eng. , in E. vicinity of King's Norton, Worcester- 
 shire, 4 m. S. Birmingham, on the M. R. 
 
 Llfford (originally Leith-bhearr, 'the grey water"), co. and 
 assize town of Donegal, Ire., bar. N. Raphoe, ijm. WNW. Stra- 
 bane, on the 1. bk. of the Foyle, PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llfta, vil., Palestine, Eleph in the O. T., 31° 48' N., 35° 11' 
 E. , 2| m. WNW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Litton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 4m. E. by N. 
 Launceston, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. ; 5376 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llfn, or Shabrol, principal island of the Loyalty Is. 
 
 Llgauasan, large lake in the isl. of Mindanao, Philippine Is., 
 a little S. of 7° N. , drained NW. into Illana Bay. 
 
 Liger, riv. , France. See Loire. 
 
 Llgger Point, cape, Eng. , on the N W. ct. of Cornwall, in 
 £0° 22J' N. 
 
 Llgbt, riv. , S. Australia, flows SW. into the Gulf of St. Vincent, 
 which it enters in about 34° 35' S. 
 
 Light, CO. , S. AustraUa, crossed in the extreme N. by 34° S. , 
 and in the E. by 139° E. 
 
 Llgbtcllffe, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, EUand 
 div., 2^ m. E. Halifax, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. P. <sooo. 
 
 Llghtbome, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 7 m. 
 SE. by S. Warwick, 3 m. N. Kineton stn., P.O. (Llgbtbore). 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Llgne, vil., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 14 m. E. Tournay. 
 
 Lignl^res, tn. , France, dep. Cher, arr. Saint-Amand, on the 
 Arnon, 35 m. NW. by N. Montlu9on. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Ligny, vil., Belgium, prov. Namur, 2J m. NNE. Fleurus, 9 
 m. NE. Charleroi, rly. junc. (for Louvain and Hasselt) ; cele- 
 brated for a battle between the Prussians and French, June 16, 
 181 5, two days before the battle of Waterloo. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Llgny, vil., France, dep. Nord, arr. Cambrai, cant, and 2 m. 
 NNW. Clary. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Llgny-en-Barrols, tn., France, dep. Meuse, on the Ornain, 
 arr. and 10 m. SE. by E. Bar le Due, with manufactures of files, 
 compasses, optical instruments, &c. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Llgny-le-Cb^tel, tn. , France, dep. Yonne, arr. Auxerre, on 
 
 the Serain, 32 m. SSW. Troyes, 11 in. WNW. Tonnerre ; for- 
 merly fortified. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Llgonlel, PMT.O., Ire., co. Antrim. See Legonlel. 
 
 Llgonler, tn., U.S., Indiana, Noble co. , 103 m. E. by S. 
 Chicago (111.). P. <:3000. 
 
 Llgonler, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Westmoreland co., 44 
 m. ESE. Pittsburg. Alt. 1748 ft. (R.R.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Llgonyl, or Elgou, mt. , equatorial Africa. See Elgon. 
 
 Llgondlsta (ligudhista), tn. , Greece, Messenia, 17 m. W. 
 Messeng, in comm. Phlesias. P. <;3ooo ; comm. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Llgna, La, tn., Chile, prov. Aconcagua, cap. dep. La L., 12 
 m. from Ligua Bay (in 32° 25' S. ). P. <3000. 
 
 Ligurala, riv. , France. See Loiret. 
 
 Llgurla, div. {cotnpariimento territoriale), in the NW. of 
 Italy, composed solely of the provs. Porto Maurizio, and occu- 
 pying the narrow strip between the coast and the crest of the 
 Maritime Alps and the Apennines from the French frontier to 
 the Gulf of Spezia and the mouth of the Magra. It enjoys the 
 mildest climate in the N. of Italy, and one of the best on the 
 Mediterranean [Italy, Porto Dlaurlzlo, Genoa], as is well 
 shown by the fact that it is the only part of N. Italy where the 
 production of oranges is of great importance. Wine also is 
 largely produced. Chief cereal, wheat. The principal mines 
 are in the W. of the prov. of Genoa, producing copper and iron 
 pyrites. A little manganese is also produced in the same prov. , 
 and formerly lignite was mined at Cadibona, near Savona 
 (mines now exhausted), and near Spezia. L. formed part of 
 the kingdom of Sardinia previous to the formation of the king- 
 dom of Italy. See Italy, table. 
 
 Llban, Port. See Port Llbaii. 
 
 Llbon, islet, off W. ct. Guernsey, Channel Is., 7 m. W. St. 
 Peter Port ; has ruins of a monastery. 
 
 LUm- (or Lym-) Fiord (from Old Norse, lim, limr, 'a 
 branch,' referring to its numerous branches or minor inlets. Egli) , 
 an inlet of the Kattegat, Denmark, stretches far into N. Jutland, 
 and there expands into a large, irregular, and shallow lagoon. 
 It receives several small rivers, and contains the isl. of Mors and 
 several smaller islands. 
 
 Llje, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet, sanjak, and 53 m. NNE. 
 Diarbekir. P. 3700; Moham. 1000; Christians, 2700. 
 
 Llka-Krbava, co. , in the extreme SW. of Croatia-Slavonia, 
 kgd. Hungary. 
 
 Llkatlong, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Barkly West, on 
 the Hart R., 45 m. NW. Kimberley. 
 
 Llkema, riv. , Congo Free State. See Mongalla. 
 
 Llkbvln, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 34 m. S. Kaluga, on 
 1. bk. Oka. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ll-klang, or Songkllioug, riv., Tongking. See Snngchl- 
 klang. 
 
 Llklang-fu, tn. , China, Yiinnan, the ancient cap. of the 
 Moso, 75 m. N. by E. Tali-fu. (^Supp. papers R. G. S.,\., p. 96.) 
 
 Llklpla. See Lallslpla. 
 
 LUkoma, isl., about 5 m. long, near the E. side of Lake 
 Nyassa, S. Africa, just S. of 12° S. ; headquarters of the Uni- 
 versities mission to central Africa. 
 
 Llkona, riv. , W. Africa, French Congo Terr. , flows E. so far 
 as it is known on the equator ; probably enters the Likuala. 
 
 Uknala, Lekole, or Njna, riv., W. Africa, French Congo 
 Terr. , flows S. and enters the Congo in about 1° 15' S. , 16° 45' E. 
 
 Llkfva, lake, Africa. See Hlk^va. 
 
 Lllbourne, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 4 m. 
 E. by N. Rugby, on the L. & NW. R., close to Watling Street ; 
 remains of the ancient Tripontium. P. <25o. 
 
 Lllbnrn, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Nor- 
 thumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed div., on the Till, 12^ m. 
 NW. by W. Alnwick. West L. 2 m. NW. by N. Ilderton stn., 
 P.O., P. <:2So; East L. P. <25o. See Egllngbam. 
 
 Lllford fvlth Wlgstborpe, par. , Eng. , Northamptonshire, 
 on riv. Nen, 3 m. SW. Oundle. P. <25o. See Tborpe 
 Acbnrcb. 
 
 Llllbeo, cape, Sicily. See Boeo, Capo. 
 
 Llllensteln, hill, on the r. bk. of the Elbe, kgd. Saxony, 
 opposite Konigstein, 23 m. SW. Bautzen. Alt. 1350 ft. 
 
 Lllla-Lnle4, riv. See Lule&. 
 
 Lille (Flemish Ryssel, ancient Lisle, named from an insulated 
 castle), tn., France, cap. dep. Nord, cap. arr. L., 42 m. SE. 
 Dunkirk, in a large plain watered by different canalised arms of 
 the Deule. Fortified place of the first class, surrounded by 
 fortified walls, and commanded on its NW. side by a citadel, 
 constructed by Vauban at the beginning of the i8th century. 
 One of the principal industrial towns of France ; chief manu- 
 factures, flax and hemp yarn ; to a smaller extent, linen thread, 
 cloths, table linen, cotton goods, tulle, chemicals ; with dye- 
 works, sugar-works, distilleries, and factories of machines and 
 engine boilers. Its vicinityisstudded with bleaching-grounds,rape 
 seed oil-mills, and beet-root plantations, the latter of which are 
 very important. The public library has 75,000 vols. The original 
 nucleus of the town, between two arms of the Deule, was the 
 castle of rile, founded by the counts of Flanders ; taken by the 
 French from Austria in 1667, and by siege by the allies under the 
 
 883 
 
LILL — LIME 
 
 Duke of Marlborough in 1708, and unsuccessfully bombarded by 
 the Austrians in 1792. Rfall. 22.44 ii^- P- (1872) 152,800; 
 (1891) 201,200. 
 
 Lille bonne, the ancient Juliobona, tn., France, dep. Seine- 
 Inf^rieure, arr. and 20 m. E. by N. Havre, with cotton manu- 
 factures. Anciently cap. of the Caletes, and colonised by the 
 Romans. P. 5700. 
 
 liUleiiamnier, tn. , Norway, prov. Kristian, at the head of 
 Lake Mjosen, 90 m. N. Christiania. P. <:20oo. 
 
 lilUers, tn., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, 16 m. SE. by S. 
 St. Omer, arr. and 8 m. WNW. B^thune, with manufactures 
 of boots and shoes for export. P. 5200. 
 
 LUlesand, tn. , Norway, prov. Nedenas, on the S. ct. , 17 m. 
 ENE. Christiansand. The harbour has a depth of 25-112 ft., 
 alongside quays 19-25 ft. P. <2oco. 
 
 LUlesball, par., Eng., Salop, WeUington div., 15 m. E. by 
 N. Shrewsbury, 2^ m. SSW. Newport, on branch of Shrewsbury 
 Canal, P.O.; 6175 ac. P. < 4000. 
 
 Lille St. Hubert, vil., Belgium, prov. Limburg, 22 m. W. 
 Roermond. 
 
 Lllley, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 4 m. NNE. 
 Luton, PM.O. P. <750. 
 
 Lllllesleaf, par., Scot., Roxburghshire, 5 m. SE. by E. 
 Selkirk, 2 m. W. Belses stn., PMT.O. ; 6672 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Lllllniur, tn., Victoria, co. Lowan, 305 m. by rail NW. 
 Melbourne, on the Une to Adelaide. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lllllngs Antbo, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div. , 9 m. NNE. York, 2 m. NW. Flaxton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Lilllngstone, Dayrell and Lovell, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Buckinghamshire. D. L., div. and 4 m. N. by E. Buckingham, 
 P.O., P. <5oo; L. L. P.<25o. 
 
 Llllliigton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 3 m. S. by W. 
 Sherborne, 2 m. NE. by E. Yetminster stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Llliliigton, par., Eng., Warwickshire, in the pari. bor. of 
 Warwick and Leamington, and now included in mun. bor. of 
 Leamington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lllllpnt, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, 3 m. SW. Swansea, 
 on Swansea and Mumbles Rly. 
 
 LUlo, fortified tn. , Belgium, prov. Antwerp, 5^ m. WNW. 
 Eeckeren, on r. bk. of the Scheldt. 
 
 LlUo, tn. , Spain, New Castille, prov. and 37 m. ESE. Toledo. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Llllooet, riv., Brit. Columbia, flows SE., expanding into 
 L. Lake and Great Harrison Lake, and enters Eraser R. in 
 121° 55' W. 
 
 LUlooet, vil. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the r. bk. of 
 the Eraser R. , in 50° 45' N. ; gold mined in dist. Alt. 650 ft. 
 Mean temp. (4 yrs., 1880-83), yr. 45.4° F., Jan. 21.5°, July 68.3°. 
 
 Lilly Lake, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, King's co., 19 m. 
 from St. John. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lllstock, vil. , Eng. , Somerset, Wellington div. , on the N. ct. , 
 9I m. NW. by W. Bridgwater. See KlltOH. 
 
 Lllnndo, riv. , Africa. See Lelando. 
 
 Lllydale, tn., Tasmania, 21 m. from Launceston. P. <i500. 
 
 Lilydale, tn. , Victoria, Evelyn co. , 20 m. E. Melbourne. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Lily Fonteln, mission stn., Cap>e Colony, dist. Namaqua- 
 land, 50 m. S. by E. Ookiep. 
 
 Llm, riv., Balkan Penin. , rises near Gusinye in the N. of 
 Albania, flows N. through the E. of Montenegro, then N. and 
 NW. through Novibazar, and finally enters the Drina on the 
 r. bk. in the SE. of Bosnia. 
 
 Lima, tn., British Guiana, 40 m. NW. by N. Georgetown, 
 on the coast, in about 58° 33' W. 
 
 Lima, vil., Paraguay, 115 m. NNE. Asuncion, 32 m. ENE. 
 San Pedro. 
 
 Lima (said to be a corruption of Rimac), cap. city of Peru 
 and dep. L. , on the Rimac, in a valley about 6 m. from its port, 
 Callao, on the Pacific, and connected with it by a railway, in 
 12° 3' S., 77° 5' 30" W. It is about 2 m. in length by ij m. in 
 greatest breadth, and separated from a suburb by the Rimac, 
 and elsewhere enclosed by a bastioned wall, entered by six 
 gates. It is of Spanish origin, founded by Francisco Pizarro, 
 January 18, 1535, under the name of Ciudad de los Reyes (' city 
 of the kings'), ancient capital of the viceroyalty of Peru, and 
 is the most handsome city in S. America ; its numerous domes 
 and spires give it a magnificent appearance. Principal edifices, 
 the cathedral church, archbishop's palace (now partly occupied 
 by the Peruvian senate), the former residence of the viceroy 
 (now the court-house), a university, a public library with rare 
 books, including several dating from the 15th century, a public 
 museum ; and outside of the walls, a planted promenade, a 
 public cemetery, and public baths. It has manufactures of gold 
 lace, and a glass factory. Its vicinity is fertile, and produces 
 large quantities of provisions and live stock. Climate pleasant, 
 but not healthy. There are abundant dews and fogs, especially 
 in winter, but no rain ; but the mortality is high, partly owing 
 perhaps to great neglect of drainage and disposal of refuse, 
 yellow fever and small-pox appearing every five or seven years. 
 It was long the grand commercial entrep6t for all the W. coast 
 884 
 
 of S. America, and it still has a large trade, its exports consist- 
 ing of silver, copper ore, bark, soap, vicuna wool, chinchilla 
 skins, nitre, sugar, &c. ; and imports of manufactured goods, 
 wines, silks, and brandy. For its railway connections, see Peru, 
 Alt. 565 ft. Mean temp. (2 yrs.), yr. 73.3° F. , Feb. 79.9°, Aug. 
 67.3°. P. (1793) 53,000; (1871)160,100; (1891)103,600. 
 
 Lima, riv. , Spain and Portugal, rises in Galicia, flows SW. 
 for about 90 m., and enters the Atlantic at Viana. It isi 
 navigable only for the last 12 m. 
 
 Lima, vil. , U.S., Indiana, Lagrange co. , 109 m. E. by S. i 
 Chicago (111.), 32 m. W. by S. of NE. corner of state. P. <i500. i 
 
 Lima, vil., U.S., New York, Livingston co., 18 m. S. i 
 Rochester. P. < 1500. | 
 
 Lima, city, U.S., Ohio, Allen co., 72 m. SSW. Toledo, with, 
 manufactures of steam engfines, cars, &c. Principal centre of 
 petroleum production in the state. Alt. 859 ft. (R.R.). P. 
 (1880) 7600; (1890) 16,000. 
 
 Llmache Alto, tn., Chile, prov. and 17 m. E. Valparaiso, 
 with government cannon foundry. P. 6400. 
 
 Llmague, large and fertile plain in dep. Puy-de-D6me, France, 
 traversed by the AUier, composed of Tertiary lacustrine deposits, 
 narrow in the S. , vvadening out northwards towards the Loire, 
 bordered E. and W. by granitic heights (on the E. the mountains 
 of Forez, on the W. the part of the Central Plateau, crowned 
 by old volcanic craters, including the Puy-de-D6me) ; almost 
 always in a light mist, due to the wafting of volcanic dust, rich 
 in phosphoric acid, potash, and lime, to which the fertility of 
 the valley is in a great measure ascribed. 
 
 Liman, Russian, ' estuary ' ; also lake on sea coast more or less 
 separated from the sea. 
 
 Llmarl, or Barraza, riv., Chile, rises in the Andes, flows 
 first N. then W^., and enters the Pacific Ocean 70 m. SSW. 
 Coquimbo, in about 30° 45' S. Length, 99 m. ; area of basin, 
 2510 sq. m.; discharge, 100 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Llmarsl, Pnuta, cape, Italy, in the SE. of Pantelleria I., in 
 36° 45' N. ■ 
 
 Llmasol, seapt. tn. , Cyprus, on S. ct. , 38 m. SW. Larnaca. 
 It is full of ruins and rubbish, but has a good roadstead (without 
 docks or quays), and is, after Larnaca, the most important com- 
 mercial town on the island. P. 6000. 
 
 Llmatambo, vil., Peru, dep. and 25 m. W. 'Cuzco, in a 
 narrow valley. P. (with dist. ) 5300. 
 
 Llmava'dy ('the dog's leap,' name of an old castle of the 
 O'Cahans'), civic and market-tn.. Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. 
 Keenaght, 12 m. WSW. Coleraine, beautifully situated in the 
 valley of the Roe, on the Belfast and Northern Counties Rly. ; has 
 linen-weaving factory, large oat and maize-mills, &c. Market- 
 days, M. , Tu. , and F. P. <:3ooo. Llmarady Junction, stn. , 
 2,\ m. W. by N. Limavady, P.O. 
 
 Llmbaeta, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. and 
 6\ m. W. by by N. Chemnitz. Since 1776 an important centre 
 of hosiery manufacture (now both cotton and woollen) ; also 
 manufactures stocking-machines and needles, gloves, &c. P. 
 (1849) 3000; (1890) 11,800. 
 
 Llmbang, riv. , N. Borneo, flows NW. then N. into the Bay 
 of Brunei, to the E. of the town of Brunei ; connected by an arm 
 with the Brunei R. ; navigable for steamboats 124 m. from the sea, 
 
 Linibara, Monti, range of mts. , Sardinia, in the NE. , stretch- 
 ing E. and W. Alt. 4985 ft. 
 
 Limb^, vil., isl. and republic Haiti, 82 m. N. Port-au-Prince, 
 in 72° 22' W. Polnte dn Liml>^, cape, 10 ni. N. 
 
 Limber Magna, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div. , 8J 
 m. W. Grimsby, 3 m. S. by E. Brocklesby stn., P.O. (Limber) ; 
 5228 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Limbo Cove, small bay, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cap>e Breton 
 I., on the W. ct. , in 46° 50' N. 
 
 Umbourg, Dutch and Flemish spelling Limburg, old prov. 
 of Netherlands, divided between Belgium and Holland in 1839. 
 
 Llmbourg, prov., in the NE. of Belgium, having N. and E. 
 Dutch Limburg, and on other sides the provs. Brabant, Antwerp, 
 and Li^ge ; surface level. The Meuse forms its E. boundary. 
 Iron, calamine, coal, and turf are the chief mineral products. 
 Principal towns, Hasselt, St. Trond, and Tongres. Area, 931 
 sq. m. P. (1890) 223,000. See Belgium, table. 
 
 Limburg, tn., Belgium, prov. Liege, on the Vesdre, arr. and 
 4 m. E. Verviers. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Limburg, prov., in the SE. of Holland, having E. Rhenish 
 Prussia, and on other sides the provs. N. Brabant, Li^ge, and 
 Belgian L. Surface level, consisting of the valley of the Maas 
 or Meuse, where it receives the Roer ; in the N. is part of an 
 extensive marsh, the Peel. Principal towns, Maastricht and 
 Roermond. Area, 851 sq. m. P. (1889) 262,000. 
 
 Limburg, walled tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle L., 
 on riv. Lahn, 23 m. NNW. Wiesbaden. P. 6900. 
 
 Lime Hills, tn., New Zealand, South I., Southland co., 25 
 m. from Invercargill. P. < 1500. 
 
 Limehonse, vil., Canada, Ontario, Halton co., 32 m. (by 
 rail) W. Toronto. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Llmetaonse, par. , Eng. , London, and div. of Tower Hamlets 
 bor., on the Thames ; also the name of a stn. on the G. E. R., 
 
LI M E — L I N 
 
 3 m. E. St. Paul's. P. (1871) 29,900; (1891) 32,200; pari. div. 
 P. (1891) 55,300. 
 
 Umebnrst, PM.O., Eng., Lancashire, 2 ni. from Ashton- 
 under-Lyne. 
 
 Limeira, vil. and rly. stn., Brazil, Sao Paulo, 117 m. NW. 
 Santos. P. 2000. 
 
 Limekilns, seapt. and vil. , Scot. , Fife, on Firth of Forth, 2^m. 
 SSW. Dunfermline, P. O. From the harbour (called Brucehaven), 
 which admits vessels of 300 tons, lime is exported. P. <7S0- 
 
 Limenas, Greek, ' harbour. ' 
 
 Llm'erlck, co. , Ire. , prov. Munster, bounded N. by the mouth 
 of the Shannon, E. by co. Tipperary, S. by co. Cork, and W. 
 by CO. Kerry ; divided into the following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 Clanwilliam .... 
 
 55.627 
 
 11.959 
 
 Connello, Lower 
 
 47.850 
 
 8.397 
 
 Connello, Upper 
 
 61,257 
 
 9.613 
 
 Coonagh 
 
 36,323 
 
 8,113 
 
 Coshlea 
 
 95.232 
 
 15.867 
 
 Coshma 
 
 49,018 
 
 8,099 
 
 Glenquin 
 
 96,402 
 
 18,779 
 
 Kenry 
 
 26,223 
 
 4,226 
 
 Kilmallock 
 
 4.074 
 
 1,927 
 
 North Liberties .... 
 
 3.042 
 
 2.335 
 
 Owneybeg 
 
 27,211 
 
 4.513 
 
 Pubblebrien .... 
 
 30,138 
 
 5.243 
 
 Shanid 
 
 84.075 
 
 14.353 
 
 Smallcounty .... 
 Total 
 
 44.425 
 
 8.333 
 
 660,898 
 
 121,757 
 
 Limerick City .... 
 
 2,075 
 
 37.15s 
 
 Total of County and City 
 
 662,973 1 
 
 158,912 
 
 1 Exclusive of 17,869 ac. under the larger rivers, lakes, and tideways. 
 
 The surface on the E., S., and W, border mountainous or 
 hilly, with a soil generally moorish or boggy. In the centre and 
 N. mostly flat, and soil remarkably fertile, especially on the 
 Shannon and in the ' Golden Vale,' or E. part of the plain of 
 L. Climate mild, but humid. Principal rivers, the Shannon, 
 Mulkear, Maigue, and Deel. Dairy and stock-farms numerous, 
 and many of them extensive. The county belongs mainly to the 
 Carboniferous system, including in the SW. a small area of the 
 coal-measures, but without any coal-mines ; and there are no 
 minerals, apart from stone, of great economic importance in 
 the county. The inhabitants are mainly engaged in agricul- 
 ture. For statistics, see Appendix, pp. 9-11. Manufactures 
 coarse woollens, paper, flour and meal. Among the inhabitants 
 are a number of so-called Palatines, descendants of German 
 Protestants, planted in various parts of the county in the early 
 part of the i8th century. The county returns two members to 
 Parliament (divs. E. and W.), besides one for L. City. 
 
 Limerick (Irish Luimneach, pronounced liminegh, ' waste 
 piece of land '), pari. bor. (one member, two members until 1885), 
 mun. bor., and civic tn. , Ire., N. co. L., bar. Clanwilliam, 12J 
 m. SW. by S. Killaloe, on the 1. bk. of the Shannon, with stns. 
 on the Waterford & Limerick and the G. S. & W. Rlys. Seat 
 of an Anglican bishop, whose diocese now includes the former 
 diocese of Ardfert and Aghadoe, and of a Roman Catholic 
 bishop. Originally the city stood on King's I., but now 
 stretches along both sides of the Shannon, which is here 
 crossed by five bridges. The flour-milling and bacon trades 
 are very extensive, and there are also tanneries, foundries, flour 
 and saw mills, patent slip for vessels of 500 tons, a floating- 
 dock where vessels of 3000 tons can discharge, and a graving- 
 dock admitting vessels of 2500 tons. The harbour has an area 
 of 7J ac. , with 2930 ft. of quayage, and a depth over sill at 
 highest spring tides of 22 ft. 10 in. , at lowest neap of 17 ft. 9 in. 
 Market-days, W. and S. Pari. bor. P. (1891) 46,100; mun. 
 bor. and tn. P. (1891) 37,200. 
 
 Limerick, electoral div., Ire., NE. co. Wexford, bar. 
 Gorey, 7 m. SW. Arklow. 
 
 Limerick, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery co., on 
 Schuylkill R., 18 m. SE. by E. Reading. P. < 1500. 
 
 Limerick Junction, tn.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Clan- 
 william, 3 m. NNW. Tipperary, on the G. S. & W. and the 
 Waterford & Limerick Rlys., PMT.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Llmerlgg, vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, i m. S. Slamannan stn., 
 P.O. P. (including Lochside)< 1500. 
 
 Limestone, mining dist. belonging to the Palmer goldfield, 
 N. Queensland, S. of 16° S., E. of 144° E. 
 
 Limestone, co., U.S., Alabama, between the Tennessee R. 
 and the N. frontier, in 87° W. ; owes its name to the nature of 
 the rock of which it is composed. 
 
 Limestone, vil., U.S., New York, Cattaraugus co., 61 m. S. 
 by E. Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Limestone, co., U.S., Texas, S. of 32° N., and W. of 96° W. 
 
 Limestone Bay, long bay, Canada, at the N. end of Lake 
 Winnipeg, formed by the narrow penin. of L. Point. 
 
 Limestone Islands, group of small isls. , Canada, Ontario, 
 in Georgian Bay, in 45° 25' N., 80° 33' W. 
 
 Lime Street, stn., Eng., terminal of the L. & NW. R. 
 See Liverpool, Eng. 
 
 Lime Tumps, P.O., Eng., 4 m. from Ross, Herefordshire. 
 
 Lim Fjord, Denmark. See Liim Fjord. 
 
 Llmla, riv. , rises in S. of old Spanish prov. of Galicia, Spain, 
 and flows through Portugal into Atlantic at Vianna do Castello. 
 
 Liming, tn. , China, Suchwan. See Chnngklng-fa. 
 
 Llmlngton, par., Eng., Somerset, Southern div., 4 m. N. by 
 W. Yeovil, i|m. E. Ilchester, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Llmlngton, tn. , U.S., Maine, York co., 22 m. N. Alfred. 
 P. <isoo. 
 
 Limisso, tn., Cyprus, usually called Limasol. 
 
 Limmat, riv. , Switzd. , cants. Zurich and Aargau, leaves the 
 Lake of Zurich at its N. extremity, and after a rapid NW. 
 course of 18 m. joins the Aar 2 m. E. Brugg. See Llntb. 
 
 Limmen's Bight, bay. Northern Terr, of S. Australia, on W. 
 shores of Gulf of Carpentaria, in which Roper R. has its mouth. 
 
 Llmmer, vil. , Prussia, prov. , govt. , and 3 m. W. Hanover, 
 circle Linden. P. < 3000. 
 
 Llmnalon, comm., Greece. See Leouldion. 
 
 Limne, Greek, 'lake.' 
 
 Limni, or Llmno, isl. , Turkey in Europe. See Lemnl. 
 
 Llmno, tn. See Kastro. 
 
 Llmoelro, tn. , Brazil, state and 48 m. WN W. Pernambuco, 
 with which it is connected by rail. 
 
 Limoges, the ancient Lemovicum, cap. dep. Haute-Vienne, 
 France, cap. arr. L., 51 m. NE. by N. P^rigueux, on the heights 
 overlooking the r. bk. of the Vienne. Has a secondary school 
 of medicine, museum of art, ceramics, and archaeology ; seat of 
 the i2th military command ; celebrated since the i6th century 
 for the skill of its enamellers, now the chief seat of the manu- 
 facture of porcelain in France, an industry which succeeded that 
 of the manufacture of faience (established in 1737), after the 
 discovery of kaolin in the neighbourhood of St. Yrieix (about 25 
 m. S. by rail) in 1765, and which is favoured also by the vicinity 
 of productive coal-mines (Ahun, about 40 m. NE. ) ; manufactures 
 of cloths and druggets; cotton-spinning, &c., also carried on. 
 Birthplace of Marshal Bugeaud, of Algerian fame (died 1849). 
 Of its numerous fountains, one is supposed to be Roman ; and 
 it has an amphitheatre, and various other antiquities. L. , once 
 strongly fortified, was besieged and taken in 1370 by the English. 
 Alt. 842 ft. Mean temp., yr. 50.9° F. , Jan. 37.4°, July 66.6° ; 
 rfall. 36.6 in. P. (1872) 48,900 ; (1891)72,700. 
 
 Limon, vil. , Colombia, Cauca, 160 m. NE. by E. Quito. 
 
 Llmon, or Puerto Limon, seapt., Costa Rica, 72 m. E. 
 San Jose, in 10° N., cap. of dist. (comarca) L. 
 
 Llmon, vil., isl. of Haiti, republic Santo Domingo, on S. 
 shore of Lake Cabritos, 52 m. E. by S. Port-au-Prince. 
 
 Limon, bay on the N. ct. of the Isthmus of Panama, on 
 which stands the port of Colon ; with lighthouse on Point Toro 
 (9° 22J' N., 79° 57' W.), visible 21 miles. 
 
 Limone, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 12J m. S. Cuneo ; 
 here begins the pass of the Col di Tenda. Taken by the French 
 in 1794. P. < 2000; (comm. < 3000). 
 
 Limousin, an old prov. of central France, now forming the 
 dep. Correze, and part of Haute-Vienne. 
 
 Llmoux, tn., France, dep. Aude, cap. arr. L. , on the Aude, 
 13 m. SW. by S. Carcassonne, with manufactures of cloths, hats, 
 blouses, &c. P. < 5000. 
 
 Llmpentaoe, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, E. div. , 8| m. W. by S. 
 Yarmouth, i m. E. Cantley stn. P. <25o. See Sontliwood. 
 
 Limpia, city, France. See Nice. 
 
 Limplo, vil., Paraguay, 14 m. NE. Asuncion, 2 m. from the 
 riv. Paraguay. 
 
 Llnipley St«ke, part of eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire, 3 m. 
 W. Bradford, on G. W. R., PMT.O. See Winsley. 
 
 Limpopo, Lebepe, Bembe, Bengivane, Oorl, or Crocodile, 
 riv., S. Africa, rises by several headwaters in the Magalies- 
 bergen, to the W. of Pretoria, S. African Republic, flows first N. 
 and N W. , then describing a great course to the N. , forms the 
 boundary between the S. African Republic and Brit. S. Africa, 
 finally enters Gaza-land, and flows SE. through unhealthy 
 lowlands into the Indian Ocean to the N. of Delagoa Bay, in 
 25° 10' S. Chief trib. the Olifants R. , r. bk. confluence, about 
 100 m. above the mouth. Total length, about 1000 m. Difficult 
 of navigation — in the dry season on account of its shallowness, 
 in the rainy season (summer) on account of the rapidity of its 
 current and the quantity of floating timber. See Jour. jR. G. S. , 
 1875, p. 124. 
 
 Llmpsfleld, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 10 m. E. by N. Rei- 
 gate, I m. E. by N. Oxted stn., PMT.O.; 4673 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Limri, tn., India, Gujarat, 50 m. WNW. Bombay, cap. L. 
 state ; once a populous place. P. (1881) 12,900. 
 
 Lin, as a suffix in Irish place-names='a glen,' 'a valley.' 
 
 Lin, Chinese, ' forest.' 
 
L I N — L I N C 
 
 Iln, viL , Turkey in Europe, on the W. shore of Lake 
 Okhrida, pro v. and 35 m. W. Monastir. 
 
 Ltuacapan, one of the Philippine Is., NE. of Palawan, in 
 11° 2o'-3o' N. 
 
 Unacre, part of par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Bootle. 
 
 Llnant, mountainous isL, equatorial Africa, at the entrance 
 to Murchison Bay, on N, shore of Lake Victoria Nyanza. 
 
 Iiinares, tn., Chile, cap. of prov. and dep. L., 166 m. SSW. 
 Santiago, 100 m. NE. Concepcion. P. 7700. 
 
 Linares, tn., Mexico, Nuevo Leon, 90 m. SE. Monterey. P. 
 10,000. 
 
 Liu^res, tn., Spain, prov. and 25 m. NNE. Jaen, dist. 
 Baeza, several silver-lead mines and lead-smelting works in' its 
 vicinity, employing nearly 20,000 persons, worked even in 
 ancient times by the Carthaginians and Romans. Connected 
 by rail with Seville, Malaga (by Jaen), and now being connected 
 by rail with Almeria. P. 29,700. 
 
 Iiinaro, cape, Italy, in the W., prov. Rome, in 42° 2' N. 
 
 Unas, Monte, mt., Sardinia, in the SW., 12 m. NNE. 
 Iglesias. Alt. 4050 ft. 
 
 Unas Point, cape, Wales, in the N. of Anglesey, with light- 
 house, 128 ft. high, 2 m. E. Amlwch. 
 
 Llnbridge, par., Eng., Northumberland, on riv. Coquet, 2 
 m. W. Alwinton. P. <250. 
 
 Unby, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div., 6^ m. S. 
 Mansfield, with stns. on the G. N. and M. Rlys. , P. O. P. < 500 ; 
 eccles. par. (Ii. wltli Papplewlck) P. <7So. 
 
 Unch, par.,Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 14 m. N. Chichester, 
 4J m. N. by W. Midhurst stn. P. <250. 
 
 Llnclilade, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire. See Llnslade. 
 
 Unclunere, par., Eng., Sussex, in NW. of county, Horsham 
 div., 16^ m. N. Chichester, 2 m. E. Liphook stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Uncladen ('pool of the Cluden'), Scot., Kirkcudbright. 
 See Terregles. 
 
 Uncoln, CO. , Canada, Ontario, on the SW. of Lake Ontario, 
 extending to the U.S. frontier. 
 
 Uncoln (ling'kon), the ancient Lindiim, to which Colonia was 
 added, the former part of the name of Celtic origin, meaning 
 ' pool hill,' and probably referring to the Swanpool, which existed 
 on the W. of the city as late as the close of the i8th century, 
 but now drained, and the hill on which the city stands, 
 parL bor. (i member), mim. bor. (since Edward II.), co. bor., 
 market-tn. , and seat of a bishop, Eng. , cap. co. L. , on theWitham, 
 which here becomes navigable, 14 m. SE. by S. Gainsborough, 
 132 m. from King's Cross, London. It stands at the foot and 
 on the slope of a hill and on the tableland stretching N. , the 
 hill being crowned by its cathedral, castle, &c. The Witham 
 here passes through a breach in the High Dyke, which has long 
 been the place of convergence of numerous roads, as it is now 
 of railways, six lines meeting in the city, which is also connected 
 by the Foss Dyke and the Trent with Nottingham, Gains- 
 borough and the Humber, and by the Witham navigation with 
 Boston, &c. L. has extensive agricultural implement and en- 
 gineering iron-works, steam flour mills, and does considerable 
 trade in com and wool. There are large and important fat 
 stock markets every Tuesday, and a great fair (for horses, sheep, 
 and cattle) is held in the last whole week in April. On July 
 Sth is the midsummer fair for horses, cattle, pigs, &c. Large 
 public commons are used as recreation grounds. The diocese 
 was founded in 636 at Dorchester (Oxfordshire), but finally 
 established at L. in 1088. The foundations of the cathedral 
 were laid by St. Remigius, the first bishop ; but this building 
 was burnt dovra early in the 12th century, and the present edifice 
 was erected between the 12th and 15th centuries in a mixed style 
 of English architecture, the exterior being considered very fine, 
 while the interior is surpassed only by that of York. It has 
 latterly undergone restoration. Its famous bell, ' Great Tom of 
 L. ,' is the third of that name, and weighs 5 tons 8 cwt. Several 
 of the parish churches are interesting, and the city abounds in 
 ancient remains. Other principal buildings are the county hall 
 (within the castle walls) ; the ancient guild hall (or Stonebors), 
 grammar school, county hospital, school of art and science, 
 diocesan training school, &c. Portions of the Roman wall, in- 
 cluding Newport Gate, leading to the N. part of the city, still 
 survive, and many fragments of masonry, tesselated pavements, 
 altars, sepulchral monuments, &c., have been discovered. L. 
 was at the Conquest, and long after, one of the richest ports of 
 England, the Witham at that period being navigable for large 
 vessels. It suffered greatly during the baronial wars, and also 
 in the civil war, when its cathedral was occupied as a barrack. 
 The diocese includes almost the whole county and a few acres 
 of Norfolk and the W. Riding of Yorkshire. L. races in spring 
 and autumn are reckoned to begin and end the fiat racing 
 season in England. Market-days, F. and S. Mean rfall. (1866^ 
 1880), 23.8 in. P. (1851) 17,500; (1871) 26,800; (1891) 41,500; 
 j)arl. bor. P. 44,000. 
 
 Uncoln, CO. , New South Wales, crossed in the middle by 
 149° E. , in the N. by 32° S. 
 
 Uncoln, tn., New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co., 14 m. from 
 Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 886 
 
 Uncoln, CO. , Tasmania, crossed by 42° S. and 146° E. i 
 
 Lincoln, CO. , U.S., Arkansas, crossed by 34° N. , and bounded 
 on NE. by Arkansas R. i 
 
 Uncoln, CO., U.S., Colorado, crossed by 39° N., 103^° W. \ 
 
 Uncoln, vil., U.S., Delaware, Sussex co., 32 m. NNE. of^ 
 the SW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. i 
 
 Uncoln, CO., U.S., Georgia, on E. frontier, and S. of 34° N. ; 
 
 Lincoln, city, U.S., Illinois, Logan co., 29 m. NE. by N. 
 Springfield ; seat of the Cumberland university. P. 6700. ' . \ 
 
 Uncoln, city, U.S. , Kansas, L. co. , 37 m. S. Beloit. P. < 1500. \ 
 
 Uncoln, CO., U.S., Kentucky, N. of 37° S., E. of 85° W. 
 
 Uncoln, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana,' in the N., W. of the| 
 meridian 92° W., crossed by 32^° N. 1 
 
 Uncoln, CO., U.S., Maine, on the Atlantic, crossed in thei 
 middle by 69^° W, 
 
 Uncobi, tn. , U.S., Maine, Penobscot co., on riv. Penobscot, | 
 40 m. N. by E. Bangor. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Uncoln, vil., U.S., Massachusetts > Middlesex co., 14 m. | 
 WNW. Boston. P.<:i5oo. | 
 
 Uncoln, CO., U.S., Minnesota, in the SW., on the W. ! 
 frontier, N. of 44° N. . \ 
 
 Uncoln, CO., U.S., Mississippi, in the SW., to the N. of 31' \ 
 N. , and W. of 90° W. 
 
 Uncoln, CO., U.S., Missouri, bounded on the E. by the | 
 Mississippi, crossed by 39° N. , : 
 
 Uncoln, CO., U.S., Nebraska, crossed by 41° N., and in W, | 
 by 101° W. ; it contains the confluence of the N. and S. Platte. ; 
 
 Uncoln, city, U.S., Nebraska, cap. and chief railroad centre 
 of state and of Lancaster co., 50 m. SW, by W. Omaha, on a \ 
 gently sloping prairie. The university of Nebraska opened here ■ 
 in 1871. Alt. 1181 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 13,000; (1890) 55,200. i 
 
 Lincoln, co., U.S., m the SE. angle of Nevada, bounded on i 
 the SE. by the Colorado R. 
 
 Uncoln, vil., U.S., New Mexico, L. co., 155 m. S. by E. 
 Santa F6. P. < 1500. 
 
 Uncoln, CO., U.S., North Carolina, in the SW., crossed by 
 3Si° N., and in the extreme E. by 81° W., bounded on the E. 
 by the Catawba R. ; abounds in valuable iron ore. 
 
 Uncoln, township (so-called tn.), U.S., Rhode I., Providence 
 CO., including Albion, Central Falls, Mamnlle, and Lonsdale, 
 manufacturing villages in the Blackstone Valley. P. (1880) 
 13,800; (1890)20,400. 
 
 Uncoln, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, on the E. frontier, between 
 43° and 44° N. 
 
 Lincoln, co., U.S., Tennessee, S. frontier, E. of 87° W. 
 
 Lincoln, tn., U.S., Vermont, Addison co., 28 m. SE. 
 Burlington. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Lincoln, co., U.S., Washington, between 47° and 48° N., 
 crossed in the E. by 118° W. 
 
 Uncoln, CO., U.S., West Virginia, in the W., N. of 38° N., 
 and crossed by 82° W. 
 
 Lincoln, co., U.S., Wisconsin, N. of 45° N., bounded on the 
 W. by 90° W. 
 
 Lincoln, Honnt, U.S., New Hampshire, in the NE. of 
 Grafton co., in the White Mts., 67 m. N. by W. Concord. 
 Alt. 5098 ft. (Appalachian Club). 
 
 Lincolnshire, co. , Eng. , on the E. ct. , bounded on the N. by 
 the Humber, and on the SE. by the Wash ; di\ided for parlia- 
 mentary purposes according to the first, and for administrative 
 purposes according to the second, of the following tables : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 P. 1891. 
 
 W. Lindsey, or Gainsborough . 
 
 201,719 
 
 49.595 
 
 N. Lindsey, or Brigg 
 
 
 222,567 
 
 49,096 
 
 E. Lindsey, or Louth 
 
 
 281,126 
 
 46.923 
 
 S. Lindsey, or Horncastle 
 
 
 241,087 
 
 46.685 
 
 N, Kesteven, or Sleaford 
 
 
 264,270 
 
 45.474 
 
 S. Kesteven, or Stamford 
 
 
 239.974 
 
 47,682 
 
 Holland, or Spalding 
 
 
 208,001 
 
 48,896 
 
 ParL boroughs 
 
 
 34.803 
 
 138.527 
 
 Total (ancient co.) . 
 
 1.693.547 
 
 472,878 
 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 P. 1891. 
 
 Administrative counties — 
 
 
 
 Parts of Holland .... 
 
 255.252 
 
 75.522 
 
 Parts of Kesteven ^ . . . 
 
 471.749 
 
 105,910 
 
 Parts of Lindsey * . . . 
 
 961,327 
 
 199.055 
 
 Coimty boroughs — 
 
 
 
 Grimsby 
 
 2,832 
 
 51.934 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 3.747 
 
 41.491 
 
 Total 
 
 1,694,907 
 
 473.912 
 
 1 Includes part of Stamford in the ancient county of Northampton. 
 
 2 Includes part of Crowle urban sanitary dist. in the ancient W. 
 Riding of Yorkshire. 
 
L I N C — LINE 
 
 The county extends between the North Sea and the riv. Trent, 
 and includes in the NW. the Isle of Axholme beyond the 
 Trent. Geologically, the N. half of the county has members 
 of all the systems from the New Red Sandstone to the Upper 
 Cretaceous, the last being succeeded on the coast by a band of 
 alluvium. First there is a narrow strip of New Red Sandstone 
 bordering the Trent, next another narrow strip of Lias widen- 
 ing out towards the S. of the county, then a broader tract of 
 Oolites, and then a considerable track of Chalk, bordered on 
 the W. and S. by Lower Cretaceous rocks (Upper and Lower 
 Greensand). The Chalk region (the L. Wolds), along with a 
 meridional ridge in the W. , known as the High Dyke, on the 
 borders of the Lias and Oolites, form the only elevations in the 
 county, the SE. of which, on the borders of the Wash, is wholly 
 occupied by alluvial lowlands belonging to the Bedford Level. 
 In this region are extensive fens (the Holland and others to 
 the W. of the Witham below the city of L., the E. and W. 
 Fen between the Witham and the sea, the Bourn and Deeping 
 Fens, &c. , on different sides of the Welland, in the extreme S. 
 of the county). As late as the end of last century the E. Fen 
 was largely occupied by lakes. Though all the fens are now 
 drained, they are still very sparsely peopled. The whole of the 
 coast is low and bordered by shallow seas, and is without good 
 natural harbours, though an important seaport has been created 
 artificially at Grimsby. The three administrative counties named 
 above in the second table correspond to old divs. of the county ; 
 of these the Parts of Lindsey comprise the N. half, and contain 
 the wolds and chalk hills, the Parts of Kesteven are in the SW., 
 and the Parts of Holland include most of the fens in the SE. 
 Climate in the fens moist, and previous to the extensive drainage 
 now effected, very productive of ague. Soil, mostly a fertile 
 sandy loam on the moors and wolds ; in the fens, deep loam, 
 rich marly clay, or peat. Improvements in agriculture, especi- 
 ally as regards draining, irrigation, and bone maniuring, have 
 rendered this one of the most productive English counties. 
 The soil of the fens is unsurpassed elsewhere in quality. The 
 cattle, mostly short-homed, are of excellent breed, and attain 
 a great weight. The sheep are also famous for size and long 
 wool. Many horses are bred and sold for hunters and superior 
 carriage horses at the L. and Horncastle horse fairs. The 
 English black horse used by London brewers is largely reared 
 in the fens. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. 
 The waste fens once supported vast flocks of geese, chiefly kept 
 for their feathers, and the waters are the resort of wild ducks. 
 Estates and farms of all sizes. The most important mineral 
 product is iron ore, a brown hematite, yielding about one-third 
 of iron, which is largely produced, chiefly from open-works, in 
 the Lias near Grantham in the S. of the county, and Froding- 
 ham and Scunthorpe in the N. , and is smelted at the two last- 
 mentioned places. The sea-fishing industry has been largely 
 developed of late years, and Grimsby is now the largest fishing 
 port in the kingdom. Boston is also increasing in import- 
 ance in this respect. The county is mainly traversed by various 
 lines of the G. N. R. , including the G. N. and G. E. joint line. 
 In the N. it is crossed by the M. S. & L. R., which has its 
 terminus at Grimsby. A branch line of the Midland enters it 
 on the W., and the Lancashire, Derbyshire, and East Coast line 
 (now in construction) is to cross the county and have a terminus 
 at Sutton, where it is proposed to form another large seaport. 
 L. is in the Midland circuit and diocese of L. , and contains 
 four pari, bors., L., Grantham, Boston, and Grimsby, all of 
 which, along with Louth and Stamford, are also mun. bors. 
 This county is famous for the number and beauty of its ancient 
 parish churches. Anciently it was inhabited by the Coritani, 
 believed to have been a branch of the Iceni. Afterwards it was 
 at one time part of Northumbria (and then known as South- 
 umberland), and later belonged to Mercia. See England, 
 table. 
 
 Lincoln's Inn, par., Eng., London, in pari. bor. of Finsbury. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 LlncolnsTllle, settlement, U.S., Virginia, Norfolk co. 
 
 Lincolnton, vil., U.S., North Carolina, Lincoln co., on 
 Little Catawba R., 146 m. W. by S. Raleigh. P. < 1500. 
 
 LlncolnTUle, tn., U.S., Maine, Waldo co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lind, Anglo-Saxon, ' the linden-tree. ' See Linde. 
 
 Llnd, vil. , U. S. , Washington, Adams co. , 75 m. SW. Spokane 
 Falls. P. < 1500. 
 
 Undal-ln-Fumess, hamlet, Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. E. 
 Ulverston ; has mines of red hematite. PM.O. (Llndal). 
 
 liindal wltb Marton, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, N. 
 Lonsdale div., 5I m. NE. by N. Barrow, with a stn. (Lindal) 
 on the Furness Rly. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lindale, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 
 loj m. SW. by S. Kendal, near Morecambe Bay, 2 m. NE. 
 Grange-over-Sands stn. , P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Undan, tn., Ger., duchy Anhalt, 17 m. NNW. Dessau. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Lindan ('the linden-tree island'), tn., Ger., in the SW. of 
 Bavaria, govt. Swabia, cap. circle L. , on a small island in Lake 
 Constance, 25 m. ESE. Constance. P. 5300. 
 
 Linde, German; Lind, Anglo-Saxon; Lynd, Scandinavian, 
 ' the linden-tree. ' 
 
 liinde, riv. mouth, Portuguese E. Africa, to the S. of the 
 Kilimane R., in about 15° 13' S. 
 
 Linde, or Llndeslierg, tn., Sweden, prov. and 22 m. N. by 
 E. Orebro. P. <20oo. 
 
 Llndean, stn., Scot., Roxburghshire, 2 m. NE. Selkirk, on 
 the N. B. R. 
 
 Llndelse, vil. , Denmark, in the W. of Langeland I. 
 
 Linden, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 6 m. W. Hanover, cap. circle 
 L. ; textile and other manufactures, including the making of 
 artificial manures, indiarubber wares, ultramarine, &c. P. (1871) 
 16,600 ; (1890) 28,000. 
 
 Linden, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Hattingen, 7 
 m, ESE. Essen. P. < 4000. 
 
 Linden, vil., U.S., Michigan, Genesee co. , on Shiawassee R., 
 60 m. NW. Detroit by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Linden, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Union co., 8 m. SSW. 
 Newark. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lindenan, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, on riv. Elster, circle and 
 \\ m. W. Leipzig. P. (1871) 7500; (1890) 25,600. 
 
 Llndentlial, colony, Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt., circle, and 
 2^ m. W. Cologne. P. <4000. 
 
 Llnderos, Los, vil., Chile, prov. O'Higgins, 20 m. S. by W. 
 Santiago. P. <20oo. 
 
 Llndesay, mt., Australia, on frontier of New South Wales 
 and Queensland, SSW. Brisbane. Alt. 4060 ft. 
 
 Llndes1)erg, tn. , Sweden. See Linde. 
 
 Llndesniis (in the time of the Vikings called Lidandes-nas, 
 the first part of the name from a word meaning ' overhanging," 
 ' precipitous ; ' the second part= ' Nose,' ' Naze,' ' Ness.' EgH), 
 cape, the most southerly point of Norway, known in England 
 as The Naze ; with a lighthouse (in 57°-59° N., 7° 3' E.), visible 
 22 m. 
 
 Llndetb, Eng. , Lancashire. See barton n^tb Llndetli. 
 
 Llndewlese, tn. , Austria. See Nleder-Llndewlese. 
 
 Llndfleld, par., Eng., Sussex, East Grinstead div., io| m. 
 NNW. Lewes, i^ m. NE. Haywards Heath stn,, PMT.O. ; 
 5763 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Llndl, riv. , Congo Free State. See Mbnra. 
 
 Llndl, seapt., Ger. E. Africa, just N. of 10° S., at the mouth 
 of the Lindi (Lukuledi, or Ukeredi) R. 
 
 Llndlsfara, or Llndlsfarne. See Holy Island. 
 
 Llndlar, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Wipperfiirth, 19 
 m. ENE. Cologne ; has iron and lead mines, and iron-works, 
 &c. P. (comm.) 6300. 
 
 Llndles, cape, Algeria, on the NW. ct., in 0° 57' W. 
 
 lindley, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley div. , 6 m. 
 SW. by W. Harrogate, 2^ m. NNW. Poole stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Lindley, vil., Orange Free State, div. Bethlehem. P. <20oo. 
 
 Llndley, Old, tn., Eng., Yorkshire. See Stalnland. 
 
 Lindley -vrltb Qnarmby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 ^\ m. NW. by W, and included in the co. bor. of Huddersfield. 
 P. 8600. 
 
 Llndores, vil., Scot., E. Fife, on the N. shore of Lindores 
 Loch, 6 m. N. Falkland, 2^ m. E. by S. Newburgh stn., P.O. 
 About 2 m. W. of the village are remains of an ancient and 
 once important abbey, probably founded about the end of the 
 i2th century. 
 
 Llndos, vil. , Asiatic Turkey, on the E. ct. of Rhodes I. , 25 
 m. SSW. Rhodes. 
 
 Llndow, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 7 m. 
 WNW. Macclesfield, 2 m. W. Alderley Edge stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Lindre, lake, Alsace-Lorraine, circle CMteau-Salins, 2 m. 
 E. Dieuze, gives rise to the Seille, r. bk. trib. of the Moselle. 
 
 Llndrlck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2^ m. SW. 
 Ripon. P. <250. 
 
 lindrldge, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., on the 
 1. bk. of the Teme, 11 m. WSW. Kidderminster, 2^ m. E. 
 Newnham Bridge stn. P. <:750. 
 
 Lindsay, stn. on the Quetta Rly., Brit. Baluchistan, 74 m. 
 NW. by N. Jacobdbdd. 
 
 Lindsay, tn., Canada, Ontario, Victoria co., on the riv. 
 Scugog, 60 m. NE. by N. Toronto, an important railway centre, 
 with manufactures of iron, machinery, leather, &c. P. (1881) 
 5100; (1891) 6100. 
 
 Llndsborg, vil., U.S., Kansas, McPherson co., on Smoky 
 Hill R., IIS m. WSW. Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 lindsell, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 7^ m. WNW. 
 Braintree, 3J m. N. by E. Dunmow stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Lindsey, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 12 m. W. by 
 N. Ipswich, and 4 m. NW. by W. Hadleigh. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lindsey, Parts of, and Lindsey, X., S., E., and W. (pari, 
 divs.). See Llncolnsblre. 
 
 Lindutn. See Lincoln. 
 
 Line, riv., Eng., Cumberland, rising in Bewcastle Fells, and 
 flovring SW. through the Eskdale div. into the Esk, i m. above 
 its mouth in Solway Firth. 
 
 Llnea, La, comm., S. Spain, Andalucia, prov. Cadiz, dist 
 and 4 m. SE. San Roque, on frontier of the English terr. of 
 
 887 
 
L I N E — L I N S 
 
 Gibraltar, on which was formerly an important fortification, rased 
 in 1808 by the Spaniards and English combined. P. 13,900. 
 Lineal yrlth. Colemere, eccles. par., Eng., Salop, div. and 
 
 11 m. E. by N. Oswestry, Lineal 2 J m. SSE. Welsh Hampton 
 stn., on oiie of the Shropshire Union canals, P.O. (Lyneal). 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Line Islands, a name sometimes given to the members of 
 the Gilbert group. Pacific Ocean, near the equator. Active 
 shark fisheries ; headquarters at Ocean I. (Paanopa). 
 
 Llneville, vil., U.S., Iowa, Wayne co., near the S. frontier 
 of state, 70 m. S. Des Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llnerllle Station, or Llnesvllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 Crawford co. , on Beaver R., 37 m. SSW. Erie. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Lluford, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Buckinghamshire. Great L., on the Ousel, div. and iii m. ENE. 
 Buckingham, 2 m. WSW. Newport Pagnell, on the L. & NW. 
 R. , P.O. , P. <Soo ; Little L. , on the Great Ouse, P. <25o. 
 
 Ling, Chinese, 'mountain ridge, or range.' 
 
 ling, riv. , Scot. , in the SW. of Ross-shire, flowing SW. into 
 Loch Long. 
 
 Llnga, isl., Malay Archipelago. See Llngen. 
 
 Llnga, isl, Scot., Shetland Is., Tingwall par., 2^ m. W. 
 Scalloway. P. 15. 
 
 Llnga, isL , Scot. , Shetland Is. , par. and i m. S. Walls. P. 8. 
 
 Llnga, West, small isl. , Scot. , Shetland Is. , between the E. 
 ct. of the Mainland and Whalsey I. , from which it is separated 
 by L. Sound, in 60° zz'-z^' N. Length, ij m. 
 
 Llngali, or Llngeli, seapt., Persia, prov. Laristan, on the 
 Persian Gulf, 100 m. WSW. Bender Abbas. Good anchorage 
 (30 ft. deep ^ m. from shore) ; harbour sheltered from all winds 
 except SW. Considerable shipbuilding (' buggalows ' of 50-300 
 tons). Drinking-water collected in tanks fed by the rains which 
 fall on the high hills behind the town for about a fortnight in 
 the year. Value of exports about _,^700,ooo. 
 
 Ungan, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton 1. and co. , 
 on the NE. ct., 10 m. NE. by N. Sydney. P. <:i500. 
 
 Llngan, tn. , China. See Lln-ngan-fn. 
 
 Llngards, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, in local govern- 
 ment dist. of Slaithwaite (^.v.). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Llngay, small isl., Scot., off Inverness-shire, Outer Hebrides, 
 in 56° 52^' N. 
 
 Llngayen, populous seapt. tn. , W. ct. of Luzon, Philippines, 
 100 m. NNW. Manila, on the large Gulf of L. P. 16,200. 
 
 Llngdale, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 5 m. SE. 
 Redcar, PM.O. 
 
 Llngeli, Persia. See Llngah. 
 
 Llngen, par., Eng., Herefordshire, on the Lugg, div. and 
 10 m. NW. by W. Leominster, 4 m. NE. by E. Presteigne 
 stn., PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Llngen, or Llnga, isl. , Malay Archipelago, off the E. ct. of 
 Sumatra, 100 m. SSE. Singapore. In its centre is a mountain 
 with two peaks, termed the ' Ass's Ears.' Surface low in the S. , 
 but the island generally is healthy. Shape irregular; length, 
 40 m. ; greatest breadth, 20 m. ; in 0° 20' S., 104° 30' E. P. 
 estimated at 100,000 (Malays and Mohammedans). 
 
 Llngen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, cap. circle L. , 35 m. 
 NW. by W. Osnabriick. Seat of a university from 1685-1819. 
 P. 6300. 
 
 Ungfield, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 9J m. SE. by E. 
 Reigate, on the L. B. & S. C. R. , PMT.O. ; 9239 ac. P. <3500. 
 
 Llngga, isl., E. Archipelago, off the E. ct. of Sumatra, crossed 
 in the N. by the equator. See Llngen. 
 
 Llngga, seapt. , Sardwak. See Batang Lupar. 
 
 Llngga, riv., flowing N. into the Batang Lupar at this village, 
 and passing through a large field of excellent coal. (Proc. 
 H. G. S., 1881, p. 197.) 
 
 Llnggl, tn., Malay Penin., Sungei Ujong, on riv. Linggi, 
 in 2° 28' N. , 102° E. 
 
 Ling Hill, Eng., Yorkshire. See Whitby. 
 
 Llngmell, hill, Eng. , Cumberland, Egremont div. , 10 m. S. 
 by W. Keswick. 
 
 Llngsngnr, vil. , India, Haidarabid, 70 m. SE. Bijapur. 
 
 Ungtlng, isL, S. ct. of China, facing the Bay of Canton, 
 
 12 m. SW. Hong-kong. 
 
 Llngnaglossa (a name compounded of the Latin and Greek 
 words for ' tongue '), tn. , Sicily, prov. and 24 m. N. by E. Catania, 
 at the foot of Mount Etna, on the NE. P. (comm.) 10,400. 
 
 Llngnetta, Cape, Turkey in Europe. See Cilossa, Cape. 
 
 Llngwood, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 8 m. E. Norwich, 
 on the G. E. R., P.O. P.<5oo. See Burllngham. 
 
 Llngy Hill, Great, hill, Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 
 7 m. NNE. Keswick. Height, 2000 ft. 
 
 Llnliares, vil., Brazil, Espirito Santo, on the L bk. of the 
 Rio Doce, in 19° 22' S. , 40° 2 W., 345 m. NE. Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 linhope, part of par. , Eng. , Nor^umberland. See Ingram. 
 
 Llnkentaolt, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Andover div. , 8^ m. SW. 
 by W. Newbury, 6 m. SW. by W. Woodhay stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Llnklang-fln, tn. , China, prov. Kiangsi, 195 m. SSE. Hankow. 
 
 LInhlnliome, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, div. and 7 m. S. Laun- 
 ceston, tin-mining carried on, P.O. ; 7924 ac. P. -casoo. 
 888 
 
 Llnkooplng, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 
 1059 m. by rail W. Montreal, 365 m. E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Llnkoplng, tn., Sweden, prov. Ostgotland, 24 m. SW. by 
 W. Norrkoping, communicates with the Baltic Sea by canal 
 with locks ; has manufactures of cloths and hosiery. It has a 
 cathedral, a Gothic edifice, the older parts of which date from 
 the 12th century, one of the first in Sweden ; and an old castle. 
 Near here was born the famous chemist Berzelius (died 1848). 
 P. 12,600. 
 
 Liiiktown, former burgh of regality, Scot., Fife, on the Firth 
 of Forth, adjoining on the S., now forming the S. portion of the 
 burgh of Kirkcaldy. 
 
 Llnley, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 15 m. SE. by E. 
 Shrewsbury, on the G. W. R. P. <25o. See Broseley. 
 
 lilnlltbgow, royal and pari, burgh (see Falkirk), tn., and 
 par., Scot., cap. co. L., on the Union Canal, and the N. B. R., 
 16^ m. W. Edinburgh. It is situated in a hollow, beside a fine 
 lake of 102 ac. On an eminence, bordered by the lake, are 
 remains of a royal palace on the site of a Roman camp, founded 
 in 15th century, and gradually rebuilt in its present form by 
 various Scottish monarchs down to James VI. It is a quad- 
 rangle, occupying an acre of ground ; has a hea%"y but imposing 
 exterior, and fine apartments, the most interesting being the 
 parliament hall, and the room in which Mary Queen of Scots 
 was born in 1542. The town has a grammar school, a branch 
 bank, manufactures of leather, paper, and shoes ; coal-mining 
 carried on. Here the Regent Moray was assassinated by 
 Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh. Market-day, F. Burgh P. (189 1) 
 <:45oo ; tn. P. <45oo; par. 11,450 ac, P. 7700. 
 
 Linlithgow Bridge, vil. , Scot. , Linlithgowshire and Stirling- 
 shire, on riv. Avon, i m. W. Linlithgow, P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Linlithgowshire, or West Lothian, co., Scot., having N. 
 the Firth of Forth, E. and S. co. Edinburgh, and W. the cos. 
 Lanark and Stirling. Surface beautifully varied with knolls and 
 gentle undulations. Chief rivers the Almond and Avon. Soil 
 in the S. swampy and moorland, elsewhere fertile. Agriculture 
 similar to that of the other Lothians, except that more tin-nips 
 are raised. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10- 
 12. Geologically, the county belongs mainly to the Lower 
 Carboniferous (Calciferous sandstone and Carboniferous lime- 
 stone series), but with numerous patches of Igneous rock of the 
 same age, and in the S. a considerable area of coal-measures. 
 Coal is largely mined in this part of the county near Bathgate, 
 and at Armadale, Whitburn, and Fauldhouse, and at Armadale 
 and Fauldhouse iron ore is also produced. An even more 
 important mineral product is oil-shale (for the production of 
 parafiBn and parafiBn oil), at several places in the E. of the 
 county (at or near Broxburn, Winchburgh, Uphall, Kirkliston, 
 as well as in the neighbourhood of West Calder, which is in 
 Midlothian). Binny quarry, whence the freestone used in public 
 buildings in Edinburgh is procured, is in the county, near 
 Uphall. Chief towns, Linlithgow (the cap.), Broxburn, Borrow- 
 stouness (Bo'ness), Bathgate, Armadale, Fauldhouse, and S. 
 Queensferry, close to which is the Forth Bridge (q.v.). Area, 
 76,807 ac. P. (1891) 52,808. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Liniuonth, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck div. , at 
 the mouth of the Lyne, 6J m. NE. by E. Morpeth, 2 m. NNE. 
 Ashington stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Linn, co., U.S., Iowa, crossed by 42° N., and E. of 92° W. 
 
 Linn, CO., U.S., Kansas, on the E. frontier, N. of 38° N. 
 
 Llun, CO., U.S., Missouri, in the N., crossed in the N. by 40° 
 N. , and in the E. by 93° W. 
 
 Linn, CO., U.S., Oregon, S. of 45° N., bounded on the W. 
 by the Willamette. 
 
 Linne, Gaelic, llynn, Cymric, ' a pool,' ' a lake' ; in Scotland 
 sometimes applied to a waterfall. 
 
 Llnnens, vil., U.S., Missouri, Linn co., 90 m. E. by N. St. 
 Joseph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Linney Head, cape, Wales, on the SW. ct. of Pembrokeshire. 
 
 Lin-ngan-fn, tn., China, prov. Ytinnan, 100 m. SSE. 
 Yunnan-fu, on the side of a beautiful plain separated by hills 
 from the high valley of the Songkoi. In the neighbourhood 
 is a layer of coal worked by the Chinese government. Alt. 
 
 Llnnhe (lln'I), Loch, large inlet of the sea, W. ct., Scot., 
 between COS. Argyll and Inverness ; Lochs Etive, Creran, Leven, 
 and Eil are its branches. Length, 20 m.; breadth, 8 m. Con- 
 nected with the Moray Firth by the Caledonian Canal (q-v.). 
 
 Linnlch, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Jiilich, 16 m. NNE. 
 Aix-la-Chapelle. P. <300o. 
 
 Linosa, small isl. of the Mediterranean, 100 m. SW. Sicily, 
 and 85 m. W. Malta ; of volcanic formation. 
 
 LlnoTO, vil. , Bulgaria, prov. Lom-Palanka, on the Danube 
 24 m. ESE. Viddin. P. <20oo. 
 
 Llnsfort, tnld., Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. W. Inishowen, 
 13J m. NNW. Londonderry, on the E. shore of Lough Swilly, 
 4 m. from Buncrana stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Llnsheeles, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., on 
 the Coquet, 17^ m. SE. by E. Jedburgh, 11 m. W. by N. Roth- 
 bury stn.; 14,837 ac, P. <25o. 
 
^^1 
 
 LI NS — LI PP 
 
 nsl, tn., China, in NE. of prov. Pechili, beyond Kaiping, 
 with coal-mines. 
 
 Lluslade, or lilnchlade, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, on 
 the Ousel, div. and lo m. NE. by N. Aylesbury, i m. N. 
 Leighton Junction. P. <20oo. 
 
 Llnstead, vil. and rly. stn., Jamaica, Middlesex co., 20 m. 
 NW. by W. Kingston. 
 
 Llnstead, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Suffolk, Eye div. Great L., 19 m. SW. by W. Lowestoft, P. 
 <25o; Little L., 3 m. W. Halesworth stn., P. <2So. 
 
 Llnsted, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 4^ m. W. Faversliam, 2 
 m. SW. Teynham stn., PT.O. (Lynsted). P. < 1500. 
 
 Lintli, riv., Switzd. , cant. Glarus, enters Lake Wallenstadt 
 
 • through the Escher Canal, 4 m. long, after a N. course of about 
 
 26 m. The L. Canal, 9 m. long, connects Lake Wallenstadt 
 
 and Zurich, from the latter of which lakes the river reissues under 
 
 the name of the Limmat. 
 
 Llntborpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div. , 
 2 m. SW. Middlesbrough (g.v.), i m. S. by E. Newport stn. 
 P. 25,300. 
 
 Llntlitlial, vil., Switzd., cant, and 9 m. SSW, Glarus, with 
 cotton-spinning. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Llnthwaite, par. and tn. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Colne Valley div., 3^ m. SW. by W. Huddersfield, 1 m. SE. 
 Golcar stn. P. 6700. 
 
 Llutln, isl., China, in the Canton R., about 18 m. NE. 
 Macao, and 9 m. N. Lantao, with a remarkable conical peak. 
 
 Llntmlll, P.O., Scot., Banffshire, i m. S. by E. CuUen, 
 close to Tochieneal stn. 
 
 Linton, vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. York, 17 m. from Aurora. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Linton, par., Eng., co. and 10 m. SE. Cambridge, New- 
 market div,, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Linton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 4 m. S. by E. 
 Burton, close to Gresley stn., PM.O. P. <:i500. See Cliurcli 
 Gresley. 
 
 Linton, part of par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire. See Hlgliitam. 
 
 Linton, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 4 m. E. by N. 
 Ross, PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Linton, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, 14 m. E. by S. Leominster, 
 and 3 m. from Bromyard. P. < 500. 
 
 Linton, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 4 m. S. by W. 
 Maidstone, 2^ m. SSE. of E. Farleigh stn. , PMT.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Linton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., 6^ m. SSE. Knaresborough, close to Collingham Bridge 
 stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Linton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 . near the r. bk. of the Wharfe, 20 m. W. by S. Ripon, 6 m. N. 
 by W. Embsay stn. , P. O. P. <2So ; eccles. par. (L. In Craven) 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Linton, par., Scot., Roxburghshire, 5^ m. SSE. Kelso, 5 m. 
 ESE. Kirkbank stn. ; 6333 ^^- ^- "^So^- 
 
 Linton, East, vil., Scot., Haddingtonshire, on the Tyne, 5 
 m. ENE. Haddington, on the N. B. R. Alt. 90 ft. Mean 
 temp. (1861-80), yr. 47.2° F., Jan. 37.9°, July 58.6°; mean rfall. 
 (1866-80), 26.5 in. PMT.O. (East L., or Prestonklrk). 
 Market-day, M. P. < 1500. 
 
 Linton, West, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, 3 m. S. Longtown. 
 P.<:500. 
 
 Linton, West, par. and vil, Scot., Peeblesshire, 9^ m. 
 NW. Peebles, i ra. NW. Broomlee stn. Alt. 815 ft. PMT.O. 
 Par. 23,256 ac, P. < 1500; vil. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llntons, mining tn., Victoria, Grenville co., 21 m. SW. by 
 W. Ballarat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llnton>npon-On8e, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div. , 9 m. NW. York, 2J m. SW. ToUerton stn. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Llntratlien, par., Scot., co. and 11 m. W. by N. Forfar, on 
 Melgam Water, 4^ m. NE. Alyth stn. , P.O. ; 22,624 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Lints Tor, hill, Eng., Devonshire, in Dartmoor Forest, 15^ 
 m. E. by S. Launceston. 
 
 Llntz, city, Austria. See Llnz. 
 
 Llntz Green, coal-mining vil., Eng., Durham, on the NE. 
 R., 7j m. SW. Newcastle, PM.O. 
 
 Llnwood, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 13 m. 
 NE. Lincoln, 2 m. S. by E. Market Rasen stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Lin-wood, tn. , New Zealand, South L , Selwyn co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Llnwood, vil. , Scot. , W. Renfrewshire, on Black Cart Water, 
 2J m. W. Paisley, near Johnstone and Elderslie stns., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Lluwood, settlement, S. Australia, Light co., 40 m. N. by 
 E. Adelaide, 10 m. WSW. Kapunda. 
 
 Llnwood, settlement, U.S., Indiana, Tippecanoe co. 
 
 Linwood, vil., U.S., Ohio, Hamilton co., 6 m. ENE. Cin- 
 cinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llnwood, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Delaware co.", on the 
 Delaware, 13 m. SW. by W. Philadelphia. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Llnyantl, former tn. of the Makololo, Africa, now a ruined 
 site, on the 1. bk. of the Chobe, 18° 11' S., 23° 55' E. 
 
 Linyanti, river, Africa. See Clio1>e. 
 
 Llnz, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Neuwied, on the r. bk. 
 of the Rhine, 15 m. SE. by S. Bonn. P. <40oo. 
 
 Llnz, or Llntz, city, cap. of Upper Austria, 20 m. NNW. 
 Steyr, on the r. bk. of the Danube, here crossed by a bridge 
 which connects it with its industrial suburb of Urfahr ; has an 
 asylum for deaf mutes, an engineering school, the Francisco- 
 Carolinum museum, founded in 1834, imperial manufactures of 
 cloths and carpets, and manufacture of fezes, &c. The arch- 
 ducal castle now serves as barracks. L. was formerly fortified 
 in a remarkable manner by a circle of 32 detached forts, 23 on 
 the S. and 9 on the N. bank of the Danube, but most of these 
 have been destroyed. Alt. 865 ft. P. (1869)33,400; (1890)43,300. 
 
 Llonesse, shoal, in English Channel, W. of Land's End ; 
 according to a local tradition, formerly dry land. 
 
 Llonl, tn. , Italy, prov. Avellino, circle and 4 m. S. St. Angelo 
 de Lombardy. P. < 5000. 
 
 Lions, Golf of, erroneously called the Gulf of Lyons, a wide 
 bay of the Mediterranean, washing most of the S. coast of 
 France. Shores on the W. and N. low and bordered by lagoons, 
 on the E. rocky and indented by numerous small bays. It 
 receives the Rhone, Orb, Aude, and Tet Rivs. On it are the towns 
 of Marseilles, Cette, and Port-Vendres. It is named from the 
 violence of its waves, which are compared to the raging of a lion. 
 
 Lions RlTCr, div. of Natal to N. of 30° S. , crossed by 30° E. 
 
 Lios, or Lis, Gaelic, les, Breton and Cornish, ' an enclosure," 
 ' a garden,' or ' a fort." 
 
 Lipa, Slavonic, ' the linden-tree ; ' in place-names frequently 
 Lip, occurs also in Leipzig. 
 
 Llp'arl Islands (in Italian Isole EoUe, the ancient Police, 
 or VulcanicB InsulcB), group of volcanic isls. in the Mediter- 
 ranean, between 38° 20' and 38° 55' N., 14° 15' and 15° 15' E., 
 from 15 to 30 m. from the N. ct. of Sicily, and comprised in 
 the prov. Messina. The seven principal islands are Lipari, 
 Vulcano, Stromboli, Salini, Panaria, Felicudi, Alicudi, and 
 Ustica, besides four islets. All are mountainous and volcanic, 
 Stromboli and Vulcano having still active volcanoes. Climate 
 healthy, and soil highly fertile where duly irrigated by water 
 carefully preserved in cisterns. Llparl, the largest and most 
 central island, is 18 m. in circuit, and produces large quantities 
 of grapes, figs, olives, and corn ; highest point, 1980 ft. It is 
 the great magazine for pumice stone ; sulphur, nitre, sal am- 
 moniac, soda, capers, fish, and Malmsey wine are important 
 articles of export. Lipari, its cap. town, is on its E. side. It 
 has a castle on a rock, a cathedral, bishop's palace, fragments of 
 Cyclopean walls, a harbour, and an active trade. P. (tn. ) 12,000. 
 
 Llpe, tn. , Servia, circle Podunavlje, not far from Belgrade. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Lipetsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 96 m. W. Tambov, on 
 railway from Orel to Gryazi Junction, on Lyesnoi Voronezh R. ; 
 iron-works ; mineral waters, similar to Schwalbach and Spa ; 
 trade in horses, animal produce, and timber. P. 15,000. 
 
 Llphook, vil., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 13 m. S. by 
 W. Aldershot, on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Llplne, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Beuthen, 34 m. 
 ENE. Ratibor, and 2 m. WNW. Konigshutte ; has coal-mines 
 and zinc foundries. P. 5400. 
 
 Llplng-fn, tn., China, Kweichou, 133 m. E. by S. Kwei- 
 yang-fu. 
 
 Llpnlca, Dolnja (dolnya lipnitsa), tn., Bulgaria, prov. and 
 19 m. NW. by N. Tirnova. L., Gornje, 3 m. WSW. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Llpnlk, tn. , Austria. See Lelpnlk. 
 
 Llpnlk, vil. , Austria, prov. Galicia, dist. and 2 m. E. Biala. 
 Alt. 143s ft. P. 6700. 
 
 Llpno, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 30 m. NW. Plock. 
 10 m. from r. bk. Vistula. P. 6350. 
 
 Llpollst, tn. , in the N W. of Servia, circle Podrinje. P. <3000. 
 
 Llpovets, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 129 m. SW. Kiev. 
 P. 8200. 
 
 Llppa, comm. and health resort, Hungary, prov. Temes, on 
 the Maros, 22 m. ESE. Arad. P. 7000. 
 
 Llppe, or Llppe Detmold, principality of NW. Ger., the 
 chief part of which is comprised between Prussian Westphalia, 
 Hanover, and the principality of Pyrmont. Surface hilly ; 
 traversed in the S. from NW. to SE. by the Lippescher-Wald, 
 the SE. portion of the Teutoburger-Wald, where Arminius ex- 
 terminated the legions of Varus [Detmold]. The L. (which 
 gives its name to the terr.) has its source here, but the principal 
 rivers are the Bega and Werre (trib. Else), small streams be- 
 longing to the basin of the Elbe. The present constitution of 
 the state dates from 1876, and nearly all power is in the hands 
 of the prince. Chief towns, Detmold (cap.), L«mgo, and Horn. 
 Area, 469 sq. m. P. 128,000. 
 
 Llppe, riv. , Prussia, Westphalia and Rhine Provs. , flows W. 
 from the Teutoburg Forest to the Rhine at Wesel ; navigable 
 from Dahl, 52 m. ; canalised from Lippstadt, 113 m. from 
 mouth. Total length, 115 m. ; area of basin, 1800 sq. m. 
 
 Llppehne, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Soldin, 33 
 m. NNE. Kiistrin. P. < 4000. 
 
 Llppsprlnge, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 35 m. S. 
 Minden, circle and 5 m. NE. by N. Paderborn. P. <3ooo. 
 
 889 
 
LIPP — LISK 
 
 Uppstadt, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, cap. circle L. , on 
 the Lippe {g.v.), 39 ni. E. by N. Dortmund. Tn. P. 10,200; 
 comm. P. 10,400. 
 
 Lipscomb, co., U.S., Texas, on the N. and E. frontiers of 
 the NW. portion of the state. 
 
 Upgon and Tarandale, two adjoining towns, S. Australia, 
 Eyres Penin., Flinders co., 155 m. SW. by S. Port Augusta, 
 P. (joint) < 1500. 
 
 Idpsos, small Turkish isl. , on the W. of Asia Minor, to the 
 E. of Patmos, in 37° 18' N. , 26° 45' E. 
 
 Upto (Ger. Idptan), co., in the NW. of Hungary, cap. 
 Lipto Szent Miklos. 
 
 LIpt6 Szent Miklos, tn., in the N. of Hungary, no m. N. 
 by E. Budapest, on the Vig, S. of the Tatra Range, cap. of 
 Lipto CO. Alt. 1890 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Liptrap, cape, Victoria, 28 m. NW. Wilson's Promontory. 
 
 Lipn "Lels-f pass across the main chain of the Himalayas, in 
 the British dist. of Kumaun (NW. Provs.), close to the frontier 
 of Nepdl, leading to the important Tibetan trading town of 
 Tdkla Khir. 
 
 Liquentia, riv., Italy. See LiTenza. 
 
 Iiira, riv. , Congo Free State. See Elila. 
 
 Iitria, coram., Spain, prov. and 15 m. NW. Valencia. P. 9100. 
 
 Lis, Gaelic, ' an enclosure,' ' a garden,' or ' fort.' See Lios. 
 
 Lis, tribe. See Hainan. 
 
 Llsacnl, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Ballaghaderin, co. Mayo. 
 
 Lisagoan, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cavan, dist. Kingscourt. 
 
 Llsan, EI, penin. jutting out from the E. in the S. half of the 
 Dead Sea, Palestine. 
 
 Llsbane, tnld., Ire., co. Down, bar. Lower Castlereagh, 4 m. 
 from Comber, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 LIsbealad, tnld. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. East Carbery, W. div. , 
 3 m. from Dunmanway, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Li9l>ellaw (' the fort at the ford mouth. ' See Lios), tn. , Ire. , 
 CO. Fermanagh, bar. Tirkennedy, 5 m. SE. by E. Enniskillen, 
 with astn. on the G. N. (Ire.) and Donegal Joint Rly., PMT.O. 
 P. <Soo. 
 
 LlsbodnflT, tnld.. Ire., co. Cavan, bar. TuUygarvey, 8 m. from 
 Cootehill, P. O. P. < 250. 
 
 Lisbofin, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Fermanagh, dist. Enniskillen. 
 
 Lisbon ('Lisboa,' Phoenician Alis ubbo, 'delicious bay,' 
 mythically corrupted into Olysippo, Ulyssippo, 'the town of 
 Ulysses ' ; ancient Roman Felicitas Julia ; Arab Ochbuna and 
 Lachbuna), the cap. of Portugal, built on many hills (some of 
 them 300 ft. high) along the N. banks of riv. Tagus (10 m. from 
 the sea) for about 8 m. L. was conquered by the Moors in the 
 12th century, and almost entirely destroyed (1755) by the most 
 celebrated of all earthquakes. The old parts (Alfama, Mouraria) 
 are around the castle (Sao Jorge) and the cathedral (S6). The 
 new quarters stretch W. and N. (Baixa, Alcantara, Buenos 
 Aires, Avenida da Liberdade, Estephania). Many independent 
 villages (Belem, Bemfica, Lumiar, Olivaes) are now included in 
 L. town. L. has polytechnic, agricultural, industrial, medical, 
 engineering, mining, military, and naval colleges ; an academy 
 of fine art, a Conservatorio of music, and a faculty of letters ; 
 an astronomical observatory (38° 42' 31.3" N., 9° n' 10" W.) ; 
 chemical laboratories, a museum of Natural History (important 
 African collections). Ethnological Museum (African and Indian), 
 National Museum of Art (Flemish-Portuguese paintings of the 
 15th century ; gold and silver Portuguese works of the isth and 
 i6th centuries), a public library (200,000 vols., 10,000 MSS.), 
 some manufactures. Residence of the king ; seat of Parliament ; 
 an archbishop with the title of Patriarch. The port of Lisbon 
 is one of the b^st in the world ; well protected, although some- 
 times exposed to stormy SW. winds. At the entrance the N. 
 pass is 36-40 ft.; the S. 88-102 ft. (i m. wide), then 40-164 ft. 
 deep to some distance E. of Lisbon, at first forming a channel 
 (1^3 m. wide), then a large basin 7 m. wide (25. 210 hectometres). 
 Spacious docks are in course of construction. Lisbon is in 
 a very favourable commercial position in relation to South 
 America, West and South Africa, with which two continents (as 
 well as with the Atlantic islands and all European ports) it 
 is in regular steam communication. Lisbon became cap. of 
 Portugal in the isth century, and from the discovery of Cape of 
 Good Hope to the 17th century it was one of the chief com- 
 mercial centres of Europe. Birthplace of St. Antony of Padua, 
 Albuquerque, CamOes. Mean temp. (30 yrs.), yr. 60°, Jan. 50°, 
 Aug. 71°, max. 100°, min. 31° ; rfall. , 30 in. in 138 days ; domi- 
 nant vdnd, N. P. (1551) 100,000; (1878) 246,300; (1890) 
 307,700. [J. B. K.] 
 
 Lisbon, tn., U.S., Iowa, Linn co., 12 m. E. by S. Cedar 
 Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lisbon, tn., U.S., Maine, Androscoggin co., 7 m. SE. 
 Lewiston. P. <:4000. 
 
 Lisbon, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co., 70 m. N. 
 by W. Concord, with copper-mines. P. <3000. 
 
 Lisbon, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Ransom co. , 52 m. SW. by 
 W. Fargo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lisbanny, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Upper Ormond, 
 I m. E. Nenagh ; 4394 ac P. <soo. 
 890 
 
 Lisbnrn, civic tn. (till 1885 a pari, bor.), Ire. , cos. Down (bar. 
 Upper Castlereagh) and Antrim (bar. Upper Massereene), on 
 both banks of the Lagan, 7J m. SW. Belfast, on the G. N. R., 
 with large corn miUs. Manufactures fine linen, particularly 
 damasks, linen thread, muslins, and diapers. The church is 
 the cathedral church of the united Anglican dioceses of Down, 
 Connor, and Dromore, and contains a monument to Jeremy 
 Taylor, who died here in 1667. Market-day, Tu. P. 12,300. 
 
 Llsca, Isole, some small islets, Italy, Lipari Is., 14 m; NE. 
 of the middle of Lipari I. 
 
 Llscananann, electoral div.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. 
 Clare, 11 m. SSW. Tuam. 
 
 Liscannor, tn. , Ire. , N W. ct. co. Clare, bar. Corcomroe, on 
 L. Bay, 21 m. WNW. Ennis, 3 m. from Lehinch stn., PM.O. • 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Liscard, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., on riv. Mersey, 
 
 2 m. N. Birkenhead. P. 16,300. See Egremont. 
 Llscarroil, par. and tn. , Ire. , N. co. Cork, bar. Orrery and 
 
 Kilmore, 11 m. NW. Mallow, 6 m. from Buttevant stn., PM.O. 
 Par. 4028 ac, P. < 1000; tn. P. <soo. 
 
 Llscartan, par., Ire., co. Meath, bar. Lower Navan, 3 m. 
 NW. Navan. P. <25o. 
 
 Liscasey, tnld. , Ire. , SW. co. Clare, bar. Islands, 10 m. SW. 
 Ennis. P. <:50o. 
 
 Lischan, comm. , Austria, Bohemia, 130 m. W. by N. Prague, 
 
 3 m. N. by E. Rakonitz. P. < 2000. 
 
 Liscban, tn., Bohemia, 7 m. ENE. Budweis. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Llscia, small riv., Sardinia, in the NE. ; it rises in Monte 
 Limbara, and flows NE. and N. into the sea. 
 
 Liscleary, par., Ire., co. and 5 m. SE. Cork, bar. Kerry- 
 currihy, on riv. Annabuoy ; 4305 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Llscolman, tnld., Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Dunluce, 5 m. 
 from Bushmills, P.O. P. <;25o. 
 
 Liscolman, par.. Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. Shillelagh, 3 m. 
 NE. TuUow. P.<soo. 
 
 Liseomb, riv. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Guysborough co. , flows 
 SE. into the Atlantic Ocean, in 45° N. 
 
 Liseomb, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, Guysborough co. , 
 12 m. from Sherbrooke. 
 
 Lisconny, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Sligo, dist. Riverstown. 
 
 Liscooly, stn., Ire., co. Donegal, 6 m. E. Stranorlar, on 
 Donegal Rly. 
 
 Liscormicli, Ire. , co. Longford. See Asliscormicli. 
 
 Llsdeen, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Clare, bar. Moyarta, 6 m. NW. 
 Kilrush, 2 m. from Kilkee stn., P.O. (L. Cross). P. <25o. 
 
 Lisderg, tnld., Ire., King's co. See Belmonnt. 
 
 Lisdillon, tn. , Tasmania, Glamorgan co. , 52 m. NE. Hobart. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Llsdoart, tnld.. Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. Lower Dungannon, 
 2 m. from Ballygawley, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Lisdoonvarua, tn.. Ire., NW. co. Clare, bar. Burren, 19 m. 
 SSW. Galway, 7 m. from Ennistymon stn., PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Lisdorf, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Trier, circle and 
 I m. SSE. Saarlouis. P. <3000. 
 
 Lisdowney, electoral div.. Ire., NW. co. Kilkenny. See 
 Aharney. 
 
 Lisdaff, tnld.. Ire., co. Cavan, bar. Castlerahan, 3 m. from 
 Virginia, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Lisdnff, stn. , Ire. , near Thurles, co. Tipperary, on G. S. & W. R. 
 
 Lisgarre, elect, div., Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. Ballinameen. 
 
 Lisgenan, or Grange, par., Ire., SW, co. Waterford, bar. 
 Decies within Drum, 5 m. ENE. Youghal, with stn. (G.) on 
 Waterford and Limerick Rly. ; 5710 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Llsgillocli, electoral div.. Ire., co. Leitrim, dist. Rowan. 
 
 Lisgoold, par.. Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 9 m. 
 N. by E. Queenstown, 6 m. from Midleton stn. P. <50o. 
 
 Lisgrey Cross Roads, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Virginia, co. 
 Cavan. 
 
 Lisbeen, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Clare, dist. Ballynacally. 
 
 Lisbeen, tnld. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Eliogarty, 7 m. SE. 
 Templemore, 2 m. from Bansha stn. , P. O. (Lisheens). P. <: 250. 
 
 LlsbeenaTalla, electoral div., Ire., co. Galway, dist. Tur- 
 loughmore. 
 
 Lislunaba, electoral div.. Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. Ath- 
 league. 
 
 Lisicliansk, coal-mines, Russia, govt, and 150 m. E. Ekate- 
 rinoslav, on r. bk. Syevemyi Donets, one of the most important 
 of the region . P. < 5000. 
 
 Llsienx, tn., France, dep. Calvados, cap. arr. L., on the 
 Touques, 19 m. S. Honfleur ; with large manufactures of cloths 
 and cottons, cotton, wool, and flax spinning, &c., and a magni- 
 ficent cathedral (1141-1233). P. 16,300. 
 
 Liskeard (lis'kard), ancient Liskerret ('a fortified place'), 
 mun. bor. (since 1250, till 1885 also a pari, bor.), par., and 
 market- tn., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 11 m. E. by S. Bodmin, 
 259 m. from London, on the G. W. R., in a valley on the sides 
 of hills between rivs. Seaton and Looe, with slate and stone 
 quarries. L. is the centre of a mining dist., principally tin, 
 and has manufactures of leather and woollens. Great markets 
 for cattle and sheep are held on the second Monday in every 
 
L I S K — L I ST 
 
 month (except October), and a fair for cattle, sheep, honey, &c., 
 on the 2nd October. A small mineral line, known as the L. and 
 Caradon Rly. , connects L. , or rather the adjacent stn. of Moors- 
 water, with the mines on the slopes of Caradon (Carraton) Hill 
 and further N. Mean rfall. (alt. 375 ft. , 1866-80), 53.3 in. Mar- 
 ket-day, S. Area of par. 5924 ac. Mun. bor. P. (i89i)<40oo. 
 
 IilskeeTy, par., Ire., co. Galway, bar. Dunmore, on riv. 
 Clare, 80 m. NE. Tuam ; 7207 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Iilsklnfere, par., Ire., E. co. Wexford, bar. Gorey, 13 m. 
 SSW. Arklow, 3 m. SW. Gorey stn., P.O.; 5381 ac. P. <;75o. 
 
 Lisko, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, on the San, 53 m. 
 W. by N. Drohobycz. P. < 5000. 
 
 Llslane, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Londonderry, dist. Limavady. 
 
 Uslap, tnld., Ire., NW. co. T)rrone, bar. Upper Strabane, 
 6J m. N. by E. Omagh, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Uslanghtin, elect, div., Ire., co. Kerry, dist. Ballylongford. 
 
 Usle, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co. , 54 m. NW. by N. 
 Toronto. 
 
 Lisle, part of par. , Eng. , Berkshire. See Kingston. 
 
 Z'/f/«, tn., France. See Lille. 
 
 Lisle, or DIonnt Artbur, goldfield, Tasmania, Dorset co., 
 18 m. NE. by N. Launceston. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Llslea, tnld., Ire., co. and bar. Armagh, 2 m. from Milford, 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Llslea, tnld., Ire., co. Armagh, bar. Upper Orior, 5 m. from 
 Bessbrook, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Llslea, tnld., Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. Loughinsholin, 4 
 m. from Port Glenone, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llslea, electoral div., Ire., co. Longford, dist. Ballinalee. 
 
 Llslea, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, dist. Plumb Bridge. 
 
 Lisle d'Albl, tn., France, dep. Tarn, on the Tarn, 18 m. W. 
 by S. Albi, arr. and 6 m. WSW. Gaillac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Llslee, par.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Ibane and Barryroe, 10^ 
 m. SW. Kinsale ; 6302 ac. P. <300o. 
 
 Llsleltrlm, electoral div., Ire., co. Armagh, dist. Newtown 
 Hamilton. 
 
 L'Islet, vil., Canada, Quebec, in LTslet co., on the r. bk. of 
 St. Lawrence, 47 m. NE. by E. Quebec. P. <i500. 
 
 L'Islet, P. O. , Guernsey, 3 m. from St. Sampson's. 
 
 Llslerane (' the fort of the elm-tree.' See Leamhan), tnld.. 
 Ire. , S. CO. Cork, bar. Ibane and Barryroe, 12^ m. SW. by W. 
 Kinsale, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Llsmacaffirey, tnld.. Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Moygoish, 
 3 m. from Street, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Llsmataa, Ire. Same as Llsbmaha. 
 
 Llsmakeery, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Lower Connello, 
 on riv. Deel, 2 m. SW. Askeaton. P. <:25o. 
 
 Llsmalln, par.. Ire., SE. co. Tipperary, bar. Slievardagh, 15 
 m. SE. Thurles ; has remains of old castle. 4242 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Llsmanny, elect, div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Laurencetown. 
 
 Llsmatelge, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. and 4 m. SW. 
 Knocktopher. P. <:2So. 
 
 Llsniore ('the great enclosure.' See Lios) and Mocollop, 
 par. and market-tn. (Llsmore), Ire., cos. Cork and Waterford, 
 bars. Condons and Clangibbon, and Coshmore and Coshbride, 
 13^ m. W. by N. Dungarvan, on the r. bk. of the Suir, with 
 a stn. (Llsmore) on the Waterford, Fermoy, and Lismore Rly. 
 There is little trade beyond that of salmon fishery, though a 
 canal has been carried thence to where the Blackwater becomes 
 navigable. The diocese was united to Waterford in the reign of 
 Edward III. Birthplace of the philosopher Boyle, and of the poet 
 Congreve. PMT.O. 64,010 ac. Par. P. 10,100; tn. P. < 2000. 
 
 Llsmore, tn., New South Wales, Rous co., 60 m. NNE. 
 Grafton. P. <3000. 
 
 Llsmore, isl., Scot., Argyllshire, 9J m. long by ^ij m. 
 broad, in Loch Linnhe, the lower end of which it divides into 
 two channels, the Lynn of Morven on the W. , and the Lynn 
 of Lome on the E. The parish church is formed by the choir 
 of the cathedral of the former bishopric of L. or Argyll (founded 
 in the 13th century), one of whose deans (Sir James M'Gregor, 
 1512-40) compiled a commonplace book containing a number 
 of Gaelic heroic ballads, &c. , the earliest specimens of Scottish 
 Gaelic, published, with notes, in 1862. Lighthouse on Musdile I. , 
 visible 16 m. PM.O. P. 561. 
 
 Llsmore, tn., Victoria, co. Hampden, 104 m. SW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llsmore and Appln, par., Scot., Argyllshire, comprises the 
 Appin dist. of the mainland and the isls. of Lismore (q.v.), 
 Shuna, &c. ; 114,918 ac. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Llsmnllln, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Skreen, 6 m. SE. 
 Navan. P. <25o. 
 
 Llsnacloon, electoral div.. Ire., co. Tyrone, dist. Castlederg. 
 
 Llsnacreaglit, electoral div.. Ire., Tyrone, dist. Dramquin. 
 
 Usnacree, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Down, bar. Mourne, 12 m. 
 SE. Newry, 8 m. from Warrenpoint stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 LlsnadUI, par. , Ire. , N W. co. and 3 J m. S. by E. Armagh, 
 bars. Armagh and Fews, P.O.; 16,985 ac. P. <450o. 
 
 Llsnagarran, electoral div. , Ire., Antrim, dist. Portglenone. 
 
 Llsnageer, tnld., Ire., co. Cavan, bar. Tullygarvey, 6 m. 
 from Cootehill, P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Llsnagry, tnld., Ire., N. co. and 5 m. ENE. Limerick, 
 bar. Clan William, on the Waterford and Limerick Rly., PM.O, 
 P. <;250. 
 
 Llsnagnnogne, tn.. Ire., NW. co. Antrim, bar. Cary, 8 m. 
 E. by N. Portrush. P. <25o. 
 
 Llsnakill, par.. Ire., co. and 5 m. SW. Waterford, bar. 
 Middlethird. P. <Soo. 
 
 Lisnallnchy, tnld.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Belfast, 
 S. of Doagh, on the Belfast and N. Counties Rly. P. <:25o. 
 
 Llsnalong, tnld.. Ire., co. Monaghan, bar. Cremome, 3 m. 
 from Rockcorry, P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Llsnamrock, tnld. , Ire. , E. co. Tipperary, bar. Slievardagh, 
 II m. SE. by E. Thurles; coal mined. P. <25o. 
 
 Llsnamnck, tnld.. Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. Loughin- 
 sholin, 3 m. from Maghera, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Llsnarrlck, electoral div.. Ire., NE. co. Fermanagh, bar. 
 Lurg, 9 J m. N. by W. Enniskillen, on the E. shore of Lower 
 Lough Erne, 3 m. from Irvinestown stn., P.O. (Llsnarlck). 
 
 Llsnaskea (' fort of the bush.' See Lios), market-tn. , Ire. , SE. 
 CO. Fermanagh, bar. Magherastephana, 10 m. SE. Enniskillen, 
 on G. N. and Donegal Rly. , PMT. O. Market-day, S. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llsnastraln, P.O., Ire., co. Antrim, 3 m. from Lisburn. 
 
 Llsnaveaue, elect, div. , Ire. , Monaghan, dist. Dawson-Grove. 
 
 Lispole, P.O., Ire., co. Kerry, 6 m. SE. Dingle. 
 
 Llsrodden, tnld.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Toome, 3 m. 
 from Portglenone, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Llsronagli, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. E. IfiFa and Offa, 
 on riv. Anner, 3 m. N. Clonmel, P.O. P. -C500. 
 
 Llsryan, tnld. , Ire. , NE. co. and 12 m. E. Longford, bar. 
 Ardagh, 4 m. from Edgeworthstown stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Llss, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 16 m. SSW. 
 Aldershot, on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. (East L.), and 
 PMT.O. (West L.). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Llss, vil., Switzd. See Lyss. 
 
 Llssa, the ancient Issa, isl., Austria, crownland Dalmatia 
 (q.v.), 34 m. SSW. Spalato, 10 m. long, E. to W., by 5 m. 
 broad. From 1810 to 1815 it was held by the British. The 
 Austrian Admiral Tegetthoff gained, in sight of L., a victory 
 over the Italian fleet, July 18, 1866. Chief product, wine. 
 Principal town, L. , at head of an inlet on N. ct. Highest point. 
 Mount Hum (at the W. end of the island). Alt. 1920 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 61.8° F., Jan. 49.6°, July 76.6°. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Llssa, tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, circle L., 25 m. NE. by E. 
 Glogau; manufactures cloth, linen, &c. , also tanneries, tile- 
 fields, fur-trade, &c. Place of origin of the Counts of Lesz- 
 czinski, of whom the last, Stanislas, at first King of Poland, 
 died Duke of Lorraine in 1766. P. 13,000; comm. P. 13,100. 
 
 Llssacta, vil. , Switzd. See Lyssacb. 
 
 Llssacreslg, tnld.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. W. Muskerry, 6 m. 
 from Macroom, P.O. (Llssacreaslg). P. <:25o. 
 
 Llssadlll, East, North, and West, three electoral divs.. 
 Ire., CO. Sligo, dist. Carney No. i. 
 
 Llssa In Scbleslen. See Deutscb-Llssa. 
 
 Llssan ('the little fort.' See Zw^), par.. Ire., cos. London- 
 derry and Tyrone, bars. Loughinsholin and Upper Dungannon, 
 2^ m. N. by W. Cookstown, P.O.; 24,684 ac. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Llssane, tnld. , Ire., co. Cork, bar. W. Carbery, E. div., 4 
 m. from Drimoleague. P. <25o. 
 
 LlssancTer, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cavan, dist. Ballyconnell. 
 
 Llssar, vil., Persia, Gilan, Caspian Sea, 60 m. NW. Resht. 
 
 Llssarda, tnld.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. W. Muskerry, 5^ m. 
 SE. by E. Macroom, i m. from Dooniskey stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Llsse, comm., Holland, prov. S. Holland, 7 m. NNE. 
 Leiden. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Llsselton, par. , Ire. , NW. co. Kerry, bar. Iraghticonnor, 6 
 m. WNW. Listowel, P.O. (L. Cross) ; 6882 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llssett, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div. , 19 
 m. N. by E. Hull, 3I m. ESE. Lowthorpe stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Llsseiregbe, vil. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 6 m. N. by 
 W. Bruges. P. < 2000. 
 
 Llsslngton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 11^ m. 
 NE. Lincoln, ij m. E. by N. Wickenby stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Llssone, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Milan, 3 m. NW. 
 Monza. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Llsson Grove, eccles. par., Eng., London, St. Marylebone 
 par. P. 7500. 
 
 Llssonnfiy, par., Ire., co. and bar. Roscommon, on riv. 
 Shannon, 3 m. SE. Strokestown ; 11,510 ac. P. <20oc. 
 
 Llssn, or Lltsn, savage tribe of the prov. Yiinnan, in the 
 SW. of China, occupying the valleys of the Lutse-kiang, or 
 upper Salwin, and the Lanan-kiang, or upper Mekong. 
 
 Llssne, electoral div.. Ire., co. Antrim, dist. Lisburn. 
 
 Llssycasey, PM.O., Ire., co. Clare, 7 m. from Killadysert. 
 
 List, vil, Prussia, prov., circle, and 2J m. NE. Hanover, 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Lister Fjord, inlet, Norway, S. ct., about 6° 30' E. 
 
 Llsterlln, par., Ire., SE. co. Kilkenny, bars. Ida and 
 Knocktopher, 4 J m. WNW. New Ross ; 5432 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Llster-Og-Mandal, maritime prov. (ami) of the diocese of 
 Christiansand, in the extreme S. of Norway. 
 
 891 
 
LIST — LITT 
 
 Lister Tlef, channel, Ger. , Prussia, between the isls. of Sylt 
 and Romo, on the W. of prov. Schleswig-Holstein, in 55° 3' N. 
 Several harbours are projected on the coasts to which this 
 channel gives access. See Petermann's Mitteil., 1890, p. 119, 
 and plate x. 
 
 liston, par. , Eng. , Essex, Saffron Walden div, , on the Stour, 
 15 m. NNE. Braintree, close to Long Melford stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ustooder, tnld. , Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Castlereagh, 
 3 m. from Crossgar, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 liistowel, tn. , Canada, Ontario, Perth co. , 54 m. NNE. 
 London. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Llstowel, par. and civic tn., Ire., co. Kerry, bars. Clan- 
 maurice and Iraghticonnor, on the riv. Feale, 20 m. NE. Tralee, 
 on the Waterford and Limerick Rly.; has remains of an old 
 castle. Market-day, F. Par. 8253 ac. , P. <5ooo ; tn. P. <;400o. 
 
 Ustnllycurran, tnld.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, 3 m. from Dromore, P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Llstrenichnoye, vil. , E. Siberia, govt, and 40 m. E. Irkutsk, 
 at the outflow of Angara from, and on W. ct. of. Lake Baikal; 
 steamers ply here to Posolsk across the lake. P. < 2000. 
 
 Iiistyniore, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, dist. Castlederg. 
 
 LlsTane, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 4^ m. N. 
 Cardiff (^.w. for meteorology), i^ m. NE. Llanishen stn. , P.O. 
 P. <250. 
 
 lig-werry, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Maindee, Monmouthshire. 
 
 Lltang, tn. , Eastern Tibet, 215 m. W. by S. Chengtu-fu 
 (Chinese prov. of Siichwan), about 90 m. W. Tachienlu, a little 
 to the W. of Li-chu, at an alt. (about 13,400 ft. ) at which not 
 even potatoes can be grovra. 
 
 Iiltaiil, Nalu>el-, the ancient Leontes, riv. , Palestine, vilayet 
 Acre, rises near Baalbek, flows between Lebanon and Anti- 
 Lebanon, and enters the Mediterranean 6 m. N. Tyre. Near 
 its mouth it is called El KS,simiye. 
 
 Lltctaam, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 17 m. E. by S. 
 King's Lynn, 2J m. N. Fransham stn., PMT.O. P. < 1000; 
 eccles. par. (L. '>vltli East Lexham) P. < 1500. 
 
 Lltchborongli, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 9 
 m. WSW. Northampton, 2 J m. S. Weedon stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Litchfield, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 8J m. S. 
 Newbury, on the G. W. and L. & SW. Joint Rly., P.O. 
 (North L.). P. <2So. 
 
 Litchfield, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, cap. L. co., 27 m. W. 
 Hartford, situated on high ground near a beautiful lake whose 
 outlet affords excellent water-power ; furnaces for smelting and 
 refining nickel ores, which are found in the vicinity. P. <4000. 
 
 Litchfield, city, U.S., Illinois, Montgomery co., 42 m. S. 
 Springfield ; has coal-mining and various manufactures. Petro- 
 leum wells near. P. 5800. 
 
 Litchfield, tn., U.S., Maine, Kennebec co., 14 m. SW. 
 Augusta. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Litchfield, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Meeker co., 62 m. W. by 
 N. Minneapolis. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lltchnrch, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, forming SE. part of bor. 
 of Derby. P. 23,000. 
 
 Lltete's, vil. , Nyassa-land, upon the r. bk. of the Shire, 60 m. 
 N. Blantyre, in 14° 58' S. 
 
 Llthada, the ancient Koineon, penin. forming the NW. 
 extremity of the isl. of Eubcea, Greece. 
 
 Lltherlaud, par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., 
 4^ m. N. Liverpool, close to Seaforth and L. stn. on L. & Y. R. 
 Par. P. 14,900 ; tn. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Llthgow, tn.. New South Wales, Cook co., 38 m. E. 
 Bathurst, 96 m. (by rail) W. Sydney, the place at which the 
 Great Zigzag Rly. commences to descend from the summit level 
 in the Blue Mts. ; in a few thousand yards the train descends 
 700 ft. Large coal-mines here, also iron and smelting works, 
 and manufactures of fireclay pottery. Alt. 3000 ft. P. <4000. 
 
 Llthlnos, or Theodla, cape, Turkey, in the S. of the isl. of 
 Crete, in 22° 46' E. 
 
 Llthonla, tn., U.S., Georgia, Dekalb co., 25 m. E. Atlanta 
 by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lithuanians, a people, about 3,000,000, of Indo-European 
 origin, inhabiting several W. provs. of Russia, NE. part of 
 Poland, Prussia, on the shores of the Baltic Sea, and the basins 
 of the Niemen and Diina. Their terr. being clothed with thick 
 forests, these latter played an important part in their history and 
 early religion, which was maintained till the 14th century, and 
 has left many traces vmtil now. They were divided then into 
 Borussians or Prussians, Letts or Latvis, Lithuanians (Litva, 
 Letuvinkai), and Zhmud' or Zmuds, Samoghitians ; to which 
 must be added the black-haired and warlike Yatvyags or Yadz- 
 vings, the Zhemgala (Semigallians), the Kors' or Courons, the 
 Golad, and the Krivichi in Smolensk. They formed a powerful 
 state under Gedymin in 1316, and seventy-five years later the 
 Lithuanian king, Yagello, married the Queen of Poland, Yad- 
 viga, and was crowned king of Poland. At the beginning of 
 the isth century Lithuania extended her dominions to Vyazma, 
 Kaluga, Poltava, the Sea of Azov, and Odessa (Haji Bay). 
 After the fall of the Polish republic, Lithuania proper became 
 part of Russia. 
 892 
 
 Lltln, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Podolia, 67 m. SSW. Zhitomir, 
 83 m. NE. Kamenets Podolsk, near Bug R. P. 10,150. 
 
 Lltltz, bor. (old Moravian hamlet), U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 Lancaster co., 30 m. E. by S. Harrisburg, with Nazareth 
 Hall Moravian boarding-school. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 LitUugton, par., Eng., co. and 13I m. SW. Cambridge, 
 Chesterton div., 2 J m. WNW. Roystonstn. , P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 LltUngton, P.O., Eng., near Polegate, Sussex, 4 m. from 
 Berwick. 
 
 Litokhoron, or Sarya, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 43 
 m. SSW. Salonica, 3 m. from the W. ct. of the Gulf of Salonica. 
 P. <:3ooo (Greeks). 
 
 Lltonilerczlcze, tn., Austria. See Leltmerltz. 
 
 Lltschau, comm. , Lower Austria, 58 m. NE. Linz. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Lltslu-hslen, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Hwang-ho, 140 m. SE. by S. Tientsin. 
 
 Lttsn, tribe, China. See Llssu. 
 
 Llttan, tn. , Austria, Moravia, on riv. March, 11 m. NW. 
 Olmiitz. P. < 5000. 
 
 Llttau, comm., Switzd., cant., dist., and 2 m. W. Lucerne. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Litter, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bars. Condons and Clangibbon, 
 and Fermoy, on riv. Blackwater, 3 m. NW. Fermoy ; 5404 ac. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Llttltz, vil., Bohemia, 3 m. S. by W. Pilsen. P. <30oo. 
 
 Little Big Horn, riv., U.S., Montana. See Big Horn. 
 
 Llttleboroagh, eccles. par.- and tn., Eng., Lancashire, 
 Middleton div., 3 m. NE. and practically a suburb of Rochdale, 
 on the Rochdale Canal and the L. & Y. R. , with coal. Tn. P. 
 10,900 ; eccles. par. P. 9700. 
 
 Llttlehorongh, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 
 4 m. S. by E. Gainsborough, on the 1. bk. of the Trent, ■2\ m. SE. 
 Sturton stn. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (L. with Cottam) P. <:2So. 
 
 Llttlehonrn, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div. , on the 
 Little Stour, 3^ m. E. Canterbury, 2 m. NE. Bekesbourne stn., 
 PMT.O. (Llttlebonrne). P. < 1000. 
 
 Llttlehredy, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , on the Bredy, 
 6| m. W. Dorchester, P.O. P. <25o. See Longbrcdy. 
 
 Little Bridge, P.O. , Ire. , co. Londonderry, 2 m. from Coagh. 
 
 Little Britain, or Mariposa, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. 
 Victoria, 8 m. by rail from Lindsay. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Llttlehury, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 2 m. NW. by W. 
 Saffron- Walden, 2 m. SE. by S. Great Chesterford stn., P.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Little Common, PM.O. , Eng., Sussex, 3 m. W. BexhilL 
 
 Little Current, or Shaftsbury, vil. , Canada, Ontario, on 
 Grand Manitoulin I., 140 m. from Collingwood. Alt. 608 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 41.0° F. , Jan. 15.0°, July 66.8°. 
 
 Llttledale, Eng. , Lancashire. See Caton. 
 
 Llttledale Fell, an upland tract, Eng., in the N. of Lanca- 
 shire, about 7 m. E. by S. Lancaster. Alt. 1836 ft. 
 
 Llttledean, PM.O., Eng., Gloucestershire. See Dean, 
 Little. 
 
 Little Egg Harbor, vil. and bay, U.S., New Jersey, in the. 
 SE. , between Long Beach I. and the mainland. P. <i500. 
 
 Little Falls, Canada, New Brunswick, on the riv. St. John, 
 125 m. NW. by N. Fredericton. 
 
 Little Falls, vil. , U.S. , Minnesota, Morrison co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Mississippi, 85 m. NW. by N. Minneapolis. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Little Falls, vil., U.S., New York, Herkimer co. , on the 
 Mohawk R. , which falls at this point 45 ft. , and the Erie Canal, 
 midway between Albany and Syracuse, 62 m. W. by N. Troy, 
 and 20 m. E. by S. Utica. The largest cheese market in the 
 U.S., with manufactures of cotton goods, &c. P. (1880) 6900 ; 
 (1890) 8800. 
 
 Little Falls, settlement, U.S., Washington, Lewis co., 45 m. 
 S. by W. Olympia. 
 
 Little Fish Bay, W. Africa. See Mossamedes. 
 
 Little Giant, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Gila co., 160 m. 
 NW. by N. from the SE. corner of the terr. 
 
 Llttleham, par., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., 2 J m. 
 SSW. Bideford. P.<5oo. 
 
 Llttleham, par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., i^ m. E. 
 Exmouth. P. 5500. 
 
 Llttlehampton, P.O., Eng., Devonshire, 3 m. from Totnes. 
 
 Llttlehampton, par. and tn. , Eng. , Sussex, Chichester div. , 
 on the S. ct., 3J m. S. by E. Arundel, on the L. B. & S. C. R.; 
 coastguard station. The tidal harbour of 200 ac. has a depth 
 at entrance ordinary springs of i6J^ ft. high water, nil low water. 
 P. <45oo. 
 
 Llttlehampton, settlement, S. Australia, co. Hindmarsh, 34 
 m. by rail E. Adelaide. 
 
 Llttlehampton, stn., Tasmania, on the Launceston and 
 Western Rly., 23 m. S. Lavmceston. 
 
 Little Haven, PM.O., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on St. Bride 
 Bay, 5 m. NW. by N. Milford. 
 
 Little Heath, P.O., Eng., Warwickshire, i m. from Great 
 Heath. 
 
 Little Hill, Wales, Radnorshire, in the middle, 7 m. NW. by 
 W. New Radnor. 
 
L I TT 
 
 LIVE 
 
 Little Island, isl. and par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, in 
 Cork Harbour, 4 m. E. Cork, onG. S. &W. R., P.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Little Mill, stn. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div. , on the NE. R. , 3J m. NE. Alnwick. 
 
 Llttlemlll, vil., Scot., Dumbartonshire, part of Bowling (^.z*.). 
 
 Little Mill Janction, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, 5f. div., 
 on the G. W. R., 2 m. ENE. Pontypool. 
 
 Llttlemore, par., Eng., adjoining Oxford on the E. , and 
 partly also in Oxford, St. Mary par. , on the G. W. R. , PM. O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Little Xess, cape, on the E. ct. of the Isle of Man, 2 m. S. 
 by W. Douglas. 
 
 Llttleover, par., Eng., S. div. of Derbyshire, ij m. SSW. 
 Derby, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Little Point, cape, Canada, Ontario, on L. Huron, in 43° 12' N. 
 
 Llttleport, par., Eng., co. Cambridge, Wisbech div., in the 
 IsleofEly,sm. NNE. Ely,ontheG. E. R.; i7,2o8ac. P. < 4500. 
 
 Little Raltb Colliery, vil., Scot., Fifeshire, 2 m. SE. Loch- 
 gelly. P. <5oo. 
 
 Little KiTer, tn.. New Zealand, South I., co. Akaroa, 36 m. 
 from Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Little Kiver, co., U.S., Arkansas, on SW. frontier, and 
 bounded on all sides but the W. by Little R. and Red R. 
 
 Little Kiver, U.S., Louisiana, trib. of the Red R. , which it 
 joins on the 1. bk. 
 
 Little Kiver, U.S. , Texas, formed by the confluence of the 
 Leon R. , and Cowhouse Creek, which join in Bell co. ; it flows 
 SE. arid E. to the Brazos R. on the r. bk. , in 30° 50' N. 
 
 Little Klvcr (formerly Kotliwell), tn., Victoria, co. Grant, 
 30 m. SW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Little River Harbour, U.S., Maine, E. of Machias Bay, in 
 44° 33' N. , 67° 6' W. 
 
 Little Rock, city, U.S., Arkansas, Pulaski co., on the r. bk. 
 of the Arkansas R. , which here winds through a rich, rolling 
 country, 131 m. W. by S. Memphis (Tenn.) ; stands on a rocky 
 cliff in so dry and healthy a situation, that it has never been 
 visited by an epidemic ; a precipitous range (Big Rock), rising 
 abruptly about 500 ft., commences 2 m. above the city. The 
 city owes its name to the fact that a little rock near the shore 
 here was the first bit of stone visible on the W. bank from the 
 Mississippi to this point. Mean temp., yr. 62.2° F., Jan. 41.2°, 
 July 81.0°; rfall. (6 yrs.), 55.67 in. P. (1880) 13,100; (1890) 
 25,900. 
 
 Little (or Lesser) Slave Lake, Canada, in S. of Athabasca, 
 a few miles N. of the frontier, about 70 m. long E. to W. , 
 drained E. by the Little Slave R. into the Athabasca R. 
 
 Llttlestone-on-Sea, stn., Eng., Kent, PMT.O. See Rom> 
 ney, Xew. 
 
 Llttlestown, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Adams co., 38 m. S. 
 by W. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llttlethorpe, part of eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, div. and 2 m. SE. by S. Ripon {q.v.). 
 
 Littleton, stn. , Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of the C. P. 
 R. , 88 m. W. by S. Winnipeg. 
 
 Littleton, par., Eng., co. and 2 m. E. Chester. P. <25o. 
 
 Littleton, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Andover div. , 2 J m. N W. 
 Winchester. P. <25o. 
 
 Littleton, par., Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge div. , 3 m. SE. 
 Staines, i m. NW. Shepperton stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Littleton, tn.. Ire., E. co. Tipperary, bar. Eliogarty, 4 m. 
 SE. Thurles, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Littleton, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , 13 m. 
 SW. Lowell. P. <i5oc. 
 
 Littleton, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co., 75 m. N. 
 by W. Concord, the usual starting-point for the ascent of Mt. 
 Washington, 28 m. distant ; has copper-mines. P. < 4000. 
 
 Littleton, High, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 7I m. SW. 
 by W. Bath, i| m. NE. Hallatrow stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Littleton, Bforth and Middle, and South, two adjoining 
 pars. , Eng. , Worcestershire, div. and 4 m. NE. by E. Evesham. 
 North L. , 2 m. E. Harrington stn., P. <5oo; South L. with a 
 stn. (Littleton and Badsey) on the G. W. R. , PT.O. , P. <soo. 
 
 Littleton, West, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , 
 7 m. N. by E. Bath. P. <25o. See Tormarton. 
 
 Littleton Drew, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 11 
 ra. NNE. Bath, yh m. ESE. Yate stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Littleton Panell, PM.O., Eng., Wiltshire, 2 m. from 
 Market Lavington. 
 
 Llttleton-upon-Sevem, par., Eng., Gloucester, Thornbury 
 div., 5 m. ESE. Chepstow, 2 J m. W. Thornbury stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Llttletown, P.O., Eng., near Durham, 2 m. from Sherburn. 
 
 Little Valley, vil., U.S., New York, Cattaraugus co., 45 m. 
 S. by E. Buffalo. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Little-n'ick Green, hamlet, Eng. , Berkshire, Wokingham div. , 
 8| m. W. by N. Windsor, 2^ m. W. Maidenhead stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Llttleivortli, eccles. par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 12 m. 
 W. Abingdon, 2 m. ENE. Faringdon, P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Llttlewortli, par. , Eng. , co. and co. bor. Gloucester, Stroud 
 div. , 8 m. NE. Wotton-under-Edge, 2 m. WSW. Brimscombe 
 stn., PM.O. P.<7So, 
 
 Llttlewortta, stn. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, 6 m. SW. Spalding, 
 on the G. N. R. 
 
 Llttlewortli, vil., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 8 m. W. 
 Stafford, on the Liverpool and Birmingham Canal, 3I m. NW. 
 by N. Gnosall stn. 
 
 Llttlewortli Common, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Woobum, 
 Bucks. 
 
 LlttUngton, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 5J m. WNW. 
 Eastbourne, on the Cuckmare, 3 m. NE. by E. Seaford stn., 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Litton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 7 m. E. by N. 
 Buxton, 2 m. NE. by E. Millersdale stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Litton, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., on the Chew, 6J m. 
 NNE. Wells. P. <25o. 
 
 Litton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., on 
 Halton Beck, 26 m. W. Ripon, 6^ m. E. by N. Horton stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Litton and Cascob, par. , Wales, Radnorshire, on riv. Lugg, 
 
 3 m. NW. Presteigne. P. <25o. 
 
 Litton Cheney, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 9 m. W. 
 Dorchester, 3^ m. SE. Powerstock stn. , P.O. P. <5oc. 
 
 Lltnya Bay, inlet on the W. ct. of Alaska, mouth in 58° 33' 
 N. At its head Lituya Mt., alt. 10,000 ft. 
 
 Lln-kiang, riv., China, trib. Hun-shui {^.v.). 
 
 Liu-kiu, islet, China. See Lambay. 
 
 Llupin-shan, range of mts. , China, Kansu, trending N. and 
 S. , crossed by the main road from Singan-fu to the NW. Alt. 
 of pass (165 m. NW. Singan-fu) 8850 ft. 
 
 Llvadla, Imperial summer residence, Russia, govt. Taurida, 
 on S. ct. of Crimea, 3 m. W. Yalta. 
 
 Llvadlon, isl. , Greece. See Serlphos. 
 
 Livazeny, comm., Hungary, co. Hunyad, dist. Petroseny. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Lively, one of the Falkland Is. , off the SE. ct. of E. Falkland. 
 
 Lively, vil., U.S., Alabama, Russell co. , on the 1. bk. of the 
 Chattahoochee R. , 76 m. E. by N. of Montgomery. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Livenza, ancient Liquentia, riv., N. Italy, rises in the prov. 
 Udine, flows tortuously southward, and after a course of about 
 70 m. enters the Adriatic Sea 28 m. NE. Venice. It communi- 
 cates by a canal with the Piave. Basin, 1039 sq. m.; mean 
 discharge 3500, highest 35,300 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Live Oak, vil., U.S., Florida, Suwanee co., 78 m. E. Talla- 
 hassee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Live Oak, co., U.S., Texas, N. of 28° N., crossed in the E. 
 by 98° W. 
 
 Liver, short riv. , Scot., Argyllshire, flows W. into Loch Etive, 
 S m. N. of Loch Awe. 
 
 Livermere, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Suffolk, Stowmarket div.. Great L.sm. NNE. Bury St. Edmunds, 
 i^ m. W. Ingham stn., P.O. P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Livermore, tn. , U.S., California, Alameda co. , 47 m. E. 
 San Francisco by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Livermore, tn. , U.S., Maine, Androscoggin co. , on r. bk. 
 Androscoggin R. , 20 m. N. Auburn. P. < 1500. East Liver- 
 more, on 1. bk. , P. < 1500. 
 
 Livermore, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co., 62 m. 
 N. by E. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Liverpool, seapt. tn. and port of entry, Canada, Nova Scotia, 
 cap. Queen's co., 71 m. SW. by W. Halifax, on L. Bay, into 
 which flows L. Kiver, draining Rossignol Lake. The harbour 
 has 13 ft. on bar high water ordinary springs, 7 ft. low water. 
 Good anchorage outside the bar in 4-15 fathoms. P. <3000. 
 
 Liverpool (formerly Zzr^w/, Litherfool, Liferpole, Lever fool), 
 CO. of a city, city, pari, and mun. bor., and seapt., comprising 
 the parish of L. , the tps. of Kirkdale and Everton, and parts 
 of the townships of West Derby and Toxteth Park, in SW. 
 of CO. Lancaster, on E. side of the estuary of the Mersey, about 
 
 4 m. from the Irish Sea, 202 m. (by rail) NW. London, and 
 31 m. WSW. Manchester. Lat. of observatory, 53° 24' 3"-8" 
 N. , long. 3° 4' 17" W. The city stands partly on level ground 
 along the Mersey, and partly on a gentle slope. Among the 
 more noteworthy public buildings is the Town Hall, rebuilt in 
 1795, occupying one side of a square, the other three sides are 
 formed by the Exchange Buildings, with a magnificent news- 
 room 175 ft. by 90 ft. ; the Municipal Buildings ; the Revenue 
 Buildings, comprising the Custom-House, Post-Ofiice, Dock- 
 Office, &c. ; St. George's Hall, with the Assize Courts, a magni- 
 ficent building of the Corinthian order, standing on 3^ ac. of 
 ground ; the Free Public Library and Museum, the gift of Sir 
 William Brown, opened 1864 (library of over 100,000 vols., 
 with branch lending libraries in various parts of the town) ; the 
 Walker Art Gallery, opened 1877; the Picton Reading and 
 Lecture Rooms, with accommodation for 300 readers ; and the 
 Athenaeum, opened 1799, and containing a valuable library of 
 nearly 40,000 vols. The Church of St. Peter, built in 1704, 
 serves at present as the cathedral church, L. having been 
 constituted a separate see in 1880. Foremost amongst the 
 educational establishments is University College, founded 1881. 
 In 1884 the Royal Medical School was amalgamated with it, 
 and in the same year the college was aflSliated to the Victoria 
 
 893 
 
LIVE — LIVI 
 
 University [Manchester]. The buildings, on a site of 4 ac, 
 consist of four separate blocks, containing the physical and 
 biological, the medical, and the chemical departments, and the 
 new college. In addition to these is the Victorian Building, 
 completed in 1892, the gift of Mr. H. Tate, containing lecture 
 theatre, library, &c. University College authorities comprise the 
 president, vice-presidents, court of governors, council, treasurer, 
 and senate. Professorships sixteen, each chair having an en- 
 dowment of ;^io,ooo. Number of students nearly 450. Many 
 exhibitions and scholarships are attached to the college. Other 
 educational institutions are L. College, the Government School of 
 Art and Nautical College. The principal general hospitals are 
 the Royal Infirmary, Royal Southern, Northern, and Stanley, 
 besides several special hospitals. There are also many chari- 
 table institutions. Public baths and wash-houses are provided 
 by the Corporation in various parts of the tovm. There are 
 several markets, of which the finest, St. John's, was erected in 
 1820-22, at a cost of over ;^36,ooo. The new waterworks, for 
 which powers had been obtained in 1880, were completed in 
 1893. The water is conveyed from Lake Vymwy in N. Wales 
 to the reservoirs at Prescott, 8 m. from L. , by an aqueduct 
 68 m. in length, in the course of which are two timnels, one 
 of 2^ m. under the hills, the other imder the Mersey. The 
 estimated daily yield is 52,000,000 gallons. To form the 
 Vymwy reservoir (1165 ac), a great dam was built across the 
 valley, a whole village, several farmhouses, and a highway being 
 submerged. Public parks include Sefton (about 250 ac), in the 
 S. , elaborately laid out; Stanley, in Walton (100 ac); Shiel, 
 in West Derby; Newsham, in Fairfield (150 ac); Eidgehill 
 (34 ac. ) ; and Wavertree. The principal cemeteries are the 
 Necropolis, St. James, Walton, and Toxteth. L. has com- 
 munication by rail with all parts of the country. The L. and 
 Leeds Canal also connects it with the manufacturing dists. of 
 Lancashire and Yorkshire. The principal railways are connected 
 by central underground lines. Two special railways are the 
 Mersey Timnel, connecting L. with Btrkenbead, and the Over- 
 head Electrical Rly. , opened Feb. 4, 1893, extending along the 
 docks for 6J m. , constructed almost entirely of iron, at a cost 
 of about ;^6oo,ooo. The Dock Rly., mainly underneath the 
 Electrical, gives off branches to the goods stations. The 
 estuary of the Mersey, f m. broad at L. , widening inland to 
 an extreme of 3 m. , is obstructed by shoals, but with well- 
 marked channels navigable at high water for the largest vessels. 
 A channel 1403 ft. wide is now, however, being dredged through 
 the bar to allow of deep-drafted vessels entering and leaving 
 the port at all states of the tide. Formerly the depth on the 
 bar at low water spring tides was only about 11 ft. , but in March 
 1895 a depth of 22 ft. at that state of the tide had already been 
 effected. The Mersey was rendered navigable for vessels of 
 moderate size to Warrington in 1694. In 1710 an Act of 
 Parliament was obtained, authorising improvements in the 
 harbour, and the levying of a duty on tonnage for twenty-one 
 years. In 1740 the first dock was constructed on the Mersey. 
 The docks (more than thirty) now extend along the L. side for 
 over 6 m. , and on the Birkenhead side for i m. They are imder 
 the control of the ' Mersey Docks and Harbour Board,' incor- 
 porated by Act of Parliament 1857, with jurisdiction over the 
 whole estuary. Total area of docks and basins, 545^ ac. ; 
 length of quayage, 35 m. , of which 381 ac. docks, and 25^ m. 
 quayage belong to L. sidei Most of the docks have half-tide 
 locks and wet basins. Warehouse room attached to the docks 
 has been much extended. At the Herculaneum Dock is the 
 largest petroleum magazine in the world, cut out of the sohd 
 rock, and capable of containing 60,000 barrels. The town owes 
 its chief importance to its great foreign trade ; it is the main 
 outlet for the manufactures of Lancashire, W. Yorkshire, and 
 Staffordshire, and monopolises the principal share of British 
 trade with Australia, America, India, Africa, and the Medi- 
 terranean. The expansion of its commerce since the opening 
 of the first dock, is shown by the following figures : — In 1739 
 there were 211 vessels of 30 to 400 tons belonging to the port. 
 In 1751 the total number of ships entering was 543, tonnage 
 31,713; in 1791, 2068 ships, tonnage 267,196; in 1805, ships 
 1855, tonnage 331,209. In 1831 the tonnage had risen to 
 1,592,436, in 1851 to 3,737,666, and in 1871 to 6,131,745. For 
 later statistics of the port, see Appendix, pp. 13, 14. Exports 
 of British produce, cotton (by far the most important), linen, and 
 woollen goods and wool, hardware and machinery, china and 
 glass, remied sugar, salt, alkali, gunpowder. Imports, chiefly 
 cotton (more thsm ^ of all the cotton imported into the United 
 Kingdom) and gram ; other leading imports are cattle, pro- 
 visions, fnaits, tobacco, sugar, leather, palm-oil, &c. The con- 
 struction of large merchant and war-vessels is extensively carried 
 on ; there are also large engine, cable, and anchor factories, 
 iron and brass foimdnes, sugar refineries, breweries, glass- 
 staining works, &c. L. was founded in the reign of King John 
 as a convenient base of communication with Ireland. Henry 
 III. granted a charter of incorporation. Although a place of 
 some note, L. was a small town two centuries ago, and was only 
 constituted a separate parish in 1699, it having previously formed 
 ■ 894 
 
 part of Walton. In 1700 the population is said to have been 
 5714, but in 1760 it had risen to 25,000, and in 1790 to 55,000. 
 The origin of the first part of the name 'L.' is uncertain; 
 some authorities suppose it to be the name of an unknown 
 waterfowl, called the 'lever' or 'liver,' while others think that 
 it is derived from an old Gothic word ' lide ' or ' lithe ' = the 
 ' sea,' or ' lither ' = lower. The latter part of the name appears 
 to have been given fi-om a fen or pool formed by a branch of 
 the Mersey. Birthplace of Mrs. Hemans, the poetess, and 
 Roscoe, the historian. The bor. sends nine members to the 
 House of Commons, one for each of the following divs : — 
 Abercromby, West Derby, Everton, Exchange, Kirkdale, Scot- 
 land, E. and W., Toxteth, and Walton. Mean temp. (20 yrs.), 
 yr. 48.8° F., Jan. 39.4°, July 60.0° ; mean rfall. (25 yrs.), 29.01 in. 
 Acreage of co. bor. 6552; of pari. bor. 8107. P. (1801) 82,295; 
 (1821)138,000; (1831)202,000; (1851)376,000; (1871)493,000; 
 (1891) 518,000; pari. bor. P. (1891) 584,500. TTie population of 
 L. , in a geographical sense, comprising the registration dists. of 
 L. , Toxteth Park, West Derby, and Birkenhead, in 1891 was 
 860,000. 
 
 LlTerpool, tn., New South Wales, Ciunberland co., iS m. 
 W. Sydney, at the head of navigation on George's R. P. <; 
 5000. 
 
 LlYerpool, riv., northern terr. of S. Australia, nmning N. 
 into the Indian Ocean, which it enters in about 134° 15' E. ; 
 navigable for a considerable distance. 
 
 IilTerpool, viL , U. S. , New York, Onondaga co. , on Onondaga 
 Lake, 5 m. NNW. Syracuse, with large manufacture of salt. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 LlTerpool, tn., U.S., Peimsylvania, Perry co., on the r. bk. 
 of the Susquehanna R. , 23 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 LiTerpool, East, U.S., Ohio. See East LiTerpool. 
 
 LlTerpool Harbonr, inlet, in the extreme N. of Madagascar, 
 W. ct. , in about 12° S. 
 
 LiTerpool Landing, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Mohave co., 
 on the Mohave Canon, 170 m. S. by W. firom the NW. comer 
 of the terr. 
 
 Lirerpool Plains, pastoral dist. , New South Wales, bounded 
 on the SE. by the ' twenty old counties,' on the N. by the Upper 
 Darling and the frontier dist. of Gwydir. As its name indicates, 
 the dist. is generally level, the principal hills being the Liver* 
 pool Range (highest peak Mount Oxley, 4500 ft.), on the S. 
 boundary, in about 32° 3o'-5o' S., i5o°-i5ii E. Mean eleva- 
 tion about 900 ft. above the level of the sea. Tamworth is the 
 principal town. 
 
 Liverpool River, Canada. See Liverpool, seapt. 
 
 Liverpool Street, Eng. , London, the terminus of the G. E. R- , 
 I m. NE. St. Paul's. 
 
 Liversedge, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Spen 
 Valley div. ,6 m. E. by S. Halifax, 1 m. W. Heckmondwike, 
 on the L. & Y. R. ; carries on various textile and iron manu- 
 factures, including the making of machinery. P. 13,700. 
 
 Liverton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div. , 
 12 m. WNW. Whitby, 2 m. S. by W. Loftus stn., P.O. 
 (L. Sllues). P. <iooo. See Easington. 
 
 Livesey, par., Eng., Lancashire, mostly within the pari, 
 limits of Blackburn. P. 8900. 
 
 Llvet Water, small riv. , Scot. , Banffshire, rises on Cook's 
 Cairn, in the SE. of the co. , and flows SSW. then NW. through 
 Glen Livet to the Avon, which it joins on the r. bk. about 6 m. 
 above its confluence with the Spey. 
 
 Livlnentbal, German name for the valley of the Ticino, 
 Switzd. See Leventina. 
 
 Livingston, seapt. , Central America, on the Gulf of Amatique, 
 at the mouth of the Rio Dulce, republic and 135 m. NE. by E. 
 Guatemala, inhabited by Caribs, whose ancestors immigrated 
 fi-om St. Vincent I. ; bananas exported to the U.S. 
 
 Livingston, viL, U.S., Alabama, Sumter co., 102 m. SW. of 
 Birmingham. Alt. 144 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Livingston, co., U.S., Illinois, crossed in N. by 41° N., and 
 E. of 89° W. 
 
 Livingston, co., U.S., Kentucky, between the Ohio on the 
 W. and N. , and the Tennessee on the S. 
 
 Livingston, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, N. of 30° N., E. of 
 91° W. , bounded on the SE. by Lake Maurepas. 
 
 Livingston, co., U.S., Michigan, in the.SE., crossed in the 
 W. by 84° W., to the S. of 43° N. 
 
 Livingston, co., U.S., Missouri, E. of 94° W., S. of 40° N. 
 
 Livingston, city, U.S., Montana, Park co., 95 m. £. by S. 
 Butte. Alt. 4485 ft. (R.R.). P. < 3000. 
 
 Livingston, co., U.S., New York, in the W., crossed in the 
 extreme N. by 43° N, , and in the SW. by 78° W. 
 
 Livingstone, a name given by Stanley to the Congo R. in 
 honour of the great African explorer David Livingstone (1813- 
 1873), but not generally adopted. Several other African names 
 have been bestowed in his honour. 
 
 Livingstone, co. , New South Wales, bounded on the W. by 
 the Darling, and crossed in the N. by 32° S. 
 
 Livingston^, tn.. New Zealand, South I., Waitaki co., 20 m. 
 WNW. Oamaru. P. < 1500. 
 
LI VI 
 
 LL AN 
 
 LiTlngstone, co., Queensland, on the E. ct., traversed by 
 
 the Fitzroy. 
 
 Livingstone, par., Scot., co. and 6J m. SSE. Linlithgow, 
 on the Almond, ij m. SE. from its stn. on the N. B. R. ; has 
 paraffin oil-works. P.O. (Uvlngston). 5362 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Livingstone Falls, Portuguese W. Africa. See Kwanza. 
 
 Livingstone Range, mt. chain bordering the NE. extremity 
 of Lake Nyassa, Africa. 
 
 Llvingstonla (named after Dr. Livingstone), mission stn., 
 Nyassa-land, at the end of the peninsula in the S. of Lake 
 Nyassa; abandoned in 1883 (on account of the tmhealthy 
 climate) for Bandawe, on the W. shore of the lake. 
 
 Llvno, fortified tn., Bosnia, 35 m. NE. by E. Spalato. Alt. 
 3585 ft. P. < 5000. 
 
 Llvny, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 70 m. SE. Orel, on Sosna 
 R. ; considerable trade in grain. P. 20,700. 
 
 Llvii, isl. , Jutland, in the central part of Liim-Fiord. 
 
 Livonia, govt., European Russia, one of the Baltic provs., 
 has Gulf of Riga on W., Esthonia on N., St. Petersburg, Pskov, 
 and Vitebsk on E. , and Courland on S. The plateau of Grodno 
 and Courland enters L., and attains 700-800 ft. alt. in the S. 
 (Munna-maggi, 1063 ft.), and from 250 to 450 ft. in N.; lowlands 
 on the Gulf of Riga and further NE. , in the N. of Wirtz-jarvi, 
 reaching Lake Peipus. The island Oesel and the small islands 
 of the Riga Gulf (Moon, Runo, &c.) also belong to L. Watered 
 by Diina on SW. frontier, Pernau, Salis, Livonian and Cour- 
 land Aa, as also by the Embach, which connects the Lakes 
 Wirtz-jarvi and Peipus (or Chudskoye). Silurian and Devonian 
 limestones, &c., covered with glacial deposits. Soil mostly un- 
 fertile. Climate very variable ; average temp, at Dorpat, yr. 
 39.5° F., Jan. 17°, July 63°; yearly rfall., 24 in. Forests cover 
 42 per cent, of area. Population consists of Esthonians (46 per 
 cent.K Letts (42 per cent.), Germans (6 per cent.), Russians (3 per 
 cent. ), and a few Poles and Jews. Land owned chiefly by German 
 nobility, with small peasant farms. Agriculture extensive on 
 the estates of the nobles. Wheat, rye, barley, and oats grown, 
 partly for export. Good breeds of cattle on the estates. Kitchen- 
 gardening about Riga and Dorpat. Fishing both in Baltic Sea 
 and Lake Peipus. Distilleries, woollen stuffs and silk mills, 
 paper works, saw-mills, machinery works. Considerable ex- 
 terior trade, Riga being the third port of Russia for its exports. 
 Divided into nine dists.: Riga (cap. of prov.), Dorpat (Yuriev), 
 Fellin, Pernau, Oesel, Walk, Wenden, Werro, and Wolmar. 
 Area, 18,158 sq. m. P. (1816) 621,575; (1863) 925,275; (1890) 
 1,256,200. 
 
 Livonia, vil., U.S., New York, Livingston co., 24 m. S. by 
 W.Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llvonio, seapt. , Italy. See Leghorn. 
 
 Llvorno, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 17 m. W. by 
 S. Vercelli. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Llvramento, seapt. , on the E. ct. of Brazil, Parahiba, in 6° 
 56' S. , 78 m. N. Pernambuco. 
 
 Llvron, market-tn., France, dep. Dr6me, on the Drdme, 45 
 m. N. Orange, arr. and 12 m. S. by W. Valence. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Llvry, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Pontoise, 10 m. 
 EXE. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <3000. 
 
 Llvuma, one of the forms of the name of the Bovnma (^.v.), 
 in E. Africa. 
 
 Lixhelm, tn., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, 31 m. WNW. Strass- 
 burg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Llxnaw, tn.. Ire., N. co. Kerry, bar. Clanmaurice, 6 m. 
 SW. by W. Listowel, with a stn. on the Waterford and Limerick 
 Rly.,P.O. P.<;25o. 
 
 Llxonrlon (liksuri), tn., Greece, on the E. ct. of the peninsula 
 in the W. of Cephalonia I. P. 5700. 
 
 Lixcrvium, tn. , France. See Lnxeail. 
 
 Lixus, riv., Morocco. See Lnkkos. 
 
 Liza, riv., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., flowing into 
 the head of Ennerdale Water. 
 
 Lizard Head (the Promontorium Damnonium of Ptolemy), 
 bold headland, Eng., on the S. ct. of Cornwall, the southern- 
 most point of Britain, with lighthouse (in 5° 12' W.), visible 21 
 m. Alt. 186 ft. 
 
 Lizard Island, E. ct. Queensland, in 14° 40' S. , 145^° E. 
 
 Lizard Toivn, vil., Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., on the 
 S. ct., 14 m. SSW. Falmouth, 2 m. E. by S. Lizard Head, 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Llzzana, vil. , Austria, Tirol, 15 m. S. by W. Trent. P. <2ooo. 
 
 LJeskovec (lyeskovets), tn., Bulgaria, prov. and 4 m. NE. 
 by E. Tirnova. P. 7100. 
 
 Ljiceni (lyicheni), Albanian, 'lake.' 
 
 LJnbovlja (lyuboviya), Servia, prov. Podrinje, on the r. bk. 
 of the Drina, 68 m. SW. by W. Belgrade. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 LjnttnSkl, tn. , Bosnia, circle and 17 m. SW. Mostar, cap. 
 dist. L. P. < 4000. 
 
 LJnngan, riv., Sweden, flows E. and enters the Gulf of 
 Bothnia a little S. of Sundsvall in 62° 20' N. Length, 174 m. ; 
 area of basin, 4670 sq. m. 
 
 LJusdal, vil., Sweden, prov. Gefleborg, on the Ljusne, 55 m. 
 SW. Sundsvall. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 .. Ijusnarsberg, vil., S. Sweden, prov. (or Ian) and 54^ m. N. 
 Orebro. P. <;20oo. 
 
 LJasne, seapt., Sweden, prov. Gefleborg, on the E. ct., at 
 the mouth of the riv. Ljusne, 36 m. N. Gefle. Harbour can be 
 entered by vessels drawing 24 ft. or more ; good anchorage. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Ljusne, riv., Sweden, prov. Ostersund and Gefle, after a tor- 
 tuous eastward course of 200 m. enters the Gulf of Bothnia 6 m. 
 S. Soderhamn. 
 
 IJustero, North and South, two isls., Sweden, in the N. of 
 the archipelago E. of Stockholm. 
 
 Llagostera, vil., NE. Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 11 m. SE. 
 Gerona, dist. Bisbal. P. < 5000. 
 
 Llalllal, vil. , Chile, 48 m. ENE. Valparaiso, point of junc- 
 tion of the Valparaiso-Santiago Rly. and the railway leading 
 to the Uspallata Pass. P. ^=3000. 
 
 Llalngoch, P.O., Wales, i m. from Holyhead, Anglesey. 
 
 Llan, in Welsh place-names, 'a church.' See Lann. 
 
 Llanaber, par., Wales, Merionethshire, on the W. ct. (in- 
 cluding Barmouth town), 8^ m. S. by E. Harlech, \\ m. NW. 
 Barmouth stn. ; 11,872 ac. P. <3000 ; eccles. par. (L. with 
 Barmouth) P. <25oo. 
 
 Llanaelhalarn, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 
 12 m. WNW. Portmadoc, 5 m. N. Pwllheli stn., P.O.; 6658 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Llauafan, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, on the Ystwith, 8 m. 
 N. Tregaron, i m. ESE. Trawscoed stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 LlanafanfafTT, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 16 m. W. by S. 
 New Radnor, 3^ m. WNW. Builth Road stn. ; 12,900 ac. P. < 
 750 ; eccles. par. (L. -with Llanafanfechan and Llanflhangel 
 BrjTi Pabnau) P. < 1000. 
 
 Oanatanfcchan, or Llanfechan, par., Wales, Brecknock- 
 shire, 15 m. NNW. Brecknock, ij m. ENE. Garth stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Xlanallgo, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 6^ m. SE. by S. Amlwch. 
 P. <:5oo. See Llanengrad. 
 
 Llananno, par., Wales, Radnorshire, on riv. Ithon, 11 m. 
 NW. New Radnor, 5 m. WNW. Llanbister Road stn.; 5899 ac. 
 P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (L. with Llanbadarn Fjnydd) P. <75o. 
 
 Llanariuon, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 9J m. 
 W. Portmadoc, i m. NW. Chwilog stn., PM.O. P. <75o. See 
 Llangybl. 
 
 Llanarmon, par., Wales, cos. Denbigh and Flint, on the 
 Alyn, 6 m. SW. by S. Mold, 4 m. E. Eyarth stn., P.O. (L. yn 
 Yale); 11,874 ac. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (L. yn Jal, St. 
 Cierman) P. < 1000. 
 
 Llanarmon Dyffl-yn Ceiriog, par., Wales, Denbighshire, 
 W. div. , on the Ceiriog, 7 m. SW. by S. Llangollen ; 9295 ac. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Llanarmon Mynydd Mawr, par., Wales, Denbighshire, 
 W. div. , 10 m. W. Oswestry. P. <25o. 
 
 Llauarth, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , 5 m. ESE. 
 Abergavenny, 3 J m. E. Penpergwm stn. , P.O. P. <5oo ; eccles. 
 par. (L. with Clytha) P. <75o. 
 
 Llanarth, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, iij m. NW. by W. 
 Lampeter, PMT.O.; 15,013 ac. P. <2ooo; eccles. par. (L. 
 with Llanlua) P. <;25oo. 
 
 Llauarthney, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Towy, 8 m. E. Carmarthen, on the L. & NW. 
 R., PM.O. Market-day, F. 11,159 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Llanasa, par., Wales, Flintshire, (>\ m. NW. by W. Holy- 
 well, 3 m. ESE. Prestatyn stn. ; lead ore is obtained. On St. 
 Asaph Hill, 757 ft. above the sea, is a signal tower, and at the 
 Point of Air a lighthouse (visible 10 m. ) at the mouth of the 
 Dee. PM.O. 6326 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Llanbabo, par., Wales, Anglesey, 6 m. SW. Amlwch, 3 m. 
 WNW. Llanerchymedd stn. P. <25o. See Llauddensant. 
 
 LlanbadarnfaM-r, eccles. par., Wales, Cardiganshire, i m. 
 E. Aberystwith, PM.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Llanbadarufavrr, par., Wales, Radnorshire, on riv. Ithon, 
 8 m. W. by N. New Radnor, i m. SW. Penybont stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Llanbadarn Fynydd, par., Wales, Radnorshire, on the 1. 
 bk. of Ithon, 13 m. NW. by N. New Radnor, 6 m. NW. Llan- 
 bister Road stn., P.O. ; 10,335 ac. P. <5oo. See Llananno. 
 
 Llanbadarn Odwyn, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 13 m. 
 SSE. Aberystwith, 3 m. W. Tregaron stn. P. <:5oo. See 
 Llanddewl Brefl. 
 
 Llanbadarn Tref Eglwys, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, loj 
 m. NNW. Lampeter ; 6348 ac. P. <75o. See Cllcennln. 
 
 Llanbadarn y Croyddln, Lower and Upper, two adjoining 
 pars., Wales, Cardiganshire, near Aberystwith on the SE., the 
 lower par. including Rhydyfelin. Lower par. 5053 ac. , P. < 
 750 ; Upper par. 4224 ac, P. <5oo. 
 
 Llanbadarn y Garreg, par., Wales, Radnorshire, on riv. 
 Edw, 10 m. SW. by S. New Radnor, 3 m. ENE. Aberedw 
 stn. P. <25o. See Cregrlna. 
 
 Uanbaddock, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., on the 
 Usk, 6^ m. E. Pontypool, adjoining Usk on the S. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Llanbadrig, par., Wales, Anglesey, on the N. ct., 5 m. W, 
 by N. Amlwch ; 4627 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Llanbeblig, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, i m. SE. Car- 
 
 «95 
 
LLAN — LLAN 
 
 narvon, included in the pari. bor. of Carnarvon ; 6275 ac. P. 
 11,500; eccles. par. (L. -vtlth Caruarroii) P. 10,300. 
 
 Llanbedr, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 13 m. ESE. Breck- 
 nock, 4 m. N. Gilwern stn. P. <:25o ; eccles. par. (L. with 
 Patricio) P. <5oo. 
 
 Llaiibedr, par. , Wales, Merionethshire, on the Artro, 3 m. 
 S. Harlech, with stn. (L. and Pensarn) on the Cambrian Rly.; 
 favourite resort of anglers; manganese ore worked. PMT.O. 
 Market-day, S. 7535 ac. P. <;5oo. See Llaiidanwg. 
 
 Llanbedr Dyflfryn Clwyd, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. 
 div., 7 m. SE. by E. Denbigh, ij m. NE. Ruthin stn. P. <:50o. 
 
 Llanbedr CSoch, ct. par., Wales, Anglesey, 5J m. WNW. 
 Beaumaris, 4 m. NE. by E. Llangefni stn., P.O. P. <5oo. See 
 Pentraetb. 
 
 Llanbedrog, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., on the 
 S. ct. , 16 m. W. by S. Portmadoc, 4^ m. SW. by W. Pwllheli 
 stn., PM.O. P. 500; L. wltb Llanflhangel Bacbellaetb 
 and Llanglan, P. <:20oo. 
 
 Llanbedr Palnscastle, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 10 m. 
 SSW. New Radnor, 3^ m. ENE. Ervvood stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Llanbedr-y-Cennln, par. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div. , 
 5 J m. S. by W. Conway, 2 m. SW. Tal-y-Cafn stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llanberls, par., N. Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., con- 
 taining an old village, 7 m. ESE. Carnarvon, on a branch of 
 the L. & NW. R. In a romantic valley at the foot of Snowdon 
 (to the top of which there is a pony path), between two small 
 lakes, the upper, i m. long, called Llyn Peris ; the lower, 2 m. 
 long, called Llyn Padarn, drained NW. by the Seiont into the 
 Menai Strait. The old village, at the distance of 2^ m. , is SE. 
 of the modern town of L. (above Llyn Peris). Along the shores 
 of Llyn Peris, which extends to the beginning of the pass in the 
 old village, huge glacial boulders can be seen. Sir Andrew 
 Ramsay describes Cwm Glas, in the Pass of Llanberis, as one of 
 the most extensive glacier valleys — the moraine heaps, boulders, 
 and roches moutonn^es abounding everywhere. Dolbadarn 
 Castle, on Llyn Padarn, of which only a solitary tower remains, 
 was a stronghold of the Welsh during the wars of conquest in 
 the reign of Edward L Close to new Llanberis is a fine water- 
 fall, called Ceunant Mawr. Fishing in the lakes and streams ; 
 char, trout, and salmon abound. Important slate quarries, 
 giving employment to about 2500 men. .A coach road (to 
 Bettws-y-Coed, Beddgelert, and Capel Curig) leads SE. across 
 L. Pass, a magnificent defile, the highest point of which is 1180 
 ft. above sea-level. 10,468 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Llanbenlan, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 10 m. SE. by E. Holy- 
 head, 2^ m. NE. Ty Croes stn. P. <:25o ; eccles. par. (L. wltb 
 Llanfaelog) P. <: 1000. 
 
 Llanblster, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 10 m. NW. New 
 Radnor, 4 m. WNW. L. Road stn., on the L. & NW. R., P.O., 
 and P.O. (L. Road) ; 14,530 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Llanbletblan, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 12^ m. 
 W. by S. Cardiff, close to Cowbridge stn. P. < 1000 ; eccles. 
 par. (L. wltb Cowbridge and Welsb St. Oonats) P. <25oo. 
 
 Llanboldy, par. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div. , 12^ m. 
 W. by N. Carmarthen, 3im. E. Login stn. , PMT.O. ; 10,691 ac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Llanbradacb, stn. , Wales, on the L. & N W. and Rhymney 
 Rlys., between Ystrad Mynach and Caerphilly, PM.O. 
 
 Llanbrynmalr, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 15 m. SE. 
 Dolgelly, 2 m. SW. by S. of its stn. on the Cambrian Rly. ; 
 has lead and zinc ore. PMT.O. 23,127 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Llancadwaladr, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 6J m. 
 W. by N. Oswestrv. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (L. St. Cadwalladr 
 Fenfdlgald) P. <5oo. 
 
 Llancalacb, vil. , Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div. , with junc. 
 stn. on theG. W. R., 8 m. SE. by S. Merthyr Tydfil, with coal- 
 mines. 
 
 Llancarvan, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., g m. 
 WSW. Cardiff, s^m. SSW. Peterston stn. , P.O. (Llancarfiin) ; 
 4725 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Llanclllo, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , 12^ m. N W. 
 Monmouth, 3 m. SW. Pontrilas stn. P. <25o. See Rowlgtone. 
 
 Llancynfelln, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 8 m. NNE. 
 Aberystwith, 2 m. E. Ynyslas stn.; 5112 ac. P. <750. 
 
 LlandaffC church on the riv. Taff'), par. and cathedral city, 
 Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div. , 2 J m. N W. by W. Cardiff, on 
 the Taff Vale Rly. TThe diocese includes nearly the entire 
 counties of Glamorgan and Monmouth, and parts of counties 
 Brecknock and Hereford. P. <45oo ; eccles. par. (L. St. Peter) 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Llandanwg, par. , Wales, Merionethshire, on the coast, 2 m. 
 SSW. Harlech, close to Llanbedr stn. P. < 1000; eccles. par. 
 (L. wltb Llanbedr) P. <isoo. 
 
 Llandary, vil. , Wales, Carmarthenshire. See Pembrey. 
 
 Llandawke, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 10 m. 
 SW. by W. Carmarthen, 4 m. S. by W. St. Clears stn. P. < 
 250 ; eccles. par. (L. wltb Pendlne) P. <25o. 
 
 Llanddanlel Fab, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 4J m. N. by E. 
 Carnarvon, i m. E. Caerwen stn., P.O. (Llanddanlel). P. < 
 ^oo. See Llanldan. 
 896 
 
 Llanddarog, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 6J m. 
 ESE. Carmarthen, 3^ m. SW. Llanarthney stn. , P.O.; 4551 ac. 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Llanddansant, or Llandansalnt, par. , Wales, Carmarthen- 
 shire, E. div., 20 m. SE. Lampeter, 5^ m. ESE. Llangadock 
 stn.; 15,230 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Llanddelnlolen, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., 
 4^ m. NE. by E. Carnarvon, i^ m. SE. Port Dinorwic stn., 
 P.O. ; 9409 ac. P. 6200. 
 
 Llanddelnol, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 6J m. S. by W. 
 Aberystwith, 5 m. WSW. Llanilar stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Llandderfel, par., Wales, Merionethshire, 15 m. W. by S. 
 Llangollen, on the G. W. R., PM.O.; 8305 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llanddetty, par., Wales, co. and union Brecknock ; 10,926 
 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llanddensant ('Church of two Saints'), par., Wales, 
 Anglesey, 6^ m. E. by N. Holyhead, 4J m. W. by N. 
 Llanerchymedd stn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (L. wltb 
 Llanbabo) P. <75o. 
 
 Llanddew, par. , Wales, co. and union Brecknock. P. <25o. 
 
 Llauddewl, eccles. par., Wales, Denbighshire, Llangerniew 
 par., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llanddewl Aberartb, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 11^ m. 
 NW. by N. Lampeter, adjoining Aberarth on the SW. ; 4131 
 ac. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (L. A. wltli Tyglyn) P. < 1500. 
 
 Llanddewl .41>ergwessln. See Abergwessln. 
 
 Llanddewl Brefi wltb Llanbadarn Odwyn, eccles. par. , 
 Wales, Cardiganshire, 3J m. S. by W. Tregaron, i^ m. SE. 
 Pont Llanio stn., P.O. (Llanddewl Brefl). P. <:20oo. 
 
 Llanddewl'r Cwm, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 13 m. N. 
 Brecknock, 2^ m. S. Builth (Wells) stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Llauddewl Rbyddercb. See Llanthewy Rytbercb. 
 
 Llanddewl Velflrey, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 12J m. E. 
 Haverfordwest, 2 m. ENE. Narberth stn. ; 4028 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Llanddoget, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 9^ m. S. by 
 E. Conway, i m. NNE. Llanrwst stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llanddona, ct. par., Wales, Anglesey, 3J m. NW. by N. 
 Beaumaris, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llanddnlas, ct. par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 8^ m. 
 E. Conway, with a stn. (Llandulas) on the L. & NW. R., 
 PMT.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. (L. St. Cynbryd) P. < 1000. 
 
 Llanddwyn Island, small isl., Wales, off the S. ct. of 
 Anglesey, near the entrance to Menai Strait. 
 
 Llanddwywe Is y gralg, par. , Wales, Merionethshire, 6 m. 
 S. Harlech, i m. S. Dyffryn stn.; 5151 ac. P. <:25o. See 
 Llanendd wyn . 
 
 Llanddwywe uwcb y gralg, par., Wales, Merionethshire, 
 Dolgelly union ; 4367 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Llanddyfban, par., Wales, Anglesey, 7 m. W. by N. Beau- 
 maris, 3 m. NE. by E. Llangefni stn. P. <75o ; eccles. par. 
 (L. wltb Llanfalr Ulatbafarn Eltbaf) P. < 1500. 
 
 Llandeble, or Llandybl, par., Whales, Carmarthenshire, E. 
 div., 12 m. NE. by N. Llanelly, on the G. W. R. ; has coal- 
 mines. PM.O. 10,798 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Llandecwyn, par., Wales, Merionethshire, 5^ m. NE. by 
 N. Harlech, i^ m. NE. Talsarnau stn., with manganese ore; 
 6528 ac. P. <5oo. See Llanflbangel y Traetban. 
 
 Llandefallogfacb, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 2J m. 
 NNW. Brecknock, P.O. (Llandefallog). P. <25o. 
 
 Llandefallog Tregralg, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 5 J 
 m. E. by N. Brecknock, i m. SW, Trefeinon stn. P. <250. 
 See Llanflllo. 
 
 Llandefalle, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 6Jm. NE. Breck- 
 nock, 3 m. WNW. Talgarth stn.; 7719 ac. P. <500. See 
 Crlckadarn. 
 
 Llandefellog, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 5 m. 
 S. Carmarthen, 3^ m. NNE. Kidwelly stn., P.O. ; 8129 ac. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Llandegal, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., i^ m. 
 SE. Bangor, at the mouth of the Ogwen R. ; 14,729 ac. P. 
 <3Soo; eccles. pars. (L. St. Ann and St. Tegal) P. (each) 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Llandegfan, par., Wales, Anglesey, 2 m. NW. Bangor, P.O. 
 P. <i5oo ; eccles. par. (L. wltb Beaumaris) P. <3ooo. 
 
 Llandegla, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 7 m. N. by 
 W. Llangollen, 4^ m. E. by S. Eyarth stn., P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Llandegley, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 5 m. W. byN. New 
 Radnor, 3 m. SE. by E. Penybont stn. ; 5420 ac. P. <500. 
 
 Llandegvetb, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 5^ m. 
 SE. Pontypool, 3 m. E. by N. Cwmbran stn. P. <250. See 
 Llantbewy Vacta. 
 
 Llaudegwnlug, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 
 20 m. WSW. Portmadoc. P. <25o. See Llanlestyu. 
 
 Llandello Grabau, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 11 m. N. by 
 E. Brecknock, close to Erwood stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. (L. 
 e. wltb Llaustepban) P. <5oo. 
 
 Llandelnloleu, P.O., Wales. See Llanddelnlolen. 
 
 Llandeloy, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 9^ m. SW. Fish- 
 guard, P.O. P. <25o; eccles. par. (L. wltb Uanhowel) P. 
 "csoo. 
 
LLAN — LLAN 
 
 Llnndeniiy, par., Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , 8^ m. SW. 
 Monmouth, on the G. W. R., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 Llanderfel, stn. , Wales. See Llandderfel. 
 
 LlaudeTand, eccles. par., Eng., Monmouthshire, in Llan- 
 martin par. P. <250. 
 
 Llandevenny, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, in Newport 
 union. P. <25o. See Netlierwent. 
 
 Llandewi Atoergwessln. See Abergwessln. 
 
 Llandeivi Ystradenny, par., Wales, Radnorshire, on riv. 
 Ithon, 8 m. NW. New Radnor, 3 m. NNE. Penybont stn., 
 P.O. (Llandewy); 7905 ac. P. <5oo. See Uatnflhaugel 
 Bliydithou. 
 
 Llandewy, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., 13 m. 
 W. by S. Swansea, 5^ m. SW. by W. Llanmorlais stn. P. < 
 250. See Kuelston. 
 
 Llandewyfacli, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 11 m. SSW. 
 New Radnor, 3^ m. E. Erwood stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Llnndilo, tn., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 8 m. SW. by W. 
 Carmarthen, 3^ m. SE. by E. St. Clears stn. Near it is a farm 
 in connection with the industrial schools of the London County 
 Council. PMT.O. P. < 2000; par. (L. Aljercowln) P. <25o. 
 
 Llandilo, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 11 m. SE. by E. Fish- 
 guard, 5 ni. W. Llanglydwen stn. P. <250. See Maenclochog. 
 
 Llandilo and Landilo Bridge, stns. , Wales. See Llandilo- 
 fawr. 
 
 Llaudllofane, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 10^ m. WNW. 
 Brecknock, 4I m. NNW. Devynock stn.; 10,765 ac. P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (L. with Llanfltaangel Nantbran) P. <75o. 
 
 Llandllofawr, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., on 
 the Towy, 14 m. E. by N. Carmarthen, with a stn. (Llandilo) 
 on the G. W. and L. & NW. Rlys., and another (Landilo 
 Bridge) on the L. & NW. R. Market-day, S. 26,991 ac. 
 P. 6100 ; eccles. par. (L. St. Tello) P. <5ooo. 
 
 Llandilo Talybont, par., Wales, on the NW. bor. of Gla- 
 morganshire, Gower div., on the Loughor, 8 m. NW. Swansea, 
 I m. SW. Pontardulais stn.; 7560 ac. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Llandlnalto, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, div. and 6J m. N W. 
 by W. Ross, 3I m. W. by S. Fawley stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Uandlnani, par. , Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the r. bk. of 
 the Severn, 6 m. WSW. Newtown, on the Cambrian Rly., P.O.; 
 18,565 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llandlngat, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., on the 
 Towy, 15 m. SE. by E. Lampeter, adjoining Llandovery on the 
 S.; 8319 ac. P. <2Soo ; eccles. par. (L. with Llanfalr) P. <25oo. 
 
 Llandinorwlg, eccles. par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Lland- 
 deiniolen par. P. <;35oo. 
 
 LlandlslUo Gogo, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, on the coast, 
 13J m. NE. by E. Cardigan ; 10,209 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llandlsslllo, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Wales, 
 L. East, Carmarthenshire, L. West, on the E. border of Pem- 
 brokeshire, iij m. ENE. Haverfordwest, 2 m. N. Llanfallteg 
 stn. East L., 4768 ac, P. <75o; West L., P. <5oo. 
 
 Llandogo, par. , Eng. , on the E. border of Monmouthshire, 
 on the Wye, 5 m. S. by E. Monmouth, close to Bigsweir stn., 
 PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Llandore, place, Wales, Glamorganshire, i^ m. N. Swansea, 
 included in the pari. bor. of Swansea, with a junction stn. on the 
 G. W. R. 
 
 Llandongh, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 2 m. SW. 
 by S. Cardiff, i m. S. Grange Town stn., P.O. P. < 1500. See 
 Leck'wlth. 
 
 Llandongh, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 12J m. 
 W. by S. Cardiff, i m. S. by W. Cowbridge stn. P. <2so ; 
 eccles. par. (L. with St. Slary Church) P. <:25o. 
 
 Llandovery (corrupted from Llan-ym-dyffrwd, ' the church 
 among the rivers,' at the confluence of three streams), mun. bor. 
 (since 1484) and market-tn. , Wales, E. Carmarthenshire, E. div., 
 diocese of St. David's, between the Towy and Bran Rivs., 15 ra. 
 SE. by E. Lampeter, on the G. W. R. , at the junction of the 
 Central Wales Rly. and the Vale of Towy line ; lead ore mined. 
 Llandovery gives name to certain beds belonging to the Silurian 
 system, which are well developed here. Near the town is a farm 
 in connection with the industrial schools of the London Coimty 
 Council. PMT.O. Market-day, S. P. < 2000. 
 
 Llandow, pan, Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 15^ m. W. 
 by S. Cardiff, 4 m. W. by S. Cowbridge stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Llandowror, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., loj m. 
 WSW. Carmarthen, 3 m. SW. by S. St. Clears stn. , P. O. P. < 500. 
 
 LlandrlUo, par., Wales, Merionethshire, iz^ m. W. by S. 
 Llangollen, on the G. W. R., PM.O. ; 15,883 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 LlandrlUo yn Khds, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 
 4 m. ENE. Conway, i m. N W. Colwyn Bay stn. , P.O. ; 4272 ac. 
 P. <4000 ; eccles. par. (L. yn B. with Colwyn Bay) P. <40oo. 
 
 Llandrlndod, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 9J m. W. New 
 Radnor, i m. SE. L. Wells stn. on the L. & NW. R. Fre- 
 quented by summer visitors on account of its situation and its 
 ferruginous and saline thermal waters. Good fishing. Urban 
 sanitary dist. (L. WeUs, PMT.O.) P. < 1000; par. P. <5oo. 
 See Ccvnllys. 
 
 Llandrlnio, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the 1. bk. of 
 897 
 
 the Severn, 8 m. S. by E. Oswestry, 2 m. ESE. Four Crosses 
 stn., PM.O. P. <:iooo; eccles. par. (L. St. Trlnlo) P. <75o. 
 
 Uandrygarn, par., Wales, Anglesey, 9 m. E. by S. Holy- 
 head, 2>\ ™- W- by N. Llangfwyllog stn. P. <5oo ; eccles. par. 
 (L. with Bodwrog) P. <750. 
 
 Unududno ('the church of St. Tudno'), par. and ct. tn., 
 Wales, in the N. of Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., 3J m. N. 
 Conway, with stns. (L. and L. Junction) on the L. & NW. R.; 
 on a small bay, with a fine gravelly beach, between the Great and 
 Little Ormes Heads ; a favourite watering-place. Alt. 100 ft. 
 Mean temp. (2oyrs., 1861-80), yr. 50.6° F., Jan. 41.4°, July6i.4°; 
 mean rfall. (Warwick House, alt. 99 ft., 1866-80), 33.4 in. 
 Market-days, W., Th., and S. Par. P. 6100; tn. P. 7300. 
 
 Llandudwen, par. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div. , 19 m. 
 W. by S. Portmadoc, 6^ m. W. Pwllheli stn. P. <25o. See 
 Bhlw and Celdlo. 
 
 Llandnlas, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 13 m. NW. by W. 
 Brecknock, j,\ m. S. by W. Llanwrtyd Wells stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Llandulas, stn. , Wales, Denbigh. See Llauddulas. 
 
 Llaudwrog, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 5 m. 
 SSW. Carnarvon, i^ m. W. Groeslon stn. , with slate quarries, 
 P.O. , and PM.O. (Upper L.) ; 8845 ac. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Llandybl, Wales. See Llaudehle. 
 
 Llandyfelsant, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., on 
 the r. bk. of the Towy, 14 m. E. Carmarthen, close to Llandilo 
 Bridge stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Llandyfodwg, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div., 14 
 m. SSW. Merthyr Tydfil, ij m. E. Black Mill stn. ; 6350 ac. 
 P. <45oo. 
 
 Llandyfrlog, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, on the Teifi, lo m. 
 ESE. Cardigan, 5 m. W. Llandyssil stn. P. <:iooo ; eccles. par. 
 (L. with Llanfalr Trellygen) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Llandyft*ydog, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 5 m. S. Amlwch, 2 m. 
 E. by N. Llanerchymedd stn. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (L. 'with 
 Llanflhangel Trer Belrdd) P. < 1000. 
 
 Llandygwydd, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 4 m. ESE. Car- 
 digan ; 5643 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llandyrnog, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 4 m. E. 
 by S. Denbigh, P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Llandyslllo, par. , Wales, Anglesey, on the Menai Strait, 2^ 
 m. W. Bangor, i m. N. Menai Bridge stn. P. <2ooo. See 
 Llanfalrpwllgwyngyll. 
 
 Llandyslllo, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Vyrnwy, 
 7 m. S. by W. Oswestry, close to Four Crosses stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Llandyssil, par. , Wales, Cardiganshire, on the Teifi, and G. 
 W. R., ii^m. WSW. Lampeter, PMT.O.; 17,566 ac. P. <3500. 
 
 Llandyssil, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 2 m. WSW. 
 Montgomery, P.O.; 4187 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Ilanedaru, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., on the 
 Rumney, 4^ m. NE. Cardiff, 2^ m. E. Llanishen stn. P. <500. 
 
 Llanedwen, par., Wales, Anglesey, on the Menai Strait, 4 m. 
 NNE. Carnarvon, 2 m. S. Llanfair stn. P. < 500. See Llanldan. 
 
 Llanedy, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., on the 
 Loughor, 6| m. NE. Llanelly, 2 m. N. Pontardulais stn.; 
 5678 ac. P. <:3ooo ; eccles. par. (L. with Bendy) P. <:3000. 
 
 Llane^dd, P.O., Wales, Denbighshire. See Llanneiydd. 
 
 Llauegryn, par. ,Wales, Merionethshire, on the Dysynni, 11 m. 
 SW. Dolgelly, 3J m. W. Dolgoch stn., P.O.; 6559 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Llanegw^ad, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., on the 
 r. bk. of the Towy, 7 m. E. by N. Carmarthen, i m. NW. 
 Llanarthney stn. , P. O. ; 12,454 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Llanelllan, par., Wales, Anglesey, on the N. ct. , 2 m. E. 
 Amlwch. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llanellan, ct. par. , Wales, Denbighshire, W. div. , 5J m. E. 
 by S. Conway, 2 m. S. Old Colwyn stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Llanelldan, par. , Wales, Denbighshire, W. div. , 9 m. NW. 
 Llangollen, i m. SE. Nantclwyd stn., P.O.; 5223 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Llanellen, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 10 m. ENE. Breck- 
 nock, 2 m. E. Talgarth stn.; 5614 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Llanellen, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., on the Usk, 
 2 m. S. Abergavenny, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llanellen, P.O. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, 2 m. S. Abergavenny. 
 
 Llanelltyd, par., Wales, Merionethshire, on the Mawddach, 
 i^ m. NNW. Dolgelly ; gold-mining carried on. Excellent 
 fishing — trout, salmon, &c. PM.O. 8001 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llanelly, par., Wales, in SE. of Brecknockshire, 4 m. W. 
 Abergavenny, i m. NW. Gilwern stn., includes Clydach, 
 DwUycwm, and part of Brynmawr {q.v.); 5209 ac. P. 7800; 
 eccles. par. (L. St. Elllog) P. <35oo. 
 
 Llanelly, par., market-tn., seapt. , and contributory pari, 
 bor. [Carmarthen], Wales, Carmarthenshire, 10 m. WNW. 
 Swansea, on the G. W. R. ; has important iron, copper, and 
 tinplate works, and coal-mines near, and there is a large export 
 trade in coal. The port has a patent slip 380 ft. long, a tidal 
 dock and two other docks, the deeper of which has a depth of 
 23 ft. on sill at high water highest spring tides. Market-days, 
 Th. and S. Pari. bor. P. (1871) 15,000; (1891) 24,300; par. 
 17,692 ac, P. 32,000; tn. P. 23,900. 
 
 Llanelwedd, par. , Wales, Radnorshire, 12 m. WSW. New 
 Radnor, close to Builth (Wells) stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 3L 
 
LL A N 
 
 LL A N 
 
 IilnnencldiTyn, par. , Wales, Merionethshire, 5 m. S. Harlech, 
 close to Dyffryn stn. ; 8348 ac. P. < 1000 ; eccles. par. (L. Tvltli 
 Llaiiddwywe) P. <i500. 
 
 Uaiiengan, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div. , i m. 
 from E. ct. , 19 ra. WSW. Portmadoc, P. O. ; 4048 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Uaners, coram., Spain, prov. and 6 m. N. Oviedo. P. 7700. 
 
 Llaiierchaeron, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, on the Aeron, 
 9^ m. XW. Lampeter. P. <:25o. See DUiewld. 
 
 Llauercliyinedd, par., Wales, Anglesey, 6 m. S. bv W. 
 Amlwch, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. Market-day, W. 
 P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Ei. witb Rhodogeldlo and Gwredog) 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Llanerfyi, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Banw, 12^ 
 ni. W. by N. Welshpool, P.O.; 15,175 ac. P.<75o. 
 
 Uaiies, small seapt. on the N. ct. of Spain, prov. Oviedo, 45 
 m. E. Gijon, a bathing resort, with two fine sandy beaches. 
 P. 18,800. 
 
 lilanengrad, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 6^ ni. SE. by E. Amlwch. 
 P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (1. ftltb Llanallgo) P. <75o. 
 
 Llanfaboii, par., Wales, Glamorg[anshire, E. div., 9 m. SSE. 
 Merthyr Tydfil, lim. ESE. Aberdare June. ; 5440 ac. P. <:35oo. 
 
 Llanfachreth, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 4 m. E. Holyhead, zh 
 m. NE. Valley stn., PMT.O. P. <:5oo; eccles. par. (L. wltb 
 lilnnyngbenedl and Uanflgael) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Llanfachrcth, par., Wales, Merionethshire, 4 m. NNE. 
 Dolgelly, P.O. ; 17,766 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Ltanfaelog, par., Wales, Anglesey, 8| m. SE. Holyhead, i 
 m. W. by N. Ty Croes stn., PM.O. P. <75o. See Iilan1>ealan. 
 
 Llanfaelrliys, part of par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion 
 div., on the S. ct. , 24 m. WSW. Portmadoc. See Khlw and 
 Aberdarou. 
 
 Llanfaenor, part of eccles. par. ,Eng. , Monmouthshire, N. div. , 
 6 m. NW. by W. Monmouth. See Llangattock Vll>on AtcI. 
 
 Iilanfaes, par., Wales, Anglesey, i m. N. Beaumaris. P. < 
 250 ; eccles. par. (L. Mltb Pennion) P. < 500. 
 
 Llanfaes with Brecon, eccles. par. , Wales, Brecknockshire, 
 in par. of Brecknock, St. David. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Llanfaethly, par.. Wales, Anglesey, 4I m. NE. by E. Holy- 
 head, PT.O. (Llaufaethlu). P. <:5oo; eccles. par. {L. 'witb 
 Uanfwrog) P. <;750. 
 
 lilanfaglan, par. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., on the 
 Menai Strait, 2 m. SW. by W. Carnarvon. P. <25o. See 
 Llan'wnda. 
 
 Llanfalr ('church of St. Mary"), part of eccles. par., Eng., 
 Monmouthshire. See Uantillo Crosscnny. 
 
 Llanfalr, stn. , Wales. See Uanfalrpwllgwyngyll. 
 
 Iilanfalr, P.O., Wales, Cardiganshire. See Llanfalr 
 Clydogan. 
 
 Llaufatr, part of eccles. par., Wales, Carmarthenshire. See 
 Uandlngat. 
 
 Llanfalr, par. , Wales, Merionethshire, i J m. S. Harlech ; 
 5179 ac. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Llanfalrary Bryn, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., 
 on the Bran, 15 m. SE. by E. Lampeter, adjoining Llandovery 
 on the N. ; 2299 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llanfalr Caerelnlou, par. and market-tn., Wales, Mont- 
 gomeryshire, on the Banw, 8 ni. W. Welshpool PMT.O.; 
 16,685 ^c. P. <;25oo ; eccles. par. (L. C. St. Mary) P. <:20oo. 
 
 Llanfalr Clydogan, par. , Wales, Cardiganshire, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Teifi, 4 m. NE. by E. Lampeter, P.O. (Llanfalr) ; 4487 
 ac. P. < 750. 
 
 Llanfalrdyfl^n Clwyd, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. 
 div., 8| m. SW. by W. Mold, close to Eyarth stn., P.O.; 7480 
 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llanfalrfecban, par. and small tn. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, 
 Arfon div., 6^ m. WSW. Conway, on the L. & NW. R., 
 PMT. O. ; a sea-bathing place, with fine sandy beach, to the SW. 
 of the hill of Penmaenmawr, PMT.O. ; 4434 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Llanfalr In Bnallt, Wales, Brecknockshire. See Bullth. 
 
 Llanfalr Is Gaer, par. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div. , 
 on the Menai Strait, 2 m. NNE. Carnarvon, close to Grifllth's 
 Crossing stn. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Llanfalr Mathafam Elthaf, par. , Wales, .\nglesey, 7^ m. 
 NW. by W. Beaumaris. P. <75o. See Llanddyfnan. 
 
 Llanfalr Nant Gwyn, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 6 m. S. 
 by W. Cardigan, 2 m. WSW. Boncath stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Llanfalr Nant y Gdf, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3J m. 
 S.Fishguard. P. -^250. See Letterston. 
 
 Llanfalr Orllwyn, par. , Wales, Cardiganshire, 12 m. E. by 
 S. Cardigan, 3^ m. W. Llandyssil stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llanfalrpwllgwyngyll, par. and market-tn., Wales, An- 
 glesey, on the Menai Strait, 4 m. W. by S. Bangor, with a stn. 
 (Llanfalr) on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. Market-day, S. 
 P. < 1000 ; eccles. par. (L. ivlth LlandysUlo) P. <3ooo. 
 
 Llanfnlrta*halarn, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 
 on the Ehvy, 8^ m. W. by N. Denbigh, PMT.O.; 11,239 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Llanfalr Treflygen, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, loj m. 
 E. Cardigan, 5^ m. WNW. Llandyssil stn. P. <25o. See 
 Uandyfrlog. 
 81)8 
 
 Llanfalrynenbwll, par., Wales, Anglesey, in Holyhead 
 union. P. <5oo. See Rlidscolyn. 
 
 Llanfalryngboruwy, par., Wales, Anglesey, 7 m. NE. 
 Holyhead, P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (L. wltit Llanrhivy- 
 drys) P. <5oo. 
 
 Llanfalryny Cwmmwd, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 3^ m. NW. 
 Carnarvon, 3I m. SW. Caerwen stn. P. <25o. SeeUanldan. 
 
 Llanfallteg, East and West, two adjoining pars., Wales, 
 the latter in Pembrokeshire, 13 m. E. by N. Haverfordwest. 
 L. East (Carmarthenshire), with a stn. (Ilanfalteg) on the 
 G. W. R., P.O. (Llanfalteg), P. <:50o; L. West, P.<:250. 
 
 Uanfarcbell, Wales. See Denblgb. 
 
 Llanfaredd, par., Wales, Radnorshire, Builth union. P. 
 <25o. See Aberedfr. 
 
 Llanfarlan, P.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, 3 m. from Aber- 
 ystwith. 
 
 Llanfechan, par., Wales, Brecknockshire. See Llaiia« 
 fanfechaii. 
 
 Llaiifecban, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Cane, 
 8^ m. SW. Oswestry, with stn. (Llanfecbaln) on a branch of the 
 Cambrian Rly., P.O.; 4525 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Llanfecbell, par., Wales, Anglesey, 5 m. WSW. Amlwch, 
 PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llanferras, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 4 m. SW. 
 by W. Mold, P.O. (Llanferres). P. <75o. 
 
 Llanfflnan, par., Wales, Anglesey, 7 m. W. Beaumaris, 2^ 
 m. E. Llangefni stn. P. <250. See Llauflbangel EaceJLIlog. 
 
 Llanfflewyn, par., Wales, Anglesey, 6)^ m. WSW. Amlwch. 
 P. <25o. See Llanrbyddlad. 
 
 Uanflgael, par. , Wales, co. and imion Anglesey. P. < 
 250. See Llanfacbretb. 
 
 Llanflgan, par. , Wales, co. and 4 m. SE. Brecknock, zj m. 
 SW. Talyllyn Junction, includes Penkelly (Pencelli) village ; 
 9943 ac. P.<soo. 
 
 Llanfihangel, Welsh, ' the church of the angels.' 
 
 Llanflbangel, stn. , Wales. See L. Geneur Glyn. 
 
 Llanflbaugel, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, iii m. NW. 
 by W. Welshpool, 5 m. WSW. Llanfyllin stn., P.O.; 10,831 
 ac. P. < 1000 ; eccles. par. (L. yng Ngwynfa) P. <; 500. 
 
 Llanflbangel Aberbytbyeb, par. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, 
 E. div., II J m. E. Carmarthen, 2\ m. WNW. Derwydd Road 
 stn.; 6149 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Llanflbangel Abercofvln, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 
 W. div. , on the Glynin R. , 8 m. SW. by W. Carmarthen, 3 m. 
 SSE. St. Clears stn.; 531 1 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llanflbangel Abergrressln. See Abergwessln. 
 
 Llanflbangel ar Artta, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. 
 div., on the Teifi, gj m. SW. by W. Lampeter, i m. N. New 
 Quay Road stn., P.O. (LlanTlbangel-ar-artb) ; 16,602 ac. 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Llanflbangel Bacbellaetb, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, 
 Eifion div., 17 m. W. by S. Portmadoc, 5 m. W. by S. Pwllheli 
 stn. P. <5oo. See Llanbedrog. 
 
 Llauflbangel Begnlldy, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 12 m. 
 N. by W. New Radnor, 5 m. N. by W. Llangunllo stn.; 
 16,737 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Llanflbangel Bryn Pabuan, par. , Wales, Brecknockshire, 
 14J m. W. by S. New Radnor, 2^ m. WSW. Newbridge on 
 Wye stn. ; 4391 ac. P. <25o. See LlanafanfaT*~r. 
 
 Llanflbangel Cllfargen, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. 
 div., II m. E. by N. Carmarthen, 2 m. NNW. Golden Grove 
 stn. P. <25o. See Llangatben. 
 
 Llanflbangel Escelflog, par., Wales, Anglesey, 6^ m. N. 
 Carnarvon, i m. NE. Holland Arms stn., P. < 1000; eccles. 
 par. (L. E. wltb Llanfflnan) P. < 1000. 
 
 Llanflbangelfecban, par. , Wales, Brecknockshire, 5 m. N. 
 by W. Brecknock. P. <25o. 
 , Llanflbaugel Genenr Glyn, eccles. par., Wales, Cardigan- 
 shire, 4 m. NE. by N. Aberystwith, with a stn. (Llanflbangel) 
 on the Cambrian Rly., P.O. (Llanflbangel). P. <3O0o. 
 
 Llanflbangel Glyn Myfyr, par., Wales. Denbighshire, W. 
 div., 12 m. SSW. Denbigh, 5^ m. W. by S. Derwen stn., with 
 manganese ore, P.O.; 4968 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Llanflbangel Helygen, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 11 m. 
 W. by N. New Radnor, 3^ m. W. by S. Penybont stn. P. < 
 250 ; eccles. par. (L. H. wltb Llanyre) P. •<5oo. 
 
 Llanflbaugel Nantbran, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, on 
 riv. Nant Bran, 7 m. NW. by W. Brecknock, 4 m. NW. by 
 N. Aberbran stn., P.O. (Llanflbangel-Xaut-Bran) ; 8940 ac. 
 P. <5oo. See Llandllofaue. 
 
 Llauflbangel ^'ant Hellan, par. , Wales, Radnorshire, 3 m. 
 SW. by W. New Radnor; 8644 ac P. <250. 
 
 Llanflbaugel Penbedw, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 4J 
 m. SSE. Cardigan, 2 m. ENE. Boncath stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Llanflbangel Rhdsycorn, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 
 W. div., 8^ m. S. by W. Lampeter ; 8845 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Llanflbangel Rbydltbon, par. , Wales, Radnorshire, 5^ m. 
 NW. New Radnor, i m. S. Dolau stn.; 5948 ac. P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (L. R. Mitb Llandewl Ystradenny) P. < 1000. 
 
 Llanflbangel Talyllyn, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 4J m. 
 
LL AN 
 
 LL AN 
 
 E. Brecknock, with stn. (Talyllyn June.) on M. R., PM.O. 
 P. <2So ; eccles. par. (1. T. wlttk Llanyweru) P. ^soo. 
 
 Llauflhaiigel Trer Beirdd, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 6 m. S. 
 by E. Amlwch, 3 m. E. by S. Llanerchymedd stn. P. <50o. 
 See Llaiidyfrydog. 
 
 Llauliliaugel Tyn Sylwy, ct, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 4 m. 
 N. by W. Beaumaris. P. <:250, See Llangoed. 
 
 Llaitflliaiigel IJwcligwlli, part of eccles. par. , Wales, Car- 
 marthenshire. See Abcrg-wllly. 
 
 Llaiillliangel y Croyddyii, Lower and Vpper, two adjoin- 
 ing pars., Wales, Cardiganshire, 6| m. SE. by E. Aberystwith, 
 2^ m. E. by N. Llanfilar stn. , P.O. (L-y-Creuddyii). L. Lower, 
 6638 ac, P. <750 ; L. Upper, 16,623 ac, P. <i5oo ; eccles. par. 
 {L.-y-C. -wltb Llautrlsalnt) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Llanflhaugel-yu-Nboivyu, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 6 m. SE. 
 by E. Holyhead, 2| m. SE. by E. Valley stn. P. <2So. See 
 Bhdscolyn. 
 
 Llauflliaugel*y-Fennaiit, eccles. par., Wales, Carnarvon- 
 shire, Eirion div., 4^ m. NW. by N. Portmadoc. P. <750. 
 
 Llauflhangel-y-Peiinant, par., Wales, Merionethshire, 6^ 
 m. SW. by S. Dolgelly, i^ m. N. Abergwynolwyn stn.; 10,240 
 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Uanllhaugel Ystrad, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 5^ m. 
 N W. by N. Lampeter ; 7649 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Uanttbangel-y-Traetlian, par., Wales, Merionethshire, 3 
 m. NNE. Harlech, ij m. SW. Talsarnau stn.; 5155 ac. P. < 
 3000 ; eccles. par. (L.-y-T. with Llandecwyn) P. <i5oo. 
 
 UauflUo, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 6 m. NE. by E. 
 Brecknock, 2 m. W. by S. Talgarth stn., P.O. (Uanfllo). 
 P. <250 ; eccles. par. (L. wltb Uaudefallog Tregralg) 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Uanfoist, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, N. div. , on the Avon, 
 I J m. SW. by W. Abergavenny, P.O. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Uanfor, par., Wales, Merionethshire, on the Dee, 18 m. W. 
 by S. Llangollen, i m. NE. Bala stn. ; 32,845 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Llaiifrecbfa, Lower and Vpper, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Monmouthshire, S. div., 4^ m. N. Newport, close to Llan- 
 tarnamstn. , P.O. Lower L. P. <isoo; Upper L. P. <5ooo; 
 tn. P. < 3000. 
 
 Llanft-otlien, par., Wales, Merionethshire, 6J m. NNE. 
 Harlech, i m. N. Penrhyn stn. , with slate quarries, P. O. ; 8305 
 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llanfryiiacb, par., Wales, co. and 3 m. SE. Brecknock, 
 P.O.; 6342 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Llanfryuacb witb Peulllne, eccles. par,, Wales, Glamor- 
 ganshire, S. div., 13 m. W. Cardiff, i m. W. Cowbridge stn. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Llaiifivrog, par., Wales, Anglesey, 3J m. ENE. Holyhead. 
 P. <25o. See Llaufaetbly. 
 
 Uaufwrog, par., Wales, Denbighshire, 6J m. SE. by S. 
 Denbigh, i m. WSW. Ruthin stn., belonging to the Denbigh 
 dist. of pari. bors. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llanfylliu, mun. bor. (since the time of Charles IL), par., 
 and market-tn. , Wales, Montgomeryshire, diocese of St. Asaph, 
 iij m. SW. by W. Oswestry, with a terminal station on a branch 
 of the Cambrian Rly. ; belongs to the Montgomery dist. of pari, 
 bors. The remains of several Roman encampments are in the 
 neighbourhood. PMT.O. Market-day, Th. Mun. bor. P. (1891) 
 <2ooo; par. 8143 ac, P. <20oo; pari. bor. P. {i89i)<i5oo. 
 
 Llantyuydd, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 11 m. 
 NE. by E. Carmarthen, 4^ m. NNE. Llanarthney stn., P.O.; 
 10,850 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llaiifynydd, eccles. par., Wales, Flintshire, Hope par., 
 P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llanfyruacb, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 10 m. S. by E. 
 Cardigan, on the G. W. R. , vvith zinc ore mine, PM.O.; 6359 
 ac. P. <■ 1000. 
 
 Uangadfan, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Banw, 
 14 m. W. by N. Welshpool, PM.O.; 17,099 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Uangadock, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., on the 
 Towy, 15 m. SE. by S. Lampeter, on the G. W. and L. & NW. 
 Rlys., PMT.O. Market-day, Th. 18,633 ac. P.<20oo. 
 
 Llangadwaladr, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 7^ m. N W. by W. 
 Carnarvon, i m. S. by W. Bodorgan stn. P. <500. 
 
 Uaitgafelacb, eccles. par. , Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower 
 div. , 4 m. N. by W. Swansea, 2 m. NW. Morriston stn. , with 
 coal-mining, PM.O. (Llangyfelacb). P. 27,600. 
 
 LlangafTo, par., Wales, Anglesey, 4^ m. NW. by N. Car- 
 narvon, 2^ m. WSW. Caerwen stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. See Llau- 
 geinwen. 
 
 Llangaln, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 3^ m. 
 SSW. Carmarthen, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Llanganunarcb, eccles. par. , Brecknockshire, on riv. Yrfon, 
 14 m. NW. by N. Brecknock, with a stn. (L. Wells) on the L. 
 & NW. R. The spring from which L. \Vells takes its name 
 is strongly charged with chloride of barium, and is used in 
 strumous affections. PMT.O. (L.Wells). P,<75o. 
 
 Llangan, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 14^ m. W. 
 'Cardiff, 3 m. SE. by E. Bridgend stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Llaiigan, East and West, two adjoining pars., Wales, 
 
 Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire, in Narberth union. East 
 L. 4715 ac. , P. <iooo; West L. P. <25o. 
 
 Llauganbafel, P. O. , Wales. See Llangwnbafal. 
 
 Llaiiganten, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 14 m. WSW. 
 New Radnor, close to Cilmery stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Llaugar, par., Wales, Merionethshire, 10 m. W. Llangollen, 
 I m. SW. Corwen stn.; 6955 ac. P. <;75o; eccles. par. (L. 
 with Cynwyd) P. <75o. 
 
 Llaugarren, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 55 m. 
 WSW. Ross, P.O. (Llangarron) ; 541 1 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llangasty Talyllyn, par. , Wales, Brecknockshire, 5^ m. E. 
 by S. Brecknock, 2 m. SE. Talyllyn June. P. <25o. 
 
 Llaiigathen, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., iij m. 
 E. by N. Carmarthen, i m. N. Golden Grove stn. ; 5609 ac. P. 
 750 ; eccles. par. (L. with Llauflhangel Cllfargeu) P. <iooo. 
 
 Llaugattock, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, 2 m. NE. New- 
 port. P. <;25o; eccles. par. (L. St. €adoc) P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Llaugattock, par., Eng. and Wales, cos. Brecknock and 
 Monmouth, on riv. Usk, 12 m. SE. by E. Brecknock, 3J m. 
 NW. by N. Gihvern stn., P.O.; 9575 ac. P. 5100; eccles. par. 
 (L. with Llangeuan) P. < 1500. 
 
 Llaugattock Llugoed, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, E. div. , 5^ 
 m. NE. Abergavenny, 2J m. E. Llanvihangel stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Llaugattock nigh Usk, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, N. div. , 
 on the Usk, 3^ m. SE. by S. Abergavenny, i m. E. Penpergwm 
 stn. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Llaugattock Tlbou Avel, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. 
 div., 4 m. NW. by W. Monmouth; 4313 ac P. <50o; eccles. 
 par. (L.T. A. with St. Slaughans and Llanfaeuor) P. <:75o. 
 
 Llangedw^yu, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., on the 
 Tanat, 7^ ra. WSW. Oswestr}', 2J m. N. Llanfechan stn., 
 PMT.O. P. <:25o; eccles. par. (L. St. Cedwyu) P. <5oo. 
 
 Llangefni, par. and market-tn., Wales, Anglesey, 8 in. N. 
 by W. Carnarvon, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. Market- 
 day, Th. P. <2ooo ; eccles. par. (L, with Tregalau) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Llaugelnor, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div., 13 m. 
 SE. by E. Neath, with a stn. on the G. W. R.; coal mining. 
 6554 ac. P. 8000. 
 
 Llangeluweu, ct. par., Wales, Anglesey, 3^ m. NW. by W. 
 Carnarvon. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (L.wltb Llaugaffo) P. <:iooo. 
 
 Llangeltho, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, on the Aeron, 4 m. 
 W. Tregaron, PM.O.; 4138 ac. P. <:75o; eccles. par. (L. St. 
 Celtbo) P. <5oo. 
 
 Llaugeler, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., i2jm. N. 
 by W. Carmarthen, 3 m. W. Llandyssil stn. ; 8193 ^c. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Llangelyuln, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., 3 J 
 m. SW. by S. Conway. P. <:25o. 
 
 Llangelyuln, par. , Wales, Merionethshire, ii^ m. SW. by 
 W. Dolgelly, 2 m. SSW. Llwyngwril stn. ; 8858 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llangeuan, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 14 m. SE. by E. 
 Brecknock, 3 m. N. Gilwern stn. P. <5oo. See Llaugattock. 
 
 Llaugendelrue, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., on 
 the Gwendraeth, 5 m. SE. Carmarthen, P.O. ; 12,028 ac. P. 
 <:25oo. Myuydd L., a range of hills on the SE. Alt. 858 ft. 
 
 Llangenuecb, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., on the 
 r. bk. of the Loughor, 3^ m. ENE. Llanelly, on the G. W. R., 
 with coal-mining, PMT. O. P. <: 2500. 
 
 Llangenydd, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., 15 
 m. W. Swansea. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llaugeruiew, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., on the 
 Elwy, 9i m. SE. Conway, 6 m. ESE. Tal-y-Cafn stn., PMT.O. ; 
 7973 ac. P. < 1000; eccles. par. (L. St. Dlgalu) P. <5oo. 
 
 Llangevlew^, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , 7^ m. E. 
 Pontypool, I m. E. Usk. P. <25o. 
 
 Llanglau, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., i^ m. 
 from the S. ct. , 19 m. WSW. Portmadoc ; 4651 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 See Llanbedrog. 
 
 Llauglhby, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., on the Usk, 
 6J m. ESE. Pontypool, 2^ m. S. Usk stn., P.O. ; 4488 ac. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Llauglydweu, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 16 
 m. W. by N. Carmarthen, on the G. W. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Llangoed, par., Wales, Anglesey, 3 m. N. by E. Beaumaris, 
 PMT.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. (L. with Llaulestyn and 
 Llauflhangel Tyn Sylwy) P. <iooo. 
 
 Llaugoedmore, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, ij m. ESE. 
 Cardigan; 4998 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llangollen, tn., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., on the r. bk. 
 of the Dee, 9^ m. SW. by W. Wrexham, on the G. W. R. , in 
 the most picturesque part of the hill district of Wales, hence a 
 great tourist resort. The four -arch bridge over the Dee, origin- 
 ally built by John Trevor in 1345-46, is regarded as one of the 
 T?^ Thlws Cymru, or ' three beauties of Wales.' Slate quarries 
 near. Market-day, S. P. <35oo; par. (L. Tralan) 14,566 ac, 
 P. 5500. 
 
 Llaugolniau, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 12 J m. SE. by 
 E. Fishguard. P. <5oo. See Maenclochog. 
 
 Llangouoyd, stn. , Wales. See Llaugynwyd. 
 
 Llangorse, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 6 m. E. Brecknock, 
 li m. E. Talyllyn June, P.O. To the S. is L. Lake or Llyn 
 ^ ^ > J ■ 899 
 
LLAN — LLAN 
 
 Safaddau, the largest lake in S. Wales (ij by § m.), much re- 
 sorted to for fishing (pike, perch, roach, eels). P. <5oo. 
 
 Llnngorwen, eccles. par., Wales, Cardiganshire, in Llan- 
 badarnfawr par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llangoven, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., sj m. SW. 
 by W. Monmouth, 2 J m. E. Llandenny stn. P. <:2So; eccles. 
 par. (L. ^vlth Pen y Clnwdd) P. <25o. 
 
 Iilangower, par., Wales, Merionethshire, 14J m. NE. Dol- 
 gelly, on the E. side of Bala Lake, 2 m. NE. Llanuwchyllyn 
 stn. ; 6880 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Llangranog, par. , Wales, Cardiganshire, the village situated 
 on the coast 10 m. NE. by E. Cardigan, at the mouth of a 
 narrow glen, the sides of which run sheer down to the sea, so 
 as to admit of no passage by the coast in either direction ; hard 
 sandy beach. PMT.O. 4341 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llangristlolns, par., Wales, Anglesey, 7 m. NNW. Car- 
 narvon, I m. SW. Llangefni stn. ; 4028 ac. P. <7SO ; eccles. 
 par. (1. with Cerrlgceiuwen) P. < 1500. 
 
 Uangrore, P.O., Eng., Hereford, div. and 6 m. SW. by 
 W. Ross, 3^ m. NW. by N. Symonds Yat stn. 
 
 Llangrwyney, P.O., Wales, Brecknockshire, 2 m. from 
 Gilwern, near Crickhowell. 
 
 Llangstone, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , 4 m. ENE. 
 Newf)ort, i m. N. Llanwern stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Llaiigna, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., on the 
 Monnow, 10 m. NE. Abergavenny, ij m. SSW. Pontrilas stn. 
 P. <:25o. See Kentchnrcta. 
 
 Llangnlck, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., 5 m. 
 NNW. Neath, i m. N\^^ Pontardawe stn. ; includes Pontar- 
 dawe and Rhydyfro; 12,553 ^c- P- 970o; eccles. par. (L. •with. 
 Pontardawe and Ystalyfera) P. 7100. 
 
 Uangnnhafal, par., Wales, Denbighshire, 5 m. from 
 Ruthin, P.O. (Llanganliafal). P.<soo. 
 
 Uanganllo, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, iij m. E. by S. 
 Cardigan, 5 m. WNW. Llandyssil stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Llangnnllo, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 6^ m. N. New 
 Radnor, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. ; 7635 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Uangnnnor, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., on the 
 1. bk. of the Towy, i m. E. by N. Carmarthen ; 5820 ac. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Llangarlg, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Wye, 14J 
 m. SW. by W. Newtown, PM.O. ; 33,36230. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Llangmn, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 15 ni. SSW. 
 Denbigh ,6 m. WNW. Cynwyd stn. , P. O. ; 10,077 ^c. P. < 1000 ; 
 eccles. par. (L. wltli Dlnmael) P. <: 1000. 
 
 Llangwm, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on the W. side of 
 an arm of Milford Haven, 5 ra. SE. bv S. Haverfordwest, 
 PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Iilangwm Isaf and Tcha, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Mon- 
 mouth, S. div., 7J m, NW. by W. Chepstow, 2J m. SSE. 
 Llandenny stn. , P.O. P. (of each) < 250; eccles. par. (Ii. St. 
 Helrom) P. <5oo. 
 
 Llangwnadle, par. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., ij 
 m. from the W. ct. , 23 m. W. by S. Portmadoc. P. <500. 
 
 lilangrwstennin, par. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div. , 3 
 m. E. by N. Conway, close to Mochdre and Pabo stn. P. <:750. 
 
 Llangwyfan, par., Wales, Anglesey, on the SW. ct. , 10 j m. 
 SE. by S. Holyhead, 2§ m. SSW. Ty Croes stn. P. <2So. See 
 Trefdraeth. 
 
 lilanswyfan, par. , Wales, Denbighshire, W. div. , 4J m. E. 
 Denbigh. P. <25o. 
 
 LlangwyUog, par., Wales, Anglesey 8J m. S. Amlwch, on 
 the L. & NW. R., PM.O. P. <25o; eccles. par. (L. with 
 Coedana) P. <5oo. 
 
 Uangwyryfon, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, on the Cwm 
 Wyrai, 7 J m. S. by E. Aberystwith, 4 J m. WSW. Trawscoed 
 stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Uangyby, or Llangybl, par. , Wales, Cardiganshire, 4 m. 
 NNE. Lampeter, on the Manchester and Milford Rly. , P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Llangybl, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 9 m. W. 
 by N. Portmadoc, 1 J m. W. by N. of its stn. on the L. & NW. 
 R., P.O. Meanrfall. (Cefn, alt. 200 ft., i866-8o\ 51.3 in. 4674 
 ac. P. <7So; eccles. par. (L. with Uanarmon) P. <:isoo. 
 
 Llangyfelach, PM.O., Wales. See Llangafelach. 
 
 Llangynldr, par., Eng. and Wales, cos. Brecknock and 
 Monmouth, 8 J m. SE. by E. Brecknock, 3 J m. SE. Talybont 
 stn., PM.O. ; 13,724 ac. P. <40oo. 
 
 Llangynlew, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 6J m. W. by 
 N. Welshpool ; 4676 ac. P. <Soo. 
 
 Llangynnln, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., loj 
 ra. W. by S. Carmarthen, 2 m. W. St. Clears stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llangynog, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 11 m. N. by W. 
 Brecknock, 3J m. W. by S. Aberedw stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Llangynog, par. , Wales, co. and union Carmarthen ; 5686 
 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Llangynog, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 14 m. SW. 
 Llangollen, with slate quarries, PM.O. ; 13,091 ac. P. ■<75o; 
 eccles. par. (L. with Nelangel) P. <75o. 
 
 LlangynMT-d, Higher, Lower, and Middle, three adjoining 
 
 yoo 
 
 pars., Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div., with a stn. (Llan> 
 gonoyd) on the G. W. R., 9 m. SE. by E. Neath, P.O. (Llan- 
 gonoyd) ; coal mined. Higher L. P. <3ooo ; Lower L. P. <5oo; 
 Middle L. P. <75o; eccles. par. (L. with Maesteg) P. 11,800. 
 
 Llanhamlach, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 3J m. E. by S. 
 Brecknock, ij m. SW. Talyllyn June. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llanharan, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 13 m. 
 WNW. Cardiff, 2^ m. WNW. Llantrissant stn., with coal- 
 mining, PMT.O. (Llanharran). P. <;75o. See LlanlUd. 
 
 Llanharry, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 12 m. W. 
 by N. Cardiff, on the Taff Vale Rly., with iron ore, stone, ochre, 
 and umber, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llanhennock, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 4^ m. 
 NE. by N. Newport, 3 m. E. Llantamam stn. P. <250. 
 
 Llanhllleth, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., 4 m. W. 
 by N. Pontypool, close to Aberbeeg June. , PM.O. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Llanhowel, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 11 m. SW. by W. 
 Fishguard. P. <25o. See Llandeloy. 
 
 Llanldan, par., Wales, Anglesey, on the Menai Strait, 3 m. 
 N. by E. Carnarvon, 2J m. SSE. Caerwen stn. ; 4398 ac. P. 
 < 1500 ; eccles. par. (L. with Llanddanlel Fab, LlanedM'en, 
 and Llanfalryny Cwmmwd) P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Llanidloes ('church of St. Idloes'), contributory, pari., and 
 mun. bor. , par., and market-tn. , Wales, Montgomeryshire, on 
 r. bk. of the Severn, 11 m. WSW. Newtown, on the Cambrian 
 and Mid Wales Rlys. , belonging to the Montgomery dist. of 
 pari. bors. One of the chief seats of Welsh flannel manufacture, 
 and with zinc and lead ore (the celebrated Van lead mines are 
 near). The parish church was erected before 1542, and restored 
 in 1882 ; it contains six pointed arches from Cwmhir Abbey. 
 PMT.O. Market-day, S. Pari, and mun. bor. P. (i89i)<:300o; 
 par. 16,312 ac, P. <4000. 
 
 Llanlestyn, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 2 m. NNW. Beaumaris. 
 P. <:25o. SeeLlangoed. 
 
 Llanlestyn, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 19^ m. 
 W. by S. Portmadoc, 7 m. W. by S. Pwllheli stn. , P.O. ; 4542 ac. 
 P. < 1000 ; eccles. par. (L. with Llandegwnlng) P. < 1500. 
 
 Llanlgon, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 13 m. NE. by E. 
 Brecknock, 2 m. E. Glasbury stn. ; 4687 ac. P. <;500. 
 
 Llanllar, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, on the Ystwith, 5^ m. 
 SE. by S. Aberystwith, on the Manchester and Milford Rly., 
 PMT.O. ; 6429 ac. P. <75o; eccles. par. (L. with Rhostie) 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Llanllld, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Bridgend union. 
 P. <:25o ; eccles. par. (L. with Llanharan) P. <75o. 
 
 Llanllteme, par. , Wales, Glamorganshire, Cardiff union. 
 P. <25o. See St. Pagans. 
 
 Llanlltyd, eccles. par., Wales, Brecknockshire, in Devynnock 
 par. P. < 250. 
 
 Llanlna, par. , Wales, Cardiganshire, on New Quay Bay, 13 m. 
 NW. by W. Lampeter. P. <25o. See Llanarth. 
 
 Llanlo, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, in Tregaron union, P.O. 
 (L. Road). P. <25o. 
 
 Llanishen, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , 6^ m. SSW. 
 Monmouth, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Llanishen, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 4 m. N. by 
 W. Cardiff, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Llanllawddog, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 6J 
 m. NNE. Carmarthen, 2J m. E. Llanpumpsaint stn. ; 7188 ac. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Llanllawer, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 2 m. E. by S. Fish- 
 guard. P. <25o. See Llanychlwydog. 
 
 Llanllechld, par., Wales, Camanonshire. Arfon div., 3 J m. 
 SE. Bangor, i m. E. by N. Tregarth stn., PM.O. ; 17,590 ac. 
 P. 7000; eccles. par. (L. St. Llechld) P. <25oo. 
 
 Llanlleonfel, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 15J m. NNW. 
 Brecknock, i m. NW. Garth stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Llanlllana Bay, small bay, Wales, in the N. of Anglesey, 
 4 m. WNW. Amlwch. 
 
 Llanlllbio, par. , Wales, Anglesey, Holyhead union. P. < 
 250. See Llantrlsalnt. 
 
 Llanllowell, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 8 m. E. 
 by S. Pontypool, 2 m. SSE. Usk stn. P. <:2^o. 
 
 Llanllngan, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Rhiw, 
 8 m. NW. by N. Newtown ; 6729 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Llanllwch, eccles. par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 2 m. SW. 
 by W. Carmarthen, included in the pari. bor. of Carmarthen. 
 P. -CI 500. 
 
 Llanllwchalam, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 14J m. NW. 
 by W. Lampeter ; includes New Quay. P. <20oo. 
 
 Llanllwchalam, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the 
 Severn, included in the pari. bor. and i m. NE. Newtown 
 (g.v. ) ; 4532 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Llanllwnl, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., on the 
 Teifi, yh m. SW. by W. Lampeter, close to New Quay Road 
 stn.; 6668 ac. P. ^looo. 
 
 Llanllyfhi, par. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div. , 7^ m. 
 S. Carnarvon, 1 m. S. Penygroes stn.; has slate quarries. P.O. 
 7991 ac. P. <:5000. 
 
 Llanmador, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., on 
 
LLAN — LLAN 
 
 _ W. ct. , 14 m. W. Swansea, 7 m. W. Llanmorlais stn., P.O. 
 (Uanmadock). P. <25o ; eccles. par. (L. wltli Cberltou) 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Llauniaes, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, i^ m. from the 
 S. ct., S. div., 13^ m. WSW. Cardiff, 3^ m. SSW. Cowbridge 
 stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Llaiunartlii, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 5 m. 
 ENE. Newport, 2 m. NE. Llanwern stn., P.O. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (L. -with Wllcrick) P. <25o. 
 
 Uanmeretvlg, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 3 m. ENE. 
 Newtown, i m. S. Abermulestn. P. <:25o; eccles. par. P. <;50o. 
 
 Uaiimlliaiigel, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Bridgend 
 union. P. <25o. 
 
 Ilaumorlals, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., on 
 the L. & NW. R., yj m. W. by N. Swansea. 
 
 Llanueiydd, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 5J m. 
 NW. by W. Denbigh, P.O. (Llanef^dd) ; 7606 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llannon, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., 5 m. NNE. 
 Llanelly, 4J m. NW. Pontardulais stn., PM.O.; 11,389 ac. P. 
 
 <2500. 
 
 Llannor, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 14 m. 
 W. Portmadoc, 2 m. WNW. Pwllheli stn., P.O. (Uauor) ; 
 5645 ac. P. < 1000 ; eccles. par (L. wltb Penrbos) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Llano, CO., U.S., Texas, N. of 30° N., W. of 98° W., mostly 
 bounded on the E. by the Colorado, with coal-mines. 
 
 Llano Estacado (Spanish, 'staked plain'), elevated plateau, 
 U.S., in the NW. of Texas and SE. of New Mexico, sloping 
 generally northwards. It received its name on account of the 
 stake-like boles of a tree, yucca, which abounds on k. 
 
 Llauon, PMT.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, io| m. SSW. 
 Aberystwith, 
 
 Llanos, Spanish, 'plains,' applied in geography in a special 
 sense to the grassy plains of the Orinoco basin. See Venezuela. 
 
 Llanos, Los, coram., Canary Is., dist. Santa Cruz de la 
 Palma. P. 5900. 
 
 Llanover, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, N. div. , on the Usk, 
 3 m. SSE. Abergavenny, close to Penpergwm stn. ; includes part 
 of Blaenavon and Capelnewydd ; 4699 ac. P. 8800 ; eccles. 
 par. (L. St. Rartbolomew) P. <soo. 
 
 Llaiipampsalut, par. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div. , on 
 the G willy, 6 m. N. Carmarthen, on the G. W. R., P.O.; 6634 
 ac. P. <iooc. 
 
 Llanqnibne, prov., Chile, the southernmost of those lying 
 N. of the Chilean Archipelago, divided into deps. L., Osorno, 
 and Carelmapu ; cap. Puerto Montt, on the Bay of Reloncavi. 
 It contains the large lake of L., 14 m. N. Puerto Montt, 
 drained SW. by the Maullin into the Pacific (alt. 140 ft. ; area, 
 290 sq. m.). See Chile, table. 
 
 Llanrelthan, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 10 m. NW, by 
 N. Haverfordwest. P. <25o. See Llaurlan. 
 
 Llanrhaladr ('the church of the cataract") In Klnniercta, 
 par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 2% m. SE. by S. Denbigh, 
 I m. NW. of its stn. (L.) on the L. & NW. R., P.O.; 17,238 
 ac. P. < 2000 ; eccles. par. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llanrhaladr yn Mochnaut, Xorth and South, two adjoin- 
 ing pars., Wales, the former on the S. border of Denbighshire, 
 W. div., on the Rhaiadr, lo m. W. by S. Oswestry, 4 m. 
 NNW. Llanfyllin stn.; the latter in Montgomeryshire, PM.O. 
 (Llanrhaladr). L. yn M., North, 13,555 ^^•> P. < 1500; L. 
 yn M., South, 10,068 ac. , P. < 1000; eccles. par. (L. yn M., 
 St. Dogvan) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Llaurhiaii, P.O., Wales. See Llaurlan. 
 
 Llaurhidlan, Higher and Loiver, two adjoining pars., 
 Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div.. Higher L. i m. S. of 
 Burry Inlet, i m. W. Swansea, 3 m. WSW. Llanmorlais stn., 
 P.O. (Llanrhldian). Higher L., 4709 ac, P. <35oo; Lower 
 L. , 5592 ac. , P. <:5oo; eccles. par. (L. -with Penclawdd, or 
 LlauyrneYrydd) P. <:40oo. 
 
 Llaiirhos, PT.O., Wales. See Eglwysrbos. 
 
 Llanrb-wydrys, par., Wales, Anglesey, on the N. ct., 8 m. 
 W.Amlwch. P. <;25o. See Llanfalrynghornwy. 
 
 Llanrhych-wyu, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., 
 10 m. S. Conway, 2 m. WSW. Llanrwst and Trefriw stn. ; 8021 
 ac. P. <:5oo. See Trefriw. 
 
 Llanrhydd, par. , Wales, Denbighshire, W. div. , 7J m. SW. 
 by W. Mold, i m. SE. Ruthin stn. P. < 1000. See Ruthin. 
 
 Llanrtayddlad, par. , Wales, Anglesey, i m. from the W. ct. , 
 6 m. NE. Holyhead. P. <75o; eccles. par. (L. with Llan- 
 fflcwyn) P. < 750. 
 
 Llaiirhystyd Hamlnlog and Llaurhystyd Mefenydd, two 
 adjoining pars., Wales, Cardiganshire, on the coast, 8 m. SSW. 
 Aberystwith, 6\ m. SW. L. Boad stn. on the Manchester and 
 Milford Rly. , P'MT. O. (Llanrhystld). L. Haminiog, 4736 ac. , 
 P. <75o; L. Mefenydd, P. <5oo; eccles. par. (L. St. Kbystyd) 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Llanrlan, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, \\ m. from the NW. 
 ct., 10 m. WSW. Fishguard, P.O. (Alaurhian). P. < 1000; 
 eccles. par. (L. -with Llanrelthan) P. < 1000. 
 
 Llanrothal, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 4^ m. 
 NW. by N. Monmouth. P. <;25o. 
 
 Llanrug, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 2 J m. 
 E. Carnarvon, i m. E. Pont Rug stn., PM.O.; 4933 ac. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Llanrwst, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., on the 
 Conway, loi m. S. by E. Conway, with a stn. (L. and Trefriw) 
 on the L. & NW. R. , with lead and zinc ore. Much fre- 
 quented by tourists on account of the beauty of the neighbour- 
 hood. PMT.O. Market-days, Tu. and F. 15,687 ac. P. < 4000; 
 eccles. par. (partly in Carnarvonshire) P. <35oo. 
 
 Llansadumen, par. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div. , loj 
 m. SW. Carmarthen, 5 m. S. St. Clears stn. P. <25o. See 
 Langhame. 
 
 Llansadwrn, par., Wales, Anglesey, 3J m. W. by S. iBeau- 
 maris, 3^ m. NE. Llanfair stn. , PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llansadwrn, par. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., 13 m. 
 SE. by S. Lampeter, i m. NW. Llanwrda stn., P.O.; 7521 ac. 
 P. < 1000; eccles. par. (L. wltb Llanwrda) P. < 1500. 
 
 Llansalnt, part of eccles. par. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. 
 div., 7^ m. S. by W. Carmarthen, 2 m. NW. by W. Kidwelly 
 stn. See St. Ishmael. 
 
 LlansalntttVaid Deythnr and Llansalntftrald Pool, two 
 adjoining pars., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Cane, 7 m. 
 SW. by S. Oswestry, with a stn. (Llansalntffrald) on the 
 Cambrian Rly., PMT.O. (Llausalntlfrald). L. Deythur, 
 P. <5oo; L. Pool, P. < 1000; eccles. par. (L. yn Mechan) 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Llansalntffrald Glan Conway, par. , Wales, Denbighshire, 
 W. div., on the r. bk. of the Conway, 2 m. SE. by E. Conway, 
 with a stn. (Glan Conway) on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 (Glan-Conway) ; 5281 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llansalntffrald Glyn Cefrlog, par., Wales, Denbighshire, 
 in Corwen union, PMT.O. (Glyn) ; 5949 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Llansalntfflrald Glyn Dyfrdwy, par., Wales, Merioneth- 
 shire, on the Dee, 7 m. W. by N. Llangollen, close to Carrog 
 stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. (L. Glyn D. St. Bride or St. 
 Ffrald) P. <5oo. 
 
 Llansalntffrald In Elvel, par., Wales, Radnorshire, ^\ m. 
 WSW. New Radnor, 4^ m. ENE. Builth (Wells) stn.; 4717 
 ac. P. <50o ; eccles. par. (L. In E. wltb Bettws Dlssertb) 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Llansalutfraed, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, on the border 
 of the N. div., 4^ m. SE. by E. Abergavenny, 2 J m. E. Pen- 
 pergwm stn. P. <25o. See Llauvihangel Goblon. 
 
 Llansalntfraed, pai\, Wales, Brecknockshire, on riv. Usk, 
 5^ m. SE. by E. Brecknock, close to Talybont stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ilansamlet, eccles. par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower 
 div. , 4 m. NNE. and partly included in the co. bor. of Swansea, 
 with a stn. on the G. W. R. ; has coal-mines. PMT.O. P. 7300. 
 There are also two civil pars. , Higher and Lower L., both partly 
 in the co. bor. of Swansea. Higher L. 4158 ac, P. < 5000; 
 Lower L. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Llansannan, par. , Wales, Denbighshire, W, div. , 8 m. W. 
 Denbigh, PM.O.; 15,545 ^.c. P. <i5oo; eccles. par. (L. St. 
 Sannon) P. < 1000. 
 
 Llansannor, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 12J m. 
 W. by N. Cardiff, ij m. W. Ystradowen stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Llansantflrald, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, on the W. ct., 
 10 m. SSW. Aberystwith ; 4707 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llansantlfrald Cwindeuddwr, par., Wales, Radnor, ad- 
 joining Rhayader on the W. ; 32,172 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Llansa-wel, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 8 m. 
 SSE. Lampeter, PM.O.; 10,250 ac. P. <;iooo. See Conwll 
 Calo. 
 
 Llansllln, par., Wales, Denbighshire, 5 m. W. by S. 
 Oswestry, PM.O.; 16,170 ac. P. <2ooo; eccles. par. (L. St. 
 Slllu, partly in Shropshire) P. < 1500. 
 
 Llansoy, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , 8 m. SW. by 
 S. Monmouth, 2 m. SE. by S. Llandenny stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Llanspyddld, par. , Wales, Brecknockshire, 2 m. W. Breck- 
 nock. P. <25o; eccles. par. (L. St. Cattwc) P. <5oo. 
 
 Llanstadwell, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on the N. side 
 of Milford Haven, 3 m. NW. Pembroke, close to New Milford 
 stn., PM.O. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Llaustephan, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., at 
 the mouth of the Towy, opposite Ferry Side stn. , ^\ m. SW. by 
 S. Carmarthen, PMT.O.; 5135 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llanstepban, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 10 m. NNE. 
 Brecknock, 2 J m. N. by W. Boughrood stn. P. <25o. See 
 Llandello Grabau. 
 
 Llanstlnau, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 2.\ m. SSW. Fish- 
 guard. P. <25o. 
 
 Llantarnam, stn. , Eng. See Llanvlbangel Llantarnam. 
 
 Llautbewy Bytberch, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, N. div. , 
 3^ m. E. by S. Abergavenny, P.O. (Llanddewi Bbyddercb). 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Llantbewy Skfrrld, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., 
 3I m. NE. Abergavenny. P. <250. 
 
 Llantbewy Vach, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , 5 m. 
 SE. Pontypool, 2J m. E. Cwmbran stn. P. <25o ; eccles. par. 
 (L. V. with Llandegveth) P. <2So. 
 
 901 
 
LLAN — LLAN 
 
 IIant]ion'y> part of eccles. par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. 
 div., 8J m. N. Abergavenny, 5 ni. NW. by W. Llanfihangel 
 stn.; has ruins of a priory for Austin canons, founded in 1107 ; 
 now known as L. Abbey. P.O. See Cwmyoy. 
 
 Llantlllo Oossenny, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., 
 on theTrothy, 6 m. E. Abergavenny, PMT.O. (IilantllUo C.) ; 
 6163 ac. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (I. C. wltli Llaufalr) 
 P. <750. 
 
 Iilantlllo Pertholej, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., 
 2 m. N. by E. Abergavenny ; 6847 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Iilantood, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3^ m. SW. by S. 
 Cardigan. P. <25o. See St. Dogmells. 
 
 Llantrlsaint, par., Wales, Anglesey, on the Alaw, 6^ m. E. 
 by N. Holyhead, 4 m. W. Llanerchymedd stn. ; 4549 ac. P. < 
 500; eccles. par. (L. with Iilanlllblo) P. <5oo. 
 
 Llantrlsaint, part of eccles. par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 
 loi m. ESE. Aberj'Stwth, 5 m. ENE. Trawscoed stn. See 
 Llanfihangel y Croyddyn. 
 
 Uantrlsalnt, or Llantrlsant, par. and contributory pari, 
 bor. , Wales, Glamorganshire, loj m. NW. by W. Cardift' {g.v.), 
 with a stn. (Llantrlsant) on the G. W. and Taflf Vale Rlys.; 
 coal-mining. PMT.O. (Llantrlsant). Par. (including Cymmer, 
 Tonyrefail and Trebanog, and parts of Porth and Pontypridd) 
 17,060 ac, P. 19,700; pari. bor. P. < 2000. 
 
 Llantrlssent, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., on the 1. 
 bk. of the Usk, 8 m. NE. by N. Newport, 4 m. SSE. Usk stn. 
 P. <;25o ; eccles. par. (L. Trlth Pertholey) P. <25o. 
 
 Llantrythyd, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 9^ m. 
 W. by S. Cardiff, 3 m. ESE. Cowbridge stn. P.<2So. 
 
 Llantwlt, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire. See Llantwlt- 
 fhrdre. 
 
 Llantwlt, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Neath union ; 4301 
 ac. P. <3Soo. See Neatb. 
 
 Llantvnt-fardre (or valrdre), par. , Wales, Glamorganshire, 
 E. div. , 9^ m. NW. Cardiff, with a stn. (LlantMlt) on the Taff 
 Vale Rly. ; coal-mining. PM.O. (Lantwlt-Vardre). 5412 ac. 
 P. 8800 ; eccles. par. (L. St. Dltyd) P. <20oo. 
 
 Llantwlt Major, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 15 
 m. WSW. Cardiff, 4 m. SW. by S. Cowbridge stn. Seat of a 
 monastery, in connection with which was a school (fovuided 
 before 500) that soon became famous, and numbered amongst 
 its scholars Gildas, the British historian, Paulinus, the apostle 
 of Yorkshire, Taliesin, the most illustrious of Welsh bards, also, 
 it is said, St. David, the patron saint of Wales. PMT.O. 5122 
 ac. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (L. M. with Llyswomey) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Llantyslllo, par. , Wales, Denbighshire, W. div. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Dee, 2^ m. NW. by W. Llangollen, close to Berwyn stn. , 
 P.O.; 8252 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llannlld, eccles. par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 10 m. W. by 
 S. Brecknock, 2 m. WSW. DevjTiock stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Llannwchllyn, par. , Wales, Merionethshire, at the source 
 of the Dee, 12 m. NE. Dolgellv, on the G. W. R., includes 
 Pandy, PMT.O.; 28,628 ac. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Llanraches, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, in Newport union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Llanralr Dlscoed, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 5 J 
 m. W. by S. Chepstow, 4 m. NW. by W. Severn Tunnel June. 
 P. <25o. See Caerwent. 
 
 Uanralr Kllgeddin, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., 
 on the r. bk. of the Usk, 5 m. SE. Abergavenny, 2 m. NE. 
 Nantyderry stn. P. <Soo. 
 
 Llanvalr Waterdlne, par. , Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 12 m. 
 SE. Newto\vn, 2J m. NNW. Knucklas stn.; 8005 ac P. •<5oo. 
 
 Llanrapley, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, N. div. , 4^ m. E. 
 Abergavenny, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Llanredw, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Newport union. 
 P. <;5oo. 
 
 LlanTetherlne, par. , Eng. . Monmouthshire, N. div. , 4 m. 
 NE. by E. Abergavenny, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 UanTeynoe, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 14 m. 
 WSW. Hereford, 5 m. SW. Vowchurch stn. ; 4610 ac. P. <250. 
 
 LlanTlhangel-ar-arth, P.O., Wales. See Llanfihangel- 
 ar-arth. 
 
 Llanrlhangel Cmcomey, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. 
 div. , 4^^ m. N. bv E. Abergavenny, with stn. (LlanTlhangel) 
 on G. W. R., PMT.O. P.<;75o. 
 
 Llanvlhangel Goblon with Llansalntftraed, eccles. par. , 
 Eng., Monmouthshire, partly in parish of L. nigh Usk, PT.O. 
 (L. Coblon). P. <2S0. 
 
 LlanTlhangel Llantamam, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, 
 S. div., s m. S. by E. Pontypool, with a stn. (Llantarnam) on 
 G. W. R.; 4097 ac. P. <5ooo; tn. (Llantarnam) P. <5ooo. 
 
 Llanvlhangel-Nant-Bran, P. O. , Wales. See Llanflhangel- 
 Nant-Bran. 
 
 LlanTlhangel nigh Tsk, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. 
 div., on the Usk, 4^ m. SE. Abergavenny, i^ m. SE. Penpergwm 
 stn., PT.O. (L. Goblon). P. <:2So. 
 
 LlanTlhangel Pontymolle, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, in 
 Pontypool union. P. <7So. 
 
 LlanTlhangel Kogglett, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , 
 902 
 
 6J m. SW. by W. Chepstow, 2§ m. ENE. Magor stn. P. <2sa 
 See Rogglett. 
 
 LlanvUiangel Toryniynydd, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. 
 div., 7 m. NW. Chepstow, 3^ m. ESE. Llandenny stn. P. <2So. 
 
 LlanTlhangel-y8tem-Llewem,par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, 
 N. div., 5 m. W. by N. Monmouth, 3 m. NXW. Dingestow 
 stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 LlanTythln, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 9 m. W. 
 by S. Cardiff, 3 m. SSW. Peterston stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Llanwame, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, div. and 7 m. WNW. 
 Ross, 4^ in. ESE. St. Devereux stn., P.O. P.<500. 
 
 Llanwddyn, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, PM.O. (L., 
 or Lake Vyrnwy) ; 17,953 ac P. <5oo; eccles. par. (L. St. 
 Wddyn, or Odyn) P. <75o. The old village is now submerged 
 by Lake Vyrnwy, the reservoir of the Liverpool waterworks, 
 and a new one built at the foot of the lake, about 2 m. lower 
 down, 18 m. SW. Llangollen. 
 
 Llanwcnarth, Cltra and Llantvenarth Otra, two adjoin- 
 ing pars., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., on the Usk, 2 m. 
 WNW. Abergavenny. L. Citra, P. <25o; L. Ultra, P. <isoa 
 
 Llanwenllwyfo, par., Wales, Anglesey, on the E. ct., 3 m. 
 SE. by E. Amlwch. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llanwenog, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 6 m. WSW. 
 Lampeter, i J m. WNW. Llan ybyther stn. ; 10,723 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llanwem, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 4 m. E. 
 Newport, on the G. W. R. P. <2So; eccles. par. (L. with 
 Blshton) P.<:25o. 
 
 Llanwlnlo, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 10^ m. 
 WNW. Carmarthen, 5^ m. NNW. St. Clears stn.; 7143 ac 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Llanwilech, mt. , Wales, Merionethshire, 5 m. NW. by W. 
 Dolgelly. Alt. 2467 ft. 
 
 Llanwnda, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 3 m. 
 S. by W. Carnarvon, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O.; 7434 ac 
 P. <25oo ; eccles. par. (L. with Llanfaglan) P. <25oo. 
 
 Llanwnda, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 2J m. NW^. Fish- 
 guard ; 5828 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llanwnen, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 3 m. WSW. Lam- 
 peter, 2 m. N. by E. Llanybyther stn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. 
 par. (L. with Slllan) P. <75o. 
 
 Llanwnog, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 5^ m. W. by N. 
 Newtovra, i m. E. Pontdolgoch stn. ; 10,910 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llanwnws, eccles. par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 6 m. N. 
 Tregaron, 2^ m. SE. by S. Trawscoed stn. P. <: 1000. 
 
 Llanwonno, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., 7 m. S. 
 by W. MerthjT Tydfil, ij m. E. Tylor's Town stn. ; includes 
 Ferndale, Hopkins Town, Mountain Ash, Nemown, Ynysybwl, 
 and parts of Pontypridd and Porth; 13,109 ac. P. 30,700; 
 eccles. par. (L. with Rhondda Valley) P. 12,500. 
 
 Llaniirrda, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., 13 m. 
 SE. Lampeter, i^ m. N. of its stn. on the G. W. R. ; has gold 
 ore. PM.O. 4488 ac. P. <75o. See Llansadwm. 
 
 Llanwrln, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 10 m. SSE. Dol- 
 gelly, 2 m. W. by S. Cemmes Road stn., P.O. ; 12,063 ac. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Llanwrthwl, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, on the Wye, 15J 
 m. W. by N. New Radnor, close to Doldowlod stn. , P. O. ; 
 20,223 ac. P. •<5oo. 
 
 Llanwrtyd, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 16^ m. NW. 
 Brecknock, 2 m. WNW. L. Wells stn. on the L. & N\^^ R., 
 with slates. The 'wells,' to which the station owes its name, 
 and on account of which the place is now much frequented, 
 contain sulphur and iron. PMT.O. 10,785 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Llanwyddelan, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 6J m. NNW. 
 Newtown. P. •<5oo. 
 
 Llanyblodwell, par. , Eng. , Salop, Oswestry div. , 5 m. SW. 
 by S. Oswestry, 2 J m. W. Pant stn. , P.O. ; 4809 ac. P. <: 1000. 
 
 Llanybri, eccles. par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 7 
 m. SW. Carmarthen, P.O. P. -csoo. 
 
 Llanybyther, par. , ^^■ ales, Carmarthenshire, W. div. , on the 
 1. bk. of the Teifi, 5 m. SW. by W. Lampeter, on the Man- 
 chester and Milford Rly., PMT.O. ; 9955 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llanycefn, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 10^ m. NE. by E. 
 Haverfordwest, 3 m. N. by W. Clynderwen stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llanychaer, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3 m. SE. Fish- 
 guard, P.O. P. <25o; eccles. par. (L. with Pnncheston) P. 
 <:500. 
 
 Llanychalam, par. , \\'a1es, Cardiganshire, on the Ystwith, 
 2 m. S. Aberystwith, close to Llanrhystyd Road stn. ; 4060 ac. 
 P. -=500. 
 
 Llanychan, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., on the 
 Clwyd, 5 m. SE. by E. Denbigh, i^ m. E. by S. Llanrhaiadr 
 stn. P. <250. 
 
 LlanychlntTdog, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 4 m. ESE. 
 Fishguard. P. <25o; eccles. par. (L. wlthLlanllawer) P. <250. 
 
 Llanycll, par., Wales, Merionethshire, 16 m. NE. Dolgelly, 
 on Bala Lake, 2 m. SW. Bala stn.; 22,117 *c. P. < 3000; 
 eccles. par. (L. with Bala) P. <2Soo. 
 
 Llanyerwys, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., 5 m. 
 ESE. Lampeter. P. <50o. 
 
LL AN 
 
 LO B A 
 
 Llanymo'wddTvy, par., Wales, Merionethshire, iij m. E. 
 Dolgelly, 4 m. NE. Dinas Mawddwy stn., P.O. (Uany* 
 maM-dd-nr) ; 15,490 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Llanymynecli, par. , Eng. , Salop, Oswestry div. , 5J m. S. by 
 W. Oswestry, on the Cambrian Rly. , PMT.O. P. <7SO ; eccles. 
 par.(L.St..4gatlia, partly in Wales, Montgomeryshire) P. < 1500. 
 
 Llanyugheiiedl, par., Wales, Anglesey, 4^ m. E. by S. 
 Holyhead, 2 m. ENE. Valley stn. P. <75o. See Llanfacliretb. 
 
 Llanynls, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, on riv. Yrfon, 14 
 m. N. by W. Brecknock, i m. SW. Cilmery stn. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (Llanjniys wltb Maesmynis) P. <soo. 
 
 Llanynys, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 4^ m. SE. 
 by E. Denbigh, i m. E. Llanrhaiadr stn. ; 5107 ac. P. <;75o. 
 
 Llaiiyre, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 11 m. W. by N. New 
 Radnor, ij m. NW. Llandrindod Wells stn., P.O. ; 5915 ac. 
 P. <75o. See Llaiiflhaiigel Helygen. 
 
 Llanyrnewydd, part of eccles. par. , Wales, Glamorganshire. 
 See Llanrhidlan. 
 
 Llanystnmdwy, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 
 6 m. W. Portmadoc, 2 m. W. Criccieth stn. Mean rfall. 
 (Talavor, alt. 50 ft., 1866-80), 36.9 in. P.O. (Llanysnmdwy). 
 6828 ac. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Uanywem, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, ^h ^- ^- t>y N. 
 Brecknock, i m. NW. Talyllyn June. P. <25o. See Llanfl- 
 taangel Talyllyn. 
 
 Llata, tn. , Peru, dep. Huanuco, 190 m. N. Lima. P. <3000. 
 
 Llanqnlline, small but deep lake in the E. of prov. Llan- 
 quihue, Chile, at the foot of the volcano of Osorno. 
 
 lilawbaden, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 8 m. E. by N. 
 Haverfordwest, 3^ m. WNW. Narberth stn., P.O. ; 4609 ac. 
 P. <7So; eccles. par. (L. Tfltb Bletherston) P. < 1000. 
 
 Llawr y Betfws, eccles. par., Wales, Merionethshire, 2 m. 
 NE. Bala. P.<5oo. 
 
 Llawryglyn, P.O., Wales, Montgomeryshire, lo^ m. W, 
 Newtown, 4^ m. NNW. Llanidloes. 
 
 Llay, par., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., 4 m. N. by W. 
 Wrexham, ijm. WNW. Gresford stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Llech, Cymric, ' a flat stone.' See Leac. 
 
 Llecbcynfarwydd, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 8 J m. E. Holy- 
 head, 3 m. SW. Llanerchymedd stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Llecbryd, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, on the Teifi, 3 m. 
 SE. by E. Cardigan, PMT.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Llecbylcbed, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 7 m. SE. by E. Holy- 
 head, 3 m. NNW. Ty Croes stn. P. <75o; eccles. par. (L. 
 with Ceircblog) P. <75o. 
 
 Lledrod, Lower and Upper, two adjoining pars., Wales, 
 Cardiganshire, about 10-12 m. SE. Aberystwith, Upper L. 
 including LlvsT^nybendy and Swyddffynon (near Strata Florida 
 stn.). Lower L. 4312 ac. , P. <7w; Upper L. 4564 ac. , P. < 
 500; eccles. par. (L. St. Mlcbael) P. <iooo. 
 
 Llerena, comm. , Spain, Estremadura, prov. Badajoz, 60 m. 
 N. Seville. P. 6200. 
 
 Llewellyn, tn. , Tasmania, Somerset co., 96 m. by rail and 
 road NE. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Llewellyn, vil., U.S., Pennyslvania, Schuylkill co. , 5 m. W. 
 Pottsville ; coal-mines near. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Lleyda, tn., Spain. See Lerlda. 
 
 Lllco, seapt. , Chile, prov. Curico, in 34° 45' S. , 120 m. S. 
 Valparaiso. 
 
 Lllco, seapt., Chile, prov. Maule, in 36° 20' S., 32 m. N. 
 Concepcion. 
 
 Lligwy Bay, small bay, Wales, on the E. of Anglesey, 4J 
 m. SE. Amlwch. 
 
 LUnegar, P.O., Wales, Flintshire, on the 1. bk. of the Dee, 
 5 m. NW. by N. Holywell, close to Mostyn stn. 
 
 LUswerry, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire. See 
 Mnlndee. 
 
 LllsM'omey, P.O. .Wales, Glamorganshire. SeeLlyswomey. 
 
 Llltbfaen, P.O., Wales, in the SW. of Carnarvonshire, 5 m. 
 NNW. Pwllheli, 4 m. NE. Nevin. 
 
 Llobregat, riv., Spain, Catalonia, flowing S. from the 
 P)Tenees E. of the Sierra del Cadi, then SE. into the Mediter- 
 ranean just to the S. of Barcelona. 
 
 Lloc, P.O., Wales, in the NW. of Flintshire, 4 m. from 
 Holywell, near Whitford. 
 
 Llong, stn., Wales, Flintshire, on the L. & NW. R., 7.\ m. 
 SE. by E. Mold. 
 
 Lloret de Mar, comm., Spain, Catalonia, prov. Gerona, dist. 
 Santa Coloma de Farn^s. P. <4000. 
 
 Llowes, par. , Wales, Radnorshire, 12 m. S. New Radnor, on 
 the Wye, 2 J m. W. by S. Hay stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Lloyd, in the SW. of the South L of New Zealand, one of 
 those set apart by the government for the preservation of the 
 native fauna and flora. 
 
 Lloyd, bay, Queensland, on the Pacific coast, in 12° 40' S. 
 
 Lloyds Pond, lake, Newfoundland, in 48°2o'N. , 57°25'-37' W. 
 
 Lloyd Town, vil., Canada, Ontario, York co., on the riv. 
 Holland, 25 m. NW. by N. Toronto. P. <isoo. 
 
 Llunimayor, comm., Spain, Majorca, 15 m. ESE. Palma. 
 P. 9200. 
 
 Llwch, Cymric, ' a lake. ' See Lac. 
 
 LlwcbwT, riv. , Wales. See Longbor. 
 
 Ll-wTdartb Boad, PMT.O., Wales, near Bridgend, Gla- 
 morganshire. 
 
 Llwydcoed, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, on theG. W. R., 4 
 m. WSW. Merthyr Tydfil (to which pari. bor. it belongs), PM.O. 
 
 Llwydlartli, eccles. par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, Llanfi- 
 hangel and Llangadfan pars. P. <soo. 
 
 Llwyndaf^dd, P.O., Wales, co. and 13 m. NE. Cardigan, 
 3 m. SW. New Quay. 
 
 Llwyngwern, stn., Wales, Merionethshire, on the Corris 
 Rly. , 8i m. S. by E. Dolgelly. 
 
 Llwyngwril, stn. , Wales, Merionethshire, on the coast, loj 
 m. SW. by W. Dolgelly, on the Cambrian Rly., P.O. 
 
 Llwynbendy, PM.O., Wales, in the SE. of Carmarthenshire, 
 near Llanelly. 
 
 Llwynypla, eccles. par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Rhondda 
 div. , with stn. (Uwynpla) on the Taff Vale Rly. , 9 m. SSW. 
 Merthyr Tydfil, with gold ore, PM.O. P. 18,100. 
 
 Llygelrlan Llyn, small lake, Wales, Anglesey, 6 m. WSW. 
 Amlwch. 
 
 Llynclys, stn., Eng., Salop, on the Cambrian Rly., 3^ m. S. 
 Oswestry, PM.O. 
 
 Llynn, Cymric, ' a pool,' ' a lake.' See Linne. 
 
 Llyn Padam, lake. See Llanberls. 
 
 Llyn Perls, lake. See Llanberis. 
 
 Llyn Safaddan, lake, Wales. See Llangorse. 
 
 Llysdlnam, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 13 m. W. by S. 
 New Radnor, close to Newbridge-on-Wye {q.v.). P. <25o. 
 
 Llysfaen, ct. par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., 7^ m. 
 E. Conway, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Llyswen, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, on riv. Wye, 8 m. 
 NE. Brecknock, i m. S. Boughrood stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Llyswomey, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 14 m. 
 W^ by S. Cardiff, 2 m. W. by S. Cowbridge stn., P.O. 
 (LUswomey). P. <25o. See Llantwlt Major. 
 
 Llysyfran, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 8 m. NE. Haver- 
 fordwest. P. <250. 
 
 Llywel "wltb Rbyd y Bryw, eccles. par., Wales, co. and 
 II m. W. by N. Brecknock, 4 m. WNW. Devynock stn. 
 P.<7SO. 
 
 Loa, riv., Chile, rises in the NE. of Chile, flows first W. then 
 S. , W. again, and curving N. enters the Pacific Ocean in about 
 21° 28' S. 
 
 Loanda, or St. Paul de Loanda, in full (Portuguese), Sfto 
 Panlo de AssnmpcSio de Loanda, port, on the W. ct. of 
 S. Africa, cap. of Angola, in 8° 48' 24" S., 13° 13' 20" E. 
 (flagstaff of Fort San Miguel), to the S, of Bengo Bay, sheltered 
 on the W. by a long sandy island. Fort San Miguel commands 
 the S. entrance to the bay forming the harbour (area, 2 sq. m. , 
 depth about 14 fathoms — no bar). Trade chiefly in the hands 
 of the English, mainly carried on under the Portuguese flag. 
 Principal exports, palm and other vegetable oils, palm-kernels, 
 rubber, wax, coffee, grain, orchella weed, ivory, Adansonia fibre ; 
 principal imports, manufactured goods. Total value of imports 
 and exports each ^^3-500, 000. A railway is in progress to 
 Malanzhe in the interior, of which more than 100 m. have 
 already been laid. Nearly all the water is carried from the riv. 
 Bengo. Mean temp. (5 yrs. , 1878-82), yr. 73.4° F., Feb. 78.4°, 
 July 66.0°. P. about 14,000, of whom 2-3000 are Europeans 
 (chiefly officials, soldiers, and merchants). 
 
 Loan End, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, div. and 3^ m. W. 
 by S. Berwick-upon-Tweed, i m. N. Velvethall stn. P. ^250. 
 
 Loange, or Tenda, 1. bk. trib. of the Kassai, central S. AfHca, 
 flows N. in about 20° E. , and enters the Kassai in 19° 50' E. 
 
 Loango, seapt., W. Africa, French Congo Terr., on the 
 coast, in 4° 38' S. 
 
 Loango-Luce, oneof the names of theChiloango R. , W. Africa. 
 
 Loangwa, sometimes called Arwangwa ( Aroangoa), riv. , S. 
 Africa, rises in 11° S. , between Lakes Nyassa and Bangweolo, 
 flows mainly SSW. , and enters the Zambezi near Zumbo village, 
 in 30° 20' E. Its lower course, from 17° S. , now forms the 
 boundary between the British and Portuguese spheres of influ- 
 ence. Might be navigated about 80 m. up for four months of 
 the year by shallow draught (16 in.) steamers, and up to 12 J" 
 S. (about 300 m. ) for canoes and rafts, but navigation stopt in 
 the dry season by a series of rapids above 15;^° S. Its valley in 
 1890 nearly uninhabited for a distance of 200 m. up. See Proc. 
 R. G. S., 1890, pp. 747-48. 
 
 Loanbead, tn., Scot., Midlothian, 3 m. W. by S. Dalkeith, 
 on the N. B. R. ; has coal-mines and paper-mills. P. < 3500. 
 
 Loanbead, partofBinniehillandSouthfield, Stiriingshire, Scot. 
 
 Loano, tn., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the ct. , 17 m. SW. 
 Savona, in a muddy, unhealthy situation ; the scene of first victory 
 of French Republicans over Austrians, Nov. 1795. P. <3oco. 
 
 Loans, P.O., Scot., S. Ayrshire, ij m. ENE. Troon. 
 
 Loba, riv. arm, Colombia. See Magdalena. 
 
 Lobal, riv., central Africa, flows SE. into the Ubangi, which 
 it enters in 3° 30' N. , 19° 3' E. ; navigable to 3° 53' N. , 18° 27' E. 
 
 Lobale. See Lovale. 
 
 903 
 
LOBA — LOCH 
 
 Lobatera, vil. , Venezuela, Los Andes, 250 m. NE. by N. 
 Bogota. 
 
 Iiobau, tn.. Gar., kgd. Saxony, circle and 12 m. SE. by E. 
 Bautzen, on the Schwarzwasser, cap. dist. L. ; has textile and 
 other manufactures. Alt. 870 ft. P. 7500. 
 
 Loban, isl. , Lower Austria, in the Danube, 7J m. below 
 Vienna, where the French, in 1809, remained entrenched for 
 six weeks, between the battles of Aspam (Esslingen) and 
 Wagram. Length, 4 m. 
 
 Loban, tn., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, cap. circle L., 48 m. 
 SSE. Elbing. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Lobberlch, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Diisseldorf, 
 circle and 8 m. WSW. Kempen. P. 5000. 
 
 Lobbes, vil., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the Sambre, 9 m. 
 WSW. Charleroi. 
 
 Lobe, tn. , German W. Africa, at mouth of the L. , in 2° 55' N. 
 
 Lobejttn, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Saale, 10 m. NNW. 
 Halle, with porphyry quarries and coal-mine. P. <:400o. 
 
 Lobemba, Wemba, or Bemba, country, equatorial Africa, 
 comprising all the region between Lakes I'anganyika, Nyassa, 
 Mweru, and Bangweolo. 
 
 Liibeuberg, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 18 m. ENE. Leipzig. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Lobensteln, tn., Ger., princip. Reuss, circle Gera, dist. 
 Oberland, 11 m. SW. Schleiz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Lobethal, vil., S. Australia, co. and 15 m. E. Adelaide. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Loblnstoiivn, tnld. , Ire. , NE. co. Meath, bar. Lower Slane, 
 13 m. WNW. Drogheda, P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Loblos, or Lovlos, comm., NW. Spain, Galicia, prov. and 
 31m. SW. Orense. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Loblto Bay, small inlet, Portuguese W. Africa, in 12° 20' S., 
 17 m. NNE. Benguella. 
 
 Lob-nor, or Lop Xor, formerly a large lake which constituted 
 the final receptacle of the waters of the Tarim in Eastern 
 Turkistan, stretching for about 70 m. WSW. to ENE., be- 
 tween about 88i° and 90° E. and 39j°-39|° N. At the time 
 of Przhevalsky's \isits in 1877 and 1882, the lake was of fresh 
 water in the W. and salt in the E., and formed rather an 
 expansion of the Tarim, flowing with a distinct current till it 
 finally disapp)eared in the salt-encrusted sands. In 1882 the 
 lake was much smaller than in 1877 ; and at the time of the 
 visit of Prince Henry of OrMans, towards the end of 1889, the 
 lake seems to have been transformed into a number of inter- 
 lacing lakes and river-arms, the contraction of the water-area 
 being probably due to the using up of the waters of the Tarim 
 for irrigation by the increasing population of the river basin. 
 There is a village of Lob at the W. end of the former lake, 
 and Marco Polo (13th century) mentions a city and prov. of Lob 
 in this region. Alt. of lake, 2600 ft. 
 
 Lobo, in Spanish and Portuguese names, ' wolf,' sometimes 
 ' seal' (sea-wolf). 
 
 Lobombo, range of mts. , on the E. frontier of the Transvaal 
 and Swazi-land, separating these terrs. from Portuguese E. 
 Africa and Amatonga-land, between 23° and 28° 15' S. 
 
 Lobos, vil. with rly. stn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 56 m. 
 SW. Buenos Aires. 
 Lobos, cape, Chile, on the W. ct., in about 18° 47' S. 
 Lobos, cape, Chile, on W. ct. , 62 m. S. Iquique, in 21° 5' S. , 
 with deposits of guano. Alt. 3090 ft. 
 
 Lobos, rock, NE. Cuba, West India Is., with a lighthouse in 
 77'^ 3S' W. , visible 16 m. 
 
 Lobos, Isla de, small sealing isl., Uruguay, in the Rio de la 
 Plata, in about 35° 2' S., 54° 53' W. 
 
 Lobos de Afaera and Lobos de Tlerra, two small groups 
 of rocky isls. , abounding in guano, in the Pacific, off the coast 
 of Peru, the former in 6° 56' S., 80° 44' W. , the latter in 
 6° 29' S. , 81° 10' W. These islands were known and celebrated 
 for their rich stores of guano, and described in Acosta's Hist. 
 Nat. de las Indias, 1590. 
 
 Lobosltz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on the 1. bk. of the Elbe, 
 14 m. SE. Teplitz, 3J m. W. by S. Leitmeritz. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Lobsens, tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, circle Wirsitz, 32 m. 
 WNW. Bromberg. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Lobst&dt, viL , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 14J m. S. by E. Leipzig. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Lobtan, manufacturing vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Dres- 
 den, and immediately adjoining the city of Dresden (Altstadt) on 
 the W. P. 12,900. 
 
 Lobarg, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, cap. circle Jerichow I., 
 18 m. E. Magdeburg. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Locana, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 26 m. NNW. Turin, 
 with iron ore. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Locarno, tn., Switzd. , cant. Ticino (q.v.), 10 m. W. by S. 
 Bellinzona, on the upper end of the Lago Maggiore, or Lake L. 
 Its appearance is wholly Italian ; its Protestant inhabitants, 
 expelled in 1553, settled chiefly in Zurich, where they introduced 
 the silk industry. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Locate, vil. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 7 m. SSE. Milan. 
 P. <2ooo. 
 
 904 
 
 L^ch, Celtic, ' a lake.' See Lac. 
 
 Loch, post-tn., Victoria, Mornington co., 59 m. (by rail) 
 SSE. Melbourne, on Bass R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Locha'ber, wild and mountainous dist. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, 
 in the vicinity of Lochs Linnhe, Leven, and Eil. 
 
 Locballne, vil. , with pier, Scot. , Argyllshire, on the W. side 
 of the entrance to Loch Aline, on the S. ct. of the Morven 
 Penins., PMT.O. (Horrern). 
 
 Locbalsb, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 681 
 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Locbalsb, par., Scot., SW. of Ross-shire, on the N. shore of 
 Loch Alsh, 23 m. NE. Point of Sleat. Mean rfall. (Inverinate 
 House, alt. 150 ft., 1866-80), 72.6 in. 49,532 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lochang, tn., China, Kwangtung, 150 m. N. Canton, on a 
 navigable affluent of Pe-kiang or North R. , on route to Hunan 
 across the CheUng Pass. See Proc. H. G. S. , 1880, p. 156. 
 
 Lochaubead, stn., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, on the G. & 
 SW. R., 4i m. SW. Dumfries. 
 
 Locbans, viL, Scot., Wigtownshire, 3 m. S. by E. Stranraer, 
 and 2 m. NE. by E. Colfin stn., PT.O. 
 
 Locbarbriggs, viL , Scot. , co. and 2J m. NNE. Dumfries, on 
 theC. R., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Locbar Moss, moorland tract, Scot., Dumfriesshire, 4-si m. 
 SE. Dumfries, now to a large extent reclaimed. Length, 10 m. ; 
 breadth, from 2 to 3 m. 
 
 Locban, Prussia. See Anuabnrg. 
 
 Locb Awe, stn., Scot., Argyllshire, on the C. R., 11^ m. N. 
 by E. Inveraray, PMT. O. See Awe, Locb. 
 
 Locbbols'dale, hamlet, Scot. , Inverness-shire, on the N. shore 
 of Loch Boisdale, in the S. of South Uist, PMT.O. (L. Pier). 
 
 Locbbroom', par., Scot., Ross-shire, at the head of Loch 
 Broom, PMT.O. ; 261,020 ac. P. •<40oo. 
 
 Locbbnm, stn., Scot., Lanarkshire, on Glasgow City and 
 Dist. Rly., near Maryhill. 
 
 Locb Bny, hamlet, Scot. , Argyllshire, at the head of Loch 
 B., on the S. ct. of Mull I., PMT.O. (Locbbnle). 
 
 Locbcarron, par., Scot., Ross-shire, on the NW. shore of 
 Loch Carron, 4 m. NE. by N. Strome Ferry, PMT.O. ; 81,488 
 ac. P. <;i5oo ; viL (L., or Jeantown) P. <soo. 
 
 Locbearu'bead, vil., Scot., W. Perthshire, at the head of 
 Loch Earn, 6 m. S. by E. of the head of Loch Tay, on the C. R. , 
 centre for tourists, PMT.O. 
 
 Locbee, eccles. par., Scot., Forfarshire, in NW. burgh of 
 Dundee, on the C. R., PMT.O. P. <3000. 
 
 Locbem, vil., Holland, prov. Grelderland, 13 m. SE. by E. 
 Deventer. P. (comm. ) <:40oo. 
 
 Locbeu-kiang, riv. , S. China, provs. Kwangsi and Kwang- 
 tung, flows SW. and enters the bay of Pakhoi, Gulf of Tongking. 
 
 Locbes, the 2Lncien\. Leucce, tn., France, dep. Indre-et- Loire, 
 cap. arr. L., on the Indre, 23 m. SE. Tours, with a castle, 
 which in the Middle Ages was a fortress of the first order, en- 
 closing in its circuit of more than a mile the fortress properly 
 so-called, besides the kings residence. The fortress was con- 
 verted into a state prison, and became a second Bastile, no less 
 terrible than that of Paris. P. <4000. 
 
 Locbfoot, viL, Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, at foot of Lochrut- 
 ton L. , 4 m. WSW. Dumfries, 2 m. NW. Lochanhead stn. , P.O. 
 
 Locbgair, hamlet, Scot. , Argyllshire, at head of Loch Gair, 
 4 m. SW. Minard, PT.O. 
 
 Locb Garry, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Glengarry co. , 63 
 m. WSW. Montreal. 
 
 Locbgelly. 1. Tn., Scot., Fife, i m. S. of its stn. on the N. 
 B. R. , s^ m. N W. by N. Burntisland ; has coal (including several 
 spUnt and parrot coal) mines, blast-furnaces, and iron-works. 
 P. <4500. 2. A small lake adjoining. 
 
 Lochgllp'bead, viL , Scot. , Argyllshire, at the head of Loch 
 Gilp, ij m. NNE. Ardrishaig ; carries on fishing and woollen 
 weaving. Mean rfall. (Callton Mor., alt. 65 ft., 1866-80), 56.1 
 in. P. < 1500. 
 
 Locbgollbead, vil. , with inn and pier, Scot. , Argyllshire, at 
 the head of Loch Goil, 8 m. SE. by E. Inveraray, PMT.O. 
 Par. (L. and Kllmorlcb) 69,695 ac, P. <iooo. 
 
 Lochbllls, hamlet, Scot. , Elginshire, 3 m. W. Garmouth, P.O. 
 
 Locblel, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Glengarry co., 55 m. 
 W. by S. MontreaL 
 
 Locb-in-Daal, sea-loch, Scot., Argyllshire, in S. of Islay I., 
 with lighthouse on Dun Point, visible 12 m. 
 
 Lochlndorb', lake, Scot. , Elginshire, in the extreme W. , 13 
 m. S. by W. Forres, drained N. into the riv. Findhorn ; contains 
 an island, with ruins of a castle of time of Edward I. 
 
 LocblnTur', vil. , New South Wales, Northumberland co. , 20 
 m. NW. Newcastle. P. < 1500. 
 
 Loctaln'Tcr, vil. , Scot. , Sutherland, on the W. ct. , at the head 
 of Loch Inver, 9 m. SE. by S. Storr Head, PMT.O. 
 
 Locblee, par. , Scot. , Forfarshire, on the N. Esk, loj m. SSE. 
 Ballater ; 58,382 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Loch Leven, stn., Scot., Kinross-shire, on the N. B. R., 
 close to Kinross. See Leven. 
 
 Locblnlchart, hamlet, Scot., Ross-shire, on the Dingwall 
 and Skye Rly. , 4^ m. ESE, of the E. end of Loch Fannich, P.O. 
 
LOCH — I>ODG 
 
 Lochmn'brn, pari, and royal burgh and par. , Scot. , co. and 
 
 10 m. NE. Dumfries, near Annan R. , on C. R. On a penin- 
 sula in Castle Loch are the ruins of L. Castle, formerly the 
 seat of the Bruces. Castle Loch contains the vendace, a fish 
 peculiar to the dist. , which will not take bait. The four villages 
 of Smellholm, Heck, Greenhill, and Hightae, with the adjoining 
 lands, form the barony of L. , a fertile tract, the land in which is 
 held by the villagers on a peculiar old tenure. PMT. O. Mar- 
 ket-day, M. Par. 10,813 ac, P-<30oo; pari, and royal burgh 
 P. (i89i)<i5oo. See Dnmft'ies. 
 
 Locbmaree, PT.O. , Scot., Ross and Cromarty, on S. side 
 of Loch Maree, 9 m. NW. Kinlochewe. 
 
 Loctaore, coal-mining vil., Scot., Fifeshire, 3 m. NW. Loch- 
 gelly, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Lochrniiza, vil., Scot., co. of Bute, isl. of Arran, on the inlet 
 of Loch Ranza, near the N. end of the island, PMT.O. 
 
 Iioclirntton, par., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 4 m. WSW. 
 Dumfries, i m. N. Lochanhead stn. ; 7411 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Lochruttou, small lake adjoining village of Lochrutton. 
 
 Iiocbryait, eccles. par. , Scot. , Wigtownshire, Inch par. , on 
 Cairn Ryan Point, E. side of Loch Ryan, with lighthouse, 
 visible 12 m. P. < 500. 
 
 Iioclis, insular par. , Scot. , Ross-shire, Outer Hebrides, Lewis L , 
 
 11 m. SW. Stornoway; 133,104 ac. P. 6400. 
 Iiochside, vil. , Scot. , Stirlingshire. See Llmerigg. 
 Loclistadt, vil. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, on the W. shore of 
 
 Danzig Bay, 22 m. W. Konigsberg, 5 m. N. Pillau. P. < 2000. 
 
 Locb Tay, stn., Scot., Perthshire, near Killin, on the C. R. , 
 beside Loch Tay. 
 
 Loch'wlniioch (colloquially pronounced lokh'in-yokh), par., 
 Scot. , W. Renfrewshire, 8J m. WSW. Paisley, at the head of 
 Castle Semple Loch (fed by the riv. Calder, and covering 200 ac. ), 
 with a stn. on the G. & SW. R. , PMT.O. ; 19,507 ac. P. <350o. 
 
 Lochy, Loch, lake, Scot., in the S. of Inverness-shire, in 
 Glenmore, gi m. long by ^-i^ m. broad, drained SW. into 
 Loch Linnhe by riv. Lochy. Alt. 93 ft. See Caledonian Canal. 
 
 l/ochy. River, Scot., Argyllshire, flows SSW. then W. into 
 the riv. Orchy, which it joins ij m. above Dalmally. 
 
 Locke Port, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Nova Scotia, 
 Shelburne co. , on the S. ct. , 104 m. SW. Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lock'erble, tn. , Scot., Dumfriesshire, 3J m. ESE. Loch- 
 maben, on the C. R. (junction for Dumfries) ; the lamb fair in 
 August is the largest in Scotland. Market-day, Th. P. < 2500. 
 
 Lockeridge, P.O., Eng. , Wiltshire, Devizes div. , 11 m. S. 
 Swindon, 3 m. W. by S. Marlborough stn. 
 
 Lockerley, par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 9J m. 
 E. by S. Salisbury, 2 m. W. by N. Dunbridge stn., PT.O. 
 P. <75o ; eccles. par. (L. with East Dean) P. <iooo. 
 
 LockCTllle, post-tn. , W. Australia, Wellington co. , 75 m. S. 
 Perth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lockhart, settlement, U.S., S. Carolina, co. Spartanburg, 
 with gold-mining. 
 
 Lockhart, tn. , U.S., Texas, Caldwell co., 30 m. S. Austin. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Lockhartvllle, vil.. Nova Scotia, King's co. , 9 m. from 
 Windsor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lock Haven, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, Clinton co. , on W. 
 Branch of Susquehanna R. and W. branch canal, 69 m. NNW. 
 Harrisburg, a centre of the timber trade. Alt. 556 ft. (R.R. ). 
 P. 7400. 
 
 Loekl, riv. , Congo Free State. See Lomaml. 
 
 Locking, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 3 m. from the 
 N. ct. , 3 m. ESE. Weston-super-Mare, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Locklnge, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Berk- 
 shire, Abingdon div., East L. 8 m. SW. by S. Abingdon, 2 m. 
 E. Wantage, 3 m. SE. by S. Wantage Road stn. East L. , 
 P.O., P. <50o; West L. P. <:25o. 
 
 Lockington, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, div. and 7 m. NW. by 
 N. Loughborough, i m. E. Castle Donington stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Lockington, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., 13^ m. NW. by N. Hull, 2 m. W. of its stn. ontheNE. R., 
 PM.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Lockington In KUn-wlck, uninhabited par., Eng., York- 
 shire, E. Riding, 5 m. NW. Beverley. 
 
 Lockland, vil., U.S., Ohio, Hamilton co., 10 m. N. by E. 
 Cincinnati. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Lockport, vil., U.S., Illinois, Will co., 29 m. SW. Chicago. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Lockport, vil., U.S., Indiana. See KUey. 
 
 Lockport, city, U.S., New York, Niagara co. , 22 m. NNE. 
 Buffalo, on the Erie Canal, where there is a fall of 60 ft. from 
 the level of Lake Erie to the Genesee level, overcome by ten 
 double locks, which afford immense water-power ; has large 
 quarries of lime and sandstone in the vicinity ; largest manufac- 
 tory of indurated fibre ware in the country. P. (1880) 13,500; 
 (1890) 16,000. 
 
 Lockport, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Northampton co. , on 
 the Lehigh R. , 32 m. NE. by N. Reading. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lockstedt, vil. , Prussia. See Lokstedt. 
 
 Lockton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div.. 
 
 i2i m. W. by N. Scarborough, ij m. ESE. Levisham stn., 
 P.O.; 7243 ac. P. <soo. See Mlddleton. 
 
 Lock-wood, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, i m. S. and 
 included in the pari. bor. of Huddersfield, on the L. & Y. R. ; 
 has manufactures of woollens, and large iron and brass foundries. 
 P. 12,100. 
 
 Lock-wood, vil. , Victoria, Bendigo co. , 9 m. SW. Sandhurst. 
 P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Lockyer Range, range of mts. , W. Australia, to the N. ot 
 the Gascoyne R., in about 116° E. 
 
 Locle, Le, tn. , Switzd. , cant, and 10 m. NW. by W. Neuchatel ; 
 the men are chiefly employed in watchmaking. Daniel John 
 Richard here made his first watch in 1680. Alt. 3020 ft. P. 
 (comm.) 11,300. 
 
 Locmarla, vil., France, dep. Finist^re, arr. Chateaulin, 4 m. 
 ESE. Huelgoat, with argentiferous lead. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Locmarlaqner, small port, France, dep. and on the Gulf of 
 Morbihan, arr. and 14 m. SE. Lorient; has oyster fisheries. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Locniln^, tn., France, dep. Morbihan, arr. Pontivy, 27 m. 
 ENE. Lorient. P. < 2000. 
 
 Locorotondo, comm. , Italy, Apulia, in SE. of prov. Bari, 
 21 m. N. by E. Taranto. P. 7500. 
 
 Locquenvcl, vil. , France, dep. Cotes du Nord, arr. Guingamp, 
 
 3 ra. S. Belle-Isle-en-Terre ; beds of iron worked. P. <2ooo. 
 Locqulrec, small port, France, on the English Channel, in 
 
 extreme NE. of dep. Finistere, arr. Morlaix. The tidal har- 
 bour has 390 ft. of quayage, depth at high water 3.8-9.8 ft., low 
 water nil. 
 
 Loose, or Losse (Hungarian; in German Leutschan), tn. , 
 with magistracy, Hungary, cap. co. Szepes, 38 m. NW. by W. 
 Kaschau ; one of the sixteen cities founded by German settlers. 
 P. 6300. 
 
 Locust Creek, stream, U.S., Missouri, flows S. for about 
 100 m. to Grand R. 
 
 Locust Dale, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Columbia 
 CO. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Locust (lap, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Northum- 
 berland CO., 21 m. SE. Sunbury. P. < 1500. 
 
 Locust Grove, magisterial dist., U.S., Virginia, Floyd co. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Locust Valley, vil., U.S., New York, Long I., Queen's co. , 
 30 ni. E. Brooklyn by rail. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Lod, place named in O. T. See Lndd. 
 
 Loda, vil., U.S., Illinois, Iroquois co., 96 m. S. by W. 
 Chicago. P. -C1500. 
 
 Lo«Idlngton, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 6 m. SW. 
 Oakham, x\ m. N. East Norton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Loddlngtou, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 8 
 m. NW\ by N. Wellingborough, 3 m. W. Kettering stn., P.O. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Loddlsivell, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 10 m. W. 
 by S. Dartmouth, 6J m. SSE. Kingsbridge Road stn., on G. 
 W. R., P.O. P. < 1000 ; eccles. par. (L. -with Buckland Tout 
 Saints) P. < 1000. 
 
 Loddon, riv., Eng., rises near Old Basingstoke, Hants, enters 
 the Wokingham div. of Berkshire, and flows into the Thames 
 
 4 m. above Henley. 
 
 Loddon, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Norfolk, S. div., on the 
 Chet, io| m. SE. Norwich, 5^ m. W. Haddiscoe stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1500" 
 
 Loddon, one of the most important rivers of the colony of 
 Victoria, rises on the northern slopes of the Dividing Range, 
 in county Talbot, and flowing NNW. for 250 m. , joins the 
 Murray at Swan Hill, in 143° 35' E. It drains a basin of 4800 
 m. Good cod and bream aboimd in it. In its lower course it 
 traverses vast flat plains, and which are inundated for many 
 miles on both sides of the river in the wet season. The plains 
 on the E. side of the river are specially known as the L. Plains. 
 They are basaltic, but decomposed to a sufficient depth for the 
 purposes of the farmer. The river formerly gave name to a 
 large dist. now divided up into counties. 
 
 Lode, Anglo-Saxon, ' a passage,' or ' a canal.' See Lade. 
 
 Lodeinoye Pole, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Olonets, 133 m, 
 SW. Petrozavodsk, on 1. bk. Svir R., and on highway to Arch- 
 angel. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lodelinsart, tn. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and \\ m. N. 
 Charleroi, with collieries. P. (comm.) 7600. 
 
 Loderbui^, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Kalbe, 15 m. 
 E. Halberstadt. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Loders, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 10 m. E. Lyme 
 Regis, i^ m. NE. Bridport stn., P.O. (Lo-wer L.). P. <750. 
 
 Lod^ve, called by the Gauls Luteva, by the Romans Forum 
 Neronis, tn., France, dep. H^rault, cap. arr. L. , 28 m. N. 
 by E. B^ziers, with large manufactures of common cloths for 
 soldiers. Alt. 575 ft. P. 7700. 
 
 Lodge, The, eccles. par., Eng., Shropshire, par. St. Martin, 
 6 m. S. Ruabon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lodge Brymbo, P.O., Wales, near Wre.xham, Denbighshire, 
 I m. from Brymbo. 
 
 905 
 
LO D G 
 
 LO GI 
 
 Lodge Hill, stn., Eng., Somerset, 4 m. NW. Wells, on G. 
 W. R. 
 
 Lodge on the Wolds, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, 6 ra. S. 
 Bingham. P. <25o. 
 
 Lodge Pole Creek, stream, U.S., Wyoming and Nebraska, 
 flows E. for 140 m. into S. Fork of Platte R. at Julesburg. 
 
 LodhlhlierA, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs. , dist. Chhind- 
 yf&rk, 32 m. NNW. Nagpur. P. 5200 ; Hindus, 4700. 
 
 Lodl, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 18 m. SE. by E. Milan, 
 on riv. Adda, with manufactures of majolica, and centre of the 
 so-called Parmesan cheese dist. In the nth century L. was, 
 after Milan, the most powerful city of Italy. P. 18,500; with 
 suburbs, 25,800. 
 
 Lodl, vil., U.S., California, San Joaquin co., 12 m. N. 
 Stockton by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lodl, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Bergen co., 4J m. SE. Paterson. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Lodl, tn. , U.S., Wisconsin, Columbia co. , 83 m. W. by N. 
 Milwaukee, and 20 m. NNW. Madison. P. < 1500. 
 
 Liidlngeu, vil., Norway, prov Tromso, in Hindo I., one of 
 the principal centres of the Lofoten fisheries. Mean temp. , yr. 
 37.9° F., Feb. 25.9°, July 54.8°. 
 
 Lodl VeccWo, the ancient Laus Pompeia, viL, Italy, prov. 
 Milan, dist. and 4 m. W. Lodi. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Lodo, Cabo de (' mud cape '), Spanish name of the projecting 
 land at the mouth of the Mississippi, N. America. 
 
 Lodore', waterfall, Eng., Cumberland, over a cliff near the 
 head of Derwentwater. 
 
 Lodusa, tn. , Spain, prov. Navarra, 35 m. SW. Pamplona, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Ebro, dist. Estella ; has a mineral spring. 
 P. (comm.)<:3Cioo. 
 
 Lodrlno, vil., Switzd., cant. Ticino, on riv. Ticino, 8 m. 
 N. by W. Bellinzona. P. < 2000. 
 
 Lodsworth, par. and liberty, Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 
 11^ m. NNW. Anmdel, 2 m. N. by W. Selham stn., PM.O. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 i:odz, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 32 m. NW. 
 Piotrk6w, connected by a branch railway (26 m. ) with the 
 Warsaw- Vienna Rly. Chief manufacturing centre of Poland. 
 Has the shape of a narrow strip of houses, 4 m. long. High 
 and middle technical schools, banks, theatres, tramways, and 
 telephones. Population divided almost equally among Poles, 
 Germans, and Jews. Has no less than 264 textile manufactories, 
 of which 157 are large cotton-mills, 61 woollen stuffs, and five 
 flax and hemp stuffs; 26,000 workers are employed in the 
 cotton-mills alone. Dyeing establishments, steam flour-mills, 
 breweries, steam brick-works, four machinery works, &c., besides 
 over 3000 artisans. P. (1840) 20,150; (i860) 32,640; (1891) 
 144,000. 
 
 Lo^cbe, vil. , Switzd. See Leak. 
 
 Loeches, tn. , Spain, New Castille, prov. and 21 m. E. Madrid, 
 dist. Alcala de Henar^s; i m. to the E. are salt-springs, the 
 water of which is exported. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Loendl, riv. , E. Africa. See Lnjenda. 
 
 Loenen, vil., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 10 m. NNE. 
 Amhem. Here stood the castle of Cronenburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 LoeTesteln, castle, Holland. See Boinmelerwaard. 
 
 Lofer, vil., Austria, crownland and 22 m. SW. Salzburg. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 LolTgrnnd, Swedish isl. , Gulf of Bothnia, not far from Gefle. 
 
 Lofflngen, tn. , Ger. , Baden, 24 m. ESE. Freiburg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Lofl'ra, riv. , central S. Africa. See Lnflra. 
 
 Lots, isl., Sweden, in Lake Malar, with a village of the same 
 name 7 m. W. Stockholm. 
 
 Lofoten, Lofoden, or Loffoden Islands, an archipelago of 
 Norway, within the Arctic Circle, North Sea, between 67° 40' 
 and 69 21' N., 12° and 17° E., the L. proper (the more southerly 
 members of the group — Ost- and Vest-Vago, Moskenaso, and 
 the small islands of Varo, Rost, and Skomvar, this last the 
 southernmost of all) separated from the coast by the Bay of 
 Vestfjord, 15 to 40 m. broad, the more northerly members (in- 
 cluding all the larger islands — Hindo, Lango, Ando) bemg 
 distinguished by the name of Vesteraalen. Permanent popula- 
 tion, 4000 ; but in the cod-fishing season (January, February, 
 and March) they are occupied by from 15-20,000 fishermen, 
 who come with their boats and fishing-tackle from all the coasts 
 of the northern half of Norway, with provisions for two months. 
 Upwards of 30,000,000 cod-fish are generally caught in the 
 season. The whole group lies on a shallow bank which extends 
 50 m. N. of the group, but reaches furthest W, in the extreme 
 S. , where the bottom increases from 50 fathoms or less in depth 
 to one of 150 fathoms, a sudden increase then taking place 
 between 60 and 70 m. W. of Skomvar. Northwards the W. 
 margin of this bank gradually trends inwards towards the land. 
 On the E. side the bank slojjes from a depth of about 40 to less 
 than 70 fathoms, a broad rocky ledge near the latter depth 
 running along the whole shore. (See Proc. R. G. S., 1886, p. 
 724; 1887, p. 380.) The E., or inner, bank is the great seat 
 of the fisheries, the outer side having few harbours of refuge, 
 and being exposed to the high seas of the Arctic Ocean. The 
 906 
 
 herring-fishing of the L. is important; but it has fallen off 
 lately owing to the fish having deserted their usual grounds. 
 The islands are exposed to severe storms from the W., and 
 violent currents set in between them. Near the S. end of the 
 group is that called the MaelstrSm, described as a violent whirl- 
 pool, the danger to be apprehended from which arises from the 
 swell of the ocean during NW. winds. Mean temp. (Rost), yr. 
 39.7° F., Feb. 30.7°, Aug. 51.4°. Area of the Lofoten Is. 
 (including the Vesteraalen), according to Broch, 2812 sq. m.; 
 according to Strelbitsky, 2246 sq. m. 
 
 Lofthonse, or Loftns, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, N. 
 Riding, Cleveland div., 12 m. WNW. Whitby, with a stn. 
 (Loftns) on the NE. R. ; has manufactures of cordage and twine, 
 and large vegetable gardens. Par. P. <4ooo ; tn. P. 6200. 
 
 Lofthonse with Carlton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Morleydiv., 3^ m. N. Wakefield, i m. NNE. its stn. (Loft* 
 honse and Ontwood) on the G. N. R., PMT.O. (Lofthonse). 
 Market-day, Th. P. < 4000. 
 
 Loftjr, Monnt, the highest peak of the Lofty ranges behind 
 Adelaide City, S. Australia. Alt. 2400 ft. 
 
 Lofn River, Brit. S. Africa. See Llendwe. 
 
 Log, or Logh, tn. , Somali-land, E. Africa, Italian sphere of 
 influence, in about 2° 57' N. , 42° 33' E. , on the 1. bk. of the Jub, 
 which is navigable above this place ; surrounded by mud-walls ; 
 centre of active trade. First visited by Europeans (Italians) in 
 1893. 
 
 Logan, CO., U.S., Arkansas, touching on W. 94° W., and 
 bounded on N. by Arkansas R. 
 
 Logan, CO., U.S., NE. Colorado, N. frontier, crossed by 
 103° W. , traversed by S. Platte R. ; cap. Sterling. 
 
 Logan, CO., U.S., Illinois, crossed in S. by 40° N., and W. 
 of 89° W. 
 
 Logan, vil., U.S., Iowa, Harrison co., 28 m. N. by E. Omaha 
 (Neb.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Logan, CO., U.S., Kansas, crossed by 39° N., 101° W. 
 
 Logan, CO., U.S., Kentucky, on the S. frontier, crossed by 
 87° W. 
 
 Logan, CO., U.S., Nebraska, S. of 42° N., and W. of 100° W. 
 
 Logan, CO., U.S., N. Dakota, between 46° and 47° N. and 
 99° and 100° \A''. 
 
 Logan, CO., U.S., Ohio, in the W., S. of 41° N., crossed in 
 the W. by 84° W. 
 
 Logan, city, U.S., Ohio, Hocking co., on Hocking R., 42 m. 
 SE. Columbus. P. <4000. 
 
 Logan, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Mifflin co., 45 m. NW. by 
 W. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Logan, city, U.S., Utah, Cache co., 67 m. N. Salt Lake City. 
 P. <50oo. 
 
 Logan, CO., U.S., West Virginia, on the SW. frontier, crossed 
 in the N. by 38° N.; cap. L. Conrt-House. 
 
 Logan, Mount, the highest known mountain in N. America, 
 situated in the NW. Terr, of Canada, 26 m. NE. Mount St. 
 Elias, in 60° 34' N., 140° 24' W. Alt. 19,514 ft. (ir.). 
 
 Logan, Mnllof, cape, Scot., Wigtownshire, on the SW. ct., 
 in 54° 44' N. 
 
 Logan KlTcr, in SE. of Queensland, enters the Pacific behind 
 Stradbroke I. , in 27° 48' S. 
 
 Logan Rock, cape, Eng., Cornwall, 4J m. SE. Land's End. 
 
 Logansport, city, U.S., Indiana, Cass co., on Wabash R. 
 (at the head of navigation of that river) and the Wabash and 
 Erie Canal, 67 m. N. by W. Indianapolis ; water-power abundant. 
 Alt. 606ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 11,200; (1890) 13,300. 
 
 Logan Village, vil., Queensland, co. Ward, in 27° 50' S., 
 153° 10' E., 27 m. (by rail) from Brisbane. 
 
 Logar, cirque of the mountain chain of the Karavankas, 
 Carinthia, Austria, similar to that of Gavarnie in the Pyrenees, 
 with a cascade (Rlnka) falling about 1000 ft. 
 
 Logelbach, manufacturing suburb of Kolmar, Alsace-Lor- 
 raine, Germany. 
 
 Loggerhead Inlet, strait, U.S., N. Carolina, connecting 
 Pamplico Sound with the Atlantic, in 35° 39'-4o' N. 
 
 Logheen Light, Ire., on N. side of Shannon R., about 9 m. 
 below Limerick, visible 8 m. 
 
 Loghlll, par. and tn.. Ire., NW. co. Limerick, bar. Shanid, 
 15I m. NE. Listowel, 4 m. from Foynes stn., P.O. (Longhlll). 
 Par. 5154 ac, P. <rooo; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Loggnn. See Logone. 
 
 Logie, in Scotch place-names, 'a hollow.' See Lag. 
 
 Logle, eccles. par., Scot., Forfarshire, Liff, Benvie, and 
 Invergowrie par. P. -csooo. 
 
 Logle, par., Scot., E. Fife, 4 m. NNE. Cupar, 2J m. W. 
 Leuchars Junction. P. <soo. 
 
 Logle, par., Scot., Perthshire, Clackmannan and Stirling, 2J 
 m. NE. by N. Stirling, i^ m. NE. Causewayhead stn.; 11,814 
 ac. P. <5000. 
 
 Loglealmond, eccles. par. , Scot. , Perthshire, Fowlis- Wester, 
 Methven, Monzie, and Redgarton pars. P. <75o. 
 
 Logle Bnchan, par., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on the Ythan, 
 i3i m. SW. Peterhead, 2^ m. E. by S. Ellon stn.; 6683 ac 
 P. <:iooo. 
 
LOGI — LOIR 
 
 /'' V^ OF THE ' 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 Logle Coldstoiie, par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 4 m. W. Tar- 
 land; 13,600 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Logle-Easter, par., Scot., NE. Ross and Cromarty ; 9978 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Logle Pert, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 5 m. NE. by E. Brechin, 
 i| m. W. Craigo stn., P.O.; 5739 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Logleralt, par. , Scot. , W. Perthshire, at the 1. bk. of th<! Tay, 
 6i in. NW. by N. Dunkeld, close to Ballinluig June, ^^.O. ; 
 37,759 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Logierlerc, stn., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 9^ ra. ENE. 
 Inverurie, on the G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Logle- Wester, part of par. , Scot. , Ross and Cromarty. See 
 Urqnhart. 
 
 Login, vil. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div. , on the G. W. R. , 
 16 m. W. Carmarthen, P.O. 
 
 Loglnovo, vil., W. Siberia, govt, and 270 m. SE. Tobolsk, 
 at junction of Tara with Irtysh. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Loglto, ct. vil. , Portuguese W. Africa. See Eglto. j 
 
 Logodnro, dist. in the N. of Sardinia, to the SE. of Sassari. 
 
 Logoit Blrnl, or Karnak Lo'gone, tn. , central Africa, 
 Logone, on a W. branch of the Shari, about 124 m. SE. 
 Kuka, in about 11° 45' N., 14° 56' E. 
 
 Lo'gone, dist., central Africa, SE. of Bomu, to which it is 
 tributary ; mainly a richly wooded plain. 
 
 Logro&o, the ancient Lucronitis, walled tn., Spain, 30 m. 
 SSE. Vitoria, on the r. bk. of the Ebro, cap. of prov. L. ; 
 successfully resisted the French in 1521, but was taken by them 
 in 1808, and held till 1813. 
 
 Logrosan, tn., Spain, prov. and 44 m. ESE. Caceres, cap. of 
 dist. L., with considerable deposits of phosphate of lime, which 
 is exported to England. P. (comm.)<sooo. 
 
 LOgstor, vil., Denmark, in the N. of Jutland, on the Liim 
 Fjord, at the mouth of Aggersund Canal, prov. and 26 m. W. 
 by S. Aalborg. Corn exported to England. P. < 2000. 
 
 Logstor Brednlng, an expansion of the Liim Fjord, with 
 several islands, in 9° E. Area, 180 sq. m. 
 
 Logtak, Lake, lake, India, Manipur (q.v.). 
 
 Logamlia, riv. , Africa, W. of Lake Tanganyika, rises in the 
 Kabogo Mts. , flowing into the lake in about 5° 55' S. 
 
 Loliiighiit, or Rllilieswar, cantonment, India, NW. Provs. , 
 Kumaun, in 29° 24' N., 80° 7' E. Alt. 5562 ft. 
 
 Lohanl, large tribe, Afghanistan, which for a long time has 
 been the intermediary of commerce between the N. of India, 
 Kabul, Kandahar, and Turkistan. 
 
 Lohap, or Royalist, isls., Pacific, in the Caroline group, in 
 about 6\° N., 152° E. 
 
 LoIi4rdaga, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, Chuti4 Nagpur, 
 Bengal, L. dist., 155 m. S. by W. Patna. P. 7100; Hindus, 
 4200 ; Christians, 2900. 
 
 Lohela, or Lohaya, seapt. , Arabia, Yemen, on Red Sea, 130 
 m. WNW. Sana, in 15° 41' N. ; built of madreporic coral ; sur- 
 rounded by a wall. It is in a sterile tract, and has only a 
 shallow port ; trade in coffee. Now decayed. P. 10,000. 
 
 Loliemlia, lake, formerly reported to exist in central S. 
 Africa in the basin of the western Lualaba, crossed by 10° S. 
 and 26° E. 
 
 Loligarli, fort, near the top of the Bhor Gh4t, Brit. India, 
 Bombay, Poona dist. 
 
 Lolilt, riv. , eastern Assam. See Brahinapntra. 
 
 Lulimen Welilen, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, on the r. bk. of 
 the Elbe, 15 m. SE. by E. Dresden. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lohnlierg, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, govt. Wies- 
 baden, circle Oberlahn, 2 m. N. Weilburg, with iron-mines. 
 
 P. <2OO0. 
 
 Loli-nlng, tn., China, prov. Pechili, 185 m. NE. Peking. 
 
 Lobo«kon, or Laoho-kau ('gorge of the old river'), tn., 
 China, Hupe, on 1. bk. Han-kiang, 200 m. NW. Hankow, 34 
 m. NW. Fancheng ; river-port. 
 
 Lolir, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, cap. 
 circle L. , 21 m. NW. Wiirzburg. P. < 5000. 
 
 LobTrel, Lokhnl, or Lohnl, tn. , SE. China, Hainan I. , prov. 
 Kwangtung, dep. and 53 m. SSE. Kiungchou-fu, in 19° 10' N. , 
 with numerous thermal springs. P. (1805) 80,000. 
 
 Lol, riv. , Congo Free State. See Nglrl. 
 
 Lolbl Pass. See Alps, PASSES, YI. 
 
 Lolka, Lnbl, or Itimblrl, riv., central Africa, Congo Free 
 State, flows SW. into the Congo, which it enters in 2° N., 
 23° 6' E. ; navigable to the Lubi Falls, in 24° 10' E. 
 
 Lolng, the ancient Luna, riv., France, rises at St. Colombe, 
 dep. Yonne, flows past ChS-tillon, Montargis, Nemours, and 
 Moret, where it joins the Seine on the left. It feeds the canal of 
 Briare and L. , by means of which the Seine commimicates with 
 the Loire. Length, 100 m. ; area of basin, 1730 sq. m. 
 
 Loir, the ancient LideHcus, riv., France, rises in the lagoon 
 of Cernay, dep. Eure-et-Loir, flows past Chiteaudun, Vendome, 
 Ch3.teau-du-Loir, and Durtal, and joins the Sarthe on the left, 
 5 m. N. Angers. Length, 185 m., of which 71 are navigable for 
 boats ; volume, 280 cubic ft. per second ; in flood, 14, 100 cubic ft. 
 
 Loire, the ancient Liger, important riv., Europe, and the 
 largest in France, rises in Mont Gerbier-de-Joncs, dep. Ard^che, 
 
 at an elevation of 4510 ft., flows NNW. and W. past Roanne, 
 Nevers, La Charit6, Cosne, Gien, Orleans, Beaugency, Blois 
 (where the Val de L.,' the garden of France,' begins), Amboise, 
 Tours, Saumur, Ancenis, Nantes, where its volume is more than 
 24,700 cubic ft., and Paimboeuf, and enters the Bay of Biscay 
 by a wide estuary below St. Nazaire, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure. 
 Principal affluents on the right, the Lignon, Sem6ne, Furens, 
 Coise, Rahins, Somin, Reconce, Arroux, Aron, Nievre, C6ze, 
 Authion, and Maine ; on the left, the Borne, Ance, Lignon, Aix, 
 Bfebre, Acolin, AUier, Loiret, and Cosson. It is classed as 
 navigable to Roanne, dep. Loire, but is aided by canals, Roanne 
 to Digoin 35 m., and Digoin to Briare 122 m. 'The tide 
 is perceptible as far as Nantes. Its course is generally rapid, 
 with an average volume of 34,800 cubic ft., and navigation 
 is interrupted during five or six months in the year from 
 want of water, overflowing, or freezing. Dykes and barrages 
 have been constructed along a great part of its course, many of 
 which were destroyed by a flood in 1856. The ' barre des Char- 
 pentiers ' at the mouth has a depth of only 13 ft. at low water, 
 but at high water vessels with a mean draught of 19 ft. are 
 enabled, with the aid of a ship canal on the S. bank, 9I: m. in 
 length (opened in Sept. 1892), to ascend to the port of Nantes. 
 The Loire is connected by canals with the Saone, Seine, and 
 Vilaine. There is steam communication between Moulins and 
 Nantes, by means of the AUier and Loire. Length, 543 m. ; 
 area of basin, 46,756 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). See France, Rivers 
 and Means of Internal Communication. 
 
 Loire, dep., central France, traversed from S. to N. by the 
 Loire ; formed in 1790 of parts of Lyonnais (dists. ,Forez, 
 Beaujolais, and Lyonnais) ; divided into three arrs. : St. Etienne 
 (cap.), Montbrison, and Roanne. A great part of the surface is 
 mountainous. In the W. are the mountains of Forez, formed of 
 granite and other Primitive rocks, and covered with forests of 
 pine, culminating in Pierre-sur- Haute (5380 ft.), also the highest 
 point in the dep. Northward the range is continued by the 
 Bois Noir and the Madeline Hills, with declining elevation to 
 1640 ft. on the border of the dep., where the porphyritic rock is 
 pierced by the railway tunnel of Saint-Martin d'Estreaux. In 
 the E. is a series of ranges forming part of the continental water- 
 shed ; these from S. to N. are Lyonnais, Tarare, Beaujolais, 
 and Charolais ; highest point, Mont de Boussi^vre (3295 ft. ). 
 In the SE. the Mont Pilat group rises above the Rhone valley. 
 Near the N. and S. frontiers of the dep. the E. and W. ranges 
 approach, leaving only a narrow gorge for the passage of the 
 river. In the centre is the plain of Forez, a marshy tract about 
 12 m. in breadth, the bed of a former lake, from which rise some 
 thirty mounds, probably of volcanic origin. The dep. belongs 
 mainly to the basin of the L. ; principal tribs. , r. bk. , Rhin ; 1. bk. , 
 Lignon and Aix ; about one-eighth of the surface is drained to 
 the Rhone, which forms the SE. boundary for 6 m.; a r. bk. 
 trib. , the Gier, has its upper course in the dep. The L. is classed 
 as navigable throughout the dep. , but navigability depends on 
 the lateral canal which accompanies it from Roanne. Climate 
 healthy, except in the marshy dists. [Nantes]. Rye, wheat, and 
 barley are the principal cereals. Vineyards cover nearly one- 
 tenth of the surface, but the yield of wine per acre is under the 
 average for the country. The most important mineral is coal, 
 in the production of which the dep. ranks third in France ; it is 
 mined at B6randi6re, Firminy, Roche-la-Moliere, Saint-Etienne, 
 &c. Metallurgical industries take the first rank ; they include 
 heavy iron and steel goods, rails, armour-plates for ships, engines, 
 arms, &c., all of which are extensively produced. The manu- 
 facture of ribbons, centred at St. -Etienne, is also a leading 
 industry. Area, 1853 sq. m. P. (1891) 616,200. See France, 
 table. 
 
 Loire, Haute-, dep., central France, traversed S. to N. by the 
 torrential upper course of the Loire ; formed of parts of Langue- 
 doc (Velay, Vivarvais, and G^vaudan), Auvergne (Bassi-Au- 
 vergne), and Lyonnais (Forez) ; divided into three arrs. : Le Puy 
 (cap.), Brioude, and Yssingeaux. Formed mainly of Primitive 
 rocks (granite, gneiss, &c.) overlaid with thick volcanic beds. 
 About one-sixth of the dep. belongs to the central plateau of 
 France (mean elevation 2955 ft.), traversed by numerous gorges, 
 with a few wider valleys, of which the largest is that of the 
 Allier, near Brioude. Culminating point of dep. Mont M^zenc 
 (5755 ft- ). on the frontier of Ardeche, whence the Bouti^res range 
 runs N. to Mont Pilat, in Loire ; highest point, Grand Felletin 
 (4560 ft.). The M^gal, or Meygal, a sharply serrated range, is 
 separated from the preceding by the valley of the Lignon. 
 Between the Loire and the Allier are the Velay Mts. , with long 
 gentle slopes, and many traces of former volcanic activity ; 
 highest point, Bois de I'Hdpital (4670 ft.). W. of the Allier, on 
 the frontier of Lozfere and Cantal, is the Margeride, a granitic 
 range in part well-wooded, of which the highest summit in L. is 
 (4910 ft.). The S. part of the dep. consists of a monotonous 
 but fertile plain broken by low mounds. With the exception of 
 a few streams going to the Rhone from the E. , the dep. is 
 drained entirely to the L. , either directly or through the Allier. 
 Principal tribs. of L. in the dep. are Lignon Vellave (r. bk. ) and 
 Ance (1. bk. ) ; principal tribs. of Allier, Senouire (r. bk. ) and 
 
 907 
 
LOIR — LOI.W 
 
 Alagnon (L bk. , in Puy-de-D6me). Climate rigorous, owing to 
 elevation and northward aspect of principal valleys. Rye is the 
 principal cereal most largely cultivated ; barley and oats each 
 cover about one-third the area under rye. The vine occupies 
 about I J per cent, of the surface ; production of wine per acre 
 is below the average for France. The most important mineral 
 is coal (Brassac and Langeac basins). Manufactures are incon- 
 siderable. Area, 1931 sq. m. P. {1891) 316,700. See France, 
 table. 
 
 Loire-Inf<6rleiire, maritime dep. , W. France, traversed 
 E. to W. by Loire R. , formed of part of Bretagne, divided 
 into five arrs.: Nantes (cap.), Ancenis, Chateaubriant, Pam- 
 boeuf, and Saint-Nazaire. The coast is rugged in parts, 
 with stretches of sand-dunes, and indented with several bays. 
 Surface generally low and monotonous ; one of the least ele- 
 vated dists. of France, culminating point in extreme NE. only 
 375 ft. On the r. bk. of Loire R. is a range of granite hillocks, 
 the Sillon de Bretagne, rising abruptly to 195-260 ft. W. of 
 Savenay are tracts of bog, often submerged, known as the 
 Bri^res, where peat is cut for fuel ; largest, Grand-Briere, about 
 30 sq. m. Near the coast are extensive salt-marshes. The 
 dist. S. of the L. is called ' Pays de Retz ' or ' de Rais ' ; it con- 
 tains the lake of Grand- Lieu. The dep. belongs chiefly to the 
 basin of the L. , partly also to that of the Vilaine, which forms 
 its NW. frontier for 22 m. ; it receives 1. bk. tribs. Don and 
 Isac. Principal tribs. of L. in the dep. are Erdre, r. bk., and 
 Sevre Nantaise, 1. bk. The Achenau, or Chenau, an artificial 
 stream, drains Grand-Lieu. Wheat is the principal cereal; 
 the cultivation of the vine is limited ; flax is an important crop. 
 The principal forests are those of Gi,vre, 17 sq. m. , and St. 
 Gildas in NW. Coal is mined at Montrelais and Monzeil ; iron 
 is abundant in the NE. at Rouge, MeiUeraye, and Sion ; salt is 
 obtained in large quantities from the coast marshes. Of manu- 
 factures, metallurgical industries take the first rank ; the prin- 
 cipal are engine-works, forges, foundries of iron, copper, and 
 bell-metal, and brass-work (Nantes), shipbuilding (Nazaire and 
 other coast towns). Area, 2695 sq. m. P. (1891) 645,300. See 
 France, table. 
 
 Iiolret, the ancient Ligrtrala, riv. , France, dep. Loiret, rises 
 in two springs 2 m. SSE. OrMans, and joins the Loire on the 
 left near Orleans. Length, 10 m. 
 
 Loiret, dep., central France, traversed firom SE. to NW. 
 and SW. by the Loire, which divides it into two unequal parts ; 
 formed mainly of parts of Orl^annais, with a small dist. from 
 Berri ; divided into four arrs. : Orleans (cap.), Gien, Montargis, 
 and Pithiviers. The region N. of the L. comprises dist. Beauce, 
 NW. , and G^tinais Orl^annais, NE. ; the former, a Calcareous 
 plateau (395-490 ft.), separating the basins of the, Loire and 
 Seine, covers about one-fourth of the dep. It is dreary and 
 almost treeless, with little surface water, but of great fertility, 
 producing large quantities of cereals, and forming part of the 
 dist. known as the ' granary of France.' The Gatinais, covering 
 about one-third of the dep. , is well-wooded and well-watered. 
 S. of the Loire is the Solog^e, formerly a desolate and malarial 
 region, now in great part reclaimed by the planting of fir-trees, 
 which has resulted in the formation of a new vegetable soil over 
 the imjjermeable clay which formerly rendered the surface a 
 marsh in winter and an arid waste in summer. The highest 
 point (900 ft. ) in the dep. is in the SE. ; the lowest (225 ft. ) in 
 the NE., at the exit of the Loing. The dep. belongs partly to 
 the Loire basin and partly to the Seine ; the former traverses it 
 for 80 m.; navigable throughout, receiving many small tribs., 
 including the Loiret (1. bk.). To the basin of the Seine belong 
 the Loing and the Essonne, both flowing N. In its upper 
 course the Loing is accompanied by the canal of Briare to 
 Montargis. and in its lower course by the Loing canal, which is 
 joined by the Orleans canal fi-om SW. Climate, see Orleans. 
 Oats and wheat are the principal cereals ; the vine covers nearly 
 4 per cent, of the surface, but the production of wine jjer acre 
 is below the average for France; sugar-beet is an important 
 cultiu-e, and Orleans asparagus is noted. Forests, Orleans, the 
 largest in Prance (155 sq. m.), and Montargis (30 sq. m.). 
 Metalliferous minerals are not foimd, but building-stone is 
 quarried in many places. Manufactures have declined ; earthen- 
 ware is made in the Orleans dist. , fine porcelain at Gien. Area, 
 2630 sq. m. P. (1891) 377,700. See France, table. 
 
 IiOlr-et-€her, dep., central France, divided into two nearly 
 equal parts by the Loire, which traverses it from NE. to SW. , 
 formed out of parts of Orl6annais and Touraine, chiefly the 
 former; divided into three arrs.: Blois (cap.), Romorantin, 
 and Venddme. The region N. of the Loire belongs to the 
 dists. of Beauce and Perche, sep>arated from each other by 
 the Loir ; that to the SE. to Sologne. Soil argillaceous and 
 calcareous in the valleys ; sandy and arid in most parts. Much 
 of the Sologne has been rendered culdvable by drainage and 
 the use of fertilisers. Surface of slight elevation, liighest in 
 the Perche dist. (which is also the most diversified), Cormont 
 (840 ft. ) declining towards the S. Low ranges of hills, some- 
 times forming abrupt cliffs, border the rivers, especially the 
 Loir. The dep. belongs entirely to Loire basin, principal 
 908 
 
 tribs. of which are Cosson and Beuvron (1. bk.), and Cisse 
 (r. bk.), the Loir in N. flowing SW. and W., and the Cher in 
 S. (with a r. bk. affluent, Sauldre) flowing W. , join the Loire 
 outside the dep. The principal cereals are oats, wheat, and 
 rye ; the vine covers about 3 per cent, of the surface, but the 
 production per acre is below the average. Forests cover about 
 one-sixth of the dep.; the principal are those of Marchenoir, 
 Boulogne (15.4 sq. m.), Russy (12 sq. m.), and Blois. Climate, 
 see fendome. Stone is extensively quarried at Bourr6 and 
 other places, alabaster at Essarts. Manufactures are com- 
 paratively insignificant; the principal are textiles, grouped 
 chiefly in the SE. about Romorantin; glass, especially for 
 scientific instruments; paper, &c. Area, 2479 sq. m. P. (1891) 
 280,400. See France, table. 
 
 Lolron, vil. , France , dep. Mayenne , 7 m. W. LavaL P. <: 2000. 
 
 Lt^lsacb, riv. , central Eiu-ope, rises in the Alps, in the N. of 
 Tirqp, flows N. into Bavaria and then NE. into the Isar ; used 
 for/_-.oating timber from Schmalz, 55 m. Length, 78 m. 
 
 kiols Weedon, P.O., Eng. See Weedon ILoys. 
 
 IiOitE, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Grinimen, 13J m. 
 SW. Greifswald, on the 1. bk. of the Peene. P. <40oo. 
 
 Lolx, viL, France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, arr. and 15 m. 
 WNW. La Rochelle, with salt-marshes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Iioja, or Loxa, tn. , Ecuador, cap. prov. L. , 130 m. SSE. 
 Guayaquil, founded in 1546 ; seat of a bishop ; climate fairly 
 healthy. The finest cinchona bark comes from its vicinity. 
 Alt. 6800 ft. P. 10,000. 
 
 Loja, the ancient Ilipula Magna, city, Spain, prov. and 32 
 m. W. by S. Granada, on the Genii, cap. dist. L. , manufactures 
 coarse woollens. Almost destroyed by earthquake in 1885. 
 
 Lojano, vil. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 16 m. S. Bologna. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Lokan, riv., in E. of Brit. N. Borneo, flows ESE. into the 
 Kinabatangan, which it joins in about 5° 28' N., 117° 50' E. ; 
 navigable for the greater part of its course, but with rapids 
 requiring a portage in about 117° 25' E. 
 
 irok'eren, tn. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 12 m. E. by N. 
 Ghent, with manufactures of cotton, wool, and chemical pro- 
 ducts. P. (comm.) 19,600. 
 
 Loklinl, tn. , Hainan I. See Loh'wel. 
 
 LokbTltsa, dist tn. , Russia, govt, and 78 m. N W. of Poltava, 
 on railway Libau to Ekaterinoslav ; trade in cattle. P. 10,600. 
 
 Loklnga, mt. chain, Africa. See SInstalnga. 
 
 Lokken, small seapt. , Denmark, W. ct. Jutland, amt and 12 
 m. SW. Hjorring, 23 m. NNW. Aalborg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lokkos, riv. , Morocco. See Lnkkos. 
 
 Iioko, vil. and trading stn. of the Niger Company, W. Africa, 
 Sokoto, on the r. bk. of the Benue, in about 7° 58' E. , one of 
 the chief places at which the caravans from the Sudan cross the 
 Benue. 
 
 Lokoja, tn. , Africa, Gando, on the r. bk. of the Niger, 3 m. 
 above its confluence with the Benue. It was occupied by the 
 British in 1865, and became the residence of the head of a per- 
 manent mission, and it is now an important station of the Royal 
 Niger Company, who maintain a strong police force here. 
 Climate less unhealthy than at the mouth of the river. 
 
 Iiokris, eparchy, Greece, prov. Phthiotis and Phocis, contains 
 in its SW. extremity Liakoura, the ancient Parnassus, 8070 ft. 
 high. The celebrated Pass of Thermopylae is on the N W. frontier. 
 
 Iiokstedt, viL, Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 4^ m. 
 NNW. Hamburg. P. <300o. 
 
 LokteTskly, silver -mine and silver-works, Russia, govt. 
 Tomsk, Altai region, 200 m. SW. of Barnaul; yearly about 
 10,000 lbs. of silver. P. 5500. 
 
 Lok-TlBza, tn. , Hungary. See Tiszn-Liik. 
 
 Lokn, tn., China, Suchwan. See Lakn. 
 
 IiOkTltsa, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Seres, 11 m. NNE. 
 of the mouth of the Struma. 
 
 lK>lland, isl. , Denmark. See lAaland. 
 
 Lolo, dist. , S. ct. of Brit. New Guinea, crossed by 146^° E. 
 
 Lolo, native name of Yule I., Brit. New Guinea. 
 
 Lo-Lo, or Lon-Loa, vil. , U.S. , Montana, Missoula co. , 88 m. 
 NW. by W. Butte. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lolos, independent tribe, occupying the mountainous region, 
 about 11,000 sq. m. in extent, known as Liang-shan ('ridge 
 mountains'), or Taliang-shan (' great ridge mountains'), in the 
 SW. of the Chinese prov. of Suchwan, between the Kienchang 
 valley on the W. and the Yangtse-kiang on the E. An excep- 
 tionally tall race, well-built and muscular. The men wear all 
 their hair twisted up into a knot over their forehead and wrapt 
 in cotton cloth so as to resemble a horn. They live by agri- 
 culture and hunting. Their chief clothing is a sleeveless mantle 
 of grey or black felt. Some of them have submitted to the 
 Chinese, and mingle with them, adopting Chinese manners. 
 The name L. is a term of insult not used by themselves. Their 
 own name for themselves varies at different places — Losu, Nosu, 
 Ngosu, or Lesu. See R. G. S., 'Hupp. Paper I., pp. 60, 61, 66, 
 and Lolo vocabulary, pp. 72-78. 
 
 Lol-worth, par. , Eng. , co. and 6J m. N W. by W. Cambridge, 
 Chesterton div., 3 m. W. by S. O^ington stn. P. <250. 
 
LOM 
 
 LON A 
 
 Lom, Slavonic, 'quarry.' 
 
 Iiom, riv., Bulgaria, composed of two streams whose sources 
 are on the N. slope of the Balkans, flows SE. and NW. into 
 the Danube at RuJCuk (Rushchuk). 
 
 Iioma, mts. , Africa, E. of Sierra Leone. 
 
 Loma, Spanish, 'hill.' 
 
 Loma, Point, cape, U.S., California, San Diego co., in lat. 
 32° 39' N. 
 
 Loma Barranca, mt. See Haiti. 
 
 Loma Diego Campo, mt. See Haiti. 
 
 Lo Magondrs, vil., S. Africa, Mashona-land, 79 m. WNW. 
 Fort Salisbury, in 17° 32' S. , 29° 53' E. ; centre of a goldfield. 
 
 Lomaml, or Lnbllasta, called by Livingstone Lockl, riv., 
 Congo Free State, rises about 8° 40' S. , 25° 10' E. , and flows N. 
 to the Congo, which it enters in 0° 45' N., being 1800 ft. wide at 
 this point ; navigable from its mouth up to falls in 3° 10' S. ; 
 rapids occur also in 4° 35' S. 
 
 Lomas Bajas, vil., Chile, prov. Atacama, 34 m. SE. Copiapo, 
 with rich silver-mines. Alt. 7390 ft. 
 
 Lomas Cala, roadstead, S. America, Peru, on the W. ct., in 
 about 15° 35' S. 
 
 Loma Tlua, mt. See Haiti. 
 
 Lomhardo-Venetlan Kingdom, from 1815 to 1859 a political 
 and administrative div. of the Austrian Empire in Italy, forming 
 two govts. Lombardy was formed in 1814 of part of the king- 
 dom of Italy, created by Napoleon I. The Congress of Vienna 
 recognised it as a possession of the Austrian Empire. War 
 having been declared between Austria and Sardinia, an Austrian 
 army crossed the Ticino on April 29, 1859. The allies defeated 
 the Austrians in the battles of Montebello, May 20, and Magenta, 
 June 4. Napoleon III. and the King of Sardinia entered Milan, 
 June 8, and the decisive battle of Solferino was fought on June 
 24. By the Treaty of Villafranca, July 11, Lombardy, as far as 
 the Mincio, except the fortresses of Mantua and Peschiera, was 
 ceded to France, and handed over to Sardinia; Venetia, or 
 Venice, the E. portion of the former kingdom, was in 1866 
 transferred to the kingdom of Italy. 
 
 Lombardsto°v^n, tnld., Ire., N. co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 6 
 m. W. by S. Mallow, on the r. bk. of the Blackwater, and on 
 theG. S. & W. R. P.<25o. 
 
 iMm'tixrHy, d\v. {compariimento (erritoriale), Italy, composed 
 of the N. central part of the Po basin, including the Alpine 
 region from the Lago Maggiore to Lake Garda (the boundary 
 running through the middle of both these lakes), and thus com- 
 prising the small Italian portion of Lake Lugano, the whole of 
 Lake Como, with the Valtellina (prov. Sondrio), the Val Brem- 
 bana, Val Seriana, and Val Cavallina in prov. Bergamo, and in 
 the prov. of Brescia Lake Iseo, with the Val Camonica to the 
 N., and the Val Trompia, which opens S. on the towm of 
 Brescia ; and including in the plains the dist. of Lomellina 
 between the lower Sesia and lower Ticino ; the whole div. 
 mainly N. of the Po, but embracing the portion of the prov. 
 of Mantua S. of that river in the E. , and a wedge of the 
 Apennines containing part of the upper course of the Trebbia 
 between Piedmont and Emilia in the W. As to climate, see 
 Italy, Milan, Brescia. Principal cereal, maize ; next in import- 
 ance, wheat (occupying about half the area of wheat) ; rice 
 grown to a considerable extent, chiefly in provs. Pavia and 
 Milan, then in Mantua and Cremona; flax chiefly in prov. 
 Cremona, hemp in Mantua ; wine produced most abundantly 
 relatively to area in prov. Pavia. The chief mineral is iron 
 ore, a pure carbonate of high quality produced in the dist. of 
 Oltrepovo, near the extreme NE. of prov. Bergamo, and utilised 
 in the iron and steel works of Castro, near the N. end of Lake 
 Iseo, and in the Val Camonica and Val Trompia (prov. Brescia). 
 Next in importance is zinc, a band of calamine about 550 yards 
 in width, extending for about 20 m. from about the middle of 
 the Val Brembana towards the NE. of the prov. of Bergamo, 
 and worked at Gorno, Premolo, and Oneto. L. is the chief 
 seat of the Italian silk industry in all its more important 
 branches, silk-weaving being centred at Como. In the middle 
 ages the present Lombardy for the most part shared the fortunes 
 of the city of Milan, which has always been the chief city of the 
 region. See Italjr, table and History, Milan, and Lombardo- 
 Venetian Kingdom. 
 
 Lomlieek, vil., Belgium, prov. Brabant, 9 m. W. by N. 
 Brussels. 
 
 Lombez, tn., France, dep. Gers, cap. arr. L., on the Save, 
 28 m. WSW. Toulouse. P. < 2000. 
 
 Lomblem, isl., E. Archipelago, one of the Lesser Sunda Is., 
 to the N. of the W. end of Timor. 
 
 Lombok (usually called by the Balinese Selaparan, L. being 
 properly the name only of the S. dist.), an isl. of the Malay 
 Archipelago, between 8° 12' and 9° i' S., 115° 44' and 116'' 40' 
 E., separated from Sumbawa, E. by the Strait of Alias, and 
 W. from Bali by the Strait of L. The aborigines, termed 
 Sassaks, are of the Malay family, and are Mohammedans ; the 
 ruling class (about 20,000), natives of the island of Bah, are of 
 the Brahmanical religion. Two mountain chains extend along 
 the N. and S. coasts, in the former of which is a volcanic peak, 
 
 Sangkarejan, 12,460 ft. in elevation. Between them is a well- 
 watered plain, wholly cultivated for rice, the hill-sides producing 
 coffee and maize. Cap. Mataram ; chief port Ampanam, on its 
 W. coast. Area, 2100 sq. m. P. about 400,000. 
 
 Lombom, small isl., at S. end of Neu-Mecklenburg (New 
 Ireland), Bismarck Archipelago, crossed by 4° 48' S., 152° 48' E. 
 
 Lome, also known as Bey Beach, coast vil., near the W. 
 frontier of Togo-land, German W. Africa. 
 
 Lomehithe. See Lambetb. 
 
 Lomellina, the dist. of Italy in the SW. of Lombardy, be- 
 tween the rivs. Po, Ticino, and Sesia ; takes its name from the 
 town of LomeUo. 
 
 Lomello, formerly Roman city, now market-tn., N. Italy, 
 Lombardy, prov. Pavia. P. <4000. 
 
 Lomiskana, vil., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 28 m. 
 NW. Tiflis. P. 8000. 
 
 Lommatzscta, tn. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Dresden, dist. 
 and 7 m. WNW. Meissen, with fruit culture. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Lomme, vil., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 4 m. W. by N. 
 Lille. P. < 2000. 
 
 Lommel, comm., Belgium, prov. Limburg, arr. Maeseyck. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Lomnitz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 13^ m. NE. by E. Budweis. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Lomnitz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 23 m. W. Trautenau, with 
 manufactures of cloth and cotton goods. P. <4000. 
 
 Lomnltzer-Spltze, peak, at the E. end of the High Tatra 
 range, N. Hungary, NE. of the Gerlsdorfer-Spitze, to which it 
 is second in height. Alt. 8640 ft. 
 
 Lomond, Locb ('the elms'), large lake, Scot., between the 
 COS. Stirling and Dumbarton, 16 m. NW. Glasgow. There are 
 fifteen islands in the lake ; the largest, Inchmurrin, is t.\ m. long ; 
 Inchmoan is flat and wooded ; Inch Cruin is also flat ; the rest 
 are hilly. The lake is surrounded by mountains and valleys, 
 displaying striking scenes of grandeur and beauty. It receives 
 the Endrick, Luss, Fnoin, and other streams, and discharges its 
 surplus waters, at its S. extremity, into the Firth of Clyde by 
 the riv. Leven — a name which anciently belonged to the lake 
 itself. Steamers ply in summer for the accommodation of 
 tourists, and there are fine drives on its E. and W. shores. 
 Area, 27^ sq. m. Length N. to S. 21 m. ; greatest breadth at 
 S. end 4I m., at Luss upwards of 2 m., and at N. end nearly 
 \ m. Greatest depth, between Tarbet and Inveruglas, 630 ft.; 
 at N. end, 120 ft. ; at S. end, 66 ft. [Ben Lomiond.] 
 
 Lomont, mts. , France. See Jnra. 
 
 LomoT, Lower. See Nlzbnly LomoT. 
 
 LomoT, Vpper, tn., Russia, govt, and 65 m. WNW. of 
 Penza. P. 5200. 
 
 Lom-Palanka, tn., Bulgaria, cap. prov. Lom-P., on the 
 Danube, 21 m. SE. by E. Viddin ; one of the most important 
 ports of the Lower Danube, and the emporium for Bulgaria N. 
 of Sofia. The kale, or castle of Lom, probably occupies the 
 site fortified by the Emperor Justinian. P. 8200. 
 
 Lompoc, tn., U.S., California, co. and about 45 m. NW. 
 Santa Barbara. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lomsfjeldene, mt. chain, forming part of the Dovrefield, E. 
 of Jostedalsbrae, Norway. 
 
 Lomwe, tribe, SE. Africa, dwelling NE. of the NamuU Hills, 
 N. of 15° S. , 37°-39° E. Their terr. is represented as the richest 
 and healthiest portion of the region between Lake Nyassa and 
 the Mozambique coast. 
 
 Somza, govt, of Russian Poland, has E. Prussia in N. , 
 Suwalki in NE. , Grodno in E. , Siedlce in S. , and Pfock in W. 
 Occupies the S. slope of the Prussian lake plateau, gently 
 sloping towards the Narew. Plateau 800 ft. high between 
 the Narew and the Bug. Watered by the Narew, which 
 flows along S. frontier, and its many small tribs. Good forests. 
 Population Poles and 14 per cent, of Jews. Distilleries, 
 sugar -works, steam flour -mills. Trade in cattle, exported. 
 Divided into eight dists. : tomza, Kolno, Mazowieckie, Makow, 
 Ostr6w, Ostrolenka, Puhusk, Szczuczyn, and Zamosc. Area, 
 4667 sq. m. P. (1890) 608,683. 
 
 £omia, cap. of above govt., 78 m. NE. of Warsaw, near r. 
 bk. of Narew. P. 18,400. 
 
 Lonaconlng, vil., U.S., Maryland, Allegany co., 28 m. ESE. 
 of the NW. corner of the state, with coal-mines. Alt. 1560 ft. 
 (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Lonan, or Kirk Lonan, par. , in E. of Isle of Man, with 
 zinc ore. Area, 9423 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Lonan, River, short riv. , Scot. , Argyllshire, flowing chiefly 
 W. through Glen Lonan into the head of Loch Nell, which it 
 enters 3 m. ESE. Oban. 
 
 Lon«lr, tn., Brit. India, Berar, Buldana dist., 80 m. E. 
 Aurangabdd, of great antiquity, situated amidst undulating 
 highlands, among which lies the salt-lake of L. (specific gravity 
 1027.65), the salt from which is used in the manufacture of 
 country soap. 
 
 Lonato, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 14 m. ESE. Brescia. 
 It is enclosed by walls, defended by a citadel, and is celebrated for 
 the victory of Napoleon I. over the Austrians in 1796. P. <20oo. 
 
 909 
 
LONA — LOND 
 
 Louanll, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Poona, 
 34 m. NW. by W. Poona; important point on Great Indian 
 Penin. Rly.; contains locomotive works. P. (i88i)<5ooo. 
 
 Loucomllla, or San Javier de Loncomilla, tn., Chile, 
 prov. Linares, no m. NE. Concepcion, in 35° 35' S., cap. 
 dep. L. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Iionda, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. N. Kdnara, 33 m. 
 E. by S. Goa. 
 
 Londerzeel, tn., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Brussels, 8 m. 
 W. by S. Malines. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Iiondesboroagb, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howden- 
 
 shire div. , 15^ m. NNE. Goole, 2 m. NE. of its stn. on the 
 
 NE. R. , PT. O. ; 4258 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Londlna, mining dist. , Africa, SE. of Transvaal, cap. Derby. 
 
 LoudJjii^res, vil. , France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, 16 m. ESE. 
 
 Dieppe, 8 m. N. by W. Neufchatel. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Iioudon, city and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, cap. 
 Middlesex co., at the junction of the N. and S. branches of 
 the riv. Thames, 72 m. W. by S. Hamilton, lat. 43° N., in 
 one of the finest agricultural dists. of the Dominion ; has 
 numerous iron-foundries, machine-shops, &c., also white sulphur 
 medicinal springs. P. (1881) 26,300 ; (1891)32,000. 
 
 London, West, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Middlesex, adjoin- 
 ing L. city. P. <2ooo. 
 
 London, the capital of the British Empire, and centre of 
 commerce and finance for the entire globe, owes its origin to 
 the site ; and the geographical position explains much of its 
 political importance, its unexampled growth and wealth. So 
 complex is the aggregate, that there are officially more than a 
 dozen Londons. To the historian, our capital is composed of 
 two cities, and many other towns, villages, and hamlets formerly 
 suburban ; to the legislator, it is composed of twenty-seven 
 parliamentary bors. , returning sixty-one members to the House. 
 The original nucleus, the city proper, never was in Middlesex, 
 being a county in itself ; and recently the present capital has 
 been created into a ' County of London,' which embraces all 
 the suburban pars, of Middlesex, Surrey, and Kent. As soon 
 as the city within the walls was officially joined to the city of 
 Westminster, London became the capital of England. 
 
 When the Romans rowed their galleys up the Thames, 
 they at length saw a remarkable height on the north bank 
 separating the two broad lagoon-estuaries which covered much 
 of modern Middlesex, and stretched up the fiat valley of the Lee. 
 The native Celts had already called the height Linndun or 
 Llyndon, the ' pool-fort,' the ' hill over the lagoons.' It was a 
 strategic point, the Thames there being only two-thirds as 
 broad as at Westminster, and the dun being defended on the 
 W. by the steep banks of the riv. Fleet, on the E. by the Lee 
 marshes, and on the N. by fens and forests. The Roman town 
 {Londinium) soon became a commercial centre — maxime celebre, 
 says Tacitus, ' for its many traders and its stores of commodities.' 
 The mihtary way from Dover divided before reaching the 
 Thames, one branch to cross at Westminster in the line of 
 Edgware Road, the other to cross at Old London Bridge in 
 the line of Gracechurch Street, Bishopsgate, and Kingsland 
 Road. Watling Street, behind St. Paul's Cathedral, and 
 ' London Stone ' are survivals of the pretorian way that went 
 NW. from the Bridge to join the great Roman road which 
 passed across from Colchester westward in the line of Cheap- 
 side and Oxford Street. The waste land N. of London wall 
 explains the names Moorfields, Moorgate, Yensbnry, just as 
 the eyots or islets and hithes or creeks left by the lagoons ex- 
 plain Bermond's-fy, Overly, Chels^^, Thorn^j, Batters^j, Rother- 
 hithe, 'LarahhitJie (Lambeth), Qasenhithe. Such names were 
 given by the Early Engllsli, after Alfred and his grandson had 
 fortified London against the Danes, made it their capital, and 
 laid the foundation of its mimicipal government. They also 
 named Aldersgate, Newgate, Moorgate, Lydgate (= postern- 
 gate), &c. Saxon London had two market-places, ' East 
 Cheap,' with Comhill on the N., and 'West Cheap," with 
 Cheapside on the N., an important thoroughfare to West- 
 gate or Newgate. At West Cheap met the Folk Mote, 
 afterwards known as the Court of Common Hall, and still 
 represented by the Lord Mayor and Corporation. St. Paul's 
 Church was in West Cheap. 
 
 As a measure of the size and extent of our present 
 capital, four definitions may be given : (i) Registration London, 
 or that of the Census and Poor Law; (2) County Council 
 London, or that under the School Board, and formerly under 
 the Board of Works ; (3) Parliamentary London ; and (4) Police 
 London, or the 'Metropolitan Area,' within 12 m. of Charing 
 Cross. The second, called also the Admmistrative County, 
 includes the City, and is equal in area to the first, increased by 
 the civil parish of Penge. The fourth, the ^eatest of all the areas, 
 and called 'Greater London,' is the dist. under the Metro- 
 politan and City Police, made up of Registration London and 
 the 'Outer Ring.'. Besides the whole of Middlesex, 'Greater 
 London' has 34 parishes in Surrey (80,058 ac.), including 
 Croydon, Epsom, Richmond, Kingston, Sutton, &c. ; 18 in 
 Kent (42,516 ac), including Bromley, Chislehurst, &c ; 14 in 
 910 
 
 Essex (60,466 ac), including Ilford, West Ham, &c. ; 13 in 
 Herts (35,893 ac. ), including Barnet, Enfield, &c. The total area 
 of Greater London is 690 sq. m., or 26J m. square. The third 
 London is that formed since 1885 by the following 27 parlla* 
 mentary borongbs, each of which, except the Citv. may be 
 referred to under its own name : Battersea and Clapham, 
 Bethnall Green, Camberwell, Chelsea, City, Deptford, Finsbury, 
 Fulham, Greenwich, Hackney, Hammersmith, Hampstead, 
 Islington, Kensington, Lambeth, Lewisham, Marylebone, 
 Newington, Paddington, St. Pancras, Shoreditch, Southwark, 
 Tower Hamlets, Wandsworth, West Ham, Westminster, 
 Woolwich. These boroughs contain 60 constituencies, each 
 returning one Member of Parhament, except the City, which 
 returns two members. For comparison we also give the data 
 before 1885, when only 22 Members of Parliament were re- 
 turned, viz., 4 for the City, and 2 each for Westminster, 
 Lambeth, Southwark, Tower Hamlets, Finsbury, Hackney, 
 Marylebone, Chelsea, and Greenwich. The following table 
 gives statistics of those four leading ' Metropolitan Areas ' for 
 the last four decennial periods : — 
 
 London Statistics. — Table I. 
 
 'Metropolitan Areas.' 
 
 I. RegUtnitlon London 
 z. Connty Council London 
 
 3. PaxUunentary London . 
 
 4. Greater London 
 
 Acres. Inhabited Popula- 
 Houses. tion. 
 
 74,672 350,431 
 
 75,442 1 360,065 
 
 45.841 334,318 
 
 443,421 434.530 
 
 1871. 
 
 Inhabited Popula- 
 Houses. tion. 
 
 2,803,989 417.767 
 
 2,818,863 419,642 
 
 2.640,253 381,95s 
 
 3,222,720 i 528,794 
 
 3,254,260 
 3,266,987 
 3,020,871 
 3.885,641 
 
 ' Metropolitan Areas.' 
 
 Area in 
 Acres. 
 
 74,672 
 
 75.442 
 
 841 
 
 3. Parliamentary London '{ go 148 
 
 z. Registration London 
 2. County Council London . 
 
 4. Greater London 
 
 7i>' 
 f4S.S 
 J^8o,i 
 
 443.421 
 
 Inhabited Popula- 
 Houses. tion. 
 
 486,046 3,815,544 
 488,885 3,834.194 
 432,984 3,452,350 
 f Since the Redistri- 
 \ bution Act of 1885 
 645,695 1 4.766 661 
 
 Inhabited Popula 
 Houses. tion. 
 
 580,381 
 789.408 
 
 4,437.<ai 
 5,633,806 
 
 Throughout the Middle Ages the municipal government of 
 London was vested in the City Corporation, with powers and 
 privileges defined by many acts and charters. The suburban 
 parishes were regulated by their vestries under local acts. In 
 1855, on the appointment of the Metropolitan Board of Works, 
 there were 38 vestries and dist. boards. Of the 45 members 
 of the Board of Works, 3 were chosen by the City, 2 each by 
 the 6 parishes — IsUngton, Marylebone, St. Pancras, Lambeth, 
 St. George's (Hanover Square), and Shoreditch, and the rest 
 by the other parishes and dists. In 1889 that governing body 
 was replaced by the London County Council, with jurisdiction 
 over the same area, but with greater powers. The chairman, 
 elected annually, is by virtue of his office a justice of the 
 peace for the county. The area administered consists of 30 
 dists., coextensive with the Poor Law Unions, and contains 
 196 civil parishes. Ecclesiastically, it is partly in 4 dioceses — 
 Canterbury, London, Rochester, and St. Alban's. There are 
 118 councillors, and 19 aldermen ; and their duties, which 
 extend over 25 parishes in Middlesex, 5 in Kent, and 6 in 
 Surrey, require eighteen standing committees to be appointed, 
 besides several special committees. 
 
 The ' City and Liberties ' of London (including the borough 
 of Southwark) have not been greatly affected by the new County 
 Council, being still administered in 26 wards by the Corporation, 
 consisting of the Lord Mayor, 26 aldermen, and 206 common 
 councilmen. Other ancient officers are the sheriffs, the recorder, 
 the chamberlain, and the town clerk. The chief magistrate is 
 annually chosen from those aldermen who have been sheriffs. 
 Guilds, or ' livery companies,' representing ancient trade unions, 
 having gradually acquired great influence through their control 
 of the trade in the city, became very rich, partly by monopolies 
 and partly by certain charges and donations. These guilds, of 
 which there were formerly more than a hundred, now number 
 seventy-six. The rental of their property in the City exceeds 
 _,^5oo,ooo, and their land outside is probably as much in value. 
 In recent times the business of the City Companies, unless when 
 administering their charities or assisting in technical education, 
 street improvements, &c. , is mainly ceremonial. The presenta- 
 tion of the newly elected Lord Mayor to the Lord Chief Justice 
 on November 9 gives occasion for the famous civic pageant called 
 the Lord Mayor's Show. As the population of the capital kept 
 increasing, that of the City has steadily diminished, according 
 to the census, which only takes note of the night population. 
 In 1891 it was 37,705, against 50,652 in 1881, i.e., about ^1^ of 
 ' Greater London.' The day population, however, was 301,000 
 in 1891, against 261,000 in 1881. The area of the City is 671 
 acres, or ^jt^ of 'Greater London.' The yearly income of the 
 City Corporation is ^^670,000 ; and the profits paying income- 
 tax have been assessed at more than ;^70,ooo,ooo, that of the 
 United Kingdom being ;^239,ooo,ooo. 
 
I 
 
 LONDON 
 
 lown to the beginning of the present century, all estimates 
 of the population of London are doubtful. In 1349, accord- 
 ing to Stow, 50,000 were buried after the Plague, implying 
 a population of not less than 90,000. From the Subsidy 
 Rolls of 1377, Chalmers and Thorold Rogers derive a popula- 
 tion of 35, 000. Botero's estimate for 1590 is 160,000 ' more 
 or less.' Graunt (1661) makes 460,000; Sir W. Petty (1683), 
 696,000; Gregory King(i694), 530,000; Richman (1701), 674,000; 
 and Maitland (1738), 726,000. The following table gives the 
 successive results for each decade of the present century, with 
 the percentage in each case to the population of all England 
 and Wales, and the decennial increase per cent. : — 
 
 Table II. 
 
 
 1801. 
 
 181 1. 
 
 1821. 
 
 1831. 
 
 1841. 
 
 Population of I-ondon 
 Percentage to all England 
 Increase per cent. 
 
 958.788 
 10.78 
 
 1.138,746 
 18.77 
 
 1.378,853 
 11.49 
 21.09 
 
 1,654,870 
 11.91 
 20.02 
 
 1,948,293 
 12.24 
 J7.73 
 
 
 1851. 
 
 1861. j I87I. 1 1881. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Population of London 
 Percentage to all England 
 Increase per cent. 
 
 2,362,10s 
 13-18 
 21.24 
 
 2,803,847 1 3.»S3.78S 
 13-97 I4-33 
 18.70 1 16.06 
 
 3,815.544 
 14.69 
 17.27 
 
 4.211.743 
 14.52 
 10.38 
 
 The growtlt of London has for ages been continuous. 
 Not till the 13th century was Westminster joined to it by 
 the houses built along the river-strand, passing the village of 
 Charing, now centre of ' Larger London." In the i6th century 
 the nobles built town residences along the Strand to be out 
 of the city, e.g., Northumberland House, recently removed 
 to build an imposing avenue to the Thames Embankment ; 
 Exeter House, built by Lord Burleigh, on the site of the present 
 Exeter Hall. Under James I. , St. Clement Danes, St. Giles in 
 the Fields, St. Martins in the Fields, Clerkenwell, Shoreditch, 
 Whitechapel, and Bermondsey were new parishes added. Then 
 Hackney, Islington, Lambeth, Newington, Rotherhithe, and 
 Stepney. Under William III., Soho Square and Golden 
 Square were built for the wealthier citizens moving W.; and 
 about 1720, Hanover and Cavendish Squares. ' Mayfair ' 
 (named from a fair previously held here in the fields during 
 that month), to the N. of Green Park and E. of Hyde Park, 
 grew up in the early years of George III.; and during the 
 first half of the present century ' Tybiurnia ' (named from the 
 Tyburn brook, &c. ), N. of Hyde Park, and ' Belgravia," between 
 Knightsbridge and the Thames, had their fields and nursery 
 gardens replaced by fashionable streets and squares. In the 
 last twenty years many handsome houses have covered a great 
 part of South Kensington, and the best sites of Baysvvater, 
 Notting Hill, Regent's Park, besides innumerable picturesque 
 spots in more suburban dists., such as Hampstead and Harrow, 
 Sydenham, Putney Heath, Wimbledon, and Richmond. Many 
 city merchants go further afield, and have their homes in Sussex, 
 Herts, Bucks, or Berks. 
 
 Much of the topography of the western suburbs is explained 
 by the streams Hole-burn (or Holborn), Tyburn, and Westburn 
 (or Westbourne), which flowed S. from the northern heights of 
 Highgate and Hampstead. Hole-bourne was really the Fleet, 
 whose valley is still seen under the Holborn Viaduct or E. of 
 Gray's Inn Road, and gave name to Holborn Hill, Saffron Hill, 
 Back Hill, and Breakneck Steps ; while Ship Court, Seacoal 
 Lane, refer to its use as a tidal river. Farringdon Road and other 
 streets show its course, which also explains the irregular boimdary 
 on the W. of Clerkenwell parish. The next stream further W. 
 is the Ty-burn, which formerly gave name to the parish of 
 Marylebone, as well as to a village near the Oxford Road (now 
 Oxford Street), in the hollow half-way between Oxford Circus 
 and the Marble Arch. This ' burn ' winded by the side of Mary- 
 lebone Lane, when a country path, on its way from the W. of 
 Regent's Park to the Green Park, passing near Buckingham 
 Palace to reach the Thames E. of the Abbey of Westminster 
 (originally built on Thorney Island, formed by the Tyburn), 
 with another branch at Vauxhall Bridge. Tyburn village, and 
 brook gave its name to the gibbet erected on the height beyond, 
 at the corner made by the Oxford (or Tyburn) Road and 
 Edgeware Road. The church at Tyburn decaying, another 
 was built further up the stream and called St. Mary-le-5oMr««, 
 now Marylebone. A mile further W. the Oxford Road descends 
 to cross the West-bourne, or Bayswater stream. It forms the 
 Serpentine in Kensington Gardens, gives name to Knights- 
 bridge, where the Western Road from Piccadilly crossed it, and 
 joins the Thames at Chelsea Bridge, having Sloane Street built 
 all along its right bank. Gloucester and Westbourne Terraces, 
 Bayswater, are along its banks, and in Maida Vale and Kilburn 
 its course determines the line of several streets. The Oxford 
 or Uxbridge Road, still further W., crossed a stream dividing 
 Notting Hill from Shepherd's Bush. There are traces of it in 
 the fields E. of Wormwood Scrubs. Throughout its course it 
 separated Kensington and Chelsea parishes from Hammersmith 
 and Fulham, finally joining the Thames opposite Battersea. 
 
 The great buildings belonging to the Crown are : (i) West- 
 minster Hall, famous in English history, 290 ft. long and no 
 high, now a sort of vestibule for both Houses of Parliament ; 
 (2) the Houses of Parliament, or Palace of Westminster, the 
 largest Gothic building applied to civil purposes, with a hand- 
 some fa9ade 900 ft. long overlooking the river, a clock tower 
 320 ft. high, and the Victoria Tower 340 ft.; (3) the Banquet- 
 ing Hall, Whitehall, now a royal chapel — central window from 
 which Charles I. stepped on the scaffold ; (4) St. James's 
 Palace, still used for court purposes ; (5) Buckingham Palace, 
 the Queen's town residence, fine grounds, and gallery of Dutch 
 painters ; (6) Marlborough House, Pall Mall, residence of the 
 Prince of Wales, designed by Wren ; (7) Kensington Palace, 
 in Kensington Gardens ; (8) the Tower of Lotidon, east of 
 the City, used as a palace, a state-prison, as well as a fortress, 
 now a repository for the regalia of England and much ancient 
 armour ; (9) Somerset House, in the Strand, seen to great 
 advantage from the river, now serves for government offices, 
 as those of the Exchequer, the Inland Revenue, the Registrar- 
 General, and others ; (10) the Admiralty, between Charing 
 Cross and Whitehall, in course of reconstruction ; (ii) the 
 Horse Guards, headquarters of the Commander - in - Chief ; 
 (12) the Treasury, the Privy Council Office, the Educa- 
 tion Office, and the Board of Trade occupy a large square 
 structure extending from Dover House, office of the Secretary 
 for Scotland smd the Scotch Education staff, to the historical 
 Downing Street, which contains the official residences of the 
 Prime Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer ; (13) 
 south of Downing Street is an extensive and handsome range 
 in the Italian style, for the Home, Foreign, Colonial, and 
 Indian Offices ; (14) the General Post Office, St. Martin's-le- 
 Grand, three handsome masses of structure, the oldest having 
 a lofty central hall 80 ft. long; (15) the British Museum, with 
 noblfe Ionic portico, famous collections of antiquities, library 
 of 1,900,000 printed books and 214,000 MSS. ; (16) the .:Va- 
 tional Gallery of Paintings, with an extension on N. side to con- 
 tain the National Portrait Gallery ; (17) the South Kensington 
 Museum of Science and Art, and that of Natural History, 
 with a branch at Bethnall Green ; (18) the Imperial Institute, 
 founded 1888, to commemorate the jubilee of Her Majesty; 
 (19) Burlington House, Piccadilly, appropriated to the Royal 
 Academy, the Royal Society, the London University, and 
 other learned bodies ; (20) the New Law Courts, or ' Palace 
 of Justice,' Temple Bar, a huge group of Gothic buildings, 
 with a central hall 230 ft. long, and the Strand front, 500 ft. 
 long, surmounted by a bell tower — the Supreme Courts consist 
 of the High Court of Justice, the Court of Appeal, the Court 
 of Chancery, the Queen's Bench, presided over by the Lord 
 Chief Justice of England ; (21) Chelsea Hospital, overlooking 
 the river ; (22) Greenwich Hospital, on the site of a palace, 
 with handsome colonnades, picture-gallery with several statues 
 and monuments, relics of Nelson. Of ordinary hospitals, 
 the chief are the three great endowed ones, St. Bartholomew s, 
 W. Smithfield, Guy's in Southwark, and St. Thomas's by 
 Westminster Bridge ; others are St. George's, Hyde Park 
 Corner, the Middlesex, Westminster, Charing Cross, Univer- 
 sity College, King's College, the Londoti (Whitechapel), the 
 W. London, &c. , besides many special ones. The Corpora- 
 tion owns several important buildings, such as the Guildhall, 
 with its hall for State banquets, its courts of justice, museum, 
 and free library ; the Mansion House, or residence of the Lord 
 Mayor, with a Corinthian portico and the Egyptian Hall. Most 
 of the halls of the city companies are handsome structures. The 
 City also contains St. Paul's Cathedral (370 ft. high), best seen 
 from the river, and other fine churches designed by Wren. Many 
 others of the various parishes throughout the capital deserve 
 notice. Westminster Abbey, where our kings have been 
 crowned since before the Norman Conquest, is famous for its 
 monuments, its chapels, and the coronation chair containing 
 the ' stone of Scone. ' 
 
 Conunnnlcatlons. — Before the building of the High Level 
 Bridge, east of the Tower, London Bridge (928 ft. long) was 
 the lowest as well as the most ancient of the Tliames bridges. 
 Till recent times it had been, since the earliest history of 
 England, a main point of communication between the S. 
 side and the N., and therefore formed an important factor 
 in the building up of London's greatness. The present bridge 
 was built in 1823-31, at a cost of ;^i, 500,000. Old London 
 Bridge, which till the middle of the i8th century was the only 
 bridge in the capital, was some yards further E. , in a line with 
 the Monument, and had twenty arches, making the navigation 
 dangerous, the present bridge having fiv6. The old bridge, 
 dating from 1170, was really a street of lofty houses, much 
 admired by visitors for its stone towers and gates, its picturesque 
 wooden houses projecting over the piers, and its three ' vacancies ' 
 for the passage of boats and ships. After 1754 the houses were 
 removed and the waterway widened. As one of the means of 
 relieving the present London Bridge, which has long been 
 inadequate to the traffic, the Tower Bridge (or High Level 
 Bridge) was built (1886-94) by the Corporation of the City. 
 
 911 
 
LONDON 
 
 Between two Gothic towers, 200 ft. apart, are two 'bascules,' 
 level with the roadway, which are raised by hydraulic power to 
 allow ships to pass, the towers being at the same time utilised 
 to raise foot passengers to the ' high level ' portion of the bridge. 
 Total length of footway, 2640 ft.; total cost of the bridge, 
 ;^75o,ooo. Another relief to the passenger traffic over London 
 Bridge was previously effected by the 'subway' above the 
 Tower. Among other means of communication between the 
 opposite banks, in addition to the electric railways mentioned 
 below, are a tunnel under the Thames at Poplar, and an im- 
 portant free ferry, available for w'neeled vehicles, at Woolwich, 
 both due to the County Council. Now there are a score oif 
 bridges to span the river, some (e.g., Waterloo, Westminster, 
 and Putney) much admired for architectural and engineering 
 properties. Formerly the great thoroughfare to Westminster 
 besides the 'water way' was by Fleet Street and the Strand, 
 also leading to Piccadilly, Kensington, and Hammersmith, 
 but now a grand river-boulevard connects the Hovises of 
 Parliament directly with the City by the Victoria Embank- 
 ment. This handsome quay has reclaimed 37 ac. from the 
 Thames, and supplied room for the Metropolitan District 
 Railway, which runs beneath. The more ancient thoroughfare 
 parallel to the river was the Roman way, which passed from 
 Essex along Whitechapel Road, Cheapside, Holborn, Oxford 
 Street, Bayswater Road, &c. , to IBrentford and Staines; whence 
 in more modern times a branch diverged at Shepherd's Bush to 
 go to Uxbridge and Oxford. The other thoroughfares, some 
 due to the recent improvements, are numerous, and many of 
 them spacious and handsome. The railway system of London 
 has also a large share in the communication between place 
 and place. There are fifteen termini of the gieat companies, 
 especially the Greaf Northern at King's Cross, the Midland 
 at St. Pancras, the North- Western, Euston Square, the Great- 
 Western at Paddington, the Chatham and Dover at Victoria, 
 the South- Western at Waterloo, the South- Eastern at Charing 
 Cross and Cannon Street, iht. Brighton at London Bridge and Vic- 
 toria, the Great-Eastern at Liverpool Street, the North-London, 
 Broad Street, the Tilbury, &c., at Fenchurch Street. To con- 
 nect the termini and supply other communications, the Under- 
 grotmd Railway renders enormous service. Its ' Inner Circle,' of 
 13 m. circumference, connects the City with Netting Hill, South 
 Kensington, and Westminster; and byasecond arc includes West- 
 bourne Park, Hammersmith, and Earl's Court, &c. The 'Outer 
 Circle' passes round by Willesden, Hampstead, and Islington. 
 An electric railway now connects the City with Stockwell, going 
 under the Thames and passing Kennington and the Oval, with 
 proposed extension to Clapham and Wandsworth. Another, 
 also passing under the river channel, is now (1895) i^* course of 
 construction between Waterloo terminus and the city. The 
 General Omnibus Company carries over 50,000,000 persons 
 yearly ; ' licensed carriages ' amount to 15,000 nearly, including 
 7500 hansom cabs. 
 
 Popular edncatioii in London was quite insufficient before 
 the Act of 1870. The great schools are the City of London 
 School, founded 1442 ; St. Paul's (founded 1512) ; Westminster 
 (1560), with eight exhibitions to Oxford ; Christ s Hospital, ' the 
 Blue Coats' (1533), with income of over ;^6o,ooo ; Merchant 
 Taylors' (1561), now occupying the old Charterhouse buildings 
 [Godalmlng] ; Gresham College (1597) ; Charterhouse (1611). 
 For the higher education there is the University of London 
 (founded 1836), an examining body with powers to confer de- 
 grees in Literature, Law, Philosophy, and Science. University 
 College and King's College (both founded 1828), the former 
 undenominational, the latter connected with the Church of 
 England, supply instruction in such higher branches of edu- 
 cation as are taught in the Universities. Recently it has been 
 proposed to establish a teaching University of London. The 
 Inns of Court provide lectures for students of law ; and for all 
 branches of medical and surgical science there are many emi- 
 nent schools, such as the Royal College of Physicians and that 
 of Surgeons, the great hospitals, the Royal Veterinary College. 
 For technical education, an Institute in the City has founded 
 four colleges (in Exhibition Road, in Finsbury, in Kennington, 
 and in Bethnal Green) for engineering, chemistry, applied arts, 
 trades, &c. Among other scientific and higher schools are the 
 Royal School of Mines, the Royal Military Academy, Wool- 
 wich, the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, the Royal Academy 
 of Painters, &c. A School of Economics and Political Science is 
 to be opened in Oct. 1895. The London School Board have 
 now over 678,000 children ' upon the roll,' whereas before 1870 
 there were only 170,000 taught throughout the capital. 
 
 The capital is now fairly well provided with libraries, since, 
 in addition to those of learned societies and religious bodies, 
 over 30 parishes have adopted the Act for providing public 
 libraries. The following are already open : Battersea, (r) 
 Central, (2) Lammas Hall, (3) Lurline Gardens (S. i) ; Ber- 
 mondsey (Spa Road) (S.); Bethnal Green; Bishopsgate In- 
 stitute ; Camberwell, (i) Central, (2) Livesey, Old Kent Road, 
 (3) Minet, (4) Dulwich; Chelsea (Manresa Road) (S.); Christ 
 1 Means open on Sunday. 
 912 
 
 Church (BlackfHars Road) ; City of London (Moorfields) ; 
 Clapham (North Side) ; Clerkenwell ; Fulham ; Guildhall (the 
 City) ; Hammersmith (Ravenscourt Park) (S.) ; Hampstead (S.) ; 
 Highgate Hill ; Holborn (John Street) ; Kensal Town (Harrow 
 Road) (S.); Kensington, (i) Central, (2) Ladbroke Grove, (3) 
 Brompton ; Lambeth, (i) W. Norwood (Knight's Hill Road) 
 (S.), (2) Tate (Lambeth Road) (S.), (3) Burning (Kennington 
 Cross) (S. ), (4) Noble (Waterloo Road) (S. ), (5) Minet (also under 
 Camberwell); Marylebone, (i) Lisson Grove (S.), (2) E. Mary- 
 lebone (Mortimer Street) ; N. Islington, (i) Holloway Road, 
 (2) Buncombe Road, (3) Seven Sisters Road ; People's Palace 
 (Mile End Road) (S.); Poplar; Putney; Rotherhithe ; St. 
 George's (Buckingham Palace Road) ; St. Giles' (Southampton 
 Row) ; St. Martins-in-the-Fields (St. Martins Lane) ; St. Pancras 
 (Camden Street) ; Shoreditch (Kingsland Road) ; S. London 
 (Camberwell Road) ; Stoke Newington ; Streatham ; Wands- 
 worth ; West Ham, (i) Broadway, Stratford, (2) Barking Road ; 
 Westminster, (1) Great Smith Street, (2) Knightsbridge ; WTiite- 
 chapel (High Street) (S). Besides these the following have 
 adopted the Acts : Bromley, Lewisham, Newington (Surrey), 
 St. Giles. It is unnecessary to enumerate the places of amuse- 
 ment in London. The first tbeatres date from 1582, and be- 
 cause the Lord Mayor objected to have any playhotises within 
 the City, the ' Theatre ' and the ' Curtain ' were in Shoreditch, 
 the ' Globe,' ' Rose,' and ' Hope ' on the Bankside, Surrey. 
 
 The drainage system of London is a colossal work oc- 
 cupying from 1859 to 1865 in construction, and cost nearly six 
 millions. Before 1848 the sewerage was very defective. The 
 Fleet R. had for ages served as a main drain, and was not 
 bridged over till 1637, and then only partially. Buring the 
 first half of this century house-sewerage passed into cess-pools, 
 most of which were unprovided with overflow drains. The 
 former high mortality, as compared with modern results, was 
 due largely to the insanitary state of houses and streets ; thus, 
 taking the four worst years of the 17th century, 1603, 1625, 
 1636, and 1665, the average annual number who died of ' plague ' 
 was 37,700 out of 54,200 deaths for all London ; and in 1849, 
 14,125 died of cholera out of 68,800. The death-rate has in 
 recent years been steadily diminishing from 24.3 per 1000 in 
 1855, to 21.6 in 1881, and 17.3 in 1887, so that London is more 
 healthy than any of the other 20 largest towns in England. 
 The death-rate of all England is 20 per 1000, and France 22.8. 
 
 Besides a large nmnber of minor parks, gardens, and recrea- 
 tion grounds throughout London, the following principal parks 
 and of)en spaces, with an area of over 50 ac. each, are here 
 named in alphabetical order. The name in brackets shows under 
 whose management the property lies. Barnes Common, 100 ac. 
 (the Conservators) ; Battersea Park, 190 ac. (L. C. C.i) ; Black- 
 heath, 270 ac. (L. C. C); Brockwell Park, 78 ac. (L. C. C.) ; 
 Bushey Park, 1000 ac. (O. W.2) ; Clapham Common, 220 ac. 
 (L. C. C); CUssold Park, 53 ac. (L. C. C); Dulwich Park, 
 72 ac. (L. C. C. ) ; Epping Forest, 5348 ac. (the City) ; Finsbury 
 Park, 118 ac. (L. C. C.) ; Green Park, 56 ac. (O. W.) ; Green- 
 wich Park, 185 ac. (O. W.); Hackney Marsh, 340 ac. (L. C. 
 C.) ; Hampstead Heath and Parhament Hill, 505 ac. (L. C.C.) ; 
 Highgate Wood, 70 ac. (the City) ; Hyde Park, 380 ac. (O. W. ) ; 
 Kensington Gardens, 270 ac. (O. W.) ; Kew Gardens and Ar- 
 boretum, 240 ac. (O. W); Peckham Rye, 112 ac. (L. C. C); 
 Plumstead Common, no ac. (L. C. C.) ; Putney Heath, 400 
 ac. (the Conservators) ; Regent's Park, 470 ac. (O. W. j ; Rich- 
 mond Park, 2250 ac. (O. W.) ; St. James's Park, 90 ac. (O. W.) ; 
 Southwark Park, 65 ac. (L. C. C. ); Streatham Common, 66 
 ac. (L. C. C); Tooting Bee Common, 144 ac. (L. C. C.); 
 Victoria Park, 300 ac. (L. C. C); Wandsworth Common, 183 
 ac. (L. C. C); Wanstead Park, 182 ac. (City); West Ham 
 Park, 80 ac. (City Corporation and others) ; Wimbledon Com- 
 mon, 700 ac. (the Conservators); Wormwood Scrubs, 194 ac. 
 (L. C. C). 
 
 The food snpply naturally gives rise to many important 
 markets. The chief are the cattle markets of Copenhagen 
 Fields (Holloway) and Beptford, occupying 20 ac. and 22 ac. 
 respectively; the central meat market, Smithfield, 625 ft. by 
 240ft., with another for poultry, &c., adjoining; the Leaden- 
 hall market for poultry and game (once the principal provision 
 market in the city), rebuilt in 1881 ; Billingsgate, the great fish 
 market, formerly a harbour for the river craft, extended in 1877 
 to an area of 39,000 ft., but still quite inadequate; Covent 
 Garden, for vegetables, fruit, and flowers, named from a convent 
 on the site belonging to Westminster Abbey ; there are minor 
 vegetable markets at the Borough, Spitalfields, &c. Over many 
 large districts the lack of markets is made up by ' costermongers ' 
 selling vegetables, fish, &c., in the streets. The leather market 
 is in Bermondsey ; hay markets at Smithfield, 'Wliitechapel, 
 and the ' Cumberland Market ' ; Tattersall's, Knightsbridge, is 
 the great market for riding and carriage horses. 
 
 The port of London extends for 50 m. from the Bridge to 
 
 the Nore, where it is 10 m. broad, though only half a mile 
 
 broad at Gravesend. The upper part of the port to the W. 
 
 of Limehouse is known as the Pool, nearly aj m. long. The 
 
 1 London County Council. 2 h. M. Office of Works. 
 
LOND — LONE 
 
 Thames docks occupy 2267 ac. , 330 of which are on the right 
 bank. Those on the left bank are the London, St. Catherine's, 
 E. and W. Indian, Victoria and Albert, Millwall, and Tilbury 
 — the last having the largest area. Vessels of 800 tons reach 
 St. Catherine's Dock beside the Tower, and the largest ascend 
 to Deptford. See also Tbames. Even in the Roman and 
 Saxon periods London had such trade that Bede called it 
 'the market of many nations.' In 1250 the settlement of the 
 Hansa merchants in the ' Steel-yard ' greatly increased the 
 commerce with the Continent and the Levant. The value of 
 wool and cloth exported in 1566 to Antwerp and Bruges was 
 over ^2,000,000. At that date Gresham founded the Royal 
 Exchange ; and the Turkey Company (founded 1579), the E. 
 India Company (1600), the Virginia Company (1606), and the 
 Hudson's Bay Company (1670), largely assisted the growth of 
 the London trade and of British commerce. The following 
 shows the movement of tonnage of the vessels which entered 
 and cleared the port of London at the dates given : — 
 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Year. 
 
 
 
 Year. 
 
 
 Entered. 
 
 Cleared. 
 
 Entered. 
 
 Cleared, i 
 
 1693 
 
 117,400 
 
 104,700 
 
 1841 
 
 1.596,500 
 
 1,124,800 
 
 1750 
 
 511,700 
 
 179,900 
 
 1851 
 
 2,627,300 
 
 2,030,400 
 
 1790 
 
 581,100 
 
 348,100 
 
 1861 
 
 3,938,100 
 
 2,641,700 
 
 1816 
 
 804,500 
 
 681,300 
 
 1 871 
 
 5.135.200 
 
 4,029,900 
 
 1821 
 
 888,400 
 
 727,000 
 
 1881 
 
 5,810,000 
 
 4,479,000 
 
 1831 
 
 1,047,900 
 
 928,700 
 
 1891 
 
 7,638,000 
 
 5,788,000 
 
 1 
 
 The number of vessels entered has increased from 4416 in 1816 
 to 10,218 in 1891, and those cleared from 3604 to 7648. Of the 
 total foreign trade of the United Kingdom, 28 per cent, is in 
 the Thames, the great bulk of which is from imports. Thus 
 the yearly Customs' revenue for London is from _^io,6oo,ooo to 
 /^lo, 900,000, or more than four times that of Liverpool. The 
 value of those imports (1891) was ;^i44, 000,000, the exports 
 being ^90,000,000, more than four times the amount in 1840. 
 London has almost a monopoly of the trade with the E. Indies 
 and China ; and of 33,700,000 lbs. of tea exported in 1891 from 
 the United Kingdom, 32,267,000 lbs. went from the Thames. 
 London absorbs nearly all the French trade, as well as the 
 Baltic imports, and those from other Continental countries. 
 Mean temp. (20 yrs.), yr. 50.0° F., Jan. 39.0°, July 63.2° ; mean 
 rfall. (25 yrs.), 25 in. [R. E. A.] 
 
 London, city, U.S., Ohio, Madison co., 26 m. W. by S. 
 Columbus. P. <4000. 
 
 London, Little, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 7 m. 
 NW. Leeds, PM.O. 
 
 London and Hampsblre Canal, connecting Basingstoke in 
 the county of Hampshire with the riv. Wey in Chertsey par. 
 Length, 37^ m. 
 
 London and Nortb- Western Railway, one of the most 
 important railway systems of Eng. , main line, London (Euston) 
 by Rugby, Crewe, Warrington, and Preston to Carlisle ; branches 
 to Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Holyhead, &c.; loco- 
 motive department and workshops at Crewe. 
 
 London and Sontb- Western RailM'ay, railway system, 
 Eng., main line, London (Waterloo) to Salisbury, Exeter, and 
 Plymouth ; branches to Southampton, and many other places 
 in Hampshire and the counties further W. ; locomotive depart- 
 ment and workshops at Eastleigh, near Southampton. There 
 is a joint line belonging to this company and the M. R. from 
 Cheltenham by Swindon to a junction with the L. & SW. R. 
 system near Romsey. 
 
 London Apprentice, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 2 m. from St. 
 Austell. 
 
 Loudon Bridge, double stn. , Eng., London, i m. SE. St. 
 Pauls, the east end terminus of the SE. R. and the L. B. & S. C. R. 
 
 London, Brighton, and Sontli Coast Railway, railway 
 system, Eng., main line, London Bridge or Victoria stns. 
 (London) to Brighton ; extensions and branches to all towns 
 on the S. ct., from Portsmouth to Hastings, as well as to the 
 inland tovras of Guildford and Tunbridge Wells ; workshops 
 at Brighton. 
 
 London, Cbathani, and Dover Railway, railway system, 
 Eng., main line, indicated by the name; London termini, St. 
 Paul's, Holborn Viaduct, and Victoria ; branches to Margate, 
 Ramsgate, &c. 
 
 London Colney, hamlet, Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and 2^ m. 
 SE. by E. St. Albans, on the Colne, PMT.O. 
 
 Londonderry, seapt. vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Colchester 
 CO., on Cobequid Bay, 49 m. WSW. Pictou. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Londonderry, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div. , 10 m. N. Ripon,2'm. SSE. Leeming Lane stn. , PMT. O. 
 
 Londonderry, city, pari. bor. (i member), and mun. bor. , and 
 riv. port, cap. co. of same name, on the Foyle, at its entrance 
 into Lough Foyle, 144 m. NNW. Dublin ; at the point of 
 junction of the Derry and Enniskillen line (G. N. R.), the 
 Coleraine line (Belfast and Northern Counties Rly. ), and the 
 913 
 
 Londonderry and Lough Swilly Rly. (to Buncrana). Lat. of 
 bridge, 54° 59' 6" N., long. 7° 19' W. Alt. 20 ft. It stands on a 
 ridge projecting into the river, and is enclosed by walls and 
 bastions, built in 1609, and beyond which large suburbs now 
 extend. It was built in its present form by the ' Irish Society,' 
 or London companies, who colonised and gave name to the 
 county. Previously the town was called Derry, which is still 
 the name of the dioceses, the bishops of which have other seats 
 here ; namely, the Anglican diocese of Derry and Raphoe (in- 
 cluding portions of the cos. of Antrim, Londonderry, Tyrone, 
 and Donegal), and the Roman Catholic diocese of Derry (com- 
 prising all CO. Londonderry, part of Donegal, and a large part 
 of Tyrone). A few cannon used in this defence are still on the 
 city walls. Principal buildings, the cathedral, the Roman 
 Catholic cathedral, a diocesan free grammar school or college, 
 founded in 1617, and which, together with Gwyn's school, is 
 munificently endowed ; a valuable diocesan and public libraries. 
 There is a monument in honour of the Rev. G. Walker, the 
 defender of the city during the memorable siege which it sus- 
 tained against the forces of James II. in 1689. L. has flour- 
 mills, distilleries, breweries, lanyards, iron-foundries, and manu- 
 factures of shirts and table linen. Trade of the port chiefly with 
 Liverpool and Glasgow. For statistics, see Appendix, p. 13. 
 The harbour is formed by the river, along which there are 5709 
 ft. of quays, with a depth alongside of 24 ft. at ordinary high 
 water, 16 ft. at low water. PMT.O. (L. or Derry), Market- 
 days, W. and S. Pari. bor. and tn. P. (1841) 15,200; (1851} 
 19,900; (1871)25,200; (1891)33,200. 
 
 Londonderry, maritime co., N. Ireland, Ulster, having N. 
 the Atlantic Ocean and Lough Foyle, E. Antrim, from which 
 it is separated by Loughs Neagh and Beg, S. Tyrone, and W. 
 Donegal ; divided into the following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Coleraine 
 
 Keenaght 
 
 Loughinsholin .... 
 NE. Liberties of Coleraine. 
 N W. Liberties of Londonderry . 
 Tirkeeran 
 
 Total 
 
 Acres. 
 
 85.837 
 
 130,328 
 
 171,660 
 
 18,008 
 
 12,773 
 94.783 
 
 18,827 
 19.952 
 50.030 
 9.536 
 30.4" 
 23.253 
 
 513.388' 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 152,009 
 
 1 Exclusive of 8927 ac. under the larger rivers and tideways. 
 
 Surface in the S. and centre mountainous ; elsewhere mostly 
 lowland. Cambrian and Lower Silurian rocks prevail in the W. 
 The E. is overlaid by the Tertiary basalts, which cover the 
 greater part of Antrim, and between these two areas there is 
 a strip of Lower Carboniferous. Coast line low. Chief rivers, 
 the Foyle, Bann, and Roe. Climate mild. Mean annual temp, 
 of the cap. 49° F. ; annual rfall., 34 in. Soil various, but on 
 the lowlands mostly fertile. Poultry numerous, and eggs are 
 extensively exported. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix^ 
 pp. 10-12. Estates large, and mostly owned by the twelve 
 London companies, to which the county was granted by James 
 I. , after forfeiture by the rebellion of its native chiefs. Manu- 
 factures of linen extensive. Principal towns, Londonderry and 
 Coleraine. L, sends two county members to Parliament (N. 
 and S. divs.), besides one for the city of Londonderry. See 
 Ireland, table. 
 
 Londonderry and Longh Swilly Railway. See London- 
 derry, city. 
 
 Londonderry, North- West Liberties of, bar. , Ire. , in co. 
 Londonderry, W. of riv. Foyle. 
 
 Londonderry, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Rockingham co., 
 6 m. SE. Manchester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Londonderry, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Windham co. , on West 
 R., 28 m. S. by E. Rutland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Londonderry Cape, in the extreme N. of W. Australia. 
 
 Londonderry Islands, group, Chile, in the W. of the 
 archipelago of Tierra del Fuego, crossed by 55° S. 
 
 London Fields, stn., Eng., London, on the G. E. R., zh m. 
 NE. St. Paul's. 
 
 LondonRoad, stn. , Eng. , Manchester, terminus of M. S. & L. R. 
 
 London Road, stn., Eng., Nottingham, terminus of G. N. R. 
 
 London Road, stn., Eng., Surrey, in NE. vicinity of Guild- 
 ford, on L. & SW. R. 
 
 London Road, stn,, Eng., Sussex, in NE. of Brighton, on 
 L. B. & S. C. R. 
 
 London Stone, rock in the Thames, Eng., Kent, Medway 
 div. , 4I m. N W. by W. Sheerness. 
 
 London, Tilbury, and Southend Railway, a rly. system, 
 Eng., main line running from Fenchurch Street, London, N. of 
 the Thames, to the places indicated. 
 
 Londonthorpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 
 3 m. ENE. Grantham. P. <:25o. See DIantborpe. 
 
 Lonely Island, small isl. with a lighthouse, Canada, Ontario, 
 in Georgian Bay, in 45° 31' N. , 81° 30' W. 
 
 Lone Pine, vil., U.S., California, Inyo co. P. < 1500. 
 
 3M 
 
LONG — LONG 
 
 Long, isl. , Ger. New Guinea, crossed by 5° 20' S. , and in the 
 W. by 147° E. 
 
 Long, Locb, a branch of the Firth of Clyde, Scot. , extending 
 N. opposite Gourock 20 m., between cos. Argyll and Dum- 
 barton. Breadth, 1-2 m. ; depth, 15-20 fathoms. 
 
 Long, Longh, small lake. Ire., in the W. of co. Monaghan, 
 II m. NE. Cavan. 
 
 Longa, isL, Scot., Ross-shire, W. ct., at the mouth of the 
 Gair Loch, in 57° 43J' N. 
 
 Longannet Point, cape, Scot., Perthshire, on the N. shore 
 of the Firth of Forth, in 3° 41 J' W., opposite Grangemouth 
 Harbovu'. 
 
 Longarone, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 10 m. NE. by N, 
 Belluno, on the Piave, 43 m. N. Treviso. P. < 2000. 
 
 Long Beach, watering-place, U.S., California, on a beautiful 
 sea-beach, San Pedro Bay, 4 m. E. Wilmington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Long Beach, vil. , U.S., New Jersey, Burlington co. , 55 m. 
 SE. by E. Philadelphia (Penn.), on the S. end of Long Beach 
 I., which stretches more than 20 m. NNE., mainly in Ocean 
 CO. P. < 1500. 
 
 Longbenton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Tyneside div., 
 3J m. NNE. Newcastle, close to Benton stn. ; it has coal-mines 
 and stone quarries. P. (1871) 17,200; (1891) 22,200. 
 
 Longborongh, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Cirencester div. , 
 i2i;m. SE. Evesham, 2J m. SW. Moreton in the Marsli stn., 
 P.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. (L. with Sezlncote) P. <:7So. 
 
 Long Branch, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Monmouth co., on the 
 coast, 27 m. S. New York ; a strip of sandy beach, backed by a 
 bluff on the Atlantic Ocean, a much frequented summer resort 
 of New York. P. 7200. 
 
 Longhredy, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., on the Bredy, 
 7J m. W. Dorchester, P.O. (Long Bredy). P. <:5oo; eccles. 
 par. (L. -with Llttlebredy) P. <5oo. 
 
 Longbrldge Deverlll, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Westbury div. , 
 10 m. S. Trowbridge, 3 m. S. by W. Warminster stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o; eccles. par. (L. D. with Honkton DeTerlll and 
 Crockerton) P. < 1000. 
 
 Longbrldgemoor, moorland tract, Scot. , Dumfriesshire, 8 m. 
 W. by N. Annan- 
 
 Longbnrton, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, N. div. , 3 m. S. by E. 
 Sherborne, P.O. (Long Bnrton). P. <soo; eccles. par. (L. 
 with Holuest) P. <soo. 
 
 Longcot, par., Eng., Berkshire, Abingdon div., 8 J m. NE. 
 by E. Swindon, 3 m. S. by W. Faringdon, ij m. W. by N. 
 Uffington stn. , P.O. P. <soo ; eccles. par. (L. -with Fernham) 
 P.<:5oo. 
 
 Longcroft, hamlet, Scot, Stirlingshire, 5J m. W. Falkirk, i 
 m. W. by S. Dennyloanhead stn. See Parkfoot. 
 
 Longden, P.O., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 5 m. SW. 
 Shrewsbury, ij m. SE. Plealey Road stn. 
 
 Longdon, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 3 J m. NW. 
 Lichfield, i m. SW. Armitage stn., PT.O. ; 4545 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Longdon, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., 4 m. 
 NW. by W. Tewkesbury, P.O. P.<50o. 
 
 Longdon Road, stn. , Eng. , Worcestershire, on Shipton-on- 
 Stour Branch Rly., 2 m. N. Shipton-on-Stour. 
 
 Longdon-npon-Tem, par. , Eng. , Salop, Newport div. , on 
 one of the Shropshire Union Canals, 8^ m. E. by N. Shrews- 
 bury, 2 m. N. by W. Admaston stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Longdown, hamlet, Eng., Devonshire, 4 m. SE. Exeter, P.O. 
 
 Long Downs, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Penryn, Cornwall. 
 , Longdyke, viL, Scot, Stirling, Bothkennar par. P. <soo. 
 
 Longerlch, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 5 m. NW. by N. 
 Cologne. P. <:20oo. 
 
 LongeTUle-16g-Salnt« Avoid, vil. , Ger. See Lnbeln. 
 
 Longfleld, par., Eng., Kent, Dartford div., 4J m. SW. 
 Gravesend, close to Fawkham stn., PMT.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Longfleld, East and West, two adjoining pars., Ire., NW. 
 CO. Tyrone, bar. W. Omagh. East L., 6 m. W. by N. Omagh, 
 9718 ac. , P. <2ooo; West L. 23,904 ac, P. <35oo. 
 
 Longfleet, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, within the bor. of Poole. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Longford, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , 9 m. W. by N. 
 Derby, PM.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Longford, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., ij 
 m. NNE. Gloucester, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Longford, P.O., Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge div., sjm. NE. 
 Staines. 
 
 Longford, prr., Eng., Salop, div. and ij m. W. by S. 
 Newport, 15 m. E. by N. Shrewsbury. P. <25o. 
 
 Longford, part of eccles. par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nun- 
 eaton div., 3^ m. NNE. Coventry, with a stn. (Longford and 
 ExhaU) on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. See Foleshill. 
 
 Longford, bar., Ire., in the extreme SE. of co. Gal way, 
 bordering King's co. on the E. 
 
 Longford, tnld., Ire., S. King's co., bar. Ballybritt, 7 m. 
 ESE. Parsonstown. To the W. are the round tower and 
 church of Sierkieram. P. <25o. 
 
 Longford, inland co.. Ire., Leinster, extending from Lough 
 Ree (in the course of the Shannon) NE. to co. Cavan, and N. 
 914 
 
 of Lough Ree, bounded on the W. by the Shannon ; divided 
 into the following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1 891. 
 
 Ardagh .... 
 
 40,229 
 
 9.929 
 
 Granard .... 
 
 64,229 
 
 14,618 
 
 Longford .... 
 
 57.265 
 
 14,203 
 
 Moydow .... 
 
 34.479 
 
 4.139 
 
 Rathcline . . 
 
 40,544 
 
 6.553 
 
 Shrule 
 
 21,024 
 
 3.205 
 
 Total .... 
 
 257,770 1 
 
 52.647 
 
 1 Exclusive of 11,637 ac under the larger rivers and loughs. 
 Surface between the NW. and middle of the county diver- 
 sified with gentle hills, elsewhere mostly flat, in many places 
 boggy ; geologically mostly of the Lower Carboniferous period, 
 but with inlying patches of Devonian. Besides a portion of 
 Lough Ree, the coimty contains in the NE. Lough Gowna, 
 besides other smaller loughs. Soil, except where bog prevails, 
 mostly a rich loam resting upon limestone. Grazing farms are 
 numerous ; arable farms smalL For agricultural statistics, see 
 Appendix, pp. 10-12. Linens and coarse woollens manu- 
 factured. The county is crossed by the Midland Great Western 
 Rly. (two branches) and the Royal Canal. The county returns 
 two members to Parliament (N. and S. divs.). Chief towns, 
 Longford, Granard, Ballymahon, and Edgeworthstown. See 
 Ireland, table. 
 
 Longford, bar.. Ire., in the NW. of co. Longford. 
 
 Longford, civic tn.. Ire., NW. co. L., bars. Ardagh and L., 
 17 m. ENE. Roscommon, on the M. G. W. R., the small riv. 
 Camhn, and a branch of the Royal Canal ; seat of the Roman 
 CathoUc bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnois, whose diocese 
 embraces nearly the whole co. of L., with the greater part 
 of CO. Leitrim, and portions of King's co. , Westmeath, Ros- 
 common, Cavan, and Sligo ; has a Roman Catholic cathedral 
 and college, cavalry and artillery barracks, an extensive brick- 
 factory, corn-mills, &c. Market-days, W. and S. P. < 4000. 
 
 Longford, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., 60 m. fj-om 
 Westport (BuUer co. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Longford, municip., Tasmania, Westmoreland co., 11 m. S. 
 Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Longford, post-tn. , Victoria, Buln Buln co. , on the Latrobe R. , 
 
 5 m. SSE. Sale. P. < 1500. 
 
 Longford, South, Tasmania. See Lake District. 
 
 Longfordpass, electoral div., Ire., co. Tipperary, dist 
 Littleton. 
 
 Longforgan, par., Scot, E. Perthshire, 5i m. W. Dundee, 
 I m. NNW. of its stn. on the C. R., PM.O.; 8528 ac. 
 P. < 2000; vil. P. <500. 
 
 Longformacns, par., Scot, Berwickshire, on Dye Water, 
 
 6 m. WNW. Duns, PT.O.; 19,532 ac. P.<5oo. 
 Longft-amllngton, par., Eng., Northumberland. See 
 
 Framllngton, Long. 
 
 Long Golly, post-tn. , Victoria, co. and 2 m. N. Bendigo, in 
 36° 41' S., 144° 11' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Longham, hamlet, Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., on the Stour, 
 6 m. NE. Poole, 3 m. E. by S. Wimborne stn., PM.O. 
 
 Longham, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 20 m. E. by S. 
 King's Lynn, 4 m. NW. by W. East Dereham, 3 m. ENE. 
 Fransham stn., P.O. P. <50o; eccles. par. (L. with Wend- 
 ling) P.<750- 
 
 Long Handborongh, vil. , Eng. , co. and 6 m. NW. Oxford, 
 PM.O. 
 
 Long Harbour, inlet, Newfoundland, S. ct., running N. 
 firom Fortune Bay, its mouth in 55° 5' W. 
 
 Longhaven, P.O., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 5 m. S. Peterhead. 
 
 Longhlrst, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck div. , 2^ 
 m. NE. by N. Morpeth, on the NE. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Longhope, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div., 
 9 m. W. by N. Gloucester, on the G. W. R., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Longhope, hamlet, Scot., Orkney Is., Hoy I., 17 m. SW. 
 Kirkwall, PMT.O. 
 
 Longhonghton, stn. , Eng. , Northumberland. See Hough- 
 ton, Long. 
 
 Long Island, or Ifnma, one of the Bahama Is. , between Cat 
 I. on the NW. and Crooked I. on the SE. Length, 68 m. ; 
 breadth, 1-2 m. 
 
 Long Island, Canada, on the E. side of James Bay, Hudson 
 Bay, S. end, in 55° 5' N. 
 
 Long Island, Ire. , off SW. ct of co. Cork, bar. W. Carbery, 
 W. div., lat 51° 28' N., long. 9° 33' W. P. 205. 
 
 Long Island, isL, NE. New Guinea, at the SW. extremity 
 of New Britain. Area, 232 sq. m. 
 
 Long Island, Ire., in the SE. of co. Roscommon, bar. S. 
 Athlone, in the riv. Shannon. 
 
 Long Island, a name applied collectively to that group of 
 the Hebrides (Scot.) consisting of Lewis, N. and S. Uist, and 
 Benbecula. 
 
LONG — LONG 
 
 Long Island, isl., U.S., Maine, in Blue Hill Bay, opposite 
 Seaville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Long Island, isl., U.S., Massachusetts, in Boston Harbour; 
 fortified, and with lighthouse. P. < 1500. 
 
 Long Island, isl. , U. S. , New Hampshire, Carroll co. , in Lake 
 Winnepesaukee. Length, 3 m. ; breadth, 2 m. 
 
 Long Island, several isls. off the coasts of the U.S., N. 
 America, the principal in state New York, a long fish-shaped 
 strip of land, opposite Staten I., separated from New York City 
 by East R. , having N. Long Island Sound, W. New York Bay, 
 and on other sides the Atlantic Ocean. Length 115 m. ; average 
 breadth, 12 m.; area, 1500 sq. m. Surface generally very 
 level ; along the N. shore is a narrow range of hills. The S. 
 shore is formed by one immense sandbank, almost completely 
 separated from the island proper by inlets, the largest of which 
 is Great South Bay, extending for 100 m. behind the Great 
 South Beach. Rockaway and Coney I. beaches, famous 
 summer resorts, are western extensions of the Great South 
 Beach. Chief towns, Brooklyn and Long Island City. For- 
 merly inhabited by various small tribes of Indians, of whom 
 a few still remain. In the battle of Long Island, 1776, the 
 British, under Lord Cornwallis, defeated the Americans. 
 
 Long Island, city, U.S., New York, Queen's co., 5 m. 
 NNE. Brooklyn, at W. end of Long I. It has a water-front 
 of 10 m. along Newtown Creek, which separates it from 
 Brooklyn, and thence along East R. to Bowery Bay. P. (1880) 
 17,100 ; (1890) 30,500. 
 
 Long Island, isl., U.S., S, Carolina, Charleston co., in 32° 
 48'-si' N. 
 
 Long Island Sound, is the navigable channel between 
 Long Island and New York and Connecticut, no m. in length, 
 and from 2 to 20 m. across, communicating E. by a narrow 
 rapid, called the Race, with the Atlantic, and W. with New 
 York Bay by East R. , between New York and Brooklyn. An 
 important trade route between New York and the eastern 
 states. 
 
 Longjameau, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Carbeil, 
 on the Orge, 11 m. SSW. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <3000. 
 
 Longkl, vil. , China, prov. Yiinnan, Sim. NNE. Chaotung-fu ; 
 seat of the bishop of the Catholic missions of Yunnan. 
 
 Long Lake, Canada, New Brunswick, Victoria co., 75 m. N. 
 by W. Fredericton, drained by the riv. Tobique into the riv. 
 St. John. 
 
 Long Lake, Canada, Nova Scotia, Shelburne co. , 105 m. SW. 
 by W. Halifax, drained into the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Long Lake, Canada, Ontario, N. of Lake Superior, E. of 
 Lake Nepigon, crossed by 87° W. , drained NE, into the 
 Kenogami. Length, 35 m. ; breadth, ^4 m. 
 
 Long Lake, Canada, Quebec, Temiscouata co., 120 m. E. 
 by N. Quebec, drained from its NW. end NE. into Lake 
 Temiscouata, 13 m. long. 
 
 Long Lake, lake, U.S., Maine, Piscataquis co. , drains 
 Namjamskillecook R. into Temiscouata Lake. Length, 15 m.; 
 breadth, 2 m. 
 
 Long Lake, lake, U.S., New York, Hamilton co., 16 m. 
 long, 62 m. SW. by W. Burlington (Vt.). Alt. 1573 ft. 
 (Adirondack Survey). 
 
 Long (or Last) Mountain Lake, Canada, Assiniboia, about 
 50 m. long NNW. to SSE. , crossed at its S. end by 105° W. , 
 drained from its S. end into the Qu' Appelle R. 
 
 Longley, post-tn., Tasmania, Buckingham co., 12 m. (by 
 road) SW. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Longlier, vil. , Belgium, prov. Luxembourg, arr. Neufchiteau, 
 26 m. ENE. Sedan. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Long Load, eccles. par., Eng. , Somerset, S. div., 7 m. 
 NW. Yeovil, 2 m. N. Martock stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Longmanklll, vil., Scot., Banffshire, 3 m. E. by S. Banff, 
 2jm. ESE. Macduff stn., P.O. 
 
 Long Harston, stn. , Eng. See Marston Sicca. 
 
 Long Meadow, Eng. See Bottlstaam Lode. 
 
 Lougnicadow, tn., U.S., on the S. frontier of Massachusetts,' 
 Hampden co. , 4 m. S. Springfield. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Lougmout, tn., U.S., Colorado, Boulder co., 59 m. NW. 
 Denver (by rail). P. <20oo. 
 
 Longmore, electoral div. , Ire., co. Antrim, dist. Broughshane. 
 
 Longniore, P. O. , Ire. , 4 m. from Templemore, co. Tipperary. 
 
 Longniorn, stn., Scot, Elginshire, on the G. N. of S. R., 
 3 m. SSE. Elgin. 
 
 Longmuu, riv., China, probably the Heng-kiang or Kin- 
 kiang of Chinese maps, having the isl. of L. (prov. Kwangtung, 
 37 m. W. Lien-chou) opposite its mouth ; navigable to Lingshan. 
 
 Long Mynd, Tbe, range of hills, Eng., Salop, 12-17 m. 
 SSW. Shrewsbury ; composed of Cambrian rocks. Highest 
 peak, 1674 ft. 
 
 Longney, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbm"y div,, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Severn, 5I m. SW. Gloucester, P.O. P. <Soo, 
 
 Longnl, vil., France, dep. Orne, 31 m. E. by N. Alen9on, 
 10 m. E. Mortagne. P. <2oco. 
 
 Longnlddry, vil., Scot., Haddingtonshire, 5 m. WNW. 
 Haddington, for which it is the junction, on the N. B. R., P.O. 
 
 LongnoT, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 8 m. S. Shrews- 
 bury, i^ m. NE. Leebotwood stn. P. <25o. See Leebotwood. 
 
 Longnor, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Leek div., 6 m. SSE. 
 Buxton, PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Longo, seapt., W. Africa, French Congo Terr., in 3° 45' S., 
 with English and Dutch trading stations. 
 
 Longobondo, seapt., W. Africa, French Congo Terr., in 4° 
 20' S. , with Dutch trading station. 
 
 Iiongobncco, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 37 m. N. 
 Catanzaro. P. <4000. ' 
 
 Longone, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Leghorn, on the E. ct. 
 of the isl. of Elba ; two forts defend the entrance to the port. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Longonot, volcanic mt. , Brit. E. Africa, about 6 m. S. Lake 
 Naivasha. Alt. 9350 ft. 
 
 Longo Point, cape, Portuguese W. Africa, in about 10° 16' S. 
 
 Longos, the centre one of the three peninsulas in the SE. 
 of Chalkis, Tiu-key in Europe, terminating in Cape Drepano. 
 Length, 31 m. 
 
 Longparisb, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., on the 
 Test, 10 m. N. by W. Winchester, ij m. NE. by E. of its stn. 
 on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. ; 5329 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 LongpaTement, stn. , Ire., N. co. Limerick, bar. Pubblebrien, 
 ij m. NW. Limerick, on the Waterford and Limerick Rly. 
 
 Longpo, frontier tn. on the Song-koi, or Red R. , Tongking, 
 between Laokai and Manhao. 
 
 Long Point. 1. Isl., Canada, Ontario, in Lake Erie, 18 m. 
 long, in 80° 6'-25' W. 2. Bay on the N. 
 
 Long Point, tn. , Canada, Quebec, Hochelaga co. , Montreal 
 I.,onl. bk. of the St. Lawrence, 5 m. NNE. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Long Point, cape. Cape Colony, W. ct. , in about 32° 50' S. 
 
 Long Point, cape, Newfoundland, W. ct., in 48° 50' N. 
 
 Long Point, cape, U.S., Massachusetts, in Cape Cod Bay, 
 in 42° 2' N. , 70° 9' W. 
 
 Long Pond, lake, Newfoundland, in 47° S9'-48° 6' N., 55° 
 50° W. 
 
 Longport, eccles. par., Eng., Staff'ordshire, Burslem par., 
 3 m. NW. Stoke-upon-Trent, on the N. Staffordshire Rly., 
 PMT.O. Market-day, S. P. 10,100. 
 
 Long Prairie, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Todd co. , 100 m. NW. 
 Minneapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Long Range, The, lough. Ire. See Klllarney. 
 
 Long Range, the name of two ranges of mts. , Newfound- 
 land, one extending along the W. ct. from about 49°- 50° 40' 
 N. , the other stretching 50 m. ENE. from Cape Ray in the SW. 
 
 Long Reach, reach of the riv. Thames, 3 m. long, above 
 Gravesend, Eng. 
 
 Long Reach, post-tn.. New South Wales, co. Argyle, 121 m. 
 (by rail and road) SW. Sydney. P, < 1500. 
 
 Longreach, post-tn., Queensland, Cumberland co., 425 m. 
 (by rail) W. Rockhampton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Long Reach, channel, S. Chile, crossed by 53° 10' S. 
 
 Long Reach, vil., U.S., West Virginia, Tyler co. , on the 
 Ohio, 42 m. SSW. Wheeling. P. < 1500. 
 
 Longrldge, manufacturing tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, Blackpool 
 div., 6 m. NE. Preston, on the L. & Y. R. ; carries on cotton- 
 spinning and weaving, and nail-making. Mean rfall. (Alston, 
 alt. 320 ft., 1866-80), 43.8 in. P. <45oo. 
 
 Longrldge, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 3J m. 
 SW. by W. Berwick-upon-Tweed, ij m. ENE. Velvethall stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Long Ridge, hill, Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Colne Valley 
 div., II m. SW. Huddersfield. Height, 1709 ft. 
 
 Longrldge, P. O. , Scot. , 3 m. from Fauldhouse, Linlithgow- 
 shire. 
 
 Longrldge Fell, upland tract, Eng. , in the N. of the Darwen 
 div. of Lancashire, about 4 m. W. Clitheroe. 
 
 Longrlggend, vil., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, 4^ m. NE. by 
 E. Airdrie, on the N. B. R.; has coal. PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Long Sand, shoal, in the Wash, 3^5 m. from the SE. ct. of 
 Lincolnshire, Eng. 
 
 Long Sand, shoal, in North Sea, at mouth of Thames estuary, 
 18 m. long NE. to SW., between Knock Deep and Black Deep, 
 S. end 8^ m. N. Margate. 
 
 Longsdon, P.O., Eng., Staffordshire. See Endon. 
 
 Longshaws, par., Eng., Northumberland, 5 m. N. Morpeth. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Longshlps, small isl., with a lighthouse (visible 16 m.), Eng., 
 Cornwall, ij m. W. Land's End{g.v.). 
 
 Long-Shuyen (-Chnyen, or -Xuyen), tn., Cambodia, on 
 the r. bk. of the Bassak, on W. arm of the Mekong, 88 ra. W. 
 by S. Saigon, connected by canal with Rashgia. 
 
 Longslde, par., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on South Ugie 
 Water, 6 m. W. by N. Peterhead, on the G. N. of S. R., 
 PMT.O. ; 16,836 ac. P. <35oo; vil. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Longslght, two eccles. pars. , Eng. , Lancashire, on the L. & 
 NW. R., about 2^ m. SSE. London Road stn., Manchester. 
 L. St. Clement, P. 6400 ; L. St. John, P. 9400. 
 
 Long's Peak, mt. , U.S., Colorado, in the Front Range, 50 
 m. NW. Denver. Alt. 14,271 ft. (Hayden), 14,050 ft. (King). 
 
 915 
 
LONG — LORA 
 
 liongstock, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., on the 
 Anton, 9 m. NW. by W. Winchester, li m. N. Stockbridge 
 stn., P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Longstone, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Derbyshire, W. div. Great L. 9^ m. E. Buxton, on the M. R. , 
 has barytas mine, PM.O., P. <75o; Little L. P. <25o. 
 
 Lougstoue, or Angle Park, vil., Scot., Edinburghshire, 
 near Slateford. P. <500. 
 
 Longsto>ve, par. , Eng. , co. and lo m. W. by S. Cambridge, 
 Chesterton div., close to Old North Road stn., P.O. (Long 
 Stow). P. <5oo. 
 
 Long Swamp, post-tn. , New South Wales, Georgiana co. , 25 
 m. SSW. Bathurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Longtbanh, or Longtanb, vil. and fortified military post. 
 Lower Cochin-China, 20 m. E. Saigon. 
 
 Lougtborpe, eccles. par. , Eng. , Northamptonshire, in W. of 
 Peterborough city, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Longton, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Blackpool div. , 4^ m. SW. 
 Preston, with a stn. (L. Bridge) on the Southport and Preston 
 June. Rly., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Longton, man. bor. (since 1865) and market-tn., Eng., 
 Staffordshire, at S. extremity of the Potteries, 2^ m. SE. and 
 within pari. bor. of Stoke-upon-Trent, diocese of Lichfield, with 
 a stn. on branch of N. Staffordshire Rly., and also served by 
 the Trent and Mersey Canal. It is one of the chief ' pottery ' 
 towns, formerly a small hamlet ; has blast-furnaces, and is rich 
 in coal and ironstone mines. Several fairs are held. Boundaries 
 extended in 1884, when Dresden and other suburbs were included. 
 Market-day, S. P. (1871) 19,700; (1891) 34,300. 
 
 Longtowu, vil., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on the 
 Esk, 8J m. N. by W. Carhsle, in Arthuret par., on N. B. R., 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Longtown, par., Eng., co. and 14 m. SW. by W. Hereford, 
 Ross div., 4 m. NNW. Pandy stn., PM.O.; 6260 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Louga^, tn., France, dep. Maine-et- Loire, arr. Baug6, 22 m. 
 ESE. Angers. P. < 2000. 
 
 LougnenU, tn. , Canada, Quebec, cap. Chambly co., on the 
 r. bk. of St. Lawrence, 2 m. ENE. Montreal. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Longnerille, vil., France, dep. Seine-Inf6rieure, 10 m. S. by 
 E. Dieppe. P. <20oo. 
 
 Longuyon, tn. , France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, arr. Briey, 
 on the Chiers, 23 m. NNE. Verdun. P. <3ooo. 
 
 LongTlew, tn., U.S., Texas, Gregg co., 59 m. W. Shreveport 
 (Louis.). P. < 3000. 
 
 Longville, stn. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , 12 m. S. by E. 
 Shrewsbury, on the G. W. R. 
 
 Lougwarry, vil., Victoria, co. Buln Buln, about 50 m. by 
 road E. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Longwe Monntains, a range on the E. frontier of the S. 
 African Republic, between the Limpopo and Olifants Rivs. 
 
 Longwitton, stn., Eng., Northumberland. See Wlttou, 
 Long. 
 
 Longwood, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the W. of 
 the pari. bor. of Huddersfield, on the L. & NW. R. P. 5400. 
 
 Longwood, tn. , Ire., SW. co. Meath, bar. Upper Moyfenrath, 
 9 m. SSW. Trim, 2 m. from Moyvalley stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Longwood, East, vil. , Victoria, Delatite co. , 70 m. E. Sand- 
 hurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Longwortb, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 7 m. W. by N. 
 Abingdon, 5^ m. N. by W. Wantage Road stn., PM.O. P. < 
 750; eccles. par. (L. witb Cbarney) P. < 1000. 
 
 Longwortb, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, 5 m. NW. Bolton. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Longwy, fortified tn., France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, arr. 
 Briey, near the Belgian frontier, 18 m. W. by S. Luxemburg, 
 with important mines of iron ore. L. , the ' Iron Gate of France,' 
 was taken by the Prussians in 1792, and again by the Allies in 
 1815. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Loni, riv. , India. See Lnnl. 
 
 Lonlgo, the ancient Leonicum, tn., N. Italy, Venetia, prov. 
 Vicenza, on the Frassine, 23 m. W. Padua, with ferruginous 
 springs. P. <40oo. 
 
 Lonmay, par., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on the G. N. of S. 
 R., 5 m. S. by E. Fraserburgh, PMT.O.; 11,075 ^.c. P. <2Soo. 
 
 Lonneker, comm., Holland, Overijssel, on the Prussian 
 frontier. P. 7500. 
 
 Lonoke, vil., U.S., Arkansas, cap. L. co., 22 m. E. Little 
 Rock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lonqalnial, volcano of the Andes, Chile, to the S. of the riv. 
 Bio-bio, in 37° 55' S. , 71° 55' W. Alt. 9620 ft. S. of it is the 
 L. Pass (6600 ft. ). 
 
 Lonsdale, valley of riv. Lune, Westmorland and Lancashire, 
 gives name to a ward of Westmorland and a parL div. of 
 Lancashire. 
 
 Lonsdale, manufacturing vil., U.S., Rhode I., co. and 7 m. 
 N. Providence, on Blackstone R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lonsdale, Nortb, pari, div., Eng., in the NW. of Lanca- 
 shire, on both sides of Morecambe Bay. P. (1891) 51,200. 
 
 Lonsdale Crossing, Nortb, stn., Eng., Lancashire, near 
 Ulverston, on Furness Rly.. PMT.O. (N. Lonsdale Road). 
 916 
 
 LonS'le-Sannier (or Saulnler), the ancient Ledum Salorium, 
 cap. dep. Jura, France, arr. L.-le-S. , 35 m. E. by S. Chdloa- 
 sur-Saone, near the source of the Solman. The brine-springs, 
 discovered in the 4th century, to which the town owes its founda- 
 tion and name, are still utilised for the extraction of salt. Birth- 
 place of Dumas, executed 1794, and Rouget de I'Isle, author of 
 the ' Marseillaise,' died 1836. P. 9900. 
 
 Loo, or Looe, small riv., Eng., Cornwall, flowing into the 
 English Channel, in 4° 15' W. 
 
 Loo, castle, royal country seat, Netherlands, prov. Gelder- 
 land, 18 m. NNE. Arnhem. 
 
 Loo Bridge, stn.. Ire., co. Kerry, near Headford June, on 
 G. S. & W. R. 
 
 Loo-cboo, isls.. Pacific. See Kin-kin. 
 
 Loocliristi, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. Ghent 
 P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Looe, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Cornwall, 
 Bodmin div., having a small harbour defended by a battery; 
 seat of a pilchard fishery. They were, next to Fowey, the prin- 
 cipal ports in Cornwall; and in the reign of Edward III. East 
 L. sent twenty ships to the siege of Calais. East L. , fishing- 
 port and market-tn. (also a pari. bor. till 1832), 13^ m. W. Ply- 
 mouth, at the mouth of the Looe, on the 1. bk., on the Liskeard 
 and Caradon Rly., PMT.O. (L.). Par. P. < 1500. West L., 
 ct. tn., on the r. bk. of the Looe. Par. P. -C1500. 
 
 Looe Island, or St. George's Island, small isl. , Eng. , Corn- 
 wall, x\ m. S. of W. Looe. 
 
 Loog, Dutch, 'a site," or 'low-lying field.' %q& Laag. 
 
 Loogootee, vil., U.S., Indiana, Martin co., 56 m. SSE. 
 Terre-Haute. P. < 1500. 
 
 Looking Glass Rirer, riv., U.S., Michigan, flows W. into 
 Grand R. Length, 70 m. 
 
 Lookout, €ape, Canada, NW. Terr., on S. side Hudson 
 Bay, in 85° 10' W. 
 
 Lookout Cape, U.S., N. Carolina, Carteret co., in the SE., 
 in 34° 35' N. Mean temp., yr. 62.8° F., Jan. 47.2°, July 80.0°. 
 
 Lookout, Point, cape, U.S., Maryland, at the end of the 
 p)enin. between Chesapeake Bay and the estuary of the Potomac. 
 
 Loon Lake, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P, R., 
 970 ni. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Loon op Zand, comm. , Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, n 
 m. SW. Hertogenbosch, in the S. of the Langstraai, with im- 
 portant manufactures of boots and shoes. P. 7200. 
 
 Loop, Dutch, ' a current.' See Lauf. 
 
 Loop Head, cape. Ire., SW. ct. co. Clare, with a lighthouse 
 (in 9° 56' W. ) visible 22 m. 
 
 Loos, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 3 m. SW. by W. 
 Lille, with cotton and flax-spinning. P. 5500. 
 
 Loose, par. , Eng. , Kent, Medway div. , 3 m. S. Maidstone, 
 2 m. SE. of E. Farleigh stn., PMT.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Looseley Bow, vil. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, 3 m. W. Princes 
 Risborough, PM.O. 
 
 Lootenbnlle, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. 
 Ghent. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Looz, tn. , Belgium, prov. Limbourg, arr. Tongres, 15 m. W. 
 by S. Maastricht. P. (comm.) < 3000. 
 
 Lopat, vil., Turkey in Eiu-ope, vilayet and 14 m. NE. 
 Uskiib. 
 
 Lopatka. See Kamcbatka. 
 
 Lopbnri, tn., Siam, on a branch of the Menam, 70 m. N. 
 Bangkok. 
 
 Lopen, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 8 m. W. by S. Yeovil, 
 I m. S. of South Petterton, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Lopera, tn. , Spain, prov. and 22 m. NW. Jaen, dist. Andujar, 
 near the Guadalquivir. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Lopez, formerly Cabo Lopo Goncalves, promontory, Africa, 
 Gulf of Guinea, in 0° 36' S. , 8° 35' Wf , improperly called a cape ; 
 the ground is low, and flooded. This promontory is only the 
 northern point of the most westerly island of the Ogowe delta. 
 The French station of Cape L., founded in 1883, is on Lopez I. 
 ' Lopbam, Nortb and Soutb, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Norfolk, Mid div. North L. , 21 m. SW. by S. Norwich, 
 PM.O., P.<7So; South L., P.O., P.<:5oo. 
 
 Loping, tn. , China, Kiangsi, 83 m. E. Kew-kiang, 35 m. 
 E Poyang Lake ; bituminous coal of inferior quality found near. 
 
 Loping, tn., China, in the E. of prov. Shansi, 210 m. SW. 
 Peking ; in the neighbourhood are the richest beds of iron ore in 
 China, also beds of anthracite and clay, used for the crucibles 
 in which the ore is smelted. 
 
 Loping>cbon, tn. , China, Yiinnan, 105 m. E. Yiinnan-fu. 
 
 Lop Nor, lake. See Lob Nor. 
 
 Lopo GoncalTCs, cape, Africa. See Lopez. 
 
 Loppingto'n, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 11 m. N. by 
 W. Shrewsbury, 3 m. W. Wem stn., PM.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Lopuri, or Loporl, riv., central Africa. See Lnlongo. 
 
 Lora, riv., Afghanistan and Baluchistan, formed of three 
 branches uniting in the plain of Pishin, flows SW. to Baluchistan 
 through the Choravak valley, where most of its water is carried 
 off in numerous irrigation canals ; the river finally disappears io 
 the marshy shallow of Hamun Lora. 
 
LORA— LOSA 
 
 Lora, Falls of, Scot., Argyllshire, at the mouth of Loch 
 Etive, 4^ m. NE. by E. Oban, close to Connel Ferry stn. 
 
 Lora del Rio, the Flavia or Municipium Flavium Axati- 
 tanum of the Romans, tn. , Spain, prov. and 30 m. NE. Seville, 
 on the r. bk. of the Guadalquivir, cap. dist. L. del R. , with 
 a quarry of phosphate of lime. P. 8300. 
 
 liOraiii, vil., U.S., Ohio, L. co., on Lake Erie, 25 m. W. by 
 S. Cleveland. P. < 5000. 
 
 Lorbes, the ancient Lares or Laribus, ruined site, Tunis, 10 
 m. SE. Kef, N. Africa ; the scattered ruins are situated in the 
 midst of plantations of enormous cacti. 
 
 Lorbottle, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div. , 10 m. WSW. Alnwick, 3 J m. N W. by N. Rothbury 
 stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Lorca, tn. , Spain, prov. and 37 m. SW. by W. Murcia, on the 
 Sangonera, cap. dist. L. Its old castle once caused L. to be 
 considered the key of Murcia ; the walls of the town and a tower 
 are Moorish, and it has some Roman antiquities. L. suffered 
 severely in 1802 by the bursting of a reservoir, and again in 
 1879 by a terrible inundation. P. 58,300. 
 
 Lorch, comm., Ger. , Wiirtemburg, circle Jagst, on the Rems, 
 23 m. E. Stuttgart. P. < 3000. 
 
 Lorch, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Rheingau, on 
 riv. Rhine, 6^ m. NW. by N. Bingen ; has noted vineyards. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Lordelo do OIro (or do IJro), tn. , Portugal, suburb of Oporto. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Lordlngton, part of eccles. par., Eng., Sussex. See Racton. 
 
 Lord Hood's Island, or JMarnt^a, Pacific Ocean, in 21° 30' 
 
 s., 135° 33' w. 
 
 Lord Howe, isl., S. Pacific, belonging to New South Wales, 
 between Port Jackson and Norfolk L, about 400m. E. Sydney; 
 first occupied by three Europeans, accompanied by Maori 
 women, in 1834. Rises precipitously from the sea on nearly all 
 sides to the height of 2840 ft. ; profuse vegetation. Length, 7 
 m. ; breadth, ij m. ; area about 5 sq. m. P. about 50. 
 
 Lord Howe's Islands, one of the names of the Nyua group, 
 Solomon Is. , Pacific. 
 
 Lord North, or Tohl, isl. Pacific, in the S. of the Pelew Is. 
 
 Lords Bridge, stn. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div. , 
 on the L. & NW. R., 4 m. SW. Cambridg:e. 
 
 Lordsbnrg, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Grant co., 75 m. 
 NNE. from the SW. corner of the terr. 
 
 Lordship Lane, stn. , Eng. , London. See Forest Hill. 
 
 Lords Seat, hill, Eng., in the NW. of Derbyshire, 7 m. NNE. 
 Buxton, 3 m. ENE. Chapel-en-le-Frith. Alt. 1816 ft. 
 
 Lorelei (from the old Saxon root leia, ' rock," or ' ledge of 
 rock'), rock, on the r. bk. of the Rhine, between St. Goar and 
 Oberwesel, Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau ; owes its celebrity to 
 the legend of its siren, and to its echo ; formerly dangerous to 
 ships. Alt. 425 ft. 
 
 Lorena, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, Sao Paulo, 112 m. NE. 
 Santos. Alt. 1760 ft. P. 11,000. 
 
 Lorenzana, tn., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 31 m. NNE. 
 Lugo, dist. Mondonedo. P. 5100. 
 
 Lorenzo, Spanish form of Lawrence. 
 
 Lorenzo Marines, tn. , E. Africa. See Lonreuco Marques. 
 
 Loreo, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. Rovigo, 7 m. E. Adria. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Loreto, vil., Argentine Republic, prov. and 36 m. SSE. 
 Santiago del Estero, 123 m. SE. by S. Tucuman. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Loreto ('laurel shrubbery'), city, Italy, The Marches, prov. 
 and 14 m. SSE. Ancona, on a hill about 3 m. from the Adriatic. 
 It owes its origin to a famous chapel of the Virgin, over which a 
 magnificent church has been built, while around it has grown up 
 the town, encircled by walls of the i6th century. The holy 
 shrine attracts annually many thousands of pilgrims and visitors, 
 and the trade of the place is exclusively in rosaries and relics for 
 the use of pilgrims. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Loreto, fort and mission, Mexico, terr. Lower California, on 
 the Gulf of California ; good port, well-sheltered and accessible 
 for large ships, in 25° 55' N., 111° 20' W. It is the oldest 
 establishment of the Spaniards in California. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Loreto, vil. , Peru, dep. L. (cap. Moyobamba), on the 1. bk. 
 of the Columbia, 690 m. ESE. Guayaquil, 235 E. by N. Nauta. 
 
 Loreto Aprntino, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Teramo, 
 11 m. NW. by W. Chieti. Alt. 960 ft. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Lorette, vil., Canada, prov. and 7 m. W. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lorette, tn., France, dep. Loire, arr. and 12 m. ENE. St. 
 Etienne, on the railway to Lyons, with coal-mines, large steel 
 works, and manufactures of chains for the navy. P. <4000. 
 
 Lorgnes, tn. , France, dep. Var, 21 m. WNW. Fr^jus, arr. 
 and 6 m. WSW. Draguignan ; marble quarries. P. <30oo. 
 
 LoriAn, swamp, Brit. E. Africa. See Cnaso Jfyiro. 
 
 Lorlca, tn. and seapt. , Colombia, Bolivar, on the Sinu, 20 m. 
 from its mouth, at the N. end of a vast marsh which renders the 
 place very unhealthy, 85 m. S. by W. Cartagena ; chief town 
 and port of embarkation for the products of the Sinu valley. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Lorient (L'Orient), seapt. and fortified naval arsenal, France, 
 
 on the S. ct. of Brittany, dep. Morbihan, cap. arr. L., at the 
 mouth of the Scorff, 63 m. N W. by W. St. Nazaire, 12 m. SE. 
 Quimperle. Its port is commodious, and bordered by fine 
 quays, on which are large buildings connected with the dock- 
 yard and the construction and armament of men-of-war. . At 
 Pr^-aux- Vases is the workshop for longboats and canoes, and 
 large steam saw-mills, and at Caudan the slips for the building 
 of large ships and workshops for iron-working. Private trade 
 in metallurgy. Chief imports, materials for naval construction ; 
 exports, sardines, cereals, and cattle. L. owes its name to its 
 having been founded in 1670 by the French East India Company 
 {Compagnie de t Orient), which afterwards made it its naval 
 depot, and on the dissolution of which, in 1770, it was made one 
 of the stations for the French navy, and a free commercial port. 
 The dock (length, 1217 ft. ; quayage, 2434 ft.) has a depth on 
 sill at high water highest springs i8i ft. , lowest neaps I2| ft. 
 Birthplace of Jules Simon (1814). Mean temp., yr. 53.1° F., 
 Jan. 42.1°, July 64.8°. P. (1872) 30,900; (1891) 42,100. 
 
 L'Orignal, vil., Canada, Ontario, Prescott co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Ottawa, 58 m. W. by N. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Iiorlng, settlement, W. side of Revillagigedo I., Alaska, in 
 55° 32' N. , with large salmon cannery. 
 
 Lortol, tn., France, dep. Dr6me, 43 m. N. Orange, arr. and 
 13 m. S. by W. Valence. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Iiormes (' place of elms,' from Latin ulmus), tn. , France, dep. 
 Nifevre, arr. Clamecy, 33 m. NW. Autun. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lormont, tn., France, dep. Gironde, on the r. bk. of the 
 Garonne, arr. and 4 m. NE. Bordeaux, with shipbuilding. 
 Birthplace of Richard II. of England. P. <300o. 
 
 Lome, settlement, Canada, Ontario, on Lake Huron, in 44° 
 33' N. , 54 m. W. CoUingwood. 
 
 Lome, large dist. in the NW. of the mainland of Argyllshire, 
 Scot. , bounded E. by Breadalbane, W. by Loch Linnhe. 
 
 Lome, watering-place, Victoria, Polwarth co., on Loutit 
 Bay, 35 m. SW. Geelong. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lome, Firth of, channel, Scot. , Argyllshire, between Mull 
 and Lome. 
 
 Lorne, Lynn of. See Lismore. 
 
 LorneTille, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Victoria co. , 54 m. 
 NE. by N. Toronto. 
 
 Lorrach, urban comm., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, cap. circle 
 L., 4I m. NE. Basel, Switzd. ; an active industrial centre, with 
 manufactures of cottons. P. 9100. 
 
 Lorraine, Ger. Lothringen (both forms corruptions of Lo- 
 tharii regnum, ' kingdom of Lothair," originally the portion of 
 the empire of Charlemagne which fell to Lothair on its division 
 among his three grandsons at the partition of Verdun in 843), 
 an old prov. in the NE. of France, the cap. of which was 
 Nancy. It was afterwards comprised in the deps. Meurthe- 
 Moselle, Meuse, and Vosges. In ancient times the name was 
 applied to two terrs. of Germany and France between the 
 Sa6ne and the Rhine. The northerly portion, between the 
 Moselle and the Rhine, was called Upper Lorraine, and the 
 other, the southerly portion. Lower Lorraine. Since 1871 it has 
 formed one of the three dists. of the imperial land Elsass- 
 Lothringen belonging to Germany. See Alsace-Lorraine. 
 
 Lorrez, vil., France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, 15 m. SE. Fon- 
 tainebleau. P. < 2000. 
 
 Lorrha, par. and tn.. Ire., N. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower 
 Ormond, 8^ m. W. Parsonstown, PT.O. Par. 15,680 ac, P. < 
 1500; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Lorris, tn., France, dep. Loiret, arr. Montargis, 29 m. E. 
 Orleans; formerly a royal town of the Capetians. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lorsch, market-tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse-Darmstadt, circle 
 Bensheim, 10 m. E. by N. Worms. P. <40oo. 
 
 Lorton, par., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., near 
 the Cocker, 7 m. W. by N. Lake Keswick, 4 m. SW. by S. 
 Bassenthwaite stn., PM.O. (High L.) ; 5501 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Loram, par.. Ire., co. Carlow, bar. E. Idrone, 3 m. S. 
 Bagenalstown ; 5341 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Lorrilo, tn., Portugal, Beira, dist. and 7 m. NE. Coimbra. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Lorway Mines, mining-vil. , Nova Scotia, Cape Breton co. , 
 3 m. by rail from Sydney. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Los, group of small isls. (Factory, Tamara, and Ruma) off 
 the W. ct. of Africa, belonging to the Brit, colony of Sierra 
 Leone, 75 m. NW. Freetown, of volcanic origin. 
 
 Los Andes, Chile. See Santa Rosa de los Andes. 
 
 Los Anjeles (or Angeles), Chile. See Anjeles, Los. 
 
 Los Angeles (los ang'-ge-les), city, U.S., California, cap. L. A. 
 CO., 21 m. by rail from Santa Monica, its port on the Pacific, 128 
 m. NW. by N. of SW. comer of state. Vineyards and orange 
 groves extend along both banks of the river below L. A. , and 
 there are also large vineyards within the city limits. Manu- 
 factures are considerable, and increasing. It is the general 
 distributing point for the southern section of the state and 
 for Arizona and New Mexico. Its principal agricultural inte- 
 rests are, citrus fhiits (oranges, &c. ), olives, walnuts, besides 
 cereals, &c. Much resorted to in winter by invalids on account 
 of its mild climate. A railway is in course of construction to 
 
 917 
 
LO S A -^ LOTH 
 
 the summit of Mount Lowe (Sierra Madre), alt. 6000 ft., over- 
 looking L. A. Settled by the Spaniards in 1780, and called 
 Pueblo de la Reina de los Angeles, ' town of the Queen of the 
 Angels.' Alt. 371 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs., 1875-89), yr. 62.0° 
 F., Jan. 52.8°, Aug. 71.1°; mean rfall. (15 yrs.), yr. 18.3 in., 
 May-Sept. 0.56 in. P. (1880) 11,200; (1890) 50,400. 
 
 Losarcos, tn., Spain, prov. Navarre, dist. and ii m. SW. 
 Estella, on the Odron. P. (comm.)<30oo. 
 
 Los Cerrillos, U.S., New Mexico. See Cerrlllos. 
 
 Ldscli, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 5 m. ENE. Brunn, with marble 
 quarries. P. < 5000. 
 
 Loschltz, tn., Austria, Moravia, 18 m. NW. by W. Olmiitz. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Ldschna, or IicSn^, comm., Austria, Moravia, 29 m. S. 
 Troppau. P. <2O0o. 
 
 Iiosctawltz, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Dresden, dist. and 
 3 m. E. Dresden-Neustadt ; health resort. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Loscoe, vil., Eng., Derbyshire, Ilkeston div., 8^ m. NE. by 
 N. Derby, i m. S. Crossbill and Codnor stn. , P.O. See Coduor. 
 
 Loseby, stn. , Eng. , Leicestershire. See Lowesby. 
 
 Lose (lus) HIU, Eng., in the NW. of Derbyshire, 7 m. SE. 
 Glossop. Alt. 1572 ft. 
 
 Loseva, tn. , Russia, govt, and 75 m. SSE. of Voronezh, on 
 Bityug R. P. 8000. 
 
 Loseva, vil., Russia, govt, and 75 m. SE. Voronezh, near 
 junction of Bityug with Don. P. 7250. 
 
 Los Gates, tn., U.S., California, Santa Clara co., 10 m. SW. 
 San Jos6. P. <20oo. 
 
 Loshan, tn. , China, Hupe, on 1. bk. Yangtse-kiang, a little 
 below Tungting Lake, 75 m. SW. Hankow ; centre of a dist. 
 growing great quantities of lotus, the extraction of the kernels 
 of which is an important industry in L. 
 
 Loslau, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Rybnik, 12 m. SE. 
 by E. Ratibor. P. <3000. 
 
 Los Liiuas, vil., U.S., New Mexico, Valencia co., 75 m. SW. 
 by S. Santa F6. P. <:i500. 
 
 Los Mnertos (' the dead'), the name given by the discoverer 
 to a ruined city in Arizona, U.S., to the N. of the Salt R., 
 about 12 m. NE. Phoenix ; extensive irrigation works a few 
 miles off. Nature, xxxviii. , p. 42. 
 
 Losne, tn., France, dep. Cote d'Or, arr. Beaune, i m. S. 
 Saint-Jean-de-Losne, on the 1. bk. of the Saone, with culture of 
 pharmaceutical plants. P. <20oo. 
 
 Losoa Bay, Brit. New Guinea. See Millport HarlM>ar. 
 
 Losoncz, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. N6grad, 45 m. 
 NE. by N. Waitzen, vrith ferruginous springs. P. 7500. 
 
 Losone, comm., Switzd., cant. Ticino, 12 m. W. by S. Bel- 
 linzona, 2 m. W. by S. Locarno. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lospers Plaats, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Calvinia, 90 
 m. SE. by E. Ookiep. 
 
 Los Rlos, prov. , Ecuador. See Rios, Los. 
 
 Losse, torrent, France. See Osse. 
 
 Losse, Hungary. See Locse. 
 
 Lossen, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 20 m. S. Berlin. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Losset, tnld.. Ire., W. co. Cavan, bar. Tullyhunco, 6^ m. 
 SW. Cavan, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Lossie, riv., Scot., Elginshire, rises on Carn Kitty Hill, and 
 winds N. and E. till it enters Spey Bay at Lossiemouth, where 
 it forms a harbour on the Moray Firth. On its course it passes 
 Elgin. Total course, 26 m. 
 
 Lossiemouth, tn., Scot., Elginshire, on the coast, at mouth 
 of the riv. Lossie, 5 m. N. by E. Elgin, on the G. N. of S. R. ; 
 in the vicinity are sandstone quarries. Has the best harbotu" on 
 the Moray Firth ; excellent golf-links. P, (fi^ith Brander- 
 burgh)<35oo. 
 
 Lossit Bay, Scot. , Argyllshire, in SW. Islay I. , in 55° 43' N. 
 
 Lossuitz, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 13 m. SE. by E. 
 Zwickau, with large slate quarries and manufactures of pewter 
 goods. P. 5900. 
 
 Lostallo, comm., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 10 m. W. Chia- 
 venna, in the Val Mesocco. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lost C'reeii, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Platte co., on the L bk. of 
 Loup R., 81 m. W. by N. Omaha. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lost Creek, coal-mining vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill 
 CO. , 12 m. N. Pottsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lostocit, par., Eng., Lancashire, W. Houghton div., on the 
 L. & Y. R. (L. Jane), 3 m. W. Bolton ; has coal-mining. 
 PMT.O. P. -c 1000. 
 
 Lostock Cralam, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 2 
 m. ENE. Northwich, on the Cheshire Lines and M. S. & L. 
 Joint Rly., PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Lostock Hall, stn., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. SE. Preston, on 
 L. & Y. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Lostorf, vil., Switzd., cant. Soleure, 4 m. NE. Olten, with 
 mineral spring. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Lostvfitliiel, mun. bor. (by prescription) and market-tn., 
 
 Eng., Cornwall, E. div., on the Fowey, 21 m. NE. and in 
 
 diocese of Truro, vnth a stn. on the G. W. R. L. returned 
 
 two M.P.'s till 1832, Vhen it was disfranchised. Within a mile 
 
 918 
 
 to the N. are the remains of Restormel Castle, built in the time 
 of Henry III. Market-day, F. ; monthly cattle market every 
 third Tuesday. Mun. bor. P. (i89i)<:i5oo. 
 Losn, tribe, China. See Lolos. 
 
 Losngnta, or Hannlngton, lake, Brit. E. Africa, S. of Lake 
 Baringo. Alt. 3050 ft. (Gregory, in Geog. Jour. , iv. , p. 522). 
 Los Totos, volcano, Costa Rica. See Poas. 
 Lot, dep. , SW. France, traversed from E. to W. by the Lot 
 R., which also forms the E. frontier for 28 m. ; formed in 
 1790 from Quercy, a part of Guienne and Gascony ; divided 
 into three arrs. : Cahors (cap.), Figeac, and Gourdon. Surface 
 much diversified; highest in NE. (2560 ft); lowest in SW. 
 (215 ft.), at the point where Lot R. leaves the dep. 
 The rocks forming the mountainous NE. region are granite, 
 gneiss, and mica-schists ; following the line of slope, a narrow 
 band of Lias is found to the W. ; next, and occupying the 
 greater part of the dep., is a broad Calcareous plateau 
 (650-1300 ft.) belonging to the Cansses. In the SW. are Ter- 
 tiary deposits, folded into a series of parallel ridges (630-1000 
 ft.). The dep. is drained entirely to the Gironde, chiefly 
 through the Lot and Dordogne ; principal trib. of Lot the C616 
 (*•. bk.). The Dordogne traverses the N. part from E. to W., 
 receiving the C6re and Ouysse (1. bk.). In the SE. are small 
 affluents of the Tarn, and in the SW. of the Garonne. Wheat 
 is the chief cereal ; next in order are barley, rye, and maize. 
 About 6 per cent, of the dep. is under vineyards, but the pro- 
 duction of wine per acre is below the average. Hemp forms an 
 important crop. Chestnuts are largely grown for food. Forests 
 of oak occur in SE. The principal mineral is iron, worked 
 chiefly in NW. about Souillac, Gourdon, and Salviac; coal is 
 obtained in small quantity. Manufactures unimportant. Area, 
 2018 sq. m. P. (1891) 253,900. See France, table. 
 
 Lot, the ancient Oltis, riv., France, rises in the Loz^re Mts., 
 passes Mende, Espalion, and Entraygues (where it becomes 
 navigable), Cahors, Penne, Villeneuve d'Agen, and joins the 
 Garonne near Aiguillon. Length, 300 m. ; average width in 
 lower part, 330-500 ft.; area of basin, 4345 sq. m.; volume 
 at low water 500 cubic ft. per second, at ordinary water 3500 
 cubic ft., at excessive floods 141,300 cubic ft. 
 
 Lota, seapt. tn., Chile, in the bay and 20 m. N. Arauco, the 
 centre of Chilean coal-mining, begun here in 1855. Three seams 
 are worked, the first and second each about 3 ft. in thick- 
 ness, the third, which is the richest, about 5J ft. thick. The 
 best coal is extracted from beneath the sea at the depth of more 
 than 900 ft. below the sea-bottom. It also carries on glass- 
 making and important copper-smelting, the copper being found 
 in the N. of Chile. Good anchorage. Large vessels anchor 
 close in shore in 5^6^ fathoms. I)epth alongside iron mole 
 21 ft. low tide. P. <4000. 
 
 Lotbinlere, tn. , Canada, Quebec, cap. L. co., on the r. bk.. 
 of St. Lawrence, 38 m. WSW. Quebec. P. < 1500. > 
 
 Lote, isl. , Eastern Archipelago. See Bottl. 
 
 Loti«t*Garonne, dep., SW. France, traversed from SE. tfl 
 N W. by the Garonne (which divides it into two unequal portions), 
 and E. to W. by the Lot, which joins the Garonne near centre ; 
 formed mainly of parts of Guienne (dists. Agenais and Bazadais), 
 and partly from Gascony (dists. Condomois and Lomagne) ; 
 divided into four arrs. : Agen (cap.), Marmande, N6rac, and 
 Villeneuve. The surface consists of wide plains (Quaternary), 
 from which low hills (Tertiary) rise abruptly, their slopes covered 
 with orchards and vineyards. Most diversified in NE., where 
 is found the highest point, C6teau de Bdlair (895 ft. ). The hills 
 separating Garonne and Lot Rivs. have a mean elevation of 
 650-750 ft. The valleys of Garonne and Lot (respectively 370 
 and 71 sq. m. ) are exceedingly fertile. The SW. is a continua- 
 tion of the Landes ; formerly a waste, it is being reclaimed by 
 f)lantations of pine and cork. Principal tribs. of Garonne 
 besides the Lot) are, r. bk., S6oune and Tolzac; 1. bk., 
 Gers, Baise, or Bayse, with its affluent G^lise, and Avance. 
 The Dropt, or Drot, traverses the N. part from E. to W., 
 forming part of the frontier towards Dordogne. The Garonne, 
 classed as navigable throughout the dep. , is really so only by its 
 lateral canal. The Lot is navigable by the aid of locks, but on 
 account of its feeble current is of little use ; the Dropt, also 
 with locks, is navigable below Eymet. The soil is highly cultir 
 vated ; chief cereal, wheat, then maize (area under which is 
 about one-fourth that of wheat) and barley. The vine covers 
 nearly 8 per cent, of the surface, but the production per acre is 
 below the average ; other important cultures are hemp and mul- 
 berry leaves. With the exception of iron, of which considerable 
 deposits occur, minerals are of little importance. Area, 2079 
 sq. m. P. (1891) 295,400. See France, table. 
 
 Lotb, ct. par., Scot., in the SE. of Sutherland, 11 m. NE, 
 Golspie, I m. NNE. of its stn. on the H. R., P.O.; 17,371 ac. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Lothersdale, eccles. par., Eng., near Carlton, Skipton div.^ 
 Yorkshire; has barytes-mining. P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Lotberton witb Aberford, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Rid- 
 ing, 5 m. S. Tadcaster. P. <5oo. See Sherbnrn in Elmet. 
 
 Lotbians, Tbe, div. of Scot. , comprising the cos. Hadding- 
 
LOT H — LOUI 
 
 ton, Edinburgh, and Linlithgow, respectively called East, Mid, 
 and West Lothian. 
 
 Lotbing (formerly Lntblng), formerly a lake near the coast 
 of Suffolk, drained into the Waveney, now divided by a lock 
 into two portions, the upper half, called Onltoii Broad, being 
 drained by Onlton Dyke, a river navigable by steamers, into 
 the Waveney, the lower half forming the upper part of Lowes- 
 toft harbour. 
 
 Lothlng Land, the tract of land between the Lothing and 
 the mouth of the Yare, Eng. , Suffolk. 
 
 Lothringen, France. See Lorraine. 
 ! Iiotslng-bslen, tn. , China, prov. Chekiang, on the E. ct. , 
 ao m. S. Wenchow. 
 
 Lot's Wife, rock in N. Pacific Ocean, near 30° N., 157° 50' E. 
 
 Lottln, isl. , Ger. New Guinea, crossed in the S. by 5° 20' S. , 
 tmd in the E. by 147° 40' E. 
 
 Lottlsbani, Eng. , Somerset. See Bradley, West. 
 
 Lfitzen, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, cap. circle L., 70 m. 
 S. Tilsit, on N. shore of the Lowentin-See ; has fisheries. P. 5300. 
 
 Loud, riv., Eng., in the NE. of Lancashire, affluent of riv. 
 Hodder, which it joins on the r. bk. , 6 m. W. by N. Clitheroe. 
 
 Lond^ac, tn., France, dep. Cdtes du Nord, cap. arr. L., 41 
 m. NE. Lorient. P. <3000. 
 
 London, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Merrimack co. , on 
 Suncook R. , 8 m. N. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 London, vil, U.S., Pennsylvania, Franklin co., 60 m. SW. 
 by W. Harrisburg. P. <: 1500. 
 
 London, vil., U.S., Tennessee, cap. L. co., on the Holston, 
 29 m. SW. by W. Knoxville. P. < 1500. 
 
 London-vllle, viL, U.S., Ohio, Ashland co., 62 m. NE. 
 Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Londonu (lau'd'n), par., Scot., Ayrshire, on riv. Irvine, 
 contains part of Galston and part of Newmilns; 15,486 ac. 
 P. 6400. 
 
 Londonn, co., U.S., Virginia, in the extreme NE., in the 
 angle between the Potomac and the Shenandoah. 
 
 Londonn Road, stn. , Eng. , London, on the L. & N W. R. , 4 
 m. NW. by W. St. Paul's. 
 
 Londun, the ancient Laudunum, tn., France, dep. Vienne, 
 cap arr. L. , 39 m. SW. Tours ; celebrated for the Synod held 
 here by the Protestants in 1611 and 1612. P. <40oo. 
 
 Londwater, eccles. par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, Wycombe 
 div. , 9i m. NNW. Windsor, on G. W. R. , PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lone, or Lonre, riv., France, deps. Doubs and Jura, rises 
 10 m. NW. Pontarlier, at an alt. of 1785 ft., and falls by a 
 cascade from a rock cavern ; after a very tortuous course it 
 joins the Doubs, being its largest trib., on the 1. bk., 5 m. 
 SSW. D61e ; its waters are largely used to supply water-power. 
 Length, 78 m.; ordinary volume 530 cubic ft., in flood 15,900 
 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Lon^, vil. , France, dep. Sarthe, 17 m. W. Le Mans. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lon^cbe-les-Balns, vil. , Switzd. See Lenkerbad. 
 
 Longet, Col de. See Alps, Passes and Railways, I. (4). 
 
 Longban, or Castle Keeran, par., Ire., cos. Cavan and 
 Meath, bars. Castlerahan and Upper Kells, 5 m. NW. Kells, 
 P.O.; 8768 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Longbanboy, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Ballyhaunis. 
 
 Longbasb, electoral div., Ire., co. Tyrone, dist. Plumb 
 Bridge. 
 
 Longbatorlck, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Woodford. 
 
 Longbborongb (lafburu), mun. bor. (since 1888) and par., 
 Eng., Leicestershire, Mid or L. div., 10^ m. NNW. Leicester, 
 near the 1. bk. of the Soar, in the diocese of Peterborough, with 
 two stns. on the M. R. and L. & NW. R. It has important 
 hosiery industries, also manufactures of boilers and locomotives, 
 dynamos and electrical machinery, bell-foundry. L. is men- 
 tioned in Domesday Book as a manor. It belonged to the 
 Hastings family. L. has great educational advantages owing 
 to a wealthy charity. The L. Navigation (length, 9 m. ) ends 
 at the junction of the Soar and Trent. Market-days, Th. and 
 S. (general), M. and Th. (cattle) ; eight fairs annually. Great 
 cattle fair m November. Mean temp. (20 yrs.), 48.7 F., Jan. 
 37.7°, July 62.1°; mean rfall. (19 yrs.), 261^ in. Par. 4309 ac, 
 P. (1891) 18,400; tn. (i8oi)<:isoo; mun. bor. P. (1871) 11,600; 
 (1891) 18,200; pari. div. P. (1891) 55,200. 
 
 Longbborongb (Itifbilni) Jnnctlon, stn., Eng., London, on 
 the L. C. & D. R., 3 m. S. St. Paul's. Eccles. par. (L. Park) 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Longbborongb Lake, lake, Canada, Ontario, Frontenac co. , 
 10 m. N. Kingston, drained S. into Lake Ontario. 
 
 Longbbrackan, par. , Ire. , co. Meath, bar. Lower Slane, i m. 
 SW. Drumcondra. P. <25o. 
 
 Longbbrlckland, tn. , Ire. , W. co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Upper Half (i), 9 m. SE. by S. Portadown, 2^ m. SE. Scarva 
 June, near Brickland Lough, PMT.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Longbbrln, electoral div. , Ire. , Kerry, dist. Sneem. 
 
 Longbcrew, par., Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. Fore, 16^ m. 
 NNE. Mullingar; 6008 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Longbcnrrane, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Darrynane. 
 
 Longbdawn, electoral div. , Ire. , Cavan, dist. Scrabby. 
 
 Longbdnff, P.O., Ire., 7 m. from Crossdoney stn., 9 m. from 
 Granard (co. Longford). 
 
 Longbea, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Clare, dist. TuUa. 
 
 Longbfea, electoral div. , Ire., co. Monaghan, dist. Carrick- 
 macross. 
 
 Longbgall, par. and tn., Ire., NW. co. and 4^ m. NNE. 
 Armagh, bars. Armagh and West Oneilland, PMT.O. ; 9645 ac. 
 P. <:400o; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Longbgllly, par., Ire., E. co. Armagh, bars. Lower Fews 
 and Orior, 7J m. NW. by N. Newrystn., on the G. N. (Ire.) R., 
 P.O.; 16,037 ac. P. <;4500. 
 
 Longbgllnn, tn. , Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. Frenchpark, 
 20 m. NW. Roscommon, 6 m. from Castlerea stn., PM.O.> 
 (Longbglynn). P. <25o. 
 
 Longbgnlle, par.. Ire., N. co. Antrim, bars. Upper Dunluce 
 and Kilconway, 15 m. ESE. Coleraine, P.O. (Longbglel) ; 
 30,222 ac. P. <;4000. 
 
 Longb Hill, hill, Eng., Northumberland, div. and 6^ m. 
 SW. Hexham. 
 
 Longbll, electoral div.. Ire., co. Sligo, dist. Coolaney. 
 
 Longblll, P.O., Ire., co. Limerick. See Logblll. 
 
 Longblnlsland, par.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Kinelarty, 5 m, 
 SW. Downpatrick, PM.O. ; 12,486 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Longblnn, riv.. Ire., in the NE. of co. Donegal, flows N. 
 into Trawbreaga Bay. 
 
 LongbliisboUn, bar. , Ire. , in the SE. of co. Londonderry. 
 
 Longbkeel, electoral div.. Ire., co. Donegal, dist. Kilma- 
 crenan and Millford. 
 
 Longbkeen, par. , Ire. , N. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower Ormond, 
 4^ m. SW. by S. Parsonstown ; 10,661 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 LongbllnstoTrn, tnld. , Ire., SE. co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown, 
 Z\ m. N. by W. Bray, i m. N. Shankill stn., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Longbmacrory, tnld. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, bar. East Omagh, 
 7 m. from Sixmilecross, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Longbmoe, East and West, two adjoining pars.. Ire., NE. 
 CO. Tipperary, bar. Eliogarty. West L. 5J m. N. Thurles, 
 4865 ac, P. <75o ; East L. 6014 ac. , P. <iooo. 
 
 Longbmorne, P.O., Ire., co. Monaghan, on Lough Morne, 
 7 m. SW. Castleblayney. 
 
 Longbmnck, electoral div., Ire., co. Tyrone, dist. Omagh 
 No. I. 
 
 Longbor, or Llwcbwr, riv., Wales, rises in the SE. of 
 Carmarthenshire, and flows SW. mostly along the frontier of 
 Glamorganshire into the Bristol Channel, which it enters by 
 Burry Inlet. 
 
 Longbor, contributory pari. bor. and two pars., Wales, 
 Glamorganshire, at mouth of riv. Loughor, and on the G. W. R. , 
 6\ m. WNW. Swansea, belonging to the Swansea {q.v.) dist. of 
 pari. bors. ; has coal-mines. PMT.O., and P.O. (Upper L.). 
 Par. L. bor. part, P. 2064 ; parish part, P. 2132 ; contributory 
 pari. bor. P. (i89i)<25oo. 
 
 Longbrea, par. and civic tn. , Ire. , SE. co. Galway, bar. L. , 
 20 m. E. by S. Galway, on M. G. W. R. Market-day, Th, 
 Par. 5957 ac, P. <35oo; tn. P. <300o. 
 
 Longbrlgg, vil. , Eng. , Westmorland. See Rydal. 
 
 Longbrlgg (lofrig) Fell, hill, Eng., Westmorland, Appleby 
 div., S. of Rydal Water, 13 m. NW. by W. Kendal. 
 
 Longbros Beg Bay, Ire. , W. ct. of co. Donegal, lat. 54° 46' N. 
 
 Longbros More Bay, Ire. , W. of co. Donegal, lat. 54° 48' N. 
 
 Longbro!« Point, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 4 m. W. Ardara. 
 
 Longb Rynn, P.O., Ire., co. Leitrim, 2 m. S. of Mohill, 4 
 m. from Dromod stn. 
 
 Lougbsblnny, tn.. Ire., on the E. ct. co. Dublin, bar. East 
 Balrothery, 15^ m. NNE. Dublin, 2J m. SSE. Skerries stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Longbtee, Lower, bar. , Ire. , in the NW. of co. Cavan. 
 
 Longbtee, Upper, bar. , Ire. , in the middle of co. Cavan. 
 
 Longbton (lau't'n), par., Eng., co. , div., and 9^ m. E. by 
 N. Buckingham, 2 J m. SSE. Bradwell stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Longbton, par. and tn., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 7 m. 
 NW. Romford, on the G. E. R. P.<;4ooo. 
 
 Longbton, par. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , i4j m. W. by N. 
 Kidderminster, ^\ m. NNW. Neen Sollars stn. P. <25o. See 
 Cbetton. 
 
 Lonbans, the ancient Lovincum, tn. , France, dep. Sadne-etr 
 Loire, cap. arr. L., at head of navigation on the Seille (trib. 
 Saone), 21 m. SE. by E. Cha,lon-sur-Sa6ne. P. <4000. 
 
 Lonlsa, co. , U.S., Iowa, on E. frontier, N. of 41° N. 
 
 Lonlsa, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Lawrence co. , on Big Sandy 
 R., 125 m. SE. by S. Cincinnati (Ohio). P. < 1500. 
 
 Lonlsa, CO., U.S., Virginia, crossed by 78° W. and by 38° N. 
 
 Lonlsa Conrt Honse, tn., U.S., Virginia, Louisa co., 44 m. 
 NW^ Richmond. P. < 1500. 
 
 Louisa Creek, tn.. New South Wales. See HargraTes. 
 
 Lonlsbnrg, seapt. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I. and 
 CO., on the E. ct., 15 m. SE. by S. Sydney; possesses a fine 
 harbour, with pier having depth enough alongside for the largest 
 vessels at low-water ; 2240 nautical miles from Liverpool. 
 
 Lonlsbnrg, vil., U.S., Kansas, Miami co. , 32 m. S. by W.j 
 Kansas City. P. < 1500. ' 
 
 919 
 
LOUI — LOUT 
 
 Iionlsbnrg, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Franklin co., on Tar R., 
 32 m. NE. Raleigh. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lonlsbnrgh, tn.. Ire., SW. co. Mayo, bar. Murrisk, 11 J m. 
 W. by S. Westport, on the S. of Clew Bay, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lonlsborgb, part of Wick, Scot. , Caithness-shire. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lonise, one of Queen Charlotte Is. , Brit. Columbia, S. of 53° 
 N., E. of 132° W. 
 
 IionlscTlIle, vil., Canada, Quebec, Maskinonge co. , 19 m. 
 W. by S. Three Rivers, 74 m. by rail from Montreal. P. (1881) 
 1381 ; (1891) 1740. 
 
 LoulseTille, Canada, Quebec. SeeKlTl^redaLonpenliant. 
 
 Loulslade Archipelago, group of isls., Pacific Ocean, be- 
 tween 10° and 12° S. , isi|° and 154^° E. , SE. of New Guinea 
 and the d'Entrecasteaux group. Chief islands Tagula, or 
 Sudest, the largest, 45 m. long by 4-5 m. wide, Rossel, the 
 easternmost, Pana-tinani, or Joannet (adjoining Tagula on the 
 NW.), Misima, or St. Aignan, the furthest NW. of the larger 
 islands. The southern islands are surrounded by a barrier reef 
 from which Misima is free. Patches of alluvial gold on Tagula 
 and Misima. Islands mostly sparsely inhabited, except Misima, 
 which has a population of alx)ut 4000. People partly of pure 
 or modified Papuan, partly of Malayan type. See Proc. R. G. 
 S., 1889, pp. 529-34, 540, and map (I : 1,700,000), p. 580. 
 
 Iionlslana, one of the U.S., nearly equal to England in area, 
 l3ring about the mouth of the Mississippi, with a coast-line on 
 the Gulf of Mexico of 1250 m. Cap. Baton Rouge ; other 
 towns. New Orleans, Shreveport, and Lake Charles. The 
 surface consists mainly of a great plain, average elevations 75 
 ft.; highest in the N., and sloping S. and SE. to the delta of 
 the Mississippi, which forms about one-third of the state. Coast 
 much indented ; principal inlets. Lakes Pontchartrain and 
 Borgne, E. ; and Bays Barrataria, TimbaUer, Atchafalaya, 
 and Lakes Arthur, Calcasieu, and Sabine, W. of Mississippi 
 R. The coast-belt, a marshy region, liable to inundation, but 
 interspersed with cultivable tracts and oak groves, extends 
 inland for 30 m. ; here rice and sugar are cultivated, as also 
 in the rich bottom-lands of the Mississippi Valley, 20-60 m. 
 wide. In the SW. of the state, N. of the coast-belt, are rich 
 and well-watered prairies ; inland are the upland prairies, where 
 com and cotton are cultivated. Principal rivers, Mississippi, 
 which forms the E. boundary for 450 m., and flows through 
 the state for 150 m. ; its 1. bk. trib. , Red R. , with Ouachita and 
 Little Rivs., and Sabine, on W. frontier. Most of the rivers 
 are navigable ; total length of inland navigation over 3700 m. 
 Dykes, or levees, 5-20 ft. high, and with a total length of iioo 
 m., border the lower courses of the rivers to protect the sur- 
 rounding country from inundation. Forests, in which the yellow 
 pine predominates, cover a great part of the state. The geo- 
 logical formations belong to the Tertiary and Quaternary 
 periods ; the latter are widely distributed in the S. , and extend 
 into the valleys of the Mississippi and Red Rivs.; the former 
 cover the rest of the state. Climate, semi-tropical, unhealthy 
 in the lowlands. Rainfall everjnvhere abundant, decreas- 
 ing inland [Port Eads, New Orleans, Shrereport]. The 
 soil, except m the N., is exceeding fertile; sugar, cotton, and 
 rice are the staple agricultural products. The divs. correspond- 
 ing to counties in other states are here called ' parishes. ' L. 
 was visited in 1542 by some members of De Soto's expedition, 
 and in the following century by La Salle, who named it in 
 honour of Louis XIV., the name being at first applied to an 
 extensive region on both sides of the Mississippi. The first 
 settlement in this wider L. was formed by the French under 
 Iberville in 1700 (at Biloxi, now in Mississippi state), the first 
 settlement in the present state (which dates as such from 1812) 
 on the site of New Orleans in 1718. From 1762 to 1800 the 
 whole region belonged to Spain. In the part of the state S. of 
 the Red R. there are still considerable numbers of descend- 
 ants of French settlers, those E. of the Bayou Bceuf (or T6che), 
 mainly Creoles or descendants of the original French (or French 
 and Spanish) settlers, those W, of that channel mainly de- 
 scendants of immigrants expelled by the British from Nova 
 Scotia in 1755, and locally known as Acadians. Area, 48,720 
 sq. m. P. 1,118,600. See Tnlted States, table. [E. J. H.] 
 
 Louisiana, city, U.S., Missouri, Pike co., on the Mississippi, 
 75 m. NW. by N. St. Louis. P. 5100. 
 
 Louls-PhlUppe Land, Antarctic Region, separated from the 
 S. Shetland Is. on the N. by the Straits of Bransfield, in about 
 63°-64° S., 57°-59° W.; discovered Feb. 27, 1838, by the French 
 admiral Dumont d'Urville, and named after the king of France. 
 
 LoulsTllle, vil. , Canada. See Rlvl^re do Lonp en liant. 
 
 LonlsTllle, vil., U.S., Colorado, Boulder co., 20 m. NNW. 
 Denver; lignite-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 LonlsTllle, viL, U.S., Georgia, Jefferson co., in 33° N., 34 
 m. SW. Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 LonlsTllle, viL, U.S., Illinois, Clay co., 92 m. E. by N. St. 
 Louis (Mo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 LonlsTllle, city, U.S., Kentucky, Jefferson co., on the 1. bk. 
 
 of the Ohio, with a river frontage of 6 m. at its falls, 95 m. SW. 
 
 Cincinnati. A short canal has been formed by which steamers 
 
 avoid the falls or rapids. Its position on the great highway 
 
 920 
 
 between the N. and S. gives it great advantages as a distribut- 
 ing point. As a leaf tobacco market L. leads the world, and it 
 has also important live stock markets. Numerous manufactures of 
 oak-tanned sole leather, pork-packing, and iron are other leading 
 industries. It is one of the great centres for medical education. 
 Alt. 438 ft. (R.R.); signal station 530 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). 
 Mean temp., 57.0° F., Jan. 35.2°, July 78.9°; rfall. (12 yrs.), 
 49.04 in. P. (1840) 21,000; (i860) 68,000; (1870) loiiooo; 
 (1880) 124,000; (1890) 161,000. 
 
 LonlsTllle, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Cass co., on the r. bk. of 
 Platte R. , 20 m. SW. by S. Omaha. P. < 1500. 
 
 LonlsTllle, viL, U.S., Ohio, Stark co., 66 m. NW. by N. 
 Wheeling (W. Va.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 LonlsTllle, Sontb, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Jefferson co. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Lonl6, fortified tn. , Portugal, prov. Algarve, 8 m. N. Faro, 
 with copper and silver mines. P. (comm.) 14,400. 
 
 Lon-Lon, U.S. See Lo-Lo. 
 
 Lonnd, vil., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. and 7 m. 
 NNE. Stamford, 2 m. NW. by W. Thurlby stn. See Toft. 
 
 Lonnd, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, 4 m. N. Retford, P. O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Lonnd, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 4J m. NW. Lowestoft, 
 2 m. NE. Somerleyton stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lonndon Hill, hill, Eng. , in the N. of the Hexham div. of 
 Northumberland, 17 m. W. by S. Alnwick. 
 
 Lonns Brednlng, an inlet off the Liim Fjord, about 56° 40' 
 N.,9°is'E. 
 
 Lonp, P.O., Ire., 3 m. E. Moneymore (co. Londonderry). 
 
 Lonp, postal receiving stn., W. Australia, 162 m. by road 
 from Perth, on the Great North Road. 
 
 Lonp, CO., U.S., Nebraska, E. of 100° W., crossed in the N. 
 by 42° N. 
 
 Lonp, riv., U.S., Nebraska, flows SE. to its junction wdth its 
 8. fork, then flows NE. to Platte R. ; length about 320 m. 
 
 Lonrcbes, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. Valenciennes, 3 m. 
 NE. Bouchain, on the Scheldt, with coal-mines. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lonrdes, tn. , France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n^s, arr. and 6 m. 
 NNE. Argeles, on the Gave-de-Pau, 10 m. W. by N. Bagn^res- 
 de-Bigorre. It has a station on the Toulouse and Bayonne 
 Rly. , stands at the foot of an almost inaccessible rock, and is 
 commanded by a strong castle, now used as a prison. In the 
 neighbourhood are marble and slate quarries. In modem times 
 a famous place of pilgrimage, a fact due to the behef that in 
 1858 the Virgin Mary apj>eared in a grotto in the neighbour- 
 hood, above which a magnificent basilica has since been 
 erected. P. 6100. 
 
 Lourenfo, Portuguese form of Lawrence. 
 
 Lonrenco Marqnes, ct. tn., E. Africa, Mozambique, cap. 
 dist., in the NW. of Delagoa Bay (q.v.) ; founded as a factory 
 by the Portuguese in 1544. A gold-field was proclaimed in the 
 dist. Sept. 1890. Mean temp, (if yr., 1876-78), yr. 73.8° F., 
 Feb. 81.6°, July 66.0°. 
 
 Lonr^s, tn. , Portugal, Estremadura, dist. and 7 m. N. Lisbon. 
 P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lonrlcal, tn., Portugal, prov. Leiria, 22 m. SW. by W. 
 Coimbra. P. (comm.) 5100. 
 
 Lonrlnba, tn. , Portugal, prov. Estremadura, 10 m. N. Torres 
 Vedras. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Lonsanie, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Noya. P. 
 <:5ooo. 
 
 Lontb (lauth), mun. bor. (since Edward VI.) and market-tn. , 
 Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., diocese of Lincoln, on the 
 Lud, 25 m. NE. Lincoln, with stn. on the G. N. R. , and a 
 canal to the Humber. It has trade in agricultural produce ; 
 also manufactures flour, iron, ale, &c. The town was formerly 
 named Luda, from the river ; grammar-school since Edward 
 VI. The L. Canal (length, 11^ m.) connects the town with 
 the riv. Humber. Wool-market commences first W. in July. 
 Market-days, W. and S. ; and large beast-market, F. Alt. iii 
 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 30.4 in. P. (1851) 10,500; (1871) 
 10,500; (1891) 10,000; pari. div. P. (1891) 46,900. L. Park, 
 adjoining par., P. <25o. 
 
 Lontb (laudh), small maritime co.. Ire., Leinster, having N. 
 Armagh and Carlingford Bay, E. the Irish Sea, S. Meath, and 
 W. Meath and Monaghan ; divided into the following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Ardee 
 
 Drogheda 
 
 Dundalk, Lower 
 Dundalk, Upper 
 
 Ferrard 
 
 Louth 
 
 County of the town of Drogheda 
 
 Total 
 
 Acres. Pop. 1891. 
 
 53.822 
 4.059 
 37.854 
 30,898 
 48,812 
 25.719 
 454 
 
 11,297 
 1,298 
 
 10.553 
 20,898 
 
 9.996 
 
 5.123 
 
 ".873 
 
 201,618 1 I 71,038 
 
 1 Exclusive of 506 ac. under the larger rivers and tideways. 
 
LOUT — LOWE 
 
 The N. part of the county forms the peninsula of Carlingford 
 (bar. of Lower Dundalk). Surface generally fertile. AgriciSture 
 comparatively advanced, except in the mountain dist. in the N. 
 For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. Geologi- 
 cally, the county belongs mainly to the Cambrian and Lower 
 Silurian period, but there are Lower Carboniferous rocks in the 
 Caringford Penin. and in the W. of the county, a small patch of 
 granite in the N. No minerals of great economic importance. 
 The county sends two members to Parliament (N. and S. divs. 
 one each). Chief towns, Dundalk, Drogheda, and Ardee. 
 
 Lonth, par. and tn. , Ire., NW. co. L. , bars. L., Ardee, 
 and Upper Dundalk, 6J m. SW. by W. Dundalk, PMT.O. 
 Par. 17,833 ac, P. <400o; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Iioath, post-tn.. New South Wales, Yanda co., on 1. bk. of 
 the Darling, 45 m. SW. Bourke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Loutlt, bay, S. ct. of Victoria. See liOrne. 
 
 Lontraklon (lutraki), small port, Greece, prov. Acarnania 
 and .(Etolia, on the Gulf of Arta, 39 m. NNW Mesolonggi. 
 
 Lontraklon (lutraki, 'baths'), the ancient Thennce, ct. vil., 
 Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinthia, 3 m. NNE. Corinth. 
 Named on account of warm springs .which issue from numerous 
 rocks and bubble up in the sea. 
 
 Lonvaln (Flemish Lenren, Grerman Lowen), a city of 
 Belgium, prov. Brabant, cap. arr. , on the Dyle, 14 m. E. by N. 
 Brussels. Its old ramparts, which were 7 m. in circumference, 
 are now converted into planted walks. Principal edifices, a 
 town hall, one of the richest and most ornamental in Belgium, 
 church of St. Peter, citadel, and buildings of the musical 
 academy. The university of Louvain, founded in 1426, was 
 suppressed in 1835, and replaced by a Roman Catholic college, 
 which has a library, botanic garden, and an anatomical museum 
 attached to it. In the Middle Ages Louvain was the seat of 
 extensive woollen and linen manufactures, and it still has some 
 manufactures of lace, hosiery, chemical products, besides tan- 
 neries and distilleries, &c. ; but its trade is chiefly in beer. It is 
 connected by a canal with the Rupel R. , and thus with Antwerp, 
 and has a large dock, has 1182 ft. of quayage, and a depth of 
 10.8 ft. P. (1866)32,976; (1873)32,314; (1890)40,600. 
 
 Lonrl^re, La, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 14 m. WNW. 
 Charleroi, with collieries and workshops for the manufacture of 
 railway material, and an establishment, called Keramis, for 
 manufacturing ornamental earthenware. P. 14,300. 
 
 Lonvlers, tn. , France, dep. Eure, cap. arr. L. , on the Eure, 
 9 m. SE. by E. Elbeuf ; one of the chief seats of the French 
 woollen manufactures, also manufactures of edge-tools, tin goods, 
 machinery, leather, &c. P. 9100. 
 
 LoHTle-SoublTon, vil., France, dep. Basses-Pyr^ntes, arr. 
 Oloron, I m. NE. Laruns, with noted white statuary marble. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 LohttoU, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. Avesnes, 14 m. S. 
 Mons, with iron and copper foundries. P. <30oo. 
 
 Lonza, tn. , Portugal, prov. Beira, 12 m. ESE. Coimbra, at 
 the foot of Mount L. , which supplies Lisbon with snow and 
 ice; important paper-mills. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Lova, maritime tn. , Arabia, Oman, on the coast of Batna. 
 
 Lovagny, vil. , France, dep. Haute-Savoie, arr. and 4 m. W. 
 Annecy, with asphaltic limestone. P. <20oo. 
 
 LoTBle, or Lobale, a region of Angola, central S. Africa, 
 watered from W. to E. by the r. bk. tribs. of the upper Zam- 
 bezi (Liba), which itself forms part of the E. border ; its plains 
 during the rainy season are a series of marshes and bogs ; the 
 W. region is wooded and hilly ; the iron in the dist. is cleverly 
 worked by the natives. 
 
 Iiorasber^ny, comm. , Hungary, co. Fejer, dist. Sz6kes-Fejdr- 
 v4r. P. <4ooo. 
 
 LoTat, riv. , European Russia, govts. Vitebsk, Pskov, and Nov- 
 gorod, rises from marshes in E. Vitebsk, flows N. 320 m., enters 
 Lake Ilmen ; navigable from Velikiye Luki. Important channel 
 for shipping timber, wood, wooden goods, and grain. 
 
 LoTCC, or LoYca, tn., Bulgaria, cap. prov. L., 19 m. S. by 
 E. Plevna. P. (1871)12,000; (1888) 7100 (the majority of Moham. 
 having withdrawn on the constitution of the principality). 
 
 love Clongb, P.O., Eng. , near Bury, Lancashire, 2 m. from 
 Crawshawbooth. 
 
 LoTedale, institution for the education of the natives. Cape 
 Colony, Victoria, E. div., near Alice, 30 m. WNW. King 
 William's Town ; founded by Scotch missionaries in 1841. 
 
 LoTeland, vil, U.S., Colorado, Larimer co., 44 m. N. by 
 W.Denver. P. < 1500. 
 
 Loreland, vil. , U.S., Ohio, Clermont co. , on Little Miami 
 R. , 18 m. NE. Cincinnati. P. <i5oo. 
 
 LoTelocks, vil. , U.S., Nevada, Humboldt co., on Humboldt 
 R. and Central Pacific Rly., 95 m. NE. Carson City. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 LoTendegem, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. 
 Ghent. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Lorenlch, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, circle and 3 m. S. Erkelenz. P. <30oo. 
 
 LoTenlcli, comm. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Cologne, 25 
 m. SW. by W. Diisseldorf. P. < 3000. 
 
 Lorere, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 20 m. ENE. Ber- 
 gamo, at the head of Lake d' Iseo. P. <3000. 
 
 Loversall, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 3 m. 
 S. Doncaster. P. <25o. 
 
 Iioveston, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 8 m. NE. by E. 
 Pembroke, 3 m. WNW. Kilgetty and Begelly stn. P. <2So. 
 See Yerbeston. 
 
 lyovett, vil. , Tasmania, Buckingham co. , 22 m. SW. by S. 
 Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lovincum, tn. , France. See Lonlians. 
 
 LoTlngston, vil., U.S., Virginia, Nelson co., 80m. W. by N. 
 Richmond, and 30 m. NNE. Lynchburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 LoYington, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 8 ra. SE. by E. 
 Glastonbury, 2 J m. SW. Castle Cary stn. P. <25o. 
 
 LoTlngton, vil., U.S., Illinois, Moultrie co., 68 m. W. by N. 
 Terre-Haute ( Ind. ). P. < 1 500. 
 
 LoTlsa, seapt., Finland. See Nyland, govt. 
 
 LoToa, L bk. trib. of the Kassai, which it enters just above 
 the Wissmann Falls, Congo Free State. See Kassai. 
 
 LoTOl, name given to two rivs., central S. Africa, entering 
 the Lualaba or Lake Kassale, in the course of that river, on 
 the 1. bk. , between 8° and 8^° S. 
 
 LoYTana, seapt. tn. , Austria, on the E. ct. of Istria, Gulf of 
 Fiume, 11 m. WSW. Fiume. P. <2ooo. 
 
 LoTTln, comm. , Hungary, co. Torontdl, dist. Perjamos. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 Iiovtsy, vil. , Russia, govt, and 45 m. NW. of Ryazan, on 
 Oka R. P. 5000. 
 
 Low, from Anglo-Saxon hleaw, ' a hill. ' See Law. 
 
 Low, eccles. par. , Scot. , Renfrewshire, L. par. P. 6100. 
 
 Lowan, CO. , Victoria, on the W. frontier, stretching from 36° 
 S. to S. of 37° S. , partly bounded on the S. by the Glenelg R. 
 
 LoTF Archipelago, Pacific Ocean. See Taamotn Is. 
 
 Lofrdbam, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 7^ 
 m. NE. by E. Nottingham, on the M. R. , PMT.O. P. <iooo ; 
 eccles. par. (L. with dunthorpe and Caythorpe) P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Lowe, part of par., Eng., Staffordshire. See Leek. 
 
 LoweU (lo'el), vil., U.S., Kentucky, Garrard co., 88 m. ESE. 
 Louisville. P. < 1 500. 
 
 LoweU, city, U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , on the r. 
 bk. of the Merrimack, at the confluence of the Concord R. , and 
 26 m. NNW. Boston ; owes its origin and much of its present 
 importance as a manufacturing town to the water-power afforded 
 by the Pawtucket Falls on the Merrimack. It is one of the 
 leading seats of the cotton manufactures in the U.S.; has also 
 woollen, carpet, and hosiery manufactures, and important iron 
 and machine works. P. (1870) 41,000; (i88o) 59,500; (1890) 
 77,700. 
 
 LoweU, vil, U.S., Michigan, Kent co., 82 m. WSW. Bay 
 City, and 18 m. ENE. Grand Rapids. P. <20oo. 
 
 LoweU, tn., U.S., Vermont, Orleans co., on Missisquoi R., 
 38 m. N. Montpelier. P. < 1500. 
 
 LoweU, vil., U.S., Washington, Snohomish co., 65 m. SE. 
 by E. Victoria (V. I.). P. < 1500. 
 
 LoweUrlUe, vil. , U.S., Ohio, Mahoning co., on Mahoning R., 
 70 m. SE. by E. Cleveland, with large iron-works. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lowen. See LouTaln. 
 
 Lowen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Brieg, on the Neisse, 
 36 m. SE. Breslau. P. <3000. 
 
 Lowenberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. circle L., on the 
 Bober, 27 m. E. by S. Gorlitz. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lowenhagen, vil. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 10 m. SE. by 
 E. Konigsberg. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Lowensteln, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 24 m. NNE. 
 Stuttgart, with salt springs called Theusserbad. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lowertown, tnld. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. W. Carbery, W. div. , 
 3 m. from Skull, P.O. P. <:2So. 
 
 Lowerzer See, lake, Switzd., cant. Schwiz, N. of Lake of 
 Lucerne, into which (Bay of Uri) it is drained. Area, 1. 1 sq. m. ; 
 depth, 43 ft. 
 
 Lowes, stn. , Canada, Manitoba, on the N. Pacific and Mani- 
 toba Rly. , 43 m. SSW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Lowes (lauz). Loch of the, Scot. See St. Mary's Lech. 
 
 Lowes Bridge, post-tn., Tasmania, Devon co., 71 m. (by 
 rail and road) W. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Loweshy, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 7J m. S. 
 by W. Melton Mowbray, with a stn. (Loseby) on the G. N. R. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Lowestoft (lo'stoft), mun. bor. (since 1885), seapt. , and market- 
 tn., Eng., Suffolk, N. or L. div., 10 m. S. Yarmouth, in the 
 diocese of Norwich, with stn. on the G. E. R. L. has been a 
 great fishing town since the Roman period, and is second town 
 for importance in Norfolk ; much frequented as a healthy 
 watering-place. The recent construction of a harbour (including 
 a dock of II ac. , with excellent fish-market on one side of it) and 
 piers has much increased the shipping. For statistics, see 
 Appendix, p. 13. Handsome sea esplanade a mile long ; public 
 park. Area of harbour 46 ac, depth on bar at high water 
 ordinary springs 16-17 ft- . ordinary neaps 14-15 ft. (see Lothlng). 
 Two lighthouses, visible respectively 17 and 11 m. Fairs are 
 
 921 
 
LOWE — LUAB 
 
 held in April and October. Market-day, W. Mean rfall. 
 (Somerleyton Hall, alt. 60 ft., 1866-80), 24.2 in. Tn. P. (1801) 
 <:25oo; (1871) 15,200; mun. bor. P. (1891) 23,300; pari. div. 
 P. (1891) 61,700. 
 
 Lowes (I6z) Tf ater, lake, Eng. , in W. of the co. of Cumber- 
 land, Cockermouth div., 9 m. ESE. Workington, drained into 
 Crummock Water. 
 
 Loweswater, par., Eng., Cumberland, 7 m. S. Cockermouth, 
 P.O.; 9415 ac. P. <soo. 
 low Fell, stn. , Eng. , Gateshead, Durham, on the NE. R. 
 Iiowfleld Heath, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Surrey, 6 m. S. 
 Reigate, PT.O. See Cbarlwood. 
 
 Low Head, post-tn., in the N. of Tasmania, Dorset co., at the 
 mouth of the Tamar, with lighthouse in 146° 49' E. , visible 15 m. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Lowlck, par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., on riv. 
 Crake, 12 m. NNE, Barrow, 3 m. NW. Greenodd stn. ; has 
 slate quarries. P. <soo. 
 
 Lowlck (16'ik), par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 10 m. NE. by N. Wellingborough, 3 m. W, Thorpe stn., 
 PT.O. P. <soo ; eccles. par. (L. with Sllpton) P. <soo. 
 
 Lowlck, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, div. and 8 m. S. by E. 
 Berwick-upon-Tweed, 3J m. WSW. Beal stn., PM.O. ; 12,878 
 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 towlcz, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 48 m. WSW. 
 of Warsaw, on railway to Bromberg ; gymnasium, technical 
 school P. 8650. 
 
 Low Island, Ger. New Guinea. See Sankt Cieorg. 
 
 Lowlandsman's Bay, Scot. , Argyllshire, on the E. ct. of Jura, 
 in 55° 53' N. 
 
 Lowlands St. MlnTCr, par., Eng., Cornwall, 4 m. NE. 
 Wadebridge. P. <: 500. 
 
 Low Koor, eccles. par., Eng., in the extreme NW. of the 
 Clitheroe div. of Lancashire, about i m. SW. Clitheroe, 
 PMT.O. P.<2ooo. 
 
 Loir Moor, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, Birstal and Brad- 
 ford pars., on L. & Y. R., PMT.O. P. <2Soo. 
 
 Lowndes, co., U.S., Alabama, intersected in S. by 32°, and 
 midway between E. and W. frontiers. 
 
 Lowndes, co., U.S., Georgia, on S. frontier, W. of 83° W., 
 and bounded on W. by Little R. 
 
 Lo'wndes, co., U.S., Mississippi, on E. frontier, S. of 34° N. 
 
 Low Point Shore, or Victoria Mines, vil. Nova Scotia, 
 Cape Breton co., 9 m. from Sydney; coal-mines in vicinity. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Low Row, vil., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on the 
 Irthing, 12 m. ENE. Carlisle, on the NE. R., PT.O. 
 
 Low Bow, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 3 m. from 
 Reeth, P.O. 
 
 LoTrry's (lau'riz) Pass, pass. Cape Colony, to the SE. of Caj>e 
 Town, about midway between Cape Town and Caledon. 
 
 Lowslde Quarter, par., Eng., Cumberland, 4 m. S. White- 
 haven. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lowsonford, P.O., Eng., 4 m. from Henley - in - Arden, 
 Warwickshire. 
 
 Lo-w Street, stn. , Eng. , Essex. See Tilbury, West. 
 
 Lowther (lau'dher), riv., Eng., Westmorland, rising on Shap 
 Fells, flowing N. through the Appleby div., and joining the 
 Eamont at Eamont Bridge. Length, 17 m. 
 
 Lowther, par., Eng., Westmorland, Appleby div., 4J m. S. 
 by E. Penrith, i m. SSW. its stn. (Clifton and L.) on the L. & 
 NW. R., P.O. (L. Newtown). P.<soo. 
 
 Lowther Hill, mt, Scot., on the SW. border of Lanark- 
 shire, 6^ m. E. by N. Sanquhar. Alt. 2377 ft. Green 
 Lowther, i m. NE. Alt. 2403 ft. 
 
 Lowtberstown, Ire. See Irrlnestown. 
 
 Lowthorpe (lo'thorp), par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Buckrose div., 18 m. S. Scarborough, on the NE. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <:25o ; eccles. par. (L. with Buston Parra) P. <5oo. 
 
 Lowton (lo'ton), par., Eng., Lancashire, Leigh div., 6 m. 
 SSE. Wigan, with a stn. on the L. & NW. R., and another 
 (L. St. Mary's) on the Cheshire Lines Rly., PMT.O., and P.O. 
 (L. St. Mary's). P. <30O0. 
 
 Lowton, hamlet, Eng., Somerset, 5 m. SE. Wellington, P.O. 
 
 LowTllle, vil., U.S., New York, Lewis co., on Black R., 
 58 m. (by rail) NW. Utica. P. <3000. 
 
 Low Waters, vil., Scot, Lanarkshire, i m. S. Hamilton, 
 PM.O. 
 
 Low Woody Islands, Pacific. See Walker. 
 
 Loxa, tn. , Ecuador. See Loja. 
 
 Loxbear, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, div. and 4 m. NW. by W. 
 Tiverton, 3 m. W. by N. Botham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Loxhill, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Dunsfold, Surrey. 
 
 Loxhore, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 5 m. NE. Barn- 
 staple. P. <25o. See Arlington. 
 
 Loxley, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 4 m. ESE. Strat- 
 ford-on-Avon, 2 m. NW. by N. Ettington stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Loxley, small stream, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Hallam- 
 shire div., rising in Bradfield Moors, and flowing SE. till it 
 joins the Don on the r. bk. ij m. above Sheffield. 
 922 
 
 Loxley, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, q m. NW. 
 Sheffield, P.O. 
 
 Loxton, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 5 m. SE. Weston- 
 super-Mare, I m. N. of the riv. Axe. P. <25o. 
 
 Loxwood, eccles. par. , Eng. , Sussex, div. and 8^ m. W. by 
 N. Horsham, on the Arun, 3 m. WSW. Rudgwick stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Loyal (Laoghal, in Gaelic spelling) Loch, lake, Scot. , 4^ m. 
 long, in the N. of Sutherland, 14 m. E. by S. of the head of 
 Loch EriboU, communicating in the N. with Loch Creagach 
 (2 m. long), and drained N. by the Borgie into the Atlantic ; 
 overlooked by Ben Loyal (' mountain of the calves," 2504 ft.). 
 
 Loyalsock, riv., U.S., Pennsylvania, flows SW. about 65 m., 
 joining W. Branch of Susquehanna R. in Lycoming co. 
 
 Loyalty Islands, group, consisting of three large isls. (Uta, 
 or Chabrol, in the middle, the largest ; Mare, or Britannia, 
 to the S., and VTea, or Halgan, to the N.) and numerous 
 small islands in the S. Pacific, E. of New Caledonia, between 
 20° ii'-2i° 39' S. and 166° 10' and 168° 10' E. ; all flat coral islands, 
 with a mild, salubrious climate, but no water except in Uvea, 
 the northernmost, which has in the centre a shallow lagoon. 
 In 1864 these islands were declared dependent on New Caledonia, 
 but the inhabitants had previously been converted to Christianity 
 by English Protestant missionaries, and speak a corrupt English ; 
 but the English missionaries have now been replaced by French 
 Roman Catholics. Discovered by Captain Butler in the Walpole 
 in 1800, or, according to others, in the Britannia in 1803. Total 
 area about 760 sq. m. P. about 20,000. 
 
 Loyalupn, dist., on the S. ct. of Brit. New Guinea, just W. 
 of 148° E. 
 
 Loyne, riv., Scot., rises in the N. of Inverness-shire, and 
 flows E. through Loch Loyne, forming part of the boimdary 
 between Ross and Inverness-shire, and then NE. through 
 Invemess-shire to the riv. Moriston, which it joins on the 
 r. bk. 10 m. W. of the head of Loch Ness. 
 
 Lozells, two eccles. pars., Eng., Warwickshire, Aston par. 
 (Birmingham). L. St. Paul, P. 14,800 ; L. St. Silas, P. 10,500. 
 
 Loz^re, dep., S. France, formed of parts of Languedoc, 
 mainly G^vaudan; divided into three arrs. : Mende (cap.). 
 Florae, and Marvejols. The most mountainous dep., called 
 ' theroof of France,' comprises three distinct parts, the Cevennes, 
 E. ; Montagne, N. and NW. ; and Gausses, SW. The Cevennes 
 in the dep. comprise several ranges : Aigoual in the SE. , SW. , 
 and NE. , from which is given off a spur, the Boug^, running 
 W. ; northward the Aigoual is connected near the Col St. 
 Maurice with the Lozfere Mts. , a porphyritic range running E. 
 and W., with Pic Finiels (5585 ft.), the highest summit in the 
 dep. Further N. is another parallel spur, the Goulet Mts., 
 highest point Signal de Goulet (4920 ft.). The Cevennes are 
 connected with the Montagne in the N. by the plains of Montbel, 
 and a wild granitic plateau called ' Palais du Roi. ' The Montagne 
 comprises the Margeride or Margerite Mts. , a series of undulating 
 granitic plateaux, part covered with forest and part under grass, 
 affording pasturage for large flocks of sheep ; highest summit. 
 Signal de Randon (5100 ft.). In the extreme W. of the dep., 
 and connected with the Margeride Mts. by wide plateaux, are the 
 mountains of Aubrac, with well-wooded valleys and rich pasture 
 lands, where cattle are extensively reared ; highest summit. Signal 
 de Mailhebiau (4825 ft.), to the N. of which are many small lakes 
 and ponds. The Causses in the SW. cover an area of 485 sq. 
 m. , and are very thinly peopled. The dep. receives no rivers, 
 but gives rise to more than 400 torrents, whose waters go to the 
 Garonne, the Loire, and the Rhone. The Tarn rises in the 
 E. and flows SW. , receiving on 1. bk. Tarnon and Jonte ; the 
 Lot flows W. , receiving on r. bk. Colagne ; the AUier flows 
 mainly on NE. frontier. The soil is fertile only in the valleys 
 of the S. and SE. Rye is the principal cereal, then oats and 
 wheat. Chestnuts form an important article of food. Minerals 
 include argentiferous lead at Villefort and Vialas ; lithographic 
 stone is found in the Sauveterre, and there are quarries of 
 marble, granite, and slate. L. was the scene of many events 
 connected with the Camisard war. Area, 1996 sq. m. P. (1891) 
 135,500. See France, table. 
 Loz^re, mts., France. See Cerennes. 
 Loznlca (loznitsa), tn., Servia, cap. prov. Podrinje, 65 m. 
 WSW. Belgrade. P. <3000. 
 
 LoJoTlkllozhovik), tn., Servia, circle and 12 m. S. Semendria, 
 35 m. SE. Belgrade. P. <sooo. 
 
 Lozoya, riv., Spain, New Castille, prov. Madrid, rises in the 
 Sierra de Guadarrama, flows E. into the Jarama, r. bk. trib. of 
 the Tagus ; length, 47 m. The L. Canal, finished in 1859, begins 
 near the mouth of the river, and enters Madrid after a distance 
 of about 44 m. , supplying the capital with abundance of water. 
 Lozzoral, vil., near the E. ct. Sardinia, prov. and 58 ra. 
 NE. by N. Cagliari. 
 
 Lu, a frequent prefix of river-names in central S. Africa; 
 sometimes in the form Ru (Rufiji, or Lufiji). 
 
 Lnabo, or Coama (Kwama), the mouth of the Zambezi, 
 which continues the line of the main stream, entering the Indian 
 Ocean in about 36° 20' E. 
 
LUAL — LUCE 
 
 Lnalaba, riv. , S. Africa, rises in the extreme S. of the Congo 
 Free State, in about 12° 50' S., 25° 25' E., flows on the whole 
 NNE. , passing through a series of lakes, and finally joining the 
 Luapula (sometimes called the Eastern L. ) in about 6° S. 
 Falls (Nzilo Falls) and rapids occur between 10° 20' and 11° S. 
 
 Lnan, tn. , China, prov. Nganhwei, 135 m. W. by S. Nanking. 
 
 Lnaiico, seapt. tn. , Spain, on a headland of Asturias, in the 
 Bay of Biscay, prov. and 15 m. N. Oviedo, dist. Avilfes, in the 
 comm. of Gozon ; ferruginous springs. 
 
 Lnang Pral>ang (or Phraliang), fortified tn., French Indo- 
 China, on the 1. or E. bank of the Mekong, 217 m. ENE. Chieng- 
 mai, at the confluence of the Namkan, in the midst of a forest 
 of coco and areca palms, surrounded on all sides by mountains ; 
 chief Laotian centre of all Indo-China. Near here the enter- 
 prising French traveller and naturalist, M. Mouhot, died in 
 i860. P. about 9000. 
 
 Lnan-tao, riv. , China. See Lan-ho. 
 
 Luapnla, riv., Africa. See Lnalaba and Congo. 
 
 Iiuarca, seapt. tn., Spain, prov. and 37 m. WNW. Oviedo, 
 cap. dist. L. , viifh small and shallow harbour. 
 
 Lnbacz6w (lubacho), tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, 45 m. 
 NW. by W. Lemberg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Lnban, small isl., E. Archipelago, Philippines, about 90 m. 
 SW. Manila, to the W. of the entrance of San Bernardino Strait. 
 
 imbartow, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 18 m. NNW. 
 of Lublin, on 1. bk. of Wieprz. P. 5406. 
 
 Lnbashl, diflScult pass across the Kuenlun Mts., central 
 Asia, near Polu. Alt. 17,500 ft. 
 
 Lttbbecke, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, cap. circle L., 
 13 m. W. Minden ; has large commerce in flax. P. <30oo. 
 
 Lttbben, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, cap. circle L. , 47 m. 
 SE. Potsdam, 21 m. NW. by W. Kottbus. P. 6100. 
 
 Liibbenan, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Kalau, 17 m. 
 WNW. Kottbus ; gardening is the chief industry. P. <4000. 
 
 Lttbbe-Sce, Gross, lake, Ger. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 
 50 m. S. by E. Kolberg, drained S. by the Drage to the Netze. 
 
 Lnbbesthorpe, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 
 3 m. SW. by W. Leicester, 2 m. SE. Kirby Muxloe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Lnbbock, co., U.S., Texas, S. of 34° N., crossed in the 
 extreme W. by 102° W. 
 
 Lubec, seapt. tn., U.S., Maine, Washington co., on Passama- 
 quoddy Bay, 82 m. E. Bangor, with good harbour. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Liibeck, commercial free city, Ger. , one of the three free or 
 Hanse towns, and the cap. of a small terr. enclosed by Holstein 
 and Lauenburg, consisting of the town and three suburbs, St. 
 Jflrgen to the S. , St. Lorenz to the W. , and St. Gertrude to the 
 N,, on the Trave, at the confluence of the Wakenitz, 35 m. 
 NE. Hamburg, on a hill, enclosed by ramparts, now converted 
 into a promenade. Has a cathedral, finished in 1341, a castel- 
 lated town-hall, finished in 1517, formerly the place of assembly 
 for the Hanseatic League, a valuable public library, and other 
 public institutions ; with manufactures of machines, tobacco, 
 soap, and tin goods, iron-foundries, glass-works, &c. Has ex- 
 tensive transit trade, principally with Scandinavia and Russia, 
 importing goods from the N. and colonial produce ; exporting 
 grain. Since the improvement of the Trave, this port can admit 
 vessels drawing nearly 16 ft. ; larger vessels stop at Traveraiinde. 
 Area of harbour, 50 ac. ; length of quayage, 8000 ft. In conse- 
 quence of the improvements just referred to, completed in 1880, 
 the trade of the port has grown rapidly in recent years. The 
 tonnage cleared increased from 431,000 in 1884 to 532,000 in 
 1889. L. communicates with the Elbe, and so with Hamburg 
 by the Stecknitz Canal, 44J m. long, which runs nearly due S. 
 by Molln, joining the Elbe above Lauenburg, a connection 
 established by L. merchants in 1390-98. It admits vessels of 3 
 ft. draught. In 1806 the city was stormed by the French, and 
 it subsequently became cap. arr. of the dep. Bouches-d'-Elbe. 
 Mean temp., yr. 46.3° F., Jan. 32.1°, July 63.5° ; mean rfall. (30 
 yrs.), 21.9 in. P. (1871) 39,700; (1890) 63,600. 
 
 Lnbeck, vil., Victoria, Borung co., 43 m. NNW. Ararat. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Liibeck, Gulf of, in the SW. of the Baltic, between Schleswig 
 and Mecklenburg ; receives at its head, by a narrow mouth, the 
 Trave, which forms the approach to the city of Liibeck. 
 
 Lnbefii, riv., Congo Free State, flows NW. then W. into 
 the Sankuru, which it joins just S. of 4° S. in 22° 45' E. ; navig- 
 able to 23^° E. 
 
 Lnbeln, or lK»itgevUIe-les-Salnt- Avoid, vil., Ger., Alsace- 
 Lorraine, circle Bolchen, 21 m. E. Metz ; lead mines and quarries 
 of gypsum worked. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lilben, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. circle L., 19 m. SSE. 
 Glogau, with wool-spinning. P. 5600. 
 
 Lnbenkam, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 13 
 m. SE. by S. Leicester, on the L. & NW. R. , PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Lnb^ron, mt. chain, France. See Vanclnse. 
 
 Lnbl, riv. , central Africa. See Lolka. 
 
 Labllash,rivs. ,CongoFree State. SeeLomamlandSanknrn. 
 
 Iiublln, govt, of SE. Russian Poland, has Siedlce in N., 
 Volliynia in E., Kielce in W., and Galicia in S. Surface 
 undulating plains, 800-900 ft., and 1050 ft. in S.; marshy low- 
 
 lands between Vistula and Wieprz; watered by Vistula on 
 W., and Bug on E. frontier, and their tribs. Wieprz, Tanew, 
 Kuszwa. Population Poles, 50 per cent.; Little Russians, 
 35 per cent.; Jews, 14 per cent. Rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, 
 potatoes, and some wheat grown, partly for export. Sugar 
 works, steam flour mills, starch and tobacco works, agricultural 
 machinery ; trade in grain, timber, and wooden goods, ex- 
 ported. Divided into ten dists. : Lublin, Bilgoray, Chehn, 
 Hrubieszow, Jan6w, Krasnystaw, Lubartow, Nowa Alexandrya 
 or Pulaw^, and Tomaszciw. Area, 6499 sq. m. P. (1881) 
 828,362 ; (1890) 979,700. See Poland. 
 
 Lnblln, cap. of above prov. , 60 m. SE. of Warsaw, on Bys- 
 trzyca, trib. of Wieprz. Old citadel ; see of a bishop ; one of 
 chief centres for manufactures of thread, yarn, linen, hemp 
 goods, and woollen stuffs ; trade in grain and cattle. P. (i860) 
 19,745; (1890)52,065. 
 
 LnbUnltz, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. circle L., 45 m. 
 NNE. Ratibor. P.<30oo. 
 
 Lnbnaig, Iioch, lake, Scot. , Perthshire, at the NE. base of 
 Ben Ledi, 5 m. NNW. Callander. It is formed by a branch of 
 the Teith, which issues from Lochs Doine and Veil. 
 
 Lubny, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 75 m. WNW. of Poltava, 
 on r. bk. of Sula ; botanical garden ; trade in jams. P. 10,800. 
 
 Iiubrln, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. Almeria, dist. and 9 m. 
 WSW. Vera, with marble quarries. P. 6300. 
 
 Iittbtheen, vil., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle Hage- 
 now, 27 m. SW. by S. Schwerin, with large gypsum quarry. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Lnbndi, riv., S. Africa, joins 1. bk. Luapula in about 9^° S. 
 
 Liibz, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle Parchira, 26 
 m. ESE. Schwerin. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Lncalnena de las Torres, comm., Spain, prov. and 20 m. 
 ENE. Almeria, at foot of Sierra Alhamilla; iron ore mines. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Luc, le, tn., France, dep. Var, arr. Draguignan, 22 m. W. 
 Fr^jus, with beds of argentiferous lead. P. <:300o. 
 
 Iincau, vil., Canada, Ontario, Middlesex co. , 16 m. NW. 
 by N. London, 26 m. by rail W. Stratford. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lncan, par. and tn.. Ire., W. co. and 7^ m. W. Dublin, 
 bar. Newcastle, on the r. bk. of the Liffey, on G. S. & W. R., 
 PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Lucania, ancient div., Italy. See Basillcata. 
 
 Lncas, tn., U.S., Iowa, L. co. , 40 m. S. Des Moines; has 
 coal-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lncas, co., U.S., Ohio, on the N. frontier, and the W. end 
 of Lake Erie, bounded for a considerable distance on the SE. 
 by the Maumee R. 
 
 Lncban, very prosperous agricultural tn., Philippine Is., 
 Luzon, prov. Tayabas. P. 10,200. 
 
 Lncca, walled city, Italy, Tuscany, on the Serchio, 11 m. 
 NE. by N. Pisa, cap. prov. L. Its cathedral contains valuable 
 paintings and antiquities ; numerous churches, mostly built of 
 Carrara marble ; a ducal palace ; many educational establish- 
 ments, including a seminary for noble ladies, founded by the sister 
 of Napoleon I. ; an aqueduct on 459 arches, for the conveyance of 
 water from Monte Pisano. It is the first place in Italy where 
 silk was manufactured ; it still has manufactures of silk, and 
 the spun silk which it now produces has the reputation of being 
 the best in Italy. It also carries on the spinning and weaving 
 of jute, hemp, and linen, and the spinning of cotton, and pro- 
 duces also inlaid work, sculptured marble, and cigars. The 
 water-power of the Serchio and tributary torrents is largely 
 made use of in the mills. In the 12th century it became a free 
 city. In 1805 Napoleon I. erected it into a principality for his 
 sister's husband, Bacciochi, and it was annexed to the kingdom 
 of Italy in i860. Near it are the reputed baths of Nero, and 11 
 m. northward, in the valley of the Serchio, are the baths of L., 
 a favourite summer watering-place. P. (1871) 21,300 ; (1881J 
 20,400. 
 
 Lnccombe, or Lnckham, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wellington 
 div., 3 m. from N. ct., 20 m. N. by W. Tiverton. P. <50o. 
 
 Ince, New and Old, two adjoining pars., Scot., Wigtown- 
 shire. New L., 7l m. ENE. Wigtown, on G. & SW. R., P.O., 
 28,877 ac, P. <:75o ; Old L., 31,596 ac, P. <3000. 
 
 Lace, Water of, riv., Scot., rises in the SW. of Ayr, and 
 flows S. and SSE. through Wigtown into the head of Luce Bay. 
 
 Lnce Bay, large bay, Scot. , in the S. of Wigtownshire. The 
 quicksands on its N. and W. shores have often proved destruc- 
 tive to shipping, especially before the construction of the light- 
 house on the Mull of Galloway (in SW. of bay). 
 
 Lncea, vil. , Jamaica, Cornwall co. , on the NW. ct. , on L. 
 Harbour, i6 m. W. by S. Montego Bay, in 78° 9' W. 
 
 Lncena, tn., Spain, prov. Castellon de la Plana, 45 m. N. 
 Valencia, cap. dist. L. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Lncena, tn., Spain, prov. and 36 m. SE. by S. C6rdoba, cap. 
 dist. L. ; large emporium of agricultural produce, with excellent 
 red wines. P. 21,300. 
 
 Lnc«en-Diols (the ancient Lucus A ugusti, ' wood of Augustus ' ) , 
 tn., France, dep. Dr6me, on the Drdme, 42 m. SSW. Grenoble, 
 arr. and 11 m. SSE. Die. P. < 2000. . ' 
 
 923 
 
LUCE — LUDE 
 
 Lncens, comm., Switzd., cant. Vaud, lo m. ESE. Yverdon. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Lucense, tn. , Spain. See Lugo. 
 
 Lncera, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. and ii m. W. by N. Foggia ; 
 has a cathedral, formerly a Saracenic mosque, a bishop's palace, 
 considered the finest building in Apulia, and a castle \ m. from 
 the town, where the Emperor Frederick II. died in 1250. P. 
 15.300. 
 
 Lucerne (from lucema, 'lighthouse'), city, Switzd., cap. 
 cant. L. , on the Reuss, at the outlet of the Lake of L. , 13 m. SW. 
 Zug, with but little industry ; a favourite tourist-resort ; has four 
 bridges, of which two are covered and adorned vdth ancient 
 paintings. The lion of L. is a colossal figure of a dying lion 
 by Thorwaldsen, in memory of the heroic resistance of the Swiss 
 to the Paris mob at the Tuileries, 1792. Adjoining this monu- 
 ment is the 'glacier garden,' an area of ice-marked rocks with 
 numerous potholes, the largest 26 ft. wide by 30 ft. deep. A 
 rope railway ascends Mount Pilatus from L. Alt. 1490 ft. Rfall. 
 (13 yrs.), 48.05 in. P. (comm.) 20,600. ' 
 
 Laceme,Lake of (Ger. Vlerwaldstiittersee, or the ' Lake of 
 Four Forest Cantons '), lake, Switzd. , near its centre, enclosed by 
 the cantons Schwiz, Uri, Unterwalden, and Lucerne. Shape 
 cruciform, with a prolongation eastward, called the Bay of Uri, 
 where its banks rise into wild sublimity ; its scenery is every- 
 where picturesque. The Reuss enters it at its SE. , and leaves 
 it at its NW. end. Length, 24 m. ; breadth, \ xa. to 2 m. ; 
 area, 44^ sq. m. ; alt. 1435 ft. ; greatest depth, 700 ft. (SSW. of 
 Gersau). The lake is very seldom completely frozen over. 
 Navigation sometimes dangerous, especially in sudden outbursts 
 of the fohn {q.v.). 
 
 Lucerne, Ger. Lozem, canton, Switzd. , near its centre, en- 
 closed by the cantons Schwiz, Unterwalden, Zug, Aargau, Solo- 
 thurn (Soleure), and Bern. Surface mountainous in the S. , ele- 
 vation of hills decreasing towards the N. , with wide intervening 
 valleys. Climate temperate ; soil generally fertile. Principal 
 towns L. (the cap.) and Russwil. Principal rivers the Reuss 
 and its trib. , the Emmen, and the Wigger, which flows to the 
 Aar. The canton comprises the lakes Sempach and Baldegg ; 
 those of L. and Zug form part of its E. limits. Fruits are 
 plentiful, and wine is made ; but the chief branches of industry 
 are cattle-rearing, for which the valley of Entlebuch is specially 
 noted, and dairy husbandry ; workable beds of iron ore at Roth- 
 horn, Pilatus; coal in Entlebuch and near L. Manufactures 
 mostly domestic. L. is the chief of the Swiss Roman Catholic 
 cants. Area, 580 sq. m. P. 136,000. See Switzerland, table. 
 
 Lucerne Street, P.O., Eng., Kent, 2 m. from Green Street, 
 near Sittingboume. 
 
 Luctaeux, viL, France, dep. Somme, 18 m. WSW. Arras. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Lu-cbon, tn., China, prov. Nganhwei, 90 m. W. by S. 
 Nanking. 
 
 Lu-cbon, tn., China, prov. Siichwan, 146m. SE. Chengtu-fu, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Yangtse-kiang, at the confluence of the To- 
 kiang, chief emporium for the salt from the salt-mines of 
 Tsuliucheng, 62 m. N W. Two-thirds of the city burnt in 1887, 
 at which time its population was estimated at 100,000 (Pratt). 
 
 Lticliow, tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle L., 55 m. NNE. 
 Brunswick, 36 m. SE. Liineburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Ln-chn, chain of isls.. Pacific. See Klu-kln. 
 
 Lnchullngo, riv., Portuguese E. Africa, flows NNE. into 
 the Rovuma, which it enters in about 36° 10' E. 
 
 Luclca (luchitsa), vil. in the N. of Servia, E. of the Morava, 
 circle Pofarevac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Laclllo, comm. , Spain, prov. Leon, dist. Astorga. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Lnclndale, vil., S. Australia, Robe co., 173 m. SE. by S. 
 Adelaide. ' P. < 1500. 
 
 Lnclto, market-tn. , S. Italy, prov. Campobasso, 11 m. WSW. 
 Larino. P. < 3000. 
 
 Luckau, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, cap. circle L. , 27 
 m. W. by N. Kottbus, with toy manufactures. P. < 5000. 
 
 Luckeeseral, or LakM Sarill, rly. stn. , India, Bengal , at the 
 junction of the ' chord ' and ' loop ' lines of the E. India Rly. 
 
 Luckenwalde, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Juter- 
 bog-Luckenwalde, 22 m. S. by E. Potsdam, with important 
 wool-spinning, tile field, and brewery. Tn. P. 18,000 ; comm. 
 P. 18: 400. 
 
 Lucker, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., II m. N. by W. Alnwick, on the NE. R., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Luckham, par., Eng., Somerset. See Lnccombe. 
 
 Lnckintcton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 12J 
 m. XNE. Bath, 'j\ m. WSW. Malmesbury, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lacklawblll, vil., Scot., Fifeshire, 2 m. WNW. Leuchars 
 Junction. Population reckoned with that of Balmullo. 
 
 Lucknow, city, Brit. India, cap. of L. div. and dist. and 
 of the old prov. of Oudh, 43 m. NE. by E. Cawnpur, 199 m. 
 (by rail) N W. Benares, 675 m. f by rail) from Calcutta, on both 
 banks of the Gumti, in 26° 52 N., 80° 58' E., in an alluvial 
 
 glain, in which a boring of 1300 ft. in depth was made without 
 nding the bottom of the alluvium. L. is a leading city of 
 native fashion, and has a chief school of music, grammar, and 
 924 
 
 Mohammedan theology ; also important manufactures of articles 
 of luxury, gold and silver brocade, fine muslin, glass-work, &c. 
 Large quantities of grain and timber come in from the trans- 
 Gogra dists. ; raw cotton, iron, and imported goods are sent 
 northwards. The railway workshops employ large numbers of 
 men. L. first became great as the cap. of the young dynasty 
 which established itself in Oudh on the decay of the Mughal 
 Empire. During the Mutiny it underwent a siege of six months 
 (May-November, 1857, when the British garrison and residents 
 were relieved by Sir Colin Campbell) at the hands of the 
 mutineers. The cantonments, which cover 11-12 sq. m., lie SE. 
 of the city, separated from it by a canal. Alt. 369 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 78° F., Jan. 61°, June 92°; rfall., yr. 37.6 in., June- 
 Sept. 33.3 in., July-Aug. 21.2 in. P. (1869) 257,000; (1891) 
 250,000 ; Hindus, 146,000 ; Moham. 99,000 ; Christians, 2900 ; 
 total, including cantonment, 273,000. 
 
 Lncknow, vil., Canada, Ontario, Bruce co., 75 m. WSW. 
 Colling^vood. P. < 1500. , 
 
 Lncknow, New South Wales, 198 in. (by rail and road) W. 
 Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lucknow, settlement, in the W. of Victoria, co. Borung. 
 
 Luco, vil., S. Italy, prov. Aquila, on Lake Fucino, 5 m. S. 
 Avezzano. P. <4000. 
 
 Lucoll, vil., S. Italy, prov. and 6 in. WSW. Aquila, with 
 marble quarries. P. <3000. 
 
 Lucon, tn. , France, dep. Vendee, arr. Fontenay-le-Comte, 
 21 m. N. La Rochelle, in a marshy plain, united to the sea by 
 a navigable canal 10 m. in length, admitting vessels drawing 
 10 ft. ; a bishopric, founded in 1317. P. 6100. 
 
 Lucon, Philippine Is. See Lnzon. 
 
 Lneott Hill, Eng., Exmoor Forest, in the W. of the co. of 
 Somerset. Height, 1512 ft. 
 
 Lucrln, small lake, Italy, prov. Naples, circle and 3 m. W. 
 Pozzuoli, near the N. shore of the Gulf of Naples, from which 
 it is separated only by a narrow sand-spit ; formed according to 
 the legend by Hercules ; here oysters are raised ; much renowned 
 in the time of the Romans. 
 
 Lucronius, tn. , Spain. See Logrono. 
 
 Luc«sur-]Mer, vil. , France, dep. Calvados, arr. and 10 m. N. 
 Caen, with sea-bathing ; a zoological station. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lncton', par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 5 m. NW, Leo- 
 minster, 2^ m. N. Kingsland stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Lucus Augusti, tn. , France. See Lnc-en-Dlois. 
 
 Lucus Augusti, tn., Spain. See Lugo. 
 
 Lucus Minerva, tn., Italy. See Mlnerrlno-Mnrge. 
 
 Lucy, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Shelby co., 12 m. NE. Memphis. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Lncyn, tn. , Russia. See Lyutsin. 
 
 Ludborough, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , sj 
 m. NNW. Louth, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lndchnrch, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 12 m. NE. by E. 
 Pembroke, 2J m. SE. by S. Narberth stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ludd, or El Ludd, the ancient Diospolis, tn. , Palestine, Lod 
 in the O. T., Lydda in the N. T., 31° 57' N., 34° 54' E., 11 m. 
 SE. Jaffa (ancient Joppa), on caravan route from Damascus to 
 Egypt. In the 4th century a bishopric was instituted under 
 the name of St. George, who is said to have been born and 
 buried here. 
 
 Luddan, tnld. , Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. W. Inishowen, 
 on the E. side of Lough Swilly, 9J m. NW. by N. Londonderry. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Lndden, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Clanwilliam, 3 m. NW. 
 Sixmilebridge. P. <500. 
 
 Ludden, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Dickey co., 85 m. SW. 
 Fargo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Luddenden, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Sowerby div., 3^ m. W. Halifax, i m. NNE. L. Foot stn., 
 PMT.O. P.<4500. 
 
 Luddenden Foot, tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on riv. 
 Calder, and L. & Y. R., 6 m. W. Halifax ; has manufactures of 
 cotton, worsted, and paper. P. < 3500; eccles. par. P. < 2500. 
 
 Luddenbam, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 2 m. NW. by N. 
 Faversham. P. <2So ; eccles. par. (L. -with Stone next Farer- 
 slinm) P. <25o. 
 
 Lnddesdoivn, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 4^ m. WSW. 
 Rochester, i\m. SE. Sole Street stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Luddlngton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 6^ 
 m. SE. Goole, 4^ m. NE. by N. Crowle stn., PM.O. P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (L. with Garthorpe) P. < 1000. 
 
 Laddiugton, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 2J m. SW. by 
 W. Stratford-on-Avon [q.v.], on the Stour. P. <:25o. 
 
 Luddlngton In the Brook, par. , Eng. , Northampton and 
 Hunts, Huntingdon div., 11 m. SW. by S. Peterborough, 5 m. 
 SE. Oundle, 3^ m. E. by S. Barnwell stn. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (L. In the B. with Hemlngton) P. <25o. 
 
 Lude, Le, tn. , France, dep. Sarthe, arr. La Flfeche, on the 
 Loir, 26 m. S. Le Mans. P. <3000. 
 
 Lndenburg, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt, and circle 
 Diisseldorf, dist. Gerresheim. P. <:3000. 
 
 LUdenscheld, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Altena, 
 
LUDE — LUGG 
 
 19 m. E. by S. Barmen, with, manufactures of machines, iron- 
 mongery, and goods in brass, tin, and white metal. To. P. 
 16,200; comm. P. 19,500. 
 
 Liidenscheld, comm. (Landgemeinde) , Prussia, adjoining the 
 town of the same name, with a population in scattered villages, 
 but carrying on similar industries to those pursued in the town. 
 P. 7800. 
 
 Lndford, par. , Eng. , Salop and Herefordshire, Ludlow div. , 
 on the Teme, 20 m. W. Kidderminster, adjoining Ludlow on 
 the S. P. <75o. 
 
 Lndford, Magna and Parva, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. L. Magna, 8 m. W. by N. 
 Louth, 4 m. N. by E. South Willingham stn., PM.O. (Lndford), 
 P. < 500 ; L. Parva, P. < 500. 
 
 Lndgate Hill, stn., Eng., London, close to St. Paul's, on 
 the L. C. & D. R. 
 
 Lndgersliall, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 10 m. 
 S. by W. Buckingham, i^ m. N. by W. Brill stn. , P. O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ladgersliall, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 7J m. 
 NW. by W. Andover, on the M. & SW. June. Rly., PM.O. 
 Market-day, W. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lndglerzowltz, comm., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Oppeln, 
 circle Ratibor, dist. Hultschin. P. < 3000. 
 
 Lndgvan, par. and tn. , Eng. , Cornwall, St. Ives div. , 2^ m. 
 NE. Penzance. Dr. William Borlase, the antiquary, was rector 
 of the par. for more than fifty years, and is bviried here. PMT. O. 
 4541 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Lndliam, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 11 m. NW. Yar- 
 mouth, 2 m. W. by S. Potter Heigham stn., PM.O. P. <;iooo. 
 
 Lndlildiia, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, cap. dist. L. , 73 m. SE. 
 by E. Amritsar, about 3 m. to the S. of the Sutlej. Mainly 
 peopled by Kashmiri and Pathan settlers, the former weavers 
 of shawls and cloth made from the fine wool used in making 
 cashmere shawls. Alt. 812 ft. Mean temp., yr. 73° F., Jan. 
 52°, June 91°; rfall., yr. 31.2 in., July-Sept. 20.5 in. P. (1868) 
 40,000; (1881)44,200; (1891)46,300; Moham. 30,300; Hindus, 
 13,900. 
 
 Ludlnia Nladl, military post, French Congo Terr., on the 
 Niadi, or upper Kwilu, at the confluence of the Ludinia, opposite 
 the station of Stephanieville, about 95 m. ENE. Loango, in 
 4°6'S., 13° 5' E. 
 
 Lildlnghanseu, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, cap. circle L. , 
 iSi m. S W. by S. Miinster, with school of agriculture. P. <:3000. 
 
 Ludliigton, city, U.S., Michigan, Mason co. , on Lake Michi- 
 gan, in 43° 57' N. , at the mouth of Marquette R. , 130 m. W. 
 by N. Bay City, with fine harbour. P. 7500. 
 
 Lndltz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, circle Elnbogen, 56 m. W. 
 Prague, on 1. bk. of the Strzela, with iron ore and tin mines. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Lndlam's Beacb, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Cape May co. , 
 on the E. ct. , in 39° 10-12' N. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ludlow, mun. bor. (since Edward IV.), par., and market-tn. , 
 Eng., Shropshire, S. or L. div., in the diocese of Hereford, 
 at the confluence of the Teme and Corve, 25 m. S. Shrewsbury, 
 on the L. and Hereford Rly. , with branch to the Severn Valley 
 Rly. Some trade in corn, timber, and leather, but industries 
 quite unimportant. Once a royal residence, siurounded by 
 walls under Edward I. ; L. under Henry VIII. was seat of the 
 ' Council of the Marches ; ' the castle still forms an ag[reeable 
 promenade, with fine views. Scene of Milton's Comus. Fort- 
 nightly stock auction sales. Anciently known to the Welsh as 
 Dynhani. Market-days, M. and S. Par. (L. St. Lawrence) 
 and mun. bor. P. (i89i)<4Soo; pari. div. P. (1891) 55,900. 
 
 Lndlow, tn. , U.S., Kentucky, Kenton co., on Ohio R., 
 opposite Cincinnati. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Lndlow, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Hampden co., 7 m. E. 
 Holyoke. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lndlow, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Windsor co., 20 m. SE. by S. 
 Rutland. P. < 2000. 
 
 Lndlow, post-tn., W. Australia, Wellington co., 120 m. 
 S. by W. Perth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lndou, vil., France, dep. Gironde, arr. Bordeaux, 5 m. 
 NNE. Blanquefort, with renowned wines. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Lndwell, hamlet, Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 14 m. W. 
 by S. SaMsbury, 3I m. SE. Semley stn., P.O. 
 
 Lndwlck (formerly Lndwig), bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 Westmoreland co., i m. W. Greensburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lndwlgsbnrg, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Neckar, 
 cap. dist. L., 8 m. N. Stuttgart, i^ m. from the 1. bk. of the 
 Neckar, with manufactures of woollen, cotton, and linen fabrics, 
 corsets, metal wares, including wire, chicory, and organs. 
 Formed in 1704 by Duke Eberhard Louis, it is the Versailles of 
 Wurtemberg, and place of arms of the kingdom. Birthplace of 
 Dr. David Strauss. Tn. P. 17,300 ; comm. P. 17,400. 
 
 Lnd'wlg's Canal, canal, Ger. , Bavaria, connecting the basins 
 of the Rhine and Danube, beginning at Bamberg on the Main, 
 following the course of the Regnitz to Fiirth, and ending at 
 Kelheim at the mouth of the Altmiihl ; total length, 107 m. , 
 including the small canalised portions of the Regnitz and 
 Altmiihl; depth, 5 ft.; width at surface, 57 ft., at bottom, 36 ft. 
 
 Ludwlgsbafen, vil., Ger., Baden, on the NE. shore of 
 Ueberlinger See, 12 m. NNW. Constance. P. <2000. 
 
 Lndwlggbafen, tn., Ger., Bavarian Palatinate, circle L., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Rhine R. , opposite Mannheim, with important 
 manufactures of wool and chemical products ; boat-building 
 and large commerce in iron and wood. P. (1871)7900; (1890) 
 28,800. 
 
 Lndwigslust, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle L., 
 21 m. S. Schwerin. P. 6500. 
 
 Ludwlgstadt, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Fraiiconia, 
 24 m. NE. Koburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ladwortb, PM.O., Eng., Durham, on the E. border of the 
 Mid div. , 5^ m. E. by S. Durham. 
 
 Lndwortb and Cbiswortb, par., Eng., Derbyshire, 8 ni. 
 NW. Chapel-en-le- Frith. P. <25oo. 
 
 Luebo, stn. of the Congo Free State, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Lulua, at the confluence of the Luebo R. , which enters the Lulua 
 from the S. , in 5° 27' S. , 21° 36' E. Alt. 1350 ft. 
 
 Lneg, remarkable grottoes, whose entrance is occupied by 
 the castle of L., Austria, Carniola, dist. and 5 m. WNW. 
 Adelsberg. 
 
 Luf, isl. , Ger. New Guinea, just S. of i^° S. , and E. of 145^ 
 E. , in the Lup group. 
 
 Lnfeng-bsien, tn., China, Yunnan, 40 m. W. by N. 
 Yiinnan-fu. 
 
 Luffenbani, Nortb and Soutb, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Rutland. North L., 5^ m. SE. by E. Oakham, PMT.O., ?.< 
 500 ; South L., with a stn. (Lnffenbani) on the L. & NW. and 
 M. Rlys., PMT.O. P. (of each) < 500. 
 
 Lnffleld Abbey, par. , Eng. , co. and 5 m. N W. Buckingham. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Lnfflncott, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 6J m. N. 
 Laimceston, on the L bk. of the Tamar. P. <:25o. 
 
 Luflji, riv. , E. Africa. See Rnfljl. 
 
 Lnfl'ra, or Lofl'ra, riv. , central S. Africa, in the SE. of the 
 Congo Free State, flows N. and then NNW., probably enters 
 Lake Kissale in the course of the Lualaba S. of 8° S. ; explored 
 chiefly in its upper coiu-se. In about 9° 40' S. it is about 45 
 yards wide and 40 ft. deep, but a few miles below that there 
 are falls (Juo Falls) ; higher up the Muache Falls occur at 
 10° 35' S. 
 
 Lnfton, par. , Eng. , Somerset, S. div. , 2 m. W. by N. Yeovil. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Lug, Gaelic, ' a hollow. ' See Lag. 
 
 Luga, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 85 m. by rail SSW. of St. 
 Petersburg, on Luga R. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Lngano, tn., Switzd. , cant. Ticino, 13 m. S. by W. Bellin- 
 zona, on the N. side of Lake L. , with manufactures of silks, 
 leather, and iron goods. A much frequented health resort, with 
 an Italian climate. L. fair, dating from 1513, is one of the 
 largest live-stock fairs in Switzer&nd. Alt. 902 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 53.0°, Jan. 35.6°, July 71.6°; rfall. (20 yrs. ), 63.8 in. 
 P. 7200. 
 
 Lngano, Lake of (Lacus Ceresius), lake, Svntzd. and N. 
 Italy, between the Lakes Maggiore and Como. Shape very 
 irregular. It is mostly enclosed by lofty, abrupt, and wooded 
 mountains; it discharges its surplus waters by the riv. Tresa 
 into Lake Maggiore. An active navigation is carried on along 
 its shores. Alt. 890 ft.; area, 19 sq. m.; depth, 945 ft. 
 
 Lngansk, or Lngan, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 143 m. E. 
 of Ekaterinoslav, near to N. Donets R. ; first class meteorological 
 observatory. Great iron-work and machinery-works (steam 
 engines, agricultural machinery, &c.). Mean temp., yr. 46.4° 
 F., Feb. 18.2°, July 72.1°; mean rfall. (46 yrs.), yr. 14.7 in., 
 May- Aug. 7.2 in. P. 16,200. 
 
 Lnganskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, prov. of Don Cossacks, 
 170 m. SE. of Kharkov, 70 m. E. of Bakhmut railway stn. 
 P. 14,700. 
 
 Lngar, vil., Scot., Ayrshire, on L. Water, 2 m. NE. 
 Cumnock, on Muirkirk Branch Rly.; has extensive iron-works. 
 PMT.O. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Lngar Water, small stream, Scot., S. Ayrshire, rises on 
 Aird's Moss within i m. of the Ayr, and flows W. past Lugar 
 and Cumnock, and then NW. to the Ayr. 
 
 Lngan, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. and 11 
 m. SW. Chemnitz, with coaLmines. P. 6200. 
 
 Lngarvlna, tn., in the N. of Servia, circle Podunavlje (the 
 circle containing Belgrade). P. <:3000. 
 
 Lngde, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Minden, circle 
 and 13^ m. NNW. Hoxter. P. <:3000. 
 
 Lugdnff Brook, small brook. Ire., in the middle of co. 
 Wicklow, flows N. into a small lake at the mouth of the Vale 
 of Glendalough. 
 
 Lugdunum, city, France. See Lyons. 
 
 Lugdunum Batavorum, ancient name of Leiden, Holland. 
 
 Lngenbeel, co., U.S., S. Dakota, on the S. frontier, between 
 101° and 102° W. 
 
 Lnggacurren, electoral div.. Ire., SE. Queen's co., bar. 
 Stradbally, 7 m. WSW. Athy, P.O. 
 
 Lngglass, electoral div., Ire., NW. co. Wicklow, bar. Lower 
 
 925 
 
LUGN — LUMA 
 
 Talbotstown, ii m. SSE. Naas, 5 m. S. by E. Ballymore 
 Eustace. 
 
 Lngnaqnllla, the highest of the Wicklow Mts. , Ire. , in the 
 middle of co. Wicklow, I5J^ m. W. Wicklow. Height, 3039 ft. 
 
 Lagulan, coram. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Oppeln, 48 m. 
 N. by W. Ratibor. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Lngny, vil., France, dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire, 22 m. S. Ch^lon- 
 sur-Sa6ne. P. < 2000. 
 
 I/Ugo, tn. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 14 m, W. Ravenna ; has 
 a large annual fair. P. 8700. 
 
 Lugo, the ancient Lucense, or Lucus Augusti, city, Spain, 
 on the Minho, 51 m. E. by N. Santiago, cap. of prov. L. It 
 is enclosed by walls, and has a Gothic cathedral of the 12th 
 century. Its mineral baths (hot sulphur springs) were famous in 
 the time of the Romans. P. 20,000. 
 
 Lagos, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, 35 m. E. Temesvar, 
 cap. prov. Krass6-Szoreny, with vine and mulberry culture. 
 P. 12,500. 
 
 IiOgton, vil., Scot., N. Ayrshire, on the C. R. , 8 m. SSW. 
 Paisley. 
 
 Lngwardlne, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., on the 
 Lugg, 3 m. E. by N. Hereford, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Lube, small riv., Prussia, prov. Hanover, flows E. then N. 
 into the Elbe, which it enters about 13 m. SE. Hamburg. 
 
 LiUie, small stream, Prussia, prov. Hanover, flows NE. into 
 the Elbe, which it enters 14 m. E. of Hamburg. 
 
 Lnbu'tutu, viL, Kalahari Desert, protectorate of Bechuana- 
 land, in about 24° S. , 21^° E. 
 
 Lnla (or Bnla) Blver, riv., S. Africa, flows E. by N. from 
 Mashona-land and joins the Mazoe in about i6^° S. , 33° E. 
 
 Lulb, stn., Scot., Perthshire, 7 m. SE. Killin, on C. R., P.O. 
 
 Lulcbart, Locb, lake, Scot., Ross-shire, 19 m. E. of the 
 head of Loch Maree, 5 m. long by ^-J m. broad. It receives 
 the riv. Bran at its head, and is drained E. by the riv. Conan. 
 
 Lol-bo, riv. , China, Hunan. See Lai-klang. 
 
 Lalk, tn. , Belgium. See Ll^ge. 
 
 Loin Bay, another name of Weber Hafen, Ger. New Guinea. 
 
 Lolng, isl., Scot, Argyllshire, off" the W. ct., in the Firth of 
 Lome, 56° ii'-i6' N., separated from Lunga and Scarba Is. 
 by the Sound of L. ; has important slate quarries. PM.O. 
 P. 632. 
 
 Luino, viL, Italy, Lombardy, on the E. shore of Lake 
 Maggiore, prov. and 21 ra. NW. Como. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Lnlyang, tn. , China, Hunan. See Lalyang-bslen. 
 
 Luiz, or Luis, Portuguese and Spanish form of Louis or Lewis. 
 
 Liija Bnmn, cape, W. ct. of Asia Minor, in 38° 49' N. 
 
 Lujan, or Luxan, riv. , Argentine Republic, joins the Plata 
 estuary from the W. 23 m. NW. Buenos Aires. 
 
 LuJan, Tllla, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 50 m. W. 
 Buenos Aires (by rail), on the r. bk. of Lujan R. ; petroleum 
 extracted in the dist. P. 4000. 
 
 Lujenda, Lujende, or Loendl, riv., Portuguese E. Africa, 
 issues from Lake Chiuta, a shallow, swampy lake to the N. of 
 Lake Shirwa, having its outlet in 14° 40' S. , flows N., and in 
 about lat. 14° 33' S. expands into Lake Amaramba, or Nama- 
 ramba, another shallow and swampy lake, then flows on the 
 whole NE. till it joins the Rovuma at Ngomano in 11° 25' S. , 
 38° 2' E. The L. is swift and shallow, and abounds in islets, 
 rocks, and sandbanks. See Proc. R. G. S., 1887, p. 468, map 
 1890, p. 256, scale I : 1,450,000. , 
 
 Lujo, vil., Spain, Galicia, prov. and WNW. Pontevedra, 
 dist. Cambados, with several bitter salt-springs. 
 
 Luballa, riv. , Portuguese W. Afiica, flows first S. in about 
 i6° E., then W. by S., entering the Kwanza, of which it is the 
 trib., 20 m. below Dondo, in about 9° 38' S. , 14° 15' E. 
 
 Lukan, gorge on the Yangtse-kiang, China, about 45 m. 
 above Ichang. 
 
 Lubatz, comm. , Prussia, on the W. frontier of prov, Posen, 
 50 m. NW. Posen, circle Filehne. P. <:300o. 
 
 Lukenye, Lnbatta, or Ikatta, riv., central Africa, Congo 
 Free State, flows W. parallel to and N. of the Sankuru, and 
 joins the Mfini just below its issue from Lake Leopold II. 
 Navigable for about 350 m. , but with numerous rapids. Banks 
 marshy. 
 
 Lu«klang, riv. , in the E. of Tibet and SW. of China, prov. 
 Yunnan, flows S. through a deep and narrow valley, which, in 
 Yunnan, has had, even since the time of Marco Polo, the 
 reputation of being extremely unhealthy in summer ; crossed 
 in two spans by separate chain suspension bridges on the road 
 from Bhamo (Burma) to Yiinnan-fu. The L. is usually regarded 
 as the headstream of the Sdlwfn, but is conjectured by some to 
 be possibly that of the Irdwadi. 
 
 Lublnrllle, goldfield, Queensland, in 16° S. , 90 m. E. of the 
 Gulf of Carpentaria. 
 
 Lubbee, mts. and pass. See Lakbl. 
 
 Lubbos, Lobbo8, or lif adl el Bus, the Greco- Roman Luxos, 
 or Lixus, riv., N. Morocco, rises in the mountains connected 
 with the Rif, and flows into the Atlantic, over a difiScult bar, 
 below El-arish. 
 
 Lubmanler Pass. See Alps, Passes, ID. (6). 
 926 
 
 Lnkoja, tn. , W. Africa. See Loboja. 
 
 Lubolela, stn., Congo Free State, on the 1. bk. of the Congo, 
 in 1° 5' S. , 17° 35' E. , with dense forests in dist. 
 
 Luboma, isL , Lake Nyassa. See Likoma. 
 
 LnboTlt, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. and 27 m. SW. by W. Plevna. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 LuboTO, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Seres, 21 m. N. by E. 
 of the mouth of the Struma. 
 
 ftukdw, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 15 m. SSE. of 
 Siedlce, near railway station. P. 7100. 
 
 LnboyanoT, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 90 m. SSE. of 
 Nizhni Novgorod. P. < 5000. 
 
 Lubn, or Lobn, important tn. , China, Suchwan, in Kien- 
 chang valley, 21 m. N. Ningyuan-fu, in about 28° 13' N., 
 102° 25' E. ; customs station. 
 
 Lnbn'ga, riv. , central Africa, the outlet of Lake Tanganyika, 
 flows W. into Lake Lanji, N. of 6° S. Navigable from Bulu, 
 35 m. Discharge at mouth, 1800 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Lubngu, riv., Portuguese E. Africa, rises in the Namuli 
 Hills, in 15° 24' S. , 37° E., flows S. into the Mozambique 
 Channel, which it enters in about 17° 38' S. ; quite useless for 
 commercial purposes, being a series of rapids along nearly all 
 its course. Proc. R. G. S., 1887, p. 475. 
 
 Lubuledl, riv., E. Africa. See Llndl. 
 
 Lubunga, stn. , Congo Free State, cap. Cataracts dist. , near 
 1. bk. Congo, in 5° S. , 14° 15' E. 
 
 Lubut, tn., Malay Penin., Sungei Ujong, on the Lukut R., 
 in 2° 35' N. , 101° 49' E. 
 
 Lolaiiga, vil. , Congo Free State. See Vranga. 
 
 Lule&, seapt. tn. , Sweden, cap. prov. or Ian Norrbotten, 572 
 m. NNE. Stockholm, near the mouth of Lulei-elf, with export 
 of wood, and iron from the mines of Gellivara. A railway is in 
 construction across the penin. to Ofotenfjord. The harbour, 
 which is undergoing improvement, covers an area of 1363 ac. , 
 and a fairway allowing the passage of vessels drawng 23 ft. ; 
 depth at quayside, igf ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lale&, navigable riv., N. Sweden, prov. Norrbotten, enters 
 the Gulf of Bothnia, 60 m. SW. Tornei, after a S. course of 
 200 m. It is formed by two headwaters, the larger of which 
 is called the Stora (Great) L., and expands in its upper course 
 into the lake called the Stora Lnle4 Janr (about 90 m. long), 
 a little below its exit from which it forms the magnificent 
 cascade of Njuommelsaska or Njommelsaskas (more than § m. 
 wide, no ft. high). A few miles S. of the Arctic Circle it 
 unites with the Lllla (Little) L. (r. bk. trib.), and becomes 
 navigable. Area of basin, 9102 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). 
 
 Liile-Burgas, the ancient BergulcB, tn., Turkey in Europe, 
 prov. Kirk-Kilise, 45 m. ESE. Adrianople, with important 
 manufactures of pipe-bowls (Turkish liile) and Turkish pipes. 
 
 Lules, vil. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 10 m. SW. Tucu- 
 man. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lu-llang-ctaou, tn. , China, Yunnan, 55 m. E. Yiinnan-fu. 
 
 Luling, tn., U.S., Texas, Caldwell co., on San Marcos R., 
 58 m. E. San Antonio. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lnlllngstone, par., Eng., Kent, Dartford div., on the 
 Darenth, 10 m. SW. by W. Gravesend, close to Eynsford stn. 
 P. <:2SO. 
 
 Lnlllngton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 6 m. S. Burton, 
 3i m. ENE. Elford and Haselour stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Lulllngton, par. , Eng. , Somerset, div. and 3 m. N. Frome, 
 on the Frome. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (L. with Orctaardlelgb) 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 LulUngton, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 6 m. WNW. East- 
 bourne, on the Cuckmare, 3 m. SW. Polegate stn. P. <2SO. 
 
 Lullymore, par., Ire., co. Kildare, bar. E. Offaly, 5 m. NE. 
 Rathangan. P. <25o. 
 
 Lulongo, riv. , central Africa, Congo Free State, formed by 
 the union of two headwaters, the Lopori, or Lopuri, from the 
 NE., and the Maringa from the SE., in about 1° 10' N., 19° 45' 
 E. , flows W. nearly parallel to the middle Congo till it enters 
 the latter river at Uranga, in 0° 40' N. It has been navigated 
 up to about 21° 32' E. on the Lopori headwater, up to about 
 22° 18' E. on the Maringa. 
 
 Lulsley, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Bewdley div. , on the r. 
 bk. of the Teme, 6J m. W. Worcester, i m. N. Knightwick stn. 
 P. <25o. See Sncbley. 
 
 Lulua, riv., Congo Free State, flows first N. between 22° 
 and 23° E. , about 6° S. tiu-ns NW. and enters the Kassai in 
 5° 5' S. , 21° 6' E. ; navigable from the mouth of the Luebo in 
 21° 36' E. downwards, but only with difficulty above that. 
 
 Luluaburg, stn., Congo Free State, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Lulua, in about 5° 57' S. , 22° 32' E. Alt. 1800 ft. 
 
 Lnlumba Fall, fall on the Lulua R. , Congo Free State, in 
 about 6° 16' S. , 22° 38' E. 
 
 Lulwoirtb, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Dor- 
 setshire, on the E. border of the S. div. East L. , ii^ m. E. by 
 N. Weymouth, 3 m. S. by E. Wool stn., P.O., P. <5oo; West 
 L., on the S. ct., with a coastguard station, PMT.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Lnmarzo, viL , N. Italy, prov. Genoa, circle and 16 m. NW. 
 Chiavari. P. <4000. 
 
LUMB — LUNG 
 
 Lumber River, riv., U.S., N. Carolina, flows SE. and S. 
 for about 125 m., and falls into Little Pedee R. 
 
 Lmnberton, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Robeson cc, 69 m. 
 WNW. Wilmington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lnmbler, tn. , Spain, prov. Navarre, dist. Aoiz, 22 m. ESE. 
 Pamplona, at confluence of rivs. Salazare and Irate. 
 
 Lain1> In Bossendale, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, 
 Whalley par., PMT.O. (Lnmli). P. <:3000. 
 
 Lumbrales, tn., Spain, prov. and 48 m. WSW. Salamanca, 
 dist. Vitigudino. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Lnmbres, vil., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, 7 m. SW. by W. 
 St. Omar. P. < 2000. 
 
 lumb'n'a, dist. , Brit. E. Africa, E. of Lake Victoria Nyanza, 
 in 0° 4S' S., E. of 35° E. ; composed mainly of ridges and 
 ravines almost entirely free from forest. 
 
 Lnniby, part of par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Hnddlestone. 
 
 Lamcloon, electoral div. , Ire., W. King's cc, bar. Garry- 
 castle, loj m. NNE. Parsonstown. 
 
 Luml, riv., Brit. E. Africa, flows from Mount Kilimanjaro 
 into the N. end of Lake Jipe, fertilising Taveta (^.v.) on its way. 
 
 Luinley, Great and Uttle, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Durham, in the W. of the Houghton-le-Spring div. Great L., 
 4)^ m. N. Durham, P.O., P. <20oo; Little L., P. <75o. 
 
 Lummen, viL, Belgium, prov. Limbourg, arr. and 8 m. 
 WNW. Hasselt. P. < 3000. 
 
 Lomua Nes8, penin., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, in the 
 NE., Nesting par., to the S. of Yell I. 
 
 Lmnnastlng, vil., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Nesting 
 par. , on Lumna Voe, 17 ra. SSE. of the N. end of the Mainland. 
 
 Laniphauan, par., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 14 m. ENE. 
 Ballater, on the Deeside Rly., PMT.O.; 8754 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Lnmphiiians, vil. , Scot. , Fifeshire, i m. W. Lochgelly. P, 
 <iSoo. 
 
 lumpkln, vil., U.S., Georgia, Stewart co., 88 m. SW. 
 Macon. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lumpkin, co., U. S. , Georgia, S. of 35° N., crossed by 84° W. 
 
 Lamsden, settlement and rly. stn. , Canada, Assiniboia, 18 
 m. NW. Regina. 
 
 Lumsden, viL , New Zealand, South I. , Southland co. , 50 m. 
 N. Invercargill. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lnmsden, viL, Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 11 J m. SSW. 
 Huntly, 7 m. SSW. Gartly stn., PMT.O. P. 500. 
 
 Lumut, Malay Penin. See Dindlugs. 
 
 Luna, riv., France. See Lolng. 
 
 Luua, vil. , Portugal, E. South Africa, on the Likwali R. , 19 
 in. NW. Kilimane. 
 
 Luna, Puerto de, vil., U.S. See Puerto de Luna. 
 
 Lunan, par., Scot., Forfarshire, on E. ct., on L. Bay, 4 m. 
 SSW. Montrose, with a stn. (L. Bay) on N. B. R. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lunau-cbou, tn., China, Yiinnan, 40 m. ESE. Yiinnan-fu. 
 
 Lunaris Villa, tn., France. See Lunivllle. 
 
 Luuas, vil., France, dep. H^rault, 25 m. N. Besders, 6 m. 
 WSW. Lodeve. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lund-vrdra, fortified tn., India, cap. of L. state, Rewa 
 Kdntha, 65 m. E. Ahmaddbdd. P. (1881) 9100. 
 
 Lnncarty, vil., Scot., E. Perthshire, on the C. R., 4 m. 
 NNW. Perth. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lund, Scandinavian, 'a thicket.' 
 
 Lund, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Blackpool div. , 4§ m. 
 W. by N. Preston, close to Sal wick stn. P. <:75o. 
 
 Lund, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 15 
 m. NW. by N. Hull, 2 m. ESE. Middleton on the Wolds stn., 
 P.O. See ClUr. 
 
 Lund, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div. , 
 8J m. NW. Goole, i m. WNW. Hemingborough stn. P. < 
 500 ; eccles. par. (L. fvltb Kllnwick) P. <iooo. 
 
 Lund, tn., Sweden, prov. Malmohus, 12 m. NE. Malmo. 
 P. 15,000. 
 
 Landa, large tern, central Africa, situated between 6° and 
 12° S. and 18° and 24° E. Consists of widely extending plains, 
 sloping gradually towards the middle Congo regions. Principal 
 rivers, the Kasai, Lulua, Lubilash, and their tribs. L. is in- 
 habited by the Kalunda or Balunda, a large Bantu tribe. The 
 ruler of L. has the hereditary title of Muata Yamvo, and his 
 influence extends not only over the Kalunda, but also over 
 many of the surrounding Bantu tribes, who have to pay tribute 
 and to assist the Muata Yamvo in case of war. The exist- 
 ence of this great ' Lunda Empire, ' as it was called, was 
 known to Europeans as far back as the i6th century, but it 
 remained unexplored until quite recently. It has some very 
 peculiar political institutions. The supreme power is not ex- 
 clusively in the hands of the Muata Yamvo, but is shared by an 
 unmarried woman, called the Lukokesha. Both of these are 
 elected by four members of the nobility of the country. The 
 cap. is called Mussumba, and its site is changed whenever a 
 Muata Yamvo dies. By the political division of Africa the 
 Lunda terrs. belong partly to the Congo Free State and partly 
 to the Portuguese sphere of influence, the Kasai forming the 
 boundary between the two. Area uncertain. P. estimated at 
 2,000,000. [H, G. S.] 
 
 Lunden, par., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle Nor- 
 derdithmarschen, 25 m. SW. by W. Schleswig, i m. E. of the 
 Eider. P. {comm.)<400o. 
 
 Lundenburg, tn., Austria, Moravia, on the Thaya, ii| m. 
 E. by S. Nikolsburg, with coal-mines. P. 6400. 
 
 Luuderston Bay, Scot. , Renfrewshire, W. ct. , in 55° 55' N. 
 
 Lundle, Loeb, lake, Scot. , Inverness-shire, 6 m. SW. of the 
 head of Loch Ness, drained S. into the riv. Garry. Alt. 445 ft. 
 
 Lundle, Locb, small lake, Scot., Ross-shire, in 5° 40' W., 
 drained N. into Loch Shieldaig. 
 
 Lundle and FoytIIs, par. , Scot. , Forfarshire and Perthshire, 
 5 m. ESE. Coupar Angus, 3 m. W. by S. Auchterhouse stn. , 
 P.O. (L.); 7012 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Lundln Mill and Dmmocble, vil. , Scot. , E. Fife, on the N. 
 shore of the Firth of Forth, on Largo Bay, 'j\ m. SSE. Cupar, 
 with a stn. (L. Links) on the N. B. R. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lunds, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Hardrow. 
 
 LundTllle, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on the E. side of 
 Lake Manitoba, 78 m. NW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Lundy Island, isl., Eng., off the NW. ct. of Devonshire, 19 
 m. W. Morte Point, with lighthouse (in 51° 10' N., 4° 40' W.) 
 showing lights visible respectively 31 and 28 m.; surrounded, 
 except at one opening on the E. , by rocks. Anciently a strong- 
 hold of pirates. PT.O. P. 53. 
 
 Lune (Gaelic Leamhan, 'elm' river), riv., Eng., rising in 
 Ravenstonedale Common, the SE. of Westmorland, flowing 
 W. and then S. through Westmorland, entering Lancashire, 
 and flowing SW. past Kirkby Lonsdale into Lancaster Bay at 
 Lancaster, to which town it is navigable for sea-going vessels. 
 Length, 50 m. 
 
 Lune, bar. , Ire. , in the W. of co. Meath. 
 
 Liineburg, tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, cap. circle L., 26 m. 
 SE. by S. Hamburg, enclosed by high walls, on the Ilmenau, 
 which is navigable ; industrial and agricultural centre, with 
 quarries of Umestone and gypsum, and important salt-mines. 
 Tn. P. (1821) 12,100; (1890) 20,300; comm. P. 20,700. 
 
 Lunebnrg and Bergen, German settlement, S. African 
 Republic, Utrecht dist., about no m. S. by W. Barberton. 
 
 Lunedale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on riv. Lune, 
 II m. NW. Barnard Castle. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lune Deep, deep-water tract, in the S. of Morecambe Bay, 
 Eng., Lancashire. 
 
 Lune Forest, upland tract, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 8 m. 
 E. by N. Appleby. 
 
 Lnuel, tn., France, near the E. border of dep. H^rault, arr. 
 and 14 m. ENE. Montpellier. P. 6000. 
 
 Liinen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Dortmund, on 
 riv. Lippe, 24 m. ENE. Essen, with manufactures of agri- 
 cultural machines. P. <30oo. 
 
 Lunenburg, or Malaguasb, tn., Canada, Nova Scotia, 
 Lunenburg co. , on the SE. ct. , 40 m. WSW. Halifax ; has a 
 large fishing fleet. The harbour covers 48 ac. ; depth alongside 
 quays, ordinary springs, high water, 16 ft. , low water, 10 ft. 
 Gold-mining is carried on near. P. (1881) 1750; (1891) 4044. 
 
 Lunenbui^, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., 21 m. 
 W. by S. Lowell. P. <isoo. 
 
 Lunenburg, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Essex co. , on Connecticut 
 R., 22 m. E. St. Johnsburg by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lunenburg, co., U.S., Virginia, in the S., crossed by 37° 
 N. , and in the E. by 78° W. 
 
 LundTllle, the ancient Lunaris Villa, tn. , France, dep. 
 Meurthe-et-Moselle, cap. arr. L. , on the Vezouze, 16 m. ESE. 
 Nancy, with manufactures of toys, straw hats, hosiery, gloves, 
 and earthenware. It has a palace, long the residence of Stanis- 
 laus, king of Poland, and is celebrated for the treaty of 1801 
 between the ' Emperor of Germany and Napoleon I. , on the 
 basis of the peace of Gampo-Formio. Alt. 770 ft. P. (1872) 
 12,300; (1891)21,500. 
 
 Lnney, tnld. , Ire. , co. Londonderry, bar. Loughinsholin, 3 
 m. from Magherafelt, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Lung, RlTer, Ire. , in the extreme E. of co. Mayo, and flows 
 into Lough Gara. 
 
 Lunga, isl. , Austria, in Adriatic Sea, off Zara, on the coast 
 of Dalmatia. Length, 28 ni.; width, 1-3 m.; alt. mo ft. 
 
 Lunga, islet, Scot., Argyllshire, W. ct., one of the Treshnish 
 group, in 56° 29-30' N. 
 
 Lunga, isl. , Scot. , Argyllshire, off the W. ct. , in the Firth of 
 Lome, in 56° i2'-i3' N. N. of Scarba the strait between these 
 islands is remarkable for the violence of its currents. P. 15. 
 
 Lungan-fu, tn. , China, in the SE. of prov. Shansi, 310 m. 
 SW. Tientsin, 100 m. NNE. Honan. 
 
 Lniigasi, riv. , W. Africa, flows SW. into the estuary of the 
 Kamerun ; navigable by canoe to a fall in 4° 10' N. , 10 9' E. 
 
 Lnngcbou-fu, walled city, China, prov. Kwangsi, on the Tso- 
 kiang, at the confluence of the Sungchi-kiang and the Kao- 
 ping-ho, 112 m. NE. by N. Hanoi, on one of the trade-routes 
 between Yiinnan and Tongking. P. about 20,000 {Proc. R. G. S. , 
 1891, p. 253). 
 
 Lnngcbwan-hslen, tn., China, Kweichou, 120 m. NE. by 
 N. Kweiyang-fu. 
 
 927 
 
 4k 
 
LUNG — LUTA 
 
 Lniigern, comm., Switzd., cant. Unterwalden (ob dem 
 Wald), 8 m. SW. by S. Sarnen, at the head of a small lake of 
 the same name (area about ^ sq. m., depth no ft.). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lnngkon, tn. and port, China, prov. Shantung, 30 m. SW. 
 Tung-chou, on the S. ct. of the Gulf of Pechili ; has trade with 
 Manchuria. 
 
 Luugll-hsien, tn. , China, Kweichou, ism. SE. Kweiyang-fu. 
 
 Lungnan, tn. , China, near the extreme S. of prov. Kiangsi, 
 150 m. NE. by N. Canton, on commercial route from Nanshang 
 to Canton, near the portage (traversing the Yangkok Mts. ) from 
 the Kwang-kiang to the Lianchou-kiang (trib. Pe-kiang). 
 
 Iiuugro, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 63 m. NNW. 
 Catanzaro. P. 5900. 
 
 Liingtsiin«chon, or laeiichlng, tn., China, prov. Shansi, 
 on N. side of the salt marsh Lutsun, the chief centre of salt 
 trade for all the salt region of Lutsun or Lungtsun. P. 90,000. 
 
 LAnl, or Lonl, properly Law&nl ('the briny' river), riv., 
 India, Rijputdna, rises in the Arivalli Hills, at the height of 
 1600 ft. , and flows SW. then SSW. into the Rann of Cutch. In 
 heavy rains overflows its banks to a breadth of about 5 m. and 
 leaves behind a rich alluvium. Length, 300 m.; area of basin, 
 24.955 sq. m. 
 
 Luiil, tn. , India, Rijputdna, estate of and 20 m. S. by E. 
 Jodhpur ; railway junction. 
 
 Luut, par., Eng. , Lancashire, Southport div. , 7 m. N. Liver- 
 pool, ij m. W. by N. Sefton and MaghuU stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Lnntereu, vil., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 15 m. NW. by 
 W. Arnhem. 
 
 Lunzeuan, tn. , Ger, , kgd. Saxony, circle Leipzig, dist. and 
 7 m. S. Rochlitz ; it has paper-mills on the Mulde. P. <4000. 
 
 Lnpara, viL , S. Italy, prov. Campobasso, circle and 5 m. W. 
 Larino. P. <3000. 
 
 Lapata, gorge traversed by the Zambezi (central S. Africa) 
 to the SE. of Tete, in 34° E. 
 
 LupicB Civitas, city, Italy. See Lecce. 
 
 Lap, or Ilermlt Islands, group, Ger. New Guinea, S. of 
 i^° S. , crossed by 145° E. 
 
 Lnpow, riv. , Prussia, rises near the W. firontier of W. Prussia, 
 flows W. then NW. through Pomerania, and enters the Baltic 
 through the Gardescher See ; used for floating timber for 7J m. 
 above its entrance into that lake. Length, 75 m. 
 
 Lnppe, riv., Ger. See Elster, lYelsse. 
 
 Luppltt, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, div. and 4 nv N. Honiton, 
 13 m. ESE. Tiverton, P.O. ; 5072 ac. P. <7SO. 
 
 Luptoii, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, 4 m. NW. Kirkby Lons- 
 dale (^. v.). P. <5oo. 
 
 Iiuque, the ancient Jgla Minor, tn., Spain, prov. and 30 m. 
 SE. C6rdoba, dist. Ba^na. P. < 5000. 
 
 Luqne, vil. , Paraguay, 9 m. E. by N. Asuncion, on the rail- 
 way to Villa Rica. 
 
 Lnqulllo, vil., isL of Porto Rico, N. ct., 28 ra. ESE. San 
 Juan, in 65° 40' W. P. 6500. 
 
 Loras, vil., Sardinia, prov. Sassari, circle and 6 m. NE, 
 Tempio. P. < 3000. 
 
 Lnray, viL, U.S., Virginia, Page co., 76 m. W. by S. Wash- 
 ington (D. C. ) ; near it are vast stalactitic caverns, now annually 
 visited by thousands of tourists. Alt. 822 ft. (R.R.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 lurcy-L^vy, tn., France, dep. Allier, arr. Moulins, 31 m. 
 NE. by N. Montlu9on, with important manufacture of porce- 
 lain. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Lure, tn., France, dep. Haute-Sa6ne, cap. arr. L., on the 
 Oignon, 18 m. W. by N. Belfort. In the town is a spring from 
 which rises a trib. of the Reigne. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lnre, Slonts, mt. chain, France, dep. Basses-Alpes, with 
 many deep avens. Highest point, Mt. Lure, alt. 5995 ft. 
 
 Lurelro, tn., Portugal, prov. Beira Mar, dist. and 13 m. 
 NNE. Aveiro, circle Oliveira d'Azemeis. 
 
 Lnrg, bar. , Ire. , in the extreme N. of co. Fermanagh. 
 
 Largaln, Locb, Scot., Cromartyshire, 8 m. N. Ullapool. 
 
 Lnrgan, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Bruce co., on Lake 
 Huron, in 44° 2' N. 
 
 Largan, civic tn. , Ire. , N W. co. Armagh, bar. Oneilland E. , 
 5^ m. NE. by E. Portadown, on the G. N. (Ire.) R. Chief seat 
 of linen trade, chiefly cambrics and lawns. Extensive produce 
 market every Thursday. P. (1871) 10,600; (1891) 11,400. 
 
 Largan, par.. Ire., co. Cavan, bar. Castlerahan, contains 
 Virginia; 10,553 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Lurganboy, electoral div.. Ire., N. co. Leitrim, bar. Ros- 
 clogher, loj m. E. by N. Sligo. 
 
 Largan Hills, Ire. See Slleve Gampb. Mountains. 
 
 Lurga Point, cape. Ire., W. coast co. Clare, S. of Mai Bay, 
 lat. 52° 48' N. 
 
 Lurgashall, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Horsham div. , 13 J m. NNW. 
 Arundel, 5 m. N. Selham stn., P.O. ; 4814 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Lurl, or A-lur, tribe, central Africa, to the N. of Lake Albert 
 Nyanza, and W. of the White Nile. 
 
 Lurl, vil., France, Corsica, arr. and 15 m. N. by W. Bastia. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Lnrln, vil. , Peru, prov. and 22 m. SE. Lima, with ruins of 
 a large temple built by the natives before the time of the Incas, 
 
 as also the remains of various buildings belonging to the 
 latter. 
 
 Lnrlo, bay, Portuguese E. Africa, in 13^° S. It receives from 
 the W. the Lurio R. (course unknown). 
 
 Lnrlstan (country of the Lurs or 'robbers'), mountainous 
 country, on the W. frontier of Persia, between 32° and 34° N., 
 crossed from NW. to SE. by groups belonging to the border 
 chain of the plateau of Iran; the Kerkha flows NW. to S. 
 through this region. Alt. 8400 ft. See Persia, 
 
 Lnrmel, tn. , Algeria, prov. , arr. , and 26 m. WSW. Oran. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Lurosa, tn., Portugal, prov. Beira Alta, 3 m. S. Vizeu. 
 
 Lurraga, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Clare, dist. Roadford. 
 
 Lnm, vil., Persia, prov. Mazanderan, on the Caspian Sea, 
 75 m. N. by W. Teheran. 
 
 Lury, vil., France, dep. Cher, on the Amon, arr. and 16 m. 
 W. by N. Bovu-ges. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lurya, tn. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet and 37 m. ESE. Scutari. 
 
 Lns, or Las (in the language of the country, ' a plain '), dist., 
 in the SE. of Baluchistan ; the whole prov. is perfectly flat. 
 
 Lnsambo, stn. , Congo Free State, on the Sankuru, r. bk. , in 
 5° o' S. , 23° 23' E. 
 
 Lnsancay Islands, a group of small isls. in the Pacific Ocean, 
 in about 8^° S. , 150^° E. 
 
 Lnsatla, in Ger. Lausltz (Die), a region in the S. of the kgd. 
 of Saxony and the W. of Prussian Silesia, low-ljdng in the N. 
 (Lower L.) and highland in the S. (Upper L. ). The name is 
 believed to be derived firom the Slavonic lulice {luzhitse), a 
 diminutive of luh, or luhy, a swampy tract of grassy or forest- 
 clad lowlands, and to have been originally confined to Lower 
 L. (EgU.) 
 
 Lus (or Las) Bela, Baluchistan. See Bela. 
 
 Lnsby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 12J m. S. 
 Louth, 4 m. WNW. Spilsby stn. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (L. -wltli 
 Asgarby) P. <25o. 
 
 Lusclano, comm. and vil. , S. Italy, prov. , circle, and 7 m. 
 SW. Caserta. P. <40oo. 
 
 Luserna, vil., N. Italy, prov. Turin, circle and 8 m. SW. 
 Pinerolo ; excellent gneiss quarried. P. <2ooo. 
 
 LusbiU Hills, a wild and imperfectly-known tract on the NE. 
 frontier of India, occupied by a family of tribes known to us as 
 Lushdis, or Kukis ; since 1893 entirely imder the chsu-ge of the 
 chief commissioner of Assam. 
 
 Lusbaze, undulating region, Portuguese W. Africa, crossed 
 by 13° S. , i8^° E. , mostly covered with forests, some of which 
 are exclusively composed of the cuchibi. 
 
 Lnsblngton Falls, picturesque falls, Brit. India, Bombay 
 Presidency, N. Kanara dist., 10 m. from the NW. frontier of 
 Mysore, 37 m. NE. of the SW. point of the Presidency, formed 
 by a river falling over a cliff 400 ft. high into a winding forest- 
 clad gorge. 
 
 Ln-sbwan-kau, or Lusbun-ku. See Port Artbnr (Man- 
 churia). 
 
 Luslgnan, tn., France, dep. Vienne, on the Vonne, arr. and 
 15 m. SW. Poitiers. Remarkable as the cradle of the L. family, 
 sovereigns of Jerusalem and Cyprus during the Crusades. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Lnslzl, N. feeder Lake Tanganyika. See Ruslzl. 
 
 Lusk, par. and tn. , Ire., NE. co. Dublin, bar. E. Balrothery, 
 13 m. N. by E. Dublin, with a stn. on the Dublin and Drogheda 
 Rly., P.O. Par. 16,189 ac, P. <45oo; tn. P. 250. 
 
 Lusmagb, par.. Ire., King's co., bar. Garrycastle, on rivs. 
 Shannon and Brosna, 2 m. SW. Banagher ; 8744 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lass, par. , Scot. , Dumbartonshire, on the W. shore of Loch 
 Lomond, at the mouth of L. Water, 7J m. NE. by N. Helens- 
 burgh; slate quarried. PMT.O. 24,206 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Lussa Point, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, on the E. ct. of Jura, 
 in 56° i' N. 
 
 Lussln, narrow isL, 20 m. long, Avistria, Dalmatia, at SE. of 
 mouth of Gulf of Quarnero. Alt. 1930 ft. (near N. end). 
 
 Lussln-grande (' Great L.'), tn. and health resort, Austria, 
 crownland Istria, on Lussin I., on the E. ct, towards the S. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Lussln-plccolo ('Z,»V/& Z,.'), tn. and health resort, Austria, 
 crownland Istria, about 2 J m. to the N. ; one of the most active; 
 ports of the Adriatic, with well-sheltered road ; shipbuilding. 
 Mean temp., yr. 59.4° F., Jan. 45.3°, July 76.6°. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lussnna, vil. , Congo Free State, in about 4° 44' S. , 25° 58' E, 
 
 Lust, lyst, Teutonic, ' pleasure," applied to a psriace or favourite 
 seat. 
 
 Lnstenaa, tn.. Upper Austria, dist. Linz. P. < 3000. 
 
 LuSt^nltz, coram., Austria, Bohemia, 27 m. NE. by K 
 Prague, and 3 m. SSW. Dobrowitz. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lustlelgb, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 11 m. 
 SW. Exeter, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Luston, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 3 m. N. by W. 
 Leominster, close to Berrington and Eye stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Lutal, trading tn., China, prov. Pechili, 31 m. NE. Tientsin, 
 at the head of tide navigation on the Chao-ho, or San-ho ; con- 
 nected by a horse railway with the coal-mines of Kaiping. 
 
LUTA — LUXO 
 
 Lntakovo, tn. , Bulgaria, circle Vraca, 25 m. NE. Sofia. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Lota fixlge, a name formerly g^ven to a lake in central 
 Africa, believed to exist to the SW. of the Albert Nyanza before 
 the discovery of the Albert Edward Nyanza. 
 
 Lntete, vil, W. Africa, Congo Free State, 65 m. SW. 
 Leopoldville, near the 1. bk. of the Congo, in 4° 59' S. , 14° 43' E. 
 
 Luteva, tn. , France. See lod^Te. 
 
 Ltttgendortmniid, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. 
 Arnsberg, circle and 5 m. WSW. Dortmund, with coal-mine. 
 P. 5300. 
 
 Lutlier, vil., U.S., Michigan, Lake co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Latliermnir, vil., Scot., Kincardineshire, 6^ m. NE. by N. 
 Brechin, 2 m. NW. by W. Marykirk stn., P.O. 
 
 Lnthlug. See Lothiiig. 
 
 Lnthern, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 17^ m. W. Lucerne, with 
 mineral waters. P. (comm.)<:20oo. 
 
 Lutlirie, vil., Scot., E. Fife, 4^ m. NW. Cupar, P.O. 
 
 Lutieii, tn., China, prov. Kiangsu, 17 m. NW. by N. 
 Shanghai. 
 
 Lntlen-tlng, tn., China, in the NE. of Yunnan, 162 m. NNE. 
 Yiinnan-fu, with silver and coal mines to the S. 
 
 Lntlng-chlan, vil, China, Siichwan, on the Tatu-ho, 112 m. 
 SW. by W. Chengtu-fu. 
 
 Ltttlsbarg, vil., Switzd., cant, and 14 m. W. by S. St. Gall, 
 on the riv. Thur. P. (comm.)<2ooo. 
 
 Liitjenbnrg, tn., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle 
 Plon, 18 m. E. Kiel. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Liitke. I. Bay of Kara Sea, on E. ct. of Novaya Zemlya, 
 excellent harbour. 2. Promontory, Arctic Ocean, on W. ct. of 
 Novaya Zemlya, 70° 55' N. 
 
 Latley, par., Eng., Worcestershire, 2 m. W. Halesowen. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Luton, mun. bor. (re-incorporated 1876), par., and market- 
 tn., Eng., Bedfordshire, S. or L. div., 19 m. S. Bedford, in the 
 diocese of Ely, near the source of the Lee, with stn. on the M. 
 R. and (L, and L. Hoo) on branches of the G. N. R. and 
 L. & NW. R. L. has important straw-hat, bonnet, and plait 
 manufactories, employing over 20,000 hands, besides brass and 
 iron works, also felt-hat works. The straw-plaiting was insti- 
 tuted by James L Conspicuous building in L. are the ' Plait 
 Halls.' Fairs in April and October. Market-days, M. and S. 
 Par. area 15,435 ac, P. 32,400; tn. P. (i8oi)<35oo; mun. 
 bor. P. (1871) 17,300; (1881) 24,000; (1891) 30,000; pari. div. 
 P. (1891) 68,200. 
 
 Laton, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire, Bishopsteignton par. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Luton, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, i m. SE. Chatham, P.O. 
 P. 7500. 
 
 Lutrakl, ct. vil. , Greece. See Lontraklon. 
 
 Lutrakl, in Greek spelling Lontraklon, tn. , Turkey, on the 
 S. ct. of the isl. of Crete, 62 m. W. by S. Candia, in 24° 5' E. 
 
 Lntry, tn., Switzd., cant. Vaud, on the N. side of Lake 
 Leman, 2 J m. ESE. Lausanne. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Lttt'schlne, riv., Switzd., cant. Bern, formed by the torrent 
 White L. , which traverses the valley of Lauterbrunnen, and the 
 Black L. , which passes Grindelwald. They unite at the hamlet 
 Zweiliitschinen, and the river falls into the Lake of Brienz in the 
 SW. Length, 20 m. 
 
 Lntsl, Annong, or Arm, savage tribe, China, W. Ytinnan, 
 inhabiting the valley of the Lutsi-kiang, or upper Salwln, mostly 
 agriculturists and hunters ; a coarse cloth is made of hemp by 
 these people. 
 
 Lntsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Volhynia, 150 m. WNW. of 
 Zhitomir, on a branch of the main line railway to Brest-Litovsk, 
 25 m. from Austrian frontier. Very old town of the 7th century. 
 
 P- 14.350- 
 
 Lttttelsdorf, vil., Switzd. See Conrronx. 
 
 Lntterbach, vil. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, Upper Alsace, circle 
 and 2^ m. WNW. Miilhausen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 LutterM'ortb, par. and market-tn., Eng., Leicestershire, 
 Harborough div., 6\ m. NNE. Rugby, •2\ m. SE. UUesthorpe 
 stn. The living was held by Wickliffe the reformer for the last 
 ten years of his life (1374-84). P. <20oo. 
 
 Liittlch, tn. and prov., Belgium. See Ll^ge. 
 
 Lutton, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, and on the border of 
 theN. div. of Northamptonshire, 8jm. SW. byS. Peterborough, 
 
 4 m. E. by S. Oundle stn. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (L. 'with 
 Washingley) P. <:50o. 
 
 Lutton, or Long Sutton, eccles. par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 
 Holland div. , 12 m. E. by N. Spalding, i^ m. N. by E. Long 
 Sutton stn., P.O. (Lutton), PMT.O. (Long Sutton). P. <75o. 
 
 Lutton, East and West, or Luttons Anibo, par., Eng., 
 Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 13 m. SW. by S. Scar- 
 borough, PM.O. (West Lutton). P. <50o. 
 
 Luttre, vil., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the Pieton, 7 m. 
 NNW. Charleroi. P. 
 
 Liittrlngbausen, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Lennep, 
 
 5 m. SE. Elberfeld, with manufactures of ironmongery and 
 cloth. P. <3ooo. 
 
 929 
 
 Lutynla Nlemlecka, comm. , Austria. See Dentschleuten. 
 Liitzelburg. See Luxemburg. 
 
 Ltttzelflttb, tn., Switzd., cant, and 12 m. ENE. Bern, 4 m. 
 SE. Burgdorf, in the Emmen-thal. P. (of comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Liitzelsteln, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, 20 m. W. by S. 
 Worth. P. <20oo. 
 
 Liltzen, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Merseburg, 12 m. 
 SW. Leipzig. Memorable for the battle of Nov. 6, 1632, in 
 which Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden defeated the Austrians 
 and lost his life, and for that of May 2, 1813, in which Napoleon 
 I. defeated the allied Russian and Prussian forces. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Liitzenklrchen, comm. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Diissel- 
 dorf, circle Solingen, dist. Opladen. P. <3000. 
 
 LuTerne, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Rock co., on Rock R., 15 
 m. NE. by E. of the SW. corner of the state ; has quarries of 
 red jasper. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ln-rwa, name given to the portion of the Congo between 
 Lake Mweru (Moero) and its confluence with the Lualaba. 
 
 Lniru'le, riv., central S. Africa, flows NE. into the Luapula, 
 upper Congo, a little below its exit from Lake Mweru. 
 
 Luxan, riv. , Argentine Republic. See Lnjan. 
 
 Lnxborongb, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wellington div. , 15I m. 
 N. Tiverton, P.O. P. <5oo. See Cntcombe. 
 
 Luxembourg, prov., Belgium, in the SE., forms the W. part 
 of the old grand-duchy. It is traversed by several branches of 
 the Ardennes Mts. , known in this region as the Hautes Fagnes, 
 is well wooded, with remains of the ancient forest of Ardennes, 
 of melancholy appearance, and not fertile soil, and has many 
 marshes. Part of the N. slope of the Ardennes forms an un- 
 dulating plateau called Famenne. Principal minerals, iron, lead, 
 marble, slate, and whetstone. It is divided into the arrs. Arlon 
 (the cap.), Neufch&teau, and Marche-en-Famene. The majority 
 of the inhabitants speak Walloon (French). Area, 1706 sq. m. 
 P. (1870) 204,326 ; (1873) estimated at 206,060 ; (1890) 212,000. 
 
 Luxemburg, in French spelling Luxembourg (in the loth 
 century Luzilinburch, even in modern German sometimes called 
 Liitzelburg, ' little castle,' the first part of the name from Old 
 High German, luzil, 'little'), tn. , gd. -duchy of L., on the 
 Alzet, 25 m. WSW. Treves. It stands partly on a rocky height 
 and partly in the plain below, the lower town in the valley of 
 the Alzet, which is crossed by four large viaducts, communicating 
 by flights of steps and zigzag streets, impassable by carriages. 
 By the Treaty of London, 1867, the fortifications were dismantled ; 
 these were in great part excavated in the solid rock. It has a 
 public library and small museum, and important manufactures 
 of leather gloves, also of woollens, linens, and cottons, breweries, 
 and trade in iron. L. , a fortified post from the time of Otho the 
 Great, was several times captured, last by the French in 1795, 
 and made cap. dep. Des ForSts. Alt. 1020 ft. Mean temp., 
 yr. 47.7° F. , Jan. 34.2°, July 63.5°. P. 18,000. 
 
 Luxemburg, Grand Duchy of, state, Europe, bounded E. 
 and NE. by Rhenish Prussia, from which it is separated by the 
 Moselle, Sauer, and Our, S. by Alsace-Lorraine, and W. by the 
 Belgian prov. of Luxembourg. It was erected into a gd. -duchy 
 under the King of the Netherlands in 1814, when it included 
 Belgian L. , but was dismembered by the revolution in 1830, and 
 in 1839 divided between Belgium and the Netherlands. In 1867 
 the portion which retains the designation of grand- duchy of L. , 
 and of which the King of Holland was grand-duke, was declared 
 neutral terr. by the Treaty of London. It has belonged, however, 
 since 1842 to the German Customs' Union (Zollverein). Surface 
 hilly, in the N. and W. mostly above 1000 ft. in elevation. Chief 
 river, besides those on the E. frontier, the Alzette, which flows 
 N. into the Sauer. Chief cereals, barley and oats. Some ex- 
 cellent wines are grown on the slopes overlooking the Moselle 
 and elsewhere. Enormous deposits of iron ore are worked, prin- 
 cipally round Esch, near the S. frontier, the annual production 
 being between two and three million tons. The minerals also in- 
 clude lead, antimony, and copper, besides a fine kind of gypsum 
 (alabaster). The language in most parts of the state is a dialect 
 of Low Grerman, but Walloon (French) is spoken in a few villages, 
 and both French and German are employed as administrative 
 languages. Cap. L. In 1890, on the death of William III., 
 King of the Netherlands, the grand-duchy passed to the Walram 
 or elder branch of the house of Nassau. Area, 999 sq. m. P. 
 (1871) 197,500; (1890)211,100. 
 
 Luxeull, the ancient Lixovium, tn. , France, dep. Haute- 
 Sadne, arr. Lure, on the Breuchin, 27 m. NW. by W. Belfort. 
 Its warm and cold mineral baths, known to the Romans, are 
 much frequented. It has manufactures of paper and cotton , and 
 is noted for its kirschwasser. A monastery was founded here in 
 590 by St. Columba, the Irish missionary. P. < 5000. 
 
 Luxey, vil., France, dep. Landes, on the Petite Leyre, 4a 
 m. S. Bordeaux. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Luxor (Arab El-uqsor, El-kusr, 'the Palaces'), vil.. Upper 
 Egypt, on r., bk. of the Nile, 2 m. S. Karnak, on a portion of 
 the site of ancient Thebes, and having one of the most magni- 
 ficent ancient temples extant. See Blban-el-Meluk. 
 
 Luxor Peak, mt., U.S., Nevada, Humboldt co., 100 m. 
 NNE. Carson City. 
 
 3N 
 
LUXO — LYKI 
 
 Luxos, riv., Morocco. See Lnkkos. 
 
 Lnxnllon, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 5^ m. S. by W. 
 Bodmin, close to Bridges stn. ; has famous granite quarries, and 
 gives name to a peculiar porphyritic rock (luxulianite), which 
 occurs in huge isolated blocks, one of which, the Giant Block, 
 measures 49 ft. by 27 ft., and in girth 72 ft. P.O. (Lnxnlyan). 
 5432 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 liny, riv. , France, deps. Basses-Pyr^n^s and Landes, formed 
 by the L. -de-France and L.-de-B6arn, joins the Adour on the 1. 
 bk. 3 m. above Saubusse. Length, from the confluence of the 
 two L.'s, 32 m. , and to the source of the L. -de-France, 79 m. 
 
 Lnynes (called MaiI16 before the 17th century), tn., France, 
 dep. Indre-et-Loire, on the r. bk. of the Loire, arr. and 6 m. 
 W. Tours. Some of the houses are e.xcavated in the limestone 
 rock, on which stands an old castle. It has remains of a Roman 
 aqueduct. P. < 2000. 
 
 Lnynan-shaii (' sulphur mountains '), hills, Manchuria, part 
 of the Little Khingan chain, E. of the Nonni valley, in about 
 47° N. , with rich sulphur mines. 
 
 Luz, place named in O. T. See El Lnwelztyeli. 
 
 Lnz, La, raining-tn. , Mexico, state and 8 m. N W. Guanajuato. 
 P. 11,000. 
 
 Iinze,vil. , Austria, Bohemia, 24m. SSE. Koniggratz. P. •<20oo. 
 
 Luzeru, cant. , Switzd. See Iiuceriie. 
 
 Lnzerne, bor., U.S., in the SW. of Pennsylvania, Fayette 
 CO. P. <3000. 
 
 Luzerne, co. , U.S., Pennsylvania, in the NE. , crossed by 
 76° W. , and in the S. by 41° N. , traversed by the Susquehanna 
 R. , N. branch. 
 
 Lnzon (from ' Losong,' name of the native apparatus to de- 
 corticate rice), the largest and most populous of the Philippine Is. 
 (four-fifths of the size of Eng. ), formed by (a) N. part stretching S. 
 to N. , and [b] a long S. penin. (Camarines to Tayabas) stretching 
 SE. to NW. The N. , third part of L. , begins at a mountain- 
 ous knot, Caraballo Sur, wherefrom two Cordilleras diverge N. 
 {Central del Norte, W.; Madre, E.; Monte Cagua, a volcano, 
 3900 ft. ). The intermediate terrs. are the valleys of riv. Cagp.yan. 
 S. of Golfo da Lingayen (W.), and Seno de Casiguran the E. 
 Cordillera stretches uninterrupted to the penin. of Tayabas 
 ^Majaijai, or Banahao, a volcano, 7300 ft.), while a W. ridge 
 (Mariveles, 4700 ft.) makes, with its detached spurs, the GiJf 
 of Lingayen and the Bay of Manilla, the same ridge being 
 separated as an island by a large depression connecting the 
 two gulfs, to which also belong the extensive Lakes de Bay 
 and Bombon (100 sq. m. ), where the very low Taal volcano 
 (800 ft. ) formed by itself an island. Connected with the upper 
 part of the Tayabas Penin. , but almost forming an independent 
 island, stretches SE. the narrow and deeply indented penin. 
 of Camarines (volcanoes of Isarog, 6450 ft. ; Iriga, 4000 ft. ; 
 Mazaya, 4400 ft. ; Majon, 7800 ft. ; Bulusan). Many and ex- 
 ceUent bays. Numerous islands all along the coast. Manilla 
 (cap.), Laog, San Miguel, Banang, and Cabecera, are the 
 principal towns. Area, 40,983 sq. m. P. (including adjacent 
 islands) 3,600,000. [J. B. R.j 
 
 Lnz St. Sanvenr, tn., France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n6es, arr. 
 and II m. SSE. Arg^les, 16 m. SW. by S. Bagneres-de-Bigorre, 
 with manufactures of mixed stuffs called bariges, and copper, 
 lead, and silver mines. It has a chxu-ch, formerly a citadel, 
 built by the Knights Templars. Since 1881 the mineral waters 
 of Barzun have been artificially brought from Bareges. Near it 
 are the thermal baths of St. Sauveur. P. <20oo. 
 
 Lnzy, tn. , France, dep. Ni^vre, arr. Ch^teau-Chinon, 21 m. 
 W. Le Creuzot. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Lnzxara, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. Reggio, on the r. bk. 
 of the Po, 15 m. SSW. Mantua. The French gained a victory 
 over the Imperialists here in 1702. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Lyal Island, small isl. , Canada, Ontario, on the E. side of 
 Lake Huron, in 44° 57' N. 
 
 Lwch, Celtic, ' a lake.' See Lac. 
 
 Lwl-l-Iio, riv. , China, Hunan, another name of the Lei-kiang. 
 
 Lwlyang, tn. , China, Hunan. Same as Lelyang. 
 
 Lwow, tn. , Austria. See Lemberg. 
 
 LyaklioTSklye Islands, Arctic Ocean, near the shores of 
 Siberia, govt. Yakutsk. Among them Blizhniy, or Nearest I. , is 
 47 m. NE. of Svyatoi Nos promontory ; Malyi, 13 m. NNW. of 
 the preceding ; and Kotelnyi, 67 m. N. of the Malyi, belongs 
 properly to the Anjou Archipelago. All hilly, covered in places 
 with large sheets of ice. Reindeer, polar bears, polar foxes ; 
 mammoth bones in great quantities. 
 
 Lyatskoye, vil., W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, 165 m. NW. 
 Tyumen. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Lybster, vil., Scot., Caithness, on the coast, 11 m. SW. by 
 S. Wick; an important seat of the herring fishery. PMT.O. 
 P. <:75o. 
 
 Lychen, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Templin, 48 
 m. N. Berlin. P. <3000. • 
 
 Lyclppns, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Westmore- 
 land CO., 10 m. S. Latrobe. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lyek, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, cap. circle L. , 88 m. S. 
 by E. Tilsit, 9 m. N. of the Russian frontier. P. 9700. 
 930 
 
 Lycoming, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, crossed by 77° W., N. 
 of 41° N. , traversed by the W. Branch of the Susquehanna. 
 
 Lydtirook, or Lidbrook, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 Forest of Dean div. , 6 m. ENE. Monmouth, i m. SE. Lyd- 
 brook June, on G. W. R., with stns. (Upper and Lower L.) 
 on Sharpness and Lydbrook Rly. ; has coal and iron ore mines. 
 PMT.O. P.<3000. 
 
 Lydbnry, North, par. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , 16 m. E. 
 by S. Newtown, 2 J m. WSW. Plowden stn., PM.O.; 8195 ac. 
 P. <iooo ; eccles. par. (North L. with Norbnry) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Lydd, mun. bor. (since 1364, re-incorporated 1885) and par., 
 Eng., Kent, S. or A^hford div., in the diocese of Canterbury, 
 at the S. extremity of the Roraney marsh, 3 m. SSW. New 
 Romney, on the SE. R. , with a government artillery range. L. 
 was one of the 'Cinque Ports,' and in the 15th century was 
 a place of importance by trading and fishing. Dungeness, in 
 this parish, has been formed by the silting up of shingle ; the 
 lighthouse has had to be removed further towards the sea each 
 time that it was rebuilt. Market-day, Th. Area, 12,015 ac. 
 P. (i89i)<25oo. 
 
 Lydda, place named in N. T. See Ludd. 
 
 Lydden, par. , Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div. , 4 m. NW. by 
 W. Dover, i^ m. NW. by W. Kearsney stn., P.O. P. <2S0. 
 
 Lyddlngton, PM.O., Eng., Rutland. See Liddington. 
 
 Lyde, part of par. , Eng. , Herefordshire. See Pipe. 
 
 Lydeard (lld'yard) St. Lawrence, par., Eng., Somerset, 
 Wellington div. , 8 m. N W. by W. Taunton, 1 J m. S. by W. 
 Crowcombe Heathfield stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Lydenbni^, tn., S. African Republic, cap. of L. div., 144 
 m. ENE. Pretoria, at the base of the Mauch Berg on the SW. ; 
 in the neighbourhood are rich auriferous beds. Originally it 
 formed a small Boer republic, being subsequently united to the 
 Transvaal. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Lydford, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 11^ m. E. 
 Launceston, with stn. (Lidford) on the G. W. and L. & SW. R. 
 Before the Conquest a walled town, owing its importance to its 
 position on the edge of the great tin-streaming dist. of Dart- 
 moor, which made it for long after the Conquest the principal 
 town of the Devonshire 'stannary.' Its castle, of which the 
 walls of a square tower are still standing, was always attached 
 to the royal forest of Dartmoor. P.O. 50,861 ac. P. -c 2500. 
 
 Lydford, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Somer- 
 set, E. div., on the Brue. East L., 7 m. SE. Glastonbury, P. 
 <25o; West L., P.O., P. <5oo. 
 
 Lydgate, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, Rochdale par. , 3 m. 
 E. Oldham ; carries on cotton-spinning. PM. O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Lydhani, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., i2i m. SE. by S. 
 Welshpool, with a stn. (Lydham Heath) on the'Bishop's Castle 
 Rly. P. <2So. 
 
 Lydia, or Plkela, isl.. Pacific, in the Caroline group, in 
 about 8|° N. , 147^° E. 
 
 Lydla, isls. , Pacific. See Tyae. 
 
 Lydlard Mllllcent, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Cricklade div. , 4 J 
 m. WNW. Swindon, li m. S. Purton stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Lydlai^ Tregoze, par., i m. to the SE.; 5238 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Lydlate, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Ormskirk div. , 8^ m. S. by 
 E. Southport, I m. NE. of its stn. on the Cheshire Lines Rly., 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lydllnch, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 7 m. ESE. Sher- 
 borne, 3 m. W. Sturminster stn. , P.O. (Lidlinch). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Lydney, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div., 9 
 m. NE. Chepstow, i m. N. Lydney Jnnc, with stn. (L. Town) 
 both on the Severn Bridge and Monmouth Rly. ; has coal and 
 iron mines. The tidal basin, length 270 ft., has a depth of 
 25 ft. on sill at spring tides, 12 ft. at neap. Market-day, W. 
 5185 ac. P. <3000 ; eccles. par. (L. with Aylburton) P. <:4000. 
 
 Lye, The, par., Eng., Worcestershire, N. div., i|^m. E. Stour- 
 bridge, on the joint G. W. and L. & NW. R. ; has coal-mines 
 and manufactures of fire-bricks, anvils, vices, &c. P. 6700. 
 
 Lyell, isl. , Brit. Columbia, one of the Queen Charlotte group, 
 E. of Moresby I. , crossed by 52'' 40' N. 
 
 Lyell, vil.. New Zealand, South I., Buller co., 70 m. WSW. 
 Nelson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lyell, Honnt, mt. , U.S., California, Mono co. , 185 m. 
 E. San Francisco. Alt. 13,190 ft. (Wheeler, b.), 13,217 ft. 
 (Whitney, b.). 
 
 Lyell Range, remarkable line of dunes, Australia, on the E. 
 ct. of the mouth of Sharks Bay, W. Australia, in 24J^° S. ; named, 
 'as it offered many geological phenomena,' after the distin- 
 guished geologist of that name. 
 
 Lyford, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, div. and 7 m. W. by S. Abing- 
 don, 4 m. N. by W. Wantage, 2 m. NW. by N. Wantage Road ! 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Lygonrlo, vil., Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinthia, 13 m. E. 
 by N. Nauplia. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Lykens, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Dauphin co., on Win- 
 conisco Creek, 23 m. NNE. Harrisburg. The Lykens Valley 
 Coal Company gives employment to a great portion of its in- 
 habitants. P. <:3000. 
 
 Lyklpla, dist. , Africa. See Laikipla. 
 
LYxMA — LYNN 
 
 Lyman, co., U.S., S. Dakota, crossed in the N. by 44° N., 
 between 99° and 100° W. , bounded on the E. by the riv. Mis- 
 souri, and traversed by the White R. 
 
 Lyman, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co., 74 m. N. 
 by W. Concord, with copper-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lymbiadlia, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Salonica, on the 
 Gulf of R^ndina, 12 m. SSW. of the mouth of the Struma. 
 
 Lyme, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co. , on Con- 
 necticut R. , 60 m. NW. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lyme, East, tn., U.S., Connecticut, New London co. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Lyme, Old, tn., U.S., Connecticut, New London co., 33 m. 
 NE. New Haven by rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Lyme Bay, Eng. , S. ct. of Devonshire and Dorsetshire. 
 
 Lyme Haudley, par., Eng., Cheshire, 7 m. NE. Maccles- 
 field. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lyme Kegls, mun. bor. (since Edward I.), seapt., and 
 market-tn., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 22 m. W. Dorchester, 
 in the diocese of Salisbury, on the Lym, the nearest stations 
 being Axminster, on the L. & SW. R. (5 J m.), and Bridport, on 
 the G. W. R. (10 m.). It is mentioned in Domesday Book and 
 repeatedly in English history, but has recently been declining, 
 and is now mainly noted as a summer resort. The ' Cobb ' or 
 harbour has been maintained by the corporation since Edward 
 III. For statistics of shipping, see Appendix, p. 13. P. 
 (1891) < 2500. 
 
 Lym Fiord, inlet of the Kattegat. See Lilm Fiord. 
 
 Lymiuge, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 3 J m. N. 
 Hythe, on the SE. R., PM.O. ; 4617 ac. P. <iooo; eccles. 
 par. (L. witli PaddleswortJi) P. <iooo. 
 
 Lymington (llm'-), mun. bor. (since James I.), seapt., and 
 market-tn., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., in the diocese 
 of Winchester, at mouth of riv. Lymington, 16 m. SW. South- 
 ampton, on branch of L. & SW. R. Formerly much salt and 
 timber were exported, the harbour admitting vessels of 600 tons, 
 but now no trade is done except some yacht-building. Under 
 Edward III. L. contributed nine ships to defend the S. coast. 
 Quickest route to E. of Isle of Wight (steamers to Yarmouth, 
 Tolland Bay, and Alum Bay). There is a fair of two days in 
 May and another in October. Market-day, S. Mean rfall. 
 (Wainsford, alt. 58 ft., 1866-80), 30.9 in. Mun. bor. P. (1891) 
 4600. 
 
 Lymington, vil. , Tasmania, Cornwall co. , on the r. bk. of 
 the Nile, 19 m. SE. by S. Launceston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lymluster, par. , Eng. , Sussex. See Leominster. 
 
 Lymui, par. and tn. , Eng. , Cheshire, Altrincham div. , 5 m. 
 E. Warrington, on the L. & NW. R. ; 4375 ac. P. <sooo. 
 
 Lympne, or Lymne, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 
 4 m. W. Hythe, li m. SSW. Westenhanger stn. , P.O. P. <5oo ; 
 eccles. par. (L. -wltli West Hytlie) P. <7So. 
 
 Lympsliam, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wells div. , 2 m. from the 
 X. ct. , 5 m. S. by E. Weston-super-Mare, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Lympston, or Lyuipstoue, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Honiton 
 div. , on the 1. bk. of the Exe, 7 m. SE. Exeter, on the L. & SW. 
 R.,PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lyii, vil., Canada, Ontario, Leeds co. , on the 1. bk. of St. 
 Lawrence, 43 m. NE. by E. Kingston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lyn, East and West, two small streams, Eng., which flow 
 from Exmoor Forest and unite just before falling into the Bristol 
 Channel at Lynmouth, on the N. ct. of Devon. 
 
 Lynally, par. , Ire. , co. King's, bar. Ballycowan, 2 m. SW. 
 Tullamore ; 5971 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Lyncliburg, vil., U.S., Ohio, Highland co., 40 m. E, by N. 
 Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lynclibnrg, vil., U.S., Texas, Harris co., on Galveston Bay, 
 18 m. E. by S. Houston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lynclibnrg, city, U.S., Virginia, Campbell co., on S. bk. of 
 James R. , and on James R. and Kanawha Canal, 91 m. W. by 
 S. Richmond, built on a steep acclivity rising from the river, and 
 breaking into numerous hills. It enjoys almost inexhaustible 
 water-power, and is in the neighbourhood of vast fields of coal 
 and iron ore, with granite quarries. Alt. 646 ft. Mean temp., 
 yr- 57-7° F., Jan. 37.4°, July 79.0°; rfall. (13 yrs.), 42.57 in. 
 Alt (signal stn.) 652 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). P. (1880) 16,000; 
 (1890) 19,700. 
 
 Lyncbford Road, PM.O., Eng., i m. from Farnborough 
 Road, Hampshire. 
 
 Lyncii's Creel£, post-tn., Tasmania, co. Montagu. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Lyuch's Creek, riv., U.S., S. Carolina, flows SE. for about 
 140 m. and joins Great Pedee R. 
 
 Lyucombe and Widcombe, par., Eng., Somerset, in co. 
 bor. of Bath. P. 13,800. 
 
 Lynd, Scandinavian, ' the linden-tree. ' Ses Linde, 
 
 Lynd, riv. , Queensland. See Hitcliell. 
 
 Lynden, viL, Canada, Ontario, Wentworth co., 15 m. (by 
 rail) W. Hamilton. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Lynde's Point, cape, U.S., Connecticut, in the SE. of Middle- 
 sex CO., in 72° 20' W., on the W. side of the mouth of the 
 ■Connecticut R. 
 
 Lyndhurst (Und'-) par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 
 8^ m. W. by S. Southampton, 2^ m. SW. by W. Lyndhurst 
 Road stn. (L. & SW. R. ) ; contains the King's House, the 
 official residence of the Lord Warden of the New Forest ; now 
 a favourite summer resort, much frequented by artists and 
 entomologists. PMT.O. P. <:2ooo. See Sllnstead. 
 
 Lyndborst, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, 3 m. SE. Mans- 
 field. P. <250. 
 
 Lyndlinrst, post-tn.. New South Wales, co. Bathurst, 191 
 m. (by rail) W. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lyndbmrst, tin-mining centre, Tasmania, co. Dorset, 70 m. 
 (by rail and road) NE. Launceston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lyndocb, vil., S. Australia, co. and 26 m. NE. by E. Ade- 
 laide, 20 m. S. by W. Kapunda. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lyndon, par., Eng., Rutland, 4 m. SE. Oakham, 2 m. ESE. 
 Manton stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Lyndon, vil., U.S., Illinois, Whitesides co., on Rock R., 13 
 m. SW. Sterhng by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lyndon, vil., U.S., Kansas, Osage co., 28 m. S. Topeka. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Lyndon RiTer, riv. , W. Australia, flowing W. into the N. 
 end of a salt lake just S. of the Tropic of Capricorn. 
 
 LyndonTille, vil., U.S., Vermont, Caledonia co., Lyndon 
 tp. , on Passumpsic R. , 34 m. NE. by E. Montpeher. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Lyne, riv., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., flowing 
 into the North Sea at Linmouth. 
 
 Lyne, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Surrey. See Botleys and L. 
 
 Lyne (lain), riv., Scot. See Lyne Water. 
 
 Lyne and Megget, par., Scot., Peeblesshire, i ra. WNW. 
 from its stn. (Lyne) on the C. R., 3^ m. W. Peebles, P.O. 
 (Lyne) ; 17,227 ac. P. <2So. 
 
 Lyneal, P. O. , Eng. , Shropshire. See Lineal -with Colemere. 
 
 Lynedoeb, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Norfolk, 11 m. from 
 Simcoe. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lynedoeb, stn. , Scot. , Greenock, on the G. & SW. R. 
 
 Lynebam, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Banbury div. , loj m. W. 
 by N. Woodstock, 2 m. NW. Ascott-under-Wychwood stn. P. 
 <:2So. See Slllton-nnder-Wycbwood. 
 
 Lynebam, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Crickdale div. , 9 J m. W. by 
 S. Swindon, 2 m. E. Dauntsey stn., P.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lyuesack and Softly, par., Eng., Durham, 7 m. NE. Bar- 
 nard Castle. P. <:3000. 
 
 Lyneside, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on the N. 
 B. R. , sh m. N. by W. Carlisle. 
 
 Lyne Water, riv., Scot. , Peeblesshire, trib. of the Tweed, rises 
 on the Pentland Hills, in the NW. of the county, and flows S., 
 passing Linton, to the Tweed, which it joins near Lyne stn. 
 
 Lynford, par., Eng., Norfolk, on riv. Wissey, 7 m. NW. 
 Thetford. P. <25o. 
 
 Iiyng, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., on the Wensum, 
 iij m. NW. by W. Norwich, 2 m. W. Lenwade stn., P.O. 
 P.<:5oo. 
 
 Lyng, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 5 m. SSE. Bridgwater. 
 Lyng, West, i m. to the SW., close to Durston stn., P.O. 
 (EastL.). P.<5oo. 
 
 Lynber, riv. , Eng. , rising in the E. of Cornwall, flowing SE. 
 into Plymouth Sound. 
 
 Lynmontb (lln'-), vil., with small harbour, Eng., Devonshire, 
 Barnstaple div., at confluence of East Lyn and West Lyn, 13 
 m. E. Ilfracombe, 18 m. by coach road from Barnstaple (the 
 nearest rly. stn.), and 20 m. fromMinehead ; a favourite summer 
 resort on accojint of the beauty of the scenery ; with a lifeboat 
 and coastguard station. It lies at the base of a cliff, and is con- 
 nected by a rope railway 900 ft. long with the village of Lynton, 
 450 ft. above. The East Lyn affords water-power, which is 
 utiUsed in lighting the two villages with electricity. PMT.O. 
 See Conntisbnry. 
 
 Lynn, or Lynn Regis, tn., Eng., Norfolk. See King's 
 Lynn. 
 
 Lynn, par.. Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Fartullagh, 3 m. S. 
 MuUingar, P.O. (L. Cross Roads) ; 4703 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Lynn, city and seapt., U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., 
 bordering S. on L. Harbour, on the N. side of Massachusetts 
 Bay, and SE. on Nahant Bay, 10 m. NE. Boston ; celebrated 
 for its manufacture of shoes, in which it surpasses every other 
 place in the U.S.; manufacture of morocco is of considerable 
 importance. The city has a magnificent park, ' The Free 
 Public Forest,' with an area of 1400 ac. P. (1880) 38,300 ; 
 (1891) 55.700. 
 
 Lynn, co., U.S., Texas, crossed by 33° N., bounded on the 
 W. by 102° W. 
 
 Lynn, Nortb, par., Eng., Norfolk, on riv. Ouse, opposite 
 King's Lynn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Lynn, Soutb, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, forming part of King's 
 Lynn bor. , on M. and G. N. Joint Rly. P. 55x). 
 
 Lynn, West, par., Eng., Norfolk, on riv. Ouse, opposite 
 King's Lynn, PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Lynn Canal, inlet, Alaska, stretching N. from Admiralty I. , 
 from about 58° 15' to 59° 30' N., about 135° to 135^° W. In 
 
 931 
 
LYNN — LYTT 
 
 about 59° 7' N. it divides into two arms, Cbllcat Inlet on the 
 W. , and Cliilcoot Iiilet on the E. Chilcoot Inlet again sub- 
 divides, its principal arm being called Talya Inlet, which 
 Stretches for 15 m. N. and S. in about 135° 20' W. 
 
 Lynn Deeps, SE. portion of the Wash, containing the channel 
 leading to King's Lynn. In this channel, in lat. 53° ij' N., 
 about midway between the coasts of Norfolk and Lincoln, is 
 the Well Light- Vessel, with flashing light, seen 10 m. 
 
 Lynne, West, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Red River of the North, opposite Emerson, 60 m. S. 
 Winnipeg. 
 
 Lynnfleld, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., 12 m. N. by 
 E. Boston. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Lynn Valley, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Norfolk co., 
 40 ni. SW. by S. Hamilton. 
 
 Lynsted, PT.O., Eng., Kent. See Llnsted. 
 
 Lynton, par. and tn. , Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., 
 12J m. E. Ilfracombe, PMT.O. Par. 7203 ac, P. <i5oo; tn. 
 P. <2ooo. See Lynmonth. 
 
 Lynns Point, cape, Wales = Unas. 
 . Lynwllg, P.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, on Loch Alvie, 3 m. 
 SW. Aviemore. 
 
 Lyon, riv. , Scot. , Perthshire, rises in Benachastle, and flows 
 through Glenlyon and Fortingal (35 m.) into the Tay near 
 Taymouth Castle. 
 
 Lyon, CO., U.S., in the NW. comer of Iowa. 
 
 Lyon, CO., U.S., Kansas, S. of 39° N., bounded on the E. by 
 96° W. 
 
 Lyon, CO., U.S., Kentucky, in the SW., crossed by 37° N. 
 and 88° W. 
 
 Lyon, CO., U.S., Minnesota, in the SW., to the N. of 44° N., 
 crossed by 96° W. 
 
 Lyon, CO., U.S., Nevada, in the W., crossed by 39° N., and 
 in the E. by 119° W. 
 
 Lyon, Sonth, vil. , U.S., Michigan, Oakland co., 34 m. W. 
 Detroit by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Lyonnals, an old prov. of France, cap. Lyons, now forming 
 deps. Rhone and Loire. 
 
 Lyons, eccles. par. , Eng. , Durham, Pittington and Houghton- 
 le-Spring par. P. < 4500, 
 
 Lyons, in French Lyon, the ancient Ltigdunum, city, 
 France, cap. dep. Rh6ne, on the Rhone and Sa6ne, which 
 unite below the city, in 45° 45' 44" N., 4° 49' 34" E., by rail 
 218 m. SSE. Paris, 218 m. N. by W. Marseilles. It occupies an 
 admirable situation at the meeting-place of roads and railways 
 from the N. (Dijon, Besan9on), NE. (Geneva), E. (Chamb^ry 
 and Turin by the Mont Cenis tunnel), NW. (^Roanne), SW. 
 (St. Etienne, whence it is supplied with coal), and S. (the 
 Rhone valley). It consists of the city proper, between the 
 rivers on a peninsula, the length of which was extended south- 
 wards in 1770 by the sculptor Perrache, and numerous suburbs 
 on the 1. bk. of the Rhone and the r. bk. of the Sa6ne, sur- 
 rounded by gardens and vineyards. It is the seat of a national 
 court, and of a university academy for the deps. Rhone, Loire, 
 and Aix ; a school of medicine (on the 1. bk. of the Rh6ne), 
 the finest and best managed in France ; the seat of an arch- 
 bishop, bearing the title of ' Primate of all the Gauls ; ' the 
 residence of many foreigfn consuls ; and has a chamber of 
 commerce, a mint, a national college, seminary, and a library 
 of 130,000 volumes, museum, botanic garden, school of design, 
 and a national veterinary school. Two of its collections are 
 unique in France — the museum of arts and industry in the 
 Palais de la Bourse (exchange), and the museum of religions, 
 or Mus6e Guimet. The cathedral of L. , built between the 12th 
 and isth centuries, is a mixture of Romanesque and Gothic 
 architecture, with traces of oriental influence. L. , the second 
 city of France in regard to population and commercial import- 
 ance, is a fortified town, having fortifications extending in a 
 circle of 13 m. on the heights. It has manufactures of all 
 kinds, the most important being the silk industry in all its 
 branches, including the manufacture of silk hats and silk gloves, 
 but especially silk-weaving, L. being the most important centre 
 of this industry in the western world. It is still largely a 
 domestic industry, but the small weavers have suffered greatly 
 of late years by the growing competition of great factories. It 
 is hoped, however, that this department of the industry of the 
 city will be aided by the carrying out of a scheme for which 
 powers were obtained from the French Parliament in July 1892, 
 for obtaining water-power from the Rhone above L. for the 
 production of electro-motive force to be distributed to small 
 factories. Already the water-power of the Rhone, which is 
 here a rapid river, is largely employed in the L. industries, 
 which, besides the silk manufactures, include the manufacture 
 of machinery, and various articles in iron, copper, and bronze, 
 the manufacture of leather, starch, besides jewelry, &c. Chief 
 trade in its own manufactures, the arms and ribbons of St. 
 Etienne, and wines. L. was founded by the Pro-Consul MunativK 
 Plancus B.C. 43, and became the cap. of Celtic Gaul, or the 
 Lyonnaise. Destroyed by fire, it was rebuilt by Nero. Severus 
 ruined it A.D. 197, but it was restored by Constantine. It was 
 932 
 
 the residence of the kings of Burgundy till the end of the 5th 
 century, and was ravaged by the Saracens in the 8th century ; 
 afterwards governed by its archbishops, feudatories of the 
 German Empire ; it was annexed to France in 1312. In 1793 
 it was taken by the army of the Convention after a two months' 
 siege, and was the scene of the most horrid cruelties. Birth- 
 place of Germanicus, the Emperors Claudius, M. Aurelius, and 
 Caracalla ; of the botanist Jussieu, the inventor Jacquard, and 
 Camille Jourdan. Alt. 637 ft. Mean temp., yr. 52.9° F. , Jan. 
 35.8°, July 70.8°. P. (1872) 302,000; (1891)438,100. 
 
 Lyons, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. South Salt, on Grand 
 Canal, 2 m. SW. Celbridge stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Lyons, city, U.S., Iowa, Clinton co. , on r. bk. of Mississippi 
 R. , 50 m. SE. by S. Dubuque, 2 m. above Clinton, with which 
 it is connected by an electric street railroad. P. 5800. 
 
 Lyons, city, U.S., Kansas, Rice co., 30 m. W. McPherson 
 (by rail). P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Lyons, vil., U.S., Michigan, Ionia co., on Grand R., 68 m. 
 SW. Bay City. P. <isoo. 
 
 Lyons, vil., U.S., New York, Wa)Tie co., 35 m. SW. 
 Oswego, on the Erie Canal ; has numerous peppermint distil- 
 leries. P. < 5000. 
 
 Lyons, Gulf of. See Lions, Gnlf of. 
 
 Lyons Klver, riv. , W. Australia, flowing W. then S. into 
 the Gascoyne R. 
 
 Lyonsdo'vrn, eccles. par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Chipping 
 Bamet and East Barnet pars. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Lyonshall, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 11 m. WSW. 
 Leominster, on G. W. R., PT.O.; 4760 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 LyonTllle, post-tn., Victoria, co. Talbot, 67 m. (by rail and 
 road) N W. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lyracrompane, P.O., Ire., co. Kerry, 9 pn. from Lis- 
 towel. 
 
 Lyre, tnld.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 4 m. from Kan- 
 turk, P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Lyre, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 5 m. from Clonakilty. 
 
 Lys,.riv., France and Belgium, deps. Pas-de-Calais and Nord, 
 provs. W. and E. Flanders, joins the Scheldt at Ghent after 
 a NE. course of 100 m. , canalised for 44 m. Numerous canals 
 communicate with it, and it has an active navigation. See 
 Belginm, Agriculture. 
 
 Lysefjord, naiTow gulf, Norway, formed by Stavangerfjord. 
 Length, 24 m. 
 
 Lysekll, vil., Sweden, prov. Goteborg, on the W. ct., 48 m. 
 NNW. Gothenburg, with frequented sea-baths. 
 . LyskoTO, vil., Russia, govt, and 43 m. SE. of Nizhni Nov- 
 gorod, on r. bk. of Volga, opposite Makariev ; distilleries ; fabri- 
 cation of small copper ware. One of the chief entrepots for 
 mats and all sorts of wooden goods prepared in the neigh- 
 bouring villages, also for grain. P. 7850. 
 
 Lyss, vil., Switzd., cant, and 11 m. NW. by N. Bern. 
 P. (coram. )<3ooo. 
 
 Lyssacb, comm., Switzd., cant, and 10 m. NE. by N. Bern. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Lyst, applied to a palace or favourite seat. See Lusi. 
 
 Lyster, vil., Canada, Quebec, Megantic co., on the riv. 
 Becancour, 38 m. SW. by S. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Lysyanka, tn., Russia, govt, and 80 m. SSE. Kiev, dist. 
 Zvenigorodka. P. 8150. 
 
 Lytctaett MatraTers, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, 6 m. NW. 
 Poole, PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Lytchett Minster, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, Eastern div., 3J 
 m. WNW. Poole, PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Lyth, Eng. , Westmorland. See Crosthwalte and Lyth. 
 
 Lyth Hill, Eng., Salop, about 5 m. SW. by W. Shrewsbury. 
 
 Lytbam (hdh'am), par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 
 6^ m. SE. by S. Blackpool, on riv. Ribble, on the L. & Y. R., 
 with two lighthouses, and a lifeboat ; a favourite watering-place, 
 with low and rather muddy shore ; a pier 900 ft. long, and well 
 laid out park. Par. 5310 ac. , P. 7200 ; tn. P. <socio. 
 
 Lythe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 3^ m. 
 WNW. Whitby, on the coast, i m. W. by N. Sandsend stn.,, 
 PMT.O. P.<750. 
 
 Lyttelton, ct. tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Selwyn co. , 5 m. 
 SE. by E. and connected by rail with Christchurch {q.v.), 
 on the inlet called Port L. (8 m. long), in the N. side of Banks 
 Penin. The entrance to the harbour (area, 107 ac; vessels 
 drawing up to 25 ft. can be berthed at almost any time of tide ; 
 no bar) is above 2 m. wide, and is now protected by two 
 breakwaters. Godley Head, on the NW., has a lighthouse in 
 43° 3S' "^^ ' ^72° 49' ■^- ' visible 29 m. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Lyttleton, tn., New South Wales, co. Auckland, 312 m. (by 
 rail and road) S. Sydney, on Benbooka R. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Lytton, tn. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. P. R. , 
 at the junction of the Thompson and Eraser Rivs., 1326 m. bjr 
 rail from Winnipeg, 156 m. from Vancouver, 54 m. by rail 
 from Yale ; gold-mining carried on. P. <isoo. 
 
 Lytton, CO., Queensland, S. of 26° S., crossed by 151° E. 
 
 Lytton, vil, Queensland, Stanley co., 13 m. (by rail and 
 road) NE. Brisbane. P. < 1500. 
 
L YTT 
 
 M AC A 
 
 Lytton, CO., S. Australia, between 139° and 140° E., and 
 crossed in the extreme N. by 32° S. 
 
 LyubaboTO, tn., Turkey in Europe, vilayet Salonica, 
 sanjak Seres, 65 m. SW. Philippopolis. 
 
 Lyubar, tn., Russia, govt. Volhynia, 62 m. WSW. of 
 Zhitomir. P. 7500. 
 
 Lynblcluia, mt. , Turkey in Europe, near the Bosnian frontier, 
 70 m. W. by N. Novibazar. Alt. 7335 ft. 
 
 Lyablm, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 68 m. NE. of Yaro 
 slavl. P. <:50oo. 
 
 IiyadinoTO, or BlaltsoTskly, iron-works, Russia, govt, and 
 85 m. SW. of Kaluga; employs about 3000 workers. Sugar 
 works (Novokrapivinsky) close by. 
 
 Lyntsln (Polish Incyn), dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 134 m. 
 NW. of Vitebsk, 14 m. from Ryechitsa rly. stn. of Warsaw line ; 
 old castle. P. 6200. 
 
 1^ 
 
 Maaden, or Maden, Turkish, ' mines.' 
 
 Maaden Bala, vil., Persia, prov. Khorassan, 29 m. NNW. 
 Nishapur, with turquoise mines. 
 
 Maadeu Khapar, Kurdistan. See Khapnr. 
 Maadlt, El, fortified vil., Africa, Morocco, oasis Tafilelt, on 
 the Reteb or Ziz R. 
 
 Slaam, PM.O., Ire., co. Galway, 12 m. NW. Oughterard, 
 32 m. from Galway stn. 
 
 Maam Cross Koads, PM.O., Ire., co. Galway, 9 m. frorn 
 Recess, 27 m. from Galway stn. 
 
 91 aam Sail, or Ham Soal, mt. , Scot. , on borders of Ross- 
 shire and Inverness-shire, N. of Glen Affric, 16 m. ESE. Strome 
 Ferry ; noted for the variety of its plants. Alt. 3862 ft. 
 
 Maam Turk, mt. range. Ire., N. co. Galway, near Maam, 
 stretching 10 m. W. towards the Twelve Pins. 
 
 Maarab (or IMLaarat) -en-uaaman (called by the Crusaders 
 La Marre), tn. , Syria, vilayet, sanjak, and 53 m. SSW. Aleppo, 
 15 m. SSE. Idlib. P. 5900 (Cuinet). 
 
 Maarath, place named in O. T. See Belt Vmiuar. 
 
 Maarat Dllsrtn, tn. , Syria, 28 m. ESE. Antioch. 
 
 xUaarssen, vil. , Holland, prov. and 6 m. NW. Utrecht, on the 
 Vecht. P. (comm. )<3ooo. 
 
 Maartensdljk, vil., Holland, prov. and 6 m. N. by E. 
 Utrecht. P. ( comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Maas, riv. , Holland. See JHense. 
 
 .Haas, electoral div. , Ire., W. co. Donegal, bar. Boylagh, 15 
 m. NW. by N. Donegal. 
 
 Maasbree, tn., Netherlands, prov. Limburg, 11 m. NNE. 
 Roermond. P. (comm.) 5400. 
 
 9Iaa-selga, range of hills, N. Russia, separating the rivers 
 flowing into White Sea from those which flow into the Baltic. 
 
 Maasslals, vil. and herring fishing port, Holland, r. bk. Maas 
 (Nieuwe Waterweg), 11 m. W. Rotterdam. P. (comm.) 6500. 
 
 Maastricht, formerly spelt Maestrlcht, the ancient Trajectus 
 ad Mosafn, tn. , Holland, cap. prov. Limburg, on the Maas, 
 here crossed by a bridge which connects it with its suburb 
 Wijk, 15 m. NNE. Lifege. Near M. are subterranean quarries 
 in the hill of St. Pierre, whose galleries, in which remarkable 
 fossil remains are found, form a labyrinth of about 16 m. 
 circuit. Coal mined to the E. of the town. Manufactures 
 glass, earthenware, textile fabrics, and paper. An important 
 trade is carried on by the Meuse and the Zuid Willems Canal. 
 M. was fortified in the 13th century, and strengthened by further 
 works at various subsequent dates, and though its fortifications 
 were dismantled in 1871-78, it still remains a place of military im- 
 portance. Taken by the French in 1648, 1673, 1748, and 1794. 
 Mean temp., yr. 50.4° F. , Jan. 36.7°, July 67.3°. P. 32,500. 
 
 Alaba, people in N. and NE. of Wadai, central Sudan. 
 
 Mabaiiga, vil., W. Africa, French Congo Terr., 180 m. N. 
 by W. Boma, in 3° 2' S., 12° 30' E. 
 
 Mabaiil, tn., Africa, central Sudan, Bomu, 70 m. SSW. 
 Kuka and Lake Chad. P. 8000 (Barth). 
 
 Mabber, Has, promontory, Africa, Somali-land, 165 m. SSW. 
 Cape Guardafui. 
 
 -Habe, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, Truro div. , 3 m. W. Falmouth. 
 P.-C750. 
 
 Mabel, lake, Brit. Columbia, crossed by 50° 30' N., 118 30' 
 W. , drained N. into Shushwap Lake. 
 
 Haberly, vil., Canada, Ontario, Lanark co., 41 m. N. 
 Kingston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Maberry, Loch, small lake, Scot., on the border of Ayrshire 
 and Wigtownshire, 9 m. NW. by W. Newton Stewart, drained 
 S. by the riv. Bladenoch. 
 
 Mablha, Portuguese E. Africa. See MaTla. 
 
 Mablcthorpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 11 
 m. E. by S. Louth, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. <:7So; eccles. 
 par. (51^ with Stain) P. <75o. See Theddlethorpe. 
 
 Mnbog, ruins, Asiatic Turkey. See MemblJ. 
 
 Mabon, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Cap)e Breton I., Inverness 
 CO. . on the W. ct. , 60 m. W. Sydney. P. 1500. 
 
 IHabrak, tn., central Africa, Sahara, 300 m. N. by E. 
 Timbuktu, on the route to Tuat. 
 
 Mac, Mc, M'. All names beginning with this GaeUc patronymic 
 prefix are arranged in alphabetical order as if the Mac were 
 written in full. 
 
 Maeaca, or Sierra Haestrm, mt. chain, Cuba, stretching 
 from Cape Cruz to Guantanamo Bay. Length, 168 m. 
 
 Macacos, vil., Brazil, prov. Rio de Janeiro, 2 m. NW. 
 Petrppolis, with large establishment of the Brazil Industrial 
 Society. 
 
 Hacaclk, tn. , Brazil, state of and 40 m. NE. Rio de Janeiro, 
 on the M. BIt., which flows SW. into Rio de Janeiro harbour. 
 P. 11,300. 
 
 McAdam Jnnctlon, vil. and port of entry, Canada, New 
 Brunswick, York co., 40 m. SW. by W. Fredericton. P. < 1500. 
 ; Macadam Plains, dist. , W. Australia, to the S. of the 
 Gascoyne R., in about 25° S. , 116-117° E. 
 
 McAdams Cross Boads, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Dromore, co. 
 Down. 
 
 Macael, comm. , S. Spain, prov. and 33 m. N. by E. Almeria, 
 in the Almanzora valley ; marble quarries to the S. , on the 
 slope of Sierra de los Filabres. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Macagna, vil., Cuba, no m. ESE. Havana. P. 5400. 
 
 Macahe, or Imbetlba, seapt. and rly. stn. , Brazil, state and 
 95 m. ENE. Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 Macalnbe, volcanoes, Sicily. See Maccalube. 
 
 Macao, seapt. , Brazil. See Macdu. 
 
 Macao, seapt. tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, on the Canton 
 R. , on a peninsula on an island of the same name, 38 m. W. 
 by S. Victoria (Hong-kong). The peninsula, 2^ m. in length 
 by less than a mile in breadth, is connected with the island by 
 a narrow, low, and sandy isthmus, forming a land-locked inner 
 harboiu' 12 m. in circuit. The town stands on declivities between 
 this harbour and the outer anchorage, and is surroimded by 
 hills crowned by several forts ; it is divided into two distinct 
 parts, the Portuguese and Chinese. At the end of the town is 
 a mansion and picturesque garden, with the ' Grotto ' where 
 Camoens composed a great deal of his 'Lusiad' (1559-60). 
 Both harbours are within the region of typhoons, and suffer 
 greatly from them ; the roadstead, badly sheltered, is bounded 
 on the N. by Hiang-shan and by nine small rocky islands, S. 
 by another group of islands, the principal of which form a small 
 port, preferred by many vessels to the large roadstead, which 
 IS too open and exposed ; it has but little depth near the town, 
 so that large vessels anchor 5 or 6 m. from M. The trade 
 (much of which is contraband) is mainly carried on in junks 
 by Chinese merchants. It is chiefly in rice, tea, silk, sugar, 
 and indigo, and principally with Canton, Hong-kong, Batavia, 
 and Goa. Salt is brought from Cochin China. The Portu- 
 guese authorities and others form a senate, a governor, and 
 council, but the government of the native inhabitants is sub- 
 stantially vested in a Chinese mandarin. M. was granted to 
 the Portuguese, subject to an annual rent, by the Chinese 
 emperor in 1586, in return for assistance against pirates. In 
 1863 the payment of this tribute was rescinded, and the land 
 conceded by treaty to Portugal, but jurisdiction over the Chinese 
 inhabitants retained. Mean temp., yr. 74.0° F., Feb. 60.6°, 
 July 85.2°; rfaU. (14 yrs.), 69.1 in. 
 
 Macao, tn., Portugal, Estremadura, 85 m. NE. Lisbon. 
 P. <300o. 
 
 Macapd, vil., Brazil, Grao Para, on the 1. bk. of the Amazon, 
 just N. of the equator, with an excellent port protected by a 
 fortress. P. 3000. 
 
 Macardcas, tn., Colombia, dep. and no m. SW. Panama. 
 P. (with dist. ) 5000. 
 
 Macarlns, monastery, Egypt, 48 m. W. by N. Cairo, in the 
 Natron valley. 
 
 Macarsca, seapt. , Austria. See Makairakar. 
 
 McArthnr, riv., N. terr. of S. Australia, flows NE. into the 
 Gulf of Carpentaria, which it enters in about 136° 50' E. ; very 
 fine timber grows in the valley, and grass is good. 
 
 MacArthur, vil, U.S., Ohio, Vinton co., 56 m. SE. by S. 
 Columbus. P. < 1 500. 
 
 McArthnr, tn. , Victoria, Normainby co., 30 m. NE. Port- 
 land. P. <ijoo. 
 
 McArthnr's Head, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, on the E. ct. of 
 Islay, in 55° 46' N. 
 
 Hacarthy, isl., Brit. W. Africa, in the Gambia, 127 m. from 
 its mouth ; comparatively healthy during the dry season. Large 
 boats can go up the river to this point. 
 
MACA — MACH 
 
 Macassar, or Mangkasar, called also Vlaardlngen, cap. 
 of the presidency of the same name in Celebes (q.v.), stands on 
 the W. shore of that island, in 5° 20' S., 119° 28' E., and is one 
 of the chief ports (free harbour) in the E. Indies, the annual 
 trade being valued at ;^i ,000,000. Depth of water in port, 60 
 ft. ; the piers, each about 225 ft. long, can be reached by vessels 
 drawing 24 ft. P. (including Europeans, Malays, Chinese, and 
 others) 20,000. 
 
 Macassar, Strait of, separates the isls. Borneo and Celebes. 
 Breadth at narrowest point, 87 m. ; average breadth, 155 m. 
 
 Macate, vil., S. America, Peru, dep. Ancachs, prov. Hualas, 
 34 m. NW. Caraz, with silver-mines. 
 
 MacAn, or Macao, seapt. , Brazil, state Rio Grande do Norte, 
 near the mouth of the Rio Assu or Rio das Piranhas, a few 
 miles from the N. ct., in 36° 35' W. ; large commerce in salt 
 obtained from lagoons. P. 5000. 
 
 Macan, Nil., France, dep. Gironde, at the mouth of the 
 Garonne, arr. and 12 m. N. by W. Bordeaux. P. < 2000. 
 
 Macanlay, or Macanley, one of the smaller Kermadek Is., 
 Oceania. 
 
 M'Anlays, settlement. Nova Scotia, Victoria co. , 7J m. from 
 Baddeck. 
 
 MacMe HIU, stn., Scot., Peeblesshire, on the N. B. R., 8i 
 m. NW. by N. Peebles. 
 
 Maccalnbe, or Macalnbe (in the singular Macalnba), mud 
 volcanoes, Sicily, about 6 m. N. Girgemi. Frequently used as 
 a general term for mud volcanoes. 
 
 McCanunon, precinct, U.S., Idaho, Bingham co., 144 m. 
 SSW. from the NE. comer of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Maccan, viL , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cumberland co. , 74 m. 
 W. by N. Pictou. P. <: 1500. 
 
 MacCartliy, fluvial isl. , Africa. See Macartby. 
 
 Maccaskln, small isL , Scot. , Argyllshire, near the mouth of 
 Loch Craignish. 
 
 MaccUagodena, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Campobasso, 
 II m. SE. Isernia. P. <4000. 
 
 Macclesfield, mun. bor. (since Edward I., till 1885 also a 
 pari. bor. ) and market-tn. , Eng. , Cheshire, Macclesfield div. , in 
 the diocese of Chester, on the riv. Bollin, 17 m. SSE. Manchester, 
 at the foot of a steep hill, and near the borders of a large dist. 
 still called M. Forest, now nearly treeless, with stns. on L. & 
 NW. R., M. S. & L. R., and N. Staffordshire Rly. In 1787 
 the manufacture of silk was introduced, now the staple trade ; 
 bleaching and other important textile manufactures — formerly 
 twist and silk buttons. In Domesday Book M. is included 
 imder earldom of Chester ; it was enfranchised in 1832, and 
 returned two M.P.'s till 1880. There is a technical school, and 
 the Town Council have adopted the Technical Instruction Act, 
 1889. Parks of 13 ac. and 11 ac. presented in 1893. Market-days, 
 'I'u. and S. Alt. (Park Green) 449 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 
 38.0 in. Mun. bor. P. (1851) 39,000; (1871) 35,500; (1891) 
 36,000; pari. div. P. (1891) 53,100. 
 
 Macclesfield, tn., S. Australia, Hindmarsh co., 22 m. SE, 
 by S. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Macclesfield Bank, large submerged coral atoll, in the S. 
 China Sea, crossed by 16° N., 114° E. 
 
 Macclesfield Forest, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, 4 m. E. Maccles- 
 field. P. <25o; eccles. par. (M. F. wltli Wlldboarclongli) 
 P. < 500. See Macclesfield, mun. bor. 
 
 Macclesfield Canal, Eng. , connects the Peak Forest Canal 
 with the Trent and Mersey Canal, passing M. and Congleton. 
 Length, 26 m. 
 
 McClner, Gulf, large inlet, in the W. of New Guinea, in 
 about 2^° S. 
 
 McCom1>, tn., U.S., Mississippi, Pike co., 58 m. ESE. 
 Natchez. P. <3ooo. 
 
 McComb, vil, U.S., Ohio, Hancock co., 11 m. NW. Findlay. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 McConnelSTllle, vil,, U.S., Ohio, Morgan co., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Muskingum, 68 m. WSW. Wheeling ( W. Va. ). P. <2C)00. 
 
 McConnellsbnrg, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Fulton co., 64m. 
 WSW. Harrisburg. P. -c 1500. 
 
 McCook, city, U.S., Nebraska, Red willow co. P. < 3000. 
 
 McCook, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, between 43° and 44° N. and 
 97° and 98° W. 
 
 NcCracken, co., U.S., Kentucky, in the SW., on the Ohio, 
 crossed by 37° N. , E. of 89° W. 
 
 McCnlloch, CO., U.S., Texas, E. of 100° W., bounded on 
 the N. by the Colorado R. 
 
 McCnne, vil., U.S., Kansas, Crawford co., 122 m. S. by W. 
 Kansas City, 34 m. NW. of SE. comer of the state. P. <'i5oo. 
 
 McCutchenTllle, vil., U.S., Ohio, Wyandotte co., on San- 
 dusky R., 7 m. NE. Carey. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Macdonald, stn. , Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the Manitoba 
 &NW. Rly., 10 m. W. Portage-la-Prairie. 
 
 Macdonald, large lake, W. Australia, crossed by 23J' S. 
 and 128° E. ; discovered in 1889 by Tietkins. 
 
 McDonald, co., U.S., Missouri, in the extreme SW. 
 
 McDonald, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and 16 m. N. 
 Washington. P. <20oo. 
 934 
 
 Macdonald Town, suburban mun. dist. , New South Wales, 
 CO. Cumberland, 2 m. from Sydney. P. 5300. 
 
 MacDonnell, co. , S. Australia, W. ct. , to the N. of 37° S. 
 
 Macdonnell Ranges, mt. chain in the middle of the colony 
 of S. Australia, trending E. and W. between about 132° and 
 134° E., just S. of the Tropic of Capricorn; give rise to the 
 Finke R. They contain the Hale R. goldfields, also ' raby ' fields 
 (the stone apparently a cross between the garnet and ruby). 
 
 McDonongh (mak'donn'o), co., U.S., Illinois, in W. of state, 
 crossed by 40^^ N., E. by 91° W. 
 
 McDo:iongliTille, tn., U.S., Louisiana, Jefferson par. (co.). 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 McDowell, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, S. of 36' N. , crossed in 
 the E. by 82° W. 
 
 McDowell, CO., U.S., W. Virginia, in the extreme SW. 
 
 MacdnfT, burgh of bar. and seapt. tn. , Scot. , Banffshire, on 
 the N. Ct., I m. E. by N. Banff, with which town it com- 
 mtmicates by a bridge across the Deveron, and within the pari, 
 bounds of which it is included, on the G. N. of S. R. The 
 port is subordinate to Banff. The tidal harbour has a depth 
 over sill at ordinary spring tides of 14J-16 ft., ordinary neap 
 tides II ft. P. <4000. See Banffshire. 
 
 McDnfOe, co. , U.S., Georgia, between 33° and 34° N. and 
 82° and 83° W. 
 
 Maceda, comm. , Spain, prov. Orense, dist. Allariz. P. <sooo. 
 
 Mac'edon, vil., U.S., New York, Mayne co. , on the Erie 
 Canal, 16 m. ESE. Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Macedon, post-tn. and summer resort, Victoria, Bourke co., 
 32 m. NW. Melbourne, near the foot of Monnt M. (alt. 3325 
 ft.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Macedonia, ancient div. of the Balkan Penin., W. of the 
 Rhodope Mts. , and nearly corresponding with the modern 
 vilayet of Salonica and the eastern portion of that of Monastir. 
 See Turkey. 
 
 Macefen, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 9 m. WSW. 
 Nantwich, 2 m. SE. Malpas stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Macel6, tn. and seapt., on the E. ct. of Brazil, in 9° 40' S., 
 125 m. SW. by S. Pernambuco, on a penin. which separates the 
 Lagoa do Norte from the ocean, cap. state Alagoas, with a 
 harbour protected from the ocean by a reef of rocks. It only 
 communicates with the ocean by a channel across the sands 
 which obstruct the entrance. Depth at anchorage (Jaragui) 
 vrithin the reef 16-30 ft. at low water, 24-36 ft. at high water. 
 P. (with JaraguA) 15,000. 
 
 Macerata, tn., Italy, The Marches, cap. prov. M., 22 m. S. 
 by W. Ancona. The city is enclosed by 13th century walls, 
 and has a cathedral and a university, founded in 1290. It is 
 the seat of a bishop. M. owes its origin to the destruction of 
 Helvia Recina by Alaric in 408. P. 10,100. 
 
 Macerata Feltrla, vil., Italy, The Marches, prov. Pesaro, 
 17 m. SSW. Rimini. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Mace's Bay, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, co. Char- 
 lotte, on Bay of Fundy. 
 
 Macestus, riv., Asia Minor. See Snsnrlu>ehal. 
 
 Macetown, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Skreen, 4 m. NE. 
 Dunshaughlin. P. <25o. 
 
 Macetown, tn.. New Zealand, South I., Lake co., 114 m. N. 
 by E. Invercargill. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Macfinn, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Antrim, bar. Upper Dunluce, 
 4i m. SE. Coleraine, with a stn. (Macfin) on the Ballymena 
 and Portrash Rly. P. <2So. 
 
 McGaflln's Comer, P.O., Ire., 6 m. from Poyntzpass, co. 
 Armagh. 
 
 Macgllllcnddy's Reeks, range of mts. , Ire. , in the S. of co. 
 Kerry, immediately to the W. of the Lakes of Killarney, trend- 
 ing E. and W. One of its summits, Carntual, or Carrantuohill, 
 is 3414 ft. high, and is the highest peak in Ireland. 
 
 M'GllIlTray, Ireland, or Flanlgan's, post-vil., Canada, 
 Ontario, co. Middlesex, 20 m. from London. P. -cisoo. 
 
 McGrath's Flat, settlement, S. Australia, co. Cardwell, in 35" 
 53' S. , 139° 27' E. 
 
 McGrawTllle, vil, U.S., New York, Cortland co., 30 m. S. 
 by E. Syracuse. P. < 1500. 
 
 McGregor, stn., Canada, Manitoba, 77^ m. W. Winnipeg, 
 on the C. P. R. 
 
 McGregor, city, U.S., Iowa, Clayton co., on the r. bk. of 
 Mississippi R., opposite Prairie du Chien, vrith which it is con- 
 nected by a bridge, 44 m. NW. by N. Dubuque. P. < 1500. 
 
 Machaca, vil. , Bolivia, dep. and 55 m. W. by S. La Paz. 
 
 Machaclia, peak of the Molappo Mts. , in the W. of Basuto- 
 land. Alt. 11,000 ft. 
 
 MacbacU, tn., Ecuador, prov. Pichincha, in a beautiful 
 plain, 18 m. S. by W. Quito. 
 
 Machako's, stn. of the Imperial British East Africa Co., 1° 
 28' S. , 37° / E. , at the height of 5600 ft. , and overiooked by a 
 hill rising to the height of 7600 ft. Scotch Independent mission 
 station. 
 
 Machala, tn. , Ecuador, near the coast, cap. prov. El Oro, 
 75 m. S. Guayaquil. Climate hot, but not unhealthy. P. 3000. 
 
 Machany, P. O. , Scot., Perthshire, i m. from Muthill. 
 
MACH — McLE 
 
 Machar, New, par. , Scot. , Aberdeenshire and detached part 
 of Banffshire, 7 m. E. by S. Inverurie, with stn. (New Nachar) 
 on the G. N. of S. R. On an island in Bishop's Loch are the 
 remains of an old castle of the bishops of Aberdeen. 9002 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 IMacliar, Old, par. , Scot. , co. and including part of the city 
 of Aberdeen ; 12,143 ac. P. 71,600. 
 
 Hacbaalt, viL, France, dep. Ardennes, 23 m. ENE. Reims, 
 9 m. W. by S. Vouziers. P. <20co. 
 
 Hacheeonl, tn., France, dep. Loire- Inf^rieure, on the 
 Falleron, arr. and 20 ra. SW. Nantes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hachede, or Sancta Maria de Macbede, vil, Portugal, 
 Alemtejo, dist. and 7 m. E. Evora. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 DIacliell's Corners, vil. , Canada. See Aurora. 
 
 Haclien, Iiower and Upper, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Monmouthshire, S. div., on the Rhymney. Lower M., 5^ m. 
 W. Newport, with stn. (Cburcb Road) on the G. W. R. , and 
 Brecon and Merthyr Rly., i^ m. ESE. Machen stn. on the 
 same railways; coal-mining carried on. PMT.O. (Macben). 
 Lower M. , P.O., P. < 1500 ; Upper M. P. < 2000. 
 
 Nachenlsa, vil., Portuguese E. Africa, Gaza-land, 177 m. 
 S. by E. Sofala, in 22° 40' S., 35° 12' E. 
 
 McHenry, vil., U.S., Illinois, McHenry co., 45 m. NW. 
 Chicago. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Mcllenry, co., U.S., N. Dakota, N. of 48° N., between 100° 
 and 101° W. 
 
 Macher, Machera! , in Irish names Maghera' , Celtic, ' a plain ' 
 or ' field. ' 
 
 Hachers, or Slacbars, Tbe, Scot., dist. of Wigtownshire, 
 between Wigtown and Luce Bays. 
 
 Hacheta, vil., Colombia, Cundinamarca, 20 m. SE. Ubate, 
 near Macheta R. 
 
 H&cbbg&on, small port, Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Cuttack, 
 in 19" 58' N. 
 
 Hikcbbg&on Canal, one of the Orissa Canals, in the delta of 
 the Mahanadi, Brit. India, connecting Cuttack with the small 
 port of M. on the Devi. 
 
 Slacblillsbalir (Macbbllgbabar, census), tn., Brit. India, 
 NW. Provs., dist. Jaunpur, 45 m. NW. by W. Benares. P. 
 (1891) 9000; Moham. 4800; Hindus, 4200. 
 
 Nacblas, riv., U.S., Maine, in the SE., flows into the 
 Atlantic through Machias Bay. 
 
 Machlas, tn., U.S., Maine, Washington co., at the head of 
 navigation of riv. Machias, 12 m. from its mouth, about 2 m. 
 above the head of M. Bay, 62 m. E. by S. Bangor, with ship- 
 building. P. <3ooo. East M., adjoining tn., P. <20oo. 
 
 Machias, Great, riv., U.S., Maine, in the NE., affluent of 
 the Aroostook, which it joins on the 1. bk. in 46° 36' N. 
 
 Macblasport, tn., U.S., Maine, Washington co., at the 
 mouth of the Machias, 66 m. E. by S. Bangor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Machlcbaco, Cape, Spain, 15 m. NE. by N. Bilbao. 
 
 Macbleo, tn., E. ct. of Madeira, dist. and 31 m. NE. 
 Funchal. P. (comm.) 5200. 
 
 MacbikOTO, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 36 m. NW. by 
 N. Salonica, to the E. of the Vardar. 
 
 Macbln, Roumania. See Macln. 
 
 Macblne, La, market-tn., France, dep. Ni^vre, arr. Nevers, 
 4 m. N. Decize, with coal-mines. P. <4000. 
 
 Macblpongo Inlet, Great, gulf, U.S., Virginia, on the 
 Atlantic coast, Northampton co., in 37° 22' N. 
 
 Macblvrdra, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Ludhidna, 60 m. 
 W. by S. Simla. P. 5300; Hindus, 1800; Moham. 3200. 
 
 Machrie Water, rivulet, Scot. , isl. of Arran, flows W. into 
 M. Bay, in about 55° 33' N. 
 
 Machrlba'nlsb, PMT.O., Scot., Argyllshire, on M. Bay, W. 
 side of penin. of Kintyre, 4 m. W. Campbeltown. 
 
 Macbrn, vil., Brit. Baluchistan, 80 m. NE. Jacobabdd. 
 
 Macbynlletb, pari. bor. , market-tn., and par., Wales, 
 Montgomeryshire, on the navigable riv. Dovey, io| m. S. by E. 
 Dolgelly, with junction stn. on the Cambrian Rly., belonging 
 to the Montgomery dist. of pari. bors. , with manufactures of 
 flannels and other coarse woollen fabrics. In 1402, Owen 
 Glendower assembled a parliament here. Market-days, W. and 
 S. Par. P. <2ooo ; eccles. par. (M. with Vcbygarreg) P. < 
 2500 ; pari. bor. P. <20oo. 
 
 Macln (machin), tn., Roumania, Dobruja, prov. Tulcea, on 
 the r. bk. of the Danube, 8 m. E. by S. Braila. The Russians 
 were here defeated by the Turks, Dec. 24, 1853. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Macintosh, maritime co., U.S., Georgia, midway between 
 31° and 32° N. 
 
 Mcintosh, CO. , U.S., N. Dakota, on theS. frontier, bounded 
 on the E. by 99° W. 
 
 Maclntyre, riv. , Australia. See Darling. 
 
 Mcliityre, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lycoming co., 68 m. W. 
 by N. Scranton, 21 m. N. by E. Williamsport. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mackay, seapt. and mun. tp. , Queensland, Carlisle co. , on 
 the E. ct., no m. SE. Bowen, in 21° 10' S., on the S. bank of 
 Pioneer R. (18-20 ft. on bar at high water ordinary springs). 
 Centre of a large sugar producing dist. , and port of the Mount 
 Orange and Mount Gotthart copper-fields, and the Mount 
 
 Britten gold-fields. Eight wharves (depth alongside high water 
 13-16 ft. , low u ater 2-5 ft. ) can be reached at high water ordinary 
 springs by vessels drawing 12 ft. Vessels usually anchor about 
 5 m. from the wharves in 5 fathoms, in good shelter from pre- 
 vailing winds, and load and discharge by steam lighters. Mean 
 temp. (4 yrs. , 1876-79), yr. 73.7° F., Jan. 81.4", July 61.6°; 
 rfall. (4yrs. ), 96.5 in. P. 3600. 
 
 McKean, co. , U.S., Pennsylvania, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 in the extreme W. by 79° W. 
 
 McKee Rocks, vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny co. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 McKeesport, coal and iron-mining bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 Allegheny co. , on Monongahela, at the confluence of the Youg- 
 hiogheny, 11 m. SE. Pittsburg, with important iron and steel 
 works. P. (1880) 8200; (1890) 20,700. 
 
 McKellar, vil., Canada, Ontario, Parry Sound district, 70 m. 
 NNE. CoUingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Macken, P.O., Ire., near Enniskillen, co. Fermanagh, 5 m. 
 from Florence Court. 
 
 Mackenzie, large riv., in the Canadian NW. Terr., issues 
 from the W. end of the Great Slave Lake, flows mostly NW., 
 and after a course estimated at 1100 m. enters the Arctic Ocean 
 by an intricated delta between 134° and 136° W. Principal 
 affluents, Liard, or Mountain R., Peel R., and Bear R., from 
 Great Bear Lake. Forts Simpson, Norman, and Good Hope 
 are on its banks. It was discovered and first navigated by 
 Alexander Mackenzie in 1789. An extensive deposit of lignite 
 accompanies its course and its estuary westward. Several 
 rapids occur in its course, but a light-draught steamer now 
 navigates the river throughout, the first impassable barrier from 
 the sea occurring on the Great Slave R. (feeder of the Great 
 Slave Lake) in 60° N. , about 1360 m. from the Arctic Ocean. The 
 valley of the Mackenzie R. is reported to be remarkably fertile. 
 
 Mackenzie, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 979 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Mackenzie, co. , New Zealand, South I. , crossed by 44° S. , 
 in the extreme W. by 170° E. 
 
 Mackenzie, co. , Queensland, crossed by 26° S. and 152° E. 
 
 Mackenzie, riv., Queensland, Australia, after a very tortuous 
 and westerly course of 470 m. falls, through the co. of Livingston, 
 into Keppel Bay, in 23° 30' S. Coal is found along its course. 
 
 McKenzle, co., U.S., N. Dakota, on the W. frontier, between 
 48° and 47° N. 
 
 McKenzle, tn. , U.S., Tennessee, Carroll co. , 120 m. W. 
 Nashville. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Mackenzie Islands, N. Pacific. See Vllthl Islands. 
 
 Mackenzie's Corner, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, co. 
 Carleton, 10 m. from Woodstock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mackey, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 270 
 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Mackinac (mak'-i-naw) , co. , U. S. , Michigan , Upper Penin. in 
 the N., Lakes Michigan and Huron separated from the Lower 
 Penin. by the Straits of M. The Straits of M. are annually 
 closed by ice about the beginning of December, and usually 
 get reopened some time in April, occasionally, though rarely, 
 as early as the middle of March. 
 
 Mackinac, vil. , on Mackinac I., a small island in the N. of 
 the strait, a delightful summer resort ; has large fish export. 
 Here is Fort Mackinaw, a U.S. post. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mackinaw City, vil., U.S., Michigan, Cheboygan co., on 
 the S. side of the Straits of Mackinac. P. < 1500. 
 
 McKlnlay, co. , Queensland, crossed in the S. by 26° S. , and 
 in the middle by 145° E. 
 
 McKlnlay, W. Australia, N. Terr. See Twelve Mile. 
 
 McKtnney, city, U.S., Texas, Collin co., 32 m. NNE. Dallas. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 McKlnney, settlement, U.S., Wyoming, Johnson co., 140 
 m. WSW. from the NE. comer of the state. 
 
 McKlnnon's Cave, Scot. See Staffa. 
 
 Macksvllle (late Namhncca), mining and agricultural dist. , 
 New South Wales, 341 m. by road N. Sydney. 
 
 Mackworth, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 2^ m. WNW. 
 Derby, PM.O. P.<25o. 
 
 McLaren Vale, post-tp., S. Australia, Adelaide co., 20 m. 
 S. by W. .Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 McLean, stn. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R. , 332 
 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Maclean, vil. , Cape Colony, dist. and 16 m. N W, by N. of 
 East London. 
 
 Maclean, formerly Rocky Month, tp.. New South Wales, 
 Clarence co., on the r. bk. of the Clarence, 20 m. NE. Grafton. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 McLean, CO. , U.S., Illinois, between 40° and 41° N., and 
 crossed by 89° W. 
 
 McLean, CO., U.S., Kentucky, W. of 87° W., crossed by 
 
 McLean, co., U.S., N. Dakota, between 47° and 48° N., and 
 bounded on the W. by riv. Missouri. 
 
 McLeansboro, city, U.S., Illinois, Hamilton co., 97m. ESE. 
 St. Louis (Mo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 ., 935 
 
MACL — MADA 
 
 Maclear and Vgle, tps. , Cape Colony, Griqua-land East, dist. 
 M., loo m. E. by S. Aliwal North. P. < 1500. 
 
 JMacleay, navigable riv. , New South Wales, enters the Pacific 
 at Trial Bay, in 30° 50' S. , 42 m. N. Port Macquarie. It divides 
 the cos. Macquarie and Vernon from Dudley. Steam com- 
 munication is maintained with Sydney. 
 
 JHcLennan, co., U.S., Texas, S. of 32° N., crossed by 97° 
 W. , traversed by the Brazos R. 
 
 McLeod, lake, Canada, Brit. Columbia, just S. of 55° N., 
 crossed by 123° W., drained N. into the Parsnip by McLeodR. 
 
 Macleod, eccles. par. , Scot. , in city of Glasgow. P. 8900. 
 
 IttcLeod (mak-laud'), co., U.S., Minnesota, S. of 45° N., and 
 W. of 94° W. 
 
 Nclieod's Fort, Canada, dist. Athabasca, on the Peace R., 
 292 m. NW. by N. Edmonton. 
 
 Haclodlo, vil. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 9 m. SW. 
 Brescia. Here was fought a battle in 1427 between the Milanese 
 and the Venetians. P. <20oo. 
 
 Macloneigh, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Muskerry West, on 
 riv. Lee, 2 m. SE. Macroom. P. <75o. 
 
 Maclontsie, Brit. S. Africa. See Maklatsl. 
 
 Macmerry, coal-mining vil., Scot., Haddingtonshire, 5^ m. 
 E. Musselburgh, 2 m. E. Tranent, with iron-works, on the 
 N. B. R. , P.O. P. (including iron-works) < 500. 
 
 Macmlne, tnld.. Ire., co. and 14 m. NW. Wexford, bar. W. 
 Shelmaliere, with a junction station on the Dublin, Wicklow, 
 and Wexford Rly. P. <2So. 
 
 UlcSIinn, co., U.S., in the SE. of Tennessee, N. of 35° N., 
 and E. of 85° W. 
 
 BfcMinnvlUe, city, U.S., Oregon, Yam Hill co., 50 m. SW. 
 Portland by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 n'MlnnrUle, tn., U.S., Tennessee, cap. Warren co., 52 m. 
 NW. by N. Chattanooga. P. <2ooo. 
 
 IHcSIuUen, co., U.S., Texas, in the SE., N. of 28° N., and 
 E. of 99° W. 
 
 SIcllInllens, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Yuma co., 118 ni. 
 NE. from the SW. corner of the terr. 
 
 BIcNalry, co. , U.S., Tennessee, S. frontier, E. of 89° W. 
 
 Hacneaii, Loagb, Tpper, lake. Ire. , at the meeting-place of 
 cos. Leitrim, Fermanagh, and Cavan, 172 ft. above sea-level. 
 It is connected by a narrow channel with Lower Longb 
 Macnean, or Lough Nllly, in Fermanagh, and the latter is 
 drained by the Arney into the riv. Erne. 
 
 Hacocha, large doUna or caldron-shaped valley near Briinn, 
 Moravia, 450 ft. deep. 
 
 Macomb, city, U.S., Illinois, McDonough co., 69 m. NW. 
 Springfield. P. < 5000. 
 
 Macomb, co., U.S., Michigan, bounded on the SE. by Lake 
 St. Clair (SE. frontier of state). 
 
 Macomer, tn., Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 34 m. SSE. Sassari. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Macon, the ancient Matisco, tn., France, cap. dep. Saone- 
 et- Loire and arr. M. , on r. bk. Sadne, 33 m. Chilon-sur-Saone. 
 Birthplace of Larmartine. Noted for its wine (Burgundy). Mean 
 rfall. 33.46 in. P. 19,600. 
 
 Macon, co., U.S., Alabama, N. of 32° N., and E. of 86° W. 
 
 Macon, co., U.S., Georgia, between 32° and 33° N., and 
 crossed in E. by 84° W. 
 
 Macon, city, U.S., Georgia, cap. Bibb co., on r. bk. and at 
 the head of navigation on Ockmulgee R. , 80 m. SE. by S. 
 Atlanta, important railway centre, with iron-foundries, railroad 
 machine shops, &c. Alt. 334 ft. (R. R.). P. (1880) 12,700; 
 (1890) 22,700. 
 
 Macon, co., U.S., Illinois, intersected by 89° W., and in N. 
 by 40° N. 
 
 Macon, tn. , U.S., Mississippi, cap. Noxubee co., iiom. NE. 
 by E. Jackson. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Macon, city, U.S., Missouri, cap. M. co., 73 m. SW. by W. 
 Keokuk (lo.). P. < 4000. 
 
 Macon, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the W., on the S. frontier, 
 crossed by 83^° W. 
 
 Macon, co. , U.S., Tennessee, N. frontier, crossed by 86° W. 
 
 Macoma, post-tn., Victoria, co. Gunbower, 165 ra. by rail 
 NNW. Melbourne. P. <isoo. 
 
 Macosqnln, par.. Ire., NE. co. Londonderry, bar. and 2J 
 m. SSW. Coleraine, P.O.; 17,749 ac. P.<35oo. 
 
 M&cot, vil. , France, dep. Savoie, arr. Moutiers, i m. E. Aime, 
 with anthracite and beds of argentiferous lead. P. <20oo. 
 
 Macotera, comm. , Spain, prov. Salamanca, dist, and 5 m. 
 SW. Penaranda de Bracamonte. P. <4000. 
 
 Macotera, tn. , Spain, prov. Salamanca, dist. and 5 m. SW. 
 Penaranda de Bracamonte. 
 
 Maeoaba, Polnte dn, cape, W. Indies, on N. ct. of Mar- 
 tinique I. 
 
 Maconpln, co. , U.S. , Illinois, N. of 39° N. , crossed by 90° W. 
 
 McPlierson, city, U.S., Kansas, cap. McPherson co. , 120 m. 
 WSW. Topeka. P. <400o. 
 
 Macpherson, CO., U.S., Nebraska, crossed by 41 J° N. , 101° W. 
 
 McPherson, CO. , U.S., S. Dakota, N. frontier,crossedby99°W. 
 
 McPherson's Ferry, settlement. Nova Scotia. See Bear I. 
 936 
 
 Macquarie, called by the natives Wambool, riv. , New South 
 Wales, formed by the junction of the Fish and Campbell Rivs. , 
 COS. Bathurst and Westmoreland, flows N W. to 30° 45' S. , 147° 
 30' E., where, for a space, it loses itself in the M. marshes, 
 whence issue tribs. to the riv. Darling. In some places it is deep, 
 broad, and navigable ; in others, rapid and obstructed by falls. 
 In 32° S. it is from 20-60 yds. wide, and 20 ft. deep, with a 
 current of i^ m. an hour. Total course about 350 m. 
 
 Macquarie, New South Wales. See Port Macquarie. 
 
 Macquarie, co.. New South Wales, E. ct. , N. of 32° S. 
 
 Macquarie, group of isls., S. Pacific, the largest (length, N. 
 to S. , about 25 m. ; breadth, 4 m. ) in 54° 50' S. , 159° E. Annexed 
 to New Zealand. 
 
 Macquarie, riv., Tasmania, rises in Tooms Lake, in 42° 15' 
 S., flows N. through the co. Somerset, and joins the Lake R. 
 Affluents, the Blackman, Elizabeth, and Isis. 
 
 Macquarie Harbour, or Strahan, principal port on the W. 
 ct. of Tasmania, co. Franklin, on the NE. side of the inlet of 
 M. Harbour, with stretches 20 m. NW. to SE., and has a 
 narrow mouth in 42° 12' S. P. < 1500. 
 
 Macquarie Plains, New South Wales. See Brewongle. 
 
 Macquarie Plains, post-tn., Tasmania, co. Monmouth, 33 
 m. by rail NW. Hobart. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Macquereau, Point, cape, Canada, Quebec, on Chaleur 
 Bay, in 64° 48' W. 
 
 McRae, vil., U.S., Georgia, Telfair co., in m. W. Savannah. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Macrae's Flat, tn.. New Zealand, South I., Waihemo co., 
 34 m. N. Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Macroney, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Condons and Clan- 
 gibbon, 3 m. NE. Kilworth; 8371 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Macroom, par. and civic tn.. Ire., W. co. Cork, bar. West 
 Muskerry, on the SuUane, a little above its confluence with the 
 Lee, 14^ m. NW. Bandon, on the Cork and Macroom Direct 
 Rly., PMT.O. Market-day, W. Par. 12,667 ac, P. <sooo; 
 tn. P. <300o. , 
 
 , M&csa, comm., Hungary, co. and dist. Arad, 16 m. N. O 
 Arad. P. <4ooo. 
 
 McSherrystown, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Adams co. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 McSwyne's Bay, Ire., SW. co. Donegal, on the N. of 
 Donegal Bay, in 8° 24' W. 
 
 MacSwyne's, Macswlne's, or MacSwlney's Gun, coast 
 cavern with perpendicular opening upwards. Ire., NW. co. 
 Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 30 m. NW. by W. Londonderry, 
 so called from the explosive noise with which at certain states 
 of the sea and tide jets of water are thrown into the air, as at 
 the BuUers of Buchan. 
 
 Macta, riv., Algeria, name sometimes given to the Habra, 
 after its union with the Sig. See Habra. 
 
 Mactan, isl. , Philippines. See Cebu (tn. ). 
 
 Macuara, vil., Brazil, Amazonas, no m. E. by N. Manaos. 
 
 MacnUah, tn. , Arabia. See Makalla. 
 
 Macungle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lehigh co., 22 m. NE. 
 by E. Reading. P. < 1500. 
 
 Macnsanl, vil., S. America, Peru, dep. and 130 m. N. Puno. 
 Alt. 14,185 ft. 
 
 Macuspana, vil., Mexico, Tabasco, 250 m. ESE. Vera Cruz, 
 25 m. E. San Juan Bautista. 
 
 McVeytown, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Mifflin co. , on Juniata 
 R., 48 m. WNW. Harrisburg; has extensive flint glass sand 
 works, and valuable deposits of iron-ore. P. <i5oo. 
 
 MacVlcar, or McTlcker, bay, Canada, NW. Terr., on the 
 S. side of Great Bear Lake, crossed by 120° W. 
 
 HLM., comm., Hungary, co. Zempl^n, 36 m. S. Kaschau, at 
 the S. end of the Hegyalja, 7 m. NW. Tokay ; produces Tokay 
 wine. P. <40oo. 
 
 Madabawn, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Cootehill (in the NE. of 
 CO. Cavan). 
 
 Madagascar (meaning and origin of name unknown), large 
 isl., in the Indian Ocean, separated from Africa by the deep 
 Mozambique Channel, and situated between 11° 58' and 25° 40' 
 S. lat. , and 43° 16' and 50° 28' E. In point of size M. is the third 
 island of the globe. It is a mountainous island, the interior 
 consisting of a number of moimtain ranges, isolated mountains, 
 and plateaux, the latter sloping in terraces to the Indian Ocean. 
 The eastern slopes are steeper than the western, the south- 
 eastern parts having a very abrupt slope of more than 2500 ft. 
 to the coast region. A number of large plains extend in the 
 interior between the mountain groups. Granite and gneiss form 
 the central parts of the mountain systems of M. ; they are sur- 
 rounded in the W. , S. , and SE. by Mesozoic and Tertiary lime- 
 stone and sandstone rocks. Volcanic rocks occur in many parts 
 of M. , especially in the central, eastern, and northern terrs. 
 [Amber], and in all probability a succession of extinct volcanoes 
 traverses the northern half of M. from the Radama Is. to the 
 highest mountains in the centre of M. , the Ankaratra Mts. (8900 
 ft.), which are themselves of volcanic origin. The northern 
 coasts are much indented, the numerous bays forming harbours 
 and roadsteads (Antongil, Antomboka, Ambaro, Narinda, 
 
MADA— MADE 
 
 Mahajamba, Bombetoke, and others), while the S. coasts are flat 
 and monotonous, and have but few harbours. Many parts of 
 the coasts are surrounded by coral reefs. An important feature 
 of the E. coast is a line of lagoons stretching in almost un- 
 broken line for about 300 m. within a few hundred yards of 
 the shore S. of Tamatave. The principal rivers, the Mangoka, 
 or St. Vincent, the largest of all, Betsiboka, Manambolo, 
 Mania, and Onilahy, flow more or less W. , in accordance with 
 the general slope. Of lakes must be mentioned the Alaotra, 
 Itasi, Kinkuni, and Andranomena. As regards chmate, the 
 coast regions are hot and unhealthy, whilst the higher parts 
 of the interior are more moderate and less injurious. The 
 SE. trade wind blows from April to November, and as a 
 consequence the rainfall is much more copious in the eastern 
 than in the western parts of the island, viz., from 50-80 in. 
 annual rainfall on the E. coast, and from 10-25 in. on the W. 
 coast. For the interior, see AutananarlTO. The flora and 
 fauna of M. form a link between Africa and Asia, and are re- 
 markable on account of a number of peculiar species of plants 
 and animals. The vegetation is one of the most luxuriant on 
 the globe. The whole coast, lined with a tropical forest- 
 region and similar forests, cover many parts of the northern 
 half of the island, whilst the southern plateaux are characterised 
 by widely extending savannas. Baobabs, Ravenala bananas, 
 Chrysopias, Raphia and Areca palms, Pandanus, orchids, 
 acacias, ebony, coco-nut, orange, and mulberry trees are 
 characteristic features of this luxuriant vegetation. Cotton, 
 hemp, rice, coffee, tobacco, sugar-cane, and potatoes are grown 
 in various parts of the island, but the cultivation of cereals is 
 limited. Pastoral pursuits, especially cattle-rearing and pig 
 and sheep breeding, are of considerable importance. Very 
 little is at present known about the minerals of M. , as it is 
 strictly prohibited by the laws of the Hova to explore the 
 island for this purpose. We know, however, that iron ores 
 are abundant, especially in the central parts, and that gold, 
 silver, copper, rock-salt, sulphur, plumbago, and nitre have 
 been found ; and it is probable that coalfields exist in the 
 northern parts of the island. The commerce of M. is but little 
 developed, on account of the absence of means of communi- 
 cation. It is principally in the hands of English, French, 
 American, and German merchants. The chief exports are 
 hides, tallow, wax, caoutchouc, cattle, pigs, and salt ; the 
 principal imports are textiles, glass beads, pottery, glass, iron- 
 ware, wine, rum, and horses. The annual imports and exports 
 each amount to about 4,000,000 francs. The population of M. 
 consists of two totally different ethnological elements, the first 
 being of Malayan, the second of African origin. The former 
 is represented by the reigning race of the island, the light- 
 coloured Hova, as well as by the Betsileo and Betsimaraka, 
 whilst the dark brown, or black Sakalava and various similar 
 tribes, are Africans of the Negroid type. Mixtures of the two 
 races are of frequent occurrence, e.g., the Taimoro, Taifasi, 
 Tanosi, and various other tribes. Whether the interesting 
 Kimo, who are said to inhabit the western forests of M. , are 
 autochthonic pygmy tribes similar to those of central Africa 
 is at present impossible to decide. A number of Suahelis, 
 Hindus, and Arabs have settlements on the coasts. The Hova 
 kingdom is under despotic rule, and although European influ- 
 ence has produced a sort of semi-civilisation, yet the admi- 
 nistration is entirely free from European elements. With the 
 exception of the cap., Antananarivo (population estimated at 
 80,000, by some travellers at 150,000), M. has no towns of 
 importance ; the principal ports are Tamatave and Mojanga. 
 It is beyond doubt that the ancients and early Arabs had some 
 knowledge of this extensive island. Marco Polo, however, was 
 the first who described it in detail. In 1642 M. was declared 
 a French possession, but although the French occupied some 
 coast places and neighbouring islands, yet they have never 
 been in possession of any important part of M. , and all their 
 efforts in this respect have been futile. Even a treaty concluded 
 in 1885, by which some political rights were granted to France, 
 has but slightly increased the actual influence of the French, 
 their present possessions being limited to the islands of St. 
 Marie and Nossi B6, to some places near the Antomboka and 
 Bali Bays, and to four ports on the E. coast. Many parts of 
 the island are still unexplored, especially in the W. and S. 
 Area, 228,340 sq. m. Population estimated at 3-4,000,000. 
 See Proc. R. G. S., 1879, p. 646, &c. , and map, p. 688, showing 
 granitic and volcanic areas and forest distribution ; 1889, p. 295, 
 &c.: 1892, p. 737, &c. [H. G. S.] 
 
 IMadalii, Al, ruins of ancient Seleucia, Asiatic Turkey, 51 
 m. SE. Bagdad. 
 
 Madaksira, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Anantdpur, 70 
 m. N. by W. Bangalore. P. (i88i)<5ooo. 
 
 Madan, mining vil. , Persia. See Nlsliapnr. 
 
 Madanapalll, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Cuddapah, 75 
 m. NE. by E. Bangalore. P. 6500 ; Hindus, 5200. 
 
 Madaiigan.l, tn. , India, Bengal, Dacca dist. , on the Lakhmia 
 R., opposite Narayanganj (of which town it really forms a part). 
 See NarayauganJ. 
 
 Madapollam, decayed weaving and dyeing vil. , Brit. India, 
 Madras, dist. Godavari, on the r. bk. of the riv. Godavari, 42 
 m. ENE. Masulipatam ; a suburb of Narsapur ; was important 
 in the time of the East India Company, and gave its name to 
 a class of goods still known as Madapollams. 
 
 Madapur, tn., India, Haidarab4d, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Godavari, 176 m. S. by E. Ndgpur. 
 
 IHadaras, comm., Hungary, prov. Bdcs-Bodrog, 20 m. W. 
 by S. Maria Theresiopel. P. 5400. 
 
 Hadaras, comm. , Hungary, co. Jdsz-Nagy-Kis-Szolnok, dist. 
 Tisza felso. P. 7700. 
 
 Hadarla, tn., India, NW. Provs. , dist. Gorakhpur, in 26° 
 21' N., 83° 24' E. P. (1881) 7200; Hindus, 6500. 
 
 MM&ripnr, riv. mart and tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. 
 Faridpur, 40 m. SSW. Dacca, at confluence of the Aridl Khdn 
 and Kumdr Rivs. P. 13,800 ; Hindus, 9100 ; Moham. 4700. 
 
 Madaivaska, co., Canada, New Brunswick, in the angle 
 between prov. Quebec and the state of Maine, U.S. 
 
 Madawaska, riv. , Canada, issues from Lake Temiscouata, 
 Quebec, and flows SE. into the riv. St. John, which it joins in 
 M. CO., New Brunswick. 
 
 Madawaska, riv. , Canada, Ontario, rises in Haliburton co. , 
 and flows E. into the Ottawa, 28 m. W. of the city of Ottawa. 
 
 Mada'tvaska, tn., U.S., Maine, Aroostook co., on the 
 Madawaska R., 28 m. NW. of the NE. corner of the state. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Maddalena, small tn., Sardinia, on S. ct. of an island of 
 same name, 54 m. NE. Sassari, with good harbour. P. <20oo. 
 
 JMaddalena, Col della. See Alps, I. (3). 
 
 Sladdalonl, the ancient Sessuela, tn., Italy, Campania, 
 prov. Caserta, 14 m. NNE. Naples, with a royal college and 
 military school, and a fine aqueduct. P. 19,300. 
 
 Maddaii, tnld. , Ire. , W. co. , bar. and 7 m. SSW. Armagh, 
 P.O. (Madden). P.<2SO. 
 
 Madderty, par. , Scot. , W. Perthshire, 5 m. E. Crieff, on the 
 C. R.. P.O. ; 4861 ac. P.<5oo. 
 
 Maddlkera, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Karntil, 35 m. 
 E. by N. Bellary. P. (1881) 6200. 
 
 Haddington, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 10 m. NW. 
 by N. Salisbury, 6 m. N. Wishford stn, P. <5oo. See 
 Shrewton. 
 
 Haddlston and Sooty HUI, vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, i^ m. 
 SE. Polmont Junction, P.O. (Maddlston). P. <5oo. 
 
 Maddockstown, tnld., Ire., co. and 4 m. from Kilkenny, 
 bar. Gowran, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Maddliur, vil., India, state and 33 m. NE. by E. Mysore. P. 
 (i88i)<:3ooo. 
 
 M&deba, ruins, Palestine, Medeba in the O. T., 31° 42' N., 
 35" 48' E., 6 m. S. by W. the ancient Heshbon. 
 
 Madeliurst, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 2 J m. NW. 
 Arundel, 3 m. WSW Amberley stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Madeira, principal isl. of a group including ako Porto Santo 
 and the Desertas, 338 m. from Africa, 699 m. from Lisbon, 518 
 m. from the Azores, 276 m. from Tenerife, in 33° N., 17° W. 
 It has the shape of an ellipse (34 m. long W. to E. , 15 m. wide, 
 94 m. in circuit). Very mountainous, with an axial ridge (3000 
 ft. mean alt., Pico Ruivo, 6060 ft.) forming some high plains 
 (Paul da Serra), and ending (E.) in a long narrow penin. (Sa5 
 Louren9o), v/hich has the Desertas (SE.) as its continuation. 
 The rocks are mostly eruptive (hypersthenite, basalt, tufa, 
 trachyte, conglomerates). Tertiary and Quaternary deposits 
 have been found. The whole island is still rising. M. , famous 
 for its temperate climate, is used as a sanatorium by invalids 
 from Europe and those who have been long resident in Africa 
 (20 yrs. , mean temp. 65° F. , Jan. 62°, Sept. 74° ; n ean max. -j-f, 
 min. 54°; absolute max. 85°, absolute min. 49^°; rfall. 24 in. in 79 
 days). The dominant winds are N. Sometimes there is snow 
 on the highest mountains, very seldom below 2300 ft. alt. M. 
 is a transitional station between the Mediterranean and African 
 floras (with some American forms), the former predominating. 
 Numerous plants have been introduced since the 15th century. 
 Vegetation is denser in the E. and S. than in the W. and N. 
 There are a few endemic animal forms — a seal [Pelagius], a bat, a 
 reptile, some birds, arthropoda, and moUusca. The maritime 
 fauna is distinctly European. M. now produces all tropical and 
 European fruits. Its wines (Malmsey, Sercial, Boal) are famous ; 
 sugar-cane and tobacco are cultivated. Some domestic industries 
 (lace, straw). M. is in the commercial road between Europe, 
 W. and S. Africa, America. It is an administrative dist. of 
 Portugal (cap. Funchal). Probably known by the Phoe- 
 nicians, and visited by the Arabs (12th century). M. was re- 
 discovered and colonised by the Portuguese early in the 15th 
 century. P. (i6th century) 16,000; (1825) 100,000; (1878) 
 129,002 ; (1890) 132,668. [J. B. R.] 
 
 Madeira, or Cayarl (the former a Portuguese name meaning 
 'wood,' and referring to the extensive forests on its banks), 
 riv., S. America, the most important trib. of the Amazon, 
 formed on the frontier of Bolivia and Brazil, in 10° 25' S. , 65 
 25' W. , and flows on the whole NE. till it joins the Amazon in 
 S8|° W. , about 100 m. below Manaos. The Mamore, which 
 
 * 937 
 
MADE — MA DO 
 
 is formed by two headwaters, one, the Chimore, rising in the 
 Bolivian Andes to the E. of Cochabamba, and the other, the 
 Guapay or Rio Grande, by much the longer, rising S. of 
 Cochabamba and describing a great curve to the S. , flows 
 N., forming below the confluence of the Guapore (r. bk.), the 
 boundary between Bolivia and Brazil, is usually regarded as 
 the main headwater of the M. , and the two rivers together 
 would afford a continuous waterway for steamers to within a 
 short distance of Cochabamba were it not for a long series 
 of bad rapids (mainly caused by the presence of hard gfneissose 
 and other metamorphic rocks, or of granite, in the bed of the 
 river) occurring on a stretch of more than 200 m. above and 
 below the confluence of the Beni. The first of these rapids 
 ascending is formed by the Falls of Santo Antonio in 8° 48' S. , 
 the highest that of Guajara-mirim in 10° 50' S. Among the 
 more important intervening rapids are the Caldeirao do Inferno 
 ( ' hell caldron' ) , Paredao, and Ribeirao. The total fall of the river 
 between the highest and lowest rapids is 270 ft. The construc- 
 tion of a railway 174 m. long to avoid these rapids has long 
 been projected. Total length (including the Mamore), about 
 3100 ; area of basin, 480,500 sq. m. Discharge at upper end of 
 rapids, low water, 53,000 cubic ft. per. second ; flood, 429,000 
 cubic ft. per. second ; in lower part of course (Sapucaiaroca), low 
 water, 146,000 cubic ft., flood 1,381,000 cubic ft. ; per second. 
 
 Hadelalne (or Magdalen) Klrer, riv., Canada, Quebec, 
 Gaspe CO., flows ENE. then N. into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 at Cape M., in 65° 20' W. Mean temp, at Cape M. (5 yrs. , 
 1882-B8), yr. 34.9° F., Jan. 7.8°, July 59.2°. 
 
 Madeleine, Monts de la, mt. chain, central France, between 
 deps. Allier and Loire, covered with forests. Highest point 
 Pierre-du-Jour, 3820 ft. 
 
 Madeleine Islands, group of desert islets, Africa, S. Cape 
 Verd. 
 
 Madeley, par., Eng., Salop, Wellington div., 14 m. ESE. 
 Shrewsbury, 4 m. SW. by W. Shiffhal, with stns. (Madeley 
 Market) on the L. & NW. R. branch line to Coalport and (M. 
 Court) on the G. W. R., including Ironbridge, Coalport, and 
 Coalbrookdale, and itself included in the mun. bor. of Wenlock 
 {g.v.); has coal-mines. PMT.O. Market-day, F. P. 8200. 
 
 Madeley, par., Eng., Staflbrdshire, NW. div., 4J m. W. by 
 S. Newcastle-under-Lyme, on the L. & NW. R. , with another 
 stn. (M. Road) on the N. Staffordshire Rly., PMT.O., P.O. 
 (Iiittle M.) ; 5864 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Madeley Market, stn. , Eng. , Salop. See Madeley. 
 
 Madella, vil. , U.S., Minnesota, Watonwan co. , 87 m. SW. 
 Minneapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Madeline Island, U.S., Wisconsin, Ashland co., off the N. 
 ct. , in Lake Superior, in 90° 35'-45' W. 
 
 Madembe, stn., W. Africa, French Congo Terr., 167 m. N. 
 Boma. 
 
 Afaden, or Maaden, Turkish, 'mines.' In Servia takes the 
 form Maidan, or Majdan. 
 
 Maden Bala, turquoise mines, Persia. See Nishapnr. 
 
 Maden Khapnr, Kurdistan. Sec Kbapnr. 
 
 Mader, vil, on the Danakil ct., Italian E. Africa, at the head 
 of Hanlila Bay, Red Sea, in 14° 45' N., nearly opposite Hodaida, 
 Arabia. 
 
 Madglrl, tn., India, Mysore, 55 m. NNW. Bangalore, at 
 the N. base of the M.-Drug (hill, alt. 3935 ft., crowned with old 
 fortifications). P. (i88i)<:3ooo. 
 
 M^dgnla, tn., Brit. India, Madras, Vizagapatam, in 17° 55' 
 N., 82° 52' E. P. (1881) 7600. 
 
 Mtkdha, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Sholapur, 84 m. N. 
 by W. Bijapur. P. < 5000. 
 
 Madliapnr, tn. , India, on the SW. ct. of Kdthiiwir Penin,, 
 78 m. NW. by W. Diu. P. (i88i)<3000. 
 
 MMhepnr, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Darbhangah, 80 
 m. NE. by E. Patnd. P. <5ooo. 
 
 M&dbopnr, tn., India, Rajputana, 37 m. NNW. Jaipur. P. 
 (1881) 14,100. 
 
 MAdkabanl, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Darbhangah, 72 
 m. NE. Patnd, P. 17,500; Hindus, 13,200; Moham. 4200. 
 
 MiMhumati, riv. of the Ganges delta, India, Bengal, entering 
 the sea as the Haringhata in 90° E. , called in its upper reaches 
 the Garai or Gorai. 
 
 Madl, tribe, Africa, on both banks of the Nile, near its outlet 
 from Lake Albert Nyanza. 
 
 Madldl, riv., Bolivia, flows NE. and enters the Beni in 12° 
 33' S. 
 
 MadJmola, stn., Ger. E. Africa, Uzaramo, 40 m. SW. by 
 S, Bagamoyo. 
 
 Madtn, ruins, Palestine, Madon in the O. T. , 32° 48' N. , 35° 
 27' E. , 5^ m. W. by N. Tiberias. 
 
 Madlngley, par., Eng., Cambridge, Chesterton div., 4 m. 
 WNW. Cambridge, 3 m. SW. by W. Histon stn. P. •<2SO. 
 
 Madlsco, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, co. Gloucester, on 
 Bay of Chaleur, 11 m. from Bathurst. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Madison, co., U.S., Alabama, on N. frontier, W. of 86° W. 
 
 Madison, co., U.S., Arkansas, E. of 94° W., and crossed in 
 middle by 36° N. 
 938 
 
 Madison, tn., U.S., Connecticut, New Haven co. , on Long 
 Island Sound, 17 m. E. by S. New Haven. P. < 1500. 
 
 Madison, vil. , U.S., Florida, cap. M. co. , 50 m. E. Talla- 
 hassee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Madison, city, U. S. , Georgia, cap. Morgan co. , 57 m. E. by 
 S. Atlanta. P. <30oo. 
 
 Madison, co. , U.S., Georgia, crossed in extreme S. by 34" 
 N. , and in extreme E. by 83° W. 
 
 Madison, CO., U.S., Illinois, W. frontier, crossed in N. by 
 39° N. 
 
 Madison, co. , U.S., Indiana, crossed inS. by 40° N., and E. 
 of 86° W. 
 
 Madison, city, U.S., Indiana, cap. Jefferson co. , on the r. 
 bk. of the Ohio, 90 m. below Cincinnati, 38 m. NE. by N. 
 Louisville (Ky.), with numerous mills, foundries, machine-shops, 
 marine ways, &c. P. (1880) 8900 ; (1890) 8900. 
 
 Madison, co., U.S., Iowa, N. of 41° N. , and crossed by 
 94° W. 
 
 Madison, co., U.S., Kentucky, W. of the meridian 84°, 
 and S. of the parallel 38°, bounded on the N. by the Ken- 
 tucky R. 
 
 Madison, vil. , U.S., Kentucky, Hopkins co. , 95 m. NNW. 
 Nashville (Tenn.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Madison, par. (co. ), U.S., Louisiana, in the NE. , on the 
 Mississippi, N. of 32^ N. 
 
 Madison, tn., U.S., Maine, Somerset co., 9 m. N. Norridge- 
 wock by rail. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Madison, co. , U.S., Mississippi, S. of 33° N., crossed by 90* 
 W., bounded on the NW. by the Big Black R. 
 
 Madison, co. , U.S., Missouri, in the SE. , to the S. of 38° N., 
 and W. of 90° W. 
 
 Madison, co., U.S., Montana, S. frontier, crossed by 112° W. 
 
 Madison, riv. , Montana. See Missouri. 
 
 Madison, vil. , U.S., Nebraska, cap. M. co. , 90 m. WNW^ 
 Omaha. P. < 1500. m. 
 
 Madison, mt. , U.S., New Hampshire, in the S. of Coos CO., 
 in the White Mts., 67 m. S. by \V. of the NE. corner of the 
 state. Alt. 5336 ft. (Appalachian Club), and 5365 ft. (Geol. 
 Survey of New Hampshire). 
 
 Madison, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, Carroll co. , 52 m. 
 NNE. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Madison, bor., U.S., New Jersey, Morris co. , 13 m. W. by 
 N. Newark ; the seat of Drew Theological Seminary. P, 
 <:3ooo. 
 
 Madison, co., U.S., New York, E. of 76° W. , crossed in the 
 N. by 43° N., bounded on the N. by Oneida Lake. 
 
 Madison, co. , U.S., N. Carolina, in the NW. , on the N. 
 frontier, E. of 83° W. 
 
 Madison, co. , U.S., Ohio, crossed in the N. by 40° N., and 
 in the middle by 83^° W. 
 
 Madison, city, U.S., S. Dakota, Lake co., 79 m. N. by E. 
 Yankton ; summer resort. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Madison, co., U.S., in the W. of Tennessee, N. of 35° N., 
 and crossed in the W. by 89° W. 
 
 Madison, co., U.S., Texas, crossed by 96° W. and by 31° 
 N., bounded on the E. by the Trinity R. 
 
 Madison, co., U.S., Virginia, in the N., N. of 38° N. , and 
 W. of 78° W. 
 
 Madison, vil., U.S., Virginia, Amherst co. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Madison, city, U.S., cap. Wisconsin and cap. Dane co., 
 beautifully situated on an isthmus between Lakes Mendota and 
 Monona, 75 m. W. Milwaukee ; seat of the State University ; 
 manufactures, agricultural implements, &c.; a favourite residen- 
 tial town and summer resort. Alt. 848 ft. (R.R.) ; signal stn.! 
 949 ft. (Washburn Observatory ; 43° 4' 37" N. , 89 24' 28" W. ). J 
 P. (1880) 10,300; (1890)13,400. j 
 
 Madison, North, vil., U.S., Indiana, Jefferson co., 39 m. ' 
 NE. by N. Louisville (Ky.). P. <i500. ; 
 
 MadisonTllle, tn. , U.S., Kentucky, Hopkins co., 38 m. S.j 
 Henderson by rail. P. <;3000. 
 
 Madisonville, vil., U.S., Ohio, Hamilton co., 8 m. NE. byj 
 E. Cincinnati. P. <3000. j 
 
 Madiswil, vil., Switzd., cant. Berne, 6 m. .SSE. Aarwangen.| 
 P. (comm.)<:300o. j 
 
 Madlnn (Dutch spelUng — oen), tn., Java, 80 m. E. by N.j 
 Jokjokarta. P. tn. 18,000, including about 500 Europeans. 1 
 
 MadlTlUe, French Congo Terr. See LastoursTlIle. 
 
 Madley, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 6 m. W. by- 
 S. Hereford, PM.O. ; 5358 ac. P. < 1000 ; eccles. par. (M. with 
 Tlberton) P. <iooo. ! 
 
 Madmannah, place named in O. T. See fJmni Deimneh. 
 
 Madmen, place named in O. T. See Umm Delneh. 
 
 Madoc, or Hastings, vil., Canada, Ontario, Hastings co., 52 
 m. WNW. Kingston; a railway junction. P. < 1500. 
 
 Madoera, Dutch spelling of Madura [q.v.), isL, to the E. of 
 Java, in 7° 37' S., 111° 31' E. ; cap. residency M. The riv. M. 
 is a trib. of the Solo. 
 
 Madon, placed named in O. T. See Madin. 
 
 Madonlan Mountains, Italian Le Madonle, group in the 
 isl. of Sicily, prov. and 40 m. ESE. Palermo, overlooking 
 
MADO — MADR 
 
 Cefalu near the middle of the N. ct. ; mostly of limestone 
 formation. Highest summit, the Pizzo d' Antenna, 6480 ft. 
 
 i Madonna, vil., Greece, isl. of Paxos, on the E. ct. , 46 m. SW. 
 
 I Yanina (Albania). P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Bladore, tnld., Ire., co. Cork, bar. W. Carbery, W. div., 
 
 ' Caheragh par., on the Cork, Bandon, and South Coast Rly. 
 
 1 P. <250. 
 
 Madras, city and seapt., Brit. India, the seat of govern- 
 ! ment, and headquarters of the Madras army, the third seaport 
 ' of India, ranking next after Bombay and Calcutta; lat. of 
 j observatory 13° 4' 6" N., long. 80° 14' 50" E. The muni- 
 ': cipality includes a number of suburban tracts and villages 
 scattered over a partly cultivated dist. stretching for 9 m. 
 - along the coast, and 3J m. inland. The nucleus of the 
 i city, the centre of business, containing the banks, customs- 
 : house, mercantile offices, as well as the High Court, is 
 ! the ' Black Town,' an ill-built, densely peopled block 
 about a mile square. S. of this is a dist. partly sur- 
 rounded by the circuitous Cooum R. and its backwater, and 
 i hence called the ' Island,' containing the fort. Government 
 House, and several handsome public buildings, the whole 
 having an open space seaward. Still further S. is the old Por- 
 ' tuguese town of St. Thom6, now an integral part of the city ; 
 I to the SW. and W. are European quarters, and W. of the 
 . ' Black Town,' the Eurasian quarters and other suburbs, con- 
 ; taining many European residences in spacious ' compounds. ' 
 S. of St. Thom6, and forming the S. limit of the city, the 
 I Adyar R., here crossed by the Elphinstone Bridge, flows from 
 I W. to E. Amongst the principal buildings are the cathedral, 
 j Scotch Kirk, Government House, Senate House, Memorial 
 ; Hall, Patchcappah's Hall, and Chepdk Palace, formerly the 
 : residence of the Nawab of Arcot, now containing the revenue 
 offices. Fort St. George, or the ' White Town,' contains the 
 arsenal, the principal government offices, and St. Mary's, built 
 in 1680, the oldest English church in India. Important in- 
 stitutions are the observatory, founded in 1792, which gives 
 I the standard time to all India, and is the fixed point of depar- 
 ! ture of the Trigonometrical Survey ; and the university. The 
 principal recreation grounds are the South Beach Promenade 
 and the People's Park (116 ac). The drainage of the town 
 is partly to the sea and partly to a sewage farm ; in the ' Black 
 Town' a large pumping apparatus is provided to remove the 
 sewage to a distance. The town is supplied with water from 
 two reservoirs fed by the Cortelliar R., the Choldvaram and 
 Red Hills, whence the water is conveyed to the city by a 
 channel 7 m. in length. The annual supply is about 135,000,000 
 cubic feet. In 1884 the Red Hills reservoir was burst by a 
 cyclone, and for ten days the inhabitants had to depend on 
 tanks and wells. Harbour works have been in progress for 
 many years, but the difficulties of construction are enormous. 
 The main undertaking has been the enclosure of a considerable 
 water area by two converging piers, respectively 3726 ft. and 
 3907 ft. in length, leaving a passage between of 520 ft. The 
 depth at entrance at ordinary spring tide is, high water 49 ft. , 
 low 46 ft. ; the corresponding depths within the harbour are 
 41 ft. and 38 ft. In the centre is an iron pier, opposite the 
 custom-house, 300 yards in length, completed in 1862 at a cost 
 of ;^i 10,000. Eleven vessels can be berthed in the harbour; 
 vessels are loaded and discharged by lighters. The roadstead 
 outside affords good anchorage, but is liable to be swept by 
 destructive hurricanes. For railways, see Madras Presidency. 
 "The Buckingham Canal passes through the W. outskirts of the 
 city. A grant of the land on which M. now stands was obtained 
 by Mr. Francis Day in 1639, and a factory vdth fortifications 
 constructed ; in 1743 the fort was extended and strengthened, 
 and by that time the city had become the largest in S. India. 
 In 1746 the French, under La Bourdonnais, captured the fort, 
 which was restored two years later ; it was again besieged, 
 though unsuccessfully, in 1758. The town of St. Thom6 was 
 founded by the Portuguese in 1504, held by the French fi-om 
 1672 to 1674, and taken by the English in 1749. The average 
 imports of M. exceed ^^5, 000,000, and the exports (principally 
 coffee, cotton, grain, hides, indigo, oil-seeds, &c.) _^4, 500,000. 
 Mean temp., yr. 82° F., Jan. 76°, June 88°; mean rfall., yr. 
 49-1 in., July-Dec. 42.5 in., Oct.-Nov. 24.5 in. P. (1871) 
 397,552; (1881)405,848; (1891)452,518. 
 
 Madras Presidency, Brit. India, embracing all the eastern 
 plains to the S. of Lake Chilka, nearly the whole range of the 
 Eastern Ghats, together with a considerable area of the Indian 
 tableland, more particularly a gjeat wedge between the native 
 states of Haidarabad and Mysore, the N. boundary of this area 
 being formed mainly by the Kistna, with its trib. the Timga- 
 bhadra, and the whole area to the S. and SW. of Mysore. 
 There are five native states under the control of the Madras 
 government ; and the region NE. of the Godavari, forming 
 the Jaipiir (Jeypore) Agency, is under a peculiar administra- 
 tion. There are three French possessions on the E. ct. 
 (Yanaon, Pondicherri, and Karikal), besides one (Mah6) on the 
 W. The presidency is divided into dists., as shown in the 
 following table : — 
 
 Districts. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. 
 1872. 
 
 f^: 
 
 Pop. 
 1891. 
 
 Incr. 
 per Cent. 
 1881-91. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 per 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 189.. 
 
 Madras— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Anantipur 1 . . 
 Arcot, North . . 
 
 5,275 
 
 
 605 
 
 709 
 
 17.2 
 
 I?4 
 
 7,616 
 
 2,015 
 
 1,823 
 
 2,180 
 
 19.6 
 
 286 
 
 Arcot, South . . 
 
 5.217 
 
 1,756 
 
 1,816 
 
 2,163 
 
 19.1 
 
 415 
 
 Belldryl . . . 
 
 5,975 
 
 1,668 
 
 722 
 
 900 
 
 24.7 
 
 151 
 
 Chengalpat . . 
 
 2,842 
 
 938 
 
 981 
 
 1,137 
 
 15-9 
 
 400 
 
 Coimbatore . . 
 
 7,860 
 
 1,763 
 
 1,658 
 
 2,005 
 
 20.9 
 
 255 
 
 Cuddapah . . . 
 
 8,722 
 
 1,351 
 
 1,121 
 
 1,272 
 
 13-5 
 
 146 
 
 Ganjdm 1.2 . . . 
 
 8,370 
 
 1,520 
 
 1,750 
 
 1,897 
 
 6.0 3 
 
 226 
 
 Godavari i-s . . 
 
 7,857 
 
 1,593 
 
 1,795 
 
 2,079 
 
 15.2 3 
 
 264 
 
 Kdnara, South . 
 
 3,902 
 
 Q18 
 
 960 
 
 1,056 
 
 10.1 
 
 271 
 
 Kamtil .... 
 
 7,514 
 
 960 
 
 679 
 
 818 
 
 20.5 
 
 109 
 
 Kistna .... 
 
 8,397 
 
 1,452 
 
 1,548 
 
 1,856 
 
 19.8 
 
 221 
 
 Madras City . . 
 
 29 
 
 398 
 
 406 
 
 453 
 
 II.5 
 
 15,604 
 
 Madura .... 
 
 8,808 
 
 2,267 
 
 2,169 
 
 2,608 
 
 20.3 
 
 296 
 
 Malabar . . . 
 
 5,585 
 
 2,261 
 
 2,365 
 
 2,653 
 
 12.2 
 
 475 
 
 Ncllore .... 
 
 8,765 
 
 1.377 
 
 1,220 
 
 1,464 
 
 20.0 
 
 167 
 
 - Nilgiris .... 
 
 957 
 
 49-5 
 
 91.0 
 
 100 
 
 9.6 
 
 104 
 
 Salem 1 .... 
 
 7,529 
 
 1,967 
 
 1,593 
 
 1,963 
 
 23.2 
 
 261 
 
 Tanjorel . . . 
 
 3.709 
 
 1.974 
 
 2,131 
 
 2,228 
 
 4.6 
 
 601 
 
 Tinnevelli . . . 
 
 5,387 
 
 1,694 
 
 1,700 
 
 1,916 
 
 12.7 
 
 356 
 
 Trichinopoli . . 
 
 3,631 
 
 1,200 
 
 1,215 
 
 1,373 
 
 13.0 
 
 378 
 
 Vizagapatam 1.2 . 
 Total Brit. Terr. 
 
 17,242 
 
 2,159 
 
 2,481 
 
 2,803 
 
 8.6 3 
 
 162 
 
 141,189 
 
 3i,»8i 
 
 30,8*7 
 
 35,630 
 
 15-3 
 
 asz 
 
 Native States— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Banganapalli \ 
 (Kamfil) / • 
 
 255 
 
 24.8 
 
 30.8 
 
 35 
 
 IS- 4 
 
 139 
 
 Cochin .... 
 
 1,362 
 
 601 
 
 600 
 
 723 
 
 30.4 
 
 531 
 
 Pudukota . . . 
 
 1,101 
 
 317 
 
 302 
 
 373 
 
 23-5 
 
 339 
 
 Sandtir (Bellary) . 
 
 161 
 
 9.0 
 
 10.5 
 
 11 
 
 8.1 
 
 71 
 
 Travancore . . 
 
 6,730 
 
 2,309 
 
 2,401 
 
 2,558 
 
 6.5 
 
 380 
 
 Total Native \ 
 States f ■ 
 
 9,609 
 
 3,a6o 
 
 3,345 
 
 3,701 
 
 10.6 
 
 38s 
 
 Grand Total . . 
 
 150,798 
 
 34,542 
 
 34,i7» 
 
 39,331 
 
 15-1 
 
 >6o 
 
 1 Area changed between 1881 and 1891. Till 1882 the dist. of 
 Bellary included the present dist. of Anantapur. 
 
 '■i Including the Agency Tract. 
 
 3 Exclusive of Agency tracts, the increase in which was, Ganj4m 23. 1, 
 Godivari 25.2,yizagapatain 24.4. 
 
 The terr. comprises three great natural divs. , depending on the 
 position and direction of the Eastern and Western Ghats : the E. 
 ct. region, the W. ct. region, and the central tableland. The 
 three principal rivers are Godavari, Kistna (or Krishna), and 
 Kdveri (Cauvery), all of which rise in the Western Ghdts, and flow 
 SE. to Bay of Bengal. In their upper courses they are of little 
 use either for irrigation or navigation, but in the lower, where 
 they form great deltas, they are utilised for both purposes. 
 Among the physical striking features of the terr. are the Nilgiri 
 Hills, the Pdlghdt Gap, and the Anamalai Hills and Cardamom 
 Mts. to the S. of that gap ; the western slopes of the two last 
 ranges belong, however, to the native states of Cochin and Tra- 
 vancore. The plains behind that part of the coast which trends 
 north-eastwards are known historically as the Northern Circars. 
 The coast on the Bay of Bengal to the S. of this is known 
 as the Coromandel coast, probably through a corruption of 
 the name Cholamandalam, that is, ' country of the Cholas,' 
 as the people of this region were at one time called. The SW. 
 coast, on the Arabian Sea, is called the Malabar coast. The 
 climate is hot, but varies considerably in different parts. The 
 heat is intense in the plains of the SE. , and the rainfall gene- 
 rally below 50 in., decreasing towards the S. [Masnllpatam, 
 Madras (city), Negapatam, Trichinopoli, Madura]. On 
 the W. ct. the summer temperature is high, and the SW. 
 monsoon brings excessive rain [Cocbln, Mangalore]. In the 
 Ghdts [Mercara] and in the interior temperature is modified 
 by elevation, the rainfall in the interior being comparatively 
 small [Coimbatore, Wellington]. The rainy season lasts 
 from May to Oct. Irrigation is effected by canals, tanks, and 
 wells ; canals are connected mainly with the deltas of the great 
 rivers. Of works in progress, the most important are the Periyar 
 and the Rushikeslia, for the Madura and Ganjam dists. respec- 
 tively. Irrigation by tanks and wells is also advancing con- 
 siderably. Three wide-spread famines have occurred during 
 the century, in 1833, 1865-66, 1876-78, and 1892, and in 1854 in 
 the north-central parts, which have always suffered most severely, 
 these parts having their rainfall diminished by the interposition 
 of the Ghdts both on the E. and W. , whereas the Palghit Gap 
 allows of access of rain from the W. to the south-central parts, 
 which are open to the E. Only once has the famine extended 
 over the coast region N. of the Goddvari, though parts of Gan- 
 jdm suffered severely in 1888-89, while the W. ct. has entirely 
 escaped. About half the area of the Presidency is under culti- 
 vation, 13 per cent, more is said to be available, while nearly 
 20 per cent, is waste land. Forests, most extensive in the W. , 
 cover about 18 per cent, of the surface. Among crops rice is 
 the prevailing grain in the parts irrigated directly from rivers, 
 elsewhere millets (rdgi,joar, and bdjra) and pulses predominate j 
 wheat is scarcely known ; cotton is chiefly g^own on the table- 
 
 939 
 
M A D R — M A E S 
 
 land and in the extreme S. Among other crops of importance 
 are indigo (declining), sugar-cane, tobacco, various spices, all 
 kinds of tropical fruits, and on the mountains coffee, tea, and 
 cinchona. The government plantations of cinchona, on the 
 Nflgiri Hills, are the oldest in India, the tree having been first 
 planted there in i860. On and near the coast coco-nuts abound, 
 and the areca nut, date, palmyra, and other palms are more 
 widely distributed. 
 
 The chief minerals are the iron ores of the Salem dist., 
 gold in the Wainad (Wynaad), and salt, obtained by solar 
 evaporation, all round the coast. Weaving is the principal 
 manufacture; industries are mainly for the supply of local 
 markets. The principal standard-gauge railways of M. are 
 those which connect M. city with Bombay, Bangalore, and 
 (through the Palghat Gap) with Calicut on the W, ct., and 
 Bezwada (Bezvada) with Haidarabad, and the Madras-Bombay 
 line. In the extreme S. the railways are all on the metre- 
 gauge, and in the N., among other metre-gauge railways, is 
 one connecting Bezwada with the railway system of southern 
 Bombay. The construction of a standard gauge railway from 
 Bezwada to Cuttack, in Bengal (destined, no doubt, to be 
 ultimately extended to Calcutta), has been authorised by the 
 government. Along the E. ct. the Buckingham Canal (salt- 
 water) is an important means of communication from the 
 Palar to the Goddvari. The Karmil Canal also belongs to 
 this Presidency. The principal towns are Madras, Trichino- 
 poli, Madura, Salem, Calicut, Bellary, Negapatam, Tanjore, 
 Combaconum. Dravidian dialects are spoken throughout 
 the entire area of the Presidency, except the extreme NE. , 
 where Uriya is spoken, as in Orissa. Hindus form rather 
 more than seven-eighths of the population ; of the rest, Mahom- 
 medans and Christians are the most numerous. The first 
 British possession in this region was the site on which Fort 
 St. George stands, acquired in 1639 ; no addition was made 
 to the terr. for more than a century, when Masulipatam was 
 taken from the French. A few years later the N. ct. tract — 
 the Circars — was ceded by the Moghal emperor. At the end 
 of the century the Malabar coast was acquired by the fall 
 of Tipu Sultan, and the west-central divs. of Salem and Coim- 
 batore. Tanjore and the Karnatak were added a year or two 
 later, and in 1838 the Karmil domains. 
 
 Madre, Laguna de la, large lagoon, E. ct. Mexico, Tamau- 
 lipas state, separated by a group of low islands from the gulf. 
 Length, NNE. to SSW., 109 m. 
 
 Madre, Sierra, general name of the mountain chain which 
 forms the W. border of the great central plateau, Mexico (^.v.). 
 
 Madre de Dlos, called by the Tacana Indians Hanntata, 
 and by the Quichuas Amam-mayn, riv. , S. America, rises on 
 the E. slopes of the Andes in Peru, and flows ENE. to the 
 Beni (Bolivia), which it joins in about 11* S., 66^° W.; navigable 
 nearly to its source ; length estimated at 870 m. 
 
 Madre de Dios Arcblpelago, W. Patagonia, separated 
 from the mainland and from Hanover and Chatham Is. by 
 Concepcion Straits, and on the N. from Wellington by Trinidsid 
 Channel, between 50° and 51° S. , crossed by 73° W. 
 
 Madresfleld, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdleydiv., 5 m. 
 SW. by S. Worcester, i m. E. Malvern Link stn., PMT.O. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Madrid (Arabic Makubit, Mazerit, or Majerit, ' wind 
 current"), tn., the cap. of Spain, prov. of M. and of the military 
 captaincy of New Castille, seat of a bishopric under Toledo. 
 It is the highest cap. of Europe, situated on a small plateau 
 (alt. 2140 ft. ) in the middle of a large sandy arid plain on the 
 (E. ) banks of the small riv. Manzanares (dry in summer), almost 
 in the centre of Spain, with a perimeter of more than 13 m. 
 Conquered from the Moors in the nth century, M. was up to 
 the i6th century a royal hunting seat, often residence of Charles 
 v., and was formerly made the cap. under Philip II. (1560). 
 The oldest quarters of the town are S. (Moreria, Lavapies, 
 Plaza Mayor). Almost all the buildings are posterior to the 
 17th century. In 1868 the old walls were demolished, and the 
 town greatly enlarged. The new quarters are N. and NE. 
 (Olavide, Salamanca). It possesses the Central University, an 
 Industrial College, Academy of Art, Conservatorio of Music, 
 National Library (300,000 vols., 300,000 MSS.), museums of 
 archaeology and natursil science, an astronomical and meteoro- 
 logical observatory (40° 24' 29.7" N., 3° 41' 16" W.). The 
 gallery of paintings (Museo del Prado) is one of the richest in 
 the world. Manufactures of tobacco, powder, gold and silver 
 smith's works, tapestry, ceramics. >fative place of Ercilla, 
 Lope de Vega, Quevedo, Tirso de Molina, and Calderon. 
 The climate is very dry, very hot in summer, very cold in winter, 
 with a powerful uradiation, and very dangerous for delicate 
 people. Mean temp. (29 yrs.) 55.7°, (max.) Aug. 107°, (min.) 
 Jan. 13°; rfalL, 15^ in. in 94 days; 131 days of clear blue sky. 
 P- (1877) 397,000; (1887) 470,000. [J. B. R.] 
 
 Mad'rld, viL, U.S., Iowa, Boone co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Madrid, viL, U.S., New York, St. Lawrence co., on Grass 
 R., 95 m. W. by N. Burlington (Vt.), with good water-power, 
 and some factories. P. <i5oa 
 940 
 
 Madrldejos, tn., Spain, prov. and 36 m. SE. Toledo, cap. 
 dist. M. The base of the triangulation of Spain has been 
 measured from here. P. 6600. 
 
 Madrigal de las Atlas Torres, tn., Spain, prov. and 35 m. 
 NNW. Avila, dist. Arevalo. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Madriu, seapt. , .Argentine Republic. See Puerto Madrln. 
 
 Mad Klver, riv., U.S., in the SW. of Ohio, flows SSW. then 
 SW. to the great Miami, which it joins at Dayton ; affords 
 extensive water-pxDwer. 
 
 Madron, par. and tn. , Eng. , Cornwall, St. Ives div. , i^ m. 
 NW. Penzance, P.O.; 5589 ac. P. -<300o; eccles. par. (M. 
 wltb Monrab) P. <2500. 
 
 Madronera, tn., Spain, prov. and 32 m. E. Caceres, dist. 
 Trujillo. P. < 5000. 
 
 Madura, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, cap. dist. M. , on S. bank 
 of Vaigai R. , 72 m. SW. by S. Trichinopoli ; the political and 
 religious capital of southern India from time immemorial, with 
 a great pagoda profusely ornamented sacred to Siva, and 
 numerous other religious and non-religious edifices. Alt. 448 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 82 F., Jan. Tf , May 86°; rfall., yr. 35 in., 
 Aug. -Nov. 23 in. P. (1881) 73,800; (1891) 87,400; Hindus, 
 77,400; Christians, 2900. 
 
 Madura, isl. , Eastern Archipelago, off N. ct. of the E. end of 
 Java, with which it is included under the Netherlands govern- 
 ment, separated from Java by Surabaya Strait. It is mountainous, 
 and fairly rich in forests, but inferior in fertility to Java, and 
 barely supports its population. Its water-courses are small, and 
 none navigable except the Maringan. Has productive salt- 
 mines. Principal seaports, Bangkalan, Sumenep, and Pama- 
 kasan. It forms, with the small islands adjacent, a residency 
 of Java, of which the area is 2041 sq. m., and the P. 1,466,000 
 (440 Europeans). 
 
 Madii See, lake, Prussia, Pomerania. See Plone. 
 
 Madwarl, viL, Africa, Bornu, on the W. ct. of Lake Chad. 
 
 Madzanga, seapt. , Madagascar. See Mojanga. 
 
 McBander, riv., Asia Minor. See Menderez. 
 
 Maebashl, tn. , Japan, 70 m. NW. Tokyo ; important centre 
 of the silk trade, one of the best qualities of raw silk being 
 named after the town. P. 20,000. 
 
 Mselar, Lake, Sweden. See Malar. 
 
 Maella, tn. , Spain, prov. Saragossa, dist. Caspe, 29 m. NW. 
 Tortosa. P. <40oo. 
 
 Maelstrom, Malstriim ('mill-stream'), or Moskenstrom, 
 celebrated current, Arctic Ocean, between the islet Moskenb 
 and Moskenoes I. , S. of the Lofoten group ; only dangerous 
 when the NW. wind blows against the tide. 
 
 Maemo, isL , Oceania. See Makemo. 
 
 Maen, Welsh, 'a stone.' 
 
 Maenan, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, on the Conway, 3 m. 
 N. Llanrwst, P.O. P. <5oo. See Con>vay. 
 
 Maenbury Ring. See Dorchester. 
 
 Maenclochog, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 9^ m. SE. by E.I 
 Fishguard, PM.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (M. with Llaugol-i 
 man and Uandllo) P. < 1000. 
 
 MaentwTOg, par., Wales, Merionethshire, on the Dwyryd,i 
 8 m. NE. Harlech, with a stn. (Maeutwrog Road) on the, 
 G. W. R. ; 7630 ac. P. < 1000. See Fesllnlog. ; 
 
 Maer, par., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 6J m. SW. Stoke, 1 
 li m. S. Whitmorestn., P.O. P. <5oo. : 
 
 Maer, or Meer, viL, Africa, Namaqua-land, in vast plains in! 
 25° 15' S., 20° 40* E. 
 
 Maerdy, Eng. , Monmouthshire. See Mardy. 
 
 Maerdy, P.O., Wales, SE. Carmarthenshire, 4 m. from 
 Llandilo. 
 
 Maerdy, coal-mining viL, Wales, Glamorganshire, on the; 
 Rhondda-fach branch of the Tafif Vale Rly. , 6J m. SW. Merthyr, 
 Tydfil. PMT.O. (Mardy). ' 
 
 Maerdy, P.O., Wales, Merionethshire, 5 m. from Corwen. , 
 
 Maes, riv. , Belgium. See Meuse. '\ 
 
 Maes, Welsh, ' a field.' . 
 
 Maesbrook, part of eccles. par., Eng., Salop, div. and si, 
 m. S. by E. Oswestry, 2\ m. E. by S. Pant stn., P.O. Seej 
 Klnnerley. | 
 
 Maesbury Marsh, P.O., Eng., Salop, div. and 3 m. SE. by; 
 S. Oswestry. j 
 
 Maescar, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, on the Usk, 8 m.; 
 SW. Brecknock; 4317 ac. P. <:75o. i 
 
 Maeseyck, tn., Belgium, prov. Limbourg, arr. M., on thei 
 Meuse, 11 m. SW. by W. Roermond. Birthplace of thCj 
 brothers Van Eyck, inventors of painting in oiL P. <sooo. 
 
 MaesUyn, PMT.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, 5 m. W. Llan- 
 dyssil. 
 
 Maesmynls, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 14 m. N. Breck- 
 nock. 2 m. SW. Builth (Wells) stn. P. <2So. See Llanynyt. 
 
 Maesteg, part of eccles. par. and tn. , Wales, Glamorgan- 
 shire, Mid div., on the Llyfnu, 8 m. SE. by E. Neath, on a 
 branch of the G. W. R.; has coal-mines. Tn. P. 9400. See 
 Llanyynwyd. 
 
 Maestra, Sierra, mt. chain, Cuba. See Macaca. 
 
 Maestrlcht, former spelling of Maastricht [q.v.), Holland. 
 
M A ES — M AGE 
 
 naesybont, P. O. , Wales, near Llandebie, Carmarthenshire, 
 
 4 m. from Cross Hands. 
 
 ! Maesycrugian, stn., Wales, W. Carmarthenshire, on the 
 Manchester and Milford Rly.. 8 m. SW. Lampeter, P.O. 
 
 Maes-y-cwmwr, coal-mining vil., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. 
 I div., 9 m. SW. by W. Pontypool, with a stn. (Maesycwminer) 
 i on the Brecon and Merthyr Rly., PMT.O. (Maes-y-cwminer). 
 ' See Mynyddyslwyn. 
 
 MaesyfeliH, P.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, 8 m NW. Lam- 
 j peter. 
 
 ' Hafamnde, a corruption of Mohammed, tn. , Portugal, dist. 
 j Oporto, on the 1. bk. of the Douro. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 ' Mafeklng, tn., Brit. Bechuana-land, in 25° 51' i" S., 25° 41' 
 E. (Swan) ; Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and 
 ' English Episcopal Church ; connected in 1894 with the railway 
 ' system of Cape Colony. 
 
 Hafeteng, vil., in the W. of Basuto-land, a residency 65 m. 
 NE. by N. Aliwal North. 
 
 Blaffa, or Marfa, riv. , Africa, Liberia. 
 
 Maffersdorf-llnks-der-Nelsse, adjoining ^dl., on the 1. bk. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Maffersdorf-rechts-der-Nclsse, vil. , Austria, prov. Bohemia, 
 on the r. bk. of the Neisse, dist. Reichenberg. P. <:4000. 
 
 Blaflnra, mun. tp., Victoria, Tanjil co., 10 m. N. by W. Sale. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Mafia, isl. , E. Africa, belonging to Zanzibar, in 7° 3S'-8° S. , 
 now assigned to the German sphere of influence ; flat and 
 wooded. Length, 31 m. 
 
 Mafla, isl. , Paciflc. See Mapla. 
 
 Hafor, or Mefar, isl., N. New Guinea, in mouth of Geel- 
 vink Bay. Area, iiosq. m. 
 
 Mafra, tn., Portugal, prov. Estremadura, 18 m. NW. Lisbon. 
 It has a celebrated convent, and a royal palace of extraordinary 
 dimensions, richly decorated, and containing a library of 25,000 
 volumes. Alt. 746 ft. Rfall. (10 yrs.), 44.10 in. P. <400o. 
 
 Mafrag, small riv., Africa, Algeria, prov. Constantine, enters 
 the Mediterranean atx)ut 12 m. ESE. Bona. 
 
 Mafa, vil., French W. Africa, on the r. bk. of the Senegal, 
 137 m. (205 by water) ENE. Saint-Louis, which is navigable to 
 this point for despatch-boats not drawing more than 8^ ft. 
 
 Hafn, or Manphoo, gorge and stronghold of China, in the 
 SW. of Yunnan, 90 m. ENE. Bhamo. 
 
 Mafnz, tn., in the S. of Arabia, 135 m. NE. Aden. 
 
 MafAz Bandar, another name for Chicacole {q.v.), India, 
 Madras. 
 
 Nagadl, vil., India, Mysore, dist. and 28 m. by road W. 
 Bangalore. P. (i88i)<4000. 
 
 Magadlno, vil. , Switzd., cant. Ticino, 8 m. WSW. Bellin- 
 zona, at the head of Lake Maggiore. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Magadoxo, tn. , Africa. See Hogdlshn. 
 
 NagaguadaTlc River, riv., Canada, in the SW. of New 
 Brunswick, flows S. into Passamaquoddy Bay. 
 
 Magala, tn. , E. Africa, on E. shore of Lake Tanganjrika, in 
 
 4° 24' N- 
 
 Magalhiles, Strait of. See magellan, Strait of. 
 
 HagalleS'bergen, range of mts. , South African Republic, 
 trending nearly E. and W. to the W. of Pretoria ; they contain 
 deposits of iron ore. 
 
 Magallanes, terr. , Chile, embracing all the area belonging to 
 the republic S. of about 47° S. , and thus comprising the Chilean 
 portion of Tierra del Fuego and the land on the opposite side of 
 the Strait of Magellan [q.v.). 
 
 Sfagallania. See Philippine Islands. 
 
 DIagallon, tn., Spain, prov. Saragossa, dist. and 4 m. E. 
 Borja. 
 
 Maganand, mt. pass, India, Punjab, Sirmiir state, in 30° 32' 
 N., 77° 19' E. Alt. about 2600 ft. 
 
 Maganetawan, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Parry Sound 
 dist., on the riv. Maganetawan, 86 m. NNE. CoUingwood, 
 Blaganetawan K. flows W. into Georgian Bay about 45° 46' N. 
 
 Naganey, tnld.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Kilkea and Moone, 
 
 5 m. N. by W. Carlow, on the r. bk. of the Barrow, with a stn. 
 (Mageney) on the Carlow Rly., P.O. (Mageney). P. <25o. 
 
 Slagaiigo, dist. and former stn. , Africa. See Magnngo. 
 
 Magangne, vil. , Colombia, Bolivar, on the 1. bk. of the Cauca, 
 100 m. SE. by S. Cartagena ; important fairs in February, June, 
 and September. P. 4000. 
 
 Maganja, tribe, Africa. Same as Mangauja. 
 
 Hagarovo, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 5 m. W. by N. 
 Monastir. 
 
 Magar Taliio ('Crocodile Tank'), tank, hot springs, and 
 temple, Brit. India, Bombay, Sind, 7 or 8 m. N. Karachi. 
 
 Magas, vil. , Persia, Kerman, 135 m. N. of the SE. corner of 
 the empire. 
 
 Mag'dala, hill fort, Abyssinia, Shoa, on an isolated rock 3300 
 ft. above the Beshilo, 72 m. ESE. Debra Tabor, on the plateau 
 of Talanta ; stormed and totally destroyed by the British, April 
 13, 1868. Ah. 9110 ft. 
 
 Magdala, tn., Ger. , gd. -duchy Saxe- Weimar, circle and 7 m. 
 SE. Weimar. P. <20oo. 
 
 Magdala, place named in N. T. See Slejdel. 
 
 Magdalen, cape and riv., Canada, Quebec, Gaspe co. See 
 Madelalne. 
 
 Magdalena, tn. and stn., Argentine Republic, Buenos Aires, 
 on the Rio de la Plata, 52 m. SE. by E. Buenos Aires. P. 4000. 
 
 Magdalena, dep., Colombia, on NE. ct., cap. Santa Marta. 
 
 Magdalena, chief riv. and great water-highway of Colombia, 
 rises near the S. of the republic in the same mountain knot, the 
 Paramo de las Papas, as its main trib. the Cauca, and flows on 
 the whole N., till it enters the Caribbean Sea by two arms, 
 enclosing the small deltaic island of Los Gomez, in 74° 55' W. 
 At its mouth is a bar, which varies greatly in depth in short 
 intervals of time, in consequence of which it is now rarely 
 entered, goods being conveyed between the seaport of Sabanilla, 
 W. of the river mouth, and Barranquilla, the chief river-port 
 (15 m. above the mouth), by a railway 18 m. long. Higher up 
 the M. is connected with Cartagena {q.v.) both by a canal and 
 by railway, and river steamers navigate the river both from 
 Barranquilla and Cartagena, ascending as high as Jirardot, 718 
 m. above Barranquilla, occasionally as high as Neiva, 830 m. 
 from the same port ; but between Facaloa (below Mompos) and 
 Banco, a stretch of 107 m., the steamers forsake the main 
 stream and follow the Cauca and the Loba, a river arm con- 
 necting the M. at Banco with the Cauca at Guamal. Besides 
 the places mentioned, the chief river-ports are Puerto Berrio 
 (471 m. above Barranquilla), the port of Medellin, and Honda, 
 or rather its adjacent river-port Caracoli, the port of Bogotd, 
 600 m. above that port. Chief r. bk. trib. the Sogamoso. 
 Total length of river, 1060 m. ; area of basin, 95,770 sq. m. ; 
 mean discharge, 263,500 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Magdalena, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Socorro co., 
 135 ni. SW. by S. Santa F6. 
 
 Magdalena, Babla de la, magnificent bay, Mexico, Lower 
 California, on the W. ct., in 24° 20' N. ; rendezvous for whalers. 
 
 Magdalena, Islas de la. Pacific Ocean. See Marias, Las 
 Tres. 
 
 Magdalena Bahla, bay, S. America, on the W. ct., about 
 3° 55' N. 
 
 Magdalen Channel (or Sound), Tierra del Fuego, branch 
 of the Strait of Magellan, in 71° W., between Clarence and 
 Dawson Is. 
 
 Magdalen Cireen, hamlet, Eng. , Essex, i m. from Clacton- 
 on-Sea, PM.O. 
 
 Magdalen dreen, stn., Scot., Forfarshire, on the C. R., 
 included in pari, burgh of Dundee. 
 
 Magdalen Islands, group, Canada, Quebec, in the St. 
 Lawrence, opposite Chaleur Bay, including the isls. of Coffin, 
 Saunders, Wolfe, and Amherst ; fisheries (mackerel, cod, and 
 haUbut) form the chief industry ; Grand Entry Harbour is avail- 
 able for vessels up to 120 tons. 
 
 Magdalen Larer, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 10^ m. 
 ESE. Ware, 3 m. N. by W. Blake Hall stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Magdalen Road, stn., Eng., Norfolk, on the G. E. R., 6 
 m. S. King's Lynn, P.O. (Magdalen). 
 
 Magdeburg (name deiived from Magatha-Burg, ' castle of 
 the virgin'), cap. Prussian prov. Saxony and govt. M. , lying in 
 the N. German Plain, 134 ft. above sea-level, on the Elbe, in 52° 
 8' N. lat. , and 11° 40' E. long. M. is one of the most powerful 
 fortresses of the German Empire, its position being of very 
 great strategical importance, as it is situated on the direct road 
 which connects Cologne with Berlin and Danzig. The fortifi- 
 cations include 13 detached forts, which surround the town. 
 The country around M. is unattractive. M. is a great mart 
 for sugar, corn, and other agricultural produce; its principal 
 manufactures are machinery, ironware, spirits, tobacco, cigars, 
 artificial manures, cement, potteries, chemicals, and textiles. 
 M. owes its commercial importance to its position on a great 
 navigable river (see Elbe), and to its splendid railway connec- 
 tions, it being situated at the point where the lines from Berlin, 
 Hamburg, and Leipzig converge. The town was founded by 
 Charlemagne in 805, as a stronghold against the attacks of the 
 Wends and Avars. Its terrible fate in the Thirty Years' War 
 is well known ; in 1631 it was taken by storm by Tilly, and 
 completely burnt down, 30,000 people jserishing. P. (1816) 
 36,400; (1870) 80,000; (1890) including since 1887 Buckau, 
 Neustadt-M., and Sudenburg, tn. P. 117,600, comm. P. 202,200. 
 [H. G. S.] 
 
 Magdunum, tn., France. See Mehun-sur-J^vre. 
 
 Mage, tn., Brazil, prov. and 20 m. NNE. Rio de Janiero. 
 
 Magee (ma-g!') Island, Ire. See Island Magee. 
 
 Magelang, tn., Java, 35 m. NNW. Jokjokarta. P. 19,000. 
 
 Magellan, archipelago, Oceania, about 20° to 32° N. , 130° 
 to 170° 20' E. Area, 42 sq. m. The population, all in Peel 
 I., is about 100. 
 
 Magellan, Strait of, strait between Tierra del Fuego and 
 the mainland of S. America, about 200 m. long, but with a 
 very varying width (2 J to 11 m.). Discovered in 1520 by the 
 Portuguese navigator Magalhaes, who, however, is generally 
 known under name of Magellan, a French and English form 
 derived from the Spanish form Magallanes, because at the 
 
 941 
 
MAGE— MAGO 
 
 time of his great voyage he was in Spanish service. Cannot 
 be navigated by night on account of sinuosities and absence 
 of hghts. Coal worked at Punta Arenas. The terr. on both 
 sides of the strait is now entirely in Chilean hands. 
 Mageuey, stn. and P.O., Ire., co. Kildare. See Magauey. 
 Mageuta, tn. , Africa, Algeria, prov. Oran, with stn. on the 
 railway from Oran to Ras-el-Ma. It was founded when Mac- 
 mahon, Duke of Magenta, governed Algeria. 
 
 Magenta, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 15 m. W. Milan. 
 The allied French and Sardinians defeated the Austrians here, 
 June 4, 1859. P. 6200. 
 
 M^erl, or Mangry, tn., India, Mysore, 53 m. SE. Seringa- 
 patam ; celebrated for numerous ruined temples, and a con- 
 siderable tank. At Gastipur, in its vicinity, a considerable 
 quantity of very fine iron ore is found. 
 
 Magero, small isL , in the e.xtreme N. of Norway, contains 
 the most northerly point of the continent of Europe (including 
 the coast islands), though this is not the so-called North Cape, 
 but a point, Knivskjarodde (' knife-skerry- point'), a little dis- 
 tance to the W. of that and about 1000 ft. further N. 
 
 Magescq, viL, France, dep. Landes, 24 m. NE. by N. Bay- 
 onne, arr. and 9 m. NW. by W. Dax. P. <20oo. 
 
 Maggla, tn., Switzd., cant. Ticino, 15 m. W. by N. Bellin- 
 zona. It gives name to the Val Maggia. P. <2ooo. 
 
 .Vaggleknockater, P.O. , Scot. , Elginshire, 3 m. NE.Craigel- 
 lachie. 
 
 Magglora, viL, Italy, prov. and 22 m. NNW. Novara, with 
 lignite-mines. P. < 3000. 
 
 Slaggiore, Lake, Italy. See Lago Magglore. 
 
 Magglore, Monte. See Istrla and Monte Magglore. 
 
 Maggy's leap, chasm. Ire. , SE. ct. co. Down. bar. Mourne, 
 12 m. SW. Downpatrick. 
 
 Magh, Irish, ' a field." See Moy. 
 
 Magbam Down, P.O., Eng., Sussex, 2 m. NE. Hailsham. 
 
 Magharah, or Mngbhara, wadi in the NW. of the Sinaitic 
 Penin. , Egypt, about 8 m. from the Gulf of Suez, just S. of 29° 
 N., with turquoise mines, and beds of copper worked by the 
 ancient Egyptians. Hieroglyphic inscriptions, well preserved, 
 are foimd on polished porphyry rocks ; they are believed to be 
 the most ancient written documents of the Egyptians. 
 
 Magbaree, or Seven Hogs Islands, islets. Ire., off the NW. 
 ct. of CO. Kerry, near the mouth of Tralee Bay. 
 
 Magbera', par.. Ire., S. co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, 9 m. SW. by W. Downpatrick, 3 m. from Dun- 
 drum stn., P.O. P.<75o. ^^Macher. 
 
 Magbera', par. and tn.. Ire., E. co. Londonderry, bar. 
 Loughinsholin, 14^ m. N. Cookstown, on the Deny Central 
 Rly. ; manufactures, linens and sewed muslins. PMT. O. Market- 
 day, Tu. Par. 21,755 ac, P. 7600; tn. P. 1000. 
 
 Magberaboy, electoral div.. Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar, 
 W. Inishowen, 14 m. W. by N. Moville. 
 
 Magberaboy, bar.. Ire., in the NW. of co. Fermanagh. 
 
 Magheraclogber, electoral div.. Ire., co. Donegal, dist. 
 Gweedore. 
 
 Magberacloone, par., Ire., co. Monaghan, bar. Farney, 3m. 
 N. Kingscourt, P.O. (Magberacloney) ; 14,949 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Magberacreggan, tnld., Irt-., NW. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower 
 Strabane, 11 m. NW. bv W. Omagh, 7 m. from Strabane stn., 
 P.O. P.-C250. 
 
 Magberacross, par. , Ire. , cos. Fermanagh and Tyrone, bars. 
 Lurg, Tirkennedy, and E. Omagh, 6 -m. NE. Enniskillen ; 
 10,455 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Magberacnlmoney, par., Ire., co. Fermanagh, bar. Lurg, 
 contains Kesh town ; 14,741 ac. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Magberadrool, par., Ire., co. Down, bars. Lower Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, and Kinelarty, contains Ballynahinch ; 12,556 ac. 
 P. 5 100. 
 
 Magberafelt, par. and tn.. Ire., SE. co. Londonderry, bar. 
 Loughinsholin, 9 m. NE. Cookstown, on the Cookstown and 
 Randalstown Rly.; has linen manufactures. Market-day, Th. 
 Par. 8292 ac, P. < 5000; tn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Magberagall, par.. Ire., S. co; Antrim, bar. Upper Masse- 
 reene, 3 in. WXW. Lisburn, P.O.; 6552 ac. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Magberngalian, tnld.. Ire., Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, on 
 Gola Roads, 40 m. W. by N. Londonderry; the site of a 
 proposed pier. P. <25o. 
 
 Magberabamlet, par.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Kinelarty, 4 m. 
 S. Ballynahinch; 7022 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Magberalln, par. and tn.. Ire., cos. Armagh and Down, 
 bars. Lower Iveagh, Upper Half, and E. Oneilland, 2.\ m. E. 
 Lurgan, on the Lagan, P. O. Par. 8292 ac. , P. 3500 ; tn. P. < 500. 
 
 MagberaUy, par.. Ire., NW. co. Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, 8 J m. SE. Lurgan; 5241 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Magberamenagb, tnld.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, bar. Lurg, 3 
 m. E. Belleek, P.O. (Magberamena). P. ^250. 
 
 MagberameBk, par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Upper Masse- 
 reene, on Lagan Canal, 4 m. SW. Lisburn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Magberamome, stn., Ire., E. co. Antrim, bar. Lower 
 Belfast, 2^ m. SSE. Lame, on Lame Lough, and the Carrick- 
 fergus and Lame Rly., PT.O. 
 942 
 
 Magberanageeragb, electoral div.. Ire., co. Tyrone, dist 
 Killeter. 
 
 Magberareagb, electoral div.. Ire., co. Clare, dist. Ennis- 
 timon. 
 
 Magberasanl, tnld.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Lecale, 3 ra. 
 from Castlewellan, 7 m. from Newcastle stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Magberastepbana, bar.. Ire., in the SE. of co. Fermanagh. 
 
 Magberareely, electoral div.. Ire., SE. co. Fermanagh, bar. 
 Clankelly, 17^ m. SE. by E. Enniskillen, 3 m. from Clones stn., 
 
 Magbeross, par. , Ire. See Carrlckmacross. 
 
 Mngbery, tnld.. Ire., co. Armagh, bar. W. Oneill;md, 9 m. 
 NE. Moy, 3 m. firom Annaghmore stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Maghery, electoral div.. Ire., W. ct. co. Donegal, bar. 
 Boylagh, 22^ m. NW. by N. Donegal, P.O. 
 
 Magbery Castle, P.O., Ire., co. Antrim, 3 m. from Ballintoy, 
 5 m. from Ballycastle stn. 
 MagblAnik, Brit. India, Punjab. See Jbang-Magblana. 
 
 Magbl«dagb, mt., Caucasus, prov. Daghestan, dist. Samur, 
 41° 33' N., 47=" 14' E. Wx. 12,447 ft. 
 Magblla, tribe, Africa. See Makbil. 
 
 Magbrawa, Berber race, Africa, in Tunis, the Algerian 
 Dahra, and N. of Morocco ; formerly celebrated, now much 
 reduced and scattered. 
 
 Magbreb-al-Aksa. See Morocco. 
 
 Magbull, par., Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., 8 m. N. 
 by E. Liverpool, on the L. & Y. R., with another stn. (Sefton , 
 and Magbull) on the Cheshire Lines Rly., PMT.O. P. < 1500. : 
 
 Maglerdw, tn., .\ustria, Galicia, dist. Niemirdw. P. < 4000. i 
 
 MagUa, mission stn., in Ger. E. Africa, Bondei, in s° q' S.. i 
 38'45'E. ^ ^ ! 
 
 Haglll, post-tn., S. Australia, co. and 5 m. E. Adelaide. 1 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Magllllgan, or Tamlagbtard, par. , Ire. , N. co. London- | 
 derry, bar. Keenag'nt, t\ m. ESE. Moville, with stn. (Magllll* I 
 gan) on the Londonderry and Coleraine Rly., PMT.O.; 13,130 i 
 ac. P. <20oo. I 
 
 Magllllgan Point, cape. Ire. , co. Londonderry, at the E. i 
 side of the entrance to Lough Foyle. ! 
 
 Magloue, tn. , Italy, Umbria, prov. and 9 m. WNW. Perugia. | 
 P. 6900. j 
 
 MaglaJ, tn., Bosnia, on the Bosna, 41 m. S. by E. Brod. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Magllano d' AIpl, tn., Italy, prov. Cimeo, 6 m. N. by W. 
 Mondovi. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Magllano di Marsl, tn., Italy, Abruzzi, prov. Aquila, 6 m. 
 N W. Avezzano. P. < 5000. 
 
 Magllano Sablno, tn. , Italy, prov. Perugia, 20 m. W. by S. 
 Rieti, \s ith mineral spring. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Maglle, mt., Montenegro, on the NW. frontier, 61 m. N. by 
 W. Cetinje, in 18° 45' E. Alt. 7840 ft. 
 
 Maglle, city, Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, iii m. W. by S. 
 Otranto. P. 6700. 
 
 Magllf, tn., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. and 13 m. 
 NNW. Stara Zagora (Eski Saghra). P. <4000. 
 
 Magnac-LaTal, vil., France, dep. Haute- Vienne, 28 ra. N. 
 by W. Limoges, arr. and 9 m. NE. Bellac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Magnago, vil., Italy, prov. Milan, dist. and 14 m. N. 
 Abbiategrasso. P. < 4000. 
 
 Magnesia ad Meandrum. See Tekeb. 
 
 Magnesia ad Sipylum, tn. , Asia Minor. See Manlssa. 
 
 Magnetic Island, isL, off the E. ct. of Queensland, in the 
 S. of Halifa.x Bay, N. of TownsviUe, 19^ 8' S., 146° 45' E. 
 Discovered by Cook in 1770, and so called by him on account 
 of the remarkable deviations of the compass observed on ap>- 
 proaching it. 
 
 Magnolia, tn., U.S., Arkansas, Columbia co., 118 m. SSW. 
 Little Rock. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Magnolia, vil., U.S., Maryland, Harford co., 16 m. ENE. 
 Baltimore. P. < 1500. 
 
 Magnolia, viL, U.S., Mississippi, Pike co., 62 m. SE. by E. 
 Natchez. Alt. 93 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Magny, fort, Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, on the Seille R., 3 m. 
 S. Metz. 
 
 Magny-en-¥exln, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Mantes, 
 24 m. SW. by S. Beauvais. P. < 2000. 
 
 Magny-les-Hameanx, vil., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. 
 Rambouillet, 3 m. NNE. Chevreuse. Neau- to it are the ruins 
 of the celebrate i abbey Port-Royal-des-Champs. P. <:2ooa 
 
 Magoarl, cape, Brazil, at the £. end of the Ilha de Marajo 
 and the mouth of the Rio Pari. 
 
 Magdcs, comm., Himgary, co. Baranya, dist. Hegyhdt 
 P. •<40oo. 
 
 Mdigdcs, comm., Hungary, co. CsongrAd, dist. Tisrdntiili 
 P. <;4000. 
 
 Magof flu, CO., U.S., Kentucky, in the E., S. of the parallel 
 38°, crossed by 83° W. 
 
 Magog, post- vil. , Canada, Quebec, Stanstead co. , at the foot 
 of Lake \Iemphremagog, 72 m. E. by S. MontreaL P. (1881) 
 768 ; (1891) 2100. 
 
MAGO — MAKE 
 
 - Magog, Little, lake, s m. ENE. Magog, drained NE. into 
 ±e riv. St. Francis. 
 
 Hngombya, vil., Ger. E. Africa, in 5° 45' S., 34° 50' E. 
 
 Magomero, vil. , Africa, SW. Lake Kilwa or Shirwa ; mission 
 station founded in 1861 (now abandoned). 
 
 Hagonunerl, tn. , Bornu. See Magumrl. 
 
 Magontiacu7?i. See Mainz. 
 
 Magor, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div. , 7 m. E. New- 
 port, on the G. W. R.. PMT.O. P.<Soo; eccles. par. (M. 
 with Redwlck) P. <750. 
 
 Magorban, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 5^ 
 m. E. Cashel ; 4149 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Magoulades (maguladhes), Greece, in the NW. of Corfu I. 
 
 Mngourney, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. E. Muskerry, on riv. 
 Lee, contains Coachford town ; 5869 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hagonry, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 3 m. 
 SB. Killenaule. P. <250. 
 
 Magpie, settlement, U.S., Montana, Gallatin co., 55 m. E. 
 Butte. 
 
 Magra, riv., flows SE., in SE. of Liguria, for 35 m. into 
 the Mediterranean, 2 m. E. of the Gulf of Spezia, Italy. 
 
 Hagro, riv., Spain, 1. bk. trib. of the Jucar, rising in Cuenca 
 Prov. , flows SE. Length, 80-90 m. 
 
 Magstadt, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirteniberg, circle Neckar, 11 m. 
 WSW. Stuttgart. Birthpl. of the astronomer Kepler. P. <30oo. 
 
 Magullla, comm., Spain, prov. Badajoz, 49 m. SE. by S. 
 Merida. P. <2000. 
 
 Magnlres Bridge, tn., Ire., SE. co. Fermanagh, bar. Mag- 
 herastephana, on riv. Colebrooke, yj m. SE. by S. Enniskillen, 
 on the Dmidalk and Enniskillen Rly., PM.O. Market-day, 
 W. P. <75o. 
 
 Magnmri, Magu'nieri, or Magomerl, tn., central Africa, 
 Bornu, 78 m. SW. Kuka. Alt. 1204 ft. P. 4000 (Rohlfs, 1866^. 
 
 Magunda (or Mgnnda) Mlcali ('the terrible or fiery plains '), 
 region of E. Africa, to the W. of Ugogo, crossed by 6° S. and 
 34° E. , scantily supplied with food and water. 
 
 Magnngo, dist., central Africa, to the E. of the N. end of 
 Lake Albert Nyanza ; also a former Egyptian station at the point 
 where the Somerset Nile runs into the lake. 
 
 Magnniliy, bar. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Kerry. 
 
 MUgiur^, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 12 m. NW. 
 Rangpur, 98 m. SE. by S. Darjfling. P. < 5000. 
 
 Magus Moor, former moor, now reclaimed, Scot., 4 m. W. 
 St. Andrews, Fifeshire ; scene of the murder of Archbishop Sharp 
 in 1679. 
 
 Magwangwara, Malcaugwara, or Wamaclionde, pillaging 
 tribe, Africa, E. of Lake Nyassa, and N. of the sources of the 
 Rovuma. 
 
 Mag\i'e, tn.. Upper Burma, on the 1. bk. of the Irawadi, 70 
 m. S. Pagan ; cap. dist. M. (bounded W. by Irawadi). P. 
 6700 ; Buddliists, 5900. 
 
 Magyar-€san^d, comm., Hungary, co. Csanad, dist. Koz- 
 pont. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Magyar-Czemya, comm., Hungary, co. Torontal, 29 m, W. 
 Teniesvar. ^P. <40OO. 
 
 Magyar-Ov^r. See Altenburg, Ungarisclt. 
 
 Magyar-P^csiia, comm., Hungary, co. Arad, dist. P6cska. 
 P. 8300. 
 
 Magyars (modyors). See Austria-Hungary and Hungary. 
 
 Maha, Sanskrit, 'great.' 
 
 Mahdbalesii'war, the chief hill station of Bombay, Brit. India, 
 70 m. SE. Bombay, situated on a long and nearly level ridge 
 about 4500 ft. high. Mean rfall., yr. 261.4 in., June-Sept. 
 250.9 in. 
 
 Mah&ballpur (' The City of the Great Bali,' 'The Seven 
 Pagodas'), vil, Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 13 m. ESE. 
 Chengalpat, E. ct. ; has interesting antiquities, the cave-temples 
 and sculptures ranking with those of Ellora and Elephanta. 
 
 Maliilban, tn., Brit. India. NW. Provs., dist. Muttra, on the 
 L bk. of the Jumna, 23 m. NE. Bhartpur. In the Palace of 
 Nanda are laid the scenes of Krishna's infancy. P. (1891) 5900 ; 
 Hindus, 4200 ; Moham. 1700. 
 
 Mah^bo, tn., Madagascar, prov. Ambongo, 215 m. NW. by 
 W. Tamatave, with several lines of defence. 
 
 Maha>cliou, tn. , China, Kweichou, 48'm. E. Kweiyang-fu. 
 
 Mali&d, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Kolaba, on r. bk. of 
 Savitri R. (which is navigable at the spring-tides for vessels draw- 
 ing 9 ft.), 43 m. SW. by W. Poona. P. 6900; Hindus, 5700. 
 
 MuhMtlnapuram, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 22 m. 
 NE. Trichinopoli. P. (1881) 6200. 
 
 Mahddeo, riv., India, Assam, SE. of Giro Hills dist., with 
 a seam of good coal in its bed. 
 
 Mali&deopabilr, group of hills, India, Central Provs. , almost 
 enclosed by the Denwa and Sonbhadra Rivs. In them the 
 Mahadeo sandstone attains a thickness of 2000 ft. 
 
 Mahadia, tn. , Tunis. See Mabedia. 
 
 Mahaga, one of the Solomon Is. See Isabel. 
 
 Maliakkam, riv. , Borneo. See Kntei. 
 
 Mahalata, vil., Bulgaria, 18 m. WNW. Plevna, on r. bk. 
 of the Isker. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Mahaldib Islands. See Maldlve. 
 
 Mab&lingpur, tn., India, Bombay, 55 m. SW. by W. 
 
 Bijapur. P. (i88i) 5200. 
 
 Mabamanlna, tn., Madagascar, 240 m. S. Antananarivo, 
 about 10 m. from the E. ct. 
 
 Mataambo, tn. , Madagascar, on the E. ct. , in about 17^° S. 
 
 Mabdmnnj, pagoda, Burma, dist. and 52 m. N. by E. 
 Akyab, once of great celebrity, and still a goal of numerous 
 pilgrims from its having contained an image of Buddha, now 
 removed to Amarapura. 
 
 Mah&nadi, or Mahannddy ( ' the Great River"), riv., India, 
 rises in the Central Provs., 25 m. S. Rdipur, S. of the fertile 
 plain of Chhattisgarh (Chutteesgurh). It winds northwards on 
 the E. and S. of this plain before breaking through the Ghats 
 in the gorge of Baramul, 40 m. long. Its stream here is 
 navigable at all seasons. It emerges from the Ghats through 
 a narrow defile at Naraj, 7 m. W. Cuttack, pouring down on 
 the plains of Orissa {q.v.), where it forms an intricate delta 
 embracing a stretch of more than 100 m. of coast from Lake 
 ChilkA northwards, finally forming two principal estuaries, one 
 the Devi in the SE., and the other, which goes by the name 
 of the Mahanadf, just S. of False Point (22° 20' N.). Numerous 
 streams flowing from mountains in the N., S. , and W. belong 
 to its basin in the plain of Chhattisgarh, but in this part 
 of its course the Mahanadf is not navigable. Small boats of 
 25 tons burden ascend to Sambalpiir, at the head of the gorge 
 of Baramul. Above Sambalpiir it can be used in the rains for 
 floating timber. Length, 512 m; area drained, 52,637 sq. m.; 
 height of source, 2300 ft.; maximum flood discharge, 1,800,000 
 cubic ft. per second ; in the dry weather its discharge dwindles 
 to 1 125 cubic ft. per second. Compare Ganges. 
 
 Mah&nadi, Iiittle, riv. , India, Central Provs. ; rising in dist. 
 Mandla, part of its course forms the boundary between Rewa 
 and Jabalpur. 
 
 Mahauagb, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Leitrim, dist. Drumkeeran. 
 
 Mabiknand^, riv., India, Bengal, trib. to the Ganges, has 
 its source in DarjiUng terr., 26' 57' N., 88° 20' E. It receives 
 several tribs., and enters the Padmd or eastern Ganges at 
 Godavari in 24° 30' N., 88° 20' E. , after a SSW. course of 240 
 m. In most parts of its course it is navigable for small vessels. 
 
 Mahanoro, tn., Madagascar, on the E. ct., just N. of 20° S. 
 
 Mabanoy, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co. , 9 m. 
 N. by E. Pottsville, and 48 m. SW. by S. Scranton, in the 
 midst of a rich anthracite region. P. (i88o) 7200; (1890) 
 11,300. 
 
 MabAr&Jnagar, tn.. Central India, Charakhiri state, Bun- 
 delkhand. P. 13,100; Hindus, 9600; Moham. 3200. 
 
 Mab&rdjpur, vil. , Central India, Gwalior state, 15 m. NW. 
 Gwalior fort ; scene of a British victory, 1843. 
 
 Mabarani Bandar, seapt., Malay Penin., W. ct. Johor, at 
 mouth of Muawr, in 2° 3' N., 6 m. SE. of frontier of Malacca, 
 connected by a railway 8 m. long with gambler and pepper 
 plantations to the SE. 
 
 Mahares, ct. vil., Tunis, on the E. ct. , 50 m. NNE. Cabes, 
 in 34° 30' N. 
 
 Mataasarakam, vil. , Siam, 240 m. NE. Bangkok. 
 
 Mabaska, co., U.S., Iowa, N. of 41° N., and E. of 93° W., 
 traversed by Des Moines R. ; has important coal-mines. 
 
 Mab&sn, sub-Himalayan mt. , near Simla, Punjab, Brit. 
 India, from the southern face of which the Simla water-supply 
 is obtained. Alt. 9140 ft. 
 
 Mabates, vil. , Colombia, Bolivar, 30 m. ESE. Cartagena. 
 
 Mabatpnr, tn. and municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. 
 Jalandhar, 53 m. SE. Amritsar. P. (1881) 6000. 
 
 Mabatta, vil.. Upper Egypt, on r. bk. of the Nile, above the 
 first cataract, 9 m. S. Assuan, with which it is connected by rail. 
 
 Mabatw&r, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Ballia, 62 m. 
 W. by N. Patna; headquarters of Kinwar Rajputs. Surround- 
 ing country swampy. P. (1881) 11,000. 
 
 Mabayamba Bay, Madagascar, in W., just to S. of 15° S. 
 
 Mabdla, tn. , Tunis. See Mabedia. 
 
 Mab^, French settlement (now decaying), India, Madras, 
 dist. Malabar, on the \V. ct., S. of the mouth of Mah6 R., 33 
 m. NNW. Calicut, with a harbour whose rocky bar admits 
 vessels up to 70 tons. P. (1885) 8300; (1891) 10,000. 
 
 Mab6, isl. , Indian Ocean, principal of the Seychelles {q.v.). 
 
 Mab^bonrg, tn., Mauritius, on the E. ct. 
 
 Mabedia, or Mabdla, tn. , Tunis, on a narrow penin. , E. ct. , 
 33 m. SE. Susa, in 35° 30' N. The ancient inner port Cothon, 
 small and nearly dry, was the work of the Phoenicians ; now 
 ships anchor in the roads. Europeans have settled here for 
 sardine fishery. P. 7000. 
 
 Mabel-Baleyel, or Mayel-BaleTel, riv., Africa, Sudan, rises 
 in Wasulu and flows N. then NE. nearly parallel to the upper 
 Niger, which it finally enters in 14° 40' N. 
 
 Mabenge, dist. , German E. Africa, crossed in the N. by 8° 
 S. , and extending from about 3Si°-37S° E. , boimded on the E. 
 by the Rufiji, and traversed by the Ulanga. 
 
 Mataeno, tp.. New Zealand, South I., Waitaki co., 69 ro. by 
 rail NE. Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 943 
 
MAKE 
 
 MAID 
 
 Hahersl, another name of Kab I. , Persia. 
 
 >Iahesh«<kra, tn. , India. See Mysore. 
 
 Malieswar, tn. , Central India, on the r. bk. of the Narbadd, 
 state and 40 m. SSW. Indore, with manufactures of cotton and 
 silk, and gold embroidery. It is a town of great antiquity, the 
 first cap. of the Indu or Lunar race. P. 9200 ; Hindus, 7100 ; 
 Moham. 1300. 
 
 Hahet, isl. , Africa. See Meyet. 
 
 nahetlrane, vil., W. ct. Madagascar, in 18° 33' S.; good 
 anchorage for large ships, small vessels drawing 6 or 7 ft. can 
 enter the river. 
 
 MaU, riv., India, rising in Mehad Lake, in the SW. of 
 Central India, flows first NW. on the whole, then SW. into the 
 head of the Gulf of Cambay. The limit of the tidal flow is 
 Verakhindi, where the Mahi is 120 yds. across, with an average 
 depth of 18 in. During spring-tides a bore rushes up for 20 m. 
 Length, 315 m. 
 
 Mahla, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I., Wairoa co. , 62 m. 
 NE. by E. Napier. P. < 1500. 
 
 MaMdasht, fertile plain in the W. of Persia, to the W. of 
 Kirmanshah, prov. Ardilan. Alt. 5000 ft. 
 
 MahlganJ, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and in vicinity of 
 Rangpur, with declining trade. P. (1881) 13,300. 
 
 M^hlm, mun. tn. and port, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Thdna, 
 on the W. ct., 50 m. N. Bombay. P. 7000; Hindus, 6800. 
 
 Mablm, suburb of Bombay, Brit. India, on the NW. ct. of 
 Bombay I. , with fort. 
 
 Mahim, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Rohtak, 62 m. WNW. 
 Delhi. P. 7600 ; Hindus, 4000 ; Moham. 3500. 
 
 Mahln, terr. , W. Africa, 44 m. SW. Benin. 
 
 Mabltsy, maritime vil., SE. ct. Madagascar, in 22° 9' S., 48° 
 11' E. ; the coast is fringed by a reef. 
 
 nalilberg, tn., Cier., gd. -duchy of Baden, circle and 20 m. 
 N. Freibiirg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Matamtiid&bAd, tn. , Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Sitdpur, 30 m. 
 NNE. Lucknow. P. 8100; Moham. 4700; Hindus, 3300. 
 
 Mahmndla, tn. , Roumania, Dobruja, prov. Tulcea, on the 
 St. George mouth of the Danube, 22 m. SE. by S. Ismail. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Wahmndle Caual, navigable canal, Lower Egypt, connect- 
 ing Alexandria with the Rosetta arm of the Nile opposite Fua. 
 Constructed in 1819-20 by Mehemet-Ali, and named in honour 
 of the Sultan Mahmud. 
 
 llIaho1>&, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Hamfrpur, 87 m. 
 SSW. Cawnpur, on Madan Sagar Lake, constructed by the 
 Chandel Rajas. P. 8500 ; Hindus, 6500 ; Moham. 1900. 
 
 Mahom'et, viL, U.S., Illinois, Champaign co. , 73 m. NW. 
 Terre-Haute (Ind.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Mahon, riv. , Ire. , in the S. of co. Waterford, flows into the 
 Atlantic at Bunmahon. 
 
 Mahon, tn,, Spain, on the E. ct. of the isl. of Minorca, on 
 the banks of the riv. Mahon, which is defended on the N. by the 
 fortifications of Cape Mola, and on the S. by port San-Felipe ; 
 it is a perfectly safe port, capable of affording shelter to the 
 largest squadrons. P. 18,400. 
 
 Mabon, Longli, the name given to the upper part of Cork 
 Harbour, Ire. 
 
 Hataonagh, P.O., Ire., co. Limerick, 3 m. from Newcastle. 
 
 Hahone, bay, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the SE. ct., in 
 44° 20'-32' N. 
 
 Hahone Bay, or Kluhnrn, post-vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, 
 CO. and 6 m. from Lunenburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mahoning, co., U.S., Ohio, in the NE., on the E. frontier, 
 crossed by 41° N. 
 
 Mahoning, viL, U.S., Pennsylvania, Armstrong co., on 
 Allegheny R., 42 m. NE. Pittsburg. P.<:i5oo. 
 
 Mahonlngtown, settlement, U.S., Pennsylvania, Lawrence 
 CO., on Beaver R., 39 m. NW. by N. Allegheny. 
 
 MahontI, vil., S. Africa, Gaza-land, 176 m. SW. by S. 
 Sofala, about 22° 10' S. , 32° 5/ E. 
 
 Mahoonagh, par. and tn.. Ire., W. Limerick, bar. Glenquin, 
 the town called M. or Castlemahon 20 m. E. Listowel, 2 m. 
 SE. Newcastle, P.O. (Mahonagh). Par. 12,687 ac., P. <2ooo; 
 tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Mahopac, viL, U.S., New York, Putnam co., 51 m. N. by 
 E. New York by rail, on the beautiful lake Mahopac, 1800 ft. 
 above sea-level ; a favourite summer resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mahra, state, on the S. ct. of Arabia, E. of Hadramut 
 proper, between about 51 J° and 55° E. 
 
 MahrAJ, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Firozpur, 90 m. S. by 
 E. Amritsar. P. (1881) 5800. 
 
 MahrattaR. See MarAthAs. 
 
 Mdhrisch, German, 'Moravian.' 
 
 Mahrl8ch*Badwltz, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 17 m. NW. 
 Znaim. P. <4000. 
 
 Mahrlsche Hohe. See Momria. 
 
 Miihrlsch-Nenstadt, tn., Austria, Moravia, 14 m. NNW. 
 Olmiitz. P. 5000. 
 
 Mahiisch*08tran, tn., Austria, Moravia, on the £. border 
 of Silesia, 19 m. ESE. Troppau, on the important coalfield of 
 944 
 
 Ostrau, the working of which in recent years has brought about 
 a rapid increase in population both in it and the adjacent 
 Polulsch- (Polish) Ostrau in Silesia. P. (Mahrisch-Ostrau) in 
 1880, 13,400; in 1890, ij,2oo; P. (Polnisch-Ostrau) in 1880, 
 5100 ; in 1890, 6900. 
 
 Mahrlsch-Schunberg, tn., Austria, Moravia, in the valley of 
 the Tess (trib. Morava), 28 m. NNW. Olmiitz. P. (1880) 8600; 
 (1890) 10,500. 
 
 Miihrisch-Triiban, tn., Austria, Moravia, 29 m. WNW. 
 Olmiitz. P. 7400. 
 
 Mah<kdha, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist.' Kaira, in 22° 49' 
 N. , 73° i' E. P. 94.00; Hindus, 5800; Moham. 3200. 
 
 Miihnl, port, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Thana, 6 m. S. 
 Kurla. 
 
 M^bull, hill fortress in Western Ghdts, India, Bombay, dist. 
 Thdna, on M. Hill, about 2815 ft. high, which almost all round 
 has a sheer precipice of black basalt 500-600 ft. high. 
 
 Hataurl, Mahnry, Oyac, or Uya, riv. , S. America, Frencl) 
 Guiana, flows NNE. into the Bay of Cayenne. 
 
 Habnwa, tn. and port, India, Kathidwdr Penin., on the 
 Gulf of Cambay, 55 m. NE. by E. Diu. P. (1881) 13,700. 
 
 Mai, or El Mai, tn.. Lower Egypt, prov. Menufie, 3 m. SW. 
 Shibin-el-kom. P. 5500. 
 
 Mala, tn., Azores, dist. Ponta Delgada, on N. ct. of St 
 Michael. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Malbat, tn. , Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 27 m. NW. Yezd. 
 
 Maiche, vil. , France, dep. Doubs, 27 m. S. Belfort. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Malda, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, on the Maida, prov. and 13 m 
 W. by S. Catanzaro. P. < 5000. 
 
 Malda Hill, eccles. par., Eng., co. of London, St, Maryle- 
 bone par. P. 7400. 
 
 A/a ?Va«, Servian, 'mines.' See Maden. 
 
 Maldan, vil., Afghanistan, 22 m. WSW. Kabul ; the English 
 gained a N-ictory here in 1842. 
 
 Hald^nl, range of hills, Brit. India, Punjab, in Bannu dist. , 
 with beds of lignite and black shale. 
 
 Haidanpek, vil. , in the NE. of Servia, 31 m. SW. Orsova, 
 with iron and copper mines belonging to the state, worked 
 intermittently by the state or leaseholders since 1847. P. <2ooa 
 
 Halda Vale, stn. , Eng. , London. See Kllbnrn. 
 
 Maiden Bower, ancient circular camp, Eng. , Bedfordshire 
 div. and 6 m. W. by N. Luton, close to Stanbridgeford stn. 
 
 Maiden Bradley, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire and Somersetshire, 
 Westbury div., 12^ m. S. by W. Trowbridge, 6 m. SW. 
 Warminster stn. , PM.O. ; 4609 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Maiden Castle, ancient camp. See Dorchester. 
 
 Maidenhead, mun. bor. (since Henry VI.) and market-tn. 
 Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., in the diocese of Oxford, on 
 the r. bk. of the Thames, 6 m. W. Windsor, on the G. W. R., 
 with branch to Oxford. There is no staple trade ; numerous 
 charities. Formerly it was named Maidenhythe, from a wharf 
 on the river. Market-day, W. Mean rfalL (1866-80), 26.9 in. 
 Mun. bor. P. (1871) 6200; (1891) 10,600. 
 
 Haldenklrk, another form of Klrkmalden {q.v.). 
 
 Maiden Lane, stn., Eng., London, 2^ m. NNW. St. Paul's, 
 on the N. L. R., and London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly. 
 
 Maiden Newton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., on the 
 Frome, ■j\ m. NW. Dorchester, on the G. W. R., PMT.O, 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Maiden Paps, two limestone rocks, landmarks, 3 m. SW. 
 Sunderland, Eng., Durham. 
 
 Maidens, vil., Scot., Ayrshire, 6^ m. SW. Maybole, PMT.O. 
 
 Haldens (or Hnlln) Bocks, islets. Ire. , ofl' the E. ct. of co. 
 Antrim, 6-8 m. NE. Lame. They are surrounded by dangerous 
 reefs, and have lighthouses (in 54° 56' N., 5° 44' E.), visible 
 respectively 13 m. and 14 m. 
 
 MaldenweU, Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Buckland. 
 
 Maldford, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, ic^ m. 
 WSW. Northampton, 2 m. NW. by N. Blakesley stn., P.O. 
 P. <:2So. 
 
 Haldos, ct. tn., Turkey in Europe, on the W. side of the 
 Dardanelles, 22 m. SW. Gallipoli. 
 
 Halds Horeton, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and x\ 
 m. NE. Buckingham, P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Haldstone, or Haldstone Cross, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Essex 
 CO., II m. SE. Windsor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Haldstone, parL bor. (i member) and mun. bor. (since 
 Edward VI.), par., and market-tn., Eng., Kent, 'j\ m. S. 
 Rochester, 34 m. by rail ESE. London, in the diocese of Canter- 
 bury, on the Medway ; important railway centre, connected with 
 L. C. & D. R. and SE. R. (M., M. Barracks, and TotII stns.). 
 There is communication by the Medway with the Thames. 
 Has paper (both writing and wall paper) and oil-mills, breweries, 
 and a large trade in hops and other agricultural produce. It 
 was called Medwegston by the Saxons, from the river. Since 
 Edward VI. till 1885 M. returned two members to Parliament. 
 Four fairs are held. Stock-market, Tu. morning ; corn-market, 
 Th. afternoon and S. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 26.4 in. Pari, and 
 mun. bor. and par. 4008 ac., P. (iSoi) 8000; (1851) 20,700; 
 (1871)26,200; (1891)32,100. 
 
MAID — MAIN 
 
 Maidstone, former name of Kersbrook {^.v.), S. Australia. 
 
 Maidstone, post-tn., Victoria, co. Bourke, 6| m. NW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Maldngarl, tn., central Africa, Bornu. See liJe-Maldngnrl. 
 
 Haidwell, par. , Eng. , Mid div.- of Northamptonshire, 10^ 
 m. NW. by W. Wellingboro, i^ m. N. by W. Lamport stn. , 
 PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Maienfeld, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 12 m. N. Chur 
 (Coire), near r. bk. Rhine. Alt. 1725-1785 ft, P. <20oo. 
 
 Malfa, tn. , Africa. See Manjafn. 
 
 Nalgiielay, vil., France, dep. Oise, arr. Clermont, 17 m. NW. 
 by W. Compi^gne, 7 m. SSW. Montdidier. P. <:2C)00. 
 
 Malgne, riv. , Ire., flows N. through middle of co. Limerick 
 to the Shannon, which it joins on 1. bk. 8 m. W. Limerick. 
 
 Nalliar, tn. , Baghelkhand Agency, cap. M. state, Central 
 India, 97 m. (by rail) NE. by N. Jabalpur, station on railway. 
 P. 6500 ; Hindus, 4800 ; Moham. 1200. 
 
 Maihne, lake, S. America, Chile, prov. Valdivia, communi- 
 cating with Lake Ranco by the Carcurrupa. 
 
 IM^lkal, range of hills, India, Central Provs. , dist. Bilaspur 
 and Mandld, forming part of the great watershed between E. 
 and W. India. Height rarely exceeds 2000 ft. Highest point 
 (Chauriadidar) computed to be 3400 ft. 
 
 Malkammer, vil., Ger., Bavaria, in the Rhine Palatinate, 
 circle and 7 m. N. Landau, 14 m. W. Spires. P. <3ooo ; 
 comm. (M.-.41sterweller) P. <4000. 
 
 Malkassa, or Baxter Rlrer, riv.. New Guinea, flows S. into 
 the Torres Straits, in 142° 20' E. ; navigable. 
 
 Maikop, dist. tn., Russia, N. Caucasia, govt. Kuban, 60 m. 
 SE. of Ekaterinodar, on Byelaya R. P. 24,500. 
 
 Mailaud, Ger. name of Milan. 
 
 Maillu, vil. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 70 m. SE. Santi- 
 ago del Estero, in 28° 30' S. Mean rfall. , yr. 14.6 in., April- 
 Sept. I.I in. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mallin, dist., S. ct. Brit. New Guinea, in 148° 2o'-i5o° E. 
 
 Malli^, tn., France. See Luynes. 
 
 MalUezals, vil., France, dep. Vendue, 14 m. W. by N. Niort, 
 8 m. SSE. Fontenay-le-Comte. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Manor's Flat, post-tn., Victoria, co. Villiers, 173 m. by rail 
 and road W. Melbourne. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Malmacliln (' place of winds'), tn., Mongolia, on the Russian 
 frontier, about 850 m. in a direct line NW. Peking, opposite the 
 Russian town of Kiakhta (^.v.) ; entrepot of the Chinese trade 
 with Russia ; enclosed by a strong palisade. P. 3000 (men, 
 women excluded by order of the Chinese government). See 
 also Ullasatal. 
 
 Malmansingh, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, Dacca div., cap. 
 M. dist. See Nasirdbtid. 
 
 Malniena, tn., northern Afghanistan, 72 m. SSW. Andkhui. 
 The Indian government buys cavalry horses at the markets here. 
 Alt. 2860 ft. (Curzon). Also spelt Malmana. 
 
 Mai Muneue, vil. , Congo Free State, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Kassai, a little below the Pogge Fall, in 6° 30' S. , 21° 12' E. 
 
 Main, riv. , Ger. , formed at Mainleus by the confluence of two 
 streams, the Weisse M. flowing W. from the Fichtelgebirge, 
 and the Rothe M. flowing NNW. past Baireuth, flows W. 
 with several large windings, and enters the Rhine at Mainz ; 
 navigable from the confluence of the Regnitz below Bamberg 
 (242 m.), with locks above Kitzingen and below Wlirzburg, 
 with a canalised portion between Frankfurt (22 m. from its 
 mouth) and Mainz, so as to admit vessels of 1000 tons burden ;' 
 used for floating timber from Mainleus ; connected by the Lud- 
 wig's Canal with the Danube at Kelheim. Area of basin, 
 10,600 sq. m.; length, 305 m. 
 
 Main, riv., Ire., in the SW. of co. Antrim, flows S. into the 
 NE. of Lough Neagh. 
 
 Main, ruins, Palestine, Maon in the O. T. , 31° 25' N., 35° 
 8' E. , 8 m. S. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Main k Dlen, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Cape Breton, 
 26 m. from Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Main Bench, chalk cliff at W. end of Isle of Wight, S. ct., 
 3 m. long. 
 
 Malnbernlielm, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Fran- 
 conia, 13^ m. ESE. Wiirzburg. P. <2oco. 
 
 Malndample, post-tp. , Victoria, co. Delatite, 127 m. by 
 rail NE. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Malndee with Lliswerry and Bernard Town, eccles. par. , 
 Eng. , in the co. bor. of Newport, Monmouthshire. P. 12,700. 
 
 Maine, riv.. Ire., in the N. of co. Kerry, flows SW. into 
 Castlemaine Harbour. 
 
 Maine, the most north-easterly of the U.S., and of the New 
 England group, SW. of New Brunswick, with St. Croix as 
 boundary SE. of Quebec, having Atlantic coast of 278 m. or, 
 measuring narrow indentations, 2486 m. , cap. Augusta ; chief 
 towns, Portland, Lewiston, Bangor, Biddeford, Auburn. The 
 state includes a portion of the northern Appalachians (Mount 
 Katahdin, 5385 ft.), and only about one-third in S. and in valley 
 of St. John in N. is below 800 ft. Evidences of giaciation in 
 very numerous boulders everywhere. Over 1500 lakes, largest 
 Moosehead, Sebago, the Rangeley Lakes, Chesuncook, and the 
 945 
 
 Schoodic Lakes. Great number of streams furnishing water- 
 power, the Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggin, partially navi- 
 gable, and the Saco being the chief. Climate severe, frosts 
 extending through nearly seven months. [Eastport, Portland.] 
 Cutting and shipping of ice a considerable industry. Consump- 
 tion causes one-fourth of the deaths. The forests of pine, spruce, 
 and hemlock, and deciduous trees covering nearly one - half 
 the state, yield lumber, tan-bark, firewood, and maple sugar. 
 Besides the manufacture of lumber, there is a large output of 
 cotton and woollen goods, boots and shoes, leather, and a large 
 total of many minor products. Wooden vessels are built, but 
 much fewer than formerly, and the state has a large maritime 
 trade ; in cod, mackerel, and herring fisheries, second only to 
 Massachusetts. Granite (in Knox and Hancock cos.), marble, 
 slate (in Piscataquis), and limestone (in Knox co.) are quarried. 
 Agriculture has declined, except in the very fertile co. of Aroos- 
 took, since the fertile and easily tilled prairie lands of the W^ 
 began to produce for the eastern markets. The population 
 tends to become more urban with immigration, principally of 
 French-Canadians and Irish, and the development of manu- 
 facturing. The Dutch, English, and French, chiefly the two 
 latter, made various attempts at settlement in Maine up to 1651. 
 In that year M. was added to Massachusetts, and remained so 
 till 1820, when it became a state. Bowdoin College, with a 
 state endowment, is at Brunswick, and number Longfellow and 
 Hawthorn among its students. Area, 29,895 sq. m. P. (1890) 
 661,000. See United States, table. [€. H. L.] 
 
 Malnela, Mynela, or Mnangla, tn., China, in the SW. of 
 Yunnan, on the 1. bk. of the Taping, 83 m. ENE. Bhamo. 
 Alt. 2700 ft. P. about 9000. 
 
 Maine-et-Lolre, dep. , W. France, traversed from E. to W. 
 by Loire R. ; formed out of Anjou, the greater part of which 
 it comprises ; divided into 5 arrs. : Angers (cap.), Bangi, Cholet, 
 Saumur, and Segr6. The country N. of the Loire consists 
 chiefly of a monotonous tract, highest point, 360 ft. S. of the 
 Loire, in the ' Bocage Angevin ' dist. , the surface presents 
 greater diversity; highest point. La Garde, 690 ft. The valley 
 of the Loire is noted for its fertility. Granitic and allied rocks 
 predominate in the SE. half of the dep., slaty schists and 
 Calcareous and Tertiary formations in the NW. The dep. 
 belongs wholly to the basin of the Loire, which has a length 
 in it of 50 m., and forms its N. frontier for 25 m. more. R. bk. 
 tribs. , Authion and Main, the latter formed by the union of 
 Loir, Sarthe, and Mayenne ; 1. bk., Layon and Evre. The 
 Loire is navigable, to a greater or less extent, throughout the 
 dep. , but its depth is very variable. Climate very humid ; 
 subject to fogs. [Angers.] The principal cereals are wheat 
 and oats ; the former is grown especially in the arrs. of Cholet 
 and Segr^, and in the Loire valley. The vine is extensively 
 cultivated, but the production of wine per acre is under the 
 average for France. (Saumur is noted for its wine.) Other 
 important cultures are hemp and flax. Excellent fruits are 
 grown. Coal is worked to a limited extent in the valleys of 
 the Loire and Layon, and there are important slate quarries 
 near Angers. Textile industries are grouped mainly about 
 Cholet. Area, 2812 sq. m. P, (1891) 518,600. See France, 
 table. 
 
 Malng, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 4 m. SSW. 
 Valenciennes. P. < 3000. 
 
 Malng-kalng, vil. , Upper Burma, 100 m. E. by S. Mandalay ; 
 cap. Shan state. 
 
 Malngnanng, vil. , Indo-China, 138 m. E. by S. Mandalay ; 
 cap. Shan state. 
 
 Malngpyln, vil.. Upper Burma, 95 m. SE. Mandalay; cap. 
 Shan state. 
 
 Malnham, par., Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Ikeathy and Ough- 
 terang, 5 m. N. Sallins. P. <75o. 
 
 Mainland, Orkney Is. See Pomona. 
 
 Main Lead, post-tn., Victoria, co. Ripon, 129 m. by rail and 
 road NW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Malnlnng, tn.. Upper Burma, 63 m. NNE. Mandalay. 
 
 Mainniau, tn. , China. See Mungman. 
 
 Mdlnpurl, municip. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., cap. dist. 
 M. , 83 m. SSW. Bareilly, on the Agra branch of the Grand 
 Trunk Road, consisting of two portions, M. proper and Muk- 
 hamganj. P. 18,600; Hindus, 13,800; Moham. 4000. 
 
 Mains and Strathmartine, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 2 m. 
 NW. Dundee, P.O. (Strathmartlne) ; 6301 ac. P. <400o. 
 
 Malnsforth, par., Eng., Durham, Mid div., 6^ m. E. Bishop 
 Auckland, 2 m. N. Bradbury stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Malnstone, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div. , lo^ m. E. by S. 
 Newtown, 3J m. W. by S. Bishops Castle ; 4993 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Malntenon, tn., France, dep. Eure-et-Loir, on the Eure, arr. 
 and IX m. NNE. Chartres. P. < 2000. 
 
 Malnvanlt, vil., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 14 m. SSE. Oude- 
 narde, 3 ra. WNW. Ath. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Halnz, in French Mayence, the ancient Magontiacu7n, or 
 Moguntiacunt, tn. and fortress of the first class, Ger., gd.- 
 duchy Hesse, cap. prov. Rhenish Hesse, circle M., on 1. bk. of 
 the Rhine, and just below the influx of the Main, and here crossed 
 
 30 
 
MA 10 — MAKA 
 
 by a bridge of boats connecting the city with Kastel, which is 
 traversed by the railway from Frankfurt to Wiesbaden. Just 
 above the confluence of the Main the railway crosses to the 
 Main valley. Chief edifices, the cathedral, the old electoral 
 palace, now the property of the town, containing important col- 
 lections, the museum of the Society for the Investigation of 
 Rhenish History and Antiquities, a picture gallery, and a town 
 library of 150,000 volumes. It is an important seat of river traffic 
 — principally in coal, wine, corn, timber, iron, and colonial wares. 
 Its manufactures also are important. There is a large manu- 
 factory of conserves, and manufactures of machinery, pianofortes, 
 furniture, and boots, all on a large scale. The fortifications 
 embrace, besides the town itself, Kastel and Gustavsburg (the 
 former N. of the Main, the latter S. of the Main, for the defence 
 of the railway bridge), and the isls. of Ingelsheim and Petersaue 
 in the Rhine, numerous forts round the town, and a citadel on 
 the S. of the town, this last containing the monument known as 
 the Eigelstein, perhaps erected in honour of Drusus, who founded 
 the fort of Moguntiacum in 13 B.C. M. became the seat of an 
 archbishop in 751, but afterwards became an imperial free city, 
 which it remained till 1462, when it was completely incorporated 
 with the archbishopric, which had previously become an elec- 
 torate (one of the seven named in the ' Golden Bull ' of 1356). 
 From 1797 to 1814 it was cap. of the French dep. of Donners- 
 berg (Mont Tonnerre), and then passed into the possession of 
 Hesse. P. (1816)25,300; (1871)53,900; (1890)71,400. 
 
 Malo, one of the Cape Verde Is. , Atlantic, E. of Santiago. It 
 is 18 m. in circumference, with a rocky coast and sterile soil ; 
 principal product salt, from a natural lagoon. Chief port, 
 Pinosa, or Porto Inglez. 
 
 Malorca, tn., Portugal, Beira, dist. Coimbra, 6 m. ENE. 
 Figueira da Foz. P. (comm. )<3000. 
 
 Malororl, tribe, Chatham Is. See Morlorl. 
 
 SlalpAr^, riv. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Cuttack, the S. 
 outlet of the Brahmanf, the entrance to which is obstructed by 
 a bar and high surf. The Binsgarh, a tidal creek of the M. , falls 
 into the sea about 6 m. N. of False Point Harbour. 
 
 Malptlril, Cape. See Palmyras Point. 
 
 Malpo, or Slalpa, riv., Chile, dep. Santiago, rises in the 
 Andes, receives on its r. bk. the Mapocho, and enters the Pacific 
 40 ra. S. Valparaiso. Course so impetuous, that only suspension 
 bridges can span it. Water thick, brown, muddy, and fertilising. 
 In the plain traversed by the M. the Republican troops under 
 San Martin defeated the Royalists in 1818. Navigable for 6 m. ; 
 length, 155 m.; area of basin, 5075 sq. m. ; discharge, 950 
 <:ubic ft. per second. 
 
 Halpu, vil. , Argentine Republic, state of and 145 m. (168 
 m. by rail) S. Buenos Aires. P. 2000. 
 
 Malpnres, vil., Colombia, on 1. bk. Orinoco, in 5° 12' N.; 
 gives name to cataracts of the Orinoco (called by the Indians 
 Kiluna), caused by the occurrence of granitic rocks in the bed 
 of the river. 
 
 Malqnlllatane, or Sbansban, small port, Chile, prov. 
 Arauco, 28 m. N. Valdivia, in 39° 29' S. 
 
 Malra, riv. , Italy, in the NW. ; it rises in the Cottian Alps, a 
 little to the N. of the Colle della Maddalena, and flows E. and 
 NNE. to the Po, which it joins on the r. bk. about 15 m. S. Turin. 
 
 Malreua del Alcor, tn. , Spain, prov. Seville, 6 m. NE. 
 Alcada. P. < 5000. 
 
 Malrl Pass, strait, New Guinea. See Snan. 
 
 Malsemore, par., Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div. , 
 2 m. NNW. Gloucester, on r. bk. of the Severn, P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Slalsey Hampton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester 
 div. , 6J m. W. by N. Lechlade, 2^ m. W. Fairford stn. , P. O. 
 ^Meyseyhampton). P. <5oo. 
 
 Malsl, or Maysl, cape, at the E. end of Cuba, with lighthouse, 
 visible 17 m. , in 20° 15' N. , 74° 10' W. 
 
 Ulalson Carrie, vil., Africa, Algeria, arr. and 7 m. SE. 
 Algiers, on r. bk. of the Harrash. P. < 3000. 
 
 Malsons Alfort, vil. , France, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, 2 m. 
 SE. Charenton-le-Pont, on the Marne R., with celebrated 
 veterinary school founded in 1766. P. 6800. 
 
 Malsons Laffltte (or sar Seine), tn., France, dep. Seine-et- 
 Oise, arr. Versailles, 4 m. NE. St. German-en-Laye, on 1. bk. 
 •of the Seine. P. < 5000. 
 
 Malsnr, India. See Mysore. 
 
 Maltland, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Hants co., on Cobe- 
 •quid Bay, 44 m. N. Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Maltland, ct. vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. and 13 m. from 
 Yarmouth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Maltland, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Grenville, on St. 
 Lawrence R. , 5 m. by rail E. Brockville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Maltland, riv., Canada, Ontario, Huron co., flows W. into 
 Lake Huron. 
 
 Maltland, vil.. Cape Colony, Cape dist. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Maltland, tn. (including the two municips. of East and West 
 M.), New South Wales, Northumberland co., 13 ni. NW. New- 
 castle. P. 10,200 (East M. P. <3ooo; West M. P. 7300). 
 
 Maltland, tn. , S. Australia, Fergusson co., 65 m. NW. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 946 
 
 Main, or Malivo, isl. , New Hebrides. See Aurora. 
 Mnlva, dist. , S. ct. Brit. New Guinea, in 146° 2o'-35' E. 
 Malwand, scene of a defeat of the British by Ayub Khan, 
 July 27, 1880, 35 m. W. by N. Kandahar, Afghanistan. 
 
 Malyapa, hay, Portuguese E. Africa, mainly to the N. of ii°S. 
 Malzarn, seapt. and naval depot, Japan, 32 m. NW. Kyoto; 
 the best harbour of Japanese Sea, in the isl. of Honshiu. 
 Majanga, tn. , Madagascar. See Mojanga. 
 Majano, vil., Italy, prov. Udine, dist. B'riuli. P. 5000. 
 Majary, ruins of a tn. , Russia, N. Caucasia, govt. Stavropol, 
 82 m. NE. of Pyatigorsk, at junction of Kuma and Buivola. 
 Big Tartar towns in 8th century. 
 Majdanpek, Servia. See Maldaupek. 
 Majella, La. See Apennines, D. 
 Majensis, tn. , Austria. See Meran. 
 
 Maj^r, comm., Hungary, co. Besztercze-Naszod, dist. 0- 
 Radna, with mineral springs. P. < 3000. 
 
 Majes, Camana, or Colca, Rio, riv., S. America, Peru, dep. 
 Arequipa, rises in the Nudo (mountain-knot) of Vincocaya, in 
 about 15° 41' S., flows SW. to its mouth, in 16° 38' S. Length 
 about 250 m. 
 
 Majbanll-S&llmpnr, two adjacent vils. , Brit. India, NW. 
 Provs. , dist. Gorakhpur, on Little Gandak R. , 90 m. NE. 
 Benares ; considered as forming one town. P. (tn. ) 6700. 
 
 MaJltblA, or Majitba (census), municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, 
 dist. and 15 m. NE. by N. Amritsar. P. 6400; Hindus, 2100; 
 Sikhs, 1200 ; Moham. 3100. 
 
 Majorca, Spanish Mallorca, the ancient Balearis major, 
 the largest of the Balearic Is. (38 m. long, 34 m. wide), 100 m. 
 from Spain, and 150 m. from Algeria. K sierra dist. lies along 
 the NW. (3000 ft. med. alt.; Puig de Torellas, 1445 ft.), very 
 steep seawards, gently sloping to central plains (of 160 ft. med. 
 alt.), which occupy the whole island, with occasional heights 
 (puigs), and another hilly spot to the E. extremity (Puig Ferrutx, 
 1764 ft.). More than half of M. is drained NE. to the bay of 
 Alcndla ; the other half, SW. and S. , to the bays of Palms 
 and Campos. The central plain, protected from the N. , is very 
 temperate, seldom less than 44° F., never more than 90°. Very 
 healthy, except in the marshy dist. of Alcudia. The N. sierra 
 is well wooded, and is said still to contain the wild moufflon. 
 The agriculttiral products are those of the Mediterranean 
 region. Lands are very well cultivated (.-^rab irrigation works, 
 acequias), and very fertile {marjales of Puebla, Albufera of Al- 
 cudia, Soller valley). Salt (Cape Salinas, Cabrera I.) and coral 
 are produced, and there is some manufacturing industries (shoes, 
 cloths exported). Palma, the cap., is connected by rail with 
 Inca, Puebla, Manacor. M. is the native place of some of the 
 initiators of modern navigation and geographical discovery 
 (Ramon Lull, Jacques Ferrer, Valsequa). Area, 1352 sq. m. 
 P. (1887) 249,000. [J. B. R.] 
 
 Majorca, tp., Victoria, Talbot co., 36 m. SW. Sandhurst; 
 has gold-mining. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Majorl, tn., fishing and coasting port, Italy, Campania, 
 prov. Salerno, on the Gulf of Salerno, 2^ m. ENE. Amalfi. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Major's Creek, post-tn.. New South Wales, co. St. Vincent, 
 198 m. by rail and road S. Sydney. 
 
 Majsa, comm., Hungary, co. Tolna, dist. Dombovdr. P. < 
 4000. See also Kls>Kun-MaJsa. 
 
 Majn'ba HUl, a few miles S. of Charlestown, in the N. angle 
 -of Natal ; scene of a defeat of the British by Transvaal Boers, 
 Feb. 27, 1881. 
 Majnnga, tn. , Madagascar. See Mojauga. 
 Majnro, isl. , Oceania. See Me<llnro. 
 
 Maka, French post, Africa, on 1. bk. of the Senegal, 16 m. 
 NNE. St. Louis. 
 
 Makabana, vil., French Congo Terr., on 1. bk. of the Kwilu, 
 in 3° 30' S., 12° 4S' E. .A. French station, Frauktown, was 
 founded here in 1884. 
 
 Makaberab, tribe, Africa, Upper Nubia, E. of the conflu- 
 ence of the Atbara and Nile, believed by Schweinfurth to be the 
 Macrobii of antiquity. 
 
 . Makaka, tn., W.' Africa, French Congo Terr., 94 m. NW. 
 Leopoldville. 
 
 Makakomo, or Makokomo, isl., Africa, in SE. of Lake 
 Tanganvika, opposite Kirando Bay. 
 
 Makalak'as, S. African tribe, peaceful and industrious, sub- j 
 dued by the Matabili, and now dispersed through Matabili-land | 
 (ciiieflv the S.) and Bechuana-land. 
 Makale, tn., Abyssinia, Tigre, 150 m. ENE. Gondar. 
 Makalla, or Macnllah, seapt. tn. and fort, on the S. ct. of 
 Arabia, cap. Mahrah state, in 49° 12' E. , chief port of Hadramut, 
 with well-shehered anchorage. After Aden, it is the chief place 
 of commerce in this part of Arabia. 
 
 Makalolo. See Makololo. ^ 
 
 Makalonga Point, cape, Portuguese E. Africa, in 17 S. 
 Makaln, mt., India. . See HlmAlayas. 
 Makanima, vil. , W. Africa, Congo Free State, dist. Banana, 
 near the coast, in 5° 47' S. 
 
 Hakandlambngn, fort, W. Africa. See KIta. 
 
M A K A — M A L A 
 
 Makanga, dist. , S. Africa, on 1. bk. of the Zambezi ; cele- 
 brated for its metalliferous beds. 
 Makangwara, tribe, Africa. See SIagivang>vara. 
 Makaiijira, vil. , Nyassa-land, on the E. side of Lake Nyassa, 
 
 in 13° 43' S. 
 
 Makaretn, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., co. Waipawa, 
 104 m. from Napier. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Makarl, or Kotoko, people, Africa, Sudan, Bornu, S. of 
 Lake Chad. 
 
 Makarlev, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 61 m. ESE. of Nizhni 
 Novgorod, on 1. bk. of Volga. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Makarlev-OM-Unzha, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 124 m. 
 ENE. of Kostroma. P. 5870. 
 
 Makarlkari, large salt-lake or marshy depression, Africa, 
 NE. Kalahari, communicating by the Botletle or Zuga with 
 Lake Ngami. Depth, 12 to 16 ft. ; length, 135 to 175 m. ; 
 breadth, 95 to no m. See Znga. 
 
 Makarovo, vil., Russia, govt. Voronezh, 27 m. from Novo- 
 khopersk. P. 6500. 
 
 DIakarska, or JMacarsca, comm. , small seapt. , and fishing- 
 tn., Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on the coast, 32 m. SE. by 
 E. Spalato. P. < 2000. 
 
 Makata, riv. , equatorial Africa, r. bk. trib. of Mukondokwa 
 or Wami. 
 
 IMakatoko, or Makotaku, post-tn.. New Zealand, North L, 
 CO. Waipawa, in 40° 5' S. , 176 14' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 DIakdisku, tn. , E. Africa. See Mogdlsha. 
 
 Hakenio, Maemo, or Philip, one of the Tuamotu Is. 
 
 Maker, par., Eng., Cornwall, Bodmin div., on the W. side 
 of Plymouth Sound, opposite Plymouth. P. <35oo; eccles. 
 par. (M. with Cremyll) P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Makerston, par., Scot., Roxburghshire, on the Tweed, 4 m. 
 SW. Kelso, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Makestos, riv. , Asia Minor. See Snsiirln-clial. 
 
 Haketn, post-tn., New Zealand, North L, on the coast 
 of CO. Tauranga, about the middle of the Bay of Plenty. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 Makhadet Abftrah, site, Palestine, Bethabara in the N. T., 
 32° 32' N., 35° 33' E., 1. bk. of the Jordan, 17^ m. S. Tiberias. 
 
 Makhaleiig, riv. See Koruet Spruit. 
 
 Makhll, Maghlla, or M'ghll, ancient Berber tribe, Africa, 
 Atlas region, probably the Machlyes of Herodotus. 
 
 Makhliita, Bulgaria. Same as Mahalata. 
 
 Naklklhl, post-tn., New Zealand, South L, co. Waimate, 
 19 m. from Timaru. 
 
 Makkak, Danish settlement, W. ct. Greenland, 30 m. NE. 
 Godhavn, with thin seams of coal. 
 
 Makkedah, place named in O. T. See El Niighar. 
 
 Hakkiim, tn. , Holland, prov. Friesland, on the W. ct., 
 19 m. SVV^. by W. Leeuwarden. P. (comm. )<30oo. 
 
 Maklatsl, telegraph stn. of the Brit. S. Africa Co. , Bechuana- 
 land, on the Maklntsl R. (which flows E. into the Limpopo), 
 in about 22° S. , 284° E. 
 
 Makniel, Jebel. See Lebanon. 
 
 9Iak<i, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, cap. co. Csanad, on 
 the Maros, 15 m. E. Szegedin. It is protected against the 
 inundations of the Maros by a dike. P. (1850) 22,400; (1869) 
 27,400 ; (1890) 32,700. 
 
 Hakokomo, isl. , Africa. See Makakomo. 
 
 nakolulo, a S. African empire which formerly existed in the 
 upper part of the Zambezi basin, and attained the height of its 
 power in the second quarter of the 19th century. It was 
 founded by Basutos under Sebitwane, who incorporated with 
 his army the young men of all the tribes he conquered. After 
 the death of Sebitwane it rapidly declined, and it came to an 
 end after the death of his son Sekeletu in 1864. 
 
 nakonde, a region in Ger. E. Africa, near the coast, to the 
 N. of the lower part of the riv. Rovuma, occupied by a tribe of 
 the same name. 
 
 Makorl, post-stn. , Brit. S. Africa, Matabili-land, in 19° 38' 
 29" S., 30° 58' 30" E. Alt. 4200 ft. (Swan, ab.). 
 
 Makotnku, New Zealand. See Makatoko. 
 
 Makr^l, cap. of M. native state. Central India, 88 m. SE. by 
 E. Indore, situated round a hill fort. 
 
 Makran, Persia and Baluchistan. See DIekran. 
 
 Makrdna, tn. , India, Rajputana, Jodhpur, 65 m. W. by N. 
 Jaipur, with quarries of fine marble, which supplied the building 
 material for the Taj Mahal, Agra, &c. 
 
 Makrl, seapt. tn. , Asia Minor, S. ct. , at the head of the Gulf 
 of M., vilayet Smyrna, sanjak Menteshe, 50 m. E. by N. 
 Rhodes, on the site of the ancient Telmessos; deposits of chrome 
 ore mined near. P. only 1500, a large number of inhabitants 
 having left after earthquake of 1856, and in 1885 after a fire ; 
 removed to Levissi. (Cuinet.) 
 
 Makrl, or Makry, Turkey in Europe. See Mlrl. 
 MakronSslon (makronisi), the ancient Helena, isl., Greece, 
 off the E. ct. of Attica, 3 m. E. Cape Colonna. Length, 10 m. ; 
 breadth, 2 m. 
 
 Hakrynltsa, tn., Greece, prov. Larissa, 4 m. NE. Volos. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 maksnra, supposed to be the ancient Thehea, vil., Turkey 
 in Asia, prov. and 25 m. ENE. Damascus. 
 
 Makter, the ancient Colonia j/Elia Aurelia Mactaris, ruined 
 Roman tn., Africa, Tunis, 50 m. ESE. Kef. 
 
 Makn, tn. and fort, Persia, prov. Azerbaijan, 132 m. NW. 
 Tabriz, 27 m. SE. Bayazid, in a very narrow valley ; the houses 
 are built almost one on the other on the mountain side. At the 
 top is a palace that the rocks cover like a hood. 
 
 Makua, riv., Africa. See IJbanggl. 
 
 Haknas, large tribe, SE. Africa, inhabiting the maritime 
 region N. and E. of the Lukuga, between about 13° and 17^° S. 
 See Proc. R. G. S. , 1880, pp. 340-41 ; 1882, pp. 193, 196 ; 
 1885, p. 437. 
 
 Maknla, dist., Africa, flat on the E. , and gradually rising on 
 the W. , N. of Lake Nyassa, of admirable fertility. 
 
 Maknlla, vil. , Africa. See Mnknlla. 
 
 MAkAm, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Lakhimpur, 43 m. 
 ESE. Dibrugarh, with which it is connected by rail ; centre of a 
 coalfield. 
 
 Hakung, tn. and port, China, cap. and on the W. ct. of the 
 principal island of the Pescadores, W. of Formosa, in 23° 33' 
 N., 119° 30' E. ; the port varies in depth from 25 to 50 ft. 
 Length, 4 m. ; average breadth, i m. 
 
 Maklkrtl, peak in Kiinda Range, Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 Nilgiri Hills, in 11° 22' N. , 76° 34' E. Alt. 8403 ft. 
 
 Slaknshlu, volcanic peak. See Ilnalaska. 
 
 Hakata, negro kgd. , Africa, in the Congo Free State, Cata- 
 racts and Stanley Pool dists. , cap. Banza Makuta. 
 
 Bfakwamba, another name of the Amatonga, S. Africa. 
 
 Makwas, people, Africa. Same as Maknas. 
 
 Makyau, isl., Eastern Archipelago, one of the Molucca Is., 
 W. of Halmah^ra I., and S. of Tidore. 
 
 Mala, riv. , Peru, prov. Lima, enters the Pacific Ocean 50 m. 
 SSE. Lima. 
 
 Mala, vil. , Peru, dep. and 53 m. SE. Lima. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mala, one of the Solomon Is. , usually called Malalta. 
 
 Malabar, name applied from an early period to the maritime 
 dists. in the SW. of India. The first two syllables of the name 
 are from a Sanskrit root meaning ' mountain ; ' the last syllable 
 is referred by some to the Sanskrit vara, ' region,' by others to 
 the Persian termination met with in Zanzibar. The name is now 
 that of the southern of the two western maritime dists. of the 
 British Presidency of Madras lying to the W. of the Nllgiri Hills 
 and Coimbatore, but including also the outlying town of Cochin 
 to the S. Cap. Calicut. See Madras, table. 
 
 Malabar Point, cape, Brit. India, at the SW. end of 
 Bombay I. 
 
 Malabrlgo ('bad shelter'), creek, S. America, Peru, dep. 
 Libertad, in 7° 43' S. , shallow and dangerous. 
 
 Malacatos, vil., S. America, Ecuador, prov. and 12 m. SW. 
 Loja. 
 
 Malacca, seapt., Spain. See Malaga. 
 
 Malacca, tn. , Straits Settlements, on the Strait of Malacca, 
 and at the mouth of the Malacca R. , in 2° 11' N. As early as the 
 8th century its port was frequented by Arab and Persian mer- 
 chants. The ruins of a famous church, erected by Albuquerque, 
 and the remains of Portuguese and Dutch forts, occupy several 
 heights around the town. It is said to have been founded in 
 1252, was taken by the Portuguese in 1511, by the Dutch in 
 1641, and by the English in 1795. It was again held by the 
 Dutch from 1818 to 1825, when, with its territory, they exchanged 
 it with the British for Benkulen in Sumatra. The settlement, 
 previously a dependency of the Bengal Presidency, was sepa- 
 rated therefrom in 1851. Mean temp. (2 yrs., 1885-86), yr. 
 82.1° F. , Jan. 81.7°, July 82.4°. Population consists of Malays 
 and Chinese, a race of these people being intermixed with 
 descendants of the early Portuguese, Arab, and Hindu settlers. 
 
 Malacca, Strait of, channel between the Malay Penin. and 
 Sumatra, dividing in the SE. into two arms, the E. and the S. 
 Navigation is difficult, on account of the currents. Length, 500 
 m.; greatest breadth, in N., 185 m. ; narrowest breadth, 35 m. 
 
 Malaczka, comm., Hungary, co. and 22 m. NNW. Press- 
 burg (Pozsony). P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Malad, vil., U.S., Idaho, cap. Oneida co., on Malad R., 
 25 m. W. by N. Franklin (Utah). P. < 1500. 
 
 Maladetta, in French Monts Maudits, the group or range 
 of mts. in the central Pyrenees to the S. of the valley of Aran, 
 composed of wild and precipitous granite peaks without alpine 
 pastures (whence the name), and containing the highest Pyrenean 
 summit, the Pic de Nethou (11,170 ft.), at the angle where the 
 Franco-Spanish frontier turns N. on the W. of the valley of 
 Aran. The name is sometimes restricted to one of the secon- 
 dary summits of this range, with an alt. of 10,865 ft. 
 
 Malaga, tn., Colombia, Santander, 170 m. NE. by N. 
 Bogota, with ferruginous thermal springs. P. (with dist. ) 7500. 
 
 Malaga, prov., extending along the S. ct. of Spain from 3° 
 50' to 5° 14' W. ; cap. M. Surface to a large extent covered 
 with picturesque mountains — in the W. the Sierra de Tolox, 
 whence radiate the Sierra de Ronda, Sierra Bermeja, and Sierra 
 de Mijas, in the E. the Sierra de Abdalajis, and on the frontier 
 
 947 
 
MALA — MALA 
 
 m 
 
 of prov. Granada the Sierras de Alhama and Almijara. Between 
 the eastern mountains and the coast is a hilly region known as 
 the Axarquia, composed of nummilitic and other Tertiary Ume- 
 stones, largely covered with maquis (evergreen shrubs). Chief 
 river the Guadalhorce, whose valley is ascended by the only 
 railway across the mountains, proceeding N. to C<5rdoba, with 
 a branch on the N, of the mountains running E. from Bobadilla 
 by Antequera to Granada. A high-road along the coast from 
 the town of M. to Gibraltar is in progress. The principal pro- 
 ducts are southern fruits, above all, oranges and grapes, besides 
 wine. Cotton and sugar-cane are also g^own, though the culti- 
 vation of the latter has declined since Spanish sugar ceased to 
 be protected by customs duties against that of the Spanish 
 colonies. In the mountains are numerous deposits of iron ore, 
 lead, copper, graphite, and other minerals ; but the defectiveness 
 of the communications is an obstacle to their working, and the 
 only mines of importance are those of iron near Marbella and 
 Estepona, in the W. of the prov. There are sulphurous and 
 other mineral springs at Alora, Alhaurin Grande, Carracatra, 
 and Alhama. See Spain, table. 
 
 Malaga, the ancient Malacca, seapt. , S. Spain, cap. prov, 
 M. , 65 m. NE. by E. Gibraltar. It is an ancient town, built 
 in the form of an amphitheatre, near the foot of a mountain 
 range, commanded by an old castle perched on a pointed rock, 
 and called the Gibralfaro. The Alcazaba, or citadel, is a relic 
 of the Moors. The almost modern cathedral is in Renaissance 
 style. The streets generally are narrow and winding. The 
 climate is magnificent, and the place is rapidly rising as a health 
 resort. Principal manufactures, cigars, soap, and fabrics. M. 
 has also iron-foundries, flour-mills, and sugar factories, and a 
 large export trade in the finest wines, besides southern fruits, 
 olive oil, and lead from the mines of Linares. The port has a 
 depth at entrance and inside of 17-19 ft. There are no docks, 
 but harbour works are in progress. M. is said to have been 
 founded by Phoenicians. It afterwards passed into the hands of 
 the Carthaginians, Romans, and Arabs (Moors), from the last of 
 whom it was retaken by Ferdinand of Aragon, after a three 
 months' siege, in 1487. In December 1884 and January 1885 it 
 suffered considerably from earthquakes. Mean temp., yr. 66.9° 
 F,, Jan. 54.0°, Aug. 81.3°. P. (1877) 116,000; (1887) 134,000. 
 
 Malagarazl, riv., Africa, the most important affluent of Lake 
 Tanganyika, which it enters in 5° 15' S. It is composed of 
 three branches, which drain an immense extent E. of the lake. 
 Its source is near that of the Lohugati, in 2° 40' S. ; it receives 
 from the E. the Gombe, and from the S. the Sindi or Ugalla; 
 at its sources and those of its affluents it almost touches rivers 
 flowing to the Mediterranean and Indian Oceans, while its own 
 waters, by the Lukuga and Congo, flow towards the Atlantic. 
 Rapids stop navigation about 8 m. above its mouth. Breadth 
 of mouth about 1800 ft. 
 
 Malagas, vil., Cape Colony, div. and 17 m. SSE. Swellen- 
 dam. P. < 1500. 
 
 Malagash (or Malagnash) Point, cape, Canada, Nova 
 Scotia, on the N. ct., in 63° 13' W. See Lunenburg. 
 
 Malaga'n'atcli, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Inver- 
 ness, 29 m. from Port Hawkesbury. P. < 1500. 
 
 Malagdn, tn., Spain, prov. and 14 m. NNE. Ciudad Real. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Malagon, riv., Spain, prov. Huelva, rises on the SW. of the 
 Sierra de Aracena, and flows SW. to the Chanza, which it joins 
 a few miles above its influx into the Guadiana. 
 
 Malagna««li, tn. , Nova Scotia. See Lunenburg. 
 
 Malahide, par. and tn., Ire., E. ct. co. Dublin, bar. Coolock, 
 
 9 m, NNE. Dublin, on the Dublin and Drogheda Rly.; has 
 oyster fisheries; summer resort. PMT.O, Par. P. < 1500; 
 tn. P. <:750. 
 
 Malalta, or Malanta, formerly called by the Spaniards also 
 Kamos, one of the Solomon Is., SE. Isabel I., fi-om which it is 
 separated by the Indispensable Strait, crossed in the middle 
 by 9° S. , 161° E. Area, 2395 sq. m. 
 
 Malakand Pass, a pass leading across a mountain range in 
 Swat, 40 m. NE. by N. PeshAwar. 
 
 MalakofT, vil., Africa, Algeria, prov. Algiers, arr. and 9 m. 
 SW. Orl^ansville, on the Isly, at its outlet into the Shelif valley. 
 
 MalakoflT, vil., France, dep. Seine, arr. and 3 m. N. Sceaux, 
 an exterior suburb of Paris, near its fortifications. P. 8900. 
 
 Malamorco, tn., Italy, prov. and 7 m. S. Venice, on Mala- 
 mocco I,, one of those separating the Venice lagoon from the 
 Adriatic. P. <2ooo. See Venice. 
 
 Malang, tn. , Java, 55 m. S. by W, Surabaya. 
 
 Halangarb, hill fortress, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Thdna, 
 
 10 m. S. Kalyan ; known also as the Cathedral Rock. From 
 the tableland at base the ascent to the lower fort, 300 ft. above 
 the plateau, is by an almost p)erp)endicular rock-hewn staircase. 
 To the upper fort is a further p)erp)endicular ascent of 200 ft. 
 
 MalangenQord, inlet, NW. Norway, divided into three 
 arms, the Nordfjord, Sorljord, and Malsfjord, mouth in 69° 35' 
 N. . 18° E. 
 
 Malans, vil., Switzd., cant, Grisons, 4J m. ESE, Ragatz, 
 near the r, bk, of the Rhine. P. <2000, 
 948 
 
 Malansac, vil., France, dep. Morbihan, arr. Vannes, 28 m. 
 N. St. Nazaire, 10 m. W. by N. Redon. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Malanta, isl. See Malalta. 
 
 Malaiizlic, Portuguese spelling Malanje, sometimes spelt 
 also Malange, tn., Portuguese W. Africa, 220 m. E. by S, 
 Loanda, in 9° 30' S. , 16° 20' E. ; defended by a rampart; con. 
 tains a Portuguese garrison. Berlin and Trappist missions, 
 Alt. 3800 ft. 
 
 Malapane, riv. , in the SE. of Prussian Silesia, flows W, by 
 N. into the Oder, which it enters a few miles below Opjjeln ; not 
 navigable, but used in its lower half for floating timber. 
 
 Mala Pascna, cape, isl. of Porto Rico, in the SE,, in 65° 
 45' W. 
 
 Malapnrani, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Malabar, 30 m. 
 SE. Calicut, P. (1881) 6500. 
 
 Malar (or Mtelar) Lake, an extensive lake of E. Sweden, 
 stretching inland from the Baltic for about 70 m., surrounded 
 by the provs. Stockholm, Upsala, Vesteris, and Nykjoping, 
 Breadth, 2-23 m. ; area, 472 sq. m. It contains 1300 islantfi. 
 It has deep and clear water, and at its E. end receives the riv. 
 Arboga, by which, and a canal, it is connected to the south- 
 ward with Lake Hjelmar, Stockholm is situated on both sides 
 of the strait connecting it with the Baltic. 
 
 Malasplna, glacier, bordering the Pacific coast of Alaska for 
 more than 60 m. to the W. of Yakutat Bay, E. end in 140° 10' 
 W, Side moraines of 6 m. in width border the glacier, and 
 are connected by broad middle moraines with various mountain 
 spurs, 
 
 Malatla, the Alelitena of the Romans, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, 87 
 m. WNW. Diarbekir, vilayet Mamuret-el-Aziz, cap. M, sanjak. 
 The neighbourhood produces opium of very fine quality, but is 
 unhealthy in summer, in consequence of the inundation of the 
 fields for irrigation, on which account most of the inhabitants 
 have withdrawn permanently to Azbuzu (formerly a simimer 
 resort) about 4 m. S. Important deposits of copper near. Alt. 
 2600 ft. P. 30,000 ; Moham. 16,000 ; Armenians, 3000 (of whom 
 2000 Gregorian) ; Kurds, 4400. (Cuinet.) 
 
 Malaucene, tn. , France, dep. Vaucluse, arr, and 17 m. E, 
 by N. Orange, with a church mainly built by Pope Clement V.; 
 has a carbonated ferruginous spring. P. < 2000. 
 
 MaUnn, hill fort, India, Punjab, Hindiir state, on the crest 
 of a ridge, 30 yards wide, rising from the 1. bk. of the Sutlej, 
 sloping rapidly some 2000 ft. on either side. Alt. 4450 ft. 
 
 Malay (or Eastern) Arcblpelago, or Malaysia, names 
 given by modern geographers to a great div. of the globe, 
 extending from the N. point of Formosa, in 25° N, to 12° S., 
 and from 93° to 105° E., bounded N. by the N. Pacific Ocean, 
 W, by the Indian Ocean, Strait of Malacca, Chinese Sea, and 
 along the parallel of 25° N. , the S. boundary being the 
 parallel of 12° S. It comprises the Sunda Is. , Borneo, Celebes, 
 Moluccas, Philippines, &c,; chiefly inhabited by the Malay 
 race. This vast island-world extends in a general direction 
 from NE, to SW,, the largest islands being nearest the con- 
 tinent of Asia, It belongs to the greatest volcanic region of 
 the world, which stretches in the form of a quadrant from the 
 island of Cheduba, through the Andaman and Nicobar Is,, 
 Sumatra, Java, the Sunda Isles, and Banda. From the W. 
 side of Formosa, one volcanic belt passes through the Philip- 
 pines, on the meridian of 120°, and the SW, point of Celebes, 
 to Flores ; and another, more easterly, through Mindanao to 
 the NW. of New Guinea. On the S. this belt extends to 
 New Zealand, and on the N. to Kamchatka. The volcanic 
 mountains are mostly of trachyte ; basalt and granite occur in 
 Java, and obsidian in Bali ; the chalk and tertiary formations 
 are widely extended. The volcanic peaks of the archipelago 
 rise at once from the level of the sea, so that their relative and 
 absolute heights are the same. The islands belong mainly to 
 the Dutch, but the N. & NW. of Borneo are British, the 
 Phihppine Is., with Palawan and the Sulu Is., belong to Spain, 
 and a portion of Timor is Portuguese, , 
 
 Malay Peninsula, the most southerly portion of continental ■ 
 Asia, and of its great SE. penin. of Further India, mostly ' 
 between 1° and 13° N. , 98° and 104° E., connected northward ; 
 to upper Siam by the Isthmus of Kra, and having E. the Gulf ■ 
 of Siam and the China Sea, S. and W, the Strait of Malacca. \ 
 Malaya proper, or Malacca, extends from 1° 20' to 5° N, The ;, 
 country, as far as 5^° N, on the W, ct., 4° N. on the E. ct., com- 
 prising the states of Lakon, Keda, Kalantan, Tringano, &C., 
 is claimed by Siam, S. of which it is wholly under British 
 influence, the terr. either belonging to the Straits Settlements 
 \q.v. ), or being subdivided among native states under British pro- 
 tection or in alliance with the British. In 1874 British residents 
 were appointed to Perak and Selangor, in 1885 to Sungei Ujong 
 and Jelebu, in 1888 to Pahang (on the E. ct.), in 1889 to the 
 confederation known as Negri Sembilan, and in 1887 the sultan 
 of Johor (the southernmost state) placed his foreign relations 
 under British control. The M. P. is traversed throughout by a 
 mountain chain rising from 2-4000 ft. in height, but decreas- 
 ing on proceeding to the S., where it dies out in the N, of Johor. 
 This range now forms the richest tin-mining region in the world 
 
M A L A — M A L I 
 
 (at present producing about half the world's produce of tin), 
 the most of it being mined in Perak and Sungei Ujong. Pahang 
 also produces gold. Surface well watered, and fine timber, 
 with bamboos, areca palms, sago, gutta percha, and an abun- 
 dance of valuable resins, gums, drugs, with nutmegs, cloves, 
 cinnamon, tobacco, coffee, pepper, tea, indigo, are produced. 
 Rice and other grains are not raised in sufficient quantity for 
 the home demand, and are imported from Bengal and Sumatra. 
 The population consists principally of Siamese and Malays, but 
 the natives are being ousted in trade and industry by Chinese 
 and Klings, Chinese supplying all or nearly all the labourers in 
 the mines and the coffee, tea, nutmeg, pepper, and tapioca 
 plantations which have been started by Europeans. At present 
 there are only a few short railways connecting the capitals or 
 chief mining centres of the more important states with the 
 nearest seaports, but a trunk road and railway through the 
 British part of the penin. are about to be constructed. Total 
 area about 45,000 sq. m. See Straits Settlements and the 
 , articles on the separate states. 
 
 , Malays, branch of the Mongolic division of the human race. 
 , The term is used (i) in a broad general sense, and (2) in a more 
 I special sense, (i) The M. race includes all the tribes of the 
 i East Indies, except those of Papuan and Negrito blood, those of 
 I the Malay Penin. S. of 8° or 9° N. lat. , the Hovas of Madagascar, 
 the Polynesians of the Pacific, from New Zealand to Hawaii, and 
 from Easter I. to Sumatra, certain of the races in the Philip- 
 pines and in Formosa, and some of the Melanesian tribes. (2) 
 The Malays proper include the Malays of Malacca and Sumatra, 
 the ancient houses of the M. race, the Battak of Sumatra, the 
 Javanese and Sundanese of Java, the Dayak of Borneo, the 
 Macassars, Buginese, and Alfures (not pure) of Celebes, and the 
 Tagals and others of the Philippines and Formosa. The M. 
 are typically short of stature, have straight black hair, high 
 cheek bones, and oblique eyes ; their skin is some shade of 
 light brown, their head measurement mesocephalic to brachy- 
 cephalic. The Battak, Macassars, Buginese, and some others 
 show a modification of type approaching to the Indo-European. 
 The M. have for centuries been keen traders, and bold and 
 skilful navigators, and make clever craftsmen inweaving, carving, 
 turning, goldsmiths' work, iron-work, the manufacture of arms, 
 leather, and boats [jwakus). Their houses are generally built of 
 bamboo, raised on piles. The M. language is employed as the 
 lingua franca of the East Indies. [J. T. B.] 
 
 Malaysia. See Malay Archipelago. 
 
 Halayta, one of the Solomon Is. See Malalta. 
 
 Malbale Klver, riv. , Canada, Quebec, Charlevoix co. , flows 
 N. , E. , and finally SE. into the riv. St. Lawrence at Murray Bay, 
 in 70° 10' W. 
 
 Mai Bay, Canada, Quebec, on the E. ct. of Gaspe Co., Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence, in 48° 3o'-37' N. 
 
 Mai Bay, Ire., W. ct. co. Clare, with a coastguard station, 
 lat. 52° 50' N. 
 
 Malborough, par., Eng. , Devonshire, Totnes div. , 13 m. 
 SW. Dartmouth, 2\ m. NNW. Bolt Head, P.O.; 5091 ac. P. 
 <25oo; eccles. par. (M. M-lth S. Hnlsb) P. <iooo. 
 
 Malbosc, vil. , France, dep. Ardeche, arr. Largentiere, 5 m. 
 SSW. Vans, with antimony mine. P. <20oo. 
 
 Malca, ruins, S. America, Peru, dep. Amazonas, in 6° 25' S., 
 and about 78° W. , apparently previous to the Incas. 
 
 Malcliln, tn., Ger. , Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle M. , 29 m. 
 NW. by N. Neu-Strelitz, with railway workshops. P. 7300. 
 
 Malchow, tn. , Ger. , gd. -duchy Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle 
 Waren, 27 m. W. Stettin. P. <40oo. 
 
 Malcolm, isl. , Brit. Columbia, off NE. ct. of Vancouver I., 
 just S. of 50° 40' S. ; 15 m. long. 
 
 Malcolm's Head, cape, Scot., Shetland Is., in the SW. of 
 Fair Isle. 
 
 Maldah, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. M. , at the confluence 
 of the Kalindrf with the Mahanandd ; admirably situated for 
 traffic. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mal'degbem, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. 
 Eecloo, 9 m. E. Bruges. P. 9000. 
 
 Maiden, isl., in the S. Pacific, in 3° 59' S., 155° W. ; taken 
 possession of in the name of the Queen of Great Britain in 
 October 1864 ; active trade in guano. 
 
 Maiden, city, U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , 5 m. N. 
 Boston. P. (1880) 12,000; (1890)23,000. 
 
 Maiden, vil., U.S., West Virginia, Kanawha co., on the 
 Great Kanawha R. , 5 m. SSE. Charleston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Maiden, or Old Maiden, par. , Eng. , Surrey, Epsom div. , 
 15 m. SW. St. Paul's, London, 2 m. E. Exshott stn., PMT.O. 
 (Worcester Park). P. <7so ; eccles. par. (M. witli Ches- 
 slngton) P. < 1000. 
 
 Maiden, New, market-tn., i^ m. N. of Maiden, Kingston 
 div., close to Coombe (q.v.) and Maiden stn., on the L. & SW. 
 R. Market-day, S. P. < 3500. 
 
 Maldlve (or Maledlva, native name Mahaldib) Islands, 
 group of coral isls. , Indian Ocean, between 0° 42' S. and 7° 6' 
 ^•> 72° 33' and 73° 44' E. ; tributary to Ceylon, and governed 
 by a Sultan. Composed of 19 (for political purposes reckoned 
 
 as 13) atolls, divided into three principal groups, the N., 
 Central, and S. , by the large channels of Cardiva and ' a 
 Degree and a Half.' The total of separate islands is popularly, 
 but vaguely, reported to be 12,000 (of which probably more than 
 200 are inhabited). Amongst the atolls are good channels for 
 ships. The natives are expert navigators, and are largely 
 engaged in bonito fishery, that fish being the principal article 
 of food and commerce. Mall, or King's Island (length, i m. ; 
 breadth, % m.) is cap. of the group, and from it all the foreign 
 trade is conducted either by traders from Chittagong, Point-de- 
 Galle, the Malabar coast, or by the islanders themselves in their 
 own vessels. The trade is chiefly with Calcutta, and in bonito 
 fish (chief export), tortoise shell, coco-nuts, coir-yarn, cowrie 
 shells, and a kind of sweetmeat. Imports are rice, dates, salt, 
 leaf tobacco, areca nuts, and manufactured goods. The climate 
 is very unhealthy, the thermometer ranging from 7S°-85° F. in 
 the shade. P. of group vaguely estimated at 200,000. 
 
 Maldon, mun. bor. (since Henry II.), seapt. , and market-tn., 
 Eng. , Essex, M. div. , in the diocese of St. Albans, at junction 
 of the Chelmer and Blackwater, 9 m. E. Chelmsford, with stns. 
 (East M. and West M.) on branch of the G. E. R, Trade 
 in shipping and river-fishery ; salt and iron works. Many 
 Roman remains in the neighbourhood. M. returned two M.P.'s 
 till 1867, then one till 1885, when it was disfranchised. Market- 
 day, Tu. P. (1891) 5400; pari. div. P. 54,600. 
 
 Maldon, mining tn. , Victoria, Talbot co. , 20 m. SW. by S. 
 Sandhurst, at foot of Mount Tarrangower. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Maldona'do, seapt. and naval stn., Uruguay, on the Rio de 
 la Plata, cap. dep. M. , 67 m. E. Montevideo (which town it 
 supplies with limestone). Latitude of isl. of Gorriti, which 
 shelters its fine harbour, 34° 57' S. , 54° 58' W. 
 
 Male<llTa, is!, group, Indian Ocean. See Maldlve. 
 
 Malega, region, Congo Free State. See Trega. 
 
 MMcgdon, municip. and cantonment of subdiv. M., Brit. 
 Ipdia, Bombay, dist Ndsik, on Girna R., 64 m. NW. Auranga- 
 bad. Alt. 1430 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 76° F. , May 88°, Dec. 66° ; 
 rfall., yr. 24.7 in., June-Sept. 19.9 in. P. 15,500; Hindus, 
 5600; Moham. 9800; cantonment, 3800; Hindus, 2900. 
 
 Malemba, tn., Portuguese W. Africa, Kabinda, on the coast, 
 in 5° 22' S. 
 
 Maleo, tn., N. Italy, prov, Milan, 16 m. SE. Lodi. P. <3ooo. 
 
 M&ler Kotla, tn. , India, Punjab, cap. M. K. state, 30 m. 
 S. Ludhidna. P. 21,800; Hindus, 5000; Moham. 15,500; 
 Jains, 1200. Area of state, 162 sq. m. P. 75,800. 
 
 Maleslierbes, tn., France, dep. Loiret, on the borders of dep. 
 Seine-et-Marne, arr. Pithiviers, on the Essonne, 16 m. SW. by 
 W. Fontainebleau. P. < 2000. 
 
 Malestrolt, tn. , France, dep. Morbihan, 38 m. N. by W. St. 
 Nazaire, arr. and 9 m. S. Ploermel. P. <2O0O. 
 
 Maleron, mt. range, Greece, on E. of prov. Laconia, parallel 
 to and 10-12 m. from the Gulf of Nauplia ; highest peak Parnon, 
 
 6355 ft- 
 
 Male-fV, par., in S. of Isle of Man, containing Castletown ; has 
 a copper ore mine and umber and rottenstone quarry. Area, 
 12,865 ac. P. 4500. 
 
 Malfatano, €apo di, cape, on the S. ct. of Sardinia, 3 J m. 
 WNW. Cape Spartivento. 
 
 HalgamaJ, lake, Sweden, prov. or Ian Vesterbotten , an ex- 
 pansion of Angerman Elf. Length, 39 m.; breadth, 2 m. ; area, 
 58 sq. m. 
 
 Malgara, walled tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. (sanjak) Tekir- 
 dagh, 35 m. NNE. Gallipoli. 
 
 Malgln, salt-mine, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Kohdt, in 33° 20' 
 N., 71° 34' E.; the mineral is excavated from surface workings 
 extending over i m. 
 
 Malgrat, maritime tn., Spain, prov. Barcelona, dist. and 9 
 m. ENE. Arenys del Mar, at mouth of Tordera R. P. <:4000. 
 
 MftUtab, vil. , Palestine, Manahath in the O. T. , 31° 46' N. , 
 35° 11' E., 3 m. SW. by W. Jerusalem. 
 
 Malliam, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 on riv. Aire [q.v.), 19^ m. N. by E. Burnley, 5 m. E. Settle, 
 P.O.; 4282 ac. P. <:250. 
 
 Halliam Cove and Maltaam Tarn, Eng. See Aire, riv. 
 
 Malliam Moor, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 5 m. NE. 
 Settle ; 10,976 ac. P. <:250. 
 
 MalhSlo da Serra, mt. , Portugal. See Estrella, Serra da. 
 
 Malheur, co., U.S., in the SE. corner of Oregon, traversed 
 in the N. by the Malhenr R. (1. bk. trib. of Snake). 
 
 Malheur, Lake, lake with no outlet, U.S. , Oregon, in Harney 
 CO., in 43° 20' N. and 119° W. 
 
 Malheur River, U.S., Oregon, in the E. It is formed by 
 the union of three headwaters ('forks'), and then flows ENE. 
 to the Snake R. , which it joins on the 1. bk. a little to the N, 
 of 44° N. 
 
 Malheureux, Cap, cape, Mauritius, on the N. ct. 
 
 Malhou, isls. See Jomallg. 
 
 Mali, Servian, 'little.' 
 
 Mall, isl., Indian Ocean, cap. of the Maldive group {q.v.). 
 
 MaUa, Cape, Greece, in the extreme SE. of the Morea, m 23° 
 12' E. 
 
 949 
 
M A I. I — M A L M 
 
 MUlla, cap. M. state, India, Bombay, Kdthiawar Penin., 
 114 m. W. Ahmadabad, on the Machhu R., a little above its 
 mouth, in the Little Rann of Cutch. P. (i88i)<5ooo. 
 JHallcolo, isl.. New Hebrides. See JMalllkoUo. 
 Mallcome, vil. , France, dep. Sarthe, arr. and 9 m. N. La 
 Fleche, on the Sarthe, 19 m. SW. Le Mans. P. <20oo. 
 
 MalllKlbM, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. and 16 m. WNW. 
 Lucknow, with stn. on the Oudh and Rohilkhand Rly. P. 
 7400 ; Moham. 3800 ; Hindus, 3600. 
 
 Mallmba Island, isl., Ger. W. Africa, to the S. of the 
 estuary of the Kamerun R., having on the E. Kwakwa Creek, 
 and on the S. the Sannaga R., with which that creek com- 
 municates. 
 
 Malln, tn., Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. E. Inishowen, 11 m. 
 NW. Moville, 15 m. from Buncrana stn., on Trawbreaga Bay, 
 PMT.O. P.<25o. 
 Malln Bay, Ire., \V. ct. of co. Donegal, lat. 54° 40' N. 
 MLalln Beg, tnld., Ire., SW. ct. co. and 27 m. W. Donegal, 
 bar. Banagh, P.O. P. <25o. 
 Malln Bridge, P. O. , Eng. , Yorkshire, in W. of Sheffield bor. 
 Mallnclie, Sierra, isolated mt. chain of porphyry covered 
 with forests, Mexico, state Tlaxcala, stretching NNW. to SSE. 
 Length about 11 m. Alt. 13,515 ft. 
 
 Mallndl, Mellnde, or Melluda, seapt., Brit. E. Africa, in 
 3° 13' S., at the mouth of the Sabaki, PMT.O. 
 
 Mallnes, Flemish Mechelen, Ger. Mecbeln, city, Belgium, 
 prov. and 13 m. S. by E. Antwerp, cap. arr. , divided into two 
 portions by the Dyle. It is the central station for the railways 
 which traverse Belgium in all directions. Principal edifices, 
 the cathedral of St. Rombaud, with a steeple 320 ft. in height, 
 and containing the 'Last Supper,' by Rubens; church of the 
 Recollects, bishop's palace. M. is the see of the archbishop 
 primate of Belgium, the residence of a military commandant, 
 and has a diocesan college, a Roman Catholic university, an 
 academy of painting and architecture, and a society of fine 
 arts. It was formerly famous for its lace ; at present its chief 
 manufactures are shawls, ' gobelin ' tapestry, woollen stuffs, 
 tobacco, starch, and beer. In the 14th century its cloth manu- 
 factures employed more than 3000 workmen. It communicates 
 with Louvain by a canal navigable for vessels of 160 tons. P. 
 (1866) 35,500; (1890) 51,000. 
 
 Mallngde, vil., Congo Free State, in 2° 31' N., 28° 15' E. 
 Malln Head, cape. Ire., on the N. ct. of co. Donegal, in 7° 
 24' W. On its summit is a signal tower. 
 
 Mallnkl, people, Africa, W. Sudan, in the E. of French 
 Senegambia, belonging to the Mandingo race. 
 
 Malln More, tnld., Ire., SW. ct., co. and 26 m. W. by N. 
 Donegal, bar. Banagh, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Mallnmore, or Teelln Head, cape, Ire., on the W. ct. of 
 CO. Donegal, lat. 54° 42' N. 
 
 Mallns liee, eccles. par. , Eng. , Salop, on the L. & NW, R. 
 branch line to Coalport. P. <3000. 
 
 MalloTka, coal-mines and vil., Russia, govt, and 35 m. SE. 
 of Tula. 
 
 Maliwon, or Mallwnn, subdiv. of Mergui dist. , Tenasserim 
 div. , Lower Burma, including many of the islands of the Mergui 
 Archipelago. It contains deposits of tin, which have been 
 worked on a small scale by natives, and seem to give promise 
 of large returns if worked on a large scale under European 
 management. 
 
 Malj, Albanian, 'mount, mountains.' 
 
 Mallta, riv. , N. Caucasia, 1. bk. trib. of Terek ; rises under 
 the Elbrus, joins Terek ESE. of Pyatigorsk. Supposed to have 
 previously flown into Kuma and Caspian Sea. Mineral waters 
 at its sources. 
 Malkald, tn., India, Haidarabdd, 85 m. W. Haidarabdd. 
 Malk<lpnr, tn. and rly. stn., Brit. India, Berar, dist. 
 Buldini, on the Nilganga R. , here crossed by two bandhs or 
 dams. P. (1881) 8200. 
 
 Malkatto, vil., eastern Sudan, close to the ruins of the 
 ancient Adulis, 29 m. ESE. Massaua. 
 
 Mallacoota Harbour, fine deep natural harbour, almost in 
 the extreme E. of Victoria, Croajingolong co. , in 37° 31' S., 
 149° 45' E. Its mouth is at present obstructed by a bar of firm 
 permanent sand, on which there is 6 ft. of water at full, only 2 ft. 
 at ebb, tide. 
 
 Mallalg, P.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, on the coast, 8 m. E. 
 Point of Sleat. 
 
 Mallala, post-tn., S. Australia, Gawler co., 34 m. N. by W. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mallalanqnen, or Yllla Kica, lake, Chile, prov. Cautin, 
 in 39° 20' S. , the most northerly of the large lakes of the region, 
 drained by the Tolten R. Alt. 1650 ft. Area, 95 sq. m. 
 
 Mallangnr, fortified hill, India, state and 88 m. NE. 
 
 Haidarabdd, 690 ft. above the plain, and 1700 ft. above the sea. 
 
 MallAnwAn (Mallawan, census), tn., Brit. India, Oudh, 
 
 dist. Hardoi, 40 m. NNW. Cawnpur. P. 11,900; Hindus, 
 
 9500 ; Moham. 2300. 
 
 Mallaranny, stn.. Ire., co. Mayo, near Westport Quay, on 
 the M. G. W. R. 
 950 
 
 Mallardstotrn, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Kells, on 
 King's R., 2 m. SE. Callan. P. <25o. 
 Mallawl-el-Arlsta. See Melawl>el-Arlsh. 
 
 Malldraetb Bay, Wales, on the S. ct. of Anglesey, 6J ra. W.' 
 Carnarvon. 
 
 Malleco, prov. , Chile, crossed by38°S. and72°W. ; cap. AngoL 
 
 Malleray, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Bern, on the Birs, 11^ m. W. 
 by N. Solothurn. P. <:20oo. , 
 
 Mallerstang, par. , Eng. .Westmorland, near Kirkby Stepheni 
 8380 ac. P. <250. ^ 
 
 Mallee Scrub, dist. , Australia. See Tlctorla. 
 
 MallettH Bay, vil., U.S., Vermont, Chittenden co.. on 
 Malletts Bay, 5^ m. NNW. Burlington. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Malllgaon, small tn., India, Haidaribdd, Bidar dist., 200 m. 
 E. Poona, with an annual horse fair. 
 
 Malllgiak, Danish settlement, Greenland, in Disko I., at 
 mouth of Disko Fjord ; 10 m. distant is a warm spring, temp. 
 54-5° F. 
 
 Malllkollo, isl.. Pacific Ocean, New Hebrides, crossed in 
 the S. by 16° 30' S., 167° 30' E. , SE. Espiritu Santo. Length, 
 69 m. ; area, 875 sq. m. It is well watered and fertile, 
 but inhabited by a race apparently in the lowest state of bar- 
 barism. It has fine ranges of hills running principally N. and 
 S. and covered thickly with timber. Cook visited it. Port 
 Sandwich, on its E. side, is reported to be the finest harbour in 
 the New Hebrides. P. (1876) 10,000. Another island, 300 m. 
 N. (properly Manicollo), has sometimes received this name. 
 
 Mailing, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Kent, 
 Medway div.. East M. 4 m. W. Maidstone, with a stn.' 
 (Mailing) on the L. C. & D. R. East M., PMT.O., P.<.) 
 2500; West M. (market-tn.). PMT.O., P. <250o; eccles. par. 
 (East M. wltli Xew Hjrttae) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mailing, Sontb, par. . Eng. , Sussex, div. and opposite Lewes, 
 on the Ouse. P. <75o. 
 
 Mallniltz, comm., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Liegnitz, 
 circle and 4 m. W. Sprottau. P. <:3oco. 
 
 Mallorca, isl. , Spain. See Majorca. 
 
 Mallorytown, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Leeds, 138 m. 
 by rail SW. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mallow, par. and civic tn. (till 1885 a pari, bor.). Ire., N^ 
 CO. Cork, bars. Duhallow and Fermoy, 150J m. by rail SW;' 
 Dublin, on the N. side of the Blackwater, 18 m. NNW. Cork; 
 with a junction station on the G. S. & W. R. It is joined by 
 a bridge to the suburb of Ballydaheen (on the S. side of the 
 Blackwater), which forms part of the bor. Great monthly 
 cattle markets on the first "Tuesday of every month. Market-j 
 days (corn), Tu. and F. Par. 8820 ac, P. 5300 ; tn. P. 2500. 
 
 Mallnsk, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Templepatrick, co. Antrim. 
 
 Mallwyd, par., Wales, Merionethshire and Montgomery- 
 shire, 9^ m. ESE. Dolgelly, 1 m. SE. Dinas Mawddw7 stn.*. 
 resort of anglers and artists. 16,302 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mallybreen, electoral div., Ire., co. Fermanagh, dist. Belleek. 
 
 Malmalson, Canada, Quebec. See Des RlTleres. 
 
 Malma'nl, goldfield, S. African Republic, div. Marico, about ' 
 135 m. W. Pretoria ; named after a river which flows through 
 the dist. to the Vaal. 
 
 Malmedy, tn. . Prussia, Rhine Prov., cap. circle M., 25 m. 
 S. by W. Aix-la-Chapelle, i\ m. from the Belgian frontier, with 
 an ancient Benedictine abbey. P. < 5000. 
 
 Malmesbnry, municip., Cape Colony, in the grain-producing 
 dist. M., 35 m. NNE. Cape Town, with salt-pans and sulphur 
 springs. P. < 3000. 
 
 Malmesbnry (mamzTaerg). mun. bor. (charter from Saxon 
 times, reincorporated 1886) and market-tn., Eng.. Wilts, NW. 
 div., in the diocese of Gloucester and Bristol, on the Avon, 
 17 m. NE. Bath, with stn. on the G. W. R. Trade, agri- 
 culture and silk manufacture. Saxon abbey here, where Athel- 
 stan was buried ; converted into the parish church ; beautiful 
 market-cross (time of Henry VII. ). M. returned two M. P. 's till 
 1832, and one till 1885, when it was disfranchised. Market-day, 
 third Wednesday of each month. Mnn. bor. P. (i89i)<3Cioo; 
 pars., M. Abbey, P.<25o; M. St. Paul, 5333 ac. P.<25oo. 
 
 Malmey, bay, N. ct. Iceland, at the entrance to Skaga Fjord, 
 much frequented by fishers ; good anchorage, but exposed to 
 N. and NE. winds. Depth, 60-70 ft. 
 
 Malmo, or Malmcp, strongly fortified tn.. Sweden, cap. 
 prov. Malmohus, on The Sound, 54 m. SW. by W. Christianstad. 
 M. is terminus of the railway crossing Sweden from N\^^ to 
 SE., and has a citadel and a port, consisting of two inner 
 harbours (respectively 17 and 20 ft. deep), and an outer harbour 
 (22 ft. deep). There is good anchorage in the N. and NW. of 
 harbour, and the port is provided with a dry dock 236^ ft. long, 
 and a patent slip 400 ft. long, with lifting power of 1200 tons. 
 Mentioned in the X3th century as Malmhau^he. Manufac- 
 tures woollen cloths, tobacco, soap, and carpets, and carries 
 on shipbuilding. P. (1869) 23,500; (1890)48,500. 
 
 Malmsbnry, mun. tp. , Victoria, Dalhousie co. , 30 m. S. by 
 E.Sandhurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Malmyzh, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 187 m. SE. of Vyatka. 
 P. -csooo. 
 
I 
 
 MALN — MALT 
 
 Malnad. See Mysore. 
 
 H^liiapatak, comm., Hungary, co. N6grdd, dist. Losoncz; 
 health resort. P. 5300. 
 Malnate, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 10 m. W. Como. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Malo, cape, Colombia, on the SW. of the Gulf of Panama, in 
 7° 27' N. , 80° W. 
 
 Malo, market-tn. , N. Italy, prov. and 10 m. NW. Vicenza. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Maloarkhangelsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 50 m. SSE. 
 of Orel, 10 m. from railway to Kursk. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ulaloelab, group. Pacific. Same as Ka'vven. 
 
 Haloja, or Maloggla, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 9 m. SW. 
 St. Moritz, at the head of the Inn valley. Upper Engadine. 
 
 Haloja Pass. See Alps, Passes, III. (10). 
 
 Halombe, or MaromlM, lake, Brit. Central Africa, traversed 
 by the Shire, a few miles S. Lake Nyassa. Water very thick and 
 muddy ; only one navigable channel (for vessels of i ft. 9 in. in 
 the dry, 5 ft. in the rainy season). Length, 15 m.; extreme 
 breadth about 13 m. ; area about no sq. m. 
 
 Malone, tnld. , Ire., SE. co. Antrim, bar. Upper Belfast, 
 2^ m. SSW. Belfast, on the Lagan. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Malone, vil., U.S., New York, Franklin co., on Salmon R., 
 60 m. WNW. Burlington (Vt.). P. <sooo. 
 
 Malonne, comm. , Belgium, prov. , arr. , and 5 m. SW. Namur ; 
 iron ore mined. P. <40oo. 
 
 Malopa, tn., E. Africa, 91 m. SE. Blantyre. Alt. 1247 ft. 
 (O'Neill). 
 
 Maloplslita, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 10 m. W. by N. 
 Monastir. 
 
 Malopo, tn. , S. African Republic, div. and 24 m. from 
 Lichtenburg. 
 
 Malorossiya, Little Russia, or Ukralna. See Bnssia and 
 IJkraliia. 
 
 Halosa, mt. , Nyassaland, 10 m. from the W. shore of Lake 
 Shirwa, in 15° 15' S. , separated by a narrow valley on the S. 
 from Mt. Zomba. Alt. 5133 ft. 
 
 Halonlnes, Atlantic Ocean. See Falkland Islands. 
 
 Haloyaroslarets, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 38 m. NNE. of 
 Kaluga, on highway to Warsaw. Great battle in 1812, which pre- 
 vented the retreat of Napoleon through SW. Russia. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Malpartlda de C&ceres, tn., Spain, prov., dist., and 7 m. 
 W. by S. Caceres, 48 m. NE. by N. Badajoz. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Halpartlda de Plasencla, tn. , Spain, prov. Cdceres, dist. 
 and 4 m. SE. Plasencia. P. <4000. 
 
 Malpas, market-tn. and par., Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 
 10 m. E. by S. Wrexham, i| m. SSW. of its stn. on the 
 L. & NW. R. Birthplace of the commentator Matthew Henry 
 (1662-1714), and of Bishop Heber, the hymn-writer (1783-1826). 
 PMT.O. Market-day, W. P. < 1500. 
 
 Malpas, vil., Eng., Cornwall, 2 m. SE. Truro, PT.O. 
 
 Malpas, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 2^ m. NNW. 
 Newport, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Malpelo, solitary islet. Pacific Ocean, in 4° N., 8ij^° W., 
 almost equally distant from the W. coast of the mainland, and 
 the S. coast of the Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 Malpelo, Pnnta, cape, South America, on the W. ct., in 
 about 4° 30' S. 
 
 Malplca, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Carballo. P. 
 <Sooo. 
 
 Malplaqnet, hamlet, France, dep. Nord, arr. Avesnes, 21 m. 
 E. by S.Valenciennes ; memorable for the victory of Marlborough 
 and Prince Eugene over the French, Sept. 12, 1709. 
 
 H&lpnr, chief tn. of M. state, India, Bombay, 55 m. ENE. 
 Ahmadabid. P. (i88i)<20oo. 
 
 M41pnra, tn. , India, Rdjputdna, 48 m. E. byS. Ajmere. P. 
 (1881) 8200. 
 
 Malsch, comm., Ger. , gd. -duchy Baden, circle Heidelberg, 
 14 m. SSE. Mannheim ; has a sulphurous spring and bath 
 establishment. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Malsch, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle Karlsruhe, 6 
 m. ENE. Rastadt. P. <:4000. 
 
 MalserHeide, heath, Tirol, on which is the Reschenscheideck 
 Pass. See Alps, Passes, IV. (i). 
 
 Malsl^n, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Jdlandhar, in 31° 8' 
 N., 75° 23' E. P. (1868) 6300. 
 
 Malstatt-Bnrhacli, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Saar- 
 briicken, on riv. Saar, 38 m. SSE. 'lYeves, centre of coal dist., 
 with large iron-works, including rolling-mills and manufactures 
 of rails and machines. P. (comm.) 18,400; tn. P. 18,100. 
 
 Malstrom, Arctic Ocean. See Maelstrom. 
 
 Malta (Melita), isl. of the Mediterranean, a dependency of 
 Great Britain, 54 m. SSW. the S. point of Sicily, about one- 
 third of the size of Anglesey. Length, 17J m. ; greatest breadth, 
 8A m. Cape Valetta, on NE. side, is in 35° 53' 8" N. , 14° 31' 
 2 E. Shape nearly oval ; coast indented with numerous bays. 
 Surface naturally a bare calcareous rock, containing numerous 
 grottoes, and abounding in fossil remains, including those of 
 two pigmy elephants of Post-pliocene age, respectively 4-5 and 
 2^3 ft. in height, which are of interest as proving that at that 
 
 time the group to which it belongs must have been connected 
 with the mainland. The eastern two-thirds of the island are com- 
 posed mainly of Globigerina Limestone, with considerable areas 
 of Lower Coralline Limestone, the remainder, which contains 
 all the higher elevations (up to 845 ft. on the SW. coast) mainly 
 of Upper Coralline Limestone, with narrow strips of Greensand. 
 The soil of Malta is entirely derived from the disintegration of 
 the subjacent rocks, the tradition that the soil was imported 
 being probably due to the fact that Roman puzzolana was 
 actually imported in considerable quantities for imparting 
 hydraulic qualities to the fat lime of the native soil. The soil 
 has, however, been all prepared artificially, the natives having 
 collected the residue of the rocks from cracks, crevices, and pot- 
 holes to spread on their fields. The depth of the soil is little 
 more than a foot. Limestone is extensively exported for building, 
 chiefly to the Levant. Almost the entire surface of the island 
 is cultivated, the chief crops being grain, potatoes, and fruit (the 
 orange, olive, and fig compared to those of tropical climates for 
 excellence), and the garden flowers are most odoriferous. The 
 honey of Malta is highly valued, and fish abound on the coasts. 
 Horses small, but active ; mules and goats excellent ; and the 
 birds have gorgeous plumage. The climate of Malta resembles 
 that of Africa more than Europe. Variations are sudden, and 
 storms from the NE., the gregale, violent and destructive; 
 during a N. wind the air is cold and clear, but during the pre- 
 valence of the sirocco (SE. wind), in spring and autumn, the 
 temperature rises to 95° F. , and its effects are most debilitating. 
 Frost and snow are unknown ; ice is imported from Sicily. The 
 principal manufactures consist of gold and silver jewellery, 
 especially filigree work, and lace. Total exports (which include 
 large quantities of early potatoes, sent principally to the United 
 Kingdom), are estimated at about a quarter of a million stg. ; im- 
 ports, which include cottons, coals, woollens, coffee, apparel, 
 sugar, linens, iron, beer and ale, indigo, butter, earthenware, &c. , 
 about ;^2, 500,000 annually. The transit amounts on an average 
 to ;^23, 000,000 yearly. Legal tender currency is exclusively 
 English. St. Paul's Bay, on the NE. shore, is the traditional 
 spot where the apostle was wrecked. The Maltese group com- 
 prises, besides Malta, the isl. of Gozo, and the islets of Comino, 
 Filfla, and Cominotto, and a few others. Government vested 
 in the commandant of the garrison, and council of twenty 
 members, six officials, and fourteen elected, nine of these 
 representing Malta, one Gozo, and four certain classes of the 
 population. The prevailing language is a debased Arabic, 
 that of the upper classes Italian. Established religion, Roman 
 Catholic ; but there is toleration for Protestants. From its posi- 
 tion on the route to Egypt and India, the immense strength of 
 its fortifications, and its noble harbour (one of the grandest in 
 the world, great extensions made to it being completed in 1874), 
 Malta is one of the most valuable colonial possessions of the 
 British Empire. Malta was held by the Romans B.C. 242. In 
 the 5th century A.D. it fell into the hands of the Goths and 
 Vandals. The Saracens invaded M. in 828, 836, and finally in 
 870, when it surrendered to them, and remained in their hands 
 till 1090, when it was taken by Count Roger the Norman. 
 During the succeeding centuries it often changed hands. In 
 1530 it was taken by Charles V., and granted, with Gozo and 
 Tripoh, to the Knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem 
 on their expulsion from Rhodes. In 1568 it was ineffectually 
 besieged by Solyman the Magnificent and the flower of the 
 Turkish army; the Knights held it till 1798, when, through 
 treachery, it was surrendered to the French, from whom it was 
 taken by the British in 1800, and its cession confirmed by the 
 Treaty of Paris in 1814, and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, 
 Shortest sea distance to Plymouth, 2020 m.; to Alexandria, 
 820 m. ; to Marseilles, 650 m. From Valetta, which as a port of 
 call is second in importance to few in the world, a short railway 
 {j\ m.) runs inland to Rabat, and there are direct cables to Gil>- 
 raltar. Bona, Sicily (2), and Alexandria (2). Mean temp., yr. 
 66.6° F., Jan. 56.3°, Aug. 79.7°. [Valetta.] Area, isl., 96 sq. m. 
 (Strelbitsky) ; col., 119 sq. m. P. (1871), including Gozo and 
 Comino, 142,084 ; (1891) the group of islands, including troops, 
 177,457 (1491 per sq. m.); Malta itself, 158,861 (1655 per sq. 
 m.); Gozo, 18,553; Comino, 43. See monograph by Dr. J. 
 Murray in Scot. Geog. Mag. , 1890, p. 449, with geological map. 
 
 Malta, vil., U.S., Colorado, Lake co., 80 m. WSW. Denver, 
 and 2 m. SW. Leadville. P. <i,oo. 
 
 Malta, vil., U.S., Illinois, Dekalb co., 63 m. W. by N. 
 Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Malta, vil., U.S., Ohio, Morgan co., on the r. bk. of the 
 Muskingum, 69 m. WSW. Wheeling (W. Va.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Maltiby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 
 
 5 m. SSW. Middlesbrough, 3 m. E. Yarm stn. P. <250. 
 Maltby, par. , Eng., Yorkshire W. Riding, Doncaster div., 
 
 6 m. E. by S. Rotherham, 5 m. SE. by E. Kilnhurst stn., 
 PMT.O. ; 4096 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Maltby-le-Marsh, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 
 10 m. ESE. Louth, ■2\ m. SW. Mablethorpe stn. P. <:soo. 
 
 Halters, comm. , Switzd. , cant, and 5 m. W. by S. Lucerne. 
 P.<3ooo. ^^ 
 
MALT — MAN 
 
 Haltlion. See Malvern. 
 
 Malton, vil., Canada, Ontario, Peel co. , 15 m. WNW. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Malton, market-tn. (till 1885 a pari, bor.), Eng., Yorkshire, 
 N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton div. , on the Derwent, 17^ m. 
 NE. York, on the NE. R. ; has breweries, foundries, corn mills, 
 and agricultural implement works ; quarries for lime and whin- 
 stone near. The town was burnt in the reign of Stephen, and 
 on being rebuilt took the name of New Malton. Market-days, 
 Tu. and S. Alt. 75 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80) 28.7 in. P. (urban 
 sanitary dist.)<: 5000; composed of pars. New At., P. <35oo ; 
 and Old M., P.O. , P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Maltsovskly, iron-works, Russia. See Lyndlnovo. 
 
 Maltsov's >Vorks, Russia. See Raditsa. 
 
 MalM, site, Palestine, Maralah in the O. T. , 32° 42' N., 
 35° 14' E. , 3^ m. W. Nazareth. 
 
 Malnng, vil., Sweden, prov. or Ian Kopparberg, 65 m. 
 WNW. Falun, with important millstone quarries. 
 
 IMaliing-chou, tn., China, Yunnan, 65 m. ENE. Yiinnan-fu. 
 
 Maluti Mountain)). See Basuto-land. 
 
 Malvalli, tn. , India, Mysore, 30 m. E. by N. Mysore. P. 
 .(1881) 5100; Hindus, 4500. 
 
 Malvasia, Greece. See Mouemvasia. 
 
 Malvern, tn. , Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 8 m. 
 SW. by S. Worcester, on the G. W. R. and M. R. (129 m. 
 from London by rail), occupying a picturesque situation on 
 the slopes of the Malvern Hills ; a favourite place of residence 
 of retired people, and much frequented as a summer resort, 
 not only on account of the beauty of the neighbourhood, but 
 also on account of the remarkable salubrity of its climate (mean 
 annual death-rate only about 10 per 1000, the lowest of any 
 watering-place in the kingdom) and its saline and alkaline 
 waters. M. college is an important secondary school. M. and 
 Little M. priories, Eastnor Castle, and many other places of 
 interest near. Mean rfall. (West M., alt. 850 ft., 1866-80), yr. 
 32.4 in. P. (urban sanitary dist.) 6100 ; par. dreat M., 4560 
 ac. ; P. 8500 ; eccles. pars. (North M.) P. <25oo ; (West M., or 
 Matbon St. James, partly in Herefordshire), PMT.O., P. 
 <iooo. 
 
 Malvern, suburb of Adelaide, S. Australia. 
 
 Malvern, suburb, 5 m. SE. Melbourne, Victoria. 
 
 Malvern, tn., U.S., Arkansas, Hot Spring co. P. <20oo. 
 
 Malvern, tn., U.S., Iowa, Mills co. , 24 m. SE. Omaha 
 <Neb.). P. < 1 500. 
 
 Malvern, Little, par. , 3I m. S. Great Malvern, \\ m. WSW. 
 Malvern Wells stn. , in Evesham div. of Worcestershire. P. < 250. 
 
 Malvern Hills, hill range (mainly an inlying strip of Silurian 
 rocks), Eng., separating cos. Worcester and Herefordshire, 
 nearly 9 m. in length N. to S. Worcestershire Beacon (gneiss), 
 is 1395 ft. , and Herefordshire Beacon, an ancient British fortress, 
 is 1300 ft. , above the sea. 
 
 Malvern Link, eccles. par. and tn., Eng., Worcestershire, 
 on the M. & G. W. R., \\ m. N. Great Malvern. Eccles. par. 
 P. < 3500; tn. P. < 5000. 
 
 Malvern Wells, eccles. par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Evesham 
 div., on the M. R. and G. W. R., 2J m. S. by E. Great Malvern. 
 The water from the wells is largely used by makers of mineral 
 waters on account of its purity. PMT.O. P. <i500. 
 
 Halvinas, Atlantic Ocean. See Falkland Islands. 
 
 M&1W&, tableland, elevated from 1500 to 2500 ft. above the 
 sea, is bounded on the W. by the Ardvalli range of mountains, 
 S. by the Vindhya chain, E. Bandelkhand, and NE. by the 
 valley of the Ganges. It was at one time a powerful kingdom. 
 Gives name to the opium exported from Bombay. See India, 
 Agriculture. Principal states are, Indore, BhopAl, Dhdr, Rat- 
 lim, Jaora, Rajgarh, Narsinghgarh, and Nfmach (Neemuch). 
 Mandu, the cap. city, is now in ruins. Here originated the 
 associations of Pindarics, leagued together for the purposes 
 of rapine and plunder, who were subdued by the Marquis of 
 Hastings. 
 
 Malwan, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Ratnagiri, on the 
 W. ct. , 50 m. NW. Goa. Within the town, on rising ground 
 surrounded on three sides by the sea, is Rijkot Fort. In the 
 neighbourhood are iron ore and salt. P. (1891) 17,100 ; Hindus, 
 15,800. 
 
 Malz^ville, tn., France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, arr. and 
 I m. N. Nancy. P. <3000. 
 
 Malzien, tn., France, dep. Lozfere, arr. Marvejols, 65 m. S. 
 by E. Clermont-Ferrand. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mam, ' a mountain pass' or ' chasm.' See Mautn. 
 
 Mama, great riv., E. Siberia, govt. Irkutsk, 1. b. trib. of 
 lower Vitim, flows N. about 270 m. ; mica extracted; rich 
 gold-washings. Little M. joins Vitim 65 m. above the former. 
 
 Mamadysh, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 123 m. E. of Kazan, 
 on r. bk. of Vyatka R. P. <sooo. 
 
 Mamangnap^, tn. , vil., and small port, Brazil, state and 
 26 m. NNW. Parahiba, on 1. bk. of Mamanguap6 R., 16 m. 
 W. of its mouth. P. 10,000. 
 
 Mamashali, vil. and mission stn., Africa, Transvaal, 48 m. 
 NE. Rustenburg. 
 952 
 
 W. 
 
 the 
 P. 
 
 Mnnibanga, vil., Africa, central Sudan, on 1. bk. of Welle R., 
 in 3° 4s' N. , 26° 40' E. 
 
 Mamble, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 10 m. 
 WSW. Kidderminster, 2 m. E. Neen Sollars stn.; has coal- 
 mining. P. <25o; eccles. par. (M. with Baytou) P. 750. 
 
 Mambog, ruins, Turkey-in-Asia. See Memblj. 
 
 Mambola, or Mamboya, tn. and mission stn., Ger. E. 
 Africa, 130 m. W. by N. Bagamoyo. 
 
 Mambrni, small port, Brit. E. Africa, a few miles N. of 
 Malinde. 
 
 Mambnlro, vil., Colombia, dep. Cauca, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Guainia, 410 m. ESE. Bogota. 
 
 Mambnko, vil., Portuguese W. Africa, Kabinda, on the 
 coast, in 5° 27' S. 
 
 Mambnsha, or in Portuguese spelling Mambnxa, vil. , Africa, 
 prov. Mozambique, 37 m. W. Kilimane, on the Mutu, at its 
 confluence with the Kwa-kwa. 
 
 Mambwe, region, central Africa, partly within the British 
 and partly within the German sphere of influence, on the E. 
 side of the mountains which bound the S. end of Lake 
 Tanganyika ; covered by wooded hills and grassy plains ; the 
 N. part forms the watershed between Lakes Tanganyika and 
 Bangweolo. Average alt. 4600-5000 ft. Proc. R. G. S. , 1890, 
 P- 736. 
 
 Manidot, anciently known as Muhammadot, fortified tn., 
 Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Firozpur, in 30° 53' N., 74° 26' E., 
 with walls 50 ft. high. More than two-thirds of the fort was 
 carried away in 1877-78 by the Sutlej. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Manielacos, name given to the mixed white and native race, 
 Brazil. 
 
 Mamer, tn. , gd. -duchy of Luxemburg, 4^ m. W. Luxem- 
 burg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mamers, tn., France, dep. Sarthe, cap. arr. M., 14 m. ESE. 
 Alen9on. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mamertinum f return. See Messina, Strait of. 
 
 Manihead, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div., 4^ m. 
 Exmouth, 3 m. W. by S. Starcross stn. P. <250. 
 
 Mamhilad, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., on 
 Avon, 2.\ m. NE. Pontypool, on the Brecon Canal, P.O. 
 <5oo. 
 
 Mamia Rlnzo, strait, in the E. of Asia, in about 52° 15' N., 
 forming the narrowest part of the channel between Sakhalin I. 
 and the mainland. 
 
 Mamina Klisnra, defile, about 15 m. long, in the course of 
 the Binacka Morava, in the S. of Servia (prov. Vranja). 
 
 Mamistra, tn. , Asia Minor. See Missis. 
 
 Mammola, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 37 m. NE. by E. 
 Reggio, 7 m. N. Gerace. P. 7700. 
 
 Mammoth Cave, U.S., Kentucky, situated about midway 
 between Nashville and Louisville. It consists of a series of 
 vast chambers, extending in the aggregate over a distance of 
 several miles. One chamber is 200 ft. long, 150 ft. wide, and 50 
 ft. high. Large quantities of bones have been found in the 
 cave, as also a curious fauna of blind animals. 
 
 Mammoth Hot Springs, U.S., Wyoming, in the NW. 
 corner of the state, in the National Park Reservation, just S. 
 of 45° N. ; they descend the hill-slope over an area of 2^ sq. m. 
 of snow-white calcareous deposits ; the waters have a turquoise- 
 blue tint. 
 
 Mamon, Upper and Lower, two vils. , Russia, govt, and 20 
 m. N. Voronezh, on Don R. ; trade in corn. P. 6000 and 5000. 
 
 Mamore, riv. , S. America. See Madeira. 
 
 Mamore Forest, upland tract, Scot. , Inverness-shire, in the 
 extreme SW. , to the S. of Glen Nevis. 
 
 Mamre, vil.. Cape Colony, Malmesbury dist., 28 m. N. 
 Cape Town. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mam Tor, hill, Eng., in the NW. of Derbyshire, 8 m. NE. 
 by N. Buxton. Height, 1709 ft. 
 
 Mamnja, tn. , E. Archipelago, Celebes I. , on the W. ct. 
 
 Mamnrat-el-Aziz. See Kharpnt. 
 
 Mamnrle, tn., Asia Minor, on the S. ct., 125 m. S. by E. 
 Konia. 
 
 Mamnsa, vil., S. Africa, Orange Free State, div. Bloemhof, 39 
 m. ESE. Vryburg (Brit. Bechuana-land) ; occupied by Korannas. 
 
 Mamvira Falls, S. Africa. See Shire River. 
 
 Man, called by the natives I'atom, isl., S. Pacific Ocean, 
 N. of the Gazelle Penin., New Pomerania, S. of 4° S., E. of 
 152° E. , 3 m. in diameter. 
 
 Man, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Richland co., 56 m. S. 
 by W. Fargo. 
 
 Man, Isle of, the ancient Mona, or Menavia, isl., in the 
 Irish Sea, 33 m. W. England, 30 m. E. Ireland, 16 m. S. 
 Scotland, and 56 m. N. Wales. Lat. of Calf of Man (a small 
 island at its S. extremity), on which there is a lighthouse, 54° 
 3' N., Ion. 4° 49' W. Length, NE. to SW., 33 m.; greatest 
 breadth, 12 m. A hill range crosses the island from SW. to 
 NE., and about the middle of the island attains in Snosfell a 
 height of 2034 ft. above the sea. The N. portion of the island 
 is flat. Coast bold and picturesque. Numerous streams water 
 the valleys. Clay -slate is the prevalent formation, with granite 
 
M A N A — M A N C 
 
 in two localities where minerals are worked. Zinc, copper, 
 and lead ores are mined, the lead-mines (at Laxey) being the 
 most productive and the richest in silver in the kingdom. 
 Marble, limestone, and greenstone are quarried, but no coal. 
 Soil fertile. Climate mild and winter open, though rain and 
 gales of wind are frequent. An excellent small breed of horses 
 is reared. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. 
 The herring, mackerel, and other fisheries are very actively 
 pursued. The island has constant steam communication from 
 Douglas with Liverpool, Barrow, Fleetwood, and Silloth, and 
 other ports ; and a telegraph between Maughold Head and St. 
 Bees. This island, originally peopled by the Manx {Menavice), 
 a tribe of the Celtic race, was alternately possessed by the 
 Scotch (under the Lord of the Isles) and the English. It was 
 latterly held as a feudal sovereignty by the Stanleys, and after- 
 wards by the Dukes of Athol, from whom it was purchased 
 for the British crown in 1806 ; and finally, in 1829, certain 
 remaining privileges were ceded by the duke on receiving an 
 award of ;^487,ooo. Government vested in the British sove- 
 reign, or the lieutenant of the crown, a council of the bishop 
 and principal functionaries, and the House of Keys, a body 
 of twenty-four proprietors of estates, who possess the legislative 
 power. The island has its own laws, and two supreme judges, 
 called deemsters. Common law courts are held in the six 
 sheadings into which the island is divided, and appeals lie from 
 their decisions successively to the House of Keys, the governor, 
 and the sovereign in council. The island is divided into six 
 sheadings, seventeen pars. , treens, and quarterlands. Established 
 religion, that of the Church of England, under the Bishop of 
 Sodor and Man, who has a seat (without a vote) in the British 
 House of Peers. The diocese is coextensive with the island. 
 Revenue, ;^2ooo. There are forty places of worship. Each 
 par. has its endowed school, in which English is taught as well 
 as the native Manx, a dialect of the Celtic. The island was a 
 great station of the Druids, and contains numerous vestiges of 
 their circles. Principal towns, Castletown (the cap.), Douglas, 
 Peel, and Ramsay. Mean temp., Jan. 38.2° F. , June 60.5°; 
 annual rfall. , 40 in. Area, 145,325 ac. (227 sq. m.). P. (1821) 
 40,081 ; (1891) 55,608 (200 per sq. m.), the increase having been 
 i uninterrupted, except in the decennial period 1871-81, but having 
 laken place chiefly in the periods 1831-41 and 1841-51. 
 
 M&nA, pass of the main Himalayan range, in Garhwal dist. , 
 Brit. India, NW. Provs. , in 30° 47' N. , 79° 35' E. ; though lofty, 
 it is one of the easiest passes into Tibet from the S. Alt. 
 18,000 ft. 
 
 Maiia, riv., S. America, French Guiana, enters the Atlantic 
 in 53° 15' W. Length, 186 m. 
 
 Manaccan, par., Eng. , Cornwall, Truro div., 5 m. SSW. 
 Falmouth, PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Manacle Point, cape, Eng., on the SE. ct. of Cornwall, in 
 50° 3' N. 
 
 Manacor, tn., Spain, isl. Majorca, cap. dist. M., 30 m. E. 
 Palma, 10 m. W. by S. of the small port of Arta ; a bishop's 
 see. P. 19,600. 
 
 Manildo, Celebes. See Meuiido. 
 
 Mauafon, par. , Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Rhiw, 7 m. 
 M. Newtown ; 4330 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 ' Nanagoll, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 16 m. SSE. 
 Bijdpur. P. (1881) 5100. 
 
 .Uanagna, tn.. Central America, cap. of Nicaragua and of 
 iep. M., 157 m. SSE. Tegucigalpa, on Lake M., and connected 
 5y rail with Granada on the Lake of Nicaragua. Fair on the 
 jrd of May. P. with dist. (Jan. i, 1891) 27,000. 
 ^ Managua Lake, lake, Central America, Nicaragua, drained 
 >E. into Lake Nicaragua by the Tipitapa, separated from the 
 ^acific, 25 m. , by a low range of volcanic hills. On its shore 
 s the active volcano of Momotombo, at whose base is the village 
 )f Momotombo, which is connected by rail with Chinandega 
 ind the port of Corinto. Alt. 155 ft.; area, about 500 sq. m.; 
 ength, 40 m.; breadth, 6-19 m.; depth, 16-65 ft- Formerly 
 ometimes called Lake Leon. 
 
 Manahath, vil. , Palestine. See MSlUiah. 
 
 Manahlkl, or Manlhlkl, archipelago, Oceania, N. of Society 
 s. The islands, twelve in number (two of which, Humphrey 
 nd Rierson, were in 1888 annexed to Britain), between 3° 30' 
 ■nd 13° S., and 149° 40-166° 40' W., are of coral formation. 
 ihe inhabitants appear to have come from Rarotonga, and 
 save embraced Christianity. 
 
 ^ Manala, improperly Mangeea, isl., Pacific Ocean, Hervey 
 roup, about 15 m. in circumference, in 21° 57' S. , 158° 7' W., 
 urrounded by a reef with no channel and no anchorage. 
 
 Manala, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., co. and 10 m. W. 
 lawera. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mananibolo, riv., W. ct. Madagascar, entering the Mozam- 
 'ique Channel in about 19° S. 
 
 Manaiue, Manama, or Aval, tn., Arabia, at N. end and 
 hief commercial town of Bahrein I., inhabited mostly by 
 Vahabis. P. 8000. 
 
 Hanan If^laml, Grand, Canada, New Brunswick, Charlotte 
 0.. in the Bay of Fundy, 17 m. long by 7 m. broad. 
 
 Mauangora Island, Portuguese E. Africa. See Pnngwe 
 River. 
 
 Mananjara, or Manauziira, riv., E. ct. Madagascar, flows 
 into the Indian Ocean in 21° 15' S. ; town of M. at its mouth. 
 
 Manan^a, tribe, Africa, of Makalaka origin, on 1. bk. of 
 Zambezi, below Victoria Falls, stretching N. to Batonga, or 
 Batoka-land. 
 
 Manantanana, riv., Madagascar, 1. bk. trib. of Mangoka 
 R. , forming for about 40 m. the boundary between Betsileo and 
 Baras. 
 
 MAnantavildi, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Malabar, 40m. 
 NE. by N. Calicut, chief town of the Waindd coffee dist. P. 
 (1881) 9000. 
 
 Manaos, tn. , S. America, Brazil, on the Negro, 10 m. above 
 its confluence with the Amazon. The town owes its origin to 
 the fort, raised by the Portuguese, Fortaleza da Barra, which 
 in 1804 became Barra do Rio Negro, and in 1836 M., after the 
 Indian tribe of that name. It has an important position in 
 the centre of river navigation, at equal distance from Pard and 
 Tabatinga. Near the town is an industrial institute for the 
 training of young Indians. Mean temp. (| yr. , 1866, '68-69), 
 yr. 79.2° F. P. (1893) 50,000 (Reclus). 
 
 Manap&d Point, promontory, Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 
 38 m. SE. Tinnevelli, on the SE. ct. 
 
 Mauapourl, lake, New Zealand. See Manlpnri. 
 
 Manar, tn. , Ceylon, on an island off the W. ct. , 99 m. WNW. 
 Trinkomali. P. < 4000. 
 
 Manar, or Maun&r, Gulf of, inlet, Indian Ocean, between 
 Ceylon and the S. extremity of India, separated northward 
 from Palk Strait by the islands of Rameswaram and M. (18 
 m. long by 2| m. broad) and a reef termed Adam's Bridge ; 
 width at entrance, 150 m. ; has pearl fisheries. 
 
 Manara, co., New South Wales, crossed by 33° S., 144° E. 
 
 Manara, Pnnta, cape, Italy, 24 m. WNW. Spezia. 
 
 Manaria, isl. See Meloria. 
 
 Mands, riv., Assam, rises in the Bhutan Hills and flows S. 
 into the Brahmaputra, opposite GodlpAra; navigable to the foot 
 of the hills by native craft. 
 
 Manas, tn. , Dzungaria, 87 m. NW. Urumtsi, in about 44° 
 15' N. , 86° 30' E. , called in Chinese Suilai-sien, a military post 
 and place of exile. 
 
 Man&sa, tn. , Central India, Indore state, in 24° 27' N. , 75° 
 13' E. P. 5100; Hindus, 4000; Moham. 600. 
 
 Mdnasaroivar, two adjoining lakes, in the SW. of Tibet, 
 crossed by 30° 40' N., and between about 81° 10' and 81° 35' 
 E. , the western (whence issues the riv. Sutlej) called Tso (or 
 Cho) Lanak, or Rakas Tal, the eastern (which is separated by 
 the Kailas ridge from the Brahmaputra basin) called Tso (or 
 Cho) Mapham. Alt. of both, 15,300 ft.; joint area, 310 sq. m. 
 
 Manasqnan, tn. , U.S., New Jersey, Monmouth co. , on the 
 coast, 38 m. E. by S. Trenton. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Manassas, vil., U.S., Virginia, Prince William co. , 26 m. 
 WSW. Washington (D. C). P. < 1500. 
 
 Man'atee, co. , U.S., Florida, in the SW. , on the Gulf of 
 Mexico, crossed in the S. by 27° N. 
 
 Manat&n, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 13 m. 
 SW. by W. Exeter, 2| m. W. Lustleigh stn., P.O.; 6422 ac. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Manatutn, or Sn1>aug, cape, N. of Timor I., belonging 
 partly to the Portuguese. E. of the cape is the village of M. , 
 where the Portuguese have a small garrison. 
 
 Man-anng, Burma. See I'hednba. 
 
 Manawadar, tn. , India, Bombay, Gujarat, cap. state of and 
 4 m. E. Bantwa. P. (i88i)<:3ooo. 
 
 ManavtataMbi. See Three Kings Islands. 
 
 Manawatn, co. , New Zealand, North I., crossed by 40° 20' 
 S. , and 175^° E. 
 
 Manaynnk, NW. suburb of Philadelphia, U.S., Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 M<ln1>hlim, dist. , Brit. India, in the W. of Bengal, Bardwdn 
 div. , crossed by 23° and 24° N. , and in the W. by 86° E. ; cap. 
 Purulia ; contains in the N. the Jharia coalfield. 
 
 Manby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 5 m. E. 
 Louth, I m. S. by E. Grimoldby stn. P. <250. 
 
 Manby, isl. , off the E. ct. of Greenland. 
 
 Mancelona, vil., U.S., Michigan, Antrim co., 64 m. SSW. 
 of the Straits of Mackinac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mancelter, par., Eng., Warwickshire, i m. SE. Atherstone. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Maneb, electoral div.. Ire., Cork, dist. Ballineen. 
 
 Mancha, La, dist., Spain, in the S. part of New Castille, 
 now comprised in the prov. of Ciudad Real. Surface a level 
 plateau, about 2000 ft. above the sea, bare and uninteresting, 
 but noted for the production of Val-de-penas , a light red wine. 
 Its mules are celebrated for their size and strength. Towns 
 are few, and poor. It derives its fame from the novel of Cer- 
 vantes, whose Sancho Panza is a true Manchegan peasant. 
 
 Mancha Keal, tn., Spain, prov. and 8 m. ENE. Jaen, cap. 
 dist. Mancha Real. P. 6100. 
 
 Manche, dep., NW. France, surrounded NE.. N., and W. 
 
 953 
 
MANC — MANC 
 
 by the English Channel, on which it has a coast line of 205 m. ; 
 formed in 1790 out of Normandy (Cotentin and Avranchin) ; 
 divided into six arrs. : Saint L6 (cap.), Avranches, Cherbourg, 
 Coutances, Mortain, and Valognes. The N. part forms the 
 penin. of the Cotentin. Coast low in NE. , gradually rising N. to 
 Point Barfleur, then turning W. to Cape La Hogue, forming 
 midway the deep bay on which is Cherbourg. W. coast in- 
 hospitable, harbours generally small and obstructed by reefs. 
 The best harbour is that of Granville, off which, at a distance 
 of 8 m. , are the Chaussey Isles. In the SW. is the Bay of St. 
 Michel, a marshy tract of about 97 sq. m. , lying around the 
 Tombelaine (460 ft.) and Mont St. Michel (400 ft.), through 
 which flow the lower navigable courses of the See, S^lune, and 
 Cuesnon, the whole tract, with the exception of the two rocky 
 eminences, being under water at high tides. The interior of 
 the dep. is crossed by numerous ranges of bold hills, increasing 
 in elevation from 500 ft. in the N. to over 1000 ft. in the S. , the 
 culminating point being Saint-Martin de Chaulieu, 1205 ft. in 
 the SE. The valleys are generally fertile. Extensive marshy 
 tracts occur about Carentan and S. of Lessay. The principal 
 rivers are the Vire and Tante, draining the E. of the dep. , and 
 which unite to form an estuary between M. and Calvados ; N. 
 the Divette ; several small streams flow W. Climate mild 
 [Cberbonrg]. Cereals are grown chiefly in the E. of the dep.; 
 the principal are wheat, buckwheat, and barley ; hemp and flax 
 are important crops, and apple orchards cover large areas, this 
 being one of the leading deps. for cider. Iron is obtained in 
 small quantity in the SE. at Mortain, and coal at Plessis- 
 Garnier. Industries include metallurgical works, shipbuilding 
 (Cherbourg, Barfleur). Area, 7425 sq. m. P. (1891) 513,800. 
 See France, table, and Manche, La. 
 
 Manche, La ('the sleeve'), French name of the English 
 Channel, so called on account of its resemblance in shape to a 
 sleeve, ' the wrist ' being at the Straits of Dover. 
 
 Hanchester, seapt., Canada, Nova Scotia, on Chedabucto 
 Bay, in NE. of mainland, co. and 5 m. from Guysborough. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Mancbester, vil. , Canada, prov. and co. Ontario, 36 m. 
 NE. by N. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Maucliester, the ancient Mancunium, Manutium (derived 
 by Camden from the British ' main,' a stone, on account of the 
 stony character of the site), co. of a city, city, pari, andmun. bor. , 
 and par., Eng., in the SE. of the co. Lancaster, on the Irwell, 
 188 m. (by rail) NNW. London, forming practically one town 
 with Salford, a mun. co. and pari. bor. , on the W. side of the 
 Irwell, a narrow stream crossed by numerous bridges. The 
 adjacent bors. occupy a site on the W. side of the Pennine 
 Chain analagous to that occupied by Leeds on the E. side, 
 being situated where several valleys on the W. of that chain con- 
 verge on the great road from London through Birmingham and 
 the Midlands to the NW. The principal public buildings of 
 the city are the town hall, erected 1868-77, at a cost of ;^25o,ooo, 
 with a front 200 ft. in extent, sides 400 ft., and a massive tower 
 235 ft. high ; the mayor's reception rooms form a magnificent 
 suite ; the royal exchange, erected 1869, covering an area of 
 5400 sq. yds. ; the general post-office, in the Renaissance style, 
 completed 1887, at a cost of ;^ioo,ooo ; the assize courts ; new 
 city court-house; the royal institution, an edifice of the Ionic 
 order ; the free-trade hall, in the Lombardo- Venetian style, 
 built to commemorate the success of the free-trade move- 
 ment, and affording space for nearly 5000 persons ; the free 
 library, opened 1852, now containing over 250,000 volumes, 
 with several branch lending-libraries and news-rooms in different 
 parts of the city ; the cathedral, originally the parish church, 
 which was made a collegiate church by royal charter 1422, is an 
 elaborately ornamented Gothic structure. M. was constituted 
 a bishopric in 1847, the diocese including the greater part of 
 Lancashire, except the SW. and NW., a few eccles. pars, in 
 the SW. of Yorkshire, and part of the eccles. pars, of Haughton 
 and Roughton in Cheshire. Many societies have been esta- 
 blished in M., including the statistical society, the first of the 
 kind established in the kingdom ; the literary and philosophical 
 society, of which the celebrated Dr. Dalton was for many years 
 the president. The chief educational institution is Owens College, 
 the oldest and most important of the three colleges now affiliated 
 to the Victoria University (founded in 1880) ; the other two being 
 University College, Liverpool, and Yorkshire College, Leeds. 
 Owens College, founded in 1846 by John Owens, who left 
 ;^ioo,ooo to endow an institution for secular instruction, and 
 incorporated 1871, now occupies extensive buildings erected in 
 1884 at a cost of £70,ocx3, with an additional block, completed 
 in 1887. It comprises well-equipped chemical, physical, and 
 engineering laboratories. The administration is vested in a 
 council and senate, the latter formed of the whole body of 
 professors. There are numerous fellowships, scholarships, and 
 exhibitions attached to the college, with which is incorporated 
 the royal school of medicine. Other educational institutions 
 are the grammar school, founded in 1519 by Hugh Oldham, 
 D.D., Bishop of Chester, and richly endowed, having 166 founda- 
 tion scholarships, besides several others, including scholarships 
 954 
 
 at Oxford and Cambridge ; Chetham's College, incorporated by i 
 Charles II., which has a foimdation for 100 boys to be fed, 
 clothed, and educated ; a flourishing school of art ; the Whit- 
 worth Institute, founded 1888, to which was transferred in 1890 ' 
 the technical school, the whole being now devoted to technical ' 
 instruction ; a technical school at Salford. Amongst medical i 
 institutions are the Royal Infirmary, St. Mary's Hospital, various 
 special hospitals and dispensaries. There are many charitable 
 establishments. The streets are well paved, sewered, and, at 1 
 present, lighted with gas ; but the introduction of electric light- I 
 ing is proposed. Hitherto, water has been supplied from the 
 reservoirs at Woodhead, Beswick, and Gorton, but, in 1879, an j 
 Act of Parliament was obtained authorising the bringing of ' 
 water from Lake Thirlmere, a distance of about 100 m. The I 
 works, commenced in 1885, were carried out at a cost of about 
 ^^4, 000, 000, and formally inaugurated on the 13th of October | 
 1894. The water is conveyed by tunnels and aqueduct from i 
 Thirlmere to the neighbourhood of Bolton, and thence by { 
 pipes to the M. reservoirs. The daily supply is estimated at | 
 50,000,000 gallons. There are eleven public parks in M. and ' 
 Salford — Queen's, Philips', Alexandra, Ardwick, Cheetham, j 
 and Birchfields in M. ; and Peel, Seedley, Ordsal, Albert, I 
 and Kersal in Salford; the largest are Alexandra (60 ac), } 
 ojjened in 1870, at a cost of j^7o,ooo, and Peel (50 ac. ). The i 
 total area under parks and open spaces exceeds 350 ac. M. has | 
 railway communication with all parts of Great Britain ; by the 1 
 construction of the M. Ship Canal, it has been converted into a | 
 port, with jurisdiction extending to Ince, and including the port j 
 of Runcorn, now a creek of M. harbour. Dock accommodation ! 
 covers 100 ac. , with a quay area of 150 ac. ; total length of quays, i 
 6 m. The natural advantages, to which M. owes its position as 
 a great and manufacturing centre, are the tract of surrounding ! 
 country, and the three streams Irwell, Medlock, and Irk, which | 
 traverse it, thus supplying abundant water-power ; and, in later ; 
 times, the vicinity of two g^eat coalfields. The staple trade of ': 
 M. is the cotton manufacture, to which may be ascribed the | 
 rapid increase of the city, the wealth of its inhabitants, and the ! 
 fact that it is one of the most prosperous cities in the world, j 
 The manufacturing history of M. may be said to begin with the i 
 establishment of the woollen industry in the reign of Edward III. , | 
 when a number of Flemish emigrants settled in Lancashire. In 1 
 the reign of Henry VIII. the town was 'well inhabited,' andj 
 distinguished for its trade in linens and woollens. About this 
 time the right of sanctuary, which had till then pertained to 1 
 M., was transferred to Chester, as being injurious to the manu- 
 facturing population. Cotton was first brought to England 
 from the Levant about the end of the 15th century. Edward VI. | 
 issued a decree regarding the ' dimensions and weight ' of cot- 
 tons, and Queen Elizabeth commanded (1565-66) that the cottons 
 should ' bear the seal of the Queen's aulnager. ' Camden speaks 
 of M. in 1607 as ' eminent specially for its woollen cloth or 
 M. cottons.' In 1650 the manufactures are described as I 
 including ' woollens, friezes, fustians, sack-cloths, mingled stuffs, j 
 inkles, tapes, and prints,' and the people, as ' the most indus-| 
 trious in the northern part of the kingdom.' Many refugees! 
 from the Low Countries and France settled in M., and by theirl 
 skill greatly contributed to its progress. In 1720 it is said tO| 
 be 'the largest, most populous, and busy village in England.' | 
 At this time yarn came chiefly from Ireland and Scotland, withj 
 some from Hamburg; that from Ireland was woven into linen 
 and sent back to the country. The difficulty of obtaining yarnj 
 in sufficient quantity was, however, a serious obstacle to the 
 development of trade. During the latter part of the i8th, 
 century a great impetus was given to textile manufactures by^ 
 the invention of various mechanical aids — the water-frame,! 
 spinning-jenny, mule-jenny, and Cartwright's loom, and the 
 application of steam-power to cotton-spinning in 1789. The; 
 manufacture of calicoes was begun about 1773, that of muslinsi 
 in 1780. Raw cotton was first imported from the E. Indies andi 
 N. America in 1788. The following figures, giving respectively, 
 the quantity of raw cotton imported and the value of cotton! 
 goods exported, shows the rapid and enormous expansion ofj 
 trade during the latter part of the i8th century. In 1780, 3100; 
 tons, ;^335, 000; 1790, 14, 000 tons, ;^i, 662, 339; 1800, 25,oootons,l 
 ^5,406,500. The population of M. and Salford is said to have* 
 been 25,136 in 1773 ; in 1780 it was estimated at 50,000. M.[ 
 has now a large number of cotton factories, some on a vast, 
 scale, for spinning, weaving, and printing ; besides bleach-works.t 
 silk mills, and factories for every description of fibre. M.- 
 existed under the Romans, possibly in the earlier British period- 
 In 1222, Henry III. granted to the town the right to hold a 
 weekly market and a yearly fair. In 1301, Thomas de Gresley 
 Baron of M. , granted a charter to the burgesses. In 1832, M. and 
 Salford were constituted pari, bors.; in 1838 M.was incorporated, 
 and in 1844, Salford. In 1853, M. was constituted a city. M. now 
 sends six members to the House of Commons, one for each of t he 
 following divs.: NW., N., NE., E., S., and SW.; Salford sends 
 three members, one for each of the divs.: N., W. , and S. The 
 principal market, Smithfield, fruit and vegetable market, cover 
 mg an area of nearly four acres, with a glass roof, is one of the 
 
I 
 
 MANC — MANC 
 
 handsomest and most convenient markets in the kingdom. The 
 market-days are Tu. , Th., F. , and S. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 
 Ardwick (alt. 140 ft.), 36.3 in.; Fairfield (alt. 312 ft.), 38.8 
 in. Manchester. —Acreage of co. bor. , 12,911; of pari. bor. , 
 7910. P. (1801) 75,281; (1821) 126,066; (1831) 182,016; 
 (1851) 303,382; (1871) 351,189; (1891) 505,365; pari. bor. 
 (1891)454,509. Salford. — Acreage of pari, and mun. co. bor., 
 5171. P. (1801) 18,179; (1821) 32,818; (1831) 51,132; (1851) 
 85,108; (1871) 124,801; (1891) 198,139. P. diocese (1891) 
 2,644,000. P. of Manchester in a geographical sense, compris- 
 ing the registration dists. of M., Salford, Prestwich, Barton, 
 and Chorlton, and the sub-dists. of Heaton Norris, Altrincham, 
 Wilmslovv and Hyde (1891) 999,000 (Economic Jour. iv. p. in). 
 Compare Liverpool, and see also England, Table II. 
 
 Manchester, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, Hartford co. , 8^ m. E. 
 Hartford, with extensive manufactures of book paper, woollens, 
 &c. The so-called 'town,' which is an area corresponding to 
 what is called a township out of New England, includes the 
 vil. of South M., on a branch line 2 m. S. of M. , where are 
 large silk-mills. P. (1880) 6500; (1890)8200. 
 
 Manchester, city, U.S., Iowa, Delaware co. , 41 m. W. 
 Dubuque. P. < 3000. 
 
 Manchester, vil., U.S., Maryland, Carroll co. , 28 m. NNW. 
 Baltimore ; iron is mined near. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Manchester, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., on the 
 coast, 7 m. ENE. Salem ; favourite summer resort. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Manchester, vil., U.S., Michigan, Washtenaw co., 53 m. 
 W. by S. Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Manchester, city, U.S., New Hampshire, cap. Hillsboro 
 CO., on the Merrimack R. , 15 m. S. by E. Concord. It owes 
 its extraordinary growth since 1838 to the water-power, utilised 
 chiefly in cotton and woollen manufactures, afforded by the 
 Amoskeag Falls ; has also large manufactures of stockings, 
 paper, edge-tools, &c. P. (1880) 32,600; (1890) 44,100. 
 
 Manchester, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Ocean co. , 28 m. SE. 
 by E. Trenton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Manchester, vil., U.S., Ohio, Adams co. , on the Ohio, 55 
 m. SE. by E. Cincinnati. P. < 2000. 
 
 Manchester, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Coffee co., 51 m. NW. 
 by W. Chattanooga. P. < 1500. 
 
 Manchester, tn., U.S., Vermont, Bennington co. , 32 m. S. 
 by W. Rutland ; has quarries of marble, and is a fashionable 
 summer resort. P. < 2000. 
 
 Manchester, city, U.S., Virginia, Chesterfield co. , on the 
 r. bk. of the James R., opposite Richmond, of which it is a 
 suburb. P. (1880) 5700; (1890) 9200. 
 
 Manchester, Bolton, and Bury Canal, Eng., Lancashire, 
 connecting the M. Ship Canal with Bolton, with a branch to 
 Bury. Length, 15^ m. 
 
 Manchester, North, tn. , U.S., Indiana, Wabash co. , 84 m. 
 N. by E. Indianapolis. P. <30oo. 
 
 Manchester, South, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Hartford co., 
 6 m. NE. Glastonbury; has extensive silk-factories. P. < 1500. 
 
 Manchester and Milford Railvray, railway system, Wales, 
 cos. Cardigan and Carmarthen, consisting of one line connect- 
 ing the Cambrian system at Aberystwith with the G. W. R. at 
 Pencader. 
 
 Manchester, Sheflield, and Lincolnshire Railway, rail- 
 way system, Eng., main line Manchester (London Road) by 
 Penistone, Sheffield, and Retford (alternative route by Penistone, 
 Doncaster, and Frodingham) to Grimsby ; numerous branches 
 both in E. and W. At present the branch from Sheffield to 
 Nottingham is being continued S. by Leicester and Rugby to 
 join the Metropolitan Rly. at Quainton Road, thus giving the 
 railway access to London. 
 
 Manchester Road, stn., Eng., Lancashire. See Burnley. 
 
 Manchester Road, stn., Eng., Bradford, Yorks, on G. N. R. 
 
 Manchester Sliip Canal extends from M. docks to East- 
 ham on the Mersey estuary. The portion of the canal above 
 Latchford (14J m.) is supplied by Irwell, Mersey, and smaller 
 streams ; the "lower is semi-tidal. At Mode Wheel, Barton, 
 Irlam, and Latchford are two parallel locks, respectively 600 
 by 65 ft. and 350 by 30 ft. At Eastham, where the canal opens 
 into the Mersey, are three parallel locks, respectively 600 by 
 80 ft., 350 by 50 ft., and 150 by 30 ft. EUesmere Port, Weaver 
 Mouth, and Runcorn are provided with tidal openings 200 
 yds. long to admit the water when it rises outside above the 
 ordinary level of the canal. Minimum bottom width, 120 ft., as 
 compared with 88 in the Amsterdam, and 72 in the Suez Canals ; 
 minimum depth, 26 ft. (same as Suez, Amsterdam, 23 ft.). The 
 Bridgewater Canal (q. v. ), which joins the Manchester Ship Canal 
 at Runcorn, is carried across the upper course at Barton by a 
 movable bridge worked by hydraulic power. The Ship Canal 
 is crossed by several permanent railway and road swing-bridges. 
 Constructed 1887-93, at a cost of about ;^i5, 000,000. The 
 lower section to EUesmere Port was opened for traffic in 1891, 
 and the whole on Jan. i, 1894. The canal was formally opened 
 by Her Majesty, May 1894. Length, 35J m. For docks, see 
 Manchester. 
 
 Manchhar Laiie, lake, India, Sind, dist. and no m. NNE. 
 Kardchi, formed by the expansion of the W. Ndra and the 
 Aral streams ; has a great quantity of fish, and presents a 
 beautiful appearance when the lotus is in blossom. Length 
 during inundation, 15-20 m.; breadth, 10 m.; greatly contracted 
 when the water is low. 
 
 Manchioneal, vil., Jamaica, Surrey co. , E. ct. , 34 m. E. 
 by N. Kingston. 
 
 Manchu-Kulja, tn. See Kulja, New. 
 
 Manchuria, Chinese Shingliing, or Tnngsan-sheng (i.e., 
 ' the three eastern provs.'), an extensive country of E. Asia, four 
 times the size of Great Britain, of somewhat irregular outline, 
 between 39° and 53° 30' N. , 117° 30' and 135° E., forming the 
 NE. portion of the Chinese Empire ; cap. Mukden. It is divided 
 into three provs., which have approximate area and population 
 as follows : — 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 According to Bevbt- 
 
 kcrung dtr Erde, 
 
 No. IX. 
 
 According 
 toH.E.M. 
 
 James in /"roe. 
 
 R. G. S., 1887, 
 P- 532- 
 
 Capital. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. 
 in mil- 
 lions. 
 
 Per 
 
 sq. 
 m. 
 
 89 
 19 
 
 2-5 
 
 Pop. 
 in mil- 
 lions. 
 
 12-13 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 Per 
 
 sq. 
 m. 
 
 223 
 80 
 10 
 
 62 
 
 Fengtien or Liautung(S.) 
 Kirin (centre) . 
 Helung-kiang (N.) . 
 
 Manchuria 
 
 55,985 
 105,020 
 202,715 
 
 5-0 
 2.0 
 OS 
 
 Mukden 
 
 Kirin 
 
 Tsitsihar 
 
 363,720 
 
 7-5* 
 
 21 
 
 22-23* 
 
 * According to ' Consular Report,' China, No. 6, 1885, 15,000,000. 
 
 The whole of the S. and E. is occupied by considerable 
 ranges of volcanic hills 3-6000 ft. in height, covered with 
 dense woods, having a general NE. to SW. direction ; in the 
 N. the ranges, separated from the preceding by the broad valley 
 of the Sungari, constitute part of another system, also volcanic, 
 forming the Khingan Mts. A plain of vast extent, however, 
 exists on the middle course of the Sungari, and along the 
 Nonni ; and another in the SW., formed of alluvial deposit 
 brought down by the Sira-muren or Liau-ho, where the accre- 
 tion of the land along the coast of the Gulf of Liautung is still 
 proceeding at a very rapid pace. Except in the SW. and round 
 the fringes of the country, M. is almost coextensive with the 
 basin of the Sungari R., an affluent of the Amur, the chief 
 tribs. to which are the Nonni from N. and the Hurka, or Mutan, 
 from S. ; in the SW. the Liau-ho flows to the Gulf of Pechili. 
 The Argun in the NW., the Amur in the NE. , and the Usuri 
 in the E. , divide M. from Russian terr. ; whilst the Yalu, flowing 
 to the Yellow Sea, and the Tumen, to the Sea of Japan, separate 
 from Korea. The climate one of extremes [Newchivang], 
 the winters very severe, lasting from six to sometimes nine 
 months in the N. ; the wet season commences at the end of 
 May, the rain usually coming from the S. The forests are very 
 valuable, the pine, walnut, oak, and elm being conspicuous 
 for their size. Wild beasts are numerous, and include bears, 
 tigers, panthers, leopards, wild boars, monkeys, deer, &c. ; 
 pheasants and wild geese are found in immense numbers in 
 eastern M. , and bustards in the plains. The country is exceed- 
 ingly fertile, especially in the plains, and agriculture is the chief 
 occupation of the people ; in Fengtien the surface is being 
 rapidly cleared, and but little unclaimed land exists. Beans 
 and peas are largely cultivated, but more attention has of late 
 years been devoted to cereals, which are fast taking the place 
 of pulse ; wheaten flour is used to a large extent, and is unusually 
 cheap ; cotton, indigo, tobacco, and the poppy are also im- 
 portant articles of cultivation, the native grown opium having 
 almost completely supplanted the Indian drug. The mineral 
 wealth is believed to be very great, but it is almost wholly 
 undeveloped ; coal of admirable quality is very sparingly worked 
 in the neighbourhood of Kirin, and in the hills SE. of Mukden, 
 also at Tunghwa-hsien further E. , near to which there are 
 small iron-works, and some gold-washing is carried on, and 
 where silver-mining has been tried but found unremunerative ; 
 a gold-mine is worked by the government near Sansing, on the 
 lower Sungari, and a good deal of gold is exported, but private 
 mining is prohibited. An important salmon-fishery takes place 
 on the lower Sungari and the Hurka in the autumn, when 
 immense quantities of this fish are caught and dried for winter 
 use. The manufactures are unimportant ; some cotton cloth 
 and silk are made for home service, and soda is prepared on 
 the steppes of the Sungari ; distilleries are numerous, and bean- 
 oil is extracted, which forms the staple export. Other products 
 of great value are very fine sable, tiger, and lynx skins, ginseng, 
 and deer horns. The only means of communication are by 
 the larger rivers, navigable during the summer, and by pack- 
 horses and carts on roads which in summer are usually deep 
 in mud, without hard bottoms, and really impracticable, and 
 it is only in winter, when the ground is frozen, that transport 
 can be effected, when the roads present a lively aspect. Tele- 
 
 955 
 
MANC — MANE 
 
 graph lines connect all the frontier stations with Peking and 
 unite with the Siberian system ; there is no postal establishment. 
 For exports and imports, see Nefrcbwang, through which port 
 nearly the whole commerce of the country is carried on. 
 Though the law administered is the same as in China prof)er, 
 and in the more settled parts there is the same civil organisa- 
 tion, yet the administration is essentially a military one, and the 
 chief appointments are all held by military officers. Brigandage 
 is rife, especially in the northern prov. ; but a large army is 
 maintained, and active measures are taken by the Chinese 
 authorities to suppress it. With regard to the population, per- 
 haps the most noticeable point is the paucity of Manchus in- 
 habiting the country ; since the establishment of the Manchu 
 dynasty at Peking in 1644, the original inhabitants have been 
 gradually drained off to China to recruit the Imperial army, 
 and their places are now being taken by emigrants from 
 Shantung, Pechili, and Korea, so that the population has greatly 
 increased during recent years, especially in the S. Nearly all 
 special Manchu customs have disappeared, and the language 
 and alphabet are fast being replaced by Chinese. The people 
 are materially better off than in any other part of the empire ; 
 wages are higher, they are better clothed and fed, and there 
 is little pauperism. Moral and spiritual culture, however, have 
 not kept pace with the advance of material prosperity ; temples 
 and schools, especially the latter, are very scarce, but Christian 
 missions are carried on with much success. Besides the caps. 
 of the provs. , other principal towns are Aigun on the Amur, 
 Ning^ta, Hunchun, and Hulan, also the treaty port of 
 Newchwang, and Port Arthur, at the extremity of the Kwang- 
 tung penin. , which continues open throughout the winter. The 
 S. part of the country (Fengtien prov. ) was for centuries subject 
 to Korea, but since the 8th century it has been incorporated 
 with China ; the other two provs. did not come under the direct 
 control of Peking until 1644, when the Manchus conquered 
 China, and established the present dynasty. A large area, 
 formerly belonging to Manchuria, is now included in Siberia 
 (g.v.). See Japan, end of article. [W. J. T.J 
 
 Manclano, vil. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Grosseto, 33 m. WNW. 
 Viterbo. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Mancunium. See Mancbester. 
 
 Mand, tn., Persia, prov. Mekran, on the Baluchistan frontier, 
 350 m. E. by S. Bender Abbas. 
 
 Blanda, vil., Africa, W. Lake Tanganyika, on Lukuga R., 
 12 m. from its mouth in the lake. Manufactures of palm- 
 fibre and pottery. 
 
 Manda, isl. , Brit. E. Africa, in 2° 15' S., to the E. of Lamu 
 I. M. Bay, a long inlet to the N. 
 Mandagarana, tn. , Persia. See Marand. 
 IH^ndal, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 46 m. WNW. 
 Ahmadabid. P. 8000; Hindus, 5600. 
 
 H&ndal, tn., India, Rijputana, Udaipur state, 63 m. S. 
 Ajmere, on the railway to Indore. 
 
 Mandal, the most southerly tn., Norway, prov. Lister and 
 M., on the S. ct., 22 m. WSW. Christiansand, at the mouth 
 of Mandals Elv, richest in fish of all Norwegfian rivers, with 
 a small but active port; trade in wood, salmon, and lobsters. 
 Kleven harboiu" has 15-22 ft. alongside quays, the river lo-ii ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 44.1° F., Feb. 30.5°, July 61.0°; rfall. (20 
 yrs. ), 45.6 in. P. <40oo. 
 
 Mandala, stn. of the S. African Lakes Co. near Blantyre, 
 Nyassa-land. 
 
 Mandalay, tn., Burma, chief town in Upper Burma, 91 m. 
 NE. by E. Pagan, 386 m. by rail N. Rangoon, is in a plain 2 
 m. from the Irdwadi, and consists of two parts, mural and extra- 
 mural, the city proper enclosed by a square brick wall, each 
 side of which is over a mile in length ; the part so surrounded 
 contains the old royal palace, and is now the military canton- 
 ment of the British, and called Fort DufTerin. Principal manu- 
 facture, silk-weaving. P. 168,300; Hindus, 13,500; Buddhists, 
 147,100; cantonment, 18,700; port, 1784. 
 
 Mandan, city, U.S., N. Dakota, Morton co., 5 ra. WNW. 
 Bismarck. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mandapeta, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Godivari, 69 m. 
 NE. by E. Masulipatam. P. 7700; Hindus, 7500. 
 
 Man'dara, or Wan'dala, prov. , in the SE. of Bornu, central 
 Africa. 
 
 Mandas, market-tn., Sardinia, on the Mannu, prov. and 34 
 m. N. Cagliari. P. <3000. 
 
 Mandasa, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 50 m. SW. 
 Ganjam. P. < 5000. 
 
 Nandavl, seapt. tn., India. See HandTl. 
 MandAwar, ancient and ruined tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., 
 dist. Bijnaur, 38 m. NE. Meerut. P. 7300; Moham. 4700; 
 Hindus, 2500. 
 
 Mandaya, tribe of Mindanao, Philippine Is., occupying all 
 the SW. of the island from about 7° N.; remarkable for the 
 peculiar ashen colour of the skin. 
 
 9f ande, race, Africa. See Slandlugo. 
 
 Mandel, riv., Belgium, 1. bk. trib. of Lys R., which it joins 
 at Wachen. 
 956 
 
 Montb^liard, 3 
 Roman station 
 
 SSE. 
 
 Mandel, isl., off the E. ct. of Sumatra, Asiatic Archipelago, 
 70 m. SW. Singapore. 
 
 Nandello, vil. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 13 m. NE. by 
 E. Como, on the E. shore of the SW. arm of Lake Como, with 
 iron and lead mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Maudelon, the SE. point of the isl. of Eubcea, Greece. 
 
 Maud^lonesl, a small island opposite. 
 
 Mandera, tn. , German E. Africa, to the N. of the Wami, 
 28 m. WNW. Bagamoyo. 
 
 Hand^snr, tn. , India. See Handsanr. 
 
 Mandenre, tn. , France, dep. Doubs, arr 
 m. SW. Audincourt, with remains of the 
 Epomanduodurum. P. <:20oo. 
 
 MandevUle, vil., Jamaica, Middlesex co., 32 
 Falmouth. Alt. 2130 ft. Rfall. (7 yrs.), 86.58 in. 
 
 MandevUle, tn.. New Zealand, South I., Southland co., 50 
 m. from Invercargill. 
 
 MandevUle, tn., U.S., Louisiana, St. Tammany par., on 
 Lake Pontchartrain, 28 m. N. New Orleans. P. <:i500. 
 
 SIdndg&on, tn. , India, Central Provs. , dist. Wardha, 40 m. 
 SSW. Nagpur, near the Wand. R. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Handha, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Hamirpur, 58 
 m. SSW. Cawnpur. 
 
 Mandb^ta, shrine of Omkar (a form of Siva), Brit. India, 
 Central Provs., dist. Nimar, on an island of the same name in 
 the Narbadd, 38 m. SE. by S. Indore. 
 
 Mandi, chief tn. of M. state, India, 45 m. NNW. Simla, on 
 the Beas. Alt. 2557 ft. P. 6900 ; Hindus, 6500. Area of state, 
 1 131 sq. m.; P. 166,900. 
 
 Mandiniba, riv. , Africa, 1. bk. trib. of Lujendi R. , which it 
 enters in about 14° 18' S. 
 
 JHandlnga, or San Bias, bay, N. side Isthmus of Panama, 
 79° W. 
 
 Nandtngo, Mande, Mandinka, Wangara, IVankore 
 (name derived from Mandin, a dist. between Bambuk and 
 Wassulu, and nko, nka, nke = inhabitants), one of the most 
 important races of W. Africa. They occupy the greater part 
 of Senegambia and of the countries E. of the upper Niger. 
 They are of tall stature, and of darker colour than the Fellata 
 and Bantu races. Chief occupations, trade, agriculture, cattle- 
 rearing, horse-breeding, and various native industries. Re- 
 ligion, mostly Mohammedans. Their present power is limited, 
 most of the M. being under the rule of the Fellata {q.v.) ; but in 
 the 13th century the M. founded the great sultanate of Melli, 
 which conquered Ghanata, Timbuktu, and the Som-hay terrs. 
 Most of the M. terr. is now within the French sphere of influence. 
 Pop. estimated by Barth at 6-8,000,000. See Binger, Du 
 Niger au Golfe de Guin^e, 1892 : and Proc. H. G. S. , 1890, pp. 
 166-168, 1892, pp. 260-262. [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Mandlil, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., cap. dist. M., 50 
 m. SE. by S. Jabalpur, on the Narbada, which surrounds it on 
 three sides. Alt. 1770 ft. P. 5100 ; Hindus, 4000. 
 
 H&ndogarb, deserted tn.. Central India, Dhdr state, ex- 
 tending 8 m. along the crest of the Vindhyas, 30 m, SW. Mhow. 
 Alt. 1944 ft. Also called Mandn. 
 
 Mandoakion (mandhuki), W. suburb of the town of Corfu, 
 Greece. P. <4C)Oo. 
 
 Mandra, tn., Greece, prov. Boeotia and Attica, 14 m. NW. 
 by W. Athens. P. <300o; comm. (Eleusis) P. <5000. 
 
 Mandra, tn.,- India, Rajputdna, Jaipur state, dist. Torawali. 
 P. (1881) 5600. 
 
 Ulandsanr (Sfand^snr, census), tn.. Central India, Gwalior 
 state, 106 m. NNW. Indore, on a trib. of the Chambal. P. 
 (1881) 22,600; (1891) 25,800; Hindus, 16,100; Moham. 7400; 
 Jain, 1600. 
 
 Manda, deserted city, India. See MAl-wA and MAndogarh. 
 
 Mandnrab, tn., W. Australia, Murray co., on the W. ct., 
 40 m. S. by W. Perth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mandnrda, tn., India, Kdthiiwdr Penin., 55 m. NW. Diu. 
 P. (1881) 5400. 
 
 Mandnrla, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 22 ra. ESE. 
 Taranto. It has a celebrated well, described by Pliny, the 
 waters of which preserve a constant level. There are extensive 
 remains of its ancient walls. P. 7800. 
 
 MAndTl, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 30 m. E. by N. 
 Surat, on the r. bk. of the Taptf. P. <5ooo. 
 
 MAndvl, seapt., India, Cutch, on the S. ct. of the penin., in 
 69° 32' E. ; port of call for British India steamers. P. (1872) 
 36,000; (1891)38,200. 
 
 MAndwa, seapt., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Kol&ba, sub- 
 div. Alibagh. P. < 5000. 
 
 Hanea, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, Isle of Ely, Wisbech div. , 5J ra. 
 SE. byS. March, on the G. E. R., PMT.O.; 5676 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Manenianema. See Langblan. 
 
 Maner, municip. , Brit. India, Bengal, Patnd dist., in 25° 39' 
 N., 84° 55' E. P. (1881) 5800. 
 
 Manerang, mt. pass of the Himalayas, India, Kashmfr state, 
 in 31° 56' N., 78° 24' E. Alt. 18,612 ft. 
 
 Manerblo, tn., N. Italy, prov. and 13 m. SSW. Brescia, on 
 the Mella. P. <4000. 
 
MANE — MANI 
 
 Haneroo Range, portion of the Dividing Range of Australia, 
 in the S. of New South Wales, just N. of the Muniong Range. 
 Highest summit, 4010 ft. 
 
 Mauetin, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 24 m. SE. Karlsbad. 
 
 Maney, vil., Eng., Warwickshire, i m. S, Sutton Coldfield, 
 PM.O. 
 
 Hanfalut, tn.. Upper Egypt, 1. bk. Nile, in 27° 18' N., 
 about 25 m. below Siut. P. (1882) 13,200. 
 
 Maufield, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div. , 
 on the r. bk. of the Tees, 4^ m. W. Darlington, 2 m. S. by E. 
 Piercebridge stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Maiifredoula, seapt. tn. , Italy, E. ct. Apulia, prov. and 23 
 m. NE. by E. Foggia, with which it is connected by rail, on a 
 bay of the Adriatic called the Gulf of M., the ancient Sinus 
 Urias, lying S. of the promontory of Gargano. Its port, 
 sheltered by a mole, and defended by a fort, is accessible only 
 to small vessels. It was founded by Manfred in the 13th cen- 
 tury, I m. NE. the ancient Sipuntum. Near the shore of the 
 gulf are two salt lagoons, the Lago Salso ('salt lake') and the 
 Lago di Salpi (S. shore), from which great quantities of salt are 
 derived. The lighthouse, in 41° 38' N. , is visible 14 m. P. 9300. 
 
 Manga, tribe. See Borna. 
 
 Manga, tn., Brazil, Minas Geraes. See S&o Francisco. 
 
 Manga, tn., Brazil, state Piauhi, 93 m. SW, Theresina, on 
 r. bk. of Parnahiba R., in 6° 42' S. P. <4O0o. 
 
 Mangatapett, tn., India, Haidarabdd, on the r. bk. of the 
 riv. Goddvari, 148 m. N. by W. Masulipatam, " 
 
 Mangala, or Ngala, riv. , Congo Free State. See Mongalla . 
 
 Mangalaglrl, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Kistna, 43 m. 
 NW. by \V. Masulipatam. P. 6400 ; Hindus, 5700. 
 
 Mangalla, tn. , Roumania, Dobruja, on the coast, prov, and 
 25 m. S. by W. Kustenji. P. 7900. 
 
 Mangalore, seapt. , municip. , and military stn., Brit. India, 
 Madras, cap. dist. S. Kdnara, on the W. ct., at the mouth of 
 the Netrdvati, 127 m. NNW. Calicut. A good deal of Coorg 
 coffee is exported from M. The roadstead is open ; water always 
 smooth. Vessels load and discharge by lighters and canoes. 
 Alt. 52 ft. Mean temp., yr. 79° F., Jan. 76°, May 83°; rfall., 
 yr. 131. o in., May-Oct. 126.2 in., June-Sept. 110. i in. P. 
 (1871) 39,700 ; (1891) 40,900 ; Hindus, 23,400 ; Christians, 9800 ; 
 Mohani. 7600. 
 
 Mangnlvedha, tn., India, Bombay, 50 m. N. by W. Bijdpur. 
 P. (1881) 9200. 
 
 Mangaua, tn., Tasmania, co. Cornwall, 91 m. by rail and 
 road SE. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Manganja (ng as in sing), or Anyanja ('people of the 
 lake '), tribe, S. Africa, on the SE., S., and W. of Lake Nyassa. 
 
 Maugapnl, tn.. New Zealand, North I., Whangarei co., 
 75 m. NNW. Auckland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Maugaral Strait. See Mangeral. 
 
 Mangaratlba, seapt., Brazil, state of and 54 m. W. Rio de 
 Janeiro ; important in the time of the slave trade, now only a 
 small coasting port. P. 3000. 
 
 Manganll, tn.. Central India, state of and 125 m. S. Gwalior. 
 P. 6200; Hindus, 4400; Moham. iioo. 
 
 Mangaivai, settlement. New Zealand, North I. , co. Otamatea, 
 55 m. N. by W. Auckland. 
 
 Mangaivliare, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I., co. Hobson, 
 loi m. NE. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mangbatta, Monbnttn, central African tribe, belonging to 
 *' ■ Nuba race, like the Niam-Niam (q.v.). The M., who inhabit 
 • country S. of the Welle-Makua R. (upper Ubangi), are of 
 ill colour, and totally different from Bantus and Negroes. 
 According to Schweinfurth, the M. are by far the worst of all 
 African cannibals. Notwithstanding this fact they are very 
 intelligent, as, e.g., the high development of their native in- 
 dustries proves. The M. country, like many other countries E. 
 >!' the upper Congo, was recently devastated by the slave-raiding 
 Arabs. See Schweinfurth, The Heart of Africa, 'L.oT^don.,i^-j'^; 
 junker. Travels in Africa, London, 1892. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Mangeea, isl. , Pacific. See Manala. 
 
 Hangeral, the W. end of Flores I., E. Archipelago. It 
 
 .■;s name to M. Strait, to the W. of Flores, more properly 
 
 ;\\een the isls. of Rinja and Komodo, a strait difficult of 
 vigation on account of its numerous islands. 
 
 .Uangerton Mountain, Ire., in the SE. co. Kerry, 7 m. 
 NE. by N. Kenmare. Height, 2756 ft. Has a deep hollow 
 n -ar its summit known as the Devil's Punch Bowl. 
 
 -Mangiiao. Same as Manhao. 
 
 ^langlshlak, penin., on E. ct. of Caspian Sea, between 
 Mertvyi Kultuk (Dead Bay) and KinderH Bay ; a ravinated 
 plateau with steep crags, crossed in E. part by Karatau ridge 
 (2000 ft. high). The Buzachi Penin., between Kochak and 
 Kaidak Bays in N. Fort Alexandrovsk on its W. extremity. 
 .Hangkasar. See Macassar. 
 
 Manglares, Pnnta, cape, Colombia, Cauca, on the W. ct. , 
 in about 1° 37' N. 
 
 Manglaur, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Saharanpur, 48 
 lu. N. by E. Meerut. P. 10,000 ; Moham. 6900 ; Hindus, 3100. 
 Mangles, two islets, Nicaragua. See Corn. 
 
 Manglls, fortified vil., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 32 
 m. from Tiflis. Alt. 3950 ft. Ruins of Old M. close by ; old 
 church of 4th century. 
 
 Mango, W. Africa. See Anno. 
 
 Mangoche, mts. at SE. end of Lake Nyassa, Brit. Central 
 Africa. 
 
 Mangoka, Mangokl, or St. Vincent, riv., Madagascar, 
 flows W. into Mozambique Channel, which it enters in 23° S. 
 by a large delta, the extreme point of which is called Cape St. 
 Vincent. 
 
 Mangone, or Mangonl, Zulu-speaking tribe, Africa, W. 
 Lake Nyassa. 
 
 Mangor, fortified vil.. Central India, Gwalior state, in 26° 6' 
 N., 78° 6' E. In 1843 ^he Mardth4s were here defeated by the 
 British, with the loss of their guns and ammunition. 
 
 Mangotsfleld, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Thornbury div., 
 5^ m. ENE. Bristol, on the M. & SW. June. Rly. ; has coal- 
 mining. PM.O. P. 7200. 
 
 Mlingrol, tn., India, Rajputdna, 114 m. SSE. Jaipur. 
 P. (1881) 5900. 
 
 Mangrol, seapt. , India, Jundgarh state, on the SW. ct. of 
 Kdthidwar Penin., 65 m. NW. by W. Diu. P. (1881) 12,100. 
 
 Mangrota, tn. and fort, Brit. India, Punjab, 45 m. N. Dera 
 Ghazi Khan, near the Sangarh Pass. 
 
 Mangrdl, tn. , Brit. India, Berar, dist. and 23 m. S. by E. 
 Amrdoti. P. 6200 ; Hindus, P. 5600. 
 
 Mangrol Plr, tn. , India, Berar, dist. Bdsim, 50 m. SW. 
 Amraoti. P. 5200 ; Hindus, 3300 ; Moham. 1800. 
 
 Manga, or Mangnns, Tungus tribe, Russia, on both banks 
 of lower Amur ; considered as the survivors of the Mongu, or 
 Mengu, of Chingiz-khan. 
 
 Mangualde, or Azurara do Belra, tn., Portugal, Beira, 
 dist. and 8 m. SE. Vizeu. P, (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Manguelra, Lagoada, lake, Brazil, state Rio Grande do Sul, 
 lying between the ocean and Lagoa Mirim. Length, 62 m. ; 
 breadth, 5-6 m. 
 
 Mangnla, isl. , Eastern Archipelago, one of the Sulu Is. , E. 
 of the middle of Celebes I. 
 
 Mangnln, vil., Nyassa-land, in 15° 7' S. , 35° 17' E. 
 
 Mangnp-kaleh (Mankoy, Mangnt), ruins of old fortress, 
 Russia, Crimea, 34 m. from Simpheropol, on crag 1900 ft. high. 
 Supposed to have been founded in 6th century by Justinian. 
 
 Mangwe, stn., S. Africa, Matabili-land, on the M. , 53 m. 
 NNE. Tati, about 20° 45' S., 27° 55' E. 
 
 Manliao, or Manghao, tn. and river-port, China, in the 
 SE. of Yunnan, 190 m. NW. Hanoi, the limit of navigation 
 on the Songkoi, whose valley has the reputation of being very 
 unhealthy here ; the emporium for tea, cotton, and silk from S. 
 Yunnan ; mines abound in the neighbourhood. See Mengtsti. 
 
 Mauliasset, vil., U.S., New York, Queen's co., i m. N. 
 Little Neck. P. < 1500. 
 
 Manbattan, city, U.S., Kansas, Riley co. , on Kansas R. , 
 53 m. W. by N. Topeka; seat of an agricultural college, with 
 large experimental farm and valuable endowments. P. <4ooa 
 
 Manhattan Island. See New York, city. 
 
 Manbelni, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co. , 28 m. 
 E. by S. Harrisburg. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Mauhll, or Waterlandt, isl.. Pacific, in the N. of the 
 Tuamotu group, in about 14° 15' S. , 146° o' W. 
 
 Manhlssa, or Manlce, riv., S. Africa, flows E. then S. into 
 Delagoa Bay. 
 
 Manl, penin. See Greece, surface. 
 
 Maiila, riv., Madagascar, flows W. and enters the Mozam- 
 bique Channel in about 19° 50' S. 
 
 Manlago, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 26 m. WNW. 
 Udine. P. < 5000. 
 
 Manlar, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Ballia, on r. bk. 
 of Gogra R., 7 m. from Bansdih, with large grain market. P. 
 8800 ; Hindus, 8100 ; Moham. 700. 
 
 Manias, vil., Asia Minor, 55 m. WSW. Brusa, with some 
 remains supposed to be those of the ancient Poimanenon . 
 
 Manias Gol, lake, in the NW. of Asia Minor, 50 m. W. 
 Brussa, about 15 m. long E. to W. It receives from the S. the 
 Karadir, and is drained E. into the Susurlu-chai. 
 
 Manlce River, S. Africa. See Manhlssa. 
 
 Manlel, small seapt., isl. of Haiti, republic Santo Domingo, 
 S. ct. , 93 m. ESE. Port-au-Prince, in 71° i' W. 
 
 Manifold, cape, Queensland, E. ct., N. of Keppel Bay, near 
 Port Bowen. 
 
 Manigonagan, or Manlconagan, penin., Canada, Quebec, 
 on the 1. bk. of the St. Lawrence, in 68° io'-3o' W. , between the 
 estuaries of the M. and Outardes Rivs. 
 
 Manlhl, isl. , Pacific. Same as Manhll. 
 
 ManUiikl, isls. , Oceania. See Manahlki. 
 
 Manlka, Bantu tribe inhabiting Manika-land [q.v.). 
 
 Maulka-land, country in SE. Africa, NW. of Sofala. 
 Already known to the early Portuguese writers, and described 
 by them as a country very rich in gold. The Anglo- Portuguese 
 boundary line runs through the Manika country, the western 
 parts of which belong to British Zambezia. [D. G. 8.1 
 
 957 
 
MANI — MANI 
 
 SIAnlksaiiJ, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 25 m. WNW. 
 Dacca. P. < 5000. 
 
 Manlkolo, isl. , Pacific. See Tanikoro. 
 
 Manlktola, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Twenty-four 
 Parganas, near Calcutta. P. 28,200; Hindus, 20,700; Moham. 
 7300. 
 
 Hanil, Cirand, comm., Belgium, prov. Namur, 5 m. NE. by 
 E. Ligny. P. <20oo. 
 
 Manila, frequently spelt in English Manilla, a fortified city 
 of the Philippines, and the cap. of the Spanish possessions in 
 the East, on the SW. coast of the isl. Luzon, at the head of the 
 Bay of M. Lat. of cathedral, 14° 35' N., long. 121° 2' 4" E. 
 The city proper, little more than 2 m. in circumference, com- 
 municates across the navigable riv. Pasig, with the important 
 commercial suburbs Binondo, San Nicolas, Quiapo, &c. , on the 
 N. bank. M. has a cathedral of the 17th century, archbishop's 
 palace, university school of art, and a large government cigar 
 factory. The vicinity is thickly studded with orchards and 
 plantations of cotton, cacao, and coffee, and it is the seat of 
 an extensive commerce. The bay and harbour are at the mouth 
 of the Pasig R. {q.v. ). Exports comprise sugar, hemp, cordage, 
 leaf tobacco and cigars, indigo, coffee, cotton, rice, leather, dye- 
 woods, rum, sapan-wood, mother-of-pearl, tortoise-shell, &c. 
 Imports cotton fabrics, silks, woollens, drugs, clocks, and jewel- 
 lery. The port has a patent slip>-way 820 ft. long, with 2000 tons 
 lifting-power. The city was taken and erected into a colonial 
 cap. by the Spaniards in 1571. The site is a large part swampy, 
 and many of the houses in that part are built of bamboos on 
 piles. M. has often been visited by destructive earthquakes (a 
 very disastrous one in 1645, eight during the 19th century, the 
 last in 1863, 1869, 1880, 1881). It is also exposed to typhoons 
 (vaguios ; a very Naolent one in 1883). Mean temp. (15 yrs. ), 
 80.2° F. ; mean rfall. , cold season (Nov. -Feb. ), 8.7 in. ; hot 
 season (March-June), 10.5 in. ; wet season (July-Oct.), 36 in. 
 P. 154,000; including suburbs about 300,000, of whom about 
 15,000 are Europeans. 
 
 Manila, Bay of, large bay in the SW. of isl. Luzon, Philip- 
 pine Is. ; mouth (10 m. wide) in 14° 15' N. ; expands in the 
 interior to a width of 35 m. , the NW. portion forming the Bay 
 of Pampanga. At its mouth is the island of Corregidor. 
 
 Manilla, vil., Canada, Ontario, Victoria co. , 52 m. NNE. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Manilla, post-tn., New South Wales, Darling co., 25 m. 
 NW. by N. Tamworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Manllva, tn. , Spain, prov. and 52 m. SW. Malaga, dist. 
 Estepona, with the sulphurous spring Hedionda. P. <:400o. 
 
 Manlnlan, vil., W. Africa, in the Worodugu country, in 
 about 9° 39' N. , 7° 28' W. 
 
 Manlno, vil., Russia, govt. Voronezh, dist. Boguchary, 35 
 m. SW. Uryupino. P. 6000. 
 
 Manlototo, co., New Zealand, South I., crossed by 45° S. 
 and 170° E. 
 
 Manlpa, small isl., Malay Archipelago, off W. end of Ceram ; 
 mountainous, but fertile. Area, 32 sq. m. 
 
 Manipar, or Imptaal, the Kasse or Katli6 of the Burmese, 
 native state, India, in SE. of Assam, consisting principally of a 
 considerable valley in the heart of difficult mountainous country, 
 with dense forests, the greatest altitude of the hills in the N. being 
 8000 ft. The conformation of the valley is that of a shallow 
 saucer, the lowest part of which is Lake Logtak, to the N. of 
 which lake is M. , cap. of state. The rivers are insignificant ; iron 
 is obtained from the beds of small streams ; salt, from salt-wells 
 in the valley, which has a temperate climate. Alt. 2500 ft. ; area, 
 8300 sq. m. P. about 220,000. 
 
 Manlpnrl, or Manaponrl, lake in the SW. of the South I. 
 of New Zealand, very irregular in outline ; receives from the N. 
 the surplus waters of Lake Te Anau, and drained S. by the 
 Waiau into the S. Pacific Ocean, W. of Foveaux Strait. Alt. 
 610 ft. ; area, 50 sq. m. 
 
 Manlses, tn., Spain, prov. and 7 m. WNW. Valencia, on 
 r. bk. of Guadalaviar R. P. < 4000. 
 
 Manlsh, P.O., Scot., Outer Hebrides Is., 9 m. from 
 Harris. 
 
 Ma'nlsht Knb, mt., in the W. of Persia, 115 m. E. by N. 
 Bagdad. Alt. 9500 ft. 
 
 Manlssa, tn., Asia Minor, on the 1. bk. of the Gediz Chai, 
 vilayet and 21 m. NE. Smyrna, cap. sanjak Sarukhan. It 
 has a citadel on a height, and ancient walls, at the foot of which 
 is the modern town, comprising mosques, Greek and Armenian 
 churches, and synagogues. Noted in ancient times for its load- 
 stone — the word ' magnet ' being derived from the ancient name 
 of the town. Magnesia ad Sipylutn. P. 35,000 ; Moham. 21,000 ; 
 Orthodox Greeks, 10,400 (Cuinet]. 
 
 Manistee', city, U.S., Michigan, cap. M. co. , on Lake 
 Michigan, at the mouth of the Manistee R. , 130 m. WNW. 
 Bay City; has important lumber mills. P. (1880)6900; (1890) 
 12,800. 
 
 Manlstlqne, vil., U.S., Michigan, Schoolcraft co., on Lake 
 Michigan, at the mouth of the Manistique R., 70 m. SE. by 
 E.Marquette. P. < 3000. 
 958 
 
 Manlsn, tn., China, Slichwan, on the 1. bk. of the Yangtse- 
 kiang, 145 m. S. Chengtu-fu. 
 
 Manitoba' (from the Cree Indian Manito-iuaban, 'spirit's 
 strait,' on account of the peculiar agitation of the waters at 
 the Narrows), large lake. Dominion of Canada, in the middle 
 of prov. M. , 120 m. long NNW. to SSE. ; g^reatest breadth 
 (S. end), 30 m. ; very irregular in outline, especially the N. half, 
 which is nearly shut off from the S. half by a strait called the 
 Narrows less than a mile in width. The lake receives in the 
 N. the Water-hen R. from Lake Winnipegosis, and is drained 
 E. through Lake Martin by the Little Saskatchewan into Lake 
 Winnipeg. Alt. 810 ft. ; area, 1900 sq. m. 
 
 Manitoba, prov. of the Dominion of Canada, about one- 
 fourth larger than England, lying between Ontario and Kee- 
 watin on the E. , and Assiniboia and Saskatchewan on the W. ; 
 nearly rectangular in shape, stretching 280 m. E. to W. (95° 
 io'-ioi° 21' W. ) along the U.S. frontier (Minnesota and N. 
 Dakota), and 260 m. S. to N. (49°-52° 50' N.); cap. Winnipeg. 
 It includes the whole of Lake M. besides the greater part of 
 Lakes Winnipeg and Winnipegosis, in addition to many smaller 
 lakes — Dauphin and Swan Lake in the N W. , and Pelican, White 
 Water, and other lakes in the SW. Principal rivers, the English 
 R. , Red R,, Assiniboine, Souris, and Pembina. The surface in 
 the E. is a continuation of the area of ancient crystalline rocks 
 which forms the whole of western Ontario, presenting in some 
 places stretches of wild and rocky scenery, in others dense woods 
 and undergrowth, in others extensive swamps. This is suc- 
 ceeded S. of Lake Winnipeg by what is known as the first 
 prairie steppe, the superficial deposits of which are chiefly those 
 of the extinct Lake Agassiz, the deeper parts of which are now 
 represented by the Red River valley, a valley stretching south- 
 wards to the U.S. frontier at an altitude of rather more than 
 700 ft. , with a width of 40 m. , a surface perfectly flat and un- 
 diversified, and occupied by a soil of great depth and extreme 
 fineness and of unsurpassed fertility. The remainder of the 
 surface to the W. belongs to the second prairie steppe (alt. 
 about 1600 ft.), where the surface is not so level, and is covered 
 with thick deposits of drift, and surmounted here and there by 
 hills such as Turtle Mt. in the SW. (mainly in N. Dakota), and 
 the Riding Hills further N., which, however, nowhere attain a 
 height of more than 500 ft. above the prairie. The hill tracts 
 are mostly composed of gravel, and wooded. Climate one of 
 extremes [Winnipeg, Glmll, Mlnnedosa', but very healthy, 
 the chief drawbacks being frequent thunderstorms and hail- 
 storms, and a liability to frosts before the ripening of the grain. 
 Principal crops wheat (of the finest quality) and oats, next in 
 importance barley and potatoes. Average yield of wheat 20 
 bushels to the acre. M. is one of those parts of the world in 
 which the area under wheat has increased with great rapidity 
 in the decade 1880, as is shown by the following figfures, in 
 which ' acres ' stand for thousands of acres of wheat : — 
 
 Years. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1882. 
 
 1883. 
 
 1884. 
 
 1885. 
 
 1886. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 51 
 
 
 209 
 
 307 
 
 367 
 
 380 
 
 Years. 
 
 1887. 
 
 1888. 
 
 1889. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1894. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 432 
 
 518 
 
 623 
 
 746 
 
 917 
 
 lOIO 
 
 Minerals are unimportant, but lignite occurs in the M. portion 
 of Turtle Mt. , and a seam of good coal has been reported in 
 the SE. near the Lake of the Woods and the Minnesota frontier. 
 There are several salt-springs in the NW. near Lake Winni- 
 pegosis and Swan Lake, and in the S. at Rosenfeld. The Red 
 R. is an important means of communication, and the Assini- 
 boine is also navigable, though little used for the purpose. 
 Winnipeg, situated at the confluence of these two rivers, is the 
 greater centre of trade and communications, numerous railways 
 radiating from it in different directions, principally S. and W. 
 The Legislative Assembly consists of a single chamber of thirty- 
 eight members. Area, 73,957 sq. m. (of which 9890 sq. m. 
 water). P. (1891) 152,500. See Canada, table. 
 
 Maniton, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of the 
 C. P. R. , 76 m. SW. by W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Maniton (man'i-tu), tn. and famous health resort, U.S., 
 Colorado, El Paso co. , 58 m. S. Denver, in a picturesque situa- 
 tion, with soda, iron, seltzer, and sulphur springs. P. < 1500. 
 
 Manltoa, co. , U.S., Michigan, composed of the islands in 
 the N. of Lake Michigan (Beaver Is. and N. and 8. Manltoa 
 Islands, the latter in 45°-45'' 10' N.). 
 
 Manitoa Laice, lake, Canada, Ontario, in the E. of Grand 
 Mantoulin I. 
 
 Maniton Lake, Canada, Saskatchewan, to the S. of the 
 Battle R. , crossed by 109° 45' W. 
 
 Manltonlin Islands, chain of isls. in Lake Huron, 2 m. 
 from the Canadian coast. It consists of three larger islands 
 and numerous smaller ones. Grand Manitoulin, or Sacred I., 
 is 80 m. in length, and from 1-28 m. in breadth. They all 
 belong to Canada, except Drummond Isle, which belongs to 
 U.S. (Michigan). P. nearly all Indians. 
 
 Manltowaning, vil., Canada, Ontario, on M. Bay, N. ct. 
 of Grand Manitoulin I., 113 m. NW. by N. Collingwood. P. 
 <:i500. 
 
I 
 
 MANI — MANS 
 
 Manitowoc', city, U.S. , Wisconsin, M. co. , on Lake Michigan, 
 35 m. SSE. of the head of Green Bay. P. 7700. 
 
 Manlwaki, vil. , Canada. See River Desert. 
 
 Manizales, tn., Colombia, Antioquia, 72 m. S. Medellin, of 
 recent origin, but as a trade centre between Antioquia and deps. 
 Cauca and Tolima growing fast. Alt. 7030 ft. P. (including 
 dist. ) 20,000. 
 
 Manjadlkara, trading tn., India, Madras, Travancore state, 
 in 9° 26' N. and 76° 35' E. P. (1871) 6600. 
 
 Manjafa, or Malfa, walled tn., Africa, Sudan, Bagirmi, on 
 r. bk. of Shari R., 56 m. WSW. Massenya. P. < 5000. 
 
 Hanjeri, tn. , or rather group of vils., Brit. India, Madras, 
 dist. Malabar, in 11° 7' N., 76° 10' E.; the scene of one of the 
 worst Mapping outrages in 1849. 
 
 Hdnjhand, tn., Brit. India, Sind, dist. and 100 m. NE. 
 Karachi, on the r. bk. of the Indus. P. <5ooo. 
 
 9I4nJhi, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Saran, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Gogra, 45 m. WNW. Patna. P. (1881) 6100. 
 
 Manji, stn. and seaport in French Congo Terr,, W. Africa, 
 in 0° 40' S. 
 
 Hankato, vil., U.S., Kansas, Jewell co., 150 m. WNW. 
 Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hankato, city, U.S., Minnesota, Blue Earth co., on the r. 
 bk. of the Minnesota R. , at the point where it turns to the NE., 
 66 m. SW. by S. Minneapolis ; has extensive quarries and 
 important manufactures of cement, drain tile, sewer pipe, brick, 
 and fire brick. Alt. 770 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 5600; (1890) 8800. 
 
 Stanley, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 7 m. ENE. 
 Chester, 2 m. NW. Mouldsworth stn., P.O. P. <500. See 
 Frodsham. 
 
 Manilas, vil., U.S., New York, Onondaga co., 8 m. SE. by 
 E. Syracuse. P. < 1500. 
 
 Manllen, comm., Spain, Catalonia, prov. Barcelona, dist. 
 Vich. P. 5300. 
 
 Manly, post-tn. , New South Wales, Cumberland co. , on the 
 coast, 10 m. NE. Sydney. P. < 4000. 
 
 ManniiUI, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Nasik, 63 m. N W. 
 by W. Aurangabad, at the junction of the M. State Rly. with 
 the Great Indian Peninsula Rly. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mann, riv. , Eng., Nottinghamshire. See Meden. 
 
 Manna, riv. , Africa. See Liberia. 
 
 Mannanarrle, tn., S. Australia, Dalhousie co., 64 m. SE. by 
 E. Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Manner, tn. and gulf, Ceylon. See M&nar. 
 
 Mann&rgudl, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 24m. ESE. 
 Tanjore. P. (1871) 17,700; (1891)20,400; Hindus, 19,300. 
 
 Mannersdorf, market-tn., Lower Austria, 21 m. SSE. 
 Vienna. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mannhartsberg, wooded mountain range of Austria, ter- 
 minates near the Danube, about 25 m. WNW. Vienna. 
 
 Mannheim, tn., Ger. , gd. -duchy of Baden, cap. circle M., 
 12 m. WNW. Heidelberg, in a wide plain at the junction of the 
 Rhine and Neckar, the former here 1200 ft. broad, and crossed 
 by a railway bridge, connecting M. with Ludwigshafen. 
 Principal edifice, the former palace of the Elector Palatine, 
 built in 1720-31. Fine public gardens surround the town. The 
 national theatre, dating from 1776, is important in the history of 
 the German drama through Iftland and Schiller, whose statues 
 are to be seen on the Schiller-platz. M. has an active trade by 
 the rivers and railways (chief centre of the S. German grain 
 trade) ; iron foundries, manufactures of machines, tobacco, 
 cigars, chemical products, woollen stuffs, carpets, and glass. 
 It is a modern town, having been founded in 1606 by the 
 Elector Palatine Frederick IV. ; in 1689 it was entirely burnt 
 down by the French, but rebuilt in its present form in 1697 ; 
 from 1721-78 was the residence of the Elector Palatine, and 
 in 1803 passed into the hands of Baden. Fortifications rased 
 in 1799. P- (1812) 18,200; (1871) 39,600; (1890) 79,100. 
 
 Mannlcolo, isl. , Pacific. See Vanlkoro. 
 
 Mannln, Longh, Ire., in the SE. of co. Mayo, 18^ m. ESE. 
 Castlebar. Height above sea-level, 267 ft. 
 
 Mannln Bay, Ire., W. ct., co. Galway, lat. 53° 27' N. 
 
 Manning, or Pitt Strait, Ger. New Guinea, crossed by 158° 
 E. , 7° 20' S. 
 
 Manning, navigable riv. , New South Wales, rises in Hastings 
 range, flows ESE., separating cos. Gloucester and Macquarie, 
 and enters the Pacific by several mouths in 32° S. Length, 80 m. 
 
 Manning, tn., U.S., Iowa, Carroll co. P. <i500. 
 
 Manning, tn. , U.S., S. Carolina, Clarendon co., on Black 
 R. , 50 m. ESE. Columbia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mannlngford Abbots, Mannlngford Bobnn, and Man- 
 nlngford Brace, three adjoining pars., Eng., Wiltshire, 
 Devizes div. , M. Bruce, 16^ m. S. by W. Swindon, 2 m. SE. 
 Woodborough stn., P.O., P. 250; M. Abbots, P. <25o; M. 
 Bohun, P. <2so. See WUsford. 
 
 Mannlngham, par. and suburb of Bradford, Eng., in the 
 W. div., on the M. R. P. 45,100. 
 
 Mannington, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 8J m. SW. 
 Cromer, aj m. ENE. Corpusty and Saxthorpe stn. P. <2So. 
 See Itterlugbam. 
 
 Mannington, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Marion co., 40 m. 
 SSE. Wheeling. Ah. 967 ft. (R.R.). P.<:i5oo. 
 
 Mannlngtree, par. and market-tn., Eng., Essex, on the 
 estuary of the navigable riv. Stour, and on the G. E. R. , div. 
 and 7^ m. NE. by E. Colchester. Market-day, Th. P. < 1000. 
 
 Mannofleld, eccles. par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, Banchory- 
 Devenick and Old Machar pars., P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mannn, small riv., Sardinia, flows SSW. and joins the 
 Samassi on the 1. bk. 
 
 Mannn, Capo, cape, Sardinia, in the W., in 40° 2' N. 
 
 Mannnm, post-tn. , S. Australia, Sturt co. , on the r. bk. of 
 the Murray R. , 40 m. E. Adelaide. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mano, small isl., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, govt. 
 Schleswig, in North Sea, 10 m. WSW. Ribe. 
 
 Mauoa del Dorado, S. America. See Eldorado. 
 
 Mauo Bagrn, riv. , W. Africa, Sierra Leone, flows S. into the 
 upper end of the Sherbro R. , behind Sherbro I. ; navigable about 
 15 m. up. 
 
 Manod, stn., Wales, Merionethshire, on the Bala and Fes- 
 tiniog Rly. , 2 m. N. Festiniog. 
 
 Mnn-or->Var Bay, small bay, W. Indies, on the NW. ct. 
 of Tobago. 
 
 Manokar, another name for Rakiposbl, peak, Himalayas. 
 
 Maliion, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Ortigueira. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Mauono, the lie Platte of La P^rouse, islet, Samoa Archi- 
 pelago, 2 m. from the W. end of Upolu ; along with the adjacent 
 islet of Apolima, a natural fortress on the W. , of great import- 
 ance in the history of the group. 
 
 Manoora, post-tp. , S. Australia, Light co. , 64 m. N. by E. 
 Adelaide, on the Great Northern Line. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hauopello, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 9 m. 
 SW. Chieti. P. <20oo. 
 
 Manor, par., Scot., Peeblesshire, on Manor Water, 2^ m. SW. 
 Peebles, i| m. SE. by S. Lyne stn. ; 16,622 ac. P. 250. 
 
 Manora, cape, India, Sind, at the entrance to the harbour of 
 Karichf, on the W. side, one of the quarters of the Karichi 
 municip. , and station of the Port and Pilot and the Indo-Euro- 
 pean Telegraph establishments ; with a lighthouse, visible 20 m. 
 
 Manorbler, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on the S. ct., 6 m, 
 ESE. Pembroke, i)^ m. S. of its stn. on the Pembroke and Tenby 
 Rly. Birthplace of Giraldus Cambrensis (1146-1224). PM.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Manor Cunningham, vil.. Ire., Donegal, bar. N. Raphoe, 
 12 m. WSW. Londonderry, on the railway to Letterkenny, P.O. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Manordllo, vil., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 3 m. SW. Llan- 
 gadock, P.O. 
 
 Manordlvey, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on the Teifi, 4 m. 
 SE. by E. Cardigan, 3 m. E. Kilgerran stn. ; 4443 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Manor Hamilton, tn., Ire., N. co. Leitrim, bars. Drumahaire 
 and Rosclogher, 12 m. E. by N. Sligo, on the Sligo, Leitrim, 
 and Northern Counties Rly., 'PMT.O. Market-day, Th. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Manorl, port, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Thdna, in 19° 13' N., 
 72° 50' E. 
 
 Manor Kilbride, P.O., Ire., 4 m. NE. Blessington (co. 
 Wicklow). 
 
 Manorome, tn. , Siam, on the Menam, 120 m. SE. by S. 
 Rahang, about 15° 25' N. 
 
 Manorowen, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 2 m. W. by S. 
 Fishguard. P. <:25o. 
 
 Manor Park, stn. , Eng. , Essex, Romford bor. , on the G. E. R. , 
 7 m. ENE. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Manors, stn., Eng., Northumberland, on the NE. R., in 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 
 Manor Water, riv. , Scot. , Peeblesshire, flows N. to the Tweed. 
 
 Manor Way, stn., Eng., London. See Victoria Docks. 
 
 Manosqne, tn., France, dep. Basses-Alpes, in the valley of 
 Durance, 28 m. NE. Aix, arr. and 8 m. S. Forcalquier, with 
 sulphurous springs and beds of lignite and bitumen. P. <5oc)o. 
 
 Manotlck, vil., Canada, Ontario, Carleton co., on the riv. 
 Rideau, 14 m. S. Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Manresa, tn. , Spain, prov. and 30 m. N W. by N. Barcelona ; 
 has manufactures of cotton and woollen yarns and fabrics. 
 P. 19,000. 
 
 Mans, Le, the ancient Cenomania, tn., France, dep. Sarthe, 
 cap. arr. Le M. , on the Sarthe, just above the confluence of the 
 Husne, 30 m. S. by E. Alen9on. Principal edifice, a cathedral, 
 of which the choir is one of the finest of the 13th century, with 
 the tomb of the queen of Richard Coeur de Lion. It has a 
 public library of 55,000 vols. , and manufs. of coarse ironmongery, 
 machines, watches and clocks, stained glass windows, railway 
 carriages, and hemp and linen cloth. Birthplace of Henry II. 
 of England. The last struggle between the French Repub- 
 licans and the Vendean forces took place here in 1793. Mean 
 temp., yr. 51.2° F., Jan. 37.4°, July 65.1°; rfall. 28.74 '"• P- 
 (1872) 42,700; (1891) 57,400. 
 
 M&usa, chief tn. of M. state, India, Bombay, 27 m. N. by 
 E. Ahmaddbdd. P. (1881) 7900. 
 
 I 
 
M A N S — M A N U 
 
 SlansaTlUarga, vil. , Uruguay, dep, Florida, 87 m. NNE. 
 Montevideo. 
 
 MaiiseU Ciamage, par., Eng. , Herefordshire, 5 m. S, Weobly. 
 P. < 250. See Byford. 
 
 Mansell Lary, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 4 m. 
 SSE. Ross, P.O. (Mansel Lacy). P. <25o. See Yazor. 
 
 Mausergh, par., Eng., Westmorland, on the Lune, 2| m. 
 N. Kirkby Lonsdale. P. <25o. 
 
 Dlanserlche, Pongo de. See Amazon. 
 
 IManse^Tood, Scot. See Pollokshaws. 
 
 Hausey, vil., Upper Burma, 11 m. SE. by S. Bhamo. 
 
 Mausfeld, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, cap. M. mountain- 
 circle, 6 .m. NW. Eisleben, with important mines of argentiferous 
 copper. P. <3ooo. See Salziger See. 
 
 Mansfield, isl. , Canada, in the NE. of Hudson's Bay, near 
 entrance to Hudson Strait, crossed by 68° N., 80° W, Length 
 about 70 m. 
 
 Mansfield, mun. bor. (since 1891), par., and market-tn., 
 Eng., Nottinghamshire, Mansfield div., in the diocese of South- 
 well, on the Maun, 14 m. N. Nottingham, on the M. R, Coal- 
 mines in the neighbourhood. Staple industries are cotton- 
 doubling, hosiery, bootmaking, and iron-founding ; also in 
 stone and sand quarries ; agricultiu-al produce. Situated in the 
 celebrated Sherwood Forest, M. became a royal residence and 
 part of the royal demesne ; now the manor belongs to the Duke 
 of Portland. Fairs are held, July 10 and first F. in November. 
 Market-days, M. (cattle), Th. , and S. Mun. bor. and par. P. 
 (1891) 15,900; pari. div. P. 65,700. 
 
 Mansfield, part of New Cumnock, Scot., Ayrshire. 
 
 Mansfield, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Tolland co. , 39 m. N. 
 New London by rail. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mansfield, vil., U.S., Louisiana, De Soto par., 32 m. S. 
 Shreveport. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mansfield, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co. , 11 m. 
 NW. by N. Taunton. P. <4000. 
 
 Mansfield, city, U.S., Ohio, cap. Richland co. , 68 m. SW. 
 by S. Cleveland, with manufactures of threshing machines, 
 &c. P. (1880)9900; (1890) 13,500. 
 
 Mansfield, coal-mining bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny 
 CO. , 4 m. SW. Pittsburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mansfield, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Tioga co. , on Tioga 
 R. , 78 m. WNW. Scranton. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mausfiel4l, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Brown co. , 104 m. 
 NE. by E. Pierre. 
 
 Mansfield, mt. , U.S., Vermont, in the extreme E. of Chitten- 
 den CO. , in the Green Mts. , 20 m. E. Burlington. Alt. 4430 ft. 
 (Guyot). 
 
 Mansfield, post-tn., Victoria, Delatite co., 60 m. SW. by S. 
 Beechworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mansfield Depot, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Tolland co., 18 
 m. E. Hartford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mansfieldstown, par.. Ire., NE. co. and bar. Louth, 7^ m. 
 S. by W. Dundalk, on the riv. Glyde, 3 m. from Castlebelling- 
 ham stn. , P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Mansfield Woodbouse, par. and tn., Eng., Nottingham- 
 shire, Mansfield div., i^ m. N. Mansfield, on the M. R., 
 PMT.O.; 4834 ac. P.<3000. 
 
 Mansfordtown, tn., New Zealand, South L, co. Waikouaiti. 
 P. <i50o. 
 
 Mansilla de Las Mnlas, tn. , Spain, prov. and 11 m. SE. by 
 S. Le6n, on the Esla. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mansion Honse, stn., Eng., London, on the District Riy. 
 (Inner Circle), near the Mansion House and Southwark Bridge. 
 
 Mansle, tn. , France, dep. Charente, arr. Ruffec, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Charente, 16 m. N. by E. AngoulSme ; trade in hydraulic 
 lime from Echoisy. P. <20oo. 
 
 MansonTllle Potton, or 8. Potton, vil., Canada, Quebec, 
 Brome co. , on the riv. Missisquoi, 64 m. ESE. Montreal. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Mansrlggs, par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., i m. 
 N. Ulverston. P. <250. 
 
 Mansion, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., on the Stour, ii 
 m. E. Sherborne, 2 m. ENE. Sturminster stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Mansion, part of eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Isle of Thanet 
 div., 2 m. WNW. Ramsgate, li ni. WNW. St. Lawrence 
 June. See St. Lawrence, Isle of Thanet. 
 
 Manston, eccles. par., Eng. , Yorkshire, Whitkirk and Bar- 
 wick-in-Elmet ancient pars. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mansnra, tn. , Algeria, 58 m. SW. Bougie, with a stn. on the 
 Algiers-Constantine Rly. 
 
 Mansnra, Algeria, Oran. See Tlemsen. 
 
 Mansnra ('Victorious '), tn. , Egypt, on r. bk. of the Damietta 
 arm of the Nile (here crossed by a steel railway bridge, opened 
 April 1893), 28 m. NE. by E. Tanta ; one of the chief com- 
 mercial and industrial towns of Egypt, with manufactures of 
 sail-cloth, crape, cotton and linen goods. Connected by canal 
 with Lake Menzale. A French garrison was massacred here in 
 1798. P. (1872) 16,200; (1882) 26,900. 
 
 Mansnrla, small fortified maritime tn., Africa, Morocco, 
 between Casablanca (Dar-el-Beida) and Rabat, in 33° 46' N. 
 960 
 
 Manta, vil., Colombia, Cundinamarca state, dep. and 28 m. 
 SE. Ubate. 
 
 Manta, maritime vil. , Ecuador, 105 m. N W. by N. Guayaquil. 
 
 Mautananl, two small isls. , off the W. ct. of Brit. N. Borneo, 
 in 6" 40' N. 
 
 Mantaro, rapid riv. of considerable volume, Peru, flows NW. 
 then NE. , and joins the Apurimac in about ii|° S. Length 
 about 280 m. 
 
 Mantecal, tn., Venezuela, Bolivar, 260 m. SSW. Caracas. 
 
 Mantelgas, tn., Portugal, Beira, dist. and 16 m. SW. 
 Guarda, with mineral waters. P. (comm.)<3C)oo. 
 
 Manteka, American Baptist mission, Angola. 
 
 Mantekoli, vil. , China, prov. Pechili, 20 m. W. Peking, with 
 coal-mines. Alt. 2700 ft. above plain. 
 
 Manteno, vil., U.S., Illinois, Kankakee co. , 44 m. S. by W. 
 Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mantes, the ancient Afedunta, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Seine, 30 m. WNW. Paris (Notre Dame), 
 cap. of arr. M. , with manufacture of musical instruments. P. 
 6900. 
 
 Mantborpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 6 m. 
 NNE. Stamford, i m. N. by W. Braceborough Spa stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Manthorpe with Little Gonerby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, 
 I m. N. by E. Grantham, included in the pari. bor. of Grantham, 
 P.O. P. <350o; eccles. par. (M. wltb Loudontborpe) P. 
 
 Mantl, city, U.S., Utah, San Pete co. , 103 m. S. by E. Salt 
 Lake City. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mantlnela (mantinia), comm., Greece, Morea, Arcadia, 9 m. 
 NE. of Tripolis. The ruins of the ancient city lie 2-3 m. SW. 
 of the modern town of Pikerne, cap. of the commune. P. 6400. 
 
 Mantlqnelra, or Serra da Mantlqnelra, granitic mt. chain, 
 SE. Brazil, belonging in the SE. to states Sao Paulo and Rio 
 de Janeiro, in the NW. to Minas Geraes, stretching SW. to 
 NE. parallel with, and at a distance of about 60 m. from the 
 coast, from which it is separated by the Parahiba valley. The 
 railway from Rio de Janeiro crosses it and ends at Barbacena. 
 Highest point of chain and of Brazil, Itatiaia-assu {q.v.). 
 
 Manton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindseydiv. , 11 m. 
 NE. Gainsborough, 2^ m. W. by S. Scawby and Hibaldstow 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Manton, par., Eng., Rutland, 3 m. SE. by S. Oakham, on 
 theM. R.,P.O. P. <5oo. See Martlnstborpe. 
 
 Mantotte, tn. , NW. ct. Ceylon, opposite the isl. Manar. 
 
 MantoTa, Italy. See Mantna. 
 
 Man-tse, or Man-tsn, Chinese term of contempt, loosely 
 applied as a collective name for non-Chinese people living 
 within the borders of China. 
 
 Mantna, tn., near the W. ct. of Cuba, 132 m. WSW. 
 Havana, in 84° 15' W. P. 6800. 
 
 Mantna, electoral div.. Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. Ballina- 
 meen, 10 m. from Castlerea stn., P.O. 
 
 Mantna, Italian Mantora, fortified city, Italy, Lombardy 
 {q.v.), cap. prov. M., on r. bk. Mincio, 22 m. SSW. Verona, one 
 of the four fortresses of 'the Quadrilateral' [Italy], its defences 
 including an artificial lake and fortified canals (which con- 
 tribute to make the town unhealthy), as well as four forts on the 
 N. and E. Seat of a bishop, of an academy of sciences and the 
 fine arts, a chemical laboratory, &c. Has various industries, 
 the chief being connected with hides and skins. Contains 
 statue of the poet Vergil, who was born at Pietole, a few miles to 
 the S. Birthplace of the Proven9al poet Bordello ( 13th century). 
 Taken by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1797. Alt. 60-70 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 56.4° F., Jan. 34.5°, July 79.2°. P. (1881) 28,100. 
 
 Mantna, vil., U.S., Iowa, Monroe co. P. <isoo. 
 
 Mantumba, lake, Africa, Congo Free State, 31 m. N. Lake 
 Leopold II. ; discovered by Stanley in 1883. 
 
 Manna, group of the Samoan Is., the largest, Tau, or Manna 
 Tele, in 14° 15' S., 169^° W. According to tradition, M. is the 
 cradle of the Samoan race. P. (1875) 1421. Scot. Geog. Mag., 
 1889, pp. 237, 248. 
 
 Mannba, vil., Africa, Tunis, 6 m. WNW. Tunis, with 
 cavalry barracks. 
 
 Mannden, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 8^ m. SW. by S. 
 Saffron Walden, 2 m. NW. Stanstead stn., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Manuel, stn., Scot., Stirlingshire, on the N. B. R., 2 
 W. Linlithgow. 
 
 Mannel, vil., Spain, prov. Valencia, dist. and 5 m. NNE. 
 Jativa, with brine-wells. 
 
 Mannel, Cape, Africa, S. of Cape Verde, a basaltic rock 
 sheltering the port of Dakar, with a lighthouse, visible 8 m. 
 
 Mannhlki, isls. , Pacific. See Manataikl. 
 
 Mannk, riv., Java, flowing N. into Java Sea, E. of 109° E. 
 
 Mannkan, co.. New Zealand, North I., crossed by 37° S. 
 and 175° E. ; so called from Manuka, the Maori name of the 
 Leplospermum scoparium , a tree or shrub which abounds in this 
 neighbourhood. On the NW. of the county, bordering also or 
 Eden and Auckland cos., is the irregular inlet known as M, 
 Harbour, with a narrow mouth closed by a bar, which prevent! 
 the entrance of large vessels. See Auckland. 
 
MANU — MAR 
 
 Nannlln, or Mlnola, par., Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Carra, 4 m. 
 E. Castlebar; has a June. stn. on the M. G. W. R., P.O.; 5464 
 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mandmudar, Ilaiisa, or Volcano Island, Ger. New Guinea, 
 crossed by 4° 10' S. , 145° o' E. ; active volcano. Alt. above 4000 ft. 
 Mannrewa, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., 15 m. by rail 
 from Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nanntahl, tn.. New Zealand, North I., co. Taranaki, 50 m. 
 from Wan ganui. P. < 1500. 
 Manntata, riv. See Hadre de Dlos. 
 Manutium. See Mancliester. 
 IHanvers, settlement, Canada. See BallydnfT. 
 Manvllle, vil., U.S., Rhode I., co. and 11 m. N. by W. 
 Providence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Haiiwalu, or Manwyne, tn., China, in the SW. of Yunnan, 
 58 m. ENE. Bhamo, on the r. bk. of the Taping R. Scene of 
 the murder (Feb. 21, 1875) of Mr. A. R. Margary, a member of 
 the British-China Consular Service, at that time employed on a 
 mission to SW. China. Alt. 2460 ft. 
 
 Manx Northern KallM'ay, Isle of Man, Ramsey to Kirk- 
 michael and Foxdale, joining the Isle of Man Rly. near Peel. 
 
 DIanyagres, Tungus tribe, E. Siberia, on 1. bk. of upper 
 Amur ; live by fishing and hunting. 
 
 Mauya'me, vil., S. Africa, on the r. bk. of the Zambezi, 75 m. 
 E. Zumbo, about 31^° E- 
 Nanyami, riv. , S. Africa. See Hanyanl. 
 Manyanga, tn., W. Africa, Congo Free State, on the r. bk. 
 of the Congo, in 4° 56' S. , 14° 32' E. On the 1. bk. of the river, 
 opposite M. , is another station, called South M. 
 
 Manyara, unexplored salt lake, E. Africa, to the SW. of 
 Mount Kilima-Njaro. 
 
 Nanycli, a broad valley, Russia, runs 350 m. NW. to SE. , 
 from the lower Don to the lower Kuma ; was in Post-Pliocene 
 times a strait connecting the Sea of Azov with the Caspian, 
 and now dry and covered with brackish lakes. In spring its 
 bottom is covered with the waters of the Kalaus and both 
 Yegorlyks, which flow from the highest part of the depression 
 (Shara-Khulusun) both ways, i.e., SE. and NW. This de- 
 pression, named Kunia-and-Manycta Depression by geo- 
 graphers, is considered as the geographical division between 
 Asia and Europe on the Caucasian isthmus. Salt raised from 
 M. lakes. 
 
 Manychskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, prov. of Don Cossacks, 
 20 m. SE. Novocherkask, on Manych ; cap. of dist. P. <40oo. 
 Manyenia, or Hauynema, tribe, central Africa, inhabiting 
 the region to the E. of the Congo, between about 4°-5° S. , an 
 undulating country covered with luxurious vegetation and forests, 
 well watered by the Lwama and its numerous affluents, but 
 unhealthy owing to the dampness of the air and nature of its 
 water. They are a savage tribe, addicted to cannibalism. 
 When the Arabs subjugated the Upper Congo Terrs., the M. 
 assisted them in their slave-raids, and devastated the countries 
 between the Lukuga and Aruwimi Rivs. The defeat of the 
 Arabs by the troops of the Congo Free State has, however, now 
 compelled the M. to return to a more peaceful mode of living — 
 trade and agriculture. See Congo Free State. [H. Ci. 8.] 
 
 Nanzanares, tn., Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, cap. dist. M., 
 70 m. SE. by S. Toledo. Chief industry in raising saffron and 
 making Val-de-Penas wine ; manufactures, cloth and soap. 
 P. 9700. 
 
 Nanzanares, small riv., Spain, New Castille, flows S. from 
 the Pico de Peiialara, then SE. past Madrid to the Jarama. 
 Length, about 50 m. 
 
 Manzaneda, comm., Spain, prov. Orense, dist. Puebla de 
 Trives. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Manzanllla, the isl. on which Colon (Colombia) stands, now 
 connected witli the mainland by the railway across the Isthmus 
 of Panama. 
 
 Manzanllla Point, cape, W. Indies, on the E. ct. of 
 Trinidad, in 10° 32' N. 
 
 Manzanillo, seapt., Cuba, on the E. side of a large bay 
 en the S. ct., 85 m. W. by N. Santiago de Cuba, in 77° 8' W. 
 P. (1861) 5600; (1887) 34.,200. 
 
 nianzanlllo, tn., Mexico, Colima, on the W. ct., on a neck 
 of iand facing the two great bays of Santiago and Salagua, 
 162 tn. SW. by S. Guadalajara, in 19° 3' N. Behind it lies the 
 lagoon of Cuiyatlan, an expanse of shallow water some 40 m. 
 long. M. is connected by rail with Colima, cap. and distributing 
 centre of the state. No docks or quays, but the anchorage is 
 close in shore, in 9-10 fathoms, in a bay sheltered from all 
 winds except W. and SW. Situation unhealthy, especially in 
 the dry season, when the exhalations from the numerous lagoons 
 breed malarial disorders. P. < 2000. 
 
 Manzanillo, Pnnta, the northernmost point of tlie Isthmus 
 of Panama, with lighthouse on an adjacent islet (in 9° 39' N., 
 79° 35' W.), visible 24 m. 
 
 Manzat, vil. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Riom, 15 m. 
 NW. by N. Clermont. P. <:2000. 
 
 Hao, chief tn. of Kanem, central Africa, about 40 ni. NE. 
 of Lake Chad, in about 14° 22' N. , 15° 22' E. 
 961 
 
 9Ulo-t>eh-lark^r, vil., India, Assam, 18 m. from Shillong, 
 in the Khasi Hills ; coal-beds supply fuel for domestic purposes. 
 Alt. 5000 ft. 
 
 Maon, place named in O. T. See H'atn. 
 
 Maon, small isl. of Dalmatia, in the Adriatic, W. of the isl. 
 Pago, middle of island, in 44° 25' N. Length about 5 m. 
 
 Maori, Polynesian race. See Mew Zealand. 
 
 Maori Hill, suburb of Dunedin {q.v.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mapastoivn, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. and 2 m. NE. 
 Ardee, on riv. Glyde. P. <2So. 
 
 Mapavra, small seapt., Asia Minor, on the N. ct., 52 m. E. 
 by N. Trebizond. 
 
 Maperatta, electoral div.. Ire., co. Meath, dist. Kells. 
 
 Maperton, par., Eng. , Somerset, E. div., 9 m. NE. by E. 
 Yeovil, 3 ni. SW. Wincanton stn. P. <;2So. 
 
 Mapham, Tso, or Cho, lake, Tibet. See Manasarowar. 
 
 Mapla, St. David, or Freewill, isl, 109 m. N. Cape 
 Maniori, New Guinea, attached to Dutch terr. of New Guinea 
 in 1884. 
 
 Mapien-ting, tn., China, Stichwan, 132 m. S. by W. 
 Chengtu-fu. 
 
 Mapimi, tn. , Mexico, state of and 130 m. NNE. Durango. 
 P. < 50C0. See also Bolson de Mapimi. 
 
 Maplng-kon, tn., China, prov. Pechili, on the Gulf of 
 Pechili, 45 m. SSE. Tientsin. 
 
 Maplri, vil., Bolivia, 93 m. NNW. La Paz, on NE. slope of 
 the lilampu Cordilleras ; extensive cinchona plantations formed 
 here, 1884. 
 
 Maple Bay, vil. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, Vancouver I. , 
 on the E. ct., 29 m. NNW. Victoria. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Maplebeek, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 7 m. NW. 
 Newark, 4 m. NE. Kirklington and Edingley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Maple Creek, stn. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R. , 
 597 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Maplederwell, or Mapledurwell, par., Eng., Hampshire, 
 div. and 3 m. E. by S. Basingstoke, ii^ m. W. Aldershot, P.O. 
 (Maplednrwell). P. <25o. See Newnkam. 
 
 Maplednrham, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., on the 
 1. bk. of the Thames, 3^^ m. NW. Reading. P.-csoo. 
 
 Maple Rapids, vil. , U.S. , Michigan, Clinton co. , on Maple R. , 
 £2 m. SW. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Maplestead, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng.. 
 Essex, Saffron Walden div., 7^ m. NNE. Braintree, i^ m. E. 
 by S. Hedingham stn. Great M., P.O., P. <soo; Little M., 
 P.O., P. <25o. 
 
 Mapleton, vil., U.S., Iowa, Monona co., 37 m. SE. by E. 
 Sioux City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mapiewood, vil. , U.S. , Illinois, Cook co. , 5 m. N W. Chicago. 
 P. <:isoo. 
 
 Maplln Sands, sandbank, Eng. , in the North Sea, adjacent 
 to the SE. ct. of the SE. div. of Essex, between the estuaries 
 of the Thames and Crouch. 
 
 Mapoctaa, or Mapocho, riv., Chile, after a course of 75 m. 
 joins the Maipu about 35 m. SW. Santiago, which city is on 
 its banks. 
 
 Maponderas, vil., S. Africa, Mashona-land, 45 m. N. Fort 
 Salisbury. 
 
 Mapperley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Ilkeston div., 6^ m. NE. 
 Derby, i^ m. W. Ilkeston stn., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Mapperley Plains, P.O., Eng., co. and bor. Nottingham. 
 
 Mapperton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 11^ ra. ENE. 
 Lyme Regis, 3 m. N. Powerstock stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Mapplscombe, part of eccles. par,, Etig. , Kent. See Kings- 
 down (Dartford). 
 
 Mappleton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., on tlie Dove, 
 ii| m. SW. Matlock, i^ m. NW. Ashbourne stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 See Aslibonrne. 
 
 Mappleton and Rowlston, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Holderness div., on the coast, i2§ m. NE. Hull, 2^ m. E. by S. 
 Sigglesthorne stn., P.O. (Mappleton). P. <:25o. 
 
 Mapplewell, vil., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 2J m. 
 NNW. Barnsley, i m. WNW. Staincross stn., PM.O. 
 
 Mappowder, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 9^ m. SE. 
 Sherborne, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Mapn, riv. port of Soul, Korea, on the Han R. {q.v.). 
 
 M&pnsa, tn., Portuguese India, 9 m. NW. Goa, one of the 
 most important commercial places in Goa. P. (1881) 10,300. 
 
 Mapnta, navigable riv., S. Africa, formed by the union of the 
 Usutu and Pongola Rivs., flows NE. from Amatonga-land into 
 Portuguese terr., and enters the S. of Delagoa Bay in one of 
 the most pestilential dists. of Africa. 
 
 Maqnaplt Lake, post-settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, 
 CO. Sunbury, 25 m. ESE. Fredericton. 
 
 Maqnoketa, city, U.S. , Iowa, Jackson co., 30 m. S. Dubuque. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Maqnon, vil, U.S., Illinois, Knox co.. 73 m. NNW. Spring- 
 field. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mar, in Yorkshire names, 'mere,' or 'lake.' 
 Mar, Serra do, chain, E. Brazil, name given to all the ranges 
 of gneissose structure from 30° to 5° S. lat., from state Rio 
 
 3P 
 
MARA — MAR B 
 
 Grande do Sul to Rio Grande do Norte, near Cape St. Roch, 
 particularly to two sections, the chain bordering the states oif 
 Santa Catharina and Parand, and that bordering part of states 
 Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Length more than 1864 m. 
 
 Mara, Greek vil. , in S. of Asia Minor, 62 m. W. by S. Tarsus, 
 on the camel road from Selef ke to Karaman. 
 
 Marabastad, tn, , S. African Republic, div. Zoutpansberg, 
 about 135 m. NE. by N. Pretoria, centre of a goldfield. 
 
 Marablos, range of fourteen volcanoes, Nicaragua, stretching 
 upwards of 40 m. NW. from Lake Managua. 
 
 MaraMtanos, vil., Brazil, Amazonas, on the Rio Negro, near 
 the Venezuelan frontier, 550 m. NW. Manaos. 
 
 Marae^, isl. , on the E. ct. of Brazil, Grao Para, crossed in 
 the S. by 2° N. 
 
 Maracaibo, maritime tn., Venezuela, Falcon state, on the W. 
 shore of Lake M., in about 71° 45' W., pleasantly situated (but 
 badly constructed) in the midst of groves of coco-palms, with no 
 potable water, but rain collected in cisterns. An active trade is 
 carried on with the interior. There is a patent slip 360 ft. in 
 length, lifting power of 400 tons. P. 22,200. 
 
 Haracalbo, Lake, Venezuela, communicating with the 
 Caribbean Sea by a neck, 34 m. long and 9 m. wide in its 
 narrowest part, which flows into a small basin communicating 
 directly with the sea by a narrow strait. Though it has depth 
 sufficient for large ships, these cannot enter it owing to a shift- 
 ing bar at its mouth. The S. banks of the lake are very unhealthy. 
 It receives the Motatan, Chama, and Catatumbo Rivs. Length, 
 N. to S. , 102 m. ; breadth, 56-59 m.; towards S. extremity, 75 m. 
 
 Maracaju. See Mbaracayn. 
 
 Maracas, Monnt, in the range along the N. ct. of the isl. of 
 Trinidad, W. Indies. 
 
 Maracassnine, small riv. , Brazil, state of Maranhao, flowing N. 
 and entering the Atlantic in 45° 35' W. ; gold-mines in its basin. 
 
 Maracay, tn. , Venezuela, Miranda, 52 m. WSW. Cardcas. 
 Alt. 1480 ft. P. (composed largely of Basques and colonists) 7500. 
 
 Maradlk, comm., Austria, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Sriera, dist. 
 I rig. P. < 4000. 
 
 Mar^a, tobacco plantation of the Astrolabe Co., Ger. New 
 Guinea, in about 5° 23 J' S. , 145° 43 J' E. 
 
 Haraga, or Maragba, tn., Persia, prov. Azerbaijan, 55 m. 
 S. Tabriz, enclosed by walls, and has the tomb of Hulaku, a 
 descendant of Jenggiz Khan, who founded an astronomical 
 observatory on an adjacent mountain, at the foot of which are 
 some cave temples. As to M. marble, see Urnmla (lake). P. 
 about 15,000 (Curzon). 
 
 JMaragha, or Marghat, vil., Upper Egypt, prov. Girge. P. 
 8700. 
 
 Maragoglpe, tn., Brazil, state of and 30 m. WNW. Bahia, 
 at the place where the Paraguassu widens into an estuary at 
 the head of All Saints Bay. Gives name to a variety of coffee. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Maragnaca (or Maratanaca) Mount, S. .America, republic 
 Venezuela, state Orinoco, is in 4° 10' N. , 65° 50' W. ■ The 
 arundinaria, yielding reeds from 12-15 ^^' '" length, without 
 a knot, and highly prized by the Indians for blowpipes, grows 
 at its base. Alt. 8230 ft. 
 
 H&ratara, municip. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Etah, 68 m. 
 SW. by W. Bareilly. P. 7800 ; Moham. 4200 ; Hindus, 3500. 
 
 niarahtli, vil. , near the E. ct. of Brazil, in Bahia, in 14° 10' S. , 
 90 m. SSW. Sao Salvador. 
 
 Marais, French, 'a marsh.' 
 
 Maraisburg, municip.. Cape Colony, div. Cradock, dist. and 
 45 m. E. by S. Middelburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Narajd, or Joannes, large isl. in the Atlantic, on the N. ct. 
 of Brazil, prov. Para, between the estuaries of the Amazon and 
 Para Rivs. , and extending from near the equator to 2° 20' S. 
 and from 48° 3o'-5i° 30' W. Length, 180 m. ; breadth, 120 m. 
 Soil alluvial, on a rocky basis [Amazon] ; surface partly marshy, 
 and intersected by the navigable rivers .Anajaz and Mapua, else- 
 where fertile and cultivated. Numerous shell-heaps, tombs with 
 human remains, and other relics of former inhabitants. 
 
 Marakanda, ancient name of Samarkand. 
 
 Maralah, place named in O. T. See Malftl. 
 
 Har'albaMhl, walled tn. , Eastern Turkistan, on the Kizil-su 
 or Kashgar R. , 200 m. NNW. Khotan. P. 500. About 2000 
 Turkish families live outside the walls. 
 
 NAramaros, improperly Martnaros, co., Hungary, on the 
 SW. slopes of the Carpathians, continuing the headwaters of 
 the Theiss (Tisza), crossed in the middle by 48° N. 
 
 nUkramaroH Szlget, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, cap. co. 
 Mdramaros, 80 m. N. by E. Klausenburg. Alt. 900 ft. P. 
 14.800. 
 
 Marambaya, isl. , Brazil, state and 27 m. W. Rio de Janeiro, 
 in the Bay of Angra dos Reis. Length, 26 m.; i m. broad. 
 
 IMarambltra Bay, Madagascar, in the W. , in about 16° S. 
 
 Maran, riv., Eng. , Hertfordshire, flows SE. to the Lee at 
 Hertford. 
 
 Marand, Mandagarana of Ptolemy, tn., Persia, prov. Azer- 
 baijan, 36 m. NW. Tabriz, on the road from Russia to Persia 
 by Erivan and Tabriz. 
 962 
 
 DIarauguape, tn. , Brazil, state of and 19 m. SW. Ceard, 
 with which it is connected by rail ; large orange plantations. 
 P. 12,000. 
 
 Maranbam, name used in England as that of the seapt. of 
 IMaraubao, in full SSio Lnlz de Maranbao, Brazil, cap. state 
 of M., at the end of a small penin. jutting into an inlet on the W. 
 side of the isl. of Maranham, and the E. side of the bay of Sao 
 Marcos, on a site chosen in 1610 by the French navigator 
 La Revardi^re, who named it in honour of Louis XIII. The 
 inlet which forms the harbour affords anchorage in 33-54 ft. 
 of water at high tide, and vessels are loaded and discharged 
 by lighters. There is a small custom-house quay, with a depth 
 alongside of 5-6 ft. at high water. The port is visited by the 
 principal steamship lines to Brazil, and exports chiefly sugar, 
 cotton, balsam, &c. P. 45,000. 
 
 MaranbSo, Anglicised to Maranham, one of the N. states 
 of Brazil, naturally bounded by the sea (for about 700 m. ) 
 and by three rivers (Gurupi, Tocantins-Manuel Alves, Parnahiba). 
 Many rivers (Itapicuru, Guajaru-Pindar^-Mearim) flow from 
 the higher S. regions to emerge into the bay around Maranhao 
 I., forming a large swampy region bordering the flat littoral. 
 Contains a gold region (Monies Aureos, at the heads of rivs. 
 Maracassum^, Turi-Assu). Subject to great periodical droughts 
 (Aug. -Sept. ). N. lands covered with equatorial forests. The 
 interior is very little known. Many important littoral islands (M. , 
 Santa Anna, Sao Joao, Pria). See Brazil. 
 
 Maranhao, isl. , Brazil, in the middle of the coast-line of the 
 state of M., between the bays of Sao Marcos (W. ) and Sao Jose 
 (E.), and separated from the mainland by a narrow channel 
 connecting the mouths of the rivs. Guajahu and Itapicuru, 
 NE. point in 44° W\ 
 
 Marano, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 5 m. NW. by N. 
 Naples. P. < 5000. 
 
 Maranon, riv. See Amazon and Lanrleocha (lake). 
 
 Marans, tn. , France, on the N. border of dep. Charente- 
 Inf6rieure, on the Sevre, arr. and 13 m. NE. La Rochelle, 
 connected directly with La Rochelle by a navigation canal. It 
 admits vessels of 250 tons. Has a great trade in corn. P. <:4000. 
 
 Marao, Serra de, mt. chain, Portugal, N. of the Douro R., 
 stretching NE. and SW. Highest point Marao, alt. 4665 ft. 
 
 Maraop, riv. and inlet in E. of Brit. N. Borneo, in 5° 25' N. 
 
 Maras, vil., Peru, dep. and 12 m. NW. by N. Cuzco. 
 
 Marash, or Merash, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 95 m. 
 N. by W. Aleppo, cap. sanjak M. ; usually believed to occupy 
 site of ancient Antiochia ad Taurum. P. 52,000 ; Moham. 
 32,000 ; Protestant Armenians, 5000 ; Syrian Catholics, 5000 ; 
 United Greeks, 5000 (Cuinet. ) 
 
 Mara^kl-Trstenlk, or Trstenlk, vil. , Bulgaria, prov. Sviltov, 
 II m. NW. Plevna. P. <;30oo. 
 
 Maratea, tn. , near the SW. ct. of Italy, Basihcata, prov. and 
 45 m. S. Potenza. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mar&th4s, or Mabrattas, aboriginal Hindu race of the 
 western parts of the Deccan, India, short in stature, but warlike 
 in character, who, about 1650, under Sivdji began to acquire 
 power in the region indicated by successful wars against the 
 Mohammedan kingdoms by which he was surrounded, and 
 finally became the practical rulers of southern India. The 
 dominion first remained in the hands of the descendants of 
 Sivdji, but afterwards passed into those of the Peshwas (here- 
 ditary chief ministers). Their power was maintained till 1818, 
 when they were overthrown by the British. See a paper by 
 Sir R. Temple in Proc. R. G. S., 1882, p. 457, where there 
 are numerous illustrations of the remarkaVjle hill-forts estab- 
 lished by the founder of the empire. 
 
 Marathokampos, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, Samos I., 11 m. W. 
 Khora, near a large bay. P. < 5000. 
 
 MarathSn, the ancient Charadros, small riv., Greece, prov. 
 Boeotia and .Attica, has a SE. course of 10 m. to its mouth in 
 the .^gean Sea, opposite the S. end of Euboea ; the plain, 
 bounded S. by Mt. Pentelikos, is renowned for the victory of 
 Miltiades over the army of Xerxes, B.C. 490. 
 
 Marathon, vil., U.S., New York, Cortland co. , 40 m. S. by 
 E.Syracuse. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marathon, tn. , U.S., Wisconsin, M. co. , on Rib R. , 93 m. 
 W. by N. of the head of Green Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 MarathonCsl, or Marathoulsl, Greece. See Gytheion and 
 Laconla. 
 
 Marataa Islands, group of the Asiatic Archipelago, in the 
 Sea of Celebes, off the E. ct. of Borneo, in 2° 10' N. ; resorted 
 to by Sulu fishing fleets. 
 
 Maraungn, country, central S. Africa, S. of Lake Hikwa, 
 in German sphere of influence. 
 
 Maravi, tribe, .Africa, SW. Lake Nyassa. 
 
 Marazl'on, or Market Jew, in Latin Forum Jovis, par. and 
 market-tn., Eng., Cornwall, St. Ives div., on the S. ct., 3 ra. 
 E. by N. Penzance, i m. E. Marazion Road stn. , on the 
 G. W. R. ; connected at low water by a causeway with St. 
 Michael's Mount. Has pilchard fisherv, and .several tin-mines 
 near. PMT.O. Market-day, S. P. <'i500. 
 
 Marbach, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Neckar, cap. 
 
M A R B 
 
 MARC 
 
 dist. M. , 12 m. N. by E. Stuttgart. Birthplace of Schiller (1759). 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Marbache, vil. , France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, arr. and 
 8 rn. NNW. Nancy, with deposits of ironstone. P. <2000. 
 
 Marbal Pa§s, Kashmir, about 60 ni. SE. Srinagar, leading 
 from the valley of the Jehlam SE. to that of the Chendb. 
 
 Marbegno, tn. , Italy. See Morbegno. 
 
 Marbehau, vil., Belgium, prov. Lu.xembourg, 27 m. E. 
 Sedan, junc. stn. for Arlon and Virton. 
 
 Marbella, seapt., in the S. of Spain, prov. and 30 m. SW. 
 by W. Malaga, cap. dist. M. The port is frequented by small 
 coasting- vessels. In the neighbourhood are mines of graphite 
 and magnetic iron ore, which is exported principally 10 England. 
 P. 8800. 
 
 Marble C'aiion, canon of the riv. Colorado, U.S., in the N. 
 of Arizona, where the river flows 65 m. SSW. between about 
 iii^° and iiif° W. ; so called because the rock, both in the bed 
 of the river and the precipitous walls of the cafion, is composed 
 of marble (white and grey, pink and purple). 
 
 Marbleliead, tn. and port of entry, U.S., Massachusetts, 
 Essex CO. , on a peninsula projecting into Massachusetts Bay, 
 16 m. NE. Boston. At one time a noted centre of Grand Bank 
 of Newfoundland fisheries, an industry now quite extinct ; now 
 a great centre of shoe manufactures, and the centre of New Eng- 
 land yachting. P. (1880) 7500 ; (1890) 8200. 
 
 .Warble Hill, electoral div. , Ire. , SE. co. Galway, bar. 
 Leitrini, 8^ m. SSE. Loughrea. 
 
 Marble Island, Hudson Bay, British N. America, in 62° 30' 
 N., 92° W. 
 
 Marble Mountain, large marble quarries, Canada, Nova 
 Scotia, in the SW. of Cape Breton I., co. Inverness, 23 m. from 
 Port Hawkesbury. 
 
 Marbletou, vil., Canada, Quebec, Wolfe co., 80 m. S. by 
 W. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marbore, mt. mass. See Pyrenees. 
 
 Marbnrg, tn., Austria, Styria, 37 m. S. by E. Graz, on the 
 1. bk. of the Drave. Seat of the bishopric of Lavant. An 
 important market for wines and grain. In the suburb of 
 Magdalena are large workshops of S. Austrian railways. P. 
 19,900. 
 
 Marbnrg, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, cap. M. circle, 
 on the riv. Lahn, 15^ m. N. by E. Giessen, on a hill, on whose 
 summit is a Gothic castle, built in 1065, and containing the 
 archives of the electorate of Hesse. The pointed Gothic church, 
 containing the tomb of St. Elizabeth, dates from 1235-1383, the 
 university from 1527. Here in 1529 Luther and Zwingli held 
 their famous conference on transubstantiation. Manufactures 
 earthenware, &c. In the neighbourhood, on Christenberg, is the 
 oldest church in the dist. P. (1834) 7800; (1890) tn. P. 13,900; 
 comm. P. 14,500. 
 
 Marbnrg, vil, Natal, dist. Albert, near the E. ct., 70 m. 
 SW. by S. Durban. 
 
 Marbnry, par., Eng. , Cheshire, div. and i^ m. NW. by N. 
 Northwich. P. <250. 
 
 Marbnry -with Qnolsley, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury 
 div., 7 m. SW. by W. Nantwich, on the Ellesmere Canal, 3 m. 
 NNE. Whitchurch stn., P.O. (Marbnry). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Marca, Italian, 'a boundary.' See Mark. 
 
 Marcaria, market-tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 12 m. W. 
 by S. Mantua. P. <20oo. 
 
 Marcellue, tn., U.S., Missouri, Linn co. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Marcellns, vil. , U.S., Michigan, Cass co., 56 m. ENE. of 
 the SW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 March, in English place-names, ' a boundary.' See Mark. 
 
 March, or Morava, riv. of the Austrian Empire, rises in the 
 Sudetengebirge, flows S. through Moravia, and between Lower 
 Austria and Hungary, and joins the Danube 8 m. W. Pressburg. 
 Length, 180 m. It is navigable from the Danube to Pressburg, 
 a distance of 50 m. 
 
 March ('the boundary'), market-tn. and par., Eng., Cam- 
 bridse. Isle of Ely, div. and 81 m. SSW. Wisbech, on the G. E. 
 and G. N. Joint Rly. Market-day, W. 19,777 ac. P. 7000. 
 
 March, co. , Queensland, on the E. ct. , crossed by 26° S. 
 
 Marcham, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 2^ m. W. Ijy S. 
 Abingdon, PM.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. (M. with Garford) 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Marche, comm., Belgium, prov. Luxembourg, arr. M. , 22 m. 
 S. by E. Huy. P. <40oo. 
 
 Marche, in French place-names, 'a boundary.' See Mark. 
 
 Marche, La, an old prov. of central France, corresponding 
 pretty nearly with the present dep. of Creuse ; so called from 
 lying op the N. frontier of I^imousin. Divided into Haute- 
 M. (cap. Gueret) and Basse M. (cap. first Dorat, then Bellac). 
 
 Marchegg, tn.. Lower Austria, on the March, 24 m. E. by 
 N. Vienna. P. <20oo. 
 
 Marche-les-danies, comm., Belgium, prov., arr., and 4 m. 
 ENE. Namur, with zinc, lead, and pyrites ore. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Marchena, tn., Spain, prov. Seville, cap. dist. M., 33 m. E. 
 by S. Seville, with a sulphurous spring. P. 14,800. 
 
 Marches, Les, vil, France, dep. Savoie, arr. Chamb^ry, 3 m. 
 
 W. Montmelian. To the W. are the Abtmes de Myans, irii- 
 mense heaps of debris (formed by the fall of Mt. Granier in 1248) 
 studded with small lakes. P. <20oo. 
 
 Marches, The, name formerly given to the parts of England 
 bordering (a) on Scotland and [h] on Wales. 
 
 Marches, The, Italian Le Marche, div. or compartimento 
 territoriale , central Italy, between the eastern slope of the 
 Apennines (including in the S. the Monti Sibillini) and the 
 Adriatic Sea, extending from a point midway between Rimini 
 and Pesaro to the Tronto. They consist of the four provs. 
 Pesaro e Urbino, Ancona, Macerata, and Ascoli Piceno, in 
 the order from N. and S. The region is essentially agricultural. 
 Principal crops, wheat, maize, wine. Only mineral of importance 
 (apart from stone), sulphur, which is produced in considerable 
 quantity in the middle and NW. of prov. Pesaro e Urbino (at 
 Urbino, Santa Agata Feltria, Talamello, and Sasso), and in the 
 W. of prov. Ancona (Sassoferrato). It was formerly part of 
 Picenum, which fell under Roman rule in 268 B.C., and later was 
 occupied by the Lombards, and became (after Charlemagne) the 
 object of long dispute between the popes and the exarchs of 
 Ravenna. In i860, the pontifical troops having been defeated 
 at Castelfidardo, The Marches were definitely united to the 
 kingdom of Italy. See Italy, table. 
 
 Marchesa, bay, in NE. of Brit. N. Borneo, in 6° 30-40' N. 
 
 Marchfeld, large plain, Austria, E. of Vienna, between 1. bk. 
 of the Danube and the riv. March. This dist. had till recently 
 the appearance of the Hungarian puszta, but it has now been 
 brought under cultivation. Owing to its character and situation, 
 it became one of the great battlefields of Europe. Here Rudolf 
 of Habsburg, by his victory over Ottokar, King of Bohemia and 
 Moravia, and Archduke of Austria, in 1278, laid the foundation 
 of the Austrian dynasty of Habsburg ; and here also is the Napo- 
 leonic battlefield of Esslingen and Asparn. 
 
 March Head, hill, Eng., in the W. of the Hexham div. of 
 Northumberland, 18^ m. S. Jedburgh. 
 
 Marchienne an Pont, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 
 2 m. W. Charleroi, with rich coal-mines. P. (comm.) 15,200. 
 
 Marchlennes, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 9 m. E. by 
 N. Douai. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Marchin, tn., Belgium, prov. Li6ge, arr. Huy, 16 m. E. 
 Namur. P. (comm.) 5200. 
 
 Marchington, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Burton div., 8J m. 
 NW. by W. Burton-upon-Trent, with a stn. on the G. N. R. , 
 PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Marchington IVoodlands, par. , Eng., Staffordshire, Burton 
 div., 8i m. WNW. Burton-upon-Trent, 2 m. S. by W. 
 Marchington stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Mar €hlqnlta, lagoon, Argentine Republic, prov. and 217 
 m. SSE. Buenos Aires, N. of Cape Corrientes. 
 
 Mar Chiqnita, lake, Argentine Republic, prov. and 76 m. NE. 
 Cordoba, sometimes reached by the last waters of the Rio Dulce. 
 
 Marchmont, stn. , Scot. , Berwickshire, on the N. B. R. , 3^ 
 m. SW. by S. Duns. 
 
 Marchwiel, par., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., 2 m. SE, 
 by S. Wrexham, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Marchwood, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 
 ■2.\ m. WSW. Southampton, 4 m. E. by S. Lyndhurst Road 
 stn., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Marclac, vil., France, dep. Gers, arr. Mirande, 31 m. ENE. 
 Pau. P. < 2COO. 
 
 Msirciana Marina, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, on the N. ct. of the 
 isl. of Elba. P. 7600. 
 
 Marclanise, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 7 m. SE. 
 by S. Capua. P. 11,100. 
 
 Marcigny, tn. , France, dep. Saone-et- Loire, arr. Charolles, 
 17 m. N. by W. Roanne, with manufactures of damasks. P. 
 <3ooo. 
 
 MarciUac, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. Rodez, 41 m. 
 NNE. Albi. P. < 2000. 
 
 MarciUy-snr-Enre, vil. , France, dep. Eure, arr. Evreux, 6 
 m. SSE. St. Andr^ ; i m. S. are the splendid remains of an 
 abbey founded in 1 137. P. < 2000. 
 
 Marcinelle, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and i m. SE. 
 Charleroi, with coal-mines and steel-works. P. (comm.) 11,500. 
 
 Marcle, Little and Mnch, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Here- 
 fordshire, Little M., div. and b\ m. NE. by N. Ross, P.O., 
 P. < 250 ; Much M. , PM. O. , 4595 ac. , P. 750 ; eccles. par. 
 (Mnch M. with Yatton) P. < 1000. 
 
 Marcolug, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 5 ra. SW. 
 Cambrai. P. < 2000. 
 
 Marco Polo Monntains, section of the Kuen-lun Mts. , S. 
 of Chaidam, trending WNW. and ESE., in lat. 36° N., from 
 about 92°-96° E. Alt. above t6,ooo ft. (Przhevalsky). 
 
 Marcq-en-Barenl, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 3 m. N. 
 Lille. P. 5600. 
 
 Marcross, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., on the S. 
 ct. , 17 m. W. by S. Cardiff, 5J m. SW. by W. Cowbridge stn. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Marcuna, the Roman F<rrgc««(/«!, site of ruins, Africa, Algeria, 
 prov. Constantine, 8 m. SE. Batna. 
 
 96» 
 
MARC — MARG 
 
 Marcns, bay, Cape Colony, on the S. ct. , in about 20° 30' E. 
 
 Marcus, vil., U.S., Iowa, Cherokee co. , 37 m. NE. Sioux 
 City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Harcy, Mount, U.S., New York, Esse.x co. , 43 m. WSW. 
 Burlington (Vt.). Alt. 5403 ft., 5334 ft. (both Adirondack 
 Survey) ; 5379 ft. (Guyot). 
 
 Harczall, comm. , Hungary, co. Somogy, near the E. shore 
 of Lake Balaton, 98 m. SW. Budapest. P. <40oo. 
 
 Marczibtlny-Dombegy-b&za, comm. , Hungary, co. Csanad, 
 dist. Battonya. P. < 4000. 
 
 Mar del Plata, maritime vil. and fashionable watering-place, 
 Argentine Repubhc, 230 m. S. by E. Buenos Aires, on the E. 
 ct. , near Cape Corrientes. P. 2000. 
 
 Marden, par., Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Lugg, 5 m. N. Hereford, i m. N. Moreton stn., P.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Marden, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 7^ m. S. by W. 
 Maidstone, on the SE. R. , PMT.O. ; 7750 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Marden, or Merton, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Devizes div. , 15 m. 
 E. Trowbridge, 2^ m. SW. Woodborough sin., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Marden, East and North, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Sussex, East M., div. and 7 m. N\V. by N. Chichester, 4^ m. 
 W. by N. Singleton stn., P.O., and P.O. (West M.), P. <2So; 
 North M. P. <250. 
 
 Marden Park, former stn., Eng., now called Woldingham. 
 
 Mar d'Hespanlia, tn. and rly. sm. , Brazil, Minas Geraes, 
 75 m. N. by E. Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 Mardlau Hills, India. See BastAr. 
 
 Mardlu (the ancient Merida, after the Mardi, an ancient 
 tribe first met with in the Caspian Sea — Egli), tn. , Asiatic 
 Turkey, vilayet and 5 m. SE. Diarbekir, sanjak M. , on S. slope 
 of Karaja Dagh, with a dismantled fortress commanded by a 
 detached fort 330 ft. higher. Important strategically. Alt. 
 2075 f'- P- 25,000; Moham. 15,700; Oriental Christians, 
 8700 (Cuinet). 
 
 Mardock (for Wareslde), stn., Eng., Hertfordshire, on the 
 G. E. R. , 5i m. NE. Hertford. 
 
 Mardus, riv. , Persia. See Ktzll llzen. 
 
 Mardy, PMT.O., Eng., Monmouthshire, 2 m. NNE. Aber- 
 gavenny. 
 
 Mardy, vil. , Wales, Glamorganshire. See Maerdy. 
 
 Mardzina, vil., Austria, prov. Bukovina, dist. Radautz. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 Mare, or Nengone, one of the Loyalty Is. 
 
 Marea, tribe, Africa, NNW. Abyssinia, E. of the Beni Amer, 
 and N. of the Bogos, in the mountain region bounded on its E. 
 and N. by the Anseba, claiming to be of Arab origin. 
 
 Mareb, tn. , Arabia. See Marlb. 
 
 Mareb ('sunset,' 'west'), riv., Abyssinia. See Ciasta. 
 
 Hare Island, U.S., California, in the NE. part of San Pablo 
 Bay (opening out of San Francisco Bay) ; has the U.S. naval 
 arsenal for the Pacific coast. 
 
 Maree, Locb, large and beautiful lake, Scot., Ross-shire, 
 drained NW. by the short riv. Ewe in Loch Ewe. It is 12 J m. 
 long by ^-2 m. broad. Area, 65 sq. m. Alt. 32 ft. 
 
 Mareeba, mining centre, Queensland, present (1894) terminus 
 of the Cairns- Herberton Rly. 
 
 Marefleld, par., Eng., Leicestershire, 7 m. S. Melton 
 Mowbray. P. <25o. 
 
 Marebam-le-Fen, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 
 \x\ m. N. by W. Boston, 5 m. E. by S. Woodhall Spa stn., 
 PMT.O. P.-ciooo. 
 
 Mareham on the Hill, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey 
 div., 12^ m. S. by W. Louth, 2| m. ESE. Horncastle stn. P. 
 <25o ; eccles. par. (M. on the Hill Mlth High Toynton) P. 250. 
 
 Marehan, or Merehan, people, E. Africa, Somali-land, E. of 
 the Webbi Shebeli, S. of 6° N.; fanatical Mohammedans. 
 
 Maremma, La, marshy region of central Italy, extending 
 along the S. part of Tuscany, from Orbetello to Piombino, and 
 15-20 m. inland, chiefly in prov. Grosseto, but partly in that of 
 Pisa. Though formerly the seat of the most flourishing Etruscan 
 cities, it is now mostly desert and unhealthy. The inhabitants 
 descend to the plains only when compell&d to do so for the 
 purpose of cultivating the soil or reaping the harvest, and are 
 said never to reach a great age. The principal marsh is that of 
 Castiglione della Pescaja, on the banks of the Bruna, formerly 
 about 10,000 ac. in extent ; but it has been to a great extent 
 filled up, and meliorative works are still in progress. 
 
 Narenga Mkall ('bitter waters'), a difficult tract of country 
 between Uzagara and Ugogo, E. Africa, crossed by 6i° S., 
 36° E. 
 
 Marengo, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 3 m. ESE. 
 Alessandria ; memorable for the victory of the French under 
 Napoleon I. over the Austrians, June 14, 1800. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Marengo, post-tn. , New South Wales, co. Monteagle, 241 
 m. by road and rail SE. Sydney. P. <i500. 
 
 Marengo, co. , U.S., Alabama, bounded on S. by 32° N., 
 and on W. by Tombigbee R. 
 
 Marengo, vil., U.S., Illinois, McHenryco., 56 m. WNW. 
 Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 964 
 
 Marengo, city, U.S., Iowa, Iowa co. , on r. bk. of Iowa R. , 
 28 m. SW. by W. Cedar Rapids. P. < 2000. 
 
 Marengo, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Ashland co. , 75 m. ESE. of 
 NW'. corner of state ; totally destroyed in a forest fire, Sept. 
 1894. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Marennes, the ancient Maritima, tn. , France, dep. 
 Charente-Inf^rieure, cap. arr. M., ii m. SW. Rochefort, with 
 salt-works and large production of oysters. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mareotls, lake, Egypt. See Marlut, Blrket-el-. 
 
 Maresfleld, par., Eng., Sussex, E. Grinstead div., 9^ m. 
 NNE. Lewes, 2\ m. W. Buxted stn., PMT.O. ; 8132 ac. P. 
 <25oo ; eccles. par. (M. 'with Ashdo'n'n Forest) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mareshah, place named in O. T. See Merash. 
 
 Maretz, in., France, dep. Nord, arr. Cambrai, 3 m. SSE. 
 Clary. P. < 3000. 
 
 Marfa, riv. , Africa. See MafTa. 
 
 Mar Fea, vil., Cuba, N. ct. , 122 m. E. Havana, in 80^° W. 
 
 Marlll, stn. for Guanajuato, on branch line of Mexican Central 
 Rly. 
 
 Marfleet, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, E. div., on the 
 Humber, in Hull bor. , on the NE. R. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Marfbrd and Hoseley, par., W'ales, Flintshire, Hawarden 
 dist. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Margam, par. and tn. , Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div., 
 8 m. SSE. Neath, 2 m. SE. Port Talbot stn., PT.O. ; 18,347 ac. 
 P. 6300 ; eccles. par. |,M. 'with Talbach) P. 6300. 
 
 Margilo, tn., Portuguese India, Goa, dist. Salsette, on the 
 Sal R., 16 m. SE. Panjini. P. (1881) 11,800. 
 
 Margaree, riv., Nova Scotia. See Margarle. 
 
 Margaret, settlement, U.S., Texas, Hardeman co. , 190 m. 
 WN\\\ Dallas. 
 
 Margaret Island, Ger. Margarethenlnsel. See Bnda> 
 pest. 
 
 Margaret Marsh, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, iii m. E. Sher- 
 borne, 3I m. SW\ Shaftesbury. P. <25o. See Orchard, East. 
 
 Margaret Rodlng (or Roothlug), par., Eng., Essex, Epping 
 div., 7^ m. NW. by W. Chelmsford, 6 m. NE. by N. Ongar 
 stn., P.O. P. <-.2So. 
 
 Margarets Bay, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the SE. ct. , in64° W. 
 
 MargnretsvlUe, tn. and port of entry, Nova Scotia, Anna- 
 polis CO., on Bay of Fundy, in about 46° N. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Mai^arettlug, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 5 m. SW. by S. 
 Chelmsford, i^ m. NE. by E. Ingatestone stn., P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Margarle Rlyer, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I., flows 
 N. from Lake Ainslie into the Gulf of St. Lawrence at M. 
 Harbour. 
 
 Margarita ( ' pearl'), isl. , in the Caribbean Sea, off the N. ct. of 
 Venezuela, state and 30 m. N. Cumana, crossed by 64° W. in 11° 
 N. It consists of two principal elevated portions united by a low 
 isthmus. Coast arid and barren, but the interior is fertile, pro- 
 ducing maize, sugar, coffee, cotton, and bananas. The island 
 has salt-works, and an active fishery, its name being derived from 
 the pearls formerly procured here in considerable quantities. It 
 was discovered by Columbus in 1498. Principal towns, Asun- 
 cion (the cap. ), in its centre, Pampatar on its S. ct. The channel 
 of M., between it and the mainland, is 20 m. across, and through 
 it all ships from Eurojse pass to Cumana, Barcelona, or La 
 Guaira. Length, 45 m. ; breadth, from 5 to 20 m. P. 20,000. 
 
 Margate, mun. bor. (since 1857), par. , seapt. , and market-tn. , 
 Eng., Kent, Thanet div., 15I in. NE. and in the diocese of 
 Canterbury, at the mouth of the Thames, lying in the hollow 
 and on the declivities of two chalk hills, on branch-lines of the 
 L. C. D. R. and SE. R. No trade, except in connection with 
 sea-bathing and excursions. Originally a small fishing village, 
 the healthy position and neighbourhood to London have long 
 given it high repute as a watering-place and summer resort. 
 There is a stone pier 300 yards long and a high water landing- 
 jetty for the arrival of steamers, many pleasant walks along 
 the chffs, the sands, and inland. Market-days, W. and S. 
 Alt. 60 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 24.1 in. Mun. bor. P. (i87i> 
 12,000; (1891)18,400. 
 
 Margate, post-tn., Tasmania, Buckingham co., 10 m. SW. 
 H obart. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Marganx, tn. , France, dep. Gironde, arr. and 15 ni. NNW. 
 Bordeaux ; noted for its Medoc wines {Chateau-M.). P. <;2000. 
 
 Margelan, tn., Russian Central Asia, cap. of Fergana Prov., 
 160 m. (direct) SE. Tashkend, 288 m. NE. of Samarkand 
 rly. stn. {via. Khojent), in 1460 ft. alt., on the irrigation canals 
 into which the Shah-i-mardan R. , descending from the Alai 
 Mts. , is divided ; situated in a very healthy position, surrounded 
 by gardens. Silkworm culture, manufacture of silk, woollen, 
 and camel-wool clothes. According to local tradition, the place 
 where Alexander of Macedonia died. Alt. 2000 ft. Mean temp. 
 (15 yrs.), yr. 56.9° F., Jan. 29.0°, July 83.8°. P. 26,000. New 
 M., Russian city, 10 m. to the S. 
 
 Nargerlde, or Margerlte, chain of mts., France, between 
 the basins of the AUier and Lot, in the deps. Loz^re, Haute- 
 Loire, and Cantal. 
 
 Marggrabofra, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, cap. circle 
 Oletzko, 44 m. SSE. Gumbinnen. P. < 5000. 
 
m 
 
 Mar g — M A R I 
 
 Margtaerita dl Savula. See Barletta. 
 
 Harghi, dist.' of Bornu, central Africa, SW. of Lake Chad ; 
 covered with forests abounding in elephants. 
 
 Margita, large isl., Hungary, co. Baranya, between thfe 
 Danube and the E. arm called Baracskai Duna, crossed in the 
 middle by 46° N. Length, nearly 19 m. ; greatest breadth, 11 m. 
 
 Ularglta, comm., Hungary, prov. Bihar, 35 m. ESE. 
 Debreczen. P. < 5000. 
 
 Margit ^ziget. See Bnilapest. 
 
 Margots, lies des ('Cormorant Is.'), three isls. off the coast 
 of Newfoundland, named in 1534 by Jacques Cartier, the navi- 
 gator, after the sea-birds which covered them. 
 
 Margrdm, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Bi'rbhum, 20 m. W. 
 Barhampur; silkworm-rearing. P. (1881) 6000; (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Hargaerlttes, tn. , France, dep. Gard, arr. and 5 m. E. by 
 N. Nimes. P. < 2000. 
 
 Margus, riv. , Servia. See Morava. 
 
 Margat, vil. , France, dep. Ardennes, on the Chiers, 17 m. S. 
 by E. Sedan, 6 m. NW. Montmedy. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Marham, par., Eng. , Norfolk, SW. div. , 8 m. SE. King's 
 Lynn, 3 m. SW. Narborough stn. , PM.O. P. <750. 
 
 Marhauicburch, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, div. and 13^ m. 
 NNW. Launceston, i m. from the NW. ct. , P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Marliametabad, tn., Persia. See miandoab. 
 
 Dlarltiii, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 5 m. W. 
 Dingle. P. <500. 
 
 Marlioliu, par., En^., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 3^ m. 
 NW'. Peterborough, \\ m. W. Walton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Marlium, vil., Algeria, 70 m. ESE. Tlemsen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Maria, vil., on the E. ct. of island and about 2 m. N. of town 
 of Mitilini. 
 
 .tlarla, tn., Spain, prov. Almeria, dist. and 9 m. NW. V61ez 
 Rubio. P. (comm. )<;40oo. 
 
 Maria, isl. , Tasmania, dist. Richmond, about 3 m. from the 
 E. ct. , consisting of two elevated portions united by a narrow 
 isthmus, in 42° 34'-42° 45' S. , 148° 2-12' E. ; valuable quarries 
 of limestone and cement. 
 
 .tiarlager, seapt. tn., Denmark, in the E. of Jutland, prov. 
 and 13 m. N. by W. Randers, on M. Fjord (an inlet about 40 
 m. long). P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Marlakerke, vil., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, tin the coast, 
 2 m. SW^ by W. Ostende. P. < 2000. 
 
 Marlampol, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 36 m. NE. 
 Suwatki. P. 6600. 
 
 .Harianipol, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Dniester, 67 m. SE. by S. Lemberg. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Mariana, Corsica. See Golo. 
 
 .Harlauao, vil., Cuba, near the N. ct. , 6 m. SW. Havana, 
 in 82° 28' W. P. 7400. 
 
 Marlauua, or Marlaua, episcopal city, Brazil, state of Minas 
 Geraes, 180 m. N. by W. Rio de Janeiro, 7 m. E. by N. Ouro 
 Preto. It stands in a plain 3080 ft. above the sea, bounded by 
 two heights. Important gold-mines formerly worked. Now 
 decayed owing to the decline of the mining industry. 
 
 Slarlauiia, vil., U.S., Arkansas, Lee co. , 48 m. SW. by W. 
 Memphis (Tenn. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Harlauiia, vil., U.S., Florida, Jackson co., 61 m. WNW. 
 Tallahassee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marianne, or Mariana, isls. See Ladroue Islands. 
 
 Mariano €onieuse, tn. , Italy, prov. and 9 m. SSE. Como. 
 P. < 500C. 
 
 Marlanslelgli, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 15 m. 
 WNW. Tiverton, 3^ m. SSE. South Molton stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Marla.s, Las Tres ('the three Maries'), three islands in the 
 Pacific Ocean, off the W. ct. of Mexico, state Jalisco, between 
 21° and 22" N., 106° and 106° 30' W., the middle or largest 
 being 15 m. in length, NW. to SE. , by 8 m. in breadth. Soil 
 sandy ; uninhabited, except occasionally by seamen. Named 
 Islas de la Magdalena by Diego de Mendoza in 1532. 
 
 Marla-Scheln, place of pilgrimage, Austria, Bohemia, 17 m. 
 NNW. Leitmeritz, with a church and miraculous image, stated 
 to attract annually from 30,000 to 40,000 devotees ; with mineral 
 springs. P. < 3000. 
 
 Maria-Steln, place of pilgrimage, Switzd. , cant. Solothurn, 
 8 m. SW. Basel, with a Benedictine abbey and image of the 
 Virgin. 
 
 Maria Tlieresla Dollar, coin largely circulating in N. Africa 
 and in the central and eastern Sudan, to some extent also in the 
 Levant — value, 4s. 2d. The range of the Maria Theresia dollar 
 in .Africa extends from Tripolis to Ghadames and Sokoto, and 
 from there to Bagirmi, the Bahr-el-Ghazal terrs. , and central 
 Abyssinia. Moreover, on the E. ct. it is in use on both shores 
 of the Red Sea, and on the Somali and Zanzibar coasts as far 
 S. as 10° S. lat. The question of the date which this interesting 
 coin bears has been frequently discussed, and various dates have 
 been given by different travellers, e.g., 1780 (Rohlfs), 1788 
 (Barth), 1792 (Portal). The writer of this article has, however, 
 been informed by the Vienna mint authorities, that the only 
 date of the genuine Maria Theresia dolla;r now in circulation 
 is 1780, the year in which the Empress Maria Theresia died. 
 
 All later dates are either incorrectly given, or refer to subse- 
 quent sovereigns. During the period from 1885 to 1894 the 
 numbers of Maria Theresia dollars annually struck at Vienna 
 varied from 166,200 (1891) to 3,470,000 (1893), the total number 
 during these ten years being 14,890,636. [H. Ci. 8.] 
 
 Maria Tliereslopel (German, 'city of Maria Theresia'; 
 Hungarian Szabadka, 'city of liberty'), municip., Hungary, 
 CO. Bacs-Bodrog, 24 m. WSW. Szegedin, in the centre of the 
 Alfold. Like other typical Hungarian towns, it is rather a vast 
 agricultural village than a town proper, being spread over an 
 area of about 350 sq. m. Trade chiefly in the hands of Jews. 
 Alt. 375 ft. P. (1850) 48,100; (1869) 56,300; (1890) 72,700; 
 Magyars, 38,300; Serbo-Croatians, 31,800. 
 
 Maria Van Dlenien, NW. cape of North I., New Zealand. 
 
 Maria Zell, market-tn., Austria, Styria, 30 m. NNE. Leoben, 
 in a mountainous region. It is famous for a shrine and notable 
 image of the Virgin, which attracts hither about 100,000 pilgrims 
 annually ; large iron-foundry near. Alt. 2825 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Marlb, or Mareb, the ancient ^a^a, usually identified with 
 the Slieba of the Bible, tn. , Yemen, Arabia, 80 m. ENE. Sana, 
 enclosed with walls, and possessing various remains of antiquity, 
 including an irrigation dam 2 m. long and 120 ft. high. Supplies 
 salt to Sana. 
 
 Marlbo, tn. , Denmark, prov. M., Laaland I., 15 m. W. by 
 N. Nykjobing, the centre of Laaland railways. Banholm is the 
 port for M. P. < 3000. 
 
 Marlca, vil., Brazil, on a lagoon on the coast of the prov. 
 and 21 m. E. Rio de Janeiro. V.<iooo. 
 
 Marlco, dist.. South African Republic, on the W. frontier, 
 crossed in the N. by 25° S. It contains the Malmani and Zee- 
 rust goldfields. 
 
 Marlco, riv. , South African Republic, flows N. then NE. on 
 the frontier of the republic, and joins the Limpopo where that 
 river first touches the frontier. 
 
 Maricopa, co. , U.S., Arizona, named after an Indian tribe 
 of the Pueblo family, crossed by 33° and 34° N. and 112° and 
 113° W. , traversed by Salt R. 
 
 Maricopa, tn., U.S., Arizona, Pinal co., 170 m. E. by N. 
 from the SW. corner of the terr. Mean temp. (5 yrs. ), yr. 
 69.8° F. , Jan. 48.5°, July 93.1°; rfall. , yr. 5.17 in. 
 
 MarleapoUs, stn. , Canada, Manitoba, on the N. Pacific and 
 Manitoba Rly. , 91 m. WSW. Winnipeg. 
 
 MarlelVed, tn. , Sweden, prov. Sodermanland , on Lake 
 Malar, 29 m. W. by S. Stockholm. P. <20oo. 
 
 Marie Galaute (named in 1493 by Columbus after his ship), 
 French isl., West Indies, off S. ct. of Guadeloupe I., of which 
 it is a dependency, 20 m. N. Dominica, crossed in the N. by 46° 
 N.; surface in the centre hilly, and covered with woods. Princi- 
 pal products, sugar and cotton. Shores rocky, with no good 
 harbour ; the road is surrounded by reefs, making access difficult. 
 A lighthouse on SW. side (in 15° 54' N. , 61° 19' W. ), visible 
 7 m. , marks the entrance. Principal town, Grand-Bourg. Area, 
 58 sq. m. P. (1884) 17,000. 
 
 Marie Joseph, settlement. Nova Scotia, co. Guysborough, 
 20 m. from Sherbrooke. 
 
 Marlel, tn. , Cuba, N. ct. , 21 m. SW. by W. Havana, in 82° 
 40' W. ; noted for its coffee. P. 7900. 
 
 Marlemout, hamlet, Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 4J m. S. by 
 W. Seneffe, 10 m. WNW. Charleroi, with coal-mines, and 
 ferruginous and sulphurous springs. 
 
 Marl'enbad, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 17 m. ESE. Eger ; in a 
 N-alley greatly frequented for its cold chalybeate and saline baths, 
 which comprise the Kreuzbrunnen, temp. 53.30° F. , the Caroline 
 and Ambrosius springs of about 50° F. , and some others, with 
 mud baths. Alt. 2100 ft. P. <;30oo. 
 
 Marlenberg, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, cap. 
 dist. M. , 16 m. SE. Chemnitz; manufactures, lace. Alt. 2000 ft. 
 P. 6300. 
 
 Marlenberg, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, M. circle, 38 
 m. E. by S. Bonn. P. < 2000. 
 
 Marlenberghausen, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle 
 Gummersbach, 23 m. E. Cologne. P. < 3000. 
 
 Marlenbonrg, comm. , Belgium, prov. Namur, arr. Philippe- 
 ville, ontheVirsin, 12 m. N. Rocroi. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Marlenbarg, German ; Hungarian FoldvAr, tn. , Hungary, 
 prov. and 14 m. N. Kronstadt. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Marlenbarg, vil. , Prussia, prov. and 21 m. SSE. Hanover, 
 3 m. SSE. Hildesheini. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Marlenbnrg, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, cap. circle M., 
 on the r. bk. of the Nogat arm of the Vistula, vj m. SE. by S. 
 Danzig ; has a castle, from 1309-1457 the seat of the grand 
 master of the Teutonic order, an imposing edifice, restored in 
 1820; manufactures, machinery and pottery. P. 9600. 
 
 Marlendorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt. Potsdam, 
 circle Teltow. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Marlenhelde, comm. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Gummers- 
 bach, 27 m. ENE. Cologne. P. <3000. 
 
 Marlentlial, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, govt., circle, and dist. 
 Zwickau. P. 5300. 
 Marlenwerder, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, cap. govt, and 
 
 965 
 
M A R I — M A R I 
 
 circle M. , 44 m. S. Danzig, with iron-foundries and manufactures 
 of machinery. Founded in 1233, and was at lirst an episcopal 
 residence ; cathedral built, 1343-84. P. {1816) 5000 ; (1890) 
 8300. 
 
 Maries, co., U.S., Missouri, crossed by 92° W. , just N. of 
 38° N. 
 
 Martestail, tn., Sweden, prov. Skaraborg, on the E. side of 
 Lake Wener, 44 m. WNW. Motala. P. <40oo. 
 
 Marleton, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the E. 
 side of Mountain Lake, 33 m. NW. by N. Regina. 
 
 Marietta, city, U.S., Georgia, Cobb co., 17 m. NNW. 
 Atlanta. It has an important establishment for working up the 
 many-coloured marbles of Georgia. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Marietta, city, U.S., Ohio, Washington co., on the Ohio, at 
 the confluence ofthe Muskingum, 60 m.SW. Wheeling (W. Va.). 
 Seat of M. college, established in 1835 ; has considerable trade 
 in petroleum ; formerly carried on shipbuilding (even of sea- 
 going ships). It is the oldest town in the state ; settled in 1788. 
 Alt. 640 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 5400; (1890) 8300. 
 
 Marietta, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co. , on the 
 1. bk. of the Susquehanna R., 22 m. SE. by E. Harrisburg. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Marieville, vil., Canada. See Ste. Marie «le Moniioir. 
 
 Marigliaito, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 12m. ENE. 
 Naples. P. < 5000. Mariglianella, vil., I m. W. P. < 3000. 
 
 Marigiiac, vil., France, dep. Haute-Garonne,arr. St. Gaudens, 
 2 m. W. St. Beat, with sulphurous spring of Estagnoual. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Marignano, tn. , Italy. See Melegnaiio. 
 
 Marlgny, vil. , France, dep. Manche, 25 m. NE. Granville, 
 arr. and 7 m. W. by S. St. L6. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Marlgot, vil., West Indies, on N. ct. (French portion) of St. 
 Martin Isle. 
 
 Marignaiia, one of the Bahama Is. See Mayaguaiia. 
 
 Mariinsii, one of the three systems of navigable rivers and 
 canals by which the upper Volga is connected with the Baltic 
 Sea. Begins with Sheksna R. , 1. bk. trib. of Volga, at Rybinsk ; 
 is continued by Byelozerskiy canal, round Lake Byelo-ozero, to 
 the Kovzha, a trib. of the lake ; up Kovzha, connected by M. 
 canal with Vytegra, a trib. of Lake Onega, which lake is fringed 
 along S. ct. by a canal entering the Svir', a trib. of Lake Ladoga, 
 a canal along S. ct. of the latter running into the Neva. Nearly 
 12,000 vessels, with 500,000 tons of goods, press along this system 
 every year towards St. Petersburg, and over 3500 the other way. 
 
 Marlinsk, tn., Russia, Amur region. Maritime Prov., on r, 
 bk. of Amur, where it receives a trib. of Lake Kizi, 213 m. 
 SW. of Nikolayevsk. P. < 1000. 
 
 Marlinslt, dist. tn. , Russia, W. Siberia, 136 m. ESE. of 
 Tomsk, on Siberian highway, 1. bk. of Kiya ; centre for gold- 
 mines. P. (1862) 3670; (1891) 14,500. 
 
 Marilnskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, govt. Kubaii, 
 dist. and 17 m. W. Ekaterinodar. P. 6620. 
 
 Mariinskiy Posad, tn., Russia, govt, and 76 m. WNW. of 
 Kazan, on r. bk. Volga. Mean rfall. (12 yrs.), yr. 15.2 in. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Marikd, comm., Hungary, co. Trencs^n, dist. Vdg-Besztercze. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Marllao, tn., Philippine Is., Luzon I., 11 m. N. Manila; 
 so called from a wood yielding a straw-colour dye. 
 
 Marin, co. , U.S., California, between the Pacific Ocean and 
 San Francisco and San Pablo Bays. 
 
 Hariii, tn., Spain, prov., 5 m. SW. , and the port of Ponte- 
 vedra, on a bay of the Atlantic. P. 8800. 
 
 Marin, Le, maritime tn., W. Indies, on the S. ct. of Mar- 
 tinique I. 
 
 Marina di Sidemo, vil., Italy, Calabrie, E. ct., prov. and 
 
 37 m. ENE. Reggio. 
 
 Marindnqne, isl., Eastern Archipelago, Philippines, S. of 
 Luzon, S. end in 13° 12' N., 122° o' E. ; fertile and cultivated. 
 Marlanga, its port, is on SE. side. Length, 35 m. ; breadth, 23 
 m.; area, 298 sq. m. 
 
 Marine, vil., U.S., Illinois, Madison co. , 8 m. NE. Troy. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Marine, city, U.S., Michigan, St. Clair co. , on St. Clair R. , 
 
 38 m. NE. Detroit. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Marine, or Marine Mills, vil. , U . S. , Minnesota, Washington 
 CO., on the St. Croix R. , 24 m. NE. St. Paul. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marineo, tn., Sicily, prov. and 12 m. S. by E. Palermo. P. 
 (comm.) 9600. 
 
 Mariner's Har1>our, U.S., New York, on the N. shore of 
 Staten I., 11 m. SW. New York. 
 
 Marinette, city, U.S., Wisconsin, cap. M. co. , on the Meno- 
 minee, 42 m. NNE. of the head of Green Bay; chief industry, 
 lumber manufacture. P. (i88o)<300o ; (1890)11,500. 
 
 Maringa, riv. , central Africa. See Lulongo. 
 
 Marlngnes, tn. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Thiers, on 
 the Allier, 16 m. NE. Clermont-Ferrand. P. <3000. 
 
 Marlnlia, frequented sea-bathing vil. , Portugal, prov. Douro 
 e Minho, dist. and 9 m. SSW. Villa Nova de Gaia. 
 
 Marinha Grande, tn., Portugal, prov. Estremadura, 6 m. 
 966 
 
 W. Leiria ; celebrated for its manufactures of glass. It has a pine 
 forest of about 46 sq. m., called Pinhal de Leiria. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Marinilla, tn. , Colombia, Antioquia, 15 m. E. by S. MedeUin, 
 with gold and salt mines in the neighbourhood. Alt. 6700 ft. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Marino, stn. , Ire. , co. Down, on the Belfast and County Down 
 Rly., s m. NE. Belfast., 
 
 Marino, tn. , Italy, prov. and 12 m. SE. Rome ; manufactures, 
 soap. P. 6900. 
 
 Mario, Monte, hill crowned by fort, Italy, r. bk. Tiber, NW. 
 Rome. Alt. 480 ft. 
 
 Marlon, suburb, 6| m. S. of Adelaide, S. Australia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marlon, co. , U.S., Alabama, on W. frontier, crossed in the 
 S. by 34° N. 
 
 Marlon, tn., U.S., Alabama, Perry co., 67m. SSW. of Bir- 
 mingham. P. < 2000. 
 
 Marlon, co., U.S., Arkansas, on N. frontier, and E. of93° W. 
 
 Marion, co., U.S., Florida, crossed by 82° W. , and in the S. 
 by 29° N. 
 
 Marlon, co. , U.S., Georgia, N. of 32° N., and midway 
 between 84° and 85° W. 
 
 Marion, co. ,U.S. , Illinois, S. of 39° N. , and crossed by 89°W. 
 
 Marion, city, U.S., Illinois, Williamson co., 92 m. SE. St. 
 Louis (Mo.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Marlon, co. , U.S., Indiana, S. of 40° N., and crossed by 
 86° W. It contains Indianapolis, the capital of the state. 
 
 Marlon, city, U.S., Indiana, cap. Grant co. , 57 m. NNE. 
 Indianapolis. P. (i88o)<4ooo; (1890)8800. 
 
 Marlon, co. , U.S. , Iowa, N. of 41° N. , and crossed by 93" W. 
 
 Marion, city, U.S., Iowa, Linn co., 5 m. NE. Cedar Rapids. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Marion (formerly M. Center), city, U.S., Kansas, M. co., 
 on Cottonwood R. , 92 m. SW. by W. Topeka. P. <30oo. 
 
 Marlon, co. , U.S., Kentucky, W. of the meridian 85°, and 
 S. of the parallel 38°. 
 
 Marlon, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, on an inlet of the S. ct. , 
 Plymouth co., 9 m. ENE. New Bedford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marlon, co. , U.S., Mississippi, partly on the S. frontier, W. 
 of 89° W. 
 
 Marlon, co. , U.S., Missouri, on the Mississippi, S. of 40° N. 
 
 Marlon, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, McDowell co. , 190 m. W. 
 Raleigh, 72 m. WNW. Charlotte. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marion, city, U.S., Ohio, cap. M. co. , 45 m. N. by W. 
 Columbus ; railway centre. Shovel manufactures. Alt. 979 ft, 
 (R.R.). P. (i88o)<40oo; (1890) 8300. 
 
 Marlon, co. , U.S., Oregon, in the NW. , crossed in the N. 
 by 45° N., in the W. by 123° W., and in the E. by 122° W. ; 
 bounded on the W. by the W^illamette R. 
 
 Marion, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, cap. M. co. , 82 m. W. 
 Wilmington (N. C). P. < 2000. 
 
 Marlon, co. , U.S., Tennessee, on the S. frontier, E. of meri- 
 dian 86°, traversed by the Tennessee R. 
 
 Marlon, co. , U.S., Texas, in the NE., on the E. frontier, S. 
 of 33° N. 
 
 Marion, tn. , U.S., Virginia, Smyth co., 225 m. W. by S. 
 Richmond, 138 m. W. by S. Lynchburg, with manganese 
 mines. Alt. 2136 ft. (R.R.). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Marlon, co. , U.S., W. Virginia, in the N. , north of 39° N. , 
 and crossed in the W. by 80° W. , with coal-mines. 
 
 Marlon Center, former name of Marlon [q.v.], city, U.S., 
 Kansas. 
 
 Marlon Junction, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Turner co. , 
 37 m. N. by E. Yankton. 
 
 Marionville, tn. , U.S., Missouri, Lawrence co. , 25 m. SW. 
 Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mariposa, or Little Britain, vil., Canada, Ontario, Victoria 
 CO., 52 m. NE. by N. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mariposa, vil., U.S., California, M. co. , which is drained by 
 Mercer and Mariposa Rivs. , and contains the Yosemite Falls and 
 the Mammoth Tree Grove, 137 ni. E. by S. San Francisco. Alt. 
 1962 ft. (Wheeler, b.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Marlqnita, vil., Colombia, Tolima state, 12 m. W. Honda, 
 formerly an important town. 
 
 Marish, Gaelic, 'a marsh.' 
 
 Marislies Fli'kering, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Whitby div. , 3^ m. SE. Pickering, with a stn. (M. Koad) on 
 the NE. R. P. <250. 
 
 Maritima, tn., France. See Marennes. 
 
 Maritime Province (Priniorskaya Oblast), a prov. of 
 Russian Empire, which is a strip of territory along the Siberian 
 coast of the Pacific Ocean from Corea to Arctic Ocean, including 
 Kamchatka and several small islands along the coast ; length, 
 2300 m.; width, 40-230 m. Land of Chukchis in the N. , a 
 barren plateau, 1000-2000 ft. high, deeply indented by the 
 Anadyr and its tribs., and fjords Kolyuchin, Anadyr, Penzhina, 
 and Gizhiga, and bordered in the N. by mountains attaining 
 8200 ft. (Makachinga) ; inhabited by Chukchis (P. about 10,000) 
 and Koryaks. Kamchatka Penin. {q.v.) stretches S. from 
 this plateau. The middle part of M. P. is a narrow strip of 
 land (40-60 m.) along the shores of Sea of Okhotsk, being the 
 
MARI — MARK 
 
 woody slopes of Stanovol 9Ioautaiii», only visited by Tun- 
 guses, and the basin of the Ud'. The southern part comprises 
 four distinct regions : (a) a low valley, about 500 ft. alt. , which 
 runs from Shantar Islands to the junction of Amur with Usuri 
 and thence to lower Sungari, and is covered with countless 
 lakes and marshes, large tracts being periodically inundated in 
 summer — the valley of the lower Amur is but thinly peopled ; 
 (i) between the lower Amur and Usuri and the Pacific coast 
 the country is filled by wild forest-clad mountains, almost quite 
 unexplored yet ; {c) the valley of the IJsarl, which is peopled 
 with Russian Cossack villages all along the r. bk ; {d) the best 
 part of the prov. is in the S. of the upper Usuri and Lake 
 Khangka, towards the Gulf of Peter the dreat. A railway 
 has now been constructed from Vladivostok {q.v.), in this 
 gulf, to Grafskaya (1250 m. to the N. of it) on the upper Usuri, 
 and is being built along the river to Khabarovsk. The climate 
 of the whole prov. is very severe, owing to cold Kuro-sivo 
 current which flows along the coast from the Sea of Okhotsk. 
 The average yearly temperatures are : 39. 5° at Vladivostok 
 (43° 7' N. lat.), 31° at Nikolaievsk, 25.5° at Ayan (56° 27' N.), 
 and 23° at Okhotsk. The region is divided into nine dists. : 
 South Usuri (chief town Vladivostok), Sofiisk, Nikolaievsk, 
 Udskoi, Okhotsk, Gizhiga, Petropavlovsk (Kamchatka), Anadyr, 
 and Commandor Islands, Sakhalin now forming a separate 
 governorship. The chief towns are mere centres of administra- 
 tion. Khabarovsk (P. 7350) is the cap. of the prov. Area, 
 715,990 sq. m. P. (1894, estimated) 130,000. 
 
 Narltsa, the ancient Hebrus, riv. , Rumili, European Turkey, 
 rises on the NE. slope of the Balkan Mts. , flows SE. and SSW. 
 to the ^gean Sea opposite Enos. Its course is so much ob- 
 structed by rocks and sandbanks, that large boats cannot make 
 use of it. It is, however, navigable for small boats to Adrianople, 
 and it is an important fertilising agent in the plain of Philippo- 
 polis. Length, 272 m. ; area of basin, 20,790 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). 
 
 Mtirittlnio, the ancient Hie>-a, one of the Egadi Is., Italy, 
 21 m. NW. by W. Marsala, off the W. ct. of Sicily, and in- 
 cluded in its prov. Trapani. It has a castle, which is used as 
 a prison. Alt. 2245 ft. Length, 3^ m. ; breadth, 2 m. 
 
 Mariupol, seapt. , Russia, govt. Ekaterinoslav, 63 m. W. of 
 Taganrog, on N. ct. of Sea of Azov, at mouth of Kalmius. 
 Open roadstead ; considerable coasting trade and export of 
 corn. P. 19,520. 
 
 Marlnt, Blrket>el-, or Mareotls, salt lagoon. Lower Egypt, 
 separated from the Mediterranean by a long spit of land, on 
 which is situated the city of Alexandria. At the end of last 
 century its bed was nearly dry, but during the French invasion 
 of 1801 the sea was let in by the English, who opened breaches 
 in the strand between M. and Lake Abukir, submerging forty 
 villages. Length, 28 m. ; breadth, 20 m. 
 
 Marlnt, tn. , Lower Egypt, 16 m. SW. Alexandria, SW. 
 Lake M. Mehemet-Ali made this his summer residence. 
 
 Marlveles, maritime vil. , Philippine Is., Luzon, 34 m. WSW. 
 Manila, a safe and commodious port. 
 
 Marjd, pass, Brit. India, Punjab, in 31° 16' N., 78° 27' E. ; 
 elevation, between 16,000 and 17,000 ft. 
 
 Mjlrjelen-see, lake, Switzd. , dammed by the Aletsch glacier, 
 Rhone valley. Its surplus waters are led away by an artificial 
 channel El. to the Viesch valley, but occasionally it bursts the 
 natural dam, as in August 1890. Area about 100 ac. ; depth, 
 155 ft. See Daiume-vand. 
 
 Nar-jirjls, convent, Syria, 25 m. W. Homs ; near it is a 
 curious intermittent spring, the ' Sabbath Sprifig' of Josephus. 
 . Mark, German, in English place-names March, in French 
 Marche, in Italian Marca (plur. Marche), 'the boundary.' 
 
 Mark, par., Eng. , Somerset, Wells div. , 9 m. NE. by N. 
 Bridgwater, 2^ m. NE. Basonbridge stn. , P.O.; 4944 ac. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Marka, ct. tn. , Somali-land. See Merka. 
 
 Markab, vil., Syria, 51 m. NNE. Tripoli. The castle (on 
 a mountainous promontory only connected by a narrow isthmus 
 with Jebel Ansarieh) was one of the principal fortresses of the 
 Knights Hospitallers in the time of the Crusades. 
 
 Mark Beech, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Cowden and Hever 
 pars. P. <25o. 
 
 Markby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 12 m. 
 SE. by E. Louth, 2 m. NNW. Mumby Road stn., P.O. P. < 
 250. See Hannah. 
 
 Mark Causeway, vil., Eng., Somerset, 3 m. E. Highbridge, 
 PM.O. 
 
 Mark Cross, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 5 m. S. 
 Tunbridge Wells, 2 m. ENE. Rotherfield stn. , PM.O. P. <;75o. 
 
 Markdale, East Glenelg, or Coriiabnss, vil., Canada, 
 Ontario, Grey co. , 26 m. SW. by W. Collingwood. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Markeaton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, partly in bor. of Derby. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Markelo, tn. , Netherlands, prov. Overijssel, 14 m. ESE. 
 Deventer. P. (comm. )<;5ooo. 
 
 Marken, atoll. Pacific Ocean. See Mortlock. 
 
 Markeu, formerly called Merken-hof, flat marshy isl. , Hol- 
 land, in the Zuider Zee, prov. N. Holland, 10 m. ENE. 
 
 Amsterdam ; chief industry, fishing ; has a lighthouse (in 52° 28' 
 N.), visible 10 m. 
 
 Market Bosworth, tn. , Eng. , Leicestersliire. See Bosworth. 
 
 Market Deeping, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 
 on the Welland, 7 m. E. by N. Stamford, 2^ m. ENE. Tailing- 
 ton stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Market Drayton, or Drayton«ln-Hales, niarket-tn. and 
 par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 11^ m. S. by E. Nantwich, 
 on the G. W. R. , and one of the Shropshire Union Canals. 
 Market-days, W. and S. Par. 7786 ac. , P. 5100. 
 
 Market Harborough, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Leicester- 
 shire, Harborough div., 14 m. SE. Leicester, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Welland and on the Grand Union Canal, and G. N., M., 
 and L. & NW. Rlys. ; manufactures corsets. Important hunting 
 centre. Market-day, Tu. Par. P. < 2500; tn. (urban sanitary 
 dist. M. H., Great and Little Bowden) P. 5900. 
 
 Markethlll, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Armagh, bar. Lower Fews, 
 6^ m. SE. by E. Armagh, on the Armagh Rly., PMT.O. 
 Market-day, F. ' P. 750. 
 
 Market Jew, par. , Eng. , Cornwall. See Marazlon. 
 
 Market Lavlngton, Wiltshire. See Lavlngton, Market. 
 
 Market Overton, par. , Eng. , Rutland, 5^ m. NNE. Oakham, 
 3 m. E. by S. Whissendine stn., PT.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Market Kasen, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. 
 Lindsey div., 14 m. W. by N. Louth, on the M. S. & L. R. 
 Market-day, Tu. P. < 2500. 
 
 Market Stalnton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 
 8 m. SW. by W. Louth, \\ m. SW. Donington on Bain stn. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Market Street, eccles. par., Eng. See Markyate. 
 
 Market Welghton and Arras, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , 
 Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div., 14 m. NE. by N. 
 Goole, with stn. (Market Welghton) on the NE. R., connected 
 by the Market Welghton Canal with the Humber, which has 
 its head 2 m. to the SW. , 14 m. above Hull. The canal, which 
 belongs to the NE. R. , is 9^ m. long, and is navigable by boats 
 of 60 tons. PMT.O. Market-day, W. 5882 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Market Weston, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 11 
 m. NE. Bury St. Edmunds, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Markfleld, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Loughborough div., 
 7 m. NW. by W. Leicester, 3 m. E. by N. Bardon Hill stn., 
 PMT.O. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Markgroningen, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Neckar, 
 9^ m. NNW. Stuttgart. P. <3000. 
 
 Markhani, vil., Canada, Ontario, York co. , 16 m. (23 m. by 
 rail) NNE. Toronto; manufactures, machinery, &c. P. < 1500. 
 
 Markhani, East, or Great Markhani, and Markham, 
 West, or Markhani Clinton, two adjoining pars., Eng., Not- 
 tinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. East M. , \o\ m. ESE. Worksop, 
 \\ m. NNW. Tuxfordstn., P.O., P. <75o; West M., P.O., P. 
 <25o. Eccles. pars. East M. with West Drayton, P. <iooo; 
 West M. with Bevercotes, P. <25o. 
 
 Markhainvllle, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, King's- 
 CO., II m. from Sussex. 
 
 Marklnch, par. and burglj, Scot., W. Fife, 4^ m. SE. Falk- 
 land, on the N. B. R.; has coal-mines, calender-works, a wool- 
 mill, paper-mills, and bleachfields. Par. (1891) 9821 ac. P. 
 6400, reduced since census to a population of 5800 by transference 
 of a village to Wemyss par. ; burgh P. < 1500. 
 
 Marklngfleld Hall, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3 m. 
 SW. Ripon. P. <25o. 
 
 Marklngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 4I 
 m. SSW. Ripon, i m. W. by N. Wormald Green stn., PT.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Marklrch, in French Ste. Marie aux Mines, tn., Ger., 
 Alsace-Lorraine, circle Rappoltsweiler, 14^ m. NW. by N. 
 Kolmar, on the Leber, near the head of a valley of the Vosges, 
 terminus of a railway from Schlettstadt ; since 1755 seat of im- 
 portant textile industries (cotton, wool, silk) ; formerly a mining 
 town. P. 8400; comm. P. (1861) 12,300; (1890) 11,900. 
 
 Miirklsch-Frledland, tn., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 79 
 m. W. by N. Bromberg, circle and 15 m. W. by N. Deutsch- 
 Krone. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mark Lane, stn., Eng., London, on the Metropol. Dist. Rly. 
 (Inner Circle), i m. ESE St. Paul's, near Fenchurch Street stn. 
 
 Markllssa, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Lauban, 15 m. 
 SE. Gorlitz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Marknenklrchen, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 29 
 m. S. by W. Zwickau ; manufactures musical instruments. 
 P. 6700. 
 
 Markolshelm, tn. , Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle Schlettstadt, 
 on the Rhone Canal, 11 m. NE. Kolmar. P. < 3000. 
 
 MnrkoponIon,vil. , Greece, prov. Bceotia and Attica, 14 m. 
 SE. by S. Athens, with lignite mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mnrkovac (markovats), vil., Servia, prov. Belgrade, 18 m. 
 NE. by N. Kraguyevats. P. <30oo. 
 
 Markovka, vil., Russia, govt, and 150 m. ESE. Kharkov. 
 P. 8000. 
 
 Markowa, vil., Austria, prov. Galicia, dist. Przeworsk. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 967 
 
MARK 
 
 M AR N 
 
 Markranstadt, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 6 ni. WSW. 
 Leipzig. P. < 5000. 
 
 Marksbnry, par , Eng. , Somerset, N. div. , 6 m. WSW. 
 Bath, 3jm. ESE. Pensford stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Marks Hall, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., 5 m. E. by N. 
 Braintree, 3 m. SW. by S. Colne stn. P. <25o. 
 
 IMarkshall, par., Eng., Norfolk, on riv. Tas, 2J m. S. 
 Norwich. P. <25o. See Calstor. 
 
 Markstay, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 419 
 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Marks Tey, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., i^ m. SSE. 
 Great Tey, 6^ m. W. Colchester, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Marksville, P.O., Ire., co. Louth, 3 m. from Ardee, 9 m. 
 from Dunleer stn. 
 
 MarksTllle, vil. , U.S., Louisiana, Avoyelles par., 112 m. 
 SW. by S. Vicksburg (Miss.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Markt, Ger., ' market.' 
 
 Marktbrelt, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 circle Kitzingen, on the 1. bk. of the Main, 12 m. SE. Wiirzburg. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Marktheidenfeld, comm., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Lower 
 Franconia, cap. circle M. P. <20oo. 
 
 Marktliof, comm., Austria. See Hof an der March. 
 
 Markt-Red-wltz,. market-tn., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Franconia, circle and dist. Wunsiedel. P. <;30oo. 
 
 Markyate (or Market) Street, eccles. par., Eng., Bedford- 
 shire and Hertfordshire, Studham, Houghton Regis, Flamstead, 
 and Caddington pars., PMT.O. (Markyate Street). P. < 1500. 
 
 Marland Peters, par., Eng., Devonshire, 5 m. S. Great 
 Torrington. P. <5oo. 
 
 Marlboro, city, U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , 14. m. 
 ENE. Worcester ; chief industry, shoe-making. P. (1880) 
 10,100; (1890) 13,800. 
 
 Marlboro, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Cheshire co. , 18 m. 
 NE. of the SW. corner of the state. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Marlboro, co. , U.S., S. Carolina, in the extreme NE. 
 
 Marlboro, Upper, tn. , U.S., Maryland, Prince George's co., 
 16 m. ESE. Washington (D. C). P. <:i50o. 
 
 Marlborough, mun. bor. (first charter, 1204) and market-tn., 
 Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., in the diocese of Salisbury, on the 
 Kennet, 10 m. SSE. Swindon, on a branch of G. W. R. , and 
 also served by the L. & SW. R. Some manufacture of rope and 
 sacking. In Domesday Book, M. is returned as a royal manor. 
 M. returned two M.P.'s till 1867, and then one till 1885, when 
 it was disfranchised. Well known for its grammar-school, 
 founded 1551, and college, on site of ancient castle, founded 1843. 
 Formerly spelt Merleberg, Marleberg, Mearlesberg, and in other 
 ways. Alt. 474 ft. Mean temp. (16 yrs., 1865-80), yr. 48.4°F., 
 Jan. 37.5°, July 60.8°. Market-day, S. Mun. bor. P. (1871) 
 3900; (i89i)<35oo. 
 
 Marlborough, CO. , New Zealand, South I., on the E. ct., 
 crossed by 42° S. 
 
 Marlborough Downs, hill range, Eng., Wiltshire iq.v.\ 
 
 Marlborough Koad, stn., Eng., London, on the St. John's 
 Wood line of the Metropolitan Rly. , 3^ m. WNW. St. Pauls. 
 
 Marldon, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 4 m. W. Torquay, 
 P.O. P. <75o. See Paignton. 
 
 Marie, tn. , France, dep. Aisne, on the Serre, arr. and 15 m. 
 NE. by N. Laon. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Marten, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle and 17 m. 
 NW. Offenburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Maries, vil. , France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. Bdthune, 4 m. 
 NW. Houdain, with coal-mine. P. <200o. 
 
 Marlesford (marlz'ford), par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 5 m. 
 SE. Framlingham, on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Marlestone (marl'stone), part of eccles. par., Eng. , Berkshire. 
 See Bncklebnry. 
 
 Marlestown, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. Ferrard, 5 m. N. 
 Drogheda. P. <2So. 
 
 Harlette, vil., U.S., Michigan, Sanilac co., 30 m. W. 
 Lexington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marley Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, Chester-le-Street 
 and Whickham pars. , 3 m. NE. Burnopfield, PM.O. P. <3000. 
 
 Marlfleld, tnld.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa East, 
 2 m. W. Clonmel, PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Marlln, tn., U.S., Texas, Falls co., 85 m. NE. by N. Austin. 
 P. <: 3000. 
 
 Marllngford, par., Eng., Norfolk, on the border of the Mid 
 div., on the Yare, 7 m. W. Norwich, ■2.\ m. WSW. Hellesdon 
 stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Blarlloz, vil., France, dep. Savoie, arr. Chamb6ry, i m. S. 
 Aix-les-Bains, with sulphurous thermal establishment. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Marloes, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 7 m. W. by N. Milford, 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Marlow, or St. Come, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. Beauce, 72 
 m. from Quebec, on riv. Kennebec P. < 1500. 
 
 Marlow, Great, market-tn. and par. (till 1885 a pari, bor.), 
 Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div., on the 'Thames, 9^ m. 
 968 
 
 NW. Windsor, on the G. W. R. ; has manufactures of chairs 
 and paper. Market-day, S. Par. 6701 ac. , P. 5300. 
 
 Marlow, Little, par. , 2 m. E. by N. Great Marlow, \\ m. 
 W. Bourne End stn. , P. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Marlplt Hill, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Edenbridge, Kent. 
 
 Marlpool, stn., Eng., Derbyshire, on the G. N. R. , 8 m. 
 NE. Derby, PM.O. 
 
 Marlston with Lache, par., Eng., Cheshire, on SW. side 
 of Chester. P. < 250. 
 
 Marly, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and i m. SE. Valen- 
 ciennes, with coal-mine. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Marly, vil., Switzd. , cant, and 2 m. S. Freiburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Marly-le-Rol, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Versailles, 
 11^ m. W. Notre Dame, Paris; celebrated astheresidenceof Louis 
 XIV. P. < 2000. The For^t (forest) de Marly lies to the W. 
 
 Marmag^o, port and vil. , Portuguese India, Bombay, on the 
 W. ct. , dist. and 10 m. SW. by W. Goa. It occupies a favour- 
 able situation in the harbour of Goa, and is now the terminus of 
 the railway ascending the Ghats to Dharwar and Hubli, the chief 
 centres of trade in southern Bombay. P. ( 1881 )< 2000. 
 
 Marniande, tn., France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, cap. arr. M. , 
 on the r. bk. of the Garonne, 31 m. NW. Agen. P. 6300. 
 
 Marnianhac, vil., France, dep. Cantal, arr. and 7 m. NNE. 
 Aurillac. Here is a chapel excavated out of a rock. P. <20oo. 
 
 Marmara, isl. and sea. See Marmora. 
 
 Mamiaras, maritime tn. , SW. ct. of Asia Minor, on the Bay 
 of M. , 27 m. N. Rhodes, to which it furnishes provisions and 
 live stock ; a magnificent port, surrounded by high hills. Near it 
 are some remains of the ancient Physkos. 
 
 Marmarltse, cape, at the entrance to the Bay of Marmaras, 
 in 36° 44' X. , 28° 21' E. 
 
 Marmaros, properly Maramaros {q.v.), co. Hungary. 
 
 M&rmaros Sziget, tn. , Hungary. See Maramaros Szlget. 
 
 Marmato, place with meteorological stn. , Colombia, in 5° 33' 
 N., 70° 6' W. Alt. 4678 ft. Rfall. (15 yrs.), 90.00 in. 
 
 Marmelshagen, Prussia. See Hofstede. 
 
 Mar Meuor, lagoon, with a narrow entrance, on the E. ct. of 
 Spain, prov. Murcia, just to N. of Cajje Palos. 
 
 Marmlon, vil., Canada, Ontario, Grey co. , 40 m. W. by S. 
 ColHngwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marmolate, mt. See Alps, Subdivisions, in. C. 1. 
 
 Marmolejo, tn., Spain, prov. and 30 m. NW. Jaen, dist. 
 Andujar, on the 1. bk. of the Guadalquivir, with bath establish 
 ment. P. < 5000. 
 
 Marmora, vil., Canada, Ontario, Hastings co., 62 m. WNW. 
 Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marmora, the ancient Prokonnesos, isl. of the Turkish 
 dominions, in the NW. of the Sea of Marmora, off the jjenin. 
 of Kapu Dagh ; it has several villages. Principal products, wine 
 and marble (whence its name). Length, 11 m. ; breadth, 5 m. 
 
 Marmora, Marmara, the ancient Propontis, sea, in the basin 
 of the Mediterranean, between European and Asiatic Turkey. 
 It communicates with the Black Sea by the Straits of Constanti- 
 nople (Bosporus), and with the Mediterranean (Archipelago) by 
 that of the Dardanelles. Its name is derived from the isl. M., 
 near its W. end. Length, including the Gulf of Izmid on E. , 
 172 m. ; greatest breadth, 55 m. See Black Sea. 
 
 Marmot, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Morton co. , 13m. W. 
 Bismarck. 
 
 Marmoutler, famous abbey, France. SeeSalnte-Kadegonde. 
 
 MarmuUane, par.. Ire., co. and 6 m. NE. Cork, Kerry- 
 currihy bar. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marnay, vil. , France, on S. border of dep. Haute-Sadne, arr. 
 Gray, on the Oig^non, 13 m. WNW. Besanfon. P. < 2000. 
 
 Marne, dep., NW. France, traversed from SE. to NW. by 
 the Marne ; formed in 1790 out of Champagne (dists. Champagne 
 Pouilleuse, Rimois, Perthois, Vallage, and Brie) ; divided into 
 five arrs. : Chilons (cap. ), Epernay, Reims, Sainte-Menehould, 
 and Vitry-le-Fran9ois. The central part consists of the Cham- 
 pagne Pouilleuse, a chalky plain, with slight elevations ; in the 
 NW. are low Tertiary hills, which attain SE. of Reims 920 ft., 
 the highest point in the dep.; N. are the wooded, limestone 
 hills of Argonne dist. , extending into Ardennes ; E. , between 
 the M. and the Aisne, the fertile dist. of Perthois ; and S. of the 
 M. the wooded dist. of Bocage. The dep. belongs entirely to 
 the basin of the Seine, which itself traverses it only in the extreme 
 SW. for about 11 m. The M. has a course in the dep. of 
 105 m. navigable, with the aid of a lateral canal, which accom- 
 panies it from Couvrot to Epernay, for boats drawing 5J ft.; the 
 Aisne traverses the NE. , and the Vesle, or V^le, theNW. Climate, 
 see ChAlons-sur-Mame. More than one-sixth of the surface 
 is under wood ; extensive tracts have been planted with pine in 
 arrs. Reims and Ch&lons. Cereals are widely cultivated ; the 
 principal are wheat (the production of which per acre is con- 
 siderably above the average for France), rye, and barley ; sugar- 
 beet is also an important crop. The vine is cultivated, especially 
 on the hills, in the neighbourhood of Ejjernay and Avize, and 
 between the M. and the Vesle. Peat for fuel is obtained in 
 Saint-Gond dist. Textile manufactures are important ; flannels 
 and woollen stuffs are produced on an extensive scale (Reims) ; 
 
MARN — MARQ 
 
 dyeing and wool-combing ; cotton hosiery ( Epernay arr. ). Metal- 
 lurgical industries include iron and copper foundries, bell-casting 
 (Vitry). Area, 3168 sq. m. P. (1891) 434,700. See France, 
 table. 
 
 Marne, the ancient Matro?ia, riv. , France, rises S. of Langres, 
 dep. Haute-Marne, passes Chaumont, Joinville, St. Dizier, 
 ChEllons, Chateau- Thierry, Meaux, and joins the Seine on the 
 right at Charenton. Chief affluents on the left. Petit- and 
 Grand-Morin ; on the right, Saulx and Ourcq. At Donjeux 
 begins the Haute-Marne Canal, length 48 m. , which runs side 
 by side with the river as far as St. Dizier, then at a somewhat 
 greater distance to Vitry-le-Franfois, the point of junction of 
 the Marne-Rhine Canal. Immediately below Vitry-le-Franfois 
 begins the Marne lateral canal, which runs 40 m. to a point on 
 the river just below Epernay, and communicates at Cond6 with 
 the Aisne and Marne Canal. The river itself is regarded as 
 navigable from St. Dizier, 238 m. above the mouth, but un- 
 navigable stretches reduce the navigation to about 200 m. Total 
 length of river about 325 m. ; area of basin, 4895 sq. m.; dis- 
 charge varying from 24,700 cubic ft. per second in exceptional 
 floods (more usually 17,700-21,200 cubic ft.) to 600, 500, and 
 even 400 cubic ft. per second at low water. 
 
 Marne, vil. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle Siider- 
 dithmarschen, 13^ m. ENE. Cuxhaven. P. <30oo. 
 
 MLarne, Haute-, dep., NE. France, traversed from SSE. to 
 NNW. by the Marne, which rises in the dep.; formed chiefly 
 from Champagne (dists. Bassigny, Perthois, Vallage), partly 
 also from Burgundy and Lorraine, with a small dist. of Franche- 
 Comt6 ; divided into three arrs. : Chaumont (cap.), Langres, 
 and Vassy. Although the dep. forms part of the continental 
 watershed, the elevation is comparatively slight, the highest 
 point, Haut-du-Sec (1695 ft.), SW. of Langres; lowest, at the 
 exit of Voire R., N\V. (360 ft.). In the centre, stretching SW. 
 to NE. , is the calcareous plateau of Langres, a dreary region, 
 but intersected by many pleasant valleys. The plateau is con- 
 tinued NE. by the Monts Faucilles, of similar formation. 
 This elevated region is known locally as the ' Montagne,' to 
 distinguish it from the Bassigny, or low country ; the plateau 
 descends abruptly on the S. , more gently on the N. , where also 
 are extensive forests. The dep. belongs to the basins of three 
 rivers : Seine, Rhone, and Meuse. The Seine receives more than 
 two-thirds of the drainage by its tribs. , Ourcq, Aube, and 
 Marne ; the two latter have their source in the dep. , as has also 
 the Meuse, which drains a small area in the E. Small tribs. of the 
 Rhone drain the SE. Soil generally poor. Forests cover about 
 one-fourth of the surface. The principal cereals are oats and 
 wheat. Wine is produced in various parts (Aubigny, Mont- 
 saugeon, &c. ). Iron is the most important mineral (Vassy, 
 Creancy, Latricy). Mineral springs at Bourbonne-les-Bains and 
 other places. Metallurgical industries take the first rank ; the 
 production of cast iron and heavy iron goods is carried on 
 chiefly in the valleys of Marne and Blaise (St. Dizier) ; cutlery 
 (Langres, Nogent, &c. ). Area, 2416 sq. m. P. (1891) 243,500. 
 See France, table. 
 
 jMarnc-Rhliie Canal, canal serving as means of communica- 
 tion between the two rivers named ; begins on the Marne at 
 Vitry-le-Fran9ois, first ascends the valley of the Ornain, passing 
 Bar le Due, then crosses (through a tunnel at the summit) to 
 the valley of the Meuse, crosses that river, and then has 16 m. 
 in common with the Canal de I'Est, joins the Moselle below 
 Toul, and ascends that river-valley to the mouth of the Sanon 
 (about midway between Nancy and Lun^ville), then ascends 
 the valley of the Sanon, crosses the Vosges in two tunnels, 
 descends by the valley of the Zorn, and joins the 111 below Strass- 
 burg, opposite the 111- Rhine Canal. Total length 196 m., of 
 which 129 m. in France ; 180 locks ; admits boats of about 5 ft. 
 draught. 
 
 Harnbam, par., Eng. , Nottinghamshire, div. and 9^ m. N. 
 Newark, on the 1. bk. of the Trent, 2 m. ENE. Crow Park stn. 
 P.<:25o. 
 
 MarnbuU, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, N. div. ,9 m. E. Sher- 
 borne, 3 m. E. Stalbridge stn., PMT.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 IHarnoch, par. , Scot. , Banffshire, on the 1. bk. of the Deveron, 
 7^ m. NE. by N. Huntly, 3§ m. ESE. Knock stn.; 14,954 ac. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Maroa, vil. , central Africa, Garenganze country, in 9° 9' S. , 
 27° 38' E. 
 
 Slaroa, prov., in NE. Madagascar, including the penin. on 
 E. side of Antongil Bay. 
 
 Maroa, city, U.S., IlHnois, Macon co., 13 m. N. Decatur. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Maroa, vil. , Venezuela, Amazonas Terr. , on the 1. bk. of the 
 Guainia, 480 m. E. by S. Bogota. 
 
 Slarocco. See Morocco. 
 
 Marofototra, tn. , Madagascar, on the E. ct. , in about 17° 
 45' S. 
 
 Marollles, vil. , France, dep. Nord, 19 m. SE. by S. Valen- 
 ciennes, arr. and 8 m. W. by N. Avesnes. It is the centre of 
 an extensive manufacture of cheese in high repute. P. <:20cio. 
 
 Marolni, tn. , Brazil, state Sergipe, 19 m. N. Aracaju. 
 
 Maromme, tn., France, dep. Seine-Inf6rieure, arr. and 4 m. 
 NW. Rouen. P. <:4oco. 
 
 Marong, post-tn., Victoria, Bendigo co. , 10 m. WNW. 
 Sandhurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Maronl, riv., S. America. See Maro-wyne. 
 
 Maronia, tn., Ttirkey in Europe, prov. Giimurjina, on the 
 »Egean Sea, 19 m. W. by N. Dede-Agach. 
 
 Maroona, post-tn., Victoria, Riport co. , 8 m. S. Ararat. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Maropatl, tn., Italy, prov. Reggio di Calabria, 17 m. NE. 
 Palmi. P. < 3000. 
 
 Maropiu, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Hobson co. , 132 
 m. by rail and road NW. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marore, tn. , German E. Africa, Uhehe, 180 ra. W. by S. 
 Dares-Salaam. Alt. 2140 ft. 
 
 Maros, riv., rises near the frontier of Moldavia, leaves 
 Transylvania at Zam, and passes into Hungary, finishing its 
 course in the plain, and entering the Theiss opposite Szegedin. 
 An important commercial route, navigable from Maros-Ujvar, 
 228 m. , out of a total length of about 400 m. Area of basin, 
 16,972 sq. m. 
 
 Marostlcn, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 15 m. NNE. 
 Vicenza. P. <:20C)0. 
 
 Maros Ujvar, or Maros UjvAr Akna, comm., Hungary, 
 Transylvania, co. Also-Feher, at the head of navigation on the 
 Maros, 33 m. SSE. Klausenburg ; health resort. P. <:400o. 
 
 Maros Viis&rliely ('the market-place,' on the riv. Maros'), 
 municip. , Hungary, cap. co. Maros-Tonia, on the Maros, 47 
 m. ESE. Klausenburg. Commanded by a citadel; has a 
 fine Gothic church, and a museum with a library of 80,000 
 vols. Alt. 1035 ft. P. (1850) 8900; (1869) 12,700; (1890) 
 14,200. 
 
 Marotse, tribe. See Barotse. 
 
 Maronatte, important ruined castle with curious details of 
 the Renaissance, France, dep. Dordogne, arr. Rib^rac, 4 m. 
 NE. Montagrier. 
 
 Marontea, isl. , French Oceania. See Lor«l Hood's Island. 
 
 Marovo, isl., New Georgian group of the Solomon Is., in the 
 British sphere of influence, crossed by 8° 35' S. , 158° o' E. 
 
 Marovoay, tn. , Madagascar, 210 m. NW. by W. Tamatave. 
 
 Maro'wn, par.. Isle of Man. Area, 6585 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Marowyne, in Dutch spelling Maro'wijne, called by the 
 French Maronl, riv., S. America, forming the limit between 
 Dutch and French Guiana. Total length about 300 m. , of which 
 the last 60, from the rapids at Hermino, the tide-limit, are 
 navigable for vessels of about 16 ft. draught. In the stretch 
 of about 93 m. from these rapids to the confluence of the 
 Tapanahoni (from the SW. ) and the Awa (from the S. , the 
 latter being the longer, and having the greatest volume of water, 
 and accordingly forming the true headwater of the M.) other 
 ten rapids occur, some of them bad, though none insurmount- 
 able at high water. Rapids also interrupt the navigation of the 
 Awa. 
 
 Mar Peqnena, or Santa Ouz de Mar Pequena, port, 
 Africa, SW. Morocco, immediately N. of Cape Nun. In the 
 i6th century Spain possessed a port of this name on this part 
 of the coast, the exact site of which was, however, unknown. 
 It is believed to be the site of the ancient Ifni. Ceded to Spain 
 by treaty, 1859-60. 
 
 Marple, par. and tn. , Eng. , Cheshire, Hyde div. , 4^ m. ESE. 
 Stockport, on the Peak Forest and Macclesfield Canals, and on 
 the M. R. ; has coal-mines and cotton-works. PMT.O. (M. 
 and M. Bridge). Mean rfall. (M. Aqueduct, alt. 321 ft., 
 1866-80), 34.3 in. P. 5000; eccles. par. (Low M.) P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Marqnenterre (' 7nare in terra '), natural dist., France, dep. 
 Somme, between rivs. Somme and Authie. In the 9th century 
 it was a vast lake, but the peasants have raised ramparts 
 (between the dunes and islands) which have stopped the advance 
 of the sea. 
 
 Marquesas, or Mendana Islands, group in the Pacific 
 Ocean, between 8° and 11° S. ,. 140° W. , comprising 13 islands, 
 the principal being Nukahiva, 70 m. in circuit. Area estimated 
 at 478 m. , and population at 4300. Surface mountainous ; soil 
 of volcanic origin, and fertile, producing pulse, coco-nuts, yams, 
 bamboos, wild cotton, and sugar-cane. 'The inhabitants (of the 
 same stock as the Maori of New- Zealand) exchange live stock 
 and vegetables in return for muskets, ammunition, and tobacco. 
 There are mission stations in some of the islands, and cannibalism 
 is abolished. Resolution Bay, in Tahuata, and Port Jarvis, 
 in Roapoa, are the best harbours in the islands. Four of these 
 islands were discovered by Mendafia in 1596, the others by 
 Captain Cook in 1774. Since 1842, the chiefs are under a 
 French protectorate. [Polynesia.] 
 
 Marquesas Keys (or Cays), group of coral islands at the 
 SW. extremity of Florida, U.S. 
 
 Marquette, stn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R., 
 29 m. W. Winnipeg. This and numerous other places of the 
 same name in N. America are named after a French missionary, 
 who in 1673 traversed the Lake Superior region, and in com- 
 pany with the Jesuit Toilette discovered the Mississippi. 
 
 969 
 
MARQ — MARS 
 
 Marquette, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. Lille, 8 m. N. by 
 E. Cambrai. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Marquette, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. Valenciennes, 3 m. 
 W. Bouchain. P. <3oc>o. 
 
 Marquette, city, U.S., Michigan, cap. M. co., on Lake 
 Superior, in about 87° 19' W., 145 m. E. of the NW. corner 
 of the state ; with blast-furnaces, foundries, and rolling-mill. 
 The principal shipping-port of the great iron region of Michigan, 
 the most productive in the U.S. Alt. 673 ft. Mean temp., yr. 
 41.4° F., Jan. 18.0°, July 65.2°; rfall. (12 yrs.), 32.7 in. P. 
 (i88o)<5ooo; (1890)9100. 
 
 Marquette, co., U.S., Wisconsin, S. of 44° N., and W. of 
 89° W. 
 
 Marquis, vil., W. Indies, on the NE. ct. of St. Lucia. 
 
 Marquise, tn., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. Boulogne, 
 12 m. SW. by S. Calais. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Marquises, I,es, French name of the Marquesas Is. {^.v.). 
 
 Marr, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 3^ m. 
 WNW. Doncaster, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Marrabel, tp., S. Australia, Light co., 58 m. N. by E. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marradl, vil. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Florence, 19^ m. SW. 
 by S. Faenza. P. < 2000. 
 
 Marragln, Capo, cape, Sardinia, in the W., in 40° 20' N. 
 
 Marrali, Jebel-, mt. heights, Africa. See »ar Fur. 
 
 Marratxl, comm., Balearic Is., dist. Palma. P. < 4000. 
 
 Harre, La, tn.,v Syria. See Maarab>eu-uaaniau. 
 
 Marrel and dartymore, vil., Scot., Sutherland, on the r. 
 bk. of the UUieor Helmsdale, 15 m. NE. Golspie, i m. NNW. 
 Helmsdale stn. See Helmsdale, West. 
 
 Marrl, hill stn. , Punjab. See Murree. 
 
 Marrlck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the Swale, 
 div. and 6 m. W. by S. Richmond, 4^ m. N. Wensley stn., 
 P.O. ; 6206 ac. P. <:250. 
 
 Marrlckvllle, bor. , 3^ m. SW. Sydney, New South Wales, 
 CO. Cumberland. P. 13,500. 
 
 Marrtiia, site, Palestine, Meronoth in the O. T., 31° 38' N., 
 35° 7' E. , 7^ m. N. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Marriott's Cove, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. and 
 15 m. from Lunenburg. 
 
 Marron Junction, stn., Eng., Cumberland, on the Cocker- 
 mouth, Keswick and Penrith, and L. & NW. Rlys., \\ m. W. 
 Cockermouth. 
 
 Marroqnl. See Pnnta Marroqnl. 
 
 Marros, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 7^ m. 
 NE. Tenby, 4^ m. S. Whitland stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Marrowstone Point, cape, U.S., Washington, at the mouth 
 of Puget Sound, opposite Port Townsend. 
 
 Marrubln, vil., Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 31 m. N. by E. 
 Iglesias. 
 
 Marmecos. See Morocco. 
 
 Mars, Marsa, Arabic, ' port.' See Mers. 
 
 Marsa, La, tn. , Tunis, on the W. shore of the Bay of Tunis, 
 10 m. NE. by E. Tunis, ordinary residence of the Bey ; site of 
 ancient Carthage. 
 
 M&r Saba, convent, Palestine, 8 m. SE. Jerusalem, founded 
 by Saba in the 5th century ; has a library rich in manuscripts. 
 
 Marsal, tn., Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, circle Chateau-Salins, 
 20 m. ENE. Nancy (Fr.), with an important brick embankment, 
 supposed to be Roman, called the Brickwork of the Seille. P. 
 
 <C2000. 
 
 Marsala (Arabic Marsa-Allah, ' the port of God ; ' the ancient 
 Libybcsum), fortified seapt. city of the isl. Sicily, on its W. 
 ct. , prov. and 16 m. SSW. Trapani, behind Cape Boeo ; cap. 
 circle. It is enclosed by walls, and has a cathedral, several 
 convents and abbeys, a gymnasium, cavalry barracks, and a 
 curious vibrating bell-tower, a famous grotto and well. Near 
 the city are salt-mines and caves of white marble. Its ancient 
 port was filled up in 1580 by Don John of Austria to prevent 
 Us becoming useful to corsairs ; and the new port, about i m. 
 S., bounded by a mole, is adapted only for small vessels (less 
 than 13 ft. draught). Larger vessels lie outside the harbour, and 
 are loaded and discharged by lighters. The principal importance 
 of M. is due to its wine trade, which has grown up within the 
 present century, the wine being the most iiighly esteemed of 
 those of Sicily. M. also exports corn, cattle, oil, salt, and 
 soda, in small quantities. Libybaum was long the cap. of the 
 Carthaginian possessions in Sicily, but few traces of it remain. P. 
 (1871) 14,100; comm. P. 34,200; (1881) tn. P. 19,700; comm. 
 P. 40,000. 
 
 Marsa (or Mlrsa) Snsa, tn., N. Africa, on the coast of Barka, 
 in 32° 55' N., 21° 56' E.; anciently the port of Gyrene, the 
 Apollonia of the Ptolemies. 
 
 Marsa>Zaf^an, Tripoli. See Zafran. 
 
 Marsboro, settlement, Canada, Quebec, co. Compton, on 
 Lake Megantic, not far from the frontier of Maine (U.S.). 
 
 Marsclaiio, comm. , Italy, Umbria, prov. , circle, and 14 m. 
 S. Perugia. P. 11,600. 
 
 Marsden, stn. , Eng. , Durham, Jarrow div. , on the Marsden 
 Rly., 4i m. N. Sunderland, PM.O. (M. ColUery). 
 970 
 
 Marsden, tn., Eng., Lancashire. See Colne. 
 
 Marsden, tn. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Colne Valley 
 div., on the Colne, 7 m. WSW. Huddersfield, on the L. & 
 NW. R. Mean rfall. (Standedge, ah. iioo ft., 1866-80), 53.2 
 in. P. <4ooo; pars. M. In Alniondbnry, 5133 ac. , P. "C^soo; 
 M. In Huddersfield, P. < 1000. 
 
 Marsden, post-stn. , New South Wales, Gipps co. , 115 m. 
 W. by S. Bathiu-st. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marsden, Great and Little, united par. , Eng. , Lancashire, 
 Clitheroe div., 2^ m. NNE. Burnley, i m. SW. Nelson stn.; 
 4689 ac. P. 31,300. 
 
 Marsden Point, cape, on NE. of Kangaroo I. , S. Australia. 
 
 Marsdlep, channel, Netherlands, separating Texel I. from 
 the N. extremity of prov. N. Holland ; width, 1-3 m. 
 , MarselUan, tn., France, dep. H^rault, arr. B^ziers, on the 
 Etang de Thiau, on the S. ct. , 9 m. WSW. Cette. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Marseilles (the usual English form of the French Marseille, 
 the ancient Massilia), comm. and city of the S. of France, 
 cap. dep. Bouches-du-Rbone, 534^ m. by rail SSE. Paris, and 
 on the E. coast of the Gulf of Lions, the shores of which are 
 here minutely indented, the separate bays being separated by 
 rocks, some of which form precipitous cliffs. Lat. of observatory 
 (95 ft.) 43^ 17' 50.1" N., long. 5° 22' 2" E. It is composed of 
 an old and a new town : the former, which once abounded in 
 little hills and crooked streets, has been improved by the for- 
 mation of new streets and widening some of the old ones ; the 
 latter, which comprises the greater part of the area, has wide 
 and straight streets. M. has few public buildings of architec- 
 tural importance, except the hotel de ville, the cathedral, the 
 chateau d'eau, imperial palace, exchange, law courts, public 
 library, museum (Longchamps), a few hospitals, and a custom- 
 house ; its lazaretto is very large. It is a military place of the 
 fourth class, is defended by a citadel, by Fort St. Jean and Fort 
 St. Nicolas, and the road is defended by the fortified islands 
 Chateau d'lf, formerly a state prison, Pomegue, and Ratanneau. 
 It has a tribunal of commerce, a national academy of sciemces, 
 letters, and arts, an academy of medicine, and many other 
 learned societies ; a national college, with a library of 100,000 
 vol?. ; a school of hydrography, an astronomical observatory, 
 a botanic garden, many benevolent institutions, several museums, 
 and a mint. There are numerous fountains in the old and new 
 town, and an abundant supply of water is brought from the 
 Durance by means of a canal. M. is the most important sea- 
 port in France. The old harbour, running into the heart of 
 the town, and with a narrow entrance, admitting only one vessel 
 at a time, is commanded on the S. by the hill called Notre 
 Dame de la Garde. To the N. the roadstead is now bordered 
 by a series of wet docks, the principal being the Bassin de la 
 Joliette and the Bassin National, protected by an immense 
 breakwater 7220 ft. long. Altogether, the harbour accommoda- 
 tion now exceeds 430 ac. , with more than 10 m. of quayage. 
 There are also several dry docks (the largest 594 ft. long, and 
 25.8 ft. deep on sill), and a wooden floating dock. M. is the 
 seat of the great shipping company known as the Messageries 
 Maritimes , founded in 1852, chiefly for trade with Algeria and 
 other parts of the Mediterranean, but now running hnes also 
 to the Black Sea, India, China, Japan, Australia, and the 
 French possessions in the S. Pacific, E. and W. Africa. The 
 principal imports in quantity are grain, coal, and oil-seeds ; in 
 value, raw silk, cocoons, and silk waste, grain, raw sugar, 
 oil-seeds, hides and skins, cottons — the total value atout 
 ^^50,000,000 ; principal exports, manufactured goods (silks and 
 other textiles), grain, wine, &c. , the total value aboutI;^35,ooo,ooo. 
 (See Appendix, p. 13.) The large import of oil-seeds places 
 soap-works at the head of the manufacturing industries of M. ; 
 among others of importance are oil and sugar refineries, flour- 
 mills, iron-works, including blast-furnaces, &c. Shipbuilding 
 is also carried on. Birthplace of the astronomer Pytheas, the 
 preacher Mascaron, and the sculptor Puget. M. , founded by 
 the Phocoeans B.C. 600, served as a refuge for them from the 
 vengeance of Cyrus. It soon became the entrepot for all the 
 surrounding countries, founded many colonies, was long cele- 
 brated for the cultivation of letters and arts, preserved its liberty 
 under the Romans, and often acted as an independent republic. 
 Louis XI. united it to the crown of France in 1481. It suffered 
 severe ravages from the Plague in 1720 ; about 40,000 or 50,000 
 persons were carried off. Mean temp., yr. 57.5° F. , Jan. 44.2°, 
 July 72.0°. Mean rfall. 20.08 in. P. comm., which is one of 
 the largest in France, embracing 55,170 ac. (1872) 313,000; 
 city, 236,000 ; (1891) 404,000. 
 
 Marseilles (mar-selz), city, U.S., Illinois, La Salle co., 68 
 m. SW. by W. Chicago. P. <3ooo. 
 Marsh, co. , Queensland, on the S. frontier, crossed by 151° E. 
 Marsb, isl., U.S., Louisiana, in the N. of the Gulf of Mexico, 
 in tlie SE. of Vermillion par. , long. 91° 4o'-92° W. 
 
 Marsb, West, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 
 3^ m. NW. by W. Sandwich, 3 m. SW. by W. Minster June, 
 P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Marshall, co., U.S., Alabama, N. of 34" N., and W. of 86' 
 W. , traversed by the Tennessee R. 
 
MARS — MART 
 
 Marshall, co., U.S., Illinois, crossed by 41° N. , and W. of 
 89° W. 
 
 Marshall, city, U.S., Illinois, Clark co., 16 m. WSW. 
 Terre Haute (Ind.). P. <20oo. 
 
 Marshall, CO. , U.S., Indiana, W. of86° W., and N. of 4i°N. 
 
 Marshall, city, U.S., Iowa, in M. co. , 67 m. W. Cedar 
 Rapids; centre of a fine agricultural region. P. (1880) 6200; 
 (1890) 8900. 
 
 Marshall, co. , U.S., Kansas, N. frontier, crossed by 96^° W. 
 
 Marshall, co. , U.S., Kentucky, in the SW. , bounded on the 
 N. and E. by the Tennessee R. 
 
 Marshall, city, U.S., Michigan, Calhoun co. , on Kalamazoo 
 R., 100 m. W. Detroit. P. <4000. 
 
 Marshall, co., U.S., Minnesota, on the Red River of the 
 North (W. frontier), N. of 48° N. 
 
 Marshall, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Lyon co. , 130 m. WSW. 
 Minneapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marshall, co., U.S., Mississippi, N. frontier, W. of 89° W. 
 
 Marshall, city, U.S., Missouri, Saline co. , 75 m. E. Kansas 
 City. P. < 5000. 
 
 Marshall, co., U.S., S. Dakota, on the N. frontier, between 
 98° and 97° W. 
 
 Marshall, co. , U.S., Tennessee, in the south, W. of 86^° 
 W. , crossed by 35^° N. 
 
 Marshall, city, U.S., Texas, cap. Harrison co. , 35 m. W. 
 Shreveport (La.). P. 7200. 
 
 Marshall, co. , U.S., W. Virginia, at the bottom of the 
 ' Panhandle,' between the Ohio and the E. frontier. 
 
 Marshall Islands, large archipelago of small islands of coral 
 formation NE. of the Ladrone Is., Polynesia, in 7° 30' N., 
 173° 30' E., in two groups, Ratak to the E., and Ralik to the 
 W. , both ranging SE. to NW. Annexed to Germany in 
 February 1886. Ralik comprises eighteen islands, area 107 sq. 
 m.; Ratak, fifteen islands, area 51 sq. m. 
 
 Marshall's Cove, vil.. Nova Scotia. See Port Willlanis. 
 
 Marshall's Cross, PM.O. , Eng. , Lancashire, 2 m. SW, St. 
 Helens. 
 
 Marshallstown, tp. , in the Witwatersrand goldfield, S. 
 African Republic. P. <4000. 
 
 Marshalltown, city, U.S., Iowa. See Marshall. 
 
 Marshallto-wn, post-tn. , Victoria, co. Grant, 49 m. SW. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marshallville, vil. , U.S., Georgia, Macon co. , 33 m. SW. 
 by S. Macon. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marshalsea, P.O., Eng., Dorsetshire, 4 m. SW. Broad- 
 winsor. 
 
 Marshalsto-wn, par.. Ire., NE. co. Cork, bar. Condons and 
 Clangibbon, 9 m. NNW. Fermoy ; 7291 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marshalstown, electoral div. , Ire., Wexford, dist. Ennis- 
 corthy No. 2, 5 m. from Enniscorthy stn. , P.O. 
 
 Marshani, par., Eng., Norfolk, 10 m. N. by W. Norwich, 
 2h m. W. by N. Buxton Lamas stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Marsh Baldon, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 5 m. 
 SE, by S. Oxford, 2 m. E. Radley stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Marshbrook, vil. , Eng. , Salop, 15 m. SSW. Shrewsbury, on 
 a joint-line of the G. W. and L. & NW. Rlys., P.O. 
 
 Marsh Chapel, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 2 
 m. from the NE. ct. , 9 m. SE. by S. Great Grimsby, 3^ m. E. 
 NV-rth Thoresby stn., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Marshfleld, par. , Eng., Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , 5 
 n;. NNE. Bath; 'Druid' stones to S. PMT.O. 5907 ac. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Marshfleld, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 4^ m. SW. 
 by W. Newport, i m. NW. of its stn. on the G. W."R. , P.O. 
 Market-day, Tu. P. <75o. 
 
 Marshfleld, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co. , 25 m. 
 SE. Boston. P.<20oo. 
 
 Marshfleld, vil., U.S., Missouri, Webster co. , 96 m. SSW. 
 Jefferson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marshfleld, tn. , U.S., Oregon, Coos co. , on Coos Bay, 94 
 11!. N. of SW. corner of the state, with lignite-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marshfleld, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Washington co. , on 
 Winooski R., 15 m. NE. Montpelier by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Marshfleld, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Wood co. , 108 m. W. by 
 N, of the head of Green Bay. Alt. 1289 ft. (R.R.). P. <4000. 
 
 Marsh <;ate, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 4 m. from Boscastle. 
 
 Marsh Oibboii, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 7 m. 
 SSVV. Buckingham, with a stn. (M. G. and Poundon) on the 
 L. c^- NW. R., PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Marsh Cireen, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Edenbridge, Kent. 
 
 Marsh Liyiie, P.O., Eng., Derbyshire, 3 m. from Eckington. 
 
 Marsh Lane, stn., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. N. Liverpool, on 
 tlie L. & Y. R. 
 
 Marsh Mills, stn. , Eng. , Devonshire, Totnes div. , on the 
 G. W. R. , 5 m. NE. Plymouth. 
 
 Marshwoo<l, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, on riv. Char, 5 m. 
 SW. Beaminster. P. <5oc. See Whltchnrch Canonicorum. 
 
 Marslco Xuovo, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, on the Melandro, prov. 
 and 15 m. S. by W. Potenza. P. 4000. 
 
 .MarslUargues, tn., France, on the E. border of dep. H^rault, 
 
 arr. Montpellier, on the Vidourle, 16 m. SW. by S. Nimes. P. 
 <4ooo. 
 Marsivan, or Marsovau, tn., Asia. See MerslTan. 
 
 Marsk, Scandinavian, 'a marsh.' 
 
 Marske, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 
 on the coast, 8§ m. E. Middlesbrough, on the NE. R. , PMT.O. 
 (M.-by>the-Sea), and PM.O. (New M.). 
 
 Marske, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the Swale, 
 div. and 4 m. W. Richmond, P.O.; 6759 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Mars-la-Tour, vil., France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, arr. 
 Briey, 12 m. W. by S. Metz; scene of an indecisive battle 
 between the French and Germans, 1870. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Marstal, maritime tn. , on SE. point of Arro I., Denmark, 15 
 m. S. Svendborg, on the channel which separates it from Lange- 
 land, with naval shipbuilding yards. 
 
 Marston, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Norfolk, 17 m. from 
 Tilsonburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marston, par., Eng., Cheshire, div. and i^ m. NNE. 
 Northwich, with extensive salt-mines and salt-works, PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Marston, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 5 m. 
 N. by W. Grantham, i m. SW. Hougham [q.v.) stn., P.O. 
 P. <Soo. 
 
 Marston, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 2 m. 
 NE. by N. Oxford, P.O., and P.O. (New M.). P. <7So. 
 
 Marston, stn., Eng., Somerset. See Marston Magna. 
 
 Marston, par., Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div., 2 m. N. Stafford. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Marston, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 7^ m. E. 
 Trowbridge, 3^ m. SW. by S. Devizes stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Marston, Long, eccles. par., Eng., in the extreme W. of 
 Hertfordshire, Watford div., 5 m. E. by N. Aylesbury, i^ m. E. 
 by S. Marston «ate stn. (L. & NW. R.), P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Marston, Long, P.O., Eng., near Stratford-on-Avon, War- 
 wickshire, 3 m. from Welford-on-Avon. 
 
 Marston, Long, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div., 6 m. W. York, 2 m. S. by W. M. stn. 
 (NE. R. ). The battle of Marston Moor, in which Fairfax and 
 Cromwell defeated the Royalists under Prince Rupert in 1644, 
 was fought about i\ m. to the NW. P.O. (M.). P. <5oo. 
 
 Marston, North, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, Buckingham 
 div. , 6| m. NNW. Aylesbiu-y, 2 m. ESE. Grandborough Road 
 stn., PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Marston, South, eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade 
 div., 34 m. NE. Swindon. P. <5oo. 
 
 Marston Blgott, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 2 m. SW. 
 by S. Frome. P. <:5oo ; eccles. par. (M. B. with St. Michael 
 at Gaer Hill) P. <soo. 
 
 Marston Gate, stn., Eng., Herts. See Marston, Long. 
 
 Marston Green, vil., Eng., Warwickshire, Tamworth div., 
 6 m. E. by S. Birmingham, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 
 Marston Lane End, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, 4 m. from Green 
 Hammerton. 
 
 Marston Magna, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 4 m. NE. 
 by N. Yeovil, on the G. W. R. (Marston stn.), P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Marston Malsey, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Cricklade div. , 7^ m. 
 ESE. Cirencester, 3 m. SW. by S. Fairford stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Marston Montgomery, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , 13J 
 m. W. Derby, 2^ m. ESE. Rocester Junction, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Marston Moretalne, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade 
 div. , 6| m. SW. by S. Bedford, i m. WNW. Millbrook stn. , 
 P.O. (M. Moreteyne) ; 4290 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marston St. Lawrence, par. , Eng. , S. div. of Northampton- 
 shire, 5 m. E. by N. Banbury, i^ m. NE. by N. Farthinghoe 
 stn. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (M. with 'Warkworth) P. <75o. 
 
 Marston Sicca, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 
 5 m. SW. by S. Stratford-on-Avon, with a stn. (Long M.) on 
 the G. W. R., P.O. (Long M.). P.<soo. 
 
 Marston Tmsell, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northampton- 
 shire, 14J m. ENE. Rugby, i m. SW. by S. Lubenham stn. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Marston-npon-Dove, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 4^ m. 
 N. by W. Burton, i^ m. E. Tutbury stn. P. <:2S0. 
 
 Marstow, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 3J m. SW. 
 Ross, 2 J m. W. Lydbrook Junction. P. <5co; eccles. par. (M. 
 with Pencoyd) P. <5oo. 
 
 Marstrand, tn., Sweden, on a small island in the Kattegat, 
 prov. and 22 m. NW. Gothenburg ; frequented sea-bathing 
 resort. Near M. , on an islet, is the fortress of Karlsteen. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Marsworth, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 6^ m. 
 E. Aylesbury, 2J m. S. Cheddington June, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Martaban, small tn. , Brit. Burma, dist. Amherst, on r. bk. 
 of the Salwin R., opposite Maulmain. P. (i88i)<20oo. 
 
 Martaban, Gnlf of, an inlet of the Bay of Bengal, between 
 14° and 17° N. , 94° and 98° E. It receives the Irdwadi, Sittaung, 
 and Sahvfn Rivs. 
 
 Martano, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 11 m. WNW. 
 Otranto. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Martapura, in Dutch spelling Martapoera, tn. , in the SE. 
 
 971 
 
MART— MART 
 
 of Dutch Borneo, 25 m. E. Banjermasin, on the r. (or N.) bk. of 
 the Martapura R. ; cap. dist. ^I. 
 
 Martapura, riv. , Dutch Borneo, flows S\V. then W. into 
 the Barito a few miles below Banjermasin ; navigable by fifteen- 
 ton barges to Pengaron between the monsoons (middle to end 
 of June), at other times only by very small boats. 
 
 JHarteg, small riv., Wales, Radnorshire, in the NW. , trib. 
 of the Wye, which it joins on the 1. bk. 
 
 Marten, comm. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle and 4 m. 
 W. Dortmund. P. <4000. 
 
 Marten, East, P.O., Eng. , 2 m. from Thornton-in-Craven, 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 Martha, cape, Portuguese W. Africa, in 13° 55' S. 
 
 Martball, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div. , 7 J m. W. 
 by N. Macclesfield, i m. W'NW. Chelford stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Marttaam, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 8 m. NW. by N. 
 Yarmouth, on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly.. PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Martha Point, cape, Cape Colony, S. ct. , in 20° 23' E. 
 
 Martha's Vineyard, isl., U.S., Massachusetts, the S. ct., 
 crossed in the extreme E. by 70^° W. It forms the greater part, 
 and is the principal island, of Duke's co. So named by the 
 Gosnold Expedition on account of its rank growth of vines. 
 
 Martlgn^-Brland, vil. , France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, arr. 
 Saumur, 7 m. WNW. Dou6 ; i m. NW. is the thermal estab- 
 lishment of Jouannet, or Jeannette, with sulphureous and ferru- 
 ginous mineral springs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Martlgny-l^s-Laniarche (or l^s-Balns), vil., France, dep. 
 Vosges, arr. Neufchateau, 3 m. NE. Lamarche, with thermal 
 establishment. P. < 2000. 
 
 Martlgny Vllle, the ancient Octodurum, tn., Switzd., cant. 
 Valais, 16 m. SW. by W. Sion, on the Dranse, i^ m. S. of the 
 Rhone. P. < 2000. 
 
 Martlgne8,,tn., France, dep. Bouches-du-Rhone, on the SW. 
 shore of the Etang de Berre, arr. and 22 m. WSW. Aix ; has 
 fisheries, and preparation of caviar ; lignite-mines. Connected 
 by canals with the lakes of Berre and Caronte. P. < 5000. 
 
 Martin, the middle prov. of Brit. N. Borneo. 
 
 Martin, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 11 18 
 m. by rail W. Montreal, 306 m. E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Martin, vil. , Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 3J m. NNE. 
 Dover, with a stn. (M. Mill) on the L. C. & D. R. 
 
 Martin, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 12 m. 
 SE. Lincoln, 2 m. NE. by E. Scopwick stn., P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Martin, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 14 m. 
 SSW. Louth, 2 m. SW. Horncastle, P.O. (M. Dales). P. 
 <25o; eccles. par. (M. with Thornton) P. <;25o. 
 
 Martin, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 8J m. SW. by S. 
 Salisbury, PM.O. ; 4566 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Martin, isl. , Scot. , Ross and Cromarty, in Loch Broom. P. 47. 
 
 Martin, riv., Spain, Aragon, rises in the Sierra de Cucalon, 
 and flows E. past Montalban, then NE. to the Ebro. 
 
 Martin, co., U.S., Indiana, S. of 39° N., and E. of 87° W. , 
 traversed by E. Branch of White R. 
 
 Martin, 'co., U.S., Kentucky, E. frontier, S. of 38° N. 
 
 Martin, co., U.S., Minnesota, S. frontier, W. of 94° W. 
 
 Martin, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the NE. , crossed by 77° 
 W. , and in the extreme N W. by 36° N. , bounded on the N. by 
 the Roanoke R. 
 
 Martin, co. , U.S., S. Dakota, on the N. frontier, bounded 
 on the W. by 103° W. 
 
 Martin, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Weakley co., 40 ra. E. by S. 
 of the NW. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Martin, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW. , N. of 32°N., crossed 
 by 102° W. 
 
 Martina Franca, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 17 m. 
 NNE. Taranto. It has a splendid ducal palace. P. 19,300. 
 
 Martlnborongh, post-tn., New Zealand, North I. , co.Waira- 
 rapa, 57 m. from Wellington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Martin, Compton, par. , Eng. , Somerset. See €onipt«n M. 
 
 Martinet, comm. , Austria, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Sriem, dist. 
 Mitrovica. P. < 4000. 
 
 Martlndale, par., Eng., Westmorland, Appleby div., 8J m. 
 SW. by S. Penrith, 6 m. SE. by S. Troutbeck stn.; 8024 ac. 
 P. < 250. 
 
 Martin Dales, P.O., Eng., Lincolnshire. See Martin. 
 
 Martlneugo, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 10 m. SE. by 
 S. Bergamo. P. < 5000. 
 
 Martinet, hamlet, France, dep. Gard, arr. Alais, 6 m. W. 
 St. Ambroix, with mines of coal, iron, and barytes. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Martinez, tn. , U.S., California, Contra Costa co. , 30 m. 
 NE. San Francisco. P. < 2000. 
 
 Martin Garcia, isl., 2^ m. long, of granitic formation, 
 Argentine Republic, at NW. end of the La Plata estuary, in the 
 middle of the mouth of the Uruguay, opposite the delta of the 
 Parana. Navigable channel for vessels of more than 6 ft. 
 draught only on W. side. The island is capable of becoming 
 a very strong military position. 
 
 Hartlnhoe, par., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., on the 
 N. ct. , 9i m. E. Ilfracombe. P. <25o. 
 
 Martin Hnsslngtree, jjar. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Droitwich 
 972 
 
 div., 4^ m. NE. by N. Worcester, close to Fernhill Heath stn. 
 P. < 250. 
 
 Martinique (corruption of the Caribname Madinina), French 
 W. Indian isl., crossed in the middle by 14^ 40' N. and 61° W. ; 
 mountainous, and containing several extinct volcanoes ; highest 
 p>oint Mt Pel^e ; alt. 4430 ft. (cultivated to a height of 2500 ft. ). 
 The rivers are numerous, small, and rapid. Soil fertile; climate 
 moist ; unhealthy for Europeans. In the first century of French 
 occupation the French papulation was reduced by one-third. 
 Of the total area (380 sq. m.), uncleared land occupies 215 sq. 
 m. , cleared 162 sq. m. There is much dense forest. The 
 principal products are sugar, fruit, and vegetables, cacao, coffee 
 (formerly important), and cotton. Tobacco is also cultivated 
 on a small scale. A poisonous serpent ( Trigonocephalus lanceo- 
 latus) abounds in the forests and sugar plantations, and ser\'es 
 as a destroyer of the rats that infest the sugar-canes. The bite 
 is not invariably fatal. The plains of the island are subject 
 to inundation from tidal bores ; hurricanes are also frequent 
 (great hurricane in 1780), and earthquakes occur almost yearly. 
 The cap. is Fort-de-France, but is second in importance to 
 St. Pierre. These towns, imited by a telegraph line, and com- 
 municating by submarine cable with the United States and S. 
 America, are both on the W. ct. , the latter, near the N. of 
 the island, being the centre of commerce. M. is administered 
 by a governor, a privy council, litigation council, and general 
 council (elected by universal suffrage), who regulate taxation. 
 It is also represented in France by a senator and two deputies. 
 M. was discovered by tlie Spaniards in 1493. The French 
 founded a colony on it in 1635. It was taken by the English 
 in 1762, but resigned the following year ; they again occupied 
 it from 1794-1802, again in 1809, finally restoring it to France 
 in 1816. P. (originally Carib) i:i 1888, 176,000 (mainly negroes 
 and mulattoes). 
 
 Martinique, Little, isl. , W. Indies, Windward Is. , in 61° 22' W. 
 
 Martin Mill, stn. , Eng. , Kent. See Martin. 
 
 Martin Point, cape, Newfoundland, W. ct., in 49° 40' N. 
 
 Martin's Bay, open roadstead. New Zealand, South I., on 
 W. ct. , its narrow mouth in 44° 21' S. , is 12 m. long and 2 m, 
 broad. The HoUyford, a navigable river which drains Lake 
 McKen-ow, flows into it. It was explored for the first time 
 by Dr. Hector in 1863. The neighbouring country' is very 
 mountainous, and rich in minerals. 
 
 Martlnsberg, comm. , Hungary. See dyiir Szent Marton. 
 
 Martlnsburg, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Blair co., 68 m. 
 W. Harrisburg, and 15 m. S. by E. Altoona. P. <:i500. 
 
 Martlnsbnrg, tn. , U.S., W. Virginia, Berkeley co. , 83 m. 
 E. by N. of the SW. corner of Maryland, with extensive railway 
 repairing works. P. 7200. 
 
 Martlnsrroft, par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Woolston. 
 
 Martin's Falls, Hudson Bay Company's stn., Canada, on 
 the Albany R. , in about 51° 25' N. , 86° 25' W. Alt. 1000 ft. 
 Mean temp. (3 yrs.), yr. 27.2° F., Jan. -7.7°, July 60.3°. 
 
 Martin's Ferry, citv, U.S., Ohio, Belmont co. , on the Ohio, 
 2 m. NNW. Wheeling (W. Va.). P. 6300. 
 
 Martlnsthorpe, par., Eng., co. of Rutland, 2 J m. S. Oak- 
 iiam, I m. W. Manton stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. (M. 'with 
 Manton) P. < 500. 
 
 Martlnstown, vil., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., 2i m. W. by 
 S. Dorchester, P.O. 
 
 MartlnstoM'n, tnld. , Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Antrim, 
 8 m. from Ballymena, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Martlnstown, tnld.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Coshlea, 4 m. 
 from Kilmallock, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Martinsville, vil., U.S., Illinois, Clark co., 27 m. WSW. 
 Terre Haute (Ind.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Martinsville, city, U.S., Indiana, Morgan co. , 27 m. SW. 
 by S. Indianapolis, near the 1. bk. of the W. Branch of the 
 White R. , which is navigated up to this point in high water. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Martinsville, vil., U.S., Maine,- Knox co., about the middle 
 of the S. ct. of the stale, f*. < 1500. 
 
 Martinsville, vil., U.S.. Virginia, Henry co. , 140 m. WSW. 
 Richmond, 60 m. SW. by S. Lynchburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Martinsville, New, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Wetzel co., on 
 the Ohio, 30 m. S. by W. Wheeling. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Martlntown, \-il. , Canada, Ontario, Glengarry co. , on the 
 riv. Aux Raisins, 64 m. WSW. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Martlnnflwesselsstroom, tn.. South African Republic, cap. 
 dist. Wakkerstroom, 145 m. SE. Pretoria. 
 
 Martin Vaz, group of five rocky islets, S. Atlantic, between 
 20° 27'-2o° 29' S. , middle island in 28° 53' W. t 
 
 Martlnvllle, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on the N. Pacific and 
 Manitoba Rly., 120 m. W. Winnipeg, 8 m. SE. Brandon. 
 
 Martlrano, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 22 m. NW. by 
 W. Catanzaro. P. <:3000. 
 
 Martlesham, par., Eng., Suffolk, on riv. Deben, div. and i^ 
 m. SW. Woodbridge, P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Martletwy, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 6J m. SE. by E. 
 Haverfordwest, P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Hartley, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Bewdley div. , on the 1. 
 
MART 
 
 MARY 
 
 bk. of the Teme, 7 m. NW. by W. Worcester, 3J m. NNE. 
 Knightwick stn., PMT.O. ; 4421 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Martnaham, Loch, lake, Scot., S. Ayrshire, ij m. long, 4^ 
 ni. SE. Ayr, drained SW. into the riv. Doon. 
 
 Nartock ('market-oak'), par., Eng., Somerset, S. div. , 
 6^ m. WNW. Yeovil, on the G. W. R., PMT.O.; 7226 ac. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Martola-DIarlani, tn. , Abyssinia, 137 m. SSE. Gondar, with 
 the ruins of a fine Portuguese church. 
 
 Marlon ('market-town'), name of many English pars, and vils. 
 
 Martoii, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 5 m. SSW. 
 Northwich, 3 m. SE. by S. Cuddington stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Marton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 6 m. SW. 
 Macclesfield, and 3 m. N. by W. Congleton, 3^ m. W. North 
 Rode Junction, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Marton, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Liudal. 
 
 Marton, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and i m. E. by S. 
 Blackpool, PM.O. (tJreat M.) ; 4707 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Marton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., on the 
 Trent, 5 m. SSE. Gainsborough, i m. W. Stow Park stn. , PM.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Marton, Eng. , Shropshire. See Marton in Clilrbnry. 
 
 Marton, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Rugby div. , on the Learn, 
 6 m. E. by N. Leamington, with a stn. (for Sontliam) on the 
 L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Marton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 15^ m. .SE. Scarborough, close to Flamborough stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Marton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 
 3^ m. S. by E. and partly in bor. of Middlesbrough, i m. SSW. 
 Ormesbystn., PM.O. P. <i50o; eccles. par. (M. In Cleve- 
 land) P. < 1500. 
 
 Marton, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 
 8 m. NE. Hull, close to Burton Constable stn. See Sewerby. 
 
 Marton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div. , on 
 the Leven, igh m. W. by S. Scarborough, i^ m. SSW. Sin- 
 nington stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Marton, bor.. New Zealand, North L, co. Rangitikei, 133 ni. 
 by rail and road NNE. Wellington. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Marton, East, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton 
 div., on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 12 m. NNE. Burnley, 
 ih m. NW. Elslack stn., P.O. 
 
 Marton, Long, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and ^h "^■ 
 NW. Appleby, on the M. R. , PM.O.; 6947 ac. P. <75o. " 
 
 Marton In Cblrbnry, eccles. par. , Eng. , in W. of Shrop- 
 shire, in ancient par. of Chirbury, 4^ m. SE. Welshpool 
 (Montgomery), P. (3. (Marton). P. <5oo. 
 
 Marton In Craven, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 5 m. 
 W. Skipton, P.O. (West M.). P. <:soc. 
 
 Marton-ln-the-Forest, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Thirsk and Malton div. , io| m. N. York, 5 m. NNW. Stren- 
 sall stn. P. < 250 ; eccles. par. (M. -vvlth Moxby and Far- 
 llngton) P. <50G. 
 
 Marton-le-Moor, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div., 3^ m. E. by S. Ripon, 2| m. NNW. Borough- 
 bridge stn. , P.O. P. <250. 
 
 ■ Martonos, comm. , Hungary, 12 m. SSW. Szegedin, on the 
 1. bk. of the Theiss. P. 5700. 
 
 Marton ^Ith CiraftAU, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Ripon div., 5 J m. NE. Knaresborough, 3 m. E. Copgrove stn. 
 P. «'50o. 
 
 .Martorell, comm., Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 13 m. NW. 
 Barcelona, near the E. base of the celebrated Montseri at ; below 
 the town the Llobregat R. is crossed by the Devil's Bridge, the 
 foundation of which is attributed to Hannibal. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Martos, comm., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 16 m. WSW. 
 Jaen, on a steep declivity, dist. M. ; noted for its wines and 
 mineral waters. P. 16,400. 
 
 Martry, par., Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. Lower Navan, 5^ 
 NW. by W. Navan. P. <5oo. 
 
 Martyropolis, site, Turkey in Asia. See Mayafarkeiii. 
 
 Martyr Worthy, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., on 
 the Itchen, 3 m. NE. Winchester, i m. W. by S. Itchen Abbas 
 stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Marn, vil., India, Kashmir, 61 m. ESE. Srfnagar. 
 
 Maruchak, or Mernchak, called by the Turkomans Nar> 
 chak ( ' little Merv ' — Vambery), vil. , northern Afghanistan, close 
 to the Russian frontier, on the r. bk. of the Murghab, 115 m. NE. 
 by N. Herat ; believed by some to indicate the site of the ancient 
 Merv-i-rud. 
 
 Marudn, large bay, on the N. ct. of Brit. N. Borneo, mainly 
 to the W. of 117° E. 
 
 Marngame, seapt., Japan, Shikoku, 80 m. WSW. Kobe. 
 P. 18,000. 
 
 Marnggio, vil., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, near the E. shore 
 of the Gulf of Taranto, 21 m. SE. by E. Taranto. P. <2000. 
 
 Marnlan, post-tp. , New South Wales, Argyle co. , 15 m. E. 
 Goulburn. P. < 1500. 
 Mams, riv. , Servia. See Morava. 
 .Marutea. See Lord Hood's Island. 
 Marutse, or Marot.se, Bantu tribe. See Barotse. 
 
 Marv&o, tn., Brazil, state Piauhy, 8r m. ENE. Therezina, 
 on Marvao R. P. 3000. 
 
 Marvejols, tn. , France, dep. Lozere, cap. arr. M. , 72 m. NE. 
 by E. Albi, 11 m. W. by N. Mende. Alt. 2100 ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Marvelvllle, settlement, Canada, Ontario, co. Russell, 17 
 m. from Osgoode. 
 Marwar, India. See Jodhpar. 
 
 Manvar Junction, stn., India, on the Rajputana, Milwa 
 Rly. , 58 m. SE. Jodhpur. 
 
 Marwood, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 3 m. NNW. 
 Barnstaple, P.O. ; 5375 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Marwood, vil., Eng., Durham, 3J m. N. and partly in the 
 par. of Barnard Castle ; has flagstone and rubble quarries. 
 
 Mary, small isl., in the SE. of Alaska, in 55° 3' N., 131° 15' 
 W. ; has a U.S. customs station. 
 
 Maryi>orongh, civic tn. , Ire., NE. co. town of Queen's co. , 
 bar. E. Maryborough, 10 m. SSW. Portarlington, on the G. S. 
 & W. R. "The town was named after Queen Mary, in whose 
 reign King's and Queen's cos. were formed. Weekly markets 
 (Th.) and good monthly fairs are held. P. <3000. 
 
 Maryborough, mun. tp. and port, Queensland, March co. , 
 135 m. N. by W. Brisbane. M. is the port of the Wide Bay and 
 Burnett dists. , the Mount Perry copper-mine, Gympie and other 
 gold - mines, and Burrum coalfield ; has dugong and oyster 
 fisheries, and large timber trade. Vessels drawing 17J ft. come 
 up the river to the town, which has wharves ; average depth 12 
 ft., rise 6-10 ft. Vessels drawing 24 ft. anchor at White Cliffs, 
 28 m. from the town, and discharge by lighters. P. 8700. 
 
 Maryborough, mun. tn. and mining and agricultural centre, 
 Victoria, Talbot co. , 35 m. SW. by W. Sandhurst ; gold-mining 
 (quartz and alluvial) in dist. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Maryborough, East and West, two bars. , Ire. , in the middle 
 of Queen's co. 
 
 Maryburgh, vil. , Scot. , Ross-shire, i^ m. SW. by S. Ding- 
 wall, I m. N. Conon stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Mary Church, P.O., Eng. See St. Mary Church. 
 Maryculter (locally meriku'ter), par., Scot., Kincardineshire, 
 6i m. SW. Aberdeen, li m. SE. by E. Culter stn., P.O. ; 7781 
 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 MaryhlU, tn. , Scot., Lanarkshire, Partick div. , on the Kelvin, 
 3 m. NW. by N. and connected by rail and tramway with 
 Glasgow, on the N. B. R. M. barracks accommodate infantry, 
 cavalry, and artillery. Has coal and ironstone mines, iron- 
 works, glass-works, paper-works, &c. P. 18,300. 
 
 Maryklrk, par., Scot., on the S. border of Kincardineshire, 
 on the N. Esk, 5 m. NNW. Montrose, i m. S. of its stn. on 
 the C. R., P.O. ; 9841 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Maryklrk, eccles. par., Scot., co. and par. Stirling. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Mary Lake, Canada, Ontario, N. of Muskoka co. , 70 m. 
 NE. Collingwood, drained S. into the Muskoka R. 
 Maryland, terr. , Africa. See Liberia. 
 
 Maryland, the most northerly of the S. Atlantic group of 
 states, U.S., S. of Pennsylvania (the boundary between is the 
 Mason and Dixon Line, lat. 39° 44' N. ). The state has about 
 33 m. of sandy coast on the Atlantic ; but its harbours are 
 reached by the Chesapeake Bay and its tribs. , the Potomac on 
 the S. boundary, the Patapsco, and the Susquehanna, which 
 enters the head of the bay 120 m. from the S. boundary. Cap. 
 Annapolis ; other chief towns, Baltimore, the leading seaport, 
 with nearly one-half the population of the state, Cumberland, 
 Hagerstown, Frederick, Easton, Lonaconing, Cambridge, Frost- 
 burg, Havre de Grace. The western half of the state lies on 
 the Appalachian ranges, through which the valley of the Potomac 
 affords routes for railroad (Baltimore and Ohio) and canal. In 
 the E. the state is a low plain, largely of aqueous deposits, sands, 
 and clays, and divided Vdv the Chesapeake Bay into the western 
 shore and the eastern shore. The climate is mild and healthful, 
 save for miasma in some of the low parts [Baltimore]. Good 
 semi-bituminous coal is mined in Alleghany and Garrett counties. 
 The iron ore mined, carbonates and brown hematites, is mostly 
 used in the state. Other mineral products in smaller quantities 
 are cement, slate, marble, granite, fireclay, and magnesite. The 
 farm crops include maize, wheat, oats, potatoes, and tobacco. 
 From the eastern shore many early vegetables and fruits are 
 sent to northern cities, and great quantities are put up in tins. 
 The tinning industry embraces also oysters, which are taken 
 from Chesapeake Bay. The manufactures are principally cloth- 
 ing, flour, fertilisers, cotton goods, iron and steel, and tinware. 
 Education is well provided for. The Johns Hopkins University 
 is at Baltimore, United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. 
 Founded under Catholic influences, M. has four Catholic colleges. 
 The first settlement was made in 1634 ; Religious Toleration was 
 enacted in 1649 ; M. was a slave state till 1863. Area, 12,210 
 sq. m. P. 1,042,390. 
 
 Maryland Point (Stratford), stn., Eng., Essex, West Ham 
 bor., on the G. E. R., 5 m. ENE. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Marylands, post-tn., New South Wales, Buller co., 95 m. 
 NW. by N. Grafton. Rfall. (19 yrs.), 32.9 in. P. <:isoo. 
 Marylebone, pari. bor. in the NW. of London, divided into 
 
 973 
 
M A R Y — M A S H 
 
 E. and W. divs., each returning one member to Parliament. 
 East M. , P. 66,700 ; West M. , P. 75,700. 
 
 Marynionnt, electoral div. , Ire., Queen's cc, dist. Coolrain. 
 
 Harypnrk, P.O., Scot., Banffshire, 3 m. NE. Ballindalloch. 
 
 Mary port, eccles. par., market-tn. , and seapt. , Eng., Cum- 
 berland, Cockermouth div., at the mouth of the Ellen, 25 m. 
 SW. by W. Carlisle, on the M. & Carlisle Rly. ; carries on 
 shipbuilding ; has sailcloth works, coal-mines, blast-furnaces, 
 iron-foundries, steel- works, &c. The tidal harbour and river 
 frontage have 3800 ft. of quayage ; depth of water at high water 
 ordinary springs 17-22 ft., ordinary neap tides 11-16 ft. The 
 Senhouse (area, 6 ac. ) and Elizabeth (area, 3^ ac.) docks have 
 a depth over sill respectively of 25 and 20 ft. ordinary springs, 
 and of 19 and 14 ft. ordinary neaps. For shipping statistics, see 
 Appendix, p. 13. Market-day, F. Eccles. par. P. 7900 ; tn. 
 (urban sanitary dist. as extended in December 1894) P. 12,560. 
 
 Marystou, West, vil. , Sqot., NW. Lanarkshire, 5 ni. W. 
 Airdrie, close to Easterhouse stn. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Marysto-w, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 6i m. E. 
 by S. Launceston, i ni. SW. Coryton stn. P.<50o; eccles. 
 par. (M. with Thrnshelton) P. <750. 
 
 ]llary«»vale, settlement, U.S., Utah, Piute co. , 140 in. NE. 
 from the SW. corner of the state. 
 
 Marysvllle, city, U.S., California, Yuba co., on the 1. bk. of 
 Feather R., 41 m. N. Sacramento; once noted for its gold, 
 now for its fruit. Mean temp. (19 yrs. ), 64.4" F., Jan. 48.6°, 
 July 79.7°; rfall. , yr. 18.09, May-Sept. 1.25 in. P. <;40oo. 
 
 Marysvllle, city, U.S. , Kansas, Marshall co. , on Big Blue R. , 
 80 m. NW'. Topeka. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Marysvllle, tn., U.S., Montana, Lewis and Clarke co., 48 m. 
 N. by E. Butte. P. < 1500. 
 
 ' Marysvllle, vil., U.S., Ohio, cap. Union co., 27 m. NW. 
 Columbus. P. <;300o. 
 
 Marysvllle, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Perry co. , on the 
 r. bk. of the Susquehanna R., 5 m. NNW. Harrisburg. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Marysvllle, post-tp. , Victoria, Anglesey co. , 50 m. NE. by E. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Marytavy, stn. and P.O., Eng. See St. Mary Tavy. 
 
 Marytown, par., Scot., Forfarshire, on the E. ct. , on the 
 S. shore of Montrose Basin, 2 m. WSW. Montrose, 2 m. SE. 
 Bridge of Dun stn. Birthplace of the Marquis of Montrose 
 (1612-50). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Maryvale, rly. stn.. New South Wales, Lincoln co. , 254 m. 
 by rail NW. Sydney. 
 
 Maryvllle, stn. , Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, on the N. B. R., 
 4i m. NW. by N. Hamilton. 
 
 "Maryvllle, city, U.S., Missouri, Nodaway co. , 44 m. N. 
 St. Joseph. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Maryvllle, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Blount co., 14 m. S. by W. 
 Knoxville. P. < 2000. 
 
 Marywell, P.O., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 13 m. E. Ballater, 
 3^ m. ESE. Aboyne stn. 
 
 ~Marza (MerMtj or Mlrsa) Snsa (the Apollonia of the Ptole- 
 mies}, seapt. tn., Africa, Tripoli, in 32° 55' N. , 21° 56' E.; port 
 of the ancient Cyrene. 
 
 Mas, Irish, ' the thigh," applied in topography to a long, low 
 hill (Blackie). 
 
 Mas-a*fiiera and Mas-a>Tlerra. See Jnan Fernandez. 
 
 Masagna, vil. , Central America, Guatemala, 40 ni. SW. by 
 S. Guatemala. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Masai, native race of E. equatorial Africa, ethnologically 
 totally different from the Bantu and Negro races. The M. are 
 very tall, and of lighter colour than the surrounding Bantus. 
 They are nomadic herdsmen, hunters, and robbers, who are 
 greatly dreaded by their neighbours. The M. are subdivided 
 into a number of tribes or clans, without the slightest cohesion. 
 War amongst themselves and with the Wakwafi (a degenerate 
 sub-section of the M. ) are of constant occurrence. See Masai- 
 land. (See Proc. R. G. S., 1891, pp. 193-208; Jackson and 
 Gedge's Journey to Uganda \'\k Masai-land. ) [H. G. S.] 
 
 Masal^land, country in E. Africa, inhabited by the Masai. 
 It is situated between 1° N. and 5" S. lat. , and 35° and 38° E. 
 long. According to Thomson, it is divided into two distinct 
 regions, viz. , the northerly or plateau region (alt. from 5000 to 
 9000 ft.), and the southerly or lower desert area (alt. from 3000 
 to 4000 ft. ). Rainfall scanty, and almost entirely confined to the 
 months of February, March, and April. In consequence of 
 this many parts are practically desert, although the soil is 
 naturally good. Climate dry and invigorating, and on the 
 high plateaux comparatively cold. Volcanic activity in a very 
 recent geological period has produced many of the peaks and 
 mountain groups of Masai-land, e.g., the Kenia, Kinangop, 
 Kilimanjaro, and Meru. (See J. Thomson, Through Masai-land, 
 new ed. . 1887; G. .\. Fischer, Masat-land, 1885). [H. «. 8.] 
 
 Masamba, vil., W. Africa, Congo Free State, 26 m. NE. by 
 E. Vivi. 
 
 Masara, El, vil. , Egypt. See El Masara. 
 
 MasasI, or MassassI, vil. and dist. , S. of German E. Africa, in 
 10° 48' S. , 38° 37' E. Soil fertile ; seat of an English mission. 
 974 
 
 Masatepe, tn., Nicaragua, dep. Masaya, 16 m. SE. Managua. 
 P. 5100. 
 Mas-a-Tlerra. See Jnan Fernandez. 
 Masaya, or San Fernando de Masaya ( ' burning mountain ' ), 
 
 tn.. Central America, 40 m. NW. Nicaragua, cap. dep. M., at 
 the foot of the volcano of M. (alt. about 3000 ft. ). Alt. 820 ft. 
 P. 22,000 (nine-tenths natives). 
 
 Masbate, one of the Philippine Is., Eastern Archipelago, 
 S. of Luzon, and W. of Samar. Proposals have been made to 
 work coal-mines in the island. Length, 87 m. ; breadth, 9-45 
 m. ; area, 1320 sq. m. 
 
 Masbrongta, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in 
 Rotherham mun. bor., with a stn. (Masboro' and Kotberham) 
 on the M. R. P. 10,500. 
 
 Masbnry, stn., Eng., Somerset, on the M. R., 2 m. SSW. 
 Binegar. 
 
 Maseall, Xnovo, seapt. tn. , near the E. ct. of Sicily, prov. 
 and 18 m. N. by E. Catania, near foot of Mount Etna. P. 5300. 
 
 Masralnela, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 5 m. N. by W. Catania. 
 It suffered severely from an earthquake in 1818. Many anti- 
 quities are found in its neighbourhood. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Mascara, tn. , Algeria. See Maskara. 
 
 Mascarene, post-settlement, Canada, in the SW. of New 
 Brunswick, co. Charlotte, at mouth of Magaquadavic R. , 37 m. 
 SW. St. John. 
 
 Mascarene Islands, a collective name of the isls. of Reunion, 
 Mauritius, and Rodriguez, in the Indian Ocean, so called from 
 the Portuguese Mascarenhas, who discovered Reunion in 1545. 
 
 Mascat, or Mascatl, Arabia. See Maskat. 
 
 Maschito, tn., S. Italy, prov. Potenza, 12 m. ESE. Melfi. 
 Near the town is a spring of sulphureous water, always boiling. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Mascota, tn. , Mexico, state of Jalisco, 114 m. WSW. Guada- 
 lajara. P. 6000. 
 
 Mascouche Rapids, vil. , Canada, Quebec, L'Assomption co. , 
 18 m. N. by W. Montreal, on the small Mascouche K. (trib. 
 Ottawa). P. < 1500. 
 
 Mascontah, city, U.S., Illinois, St. Clair co., 11 m. SE. 
 Belleville by rail. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mas d'Agenals, Le, vil. , France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, 25 m. 
 NW. by W. Agen, on the 1. bk. of the Garonne. P. <:2Coo. 
 
 Mas d'Azil, Le, tn. , France, dep. Ariege, arr. Pamiers, 37 m. 
 S. by W. Toulouse, 16 m. NW. by W. Foix, w-ith remarkable 
 cavern in a limestone hill, and forming a natural tunnel 1345 ft. 
 long traversed by the Arize ; several lateral grottoes open off 
 this gallery. P. < 2000. 
 
 Masdorf, Hungarian Masztort, vil., Hungary, co. Zips, 46 
 m. NW. by W. Kaschau. P. < 2000. 
 
 Masecha, vil., Brit. S. .Africa, Mashona-land, 122 m. E. byS. 
 Zumbo, about 15° 55' S. , 32° 10' E. 
 
 Masefan Bay, on N. ct. of Tutuila I., Samoan g^oup, S. 
 Pacific, in about 14° 15° S. , 170° 36' W. 
 
 Masena, tn. , central Africa. See Massenya. 
 
 Maseru, vil., Basuto-land, cap. M. dist., on the Caledon R., 
 about 100 m. NNE. AUwal North. 
 
 Mas 'ham, market-tn. and par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding; 
 Richmond div. , at the confluence of Swinney Beck and the Ure, 
 8 m. NW. Ripon, on the NE. R., PMT.O. Market-day, W. 
 Par. P. < 1500; tn. P. < 2500; eccles. par. (M. with Klrkby 
 Malzeard) P. <250. 
 
 Mashani Moor, a tract of moorland without inhabitants, 
 Eng., Yorkshire, common to the ancient pars, of Masham and 
 East Witton Without. 
 
 Mashanaglass, electoral div., Ire., co. Cork, dist. Cannaway. 
 
 Mashbury, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 5 m. NW. Chelms- 
 ford. P. <250. See Chlgnall. 
 
 Mash'ena, tn., Africa, central Sudan, Bornu, cap. prov., on 
 the route from Kano to Kuka, 236 m. W. Kuka, in 13° 8' N., 
 10° 7' E. ; surrounded by a clay wall. Alt. 1360 ft. P. 10,000 
 (Barth.). 
 
 Masherbram, mt. See Himalayas. 
 
 Mash-had, tn. , Persia. See Meshed. 
 
 Mashike, tn., Japan, W. ct. Yezo, 145 m. NNE. Hakodate, 
 10 m. N. Mount Mashike. 
 
 Mashkel Haninn, a swamp in the W. of Baluchistan, to the 
 N. of 28° N., and crossed by 63° E. 
 
 Mashona, Bantu tribe belonging to the Kafir family in- 
 habiting Mashona-land {q.v.). In former times the M. were the 
 most powerful native race between the Zambezi and Limpopo, 
 but were defeated and subjugated by the Matabili {q.v.). See 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1890, pp. 346->2 (G. W. H. Knight Bruce), 
 and 649-55 (Maund). [H. 6. 8.] 
 
 Mashona-land, country in the interior of SE. Africa. It 
 forms part of British Zambezia, and is situated NE. of Matabili- 
 land (?.!'• )• It consists of very fertile plateaux and plains, 
 watered by numerous rivers flowing partly to the Zambezi and 
 partly to the Sabi. See Mashona. (See Selous, Travels and 
 Adventures in South-East Africa, London, 1893.) [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Mashtagl (Mashkata), tn., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, 
 and 18 m. NE. Baku. P. 6200. 
 
MASH — MASS 
 
 Masbtul-es-snk, tn., Lower Egypt, prov. Sharkie, 9 m. SW. 
 Belbeis. P. 5600. 
 ]IIs»bubla, tribe, Africa. See Massubla. 
 
 Masbiir, tn., Persia, prov. Khuzistan, near the Persian Gulf, 
 65 m. E. by S. Mohammera. 
 
 Maside, comm. , Spain, prov. Orense, dist. Carballino. P. 6500. 
 
 Maslkora, native name Andraka, tn. , SW. ct. Madagascar, 
 in Mahafaly, 24° 57' S. 
 
 Masiude, tn., German E. Africa, in 4° 50' S. , 38° 5' E. 
 
 Nasiiidi, vil. , central Africa, a former cap. of Unyoro, in 
 about i°45' N., 31° 55' E. 
 
 Masindrauo, tn. , Madagascar, E. ct. , in about 21° 15' S. 
 
 IMas^ira, isl. , Arabia. See Massira. 
 
 Maslslma, laay, Africa. See FernSiQ Veloso. 
 
 Mask, Longb, lake, Ire. , on the borders of Mayo and Galway. 
 It receives the Robe, and is drained by the Cong into Lough 
 Corrib, to which it is joined by an underground stream. Area, 
 3Si sq. m. 
 
 Haskara, or Mascara, tn. , Algeria, dep. and 45 m. SE. Oran, 
 enclosed in a rampart of 2 m. It was the residence of Abd-el- 
 Kader ; taken by the French in 1841. P. 14,700. 
 
 niaskat, Mascat, or Mnscat, tn. , SE. Arabia, cap. Oman, on 
 S. ct. of Gulf of Oman, at farther end of a bay, closed in front by 
 an island, and bordered E. and W. by steep rocks crowned with 
 forts and a wall, which, however, are much dilapidated. It is 
 a very important commercial centre owing to its position, which 
 has made it a natural emporium between India, Arabia, and 
 Persia. Its port has a depth of from 65 to 165 ft., and is well 
 protected, except against the NW. and NE. winds. E.xports 
 dried fish, dates, and other fruit. It was taken by Albuquerque 
 in 1507. Its climate is one of the hottest in the world. Just 
 outside one of the forts is a salt marsh bordered by the 
 huts of the poor, which gives rise to pestiferous exhalations, 
 rendering remittent fever frequent. Mean temp. (3! yrs. , 
 1872-73, 1884-85), yr. 80.6° P., Jan. 68.6°, July 88.3°. Popula- 
 tion of different races, mostly Arabs. 
 
 9Iaskeliya, tea dist. , Ceylon. 
 
 Niiskb^l, isl. , Brit. India, Bengal, 55 m. S. Chittagong. 
 
 IMaskliiong^. 1. Co., Canada, Quebec, stretching NW. from 
 the St. Lawrence (Lake St. Peter). 2. Vil. and river-port, M. co., 
 on the 1. bk. of the St. Lawrence, 27 m. WSW. Three Rivers, 
 near the mouth of Maskinong6 R. P. < 1500. 3. Lake, same 
 prov., Berthier co. , 57 m. N. by E. Montreal, drained by (4) the 
 riv. Maskinong6 into the St. Lawrence. 5. .\nother river, same 
 prov., a r. bk. trib. of the riv. Rouge, which it joins 60 m. 
 WNW. Montreal. • 
 
 MasniUnster, tn. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, circle Thann, on 
 the Doller R. , 16^ m. W. Miilhausen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Masnedo, isl., S. ct. Seeland, Denmark, now connected 
 with the larger island by a railway, the trains on which are 
 transferred to a boat on the S. side of M. in order to be ferried 
 across the channel, called the Storstrom, to the island of Falster. 
 
 Masnoa, maritime tn. , Spain, prov. and 11 m. NE. Barce- 
 lona, dist. Matar6, in an amphitheatre on the borders of the 
 Mediterranean. P. (comm. ) <4000. 
 
 Mason, par., Eng. , Northumberland, 6^ m. NW. Newcastle. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Masoii, isl.. Ire., bar. Ballynahinch, off" W. ct. co. Galway, 
 in 53° 18' N., 9° 52' W. P. n8. 
 
 Mason, bay. New Zealand, on the W. ct. of Stewart I. 
 
 Mason, tn., U.S., Illinois, Effingham co., 73 m. SW. by W. 
 Terre Haute (Ind.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Mason, city, U.S., Illinois, M. co. , 28 m. N. Springfield. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Mason, city, U.S., Iowa, Cerro Gordo co., on Shell Rock R. , 
 103 m. W. by S. of NE. corner of state. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Mason, co., U.S., Kentucky, on the Ohio, E. of 84° W. 
 
 Mason, co. , U.S., Michigan, on Lake Michigan, crossed by 
 44° N. 
 
 Mason, city, U.S., Michigan, Ingham co. , 76 m. SSW. Bay 
 City, and 15 m. SSE. Lansing. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mason, vil., U.S., Texas, cap. M. co. , 93 m. WNW. Austin. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Mason, co. , U.S., Washington, between 47° and 48° N., 
 crossed by 123° W. 
 
 Mason, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, M. co. , on the Ohio, 53 m. 
 NW. by N. Charleston, with salt from artesian brine-springs ; 
 manufactures of nails, and coal-mining. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Masrata, tn. , Tripoli. See Mlsratata. 
 
 Massa, port, Africa, Morocco, on coast of Atlantic, S. of 
 the Wadi Sus. 
 
 Massa, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Massa e Carrara, 4 m. SE. 
 by S. Carrara ; seat of a bishop. Noted quarries of marble 
 of various colours. P. 5000. See Tuscany and Carrara. 
 
 Massabl, tn., W. Africa, French Congo Terr., on the coast, 
 at the mouth of the Luemme, in 5° 4' S. 
 
 Massac, co. , U.S., Illinois, in extreme SE. 
 
 Massacbusetts, one of the U.S. , of the North Atlantic group, 
 E. of New York, S. of Vermont and New Hampshire, having a 
 coast-line, including Cape Cod Penin. , of about 300 m. on the 
 
 Atlantic. To M. belong the islands Martha's Vineyard and 
 Nantucket. In the W. of the state are the low Taconic and 
 Hoosac mountains ('the Berkshires ' ) , with the fertile valley of 
 the Housatonic between, and that of the Connecticut to the E. 
 The Merrimac crosses the NE. corner. Little of the surface is 
 level, nor is the soil rich. The climate is severe in winter, and 
 changeable in summer, tending to affect the respiratory organs. 
 [Boston, i^prlngfleld, Thatcher's Island, Wood's Hole]. 
 Agriculture occupies less than one-tenth the population. The 
 chief crops are maize, oats, potatoes, and tobacco, the last 
 mentioned yielding up to a value of _^4o per acre through great 
 care in fertilising. Deep sea and coast fisheries yield cod, 
 herring, halibut, mackerel, lobsters, oysters, clams, &c. Whal- 
 ing vessels go out from New Bedford. One-half of the American 
 fishing vessels go out from M. ports. Granite is extensively 
 quarried in Essex co. , and sandstone in Hampden co. Over one- 
 half the pop. are engaged in manufactures — boots and shoes, 
 cotton and woollen goods, iron and steel wares and machinery, 
 leather, refined sugar, clothing, paper, &c. ; and M. has propor- 
 tionately the largest urban pop. of all the states. Much water- 
 nower is obtained from the Merrimac and other streams, but coal 
 is brought from Pennsylvania by water and rail. Shipbuilding is 
 carried on at Boston and Newburyport, pork-packing at Boston, 
 and, as in Maine, ice is gathered in winter, and preserved for local 
 use and for export. Commerce and transport occupy one-sixth 
 of the pop., the export trade being second only to that of New 
 York state. The Hoosac Tunnel made transportation to and 
 from the West more easy, and much traffic comes from Canada 
 vid Montreal and via Halifax. M. stands high in educational 
 matters ; its school year among the longest, its percentage of 
 attendance the highest, and its higher institutions take first 
 rank. Harvard University is at Cambridge, near Boston ; 
 Hancock, Channing, Palfrey, Bancroft, Emerson, Holmes, 
 Motley, and Lowell are among its graduates. The M. Institute 
 of Technology is at Boston, the Andover Theological Seminary 
 at Andover, Amherst College and the M. Agricultural College are 
 at Amherst, Clark University is at Worcester. Wellesley College 
 at Wellesley, Smith College at Northampton, and Radcliff 
 College in Cambridge, are for women. The population of M. 
 contains a large foreign-born element, increasing fronii6 per cent, 
 in 1850 to 29 per cent, in 1890, mainly of British subjects from 
 Ireland and Canada. The earliest settlers were mainly British. 
 In the i8th century M. was the leading colony of the North, as 
 Virginia of the South. To-day its assessed valuation is the 
 highest per capita in the Union, and third in absolute amount. 
 M. was formed by the union in 1692 of two of the oldest English 
 colonies in America — Plymouth, founded 1820, and Massachusetts 
 Bay, 1628-30. Parts of Vermont and New Hampshire belonged 
 to it for many years, and Maine was a part of it from 1651 to 
 1820. It was the leader in the revolutionary movement and in 
 the anti-slavery agitation. Cap. and largest town, Boston ; 
 other leading towns, Worcester, Lowell, Fall River, Cambridge, 
 Lynn, Lawrence, Springfield, New Bedford, Somerville, Holy- 
 oke, Salem, Chelsea, Haverhill, Brockton, Taunton, Gloucester, 
 Newton, Maiden, Fitchburg. Area, 8315 sq. m. P. 2,238,943. 
 
 Massacre, atoll, Pacific Ocean. See Mortlock. 
 
 Massacre (or Golden t Bay, large bay in the NW. of the 
 South I., New Zealand, S. of the Farewell Spit. 
 
 Massafi-a, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 10^ m. NW. by 
 N. Taranto. P. 10,200. 
 
 Massa Lombarda, tn., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 18 m. W, 
 Ravenna. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Massa Lnbrense, tn. , Italy, W. ct. , Campania, prov. 
 Salerno, 13 m. W. by S. Amalfi. P. <4000. 
 
 Massa Marlttlnia, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Grosseto, on 
 riv. Pecora, 28 m. SW. Siena ; seat of 'a bishop. Beautiful 
 cathedral. Mines of lignite and zinc (calamine). Jets of 
 boracic acid vapour. P. 3000. 
 
 Hassan, riv., Scot., Argyllshire, in the SE., flows S. then 
 SE. to the riv. Eachaig, which it joins about li m. S. of the 
 foot of Loch Eck. 
 
 Massangano, fortified tn., Africa, on 1. bk. of Zambezi R., 
 19 m. SE. Tete. 
 
 Massangano, vil., Portuguese W. Africa, on the r. bk. of the 
 Kwanza, in 9° 19' S. , 14° 34' E. 
 
 Massanntton Range, mts. , U.S., between the two branches 
 of the Shenandoah, in Virginia. 
 
 Massara, or Gorongoza, tn., S. Africa, dist. G. [q.v.), 51 m. 
 SW. Senna. 
 
 Massassl, vil., German E. Africa. See Masasl. 
 
 Massa Superlore, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. Rovigo, on the 
 1. bk. of the Po, 20 m. NW. by W. Ferarra. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Massat, tn., France, dep. Ariege, arr. Saint-Girons, 50 m. S. 
 by W. Toulouse, 15 m. WSW. Foix. P. < 2000. 
 
 Massana, or Massowa, Abyssinian Mntngna, or Mntogna, 
 called by the people of Tigre Baze, fortified seapt. tn. , Africa, 
 cap. of the Italian colony of Eritrea, connected with the main- 
 land by an embankment 4920 ft. long, which contains the con- 
 duit by which water is conveyed into the town, on a sterile coral 
 island in the Red Sea, i m. in circumference and 200 yards from 
 
 975 
 
MASS 
 
 M A T A 
 
 the mainland, in 15° 36' N. , 39° 21' E. The place of anchorage, 
 the ancient Saba'itikon, is formed by the deep channel stretching 
 between the N. shore of the islet and the mainland. M. is 
 surrounded by islets, which make navigation very difficult. It 
 is a place of exchange for the products and merchandise of 
 Abyssinia and the Sudan and those of India and Europe ; chief 
 trade in skins, butter, and mother-of-pearl. Formerly an 
 Egyptian possession ; taken by Italy in 1885. Dysentery and 
 fever are prevalent. The name, a corruption of Medzaua, is 
 believed by Egli to be derived from an Ethiopian word dzaua, 
 ' to call,' and to refer to the fact that the island is ' within call ' 
 of the shore. Seat of Lazarists' mission. Mean temp. (2^ yrs., 
 1885-87), yr. 85.8° F., Feb. 77.3°, Aug. 94.3°. P. 20,000" (very 
 mixed — mainly Arab ; 600 Europeans). 
 
 Sfassanrlppl, Lake, Canada, Quebec, Stanstead co., 75 m. 
 E. by S. Montreal, drained NE. into the St. Francis R. 
 
 Hasse dl Siena, comm. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and about 3 
 m. S. Siena. P. 8700. 
 
 Masse na, vil. , U.S., New York, St. Lawrence co. , on Grass 
 R., 19 m. N. Potsdam. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mas'senya, or Haseua, tn., central Africa, cap. of Bagirmi, 
 in about 11° 38' N., 16'' 15' E. ; it is 6 or 7 m. in circuit, but 
 scarcely half is occupied by dwellings. The sultan's palace, which 
 must formerly have been a fortress, forms a rectangle. 
 
 DIasserano, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 22 m. NNW. 
 Vercelli. P. < 2000. 
 
 Massereeiie ('the queen's hill." See Mas), a W. suburb of 
 Antrim, Ire. 
 
 Massereene, lower, bar. , Ire. , in the SW. of co. Antrim, on 
 Lough Neagh. M., Upper, an adjoining bar., in the extreme 
 SW. of CO. Antrim. 
 
 Massett, inlet of the sea in the heart of Graham I., Queen 
 Charlotte Is., communicating with Dixon Entrance by M. 
 Sound along a narrow strait. 
 
 Hassey, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the Sault St. Mary 
 line of the C. P. R. , 501 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Massi Kessl, stn., Portuguese E. Africa, Manika-land, at the 
 foot of the tableland, in 18" 53' 40" S., 32° 44' 30" E. , 117 m. 
 SE. by E. Fort Salisbury. Alt. 2200 ft. (Swan, ai>.). 
 Massilia, city, France. See Marseilles. 
 Masslllon, city, U.S., Ohio, Stark co. , 50 m. S. by E. Cleve- 
 land, on one of the most productive coalfields of the state ; 
 white sandstone is largely quarried ; has blast-furnaces and 
 other iron-works. P. (1880) 6800; (1890) 10,100. 
 Massiniba, bay, E. Africa. See Mazlmbwa. 
 Massina, Fellata sultanate in W. Africa, extending on both 
 banks of the upper Niger, between 13° and 17' N. lat. It is 
 a flat country, with excellent pastures. Agriculture, cattle-rear- 
 ing, and horse-breeding are the principal occupations of the 
 inhabitants ; cap. Bandyagara, E. of the Niger. Area, 64,400 
 sq. m. Pop. estimated at 4^ millions. [H. ^. S.] 
 
 Massingbam, Cireat and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng. , 
 Norfolkshire, NW. div. , with a stn. (Masslnghant) on the 
 M. & G. N. Joint Rly. Great M.,;;i2 m. E. by N. King's 
 Lynn, PM.O., 4242 ac, P.<iooo; Little M., P.O., P.<:250. 
 
 Masslra, Maslra, or Mosera, isl. , Indian Ocean, separated 
 from SE. ct. Arabia by a strait studded with sandbanks, N. of 
 20° N. Length, 44 m. To the SW. is the large Gulf of M., 
 terminating S. of 19° N., in Ras Madyak, or El-Jeziye. 
 Massona, or Massowata. See Massana. 
 Hassow, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Naugard, 22 
 m. E. by N. Stettin. P. < 3000. 
 
 Massnbla, Masnbla, or Masbnbla, tribe, S. Africa, on the 
 banks of the upper Zambezi and the Chobe. 
 
 Hastanltt, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. (sanjak) Gumiirjina, 
 vilayet and 58 m. W^ by S. Adrianople. 
 
 Mastenbroek, large polder, Holland, prov. Overijssel, 4 m. 
 NW. by W. ZwoUe. 
 
 Mastergeehy, tnld. , Ire., SW. co. Kerry, bar. Iveragh, on 
 riv. Inny, 22 m. W. Kenmare, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Mastertou, bor. and rly. stn.. New Zealand, North I., 
 Wairarapa N. co., 55 m. NE. by E. WeUington ; has a meat- 
 preserving establishment, fellmongery, &c. P. <4000. 
 
 Mastgarh, fortress, Brit. India, Punjab, Bashahr state, in 31° 
 20' N. , 77° 39' E. Alt. 9000 ft. 
 
 Ma8tre,,La, tn. , France, dep. Ardtehe, arr. Tournon, 33 m. 
 SSE. St. Etienne. P. < 3000. 
 
 MastnJ, or Mastach, tn. , central Asia, state of and 48 m. 
 NE. Chitral (to the NW. of India), on the Yarkhun R. Alt. 
 7300 ft. 
 Masnbla, tribe, Africa. See Massnbla. 
 Masnda-hongo, vil., Japan, 184 m. NE. Nagasaki, on the 
 NW. ct. of Honshiu. P. < 2000. 
 
 Masnla, vil., Persia, 30 m. W. by S. Resht, at the base of 
 the Pajilan Pass. 
 
 Masnlipatam (Machli-patnam, or ' Fish Town ' ; properly 
 the native quarter nearly 3 m. from the fort on the sea-coast, 
 called Machli- bandar, ' tish port,' abbreviated into Bandar, 
 which is now the official name of the municip.), city and seapt., 
 Brit. India, Madras, dist. Kistna, 143 ra. NE. by N. Nellore. 
 976 
 
 The port has no docks or quays, and large vessels have to 
 anchor 5 m. out. Mean temp. , yr. 81° F. , Jan. 74°, May 88° ; 
 rfall. , yr. 38.5 in., June-Nov. 35.3 in. P. (1871) 36,200; (1891) 
 38,800; Hindus, 33,500. 
 
 MaslJira, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Ratndgiri, on the W. 
 ct., 56 m. NNW. Goa. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Masnrl, hill stn. , India. See Mnssoorce. 
 Masurian Canals, system of canals connecting a number of 
 lakes in the SE. of E. Prussia, from the Mauer-see in the N. to 
 the Nieder-see and Rosch-see in the S. , the intermediate lakes 
 being the Dargainen-see, Dobenscher-see, Lotzen-see, Lowentin- 
 see, and the Spirding-see, in the order from N. to S. , affording 
 in all 102 m. of navigation, but unconnected with any other 
 navigable waters. A project, however, is now entertained for 
 connecting the W. end of the Mauer-see with the AUe at Allen- 
 burg by a canal 34 m. long, total fall 370 ft. , involving the con- 
 struction of six inclined planes for raising and lowering the boats. 
 Masztort, Hungary. See Masdorf. 
 
 M^Ulbbangli, riv., Brit. India, Bengal, belonging to the 
 Ganges delta ; divides into branches, one of which, the Churni, 
 forms one of the headwaters of the Hugh. 
 
 Matablll, spelt by those who adhere to the English sound of 
 e Natabele, Amandebele, important branch of the Zulu Kafirs. 
 In 1827 they left Natal, and after having defeated the Mashona, 
 Makalaka, and other tribes, they took possession of the rich 
 plateaux and plains between the Zambezi and Limpopo. The 
 M. are a warlike people, and chiefly engaged in hunting and 
 raids on their neighbours. They own large flocks, although 
 the tsetse fly (i-v.) prevents cattle-rearing in many districts. On 
 account of their frequent invasions of Mashona-land {f.v.) war 
 broke out in Oct. 1893 between the Chartered Company's forces 
 and the M. , which ended in the total defeat of the latter, and 
 the capture of Buluwayo (2nd Nov. 1893). [H. G. S.] 
 
 MatablU-land, country in the interior of SE. Africa, in- 
 habited by the Matabili {g.v.). It forms part of British Zam- 
 bezia, and consists of rich and fertile plateaux and plains divided 
 by the Matoppo and Izimunte Mts., which traverse the country 
 from SW. to NE. The principal rivers of Matabili-land take 
 their rise in these mountains, viz., Shashi, Sabi, and its tribs., 
 Gway, Umnyati, UmfuH, and Ganyana. The slopes of the 
 hills and mountains are rich in valuable minerals, especially 
 gold. Tlie country is well adapted for the cultivation of cereals, 
 sugar, and cotton, and those parts which are free from the 
 tsetse fly {f.v.) are especially suited for cattle -rearing and 
 sheep -breeding. The climate is more or less unhealthy to 
 Europeans, except in the highest dists. The cap. of Matabili- 
 land is Buluwayo. Area estimated at 100,000 sq. m. ; pop. 
 at 200,000. (See Froc. F. G. S., 1891, pp. 1-21 ; Maund, 
 Matabili- and Mashona-lands ; Geog. Jour., i. (1893), pp. 289- 
 324 ; Selous, Twenty Years in Zambezia.) [H. G. S.] 
 
 Matacben, riv., Spain, flows NW. by N. into the Guadiana 
 above Merida. 
 
 Matacos, Indians, -Argentine Republic, Gran Chaco, divided 
 into two groups, the savage Mataguayos and the semi -sedentary 
 Matacos Mansos. 
 
 Mata da Corde, or Serra Matta das Canastras, mt. chain, 
 Brazil, state Minas Geraes, separating the basin of the upper 
 Sao Francisco from that of the Parand, winding S. to N. 
 between 21° and 17° S. 
 
 Matadl, stn., Congo Free State, 1. bk. Congo, opposite Vivi, 
 just below the lowest falls, in 13° 20' E. ; cap. M. dist., which 
 occupies an angle on both sides of the Congo. Starting point 
 of the Congo Rly. 
 
 Matagalpa, tn.. Central America, Nicaragua, cap. dep. M., 
 67 m. NNE. Managua; coffee cultivation rapidly extending. 
 P. 15,000. 
 
 Matagorda, vil., U.S., Texas, M. co., at the mouth of the 
 Colorado, on M. Bay, 80 m. SW. by W. Galveston, an old 
 Spanish town, and a favourite summer resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Matagorda Bay, lagoon, U.S. , Texas, stretching for upwards 
 of 50 m. on the SE. ct., entered by Pass Cavallo in 28° 20' N.; 
 96° 25' W. ; fast shoaling — has only 7 ft. of water at its entrance. 
 I^ighthouse, visible 15 m. 
 
 Matakana, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., Rodney co., 35 
 m. N. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Matakenya's, vil., S. Africa, on the r. bk. of the Zambezi, 20 
 m. E. bv S. Zumbo, about 30° 40' E. 
 
 Matakong, small isl. , in the N. of the British colony of Sierra 
 Leone, W. Africa ; ceded to Great Britain in 1826. 
 
 Matala, tn. , Turkey, on the S. ct. of the isl. of Crete, on the 
 E. shore of Messara Hay, 32 m. SW. Candia, in 24° 47' E. 
 
 Matale, tn., Ceylon, Central Prov., 12 m. N. Kandy. P. 
 <:5000. 
 
 Matam, vil. and French stn., Africa, 219 m. ESE. St. Louis, 
 on 1. bk. of the Senegal. 
 
 Matania, tn., eastern Sudan, 78 m. WNW. Gonda. 
 
 Matamano, Gulf of, S. of the W. end of Cuba I., between 
 that island and the isl. of Pines. 
 
 Matanibwe, tribe, equatorial Africa, on S. bank of Rovuma 
 R. , in middle part of its course. 
 
MATA-^MATL 
 
 Natninoras, vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Pike co. , on the Dela- 
 ware R., 52 ni. E. Scranton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlataiaoras, New, vil., U.S., Ohio, Washington co. , on the 
 Ohio, 43 m. SW. by S. Wheeling (W. Va.). P. < 1500. 
 
 MataiiKiros, or El Refugio, riv. port, Mexico, Tamaulipas, 
 on the Rio Grande del Norte, 185 m. E. by N. Monterey. 
 Rfall. (6yrs. ), 36.74 in. P. 13,000. 
 
 Matanioros, tn. , Mexico, Puebla. See IzAcar. 
 
 n&t&muTl, riv., Brit. India, Bengal, Chittagong Hill Tracts, 
 rises near the Sangu, falls into the Bay of Bengal. 
 
 Mataii, tableland, India, Kashmir ; fertile, but deserted ; 
 only a few cattle and sheep graze on its rich pasturage. It has 
 ruins of a temple, in 33° 42' N., 75° 21' E., said to have been 
 the most gorgeous in the world. 
 
 Mataiida, tn., W. Africa, Congo Free State, in 4° 50' S. , 
 15° 3' E. 
 
 Matane, vil., Canada, Quebec, Rimouski co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the riv. St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Matane K., in 67° 
 33' W. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Matdnzas (Spanish, ' massacres ' ; the name in Cuba refers 
 to the massacre of a shipwrecked Spanish crew by Indians — 
 Egli), fortified seapt. tn., Cuba, N. ct., 48 m. E. by S. Havana, 
 in 81° 39' W. It has a well-sheltered harbour, partly enclosing 
 the town, and a wharf with 9 ft. of water alongside. Has large 
 central sugar factories, and exports sugar to the value of more 
 than ;^3,ooo,ooo, chiefly to the U.S. In the neighbourhood are 
 magnificent stalactite caves. Climate highly malarious. Mean 
 temp. (2 yrs.), yr. 79.2° F. , Feb. 72.1°, July 81.5°. Comm. P. 
 (1887) 56,400 ; tn. P. about 27,000. 
 
 Matapalo, Cape, Central America, SE. ct. of Costa Rica, at 
 the entrance of Dulce Gulf. 
 
 Matapau, or Taluaron, cape, Greece, in the extreme S. , 63° 
 22' N. , 22° 29' E. ; with a lighthouse, visible 16 m. 
 
 Matapedla, vil. , Quebec, Bonaventure co. , at the mouth of 
 Matapedia R. , which flows SE. from Lake M. (Rimouski co.) 
 into the head of Chaleur Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nataqulto, riv. , Chile, entering the Pacific in 35° 5' S. Length, 
 168 m. ; area of basin, 2585 sq. m.; discharge, 3500 cubic ft. 
 per second. 
 
 Matar, or Benl-mattaar, Berber tribe, Algeria, prov. Oran, 
 hear the sources of Sig R., also in Morocco, S. of Mekines. 
 
 Matara, vil. , Argentine Republic, Santiago del Estero, 134 
 m. SE. Tucuman. P. < 2000. 
 
 Msitara, tn., Ceylon, Southern Prov., on the S. ct. , 24 m. 
 ESE. Galle. P. (local board, 1891) 8600. 
 
 Matarain, cap. of isl. Lombok, W. ct. ; fortified. 
 
 Mat^rl, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, Sind, dist. and 16 m. N. 
 Haidarabad. P. 5800 ; Moham. 4800. 
 
 DIatarle, vil.. Lower Egypt, prov. Gize, on the site of the 
 ancient On, or Heliopolis, 5 m. NE. Cairo, with ostrich park. 
 Here, on March 25, 1800, the French defeated the Turks. 
 
 Matarle, vil.. Lower Egypt, prov. Dakhalie, 35 m. ENE. 
 Mansura, on S. shore of Lake Menzale, inhabited by miserable 
 fishers, descendants of the Hyksos. 
 
 Matard, maritime city, Spain, on the E. ct. , prov. and 20 m. 
 NE. by E. Barcelona, cap. dist. M. It stands on the slope of 
 a hill, and consists of an old and a new town ; has manufactures 
 of leather, cotton, starch, white lead, &c. P. (comm.) 18,400. 
 
 DIatarraita, riv., Spain, in the E. of Aragon, flows N. into 
 the Ebro. 
 
 Matas de San Bartolomeo, ol- Port Victoria, port, N. ct. 
 W. Africa, immediately S. of Cape Jubi. 
 
 Matatlele, settlement. Cape Colony, Griqua-land E., dist. 
 M. , no m. WSW. Pietermaritzburg. 
 
 Matanudii, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 12 m. W. 
 Ban da. P. (1881) 6300. 
 
 Mataura, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Southland co., on 
 the r. bk. of the Mataura R. , 35 m. NE. by E. Invercargill ; has 
 coal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Matantu, harb. , on N. ct. of Savaii, Samoan Is. , in 13° 27' S. , 
 172° 22' W. 
 
 Matawan (mat-a-won), bor., U.S., New Jersey, Monmouth 
 CO. , on S. side of Raritan Bay, 23 m. SSW. Jersey City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Matawatchan, vil, Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co., 67 m. 
 NNW. Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Natclicdasli Bay, bay, Canada, Ontario, in the SE. of 
 Georgian Bay, between Muskoka and Simcoe cos. 
 
 Matching, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 11 m. E. by S. 
 ^^'are, 3 m. SE. Sawbridgeworth stn., PMT.O. (M. Green). 
 P-<75c. 
 
 Matefnsh, or Akclne Cape, Algeria, 24 m. N W. by W. Bona. 
 
 Matehy, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Muskerry E. , 8^ m. WNW. 
 Cork ; 7097 ac. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Matejevac, dornjl, vil., in the S. of Servia, W. of the 
 Morava, dist. Toplica. P. < 3000. 
 
 Matellca, tn., Italy, The Marches, prov. Macerata, on the 
 Esino, 33 m. ENE. Perugia, with manufactures of coarse 
 woollen cloths. P. 3000. 
 Matelotas, isl. , Caroline Is. See Ngoll. 
 
 .Ilateo, tn., Venezuela, Bermudez, 180 m. E. by S Caracas 
 977 / • • 
 
 Matera, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. Potenza, 34 m. WNW. 
 Taranto ; seat of the archbishop of Acerenza and Matera. 
 The natives dwell for the most part in caverns e.xcavated in 
 the side of the deep valley in which the town lies. The 
 malarial mortality is enormously high. P. 15,700. 
 
 Matese, Montagua del. See Apennines, E. 
 
 Miit^-Szalka, comm. , Hungary, co. Szatmar, cap. dist. M.-S. , 
 45 m. NE. by E. Debreczen. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Matenr, tn., Tunis, 21 m. SSW. Bizerta. 
 
 Matfeu, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., North- 
 umberland, div. and 'j\ m. NE. by E. Hexham, with coal- 
 mining, PM.O. (Matfenj. East M. P. <25o ; West M. P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (Matfen) P. < 1000. 
 
 Matlleld, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, div. and 4^ m. E. by N. 
 Tunbridge Wells, 2^ m. SSW. Paddock Wood June, PMT.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Matha, tn., France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, arr. St. Jean 
 d'Ang^ly, 12 m. N. Cognac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Milllierdn, hill sanitarium, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Thdna, 
 30 m. E. Bombay, on an outlier of the W. Ghats, the summits 
 of which, about 8 sq. m. , consists of rocky promontories, or 
 points, 2000 ft. above the valley. Singularly free from malaria. 
 Alt. 2200 ft. Mean maximum temp., Dec-Jan. 69.9^ F. , May- 
 June 81.5°; mean rfall., yr. 209 in., June-Sept. 202 in. P. 
 (188 1, exclusive of hillmen)<3000. 
 
 Mathern and St, Pierre, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. 
 div., 2 m. SSW. Chepstow, P.O. (Mathern). P. <7So. 
 
 Matliews, co. , U.S., Virginia, in the E. , bounded on the N., 
 E. , and S. by Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Mathlas, or St. Matlilas, isl., Bismarck Archipelago. See 
 Prlnz Wllhelm Island. 
 
 Matlilnna, gold-mining tp. , Tasmania, co. Cornwall, 84 m. 
 E. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mathon, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 9^ m. 
 SW. by W. Worcester, 3 m. W. Great Malvern stn., P.O. 
 P. < 1500. See Malvern, West. 
 
 Mathoura, post-tn.. New South Wales, Cadell co. , 25 m. S. 
 by W. Deniliquin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Matlirakl, islet, Greece, NW. Corfu. P. (demos, 1889) 298. 
 
 Mathry, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 6 m. SW. by W. 
 Fishguard, P.O.; 7283 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Mnthnra, tn., India, Oudh, dist. Gonda, 6 m. from Ikauna. 
 P. (i88i)<4ooo. 
 
 Mathwar, tn. , in SW. of Central India, 70 m. E. by S. Baroda. 
 
 M&tla, short mountain range, Hungary, 50 m. NE. by E. 
 Budapest. Alt. 3305 ft. 
 
 Matlab, tn. , Upper Egypt. See Matlya. 
 
 Matlfn (corruption of Berber Thama n t' hafousth, ' the right 
 hand'), cape, Algeria, on the N. ct., in 3° 17' E., 11 m. E. 
 by N. Algiers. The ruins of Rusgunia, Roman colony in the 
 time of Augustus, are near. 
 
 Hatlgnon, vil. , France, dep. C6tes du Nord, arr. Dinan, 3 
 m. W. by S. St. Malo. P. <20oo. 
 
 Matilda, vil., Canada. See Iroquois. 
 
 Matlna, vil., Costa Rica, 52 m. E. by N. San Jos6, the 
 principal centre of the cacao plantations of the republic. 
 
 Matlndela, vil., Brit. S. Africa, in 19° 30' 23" S., 31° 51' 45"' 
 E. Ah. 3350 ft. (Swan, ab.). 
 
 Matlnlcns Island, isl. , U.S. , Maine, 54 m. SE. by E. Augusta. 
 
 Matlno, tn. , Italy, prov. Lecce, circle and 9 m. SE. Galli- 
 poli. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Matisco, tn. , France. See Macon. 
 
 Matlya, tn. , Upper Egypt, prov. Siut, on 1. bk. of the Nile. 
 P. (1882)6300. 
 
 Matjes Fonteln, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Hopetown, 
 120 m. NW. Middelburg. 
 
 Matjes Fonteln, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. Worcester, 65 m. 
 NNE. Swellendam, 194 m. by rail NNE. Cape Town. Alt. 
 2970 ft. 
 
 Matlask, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 6^ m. SW. Cromer, 
 4 m. NE. Corpusty and Saxthorpe Holt stn. P. <25o. See 
 Plumstead. 
 
 Matley, par., Eng., Cheshire, 6 m. NE. Stockport. P. <:250. 
 
 Matlock, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., on riv. Derwent, 
 9 m. SW. by S. Chesterfield. The par. is composed of two 
 separate towns (urban sanitary dists. ), neatly built on the slope 
 and at the bottom of the narrow and singularly picturesque vale 
 of the Derwent, here crossed by an ancient stone bridge ; has 
 baths connected with hot springs, the temperature of which is 
 about 68° F. In the vicinity are several petrifying wells, lead- 
 mines, caverns, &c. The town of M. (with M. Bridge stn. on 
 the M. R.) is the northern of the two, the older portion in the 
 valley, the newer portion, known as M. Bank, on the hills to the 
 NE. , this latter celebrated for its numerous hydropathic estab- 
 lishments ; the southern town, M. Bath and Scarthln Nick 
 (stn. M. Bath). Par. 4540 ac, P. 7100; tn. P. 5300; eccles. 
 pars. IM. Bank) P. <:3000, (M. Bath) P. <200o; tn. (M. Bath 
 and Scarthln Nick) P. <20oo. 
 
 Matlock, post-tn., Victoria, cos. Tanjil and Wonnangatta,. 
 55 m. NW. Sale. P. < 1500. 
 
 3Q 
 
MATO — MAUG 
 
 IMEsto, small isl. , in the Pacific, New Caledonia, 37 m. SSE. 
 Numea. Discovery of excellent lithographic stone reported. 
 
 Mato'aca, vil., U.S., Virginia, Chesterfield co., 21 m. S. 
 Richmond. P. < 1500. 
 
 Slatoclikin Shar, narrow strait, nearly 60 m. long, separating 
 the N. island of Novaya Zemlya from the southern. 
 
 Matonga, another form of Batonga (t/.v.), tribe, Africa. 
 
 Matope, Nyassa-land. See Shire Klver. 
 
 Matoppo flills, range in Brit. S. Africa, Matabili-land, to the 
 E. of Buluwayo, whence numerous streams flow NW. to the 
 Zambezi and its affluents, and SE. to the Limpopo and its 
 affluents. 
 
 Matoya, port, Japan, SE. ct. Honshiu, 31 m. SE. Tsu ; near 
 it are the shrines of the ancestors of the Emperor of Japan, 
 called Rib Daijin Gu. 
 
 Matrab, handsome, well-built maritime tn. , Arabia, Oman, 
 I m. W. Maskat, with very safe but shallow port ; products 
 from the interior are transported to Maskat by sea (with which 
 M. is connected by road). 
 
 Matran, comm. , Switzd. , cant, and 3 m. SW. by W. Frei- 
 burg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Matrona, riv. , France. See Marne. 
 
 Matslatra, riv., Madagascar, the headwater of the Oni- 
 mainty, rising in the S. of the Betsileo Prov. 
 
 Matsnial, seapt. , Japan. See Faknyama. 
 
 Matson, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 2^ 
 m. SE. by S. Gloucester. P. <25o. 
 
 Matso, islet, coast of Fokien, China, 40 m. NE. Foochow. 
 
 Matsne, tn., Japan, near the N. ct. of Honshiu, 135 m. 
 WNW. Kobe ; noted for its agates and crystals, and for its 
 paper manufacture. P. 33,700. 
 
 Matsumal, seapt. , Japan. See Fnknyama. 
 
 Matsnmoto, tn., Japan, Honshiu, 135 m. SSW. Niigata. 
 P. 21,900. 
 
 Matsushlma, or Shlogama-no-Rlatsnshinia ( ' The Pine 
 Islands of Shiogama'), archipelago of pine-clad islets, Japan, in 
 Sendai Bay, E. ct. of Honshiu, in 38° 20' N. ; famed for its 
 beauty — one of the San-Kei, or ' Three Most Beautiful Scenes,' 
 of Japan. 
 
 Matsnshlina. See Dagelet. 
 
 Matsnyama, tn. and seapt., Japan, on the Inland Sea, NW. 
 ct. of Shikoku, 155 m. WSW. Kobe. P. 34,600. 
 
 9Iatsazaka, tn., Japan, 55 m. ESE. Kyoto, on the SE. ct. 
 of Honshiu. P. 12,000. 
 
 Mattamnskeet, Lake, U.S., N. Carolina, Hydeco., 137m. 
 E. by S. Raleigh, connected by two canals with Pamplico 
 Sound. 
 
 Mattapolsett, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., on 
 M. Harbour, 6 m. E. by N. New Bedford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mattawa, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 318 
 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Mattaivain'keag, riv. , U.S., Maine, in the E. , trib. of the 
 Penobscot R., which it joins on 1. bk. at M., in 45° 30' N. 
 
 Mattea'wan, vil. , U.S., New York, Dutchess co. , 15 m. S. 
 Poughkeepsie. P. < 5000. 
 
 Natterdale, par., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 8^ m. E. 
 Keswick, oM m. S. by E. Troutbeck stn.; ^225 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Matterhorii, mt. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 1. 
 
 Matterjoch. See Alps, Passes, III. (i). 
 
 Hattersey, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 8 
 m. W. Gainsborough , 2 m. E. by N. Runskill stn. , P. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Mattlngley with Hazely, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 
 7 m. ENE. Basingstoke, 3 m. NNE. Hook stn. P. <:5C)0. 
 
 Ulattlshall and Uiattlshall Bnrgh, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., M. Burgh 11^ m. W. by N. Nor- 
 wich, 4 m. E. by S. East Dereham, 3^ m. ENE. Yaxham 
 stn., PMT.O. (MattlshaU). Alt. 165 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 
 yr. 27.7 in. P. <iooo; eccles. par. (M. -with Pattesley) P. < 
 1000; par. (M. Bnrgh) P. <25o. See Hockerlng. 
 
 Mattltuck, vil. , U.S., New York, Suffolk co., on Long I., 
 €2 m. ENE. Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mattle Island, small islet. Ire. , off W. ct. co. Clare, 52° 47' N. 
 
 Matto Cirosso ('thick bush or scrub"), the largest, but one 
 of the most scantily peopled, of all the interior states of Brazil, 
 naturally bounded, W., S., and E., by rivers (Madeira, Parana- 
 Paraguay, Araguay), conventionally and still vaguely separated 
 N. from the states of Amazonas and Pari. Traversed about the 
 middle by the highlands (campos, not higher than 3000 ft. , with 
 gold, diamond, and coal mines), forming the water-parting be- 
 tween the Amazon and La Plata basins. There are large swampy 
 regions (principally in the S. ). Almost desert (a few towns on 
 the high Paraguay and Guapor^-Madeira). Very little known. 
 See BrasEll, table, &c. 
 
 Matto Ctrosso, tn., in the SW. of Brazil and of the state of 
 M. G. , near the Bolivian frontier, on the Guapore, in 15° S. , 60° 
 W. ; formerly (when it was known as Tilla Bella) a prosperous, 
 but unhealthy, mining-town, with 7000 inhabitants, now decayed. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Siat'toon, city, U.S., Illinois, Coles co. , 50 m. W. Terre 
 Haute (Ind.). P. 6800. 
 978 
 
 Mattozlnhos, tn. , W. ct. Portugal, prov. Entre Douro 
 e Minho, dist. Braga, 5 m. NW. by W. Oporto ; much fre- 
 quented sea-bathing resort. 
 
 niatucana, vil., Peru, dep. and 50 m. E. by N. Lima. 
 
 Matnkn, one of the Fiji Is., E. of Kandava, crossed by 
 19° 10' S., 1795° E. Carr's Harbonr, on W. side, is one of 
 the best ports of the archipelago. 
 
 Ha-tnn, riv. , Burma, dist. Thayet-myo, rises in the Arakan 
 Yoma Hills, flows SE. into the Irawadi just above Kama, in 
 19° 5' N. The fields on the banks, which are in places 30 ft. 
 above the water, are irrigated by means of a water-wheel not 
 found elsewhere in Burma. 
 
 Matnpl, or Henderson, isl. , with German stn. , in Blanche 
 Bay, in the NE. of Neu-Pommern (New Britain) ; said to be 
 remarkably healthy. Coaling station of the German navy. 
 Plantations. Wesleyan mission. 
 
 Haturln, tn., Venezuela, Bermudez, 90 m. W. by S. of the 
 SW. point of the Isle of Trinidad. P. 14,500. 
 
 Matzdorf, vil., Hungary, prov. Zips (Szepes), on the Poprdd, 
 49 m. WNW. Kaschau. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Man, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Jhinsi, 117 m. SW. 
 Cawnpur ; a commercial centre, noted for the manufacture of 
 kharud cloth. R4nipur, 4 m. W. , forms one municipality with M. 
 P. (1881) 16,000; (1891) 19,700; Hindus, 17,400; Moham. 1800. 
 
 Man, or Man Xatbhanjan, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., 
 dist. Azamgarh, 55 m. NE. Benares ; manufactures cloth. P. 
 (1881), consisting largely of weavers, 14,900; (1891) 15,500; 
 Moham. 8300; Hindus, 7200. 
 
 Mana, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, state and on the N. side of the 
 harbour of Rio de Janeiro ; initial station of the country railway 
 N. of Estrella Mts. The state powder-mill is near here. 
 
 Man Almii, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 20 m. 
 N. by E. Allahdbad. P. (1881) 8400; (1891) 6300; Moham. 
 3900 ; Hindus, 2400. 
 
 Manbenge, fortified tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. Avesnes, 
 13 m. S. Mons ; has iron-foundries and blast-furnaces, and 
 manufactures of iron and steel goods. P. 12,000. 
 
 Ma>l!ibin, tn. , Burma, dist. Thon-gwa, 32 m. W. Rangoon. 
 P. 5300 ; Buddhists, 4500. 
 
 Manbonrgnet, tn. , France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n6es, arr. 
 Tarbes, on the Echez, 24 m. ENE. Pau. P. <3000. 
 
 Manch Chnnk (maw-chungk'), bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 Carbon co. , on the r. bk. of the Lehigh R. , 37 m. S. Scranton ; 
 surrounded by the most beautiful and picturesque scenery, and 
 noted for its salubrious climate. Trade centre of the Lehigh 
 anthracite coal-region, connected by canal as well as by railway 
 (Lehigh Valley Railroad) with New York. Formerly the coal 
 was conveyed from the mining town of Summit Hill, 9 m. 
 distant, by the Switchback Railroad (opened in 1827), the 
 waggons descending by gravity, and being hauled back by 
 mules over two inclines, one of 6 and one of 3 m. Now this 
 railway is used solely as an excursion route for tourists, and the 
 mules are replaced by stationary engines. Alt. 544 ft. (R. R.). 
 P. <: 5000. 
 
 Manch Chnnk, East, bor., opposite, on 1. bk. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Manchllne (' the pool in the plain '), par. , Scot. , S. Ayrshire, 
 8 m. SE. by S. Kilmarnock, on the G. & SW. R. ; has a noted 
 market for cattle and horses, and extensive manufactures of 
 fancy articles in white or tartan-painted wood. Mossgiel, the 
 farm on which the poet Burns lived from 1784 to 1788, is r\ m. 
 NW. of the town. 8907 ac. P. < 2500; vil. P. < 1500. 
 
 Manch Peak, mt. , S. African Republic, NE. of Lydenburg. 
 
 Manckport, vil., U.S., Indiana, Harrison co., on r. bk. of 
 Ohio R. , 27 m. SW. by W. Louisville (Ky.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mand, or Banks, vil. , Scot. , E. Aberdeenshire, 13 m. W. by 
 N. Peterhead , with a stn. (Mand Junction) on the G. N. of S. R. , 
 PMT.O. P.<500. 
 
 Mandada, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Traverse co., on Lake 
 Traverse, 175 m. WNW. Minneapolis, and 45 m. SW. by S. 
 Fergus Falls. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mandhii, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 20 m. S. 
 Hamirpur. P. (1881) 6100; (1891) 6600; Hindus, 3400; 
 Moham. 3200. 
 
 Mandlts, Monts. See Maladetta. 
 
 Man4llluto\«ii, par. , Ire., co. and containing part of town of 
 Wexford, bar. Forth. P. <750. 
 
 Maudunum, tn., France. See Menng>snr-Lolre. 
 
 Mauer, Ger. , 'a wall." 
 
 Maner, tn.. Lower Austria, dist. Hietzing, 5 m. SW. Vienna. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Maner See, lake, Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 57 m. SE. by E. 
 Konigsberg ; communicates on the S. with the Dargainen See ; 
 drained N. by the Angerapp into the Pregel ; divided into four 
 basins, forming a cross. Length, 14 m.; area, 40 sq. m. 
 
 Man Escarpment, E. Africa, the E. slope of the plateau 
 forming the W. border of the great meridional trough in that 
 part of the continent. It runs S. or SSE. from about the equator 
 to 3° S. , between 35° 20' and 36" E. See Geog. Jour. , iv. , p. 305. 
 
 Hangersbnry, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Cirencester div. , 
 15J m. SE. by S. Evesham, i m. NE. Stow stn. P, <75o. 
 
MAUG— MAUR 
 
 Mangervllle, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, co. Sunbury, on 
 St. John R. , 12 m. from Fredericton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 IHaughold, par., NE. Isle of Man; has lead-mine. P.O. 
 (Kirk M.). 9094 ac. P. (including part of Ramsey town) 
 <5ooo. 
 
 IMaughold Head, cape, Isle of Man, E. ct., 4 m. SE. by E. 
 Ramsey. 
 
 Mangry, tn. , India, Mysore. See Magerl. 
 
 Slaagulo, tn., France, dep. H^rault, arr. and 7 m. E. Mont- 
 pellier, on the M. lagoon. P. < 2000. 
 
 Manhes, or Nossa Seuora da Coiiceicfto and SautA Lusla, 
 tn. , Brazil, state Amazonas, 158 m. ESE.' Manaos, on the right 
 of the riv. Maue-assuR. ; inhabited by the M. Indians ; it is the 
 centre of guarana cultivation. 
 
 Maul, mountainous isl. , Sandwich group, about twice the size 
 of Anglesey, 31 m. NW. Hawaii, lying NW. and SE. , and 
 divided into two parts by a low sandy isthmus, the SE. and 
 larger part formed by the extinct volcano of Halea-Kala (' the 
 house of the sun," alt. 10,215 ^^-I crater 19 m. in circumference), 
 the NW. part by the Eka Mts. (Mauna o Eka, 6100 ft.). The 
 only safe roadstead is Lalialna, in the NW. Area, 620 sq. m. 
 
 Maukme, vil., Upper Burma, 165 m. SE. Mandalay, cap. 
 Shan state, which is traversed by the Salwfn. 
 
 Maoku, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I., co. Manukau, 
 37 m. S. by E. Auckland. P. <i500. 
 
 Maulden, par., Eng. , Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div. , 7^ m. 
 S. Bedford, 2 m. E. by N. Ampthill stn., P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Maulds Meaburn, P.O. , Eng. , Westmorland, div. and 4^ m. 
 SW. by W. Appleby, 3^ m. ENE. Shap stn. 
 
 Manle, prov. , Chile, on the coast, crossed in the N. by 36° S. ; 
 cap. Cauquenes. 
 
 Slaule, riv., Chile, enters the Pacific near the village La 
 Constitucion, 100 m. NE. Concepcion, after a W. course. 
 It separates the provs. Linares and Maule on the SW. from 
 Talca prov. on the NE. Length, 140 m., of which 52 m. are 
 navigable for small craft ; area of basin, 7720 sq. m. ; discharge, 
 9800 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Maul^on-Llcliarre, tn. , France, dep. Basses- Pyr^n^es, cap. 
 arr. Maul6on, on the Gave de Maulton, 20 m. SSW. Orthez. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 JHaulliu, riv. , Chile, prov. Llanquihue, drains Lake Llan- 
 quihue, and flows into the Pacific 3 m. below Port Maullin. 
 Total length, 73 m., of which 60 are navigable ; area of basin, 
 1540 sq. m. ; discharge, 8800 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Maulmaln, or Moulmeln, tn. and seapt. , Lower Burma, 
 dist. Amherst, on 1. bk. of the Salwfn, in 16° 30' N., 97° 38' E. ; 
 low hills run N. and S. through the town ; to the W. are the 
 military cantonments and the houses of the European residents ; 
 E. of the hills, in the Attaran valley, are the native quarters. 
 Bilu-Gywon, a large island to the W. , protects the town from 
 the monsoon. Mean temp., yr. 78° F. , Jan. 75°, April 83°; 
 rfall., yr. 188.5 in., May-Oct. 183.7 in., June-Sept. 155.6 in. 
 P. (1872) 46,500; (1891) 50,700; Buddhists, 26,900; Hindus, 
 13,800 ; — cantonment, 1932 ; port, 3100. 
 
 Maum, or Mam, Irish, ' a mountain pass,' or ' chasm.' 
 
 Manni, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kerry, dist. Glanbehy. 
 
 Mtannibnry Ring. See Dorcliester. 
 
 Mauiuee, riv., U.S., rises in Indiana, and flows NE. through 
 the NW. of Ohio into. Lake Erie (M. Bay) at Toledo. The 
 Wabash and Erie canal is constructed along its banks. Navig- 
 able 8 m. up (to the village of S. Toledo), and in high water to 
 Defiance, 50 m. Length about 175 m. 
 
 Maaniee, a former name of South Toledo, U.S., Ohio. 
 
 Ulanni Snll, mt. , Scot. See Maam Suil. 
 
 Manniturk ('the boar's pass.' See Maum) Monutains, 
 Ire., in the NW. of co. Galway, in the W. of Ross bar. 
 
 Mauna, in Hawaiian 'mountain' (Mauna Loa, 'the exten- 
 sive mountain '). See Hawaii, Maui, and the articles on other 
 islands of the Sandwich group. 
 
 Mannagar, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. and 17 m. 
 NW. Moradabad. P. (1881) 6900. 
 
 Mau Xatbhanjan, tn., India. See Man. 
 
 Hauuby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., on the Swale, 10 m. NNE. Ripon, 1 m. SW. by 
 S. Newby Wiske stn. P. <25o. See Kirby Wlske. 
 
 Mannels Vley, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Namaqua- 
 land, 45 m. W. by S. Ookiep. 
 
 Maniigatua, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Taiera co. , 24 
 m. from Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Slanngaturoto, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Otamatea 
 CO., 91 m. by rail and road NW. Auckland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Manngu (ma-ung'u), isolated mt. in Taita, Brit. E. Africa, 
 about 85 m. WNW^ Mombasa, with a natural rock reservoir of 
 water at the top. Alt. 3400 ft. 
 
 Mauiiyane Point, cape, Portuguese E. Africa, at the entrance 
 •of Pomba Bay, in 12° 58' S. 
 
 Maapertnis, bay, on the SW. of Kangaroo I. , S. Australia. 
 Hanphoo, stronghold, China. See Mafn. 
 Man Ranlpnr (census), tn., India. See Mau. 
 ManrduM'&n (census Maurawau), tn. , Brit. India, Oudh, 
 
 dist. Unao, 30 m. S. by W. Lucknow ; noted for its jewellery 
 and carpentry work. P. 7500 ; Hindus, 5700 ; Moham. 1800. 
 
 Maurelllas, vil., France, dep. Pyr^n^es-Orientales, arr. and 
 3 m. E. C^ret ; 5 m. on the NE. are the baths of Boulou. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Maurelle, or San Francisco, isls., Pacific, in the E. of 
 Anson Archipelago, in about 19^° N., 179° E. 
 
 IManrepag, Lake, U.S., Louisiana, in the SE. , W. of Lake 
 Pontchartrain, 27 m. WNW. New Orleans. 
 
 Manres, mts. , France. See Var, dep. 
 
 Maurlac, tn. , France, dep. Cantal, cap. arr. M. , 53 m. SW. 
 Clermont-Ferrand, 21 m. N. by W. Aurillac, with coal, anti- 
 mony, and argentiferous lead. Alt. 2290 ft. P. <30oo. 
 
 Maurlcetown, vil, U.S., New Jersey, Cumberland co. , 44 
 m. S. by E. Philadelphia (Penn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Mauricevllle, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., co. Wai- 
 rarapa N., 60 m. NE. Wellington. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Manrik, vil., Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, 6 m. N. Tiel, 
 on 1. bk. of the Lek. P. (of comm.)<40oo. 
 
 ManriUon (mavrilo), tn. , Greece, prov. Phthiotis and Phocis, 
 37 m. N. by E. Lepanto, in the upper valley of the Sperk- 
 heios, at the base of Mount Tymphrestos. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Mauritius, long known also as the Isle of France, island 
 colony of Great Britain, about two and a half times the size of 
 Anglesey, in the Indian Ocean, 600 m. E. of Madagascar, and 
 1500 m. E. of the coast of Africa, on the same parallel as Sofala 
 Bay, 11,000 m. from England, and 2300 m. from Cape Town, lat. 
 20'' 10' S. , long. 57° 35' E. Coasts abrupt, surrounded by reefs; 
 interior mountainous, and thickly wooded ; highest peak, Piton 
 de la Riviere Noire, 2711 ft., nearly equalled in height by Pieter 
 Both and the Pouce. Streams numerous, flowing in deep 
 ravines, occasionally forming fine cascades ; none navigable 
 more than a few hundred yards from the sea. Climate formerly 
 reputed healthy ; but in 1866-68 the lowlands round the coast 
 were visited by severe epidemics of malarial fever, and since 
 then malarial fever has been endemic everywhere below 500 or 
 600 ft. , and in some places at a higher elevation. The island 
 is situated in the hurricane region of the Indian Ocean, and is 
 subjected to devastating storms. The hurricane season lasts 
 from December to the second week in April. The terrific 
 hurricane of 29th April 1892, which wrought tremendous dam- 
 age in Port Louis, was the latest on record as regards the time 
 of year of its occurrence. Soil rich in the valleys, producing 
 wheat, maize, yams, and manioc, but principally sugar, which 
 was introduced under the French governor Mahe de Labour- 
 donnais (1735-46), and now yields 90 per cent, of the value of 
 the exports. Among other exports, in order of value, are rum, 
 aloe fibre, coco-nut oil, and vanilla. Total annual value of 
 exports, ;^i,5oo,ooo-;^2,5oo,ooo. Principal imports, rice and 
 other grain, coal, cotton and other manufactures, including 
 machinery. Experiments are being made with tea-cultivation. 
 Most of the labouring population are Indian coolies or of Indian 
 origin. The government, which extends over Rodrigues, the 
 Amirantes group, the Seychelles, the St. Brandon or Cargados 
 group, the Cosmoledo Is., the Chagos Is., and the Eagle Is., 
 \is vested in a governor, an executive council of five officials, and 
 a legislative council of twenty-seven members, of whom eight ex 
 officio, nine nominated by the governor, and ten elected. The 
 island is subdivided into nine districts, cap. Port Louis (NW. 
 coast), which is connected by rail by way of Curepipe {q.v.) 
 with Souillac, on the S. coast, and Mahebourg on the SE. coast, 
 and by a northerly route with Grand River (Grande Riviere) on 
 the E. coast, as well as with the interior. Since Nov. 25, 
 1893, 'h^ island has been connected by cable with Europe by 
 the Seychelles, Zanzibar, and Aden. French is spoken all over 
 the island, but English is used in the courts of justice. Accounts 
 are kept in rupees and cents of a rupee. The metric system of 
 weights and measures came into force on ist May 1878. The 
 island was discovered by the Portuguese early in the 16th century, 
 apparently by Diego Fernandez Pereira in Feb. 1607, and being 
 identified with the Cerne of Pliny, was at first called Ilha do 
 Cerne, afterwards Diego Rodrigos. It received its present 
 name in honour of Prince Maurice when it was taken possession 
 of in 1598 by the Dutch, who in 1638 made their first settlement 
 here and founded a fort. Abandoned by the Dutch in 1710, it 
 was taken possession of by the French (whence its name of Isle 
 of France) ; captured by the British in 1810, and its possession 
 ratified to them by the treaty of Paris, 1814. It is the scene of 
 Bernardin St. Pierre's tale oi Paul and Virginia. There is com- 
 munication monthly between the island and Ceylon. Length, 
 39 m.; breadth, 28 m.; area, 708 sq. m. Mean temp. (Port 
 Louis), yr. 74.2° F., Jan. 79.0'^, July 68.9°; (Beau S6jour, alt. 
 970 ft.), yr. 72.1° F., Jan. 76.3°, July 67.2°. P. (1837, estimate) 
 134,000; (1881) 360,000; (1891) 370,600 (= 523 to the sq. m.), 
 of whom 114,700 were general (including Europeans, Creoles, 
 and Chinese), 156,000 Indo-Mauritian, and 99,300 other 
 Indians. 
 
 Mauropotanios, or Mavropotamo, a name of the KepbJs- 
 SOS, now disused. 
 
 Mauros (pronounced mavro), Greek, ' black.' 
 
 979 
 
M A U R 
 
 M A Y E 
 
 Manrs, tn. , France, dep. Cantal, arr. Aurillac, 55 m. N. 
 Albi, II m. NE. Figeac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Maursmiinster, tn. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, circle Saverne, 
 17 m. WNW. Strassburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Manrua, isl. , Pacific. See Tuauae. 
 
 Blanrwl, dist. , E. Africa, NW. Zanzibar. The inhabitants, 
 called, according to Dr. Fisher, Waluvu, are closely related to 
 the Wasegwas tribe. 
 
 Maury,vil., France, dep. Pyr^ntes-Orientales, arr. Perpignan, 
 4 m. E. St. Paul-de-Fenouillet ; NE. are the ruins of the castle 
 of Qu6ribus, one of the last refuges of the Albigenses. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Maury, co. , U.S., in the middle of Tennessee, S. of 36° N. , 
 crossed by 87° W. 
 
 Mausolenm, another name of Byron I.,BismarckArchipelago. 
 
 Slanstoii, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Juneau co., 96 m. NNE. 
 Dubuque (Iowa). P. < 1500. 
 
 Maiitby, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, E. div. , 4^ m. NW. Yarmouth, 
 2 m. SW. Great Ormesbystn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Mantern, tn. , Lower Austria, on the r. bk. of the Danube, 
 38 m. W. by N. Vienna. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mauth, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 16 m. E. by N. Pilsen. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Manthen, vil. , Austria, Carinthia, 64 m. W. Klagenfurt, in 
 the Gail-thai. P. <20oo. 
 
 JManvalses Terres { ' Bad Lands ' ) , originally Mauvaises Terres 
 four traverser, a name given by the French to a district on the 
 Little Missouri, now in the SW. of the state of N. Dakota, U.S. , 
 on account of the difficulty of travelling through the region, 
 which measures about 50 by 30 m. , and is studded with thousands 
 of fantastically shaped rocks and hills, enclosing, however, 
 sheltered grassy glens. The dist. is now traversed by the 
 Northern Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Slauzi^, tn., France, on the SW. border of dep. Deux-S6vres, 
 arr. and 14 m. SW. Niort, at the head of navigation on the 
 Mignon. P. < 2000. 
 
 MAvallkara, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, Travancore state, 25 m. 
 N. Quilon, with a fort about 2 m. in circumference. 
 
 Maverick, co. , U.S., Texas, in the SW., bounded on the 
 SW. by the Rio Grande, W. of 100° W. 
 
 Mavesyn Rldvvare, par., Eng., Staffordshire, on the Trent 
 and Grand Trunk Canal, 3 m. SE. Rugeley. P. <5co. 
 
 Mavla, or Mabllia, region, Portuguese E. Africa, on the 
 E. ct. , between ii° and 12° S. 
 
 Mavis Enderby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 
 13^ m. S. by E. Louth, 2| m. W. by N. Spilsby stn. P. <25o. 
 See Kalthby. 
 
 Mavora, North and South, two picturesque lakes. New 
 Zealand, South L 
 
 Mavrllo, Greece. See Maurlllon. 
 
 il/rtz/TO, Greek, 'black.' S&e. Alauros. 
 
 Havropotanio. See Mauropotamos. 
 
 Mavunibu, or Balumbn, tribe, scattered over the French 
 coast of W. Africa, particularly in Loango. 
 
 MawAl, tn. , India, Oudh, dist. Unao, 15 m. SE. Piirwi. 
 P. (i88i)<sooo. 
 
 Ma-wtlna, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 14 m. NE. 
 by E. Meerut. P. 8200 ; Moham. 4100 ; Hindus, 4000. 
 
 Ma^vbray, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from AUonby, Cumberland. 
 
 Mawcarr StelU, reef of rocks, Scot. , on the N. ct. of Ber- 
 wickshire, in 2° 11' W., about 2 m. W. St. Abb's Head. 
 
 Mawcarse Junction, stn., Scot., on the NE. border of 
 Kinross-shire, on the N. B. R., 3 m. NE. Kinross. 
 
 Ma-wddach, small riv., Wales, Merionethshire, flows SW. 
 past Dolgelly into the head of Barmouth Bay. 
 
 Mawde>>ley, par., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., 9 m. 
 NW. Wigan, i m. E. Rufford stn., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Mawenzl, mt. peak. See Klllma-njaro. 
 
 Ma-wgan, or Mavrgan In Pyder, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. 
 Austell div., 12J ra. W. Bodmin, P.O.; 5525 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Ma-n-gan In Meneage (men-ig'), par., Eng., Cornwall, Truro 
 div. , on the Helford, 7^ m. SW. Falmouth, 3^ m. ESE. Helston, 
 P.O. (Mawgan); 5453 ac. P. 750; eccles. "par. (Mawgau In 
 Meneage with St. Martin In Meneage) P. < 1500. 
 
 Mavrnan, par., Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., on the S. ct., 
 3i m. S. by W. Falmouth, P.O. (M. Smith). P.<;5oo. 
 
 Mawo, tn. , central Africa. See Mao. 
 
 Mawr, by mutation /awr, Welsh, 'great.' 
 
 Mawr, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, ^\ m. N. Swansea; 
 9217 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mawsley, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, Brixworth union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Max, Lake, Canada, Keewatin, in about 54° 28' N. , 96° 15' W. , 
 communicating with Franklin R. 
 
 Maxataivny, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Berks co. , 18 m. NE. 
 Reading. P. <isoo. 
 
 Maxcann, tn. , Mexico, Yucatan, 30 m. SW. by W. M^rida. 
 The grotto of M. is considered sacred. P. 6100. 
 
 Maxdorf, vil., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Gablonz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Maxey, par., Eng., N. div, of Northamptonshire, on the 
 980 
 
 Welland, 6J m. E. Stamford, 2| m. E. Tallington stn., P.O. 
 P. 500; eccles. par. (M. vflth Deeping Gate) P. <750. 
 
 Maxongos Hoek, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Tembu-land, 
 90 m. SE. by E. Aliwal North. 
 
 Maxstoke, par., Eng., Warwickshire, on riv. Blythe, 2i m. 
 SE. Coleshill. P.-<2So. 
 
 Maxton, P.O., Eng., i m. from Dover, Kent. 
 
 Maxton, par., Scot., Roxburghshire, on the r. bk. of the 
 Tweed, and on the N. B. R. , 5 m. SE. by E. Melrose ; 4422 ac. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Maxwell, eccles. par. , Scot. , Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire, 
 in Glasgow city. P. 14,100. 
 
 Maxwell Bay, in Barrow Strait, Arctic Regions. 
 
 Maxwell Park, stn. , Scot. , near W. Pollokshields, on C. R. 
 
 Maxwell Town, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., Waitotara 
 CO., 65 m. SE. by S. New Plymouth, 14 m. WNW. Wanganui. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Maxwelltown, tn. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, on the r. bk. 
 of the Nith, opposite Dumfries, on the G. & SW. R. , included 
 in pari, burgh of Dumfries. P. <5oo. 
 
 May, Cape, U.S., the southernmost point of New Jersey, at 
 the entrance to Delaware Bay. 
 
 May, l8le of, isl., Scot., in the Firth of Forth, 6 m. ESE. 
 Fife Ness ; i m. in length, and formed of greenstone, having a 
 ruined priory. A lighthouse, in 56° 11' N. , 2° 33^' W. , is visible 
 21 m. 
 
 Maya, riv. , Russia, E. Siberia, prov. Yakutsk, r. bk. trib. of 
 Aldan, flows nearly 700 m. through an alpine region, then in a 
 high valley partly mhabited ; joins Aldan in 60° 25' N. 
 
 Mayadala, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. (sanjak) and 35 m. 
 NW. by N. Salonica, to the W. of the Vardar. 
 
 Mayadlni, or Meyadln, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet Aleppo, 
 sanjak and 34 m. SSE. De'ir, on the r. bk. of the Euphrates. 
 Ruins of the castle Rahaba above the town are believed to be 
 the Rehoboth of the Bible. P. 5000. 
 
 Mayafarkein, or Farkeln, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet, 
 sanjak, and 35 m. ENE. Diarbekir ; the Martyropolis of the 
 Byzantines, with ruins of a fifth-century monument erected to 
 several thousand Christians massacred by Sapor of Persia. 
 
 Mayaguana, one of the Bahamas, crossed in the W. by 
 73° W., and just N. of 23" N. Length, NNW. to SSE., about 
 31 m. Also called Marlguana. 
 
 Mayaguez, seapt., on the isl. of Porto Rico, W. ct., 72 m. 
 WSW. San Juan ; lighthouse. P. (1887) 27,900. 
 
 Mnyakl, tn., Russia, govt. Kherson, 23 m. W. Odessa, on 
 1. bk. Dniester ; chief port of this river for arrival of goods for 
 Odessa. P. < 5000. 
 
 MAyanl, tn. , India. See Malnl. 
 
 Mayapan, ancient cap. of the Mayas, Mexico, Yucatan, about 
 25 m. S. M6rida ; the ruins cover a wide plain. 
 
 MAyapur, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Twenty-four Par- 
 ganas, in 22° 26' N., 88° 11' E., with a powder magazine 
 at which all ships passing up the river Huglf are compelled to 
 land any gunpowder. 
 
 Mayaro Point, cape, W. Indies, on E. ct. of Trinidad, in 
 10° 20' N. 
 
 Mayas, Indians of Central America, occupying the region 
 from the isthmus of Tehuantepec to the W. of Honduras and 
 Salvador ; formerly highly civilised ; monuments of this period 
 found at Copan, Quirigua, Tikal, Menche, Palenque, and 
 Chichenitza. They still speak a distinct language, and are 
 characterised by superior intelligence to that of the surrounding 
 tribes. 
 
 Miiyavaram, tn. and municip., Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 Tanjore, 28 m. NNW. Negapatam ; the municip. includes the 
 town of Korndd on the W. P. (1891) 23,800 ; Hindus, 22,400. 
 
 Maybole, par., Scot., S. Ayrshire, 8 m. S. by W. Ayr, on the 
 G. & SW. R. ; carries on boot and shoe making, and the manu- 
 facture of agricultural implements. Here is an old castle, for- 
 merly the residence of the Cassillis or Ailsa family, and 2 m. 
 from the town are the ruins of Crossraguel Abbey, founded 
 about 1240 by Duncan, first Earl of Carrick (name probably 
 derived from Crux regalis, referring to a cross of St. Oswald, 
 king of Northumbria). Market-day, Th. Par. 21,993 ac, P. 
 7600 ; tn. P. 5500 ; eccles. par. (M. West Church) P. <35oo. 
 
 Mayebashl, tn. , j[apan. See Maebashl. 
 
 Mayel-balevel, riv. , Africa. See Mahel-balevel. 
 
 Mayen, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , cap. M. circle, 16 m. W. 
 by S. Koblenz. P. 9400. 
 
 Mayence, tn. , Ger. See Mainz. 
 
 Mayenfeld, tn. , Switzd. See Maleufeld. 
 
 Mayenne, dep., W. France, traversed mainly N. to S. by 
 the Mayenne, formed in 1790 out of parts of Maine and Anjou 
 (about four-fifths from the former), divided into three arrs.: 
 Laval (cap.). Chateau -Gontier, and Mayenne. Numerous 
 ranges of hills (mean alt. 260-330 ft.), with intervening fertile 
 valleys extending in every direction. In the S. is a series of 
 plateaux descending by gentle slopes to the plain ; northward 
 the elevation increases, and the hills rise more abruptly. 
 Highest point in the dep. , and in the whole NW. of France, 
 
MAYE^MAZA 
 
 Mont des Avaloirs (1370 ft.), on the frontier of Orne. 
 Primary rocks predominate. The dep. belongs chiefly to the 
 basin of the Loire by the Mayenne and Sarthe ; the NW. is 
 drained by small affluents of the Vilaine and the Sdune. About 
 one-third of the dep. is under wood ; principal forests, E. , 
 Monaye, Multonne, Pail, Sill6 ; W. , Mayenne, Concise, &c. 
 Climate mild and humid. Cereals are cultivated in all parts, 
 the principal are wheat and barley ; apples for cider are ex- 
 tensively grown. Coal is worked to a limited extent in the W. 
 (Pierre-la-Cour) ; there are quarries of marble, building stone, 
 and slate. Manufactures are of little importance. Area, 1987 
 sq. m. P. (1891) 332,400. See France, table. 
 
 .Ilayeniie, riv. , France, rises in the W. part of dep. Orne, 
 flows S. through deps. M. and Maine-et-Loire, and joins the 
 Loiret on the right near Angers. Length 120-125 m., for 78 
 of which it is navigable (from Brives) with the help of 48 locks. 
 Mayenne, tn. , France, dep. M. , near head of navigation on 
 the M., cap. arr. M., 18 m. NNE. Laval, divided by the river 
 into two parts, the finer being on the r. bk. Important manu- 
 factures of linen cloth. In the Middle Ages defended by a fort, 
 one of the chief strongholds of Maine, taken in 1064 by William 
 of Normandy, in 1424 by the English under the Earl of Salis- 
 bury. Gave the title of duke to two members of the family of 
 Guise (1573-1621). P. 10,400. 
 Jlayere, one of the Grenadines, Brit. W. Indies. 
 Mayer8ville, vil., U.S., Mississippi, Issaquena co., on the 
 Mississippi, 39 m. N. by W. Vicksburg. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 May fair, eccles. par. , Eng. , London, in the pars, of St. George 
 and Hanover Square. P. 5100. 
 
 Mayfleld, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 12^ m. SE. by 
 E. Leek, i m. W. Clifton stn., PMT.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mayfleld, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 7^ m. S. Tunbridge 
 Wells, I m. E. of its stn. on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O.; 
 13,668 ac. P. <35oo. 
 Dlayfleld, eccles. par., Scot., Edinburgh. P. < 5000. 
 Mayfleld, city, U.S., Kentucky, Graves co., 115 m. WNW. 
 Nashville (Tenn.). P. < 3000. 
 
 MayHeld Park, P.O., Eng., i m. from Fishponds, Glou- 
 cestershire. 
 Mayford, PMT.O., Eng., Surrey, i^ m. SW. Woking. 
 Mayglass, par.. Ire., SE. co. Wexford, bar. Forth, 6| m. S. 
 by W. Wexford. P. <:75o. 
 May Hill, stn., Eng. See Monnionth. 
 Maylilanng, tn. , Siam. See Meklong. 
 Mayland, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 6 m. SE. Maldon, i^ 
 m. NE. Althorne stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Maynard, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., on Assa- 
 bet R., 20 m. W. by N. Boston. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Mayne, isl. , Brit. Columbia, in the Strait of Georgia, to the 
 S. of Galiano I., in 48° 50' N. 
 
 Mayne, prov., in the SE. of Brit. N. Borneo, surrounding 
 Darvel Bay. 
 
 Mayne, par.. Ire., co. and 5 m. NW. Kilkenny, bar. Fassa- 
 dinin. P. <:25o. 
 
 Mayne, par., Ire., SE. co. Louth, bar. Ferrard, 6^ m. NNE. 
 Drogheda. P. <25o. 
 
 Mayne, par.. Ire., NW. co. Westmeath, bar. Fore, 11^ m. 
 N. by W. Mullingar; 6521 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Maynooth, vil., Canada, Ontario, Hastings co., 96 m. NW. 
 Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Maynootb, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Kildare, bar. North Salt, 15 m. 
 W. Dublin, on the Royal Canal and the Midland Great Western 
 Rly. It has a Roman Catholic church and convent, and the royal 
 college of St. Patrick, founded in 1795, the principal educational 
 establishment for the clergy of the Roman CathoUc Church in 
 Ireland. It accommodates about 620 students, 350 of whom 
 are maintained free. Alt. 200 ft. PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 Mayo, Cape Verde Is. See Malo. 
 
 Mayo, Bomokandl, or Noniayo, riv. , central Africa, 1. bk. 
 trib. of the Welle, which it enters in about 4° N. , 26° E. 
 Mayo, riv. , Colombia, state Cauca, 1. bk. trib. of the Patia. 
 Mayo, maritime co. , Ire., prov. Connaught, having N. and 
 ^y. the Atlantic, S. Galway, and E. Sligo and Roscommon ; 
 divided as shown in the following table : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 P. 1891. 
 
 Burrishoole 
 
 145.172 
 
 18,591 
 
 Carra .... 
 
 
 134.207 
 
 25,884 
 
 Clanmorris . 
 
 
 69,252 
 
 15.836 
 
 Costello 
 
 
 143.875 
 
 42,826 
 
 Erris . . . . ■ 
 
 
 230.453 
 
 16,504 
 
 Gallen 
 
 
 119.154 
 
 34.755 
 
 Kilmaine . ■ . 
 
 
 95,284 
 
 18,327 
 
 Murrisk 
 
 
 133,910 
 
 15.144 
 
 Tirawley 
 
 
 246,823 
 
 31.167 
 
 Total, Mayo 
 
 
 1,318,1301 
 
 219,034 
 
 1 Exclusive of 42,601 ac. under the larger rivers, lakes, and tideways. 
 
 The part of the county E. of the lakes, as well as that in the N. 
 lying immediately to the W. of Killala Bay, belonging mainly 
 to the Carboniferous Limestone, is fairly level and productive ; 
 but in the flat country bordering on Loughs Mask and Carra there 
 are many miles of ground so rocky as to seem at a distance like an 
 immense sheet of white stone. S. of Killala Bay a band of bleak 
 and barren mountain-land, about 7 m. broad, stretches from the 
 Ox Mts. of Sligo W. to the shores of Erris. Almost the whole 
 of the western part of the county, including the picturesque 
 island of Achill, consisting mainly of crystalline rocks of Silurian 
 age, is an immense mass of mountain and bog very difficult of 
 access (highest peaks — Muilrea, 2688 ft.; Nephin, 2646 ft.; 
 Croagh Patrick, 2370 ft.), and contains some of the most 
 severely 'congested' dists. in Ireland {^.v.). Lakes — Corrib, 
 Mask, Conn, and Carra. Rivers — Moy, Gwishenden, Ailie, 
 Owenmore, &c. The soil is mainly limestone, with much iron 
 ore in some parts, and excellent slate ; also coal (at Stralaghy) 
 and marble. The industries are cattle-rearing, agriculture (see 
 Appendix, pp. 10-12), and fisheries ; some linen manufacture. 
 Chief towns, Ballina, Westport, Castlebar, and Ballinrobe ; no 
 others with more than 2000 inhabitants. There are remains of 
 many ancient monasteries, and four round towers. The Midland 
 Great Western Rly. runs from E. to W. through the southern 
 half of the county to Westport and Newport, and is joined at 
 Claremorris by the northern continuation of the Waterford and 
 Limerick Rly. M. returns four M.P. 's, one for each county 
 div. P. (1891) 219,034. See Ireland, table. 
 
 Mayo, par., Ire., S. co. Mayo, bars. Clanmorris and Kilmaine, 
 10 m. SE. Castlebar, P.O.; 11,848 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mayo, riv., Mexico, state Sonora, flows SW. into the Gulf of 
 California, 65 m. SE. Guaymas. It gives its name to a tribe of 
 Indians inhabiting its lower valley. Length, 250 m. 
 
 Mayo, Plains of, dist. , Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Clanmorris, to 
 the SE. of Castlebar. 
 
 Mayo Bridge, PM.O., Ire., SW. co. Down, bar. Upper 
 Iveagh, Upper Half (2), 4 m. E. Newry. 
 
 Mayogall, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Maghera, co. Londonderry, 
 3 m. from Knockloughrim stn. 
 
 Mayo-K.al»n, or Mayo-Komba, riv. , W. Africa. See <iirande. 
 
 Mayo Kebl, riv. , western Sudan. See Hebbl. 
 
 Mayo Mines, India. See Khenra. 
 
 Mayon, superbly symmetrical volcano, Philippine Is., in the 
 penin. of Camarines, SE. of Luzon I. Disastrous eruption in 
 1766 or 1767, others in 1827-28, 1834, 1835, 1845, 1846, and 
 other years. Alt. about 8000 ft. 
 
 Mayor (Maori Tnlina, 'obsidian'), small isl. off the North 
 I. of New Zealand, in the Bay of Plenty, 85 m. ESE. Auckland; 
 of volcanic origin ; formed of basalt and obsidian. 
 
 Mayorga de Campos, tn. , Spain, prov. and 47 m. NW. 
 Valladolid. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mayotta, one of the Comoro Is., that situated nearest to 
 Madagascar. 
 
 May Point, cape, Newfoundland, on the S. ct. , at the end of 
 Burin Penin. , in 55° 57' W. 
 
 Mayport, vil., U.S., Florida, Duval co. , at the mouth of St. 
 John's R. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Maypn, riv. , Chile. See Malpu. 
 
 Maypnres. See Malpnres and Orinoco. 
 
 Mayrl Pass, strait. New Guinea. See Snan. 
 
 Mayro, river-port, Peru. See Pacliltea, riv. 
 
 May's Corner, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Rathfriland, co. Down. 
 
 Mays Landing, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Atlantic co., on 
 Great Egg Harbour R., 39 m. SE. by S. Philadelphia (Penn.). 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Maysl, cape, Cuba. See Malsl. 
 
 Maysvllle, vil., U.S., Colorado, Chaffee co. , 105 m. SW. 
 Denver, and 50 m. S. by E. Leadville. P. < 1500. 
 
 MaysTllle, city, U.S., Kentucky, Mason co. , on a bend on 
 the 1. bk. of the Ohio, backed by a range of hills, 50 m. SE. by 
 E. Cincinnati (Ohio). P. 5400. 
 
 May town, or Reeftown, post-tn. and port, Queensland, 
 Cape York Peninsula co. , 70 m. WSW. Cooktown, on Palmer 
 R.; centre of a gold-mining dist. (quartz reefs). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Maytown, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co. , on 1. bk. 
 of the Susquehanna R. , 21 m. SE. by E. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Maynmba Bay, small bay and port, in French Congo Terr. , 
 W. Africa, in 3° 20' S. 
 
 MayvUle, vil., U.S., New York, Chautauqua co. , 53 m. SW. 
 by S. Buffalo, at the head of Chautauqua Lake. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mayvllle, city, U.S., N. Dakota, Traill co., 50 m. NW. by 
 N. Fargo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mayvllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. Lackawanna. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 MayTllle, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Dodge co., 47 m. NW, 
 Milwaukee, with valuable mines of iron, which is here smelted. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Maywowl, vil., U.S., Illinois, Cook co. , on Des Plaines R., 
 10 m. W. Chicago by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mazaft-an, riv., Algeria, prov. Algiers, enters the Mediter- 
 ranean 15 m. W. Algiers. 
 
 981 
 
M AZ A 
 
 MEAD 
 
 Mazagan-el-BrlJa, or Mazagan-el-Jedlda, seapt. , W. ct. 
 Morocco, in about 33° 16' N. , 125 m. NNW. Morocco. It owes 
 its commercial importance (which is of recent growth) to the 
 fertility of the neighbouring country. Exports cereals, especially 
 haricot beans ; trades largely with the Canaries. Not unhealthy, 
 but ophthalmia is prevalent. 
 
 Mazagaoii, a suburb of Bombay, on the E. side of Bombay 
 I., Brit. India. 
 
 Mazalqiiiver, tn. , Algeria. See Mers-el-Kel>lr. 
 Mazaniet, tn., formerly fortified, France, dep. Tarn, on the 
 Thore, arr. and 11 m. SE. Castres ; one of the strongholds of 
 Protestantism in Languedoc, and one of the most prosperous 
 manufacturing towns of the S. Manufactures woollen goods by 
 hydraulic apparatus ; has metallurgic mines, dyeworks, and 
 tanneries. P. 10,400. 
 
 Mazanderaii, prov. , N. Persia, on the SE. of the Caspian 
 Sea, mostly between 36^ and 37° N. , 50° and 54° E. The lofty 
 and wooded range of the Elburz bounds it southward, elsewhere 
 the country is flat, swampy, and fertile, producing cotton, 
 fruits, and rice. Silk is an important product, and, with rice 
 and cotton, is exchanged to Russian traders for woven fabrics, 
 tobacco, and cutlery. Principal towns. Sari, Barfrush, Faraha- 
 bad, and Amol. Climate highly malarious. Estimated area, 
 10,460 sq. m. P. 300,000. 
 Mazangaye, tn. , Madagascar. See Mojaiiga. 
 Mazar, vil. , Persia, on the Caspian Sea, 62 m. NE. Kazvin. 
 Mazar, vil.. Eastern Turkistan, dist. and 37 m. E. Turfan, 
 in 43° 4' N., 89° 58' E. ; as a place of pilgrimage venerated 
 equally with Mecca by the inhabitants of Eastern Turkistan. 
 
 Mazarlcos, comm. , Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Muros, 15 m. 
 E. by N. Finisterre. P. 5900. 
 
 Mazar-i-Sherlf, tn., northern Afghanistan, n m. ESE. 
 Balkh, with the fortress of Takht-i-pul 2^ m. W. 
 
 IMazaro, tn. , S. Africa, on the 1. bk. of the Zambezi, at the 
 point where the Mutu formerly diverged to the Kilimane R. , in 
 18° 3i' S. 
 
 Blazarr^ii, tn., Spain, Murcia, 18 m. W. Cartagena, 3 m. 
 from an open bay which serves as its port ; lead mines. P. 
 (comm.) 16,500. 
 
 Mazarnni, riv. , Brit. Guiana, 1. bk. trib. of the Essequibo, 
 forming for 50 m. the boundary between British and Dutch 
 Guiana. Except on the frontier, its course is tortuous. Length, 
 370 m. 
 
 Mazatenango, tn.. Central America, Guatemala, 68 m. W. 
 Guatemala. P. 6200. 
 
 Mazatlan (Aztec, 'place of the stag'), seapt. tn., Mexico, 
 Sinaloa, on the W. ct. , 100 m. SW. by W. Dur^ngo, in 23° 10' 
 N. A centre of distribution (supplying almost all the towns and 
 mining camps in the state of Sinaloa), and the most frequented 
 port on this coast ; has an extensive trade, but is subject in 
 summer to violent hurricanes. The harbour is shallow ; only 
 coasters and other small vessels can anchor inside the bar, 
 which has 12 ft. at high, 10 ft. at low tide ; large vessels anchor 
 1-2 m. from the pier. Principal exports, gold, silver coin and 
 bullion, silver ores, ox-hides, and dyewoods, almost all to the 
 United States. It has steam communication with San Francisco. 
 Lighthouse in 23° 11' N., 106° 23' W. , visible 20 m. Climate 
 from beginning of November to the middle of May, healthy 
 and agreeable ; rest of the year very hot, with constant heavy 
 rainstorms. Rainy season most unhealthy. Mean temp. (6yrs., 
 1880-85), yr- 73-7° F-. Feb. 65.3°, July 80.5°; rfall. (7 yrs.), 
 37 in. P. about 15,000. 
 
 Mazaztma, bay, E. Africa. See Fernilo Veloso. 
 Maze, tnld.. Ire., S. co. Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, Upper 
 Half, 3 m. W. by S. Lisburn, on riv. Lagan, P.O. P. <:750. 
 
 Maze Hill and Greenwich Park, stn., Eng., 4^ m. SE. 
 London Bridge, on the SE. R. See Green-wlch. 
 
 Mazeppa, bay, on the SE. ct. of Africa, Kaffraria, SW. of 
 the mouth of the Quora. 
 
 Mazer, oasis, Algeria, on the W. side of the Wad Rhir, 195 m. 
 S. by W. Constantine, with three artesian wells, besides natural 
 sources of supply. 
 
 Maz^res, tn. , France, dep. Ari^ge, 27 m. SSE. Toulouse, arr. 
 and 10 m. NNE. Pamiers. P. <30oo. 
 
 Mazlmbwa, bay, Portuguese E. Africa, in 11° 12' S. 
 Hazo, comm., Canary Is., dist. Santa Cruz de la Palma. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Mazo'e, riv., S. Africa, flows ENE. from Mashona-land into 
 the Ruenya, which it joins on the r. bk. 25 m. above the con- 
 fluence of the latter river with the Zambezi. 
 
 Mazokama, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 912 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Mazonianle, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Dane co., 92 m. W. by 
 N. Milwaukee, and 18 m. WNW. Madison. P. <r5oo. 
 
 Maznna, tn. , Algeria, prov. Oran, 25 m. WSW. Orleansville, 
 on the S. of the Dahra, on a r. bk. trib. of the Shelif. P. <20oo. 
 Mazy, comm., Belgium, prov. Namur, on the Orneau, 4^ m. 
 E. Ligny. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mazzara del Valle, maritime tn., on the W. ct. of Sicily, 
 prov. Trapani, 13 m. SE. by S. Marsalo ; has a citadel, and is 
 982 
 
 enclosed by walls, both dating from the nth century. Sulphur 
 .spring. P. 13,500. 
 
 Mazzarelle, vil., on the S. ct. of Sicily, prov. and 44 m. 
 WSW. Syracuse. 
 
 Mazzarliio, tn., Sicily, prov. and 16 m. SE. by S. Caltanis- 
 setta. P. 13,200. 
 
 Mbala, vil., Ger. W. Africa, Kamerun terr., on the coast, 
 in 3° 3' N. 
 
 Mbaniba, tn. , Ger. E. Africa, 142 m. W. by S. Dar-es-Salaam. 
 Mbaiiga, seat of a Negro chief, in equatorial E. Africa. 
 Mbanga Kanua, vil. , Congo Free State, in 2° 34' N. , 27° 32' E. 
 Mbaugn, tn., Portuguese W. Africa, 120 m. E. by S. Vili. 
 Mbaiigwe, Bangwe, or Bangwlus, tribe, French W. Africa, 
 S. of Lope. 
 
 Mbaracayu, or Maracajn, range of hills, S. America, stretch- 
 ing W. from the Parani, near the parallel of 24° S. , on the 
 frontier of Paraguay and Brazil. 
 
 Mbe, a thickly-peopled fertile area, Brit. E. Africa, NE. of 
 Mount Kenia, inhabited by a peaceful agricultural people. 
 
 Mbekelweni, or King's Kraal, cap. Swazi-land, S. Africa, 
 75 m. SW. by S. Louren90 Marquez. 
 
 Mbenga, or Borno, vil. , Ger. W. Africa, N. of the mouth 
 of the Edea, in 3° 40' N. 
 
 Mbenge, tn., western Sudan, in about 10° 15' N. , 4° 50' W. 
 Mbewe, vil., Nyassa-land, 1. bk. Shire, 30 m. S. Blantyre. 
 MblJem, vil., French Senegambia, 87 m. SSW. St. Louis, 
 near the coast ; military post and telegraph office. 
 
 Mboamaji, ct. tn. , Ger. E. Africa, 9 m. ESE. Dar-es-Salaam, 
 in 6° 52' S. 
 
 Mbocayaty, vil., Paraguay, 78 m. ESE. Asuncion, 9 m. N. 
 Villa Rica. 
 
 Mboko-Songlio, tn., W. Africa, French Congo Terr., 80 m. 
 N. by E. Vivi. 
 M'Boma, Congo Free State. See Bonia. 
 Mbonin, riv., central Africa, flows SW. into the Ubangi, 
 which it enters at Yakoma, in 4° 6' N., 22° 40' E. ; navigation 
 interrupted by falls and rapids near its mouth. 
 
 M'bongo, Bongo, or Olongo, names given to the negritoes, 
 or pigmies, of the Ogowe region, W. Africa, discovered by Du 
 Chaillu in 1858. 
 Mbossl, native name of the Alima [q.v. ) R. , equatorial Africa. 
 Mbo§8l, post, Africa. See Ponibo. 
 
 Mbna, or Bua, place with meteorological stn., at W. end of 
 Vanua Levu, Fiji Is. Alt. 700 ft. Mean rfall. (5 yrs.), 93.6 in. 
 Mbula, riv. , Africa. See Lolka. 
 
 Mbnla, or Bnln, name given to the pigmies or negritoes of 
 Gabun, W. Africa. 
 
 Mbnln, riv., central Sudan, flowing NE. into the S. of Lake 
 Chad. 
 
 Mbnml, vil. , Ger. E. Africa, on the delta of the Rufiji, 74 
 m. S. Dar-es-Salaam. 
 Mbnngn, vil. , at the head of Lake Nyassa, Ger. E. Africa. 
 Mbnra, Mbnru, or Llndl, riv., in the E. of the Congo Free 
 State, entering the r. bk. of the Congo, in about 0° 30' N. 
 Mbnrnma, Brit. S. Africa. See Bornma. 
 Mbuyapel, vil., Paraguay, 80 m. SE. Asuncion. 
 Mbnziul, stn. , Ger. E. Africa, 60 m. WNW. Bagamoyo. 
 Mbvreni, vil. , on the W. side of the isl. of Zanzibar, a little 
 to the S. of the town of Zanzibar. 
 
 Mdabnrn, vil, Ger. E. .Africa, in 6° 15' S., 34° 45' E. Alt. 
 3905 ft. 
 
 Mdndu, vil. , on the E. ct. of the isl. of Zanzibar, in 6° 5' S. 
 Meade, co. , U.S., Kansas, on the S. frontier, W. of the 
 meridian 100". 
 
 Meade, co. , U.S., Kentucky, on the Ohio, crossed by 86° W. 
 Meade, co., U.S., S. Dakota, between 44° and 45° N. , crossed 
 in middle by 103° W., bounded E. by the S. fork of Cheyenne R. 
 MeaderrlUe, tn., U.S., Montana, Silverbow co. P. < 1500. 
 Meadle, Lock, lake, Scot., Sutherland, in N., 23 m. WSW. 
 Thurso, drained NW. into Bay of Swordly. Alt. 405 ft. 
 
 Meadour, Long, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire. 
 See BottlHham Lode. 
 
 Meadowbank and Straiton, vil., Scot., Midlothian, i m. 
 SE. Mid-Calder. P. <75o. 
 
 Meadow Hall, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 4^ m. NE. 
 Sheffield, on the M. S. & L. R. 
 
 Meadows, stn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R., 
 22 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Meadows, post-tn., S. Australia, co. and 20 m. S. by E. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Meadows, settlement, S. Australia, Taunton co. , 90 m. NNE. 
 Port Augusta, on the Great Northern Rly. P. < 1500. 
 
 Meadowslde, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 378 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Mea<lowvale, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Peel, 6 m. from 
 Brampton, on riv. Credit. P. < 1500. 
 
 .Meadow Water, small riv.. Ire., in the SE. of co. Meath and 
 the N. of CO. Dublin, flows into St. George's Channel. 
 Mead Vale, PMT.O. , Eng. , Surrey, 2 m. from Red Hill June. 
 MeadTllle, city, U.S. , Pennsylvania, Crawford co. , on French 
 
MEAF — MECH 
 
 Creek, 34 m. S. by W. Erie ; has machine-works, woollen mills, 
 &c. P. (1880) 8900; (1890) 9500. 
 
 Meaford, tn., Canada, Ontario, Grey co. , on the W. side of 
 Nottawasaga Bay, 20 m. WNW. Collingwood ; has a fine 
 harbour, and several mills, factories, &c. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Meagher, co. , U.S., Montana, crossed in the N. by 47° N. , 
 and in the E. by 1 10° W. 
 
 Meagher's Grant, post-vil. , Nova Scotia, co. Halifax, on riv. 
 Musquodoboit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mealagh, riv. , Ire. , SW. of co. Cork, flows into Bantry Bay. 
 
 Mealfourvonnle, mt. , Scot., co. and 20 m. SW. Inverness, 
 on the W. side of Loch Ness, par. Urquhart. Alt. 2700 ft. 
 
 Mealhaila, tn., Portugal, prov. Beira, dist. Aveiro, 13 m. N. 
 Coimbra. 
 
 Mealo, part of par. , Eng. , Cumberland. See Hay ton and M. 
 
 Mealrigg, vil. , Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div. , on the 
 Waver, 9 m. NE. Maryport, 2^ m. NW. Baggrow stn. See 
 Langrigg. 
 
 Meali^gate, vil., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., ii| m. E. 
 by N. Maryport, on the Maryport and Carlisle Rly.; has coal- 
 mining. PMT.O. 
 
 Mealy Monntalns, hill-chain in Labrador, Brit. N. America, 
 the loftiest near its E. ct. , between Cape Charles and Sandwich 
 Bay. They are mostly of mica slate, and wooded nearly to 
 their summits. Estimated height, 1480 ft. 
 
 Meanamber Logan Stone, Eng., Cornwall, 3^ m. NNW. 
 Helston. 
 
 Meauee, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., co. Hawke's Bay, 
 5 m. from Napier. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Meant, mt. , on the W. frontier of Natal, in about 28° S. 
 Alt. 7200 ft. 
 
 Meano, Arabic Wlna, bay, W. ct. Morocco, in 28° 30' N. 
 
 Meano, comm., Spain, prov. Pontevedra, dist. Cambados. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Meanns, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Bruff, co. Limerick. 
 
 Mean'wood, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, Leeds par. , PM.O. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mearah, place named in O. T. See El Moghelriyeh. 
 
 Meare, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wells div. , 3 m. WNW. Glas- 
 tonbury, with a stn. (Ashcot and M.) on the M. R. and L. & 
 SW. R., PM.O.; 8333 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Meares Islands, group of small isls. , Eastern Archipelago, 
 in Celebes Sea, to the S. of Mindanao I., in about 4^° N. 
 
 Mearim, tn. , Brazil. See Victoria. 
 
 Mearlm, riv., Brazil, Maranhao, flows on the whole NE. 
 then N. into the Guajahu, which it enters in 3° 40' S. , 44° 30' 
 W. ; navigable by steamers from Barra do Corda, 70 m. E. 
 Chapada. 
 
 Mearley, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 2 m. SE. Clitheroe. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Mearns, par., Scot., E. Renfrewshire, 6\ m. SE. by S. 
 Paisley, and 24 m. SW. by W. Busby stn.; 10,281 ac. P.<:35oo; 
 vil. (\ewton M.) P. < 1000. 
 
 Mear.9 Ashby, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 3 m. 
 W. by S. Wellingborough, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Measach, Falls of, Scot., Ross-shire, 4^ m. SSE. of the 
 head of Loch Broom, on the E. headwater of the riv. Broom. 
 
 Measham, par., Eng., in a detached part of Derbyshire, S. 
 div., 8i m. SE. by S. Burton, on the M. R. and L. & NW. R., 
 PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Meath, co. , with a small coast-line, in the middle of the E. 
 ct. of Ire. , prov. Leinster, between Louth on the N. and Dublin 
 on the S. , divided into the following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 Deece, Lower 
 Deece, Upper 
 Duleek, Lower . 
 Duleek, Upper . 
 Dunboyne . 
 Fore .... 
 Kells, Lower 
 Kells, Upper 
 Lune .... 
 Morgallion . 
 Moyfenrath, Lower . 
 Moyfenrath, Upper . 
 Navan, Lower . 
 Navan, Upper . 
 Ratoath 
 Skreen 
 Slane, Lower 
 Slane, Upper 
 
 Total, Meath 
 
 1 Exclusive of 1629 ac. under 
 The surface is generally level, w: 
 
 20,069 
 28,680 
 
 37.717 
 28,466 
 16,782 
 42,520 
 36,148 
 49.525 
 39.329 
 31.489 
 40,401 
 
 31.713 
 25.838 
 17.649 
 35.696 
 40.835 
 26,230 
 29,212 
 
 578,2981 
 
 1.734 
 1.994 
 6,316 
 2,902 
 1,518 
 5.937 
 5.150 
 8.354 
 5.506 
 
 3.575 
 6,119 
 
 3.550 
 7.779 
 2.335 
 2,690 
 4,186 
 3.446 
 3.896 
 
 76,987 
 
 he larger rivers and lakes. 
 
 th some heights towards W. 
 
 and NW. , and forms part of the great carboniferous limestone 
 
 plain of Ireland, overlain however with glacial drift. The soil 
 is very fertile, being in most parts a rich loam, in others sandy. 
 Except in the N. , where corn and green crops are extensively 
 grown, the staple industry is grazing cattle for the English 
 market. (For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10- 
 12. ) The chief rivers are the Boyne (cutting the county into 
 equal parts) and its trib., the Blackwater. The Royal Canal 
 forms the southern border of M. , which is also served by the 
 Dublin and Meath Rly. , and the Midland Great Western Rly. 
 In ancient times the prov. or sub-kingdom of M., extended 
 from the Shannon to the Irish Sea, and included Westmeath 
 together with portions of Dublin, Kildare, King's County, Long- 
 ford, Monaghan, and Armagh, Tara being the royal seat ; and 
 round towers (Kells and Donoughmore), sculptured crosses, 
 and monastic ruins still remain. The county returns two mem- 
 bers to Parliament (divs. N. and S. ), and is in M. diocese, with 
 portions in Armagh and Kilmore. Navan, Kells, and Trim 
 are the only towns (1891) of P. <:iooo; assizes held at Trim, 
 the county town. P. (1891) 76,990. See Ireland, table. 
 
 Meathop and IJlpha, par., Eng., Westmorland, on the W. 
 of the estuary of the Kent, div. and 9 m. SW. by S. Kendal, 2^ 
 m. NE. by N. Grange stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Meanx, the ancient /«//«?<»?, afterwards Meldi, tn. , France, 
 dep. Seine-et-Marne, cap. arr. M. , on the Marne, 25 m. E. by 
 N. Paris, with bishopric, sugar-works, foundry, steel-works, 
 cheese trade, and important flour trade for the supply of Paris. 
 It was taken by the English in 1520, after a siege of five months. 
 P. 11,400. 
 
 Meaax Abbey, Eng. , Yorkshire. See Menx. 
 
 Meavy, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock div. , 9 m. NNE. 
 Plymouth, i m. S. Dousland stn.; has remains of an old 
 mansion, the residence of Sir Francis Drake. P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Mebarraz, tn. , Arabia. See Mnbarraz. 
 
 Mecca, city, Arabia, cap. prov. Hejaz, dist. Belud-ul-Haram, 
 one of the two holy cities of the Mohammedans, situated in a 
 valley about 800 paces broad, running N. to S. then SW. , in 
 21° 28' N. , 40° 15' E. It has several mosques, and a temple 
 which stu"rounds the Kaaba, a small square edifice, the founda- 
 tion of which is attributed by the Mohammedans to Abraham. 
 On one of its angles is the black stone, an object of veneration 
 to all Mussulmans, who alone are privileged to enter the city, 
 and who are expected to make a pilgrimage hither at least 
 once in their lives. At the time of the pilgrimage M. pre- 
 sents the appearance of an immense fair, where are assembled 
 Malays, Tartars, Persians, Arabians, Turks, Africans, and others, 
 who repair to the holy Mount Arafat, 3 m. distant, on which 
 Mohammed prayed. The number of pilgrims has greatly de- 
 creased of late years, and the population of M. is becoming less 
 in proportion. It has no industry ; the only manufactures are 
 of chaplets. Provisions, and even water, are imported from a 
 distance. The famous balm of M. is brought from the interior 
 of Arabia. M. is the birthplace of Mohammed, and the cradle 
 of the Mussulman creed. It was taken by the Wahabis in 1803, 
 but restored to the Pasha of Egypt (Mehemet Ali) in 1833, whose 
 son Ibrahim became Sheik El Haram. Since the time of the 
 Abbaside Caliphs (8th century), unbelievers have been strictly 
 prohibited from entering the city, but about fifteen Europeans 
 at different times have succeeded in entering it, among others 
 Richard (afterwards Sir R. F.) Burton in 1853, and Dr. C. Snouck 
 Hurgronje in 1885, who estimated the population at 60,000. 
 
 Meccatina Islands, two small isls. , Canada, Quebec, off N. 
 shore Gulf of St. Lawrence, the larger in 50° 35' N. , 59° 20' W. 
 
 Mecha Kraslvaya, riv. , middle Russia, govts. Tula and Tam- 
 bov, r. bk. trib. of Don ; thickly populated. Length, 135 m. 
 
 Mechanic Falls, vil., U.S., Maine, Androscoggin co. , 36 m. 
 NW. Portland by rail ; has noted paper-mills. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mechanicsbnrg, vil., U.S., Ohio, Champaign co. , 31 m. W. 
 by N. Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mechanicsbnrg, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Cumberland co., 
 6 m. SW. by W. Harrisburg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Mechanics' Settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, Kings 
 CO., II m. from Penobsquis. 
 
 MechanlcstoM'n, vil., U.S., Maryland, Frederick co., 56 m. 
 m. NW. Baltimore ; near it are the Catoctin blast-furnaces. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 MechanlcsTllle, vil., U.S., Iowa, Cedar co., 20 m. E. by S. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 MechanlcsTille, vil., U.S., New York, Saratoga co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Hudson R., 14 m. NNW. Troy. P. <3000. 
 
 MechanlcsvUle, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Knox co. P. -cisoo. 
 
 Mechelen, comm., Belgium, prov. Limburg, 8 m. N. Maas- 
 tricht. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mechelen, or Mecheln, city, Belgium. See Malines. 
 
 Mechernlch, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 circle and 9 m. NE. Schleiden, with lead mines and foundries. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Mechet All, tn. , Asiatic Turkey. See Nejef. 
 
 Mecliln, vil. , Canada. See Dallbaire. 
 
 Mechlin, city, Belgium, a corruption of the Flemish name of 
 Mallues (q.v.). 
 
 983 
 
M EC K— M ED I 
 
 necklenbnrg (named derived from Mikilinburg = large 
 castle), country in N. Germany, consisting of two independent 
 gd. -duchies, M.-Schwerin and M.-Strelitz, which form part of 
 the German Empire. M.-Schwerin is situated between 53° 4' 
 and 54° 22' N. lat., and 10° 36' and 13° 11' E. long.; there are 
 also two enclaves in Brandenburg and one in M.-Strelitz. The 
 second gd. -duchy, M.-Strelitz, consists of two parts, viz., the 
 duchy of Strelitz and the principality of Ratzeburg. The 
 former is situated between 53° 9' and 53° 7' N. lat., and 12° 
 40' and 13° 57' E. long.; and the latter between 53° 40' and 
 53° 54' N. lat., and 10° 45' and 11° 5' E. long. As both gd.- 
 duchies represent a physical and ethnographical unity, they 
 are treated together in this article. M. is situated between the 
 Oder and the Elbe, and forms part of the N. German Plain. 
 The country is, however, not altogether flat, being traversed by 
 the Baltic Lake Plateau (g.v.), with its numerous lakes. The 
 rivers of M. flow partly to the Baltic, partly to the Elbe. The 
 most important of the former are the Warnow and Recknitz, 
 whilst the Stecknitz, Sude, and Elde {g.v.) are tribs. of the 
 Elbe. The Miiritz Havel, the New Elde, the Friedrich Franz, 
 and the New Canal are the most important canals. The climate 
 of M. is moderate, and differs but little from that of other parts 
 of N. Germany, the springs being cold and the summers tem- 
 perate on account of the vicinity of the Baltic. M. is chiefly an 
 agricultural country, 57 per cent, of the area of M.-Schwerin, 
 and 48 per cent, of that of M.-Strelitz being arable land. The 
 most fertile districts are the NW. parts of the country. Cereals 
 are the principal produce, rye, wheat, barley, and oats yielding 
 large crops. The cultivation of potatoes, beet-root, flax, and 
 hemp is likewise of very great importance. Cattle-rearing, 
 sheep and pig breeding are also in a flourishing state, and the 
 M. breeds of horses are renowned for their strength and endur- 
 ance. Forests abounding in game cover 19 per cent, of the 
 surface of M. They are scattered over the country, but are 
 most extensive in the S. of M.-Strelitz, and the part of M.- 
 Schwerin N., NE., and NW. of the Plauer-See (Lake of Plau). 
 The numerous lakes and rivers abound in fish, and fishing is 
 a remunerative occupation for many of the inhabitants. The 
 mineral production of M. is very limited. Lignite is found near 
 Malliss, salt at Siilze, and gypsum at Liibtheen. The Baltic 
 Sea and the Miiritz Lake [Baltic Lake Platean] yield amber. 
 Peat occurs in large quantities, but its use is limited. The 
 industries of M. are in a backward state, spirits, beer, beet- 
 sugar, cigars, textiles, and machinery being the only manu- 
 factures worth mentioning. Agricultural products, cattle, horses, 
 sheep, and wool are exported in large quantities ; while coal, 
 iron, sugar, salt, wine, beer, and manufactures are the principal 
 imports. The chief towns and trading places are Schwerin, 
 Wismar, Rostock, Giistrow, Old and New Strelitz, and New 
 Brandenburg. The population consists of two elements : the 
 nobility and the inhabitants of the towns are mostly Germans 
 (Low Saxonian tribe), whilst the peasants are Germanised Slavs. 
 German is spoken everjrwhere, the Low German dialect prevail- 
 ing. The majority of the inhabitants are Protestants. The 
 original inhabitants of M. were the Vandals, who left the shores 
 of the Baltic during the Peoples' Migration. In the 6th century 
 the country was occupied by Slav tribes (Obotrites, Leutitians, 
 Redarians), and it was only after a great many efforts of various 
 German emperors and princes that the country was finally 
 reconquered by the Germans in the middle of the 12th century, 
 and from that time M. belonged to the old German Empire 
 until the dissolution of the latter in 1806. Both duchies took 
 part in the Confederation of the Rhine in 1808, were made 
 gd.-duchies in 1815, and joined the new German Empire in 
 1871. Area of M.-Schwerin 5080 sq. m., P. (1890) 578,000; 
 area of M.-Strelitz 1131 sq. m., P. (1890) 98,000. [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Hecklenburg, co., U.S., N. Carolina, on S. frontier, crossed 
 in W. by 8i° W., and bounded on W. by Catawba R. 
 
 Mecklenburg, co., U.S. , Virginia, on the S. frontier, crossed 
 in the E. by 78° W. , traversed by the Roanoke R. 
 
 Mecosta, vil., U.S., Michigan, M. co., which is N. of 43° N., 
 and W. of 85° W. , traversed by the Muskegon R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Medak, tn., India, HaidardMd, on a trib. of the Manjira R., 
 48 m. N. by W. Haidarib^d. P. (1881) 7000. 
 
 Medanos, Istmo de, N. ct. Venezuela, unites Paraguana 
 Penin. to the mainland, forming part of the E. side of the Gulf 
 of Maracaibo. 
 
 Medboarne, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 11 
 m. SSW. Oakham, on the G. N. R., PM.O. P.<5oo; eccles. 
 par. (M. with Holt) P. <5oo. 
 
 Meddeho, or Meddo, vil., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 16 m. 
 S\V. by S. Enschede. P. < 2000. 
 
 Medden, riv. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire. See Meden. 
 
 Mede, riv. , Eng. See Medina. 
 
 Hede, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Pavia, 14 m. NNE. 
 Alessandria. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Medea, the ancient Lamida, tn., Algeria, 37 m. SW. by S. 
 
 Algiers, cap. arr. M. ; surrounded by extensive vineyards, on 
 
 the route between Algiers and Laghwat ; taken by the French 
 
 in 1830. Alt. 3002 ft. Mean rfall. (5 yrs.), 25.88 in. P. <4ooo. 
 
 984 
 
 Medeat, tn., Turkey in Asia. See Mldyad. 
 
 Medeba, place named in O. T. See Msideba. 
 
 Medebach, comm. , Prussia, in the SE. of prov. Westphalia, 
 circle Brilon, 27 m. N. Marburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Medellin, city, Colombia, cap. Antioquia, 150 m. NW. 
 Bogotd, situated at the foot of Mount Santa Elena, on the Porce, 
 an affluent of the Cauca ; an entrepot for the produce of a 
 considerable extent of country, and mining centre (the dep. 
 being the richest in gold and silver of the republic). Seat of a 
 bishop. Has a university and mint. A railway is in progress 
 to connect it with the Magdalena at Puerto Berrio. Founded 
 in 1675, and after Bogota the most populous and commercial 
 town of the republic. Alt. about 5000 ft. Mean temp. (5 yrs. , 
 1875-79), yr. 70.5° F. P. (including dist. ) 50,000. 
 
 Medellin, riv., Mexico, state Vera Cruz, enters the Gulf of 
 Mexico about 5 m. S. of that city, after an E. course of 25 m. 
 
 Medellin, vil. and bathing-resort, Mexico, Vera Cruz, 9 m. 
 S. Vera Cruz ; founded by Fernand Cortez, and named by him 
 after his birthplace in Spain. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Medellin, tn. , Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 56 m. Badajoz, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Guadiana ; birthplace of Fernand Cortez, 
 1485. P. <2000. 
 
 Medembllk, maritime tn. , Holland, prov. N. Holland, on 
 the N. ct. , 18 m. NE. by E. Alkmaar. P. (comm.)<:300o. 
 
 Meden, or Medden, riv., Eng., Nottinghamshire, flows NE., 
 partly on the frontier of Derbyshire, and ultimately unites with 
 the Maun to form the Idle, about 6 m. SW. by S. Retford. 
 
 Medenan, vil., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 11 m. W. by N. 
 Konigsberg. In 1254 scene of the victory of Ottokar of Bohemia 
 over the people of Samland. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Medevi, vil., S. Sweden, prov. (Ian) Ostergotland, 47 m. 
 WNW. Norrkoping, on the NE. shore of Lake Wetter, with 
 mineral waters and establishments for invalids. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Medfleld, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co. , 17^ m. 
 SW. Boston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Medford, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , 5 m. 
 NNW. Boston. P. (1880) 7600; (1890) 11,100. 
 
 Medford, vil. , U.S., New Jersey, Burlington co. , 22 m. S. 
 by W. Trenton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Medford, settlement, U.S., Oregon, Jackson co. , 70 m. E. 
 by N. of the SW. corner of the state. 
 
 Medford, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Taylor co., 122 m. WNW. 
 of the head of Green Bay. Alt. 1413 ft. (R. R. ). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Medge Hall, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, "W. Riding, Doncaster 
 div. , on the M. S. & L. R. , 7 m. S. Goole. 
 
 Medgldia (mejidia), tn. , Roumania, Dobruja, prov. Con- 
 stanja, 14 m. SE. by E. Chernavoda. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Medgyes, Hungarian, in German Mediascta, royal free tn., 
 with magistracy, Hungary, on the Nagy-Kukiillo, 25 m. NNE. 
 Hermannstadt. Alt. 11 15 ft. Mean temp., yr. 47.0^ F. , Jan. 
 23.7°, Aug. 68.4°. P. 6800. 
 
 Medgyes-BodzAs, Hungary. See Megyes-Bodz&s. 
 
 Media. See Irak-AJemi. 
 
 Media, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Delaware co. , 10 m. W. 
 Philadelphia. P. <:3000. 
 
 Medinsch, Hungary. See Medgyes. 
 
 Medical Lake, vil., U.S., Washington, Spokane co. , 15 m. 
 WSW. Spokane Falls, with lake containing a great variety 
 of healing minerals, for the relief of rheumatism, catarrh, and 
 diseases of the skin and stomach. Length, i^ m. 
 
 Medicina, tn. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 15 m. E. by S. 
 Bologna. P. <30oo. 
 
 Medicine Hat, tn. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R. , 
 660 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. Alt. 2136 ft. Mean temp. (5^ 
 yrs., 1883-88), yr. 40.0° F., Jan. 1.4°, July 68.3°; mean rfall. 
 (5 yrs., 1884-88), 9.3 in.; snowfall, 18.9 in. P. (1885) 732; 
 (1891) 1316. 
 
 Medicine Lodge, city, U.S., Kansas, Barber co., on Medicine 
 Lodge Creek, 200 m. SW. Topeka. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Medico, the ancient Osteodes, islet, Sicily, in the Tyrrhenian 
 Sea. NW. of Ustica. 
 
 Medika, tn. , equatorial Africa, in the British possession of 
 the Gold Coast, on the r. bk. of the Volta. 
 
 Medina, in composition Medinet, Arabic, ' city ' or ' metro- 
 polis.' Frequent in Spanish place-names, which contain also 
 Spanish elements. 
 
 Medi'na, Arab Medinet-al-Nabi, one of the holy cities of the 
 Mohammedans, Arabia, in the Hejaz, 255 m. N. Mecca, and 
 240 m. NE. the port of Jedda, on the Red Sea ; it is partly 
 walled, and has a fort, the chief stronghold of the Hejaz, and is 
 surrounded on three sides by mountains. Mohammed, driven 
 from Mecca, fled to M. in 622, and from this epoch, called the 
 Hejira or Hejra, the Mohammedans reckon dates. M. was the 
 cap. of the Arabian empire under Mohammed, who died there 
 in 632. The great mosque, Al Haratn, on the reputed spot 
 where Mohammed died, is smaller than that of Mecca, and 
 there are several minor mosques, but no other public buildings. 
 Alt. nearly 3310 ft. P. 15,000 (?). 
 
 Medina, vil. , Colombia, Cundinamarca, 52 m. E. Bogoti. 
 
 Medina, formerly the Medc, small stream, Eng. , Hampshire, 
 
MED I 
 
 MED Y 
 
 Isle of Wight, flows N. through the island, forms an estuary at 
 Newport, and enters Spithead between East and West Cowes. 
 It is navigable to Newport, 4 m. inland. 
 
 Medina (French M^dine), stn., French W. Africa, on the 1. 
 bk. of the Senegal, below Felu Falls, 354 m. ESE. (575 m. by 
 river) St. Louis, in 14° 21' N., 11° 30' W., connected with Kayes 
 by rail ; it is composed of a spacious fort and native village. 
 
 Medina, vil. , U.S., New York, Orleans co., 34 m. NE. by E. 
 Buffalo. P. < 5000. 
 
 Medina, vil., U.S., Ohio, cap. M. co., 27 m. SSW. Cleve- 
 land. I'. <3coo. 
 
 Medina, co. , U.S. , Texas, N. of 29° N. , crossed by 99° W. 
 
 Medlnacell, vil. , Spain, prov. and 40 m. S. Soria, cap. dist. 
 M. P. (comm.)<2ooo. 
 
 Medl'ua de las Torres, coram., Spain, prov. Badajoz, dist. 
 Zafra. P. <4ooo. 
 
 .Medina del Canipo, tn. , Spain, prov. and 26 m. SSW. 
 Valladolid, cap. dist. M. del C. P. (coram.) 5600. 
 
 Medina de Rloseco, tn., Spain, prov. and 22 m. NW. Valla- 
 dolid, cap. dist. M. de R. , on the Sequillo, where it is joined by 
 the Canal de Campos. P. (coram. )< 5000. 
 
 Medlna-Slddnla, tn. , Spain, prov. Cadiz, cap. dist. M.-S. , 
 20 m. SE. Jerez. P. (comm.) 11,700. 
 
 Medlneh, El, Upper Egypt. See Medlnet-el-Faynm. 
 
 Medlnet Abu, Upper Egypt. See Tliebes. 
 
 Medlnct-al-\abl, city, Arabia. See Medina. 
 
 Medlnet-el-Fayum, the ancient Arsi?ioe, tn. , Upper Egypt, 
 cap. prov. Fayum, on the Bahr Yusuf or Canal of Joseph, 
 55 m. SSW. Cairo, connected by rail with El-Wasta on the 
 Nile ; has several Coptic churches, mosques, and manufactures 
 of woollen stuffs. Alt. 75 ft. (Whitehouse). P. (1882) 25,800. 
 
 Mediolanum, ancient tn., France. See Saintes. 
 
 Mediolanum, city, Italy. See Milan. 
 
 Mediterranean Sea, the ancient Mare Internum, also the 
 Great Sea of the Bible, an inland sea, enclosed E. by Asia, S. 
 by Africa, and N. by Europe, communicating with the Atlantic 
 on the W. by the Strait of Gibraltar, and with the Sea of 
 Marmora on the NE. by the Dardanelles. The Tyrrhenian, 
 Ionian, Adriatic, and .lEgean Seas are branches separating the 
 great peninsulas of southern Europe and Asia Minor. The M. 
 receives the drainage of southern Europe, Asia Minor, and 
 northern Africa. Principal rivers : Ebro, Rhone, Po, Arno, and 
 Tiber in Europe, and Nile in Africa. The M. is divided into 
 two sections, an E. and a W. , by Italy, Sicily, and the sub- 
 marine ridge called Adventure Bank, between Sicily and Cape 
 Bon in Africa. The deep W. basin, over 1350 fathoms, extends 
 between Sardinia and Corsica in the E. and the Balearic Is. in 
 the W. , stretching S. of the latter in an elongated triangle to the 
 SE. of Cape Gata. This area is subdivided into two smaller 
 depressions, respectively E. and S., of the Balearic Is., the 
 . greatest depth (1722 fathoms) being found W. of Sardinia. The 
 deepest soundings in the M. (2406 fathoms) were found by the 
 ' Pola ' expedition in 1891 between Malta and Crete, in lat. 35° 44' 
 20" N., long. 21° 44' 50" E. This depression has been named 
 the ' Pola Deep.' Another depression (2110 fathoms) occurs E. 
 of Rhodes. If the surface of the M. were lowered 100 fathoms, 
 Italy and Sicily would be united to Africa, and the Bosporus 
 would be closed ; if lowered 250 fathoms, the Strait of Gibraltar 
 would be replaced by an isthmus ; and if lowered 500 fathoms, 
 the Balearic Is. would be united to Spain. The bottom con- 
 figuration indicates that there must forraerly have been continu- 
 ous land between the N. and S. shores, and this is confirmed by 
 the fossil remains of elephants, hippopotami, &c., found in 
 Malta and Sicily. The salinity of the M. is greater than that of 
 the ocean, owing to the excess of evaporation over precipitation 
 and river supply (see Gibraltar, Strait of). The degree of 
 salinity is most variable near the surface, less variable, but 
 slightly higher, in the E. than in the W. basin. The average 
 ' Bpeclflc gravity is about 1.029, a-s compared with 1.028 in the 
 Atlantic ; it diminishes, as a rule, from the surface to a depth 
 of about 800 or 1000 fathoms, and then increases towards the 
 bottom. The waters of the M. are noted for their deep blue 
 colour, and also, especially in the E. , for great transparency. 
 Temperature is subject to seasonal variations to a depth of 
 about 50 fathoms ; below this it is alraost constant at 56° F. , 
 even to the greatest depths. This is in accordance with the 
 general law as to temperature which prevails in basins cut off 
 from free comraunication with the ocean. As to the climate 
 generally, see Europe. Among local winds may be mentioned 
 the mistral and bora, both strong, cold, dry, northerly winds, 
 the former occurring frora the mouth of the Ebro to Genoa, but 
 prevaiUng especially round Marseilles, the latter (the bora) from 
 Trieste along the whole coast of Dalmatia ; the sirocco, a violent 
 and dry, but hot, parching, and dust-laden southerly wind, 
 experienced chiefly in Malta and Sicily, but occasionally as far 
 N. as Rome ; the leveche, a similar wind occurring on the SE. 
 of Spain, occasionally, though seldom, as far W. as Malaga; 
 the solano, generally a moist E. wind, visiting the same regions ; 
 and the etesian winds (called by the modern Greeks meltemia), 
 northerly winds blowing in the eastern parts of the sea, chiefly 
 
 in late summer and autumn. The M. is a nearly tideless sea. 
 At Venice there is a rise of from i to 2 ft. in spring tides ; but, 
 except during the bora, the tides in the Adriatic are scarcely 
 perceptible ; at Zante the rise is less than 6 in. In many narrow 
 channels and arms there is a sensible flow and ebb ; but the 
 only well-marked tidal phenoraena are observed in the Lesser 
 Syrtis, particularly at Jerba, where the rise and fall varies from 
 3 to 8 ft. As regards the fauna, a marked feature is the 
 scarcity of life in the deeper parts ; this desert character is attri- 
 buted by Dr. Natterer to the want of circulation, and not to 
 any deficiency in the chemical constituents of the waters. Other 
 observations have suggested the theory that the scarcity of life 
 is due to the absence of rocks or other inequalities to which the 
 stationary forms might attach themselves, as cables, after lying 
 for some tirae on the sea-floor, have been found covered with 
 tubicular annelids, polyps, &c. Fish are abundant, especially 
 tunny, anchovies, pilchards, and mackerel ; and the finest coral 
 and sponge are procured. The larger cetacea are occasionally 
 met with. Since the opening of the Suez Canal, various 
 molluscs, including the pearl oyster, have migrated inwards 
 frora the Red Sea. The fauna of the M. is similar in character 
 to that of the neighbouring parts of the Atlantic Ocean. A 
 large part of the sea-bottom is covered vnth a yellowish mud, 
 but in some parts a crust, chiefly calcareous and siliceous, is 
 formed, varying in thickness from 0.59 to 3.15 in. Greatest 
 length on a line ESE. , 2330 m. ; breadth, on a meridian through 
 Corsica and Sardinia, 495 m. ; between Sicily and Cape Bon, 
 85 m.; including the Adriatic, 1,007,220 sq. m. ; excluding the 
 Adriatic, 955,000 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). See Proc. R. G. S. , 1890, 
 p. 620 ; 1872, p. 121 ; 1877, map and text ; Geog: Jour., vol. iii. 
 p. 138 ; Bull. Soc. Geog. Paris, 1882, pp. 93-130, and map. 
 
 Medinro, or Majuro, isl. , Marshall Archipelago, Oceania, 
 in the SW. of the Ratak group. 
 
 Medlar with >Veshani, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 7 
 m. E. Blackpool, 2 m. NNW. Kirkham stn. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Medmenbam (rafid'nara), par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 
 Wycombe div., on the Thames, \\\ m. WNW. Windsor, 3 m. 
 WSW. Great Marlow. P. < 500. 
 
 Medo, dist., Portuguese E. Africa, between the Msalu and 
 Mtepwesi Rivs. , crossed by 12^° S. , 39^° E. ; contains coaL 
 Railway projected to connect it with Poraba Bay. 
 
 M<^doc, an old dist., France, in NW. of Guienne, now forms 
 the NW. part of dep. Gironde, on the W. shore of the estuary 
 of the Gironde ; fertile in the finest growths of claret wines. 
 
 Medole, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 18 m. NW. Mantua, 
 on the Osone. Here the Austrians were defeated by the French 
 in 1796, and by the Italians in 1866. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Medomsley, par., Eng., Durham, NW. div., \o\ m. SW. by 
 W. Newcastle, i ra. SE. by E. Ebchester stn.; has coal-mining. 
 PM.O. P. 5300. 
 
 Medora, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Billings co. , 70 m. 
 NE. frora the SW. corner of the state. 
 
 Medsted, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Petersfield div. , 12 m. ENE. 
 Winchester, x\ ra. NNW. of its stn. (Medstead) on the L. & 
 SW. R., PM.O. (Medstead). P. <5oo. 
 
 Medua, or San diovannl dl Medua, small seapt. , Turkey, 
 Albania, vilayet and 17 m. S. by E. Skutari, to the N. of the 
 mouth of the Drin ; railway from here to Verisovits, on the 
 Uskiib-Mitrovitsa line, proposed. 
 
 Medum, site, Egypt, on the heights to the W. of the Nile, 
 to the E. of the Fayura, in 29° 25' N., with tomb and temple of 
 Senefru, the father of Cheops. 
 
 Medunta, tn., France. See Mantes. 
 
 Medvedja, vil. , Servia, circle Krusevac(krushevats). P. <3000. 
 
 Medvyed, Russian, 'bear.' 
 
 MedTyedcTSlioye, vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, govt, and 52 m, 
 W. of Stavropol ; chief town of dist. P. < 5000. 
 
 Medryeditsa, riv. , SE. Russia, 1. bk. trib. of middle Don, 
 which it joins at Ust-Medvyeditsa, after a course of 425 m. , to 
 SW. , through Saratov and Don provs. ; important channel for 
 navigation. 
 
 MedTyedoTsliaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, govt. 
 Kuban, 30 m. N. Ekaterinodar, on highway to Yeisk. P. 8500. 
 
 Medvyezhll Islands, Russia, Arctic Ocean, to the N. of 
 Kolyma Bay; the western island is named Krestovskiy. 
 
 Med-way ( Vaga), riv. , Eng. , Kent, formed by the union of the 
 Eden and Tun, in the SW. of the county, flows NE. past Tun- 
 bridge (to this place navigable for canal barges with a draught of 
 about 3 ft. 6 in. ) to Maidstone, to which place it is navigable 
 for ordinary barges, carrying about 130 tons, with a draught of 
 about 6 ft., then N. to Rochester, to which sea-going ships 
 ascend. Below Rochester it forms an estuary, the winding 
 channel of which opens ENE. into the Thames at Sheerness 
 between the isls. of Grain and Sheppey. 
 
 Nedway, pari. div. , in the N. of Kent, Eng. P. (1891) 64,900. 
 
 Medway, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co. , 23 m. NW. 
 Taunton. P. < 3000. 
 
 Medyln Salib, vil., Arabia, about 150 m. NNW. Medina, 
 one of the kellas, or fortified stations, on the caravan route from 
 Damascus to Mecca. It occupies a plain, 16 m. long and 16 m. 
 
 985 
 
MEDY — MEIG 
 
 broad, encompassed by sandstone precipices, which contains the 
 site of El Hijr (or Hejr), a city frequently mentioned in the 
 Koran as the place where the prophet Salih preached to the 
 unbelieving people till a judgment fell upon them (Proc. R, G. S. , 
 1884, p. 384). 
 
 Medyjk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 38 m. NW. Kaluga. 
 P. 8140. 
 
 Meeau Meer, at one time HasUmpar, cant., Brit. India, 
 Punjab, dist. and 5 m. SSE. Lahore, headquarters of I^ahore 
 military division. Unhealthy station ; the cantonments stand 
 on a dreary plain, growing greener as canal irrigation extends. 
 P. (1881) 18,400. 
 
 Meeker, co., U.S., Minnesota, W. of 94° W., crossed in the 
 S. by 45° N. 
 
 Meeker, settlement, U.S., Washington, Pierce co., 33 m. 
 ENE. Olympia. 
 
 Meelagh, Lough, lake, Ire., in the N. of co. Roscommon, 
 si m. NW. Leitrim, 164 ft. above sea-level. 
 
 Meelbegh, Lake, Newfoundland, in 48° 10' N. , 55° W. , 
 drained S. into Fortune Bay. 
 
 Meellck, par.. Ire., SE. co. Galway, bar. Longford, on the 
 r. bk. of the Shannon, 7^ m. NW. by W. Parsonstown, 4 m. 
 from Banagher stn., P.O.; 4115 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Meellck, par.. Ire., E. co. Mayo, bar. Gallen, 12 m. ENE. 
 Castlebar, P.O.; 8062 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Meellck, electoral div. , Ire. , Queen's co. , dist. Clonaslee. 
 
 Meelln, tn. , Ire. , NW. co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 23 m. SE. 
 by E. Listowel, 4 m. from Newmarket stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Meelnagh, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. N. Ballaghkeen ; 
 4189 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Meenaclady, electoral div.. Ire., co. Donegal, dists. Gwee- 
 dore and Tory Island. 
 
 Meenagh, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, dist. Coal Island. 
 
 Meenaneary, tnld.. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Banagh, 3 m. 
 from Carrick, P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Meeiicargagh, electoral div. , Ire., co. Donegal, dist. Cloghan. 
 
 Heen Glas, stn., Ire., co. Donegal, on the G. N. (Ire.) and 
 Donegal Joint Rly. , 4 m. from Stranorlar, P.O. (Meenglass). 
 
 Meenlaragh, tnld., Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 8 
 m. from Falcarragh, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Heens, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cork, dist. Boherboy, 
 
 Meer, Mere, Teutonic, ' a lake,' ' sea,' or ' marsh.' 
 
 Meer, vil. , Africa. See Maer. 
 
 Meerane, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Glauchau, 9 m. N. 
 Zwickau ; chief industry manufacture of woollen and silk goods. 
 P. (1871) 19,200; (1890) 22,400. 
 
 Meerbrook, eccles. par., Eng. , Staffordshire, div. and 2^ m. 
 N. Leek. P. <75o. 
 
 Meerbont, comm., Belgium, prov. Antwerp, arr. Turnhout, 
 4 m. SSW. Moll, near the 1. bk. of the Grand Nethe. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Meerlng, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, on the Trent, 7^ m. 
 N. Newark. P. < 250. 
 
 Meersbrook Bank, PM.O., Eng., Derbyshire, 2 m. S. 
 Sheffield. 
 
 Meersbarg, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, on the NE. shore 
 of the Lake of Constance, 6 m. ENE. Constance. P. <20oo. 
 
 Meerssen, comm., Holland, prov. Limburg, 4 m. NE. by E. 
 Maastricht. P. <:4000. 
 
 Heernt, cantonment and municip. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , 
 cap. dist. M. , 39 m. NE. Delhi, half-way between the Ganges 
 and the Jumna, on the Grand Trunk Road, and Sind, Punjab, 
 and Delhi Rly. Headquarters of a military division ; the can- 
 tonments stand N. of the city. Scene of the first outbreak in 
 the mutiny of 1857. Alt. 737 ft. Mean temp., yr. 76° F. , Jan. 
 57°, June 92°; rfall., yr. 28.5 in., June-Sept. 24 in., July- Aug. 
 16.4 in. P. (1872) 79,400; (1891) 73,600; Hindus, 36,400; 
 Moham. 35,700; total including cantonment, 119,400. 
 
 Heerreld, vil., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 18 m. NNW. 
 Arnhem. P. < 2000. 
 
 Heesden, par., Eng., on the E. border of Hertfordshire, 
 Hitchin div., 14^ m. NE. by N. Hertford, 5 m. ENE. Bunting- 
 ford stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Meetb, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock div. , 13 m. SE. by 
 S. Bideford. P. <25o. 
 
 Meeting of the Waters, Ire., co. Wicklow. See OTOca. 
 
 Meffam, par. , Eng. , Kent. See Meopham. 
 
 Meftar, isl., Oceania. See Mafor. 
 
 Megale, in composition Megalo, Greek, ' great." See Megas. 
 
 Hegaie Dflos (megali dhilo), isl., Greece. See Dfilos. 
 
 MegalokaHtron, Turkey, Crete. See Candla. 
 
 Megalokhorlon, vil., Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinthia, 
 in the SW. of the Gulf of .(Egina, 31 m. E. Nauplia. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Megalonlfll, small isl., on the W. side of Mitilini (Mytilene) 
 I. {q.v.), with a Hghthouse at its N. end, in the Bay of Sigri. 
 
 Megalopolis, vil., Greece, Arcadia, 16 m. WSW. Tripolis. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 MeganSslon, one of the Ionian Is. , Mediterranean, off the 
 end of the E. ct. of Leukas. Area about 9 sq. m. 
 
 Hegantlc. 1. Co., Canada, Quebec, S. of the St. Lawrence, 
 crossed in the S. by 46° N. , in the middle by 71^° W. 3. A lake 
 986 
 
 in the SE. of the prov. , between Compton and Beauce co. , 86 
 m. S. by E. Quebec, drained N. by the Chaudiere R. , with the 
 village of Lake M. [q.v.) on its N. shore. 3. A mountain, 
 Compton CO. , 93 m. S. Quebec. 
 
 Megara, vil., anciently an important city, Greece, prov. 
 Boeotia and Attica, 20 m. W. Athens, near the mouth of a small 
 river which enters the Gulf of .^Egina opposite Salamis. Birth- 
 place of Euclid. P. 6200. 
 
 Megas, Megale, in composition Megalo, Greek, 'great.' 
 
 Megen, tn. , Holland, prov. N. Brabant, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Maas, 14 m. NE. Bois le Due. P. <20oo. 
 
 Megget, part of par. , Scot. • See Lyne and Megget. 
 
 Megget Water, rivulet, Scot., Peeblesshire, flows E. into St. 
 Mary's Loch. 
 
 Meghnil, estuary of the Bengal delta, receiving the united 
 stream of the Ganges and Brahmaputra, also the waters of the 
 Surma, Brit. India, an important boundary between the two 
 halves of E. Bengal, entering the sea by four principal mouths, 
 enclosing the three great isls. of Dakshin Shahbazpur, Hatia, 
 and Sandwip ; navigable at all seasons for the largest native 
 boats and river-steamers ; but navigation is at times rendered 
 difficult, and even dangerous, by the violence of the bore, which 
 is nearly 20 ft. in height, moving at the rate of 15 m. an hour. 
 
 Megiddo, place named in O. T. See Mnjedd'a. 
 
 Megras, Las, sub-port of Almeria, Spain, on the coast of 
 prov. Almeria, facing SE. 
 
 Megneuba, riv. , Africa. See Crocodile. 
 
 Megyes-BodzAs, comm., Hungary, co. Arad. 29 m. NNW. 
 (J-Arad. P. <4000. 
 
 Mebddla, the ancient Ad Mediam, market-tn. and fashion- 
 able, much-frequented watering-place, Hungary, prov. Croatia- 
 Slavonia, 15 m. N. Orsova. The hot baths of M., or Hercules- 
 bad, near this, were known to the Romans. P. <3000. 
 
 Mebalgne, riv. , Belgium, 1. bk. trib. of the Meuse, almost 
 entirely in the prov. of Namur, small part in Brabant. 
 
 Mehala, comm. , Hungary, co. Temes, W. suburb of Temes- 
 var. P. < 5000. 
 
 Meballet-Abn-All, tn. , Lower Egypt, prov. Gharbiye, 2 m. 
 E. Mehallet-el-Kebir. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Meballet Damenne, tn. , Lower Egypt, 31 m. SW. by S. 
 Damietta. P. <:4000. 
 
 Mehallet-el-Keblr, or Mebala-el-Kobra, the ancient Cyno- 
 polis, tn.. Lower Egypt, cap. prov. Gharbiye, 45 m. SW. 
 Damietta, 16 m. NE. Tanta ; has manufactures of cotton and 
 sal-ammoniac. P. 27,800. 
 
 Meballet-Marhnm, tn., Egypt, prov. Gharbiye. P. 7200. 
 
 Mehallet-Kuh (or Rob), vil., Egypt, 9 m. NE. Tanta, at the 
 crossing-place of the railways from Damietta to Tanta, and 
 Desuk to Zifte. 
 
 Mehar, municip. , Brit. India, Sind, dist. Shikdrpur, 82 m. 
 SSW. Jacobabdd. Fevers are prevalent. Max. temp. (3 Jts.), 
 88.7° F.; rfall. (1874), 3.17 in. P. (i88i)<20oo. 
 
 Mehedla, or Mebedleh, small seapt., on the W. ct. of 
 Morocco, at the mouth of the Sebu, 21 m. NE. by N. Rabat. 
 
 Mebidpar, tn. and military stn., Central India, 55 m. N. by 
 W. Indore. In 1817 the British gained a decisive victory over 
 the Mardthds near M. P. 8300 ; Hindus, 4700 ; Moham. 
 2700. 
 
 Mehkar, tn., India, Berar, dist. Bulddni, 94 m. SW. by W. 
 Amraoti. P. 5100; Hindus, 4000 ; Moham. iioo. 
 
 Meblls, vil., Ger., duchy Saxe-Koburg-Gotha, circle Ohrdruf, 
 20 m. S. by W. Gotha, i^ m. WNW. Zella. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Meblsack, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Braunsberg, 
 30 m. E. by N. Elbing. P. <4000. 
 
 MehmadAbAd, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Kaira, 15 m. 
 SSE. Ahmaddbdd. P. 7800 ; Hindus, 6000. 
 
 Mehomla, or Meomlya, Turkish ; Razlog, Servian , tn. , 
 Turkey in Europe, prov. Seres, 55 m. S. by E. Sofia, on a 
 plateau commanding a magnificent view of the Yel-tep6. Alt. 
 2715 ft. P. 8400; Christians, 4700; Moham. 3500(0.). 
 
 Mebnn-snr-YeTre, the ancient Magdunu?n, tn. , France, dep. 
 Cher, arr. and 9 m. NW. by W. Bourges ; has large manu- 
 factures of porcelain, and trade in cheese. P. 5500. 
 
 Melafarkeln, tn., Turkey in Asia. See Mayafarketn. 
 
 Mela Ponte, vil. , Brazil. See Pyrenopolls. 
 
 Melderlcb, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Ruhrort, 10 
 m. W. Essen; has iron and steel industries. P. (1871)9100; 
 (1890) 20,400. 
 
 Melenbnrg, or Meyenbarg, tn., Prussia, in the NW. of 
 Brandenburg, 35 m. W. Neu-StreUtz. P. <20oo. 
 
 Helfod, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 5 m. NW. by W. 
 Welshpool, 4 m. SSW. Bryngwyn stn., PMT.O.; 12,925 ac. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Melg, riv., Scot., Ross-shire, rises on the S. of Mount 
 Moruisg, and flows on the whole ENE. into the Conan, which 
 it joins about 2 m. below Loch Luichart. 
 
 Melgle, par., Scot., E. Perthshire, 5 m. NE. by E. Coupar 
 Angus, on the C. R. P. <:75o. 
 
 Meigs, CO., U.S., Ohio, in the SE., on the Ohio, crossed in 
 the S. by 39° N. 
 
MEIG — MELA 
 
 Meigs, CO., U.S., Tennessee, in the SE., E. of 85° W. , and 
 N. of 36° N. , bounded on the E. by the Tennessee. 
 
 Metkle, in place-names, 'great.' See Mickle. 
 
 Meikle Earnock, vil. , Scot. , Mid Lanarkshire, on the C. R. , 
 \\ m. SW. by S. Hamilton. 
 
 Meikleonr, vil. , Scot. , E. Perthshire, 4 m. W. Coupar Angus, 
 4 m. N. by W. Cargill stn., P.O. 
 
 Meikle K08S, penin. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, 5 m. SSW. 
 Kirkcudbright. 
 
 Mclkle 8ny8 Imw, hill, Scot. See Lamnierninlr HllLs. 
 
 Meikle Wartle (or Wartbill), vil., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 6^ 
 m. NW. by W. Inverurie, with stn. (Wartle) on G. N. of S. R., 
 P.O. (M. W.), and P.O. (WartliUl). 
 
 Melktlla, dist. and cantonment, Upper Burma, 80 m. S. by 
 W. Mandalay, 12 m. W. by S. M. Road railway station. 
 
 Mellen, comm., Switzd. , cant, and 8 m. SE. by S. Ziirich, 
 on the N. side of Lake Zurich. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Mellliig, pass, China, in the N. of prov. Kwangtung [q.v.), 
 leading into prov. Kiangsi. 
 
 Melnerzliagen, comm., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle 
 Altena, 23 m. SE. by E. Barmen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Melnliigeu, tn., Ger. , duchy Saxe-Meiningen, circle M., on 
 the Werra R., 32 m. NW. Koburg. Chief edifice an ancient 
 palace, Elisabethenburg, with picture-gallery and library of 
 60,000 volumes ; cap. of duchy since 1680. P. 12,000. 
 
 Melr, stn., Eng., Staffordshire, near Blyth Bridge, on N. 
 Staffordshire Rly. 
 
 Melra, comm. , Spain, prov. Lugo, dist. and 12 m. NW. of 
 Fonsagrada. P. < 5000. 
 
 Melrelbeke, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. and 
 N. suburb of Ghent. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Melrliigeu, comm., Switzd., cant. Bern, 12 m. S. by W. 
 Sarnen, in the Hasli-thal. Alt. 1950-1970 ft. P. <:3000. 
 
 Mels, isl. , Asiatic Turkey. See Kastelorlzo. 
 
 Mels, comm., Spain, prov. Pontevedra, dist. and 12 m. NE. 
 of Gambados. P. < 5000. 
 
 Melseiilielm, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., M. circle, on riv. 
 Glan, 21 m. SW. by S. Bingen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Meissen (probably from Upper Lusatian miezny, ' an ad- 
 jective meaning 'frontier,' in the loth century Misni ; formerly 
 in English Mlsiila), tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle M. , on the 
 1. bk. of the Elbe, 14 m. NW. by W. Dresden ; built partly on 
 two heights, the Schlossberg and the Afraberg, on the former 
 of which stands the cathedral, and beside it the Albrechtsburg, 
 a building noted for its magnificent frescoes, and in which the 
 manufacture of the so-called ' Dresden ' china was carried on 
 from 1710-1863. The royal porcelain factory is now in the 
 Triebisch valley. The town contains a monument to Bottger, 
 who here discovered the art of making porcelain in 1705. The 
 town owes its origin to a castle founded in 928 by Henry L 
 ('the Fowler') as a frontier defence against the Wends, and 
 till the 13th century was the seat of margraves. Birthplace of 
 Hahnemann (1755-1843), founder of homceopathy. P. (1834) 
 7700; (1890)17,900. 
 
 Meltan-hslen, tn. , China, Kweichou, 103 m. NE. by N. 
 Kweiyang-fu. 
 
 Melx-devaiit Vlrton, comm., Belgium, prov. Luxembourg, 
 
 24 m. E. by S. Sedan. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mejarkon, riv. named in O. T. See Nalir el 'Aujata. 
 
 Mejdel, vil., Palestine, Magdala in the N. T. , 32° 50' N., 
 35° 31' E., 3 m. NW. by N. Tiberias. 
 
 Mejdel, vil., Palestine, perhaps the Migdal Gad of the 
 O. T. , 13° 40' N. , 34° 35' E. , 13^ m. NE. by N. Ghuzzeh (ancient 
 Gaza). 
 
 Mejdel Aujar, vil., Palestine, 33° 44' N., 35° 55' E. , 27 m. 
 SE. by E. Beirut. 
 
 Mejed All, Asiatic Turkey. See Nejef. 
 
 Mejena, valley, Algerian Sahara, prov. Algiers, on the route 
 between Wargla and El Golea. 
 
 Mejerda, the ancient Bagradas, riv., N. Africa, Algeria and 
 Tunis, rises in the Great Atlas, and after a E. by NE. course of 
 230 m. enters the Mediterranean (Gulf of Tunis) 24 m. N. 
 Tunis. Formerly it entered at the hamlet of Bu-Chateur (ancient 
 Utica), 7 m. shorter. 
 
 Mejez el Bab, probably the ancient Membressa or Membrissa, 
 tn., Tunis, on r. bk. of riv. Mejerda, 34 m. WSW. Tunis. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Mejlco, Piinta, cape, Peru, in about 17° 13' S. 
 
 MeJlUoues del Norte, small seapt., Chile, prov. Tarapaca, 
 
 25 m. N. Iquique, in about 19° 52' S. ; ships saltpetre. 
 MejlUones del Snr, small seapt., Chile, prov. and 40 m. N. 
 
 of Antofagasta, in 23° 2' S. Sterile country, with neither grass 
 nor water ; supplied by steamers with provisions from Chile ; 
 distilling machines supply water. Almost destroyed by an earth- 
 quake, 1877. In the neighbourhood are guano beds and the 
 silver-mines of Caracoles, for which it is one of the ports. Har- 
 bour sheltered on the W. by Punta Angamos, off which, on the 
 8th of October 1879, took place the battle which resulted in the 
 capture of the Peruvian monitor Huescar by the Chilean fleet. 
 Mejurtlne, region and tribe, E. Africa, Somali-land, between 
 
 the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean ; in the mountains of the 
 dist. iron, lead, and mercury are found. 
 
 Mekenna, site, Palestine, probably the Af^/Jowrt/z of the O. T. , 
 31° 46' N., 35° 51' E. , 3 m. SE. of the ancient Heshbon. 
 
 Mekeo, dist. , Brit. New Guinea, crossed by 8^° S. and 146!° E. 
 
 Mekerra, riv., Algeria. See Sig. 
 
 Meklang, riv. , Siam. See Menani. 
 
 Meklnak, lake, Canada, Quebec, Portneuf co. , 72 m. W. by 
 N. Quebec, drained SW. by the riv. Meklnak into the riv. St. 
 Maurice. 
 
 Mekines, Meknes, Meqnlnes, or Mlknas, tn., Morocco, 
 36 m. W. by S. Fez, is surrounded by a high wall in ruins, and 
 stands on the side of a mountain in a fertile valley, has an ele- 
 gant palace, and is one of the summer residences of the Sultan. 
 The mosque Mulai Ismael is the burial-place of the reigning 
 dynasty of Morocco, and an asylum for criminals. The town 
 is, hke all Moorish cities, divided into three parts, the citadel, 
 enclosing the dwellings of high officials, the town [medina], 
 and the Jews' quarter. Manufactures leather and earthenware. 
 Alt. 1755 ft. P. about 30,000. 
 
 Meklong, or Mayhlaung, tn. , Siam, 44 m. SW. by W. 
 Bangkok ; the prov. furnishes salt for all the kingdom. 
 
 Mekonak, place named in O. T. See Mekenna. 
 
 Mekong, riv., in the SE. of Asia, rises in the tableland of 
 Tibet, precise source undetermined. Its headstream is pro- 
 bably the river which, after passing the town of Chiamdo, 
 takes the name of Chiamdo-cher, and which flows nearly parallel 
 to (S. and SW. of) the upper Yangtse-kiang. S. of 30° N. it is 
 known as the Lantsan-kiang, and afterwards as the M. Its 
 course N. of 25° 20' N. lat., where it is crossed by an iron bridge 
 on the great route from Bhamo to Tali-fu, is in great part unex- 
 plored, as also is its course from Sayang (6 m. S. of the bridge) 
 down to about 21° N. Below Chien-hong it forms two series of 
 rapids, then with many twistings describes a great bend E. to 
 the neighbourhood of Luang Prabang, where, in about 20° N. , 
 having received on the 1. bk. the Nam-u, it turns abruptly S. 
 After passing Paklai it turns suddenly E. in about 18° N. , and 
 after flowing in that direction for two degrees it takes again a 
 southerly course, in about 104° E. , and continues that course to 
 its mouth. Near Pnom-penh the river divides, one branch going 
 NW. totheTonle- (orTale-) Sap, and forming sometimes a feeder 
 and sometimes the outlet of the lake, while two other channels 
 continue the southerly, or rather SE. , course of the river, one of 
 these (the W. ) called the Posterior, or Inferior R. , or the 
 Bassak, the other the Anterior R. , or Superior R. , or sometimes 
 the Mekong. The Posterior, or W. arm, is the shallower of the 
 two, but is connected by two canals with ports on the SW. ct., 
 one from Shodok (Chaudoc) to Hatien, the other from Long- 
 Shuyen to Rachgia. Above Vinhlong the Anterior, or E. arm, 
 again divides into several mouths [kwas], all of which are 
 obstructed by bars. The deepest channel, that of Kwa-dai, 
 passing Mytho (Mitho), ordinarily admits ships drawing 16 ft., 
 or during the SW. monsoon 23-26 ft. The navigation of the 
 middle and upper M. is obstructed by rapids in many places. 
 They begin at Kratie, in about i2|° N. , and continue thence 
 up to Stung-treng, in about 13° 35' N. (specially bad at Sam- 
 bok and Sambor, a little above Kratie). Below Khong there is 
 a series of bad rapids for 8 or 9 m. , in about 14° N., and above 
 these there is a navigable stretch of about 90 m. to the mouth of 
 the Nam-Mun (15° 20' N.). Above this the M. is navigable to 
 Kemmarat (16° 4' N.), and then for 230 m. to Nongkhai (on the 
 W.-E. stretch below Paklai, in about 102° 40' E.). Above that 
 it is scarcely navigable at all, or only with difficulty to Chieng- 
 kan, about the place where the easterly course begins. Length 
 about 2600 m. ; area of basin estimated at from 350,000 to 
 400,000 sq. m. 
 
 Mekraii, or Makran, maritime dist. , partly in Persia, partly 
 in Baluchistan, between 25° and 28° N. lat., 58° and 66° E. 
 long., having W. the Persian prov. of Laristan, E. the Baluchi 
 provs. of Sarawan, Jhalawan, and Lus, S. the Indian Ocean, 
 and N. a sandy desert and the Baluchi prov. of Kei. It is an 
 arid and barren region, where the troops of Alexander the Great 
 suffered severely on their return from India. The country bor- 
 dering the Persian Gulf, between 62° and 67° E. , is a bare desert, 
 with low hills and a scanty supply of water. Dates grow in 
 some of the valleys. M. is divided into petty dists. under 
 separate chiefs. 
 
 Melada, or Molat, vil., Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on an 
 island of the same name, 18 m. WNW. Zara. P. <20oo. 
 
 Melakore, Mellakore, or Melakorl, riv., French Sudan, 
 flows SW. and enters the Atlantic in 9° 8' N. (a few miles N. of 
 the Sierra Leone frontier), 13° 20' W. ; navigable to about 13° W. 
 
 Melambe, the westernmost of the mouths of the Zambezi R. 
 
 Melamo, cape, Portuguese E. Africa, at the mouth of Fernao 
 Veloso Bay, in 14° 25' S. , 40° 49' E. (O'Neill). 
 
 Melanesia, general geographical name given to those groups 
 of islands in the Western Pacific which lie between the equator 
 on the N. and the Tropic of Capricorn on the S. , and between 
 New Guinea on the W. and the Fiji Is. on the E. The follow- 
 ing archipelagoes, stretching on the whole from NW. to SE. , 
 
 987 
 
MELA — MEL F 
 
 are included under the designation — Admiralty, Bismarck, i.e., 
 Neu- Mecklenburg (New Ireland) and Neu-Pommern (New 
 Britain), D'Entrecasteaux, Louisiade, Solomon, Santa Cruz, New 
 Hebrides, New Caledonia, Loyalty, Banks, and Fiji. The name 
 is derived from the black colour of the prevailing race who inhabit 
 them, namely, a branch of the Papuans. These people are long- 
 headed (dolichocephalous) and short of stature, with thick frizzly 
 hair and broad noses. Although they speak one common lan- 
 guage, it is distinguished by great dialectical varieties. The people 
 stand at a low level of civilisation, being treacherous, addicted 
 to cannibalism, anti often extremely rude in their manners, 
 though they show considerable skill of an artistic kind. The 
 islands are nearly all of volcanic origin, and rest on a coral base. 
 Many of them have lagoons and reefs. Luxuriant vegetation 
 clothes them as a rule from the summits of the lofty volcanic 
 cones down to the water's edge. Rats, bats, flying-foxes, dogs, 
 opossums, crocodiles, snakes, frogs, eels, mosquitoes, and in- 
 numerable birds are the principal representatives of animal life, 
 though all these are not alike universally distributed throughout 
 the different groups. For further particulars, consult the articles 
 on the several archipelagoes, as well as Pacific, Papnas, 
 Polynesia. See R. H. Codrington, The Melanesians, 1891. 
 
 Melaugel, part of eccles. par., Wales, Montgomeryshire. 
 See Llangynog. 
 
 Mel^o, in., Brit. India, Bombay, Gujarit, Baroda state, in 
 22° 34' N. , 72° 52' E. P. (1881) 5400. 
 
 Melapalalyani, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 4 m. SE. 
 Tinnevelli. P. (1881) 6900. 
 
 Melapavor, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Tinnevelli. P. 
 
 (1881) 5300. 
 
 Melapl, small isl. , Eastern Archipelago, off the W. ct. of 
 Dutch Borneo, in about 1° 20' S. 
 
 Melas, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See IHllas. 
 
 11161a Virardgavaparam, vil. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 Tinnevelli; seat of carpet manufacture. P. 5900; Hindus, 5700. 
 
 Helaiivl, market-tn. , Central Egypt, prov. and 26 m. S. 
 Minie, on the 1. bk. of the Nile. 
 
 Mela'wl-el-Arlsb, tn. , Upper Egypt, prov. Siut, 1. bk. Nile, 
 27° 40' N. , with fine tombs of the 6th and 12th dynasties. P. 
 
 (1882) 10,800. Also spelt Mallawl-el-Arlsh. 
 
 Melbecks, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the Swale, 
 2 m. E. Muker ; 7974 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Melbecks Moor, upland tract, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Richmond div. , 12 m. W. Richmond. 
 
 Melbonrn, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Newmarket div. , 10 
 m. SW. by S. Cambridge, i m. S. by E. uf its stn. (Meldretli 
 and M.) on G. N. R., PMT.O.; 4725 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 nielbourne, stn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R., 
 98 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Nelbonrne, vil., Canada, Quebec, Richmond co., on the riv. 
 St. Francis, 72 m. E. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Melbonrne, par. and tn. , Eng., Derbyshire, 7^ m. SE. 
 Derby, on the M. R. ; with considerable manufactures of thread, 
 silk, boots, &c. M. Castle, a royal demesne at the Conquest 
 and in the time of Henry II., was dismantled in 1460; the 
 church is a fine Norman building. PMT.O. P. <:3Soo. 
 
 Melbonrne, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div. , 10^ m. ESE. York, on the Pocklington Canal, 4 m. NW. 
 Holme stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Melbonrne, settlement, U.S., Washington, Chehahs co., 38 
 m. W. by S. Olympia. 
 
 Melbonrne, city and seapt. , cap. Victoria, Bourke co. , 40 m. 
 NE. by E. Geelong. The city proper stands chiefly on the N. 
 bank of the Yarra, where it flows from E. to W. , a little above its 
 sharp bend S. before entering Hobson's Bay, at the head of 
 Port Phillip Bay. Fine open suburbs, some immediately adjoin- 
 ing M. proper, lie on both sides the river. The appearance of 
 M. answers to its rank. It was laid out at an early period of 
 its history by men who understood the advantages of wide and 
 straight streets and large open spaces. To this it owes its fine 
 public parks and gardens, such as the Botanical Gardens, one 
 of the most valuable in the world ; the Royal Park, with a 
 zoological collection ; and others. The wide streets and the 
 numerous open spaces afford admirable sites for the magnificent 
 public buildings with which the city has since been adorned, and 
 in the construction of which the builders have used an almost 
 imp)erishable stone, locally known as 'bluestone.' Among these 
 buildings may be mentioned the Parliament Houses, the Courts 
 of Law, and Ormond College, belonging to the University. 
 M. proper can be reached by the Yarra by vessels of consider- 
 able size, the sharp bend mentioned above being avoided by 
 the new Coode Canal. Vessels drawing 16 ft. can get to M. on 
 ordinary tides. Along the N. side of the Yarra is about one 
 mile of wharfage, used principally by intercolonial traders and 
 colliers, and on the opposite (S. ) side a large stone pier. On 
 the N. side, too, is a dry dock, which can accommodate vessels 
 of HOC tons ; and a new wet dock is contemplated. Hobson's 
 Bay, however, which has a depth of 18-30 ft. at low water, 
 forms the harbour of M. for vessels of the largest size ; and the 
 port on the N. side of this bay, formerly called Sandridge, is 
 988 
 
 now known as Port Melbourne, 2^ m. from M. Immediately 
 opposite Port Melbourne, on the other side of Hobson's Bay, 
 stands Williamstown, another suburban port, occupying a small 
 penin. which juts out into Port Phillip Bay, and terminates in 
 Gellibrand Point. In this outer harbour, chiefly at Port Mel- 
 bourne and Williamstown, there are 23,888 ft. of berthing, 
 ranging in depth from 6 to 27 ft. at low water. Spring tides rise 
 2 ft. 8 in. throughout the harbour. On the shore of Port Phillip 
 Bay, to the SE. of M., are the two suburbs of St. Kilda and 
 Brighton, which possess a fine sandy beach, and are hence 
 favourite watering-places, and full of country houses belonging 
 to the richer inhabitants of the capital. M. was named after 
 Lord Melbourne, the premier of the United Kingdom (1835-41), 
 at the date of its foundation. Mean temp., yr. 57.2° F. , Jan. 
 65.9°, July 47.2°; rfall. (18 yrs.), 26.6 in. P. city "proper (1881) 
 nearly 70,000; (1891)73,400; including a radius of 10 m. (1887) 
 372,000; (1891)490,900. 
 
 Melbonrne, co. , Western Australia, on the W. ct. , crossed in 
 the E. by 116° E. 
 
 Melbnry Abbas, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 15J m. 
 E. Sherborne, 2 m. S. Shaftesbury, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Melbnry Bnbb, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., j\ m. 
 SSW. Sherborne, 2 m. N. Evershot stn. P. <25o. See Frome 
 St. Qnintln. 
 
 Melbnry Osmond, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , j\ m. 
 SW. by S. Sherborne, 2\ m. SW. Yetminster stn., PM.O. 
 P. <:5oo. See Stockviood. 
 
 Melbnry Sampfonl, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 8 m. 
 SW. by S. Sherborne, ij m. NW. Evershot stn. P. <2So. See 
 Stockwood. 
 
 Melby, vil., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Walls par., on 
 the coast, 20 m. WNW. Lerwick. 
 
 Melchbonrue, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 
 10 m. N. Bedford, 4m. NNE. Sharnbrook stn., PT.O. P. <:2So. 
 
 Melcliet Park, par., Eng., Wiltshire, gi m. SE. Salisbury; 
 on an eminence is a Hindu temple (1800) to the memory of 
 Warren Hastings. P. <25o. 
 
 Melcbtbal, valley, Switzd. , cant. Unterwalden (ob dem Wald), 
 SE. Sarnen, traversed by the Melch R. , and the reputed birth- 
 place of Arnold of Griitli, and Nicholas von der Flue, two of the 
 founders of the Swiss Confederation. 
 
 Melcombe Horsey, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, 7 m. E. Cerne 
 Abbas, PMT.O. (M. Bingham). P. <25o. 
 
 Melcombe Regis, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., on the 
 S. ct. , adjoining Weymouth {q.v.) on the N. P. 7600; eccles. 
 par. (M. K. with Radipole) P. 5800. 
 
 Meldi, tn. , France. See Meanx. 
 
 Meldola, tn. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 8 m. S. by E. Forli. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Meldon, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 5^ 
 m. W. by S. Morpeth, on the N. B. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Meldorf, tn., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle Siider- 
 dithmarschen, 35 m. SW. by S. Schleswig ; formerly cap. of all 
 Dithmarschen. P. <4000. 
 
 Meldreth, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div., 8^ 
 m. SW. by S. Cambridge, i^ m. SW. by W. Shepreth stn., 
 with a stn. (M. and Melbonrn) on the G. N. R. , P. O. P. <75o. 
 
 Meldrnm, Old, par., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 4 m. NE. by 
 E. Inverurie, terminus of a branch line of the G. N. of S. R. , 
 PMT.O. Market-day, S. 8102 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Meleai, vil., Greece, prov. Larissa, E. side Gulf of Volos^ 
 and 12 m. SE. by E. Volos. 
 
 Meleda, the ancient Melita, isl. of Austria, prov. Dalmatia,' 
 in the Adriatic Sea, circle and 17 ra. WNW. Ragusa ; surface 
 mountainous, with numerous stalactite grottoes ; W. end in 42* 
 47' N., 17° 19' E. Length, 23 m.; breadth, 4 m. P. <20oo. 
 
 Melegnano, formerly Marlgnano, tn., Italy, Lombardy, 
 prov. and 9 m. SE. Milan ; French victory over the Swiss, 
 i3th-i4th September 1515, and over the Austrians, 9th June 
 1859. P. 6000. 
 
 Meleitig, tn.. Lower Egypt, prov. Menufiye, 14 m. S. by E. 
 Tanta. P. 7700. 
 
 Melekes, tn., Russia, govt. Samara, 50 m. E. Simbirsk, on 
 Orenburg highway ; iron-works. P. 6850. 
 
 Melencze, comm., Hungary, co. Torontdl, dist. and 11 m. 
 SE. of Torok-becse, 47 m. SW. of Temesvar ; health resort. 
 P. 8700. 
 
 Melenik, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Melnlk. 
 
 Melenkl, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 95 m. SE. Vladimir. 
 P. 6500. 
 
 Melenydd, range of hills, Wales, Radnorshire, 8 m. NW. 
 by N. New Radnor. 
 
 Melet, tn. , Asia Minor. See Hamidie. 
 
 Melfa, tn. , Tripoli. See Melhafata. 
 
 Meln, the ancient Aufidus, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 
 26 m. NNW. Potenza, at the foot of Mount Vultur ; cap. of 
 Apulia under Norman dukes in nth century. It had a fine 
 Norman cathedral, which was destroyed by an earthquake on 
 14th August 1851, when more than a thousand persons perished. 
 P. 11,800. 
 
MELF 
 
 M E LS 
 
 . Melford, Iiong, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 3 m. N. Sud- 
 bury, 12 m. S. Bury St. Edmunds, on the G. E. R., PMT.O.; 
 5315 ac. P. <:3Soo. 
 
 Melfort, pass, Scot., Argyllshire, in the W. , stretching SW. , 
 1-2 m. NE. of the head of Loch M. 
 
 Helgar de Fernamental, comm., Spain, prov. and 30 m. 
 W. by N. Burgos, dist. Castrogeriz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 HelghiKh, salt marsh, Algeria. See Melrhirh. 
 
 Helgnad, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on the Souris R. , 
 and a branch of the C. P. R. , about 155 m. W. by S. Winnipeg. 
 
 Kfelgund, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 797 
 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Melhafah, or Melfa, tn., Tripoli, on the coast of Gulf of 
 Sidra, 135 m. ESE. Tripoli. 
 
 Mellch, vil., Asia Minor, on the Black Sea, 65 m. SE. Sinope, 
 13 m. NW. Samsun. 
 
 Mellde, comm. , Switzd. , cant. Ticino, 4 m. S. Lugano, on 
 the W. side of Lake Lugano. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mellden, par., Wales, Flintshire, 9 m. WNW. Holywell, i^ 
 m. S. Prestatyn stn. , P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mellklaes, vil., Greece, on the E. ct. of Corfu L, near the 
 extreme S. 
 
 Melllla, or Mtlla, Rusadir of the Romans (Rus, ' a cape '), 
 one of the Spanish Presidios, on the N. ct. of Morocco, in 2° 
 59' W.; the Spanish citadel, on a rock, contains large magazines 
 and cisterns. P. <40oo. 
 
 MellUi, tn., Sicily, prov. and 12^ m. NW. Syracuse. P. 
 6000. 
 
 Mellncne, vil., Argentine Republic, Santa Y€, 75 m. SW. 
 Rosario. P. < 2000. 
 
 Melinda, or Melliide, seapt. , Brit. E. Africa. See Mallndl. 
 
 Slelindar, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, on riv. Rheidol, near 
 Aberystwith ; 8272 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 IMeliiie, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 6^ m. SW. Cardigan, 
 5 m. W. Boncath stn.; 4499 ac. P. <Soo." 
 
 M[ielin-Kho8, P.O., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 7 m. SE. 
 Lampeter. 
 
 Nellpllla, tn. , Chile, prov. and 30 m. W. by S. Santiago, on 
 the Maipo R. P. <4000. 
 
 Mellpulll, tn. , Chile. See Pnerto Moiitt. 
 
 Melita, isl. See Meleda, also Malta. 
 
 Melitena, tm. , Asiatic Turkey. See Malatla. 
 
 Mellto dl Porto Salvo, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, S. ct., prov. and 
 15 m. SE. by S. Reggio. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Melitopol, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Taurida, 212 m. by rail 
 NE. of Simpheropol, on r. bk. Molochnaya, near its entrance 
 into Sea of Azov. P. 14,700. 
 
 Melk, or Molk, tn. , Lower Austria, on the r. bk. of the 
 Danube, 47 m. W. Vienna. It has a Benedictine abbey, founded 
 in 1089, its precincts comprising a college and ecclesiastical 
 seminary, a large library, and a botanic garden. P. <2oco. 
 
 Melklioat-fontelu, mission station, Cape Colony, Rivers- 
 dale dist. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Melkrldge, pan, Eng., Northumberland, div. and 12^ m. 
 W. He.xham, 2^ m. E. Haltwhistle stn.; 4452 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Melksham, market-tn. and par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury 
 div., 5 m. NE. by N. Trowbridge, on the G. W. R.; with 
 manufactures of cordage, coco-nut fibre, haircloths, and india- 
 rubber goods. In the vicinity are baths, and a pump-room 
 erected over a saline and chalybeate spring. At the Domesday 
 survey it was held as a royal demesne. Market-day, M. Par. 
 8406 ac. , P. <45oo ; tn. P. <25oo. 
 
 Mella, riv. of N. Italy, rises 20 m. N. Brescia, flows S. , and 
 joins the Oglio 12 m. NE. Cremona, after a course of 50 m. 
 
 Mellakore, riv. , W. Africa. See Melakore. 
 
 Mella wee, Egypt. See Melawl. 
 
 Melle, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, on the Scheldt, 
 arr. and 5 m. SE. Ghent. P. <;40oo. 
 
 Melle, tn., France, dep. Deux-Sevres, cap. arr. M., 17 m. 
 ESE. Niort ; its dist. is celebrated for a breed of mules. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Melle, tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle M. , 13 m. ESE. 
 Osnabriick. P. <c3ooo. 
 
 Mellette, vil. , U.S., S. Dakota, Spink co. , 104 m. NE. by 
 E. Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mellld, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Arzua, 27 m. 
 ENE. of Santiago. P. 6300. 
 
 Melllfoitt, electoral div.. Ire., Meath, dist. Monasterboice. 
 
 Melllng, par., Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., 7 m. NNE. 
 Liverpool, i m. SE. MaghuU stn., P.O. (M. Mount). P. < 1000. 
 
 Mcllingen, vil., Ger. , gd. -duchy Saxe- Weimar, on the r. bk. 
 of the Ilm R. , 4 m. SE. Weimar. P. <:20oo. 
 
 .Mcllingen, vil., Switzd., cant. Aargau, on the Reuss, 11 m. 
 E. by N. Aarau. ; 
 
 MelUng -vrltli Wrayton, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 
 9i m. NE. Lancaster, near the 1. bk. of the Lune, on the Cam- 
 forth branch of the M. R., PM.O. (Melllng). P. <25o. 
 
 Mellls, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 3 m. W. Eye, on the 
 G. E. R.,P.O, P.<:5oo. 
 
 Mellons, par., Eng. .Monmouthshire. See St. Mellous. 
 
 Mellor, par., Eng., Derbyshire, High Peak div., 5 m. SW. 
 Glossop, I m. E. Marple stn., P.O. P. <isoo. 
 
 Mellor, par., Eng., Lancashire, Darwen div., 2^ m. NW. 
 Blackburn, PMT.O. (M. Brook). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mellrlchstadt, tn. , Ger. , in the N. of Bavaria, govt. Lower 
 Franconia, circle M., 18 m. NE. by N. Kissingen. P. <3oco. 
 
 Mells, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 3^ m. WNW. Frome, 
 with a stn. on the G. W. R. , PMT.O. P."'<ioco. 
 
 Mell8, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Suffolk. See Weuliaston. 
 
 Mellte, riv., Wales, Brecknockshire, flows S. from the Black 
 Mts. , then SW. , and on the borders of Glamorganshire unites 
 with the Nedd to form the Neath. Several picturesque water- 
 falls on its course. See Hepste. 
 
 Melmerby, par., Eng., Cumberland, div. and 7^ m. NE. by 
 E. Penrith, 3^ m. ENE. Little Salkeld stn., P.O.; 5362 ac. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Melmerby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and iij 
 m. SW. by S. Richmond, 3 m. S. Wensley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Melmerby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 3^ m. NNE. Ripen, on the NE. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Melmerby Fell, an upland tract, Eng., Cumberland, Penrith 
 div., about 2 m. NE. Melmerby, and about 10 m. NE. by E. 
 Penrith. Height, 2331 ft. 
 
 Melnlca (melnitsa), vil., Servia, circle PoZarevac, 60 m. SE. 
 by E. Belgrade. P. <3000. 
 
 Melnlk, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, at the confluence of the Elbe 
 and Moldau, 18 m. N. by E. Prague ; the finest Bohemian wine 
 is grown in this vicinity. P. <;3000. 
 
 Melnlk, or Melenlk, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Seres, 65 
 m. NNE. Salonica. Alt. 1215 ft. P. 5500 ; Servians, 3500. 
 
 Melo, tn. , Uruguay. See Cerro Largo. 
 
 MelocheTllle, vil., Canada, Quebec, Beauharnois co., on 
 Lake St. Louis, 24 m. SW. by W. Montreal. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Melodunum, tn. , France. See Melun. 
 
 Meloguo, Clza dl, mt., Italy, in the NW., in the Maritime 
 Alps, 13 m. WSW. Savona. 
 
 Mel6n, comm., Spain, prov. and i6 m. WSW. Orense, dist. 
 Ribadavia. P. <40oo. 
 
 Melone, Roccla. See Alps, Subdivisions, I. A. 8. 
 
 Melorla, the ancient Manaria, small isl. in the Mediterranean, 
 off the coast of Tuscany, 4 m. W. Leghorn ; here the Genoese 
 totally defeated the Pisans in a naval engagement on 6th 
 August 1284. 
 
 Melos, or Mllo, one of the Cyclades, isl. in ^gean Sea, belong- 
 ing to Greece, crossed by 36° 45' N. and 24° 26' E., is an oblong 
 in shape, 14 m. E. to W. , and 8 m. N, to S. , with a deep inden- 
 tation from the N. , and is of volcanic origin, rising to 2548 ft. in 
 Mount Prophet Elias, whilst there are at least four other peaks 
 exceeding 1000 ft. The island, which consists principally of 
 prim.itive gneiss and mica schist overlaid by trachytic eruptive 
 rocks, is rich in minerals — sulphur in the SE. (2000 tons annu- 
 ally), manganese (18,000), gypsum, salt, millstones, and argenti- 
 ferous barytes at Vani and Triades in the N W. , and Mirovilia 
 and Pironisi in the NE. Lead, zinc, copper, and alum also 
 occur, but are not worked. The sulphur, alum, clay, and 
 obsidian of M. were well known to the ancients. Sulphur 
 springs and caves abound. Cap. Kastro (called also Plaka), near 
 which ruins and catacombs of ancient city of M. , where painted 
 vases, &c. , and famous Venus of Milo, were discovered. Area, 
 57 sq. m. (Strelbitsky) ; 63 sq. m. (Wisotzki). P. 4959. M. has 
 three dependent islands — Anti-Melos, Kimolos, and Polinos. 
 
 Melplash, eccles. par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, Netherbury and 
 Poorstock pars., 2 m. SE. Beaminster, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Melrltlrb, or Melghlgh, large salt lake, Algeria, prov. Con- 
 stantine, in the Sahara ; a project has been formed to introduce 
 the waters of the Mediterranean into it by a canal from the Gulf 
 of Gabes. 
 
 Melrose, bor.. New Zealand, in the S. of North I., Hutt co. 
 (the county containing Wellington). P. < 1500. 
 
 Melrose, police burgh and par., Scot., Roxburghshire and 
 Selkirkshire ; the burgh on r. bk. Tweed, 4 m. SE. by E. 
 Galashiels, on N. B. R. The town, beautifully situated at the 
 foot of the Eildon Hills, is noted only for its abbey, the church 
 of which, when entire, was the finest in Scotland, as it is still a 
 noble ruin. In the vicinity is a large hydropathic establishment. 
 About 3 m. W. is Abbotsford, the seat of Sir W. Scott, who has 
 introduced M. into the Abbot and Monastery under the name of 
 ' Kennaquhair.' Par. 25,794 ac. , P. 11,100; burgh (entirely in 
 Ro.xburghshire) P. <;i5oo. Melrose, Old, 2^ m. to the E. 
 
 Melrose, tp. , S. Australia, Frome co. , 33 m. SE. Port Augusta. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Melrose, post-tn. , Tasmania, co. Devon, 83 m. W. Launces- 
 ton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Melrose, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , 7 m. N. 
 Boston. P. (i88o)<5ooo; (1890)8500. 
 
 Mels, tn., Switzd., cant. St. Gall, 5 m. NW. by W. Ragatz. 
 P. (of comm.)<;400o. 
 
 Melsele, comm. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. St. Nicolas. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 989 
 
MELS — MEMR 
 
 Melsonby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 5 m. 
 NNE. Richmond, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Melsnngen, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, cap. M. circle, 
 on riv. Fulda, 13 m. S. by E. Kassel. P. <40oo. 
 
 Meltemia, winds. See Mediterranean. 
 
 Mel'tham, par. and tn. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Colne 
 Valley div., 5 m. SW. by S. Huddersfield, on the L. & Y. R., 
 PMT.O.; 4692ac. P.<:5ooo; eccles. par. (M. Mills) P. < 1500. 
 
 Melthwaite, part of par., Eng., Cumberland. See Irton, 
 Santon, and Melthwalte. 
 
 Melton, pari, div., Eng., in the E. of Leicestershire. P. 
 (1891) 59,900. 
 
 Melton, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and i m. NE. Woodbridge, 
 on the Deben and the G. N. R. ; has machine- works. PMT.O. 
 P. 1500. 
 
 Melton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 8J m. W. Hull, 
 P.O. P. <25o. SeeWelton. 
 
 Melton, post-tn., Victoria, Bourke co., 22 m. WNW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Melton, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Nor- 
 folk, S. div. Great M. , 6 m. W. by S. Norwich, 2J m. NW. by 
 W. Hethersett stn., P. <5oo; Little M., P.O., P. <:5oo. 
 
 Melton, Hlgb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 4 
 m. W. by S. Doncaster, 2 m. N. Conisbrough stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Melton, West, vil. , Eng., Yorkshire, Hallamshire div., 5^ m. 
 W. Melton, i in. W. Wath and Bolton stn., PM.O. 
 
 Meltonby, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire. See Yaptaam 
 'With Meltonby and Pocklington. 
 
 Melton Constable, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 13J m. 
 WSW. Cromer, on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly., PMT.O. P. 
 <5oo. See Briston. 
 
 Melton Mowbray, market-tn. and par., Eng., Leicestershire, 
 Melton div., on riv. Wreake, 9^ m. NW. Oakham, on the G. 
 N. and M. Rlys. ; has blast-furnaces. Large quantities of iron 
 ore (brown hematite) are quarried and smelted in or near the 
 town, which is noted as a hunting centre, and for its pork pies, 
 and has a large trade in Stilton cheese, &c. Market-day, Tu. 
 P. 6400 ; eccles. par. (M. M. -with Burton Lazars, Freeby, 
 Sysonby, and Welby) P. 7100. 
 
 Melton Motvbray, pxjst-tn., Tasmania, Monmouth co., on 
 the Jordan, 28 m. N. by W. Hobart. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Melton Ross, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 
 13 m. W. Grimsby, i m. ENE. Barnetby stn., P.O. P. <:25o; 
 eccles. par. (M. M. wltb Jfew Barnetby) P. <5oo. 
 
 Melnkote, sacred vil. and municip. , India, Mysore, dist. 
 Hassan, 12° 40' N. , 76° 43' E. , the chief seat of the Sri-Vaishnav 
 Brdhmans. P. (i88i)<3000. 
 
 Melon, the ancient Melodunum, tn., France, cap. dep. Seine- 
 et-Marne, cap. arr. M. , on the r. bk. of the Seine, 10 m. N. by 
 W. Fontainebleau ; besieged and taken by Henry V. of England 
 in 1420. P. 12,800. 
 
 Melverley, par., Eng., Shropshire, Oswestry div., at the 
 confluence of Vyrnwy with the Severn, 10 m. W. by N. Shrews- 
 bury, 4 m. NNW. Westbury stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Melvern, vil., U.S., Kansas, Osage co., 73 m. SW. Kansas 
 City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Melvern Square, post-vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Anna- 
 polis, 4 m. from Wilmot. P. <i5oo. 
 
 MelTlcta, vil., Scot., Sutherland, 14^ m. W. by S. Thurso, at 
 the mouth of the Halladale R. , PMT.O. See Portskerra. 
 
 Melville, bay, N. Australia, at the extreme NW. of the Gulf 
 of Carpentaria, NW. of Cap)e Arnhem. 
 
 Melville, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Knysna, 120 m. S. 
 by E. Beaufort West. 
 
 Melville, cape, E. ct. Queensland, in 14° 10' S., 144° 33' E. 
 
 Melville (formerly Male vil le, named after the family of 
 Maule), eccles. par. , Scot. , Forfarshire, Montrose par. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Melville, settlement, U.S., Montana, Park co., 120 m. E. 
 Butte. 
 
 Melville Island, isl. , off the coast of N. Australia, separated 
 from Bathurst \. by Apsley Strait, and from the mainland by 
 Clarence Strait, in 11° 28' S., 131° E. ; 70 m. by 30 m. Dis- 
 covered by King. Surface low and gently undulating. 
 
 Melville Island, isl. , N. Polar Sea, separated on the W. by 
 Fitzwilliam Strait from Prince Patrick I., and on the S. and 
 SE. by N. Sound from Victoria Land and Prince of Wales' 
 Land, in 75° N., 110° W.; 200 m. by 130 m. It was named by 
 Parry, who wintered here in 1819-20. Mean temp. (Winter 
 harbour), Jan. 32.4° F. , July 42.4°. 
 
 Melville Lake, Canada, Labrador, an expansion of Hamilton 
 Inlet above Rigolet. 
 
 Melville Peninsula, a portion of the mainland of Canada, 
 Arctic Regions, between Fox Channel and Gulf of Boothia and 
 81° and 87° W. ; separated from Baffin Land by Hecla and Fury 
 Strait. Length about 250 m. ; breadth about 100 m. 
 
 Melville's Mills, vil. , Canada. See Bandon. 
 
 Melvin, electoral div. , Ire., Leitrim, dist. Kinlough. 
 
 Melvin, Lougb, lake, Ire., between the cos. of Leitrim and 
 Fermanagh, 3 m. S. of Ballyshannon, drained by the Drowes 
 into Donegal Bay. 
 990 
 
 M^lykikt, comm. , Hungary, prov. Bacs-Bodrog, 17 m. WNW. 
 Maria Theresiopel. P. 7900. 
 
 Melzo, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 12 m. E. by N. 
 Milan. P. < 3000. 
 
 Memba, bay, Portuguese E. Africa, in 14° 10' S. 
 
 MemblJ, Mambog, or Mabog, the ancient Batnbyce and 
 Hierapolis, ruins, Turkey in Asia, Syria, 47 m. ENE. Aleppo. 
 
 Hembo, tn. , Upper Burma. See Mlnbn. 
 
 Membressa, or Membrissa, tn. , Tunis. See MeJez-el-Bab. 
 
 Membrilla, tn., Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, dist. Manzanares, 
 75 m. SE. by S. Toledo. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Membnry, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Honiton div. , 3 m. NNW. 
 Axminster, P.O. ; 4394 ac. P. <75o. See Axnilnster. 
 
 Menie, riv., W. Africa, Kamerun Terr., flows NW. then 
 SW. , by a wide estuary also called the Rumbi, into the head of 
 the Gulf of Guinea ; navigable to 9° 10' E. 
 
 Hemel, or Niemen, in Russian Xyenian (Chronus of anti- 
 quity), river in eastern Europe, rises in the Russian govt, of 
 Minsk, flows on the whole W. to Grodno, then turns N. (sepa- 
 rating the govt, of Vilna from the Polish govt, of Suwalki), and 
 again W. above Kovno (separating govts. Kovno and Suwalki), 
 and continues W. , flowing through the Prussian prov. of E. 
 Prussia into the Kurisches Haff, which it enters by two main 
 arms, into which it divides a few miles below Tilsit, the Gilge 
 flowing to the SW., and the Rnss to the NW. ; the Russ again 
 dividing at the town of Russ into the Skirwieth and the 
 Atmath, the latter of which enters the Kurisches Haff opposite 
 the mouth of the Minge ; navigable from Pyasechna, 475 m. 
 from the mouth of the Atmath ; but with several obstructions to 
 navigation in the upper part of its course, one of which, known 
 as the ' Devil's Dam,' a natural accumulation of large stones in 
 the bed of the river, occurs about 15 m. above Kovno, in conse- 
 quence of which German boats seldom ascend beyond that town, 
 125 m. above the mouth of the Atmath. The Gilge mouth is 
 connected by the Friedrichsgraben with the Deime, and bv means 
 of that river with the Pregel at Tapiau. From the mouth of 
 the Atmath navigation is continued by means of the Minge and 
 the Konig Wilhelm's Canal to Memel, 33 m. from the mouth of 
 the Atmath. In Russia its most important tribs. are: (i) 
 Szczara, which it receives from the SE. on the 1. bk. about 445 
 m. above Grodno, and is connected by means of the Oginsky 
 Canal with the Yatsolda R. , which enters the Pripet below 
 Pinsk ; and (2) the Viliya, which it receives from the E. on the 
 r. bk. at Kovno. Considerable shipping of corn, linseed, flax, 
 and timber exported from Russia ; and salt, fish, and colonial 
 wares imported. Total length, 565 m. ; basin, 34,962 sq. m. 
 (Strelbitsky). 
 
 Memel, tn. , Prussia, in the N. of the prov. E. Prussia, circle 
 M. , at the outlet of the Kurisches Haff, with iron-foundries and 
 manufactures of machinery, and trade in wood, cereals, and flax, 
 chiefly with Russia. Mean temp., yr. 43.4° F. , Feb. 26.2°, July 
 63.3°. Tn. P. 19,000; comm. P. 19,300. 
 
 Meninilngen, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, circle 
 M. , 30 m. S. by E. Ulm, with manufactures of woollen and 
 cotton fabrics, and trade in hops and cheese. P. 9600. 
 
 Memory Cove, bay, S. Australia, at the entrance to Spencer 
 Gulf, named in 1802 by Captain Flinders in memory of two of 
 his officers and six men lost in a boat accident. 
 
 Mempakol, stn. , in the SW. of Brit. N. Borneo, on a small 
 inlet on the N. side of Brunei Bay. 
 
 Memphis, ancient site, Egypt. See Mitrahinc. 
 
 Memphis, vil., U.S., Michigan, St. Clair co., 20 m. SW. 
 Port Huron. P. < 1500. 
 
 Memplils, tn., U.S., Missouri, Scotland co., 42 m. W. by 
 N. Keokuk (lo.). P. < 2000. 
 
 Memphis, city, U.S., Tennessee, Shelby co., on a bluff lined 
 by a sandstone levee (embankment) on the Mississippi, about 
 15 m. NE. of the SW. corner of the stale, 780 m. above New 
 Orleans, 450 m. below St. Louis, and the most important city 
 between these two. Carries on an immense trade both by rail 
 and river, exporting principally cotton. Has numerous cotton- 
 seed oil-mills, some very large foundries, machine and wood 
 works, &c. About 1780 the site was owned by the Chickasaw 
 Indians. M. was laid out in 1820, and incorporated as a city 
 in 1826. Several visitations of yellow fever and other infectious 
 diseases reduced the city to bankruptcy in 1879, but it has since 
 recovered its prosperity, and sanitary reforms have made it one 
 of the healthiest cities in the U.S. The Mississippi is now 
 spanned here by a bridge 60 ft. above high water (the lowest 
 bridge on the river). Alt. (city base) 117 ft. (City Engineer); 
 227-244 ft. (R.R.); signal stn. 321 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). 
 Mean temp., yr. 61.2° F., Jan. 40.4°, July 80.9°; rfall. (i3yrs.), 
 56. 1 in. P. (1870) 40,200; (1880)33,600; (1890)64,500. 
 
 Memphremagog, lake, Canada, Quebec and Vermont (U.S.), 
 28 m. long from S. to N., 1-4 m. broad, its N. (lower) end 70 
 m. E. by S. Montreal. It receives the Black R. from the S. , 
 and is drained NE. into the riv. St. Francis. It is studded 
 with densely wooded islands, and abounds in fish. 
 
 Memramcook, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Westmorland 
 CO., 90 ra'. NE. by E. St. John. P. < 1500. 
 
MEMS — MENG 
 
 Menisie, P.O., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 3I m. SW. by S. 
 Fraserburgh. 
 
 Men, Chinese, 'door.' 
 
 MentMo, or Man&do, one of the most beautiful towns in the 
 E. Indies, on the N. shore of Minahassa, in Celebes [q.v.), is 
 the cap. of the residency of Menado, and a free port, with a 
 large trade to Batavia and China. P. 4000. 
 
 9Ienagglo, vil. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 16 m. NNE. 
 Como, on the W. shore of Lake Como. P. <2ooo. 
 
 IMenal Bridge, tn. , Wales, Anglesey, on M. Strait and the 
 L. & NW. R., 2 m. SW. Bangor, PMT.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Meual LlKhthonse, on Trwyn-Du Point, E. extremity of 
 Anglesey, 4 m. NE. Beaumaris, in 53° 19' N., 4^2' W.; vis. 13 m. 
 
 Meual Strait, Wales, between Anglesey and Carnarvonshire, 
 13 m. long from Carnarvon Bay to Beaumaris Bay, ^ m. to i 
 m. broad. It is crossed by a suspension bridge (1825) 1710 ft. 
 in length, 100 ft. above high water, and by the Britannia 
 tubular bridge (1850), 1380 ft. long, and 100 ft. above high 
 water, forming part of the Chester and Holyhead Rly. 
 
 MLenaklia, tn., Arabia, dist. Yemen, on a narrow precipitous 
 ridge 7600 ft. above sea- level, commanding road from Sanaa 
 to Hodaida, 48 m. from the former and 70 m. from the latter ; 
 has Turkish laarracks, military hospital, and telegraph office. 
 P. 5000 (Harris). 
 
 Menam ('the mother of waters'), or Mepliig, riv. , Siam, 
 rises in the Shan Mts. near the Burmese frontier, and is known 
 as the Meklang down to 19° 22' lat. N., thence it bears the 
 name of Meping, and flows S. between steep forest-covered 
 mountains to Mutka, below which it forms a series of rapids 
 extending over about 50 m. Above Raheng it receives on the 
 1. bk. the Menamwang or Mevan ; lower it turns SE. to Pak- 
 nam, where it receives on the 1. bk. the Menam-Phe or Lesser 
 Menam (300 m.), formerly regarded as one of its headstreams. 
 The course becomes again S. , and near Chainat the river divides 
 into two principal and several secondary branches, enclosing 
 a delta 120 m. in length. The W. arm, called the Supanbari 
 or Taching, is connected with the E. arm, the Menam, by four 
 canals. The M. receives at Ayuthia the Namsak (1. bk.), and 
 50 m. lower down passes Bangkok, 19 m. below which it falls 
 into the Gulf of Siam, after a course of more than 750 m. The 
 approach to the mouth is obstructed by sandbanks, and large 
 vessels have to anchor at a distance of 10 m. M. is navigable 
 for small boats to Chieng-mai, 75 m. above Mutka, and for 
 river steamers to Paknam. The river overflows its banks every 
 summer, the water inundating the rice-fields from the end of 
 August to the beginning of November. 
 
 9Ienani-kong, riv. , Asia. See Mekong. 
 
 iVenan, isl. , U.S., Maine, Washington co., about 3 m. SE. 
 from Goldsboro Harbour. 
 
 Menangle, tp. and stn.. New South Wales, Camden co., 30 
 m. SW. by W. Sydney. P. <isoo. 
 
 Menankaban, a state of W. Sumatra. 
 
 Menaiitl, state, Malay Penin. See Srl-Mruantl. 
 
 Menard, co., U.S., Illinois, intersected by 40° N., and 
 bounded in the W. by 90° W. 
 
 Menard, co. , U.S., Texas, crossed in the W. by 100° W., 
 and in the N. by 31° N. 
 
 Menasalbas, comm. , Spain, prov. and 22 m. SW. of Toledo, 
 dist. Navahermosa. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Menasha, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Winnebago co., at the 
 foot of Lake Winnebago, 31 m. SW. of the head of Green 
 Bay. P. < 5000. 
 
 Me-Nau, vil., Siam, 94 m. SW. Chieng-mai. 
 
 Menavia, isl. See Man, Isle of. 
 
 Menbo, vil. , Upper Burma. See Mlnbn. 
 
 Menche, or Lorlllard, ancient ruined town, Mexico, Tabasco, 
 near the Guatemalan frontier, built on stone-faced terraces rising 
 one above the other from the banks of the Usumacinta. 
 
 Mendaiia Islands. See Marquesas. 
 
 Mendavel, tn. , Dutch Borneo, near Sampit Bay, on the S. ct. 
 
 Mende, cap. dep. Lozere, France, cap. arr. M., 63 ni. NW. 
 Nlmes. The cathedral was built by Urban V. , a native of M. 
 Alt. 2490 ft. P. 5600. 
 
 Mendell, tn., Asiatic Turkey, near the Persian frontier, 70 
 m. ENE. Bagdad, on the route across Mount Zagros, defended 
 by a castle ; has sources of naphtha, which is sent to light 
 Bagdad. In the neighbourhood are gas sources, which poison 
 the atmosphere. P. 6000. 
 
 Mendell, or Pentellkon, mt., Greece, in the extreme E., 
 12 m. NE. Athens. Alt. 3640 ft. 
 
 Menden, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Iserlohn, 16 
 m. ESE. Dortmund ; manufactures goods of sheet-brass and tin. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Menderez, the ancient Skamander, riv., Asia Minor, plain 
 of Troy, rises in Mount Ida, flows NW. for about 60 m. into 
 the Hellespont. 
 
 Menderez, the ancient Mcsander, riv., Asia Minor, rises on 
 the Anatohan plateau in the prov. of Konia, flows W. by S. 
 past the white petrified terraces and fountains of Tambuk, 
 and empties itself into the /Egean Sea below the isl. of Samos. 
 
 Owing to the mass of alluvial matters brought down, the mouth 
 of the river advances 40 ft. every year. On its banks are traces 
 of the ancient cities Apamcea, Antiochia ad McBatidrum, and 
 Miletus. Length of river, 240 m.; area of basin, 9200 sq. m. 
 
 Mendbam, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, on riv. Waveney, \\ m. SE. 
 Harleston, P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 MendbAfval, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., the most im- 
 portant commercial town in dist. Basti, 118 m. N. Benares. P. 
 11,000; Hindus, 8700; Moham. 2300. 
 
 Mendl, tribe and country, W. Africa, in the E. of the Sierra 
 Leone protectorate, N. of 8° N., crossed by 12° W. The 
 country produces palm-oil and rice. People noted for their 
 cloth manufactures. {Proc. R. G. S., 1892, pp. 436-37.) 
 
 Mendlp Hills, range, Eng. , Somerset, trending WN W. for 
 about 18 m. from near Wells and Shepton Mallet, mainly 
 composed of Carboniferous limestone (exposed in the fine 
 cliffs of Cheddar, &c.) ; highest point Blackdown, 1067 ft. (Old 
 Red Sandstone) ; eruptive rocks here and there ; zinc ore mined. 
 
 Meudlestaam, par., Eng., Suffolk, 5 m. NW. Debenham, 
 PM.O., and P.O. (M. «reen). P. < 1500. 
 
 Mendocino, cape, U.S., California, furthest W. point of 
 coast, lat. 40° 24' N. Alt. 637 ft. Mean temp., yr. 52.4° P., 
 Feb. 48.0°, Aug. 56.8°; rfall., yr. 51.8 in., May-Sept. 2.31 in. 
 
 Mendocl'no, co. , U.S., California, on the coast, stretching 
 from 40° N. to about 38° 40' N. 
 
 Mendon, vil., U.S., lUinois, Adams co., 115 m. NNW. St. 
 Louis (Mo.). 
 
 Mendon, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 16 m. SE. Wor- 
 cester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mendon, vil., U.S., Michigan, St. Joseph co. , 125 m. W. 
 by S. Detroit, and 20 m. SSE. Kalamazoo. P. <isoo. 
 
 Mendon, vil., U.S., Utah, Cache co., 7 m. SW. Logan by 
 rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mendota, city, U.S., Illinois, La Salle co., 80 m. W. by S. 
 Chicago. P. <4000. 
 
 Mendota, vil., U.S., Missouri, Putnam co. , 80 m. W. by N. 
 Keokuk ( lo. ). P. < 1 500. 
 
 Mendoza, formerly Cnyo, prov. or state of the Argentine Re- 
 public, lying N. of 35° lat. S., and S. of prov. San Juan, between 
 prov. of San Luis on E. and the Andes on W. The E. face of 
 the Cordilleras and their high plateaux and valleys, e.g. , Acon- 
 cagua, Maipu, Juncal, form the W. side of the prov.; the 
 central and E. parts are level, low, and in part arid. The 
 rivers Mendoza {g.v.) and Desaguadero on the E. boundary, 
 Diamante in the S. , and Tunuyan in the centre, are utilised for 
 irrigating the cultivated tracts. Minerals abound, but only 
 copper and silver are extracted. Agriculture is the chief source 
 of wealth, the principal products being excellent wheat, lucerne, 
 maize, wine, vegetables, and tobacco. Cattle (from the E. 
 provs.), copper, tobacco, and soap (manufactured in M.) are 
 exported to Chile, the most important pass across the Andes 
 being that of Uspallata, 10,568 ft. in alt. The climate is 
 healthy, but dry. Mean temp., yr. 56.7° F., the extremes 95" 
 (Dec.) and 27° (July); rfall. 6^-8 in. Area, 34,000 sq. m. 
 P. (1882) 9Q,ooo; (1887) 160,000. 
 
 Mendoza, riv., Argentine Republic, in centre of prov. M., 
 rises on the E. flank of Aconcagua in the Andes, flows E. and 
 NE. into Lake Guanache after a course of about 160 m. Its 
 waters are used for irrigation purposes. 
 
 Men«lo'za, tn. and stn., Argentine Republic, cap. state M., 
 95 m. S. San Juan, and 620 m. W. by N. by rail from Buenos 
 Aires, being on the trans-continental railway from that city to 
 Valparaiso. All its chief buildings were destroyed by an earth- 
 quake in 1861. It has a fine promenade, watered by a double 
 canal, a national college, and a school of agriculture. Cattle 
 fattened to send to Chile ; wheat exported, Alt. 2559 ft. Mean 
 temp. (6 yrs., 1875-80), 60.6° F., Feb. 74.2°, July 46.4°; rfall. 
 (5 yrs.), 7.97 in. P. 18,000. 
 
 Mendrlslo, or Mendrls, comm., Switzd., cant. Ticino, 6 m. 
 NW. Como. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Menckannee, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Marinette co. , at the 
 mouth of the Menominee, 42 m. NNE. of head of Green Bay. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Menemen, tn., Asia Minor, on the 1. bk. of the Gediz-chai, 
 vilayet, sanjak, and 14 m. N. by W. Smyrna. P. 9400 ; 
 Moham. 5000 ; Orthodox Greeks, 2300 (Cuinet). 
 
 Menervllle, tn. , Algeria, arr. and 28 m. E. Algiers. *P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Menes, comm. , Hungary, co. Arad ; famous for a sweet red 
 wine. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Menetborpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., on the Derwent, 15 m. NE. York, 3 m. SSW. Malton, 
 close to Huttons Ambo stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Menevia, ancient tn. , Wales. See St. David's. 
 
 Menfl, tn., Sicily, prov. Girgenti, 32 m. ESE. Marsala. 
 P. 9900. 
 
 Meng, tn., China, prov. Honan, on 1. bk. of the Hwang-ho, 
 300 m. NNE. Ichang, 30 m. ENE. Honan. 
 
 Mengen, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wurtemberg, circle of the Danube, 
 35 m. SSE. Tubingen, 5J m. SE. by E. Sigmaringen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Mengbwating, tn. , China, Yunnan, 38 m. SSE. Tali-fu. 
 
 991 
 
MENG — MERA 
 
 Heiigibar, comm., Spain, prov. Jaen, dist. and i6 m. SE. 
 by E. Andiijar. P. <4cxx). 
 
 Meugo, vil., central Africa, Uganda, to the NW. of Lake 
 Victoria Nyanza, in o° 19' N. , 32° 38' E. 
 
 jMeugtsu-lislen, tn., China, in the SE. ofYiinnan, on a level 
 mountain-enclosed plain, 20 m. by 12, 4500 ft. above sea-level, 
 210 m. NW. by N. Hanoi (Tongking), 30 m. N. Manhao (head 
 of navigation on the Songkoi), with which it is connected by 
 a paved road, and at no great distance from the tin-mines of 
 prov. Centre of transit trade with the S. Chief products 
 metals, tea, and cotton ; iron is also found. Opened to French 
 trade in 1889. Spelt also Sloiigtse, Moutze, Mengtsz, Mnng- 
 tse, &c. P. estimated at 10,000-20,000 (the lower figure pro- 
 bably nearer the truth — Cons. Rep. 1890). 
 
 Menlienlot, or Ulenbynnet, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, Bodmin 
 div., i2| m. WNW. Plymouth, i^ m. N. of its stn. (for Looe) 
 on the G. W. R., PM.O. ; 7002 ac. P. <i5oo; eccles. par. 
 (M. with itterrymeet) P. < 1500. 
 
 Menldlou (menidhi), vil., Greece, prov. Acarnania and 
 Aetolia, on the Gulf of Arta, 45 m. S. by E. Yanina. 
 
 MenUllon (menidhi), tn., Greece, prov. Boeotia and Attica, 
 in comm. Acharnai, 8 m. N. Athens. P. <300o; (comm. A.) 
 <40oo. 
 
 Menifee, co. , U. S. , Kentucky, crossed by 38° N. , E. of 84° W. 
 
 Menil, Mesnil, from mansionile, diminutive of tnansus, hence 
 in French place-names ' a little dwelling. ' 
 
 Meulu, tn., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, on the Lys, arr. 
 and 7 m. WSW. Courtrai ; manufactures lace and cotton goods ; 
 has spinning factories. P. 13,700. 
 
 Menlndle, tp.. New South Wales, in M. co., 85 m. SW. 
 Wilcannia, and on riv. Darling. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Menlngle, post-tn., S. Australia, Russell co. , 68 m. SE. by 
 S.Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aleninx, isl., N. Africa. See Jerba. 
 
 Menltlt Wood, part of eccles. par., Eng., Worcestershire. 
 See Pensax. 
 
 Menlougli, tn. , Ire. , co. , bar. , and 2 m. N. Galway, at the 
 outlet of Lough Corrib. P. <5oo. 
 
 Menlongli, tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Tiaquin, 13 m. 
 SE. by E. Tuam, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 JMenmnlr, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 5 m. NW. Brechin, P.O. ; 
 10,218 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Mennlgliiiffeu, comm., Prussia, govt. Minden, circle and 
 7 m. N. Herford. P. <:300o. 
 
 Mennoiiltes, a Protestant sect, with branches in Ger. and 
 Switzd. (25,000), Holland (32,000), U.S. and Canada (100,000), 
 and in Russia (50,000), in govts. Ekaterinoslav, Samara, and 
 Taurida. There are some also in Brazil. 
 
 Neno, tn., U.S., S. Dakota, Hutchinson co., 27 m. NNW. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Meuoken, settlement, U.S., Washington, Columbia co., 
 18 m. NNE. Walla Walla. 
 
 Henom'liiee, city, U.S., Michigan, cap. M. co. (named after 
 a tribe of Indians still present in small numbers in Wisconsin), 
 at mouth of Menominee R. , 100 m. S. by W. Marquette, engaged 
 in lumber (chiefly pine) manuf. P. (i88o)<400o; (1890) 10,600. 
 
 Menominee, riv., U.S., it rises in the NW. of Michigan, 
 near the frontier, and flows ESE. and SSE., forming part of 
 the boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin, till it empties 
 itself into Green Bay at Menekaunee, a little to the N. of 45° N. 
 
 Menomonle, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Dunn co. , 59 m. E. by 
 S. St. Paul (Minn.). Alt. 878 ft. (R.R.). P. 5500. 
 
 Menorca, isl. , Sp)ain. See Minorca. 
 
 Menshye, tn. , Egypt. See Mlnshat, El. 
 
 Henston, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley div., 7 m. 
 N. Bradford, on the M. R. , PMT.O. P. <2ooo; eccles. par. 
 (N. -with Woodhead*) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Henstry, or Menstrle, vil., Scot., Clackmannanshire, 3^ m. 
 NW. Alloa, with a stn. (Menstrle and Cilenoclill) on the 
 N. B. R. , with manufactures of Scotch blankets and other 
 woollen goods. Birthplace of Sir Ralph Abercromby, fatally 
 wounded near Alexandria, in Egypt, in 1801. PMT.O. 
 
 Mentaran, tn., E. Archipelago, on the NW. ct. of Battam I., 
 13 m. SE. by S. Singapore. 
 
 MentAvel Islands, group of 4 large and 17 small islands, E. 
 Archipelago, off the W. ct. of Sumatra, in i°-3j° S. ; of volcanic 
 formationf flat, with good anchorage for small vessels, but access 
 is difficult on account of reefs. 
 
 Mentelth, stn. , Canada, Manitoba, 150 m. W. by S. Winnipeg. 
 
 Mentelth, or Monteltta, dist., Scot., SW. Perthshire, tra- 
 versed by the rjv. Teith ; formerly an independent stewartry, 
 comprising nearly all the Perthshire part of the Forth basin 
 lying W. of the Ochils. 
 
 Mentelth, Port of, Scot. See Port of Mentelth. 
 
 Menthorpe -with Bowthorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. 
 Riding, Howdenshire div., on the Derwent, 7^ m. NNW. 
 Goole, with a stn. (M. Gate) on the NE. R. P. <2So. 
 
 Mentmore, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 7 m. 
 NE. by E. Aylesbury, i m. NW. Cheddington Junction, P.O. 
 P. <.5oo. 
 
 Mentone, tn. , France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, arr. Nice, near 
 the frontier of Italy, on the S. ct., turning SE. , 6 m. NE. by E. 
 Monaco. W. and N. are the Alps in a semicircle of tops. Its 
 climate resembles that of Cannes and Nice, and is suitable for 
 invalids with chest affections. Has large trade in lemons and 
 olive-oil. P. 8200. 
 
 Mentone, a favourite suburban and summer resort, Victoria, 
 Mornington co. , in Port PhiUip Bay, 14 m. SE. Melbourne. 
 
 Mennf, the ancient Momemphis, tn. , Egypt, on the canal of 
 M. , which connects the Rosetta and Damietta branches of the 
 Nile, 22 m. S. by W. Tanta ; has indigo-works. P. 16,300. 
 
 Menufle, or Mennflye, prov., Lower Egypt, extending from 
 the fork of the main arms of the Nile delta for about 40 m. 
 along the r. bk. of the Rosetta arm. 
 
 Menivlth 'With Barley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 on the Nidd, 5 m. W. Ripley, with a stn. (Dariey) on the NE. R. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Menza'leh, liake, the ancient Taniticus, lagoon. Lower 
 Egypt, between Damietta and the Suez Canal, separated by a 
 narrow sandbank from the Mediterranean, with three openings. 
 Length, 30 m. ; breadth, 20 m. Every year the Nile, which 
 passes through its W. extremity, overflows and covers an immense 
 surface. Its fisheries are extensive and valuable, and it furnishes 
 large quantities of salt. The M. Canal from this lake joins the 
 Nile N. the town Mansurah. On the coast of the lake is Tunis, 
 the ancient capital of the Hyksos, with important remains. 
 
 Menzaleh (believed to be the Panephysis of Ptolemy), tn.. 
 Lower Egypt, at the mouth of riv. Sughaiyir, 20 m. SSE. 
 Damietta ; fishing is the chief industry. P. 8400. 
 
 Menzel Hor (or Henrr), in., Tunis, on the E. ct. , 43 m. E. 
 Tunis, 3^ m. S. by W. Menzel Temine. 
 
 Menzellnsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 181 m. NW. Ufa, 
 10 m. from 1. bk. of the Kama; great fair; indigo, furs, cattle, 
 &c. , exported ; manufactured goods, imported. P. 6650. 
 
 Menzel Tenilue, tn., Tunis, near the E. ct., 44 m. E. Tunis. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Meole Brace, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div. , 2 m. SSW. 
 Shrewsbury, PMT.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Meols, Xorth, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and i^ m. ENE. 
 Southport, close to Church Town stn. ; 8467 ac. P. 43,000. 
 
 Meols Cop, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the W. Lancashire & 
 Liverpool, Southport & Preston June. Rlys. , near Southport. 
 
 Meolse, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Cheshire, Wirral div. Great M. , 6 m. W. Birkenhead, with 
 a stn. (Meols) on the Seacombe, Hoylake, and Deeside Rly. , 
 and a lighthouse, P. <soo ; Little M. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Meomlya, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Mehouila. 
 
 Meon, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Hamp- 
 shire, Petersfield div. East M., on the Titchfield, 13I m. ESE. 
 Winchester, 4 m. W. by S. Petersfield stn., PM.O., 11,377 ac. , 
 P. < 1500; WestM., PMT.O., P. < 1000. 
 
 Meon Stoke, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., on the 
 Titchfield, 10^ m. SE. by E. Winchester, 4 m. E. by N. Bishop's 
 Waltham stn. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (M. 8. with Soberton) 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Meophani, or Meffam, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., i m. 
 S. of its stn. on the L. C. & D. R., 5^ m. S. Gravesend,^ 
 PMT.O. ; 4713 ac. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Meosnnni, isl. See Hump Isle. 
 
 Mepal, par., Eng., Cambridge, Isle of Ely, Chesterton div., 
 6 m. W. by N. Ely, on the New Bedford Rly., \\ m. NNW. 
 Sutton stn., P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Meplng, riv. , Siam. See Meuam. 
 
 Meppel, tn., Holland, prov. Drenthe, 13 m. N. by E. Zwolle, 
 connected with the Zuider Zee by the Meppeler Diep (Canal), 
 with manufactures of woollen and cotton goods and calico. 
 P. (comm.) 8900. 
 
 Meppen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle M. , 43 m. NW. 
 Osnabruck, at the confluence of the rivs. Ems and Haase. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 MeppershaIl,orMepshall, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, Biggles- 
 wade div., 10 m. NNE. Luton, 2 m. S. Shefford stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Mequineuza, the ancient Ortogesa, comm., Spain, prov. 
 Saragossa, on the 1. bk. of the Ebro, 24 m. SW. L6rida, dist. 
 Caspe. P. <3000. 
 
 Mequlnez, city, Morocco. See Meklnes. 
 
 Mer, tn. , France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, near the r. bk. of the 
 Loire, arr. and 12 m. NE. Blois. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Mer, native name of Murray I., Torres Strait. 
 
 Mer and Ser, mt. peaks of the Himalayas, N. India, 
 Kashmir, about 65 m. ESE. Srinagar (Kashmfr), in about 
 34° N. lat., 76^ 10' E. long. Alt. 23,400 ft. 
 
 Meralaba Island, New Hebrides. See Star Peak Island.. 
 
 Meramec, riv., U.S., Missouri, in the E., trib. of the Missis- 
 sippi, which it joins on the r. bk. about 20 m. below St. Louis. 
 
 Meran (believed to be the Urbs Majensis of the Romans, 
 derived from 'moraine'), tn., Austria, Tirol, on the Etsch, 
 16 m. NW. Botzen ; one of the most frequented health resorts 
 of the Tirol. Alt. 1050 ft. Average temp., yr. 53" F., Jan. 
 32° s', July 67° 6'. P. 7200. 
 
M E R A 
 
 M ER I 
 
 Merapl, two mts. , Sumatra. 1. Near the W. ct., in o° 38' N. 
 2. Ill 0° 15' S. , 50 m. NNE. Padang. 
 
 Mer'a»li, vil., Palestine, Mareshah in the O. T., 31° 45' N., 
 34° SS' -E-' ^S '"• ^- Jerusalem. 
 merash, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Marai^ta. 
 illeraslieen Island, Newfoundland, offS. ct. , in 54° io'-2i'W. 
 Meratfkr, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 10 m. NE. 
 Tanjore. P. (1881) 7500. 
 
 Mertoes le Chilteau, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the 
 Sambre, 13J m. WSW. Charleroi. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Merbes Ste. Marie, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, i2| m. 
 W. by S. Charleroi. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Mercn, La, comm., Spain, prov. and 6 m. S. Orense, dist. 
 Celanova. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mercadal, comm., Balearic Is., Minorca, dist. and 12 m. 
 NW. Mah6n. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Mercaston, par., Eng. , Derbyshire, S. div. , 6^ m. NW. 
 Derby, 4^ m. W. Duffield stn. P. <25o. 
 
 IHercato, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. and 8 m. N. Salerno. 
 P. 10,400. 
 
 Hercato Saraceno, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. Forli, on riv. 
 Savio, 19 m. WSW. Rimini. P. 8800. 
 
 Slerced, city, U.S., California, cap. M. co. , 112 m. E. by S. 
 San Francisco ; the point of departure for tourists visiting the 
 Yosemite Valley, which is traversed by the N. Fork of the 
 Merced R. Mean temp. (16 yrs. ), yr. 63.6° F. , Jan. 47.2°, Aug. 
 79.9° ; rfall. , yr. 10.30 in., May-Oct. 1.17 in. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Merced, La, thriving vil., Peru, dep. and 45 m. E. by N. 
 Junin, 145 m. ENE. Lima, on the Chancha-Mayo, in a sugar- 
 cane and coffee growing dist. 
 
 Mercedes, tn., Argentine Republic, prov. and 60 m. W. by 
 N. Buenos Aires. P. 9500. 
 
 Mercedes, tn., Argentine Republic, prov. and 122 m. SSE. 
 Corrientes. P. 3000. 
 
 Mercedes, tn. , Uruguay, cap. dep. Soriano, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Rio Negro, 24 m. ESE. Fray Bentos ; can be reached only 
 by vessels of light draught. P. claims to be 9000. 
 
 Mercer, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., Manukau co. , on 
 the Waikato, 32 m. SSE. Auckland ; coal and other minerals 
 near. P. < 1500. 
 Mercer, co. , U.S., Illinois, on W. frontier, N. of 41° N. 
 Mercer, co., U.S., Kentucky, S. of 38° N., and E. of 85° W. 
 Mercer, vil., U.S., Maine, Somerset co. , 7 m. SW. Norridge- 
 wock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mercer, co. , U.S., Missouri, on the N. frontier, E. of 94° W. 
 
 Mercer, co. , U.S. , New Jersey, on the Delaware, N. of 40° N. 
 
 Mercer, co. , U.S., N. Dakota, bounded on N. and E. by riv. 
 
 Missouri, and crossed in the W. by 102° W. 
 
 Mercer, co. , U.S. , Ohio, on the W. frontier, crossed by 40^° N. 
 
 Mercer, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, cap. M. co. , 52 m. N. by 
 
 W. Allegheny. Mercer, co. , is on the W. frontier. P. <30co. 
 
 Mercer, co. , U.S., W. Virginia, on the S. frontier, crossed 
 
 in the extreme E. by 81° W. 
 
 Mercersburg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Franklin co. , 63 m. 
 SW. by W. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mercer Station, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Muhlenberg co. , 80 
 m. NNW. Nashville (Tenn.). P.<i5oo. 
 
 Merchantvllle, bor., U.S., New Jersey, co. and 4 m. E. 
 Camden by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mercblston (mer'kiston), SW. suburb of Edinburgh, Scot., 
 with stn. on the C. R. Merchlston Castle, residence and the 
 place of the birth and death of John Napier (1550-1617), the 
 inventor of logarithms. 
 
 Merclitem, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Brussels, 8 
 m. SE. Dendermonde. P. <5ooc. 
 
 Merchweller, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Ottweiler, 34 
 m. SE. by S. Treves. P. <30oo. 
 
 Mercla, or Myrcna, one of the old kingdoms of early 
 England, occupying the centre of England, and comprising 
 at the height of its power in the 9th century all the modern 
 counties between the Thames on the S. , Yorkshire and Lanca- 
 shire on the N. , the kingdoms E. Anglia and Essex on the E. , 
 and Wales on the W. It was founded about the middle of the 
 6th century, and was finally annexed to Wessex in 918. 
 
 Merckem, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 6 m. 
 S. Di.xmude. P. <:4000. 
 
 Mercury Bay, New Zealand, on the NE. side of North I., 
 in 36^ 48' S. , 175° 4s' E. A few miles to the N. are Great and 
 Red Mercury Islands, named by Cook because he here, with 
 the astronomer Green and the botanists Banks and Solander, 
 observed the transit of Mercury in 1769. 
 
 Mercury Bay, tp. , New Zealand, North I. , Coromandel co. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 Mere, Teutonic, 'lake,' 'sea,' or 'marsh.' See Meer. 
 Mere, par., Eng., Cheshire, Altrincham div., j\ m. NE. 
 Northwich, 2J m. W. by S. Ashley stn., PT.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Mere, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Kesteven div., adjoining 
 Lincoln city. P. <25o. 
 
 Mere, par. , Eng. .Wiltshire, Wilton div. , 16 m. S. by W. Trow- 
 bridge, 4 m. N. Gillingham stn., PMT.O.; 7650 ac. P. <300o. 
 993 
 
 Merebank, meteorological stn. , Natal. See Durban. 
 Meredith, post-tn., Victoria, Grant co. , 27 m. NW. by N. 
 Geelong. Morrison's Goldfield is i,\ m. distant. P. < 1500. 
 
 Meredith Village, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Belknap co. , 
 30 m. N. Concord, on Lake Winnipiseogee. P. <2ooc. 
 
 Meredosla, vil., U.S., Illinois, Morgan co. , 10 m. E. of the 
 1. bk. of the Illinois R. , and 47 m. W. Springfield. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Merefte, vil., Turkey in Europe, on the Sea of Marmora, 
 prov. and 35 m. NE. by E. Gallipoli. 
 
 Mere Green, PM.O., Eng., Warwickshire, 2 m. N. Sutton 
 Coldfield. 
 
 Merehan, people, Somali-land. See Marehan. 
 Merere's, vil. , Ger. E. Africa, 45 m. N. head of Lake Nyassa. 
 Merevale, par., Eng. , Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., 7 m. 
 SE. by E. Tamworth, i m. W. Atherstone stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Mereweather, post-tn. , New South Wales, co. Northumber- 
 land, in 32° 58' S., 151° 42' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mereworth, par. , Eng. , Kent, Medway div. , 6\ m. NE. Tun- 
 bridge, 2 m. W. by N. Wateringbury stn., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 Mergen, tn., Manchuria, on the Nonni, 140 m. NNE. Tsit- 
 sihar. The town dates from 1687. Alt. 690 ft. P. 5000. 
 
 Mergenthelni, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Jagst, on 
 the riv. Tauber, and 22 m. SSW. Wiirzburg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mergozzo, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 7 m. W. 
 Pallanza, at NW. angle of Lake Mergozzo, with quarries of 
 marble and white granite. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mergul, tn. , Lower Burma, cap. dist. M. , on an island in the 
 principal mouth of the Tenasserim R. The town is modern, 
 and its harbour admits vessels drawing 18 ft. of water. Alt. 
 96 ft. Mean temp., yr. 78° F., April 81°, Dec. 76°; rfall., yr, 
 159.1 in., May-Oct. 145.2 in., June-Sept. 115. 8 in. P. 10,000; 
 Buddhists, 8400. 
 
 Mergul Archipelago, group of isls. in the Gulf of Bengal, 
 off the Tenasserim coast, between 9° and 13" N. , 97° and 98° 
 30' E. ; the most westerly composed of granite and porphyry ,. 
 those nearer the shore of sandstone and conglomerate, most of 
 them forming a part of the British prov. Mergui. The prov. 
 Mergui is the most southerly on this coast belonging to the 
 British. Wild animals comprise the tiger, rhinoceros, deer, and 
 snakes. Principal products, edible birds' nests and beche-de- 
 mer. The highest peaks are 3000 ft. above the sea. 
 
 Merhelm, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Miilheim, 4 
 m. ENE. Cologne. P. 11,200. 
 
 M^rida, city, Mexico, cap. of Yucatan state, 95 m. NE. 
 Camp^che. Founded in 1542, on the site of a city (Tehu) 
 previously ruined by the Spaniards ; is one of the principal seats 
 of culture in Mexico ; has a cathedral, built 1598. Has grown 
 rapidly in recent years through the development of the trade in 
 henequen, of which it is the centre, being now connected by 
 rail with various henequen-growing dists. as well as the port of 
 Progresso (25 m.). P. (1868) 23,500 ; (1889) 53,000. 
 
 M^rlda, city, Spain, prov. and 33 m. E. Badajoz, on the r. 
 bk. of the Guadiana, here crossed by a Roman bridge of eighty- 
 one arches and 2575 ft. in length, cap. dist. M. ; has a bishopric. 
 Its ancient walls are said to have had a circuit of 6 leagues ; of 
 these walls only a small portion remains. There are also ruins 
 of Roman theatre, aqueduct, temples, Trojan's column, &c. 
 Augusta Emerita was founded B.C. 25 by Augustus for the 
 settlement of his veteran troops [emeriti). It afterwards became 
 cap. of Lusitania, fell into the hands of the Moors in 713, and was 
 finally attached to the kingdom of Castille in 1228. P. 10,100. 
 Merida, ancient tn., Turkey in Asia. See Mardin. 
 Merida, tn. , Venezuela, Los Andes, 335 m. SW. by W. 
 Caracas. P. 10,700. 
 
 Meriden, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., 5 m. 
 WNW. Coventry, 3 m. E. Hampton stn., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 Meriden, city, U.S., Connecticut, New Haven co. , 17 m. 
 NNE. New Haven ; contains the state reform school for boys. 
 Manufactures iron castings, rolled brass, and other metal wares,, 
 including britannia and electro-plated silver ware. P. (1880) 
 15,500; (1890)21,700. 
 
 Meriden, vil., U.S., Kansas, Jefferson co. , 12 m. NNE. 
 Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Meridian, city, U.S., Mississippi, Lauderdale co., 87 m. E. 
 Jackson. P. (i88o)<5ooo; (1890) 10,600. 
 
 Meridian, vil., U.S., Texas, Bosque co. , on Bosque R. , 75 
 m. SW. Dallas. P. < 1500. 
 
 Merlgomish, seapt., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Pictou, on 
 Northumberland Strait, on Pictou Harbour, E. side ; important 
 shipbuilding. P. < 1500. 
 
 Merini, lake, S. America. See Mlrlm. 
 Merimbula, postal-tp.. New South Wales, co. Auckland, 
 200 m. by rail and road SSW. Sydney, in 36° 52' S., 149° 56' 
 E. P. < 1500 
 
 Merinageu, tn. and fortified post, Africa, in French colony 
 of the Senegal, 37 m. E. St. Louis. The fort was built in 1842. 
 Merindadde Valdlvielso, comm., Spain, prov. Burgos, dist. 
 Villarcayo. P. <40oo. 
 
 M^rindol, vil., France, dep. Vaucluse, arr. Apt, on the 
 Durance, 21 m. NW. by N. Aix ; celebrated for the horrible 
 
 3R 
 
MERI 
 
 M E R S 
 
 massacres committed in 1545, by order of the Parliament of 
 Aix, on the Waldenses, whose tenets had prevailed here since 
 the 1 2th century. P. <20oo. 
 
 JHerliig, comm., Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 circle Friedberg, 8 m. SE. by S. Augsbiirg. P. <30oo. 
 
 Merino, post-tn., Victoria, Normanby co., 43 m. N. Port- 
 land. P. < 1500. 
 
 Merlon'etbslilre (Welsh Melrlonydd, after Meirion, a British 
 saint), maritime co. of North Wales, having W. Cardigan Bay, 
 and partly bounded on the N. by the county of Carnarvon, in 
 the dioceses of Bangor and St. Asaph. Surface mountainous, 
 in many parts well-wooded and intersected by fine vales, its 
 principal summits Arran Mawddwy, 2970 ft., and Cader Idris, 
 2929 ft. in height. The main mass of rock is Cambrian and 
 Lower Silurian, which in the NE. and E. is succeeded by Upper 
 Silurian. Chief rivers the Dee, Mawddach, Dovey, and Glaslyn. 
 Small lakes numerous ; Bala (4 m. by i m. ) is the largest in North 
 Wales. Soil mostly poor, and suited only for pasturage. 
 Welsh ponies of the purest breed are nearly confined to this 
 county. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. 
 Mineral products are slate, extracted at Festiniog, Blaenau, 
 Corris, and Abergynolwyn ; gold at Dolgelly and Bontddu ; 
 and manganese at Barmouth and Llanbedr. Manufactures 
 coarse flannels and knitted woollen stockings. The Cambrian, 
 Great Western (branch line from Bala to Festiniog), and 
 L. & NW. Rlys. traverse the county. Chief towns, Dolgelly 
 (the cap.), Bala, Towyn, Barmouth, and Festiniog. Sea-ports, 
 Barmouth and Aberdovey. The county (of which the admini- 
 strative and ancient areas are co-extensive) has no bor. , but 
 returns one member to Parliament. Area, 427,810 ac. P. 
 ^1891) 49,200. 
 
 Merlr, or Warren Hastings, isl. , Pacific, in the Pelew 
 Archipelago. 
 
 MerlTale, co., Queensland, 'S. frontier, crossed by 152° E. 
 
 Meriwether, co. , U.S., Georgia, crossed by 33° N. , and E. 
 of 85° W. 
 
 Merj-lbn-Amlr, plain, Palestine. See Esdraelon. 
 
 Merka, or Marka, tn., Africa, Somali-land, on the E. ct. , 
 1° 42' N. P., partly Arab, partly Somali, estimated at<4ooo. 
 
 Merkara, tn., Brit. India, cap. of Coorg, 64 m. ESE. Manga- 
 lore, with a fort on an eminence. Alt. 3695 ft. Mean temp. , 
 yr. 67° F., April 72°, Dec. 64°; rfalL, yr. 126.8 in., May-Oct. 
 120.0 in., June-Sept. 105.9 in. P. (1881) 8400; (1891) 7000; 
 Hindus, 4900 ; Moham. 1500. 
 
 Merke, tn., Russian Turkistan, prov. Syr-daria, 285 m. NE. 
 Tashkend, on highway to Kulja. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Merken-hof, isl. , Holland. See Marken. 
 
 Merkland Point, cape, Scot., isl. of Arran, E. ct., in 
 55° 36' N. , at the N. end of Brodick Bay. 
 
 Merksteln, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt., circle, and 
 7 m. N. Aix-la-Chapelle. P. < 3000. 
 
 Merlera, or Erlkonsa, the most northerly of the Ionian Is. , 
 in the Mediterranean, 7 m. NW. Corfu ; 3 sq. m. Highest 
 point, 430 ft. 
 
 Merlo, vil. and rly. stn., Argentine Republic, state and 19 m. 
 W. Buenos Aires. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hernienteau, or Mermenton (mer'men-to'), riv., U.S., 
 Louisiana, flows S. across the SW. of the state, through a lake 
 of the same name, into the Gulf of Mexico, with only 3 ft. of 
 water on the bar at its mouth. 
 
 Merc, ct. riv., NW. Spain, Galicia; its estuary enters Coninna 
 Bay. 
 
 Mero^, Isle of, region, S. Nubia, not an island, but a level 
 plain, between the Nile and its tribs., the Bahr-el-Azrak (Blue 
 Nile) and the Atbara. The ruins of the ancient Meroi, the 
 cap. of Ethiopia, stand near the E. bank of the Nile, 28 m. 
 NE. Shendi. 
 
 Merom, Waters of, Palestine. See Hnleli, Bahelret-el-. 
 
 Meronoth, place named in O. T. See Marrtna. 
 
 Merrlang, tn., Victoria. See Beverldge. 
 
 Merrick, mt., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, in the W., 19 m. N. 
 Wigtown, the highest summit in the S. of Scotland. Alt. 2764 ft. 
 
 Merrick, co., U.S., Nebraska, crossed by 98° W., and in the 
 SW. by 41° N. 
 
 Merrlckvllle, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Grenville co. , on Rideau 
 Canal, 34 m. SSW. Ottawa. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Merrill, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Lincoln co., on the 1. bk. of 
 the Wisconsin, 92 m. WNW. of the head of Green Bay. P. 6800. 
 
 Herrlllon, vil, U.S., Wisconsin, Jackson co. , 118 m. ESE. 
 St. Paul (Minn.) ; has fine water-p>ower. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Merrlmac, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., la m. NE. 
 Lawrence. P. <3000. 
 
 Merrimack, co., U.S., New Hampshire, traversed by the 
 Merrimack R. , touching 43° N. in the SE. 
 
 Merrimack, riv., U.S., in the S. of New Hampshire and 
 the NE. of Massachusetts, formed by the junction of the 
 Pemigewassett and the Winnipiseogee at Franklin. It flows 
 S. through New Hampshire, past Concord, Manchester, and 
 Nashua, then ENE. through the N. of Massachusetts, past 
 Lowell, Lawrence, Haverhill, and Newburyport, into the 
 994 
 
 Atlantic. Its numerous falls furnish immense water-power, 
 the employment of which in manufacturing has created the 
 cities of Lowell, Lawxence, Nashua, and Manchester. Navig- 
 able to Haverhill, 18 m. up. At its mouth is a bad and shift- 
 ing bar. 
 
 Merrimack, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Hillsboro co. , on 
 the r. bk. of the Merrimack, 5 m. N. Nashua. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Merrlngton, par., Eng. , Durham, div. and 3^ m. E. by N. 
 Bishop Auckland, ij m. S. Spennymoor stn. P. <25oo. 
 
 Merrlon, tn., Ire., co. and 3 m. SE. Dublin, on Dublin Bay, 
 bar. Dubhn, Donnybrook par., with a stn. on the Dublin, 
 Wicklow, and Wexford Rly. 
 
 Merrlon, P.O., Wales, in co. and 5 m. SW. Pembroke. 
 
 Merrlott, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 7 m. W. by S. 
 Yeovil, 3 m. N. Crewkerne stn., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Merrlplt Hill, hill, Eng. , Devonshire, in Dartmoor Forest, 
 18 m. W. by N. Teignmouth. 
 
 Merrltton, or Ttaorold Station, vil., Canada, Ontario, 
 Lincoln co., 27 m. NW. Buffalo, on a railway, 6 m. SE. by S. 
 Port Dalhousie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Merrlwa, tp. , New South Wales, Brisbane co. , 80 m. SSW. 
 Tamworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Merrow, par. , Eng. , Surrey, Chertsey div. , 2 m. E. by N. 
 Guildford, PM.O. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Merry Maidens, Tbe, Eng. See Rosemodris Circle. 
 
 Merrymeet, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Cornwall. See Men- 
 lieniot. 
 
 Merry's Lake, Canadian NW. Terrs., crossed by 54° 15' N., 
 94° 20' W. , a Hudson Bay Company post on its E. side. 
 
 Mers, Mais, or Marsa, in place-names, Arabic, ' port.' 
 
 Mersa el Mzemma, post, Morocco. See Peikon de Velez. 
 
 Mersa-susa, N. Africa. See Marza-snsa. 
 
 Mersch, market-tn., gd.-duchy of Luxemburg, on the Alzette, 
 9 m. N. Luxemburg. P. 3000. 
 
 Merscheid, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Solingen, 12 m. 
 ESE. Diisseldorf. P. 8500 ; comm. P. 15,600. 
 
 Merse, dist. , Scot. See Berwickshire. 
 
 Mersea, isl., Eng., in the Colchester div. of Essex, between 
 the estuaries of the Stour and Blackwater, defended by a strong 
 sea-wall ; fertile. Length 4I m., by 2 m. It contains two pars, 
 of the same name (E. and W. Mersea). E. Mersea, P.O., 
 P.<25o; W. Mersea, PMT.O., P. < 1500. 
 
 Mersebnrg, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, cap. circle and govt. 
 M., on the Saale, 9 m. S. Halle; has a cathedral, dating 
 from the nth, 13th, i6th, and 19th centuries, which contains 
 the monumental tomb of Rudolph of Swabia and a very fine 
 organ (1666), and a Gothic castle. Manufactures armour, 
 machinery, cellulose, paper, and has iron-foundries. Anthracite 
 mines in the vicinity. The bishopric, founded by Emperor 
 Otto I. in 968, passed into the hands of the Elector of Sa.xony 
 in 1648. M. was cap. seat of the ducal line of Saxe-M. from 1656 
 to 1738. P. (of tn.) 17,600 (7378 in 1816) ; (of comm.) 17,700. 
 
 Mer8*el-JeJaJ, vil. , Algeria. See Port-anx-Ponles. 
 
 Mers-el-Kebir (Arabic, 'great port,' Mazalquiver, Spanish ; 
 Partus Divinus, Roman), fortified tn., Algeria, on the NW. ct., 
 arr. and 5 m. WNW. Oran ; taken first by the Portuguese in 141 5 
 and 1471, then by the Spaniards in 1505, abandoned by them 
 in 1792, and taken in 1830 by the French, who repaired and 
 completed the ancient Spanish fortifications. The lighthouse, 
 in 35° 44' N. , 0° 42' E. , is visible 9 m. The port, which is 
 practically sheltered from all winds, offers anchorage (5-8 
 fathoms) ^^ m. from shore. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mersey, riv. , Eng. , formed in the N. of Derbyshire by the 
 union of the Goyt, which issues from Goyt Moss and flows 
 N. along the W. frontier of Derbyshire, and the Etherow, from 
 the E. , flows W. f»ast Stockport and Warrington till it expands 
 into the estuary or arm of the Irish Sea which forms Liverpool 
 Channel. Length, 70 m. ; length of estuary, 16 m. ; width, 
 1-3 m. ; greatly obstructed by sandbanks. It abounds in conger 
 eels, flounders, shrimps, &c. See Manchester Ship Canal. 
 
 Mersey Road and Algbnrth, stn., Eng. See Aigburtta. 
 
 Mersliam, par. , Eng. , Kent, div. and 3 m. SE. by E. Ashford, 
 I m. NW. by W. Smeeth stn., PMT.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Merslna (ancient Zephiriuni ; modern name refers to large 
 numbers of myrtles, Greek mersine), seapt. tn., Turkey in Asia, 
 N. ct. of Levant (Mediterranean), vilayet, sanjak, and 36 m. by 
 rail SW. Adana ; 5 m. W. the ruins of ancient Soles, afterwards 
 Pompeiopolis. Exports wool and cotton. P. 9000 ; Moham. 
 5000 ; Christians, 3500 ; Orthodox Greeks, 2700 (Cuinet). 
 
 Merslvan, Marslvan, Marsoran, or Mersinin, tn., Asia 
 Minor, vilayet Sivas, sanjak Amasia, 85 m. S. by E. Sinope ; 
 20 m. N. of the town are the hot (carbonate of soda) baths of 
 Khavza, temp. 152° F., beneficial in rheumatic affections. 
 P. 10,000. 
 
 Merstham, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 3 m. NE. Reigate, 
 on the SE. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Merston, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 2J m. SE. by E. 
 Chichester, i m. S. Drayton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Merstone, vil., Eng., Hampshire, Isle of Wight div., 3 m. 
 SE. by S. Newport, on the Isle of Wight Central Rly. 
 
M E R T — M E S I 
 
 JMIerther, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 2 m. E. 
 Truro. P. <25o. 
 
 Merthyr, Welsh, 'a martyr.' 
 
 Merthyr, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., on riv. 
 Cowen, 4 m. W. Carmarthen. P. <5oo. 
 
 Merthyr Cynog, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 6^ m. NW. 
 by N. Brecknock; 17,762 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Merthyr Dovan, par. , Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div. , i^ m. 
 from S. ct. , 5 m. SW. Cardiff, close to Cadoxton stn. P. <45oo. 
 
 Merthyr Mawr, par. , Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div. , 15 m. 
 SE. by S. Neath, 2 m. SW. Bridgend stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Merthyr-Tydfil, or Merthyr-Tydvil, pari. bor. , niarket-tn. , 
 and par. of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, on the Taff, 24 m. by rail 
 (Taff Vale Rly.) NW. Cardiff, with which it is also connected by 
 canal. Its railway station is the common terminus of the L. & 
 NW. R. , G. W. R. , Brecon & Merthyr Rly. , Rhymney Rly. , and 
 Taff Vale Rly. It has rather narrow streets, and stands in a bare 
 situation surrounded by lofty hills, near the centre of the great 
 S. Wales coal basin ; hence the numerous collieries and the 
 g^eat steel-works of Dowlais and Cyfarthfa. The produce of 
 these is mostly shipped at Cardiff. The place owes its origin 
 as an ' iron ' centre to the foresight of one Anthony Bacon, who 
 in 1765 took a century's lease of the minerals around what was 
 then the insignificant hamlet of M.-T. There he erected iron- 
 works, and when he retired from business in 1782 he divided 
 and sub-let his mineral concession in four separate parts— 
 Dowlais, Penydarran, Cyfertha (Cyfarthfa, Cyvarthva), and 
 Plymouth works (Smiles). The sanitary condition of the place 
 has been materially improved since the middle of the 19th 
 century by extensive drainage and water-works. The bor. is 
 under the superintendence of a high constable, and sends two 
 members to House of Commons. The first iron tramway in 
 the country, for which an Act of Parliament was obtained, was 
 laid down in 1796 from Merthyr to Navigation (nearly half-way 
 to Cardiff). On this Trevithick ran the first locomotive in 1804. 
 Market-days, W. and S. 17,400 ac. Par. and tn. P. (1801) 
 1250; (1890) 58,100; pari. bor. P. (1851) 63,100; (1871) 51,900; 
 (1891) 104,400. 
 
 Merthyr Vale, coal-mining vil. , Wales, Glamorganshire, on 
 the Taff Vale Rly., 5 m. SSE. Merthyr-Tydfil, PMT.O. 
 
 Mertola, the ancient Myrtilis Julia, fortified tn. , Portugal, 
 Alemtejo, dist. Beira, on the r. bk. at the head of navigation of 
 the Guadiana, 45 m. NNE. Faro, with ruins of a Moorish castle. 
 Nine miles ENE. are the copper-mines of Sao Domingos. 
 
 Mertoii, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 10^ m. 
 SSE. Bideford, 6 m. SSE. Torrington stn., PM.O.; 4089 ac. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Merton, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 22 m. W. by S. 
 Norwich, 2\ m. NW. by W. Stovi^ Bedon stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Merton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 8 m. E. by N. 
 Woodstock, 2^ m. S. by W. Bicester. P. <25o. 
 
 Mertwn, par., Eng., Surrey, Wimbledon div., adjoining 
 Wimbledon on the SE. , with stn. (>Vlnibledon and M.) on 
 L. & SW. R. M. Park and M. Abbey are two stations to the 
 E. , on a loop-line worked by the L. B. & S. C. and the L. & 
 SW. Rlys. Henry III. held a parliament here. P. <:35oo. 
 
 Merton, par., Eng., Wiltshire. See Marden. 
 
 Merton, or Mertonn, par. , Scot. , Berwickshire, 1. bk. Tweed, 
 4^ m. ESE. Melrose, i m. N. Maxton stn.; 6374 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Merton, post-vil. , Victoria, Anglesey co. , 70 m. SW. Beech- 
 worth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mertonhall, electoral div., Ire., Tipperary, dist. Clogh- 
 jordan. 
 
 Mertonn, par. , Scot. See Merton. 
 
 Mertvyl Kultnk (Golf of Tsesarevich), bay, on NE. ct. of 
 Caspian Sea ; sends to SW. a narrow gulf, Kaidak or Kara- 
 su, which turns NW. under name of Kara-kuchu. 
 
 Mem, lake, central S. Africa. See Mweru. 
 
 M^rn, tn. , France, dep. Oise, arr. and 15 m. S. by E. Beauvais. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Meru, isolated volcanic cone, German E. Africa, about 45 m. 
 W. by S. of Mount Kilima-njaro. Alt. about 9000 ft. 
 
 Meruchak, vil. , Afghanistan. See Maruchak. 
 
 Merv, dist. tn. , Russia, Transcaspian terr. , 510 m. by rail 
 SE. Uzun-ada, and 381 by rail SW. Samarkand, on canals 
 drawn from Murghab ; formerly chief stronghold of a Turko- 
 man oasis, and called by them Kaushid Khan Kala. Centre 
 of a fertile oasis. Alt. 845 ft. P. 11,100. 
 
 MervdaHht, a high plain in W. Persia, stretching about 40 
 m. NW. from the NW. angle of Lake Tashk (Bakhtegan), 
 about 15 m. wide ; irrigated by numerous kanats. About 200 
 years ago contained 800 villages, now only about 50. At its 
 NW. end are the ruins of the ancient Persepolis. 
 
 Mervllle, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. Hazebrouck, 19 m. 
 ESE. St. Omer. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Merwede Canal, gives .Amsterdam access, via Utrecht, to the 
 Lek, and further, at Gorkum, to the Waal, both of them main 
 embouchures of the Rhine. Length, 30 m. to Vreeswijk on the 
 Lek, 15 m. more from Vreeswijk to Gorkum on the Waal, 45 m. 
 in all ; six locks. Breadth of canal 65^ ft. , at locks 131^ ft. ; 
 
 minimum depth, loj ft. Canal opened on 4th August 1892, 
 having cost 4 J millions sterling, and taken 11 years to make ; 
 entirely free from tolls. 
 
 Merxeni, comm. , Belgium, prov. , arr. , and 3 m. NE. Antwerp. 
 P. 840c. 
 
 Merxplas, comm. , Belgium, prov. and 22 m. ENE. Antwerp. 
 P. 5300. 
 
 M^ry-sur-Selne, tn., France, dep. Aube, arr. Arcis-sur-Aube, 
 on the Seine and on the lateral canal, 17 m. NW. by N. 
 Troyes ; at one time believed to occupy the site of Campus 
 Mauriacus, where Attila was defeated in 451. P. <2ooo. See 
 Molrey. 
 
 Merzlg, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., cap. M. circle, 21 m. S. 
 Treves. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mesa, CO., U.S., Colorado, on the W. frontier, crossed by 
 108° W. and by 39° N. 
 
 Mesa, La, tn. , Colombia, Cundinamarca, 30 m. W. Bogota, 
 in a fertile valley containing cacao and coffee plantations ; centre 
 of trade between Cundinamarca and Tolima. P. 14,000. 
 
 Mesagne, the ancient Messapia, walled tn., Italy, Apulia, 
 prov. and 27 m. NW. Lecce, 9 m. SW. Brindisi. P. 8400. 
 
 Mesaken, or Msakin, tn., Africa, eastern Tunis, 6 m. SSW. 
 Susa, with a medressa (college) noted throughout Tunis. P. 
 10,000. 
 
 Mesalclna, valley, Switzd. See Mesorco. 
 
 Mes&na, tn., India, Gujarat, native state Baroda, 40 m. N. 
 by W. Ahmadabad. P. (1881) 8800. 
 
 Mesaorea, plain. See Cyprns. 
 
 MesaTlIle, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Maricopa co. , 201 m. 
 ENE. from the SW. corner of the terr. 
 
 Meschede, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, cap. M. circle, on 
 the Ruhr, 37 m. ESE. Dortmund ; has slate quarry, wool- 
 spinneries, and manufactures of lasts. P. <3000. 
 
 Mescheryaks, Turco- Finnish stem, E. Russia, govts. Oren- 
 burg, Ufa, Perm, Penza, and Saratov. P. about 180,000, of 
 whom one-third are fully Russianised. 
 
 Mesco, Punta del, cape, Italy, in the NW., 10 m. W. by N. 
 Spezia. 
 
 Meseggem, wells, Africa. See Messeggnein. 
 
 Mesembria, seapt. , Bulgaria. See Mlslvrla. 
 
 Meserltseh, 'W^allachisch, tn., Austria, Moravia, 33 m. E. 
 by S. Olmiitz. P. <40oo. 
 
 Meseritz, tn. , Prussia, prov. Posen, cap. circle M. , on the 
 Obra, 42 m. E. by S. Kiistrin. P. < 5000. 
 
 Meshav»', par., Eng., Devonshire, Molton div., 13 m. WNW. 
 Tiverton, 4I m. SSW. Bishop's Nympton and MoUand stn., 
 P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Meshchovsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 45 m. SW. Kaluga ; 
 great annual fair. P. 5100. 
 
 Meshed, more properly Mash-had ('saint's tomb'), or 
 Mushed, tn., in the NE. of Persia, cap. prov. Khorassan, 195 
 m. NW. Herat (Afghanistan), connected by carriage road of 
 230 m. with Herat and in other direction with Kuchan. It 
 stands in a fertile plain, is enclosed by walls, and has the 
 magnificent mausoleum of the eighth imam, Rez4, with a library 
 containing 1041 Korans. The inhabitants trade in carpets, 
 arms, worked metals, and black vases of steatite, and carry on 
 an active trade with Bukhara, Kandahar, Herat, and Yezd. 
 The shrine is visited annually by nearly 100,000 pilgrims. The 
 mosque is the richest in the world of the Shiah sect of Moham- 
 medans (the sect to which most of the Persians belong), and has 
 two minarets ; the doors are studded with rubies, and covered 
 with gold. Near it is a large plain studded with the ruins of 
 the ancient Pasagardce, where was the tomb of Cyrus. Amongst 
 many interesting monuments are the ruins of a palace supposed 
 to have been that of Cyrus. ' The average health of M. is 
 superior to that of many Persian towns' (Curzon). Imam Rezi 
 dome, lat. 36° 17' 19.5" N., long. 59° 36' 14.4" E. [Proc. H. G. 
 S., 1885, pp. 735-37). Alt. 3100 ft. (Curzon, Persia, vol. i., 
 P- 153). 3197 ft- (Curzon, map). P. 50-60,000 (Schindler), 70- 
 80,000 (Goldsmid). 
 
 Meshed (or Mash-had) All, ' tomb of Ali.' See Nejef. 
 
 Meshed (or Mash-had) Hosselu (or Hussein), ' tomb of 
 Hossein.' See Kerbela. 
 
 Meshhed-i-Murghab, tn. , Persia, prov. Fars, 70 m. NE. 
 Shiraz, on the road to Ispahan ; famous for carpets. 
 
 Meshed-i-Ser, ct. vil., Persia, Mazanderan, on the Caspian 
 Sea, II m. NNW. Barfrush, and the port of that town ; vessels 
 lie 2-3 m. off shore, and load in calm weather by means of fiat- 
 bottomed boats. 
 
 Meshlkenian, lake, Canada, Quebec, Saguenay co. , drained 
 E. by Esquimaux or North- West R. 
 
 Meshoppen, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Wyoming co., on the 
 N. Branch of the Susquehanna R. , 24 m. NW. by W. Scranton. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mesla, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 19 m. SSE. Corunna. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 MeslUa, vil. , U.S. , New Mexico, Donna Ana co. , 147 m. NE. 
 by E. from the SW. corner of the terr. The M. Valley, tra- 
 versed bv the Rio Grande, and stretching 50 m. NNW. from 
 
 995- 
 
M ES K 
 
 M ET H 
 
 the S. frontier of the terr. , is a rich farming country, especially 
 for grains, fruits, and grapes ; reputed the most fertile in New 
 Mexico. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sleskake, oasis, in the N. of Arabia, 22 m. NE. Jof, 230 m. 
 NW. Hail, with about 700 houses (Froc. E. G. S., 1880, p. 84). 
 
 aieslng, vil., Algeria, arr. and 6 m. SW. S6tif, and 45 m. S. 
 ■by E. Bougie. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mesjiil, in French place-names, ' a little dwelling." See Menil. 
 
 Mesocco, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 10 m. NW. by W. 
 Chiavenna. The valley of the Maesa, a stream flowing S. then 
 WSW. to the Ticino, bears the name of Val M. (German 
 Sllsox-thal, Italian Val Mesalcina). P. <:20oo. 
 
 Mesolonggl, or Mesolongbl (Greek spelling Mesologglon), 
 fortified tn., Greece, prov. Acarnania and Aetolia, on the coast, 
 on a marshy plain covered with olive plantations, 20 m. WNW. 
 Patras ; formerly a military post of importance ; withstood re- 
 markable sieges by the Turks in 1822 and 1825-26. Lord 
 Byron died here, April 19, 1824, and a monument was erected 
 to him in the town in 1881. Exports currants, valonea, &c. 
 P. 9500. 
 
 Mesopotamia, an ancient name of the country between the 
 Euphrates and Tigris Rivs. , Asiatic Turkey, now comprised in 
 the pashaliks Diarbekir and Bagdad, and containing the cities 
 Diarbekir, Mardin, Nisibin, and Mosul. Called by the Arabs 
 Al Jezlreh ('the island"). 
 
 Mesorea, or Mesaorea, plain. See Cyprus. 
 
 Mesowal, isl. See Mlsol. 
 
 JMesqultal, Mezqaltal, or Sau Pedro, riv., Mexico, flows 
 S. past Durango, and keeps for the most part a southerly 
 course, but finally turns W. and enters a coast lagoon a little 
 N. of 22° N. 
 
 9Ie.sqnlte, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Donna Ana co. , 
 152 m. ENE. from the SW. corner of the terr. 
 
 Messalanile, tn., Africa, E. Sudan, 102 m. SE. Khartum, 3 
 or 4 m. from the 1. bk. of the Bahr-el-Azrak. P. 6-10,000. 
 
 Messana, city, Sicily. See Messlua. 
 
 Messapia, tn., Italy. See Mesague. 
 
 Messara Bay, Turkey in Europe, in the S. of the isl. of 
 Crete, in 24° 45' E. 
 
 Messarla, or Mesaorea, plain. See Cyprus. 
 
 Messeggueni, or Meseggeni, wells, Africa, central Sahara, 
 260 m. SSW. Wargla, on the NE. of the Tademait plateau, in 
 28° 15' N., 4° 31' E. 
 
 MessCne, or Nisi, vil., Greece, prov. Messenia, 20 m. ENE. 
 Navarino, 2 m. N. of the Gulf of Messenia, at the foot of 
 Ithome, on either side of the 'Black Spring' (the ancient 
 fountain of Clepsydra), and on the centre of the ancient site 
 of Messene, the remains of which are extensive. P. 6300 ; 
 comm. (Pamisos) P. 8000. 
 
 Messenia, prov. , Greece, in the SW. of Morea (Peloponnesus), 
 having prov. Achaia and Elis on the N., provs. Arkadia and 
 Lakonia on the E. , and the Ionian Sea on W. and S. ; was 
 visited in August 1886 by a violent earthquake, most severe, 
 not in rocky dists. , but in loose soil. See Cireece. 
 
 Messier Channel, strait separating the isl. Wellington from 
 the mainland of Chile, communicating at its S. end with Trinidad 
 Channel, leading W. ,and Concepcion Channel, leading further 
 S. Length, N. to S., 168 m. 
 
 Messl'na, ancient Greek Zankle, Latin Messana, city and 
 seapt. , Sicily, cap. prov. M. , on the Strait of Messina, 8 
 m. NW. by N. Reggio, in 38° 11' N. , 15° 34' E. A railway 
 line running along the E. ct. of the island connects M. with 
 Syracuse ; another along the N. ct., destined ultimately to com- 
 municate with Palermo, reached in 1892 to Patti, a distance 
 of 43 m. M. stretches from the harbour back up the slopes of 
 lofty hills, which shut it in on the W. It has wide streets, paved 
 with lava, and adorned with fountains, a cathedral dating from 
 Norman times (nth and 12th century), a viceroy's palace, a 
 university (founded 1549) with twenty ordinary and seventeen 
 extra-ordinary professors, a public library, and several hand- 
 some private palaces. A monument to the Emperor Conrad 
 IV. stands in the cathedral, and another to Don John of Austria 
 in one of the squares. The port, protected by outlying forts, is 
 formed by a tongue of land projecting NE. and curving west- 
 ward in the form of a sickle, whence its ancient Greek name. 
 It has a water area of 193 ac; depth at entrance of 59-184 ft.; 
 length of quayage, 5906 ft.; depth at quayside, 22.9-82 ft.; and 
 is easy of access for steamers, but not for sailing vessels. The 
 depth varies 1.6 ft. There are three lighthouses, visible respec- 
 tively ir, 10, and 6 m. Exports comprise oranges and lemons, 
 olive-oil, wine, fruit essences, argol, wine lees ; average value 
 nearly one and a half millions sterling. The lemons grown in 
 the neighbourhood are of especially fine quality, M. carries 
 on active tunny and other fisheries, and manufactures muslin, 
 linen, silk stuffs, coral ornaments, and lemon and other fruit 
 essences. M. was founded by Greeks in 740 B.C., destroyed by 
 the Carthaginians in 396 B.C., became Roman in 241 B.C., was 
 conquered by the Saracens in 831, ruled by the Normans from 
 1061 to 1 194, and from 1282 to 1713 it was a Spanish possession. 
 It was ravaged by the Plague in 1743, by an earthquake in 1783, 
 996 
 
 and by an inundation in 1823. Civil strife filled its streets in 
 1848 and i860. Mean temp., yr. 65.7° F., Jan. 53.2°, Aug. 80.6°. 
 City P. (1881) 78,400; (1891) estimated at 89,000; comm. P. 
 (1881) 126,400; (1891) estimated at 142,500. 
 
 Messina, Strait of, or Faro dl Messina, ancient Mamer- 
 Hnutn Fretutn, separates Sicily from Italy. Length, 24 m. ; 
 breadth, 2\ m. in N. to 12 m. in S. Here are the dreaded 
 Scylla and Charybdis of ancient mythology and later proverb ; 
 the former a gneiss rock off the little town of Scylla on the 
 Calabrian coast of Italy, the latter a whirlpool, or rather rapid, 
 in front of the harbour of Messina. The physical facts under- 
 lying the tradition are these : the speed of the tides varies 
 greatly in places, from 3 to 11 m. an hour, the variations being 
 principally due to a submarine ledge 400 ft. below the surface 
 (elsewhere 820 ft. ) which runs obliquely across from Punta del 
 Pezzo (Calabrie) to Sta. Agatha. Hence arise rapids, races, 
 or whirlpools. Two spots are pailicularly dangerous to small 
 coasters: (i) a whirlpool opposite the harbour of M. , with 
 spring tides and a SE. wind ; (2) at Faro, whence vessels are 
 frequently torn from their anchors and driven on to the Cala- 
 brian coast at Torre Cavallo, i.e., Punta del Pezzo or Scilla. 
 
 Messines, comm., Portugal. See Sao Bartltolonieu de 
 Messiues. 
 
 Messing, par., Eng. , Essex, div. and 8 m. NNE. Maldon, 2 
 m. E. by S. Kelvedon stn. , P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Messingliani, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., io| 
 m. NE. by N. Gainsborough, 4 m. NW. by N. Kirton Lindsey 
 stn., PM.O.; 5817 ac. P.<i500. 
 
 Messklrcli, or Mossklrch, urban comm., Ger. , gd. -duchy of 
 Baden, on riv. Ablach, circle and 23^ m. N. by W. Constance, 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Mestanza, tn., Spain, New Castille, prov. and 31 m. SSW, 
 Ciudad Real, dist. Almod6var del Campo. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Mesto Krsko, tn. , Austria. See Gnrkfeld. 
 
 Mestre, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 6 m. NW. Venice. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Mesule, vil., S. of German E. Africa, in 10° 18' S. , 37° 10' El. 
 
 Mesu-Mauloko, vil. , W. Africa, French Congo Terr. , 85 ra. 
 N. by E. Vivi. 
 
 Mesnraca, comm. ,S. Italy, Calabrie, prov. Catanzaro, circle 
 and 19 m. W. Cotrone. P. <4000. 
 
 Mesurado, terr. , Africa. See Liberia. 
 
 Mesurata, tn. , Tripoli. See Misrata. 
 
 Meta, tn. , Italy, prov. Naples, 5 m. SW. Castellammare di^ 
 Stabia, on the Gulf of Naples. P. 6100. 
 
 Meta, riv., S. America, Colombia, rises in the Sumapdz 
 glazier, about 40 m. S. Bogold ; is formed by the junction of 
 four streams, which take, after their confluence, the joint name: 
 of Humad^a. It is only after the Humad^a is joined by the 
 Upfa that it is known as the Meta. It runs into the Orinoco 
 on the boundary line between the Venezuelan states of Bolivar 
 and Alto Orinoco. Total length, 685 m.; breadth in places,, 
 6560 ft. Navigable for a considerable distance up. 
 
 Metabetchouau, riv., Canada, Quebec, flows N. into Lake 
 St. John, just to the E. of 72° W. 
 
 Metagama, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 515 m. by rail.W. Montreal. 
 
 Metagliau RlTer, post-vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, on St. 
 Mary's Bay, co. and 43 m. SW. Digby. P. < 1500. 
 
 Metalka Pass, mt. pass,. Turkey in Europe, on the Bosnian 
 frontier, 72 m. WNW. Novibazar. 
 
 Metaninia, or Metenime, vil., eastern Sudan, near the 1. 
 bk. of the Nile, in about 16° 40' N. , nearly opposite Shendi. 
 
 Metamnie, tn. , eastern Sudan, on the Atbara. See Matania.. 
 
 Metamo'ra, vil., U.S., Illinois, Woodford co., 16 m. NE. by 
 E. Peoria. P. < 1500. 
 
 Metan, vil., Argentine Republic, Salta, 87 m. N. Tucuman.. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Metapa, or San Pedro y Chocoyos, tn.. Central America, 
 Nicaragua, dep. and 19 m. SW. Matagalpa. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Metauro, the ancient Metaurus, riv., Italy, in The Marches, 
 rises in the Apennines, flows NE. and enters the Adriatic Sea 
 10 m. SE. of Pesaro. Length, 68 m. ; area of basin, 504 sq. 
 m.; discharge, mean 600 cubic ft. per second, highest 41,000' 
 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Metcalfe, co., U.S., Kentucky, in the S., crossed by 37° N.,. 
 W. of the meridian 85°. 
 
 Metcalfe, post-tn. , Victoria, co. Dalhousie, 60 m. NW. by- 
 N.Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Metfleld, par., Eng., Suffolk, 4^ m. NE. Harleston, PM.O.. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Metbam, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 4J m. SE.. 
 Howden. P. <;25o. 
 
 Metbamis, vil., France, dep. Vaucluse, arr. Carpentras, 15, 
 m. NE. Avignon, with extensive coal basin. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Metbana, penin. , in the N. of the prov. of Argolis, Greece, 
 jutting into the Gulf of .(Egina, composed of trachyte. 
 
 Metberlngbani, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div.,. 
 9 m. SE. Lincoln, with a stn. (Blankney and M.) on the G„ 
 E. & G. N. Joint Rly., PMT.O.; 5899 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
METH — MEUR 
 
 Methers, vil. , France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, on the E. 
 shore of the estuary of the Gironde, 27 ni. S. Rochefort. 
 
 JMetliU, vil. , Scot., W. Fifeshire, on the N. shore of the Firth 
 of Forth, 9 m. SE. by E. Falkland, on the N. B. R. The tidal 
 harbour (area, 2^ ac. ) has a depth at entrance at ordinary springs 
 bf 23 ft. at high water, 5 ft. low water ; no bar. The N. B. R. 
 dock covers 4I ac. , has an entrance 50 ft. wide, with a depth 
 over sill at high water ordinary springs of 23 ft. , ordinary neaps 
 19 ft. PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 MettallhUl, vil. , Scot. , Fifeshire, i m. NW. Methil. P. <750- 
 
 Methley, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Nor- 
 manton div. , 5 ni. NE. Wakefield, with stns. on the M. R. and 
 G. N. R., and a stn. (M. Jniictioii) on the L. & Y. R., PM.O. 
 P. <4Soo. 
 
 Metbllc, par., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on the Ythan, 11 m. 
 NE. by N. Inverurie, 5 m. W. by N. Arnage stn., PMT.O. 
 (niethlick) ; 14,842 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Metbone, Modon, or Dfodtaonl, small seapt. , Greece, prov. 
 Messenia, at the SW. angle of the Peloponnesus, 6 m. S. Nava- 
 rino ; fort adjoining ; seat of a bishop. P. <20oo. 
 
 IMetbots Mills, vil., Canada, Quebec, Lotbinifere co., 30 m. 
 SW. by S. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Metbneii, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., 2^ m. NW. 
 by N. Lawrence. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Metbven, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of the C. P. 
 R. , 118 m. W. by S. Winnipeg. 
 
 Metbven, post-tn., New Zealand, South I., Ashburton co., 
 50 m. W. Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Metbven, par. , Scot. , Perthshire, 7 m. W. Perth, on the C. 
 R. , with the grave of Bessie Bell and Mary Gray, who died of 
 the Plague in 1666, PMT.O.; 12,911 ac. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Methwold(myu'el),f)ar.,Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 15m. NE. 
 by E. Ely, 3I m. SSE. Stoke Ferry stn., PMT.O.; 13,370 ac. 
 P. < 1500 ; eccles. par. (M. with Ottering Hyttae) P. <i500. 
 
 Metbye, or La Loche, lake, Canada, NW. Terrs., crossed by 
 56^" N., 109^° W., Churchill R. basin. To the N. is a portage 
 across the height of land to the Clearwater (Athabasca basin). 
 
 Methymna, tn., Turkey in Asia. See MoUvo. 
 
 Metljn, or Mltlja, the plain round Algiers, N. Africa. When 
 it came into French hands it had become malarial through the 
 neglect of the drainage, but it has since been drained, and is 
 being rapidly settled. 
 
 Metis, two lakes, Canada, Quebec, Rimouski co., 48° ii'-ij' 
 N., 67° 44'-So' W. , drained N. by the riv. Metis into the riv. St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 Metis, vil., Canada, Quebec, Rimouski co. , on the r. bk. of 
 the riv. St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Metis R., in 68° 7' 
 W. P. < 1500. 
 
 Metkovlc, comm., Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on the 
 Narenta, at the head of steam navigation, 20 m. SSW. Mostar, 
 now connected by rail with Serajevo. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Metlakabtla (' the open channel,' or 'the channel open at 
 either end'), half ruined Indian (Tsimsian) vil., on the W. ct. 
 of Brit. Columbia, in 54° 20' N., for 27 years the home of a 
 colony of Christianised Tsimsians, now removed to Annette I. 
 
 Metllka, tn. , Austria. See Mottling. 
 
 MetllU, vil., Algeria, 315 m. S. Algiers, 32° 14' N., 3° 51' E. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Meto, people, equatorial Africa, occupying a dist. about 
 midway between S. half of Lake Nyassa and the coast of 
 Mozambique. 
 
 Metropoll, tn., Crete, near its centre, 20 m. SW. Candia. 
 Around it are vestiges supposed to be those of the ancient 
 Goitynia. 
 
 Metropolis, ruined city, Asia Minor, Anatolia, the remains 
 of which are 22 m. SSE. Symrna. 
 
 Metropolis, city, U.S., Illinois, Massac co., on r. bk. of Ohio 
 R. , 127 m. SE. St. Louis (Mo.). P. <4000. 
 
 Metropolitan, settlement, U.S., Michigan, Iron co. , 43 m. 
 SW. by W. Marquette. 
 
 Metsovo, or Mezzovo, tn. , European Turkey, in the SE. of 
 Albania, vilayet and 19 m. ENE. Yanina, in a mountain chasm 
 on both sides of the Arta. P. , mostly of Walachian descent, 
 about 5000. 
 
 Mettapolllem, tn., Brit. India, Madras, on the Bhavani R., 
 terminus of the Nflgiri branch, SW. line, Madras Rly., in 11° 
 19' N., 76° 59' E. P. (i88i)<20oo. 
 
 Mettet, comm. , Belgium, prov. and arr. Namur, 6 m. SSW. 
 Fosse. P. <40oo. 
 
 Mettlngen, comm. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Tecklen- 
 burg, 26 m. N. by E. Miinster. P. <4000. 
 
 Mettlngbam, par., Eng., Suffolk, 2 m. E. Bungay, P.O. 
 P. <50o. 
 
 Mettmann, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , cap. circle M. , 9 m. E. 
 by N. Diisseldorf. In the vicinity is, or was, the Neanderhohle, 
 or Neander Cave, in which the remains of a prehistoric human 
 being were found. P. < 5000. 
 
 Metton, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 3^ m. SSW. Cromer. 
 P. <2So. See Felbrlgg. 
 
 Mettray, vil. , France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, arr. and 4^ m. N. 
 
 by W. Tours ; seat of an agricultural colony founded in 1839 
 for young criminals. P. <20oo. 
 
 Metnbes, the ancient Metubis, tn.. Lower Egypt, prov. 
 Gharbie (Gharbiye), 45 m. NW. Tanta. 
 
 Metz, tn. and first-class fortress, Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, cap. 
 circle M. , on the Moselle R. , chiefly on the r. bk. , 31 m. N. Nancy 
 (Fr. ). It has a Gothic cathedral, chiefly 13th century ; a museum, 
 with a natural history collection, picture gallery, and library ; and 
 public monuments to the French generals Ney and Fabert, and 
 the Germans Bismarck, Moltke, Emperor William I., and the 
 slain (1870-71) belonging to the ist Prussian army corps. 
 Leather is tanned and manufactured. There is considerable 
 trade by river. The vicinity is famous for its fruit, vege- 
 tables, and wine. The town (Gallic) was called Divodurum and 
 Mediomatrica (whence Mettis, Metz) by the Romans ; it was, 
 as Mettis, the cap. of Frankish Austrasia ; and in 843 became 
 cap. of Lorraine. In 1552 it was betrayed to the French, nor 
 could the Emperor Charles V. recover it, though he invested it 
 for nearly three months. It remained French down to 1870. 
 The place was fortified by the Romans ; but it was the French 
 who made it a modern fortress, by building its walls in 1550 
 and the citadel in 1562, by reconstructing its defensive works 
 on Vauban's plans in 1674, and by adding forts in 1728-31, and 
 again from 1867. After several fierce battles round the city 
 in August and September 1870, Marshal Bazaine was shut up 
 within its fortifications, and surrendered with close upon 180,000 
 men on 29th October following. Since it became German its 
 forts have been greatly strengthened. Natives of M. — Generals 
 Fabert, Custance, and Kellermann. Alt. '594 ft. Rfall. (32 
 yrs.), 25.52 in. P. (1871) 51,300; (1891) 60,200. At the time 
 of the French capture in 1552 the population was 60,000, but 
 most of them emigrated to Germany, and in 1698 the popula- 
 tion was only 22,000. 
 
 Metzlugen, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, Black Forest circle, 
 dist. Urach, 10 m. E. Tubingen. P. 5300. 
 
 Metztltlau, tn. , Mexico, prov. Hidalgo, 85 m. N. by E. 
 Mexico city. P. 8000. 
 
 Mendon, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Versailles, 6 m. 
 SW. by W. Notre Dame, Paris, 2\ m. from the city wall ; has 
 an observatory of physical astronomy, a magnetic laboratory, 
 workshops of military aerostation, and manufactures of chalk. 
 The church contains a monument to Rabelais, who was titular 
 cu7-i of the parish. M. had a fine castle of the i8th century, 
 formerly royal property, destroyed by the Prussians in 1870. 
 P. 80C0. 
 
 Menlau, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Versailles, on 
 the r. bk. of the Seine, 28 m. WNW. Paris, 9 m. WSW. 
 Pontoise. P. <:3000. 
 
 Menlebeke, tn. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. Thielt 8 
 m. N. Courtrai. P. (comm.) 9000. 
 
 Menlln, isl. of the archipelago of Chilo6, S. Chile. 
 
 Meung-sur-Lolre, the ancient Maudunum, tn., France, dep. 
 Loiret, on the r. bk. of the Loire, arr. and 11 m. SW. by W. 
 Orleans. P. <4000. 
 
 MeursaoJt, tn., France, dep. C6te d'Or, 23 m. E. Autun, 
 arr. and 5 m. SW, Beaune ; has large trade in Burgundy wines. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Meurthe, riv. , France, rises in the Vosges, SE. St. Di6, passes 
 St. Di6, Lun^ville, and Nancy, where it becomes navigable. It 
 joins the Moselle on the right at Frouard, 6 m. N. Nancy. 
 Length 100 m. , of which 73 m. are navigable for rafts. 
 
 Meurtbe-et-Moselle, dep., NE. France, traversed SE. to 
 NW. by the Meurthe, and S. to N. by the Moselle ; formed 
 in 1871 of parts of the two deps. not ceded to Germany, the 
 original deps. having been formed in 1790 partly from Lorraine 
 and partly from the bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun ; 
 divided into four arrs. : Nancy (cap.), Briey, Lun^ville, Toul. 
 The dep. is somewhat triangular in form, broadest in S. ; the 
 arr. of Briey, in the N. , is connected with the S. by a narrow 
 neck at Chambley. Surface hilly (985-1310 ft.), with many 
 wide fertile valleys ; mountainous in the SE. , where the forest- 
 covered Vosges rise to 2625-2955 ft. on the borders of Alsace- 
 Lorraine ; further N. the elevation declines ; N. and NW. of 
 Lun^ville is a rich saliferous tract of about 154 sq. m.; between 
 the Meurthe and Moselle is a plateau, in which open deep, 
 narrow valleys, locally known as 'fonds.' The prevailing 
 geological formations in order from E. to W. are Trias, Lias, 
 and Oolite. The dep. belongs to the basin of the Rhine ; tribs. 
 of Moselle, r. bk. Meurthe and Seille (latter joins outside the 
 dep.), 1. bk. Madon ; affluents of Meurthe, r. bk. Vezonze, 
 1. bk. Mortagne. Forests cover nearly one-fourth of the surface 
 (Haye, Parroy, Vosges, Moudons, &c.). Climate variable, dry 
 [Nancy]. Principal cereals, wheat and oats ; the vine flourishes, 
 the production of wine per acre being between two and three 
 times the average for France ; hops (Lun^ville). Principal 
 minerals, iron (Nancy, Longwy, &c.) and rock-salt (Saint- 
 Nicolas, Varangeville), in both of which the dep. is exceed- 
 ingly rich, the former supplying more than two-thirds and 
 the latter three-fourths of the respective total production of 
 France. The metallurgical industries are very important ; more 
 
 997 
 
MEUS — MEXI 
 
 than half the cast iron of France is manufactured in the dep. 
 (Nancy, Longwy), sheet iron (Pompey), steel railway materials, 
 &c. ; other extensive manufactures are earthenware and glass ; 
 Baccarat is noted for artistic fancy glass. Area, 2037 sq. m. 
 P. (1891) 444,200. See France, table. 
 
 Neuse, dep., NE. France, traversed from SSE. to NNW. 
 by the Meuse ; formed in 1790 from Lorraine (about two- 
 thirds), Trois Eveches, Clermontois, and Champagne ; divided 
 into four arrs. : Bar-le-duc (cap.), Commercy, Montm^dy, 
 Verdun-sur-Meuse. The surface consists of a series of plateaux, 
 mainly of Oolitic formations. Cretaceous in SW. ; elevation gene- 
 rally increases from N. to S. ; lowest (375 ft.) in SW. , at exit of 
 Saulx ; traversed by several ranges of hills ; connected S. with 
 the Langres plateau and N. with the Ardennes. The principal 
 range running SE. and NW. forms the watershed between 
 the basins of Rhine and Seine ; culminating point, Buisson 
 d'Amanty (1390 ft.); the N. portion of this range, called the 
 western Argonne, is covered with magnificent forests ; the 
 eastern Argonne, on r. bk. of Meuse, is little inferior in eleva- 
 tion (1350 ft.). Along the left foot of this range extends the 
 slightly undulating and fertile plateau of Woevre (655-820 ft.). 
 The dep. is drained partly to the Rhine (nearly two-thirds) 
 and partly to the Seine ; the Meuse, which receives on r. bk. 
 the Othain, is navigable in conjunction with the Canal de I'Est 
 to near Void for vessels drawing 6| ft. ; the Moselle does not 
 enter the dep., but receives several streams from the E. ; the 
 Saulx and (3rnain flow in the SW. to the Marne, which just 
 touches the dep. ; the NW. dist. is drained by the Aisne and 
 Aire flowing to the Oise. Forests cover nearly one-fourth of 
 the surface. The principal cereals are wheat and oats ; vine- 
 yards cover many of the hill slopes, and wine of good quality 
 is produced. Minerals are of little importance. Manufactures 
 are limited. Area, 2409 sq. m. P. (1891) 292,300. See 
 France, table. 
 
 Nense (Flemish Haes, Dutch Maas, Walloon Mouse, 
 ancient Mosa), riv., rises in France, dep. Haute-Marne, 16 m. 
 NE. Langres, traverses the dep. Vosges, where it disappears 
 underground near Bazeilles, and reappears, 2 m. distant, near 
 Neufchateau. In France it passes Commercy, St. Mihiel, 
 and Verdun, Sedan, M^zieres, Charleville, Givet ; in Belgium, 
 Dinant, Namur, Huy, and Liege ; in Holland, Maastricht, 
 Roermond, Venlo. There it changes its course from NE. to 
 N. Lower down it changes to NW. and then W. , and after 
 approaching within a mile of the Waal (left arm of the Rhine) 
 near Heerewaarden, above the Bommelerwaard, it finally enters 
 the Waal below the Bommelerwaard at Woudrichem, above Gor- 
 inchem (Gorkum). Such is the real course of the river, but the 
 names employed are confusing. At the confluence the name of 
 the Waal becomes changed to Merwede, and the Merwede is 
 considered the lower coiu"se of the M. instead of that of the 
 Waal, which is a stream of greater volume, and is continued in 
 direction by the Merwede. About five or six miles below the 
 confluence the Merwede divides into two arms, one of which 
 enters the Hollandsch Diep (which again divides into the Har- 
 ingvliet and Krammer), while the other proceeds W. to Dord- 
 recht. Here the stream again divides, and at the point of 
 division the name of Maas is again employed by the Dutch. 
 The part of the stream that continues to flow west, S. of the 
 IJsselmonde, is known as the Oude Maas (Old M.); the re- 
 mainder proceeds N. by the Noordsche Kil (N. Channel) to 
 the Lek (right arm of the Rhine), which below the confluence 
 is known as the Nieuwe Maas (New M. ). This after passing 
 Rotterdam reunites with the Oude Maas, although now an 
 artificial channel known as the New Waterway parallel to and 
 N. of the so-called Maas forms the channel to Rotterdam even 
 for large ships. In times of high water a secondary channel is 
 pro\nded for the surplus waters of the Maas (which would other- 
 wise overflow its embankments) by an overflow outlet to the S. 
 of Nijmegen, which rejoins the river at a point to the S. of the 
 Bommelerwaard, a wide tract of country being thus overflowed 
 in N. Brabant every spring. Moreover, when the Waal stands 
 very high the current ascends the Maas at the point of junction, 
 and part of its water is also allowed to escape into the Maas by 
 an outlet above the Bommelerwaard, and a new outlet then comes 
 into operation by which the water thus ponded back is allowed 
 to enter the Hollandsch Diep by an old channel of the Maas 
 known as the Oude Maasje (Old Little M.), which leaves the 
 Maas to the E. of Heusden. To remedy the dangers and in- 
 conveniences thus caused, a plan was adopted in 1883 by the 
 Dutch legislature for shutting off the Maas completely from the 
 Waal, abolishing the present river-bed between Heusden and 
 Woudrichem, and causing the entire volume of the river to 
 enter the Hollandsch Diep by a bed nearly identical with that of 
 the Oude Maasje. At Pagny the M. is joined by the Mame and 
 Rhine Canal, from which a little lower down the Canal de I'Est 
 branches off; and at Bar by the Canal des Ardennes, which 
 connects it with the riv. Aisne. Length, in France 305 m., 
 in Belgium 120 m., in the Netherlands 150 m. ; total, 575 m. 
 Navigable from Troussey, near Void, above Verdun, 135 m. 
 from its source. Area of basin, 12,740 sq. m. 
 998 
 
 Menselwltz, tn. , Ger. , duchy Saxe-Altenburg, circle Est, 15 
 m. NE. Gera. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Meux, formerly Meanx, or Meanx Abbey, par. , Eng. , York- 
 shire, E. Riding, Holdernessdiv.,7|m. N. Hull, 3 m. E. Beverley 
 stn. Granted by William the Conqueror to a native of Meaux, 
 in France. Remains of a Cistercian abbey founded by William 
 le Gros in 11 50. P. <25o. 
 
 Mevagta, ct. par., Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 8 m. 
 NW. Millford ; 21,024 ac. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Mevaglssey, fishing tn. and par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell 
 div. , on the SE. ct. , 12 m. E. Truro, 5 m. S. St. Austell stn. , chief 
 seat of the (seine) pilchard fishing, with a lifeboat and coast- 
 guard stn. The harbour has a width at entrance of 155 ft., 
 and a depth at pier head at low water ordinary springs of 14 ft. 
 PMT.O. P. <:2Soo. 
 
 Mew, islets. Ire., off the NE. ct. of co. Down, bar. Lower 
 Ards, 54° 42' N., 5° 32' W. , with a lighthouse. 
 
 Mewikr, or Meywar ( ' the middle country '), state, Rijputdna, 
 India. See Udatpnr. 
 
 Mewe, tn., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle Marienwerder, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Vistula, 35 m. S. by E. Danzig. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Mew Stone ('gull-stone'), an islet, Eng., off the SW. ct. of 
 Devonshire, to the W. of Yealme Mouth, 4^ m. SE. Plymouth. 
 Also a reef just E. of Bolt Head in the same county. 
 
 Mexborongb, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Doncaster div., on the Don, 5J m. NE. by N. Rotherham, on 
 the M. S. & L. R. ; has large potteries and iron-works. Market- 
 day, S. P. 7700. 
 
 Mexcala, tn. , Mexico, Guerrero, on riv. Mexcala, 72 m. 
 NNE. Acapulco. 
 
 Mexcala, Klo, riv. , Mexico. See Balsas, Rio de las. 
 
 Mexla, tn., U.S., Texas, Limestone co., 80 m. S. by E. 
 Dallas. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Mexico (name of a Nahua tribe, from ' Mexitli,' god of war), 
 Xneva Espafta, or The United States of Mexico, a federal 
 republic at the SW. extremity of N. America, between i5°-33° 
 N. lat., 87°-ii8° W. long., more than eight times as large 
 as Great Britain (including 1420 sq. m. of islands), divided as 
 shown in the following table : — 
 
 
 
 Pop. in Thousands. 
 
 
 Name of State. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 
 
 Pop. per 
 sq. m. 
 
 1893. 
 
 Census, 
 
 1879. 
 
 Estimated 
 
 1893. 
 
 Atlantic States — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Campeche 
 
 18,087 
 
 90 
 
 94 
 
 5-2 
 
 Tabasco 
 
 10,072 
 
 105 
 
 114 
 
 "•3 
 
 Tamaulipas . 
 
 32,128 
 
 140 
 
 168 
 
 S-2 
 
 Vera Cruz 
 
 29,201 
 
 543 
 
 724 
 
 24.7 
 
 Yucatan 
 
 35.203 
 
 302 
 
 330 
 
 9-3 
 
 
 124,692 
 
 1,181 
 
 1,429 
 
 11.5 
 
 Inland States — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aguascalientes 
 
 2.95° 
 
 140 
 
 140 
 
 47. S 
 
 Chihuahua . 
 
 87,802 
 
 226 
 
 298 
 
 H 
 
 Coahuila 
 
 63.569 
 
 130 
 
 178 
 
 2.8 
 
 Durango 
 
 38,009 
 
 191 
 
 266 
 
 7.0 
 
 Federal District . 
 
 463 
 
 3.52 
 
 576 
 
 '^i^-l 
 
 Guanajuato . 
 
 11,370 
 
 835 
 
 1,007 
 
 88.6 
 
 Hidalgo 
 
 8.917 
 
 427 
 
 506 
 
 56.7 
 
 Mexico . 
 
 9.247 
 
 7n 
 
 826 
 
 89.3 
 
 Morelos 
 
 2.773 
 
 159 
 
 152 
 
 54-6 
 
 Nuevo Leon . 
 
 23.592 
 
 203 
 
 294 
 
 12.4 
 
 Puebla . 
 
 12,204 
 
 784 
 
 839 
 
 68.7 
 
 } Quer^taro 
 
 3.556 
 
 203 
 
 214 
 
 60.0 
 
 j San Luis Potosi . 
 
 25.316 
 
 516 
 
 546 
 
 21.S 
 
 Tlaxcala 
 
 1.595 
 
 139 
 
 ISO 
 
 93-8 
 
 Zacatecas 
 
 24.757 
 
 423 
 
 527 
 
 21.2 
 
 
 316,126 
 
 6,440 
 
 6,618 
 
 20.6 
 
 Pacific States— 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chiapas 
 
 27,222 
 
 20s 
 
 270 
 
 9-9 
 
 CoUma . 
 
 2,272 
 
 66 
 
 73 
 
 319 
 
 Guerrero 
 
 24.996 
 
 296 
 
 •353 
 
 14. 1 
 
 Jalisco . 
 
 31,846 
 
 983 
 
 1.250 
 
 39.2 
 
 ! Lower California 1 
 (Terr.) f 
 
 58,328 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 0.6 
 
 Michoacan 
 
 22,874 
 
 662 
 
 830 
 
 3^.3 
 
 I Oajaca . 
 
 35.382 
 
 744 
 
 793 
 
 22.4 
 
 ! Sinaloa . 
 
 33.671 
 
 186 
 
 224 
 
 6.6 
 
 Sonora . 
 
 76,900 
 
 "5 
 
 150 
 
 1-9 
 
 1 Tepic(Terr.) 
 
 11,275 
 
 
 131 
 
 11.6 
 
 
 324,768 
 
 3,288 
 
 4,109 
 
 12.6 
 
 Islands . 
 { Grand Total 
 
 1,420 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 767,005 
 
 9,908 
 
 12,066 
 
 15.6 
 
 M. is principally formed (i) by a mass of highlands (with the 
 M. plateau, 6000-10,000 ft. mean alt.) between the four de- 
 pressions of (a) the Gulf of M. (E.), (*) the Pacific (W. and S.), 
 
MEXICO 
 
 {c) riv. Colorado-Gila and Rio Grande del Norte (0-3500 ft. , N. ), 
 (d) the Tehuantepec isthmus (0-389 ft., SE. ); (2) by the moun- 
 tainous lands in Central America E. of the Tehuantepec (as 
 far as Guatemala), and their extension in the Yucatan Penin. ; 
 (3) by the penin. of Vieja (old), or Baja (lower) California. 
 Orography and IIy«lrography. — The plateau is bordered 
 (W. ) along the Pacific by many parallel ridges, between two 
 Sierras Madres (with crests above 9000 ft.), which diverge from 
 N. to S. , and finally meet the E. border chains (E. Sierra Madre 
 from Nuevo Leon to Vera Cruz) which run along the Gulf of 
 M. (with crests of 6000 ft. alt.) in several angular terraces 
 above the lowlands of the Tehuantepec isthmus. The S. and 
 highest angle [Junta) is marked by the peaks of Perote (or 
 Nauhcampatepetl, 'four-cornered mountain,' above 13,000 ft.), 
 Orizaba (or Citlaltepetl, 'star mountain,' above 18,000 ft.), 
 Popocatepetl ('smoking mountain,' above 17,000 ft.), Toluca 
 (above 15,000 ft.), Apisco (above 12,000 ft.). The plateau is in 
 a general way inclined from S. to N. and from W. to E. The 
 highest lands lying in the S. are divided into two masses (from 
 7000 ft. to above 16,000 ft. ) by a relative depression (at 6000 ft. to 
 7000 ft.) in the direction of the Rio Grande de Santiago- Lerma 
 valley and Lake Chapala (the largest in M., 56 m. long). In 
 the middle of the southernmost mass (the Anahuac plateau) 
 there is a self-contained lacustrine region near the city of M. 
 (the M. valley, with the shallow lakes San Mateo, Zum- 
 panga, Zaltocan, San Cristobal, Terecoco, Xochimilco, Xalco). 
 N. of the highest region, between the E. Sierra Madre and the 
 Rio Grande del Norte, in the centre of extensive plains, the 
 plateau becomes hollow, and forms two almost continuous 
 lacustrine self-contained regions: (i) el Bolson de Mapimi with 
 Lakes de Parras, del Muerto, Tlahualila, de Agua Verde, de 
 Santa Maria, Palomas, Jaco ; and (2) Lakes de Patos, Santa 
 Maria, Guzman. Along the penin. of California runs, in 
 rather broken fragments (Calamahue, 10,000 ft. ; Tres Virgenes, 
 7000 ft.), a Sierra (continuation of Sierra Nevada) parallel to 
 the Sierras Madres. The rivers may be grouped as follows : — 
 (i) Rio Grande del Norte (which forms the NE. border of M. 
 for 746 m.), collecting the irregular waters on that side of the 
 whole M. plateau through its more or less permanent affluents 
 (the Conchos, Salado-Sabinas-Toya, Saltillo-Pesquerto) ; (2) 
 a number of rivers which lose themselves in interior lakes 
 (the Bolsones region), or in the plains, some of the N. part of 
 the Pacific slopes (Sonora) ; (3) the rivers of the Pacific slope 
 further S. — principal, the Yaqui-Mutatos, Mayo, del Fuerte, 
 Sinaloa, Culiacan, Camichin ; (4) those draining the highlands 
 in the S. — the NE. section by the Tampico, the W. and S. by 
 the Rio Tololotnan or Grande de Santiago-Lerma and Atoyac- 
 Mexcala-de las Balsas; (5) on the Tehuantepec isthmus the 
 waters are collected, N., by the San Juan, Coatzacoalcos, and 
 the Tonala, Tabasco-Grijalva, Usumacinta system, the latter 
 draining the highlands of Chiapas and Yucatan. Along the 
 littoral of both seas, but principally along the Gulf of M., the 
 waters collect in several large lakes (Madre, Marina, Morales, 
 Tampico, Tamiahua, N.; Terminos, S. ). Cleology. — Mexican 
 rocks are pre-eminently eruptive and volcanic (trachytic por- 
 phyries), on which, along the slopes to the two seas, lie large 
 masses of calcareous formations, followed, lower down, right 
 above the recent littoral sediments, by large deposits of sand- 
 stones (Tertiary ?). Granite and gneiss are conspicuous in some 
 points. In the California penins. they are covered with Tertiary 
 deposits. An extensive volcanic zone lies principally between 
 parallels 18-20°, with some active volcanoes (Orizaba, Popo- 
 catepetl, Taxtla, Jorullo, Colima) and numerous extinct ones. 
 Earthquakes are frequent, although never very violent. A 
 great extent of calcareous lands near the gulf (Yucatan) are of 
 coralline origin. Minerals. — M. is the richest metalliferous 
 country in the world. Four-fifths of the whole area are mining 
 regions, the working of which has been carried on most actively 
 in [a) the W. Sierra Madre region, [b) the E. Sierra Madre (San 
 Luis Potosi, Hidalgo), which yield, in gold and silver, more 
 than one-fifth of the total production of the world. There are 
 numerous still unworked mines and endless old scoriag with 
 25-30 per cent, of metal (from 1880-92, $48,720,600 of silver ; all 
 metals, $401,100,000). The argentiferous region would be inter- 
 sected by a line drawn from the city of M. to Guanajuato, then 
 N. to the SW. of Chihuahua, then S. to Oajaca. The principal 
 mineral districts (silver and gold) are : Guanajuato, Zacatecas, 
 Fresnillo, Real del Monte, Pachuca, Catorce, Tasco, and Oajaca ; 
 lead (Lomo de Toro, in Hidalgo), copper (Inguaran, Oropeo, 
 Churumuco, in Michoacan), platinum (Hidalgo), -iron (princi- 
 pally at Durango, Michoacan), mercury (at Guadalcazar, in San 
 Luis Potosi; Huitzuco, in Guerrero, &c.), tin (at Guanajuato, 
 Jalisco, Durango, Sonora, San Luis Potosi, Aguascalientes), 
 cobalt, antimony, bismuth (Chihuahua, Jalisco), manganese, 
 sulphur (San Antonio, Guascaman, in San Luis Potosi, Mapinsi, 
 in Durango, all the volcanic regions), zinc (Tasco, Guerrero), 
 coal (on the riv. Mayo, in Sonora, on the Rio Branco del Norte, 
 Tamaulipas, and at Huetamo, among the mountains of the S. , 
 in Puebla, Vera Cruz), petroleum (at Macuspana, in Tabasco ; 
 Tuxpan, in Vera Cruz), soda, salt (Penon Blanco, in San Luis 
 
 Potosi ; Tapado, Zamorelia, Yucatan), marble, onyx, and pre- 
 cious stones are all met with, and mineral waters are abundant. 
 Climate. — The general mean temp, is about 60°. NE. 
 trade winds, bringing the greatest rains to the E. slopes, blow 
 all over M. , and are even felt on the W. ct. {Papagaios, see 
 Nicaragua) ; they are sometimes deviated, so as to blow from 
 the N. (Nortes, Oct.-March), and become dry and stormy, 
 through being united to the cold current of the Mississippi 
 valley. SW. winds are the S. trade-winds attracted N. SE. 
 and S. equatorial winds are sometimes cyclonic ( Cordonazos de 
 San Francisco). Rains are abundant, S. of the tropic, on the 
 maritime slopes (79 to 118 in. per year ; thunderstorms in 
 May). The plateau is dry everywhere (zenithal rains, June- 
 Sept.); the regions in the N. (Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo 
 Leon) very dry. The low lands ( Tierras Calientes) have a mean 
 temp, above 73°, with some exceedingly hot places (Tuxpan, 
 mean temp. 76°, rfall. 62 in. ; Mazatlan, 6 years, mean temps. 
 75.5°, max. 94°, min. 49°, rfall. 38 in. ; Colima, 15 years, mean 
 temp. 78°, rfall. 4 in. ), and are very damp. The temperate zone 
 ( Tierras templadas), on the slopes (between 2000 ft. and 8000 ft. ), 
 is healthy, and enjoys the temp, and productions of S. Europe. 
 N. winds sometimes bring heavy fogs. The so-called cold 
 regions (Tierras frias) on the plateau have cold nights and 
 winters, but hot days and summers, the extreme of temp, and 
 the dryness (principally March-May) increasing from S. to N. 
 [<i<aadalajara, San lals Potosi J. The rains (June-Sept.) 
 last but a short time per day. Snow falls in M. at about 7400 ft. , 
 and persists above 10,500-16,000 ft. in the frozen regions ( Tierras 
 heladas). The flora of M. is very peculiar, and very rich. Zones 
 ofaltitude may be distinguished : (i) Littoral, sandy, and marshy, 
 yielding grass, with groups of trees {Celtis, Platanus, Quercus : 
 encinales) ; coco-nut palms (Inartea), Opuntia, Baccharis. (2) 
 Tropical forests, with their complete development in Tabasco 
 and Chiapas — Anonaceae, Ficus, Cecropis, Castilloa ; timber 
 (mahogany, &c.); dye-woods (logwood), epiphytes [Phyllocac- 
 tus), Orchideag (vanilla). Cacao and tropical fruits are culti- 
 vated here. (3) Savannas with very high grasses (bamboos, 
 Rottboelliacese, giant Panicese, and Copperaceae), and groups of 
 trees (arboreal ferns, cycads, Quercus oleoides, Mimosas). The 
 sugar-cane, cotton, and rice are cultivated. (4) From 3000 to 
 6000 ft. the Melastomaceae are characteristic. Ferns and 
 Apocyneae (Phimeria) show a great variety ; Elaphritim (copal). 
 Oaks lose <heir leaves on the upper zones, and keep perennial 
 foliage on the lower ones, covered with epiphytes. European 
 fruits and vegetables are cultivated. (5) From 5000 to 7000 ft. 
 arboreal Liliaceae and Amaryllidacege, including the Agave 
 {maguey, ixtle), Yucca, Fourcroya, and Dasylirion, are charac- 
 teristic, in addition to Cactaceae, Crassulaceae, and Compositae, 
 as well as the algarrobia or mezquite. The Agave (growing from 
 the sea up to 10,000 ft.) and maize are cultivated. (6) About 
 16,000 ft. vegetation ends. The highest forests are of oaks, Coni- 
 feras, with epiphytic Bromeliaceae, Laurineas, climbing bamboos. 
 The herbaceous vegetation presents a N. American or Euro- 
 pean character. Europe received from M. the first plants of 
 cacao, earth-nuts {Arachys hypogaa), pine apple, tomato, agave, 
 jalap, sarsaparilla, and the Cactaceas. The fanna of the high- 
 lands resembles the N. American, that of the tropical littoral 
 the W. Indian. In a general way the land animals seem to 
 have come from the N., the marine ones from the S. Man 
 (Peiion), the mastodon, rhinoceros, elephant, Cervus, horse, 
 and Glyptodon, are found as fossils. The Tierras Calientes 
 are the richest zoological regions, with monkeys (three species), 
 vampires, pumas, cougars, tapirs, geckos, crocodiles, terrapins, 
 humming-birds (raios de sol), zopilotes (Cathartes, 'the king' 
 zopilote, Sarcorha?nphus papa). On the slopes (Tierra ttm- 
 plada) the boa imperator, which was adored by the Aztecs, is 
 plentiful. Insects are numerous (the luminous elaterides, the 
 arrieros, Qicodoma mexicana, ants which pierce the hardest 
 rocks). In the N. the bear, wild sheep, wolves (coyotes), puma, 
 jaguar, opossum, antelopes, peccaries, numerous lizards, and 
 scorpions are met with. The lakes of the valley of M. have no 
 fishes but the axolotl [Siredon lichenoides). The coasts of the 
 Gulf of M. and the Pacific coasts have two very different faunae. 
 Molluscs are very varied (pearl-bearing oysters in the Cahfornian 
 Gulf). Etbnograpliy. — The principal races came to M. , in more 
 than one current, from the N. Architectural, sculptural, and lite- 
 rary monuments of many civilisations (still visible) were found 
 by the Spaniards in the i6th century, and especially ascribed 
 to two great empires — the Aztecs, on the Anahuac plateau, and 
 the Mayas, on the Yucatan penins. One great current of 
 Nahua ('people who speak clear') seems to have conquered 
 central and S. Mexico (6th century) from the tribes previously 
 settled there (Otomi, Huaxteques, &c.). They are said to 
 have received their arts and civilisation from one Quatzalcoatl, 
 who came from the E. sea. The Nahua ultimately broke up 
 into different sections, one of which, the Nahua-Chichimecs, 
 drove the Nahua-Toltecs to the S. (Yucatan, Chiapas, and 
 Guatemala), and established themselves on the banks of the 
 lakes of the S. plateau (Xaltocan and Texcoco), and carried 
 on war with the Nahua-Aztecs, fortified on the Tenochtitlan- 
 
MEXICO 
 
 Mexico I. The latter, united to the tribes of Texcoco and 
 Tlacopan, formed the national nucleus which Cortez and the 
 Spaniards believed to be a great united empire under Monte- 
 zuma. The Indians now inhabiting M. belong to many 
 groups, (i) Those in the N. evidently come from the Arizona 
 and New Mexico tribes (Californian penins. : Cotchimi, Guay 
 aura, from the N. along the W. slopes, Papagos, Pima, Opata, 
 Cahita, Seri) along the Rio Grande del Norte and Chihuahua, 
 E. plains (the Apaches). (2) In the high valleys of the W. 
 Sierra Madre are the troglodytic Parahumara, further S. the 
 Tepehuan (' lords of the mountains'), both with great linguistic 
 and physical affinities to Asiatic nations. (3) From the W. 
 plains of Chihuahua to the heart of the W. Sierre Madre, are 
 the Conchos, Sabaibs, Acaxec, Xixime — tribes akin to the 
 Nahua. (4) On the mountains of the Anahuac plains (between 
 San Luis Potosi, Queretaro, and M.) the Otomi (with a mono- 
 syllabic language). (5) In the Mexican Valley, and further S., 
 SW. , and E. , the direct descendants of the Aztecs, and their 
 nearer allies and rivals — the Tarhascue-Michoacan in the W. , 
 and the Huaztecs ('neighbours') in the E. , the latter being 
 rather a Maya colony, as are, further S. , the Totonacs or 
 ' three hearts.' (6) From the S. mountains to the Tehuantepec 
 isthmus dwell the Mixtecs, the Lapotecs (Oajaca), and (7) from 
 the isthmus to Chiapas, the Mix6, the Loqu6, the Chinantecs, 
 and (8) the Aztec-Coconosco. (9) On the Yucatan Penin. are 
 the Maya (Ma-ya-he, 'land without water'), preserving their 
 customs and language among the splendid ruins of their former 
 civilisation. They consider themselves the result of two dif- 
 ferent ethnological currents — one, Nahua from the W. along 
 the lands, the other from NE. across the sea. (10) Many 
 tribes, more or less of Maya descent, occupy the lands to the 
 S. (Chiapanecs, Tzendal, Lacandons, Chontales, 'wild,' Choi, 
 Mam6). In all there are some 700 tribes speaking 120 dialects, 
 incompletely and provisionally classified into eleven families. 
 The population after the Spanish conquest became exceedingly 
 mixed. The pure Spanish blood is very rare {Chapetones, 
 Gachupines, ' those who wear spurs'). The densest population 
 is to be found on the Anahuac plateau (between San Luis Potosi, 
 Guadalajara, Morelos, Puebla). The arid plains of the N. 
 (Chihuahua) and the marshy lowlands of the S. (Tabasco) are 
 desert. There are some prosperous recent agricultural European 
 settlements: French (San Rafael, or the Nautla, since 1831) ; 
 Italian (Vera Cruz, Puebla, Morelos) ; Tirolese (San Luis 
 Potosi) ; Canarians (Campeche). Some industrial immigration 
 from the United States, and Spaniards, French, ItaUans. 
 Negroes are being introduced for the unhealthy Tierras 
 Calientes. Some Chinese colonies are contemplated. Noso- 
 logy. — The great altitude causes the plateau to be in various 
 ways rather unhealthy, producing anaemia and premature decay ; 
 pneumonia, typhoid fever, and cancer are frequent, but phthisis 
 is very rare. The prevalent diseases on the shores of the Gulf 
 of M. are marsh fevers, yellow fever (only up to 2500 ft. or 3000 
 ft. alt.), and phthisis. On the Pacific coast bilious fevers and 
 dysenteries. On the highlands they often have their skins 
 covered with white, red, and black spots {mal de pintos). On 
 the slopes to Vera Cruz the Mayoquil frequently gets into the 
 skin and causes abscesses. Productions. — Maize, beans 
 (frigates), and bananas form the principal food-products of the 
 temperate zone ; manihot and rice those of the low Tierras 
 Calientes. Wheat and barley are cultivated on the high Tierras 
 frias. Besides these the principal productions are : coffee 
 (Tierras templadas of Vera Cruz, Oajaca, Michoacan-Uruapan, 
 up to 5500 ft. ) ; tobacco (Vera Cruz : from Papaloapam to 
 Tabasco) ; sugar-cane (introduced by Cortez: in the S. — Morelos, 
 Puebla, Campeche, Yucatan, and up to 6000 ft.) ; cacao (on the 
 low slopes of the Soconosco Mts., Chiapas) ; vanilla (Papantla, 
 San Rafael) ; cotton (Guerrero, Vera Cruz) ; the fibres of the 
 Agave, principally the henequen (A. rigida at Yucatan, and 
 the ixtle, the lechuguilla, A. heteracantha, in the San Luis 
 Potosi, Valles) ; the pita (from Bromelia sylvestris, Oajaca) ; 
 the Agave wine (octli, aguamiel, pulque) ; and brandy (tnexcal, 
 tequila, Mexican brandy) ; and that from the opuntia (Colonche). 
 All fruits, both of temperate and tropical regions, can be grown. 
 The vine is extensively cultivated (Chihuahua and N. of Zacatecas). 
 The government is patronising the introduction of vines, olive- 
 trees, and all kinds of fruit-trees from Europe. The mulberry 
 (introduced by Cortez) is extensively planted for the silk- worm, 
 while the aje, or axin (the oil cochineal, Llaveia axin) is ex- 
 tensively produced (Yucatan). Cinchonae (E. slopes of the 
 Orizaba Mts.) and rubber trees (Castilloa elastica, in Chiapas 
 and Tabasco) are planted. Cattle, horses (N. plains and 
 savannas of Vera Cruz, Tabasco), and swine (M. and Jalisco) 
 are largely reared (exportation to the United States). Yellow 
 amber is abundantly found (Oaxaca and all S. states). Guano 
 is plentiful on the islands of the Gulf of California. There is 
 a noticeable industrial progress (textiles, paper, earthenware), 
 the national costume (mantas, sarapes, rehozos), ornamental 
 leather, giving employment to many manufactures. Means of 
 Communication. — (i) Two railways give access to the plateau 
 from the M. Gulf; (a) Vera Cruz — M. Rly., the first built, was 
 1000 
 
 one of the most difficult of construction in the world (from the 
 sea up to 8309 ft. ) ; [b) 3. second line goes from Tampico to San 
 Luis Potosi and M. (2) At four points the M. railways reaches 
 the United States: (a) Paso del Norte, New M.; (b) Laredo; 
 [c) Piedras Negras (Texas, Rio Grande del Norte) ; (d) from 
 Guaymas (Gulf of California) to Arizona. (3) An inter-oceanic 
 railway (Coatzocoalcas-Suchil-Tehuantepec-Salina Cruz) runs 
 between the Gulf of M. and the Pacific (197 m.). (4) Many 
 railway branches starting from the central system will shortly 
 reach the ports of Altata, Mazatlan, San Bias, Manzanillo, 
 Sihuantanego, Acapulco, Huatulco (one reaches at Cumbre de 
 las Cruces an alt. of 9974 ft. ). (5) Some railways in Yucatan, but 
 separated from those in central M. by some 400 m. (Campeche 
 to Alvarado). Total, 7000 m. Direct steamers ply to the W. 
 Indies, the United States, California, Europe, and between the 
 littoral ports. There are submarine cables from Vera Cruz to 
 Galveston, and from Salina Cruz to Libertad (Salvador) and 
 Central America (Pacific). Commerce.— The principal exports 
 are — henequeii, coffee, fruits, hides, leather, gum, tobacco, 
 indigo, sugar, vanilla, caoutchouc, wood (mahogany and dye- 
 wood). Gold, silver (some coined), lead, copper. The imports 
 are — manufactured articles for dress and furniture. For the 
 value in recent years, see Appendix. The most important 
 commercial relations are with the United States, then with 
 England (1892, ;^i,743.3oo), France, Germany, Spain. The 
 imported articles pay 38 per cent, ad valorem (English cottons, 
 133 per cent.). There are twenty-four ports open to inter- 
 national commerce. One-half of all the commerce of M. 
 is carried on at the port of Vera Cruz. Public Institu- 
 tions. — The constitution of the Estados Unidos de Mexico 
 (1857) was amended in 1887 and 1890. A president is elected 
 (indirectly) for four years. A Congress is composed of a 
 House of Representatives (i to 40,000 inhabitants) and a Senate 
 (two Senators from each state). M. is divided into twenty- 
 seven states, two terrs. , and one federal dist. (460 sq. m. 
 around the cap.). There is a permanent army of some 30,000 
 men, brought up to 160,000 in war footing, and a navy of some 
 importance (tv/o naval colleges at Mazatlan and Campeche). 
 The Roman Catholic is the predominant religion, but it is quite 
 independent of the state. The metrical system of weights and 
 measures was officially introduced in 1884^ but the old Spanish 
 measures are still in use (see Bolivia). The silver peso or dollar 
 (weight 27,073 grammes, .902 fine = 24.419 grammes of silver) 
 has a nominal value of 4s. (the i6-pesos gold piece weighs 
 27.0643 grammes, .875 fine = 23.6813 grammes of gold). Silver 
 is unlimited legal tender. For the gold value of the dollar in 
 recent years, see Appendix, p. 14. History. — At the begin- 
 ning of the i6th century the Spaniards discovered the coasts of 
 Yucatan and M. In 1519 Cortez established Villa Rica de la 
 Vera Cruz (N. of the present town), and began the conquest of the 
 Aztecs (under Montezuma) and of some of the most prominent 
 Indian tribes, laying the foundation of the Nueva Espaiia vice- 
 royalty. In 1585 the first European station was established at 
 Paso del Norte (Rio Bravo). From 1810 to 1821 M. fought for 
 her independence from Spain. In 1822 Iturbide was proclaimed 
 Emperor, but one year later a federal republic was declared, not 
 recognised by Spain until 1833. From 1845 to 1848 a war with 
 the United States led to the loss of upper California and New 
 Mexico. In 1861, under a financial pretext, M. was invaded 
 by a French army, which imposed the form of an empire (1863) 
 and an emperor (1864, Maximiban of Austria), who, after the 
 departure of the French troops, was taken and executed (1867). 
 The Republic of the United States of Mexico was reconstituted 
 in 1868. Population in 1808 about 6,000,000 ; 1879, 10,000,000 ; 
 1882, 10,500,000; 1893, 11,614,000 (of which more or less pure 
 white, 19 per cent. ; mixed, 43 per cent. ; Indians, 38 per cent. ). 
 [J. B. K.J 
 
 Mexico, one of the central states, around the District 
 Federal and the cap. of the Republic of the same name, on the 
 centre of the Anahuac plateau, and the highest part of its slojjes. 
 Very mountainous, with some of the highest peaks in M. 
 Very important mines of silver, gold, &c. (Ixtlahuacan, Sultepec, 
 Temascaltepec, Valle de Bravo). See Mexico (republic), table. 
 
 Mexico, tn., cap. of the Republic of M., built by Cortez 
 (1522) on the ruins of the Aztec Mexico- Tenochtitlan ('Nopal 
 stone'), in the centre of the valley of M. (7500 ft. alt.), on a 
 lacustrine region, now 4 m. from the shallow lake Texcoco, but 
 formerly on one of its islands ; seat of an observatory, in 19° 26' 
 i" N., 99° 6' 39" W. The streets are very regular ; the houses 
 low, and in the Spanish style. The site is marshy, and subject 
 to unhealthy floods and earthquakes. The new quarters stretch 
 W. to the higher and healthier lands. The roads leading to the 
 town act as bridges through the marshy fields which surround 
 the town. The gardens have a tropical vegetation ; the markets, 
 fruits and vegetables from all climates. Some are cultivated on 
 floating orchards on the lake (Chinampas). Has a cathedral 
 of the i6th century, museums, library, university, medical and 
 military colleges. Mean temp. (12 yrs. ), 60° F. , max. 89°, 
 under the sun 120°, min. 28^° ; mean rfall. 29 in. in 130 days. 
 P. 330,000. 
 
M EXI - 
 
 Mexico, city, U.S., Missouri, Audrain co. , 45 m. NNE. 
 Jefferson City. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mexico, vil., U.S., New York, co. and 14 m. E. Oswego. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Mexico, Gulf of, an inland sea or gulf, nearly surrounded 
 by a continuous coast line (3000 m.) of the United States and 
 Mexico. It is only open to the E. ; communicating NE. , on one 
 side of the isl. of Cuba, with the Atlantic through the Strait 
 of Florida, and on the SE. , on the other side of Cuba, with 
 the Caribbean Sea through the Strait of Yucatan. The shores 
 are low, sandy, and marshy, the land being frequently fronted 
 by lagoons. It has no islands except the ' keys ' of Florida and 
 Yucatan, and Cuba. The deepest parts of the gulf, between 
 the mouth of the Mississippi and the peninsula of Yucatan, 
 exceed 2000 fathoms, the maximum 2119 fathoms ('Blake' 
 Soundings), in 25° 8' N., 89° 38' W. This deep basin, which 
 is elliptical in shape, has steep, abrupt walls, and is surrounded 
 next the shores by a broad shallow rim, not exceeding 100 
 fathoms in depth. Area, 716,000 sq. m. Length, Vera Cruz 
 to Florida, 1120 m. ; breadth, Galveston to Campeche, 680 m. 
 The rivs. Grande del Norte, Colorado, Brazos, Mississippi, 
 Alabama, and Appalachicola, with numerous smaller streams, 
 pour their waters into the gulf. The Gulf Stream {^.v.) enters 
 It by the Strait of Yucatan, and leaves it by the Strait of 
 Florida. The tides are low and relatively insignificant, springs 
 not exceeding 4 ft., and neaps 2 J ft. The waters of the gulf 
 are extremely rich in marine fauna — fish, sponges, corals, 
 echinoderms, Crustacea, annelids, &c. The principal seaports 
 on its shores are — in Mexico, Progreso, Campeche, Carmen, 
 Vera Cruz, and Tampico ; in the United States, Galveston, 
 New Orleans, and Key West ; and in Cuba, Havana. 
 
 Mexlmlenx, tn. , France, dep. Ain, arr. Tr6voux, 20 m. NE. 
 by E. Lyons. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mey, hamlet, Scot., Caithness, 12 m. E. by N. Thurso, PT.O. 
 Mey, West, i^ m. to the WSW., on Mey Bay. 
 
 Meymliii, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Mayadiiu. 
 
 Meyeubnrg, tn., Prussia. See Melenbnrg. 
 
 Meyer, co. , U.S., S, Dakota, on the S. frontier, bounded on 
 the W. by 101° W. 
 
 Meyersdale, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and 20 m. SE. 
 Somerset. P. < 2000. 
 
 Meyet, or Mabet, isl. , 6 m. from the N. coast of Somali-land, 
 Africa, in the Gulf of Aden, in about 47° 15' E. Also a village, 
 on the coast, about 19 m. SW. of the island. 
 
 Meyllteyrn, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 3 m. 
 from the W. coast, 22 m. W. by S. Portmadoc. P. <:50o ; eccles. 
 par. (M. with Bottwnog) P. <soo. 
 
 Meymac, tn., France, dep. Correze, 49 m. WSW. Clermont- 
 Ferrand, arr. and 8 m. W. by S. Ussel, with bismuth-mine and 
 small coalfield. P. < 3000. 
 
 Meyruels, tn., France, dep. Lozere, 45 m. NW. by N. Mont- 
 pellier, arr. and 13 m. SW. Florae; works argentiferous sulphide 
 of lead and copper pyrites. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Meyseyhampton, P.O., Eng. , Gloucestershire. See Malsey 
 Hampton. 
 
 Meyvtar. See Mew^r and Ildalpur. 
 
 M^ze, tn. , France, dep. H^rault, arr. Montpellier, on the 
 Etang de Thau, on the S. ct., 5 m. WNW. Cette ; manufac- 
 tures salt, and trades in wines. P. 6000. 
 
 Mezeft, dist. tn. and seapt. , N. Russia, govt. Arkhangelsk, 
 15 m. from the mouth of Mezefi R. The inhabitants send their 
 fishing boats to the Murman Coast. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mezeii, riv., N. Russia, rises in a low marshy range of hills, 
 flows with great windings W. and N W. , enters White Sea in 
 Mezeii Bay. Length, 545 m. 
 
 Mezenc, mt. , France, the highest of the Monts du Vivarais, 
 on the frontier of deps. Ardeche and Haute-Loire. Alt. 5755 ft. 
 
 Mezerlb, or Muzerlb, El, vil. , Syria, in the Hauran, 57 m. 
 SSW. Damascus, with which it is now being connected by a 
 narrow-gauge railway. Alt. 1440 ft. 
 
 M^zidon, tn. , France, dep. Calvados, on the Dives, arr. and 
 14 m. WSW. Lisieux. P. < 2000. 
 
 M^zKires, fortified tn. and cap. dep. Ardennes, France, cap. 
 arr. M. , on a peninsula formed by the Meuse, 11 m. WNW. 
 Sedan, 47 m. NE. Reims; commanded by a citadel. It com- 
 municates by a suspension bridge with Charleville, on the oppo- 
 site side of the Meuse. In 1521 the Chevalier Bayard successfully 
 defended it against the Imperialists; in 1815 it held out for six 
 weeks against the Prussians and Germans ; and in January 1871 
 surrendered to the Germans. P. < 5000. 
 
 M^zK^res, comm., Switzd. , cant. Vaud, 8 m. NE. by E. 
 Lausanne. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mezllu, tn. , Roumania. See Mlzllft. 
 
 M^zln, tn., France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, on theGelise, 21 m. 
 WSW. Agen, arr. and 7 m. SW. by S. N6rac. P. <2000. 
 
 Mezirlcl Velk^, comm. , Austria. See Gross Meserltscb. 
 
 Meso, Hungarian, 'plains.' 
 
 Mezo-Band, comm., Hungary, Transylvania, co. Maros- 
 Torda, dist. Marosals6, 10 m. NW. by W. Maros-Vasarhely. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 - M I A M 
 
 Mezo-Ber^ny, market-tn. , Hungary, prov. B6k^s, 46 m. W. 
 by S. Grosswardein. P. 12,500. 
 
 Mezo-Cs4t, tn. , Hungary, co. Borsod, 35 m. NW. by W. 
 Debreczen. P. (1890) 5200. 
 
 Mezobegyes, comm., Hungary, co. Csandd, dist. Battonya, 
 25 m. NW. Arad. P. 5400. 
 
 Mezo-Keresztes, or Mezo- Bihar •Reresztes, tn. , central 
 Hungary, co. Bihar, cap. dist., 11 m. WNW. Grosswardein. 
 P. <:30oo. 
 
 Mezo-Keresztes, Mezo-Borsod-Keresztes, or Nyarad, tn., 
 N. Hungary, co. Borsod, 45 m. WNW. Debreczen. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Mez6-KoT4cstaAza, comm., Hungary, co. Csanad, dist. 
 Kovdcshiza, 25 m. N W. by N. Arad. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mezo-KoTesd, comm., Hungary, prov. Borsod, urn. SE. by 
 E. Erlau. P. 12,700. 
 
 Mezoseg, mountainous region in the centre of Transylvania, 
 Hungary, N. of the Maros, above the confluence of the Aranyos, 
 with beds of rock-salt and numerous salt springs. 
 
 Mezo Tikr, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, prov. Pest-Pilis- 
 Solt, 44 m. E. by N. Kecskemet. P. (1850) 15,600; (1869) 
 20,400; (1880)23,800. 
 
 Mezqnltal, riv. , Mexico. See Mesqnltal. 
 
 Mezre-nl-Azlz ('place rendered prosperous by Aziz'), tn., 
 Turkey in Asia, cap. vilayet Mamuret-ul-Aziz, sanjak Kharput- 
 Mezre, 80 m. NW. Diarbekir ; named by a Kurdish vali in 
 honour of Abdul Aziz. P. 5000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Mezzanl, comm., Italy, Emilia, 11 m. NE. Parma, at the 
 confluence of the Parma and Enza with the Po. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mezzojnso, tn., Sicily, prov. and 18 m. SSE. Palermo. P. 
 6400. 
 
 Mezzola, the upper part of the Lake of Como, N. Italy, now 
 separated from rest of the basin by the alluvium of the Adda. 
 
 Mezzolonibardo, tn., Austria, Tirol, 11 m. NNW. Trent. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Mezzo vo, tn. , European Turkey. See Metsovo. 
 
 Mfliil, riv., Congo Free State, issues from S. end of Lake 
 Leopold II., and flows WSW. into the Kwa ; navigable 
 throughout. 
 
 Mfani'blro, one of a line of volcanic peaks, central Africa, 
 in about 1° 10' S., near the boundaries of the Congo Free State 
 and the British and German spheres of influence. Its exact 
 position is uncertain, but in the event of its being found to lie E. 
 of 30° E. , the agreement with Germany assigns it to the British 
 sphere of influence. Alt. 10,000 ft. 
 
 Mfwa, native name of Brazzaville, French Congo Terr., 
 Africa. 
 
 Mgeyenja, riv., Africa. See Crocodile. 
 
 M'ghU, tribe, Africa. See MakhU. 
 
 MgUn, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 155 m. NE. of Chernigov, 
 connected by a branch with Riga-Orel Rly. P. 7000. 
 
 Mgougo Thenibo, vil., central Africa, Uyanzi, in 5° 46' S., 
 33° so' E. 
 
 Mgniida, vil., German E. Africa, Khutu, 140 m. WSW. 
 Dar-es-Salaam. 
 
 Mgnnda Mkall, region, Africa. See Magnnda Mkall. 
 
 Mbaswad, tn. and municip., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. 
 Satdra, on Man R., 83 m. NW. Bijdpur. P. 6400; Hindus, 
 5900. 
 
 Mhorgay, uninhabited isl, Scot., Outer Hebrides, Inverness- 
 shire, N. Uist par. 
 
 Mhovr, or Mhan, cantonment and vil., Central India, 13 m. 
 SW. by S. Indore ; headquarters of a division of the Bombay 
 Army, and a station on the Rdjputdna-Mdlwd State Rly. The 
 cantonment is about i m. SE. of village. P. 31,800; Hindus, 
 19,900; Moham. 8200. 
 
 Mlajadas, tn. , Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 33 m. SE. 
 Cdceres, dist. and 21 m. S. Trujillo. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mlako, city, Japan. See Kyoto. 
 
 Miami, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on the N. Pacific and Mani- 
 toba Rly., 62 m. SW. by W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Miami, settlement, U.S., Florida, Dade co., on the E. ct., 
 130 m. NE. Key West, in 25° 48' N. 
 
 Miami, CO., U.S., Indiana, just to S. of 41° N., and crossed 
 by 86° W. 
 
 Miami, CO., U.S., Kansas, on E. frontier, S. of 39'' N. 
 
 Miami, tn. , U.S., Missouri, Saline co., on r. bk. of the 
 Missouri, 90 m. E. Leavenworth (Kansas). P. < 1500. 
 
 Miami, CO., U.S., Ohio, in the W. , traversed by the Miami 
 R. , crossed in the S. by 40° N. 
 
 Miami, settlement, U.S., Ohio, Montgomery co. , on the r. 
 bk. of the Miami R. , opposite Dayton, 49 m. NNE. Cincinnati. 
 
 Miami, Great, riv., U.S., in the W. of Ohio, flows on the 
 whole SSW. to the Ohio, which it joins at the SW. corner of 
 the state. Miami, Little, a river having an approximately 
 parallel course, and joining the Ohio about 5 or 6 m. above 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 Mlam'ls, Indian tribe, U.S., of the Algonquin family, once 
 occupying a large part of the W. and NW. of Ohio and part of 
 Indiana. 
 
 Miamisbnrg, vil., U.S., Ohio, Montgomery co., 42 m. NNE. 
 
MIAM — MICH 
 
 Cincinnati, in the centre of a tobacco-growing region ; has ex- 
 tensive water-power. P. <3ooo. 
 
 . SIlamiTlUe, vil, U.S., Ohio, Clermont co., on Little Miami 
 R., 13 m. NE. Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 DUandernd, seapt. tn., Persia, on the Caspian Sea, 55 m. 
 ESE. Resht. 
 
 Mlandoab, or 9Iartaainet>Abad, tn., Persia, prov. Azer- 
 baijan, 80 m. S. by W. Tabriz. 
 
 Mlaneh, tn. , Persia, prov. Azerbaijan, 90 m. SE. by E. Tabriz. 
 MUkngaiiJ, vil., India, Oudh, dist. and 18 m. NE. Unao. 
 P. (i88i)<4ooo. 
 
 Hl^ni, vil., Brit. India, Bombay, Bind, dist. and 6 m. N. 
 Haidardbdd ; here Sir Charles Napier totally routed a Baliich 
 army, 1843. 
 
 MlAnl, tn. and municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Hoshi- 
 irpur, on the 1. bk. of the Beas, 45 m. E. by N. Amritsar. 
 P. 6600; Hindus, iioo; Moham. 5400. 
 
 MMnl, municip. and centre of salt trade, Brit. India, Punjab, 
 dist. Shahpur, on 1. bk. of Jehlam, 77 m. S. Rawal Pindi ; salt 
 is obtained from the Mayo mines. P. 7100 ; Hindus, 3500 ; 
 Moham. 3500. 
 
 Ml&ni (perhaps the celebrated IKlnnagar), seapt. of great 
 antiquity, India, on the SW. ct. of Kathidwar Penin. , 130 m. 
 NW. by W. Diu, on an estuary of the Vartu R. ; has a sand-bar. 
 P, (i88i)<:20oo. 
 
 Mian Kail, or Mlankaleta, penin., Persia, SE. of Caspian 
 Sea, stretching about 30 m. E. on the N. side of Astrabad Bay. 
 Mlanmalek, pass, Persia, prov. Azerbaijan, to the S. of Lake 
 Urmia, on the road to Hamadan. 
 Mlanoglilta, Japan. See Mlyanoslilta. 
 M14nwAll, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Bannu, 100 m. S. 
 Peshawar. 
 
 Mlanzl-nl (' place of bamboos'), vil., Brit. E. Africa, on the 
 high tableland to the E. of Lake Naivasha, in about 0° 55' S., 
 36° 23' E. Alt. 8700 ft. 
 
 Sllaotao Islands, Yellow Sea, at the entrance of the Gulf 
 of Pechili, some N. and some S. of 38° N., all W. of 121° E. 
 Largest island Chang-shan, 7 m. long by 3 m. broad. 
 
 Mlaotse, or SUaotze, collective name of the half-civilised 
 mountain tribes of the SW. of China, in the provs. of Kwangsi, 
 Kweichou, Yiinnan, Kwangtung, and Hunan. See Proc. Geog. 
 Soc, 188 1, p. 225. 
 
 Ml'ar, vil. , Palestine, 32° 53' N. , 35° 15' E. , 10^ m. ESE. Acre. 
 Miau, Chinese, 'temple.' 
 . MlaTa, comm. , Hungary, prov. Neutra, 52 m. SE. by E. 
 Briinn. P. 10,000. 
 
 NlaTalg, PMT.O., Scot., Outer Hebrides, on N. side of W. 
 Loch Tarbert, 32 m. SW. Stomoway. 
 Mlcal, vil., Colombia, Cauca, on the W. ct. , in 3° N. 
 Michael, par. , Isle of Man, containing village of Kirkmichael ; 
 8772 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlchaelcbnrcli, vil., Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , 5 m. 
 WNW. Ross. P.O. See Tretlre. 
 
 Mlchaelchnrch Escley, par., Eng., Herefordshire, 8 m. SE. 
 Hay, P.O. (M. Eskley) ; 4586 ac. P. <soo. See St. Margaret. 
 BUctaaelchnrcli-on- Arrow, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 6^ m. 
 SSE. New Radnor, 2 m. NW. by N. Whitney-on-the-Wye stn. 
 P. <25o. See BrlUey. 
 Mlcbael ^ymonr, bay, Russian Manchuria. See Olga. 
 Mlchaelstone, Lo'wer and Tpper, two adjoining pars., 
 Wales, Glamorganshire, dist. Neath. Lower M. P. 5300 ; 
 Upper M., 4088 ac. , P. < 1000. 
 
 Mlcbaelstone-le-plt, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 
 3 m. SW. by W. Cardiff, i^ m. W. l^ S. Grange Town stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Michaelstone-snper-Ely, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. 
 div., 5 m. W. Cardiff, close to St. Fagans stn. P. <25o ; eccles. 
 par. (M.-snper-E. with St. Bride-saper-E.) P. <25o. 
 
 Mlchaelstone-y-Vedw, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , 
 5 m. WSW. Newport, 2^ m. NW. Marshfield stn., PT.O. 
 (MlchaelstoB-y-fedw). P. <25o. 
 
 Mlchaelj^tow, par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 7^ m. 
 N. Bodmin, P.O. P. <2Soo. 
 
 Mlchalcl, market-tn., Bulgaria, prov. and 16^ m. NW. by 
 W. Tirnova. P. <30oo. 
 
 Mlchalkowltz, vil., Austria, Silesia, dist. and 9 m. E. 
 Freistadt. P. < 3000. 
 
 Michel, in place-names, 'great.' See Mickle. 
 
 Mlchelago, post-vil.. New South Wales, Murray co. , 75 m. 
 SSW. Goulburn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlchelaii, comm., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Upper Franconia, 
 circle and 3 m. NE. Lichtenfels. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Mlch'eldeTcr, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 6^ m. 
 NNE. Winchester, on the L. & SW. R. (the village nearly 3 
 m. S. of the station), P.O., and PM.O. (M. Station) ; 7820 ac. 
 P. < 1500; eccles. par. (M. with E. Stratton) P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlch«l«lorf, vil. , Upper Austria, 17 m. SW. Steyr. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Mlchelmersh, par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 8^ 
 m. W. by S. Winchester, i m. E. Mottisfont stn., P.O.; 4178 
 ac. P. < 1500. 
 1002 
 
 Mlchelsdorf, Hungarian Mllialyfalva, vil., Hungary, prov. 
 Zips (Szepes), 48 m. W^NW. Kaschau. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mlchelstadt, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle Erbach, 21 
 m. SE. Darmstadt. P. <3000. 
 
 Mlchesl, pass, on the N. side of Mount Milanji (Mlanje), Brit. 
 Nyassa-land. 
 
 Mlchl, tribe, W. Africa, on the r. bk. of the Benue, in about 
 8° 4o'-9° 20' E. 
 
 Mlch'lgan, one of the U.S.A., called the Peninsula state 
 because of its two parts, the upper being bordered by Lakes 
 Superior, Huron, and Michigan, the lower by Lakes Michigan, 
 Huron, St. Clair, and Erie. Isle Royale, Sugar I., Drummond 
 I. belong to M. The surface in the upper penin. consists of low 
 mountain ranges and hills rich in iron ore and copp>er, while the 
 lower penin. is hilly in the N. , having prairie land in the S. , under- 
 laid with coal. Both penins. have extensive forests of pine and 
 hardwoods. Thousands of small lakes exist. The chief streams, 
 Muskegon, Grand, Kalamazoo, St. Joseph, and Saginaw, afford 
 little navigable water, but are valuable sources of power, by 
 means of which a great deal of timber is cut, and numerous 
 wood-working establishments operated. Extensive salt deposits 
 underlie the Saginaw region, and the brine is evaporated by the 
 use of refuse lumber as fuel. The climate is milder than the 
 latitude would suggest, by reason of the warming influences of 
 the lakes [Alpena, Detroit, Escanaba, Grand Haren, Mar« 
 qnette. Port Huron]. In the N. , however, it is too raw for 
 agriculture. S. penin. produces wheat, maize, oats, potatoes, 
 barley, wool, and even peaches and wine. Timber is the pro- 
 duct of greatest value, and in it M. is first, with a yearly cut of 
 from three to four thousand million ft. , besides lath and shingles. 
 Other manufactures of wood are doors, blinds, sash, and furni- 
 ture. Second in value is the output of iron ore. In this M. 
 has risen from a production of 2700 tons in 1850 to 6,127,101 in 
 1891 ; from thirteenth to first in rank. The ore is mainly red 
 hematite, with half a million tons of brown hematite, and a 
 quarter million of magnetite. It is remarkably free from 
 phosphorus, and is very rich. The mines are in three ranges, 
 the Marquette in Marquette co. , the Gogebic in Ontonagon 
 CO. , and the Menominee in Menominee co. The formation is 
 Archaean, with every evidence of eruptive origin. But little 
 pig iron is made in M. (mostly charcoal), the bulk of the ore 
 going by lake to points on Lakes Erie and Michigan, where the 
 coal of Ohio and Pennsylvania and Illinois is available, M. coal 
 being of poor quality. For many years M. yielded the greater 
 part of all U.S. copper, and now its output of over 100,000,000 
 lbs. , surpassed only by that of Montana, is about one-third the 
 total product. The mines are in Keweenaw, Houghton, and 
 Ontonagon cos., in eruptive rock, and yield a remarkably pure 
 and tenacious metal. One solid mass was detached which weighed 
 about 500 tons. Other mineral products are gypsum, bromine, 
 grindstones, building-stone, glass sand, &c. Flour, agricultural 
 implements, carriages and waggons are manufactured. There 
 is a considerable fresh-water fishery, mostly of white fish, trout, 
 and herring. As to the lake shipping, see Sanlt Ste. Marie. 
 Education is well cared for. The university of Michigan is at 
 Ann Arbor, and has a high rank, and there are nine other col- 
 leges. Of the population, 26 per cent, are foreign born. The 
 first settlement in M. was at Detroit, in 1670 by Frenchmen. 
 In 1763 this area passed to England. M. was established as a 
 territory in 1805, and as a state in 1837. Its cap. is Lansing; 
 the other chief towns, Detroit, Grand Rapids, Saginaw, Bay 
 City, Muskegon, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Port Huron, and Battle 
 Creek. Area, 58,915 sq. m. P. 2,093,889. [C. H. L.] 
 
 Michigan, city, U.S., Indiana, Laporte co., on S. shore of 
 Lake M., the only lake-port of the state, 36 m. E. by S. 
 Chicago (111.). Site of Ames College and the N. Indiana state 
 prison ; has large lumber trade and wood-working industry, 
 and refrigerator manufactures, car-works, hosiery mills, &c. 
 P. (1880) 7400; (1890) 10,800. 
 
 Michigan, Lake, one of the five great lakes of N. America, 
 lying wholly within the U.S. terr., having E. and NW. the state 
 M., W. Wisconsin and Illinois, and S. Indiana, and communi- 
 cating NE. by the Strait of Mackinac with Lake Huron. Except 
 Green Bay, on its NW. side, it has few inlets. W. are the towns 
 Chicago, Milwaukee, and Sheboygan. See America, Xorth. 
 Mlchle, vil., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Weinberge, a SE. 
 suburb of Prague. P. < 5000. 
 
 Michmash, place named in O. T. See Mnkhmfts. 
 Michmethah, place named in O. T. See Sahel el .Mnkhnah. 
 Mlchnl, fort, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 15 m. N. by W. 
 Peshdwar, on 1. bk. of Kibul R. , where it issues from the hills ; 
 it commands an important ferry, constructed in 1851-52. 
 
 Mlchoacan (from Michi, indig^enous name of a fish), one of 
 the states of Mexico between the Pacific (100 m. of coast) and 
 the Lerma valley ; very mountainous, drained by lower affluents 
 of Rio de las Balzas, with two of the most important high lakes 
 of Mexico (Cuitza, Patzcuaro, at 6850 ft.). The principal 
 inhabitants, the Tarascos (tarhascue, ' sons-in-law,' or Michoa), 
 kept long independent, both of the Aztecs and the Spaniards. 
 I Very rich gold and silver mines. See Mexico, table, &c. 
 
MICK — MIDD 
 
 Hlcklleld, par., Eng., Suffolk, 3 m. SW. Debenham, P.O. 
 
 "P. <250. 
 
 Mickle, Meikle, Michel, in Scotch Muckle, ' great. ' 
 
 Mlckleby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 6 m. 
 W. by N. Whitby, 2J m. SSE. Hinderwell stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Mickle Fell, mt. , Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond 
 div., 8^ m. ENE. Appleby. Height, 2591 ft. 
 
 Hlcklefleld, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston 
 Ash div., 9 m. E. Leeds, on the NE. R., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Micklehain, par., Eng., Surrey, Epsom div., 2^ ra. N. by 
 E. Dorking, i m. N. by E. Boxhill and Burford Bridge stn., 
 PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Micklehnrst, vil., Eng., in the extreme NE. of Mottram in 
 Longen Dale par., Cheshire, adjoining Lancashire and York- 
 shire, 3 m. NE. Stalybridge, on the L. & NW. R.; has cotton 
 and woollen mills. P.O. 
 
 MickleoTer, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 3 m. SW. by 
 W. Derby, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mlcklethwaite, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, near 
 Wetherby. P. <:25o. 
 
 Slickleton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 7^ 
 m. E. Evesham, 3 m. E. Honeybourne stn., PMT.O. P. <75or 
 
 Mlckletoii, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond 
 div., on the r. bk. of the Tees, 17^ m. E. by N. Appleby, on 
 the NE. R.; has barytas and lead ore. PMT.O. 4749 ac. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Mlckletown, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, i m. from Methley. 
 
 Mickle Traflord, par., Eng., Cheshire, 3 m. NE, by E. 
 Chester, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Mlckley, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and gJt m. E. 
 by S. Hexham, on the NE. R., PM.O. (M. Square). Pr<:isoo. 
 
 Mlckley, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 
 4i m. NW. Ripon, on the Ure, i^ m. SW. Tanfield stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Micronesia, one of the three great divisions of the Pacific 
 Ocean, between 8° and 25° N., 130" E., and 160° W. , comprising 
 the Marianne, Caroline, Gilbert, Marshall, and Pelew Is., all 
 volcanic, and atolls. It is named from the many small islands 
 of which it is composed. The people are of mixed blood, 
 Polynesian strains predominating. On Easter I. and certain 
 of the Carolines (e.g:, Ponape) there are remains of gigantic 
 statues, pavements, ramparts, &c. , the origin and builders of 
 which are involved in obscurity. See the respective articles. 
 
 Mid Calder, par., Scot., Midlothian, on the Almond, 2 m. 
 W. of its stn. on the C. R., 7^ m. SE. Linlithgow, with coal; 
 12,294 ac. P. <;35oo. 
 
 Mid Clyth, P.O., Scot., Caithness, 4 m. NE. Lybster. 
 
 Middel, Dutch and Danish, 'middle,' Swedish Medel. See 
 Mittel. 
 
 MlcMelbnrg, islet, in the Bay of Batavia, Java. 
 
 Mlddelbiirg, municip. , Cape Colony, div. M., 60 m. NE. 
 by N. Graaff Reinet, on the railway to Kimberley. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mlddclbnrg, isl., on the NW. of Ceylon, E. of Leyden I. 
 
 Middelbnrg, fortress and tn., Holland, isl. of Walcheren, 
 prov. Zeeland, 4 m. NNE. Flushing ; enclosed by a bastioned 
 mound and a ditch, and partly intersected by canals, one of 
 which forms a small harbour (dry dock 480 ft. long, 15 ft. on 
 sill high tide ordinary springs) ; connected by navigable canals 
 with Flushing, Veere, and Arnemuiden ; has manufactures of 
 cloth, calico, and oil. The town hall was constructed in 1468 
 by Charles the Bold of Burgundy. The abbey was beg^n in 
 the i2th century. Zacharias Zansz invented the microscope 
 here in 1590. Taken from the Spaniards in 1574 by the Con- 
 federates after a siege of 22 months. P. (comm.) 17,000. 
 
 Mlddelburg, islet, in the Strait of Macassar, 109 m. W. of 
 the town of Macassar. 
 
 Middelbnrg, tn., S. African Republic, cap. of M. div., 
 about 90 m. E. Pretoria, on the railway route to Delagoa Bay ; 
 cobalt and nickel have been worked on Olifants R., in M. dist. 
 
 P. <20C0. 
 
 Mlddelfart, seapt. tn., Denmark, NW. ct. Fyen (Fiinen), 
 on the Little Belt, prov. and 27 m. WNW. Odense. P. <30oo. 
 
 Mlddelharnls, comm., Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, n 
 m. SSE. Briel, on the isl. of Over-Flakkee, near the 1. bk. of 
 the Haringvliet. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Mlddelkerke, vil., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, on the coast, 
 6 m. SW. by W. Ostende. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Middle, riv., Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax co. , flows SE. 
 into the Atlantic Ocean about 44° 50' N. 
 
 Middle, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 7 m. N. by W. 
 Shrewsbury, 2 m. W. Yorton stn., PM.O.; 4691 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Middle, par. , Scot. See New. 
 
 Middle Aston, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire. See Aston, Middle. 
 
 Middle Barton, PMT.O., Eng., near Oxford. 
 
 Middleble, par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 6 m. N. by E. Annan, 
 1^ m. NW. by N. Kirtle Bridge stn. ; 17,545 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mlddleboro, or Midtllesboro, tn. , U.S., Kentucky, Bell co. , 
 near Cumberland Gap, in the extreme SE. of the state ; has coal 
 and iron mines, and large steel and iron furnaces. P. (1890) 
 3300 ; (189s) about 2500. 
 
 Mlddleboro, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co. , 9 m. 
 E. Taunton. P. 6100. 
 
 Middlebnrg, vil., U.S., New York, Schoharie co. , on Scho- 
 harie R., 31 m. W. by S. Albany. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlddlebnry, tn., U.S., Vermont, Addison co., on Otter 
 Creek, 29 m. NNW. Rutland, with fine marble quarries. P. 
 <30oo. 
 
 Middle Drove, stn., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., on the 
 G. E. R., 6 m. E. Wisbech, P.O. 
 
 Mlddlefleld, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Middlesex co. , 18 m. 
 NE. New Haven by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Middlefield, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire co., 24 m. 
 WNW. Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlddlelinm, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the Ure, 
 div. and 9 m. SSW. Richmond, i^ m. SW. by S. Spennithorne 
 stn.; has coal-mining. PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Middle Head, cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I., 
 on the E. ct. , in 46° 40' N. 
 
 Middle La Have Ferry, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, 
 CO. and 7 m. from Lunenburg. 
 
 Mlddlemarch, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., co. Taieri, 
 49 m. by rail NW. Dunedin. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Middle Mnsqnotloboit, settlement. Nova Scotia, co. Halifax, 
 18 m. from Shubenacadie. 
 
 Middle Park, U.S. See Colorado, state. 
 
 Mlddleport, vil., U.S., New York, Niagara co., 30 m. NE. 
 Buffalo, on the Erie Canal. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Mlddleport, vil., U.S., Ohio, Meigs co. , on the Ohio, 85 m. 
 SE. by S. Columbus ; has valuable coal-mines. P. <400o. 
 
 Middlesbrough (often spelt Middlesboroiigh, but never 
 locally, the charter having been given under the first form), 
 pari., mun., and co. bor. , par., seapt., and market-tn., Eng., 
 Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the diocese of York, near the mouth 
 of the Tees, 3^ m. ENE. Stockton, with stn. on the NE. R. 
 Important industries in iron, steel, and chemicals, blast- 
 furnaces, shipbuilding, salt, soda. The Cleveland dist. , of which 
 M. is the centre, is unequalled for the quantity of iron pro- 
 duced, and ranks highly also for quality. Built in 1830 for 
 shipping coal, M. owes its growth first to the coal export trade, 
 and secondly to the discovery of the ironstone in the adjoining 
 hills. Incorporated in 1853, and made a CO. bor. in 1888. A park 
 of 72 ac. was given to the town by its first mayor, an ironmaster, 
 who was also the first M.P. for the bor. There is a large 
 dock, and much exportation of coal. Depth at entrance to 
 port at high water ordinary springs 34 ft., ordinary neaps 31 
 ft. Anchorage area with 24 ft. of water, 20 ac. The dock has 
 a length of 1200 ft. , and a depth over sill at ordinary spring 
 tides of 27 ft. 5 in. , ordinary neap tides 24 ft. For shipping 
 statistics, see Appendix, p. 13. Market-day, S. Pari. bor. P. 
 (1891) 98,900 ; mun. bor. P. (1861) 18,900 ; (1871) 39,300 ; (i88i| 
 55,300; (1891) 75,500; eccles. par. (M. -with Llnthorpe) 
 P. 24,000. 
 
 Mlddlesceugh and Braithivalte, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, 
 div. and 10 m. S. Carlisle. P. <250. 
 
 Middlesex, co. , Canada, Ontario, bounded W. by Lambton 
 CO. , crossed in the middle by 43° N. , and in the E. by 81° W. 
 
 Mldillesex (corrupted from Anglo-Saxon Middle - Seaxe, 
 'county of the Middle Saxons'), co. , Eng., bounded on the S. 
 partly by the Thames, partly by the county of London, and in 
 diocese of London ; next to Rutland, the smallest English county ; 
 divided (since 1888) into the following pari. divs. : — 
 
 Enfield 
 
 Tottenham 
 
 Hornsey 
 
 Harrow 
 
 Ealing 
 
 Brentford . 
 
 Uxbridge . 
 
 Total 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 28,467 
 
 84,414 
 
 4.642 
 
 97.174 
 
 6,423 
 
 77.744 
 
 33.849 
 
 96,727 
 
 9.312 
 
 70,748 
 
 13.945 
 
 69,804 
 
 53.179 1 
 
 67,789 
 
 149,817^ I 564,400 
 
 1 The administrative county includes also the part of E. Barnet 
 Valley, urban sanitary dist. in the administrative county of Hertford, 
 and the part of Barnet in that of Hertford, also pars, now forming 
 part of the county of London. Area, 149,046. P. 560,012. 
 
 Surface mostly flat in the SW. , elsewhere undulating, but no- 
 where rising above 450 ft. Principal rivers, besides the Thames, 
 the Colne and Lea, which form respectively its W. and E. 
 boundaries, and the Brent. The county is traversed by the 
 main lines and branches of the principal railways, which have 
 termini in the metropolis. The Grand Junction, Lee Naviga- 
 tion, and Regent's Canals, and the New River Cut, for the water 
 supply of the metropolis, also intersect the county. For several 
 centuries the greater part of the county was covered with forest ; 
 of this the most important survival is Enfield Chase. Grass 
 farms, for the supply of London with milk and hay, greatly 
 exceed in extent the arablgLJ-Vid. Mtujuj gardens and orchards 
 ,^itLIB^4^ 1003 
 
 \^ OF THB '^ 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
MI D D 
 
 M I D D 
 
 are extensive, and a large portion of the county is occupied by 
 villas and pleasure-grounds. For agricultural statistics, see 
 Appendix, pp. 7-9. Minerals are unimportant, with the ex- 
 ception of clay for brick-making. Geological formation entirely 
 OUgocene and Eocene. For manufactures, see London, which 
 absorbs nearly all the urban wealth of the county, there being 
 no other towns of importance. The government small arms 
 factory is situated at Enfield. 
 
 Middlesex, co. , U.S., Connecticut, stretching 17 m. N. from 
 the E. end of Long Island Sound. 
 
 Middlesex, co. , U.S., Massachusetts, in the NE., on the N. 
 frontier, crossed by 71^° W. 
 
 Middlesex, co., U.S., New Jersey, on Staten Island Sound 
 and Raritan Bay, E. ct. 
 
 Middlesex, co., U.S., Virginia, in E., bounded on N. by 
 estuary of the Rappahannock, and E. by Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Mlddlesnioor, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on 
 the Nidd, div. and 13I m. W. by N. Ripon, 7 m. NW. by N. 
 Pateley Bridge stn. , P. O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Middle Ste^-lacke, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. 
 Colchester, 15 m. from Truro. 
 
 Mlddlestone, par., Eng., Durham, 3 m. NE. Bishop Auck- 
 land. P. <2000. 
 
 Mlddlesto'im, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Normanton div., 3^ m. SSE. Dewsbury, i| m. SW. Horbury 
 stn.. PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mlddlethlrd, bar.. Ire., in the SE. of co. Tipp)erary. 
 Mlddlethird, bar., Ire., in the E. of co. Waterford. 
 Middle Thorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div., i^ m. S. York. P. <2So. 
 
 Mlddleton, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Annapolis, 100 m. 
 NW. Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlddleton, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 830 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Mlddleton, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Somerset, 70 m. 
 N. by E. Port Elizabeth, on Great Fish R. and the railway to 
 Kimberley. 
 
 Mlddleton, par., Eng., Essex, Saffron Walden div., 12 m. 
 NE. by X. Braintree, i^ m. SW. by S. Sudbury stn. P. <25o. 
 Mlddleton, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 4J m. SW. by 
 W. Lancaster. P. <25o. 
 
 Mlddleton, mun. bor. (since 1886) and market-tn., Eng., 
 Lancashire, M. div., in the diocese of Manchester, near Roch- 
 dale, 5 m. NNE. Manchester, on the L. & Y. R. Staple trade 
 in cotton and silk, also chemical and coal works. The manor 
 of M. anciently was held by the Earls of Lincoln, afterwards 
 by the Assheton family, and latterly by Lord Suffield, who sold 
 it in 1848 to the railway contractors, Peto and Betts. In 1775 
 M. was only a small hamlet. Market-day, F. Mun. bor. P. 
 (1891)22,100; tn. P. (1801) 3300; (1851) 5700; pari. div. P. 
 (1891) 68,500. 
 
 Mlddleton, part of par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Hongbton, 
 Mlddleton, and Arbnry. 
 
 Mlddleton,''par. , Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 3^1x1. SE. King's 
 Lynn, on the G. E. R., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Mlddleton, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, 6 m. NE. Roth- 
 well. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Mlddleton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 
 9 m. W. Morpeth, on the N. B. R., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Mlddleton, vil. , Eng. , Salop, Oswestry div. , 7 m. SE. by S. 
 Welshpool, 5 m. E. by S. Forden stn., P.O. See Bltterley. 
 
 Mlddleton, par., Eng., Suffolk, on riv. Badingham, 4 m. NE. 
 Saxmundham, P.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. (M. wltb Fordley) 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Mlddleton, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Chichester div. , on the S. ct. , 
 4 J m. SW. by S. Arundel, 3 m. E. Bognor stn. P. <250. 
 
 Mlddleton, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 4^ m. SW. 
 by S. Tamworth, 3 m. NW. Kingsbury stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Mlddleton, par., Eng., Westmorland, 6 m. N. Kirkby 
 Lonsdale, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. (M. In Lonsdale) ; 7276 
 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Mlddleton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 
 
 7 m. SSW. Middlesbrough, 3 m. ENE. Picton Junction. P. < 
 
 500; eccles. par. (M. wltb Cropton and Lockton) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mlddleton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Hunslet 
 
 union. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlddleton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley div., 11 
 m. N. by W. Bradford, i m. NNE. Ilkley stn. P. <25o. 
 Mlddleton, Ire., Cork. See Mldleton. 
 Mlddleton, riv. , one of the mouths of the Niger, entering the 
 Gulf of Guinea in about 4° 33' N. , 5° 43' E. 
 
 Mlddleton, seaside postal-tn. , S. Australia, Hindmarsh 
 CO., 40 m. S. by E. Adelaide, 8 m. NE. by E. Port Victor. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlddleton, gold-mining tp., Tasmania, co. Buckingham, 34 
 m. S. by W. Hobart. P. <iSoo. 
 
 Mlddleton, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., 10 m. SE. 
 La wrence. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Mlddleton, PM. O. .Wales, 4 m. from Porteynon, near Swansea. 
 ^Ilddleton, \ortb and Sontb, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 1004 
 
 Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed div., 3 m. S. Wooler, 
 17I m. ESE. Kelso. P. (of each)<2So. 
 
 Mlddleton, Xortb and Sontb, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Northumberland, North M. 9 m. W. Morpeth. P. (of each) <25o. 
 
 Mlddleton and Snierrlll, par., Eng., Derbyshire, 7 m. 
 WXW. Matlock, 5 m. W. Darley stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Mlddleton by Wlrkswortb, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , 
 3 m. SSW. Matlock, 2 m. WSW. Cromford stn.; has umber 
 quarries. P. O. (Mlddleton). P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlddleton Cbeney, par. , Eng. , S. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 3 m. ENE. Banbury, PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlddleton Hall, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick- 
 upon-Tweed div. , adjoining N. Mlddleton, i^ m. SW. Wooler. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Mlddleton-ln-Cblrbnry, eccles. par. , Eng. , Salop, div. and 2 
 m. NE. Ludlow, 18^ m. W. Kidderminster, P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Mlddleton-ln-Teesdale, par. , Eng. , Durham, Barnard Castle 
 div. , on the 1. bk. of the Tees, i6i m. E. bv N. Applebv, on the 
 NE. R., PMT.O. Market-day, S. 16,494 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Mlddleton Junction, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Prest- 
 wick par., on L. & Y. R., PMT.O. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Mlddleton Malzor, par., Eng., Northamptonshire. See 
 Milton. 
 
 Middleton-one-Row, vil., Eng., Dtirham, 5 m. SE. Dar- 
 lington, PM.O. 
 
 Mld«lleton-on-tbe-Hlll, par., Eng., Hereford, div. and 5 m. 
 NE. by N. Leominster, 3 m. ENE. Berrington and Eye stn. 
 P. < 500. See Klntbolton. 
 
 Mlddleton-on-tbe-Wolds, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Buckrose div., 16^ m. NW. by N. HuU, on the NE. R., PM.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Mlddleton QnernboTr, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Thirsk and Malton div., 4^ m. NNE. Ripon, i m. N. by E. 
 Melmerby Junction. P. <25o. 
 
 Mlddleton St. Cleorge, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 5 m. 
 ESE. Darlington, P.O. P.<iooo. 
 
 Mlddleton Scrlren, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 12 m. 
 NW. by W. Kidderminster, 4^ m. SW. by S. Bridgnorth, P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Mlddleton Sboal, a shallow, in the S. Pacific, E. of New 
 South Wales, in 29^° S. , 159° E. 
 
 Mlddleton Stoney, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, div. and 7 m. 
 NE. by E. Woodstock, 3 m. W. by N. Bicester, PMT.O. P. 
 <Soo. 
 
 Mlddleton Tyas, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 
 4l m. NE. by E. Richmond, 3 m. NNW. Scorton stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Mlddleton-npon-LeTen, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Whitby div., 16^ m. W. Scarborough, i m. NW. Pickering. 
 P. <25o. See Rndby In Cleveland. 
 
 Mlddletown, tn. , Ire., W. co. Armagh, bar. Tiranny, 6 m. 
 NE. Monaghan, 3 m. from Tynan stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Mlddletown, electoral div., Ire., Westmeath, dist. Tyrells- 
 pass. 
 
 Mlddletown, city, U.S., Connecticut. Middlesex co. , on r. 
 bk. of the Connecticut, 30 m. above its mouth, 15 m. S. Hart- 
 ford. The wharves have 10 ft. depth of water. Important 
 manufactures, embracing cotton, rubber, silk, iron and other 
 metal goods, foundry products, britannia ware, webbing, leather, 
 &c. Seat of the Bishop of Connecticut (Protestant), a Wesleyan 
 university, and a Protestant Episcopalian divinity school, the 
 state insane asylum, and industrial school for girls. P. (1880) 
 6800 ; (1890) 9000. 
 
 Mlddletown, tn., U.S., Delaware, New Castle co., 22 m. 
 SSW. Wilmington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlddletown, vil., U.S., Indiana, Henry co., 37 m. NE. by 
 E. Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlddletown, vil., U.S., Iowa, Des Moines co., 6 m. W. 
 Burlington. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mlddletown, vil., U.S., Maryland, Frederick co., 48 m. W. 
 by N. Baltimore. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Mlddletown, city, U.S.. New York. Orange co. . 32 m. SW. 
 Poughkeepsie, with manufactures of saws, files, hats, furnaces, 
 &c. P. (1880) 8500; (1890) 12,000. 
 
 Mlddletown, city, U.S., Ohio, Butler co., on Great Miami 
 R. , 30 m. N. Cincinnati. P. 7700. 
 
 Mlddletown, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Dauphin co., on the 
 1. bk. of Susquehanna R. , at the confluence of the Swatara Creek. 9 
 m. SE. Harrisburg ; has iron-furnaces and iron-works. P. 5100. 
 
 Mlddletown, tn., U.S.. Rhode I., co. and 2J m. NNE. 
 New Port. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Mlddletown, par., Wales. Montgomeryshire, 6 m. NE. by E. 
 Welshpool, on a joint line of the G. W. and'L. & NW. Rlys., 
 P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 MlddleTllle, vil., U.S., Michigan, Barrv co., on Thornapple 
 R. , 100 m. S W. by W. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlddlewlcb, par. and tn., Eng., Cheshire, div. and 6 m. 
 SE. by S. Northwich, on the L. & NW. R., and the Trent and 
 Mersey Navigation Canal, which is joined on the S. of the town 
 by the EUesmere Canal (a branch of the Shropshire Union 
 
M I D D — M I G V 
 
 Canal) ; has manufactures of salt extracted from brine, chemical 
 works, Anglo-Swiss condensed milk works, and extensive market- 
 gardens. Market-day, Tu. Par. P. < 1500; tn. P. < 4000. 
 
 Mlddleivood, stn. , Eng., Cheshire, on the L. & NW. R., 4^ 
 m. SE. Stockport stn. 
 
 Mlddlezoy, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 5^ m. ESE. 
 Bridgwater, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Mlddrldge and Middrldge Grange, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Durham, Bishop Auckland div., the former 3^ m. SE. 
 Bishop Auckland, P.O. (M.). M., P. <iooo; M. Grange, 
 P. <25o. 
 
 SIldfleM, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Gallen, 4 m. from 
 Swinford. 
 
 Mldford, vil., Eng., Somerset, 3I m. S. Bath, on the M. and 
 L. & SW. Rlys.; has fullers' earth. P.O. 
 
 Midge Hall, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., on the 
 L. & Y. R., 6 m. SSW. Preston, P.O. 
 
 Dfldgeliolme, par., Eng., Cumberland, 7^ m. E. Brampton; 
 5155 ac. P. <75o. See Lanercost. 
 
 Mldghain, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, div. and 7 m. E. Newbury, 
 on the G. W. R. P. < 500. 
 
 Mldgley, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Nor- 
 manton div. , 4^ m. SSE. Dewsbury, 2 m. W. by S. Crigglestone 
 stn. Par. P. <;35oo; tn. P. <25oc. 
 
 Mldhope, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2^ m. SW. 
 Penistone. P. <25o. 
 
 IMldhnrst, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Simcoe, 5 m. from 
 Barrie, and 56 m. NW. by N. Toronto. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mldlinrst, market-tn. and par. (pari. bor. till 1885), Eng., 
 Sussex, Horsham div., on the Rother, lo^ m. N. by E. Chi- 
 chester, on the L. B. & S. C. R. and L. & SW. R. ; with 
 grammar-school, founded 1672, at which Sir Charles Lyell and 
 Richard Cobden were educated. Mean rfall. (1866-80, Lynch, 
 alt. 160 ft.), yr. 39.7 in. P.<20oo. 
 
 Midi, Canal dn, large navigation canal, France, connecting 
 the Garonne and the canal lateral to the Garonne with the 
 Mediterranean, and traversing three deps., Haute-Garonne, 
 Aude, and H6rault, begins at Toulouse, its highest point being 
 at the Col de Naurouse, alt. 620 ft. ; at Onglous it reaches the 
 pool of Thau, which is navigable, communicating with the sea 
 at Cette. The first survey of the canal in 1598 by the engineers 
 Crapponne and Renault had no result ; Peter Paul Riquet (a 
 member of the family to which Mirabeau, the revolutionary leader, 
 belonged) made plans, which were adopted by Louis XIY. in 
 1666, and completed in 1680 ; the canal was opened in 1681. 
 It has been proposed to transform the Canal du M. into a canal 
 accessible for sea-going vessels of large size. Length, 150 m. 
 
 Mldla, seapt. , Turkey in Europe, on the Black Sea, prov. 
 Kirk-Kilise, 60 m. NW. Constantinople. 
 
 Mldlat, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Mldyad. 
 • Mldlllil, isl. , Grecian Archipelago. See Mltlllnl. 
 ■ Mldlngnldlngwe I., Portuguese E. Africa. See Pungwe K. 
 Midland, tn. , Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co. , on an inlet off 
 Matchedash Bay, 24 m. NE. Collingwood. P. <300c. 
 
 Midland, city, U.S., Michigan, cap. M. co. , on the Tittiba- 
 wassee R., 20 m. W. by N. Bay City. P. <:300o. 
 
 Midland, tn., U.S., Texas, M. co., 265 m. E. of El Paso, 
 and just S. of 32° lat. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Midland, small isl., Wales, Pembrokeshire, between Skomer 
 I. and the mainland, on the S. of St. Bride Bay. 
 
 Midland Kailway, one of the chief railway systems of Eng. , 
 main line London (St. Pancras) by Kettering Junction, Leicester, 
 Derby (alternative route by Melton Mowbray and Nottingham), 
 Chesterfield, Sheflfield, Leeds, Hellifield (connection with L. & 
 Y. R. , and junction for Morecambe and Garnforth branches). 
 Settle and Appleby (valleys of Ribble and Eden) to Carlisle. 
 From Amhergate, N. of Derby, there is an important branch by 
 the valleys of the Derwent and Wye to Manchester, and a con- 
 nection between this and the main line running through the S. 
 of the Peak dist. from Chinley to Dore. Centre of the system 
 at Derby. See also London and Sontli- Western Railway. 
 
 Mldleton, par. and market-tn.. Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Imo- 
 killy, 7 m. NE. Queenstown, on a navigable stream (the Ballina- 
 curra), flowing into Cork harbour, about i^ m. from the Bally- 
 nacorra arm of Cork harbour. Its port, about i m. nearer Cork 
 harbour, is reached by vessels of about 200 tons ; with a stn. 
 on the Cork and Youghal Rly. ; has a large distillery and flour- 
 mills. Large quantities of black oats shipped yearly. Large 
 fairs on second Monday of each month. Named after Viscount 
 Midleton (to whom the town belongs), though spelt Middleton 
 in the census. Market-day, S. Par. 5712 ac. , P. <50oq; tn. 
 P. < 3500. 
 
 Mldley, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 6J m. E. by N. Rye, 
 2 m. NW. Lydd stn. P. <25o. 
 Mldloe, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, 3 m. NW. St. Neots. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Midlothian, co., Scot. See Edlubarghshlre. 
 
 Mldmar, par., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 15 m. W. Aberdeen, 
 5 m. NE. by N. Glassel stn., PMT.O. Mean rfall. (1866-80, 
 Blackstock, alt. 570 ft.), yr. 34.8 in. 10,868 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Midnapnr, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, Bengal, cap. dist. 
 M. , 65 m. W. by S. and connected by a navigable canal with 
 Calcutta, on N. bank of the Kasai R. ; the local centre of a large 
 indigo and silk industry ; has a college, with an excellent 
 collegiate school attached. Cholera is said to be endemic. P. 
 (1872)31,500; (1891)32,300; Hindus, 24,700 ; Moham. 6800. 
 
 Midnapnr Hlgli Level Canal, navigable and irrigation 
 canal from Midnapur to Ulubaria, on the Hugh, 16 m. below 
 Calcutta, India, with a daily steamer service between M. and 
 Calcutta. Length of navigable channel, 53 m. 
 
 Midonze, navigable riv. , France, formed at Mont-de-Marsan, 
 dep. Landes, by the union of the Midou and Douze, passes 
 Tartas, and enters the Adour, on the right below that town. 
 Length, 27 m. , or comprising the Midou, 92 m., comprising 
 the Douze, 96 m. ; area of basin, 1275 sq. m. 
 
 Mid Klver, Canada, Nova Scotia. See Plcton Harbour. 
 Mldsomer Norton, tn. and par., Eng., Somerset, Northern 
 div., 8| m. SW. Bath, on the M. and L. & SW. Rlys., close to 
 Welton stn.; seat of a Roman Catholic college, with observa- 
 tory. PMT.O. P. 5100. 
 
 Mldtown Brae, vil., Scot., Ross-shire, on W. shore of Loch 
 Ewe, 3I m. NW. of the head of the loch. 
 
 MldvUle, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 10 m. 
 NNE. Boston, i m. W. by N. Eastville {</.v.) stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Midway, stn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the Manitoba 
 and NW. Rly., 43 m. W. Portage-la-Prairie. 
 
 Midway, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Woodford co., 62 m. E. by 
 S. Louisville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Midway, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Washington co., 15 m. 
 WSW. Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Midway, vil., U.S., Utah, Wasatch co., 28 m. SE. Salt Lake 
 City. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Midway (or Brook) Island, small isl. in NW. of Sandwich 
 group, N. Pacific, in about 28° N., 179^° W. ; resorted to by 
 shark-catching vessels. 
 
 Mldwolde, comm., Netherlands, prov. Groningen, arr. and 
 4 m. NNW. Winschoten. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Mldyad, Mldlat, or Medeat, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet 
 and 70 m. ESE. Diarbekir, sanjak Mardin. P. 6000 ; Moham. 
 3000 ; Orthodox Greeks, 2000 (Cuinet). 
 Mid I'ell, par. , Scot. See Yell, PMT.O. 
 Mldznr, mt. See Balkan Mountains. 
 Mle, ken or prefecture, Japan, cap. Tsu. 
 Mlecliow, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 48 m. SW. 
 Kielce. P. <3000. 
 
 Mlechowltz, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 33 m. NE. by E. 
 Ratibor, circle and 3 m. WNW. Beuthen. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Mlelec, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, on Wisloka R., 49 
 m. ENE. Bochnia. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Mlelnlca, vil., Austria, Galicia, dist. M., 25 m. NE. Czerno- 
 witz. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Miencltl, tn., China, prov. and 36 m. W. Honan, 280 m. 
 N. Ichang. 
 
 Mlenciion-fu, tn., China, Stichwan, 62 m. NE. by N. 
 Chengtu-fu, on the Fu-kiang. P. 70,000. 
 
 Mleres, comm., Spain, prov. and 9 m. SE. Oviedo, dist. 
 Lena, with very important mines of coal, irOn, and cinnabar, 
 and iron manufactures. P. 12,900. 
 
 Mies, German Sllberstadt, Czech StHbro, tn., Austria, 
 Bohemia, on riv. Mies, 16 m. W. Pilsen, with extensive lead- 
 mines, and manufactures of arms ; silver-mines in the vicinity, 
 at Kscheutz. Alt. 1295 ft. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Mlesbacli, market-tn., Ger. , Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 cap. circle M., 29 m. SE. by E. Munich, with coal-mines and 
 paper-mills. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Mletzel, small riv. , Prussia, in the E. of Brandenburg, flows 
 SW. into the Oder, alDout 8 m. below Kiistrin ; not navigable. 
 
 Mlfllln, CO., U.S., Pennsylvania, S. of 41° N., and E. of 
 78° W. ; traversed by the Juniata R. 
 
 Mlffllnburg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Union co. , 48 m. N. 
 by W. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlinintown, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Juniata co., on 
 Juniata R. , 35 m. NW Harrisburg. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mlgdale, P.O., Scot., in the SE. of Sutherland, on the N. 
 shore of Loch Migdale, 9^ m. SSE. of the foot of Loch Shin, 
 2| m. ENE. Bonar Bridge stn. 
 Migdal-el, place named in O. T. See Mnjeldel. 
 Migdal Gad, place named in O. T. See Mejdel. 
 MlgUarlno, comm., Italy, prov. and 13 m. E. by S. Ferrara, 
 on the Po di Volano. P. 5700. 
 
 Mlgllonleo, tn. , S. Italy, prov. Potenza (Basilicata), circle 
 and 12 m. SW. Matera. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Mlgnano, vil., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 25 m. NE. 
 by E. Gaeta. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mlguelturra, comm., Spain, prov., dist., and 3 m. SE. 
 Ciudad Real. P. 6500. 
 
 Mlgues, vil. , Uruguay, dep. Canelones, 50 m. NE. Montevideo. 
 MlguUnskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, prov. of Don, on 1. bk. 
 Don, 78 m. W. from its junction with Medvyeditsa. P. 28,000. 
 Mlgvie, par., Scot. See Tarland and Mlgvie. 
 
 1005 
 
M I H A — M I L A 
 
 SlUiililenl, or Mllliftlleni, tn., Roumania, Moldavia, prov. 
 Dorohoiu, on the frontier of Bukovina, 24 m. SSE. Czernowitz. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 MiliaJloTac, vil., Servia, prov. Kraina, on the r. bk. of the 
 Danube, 23 m. S. by E. Orsova. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Mlholjac Dolnjl* comm., Austria, Croatia-Slavonia, co. 
 Virovitica, dist. Also-Miholjac, on the Drave, 30 m. NW. Eszek. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Mlhrpur, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Nadiya, on Bhairab 
 R., in 23° 47' N., 88° 40' E. P. 5800; Hindus, 3900. 
 
 ni-ike, coal-mine, japan, Kiushiu, 40 m. ENE. Nagasaki. 
 
 Mljares, or Hlllares, riv. , in the E. of Spain, rises in the 
 Sierra de Gudar, and flows SE. into the Mediterranean between 
 Villa Real and Castellon de la Plana. Length about 90 m. 
 
 Mljas, tn., Spain, prov. and 16 m. SW. Malaga, dist. Mar- 
 bella. P. 6600. 
 
 IMijdrecbt, or Hytlrecht, tn., Netherlands, prov. and 14 m. 
 WNW. Utrecht. P. < 4000. 
 
 SUkage, vil., Japan, isl. Nippon (Honshiu), 5 m. NE. Kobe. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Mlkatl, or I'mkalakavn, riv. , E. Africa, enters the Indian 
 Ocean N^A^. of Mozambique I., in about 15° S. 
 
 Mlkaiva, kuni or old prov. , Japan, now included in Aichi ken. 
 
 MiktaalloT, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 40 m. SW. Ryazafi ; 
 gardening. P. < 5000. 
 
 MlkballoTka, vil., Russia, govt. Taurida, 80 m. NW. 
 Berdyansk. P. 7600. 
 
 MlkhalloTskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, prov. of Don Cos- 
 sacks. P. 17,850. 
 
 MlkhalloTskaya, vil. , Russia, govt, and 90 m. SE. Kursk, 
 dist. Novo-Oskol. P. 9000. 
 
 MlkhalloTskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, govt. 
 Kubaii, dist. Laba. P. 10,160. 
 
 MlkballoTSkaya, vil., Russia, govt. Taurida, dist. and 29 
 m. NW. Melitopol. P. 8000. 
 
 Mlklnda'ni, maritime tn. , Africa, at the head of M. Bay, in 
 10° 16' S. , on coast of German East Africa; small port, safe and 
 commodious ; exports copal, caoutchouc, millet, rice, and ivory. 
 
 Mikir Hills, range of hills in the E. of India, Assam, N. of 
 the Xaga Hills, stretching E. and W. to the S. of the Brahma- 
 putra, in 93°-93° 40' E. 
 
 Mlkuas, city, Morocco. See Meklnes. 
 
 MlkolaJ^w, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, near the 1. bk. 
 of the Dniester, and 24 m. ENE. Drohobycz. P. <;3000. 
 
 Mlkolongo, vil., S. .Africa, Nyungvvi-land, 55 m. WSW. 
 Blantyre, in 16° 8' S., 34° 18' E. 
 
 SUkomoto, or Kock Island, islet, Japan, SE. Honshiu, S. 
 of the port of Shimoda ; lighthouse, visible 22 m. 
 
 Sllkra D^los, isl. , Greece. See D^los. 
 
 Mikros, Mikra, Mikron, Greek, 'little.' 
 
 Mlktluab, vil., Africa, E. Sudan, 40 m. N. Kassala, former 
 station of the telegraph line from Sawakin to Kassala. 
 
 BUkoUnce, tn., Austria, Galicia, dist. M., 11 m. S. Tamopol. 
 P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Mlkultsckiitz, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Tarnowitz, 
 28 m. NE. by E. Ratibor, 6 m. W. Beuthen. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 JMlla (Alileva, or Milevum, of the Romans), tn. , Africa, Algeria, 
 prov. , arr. , and 27 m. N W. Constantine ; the French town, 
 built since 1877, is on a plateau to the N. P. (almost all Berbers) 
 <20oo; comm. P. 6600. 
 
 Nllagro, small port, S. ct. of Chile, prov. Valdivia, in 40° 
 21' S. 
 
 Milam, CO., U.S., Texas, crossed in the N. by 31° N., and 
 in the middle by 97° W., bounded on the E. by the Brazos R. 
 
 Milau, Italian Ulllano, German Malland, ancient Me- 
 diolanum, a city of N. Italy, cap. prov. M., in a wide fertile 
 plain, on the little riv. Olona. Lat. of observatory 45° 28' N., 
 long. 9° 11' E. M. is nearly of a circular shape, enclosed by 
 ramparts, with a strong castle. The streets, with a few excep- 
 tions, are narrow and crooked. The chief object of interest is 
 the cathedral, a Gothic edifice of white marble, founded by 
 Count Gian Galeazzo Visconti in 1386, and practically com- 
 pleted in 1805 ; the delicacy of its carved work is unrivalled ; 
 length, 486 ft. ; breadth, 187 ft. ; height of dome, 356 ft. 
 Its dimensions are only exceeded in Europe by St. Peter's 
 at Rome, and the cathedral of Seville. It has niches for 
 about 7000 statues, and contains the tombs of Archbishop 
 Heribert, Otho Visconti, and Cardinal Charles Borromeo. 
 Next in order come the churches of Sant' Eustorgio and of St. 
 Ambrogio, the latter the most ancient mediasval structure in 
 M. , and in which the Emperors of Germany were crowned ; 
 the church of Santa Maria della Grizia, in which is the famous 
 ' Last Supper' of Da Vinci, now nearly obliterated ; the royal 
 palace, the archbishop's palace, the city hall, and the colon- 
 nade of Victor Emmanuel, a magnificent covered promenade. 
 Foremost among the benevolent institutions is the huge 15th 
 century hospital for 2500 patients. The finest gate is the 
 Arco della Pace, a sculptured marble arch, at the end of the 
 Simplon road, begun in 1807 by order of Napoleon I., but 
 not completed till 1838; near it is the Piazza d'Armi, a large 
 1006 
 
 open space for the exercise of troops. The opera-house. La 
 Scala, which is seated for 3600 spectators, is the second largest 
 in Italy. The scientific and educational establishments em- 
 brace the royal academy of arts and sciences, formerly the 
 palace of the Brera, with a library of 200,000 volumes, valuable 
 MSS. , and a gallery of paintings, an archaeological museum, 
 an astronomical and magnetic observatory, and the sublime 
 monument to Gaston de Foix ; the Ambrosian library, founded 
 by Cardinal Borromeo, in 1609, with 155,000 volumes and 
 15,000 MSS., the earliest public library in Europe, is celebrated 
 for its collection of palimpsests. The public gardens contain 
 a statue to Cavour. In the neighbourhood of M. is Linterno, 
 the solitude to which Petrarch retired after the death of Laura. 
 M. is the largest book mart in Italy. From its position on 
 the great routes across the Alps, and its connection by rail 
 with the principal towns, and by canal with the principal rivers 
 of Italy, it is favourably situated for trade. The principal in- 
 dustries include reeling, throwing and weaving of silk, working 
 in iron, gold, and other metals, manufacture of machinery, velvet, 
 cordage, braid, and trimmings, chemical industries, &c. M. is 
 said to have been founded by the Gauls 603 B.C. At the 
 time of the Roman conquest (222 B.C.) it was chief amongst 
 the cities of Cisalpine Gaul. The Emperor Maximian made 
 it his residence, surrounded it with walls, and greatly improved 
 it. Later it became the cap. of northern Italy, and the see 
 of a bishop (St. Ambrose the most famous). In the 5th and 
 6th centuries it suffered severely during the invasions of the 
 Huns and Goths. Under the Carlovingian kings it again rose 
 to importance, and had a population of 300,000. The Arch- 
 bishop of M. (it had been erected into an archbishopric in 777) 
 encouraged the public spirit and patriotism of the Milanese, 
 who early acquired considerable independence. Manufactures 
 (cloth, arms, gold-work, i&c. ) were estabhshed, and extensive 
 trade was maintained with the East. Its prosperity was inter- 
 rupted by a long series of wars with rival towns lasting till 
 1 162, when Barbarossa gave it up to pillage, and then razed it. 
 Shortly afterwards it was rebuilt, and the emperor was com- 
 pelled (1174) to acknowledge its independence, and it was con- 
 stituted a republic ; industry flourished, the woollen and silk 
 manufactures alone employing about 100,000 fjersons. In 
 1277 Otho Visconti established the first ducal dynasty, which 
 lasted till 1447. From 1450 to 1535 it was ruled by the house 
 of Sforza. In 1535 the Milanese was annexed by Charles V., 
 and thenceforward ruled by Spanish governors till the i8th 
 century, when it passed under the Austrian power. In 1805 
 Napoleon Buonaparte was crowned king of Italy at M., and in 
 1859 M. was united to the crown of Italy. The poet Virgil 
 studied here, and it is the birthplace of Popes Pius IV. and 
 Gregory XIV. , of Beccaria, and of Manzoni. The neighbour- 
 hood of M. , to the S. and W. , is unhealthy. .-^It. 480 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 55.4° F. , Jan. 34.7°, July 77.0° ; rfall. (17 yrs.), 
 yr. 39.37 in. (1764-1891), yc. 39.5 in., Oct.-Nov. 9.1 in. P. 
 (1871) 199,009, besides military; (1881) 295,500. 
 
 Milan, vil., U.S., IlUnois, Rock Island co. , on 1. bk. of 
 Mississippi R., 74 m. S. Dubuque (lo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Milan, vil., U.S., Michigan, Monroe co., 15 m. S. by E. 
 Ann Arbor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Milan, tn., U.S., Missouri, Sullivan co. , 98 m. E. by N. St. 
 Joseph, with deposits of coal and fireclay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Milan, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Coos co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Androscoggin, 52 m. S. by W. of the NE. corner of the 
 state. Alt. 1060 ft. (R.R.). P. <i5oo. Milan, West, 7 ra. 
 WNW. of Milan. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Milan, vil., U.S., Ohio, Erie co., on Huron R., 54 m. ESE. 
 Toledo ; connected by canal (admitting vessels of 250 tons) with 
 Lake Erie, 8 m. S. P. < 1500. 
 
 Milan, city, U.S., Tennessee, Gibson co., 88 m. NE. by E. 
 Memphis. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mllane, electoral div.. Ire., Cork, dist. Dunraanway. 
 
 Mllang, tn. , S. Australia, Hindmarsh co., 40 m. SE. by S. 
 Adelaide, on an inlet of the Murray estuary. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mllan'Jl HlUs, range of hills, Nyassa-land, stretching about 
 20 m. E. and W. , about 25 m. S. of Lake Shirwa, grandly 
 precipitous on the N., more broken on the E. and S. , where 
 rise the numerous headwaters of the Ruo. Abundant rainfall on 
 N. and E. slopes. It is proposed to build a sanatorium here, 
 the atmosphere being fresh and bracing. Magnificent cypresses 
 and tree-ferns, and an abundance of wild flowers (helichrysums, 
 orchids, irises, anemones, &c. ) characterise the flora on the 
 higher parts. Alt. 8-9000 ft. (Proc. R. G. S., 1891, p. 271). 
 
 Mllano, tn. , Italy. See Milan. 
 
 Mllanovac, Gornjl, tn., Servia, prov. Rudnik, 22 m, W, 
 Kraguyevatz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mllas, or Mllasa, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 84 m. 
 SSE. Smyrna, sanjak Menteshe ; seat of carpet manufacture. 
 P. 12,000; Moham. 9700; Orthodox Greeks, 1900 (Cuinet). 
 
 Mllata, vil. , Turkey, on the N. ct. of the isl. of Crete, 25 m. 
 E. Candia, in 25° 35' E. 
 
 Mllawa, post-tn. , Victoria, co. Delatite, 155 m. by rail and 
 road NE. Melbourne, in 36° 28' S., 146° 33' E. 
 
H 
 
 MILA — MILF 
 
 .miaivetsch, vil., Austria, Bohemia, 26 m. SW. Pilsen, and 
 3111. NE. Taus. P. <2cxx). 
 
 SUlazKO, the ancient Mylcs, fortified seapt. tn., on the N. ct. 
 of Sicily, prov. and 16^ m. W. by N. Messina, 4 m. S. of the Capo 
 (cape) 111 M., on which there is a lighthouse (visible 14 m.). It 
 consists of an upper town fortified, and a lower town outside the 
 walls ; the citadel stands 320 ft. above the sea. It has a con- 
 venient harbour, and export trade in tunny fish, wine, fruit, and 
 olive-oil. Here (July, 1861) Garibaldi gained, over the Nea- 
 politan troops, a victory which made him master of all Sicily, 
 except the fortress of Messina. Near the city are sulphur springs 
 and ancient baths. The Gnlf of JM., which extends E. 16 m. , has 
 been the scene of naval battles in ancient and modern times. 
 
 Milbank, city, U.S., S. Dakota, Grant co., 165 m. N. by E. 
 Yankton . P, < 1 500. 
 
 Dlllbank Sound, channel on the W. ct. of Brit. Columbia, 
 in 52° 15' N., between Princess Royal and Herges Is. 
 
 Hllber Down. See Newton Abbot. 
 
 Mllborne Port, tn. and par. (pari. bor. till 1832), Eng., 
 Somerset, S. div., 7^ m. E. by N. Yeovil, li m. S. of its stn. on 
 the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Mllborue St. An«lrew and Milborne Stilebnni, two ad- 
 joining pars., Eng., Dorsetshire. N. div. M. St. Andrew, 8^ m. 
 NE. by E. Dorchester, PM.O., P. <5oo; M. Stileham, P. <5oo. 
 
 Mllbourne Forest, an upland tract, Eng., Appleby div. of 
 Westmorland, about 3 m. NE. by E. Milbourne, and about 7 
 m. N. Appleby. 
 
 Mllbridge, tn., U.S., Maine, Washington co., 49 m. SE. by 
 E. Bangor. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mllburn and Mllbnrn Grange, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Northumberland, Wansbeck div., the former 8^ m. SW. Mor- 
 peth, 5 m. S. Meldon stn. P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Mllbnrn and Mllburn Grange, par., Eng., Westmorland, 
 div. and 5 m. N. by W. Appleby, 2 m. ENE. Temple 
 Sowerbystn. ; 7957 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Mllbnrn Creek, post-tn. , New South Wales, co. Bathurst, 
 215 m. by road and rail W. Sydney ; at about the centre of the 
 Mount Macdonald goldfield. P. <i5oo. 
 
 MUby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. and W. Ridings, on the Ure, 
 div. and 6| m. ESE. Ripon, close to Boroughbridge stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Mlli-ln, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, 13 m. N. Tabor. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Milcombe, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 4^ m. SW. by 
 S. Banbury, i m. W. Bloxhani stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Mllcote, stn. , Eng. , Warwickshire, on the G. W. R. , 2i m. 
 SW. Stratford-on-Avon. 
 
 Mllden, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 12 m. SE. by S. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, 5 m. NW. Hadleigh stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Mllden, tn. , Switzd. See Hondon. 
 
 Mlldcnan, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. and 
 3 m. E. Annaberg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 MUdenhall, par. and market-tn., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket 
 div. , 12 m. NW. Bury St. Edmunds, on riv. Lark, which is navig- 
 able for barges, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. Market-day, F. 
 16,767 ac. P. <4ooo ; eccles. par. (M. wlthM. Fen) P. <4000. 
 
 Mlldenhall, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., on the 
 Kennet, 10 m. SSE. Swindon, i\ m. ENE. Marlborough, P.O. 
 4177 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 MUdmay, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Bruce co. , 56 m. SW. 
 by W. Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlldniay Park, eccles. par., Eng., co. London, Islington 
 par. , with a stn. on the G. E. and N. London Rly. P. 9800. 
 
 Mlldstedt, comm., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 18 m. 
 W. by S. Schleswig, circle and 3 m. SE. Husum. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Dllldn'ra, irrigation colony, Victoria, forming the NW. shire 
 of Karkarooc co., on the Murray R., just E. of 142° E., adjoin- 
 ing Wentworth (New South Wales). P. < 1500. 
 
 Mile Bush, P. O. , Ire. , co. Antrim, 2 m. from Carrickfergus stn. 
 
 Mile End, one of the divs. of Tower Hamlets bor., London, 
 Eng. P. (1891)48,800. See Whltechapel. 
 
 Mile End, Xew Town and Old Town, two adjoining pars. , 
 Eng., CO. of London, Stepney par. New Town, P. 11,300; Old 
 Town, P. 107,600. 
 
 Mile End (or Myland) St. Michael, par., Eng., Essex, x\ 
 m. NW. by N. and included in the pari. bor. of Colchester, 
 PT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlleham, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 19 m. E. King's 
 Lynn, 4 m. N. Dereham stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 MUe^i, post-tn., Queensland, Bulwer co., 180 m. WNW. Bris- 
 bane. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mllesbnrg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Centre co., 70 m. NW. 
 Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Miles City, tn., U.S., Montana, Custer co., on the Yellow- 
 stone R. , and 195 m. SSW. from the NE. corner of the state. 
 Alt. 23S3ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Milesniark and Parknook, vil. , Scot. , Fifeshire, 2 m. NW. 
 Dunfermline. P. <5oo. 
 
 Miles Platting, St. John and St. Lnke, two adjoining 
 eccles. pars., Eng., Lancashire, in Manchester par., with stns. 
 on the L. & Y. and L. & NW. R. M. P. St. John, P. <i;ooo; 
 M. P. St. Luke, P. 10,100. 
 
 Milestone, P.O., Ire., co. Tipperary, 8 m. from Borrisoleigh. 
 
 Mlleta, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of the C. P. R., 
 180 m. W. by S. Winnipeg. 
 
 Mlleto, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 36 m. SW. by W. 
 Catanzaro. P. <3000. 
 
 Mlleto, Pnnta dl, caf)e, Italy, E. ct. , in 41° 56' N. , 15° 38* E. 
 
 Mlletown, an eastern suburb of Sheerness, Eng., Kent. 
 
 Mlletto, Mte. See Apennines, E. 
 
 Miletus, ruined city, Asia Minor, the remains of which near 
 the mouth of the Menderez, 30 m. SSW. Aiasoluk (Eph'esus), 
 comprise an enormous theatre and ruins of a church. 
 
 Mileva, or Milevum, tn. , Algeria. See Mlla. 
 
 MUfleld, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., 12^ m. E. Kelso, 2 m. N. Kirknewton stn., PM O P 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Milford, vil. , Canada, prov. Manitoba, at the confluence of 
 the Assiniboine and Souris Rivs., 105 ni. W. by S. Winnipee 
 P. < 1500. ' 
 
 MUford, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, on St. John R., co 
 and 3 m. from St. John. P. < 1500. 
 
 MJlford, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Hants, q6 m bv rail 
 NE. Halifax. P. < 1500. ^ '• "y tau 
 
 MUford, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Prince Edward co ■?? m 
 WSW. Kingston. P. < 1500. ' 
 
 Milford, eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div., c:i m N 
 Derby, i m. S. Belperstn., PM.O. P. <i5oo. ' " 
 
 Milford, ct. par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 13 m 
 E. Bournemouth, 3 m. SW. Lymington stn., PMT.O. M.-oni 
 Sea) ; 4696 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Milford, PMT.O., Eng.. Staffordshire. W. div., 3^ m SE 
 Stafford. 
 
 Milford, eccles. par. , Eng. , Surrey, div. and 6 m. SW by S 
 Guildford, on the L. &SW. R., PMT.O. P. <i5oo. ' 
 
 Milford, par., Eng., Wiltshire, partly in bor. of' Salisbury 
 P. < 4000. ^' 
 
 MUford, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Kirk by with MUford. 
 
 MUford, PMT.O., Ire., co. and 3 m. S. Armagh stn. 
 
 MUford, stn. , Ire. , co. and 5 m. S. Carlow, bar. W Idrone 
 onG. S. & W. R., PT.O. 
 
 MUford, tn.. Ire., N. co. Cork, bar. Orrery and Kilmore 17 
 m. NW. by N. Mallow, 9 m. from Newcastle, P O P <2'e;o 
 
 MUford, PMT.O., Ire., co. Donegal. See MUlford. 
 
 MUford, tn., U.S., Connecticut, New Haven co., 8 m. ENE 
 Bridgeport, on M. Harbonr ; originally settled by a' colony from 
 Herts, Eng. P. <4ooo. 
 
 MUford, tn., U.S., Delaware, Kent co., 57 m. S by E 
 Wilmington. P. <;i5oo. • • J" • 
 
 Milford, vil., U.S., Illinois, Iroquois co., 8=5 m. S Chicago 
 P. < 1500. * ■ 
 
 Milford, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co 16 m SE 
 by E. Worcester ; one of the largest boat-building centres in the 
 country. P. (1880) 9300 ; (1890) 8800. 
 
 MUford, vil, U.S., Michigan, Oakland co., 32 m NW bv 
 W.Detroit. P. -c 1500. ' ' 
 
 MUford, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Hillsboro co on 
 Souhegan R., 26 m. S. by W. Concord. P. <4ooo 
 
 Milford, vil., U.S., New York, Otsego co., 67 m ESE 
 Syracuse. P. < 1500. 
 
 MUford, vil., U.S., Ohio, Clermont co., on Little Miami R 
 12 m. ENE. Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Milford, bor. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, Pike co. , on the Delaware, 
 50 m. E. by S. Scranton ; a favourite summer resort, noted for 
 Its beautiful scenery. P. <i5oo. 
 
 MUford, vil., U.S., Virginia, Caroline co., 36 m N bv E 
 Richmond. P. < 1500. • 3 ■ 
 
 MUford (translation oiRhyd-y-Milwr, ' the ford of the Milwr ' ) 
 contributory pari. bor. and seapt., Wales, co. and si m NW bv 
 W. Pembroke {^.v.), on the N. side of Milford Haven 27V m 
 W. London by rail, with station (Old M.) on the G W R The 
 town came into existence in 1790, when a royal dockyard was 
 established here, but declined on the removal of this dockyard 
 [M. Haven]. Area of docks, 23 ac. ; depth of water over sill at 
 high tide, 34 ft. ; entered by a lock, length 547 ft. 4 in. , width 70 
 ft. ; length of quayage (including locks), 6400 ft. ; dry dock 
 600 ft. long. For shipping statistics, see Appendix, d 10 Tn' 
 P. <45oo; cont. pari. bor. P. <35oo. ' t- o- 
 
 MUford, Xew, or Xeylaud, seapt. tn., Wales, Pembroke- 
 shire, on the N. side of Milford Haven, 4 m. E. by S Milford 
 on the G. W. R. , terminus of S. Wales Rly. 
 A '?*!'**'***' ?*"**»' P'^r-' Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston 
 Ash div., i2i m. E. by S. Leeds, with two stns. (South M. and 
 M.) on the NE. R., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Milford, South, tn., U.S., Delaware. Sussex co. P. <:i5oo 
 
 MUford and Brocton, stn. , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div oi 
 m. SE. Stafford, on L. & NW. R. '^^ 
 
 MUford Centre, vil., U.S., Ohio. Union co., 29 m. WNW. 
 Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 MUford Haven, the finest harbour in Britain, SW. of Pem- 
 brokeshire, Wales, formed by an estuary running 17 m. inland 
 to Langwm. 1-2 m. wide, and 15-19 fathoms deep, and with 
 
 1007 
 
M I L F — M I L L 
 
 several branches. It is completely land-locked, is of easy access, 
 and could contain the whole British fleet. From 1790 it has had 
 a royal dockyard, first at Milford, afterwards (from 1814) at 
 Pembroke Dock. For docks, see Milford. 
 
 Milford Town, vil. , \V. Indies, extreme SW. of Tobago. 
 
 MlUiAllenl, tn. , Roumania. See Mibnileui. 
 
 Milliaa, France, Aveyron. See Mlllan. 
 
 Millac-ka, riv., Bosnia, r. bk. trib. of the Bosna, flows past 
 Sarajevo ; used for floating timber. 
 
 Mlliana, walled tn. , Algeria, cap. arr. M., 56 m. SW. by 
 W. Algiers, with celebrated wines, and a charming and salubrious 
 climate. P. <:4000. 
 
 Mlllangpa, dist. , China. See Klaocblatlng. 
 
 Mllln, vil., Austria, Bohemia, 32 m. NW. by W. Tabor, 
 and 4 m. SSE. Pfibram. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Miltnlcklcli, lake, Canada, Quebec, Chicoutimi co. , about 
 70° 10' W. , drained SE. by riv. Portneuf into St. Lawrence. 
 
 Military Canal, Royal, canal, Eng., on the inner side of 
 Romney Marsh from Sandgate, Kent, to a point on the Rother 
 about 2 m. N. Rye ; formed in 1805. Length, 23 m. ; breadth, 
 90 ft. ; depth, 18 ft. 
 
 Military Frontier, a strip of terr. in the S. of Austria-Hungary, 
 which, till 1873, had a separate organisation, now incorporated 
 partly with Hungary, partly with Croatia-Slavonia. 
 
 Mllltello, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 23 m. SW. Catania. P. 10, 500. 
 
 Militscli, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. circle M., 31 m. 
 NNE. Breslau. P. < 4000. 
 
 Milk Haven, Ire., NE. of co. Sligo, at the S. of entrance to 
 Donegal Bay, 13 m. WSW. Ballyshannon. 
 
 Mllliisli, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, Kings co. , 8 
 m. from St. John. 
 
 Milk River, settlement, U.S., Montana, Dawson co., 115 
 m. SW. from the NE. corner of the state. 
 
 Milk River, riv., U.S., Montana, rising in Rocky Mts. , 
 flows E. and SE. into Missouri R., near Panther Hill. 
 Estimated length, 475 m. 
 
 Milkwall, stn. , Eng., Gloucestershire, on the S. & W., S. 
 B. & M. Rly., I m. SE. Coleford, P.O. (I'pper M.). 
 
 Mill, Xeiv, eccles. par., Scot., Banffshire, Keith par., P.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Mill, rpper, tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Saddleworth 
 union. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Mill, West, P.O. , Eng. , 2 m. from Buntingford, Hertfordshire. 
 
 Milland, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div. , 15 m. 
 N. Chichester, 3 m. E. Liss stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Millard, co., U.S., Utah, on the W. frontier, crossed by 39° 
 N. , cap. Filmore City. 
 
 Millares, riv., Spain. See Mijares. 
 
 Millas, tn., France, dep. Pyr6n6es-Orientales, on the Tet, arr. 
 and II m. W. Perpignan. P. <3000. 
 
 Mlllan, or Millian, the ancient y^milianutn, tn., France, 
 dep. Aveyron, cap. arr. M., on the Tarn, 48 m. E. by N. Albi, 
 with coal-bed, and important manufactures of gloves and wool 
 spinning. In the Middle Ages it was a well fortified place, 
 belonging first to the Counts of Barcelona, then to private vis- 
 counts, and finally to the Counts of Armagnac. Alt. 1205 ft. 
 P. 15,900. 
 
 Millbank, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Perth, 17 m. by rail 
 NE. Stratford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlllbrex, eccles. par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, Fyvie and 
 Monquhitter pars., P.O. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Bllllbrook, vil., Canada, Ontario, Durham co., 56 ra. NE. 
 by E. Toronto ; a railway junction. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Millbrook, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div. , 7^ m. 
 SSW. Bedford, i^ m. S. by E. of its stn. on the L. & NW. R. 
 P. <:2So. 
 
 Millbrook, vil., Eng., Channel Is., Jersey, i m. NW. St. 
 Helier, on the Jersey Rly., PMT.O. Alt. 50 ft. Mean rfall. 
 (1866-80), yr. 34.7 in. 
 
 Millbrook, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, Mottram in Lon- 
 gendale par., near Stalybridge, with a stn. on the L. & NW. R., 
 PMT.O. P.<45oo. 
 
 Millbrook, eccles. par., Eng., Cornwall, Bodmin div., on 
 Plymouth Sound, 3^ m. WSW. Plymouth, PMT.O. P. <;25oo. 
 
 Millbrook, a western suburb of Southampton, and par., 
 Eng., Hampshire, on the Test, included in the pari. bor. of 
 Southampton, with a stn, on the L. & SW. R., PM.O. P. 
 17,800. 
 
 Millbrook, tn. , Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Upper Glenarm, 2 m. 
 W. Larne stn.; has bleach-works, and a hnen factory. P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Millbrook, electoral div.. Ire., co. Kerry, dist. Brosna No. 2. 
 
 Millbrook, postal-tp., S. Australia, co. and 18 m. by road 
 NE. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Millbrook, or Mount ^ilcliolas, post-tn., Tasmania, co. 
 Cornwall, S3 m. E. by S. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 • Millbnry, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 7 ni. by rail SE. 
 Worcester. P. <5ooo. 
 
 MlUbnry, vil., U.S., Ohio, Wood co., 10 m. SE, Toledo. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 1008 
 
 Millcbester, post-tn., Queensland, Davenport co. , 60 m. 
 SW. by S. Townsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mill Cove, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Lunenburg, 
 35 ra. W. Halifax. 
 
 Milldale, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Kenton co. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Mllledgeville, post-vil., Canada, New Brunswick, co. and 
 4 m. N. by W. St. John. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mllledgeville, city, U.S., Georgia, Baldwin co. , 87 m. W. 
 by S. Augusta ; seat of state lunatic asylum and state penitentiary ; 
 cap. of state till 1868. Alt. 310 ft. (R.R.). P. <;4000. 
 
 Mille Lacs, co. , U.S., Minnesota, in the E. , crossed by 46° 
 N. , bounded on N. by and containing S. portion of M. L. Lake. 
 
 Mille Lacs, lake, U.S., Minnesota, in the E., 77 m. WSW. 
 Duluth, 16 m. N. to S. by 15 m. E. to W., drained S. by the 
 Rum R. into the Mississippi. 
 
 Mill End, eccles. par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Watford div., 
 on the Colne, 8 m. NW. by W. Harrow, i m. SW. Rickmans- 
 worth stn. , P. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Miller, CO., U.S., Arkansas, in the extreme SW. 
 
 MUler, CO., U.S., Georgia, N. of 31° N., and E. of 85° W. 
 
 Miller, co., U.S., Missouri, E. of 93° W., N. of 38° N., 
 traversed by the Osage R, 
 
 MUler, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Hand co., 67 m. E. by N. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 MiUerlilll, vil., Scot., Midlothian, li m. N. by W. Dalkeith, 
 on the N. B. R., P.O. 
 
 Mille Rocbes, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Stormont co., on 
 1. bk. St. Lawrence, 49 m. SE. by E. Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Millersbnrg, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Bourbon co., 59 m. S. 
 by E. Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Millersbnrg, vil., U.S., Ohio, Holmes co. , 73 m. NW. by 
 W. Wheeling (W. Va.). Alt. 816 ft. (R.R.). P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Mlilersbui^, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Dauphin co. , on the 
 1. bk. of Susquehanna R. , 20 m. NNW. Harrisburg ; coal is 
 extensively mined. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Miller's Dale, stn., Eng., Derbyshire, on the M. R., 5^ m. 
 E. Buxton, P.O. 
 
 Miller's River, riv., U.S., Massachusetts, issues from Meno- 
 monee Pond on the border of New Hampshire, and flows SW. 
 then W. to the Connecticut ; supplies abundant water-power. 
 Length, 55 m. 
 
 Millerston and Hogganfleld, coal-mining vil. , Scot. , N W, 
 Lanarkshire, 4 m. ENE. Glasgow, ^ m. SW. Steps Road stn., 
 P.O. (M.). P. <:7So. 
 
 Mlllerstown, or Bamhart's Mills, bor. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, 
 Butler CO. , 35 m. NNE. Pittsburg; has several oil wells. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mlllersto'wn, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Perry co. , on the 
 Juniata, 25 m. NW. Harrisburg. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Millersvllle, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co. , 30 m. 
 SE. by E. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlllerton, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, co. Northumber- 
 land, 6 m. from Newcastle. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mlllerton, vil., U.S., New York, Dutchess co., 26 m. NE. 
 by E. Poughkeepsie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mllleslmo, vil., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, 14 m. WNW. 
 Savona. P. <20oo. 
 
 MlUenr Point, cape, Scot., Wigtownshire, at the entrance 
 to Loch Ryan. 
 
 MlUevaclie, France. See Corr^ze, dep. 
 
 Mille Vaches, post-vil., Canada, Quebec, Saguenay co., on 
 the Bay of M. V. , in 69° 14' W. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlilewa, CO. , Victoria, in the NW. corner. 
 
 Milleivakau, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, near the E. 
 shore of Lake Manitoba, 70 m. NW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Millfleld, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, on the NE. R., i^ m, 
 S. Sunderland. P. 13,700. 
 
 Millfleld, PMT.O., Eng., i m. from Peterborough, Hunting- 
 donshire and Northamptonshire. 
 
 Millfleld, post-tn.. New South Wales, co. Northumberland, 
 67 m. N. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Millford, tn.. Ire., N. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 16 m. 
 WNW. Londonderry, 10 m. from Letterkenny stn., PMT.O, 
 (Milford). P. <5oo. 
 
 MUl Fork, settlement, U.S., Utah, Utah co., 63 m. SSE. 
 Salt Lake City. 
 
 Mill Green, P.O., Eng., 2 m. NW. Ingatestone, Essex. 
 
 Milllieim (mil'haim), vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Centre co., 
 53 m. NW. by N, Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 MUl Hill, stn. , Eng. , Isle of Wight, on S. side of W. Cowes, 
 on Isle of Wight Central Rly. 
 
 Mill HUI, eccles. par., Eng., Middlesex, Harrow div., s^ m, 
 SSW. Barnet, with stns. on the M. and G. N. Rlys. P. <25oo. 
 
 Mill Hill Park, stn. , Eng. , Middlesex, Ealing div. , 8 m. W. 
 St. Paul's, London, on the District and Metropolitan Rlys. 
 
 Millbonse, PT.O., Scot., Argyll, 3 m. SW. Tighnabruaich. 
 
 MiUhonse, P.O., Scot. , Dumfriesshire, 3m.NE. Lochmaben. 
 
 MiUhonse Green, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W, Riding, 2 m. 
 NW. Penistone. 
 
 Millhoases and EcclesaU, PM.O. and stn., Eng. See 
 Ecclesnil. 
 
M I L L — M I L T 
 
 Milllcent, tp. , S. Australia, Grey co. , 30 m. NW. by W. 
 Mount Gambier. P. < 1500. 
 
 IMlllie, post-tn. , New South Wales, Jamieson co. , 123 m. NW. 
 'I'am worth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Dlilllflacli, P.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, 3 m. SE. Beauly. 
 
 9fllllkeu Park, vil. , Scot., Renfrewshire, 2 m. SW. John- 
 stone, on G. & SW. R. 
 
 MUUngton, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Altrincham div. , 8 m. ESE. 
 Warrington, 3 m. W. by N. Ashley stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Slllllugtou, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 14^ m. E. York, 2^ m. NE. Pocklington stn. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (M. with dreat Glveiidale) P. <5oo. 
 
 Mlllliigtoii, settlement, U.S., Maryland, co. Baltimore. 
 
 Milliiioket Lake, U.S., Maine, in Penobscot co. , 63 m. N. 
 Bangor. Alt. 500 ft. (Water-power of Maine). 
 
 Minis, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co. , 20 m. SW. 
 Boston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mill Isle, tn. , Ire., NE. ct. co. Down, bar. Lower Ards, 3^ 
 m. S. Donaghadee stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 MllUsle, stn., Scot., Wigtownshire, on the Portpatrick and 
 Wigtownshire Joint Rly., 6 m. S. by E. Wigtown. 
 
 Millom, par. and tn., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 9 
 m. N. by W. Barrow, i m. N. of its stn. on the Furness Rly. ; 
 has the most productive mines of red hematite in the country ; 
 blast-furnaces. The tidal harbour has a bar 7 m. from the pier, 
 with depth at ordinary springs of 31^ ft. high water, 3^ ft. low 
 water. Depth at quayside high water spring tides about 16 
 ft., neap tides 6J ft. Par. 12,817 ac, P. 10,500; tn. P. 8900. 
 
 Millport, watering-place, Scot., co. of Bute, on the S. ct. of 
 Great Cumbrae I., 3 m. W. Fairlie stn., with a good sandy 
 beach ; has Episcopal cathedral and college. PMT.O. P. 
 
 <20OO. 
 
 Mill Port, vil., U.S., New York, Chemung co. , 64 m. SW. 
 by S. Syracuse, and 20 m. SW. by W. Ithaca, on the Chemung 
 Canal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Millport Harbour, Port Millport (or Mllport), or Losoa 
 
 Bay, small bay, forming excellent natural harbour, on S. ct. of 
 British New Guinea, in 149° 27' E. 
 
 Mills, CO., U.S., Iowa, on the W. frontier, crossed by 41° N. 
 
 Mills, New, par., Eng., Derbyshire. See Jfcw Mills. 
 
 Mills, New, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Doagh, co. Antrim. 
 
 Mills, New, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 4 m. from Letterkenny. 
 
 MUlsboro, vil. , U.S., Delaware, Sussex co., on Indian R., 
 16^ m. NW. by W. of the SE. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mlllsburg, tn. , W. Africa, republic Liberia, 25 m. NNE. 
 Monrovia. 
 
 MlUstadt, vil., U.S., Illinois, St. Clair co. , 9 m. S. St. Louis 
 (Missouri). P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlllstream, settlement, Canada, Quebec, co. Bonaventure, 
 on Paul's Bay, 25 m. from Campbeltown. P. <i5oo. 
 
 MlUstreet, tn.. Ire., NW. co. Cork, bar. Muskerry West, 19 
 m. E. Killarney, on the G. S. & W. R., PMT.O. Market- 
 day, F. P. <i5oo. 
 
 MlUthorpe, late Spring Grove, post-tn. , New South Wales, 
 CO. Bathurst, 179 m. by rail NW. Sydney. P. <i5oo. 
 
 MlUtlmber, stn., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on the Deeside 
 Rly., 6 m. SW. by W. Aberdeen, P.O. 
 
 MlUtlr-Gerlg ('the rocky mile'), pass, Wales, across the 
 Berwyn Mts. , on border of Montgomery and Merioneth, on the 
 road from Llanfyllih to Bala. 
 
 Mill Town, tn., Canada, New Brunswick, Charlotte co. , on 
 the riv. St. Croix, 62 m. W. by S. St. John, with lumber ex- 
 port trade. P. (1881) 1664; (1891) 2100. 
 
 MlUtown, tn. , Ire. , NE. ct. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Glenarm, 
 17 m. NW. by N. Larne, on Red Bay. 
 
 Mllltown, P.O., Ire., co. and 3 m. from Antrim. 
 
 MlUtown, or Money, tn. , Ire., NW. co. Cavan, bar. Lower 
 Loughtee, 6^ m. NW. by N. Cavan, 4 m. from Belturbet stn., 
 
 P.O. P.<2SO. 
 
 Mllltown, electoral div., Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Ibane and 
 Barryroe, 15 m. SW. by S. Bandon. 
 
 Mllltown, tn., Ire., N. co. Down, bar. Upper Castlereagh, 
 3 m. S. Belfast. The Giants Ring, near, is a circular mound 
 580 ft. in diameter, with a cromlech in the centre. P. <2So. 
 
 Mllltown, meteorological stn., Ire., co. Down, near Ban- 
 bridge. Alt. 200 ft. Mean temp. (18 yrs., 1863-80), yr. 47.9° F., 
 Jan. 38.9°, July 58.7°. 
 
 MiUtow^n, or Concrete, tn. , Ire., SE. co. and zh m. S. 
 Dublin, bar. Rathdown, on the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford 
 Rly., PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Mllltow^n, electoral div., Ire., Fermanagh, dist. Irvinestown. 
 
 MlUtown, electoral div., Ire., NE. co. Gal way, bar. Dun- 
 more, on riv. Clare, 7 m. N. by W. Tuam, on Waterford and 
 Limerick Rly., PM.O. 
 
 MlUtoirn, tn.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy, 8 m. S. 
 Tralee, on riv. Maine, which is navigable for vessels of 100 tons 
 to within a mile of the town, on the G. S. & W. R., PMT.O. 
 (MUtoivn). Market-day, M. P. <:75o. 
 
 MlUtoM'n, tnld. , Ire. , NW. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower Strabane, 
 7i m. S. by E. Strabane, P.O. P. <2S0. 
 1009 
 
 MlUtown, electoral div.. Ire., SE. co. Westmeath, bar. Far 
 tullagh, 7 m. SE. by S. MuUingar, P.O. (M. Pass). 
 
 Mllltown, electoral div. , Ire. , W. co. Wexford, bar. Scara- 
 walsh, 7 m. NE. by N. Enniscorthy. 
 
 MlUtown Malbay, tn. , Ire., W. co. Clare, bar. Ibrickan, 17 
 m. W. Ennis, with stn. (Mlltown M.) on West Clare Rly. f 
 PMT.O. (MUtownM.). Market-day, Th. P. < 1500. 
 
 MlUtown of Cushnle, P.O., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 8 m. 
 SW. Alford. 
 
 MUlvale, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Cambria co. P. < 4000. 
 
 Mill Village, tn. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Queen's co., 9 m. 
 from Liverpool. P. <:i5oO. 
 
 MlllvlUe, post-settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, co. 
 York, 38 m. by rail from Fredericton. 
 
 MlUvUIe, city, U.S., New Jersey, Cumberland co. , on 
 Maurice R. ,at the head of navigation, 35 m. S. by E. Phila- 
 delphia (Penn.) ; manufactures cottons, window glass and glass- 
 ware, iron, &c. P. (1880) 7700; (1890) 10,000. 
 
 MUlvlUe, vil., U.S., Utah, Cache co., 3 m. S. of Logan. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 MUlivaU, eccles. par., Eng., co. of London, Poplar par., 
 with stns. (M. Docks and M. Junction) on G. E. R. P. 6000. 
 
 Millwood, vil. , Cape Colony, Knysna dist. , 255 m. E. Cape 
 Town. P. < 1500. 
 
 MlUy, tn. , France, on the SE. border of dep. Seine-et-Oise, 
 arr. Etampes, 11 m. W. Fontainebleau. P. < 3000. 
 
 MUna, vil. , Austria, crownland Dalmatia, Brazza I. , on the 
 W. ct., 13 m. S. Spalato. P. <300o. 
 
 MUnathort', market-vil. , Scot., Kinross-shire, i^ m. N. 
 Kinross, on the N. B. R. ; has manufactures of tartan shawls 
 and plaids, and important live-stock sales. PMT.O. Market- 
 day, W. P. < 1500. 
 
 Milne Bay, the long bay between the two penins. in the 
 extreme E. of British New Guinea. 
 
 MllnesvlUe, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co. , 32 m. 
 SW. by S. Scranton. P. <I500. 
 
 MUngarle (pronounced mil-gai'), tn., Scot., Stirlingshire, 6 
 m. NNW. Glasgow, on the N. B. R. P. < 3500. 
 
 MUnor, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Sargent co. , 53 m. SW. by S. 
 Fargo. P. < 1500. 
 
 MUnrow, eccles. par. and tn. , Eng., Lancashire, Rochdale 
 par. , on L. & Y. R. ; has coal-mining. Par. P. 5100 ; tn. P. 8000. 
 
 Mllnsbrldge, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Almondbury par. , on S. side of Huddersfield, on the L. & NW. 
 R. P. < 5000. 
 
 MUntliorpe, market-tn. and river-port, Eng., Westmorland, 
 on the E. of the estuary of the Kent, div. and 7^ m. S. by W. 
 Kendal, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. Market-day, F. See 
 HeTersliam. 
 
 MUnthorpe, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. SE. 
 Wakefield. 
 
 MUnwood, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, part of Clydesdale (g.v.). 
 
 MUo, isl., Greece. See MSlos. 
 
 MUo, tn. , U.S., Maine, Piscataquis co. , on riv. Piscataquis, 
 30 m. NNW. Bangor ; has quarries of excellent roofing-slate. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 MUo-hsleng, tn., China, Yunnan, 58 m. SE. by E. Yiinnan-fu. 
 
 MUoSevac, vil., Servia, circle Podunavlje, 17 m. SSE. 
 Semendria. P. <4000. 
 
 Mlloslaw, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 28 m. SE. by E. Posen, 
 circle Wreschen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 MUowka, vil., Austria, crownland Galicia, 52 m. SW. by 
 W. Cracow. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mllperlnka, or Mount Browne, tp. , New South Wales, 
 Evelynco. , i6om. NW. by N. Wilcannia; goldfields. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Mllroy, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Mifflin co. , 50 m. NW. by 
 W. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mllson, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 12^ m. W. by S. 
 Kidderminster, 2J m. WNW. Neen SoUars stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Mllstead, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 7 m. W. by S. Favers- 
 ham, 3 m. S. Sittingbourne stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 MUston, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., on the Avon, 10 
 m. N. Salisbury, 6 m. N. by W. Porton stn. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (M. wltli Brlgnierston) P. <25o. 
 
 MUtenberg, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 cap. circle M., on the 1. bk. of the Main, 31 m. W. by S. 
 Wiirzburg. P. <40oo. 
 
 MUthorpe, post-tn. , New South Wales. See MUlthorpe. 
 
 Milton, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Queen's co., on Liverpool 
 Bay, 71 m. SW. by W. Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 MUton, tn. , Canada, Ontario, Halton co., 18 m. (25 m. by- 
 rail) N. Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Milton, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 3 m. S. Abingdon, 
 close to Steventon stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Milton, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div., 3 m. 
 NNE. Cambridge, 2 m. SW. Waterbeach stn., P.O. P. <;750- 
 
 MUton, par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 10 m. E. 
 by N. Bournemouth, i^ m. SW. of its stn. on the L. & SW. R. , 
 P.O., and PM.O. (M. Station); 6370 ac. P. <2ooo; eccles. 
 par. (M. wltk Wootton) P. <i5oo. 
 
 3S 
 
MILT — MINA 
 
 Milton, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, in the E. of Portsea 
 I., included in the pari. bor. of Portsmouth, i m. E. Fratton 
 stn., P.O. P. 8200. 
 
 Hilton, par., Eng., Kent, dist. Gravesend. P. 13,900; 
 eccles. par. (M. yvlth l>enton) P. <4500. 
 
 MUton, or Middle ton Malzor, par., Eng., Northampton- 
 shire, 3i m. SW. Northampton, P.O. (Milton). P. <75o. 
 
 Mlltoin, par., Eng., O.xfordshire, div. and 4 m. S. by W. 
 Banbury, 2 m. WSW. Adderbury stn. P. < 250. See Adderbory. 
 
 Milton, par., Eng., 0.xfordshire, Banbury div., 11^ m. W. 
 Woodstock, I J m. W. by S. Ascott-under-Wychwood stn., 
 PM.O. (M.-nnder-WycIiwood). P. <iooo; eccles. par. (M.- 
 nnder-nychwood ivith Brnern and Lynebam) P. < 1500. 
 
 Milton, vil., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 6 m. NW. by W. 
 Yeovil, 2 m. N. Martock stn. See Kewstoke. 
 
 Hilton, P.O., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., ij m. E. by N. 
 Weston-super-Mare. 
 
 Hilton, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 2 m. E. 
 Burslem, on the N. Staffordshire Rly., PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Hilton, P.O., Eng., Wiltshire, 2 m. E. Pewsey. 
 
 Hilton, tp.. New South Wales, cp. St. Vincent, no m. SSW. 
 Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hilton, or Tokomalrlro, bor.. New Zealand, South I., co. 
 Bruce, 36 m. SW. Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hilton, vil. , Scot. , Dumbartonshire, 2 m. E. by S. Dumbarton, 
 and 1^ m. WNW. Bowling stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hilton, eccles. par., Scot., Lanarkshire, Barony par. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Hilton, vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, on the Kelvin, 8 m. NNE. 
 Glasgow, on the N. B. R. , PMT.O. (H. of Campsie). P. <75o. 
 
 Hilton, tn. , U.S., Delaware, Sussex co. , 26 m. NW. by N. 
 of the SE. corner of the state. P. <: 1500. 
 
 HUton, city, U.S., Florida, Santa Rosa co., 18 m. NE. by 
 N. Pensacola. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hilton, CO., U.S., Georgia, crossed in extreme S. by 34° N., 
 and W. of 84° W. 
 
 Hilton, vil., U.S., Iowa, Van Buren co., 44 m. WNW. 
 Keokuk. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hilton, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co. , on Neponset 
 R. , 6 m. S. Boston. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Hilton, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Strafford co., on Salmon 
 Falls R., 31 m. ENE. Concord. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hilton, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Caswell co., on Dan R., 59 
 m. NW. by N. Raleigh. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hilton, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Cavalier co., 44 m. SW. by 
 W. Pembina. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hilton, vil., U.S., Ohio, Miami co., 62 m. N. by E. Cincin- 
 nati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Hilton, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Northumberland co., on 
 W. Branch Susquehanna R. , 49 m. N. Harrisburg. P. 5300. 
 
 Hilton, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Chittenden co., on Lamoille R., 
 13 m. S. St. Albans by rail. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hilton, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Rock co., 56 m. WSW. Mil- 
 waukee. P. < 1500. 
 
 HUton, PM.O., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 4m. E. by N. Pem- 
 broke. 
 
 Hilton, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Oxford- 
 shire, Henley div. Great M. , 7^ m. ESE. Oxford, 2 m. SW. 
 Tiddington stn., PMT.O., P. <7So; Little M., PM.O.. P. <5oo. 
 
 Hilton, South, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 12 m. 
 WSW. Dartmouth, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Hilton, West, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire. See 
 Poors tocli. 
 
 Hilton, M'bing of, vil., Scot., co. and 3 m. S. Stirling. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Hilton Abbas, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 10 m. NE. 
 Dorchester, PMT.O.; 4880 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 .Hilton Abbot, par., Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock div., s§ m. 
 SE. by E. Launceston ; one of the most ancient possessions of 
 the Benedictines at Tavistock. PMT.O. 6748 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Milton Bridge, PM.O., Scot., Midlothian, i m. NW. 
 Auchendinny stn. 
 
 Hilton Bryant, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, div. and 10 m. 
 NW. Luton, 4 m. W. Harlington stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Hilton CleTedon, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 2^ m. E. 
 by N. Evercreech June, 9 m. SE. by E. Wells. P. <25o. 
 
 Miltonrombe, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Yelverton, Devonshire. 
 
 Milton Damerel, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 11 
 m, SSW. Bideford, 5 m. NNE. Holsworthy stn., P.O.; 4416 
 ac. P. <soo ; eccles. par. (M. D. with Cookbnry) P. <:75o. 
 
 Hilton Ernest, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 
 on the Great Ouse, 4^ m. NNW. Bedford, i| m. N. by "E. 
 Oakley stn. , PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 HUton Junction, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Rock co. , 64 m. by 
 rail W. Milwaukee. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Hilton Keynes, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Buckingham 
 div., 12 m. SW. by W. Bedford, 3J m. S. by E. Ne\yport 
 Pagnell, 2J m. NW. Woburn Sands stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Milton Llibonrne, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Devizes div. ,15 m. 
 S. Swindon, ij m. ESE. Pewsey stn. P. <75o. 
 1010 
 
 Milton next Canterbury, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine 
 div., on the Stour, 2 m. WSW. Canterbury, i m. ENE. Chart- 
 ham stn. P. <25o. See Tbanlngton. 
 
 MUton next Sittingbonrne, par. and tn. , Eng., Kent, at 
 the W. end of the Swale, div. and 7I m. WNW. Faversham, 
 close to Sittingbourne stn. ; long noted for its oysters. P. 5200. 
 
 Milton of Balgonle, Scot. See Balgonle, Milton of. 
 
 Milton-on-Stonr, P.O., Eng., Dorsetshire, li m. NW. 
 Gillingham. 
 
 Hlltown Malbay, stn. , Ire. , co. Clare. See Hilltown H. 
 
 Hlltsln, mt. peak of the High Atlas, lying SE. by S. of 
 Morocco, in 31° 13' N., so-called by Washington in 1829, who 
 estimated its height at 11,400 ft.; identified with the Jebel 
 Tidili of De Foucauld (1885), and the Jebel Sig of Thomson 
 (1888). Alt. more probably alaove 12,000 ft. See Schnell, Das 
 Marok. Atlas, p. 50. 
 
 Hilverton, or West's Comers, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Perth 
 CO., 42 m. NNE. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 HUTerton, market-tn. and par., Eng., Somerset, W'ellington 
 div., 7 m. W. Taunton, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. Market- 
 day, F. 5ii7ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 HUverton, par., Eng., Warwickshire, in the pari. bor. of 
 Warwick, except a small portion of par. now within mun. bor. 
 of Leamington. P. <3ooo; eccles. par. (Jfew H.) P. <3000. 
 
 HUwau'kee, chief city and port of entry of Wisconsin, U.S. , 
 cap. M. CO., on W. shore of Lake Michigan, 80 m. N. by W. 
 Chicago, in 43° 2' N., on a bay on which a harbour has been 
 improved by the construction of breakwaters. The mouth of 
 the riv. Milwaukee, which forms the inner harbour, admits the 
 largest lake-ships to the heart of the town. Steam-ships have 
 been despatched from M. direct to England without breaking 
 bulk. Altogether, the harbour is the best on the W. or S. shore 
 of the lake, which accounts for the rapid rise of the city — a mere 
 village of 2000 inhabitants in 1840. It has a large export of 
 grain (principally barley, wheat, and oats) and of iron ore from 
 NW. Michigan and N. Wisconsin, and a large import trade in 
 coal, &c. There are immense flour-mills, and manufactures of 
 lager beer, pig iron, iron-castings, machinery, steam-engines, 
 agricultural implements, &c. Fully half the population is of 
 German origin. Alt. 592 ft. (City Engineer) ; signal station, 
 697 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). Mean temp., yr. 45.3° F. , Jan. 
 20.6°, July 69.4°; rfall. (12 yrs.), 34.15 in. P. (1850) 20,100; 
 (1870) 71,400; (1880) 115,600; (1890) 204,500. 
 
 Hilwaukee, riv., U.S., Wisconsin, flows on the whole SSE., 
 and enters Lake Michigan at the city of M. 
 
 Milwlcli, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , 6 J m. NE. by N. 
 Stafford, 2J m. NE. Sandon stn., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Mimasaka, kuni or old prov. , Japan, now included in 
 Okayama ken. 
 
 Himico, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, York co., on Lake 
 Ontario, 7 m. W. by S. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 HinUzan, vil., France, dep. Landes, arr. Mont-de-Marsan, 
 52 m. N. by E. Bayonne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Hlmms, \ortb, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and 4J m. 
 ESE. St. Albans, 2^ m. SE. SmaUford stn., PMT.O.; 4966 ac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Hlmms, South, par. , Eng. , in the Enfield div. of Middlesex, 
 and partly in Hertfordshire, 2 m. S. North Mimms, 2 m. W. by 
 N. Potters Bar stn., PMT.O.; 6386 ac. P. 5800. 
 
 Hin, name borne by the natives inhabiting the mountains W. 
 of Foochow, prov. Fokien, China. 
 
 Mln, riv., China, prov. Fokien [q.v.). 
 
 Hin, riv. , China, prov. Siichwan. See Hin-kiang. 
 
 Hlna, riv., Africa, Algeria, prov. Oran, the most important 
 affluent of the SheUf, flows N W. then N. , and joins the Shelif 
 in 0° 30' E. Length nearly 124 m. 
 
 Hlnab, or Hlnao, tn. , Persia, prov. Kerman, 52 m. E. by 
 N. Bender Abbas [q.v.)\ in a vast oasis, with orchards pro- 
 ducing excellent fruit, principally dates. P. 10,000. 
 
 Mlnahassa, tn.. Eastern Archipelago, Celebes I., in the NE., 
 in the interior. 
 
 Ninakal, atoll, Indian Ocean. See Hinikoi. 
 
 Hinakuchi, vil., Japan, 34 m. E. Kyoto. P. < 5000. 
 
 Minami, Japanese, 'south.' 
 
 Hlnane, tnld., Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Kinalea, 7 m. ENE. 
 Kinsale, P.O. (H. Bridge). P. <250. 
 
 Hinao, tn., Persia, prov. Kerman. See Hinab. 
 
 Hinard, par.. Ire., W. ct. co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 20 
 m. WSW. Tralee, on Dingle Bay ; 6056 ac. P. <750- 
 
 Hinard, vil., Scot., Argyllshire, on the W. shore of Loch 
 Fyne, 9 m. NE. by E. Ardnshaig, PMT.O. 
 
 Hinard Head, cape, Ire., W. ct. co. Kerry, in the N. of 
 Dingle Bay. 
 
 Hinas, tn., Uruguay, cap. dep. M., 63 m. NE. by E. Monte- 
 video ; founded 1783. P. 5000. 
 
 Hinas Basin, bay, Canada, Nova Scotia, in 64''-64j° W., 
 communicating through Mlnas Channel on the W. with the 
 Bay of Fundy. 
 
 Hinas de Riotlnto, comm., Spain, prov. Huelva, dist. 
 Valverde del Camino. P. 10,700. 
 
M I N A 
 
 MING 
 
 Mlnas tieraes ('general mines," or 'mines everywhere'), the 
 most important of all the interior states of Brazil, belonging to 
 the mountainous regions (at 3000-5000 ft. alt.) continued N. 
 and W. by the plateau (Catnpos, Chapadas), principally formed 
 by the high valleys of riv. Sao Francisco, and by those of rivs. 
 Pardo, Jequetinhonha, Parand (some 60 m. from the sea). M. 
 G. is the region of the historical Brazilian mines still worked 
 (gold, diamonds, more recently iron), and is the industrial centre 
 of Brazil. Great modern agricultural development (coffee, sugar- 
 cane, cattle). See Brazil. 
 
 Mluas Novas, vil., Brazil, Minas Geraes, 410 m. N. by E. 
 Rio de Janeiro. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mlnatlllan, tn., Mexico, state of and 120 m. SE. by E. 
 Vera Cruz. It is the head of ship navigation on Coatzacoalcos 
 R. , and is the N. outlet for all products shipped from the 
 isthmus. Depth on bar at high water 13 ft., at low water 12 
 ft. ; width of channel in river 600 ft. , depth 24-48 ft. P. <3000. 
 
 Nlnato, vil., Japan, on the isl. of Awaji, in E. of Inland 
 Sea ; noted for its temple (resembling a small fortified castle) 
 dedicated to Kwannon, and its salt factories. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Mlnaya, tn. , Spain, prov. and 31 m. NW. Albacete, dist. 
 La Roda. P. <3oco. 
 
 Mlnba, Menbo, or Membo, tn. , Upper Burma, cap. dist. 
 M., on the r. bk. of the Irdwadi, in about 20° 10' N. P. (with 
 cantonment) 7300 ; Buddhists, 6000. 
 
 Mlnch, strait, Scot. See Mlnsii. 
 
 Mlnclilnhaniptoii, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Stroud div. , 
 8i m. NE. by E. Wotton-under-Edge, i m. S. Brimscombe stn. , 
 with manufacture of Woollens. James Bradley (1692-1762), the 
 astronomer, is buried in the churchyard. PMT.O. 4637 ac. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Hliiclo, the ancient Mincius, riv. , Italy, issues from the foot 
 of Lake Garda, at Peschiera, and flows S. then SE. past Mantua, 
 from which point it is navigable, to the Po, which it joins on 
 the 1. bk. near Governolo, about 10 m. SE. Mantua. It feeds 
 several irrigation canals. It formed an important basis of 
 operations in the wars between Austria and Italy. Length, 
 120 m. ; area of basin, 104 sq. m.; discharge, mean 2600 cubic 
 ft. per second, highest 53,000 ft. per second. 
 
 Mindanao (in Malay Min, 'country,' danao, 'lake'), the 
 Second in area of the Phihppine Is. , composed of three or four 
 ridges converging N. (volcanoes, Macaturing; Apo, 13,300 ft.; 
 Sanguil) and intermediate depressions, with many rivers and 
 lakes (riv. Agusan-Lake Dagum, riv. Iligan-Lake Malanao, 
 riv. Grande-Lakes Buluan and Ligausan). A long narrow 
 penin. (Sibuguey) stretches SW. (Mounts Malindary, 5220 ft., 
 Silingan), and has at its continuation the Basilan I. and the 
 Sulu group. The interior is unknown. The principal bays 
 are (N.) Butuan, Iligan, Sindangan (S. ), Sibuguey, Illana 
 (PoUok), Savangani, Davao. Silangan is the cap. M. was the 
 first island where Magellan (Magalhaes) landed, 8th April 1521. 
 Area, 33,260 sq. m. P. (roughly estimated) 600,000. 
 
 Hlndcllielni, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, cap. 
 circle M. , 33 m. SE. Ulm. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Mlndello, or Porto Grande, maritime tn., St. Vincent I., 
 Cape Verde Is. , at the head of the beautiful and vast bay on 
 N. side of island ; an important coaling station for English 
 and other steamers. P. 4200. 
 
 Mlnden, river-port, Canada, Ontario, Haliburton co., 82 m. 
 ENE. CoUingwood. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mlnden, tn. , Prussia, in the NE. of prov. Westphalia, cap. 
 M. circle, on riv. Weser, 37 m. E. Osnabriick, with manu- 
 factures of woollen and linen fabrics, tobacco, soap, &c. It 
 has been a bishopric since 803. Near it, in 1759, the French 
 were defeated by the Anglo-Hanoverian troops. Tn. P. 19,300 ; 
 comm. P. 20,200. 
 
 Mlnden, tn. , U.S., Louisiana, Webster par., 28 m. ENE. 
 Shre veport. P. <: 1 500. 
 
 Nlnden, city, U.S., Nebraska, Kearney co., 10 m. S. by E. 
 Fort Kearney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Miiidl, W. Africa. See Mendl. 
 
 .Mlndoro, one of the Philippine Is., connecting the Cala- 
 mianes with the SW. extremity (Batangas) of Luzon, formed 
 by two littoral ridges, meeting in the N. , and an intermediate 
 depression. Calapan and Mangarin are the two important 
 settlements. Area, 3925 sq. m. P. (prov.) 67,700. 
 
 Sllndrlm, vil., Eng., Northumberland, 5 m. S. Coldstream, 
 with a stn. (JMindrum) on the NE. R., P.O. (Mlndrum Mill). 
 
 Mlndrnm, stn., Eng., Northumberland. See Mlndrlm. 
 
 Mlndjizent, comm., Hungary, prov. Csongrad, 17 m. N. by 
 E. Szegedin, on the Theiss. P. 12,000. 
 
 Mlndtown, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 18 m. E. New- 
 town, i^ m. E. Eaton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Mlnehead, small seapt. , par. , market-tn. , and watering-place, 
 Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., on the N. ct. , 21^ m. N. 
 Tiverton, branch terminus on the G. W. R. The tidaf harbour 
 (4 ac. ) has a depth at entrance at high water ordinary springs 
 of 26 ft.; length of quayage, 265 ft.; depth alongside at high 
 water ordinary springs, 20 ft. PMT.O. Market-day, W. 4025 
 ac. Par. P. <25oo ; tn. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mine Head, cape. Ire., co. Waterford, with a lighthouse, 
 52° o' N. , 7° 35' W. , visible 21 m. 
 
 Mlnenga's, vil., S. Africa, in 15° 50' S. , 27° 38' E. 
 
 Mlneo, tn., Sicily, prov. and 27 m. SW. by W. Catania. 
 P. 9300. 
 
 Mlneola, tn. , U.S., Texas, Wood co., no m. E. Fort Worth 
 by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Miner, co. , U.S., S. Dakota, crossed by 44° N. , between 97° 
 and 98° W. 
 
 Mlnera, par., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., 4I m. WNW. 
 Wrexham, 2 m. WSW. Brymbo stn.; has lead ore and zinc 
 smelting. PM.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mineral, co., U.S., W. Virginia, on the Potomac (N. 
 frontier), crossed in the W. by 79° W., with coal-mines. 
 
 Mineral Park, vil., U.S., Arizona, Mohave co. , 114 m. S. 
 from the NW. corner of the terr. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Mineral Point, vil., U.S., Ohio, Tuscarawas co., 52 m. NW. 
 Wheeling (W. Va. ), on the canal from Cleveland to Portsmouth. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mineral Point, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Iowa co., 38 m. NE. 
 Dubuque (lo.). P. <3000. 
 
 Mineral Kange, range of mts. , U.S. , in theNW. of Michigan, 
 upf>er penin., stretching for more than 100 m. parallel to the 
 shore of Lake Superior. 
 
 Mineral Ridge, vil., U.S., Ohio, Trumbull co. , 55 m. SE. 
 by E. Cleveland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mineral SprlngH, vil., U.S., Arkansas, Howard co. , 117 m. 
 WSW. Little Rock ; much resorted to in summer for its mineral 
 waters. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlnerblo, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 11 m. NE. Bologna. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Miners Mills, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Miner's Best, postal-tp. , Victoria, co. Ripon, 73 m. WNW, 
 Melbourne. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Mlnerstown, P.O., Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Lecale, 5J 
 m. S. Downpatrick, on Dundrum Bay. 
 
 MlnersTlUe, settlement, U.S., Nebraska, Otol co. , r. bk. 
 Missouri, 8 m. below Nebraska City, 48 m. S. by E. Omaha. 
 
 Mlnersvllle, settlement, U.S., Ohio, Washington co. , on 
 the Ohio, 84 m. SE. Columbus. 
 
 MlnersTllle, coal-mining bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuyl- 
 kill CO., 45 m. NE. Harrisburg, and 4 m. W. Pottsville. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 Minerva, place of summer resort, U.S., New York, Essex 
 CO., 17 m. W. by S. Fort Ticonderoga. P. < 1500. 
 
 Minerva, vil., U.S., Ohio, Stark co., 54 m. NNW. Wheel- 
 ing (W. Va.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlnerve, vil., France, dep. H^rault, arr. St. Pons, 5 m. N. 
 Olonzac ; the centre of a small lignite bed, with ruins of a 
 castle which till the 14th century played an important part in 
 the wars of Languedoc. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mlnervlno-Mnrge, the ancient Lucus Minervce, tn. , Italy, 
 Apulia, prov. and 41 m. W. Bari ; surrounded by massive walls 
 and towers. P. 15,100. 
 
 Mlneslng, vil., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co. , on the riv. 
 Nottawasaga, 60 m. NNW. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlnestead, PMT.O., Eng., Hampshire. See Mlnstead. 
 
 Mlnety, stn. , Eng. , Wiltshire. See Mlnty. 
 
 Minevllle, vil., U.S., New York, Essex co., 30 m. SW. by 
 S. Burlington (Vt.). P. < 2000. 
 
 MinlTordd, junction stn., Wales, Merionethshire, 2^ m. E. 
 Portmadoc, on the Cambrian and Festiniog Rlys. 
 
 Mlnga, vil. , W. Africa, French Congo Terr. , 98 m. NE. by 
 N. Boma. 
 
 Mlngalay, or Mlngala, isl., one of the Outer Hebrides, 
 Scot., Inverness-shire, in 56°47j'-5o' N. , separated from Pabbay 
 by the Sound of M. Length, 3 m. P. 142. 
 
 Mlngan, vil. , Canada, Quebec, co. Saguenay, at the mouth 
 of Mingan R. , 398 m. below Quebec. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mlng-Iinng, tn. , China, prov. Kiangsu, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Hwang-fu-kiang, 18 m. S. by W. Shanghai. 
 
 Mlnglanllla, tn., Spain, prov. Cuenca, 68 m. W. Valencia. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Mingo, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery co., 4 m. 
 from Norristown. P. <:i500. 
 
 Mingo Junction, vil., U.S., Ohio, Jefferson co. , on Ohio R., 
 18 m. N. Wheeling (W. Va.). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mlngolshelm, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle Carls- 
 ruhe, 7 m. NNE. Bruchsal. P. <:300o. 
 
 Mlngrella, a formerly independent principality of Caucasus, 
 Georgia, now part of Russian prov. Kutais, on S. slope of the 
 Caucasus range, towards the valley of Rion. Area about 2370 
 sq. m. The Mingrelians, who are a branch of the Georgians, 
 number about 215,000. 
 
 Mlngrelskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, govt. 
 Kuban, dist. Temryuk. P. 10,400. 
 
 MlngnsvlUe, vil., U.S., Montana, Dawson co., 140 m. S. 
 from the NE. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mlugyol, or Mln-yol, tn.. Eastern Turkistan, 27 m. W. 
 
 1011 
 
M I N H 
 
 M I N O 
 
 Kashgar ; important as a commercial and strategic place on 
 the route from Kashgar to Russian Turkistan. 
 
 Mlnhla, vil. , Upper Burma, on the r. bk. Irawadi, 80 m. N. 
 by W. Prome. P. < 5000. 
 
 Hlnho, riv., Spain and Portugal, rises in Galicia, 30 m. NE. 
 Santiago, flows S. and SW. , latterly bounding Portugal on the 
 N. , and enters the Atlantic near Caminha, 52 m. N. of the 
 mouth of the Douro ; navigable up to Mon9ao, but the naviga- 
 tion is only important from Tuy, 19 m. above its mouth. Prin- 
 cipal trib. (left) the Sil. Length, 171 m. ; area of basin, 7568 
 sq. m. 
 
 Mlnho (from riv. Minho), a natural region of Portugal, 
 between the Atlantic (W.), the mountains (E.), behind which 
 begins the plateau (Tras-os-Montes), and between the rivs. 
 Minho (N.) and Douro (S.). Up to 1835 the area thus de- 
 fined formed the prov. of Entre Douro e Minho, afterwards the 
 prov. of M. and Douro (the latter being the S. portion with 
 Oporto), which in 1842 were replaced by the three dists. of 
 Vianna and Braga (old prov. M. ) and Porto (old prov. Douro). 
 Very mountainous; drained by rivs. Lima, Cavado, Ave, and 
 Tamega ; one of the moistest regions in Continental Europe. 
 Very well cultivated. The County {Condado) of Portugal was 
 founded in M. (nth century). It has the densest population 
 in Portugal (nearly 400 per sq. m.). Great emigration to Brazil 
 See Portugal. 
 
 Hlnla, tn. , Upper Egypt, prov. Fayum. P. 4900. 
 
 Hlule, Mlnye, or Slliila, tn.. Upper Egypt, cap. prov. M., 
 in 28° 5' N. , about midway between Siut and Beni-suef ; has 
 earthenware manufactures, and a government cotton factory. 
 P. (1882) 1.5,900. 
 
 Mlnlkol, or Hlnakal, atoll, Indian Ocean, between the 
 Laccadives on the N. and the Maldives on the S. , crossed by 
 8° 15' N. , 72° 45' E. Politically it belongs to the section of the 
 Laccadives dependent on the Raja of Cannanore. 
 
 Hiiilngsby, par., Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 13^ 
 m. N. Boston, 5 m. SE. Horncastle. P. <25o. 
 
 ninlons, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 6 m. from Liskeard. 
 
 miilsliaut, P.O., Scot., Ayrshire, 3 m. NE. Maybole, i m. 
 N. Cassilis stn. 
 
 Mlnjar, magnificent, well-cultivated country in the S. of 
 Abyssinia, prov. Shoa ; water scarce. 
 
 Mln-klang (or-lio), an important riv., China, prov. Siichwan, 
 regarded by the Cliinese as the true headwater of the Yangtse- 
 kiang. According to Baber, the name is not known locally, at 
 least in its lower course, but when called by a special name is 
 known as the Fu R. , from the three important cities having the 
 rank of -fu (Chengtu-fu, Kiating-fu, and Sui-fu) on its banks, or 
 connected with it by canal. It rises in eastern Tibet, and flows 
 first SE. or E. , then nearly due S. through a mountain gorge 
 in the N. of Suchwan, about the meridian of 103° 35' E. , emerges 
 on the plain of Chengtu-fu at Kwan-hsien, about 31° N., and at 
 once gets broken up into a number of irrigating channels 
 [Siichwan], becomes a single river again about 30^° N. , flows 
 S. to Kiating-fu, in 29° 34' N., where it receives on the W. 
 (r. bk.) the united waters of the Ya-ho and Tung-ho, then flows 
 8E. and enters the Yangtse-kiang at Sui-fu, where it has a width 
 of J to I m. Navigable to the plain of Chengtu-fu, which is 
 connected with the river by a canal. 
 
 HlnJaton, postal-stn., S. Australia, Fergfusson co. , 60 m. W. 
 by N. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlnley, part of par., Eng., Hampshire. See Hawley 
 TTlth Mlnley. 
 
 BUnml, post-tn., New South Wales, Northumberland co., 7 
 m. WNW. Newcastle; has coal-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlnnagar, seapt. , India. See HUknl. 
 
 Blinnea'polls, city, U.S., Kansas, Ottawa co., on riv. 
 Solomon, 115 m. W. by N. Topeka. P. < 2000. 
 
 Minneapolis (formed from Indian name Minne, ' water," 
 and Greek /o/w, 'a city'), city, U.S., Minnesota, Hennepin co.. , 
 on both sides of the Mississippi, at the Falls of St. Anthony, the 
 immense water-power afforded by which is used in flour-milling, 
 so that M. has become the greatest centre of the wheat and 
 flour trade in the U.S., 6 m. W. St. Paul. Since 1880 the flour 
 trade has grown rapidly. In 1879 it was less than 1,000,000 
 barrels, now it is 643,000,000 barrels. Seat of the university of 
 Minnesota. First settled in 1849. Alt. 82Sft. (R.R.). P. (i860, 
 within its present limits) 5800; (1870) 18, too; (1880) 46,900; 
 (1890) 164,700. 
 
 Mlnnedosa, tn. , Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the Manitoba 
 & NW. Rly., 79 m. W. Portage-la- Prairie. Alt. 1796 ft. Mean 
 temp. (7 yrs., 1881-88), yr. 30.2° F., Jan. - u.o°, July 62.2°. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 Minnehaha, settlement, U.S., Minnesota, co. Hennepin, 3 
 m. SE. Minneapolis, with beautiful waterfalls of the small riv. 
 Minnehaha, which leaps 60 ft. down a limestone precipice. 
 
 Minnehaha, co., U.S., S. Dakota, on the E. frontier, be- 
 tween 43" and 44° N. 
 
 MInnesela, vil, U.S.. S. Dakota, Butte co., on the N. Fork 
 of the Cheyenne R. , and 88 m. S. by E. from the NW. corner 
 of the state. P. < 1500. 
 1012 
 
 Mlnneso'ta, riv., U.S., Minnesota, in the S. It issues from 
 Big Stone Lake, on the W. frontier of the state, and flows SE. 
 to Mankato, then turns abruptly NNE. and enters the Mis- 
 sissippi between Minneapolis and St. Paul. Navigable at 
 low water about 40 m. up, at other times by small boats to 
 Patterson's Rapids, 295 m. up. 
 
 , Minnesota, derived from Indian J/?«wf, 'water,' and meaning 
 'sky blue water,' one of the United States of America, contain- 
 ing the headwaters of the Mississippi and of Lake Superior, S. of 
 Manitoba, N. of Iowa, and about in the centre of the continent. 
 Cap. St. Paul; other chief cities, Minneapolis, Duluth, Winona, 
 Stillwater, Mankato, St. Cloud, Faribault, Red Wing, Rochester. 
 i The surface varies in elevation from 1680 ft. , on the Height of 
 I Land in the NE. , to 660 ft. at the S. boundary, and its prevail- 
 i ing character is an undulating plain. The Red River valley, in 
 the NW. , is quite flat. There are several thousand small lakes, 
 among them Lake Itasca, belonging to three types: (i) those 
 filling rocky basins, (2) expansions of slowly flowing rivers, 
 (3) those filling the hollows of glacial drift deposit. Many of 
 them are becoming dry, and rapidly disappearing. Besides 
 numerous other streams, the state has four navigable rivers 
 — Mississippi, Minnesota, Red, and St. Croix. The climate 
 is marked by cold, dry winters, and warm and relatively 
 moist summers, with the e.xtremes reduced near Lake Superior 
 [Breckenrldge, Dnlnth, St. Paul]. One-sixth of the mortality 
 is due to diphtheria. In the NE. are extensive swamplands; 
 a forest of white pine reaches from the head of Lake Superior 
 W. to Red R. , and yields much timber, while an abundance 
 of oak, maple, and ash is obtained from the ' Big Woods' to 
 the S. The S. and SE. is rolling prairie, a rich farming region. 
 The staple crop is wheat, of fine quality, especially that grown 
 in the Red R. valley. The falls of the Mississippi at Minnea- 
 polis are utilised in flouring mills, which produce one-twelfth 
 the total American product. Other manufactures are agricul- 
 tural implements, sashes, doors, and blinds, barrels, boots and 
 shoes, liquors, &c. The mineral wealth of M. is chiefly in red 
 hematite iron ore of high grade, and suitable for steel making. 
 The state produces about a million tons yearly, standing third 
 in the Union in this respect. The mines are near Vermillion 
 Lake, in the Vermillion and Mesaba ranges, in St. Louis co., 
 about 75 m. N. Duluth. The ore, which absorbs but little 
 moisture, is nearly all shipped by lake to furnaces in New 
 York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Illinois, only a small amount 
 being used in the state. Other mineral products are a variety 
 of building stones and cement. Trout, white fish, and herring 
 are taken in Lake Superior. The population of M. contains 36 
 per cent, of foreign born, mainly Scandinavians, Lapps, Finns, 
 Icelanders, and Russians. About 9000 Chippewa Indians are in 
 the N. Education is abundantly provided for, one-eighteenth 
 of the public lands of the state being set apart to create a 
 school fund, but attendance in the common schools is far 
 behind the enrolment. The university of M. is at Minneapolis, 
 and there are seven other colleges. M. was first visited by 
 French fur traders in 1659. The part E. of the Mississippi 
 was ceded to the English in 1763, and to U.S.A. in 1783. The 
 western part was ceded by France in 1803. First settlement, 
 1819, at Fort Snelling; M. admitted as terr. in 1849, as state 
 1857. Many villages in the E. of state, W. and SW. of Lake 
 Superior, especially in Kanabec and Carlton cos. , were de- 
 stroyed in a great forest fire in September 1894. Area, 83,365 
 sq. m. P. 1,301,826. [€. H. 1.] 
 
 Mlnne>*-ankan, Mlnnl Tfakan, or Devil's Lake, saline 
 lake, U.S., N. Dakota, Ramsey co., very irregular in form, with 
 no outlet, crossed by 48° N., 99° W., 55 m. by 6 m. 
 
 MlnnlgaflT, par., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, on riv. Cree, J m. 
 NNE. Newton Stewart ; 88,130 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Minnith, place named in O. T. See Mlnyeh. 
 
 Mlno, kuni or old prov., Japan, now included in Gifu ken. 
 
 MInola, par.. Ire., co. Mayo. See Manulla. 
 
 MInonk, city, U.S., Illinois, Woodford co., 34 m. NE. by E. 
 Peoria; has coal-mines. P. < 3000. 
 
 Minorca (Balearis Minor, Spanish Menorca), 24 m. from 
 Majorca (35 m. long, 17 m. large), with a low ridge (N.), and 
 extensive plains (centre, S., at 230 ft. medium alt.), from which 
 arise occasional puigs (Toro, 1148 ft.). Less fertile than 
 Majorca, being drier, the water percolatipg through the Tertiary 
 rocks (limestones and sandstones). N. winds (Tramontana), 
 sometimes very violent, predominate (two-thirds of the year) ; 
 two-thirds of the land is cultivated. Mahon, the cap. (with one 
 of the best Mediterranean ports), was, during the i8th century 
 (to 1802), an English possession. Area, 293 sq. m. P. (1887) 
 39,000. [J. B. R.] 
 
 Mlnorl, tn., S. Italy, Campania, S. Italy, prov. and 6 m. W. 
 Salerno. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mlnorles, Holy Trinity, par., Eng., co. London, dist. 
 Whitechapel. P. <5cio. 
 
 Mlnortown, settlement, U.S., Connecticut, New Haven co., 
 21 m. NNW. New Haven. 
 
 Mlnot, tn., U.S., Maine, Androscoggin co., 6 m. NW. 
 Auburn. P. < 1500. 
 
M I N O 
 
 M I R A 
 
 Mlnot, city, U.S., N. Dakota, Ward co., loo m. N. by W. 
 Bismarck. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlnots Ledge, part of the reef called Cohasset Rocks, U.S. , 
 Massachusetts, about 15 m. ESE. Boston, with lighthouse in 
 42° 16' N. , 70° 46' W. , visible 15 m. 
 
 SIluoiv Islands, group of small isls., Madagascar, off the 
 NW. ct. , in about 13 S. 
 
 Nlnqulers, Les, group of reefs or islets in the English Channel, 
 S. of Jersey L ; the chief isl. Minquier is in 48° 54' N. , 2° 18' W. 
 
 Mliish, or Mlncb ( ' stormy sea '), the broad strait which sepa- 
 rates the isl. of Lewis, Hebrides, from the W. ct. of Scot. A 
 contraction of this sound, to the SSW. , is called the Little M., 
 and separates the middle portion of the Outer Hebrides from 
 the isl. of Skye. Mean breadth about 30 m. 
 
 Mliisbat, El, or Mensliye, tn., Upper Egypt, prov. and 12 
 m. NW. Girge, on 1. bk. of Nile, with extensive remains of the 
 ancient town. P. 8000. 
 
 Sllnslinll Cburcli, par., Eng. , Cheshire, Nantwich dist. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Mlnstanll Yemon, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 4^ 
 m. NW. Crewe, on the L. & NW. R. , and riv. Weaver. P. < 
 500. See Lelgbton. 
 
 Minsk, govt. , W. Russia, has Vilna, Vitebsk, and Moghilev 
 on the N. and E. , Chernigov, Kiev, Volhynia, and Grodno on S. 
 and W. Hilly in N W. , where a range, separating the Niemen 
 from the Dnieper, runs NE. , reaching 800-1000 ft. (Lysaya 
 Gora, 1129 ft.). An undulating plain, 450-600 ft. high; else- 
 where, with twa depressions drained by Berezina and Pripet, 
 which are covered with immense unhealthy marshes and thin 
 forests (Polyesiye, or 'The Woods'), now partially drained. 
 Watered by W. Diina and Vistula, connected by canals with 
 Dnieper. Population mostly White Russians (66 per cent.). 
 Little Russians (5 per cent.), Poles (10 per cent.), and Jews (19 
 per cent.). About 80,000 Lithuanians, 5000 Tatars, and 2500 
 German colonists. Religion, Orthodox Greeks (71 per cent.). 
 Catholics (10 per cent.), Jews (9 per cent.). Soil mostly un- 
 fertile. Agriculture, cattle-breeding, bee-keeping, and especi- 
 ally timber trade and shipping. Divided into nine dists.: 
 Minsk, Bobruisk (first-class fortress), Borisov, Igumen, Mozyr, 
 Nowogr6dek, Pinsk, Ryechitsa, and Slutsk. Area, 35,293 sq. 
 m. P. (1873) 1,183,200; (1892) 1,830,445. 
 
 Minsk, cap. of above govt., on Svisloch, trib. of Berezina, at 
 junction of the Moscow- Warsaw and the Libau-Kharkov Rlys. , 
 465 m. by rail W. of Moscow. P. (1891) 80,100. 
 nUnsklp, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., 
 
 5 m. NNE. Knaresborough, 2 m. SSW. Boroughbridge stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Mlnstead, par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 9 m. W. 
 Southampton, 3 m. W. by N. Lyndhurst Road stn., PMT.O. 
 (Miuestead); 10,246 ac. P. < 1000 ; eccles. par. (M. with Lynd- 
 hurst) P. <25oo. 
 
 Minster, Mynster, Anglo-Saxon ; Miinster, Ger. , ' a monastery.' 
 
 Mlnster,par., Eng. , Cornwall, 5m. N.Camelford; hasvestiges 
 of an old priory. P. <5oo. 
 
 Minster, or Minster In Sheppey, par., Eng., Kent, Isle of 
 Sheppey, i\ m. SE. by E. Sheerness ; has a gatehouse belong- 
 ing to a nunnery founded in the 7th century, destroyed by the 
 Danes, and restored in the 12th century. Minster Abbey church, 
 one of the earliest Saxon churches, stands nearly on the highest 
 ground in Sheppey, and is a notable landmark. P. O. 8002 ac. 
 P. 16,100. 
 
 Minster, or Minster In Thanet, par., Eng., Kent, Isle of 
 Thanet div. , 4 m. W. Ramsgate, with a stn. (M. Jane.) on the 
 SE. R. The seat of a nunnery founded in the 7th century by 
 Egbert, the fourth Christian king of Kent, destroyed by the 
 Danes in the nth century. PMT.O. 5388 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Minster, vil. , U.S. , Ohio, Auglaize co. , 100 m. SSW. Toledo, 
 on the Miami Canal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlnsterley, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 9 m. SW. by 
 W. Shrewsbury, on a branch line belonging to the G. W. and L. 
 
 6 N W. Rlys. ; has mines of barytes, zinc and lead ore, and calc- 
 spar. PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Minster Lorell, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 8i m. 
 WSW. Woodstock, 2 m. WNW. Witney, P.O. (M. Lovel). 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Mlnsterworth,par. , Eng. , Gloucester, Tewkesbury div. , 3^ m. 
 W. byS. Gloucester, \\m. E. Oakle Street stn., PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Minster Yard -with Beddern, par. , Eng. , York city. P. < 500. 
 
 Mint, riv. , Eng. , Westmorland, Kendal div. , trib. of the Kent, 
 which it joins on the 1. bk. i m. above Kendal. 
 
 Mlntaro, postal-tp., S. Australia, Stanley co., 70 m. N. by E. 
 Adelaide, on the Great Northern Line. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlnterbnrn, electoral div. , Ire. , Tyrone, dist. Ballymagran. 
 
 Mlnterne Magna, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., on the 
 Cerne, 8 m. S. by E. Sherborne, 4 m. E. Evershot stn., P.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Mlnterton, formerly Grasstree, ct. vil., Queensland, Carlisle 
 CO., with gold deposits in felspathic kaolin dykes, 25 m. S. 
 Mackay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlntlaghs, par. , Ire. , co. Donegal. See Barr of Inch. 
 
 Minting, par. , Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 13 m. 
 SW. Louth, 5 m. NW. by W. Horncastle, 3^ m. E. by S. 
 Kingthorpe stn. P. < 500. 
 
 Mlntlaw, vil., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 8J m. W. by N. 
 Peterhead, on the G. N. of S. R., PM.O., and PMT.O. (M. 
 Station). P. <5oo. 
 
 Mlntlyn, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 2J m. E. by S. 
 King's Lynn, i m. NW. Middleton stn. P. <250. 
 
 Mill to, par., Scot., Roxburghshire, 5 m. W. by S. Jedburgh, 
 \\ m. E. by S. Hassendean stn., P.O.; 5601 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Mlnto, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Walsh co., 46 m. S. by W. 
 Pembina. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlnto, CO., W. Australia, S. of 32° S., to the W. of 118° E. 
 
 Mlnto Island, Pacific, forms, with Bedford and Melbourne 
 Is. , a group of the Tuamotu Archipelago, and was discovered 
 by Lord E. Russell in 1837 ; lat. 21 23' S. , long. 136° 32' W. 
 
 Mlnturno, ancient Minturnce, until lately Traetto, tn., 
 Italy, prov. Caserta, 9 m. ENE. Gaeta. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Mlnty, or Mlnety, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 
 7 m. S. by W. Cirencester, with a stn. (Mlnety) on the G. W. R. , 
 P.O. (Mlnety). P. < 1000. 
 
 Mint Yard, par., Eng. , co. and city of York. P. <25o. 
 
 Mluncclano, vil. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Massa e Carrara, 8 
 m. NE. by E. Carrara. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mlnndle, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Cumberland, 
 24 m. SW. Amherst, at head of Bay of Fundy. 
 
 Mlnnslnsk, dist. tn. of E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, 328 m. 
 S. of Krasnoyarsk, near the Yenisei ; situated amidst fertile 
 prairies. P. 5850. 
 
 Mlnwere, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 6 m. ESE. Haver- 
 fordwest. P. < 250. See Slebech. 
 
 Mln>¥orth, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Tamworth div. ,6m. NE. 
 by E. Birmingham , i m. N W. Water Orton stn. , PM. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Mlnye, Upper Egypt. See Mlnle. 
 
 Mlnyeh, site, Palestine, perhaps the Minnith of the O. T., 
 31° 40' N. , 35° 39' E. , 12^ m. SW. of the ancient Heshbon. 
 
 Mlnylp, post-tn. , Victoria, co. Borung, 105 m. NW. Ballarat. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mln-yol, tn. , Turkistan. See Mlngyol. 
 
 Mloko, small isl. , off the S. ct. of Neu-Lauenburg (Duke of 
 York I.), Bismarck Archipelago, in 4° 12' S. , 152° 27' E. 
 
 Mlosen, or MJoseu, the largest lake of Norway, dioceses 
 Hamar and Christiania, between amts Hedemarken and 
 Christians, the S. end in that of Akershus. It receives the 
 Lougen R. , and discharges its surplus waters S. by the Vermen 
 into the Glommen. Length, 55 m. ; greatest breadth, 12 m.; 
 area, 150 sq. m. ; alt. of surface, 419 ft. ; depth, 580-1480 ft. 
 
 Mliis-Yand, or MJosvand, lake, Norway, in govt. Bratsberg. 
 Length, 20 m. ; breadth, i m. 
 
 Mlqn^lon, isl., off the S. ct. of Newfoundland, N. Atlantic, 
 forming with the adjacent isl. of St. Pierre a colony belonging 
 to France, with an area of 81 sq. m. Great M. is in 47° 4' N., 
 56° 20' W. , and immediately S. of it is Little M., Langley, or 
 Langlade, connected with Great M. by an isthmus of sand, only 
 about 200 yards wide at its narrowest part. Fishing is almost 
 the sole occupation of its inhabitants. See St. Pierre. 
 
 Mir, Slavonic, 'peace.' 
 
 Mlra, bay and riv. , Canada. See Mlr^. 
 
 Mlra, riv., in N. of Ecuador, flows first N. past Ibarra, then 
 NW. partly on the frontier of Colombia, 16 m. above its mouth, 
 it divides into two arms around a delta of 193 sq. m. ; navigable 
 for steamers 28 m. ; length about 186 m. 
 
 Mlra, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 9 m. W. Venice. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mlra, tn. , Portugal, Beira Mar., dist. and 22 m. NW. 
 Coimbra. P. 6400. 
 
 Mlrabella, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 13 m. SE. 
 by E. Benevento. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mlrahella Imhaccarl, tn. , Sicily, prov. Catania, 6 m. NW. 
 Caltagirone. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mlrabello, or Mlrahella, large bay on N. ct. of Crete, in 
 25° 44'-26° E. 
 
 Mlrabello Montferrato, tn., NW. Italy, Piedmont, prov. 
 Alessandria, 9 m. SSE. Casale. P. <:4000. 
 
 Mlradolo, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 12 m. ESE. 
 Pavia. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Mlrador, place with meteorological stn. , Mexico, dep. Vera 
 Cruz, in 19° 15' N., 96° 40' W. Alt. 3600 ft. Rfall. (12 yrs.), 
 83.86 in. 
 
 Mlraflores, tn. , Colombia, state Boyaca, 25 m. NE. Guateque. 
 P. 12,000. 
 
 Mlraflores, vil. , Peru, dep. , prov. , and 4 m. S. Lima, i m. 
 from the coast of the bay of M. ; contains many country resi- 
 dences, and is a bathing-place and seaside resort. 
 
 Mirage, settlement, U.S., Nevada, Churchill co., 65 m. NE. 
 Carson City, on the Central Pacific Railroad. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlragoane, vil., isl., and republic, Haiti, on the N. ct. of 
 the S. penin., 50 m. W. by S. Port-au-Prince, in 73° 5' W. 
 
 Mlr&J, tn. , India, Bombay, M. state, 70 m. W. Bijdpur, near 
 the Kistna R.; residence of the chief. P. (1872) 22,500; (1891) 
 26,100. 
 
 1018 
 
M I R A — M I S S 
 
 Miramare (' sea-view '), imperial palace, Austria, on the Gulf 
 of, in the terr. of, and 6 m. NNW. Trieste. Belonged to Maxi- 
 milian, the unfortunate Emperor of Mexico, brother of the 
 Emperor of Austria ; now thrown open to the public, and a 
 favourite pleasure resort. 
 
 nUrambean, tn. , France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, 25 m. 
 SW. by S. Cognac, arr. and 10 m. SW. by W. Jonzac. P. <2Qoo. 
 
 Hlrambel, comm., Spain, prov. Teruel, 50 m. WSW. 
 Tortosa. P. < 2000. 
 
 BUramlchl (-shi'), port of entry, Canada. See Ctaatbam. 
 
 Hiramlchi (Indian, ' happy retreat '), a large bay, Canada, 
 in the E. of New Brunswick, an inlet of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 in 47° 10' N. , 65° W. It receives the IHiramlcIil R. from the 
 SW., and the Uttle HlramlcU R. from the W. Fox and 
 Portage Is. are opposite its mouth. See also Chatham. 
 
 Miranda, riv. , Brazil. See Mondego. 
 
 Miranda, comm., Spain, Asturias, prov. and 19 m. WSW. 
 Oviedo, dist. Belmonte. P. 7500. 
 
 Miranda, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., go. Manukau, 
 13 m. from Thames. P. < 1500. 
 
 Miranda, formerly Guzman Blanco, state, Venezuela, on 
 the N. ct. , crossed by 66" W. ; cap. Ciu^a. 
 
 Miranda de Ebro, tn., N. Spain, on r. bk. of Ebro, prov. 
 and 44 m. NE. Burgos, dist. M. de Ebro. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Miranda do Corro, tn., Portugal, Beira, dist. and 10 m. 
 SE. Coimbra. P. 5900. 
 
 Mlrande, tn., France, dep. Gers, cap. arr. M., on the Grande 
 Bayse, 34 m. NNE. Bagneres-de-Bigorre ; has important horse- 
 fairs. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mlrandella, tn., Portugal, Traz-os-Montes, 31 m. SW. 
 Bragan9a. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Mlrandola, viL, Italy, Emilia, prov. and 17 m. NI^fE. 
 Modena. P. 3000. 
 
 Mlrano, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 11 m. WNW. Venice. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Mirilnpnr, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Muzaffar- 
 nagar, 23 m. NE. by N. Meerut. P. 7100; Hindus, 4200; 
 Moham. 2900. 
 
 Mir&npnr Katra, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 18 
 m. NW. Shdhjahanpur, with a stn. on the Oudh and Rohilk- 
 hand Rly. P. 6200 ; Hindus, 3500 ; Moham. 2700. 
 
 Mlranzal, tribe, Afghanistan. See Hangu BlTer. 
 
 Mlrat, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Elbasan', on the 
 Shkumbi, 43 m. ESE. Durazzo. 
 
 Mlravalleg, volcano, Costa Rica, 75 m. NW. by W. San 
 Jos6. Alt. 4860 ft. 
 
 Mlrtrao, North, postal-tp., Victoria, Buln Buln co., 53 m. 
 WSW. Sale ; has coal-mining. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlrdltes, Christian tribe, Turkey in Europe, Upper Albania, 
 vilayet and sanjak Skutari (Skodra), in the mountains S. of the 
 Drin. P. estimated to number 22,000. 
 
 Mlr^ (or Mlra) Bay, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I. , 
 on the E. ct. , in 46°-46° lo' N. Mlr^ R. is rather a narrow 
 continuation of the bay south-westwards than a river prop>er. 
 
 Mirebalals, tn., W. Indies, republic of Haiti, 29 m. NE. 
 Port-au-Prince, on 1. bk. of the Artibonite. P. 25,000. 
 
 Mlrebeau-en-Polton, tn. , France, dep. Vienne, arr. and 16 
 m. NNW. Poitiers. P. <30oo. 
 
 Mlrecoort,- tn. , France, dep. Vosges, cap. arr. M., on the 
 Madon, 27 m. S. Nancy. Alt. 974 ft. Mean temp., yr. 48.8° 
 F., Jan. 33.6°, July 65.4 . P. < 5000. 
 
 Mlrek, tn., Turkish Armenia, 163 m. WNW. Tabriz, near 
 the E. side of Lake Van. 
 
 Nirelleft, anchorage, Africa, W. ct. of Morocco, in 29° 30' N. 
 
 Mlrepolx, tn., France, dep. Ari^ge, arr. Pamiers, on the 
 Hers, 26 m. W. by S. Carcassonne ; has a large hospital, a 
 town hall, and an ancient cathedral to St. Maurice (isth and 
 x6th centuries), and manufactures of woollens and cottons. P. 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Mirfleld, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Morley 
 div., 8 m. ESE. Halifax, i^ m. SW. by W. Dewsbury stn., on 
 the L. & NW. R., with manufactures of woollen cloths, carpets, 
 and blankets. Par. P. 16,800; tn. P. 11,700. 
 
 Mlrgorod, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 90 m. N W. Poltava ; 
 important centre of Cossack life in 17th century. P. 12,800. 
 
 Mlrl, or Makrl, vil. , Turkey in Europe, on the .(Egean Sea, 
 8 m. W. by N. Dede-Agach, and 16 m. NW. of the mouth of 
 the Maritza R. 
 
 Mirlbel, tn., France, on the S. border of dep. Ain, arr. Tr^- 
 voux, on r. bk. of the Rhone, 7 m. NE. by E. Lyons. P. <3000. 
 Mlrik, headland, W. Africa, on the Atlantic, in 19° 29' N. 
 Mlrlm, Lagoa, in Spanish Lagnna Merin, lagoon, Brazil, 
 between Urugfuay, W. , and the narrow prolongation of the state 
 of Rio Grande do Sul, which contains the narrow lagoon of 
 Mangueira. Its shores are low and marshy ; drained N. into 
 the Lagoa dos Patos by the Sao Gon9alo ; active fishery. 
 Length, 93 m. 
 
 Mlrkllsarlll, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Nodkhdli, in 22° 46' 
 N., 91° 37' E. P. (i88i)<sooo. 
 Mlroschan, vil., Bohemia, 13 m. ESE. Pilsen. P. <3ooo. 
 1014 
 
 Mirotltz, comm., Bohemia, 28 m. W. Tabor. P. <200o. 
 
 MlroM'ltz, comm. , Bohemia, 29 m. W. by N. Tabor. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mlrpnr Batoro, municip., Brit. India, Sind, dist. Karichf, 
 47 m. S. by W. Haidarabad. P. (i88i)<4ooo. 
 
 MirzApur, municip., Brit. India, NW. Provs., cap. dist. M., 
 on r. bk. of the Ganges, 30 m. WSW. Benares. P. (1872) 
 67,300; (1891)84,100; Hindus, 71,100; Moham. 12,600. 
 
 Mirza Snsa, tn., Tripoli. See Marza Snsa. 
 
 Mlsadngu, or Mnsardn, tn., western Sudan, in about 8° 25' 
 N. , 8° 20' W. 
 
 Mlsa-hohe, inland stn., German W. Africa, Togo-land, about 
 83 m. N. of the mouth of the Volta, in a healthy situation 
 five days' journey from the coast. Alt. 1475 ft. 
 
 Mlsakl, vil., Japan, on W. side of penin. at mouth of Tokyo 
 Bay, 18 m. S. Yokohama, with marine biological laboratory 
 connected with the Science College of the Imperial University. 
 
 Mlsantla, vil. , Mexico, state Vera Cruz, 35 m. NE. Jalapa, 
 on an isolated plateau, with ruins of an ancient city comprising 
 a pyramid and walls. P. (comm.) 5000. 
 
 Mlsbonrn, small stream, Eng., in the S. of Buckinghamshire, 
 flows SSE. past Amersham to the Colne. 
 
 Mlsbnrg, vil., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 4^ m. E. Hanover, 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Mlschabelhorner, mt. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 1. 
 
 Mlscoae, vil. , Mexico, 5 m. SW. by S. Mexico. 
 
 Mlscon Island, Canada, New Brunswick, Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence, at the mouth of Chaleur Bay. Mlscon Point, cape at 
 its N. end, with three lighthouses, one in 48° i' N., 64° 29 W., 
 visible 12 m. ' 
 
 Mlsda, or Mlzda, vil., Tripoli, no m. S. of Tripoli, at the 
 bifurcation of the caravan route to Murzuk. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mlsdroy, vil. and seaside resort, Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 
 circle Usedom-WoUin, isl. ofWolIin, 7J m. E. Swinemlinde. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Mlse'no, Capo, cape, Italy, in the W., at the N. of the 
 mouth of the Bay of Naples, in 40° 48' N. 
 
 Miserden, par. , Eng. , Gloucester, div. and 5^ m. NE. Stroud, 
 6h m. NW. Cirencester, P.O. (Miserdine). P. <5oo. 
 
 'Misha Mokwa, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Buffalo co., 10 m. N. 
 by E. Wabasha (Minn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlshanm Point, cape, U.S., on the S. ct. of Massachusetts, 
 in 70° 57' W. 
 
 Hlshawaka (mish'a-waw'ka, tn., U.S., Indiana, St. Joseph 
 CO., 72 m. E. by S. Chicago (111.). P. < 4000. 
 
 Mlshmi Hills, tract on E. frontier of Assam, extending to 
 Tibet from 27° 40' to 28° 40' N. and 96° to 97° 30' E. ; occupied by 
 the Mishmfe, a tribe leading a pastoral life, but who are all keen 
 traders. The interior was first visited by Captain Wilcox in 1827. 
 
 Mlsllmeri, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 8 m. SE. Palermo. P. 10,200. 
 
 Mlslnia, isl. , Pacific. See Lonlsiade Archipelago. 
 
 Mlsio'nes, terr. or govt, of the Argentine Republic, between 
 the Parana and Uruguay Rivs., and NE. of Corrientes ; the 
 NE. boundary, long in dispute with Brazil, is formed by the rivs. 
 San Antonio-guazii (or Jangada) and Piquiri-guazu (or Chap^co). 
 Surface diversified; a central sierra runs SW. and NE. , giving 
 off numerous spurs, between which are wide valleys and con- 
 siderable plains, watered by tribs. of the Parand and Uruguay. 
 The country affords abundant pasturage, is well wooded, and 
 exceedingly fertile ; productions similar to those of the neigh- 
 bouring regions. Minerals appear to be abundant in the hills, 
 and copper-mines are known to have been worked by the Jesuits. 
 M. formed part of Corrientes till 1888. See Mislones, also 
 Argentine Republic, table. 
 
 Mislones, region of S. America in which the Jesuit mission- 
 aries, previous to the suppression of their order in 1767, founded 
 numerous establishments of converted Indians. The region now 
 forms the greater portion of Paraguay and parts of Brazil and 
 La Plata. 
 
 MislTria, ancient Alesetnbria, fortified tn. and seapt., 
 Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. and 17 m. NE. Burgas, on 
 the coast. P. 3000, mostly Greeks. 
 
 Mlskln, P.O., Wales, 2 m. from Pontyclun, Glamorgan- 
 shire. 
 
 Miskolcz, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, cap. prov. Borsod, 
 24 m. NE. Erlau. P. (1850) 16,400; (1869) 21,200; (1890) 
 30,400. 
 
 Misnial, ruins, Asiatic Turkey, 14 m. SE. Bagdad. 
 
 Misnia. See Meissen. 
 
 Misool, Mysole, Mesowal, or Tl'algamme, isl. , to the W. 
 of New Guinea, and N. of Serang (Ceram), in 130° E. Area 
 about 670 sq. m. P. estimated at about 4000. 
 
 Misox-tiial, valley, Switzd. See Mesocco. 
 
 Mlsratah, Masratn, or Mesnrata, tn., Tripoli, on the N. 
 ct., 118 m. E. by S. Tripoli ; noted for its carpets. In the i6th 
 century it was a wealthy town, from which most of the caravans 
 to Fezzan started. P. about 8000. 
 
 Misrephoth Maim, place named in O. T. See Surafend. 
 
 Misrikh, one of the most ancient towns in Oudh, India, dist. 
 and 13 m. S. by W. Sftipur. P. (i88i)<3000. 
 
 Ml8», tn. , Victoria. See Kooroocheang. 
 
MlSS-r MISS 
 
 IHissauable, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 
 675 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Mlssaa'kee, co. , U.S., Michigan, N. of 44° N. , and crossed 
 by 85° W. 
 
 Mlssenden, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng. , 
 Buckinghamshire. Great M., div. and 9 m. SE. by S. Ayles- 
 bury, on Aylesbury line of the Metropolitan Rly., PMT.O., 5819 
 ac, P. < 2500; Little M. , P.O., P. < 1500. 
 
 nUssergln, tn. , Africa, Algeria, prov. and 8 m. SW. Oran, 
 near N. shore of the g^eat salt lake of Oran ; station on railway 
 between Oran and Tlemsen. P. 2300 ; comm. P. 4500. 
 
 Mlssinalbi, or Mlsslniilbl, lake and riv. See Moose, riv. 
 
 Mlsslunippl, riv., Canada. See Churclilll. 
 
 Mission, stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. P. R., 
 and Eraser R., 1439 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 43 m. from 
 Vancouver. 
 
 Missis, the ancient Mopsuestia, Mamistra of the Crusaders, 
 tn., in the SE. of Asia Minor, on the Jihun, vilayet, sanjak, and 
 17 m. E. Adana. P. 2000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Misslsqnoi, bay, Canada, Quebec, the head of an arm of 
 Lake Champlain, in that county. 
 
 Misslsqaoi, co. , Canada, Quebec, bounded S. by Vermont 
 (U.S.), crossed by 73° W. 
 
 Misslsqnoi, riv., U.S., Vermont, in the NW. ; it rises in the 
 SW. of Orleans co. , and flows N. , then on the whole W. , partly 
 through Quebec to Lake Champlain, which it enters in 45° N. 
 
 Mississippi, lake, Canada, Ontario, drained by the riv. 
 Mississippi into the riv. Ottawa. 
 
 Mississippi, riv. , Canada, Ontario, flows E. then N. into the 
 riv. Ottawa 25 m. W. of the city of Ottawa. 
 
 Mississippi, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Frontenac co., 48 m. N. 
 by W. Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mississippi ('Meche Sabe,' or ' Miche Sepe," i.e., 'The Great 
 Water '), the most important river of N. America, and, with the 
 Missouri, its principal affluent, the longest in the world ; rises 
 in the state of Minnesota, in a region covered with swamps and 
 lakes, on the dividing ridge between the Red River of the North 
 and the streams that flow southward, in 47° 14' N., 95° 12' W., 
 1558 ft. above the level of the sea, and 2553 m. from Gulf of 
 Mexico. Of the many streams which unite to form Lake Itasca, 
 commonly regarded as the source of the M. , the principal is 
 Nicollet's Infant Mississippi. From Lake Itasca, 1457 ft. above 
 the sea, it flows a few miles N. and NE., then, assuming a 
 southern course, it winds tortuously through the terr. of the 
 U.S. to the Gulf of Mexico, which it enters at 29° N. Having 
 thus rolled its vast volume through more than 18° of lat., and 
 separated the states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, 
 and Mississippi, on its 1. or E. bank, from the states of Minne- 
 sota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana on the W., it is 
 discharged into the gulf through a great delta formed of several 
 arms, traversed by channels as 'passes,' of which the longest 
 stretches for upwards of 60 m. into the sea. The M. receives many 
 important tribs. , the chief of which are, on the E. , Wisconsin, 
 Illinois, Ohio (1152 m. from its mouth), and Yazoo ; from the 
 W., Minnesota, Des Moines, Missouri (1286 from the mouth), 
 Francis, White, Arkansas, and the Red Rivs. The river is natu- 
 rally viewed under two heads, the upper M. above the influx of 
 the Missouri, and the main M. below that junction. The former 
 is not so large as the Missouri, but having been first explored, it 
 received and retains the name of the M. Its waters are remark- 
 ably clear, but after commingling with those of the Missouri they 
 become exceedingly turbid [Missouri]. The chief cities on 
 the banks of the upper river are : St. Paul, La Crosse, Prairie 
 du Chien, Dubuque, Muscatine, Burlington, Quincy, and Han- 
 nibal ; and on the main river, St. Louis, Cairo, Memphis, Vicks- 
 burg, Natchez, Baton-Rouge, and New Orleans. The descent 
 of the M. from its source to its mouth averages over 7^ in. per 
 mile, that of the main stream being less than 3 in. per mile. In the 
 upper part of its course it forms several cataracts, the principal 
 of which are the Peckagama, 209 m. from the source, 176 m. 
 above falls of St. Anthony, where it descends 20 ft. in 300 yds. ; 
 the Little Falls, 10 ft.; the Big Falls, 16 ft., consisting of a 
 series of breaks and shoots extending over 800 yds. ; the Prairie 
 Rapids, six in number, which have a descent of about 20 ft. in 
 5 m. ; and lastly, the Falls of St. Anthony, 392 m. from the 
 source, descend 80 ft. in less than three-fourths of a mile, con- 
 sisting of one leap of 16 ft., and rapids above and below. The 
 elevations of the various points on the river are : Lake Itasca, 
 1457 ft.; Falls of St. Anthony, 721 ft.; Prairie du Chien, 597 ft.; 
 mouth of the Missouri, 416 ft. at high water ; mouth of Ohio, 
 322 ft. ; Memphis, 218 ft. ; Natchez, 63 ft. ; Baton- Rouge, 35 ft. ; 
 and New Orleans, 15 ft. The width varies from 50 ft. at' Lake 
 Itasca, 1200 ft. at St. Paul, to 5000 ft. at mouth of Missouri, 
 decreasing gradually to 2470 ft. below New Orleans ; its average 
 depth below the Ohio ranges from 90 to 120 ft. The mean 
 discharge of water is 675,000 cubic ft. per second, by which 
 3,627,200,000 tons of sedimentary matter are yearly transported 
 to the gulf in a state of suspension, constituting i sq. m. of 
 deposit 241 ft. in depth. Besides this amount, it pushes into the 
 sea large quantities of earthy matter, probably amounting to 
 
 750,000,000 cubic ft. annually. The vast region of the M. 
 basin is of almost unexampled fertility. The M. is extremely 
 winding in its course, sometimes a bend of 30 m. will occur 
 where the distance across the neck does not exceed a mile. The 
 character of the trade on the upper and lower M. is different. 
 Above St. Louis it is mainly distributive, below that point the 
 through grain trade is now the most important. Although since 
 the opening of railways, especially from about i860, much of 
 the traffic has been diverted from the M., the river is still of 
 great importance as a commercial route. During the navigation 
 season of eight months in the upper section the river carries 
 more freight than any of the three great trunk railways for the 
 whole year. Below St. Louis, navigation is interrupted by ice 
 for, on an average, about 33 days in the year. Owing to im- 
 provement in navigability of the lower river an important 
 foreign trade has been developed, grain being shipped at St. 
 Louis by sea-going vessels. This improvement is due to the 
 construction at the mouth of the river of Eads's jetties — named 
 after the engineer by whom they were designed. The jetties 
 extend on the E. and W. sides of South Pass for 2^ and i^ m. 
 respectively. The foundations consist of willow mattresses 
 weighted with stone, on which are built walls of concrete. The 
 work was commenced in 1875, and completed in 1879 at a cost 
 of over ;^i,ooo,ooo. The continuous deepening of the channel 
 between the jetties is shown by the following figures : — in 1875, 
 minimum depth, 10.2 ft.; 1876, 21 ft.; 1879, 27 ft. ; 1883, 30.2ft. 
 Beyond the jetties the channel has a central depth of 30 ft.; 
 width, 60 ft.; and depth of 26 ft. in a width of 210 ft. The M. 
 was discovered, according to Mr. Justin Winsor, by Peneida in 
 1519, about a century before its discovery by Joliet, who in the 
 opinion of the same writer, following Parkman, saw the river 
 below La Salle. The alluvial lands of the M. cover an area of 
 over 41,000 sq. m., the delta proper occupying about 15,000 sq. 
 m. ; the depth of the alluvium is estimated at 1000 ft. It is a 
 remarkable feature of the M. that, flowing from N. to S. , it has 
 such a variety of climate, and consequently of productions, in 
 the different parts of its basin, from the furs and cereal grains of 
 the N. to the almost tropical growths of the, S. As spring 
 advances from the S. it releases in succession the snows of the 
 lower and of the upper valley, and finally the remote sources. 
 The annual swell of the waters is in consequence gradual and 
 long-continued, commencing usually about the end of February, 
 and continuing till June i, when the waters again subside. In 
 some seasons the waters do not rise above the embankments, 
 and in others the entire lower valley is submerged, and often 
 great destruction of property occasioned. The area subject to 
 inundation, unless protected by embankments called ' levies,' is 
 estimated at nearly 30,000 sq. m. It includes portions of seven 
 states. During the 19th century notable floods occurred in the 
 following years : — 1828, when the St. Francis, Yazoo, and Tensas 
 valleys were inundated ; 1844, felt most severely in the trib. 
 valleys above Red R. ; 1850, the Bonnet Carre crevasse, 7000 ft. 
 wide, was formed ; 1858, Cairo was inundated, and miles of lev6e 
 washed away ; 1862, one of the greatest floods known ; 1867, the 
 Atchafalaya basin and Teche country deeply flooded ; 1870, the 
 Red R. rose 23 ft. at Alexandria, and the overflow by the Bonnet 
 Carre crevasse suddenly raised Lake Pontchartrain 2 ft. ; 1882, 
 one of the most widespread and destructive floods, lasted alto- 
 gether about five months, the area inundated being estimated 
 at 22,000 sq. m., and the number of sufferers at 43,000 ; 1890, 
 the M. valley S. of the Arkansas R. was extensively inundated 
 owing to numerous breaks (crevasses) in the levies. The length 
 of levies previous to 1882 was, r. bk. 469 m., 1. bk. 522 m. 
 Since then the lev^e systems in Louisiana and M. have been 
 practically completed. The greatest difficulty encountered is 
 caused by the frequent changes in the course of the river, and 
 consequent caving in of the banks. The cost of the levies in 
 Louisianaalone from 1866 to 1887 amounted to over j^6, 000, 000. A 
 scheme for preventing the M. flood by the storage of the surplus 
 waters in the Missouri basin has been proposed by Major Powell 
 of the U.S. Geological Survey. The lower M. is unable to keep 
 its channel open owing to the excess of sediment carried (about 
 5^V^ of its volume), and this is mainly supplied by the Missouri. 
 The diversion of these surplus waters would allow the M. to clear 
 its channel, while at the same time the diverted waters could be 
 applied to the fertilisation of arid tracts. The M. is crossed 
 above St. Louis by some eighteen railway drawbridges, and a 
 high bridge at Dubuque. The St. Louis bridge was long the 
 lowest on the river, but there is now one across the stream 
 at Memphis, and in 1892 an Act of Congress was passed 
 authorising the construction of a bridge within 5 m. above New 
 Orleans. This bridge will have a central span of about iioo 
 ft., with two side spans of 800 ft. each, and a height above 
 high water of at least 85 ft. The length of the M. is not 
 constant. In the alluvial tract below St. Louis it is always in 
 places increasing its length by enlarging the sweep of its curves, 
 in others reducing its length by breaking the neck separating 
 the ends of curves. Within the memory of single individuals it 
 has thus been known to vary in length by as much as 150 m. 
 According to recent data the length of the M, proper is 2616 
 
 1,015 
 
M I S S — M I S T 
 
 m. (length from source of Missouri, 4194 m. , or nearly 800 m. 
 longer than the Amazon, reckoned from the source of the 
 Apurimac) ; total drainage area, 1,238,642 sq. m. , or 41 per cent. 
 of the U.S. area, and equal to more than one-third of Europe. 
 
 9Ii88l88lppl, CO., U.S., Arkansas, bounded on N. by 36° N., 
 and on E. by the Mississippi R. 
 
 Mississippi, CO., U.S., Missouri, on the Mississippi R. , 
 crossed in the N. by 37° N. 
 
 Mississippi, one of the Gulf States of the South Central 
 Group of the United States of America, S. of Tennessee, and 
 bordered on the W. by the Mississippi R., which separates it 
 from Arkansas and partly from Louisiana. M. has 90 m. coast 
 on the Mississippi Sound. Cap. Jackson ; Vicksburg, Natchez 
 {river-ports accessible to sea-going vessels), Brookhaven, Meri- 
 dian, Greenville, and Columbus are other chief towns. M. lies 
 entirely within the broad lowland of the Gulf basin. Maximum 
 elevation, 800 ft. in NE. Surface slopes gently to S. and W. , 
 with steep descents to the bottom lands of Mississippi R. , a low 
 area 90 m. wide at places ; but at Vicksburg and Natchez the 
 bluffs, 200-500 ft. high, overlook the water ; 350 m. of levies 
 protect from floods. The Yazoo Bottom contains 7000 sq. m. of 
 this rich land, and produces cotton, corn, and rice ; if thoroughly 
 protected and drained, it would support a million inhabitants. 
 Besides the Mississippi are the Yazoo and the Pearl ; the Tennes- 
 see touches the NE. corner. Climate nearly sub-tropical, frosts 
 occurring in severe winters even in the S. [Vicksburg]. Fevers 
 prevail in bottom lands. The soil is exceedingly fruitful, except 
 a sandy section in SE. Sixty per cent, of the state is forest land, 
 pine in S. , and oak, hickory, &c. , in hill country, cypress in 
 swamps. M. leads all other states in size of cotton crop, which 
 is produced in the uplands mainly by labour of white men, but 
 in the lowlands by negroes. The second staple is corn, then 
 oats, rice, and wheat. Figs and oranges grow abundantly. 
 Attention is being diverted somewhat from cotton to grazing, 
 and much pork and wool are produced. The number of sepa- 
 rate holdings has nearly tripled since i860, a result of the break- 
 up of the plantation system. The state has little mineral wealth, 
 and manufactiu-es play a minor part, lumber and cotton-seed 
 oil being the chief. Only 42 per cent, of the population are 
 white persons, negroes being in excess. Education is backward, 
 a large part of the illiteracy being incurable through age, and 
 the average attendance of children being but 55 days per year. 
 The university of M. is at University, and there are three other 
 colleges. De Soto crossed M. in 1540 ; in 1716 the French made 
 settlements. The land was ceded to England in 1763. M. 
 became aterr. of the U.S. in 1798, then including Alabama, which 
 made a terr. in 1817 when M. became a state. Area, 46,810 
 sq. m. P. 1,289,600. 
 
 Mississippi Bay, Japan, part of Suruga Bay, S. of Yoko- 
 hama ; good sea-bathing. 
 
 Mississippi Sound, U.S., between the mainland of Missis- 
 sippi and the small islands on the S. 
 
 Mlssivri, seapt. , Black Sea. See Mislvria. 
 
 Missolonglii, tn., Greece. See Mesolonggi. 
 
 Misson, par., Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 9 m. 
 SE. by E. Doncaster, on the Idle R., 2 J m. ENE. Bawtry stn., 
 P.O.; 6173 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Missoula, city, U.S., Montana, M. cc, 90 m. NW. Butte 
 City. P. <40oo. 
 
 Missoula Rirer, settlement, U.S., Montana, M. co., 125 m. 
 SSE. from the NW. corner of the state. 
 
 Missouri (misu'ri) one of the United States of America, N. 
 Central Group, on the W. of the Mississippi R. , which separates 
 it from Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee. The Missouri R. 
 crosses the state and also forms part of the W. boundary, ad- 
 joining Nebraska and Kansas. To the N. of the Missouri R. 
 the surface is rolling, with deeply cut valleys, prairie land to the 
 W. , but with forests in the E. The area S. of the Missouri is 
 crossed from NE. to SW. by the low, well- wooded Ozark Mts. 
 (Cassville, in Barry co. , 3000 ft.), W. of which is prairie land, 
 and E. fertile lowlands and swamps, protected by levies from 
 the floods of the Mississippi from Cape Girardeau southward 
 (elevation 300 ft.). The latter section was much affected by 
 a prolonged series of seismic disturbances in 1811-12. The 
 Mississippi and Missouri each affords about 400 m. navigation, 
 and the Osage, Gasconade, White, St. Francis, and Big Black 
 shorter stretches. Other streams are the Chariton and Grand. 
 The climate is one of extremes, with a tendency to affect the 
 respiratory organs [St. Louis, and cf. Omalia, Nebraska, and 
 Leavenworth ( Kansas)]. The rainfall decreases rapidly towards 
 the W. In the S. it is warm enough to allow the growth of 
 cotton. The great staple is maize, of which nearly 200,000,000 
 bushels are produced annually. Oats, wheat, potatoes, tobacco, 
 wool, wine, fruit, hemp, and sorghum are also grown. Much 
 of the maize is given to swine, and these, with cattle and sheep, 
 form the basis for the packing industry in various cities. M. 
 and Texas lead in the number of mules bred. M. has im- 
 portant deposits of iron ore (red and brown hematite, and 
 magnetite of high grade). In Iron Mt. , about 70 m. SW. St. 
 Louis, the ores contain from 61 per cent, to 68 per cent, of iron, 
 1016 
 
 with only from .004 per cent, to .148 per cent, of phosphorus. 
 Pilot Knob and Shepherd Mt. have also very rich ores. The 
 amount of ore mined, principally hematites, and the production 
 of pig iron, have decreased in recent years, the easier shipment 
 of Lake Superior ores to Pennsylvania, the inferior quality of 
 Missouri coal, and the development of the southern iron in- 
 dustry furnishing the explanation. The coalfields of the state 
 have an area of about 27,000 sq. m., and yield from two to 
 three million tons of bituminous coal, chiefly in Bates, Lafayette, 
 Roy, Randolph, and Macon cos. In SW. Missouri and SE. 
 Kansas is the most important zinc region in the United States, 
 yielding in 1892 156,000 tons of zinc ore, and 24,000 tons of lead 
 ore. In M. 16,000 tons of spelter were made, and also three- 
 fourths the non-argentiferous lead of the country. Copper-mines 
 have closed since the great developments near Lake Superior. 
 Other mineral products are nickel, grindstones, and glass sand. 
 The principal manufactures are flour, packed meat, tobacco, 
 timber, liquors, iron, steel, sugar, saddlery, boots and shoes, 
 paints, &c. The cap. is Jefferson City ; other chief towns, St. 
 Louis, Kansas City, St. Joseph, Springfield, Sedalia, Hannibal, 
 Joplin. The population is largely native white, the small number 
 of foreign-born and of negroes showing a decrease since 1880. The 
 public school system is steadily improving. Higher education is 
 offered at the university of M. , at Columbia, and by nineteen 
 other colleges. Frenchmen settled at St. Genevieve in 1755. In 
 1803 the region was ceded to the United States of America as 
 Louisiana. The terr. M. was created in 1812, the state in 1821 
 (Missouri Compromise). Area, 69,415 sq. m. P. 2,679,184. 
 
 Missouri [i.e., ' mud river'), the longest trib. of the Missis- 
 sippi R. , N. America, rises among the Rocky Mts. in Wyoming 
 and Montana, 44j°-45° N. and iioJ°-iii° W. , very close to 
 the headwaters of the Snake, a trib. of the Columbia R. , which 
 flows W. to the Pacific. Its course is first N. and E. for 
 460 m., when it enters the Dakotas, which it traverses first E. 
 and then S. and SE. ; next it separates the states of Nebraska 
 and Kansas on the W. from Iowa and Missouri on the E. ; 
 the last named it traverses SE. by E. , and joins the Mississippi 
 near St. Louis, at an elevation of 416 ft. above the sea, and 1286 
 m. from the Gulf of Mexico. It receives no very important 
 affluent on its 1. bk. ; the principal are Marias, Milk, James, or 
 Dakota, and Big Sioux Rivs. On the r. bk. are the Madison and 
 Gallatin Forks from the Yellowstone National Park (Wyoming), 
 which at Gallatin, in Montana, unite with the Jefferson Fork, 
 these three being the headwaters of the M. ; the remaining r. 
 bk. tribs. are the Yellowstone, Little Missouri, and Cheyenne. 
 White, Niobrara, Nebraslta, or Platte R., Kansas, from the 
 state of the same name, and Osage, in Missouri. Above the 
 Marias R. , and 411 m. from the source of the Missouri, the 
 river is compressed to p. width of 150 yards for a distance of 
 nearly 6 m. by precipices which rise from the water's edge to 
 a height of 1200 ft. This wild gorge is called the ' Gate of the 
 Rocky Mountains.' About no m. below this occur the Great 
 Falls, where the river is precipitated over four ledges, one of 
 which is 87 ft. in height, and the others respectively 19, 47, 
 and 26 ft., with rapids 3 to 18 ft. in descent. These falls 
 are considered among the grandest in N. America. On the 
 banks of the M. stand Jefferson City, Kansas City, Omaha, 
 Sioux City, Yankton, Pierre, and Bismarck. The breadth 
 varies from 1500 ft. below the Great Falls to 2500 ft. at 
 Sioux City, and 3000 ft. at the mouth. Its course throughout 
 is rapid and its waters turbid, but no serious obstacle is pre- 
 sented to navigation up to the Great Falls, a distance of 2575 
 m. from the mouth of the Mississippi. The heights of various 
 point son the river are : the junction of the Three Forks, 4319 ft. ; 
 Great Falls, 3295 ft. ; Sioux City, 1076 ft. ; and at mouth, 416 ft. 
 Above the junction of the Niobrara R. the M. flows through a 
 region in which comparatively little rain falls, in consequence of 
 which the volume of the river is disproportionately small when 
 the drainage area is considered. Its mean discharge of water 
 per second is 120,000 cubic ft. The length of the river is stated 
 at 2908 m., which, added to the lower Mississippi, gives a total 
 of 4194 m. Area of basin, 518,000 sq. m. [Mississippi]. 
 
 Missouri City, vil. , U.S., Missouri, Clay co. , on 1. bk. of the 
 Missouri, 20 m. ENE. Kansas City. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Missouri Coteau, or Grand Coteau of the Missouri, vast 
 mass of glacial detritus about 400 m. W. Winnipeg, Canada, 
 extends NW. to SE. into N. Dakota over 800 m. , has an un- 
 dulating surface strewn with glacial drift, and in its W. parts 
 is broken by wide, deep valleys. It is, however, destitute of 
 drainage, and its lakes, mostly dry in summer, are greatly 
 saline. Average elevation, 2000 ft. ; width on 49° N. is 30 m. 
 
 Missouri Talley, tn., U.S., Iowa, Harrison co., on Boyer R., 
 21 m. N. Omaha (Neb.). P. <3000. 
 
 Mistaken Point, the SE. extremity of Newfoundland, 65 m. 
 SSW. St. John's. 
 
 Mlstassibi, riv. , Canada, Quebec, Chicoutimi, a 1. bk. trib. 
 of the Mistassini. 
 
 Mistassini, lake, Brit. N. America, in reality an expansion of 
 Rupert R., in 51° N., 72°-73° W. Length, 100 m. SW. to 
 NE. ; average breadth, 12 m. 
 
MIST 
 
 MITT 
 
 Mlstasslnl, riv. , Canada, Quebec, Chicoutimi co. , flows S. 
 then SSE. into the head of Lake St. John, in 72° 20' W. 
 
 Mlstek, tn., Austria, Moravia, close to the border of Silesia, 
 dist. M. , 28 m. SE. Troppau. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Mistelbach, tn. , Lower Austria, dist. M., 25 m. N. by E. 
 
 .enna. P. <4000. 
 
 isterblanco, tn., Sicily, prov. and 4 m. WNW. Catania. 
 7100. 
 
 Histerton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 6Jm. 
 NE. by N. Rugby, 4 m. SE. Ullesthorpe stn., PMT.O. P. < 
 eccles. par. (M. with Walcote) P. <5oo. 
 Isterton, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 5 m. 
 ". Gainsborough, on the Chesterfield Canal and the G. E. & 
 N. Joint Rly., PMT.O. ; 4313 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mlsterton, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 8 m. SW. by W. 
 
 eovil, close to Crewkerne stn., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 .8tl, one of the grandest volcanic mts. of the Andes, Peru, 
 rlooking the valley and city, and having the observatory of 
 
 equipa (g.v.). Alt. 20,320 ft. 
 
 mistlcapla, lake, Canada, Quebec, Saguenay co., in 67° 
 i3'-25' W. , drained SE. into the St. Lawrence. 
 
 IHlstlgonche Lake, Canada, Quebec, Rimouski co. , 48° 
 /-lo' N., 67° 56' W., drained N. into the St. Lawrence through 
 the riv. Metis. 
 
 Mlstlr, tn. , Tunis. See Moiiastlr. 
 
 Mlstley, par., Eng., Essex, Colchester div., on the estuary of 
 the navigable riv. Stour, 8 m. W. Harwich, on the G. E. R. , 
 PMT.O. P. <:20oo ; eccles. par. (M. -with Bradfleld) P. <25oo. 
 
 Mis Tor, Great, hill, Eng., Devonshire, on Dartmoor Forest, 
 16 m. ESE. Launceston. Alt. 1767 ft. Immediately to the S. 
 is Little Mis Tor, 1600 ft. 
 
 Mlstra, tn., Greece, prov. Laconia, 3m. WSW. Sparta (^.z'.), 
 built of stones of ancient Sparta. Devastated by Ibrahim Pasha 
 in 1825. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mistral, wind. See Mediterranean. 
 
 Mlstretta, tn. , Sicily, prov. Messina, 34 m. NNE. Caltanis- 
 setta. P. 12,200. 
 
 Misty La'w^, hill, Scot. , on the border of Renfrewshire and Ayr- 
 shire, in the W., 9 m. S. by E. Greenock. Alt. 1663 ft. 
 
 Mlsnml, seapt., Japan, on W. ct. of Kiushiu, 37 m. E. by S. 
 Nagasaki ; the new port of Kumamoto {q.v.). 
 
 Mltajlrl, tn., Japan, 130 m. NE. Nagasaki, on the S. ct. of 
 Honshiu. P. 6100. 
 
 Mltake, volcanic peak, Japan. See Ontake. 
 
 Mltan, Lettish Elgava, Russian Mltara, tn. , Russia, cap. 
 of Courland, 27 m. by rail SW. Riga, on the very low 1. bk. of 
 Aa ; residence of Courland dukes in i6th century. Mean rfall. 
 (26 yrs. ), yr. 20.1 in., May-Nov. 15. i in. P. (1891) 28,360. 
 
 Mltanll, tn., India, Oudh, dist. Kheri, 35 m. E. by S. Shah- 
 jahanpur. P. (i88i)<30oo. 
 
 Mitckam (in Doomsday Michelham, ' great vil. ' See Mickle), 
 par., Eng., Surrey, Wimbledon div., 4 m. NW. Croydon, on the 
 L. B. & S. C. R. , I m. N W. M. Jane, on the same railway, with 
 extensive market gardens and plantations of lavender, roses, and 
 other aromatic herbs for the manufacture of scents and essences. 
 P. 12,100. M. €oninion (480 ac. ) is an open space, chiefly 
 gravel, between M. , Croydon, and Streatham. 
 
 Mltckam, suburb about 4 m. S. Adelaide, S. Australia. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Mltcliani, post-tn. , Victoria, 13 m. by rail E. Melbourne. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Mitcheldean, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean 
 div., 10 m. W. Gloucester, \\ m. W. of its stn. (M. Road) on 
 G. W. R. ; coal and iron ore worked, and cement works in the 
 neighbourhood. PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Mltcheldever, Eng. , Hants. See Mlcheldever. 
 
 Mitchell, tn. , Canada, Ontario, Perth co. , on the riv. Thames, 
 32 m. N. London. P. (1881) 2284; (1891) 2101. 
 
 Mitchell, P. O. , Eng. , Cornwall, 5 m. from Grampound Road. 
 
 Mitchell, CO. , New South Wales, bounded N. by the Murrum- 
 bidgee, and crossed in the W. by 147° E. 
 
 Mitchell, tp. , New South Wales. See Sunny Corner. 
 
 Mitchell, CO., Queensland, crossed in the N. by 24° S. , and 
 in the middle by 145° E. 
 
 Mitchell, post-tn. , Queensland, Dublin co. , 265 m. SW. by S. 
 Rockhampton, on railway running W. from Brisbane. P. < 150c. 
 
 Mitchell, riv. , Queensland, the principal watercourse of York 
 Penin. , flows WNW. , entering the Gulf of Carpentaria in about 
 15° 20' S. ; receives the Lynd (1. bk.) and the Palma (r. bk.). 
 
 Mitchell, CO. , U.S., Georgia, N. of 31° N. , and crossed in the 
 E. by 84° W. , bounded on W. by Flint R. 
 
 Mitchell, tn., U.S., Indiana, Lawrence co., 69 m. S. by W. 
 Indianapolis. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mitchell, CO., U.S., Iowa, N. frontier, crossed W. by 93° W. 
 
 Mitchell, CO. , U.S. , Kansas, crossed by 39^° N. , and in the E. 
 by 98° W. 
 
 Mitchell, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, on the NW. frontier, 
 crossed in the E. by 82° N. 
 
 Mitchell, mt. , U.S. , N. Carolina, in the W. , in the Black Mts. , 
 205 m. W. Raleigh. Alt. 6582 ft. (Guyot). 
 
 Mitchell, city, U.S. , S. Dakota, Davison co., 65 m. NW. by 
 N. Yankton. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mitchell, CO. , U. S. , Texas, N. of 32° N. , crossed W. by ioi° W. 
 
 Mitchell, riv. of Gipps Land, Victoria, formed by the junc- 
 tion of the Dargo and the Wongungarra, which rise in the 
 Australian Alps. From the junction the M. flows SE. and 
 falls into Lake King, one of the lagoons of this coast. Length, 
 70 m. For the last 10 m. of its course it has a depth of 24 ft. 
 
 Mitchell's Pass, pass, Cape Colony, near Ceres, about 60 
 m. NE. by E. Cape Town. 
 
 MitchellYlUe, vil., U.S., Iowa, Polk co., 12 m. NE. by E. 
 Des Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mltchelstoivn, civic tn., Ire., NE. co. Cork, bar. Condons 
 and Clangibbon, 8J m. N. Fermoy, on the G. S. .& W. R., 
 PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 MitchelstOTvn, par. , Ire. , co. Meath, bar. Lower Slane, 3 m. 
 SE. Nobber. P. <25o. 
 
 Mitchel Troy, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 2 m. SW. 
 by S. Monmouth, P.O. (Mltcheitroy). P. <5oo; eccles. par. 
 (M. T. with Cwmcarran) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Mltchi, or Myltchi, vil.. Upper Burma, 8 m. W. Pagan. 
 
 Mltford, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck div. , at the 
 confluence of the Font and the Wansbeck, 2 m. W. Morpeth, 
 P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Mlt Gamr, tn., Egypt, prov. Dakhaliye, on r. bk. of the 
 Damietta arm of the Nile, 17 m. NW. by N. Zagazig. P. 
 1 1 , 200. 
 
 Mithankot, Mithnn Kote, or Mittnn Kote, municip., Brit. 
 India, Punjab, dist. Dera Ghdzi Khan, on ther. bk. of the Indus, 
 mm. SW. by S. Multan ; the old town was destroyed by an 
 encroachment of the Indus. P. (i88i)<:4ooo. 
 
 Mithd Tiwdna, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Shdhpur, on the 
 road to Dera Ismdil Khan ; noted for embroidered saddles. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Mlthlan, eccles. par., Eng., Cornwall, Camborne div., 6 m. 
 NW. Truro. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlthllia, site, Palestine, Bethulia in the O. T., 32° 23' N., 
 35° 17' E. , 12 m. N. by E. Nablus. 
 
 Mithnn Kote, tn. , India. See Mithankot. 
 
 Mltiamo, post-tn., Victoria, Bendigo co. , 30 m. W. by S. 
 Echuca. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mltiero, one of the Cook [q.v.) Is., Pacific. 
 
 Mitija, plain, N. Africa. See Metlja. 
 
 MltUlnl, in Greek spelling MytilSne, Turkish Midllltt, also 
 called by the Greeks Lesbos, an isl. of the Grecian Archipelago, 
 belonging to Turkey in Asia, vilayet Jezairi-Bahri-Sefid, sanjak 
 M. Shape irregular ; two bays indent it on the S. side, and 
 it has good harbours and a fertile soil. Interior picturesque ; 
 mountains, rising to 3075 ft., are clothed with pine woods, and 
 at their base olive grounds and vineyards. Principal products, 
 olive-oil, timber, grapes, figs ; its wine, anciently famous, is still 
 excellent. Principal towns, Kastro or M., on E. ct. , Molivo, 
 and Kalloni. The birthplace of the philosophers Theophrastus 
 and Pittacus, and of the poets Terpander, Alcasus, and Sappho. 
 On March 6, 1867, the island was visited by a tremendous earth- 
 quake, which ruined the capital, and destroyed many of the vil- 
 lages ; 800 people were buried in the ruins. Lighthouse on 
 Sigri I. (39° 13' N., 25° 51' E.), visible 20 m. Area, 675 sq. m. 
 (Strelbitsky). P. 107,000 ; Greeks, 92,000 ; Moham. 13,700 
 (Cuinet). 
 
 Mitilini, or Kastro, tn. , Turkey in Asia, cap. of M. sanjak, 
 on the E. ct. of Mitilini I., in 39° 7' N. , situated on the slope 
 of a low hill, the crest of which is covered by mediasval fortifica- 
 tions. Its quays are accessible only to vessels of small draught. 
 Birthplace of the brothers Bab-Aruj, better known as Barbarossa, 
 noted pirates and founders of Turkish rule on the N. bank of the 
 Maghreb (Algeria and Tunis). P. 20,000 (mainly Greeks). 
 
 Mlto, tn. , Japan, cap. prov. Hitachi, 65 m. NE. by N. Tokyo ; 
 manufactures cloth, paper, and cigarettes ; exports salt and 
 fresh-water fish. P. 19,600. 
 
 Mltoka Dragomirna, vil. , Austria, Bukovina, dist. and 9 m. 
 N. Suczawa, close to the E. frontier. P. <4000. 
 
 Mit-rahine, tn. , Lower Egypt, prov. Gize, 12 m. SSW. Cairo, 
 on 1. bk. Nile, built in the centre of the site of ancient Memphis. 
 
 Mitrdnw&U, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Sidlkot, 55 
 m. N. Lahore. P. (i88i)<4ooo. 
 
 Mitridat, mt. , Russia, on E. extremity of Crimea ; seat of 
 Kerch museum of antiquities. 
 
 MitroTlca, tn. , Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, on the Save, 22 m. 
 SW. by S. Peterwardein ; connected by rail with Sissek. P. 9500. 
 
 Mitrovltsa, tn. , Turkey in Europe, on the Ibar, prov. and 22 
 m. NW. Prishtina. 
 
 Mitsnke, tn., Japan, Honshiu, no m. WSW. Yokohama. 
 P. sioo. 
 
 Mlttagong, post-tn.. New South Wales, Camden co., 58 m. 
 SW. Sydney ; has coal-mining. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mlttagsberg, mt. , Austria, Bohemian Forest, in the SW. , 48 
 m. S. Pilsen. Alt. 1310 ft. 
 
 Mittagspltz, mt., Vorarlberg, 24 m. S. by E. Bregenz, on 
 Lake Constance. Alt. 6860 ft. 
 
 1017 
 
MITT — MOBI 
 
 Mltta Mitta, post-tn. , Victoria, co. Bogong, on Mitta Mitta R. , 
 40 m. SE. Albury (New South Wales). P. <isoo. 
 
 Mittel, Middel, Medel, Teutonic and Scandinavian, ' middle.' 
 Mittelbacb, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. and 
 6 m. WSW. Chemnitz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Mlttelftenken, Middle Frauconla, a govt, in the W. of 
 Bavaria [q.v.), between Swabia and Lower Franconia (Unter- 
 franken), cap. Ansbach. It contains also Nuremberg and 
 Fiirth. 
 Mlttelgeblrge, mts. See Bobenila. 
 
 Mlttel-Langeuols, comm. , Prussia, Silesia, circle and 6 m. 
 SE. Lauban, 37 m. W. by S. Liegnitz. P. <4000. 
 Mlttel-Peliaa, vil. , Prussia. See Ober-Pellan. 
 Sllttel-Peterswaldaa, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. 
 Breslau, circle and 4 m. SVV. Reichenbach. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Hlttelstlepel, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, on the r. bk. of 
 the Ruhr, io| m. ESE. Essen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 MlttelM-alde, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt, and 68 m. S. by 
 W. Breslau, circle Habelschwerdt, close to S. frontier. P. <:3000. 
 imttenwalde, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Teltow, 
 17 m. S. by E. Berlin. P. <:3c>oo. 
 
 Mltterbarg, German, Italian Pistno, tn., Austria, Istria, 29 
 ra. S. by E. Trieste. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Hltterndorf, vil., Austria, St)rria, Salzkammergut, 14 m. E. 
 Hallstadt. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mltterslll, comm. , Austria, crownland and 43 m. SW. by S. 
 Salzburg, in the Ober-Pinzgau. P. <30oo. 
 
 Hlttertelcb, raarket-tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Palatinate, circle Tirschenreuth, 29 m. E. Baireuth. P. < 3000. 
 imttl, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, Sind, dist. Thar and Parkar, 
 60 m. S. Umarkot. P. (i88i)<3000. 
 
 Mltton, Great, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. SW. 
 Clitheroe. P. <250. 
 
 Mltton, Uttle, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 2 m. SW. 
 Clitheroe, P.O. (Mltton). P. <2So. 
 
 Nltton, Lower and Tpper, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Worcestershire, Droitwich div. , near Stourport. Lower M. P. 
 3500; Upper M. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (Lower M. wltb 
 WUdon) P. 5800. 
 
 JHlttnii Kote, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab. See Mltbankot. 
 BUttTrelda, tn. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Rochlitz, on riv. 
 Zschopau, 12 m. N. by E. Chemnitz, with various manufactures, 
 and a technical institute for machine engineering. Alt, M., 
 x\ m. SW. P. 11,300. 
 
 Hltnas, vil., Colombia, Cundinamarca, near 1. bk. riv. 
 Guaviare (Lesseps), 340 m. E. by S. Bogotd, and 20 m. from 
 E. frontier ; takes its name from a tribe. 
 SlitylSnS, or IHytUene, isl. See SUtllinl. 
 Hlwungu, or Wnnga, dist., German E. Africa, at the SE. 
 end of Lake Rukwa. 
 
 IHixbnry, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, in the NE. of the county, 
 Woodstock div., 5^ m. W. Buckingham, i m. SW. Fulwell and 
 Westbury stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 SUxenden, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 4 m. NW. 
 Halifax, P.O. 
 
 Mlxlana, isl., in the mouth of the Amazon, just S. of the 
 equator, crossed about the middle by 49° 35' W. 
 
 Mixon Sboal, on W. side of Swansea Bay, Glamorganshire, 
 Wales. 
 
 nixtan, vil.. Central America, Guatemala, dep. Escuintla, 
 37 m. SW. by S. Guatemala. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bllyagani, vil., India, Baroda, and 22 m. SSW. Baroda. 
 Hlyagl, ken or prefecture, Japan, cap. Sendai. 
 Nlyaicbl, vil., Japan, 131 m. NE. Nagasaki. P. <3ooo. 
 Bllyajiina, sacred isl., Japan. See Hlrosblma. 
 Mtyako, city, Japan. See Kyoto. 
 
 Mlyako, vil., Japan, 105 m. SE. by S. Aomori, on the E. ct. 
 of Honshiu, in 39° 38' N. Mean temp. (6 yrs., 1881-86), yr. 
 49.2° F., Feb. 31.2°, Aug. 71.8°. P. <sooo. 
 
 Miyanosblta, or Mlanosblta, place with mineral waters 
 much frequented by Japanese aristocracy, Japan, Honshiu, 45 
 m. SW. Tokyo, 6 m. W. Odawara, built in a very deep valley, 
 and on the side of the mountain of Hakone. 
 
 Sllyas, tn., Russia, govt. Orenburg, on Miyas R., trib. of 
 Iset, which flows, after a course of 350 m. , into Tobol ; on Siberian 
 Rly. , 60 m. W. Chelyabinsk ; gold-mines. P. 9500. 
 
 Mlyatsa, or lUyazn, small seapt. tn. , Japan, 55 m. N. Kobe, 
 near the N. ct. of Honshiu, with considerable fisheries. P. 8400. 
 Hlyazakl, or Mlyasakl, tn., Japan, near the E. ct. of 
 Kiushiu, cap. ken of same name, 100 m. ESE. Nagasaki. 
 Mean temp. (6 yrs., 1881-86), yr. 60.7° F., Jan. 43.3°, Aug. 
 79.0°; rfall. (4 yrs.), 102.08 in. P. <5ooo. 
 Mlzda, tn., Tripoli. See Misda. 
 
 Mlzen Head, cape. Ire., SW. ct. co. Cork, 51° 27' N., 9° 
 50' W. 
 Mlzen Head, cape, Ire., E. ct. co. Wicklow, in 52° 51' N. 
 Mlzllfi, or Mezllfi (mizil), tn. with railway stn., Roumania, 
 prov. BuzeO, 44 m. NE. by N. Bukarest. P. 5200. 
 Mizpah, place named in O. T. See 8Af. 
 Mizpeh, place named in O. T. See Sh'afat. 
 1018 
 
 Mlzqne, tn. , Bolivia, dep. Cochabamba, 80 m. N. by W. 
 Sucre. 
 
 MJosen, lake, Norway. See Mliisen. 
 MJosTaud, lake, Norway. See Mlos-vand. 
 
 Mkalta, tn. , Africa, E. Tunis, 25 m. SE. Susa, a short 
 distance from the sea. Not far from here, on the shore, at Cape 
 Dimas, are the ruins of Thapsus, where Julius Caisar defeated 
 Scipio and Juba. P. 5000. 
 
 Mkauyela, vil., on E. shore of Lake Shirwa, S. Africa, in 
 15° 30' S. 
 
 Mkele, vil. , Cap)e Colony, Griqua-land East, dist. Umzimkulu, 
 65 m. WSW. Pietermaritzburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mkoma.sl, riv. , German E. Africa, on the W. of Uzambara, 
 flows SE. into the Ruvu or Pangani R. 
 
 Mkubure, riv., SE. Africa, flows first NNE. then probably 
 E. into Memba Bay, Indian Ocean, in 14° lo' S. ; lower course 
 unexplored. 
 
 Mkabwasanya, vil., German E. Africa, Ubena, in 8° 15' S., 
 34° 45' E. 
 
 M'knllo, tn., eastern Sudan, 5 m. NW. Massaua, to which 
 it serves as a kind of suburb. 
 
 M'knsl, riv. , S. Africa, Tonga-land. See Kosl. 
 
 Mlalo, fenced tn., German E. Africa, in the Umba valley, 
 near where the river leaves the Usambara highlands, 75 m. 
 NW. Pangani. Lutheran station near. Alt. 4500 ft. 
 
 Mlanjl (or Mlanje) H1118. See Mllanjl. 
 
 Mlava, riv., Servia, flows NW. then NNW. and enters the 
 Danube 10 m. E. of mouth of the Morava. Length about 75 m. 
 
 Mleta, plain, Africa, Algeria, situated S. and SW. of the 
 town of Oran. 
 
 Mllla. See .UeUlla. 
 
 MUndl HlUs, range of hills in the SW. of Portuguese E. 
 Africa, trending from SW. to NE., crossed about the middle 
 by 14° 40' S. and 35° 40' E. 
 
 Mlall, or Angocbe, river mouth, Portuguese E. Africa, in 
 16° 12' S. 
 
 Mlnmbl, vil., S. Africa, near the E. shore of Lake Shirwa, 
 in 15° 6' S. 
 
 Mnnkwawe, vil. , Portuguese E. Africa, 48 m. N. Quilimane. 
 
 Mnlcbofrltz, comm., Austria, Bohemia, 16 m. SE. Prague. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Moa, isl. , Eastern Archipelago, one of the Serwatti Is. , to the 
 NE. of Timor. Area, 127 sq. m. P. 3400. 
 
 Moala, one of the Fiji Is. , 80 m. ESE. Viti Levu ; the reefs 
 by which it is surrounded are pierced E. and W. by channels 
 offering safe passages. Area, 28 sq. m. 
 
 Moama, post-tn.. New South Wales, Cadell co., 45 m. SSW. 
 Deniliquin, on r. bk. Murray R. P. estimated at 1700. 
 
 Moamba Rapids, S. Africa, on the Zambezi R., partly W. 
 and partly E. of 26° E. 
 
 Moan, Locb, small lake, Scot., Ayrshire, in the S., on the 
 borders of Kirkcudbrightshire, 13 m. NNW. Newton Stewart, 
 drained S. by the riv. Cree. 
 
 Moafta, formerly Melra, comm., NW. Spain, Galicia, prov., 
 dist., and 12 m. SSW. Pontevedra. P. 5700. 
 
 Moanya, riv. , German W. Africa. See Batanga. 
 
 Moar, riv., Malay Penin., rises on the W. front of Negfri 
 Sembilan, flows E. into Johor, then S. and SW. into the Strait 
 of Malacca, which it enters in about 2° N. Length about 125 
 m. ; navigable for small boats to near its source. 
 
 Moar, low isl. , New Guinea, off N. ct. , in about 2° S. , 139° E. 
 
 Moaro, isl. , off Borneo. See Maara. 
 
 Moat, electoral div. , Ire. , Galway, dist. Eyrecourt. 
 
 Moate, tn. , Ire., SW. co. Westmeath, bar. Clonlonan, 9^ m. 
 E. by S. Athlone, on M. G. W. R. Market-day, Th. P. < 1500. 
 
 Moatfarrell, electoral div.. Ire., Longford, dist. Ballinalee. 
 
 Moat Lane Junction, stn. , Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the 
 Cambrian Rly., 4^ m. W. Newtown. 
 
 Mobanggl, Mobangul, or Mobangl, riv. , central Africa. See 
 Cbanggl. 
 
 Mobarnan, tnld.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 4 
 m. NW. Fethard stn., P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Mobberley, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 9 ra. ENE. 
 Northwich, on Cheshire Lines Rly., PMT.O.; S2o6ac. P. <isoo. 
 
 Mobeka, stn., Congo Free State, on the Mongalla, in 1° 55' 
 N., 19° 42' E. 
 
 Moberly, city, U.S., Missouri, Randolph co., 59 ip. N. by 
 W. Jefferson City. P. (1880) 6100 ; (1890) 8200. 
 
 Moberly House, vil., Canada, dist. Athabasca, on Peace R., 
 265 m. NW. by N. Edmonton. 
 
 Moberly House, stn. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the 
 C. P. R. , 1013 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 469 m. from Vancouver. 
 
 Mobile (mo-bil'), city and seapt. , U.S. , Alabama, cap. M. co. , 
 at the mouth of Mobile R., and at the head of Mobile Bay, an 
 inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, from which it is 30 m. distant, and 
 130 m. NE. by E. New Orleans. M. is a regularly built city, 
 situated on a sandy plain, that rises gradually from the river and 
 is backed by suburban hills. Here are the Barton Academy, the 
 Alabama Medical College, and at Spring Hill, 5 m. distant, a 
 Jesuit College ; foundries and cotton-mills ; large quantities of 
 
MOBI — MOEl, 
 
 vegetables grown in vicinity. Tidal harbour has a depth at 
 entrance ordinary springs high water 23 ft. , low water 22 ft. ; 
 depth along principal wharves, 20 ft. There is a floating dry 
 dock 170 ft. long, and a lighthouse a little below the city. M. 
 ships a great bulk of cotton, though not so much as formerly. 
 The exports average an annual value of about three millions 
 sterling, of which eleven-twelfths is for cotton ; timber and 
 vegetables are the next products in importance exported. The 
 imports are under half a million. M. was from its foundation 
 in 1702 down to 1723 the cap. of French Louisiana. Epidemics 
 of yellow fever occur at intervals. Mean temp., yr. 67.2° F. , 
 Jan. 51.1°, July 82.2° ; rfall. (13 yrs. ), 65.97 in.; rainiest months, 
 June- Aug. P. (1880) 29,100 ; (1890) 31,100. See Alabama and 
 Mobile Bay. 
 
 Mobile, riv., U.S. See Alabama, riv. 
 
 Mobile Bay, an offset of the Gulf of Mexico, penetrates 30 m. 
 N. into the state of Alabama, is 10 to 12 m. wide ; has a bar at 
 its mouth, over which, however, vessels drawing 21 ft. can pass, 
 and is defended at its entrance, 3 m. wide, by Fort Morgan, on 
 Mobile Point, on the E. , and by Fort Gaines, on Dauphine Is., 
 on the W. There is a lighthouse on Mobile Point in 31° 10' N. 
 and 88° 15' W. 
 
 Moccas, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div. , on the r. 
 bk. of the Wye, 10 m. W. by N. Hereford, 3 m. ENE. Dor- 
 stone stn. P. <250. 
 
 Mocha, seapt. , Arabia. See Mokiia. 
 
 Mocha, isl., Chile, resorted to by whalers, lat. of S. summit 
 38° 24' S. , long. 74° W. Length, 8 m. 
 
 Mocha, La, isl., off the coast of Chile, in 38° 15' S. , 74° W. 
 
 Mochdre, or Monghtre, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 
 Newtown union ; 5107 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Mochdre and Pabo, stn., Wales. See Mochtre. 
 
 Mochlla, La, bay forming the SE. end of the great lagoon of 
 Maraca'fbo, Venezuela. 
 
 Mochras Island, smallisl. , Wales, off the W. ct. of Merioneth- 
 shire, in 52° 49' N. 
 
 Mochrnm, Kirk of, par., Scot., Wigtownshire, yh m. SW. 
 by S. Wigtown, 4 m. SW. by W. Whauphill stii., P.O.; 
 24,071 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Mochrnm, Loch, a small lake, Scot. , co. and 8 m. W. by S. 
 Wigtown, drained W. into Castle Loch. 
 
 Mochtre, or Monghdre, vil. , Wales, Denbighshire, W. div. , 
 3 m. E. Conway, with a stn. (Mochdre and Pabo) on the L. 
 & NW. R., P.O. (Mochdre). 
 
 Mochnll, telegraph stn. of the Brit. S. Africa Co. , Bechuana- 
 land, about 45 m. from the Transvaal frontier, near 24° S. 
 
 Mockan, vil., Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle, dist. , and 4 m. 
 NE. Leipzig. P. <3ooo. 
 
 M4>ckelby, Sodra, vil., Sweden, Oland L, prov. and 22 m. 
 S. by E. Kalmar, with alum works. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mocker, vil., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, govt. Marienwerder, 
 circle and 3 m. N. Thorn. P. 10,000. 
 
 Mockern, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 4 m. NW. 
 Leipzig, with the model farm of the Leipzig Economical Society. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Mockern, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Jerichow L, 13 
 m. E. Magdeburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mockmithl, tn., Ger., Wiirtemberg, Neckar circle, 39 m. N. 
 by E. Stuttgart, 14 m. NNE. Heilbronn, with an old ruined 
 castle defended by Gotz von Berlichingen in the i6th century. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 MocksvlUe, vil. , U.S., N. Carolina, Davie co. , 108 m. W. 
 Raleigh, and 17 m. N. Salisbury. P. < 1500. 
 
 Moclln, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 19 m. WNW. 
 Granada, dist. Isnalloy. P. <4000. 
 
 Mocollop, par., Ire. See Llsmore and Mocollop. 
 
 Mocomoco, Pnnta, cape, NW. of Brit. Guiana, at the mouth 
 of the Orinoco. 
 
 Mocsa, comm., Hungary, co. and 7 m. SSE. Komarom 
 (Komorn), dist. Gesztes. P. <4000. 
 
 Mocteznma, or Hedlonda, tn. , Mexico, state and 50 m. 
 NNW. San Luis Potosi. P. (comm.) 10,000. 
 
 Mocnrlpe, Point, Brazil. See Cear&, tn. 
 
 Modana, tn. , France, dep. Savoie, arr. St. Jean-de-Maurienne, 
 on the Arc, 46 m. SE. by E. Chamb^ry, near the entrance to the 
 Mont Cenis tunnel. P. <20oo. 
 
 Modarlon (modhari), vil., Greece, on the W. ct. of Cerigo 1. 
 
 Modilsa, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Ahmaddbdd. P. 
 7000 ; Hindus, 3600 ; Moham. 3300. 
 
 Modbnry, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 12 m. E. by 
 S. Plymouth, 4^ m. SSW. Kingsbridge Road stn., PMT.O. ; 
 5874 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Modbnry, post-vil., S. Australia, co. and 10 m. byroad NE. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Modder, or Kalba, riv., S. Africa, 1. bk. trib. of the Vaal, 
 which it enters about 31 m. above its confluence with the Orange 
 R. Length, 186 m. 
 
 Modderfonteln, gold-mining centre in the Witwatersrand 
 goldfield, S. African Republic, 19 m. E. Johannesburg. 
 
 Modder8hall,vil., Eng., 3m. NE. Stone, Staff"ordshire, P.O. 
 
 Modeaka Creek, German W. Africa. See Mnngo. 
 
 Modelllgo, par. , Ire. , W. co. Waterford, bar. Decies without 
 Drum, 6^ m. NW. Dungarvan, 5 m. from Cappoquin stn. , P.O. 
 (Modellgo) ; 7518 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Mod'ena, the ancient Mutina, fortified city, Italy, Emilia, 
 cap. prov. M., between the Panaro and theSecchia, 15 m. ESE. 
 Reggio, formerly cap. duchy of M., on the Emilian Way ; has an 
 observatory (in 44° 38' 52" N. , 10° 55' 44" E. ) and a citadel. The 
 ducal palace, a quaint building of the 17th century, has a pictiire- 
 gallery, gardens, and a library, the Biblioteca Estense, containing 
 100,000 vols, and 3000 MSS. In a Romanesque cathedral of the 
 i2th century (with curious sculptures and a square marble tower) 
 is preserved the famous wooden bucket, Secchia rapita, the 
 cause of feuds between the Modenese and Bolognese in 1325. 
 Seat of a university founded in 1683, with 25 ordinary and 11 
 extra-ordinary professors. It is connected by a navigable canal 
 with the Panaro ; and has manufactures of hempen and woollen 
 cloths, hats, glass, and leather ; its silk manufacture, once 
 important, has declined. It fell to the house of Este in 1288. 
 The antiquary Sigonius was born here in 1520, the anatomist 
 Fallopius in 1523, and the poet Tassoni in 1565. During the 
 French empire under Napoleon I. it was cap. of the dep. Panaro. 
 In 1848 the Duke of M. was deprived of his rights. In i86o he 
 was expelled, and the duchy was incorporated with the kingdom 
 of Italy. Mean temp., yr. 55.2° F., Jan. 33.8°, July 75.7° ; rfall. 
 (1830-91), yr. 27.3 in. P. 31,100. 
 
 Moder, riv., Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, flows E. from the N. end 
 of the Vosges Mts. past Hagenau, and after a course of 30 m. 
 enters a western branch of the Rhine to the SE. of Hagenau, \^ 
 m. below Strassburg ; not navigable. 
 
 Moderbmck, vil. , Austria, Styria, 30 m. W. by S. Leoben. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Modern, Hungarian Modor, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, 
 CO. and 16 m. NE. Pressburg. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Modeshll, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Slievardagh, 8 m. 
 E. Killenaule. P. <Soo. 
 
 Modesto, tn., U.S., California, Stanislaus co. , 80 m. E. by 
 S. San Francisco. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Modhari, Greece. See Modarlon. 
 
 Modhonl, Greece. See MethSnS. 
 
 Mod'lca, tn., Sicily, prov. and 32 m. WSW. Syracuse, on the 
 railway to Terranova. In its vicinity is the valley of Ipsica or 
 Ispica, remarkable for its dwellings excavated in the rock. Alt. 
 1475 ft. P. 38,400. 
 
 ModlgUana, the ancient Castrutn Mutilum, tn., Italy, 
 Tuscany, prov. Florence, 10 m. S. by W. Faenza. P. 3000. 
 
 Modin, place named in O. T. See El Medyeh. 
 
 Modjer, tribe, Africa. See Madjer. 
 
 Modllng, market-tn.. Lower Austria, dist. Baden, 10 m. S. 
 by W. Vienna. P. 10,600. 
 
 Modoc, CO., U.S., California, in the extreme NE. 
 
 Modon, tn. , Greece. See MethSn?. 
 
 Modor, tn. , Hungary. See Modern. 
 
 Modreeny, par., Ire., NE. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower 
 Ormond, 9 m. NE. Nenagh ; 12,165 ^-C- P. <2ooo. 
 
 Modrlc, comm. , Bosnia, prov. Dolnja-Tuzla, near the r. bk. 
 of the Bosna, 18 m. SE. Brod. P. < 3000. 
 
 Modrn^-Rleka, maritime co. , Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, 
 adjoining terr. of Fiume ; formerly called Ogulin-Szluin. 
 
 Modrydd, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 3 m. SW. by W, 
 Brecknock; 5217 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Modngno, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 5^ m. SW. by W. 
 Bari. P. 9900. 
 
 Modnma, vil., French W. Africa, on the coast, at the mouth 
 of the Benito, in 1° 35' N. 
 
 Modun-khoten, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, 122 m. WNW. 
 Niu-chwang. 
 
 Modzbah-Sfld, vil, Algeria, 89 m. ESE. Tlemsen. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Moe, tp. , Victoria, Buln Buln co. , 42 m. W. by S. Sale ; has 
 coal-mines near. P. < 1500. 
 
 Moeche, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. Corunna, dist. and 10 
 m. ENE. El Ferrol. P. <4000. 
 
 Moel, Cymric, in Gaelic place-names Mull, Moyle, Mul, and 
 Mweel, ' a round hill ' or ' bald promontory. ' 
 
 Moele, small oasis, Egypt, S. of Fayum, 37 m. SSW. Medinet- 
 el-Fayum. 
 
 Moel Famman ('Hill of Mothers'), mt. , Wales, on the 
 borders of Flint and Denbigh, 4 m. W. Mold, the highest point 
 of the range, on the E. side of the Vale of Clwyd, of which it 
 commands a fine view. Site of the Jubilee Column erected in 
 1810 to celebrate the 50th year of George III.'s reign ; blown 
 over in 1862. Alt. 1823 ft. 
 
 Moelfte ('bald hill.' See Moel), ct. vil., Wales, on the E. 
 ct. of Anglesey, 6 m. SE. Amlwch, PT.O. 
 
 Moelfre, vil., Wales, Denbighshire, 8 m. SW. Chirk, P.O. 
 
 Moel Hebog, mt. , Wales, in the E. of Carnarvonshire, Eifion 
 div. Alt. 2578 ft. 
 
 Moel Hywel, mt., Wales, Radnorshire, in the NW., 16 m. 
 WNW. New Radnor, close to St. Harmons. 
 
 1019 
 
MOEL— MOGY 
 
 Hoel SlatMtd, mt. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, in the SW. of the 
 
 Arfon div. Alt. 2865 ft. 
 
 Hoelwyn ('White Mount'), mt., Wales, in the NW. of 
 Merionethshire ; commands a wide view, including the Vale of 
 Festiniog. Alt. 2529 ft. 
 
 Mden, isl. , Denmark, to the S. of Seeland and NE. of Falster, 
 divided from the former by Ulv Sound, and from the latter by 
 Gron Sound, composed really of seven islands, gradually joined 
 together by the receding of the sea ; in iioo it was still divided 
 into three islands. The highest island of Denmark after Born- 
 holm ; surface mostly level, but its E. ct. is precipitous, rising 
 500 ft. above the sea, and termed the Moensklint. Soil fertile, 
 mostly chalky. Only town Stege, with a harbour on the NW. 
 ct. Lighthouse in 54° 57' N., 12° 33' E. , visible 14 m. Area, 
 86 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). P. 14,900. 
 
 Moena, isl.. Eastern Archipelago. See mniia. 
 Moer1>eke, comm. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. Ghent, 
 14 m. SSW. Alost. P. 5300. 
 
 Moerdljk, vil. , Holland, prov. N. Brabant, on the HoUandsch 
 Diep, 8 m. SSW. Dordrecht. Near M. is the railway viaduct, 
 8200 ft. long, carrying the railway from Breda to Dordrecht over 
 the HoUandsch Diep. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hoeres, Les, vil. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 8 m. SSE. 
 Dunkerque. P. < 2000. 
 
 Moeris, a remarkable lake described by Herodotus as con- 
 structed by one of the Pharaohs of the 12th dynasty for the 
 regulation of the water-supply of Lower Egypt. Its existence 
 and position have frequently been discussed in modern times, 
 but it seems now to be generally agreed that it must have in- 
 cluded the still surviving lake of Birket-el-Kerun and more or 
 less of the adjoining parts of the Fayum. According to Major 
 Brown, it must have included the whole of the Fayum except 
 certain reclaimed and embanked portions, and must have had 
 an area of about 600 sq. m. Mr. Cope Whitehouse believes 
 that it included also the Raian Basin, a depression on the SW. 
 connected with the Fayum by a trough at the height of 85 ft. 
 above sea-level; but according to Major Brown, the existing 
 deposits at the point where the canal (the Bahr-Yusuf) feeding 
 the Fayum enters that depression show that the Nile can never 
 have risen high enough to enter the Raian Basin, in which, 
 moreover, there are no traces of fresh-water deposits. See TAe 
 Fayum and Lake Moeris , by Major R. H. Brown, R.E. (London, 
 1892). 
 
 Moerkerke, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 
 5 m. ENE. Bruges. P. <40oo. 
 
 Moero, lake, central Africa. See Hwem. 
 DIoerseke, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. Ter- 
 monde, 3 m. S. Hamme. P. <40oo. 
 Hoess, riv., Switzd. See Mesocco. 
 Moesi, vil. , German E. Africa, in 10° 35' S. , 36° 55' E. 
 Moffat, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Halton, 18 m. from 
 Guelph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Moffat, par., watering-place, and tn., Scot., Dumfriesshire 
 and Lanarkshire, on the Annan, 20 m. NNE. Dumfries, on a 
 short branch of the C. R. from Beattock. It is situated at the 
 bead of a broad rich valley, surrounded by mountains ; has 
 baths, with a reading and assembly room, a hydropathic estab- 
 lishment, and is one of the most frequented inland watering- 
 places in Scotland. The principal mineral spring is saline and 
 sulphureous, resembling that of Harrowgate. Alt. 340-400 ft. 
 Par. 42,972 ac. , P. <:3000. 
 Mofwe, arm of Lake Mweru, central Africa. 
 Mog&, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Firozpur, 58 ra. 
 SSE. Amritsar, in grain-producing dist. P. 6600 ; Sikhs, 2600 ; 
 Mobam. 2100. 
 
 Mogador', or Snlra, seapt., W. ct. Morocco, 128 m. W. by 
 S. Morocco, in 31° 32' N., about 44 m. SW. of the mouth of 
 the Tensift, on a rocky promontory, surrounded by sand-hills ; 
 it consists of three parts, each enclosed by walls, one (' Kasbah ') 
 containing the citadel, the residence of the governor and foreign 
 consuls, the custom-house, treasury, &c. ; the ' Medina," or town 
 generally; while the third quarter, or ' Mellah,' is inhabited by 
 the Jewish population. It is well built, and defended by several 
 strong batteries. Olive-oil presses and a steam grain mill are 
 in operation. Its port S. of the citadel (the port of Morocco 
 and all the dist. S. of the Atlas) is sheltered by an island off 
 the shore, and is adapted for only small vessels ; it has suffered 
 considerably since the growth of Casa Blanca. Two anchorage 
 grounds in open bay (no bar), first about ^ m. from landing 
 slip, with 20 ft. of water at low water ordinary springs, the 
 second \ m. from landing slip, with 24 ft. at low water ordinary 
 springs. Exports comprise skins, almonds, olive-oil, bees' -wax, 
 wool, corn, gums, feathers, but the total barely exceeds a quarter 
 of a million sterling. The imports, principally cotton goods, 
 sugar, tea, matches, and hardware, are a little more than the 
 exports. Trade is chiefly with England and France. M. was 
 founded in 1760-73 on the site of a native village, with which 
 the Portuguese and other nations traded, as the old (Portu- 
 guese?) fort indicates, and was bombarded by the French, 
 Aug. 15, 1844. M. is a station of the London Jews' Society. 
 1020 
 
 Mean temp. (7^ yrs., 1866-71, 1878-79), yr. 66.8° F., Jan. 61.3°, 
 Aug. 71.3°. P. 19,000 (8000 Jews and 300 Europeans). 
 
 Mogan, plain in the NE. of the Persian prov. of Azerbaijan 
 and SE. of Transcaucasia, SE. of the Aras, and S. and W. of 
 the Kur ; infested by endemic fever. 
 
 Mogar, tn., Africa, S. Abyssinia, Shoa, 230 m. S. Debra 
 Tabor (Samara). 
 
 Mogdlshu, Mokdistan, Makdl§hn, Makdlshn, or Maga« 
 doxo (the last a Portuguese form, pronounced ' magadosho ' ; all 
 more or less corrupt forms of the true local name, Madlsha), ct. 
 tn. , E. -Africa, between Cape Guardafui and the riv. Jub. P. 4000. 
 
 Mogeely, par.. Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 9 m. W. 
 by S. Youghal, with a stn. on the G. S. & W. R.; 6430 ac. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mogeely, par.. Ire., NE. co. Cork, bar. Kinnatalloon, \\\ 
 m. ESE. Fermoy, P.O.; 97,098 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mogeesha, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bars. Barrymore and Imokilly, 
 contains part of Middleton town. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mogeldorf, comm., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Middle Franconia, 
 circle and 3 m. E. Niirnberg. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Mogelsberg, comm., Switzd., cant, and 12 m. WSW. St. 
 Gall. P. <40oo. 
 
 Mogenas, one of the Faroe Is., 12 m. W. Stromo. 
 
 Mogente, tn. , Spain, prov. and 47 m. SSW. Valencia, dist. 
 Enguera. P. <40oo. 
 
 Moggerhanger, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 
 si m. E. Bedford, 1 m. SSW. Blunham stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Mogglo, tn., NE. Italy, Venetia, prov. and 24 m. NW. 
 Udine. P. <4ooo. 
 
 MogblleT, govt. , NW. Russia, on upper Dnieper, has Vitebsk 
 and Smolensk on N. and E. , Chernigov and Minsk on S. and 
 W. ; occupied in N. by the undulating watershed between 
 Dnieper and Diina, which reaches 650-900 ft. , and gently slopes 
 southwards to the low and marshy tracts of the depression of 
 Dnieper. Soil chiefly sand and clay. Climate rude and wet 
 (Gorki meteorological stn. , yr. 40° F. , Jan. 14°, July 64° ; 
 yearly rfall. 20.4 in.). Population mostly White Russians, 
 belonging to Greek Church (78 per cent.), Jews (16 per cent.), 
 and Poles (3 per cent.). Agriculture everywhere; hemp cul- 
 ture ; distilleries. Divided into eleven dists. : Moghilev, Chaussy, 
 Cheritov, Gomel, Gorki, Klimovichi, Mstislavl, Orsha, Rogachov, 
 Staryi Bykhov, and Syenno. About eighty other municipal 
 towns, among which Shkloff and Dubovka. Area, 18,551 sq. 
 m. P. (1870)947,625; (1890)1,387,000. 
 
 Moghilev-on-Dnleper, cap. of govt., on both banks of 
 Dnieper, 40 m. S. of Orsha stn. of Moscow- Warsaw Rly. ; 
 corn, salt, skins exported, and manufactured goods imported 
 from Germany. P. (1891) 45,300, two-thirds of whom are Jews. 
 
 MoghlleT-on-Dulester (Polish MoblloT), dist. tn., Russia, 
 govt. Podolia, on 1. bk. Dniester, 87 m. ESE. Kamenets- 
 Podolsk, and 43 m. by rail from Zhmerinka railway junction ; 
 trade with Odessa in timber, floated from Galicia ; corn, salt, 
 wine and spirits. P. (1880) 18,200 ; (1891) 28,830. 
 
 Moglelnlca, vil., Austria, Galicia, dist. Budzan6w, 45 ra. 
 NE. Stanislau. P. <40oo. 
 
 MogU Mogil, postal-tn.. New South Wales, 180 m. ENE. 
 Bourke, on Barwon R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mogllno, tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, cap. circle M., 32 m. S. 
 Bromberg. P. <4000. 
 
 Moginkwale, river-mouth, Portuguese E. Africa, 40 m. SW. 
 by S. Mozambique, in 15° 32' S. 
 
 Mogllano, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. Treviso, 9 m. NNW. 
 Venice. P. 6200. 
 
 Mogo, post-tn. , New South Wales, St. Vincent co. , 75 m. S. 
 by E. Goulburn. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mogok, vil. , Upper Burmah, in a high valley 65 m. NNE. 
 Mandalay, with ruby mines. 
 
 Mogollon (m6g-o-yon'), range of mts., U.S., E. Arizona, 
 between the upper Gila and upper Little Colorado basins, 
 crossed by 34^° N., 111° W. 
 
 Mogoreb, or Nere, dist., Africa, E. Sudan, E. of Kassala. 
 
 Mogoro, tn. , Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 28 m. NNE. Iglesias. 
 P. <300o. 
 
 Mogo8, comm., Hungary, co. Als6-Feh6r, dist. Verespatak, 
 on the riv. Aranyos. P. <4000. 
 
 Mograt, or Mokrat, fluvial isl. of the Nile, Africa, Upper 
 Nubia, at the N. bend of the large curve of the river, between 
 the fourth and fifth cataract. 
 
 Mogner, comm., Spain, prov. and 5 m. NE. Huelva, cap. 
 dist. M. Columbus, craving charity here in 1484, was received 
 by the prior, by whose influence he was enabled to prosecute his 
 discoveries. P. 8800. 
 
 Mognl (or Mughal) Empire. See India, Historical Notes. 
 Mognltlkr, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Goddvari, 14 m. 
 SW. Narsapur, with salt manufacture. P. (1881) 5300. 
 Moguntiacutn, Vn., Ger. See Halnz. 
 
 Mogy das Cmzes, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, S^o Paulo, 29 m. 
 N. by E. Santos. Alt. 2440 ft. P. 9000. 
 
 Mogy Merim, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, SSo Paulo, 112 m. 
 NNW. Santos. P. 11,000. 
 
MOHA — MOKH 
 
 Moh^cs, coram., tn., and important river-port, Hungary, 
 prov. Bardnya, 22 m. ESE. Fiinflcirchen, on the r. bk. of the 
 Danube, which is gradually leaving it ; has tile-fields. The 
 two great battles fought near it may be considered as marking 
 the commencement and conclusion of the Turkish power in 
 Hungary. On August 29, 1526, the Turks, under Solyman the 
 Magnificent, completely defeated the Hungarians, who lost 
 22,000 men, numerous nobles, and their king, Louis 11., on the 
 field ; but they received a total defeat from the Imperialists, 
 under the Duke of Lorraine, at the second battle of M., on 12th 
 August 1687. P. 14,400. 
 
 Mohakn, tn.. New Zealand, North L, co. Wairoa, on 
 Mohaka R., 32 m. NNE. Napier. P. < 1500. 
 Sloliaiunied, Has, cape, the S. point of the penin. of Sinai. 
 Slohaiumera, tn. , Persia, prov. Khuzistan, near the frontier 
 of Asiatic Turkey, on the canal between the Shat-el-Arab (Euph- 
 rates) and the Karun {g.v.). Exports wheat, dates, wool, 
 opium, horses, &c. , to annual value of ^50-70,000 ; and imports 
 piece-goods, iron, coffee, sugar, pepper, copper, &c. , to value of 
 ;^i40,ooo. It was taken by the British in March, and restored 
 in May 1857. P. 3500. 
 
 Mohan, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Unao, on Sai R., which 
 is crossed by a fine bridge near the town, ism. WSW. Luck- 
 now. P. (1891) 5900; Hindus, 3600; Moham. 2200. 
 Mohanpur, tn. , Assam. See Hawala Mohanpnr. 
 Hohdrl, municip. , Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Bhan- 
 dara, 35 m. ENE. Ndgpur. P. (1881) 5100. 
 
 MoliaTe, CO., U.S., Arizona, in the NW. corner of the terr., 
 partly bounded on the W. by Colorado R. 
 
 Mohave, riv. , U.S., California, San Bernardino co., flowing 
 N. then E. into Sink of Mohave R. 
 Mohave Desert. See Callforula. 
 
 Mohaves, tribe of Indians of the Pima-Apache stock, having 
 a large reservation in Arizona, U.S. 
 
 Mohawk, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Brant co., 27 m. SW. 
 by W. Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mohawk, riv., U.S., New York, in the E., it rises in the 
 extreme N. of Oneida co. , and flows first S. to Rome, then E. 
 past Utica, Amsterdam, and Schenectady to the Hudson, which 
 it joins on the r. bk. a few miles above Troy. Its valley is 
 traversed by the Erie Canal. 
 
 Mohawk, vil., U.S., New York, Herkimer co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Mohawk R. , opposite Herkimer, 55 m. E. Syracuse, 14 
 m. ESE. Utica, on the Erie Canal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mohawk Mountains, range of mts. , U.S., in the NW. of 
 Connecticut, Litchfield co. , 7 m. long, trending NNE. to SSW. 
 Mohe'gans, or Mohl'cans, tribe of Indians of the Algonkin 
 stock, U.S., fomerly inhabiting a large part of New England 
 and part of what is now New York, E. of the Hudson R. ; a 
 few of their descendants still survive at Norwich, Connecticut. 
 Mohell, one af the Comoro Is. (^.v.). 
 
 Mo'her, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Leitrim, dist. Drumshanbo. 
 Moher, Cliffs of, high coast-line. Ire., co. Clare, stretching 
 about 5 m. N. of Liscannor Bay. 
 Mohernagh, electoral div., Ire., Limerick, dist. Shanagolden. 
 Mohgdon, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Chhindwdrd, 
 43 m. NW. Nagpur. P. 5600 ; Hindus, 4700. 
 
 Mohlll, par. and tn. , Ire., cos. Leitrim and Longford, bars. 
 Leitrim, Mohill, and Longford, 9 m. E. by S. Carrick-on- 
 Shannon, PMT.O. Par. 30,123 ac, P. 7800; tn. P. <:iooo. 
 Mohllov, tn. , Russia. See Moghllev-on-Dnlester. 
 Mohlm, tns. , India. See Mahlm. 
 
 Mohlndargarh, vil., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Patiila. P. 
 10,800; Hindus, 6400; Moham. 4200. 
 Mohlln, coinm., Switzd. See Molln. 
 
 Mohn4r, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Muzaffarpur, 19 m. 
 E. Patna. P. (1881) 7400. 
 
 Mohne, fortress, Brit. India, Punjab, Bashahr state, in 31° 
 26' N., 78° 19' E. 
 
 Moho, vil., S. Peru, dep. Puno, on the Bolivian frontier, on 
 a creek on the NE. shore of Lake Titicaca. P. (comm.) 8000. 
 Mohol, comm., Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. Zenta, 50 
 m. W. Temesvar. P. 9500. 
 
 MohpA, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. and 27 m. NW, 
 by W. Nagpur. P. 5600 ; Hindus, 5300. 
 
 Mohrln, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Konigsberg, 
 20 m. NNW. Kiistrin. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mohrlngen, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, circle and 28 m. 
 XW. Constance. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mohrlngen, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle and 4 m. 
 SSW. Stuttgart. P. <:4000. 
 
 Mohrangen, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, cap. circle M., 
 with a statue of Herder, the German litterateur, born here in 
 1744. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Mohrya, small lake, central Africa, Congo Free State, in 
 
 7° 18' S. , 25° 48' E. ; has remarkable pile-dwellings. Alt. 3075 ft. 
 
 Mohuda, vil., Africa, Congo Free Stat^ on Atlantic Ocean, 
 
 between the Congo estuary and the Portuguese terr. of Kabinda. 
 
 Mol (Annamite, ' savage,' or ' dweller in mountains '), name of 
 
 the savage populations of E. Indo-China inhabiting the moun- 
 
 tainous region between the Mekong and the Annamite coast, 
 between about 11° or 12° and 22° N. 
 
 Moldart, a penin. and wild and rugged dist. , Scot. , Inverness- 
 shire, in the extreme SW., between the Sound of Arisaig and 
 Loch Shiel, PMT.O. 
 
 Moldart, Loch, an inlet in the W. of the penin. , about 10 m. 
 SE. Eigg I. , 5 m. long, opening to the Atlantic by two channels, 
 one N. and one S. of the isl. of Eilean Shona, and receiving at 
 its head the riv. Moldart. 
 
 Molgnel^e, comm., Belgium, prov. Namur, on the Sambre, 
 3^ m. SE. by S. Fleurus. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Molla, vil. , Portuguese W. Africa, 90 m. E. by S. Vivi. 
 Mollah, Mowllah, or Muela, seapt. tn. , Arabia Petrsea, on 
 the E. side of the Red Sea, near the Gulf of Akaba, in 27° 40' N., 
 35° 29' E. ; it has a castle and some brick houses. 
 
 Molleh, valley of Egypt, on the route from Fayum to the 
 Little Oasis (Beharieh). 
 Moin, Maine, Gaelic, in place-names Man, 'a moss' or ' bog.' 
 Molncoln, tn.. Ire. See Mooncolu. 
 Moines, tie aux, France. See Sept lies. 
 Molngona, vil., U.S., Iowa, Boone co. , on Des Moines R., 
 33 m. NW. by N. Des Moines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Molra, riv., Canada, Ontario, Addington and Hastings cos., 
 flows S. into the Bay of Quints, about 77° 25' W. 
 
 Molra, vil., Eng. , Leicestershire, div. and 10 m. NW. by N. 
 Bosworth, with stns. on the M. R. and L. & NW. R.; has coal- 
 mines. PT.O. 
 
 Molra, par. and tn. , Ire. , NW. co. Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, 
 Upper Half, 4 m. ENE. Lurgan, i^ m. SW. of its stn. on the 
 G. N. (Ire.) R., PMT.O. Par. 6o92"'ac., P.<2Soo; tn. P.<:soo. 
 Molra, CO. .Victoria, on Murray R. , crossed by 145° and 146° E. 
 Molrey, decayed vil. , France, dep. Aube, W. Troyes, identified 
 with ancient Campus Mauriacus , where Attila, the Hun, was 
 defeated by the allied Romans and Visigoths in 451. 
 
 Molr Lake, Brit. Central Africa, W. of the Luangwa, crossed 
 by 13° S. , 3of ° E. 
 
 Molsle, riv., Canada, Quebec, Saguenay co. , flows S. into 
 the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which it enters just W. of 66° W. 
 Length about 250 m. 
 
 Molssac, tn., France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, cap. arr. M., on 
 the Tarn, 15 m. WNW. Montauban ; has a trade in floiu". 
 P. 5000. 
 Molta, vil, Corsica, arr. Corte, 29 m. S. Bastia. P. <20oo. 
 Molta, tn. , Portugal, Estremadura, dist. and 9 m. ESE. of 
 Lisbon. P. <4000. 
 Molwa, isl. , New Hebrides. See Aurora. 
 Moja, isl., Sweden, off the E. ct., 25 m. E. by N. Stockholm. 
 Mojacar, tn., Spain, prov. and 40 m. ENE. Almeria, near 
 the E. ct. , dist. Vera. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mojada, Sierra, chain of hills, N. Mexico, state Coahuila, 
 crossed by 27° N.; contain lead, silver, and sulphur. 
 Mojana, riv. , S. America. See Moyana. 
 Mojanga, Majuuga, Madzanga, Majanga, or Mazangaye, 
 tn., Madagascar, in 15° 43' S., on the NW. ct., fortified by the 
 Hovas ; has a magnificent natural harbour, with deep anchorage, 
 and direct inland communication with Antananarivo by means 
 of the Ikopa ; navigable for many miles and by small boats to 
 within 90 m. of the cap. Trade is in the hands of the Hindus. 
 Known in ancient times ; heard of by Marco Polo. 
 
 Mojarh, fortified tn., Brit. India, Punjab, state and 37 m. 
 SE. Bahawalpur, in a desert upland plain surrounded by low 
 sandy eminences. 
 
 Mojave, vil., U.S., California, Kern co., 69 m. Los Angeles. 
 Alt. 2751 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Mojl, terminus of the Kiushiu RIy., Japan, at N. end of the 
 island, opposite Shimonoseki ; exports a considerable quantity 
 of coal. 
 
 Mojlh, Wadl-el-, the Arnon of the Bible, riv. or wadi, 
 Palestine, a small stream in a ravine, flows W. and enters the 
 Dead Sea in 31° 29' N. 
 
 Mojpur, vil., India, Rdjputina, state and 30 m. SE. Alwar. 
 P. (i88i)<4000. 
 
 Mokamho, bay, Portuguese E. Africa, in 15° 8' S., a little to 
 the S. of Mozambique. 
 
 Mokattam, Wadl, valley or depression of land, Africa, in 
 Upper Nubia, traversing the Bayuda steppe, NW. Khartum, 
 and joining the 1. bk. of the Nile near Korti. 
 Mokatteb, mt. , Arabia. See Jehel Mokatteb. 
 Mokatteni, hill range, Egypt. See Jehel Mokattem. 
 Mokau, riv.. New Zealand, North I., flows SW. and enters 
 the Pacific in 38° 41' S. ; at its mouth is a bar, which can only 
 be cleared by small vessels. 
 
 Mokau, tp. , New Zealand, North I. , Clifton co. , 115 m. NW, 
 Napier. P. < 1500. 
 Mokdlshn, tn. , E. Africa. See Mogdlshu. 
 Mokelnmne HUl, vil., U.S., California, Calaveras co., 46 
 m. ESE. Sacramento. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mokena, vil., U.S., Illinois, Will co., 28 m, SW. by S, 
 Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 Mokha, or Mocha, seapt. , Arabia, Yemen, on the Red Sea, 
 
 1021 
 
MOKH — MOLO 
 
 55 m. NNW. the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, in 13° 20' N. , 43° 12' 
 E. ; formerly exported large quantities of coffee and other pro- 
 duce which now pass through the port of Hodaidah. M. is 
 little more than a vast ruin occupied by a handful of Turkish 
 soldiers and Bedouins. 
 
 M okliad, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Riwal Pindi, 
 1. bk. of the Indus, 61 m. S. by E. Peshawar. P. (i88i)<5ooo. 
 
 Mokllilnnl, tn. , New Zealand, South I., BuUer co., on the 
 W. ct. , 65 m. W. by S. Nelson. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mokoanghal, station of the Congo Free State, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Ubangi, above the first rapids, in 4° 45' N., 19° 36' E. 
 
 Moko Moko, maritime tn., Sumatra, in the W., on the coast, 
 in 2° 34' S. , 101° 10' E. 
 
 iMokonye, vil. , German W. Africa, in 9° 38' E. , 4° 52' N. 
 
 Mokrat, isl. , Upper Nubia. See Hograt. 
 
 Mokrln, comm. , Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. and 9 m. N. 
 by W. Nagy Kikinda. P. 8700. 
 
 Mokska, riv. , Russia, govts. Penza and Tambov, 1. bk. trib. 
 of Oka ; considerable shipping. Length, 385 m. 
 
 Hokshany, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 27 m. NW. Penza, 
 on Moksha R. P. 13,100. 
 
 Mokta, Ras, cape, W. ct. of the Red Sea, 44 m. SE. Sawikin. 
 
 Mokno, cape, E. Africa, 47 m. N. of the isl. of Mozambique, 
 at N. entrance to Fernao Veloso Bay. 
 
 Mokas, or Hloks, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet, sanjak, and 
 36 m. SW. by S. Van. .P. 3900; Christians, 3100; Moham. 
 700 (Cuinet). 
 
 Mola, Pnnta de la, cape, the most easterly point of Spain, 
 Minorca I., at the entrance to Port Mahon, in 4° 21' E. 
 
 Mola dl Barl, seapt. tn., Italy, E. ct. Apulia, prov. and 12 
 m. ESE. Bari. On each side of the town is an open roadstead, 
 Nvith 10 fathoms water. In 1710, 11,000 of its inhabitants were 
 swept away by the Plague. P. 12,000. 
 
 Holalilire, par. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bar. Magunihy, on riv. Main, 
 5 m. NE. Milltown, on the G. S. & W. R.; 9805 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Molapo, vil., S. Africa, Basuto-land, near riv. Caledon and 
 W. frontier, in 28° 49' S. 
 
 Molappo Mountains. See Basato-land. 
 
 Molare, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 22 m. S. by W. 
 Alessandria. P. <20oo. 
 
 Molash, par., Eng. , Kent, Ashford div. , 5 J m. S. Favers- 
 ham, 3^ m. W. by S. Chilham stn. , P.O. (Moldask). P. <5oo. 
 
 Molat, vil. , Austria. See Melada. 
 
 Mold, contributory pari. bor. , par., and market-tn., Wales, 
 Flintshire, 11 m. W. by S. Chester, on the L. & NW. R. In 
 the neighbourhood are extensive collieries, lead-mines, limestone 
 quarries, and potteries. Market-days, W. and S. Par. 12,839 
 ac, P. 11,700; tn. and cont. bor. P. < 4500. See Flint. 
 
 Moldan, riv. , Austria, Bohemia, rises in the Bohemian Forest 
 Mts. (alt. 3800 ft.), flows SE. and then N. with rapid descent 
 (alt. 585 ft. at Prague), and joins the Elbe near Melnik, 20 m. 
 N. Prague, after a course of 270 m. On its banks are the city 
 of Prague, and the towns Krummau and Budweis, from which 
 last it is navigable to the Elbe. 
 
 Moldantheln, tn., Austria, Bohemia, on the r. bk. of the 
 Moldau, i6i m. SW. by S. Tabor. P. <:5000. 
 
 Moldava, riv., Hungary and Roumania, rises in Bukovina, 
 and joins the Sereth 36 m. SW. Yassy (Ia§i) after a SE. course 
 of no m. 
 
 MoldaTla, formerly one of the Danubian principalities, now 
 the NE. portion of Roumania (g.v.). 
 
 Molde, ct. tn., Norway, prov. Romsdal, on the M. Fjord, 34 
 m. SW. Christiansund ; depth in harbour at high water 50 ft. , 
 at low water 43 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mold Cireen, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, Kirkheaton par. 
 P. 6500. 
 
 Moldora, 6 and CJ, two adjacent vils. on or near the Danube, 
 ip the S. of Hungary, co. Krasso-Szor^ny, 40 m. W. Orsova. 
 O. M., P. <300o; Uj M., P. <4ooo. 
 
 Mole, riv. , Eng., in NW. of Devonshire, flows S. past N. and 
 S. Molton, then W. to the riv. Tawe, which it joins on r. bk. 
 
 Mole, riv., Eng., rises in N. of co. Sussex, near Horsham, 
 flows through Surrey, and joins the Thames opposite Hampton 
 Court. At Dorking it breaks through the range of the N. 
 Downs, and between Dorking and Leatherhead disapjjears for 
 a time in the chalk. 
 
 Mole Creek, post-tn. , Tasmania, co. Westmoreland, 40 m. 
 W. by S. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Molen1>eek St. Jean, tn., Belgium, prov. Brabant, on the 
 Senne, NW. suburb of Brussels, with large factories for 
 machinery and other industries. P. (1866) 24,000 ; ( 1890) 48, 100. 
 
 Mole St. Nicolas, tn. , Haiti (^.v.), on a deep bay in the north- 
 western peninsula ; it is a port at which vessels may take cargo, 
 but are not allowed to enter from or clear for foreign ports. 
 Proposals have been made for its cession to the U.S. as a naval 
 station, but they have come to nothing. 
 
 Molescroft, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holdemess 
 div., gh m. NW. by N. Hull, i^ m. NW. by W. Beverley stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Holesdem, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and on the 
 1022 
 
 Wansbeck, 3J m. W. by S. Morpeth, i^ m. ENE. Meldon stn. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Molesey, East and West, PMT.O., Eng., Surrey. See 
 Moalsey, East and West. 
 
 Molesworth, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Huron co., 55 m. 
 N. by E. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 MolesM'orth, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and li m. 
 WNW. Huntingdon, 3i m. NNW. Kimbolton stn., P.O. P. 
 <25o. 
 
 Molfetta, seapt. tn. , Italy, E. ct. Apulia, prov. and 15 m. 
 WNW. Bari ; has a cathedral, a bishop's palace, a fishing and 
 coasting port formed by a mole, and a natural breakwater. A 
 mile and a half from the town is the Pulo di M. , a curious nitre 
 cavern. P. 29,700. 
 
 Molgas, Baikos de, comm., Spain. See Bafios de Molgas. 
 
 Moliagul, post-tn. , Victoria, Gladstone co. , 33 m. W. Sand- 
 hurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Moll^res>sar-C^ze, tn. , France, dep. Gard, arr. Alais, 2 m. W. 
 St. Ambroix, with coal-mines from the Besseges bed. P. <:^oo. 
 
 Molln, comm., Switzd., cant. Aargau, 12 m. E. Basel. P. «= 
 3000. 
 
 Molina, vil., Chile, prov. and 31 m. NE. Talca, cap. dep. 
 Lontue, station on railway from Valparaiso to Nacimiento. 
 Alt. 920 ft. P. < 5000. 
 
 Molina, tn. , Spain, prov. and 7 m. NW. Murcia, dist. Mula, 
 partly in the well-watered huerta. P. 7700. 
 
 Molina de Aragon, tn., Spain, prov. Guadalajara, cap. dist. 
 M., on the Gallo, 75 m. SW. Saragossa. P. 3000. 
 
 Mollnara, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Benevento, circle and 
 12 m. SW. San Bartolommeo in Galdo. Alt. 1805 ft. P. <3000. 
 
 Mollnatlco, Monte, mt. , Italy, in the Apennines, on the 
 border of Emilia and Tuscany, 26 m. N. by E. Spezia. 
 
 Mollne (mo-lin'), city, U.S., Illinois, Rock I. co., on 1. bk. 
 Mississippi R. , which is here divided by an island 3 m. long, 
 and forms rapids for a distance of 19 m. (3 m. below the town), 
 69 m. S. Dubuque ; immense water-power is obtained by means 
 of a dam, and employed by various manufactures. P. (1880) 
 7800; (1890) 12,000. 
 
 Mollne, vil. , U.S. , Kansas, Elk co. , on riv. Elk, 120 m. SSW. 
 Topeka. P. <:i500. 
 
 Mollnella, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 19 m. NE. 
 Bologna. P. 11,300. 
 
 Mollnos, vil., Argentine Republic, Salta, on a trib. of Rio 
 Juramento, 75 m. NW. Salta. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mollse, old prov., Italy. See Abmzsl e MoUse. 
 
 Mollterno, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 27 m. S. by E. 
 Potenza. P. 6300. 
 
 Mollvo, the ancient Methymna, tn. , Turkey in Asia, on the 
 N. ct. of the isl. of Mitilini, at the W. entrance to the Muselim 
 Channel, on the site of the ancient Meiymne ; small port, de- 
 fended by a fortress. 
 
 Molk, tn., Austria. See Melk. 
 
 Molkwemm, vil., Holland, prov. Friesland, on the W. ct. , 
 26 m. SW. Leeuwarden, i^ m. ENE. Stavoren. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Moll, tn., Belgium, prov. Antwerp, arr. Turnhout, 28 m. 
 NE. Louvain. P. (comm.) 6400. 
 
 Molland, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 15^ m. E. 
 by S. Barnstaple, 2 m. NE. Bishop's Nynipton and M. stn. 
 on the G. W. R.; has iron ore. P.O. (M. Botreanx). 6262 
 ac. P. <75o. See Knowstone. Molland Down to the N. 
 
 Mollen, Gross, vil., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the coast, 
 20 m. E. by N. Kolberg. P. <20oo. 
 
 MoUendo, formerly called Chnle, tn., Peru, dep. Arequipa, 
 on the W. ct. , in about 17° S. ; simply an anchorage in the open 
 sea, with strong currents and rocky bottom ; it is the terminus 
 of the Arequipa- Puno Rly. P. <:3000. 
 
 Moller, or Amanon, isl., Polynesia, in the central part of 
 Pomotu or Tuamotu Archipelago, in 140° 50' W., 17° 53 S. 
 
 Molllua, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. Mdlaga, dist. and 10 
 m. NW. Antequera. P. <:4000. 
 
 MoUlngton, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire and Warwickshire cos. , 
 div. and 4^ m. N. by W. Banbury, i^ m. NW. Cropredy stn. , 
 P.O. P.<:250. 
 
 Molllngton, Creat and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Cheshire. Great M., 2^ m. NW. Chester, with a stn. (M.) on 
 the Birkenhead Rly., P.O., P. ^250; Little M. P. <250. 
 
 Mollis, comm., Switzd., cant, and 4 m. N. by E. Glarus. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 MoUn, tn., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle Lauen- 
 burg, 16 m. S. Liibeck. P. <4000. 
 
 Molo, strait, E. Indies, on the W. side of isl. Flores, which it 
 separates from the little isl. o«' Rinja, in about 8° 36' S. and 119° 
 15' E. Narrowest part 423 ya. ds wide. It has a strong current, 
 flowing N. with first two quarters of moon, S. with last two. 
 
 Molocchlo, tn., S. Italy, prov. Reggio, circle and 12 m. SE. by 
 E. Palmi ; suffered much damage by an earthquake in 1783. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Molodla, tn. , Austria, Bukovina, dist. and 6 m. SE. Czemo- 
 witz. P. <5000. 
 
 Mologa, riv., Russia, govts. Tver, Novgorod, and Yaroslav, I. 
 
MOLO — MONA 
 
 bk. trib. Volga ; rises in Tver, near Byezhetsk, flows N. and SE. 
 340 m. , joins Volga near Rybinsk; navigable from confluence 
 with Ustyuzhna, with its 1. bk. trib., Chagodoshcha, which is 
 connected by a canal with Tikhvinka, trib. of Lake Ladoga ; 
 forms part of the Tikhvinsk (f.v.) system of canals. Consider- 
 able shipping. 
 
 Molokal, isl. , Sandwich Is. group ; contains a leper settlement, 
 the proportion of lepers in the Sandwich Is. being probably greater 
 than I in 60. Area, 181 sq. m. P. (i872)<3ooo. 
 
 molong, tn. , New South Wales, Ashburnham co. , 45 m. NW. 
 by W. Bathurst ; has gold and copper ore. P. 1.500. 
 
 Molonglo, postal-settlement, New South Wales, Murray co. , 
 50 m. SSW. Goulburn. 
 
 Mo'lopo, or Molapo, riv. , S. Africa. See Bechnaua-land. 
 
 IMolopolo'le, vil. , NE. Brit. Bechuana-land, in 24° 25' 30" S. , 
 2S°i6'E. Alt. 4020ft. (Swan, fliJ.). Meantemp. (4 yrs., 1880-83), 
 yr. 69.1° F., Feb. 77.4 , July 56.0°. 
 
 Molototsl, or Molontotsl, goldfleld, S. African Republic, 
 dist. Zoutpansberg, N. of Olifant's R. and E. of Drakensberg 
 Mts. , in about 30° 30' 31" E. , 23° 30' S. 
 
 IMoloagb, par.. Ire., S. co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa W. , 
 6^ m. SW. Clonmel, on the 1. bk. of the Suir. P. <:5oo. 
 
 MoLrenny, or Mnlranny, hamlet, Ire., W. ct. co. Mayo, bar. 
 Burrishoole, on the N. side of Clew Bay, 18 m. W. by N. Castle- 
 bar, 14 m. from Westport stn. , PMT.O. (Malrany). 
 
 Mols, penin., Denmark, in the E. of Jutland, 8 m. E. of 
 Aarhus. 
 
 Molsen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, 8 m. S. Liitzen, 19 m. 
 SW. Leipzig. P. < 2000. 
 
 Molshelm, tn., Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, cap. circle M. , 10^ 
 m. W. by S. Strassburg, with manufactures of bayonets, 
 swords, implements, edge-tools, and coarse ironmongery. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 Molteiio, municip. , Cape Colony, NE. Prov., dist. Albert, 45 
 m. SW. by S. Aliwal North. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Molton, North and South, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Devon- 
 shire, S. Molton div. North M. , 11^ m. E. by S. Barnstaple, ij 
 m. NE. South Molton stn., PM.O. ; 15,046 ac. P. <i5oo; 
 eccles. par. (North M. with Twlt«hen) P. 1500. South M., 
 mun. bor. and market-tn. , on the G. W. R. ; has manufactures 
 of shirts and collars, and carries on tanning and coach-building. 
 Market-days, Th. and S. 6454 ac. P. <35oo ; pari. div. P. 
 (1891) 46,700. 
 
 Molton Ridge, North, to the NE., on border of the 
 county. 
 
 Molton Road, South, stn. for Chumleigh, Eng. , Devonshire, 
 14 m. SE. Barnstaple by rail, on L. & SW. R. 
 
 Moln, gold-mine, Tongking, N. of the He-ho (Song-bo, or 
 Black R.), in about 103° 15' E. 
 
 Moluccas, or Spice Islands, geographical div. of the Eastern 
 Archipelago, lying between New Guinea and Celebes, and 
 embracing the following groups and islands: — Morotai, Halma- 
 hera or Jilolo, Ternate, Tidore, Bachian (Batjan), Ombira, the 
 Sulu Is., Buru, Amboina, Ceram, the Banda Is., the Arru, Ke, 
 Timur Laut, and Tenimber (these four and others comprising 
 the SE. islands), and the SW. islands (Wetar, &c.). They are 
 nearly all volcanic, produce spices, sago, rice, coffee, indigo, 
 cacao, tobacco, &c. , and are inhabited by (for the most part) 
 Alfuras. Ternate, Amboina, and Banda are the chief centres 
 of trade. Climate hot, but not unhealthy. They are divided 
 between the two Dutch residencies of Ternate and Amboina. 
 Total area (estimated), 28,000 sq. m. Total P. 608,000. See 
 » Malay Archipelago, and articles on the separate islands and 
 island groups. 
 
 Molng>vl, riv., Portuguese E. Africa, entering the Indian 
 L Ocean from the N., in 17° 6' S. , 38° 36' E. ; course unknown. 
 
 Molve, comm. , Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Bjelovar- 
 t Krifevci, dist. Kapronca. P. <4000. 
 
 Molveno, lake, Austria, Tirol, 9 m. NW. Trent, between the 
 ■ riv. Adige and the Brenta Mts. Its waters are of an ultramarine 
 ' blue, and held up by the remains of an avalanche. Alt. 2710 ft. ; 
 depth, 387 ft. 
 
 HolTlzar, comm., Spain, prov. Granada, dist. and 7 m. 
 I WNW. Motril. P. <40oo. 
 
 Molynenx, riv. and bay. New Zealand. See Clutha. 
 
 Molynenx BroM*, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Eccles div., on the 
 1 L. & Y. R., s m. NW. by W. Manchester. 
 
 MolyTO, Turkey in Asia. See MoUvo. 
 
 Noma, tn. , Portuguese W. Africa, 216 m. E. Benguella. 
 
 Mombach, vil., Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse, circle and 2 m. NW. 
 by W. Mainz. P. < 4000. 
 
 Mombasa, Mombas, or Mombaza, seapt. , the seat of admi- 
 nistration of Brit. E. Africa, on the N. side of a small island 
 3 m. by 2^ m., in 4° 3' S. Here are an old Portuguese fort, a 
 new European hospital, and the offices and workshops of the 
 -Brit. E. Africa Company. A short railway connects M. with 
 i'Kilindini, on the other side of the island, where is the residence 
 of the chief administrator of the company. Trade in (imports) 
 piece-goods, brass and iron wire, beads, rice ; and in (exports) 
 ivory, gum, copal, copra, ochella weed, maize, and grain ; carried 
 
 on by natives of Brit. India. The harbour is sheltered by a coral- 
 line bar, which, however, renders difficult the passage of outward 
 bound vessels against an unfavourable wind. There are an iron 
 pier and a stone wharf. Island and port mentioned as early as 
 1331. It was visited by Vasco de Gama in 1497, held by the 
 Portuguese from 1529 to 1698, and by the English from 1824 
 to 1826. P. estimated at from 15,000 to 20,000, mostly Arabs 
 and Swahili. See Klllndlnl. 
 
 Mombuey, vil., Spain, prov. Zamora, dist. Puebla de Sana- 
 bria, 27 m. NE. by E. Bragan9a. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mombush, vil., Portuguese E. Africa, on the Kwa-Kwa, 40 
 m. W. by S. Quilimane. 
 
 Mombuttu, African tribe. Same as Mangbattn. 
 
 Momeln, or Tengyueh-tlng, walled tn., China, in SW. of 
 Yiinnan, situated in a hollow basin enclosed on all sides by hills, 
 the only Chinese town of any importance in the basin of the 
 Iriwadi, in a vast plain of rice-fields ; it is partly surrounded 
 by a very strong wall of trachyte, i m. in length, 115 m. ENE. 
 Bhamo, 105 m. SW. by W. Tali-fu. It was the last town in 
 Yiinnan which resisted the Imperial forces in 1873, at the time 
 of the Mohammedan insurrection. Chinese telegraph stn. Alt. 
 5800 ft. P. 5000. (Jour. J?. G. S., 1871, p. 279.) 
 
 Momelt, tn.. Upper Burma, cap. Shan state, 95 m. NE. 
 by N. Mandalay; annexed by the British in 1891. P. Shans, 
 Kachins, and Biu-mese. 
 
 Momemphis, tn. , Eg^pt. See Mennf. 
 
 Monience, vil., U.S., Illinois, Kankakee co. , on Kankakee 
 R. , 48 m. S. Chicago. P. < 2000. 
 
 Momlen, tn. , China. Same as Monielu. 
 
 Momlgmles, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 30 m. S. by E. 
 Mons. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Monilnabad, or Amba, tn., India, Haidaribdd, 100 m. SE. 
 by S. Aurangdbad. 
 
 Momo, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 18 m. N. by E. 
 Vercelli. P. < 2000. 
 
 Moniotombo, vil. and volcano. See Managua, lake. 
 
 Hompelgard, German name of Montb^llard {q.v.). 
 
 Monipos, or Mompox, tn. , Colombia, Bolivar, no m. SE. 
 Cartagena, formerly on the 1. bk. of the Magdalena, and a 
 flourishing port, but now deserted by the river, and declining. 
 Alt. 130 ft. P. 9000. 
 
 Mon, in place-names, ' a moss,' or ' bog.' See Moin. 
 
 Mon, French, in place-names, often 'a mountain.' See 
 Mont. 
 
 Mon, tribe. See Burma. 
 
 Mona, isl. See Man, Isle of. 
 
 Mona, small isl., W. Indies, 40 m. W. Porto Rico, to which 
 it belongs. M. Passage, the channel between iPorto Rico and 
 Haiti, W. Indies, a strait 80 m. across. 
 
 Monach Islands, Scot., Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire, 
 separated by the Sound of M. from W. ct. of N. Uist. Length, 
 E. to W. , 2 m. M. lighthouse, in 57° 32' N., visible 18 m., is 
 on Shillay, the westernmost and one of the smallest of the 
 group, 46 m. N. from Barra Head, and 33 m. E. St. Kilda. 
 Largest island, Haskier or Heisker. P. 5. 
 
 Monachlogddu, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 12 m. S. by 
 W. Cardigan, 4 m. W. Rhydowen stn. , P.O. (Mynachlogddu) ; 
 6089 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Mon'aco, chief tn. of princip. of M. , on a rocky penin. 9 m. 
 NE. Nice. P. <:3000. 
 
 Mon'aco (Proven9al Mon(>gue, hence the name Monigasques 
 given to the inhabitants), independent princip. , Europe, enclosed 
 in the French dep. Alpes-Maritimes, 8 m. ENE. Nice, traversed 
 by the railway from Marseilles to the Italian frontier. The port 
 is only a creek for fishers. It is governed by a sovereign bearing 
 the title of prince, assisted by a state council. The possession 
 of this stragetic spot was for a long time the cause of dispute 
 between the lords of the neighbourhood, the most powerful of 
 whom were the Grimaldi, who succeeded in wresting it from 
 the Arabs in the loth century. During the Revolution and the 
 First Empire it was annexed to France, but was restored to 
 its sovereigns in 1814. In 1848 a revolution caused the loss of 
 Mentone and Roquebrune, which were declared free republics. 
 In i860 these two towns having chosen French nationality, the 
 prince, Charles III., renounced all rights in consideration of the 
 sum of ;^i6o,ooo. Length, 2 m.; breadth, ^-i m. ; area, 8 sq. 
 m. P. 13,300. 
 
 Monadlillath Mountains, Scot., Inverness-shire. See 
 Monujfh Lea. 
 
 Moundiiock, mt., U.S., New Hampshire, in the middle of 
 Cheshire co., 20 m. NE. by E. of the SW. corner of the state. 
 Alt. 3718 ft. (Guyot). 
 
 Monagay, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Glenquin, contains 
 part of Newcastle town ; 22,791 ac. P. <45C)0. 
 
 Monaghan, par. and civic tn.. Ire., NE. co. and bar. M., 14* 
 m. SW. by W. Armagh, on the Ulster Canal, on the G. N. (Ire.) 
 R., with large linen and swine markets, and a cheese trade. A 
 Roman Catholic college and National model school are near. 
 Market-days, W. and S. Par. 13.546 ac, P. 7000; tn. P. 
 <300o. 
 
 1023 
 
 lb 
 
MON A 
 
 M O N D 
 
 Mon'aghau, an inland co., Ire., Ulster, having N. Tyrone, 
 and S. Louth and Meath, in the diocese of Clogher ; divided 
 into the following baronies : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Acres. ■ Pop. 1891. 
 
 Cremome 84,584 24,162 
 
 Dartree 59. 611 15.953 
 
 Farney 67,334 18,508 
 
 Monaghan . . . . . ] 69,900 20,019 
 
 Trough \ 37.377 7.564 
 
 Total, Monaghan 
 
 318,8061 j 86,206 
 
 1 Exclusive of 935 ac. under the larger rivers and lakes. 
 
 The geological formation is Carboniferous in the NW. , suc- 
 ceeded by Cambrian and Lower Silurian in the SE. Surface 
 hilly, interspersed with many bogs and small lakes. The 
 N. Blackwater R. is on the N. boundary. Climate moist. 
 Chief crops, flax, oats, wheat, and potatoes. For agfricultural 
 statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. Limestone is the principal 
 mineral product. Manufactures of linen, formerly very flourish- 
 ing, have greatly declined. The Ulster canal traverses the county. 
 Chief towns, Monaghan, Clones, and Carrickmacross. It sends 
 two members to the House of Commons, both for the county 
 (N. and S. divisions). 
 
 Monaghan Road, stn.. Ire., co. Monaghan, on the G. N. 
 (Ire.) & Donegal Rly. , between stns. Ballybay and Newbliss. 
 
 Monagh Lea, mts., Scot., Inverness-shire, extending NE. 
 along the W. side of the upper part of Strathspey ; highest 
 summit Cam Mairg, 10 m. W. Kingussie, alt. 3087 ft. 
 
 Mona Kachlcb, vil. , Congo Free State, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Lubilash, in about 5° 10' S. , 23° 45' E. 
 
 Slona Kakesa, vil. , Congo Free State, about 5° 57' S. , 24° 30' E. 
 
 Monal, goldfield, Queensland, co. Bowen, 215 m. NNW. 
 Brisbane. P. < 1500. 
 
 Honaniintra, par.. Ire., co. and 4 m. SE. Waterford, Gaul- 
 tiere bar. P. <25o. 
 
 HonamoUn, par. and tn. , Ire., E. co. Wexford, bars. N. 
 Ballaghkeen and Gorey, 10 m. ENE. Enniscorthy, 6 m. from 
 Ferns stn., P.O.; 8509 ac. P.<:i5oo; tn. P.<25o. 
 
 Monango, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Dickey co., 97 m. 
 SW. by W. Fargo. 
 
 Monanlniy, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Fermoy, on the Black- 
 water, 5 m. NE. Mallow; 8831 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Houa Passage. See Blona, isl. , W. Indies. 
 
 Monar, Locb, lake, Scot., Ross-shire, 16^ m. ENE. Strome 
 Ferry, 4 m. long, drained E. by the riv. Fanar. Alt. 663 ft. 
 
 Honard, tnld. , Ire. , SW. co. and 3J m. NW. Tipperary, bar. 
 ClanwUiam, 2 m. from Limerick Junction, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Monaro, maritime pastoral dist. of New South Wales , occupies 
 the extreme SE. of the colony. 
 
 Monart, par.. Ire., W. co. Wexford, bar. Scarawalsh, 3 m. 
 NW. Enniscorthy; 13,029 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Monarto, settlement, S. Australia, Sturt co., 30 m. ESE. 
 Adelaide. 
 
 Monaseed, electoral div. , Ire., N. co. Wexford, bar. Gorey, 
 II m. WSW. Arklow. 
 
 Monaster, tnld.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Pubblebrien, 10 m. 
 S. by W. Limerick, 2 m. from Croom stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Monasteradan, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Ballaghaderreen (co. 
 Mayo). 
 
 Honasteranenagli, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bars. Coshma, 
 Pubblebrien, and Smallcounty, 2 m. E. Croom ; 7619 ac. P. 
 <iooo. 
 
 aionasterbolce, par., Ire., S. co. Louth, bar. Ferrard, 4 m. 
 NW. by N. Drogheda, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 JMon'astere'rln, or Bfonastereran, par. and market-tn. , Ire. , 
 W. CO. Kildare, bar. Offaly West, 6 m. ESE. Portarlington, on 
 riv. Barrow and Grand Canal, with a stn. (Monasterevan) on 
 the G. S. & W. R., and ruins of an abbey. The town takes its 
 name from a monastery (ruins of which still exist) founded by 
 St. Abban, and in which were afterwards placed monks from S. 
 Munster by St. Emin, or Evin, in the 7th century. Market- 
 day, S. Par. 71,432 ac, P. < 2500; tn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Blonasterorls, or Castropetre, par.. Ire., NW. King's co. , 
 bar. Coolestown, 16 m. SE. Mullingar; 15,776 ac. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Hfonasterzyska, tn., Austria, prov. Galicia, dist. M., 22 m. 
 NE. Stanislawow. P. < 5000. 
 
 Monastler, Le, tn. , France, dep. Haute- Loire, 39 m. SW. by 
 S. St. fetienne, arr. and 9 m. SE. Le Puy. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Monastir, Turkish (from Greek Monasterion), ' monastery.' 
 
 Nonastlr', or Bllstlr, seapt. tn., Tunis, on S. shore Gulf of 
 Hammamet, II m. ESE. Susa, in 3S°4S'N. ; is surrounded with 
 strong walls ; open anchorage ; no tides. Length of quayage, 
 300 ft. ; depth alongside, 5 ft. The town occupies the site of 
 the ancient Ruspina. P. estimated at 6000. 
 
 Monastir' (so called by the Turks from a monastery over- 
 looking the neighbouring village of Bukovo), called by the 
 1024 
 
 Servians BltolJ, Anglicised into BltoUa (from obitelj, ' dwell- ; 
 ing'), tn. , Turkey in Europe, 87 m. WNW. Salonica, con- 1 
 nected by rail with the Belgrade-Salonica Rly. , is cap. vilayet ; ; 
 has barracks with accommodation for 15,000 men, an arsenal, ■ 
 cadet school, and military hospital ; four gymnasia (Bulgarian, 
 Greek, Roumanian, Jewish), an American mission. Near it are 
 the ruins of the ancient Herakleia. P. 50,000, of whom perhaps , 
 two-fifths are Moham. (Servians, Albanians, Osmanli), the re- \ 
 mainder Grrecised Zinzars, Christian Servians, Jews, Gipsies, &c. I 
 
 Monasttr-kol, vil., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. and i 
 21 m. NE. Burgas, on the coast. P. <20oo. I 
 
 Monasty/ , Russian, 'monastery' and 'convent.' 
 
 Mouate, Lago dl, small lake, Italy, Lombardy, prov. Como, 
 dist. Gavirate, near Lake Como. Alt. 870 ft. 
 
 Monanglity, P.O., Wales, 5 m. SW. Knighton, Radnorshire. 
 
 Monanghty Wood, dist., Scot., Elginshire, in the N. , 4-8 
 m. WSW. Elgin. 
 
 Monamllagli Mountains, range of mts., Ire., in the S. of 
 CO. Waterford, trending nearly N. and S. 
 
 Moncabrer, Sierra de, mt., Spain, the highest in prov. 
 Alicante, immediately N. of the town of Alcoy. Alt. 4545 ft. 
 
 Moucada, comm., Spain, prov., dist., and 6 m. N. by W. 
 Valencia. P. <3000. 
 
 Moncallerl, tn., Italy, Piedmont, on the r. bk. of the Po, 
 prov. and 5 m. S. Turin. Alt. 846 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 53.7° F., 
 Jan. 33. 6^ July 74.5°. P. 4000. 
 
 MoncalTO, tn. , Italv, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, 20 m. 
 SSW. Vercelli. P. 3000. 
 
 Monc&o, vil., Brazil, Maranhao, on the 1. bk. of the Rio 
 Pindare, 100 m. SW. San Luiz de Maranhao. 
 
 Moncao, fortress, Portugal, prov. Entre Douro e Minho, dist. 
 Braga, 17 m. SE. Vigo, on the 1. bk. of the Minho. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Moncarapaclio, tn. , Portugal, prov. Algarve, dist. and 9 m. 
 NE. Faro. P. 5100. 
 
 Moncayo (from mons calvus, ' bald mountain '), isolated mt. , 
 N. Spain, provs. Saragossa and Soria, part of the water-parting 
 between the Ebro and Douro, 50 m. WNW. of the town of 
 Saragossa ; its N. slope is very steep. Alt. 7705 ft. 
 
 Moncean-snr-Sanibre, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 
 arr. and 2| m. W. Charleroi, with collieries and quarries. 
 P. 7300. 
 
 Monch, Ger., in place-names sometimes Miivch, ' a monk.' 
 
 Monch, mt. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. B. 1. 
 
 Moncblqne, tn. , Portugal, prov. Algarve, dist. and 40 m. 
 WNW. Faro. P. 6100. 
 
 Moncblqne, Serra de, mt. chain, Portugal, bounding N. 
 the prov. Algarve (^.v.). 
 
 Monckton Combe, par., Eng., Somerset, 2J m. SE. Bath, 
 P.O. (Monkton C). P. <20oo. 
 
 Monclova, tn. , Mexico, in and former cap. of prov. Coahuila, 
 no m. NW. by N. Monterey. P. 4800. 
 
 Moncontonr, tn., France, dep. Cotes du Nord, arr. St. 
 Brieuc, 35 m. SW. by W. St. Malo, with large starch-works. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Moncontonr, tn. , France, dep. Vienne, 48 m. SW. Tours, 
 arr. and 10 m. SW. by S. Loudun. In 1569 the Duke of Anjou 
 gained a victory here over the Protestants commanded by 
 Coligny. P. < 2000. 
 
 Moncorer, tn., Abyssinia, Gojam, 112 m. S. by W. Debra 
 Tabor. 
 
 Moncorro, tn., Portugal. See Torre de Moncorvo. 
 
 Monrrabeau, vil. , France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, arr. N^rac, 
 4 m. SW. Francescas ; formerly fortified ; dismantled by Riche- 
 lieu in 1622. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Moncton, tn. and port of entry, Canada, New Brunswick, 
 Westmorland co. , on the riv. Petitcodiac, 88 m. NE. St. John. 
 P. (1881) 5000; (1891) 8800. 
 
 Honda, bay, Africa. See Mnnda. 
 
 MondA, tn. , India, Central Provs. , dist. and 23 m. E. Ndg- 
 pur. P. (i88i)<40co. 
 
 Monda, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 25 m. WSW. 
 Mdlaga, dist. Coin. P. <4000. 
 
 Mondarlz, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 17 m. SSE. 
 Pontevedra, dist. Puenteareas. P. 5300. 
 
 MondaTlo, vil., Italy, The Marches, prov. and 17 m. S. by 
 E. Pesaro. P. <20oo. 
 
 Monday, riv., Paraguay, formed by the union of the Vir- 
 angua and the Capivary, flows E. to the Parand, which it enters 
 nearly opposite the confluence of the Iguapu. 
 
 Monde, MUndung, German ; Munni, Icelandic ; Munding, 
 Danish ; Mynning, Swedish, ' a river mouth.' 
 
 Mondego, navigable riv. , Portugal, prov. Beira, rising in the 
 Serra Estrella, 14 m. SW. Guarda, flows first N. then WSW. 
 past Coimbra and enters the Atlantic Ocean at Cape M., close 
 to Figueras ; its banks are the seat of endemic malaria. Length 
 130 m. , of which about 50 m. navigable. 
 
 Mondego, or Miranda, riv. , S. America, rises in N. of Para- 
 guay, and flowing NW. through Matto Grosso, Brazil, joins the 
 Paraguay on left, at 19° 15' S. Length, 260 m.; navigable more 
 than 200 m. , except in dry season. 
 
M O N D 
 
 MONO 
 
 IMoudo, vil., German E. Africa, Nguro, 73 m. W. by N. 
 Bagamoyo. 
 
 Mondolfo, tn., Italy, The Marches, prov. and 15 m. SE. by 
 S. Pesaro. P. <4000. 
 
 lIon«loiie(lo, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 30 m. NNE. 
 Lugo, cap. dist. M. P. 10,400. 
 
 Moudorf, vil. and spa, gd. -duchy and 11 m. SE. Luxem- 
 burg. P. <2000. 
 
 MondonMean, tn. , France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, arr. Vendome, 
 on the Braye, 32 m. E. Le Mans. P. <20oo. 
 
 Moudovl', tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 13 m. E. by S. 
 Cuneo, on riv. EUero, with manufactures of earthenware, and 
 silk spinning. The upper town covers the top of the hill, and 
 encloses the old citadel (1573) and the cathedral. Birthplace of 
 the physicist Beccaria (1716). Here, on April 21, 1796, the 
 French totally defeated the Austrians. M. was also sacked by 
 the French in 1799. Alt. 1835 ft. Mean temp., yr. 51.8° F. , 
 Jan. 34.3°, July 71.2°. P. 5200. 
 
 Mondovl, settlement, U.S., Washington, Lincoln co., 30 m. 
 W. Spokane Falls. 
 
 9Ioudrag4iii, tn., Spain, Guipiizcoa, dist. Vergara, 31 m. 
 SW. San Sebastian, with iron-mines. P. <4000. 
 
 Mondragone, tn., Italy, W. ct. , Campania, prov. Caserta, 
 17 m. W. Capua. P. <3ooc. 
 
 IMondsee, vil. and health resort, in SW. of Upper Austria, 
 at the upper end of the lake called Mond-sec (5 m. long ; alt. 
 1570 ft.; drained E. into Lake Alter or Kammer), 15 m. E. by 
 N. Salzburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mone, isl. , Upper Burma, 160 m. SE. Mandalay, cap. Shan 
 state. 
 
 monea, tnld. , Ire., co. Fermanagh, bar. Magheraboy, 6 m. 
 NW. Enniskillen, 11 m. from Florencecourt stn. , P.O. P. <2S0. 
 
 Moneague, tn. , Jamaica, Middlesex co. , 17 m. SW. by W. 
 Port Maria. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Monee, vil., U.S., Illinois, Will co. , 34 m. S. by W. Chicago 
 by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Moneenalassa, electoral div. , Ire., Queen's co., dist. Borris- 
 in-Ossory. 
 
 MouegUa, vil., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the coast, 19 
 m. WNW. Spezia. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Moujrgue. See Monaco. 
 
 HoneniTasia, or Napoll dl Malvasla, maritime tn. , Greece, 
 prov. Laconia, on the E. ct., 37 m. NE. by E. of Cape Mata- 
 pan ; it stands on a small island, connected by a long bridge with 
 the mainland, and has a small roadstead defended by fortifica- 
 tions. It was the shipping-port for the famous malmsey, or 
 malvoisier, wine of earlier centuries. Near it are the remains of 
 diaQ\&\\\ Efidauros Limera. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Slonereagli, electoral div.. Ire., co. Down, dist. Comber. 
 
 Monero, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Rio Arriba co. , 102 
 m. NW. by N. Santa Y€. Alt. 7256 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 Moiieslglio, vil. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 29 m. E. by N. 
 Cuneo. P. <;200o. 
 
 Moness FalLs, onUrlar Burn, near Aberfeldy, Perthshire, Scot. 
 
 Monesterace, vil., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Reggio, 31 m. S. 
 Catanzaro. P. <20oo. 
 
 Monesterlo, tn., Spain, prov. Badajoz, dist. Fuente de 
 Cantos, 50 m. N. by W. Seville. P. <5ooo. 
 
 IMouett, tn. , U.S., Missouri, Barry co. P. < 2000. 
 
 Moue-wdeu, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Eye div. , 10 m. NE. Ipswich, 
 3I m. SW. Framlingham stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Money, from Irish muine, 'a brake,' or 'shrubbery.' 
 
 Money, tn. , Ire. , co. Cavan. See Mllltowu. 
 
 Money, electoral div.. Ire., Wicklow, dists. Coolattin and 
 Clonegall. 
 
 Moueycasben, Ire., NW. ct. co. Kerry, bar. Clanmaurice, 
 ; at mouth of riv. Cashen, on S. shore of riv. Shannon, 8^ m. W. 
 1 by N. Listowel. 
 
 Moneydle, par., Scot., E. Perthshire, 5 m. NW. Perth, ij 
 m. W. Luncarty stn. ; 4438 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 Moneydlg, tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Londonderry, bar. and 10 m. 
 S. by E. Coleraine, 4 m. from Garvagh stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Moneygall, tn. , Ire. , S. King's co. , bar. Clonlisk, 15 m. NNW. 
 Thurles, 6 m. from Cloughjordan stn., PMT.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Moneyglass, tnld.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Upper Toome, 3 m. 
 NW. Randalstown, 2 m. from Toome Bridge stn. , P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Moneygold, tnld.. Ire., co. Sligo, bar. Carbury, 3 m. from 
 Cliffoney, 10 m. from Bundoran stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Moneyliaw, electoral div.. Ire., Londonderry, dist. Money- 
 more. 
 
 Moneymore, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Londonderry, bar. Loughin- 
 sholin, 4 m. NE. Cookstown, on the Belfast & Northern Counties 
 Rly,, PMT.O. Market-day, F. P. <7S0. 
 
 Moneymore, electoral div. , Ire. , Queen's co. , dist. Borris-in- 
 Ossory. 
 
 Moneyneany, tnld.. Ire., S. co. Londonderry, bar. Loughin- 
 sholin, 13 m. NNW. Cookstown, 4 m. from Draperstown stn., 
 P.O. (Moneyneaney). P. <:soo. 
 
 Moneynli-k, tnld.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Upper Toome, 3 m. 
 from Randalstown stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 1025 
 
 Moneyreagli, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Down, bar. Lower Castle- 
 reagh, 6^ m. SE. by S. Belfast, 3 m. from Ballygowan stn., P.O. 
 (Moneyrea). P. <2so. 
 
 Moneyrod, tnld.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Upper Toome, 3 m. 
 from Randalstown stn., P.O. P. ^250. 
 
 Moneysharvan, tnld.. Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. Loughin- 
 sholin, 3 m. from Maghera stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Moneyslane, electoral div. , Ire., co. Down, dist. Bally ward. 
 
 Moneysto-wn, electoral div. , Ire. , Wicklow, dist. Annaraoe. 
 
 Monfalcoue, fortified tn. , Austria, Gorz and Gradisca, 10 m. 
 SW. by S. Gorz, 2 m. NW. of M. Bay, in the NW. of the Gulf 
 of Trieste. A short distance from the town are the famous 
 Bocche del Timavo, by which the Rieka R., from the Karst„ 
 reappears after a subterranean course of 22 m. Thermal 
 springs, sea-bathing, and mineral waters recommended for gout 
 and rheumatism. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mouf'alut, tn. , Upper Egypt, prov. Siut. See Manfalnt. 
 
 Moufero, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 17 m. ESE. 
 Corunna, dist. Puentedeume. P. 5500. 
 
 Monferrato, Italy. See Montferrat. 
 
 Monfestlno, comm. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 14 m. S. by W. 
 Modena. P. 6000. 
 
 Monforte, tn. , Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, dist. Portalegre, 19 
 m. NW. Elvas. P. < 2000. 
 
 Monforte, tn., Spain, prov. and 12 m. WNW. Alicante, dist. 
 Novelda. P. <4000. 
 
 Monforte de L^mos, comm., Spain, prov. and 34 m. S. by 
 E. Lugo, cap. dist. M. P. 11,300. 
 
 Monforte San Cttoi^lo, tn. , Sicily, prov., circle, and 10 m. 
 SW. Messina. P. <3000. 
 
 Moug, vil., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gujrit, 75 m. SSE. 
 Riwal Pindi, identified by General Cunningham with Nikaa, 
 built by Alexander the Great on the site of his battle with Poms 
 after the passage of the Jehlam. 
 
 Mongalla, riv., Congo Free State, flows W., S., and finally 
 WSW. , and enters the Congo in 19° 35' E. ; ascended by 
 Hodister in a steamer to 22° E. , where it was 50 yds. wide, and 
 its current 3 knots an hour. Receives on its r. bk. the Ebala,. 
 navigable to 3° 25' N., 21° 20' E.; the Ibansa, navigable to 3° 20' 
 N., 2oi° E. with its trib. ; and the Likema, navigable to 3° 20' 
 N. , 20^ 22' E. 
 
 Mongehani, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. ,, 
 Kent, St. Augustine div. Great M., i\ m. SW. by W. Deal, i 
 m. NW. Walmerstn., P.O., P. <75o ; Little M. P. <2So ; eccles. 
 par. (Little M. with Sntton by Dover) P. <5oo. 
 
 Monger, lake, W. Australia, N. of 30° S. , crossed by 117° E. 
 
 Monges, Los, group of islets 25 m. NE. of the penin. of 
 Goajira, Colombia, in the Gulf of Maracaibo. 
 
 Monge'well, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div. , on the L 
 bk. of the Thames, 11 m. NW. by N. Reading, i^ m. S. by E. 
 Wallingford. P. <2So. 
 
 Mongliyr, municip. , Brit. India, Bengal, cap. dist. M., on 
 the r. or S. bank of the Ganges, 34 m. WNW. Bhagalpur, with 
 manufactures of fire-arms, swords, and iron articles. P. (1872) 
 59,700; (1891)57,100; Hindus, 44,100; Moham. 12,600. 
 
 Monglltello, a name of Mount Etna. See Etna. 
 
 Mongkal, tn., Tonquin. See Monkal. 
 
 Mongolia, a wide region of Asia, comprised in the Chinese 
 Empire, mostly between 37° and 53° N., 88° and 126° E., having 
 E. Manchuria, from which it is separated by a wooden palisade, 
 S. and SW. China and Sinkiang, W. Dzungaria, and N. the 
 Russian govts. Tomsk, Yenesei, and Irkutsk, and the Trans- 
 baikal prov. M. comprises three great natural divs.: central 
 M., the Mongol Gobi, or stony desert ; the Great Gobi, a sandy 
 desert occupying part of the Tarim basin ; and an area of transi- 
 tion between the two deserts formed by the sandy districts of 
 Alashan, N. of the Hwang-ho, and Ordos, S. of the great bend 
 of that river. The S. and central part of M. consist chiefly of 
 desert plateau (see Gobi), but (interspersed with some productive 
 tracts, feeding large herds of cattle belonging to nomadic tribes, 
 and where also some wheat, barley, and millet are raised) N. of 
 Urga the surface is hilly, well-wooded, and with wide, fertile 
 valleys. The NW. is mountainous ; several ranges, starting 
 from the Kanas group of the Great Altai, run in a more or less 
 parallel direction towards the SE. ; of these the three principal 
 are Tannu-ula or Tan-gu, Khangai, and the Mongol Altai. In 
 the SE. is another mountainous tract, including the Kinghan 
 Mts., continued W. by the Inshan and other ranges, with many 
 intervening valleys. The mountains are formed chiefly of 
 primary rocks (granite, gneiss, &c. ), flanked by argillaceous 
 schists and volcanic rocks. The principal rivers flow outward 
 from the margin of the Gobi ; in the SE. is the great bend of 
 the Hwang-ho ; in the N. are the headstreams of the Kerulen,. 
 Selenga, and Yenesei ; in the SW. the Tarim falls into Lob-nor, 
 and various other rivers are lost in small lakes, or in the sands 
 of the desert. There are few lakes of importance, the principal 
 being in the NW. : Kosso-gol, Ubsa-nor, and three lakes with 
 connecting channels, Kirghiz-nor, Kara-ussa, or Kobdo, and 
 Durga-nor ; in the NE. is Dalai-nor. The climate varies con- 
 siderably in different parts; everywhere, but especially in the 
 
 3T 
 
MONG — MONK 
 
 N. , it is subject to great and sudden changes of temperature ; 
 the air, however, is dry and very exhilarating, and, on the whole, 
 not unhealthy. In the NW. the prevailing winter winds are 
 the moist NE., but over the rest of the country dry cold NW. 
 winds. Violent storms, including the characteristic dust storms, 
 are frequent in winter ; W. winds prevail from April to June. 
 Skin diseases, rheumatism, and diseases of the eye are common. 
 The mineral resources of the country are still undeveloped , 
 mining being strictly prohibited by the government ; coal exists 
 in the upper valleys of the Yenesei and other parts of the NW. ; 
 saline deposits of various kinds occur in the depressions and 
 marshes. Trade is principally with China proper and, to a less 
 extent, with Russia, to which the Mongols send live stock of 
 all kinds, salt, soda, hides and skins, and timber, receiving in 
 return from the former large quantities of brick-tea, cotton and 
 woollen fabrics, boots, and metallic wares, and from the latter 
 leather goods, stuffs, and hardware, tobacco, brandy, &c. 
 Transport is effected by pack animals and light carts. The 
 camel is the principal beast of burden, but oxen, as being less 
 costly, are used over nearly the whole of M. , much of the traffic 
 being carried on by means of o.x-carts. Horses are also used, 
 sometimes even in crossing the Gobi. The following are some 
 of the principal trade-routes through M.: From Kalgan, on 
 the frontier of China, to Kiakhta via Urga (840 m. , Urga 600) ; 
 Su-chou (Kansu) NW. to Hami (418 m.), thence to Barkul (85 
 m.) ; Lan-chou (cap. of Kansu) to Urumtsi (Hung Miotsa) main 
 route via Barkul (1300 m.) ; Hami to Peking, camel-route 
 through desert (1250-1300 m., chiefly used for conveyance of 
 war material) ; Kweihwacheng via N. of Alashan, the Hurku 
 Hills, and Sedereng to Hami and Barkul (55 days' journey) ; 
 Liangchou across Ordos to Yulin (Shensi) and Taiyuen (Shansi), 
 (26 days). The Mongols (q.v.) have a peculiar physical con- 
 formation, which has been taken by ethnologists as the type of 
 a great subdivision of the human race inhabiting most part of 
 Asia E. of the Caspian. They have determined the character 
 of the mixed race we call Tatars. They have long enjoyed a 
 preponderance in Asia, and have been formidable in Europe (see 
 Mongols). They are of the Buddhist religion, and live under 
 various chiefs, who pay tribute to the Chinese emperor, but 
 receive presents from him in return to a much greater amount. 
 M. is divided into a number of chieftainships, these again into 
 banners (military tribes), and these again into regiments, &c. 
 Chief city, Urga. Area (estimated) 1,300,000 sq. m. P. 
 ^estimated) 2,000,000. 
 
 Mongols (from mong, 'brave,' 'courageous'), a people, 
 central Asia, belonging to the yellow or Mongolian race. The 
 first authentic notice of the M. occurs in the Chinese annals of the 
 Thang dynasty (a.d. 618-907), where they are called Mong-ku, 
 and later Meng-u. Their first great chief was Budantsar, whose 
 origin is enshrouded in fable. The eighth in succession from 
 him was the celebrated Temujin, or Jenghiz-Khan. He began 
 to reign in 1189, soon subdued other large Mongol and Tatar 
 tribes, and extended his conquests to N. China. In 1206 he 
 was proclaimed Great Khan at Tangut, and there assumed the 
 name of Jenghiz-Khan, 'the imincible prince." Before his 
 death, which occurred in 1227, he had subdued various Turkish 
 hordes, ravaged N. China, conquered Bukhara, overrun Khoras- 
 san, Irak, Armenia, and S. Russia. His successor in the empire 
 was Ogotai, or Ogdai. He annexed a great part of China, 
 conquered Turkistan, advanced westward, and besieged Kars 
 and Tiflis. His nephew, Batu, carried the Mongol arms into 
 Europe, took Moscow and several other towns in central Russia, 
 and had even advanced to Hungary and taken Pesth (1241), 
 when he was recalled on the death of Ogotai. After a period 
 of disturbance Mangu became emperor in 1251. The first 
 Eurojsean mission to central Asia visited his court at Karakorum 
 {q. V. ). Mangu invaded Tibet and Indo-China, while his brother, 
 Hulagu, led an army into Mesopotamia and Syria. The reign 
 of his successor, Kubilai, marks the zenith of Mongol power. 
 In 1279 he overthrew the Sung dynasty in China, and established 
 in its place that of the Mongols. His empire extended from 
 the Dnieper to the Sea of Japan, and from Siberia to the Malay 
 Penin. His court was visited by Marco Polo, who spent 17 
 years at it. In 1368 the M. d)rnasty was expelled from China, 
 and in 1388 the last Great Khan, Ussakhal, was slain in battle 
 and his army destroyed. With the fall of Ussakhal the united 
 Mongol empire ceased, though new empires were founded by 
 sections of the M. The nominal supremacy passed to the Kal- 
 mucks or W. Mongols, some of whose tribes played an important 
 part in history. Bukhara continued in the family of Jenghiz- 
 Khan, and from thence, in 1505, Sultan Baber set out for the 
 •conquest of Hindustan (India), where he established the dynasty 
 of the Great Moguls. See further Mongolia. 
 
 Mongo Ma.Loba, peak, W. Africa. See Kamernn. 
 
 Mongonnl^ post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., M. co. , 146 m. 
 NW. by N. Auckland. Mean temp., yr. 61.7° F., Feb. 69.4°, 
 Aug. 54.2°. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mongrando, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 25 m. 
 NW. Vercelli. P. <5000. 
 
 Mong-tee, city, China. See Mengtsn-taslen. 
 1026 
 
 Monbegan Island, a small isl. , U.S., Maine, off the S. ct. 
 of Lincoln co. , long. 69° 18' W. 
 
 Monlalve (mdn-1-aiv'), vil., Scot., Dumfriesshire, on the Cairn 
 Water, ii| m. S. Sanquhar, 7^ m. SW. by W. Thornhill stn., 
 PMT.O. (Monlalve). P. (including Dunreggan)<75o. 
 
 MonlerUi&l, frontier outpost, Assam, dist. Cachar, near 
 Manipur and the Lushdi Hills. 
 
 Monlfleth, par., Scot., Forfarshire, on the N. shore of the 
 Firth of Tay, 6 m. E. by N. Dundee, on the N. B. R.; has 
 a large jute mill and machine works. PMT.O. 5952 ac. 
 P. 10,500. 
 
 Monlga, riv. , Portuguese E. Africa, entering the Indian Ocean 
 in 17° 15' S. , 38° 10' E. ; course unknown. 
 
 Monlkle, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 7^ m. W. by S. Arbroath, 
 on the C. R., P.O.; 8921 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Monllea, P.O., Ire., co. Westmeath, 8 m. from Mullingar 
 stn. 
 
 Monlniall ('bald hill '), par., Scot., E. Fife, 5 m. W. Cupar, 
 I m. ENE. CoUessie stn. Here is ' the Mount,' site of residence 
 of the celebrated satirical poet. Sir David Lindsay, in the reigns 
 of James IV. and V. 6554 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Monlngton, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3J m. WSW. 
 Cardigan. P. <;25o. See St. Dogniells. 
 
 Monlqnlr^, tn., Colombia, Boyaca, on the Monlquirik 
 Kiver, 100 m. N. by E. Bogota ; originally a settlement of 
 the aborigines. Near it is a rich copper-mine. Alt. 5600 ft. 
 P. 13,000. 
 
 Monlstrol-sar-Lolre, tn., France, depj Haute- Loire, arr. 
 Yssingeaux, on the Loire, 14 m. SW. St. Etienne. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Monltean (mon'-i-to'), co., U.S., Missouri, S. of 39° N. , and 
 E. of 93° W., bounded on the NE. by the Missouri. 
 
 Monlvea, par. and tn.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bars. Clare, 
 Kilconnell, and Tiaquin, 11 m. SSE. Tuam, 5 m. from Athenry 
 stn., P.O. Par. 21,932 ac, P. < 2000; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Monkal, or Mongkal, maritime tn. , Tongking, opposite the 
 Chinese town of Tonghinkai, 80 m. W. by N. Pakhoi. The 
 port is protected by the islands belonging to Annam. Until 
 quite recently a favourite resort of pirates. 
 
 Monk Bretton, par. and tn., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 div. and it m. NE. Barnsley, on the M. R. ; has remains of a 
 Cluniac priory founded in 1157. PM.O. P. <:35oo. 
 
 Monk Conlston, vil., Eng., Lancashire. Mean rfall. (M. C. 
 Park, alt. 150 ft., 1866-80), yr. 76.8 in. See Ha-wksliead. 
 
 Monken Hadley, or Hadley, par., Eng. (in the adminis- 
 trative CO. of Herts), Middlesex, Enfield div., J ra. N. by E. 
 Barnet. P. < 1500. 
 Monkey Point, Nicaragua. See Puuta Mlco. 
 Monk Fryston, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston 
 Ash div., i2| m. ENE. Wakefield, close to Milford Junction, 
 PM.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Monk Hesledon, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 5 m. NW, 
 by W. Hartlepool. P. <4000. 
 
 Monkbopton, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 15 m. SE. 
 by S. Shrewsbury, 4 m. S. Much Wenlock, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Monkland, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 2^ m. W. 
 by S. Leominster. P. <25o. 
 
 Monkland, New and Old, two adjoining pars., Scot., NE. 
 Lanarkshire, i| m. NNW. Airdrie, i| m. ESE. Glenboig stn. 
 in NW. Lanarkshire. New M., 19,885 ac. , P. 33,900; Old 
 M., 10,935 3^c., P. 44,600; vil. (New M. and Olenniavls) 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Monkland Canal, Scot., NW. Lanarkshire, runs from the 
 N. Calder R. close to the Monkland iron-works at Calderbank, 
 W. through Coatbridge, and joins the Forth and Clyde Canal 
 in Glasgow, completed in 1790; now belongs to the C. R.; 
 admits vessels of 4^ ft. draught. 
 
 Monklelgb ('the monks' meadow'), par., Eng., Devonshire, 
 Barnstaple div., 4 m. S. Bideford, 2 m. WNW. Torrington 
 stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Monknasb, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., \ m. from 
 the S. ct., 17I m. W. by S. Cardiff, 6 m. S. by E. Bridge! il 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Monknewtown, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Sla)i. , 
 on rivs. Boyne and Mattock, 5 m. W. Drogheda. P. <5C)o. 
 
 Monk Oketaanipton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistuck , 
 div., 16 m. SE. by S. Bideford, 5 m. NW. by N. Sampford 
 Courtenay stn. P. <250. 
 
 Monkorer, fortified tn., military cap. of Gojam, Abyssinia, 
 in 10° 30' N. , 37° 30' E. 
 
 Monkrldge, par., Eng., Northumberland, 7 m. NE. Bel- 
 lingham ; 5800 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Monks Coppenhall, par., Eng., Cheshire. See Coppen* 
 ball. Monks, and Crewe. 
 
 Monkseaton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 
 2 m. NNW. North Shields, on NE. R., close to Whitley stn. 
 P. <:75o ; tn. (M. and Whitley) P. <35oo. 
 
 Monks Elelgb, par., Eng., Suffolk, on riv. Brett, 5J m. 
 NW. Hadleigh, P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Monksgrange, par., Ire., Queen's co., bar. Ballyadams, on 
 riv. Barrow, 4 m. N. Carlow. P. <25o. 
 
MONK — MONO 
 
 Monk ISherborne, par., Eng. , Hampshire, Basingstoke div. , 
 I m. WNW. Sherborne St. John, 3^ m. NW. by N. Basing- 
 stoke stn., PM.O. (Monks S.). P. <75o; eccles. par. (M.S. 
 -witli Pamber) P. < 1500. 
 
 Monks Hortou, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 4 m. 
 NW. by N. Hythe, 2 m. N. Westenhanger stn. P. <25o. See 
 Braboiirne. 
 
 Monks House, par., Eng., Northumberland, near Belford. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Monksllver, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wellington div. , lai m. 
 NW. by W. Taunton, 2J m. W. Stogumber stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Monks Kirby, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 6 m. 
 NNW. Rugby, 4 m. E. Shilton stn., PT.O.; 4563 ac. P. < 
 750 ; eccles. par. (M. K. with H'lthybrook and Copstou 
 Magna) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Monksland, par., Ire., co. Waterford, bar. Decies without 
 Drum, on riv. Mahon, i m. N. Bunmahon. P. <5oo. 
 
 Monks Liberty, par., Eng., in co. and city of Lincoln. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Monk Sobam, par., Eng., Suffolk, 4 m. NW. Framling- 
 ham. P. <soo. 
 
 Monks Risborongh, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 
 6 m. S. by W. Aylesbury, i^ m. NE. by N. Princes Risborough 
 stn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Monks Rlsbrldge, uninhabited par., Eng., Suffolk, Ris- 
 bridge dist., 4 m. NW. Clare. 
 
 Monksto-wn, tn., Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Belfast, 2 m. 
 N. Whiteabbey, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Monkstown, par. and tn. , Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Kerry- 
 currihy, on the W. shore of Cork Harbour, opposite Queens- 
 town, to which there is a ferry, i m. S. Passage stn., PMT.O. 
 Par. P. < 2500; tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Monksto-wn, par.. Ire., co. and 5 m. SE. Dublin, W. of 
 Kingstown, bars. Dubhn and Rathdown, PMT.O. P. 22,500. 
 
 MonksM'ood, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 5 m. E. 
 by N. Pontypool, 2 m. WNW. Usk stn. P. <:25o. 
 . Monkton, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 2 m. NE. 
 Honiton, 16 m. ESE. Tiverton. P. <25o. 
 
 Monkton, vil. , Eng., Durham, Jarrow div., 4^ m. E. New- 
 castle, I m. S. Hebburn stn. See Hedivorth. 
 
 Monkton, par., Eng., Kent, Isle of Thanet div., 5 m. SW. 
 Margate, 2 m. WNW. Minster Junction, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Monkton, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, a western suburb of 
 Pembroke, included in the pari. bor. of Pembroke ; 4351 ac. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Monkton, West, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 3 m. 
 NE. Taunton, PT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Monkton and Prestwlck, united par., Scot., S. Ayrshire, 
 3 m. SE. by E. Troon, on the G. & SW. R., PMT.O. (M.). 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Monkton Coiube, P. O. , Eng. , Somerset. See Moncktoii C. 
 
 Monkton Deverlll, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Mere dist. P. < 
 250. See Loiigl»rid<:e Deverlll. 
 
 Monkton Farlelgh, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 
 32 m. E. Bath ; has freestone quarries, P.O. P. <5cio. 
 
 .Monkton Wyld, eccles. par. , Eng. , Devonshire and Dorset- 
 shire, Uplyme and Wootton Fitzpaine pars. P. <25o. 
 
 Monktown, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Skreen, 5 m. SE. 
 Navan. P. <25o. 
 
 Monk Wearnionth, par., Eng., Durham, partly in bor. of 
 Sunderland, on the NE. R. P. 9100. 
 
 Monniore Green, stn., Eng., on the L. & NW. R., in the 
 SE. of Wolverhampton (W. pari. div. ). 
 
 Monnioutb, stn. , Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R. , 
 1379 m. by rail W. Montreal, 45 m. E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Mon'nionth, mun. bor. (since Edward VI.), and (in con- 
 junction with Newport and Usk) member of pari. dist. of bors., 
 par. ,market-tn. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, in the diocese of Llandaff, 
 near the confluence of the Wye and the Monnow, 17 m. S. Here- 
 ford, on branch of the G. W. R. (two stns. , Troy and May Hill). 
 M. has smelting and tin-plate works, and a richly endowed 
 grammar school and high school for girls, founded in 1614 by 
 William Jones, master of the haberdashers' company. It stands 
 picturesquely in a valley ; was anciently fortified, and is over- 
 looked by an eminence on which are a few remains of a castle 
 built to overawe the Welsh. M. is the native place of Henry V. 
 and Geoffrey the historian, both having their title from the town. 
 Market-days, S. and M. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 3300; (1891) 5500 ; 
 pari. dist. P. (1891) 58,700. 
 
 Monmouth, city, U.S., Illinois, Warren co., 56 m. W. by N. 
 ( Peoria ; has important manufacture of ploughs. P. 5900. 
 
 Monniontb, tn., U.S., Maine, Kennebec co. , 14 m. NE. 
 Auburn. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Monmouth, co. , U.S., New Jersey, on the Atlantic, bounded 
 on the N. by Raritan and Sandy Hook Bays. 
 
 Monmouth Beach, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Monmouth co., 
 on the coast, 25 m. S. Brooklyn. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Monmouthshire, maritime co. , Eng. , bordering on S. Wales, 
 having the Severn estuary on S. , Gloucestershire on E., and 
 
 Herefordshire on NE. ; divided into the following parliamentary 
 divs. : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 P. 1891. 
 
 Northern 
 
 Western 
 
 Southern 
 
 Monmouth Dist. of Boroughs, 1 ) 
 pari. bor. . . . j 
 
 Total .... 
 
 105,897 
 
 27.997 
 
 199.512 
 
 8,282 
 
 62,674 
 64,866 
 66,156 
 
 58,720 
 
 341,6882 
 
 252,4162 
 
 1 Comprising the Contributory Boroughs of Monmouth, P. 5470 ; 
 Newport, P. 51,803 ; and Usk, P. 1447. 
 
 - The administrative county includes also the part of Ebbw Vale 
 urban sanitary dist. in the ancient county of Brecknock, the part of 
 Rhymney dist. in that of Brecknock, and the part of Tredegar in that 
 of Brecknock. Area, 347,011 ac. P. 258,054. 
 
 The surface is very varied, rising in W. and N. to a mountainous 
 district, with the summits: Sugar Loaf, 1954 ft., Blorenge, 
 1908 ft. , and Skyridd Vawr, 1601 ft. ; the coast being two broad 
 marshy tracts requiring embankments to protect them from 
 the sea. Chief rivers, the Wye, forming the E. boundary, the 
 Monnow, which joins the Wye at Monmouth, the Usk, flowing 
 S. through the centre of the county, the Rumney, forming the W. 
 boundary. The geological floor is mainly Old Red Sandstone 
 (in the E. half of the county), and Carboniferous limestone in the 
 W. , with an outcrop of Silurian rocks near Usk. Near the 
 Wye some limestone formations from Gloucestershire cover the 
 Old Red Sandstone, and give rise to the famous scenery of that 
 region. The Carboniferous system of the W. half includes the 
 rich coal-measures (area, 90,000 ac. ), millstone-grit, limestone, 
 beds of red and brown sandstone, marls, &c. Ironstone is found 
 in beds and in large masses ; chief blast-furnaces at Newport 
 and Blaina. The important coal-mining centres (with seventy- 
 four mines under inspection) are : Abercarn, Pontypool, Nan- 
 tyglo, Blaina, Tredegar, Ebbw Vale, and Rhymney. The S. 
 Wales railway is along the coast, and there are branch lines of 
 the G. W. R. and L. & NW. R., besides communication by 
 canals. Except in the mountainous parts there is much fertile 
 soil, the Usk valley being noted for its quality of wheat. The 
 coast levels have a deep loam, suitable for timber. (For agri- 
 cultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. ) In this county are 
 many traces of the Roman occupation, as at /sea Silurum, now 
 ' Caerleon ' = Caer Legionis, one of their chief stations. M. , and 
 more particularly Caerleon, are intimately associated with the 
 King Arthur of Britain cycle of romances. Of Norman for- 
 tresses, the chief remains are Caldicot, Chepstow, Newport, 
 Abergavenny, &c. The ruined abbeys of Tintern and Llanthony 
 are also famous. Monmouth only became an English county in 
 1535, being previously under the Lords of the Marches ; and 
 Welsh is still largely spoken. In the registration county, which 
 includes most of the Forest of Dean proper (the S. portion of 
 the Forest of Dean div.), in Gloucestershire, as well as parts of 
 the counties of Hereford, Glamorgan, and Brecknock, upwards 
 of 39,500 out of a total of 257,200 above two years of age spoke 
 Welsh at the census of 1891, although the majority of these 
 also spoke English. M. county is an archdeaconry in the 
 diocese of Llandaff. It returns three M.P.'s (divs. N. , W., and 
 S. ); and the bors. Monmouth, Newport, and Usk return one 
 member. See England, table. 
 
 Monmouthshire Canal, Eng. , from Newport N. to Ponty- 
 pool ; length, 175 m. 
 
 Monnlckendam, tn. , Holland, prov. N. Holland, on the W. 
 ct. of the Zuider Zee, 7 m. NE. by N. Amsterdam, surrounded 
 by earth ramparts. Founded in the 13th century, formerly more 
 prosperous than now ; suffered greatly by inundations, Feb. 1825. 
 Manufactures Edam cheese. P. (comm. )<3ooo. 
 
 Monnlugton on Wye, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Leominster 
 div. , on the 1. bk. of the Wye, 9 m. W. by N. Hereford, 2J m. 
 SW. Moorhampton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Monnow, or Munnow, riv., Eng., rises in Herefordshire, 
 near Hay, flows S. and SE. and joins the Wye near Monmouth. 
 It forms a great part of the boundary between Herefordshire 
 and Monmouthshire. 
 
 Mono, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Dufferin co. , 46 m. NW. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mono, lake, U.S., Cahfornia, M. co. , crossed by 38° N. , and 
 12 m. from E. frontier; its waters, which are intensely salt and 
 highly alkaline, contain borax. On the islands, several in number, 
 are active fumeroles, or boiling springs. Alt. 6380 ft. ; depth, 
 154 ft.; area, 87 sq. m. 
 
 Mono, native name of Treastuy I. , S. Pacific. 
 
 Mono, riv. , W. Africa, Slave Coast, has its mouth near Grand 
 Popo, and is navigable to Togodo with high water. 
 
 Monoc'acy, riv., U.S., Maryland, flows S. to the Potomac, 
 which it joins in about tj^^ W. 
 
 Monodendrle, cape, in the W. of Asia Minor, in 37° 21' N. 
 
 1027 
 
MONO — MONT 
 
 Monoliau, settlement, U.S., Washington, King co. , 57 m. 
 NE. Olympia. 
 
 Mono Mills, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Peel co., 37 m. 
 NW. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mononiotapa, a former native kingdom of E. Africa, in the 
 Mozambique-Zambezi region, the exact position being not known 
 with certainty ; was visited and subdued by the Portuguese in 
 i6th and 17th centuries. 
 
 Monoiuoy Island, small isl., U.S., off the S. ct. of the E. 
 end of the penin., in the SE. of Massachusetts, in 41° 33'-37' 
 N. , crossed in the SW. by 70° W. 
 
 Monon, tn., U.S., Indiana, White co., 68 m. SE. Chicago. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mono'iia, co. , U.S., Iowa, on W. frontier, crossed by 42° N., 
 traversed by Little Sioux R. 
 
 Monoitgalie'la, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, Washington co. , 
 on Monongahela R. , 19 m. SSE. Pittsburg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Alonoiigaliela, riv. , U.S., Western Virginia and Pennsyl- 
 vania, flows N. into the Allegheny (with which it forms the 
 Ohio), which it joins at Pittsburg; navigable to Morgantown, 
 in the N. of Western Virginia, 5 or 6 m. S. of the frontier. Its 
 course lies through a fertile region rich in coal. 
 
 Monongalia, co., U.S., W. Virginia, on the N. frontier, 
 crossed by 80° W. , with coal-mines. 
 
 HonopoU, tn., on the E. ct. of Italy, Apulia, prov. and 25 
 m. ESE. Bari. P. 13,200. 
 
 Honor, tn. , Hungary, co. and 20 m. SE. by E. Budapest. 
 P. (comm. ) 7000. 
 
 Mono Road, rlv. stn., Canada, Ontario, Peel co. , 28 m. 
 NW. by W. Toronto. 
 
 Mouostorszeg, vil. , Hungary, co. Bics-Bodrog, 20 m. NE. 
 by N. Eszek, near 1. bk. Danube. P. 5400. 
 
 HondTar, tn., Spain, prov. and 20 m. WNW. Alicante, cap. 
 dist. M. , in a rich fruit-producing region. P. 8800. 
 
 Monpont, tn. , France. See Montpont. 
 
 Monqnliitter (miing-kwit'er ; ' hill of the mist '), par. , Scot. , 
 Aberdeenshire, 6 m. E. Turriff; 17,433 ac. P. <30oo. 
 
 Monreale (Murrlall, Sicilian), tn. , Sicily, prov. and 5 m. 
 SW. by W. Palermo, overlooking the valley called Concha 
 d'Oro ('shell of gold ') ; noted for its orange, almond, and olive 
 trees ; has a magnificent cathedral, metropolitan see of Sicily, 
 noted for its mosaics, which completely cover the interior. 
 Founded in the nth century by the Norman duke, William II. 
 It was on the route from M. to Palermo that the massacre known 
 as the Sicilian Vespers began, March 30, 1282. P. 13,900. 
 
 Monroe, co. , U.S., Alabama, S. of 32° N., traversed and 
 partly bounded in W. by Alabama R. 
 
 Monroe, co., U.S., ^Ajkansas, crossed in N. by 35° N., and 
 in the E. by 91° W., bounded on SW. by White R. 
 
 Monroe, co. , U.S., Florida, S. of 26° S. It is mainly made 
 up of Big Cypress Swamp, belonging to the Everglades, but 
 includes Pine and other islands on the S. 
 
 Monroe, co. , U.S. , Georgia, intersected by 33° N. and 84° W. 
 
 Monroe, tn., U.S., Georgia, Walton co., 40 m. E. by N. 
 Atlanta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Monroe, co. , U.S., Illinois, on W. frontier, N. of 38° N. 
 
 Monroe, co. , U.S. , Indiana, just to N. of 39° N. , and betvireen 
 86° and 87° W. 
 
 Monroe, co., U.S., Iowa, intersected by 41° N. and 93° W. 
 
 Monroe, tn., U.S., Iowa, Jasper co. , 25 m. E. by S. Des 
 Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Monroe, co., U.S., Kentucky, S. frontier, W. of 85° W. 
 
 Monroe, city, U.S., Louisiana, Ouachita par., on the 
 Ouachita R. (which is navigable to this point nearly nine months 
 of the year for large steamboats), 72 m. W. by N. Vicksburg 
 (Miss.); important shipping point for cotton. P. <4000. 
 
 Monroe, tn., U.S., Maine, Waldo co., 19 m. SW. Bangor. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Monroe, city, U.S., Michigan, cap. M. co., on both banks of 
 and supplied with excellent water-power by the Raisin R. , just 
 above its mouth in Lake Erie (with which it is connecteid by 
 a ship canal), 36 m. SW. by S. Detroit, with foundries and 
 machine-shops, &c. P. 5300. 
 
 Monroe, co. , U.S., Mississippi, on the E. frontier, crossed 
 in the N. by 34° N. 
 
 Monroe, tn., U.S., Missouri, M. co., 78 m. NE. by N. 
 Jefferson City. P. < 2000. 
 
 Monroe, co., U.S., New York, on Lake Ontario, crossed in 
 the W. by 78° W. 
 
 Monroe, vil, U.S., New York, Orange co., 30 m. SSW. 
 Poughkeepsie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Monroe, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, Union co. , 118 m. SW. by 
 W. Raleigh. P. < 2000. 
 
 Monroe, co. , U.S. , Ohio, in the SE. , on the Ohio, S. of 40° N. 
 
 Monroe, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, on the Delaware, crossed 
 by 41° N. 
 
 Monroe, co., U.S., Tennessee, on the SE. frontier, N. of 
 35° N. , and crossed in the E. by 84° W. 
 
 Monroe, settlement, U.S., Utah, Sevier co., 148 m. S. by W. 
 Salt Lake City. 
 1028 
 
 Monroe, co. , U.S. , West Virginia, on SE. frontier, S. of 38" N. 
 
 Monroe, co., U.S., Wisconsin, E. of 91° W., and crossed 
 by 44; N. 
 
 Monroe, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Green co., 91 m. WSW. 
 Milwaukee ; large cheese entrepot. P. < 4000. 
 
 Monroe, Fort, U.S., Virginia. See Fort Monroe. 
 
 MonroevlUe, vil., U.S. , Indiana, Allen co. , 103 m. NE. by 
 N. Indianapolis, 4 m. from E. frontier of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 MonroevlUe, vil., U.S., Ohio, Huron co. , 55 m. WSW. 
 Cleveland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Monros, seapt. , Scot. See Montrose. 
 
 Monrovia, tn. , W. Africa, cap. of the republic of Liberia, 
 on the Guinea coast, and on 1. bk. of Mesurado R. ; founded in 
 1821. Has an American Presbyterian Mission stn. P. 3500 
 (official, 13,000). 
 
 Mons (Flemish Bergben), tn. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. M. ^ 
 ontheTrouille, trib. of the Haine, 20 m. ENE. Valenciennes, at 
 the head of the canal to Cond^, by which it communicates with 
 the Scheldt. Chief buildings, the Gothic church of St. Waudru 
 of the 15th century, the loth century town-house, and the castle ;. 
 fine boulevards cover the old fortifications ; manufacttu-es choco- 
 late, oil, pins, and porcelain. There are numerous coal-mines, 
 first worked in the beginning of the 14th century, in its vicinity 
 at the villages Jemappes, Frameries, Warquig^ies, Homu, and 
 Boussu. This district, which contains nearly 160 seams, more 
 than half of which are workable, though mostly under 3 ft. in 
 thickness, and is now also a great seat of iron and glass works^ 
 is called the Borinage, and the miners are called Borains. 
 P. (1866) 23,100; comm. P. (1890) 25,80c. 
 
 Mons Albanus, tn. , France. See Montanban. 
 
 Monsal Dale. 1. Valley, *Eng., in the W. of the W. div.. 
 of Derbyshire, about 6 m. E. by S. Buxton. 2. A station on 
 the M. R. , 7 J m. E. Buxton ; near it are quarries of calcspar. 
 
 Monsea, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, bars. Lower Ormond, 
 Ovwiey, and Arra, on Lough Derg, 3 m. NW. Nenagh ; 5025- 
 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Mons^gur, or Monts^gur, tn., France, dep. Gironde, 35 m.. 
 ESE. Bordeaux, arr. and 8 m. NE. by E. La R6ole. P. <2ooo.. 
 
 Monseliee, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 12 m. SW. by S. 
 Padua, on the canal of M., which extends from Padua to Este, 
 connecting the Bacchiglione and Frassine. P. <4000. 
 
 Mons-en-Pevele, or Mons-en-Pnelle, tn. , France, dep. 
 Nord, arr. Lille, 3 m. S. Pont-a-Marcq ; scene of victory of 
 Philip the Fair over the Flemish in 1304. P. <20oo. 
 
 Monserrat, or Montserrat, mt. , Spain, prov. and 23 m. NW. 
 Barcelona, on the r. bk. of the Llobregat ; a pyramid of con- 
 glomerate, with two distinct summits. On its slope, 1200 ft. 
 high, a Benedictine abbey, founded in 880, with thirteen her- 
 mitages, was perched among the rocks ; it was burned and 
 plundered by the French in 1812, and again in 1827, when it 
 was the stronghold of the Carlist insurrection. It is now empty,, 
 but the small black image of the Virgin here exhibited attracts 
 large numbers of pilgrims every year. Alt. 3919 ft. 
 
 Monserrate, small isl. ,Gulf of California, Mexico, in 25° 43' N. 
 
 Monsols, vil. , France, dep. Rhone, arr. Villefranche, 25 m. 
 NE. by E. Roanne, 17 m. WSW. Macon. P. <20oo. 
 
 Monson, tn., U.S., Maine, Piscataquis co., 48 m. NW. 
 Bangor. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Monson, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Hampden co., 14 m. E.. 
 Springfield, with manufactures of woollen goods. P. <4000. 
 
 Mons Relaxus, tn. , France. See Morlaix. 
 
 Monster^, vil., Sweden, prov. and 27 m. N. by E. Kalmar 
 on the E. ct. P. «<2ooo. 
 
 Mont, French, in place-names often Man ; Monte, Italian,. 
 Spanish, and Portuguese, 'a mountain.' 
 
 Montabanr, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse- Nassau, cap. circle 
 Unterwesterwald, 12 m. ENE. Koblenz. P. <4000. 
 
 Montacnte ( ' sharp hill ' ) , par. , Eng. , Somerset , S. div. , 3^ m. 
 W. Yeovil, on the G. W. R. ; has quarries of magnesian lime- 
 stone. PT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Montagano, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 7 m. N.. 
 by E. Campobasso, 46 m. W. by N. Foggia. P. <4000. 
 
 Montagnac, tn., France, dep. H6rault, Sut. B6ziers, 12 m. 
 NW. by W. Cette. P. <4000. 
 
 Montagnana, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 22 m. WSW.. 
 Padua, cap. circle M., with a cathedral of the 15th century. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Montagny, 8le. F^liclt*, vil. , France, dep. Oise, 14 m. NW. 
 by N. Meaux, arr. and 8 m. SE. Senlis. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montagrier, vil., France, dep. Dordogne, on the Dronne,. 
 13 m. WNW. P^rigueux, arr. Rib^rac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montagn, vil.. Cape Colony, div. Robertson, 25 m. NW.. 
 Swellendam. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montagn, co. , Tasmania, on the W. ct. , crossed by 42° S. 
 
 Montague, post-vil. , Canada, Prince Edward I. , King's co. , on 
 arm of Cardigan Bay, 27 m. E. by S. Charlottetown. P. <;isoOrf- 
 
 Montagae, small isl. in Sandwich group, S. Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Montague, tn., S. Australia. See Dry Creek. 
 
 Montague, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co. , 23 m.. 
 N. by E. Holyoke. P. 6300. 
 
 'if 
 
MONT — MONT 
 
 Montagne, vil., U.S., Michigan, Muskegon co., 125 m. W. 
 by S. Bay City, on the N. shore of White Lake (an expansion of 
 White R. ), which communicates with Lake Michigan. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Montagne, co. , U.S., Texas, on the Red R. (N. frontier), E. 
 of 98° N. 
 
 Montagne Bay, Bismarck Archipelago, on S. ct. of Neu- 
 Pommern (New Britain) L, crossed by 6'^ 10' S., 150° 40' E. 
 
 Montagne Islands, several isls. in the Pacific Ocean. 1. 
 Islet, 8 m. from the coast of New South Wales, in 150° 13' E. , 
 36° 18' S. 2. Isl., U.S., Alaska terr. , Prince William Sound, 
 crossed by 60° N., and in the SW. by 148° W. ; length 50 m., 
 breadth 8 m. 3. Islet, New Hebrides, N. of Sandwich Is., 
 in 17° 28' S. , 168° 20' E. 
 
 Montagne Sonnd, inlet on the NW. of the Kimberley div. 
 of W. Australia, crossed by 14^° S. and 125^° E. 
 
 Montagn River, post-tn. , Tasmania, Welhngfton co. , 122 m. 
 WNW. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montaign, isl. , Alaska. See Montagne. 
 
 Montalgn, Flemish Scherpenheuvel, coram., Belgium, 
 prov. Brabant, arr. and 14 m. ENE. Louvain. An image of the 
 Virgin attracts pilgrims. P. <4000. 
 
 Montaign, tn. , France, dep. Vendue, arr. La Roche-sur-Yon, 
 on the Maine, 20 m. SE. by S. Nantes ; formerly fortified ; 
 suffered severely during the Vend^an rising in 1793. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montaign-de-<|nercy, vil., France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, 
 arr. Moissac, 22 m. ENE. Agen. P. <20oo. 
 . Montaignt-en-Conibraille, tn., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 
 arr. Riom, 5 m. SE. Montlu9on. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Montajone, vil., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 22 m. SW. 
 Florence ; manufactures wine-flasks. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montalbsin, comm. , Spain, prov. and 21 m. S. by W. 
 Cordoba, dist. Rambla. P. <4000. 
 
 Montal1)&n, tn. , Spain, prov. Teruel, cap. dist. M. , on the 
 riv. Martin, 55 m. S. by E. Saragossa. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Montalban, tn., Venezuela, Carabobo, no m. W. by S. 
 Caracas. P. 7700. 
 
 Montalbano di Elicona, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 31 m. WSW. 
 Messina. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Montalbano Jonico, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. Potenza, 
 36 m. WSW. Taranto. P. < 3000. 
 
 Montalbion, tp., Queensland, co. Chelmsford, 170 m. 
 NNW. Townsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montalbo, comm., Spain, prov. Cuenca, 50 m. E. by S. 
 Aranjuez. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montalcino, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 20 m. SSE. 
 Siena ; it is celebrated for its wines ; has a fine cathedral, re- 
 stored in 1832 ; and a castle on an adjacent height. P. <30oo. 
 
 Montale, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Florence, circle and 
 6 m. E. Pistoja. P. 8700. 
 
 Montalegre, or Monte Alegre, tn., Portugal, Traz-os- 
 Montes, prov. Villa Real, 64 m. NE. Oporto, near the frontier 
 of Galicia (Spain) ; has a i6th century cathedral, and a castle. 
 Alt. 3182 ft. Mean temp., yr. 49.7° F. , Jan. 38.0°, Aug. 64.6°. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Montalfano, Monte, Sicily, W. ct. , behind Cape Mon- 
 gerbino, 9 m. E. Palermo. Alt. 1225 ft. 
 Montalto. See Apennines, E. 
 
 Montalto, tn. , Italy, The Marches, prov. Ascoli-Piceno, 9I 
 m. N. by E. Ascoli, 44 m. S. by E. Ancona. P. <2oco. 
 
 Montalto IJffogo, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 10 m. NW. 
 by N. Cosenza, 42 m. NNW. Catanzaro. P. <3000. 
 
 Montafta. See Pern. 
 
 Monta'na, one of the United States of America, the northern- 
 most of the Rocky Mt. states of western group, separated from 
 Canada by the parallel of 49° N., and reaching from the Dakotas 
 to the Bitter Root Mts., on the Idaho border. The Missouri 
 Range of the Rocky Mts. (average elevation 8000 ft. ) cross the 
 state from N W. to SE. , and form the watershed between tribs. of 
 the Missouri R. and those of the Columbia system. The Yellow- 
 stone and Big Horn Mts. extend southward into Wyoming. 
 There are also numerous secondary ranges, with enclosed 
 valleys in the W. The Little Rocky, the Belt, and the Powder 
 R. ranges rise from the eastern plains, which descend gradually, 
 but nowhere to a lower elevation than 3000 ft., save in the 
 valleys of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivs. Besides the 
 streams mentioned, the Powder, Big Horn, Gallatin, Madison, 
 Jefferson, and Milk flow N. and E. ; the Bitter Root and 
 Clark's Fork, with Fleethead Lake, to the W. The upper 
 courses of many streams abound in cascades, the Great Falls of 
 the Mo. being a series descending 160 feet. Canons abound, 
 some cut in basalt, there being extensive beds and many peaks 
 of eruptive rock. A small part of the Yellowstone National 
 Park lies within M. Navigation is possible upon the Mo. 
 up to Fort Benton (alt. 2694 ft.), and at times upon the Yellow- 
 stone. The climate is dry, healthful, and normal in temperature 
 [Virginia City, Fort Benton]. The principal crops are oats, 
 wheat, and barley, grown in the western valleys. The use of irri- 
 gation is increasing, but chiefly to grow forage for cattle. Sheep 
 grazing is carried on in the E. without difficulty. Mining interests 
 are the most important. Montana's output of copper in 1892 
 
 was more than half the U.S. total. The mines are near Butte, 
 the concentrating and smelting works at Anaconda. Silver is 
 found with the copper, and with lead in several counties, the 
 output rising from _;^300,ooo in 1883 to upwards of _^4,ooo,ooo 
 in 1891. Gold-mines yield less than one-fourth of the value of 
 the silver production. Good bituminous coal is mined, chiefly in 
 Park and Cascade cos. Other mineral products were lead, iron 
 ore, and antimony. Timber and flour are the chief manu- 
 factures. Two railroads that lead from St. Paul (Minn.) to the 
 Pacific coast pass through M. The capital is Helena ; other 
 chief places, Butte, Anaconda, Missoula, Bozeman, Great Falls, 
 Livingston. The population is about one-fourth foreign born. 
 Education is at a disadvantage among a scattered population, 
 but is steadily improving. The College of M. is at Deer Lodge, 
 M. University at Helena. M. is part of the Louisiana Pur- 
 chase, was made a territory in 1864, and a state in 1889. Area, 
 146,080 sq. m. P. 132,159. [C. H. L.] 
 
 Montanaro, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 15 m. NE. by 
 N. Turin. P. < 5000. 
 
 Moutdnchez, comm., Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 20 m. 
 SE. byS. Caceres, dist. M. , 50 m. ENE. Badajoz ; exports hams 
 and phosphorite, the former noted since the time of Charles V. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Montaner, vil., France, dep. Basses- Pyr^n6es, arr. and 18 m. 
 E. by N. Pau, 9 m. NW. by N. Tarbes. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montanha, or ^Vnngknm, isl. , China, 2 m. S. Macao. Alt. 
 of peak, 1950 ft. 
 
 Montara Point, cape, U.S., California, in 37° 32' N. 
 
 Montargis, tn., France, dep. Loiret, cap. arr. M. , 29 m. S. 
 Fontainebleau, at the junction of the canals Briare and Loing, 
 with manufactures of paper and indiarubber goods. Birthplace 
 (1648) of Madame Guyon, the Quietist. P. 11,600. 
 
 Montastrnc, vil., France, dep. Haute-Garonne, arr. and 11 
 m. NE. Toulouse. P. < 2000. 
 
 Montataire, tn., France, dep. Oise, arr. Senlis, 20 m. SE. by 
 E. Beauvais, with large metal-works. P. 5200. 
 
 Montanban, vil., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, 18 m. WNW. 
 Rennes, arr. and 6 m. NE. by E. Montfort-sur-Meu. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Montauban, the ancient Mons Albanus, cap. dep. Tarn-et- 
 Garonne, France, cap. arr. M. , on the Tarn, 29 m. N. by W. 
 Toulouse ; has a seminary with the only Protestant faculty of 
 theology in France ; a suffragan bishopric of Toulouse ; a cathe- 
 dral of the i8th century ; raw silk spinning and manufactures 
 of wool, bolting-cloths, &c. M. owes its origin to the abbey 
 of St. Th^odard, or Montauriol, built in the 8th century. It 
 became in the i6th century a stronghold of the Protestants, the 
 inhabitants formed a republic, and the town was ineffectually 
 besieged in 1562 and 1624, but surrendered in 1629, and its 
 fortifications were demolished. Birthplace (1781) of the painter 
 Ingres. Alt. 318 ft. Mean temp., yr. 56.3° F., Jan. 41.0°, July 
 73.0°. P. (1872) 25,600 ; (1891)30,400. 
 
 Montank Point, cape, U.S., New York, in the extreme E. 
 of Long I., in the Atlantic. On it is a stone lighthouse (visible 
 19 m.), in 41° 4' N., 71° 51' W. 
 
 Mont anx Sources, mt., S. Africa, Quathlamba Range, in 
 the W. frontier of Natal, and in the extreme N. of Basuto-land ; 
 source of the Caledon, Kornet Spruit, and upper Tugela Rivs. 
 Alt. 10,000 ft. 
 
 Montazzoll, tn., central Italy, prov. Chieti, circle and 19 m. 
 SW. Vasto. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Montbard, tn., France, dep. Cote d'Or, arr. Semur, on the 
 Brenne, 47 m. N. Autun, 10 m. N. Semur-en-Auxois, with a 
 castle belonging in the 17th and i8th centuries to the family of 
 Buffon, the celebrated naturalist, who was born here in 1707, 
 and here composed most of his works. Birthplace (1716) of 
 Daubenton, the naturalist. P. < 3000. 
 
 Montbarrey, vil., France, dep. Jura, on the Loue, 24 m. 
 SW. Besanpon, arr. and 9 m. SE. by E. D61e. P. < 2000. 
 
 Montbazens, tn., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. Villefranche, 
 38 m. N. by E. Albi. P. < 2000. 
 
 Montbazon, tn., France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, on the Indre, 
 arr. and 7 m. S. by E. Tours. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montb<^llard, Ger. Miinipelgard, tn., France, dep. Doubs, 
 cap. arr. M., on the Doubs, 9 m. SSW. Belfort, on the Rhone 
 and Rhine Canal, with manufactures of files, knitting-looms, 
 clocks, and watches ; has a statue of the naturalist Cuvier, who 
 was born here in 1769. Its fortifications were rased in 1676 by 
 the Marshal de Luxembourg. The greater part of the popula- 
 tion is Protestant, and includes a number of descendants of 
 Anabaptists from Friesland. P. 9200. 
 
 Montbenott, vil., France, dep. Doubs, on the Doubs, 27 m. 
 SE. Besan9on, arr. and 8 m. NE. Pontarlier. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mont Blanc, mt. of the Graian Alps, in the French dep. of 
 Haute-Savoie, the highest peak in Europe, in 45° 49' 58" N. , 6" 51' 
 54" E. Alt. 15,780 ft., but this varies to an extent of several 
 feet, according to the amount of condensed snow on its summit. 
 Limit of the snow-line on the N. side, 8950 ft. above the sea ; 
 on the S. side, 9500 ft. Several glaciers encircle the mountain, 
 the largest being the Glacier du G^ant, the lower part of which 
 is known as the Mer de Glace, or Glacier des Bois, the Glaciers 
 
 1029 
 
MONT — MONT 
 
 de Bossons, d'Argentiere, &c. All these thus named overlook 
 the valley of Chamonix. The mountain is remarkable for its 
 numerous sharp pinnacles, termed aiguilles (needles). Mont 
 Blanc was first ascended by the guides Pacard and Jacques 
 Balmat, August 8, 1786. In 1787 the French savant Saussure 
 made his ascent and observations. In 1893 an observatory was 
 built near the summit, at an alt. of 14,350 ft. 
 
 nont Blanc ile Sellan. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 1, 
 
 Moiitblaiich, tn., Spain, prov. and 17 m. NNW. Tarragona 
 dist. M. P. 6000. 
 
 Moutbozon, vil. , France, on the S. border of dep. Haute- 
 Saone, arr. Vesoul, on the Ognon, 20 m. NE. by N. Besan9on, 
 10 m. NW. by N. Baume-les-Dames. P. <2C)oo. 
 
 Montbrlsoii, tn., France, dep. Loire, cap. arr. M., 20 m. 
 NW. by W. St. Etienne, with three cold acidulated springs ; 
 ancient seigniory, dating from the loth century ; cap. of dep. 
 Loire before 1855. Alt. 1295 ft. P. 6900. 
 
 Moutbron, tn. , France, dep. Charente, on the Tardoire, arr. 
 and 17 m. E. Angouleme. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montcalm, co., Canada, Quebec, stretching NW. from near 
 the St. Lawrence R. , its SE. end crossed by 73^° W. 
 
 Montcalm, co., U.S., Michigan, N. of 4^° N., crossed by 
 85° W. 
 
 Montcean-les-lMlnes, tn., France, dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire, arr. 
 and 25 m. WSW. Chalon-sur-Saone, and 10 m. S. by W. Le 
 Creuzot, with important coal-mines in Blanzy basin. P. 6700. 
 
 Moutcenls, tn., France, dep. Saone-et- Loire, arr. and 12 m. 
 SSE. Autun, 2 m. SW. Le Creuzot. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mont Cenls, mt. See Alps, Passes, I. (9). 
 
 Montctaanln-les-Mines, tn., France, dep. Saone-et- Loire, 
 arr. ChMon-sur-Saone, 7 m. SE. by S. Le Creuzot, with ex- 
 tensive coal-mining in Le Creuzot basin. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Montclalr, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Essex co., 10 m. NW. 
 Jersey City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mont'DanpIiin, fortified tn., France, dep. Hautes-Alpes, 
 arr. and 15 m. S. Brian9on ; fortifications laid out in reddish 
 marble by Catinat and Vauban in 1692. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mon^-de-Marsan, cap. dep. Landes, France, cap. arr. M.-de- 
 M., in a sandy plain, on the Midouze, 65 m. S. Bordeaux, 31 
 m. NNE. Orthez, with mineral spring. P. 11,000. 
 
 Montdldler, tn., France, dep. Somme, cap. arr. M., 21 m. 
 SE. Amiens; birthplace of the agriculturist Parmentier, pro- 
 pagator of the potato, died 1813. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Monte, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, 'a mountain.' 
 See Mont. 
 
 Mont-Dore-les-Bains, tn. and important watering-place, 
 France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Clermont. 8 m. SSE. Roche- 
 fort, on the Dordogne, near its source, in a picturesque situation 
 in the midst of the Mont Dore group. The temperature of the 
 hot springs varies between 100 and 113° F., that of the cold 
 t>eing S3|° F. The waters were used by the Romans. P. <20oo. 
 
 Honteagle, co. , New South Wales, crossed by 148^° E. , and 
 in the N. by 34° S. 
 
 Montealegre, comm., Spain, prov. Albacete, dist. and 12 
 m, SW. Almansa. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Monte .Alegre, tn., Portugal. See Montalegre. 
 
 Monte Alto (' high mountain '), mt., Italy, Liguria, in the E. 
 of the Maritime Alps, 9 m. WSW. Savona. Alt. 3135 ft. 
 
 Montebello, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Ottawa co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the riv. Ottawa, 71 m. W. by N. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montebello, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 10 m. SW. 
 Vicenza. Here the Austrians were twice defeated by Napoleon 
 in 1796. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montebello Castegglo, vil., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 12 
 m. SSW. Pavia; scene of a defeat of the Austrians by the 
 French under Marshal Lannes June 9, 1800, and another by 
 the allied French and Piedmontese in May 1859. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Monte Bello Islands, a group of small islands off the N W. 
 ct. of Australia, to the S. of 20° S. , and W. of 116° E. 
 
 Montebelluna, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 12 m. NW. by 
 W. Treviso. P. < 2000. 
 
 Montebonrg, tn., France, dep. Manche, 15 m. SE. Cher- 
 bourg, arr. and 4 m. ESE. Valognes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 MontecalTO Irplno, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 
 13^ m. ENE. Benevento. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Montecarotto, vil., Italy, The Marches, prov. and 23 m. W. 
 by S. Ancona. P. <20oo. 
 
 Monte Caseros, vil., Argentine Republic, Corrientes, on the 
 r. bk. of the Rio Uruguay, 200 m. NE. by E. Parand. P. <3000. 
 
 Monte Cassl'no, Italy. See Cassino. 
 
 Montecatl'nl, much frequented inland watering-place, Italy, 
 Tuscany, prov. and 15 m. ENE. Lucca, 25 ni. WNW. Florence. 
 Purgative waters of La Torretta exported. 
 
 Montecchlo Emilia, tn., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 9 m. W. 
 Reggfio, on riv. Enza. P. <300o. 
 
 Montecchlo MagKiore, tn., Italy, Venetia, 6 m. WSW. 
 Vicenza, with marble quarries. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Monte €enislo, Italian, in French Mont Cents. See 
 Alps, Passes, I. (9). 
 
 Monte«Cerboll. See Pomerance. 
 1030 
 
 Monteeh, tn., France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, arr. Castel- 
 sarrasin, 7 m. SW. by W. Montauban. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montechlaro d'Astl, vil. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, 
 21 m. ESE. Turin. P. 2000. 
 
 Montechlaro dl C'hiese, or Montlchlarl, market-tn., N. 
 Italy, prov. and 13 m. SE. Brescia, on the Chiese. Here the 
 Austrians were defeated by the French in 1796. 
 
 Montecompatrl, tn., central Italy, prov., circle, and 12 m. 
 ESE. Rome. P. < 5000. 
 
 Moutecorvlno Rovella, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and n 
 m. E. Salerno. P. 2000. 
 
 Montecosaro, tn. , central Italy, The Marches, prov. , circle, 
 and 9 m. E. Macerata. P. <40oo. 
 Monte Crlstl, range. See Haiti. 
 
 Monte Crlstl, maritime tn. , isl. of Haiti, repubUc Santo 
 Domingo, N. ct., loi m. NNE. Port-au-Prince, in 71° 39' W. 
 
 Monte Cristo, small isl, Italy, off the W. ct., in 42° 20' N., 
 10° 18' E. , 26 m. S. Elba. Long uninhabited, now used for a 
 penitentiary agricultural colony. Scene of the imaginary events 
 that give the title to Dumas' celebrated novel. Alt. 21 10 ft. 
 
 Montederramo, comm., Spain, Galicia, dist. Puebla de 
 Trives, prov. and 17 m. ESE. Orense. P. <:4000. 
 
 Montedoro, comm., Sicily, prov., circle, and 16 m. W. 
 Caltanissetta. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Montefalclone, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 10 m. NE. 
 Avellino. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Montefalco, tn. , Italy, Umbria, prov. and 21 m. SE. by S. 
 Perugia. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Montefalcone Apennlno, vil., Italy, The Marches, prov. 
 Ascoli-Piceno, circle and 17 m. SW. Fermo. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montefalcone dl Val Fortore, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. 
 Benevento, 30 m. W. by S. Foggia. P. <4ood. 
 
 Montefalcone nel Sanulo, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, 
 prov. Campobasso, 41 m. SE. by S. Chieti. Alt. 2160 ft. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Montefano, comm., Italy, The Marches, prov., circle, and 9 
 m. N. Macerata. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Monteflasc4>ne, tn., Italy, prov. Rome, 9 m. NNW. Viterbo. 
 Alt. 2015 ft. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Monteflores, tp.. New South Wales, Gordon co. , 65 m. 
 NW. by N. Bathurst, on the 1. bk. of the Macquarie. P. < 1500. 
 Monteflorlno, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. Modena, 24 m. S. 
 Reggio. P. <c20oo. 
 
 Monteforte d' Alpoue, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 12 
 m. E. Verona. P. 5100. 
 
 Monteforte Irplno, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 5 m. 
 WSW. Avellino, 15 m. N. by W. Salerno. P. <500o. 
 
 Montefrlo, tn., Spain, prov. and 25 m. WNW. Granada, 
 cap. dist. M. P. 10,400. 
 
 Monteftisco, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 8 m. SE. 
 by S. Benevento. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Monte Giorgio, vil. , Italy, The Marches, prov. Ascoli-Piceno, 
 34 m. S. Ancona. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Moutegn^e, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. Liege. P. 6100. 
 Montego Bay, Jamaica, Cornwall co., on the N. ct. , 18 m. 
 W. Falmouth, in "jj" 55' W. 
 Montelth, dist. , Scot. See Mentelth. 
 
 Moutejlcar, comm., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 28 m. NE. 
 Granada. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Montelavar, tn., Portugal, Estremadura, ism. NW. Lisbon. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Monteleone, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 31 m. SW. by 
 W. Catanzaro. P. 9700. 
 
 Monteleone dl Puglla, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 
 circle Ariano, 25 m. E. Benevento. P. <40oo. lAi!" 
 
 Montelepre, tn., Sicily, prov. and 11 m. W. by S. Palermo. 
 P. 5500. 
 
 Mont^Umar, the ancient Acusium, tn. , France, dep. Dr6me, 
 cap. arr. M. , 30 m. N. Orange, with coal and hgnite, important 
 silk-spinning mills, and manufactures of hats and corsets. The 
 town was destroyed by the Saracens, but revived in the loth 
 century as Montkeil-cf Adh^mar. At Bondonneau, 3 m. SSE., 
 there is a mineral spring, known to the Romans, forgotten, and 
 rediscovered in 1854. P. 11,100. 
 
 Montella, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 17 m. NE. 
 by E. Salerno. P. 7600. 
 
 Montellano, tn., Spain, prov. and 35 m. SE. Seville, dist. 
 M6ron. P. 7300. 
 
 Montello, settlement, U.S., Nevada, Elko co. , 295 m. NE. 
 by E. Carson City, and 100 m. E. Tuscarora. Alt. 50ioft.(R. R. ). 
 Montello, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Marquette co., 84 m. SW. 
 by W. of the head of Green Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montelnpo, vil., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 11 m. W. 
 Florence, on 1. bk. Arno. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Monte Magglore, mt. , Italy, on the Tirolese frontier, E. of 
 Lake Garda. Alt. 7210 ft. See also Istrla. 
 
 Montemagglore Belslto, tn., Sicily, prov. and 28 m. SE. 
 Palermo. P. 7900. 
 
 Montemagno, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 16 m. WNW. 
 Alessandria. P. <30oo. 
 
MONT — MONT 
 
 Moutemarano, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 19 m. 
 SE. by S. Benevento. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Montemarclano, vil. , Italy, The Marches, prov. and 10 m. 
 W. by N. Ancona. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Moutembfenf, vil., France, dep. Charente, arr. Confolens, 
 21 m. W. Limoges. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montemesola, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 8 m. NE. 
 Taranto. P. <3000. 
 
 Moutemollii, comm. , Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 64 m. 
 SE. Badajoz, dist. Fuente de Cantos. P. <4000. 
 
 JMoutemorelos, tn., Mexico, Nuevo Leon, 52 m. SE. 
 Monterey. P. 10,000. 
 
 Montemor o Novo, tn., Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, dist. and 
 17 m. WNW. Evora. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Montemor o Velho, tn., Portugal, Beira, dist. and 15 m. 
 WSW. Coimbra, and on r. bk. of Mondego R. P. <3000. 
 
 Moiitemurro, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 26 m. SSE. 
 Potenza. P. <4000. 
 
 Montenegro, the Italian equivalent of the native Crnagora, 
 and the Turkish Kara Dagb, each meaning ' Black Mountain,' 
 and almost certainly pointing to the dark forests which formerly 
 covered the country, is an independent principality on the W. 
 of the Balkan Penin., between Bosnia and Herzegovina on the 
 NW. , Albania on the SE. , and Dalmatia and the Adriatic (for 
 28 m. only in the extreme S. ) on the S W. The area is given 
 officially as 3255 sq. m., and is estimated at 3500 sq. m. , being 
 less than the united counties of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. M. 
 embraces three characteristic regions : (i) The Karst, consisting 
 chiefly of Triassic and Cretaceous limestones, and extending 
 over the W. , N. , and middle parts, is a monotonous, bare, stony 
 wilderness, 2500 to 5000 ft. in alt. , and reaching 8147 ft. in Mount 
 Dormitor (N.). It has a rolling surface, with numerous oval- 
 shaped depressions {dolinas) and deep fissures, a severe climate, 
 subject to great extremes ( 104° F. in summer), sparse vegetation 
 (grass, scrub-oak, and beech), and few streams. Some of these 
 travel long distances underground ; the Piva (40 m. ) is the 
 longest river. (2) The E. side, called Brda, has a mean alt. of 
 4000 to 4500 ft., and consists of Triassic and Palaeozoic schists, 
 cleft by deep, narrow valleys ; it is well watered, chiefly by the 
 Tara (45 m. ) and the Lim (20 m.), well wooded with beech, 
 oak, and Coniferce ; has a more equable climate than the Karst, 
 its warm valleys producing much fruit (apples, pears, plums, 
 nuts, melons, grapes), tobacco, corn, maize, and potatoes. 
 (3) The coast belt and the low valleys of the Morada (50 m.), 
 Zeta (30 m.), Ryeka, Crmnica, and Siyevna, all pp>en to the sun, 
 rich in fertile soil and in water, and well-cultivated. Here grow 
 evergreen shrubs, and two harvests are generally reaped in the 
 year, chiefly of fruits (grapes, olives, figs, pomegranates, mul- 
 berries, almonds) and corn. Two-thirds of the lake of Scutari, 
 in the S., belongs to M. The yearly mean of the climate 
 ranges from 61° F. at Dulcigno on the coast to 28.5° on the E. 
 plateaux. The most characteristic form of the fanna is the 
 cuckoo ; there occur also the brown bear, wolf, fox, chamois, 
 deer, hare, marten, birds of prey, aquatic and song birds, frog, 
 tortoise, lizard, viper, chafers, butterflies, insects. The principal 
 fish is the bleak {scorantza) ; trout and salmon also exist. The 
 wealth of the people consists in sheep, cattle, goats, swine, 
 horses, bees. Wine is made, and fire-arms and ammunition 
 manufactured. Mountain roads connect the principal towns, 
 Cetinje (capital), Ryeka, Podgorica, and Nik5i6 ; otherwise 
 there exist only rough mountain paths. There are 300 m. of 
 telegraphs, but no railways. The total annual trade, both 
 exports (sumach, fruits, animal products) and imports (grain, 
 gunpowder, glass, groceries, cloth), does not exceed a quarter 
 of a million sterling, and is almost entirely in Austrian hands. 
 The gOTernment is a hereditary principality, exercised under 
 patriarchal conditions, and controlled by popular custom. The 
 prince is assisted by a council of state and a ministry. Every 
 male is trained to arms. P. estimated at 160,000 (Schwarz) and 
 at 200,000 to 250,000 (Hassert), all of Servian descent, except 
 5000 Albanian Catholics, and nearly all of the Orthodox Greek 
 Church. The monastery of Ostrog, in the Zeta valley, attracts 
 several thousands of pilgrims every year. During the last 
 quarter of the 19th tentury education made great progress, 
 partly under Russian encouragement. History. — The Monte- 
 negrins are the descendants of those Servians who, after the 
 battle of Kossovo (1389), refused to submit to the Turks, against 
 whom they have waged implacable war ever since. Between 
 1516 and 1851 the head of the state was the prince-bishop 
 (vladika) ; before and after that period a secular prince. The 
 area of the terr. was doubled by the Treaty of Berlin (1878). 
 Authorities. — B. Schwarz, Montenegro (2nd ed. , Leipzig, 1888) ; 
 Hassert, Reise durch Montenegro (Vienna, 1893) ; W. Carr, 
 Montenegro (Oxford, 1884). 
 
 Montenero dl Blsaccla, tn. , Italy, prov. and 28 m. N. by 
 E. Canipobasso. P. < 5000. 
 
 Montenotte, tn. , Africa, Algeria, arr. Orl^ansville, 109 m. 
 WSW. Algiers ; iron and other mines i m. distant. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Monte Ollveto, monastery, Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 16 m. 
 SE. Siena, founded in 1313 ; monks expelled in 1866. The 
 
 cloisters have fine paintings by Signorelli, Soddoma, and 
 others. 
 
 Montepeloso, tn., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 24 m. ENE. 
 Potenza. Alt. 1800 ft. P. 7000. 
 
 Monte Petroso, mt. , Italy, in the Apennines, on the border 
 of Campania and Abruzzi e Molise, 45 m. S. by W. Chieti. 
 Alt. 7370 ft. 
 
 Montepnlclano, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 28 m. SE. 
 by E. Siena, with chalybeate spring, a fine church and some 
 ancient inscriptions, and is famous for its wine. P. 3000. 
 
 Montereale, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 15 m. 
 NW. Aquila, 30 m. E. by S. Terni. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montereau-faut-Yonne, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, 
 at the confluence of the Seine and the Yonne, arr. and 12 m. E. 
 by S. Fontainebleau, with large manufactures of porcelain, brown 
 pottery, agricultural and other machinery, &c. ; takes its name 
 from a priory or small monastery (monasteriolum) round which 
 it grew up about the nth century. Here, on the bridge crossing 
 the Yonne, John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, was assas- 
 sinated in 1419. Scene of a victory of Napoleon over the Allies 
 under Schwarzenberg, Feb. 18, 1814. P. 7500. 
 
 Monterenzlo, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov., circle, and 14m. 
 SSE. Bologna. P. <4000. 
 
 Monterey', tn. , Mexico, cap. state Nuevo Leon, 240 m. NE. 
 by N. Zacatecas, on the San Juan R. , 180 m. from its mouth, 
 and on the National Rly. , connected also by rail with Linare- 
 (SE.) and the Mexican Central Rly. (W.). Surrounded by 
 mountains ; and centre of a reviving silver-mining dist. , with 
 smelting works close to the city. Founded in 1596 ; taken by 
 General Taylor (U.S.) in 1846. Alt. 1600 ft. P. (1868) 13,500 ; 
 (1889) 46,000. 
 
 Monterey, tn., Spain. See Monterrey. 
 
 Monterey', city, U.S., California, M. co., on M. Bay, 89 m. 
 SSE. San Francisco, cap. of former Mexican province ; a 
 favourite seaside resort. Its harbour has good anchorage. 
 Mean temp. (2oyrs. ),yr. 56.i°F., Jan. 50.0", Aug. 61.3°; rfall. , yr. 
 16.48 in., June-Sept. 0.29 in., May-Oct. 1.48 in. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Monterey, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co. , 32 m. 
 W. Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Monterey Bay, on the ct. of California, U.S., 77-89 m. SSE. 
 San Francisco, forms a deep, spacious anchorage, with two 
 lighthouses, one at its N. extremity. Point Santa Cruz, in 36° 
 57' N., 122° 3' W. , the other at the S. extremity on Pinos Point, 
 in 36° 38' N. , 121° 46' E. 
 
 Monteronl, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 4 m. SW. by W. 
 Lecce, 24 m. NW. by W. Otranto. P. <:4000. 
 
 Monteros, vil. , Argentine Repubhc, Tucuman, 30 m. SW. 
 Tucuman. P. 4000. 
 
 Monte Kosa. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 1, also Rosa, 
 Mte. 
 
 Monteroso, comm., Spain. See Monterroso. 
 
 Monterosso, vil. , Italy, Calabrie, 21 m. SW. by W. Catan- 
 zaro. P. < 3000. 
 
 Monterosso, vil., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the coast, 
 9 m. WNW. Spezia. P. < 2000. 
 
 Monterosso Almo, tn., Sicily, prov. and 29 m. W. Syracuse. 
 P. 8800. 
 
 Monte Kotondo. See Apennines, C. 
 
 Monterotondo, tn. , Italy, prov. and 13 m. NE. by N. Rome. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Monterrey, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. Orense, dist. Veri'n, 
 34 m. WNW. Bragan9a (Portugal). P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Monterroso, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and about 30 m. 
 S. by W. Lugo, dist. Chantada. P. < 5000. 
 
 Monterubblano, vil., Italy, The Marches, prov. Ascoli- 
 Piceno, 38 m. S. by E. Ancona. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Monterrublo de la Serena, comm., Spain, prov. and 83 m. 
 E. by S. Badajoz, dist. Castuera. P. <4000. 
 
 Monte Sdcro, mt. , Italy, belonging to the Monti Gargano, 
 32 m. NE. by E. Foggia. Alt. 2870 ft. 
 
 Monte San GloTaunl, tn., Italy, prov. Rome, 30 m. N. 
 Gaeta. P. 5700. 
 
 Monte San dluUano, tn., Sicily, prov. and a,\ m. ENE. 
 Trapani, crowns the summit of the ancient Mount Eryx (alt. 
 2460 ft.). P. 4000; comm. P. 22,300. 
 
 Montesano, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, 26 m. S. 
 by W. Potenza. P. 4000. 
 
 Montesano, tn. , U.S., Washington, Chehalis co., 35 m. W. 
 by S. Olympia. P. <20C)0. 
 
 Monte San Pletro, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 11 m. SW. 
 Bologna. P. (comm.) 4000. 
 
 Monte San Savlno, vil., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 10 m. 
 SW. by S. Arezzo. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Monte Sant' Angelo, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 27 m. 
 NE. Foggia. The church is built on the spot said to have been 
 chosen by the archangel Michael ; the monastery was ruined by 
 Bonaparte's armies ; a much frequented place of pilgrimage ; 
 two important fairs are held here in May and September. Alt. 
 2765 ft. P. 15,100. 
 
 Monte Santo, mt. and penin. , Turkey. See Athos. 
 
 1031 
 
MONT — MONT 
 
 Monte Santo, tn. , Brazil, state and 227 m. NNW. Bahia. 
 
 Near the town was discovered in 1874 the celebrated meteoro- 
 lite of magnetic iron, weighing 11,780 lbs. (next in size to that of 
 Ovifak in Greenland), since transferred to the museum of Rio 
 de Janeiro. 
 
 Munte Santo, mt. , Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 27 m. WNW. 
 Tarragona. Alt. 3515 ft. 
 
 Monte Santo, Capo dl, cape, Sardinia, in the E. , in 40° 5' N. 
 
 MontesarcMo, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. and 8 m. SW. 
 Benevento. P. 5000. 
 
 Montes Blancos, vil. and rly. stn., Chile, prov. and 28 m. 
 NE. Antofagasta. Alt. 2525 ft. 
 
 MontoscagUoso, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. Potenza, 30 m. 
 W. by N. Taranto. P. 7200. 
 
 Montespan (from ' Mount Espagnol,' the feudatory lords 
 bearing the surname Espagne), vil., France, Haute-Garonne, 
 arr. St. Gaudens, 39 m. E. by S. Tarbes, overlooking the r. 
 bk. of the Garonne. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montesqaieu, vil., France, dep. Haute-Garonne, arr. Ville- 
 franche, 16 m. SE. by S. Toulouse. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Montesquieu- Volvestre, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Garonne, 
 arr. Muret, 30 m. SSW. Toulouse. P. < 2000. 
 
 Montesqnlou, vil. , France, dep. Gers, arr. Mirande, 37 m. N. 
 by E. Bagneres-de-Bigorre, 13 m. WSW. Auch. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Montet-aux-Molnes, Le, vil., France, dep. Allier, 22 m. E. 
 by N. Montlu9on ; a small coalfield. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montevago, tn., Sicily, prov. Girgenti, 30 m. ESE. Marsala, 
 
 Montevallo, coal-mining vil., U.S., Alabama, Shelby co. , 
 27 m. S. by W. Birmingham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montevarchl, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, on the Arno, prov. and 
 16 m. WNW. Arezzo. P. <:4000. 
 
 Montererde Islands, or Nukuor, group. Pacific Ocean, 
 Caroline Is., in 3° 27' N., 156° E., and consisting of thirty low 
 islets, named after their discoverer, in 1806. 
 
 Montevideo, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Chippewa co., on the 
 Minnesota R., 123 m. W. Minneapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montevideo (Spanish, 'view mountain'), seapt. and cap. of 
 the republic of Uruguay, S. America, on the N. side of the Plata, 
 120 m. E. by S. of Buenos Aires, its chief rival as a commercial 
 city on the river, in 34° 54' S., 56° 12' W. (cathedral). The city 
 is built partly on a promontory projecting W. across the entrance 
 of the semicircular Bay of M. , partly on the point of land which 
 intervenes between the bay and the Atlantic on the E. It is 
 one of the handsomest cities in S. America, having broad streets 
 and fine squares, and being well-drained, well-lighted (elec- 
 tricity), and supplied with water from the riv. Santa Lucia, 12 
 m. to the NW. The public buildings, most of them handsome, 
 modem, and architecturally imposing, include the Parliament 
 House, town-hall, Solis theatre, school of arts and sciences, 
 custom-house, exchange, hospital, cathedral, Uruguay Club, 
 national university, with nearly forty professors, banks, &c. 
 The houses are mostly flat-roofed. On the opposite, or W., 
 side of the bay is Villa del Cerro, a conical hill, 486 ft. high, 
 surmounted by a lighthouse (34° 33' S. , 56° 15' W. ) and an old 
 fort, and having at its foot large slaughter-houses for cattle. 
 The city has but little manufacturing energy ; its chief active 
 interests are commercial. Nevertheless there are no docks or 
 quays. The bay, which is open from SW. to SE. , and exposed 
 to heavy gales from that direction, affords only insecure anchor- 
 age, in depths varying from 23 ft. in its entrance to 12 ft. near 
 its N. extremity ; indeed, the depth is said to have diminished 
 5 ft. in seventy years. There are no tides, but a maximum 
 variation of about 7 ft. in depth is caused by the winds. Large 
 ocean-going vessels anchor outside in the Plata estuary, and 
 load and discharge by means of lighters. But a costly scheme 
 for reclaiming land, and building moles and docks, has been 
 projected. At the foot of the Cerro docks have been planned 
 giving a depth of 24 ft. There, too, is a dry dock having a depth 
 of 17 ft. on sill, width at entrance 40-55 ft. , length 450 ft. On 
 the SE. shore of the city of M. is the Mana dry dock, having a 
 depth at entrance of 14 ft. , width at entrance 51 ft. , length 276 ft. 
 The annual trade value amounts to ;^io, 000,000, of which nearly 
 ;£'6,ooo,ooo for exjxirts, consisting principally of jerked beef, 
 wool, hides, horns, hair, live stock, and skins. The imports 
 consist of grain, piece-goods, machinery, wines and spirits, 
 groceries, paper, &c. The trade is carried on principally with 
 Great Britain (22 per cent.), France (19 per cent.), Brazil (13 
 per cent.), and the Argentine Republic (11 per cent.). M. was 
 founded m 1726 ; a century later it became the capital of the 
 new Republic of Banda Oriental ; during the early part of the 
 19th century it was frequently besieged and bombarded, but has 
 fully recovered from its losses. The climate is healthy and 
 agreeable. Mean temp. (10 yrs., 1843-52), yr. 62.2° F., Jan. 
 73.0°, Aug. 51.6°; rfall. (10 yrs.), 43.6 in. P. (1818) 3500; 
 (i860) 45,000; (1872) 105,000; (1892) 238,080, including a large 
 proportion of Italians, Spaniards, and Frenchmen. 
 
 Monte Zoppo, Punta dl, cape, Sardinia, in the NE., in 
 41° 6' N. 
 
 Montezuma, silver-mining camp, U.S., Colorado, Summit 
 CO., about 60 m. W. by S. Denver. 
 1032 
 
 Montezuma, vil., U.S., Indiana, Parke co., on 1. bk. of 
 Wabash R. , 22 m. N. Terre Haute. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montezuma, tn. , U.S., Iowa, Poweshiek co. , 57 m. E. Des 
 Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Moutfaucon, vil., France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, arr. Cholet, 
 on the Maine, 22 m. ESE. Nantes. The megalithic monument 
 of Daviere i J m. to the E. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Montfaucou, vil., France, dep. Meuse, arr. Montm^dy, 13 
 m. NW. Verdun. Alt. 1120ft. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Montfermell, vil., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Pontoise, 
 10^ m. E. by N. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montferrand, tn., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 2 m. NE. by 
 E. Clermont-Ferrand. P. 5000. 
 
 Montferrat (Monferrato, Italian), formerly a dist. of Pied- 
 mont, NW. Italy, corresponding to the modern prov. of Ales- 
 sandria, with part of that of Cuneo. The Marquises of M. , one 
 of whom figured prominently in the crusade of Richard I. of 
 England, ruled this dist. from loth to i6th century. 
 
 Montfoort, vil., Holland, prov. and 8 ra. WSW. Utrecht, on 
 the IJssel. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Montford, par. , Eng. , Salop, Oswestry div. , on the 1. bk. of 
 the Severn, 5 m. WNW. Shrewsbury, PMT.O. (M. Bridge). 
 P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (M. wltli Sbrawardlne) P. <75o. 
 
 Montfort, tn., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, cap. arr. M., on 
 the Meu, 13 m. W. Rennes. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Montfort, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Grant co. , 53 m. W. by S. 
 Madison, with zinc and lead mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montfort-en-Chalosse, vil., France, dep. Landes, arr. Dax, 
 16 m. N. by W. Orthez. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montfort TAmaury, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. 
 Rambouillet, 15 m. W. by S. Versailles. Its feudal lords fur- 
 nished the last ducal dynasty to Brittany, and the county was 
 attached to Brittany from 1364 to 1552. The most illustrious of 
 the family were Simon de Montfort, the persecutor of the Albi- 
 genses, and the Constable Amaury. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montfort-le-Kotrou, vil., France, dep. Sarthe, near the 
 Huisne, arr. and 10 m. ENE. Le Mans. P. <:20oo. 
 
 MontfVln, tn., France, dep. Gard, arr. and 11 m. ENE. 
 Nimes, on 1. bk. of the Gard. P. <3000. 
 
 Montgalllard, vil, France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n6es, arr. and 
 5 m. NW. by N. Bagn^res-de-Bigorre. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montglscard, vil., France, dep. Haute-Garonne, arr. Ville- 
 franche, 12 m. SE. by S. Toulouse. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montgomery, formerly Sikblw^l, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, 
 cap. dist. M., 92 m. SW. Lahore, a mere creation of British 
 rule. P. 5200 ; Hindus, 1900 ; Moham. 2800. 
 
 Montgomery, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, 95 m. 
 ESE. Regina. 
 
 Montgomery, isl., S. Pacific, New Georgian group, crossed 
 by 8° 45' S., 157^2. 
 
 Montgomery, co. , Tasmania, W. ct. , to the N. of 43° S. 
 
 Montgomery, city, U.S., Alabama, cap. M. co. , on a high 
 bluff on the 1. bk. of the Alabama R. , which is navigable to this 
 point by the largest steamers, 156 m. NE. Mobile, one of the 
 chief cotton depots in the U.S. Steam communication with 
 New York and Liverpool. Alt. 162 (R.R.). Mean temp., yr. 
 65.5° F., Jan. 49.0°, July 82.5°; rfall. (12 yrs.), 53J in. P. (1880) 
 16,700; (1890)21,900. 
 
 Montgomery, co., U.S., Arkansas, between 94° and 93° W., 
 34° and 35° N. 
 
 Montgomery, co. , U. S. , Georgia, crossed in S. by 32° N. , and 
 E. of 83° W. , traversed by Oconee R. 
 
 Montgomery, co., U.S., Illinois, N. of 39° N., and between 
 89° and 90° W. 
 
 Montgomery, co., U.S., Indiana, intersected by 87° W., 
 40° N. 
 
 Montgomery, co., U.S., Iowa, crossed by 41° N., and in E. 
 by 95° W. 
 
 Montgomery, co., U.S., Kansas, on the S. frontier, bounded 
 on the W. by 96° W. 
 
 Montgomery, co., U.S., Kentucky, in the NE., crossed by 
 38° N. , and in the W. by 84° W. 
 
 Montgomery, mun. bor. (since Henry III.), head of the M. 
 pari. dist. of bors., par., and market-tn., Eng., Montgomery- 
 shire, 20 m. SW. Shrewsbury, in the diocese of Hereford, near 
 the Severn, with station on the Cambrian Rly. The only trade 
 is agricultural. The chief features are a beautiful and well 
 wooded park belonging to the Earl of Powis, and the Castle 
 Hill ; with ruins of a fortress built under William I. by Roger 
 de Montgomery, Earl of Shrewsbury. Fairs are held on the 
 first Thursday of each month. Market-day, Th. Mun. bor. 
 P. (i89i)<i5oo; pari. dist. of bors. (comprising, besides M.. 
 Llanfyllin, Llanidloes, Machunlleth, Newtown, and Welshpool) 
 P. (1891) 17,800. 
 
 Montgomery, co., U.S., Maryland, on the Potomac, crossed 
 in the E. by 77° W. ' 
 
 Montgomery, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Lesueur co., 41 m. SW. 
 by S. Minneapolis. P. <:i50o. 
 
 Montgomery, co., U.S., Mississippi, N. of 33° N., and W. 
 of 89° W. 
 
MONT — MONT 
 
 Itloiitgoniery, tn. ,U.S. , Missouri, M. cc, 46 m. NE. by E. 
 Jefferson City. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Montgomery, co. , U.S., New York, in the E. , traversed by 
 the Mohawk R. and Erie Canal, crossed in the middle by 74^° W. 
 
 Montgomery, vil., U.S., New York, Orange co. , on Wallkill 
 R. , 23 m. S W. Poughkeepsie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montgomery, co., U.S., N. Carolina, N. of 35° N., crossed 
 by 80° W. 
 
 Montgomery, co. , U.S., Ohio, in the SW. , traversed by the 
 Miami R., S. of 40° N., and W, of 84° W. 
 
 Montgomery, co. , U.S., Pennsylvania, in the SE., separated 
 by Philadelphia co. from the Delaware, bounded on the SW. by 
 the Schuylkill. 
 
 Montgomery, co. ,U.S. , Tennessee, N. frontier, W. of 87°W. 
 
 Montgomery, vil., U.S., Texas, cap. M. co., 50 m. NNW. 
 Houston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montgomery, co., U.S., Virginia, W. of 80° W., and crossed 
 in the extreme S. by 37° N. , bounded on the W. by the Great 
 Kanawha R. 
 
 Montgomierysblre, co. , N. Wales, having Shropshire on E. , 
 Radnor on S. , Cardigan on SW. , and Denbigh and Merioneth 
 on NE. and NW., and divided into the following pari, county 
 and bors. : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 P. 1891. 
 
 Montgomeryshire (exclusive of) 
 pari, bors.) . . . ) 
 Montgomery Dist. of Bors. 
 
 Total (anct. and adminis. co. ) 
 
 491,604 
 18,507 
 
 40,202 
 17,801 
 
 510,111 
 
 58,003 
 
 The surface is that of an elevated basin rising to mountains on 
 all sides, on N. to the Berwyn chain, E. the Breidden hills, S. 
 the Kerry hills, and SW. the Plynlimmon range, whose chief 
 summit is in Cardigan. The Wye rises in this county, but the 
 chief rivers are trib. to the Severn, which crosses in NE. direc- 
 tion from Plynlimmon. The soil in many valleys is fertile, and 
 the county is noted for the ' merlins,' a breed of small horses, 
 and its sheep, called ' cluns.' (For other agricultural statistics, 
 see Appendix, pp. 7-9.) Geologically the county is Lower 
 Silurian, with some volcanic masses {e.g:, Corndon Hill, 1700 
 ft.) near Welshpool. The lead-mines are important, especially 
 Llanidloes and Llanbrynmair ; barytes at Chirbury ; slates, 
 Llangynog, Corris, Cemmes ; zinc ore at Llanidloes, Llanbryn- 
 mair. Woollen cloth and flannel are manufactured at Newtown, 
 Llanidloes, and Welshpool. The M. canal supplies water 
 communication to Shrewsbury and Chester. The Cambrian 
 Rly. traverses the county, besides other branch lines. There 
 are traces of Roman camps, and many cairns and barrows : 
 Offa's Dyke traverses the SE. corner. The county was part 
 of the ancient Powisland, and got its present name from one 
 of the Norman conquerors. M. is partly in the dioceses of 
 Bangor, Hereford, and St. Asaph. It returns one M.P., and 
 the six chief towns, as pari. bor. , return another. Co. P. (1851) 
 67,300; (1871)67,600; (1891)58,000. 
 
 Montgomeryshire Canal, Wales, from Newtown, through 
 Berriew and Welshpool, with an eastern branch joining the 
 Ellesmere Canal at Carreghofa. Length about 25! m. Navig- 
 able under ordinary conditions by boats of about 2I ft. draught. 
 Was formed in 1795-1821. 
 
 Montgomery Springs, summer resort, U.S., Virginia, Mont- 
 gomery CO. , 81 m. W. Lynchburg by rail, with chalybeate and 
 sulphur springs. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Montgreenan, stn., Scot., Ayrshire, in par. and 3 m. NE. 
 Kilwinning, on the G. & SW. R., P.O. 
 
 Montgnyon, vil., France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, arr. 
 Jonzac, 28 m. E. Pauillac, 32 m. NE. Bordeaux. P. <20oo. 
 
 Monthell-d'Adli^mar, tn. , France. See Mont611mar. 
 
 Montherm^, tn., France, dep. Ardennes, arr. M^zieres, on 
 the r. bk. of the Meuse, 10 m. ESE. Rocroi. P. <:4000. 
 
 Monthey, tn., Switzd., cant. Valais, 4 m. NW. St. Maurice, 
 with numerous erratic boulders of granite. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Monthols, vil., France, dep. Ardennes, arr. and 6 m. S. 
 Vouziers, 29 m. NE. by N. Chalons-sur-Marne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Monthonmet, vil. , France, dep. Aude, arr. and 20 m. SSE. 
 Carcassonne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montiinrenx-snr-Saone, tn., France, dep.Vosges, arr. Mire- 
 court, on the Saone, 45 m. S. Toul. P. <20oo. 
 
 Monti, vil., Sardinia, prov. and 39 m. E. by N. Sassari. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Montlaglio, par., Ire., co. Armagh, bar. E. Oneilland, on 
 Lough Neagh and riv. Bann, 5 m. NW. Lurgan ; 6309 ac. 
 P. < 3500. 
 
 Montlcelll d' Onglna, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. Piacenza, 
 5 m. SW. Cremona. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Montlcello, tn., U.S., Arkansas, Drew co., 81 m. S. by E. 
 Little Rock. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Montlcello, tn., U.S., Florida, Jefferson co., 25 m. ENE. 
 Tallah assee. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Montlcello, vil., U.S., Georgia, Jasper co., 52 m. SE. 
 Atalanta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montlcello, city, U.S., Illinois, Piatt co. , 60 m. E. by N 
 Springfield. P. < 2000. 
 
 Montlcello, tn. , U.S. , Indiana, White co. , on Tippecanoe R. , 
 84 m. SE. by S. Chicago (111.). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montlcello, city, U.S., Iowa, Jones co. , 33 m. SW. by W, 
 Dubuque. P. < 2000. 
 
 Montlcello, tn., U.S., Maine, Aroostook co., 115 m. NE. 
 by N. Bangor, and 3 m. from W. frontier of New Brunswick. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Montlcello, vil. , U.S. , New York, Sullivan co. , 40 m. W. by S. 
 Poughkeepsie, surrounded by hills. Alt. 1387 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montlcello, vil., U.S., Virginia, Albemarle co. , 3 m. W. 
 Charlottesville ; once the home of President Thomas Jefferson 
 (author of the Declaration of Independence, and negotiator 
 of the purchase of Louisiana), who is interred in a neighbouring 
 cemetery. P. < 1500. 
 Moutlclilarl, tn. , Italy. See Montecblaro dl Cblese. 
 Montlel, tn. , Spain, New Castille, prov. and 62 m. ESE. 
 Ciudad Real, dist. Infantes. Here in 1369 Henry Trastamare, 
 with the aid of Duguesclin, killed his brother, Don Pedro of 
 Castille. P. < 2000. 
 
 Montler-en-Der, tn., France, dep. Haute-Marne, 27 m. SW. 
 Bar-le-Duc, arr. and 9 m. W. by S. Vassy. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montlerg-gnr-Sanlx, vil., France, on the S. border of dep. 
 Meuse, arr. and 18 m. SSE. Bar-le-Duc. P. < 2000. 
 
 Montlgllo, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, 24 m. 
 SW^ Vercelli. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montlgnac, tn., France, dep. Dordogne, arr. Sarlat, on the 
 V^zere, 24 m. ESE. P^rigueux. P. < 3000. 
 
 Montlgnleg le Tlllenl, comm. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 
 arr. and j,\ m. SW. by W. Charleroi. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Montlgnles-sur-Sambre, or Moutlgny, comm., Belgium, 
 prov. Hainaut, arr. and 3 m. E. Charleroi. P. (1870) 10,400; 
 (1890) 15,500. 
 
 Montlgny, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, dist. Lorraine, circle 
 and x\ m. SW. Metz, and on r. bk. Moselle ; has railway 
 workshops. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Montlgny-la-Resle, vil., France, dep. Yonne, 36 m. SW. by 
 S. Troyes, arr. and 7 m. NE. Auxerre. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montlgny-le-Rol, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Marne, 51 m. 
 SSW. Toul, arr. and 12 m. NE. Langres. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montlgny-snr>Anbe, vil., France, dep. Cote d'Or, on the 
 Aube, 41 m. SE. by E. Troyes, arr. and 12 m. NE. by E. 
 Chitillon-sur-Seine. P. < 2000. 
 
 Montljo, gfulf, Pacific Ocean, on S. ct. of Panama, Colombia, 
 in 81° W. 
 
 Montljo, tn., Spain, prov. Badajoz, dist. and 15 m. W. 
 M6rida. P. 6700. 
 
 Montllla, tn. , Spain, prov. and 23 m. SSE. C6rdoba, cap. 
 dist. M. ; formerly fortified, but its works were destroyed by 
 Frederick the Catholic in 1508 ; with remains of the castle of 
 the famous General Gonzalvo (Gonsalvo) Fernandez of C6rdoba, 
 who was born here in 1453. M. is believed by some to occupy 
 the site of the ancient Baetic fortress of Munda, where Caesar 
 defeated the sons of Pompey in 45 B.C., and in the neighbour- 
 hood are numerous remains of the Roman period. Gives its 
 name to Amontillado sherry. P. 13,800. 
 
 Montlls, Les, vil., France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, on the Beuvron, 
 arr. and 7 m. S. by W. Blois. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montlvllllers, tn., France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, arr. Le 
 Havre, 2§ m. N. Harfleur. The church formerly belonged to 
 a powerful Benedictine abbey founded in 682. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Montlzon, comm., Spain, prov. Jaen, 34 m. ENE. Linares. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Montjole, derived from the small roadside monument called 
 montjoie, vil., France, dep. Ariege, arr. St. Girons, i m. E. St. 
 Lizier. P. < 2000. 
 
 Montjole, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., cap. circle M. , 16 m* 
 SSE. Aix-la-Chapelle. P. < 2000. ^ 
 
 Montlleu, vil. , France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, arr. Jonzac, 
 25 m. E. Pauillac, 31 m. NE. by N. Bordeaux. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montllgnon, vil., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Pontoise, 
 II m. N. by W. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mont Lonlg, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Gasp6 co. , on the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, in 65° 44' W. 
 
 Montlonls, vil., France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Loire, arr. and 6 m. E. Tours. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Mont Louis, fortified tn., France, dep. Pyr^n^es-Orientales, 
 arr. Prades, 42 m. W. by S. Perpignan ; built by Vauban in 
 168 1 to defend the route over the Perche Pass (colde la Perche). 
 
 Alt. 4965 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Montlacou, tn. , France, dep. Allier, cap. arr. M., on the 
 Cher, 45 ni. NW. by N. Clermont-Ferrand, the most important 
 town in dep. Allier owing to its industry, favoured by its neigh- 
 bourhood to the coal-basin of Commentry ; has blast-furnaces 
 and large iron-works, manufactures of glass and chemical pro- 
 ducts, and workshops for the construction of boilers, &c. Alt. 
 750 ft. P. (1872) 21,200; (1891)27,900. 
 
MONT — MONT 
 
 DIontlnel, tn. , France, dep. Ain, arr. Tr^voux, 12 m. NE. 
 by E. Lyons. P. < 3000. 
 
 Dfontniasny, or St. Thomas, vil. , Canada, Quebec, M. cc, 
 on the r. bk. of St. Lawrence, 34 m. ENE. Quebec. P. (1881) 
 1738; (1891) 1697. 
 
 Montmagny, vil., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Pontoise, 
 
 8 m. N. Notre Dame, Paris, with a fort. P. <2ooo. 
 Montniajour, ruined abbey in comm. and 3 m. NE. Aries, 
 
 dep. Bouches-du-Rhone, France. 
 
 Moiitmaranlt, tn. , France, dep. Allier, arr. and 17 m. E. 
 by S. Montlupon. P. <20C0. 
 
 Montiiiartln-snr-Mer, vil., France, dep. Manche, arr. 
 Coutances, 12 m. NNE. Granville. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Montmartre, a height, now occupied by a N. suburb of Paris, 
 within the city walls. 
 
 Montm^dy, tn. and second class fortress, France, dep. Meuse, 
 cap. arr. M. , 22 m. SE. by E. Sedan ; belongs to France since 
 the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659). Alt. 625 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montni^llan, tn., France, dep. Savoie, on the Isere, arr. and 
 
 9 m. SE. by E. Chamb^ry. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montmlrall, tn., France, dep. Marne, arr. and 22 m. SW. 
 by W. Epernay. Here Napoleon defeated the Russians and 
 Prussians on Feb. 11 and 12, 18 14. Birthplace of Cardinal de 
 Retz (1614). P. < 3000. 
 
 JMontmlrail, vil., France, dep. Sarthe, arr. Mamers, 28 m. 
 E. by N. Le Mans. P. <2C)Oo. 
 
 Montniirey-le-Clifttean, vil. , France, dep. Jura, arr. D61e, 
 24 m. W. Besan9on. P. <20C)0. 
 
 Montniorean, vil. , France, dep. Charente, arr. Barbezieux, 
 on the Drome, 18 m. S. Angouleme. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montmorency, riv. , Canada, Quebec, M. co. , flows into the 
 riv. St. Lawrence about 6 m. NE. Quebec. The M. Falls near 
 its mouth are more than 250 ft. high (a single leap). 
 
 Montmorency, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Pontoise, 
 9 m. N. Notre Dame, Paris, with a fort. Manufactures cheap 
 lace ; has one of the healthiest climates around Paris. Jean 
 Jacques Rousseau successively inhabited two houses here, the 
 Hermitage and Mont-Louis. Gave name to the noble family 
 which furnished to France six Constables, besides other high 
 officers of the army and navy. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Montmorency, co. , U.S., Michigan, in the NE. , crossed by 
 45° N. and 84° W. 
 
 Montmorlllon, tn. , France, dep. Vienne, cap. arr. M., 27 
 m. ESE. Poitiers. P. <40oo. 
 
 , Montmort, vil., France, dep. Marne, arr. and 11 m. SW. 
 Epernay. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montnagee, vil., Ire. See A1>t>eydorney. 
 
 Monto<llne, tn., N. Italy, prov. Cremona, 10 m. ESE. Lodi, 
 on the Serio, 3 m. above its junction with the Adda. Here the 
 French under the Duke of Vendome defeated the Imperialists 
 under Prince Eugene of Savoy in 1705. P. <3000. 
 
 Montolr-<le-Bretagne, vil., France, dep. Loire-Infdrieure, 
 arr. and 5 m. NE. by N. St. Nazaire. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montolre, tn. , France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, arr. Vendome, on 
 the Loir, 25 m. NW. by W. Blois. P. <30oo. 
 
 Monton, PMT.O. , Eng. , Lancashire, Eccles div. , 4J m. W. 
 by N. Manchester, with a stn. (M. dreen) on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Montone, small riv. , Italy, rises in the Etruscan Apennines, 
 and flows NE. past Forli till it unites with the Ronco (which has 
 a more northerly course) to the S. of Ravenna. The united 
 waters of these two rivers then flow E. into the Adriatic. 
 
 Montorlo, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e MoUse, prov. and 7 ni. SW. 
 Teramo, on the Vomano, 32 m. NW. by W. Chieti. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montoro, tn., Spain, prov. and 24 m. ENE. C6rdoba, on the 
 1. bk. of the Guadalquiver, with fine olive groves. P. 12,600. 
 
 Montoro Inferlore, tn., S. Italy, prov. and circle Avellino, 
 II m. N. Salerno. P. (comm.) 5700. 
 
 Montoro Snperlore, comm., 2 m. N. P. <50oo. 
 
 Montonr, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, E. of -jf W., partly 
 bounded on the S. by the N. Branch of the Susquehanna. 
 
 Montonrsvllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lycoming cc, 68 
 m. W. by S. Scranton, 4 m. E. Williamsport, with lumber 
 trade. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montpaon, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. St. Affrique, 37 
 m. N. by W. B^ziers. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montpazler, tn., France, dep. Dordogne, arr. Bergerac, on 
 the Dropt, 36 m. NNE. Agen ; founded by Edward I. of Eng- 
 land in 1284. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montpeller, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, on the G. 
 W. and M. Rlys. , in bor. of Bristol. P. 11,100. 
 
 Montpeller, tn., Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Clanwilliam, 2 m. 
 from Castle Connell stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Montpeller, tn. , U.S., Idaho, Bear Lake co. , 25 m. NW. 
 by N. from the SE. comer of the state. Alt. 5793 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montpeller, vil, U.S., Indiana, Blackford co., 68 m. NE. 
 by N. Indianapolis. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Montpeller, vil., U.S., Ohio, Williams co., 55 m. W. by S. 
 Toledo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montpeller, tn., U.S., Vermont, Washington co. , on 
 Winooski R. , 35 m. ESE. Burlington ; a popular summer resort ; 
 1034 
 
 surrounded by hilly country, on a plain near the centre of the 
 state ; with extensive commerce. The State Capitol is one of 
 the finest buildings in the U.S. Alt. 484 ft. (R.R.). P. <5ooo. 
 Montpeller, East, tn., 5 m. to the E. P. < 1500. 
 MontpelUer, cap. dep. H^rault, France, cap. arr. M., on the 
 Lez, 17 m. NE. by N. Cette, 29 m. SW. by W. Nlmes. It is 
 situated on the slope of a hill, and has a university academy, a 
 cathedral, a school of engineers, a seminary, with schools of 
 medicine and pharmacy, an agricultural college, a sericultural 
 institute, museums of painting and sculpture, public library of 
 nearly 100,000 vols. , observatory, and a botanic garden, founded 
 in 1593, the oldest in France, and after that of Paris the richest 
 in exotic plants. It was built in the loth century near the ruins of 
 three towns (Substantion, Lattes, and Maguelonne), the popula- 
 tions of which it absorbed. The kings of Aragon possessed the 
 rising town, and established here in the 12th century schools of 
 law and medicine (the latter of which acquired great celebrity), 
 and in 1292 a university. In 1536 the bishopric of Maguelonne 
 was transferred here. Louis XIII. took it from the Protestants 
 in 1622. M. attracts many strangers by its economical and 
 literary advantages, but it has lost its prestige as a resort for 
 invalids. Birthplace of King Jayme I. of Aragon and the philo- 
 sopher Auguste Comte. Mean temp., yr. 58.0° F., Jan. 43.3°, 
 Aug. 74.4°; rfall. 29.13 in. P. (1872) 57,700; (1891) 69,300. 
 MontpelHer-le-Vlenx, France. See Cansses. 
 Montpensler, vil. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Riom, 19 
 m. NNE. Clermont-Ferrand. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mont Perdn, mt. , Spain, Pyrenees, prov. and 45 m. NE. by 
 N. Huesca. Alt. 10,994 ft. 
 
 Montpezat, tn., France, dep. Arji^che, arr. and 12 m. NNW. 
 L'Argentiere, 51 m. S. by W. St. Etienne. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montpezat-de-Qnercy, tn. , France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, 
 arr. and 17 m. NNE. Montauban. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Montpont, tn., France, dep. Dordogne, arr. Rib^rac, on the 
 Isle, 30 m. WSW. P^rigueux. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Montpont, vil., France, dep. Saone-et- Loire, 22 m. SE. 
 Chalon-sur-SaAne, arr. and 6 m. SW. by S. Louhans. P. <200o. 
 Montrado, tn. , Dutch Borneo, near the W. ct. , 55 m. NNW. 
 Pontidnak, with copper-mines. 
 Montrallle, co. , U.S., N. Dakota. See Monntraille. 
 Montreal (-awl'), chief city and commercial cap. of Canada, 
 principal port of entry and centre of the railway system, on the 
 SSE. side of an island of same name in the riv. St. Lawrence, 
 on a series of natural terraces at the foot of Mount Royal {Mont 
 Royal, the origin of its name). The island is formed by the 
 junction of the riv. Ottawa with the St. Lawrence. M. is divided 
 into an upper and a lower town ; the latter, along the river, being 
 the trading quarter, the former the residence of the principal 
 merchants ; and the slopes of Mount Royal furnish a public 
 park of 430 ac, with fine drives and magnificent views. The 
 chief churches are the Roman Catholic cathedral of Notre Dame, 
 St. James Cathedral (Episcopal), Christ Church (Presbyterian), 
 St. Paul's, Erskine, St. James (Methodist), St. Andrews, &c. 
 There are three large hospitals, banks, ordnance office, merchants' 
 exchange, four market houses. Nelson's column, and a bronze 
 statue of Queen Victoria. Besides the M 'Gill University (charter, 
 1821) there is a branch of the Laval University of Quebec, the 
 seminary of St. Sulpice (founded 1657), the Presbyterian, 
 Diocesan, Wesleyan, and Congregational colleges, and other 
 wealthy educational institutions. M. returns three members to 
 the Canadian House of Commons, and three to the provincial 
 legislature of Quebec. Its solid limestone quays, uniting with 
 the locks and wharves of the Lachine Canal, present several 
 miles of continuous masonry, forming a harbour for ocean-going 
 steamers of the deepest draught. The two dry docks have each 
 a length of 200 ft., and a depth on sill at high water ordinary 
 springs of 10^ ft. Extensive harbour improvements now (1895) 
 being made. Victoria Bridge, which conveys the line of the 
 Grand Trunk Rly. of Canada across the St. Lawrence, is 
 tubular, 10,284 ft-' o"" nearly 2 m. long, the central span being 
 350 ft. It has canal communication with Lake Superior, 
 Lake Huron, and the towns of Chicago, Milwaukee, Buffalo, 
 Toronto, &c. ; and at least twelve trans-Atlantic steamer com- 
 panies have their headquarters at M. Between 1870-71 and 
 1892-93 inclusive, the latest date of the closing of the port by 
 ice was Jan. and, and the earliest date of opening March 30th, 
 The chief industries are the manufacture of woollen and cotton 
 goods, indiarubber, ropes, boots and shoes, clothing, tobacco, 
 and works connected with the railways ; there are also iron-foun- 
 dries, sugar-refineries, saw-mills, &c. M. was founded in 1642, 
 and taken from the French in 1760. The great majority of the 
 population are of French origin, and Roman Catholics. Mean 
 temp.,yr. 42.8° F., Jan. 13.4°, July 69. 8°; rfall. (igyrs., 1869-88), 
 26.88 in.; snowfall, 123.99 in. P- (iSS^) 57.7°° I (1871) 107,200; 
 (1891) 216,700. 
 
 Montreal, an irregularly-shaped lake, Canada, in the N. of 
 Saskatchewan, crossed in the SE. by 105° W., belonging to the 
 Churchill R. basin. 
 
 Montreal, riv., Canada, Quebec, rises near the frontier of 
 New York (U.S.), and flows NNE. to the riv. Richelieu. 
 
MONT — MONY 
 
 Montreal, tn., France, dep. Aude, arr. and ii m. W. Car- 
 cassonne. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 llIontr<^al, tn., France, dep. Gers, arr. Condom, 27 m. SW. 
 by W. Agen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montreal Island, Arctic Regions. See Great Fish Klrer. 
 
 Montreal Island, isl. in the middle of the St. Lawrence, 
 forms a county divided into two ridings, E. or Hochelaga, and 
 W. or Jacques Cartier. Length, 32 m. ; breadth, 10 m. 
 
 Montredon, tn., France, dep. Tarn, arr. and 10 m. NNE. 
 Castres. P. < 2000. 
 
 Montrejean, formerly Montr^al-de-Klvl^re, tn., France, 
 on the W. border of dep. Haute-Garonne, on the Garonne, 22 
 m. E. Bagneres-de-Bigorre, arr. and 8 m. W. by S. St. Gaudens. 
 Alt. 1310 ft. P. <300o. 
 
 Montr<^8or, vil. , France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, on the Indroye, 
 29 m. SE. by E. Tours, arr. and 10 m. E. by N. Loches. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Moutret, vil., France, dep. Sa6ne-et- Loire, 14 m. SE. by E. 
 Chilon-sur-Saone, arr. and 7 m. NW. by W. Louhans. P. <20oo. 
 Montreal!, tn., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, cap. arr. M., on 
 the Canche, 25 m. N. by W. Abbeville. P. <4000. 
 
 Montrenll, formerly a comm. , now the E. part of Versailles, 
 dep. Seine-et-Oise, France. 
 
 Moutrenll-Bellay, tn. , France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, at the 
 head of navigation on the Thouet, 31 m. SE. Angers, arr. and 
 10 m. SSW. Saumur. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montrenll-sons-Bols, tn. , B'rance, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, 
 practically an E. suburb of Paris, adjoining Vincennes on the N. , 
 with celebrated peach gardens. P. (1870) 12,100 ; (1890) 24,000. 
 
 Montrenx (the western portion locally known as i^Ales, the 
 eastern as Les Planches), vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, near the 
 upper end of the Lake of Geneva, 15 m. ESE. Lausanne, on 
 the Bay of M. , with funicular railway from M. to the terrace of 
 Glion ; considered a winter resort on account of the mildness of 
 its climate. The M. dist. includes among other villages those 
 of Clarens, Charnex, Vernex, Colonges, Glion, and Veytaux. 
 Alt. 1263 ft. Rfall. (14 yrs. ), 54.49 in. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montreranlt, vil., France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, arr. Cholet, 
 on the Evre, 24 m. E. Nantes. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montrevel, tn., France, dep. Ain, arr. Bourg, on the Reys- 
 souze, 34 m. SSE. Chalon-sur-Saone. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Moutrlchard, tn., France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, on the Cher, 
 arr. and 18 m. SSW. Blois. P. <3000. 
 
 Montrose, ancient Monros [' the. promontory on the marshy 
 land'), pari, and royal burgh, seapt., and par., Scot., Forfar- 
 shire, on the E. ct. , on a penin. between M. Basin and the 
 North Sea, at the mouth of the S. Esk, across which it 
 communicates with its suburb Inchbrayock by a suspension 
 bridge (432 ft. in length between the points of suspension ; 
 total length, 800 ft.), 34 m. SW. Aberdeen, on the N. B. R.; 
 headquarters of a fishery dist. extending from Broughty Ferry 
 to Gourdon. Fla.x-spinning is the chief branch of industry ; 
 there is also a large saw-mill and extensive fish-curing yards. 
 M. Basin is an expansion of the S. Esk, about 7 m. in circuit, 
 but shallow. The harbour, however, in the Esk, at high water, 
 springtides, is accessible for ships drawing about 19 ft., and 
 lined with quays, wet and dry docks. Besides the harbour lights, 
 there is a fine lighthouse on the coast called Montrose Ness light- 
 house, visible 18 m. The Mid Links are pleasure-gardens in the 
 town, and between the town and the sea are the East Links, con- 
 taining one of the best golf-courses in Scotland. M. unites with 
 Arbroath, Brechin, Forfar, and Inverbervie, forming the M. dist. 
 of burghs, in sending one member to House of Commons. Here, 
 in 1296, Baliol is said to have surrendered the Scottish crown to 
 Edward L of England. Birthplace of the Marquis of Montrose, 
 1612. Market-day, F. Pari, burgh P. (1851) 15,200; (1871) 
 14,500; (1891) 13,000; royal burgh P. (1871) 13,800; (1891) 
 12,900; par. 4134 ac, P. (1871) 15,800; (1891) 14,400; tn. P. 
 13,100; dist. of burghs P. 58,100. 
 
 Montrose, co. , U.S., Colorado, on the W. frontier, crossed 
 by 108° W., N. of38°N. 
 
 Montrose, vil., U.S., Iowa, Lee co. , on r. bk. of Mississippi 
 R., 8 m. N. Keokuk; connected by ferry with Nauvoo (111.). 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Montrose, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Susquehanna co. , 32 
 m. N. by W. Scranton. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Montrose, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, McCook co. , 59 m. N. by 
 E. Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montronge, tn. , France, dep. Seine, arr. and 3 m. N. 
 Sceaux, just S. of the Paris fortifications. P. 12,000. 
 
 Mont Saint Algnan, tn., France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, arr. 
 and I m. N. Rouen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Mont Saint Amand, Belgium. See Ghent. 
 
 Mont St. Aldegonde, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, g\ 
 m. W. by N. Charleroi. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mont St. Jean, vil., Belgium, prov. S. Brabant, 11 m. SE. 
 Brussels, immediately E. of the field where was fought the 
 action of Waterloo, sometimes called by the French the battle 
 of Mont St. Jean. 
 
 Mont St. Martin, vil., France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, 
 
 arr. Briey, near the frontier of Belgium, 17 m. W. by S. Luxem- 
 burg. P. <2000. 
 
 Mont St. Michel, a steep, fortified, isolated rock, France, in 
 Mont St. M. Bay, otf the coast of dep. Manche, arr. Avranches, 
 15 m. SSE. Granville. On its summit is an irregular town, 
 with an abbey and a church dating from the nth century. Its 
 ancient castle, formerly a prison, has been restored. Its soHd 
 ramparts date from the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries; in 1880 
 it was connected by a dyke with the mainland. The whole bay, 
 15 m. wide at mouth, 8 m. N. to S., is nearly dry at low water. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Mont St. Vincent, vil., France, dep. Sa6ne-et- Loire, arr. 
 Ch3,lon-sur-Sa6ne, 13 m. S. by E. Le Creuzot. P. <20oo. 
 
 MontsalTy, tn., France, on the S. border of dep. Cantal, 
 arr. Aurillac, 57 m. NNE. Albi. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montsanche, vil., France, dep. Nifevre, arr. Chateau-Chinon, 
 23 m. NW. by N. Autun. Here is the reservoir Des Settons, 
 of nearly 1000 ac. in extent. P. <20oo. 
 
 Monts^gnr, tn. , France. See Monst'gnr. 
 
 Montserrat, mt., Spain. See Monserrat. 
 
 Montserrnt', a Brit. W. India isl. , Leeward group, between 
 Guadeloupe and Nevis, and 27 m. SW. Antigua, in 62° 7'-ii' 
 W. , 16° 41' N. Surface mountainous, rising to 2500 ft. above 
 the sea, and broken by numerous chasms. Climate compara- 
 tively healthy. Soil light and volcanic. Principal crops sugar 
 and limes, the value of the former export since 1881 varying 
 from ;^io-20,ooo, the latter less than half that sum. The 
 lime juice is promptly put into air-tight casks, from which it is 
 clarified and bottled in England. Cap. Plymouth (P. 1475), on 
 the SW. coast. The Legislature consists of the Commissioner 
 and a Legislative Council of not more than six members, ap- 
 pointed by the crown, and an Executive Council nominated 
 by the sovereign. The roadstead is an open one, with good 
 anchorage in 5 fathoms (shelving rapidly off to 20 fathoms). 
 Vessels are loaded and discharged by boats carrying i^ to 4 
 tons. The island was discovered and named by Columbus in 
 1493 ; colonised by the English in 1632 ; taken by the French 
 in 1664, but restored to the English in 1668 ; it capitulated to 
 the French in 1782, and was finally restored to the English in 
 1784. Length about 11 m. ; greatest breadth, 7 m. ; area, 37^ sq. 
 m. P. (1871) 8693; (1881) 10,083; (1891) 11,762 (whites, 204). 
 
 Monts Mandlts, mts. See Maladetta. 
 
 Montsorean, vil., France, on the E. border of dep. Maine- 
 et-Loire, arr. Saumur, on the 1. bk. of the Loire, 32 m. WSW. 
 Tours. P. < 2000. 
 
 Monts-snr-Gnesnes, vil., France, dep. Vienne, 40 m. SW. 
 by S. Tours, arr. and 9 m. SE. Loudun. P. <20oo. 
 
 Moiit-snr-Marchleiine, comm. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. 
 and 2 m. SW. by W. Charleroi. P. 6700. 
 
 Montstirs, tn., France, dep. Mayenne, arr. and 12 m. ENE. 
 Laval. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mont Terrible. See Jura. 
 
 Mont-Val^rlen, fortress, France, dep. Seine, near Paris, on 
 a hill 200 ft. high, at whose E. base the Seine flows. 
 
 Montvale Springs, popular summer resort, U.S., Tennessee, 
 Blount CO., 9 m. S. Maryville ; has mineral springs. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montvlcq, tn., France, dep. Allier, arr. and 11 m. E. Mont- 
 lu9on. P. <30oo. 
 
 MontTllle, tn., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 6 m. N. by W. 
 New London by rail. P. <3ooo. 
 
 MontvlUe, tn., U.S., Maine, Waldo co., about 16 m. W. 
 by N. Belfast. P. < 1500. 
 
 Montze, tn., China. See Mengtsn-hsien. 
 
 Monument, stn., Eng., on City and S. London Rly. (electric). 
 
 Monument, The, stn., Eng., London, on the Metropolitan 
 Rly., near London Bridge. 
 
 Monument Beach, sea-coast resort, U.S., Massachusetts, 
 Barnstable co. , near head of Buzzard's Bay, 2 m. S W. Monu- 
 ment. P. < 1500. 
 
 Monument Creek, U.S., Colorado, El Paso co., noted for 
 its scenery, falls into Fountain Creek at Colorado City. 
 
 Monument Geyser, settlement, U.S., Wyoming, Uintah 
 CO. , 20 m. WN W. from the outlet of Yellowstone Lake. 
 
 Monument Lane, stn., Eng., Birmingham, Central div. , on 
 the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Monxton, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 3 m. W. by S. 
 Andover, 14 m, NW. Winchester, i m. S. by E. Weyhill stn. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Monyash, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 7 m. SE. by E. 
 Buxton, 5^ m. WSW. Bakewell stn. ; chert quarried. P.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Monymusk, par., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on the r. bk. of 
 the Don, 6^ m. SW. by W. Inverurie, on the G. N. of S. R., 
 PMT.O. ; 10,728 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Monynut Edge, the E. portion of the Lammermuir Hills, 
 looking eastwards, about 5 m. S. Dunbar. 
 
 Monyo, vil. , Lower Burma, dist. Thardwadi, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Irdwadi, 60 m. S. by E. Prome. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Monywa, tn.. Upper Burma, Lower Chindwin div., on the 
 1. bk. of the Chindwin, 53 m. W. by N. Mandalay. P. 6300. 
 
 1035 
 
MONZ — MOOR 
 
 Monza, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and lo m. NNE. Milan ; 
 has manufactures of hats, coarse cotton stuffs, silk-reeling estab- 
 lishments, dyeworks, &c. It was the cap. of the Lombard 
 kingdom of Italy, and has a cathedral founded by the cele- 
 brated Queen Theodelinda in 595, rebuilt in the 13th and 14th 
 centuries, and where the iron crown and regalia of Lombardy 
 were kept till 1859, when the Austrians removed them on the 
 cession of Lombardy to Sardinia ; they were restored in 1866 ; has 
 also the ancient Lombard palace, now a court-house. P. 17,100. 
 
 jHonze, or Rhs Muarl, frontier cape of Sind, India, forming 
 the E. promontory at the mouth of Hab R. , in about 67° E. 
 
 Honze's, vil. , S. Africa, Batonga- or Batoka-land, 170 m. W. 
 by S. Zumbo, about 16° 23' S. , 27° 55' E. 
 
 Monzle ('the mossy land'), par., Scot., W. Perthshire, on 
 Shaggie Burn, 2J m. NNE. Crieff; 21,487 ac. P. <7SO. 
 
 MonzleTalrd and Strowan, par., Scot., W. Perthshire, 
 2^ m. W. by N. Crieff; 26,093 ^c- P-<7So- 
 
 Monzdii, fort and tn., Spain, pro%'. Huesca, dist. Barbastro, 
 30 m. NW. L^rida. P. (comm.)<:40oo. 
 
 Moo, riv. , Upper Burma. See Mn. 
 
 Moodkee, vil. , India. See Mndkl. 
 
 Moody, CO. , U.S. , S. Dakota, on E. frontier, crossed by 44° N. 
 
 Moot, riv., S. Africa, Natal, flows NE. into the Tugela just 
 above its confluence with the Buffalo. 
 
 Moot, riv., Africa, Transvaal, N. affluent of the Vaal, flows 
 S. , passing to the E. of Potchefstroom. 
 
 Moolplaats, rural native location. Cape Colony, Komgha 
 div. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mooltan, tn. , India. See MUMn. 
 
 Moon, Mountains of the, the range of mts. which the 
 ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.) placed 
 in the middle of Africa as containing the sources of the Nile. 
 They figured in maps down to the 19th century, being assigned 
 various positions between Abyssinia and the Gulf of Guinea. 
 They are identified by Stanley with Ruwenzori (g.v.) and its 
 fellows, between Albert Nyanza and Albert Edward Nyanza, in 
 about 1° N. 
 
 Moonambel, mining tp. , Victoria, Kara Kara cc, 38 m. 
 NE. Ararat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mooncoln, tn. , Ire., S. co. Kilkenny, bar. Iverk, 7 m. 
 WNW. Waterford, i m. from the 1. bk. of the Suir and from 
 Grange stn., PM.O. (Moincoln). P. <:7So. 
 
 Moone, par. and tn., Ire., SE. co. Kildare, bars. Kilkea and 
 Moone, Narragh and E. Offaly, 3 m. from Grange Con stn. , 7 m. 
 E. by S. Athy, PT.O. Par. 7240 ac, P. < 1000; tn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Moonee Ponds, suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, with the 
 M. Valley racecourse. 
 
 Moonlight Head, cape, Victoria, about 18 m. WNW. Cape 
 Otway. 
 
 Moon Pass, in Torres Straits. See Warrior Reefs. 
 
 Moonsnnd, strait, Russia, Baltic Sea, between Esthonia and 
 isls. Dago, Oesel, and Moon ; connects Gulf of Finland with 
 Gulf of Riga. Length, 40 m.; width, 4-12 m.; depth, 10-17 
 fathoms. 
 
 Moonta, mining municip. , S. Australia, Daly co. , 85 m. N W. 
 Adelaide. Rfall. (11 yrs.), 13.72 in. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Moonzie, par., Scot., E. Fife, 3 m. NW. Cupar. P. <:2So. 
 
 Moor, tn. , Hungary. See Mor. 
 
 Moor, Old, par., Eng., Northumberland, dist. Mor[>eth. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Moor, South, PM.O., Eng., 2 m. from Stanley, near Chester- 
 le-Street, Durham. 
 
 Moorabool, stn., Victoria, co. Grant, 52 m. by rail SW. 
 Melbourne. 
 
 Moor Allerton, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, Harewood, 
 Thorner, and Leeds pars. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Moorby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 13^ m. 
 N. by W. Boston, 3^ m. SSE. Horncastle. P. <:25o; eccles. 
 par. (M. with Wood Enderby) P. <:2So. 
 
 Moor Court, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Herefordshire. See 
 Pembridge. 
 
 Moordown, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Christchurch and 
 Holdenhurst pars., PM.O. P. <50oo. 
 
 Moore, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 2J m. SSW. 
 Warrington, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. <:7SO. 
 
 Moore, bay. Ire., W. ct. co. Clare, lat. 53° 41' N. 
 
 Moore, par.. Ire., S. co. Roscommon, bar. Moycam, 6J m. 
 SW. Athlone ; 20,728 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Moore, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, N. of 35° N., crossed in the 
 extreme NE. by 79° W. 
 
 Moore, CO., U.S., Tennessee, in S.,W. of86°W., N. of 35°N. 
 
 Moore, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW., crossed in the N. by 
 36° N. , and in the W. by 102° W. 
 
 Moore, large lake, W. Australia, crossed in the S. by 30° S., 
 W. of 118° E. 
 
 Moorechurch, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Duleek, 
 5 m. SE. Drogheda; 5291 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Moore Critchell, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., li m. SE. 
 by E. Long Critchell, 11 m. N. Poole, 6 m. NE. by N. Wimbome 
 stn., P.O. (More Crlchell). P. <soo. See Long Critchell. 
 
 10:^6 
 
 Moorefleld, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Wellington, on 
 Conestogo R. , 70 m. W. by N. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Moorefleld, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Hardy co. , on r. bk. of 
 the S. Branch of the Potomac, 31 m. ESE. of the SW. comer 
 of Maryland. Alt. 806 ft. ( R. R. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Moorestown, \il., U.S., New Jersey, Burlington co. , 20 m. 
 SW. by S. Trenton. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Mooresville, vil., U.S., Indiana, Morgan co., 16 m. SW. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 MooresTille, vil., U.S., N, Carolina, Iredell co., 31 m. N. 
 Charlotte by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mooreto-wn, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Lambton co., on the 
 riv. St. Clair, 62 m. W. by S. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Moorfield, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, dist. Irvinestown. 
 
 Moorfields, stn.. Ire., W. co. and 8 m. NNE. Antrim, bar. 
 Lower Antrim, on the Ballymena and Lame Rly. , P.O. 
 
 Moorfleth, vil., Ger., on the r. bk. of Elbe, 5 m. SE. Ham- 
 burg, in the terr. of Hamburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Moor foot Hills, a hilly upland tract, Scot., in the SE. of 
 Midlothian and the NE. of Peeblesshire ; highest summit 
 Blackhope i^car, on the border of the two counties, 2136 ft. 
 
 Moorgagagh, par., Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Kilmaine, 11 m. 
 NW. Tuam. P. <250. 
 
 Moorgate Street, stn., Eng., London, on the Metropolitan 
 Rly. (Inner Circle), ^ m. NE. St. Paul's. 
 
 Moor Green, P.O., Eng., Hampshire, 3 m. from Bitteme. 
 
 Moorhampton, stn. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Leominster div. , 
 on the M. R., 8^ m. WNW. Hereford. 
 
 Moorhead, city, U.S., Minnesota, Clay co., on Red R. of the 
 North, in 46° 50' N. , 212 m. NW. by W. Minneapolis. P. <3000. 
 
 Moorhonse, par., Eng., co. and 3^ m. NE. Durham, on riv. 
 Wear. P. <25o. 
 
 Moorhouses, vil. , Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Revesby. 
 
 .Moorllim, post-tn. , Victoria. See Dargalong. 
 
 Moorlna, or Krushka's Bridge, post-tn., Tasmania, Dorset 
 CO., 42 m. NE. by E. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Moorlake, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 262 
 m. by rail W. Montreal 
 
 Moorland, P.O., Eng., Somerset, on the Parret, div. and 3^ 
 m. SE. Bridgwater. 
 
 Moorland Road, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Weston-super- 
 Mare, Somerset. 
 
 Moorlinch, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 6| m. E. Bridg- 
 water, P.O. (.Moorlyneh). P. 250; eccles. par. (M. with 
 Stawell and Sutton Mallet) P. <750. 
 
 Moor Monkton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div., 6§ m. NW. by W. York, i^ m. N. Marston 
 stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Mooroopna, tp. , Victoria, co. Rodney, no m. NNE. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Moor Row, vil. , Eng. , Cumberland, with stn. (M. R. Jnne> 
 tion) on the Furness and L. & NW. Joint Rly.; also on the 
 Cleator and Workington Junction Rly. , 4 m. SE. Whitehaven, 
 with mines of red hematite, PMT.O. 
 
 Moors, name given to a large part of the populations of 
 Barbary and W. Sahara, particularly to the Mussulman in- 
 habitants of N. African towns and the W. Sahara tribes com- 
 municating with Senegal. 
 
 Moors, a small river, Eng. , flows SE. through the E. div. of 
 Dorsetshire and Hants to the Stour, which it joins about 3 m. 
 NW. Christchurch. 
 
 Moors, settlement, U.S., Nevada, Elko co., 72 m. SW. by 
 S. of the NE. comer of the state. 
 
 Moorseele, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 6 
 m. WNW. Courtrai. P. < 5000. 
 
 Moorsel, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. and 2 m. 
 E. .A.lost. P. <4000. 
 
 Moorshedabad, tn. , India. See Mnrshid^bikd. 
 
 Moorsholme, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland 
 div. , i2^m. ESE. Middlesbrough, 2im. SE. Boosbeck stn. , P.O. 
 (Great M.) ; 4357 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Moorslde, PM.O., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. from Oldham. 
 
 Moorside, eccles. par. and coal-mining vil., Eng., Lanca- 
 shire, Eccles div., 6 m. WNW. Manchester, with stn. (M. and 
 Wardley) on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. P. <2500. 
 
 Moorslede, comm. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. Roulers, 
 8 m. NE. Ypres. P. 7000. 
 
 Moorsley, par., Eng., co. and 4J m. NE. Durham, PM.O. 
 (LowM.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Moors water, stn., Eng., Cornwall, on the G. W. R., i m, 
 W. Liskeard. 
 
 Moorthorpe, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., on the M. R., 8 m. ENE. Barnsley. 
 
 Moortown, hamlet, Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 16 
 m. ENE. Gainsborough, with a stn. (M. for Caistor) on the 
 M. S. & L. R. 
 
 Moor Town, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, sh ™- N W. 
 Hornsea. P. <:25o. 
 
 Moortown, PT.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. from 
 Chapel Allerton. 
 
MOOR — MORA 
 
 Moorwattaa, post-tp., New South Wales, Hume co., 30 m. 
 N. by E. Albury, on the riv. Murray. P. <isoo. 
 
 Moorivlnstow, par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., on 
 the coast, 17 m. WSW. Bideford, P.O. (Morwlnstow) ; 8139 
 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Hoosach, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 3 m. 
 NW. Munich. P. < 2000. 
 
 Moosbarg, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 circle Freising, on the 1. bk. of the Isar, 27 m. NE. by N. 
 Munich, with an important corn-market. P. <:3000. 
 
 Mooscb, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle Thann, on the 
 Thur R., 15 m. NW. by W. Miilhausen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Moose, riv,, British N. America, issues from Lake Missinaibi, 
 near the watershed of Ontario, in about 48° 25' N., 83^° W., 
 and flows first N. as the Missinaibi, then NE. , receives the 
 Mattagami (below the mouth of which it is known as the 
 Moose), and enters the S. end of James Bay (Hudson Bay). 
 Length estimated at 250 m. ; navigable at high water about 120 m. 
 
 Sloose, lake, Canada, in the E. of Saskatchewan, crossed 
 by 53° 43' N. , and at its E. end by 100° W. , drained W. into 
 the Saskatchewan R. 
 
 Moose, a small riv., U.S., Maine, flows E. into the North 
 Bay of Moosehead Lake. 
 
 Moose, riv., U.S., New York, in the NW., trib. of the Black 
 R. , which it joins on the r. bk. in Lewis co., near the N. end of 
 the Black R. Canal. 
 
 Moose Factory, post of the Hudson's Bay Co., Canada, 
 Ontario, on the W. side of the estuary of Moose R., in James 
 Bay (Hudson Bay) ; the centre of the missionary bishopric of 
 Moosonee. Mean temp. (24yrs., 1857-80), yr. 29.1° P., Jan. 
 4.5°, July 60.1°. 
 
 Moosehead, lake, U.S., Maine, between Somerset co. and 
 Piscataquis co. , 59 m. NW. Bangor, drained S. by the Kennebec 
 R. ; a favourite resort for sportsmen ; navigated by steamers. 
 Alt. 1023 ft. (water-power of Maine). Length, 36 m. ; width, 
 3-10 m. 
 
 Moose Hillock, mt., U.S. See Moosllaake. 
 
 Moose Island, W. Indies, Bahamas, 25 m. SE. the Great 
 Bahama L 
 
 Moose Jaw, tn. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R. , 
 398 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Moose River, vil. , Canada. See Clementsport. 
 
 Moosic, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lackawanna co., on Lacka- 
 wanna R. , 5 m. SW. by S. Scranton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Moosllaake, mt., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co., 57 
 m. N. by W. Concord. Alt. 4790 ft. 
 
 Moosomin, stn. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R. , 
 219 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Moot, Anglo-Saxon, ' place of assembly.' See Mote. 
 
 Mootwingee, co., New South Wales, crossed by 31° S. and 
 142° E. 
 
 Mopea, tn. , Portuguese E. Africa, at the head of boat naviga- 
 tion on the Kwakwa, 62 m. W. by S. Quilimane, now almost in 
 ruins. 
 
 Mopsuestia, tn., Asia Minor. See Missis. 
 
 Moqnegua, tn., Peru, dep. M. , 85 m. E. by S. Mollendo, 
 and less than 20 m. from the Chilian frontier ; has been de- 
 stroyed by earthquakes several times, especially in 171 5 and 
 1868. P. 5000. 
 
 Moqni Indians, U.S., Arizona, a body of Pueblo Indians, 
 SW. of the Navahoes. 
 
 Mor, frequent in place-names for ' moor. ' 
 
 Mor, Cymric and Gaelic, ' the sea. ' 
 
 Mor, Gaelic, ' great.' 
 
 M6r (Hungarian, in German Moor), tn. , Hungary, co. and 
 15 m. NW. by N. Stuhlweissenburg. P. 9300. 
 
 Mora, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 4 m. SW. 
 Fethard. P. <25o. 
 
 Mora, tn., Spain, prov. and 18 m. SE. Toledo, dist. Orgaz. 
 P. (comm. ) 8000. 
 
 Mora, vil., Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, on the Oster Dal R., 
 46 m. N W. Falun. P. (comm. ) 8000. 
 
 Mora, vil., U.S., New Mexico, cap. M. co., 53 m. NE. by 
 E. Santa F6. P. < 1500. 
 
 Moraca, riv. , Montenegro, flows first E. then S. past Podgo- 
 rica into the NW. of Lake Scutari. 
 
 MoradilbAd, municip. , cantonment, and fort, Brit. India, 
 N W. Provs. , cap. dist. M. , 50 m. NW. Bareilly, on a ridge on 
 r. bk. of, and naturally well drained into, Ramgangd R. ; noted 
 for metal-work, especially for inlaid brass and tin ; has a 
 government high school. P. (1872) 62,400; (1891) 72,100; 
 Moham. 39,400 ; Hindus, 31,400 ; total, including cantonment, 
 72,900. 
 
 Mora de Ebro, tn., Spain, prov. Tarragona, dist. Gandesa, 
 r. bk. Ebro, 20 m. N. by E. Tortosa. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Mora de Rubielos, tn. , Spain, Aragon, prov. and 21 m. ESE. 
 Teruel, cap. dist. M., with mineral waters and baths at Vabor. 
 P. (comm. ) 40CO. 
 
 Moral de C'alatrava, tn., Spain, New Castille, prov. Ciudad 
 Real, dist. and 11 m. NW. Valdepefias. P. (comm.) 6000. 
 
 Moraleda, long channel, Chile, separating the Chonos Archi- 
 pelago from the S. American continent, stretching N. from 46° 
 S. to 44° S. 
 
 Morales, vil., Colombia, Magdalena, on the r. bk. of the 
 Magdalena, 180 m. SE. by S. Cartagena. 
 
 Moramba Harbonr, Madagascar, in NW. , in about 14° 50' S. 
 
 Morantbala, mt. , S. Africa, on 1. bk. of the Shire, near its 
 junction with the Zambezi. Alt. 4000 ft. The M. Marsh, 
 which lies to the NW. on both banks of the Shire, and the Ziu- 
 Ziu, forms, in the rainy season, a vast lake 20 m. broad. 
 
 Morambro, settlement, S. Australia, MacDonnell co. , 170 
 m. SE. Adelaide. 
 
 Morana, comm., NW. Spain, Galicia, prov. and 11 m. 
 NE. Pontevedra, dist. Caldas. P. 5300. 
 
 Morang, post-tn. , Victoria, Bourke co. , 14 m. NW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morangarell, post-tn., New South Wales, Bland co. , 115 
 m. WSW. Bathurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morano, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 58 m. SSE. 
 Potenza. P. 8300. 
 
 Moransto-fvn, par.. Ire. See Bally morin. 
 
 Morant, bay, Jamaica, in the S., in 76° 2i'-3o' W. 
 
 Morant Point, or East End Cape, Jamaica, in extreme E. , 
 with lighthouse in 76° 12' W., 17° 55' N. Rfall. (7 yrs.) 64.58 in. 
 
 Mor^r, tn.. Central India, Gwalior state, on Morar R. , on 
 an alluvial plain 34 m. E. Gwalior ; restored to Mah^aja 
 Sindhia in 1886. P. (1881) 2400; (1891) 24,500; Hindus, 
 17,700. 
 
 Morar, North, penin., Scot., Inverness-shire, in the W. , 
 between Loch Nevis on the N. , and Loch , Morar on the S. , to 
 the E. of Rum I. Morar, South, dist. S. of Loch Morar ; 
 peopled mainly by Roman Catholics. 
 
 Mor^sa, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 52 m. NE. by 
 E. Ahmadabad, on Mijham R. ; occupying an important strate- 
 gical position between Gujardt and the hilly tracts. P. (1881) 
 7000; (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Morast, German, 'a marsh.' 
 
 Morat (French, in German Marten), tn. and lake, Switzd., 
 cant, and 8| m. N. by W. Freiburg. Here the Swiss confede- 
 rates routeci Charles the Bold of Burgundy in 1476. Birthplace 
 of the novelist Bitzius (Jeremias Gotthelf). P. <:3000. 
 
 Morata de Tajana, comm., Spain, prov. and 19 m. SE. 
 Madrid, dist. Chinchdn. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Moratalla, tn. , Spain, prov. and 40 m. WNW. Murcia, dist. 
 Caravaca. P. (comm.) 11,900. 
 
 Moratan, native name of Fergusson I. , Brit. New Guinea. 
 
 Mora'va, riv. , Austria. See March. 
 
 Mora'va (ancient Margus), riv. of Servia, flows N. and enters 
 the Danube 30 m. ESE. Belgrade. It is formed by the junction 
 (36 m. NNW. Ni§) of two streams — the Bulgarian M., which 
 rises on the Kara Dagh in the Turkish vilayet Kossovo, and 
 has a length (to confluence) of 160 m. ; and the Serrian M., 
 which rises in the Golija Planina, on the SW. frontier of Servia, 
 and flows N. and SSE., being joined on the way by the Ibar 
 and Rasina (both right). The principal tribs. of the Bulgarian 
 M. are the NiSava and Moravica (right), and the Jablanica and 
 Toplica (left). The united stream, which has no tribs. of 
 importance, is 100 m. long from the confluence, and was 
 formerly navigable to Cuprija, though now obstructed by 
 deposits. 
 
 Moravia, Ger. Miihren, crownland and border co. (mark- 
 grafschaft) of the Austrian- Hungarian kgd., in the N., between 
 Bohemia, Silesia, Hungary, and Lower Austria. It forms a 
 compact terr. , bordered by mountains on nearly all sides — on 
 the NW. by the terraces and heights (peaks 1590-2740 ft.) of 
 the Mahrische Hohe (Moravian Heights), on the N. by the 
 Altvater chain (to 4800 ft.) of the Sudetic Mts., and on the E. 
 by the Weisse Gebirge (White Mts. , to 3345 ft. ) and the Beskids 
 (4110 ft.), W. extensions of the Carpathians. About 90 per 
 cent, of the surface is drained by the March and the streams 
 of its basin — the Thaya, Iglawa, Schwarzawa, Zwittawa, and 
 Beczwa — into the Danube. The Oder drains the NE. corner 
 in the opposite direction. The climate shows a considerable 
 range of difference between the mountainous N. and the com- 
 paratively low S. The rfall. is not over abundant, 19^-31^ in. 
 annually. M. is essentially an agricultural region, nearly 71 
 per cent, of the area being under cultivation ; rye and oats are 
 the principal crops, supplemented by wheat, barley, leguminous 
 plants, potatoes, beetroot, vegetables, and fruits (plums, &c.). 
 Wine is grown in the S. Of the remaining surface, 27 per cent. 
 is covered with forests (oak, beech, and Coniferse), mostly on 
 the mountain sides. Large quantities of coal are mined, chiefly 
 in the extreme NE. and in the middle of the country (neighbour- 
 hood of Briinn). Iron and graphite are also mined in appre- 
 ciable quantities. M. is one of the principal Industrial parts 
 of the kingdom. The most important branches are woollens, 
 cottons, and beetroot sugar. Linens, silks, lace, iron goods, 
 leather, glass, spirits, beer, malt, and chemicals are likewise 
 manufactured on a pretty large scale. An active trade is carried 
 on in agricultural and manufactured products (exported), and 
 
 1037 
 
MORA 
 
 MORE 
 
 in salt, groceries, and raw materials for manufacture (imported). 
 The population consists for the greater part of Slavs, i.e., 
 Czechs or Moravians, to the extent of fully 70 per cent. The 
 rest are mostly of German race. The predominant creed is 
 Roman CathoUcism, confessed by 95 per cent of the people. 
 The largest towns are Briinn (the cap.) with nearly 100,000 
 inhabitants ; and, with each between 10,000 and 50,000 in- 
 habitants, Mahrisch-Ostrau, Iglau, Prossnitz, Olmiitz, Neutit- 
 schein, Sternberg, Znaim, Prerau, Kremsier, and Mahrisch- 
 Schonberg. History. — The Slavs supplanted Germanic tribes 
 in M. in the 6th century. In the beginning of the loth century 
 the principality (or duchy) of M. was subdued and divided be- 
 tween the Hungarians and the Bohemians (Czechs). M. profjer 
 has since that time been intimately connected with Bohemia 
 (q.v.), and with it in 1526 was enrolled amongst the territories 
 of Austria. See table at Anstria-Hnngary. 
 
 Moravia, vil., U.S., New York, Cayuga co. , 27 m. SW. by 
 S. Syracuse, and 20 m. NNE. Ithaca. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mora^vbanna, settlement, Brit. Guiana, seat of govt, of the 
 NW. dist., in about 8° 17' N. , 50° 38' W. , on the r. bk. of the 
 Barima, which is here connected with the mouth of the W^aini 
 by the M. Passage, a channel navigable for vessels of 15 or 16 
 ft. draught. Proc. E. G. S., 1892, pp. 668, 685. 
 
 Morawlia, tn., Austria, prov. Silesia, dist. Friedek. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Moray, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Middlesex, 25 m, NW. 
 London. P. <ci5oo. 
 
 Moray, ancient prov. , Scot. , on S. of Moray Firth ; it in- 
 cluded the COS. of Elgin and Nairn, the gretaer part of Inverness- 
 shire, and part of Banffshire. See Elginsliire. 
 
 Moray Firtk, the ancient Vara Aestuarium, Scot., in NE. , 
 crossed by 4° W. long. , is one of the largest indentations of the 
 North Sea, the entrance from Burghead to Tarbet Ness being 
 16 m. wide. The firth extends SW. for about 24 m. ; its W. 
 continuation is the branch called Inverness firth and Beauly 
 basin. Total length, 39 m. 
 
 Mor1>egno, or Marbegno, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Son- 
 drio, on riv. Adda, 33 m. NE. Como. P. <3000. 
 
 Morbilian ('the little sea.' See Mor), dep. France, named 
 from the Gulf of M. , formed in 1790 from part of W. Bretagne ; 
 divided into four arrs. : Vannes (cap.), Lorient, Ploermel, and 
 Pontivy; SW. washed by the Atlantic, with a coast-line, ex- 
 clusive of indentations, of about 93 m. Principal openings 
 from SE. to NW. : estuary of the Vilaine, Bay of M., Bay of 
 Quiberon, partly shut off from the ocean by the penin. of 
 Quiberon, inlet of Etel, estuary of the Blavet. Off Quiberon 
 are Belle Isle and the islets of Houat and Hoedic, and off the 
 mouth of the Blavet, Groix. Surface diversified in parts by 
 chains of hills, mainly of primitive rocks. The culminating 
 point (975 ft.) occurs in the NW., in a continuation of the 
 Montague Noire of Finistere, general slope N. to S. ; plateaux 
 predominate, in part covered with landes, of which the most 
 extensive is the lande of Lanvaux, stretching for about 31 m. 
 between Saint-Jean- Br^velay and Rochefort-en-Terre. Principal 
 rivs. : Vilaine, in the S., with its canalised r. bk. trib. ; Oust, 
 which traverses the dep. from NW. to SE. ; the Blavet, also 
 canalised above Hennebont, drains the NW., r. bk. trib. Scorff ; 
 the Laita forms part of the boundary between M. and Finistere. 
 Forests, Lanou6e and Camors. Climate mild and equable. 
 The principal cereals are rye, wheat, and buckwheat ; other 
 cultures are hemp, and to a less extent flax ; the vine is culti- 
 vated only in the arr. of Vannes ; apples are extensively grown, 
 the dep. being one of the foremost in the production of cider. 
 Salt from the coast marshes is the chief mineral product. The 
 leading industries are those connected with armaments, of 
 which Lorient is the centre. Fishing and oyster culture occupy 
 many of the coast population. Area, 2739 sq. m. P. (1891) 
 544,500. See France, table. 
 
 .Morborne, par. , Eng. , Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div. , 6 m. 
 SW. by S. Peterborough, 3J m. W. by S. Yaxley and Farcet 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Morbyl&nga, vil., Sweden, Oland I., on the W. ct., 10 m. 
 S. Kalmar. P. <20oo. 
 
 Morchard Bishop, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 
 12 m. WSW. Tiverton, 2 m. E. Lapford stn., PMT.O. ; 7173 
 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morcliard Koad, sin., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., on 
 the L. & SW. R., 14 m. NW. by W. Exeter. 
 
 Morctaenstern, comm. , Austria, prov. Bohemia, dist. Tann- 
 wald, on a trib. of the Iser, 9 m. SE. by E. Reichenberg. 
 P. 5900. 
 
 Miircbiugen, or Mortaange, comin., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, 
 dist. Lorraine, circle Forbach, 19 m. SE. Metz. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Morcin, comm., Spain, Asturias, prov., dist., and i m. S. 
 Oviedo.' P. ■C4000. 
 
 Morcies, Oent de, one of the summits of the Alps in 
 Switzd. , between the cants. Vaud and Valais ; elevation of the 
 T6te Noire, 9640 ft. 
 
 Morcone, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Benevento, 45 m. W. 
 by S. Foggia. P. 6500. 
 1038 
 
 Morcote, comm., Switzd., cant. Ticino, 6 m. SSW. Lugano, 
 at the end of the penin. jutting southwards into Lake Lugano. 
 P. <2ooo. 
 
 Morcott, par., Eng., co. Rutland, 6 m. SE. by S. Oakham, 
 2 m. NE. by N. Seaton and Uppingham stn., PM.O. P. <500. 
 
 Morda, PM.O., Eng., Shropshire, i m. from Oswestry. 
 
 Mordelles, vil., France, dep. lUe-et- Vilaine, arr. and 8 m. 
 WSW. Rennes. P. <20oo. 
 
 Morden, stn. , Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of the C. P. R. , 
 64 m. SW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Morden, pars., Eng., Cambridge. See Cinilden Morden 
 and Steeple Morden. 
 
 Morden, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., 7 m. NW. by W. 
 Poole, 3 m. SW. Wimborne stn., P.O.; 7512 ac. P. <c75o. 
 
 Morden, par., Eng., Surrey, Wimbledon div., 4^ m. E. by 
 S. Kingston, on the L. B. & S. C. R. P. <;iooo. 
 
 Mordlalloc, postal tp. , Victoria, Bourke co. , on Port Phillip 
 Bay, 17 m. SSE. Melbourne. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Mordiford, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , at the con- 
 fluence of the Lugg and the Wye, 5 m. ESE. Hereford, 2 m. 
 ENE. Holm Laceystn., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Mordington, ct. par., Scot., Berwickshire, 3^ m. WNW. 
 Berwick-upon-Tweed, 3 m. SSE. Ayton stn. P. ■<5oo. 
 
 Mordon, par., Eng., Durham, on riv. Skerne, 8 m. NE, 
 Darlington. P. <:25o. 
 
 Mordves, Mordovians, Finnish stem of the Volga group, 
 middle Russia, govts. Simbirsk, Penza, Samara, Nizhniy 
 Novgorod, and Saratov ; partly in Orenburg, Tambov, and 
 Kazan. Altogether about 1,000,000. Divided into two chief 
 branches, Moksha and Erzya (Aorzes of Ptolemy). Mostly 
 Russianised except the Karatais, who speak a Turkish language. 
 
 More, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., i2i m. SE. by S. 
 Welshpool, I m. NW. Lydham Heath stn.; has barytes mine, 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 More, Loch, lake, Scot., Caithness, in the W., drained N. by 
 the riv. Thurso. Alt. 381 ft. 
 
 Morea, or Peloponnesus, name of S. portion of Greece, the 
 penins. S. of Isthmus of Corinth. See Greece and Pelopon« 
 nesus. 
 
 More bath, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, div, and 8 m. N. Tiverton, 
 on the G. W. R., P.O. P.<:50o. 
 
 More battle, par. , Scot. , Roxbiorghshire. on Kale Water, 7 m, 
 S. by E. Kelso, PMT.O.; 22,334 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 More'bo, or Morelbo, riv. , Brit. Guiana, flows E. into the 
 Waini in about 7° 45' N. , 59° 7' W. , connected by an intricate 
 itabbo with the Barima. Proc. R. G. S., 1892, pp. 676-77. 
 
 Moreby, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire. See Stillingfleet 
 Mvitlk Moreby. 
 
 Morecambe, small tn. and rising watering-place, Eng., Lan- 
 cashire, on M. Bay, 3^ m. NW. Lancaster, on the L. & NW. R., 
 PMT.O. P. 6500. See Ponlton-ie-Sands. 
 
 Morecambe ('the bend of the sea.' See Cam), or Lancaster 
 Bay, an extensive inlet of the Irish Sea, on the W. coast of Eng- 
 land, CO. Lancaster, between the penin. of Furness, with Walney 
 I. on the W. , and the projection of coast terminating near Fleet- 
 wood on the S. Length, 16 m. ; average breadth, 10 m. It 
 receives the Kent, Lune, and Wyre Rivs. A broad arm of this 
 bay, which is mainly under i and almost entirely under 3 
 fathoms in depth, is fordable at low water. 
 
 Moreconibelake, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Charmouth, Dor- 
 setshire. 
 
 More Crichell, P.O., Eng., Dorsetshire. See Moore 
 Critchell. 
 
 Mor^, vil. , France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, arr. Vendome, on the 
 Loir, 22 m. N. by W. Blois. P. <2O0o. 
 
 Moree, post-tn. , New South Wales, in the N. , Courallie co. , 
 130 m. NW. by W. Tamworth. P. 1500. 
 
 Morehead, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Rowan co., 85 m. SE. 
 Cincinnati (Ohio). Alt. 712 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Morehead, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, Carteret co. , on the coast, 
 74 m. ENE. Wilmington ; has a line of steamships to New 
 York. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morehouse, par. , Louisiana, in the NE. , on the N. frontier, 
 E. of 92° W. , bounded on the W. by the Ouachita R. 
 
 Morelbo, riv. , Brit. Guiana. See More'bo. 
 
 Moreira, vil., Brazil, on the riv. Negfro, 300 m. NW. by 
 W. Manaos, and 40 m. S. equator. 
 
 Morel, comm., Switzd., cant. Valais, on the r. bk. of the 
 Rhone, 4 m. NE. by E. Brieg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Morelada Channel, Chile, between the mainland and the 
 Chonos Archip)elago, 44°-45^° S. 
 
 Morelia, tn. , Mexico, cap. state Michoacan, 125 m. WNW, 
 Mexico City, in a valley surrounded by high mountains. It has 
 a fine cathedral, and a magnificent aqueduct, dating from 1788, 
 for the supply of water. The dist. is one of the chief sugar- 
 growing dists. in Mexico. Birthplace of General Morelos, one 
 of the soldiers of the Independence, in memory of whom the 
 town, formerly called Valladolid, founded in 1541, has borne 
 his name since 1828. Alt. 6400 ft. (Burkart). P. (1868) 36,900; 
 (1889) 30,000. 
 
MORE 
 
 MORI 
 
 Itlorella, fort and tn., Spain, prov. Castell6n, cap. dist. M., 
 36 m. WS W. Tortosa. P. (comm. ) 6800. 
 
 IHorelos, one of the states of Mexico (since 1869) immediately 
 S. of the highest volcanic region of the Anahuac plateau. The 
 country is very broken and covered with forests. Drained by 
 ri\'. Mexcala. See Mexico, table, &c. 
 
 >Ioreiia, Sierra, Spain. See Sierra Moreiia. 
 
 JYIoreiicl, vil, U.S., Michigan, Lenawee co. , 72 m. SW. by 
 \V. Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Moreno, bay, N. ct. of Chile, in 23° 30' S., on which stands 
 the port of Antofagasta. 
 
 Morera, isl. , W. ct. Africa, at the mouth of the Rio Pongo, 
 in 10° N. ; a dependence of Senegal. 
 
 Mores, tn., Sardinia, prov. and 19 m. SE. Sassari. P. <3000. 
 
 Mores, comm., Spain, on the Jalon, prov. and 38 m. WSW. 
 Saragossa. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Moresby, par., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 2J m. 
 NE. Whitehaven, with a stn. (M. Parks) on the Cleator and 
 Workington Junction Rly., P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Moresby, islet, NW. ct. Madagascar, near the N. extremity 
 of the island, in 12° 10' S. 
 
 Moresby Islaiul, Brit. New Guinea, 16 m. E. of the SE. 
 point of the main island. 
 
 Moresiiet, comm. , between the Belgian prov. Liege and the 
 Prussian Rhine Prov., 4 m. SW. Aix-la-Chapelle, divided be- 
 tween Prussian M., Belgian M., and Neutral M., the last con- 
 taining the valuable calamine mine of Altenberg, or Vlellle 
 Montague. The neutral terr. , about 70 ac. in extent, was 
 formed in 1816, and is governed by a burgomaster. 
 
 Morestead, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Andover div. , 3 m. SE. by 
 S. Winchester, 2^ m. E. Shawford and Twyford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Morestel, vil. , France, dep. Isere, 23 m. WNW. Chamb^ry, 
 arr. and 8 m. N. La Tour du Pin. P. <20oo. 
 
 Moreton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 4 m. W. Birken- 
 head, on the Seacombe, Hoylake, and Deeside Rly. P. <:soo. 
 
 Moretou, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., on the Frome, 7 
 m. E. Dorchester, ih m. W. of its stn. on the L. & SW. R. , 
 PM.O. P. <500. 
 
 Moreton, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 11 m. W. Chelms- 
 ford, 2 m. NNE. Blake Hall stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Moreton, part of par. , Eng. , Herefordshire. See Eye. 
 
 Moreton, P.O., Eng., Salop, div. and 3 m. S. by E. 
 Oiwestry, ij m. NE. Llynclys stn. 
 
 Moreton, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Gnosall par., P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Moreton, Nortb and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., Berk- 
 shire. North M., div. and 6^ m. SE. Abingdon, 3 m. W. 
 Wallingford, P. <5oo; South M., P.O., P. <soo. 
 
 Moreton Bay, inlet of the Pacific Ocean, Queensland, in 27° 
 30' S. , 153° E. ; it is sheltered seaward by Moreton and Strad- 
 broke Is., the former 25 m. in length by 5 m. in breadth; it 
 contains many other islands, and receives the Brisbane and 
 Logan Rivs. Accessible by two different channels, one N. and 
 one S. of the islands at the entrance of the bay, for ships of 
 large size. Alt. 320 ft. Temp. ( 15 yrs. ), summer 78.0° F. , winter 
 60.0°, yr. 70.2°. Length, 65 m. 
 
 Moreton Corbet, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 8 m. NE. 
 by N. Shrewsbury, 4 m. W. Peplow stn. P. <500. 
 
 Moreton Hanipstead, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton 
 div., ii| m. WSW. Exeter, on a branch of the G. W. R., 
 PMT.Or Market-day, S. 7910 ac. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Moreton In the Marsh, market-tn. and par. , Eng. , Glouces- 
 tershire, Cirencester div., 13 m. SE. by E. Evesham, on the G. 
 W. R. Market-day, Tu. P. < 1500. See Batsford. 
 
 Moreton JelTreys, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster 
 div., 8i m. NE. Hereford, 5 m. SW. Bromyard stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Moreton Morrell, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on- 
 Avon div., 6h m. S. by E. Warwick, 3 m. NNW. Kineton stn., 
 P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Moreton-on-Lugg, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 4 
 m. N. Hereford, on the L. & NW. R. P. <2So. 
 
 Moreton Plnkuey, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, S. div., 
 13^ m. SW. by W. Northampton, with stn. (Morton P.) on the 
 Ea'st and West June. Rly., PM.O. P. <500. 
 
 Moreton Say, par. , Eng. , Salop, Newport div. , 11 m. S. by W. 
 Nantwich, 3 m. W. by N. Market Drayton ; 5999 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Moreton Valence, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury 
 div., 6i m. SW. by S. Gloucester, 2 m. W. Haresfield stn., 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Moreton with Alcnmlow, par., Eng., Cheshire, 2^ m. SW. 
 Congleton. P. <25o. 
 
 Moret-snr-Lolug, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, near the 
 1. bk. of the Seine, arr. and 6 m. ESE. Fontainebleau. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Moretta, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, 22 m. SSW. 
 Turin. P. < 3000. 
 
 Morenll, tn. , France, dep. Somme, arr. Montdidier, 12 m. 
 SE. Amiens. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Morez, tn., France, dep. Jura, arr. St. Claude, 23 m. N. by 
 W. Geneva. P. < 5000. 
 
 Morfa, Welsh, 'a marsh.' 
 
 Morfa Bychau, P.O., Wales, 3 m. from Portmadoc, Car- 
 narvonshire. 
 
 Morfa Nevln, PM.O. .Wales, Carnarvonshire, 2m. from Nevin. 
 Morfelden, vil., Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse, circle Gross-Gerau, 
 10 m. SW. by S. Frankfurt. P. <30oo. 
 
 Morfll (Spanish, mar/il = wory), isl., W. Africa, Senegal, 
 between the Senegal R. and its anastomosing 1. bk. trib. Du6, 
 90 m. long from Podor to Sald^. 
 
 Morfa, or Morpltou, tn., isl. of Cyprus, in the Mesaorea, 21 
 m. W. Nicosia, and 4J m. from the shore of Morfu Bay, the 
 large bay in the NW. of the island, formerly a port, but gradu- 
 ally filled up with sand. 
 
 Morgalllon, bar.. Ire., in the NE. of co. Meath. 
 Morgan, or Xorth-West Bend, tn., S. Australia, Eyre co., 
 on r. bk. of riv. Murray, 85 m. NE. Adelaide. P. <isoo. 
 
 Morgan, co. , U.S., Alabama, midway between E. and W. 
 frontiers, bounded on the N. by the Tennessee R. 
 
 Morgan, co. , U.S., NE. Colorado, bounded on the S. by 
 40° N. , crossed in W. by 104° W. ; cap. Morgan. 
 
 Morgan, co., U.S., Georgia, between 33° and 34° N. and 
 83° and 84° W. 
 
 Morgan, co. , U.S., Illinois, S. of 40° N. , and crossed in SE. 
 by 90° W. 
 
 Morgan, co., U.S., Indiana, between 39° and 40° N. and 86° 
 and 87" W. , traversed by W. Branch of White R. 
 
 Morgan, co. , U.S., Kentucky, crossed by 38° N., and in the 
 E. by 83° W. 
 
 Morgan, co. , U.S., Missouri, S. of 39° N., and crossed in 
 the W. by 93° W. 
 
 Morgan, co. , U.S., Ohio, in the SE., to the S. of 40° N., 
 crossed in the W. by 82° W. 
 
 Morgan, co., U.S., Tennessee, W. of 84° W., crossed in the 
 S. by 36° N. 
 
 Morgan, city, U.S., Utah, M. co., 20 m. NNE. Salt Lake 
 City. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Morgan, CO. , U.S., W. Virginia, on the Potomac (N. frontier), 
 W. of 78° W. 
 
 Morgan, Cape, Cape Colony, SE. ct. , in about 28° 30' E. 
 
 Morgan City, port of entry, U.S., Louisiana, St. Mary par., 
 on the outlet of the Grand Lake, 72 m. WSW. New Orleans, 
 on E. of Atchafalaya Bayou, navigable to this point (20 m. from 
 Gulf of Mexico) for vessels drawing 10 ft. of water. P. <300o. 
 
 Morganfleld, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Union co., in the W., 15 
 m. W^ by S. Henderson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morgan Park, vil., U.S., Illinois, Cook co. , 3 m. N. Blue I. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Morgans, par., Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Lower Connello, on 
 the Shannon, 2 m. NW. Askeaton. P. <25o. 
 
 Morgan's Point, cape, U.S., Connecticut, on the E. side of 
 New Haven Bay, in 72° 53' W. 
 
 Morgans town, P.O., Wales, Glamorgan, i m. from Radyr, 
 near Cardiff. 
 
 Morganton, vil., U.S., Georgia, Fannin co. , 80 m. E. by S. 
 of NW. corner of state. P. <; 1500. 
 
 Morganton, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, Burke co., 170 m. W. 
 Raleigh ; gold is found here. P. <20oo. 
 
 Morgantown, vil., U.S., Indiana, M. co., 27 m. S. by W. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morgantown, tn., U.S., W. Virginia, Monongalia co., at 
 the head of navigation on the Monongahela R. , 39 m. NW. of 
 the SW. comer of Maryland. The W. Virginia State University 
 was founded here in 1867. Alt. (signal stn.) 963 ft. (U.S. 
 Signal Office). Mean temp., yr. 53.8° F., Jan. 35. 2°, July 74.2°. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Moi^arten, mountain slope, Switzd. , on the boundary of the 
 cants. Schwiz and Zug, 5 m. N. Schwiz, where on Nov. 13, 
 1315, 1300 Swiss defeated an army of 15,000 men under Leopold 
 of Austria, this being the first battle fought for Swiss indepen- 
 dence. In 1798, the Swiss also defeated a French force here. 
 
 Morges, or Morsee, tn., Switzd., cant. Vaud, on the N. side 
 of Lake Geneva, 6 m. W. by S. Lausanne. P. (comm. )<:sooo. 
 
 Morhani, par., Scot., Haddingtonshire, 2^ m. ESE. Had- 
 dington. P. <250. 
 
 Morhange, comm. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine. See Morchlngen. 
 
 Morhauger, vil. , Eng. , Bedfordshire. See Moggerhanger. 
 
 Mori, comm. , Austria, Tirol, 18 m. SW. by S. Trent. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mori, vil., Japan, Yezo, on Volcano Bay, at the foot of 
 Mount Komaga-take, 22 m. NNW. Hakodate. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Morlah, vil, U.S., New York, Essex co., 33 m. SW. by S. 
 Burlington (Vt. ), with rich mines of magnetic iron ore. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Morlarty Road, post-tn. , Tasmania, co. Devon, 40 m. by 
 rail and road WNW. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morlcambe Bay, inlet of Solway Firth, on NW. ct. of Cum- 
 berland, receives the rivs. Wampool and Waver. 
 
 MorUa, or Morlhla, vil., Basuto-land, 83 m. NNE: Aliwal 
 North (Cape Colony) ; has a Protestant mission station. 
 
 Morln, Grand and Petit, two rivs., France, deps. Marne 
 and Seine-et-Marne. Both flow W. and enter the Marne on 
 left. On Grand Morin navigation begins at Tigeaux, but only 
 for boats of little more than 2 ft. draught. 
 
 1039 
 
MORI — MORO 
 
 Noringeu, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Northeim, 12 
 m. N. by W. Gottingen. P. <:3ooo. 
 Morloka, tn. , Japan, 85 m. S. by E. Aomori. P. 31,900. 
 Morlorl, or Ulalororl, tribe of the Polynesian race, Chatham 
 Is., E. of New Zealand, supposed to be a branch of the Maoris. 
 JMorisou's Haven, Scot. See Morrison's Haven. 
 Morltzberg, vil. , Prussia, prov. and 18 m. SSE. Hanover, 
 circle Marienburg, i| m. WSW. Hildesheim. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Moritzfeld, or MdrlczfSld, vil. , Hungary, co. Temes, 27 m. 
 SE. by S. Temesvar. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Morke, vil., Denmark, in the NW. of Seeland, prov. Holbak, 
 40 m. W. Copenhagen. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Morkhoveu, vil., Belgium, prov. Antwerp, 16 m. ENE. 
 Malines. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Morlaas, tn., France, dep. Basses-Pyr6n6es, arr. and 6 m. 
 NE. by E. Pau. P. <20oo. 
 
 Morlalx, seapt. tn., France, at the head of the estuary of the 
 Dossen, on the N. ct. of Brittany, dep. Finistere, cap. arr. M., 
 33 m. ENE. Brest. Trade with England in butter, eggs, cattle, 
 vegetables, &c. Length of dock, 3936 ft. ; of quayage, 3500 ft. ; 
 depth of water on sill ordinary springs 21.3 ft., ordinary neaps 
 i^ ft. Birthplace of General Moreau (1761) and the litterateur 
 Emile Souvestre (1806). The ancient Mofis Relaxus. 
 
 Norland, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 6 m. W. by N. 
 Appleby, 2 J m. S. by E. Cliburn stn., PMT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 IMorlanda, vil., Sweden, prov. (Ian) and 37 m. N. Gothen- 
 burg, on an inlet of the Kattegat. P. <20C)0. 
 
 Norlanvrelz, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Thuin, 
 nearly half-way between Mens and Charleroi ; contains rich 
 coal-mines and the mineral spring of Mariemont. P. 7200. 
 
 Morlaqnes, or Morlaks (Slavonic, ' coast Vlakhs,' or 
 'maritime Walachians'), people in the mountains in N. of 
 Dalmatia, in the upper valleys of the Dinaric Alps, circles Zara 
 and Spalato. 
 
 Morlelgli, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 7 m. W. 
 Dartmouth, 5 m. SW. Totnes stn. P. <2so. 
 
 Morley, stn., Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R., 882 m. 
 by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Morley, settlement. Cape Colony, Kaffraria, dist. Tembu- 
 land, 105 m. NE. by N. East London. 
 
 Morley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Ilkeston div., 4 m. NE. 
 Derby, ij m. NE. Breadsall stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Morley, mun. bor. (since 1885), Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 M. div., in the diocese of Ripen, 4 m. SSW. Leeds, with stns. 
 on the G. N. R. and L. & NW. R. Industries connected with 
 woollen cloth, woollen machinery, coal, and stone. M. occurs 
 in Domesday Book and in poll-tax list of Richard II. ; bor. 
 extended to 3381 ac. in 1891. P. tn. (1871) 9600 ; (1891) 21,100 ; 
 eccles. par. (M. ivltb Ctaurwell) P. 8400; pari. div. P. (1891) 
 65,200. 
 
 Morley, vil., U.S., New York, St. Lawrence co., 5 m. N. by 
 W. Canton. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Morley, St. Botolph and St. Peter, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., i2| m. WSW. Norwich, 2 m. WNW. 
 Spooner Row stn. M. St. Botolph, P.O., P. <25o; M. St. 
 Peter, P.O., P.<2So. 
 
 Morley'8 Bridge, stn., Ire., near Kenmare (co. Kerry), on 
 G. S. & W. R. 
 
 Morlnnda, vil, Sweden, prov. (Ian) and 48 m. NW. Kalmar. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Mormanno, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 52 m. S. by 
 E. Potenza. P. 5000. 
 
 Mormant, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Mame, 17 m. NE. by 
 N. Fontainebleau, arr. and 12 m. ENE. Melun. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mormolron, tn., France, dep. Vaucluse, arr. Carpentras, 20 
 m. E. by S. Orange, 7 m. E. Carpentras. P. <20oo. 
 
 Normond, stn., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 7 m. S. by W. 
 Fraserburgh, on the G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Mornant, tn., France, dep. Rhdne, arr. Lyon, 12 m. NW. 
 by W. Vienne. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mome*&-l'Eaa, Le, maritime vil. , W. Indies, Guadeloupe, 
 6 m. N. Pointe-a-Pitre. P. (comm.) 6300. 
 
 Mornes de la Hotte, mts. See Haiti. 
 
 Momlngslde, stn., Canada, Alberta, on the Calgary and 
 Edmonton Rly. , about 107 m. N. by E. Calgary. 
 
 Mornlngslde, eccles. par., Scot., in the S. of Edinburgh 
 city, with a stn. (M. Koad) on the N. B. R. P. 13,500. 
 
 MornlngKlde ami Torbnsta, vil, Scot., Lanarkshire, 3 m. 
 E. Wishaw, with stn. (Mornlngslde) on the N. B. R., P.O. 
 (Mornlngglde). P. <75o. 
 
 Morning Star, riv. , Ire. , co. Limerick, rises in Galtee Mts. , 
 flows 20 m. NW. to the riv. Maigue. 
 
 Morning Snn, vil, U.S., Iowa, Louisa co. , 20 m. N. by W. 
 Burlington, with trade in grain. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morning Thorpe, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 10 m. S. by 
 W. Norwich, 3 m. E. by S. Fomcett stn. P. <250. 
 
 Momlngton, tnld., Ire., E. co. Meath, bar. Lower Duleek, 
 3 m. E. Drogheda, on the Boyne, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Mornlngton, isl, in the SW. of Chile, crossed by 49° 40' 
 S., separated from one of the Wellington group on the E. by 
 1040 
 
 Picton Channel, and from Madre de Dios on S. by Trinidad 
 Channel. 
 
 Mornlngton, municip.. New Zealand, suburb of Dunediii 
 {q.v.). P. <4000. 
 
 Mornlngton, or Schnapper Point, watering-place, Victoria, 
 M. CO., 30 m. S. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mornlngton Island, the largest of the Wellesley Is., Gulf of 
 Carpentaria, Queensland, Porchester co. , crossed by 16° 20' S. , 
 139° 40' E., mountainous and unexplored, 40 by 15 m. 
 
 Morocco (Italian Marocco, Spanish Marruecos, German 
 Marokko, French Le Maroc, Magkreb al Aksa, or ' furthest 
 west,' of the Arabs), a sultanate or empire in N. Africa, the last 
 of the independent Barbary States, and the most primitive in 
 sight of Europe. It is bounded on the Mediterranean side by 
 Algeria. On the Atlantic side its limits are usually drawn at the 
 Wad Draa, though how far the country stretches thence eastward 
 is disputed, France claiming the Tuat oases, and Spain much 
 of the Sahara southward. None of M. has been accurately 
 surveyed, and much of it is still unexplored, especially the Atlas 
 {q.v.) valleys and the country S. of that range. A rough esti- 
 mate puts the area at 220,000 sq. m. ; and though a census has 
 yet to be made, the population (Arabs, the mixed races or 
 ' Moors ' of the towns, Berbers or aborigines — mostly moun- 
 taineers, Jews, Negroes, slaves or descendants of slaves brought, 
 as they still are brought, by the Timbuktu caravans from the 
 Sudan) is computed at less than 4,000,000. The Europeans, 
 mostly Spaniards, do not number more than 2000, and with the 
 exception of three or four in Marakesh (Morocco), Fez, and Al 
 K'sar al Kebir, are confined to the coast towns, the greatest 
 numbers being in Tangier, Tetuan, Larache, Rabat, Casablanca 
 (Daral Beida), Mazagan, Saffi, and Mogador. The Spaniards 
 possess on the Mediterranean shore the Chaffarinas Is. , Melilla, 
 Alhucemas, Gomera, and Ceuta, all ' presidios ' or convict settle- 
 ments ; and in the extreme S. Ifni or Santa Cruz de Mar 
 Pequena, these posts being the survivals of a time when Spain 
 and Portugal held nearly all of the coast line. The purely 
 Morocac towns are all walled, unlighted, incredibly filthy, and 
 with the narrow streets half in ruins owing to the general custom 
 of a son not living in the house which his father inhabited, to the 
 eagerness of the heirs in search of hidden treasure, and to the 
 universal decay which has overtaken the empire. The chief 
 interior towns are Fez (the population of which is variously 
 estimated at from 24,000 to 150,000, one-tenth Jews) and 
 Mekines (30,000), the northern capitals ; Marakesh, or the city 
 of Morocco, the S. cap. (60,000) ; Tarudant, in the prov. of Sus, 
 and Tafilet, on the S. side of the Atlas, which, as the cradle of 
 the present dynasty, is regarded with peculiar affection by the 
 Sultans. The population of the coast towns may be given 
 approximately as follows : Tangier, 25,000 ; Tetuan, 25,000 ; 
 Larache (El Araish), 8000 ; Rabat and Sallee, on opposite sides 
 of the Bu-Ragreb R., 21,000; Casablanca, 8500; Mazagan, 
 6000; SaflS, 8000 ; and Mogador, 19,000 (8000 Jews and 300 
 Europeans), though the population varies considerably according 
 to the absence or presence of the court, the Sultan being invari- 
 ably accompanied by a large army and many slaves and camp- 
 followers : during summer he is always on the march collecting 
 taxes and punishing refractory tribes. The Atlas divides M. into 
 two nearly equal parts, the western facing Europe and the sea, 
 and the eastern and southern facing the Sahara. These sections 
 differ widely. These first is intersected by spurs of the Atlas, 
 so that it is for the most part either mountainous or rolling hill 
 country, with many bare stony plateaux, covered in the N. 
 with heather. The country is, however, intersected with rivers 
 which (Muliya) flow from the Atlas to the Mediterranean and 
 Atlantic (Sebu, Bu-Ragreb, Um'rbia, Tensift, and Sus). 
 None of them are of great size, or navigable. In summer most 
 of them are almost dried up, while in winter they are dangerous 
 torrents, which, in a bridgeless and roadless land, seriously inter- 
 fere with communication. In the valleys of these rivers and 
 elsewhere are rich plains capable of bearing, with the rudest 
 cultivation, heavy crops of maize, barley, wheat, hemp, henna, 
 oranges, olives, gtapes, and other tropical and subtropical pro- 
 ducts. In the northern part of this area a sufficiency of rain 
 generally falls between October and March ; the summer and 
 autumn are usually very dry. In the southern part showers are 
 less regular, several seasons having been known to pass over 
 the rich prov. of Sus without a drop falling, or the country pro- 
 ducing food for man or beast. These droughts, coupled with 
 the ravages of locusts, are the cause of the famine years ; 
 which at intervals have scourged M. The part of the empire | 
 on the Saharan side of the Atlas partakes of the charac- j 
 teristics of that region, being dry desert, cultivation and 
 population confined to oases, the rivers few and intermittent '\ 
 in their flow, and in exceptionally rainless seasons ending in 
 ' sebkas ' or marshy ' sinks ' in the sand. The population is 
 also sparse, ruder, and, if possible, more fanatical than that on 
 the other side of the mountains, most of them being confined 
 to the oases of Figig, Tuat, and Tafilet. All of M. is, how- 
 ever, extremely backward, though of late, mainly owing to 
 European stimulus, some trifling progress has been made in 
 
MORO — MORR 
 
 the shape of employing European officers in the army and 
 arsenals. The Sultan is an absolute despot, whose authority is 
 recognised only within the range of his guns. Several chiefs 
 are almost independent, Sus and the Atlas being dotted with 
 their little walled towns and picturesque feudal castles ; while 
 the sheriff of Wazan, who claims to be sprung from an older 
 branch of the Sheriffian family — e.g. , descendants of Mohammed 
 — than the Sultan, exercises hereditary authority in that town 
 and vicinity. The imperial viziers are the mere favourites of 
 the house, liable to be dismissed and degraded at any moment, 
 while the lives and liberties of every subject are at the mercy 
 •of the Sultan, who, as Emir al Mumenin, or 'Prince of True 
 Believers,' is, and not the Sultan of Turkey, recognised by his 
 people as Khalif. The climate of western M. is for most of 
 the year pleasant and healthy. The hot winds from the 
 Sahara, being intercepted by the Atlas, seldom reach it ; in 
 summer the temperature rarely rises above 80°, unless in the 
 low lying valleys, or falls in winter to the freezing point, 
 except on the high grounds. Snow, however, lies on the Atlas 
 and its higher spurs all winter ; it frequently falls in Fez, and 
 twice within forty years has whitened Tangier. The general 
 aspect of M. is bare, though the mountain scenery is often fine. 
 At one time much of M. was covered with forest, but most of 
 it is now cut down, the summits of the mountains, the sacred 
 groves, and a few wooded tracts, like the forest of Marmora, 
 being about all remaining of the umbrageous region which, 
 according to Ibn Khaldun, stretched between Tripoli and 
 Tangier. The result has been the denudation of the soil 
 along the hillsides, the drying up of many water sources, the 
 contraction of. the rivers, as indicated by the terraces on their 
 banks, the disappearance of all the lakes except the marshy 
 lagoons between Amries and the Sebu (which seem due to 
 the gradual elevation of the coast- line), and the general desicca- 
 tion of the entire country. In the N. the palmetto (Chamcerops 
 humilis) scrub covers much of the waste ground, olive groves 
 are frequent, but any date palms seen have been planted. 
 Further S. the date is a regular crop, the plain on which stands 
 the city of M. being covered with them, and nearer the coast 
 the argan {Argania Sideroxylon), a tree peculiar to M., and 
 from which oil used in cookery is extracted, is found in exten- 
 sive patches. The revenue, entirely in the Sultan's hands, is 
 variously estimated at from half a million to a million and a 
 half, most of it derived from customs, monopolies, taxes, tithes, 
 and presents (or exactions). The chief exports are maize, beans, 
 peas, almonds, a little wheat (under special regulation), a speci- 
 fied number of cattle to Gibraltar (by treaty, the export of all 
 other quadrupeds being solely by imperial permits), barley, 
 gums, and wool ; and the imports, cotton goods, sugar, tea 
 (coffee not being much used by the Moors), candles, woollen 
 fabrics, &c. (for which see tables). Mines of iron, silver, gold, 
 manganese, antimony, and other metals exist, but are not 
 worked, and their examination by Europeans jealously prevented. 
 The army consists of about 10,000 troops disciplined after the 
 European style, and an indeterminate series of levies from the 
 different tribes, capable of bringing 200,000 men into the field. 
 There is now no navy, but two gunboats are, it is understood, 
 in course of construction to replace the old pirate fleets which 
 were for so long the scourge of Christendom. For the literature 
 on M., see Playfair and Brown's Bibliography of M. [Supp. 
 Papers of R. G. S., 1893.) 
 
 Moroe, tn.. Ire., NE. co. andgjm. E. Limerick, bar. Owney- 
 beg, 3 m. from Boher stn., P.O. (Morroe). P. <25o. 
 
 DIoroka, dist. , Brit. New Guinea, crossed by 9^° S. , 147° 40' E. 
 
 Moron, vil. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 17 m. W. Buenos 
 Aires. P. < 5000. 
 
 Morou, vil., Cuba, near the N. ct. , 250 m. ESE. Havana, in 
 78° 39' W. P. 8900. 
 
 Moron, vil., Spain, prov. and 24 m. S. by E. Soria, dist. 
 Almazan. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mordn de la Frontera, tn., S. Spain, prov. and 35 m. SE. 
 Seville, cap. dist. M. P. (comm.) 16,100. 
 
 Moroni, vil., U.S., Utah, San Pete co. , 87 m. S. by E. Salt 
 Lake City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mororan, or Tokarlmol, tn. , Japan, Yezo, at N. entrance to 
 Volcano Bay, 40 m. NNE. Hakodate. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Morosaglla, vil., Corsica, arr. and 12 m. NE. Corte, 20 m. 
 SSW. Bastia ; birthplace of the patriot P. Paoli (1726). P. <20oo. 
 
 MoroMl, or Morty, isl. , Eastern Archipelago, one of the 
 Moluccas, to the NE. of Halmahera. 
 
 Morozzo, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 8 m. ENE. Cuneo. 
 
 P. <2OO0. 
 
 Morpeth, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Kent co. , near Lake 
 Erie, 53 m. SW. by S. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morpeth, pari, and (since Charles II.) mun. bor., par., and 
 market-tn., Eng., Northumberland, on the Wansbeck, 15 m. N. 
 and in the diocese of Newcastle-on-Tyne, with stn. on the 
 NE. R. Large collieries in the neighbourhood ; in the town, 
 metal foundry, corn-mills, and breweries ; also manufactures of 
 malt, flannel, and aerated water. Name originally Moo?--path ; 
 remains of a castle and gateway ; grammar school of time of 
 1041 
 
 Edward VI. One of the most important lean cattle markets 
 in the N. of England. Fairs in March and October (horses 
 and cattle), also May and November (hiring). Market-day, W. 
 Pari. bor. P. (1891) 40,200; mun. bor. P. (1891) 5200; par. P. 
 (including M. Castle) 6100. 
 
 Morpeth, tn. and river port. New South Wales, Northumber- 
 land CO., 15 m. NNW. Newcastle, on Hunter R., accessible to 
 vessels of 13 ft. draught ; has coal-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morphett Vale, post-tp., S. Austraha, co. and 15 m. SSW. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morphon, tn. , Cyprus. See Morfu. 
 
 Morra, vil. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, 22 m. E. Saluzzo. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 MorrellganJ, tn. and port, Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Jessor, 
 on the Panguchf, which is a deep river with well-sheltered 
 anchorage, 3 m. above its confluence with the Baleswar. The 
 town was founded by an English landowner, Mr. Morrell. P. 
 <:5ooo. 
 
 Morrellvllle, vil. ,U.S. , Pennsylvania, Cambria co. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Morrllltou, city, U.S., Arkansas, Conway co., near the 1. bk. 
 of the Arkansas R. , 37 m. NW. Little Rock. P. <20oo. 
 
 MorrlnsvlUe, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I. , co. Piako, 72 
 m. SE. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morris, vil., Africa, Algeria, prov. Constantine, arr. and 12 
 m. SE. Bona. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Morris, tn., Canada, Manitoba, on the 1. bk. of the Red 
 R. , at its most westerly point, 38 m. S. by W. Winnipeg, an 
 important railway centre. P. <;isoo. 
 
 Morris, city, U.S., Illinois, Grundy co. , 54 m. SW. by W. 
 Chicago, with mines of bituminous coal, and important trade 
 in grain. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Morris, vil., U.S., Indiana, Ripley co. , 60 m. SE. by E. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morris, co., U.S., Kansas, S. of 39° N., E. of 97° W. 
 
 Morris, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Stevens co. , 138 m. WNW. 
 MinneapoHs, and 48 m. S. by E. Fergus Falls. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morris, co. , U.S., New Jersey, in the N., crossed in the N. 
 by 41° N., and E. of 75° W. 
 
 Morris, vil., U.S., New York, Otsego co., 65 m. SE. by E. 
 Syracuse. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morris, CO., U.S., Texas, in the NE., to the W. of 94° W., 
 and crossed in the S. by 33° N. 
 
 Morrlsbnrg, port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Dundas co. , 
 on the 1. bk. of St. Lawrence, 43 m. SE. by S. Ottawa. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Morrlsdale Mines, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Clearfield co. , 
 100 m. ENE. Pittsburg, 32 m. N. by E. Altoona. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Morris Island, low isl., U.S., S. Carolina, on S. side of 
 Charleston harbour ; length about 3^ m. 
 
 Morrison, city, U.S., Illinois, Whiteside co. , 58 m. SE. by 
 S. Dubuque (lo.). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Morrison, co. , U.S., Minnesota, crossed by 46° N. , and 
 traversed by the Mississippi. 
 
 Morrison, Monnt. See Formosa. 
 
 Morrison's, postal centre of M. Goldfield, Victoria, Grant co., 
 84 m. by rail and road W. Melbourne. P. < 1500. See Meredith.. 
 
 Morrison's Haven, harb. , Scot., Haddingtonshire, on the 
 N. ct., 2 m. ENE. Musselburgh, i m. W. Prestonpans stn.; 
 collieries, and a large brick and tile work near. 
 
 Morrison vllle, vil., U.S., Illinois, Christian co. , 29 m. SSE. 
 Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morris Plains, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Morris co. , 3 m. N. 
 Morristown by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morris Run, coal-mining vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Tioga co. , 
 73 m. W. by N. Scranton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morrlston, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Wellington co. , 19 m. 
 NW. Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morrlston, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, 3 m. N. Swansea, 
 on the M. R. , included in the pari. bor. of Swansea ; has coal 
 and zinc-smelting. PMT.O. 
 
 Morristown, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Rice co., 52 m. SSW. 
 St. Paul. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morristown, city, U.S., New Jersey, Morris co., on Whip- 
 pany R. , 17 m. W. lay N. Newark, on an elevated plain. P. 
 (1880) 5400; (1890) 8200. 
 
 Morristown, tn. ,U.S. , Tennessee, Hamblen co. , 38 m. ENE. 
 Knoxville. Alt. 1283 ft. (R.R.). P. <:20oo. 
 
 Morristown, tn., U.S., Vermont, Lamoille co. , 20 m. N. 
 Montpelier. P. < 3000. 
 
 Morrlstownbllier, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Connell, on- 
 the Liffey, contains part of Newbridge town. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Morrlsvllle, vil., U.S., New York, Madison co. , 27 m. ESE. 
 Syracuse. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morrlsvllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Bucks co., on the: 
 Delaware R. , 30 m. NE. Philadelphia, opposite Trenton (N. J.).. 
 P. <isoo. 
 
 Morro, lighthouse to the NE. of Havana, N. ct. Cuba, in 
 23° 9' N., 82° 21' W. , visible 21 m. 
 
 Morro, vil. , Ecuador, 40 m. SW. Guayaquil. 
 
 Morroe, P.O., Ire., co. Limerick. See Moroe. 
 
 3U 
 
M O R R — M O R V 
 
 Morrone del Sannlo, tn., central Italy, prov. and 12 m. NE. 
 Campobasso. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sforrope, vil., Peru, dep. Lambayeque, 300 m. S. Guayaquil. 
 P. <40CX). 
 
 Morro Point, or Old Bengnella Head, cape, Portuguese 
 W. Africa, in about 10° 47' S. 
 
 Morro Sao Paulo, cape on the E. ct. of Brazil, Bahia, at the 
 N. end of Tinhare I. , in 13° 23' S. , with a lighthouse, visible 20 m. 
 
 Morrosqnlllo, gulf, Colombia, on E. side of Gulf of Darien, 
 50-70 m. S. Cartagena. Its SW. part, sheltered by the penin., 
 through which the Sinu enters the sea, is known as the Puerto 
 Cispata. 
 
 Morro Vellio, ' the old mountain,' gold-mines, central 
 Brazil, state Minas Geraes, 44 m. NW. Ouro Preto ; regularly 
 worked since 1849 by an English company. Mean rfall. (Van 
 Delden Laerne), 64 in. P. (tn.) 3000. 
 
 Morrow, co., U.S., Ohio, S. of 41° N., crossed in the extreme 
 W. by 83° W. 
 
 Morrow, vil., U.S., Ohio, Warren co. , on the Little Miami 
 R. , 30 m. NE. Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morrow, co. , U.S. , Oregon, on the Columbia, partly bounded 
 on the W. by 120° W. 
 
 Morrum, vil., S. Sweden, prov. (Ian) Blekinge, 4 m. NW. 
 Karlshamn. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mors, isl., Denmark, in the W. of Jutland, in the Liim Fjord ; 
 principal town Nykjobing, on its E. shore. 
 
 Mors, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., cap. M. circle, 17 m. W. 
 Essen. P. < 5000. 
 
 Morsbacb, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Waldbrol, 
 28 m. ENE. Bonn. P. < 5000. 
 
 Morsch, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, circle Carlsruhe, 
 6 m. WNW. Ettlingen. P. <3000. 
 
 Morsee, tn. , Switzd. See Morges. 
 
 Morshansk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 58 m. NNE. Tam- 
 bov, on railway from Tula to Samara, and on navigable Tsna. 
 Important river port ; considerable trade in corn. P. 22,050. 
 
 Moral, tn., Brit. India, Berar, dist. and 31 m. NE. by N. 
 Amrdoti. P. 7100 ; Hindus, 5800 ; Moham. iioo. 
 
 Morston, ct. par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. , on the N. ct. , 14 m. 
 W. by N. Cromer, 5 m. E. Wells stn. P. <;25o. See StlfTkey. 
 
 Mortagne, vil., France, dep. Charente-Infgrieure, arr. Saintes, 
 on the E. shore of the estuary of the Gironde, 20 m. N. Pauillac. 
 
 P. <20C>0. 
 
 Mortagne, vil., France, dep. Nord, near the border of 
 Belgium, arr. and 10 m. NNW. Valenciennes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mortagne, tn. , France, dep. Ome, cap. arr. M., 22 m. ENE. 
 Alen9on, with a celebrated horse fair. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Mortagne-snr-S*Tre, tn., France, dep. Vendte, arr. La 
 Roche-sur-Yon, 39 m. SW. by S. Angers, 6 m. SW. by S. 
 Cholet. P. <30oo. 
 
 Mortaln, tn. , France, dep. Manche, 13 m. SW. by W. 
 Tinchebrai, cap. of arr. M. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mortara, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 20 m. W. by N. 
 Pavia. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mort Bank, sandbank, Eng., in the NW. of Morecambe 
 Bay, W. of Bardsea Channel. 
 
 Mortean, tn., France, dep. Doubs, arr. Pontarlier, on the 
 Doubs, 31 m. ESE. Besanpon. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Morte Bay, on W. ct. of Devon, Eng., in 51° gi'-ii' N., 
 between Baggy Point on the S. and M. Point on the N. 
 
 Mortegllano, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov., circle, and 9 m. S. 
 Udine. P. < 3000. 
 
 Morten, comm., Austria, Tirol, 30 m. W. by N. Botzen. 
 P. <:2000. 
 
 Mortelo, cape, Italy, in the S. of the isl. of Capraja, in 43° 
 N., 9° 48' E. 
 
 Morte Point, cape, Eng., on the NW. ct. of Devonshire, at 
 the N. of Morte Bay, lat. 51° 11' N. Off the coast is the M. 
 Stone, on which the Actinia Aurora abounds in many varieties. 
 Lighthouse (on Bull Point), visible 18 m. 
 
 Morter, isl. , Adriatic Sea, on the coast of Dalmatia, Austria, 
 from which it is only separated by a very narrow channel, 25 m. 
 SE. Zara ; Stretto is the centre of its single commune. 
 
 Morteratscta, Mount. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 3 (d). 
 
 Mort Flat, sandbank, Eng. , in the W. of Morecambe Bay, 
 to the S. of Mort Bank. 
 
 Morthoe, formerly spelt also Mortehoe, par. , Eng. , Devon- 
 shire, div. and 10 m. NW. Barnstaple, on the L. & SW. R., 
 PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Mortier, vil., Belgium. See Mortroux. 
 
 Mortier Harttour, Newfoundland, on the W. side of 
 Placentia Bay, in 47° 8'-i5' N. 
 
 Mortimer, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Cradock, 70 m. E. 
 by S. Graaff Reinet, on the railway to Kimberley. 
 
 Mortimer, vil. , Eng. , Berks, j\ m. SW. Reading, on G. W. R. , 
 PMT.O., and PM.O. (M. Common). See Stratfleld M. 
 
 Mortimer's Cross, vil., Eng., Herefordshire, on Lugg R., 
 ■6 m. NW. Leominster ; a pillar commemorates the victory of 
 1461, in which Henry VI. and the Lancastrians were defeated 
 by Edward IV. 1 
 
 1042 
 
 Mortimer West End, par., Eng., Hampshire, 8 m. N. 
 Basingstoke. P. < 500. 
 
 Mortlach, par., Scot., Banffshire, gi m. SW. Keith, and i^ 
 m. S. Dufftown stn. Near here is 'The Stone of M. ,' erected, 
 according to tradition, to commemorate the victory of Malcolm 
 II. over the Danes in loio. 34,184 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Mortlake, par., Eng., Surrey, Kingston div., on the Thames, 
 2 m. E. by N. Richmond, with stn. (M. and East Sheen) on the 
 L. & SW. R. ; malting and brewing carried on ; famed as a 
 boating resort. P. 7700; eccles. par. (M. Mith East Sheen) 
 P. 7100. 
 
 Mortlake, postal-tp. , Victoria, Hampden co. , 56 m. S. by 
 W. Ararat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mortlestown, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. W. Iffa and 
 Offa, 3 m. NE. Caher. P. <25o. 
 
 Mortlock, Kokos, Massacre, or Marken Islands, an atoll 
 in the Pacific Ocean, N. of the Solomon Is. , in 4° 50' S. , 157° E. 
 See Sotoan. 
 
 Mortola, vil., Italy, Liguria, prov. Porto Maurizio, on the 
 coast, II m. W. San Remo, about 2 m. from the frontier of France. 
 
 Mortomley, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Hallamshire 
 div., 5i m. S. Barnsley, i m. WNW. Chapeltown (^.f.) and 
 Thorncliffe stn. 
 
 Morton, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Leeds co., 25 m. NE. 
 by N. Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div., 7 m. E. Matlock, 
 \ m. W. Doe Hill stn., PM.O. P. 750. 
 
 Morton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 7 m. 
 SW. Lincoln, close to Swinderby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Morton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 9 m. 
 W. by N. Spalding, on the G. N. R., PM.O. ; 4851 ac. P. < 
 1000 ; eccles. par. (M. with Hacconhy) P. < 1500. 
 
 Morton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., on the 
 r. bk. of the riv. Trent, 2 m. NNW. Gainsborough, PMT.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Morton, vil., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 5 m. WSW. 
 Newark, close to Fiskerton stn. See Fiskerton and Rolleston. 
 
 Morton, eccles. par. , Eng. , Shropshire, Llanyblodwell and 
 Oswestry pars. P. < 1000. 
 
 Morton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 5^ m. NW. 
 Helmsley. P. <25o. 
 
 Morton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 4 m. NE. 
 Stokesley. P. <:25o. 
 
 Morton, par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, on the Nith, contains 
 Thornhill ; 8036 ac. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Morton, CO., U.S., Kansas, in the extreme SW. 
 
 Morton, co. , U.S., N. Dakota, between 47° and 46° N. , and 
 bounded on the E. by riv. Missouri. 
 
 Morton, East and West, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W^ Riding, 
 Otley div., 7 m. NW. by N. Bradford, 2i m. E. by N. Keighley 
 stn., PMT.O. (East M.). P. <;2500. 
 
 Morton Baggott, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 8^ m. 
 NW. by N. Stratford-on-Avon, 4 m. E. by N. Studley'and 
 Astwood Bank stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Morton Bay, small inlet forming a good natural harbour, 
 German W. Africa, Kamerun terr. , just S. of 4° N. , in 9° 13' E. 
 
 Morton Grange, par., Eng., co. and 5^ m. SE. Durham. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Morton on the Hill, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 8 m. 
 NW. Norwich, i m. S. Attlebridge stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Morton Palms, par. , Eng., Durham, 3 m. E. Darlington. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Morton Pinkney, stn., Eng., Northamptonshire. See 
 Moreton Plukney. 
 
 Morton's Gap, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Hopkins co. , 7 m. S. 
 Madisonville by rail, with valuable coal-mines. P. <:i50o. 
 
 Morton Tinmonth, par., Eng., Durham, 7^ m. NW. 
 Darlington. P. <:25o. 
 
 Morton-npon-Swale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Richmond div., i2i m. N. Ripon, close to Ainderby stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Morton Valence, P.O., Eng., Gloucestershire. See More- 
 ton Valence. 
 
 Mortorlo, Isola di, an islet, Italy, off the NE. ct. of Sar- 
 dinia, in the Gulf di Congianus, in 41 4' N. 
 
 Mortr^, vil., France, dep. Ome, arr. Argentan, ism. N. 
 Alenpon. P. <2000. 
 
 Mortronx, or Mortier, vil., Belgium, prov., arr., and 9 m. 
 NE. by E. Li^ge. P. <20oo. 
 
 Morty, isl. and strait, Eastern Archipelago. See Morotai. 
 
 Morulsg, mt., Scot., Ross-shire, 10 m. SE. by S. of the E. 
 end of Loch Maree. Alt. 3026 ft. 
 
 Momka, riv. , Brit. Guiana, flows NE. into the Atlantic in about 
 7° 38' N., 58° 45' W., just W. of the Pomerun [Baramannl]. 
 
 Momya, tn. , New South Wales, Dampier co. , 85 m. S. by 
 E. Goulburn ; has gold-mining. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morrah, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Ives div., on the W. ct., 
 5 m. NW. Penzance. P. <25o. See Madron. 
 
 Morval, par., Eng., Cornwall, Bodmin div., 13J m. W. 
 Plymouth. P. <:7SO. 
 
MORV — MOSC 
 
 Morva-Lleszkd, comm. , Hungary, co. and dist. Trencs^n. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 Morvaii, or Morvand (Celtic, 'black mountain'), mts., 
 central France, stretching through deps. Nievre, Yonne, Cote 
 d'Or and Saone-et-Loire, between the Seine and Loire basins. 
 See France, surface. 
 
 Morven, postal-settlement. New South Wales, Hume co. , 
 25 m. NNE. Albury. 
 
 Morven, post-tn., Queensland, Orrery co. , 290 m. SW. 
 Rockhampton , on the rly. running W. from Brisbane. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Morven, or Morvern, par. and penin., Scot., Argyllshire, 
 between Lochs Sunart and Linnhe, PMT.O. ; 90,737 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Morven, mt. , Scot. , Caithness, in the SW. , 25 m. SW. by 
 W. Wick. Alt. 2313 ft. 
 
 Morvl, tn. , India, Kathiawar Penin., cap. M. state, no m. 
 W. by S. Ahmadabad, on Machhu R. , 22 m. S. of the Gulf of 
 Cutch. P. (1881) 15,400. 
 
 Horvll, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 6 m. SE. by E. Fish- 
 guard. P. <2SO. 
 
 Morvillars, vil., France, dep. Haut-Rhin, on the Alle, terr. , 
 arr. , and 7 m. SE. by S. Belfort. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Morvllle, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 15^ m. NW. 
 Kidderminster, 3 m. WNW. Bridgnorth, P.O. P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (M. yvlth Aston Eyre) P. <50o. 
 
 MorM'ell, post-tn., Victoria, Buln Buln co., 37 m. W. by S. 
 Sale ; has coal-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Morwell Down, an upland tract, Eng., in the SW. of the 
 Tavistock div. of Devonshire, about 10 m. N. Plymouth. 
 
 Morwenstow, or Morwlustow, P.O. , Eng. , Cornwall. See 
 Moorwlnstow. 
 
 Morwlck, par., Eng., Northumberland, on riv. Coquet, 2 m. 
 SW. Warkworth. P. <25o. 
 
 M08, comm., NW. Spain, Galicia, prov. and 17 m. S. Ponte- 
 vedra, dist. Redondela, 6 m. ESE. Vigo. P. 6000. 
 
 Mosa, riv., France. See Nense. 
 
 Mosaka, riv. , equatorial Africa, French Congo Terr. , r. bk. 
 trib. of the Congo, which it joins above Alima in 1° 20' S. lat. 
 
 Mosalsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 70 m. WSW. of Kaluga. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Mosbach, urban comm., Ger. , gd. -duchy of Baden, cap. 
 circle M. , on the Elz, 32 m. ESE. Mannheim. P. <40oo. 
 
 Mosbach, suburb Wiesbaden, Prussia, prov. Hesse- Nassau, 
 on riv. Rhine, 2J m. S. by W. Wiesbaden. P. <2ooo. 
 
 MoMborough, vil., Eng., Derbyshire, NE. div., 5^ m. SE. 
 Sheffield, PMT.O. 
 
 Moschganzen, or Moigojncl, comm., Austria, Styria, 20 m. 
 SE. Marburg. P. <2000. 
 
 Moseliin, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 12 m. S. by W. Posen, circle 
 Schrimm, on the Obra Canal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 M6sclska, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Przemysl, 
 37 m. S. by W. Lemberg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Moscos, group of isls. , Lower Burma, Tenasserim div. , 3-5 
 leagues from the coast of dist. Tavoy, 13° 47'-i4° 28' N. 
 
 Moscow, govt, of central Russia, has Tver on NW. , Vladimir 
 and Ryazaii on E. , Tula and Kaluga on S. , and Smolensk on 
 W. Surface undulating, 500-850 ft. of alt. Built up of Upper 
 and Lower Carboniferous limestones, containing coal and 
 marbles, Jurassic clays and sandstones, which yield china-clay, 
 sandstone for building, and sands used for glass ; all covered 
 with boulder-clay and alluvial deposits. Watered by Volga, 
 which touches N. border, Sestra, a navigable trib. of Oka, and 
 Moskva, which rises in Smolensk, reaches the Oka at Kolomna, 
 and is navigable from Moscow. Large quantities of corn, flour, 
 salt, &c. , as well as timber and fuel-wood, are shipped on the 
 Moskva, to the capital, as also stone from Myachkovo quarries. 
 Soil of moderate productivity. Population almost entirely Great 
 Russian ; chiefly engaged, in addition to agriculture, in extrac- 
 tion of coal and building-stone, and manufactures, or in an end- 
 less variety of cottage industries — textile, hats, furniture, toys, 
 hardware, &c. , in which great technical ability is displayed. 
 Nearly 200,000 persons find employment in the large factories, 
 which produce one-fourth part of the production of European 
 Russia. Considerable trade is carried on, not only in the 
 capital, but also in the towns and villages of the govt. Divided 
 into thirteen dists. : Moscow, Bogorodsk, Bronnitsy, Ruza, 
 Kolomna, Serpukhov, Podolsk, Zvenigorod, Mozhaisk, Volo- 
 kolamsk, Klin, Dmitrov, and Vereya. Voskresenk, Sergievskiy 
 Posad, at the monastery of Troitsa, Pavlovskiy Posad, and 
 many villages are important industrial and commercial centres. 
 Mean temp., yr. 39.0°, Jan. 13.1°, July 66.2°. Area, 12,859 
 sq. m. P. (1873) 1,913,700; (1890) 2,240,900. 
 
 Moscow^ (Russian Moskva), second cap. of the Russian 
 Empire, chief town of above govt, and of dist. of same name, 
 situated in 55° 45' N. , 37° 37' E. , in the N. of the most densely 
 peopled parts of European Russia, 400 m. from St. Petersburg, 
 935 m. from Odessa and Astrakhan, 1000 m. from Orenburg, 
 and 811 m. from Warsaw. It lies on several hills, 500-850 ft. 
 above the sea, on both banks of the Moskva, which describes 
 two great bends as it flows through the city ; it covers 32 sq. m. 
 
 II 
 
 (40 m. with suburbs), i.e. ,7 m. N. to S. , and 9 m. W. to E. In 
 the centre, on 1. bk. of Moskva, stands the Kreml, an old penta- 
 gonal fortress, enclosed by a high, now restored, wall 2430 yards 
 in length, with eighteen towers profusely decorated, and all of dif- 
 ferent architecture. Within the Kreml are the most venerated 
 cathedrals of Russia : Uspenskiy, built in 1475-79 by Fioraventi ; 
 Arkhangelskiy, built in 1333, and rebuilt in 1505, containing the 
 tombs of the Tsars from the 14th to the end of 17th century ; 
 and Blagovyeshchenskiy, all three possessing some of the most 
 precious relics and holy pictures venerated all over Russia ; as 
 also the Voznesenskiy convent, which was the burial-place of the 
 wives and sisters of the Tsars ; the Chudov monastery, the 
 centre of old Russian learning, with the 271 ft. high (328 ft. 
 including cross) campanile of Ivan Velikiy, and the immense 
 broken bell, Tsar-Kolokol, 60 ft. in circumference, lying 
 at the foot of the campanile. The library and the treasury 
 of the Patriarchs, the treasury of the Tsars (Granovitaya and 
 Oruzheinaya Palatas), and the churches of the Kreml, contain 
 most remarkable monuments of Russian archaeology. The 
 great palace of the Emperors, built in 1849, is a fine build- 
 ing overlooking the Moskva. At one of the gates to the Kreml 
 stands the chapel of the Virgin of Iberia. Round the Kreml 
 the chief public buildings of M. cluster. The Kitai-Gorod, in 
 the E. , is the centre of commercial activity, and contains the 
 Gostinyi Dvor (covered galleries with over 1200 shops), the 
 Exchange, all banks and houses of great commercial firms, and 
 the remarkable printing office and old library of the Synod. 
 The Pokrovskiy cathedral, better known as Vasiliy Blazhennyi, 
 renowned for its fantastic architecture, rises close to the walls 
 of the Kreml. The Byelyi Gorod, also surrounded by an old 
 wall, lies in the N., and has the university, the Rumyantseff 
 pubHc museum, renowned for its anthropological collections, 
 and the large military riding school. These three divisions are 
 surrounded by what was formerly known as Zemlyanoi Gorod, 
 enclosed by an earthen wall, now transformed into a succession 
 of pretty boulevards ; while on the S. side of the Moskva spreads 
 the Zamoskvoryechiye, chiefly inhabited by merchants and 
 artisans. The climate of M. is cold, but dry and healthy. The 
 average temps, are : yr. 40. 1° F. , Jan. 14°, July 66. 5°, summer 
 64.2°, winter 15.8°. Prevailing winds SW. and W. Yearly 
 rainfall, 21.1 in. (May-Sept. 11.6 in.). The Moskva remains 
 frozen for an average of 153 days (Nov. 12 to April 13). Drinking 
 water is partly supplied from Mytishchi, 11 m., and partly from 
 the Moskva and Yauza. M. has many educational institu- 
 tions ; a university (4100 students), a theological academy, a 
 high and many lower technical schools, an agricultural institute, 
 an Oriental institute, and numerous colleges, professional and 
 primary schools, as well several well-known scientific societies 
 and museums. The purest Russian is spoken at M. , which was 
 the birthplace of Pushkin, Lermontoff, Griboyedoff, Ostrovskiy, 
 and Herzen ; it also has the best Russian theatre. Moscow and 
 its suburbs are the chief manufacturing centre of Russia, and 
 have no less than 9820 industrial establishments (15,500 smaller 
 ones), of which 170 cotton-mills, 90 manufactories of woollens, 
 70 of silks, 70 of metal goods, as well as many large tanneries, 
 candle-works, carriage factories, and a countless variety of petty 
 trades. It is also the chief centre for railway traffic in Russia, 
 six main lines radiating from it to Warsaw, St. Petersburg, 
 Vologda and NE. Russia, Ryazan, and all SE. Russia, as also 
 Caucasus and Siberia, and Orel, whence they radiate towards 
 Poland, the SW. and Crimea. The quantity of goods and 
 passengers carried from M. in these six directions attains one- 
 fifth to one-fourth of the total railway traffic of Russia, while the 
 revenue of the M. custom-house is double that of St. Petersburg. 
 The amount of interior trade is immense, as M. is the chief 
 centre for trade in manufactured goods, as also in cereals. Beau- 
 tiful suburbs and parks surround M. , and several monasteries 
 and convents of historical importance are scattered around the 
 capital. The chief suburbs are the Sokolniki (4J sq. m.) and 
 Mariina forests, as also Preobrazhenskiy (Nonconformists) 
 and Izmailovo, in N. ; Petrovskiy park, Petrovskoye-Razumov- 
 skoye (agricultural academy, botanic garden, &c.) ; Ostankino, 
 Kuzminki, and Kuntsevo, as also Savvin-Storozhevskiy, and 
 New Jerusalem monasteries in SW. ; the Novo-Dyevichiy 
 convent, Arkhangelskoye and Iliinskoye villages in SW. ; Kolo- 
 menskoye, and Tsaritsyno villages and the Nikolo-Ugryeshskiy 
 monastery in S. In 1147 M. was but a small village, and for 
 the next 150 years it remained a dep)endency of Vladimir, the 
 Mongols burning and plundering it in 1237 and 1293. Under 
 Daniil, son of Alexander Nevskiy (1261-1302), it began toacquire 
 importance. The Kreml, protected by an earthen wall, was built 
 in 1300, and a stone wall erected in 1367, i.e. , the year after M. 
 had been taken by Tokhtamysh. From the 14th century to 
 the end of the 17th, the history of M. is the history of Russia. 
 By the end of the i6th century it was already a large city, 14 m. 
 in circumference, carrying on an important trade. Three con- 
 secutive conflagrations destroyed it in 1739, 1748, and 1753. ^^ 
 was occupied by Napoleon I. on Sept. 13, 1812, six days after the 
 battle of Borodino, and the same night a terrible conflagration 
 destroyed the Gostinyi Dvor, gradually spreading to the excen- 
 
 1043 
 
MOSC — MOSS 
 
 trie quarters, and compelling the French to evacuate the city on 
 October 19th. The population is steadily increasing ; it is chiefly 
 Great Russian, and contains less than 10,000 foreigners. Total 
 P. 822,000. 
 
 Moscow, settlement, U.S., Idaho, Nezperces co. , near W. 
 boundary, 22 m. N. Lewiston. 
 
 Moscow, vil. , U.S., Ohio, Clermont co., on the Ohio, 22 m. 
 SE. Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mosedale, par., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., on the 
 Caldew, 8 m. NE. Keswick, 4 m. NW. by N. Troutbeck stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Moseley, two eccles. pars., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley 
 div. , 4 m. NW. Worcester. P. (united) 7200. 
 
 Moseley, vil., Eng., Worcestershire, E. div., 2^ m. S. 
 Birmingham, on the M. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Mosella, one of the arms of the Zambezi delta dividing into 
 the Melambe and Kogoni mouths. 
 
 Moselle, Ger. Mosel, ancient Mosella, riv. , Europe, rises in 
 dep. Vosges, France, in two headstreams uniting at St. Maurice, 
 f^ows N. through dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, passing Remiremont, 
 Epinal, Toul (where it receives the Marne-Rhine Canal, which 
 follows the river to Frouard), and Pont-4-Mousson, in France ; 
 Metz and Diedenhofen, where it turns NE., in Alsace-Lorraine ; 
 separates the duchy of Luxemburg from Rhenish Prussia ; 
 waters the duchy of Luxemburg; and passes from Treves to 
 Koblenz, in Rhenish Prussia, where it joins the Rhine on the 
 left. It is navigable from its confluence with the Meurthe near 
 Frouard, a distance of 214 m., of which about 193 m. are in 
 German terr. Chief affluents in France, the Meurthe and the 
 Seille on the right, and in Germany, the Saar on the right, 
 and the Sauer, Kyll, and Us on the left. Total course, 
 tortuously NNE. , 320 m. Area of basin, 10,950 sq. m. 
 
 Mosera, isl. , Arabia. See Masslrah. 
 
 Moses Gate, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & Y. R., 2 m. 
 SE. Bolton. 
 
 Mosgiel, municip. , New Zealand, South I. , Taieri co. , 8 m. 
 W. Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mosba, isls. , E. Africa. See Mnslia. 
 
 Mostaette, tn. , S. African Republic. See Kunana. 
 
 Moshlla, lA, bay, forming the SE. extremity of the large 
 lagoon of Maracaybo, Venezuela. 
 
 Moshny, tn. , Russia, govt, and 83 m. SE. Kiev, near 1. bk. 
 Dnieper. P. 6000. 
 
 Mosler, settlement, U.S., Oregon, Wasco co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Columbia R. , 62 m. E. by N. Portland. 
 
 Mosi-oa-tnnya, falls on the Zambezi R. See Victoria Falls. 
 
 Mosjoen, vil., Norway, near the SE. extremity of Vefsen 
 Fjord, W. of Ros Vand, in about 65 J° N.; the largest vessels 
 afloat can always enter the tidal harbour. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Moskenaso, the most southerly of the larger Lofoten Is., 
 Norway, in 67° 50' N. , 12° 5' E. , immediately S. of which and 
 N. of the islet of Moskeuo is the current called the Moskeu* 
 Strom, or Maelstrom (q.v.). Area, 81 sq. m. Length, 15 m.; 
 breadth, 8 m. [Lofoten.] 
 
 Moskeustrom, Norwegian Sea. See Maelstrom. 
 
 Moskhopolis, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Koritsa, 46 m. 
 SW. by W. Monastir. 
 
 Mosko, small tn., S. ct. of Moskonisi (see below), Asia Minor. 
 
 Moskoulsl (Greek, Yunda, Turkish), small isl., close to 
 Aivalik, on W. ct. of Asia Minor, E. of the N. end of Mitilini 
 (Mytilene), of which it is a dependency. P. (including smaller 
 islands adjacent) 5500, nearly all Greeks (Cuinet). 
 
 MoskTa, riv., Russia, 1. bk. trib. Oka. See Moscow, govt, 
 and town. 
 
 Moskva, tn. See Moscow, tn. 
 
 Mos Lake, lake, Denmark. See Mossii. 
 
 Mosley Common, P. O. , Eng., Lancashire, i m. from Booth's 
 Town ; coal near. 
 
 Mosnang, tn., Switzd., cant, and 17 m. WSW. St. Gall. 
 P. (comm. )<3000. 
 
 Moso, tribe, China. See Mosso. 
 , Moson, or VKleselbnrg, tn. , Hungary, co. M. , dist. Moson- 
 Ovdr, 20 m. SE. by S. Pressburg. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Mosony (Ger. Wieselburg), co., Hungary, on W. frontier, 
 crossed by 48° N. , 17° E. , cap. Magyar-Ov4r (Ungarisch- 
 Altenburg). 
 
 Mosqnernela, fort and tn. , Spain, prov. Teruel, dist. Mora 
 de Rubielos, 60 m. SW. by W. Tortosa. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Mosqultero, lagoon, Colombia, dep. Bolivar, N. of Cienaga 
 de San Juan, formed by the rising of the Magdalena, with which 
 it is connected by two small channels. 
 
 Mosqultla, or Mosquito Coast, maritime tract of Central 
 America, the E. portion of the state of Nicaragua, having E. 
 the Caribbean Sea, and S. the riv. San Juan, which separates it 
 from Costa Rica. The riv. Segovia, which enters the Caribbean 
 Sea near Cape Gracias a Dios, is the boundary with Honduras. 
 Its limits are undefined, and the interior but little known. Next 
 the sea the surface is low and broken by numerous lagoons, but 
 gradually rises towards the interior. M. is inhabited by people 
 of mixed Indian and African race, some 15,000 in all, and by 
 1044 
 
 tribes of aboriginal Indians. Chief town, Bluefields. Products, 
 similar to those of the West Indies. M. was discovered by 
 Columbus in 1502, and appropriated by Spain. From 1655 to 
 1850 it was an English protectorate, but in i86o was made over, 
 to Nicaragua. 
 
 Mosquito, vil., in the SE. of Newfoundland, 2 m. from 
 Harbour Grace. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mosquito Bay, Canada, long bay, on E. side of Hudson 
 Bay, in 60° 4o'-6i° N. 
 
 Mosquito Range, mts. , U.S. See Leadrille. 
 
 Mosqultos, name given by the Spaniards to all the N. coast 
 of Corisco Bay, W. Africa. 
 
 Moss, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross div.,^ 
 
 7 m. N. by E. Doncaster, on the G. N. R. P. <50q. 
 
 Moss, maritime tn., Norway, prov. Smaalenene, on the E. 
 side of Christiania Fjord, 12 m. NE. Tonsberg. The harbour 
 has 830 ft. of quayage, with a depth alongside of 20 ft. high 
 water, 17 ft. low water. P. 8000. 
 
 Moss, The, PM.O., Wales, i m. from Moss and Pentre 
 rly. stn. (on Wrexham, Mold, and Connah's Quay Rly.), near 
 Wrexham, Denbighshire. 
 
 Mossamba, mt. chain, Portuguese W. Africa, between 10° 30' 
 and 11° 30' S. , forming the water-parting between the Kwango 
 and the more easterly affluents of the Kassai. 
 
 Mossam'edes, seapt. , Portuguese W. Africa, in 15° 12' S. , cap. 
 of the southern dist. of Angola, extending from 13° 50' to 17° 25' 
 S. , built on a flat sandy beach in a region which is desert where 
 unirrigated for about 70 m. inland ; founded in 1840, the site 
 being selected on account of the excellence of the harbour 
 (Little Fish Bay), the best on the coast after that of Loanda, 
 and the salubrity of the climate. M. remained free from fever 
 for 10 years after its foundation, and is still on the whole healthy, 
 though fever began to show itself after the soil had become 
 polluted. Fever is liable to occur chiefly in April and May, at 
 other times uncommon. Changes of temp, are rapid and varied. 
 The harbour has a good pier, at which goods can be loaded and 
 discharged at any state of the tide. Lighthouse, visible 15 m. , 
 on Point Giraul (' fine point'), at the N. end of the bay. Con- 
 nected by telegraph cable with Cape Town, Benguella, Loanda, 
 and Lisbon. Vegetable and fruit gardens at Hortas, about an 
 hour's distance to the N. Communication with the interior at 
 present by ox- waggons belonging to the Boer colony of Hum-, 
 pata. The chief obstacle to the laying of a railway is in the 
 Sheila Mts. , the pass across which is about 120 m. from M. 
 
 Mossat, P.O., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 7 m. NW. Alford. 
 
 Moss Bank, vil., Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & NW. and 
 L. & Y. Rlys., 4 m. NW. St. Helens. 
 
 Mossbank, vil., Scot., Shetland Is., E. side of Mainland, 21 
 m. N. Lerwick, PT.O. 
 
 Mossbridge, stn., Eng. (formerly Barton and Halsall), near 
 Southport, Lancashire, on Southport and Cheshire Lines Ex- 
 tension R. 
 
 Mossel Bay, municip. , seaport, and bay. Cape Colony, div. 
 M. B. , on the S. ct. , 70 m. E. Swellendam. The town was 
 formerly called Aliwal Soutb. Depth of 4-20 fathoms at limits 
 of port, and 5-10 fathoms' anchorage at low water. Ordinary 
 spring tides rise 6-7 ft. Lighters load and discharge vessels. 
 Mean temp., yr. 63.6° F., Jan. 70.7°, July 57.2°; rfall. (16 yrs.j,. 
 17.48 in. P. <3000. 
 
 Mossel Bay, on N. side of Spitsbergen, in 79° 53' N., 16° 4'^ 
 E. Mean temp., yr. 14.2° F., Jan. 8.9°, July 36.8°. 
 
 Moss End, P.O., Eng., Berkshire, 3 m. from Bracknell. 
 
 Mossend, tn. , Scot. , NE. Lanarkshire, 3 m. N. by E. Hamil- 
 ton, on the C. R. ; has extensive iron and steel works. P. <35oo. 
 
 Mossend, vil. , Scot., Midlothian, near W. Calder. P. <75o. 
 
 Mosser, par., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., 7^ m. 
 ESE. Workington, 2^ m. E. by N. Ullock stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Mos8giel,co. , New South Wales, crossed by 33° S. and 145° E. 
 
 Mossglel, post-tn.. New South Wales, Waljeers co., 105 m.. 
 SSE. Wilcannia, on the Darling. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Mossgreen, eccles. par., Scot., Fifeshire, Aberdour, Dalgetty, 
 and Inverkeithing pars. P. <20oo. 
 
 Miissingen, vil. , Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Black Forest,. 
 
 8 m. S. Tiibingen. P. <30oo. 
 Mosskirch, comm., Ger. See Messkirch. 
 
 Mossley, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, Astbiu-y par., i§ m. E.. 
 Congleton. P. < 1000. 
 
 Mossley, mun. bor. (since 1885) and market-tn. , Eng., Lanca- 
 shire, Prestwich div. , in the diocese of Manchester, on the Tame- 
 and on the Manchester and Huddersfield Canal, 3 m. SE. Old- 
 ham, on the L. & NW. R. Trade till 1840 unimportant, but 
 now large cotton-mills, foundries, mill-works ; also woollen manu- 
 facture. M. possesses a handsome town-hall, and recreation 
 grounds of 8 ac. PMT.O. Fairs are held in June and October. 
 Market-day, F. Mun. bor. P. (1891) 14,200. 
 
 Mossley Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Childwall par.,. 
 4 m. SE. Liverpool, on the L. & NW. R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mossman's Bay, suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, co. 
 Cumberland. 
 
 Mosso, or Moso, semi-independent tribe in the NW. of 
 
MOSS— MOTT 
 
 Yunnan and the SW. of Stichwan, SW. China, inhabiting the 
 region from the valley of the Lantsan-kiang, or upper Mekong, 
 to the valley of the Yalung ; called by themselves Nashi, and by 
 the Tibetans Jiung ; formerly occupied a flourishing empire, the 
 cap. of which was Li-kiang. 
 
 DIosso, or Mo8 Lake, lake, Denmark, Jutland, dist. and 17 
 m. SW. Aarhus, formed by the Gudenaa. Length, 6 m. ; breadth 
 about I m. ; area, 6 sq. m. 
 
 AIossor6, tn., Brazil, state Rio Grande do Norte, 160 m. 
 WNW. Natal ; trade in cotton and salt. P. 3000. 
 
 M08RO Santa - Maria, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 
 26 m. NW. by N. Vercelli. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mosspanl, pass, Scot., between Wisp Hill and Tudhope 
 Hill, on the border of Roxburghshire and Dumfriesshire, on the 
 road from Hawick to Langholm. Alt. 800 ft. 
 
 HIoss Point, vil., U.S., Mississippi, Jackson co. , 35 m. SW. 
 by W. Mobile (Al.), with lumber trade. P. <i5oo. 
 
 9I0SS Side, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire, on the L. & Y. R. , div. 
 and 6 m. SE. by E. Blackpool. 
 
 Moss Side, par. and tn., suburb of Manchester, Eng., in S. 
 div., i^ m. S. by W. Central stn. Par. P. 24,000 ; tn. P. 23,800. 
 
 9Io8s-slde, tn., Ire., NW. co. Antrim, bar. Cary, 10 m. ESE. 
 Portrush, i m. from Dunmurry stn. , P.O. (Mosslde). P. <25o. 
 
 MosHtoivle, stn. , Scot. , on the H. R. , co. and 3 m. W. Elgin. 
 
 nosHto-wn, par., Ire., co. Louth, bar. Ardee, 2 m. SW. 
 Dun leer. P. <7So. 
 
 Moss Vale, post-tn.. New South Wales, Camden co. , 40 m. 
 ENE. Goulburn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mossy Creek, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Jefferson co. , 29 m. 
 ENE. Knoxville by rail, with mines of zinc ore. P. <i500. 
 
 Most, Slavonic, ' a bridge.' 
 
 Mostaganem, tn. , Algeria, on the N W. ct. , cap. arr. M. , 45 
 m. ENE. Oran, with a piet available for small vessels. In bad 
 weather vessels take refuge at Arzeu, 19 m. distant. P. 13,900. 
 
 Mostar, tn. , cap. Herzegovina, on the Narenta, 47 m. SW. 
 Sarajevo ; residence of a Greek and a Roman Catholic bishop ; 
 its grapes and wine are celebrated. Seat of a government horse- 
 breeding establishment. Alt. 195-350 ft. Mean temp., yr. 
 56.8° F. , Jan. 41.1°, July 76.5°. P. 12,700. 
 
 Mosterton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., loi m. NE. 
 Lyme Regis, 2 m. S. Crewkerne stn., P.O. P. <;5oo. See 
 Perrott, South. 
 
 Moston, par., Eng., Cheshire, 3 m. NW. Chester. P. <:2So. 
 
 Moston, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 4 m. NNE. 
 Crewe, i m. W. Sandbach stn. P. <250. 
 
 Moston, par., Eng., Lancashire, Manchester co. bor. , on the 
 L. & Y. R. ; has coal mines. P. 5200. See Harpnrhey. 
 
 Mostrlni, par., Ire., co. Longford, bar. Ardagh, contains 
 Edgeworthstown town ; 10,943 ^^- P- <25oo. 
 
 Mostyn, eccles. par. , Wales, Flintshire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Dee, 4 m. NNW. Holywell, on the L. & NW. R.; has im- 
 portant coal-mines and blast-furnaces. PMT.O. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Mosty Wlelkle, tn. , Austria, prov. Galicia, dist. M. W. , 28 
 m. N. by E. Lemberg. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Mosnl, walled tn. , Asiatic Turkey, on the r. bk. of the Tigris 
 (here 800 ft. wide), 220 m. NNW. Bagdad, cap. vilayet and 
 sanjak M.; streets narrow and irregular; houses of stone and 
 brick, lofty and flat-roofed, with solidly built underground rooms 
 for summer use. From its manufactures of cotton cloths the 
 word muslin is derived, but these are now supplanted in its 
 bazaars by European goods. It exports gall-nuts. Owing to 
 modern changes in the Oriental routes of communication, and 
 to the unruly Kurds on the N. and Bedouins on the S., M. 
 occupies an exposed situation, and its trade has suffered in 
 consequence. It is the seat of a Jacobite patriarch, and was 
 formerly the metropolis of the Mesopotamian Christians. A 
 stone bridge crosses the Tigris to an island, on the further side 
 of which a bridge of boats continues the communication with 
 the 1. bk., and the plateau upon which Layard discovered 
 many interesting remains of ancient Nineveh (q.v.). In the 
 same vicinity tradition points out the grave of the prophet 
 Jonah. The town's period of greatest prosperity was ioth-i3th 
 centuries. Alt. 400 ft. Mean temp. (2 yrs., 1854-55), yr. 68.6° F., 
 Jan. 45.2°, July 93.2°. P. 61,000; Moham. 48,000; Christians 
 (Nestorian Catholics, Syrians, and Jacobites), 10,000 ; Jews, 
 3000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Alot, or Moot, Anglo-Saxon, ' place of assembly.' 
 
 Mota, tn. , Abyssinia, dist. Gojam, on mountain 8300 ft. in 
 alt., overlooking the r. bk. of the Abai or Blue Nile, no m. 
 SSE. Gondar. P. 3000. 
 
 Mota, or Sngarloaf Island, isl. , New Hebrides, in Banks 
 Is. group, E. of Vanua Levu, in 13° 48' S., 167° 35' E. 
 
 Mota, Puerto de, tn., Cuba, S. ct., 85 m. W. Santiago de 
 Cuba, in 77° 10' W. 
 
 Mota del Cuervo, tn. , Spain, New Castille, prov. and 26 m. 
 SW. Cuenca, dist. and 11 m. SW. Belmonte. P. (comm.)<4000. 
 Motagna, or Rio Grande, riv. , Central America, Guatemala, 
 rises near Cruz Quiche, and flows E. then NE. into the Gulf of 
 Honduras by two mouths, one of which is on the frontier of 
 Honduras. Length 340 m. , of which 120 m. navigable for boats. 
 
 Motala, tn. , Sweden, prov. Ostergotland, on the E. side of 
 Lake Wetter, 42 m. W. Norrkoping, on the Gota Canal, and 
 at the issue of the Motala R. from Lake Wetter, which it con- 
 nects with Lake Boren, 4 m. distant ; manufactures, chiefly at 
 Motala Verkstad (Work-town), 2 m. E. , engines, steamboats, 
 cannon, iron bridges, &c. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Motane, or San Pedro, isl. , Pacific, Marquesas group, NNW, • 
 of Fatu Hiva, in about 10° S. , 138° 50' W. 
 
 Moteombe, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 14J m. ENE. 
 Sherborne, 2 m. SW. Semley stn., PMT.O.; 5063 ac. P. < 
 1500 ; eccles. par. (M. with Enmore Green) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mote, electoral div., Ire., co. and dist. Roscommon. 
 
 Mothe, La, hamlet, France, dep. Gironde, on the Leyre, arr. 
 and 27 m. SW. by W. Bordeaux. 
 
 Mothe, La, or Laniothe, ruined tn. , France, dep. Haute- 
 Marne, arr. Chaumont, 4 m. ENE. Bourmont, one of the 
 strongest places in Lorraine before its destruction in June 1645. 
 
 Mothe-Achard, La, vil., France, dep. Vendue, arr. Sables 
 d'Olonne, 40 m. NW. by N. La Rochelle, 12 m. WSW. La 
 Roche-sur-Yon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mothel, par.. Ire., N. co. Waterford, bar. Upperthird, 3J m. 
 S. Carrick-on-Suir ; 20,740 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mothe-Landerron, La, vil., France, on the E. border of 
 dep. Gironde, 36 m. SE. by E. Bordeaux, arr. and 5 m. ESE. 
 La R^ole. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mothell, par.. Ire., NE. co. Kilkenny, bars. Fassadinin and 
 Gowran, 10 m. NE. by N. Kilkenny; 7092 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Motherby, par., Eng., Cumberland. See Greystoke. 
 
 Motherwell, tn., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, 2 m. NE. by E. 
 Hamilton, on the C. R. ; has important coal-mines, and iron 
 and steel works. P. 18,700. 
 
 Mothe-Ste.-H^raye, La, tn. , France, dep. Deux-Sevres, arr. 
 Melle, 17 m. E. Niort. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mothvey, P.O., Wales. See Myddfal. 
 
 Mdtlers, vil., Switzd. , cant. Neuchatel, 7 m. N. Grandson, 
 in the Val de Travers. P. <20oo. 
 
 Motlhiirl, municip. , Brit. India, Bengal, cap. dist. Cham- 
 pdran, 75 m. N. by W. Patna, situated on Motihdri Lake. 
 P. 13,100; Hindus, 9600; Moham. 3500. 
 
 Motllla del Palancar, comm. , Spain, prov. and 39 m. SSE. 
 Cuenca, dist. M. del P. P. <40oo. 
 
 Motllones. See Nevada and MotUones. 
 
 Motley, CO., U.S., Texas, in the N. , E. of 101° W. , crossed 
 by 34° N. 
 
 Motomono, vil. , Portuguese E. Africa, on the r. bk. of the 
 Lukugu, in 16° 23' S. , 37° 12' E. 
 
 Motovlllkha, copper-works, Russia, govt, and ih m. from 
 Perm, on Kama R. P. 7000. 
 
 Motrico, comm. , Spain, prov. Guipuzcoa, dist. Vergara, 21 m. 
 W. San Sebastian, with coasting trade and sea-bathing. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Motrll, the ancient Firmizim Julium, tn. , Spain, prov. and 
 33 m. S. Granada, near the S. ct. , cap. dist. M. M. roadstead 
 is an open one, and the vessels are loaded and discharged by 
 lighters. Cotton and sugar are cultivated. P. (comm.) 17,100. 
 
 Motta Sant' Anastasla, tn., Sicily, prov. and 6 m. W. 
 Catania; excellent wine. P. < 4000. 
 
 Motte, La, tn., France, dep. Cotes du Nord, arr. and 4 m. 
 NNE. Loud6ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Motte, Lac de la, or Lac d'llay, lake, France, dep. Jura, 
 4 m. NW. St. Laurent, drained by the H6risson into the Ain. 
 Length, i m. ; breadth, 1640 ft.; alt. 2550 ft.; area, 178 ac. ; 
 greatest depth, 98 ft. 
 
 Motte-Beuvrou, La, tn., France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, arr. 
 Romarantin, on the Beuvron, 22 m. S. by E. Orleans. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Motte-Chalancon, La, vil., France, dep. Drdme, arr. Die, 
 39 m. NE. Orange. P. <'2ooo. 
 
 Motte du Calre, La, vil., France, dep. Basses- Alpes, 60 m. 
 S. by E. Grenoble, arr. and 12 m. NNE. Sisteron. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mottegglana, vil., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 4 m. S. 
 Mantua. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Motte-Servolex, La, vil., France, dep. Savoie, arr. and 3 m. 
 NW. by N. Chamb^ry. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mottes les Bains, La, or Mottes St. Martin, La, vil., 
 France, dep. Is^re, arr. Grenoble, 4 m. NW. La Mure ; coal 
 mined; mineral bath. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Mottlngham, par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., 7J m. SE. 
 St. Paul's, London, with stn. (Eltham and M.) on SE. R. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Mottlsfont, par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 10 m. 
 W. Winchester, on the L. & SW. R., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Mottlston, par., Eng., Isle of Wight, 6^ m. SW. by W. 
 Newport, 3 m. S. Ningwood stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Mottlau, riv., W. Prussia, flows on the whole NW. , and 
 enters a branch of the Vistula at Danzig. 
 
 Mottling, or MetUka, tn., Austria, Carniola, 35 m. WSW. 
 Agram. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mottola, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 15 m. NW. Taranto. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Mottram, par. , Eng. , Cheshire (in registration co. of Lanca- 
 shire), Hyde div., 2A m. SSE. Stalybridge, x\ m. NNE. of its 
 
 1045 
 
M OTT 
 
 M O U N 
 
 stn. on the M. S. & L. R.; cotton-spinning and calico-printing 
 carried on. Mean rfall. (1866-80, Hill End, alt. 680 ft.), yr. 
 41 in. P. <350o ; urban sanitary dist. (M. In Longendale). 
 P. <35oo. 
 
 Mottram St. Andrew, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 
 4 m. NW. by N. Macclesfield, 2 m. WNW. Prestbury stn. 
 P.<:Soo. 
 
 MottTllIe, vil., U.S., New York, Onondaga co., 15 m. SW. 
 by W. Syracuse, on Skaneateles R. P. <:i500. 
 
 Motn, dist., on the S. ct. Brit. New Guinea, in 146° 5o'-i47^° 
 E. ; it contains Port Moresby. 
 
 Motneka, riv. , New Zealand, South I., rises on Ben Nevis, 
 flows NW. and N., and enters the Pacific on the W. side of 
 Tasman Bay, 20 m. NW. Nelson. 
 
 Motueka, vil.. New Zealand, South I., Waimea co. , 20 m. 
 NW. Nelson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Motnltl, isl. , Pacific Ocean. See Kennedy. 
 
 Motn-Itl, isl. , Pacific Ocean. See Tubal. 
 
 Motnl, vil. .Mexico, Yucatan, 30m. ENE. M^rida. P. (comm.) 
 12,700. 
 
 Motupalli, the Mutfili of Marco Polo, seapt. tn., Brit. India, 
 Madras, dist. Kistna, on the E. ct. , 62 m. WSW. MasuUpatam, 
 now only a fishing village. P. < 5000. 
 
 Motupe, vil., S. America, Peru, dep. and 30 m. N. by W. 
 Lambayeque. P. < 5000. 
 
 Motdr, open plateau, India, Central Provs., 35 m. NW. 
 Chhindwara. Alt. 3500 ft. 
 
 Motj'i'ln, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Schlan. P. < 3000. 
 
 Motzorongo, tn., Mexico, state ; manufactures ramie fibre. 
 
 Monclianl, vil., France, dep. Jura, arr. Poligny, 21 m. SW. 
 by S. Besan9on. P. <20oo. 
 
 Moudon, or Mllden, tn. , Switzd. , cant. Vaud, 13 m. NE. 
 by N. Lausanne, on the Broye. P. (comm.)<30oo. 
 
 Mongliton Fell, upland tract, Eng. , Skipton div. of the W. 
 Riding of Yorkshire, about 19 m. SE. Kendal, and about 5 m. 
 NNW. Settle. 
 
 Monghtre, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire. See Mochdre. 
 
 Moalameln, post-tp. , New South Wales, Wakool co., on 
 the Coates R. , a r. bk. trib. of the Murray, 60 m. NW. by 
 W. Deniliquin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Houldswortli, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div-, 7\ m. 
 NE. Chester, on the Cheshire Lines and M. S. & L. Rlys. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Monle, Le, tn.,West Indies, on E. ct. of Guadeloupe I.; light- 
 house, in 16° 20' N., visible 7 m. Exports sugar, rum, coffee, 
 logwood, &c. , to annual value of nearly one-quarter of a million 
 sterling. P. (comm. ) 8500. 
 
 Moulin, par., Scot., W. Perthshire, 5J m. SE. Blair Athole, 
 I m. NE. by N. Pitlochry stn., P.O.; 44,640 ac. P. <25oq. 
 
 Moullns, tn., France, cap. dep. AUier, cap. arr. M. , on the 
 Allier, over which is a fine bridge of thirteen arches, built 1750- 
 1763, by rail 194 m. SE. Paris, 39 m. ENE. Montluqon. 
 Principal public buildings, the cathedral (Notre Dame), never 
 completed, the magnificent mausoleum of Duke Henry of Mont- 
 morency in the chapel of the lyceum, a museum, public library 
 of 30,000 volumes, and ruins of a castle belonging to the Dukes 
 of Bourbon. It is a suffragan bishopric of Sens. Manufactures 
 machinery for saw-mills, straw and felt hats, and cabinet- 
 making. It owes its name to the great number of water-mills, 
 formerly on the Allier. Marshal Villars, opponent of Marl- 
 borough, and the Duke of Berwick, natural son of James II., 
 were born here. Alt. 740 ft. Mean temp., yr. 51.5° F. , Jan. 
 36.1°, July 67.6°. Comm. P. (1872)20,400; (1891) 22,700; tn. 
 P. 18,900. 
 
 Noullns-Engllbert, tn., France, dep. Nievre, 23 m. W. by 
 N. Autun, arr. and 8 m. SW. Chateau Chinon. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 9Ionlln8-la-narche, vil., France, dep. Orne, 23 m. NE. 
 Alen9on, arr. and 10 m. NNW. Mortagne. P. <20oo. 
 
 Monllns-sur-Y^vre, vil., France, dep. Cher, arr. and 6 m. 
 E. Bourges. P. < 2000. 
 
 Monlmeln, tn. , Lower Burma. See Manlmaln. 
 
 MoulHey,. or Nolesey, Ea.st and West, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Surrey, Epsom div., on the r. bk. of the Thames. East 
 M. , 2 m. W. by S. Kingston, near Hampton Court stn. , PMT.O. 
 (E. Molesey), and PM.O. (Holesey Park), par. and tn. 
 P. <5ooo; West M., PM.O. (W. Molesey), P. <75o. 
 
 Moulsford, par., Eng., Berkshire, on the Thames, div. and 
 10 m. SE. by S. Abingdon, on the G. W. R., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Houlsham, part of eccles. par., Eng., Essex. See Clielms- 
 ford. 
 
 Monlsoe, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Buckingham div., 10 
 m. WSW. Bedford, 3 m. ESE. Newport Pagnell stn. P. <:2So. 
 
 Monlton, par., Eng., Cheshire, div. and 3^ m. S. Northwich, 
 on the Weaver, i^ m. NW. Winsford stn., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Monlton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland div., 4 m. E. 
 by N. Spalding, on the G. N. R. , PM.O. . and P.O. (M. Chapel) ; 
 11,840 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Monlton, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, E. div. , 8 m. W.Yarmouth, 2 m. 
 S, Acle stn., P.O. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (Uttle M.) P. <25o. 
 
 Monlton, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 7 m. 
 1046 
 
 W. by S. Wellingborough, 3 m. E. Pitsford and Brampton stn., 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Monlton, par., Eng., Suffolk, on riv. Lark, 3^ m. E. New- 
 market, PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Monlton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 4^ m. 
 ENE. Richmond, 2i m. W. of its stn. on the NE. R., P.O. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Monlton, vil., U.S., Iowa, Appanoose co. , 85 m. W. by S. 
 Burlington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Monltonboro, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Carroll co. , at 
 N. extremity of Lake Winnipiseogee, and 40 m. NNE. Concord. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 Monlton Park, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, 2 m. SW. 
 Moulton. P. <25o. 
 
 Moulton St. Michael, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 124 m. 
 SSW. Norwich, 2 m. S. by W. Forncett stn., P.O. (Monlton) 
 P. <:5oo ; eccles. par. (Great Monlton St. Michael) P. <5oo. 
 
 Moultrie, co., U.S., lUinois, S. of 40° N., and E. of 89° W. 
 
 MonltrieTllle, vil., U.S., S. Carolina, co. and 5 m. E. by 
 S. Charleston, on E. side of entrance of Charleston harbour. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Mound, city, U.S., Kansas, Linn co., 67 m. S. by W. 
 Kansas City, on Little Sugar Creek ; contains the western 
 naval station. P. 1500. 
 
 Mound, city, U.S., Missouri, Holt co. , 35 m. NW. by N. 
 St. Joseph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mound, The, stn., Scot., Sutherland, on the H. R., on the 
 N. shore of Loch Fleet, at the mouth of the Fleet, 4 m. W. by 
 S. Golspie, P.O. 
 
 Mound City, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Campbell co., 
 90 m. N. Pierre. 
 
 Moundsvllle, city, U.S., W. Virginia, Marshall co., on the 
 Ohio, 10 m. S. by W. Wheeling. Its name is derived from a 
 remarkable mound in the vicinity. P. <:3000. 
 
 Monng, tn. , Siam, 200 m. ESE. Bangkok, and 40 m. W. of 
 Tonle Sap (lake). 
 
 Mount, or Cape Mount, cape, W. ct. Africa, W. of Liberia, 
 forming the W. extremity of a jjeninsula, behind which is a 
 large lagoon known as Fisherman Lake. 
 
 Mount, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 7m. from Bodmin. 
 
 Mount, or Moel-y-M-wnt, par. , Wales, Cardiganshire, on the 
 coast, 3 m. N. Cardigan. P. <25o. 
 
 Mouutnin, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, i m. from Queensbury. 
 
 Mountain, electoral div., Ire., SE. co. Galway, dist. BuUaun. 
 
 Mountain Ash, eccles. par. and coal-mining town, Wales, 
 Glamorganshire, 5 m. S. and included in the pari. bor. of 
 Merthyr-Tydfil, with stns. on the G. W. R. and the Taff Vale 
 Rly. ; has extensive collieries and iron-works. Eccles. par. P. 
 13,400 ; tn. P. 17,600. 
 
 Mountain Cross, PMT.O., Scot., Peeblesshire, near La- 
 mancha. 
 
 Mountain Iiake, delightful summer resort, U.S., Virginia, 
 Giles CO. , in the W. , on the Bald Knob Mt. Alt. about 4000 ft. 
 
 Mountain Kldge, nits., U.S., New York, 6 to 8 m. S. of 
 Lake Ontario, formed doubtless once its S. shore. 
 
 Mountain River, post-tn., Tasmania, co. Buckingham, 24 
 m. by rail and road N. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mountain Stage, stn. , Ire. , co. Kerry, on G. S. & W. R. , 
 near Valentia harbour. 
 
 Mount Airy, tn., U.S., N. Carohna, Surry co., 118 m. 
 WNW. Raleigh, and 30 m. NNW. Winston ; manufactures 
 tobacco. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mount Airy, U.S., Pennsylvania, co., and 11 m. N. Phila- 
 delphia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Albert, or Xewland, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, 
 York CO., 33 m. N. Toronto. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mount Albert, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., 7 m. from 
 Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Arthur, goldfield, Tasmania. See Lisle. 
 
 Mount Auburn, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 
 6 m. W. Boston ; contains the cemetery for Boston, laid out in 
 1831. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount AyllflT, settlement. Cape Colony, Griqualand E. , 
 dist. Mount h. , 105 m. S W. Pietermaritzburg. 
 
 Mount Ayr, tn. , U.S., Iowa, Ringgold co., 70 m. SW. by S. 
 Des Moines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mount Barker, tn., S. Australia, co. Hindmarsh, i8m. SE. 
 by E. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Barker, postal centre, W. Australia, Plantagenet co. , 
 30 m. NNW. Albany. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Bellew, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Killian, 14^ 
 ni. E. by S. Tuam, 7 m. from Woodlawn stn., PMT.O. (M. 
 B. Bridge). P. <25o. 
 
 Mount Biggenden, settlement, Queensland, Cook co., 
 160 m. NNW. Brisbane. 
 
 Mount BischoflT, or Waratah, post-tn., Tasmania, co. 
 Russell, 88 m. W. Launceston, with noted tin-mines near, 
 P. <i500. 
 
 Monntbolus, tn.. Ire., King's co. , bar. Ballyboy, 7i m. SW. 
 TuUamore, P.O. (Mount Bolus). P. <25o. 
 
MOUN — MOUN 
 
 Monntbrlscoe, elect, div. , Ire., King's co. , dist. Philipstown. 
 
 Mount Britten, goldfield, Queensland, co. Wodehouse, i88 
 m. NW. by N. Rockhampton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Nonut Bro-wne, mining tp.. New South Wales, near NW. 
 corner of colony. See Mllpertnka. 
 
 Mount Bryan, settlement, S. Australia, co. Burra, 96 m. 
 SE. Port Augusta. 
 
 Mount Brydges, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Middlesex, 15 
 m. by rail SW. by W. London. P. <:i50o. 
 
 Mount Buflerim, postal-tp. , Queensland, 40 m. from Cabul- 
 ture railway station, which is 32 m. N. Brisbane. 
 
 Mount Bures, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 8 m. NW. by W. 
 Colchester, i m. S. Bures stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Mount Cameron, tp., Tasmania. See Gladstone. 
 
 Mount CarlMtn, coal-mining bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 Schuylkill co. , i m. S. Pottsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Carmel, vil., Canada, Quebec, Champlain co., 74 
 m. W. by S. Quebec. 
 
 Mount Carmel, vil., U.S., Connecticut, New Haven co. , 7 
 m. NNE. New Haven. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Mount Carmel, city, U.S., Illinois, Wabash co., on r. bk. 
 of Wabash R., 130 m. E. by S. St. Louis (Mo.). P. <4000. 
 
 Mount Carmel, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Northumberland 
 CO., 43 m. NE. by N. Harrisburg, and 12 m. W. by N. Potts- 
 ville. P. (i88o)<300o; (1890)8300. 
 
 Mount Carroll, city, U.S., Illinois, Carroll co., 140 m. W, 
 by N. Chicago ; has trade in gjain. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mountcastle, electoral div., Ire., Tyrone, dist. Dunna- 
 managh. 
 
 Mount Cliarles, PM.O. , Eng., Cornwall, i m. from St. 
 Austell. 
 
 Mountcliarles, tn. , Ire. , S. co. and 3 J m. W. Donegal, bar. 
 Banagher ; extensive freestone quarry near. PMT.O. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mount Clemens, city, U.S., Michigan, Macomb co. , 20 m. 
 NNE. Detroit, on Clinton R. , at head of steam navigation; 
 has celebrated mineral and magnetic water-cure. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Monntcolllns, tnld.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Glenquin, 8 m. 
 from Abbey feale, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Mount Costlgan, post-tn., New South Wales, co. Georgiana, 
 104 m. by road and rail SW. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Cotterel, postal-stn. , Victoria, co. Grant, 24 m. 
 WNW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Crlffel, gold-mining vil. , New Zealand. See Crlffel. 
 
 Monntdavls, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Longford, dist. Killashee. 
 
 Mount Desert, isl. , U.S., Maine, Hancock co. , W. of 
 Frenchman's Bay, long. 68° io'-24' W. ; much resorted to in 
 summer ; surface mountainous, the highest peak has an alt. of 
 1762 ft. ; many lakes ; coasts precipitous. Industries, ship- 
 building, lumber, and fisheries. A lighthouse on Barker I. is 
 visible 15 m. Length, 14 m. ; breadth, 8 m. ; area about 100 
 sq. m. Mount Desert town, P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Desert Rock, an islet, U.S., Maine, off the S. ct. 
 of Hancock co. , 83 m. ESE. Augusta, with a noted lighthouse, 
 43° 58' N. , visible 14 m. 
 
 Mount Direction, another name for Dllston {g.v.), Tasmania. 
 
 Mount Doran, Victoria. Same as Elaine. 
 
 Mouuteagle, electoral div. , Ire. , Kerry, dist. Brosna. 
 
 Mount Edgcumbe. See Plymoutb. 
 
 Mount Egerton, vil., Victoria, co. Grant, 50 m. WNW. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount EUersUe, U.S., Maryland, Alleghany co., on Wills 
 Creek, 36 m. E. of the NW. corner of the state. 
 
 Mount Elva, electoral div., Ire., co. Clare, dist. Ballyvaghan. 
 
 Mounterln, electoral div.. Ire., King's co. , dist. Banagher. 
 
 Mounterlony, mt. , Ire. See MuUagbollg. 
 
 Mount Falcon, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Ballina. 
 
 Mountfleld, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 8J m. NW. 
 Hastings, 3 m. N. by W. Battle stn., P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Mountfleld, electoral div., Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. Upper 
 Strabane, 6^ m. NE. by E. Omagh, P.O. 
 
 Mount Fletclier, settlement. Cape Colony, Griqualand E. , 
 dist. Mount F. , 105 m. E. Aliwal North. 
 
 Mount Florida, suburb of Glasgow, Scot. , Renfrewshire, on 
 the C. R. 
 
 Mount Forest, tn., Canada, Ontario, Wellington co., 73 m. 
 NNE. London. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Mount Frere, settlement, Cape Colony, Griqualand East, 
 dist. Mount F., 125 m. SW. Pietermaritzburg. 
 
 Mount Gambler, tn. , S. Australia, Grey co. , 225 m. SE. by 
 S. Adelaide. Mean temp., yr. 57.6° F. , Feb. 65.8°, July 49.0°; 
 rfall. (22 yrs. ), 31.28 in. 
 
 Mount Gllead, vil, U.S., Ohio, Morrow co. , on E. Branch 
 of Whetstone R. , 42 m. N. by E. Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Glpps, vil. New South Wales. See Sllverton. 
 
 Mount Hamilton, electoral div., Ire., NE. co. Tyrone, bar. 
 Upper Strabane, 18 m. E. by S. Strabane. 
 
 Mount Hawke, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cornwall, Camborne div. , 
 7 m. W. by N. Truro, P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mounthazel, electoral div.. Ire., co. Galway, dist. Mount 
 Bellew. 
 
 Mount Healey, par., Eng., Northumberland, on riv. Coquet, 
 2 m. SE. Rothbury. P. <2So. 
 
 Mount Healthy, or Mount Pleasant, vil, U.S., Ohio, 
 Hamilton CO. , 10 m. N. Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mouutlieaton, electoral div.. Ire., King's co. , dist. Shinrone. 
 
 Mount Heenisklrk, dist., Tasmania. See Heemsklrk. 
 
 Mount Holly, vil, U.S., New Jersey, Burlington co. , 18 m. 
 NE. Philadelphia, with extensive iron-foundries. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mount Holly, tn. , U.S. , Vermont, co. and 16 m. SE. Rutland 
 by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Holly Springs, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Cumber- 
 land CO. , 20 m. SW. by W. Harrisburg ; has paper-mills. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Mount Hope, postal-tn. , New South Wales, co. Blaxland, 
 185 m. NNE. Deniliquin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Hope, vil, U.S., New Jersey, Morris co., 20 m. W. 
 Paterson ; has iron-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Hope, vil, U.S., New York, Washington co., E. of 
 Hudson R. , with mines of magnetic iron ore. 
 
 Mount Hope Bay, U.S., Rhode I. and Massachusetts, in the 
 NE. of Narragansett Bay. 
 
 Mount Ida, New Zealand, now Naseby (^.v.). 
 
 Mount Idalio, vil, U.S., Idaho, Idaho co., 57 m. SE. 
 Lewiston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mountlevers, electoral div., Ire., co. Clare, dist. Coolacasey. 
 
 Mount Jackson, vil, U.S., Virginia, Shenandoah co. , on the 
 N. Fork of the Shenandoah R. , 85 m. W. by S. Washington 
 (D. C). P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Johnson, or St. Gregolre le Grand, vil. , Canada, 
 Quebec, co. Iberville, 22 m. SE. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mountjoy, P.O., Ire., NW. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower Strabane, 
 4 m. N. by W. Omagh, on the 1. bk. of the Strule. 
 
 Mountjoy, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, dist. and 5 m. from 
 Coal Island, P.O. 
 
 Mount Joy, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co. , 23 m. 
 ESE. by Harrisburg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mountjoy Forest, East and West Divisions, two adjoining 
 tnlds.. Ire., CO. Tyrone, bar. Upper Strabane, 2^ m. N. Omagh. 
 P. (of each) < 250. 
 
 Mountkennedy, electoral div.. Ire., co. Waterford, dist. 
 Kilmacthomas. 
 
 Mount Klsco, vil, U.S., New York, Westchester co., 38 m. 
 NNE. New York. P. <isoo. 
 
 Mount Lebanon, vil, U.S., New York, Columbia co. , 25 m. 
 SE. Albany ; has a community of Shakers. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Lofty, settlement, S. Australia, co. and 11 m. SE. 
 Adelaide. 
 
 Mount Lucas, or Drumcaw, tnld., Ire., King's co. , bar. 
 Coolestown, 3 m. E. Philipstown, 9 m. from Geashill stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Mount McDonald, goldfield. New South Wales. See 
 Mllburn Creek. 
 
 MountmelUck, civic and market-tn. , Ire. , NE. Queen's co. , 
 bars. Tinnahinch and Portnahinch, 6 m. N. Maryborough, on 
 the Grand Canal and Waterford and Central Ire. and the Kil- 
 kenny June. Rly. ; with woollen manufactures, iron and brass 
 works, potteries, tannery, and extensive makings. An impor- 
 tant pig fair held on third Tuesday of each month. PMT. O. 
 Market-days, W. and S. P. <3000. 
 
 Mount Melville, stn. , Scot. , E. Fife, 2J m. SW. St. Andrews, 
 I m. W. of its stn. on the N. B. R. 
 
 Mount Mercer, post-tn., Victoria, co. Grenville, 65 m. W. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Morgan, gold-mining municip. , Queensland, co. 
 Raglan, 23 m. SSW. Rockhampton. The mine is one of the 
 richest in Australia, and in a geological sense perhaps the most 
 remarkable in the world, the gold (of remarkable purity) being 
 met with in the crater of an extinct hot spring or geyser at the 
 top of a hill amidst great blocks of brown hematite iron ore and 
 in silicious sinter. P. <40oo. 
 
 Mount Morlac, post-tn. , Victoria, co. Grant, 57 m. by rail 
 SW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Morris, vil, U.S., Illinois, Ogle co., 108 m. NW. 
 Chicago by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Morris, vil, U.S., Michigan, Genesee co., 7 m. N. 
 Flint by rail, and 64 m. NW. Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Morris, vil, U.S., New York, Livingston co., 34 m. 
 SSW. Rochester. P. <30oo. 
 
 Mount Nebo. See Xeba Jebel. 
 
 Mountnesslng, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 7J m. SW. by 
 S. Chelmsford, PM.O.; 4206 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Mount Nicholas, another name of Mlllbrook (q.v.), 
 Tasmania. 
 
 Mount Norrls, tn.. Ire., E. co. Armagh, bar. Lower Orior, 
 7J m. NW. Newry, 2 m. from Loughgilly stn., P.O. (Monnt- 
 norrls). P. <25o. 
 
 Mount Nugent, tnld.. Ire., co. Cavan, bar. Clanmahon, 5 
 m. NW. Oldcastle, PMT.O. P.-C2S0. 
 
 Mount OUre, coal-mining vil, U.S., Illinois, Macoupin co., 
 ^Q m. NE. by N. St. Louis (Mo.). P. <20oo. 
 •^^ 1047 
 
M OU N 
 
 M OU S 
 
 Mount OllTe, vil., U.S., Missouri, St. Louis co., 7 m. W. 
 St. Louis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Olive, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Wayne co. , 14 m. S. 
 Goldsboro by rail, 52 m. SE. Raleigh. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Mount Ollrer, suburb of Pittsburg, U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 Allegheny co. 
 
 Monnton, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div. , ij m. W. by 
 S. Chepstow. P. <25o. 
 
 Monnton, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 9 m. E. by S. 
 Haverfordwest, 3 m. WSW. Narberth stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Mount Pellon, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, Halifax par., 
 P.O. P. 5500. 
 
 Mount Perry (for some time called Tennlngerlng), copper- 
 mining centre, Queensland, co. Bowen, 170 m. NNW. Brisbane. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, settlement, Canada, Prince Edward L, 
 CO. Prince, 20 m. NW. Summerside. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, P.O., Eng., Lincolnshire, 3 m. W. Sibsey, 
 4 m. N. Boston. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, P.O., Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Kinalmeaky, 
 4 m. NW. Bandon. 
 
 Monntpleasant, P.O., Ire., NW. co. Louth, bar. Lower 
 Dundalk, 3 m. N. by E. Dundalk. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, settlement, S. Australia, co. and 25 m. 
 ENE. Adelaide. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, city, U.S., Iowa, Henry co., 26 m. WNW. 
 Burlington ; desolated by a cyclone, 1882. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, city, U.S., Michigan, Isabella co., 45 m. 
 W. Bay City, with large lumber trade. P. <3000. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, vil., U.S., Ohio. See Mount Healthy. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, vil., U.S., Ohio, Jefferson co. , 10 m. 
 NNW. Wheeling (W. Va.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Westmoreland 
 CO., 32 m. SE. Pittsburg; centre of a rich agricultural dist. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, Berkeley co., 5 m. 
 ENE. Charleston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, vil., U.S., Te.xas, Titus co., 82 m. NW. 
 by W. Shreveport (La.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, city, U.S., Utah, San Pete co., 86 m. S. 
 by E. Salt Lake City. P. <3000. 
 
 Mountplummer, electoral div. , Ire. , Limerick, dist. Broad- 
 ford. 
 
 Mount Pulaski, vil., U.S., Illinois, Logan co. , 25 m. NE. 
 by E. Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mountrallle, co., U.S., N. Dakota, on the N. frontier, 
 crossed in the E. by 102° W. , and partly bounded in the SW. 
 by riv. Missouri. 
 
 MOuntratli, tn.. Ire., NW. Queen's co., bar. W. Mary- 
 borough, 7^ m. WSW. Maryborough, 2^ m. from its stn. (M. 
 and Castletown) on the G. S. & W. R. Market-day, S. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Mountrlvers, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Clonmoyle. 
 
 Mount Rowan, post-tn. , Victoria, co. Ripon, about 90 m. 
 by rail and road W. Melbourne. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mounts, P. O. , Eng. , Devonshire, 4 m. from Kingsbridge. 
 
 Mount St. Patrick, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. and 17 
 m. from Renfrew. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mounts Bay, Eng. , on the S. ct. of the co. of Cornwall, to 
 the E. of Penzance ; chief centre of the pilchard fishery. 
 
 Mount Seymour, post-tn. , Tasmania, co. Monmouth, 60 m. 
 by rail and road N. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mountshannon, tn. , Ire., SE. co. Galway, bar. Leitrim, loj 
 m. WNW. Nenagh, on N. shore of Lough Derg,PM.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Mount Shasta, vil., U.S., California, Siskiyou co., 98 m. E. 
 by S. of NW. corner of state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Slnal, vil., U.S., New York, Suffolk co., on Long I. 
 Sound, 3 m. E. Port Jefferson, with a good but shallow harbour. 
 P, <i500. 
 
 Mount Somers, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., co. Ash- 
 burton, 78 m. westwards from Christchurch. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Mount Sorrel ('Mount Soar Hill"), par., Eng., Leicester- 
 shire, div. and 4 m. SE. Loughborough, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Soar, 1^ m. W. Sileby stn., in the dist. of Charnwood Forest ; 
 has quarries of hard and durable hornblendic granite. Castle 
 Hill, adjoining the town, was once crowned by a strong fortress, 
 which was rased in 121735 being a robbers' stronghold. PMT.O. 
 P. <2S0O. 
 
 Mount Sterling, tn. , U.S., Illinois, Brown co., 39 m. E. by 
 N. Quincy by rail ; has extensive deposits of coal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mount Sterling, city, U.S., Kentucky, Montgomery co., 80 
 m. SSE. Cincinnati (Ohio). P. <4ooo. 
 
 Mount Stewart, vil., Canada, Prince Edward I., 22 m. by 
 rail from Charlottetown. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Stewart, electoral div., Ire., co. Down, dist. New- 
 townards. 
 
 Mount Stirling, postal receiving stn., W. Australia, co. 
 Howick, 107 m. E. Perth, in 31° 52' S., 117° 5' E. 
 
 Mountstuart, electoral div.. Ire., co. Waterford, dist. Dun- 
 gar van. 
 
 1048 
 
 Mount Tabor, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3 m. NW. 
 Halifax, P.O. 
 
 Mount Talbot, tnld.. Ire., W. co. and 8 m. SW. by S. 
 Roscommon, on the Suck, bar. W. Athlone, P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Mount Temple, tnld., Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Clonlonan, 
 3 m. NW. Moate, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Mount Tliom, or Salt Springs, settlement, Canada, Nova 
 Scotia, CO. and 22 m. SW. Pictou. 
 
 Mount Torrens, tp., S. Australia, co. and 18 m. E. by N. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Tnlacke, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 6^ 
 m. WNW. Youghal, 3 m. from Killeagh stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Mount rnlon, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Huntingdon co. , 
 on Juanita R. , 52 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Vpton, vil., U.S., New York, Chenango co. , 5 m. 
 SW. Gilbertsville, and 46 m. SSW. Utica. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Vernon, vil. , Scot. , N W. Lanarkshire, 5 m. E. by S. 
 Glasgow, with stns. on the C. R. and N. B. R. ; carries on coal- 
 mining. P. < 750. 
 
 Mount Vernon, city, U.S., Illinois, Jefferson co. , 74 m. 
 ESE. St. Louis (Mo.) ; has considerable trade. P. <:4000. 
 
 Mount Vernon, city, U.S., Indiana, Posey co. , on N. bank of 
 Ohio R., 13 m. NE. of SW. corner of state, with flour-mills. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Mount Vernon, tn., U.S., Iowa, Linn co. , 10 m. E. by S. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. <:i500. 
 
 Mount Vernon, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Rockcastle co. , 105 
 m. SE. by E. Louisville. Alt. iiii ft. (R.R.). P.<isoo. 
 
 Mount Vernon, vil., U.S., Missouri, Lawrence co. , 30 m. 
 SW. Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Vernon, vil. , U.S., New York, Westchester co., 18 
 m. NE. by N. New York. P. (i88o)<sooo; (1890) 10,800. 
 
 Mount Vernon, city, U.S., Ohio, Knox co. , on Owl Creek, 
 40m. NE. Columbus; built on gently ascending ground; has 
 considerable trade. The river affords good water-power. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Mount Vernon, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Davison co. , 74 m. 
 NW. Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Vernon, vil., U.S., Virginia, Fairfax co., 15 m. S. 
 by W. Washington, contains the former mansion of General 
 Washington, commanding a fine view of the Potomac. The 
 body of Washington lies in a vault on the edge of a wooded 
 dell. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Mount Victoria, post-tn.. New South Wales, co. Cook, 59 
 m. WNW. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Victory, vil. , U.S., Ohio, Hardin co., 48 m. NW. 
 by N. Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Washington, vil., U.S., Maryland, Baltimore co. , 
 5^ m. NNW. Baltimore. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mount Whatley, post-settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, 
 CO. Westmorland, on Bay of Fundy. 
 
 Mount Wlnans, vil., U.S., Maryland, co. and 3 m. SW. 
 Baltimore. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Mount Wycheproof, tp. , Victoria. See Wycheproof. 
 
 Moura, vil., Brazil, state Amazonas, on the Negro, 175 m. 
 NW. Manaos. 
 
 Moura, tn., Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, dist. Beja, 38 m. SE. 
 Evora. P. (comm.) 5600. 
 
 Mouramba, co.. New South Wales, crossed by 32° S. and 
 146° E. 
 
 Mourilo, tn., Portugal, Alemtejo, dist. and 33 m. ESE. 
 Evora, on 1. bk. of Guadiana R. P. < 3000. 
 
 Monrllyan, harb., Queensland. See Ceraldton. 
 
 Monrmelon, Le Grand and Le Petit, two tns., France, 
 dep. Marne, arr. Chaions-sur-Marne. M. Le Grand, 13 m. 
 N. Chalons-sur-Marne. P. <2ooo. M. Le Petit, 3 m. WSW. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Mournbeg, tnld. , Ire., NW. co. Tyrone, bar. W. Omagh, 
 15 m. NW. by W. Omagh, at junction of riv. Mourne Beg and 
 riv. Derg, P.O. (Mournebeg). P. <25o. 
 
 Mourne, riv. , Ire. See Strule. 
 
 Mourne, bar. , Ire. , in the SE. of co. Down. 
 
 Mourne, range of mts.. Ire., in the S. of co. Down, trending 
 from SW. to NE. ; highest peak Slieve Donard, 2796 ft. 
 
 Mourne, Lough, lake, Ire., in the E. of co. Antrim, 3 m. N. 
 Carrickfergus, drained SE. into Belfast Lough. 
 
 Mourne, Lough, small lake. Ire., in the SW. of co. Donegal, 
 15 m. WSW. Lifford ; 554 ft. above sea-level. 
 
 Mourne Abbey, par. , Ire. , N. co. Cork, bars. Barretts and 
 Fermoy, 4 m. S. Mallow, on the G. S. & W. R. ; 11,436 ac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Mourne Beg, riv. , Ire. , forms part of boundary between co. 
 Donegal and co. Tyrone, flows E. to the Derg. 
 
 Mourne Park, electoral div., Ire., Down, dist. Kilkeel No. 2. 
 
 Mourov>dagh, mt. , Caucasus, in Karabakh Range, govt, 
 and dist. Elisabethpol, 41° 49' N., 46° 36' E. Alt. 11,114 ft. 
 
 Mousa, small isL, Scot., Shetland Is., off the E. ct. of Main- 
 land, divided from the mainland by M. Sound, in 60° N. ; con- 
 tains a well-preserved Scandinavian fort. Length, i^ m. ; 
 breadth, J m. 
 
MOUS — MOYL 
 
 Bloascron, comm. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 7 
 m. SSW. Courtrai. P. (1866) 7700; (1890) 13,600. 
 
 Mouse, Walloon name of the riv. Meuse [q.v.)- 
 
 Monseliolrt Heatli, a former heath N. of Norwich, Eng. ; 
 headquarters of Ket, ' the tanner,' in the rebellion of 1549. 
 
 Monsehole (mauz'el), vil. , Eng., Cornwall, St. Ives div. , on 
 the S. ct. , 2 m. S. Penzance ; a seat of the pilchard fishery, 
 formerly a market-tn. known as Porth Enys ; coastguard 
 station. PMT.O. 
 
 iMonse Island, Ire. , in lower Lake of Killarney, S. co. Kerry. 
 
 Monsen, par., Eng., Northumberland, i m. S. Belford. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Mouse Water, small riv., Scot., Lanarkshire, rises in the E. 
 of the county and flows S. and SW. , passing Wilsontown, to the 
 Clyde, which it joins at Kirkfieldbank. 
 
 Alonsly, settlement, U.S., Utah, Salt Lake co., 20 m. S. 
 Salt Lake City. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Moustlers-Salute-Marle, vil., France, dep. Basses- Alpes, 
 arr. Digne, 45 m. NE. by E. Aix. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Monstlqae, isl. , West Indies, Windward Is., in 61° 10' W. 
 
 Mouswald, par. , Scot., Dumfriesshire, 6| m. ESE. Dumfries, 
 2 J m. NW. by N. Ruth well stn., P.O. ; 5889 ac. P. 500. 
 
 Moutajnp, postal-tn., Victoria, co. Dundas, 185 m. by rail 
 W. by N. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Monthe, vil., France, dep. Doubs, arr. Pontarlier, on the 
 Doubs, 25 m. NW. by W. Lausanne. P. <20oo. 
 
 Montliler»«, vil., France, dep. Charente, arr. and 7 m. S. by 
 W. Angouleme. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Montier (French, German MUiister), vil., Switzd. , cant. 
 Bern, 9 m. NW. by W. Solothurn. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Moiitiers-en-Tarantalse, tn. , France, dep. Savoie, cap. arr. 
 M., on Isere, 31 m. E. by S. Chamb^ry. Alt. 1575 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Montiers-les-SIanxfalts, vil., France, dep. Vendte, arr. 
 Sables d'Olonne, 27 m. NW. by N. La Rochelle. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Monton Point, cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the SE. ct. , 
 in 43° 52' N. 
 
 Monveanx, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. Lille, 2 m. SW. 
 Tourcoing. P. <30oo. 
 
 Mony, tn., France, dep. Oise, arr. Clermont, on the Th^rain, 
 13 m. SE. by E. Beauvais. P. <4000. 
 
 Monzon, tn. , France, dep. Ardennes, on the r. bk. of the 
 Meuse, arr. and 9 m. SE. Sedan. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Moveen, electoral div., Ire., co. Clare, bar. Moyarta, 9 m. 
 W. Kilrush. 
 
 Movhldy, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. E. Muskerry, on riv. Bride, 
 7 m. NW. Bandon ; 6132 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 MoTllle, tn. , Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Inishowen, on the W. 
 shore of Lough Foyle, 17 m. NE. by N. Londonderry; a 
 sea-bathing resort and calling-place for American steamers. 
 PMT.O. P. <:i5oo; pars. Lower M. 15,952 ac, P. <45oo; 
 Upper M. 19,072 ac. , P. <:35oo. 
 
 Moivbray, municip. , Cape Colony, Cape dist. , 3 m. ESE. 
 Cape Town. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Mowcop, coal-mining vil. , Eng., Cheshire, div. and 9 m. E. 
 by N. Crewe and 3I m. S. Congleton, on the N. Staffordshire 
 Rly., PM.O. Eccles. par. (M. St. Thomas) in co. of Stafford- 
 shire, P. <:20oo. 
 
 Moifveaqua, vil., U.S., Illinois, Shelby co., 16 m. S. by W. 
 Decatur by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mower, co., U.S., Minnesota, on the S. frontier, crossed in 
 the W. by 93° W. 
 
 Mowltan, P.O., Ire., 3 m. S. Markethill, co. Armagh. 
 
 Mowhangli, P.O. , Scot., 6 m. from Yetholm, Roxburghshire. 
 
 Mowllah'h, seapt. tn. , Arabia. See Mollah. 
 
 Monvney, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Slievardagh, 5 m. 
 E. Killenaule. P. <2So. 
 
 Mowsley, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 10 m. 
 SSE. Leicester, 2 m. NW. by N. Theddingworth stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. See Knaptoft. 
 
 Moxahala, vil. , U.S. , Ohio, Perry co. , 55 m. ESE. Columbus. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Moxby, part of eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire. See Marton 
 In the Forest. 
 
 Moxhe, comm., Belgium, prov. and 22 m. W. Liege. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Moxley, eccles. par. and coal-mining vil. , Eng., Staffordshire, 
 Darlaston, Wednesbury, and Wolverhampton pars., i m. SE. 
 Bilston, with a stn. (Bradley and M.) on G. W. R. P. <4000. 
 
 Moy, or Magh, Irish, ' a field,' ' a plain.' 
 
 Moy, vil., France, dep. Aisne, arr. and 7 m. SSE. St. Quentin. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Moy, electoral div., Ire., Clare, dist. Milltownmalbay. 
 
 Moy, riv., Ire., flows N. and W. through cos. Sligo and Mayo 
 into Killala Bay, navigable to near Ballina. Length about 40 m. 
 
 Moy, small market-tn. and riv. port, Ire., SE. co. Tyrone, 
 bar. Middle Dungannon, 5 m. SE. Dungannon, on riv. Black- 
 water, 2| m. from its stn. (Trew and M.) on the G. N. ( Ire.) R. 
 The fair on the first Thursday and Friday of each month is 
 much frequented by horse buyers. PMT.O. Market-day, F. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Moy, part of par., Scot., Elginshire and Nairnshire. See 
 Dyke and Moy. 
 
 Moy, Loch, lake, Scot. See Moy and Dalarossle. 
 
 Moya, comm., Canary Is., dist. Guia. P. < 5000. 
 
 Moya, tn., Spain, prov. and 30 m. N. Barcelona. P. (comm.) 
 <3000. 
 
 Moya, vil., Spain, prov. and 40m. ESE. Cuenca, dist. Canete, 
 near the source of the riv. Moya, which flows S. to the Cabriel. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Moyacomh, par.. Ire., cos. Carlow, Wexford, and Wicklow, 
 bars. Upper St. MuUins, Scarawalsh, and Shillelagh, on riv. 
 Derry, contains Clonegall town ; 17,437 ac. P. <;20oo. 
 
 MoyallflT, par.. Ire., E. co. Tipperary, bar. Upper Kilna- 
 managh, 6 m. WSW. Thurles ; 8021 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Moyallau, tnld. , Ire., NW. co. Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, 
 Upper Half, 3 m. SE. Portadown, on the r. bk. of the Bann, 
 P.O. (MoyaUen). P. <25o. 
 
 Moyana, or Mojana, riv., S. America, Colombia, a 1. bk. 
 trib. of Magdalena, the lower course of the riv. Cuenca after it 
 leaves the prov. Antiquoia. 
 
 Moy and Dalarossle, par. , Scot. , Inverness-shire and Nairn- 
 shire, Moy vil. on the W. shore of Loch M. (lake \\ m. long, 
 drained SE. into the Findhorn), 9^ m. SE. Inverness, PT.O. 
 (Moy) ; 111,477 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Moyanna, par.. Ire., Queen's co. , bar. and 3 m. NE. Strad- 
 bally; 6816 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Moy&r, stream, Brit. India, Madras Presidency, Nflpri 
 plateau, in n° 35' N., 76° 37' E.; has long reaches or pools in 
 which are trout and other fish, the ova of which were imported 
 from England. 
 
 Moyard, tnld. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. Ballynahinch, 3 m. from 
 Letterfrack, 35 m. from Westport stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Moyarget, tnld., Ire., N. co. Antrim, bar. Cary, 12^ m. E. by 
 S. Portrush, 4 m. from Ballycastle stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Moyarta, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. M., at mouth of the 
 Shannon, 4 m. from Kilrush ; 15,613 ac. P. <;35oo. 
 
 Moyashel and Magheraderiion, bar. , Ire. , Mid co. West- 
 meath. 
 
 Moyasta, P.O., Ire., co. Clare, 4 m. from Kilrush. 
 
 Moy bane, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Armagh, dist. Crossmaglen. 
 
 Moybolgne, par., Ire., cos. Cavan and Meath, bars. Clan- 
 kee and Lower Kells, near Bailieborough ; 6761 ac. P. <i50o. 
 
 Moycarky, par. , Ire. , E. co. Tipperary, bar. Eliogarty, 4 m. 
 S. by E. Thurles. P. <7So. 
 
 Moycarn, bar.. Ire., in the extreme S. of co. Roscommon. 
 
 Moycashel, bar. , Ire. , in the S. of co. Westmeath. 
 
 Moyclare, electoral div., Ire., King's co., dist. Ferbane. 
 
 Moycnllen, par.. Ire., N. co. and 7 m. NW. Galway, bar. 
 M., PM.O.; 32,556 ac. P. < 4500. 
 
 Moydart, dist. , Scot. , Inverness-shire. See Moldart. 
 
 Moydoiv, par.. Ire., SW. co. and 4 m. S. by E. Longford, 
 bar. M., P.O.; 4628 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Moydrnm, electoral div.. Ire., Westmeath, dist. Glassan. 
 
 Moyenniontler, vil. , France, dep. Vosges, arr. and 7 m. N. 
 by W. St. Di6, with remains of a celebrated Benedictine abbey 
 founded in the 7th century. P. <20oo. 
 
 Moyennevllle, vil., France, dep. Somme, arr. and 5 m. 
 SW. by W. Abbeville. P. <20oo. 
 
 Moyenvlc, vil., Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, circle Chateau-Salins, 
 18 m. ENE. Nancy. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Moye Point, headland, on S. ct. of Jersey, Channel Is., near 
 W. end ; supplied the stone used for the Thames Embankment 
 and Chatham Docks. 
 
 Moye Point, headland, near middle of S. ct. of Guernsey, 
 Channel Is. 
 
 Moyeuvre, Gross (French Moy envre, Grande), tn., Ger., 
 Alsace-Lorraine, circle Diedenhofen, on the Orne R. , 11 m. 
 NNW. Metz ; large deposits of iron ore in vicinity, and in the 
 town large iron-smelting works. P. 5400. 
 
 Moyfenrath, Lower, bar.. Ire., in the S. of co. Meath. 
 Moyfenrath, Upper, an adjoining bar. in the extreme SW. of 
 the county. 
 
 Moygawnagh, par., Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, 6 m. N. 
 Crossmohna ; 20,269 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Moyglare, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Deece, 2 m. E. 
 Kilcock, i^ m. from Ma3mooth stn.; 4559 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Moygolsh, bar. , Ire. , in the NW. of co. Westmeath. 
 
 Moylagli, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Fore, on riv. Inny, 3 m. 
 SW. Oldcastle ; 7457 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Moylat, P.O., Ire., 7 m. from Stradone, co. Cavan. 
 
 Moyle, in Gaelic place-names, 'a round hill,' or 'bald pro- 
 montory.' See Moel. 
 
 Moyle, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, dist. Gortin. 
 
 Moylgrove, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, i m. from the N. 
 ct., 4 m. W. by S. Cardigan, PM.O. (Moylegrove). P. <:soo. 
 
 MoyUsker, par.. Ire., SE. co. Westmeath, bar. Fartullagh, 
 3^ m. S. Mullingar. P. <25o. 
 
 Moylongh, par.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bars. Tiaquin and 
 Killian, 11 m. E. by S. Tuam, 9 m. from Woodlawn stn., 
 PMT.O.; 23,387 ac. P. < 4000. 
 
 ^^ 1049 
 
MOYM — MSTA 
 
 nioymet, par., Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Navan, 2 m. 
 NW. Trim. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Moyualty, par.. Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. Lower Kells, 
 12^ m. NW. Navan, on riv. Moynalty, 4 m. from Kells stn., 
 PMT.O. ; 12,679 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Moyne, electoral div. , Ire., N. co. Galway, bar. Clare, iij 
 m. W. by S. Tuam. 
 
 Moyne, tnld. , Ire., N. co. Longford, bar. Granard, 12 m. 
 WSW. Cavan, 8 m. from Arva Road stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Moyne, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, 6^ m. N. 
 by W. Ballina. P. <25o. 
 
 Moyne, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Ballaghaderin (co. Mayo). 
 
 Moyne, par. and tn., Ire., NE. co. Tipperary, bar. Eliogarty, 
 6 m. NE. Thurles, P.O. Par. 9514 ac, P. < 1500 ; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Moyne, par., Ire., SW. co. Wicklow, bar. S. Ballinacor, 14 
 m, WNW. Arklow, 4 m. from Ballinglen stn., P.O.; 8459 ac. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Moynehall, electoral div., Ire., co. and dist. Cavan. 
 
 Moynoe, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Upper TuUa, 3 m. NE. 
 Scarriff; 9460 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Moynsha, electoral div. , Ire. , Kerry, dist. Listowel. 
 
 Moyobaniba, tn. , Peru, cap. dep. Loreto, cap. prov. M. , 220 
 m, NE. Trujillo, and 140 m. E. Jaen. Alt. 2820 ft. P. 9500. 
 
 Moyo4le, electoral div. , Ire. , Galway, dist. Athenry. 
 
 Moyola KlTcr, Ire. , in the SE. of co. Londonderry, flows 
 into the NW. of Lough Neagh. 
 
 Moyra Glebe, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Donegal, bar. Kil- 
 macrenan, 31 m. WNW. Londonderry. P. <25o. 
 
 Moyras, ct. par.. Ire. , in NW. co. Galway, bar. Ballynahinch, 
 at E. of entrance to Bertraghboy Bay, 34 m. W. by N. Galway, 
 containing the Twelve Pins and a great part of Connemara ; 
 100,982 ac. P. 8200. 
 
 Moyston, settlement, Victoria, Borung co. , 8 m. W. by S. 
 Ararat. 
 
 Moy vally, tnld. , Ire. , N W. co. Kildare, bar. Carbury, loj m. 
 SW. by S. Trim, with a stn. (Moyvalley) on the M. G. W. R., 
 PMT.O. (Moyvalley). P. <:25o. 
 
 Moyvore, tn. , Ire., SW. co. Westmeath, bar. Rathconrath, 12 
 m. W. MuUingar, 6 m. from Castletown stn., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Mozabltes, or M'zabltes, people originally natives of Mzab, 
 now scattered over all the N. of Africa. 
 
 Mozac, vil. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 8 m. N. Clermont- 
 Ferrand, arr. and adjoining Riom on the SW. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Mozah, place named in O. T. See Beit MIzzeli. 
 
 Mozambique, Portuguese colony in E. Africa ; it extends 
 from Cape Delgado to the Delagoa Bay, and is bounded on the 
 W. by British Zambezia, the South .African Republic, and Swazi- 
 land. The coast is flat and swampy, but towards the interior 
 the country gradually rises, and is covered with forests. Prin- 
 cipal rivers, Rovuma, Zambezi, Pungwe, Sabi, Limpopo. Climate 
 unhealthy to Europeans. The native population consists of 
 various Bantu tribes, whose principal occupation is agriculture 
 (maize cultivated in large quantities). Chief exports, cotton, 
 oil-nuts, oil-seeds, caoutchouc, ivory, indigo, gum, coffee, wax, 
 tobacco, and sugar ; chief imports, textile fabrics, alcoholic 
 beverages, and glass-beads. In 1892 the imports were valued 
 at j^i43,ooo, and the exports at ^^88,000. The slave-trade, 
 formerly one of the principal sources of revenue of the colony, 
 is now entirely suppressed. In 1891 the colony was constituted 
 by a decree as the State of E. Africa (' Estado d' Africa Oriental'), 
 and divided into two parts, firstly, the prov. of M., com- 
 prising the territories N. of the Zambezi, with the town of M. 
 as cap. ; and secondly, the prov. of Louren90 Marquez, S. of 
 the Zambezi, with Louren9o Marquez as cap. Other places 
 of importance, Quilimane, Chiluane, Sofala, Inhambane, Sena, 
 and Tete. The colony has 65 m. of railways. Area, 261,700 
 sq. m. P. 1,500,000. [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Mozambique, seapt. and cap. of Portuguese State of E. 
 Africa, on a small island in 15° 2' S. , 40° 44' E. Principal edifices, 
 a cathedral, government palace, and three forts. The suburb 
 Mesuril or Mozuril, on the opposite mainland, is the favourite 
 place of residence of the Europeans. There are no docks, but 
 vessels (which find a sheltered anchorage \\.o \ ni. from shore 
 on a sandy bottom) load and discharge by means of lighters. 
 P. 8000. 
 
 Mozambique Channel, strait of the Indian Ocean, separating 
 Madagascar from the mainland of E. Africa. Length N. to S. 
 about 950 m. ; breadth, 250 m. in its centre, 600 m. at its N. 
 and its S. outlet. Coasts a good deal broken, but only the inlets 
 of Mozambique and Sofala are of much size. It receives the 
 Zambezi R. , and in its N. outlet are the Comoro Is. 
 
 Mozdok, dist. tn., Russia, N. Caucasia, govt. Terek, 50 m. 
 N. of Vladikavkaz, on 1. bk. Terek ; considerable trade. P. 
 (1891) 13,000. 
 Moze, part of par. , Eng. , Essex. See Beaumont- witli-Moze. 
 Mozgojncl, comm. , Austria. See Moschganzen. 
 .Mozhaisk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 69 m. by rail WSW. 
 of Moscow. P. 5250. 
 
 Mozuril, suburb of Mozambique \q.v.). 
 Mozyr', dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 241 m. SE. Minsk, on 
 1050 
 
 railway Warsaw to Orel, on Pripyat' R.; tanneries. P. (1891) 
 1 1 , 270. 
 
 Mpaka, or Mpania, riv., W. Africa, French Congo Terr., 
 flowing NE. towards the Alima ; lower course unknown. 
 
 Mpal, vil., W. Africa, French Senegal colony, 16 m. ESE. 
 St. Louis, station on railway between St. Louis and Dakar. 
 
 Mpala, vil., Congo Free State, on the W. side of Lake 
 Tanganyika, in 6° 46' S. ; with mission station of the Lady of 
 Africa. 
 
 Mparlra, another form of Inipalera, tn. , S. Africa. 
 
 Mpassu, vil. , Portuguese E. Africa, on the Shire, 63 m. S. 
 by E. Blantyre, in 36° 20' E. long. , 16° 39' S. lat. 
 
 Mpemba's, vil., S. Africa, Nyassa-land, on the W. side of 
 Lake Nyassa, near its lower end, in 13° 56' S. 
 
 Mpesenl, vil., S. Africa, Nyassa-land, in 13° 39' S., 32° 29' E. 
 
 Mplmbl, or Pimbl, military post, with steamer quay, S. 
 Africa, Brit. Nyassa-land, on the Shire, above the rapids, 57 
 m. S. of the S. end of Lake Nyassa, in 5° 18' S. 
 
 Mplmbue, vil. , Ger. E. Africa, 48 m. E. of Lake Tanganyika, 
 in 7° 16' S. , 31° 16' E. 
 
 M'Ponibo, post, Africa. See Pombo. 
 
 Mponda's, large native vil. , S. Africa, at the issue of the Shire 
 from Lake Nyassa ; inhabited chiefly by Yaos and Nyanges ; 
 unhealthy ; station of the Lady of Africa mission. Was taken 
 and burnt by the English in 1891. 
 
 Mpongwe, tribe, W. ct. Africa, on both banks of the estuary 
 of the Gabun. 
 
 Mpororo, tribe, central Africa, to S. of Lake Albert Edward. 
 
 Mpozo, riv. , W. Africa, mainly in Portuguese terr. , flows N W. 
 and enters the Congo at Matadi, Congo Free State. 
 
 Mputa, stn., Brit. Central Africa, on the NE. comer of Lake 
 Mweru. 
 
 Mpwapwa, tn., with an English mission station, Ger. E. 
 Africa, Usagara, in about 6° 15' S. , 36° 31' E. 
 
 Mramoriik, comm., Hungary, co. Temes, dist. Kubin, 25 m. 
 E. by N. Belgrade. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mrlba, Makua vil. , Portuguese E. Africa, in 16° 22' S. , 38° 5' N. 
 
 Mrlma, native name for that part of the Zanzibar coast of 
 E. Africa, facing the isls. of Pemba and Zanzibar. 
 
 MrkopalJ, comm., Austria, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Modrus- 
 Rieka, dist. Delnice, 20 m. E. Fiume. P. <4000. 
 
 Mriigoro, French mission station, Ger. E. Africa, in about 
 6° 47' S. , 37° 47' E. 
 
 Mro-haung, or Myo-haung, formerly called Arakan, tn., 
 Burma, dist. and 32 m. NNE. Akyab. It appears to have been 
 known to Ptolemy as Triglyphon, probably derived from the 
 cognisance of the town, the sacred Buddhist triglyph ; ruins of 
 three square enclosures, one within the other, still existing. Hot- 
 bed of intermittent fever. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Mromonlo, riv., E. Africa, Mozambique, flows E. to the 
 head of Mokamba Bay, S. of Mozambique I. 
 
 Mrorogo, vil. and former mission station, Ger. E. Africa, in 
 N. of Usagara, in about 6° 15' S. , 36° 15' E. 
 
 Mrowl, stn., S. Africa, Nyassa-land, on the W. shore of Lake 
 Nyassa, in 10° 46' S. ; coal in the neighbourhood. 
 
 M'rull, former cap. of Unyoro, central Africa, on S. bank 
 of the Somerset Nile, where it turns N. a few miles below its 
 issue from Lake Kioga. 
 
 Mrnmbl, bay, W. side Lake Tanganyika, central Africa, 7° S. 
 
 M'rutl, region, E. Africa, Somali-land, on the Indian Ocean, 
 N. Benadir. 
 
 Mrzygldd, comm., Austria, crownland Galicia, on the San, 
 58 m. WNW. Drohobycz, and 24 m. SW. Przemysl. P. <2000. 
 
 Msablha, Jebel, mt. summit, Africa, Algeria, prov. Oran, 
 in 35° 40' N. , 0° 57' 2" W. 
 
 Msakln, tn. , Africa. See Mesaken. 
 
 MsalAla, English mission station, central Africa, in about 
 3° i' S. , 32° 53' E. , 6 m. S. of the S. end of Smyth Sound, 
 Lake Victoria Nyanza. 
 
 Msalu Klver, riv. , Portuguese E. Africa, having its mouth 
 in Mozambique Channel, in 11° 38' S. ; course not known. 
 
 MsaM'esl, vil., in S. of Ger. E. Africa, in 11° 22' S. , 35° 55' E. 
 
 Msclieno, tn., Austria, prov. Bohemia, dist. and 9 m. NE. 
 Melnik, and 26 m. N. by E. Prague. P. <3000. 
 
 Msendua, or llkassa, cataracts on the upper Congo, Africa, 
 in 3° 2S'-33' S. 
 
 Mslla, Arab tn. , Africa, Algeria, prov. and 130 m. WSW. 
 Constantine, S. of the mts. of Hodna ; a flourishing town in the 
 Middle Ages ; mucli injured in 1886 by an earthquake. P. <4000. 
 
 Mslnje, riv., in W. of Portuguese E. Africa, flows NNE. into 
 the Rovuma, which it enters in about 35° 45' E. 
 
 Mslrl, or Mshlrl, native state of S. central Africa, W. of Lake 
 Mwero and NW. Lake Bangweolo, crossed by 10° S. lat.; ex- 
 ports, through ports on W. ct. Africa, ivory, caoutchouc, and 
 wax, in return for (imports) gunpowder and textiles ; country 
 rich in copper. 
 
 Msta, riv., Russia, govts. Tver and Novgorod, rises in Lake 
 Mstino, on Valdai plateau, flows NE., NW., and SW., enters 
 Lake Ilmeii from E. ; has many rapids, but nevertheless is much 
 navigated, forming part of the Vyshnevolotskiy system of canals. 
 
MSTE 
 
 M U E L 
 
 Length, 270 m. (360 m. with navigable Tsna, trib. of Lake 
 Mstino). 
 
 Mstera, tn. , Russia, govt, and 60 m. ENE. Vladimir, on the 
 Klyazma ; centre for painting of ikons and cheap lithographs 
 for peasants. P. <5ooo. 
 
 JWstisIaTl, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 98 m. E. Moghilev. 
 Old town, formerly cap. of a princip. ; trade in hemp. P. 7000. 
 
 Msnva, tn. , Portuguese E. Africa, on the Likwali, 32 m. NW. 
 by N. Quilimane, in 36° 39' E. long. , 17° 29' S. lat. 
 
 Mswata, stn. , Congo Free State, on the 1. bk. of the Congo, in 
 3° 23' S. , 16° 24' E. ; former station of the African Association. 
 
 Attn, Georgian, 'mountain.' 
 
 Mtarika, vil., E. Africa, on an island in riv. Rovuma, above 
 the confluence of the Lujenda. 
 
 Mtepwesl, riv., Portuguese E. Africa, flows on the whole 
 ENE. into the Mozambique Channel, which it enters in 12° 28' S. ; 
 a little above its mouth it expands into a long lake called Lake 
 Birlblzl. See map, Proc. K. G. S., 1890, p. 256 (i : 1,450,000). 
 
 Mtlr, Belli, Berber tribe of Morocco, on both N. and S. of 
 the Atlas, the former about the sources of Wadi Muluya, the 
 latter about the sources of Wadi Ziz. They are Mussulmans, 
 and venerate the Sherif of Wazan. 
 
 Mtonla, vil., E. Africa, in about 13° 30' S. , at alt. of 3500 ft. 
 on S. slope of Mount Mtonia, 30 m. E. Lake Nyassa. 
 
 nitoraiidenga, lake, E. Africa, lying N. of Lake Shirwa, and 
 giving origin to riv. Lujenda, the principal r. bk. trib. of the 
 Rovuma. 
 
 Mto Tana, ferry across the Tana, Brit. E. Africa, on the road 
 from Vitu to Malindi. A lake producing salt near. 
 
 MtO'w^, called also Plymouth Rock, vil. , central Africa, on 
 penin. projecting from W. ct. of Lake Tanganyika, about 70 m. 
 SSW. Ujiji. 
 
 Mtseusk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 31 m. by rail NE. Orel, 
 on navigable Zusha R. ; considerable trade in cereals, hemp, 
 hempseed, oil, exported. P. 16,300. 
 
 Mtsklteta, vil., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 13 m. NW. 
 Tiflis, at junction of Aragva and Kura. One of the oldest 
 inhabited places in Caucasia, founded by the Meskhes. Was 
 residence of Georgian kings in 4th century. Old church founded 
 in 328, several times destroyed and rebuilt ; tombs of several 
 kings of Georgia ; old library. P. <iooo. 
 
 JMttucIilIa, r. bk. trib. of the Rus, Brit. Nyassa-land, S. Africa. 
 
 Mtvra, Batwa, or Wativa, tribe of dwarfs in central Africa, 
 ranging between W. of Lake Tanganyika and riv. Lomami. 
 
 Mu, riv.. Upper Burma, flows N. to S. parallel to and about 
 30 m. W. of the Ira wadi from about the lat. of Bhamo, and finally 
 enters the Irawadi about the lat. of Mandalay. A railway is 
 now being made up the valley. 
 
 Miiache Falls, S. Africa. See Lnflra, riv. 
 
 Nuniigla, tn. , China. See Maliiela. 
 
 Mnang-Sal, princip. , Malay Penin. See Kedah. 
 
 Mnaiig-slng, cap. of Shan state Chieng-kheng, Indo-China, 
 not far from 1. bk. of Mekong, and 120 m. NW. Luang Prabang. 
 
 Miianza, dist. and vil. , Ger. E. Africa, S. of Victoria Nyanza, 
 the village on E. side of Smyth Sound, near its entrance into the 
 lake, in 2° 25' S. lat. 
 
 Ulnar, riv. , Malay Penin. See Mnawr. 
 
 Mnara, or Moaro, isl., Borneo, on W. side of Brunei Bay, 
 crossed by 5° N. , 115° 7' E. , with coaling harbour. 
 
 DIuarl, Kas, cape, India. See Monze. 
 
 Mnasdale, P.O., Scot., Argyllshire, 5 m. S. Tayinloan. 
 
 Mnasl, vil., S. Africa, in 12° 58' S., 33° 10' E. 
 
 DInata Knmbana, vil., Congo Free State, in 6° 12' S. , 20° E. 
 
 Mna-wr, riv., Malay Penin., rises in Negri Sembilan, and 
 flows on the whole S. through Johor into the Strait of Malacca, 
 mouth in 2° 3'N. Its source is near the Serting, a river of the 
 Pahang basin, so that a short portage connects the navigation 
 of the two basins. 
 
 Alaliilrakpnr, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Azamgarh, 
 55 m. NNE. Benares ; inhabitants chiefly weavers. P. 14,400 ; 
 Moham. 10,300 ; Hindus, 4100. 
 
 IMnbarakpnr, vil., India, Bahdwalpur, 68 m. S. by W. 
 Miiltdn. 
 
 Mnbarakpnr, vil., India, Bahiwalpur, 86 m. E. by S. 
 Multan, on the Fordwah Canal. 
 
 Mnbarraz, or Mebarraz, important vil., Arabia, in Turkish 
 prov. El Haza, 3 m. N. El Hofuf. 
 
 Mncli, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Sieg, 19 m. E. 
 by S. Cologne. P. 6300. 
 
 MnchacMuock, coal-mining vil. , U.S., Iowa, Mahaska co., 
 4 m. S. Oskaloosa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mncltalls, stn., Scot., Kincardineshire, on the E. ct. , on the 
 C. R., 4 m. NNE. Stonehaven, PM.O. 
 
 Mucbamlel, comm., Spain, prov., dist., and 5 m. N. Ali- 
 cante. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Mnchanagli, electoral div. , Ire., Westmeath, dist. Glassan. 
 
 Muclielii, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Querfurt, 15 m. 
 SSW. Halle. P. < 2000. 
 
 Muc'liclney ('the great island'), par., Eng. , Somerset, E. div., 
 9^ m. NW. by W. Yeovil, i^ m. SE. Langport stn. P. <25o. | 
 
 MncM, stn. , Africa, Congo Free State, on the N. bank of the 
 Kwa, 43 m. ENE. of its confluence with the Congo. 
 
 Muck, small isl., Scot., Argyllshire, in 56° 50' N., 6° 15' W. 
 (middle of island). P. 48. 
 
 Muck, Isle of, inlet. Ire. , off E. ct. co. Antrim, in 54° 51' N. 
 
 Muckalrn, part of par. , Scot. See Ardcbattan and JM. 
 
 Mnckalee, par., Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Fassadinin, 4 m. 
 NE. Piltown. P. <5oo. 
 
 Muckalee, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bars. Iverk and Knock- 
 topher, 3 m. S. Castlecomer. P. <soo. 
 
 Muckaniore, tn. , Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Massereene, 
 on Lough Neagh, PMT.O. P. <:25o; par. (Cirange of M.) 
 4028 ac. , P. < 1500. 
 
 Muckanagh, electoral div. , Ire. , Clare, dist. Corrofin. 
 
 Nuckart, par., Scot., E. Perthshire, 15^ m. SE. by S. Crieff, 
 7j m. SE. by S. Crieff June, P.O. (Nuckliart) ; 4928 ac. P. 
 
 <75o- 
 
 Mnckavln, par., Scot., Argyllshire, 9 m. E, Oban, close to 
 Taynuilt stn. See Ardchattau and Muckavin. 
 
 Muckbart, P.O., Scot. See Muckart. 
 
 Mucking, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 12 m. ESE. Romford, 
 I m. S. Stanford-le-Hope stn.; on M. Flat, 2;^ m. E., is a light- 
 house, visible 11 m. P. <5oo. 
 
 Muckle, Scotch, ' much,' ' great.' See Mickle, under second 
 part of name. 
 
 Mncklefonl, settlement, Victoria, co. Talbot, 85 m. by rail 
 NW. Melbourne. 
 
 Mncklestone, par., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., loj m. 
 WSW. Stoke-upon-Trent, 2 m. SE. by E. Norton-in-Hales stn.; 
 4252 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Mnckno, par., Ire., co. Monaghan, bar. Cremome, contains 
 Castleblaney town ; 16,665 ac. P. 5200. 
 
 Muckno, Lough, lake. Ire., in the E. of co. Monaghan, 13 
 m. SE. Monaghan, 302 ft. above sea-level, drained by the Fane 
 SE. into Dundalk Bay. 
 
 Mnckno Mill, Lough, small lake, Ire., in the E. of co. 
 Monaghan, 12 m. SE. Monaghan, draining S. into Lough M. 
 
 Muckros Head, cape. Ire., SW. co. and 19 m. W. by S. 
 Donegal, at N. entrance to Donegal Bay. 
 
 Muckross, tnld. and penin.. Ire., SE. co. Kerry, bar. 
 Magunihy, on the SE. shore of Lough Leane, 3 m. S. Killarney, 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Muckton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindseydiv. , 5 m. 
 SE. by S. Louth, \\ m. WN W. Authorpe stn. P. <25o ; eccles. 
 par. (M. ^Ith Bnrwell and Walmsgate) P. <5oo. 
 
 Mucuchles, vil. , Venezuela, Los Andes, prov. Guzman, about 
 95 m. SW. Trujillo, and 310 m. SW. by W. Cardcas. 
 
 Mncury, riv., Brazil, flows on the whole ESE. into the 
 Atlantic, which it enters in about 18° 6' S. It rises in Minas 
 Geraes, and its lower course forms the boundary between Bahia 
 and Espirito Santo. 
 
 Mud, small isl., Canada, Nova Scotia, off the S. ct. , in 65° 
 50' W., 15 m. WNW. Cape Sable. 
 
 Mikda, Cape, Greece, the SE. end of Cephalonia I. 
 
 Mudanla, tn., Turkey in Asia, prov. Khodavendikiar, on the 
 S. side of the Injir Liman, Sea of Marmora, 16 m. NW. Brussa, 
 of which it is the port, though it is much exposed to winds. 
 
 Mud Creek, small riv., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co. , flows 
 E. to the riv. Nottawasaga, between Lake Ontario and Georgian 
 Bay. 
 
 Muddlford, P.O., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 3 m. N. Barn- 
 staple. 
 
 Muddock River, Ire., S. co. Down, flows W. to the Bann. 
 
 Mu«ldy Creek, post-vil. , Canada, Prince Edward I., Prince 
 CO., 9 m. from Summerside. P. <i50o. 
 
 Mudeford, Mudford, or Mnddlfortl, eastern suburb of 
 Christchurch, Eng., Hampshire, included in the pari. bor. of 
 Christchurch, PM.O. (Mudeford). 
 
 Mndersbach, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Koblenz, 
 circle Altenkirchen, dist. Kirchen, on riv. Sieg. P. <30oo. 
 
 Mudford, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 2^ m. NNE. Yeovil, 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Mndgal, tn. and fort, India, Haidardbdd, SW. div., dist. 
 Lingsagar, on a trib. of Tungabhadra R., 64 m. NNW. Bellary. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Mndge, Cape, Brit. Columbia, S. end of Valdez I., in 50° N., 
 Strait of Georgia. 
 
 Mndge, Point, cape, Cape Colony, S. ct., between Sandown 
 Bay and Walker Bay, in 34° 24' S. lat. , and 19° 9' E. long. 
 
 Mndgee, gold-mining tn., New South Wales, Wellington co., 
 60 m. N. Bathurst. P. <3000. 
 
 Mudhol, tn. , India, Bombay, on Ghatprabha R., 47 m. SW. 
 Bijapur. P. (1881) 6100. 
 
 Mtkdkl, vil, Brit. India, Punjab, 64 m. SSE. Lahore, in 30" 
 47' N. , 74° 55' E. ; memorable for the battle in 1845 which in- 
 augurated the first Sikh war. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Mlidla-b&galu, tn., India. See MulbAgal. 
 
 Mud Lake. See Wlnneniucca Lake. 
 
 Mudun, ct. dist. , Africa. See Sambar. 
 
 Muela, seapt. tn., Arabia. See Mollah. 
 
 1051 
 
M U E L 
 
 M U I R 
 
 Mnela de San Jnan, mt., Spain, prov. Teruel, on SW. 
 border, contains the sources of the Tagus on its W. flank, and 
 of the Guadalquivir of Valencia on its N. Alt. 5300 ft. 
 
 Maelah, Wadl, valley. Upper Egypt, opening into the Raian 
 basin on the S. 
 
 Mneller Glacier, in the Southern Alps, New Zealand, 
 descending 8 m. NE. , its end-moraine nearly meeting that of 
 the Hooker Glacier which descends S. from Mount Cook. 
 
 Mueller's Creek, riv. , Australia. See Dlaniantlna. 
 
 Mueller's Peak, Australian Alps. See Kosciusko. 
 
 Mnene Puto Kassongo, vil. , Congo Free State, to the E. of 
 the Kwango, in 6' 28' S. , 17° 12' E. 
 
 Muertos, Pnnta de, cape, Cuba, N. ct., in 'J^° 4' W., at the 
 entrance to the Puerto de Nuevitas. 
 
 .HnflT, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Cavan, bar. Clankel, 20 m. WSW. 
 Dundalk. P. <250. 
 
 Muff, par. , Ire. , NE. co. Donegal, bar. W. Inishowen, 5^ m. 
 N. Londonderry, P.O.; 15,034 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Muff, tn. , Ire., co. Londonderry. See Egllnton. 
 
 Muga, Spain. See San Lorenzo de la Muga. 
 
 Mugaa, tn. , S. Arabia, 137 m. NE. Aden. 
 
 Mngaft Steppe, Russia, Transcaucasia, govt. Baku, a wide 
 dreary plain on Persian frontier, between Aras and Kur Rivs. ; 
 was well inhabited and irrigated before the Mongol invasion ; 
 crossed by highroad to Lenkorafi. 
 
 Mngardos, tn. , Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. Puentedeume, 
 on the S. side of the Bay [ria) of Ferrol, nearly opposite Ferrol. 
 P. (comm. ) 5300. 
 
 Mngdock Reservoir, Scot. , Stirlingshire. See Strath blane. 
 
 Mugdrum, isl. , Scot., Perthshire, in Firth of Tay, nearly 
 opposite Newburgh. P. 26. 
 
 Mttgeln, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, dist. Dresden, 19 m. WNW. 
 Meissen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mttgeln, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 30 m. ESE. 
 Leipzig, dist. Oschatz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mugem, or Muge, tn. , Portugal, prov. Estreniadura, 9 m. 
 SSW. Santarem, on riv. Mugem, near its confluence with the 
 Tagus. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mttggel-See, an expansion of the riv. Spree, Prussia, prov. 
 Brandenburg, a little above Kopenick, 2| m. long, \\ m. broad. 
 
 Muggensturm, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy and circle Baden, 4 
 m. ENE. Rastatt. P. <:300o. 
 
 Mnggerliaiiger, or Morhanger, vil., Eng. , Bedfordshire. 
 See Moggerhaiiger. 
 
 Mnggla, maritime tn. , Austria, Istria, on the Gulf of Trieste, 
 2 m. S. Trieste. P. <40oo. 
 
 Mngglnton, eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div. , 6 m. 
 NW. by N. Derby, 4 m. W. Duffield stn. P. <:75o. 
 
 MngglesM'lck, par., Eng., Durham, NW. div., on the r. bk. 
 of the Derwent, 11^ m. SE. by S. Hexham, 3 m. NW. by W. 
 Rowley stn.; 12,470 ac. P. <:50o. 
 
 Muggort's Bay, Ire. , co. Waterford, to the S. of Dungarvan 
 Harbour. 
 
 Mughal Empire. See India, Historical Notes. 
 
 Mnghalpnr, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Moraddbdd, 
 59 m. NW. Bareilly. P. (1881) 5300. 
 
 Mughhara, Wadl, Egypt. See Magharah. 
 
 Mughl, former Egyptian post, Africa, E. Sudan, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Nile, 62 m. S. Lado, near Yarbora Rapids. 
 
 Mugla, comm., Spain, prov. and 45 m. WSW. Corunna, 
 dist. CorcubicSn, on a promontory on W. side of estuary of the 
 riv. Camarinas. P. 6400. 
 
 Mugla, or Mughla, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet Smyrna, 
 sanjak Denizlii, 54 m. N. by E. Rhodes. P. 15,000; Moham. 
 13,800 (Cuinet). 
 
 Mugllana, vil., Turkey, on the N. ct. of the isl. of Crete, 49 
 m. E. by S. Candia, in 25° 59' E. 
 
 Mttglltz, tn. , Austria, Moravia, dist. Hohenstadt, 19 m. NW. 
 by W. Olmiitz. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mugnano del Cardlnale, vil., Italy, Campania, prov. and 
 9 m. W. Avellino. P. <4000. 
 
 Mugnano dl Napoll, vil., Italy, Campania, prov. and 20 m. 
 N. by W. Naples. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mngojar HlUs, Russia, Kirghiz Steppes, runs N. to S. 
 between 48° and 49° 30' N. Maximum alt. 960 ft. 
 
 Mngron, vil., France, dep. Landes, arr. St. Sever, on the 
 Adour, 18 m. N. Orthez. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Mngula, native name of Dufaure I. , British New Guinea, S. 
 Pacific. 
 
 Muhajlrin, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Yarsuat. 
 
 Muhallch, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet Khodavendikiar, 36 
 m. W. Brusa, 13 m. S. of the Sea of Marmora. P. 7500. 
 
 Mnhamdl, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Kheri, 58 m. SE. by 
 E. Bareilly. P. 6900 ; Hindus, 3900 ; Moham. 3000. 
 
 MuhanunadAbiid, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Azam- 
 garh, 55 m. NNE. Benares. P. 9600; Moham. 5200; Hindus, 
 4400. 
 
 MnhammadAhM, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Ghizi- 
 pur, about 60 m. ENE. Benares. P. 7100 ; Hindus, 4000 ; 
 Moham. 3100. 
 1052 
 
 Mnhamniadot, tn. , India. See Mamdot. 
 
 Muhamniadpur, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, on r. bk. Ganges, 
 dist. and 35 m. E. by S. Patna ; suburb of Birh. 
 
 Miihl, or Ciross-Mtthl, riv.. Upper Austria, 1. bk. trib. of 
 Danube, rises in Bavaria at SE. extremity of the Bohmer-Wald, 
 flows SE. and S. , and enters the Danube 17 m. NN W. Linz. 
 It is connected with the Moldau by the Schwarzenberg Canal. 
 
 Mnhlau, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Leipzig, dist. 
 Rochlitz, 9 m. NW. Chemnitz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Mnhlhach (German, in Hungarian SzAsz Sebes), tn. with 
 magistracy, Hungary, prov. and 29 m. WNW. Hermannstadt. 
 P. 6700. 
 
 Miihlberg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Liebenwerda, 
 on the r. bk. of the Elbe, 13 m. SE. Torgau, and 22 m. NNW. 
 Meissen. P. <4000. 
 
 Mtthlburg, former vil., Baden, circle and i m. W. Carlsruhe, 
 with which it has been incorporated since 1886. 
 
 Muhldorf, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 cap. circle M., on the 1. bk. of the Inn, 26 m. SE. Landshut. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 MUhle, German, 'a mill.' 
 
 Muhlenberg, co., U.S., Kentucky, in the SW., N. of 37° 
 N. , crossed in the E. by 87° W. 
 
 Mtthlhausen, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 13J m. W. by N. 
 Tabor. P. < 3000. 
 
 Miihlhansen, tn. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine. See Mttlhausen. 
 
 Miihlhausen, comm., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle 
 Preussisch-Holland, 13J m. E. by N. Elbing. P. <3000. 
 
 Mtthlhausen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, cap. circle M. , on 
 the riv. Unstrut, 30 m. NW. by W. Erfurt, with manufactures 
 of woollens, cottons, hosiery, and woollen yarn, and trade in 
 corn, flower-seeds, wool. P. (1871) 19,500; (1890) 27,400. 
 
 Mtthlheini, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, prov. Starkenburg, 
 circle Offenbach, 6 m. E. by N. Frankfort-on-Main. P. <3000. 
 
 Muhlhelni, tn. , Ger., in the SW. of Wiirtemberg, Black 
 Forest circle, on the riv. Danube, 35 m. S. by W. Tubingen, 4 
 m. NE. Tuttlingen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Muhllngen, Gross-, vil., Ger., duchy Anhalt, dist. Bernburg, 
 12 m. S. by E. Magdebiu-g. P. <3000. 
 
 Muhltughausen, comm., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle 
 Schwelm, 7 m. E. Elberfeld-Barmen. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Mtthlschttttl, vil.. Lower Austria, dist. Gross- Enzersdorf, 
 on 1. bk. Danube, opposite to Vienna. P. <30oo. 
 
 Muhltroff, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 28 m. WSW. 
 Zwickau. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mnhorongo, Muorongo, or Mworongo, maritime tn., E. 
 ct. Africa, in 5° 15' S., opposite the isl. of Pemba. 
 
 Muhr, riv. , Austria. See Mur. 
 
 Muhslmlen, vil., China, Suchwan, 130 m. SW. by W. 
 Chengtu-fu. 
 
 Mui, Tongkinese, 'promontory.' 
 
 Mulck, rivulet, Scot., Aberdeenshire, flows SE. to Loch M. 
 (2I: m. long), thence NE. to the Dee near Ballater ; 6 m. SW. 
 Ballater is a waterfair(36 ft. high) called the Linn of Mulck. 
 
 Mulden, comm., Holland, prov. N. Holland, on the S. shore 
 of the Zuider Zee, at the mouth of the Vecht, 6 m. ESE. 
 Amsterdam. P. < 3000. 
 
 MuUrea, mt. , Ire., extreme SW. co. Mayo, 17 m. SW. 
 Westport. Height, 2688 ft. 
 
 Mnlngnabo, riv.. Ire., N. co. Mayo, flows into an arm 
 running inland from the E. of Broad Haven. 
 
 Mnlngnabo, electoral div. , Ire. , Mayo, dist. Knocknalower. 
 
 Mnliigs, electoral div. , Ire. , Mayo, dist. Knocknalower. 
 
 Mnlfios, comm., Spain, prov. and 30 m. S. Orense, dist. 
 Bande. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mulr, glacier, Alaska, crossed by 59° N. and 136° W., with 
 an ice surface of about 350 sq. m., and with ice cliffs if m. in 
 length on M. Inlet, an indentation of Glacier Bay. 
 
 Mulr, vil., U.S., Michigan, Ionia co., 26 m. NNW. Lansing 
 by rail, on Grand R. , opposite Lyons. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mulravonslde, par., Scot., Stirlingshire, on riv. Avon, 3J 
 m. SW. Linlithgow ; 7963 ac. P. <4000. 
 
 Mulrdruni, vil., Scot., Forfarshire, ^\ m. WSW. Arbroath, 
 \\ m. N. by W. Carnoustie stn., P.O. 
 
 Mulrhead, vil. , Scot. See Benhar, West. 
 
 Miiirheud, vil. and P.O. , Scot. , Lanarkshire. See Chryston. 
 
 Mulrkirk, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Bothwell, 60 m. by 
 rail E. Essex Centre, and 6 m. from Lake Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mulrkirk, par. and tn. , Scot. , Ayrshire, on riv. and 26 m. 
 E. by N. Ayr, on the G. & SW. R. ; has mines of coal, iron- 
 stone, and limestone, and blast-furnaces. Par. 30,299 ac, P. 
 5200 ; tn. P. 3500. 
 
 Mulrmadkln, vil., Scot.. Lanarkshire, Bothwell par. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Mulr of Ord, vil., Scot., Ross-shire, 5^ m. S. by W. Ding- 
 wall, on the H. R. ; scene of great cattle, sheep, and horse 
 markets. PMT.O. 
 
 Mulr of Rhynle, par. , Scot. , Aberdeenshire. See Khynle. 
 
 Mulron, small isl. off the NW. ct. of W. Australia, near the 
 mouth of Exmouth Gulf. 
 
M U I R 
 
 MULL 
 
 Mnirtowu, PMT.O. , Scot., Inverness-shire, near Inverness. 
 
 Malscas, or Mnyscas, properly Ciilbclias, the most highly 
 civilised of the Indian tribes that at the time of the Spanish 
 conquest inhabited the plateaux now included in Colombia. 
 The M. had their seats in what now forms the state of Cundina- 
 marca. 
 
 IMuisue, tn., Ecuador, on the W. ct., no m. NW. by W. 
 Quito, in about o° 37' N., at the mouth of the small Muisne R. 
 
 Mult, post, Africa, French colony of the Senegal, 10 m. S. 
 St. Louis. 
 
 Nujedd'a, site, Palestine, Megiddo in the O. T. , 32° 28' N., 
 35" 28' E. , 19 m. SE. by S. Nazareth. 
 
 Mujeidel, site, Palestine, Migdal-el in the O. T., 33° 14' N., 
 35° 21' E. , 9^ m. ESE. Tyre. 
 
 Miijeres, Las, isl. , Mexico, in Strait of Yucatan, 35 m. S. by 
 E. Cape Catoche. Length, 5 m. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mujn, tn., Korea, 87 m. NW. by W. Fusan. 
 
 Aluka, tn., near N. ct. of Sarawak, in 2° 52' N., 112° 10' E. 
 
 mnkiiinii, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 45 m. E. by S. 
 Patna, of recent growth, with railway station. P. (1881) 13,100 ; 
 (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 JMukaiubo, or Muiikamba, small lake, Africa, Congo Free 
 State, about 240 m. WSW. Nyangwe, 23 m. E. by N. Lulua- 
 burg. Length, 4 m. ; alt. 2230 ft. 
 
 Mnkaiidw^ra, vil., India, Rajputana, 32 m. SW. Kotah. 
 M. Pass, SW. of Kotah, is the only defile, for a considerable 
 distance, practicable for carriages between the rivs. Chambal 
 and Kill Sind. 
 
 Mukden (Manchu, Chinese name Shlngklng), tn., cap. of 
 Manchuria, prov. Liautung, on the Hun-ho, no m. NE. of 
 its port Niuchwang, in 41" 50' N., 123° 40' E. ; is surrounded 
 with a brick wall, outside which are its suburbs, inclosed within a 
 mud wall; the ancient palace of the present reigning dynasty 
 of China inside a third (innermost) wall. Here in 1625 the 
 founder of the Manchu dynasty established himself; his (Nur- 
 hachu's) tomb lies 4 m. E. of the city, and the tombs of certain 
 of his descendants inside the walls. The streets are broad 
 and straight. Trade in furs, hardware, and European textiles ; 
 an important European missionary centre. P. 250,000 (James). 
 
 Mukdlslui, tn., E. Africa. See Mogdlsbn. 
 
 Mnkenge, vil. , central Africa, Lunda, about 6° S. , 22° 33' E. 
 
 Maker, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the Swale, div. 
 and 17 m. W. Richmond, 5 m. NNW. Askrigg stn.; has a small 
 lead-mine and limestone quarries. P.O. 30,192 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Mukeridu, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Hoshiarpur, 50 m. 
 NE. by E. Amritsar. P. < 5000. 
 
 Muklidlslio, seapt. , E. Africa. See Mogdlsliu. 
 
 MukliiuHs, vil. , Palestine, Michviash in the O. T. , 31° 53' N. , 
 35° 17' E., 8 m. NNE. Jerusalem. 
 
 Muklmbuugn, Swedish mission station, Congo Free State, 
 on 1. bk. Congo, in 13° 56' E. 
 
 Mnklmvika, American Baptist mission station, Angola, at 
 mouth of Congo, 1. bk. 
 
 Mnkondokwa, riv., Ger. E. Africa, flowing E. through 
 Usagara and Uzegaha into the Indian Ocean, which it enters 
 just S. of Saadani, opposite the isl. of Zanzibar ; called in its 
 lower course the Wami. 
 
 Mukonyliig, Manchuria. See Ylngtse. 
 
 Muktluath, tn. , Nepdl, 125 m. NW. Khdtmdndu. 
 
 Mnktsar, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Firozpur, 75 m. S. by 
 E. Lahore. P. 5300 ; Hindus, 2000 ; Moham. 1700 ; Sikhs, 1500. 
 
 MukuUa, or Makulla, maritime vil., W. ct. Portuguese 
 Africa, prov. Loanda, between the Lelundo and Ambrizette, in 
 about 7" S. 
 
 Mukumbl, vil., W. Africa, Congo Free State, 85 m. W. by 
 S. Leopoldville. 
 
 Mnkurru, or Mnkurru-oa-IJnkeya, a densely-populated 
 plain, central Africa, containing the seat of government of the 
 Garenganze country, in about 10° 21' S. , 27° 15' E. Proc. 
 R. G. S., 1889, p. 76. 
 
 Makifiranda, maritime people, Portuguese W. Africa, dist. 
 Mossamedes, in i3°-i4° S. 
 
 Mul, in Gaelic place-names, ' a round hill,' or ' bald promon- 
 tory. ' See Moel. 
 
 Mula, or Ciand&Ta Pass, a pass with three entrances leading 
 from Sind through Jhalawan to the tablelands of Baluchistan, at 
 the N. of the Kirthar Hills. Alt. 5250 ft.; length, 102 m. 
 
 Mula, tn., Spain, prov. and 20 m. W. by N. Murcia, cap. 
 dist. M. P. (comm. ) 10,800. 
 
 Mulal-edrls, or Mulal-ldrls (on the site of the Roman 
 Volubilis),\xi.., Africa, Morocco, 12 m. N. Mekines, in a wild 
 gorge near the source of the Wadi Faraun, a sacred spot in- 
 accessible to any but a Mussulman. 
 
 Mulaxzo, vil. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Massa, 14 m. N. by E. 
 Spezia. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mulbilgal, or Mddla-bdgalu ('Eastern Gate'), tn., India, 
 state Mysore, dist. and 18 m. ENE. Kolar, commanding the 
 pass from the tableland of Mysore to the temple of Tirupati. 
 P. (i88i)<:5ooo. 
 
 Mulbartou, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 5 m. SW. by S. 
 
 Norwich, i^ m. W. Swainsthorpe stn. , PM.O. P. <7So ; eccles. 
 par. (M. with Keiiulugliaiu) P. <75o. 
 
 Mulbeii, stn., Scot., Elginshire, on the H. R., i,\ m. W. 
 Keith, P.O. 
 
 Mulberry drove, vil., U.S., lUinois, Bond co. , 53 m. ENE. 
 St. Louis (Mo.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mulcheu, tn. , Chile, prov. Bio Bio, 80 m. SE. Concepcion, 
 20 m. SSE. Los Angeles, cap. dep. M. P. 8000. 
 
 Mulde, riv. , Ger. , formed by two headwaters in the W. of 
 the kgd. of Saxony, the Zwickauer M. from the SW. and the 
 Chemnitzer M. from the SE. After their union the river flows 
 N. , passes Eilenburg and Dessau, and enters the Elbe 2 or 3 m. 
 below Dessau; not navigable. Length, 156 m.; basin, 3i70sq. m. 
 
 Mnldliia, mining settlement, northern Queensland, with 
 smelting-works in the Chillagoe silver-fields ; communication by 
 the seaport of Cairns. 
 
 Muldoaulcli, isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, to the SE. of Barra 
 I., in 56° 55' N. 
 
 Mnldouagli, P.O., Ire., co. Londonderry, 3 m. NE. Clady. 
 
 Mule, stream, Wales, Montgomeryshire, flows 10 m. E. to 
 the Severn at Abermule. 
 
 Mulege, vil. , Mexico, Lower Cahfornia, on the E. ct. , 220 m. 
 NW. by N. La Paz, in about 26° 55' N. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mnlehsl, stn., central Africa, at the S. end of Smyth Sound, 
 Lake Victoria Nyanza. 
 
 Mulgoa, tp. , New South Wales, co. Cumberland, 40 m. by 
 rail and road W. Sydney. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mulgrave, cape' and seapt., Alaska, on the NW. ct. and 
 Bering Strait, in 59° 33' N. , 139° 43' W. ; anchorage for large craft. 
 
 Mulgrave, lough, Ire., middle co. Kerry, 5^ m. N. by W. 
 Kenmare. 
 
 Mulgrave, goldfield, Queensland, Gladstone co., 40 m. SE. 
 by S. Townsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mulgrave Archipelago, Pacific Ocean, comprises various 
 groups, between 3° S. and 12° N., 160'^ and 177° E. 
 
 Mnlgund, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Dharwar, 38 m. 
 ESE. Dharwar. P. 6800 ; Hindus, 5400. 
 
 Mnlhaddart, P.O., Ire., co. Dublin, 2 m. from Blanchards- 
 town. 
 
 Mtilhauseu (in French Mulhonse), commercial and manu- 
 facturing tn. , Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, cap. circle M., on the r. 
 bk. of the 111 and the Rhone Canal, 17^ m. N W. Basel (Switzd. ) ; 
 the principal seat of cotton-spinning in western Germany ; also 
 carries on calico-printing, dyeing, the spinning of woollen and 
 worsted yarn, the manufacture of machinery, railway material, 
 &c. Noted for its model arrangements for the working-classes. 
 M. is first mentioned in 717, became an imperial free city in 
 1273 ; in the 15th century it entered into an alliance with the 
 Swiss which lasted till 1798, when the city became French. It 
 was ceded to Germany, with Alsace, in 1871. Its industrial 
 importance dates from 1746, when a cotton-factory was estab- 
 lished. Birthplace of Lambert, the mathematician (1728-77). 
 Alt. 785 ft. P. (1821) 13,000; (1871) 52,900; (1890) 76,700,; 
 comm. P. 76,900. For other towns of this name, see Miihl- 
 hausen. 
 
 Miilhelin, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt, and circle Koblenz. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 MUlhelm, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., cap. circle M., on the 
 r. bk. of the Rhine, 2 m. NE. Cologne ; has important silk, satin, 
 and plush manufactures (including ribbons), and manufactures 
 of leather, wire, wire-rope, cables, &c. P. (1816) 3800 ; (1871) 
 13,500; (1890) 28,500; comm. P. 31,000. 
 
 MUlhelm, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., cap. circle M. , on riv. 
 Ruhr, 6 m. WSW. Essen ; connected by horse-tramway with 
 Duisburg ; has important iron-works, cotton and leather manu- 
 factures, &c.; a large trade in coal. P. (1816) 5200; (1871) 
 14,300; (1890) 27,700; comm. P. 27,900. 
 
 Mulhwddart, par.. Ire., W. co. DubUn, bar. Castleknock, 
 (i\ m. NW. by W. Dublin, 2 m. from Dunboyne stn., P.O.; 
 4069 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Mull, tn., India, Kdthidwar Penin., 73 m. WNW. Cambay, 
 cap. M. state. P. (1881)6400. 
 
 MuUro's, vil., Brit. S. Africa, on the r. bk. of the Loangwa, 
 13° 45' S. , 30° 24' E. Alt. 1450 ft. 
 
 Mulkear, riv. , Ire. , in the W. of co. Tipperary, trib. of riv. 
 Shannon, which it joins on the 1. bk. a few miles above Limerick. 
 It has two main headwaters, one rising in Tipperary and flow- 
 ing SW. past Newport, the other almost entirely within Limerick 
 CO. Length, 32 m. 
 
 Mnlkl, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. S. Kanara, on the W. 
 ct. , 13 m. N. by W. Mangalore, on a shallow inlet admitting 
 only small coasting craft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Mull, in Gaelic place-names, ' a round hill,' or ' bald pro- 
 montory. ' See Moel. 
 
 Mull, one of the largest of the Hebrides Is. , off the W. ct. 
 of Scot., CO. Argyll, separated from the mainland by the Sound 
 of Mull; lat. of centre 56° 30' N., long. 6° W.; coast-line is 
 deeply indented ; surface rugged, and chiefly moorland. Ben 
 More is 3185 ft. above the sea. Grazing is the chief branch of 
 rural industry. Woods are extensive in the N. It is divided 
 
 1053 
 
MULL— MUNC 
 
 into three parishes, and is the seat of a presbytery. Principal 
 town, Tobermory. Length, 30 m. ; breadth, 25 m. P. 4691. 
 . Null, Sonntl of, Scot. , Argyllshire, between Mull I. and the 
 Morven Penins., 18 m. long, average breadth 2 m. 
 
 MnUafernasbaii, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Down, bar. Lower 
 Iveagh, Lower Half, 7 m. SE. Lurgan, on the Banbridge and 
 Lisburn Rly. P. <25o. 
 
 MnllagboUg, or Jllouiiterlony, mt.. Ire., in the NE. of co. 
 Tyrone, 15 m. NE. Omagh. Height, 1456 ft. 
 
 Mullagh, Gaelic, 'top,' 'summit.' 
 
 Mnllagb, par. and tn., Ire., co. Cavan, bar. Castlerahan, 7 
 m. NW. Kells, 5 m. NE. Virginia Road stn., PM.O. Par. 
 12,873 ac, P. <300o; tn. P. <250. 
 
 Mnllagh, tn., Ire., W. co. Clare, bar. Ibrickan, 18 m. W. 
 by S. Ennis, 5 m. from Miltown Malbay stn., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Mullagbarn, electoral div. , Ire., co. Tyrone, dist. Drumquin. 
 
 Mallaghbawn, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Forkhill, co. Armagh, 
 7 m. from Dundalk stn. 
 
 Mnllaghbrack, par., Ire., NE. co. Armagh, bars. Lower 
 Fews and W. Oneilland, 5^ m. E. by S. Armagh ; 10,362 ac. 
 P. < 3500. 
 
 Mullagbearn, mt. , Ire., in the middle of co. Tyrone, 6 m. 
 NNE. Omagh. Height, 1778 ft. 
 
 Mnllagbereirk Mountains, range of mts. , Ire., in the SW. 
 of CO. Limerick, and NW. of co. Cork. 
 
 Mallagbernse, or Mullagbarnse, electoral div., Ire., co. 
 Sligo, dist. Easky. 
 
 Nullagbfad, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Fermanagh, dist. Brooke- 
 borough. 
 
 Mnllagbglass, electoral div.. Ire., co. Armagh, dist. M. , 
 Newry union. 
 
 Mnllagbmore, tnld.. Ire., NE. ct. co. Sligo, bar. Carbury, 
 10^ m. W. by S. Ballyshannon, 6 m. from Bundoran stn., P.O. 
 Mean temp. (12 yrs.), yr. 49.4° F., Jan. 42.1°, July 58.5°; rfall. 
 (15 yrs. ) yr. 43.6 in. P. <2So. 
 
 Mnllagbslln, electoral div.. Ire., co. Tyrone, dist. Six Mile 
 Cross. 
 
 Mallabead, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Armagh, dist. Tanderagee. 
 
 Mallalttlvu, tn., Ceylon, Northern Prov., on the NE. ct. , 
 55 m. NNW. Trinkomali. 
 
 Mnllan, settlement, U.S., Idaho, Shoshone co., 70 m. NE. 
 Lewiston. P. < 1500. 
 
 IMnllan, vil. , U.S., Montana, Deer Lodge co., 40 m. N. by 
 E. Butte. Alt. (tunnel summit on N. P. R. ) 5560 ft. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mnllanalagbta, electoral div., Ire., NE. co. and 14 m. NE. 
 by E. Longford, bar. Granard. 
 
 Mnllan Polut, cape, Ire. , NE. of co. Tyrone, juts out into 
 the W. side of Lough Neagh. 
 
 Mnllantlne, P.O., Ire., co. Armagh, 2 m. from Portadown. 
 
 Mnllardocb, Locb, lake, Scot. , Ross-shire, in the S. , 57° 20' 
 N., drained E. by the Cannich into the Glass. 
 
 Mallartown, electoral div.. Ire., co. Down, dist. Kilkeel 
 No. I. 
 
 Hnllary, par.. Ire., S. co. Louth, bar. Ferrard, 6 m. NNW. 
 Drogheda. P. <750. 
 
 Mullaslln, P.O., Ire., 6 m. from Six Mile Cross, co. Tyrone. 
 
 Mullengandra, tp. , New South Wales, Goulburn co., 15 m. 
 NE. Albury. P. < 1500. 
 
 JMullen's Harbour, narrow-mouthed gulf, in the S. of Brit. 
 New Guinea, in 150° E. 
 
 Mullet, penin. , Ire. , N W. co. Mayo, connected with the main- 
 land by a narrow isthmus 1200 yards broad at Belmullet. 
 Length, 12 m. ; breadth, 1-6 m. 
 
 Mttllbelm, urban comm., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle 
 Lorrach, 17 m. SW. Freiburg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Mnlliu, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Emyvale, co. Monaghan, 5 m. 
 from Glasslough stn. 
 
 MulllnacnflT, par.. Ire., SW. co. Wicklow, bar. Shillelagh, 
 16 m. W. .\rklow, 2>\ ™- W. Tinahely stn., P.O.; 6578 ac. 
 P. <:iooo. 
 
 Mulllnahone, tn., Ire., SE. co. Tipperary, bar. Slievardagh, 
 12 m. NNW. Carrick-on-Suir, 7 m. from Fethard stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 MuUinavat, tn.. Ire., S. co. Kilkenny, bar. Knocktopher, 
 8i m. W. by S. New Ross, on the Waterford and Kilkenny Rly. , 
 PM.O. P.<:soo. 
 
 Mnlllngar, par. and civic tn.. Ire., SE. co. Westmeath, bars. 
 Fartullagh, Moyashel, and Magheradernon, i8| m. NNE. 
 Tullamore, on the Royal Canal, and an important railway 
 centre on the M. G. W. R. It is the assize and county town, see 
 of the Roman Catholic bishop of the diocese of Meath, and has 
 a large cathedral and infantry barracks. Important regular 
 fairs and markets. Market-day, Th. Par. 21,049 ^c., P. 8300 ; 
 tn. P. 5300. 
 
 Mullln's Cro88, P.O., Ire., 2 m. from Dunleer, co. Louth. 
 
 Mnlllon, par., Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., iii m. SW. Fal- 
 mouth, with a lifeboat ; has a fine cave known as M. Cove, or 
 Portbmullln. PMT.O. 5015 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Mttllrose, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Lebus, 9 ra. 
 SW. Frankfurt, on the Friedrich Wilhelm Canal. P. < 3000. 
 1054 
 
 jHullyask, electoral div.. Ire., co. Monaghan, dist. Newtown 
 Hamilton. 
 
 MullynagOM-au, electoral div.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, dist. 
 Newtown Butler. 
 
 Mullyroddeu, P. O. , Ire. ,co. Tyrone, 4 m. from Castlecaulfield, 
 4 m. from Dungannon stn. 
 
 Mnliuosog, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Donegal, dist. Ardara. 
 
 lMuliia$«kea, P.O., Ire., near Enniskillen, co. Fermanagh. 
 
 Mulraiikin, par.. Ire., co. and 7 m. SW. Wexford, bar. 
 Bargy. P. <75o. 
 
 Mulrauuy, or Mnlrany, Ire. , co. Mayo. See Molrenny. 
 
 Mulroy Bay, an inlet. Ire. , in the N. of co. Donegal, to the 
 W. of Lough Swilly. 
 
 Mttlsen St. Xlklas and Miilsen St. Jacob, two adjoining 
 vils.,Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. Glauchau, M. St. 
 Niklas 5 m. E. Zwickau. P. (of each)<:4ooo. 
 
 Mtklt&l, municip. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , dist. Betiil, 70 
 m.' N W. by W. Nagpur, with a large tank reverenced by Hindus 
 as the source of the Tapti R. P. < 5000. 
 
 MUtAn, or Mooltan, city and municip., Brit. India, Punjab, 
 cap. dist. M., 190 m. SW. by W. Lahore, about 7 m. from the 
 1. bk. of the Chendb, the great commercial centre of the dist. , 
 collecting all the trade of the province with Karachi, and 
 through Karachi, with Europe ; has manufactures of silk, and 
 cotton weaving and carpet-making ; enclosed on three sides by 
 a wall open to the S. , where the bed of the old Ravi intervenes 
 between the town and citadel ; still occupied by a European gar- 
 rison. The cantonment is \\ m. E. of the city. It is a town 
 of great antiquity, being identified with the cap. of the Malli, 
 who were conquered by Alexander. Alt. 420 ft. Mean temp. , 
 yr. 76° F., Jan. 54°, June 96°; mean rfall., yr. 7.2 in., July-Aug. 
 3.5 in. P. 74,600; Hindus, 32,100; Moham. 39,800. 
 
 Multeen, riv. , Ire. , in the SW. of co. Tipperary, flows E. and 
 joins the Suir on the r. bk. 4J m. W. Cashel. 
 
 Multnoniab, co. , U.S. , Oregon, in the NW. , on the Columbia, 
 crossed in the E. by 122° W. 
 
 Multiiomab Falls. See Snake River. 
 
 Mnltyfarubam, par. and tn.. Ire., NW. co. Westmeath, 
 bar. Corkaree, 7^ m. NNW. Mullingar, on the M. G. W. R., 
 PMT.O. Par. P. <75o; tn. P.<5oo. 
 
 Mulu, vil. , E. Africa, 70 m. E. by N. Ankobar. 
 
 Mnlnya (or Mulula) >Vadl, riv. , Morocco, flows on the whole 
 NNE. into the Mediterranean, which it enters in about 2° 20' W. , 
 about 7 m. W. of the Algerian frontier. 
 
 Mnlwalla, tn. , New South Wales, Denison co. , 53 m. W. 
 by N. Albury. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mulwltb, part of par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Xewby ivlth M, 
 
 Mumbles, vil. , Wales, Glamorganshire, on W. side of Swan- 
 sea Bay, 5 m. SW. Swansea, with two stns. (M. and M. Road) on 
 the Swansea and Mumbles Rly., PMT.O. See Oystermoutb. 
 
 Mumbles Head, cape, Wales, Glamorganshire, on the SW. 
 of Swansea Bay; has a lighthouse 114 ft. high, in 51° 34' N., 
 3° 58' W. See Svransea and Mumbles Rly. 
 
 Mumby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 2 J m. 
 from the E. ct. , 15 m, SE. by E. Louth, \\ m. SE. by E. of its 
 stn. (M. Road) on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Mnmllsivyl, vil., Switzd. , cant. Solothurn, 9 m. W. Olten. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Mummel-see, lake, Baden. See Hornlsgriiide. 
 
 Mumps, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Oldtaam. 
 
 Muu, or Nam-mun, erroneously called 8e-mnn, large riv. , 
 Siam, flows E. , passing a little N. of Khorat, and enters the 
 Mekong in 15^° N. ; at high water it is navigable to Pimai, about 
 30-35 m. below Khorat ; at low water junks can scarcely reach 
 the confluence of the Samlan, about 25 m. above its mouth. 
 
 Muna, in Dutch spelling Moena, isl. , E. Archipelago, sepa- 
 rated by Tioro Strait from the SE. penin. of Celebes. 
 
 Mnnaklll, electoral div.. Ire., co. Leitrim, dist. Manor 
 Hamilton. 
 
 Muncaster, par., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., at the 
 head of the estuary of the Esk, 16 m. SE. by S. Whitehaven, 
 on the Ravenglass and Eskdale Rly. ; was a Roman station. 
 7209 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Miinch, Miinchen, in place-names, ' a monk.' See M'dnch. 
 
 Miinchberg, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Franconia, 
 cap. circle M. , 21 m. NNE. Baireuth, on the NW. of the 
 Fichtelgebirge. P. <: 5000. 
 
 Mtlncbeberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Lebus, 
 21 m. WSW. Kiistrin. P. <40oo. 
 
 Miincben, Bavaria. See Munlcb. 
 
 MUncbenbernstlorf, market-tn. , Ger., gd.-duchy Sa.xe- 
 Weimar, circle Neustadt, 17 m. ESE. Jena. P. <:300o. 
 
 Mnnohenbncbsee, vil., Switzd., cant, and 5 m. N. Bern. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Hiincbeu-Gladbach, tn. and comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 
 circle M.-G., 16 m. W. Diisseldorf ; seat of important cotton 
 manufacture (introduced at the end of the i8th century) ; 
 also has iron-foundries and manufactures of machinery. Flax 
 cultivation and the linen trade were formerly important. P. 
 (1816)7000; (1871)26,400; (1890)49,600; (comm.) 10,300. 
 
MUNC — MUNS 
 
 Mttncheugriitz ('the monks' fortress.' See Munch), tn. , 
 Austria, Bohemia, on riv. Iser, 17^ m. S. by W. Reichenberg. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Mttnchen-NieubMrg, tn., Ger., now called Nleiibnrg (q.v.). 
 
 Mnuchl, tribe, equatorial Africa, inhabiting both banks of 
 the Benue R. , but chiefly the S. bank, above Loko, in 8°-9i° E. 
 
 Httnchlugen, vil., Ger., Wiirtemberg, circle Neckar, 6^.m. 
 NW. Stuttgart. P. < 2000. 
 
 Mnncle, city, U.S., Indiana, Delaware co. , 47 m. NE. by E. 
 Indianapolis ; has a public library and the largest flax-bagging 
 factories in the U.S. P. (1880) 5200 ; (1890) 11,300. 
 
 Mniicy, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Lycoming co. , on the W. 
 Branch of the Susquehanna, 62 m. W. by S. Scranton, with 
 lumber and agricultural produce. P. <i5oo. 
 
 nniicy Valley, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Sullivan co. , 49 m. 
 W. Scranton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Aliind, German, ' a river mouth.' See Alonde. 
 
 Muiid, vil., Switzd. , cant. Valais, 3 m. W. Brieg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Manda, or Monda, bay, in NW. of French Congo Terr. , W. 
 Africa, opening N. into Corisco Bay. 
 
 Muiida, fortress, Spain. See Moittllla. 
 
 Mnudargl, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 60 m. ESE. 
 Dharwdr. P. < 5000. 
 
 Mttnden ('mouths'), tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle M., 
 15 m. SW. by W. Gottingen, at the confluence of the Fulda and 
 the Werra. P. 7000. 
 
 Mnnden, Cireat and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng. , 
 Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., Great M. 7I m. N. by E. Hertford, 
 25 ni. W. Braughing stn. P. (of each)<5oo. 
 
 Mniideiilieim, comm., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Rhine Palatinate, 
 circle and dist. Ludwigshafen. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Miinder, tn., Prussia, prov. and 18 m. SW. Hanover, circle 
 Springe. P. <3000. 
 
 Miiiiderkiiigen, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, dist. Ehingen, 
 on the Danube, 20 m. SW. by W. Ulm. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Sliindesley, PMT.O. , Eng., Norfolk. See Mniidsley. 
 
 Mniidford, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 19 m. ENE. 
 Ely, 8m. NW. Thetford, 4m. N. by E. Brandon stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Mnndbam, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 9 m. SE. by S. 
 Norwich, 4^ m. NNW. Ellingham stn. P. <soo; eccles. par. 
 (M. with Seetlilng) P. <75o. 
 
 Mnndliani, Nortli, par. , Eng. , Sussex, div. and 2 m. SSE. 
 Chichester, on the Arundel and Portsmouth Canal, P.O. P. < 
 500 ; eccles. par. (North M. with Hunstoii) P. <75o. 
 
 Munding, Danish, ' a river mouth.' See Monde. 
 
 Mnndliiua, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 40 m. NNW. 
 Delhi. P. (i89i)<:5ooo. 
 
 Miindon, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 3m. SSE. Maldon, 2^ 
 m. NE. by E. Cold Norton stn., P.O. P.<Soo. 
 
 TMnndooran, post-tn. , New South Wales, co. Gowan, 190 
 m. NW. by N. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mniidra, port, India, on the S. ct. of the penin. Cutch, 
 180 m. W. Ahmadabdd. P. (1881) 8900. 
 
 JMnndsley, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., on the NE. ct. , 
 7 m. SE. by E. Cromer, 4 m. E. by N. Gunton stn., PMT.O. 
 (Mundesley). P. <5oo. 
 
 Mandnlin-lila, or Leopold River, riv. , in the E. of the 
 Congo Free State, entering the Congo on its r. bk. in 0° 30' S. 
 
 Miindung, Ger. , ' a river mouth. ' See Monde. 
 
 Muiiera, coram., Spain, prov. and 35 m. W. by N. Albacete, 
 dist. Ronda. P. <:4000. 
 
 Mungeli, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Bilaspur, 
 13s m. SE. by E. Jabalpur. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Mnngindi, tp. , on the N. frontier of New South Wales, 
 CO. Benarba, 200 m. ENE. Bourke by road, on the 1. bk. of 
 Barwon R. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Muugnian, or Mainman (Myuemow), tn. , China, in the 
 extreme SW. of Yunnan, in 24 i' N., 98° 7' E., on the N. bank 
 of the Shweli R. Alt. 2690 ft. Jour. R. G. S. , 1876, p. 226. 
 
 Mniigo. 1. Riv., German W. Africa, flowing S. through the 
 Kamerun terr. , in about 9^° E., and communicating with the 
 estuary of the Kamerun R. by the Modeaka Creek and the 
 Mungo Creek. 2. Vil., a few miles from mouth of the river. 
 
 Mangret, par., Ire., N. co. Limerick, bar. Pubblebrien, 3 
 m. SW. Limerick, P.O. ; 6149 ac. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Muiigrlsdale, par., Eng., Cumberland, div. and 9J m. W. 
 Penrith, 2\ m. NW. Troutbeck stn. ; 6593 ac. P. <2So. 
 Muugu'Sardyk, mt., Siberia. See Dliiul^n Sardyk. 
 Munhiu, riv.. Ire., NW. co. Mayo, drains Lough Garrow- 
 more, and flows SW. to Owenmore R. 
 
 IMnni, riv., W. Africa, flows WSW. then W. into the 
 Atlantic, Corisco Bay, in 0° 50' N. ; lower course in Spanish 
 terr. , upper course also called Utaniboul. 
 
 Sluitich, German Ittiiuchen (name derived from the Latin 
 vionachus^vaovH^), cap. of Bavaria, situated in 48° 8' 45" N. 
 lat., and 11° 36' 38" E. long. M. lies in a monotonous plain on 
 both banks of the Isar, but the Bavarian Alps with their grand 
 scenery rise not far from the town. M. has a great many fine 
 churches, palaces, art-museums, memorials, and statues. The 
 
 most important of these are the cathedral (Church of Our Lady), 
 the basilica of St. Bonifacius, the royal palace, the old and 
 new town-halls, the beautiful art-museums of the Glyptothek 
 and of the two Pinakotheks, and the colossal statue ' Bavaria ' 
 (64 ft. high), besides numerous other buildings, &c., that might 
 be mentioned representing all styles and ages. The majority of 
 these were erected in the first half of the 19th centiu^y, during the 
 reigns of the kings Ludwig I. and Maximilian II., to whom 
 the town is also indebted for its splendid art collections, the 
 Glyptothek being a gallery of antique and modern sculptures, 
 and the Old and New Pinakotheks containing exceedingly rich 
 collections of paintings, including masterpieces of all schools. 
 M. is one of the industrial centres of Bavaria {q.v.). Beer- 
 brewing has to be mentioned first in this respect, enormous 
 quantities of beer being annually produced. Moreover, the 
 manufacture of jewellery, gold and silver articles, iron and brass 
 castings, machinery, leather goods, and optical and mathe- 
 matical instruments are of great importance. The commerce is 
 also considerable, eight railway lines connecting Munich with 
 Austria, Italy, and various parts of Germany. M. is the seat of 
 a much-frequented university (170 professors and docenten, 
 more than 3000 students), and of a technical high school. 
 Moreover, it has a famous academy of arts. Celebrated is the 
 royal library (1,250,000 vols, and 30,000 manuscripts). M. 
 became cap. of Bavaria in the middle of the 12th century, but 
 its progress was very slow till Bavaria was made a kingdom at 
 the beginning of the 19th century, when the old and inattrac- 
 tive capital was transformed by the great efforts of the first 
 Bavarian kings into the beautiful town of to-day. More than 
 80 per cent, of the inhabitants are Roman CathoUcs, the rest 
 Protestants. Alt. 1735 ft. Mean temp., yr. 45.0° F., Jan. 27.6°, 
 July 63.7°. P. (1801) 40,000; (1818) 53,000; (1871) 170,000; 
 (1890) 349,000. [H. «. 8.] 
 
 Munlong Range, the section of the Australian Alps con- 
 taining the highest peak, on the borders of Victoria and New 
 South Wales. 
 
 Muukiics, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, prov. Bereg, 70 m. 
 E. by S. Kaschau ; alum and iron mines ; manufactures of 
 coarse cloth; so-called Hungarian diamonds (bergcrystalle) 
 found ; a fortified castle on an eminence (250 ft.) in the plain 
 near. Alt. 420 ft. P. 10,500. 
 
 Mnnkamha, lake, Africa. See SInkambo. 
 
 Mnukn Sardyk, or Mnugu Sardyk, mt., eastern Siberia, 
 Sayan Mts. , on frontier between Russia and NW. Mongolia, one 
 of the very few summits of E. Siberia rising above snow-line ; 
 granites, gneisses, and streams of lava ; gives origin to several 
 glaciers. Alt. 11,450 ft. 
 
 Mnnlochy, bay, Scot., Ross-shire, in the E. , opening W. 
 off Inner Moray Firth, in 57° 33' N. 
 
 Munlochy, vil. , Scot. , Ross-shire, 5 m. N. by W. Inverness, 
 on the H. R., PMT.O. 
 
 IMiiuuerstadt, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Fran- 
 conia, circle and 6 m. NE. by E. Kissingen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Munni, Scandinavian, ' a river mouth. ' See Monde. 
 
 MnnnoM', riv. , Eng. See JMonuow. 
 
 Manshikar, Ras, or Cap Serrat, cape, in NW. Tunis, in 
 9° 13' E. 
 
 Miiitsiugen, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 7 m. SE. Bern. P. < 2000. 
 
 Man8iey('the monks' meadow'), par., Eng., Herefordshire, 
 Ross div., 10 m. E. Hereford, i m. E. Ashperton stn. P. 
 <25o. See Canon Frome. 
 
 IMnnslow, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., i6| m. S. Shrews- 
 bury, 3 m. ESE. Harton Road stn., PM.O. P. <75o; eccles. 
 par. (M. with Broadstone) P. <75o. 
 
 Munster, German, ' a monastery.' See Minster. 
 
 Miinster, tn. , Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle and 11 m. WSW. 
 Kolmar ; an important cotton manufacturing town (the industry 
 estabhshed in 1780), with model institutions for the workmen. 
 Has a few remains of a Benedictine abbey, founded in 634, of 
 great repute down to the 13th century. Alt. 1250 ft. P. < 5000; 
 comm. P. 5700. 
 
 Mtinster, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle Dieburg, 10 m. 
 E. by N. Darmstadt. P. < 3000. 
 
 Munster, SW. prov. of Ire. The first part of the name is 
 from an Irish personal name Alumhan (pronounced 7nuan) ; 
 the second a relic of the Danish invasions derived from the 
 Scandinavian stadr, region, district. See Ireland, table. 
 
 AlUnster, tn., Prussia, in the N. of prov. Westphalia, cap. 
 M. circle, 29 m. SW. Osnabruck, a place of note in German 
 history ; seat of an important bishopric founded about 780 by 
 Charlemagne, and united in the i8th century to the arch- 
 bishopric of Cologne ; formerly fortified, the fortifications re- 
 placed since 1765 by promenades ; has a cathedral erected in 
 1225-61, an old town-house, in which the peace of Westphalia 
 was concluded, Oct. 24, 1648 ; an academy, with a theological 
 and philosophical faculty ; manufactures of cottons, machines, 
 pianofortes, &c. P. (1816) 17,300; (1871)24,800; (1890)49,300. 
 
 Mttnster, Switzd. , cant. Bern. See Montier. 
 
 Slilnster, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 30 m. ENE. St. Moritz, 
 close to the frontier of Tirol, 6 m. SW. by W. Glurns. P. <2ooo. 
 
 1055 
 
IVI U N S 
 
 M U R I 
 
 Miiuster, vil., Switzd. , cant. Valais, r. bk. of the Rhone, 
 near the head of the Rhone valley, lo m. SW. of the Furka Pass. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Miiusterbei^, tn. , Prussia, cap. circle M., prov. Silesia, 35 
 m. S. Breslau. P. 6100. 
 
 Mttnsterbllsen, comm., Belgium, prov. Limburg, 7 m. 
 WNW. Maastricht. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Muusterelfel, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Rhein- 
 bach, 21 m. SW. Bonn. P. <3000. 
 
 Miinsterlliigeu, vil., Switzd., cant. Thurgau, on the S. side 
 of Lake Constance, 3^ m. SE. by E. Constance. 
 
 Miinstertlial, two valleys, Switzd., one in cant. Grisons, the 
 other in the NE. part of cant. Bern, containing respectively the 
 towns of Miinster (Grisons) and Moutier. 
 
 Mnustone, P. O. , Eng. , in co. and 3 m. from Hereford. 
 
 Muuterbyrne, P.O., Ire., co. Tyrone, 4 m. from Caledon. 
 
 Muuterconnanght, par. , Ire., SE. co. Cavan, bar. Castle- 
 rahan, i6| m. SE. Cavan ; 6472 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mniiterelvln, electoral div. , Ire. , Tyrone, dist. Coagh. 
 
 Mnutervary, or Sheep Head, cape, Ire. , in the SW. of co. 
 Cork, between Bantry Bay and Dunmanus Bay, lat. 51° 32' N. 
 
 Mnntok, tn., E. Archipelago, in the NW. of Banka I., on 
 Banka Strait. 
 
 Mnut Pers ('lost mountain'), mt., Switzd., Grisons, 6 m. 
 SSE. Pontresina, E. of the Morteratsch glacier. Alt. 10,530 ft. 
 
 Muong, Siamese and Laotian prefix of names of chief towns 
 of districts or subdivisions of a province. 
 
 Muorongo, tn. , E. Africa. See Maborongo. 
 
 Mnota, vil., Switzd., cant, and 5^ m. SE. by E. Schwiz. P. 
 (comm. of Sluota thai) < 3000. 
 
 jMuplii, small semi-independent princip. in the NW. of the 
 Chinese prov. of Siichwan, near the Tibetan frontier ; country 
 mountainous, and difficult of access. 
 
 Mur, or Mnlir, riv. , Austria, rises in Salzburg, flows first E. 
 then ENE. through N. Styria, passing Murau, Judenburg, and 
 Leoben, then a few miles below Leoben, on receiving the Miirz on 
 the 1. bk. , turns suddenly ESE. through central Styria, passing 
 Graz, and finally flows SE. and joins the Drave on 1. bk. in 
 Hungary, 25 m. E. Warasdin, after a course of 230 m. 
 
 Mftr, vil. , France. See Mnr-eii-Bretagne. 
 
 Mnra, pass. See Hlssar (mountain chain). 
 
 Mara-Csdny, comm., Hungary, co. Zala, dist. Perlak. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 ilurad Dagh, short range of mts. , Asia Minor, trending E. 
 and W. at the source of the Gediz-chai. Alt. 2500 ft. 
 
 Murakaiul, tn. , Japan, Honshiu, 45 m. NE. Niigata. P. 
 10,800. 
 
 Ularalng, native name of Prince of Wales I., Queensland. 
 
 Mnrauo, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 2 m. NE. Venice, in 
 Venice lagoon; has a fine nth century cathedral and other 
 churches ; famous since the nth century for its glass manu- 
 factures. P. 4000. 
 
 Mnras, comm. , Spain, prov. Lugo, dist. Vivero. P. <40oo. 
 
 MnrasliJiluo, vil., Russia, govt, and 46 m. SE. Nizhniy 
 Novgorod, on highroad to Simbirsk ; preparation of sheep-skins. 
 P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Nnrat, tn., France, dep. Cantal, cap. arr. M., 47 m. S. by 
 W. Clermont-Ferrand, 13 m. WNW. St. Flour. Alt. 2975 ft. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Mnrato, comm., Corsica, arr. and 11 m. SW. by S. Bastia. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Huran, tn., Austria, Styria, in the Mur-thal, 36 m. N. by W. 
 Klagenfurt. P. <20oo. 
 
 Muravera, tn. , Sardinia, prov. and 27 m. ENE. Cagliari. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Maravlov-Amnrskiy, penin. See Peter the Great Cinlf. 
 
 Huraz, vil., Switzd., cant. Valais, 6 m. NW. St. Maurice. 
 
 Murazzano, vil. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and i8 m. E. by N. 
 Cuneo. P. < 2000. 
 
 Narclilsun, mt. , Canada, Alberta, near the frontier of Brit. 
 Columbia, in the Rocky Mts., in about 51° 50' N. Alt. 15,700ft. 
 
 Marcblsou, co.. New South Wales, crossed by 30° S. , and 
 in the E. by 151° E. 
 
 Mnrcblson, co., Queensland, on the E. ct. (Broad Sound), 
 crossed by 22° S. 
 
 MnrcblKoii, post-tn., Victoria, co. Rodney, 88 m. N. by E. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Miircbison, goldfield, W. Australia, in 27^° S. , ii8^°-ii9° E. , 
 N. of Lake Austin ; railway from Geraldton, proposed (1894). 
 
 Murchison, Sir Roderick I . , celebrated geologist (1792-1871), 
 president of the Royal Geographical Society i844-45and 1857-70, 
 in whose honour numerous geographical names have been 
 bestowed. 
 
 Murchison Bay, in the NW. of Lake Victoria Nyanza, 
 central Africa, in 32° 4o'-5o' E. 
 
 MnrchlHon Fall!«, S. Africa. See Shire River. 
 
 9Inrclii»«on Glacier, one of the four chief glaciers of the 
 Southern Alps of New Zealand, descends SW. to the E. of the 
 Maltebrun Range, which separates it from the Great Tasman 
 Glacier ; tt m. long ; average width, \ m. ; area, 5800 ac. 
 1056 
 
 Slurcblsoii Range, a range of mts. in the NE. of the S. 
 
 African Republic, trending E. and W. , just N. of 24° S. Gold 
 occurs throughout the range, near the W. end of which (S. side) 
 stands the gold-mining village of Leydsdorp. 
 
 Murclilsuu RlTcr, W. Australia, flows SW\ and enters the 
 Indian Ocean at 27° 40' S. 
 
 Mnrcla, prov., Spain, part of the old Moorish kgd. of M., 
 between Andalusia and the kgd. of Valencia, on the Medi- 
 terranean (88 m. of coast), formed by the middle part of basin 
 of the Segura (rivs. Benamor, Caravaca, Quipar, Sangonera, 
 in the W. ; Jua in the NE.). Very mountainous: in the S., 
 Aguaderas-Viotar-Almenara, with a spur reaching to Cape de 
 Paloy; in the W. , Estancia-Espuiia (5200 ft. )-Taibilla ; NE. 
 and E. , Las Calbras-Carchemonte (4530 ft. )-Salinas-Crevi- 
 lente. The exceedingly fertile valleys of rivs. Segura and 
 Sangonera, still irrigated by the old Moorish canals, forming 
 the huertas or regadios of Ricote-Murcia (about 25 m. long, 
 NW. to SE., by 3 m.) and Lorca, &c. , with orange groves, 
 mulberry, olive trees, vines, and containing more than one-third 
 of the population, are surrounded by steppes [secanos] and arid 
 sierras (producing esparto). Owing to the dryness of the air 
 and the great evaporation, large deposits of salt are formed. 
 Salt is also collected at the lakes (SE.) along the coast {Mar- 
 menor de Pinatar). Minerals very abundant : lead at Herrerias 
 (about 5 m. E. Cartagena), Mazarron, Lomo de Bas, zinc (at 
 San Juan de Alcaraz, San Juan de Riopar, San Jorge, San 
 Aug^stin), iron (Lomo de Mas), copper (at Santomera, Morata, 
 Totana, Cartagena), mercury, alum (Mazarron), manganese 
 (Lorca), coal, sulphur (Hellin, Lorca, Lorqui, Molina). Some 
 manufactures of metals and silks at (near) ports Cartagena, 
 Aguilar, Mazarron. See Spain, table, &c. [J. B. R.] 
 
 Mnrcla, tn., Spain, cap. of prov. M. , on the Segura, 28 m 
 NNW. Cartagena, with which it is connected by rail. Seat of 
 a bishop ; cathedral founded in 1388 ; various manufactures, 
 including a government saltpetre and gunpowder factory. It 
 suffered greatly by an inundation of the Segura in 1651, and 
 was sacked by Soult in 1812. Mean temp., yr. 64.2° F. , Jan. 
 50.7°, Aug. 80.7°. Mean rfall. , 12 in.; mean number of rainy 
 days, 63. P. (i860) 87,800; (1887) 98,500. 
 
 Mnrcot, vil., Eng., Oxfordshire, on the E. border of the 
 county, Woodstock div., 7^ m. NE. Oxford, 4 m. E. Islip stn. 
 See Fencot. 
 
 Mnrdab, Bay of, a large bay, Persia, in the SW. of the 
 Caspian Sea, to the NW. of Resht, with a narrow entrance, on 
 the W. side of which stands the Port of Enzelli. 
 
 MnrdesM'ar, port, Brit. India, Bombay, N. Kanara dist. , in 
 14° 6' N. , 74° 36' E., 13 m. S. Honawar. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Mnrdla, tn. , western Sudan, in Beledugu, about 175 m. NNE. 
 Bammaku, the French post on the upper Niger. P. about 3-4000. 
 
 Mureck, vil., Austria, Styria, on the 1. bk. of the Mur, 31 m. 
 SE. by S. Graz. 
 
 Mure d'ls^re. La, tn., France, dep. Isere, arr. and 20 m. 
 S. by E. Grenoble. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Mnr-en-Bretagne, or Mftr, vil. , France, dep. Cotes du Nord, 
 36 ra. NE. by N. Lorient, arr. and 11 m. W. by N. Loud^ac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Muresley, P.O., Eng., Buckinghamshire. See Stnrsley. 
 
 Mnret, tn., France, dep. Haute-Garonne, cap. arr. M., on 
 the Garonne, 12 m. SW. by S. Toulouse. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mnrfteesboro, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Hertford co., on 
 Meherrin R. (here navigable for small vessels), 102 m. NE. by 
 E. Raleigh. P. < 1500. 
 
 Murfreesboro, city, U.S., Tennessee, Rutherford co., 32 m. 
 SE. Nashville, in a fertile plain. Near this was fought the 
 battle of Stone River, 1866. P. < 4000. 
 
 Hnrg, riv., Ger., Wiirtemberg and Baden, flows N. through 
 a narrow valley to the valley of the Middle Rhine, then N. by 
 W. past Rastatt into the Rhine ; not navigable. 
 
 9Ini%, vil., Switzd., cant. St. Gall, on the S. side of Lake 
 Walenstadt, 8^ m. NE. by E. Glarus. 
 
 Mnrgaln, Cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I. , on 
 the E. ct. , in 46" 9' N. 
 
 Mni^liab, riv. of central Asia, originates in the Safed-koh 
 mts. of Afghanistan, flows NW. , entering the Russian Trans- 
 caspian Terr., where it is used for the irrigation of the Merv 
 oasis ; is lost in the deserts, after a course which can be traced 
 for 150 m. below Merv. Total length about 400 m. 
 
 Hurgbab, riv., in the Pamirs, rises from Lake Chakmaktyn- 
 kul, 13,720 ft. alt., flows NE., NW. , and W. , receiving many 
 tribs., and after its junction with the Kudara at Tash-kurgan 
 (in Roshan), flows SW. under the name of Bartang, joining the 
 Amu at Kala-i-Wamar. Length about 260 m. 
 
 Dlurgle, Le, a dist. of Apulia, Italy, prov. Bari. 
 
 jNurgula, tn., Africa, French possession in Upper Senegal, 
 34 m. SE. Kita. 
 
 niurber, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Iraghticonnor, on riv. 
 Gale, 6 m. NE. Listowel ; 10,699 ^c. P. <25oo. 
 
 .Mnrl, vil, Switzd., cant. Aargau, 11 m. NW. Zug. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Mnrl, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 2 m. SE. by E. Bern. P. <20oo. 
 
M U R I 
 
 M U RT 
 
 Miirl, tn. , W. Africa, the Hamaraa of Flegel, Sokoto, 15 m. 
 from the r. bk. of the Benue, 105 m. W. Yola, in 9° 12' N., 
 10° 48' E. 
 
 Hnrlas de Paredes, comm. , Spain, prov. and 39 m. WNW. 
 Leon, dist. M. de P. P. <4ooo. 
 
 MnrlUo, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , loii 
 m. by rail W. Montreal, 413 m. E. Winnipeg. 
 
 DIarlllo, vil. , Spain, prov. Saragossa, dist. Ejea de los 
 Caballeros, 21 m. NW. Huesca. P. <20oo. 
 
 Mnrllyaii, native name of Basilisk I., New Guinea. 
 
 Mnriro's, vil., Brit. S. Africa, near the S. end of Lake Tan- 
 ganyika, W. ct., in 8° 14' S. 
 
 Milrltz See, lake, Ger. , in the SE. of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
 traversed by the Elde. Chief towns on its shores, Waren at N. 
 end, and Robel at the head of a creek on the W. Shores gene- 
 rally flat. Length, 17^ m. ; breadth, 8 m. ; area, 50 sq. m. 
 Alt. 205 ft. 
 
 Niirkle, hamlet, Scot., Caithness, 3 m. E. Thurso. 
 
 Mnrlongli (or Mnrloch) Bay, Ire., in NE. of co. Antrim, 
 2 m. SE. Fair Head. 
 
 M.urman€oast {M7/rmanskiyBereg, corrupted from Norman), 
 Russia, NE. ct. of Kola Penin., from Kola Bay to Cape Svjatoi 
 Nos, about 270 m. ; high cliffs, with but few indentations about 
 Rybachiy and Svyatoi Nos Penin. Only three good anchorages : 
 in strait behind Oleniy L, at Vladimir, and Titovka. Visited 
 every year by about 3500-4000 fishermen (about 850 boats) from 
 Kem and Mezeii for cod fisheries, yielding from 100,000 to 260,000 
 cwt. of salted fish and cod liver oil. Peopled in winter by about 
 450 settlers — Finns, Norwegians, and Russians. 
 
 Miirnan, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, circle 
 Weilheim, 35 m. SW. by S. Munich. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Mariieen, tnld.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Clanmorris, 6 m. from 
 Claremorris, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Nnro, comm., Corsica, arr. Calvi, 29 m. WSW. Bastia. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Muro, isl.. Eastern Archipelago, off the E. ct. of Sumatra, 
 in i" io'-i5' S. 
 
 Mnro, comm., Spain, prov. Alicante, dist. Cocentaina. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Mnro, comm., Spain, prov. Baleares, isl. Mallorca, 24 m. 
 NE. Palma. P. < 5000. 
 
 Maro Leccese, vil. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 8 m. WSW. 
 Otranto. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mnro Lncaiio, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 18 m. WNW. 
 Potenza. P. 8900. 
 
 Mnrom, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 81 m. SE. Vladimir, on 
 1. bk. Oka ; old historical city. Manufactures of leather, soap, 
 linen ; flour-mills ; trade in corn, linseed, flax, linen. P. 13,400. 
 
 Mnrorau, port, Japan, Yeso, prov. Iburi ; opened as a special 
 port of export. 
 
 DInros, tn., Spain, prov. Corunna, 29 m. W. by S. Santiago, 
 on the Rio de Muros y Noya. P. 9400. 
 
 Mnroto-sakl, promontory, Japan, Shikoku I., Pacific ct., 
 in about 33° 15' N. 
 
 Murphy's, vil., U.S., California, Calaveras co., 14 m. SE. 
 San Andreas ; near it are the Big Trees of Calaveras. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mnrphysboro, city, U.S., Illinois, Jackson co., 76 m. SSE. 
 St. Louis (Mo.). P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Mnrphy's Creek, settlement, Queensland, 82 m. by rail W. 
 Brisbane. 
 
 Mnrragta, par., Ire., S. co. Cork, bars. E. Carbery and 
 Kinalmeaky, W. div., 6J m. W. Bandon, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Bandon. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mnrrah, vil., Eng., Cumberland, div. and 8| m. W. Pen 
 rith, 3 m. N. by W. Troutbeck stn. See Berrler. 
 
 Murray, the most important river of the Australian continent, 
 rises on W. slopes of the Australian Alps, at 36° 30' S. , and flows 
 W. and N. , dividing New South Wales from Victoria for nearly 
 800 m. , when it enters S. Australia, and turning S. reaches the 
 sea by Lake Alexandrina, 48 m. SSE. Adelaide. On its left, 6 
 m. from Victoria, it receives the Mitta Mitta, Ovens, Broken 
 Creek, Goulburn, Campaspe, and Loddon ; and on the r. bk. 
 from New South Wales it is joined by Edward R. , the united 
 streams of Murrumbidgee and Lachlan, and by the Darling or 
 Callewatta. In its upper course it flows amid high rocks, and 
 near its source are the Murray Gates, a chasm with perpendi- 
 cular walls 3000 ft. high, hanging over the stream. The width 
 of the stream from Moama (in long. 145° 40' E.) to Albury (in 
 long. 147° 10' E. ) is about 80 yards, and it is navigable for about 
 eight months in the year by small steamers as far as the last- 
 mentioned town. Its mouth is too shallow to be entered by 
 anything but small craft, and a railway has been made between 
 Goolwa and Port Elliot in connection with its river steamers 
 and barges. In recent years its water has been largely made 
 use of for irrigation [Mlldara, Reiimark]. Length about 
 iioo m,; area of basin, 270,000 sq. m. 
 
 Murray, isthmus, Canada, Ontario, at the head or W. end 
 of the Bay of Quinte, on the N. side of Lake Ontario, in 77° 34' 
 W. ; since April 1890 pierced by a canal 5J m. long. 
 1057 
 
 Murray, bay, Canada, Quebec, Charlevoix co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the riv. St. Lawrence, in 70° 10' W. 
 
 Murray, co.. New South Wales, crossed in the N. by 35° S., 
 and crossed in the W. by 149° E. 
 
 Murray, small isl. in the Gulf of Papua, in 9° 54' S. , 144° 2' 
 E. ; mission station of the London Missionary Society. Alt. 750 
 ft. Native P. about 400. 
 
 Murray, co., U.S., Georgia, on N. frontier, E. of 85° W. 
 
 Murray, settlement, U.S., Idaho, Shoshone co., 90 m. NE. 
 by N. Lewiston. 
 
 Murray, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Calloway co., on riv. Clark, 
 92 m. W. by N. Nashville (Tenn.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Murray, co., UJS. , Minnesota, in the SW. , crossed by 44° 
 N. , and in the W. by 96" W. 
 
 Murray, settlement, U.S., Utah, Salt Lake co., 7 m. S. Salt 
 Lake City. 
 
 Murray, co., W. Australia, on the W. ct., crossed by 116° E. 
 
 Murraybrldge, post-tn., S. Australia, co. Sturt, on Murray 
 R., 40 m. ESE. Adelaide. P. «ci5oo. 
 
 Murray Canal, Canada. See Murray, isthmus. 
 
 Murrayfleld, suburb of Edinburgh, Scot., Midlothian, on 
 the Water of Leith and the C. R. 
 
 Murray Harbour, inlet, Canada, Prince Edward I., on the 
 E. ct., just to the N. of 46° N. 
 
 Murraysburg, vil. Cape Colony, dist. M., 50 m. WNW. 
 Graaff Reinet. 
 
 Mnrree, or Marrl, sanitary hill stn., Brit. India, Punjab, 
 dist. Rawal Pindi, 85 m. W. by S. Srfnagar, on a ridge of the 
 M. Hills (7517 ft.) ; the most important N. sanitarium for the 
 Punjab. Alt. 6344 ft. Mean temp., yr. 56° F., Jan. 39°, June 
 71°; rfall. yr. 56.6 in., July-Sept. 31. i in., July- Aug. 25 in. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Miirren, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 3 m. SSW. Lauter- 
 brunnen ; noted for its view of the Jimgfrau. 
 
 Murrhardt, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, Neckar circle, 23 
 m. NE. Stuttgart. P. <30oo. 
 
 Mnrrlall, tn., Sicily. See Monreale. 
 
 MnrrlntoM-n, P.O., Ire., SE. co. Wexford, bar. Forth, 4 m. 
 SW. Wexford. 
 
 Murrlsk, P. O. , Ire. . S W. ct. co. Mayo, bar. M. , on S. shore 
 of Clew Bay, 6^ m. W. by S. Westport. 
 
 Mnrro dl Porco, Capo, cape, Sicily, in the SE., in 37° N. 
 
 Murroes, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 4^ m. NE. Dundee, close 
 to Kingennie stn.; 5298 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Mnrroon, settlement, Victoria, co. Polwarth, 85 m. SW. by 
 W. Melbourne. 
 
 Mnrrougli, The, Ire. See Wlcklow, co. 
 
 Murrow, vil., Eng., Cambridge, div. and 5^ m. WSW. 
 Wisbech, on the M. and G. N. Joint Rly., P.O. See Sonthea. 
 
 Murrumbidgee, riv.. New South Wales, rises in the Austra- 
 lian Alps, in 36° 25' S. , 149° 30' E. , flows N. between cos. Murray 
 and Cowley, then W. ; it unites with the Lachlan at 34" 25' S. , 
 and 144° 4' E. , to join the Murray ; its course is very tortuous. 
 Estimated length, 1350 m.; navigable for 500 m. 
 
 Murrumburrali, post-tp.. New South Wales, Harden co., 
 80 m. W. by N. Goulburn ; has gold-mining. P. < 1500. 
 
 Murmrnndl, tn. , New South Wales, co. Brisbane, 50 m. 
 S. Tamworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 MurshldAbild, or Lalbagh, city, Brit. India, Bengal, dist. 
 M., 115 m. N. Calcutta, on the Bhagirathf, near the terminus 
 of a branch railway to the S. of the Ganges ; it was the Moham- 
 medan cap. of Bengal for the greater part of the i8th century, 
 but has dwindled since it lost this dignity. It is still noted for 
 ivory carving, embroidering with gold and silver, and the weav- 
 -ing of fine silks. Palace of the Nawdb completed in 1837. In 
 1815 its population was estimated at 160,000. P. (1891) 35,600 ; 
 Hindus, 20,800; Moham. 12,600. 
 
 Mursley, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Buckingham div., 
 9^ m. N. Aylesbury, i m. E. by S. Swanbourne stn., P.O. 
 (Mnresley). P. < 500. 
 
 Murston, par. , Eng. , Kent, Faversham div. , on the Swale, 6^ 
 m. S. Sheerness, i m. NE. Sittingbourne stn. , PMT. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Murtas, comm. , Spain, prov. Granada, dist. Ugijar. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Murtaz^pnr, tn., Brit. India, Berar, dist. and 28 m. WSW. 
 Amraoti. P. < 5000. 
 
 Murten, tn. , Switzd. See Morat. 
 
 Mnrthly, stn., Scot., E. Perthshire, on the H. R., yh m. 
 W. by S. Coupar Angus, PMT.O. 
 
 Mnrtle, stn., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on the Deeside Rly.^ 
 5 m. SW. by W. Aberdeen, P.O. 
 
 Murtoa, post-tp. , Victoria, Borung co. , 52 m. NW. by N. 
 Ararat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Murton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 2 m. 
 NW. North Shields, i m. E. by S. Backworth stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Murton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 3^ m. E. by N. York, 2i m. SE. Earswick stn. 
 P. <250. See Osbaldwlck. 
 
 Murton, East, par. , Eng. , Durham, Houghton-le-Spring div. ,. 
 7 m. S. bv W. Sunderland, with a stn. (Murton) on the NE. R., 
 PMT.O. '(Murton Colliery). P. 5100. 
 
 3X 
 
MURT — MUSS 
 
 Marton Fell, upland tract, Eng., about 2h m. N. Murton, 
 Westmorland. 
 
 Murton with Hilton, eccles. par. , Eng. , Westmorland, div. 
 and 2| m. ENE. Appleby, P.O. (Slarton). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Mttrtschenstock, mt. , Switzd. , cant. Glarus, S. of Lake 
 Walenstadt. Alt. (Riicken) 8010 ft. 
 
 Mnrua, native name of Woodlark Is. (?.v.). 
 Mnrnd, tn. , India, Bombay, on the W. ct. , 44 m. S. by E. 
 Bombay, cap. native state Janjira, opposite the town of Janjira. 
 Mnrul-assa, or Mnrns, Mongol name of the Yangtse-kiang. 
 Hurnroa, isl., in S. of Tuamotu Archipelago, in 21° 50' S., 
 138° 56' W. 
 Mnrvledro. See Sagnnto. 
 
 Mnrvlel (' old walls'), vil. , France, dep. H^rault, arr. Mont- 
 pellier, 8 m. NW. by N. B^ziers, with ruins of a Gaulish city. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Mnrw&rA, municip., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. and 
 52 m. NE. by N. Jabalpur. In 1872 it was a mere agricultural 
 village ; it has now become an important mercantile centre. 
 P. 9500 ; Hindus, 7900. 
 
 narwlllnmbali, or Kyunmboon, post-tn. , New South 
 Wales, CO. Rous, 410 m. NNE. Sydney. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Ntirz, riv. , Austria, almost entirely in Styria, flows in its upper 
 course SE. across the Styrian Alps, then WSW. through the 
 Murz-thal (Miirz-valley) till it joins the Mur (trib. Drave) a few 
 miles E. of Leoben. The Miirz-thal is ascended by the railway 
 to Vienna across the Semmering Pass. 
 
 - jMurzuk, oasis, Tripoli, Fezzan, 430 m. SE. Ghadames, 
 occupying the E. extremity of a vast depression more than 60 m. 
 long, and 9 to 12 m. broad, called the Hofra. Alt. 1650 ft. P. 
 (1866) without the Turkish garrison, 3000 (Rohlfs). 
 
 Miirzzuschlag, tn., Austria, Styria, 31 m. NE. by E. Leoben; 
 health resort. P. <20oo. 
 Mnsa, isls. See Mnsha. 
 Musa, Jebel. See Slnal. 
 Mnsan, tn. , Korea, 218 m. NNE. Won-san. 
 Mnsandam, Cape. See Mnssendom. 
 JMasardn, vil., W. Africa. See Mlsadngn. 
 Mnsart Dagh, mt. range, central Asia, part of the Tian Shan 
 system, in about 42° 20-30' N. , 8o°-8i° E. , part of the N. frontier 
 of Eastern Turkistan. The M. Pass (alt. 12,240 ft.) leads across 
 the range, in about 42° 25' N., 81° E. 
 
 Mnsaslil, kuni or old prov. , Japan, now included in Tokyo- 
 fu and Kanagawa and Saitama kens. 
 
 Nnsaya, tn. , western Sudan, E. of the upjser Niger, in about 
 10° 45' N., 9° 15' W. 
 
 JMnsbury, par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., 3 m. SW. 
 by S. Axminster, ij m. E. Colyton stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Masbury, par., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. SW. Haslingden. 
 P. < 1500. 
 Mnscat, country, Arabia. See Maskat. 
 Mnscatlne, city, U.S., Iowa, M. co. , on r. bk. of Mississippi 
 R., at S. of a great bend on the E. frontier, 43 m. N. by E. 
 Burlington, built on a rocky bluff; has lumber trade and wood- 
 working industry and large fruit-trade. P. (1880) 8300 ; (1890) 
 11.500. 
 
 Mnsclebrook, tn. , New South Wales. See Dtuswellbrook. 
 Mnscle Shoals. See Tennessee Riyer. 
 Maselewlck Bay, small bay, Wales, on the W. ct. of 
 Pembrokeshire, on the S. side of St. Bride Bay. 
 
 Mnscoates, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 
 on the Riccall, 19 m. NNE. York, ■2\ m. E. by N. Nunnington 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Hnseogee, co., U.S., Georgia, on W. frontier, and between 
 32° and 33° N. 
 
 .Mnscotah, vil., U.S., Kansas, co. and 22 m. W. by S. 
 Atchison. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mnsdale, isl. , Scot. , N W. Argyllshire, 6 m. N W. Oban. P. 13. 
 Mnsel, coaling port, on N. ct. of Spain, prov. Oviedo ; great 
 harbour improvements in progress. 
 
 Mosellm Channel, between the mainland of Asia Minor and 
 N. ct. of the isl. of Mitilini, leading to the Gulf of Adramyti. 
 
 Haselo, one of the mouths of the Zambezi R., E. Africa, 
 entering the Indian Ocean in 18° 46' S., 36° 28' E. 
 
 Mosera, vil., Portuguese W. Africa, about 12 m. SSE. 
 Ambrizette, in 7° 33' S. ; formerly the most populous village on 
 the coast, the population was greatly reduced in 1870 by an epi- 
 demic of smallpox and coma, an incurable affection of the brain. 
 Mnsgo, tribe. See Bomn. 
 
 SInsgraTe, co. , Queensland, crossed in the S. by 24° S., and 
 in the E. by 144° E. 
 
 Mnsgrave, co., S. AustraUa, crossed by 34° S. and 135° E. 
 JMnsgraTe, isls., Pacific. See Plngelap. 
 MnsgraTe, Great and Uttle, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Westmorland. Great M., on the r. bk. of the Eden, div. and 6^ 
 m. SE. Appleby, with a stn. (Mnsgrave) on the NE. R. , P.O., 
 P. <25o; Little M., on the 1. bk. of the Eden, P. <25o. See 
 Crosby Garrett. 
 
 Mnsgrare Fell, upland tract, about 3 m. N. Great Musgrave, 
 MnsgraTe Harbour, vil. , Canada. See Brooklyn. | 
 
 1058 
 
 Musgrave Ranges, mts., S. Australia, in about 26° 20' S., 
 and between 151° and 152° E. 
 
 Musgrave Town, vil., Newfoundland, Twillingate and Fogo 
 dist., 23 m. from Green's Pond. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Mush, tn., Asiatic Turkey, vilayet Bitlis, cap. sanjak M., 80 
 m. S. Erzerum ; has a ruined citadel. Alt. 4690 ft. P. 27,000; 
 Moham. 14,100; Armenian Christians, 12,900. The plain con- 
 tains 213 villages (Cuinet) ; massacre of Armenians by the Kurds 
 and Turks in 1894. 
 
 Musha, tn., Upper Egypt, prov. Siut. P. (1882) 7800. 
 Musha, Musa, or Mosha, isls. E. Africa, belong to the French, 
 at the mouth of the Bay of Tajurra, near the S. end of the Red 
 Sea, W. side. 
 Mushed, tn., Persia. See Meshed. 
 
 Mushinia, tn. , W. Africa, Angola, 71 m. SE. Loanda, on 1. bk. 
 of the Kwanza R. 
 
 Mushlnga, or liOkinga, range of mts., S. central Africa, or 
 rather the escarpment of a plateau sloping abruptly down to the 
 valley of the Loangwa (1. bk. trib. Zambezi) and separating it 
 from the basin of the Luapala (upper Congo). Alt. 4-5000 ft. 
 
 Musi, riv., Sumatra, flows E. and NE. past Palembang into 
 Banka Strait ; navigable to Tebing Tinggi (335 m. up, in 3° 30' 
 S. , 103° 5' E.), by steam-launch to confluence of Ravas (210 m. 
 up, in 2° 45' S. , 103° 52' E. ). See Petermann s Mitteil, 1880, p. 13. 
 Muskan, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Rothenburg, 27 m. 
 NNE. Bautzen. P. <4000. 
 
 Muskeget Island, small isl., U.S., Massachusetts, forming 
 the westernmost part of Nantucket co. , off the S. ct. M. channel, 
 the strait to the W. 
 
 Mnske'gon, city, U.S., Michigarf^ M. co., at the head of the 
 inlet of Lake Michigan called M. Lake, and at the mouth of 
 the Muskegon R., 122 m. W. by S. Bay City ; has a daily line of 
 steamers to Chicago and Milwaukee. Chief business lumber, 
 which employs more than 100 vessels. P. (1880) 11,300 ; (1890) 
 22,700. North M., adjoining vil. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Muskegon, riv., U.S., Michigan, flows SW. by S. into Lake 
 Michigan, the lower part of the river expanding into Lake M., 
 which has its mouth on Lake Michigan in 43° 13' N. Length, 
 200 m. 
 
 Muskerry, East and West, two bars., Ire., W. of co. 
 Cork. 
 
 Mnskham, North and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Nottinghamshire. North M., div. and 3 m. N. Newark, on the 
 1. bk. of the Trent, P.O., P. <5oo ; South M., P.O., P. <25o. 
 
 Muskingum, co. , U.S., Ohio, in the SE., crossed by 40 N. 
 and 8° W. 
 
 Muskingum, riv., U.S., in the SE. of Ohio, formed in the 
 middle of M. co. by the union of the Licking and Tuscarawas, 
 flows SE. to the Ohio, which it joins at Marietta in about 81° 
 28' W. ; navigable for steamboats to Dresden, 95 m. up. 
 Muskogees, Indian tribe. See Creeks. 
 Muskoka, co. , Canada, Ontario, on Georgian Bay, crossed 
 by 45° N. , with numerous lakes connected by streams navigated 
 by pleasure steamers in summer. 
 
 Muskoka River, riv., Canada, Ontario, rises in Nipissing 
 dist. and flows SW. then W. through M. Lake into Georgian 
 Bay, about 45° N. M. Lake is in the middle of M. county. It 
 communicates in the N. with Lake Rosseau. 
 
 Mnskrat Lake, lake, Canada, Ontario, drained into the riv. 
 Ottawa. 
 
 Musoiie, small riv. , Italy, The Marches, flows E. past Loreto 
 into the Adriatic, about 10 m. S. Ancona. 
 
 Musquodobolt, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax co,, on 
 the riv. Mnsqnodobolt, 24 m. ENE. Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 Mussa Arrl, vil. , E. Africa, Somali-land, 80 m. SSE. Berbera. 
 Mussall, volcano, Africa, Assab Bay, Red Sea. Alt. between 
 5250 and 6770 ft. 
 Muss- Alia, mt. , Bulgaria, in extreme S. , 36 m. S. by E. Sofia. 
 Mussbach, comm., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Rhine Palatinate, 
 circle and 3 m. NE. Neustadt. P. <3000. 
 
 Musselburgh, pari, burgh and tn., Scot., Midlothian, on the 
 N. ct. , at the mouth of the Esk, 3^ m. N. by E. Dalkeith, on the 
 N. B. R. , with extensive market-gardens, and manufactures of 
 nets and twine. The Links, E. of the town, have long been noted 
 as a golfing ground ; used also as a racecourse ; has coal. P. 
 8900. 
 
 Mussendom, Musseldom, or Musandam, Cape, headland, 
 Arabia, on an island at the entrance of the Persian Gulf, in 26° 
 24' N. , 56° 35' E. , forming the extreme point of the large penin. 
 of Oman. It is an abrupt basaltic rock 200 ft. above the sea. 
 
 Mussldan, tn., France, dep. Dordogne, arr. Ribdrac, on the 
 Isle, 20 m. SW. by W. P^rigueux. P. <200o. 
 
 Mussomell, tn., Sicily, prov. and 17^ m. WNW. Caltanis- 
 setta ; sulphur mines. P. 9800. 
 
 Mussooree, or Mussoorle (census), tn. and sanitarium, Brit. 
 India, NW. Provs., dist. Dehra Dun, 78 m. E. Ambdla, 7 m. 
 NE. by N. Dehra, forming practically one station with Landaur. 
 P. (1891) 5100; (Sept. 15, 1890) 10,100. 
 
 Mussorongo, people, W. Africa, on 1. bk. of the lower Congo, 
 near its mouth in the Atlantic. 
 
MUSS 
 
 M Y E R 
 
 Massnmlia (' capital'), tn., Congo Free State, on the r. bk. 
 of the Lomami (trib. Congo), in 5° 40' S. , 26° E. 
 
 Klassuinba, tn. , Congo Free State, in 8° 25' S. , 22° 50' E. , 
 cap. in 1880 of Muata Yamvo, about 12 m. SW. of its former cap. 
 
 Illa8sarl.se, the proper name of Gungunhana's tn. , Gaza-land. 
 
 Massy-sar-Selne, or Massy TEveqae, tn., France, on the 
 S. border of dep. Aube, arr. Bar-sur-Seine, 30 m. SE. Troyes, 
 9 m. NNW. Chatillon-sur-Seine ; has marble quarries. P. <20oo. 
 
 Hustafa, or Ulustapha, suburb of Algiers, Algeria. 
 
 Mastafa, cape, Tunis, in the NE. , in 36° 50' N. 
 
 Mastafa-Paslia-Kopriistt, tn. , Turkey in. Europe, on the 
 Maritsa, prov. and 17 m. WNW. Adrianople. 
 
 Mastagta, mt. range, stretching E. from the N. and E. of 
 Hunza-Kanjut. See Himalayas. 
 
 Mastagli-ata. See Pamirs and Tagtaarnia. 
 
 Mustang, vil. , Baluchistan, 33 m. SSW. Quetta. 
 
 Master, vil. , Switzd. See Dlsentls. 
 
 Maston, par., Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 5I m. W. 
 by N. Grantham, ij m. SE. by E. Bottesford stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Mustun, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 6^ 
 m. SE. by S. Scarborough, i| m. SW. by W. Filey stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Muswellbrook, or Masclebrook, tn., New South Wales, 
 Durham co. , 85 m. S. Tamworth. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Muswell Hill, hill, Eng. , on the borders of Buckinghamshire 
 and Oxfordshire, ii| m. W. by N. Aylesbury. Height, 624 ft. 
 
 Maswell Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Middlesex, Hornsey div., 
 5^ m. N. by W. St. Paul's, London, on G. N. R. P. <20oo. 
 
 Muszyna, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Neusandek, 
 47 m. SSE. Bochnia. P. (cdmm. )<300o. 
 
 Mata, comm. , Austria. See Hohenmaathen. 
 
 Muta, Panta, cape, on the E. ct. of Brazil, Bahia, in 13° 52' S. 
 
 Mntan-klang (-chlaiig), or Harka, riv. , Manchuria, flows 
 for the most part N. in about 130° E. to the Sungari, navigable 
 for large boats in summer to Ninguta, in about 44° 24' N. 
 Proc. R. G. S. , 1887, p. 556. 
 
 Matapet, tn. , India, Madras, Cauvery delta, dist. and 40 m. 
 SE. Tanjore. P. (1891) 8400; Hindus, 4L00 ; Moham. 4300. 
 
 Matassa, Brit. S. Africa. See llnitasa's. 
 
 Mute, fortified vil. , central Africa, Bornu, prov. and 22 m. 
 SW. Gujba, 80 m. SW. by W. Kuka. 
 
 Matenltz, vil., Austria, Moravia, dist. Coding, 19 m. ENE. 
 Nikolsburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Mutfili, tn. , India. See Motapalll. 
 
 Mutford, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 5 m. SW. Lowestoft. 
 P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (M. -with Barn1)y) P. <:75o. 
 
 Mutliill, par., Scot., W. Perthshire, 3 m. S. by E. Crieff, i^ 
 m. W. of its stn. on the C. R. , PMT.O. ; 21,916 ac. P. <2000. 
 
 Mutina, city, Italy. See Modena. 
 
 Mutla, India. See Port Canning. 
 
 Mutogna, tn. , Africa. See Massaua. 
 
 Mutsu, kuni or old prov., Japan, now included in Iwate and 
 Aomori kens. 
 
 Muttaburra, post-tn., Queensland, Cumberland co. , 270 m. 
 SW. by S. Townsville. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Mnttenz, tn. , Switzd., cant. Basel-land, 3 m. SE. Basel. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Miittersliolz, comm. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, circle Schlett- 
 stadt, 15^ m. NE. by N. Kolmar. P. <30oo. 
 
 Matterstadt, comm., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Rhine Palatinate, 
 circle Ludwigshafen, 8 m. NNW. Spire. P. <4000. 
 
 Mutton Island, Ire. , off W. ct. co. Clare, in the S. of Mai 
 Bay, lat. 52° 49' N. P. 8. 
 
 Mutton Island, Ire., off ct. co. Galway, in the NE. of 
 Galway Bay, with a lighthouse. 
 
 Muttra (mentioned by Ptolemy as the 'Modouraof the gods'), 
 municip., Brit. India, NW. Provs. , cap. dist. M., on the r. bk. 
 of the Jumna, 23 m. NNE. Bhartpur ; the city, studded with 
 white edifices, rises like a mud fortress. P. (1870) 59,300 ; (1891) 
 56,400; Hindus, 45,900; Moham. 10,000; including canton- 
 ment, 61,200. 
 
 Mutu, one of the headwaters of the Kilimane (Quilimane) 
 R. , Portuguese E. Africa, joining the Kwa-kwa in about 36° 42' 
 E. ; in time of flood receives water from the Zambezi. 
 
 Mutugna, tn. , Africa. See Massaua. 
 
 Mutzlg, tn., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle Molsheim, 13 m. 
 W. by S. Strassburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Muva, vil. , Portuguese W. Africa, Kabinda, on the coast, in 
 5° 18' S. 
 
 May, Le, tn. , France, dep. Var, arr. Draguignan, 11 m. 
 NW. by W. Fr^jus. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Maya, tn. , Japan, on the E. ct. Shikoku, 53 m. SW. by S. 
 Kobe. P. 18,400. 
 
 Muya, riv., E. Siberia, 1. bk. trib. of Vitim, rises on border 
 of Vitim plateau, flows about 250 m. E. in a broad valley be- 
 tween the steep slope of the plateau (South Muya Mts. ) in S. , 
 and wild chain of North Muya Mts. ; enters Vitim above Lake 
 Oron ; a few Yakut settlements near its mouth. 
 
 Muydlr, plateau, Africa, western Sahara, in about 26° N., 
 2°-4r E. 
 
 Mnyscas, Indian tribe, Colombia. See Mulscas. 
 Muyua, or Murua, native name of Woodlark I. 
 Muyun-knni, or Ak-kuiu, sandy desert, Russian Turkistan, 
 in SW. of Lake Balkhash. 
 
 Muza, seapt. of Yemen, SW. Arabia, of importance before 
 the rise of Mokha. 
 
 Muzaffartibfid, tn. and fort, India, Kashmir, 78 m. WNW. 
 Srinagar, at the confluence of the Jehlam with the Kishen Gangd, 
 commanding the entrance of Baramula Pass. 
 
 MuzalTarabad, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 7 m. SW. 
 by W. Multan. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 MnzafTargarh, municip. and fort, Brit. India, Punjab, cap. 
 dist. M. , 22 m. WSW. Multan. P. < 5000. 
 
 Muzaffarnagar, municip., Brit. India, NW. Provs., cap. 
 dist. M., 30 m. N. Meerut. P. 18,200; Hindus, 10,300; 
 Moham. 7200. 
 
 Muzaffarpur, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, cap. dist. M., 37 m. 
 N. by E. Patna ; has considerable trade on. the Little Gandak. 
 The dist. yields most of the saltpetre of Bengal. P. 49,200; 
 Hindus, 35,200; Moham. 13,600. 
 Mazaflrabad, tn. , NE. Persia, 60 m. S. Sebzewar. 
 MuzaiavlUe, tn., Algeria, arr. and 44 m. SW. Algiers. P. 
 <;2ooo. 
 
 Muzang, suburb of Lahore City, Punjab, Brit. India. 
 
 Muzerlb, El. See Mezerlb. 
 
 Muzlllac, tn., France, dep. Morbihan, arr. Vannes, 23 m. 
 NW. by N. St. Nazaire. P. < 2000. 
 
 Muzo, tn. , Colombia, dep. Boyaca, 70 m. N. by W. BogotS ; 
 mines worked since 1558 furnish the finest emeralds in the world. 
 Alt. 2700 ft. P. 5000. 
 
 Muztagh (' ice mountain '), mt. range. See Hlmillayas. 
 
 Muztagh-ata. See Tagharnia. 
 
 Mivanda, tn. , W. Africa, Congo Free State, on the coast, in 
 5° 54' S. 
 
 Mwanda, tn., Portuguese W. Africa, Kabinda, on the coast, 
 at the mouth of the Bele, in 5° 24' S. 
 
 Mwanza, stn. , Ger. E. Africa, on the S. shore of Lake Victoria 
 Nyanza, in 33° 3' E. 
 
 Mweel, in Gaelic place-names, ' a round hill ' or ' bald pro- 
 montory.' See Moel. 
 
 Mweelann, islet. Ire., about 5 m. from the S. of the entrance 
 to Clew Bay. 
 
 Mweenlsh Island, Ire. , W. co. Galway, in bay of the same 
 name, in 53° 18' N. , 9° 51' W. 
 
 Mweli's, vil., Portuguese E. Africa, in 13° 5' S., 38° 53' E. 
 
 Mweru, Moero, or Meru, lake, central S. Africa, on the SE. 
 frontier of the Congo Free State, in 8° 3o'-9° 55' S. , and about 
 28° 35'-29° 12' E. , traversed by the Luapula R. In the S. of 
 the lake is the Isl. of Klsl, on the W. side of which flows the 
 Luapula, while on the E. side is a branch of the lake called 
 Mofwe. Alt. 2900 ft. (Sharpe, a.b.). Proc. R. G. S., 1892, p. 
 39, map, p. 68 (i : 2,000,000). 
 
 Mwlta, vil., Portuguese E. Africa, in 16° 28' S., 36° 30' E. 
 
 Mworongo, tn. , Africa. See Mnliorongo. 
 
 Mworongo, riv. , central Africa, believed to rise in Mount 
 Mfumbiro and flow S. into Lake Akenyara. 
 
 Mwosa, vil., W. Africa, on a creek of the Ivory Coast, in 
 about 3° 44' W. 
 
 Mwutan-Nzlge ('locust lake'), the Wanyoro name of Lake 
 Albert Nyanza (g.v.). 
 
 Myacbkovo, vil., Russia, govt, and 17 m. from Moscow, on 
 Moskva R.; quarries of Hmestone. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Myamyn, post-tp. , Victoria, co. Normanby, 225 m. by rail 
 and road SW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Myanaang, tn. , Burma, dist. Henzada, on the r. bk. of the 
 Irawadi, 40 m. S. Prome. P. 5500 ; Buddhists, 5100. 
 
 Myaung-mya, tn., Burma, dist. and 20 m. SE. by S. Bassein. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Myburgh, prov., on the E. ct. of Brit. N. Borneo, including 
 Sandakan Bay. 
 
 MycencB, ancient city, Greece, destroyed 468 B.C., interesting 
 remains of which are still to be seen 9 m. NE. Argos. 
 
 Myebsk, tn. , Russia. See Radomysl. 
 
 Myddfal, or Mothvey, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. 
 div., 17 m. SE. Lampeter, 3 m. SSE. Llandovery stn., P.O. 
 (M. or Mothvey) ; 11,870 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Mydrecht, tn. , Netherlands. See Mljdrecht. 
 
 Mydrlni, or Meldrani, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. 
 div., 8 m. W. Carmarthen, 2 J m. N. St. Clears stn., PM.O.; 
 6171 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Mydroilin, P.O., Wales, 3 m. from Llanarth, near Talsarn, 
 Carmarthenshire. 
 
 Myed^, tp., Burma, dist. Thayet-myo, 40 m. N. Prome. 
 
 Myednyl (' Copper I.'), isl., Russia, Bering Sea, one of the 
 two larger Commandor Is. Length, 33 m. , maximum width, 
 7 m. Port at S. in 54° 32' N., 168° 6' E. ; considerable sea- 
 hunting. 
 
 Myerscougb, par., Eng., Lancashire, Lancaster div., on riv. 
 Brock, II m. ESE. Fleetwood, 2 m. NW. by W. Brock stn. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 1059 
 
MYER — MYSO 
 
 Myersdale, settlement, U.S., Pennsylvania, Somerset co. , 
 70 m. SE. Pittsburg. 
 
 Myer's Flat, post-tn. , Victoria, co. Bendigo, 95 m. NNW. 
 Melbourne. 
 
 Myersto'wn, vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Lebanon co. , 31 m. E. 
 by N. Harrisburg, and 6 m. E. by N. Lebanon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Myggenaes, one of the Faroe Is., W. of Vaago. Mean 
 temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 44.1° F., Jan. 38.8, Aug. 52°. 
 
 Myliigyan, tn. , Upper Burma, on the 1. bk. of the Iriwadi, 
 36 m. NE. by E. Pagan, cap. dist. M., which is bounded on 
 the W. by the Irawadi. P. 19,000 ; Buddhists, 17,400 ; canton- 
 ment, P. 800 ; Buddhists, 30. 
 
 Nyln-mu, vil., Upper Burma, on the IrAwadi, 30 m. W. 
 Mandalay. 
 
 Hylionos. 1. Isl., Greece, one of the Cyclades, 54 m. SE. of 
 the S. ct. of Euboea. Area, 33 sq. m. (Wisotzki). P. (demos) 
 4500. 2. Town on the W. ct. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Mylce, tn. , Sicily. See Milazzo. 
 
 Myland, par. , Eng. , Essex. See Mile Eud St. Mlcliael. 
 
 IMylapnr, or St. Tlioni^, suburb of Madras, Brit. India ; a 
 legend relates that M. formed the chief scene of the labours of 
 St. Thomas in India. 
 
 Mylaa, tn., Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 12 m. SW. 
 Zwickau. P. 6400. 
 
 Mylerstown, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Carbury, 5 m. SW. 
 Enfield. P. <5oo. 
 
 Myll, vil. , Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinthia, on the NW. 
 shore of the Gulf of Nauplia, 5 m. W. Nauplia. P. <2O0o. 
 
 Mylnefleld Fens, vil. , Scot., Perthshire, 3 m. W. Dundee, 
 PM.O. (Mylnetleld). P. <75o. 
 
 Mylopotanio-s, vil. , Greece, on W. ct. of Cerigo I. 
 
 Mylor, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, Truro div. , on W. side of Carrick 
 Road, i| m. NNE. Falmouth, PMT.O. (M. Bridge). P. <:25oo. 
 
 Mylva, riv. , N. Russia, 1. bk. trib. of Pechora; old channel 
 of communication with the basin of Dvina. 
 
 Mynacb, small stream, Wales, Cardiganshire, flows SW. 
 then NW. and enters the Rheidol loi m. E. by S. Aberyst- 
 with ; celebrated for its fine chain of falls and the Devil's 
 Bridge {q.v.). 
 
 Myuaclilogddu, P. O. , Wales, Pembrokeshire. See mouacb- 
 logddu. 
 
 Myuela, tn. , China. See Slalnela. 
 
 Mynemow, tn., China. See Mnugiiian. 
 
 Mynfford Juuctlou, stn. , Wales, Merionethshire, on the 
 Festiniog Rly. , 2 m. E. Portmadoc. 
 
 Mynning, Swedish, ' a river mouth." See Monde. 
 
 Mynster, Anglo-Saxon , ' a monastery. ' See Minster. 
 
 Mynydd, Welsh, ' a mountain.' 
 
 Myiiydd Epynt, hill tract, Wales. See Brecknockshire. 
 
 Mynydd Hlraeth, Wales, range of hills trending for about 
 10 m. E. to W. in the W. of Denbighshire. 
 
 Mynydd Uandefalle, range of hills, Wales, Brecknockshire, 
 6^ m. N. Brecknock. 
 
 Mynydd Maen ( ' mountain rock ' ), hill, Eng. , Monmouthshire, 
 on the border of the N. and S. divs., 2 m. SW. Pontypool ; 
 crowned with an ancient camp. Alt. 1561 ft. 
 
 Mynytld^mawr ('great mount'), Wales, co. and 6 m. SE. 
 Carnarvon. Alt. 2293 ft. 
 
 Mynydd Pentre (' the mountain headland '), Wales, Carnar- 
 vonshire, near Little Orme's Head. 
 
 Mynydd Preseley, range of hills, Wales, in the N. of Pem- 
 brokeshire, stretching about 12 m. W. by S. to E. by N. 
 
 Mynyddyslwyn, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 7 m. 
 SW. Pontypool, i m. SW. Abercarne stn.; has chemical works, 
 iron and tinplate works, and collieries. 16,077 a^c. P. 14,400 ; 
 eccles. par. (M. wltli Maesycwmnr) P. 10,100. 
 
 Mynytbo, P.O., Wales, 3 m. from Abersoch, near Pwllheli 
 (Carnarvonshire). 
 
 Myo-taanng, tn. , Burma. See Mro-baang. 
 
 Myobla, vil., Burma, dist. Taung-ngu, 76 m. NE. by E. 
 Prome, 201 m. by rail from Rangoon. 
 
 Myponga, postal-tp. , S. Australia, Hindmarsh co. , 34 m. S. 
 by W. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Myra, decayed tn., Asia Minor, on the S. ct., 100 m. E. by 
 S. Rhodes. 
 
 Myrena. See Mercia. 
 
 MyrlckTllle, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co. , 6 m. SE. 
 by E. Taunton. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Myrnlong, post-tn., Victoria, co. Bourke, 39 m. by rail and 
 road NW. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Myroe, electoral div., Ire., NE. co. Londonderry, bar. 
 Keenaght, on riv. Roe, 7 m. SSE. Moville, 3 m. from Lima- 
 vady stn., P.O. 
 
 Myro88, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Carbery W., E. div., 5 m. 
 SW. Rosscarbery; 4119 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Myrtilis Julia, tn., Portugal. See Mertola. 
 
 Myrtle, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on the N. Pacific and 
 Manitoba Rly., 48 m. SW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Myrtle, post-vil., Canada, prov. and co. Ontario, 32 m. NE. 
 Toronto, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 1060 
 
 Myrtle Bank, post-tn., Tasmania, co. Dorset, 23 m. by rail 
 and road E. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Myrtle Bayon, U.S., Louisiana. See Grand Lake. 
 
 Myrtleford, post-tn., Victoria, Bogong co. , on the r. bk. of 
 the Ovens, 18 m. S. by E. Beechworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Myrtos, vil., Turkey, on the S. ct. of the isl. of Crete, 34 m. 
 SE. Candia, in 25° 35' E. 
 
 Myrtonntlol, comm., Greece. See Lektaaina. 
 
 Mysliall, par.. Ire., E. co. and 12m. SSE. Carlow, bars. Forth 
 and E. Idrone, 8 m. from Tullow stn. , P.O.; 9473 ac. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Myshkln, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 62 m. W. Yaroslavl, on 
 1. bk. Volga ; considerable trade. P. 3000. 
 
 Myslenlce, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. M., 15 m. 
 S. Cracow. P. <2poo. 
 
 MysloM'ltz, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Kattowitz, on 
 the frontier of Poland, 41 m. E. by N. Ratibor, 9 m. ESE. 
 Konigshutte. P. 6600. 
 . Mysole, isl. See Mlsol. 
 
 Mysore, or Malsnr, a large native state in southern India, 
 surrounded by Madras Presidency, except in the NW. , where it 
 is bordered by that of Bombay, divided as shown in the following 
 table, in which the population at different censuses is given in 
 thousands (000 omitted) : — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inc. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 
 Area in 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 j88i- 
 
 per 
 
 
 sq. III. 
 
 I87I. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1891. 
 
 ^%^• 
 
 Bangalore . . . 
 
 2,559 
 
 828 
 
 669 
 
 803 
 
 20 
 
 314 
 
 Kolar 
 
 3.059 
 
 619 
 
 46. 
 
 591 
 
 28 
 
 193 
 
 Tumkur .... 
 
 4,093 
 
 632 
 
 413 
 
 581 
 
 41 
 
 142 
 
 Nandidnig div. 
 
 9,7" 
 
 2,079 
 
 1,543 
 
 i,97S 
 
 
 241 
 
 Mysore .... 
 
 5,007 
 
 943 
 
 903 
 
 1,182 
 
 31 
 
 236 
 
 Hassan . . . . 
 
 2,603 
 
 668 
 
 536 
 
 515 
 
 -4 
 
 « 
 
 Ashtagram div. 
 
 7,610 
 
 1,611 
 
 1,439 
 
 1,697 
 
 
 Shimoga .... 
 
 3,986 
 
 499 
 
 500 
 
 528 
 
 6 
 
 132 
 
 Kadur .... 
 
 2,635 
 
 334 
 
 328 
 
 330 
 
 0-5 
 
 124 
 
 Chitaldriig . . . 
 
 3,994 
 
 531 
 
 376 
 
 414 
 
 10 
 
 103 
 
 Nagar div. . . 
 Total . . . 
 
 10,615 
 
 1,364 
 
 1,204 
 
 1,272 
 
 
 Z09 
 
 *7,936 
 
 S.OS5 
 
 4,186 
 
 4,944 
 
 18 
 
 177 
 
 This region is divided into the Malnad or hill country in the 
 W. , that is, the country belonging to or bordering on the 
 Western Ghdts (db^ts, Baba Biidan), and the Maidan or open 
 country, occupying the greater part of the surface. The region 
 generally may be described as that of the headwaters of the 
 rivers of southern India. The main water-parting stretches 
 from W. to E. across the middle of Mysore, at the height of 
 about 3000 ft., the ground sloping thence gently northwards 
 and southwards, but rising again in the extreme S. of Mysore 
 towards the junction of the Eastern and Western Ghats. Most 
 of the rivers in the N. belong to the basins of the Kistna and the 
 Northern Penner, and flows northwards ; those in the S. mostly 
 belong to the basin of the Cauvery, and flow some N. , some S. 
 In the N. there are the headwaters of the Northern Penner 
 itself, those of the Tunga and Bhadra, which, within the terr. of 
 Mysore, unite to form the Tungabhadra, the principal trib. of the 
 Kistna, and those of the Hagari, or Vedavati, the largest trib. 
 of the Tungabhadra. In the S. the Cauvery takes its rise in 
 Coorg, in a recess of the mountains formed by a westerly curve 
 of the Western Ghits. Further E. the Palar and the Southern 
 Penner both take their rise on the southern slopes of the main 
 waterparting. None of the Mysore rivers is navigable, but 
 they are of great service for irrigation, many of the tanks of the 
 region being formed by anicuts (dams) laid across the rivers in 
 suitable places to hold back part of the water. On the Miiddn 
 or open country a striking feature is formed by the drugs 
 (droogs) or precipitous isolated rocky hills which are dotted 
 over the surface, some of them rising to the height of 2000 ft. or 
 more above the surrounding country, 4000 to 5000 ft. above the 
 level of the sea. Many of them contain water at their summit, 
 and formerly were taken advantage of as sites for fortresses, 
 which enabled the owners to domineer over the neighbouring 
 districts. Among those most conspicuous in the history of 
 Mysore are Nandidriig and Savandnig, both in the E. (Banga- 
 lore district). The ralnftell is comparatively scanty (India, 
 climate. Bangalore), and the state has suffered greatly in all the 
 severe famines by which southern Madras ((}.v) has been affected. 
 Among the crops of Mysore, grain and oil-seeds occupy about 
 nine-tenths of the cultivated area, the principal grain being rdgi, 
 which furnishes the staple food of the bulk of the people. Other 
 millets are also grown in all parts, and rice is cultivated in the 
 S. , where water for irrigation can be obtained from rivers. In 
 similar situations occur plantations of sugar-cane. Among 
 other important products of the S. are areca or betel-nut and 
 coco-nut palms. In the N., where black soil occurs, a good 
 deal of cotton is grown. On the slopes of the GhAts in Mysore 
 and Coorg there is more than three-fourths of the area under 
 coffee-plantations in India. Next in importance to coffee among 
 the hill products are cardamoms (especially in Coorg) and 
 cinchona bark. The narrow valleys which form all the lowland 
 
MYSO — NADI 
 
 area in Coorg capable of cultivation are almost entirely occupied 
 by rice-fields. The chief mineral in Mysore is gold, one or two 
 mines of which are now profitably worked in the district of 
 Koldr, in the E. of the state. The signs of the occurrence of 
 gold, both here and elsewhere, in Mysore give the promise of 
 even better results in the future. There are two railways in the 
 state. A standard-gauge railway connects Bangalore with the 
 Madras railway system, and a metre-gauge railway in connec- 
 tion with the system of southern Bombay and the port of 
 Marmagao winds through the. state from Harihar on the 
 northern frontier past Bangalore to Mysore. The prevailing 
 language is Kanarese, but Telugu is spoken in a small area in 
 the extreme E. The only to-wns with more than 20,000 in- 
 habitants in 1891 were Mysore (the cap.) and Bangalore, both of 
 which have British cantonments. 
 
 Mysore, or AIalie8li-(krn ('buffalo town,' from Makesh- 
 dsura, the buffalo-headed demon), tn., India, cap. M. state, 10 
 m. SW. Seringapatam, with the Maharaji's college; in 1524a 
 fort was erected. P. (1871) 57,800; (1891) 74,000. 
 
 Mystic, post-vil. , Canada, Quebec, Missisquoi co., 39 m. SE. 
 Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mystic, vil. , U.S., Connecticut, New London co., on E. 
 bank of Mystic R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Mystic Bridge, vil., U.S., Connecticut, New London co., 
 3 m. W. Stonington by rail, on Mystic R. , here navigable for 
 vessels of 400 tons, with shipbuilding. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mystic Klver, vil., U.S., Connecticut, New London co. , j\ 
 m. E. New London, with shipbuilding. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Mytliam Bridge, P.O., Eng., Derbyshire, 2 m. NW. 
 yathersage. 
 
 Mytlieustock, Mount. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. B. 3. 
 
 Mytholni, part of the tn. of Hebden Bridge, Eng., Yorkshire, 
 on the Calder, 7 m. W. by N. Halifax, at the entrance to the 
 Colden Valley. 
 
 Mytholniroyd (mai'thom-roid), tn. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Sowerby div. , on the Calder, 5 m. W. Halifax, on the 
 L. & Y. R. ; carries on spinning and weaving of cotton and 
 cotton waste, and wool, iron -founding and engineering, oil- 
 refining, and the manufacture of ready-made clothing. P. 
 <45oo. 
 
 Mytllenf , isl. and tn. , Grecian Archipelago. See Mltillnl. 
 
 Mytlllnl, inland vil. , in the E. of the isl. of Samos. 
 
 Myton upon Swale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Thirsk and Malton div., 8i m. ESE. Ripon, 2^ m. E. by S. 
 Borough bridge stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Myto Vysok4^, comm. , Austria. See Hohenniauth. 
 
 Mzab, or Country of the Benl-Mzab, Berber confederation 
 of seven towns, occupying four valleys of a plateau 1000 to 
 2500 ft. in height in the Algerian Sahara, prov. and about 230- 
 300 m. S. by E. Algiers, 60-80 m. WNW. Wargla, in 32°-33° 
 20' N. , and about z\°-^\° E. Chief town Ghardaia (Rhardaia). 
 The chief valley is that of the Wadi M. , which flows E. into the 
 Safiun sebkha. The confederation acknowledged the suzerainty 
 of France in 1850, and in 1882 their terr. was formally annexed 
 to Algeria. P. about 30,000. 
 
 M'zahltes, people, Africa. See Mozahltes. 
 
 Mzl, principal headwater of the Wadi Jedi (or Ijidi), 
 .Algeria. 
 
 Mznrl, salt lake without outlet, Algeria, prov. and 32 m. S. 
 Constantine. 
 
 N 
 
 Na-a, or Naha, the Indian name for Revillagigedo I., Alaska, 
 meaning ' the country of the distant lakes,' referring to a chain 
 of pools in its northern half. 
 
 N'aab, riv. , Ger. , in the E. of Bavaria, formed by the union 
 of the Fichtel-Naab from the Fichtelgebirge and the Wald-Naab 
 from the Bohemian Forest, flows S. and enters the Danube just 
 above Regensburg; navigable from Kallmiinz, 14 m. Its valley, 
 now ascended by a railway, has always formed one of the main 
 lines of communication between S. and N. Germany. 
 
 Naaf, an arm of the Bay of Bengal, Brit. India, forming part 
 of W. boundary of dist. Akyab, separating Lower Burma from 
 Chittagong ; navigable. Length, 31 m. ; breadth at mouth, 3 m. 
 
 \aaldwljk, comm. , Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, arr. and 
 7 m. SW. The Hague. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Naalso, or Nalso, one of the Faroe Is. See Nolsd. 
 
 \aaneh, vil., Palestine, Naamah in the O. T., 31° 52' N., 
 34° 52' E., 15 m. SSE. Jaffa (ancient Joppa). 
 
 Naara, dist. , S. ct. Brit. New Guinea, between I46|°-i47° E. 
 
 Naarath, place named in O. T. See El Anjah et Tahtftnl. 
 
 Naarden, fortified tn. , Holland, prov. N. Holland, on S. shore 
 of the Zuider Zee, 11 m. ESE. Amsterdam. P. (comm.)<:40oo. 
 
 Naas, par., civic and market tn.. Ire., NE. co. Kildare, 
 bar. N. Naas, 12 m. S. by W. Maynooth, on the G. S. & W, 
 R. ; close to the town are infantry barracks. Market-days, M. 
 and Th. Par. 5527 ac, P. <45oo; tn. P. < 4000. 
 
 Naas, North and South, two bars. , Ire. , in E. of co. Kildare. 
 
 Naauw Poort, vil., Cape Colony, dist. Colesberg, 25 m. 
 NW. Middelburg, on the railway to Kimberley ; junction for 
 Colesberg and Bloemfontein (Orange Free State). 
 
 Nab, The, hill, Eng., Westmorland, E. by S. of the head of 
 yilswater, 11 m. SW. by S. Penrith. Height, 1887 ft. 
 
 Nabadvrlp, India. See Nadlyil. 
 
 NabSlo, riv., Portugal, Estremadura, flows S. and joins the 
 Zezere (trib. Tagus). 
 
 Nabaro, or Nabruwe, tn. , Lower Egypt, 71 m. N. Cairo, 
 28 m. NE. Tanta. P. (1882) 6000. 
 
 Nabas, vil., Cape Colony, dist. Nama-land, on the Orange 
 R. , 85 m. N. by W. Ookiep. 
 
 Nabburg, tn., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, cap. 
 circle Nabburg, on the Naab, 30 m. N. by E. Ratisbon. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Nabe-shlma, islet, Inland Sea, Japan, with lighthouse, visible 
 15 m. 
 
 Nabeul, or Nebel, tn. and port, Tunis, on the E. ct. , on the 
 N. side of the Gulf of Hammamet, 39 m. SE. by E. Tunis ; a 
 pleasure resort, with a very mild climate ; has numerous pottery 
 manufactures. On the seashore are the ruins of Nabel-Kedim, 
 Old Nabol, the ancient Neapolis. 
 
 Ndbha, tn., India, Punjab, cap. Ndbha state, 14 m. W. by 
 N. Patiala. P. 17,100; Hindus, 8400 ; Moham. 6300; Sikhs, 
 2200. 
 
 Nab Light- Vessel, Eng., E. ct. Isle of Wight, visible 11 m. 
 
 Nab'lns, tn., Palestine, Shechem in the O. T., Sychem or 
 
 SycharKxi the N. T., 32° 13' N., 35° 15' E., 30 m. N. Jerusalem, 
 in a verdant vale between mts. Ebal and Gerizim. P. about 
 16,000. 
 
 Nabog NAl, pass, N. India, Kashmir state, in 33° 43' N., 75° 
 34' E. Alt. 12,000 ft. 
 
 Nabol, port, Tunis. See Nabeul. 
 
 Nabrissa, tn., Spain. See Lebrlja. 
 
 Nabruwe, tn.. Lower Egypt. See Nabaro. 
 
 Nabulus. Same as Nftblus. 
 
 Nabnm, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., on the Ouse, 4 m. S. York, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Nacajuca, vil., Mexico, Tabasco, 213 m. ESE. Vera Cruz, 
 13 m. NNW. San Juan Bautista. 
 
 Nachl-hslen, tn. , China, on the r. bk. of the Yangtse-kiang, 
 prov. Siichwan, 90 m. SW. Chungking. 
 
 Nachod, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 15 m. SE. Trautenau. P. 5300. 
 
 Niichstebreck, rural comm. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. 
 Arnsberg, circle and dist. Schwelm. P. <300o. 
 
 Nacimiento, Spanish, literally ' birth,' applied in geography 
 to the issue of a river from the base or side of a cliff, as happens 
 so frequently in limestone regions. 
 
 Nacimiento, tn., S. Chile, prov. Biobio, 18 m. WSW. Los 
 Anjeles. P. <iooo. 
 
 Nacimiento, comm., Spain, prov. and 20 m. NW. Almeria, 
 dist. G^rgal. P. <4000. 
 
 Nackara, vil., S. Australia, Herbert co. , 88 m. E. by S. Port 
 Augusta, on the railway to Silverton, New South Wales. 
 
 Nackenhelm, vil., Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse, circle Oppenheim, 
 6 m. SSE. Mainz, on the 1. bk. of the Rhine. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Nackerton, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, i m. N. Uddingston. 
 P. (including Aitkenhead)<; 1000. 
 
 Nacklngton, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., t.\ m. S. 
 Canterbury. P. <25o. 
 
 Nackten, lake, central Sweden, prov. (Ian) Jemtland. 
 Length, SSE. to NNW. , 22 m. ; area, 39 sq. m. 
 
 Nacogdoches, city, U.S., Texas, cap. Nacogdoches co. , 82 
 m. SW. Shreveport (La.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Nacton, par., Eng., Suffolk, on riv. Orwell, 5 m. SE. Ips- 
 wich, PT.O. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (Nacton with LeTlngton) 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Nacnng Lough, lake. Ire., in the NW. of co. Donegal, 32 
 m. W. of Londonderry. 
 
 Nad, electoral div., Ire., N. co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, on riv. 
 Glen, 9 m. SW. by W. Mallow. 
 
 Nada, isls. , Pacific. See Laughlan. 
 
 Nadder, riv., Eng., Wiltshire, flows 18 m. E. to the Avon at 
 Wilton. 
 
 Nadezhnaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kuban, dist. Batalpashinsk. P. 6600. 
 
 Nadl(k«l (census), tn., India. See NarlAd. 
 
 Naillgdon, tn., Central India, Datia state, 56 m. E. by S. 
 Gwalior. P. =5100 ; Hindus, 4700 ; Moham. 400. 
 
 1061 
 
N A D I 
 
 N AG Y 
 
 Nadlyil, or Nabadwip (census), tn., Brit. India, Bengal, N. 
 dist. (the cap. of which is Krishnagar), on the W. bank of the 
 Bhagirathi, 55 m. N. Calcutta ; near the site of the battlefield of 
 Plassey (§r.v.). P. 13,300 ; Hindus, 12,900. See Htiigll Klver. 
 Nadol, tn., India, Rdjputana, state Jodhpur, 68 m. NNW. 
 Udaipur ; remains of a fortress. 
 Nador, Arabic, ' raised place,' or ' high summit.' 
 Nikdndvar, comm., Hungary, co. Hajdu, 25 m. WSW. 
 Debreczen. P. 7800. 
 
 Nadnr, vil. , Tunis, on the Gulf of Cabes, 23 m. N. Cabes, in 
 34° 18' N. 
 
 Nadwdma, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Nadworna, 
 67 m. WNW. Czernowitz. P. 7200. 
 
 A^aes, in place-names, Anglo-Saxon Ness and Naze, Nor- 
 wegian Nes, Danish Nes and Naes, Swedish Nds, French A^ez, 
 ' a nose,' or ' promontory.' 
 
 Xaestved, tn., Denmark, Seeland. P. 5500. 
 Nafels, vil., Switzd. , cant, and 4 m. N. Glarus ; scene of 
 a victory of the Swiss over the Austrians, April 9, 1388. Alt. 
 1450 ft. P. (comm.)<30oo. 
 
 Nafferton, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 7^ m. E. 
 Hexham, 2i m. NNW. Prudhoe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Nafferton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div. , 
 18 m. 8. Scarborough, on the NE. R., PMT.O. ; 4832 ac. 
 P. < 1500; eccles. par. (Nafferton iritli Wansford) P. < 1500. 
 Nafford Trlth Blrlingbam) eccles. par., Eng., Worcester- 
 shire, div. and 7 m. W. Evesham. P. <soo. 
 
 Nafooey, Loagh, lake. Ire., NW. co. Galway, 14 m. S. 
 Westport, drained E. into Lough Mask. 
 
 Nafverstad, vil., S. Sweden, prov. (Ian) and 79 m. NNW. 
 Goteborg. 
 
 Naga, or Nneva Caceres, tn. , Philippine Is. , in middle of the 
 Camarines penin. of Luzon, in 13° 40' N., 123° 10' E. P. 9300. 
 Naga, ruined site. Upper Nubia, 31 m. S. Shendi, with two 
 temples covered with sculpture. 
 
 Nagaliama, tn., Japan, Honshiu, 37 m. NE. by E. Kyoto, 
 on the E. side of Lake Biwa. P. 8300. 
 Nagalr, valley, India. See Hnnza. 
 
 Naganibie, tn. , Victoria, Moira co., 78 m. N. Melbourne. 
 P. < 1500. 
 Nagano, tn., Japan, Honshiu, 94 m. SW. by S. Niigata. P. 
 '>eS,7oo. 
 { Nagaoka, tn. , Japan, Honshiu, 30 m. S. by E. Niigata. P. 
 15,600. 
 
 Nagar, Nuggur, or Nagore, Hindu, ' a city.' 
 Nagar, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Birbhum, in 23° 57' N., 
 87° 41' E. ; the famous wall or entrenchment extending for 32 
 m. is now rapidly falling into decay. P. < 5000. 
 Nag4r, fort, India. See Huuza. 
 
 NagAr, seapt. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Tanjore, on the E. 
 ct., included within the municip. and 4 m. N. Negapatam. 
 
 Nagar, vil., India, Mysore, 65 m. N. by E. Mangalore, 
 formerly a very prosperous place, strongly fortified. 
 
 Nagara, vil. and fort on the E. side of the Dardanelles, Asia 
 Minor, 20 m. SW. Gallipoli ; about 2 m. E. is the site of the 
 ancient Abydos. 
 
 NagardeTla, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khdndesh. P. 
 (1891)5300; Hindus, 4400. 
 
 NAgarl Nose, principal peak of Nagari Hills, Brit. India, 
 Madras, dist. N. Arcot, a well-known landmark, visible from 
 the sea, 50 m. distant. Alt. 2824 ft. 
 
 Nagar Karnnl, vil., India, Haidarabdd, on a trib. of the 
 riv. Kistna, 62 m. S. by W. Haidardbdd. 
 
 Nagarkoll, tn. , India, Travancore, 40 m. SSW. Tinnevelli, 
 suburb of Kot4r, 12 m. NW. by N. Cape Comorin. 
 Nagarkot, tn. , Brit. India. See KAngra. 
 Nagar PArkar, municip. , Brit. India, Sind, dist. Thar and 
 PArkar, 160 m. ESE. Haidarabdd. P. (i88i)<5ooo. 
 
 Nagasaki, seapt. tn. , Japan, cap. of a ken or sub-province 
 on the W. ct. of Kiushiu, at the head of a beautiful narrow 
 harbour 3^ m. in length. For over 200 years it was the only 
 port where foreigners were allowed to land ; in 1859 it became 
 one of the five open ports. The ' Foreign Settlement ' occupies 
 the flat eastern shore, with picturesque slopes behind, and 
 opposite are factory works and the dock of Tategami; which 
 has 25^ ft. on sill at high tide ordinary springs, and is 411 ft. 
 long at the bottom, and 89 ft. wide at the entrance. N. of the 
 dock are engine-works, occupying an area of 7 ac. The chief 
 public buildings are the hospital (the oldest in Japan) and a 
 great government college, attended by natives of all classes to 
 learn the languages and sciences of Europe. Nagasaki is noted 
 for the number of its temples, and the magnificence of its festivals. 
 Of the latter, three have often been described : (i) The Kunichi 
 (Oct.), with public rites in the temple of Suwa, display of shrine 
 treasures, games, and stage plays, and solemn processions in 
 costlyand splendid dressesand decorations, in which all the streets 
 and districts strive to distinguish themselves ; (2) the Bon Mal- 
 suri, or Festival of Lanterns ; and (3) the Gion, a sort of fair 
 lasting for three days. Owing to a large coal-mine in the island 
 Takashima, ofif the entrance to the harbour, Nagasaki has be- 
 1062 
 
 come an important coaling station. This is probably the largest 
 colliery in Asia, employing over 3000 men, and (1888) yielding 
 445,000 tons yearly ; much of the coal lies under the sea. 
 Steamers go regularly to Shanghai. Chief exports, coal, cam- 
 phor, rice, tobacco, dried fish, and vegetable wax ; imports, 
 raw cotton, ammunition, sugar, cloth, &c. Mean temp. (13 yrs. , 
 1871-78, 1881-86), yr. 61.1° F., Jan. 42.0°, July 80.5^; rfall. (6 
 yrs.), 77.6 in. P. (1884) 41,000; (1890) 58,100. 
 
 Nagato, kuni or old prov., Japan, now in Yamagpachi ken. 
 Naganr, tn., India, Rdjputana, 61 m. SSE. Bikaner, at one 
 time prosperous, but now partly in ruins. 
 
 Nag'clinkba, tn. and dist. in E. of Tibet, the town about 50 
 m. W. Tachienlu, in about 30° N. , 100° 45' E. 
 Nagera, fort, Spain. See Najera. 
 
 Nagina, municip., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Bijnaur, 52 
 m. NE. by E. Meerut ; has manufactures of cloth, glass ware, 
 and ebony carving ; Pathan fort. P. (1872) 19,700 ; (1891) 
 22,200; Moham. 14,800; Hindus, 6800. 
 
 N^kaiida, pass, Brit. India, Punjab, Kumharsain state, in 
 31° 15' N., 77"^ 31' E. Alt. 9016 ft. 
 
 Nagles, mts., Ire., in the NE. of co. Cork, 6 m. WSW. 
 Fermoy. Height, 1406 ft. 
 
 Nago, another name of Egba, W. Africa. 
 Nagode, tn. and fort, Central India, cap. of Nagode state, 
 100 m. SW. by W. Allahdbdd. P. (i88i)<5ooo. 
 
 Nagold, riv., Ger,, rises in the Black Forest, flows N. through 
 a narrow valley in Wiirtemberg, and joins the Enz at Pforzheim, 
 in Baden ; used for floating timber from a point near Eutingen. 
 Length, 57 m. 
 
 Nagold, tn. , Ger. , Wiirtemberg, Black Forest circle, 15 m. ■ 
 W. by N. Tubingen ; has woollen manufactures. P. <:4000. 
 Nagore, Hindu, ' a city. ' See Nagar. 
 
 Nagotua, coal-mining tn. in the NE. of Tongking, connected 
 by a 40-inch gauge railway with the port of Hongai. 
 
 Nagoya, tn., Japan, Honshiii, 75 m. E. by N. Kyoto, an im- 
 portant commercial city, cap. of Aichi ken (formerly of prov. or 
 kuni of Owari) ; has a celebrated castle, erected in 1610 by twenty 
 great feudal lords, and regarded as one of the wonders of the 
 town. Noted manufactures of porcelain, cloisonne, and fans. 
 The town is connected by a nearly continuous street of 20 m. 
 with Gifu, every house in which was overthrown in a terrible 
 earthquake that visited the dist. in the autumn of 1891. P. 
 170,400. 
 
 N^pnr, or Nagpore, commercial and manufacturing tn. and 
 fort, Brit. India, cap. and dist. Nagpur, Central Provs. , 90 ra. 
 E. by N. Amrdoti, about midway between rivs. Wardhi and 
 Wainganga, with some Hindii temples in the best style of 
 Mardthd architecture, now connected by rail both with Cal- 
 cutta and Bombay. P. (1872) 84,400; (1881) 98,300; (1891) 
 117,000; Hindus, 94,500; Moham. 16,400. See Central 
 Provinces, table. 
 
 Nags Head, mt. , Eng., Cumberland, in the extreme E. of the 
 Penrith div., 18 m. ENE. Penrith. Height, 2201 ft. 
 
 Nags Head Hill, P.O., Eng., near Bristol, Gloucestershire. 
 Nagsngtok Fiord, or Nagsngtok Stroiuflord, gulf on the 
 W. ct. of Greenland, in 67° 42' N. , separating the two Danish 
 inspectorates of N. and S. Greenland. 
 
 Nag^' (nody, nearly no)—o as in 'not'), Hungarian prefix 
 meaning ' great.' Some towns having this prefix will be found 
 under the second part of the name. 
 
 ■ Nagy Abony, tn., Hungary, co. Pest, 23 m. NE. by N. 
 Kecskemet. P. 12,000. 
 
 Nagy AtAd, comm., SW. Hungary, co. Somogy, 70 m.- 
 ENE. Agram (Croatia). P. <4000. 
 
 Nagy Bajom, comm., Hungary, co. B6k6s, 36 m. WNW.. 
 Grosswardein. P. <4000. 
 
 Nagy Bajom, comm. , Hungary, co. Somogy, 82 m. ENE. 
 Agram (Croatia). P. <5ooo. 
 
 Nagy B&nya, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. Szatmar, 
 60 m. N. by W. Klausenburg. Alt. 750 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 
 26.0° F., Jan. 48.6°, July 69.1°. P. 9800. 
 
 Nagy Becskerek, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, cap. co. 
 Torontal, 28 m. ENE. Neusatz. P. (1850) 14,400 ; (1869) 
 19,700; (1890)21,900. 
 
 Nagy Bocsko, comm. , Hungary, co. Miramaros, 8 m. ENE. 
 Mdramaros-Sziget. P. < 5000. 
 
 Nagy Dlszn(kl, comm., Hungary, co; Szeben, dist. Nagy 
 Szeben. P. < 4000. 
 
 Nagy Ecsed, comm., Hungary, co. Szatmir, 43 m. NE. by 
 E. Debreczen. P. -C4000. 
 
 Nagy Enyed, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. Als6-Feh6r, 
 34 m. S. by E. Klausenburg. P. 5900. 
 
 Nagy HallUz, comm., Hungary, co. Szabolcs, dist. Bogdany. 
 P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Nagy Kall6, comm., Hungary, co. Szabolcs, 35 m. NE. by 
 N. Debreczen, 8 m. SE. Nyiregyhiza. P. 5600. 
 
 Nagy Kanlzsa, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. Zala, 85 
 m. S. by E. Odenburg. Alt. 545 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.)* 
 yr. 49.7° F., Jan. 29.4°, July 70.9°. P. (1850) 7100; (1869) 
 11,100; (1890)20,600. 
 
N AG Y 
 
 N AI R 
 
 Jiagy Kdroly, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, cap. co. 
 Szatmdr, 42 m. E. by N. Debreczen. P. 13,500. 
 
 Jittgy Kdta, comm., Hungary, co. Pest, 33 m. E. by S. 
 Budapest. P. 6000. 
 
 Nagy Klklnda, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. Torontdl, 
 37 m. W. by N. Temesvar. P. (1850) 13,900; (1869) i8,8oo; 
 (1890) 22,800. 
 Nagy Komlds, tn. , Hungary. See Bdndt Koiul6s. 
 Jfagy Koriis, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. Pest, 10 m. 
 NNE. Kecskemet. P. (1850) 15,800; (1869) 20,100; (1890) 
 24,600. 
 
 Nagylak, tn., Hungary, co. Csanad, on the Marcs, 24 m. 
 W. Arad. P. 12,800. 
 
 Nagy L^ta, comm., Hungary, co. Bihar, 23 m. N. Gross- 
 wardein. P. 5700. 
 
 Nagy Lncska, comm. , Hungary, co. Bereg, dist. Munkdcs. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Nagy Maros, comm., Hungary, co. Hont, on 1. bk. of the 
 Danube, 35 m. N. by W. Budapest. P. <4000. 
 
 Nagy Megyer, comm., Hungary, co. and 16 m. WNW. 
 Komorn (Komdrom). P. < 4000. 
 
 Nagy milidly, comm., Hungary, co. Zempl^n, on the 
 Laborcza, 87 m. N. by E. Debreczen. P. < 5000. 
 
 Nagy Osz, comm., Hungary, co. Torontdl, 32 m. NW. 
 Temesvar. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Nagy Perkdta, comm., Hungary, co. Fej^r, 14 m. ESE. 
 Fej6r-Megye. P. < 4000. 
 
 Nagyr, valley, India. See Huiiza. 
 
 Nagy Riicze, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. Gomor, 52 
 m. W. Kaschau, in the valley of the upper Sajo ; watering- 
 place ; important smelting-furnaces. Alt. 940 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Nagy Saros, tn., N. Hungary, co. Saros, 21 m. N. by W. 
 Kaschau, 4 m. NW. Eperjes ; iron mined. P. <30oo. 
 
 Nagy Szaloiita, tn. , Hungary, co. Bihar, 20 m. SW. Gross- 
 wardein. P. 12,700. 
 Nagy Szeben, tn. , Hungary. See Hermannstadt. 
 Nagy SZ0II08, tn., Hungary, co. Bereg, 73 m. E. Tokay. 
 P. 5200. 
 Nagy Szombat, tn. , Hungary. See Tyrnaa. 
 Nagy Tapolcs&ny, comm., NW, Hungary, co. Nyitra, 55 m. 
 NE. Pressburg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Nagy TorAk, comm., Hungary, co. Torontdl, dist. Nagy 
 Szent-Mikl6s. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Nagy IJjhely, Hungarian, German Nenstadtl, tn., Hungary, 
 prov. Nyitra, 62 m. SE. by E. Briinn. 
 
 NagyvArad ('great fortress.' See Nagy), Hungary. See 
 Gross wardeln. 
 
 Nagy V&zsony, tn., Hungary, co. and 10 m. SW. by W. 
 Veszpr^m. P. < 3000. 
 
 Nagy Zs^m, comm., Hungary, co. Temes, 10 m. NNE. 
 Versecz. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Naha, Alaska. See Na-a. 
 
 Nahallal, place named in O. T. See 'Aln Halill. 
 Nalian, tn. and native cantonment, India, Sirmur, Ndhan 
 state, 33 m. ENE. Ambala. Alt. 3207 ft. P. 6100; Hindus, 
 4900 ; Moham. 1200. 
 
 Nahan, state, India. See Slrmnr. 
 
 Nahant, vil. , U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co. , on the coast, 
 9 m. NE. by E. Boston ; favourite summer resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nahe, riv., Ger., rises in the Hochwald and flows on the 
 whole NE. through Birkenfeld and the Prussian Rhine Prov., 
 partly on its frontier, and enters the Rhine at Bingen ; not 
 navigable. 
 Nahlgoiigo, vil. , Ger. E. Africa, in 9° 25' S. , 38° 34' E. 
 Nahmer, suburb of Hohenlimburg, Prussia. P. <3000. 
 Nahr, Semitic, ' a river. ' 
 
 Nabrawan, or Nabrivan, tn., Asiatic Turkey, 18 m. NE. 
 Bagdad ; the Nabrawan Canal is an ancient irrigation work 
 E. of Tigris, still in many places 25-40 ft. deep, 150-200 ft. wide. 
 Nabr el A'a.sl, riv. , Syria. See Orontes. 
 Nabr el 'Anjah, wadi, Palestine, probably the Mejarkon of 
 the O. T., mouth in 32° 6' N., 34° 46' E., 4 m. NNE. Jaffa 
 (ancient Joppa). 
 
 Nabr-el-AivaJ, riv., Syria, rises by several headwaters on 
 Mount Hermon, flows E. , passing a few miles S. of Damascus, 
 and terminates in the Bahret-el-Hijane ; identified by some with 
 the Pharpar of the O. T. 
 
 Nabr-el-Kebir {Nahr, ' the great river '), riv. , Syria, entering 
 the Mediterranean 20 m. N. Tripoli, after a course of about 50 
 m. first N. then W. 
 
 Nabr-Ibrablm, the ancient Adonis, riv., Syria, rises in 
 Lebanon Mts. , flows W. into the sea a few miles N. of Beirut. 
 Every year, after the rainy season, its waters, laden with mud, 
 take a reddish tint, said by the ancients to come from the blood 
 of Adonis, put to death by a wild boar. 
 
 Nabr-Kadl, the ancient Tamyras, riv., Syria, flows W. into 
 the Mediterranean, in 33° 44' N., about midway between Beirut 
 and Sidon. 
 
 Nabna, people or tribe. See Mexico. 
 
 Nabnel Huapl, irregularly shaped lake, Argentine Republic, 
 
 at the E. base of the Andes, crossed in the S. by 41° S., and 
 stretching N. to 40° 43' S. , drained NE. by the Rio Limay, the 
 S. headwater of the Rio Negro ; takes its name, meaning ' tiger 
 island,' from a large island in the middle, 12^ m. long, also 
 called Isla Larga, Menendez, or Victoria. Alt. 2335 ft. 
 
 Nalaa, isl., Fiji Is., crossed by 18° S. , 179° 5' W. Area, 7 
 sq. m. 
 
 Nalbncbl, vil., Siberia, on the E. ct. of Sakhalin, in 47° 24' N. 
 Ndibdtl, municip., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. 24 Pargands, in 
 22° 54' N., 88° 27' E. P. (1872) 23,700 ; (1890) 29,700 ; Hindus, 
 24,800. 
 
 N&lkd^s, Tbe, wild forest tribe, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. 
 Panch Mahdls. 
 
 Nalla, comm., Ger., in the N. of Bavaria, govt. Upper Fran- 
 conia, cap. circle Naila, 27 m. N. by E. Baireuth. P. <3000. 
 
 Nallbrldge, coal-mining vil., Eng. , Gloucestershire, Forest of 
 Dean div. , in the par. of E. Dean. 
 
 NalUonx, vil., France, dep. Haute-Garonne,arr. Villefranche, 
 19 m. SE. by S. Toulouse. P. <20oo. 
 
 Nallsea, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 8 m. W. by S. Bristol, 
 
 on the G. W. R., on a detached coalfield, PMT.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Nallstone, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 3 m. N. by 
 
 E. Bosworth, PT.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Nallstone witb 
 
 Barton In tbe Beans) P. <75o. 
 
 Nallsurortb, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 3I m. S. 
 Stroud, on a branch of the M. R. ; has stocking-weaving and 
 manufacture of patent-leather boots. In the neighbourhood 
 are freestone quarries, and pin and woollen factories. PMT.O. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Nain, place named in N. T. See Neln. 
 Naln, stn. of the Moravians, NE. of Labrador, in 56° 30' N. ; 
 a rocky coast, with many islands. 
 
 Naln, tn. , Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 124 m. SE. Kashan ; 
 celebrated for its faience. P. 5000. 
 
 N^lnl TAl, municip. and hill station, in 29° 22' N., 79° 29' E. , 
 Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Kumaun, the summer head- 
 quarters of the provincial government, on the banks of a beau- 
 tiful lake. Alt. 6400 ft. P. (1881) 6600 ; (1891) 7900 ; Hindus, 
 6600 ; Moham. 900 ; total including cantonment, 8500 ; (Sept. 
 15, 1890) municip. P. 12,400 ; total including cantonment, 13,200. 
 Nalnsbe, tn. , central Asia. Same as Ngansl-cbon. 
 Nalnsukb, the same as Kunhdr R. , India. See K&gdn. 
 Naln-wab, tn., India, Rajputana, 80 m. S. Jaipur. P, (1881) 
 5300. 
 
 Nalral, isl. , Fiji Is. , 50 m. E. of the middle of the E. ct. of Viti 
 Levu. Area, 10 sq. m. 
 
 Nairn, vil., Canada, Ontario, Middlesex co., on the riv. Aux 
 Sables, 18 m. WNW. London. 
 
 Nairn, royal and pari, burgh [Inverness], par., seapt. tn. , 
 and cap. of co. , on the Moray Firth, on 1. bk. of riv. Nairn, 93 
 m. WNW. Aberdeen, and 15 m. NE. Inverness, on H. R. 
 It has a good harbour, with pier and breakwater. Exports 
 corn, potatoes, timber, fish ; imports coal, lime, and provisions. 
 Manufactures rope and twine ; freestone quarries ; salmon 
 fishery. From its sandy beach and pleasant climate Nairn is 
 a favourite bathing resort. Birthplace (1827) of Colonel Grant, 
 the associate of Speke in the discovery of the issue of the Nile 
 from the great lakes. Mean temp. (20 yrs.), yr. 46.3° F. , Jan. 
 37.6°, July 57.6°; rfall. (25 yrs.), 24.3 in. Market-day, Th. 
 Tn. P. (1871) 3800 ; (1891) 4000 ; par., 8827 ac, P. 5200 ; royal 
 burgh P. <;5ooo; pari, burgh, P. <45oo ; pari. dist. (Elgin and 
 Nairn) P. 37,600, Nairn portion, P. 6000. 
 
 Nairn (from Gaelic, 'alder river '), riv., Scot., rises in Inver- 
 ness-shire, 16 m. S. Inverness, and flows NE. through Strath- 
 nairn into the county of Nairn, where it enters the Moray Firth 
 at the town of Nairn. 
 
 Nalrne, vil. , S. Australia, Sturt co., 25 m. ESE. Adelaide. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Nalrnsblre, maritime co., Scot., on the Moray Firth, with 
 10 m. of sea-coast, having Elginshire on E. , and Inverness-shire 
 on W. and S. Till 1891 there were five small detached sections 
 of this county, which are now included in Ross, Inverness-shire, 
 and Elginshire. Like the latter, the county gradually rises from 
 an undulating fertile plain to mountains on the S. ; highest 
 point Cairn Glas (at the S. extremity of the county), 2162 ft. 
 The summits generally average 1500 ft. The Findhorn drains 
 the E. and the riv. Nairn the W. In geological structure, as in 
 other features, Nairnshire closely resembles Elginshire, having 
 crystalline rocks, with some granite masses, in the southern high 
 grounds, and on the low ground members of the Old Red Sand- 
 stone, with glacial and recent deposits. Much of the soil on 
 the ' laich ' or plain is a rich loam. For agricultural statistics, 
 see Appendix, pp. 10-12. The H. R. crosses this county from 
 E. to W. , and there are excellent roads. The county town is 
 the only royal or police burgh ; and Auldearn, the scene of one 
 of Montrose's victories, is next in size, though only a small 
 village. Cawdor and Kilravock castles are in this county, also 
 Culloden. With Elginshire it returns one M.P. The county 
 now contains four entire pars, and part of a fifth ; in the synod 
 of Moray. P. (i8qi) 10,000. See Scotland, table. 
 
 1063 
 
N A I R 
 
 NAM'S 
 
 Nalrsa, isl. , Oceania. See Ranglroa. 
 
 Nal-sanrl, Lettish name of isl. ^'argen (q.v.). 
 Naltamba, isl., Fiji Is., crossed by 17° o' S. , 179° 20' W. 
 NaiTasIia (in the Masai language, 'lake'), freshwater lake, 
 without any visible outlet, in Brit. E. Africa, about 100 m. E. of 
 the middle of Lake Victoria Nyanza, approximate position of 
 middle of lake, 0° 45' S. , 36° 10' E. Alt., according to various 
 authorities, 6000, 6300, and 6350 ft. 
 
 Najac, tn., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. Villefranche, on the 
 Aveyron, 22 m. NNW. Albi, with mines of copper, lead, zinc, 
 silver, and antimony, and celebrated hams known as Ville- 
 franche hams. Alt. 1635 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Kajafgarb Jbil, straggling lake or marsh, Brit. India, Punjab, 
 dist. Gurgaon and Delhi, in 28° 26'-34' N., 76° s6'-77° 4' E. 
 Length, with branch, about 46 m. ; area, when full, 27,000 ac. 
 
 Najera, or Nagera, a very ancient tn. , Spain, prov. and 15^ 
 m. WSW. Logroiio, formerly the cap. of Navarre. 
 
 NaJerlUa, riv., Spain, in the NE. of Old Castille, flows NE. 
 into the Ebro above Logroiio. 
 
 MajibiibfUl, municip., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Bijnaur, 
 55 m. NE. Meerut. P. (1881) 17,800; (1891) 19,400 ;. Hindus, 
 9600 ; Moham. 9500. 
 Najlwe, vil., Portuguese E. Africa, in 15° 6' S. , 37° 42' E. 
 Na-Jn, vil., Korea, 125 m. W. Fusan. 
 
 Nakab el Hajar, tn., in the S. of Arabia, 193 m. NE. Aden. 
 Nakala, port, S. Africa, probably identical with that called 
 Port Bocage by Serpa Pinto. See FernSo Veloso Bay, also 
 Chart, Proc. R. G. S., 1885, p. 416. 
 
 Naka-no, or Naka-shlma {Pinnacle in marine maps), isl., 
 Linshoten Archipelago, in 29° 50' N., 130° E. 
 
 Nakatsu, tn., Japan, Kiushiu, 90 m. NE. by E. Nagasaki. 
 P. 15,500. 
 
 Nakawn, vil., Siam, Malay Penin., near the E. ct., in about 
 8° 27' N. 
 
 Nakel, tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, circle Wirsitz, 15 m. W. 
 Bromberg, on the Netze, at the junction of the Bromberg Canal. 
 P. 6800. 
 Nakfa, plateau, eastern Africa. See Ababdeb. 
 Nakblcheraft, dist. tn., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 94 
 m. SE. Erivan, on Nakhichevan-chai R. , 2 m. from the riv. 
 Aras. A very old town, dating from 6th century B.C.; rock-salt 
 extracted close by ; custom-house. Alt. 2800 ft. P. 6950. 
 
 Nakhlcbevan-on-Don, tn., Russia, govt. Ekaterinoslav, on 
 r. bk. Don, zh m. from Rostov. P. (Armenians) 19,500. 
 Nakbodka Bay, Siberia. See Peter the Great <>ulf. 
 Nakbor-wat, or Angkor Wat. See Augkor Tom. 
 Nakodar, municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Jalandhar, 49 
 m. SE. Amritsar. P. 9700 ; Hindus, 3500 ; Moham. 6000. 
 
 Nakon-Laiupang (Lakbon, or Lagoug), vil., Siam, 53 m. 
 SE. Chieng-mai. 
 
 Nakottln, another name of the Gerlachfalva or Gelsdorf 
 Spitze. See Carpatbians. 
 
 Nakgb-t-Knstam, Persia. See Persepolls. 
 Nakskov, seapt. tn., Denmark, on the W. ct. of Laaland, 
 prov. Maribo, 30 m. W. by N. Nykjobing. The harbour has 
 2720 ft. of quayage, 2000 of which have a depth alongside of 14 
 ft. , the remaining 720 of 8-10 ft. P. 6700. 
 
 Nak-tong, riv., Korea, flows S. into Korea Strait, a little to 
 the W. of Fusan. 
 
 Nakaro, lake with no outlet, central Africa, in about 0° 33'-42' 
 S. , and just to the W. of 36° E. 
 
 Nakwa Pass, S. Africa, Mashona-land, on the road from 
 Fort Tuli to Fort Victoria. 
 
 Nakwakto Rapids, strait, on the W. side of Brit. Columbia, 
 in 51° s' N., affording entrance to Belize and Seymour Inlets. 
 The tide is here so strong that canoes can pass the channel only 
 for ten minutes at a time. 
 
 Nal&p<liil, hill fort, Brit. India, NW. Provs., in 30° 20' N., 
 78° 8' E., on a low Himalayan spur. Alt. 3286 ft. 
 
 N<Ubarl, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Darrang, 32 m. N. by 
 E. Gauhdti. P. < 5000. 
 
 Nalchik, dist. tn., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Terek, 65 m. 
 NW. Vladikavkaz. P. -a^cxK). 
 
 Naldrdg, fortified tn., India, Haidardbdd, on a trib. of riv. 
 Bhfma, 76 m. NE. by N. Bijipur ; the fort encloses a plateau 
 of basalt whose sides are sheer precipices 50 to 200 ft. high. P. 
 (i88i)<sooo. 
 
 Nalete, missionary stn. , E. Africa, Uganda, on a hill NW. 
 Rubaga. 
 Nalgonda, tn., India, HaidarAbAd, 57 m. ESE. Haidaribad. 
 NalgHii, pass, Brit. India, Punjab, state Bashahr, in 31° 19' 
 N., 78° 17' E. Alt. 14,891 ft. 
 
 Nallamal&ls ('Black Hills'), range of hills, Brit. India, 
 Madras, dist. Karnul, in 14° 43'-i6'' 18' N., 78" 43'-79° 36' E. 
 NalUkhan, tn., Asia Minor, 70 m. W. by N. Angora. 
 Nalon, riv., Spain, prov. Oviedo, flows WNW. into the 
 Atlantic Ocean on the N. ct. , about 6° 8' W. 
 Nalso, one of the Faroe Is. See NoImo. 
 Main, people, Africa, French Senegambia, div. Rivieres du Sud. 
 Nalyarlng, vil., W. Australia, Minto co., 90 m. ESE. Perth. 
 1064 
 
 Namadus, riv., India. See NarbadA. 
 
 Niimakal, tn., Brit. India, Madras, 31 m. S, Salem, at the 
 foot of a fortified rock 300 ft. high above the plain. P. 6300 ; 
 Hindus, 5600. 
 
 Naiualnk, or Kaniolnk, isl. , Caroline Archipelago, in S. of 
 central group. 
 
 Namangan, vil., Russian Central Asia, 50 m. NE. Khokand. 
 
 Naiuaqualand, Cireat (or, according to Schinz, more cor- 
 rectly Namalaud), comprises the southern parts of German SW. 
 Africa, N. of the Orange R. It is a desert tract of land, thinly 
 peopled by various Hottentot [q.v.) tribes. The coast belt is a 
 desert of the worst kind, with no water, and hardly any trace of 
 vegetation. Then follow mountain-ranges, rising to alts, of 5000 
 ft. and running from S. to N. , and consisting chiefly of table- 
 mountains peculiar to S. Africa. The river-beds are generally 
 dry, and the rainfall is very scanty. Underground water is much 
 less prevalent than in the adjoining northern terrs. At the few 
 isolated spots where water rises to the surface small settlements 
 exist, of which Bethany and Rehoboth are the principal. Angra 
 Pequefia, on the coast, is of interest, as being the first African 
 colony (founded in 1883) of the German Empire. (See Schlichter: 
 Geography of S W. Africa, Scot. Geog. Mag. , 1891. ) [H. €1. 8.] 
 
 Namaqualand, Little, the NW. corner of Cape Colony 
 {q.v.), S. of the lower Orange R. The principal place is 
 Springbokfontein. The Ookiep copper-mines, connected by 
 rail with the W. ct. , are important. [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Namaramba, Lake, S. Africa. See Lnjenda R., also 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1888, p. 31. 
 
 Naman, dist. on the S. ct. of Brit. New Guinea, in about 
 144° 5o'-i45j° o' E. 
 
 Nambncca, dist., New South Wales. See Macksvllle. 
 
 Nambwe, falls on the upper Zambezi, S. Africa, in 17° 10' S., 
 24° 20' E. 
 
 Nnmcliaupatepetl, mt. , Mexico. See Perote. 
 
 Nsimelio (Tibetan, ' sky-lake '), lake, Tibet. See Tengrl Nur. 
 
 Nam-dlub, fortified tn. , Tongking, on a branch of the 
 Song-koi delta, 47 m. SSE. Hanoi, cap. of prov. of same name, 
 centre of one of the most fertile regions of the delta ; seat of a 
 French envoy. The citadel was taken by the French by assault, 
 Feb. 27, 1883. P. 50,000. 
 
 Naniekan River, a stream connecting Crooked Lake and 
 Namekan Lake, two lakes on the frontier of Ontario (Canada) 
 and Minnesota (U.S.). The riv. Namekan is between about 
 92° 10' and 92° 40'. Lake Namekan communicates at its E. 
 end with Rainy Lake. 
 
 Namen, Flemish name of Namur {q.v.). 
 
 Namerlgawa, tn., Japan, Honshiu, 113 m. SW. Niigata. 
 P. 9000. 
 
 Nam-bn, or Nam-n, riv., Indo-China, 1. bk. trib. of the 
 Mekong, rising in the mountains of Yunnan. Length, 310 m. 
 
 Namlest, comm., Austria, Moravia, 21 m. W. Briinn. P 
 <:30oo. 
 
 Namlka-la, mt. pass. See Kasbmlr. 
 
 Namln, lake, Tibet. See Palgn-tso. 
 
 Namlnna Lough, lake. Ire., in the SW. of co. Clare, loj m. 
 WSW. Ennis. 
 
 Nanikani, tn., in the Burmese Shan states, to the S. of the 
 Shweli R. , in 23'' 50' N. , and about 97° 52' E., 56 m. ESE. 
 Bhamo. Alt. 2630 ft. {Jour. R. G. S., 1876, p. 207). 
 
 Nam-kong, riv. , Indo-China. See 8e-koHg. 
 
 NamkM'an, or Namknan, inlet and tn., E. ct. China, in the 
 N. of prov. Fokien, in 27° 10' N. 
 
 Namllng Jong, or Dzlang-Namllng, tn., convent, and for- 
 tress, Tibet, about 25 m. to the N. of the Sanpu, 120 m. W. 
 Lhassa, in about 29° 42' N., 88° 55' E. Alt. 12,220 ft. {Jour. 
 75, map, p. 299). 
 
 Nam-maddaong, the name given by the A-lur to Lake 
 Albert Nyanza {q.v.). 
 
 NammaTV, riv.. Upper Burma, flows SW. then NW, and 
 enters the Irdwadi a little S. of 24° N. 
 
 Nammo, riv. , Annam. See 8ong-ka. 
 
 Nanimun, riv., Siam. See Man. 
 
 Namoa, Nanngoa, or Nanaotlng, isl. , SE. ct. China, prov. 
 Kwangtung, opposite Swatow, in 23° 20' N. 
 
 Namol, riv.. New South Wales, rises in Liverpool ranges, 
 flows NW. and W. to Darling R. , about 148° 6' E. 
 
 Naniolnk, isl., Pacific. See Nanialuk. 
 
 Namrnn, or Nemran, vil., in SE. of Asia Minor, vilayet, 
 sanjak, and 39 m. WNW. Adana, with ruins of ancient Lampron. 
 P. (with surrounding vils.)< 4000. 
 
 Nanisen-ElT, riv. , central Norway, prov. Trondhjem, flows 
 from Lake Nams SW. then W. into the Namsenfiord, about 
 90 m. NE. of the city of Trondhjem. 
 
 Namslan, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 29 m. E. by S. Breslau, 
 cap. circle Namslau. P. 6200. 
 
 Nanisos, tn., Norway, prov. N. Trondhjem, on the Namsen 
 Fjord, 84 m. NE. by >f. Trondhjem. Harbour area about 250 
 ac. , available for vessels of any size ; length of quay, 400 ft. ; 
 depth alongside ordinary springs high water 28 ft. , low water 
 20 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
NAMT — NANL 
 
 Nani-te, name given to the upper He-ho, Tongking. See 
 He-ho. 
 
 Kaintso, lake, Tibet. See Teiigrl Nor. 
 
 Nani^u, riv. , Indo-China. See Nani-Iin. 
 
 Namnka, Aiianuka, Noninka, or Rotter«Iani, small group 
 of islands of the Tonga Archipelago. 
 
 Naniuli HllLs, group of mts. , Portuguese E. Africa, about 
 65 m. E. Lake Shirwa. They contain the sources of the Lukugu 
 R. , and many other streams radiate from them ; highest peak 
 Namuli, in 15° 20' 12" S. , 37° 4' 15" E. Alt. 8ooc ft. Proc. 
 R. G. S., 1887, p. 472; (last) map, 1890, p. 256 (i : 400,000). 
 
 Naninr, prov. , Belgium S. , divided into three arrs. , Namur 
 {cap.), Dinant, and Philippeville, traversed S. to N. by the 
 Meuse. Surface hilly, intersected by numerous valleys. Soil 
 fertile, especially in N. ; forests in SE. , a continuation of the 
 Ardennes, cover about one- third of the surface. Manufactures 
 are carried on in the W. , chiefly in the Sambre valley. See 
 Belgium. 
 
 Naiiiiir, Flemish Nanien, tn. , Belgium, cap. prov. Namur, 
 34 m. SE. Brussels, occupying an important situation at the 
 confluence of the Meuse and Sambre, whose valleys must always 
 form the main lines of communication with the NE. (Li^ge), 
 the S. (Dinant and NE. France), and SW. (by the Sambre to 
 Charleroi) ; formerly fortified (till 1866) ; a citadel founded in 
 1691, and rebuilt in 1794 and in 1815, still stands. The numerous 
 sieges which Namur has undergone has destroyed most of its 
 ancient edifices. It was taken by the French in 1692, by the 
 English and French in 1695 (read Sterne's Tristram Shandy), 
 and again by the French in 1701 and 1746. The cathedral, 
 which dates from the middle of the i8th century, is one of the 
 finest in Belgium. Namur is celebrated for its cutlery, and has 
 manufactures of iron, steel, and bronze articles, glass, leather, 
 &c. Alt. 490 ft. Mean temp., yr. 50.3^ F. , Jan. 36.6°, July 
 65.5°. P. comm. (1866) 23,400; (1890) 30,800. 
 
 Nanuirola, vil., Portuguese E. Africa, in 15° 10' S. , 38° 10' E. 
 
 Nainwere, vil., Portuguese E. Africa, in 12° 59' S. , 35° 58' E, 
 
 Nan, tn., Siam, cap. of Nan Prov., on the Nam Nan, 116 m. 
 E. Chieng-mai. 
 
 Nana, tn. , India, RajputAna, 90 m. S. Jodhpur. 
 
 Naiial, riv. , Peru, 1. bk. trib. of the Amazon, which it joins 
 below Iquitos, in 3° 44' S. and 73° 8' W. ; navigable for a great 
 part of its known course. 
 
 Nanalmo, tn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, Vancouver I., 
 on the E. ct. , 59 m. NW. by N. Victoria, on Departure Bay. 
 Depth of port at high water 40-44 ft. , at low water 24-28 ft. 
 Coal-mines now worked far under the sea. P. (i88i)<20oo; 
 {1891)-=; 5000. 
 
 Nana Kaudiiuflu, tn., central Africa, Lunda, in about 11° 
 25' S. , 23° 6' E. 
 
 Naiiaii, tn., China. See Naii-iisan-fn. 
 
 Naiiaiigo, post-tn., Queensland, Fitzroy co. , 75 m. NW. 
 Brisbane ; gold and plumbago in neighbourhood. 
 
 Nauaiijo, vil., Costa Rica, 40 m. W. by N. San Jos^. 
 
 Nauao, tn. , Japan, 125 m. SW. by W. Niigata, on the N. ct. 
 of Honshiu. P. 9000. 
 
 Naiiaotiug, isl. , SE. China. See Xaiuoa. 
 
 Niiiiiis, Hungary. See HaJdu-NAnds. 
 
 Nanawy, vil., Queensland, Sellheim co. , on Belyando R. , 120 
 m. SW. Bowen. 
 
 Nancarroiig, vil., W. Australia, Gascoyne div. , 275 m. N. 
 Perth. 
 
 Nance, co. , U.S., Nebraska, N. of 41° N., crossed bygS" W. 
 
 NancegoUan, stn. , Eng. , Cornwall, Truro div., on the 
 G. W. R., 3 m. NNW. Helston, P.O. 
 
 Nanchang-fn, tn. , China, prov. Kiangsi, on the r. bk. of the 
 Kiakiang, 173 m. SE. by S. Hankow ; emporium of the por- 
 celain manufactured E. of Lake Poyang. 
 
 Nanolii-Iisien, tn. , China, Siichwan, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Yangtse-kiang, no m. WSW. Chungking. 
 
 NanchM'ait-Iisleu, tn. , China, Stichwan, 68 m. SE. by E. 
 Chungking. 
 
 Naucledra, vil., Eng., Cornwall, 3 m. from Ludgvan, P.O. 
 
 Nancy, tn., France, cap. of dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle and 
 of arr. , and former cap. of Lorraine, on the Meurthe (trib. of 
 Moselle), 30 m. S. Metz, and 14 m. E. Toul. It has handsome 
 squares and streets, especially the Place Stanislaus, named from 
 the ex-king of Poland, who, as Duke of Lorraine, designed the 
 plan and architectural improvements of the ' new town.' There 
 are a cathedral, a university, a lyc6e, a medical college, centre of 
 one of the two French hypnotic schools, a noted school of forestry, 
 a public library of 70,000 vols. , &c. The fortifications were 
 •destroyed by Louis XIV. when he annexed the country, but 
 the citadel remained in the ' old town.' Nancy again became 
 French in 1766, and it was occupied by the Allies in 1814-15, 
 and put to ransom by the Prussians in 1870. Its population 
 was greatly increased by immigration from Alsace after the 
 cession of that prov. to Germany. Nancy has greatly grown in 
 importance since the German annexation of 1871 ; with staple 
 industries in cambric and muslin embroidery, besides those in 
 iron, cotton, woollen, tobacco, &c. It is on the Paris and 
 
 Strassburg Rly., but is also a junctiSS for other lines. Birth- 
 place of General Drouot, and of the engraver Jacques Callot. 
 Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, was slain in battle against 
 the Swiss just outside the walls in 1477. Alt. 725 ft. Mean 
 temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 50.2 F., Jan. 34.7°, July 66.6". P. (1872) 
 52,600 ; (1891) 87,100. 
 Nanda Devi, mt. See Hlmdlayas. 
 
 Nandalr, tn. , India, Haidarabad, on Godavari R. , 126 m. 
 SSW. Amrdoti. P. (1881) 14,100. 
 
 Nandcwar, co. , New South Wales, crossed in S. by 31° S. and 
 by 150° E. 
 
 Nandgaon, Brit. India, dist. and 8 m. NE. Amraoti. P. 
 5400; Hindus, 4200; Moham. iioo. 
 
 Nan«lgaon, tn. and rly. stn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Nasik, 
 82 m. N. Ahmadnagar ; connected by railway with the EUora 
 caves, 44 m. distant. P. 5800 ; Hindus, 4500. 
 
 Nitndgilon, feudatory chiefship, Brit. India, Central Provs., 
 120 m. E. Nagpur. 
 
 Nandl, dist., equatorial Africa, about 50 m. from the NE. of 
 Lake Victoria Nyanza. 
 
 Naudlal (census NandyAl), tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 Karmil, on Kandair R. , 108 m. E. by N. Bellary. P. 10,700; 
 Hindus, 6700 ; Moham. 3800. 
 
 Nandldrug, fortified hill, India, Mysore, 34 m. NNE. 
 Bangalore ; the summit is a plateau of 1500 ft. with precipitous 
 sides, except on the W\ Alt. 4810 ft. 
 
 Nandlgarli, tn. and trade centre, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. 
 and 23 m. S. Belgium. P. (1881) 7900; (1891) 5000. 
 
 Nandlkanania, pass, Brit. India, Madras, dist. Karmil, on 
 the main road from Karmil to Cumbum over the Nallamalii 
 hills. Alt. 1800 ft. 
 
 Nandod, tn., India, Rewa Kantha, 35 m. ENE. Broach. 
 P. (1881) 10,800. 
 NAiidor Fehcrvar, Hungarian name of Belgrade. 
 NdndDira, tn., Brit. India, Berar, dist. Bulddna, 84 m. W. 
 Amraoti. P. 6500; Hindus, 5200; Moham. noo. 
 
 Nandnrbilr, municip. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khandesh, 
 85 m. E. by S. Broach ; oil extracted from roya grass. P. 7700 ; 
 Hindus, 6100. 
 Nandyal, tn. , India. See Nandlal. 
 Nanfl, isl. , Greece. See Auaplil. 
 
 Nanga Par'bat (' naked mountain '), Deo Mir, or Dayaniar, 
 mt. on the W. frontier of Kashmir, India, about 10 m. W. of 
 the Indus, in 35° 14' N., 74° 38' E. Alt. 26,600 ft. 
 
 Nangis, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, arr. Provins, 18 m. 
 NE. by E. Fontaine bleau. P. < 3000. 
 Nangle, par. and vil., Wales. See Angle. 
 Naugo, vil., W. Sudan, in Segu, 3 m. from the r. bk. of the 
 upper Niger, in about 13° 15' N., 6° 40' W. 
 
 Nangnneri, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 18 m. S. by 
 W. Tinnevelli. P. < 5000. 
 
 NanUnng-chon, tn. , China, in the N. of prov. Kwangtung, 
 
 150 m. NNE. Canton, at the foot of the Meiling Pass. 
 
 Nauli'wellilen,tn., China, prov. Kiangsu, 22m. SE. Shanghai. 
 
 Nanjangad (' town of the Swallower of Poison," from one of 
 
 the attributes of Siva), tn. , India, Mysore, on Kapini R., 12 m. 
 
 S. by E. Mysore. P. (1881) 5200. 
 
 Nanjizal Bay, Eng., W. ct. Cornwall,^! Land's End, 1 m. 
 S. Sennen. 
 
 Nankaldo, one of the nine great divs. of old Japan, composed 
 of the old provs. (kuni) in the SW. frontier of Honshiu, on the 
 Inland Sea. 
 
 Nankang-fn, tn., China, prov. Kiangsi, on W. shore of 
 Lake Poyang, 135 m. SE. Hankow. 
 
 Nanking, or, according to a spellingoriginally French, Nankin 
 (' the southern capital '), officially Kiangning, city, China, cap. 
 prov. Kiangsu, formerly cap. of the empire, on the r. bk. Yangtse- 
 kiang, 130 m. from its mouth, and 194 geographical m. W. 
 Shanghai. Before its occupation by the Taiping rebels (1853-64) it 
 was famous for its public buildings and its walls, the latter in some 
 places 70 ft. high, and nearly 20 m. in circumference. The chief 
 of the former were the Porcelain Tower, 260 ft. high, the summer 
 palace, and the royal tombs, with colossal sepulchral figures 
 of warriors, elephants, &c. The historical treaty of 1842 was 
 signed at Nanking. The only modern building of importance 
 is an arsenal on the European model. Nanking is the seat of 
 the viceregal government, but seems unlikely to resume its 
 ancient importance. The walls of the original cap. have been 
 traced for 35 m. Manufactures nankeen (from a yellow cotton 
 grown here), satin, and especially cannon and other warlike 
 material. The climate is very malarious to strangers, owing 
 to the surrounding marshes. It still ranks, however, as the 
 literary cap. of China, and has several large libraries and print- 
 ing offices. The river rises from 12 to 15 ft. in summer. P. 
 150,000-400,000 (including about 50,000 Moham.), anciently said 
 to have been 4,000,000 under the Ming dynasty. 
 
 Nankon, or Nankow, pass, China, Pechili, at the entrance 
 of the mountains NW. of Peking, on the road to Kalgan ; not 
 passable by carts. (See Proc. R. G. S., 1890, p. 60.) 
 Nan>ling, mts. , China. See Nan-sliau. 
 
 1066 
 
NANN — NAPA 
 
 Nannercli, par., Wales, Flintshire and Denbighshire, 4^ m. 
 SSW. Holywell, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Nannesta«l, vil. , Norway, prov. and 23 m. NE. Christiania. 
 
 Nan-ugan-fta, tn., China, in the S. of prov. Kiangsi, 170 m. 
 NNE. Canton, at the foot of the Meiling Pass. 
 
 Nanngoa, isl. , SE. China. See Namoa. 
 
 Nanitllani, tn., India, Madras, dist. Tanjore. P. (1891) 
 5200 ; Hindus, 4900. 
 
 Nannlng-fn, tn. , China, prov. Kwangsi, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Si-kiang, a little below the confluence of the Yii-kiang and the 
 Tso-kiang, 95 m. NW. by N. Pakhoi. Before the insurrection 
 of the Taipings there was a considerable market here. P. 
 40,000 (Colquhoun). Proc. R. G. S., 1891, p. 254. 
 
 Nanny Rtrer, Ire., in the E. of co. Meath, flows into Drog- 
 heda Bay at Layto\vn. 
 
 Nanomea, or San Agostino, isl., Pacific, Ellice group. 
 
 Nanortallk, Xannortalik, or BJornorten, vil., Danish 
 Greenland, S. Inspectorate, 50 m. WNW. Cape Farewell. 
 Meteorological and physical observations commenced in 1883. 
 
 NilnpikrA, flourishing tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Bahraich, 
 79 m. NNE. Lucknow ; has transit trade with Nepal. P. 
 9300 ; Hindus, 3100 ; Moham. 6200. 
 
 Nanpean, PM.O., Eng. , 4 m. from Roche, Cornwall. 
 
 Kansemond. 1. Co., U.S., Virginia, in the SE. , on the S. 
 frontier, E. of 77° W. 2. An inlet running SW. into this county 
 from the estuary of the James R. 
 
 Nanslia (' South cape'), cape, Formosa. See Wolanpl. 
 
 Nan-shan (' South mts.'), arange, central Asia, stretching SE. 
 and N W. between Tibet and the Gobi, from Lanchou-fuin Kansu 
 to the vicinity of Sa-chou. The eastern part consists of three 
 parallel ranges, but the central apparently of two ranges, enclos- 
 ing a high plateau, while still further W. these merge into a 
 single chain, with summits rising above the snow-line (highest 
 about 14,000 ft.). A lofty spur, the Humboldt (length, 60 m.), 
 rises to over 16,000 ft., and from it the Ritter chain extends to 
 the Tsaidam plateau. These two ranges were discovered and 
 named by Prjevalsky. To the S. of Lake Kuku-nor, which is 
 regarded by Obruchev as the relic of an old sea, and from 
 native accounts seems to contain a species of seal, the Nan-shan 
 includes the S. Kuku-nor and Semenov ranges. The whole 
 system is in its main features geologically much older than the 
 Tertiary period. The Carboniferous system (with coal-seams) 
 is extensively developed, and contains marine formations raised 
 to an alt. of 18,000-20,000 ft. See Petermann s MitteiL, 1894, 
 pp. 287-90 (from the Russian). 
 
 Nan-shan (' South mts.'), or Nan>llug (' South pass '), names 
 given the heights forming the crest of the water-parting between 
 the basins of the Yangtse-kiang and the Si-kiang, on the borders 
 of provs. Kweichou and Hunan (N.) and Kwang-si (S.). 
 
 Nanslang, tn., China, prov. Kiangsu, 11 m. WNW. Shanghai. 
 
 Nant, Cymric, ' a brook,' hence ' a vale." 
 
 Nant, tn., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. Millau, 40 m. NW. 
 Montpellier. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Nant, riv., Scot., Argyllshire, issues from Loch Nant and 
 flows NE. then N. into Loch Etive, just below the mouth of 
 the Awe. 
 
 Nantasket Beacb, favourite bathing resort, U.S., Massa- 
 chusetts, Norfolk CO. , about 10 m. SE. Boston. 
 
 Nantawarra, post-tn., S. Australia, Stanley co., 65 m. 
 NNW. Adelaide. 
 
 Nant Brane, riv., Wales, Brecknock, in the W., trib. of the 
 Usk, which it joins on the 1. bk. at Aberbran. 
 
 Nantclwyd, stn., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., on the 
 L. & NW. R. , 10 m. S. by E. Denbigh. 
 
 Nantcvralle, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 7m. N. Lampeter, 
 5 m. W. by N. Pontllanio stn. ; 4607 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Nantddn, Wales, Brecknockshire. See CantreflT. 
 
 Nanterre, the ancient Nemptodurum, tn. , France, dep. Seine, 
 arr. St. Denis, ']\ m. WNW. Notre Dame, Paris ; pilgrimage 
 to shrine of St. Genevieve, born here about 420. P. 5100. 
 
 Nantes, vil., Brazil, state and 318 m. W. by N. SSo Paulo. 
 
 Nantes, city and seapt. , France, cap. dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, 
 on the r. bk. of the Loire (here 2000 yards wide, and tidal), 35 
 m. from the sea, 248 m. SW. Paris. It has now many hand- 
 some boulevards, squares, and quays, mostly new, besides many 
 bridges to the islands on its noble river, and to the suburb on 
 the 1. bk. , which is largely occupied by factories and shipbuilding 
 yards. The chief buildings of the city are the cathedral, St. 
 Pierre, built 1434-1886, the ducal castle (where in 1598 Henry 
 IV. signed the famous Edict of Nantes), library of 200,000 vols. , 
 lyc^e and normal school, &c. The two chief hospitals are St. 
 Jacques, on 1. bk., and the H6tel Dieu, on one of the river 
 islands. Though more a commercial centre than industrial, 
 there are large manufactures of cotton, wool, and hemp, as well 
 as shipbuilding ; also in iron, copper, sugar, and tobacco (see 
 also Indret). The port of Nantes admits vessels of 200 tons, 
 larger ones therefore unloading at St. Nazaire or Paimboeuf. 
 On r. bk. there are 7837 ft. of quayage, 4134 ft. on lie Gloriette, 
 3820 ft. on the tie Madeleine. Chief exports, bread-stuffs, 
 machinery, sugar, molasses, soap, preserved vegetables (as peas 
 1066 
 
 and asparagus), fish (salmon and sardines) ; imports, coals, 
 timber, raw sugar, cast iron, g^ano, tar and pitch, oil and oil- 
 seeds. The shipbuilding has been falling off since the rise of 
 St. Nazaire. A ship canal, on the 1. bk. , now admits large sailing 
 vessels and steamers directly to Nantes. There is a canal to 
 Brest, but the traffic is unimportant. Before the Roman period, 
 when Nantes became a great administrative capital, the Nannetes 
 had their chief town here, and thus originated the name. Under 
 the Revolution the prisons were filled with V^ndean prisoners, 
 whose inhuman treatment by Carrier, inventor of the noyade 
 executions, has made his name execrable. The Duchess of 
 Berri was, in 1832, imprisoned in the castle. Mean temp., yr. 
 52.7° F. , Jan. 39.9°, July 65.8° ; mean rfall. 25.6 in. P. (1872) 
 112,900; comm. P. (1872) 118,500; (1891) 122,800; including 
 Chantenay-sur- Loire, 128,700. 
 
 Nantenll-le-Handonln, tn. , France, dep. Oise, arr. Senlis, 
 13 m. N. by W. Meaux. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Nant-garedig, vil. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div. , 5J m. 
 E. by N. Carmarthen, on the L. & NW. R., PM.O. 
 
 Nantgar^', P.O., Wales, 2 m. from Taffs Well, near Ponty- 
 pridd, Glamorganshire. 
 
 Nantglyn, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 4J m. SW. 
 Denbigh, P.O.; 5454 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Nantgwyllt, part of eccles. par., Wales, Radnorshire, i8jm. 
 W. by N. New Radnor, 3^ m. SW. Rhayader stn., PMT.O. 
 (NantgM'iUt). See Cvrmdanddwr. 
 
 Nantiat, vil., France, dep. Haute- Vienne, arr. Bellac, 13 m. 
 N. by W. Limoges. P. < 2000. 
 
 Nantlcoke, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co. , on the 
 1. bk. of the N. Branch of the Susquehanna, 22 m. SW. by W. 
 Scranton, and 6 m. W. by S. Wilkesbarre ; has anthracite coal- 
 mines. P. (1880) < 4000 ; (1890)10,000. 
 
 Nantlnan, par. , Ire. , N. co. Limerick, bars. Lower Connello 
 and Shanid, 15J m. SW. by W. Limerick ; 7922 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Nantlle, vil., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., on a lake 
 qf same name ; terminus of branch railway on the L. & N W. R. , 
 6J m. S. Carnarvon ; centre of a great slate quarrying dist. ; 
 copper was formerly worked here. P. O. 
 
 Nantmel, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 12 m. W. by N. New 
 Radnor, 4 m. NE. by E. Doldowlod stn., P.O.; 16,934 ac. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Nant Perls, PM.O., Wales, Carnarvonshire, 3 m. SE. 
 Llanberis. 
 
 Nantna, tn. , France, dep. Ain, 26 m. W. Geneva, cap. of 
 arr. Nantua ; manufactures agricultural machinery ; has ruins 
 of a Cluniac abbey, where Charles the Bald was buried in 877. 
 The town is at E. extremity of Lake Nantua, which has an area 
 of348ac. Alt. 1575 ft. ; greatest depth, 141ft. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Nantucket, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Nantucket co. , on the 
 N. ct. of Nantucket I. , in the extreme SE. The island with the 
 small islands adjacent forms Nantucket co. P. (tn. )<:4000. 
 
 Nantucket Sound, U.S., Massachusetts, between Nantucket 
 I. and the mainland. 
 
 Nantwlch, par. and market-tn., Eng., Cheshire, div. and 
 4 m. SW. by W. Crewe, on the G. W. and L. & NW. Rlys. 
 Market-day, S. P. 7400. 
 
 Nantybwch, stn., Wales, in the S. of Brecknockshire, 6 m. 
 ENE. Merthyr Tydfil, on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Nantyca-ws, P.O., Wales, co. and 3 m. SE. Carmarthen. 
 
 Nantyderry, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., on the 
 G. W. R., 5i m. SSE. Abergavenny, PT.O. 
 
 Nantyfyilon, PMT.O., Wales, near Maesteg, Glamorgan- 
 shire. 
 
 Nant-y-glo, eccles. par., Eng., W. div. of Monmouthshire, 
 ^\ m. W. by S. Abergavenny, on the G. W. R. ; has coal-mines, 
 and is an important centre of iron-works. P. <45oo ; tn. P. 
 (Nant-y-glo and Blalna) 12,400. 
 
 Nantygwryd, glen, Carnarvonshire, extending NE. from the 
 foot of Snowdon near the head of the Pass of Llanberis, N. of 
 Moel Siabod to Capel Curig. 
 
 Nantymoel, coal-mining vil., Glamorganshire, Mid div., on 
 the G. W. R., II m. SW. Merthyr Tydfil, PMT.O. 
 
 Nantymwyn, P.O., Wales, 8 m. from Llandovery, Car- 
 marthenshire. 
 
 Nanusa Islands, group of seven small Dutch isls. , E. Archi- 
 pelago, SE. of Mindanao, in about 4° 35' N. , 127° 5' E.; largest 
 Mengampit, Karaton, and Karata ; only the first two and Onrata 
 inhabited. 
 
 Nanyang-fu, tn. , China, prov. Honan, 180 m. NNE. Ichang, 
 no m. S. Honan. 
 
 NAo, Cabo de la, Spain, E. ct. , 45 m. NE. by E. Ahcante, 
 in 38° 42' N. 
 
 NaogAon, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, on W. bank of Jamund R., 
 in 24° 46' N., 88° 59' E. , the centre of the gdnjd (hemp) cultiva- 
 tion, supplying nearly the whole of India. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Naos, isl. , E. ct. of Panama state. United States of Colombia, 
 SW. Panama. 
 
 Naours, tn., France, dep. Somme, arr. Doullens, 10 m. N. 
 by W. Amiens. P. <20oo. 
 
 Napa, city, U.S., California, Napa co., 36 m. N. by E. San 
 
NAPA — NARB 
 
 Francisco. Mean temp. (12 yrs. ), yr. 52.2° F. , Jan. 43.5°, July 
 64.5°; rfall., yr. 27.17 in., June-Sept. 0.71 in. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Napngedl, tn. , Austria, Moravia, dist. Ungarisch-Hradisch, 
 on riv. March, 31 m. SSE. Olmiitz. P. < 4000. 
 
 Napnnee, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Lennox co. , 
 at mouth of Napanee R. , 23 m. W. Kingston. P. (i88i)<:4ooo; 
 (i89i)<40oo. 
 
 Napanee River, riv. , Canada, Ontario, rises in Frontenac co. , 
 flows S. then SW. into the Bay of Quints, in 77° W. 
 
 Napavliie, vil., U.S., Washington, Lewis co. , 34 m. S. 
 Olympia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Napeah, vil. , Upper Burma, on Irivs^adi, 41 m. N. Mandalay. 
 
 SfapervlUe, city, U.S., Illinois, Dupage co. , 37 m. W. by S. 
 Chicago. P. <:300o. 
 
 Naplilll, P.O., Eng. , Buckinghamshire, 3 m. from W. 
 Wycombe. 
 
 Napier, vil., Canada, Ontario, Middlesex co. , 36 m. from 
 London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Napier, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. Bredasdorp, 37 m. SW. by 
 W. Swellendam. P. < 1500. 
 
 Napier, co. , New South Wales, between 149° and 150° E. , 
 touching 32° S. 
 
 Napier, tn. , New Zealand, Hawkes Bay co. , 155 m. E. by S. 
 New Plymouth. Situated at the end of the southern of two 
 narrow penins. which approach each other from the N. and S. , 
 and shelter the harbour known as Port Ahuriri (ij m. W.), which 
 has a depth at entrance at high water ordinary springs of 14 ft., 
 ordinary neaps 13 ft.; length of quayage, 1800 ft., with depth 
 alongside at ordinary springs high water 14 ft., low water 11 ft. 
 Napier roadstead affords good and safe anchorage, and a break- 
 water is in course of construction. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 
 58.8° F., Jan. 66.5°, July 50.1°. P. 8300. 
 
 NaplervlUe, or St. Cyprlen, tn., Canada, Quebec, Napier- 
 ville CO. , on the riv, Montreal, 24I m. S. by E. Montreal. 
 
 NaplervlUe, co., Canada, Quebec, S. of the St. Lawrence, 
 crossed by 73^° W. 
 
 Naplnka, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, about 165 m. W. 
 by S. Winnipeg, 31 m. SW. Souris. 
 
 Naples, Italian Napoli, anciently Neapolis, city and, seat of 
 an archbishop, Italy, cap. prov. Naples (till i860 cap. kgd. of 
 the Two Sicilies), on N. shore of the Bay of Naples, and W. base 
 of Mount Vesuvius, 161 m. SE. Rome. (See Naples, Bay of.) 
 Overlooking the city on the W. is the castle of St. Elmo, 
 originally a fort, built 1343. It has four other forts, and four 
 mediaeval gates, more than 300 churches, including the cathe- 
 dral of St. Jannarius ; other public buildings are the university 
 (founded 1224), with over 4000 students, and library of 150,000 
 books, the palace, the law courts, the Royal College of Music, 
 with a teaching staff of nearly forty, the National Library 
 (275,000 books), the Brancacciana Library (150,000 books), and 
 the Borbonico Museum, unequalled for Roman and early Italian 
 antiquities, as well as for its Etruscan and Italo-Greek vases. 
 It has also a famous collection of the objects found at Hercula- 
 neum and Pompeii. The chief ancient remains are the cata- 
 combs and the Julian aqueduct, called Ponti Rossi. The port 
 of Naples, second in the kingdom (Genoa being first), consists 
 of three parts, separated by moles and piers. The dry dock is 
 247 ft. long, and at entrance 62^ ft. broad ; entrance to harbour 
 over 2000 ft. Exports (over ;^i,5oo,ooo) wine, olive-oil, chemicals 
 and perfumery, hemp and flax, &c. ; imports (over ^^5, 500, 000) 
 cereals, metals, cottons, woollens, earthenware, glass, &c. 
 Naples is more densely inhabited than the other European 
 great towns, but since i860 there have been great social and 
 industrial improvements, and the education of the people is no 
 longer neglected. The lazzaroni of former generations, for ex- 
 ample, no longer exist. New drainage works, an aqueduct, and 
 many new streets and squares, begun by King Victor Emmanuel, 
 have helped to enhance the attractiveness of this capital, 
 already famous by its climate as well as by its unequalled 
 position and surroundings. Originally a Greek settlement, as 
 the name implies, Naples retained some of the Grecian culture 
 under the Roman rule, and was a favourite residence of many 
 of the emperors and others. Under the Normans it and Sicily 
 were consolidated into one state, a kingdom which existed 
 through the Middle Ages, and was under the Bourbons from 
 1735 till their expulsion by Garibaldi in i860, excepting when 
 Joseph Buonaparte and Murat were kings of Naples. In 1861 
 Naples, with the whole kingdom of the Two Sicilies, became part 
 of the kingdom of Italy. Manufactures unimportant. The 
 neighbourhood has been called the market-garden of Italy, and 
 fishing employs many of the inhabitants. Alt. 489 ft. Mean 
 temp.,yr. 61.1° F., Jan. 47.7°, July 76.5°; mean rfall. (1821-91), 
 yr. 32.4 in., June-Aug. 3.1 in. Comm. P. (1788) 404,000; 
 (1871) 448,400; (1891) estimated at 518,000; city P. (1812) 
 326,100; (1871)415,500; (1881)463,200. 
 
 Naples, vil., U.S., New York, Ontario co., 38 m. S. by E. 
 Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Naples, Bay of, the ancient Crater Sinus, a semicircular 
 inlet of the Mediterranean, celebrated for its picturesque beauty, 
 on the SW. ct. of Italy, and on the shore of which is the city of 
 
 the same name. It is about 22 m. in length, from Cape Miseno 
 on the NW. to Cape Campanella on the SE. , and about 10 m. 
 in breadth, having on its shores, besides the cap. city, Pozzuolo, 
 Portici, Stabiae, Castellammare, Vico, Sorrento, and Massa ; 
 eastward Vesuvius bounds the prospect, and westward is Monte- 
 nuovo. In the bay are the Isles Ischia and Procida to the N., 
 and Capri to the S. 
 
 Napo, vil., Ecuador, on the Napo R., which flows ESE. and 
 joins the Amazon in 3° 40' S. , 73" 20' E. , 125 m. ESE. Quito. 
 Alt. at the mouth of Napo R. , 391 ft.; at the village of Napo 
 (540 m. up), 1450 ft. Width of channel at the mouth of the 
 Napo, 1 100 yds. ; depth of the river very variable ; the bottom is 
 sandy. The only steamers that could navigate the Napo would 
 need to be flat-bottomed, and of special construction, not draw- 
 ing more than 30 in. when laden ; descended in 1551 by Orellana 
 [E. G. S. Jour. , iii. , 476). 
 
 Napoleon, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Logan co. , 51 m. ESE. 
 Bismarck. P. < 1500. 
 
 Napoleon, vil., U.S., Ohio, Henry co. , on the Maumee R. , 
 36 m. SW. by W. Toledo. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Napoleon Gulf, a gulf in the N. of Lake Victoria Nyanza, 
 central Africa, in 33° 24'-34' E. The Nile issues from its head. 
 
 Napoleon Mine, mining stn. , S. Australia, Granville co. , 63 
 m. NE. by E. Port Augusta. 
 
 Napoleons, tp. , Victoria, co. Grenville, 86 m. NW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Napoleon St. len, tn. , France. See St. Leu-Taverny. 
 
 Napoleon Vendue, France. See Roclie-sur-Yon, La. 
 
 Napol^onvllle, tn. , France. See Pontivy. 
 
 NapoleonvUle, the former name of Kanala, New Caledonia. 
 
 Napoli, Italy. See Naples. 
 
 Napoli dl Malvasla, tn. , Greece. See Monentvasla. 
 
 Naponle, La, vil., France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, arr. Grasse, 
 on the S. ct., 5 m. SW. by W. Cannes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Nappa, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 122 
 m. N. Burnley, 2 m. NE. by N. Newsholme stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Nappanee, tn., U.S., Indiana, Elkhart co. , 83 m. ESE. 
 Chicago (111.). P.<i5oo. 
 
 Napperby, vil., S. Australia, Victoria co. , 50 m. SSE. Port 
 Augusta. 
 
 Napple Common, Eng., Buckinghamshire, 3 m. NW. 
 Wycombe; has chalk quarries. 
 
 Napton on the Hill, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 9J 
 m. S. by W. Rugby, 6 m. E. by N. Southam Road stn., PM.O. 
 (Napton) ; 4027 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Napnsa, vil., Portuguese E. Africa, to the N. of the Namuli 
 Hills, in 15° o' S. , 37° 24' E. 
 
 Nuqne, vil., Brazil, Minas Geraes, in 19° 19' S. , 42° 19' W. 
 
 Nar, or Setcl»y,riv. ,Eng. , flows W. along S. border of the NW. 
 div. of Norfolk, then turns N. and joins the Ouse at King's Lynn. 
 
 Nara, tn., Japan, Honshiu, 22 m. SSE. Kyoto. P. 23,300. 
 
 Ndra, Eastern and Western, two water channels, Brit. India, 
 Bombay, Bind. In the valley of the E. Ndra are about 400 lakes ; 
 the chief canals in connection with it are the Mithrau (123 m. ), 
 the Thar (44 m.), and the Dimwa (15 m.). About seventeen 
 canals branch directly from the W. Ndra. 
 
 Ndrdinganj, municip. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 10 m. 
 SSE. Dacca, on the S. terminus of the railway to Nasirabad ; the 
 municip. includes the town of Madanganj, on opposite bank of 
 riv. Lakhmia. Chief trade collection of jute, which is sent to 
 Calcutta. P. 17,700 ; Hindus, 9700 ; Moham. 7900. 
 
 Narainklied,tn., India, Haidarabad,64m. NW. Haidarabad. 
 
 N^rakal, port, Brit. India, Madras, 3 m. W. Cochin ; a mud 
 bank, stretching about 2\ m. seaward, affords a shelter for vessels 
 during the SW. monsoon. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Naran, tnld. , Ire. , W. co. Donegal, bar. Boylagh, on Gwee- 
 barra Bay, 18 m. NW. Donegal, PM.O. (Narin). P. <25o. 
 
 Narandera, mun. tn. , New South Wales, on Murrumbidgee 
 R. , here crossed by a fine bridge, 348 m. SW. Sydney. P. < 2000. 
 
 Naranjal, or Snya, Klo de, called in its upper course Rio de 
 Canar, riv. Ecuador, flows W. into the mouth of the Rio Guayas 
 (Guayaquil R. ) ; navigable in its lower course by river steamers. 
 
 Naranjo, vil., Costa Rica, 19 m. NW. by W. San Jos6. 
 
 Nariloli, agricultural tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Mora- 
 dabad, 42 m. W. by N. Bareilly. P. 5100. 
 
 Narat Pass, central Asia, across the Tian Shan Mts. , connect- 
 ing the valleys of the Karashahr and Kunges on the road from 
 Karashahr to Kulja (Hi). Alt. 10,600 ft. [Proc. R. G. S., 1890, 
 p. 83). 
 
 NarayanganJ. See NiirdlnganJ. 
 
 NArjiyanl, riv., Brit. India. See Gandak, Great. 
 
 Narazlm, tn., Bukhara, on the r. bk. of the Amu, 71 m. S, 
 by W. Bukhara. 
 
 Narbadd, or Nerbndda, the Namadus of Ptolemy, riv., 
 India, rising in the state of RewA, in the highlands of Amar- 
 kantak, and about 20 m. due W. of the source of the Son in the 
 same highlands ; it flows W. to the Gulf of Cambay, which it 
 enters below Broach. Navigable for about 200 m. W. Jabalpur, 
 below which point navigation is interrupted by rocky rapids. 
 The principal affluents are on the S. side. The Narbadd is 
 
 1067 
 
NARB — NARV 
 
 nowhere utilised for irrigation. Length (including windings), 
 735 m. ; height of source, 2300 ft.; area of basin, 39,260 sq. m.; 
 maximum discharge per second, 2,500,000 cubic ft. 
 
 Narberth, contributory pari. bor. and market-tn., Wales, 
 Pembrokeshire, 10^ m. E. Haverfordwest, on the Pembroke and 
 Tenby Rly. In the vicinity are picturesque ruins of a Norman 
 castle ; stone quarries and mines. Market-day, Th. Contri- 
 butory pari. bor. P. < 1500; pars. N. Narberth, P. <2ooo; S. 
 Narberth, P. <75o; eccles. par. (Narbertli -vvltli Robeston 
 Wathen) P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Narbonne, tn. , France, dep. Aude, cap. of arr. , on a branch 
 of the Canal du Midi, 8 m. from the Mediterranean, and 93 m. 
 ESE. Toulouse. It was fortified till 1865, and now the chief 
 objects of interest are the ancient church, the cathedral of St. 
 Just (with a fine Gothic choir 131 ft. high, and towers 194 ft.), 
 and the Hotel- de-Ville, once an archbishop's palace, utilised for 
 museum and library. The chief products are honey, salt, sul- 
 phur, and tiles. The district is also noted for a red wine, which 
 is strongly alcoholic. The proposed Atlantic-Mediterranean 
 ship canal has its E. terminus not far from the town. Na7-bo 
 was the earliest Roman colony in France, and gave name to 
 Gallia Narbonnensis, flourishing greatly under Tiberius ; after 
 the i2th century, when it was a wealthy commercial centre, 
 rivalling Marseilles, Narbonne sunk into comparative obscurity. 
 P. (1872) 14,200; (1891) 27,150; comm. P. 29,600. 
 
 Narborongli, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Harborough div. , 
 6 m. SW. by S. Leicester, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 P. < looo ; eccles. par. (Narborongh wltb Hnncote) P. < 1500. 
 
 Narborongh Island, Chile, small group in the W. of Queen 
 Adelaide Archipelago, at N. entrance of Pacific end of Strait 
 of Magellan. See also Ypnn. 
 
 Nnrborongh Island, Pacific, one of the Galapagos (q.v.) Is. 
 
 Narburgli, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, SW. div. , on the S. bank of 
 the Nar, 9J m. SE. by E. King's Lvnn, with a stn. (Narborongli) 
 on the G. E. R., PMT.O. (Nar'borongli). P. <5oo; eccles. 
 par. (Narburgli with Narford) P. <75o. 
 
 Narcon«Iam, isl. , one of the Andaman group, Bay of Bengal, 
 78 m. E. of the NE. ct. of Great Andaman I.; almost entirely 
 forest-clad. Alt. 2330 ft. 
 
 Nardo, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 24 m. W. Otranto. 
 P. 10,700. 
 
 Nare, vil. , Colombia, Antioquia, on the 1. bk. of the Magda- 
 lena, 65 m. E. Medellin. 
 
 Nare, riv. , Colombia, joins the Magdalena at Nare, 65 m. 
 NNE. Honda ; affluents, the Samana and Nus. 
 
 Naregal, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 55 m. E. by N. 
 Dharwir. P. (1881) 6100; Hindus, 5400. 
 
 Narellan, vil.. New South Wales, Cumberland co. , 38 m. 
 SW. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nareln, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 19 m. NW. by N. 
 Delhi. 
 
 Narenta, riv., European Turkey, in Herzegovina, rises in the 
 Dinaric Alps, passes Mostar, traverses the S. of Dalmatia, and 
 enters the Channel of Narenta, a gulf formed by the Adriatic 
 between the coast of Dalmatia and the peninsula of Sabioncello. 
 Length, 140 m. Navigable by steamers to MetkoviC. 
 
 Nare Point, cajie, Eng. , on the SE. ct. of Cornwall, in 50° 5' N. 
 
 Blares, co. , Queensland, on the E. ct. , crossed by 17° S. 
 
 Naresle, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. and 45 m. NW. by W. 
 Calvinia. 
 
 Narew, navigable riv. , Russia, govt. Grodno and Russian 
 Poland, r. bk. trib. of western Bug, which it joins 20 m, N. of 
 Warsaw, at Sierock. Length, 300 m. 
 
 Narford, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, SW. div. , on the S. bank of the 
 Nar, 10 m. ESE. King's Lynn, 4 m. NW. Swaffham, i^ m. E. 
 Narborough stn. P. <:25o. See Narburgh. 
 
 Nargen (Lettish Nal-sanrl), isl., Russia, Gulf of Finland, at 
 entrance to port of Reval. 
 
 NargAnd, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 30 m. NE. by 
 E. Dhdrwar. P. 9600 ; Hindus, 8100. 
 
 Narhl, or Nnrhee, agricultural tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., 
 dist. Ghazipur, 67 m. ENE. Benares. P. 6900 ; Hindus, 6700. 
 
 NarKld, or Nadlad (census), tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. 
 Kaira, 30 m. NE. by N. Cambay; the centre of an extensive 
 trade in tobacco a.nd.gkt. P. (1891) 29,000. 
 
 Narlele, former cap. of Barotse, S. Africa, a few miles S. of 
 Lialui. 
 
 Narl-Khorsnm, dist., Tibet. See Hnndes. 
 
 Narln, PM.O., Ire. See Naran. 
 
 Narlnda Bay, inlet, Madagascar, in the NW., running 
 southwards, crossed near its head by 15° S. 
 
 Narkher, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. and 45 m. 
 NW. by W. Ndgpur. P. 8300 ; Hindus, 7600. 
 
 NamAla, hill fortress, Brit. India, Berar, dist. Akola, 52 m. 
 WN W. Amraoti, consisting of a central and two smaller forts ; the 
 ramparts extend several miles, now falling into ruin. Alt. 3161 ft. 
 
 Narnanl, tn. , India, 78 m. N. by E. Jaipur. P. 21,200; 
 Hindus, 12,600 ; Moham. 8200. 
 
 Naml, tn. , Italy, Umbria, prov. Perugia, on the Nera, 7^ m. 
 SW. by W. Terni. P. 3000. 
 1068 
 
 Xaro, tn., Sicily, prov. and 12 m. E. Girgenti. Alt. 1945 ft. 
 P. 10,400. 
 
 Naroll, tn., Brit. India. Same as Nariloli. 
 
 Xaron, comm., Spain, Gahcia, prov. and 16 m. NE. Corunna, 
 dist. and 6 m. NE. Ferrol. P. 7700. 
 
 Xarova, riv., Russia, govts. St. Petersburg and Esthonia, 
 outflow of Lake Chudskoye into Gulf of Finland. Length, 45 
 m. ; has a waterfall 18 ft. high at Narva, where it is divided by 
 Krensholm I. into two branches ; important pajjer and woollen 
 mills on the waterfall. Shipping for interior trade from Lake 
 Peipus to Kulgskaya, a port near Narva town, and for exterior, 
 navigable below the town. P. 11,400. 
 
 Narovchat, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 93 m. NW. Penza. 
 P. 2000. 
 
 Nilrowiil, municip. , Brit. India, dist. Sialkot, 35 m. N. 
 Amritsar ; famous for its leather work. P. <5ooo. 
 
 \arra, rivs. , India. See XAra. 
 
 Xarrabrl, tn. , New South Wales, Nandewar co. , 90 m. NW. 
 Tamworth. Alt. 460 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 68.7° F., 
 Jan. 85.5°, July 51. 8^ P.<i5oo. 
 
 Narracan, post-tn., Victoria, Buln Buin co., 87 m. SE. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Xarracoorte, tn., S. Australia, Robe co., 184 m. SE. Ade- 
 laide, on the railway to Mount Gambier, the oldest town in SE. 
 dist. ; 7 m. SE. are the Mosquito Plains caves ; lat. 36° 56' S. , 
 long. 140° 47' E. Rfall. (15 yrs.), 21.28 in. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Narragansett, dist., U.S., Rhode I., Washington co., 5^ m. 
 W. Newport, on the W. side of Narragansett Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Narragansett Bay, bay, U.S., Rhode I., in the SE.; 28 m. 
 in length by 3-12 m. in breadth. 
 
 Narragansett Pier, vil., U.S., Rhode I., Washington co., 
 on the coast, 8 ni. SW. by W. Newport. 
 
 Narragh and Reban, East and liVest, two bars. , Ire. , in the 
 S. of CO. Kildare. 
 
 Narraghniore, par.. Ire., SE. co. Kildare, bars. Kilkea and 
 Moone, and Narragh and Reban, 8 m. NE. by E. Athy, 4 m. 
 from Colbinstown stn., P.O.; 12,274 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Narranilne, vil.. New South Wales, Narramine co., 115 
 m. NW. Bathurst, on Macquarie R., and stn. on railway from 
 Sydney to Bourke. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Narran, co. , New South Wales, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 by 147° E. 
 
 Narran, riv. , New South Wales. See Condamlne. 
 
 Narrandera, v\\. , New South Wales, Cooper co. , 100 m. E. 
 by S. Hay. 
 
 Narran Swamp, New South Wales, Narran and Finch cos. , 
 a swamp into which the Narran R. flows. 
 
 Narrawa, vil. , New South Wales, King co. , 45 m. N W. by 
 W. Goulburn. 
 
 Narrl, salt-mine, Brit. India, Punjab, in 33° 11' N., 71° 13' 
 E. ; the quarries, of pure rock-salt, are more than 2 m. long by 
 ^ m. broad. 
 
 Narrldy, post-tn., S. Australia, Victoria co., 70 m. SSE. 
 Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Narrlga, vil.. New South Wales, St. Vincent co., 30 m. SE. 
 Goulburn. 
 
 Narrows, The, channel, U.S., 8 m. S. of New York, and one 
 of the principal entrances to its harbour, between Long I. on 
 the E. and Staten I. on the W. , communicating with Lower 
 Bay, here only i m. wide. It has bold and commanding shores, 
 on which are situated the chief forts and batteries for the defence 
 of the harbour. 
 
 Narrows, The, the strait between the isls. of Nevis and St. 
 Kits, W. Indies. 
 
 Narrow Water, stn.. Ire., co. Down, 2 m. NW. Warren- 
 point, on the G. N. (Ire.) R. 
 
 Narsannapet, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Ganjdm. P. 
 5800 ; Hindus, 5800. 
 
 Narsilpnr, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. GodAvari, on the 
 r. bk. of the riv. Godavari, 39 m. E. by N. Masulipatam. 
 P. 7500 ; Hindus, 6600. Point NarsApnr, a cape to the S. 
 
 Narslnghgarh, tn. and fort, Central India, Narsinghgarh state, 
 20 m. NW. byN. Bhopal. P. 8600; Hindus, 7200; Moham. iioo. 
 
 Narslnghpnr, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., cap. dist. 
 Narsinghpur, 50 m. WSW. Jabalpur ; an important entrep>6t 
 for the grain and cotton trade of the Narbadi valley. P. 10,200 ; 
 Hindus, 7600. 
 
 Nampal, native name of Horn I., Queensland. 
 
 Naruto, strait, Japan, giving access to the Inland Sea from 
 the E. , between the isls. of Shikoku and Awaji. 
 
 Narva {Rugodin of Russian annals, also iTan-Gorod), seapt. 
 and fortress, Russia, govt, and 100 m. by rail W. of St. Peters- 
 burg, on Narova R. , 8 m. above its entrance into Gulf of Fin- 
 land. Founded in 1256, it has passed successively between 
 Teutonic Knights, Danes, Swedes, and Russians. Ivan-Gorod, 
 fortress on opposite bank of the river. Several old churches, 
 and old town hall ; several manufactures on the waterfalls of 
 Narova. Port visited every year by about 200 foreign vessels ; 
 exports of corn, and imports of various goods shipped to govt. 
 Pskov. P. (1865)6000; (1891) 11,400. 
 
NARV — NATA 
 
 Bfarva Bay, Russia, part of Gulf of Finland, 55 m. wide, but 
 short ; receives the Narova. Shallow at its head. 
 
 BfarwAr, tn., Central India, 45 m. SSW. Gwalior, once a 
 place of much splendour, now decayed. In the neighbouring 
 hills magnetic iron ore is found. P. 6200 ; Hindus, 4700 ; 
 Moham. 1200. 
 
 Bfaryui, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 312 m. NW. Tomsk, i 
 m. from Ob R. , at its junction with Ket. P. 2000. 
 
 Naryiii Mountains (N'aryniskiye Byellil), Russia, part of 
 Altai highlands, separate Narym R. from Kurchum ; highest 
 peaks at Konkai-bash, rise above snow-line. 
 
 Naryn, riv. , Russian Turkistan, rises in Tian Shan Mts. , 
 flows SW. past Kurtka, receives the name of Syr-darya after 
 junction with Kara-darya, large river from SSE., known as Tar 
 and Kog-art in its upper course. 
 
 Sfaryn Sands. See Ryn Peskl. 
 
 Nds, in Swedish place-names, ' a promontory.' See Naes. 
 
 Bfas, vil. , Norway, prov. and 30 m. NE. Christiania. P. <20oo. 
 
 Jfas, vil., Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, on the Vester Dal Elf, 
 40 m. W. by S. Falun. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Nasacara, vil., BoHvia, on the Desaguadero, 25 m. SE. of its 
 outlet from Lake Titicaca ; with difficulty reached by steamers 
 to carry away copper ore from the Corocoro mines. 
 
 Bfasavrky, vil. , Austria. See Nassaberg. 
 
 Nasbinals, vil., France, dep. Loz^re, 68 m. NE. Albi, arr. 
 and 14 m. NW. by W. Marvejols. P. <2oco. 
 
 Nasca, cape, on the coast of Peru, in 14° 57' S. 
 
 Sfaseby, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 12 m. E. 
 by N. Rugby, 4 m. SW. by W. Kelmarsh stn. The troops of 
 Charles I. were here totally defeated by the Parliamentary army 
 in June 1645. P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Naseby (also known as 9Ionnt Ida and Hogbnrn), tn. , New 
 Zealand, South I., Maniototo co. , 42 m. W. by N. Oamaru ; 
 gold and coal are worked in the vicinity. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Naser, or Nasser, former Egyptian post, E. Sudan, on 1. bk. 
 of the Sobat, at the head of navigation, about 480 m. S. by E. 
 Khartum. 
 
 Sfaseriye, tn. , Turkey in Asia, on S. bank Euphrates, vilayet 
 and 112 m. WNW. Busrah, sanjak Muntefik. P. 12,000; 
 Moham. 10,000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Nash, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and sj m. E. Buck- 
 ingham, 3J m. NNW. Swanbourne stn., P.O. P. <5oo. See 
 Tlioriitou. 
 
 Nash, vil. , Eng. , Herefordshire, div. and i2| m. W. by N. 
 Leominster, 2 m. SSW. Presteigne stn. See Kodd. 
 
 Nash, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 3 m. SE. by S. 
 Newport, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Nash, par. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , 15 m. W. by S. Kidder- 
 minster, 2 m. N. by E. Tenbury stn. P. <5oo. See Bnrford. 
 
 Nash, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, in the NE. , crossed by 78° W. 
 and by 36° N. 
 
 Nash, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 14I m. W. by S. 
 Cardiff, 2^ m. SW. by W. Cowbridge stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Nash, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 2 m. NE. by E. Pembroke. 
 P. <:25o ; eccles. par. (Nash with tpton) P. <25o. 
 
 Nashawena Island, U.S., Massachusetts, Dukes co., off the 
 S. ct. of Bristol co. , in 70° So'-53' W. 
 
 NashI, tribe, China. See Mosso. 
 
 Nash Island, U.S., Maine, Pleasant River Bay, in 44° 25' N., 
 97° 37' W. ; has a lighthouse. 
 
 Nash Point, cape, Wales, on S. ct. of Glamorganshire, with 
 two lighthouses (in 3° 33' W. ), high and low, visible 19 and 17 
 m. respectively. 
 
 Nash Sand, dangerous shifting sandbank, stretching 7 m. 
 WNW. from Nash Point Wales. 
 
 Nashua, tn., U.S., Iowa, Chickasaw co. , on Cedar R. , 18 m. 
 SW. New Hampton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nashua, riv., U.S., Massachusetts and New Hampshire, at 
 the NE. , trib. of the Merrimac, which it joins on the r. bk. in 
 Nashua. 
 
 Nashua (nash'u-avv), city, U.S., New Hampshire, Hillsboro 
 CO. , on the r. bk. of the Merrimac R. , 14I m. S. Manchester ; 
 has railroad facilities ; important manufactures of sheetings 
 and shirtings, and extensive iron-works with a very large steam 
 hammer. Water-power is obtained from the Mine Falls, in 
 Nashua R. P. (1870) 10,500; (1880) 13,400; (1890) 19,300. 
 
 Nashville, city, U.S., Illinois, Washington co., 48 m. ESE. 
 St. Louis. P. < 3000. 
 
 Nashville, vil., U.S., Michigan, Barry co., 92 m. SW. Bay 
 City. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Nashville, city, U. S. , cap. of Tennessee, Davidson co. , on the 
 Cumberland R. , near the middle of the state, on elevated ground, 
 and surrounded by hills ; originally confined to the 1. bk. of the 
 river, it now includes East Nashville (formerly Edgefield) on 
 the r. bk. , with which it is connected by two bridges. The state 
 Capitol of Tennessee, built of granite, is one of the finest build- 
 ings in the U.S. The city is the seat of important educational 
 institutions ; among them the University of Nashville (organised 
 as such in 1826), and the Roger- Williams University for coloured 
 students (founded by Baptists in 1864). Near it is the Vanderbilt 
 
 University, chartered in 1872. N. is the chief commercial centre 
 S. of the Ohio R. , and has great trade in cotton and tobacco. 
 The Hermitage, the residence of Andrew Jackson, is 12 m. E. of 
 Nashville. Alt. (city base), 232 ft. (City Engineer) ; (signal stn., 
 507 ft. (U.S. Signal Office); (various) 409-445 ft. (R.R.); (low 
 water Cumberland R. ) 340 ft. (City Engineer). Mean temp. (15 
 yrs.), yr. 39. 1° F., Jan. 60.0°, July 80.0° ; rfall. (13 yrs.), 53.66 in. 
 P. (1870)30,300; (1880)43,400; (1890)76,200. 
 
 Nashville, West, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Davidson co. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Nashwaak River, Canada, New Brunswick, enters the riv. 
 St. John on the 1. bk. opposite Fredericton. 
 
 NaSlce, comm. , Austria- Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Viro- 
 vitica, dist. Nasice, 28 m. W. by S. Eszek. P. 9200. 
 
 Nilslk, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, cap. dist. Nasik, chiefly on 
 r. bk. of Godavari R. , 89 m. NW. Ahmadnagar, spreading 
 over three small hills ; it ranks first, in brass and copper work, 
 among the towns of Bombay Presidency. One of the most 
 sacred resorts of Hindu pilgrims. P. 24,400; Hindus, 20,700. 
 
 Nasiriibild, or Nusseerdbdd, tn. and cantonment, Brit. India, 
 Ajmere-Merwara, 14 m. SSE. Ajmere. P. (1891) 21,700; 
 Hindus, 15,200 ; Moham. 5500. 
 
 Naslriibiid, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. dist. Maimansingh, 
 74 m. N. Dacca. P. 11,600; Hindus, 6500; Moham. 4900. 
 
 Nasiriibdd, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khandesh, 120 m. 
 S. by W. Indore ; noted for the manufacture of glass bangles. 
 P. 11,500; Hindus, 8300. 
 
 Naskapls, or Naskwapls, Indian tribe in interior of Labrador 
 Penin. , in the Dominion of Canada, on the SW. slope along 
 James and Hudson Bays. 
 
 Nasll, tn., Asia Minor. See Nazllll. 
 
 Naslyedulkl, vil., Russia, govt. Ufa, 100 m. NE. Orsk. P. 
 <:5ooo. 
 
 Nasi), isl., W. ct. Norway, dist. Nordland, with its S. point 
 touching the Polar Circle. 
 
 Naso, tn., Sicily, prov. and 41 m. W. Messina. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Nasratabad, or Huseluabad, vil., Persia, Seistan, 275 m. 
 E. by N. Kerman. 
 
 Nasrlganj, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Shdhabad, on the 
 1. bk. of the Son, 46 m. WNW. Gaya. P. (1881) 6100; 
 (i89i)<5oco. 
 
 Nassa, vil. , Upper Egypt, prov. Girge. P. 9400. 
 
 Nassaberg, Slavonic Nasavrky, mining-vil. .Austria, Bohemia, 
 dist. Chrudim, 27 m. S. Koniggratz. P. < 2000. 
 
 Nassaga-weya, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Halton co. , 22 m. 
 NNW. Hamilton. 
 
 Nassau, tn. and port, cap. of the Bahamas, on New Pro- 
 vidence I., in 25° 6' N., 77° 22' W., with a pontoon (9 ft. 
 draught) 600 ft. in length. Mean temp., yr. 77.2° F., Jan. 
 72.2°, Aug. 82.2°. 
 
 Nassau, isl., central Pacific, in about 11° 35' S. , 166° 15' 
 W. ; annexed by Britain. 
 
 Nassau, former duchy, Ger. , forming since 1866, along with 
 the former free city of Frankfurt on the Main, the circle of 
 Biedenkopf, and the former county of Hesse- Homburg, the 
 Prussian govt, of Wiesbaden in prov. Hesse-Nassau. 
 
 Nassau, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse- Nassau, circle Unterlahn, 
 on the r. bk. of the Lahn, 10 m. E. by S. Coblenz ; silver lead 
 mined. Birthplace (Oct. 27, 1757) of Baron Stein, of whom 
 there is a statue on the neighbouring castle of Stein. P. <20oo. 
 
 Nassau, CO., U.S., Florida, in the extreme NE. 
 
 Nassau, Cape, Brit. Guiana, in 58° 50' W. 
 
 Nassau Bay, Ger. New Guinea, in the W. of Huon Gulf, in 
 7° 15' S., 147° 8' E. 
 
 Nassau Bay, an arm of the sea, Tierra del Fuego, nearly 
 enclosed by islands, (W.) Hoste, (N.) Navarin, (S.) Woolaston, 
 besides smaller isls. , most open to E. , in 55° 15' S. and 68° W. 
 
 Nasse, riv., Canada, Brit. Columbia, flows S. and SW. to 
 Observatory Inlet, which it enters in about 55° S. 
 
 Nasser, post, eastern Sudan. See Naser. 
 
 Nasset, vil., Norway, prov. Bergen, dist. Romsdal, 25 m. S. 
 Christiansund. 
 
 Nasslck, India. See Nslslk. 
 
 Nasslngton, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, on 
 the Nen, 7^ m. S. by E. Stamford, on the G. N. and L. & NW. 
 Rlys. , P. O. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (N. with Yarwell) P. <iooo. 
 
 Nasslrabad, tn. , Persia, prov. Khorassan, to the E. of the 
 Hamun Swamp, 270 m. E. by N. Kerman. 
 
 Nastas4iw, comm., Austria, prov. Galicia, dist. Mikulince. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Naszvad, comm., Hungary, co. Komorn (Komarom), dist. 
 Udvard. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Natagalnia, tn., Colombia, Tolima, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Magdalena, 100 m. SW. by W. Bogota. 
 
 Natal, tn. and seapt. , Brazil, E. ct. , cap. Rio Grande do 
 Norte, 160 m. N. Pernambuco. The harbour has a water area 
 of 2 sq. m. Depth on bar ordinary springs 20-21 ft., ordinary 
 neaps 17 ft. Good and well-sheltered anchorage. Depth along- 
 side 6-1 1 ft. at high water, dry at low water, P. 6000 ; (comm.) 
 11,000. 
 
 1069 
 
NATA— NAUR 
 
 Natal' (Portuguese^' Christmas," discovered 25th Dec. 1497), 
 British colony in SE. Africa, situated NE. of Cape Colony. 
 Length of sea-coast on Indian Ocean, 160 m. Natal is a 
 mountainous country, rising in three successive terraces from 
 the coast to the Kwathlamba Mts. (g.v.). Rivers, Tugela 
 (with Buffalo R. ), Umvoti, Umkomanzi, Umzimkulu, Umtam- 
 vuna. The climate differs according to the different elevations 
 of the country. The fertihty of Natal is great, the subtropical 
 coast-belt producing sugar, tea, coffee, arrowroot, bananas, 
 and tobacco ; whilst on the inland terraces Kafir corn, wheat, 
 maize, and other cereals are grown in large quantities. Pastoral 
 pursuits, especially sheep-breeding, cat tie -rearing, and ostrich- 
 farming, are of great importance. The mineral wealth of Natal 
 is considerable ; coal is found near the coast, on the Mooi R. 
 and in Klip R. co. ; gold, copper, iron, and lead are met with 
 in various parts of the colony. Principal exports, wool, sugar, 
 hides, maize, ostrich-feathers, arrowroot ; imports, te.xtiles, 
 flour, rice, ironware, machinery, and leather. Cap. Pieter- 
 maritzburg (alt. 2095 ft., P. (1892) 48,000); principal port, 
 Durban ; 400 m. of railways, the principal line running from 
 Durban to Pietermaritzburg (72 m. ). The roads of the colony 
 are good. There is a weekly mail service with England, and 
 frequent steam communication with the E. African ports and 
 Mauritius. Telegraphs by land to Cape Colony, the Orange 
 Free State, and the S. African Republic ; cable connection with 
 Delagoa Bay, Sofala, Mozambique, Zanzibar, Aden, and Europe. 
 History. — Discovered 1497 by Vasco da Gama ; 1719, Dutch 
 settlement ; 1824, British settlement ; 1837, immigration of 
 Boers (Pietermaritzburg founded) ; 1856, separate colony under 
 the British crown ; 4th July 1893, new constitution, governor, 
 ministry of five, legislative council of eleven, legislative assembly 
 of thirty-seven. Area, 20,460 sq. m. P. (1891) 555,276 (42,459 
 Europeans). [H. G, S.] 
 
 Natal Downs, vil., Queensland, Davenport co., 155 m. SW. 
 by W. Bowen. 
 
 Natangen, dist. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, in the W., 
 between the Frisches Haff and the riv. Alle. 
 
 Natcbez, city, U.S., Mississippi, Adams co. , on the Missis- 
 sippi, 60 m. SSW. Vicksburg; built partly on a bluff 150 ft. 
 above the water and partly on a strip of land at foot, the 
 former called Natchez-on-the-Hill, the latter Natchez Landing, 
 or Natchez-under-the-Hill. Trade in cotton. P. (1880) 7100 ; 
 (1890) 10,100. 
 
 Natchltoclies, tn. and port, U.S., Louisiana, cap. Natchi- 
 toches par. (CO.), on a branch of the Red R., 63 m. SE. by S. 
 Shreveport. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Nat«by, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Lancaster div. , 8^ m. E. by 
 S. Fleetwood, i^ m. W. by N. Garstang stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Nateby, par., Eng., Westmorland, on the Eden, div. and 
 io| m. SE. by S. Appleby, i m. E. Kirkby Stephen stn. P. <250. 
 
 Nateley, Up, par., i m. S. Nateley Scures, on the Basing- 
 stoke Canal. P. < 250. See Basing. 
 
 Nateley Scnres, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 3J m. E. 
 Basingstoke, ij m. WSW. Hook stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Naters, vil, Switzd., cant. Valais, i| m. N. by W. Brieg. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Nateva Bay, inlet running 40 m. SW. in E. of Vanua Levu 
 I. , Fiji Is. 
 
 Natballa, post-tn., Victoria, Moira co. , 26 m. ENE. Echuca, 
 terminus of Goulburn Valley Rly. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Nilthdwdra, tn., India, Rijputana, 104 m. SSE. Jodhpur. 
 P. (1881) 8500. 
 
 Natbrop, vil., U.S., Colorado, Chaffee co. , 90 m. SW. 
 Denver, and 35 m. S. by E. Leadville. P. <i5c>o. 
 
 Natlck, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , 15 m. 
 WSW. Boston. P. (1880) 8500; (1890) 9100. Sontb N., 2 m. 
 distant, on Charles R. ; has university of natural history and 
 manufacture of shoes. P. < 1500. 
 
 Natlmnk, tn., Victoria, Lowan co., 217 m. NW. Melbourne, 
 14 m. W. Horsham, with which it is connected by branch rail- 
 way. P. < 1500. 
 
 National, city, U.S., California, co. and 4 m. S. San Diego. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 National IMilltary Home, U.S., Ohio, Montgomery co., 
 3 m. W. Dayton ; hospital for over 3000 invalid soldiers. 
 
 National Range, mts., U.S., Colorado. See Sagnacbe. 
 
 National Soldiers Home, vil, U.S., Virginia, Elizabeth 
 city and co., 15 m. S. Norfolk ; a home for invalid soldiers. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 National Stock Yards, vil, U.S., Illinois, St. Clair co., on 
 Mississippi R., opposite St. Louis, the greatest market in the 
 world for live stock ; 650 ac. in area. See St. Lonls. 
 
 Nation River, South, riv. , Canada, Ontario, flows NE. then 
 NW. into the riv. Ottawa about 75° 7' W. 
 
 Natividad, Honduras. See Puerto t'ortez. 
 
 Nativity Bank. See Navidad Bank. 
 
 Natland, jiar., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 2^ m. S. 
 Kendal, i m. SSW. Oxenholme June, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Natoye, vil, Belgium, prov, and 15 m. SE. Namur, arr. 
 Dinant. P. <:20oo. 
 1070 
 
 Natra, vil, Sweden, prov. (Ian) Vesternorrland, 44 ra. NNE. 
 Hernosand. 
 
 Natrona, vil, U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny co., on Alleg- 
 heny R., 17 m. NE. by E. Pittsburg. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Natron lakes of Egypt, are situated in a valley of the Libyan 
 desert called the Natron valley, about 60 m. WNW. Cairo, 
 and consist of eight pools below the sea-level, many of them rich 
 in natron, the collecting of which occupies about 300 persons. 
 The valley of the Natron lakes has four monasteries, with valu- 
 able Arabic, Coptic, and Syriac MSS. 
 
 Natron Lake, salt lake, central Africa, in about 2° 22-48' S. , 
 35° 54-36° 3' E. 
 
 Natte Yallock, vil. , Victoria, Kara Kara co. , 146 m. N W. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nattor, or Nator (census), tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. 
 Rajshahi, 50 m. ENE. Murshidabad. P. 9200 ; Hindus, 4200 ; 
 Moham. 5000. 
 
 Natuna Islands, group of isls., E. Archipelago, between the 
 Malay Penin. and the W. ct. of Borneo. Great Natuna I., the 
 largest of the group, is in 4° N., 108" 10' E. 
 
 Natnpe, Pakarnba, or Clermont Tonnerre, isl , Pacific, in 
 the E. of the Tuamotu group, in about iS"" 15' S., 136^° o' W. 
 
 Natural Bridge, vil, U.S., New York, Jefferson co., 10 m. 
 NE. Carthage, on Indian R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Natural Bridge, vil, U.S., Virginia, Rockbridge co., 15 m. 
 SW. Lexington ; near it is the famous natural bridge over Cedar 
 Creek. P. < 1500. 
 
 Natural Canal, U.S., New York, St. Lawrence co., connects 
 Grass and Oswegatchie Rivs. ; navigable for small boats. Length, 
 6 m. 
 
 Naturallst«, cape, Tasmania, NE. extremity, in about 40° 
 50' S. lat. 
 
 Naturallste Cbannel, strait, W. Australia, forming the 
 western entrance to Sharks Bay, in about 25° 20' S. 
 
 Nan, tn. , Russian Turkistan, prov. Fergana, 33 m. SW. 
 Khoient. P. <5ooo. 
 Nan, Capo di, cape, Italy. See Colonne, Capo. 
 Nancelle, vil, France, dep. Aveyron, arr. Rodez, 22 m. 
 NE. by N. Albi. P. < 2000. 
 Naucratis, or Natikraiis, ancient Egypt. See Neblre. 
 Nanen, tn., Prussia, prov. and 20 m. NE. Brandenburg, 
 circle Osthavelland. P. 7700. 
 
 Nangard, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle N., 29 m. NE. 
 by E. Stettin. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Naugatnek', tn. , U.S., Connecticut, New Haven co. , on 
 Naugatuck R. , 27 m. N. by E. Bridgeport by rail. P. 6200. 
 
 Nangbton, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the Sault St. 
 Mary line of the C. P. R. , 454 m. by rail W. Montreal 
 Nangbton, par., Eng., Suffolk, 5 m. N. Hadleigh. P. <25o. 
 Naiibelui, Ger. , Hesse-Darmstadt. See Bad Nantaeini. 
 Naukat, vil, Russian Turkistan, prov. Fergana, 17 m. S. of 
 Osh, consists of two vils. , Jany N. and Iske N., in which an 
 active trade is carried on with surrounding villages in manu- 
 factured goods and agricultural produce ; layers of good coal 
 near to this last. 
 Naukratis, ancient Egypt. See Neblre. 
 Naul, par. and tn.. Ire., N. co. Dublin, bar. W. Balrothery, 
 9 m. S. Drogheda, 5 m. WSW. Balbriggan, P.O. Par. P. < 
 500 ; tn. P. <;250. 
 
 Naumbnrg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Wolfs- 
 hagen, 16 m. WSW. Kassel P. <200o. 
 
 Naumbnrg>am-Qneis, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 19 m. E. 
 by N. Gorlitz, circle and 7 m. SW. by W. Bunzlau. P. <300o. 
 Naumbui%-ant>Saale, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, cap. circle 
 Naumburg, 24 m. S. by W. Halle, with manufactures of combs 
 and ivory articles, woollen stuffs, &c. Birthplace of Charles 
 Lepsius the Egyptologist. Alt. 350 ft. P. (1816) 8800; (1890) 
 tn. P. 19,300 ; comm. P. 19,800. 
 
 Nann, or Nonnl, riv. , Manchuria, rises in the Khingan Mts. , 
 flows SE. and joins the Giren, in 45° 30' N., 124° 45' E. , to 
 form the Sungari. Length, 660 m. 
 
 Naunhof, tn., Ger., Saxony, circle and 10 m. SE. Leipzig, 
 dist. Grimma. P. 2000. 
 
 Naunton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 10 
 m. E. Cheltenham, i^ m. ENE. Notgrove and Westfield stn., 
 PM.O. P. <;500. 
 
 Naunton Beauebanip, par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 
 j\ m. NW. Evesham, on the Piddle, 3 m. N. by E. Pershore 
 stn. P. <;520. 
 
 Naupaktos (nafpaktos), tn., Greece. See Lepanto. 
 Nanplla, Greek Navplion (naf-pli), tn., Greece, prov. Argolis 
 and Corinthia, on E. side of Gulf of Nauplia, 7 m. SE. Argos, 
 and 3 m. S. of the site of the ancient Tiryns, whose fortifica- 
 tions are the work of the Venetian Morosini, commanded on the 
 SE. by the citadel of Palamedes (alt. 710 ft.). In the church 
 of St. Spiridion, at Nauplia, the Greek statesman Cap>o d'Istria 
 was assassinated (1831). P. 5500. 
 
 Nauru, Navodo, or Pleasant Island, small coral isl. 
 Pacific, a little S. of the equator, in 167° E., and just within the 
 German sphere of influence. P. about 1000. 
 
N AU S 
 
 N A W A 
 
 Kfansett Beach, U.S., Massachusetts, Barnstable co. , E. ct. , 
 on E. side of Cape Cod, in 41° 38'-48' N. , with three lighthouses. 
 Nausett Harbour, in 41° 46' N. 
 
 Nanshahra, tn. and cantonment, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. 
 and 25 m. E. Peshdwar ; the cantonment lies in a sandy plain, 
 3 m. wide. The native town is on the opposite bank of the 
 river. P. 6900 ; Hindus, 2500 ; Moham. 2600. 
 
 Naustathmos, tn. , Tripoli. See Eltruii. 
 
 Kanta, vil., NE. Peru, dep. Loreto, prov. Bajo Amazonas, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Maranon, just above the confluence of the 
 Ucayali, in 4° 32' S. , 73° 28' W. , founded in 1830; the centre 
 of a small traffic with 13razil. 
 
 Nanvoo, city, U.S., Illinois, Hancock co., on Mississippi R., 
 15 m. N. Keokuk (Iowa), founded in 1840 by the Mormons, 
 afterwards occupied by French Socialists. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Nanwlgewank, Canada. See Haniiiiond River. 
 
 Nava, lagoon, Spain, Old Castille, prov. and 4 m. NW. 
 Palencia ; area, 6| sq. m. 
 
 Nava, or San Bartholome rte Nava, tn., N. Spain, Asturias, 
 prov. and 17 m. E. Oviedo, dist. Infiesto, with important coal- 
 mines. P. (comm.) 5800. 
 
 Navacerrada, mts. , Spain. See <i<nadarrania, Sierra de. 
 
 Nava «lel Key, tn. , Spain, prov. and 27 m. SW. Valladolid, 
 cap. dist. Nava del Rey. P. (comm.) 6000. 
 
 Navado, isl. , Pacific. See Nauru. 
 
 Navahermosa, tn. , Spain, New Castille, prov. and 27 m. 
 WSW. Toledo, cap. dist. Navahermosa. P. (comm. )<4000. 
 
 Navajos, Indian tribe of the Shoshone and Apache family, 
 U.S., NW. New Mexico, and NE. Arizona; celebrated for the 
 manufacture of ' Navajo blankets. ' 
 
 Navajo Springs, vil., U.S., Arizona, Apache co. , 128 m. S. 
 by W. from the NE. corner of the terr. Alt. 5605 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. <isoo. 
 
 Navalcarnero, tn., Spain, prov. and 18 m. SW. by W. 
 Madrid, cap. dist. Navalcarnero. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Navalnioral de la Mata, vil., Spain, prov. Caceres, dist. 
 N. de la M., 34 m. NE. by N. Trujillo. P. (comm. )<5ooo. 
 
 Navalmorales, Los, tn. , central Spain, New Castille, prov. 
 and 34 m. W. by S. Toledo. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Navaluclllos, Los, tn., Spain, New Castille, prov, Toledo, 
 3 m. SSE. Navalmorales. P. (comm.)<40C)o. 
 
 Navalvlllar de Pela, tn., W. Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 
 84 m. E. by N, Badajoz, 6 m. N, of the Tagus. P. (comm. ) < 
 4000. 
 
 Navan, par., civic and market tn. , Ire., co. Meath, bar. 
 Lower Navan, j\ m. NE. by N. Trim, on the 1. bk. of the Boyne, 
 and on the M. G. W. R., with stns. (Navan and Navan 
 Junction) on the G. N. (Ire.) R. ; connected by canal with 
 Drogheda. Navan is surrounded by some of the richest lands 
 in the kingdom, and has a large power-loom woollen factory, 
 and a Roman Catholic Diocesan Seminary. Headquarters of 
 Meath Militia, and centre of the Meath Hunt dist. Market- 
 days, W. and S. Par. 3341 ac. , P. < 4500; tn. P. < 4000. 
 
 Navan, Lo-wer and Upper, two bars.. Ire., in the middle of 
 CO. Meath. 
 
 Navan, post-tn., S. Austraha, Light co., 50 m. N. by E. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Navan Bay, bay, Annam, on the E. ct. , in about n° 35' N. 
 
 Navar, vil. , Scot. , Forfarshire. See Letlinot and Navar. 
 
 Xavarln, cape, Russia, E. Siberia, on W. ct. of Bering Sea, 
 62° 16' N. , 79° 15' E. 
 
 Navarlno, isl. , Chile, Tieri-a del Fuego Archipelago, crossed 
 in the W. by 68° W., separated by Beagle Channel from the 
 Argentine portion of the main isl. of Tierra del Fuego ; alluvial 
 gold is found, but now nearly exhausted. 
 
 Navarlno, Pylos, or Neokastron, fortified seapt. tn. , Greece, 
 prov. Messenia, on the W. ct., 56 m. SW. Tripolis ; near it, on 
 the N. , are the ruins of Old Navarino, the ancient Pylos. The 
 harbour, sheltered by the isl. Sphagia, is famous in antiquity for 
 a total defeat of the Spartan by the Athenian navy, and in 
 modern times for the victory of the English, French, and Russian 
 fleets over those of the Turks and Egyptians, Oct. 20, 1827. 
 P. < 300C. 
 
 Navarre, in Spanish Navarra, prov. in the NE. of Spain, 
 extending from the western Pyrenees to the Ebro, in the SE. 
 (dist. Tudela) for a short distance beyond the Ebro ; cap. 
 Pamplona. The northern half or two-thirds (the Montana), in 
 which the Basque language is still more or less spoken, is 
 mountainous (occupied by spurs of the Pyrenees), and mainly 
 devoted to pasturage; the remainder (the Ribera), in which 
 Castilian Spanish is spoken, diversified lowlands, fertile in 
 cereals, wine, oil, and fruit, but greatly in need of irrigation to 
 make it as productive as it might become. Communication 
 defective. There is no carriage-road across the Pyrenees in the 
 prov. , but among the passes is the well-known Roncevaux or 
 Roncesvalles. Iron ore abounds, but is not much worked, and 
 manufactures are backward. There are frequented warm 
 (8S°-86° F.) saline mineral springs at Fitero, in the W. of the 
 portion of the prov. S. of the Ebro. The prov. is the Spanish 
 portion of an ancient county erected in 858 into a kingdom 
 
 which embraced some terr. on the French side of the Pyrenees 
 (now mainly forming the W. portion of the arr. of Maul^on 
 in dep. Basses- Pyrenees), and which attained its greatest 
 importance towards the end of the 15th century, when the 
 kingdom passed into the hands of the counts of Foix, already 
 viscounts of B^arn. In 1512 the kingdom was seized by 
 Ferdinand of Castille, but the portion on the French side 
 remained in the possession of the former king, who retired to 
 Pau, cap. of B&rn, retaining theiroyal title. 
 
 Navarre, vil., U.S., Ohio, Stark co. , 65 m. NW. by N. 
 Wheeling (W. Va.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Navarre, post-tn., Victoria, Kara Kara co., 31 m. NNE. 
 Ararat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Navarrenx, tn., France, dep. Basses-Pyr^n^es, on the Gave 
 d'Oloron, arr. and 12 m. S. Orthez. P. <20oo. 
 
 Navarro, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 55 m. WSW. 
 Buenos Aires. P. <:3000. 
 
 Navarro, co. , U.S., Texas, W. of 96° W., crossed by 32° N., 
 bounded on the E. by Trinity R. 
 
 Navas de San Juan, tn., S. Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 37 
 m. NE. Jaen. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Navasota, city, U.S. , Texas, Grimes co. , 60 m. NW. Houston, 
 on Navasota R. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Navassa, isl., W. Indies, to the W. of Haiti, in 18° 26' N., 
 75° 3' W, , formerly a source of supply of guano for the U.S. 
 Mean temp. (2^ yrs., 1880-82), yr. 79.1° F. , Jan. 75.4", Feb. 
 74.1°, July 82.7 , Aug. 82.8°. 
 
 Navata, comm., Spain, prov. and 18 m. N. by E. Gerona. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Na Vatu Keef, Fiji Is. See Tova. 
 
 Navax Point, cape, Eng., on the NW. ct. of Cornwall, 5 m. 
 ENE. St. Ives. 
 
 Nave, small isl., Scot., off the NW. ct. of Islay, in 60° 20' W. 
 
 Navel Bay, Canada. See Nevll Bay. 
 
 Navenby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div. , 9 m. 
 S. Lincoln, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Naver, riv. , Scot., Sutherland, issues from the E. end of Loch 
 Naver, and flows on the whole N. into Torrisdail Bay (Atlantic 
 Ocean) ; salmon and trout fishing in river and lech. Naver, 
 Loch, a lake about 7 m. long ; alt. 247 ft. 
 
 Naveslnk Bay, U.S. , New Jersey, 22 m. S. Jersey City. The 
 Naveslnk Lights, 248 ft. above high water on low hills which 
 form an important landmark, are at the entrance to New York 
 Harbour, in 40° 24' N. , 73'^ 59' W. 
 
 Navestock, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 6\ m. NNE. 
 Romford, 3^ m. S. by W. Ongar stn., P.O., and PMT.O. 
 (Navestock Side) ; 4518 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Navla, tn., N. ct. of Spain, prov. and 45 m. W. by N. 
 Oviedo, dist. Luarca, on r. bk. at the mouth of the rlv. Navla, 
 which rises in Galicia, prov. Lugo, flows NNE. and enters the 
 Bay of Biscay ; it has an excellent salmon fishery. Length, 65 
 m. P. (comm.) 6300. 
 
 Navla de Suarna, tn. , Spain, Galicia, prov. and 29 m. E. 
 Lugo, dist. Fonsagrada. P. (comm.) 5500. 
 
 Navldad, Puerto de, small bay, Mexico, Jalisco, W. ct. , in 
 19° 13' N. 
 
 Navldad (or Nativity) Bank, shoal in the Atlantic to the N. 
 of the E. end of the Republic of Santo Domingo, crossed by 20° 
 N. and just E. of 69° W. 
 
 Navigation, PMT.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, i m. from 
 Aberdare Junction. 
 
 Navigator's Islands. See Samoa. 
 
 NavlgUo Grande, canal, Italy, Lombardy, parting from the 
 Ticino and passing Milan ; it dates from end of 12th century. 
 
 Navlta, tn. , Mexico, Sinaloa, 142 m. W. by N. Durango. 
 
 Navltl, isl., Fiji Archipelago, 32 m. NW. of Viti Levu. 
 
 Navo«lo, or Pleasant Island, Pacific. See Nauru. 
 
 Navy, or Llmon Bay, an open roadstead in the Caribbean 
 Sea, on N. shore of the Isthmus of Panama, in 9° 21' N., 80° W. 
 
 Nawa, ancient A^eve, vil., Palestine, 32° 54' N., 36° 3' E., 30 
 m. E. by N. Tiberias ; on the route of the projected Haifa- 
 Damascus railway. 
 
 NawiibganJ, or Niiwtlbganj Barrackpnr, municip., Brit. 
 India, Bengal, 24 Parganas, in 22° 46' N., 88° 24' E. P. (1872) 
 16,500; (1891)21,000; Hindus, 16,300; Moham. 4500. 
 
 NawdbganJ, tn. , Brit. India, Oudh, cap. dist. Bdra Banki, 
 16 m. ENE. Lucknow ; trade in sugar and cotton. The civil 
 station is on high ground i m. to the W. P. 14,400 ; Hindus, 
 8800 ; Moham. 5200. 
 
 Nafv^bganJ, tn. , Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Gonda, 75 m. E. 
 Lucknow ; the largest grain mart in the dist. P. 9200 ; 
 Hindus, 7200 ; Moham. 2000. 
 
 Naivalapltlya, vil., Ceylon, Central Prov., 15 m. SSW. 
 Kandy. 
 
 Nawalgarh, tn., India, Rdjputana, 66 m. NNW. Jaipur. 
 P. (1881) 10,000. 
 
 NatvalgAnd, tn. , Brit, India, Bombay, cap. dist. and 24 m. 
 E. by N. Dharwar, on a trib. of the Malprabha R.; noted for 
 cotton carpets. P. 9000 ; Hindus, 7200. 
 
 Naw&nagar, tn., India, KAthiawar Renin,, 136 m. NNW, 
 
 1071 
 
N A W A 
 
 N E B A 
 
 Diu, a flourishing place almost entirely built of stone, surrounded 
 by a fort ; has beds of pearl oysters. P. (1881) 39,700; (1891) 
 48,500. 
 
 Na-wJishalir, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Hazara, 96 
 m. E. by N. Peshawar, 3 m. ESE. Abbottabad. P. 5300 ; 
 Moham. 4200. 
 
 Xawasbalir, municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Jalandhar, 
 65 m. W. Simla. P. 5600 ; Hindus, 3700 ; Moham. i8co. 
 
 Natvibauilar, port, India, on the SW. ct. of the Kathiawar 
 Penin., 95 m. NW. by W. Diu. P. (i88i)<sooo. 
 
 Nawortli, hamlet, Eng. , Cumberland, Eskdale div. , on the 
 Irthing, ii^ m. ENE. Carlisle, on the NE. R. 
 
 Nawton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 21 
 m. N. by E. York, on the NE. R., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Naxos, or Naxla, isl. , Greece, the largest and most fertile of 
 the Cyclades, 75 m. SE. of the SE. point of Euboea, in 37° N. , 
 26° 31' E. Surface mountainous ; produces emery, said to be 
 the hardest and finest in the world. The island was formerly 
 consecrated to Bacchus. In the 13th century it formed, with 
 the neighbouring islands, the Venetian duchy of Naxos. It was 
 taken by the Turks in the 15th century, and now forms a govern- 
 ment of the kingdom of Greece. Length, 19 m. ; breadth, 15m.; 
 area, 173 sq. m. (Strelbitsky), 163 sq. m. (Wisotzki). P. (1882) 
 10,508. 
 
 Naxos, or Naxla, tn. , on the W. ct. of Naxos I. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Nay, tn. , France, dep. Basses- Pyr6n^es, on the Pau, arr. and 
 10 m. SE. by S. Pau. P. <4ooo. 
 
 SajA Dnmk^, orDninkA, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. dist. 
 Santil Parganas, 70 m. S. by E. Bhagalpur, one of the oldest 
 British stations in Bengal. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Nayatt Point, bathing-resort, U.S., Rhode I., Bristol co., 
 on Providence R. , 9 m. W. by N. Fall R. (Mass.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Nayin, tn. , Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 75 m. E. by N. Ispahan. 
 
 Nayland wltb Wlsslugton, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, on riv. Stour, 
 9 m. SE. Sudbury, PMT.O. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Nazareth, bay.W. ct. Africa, S. of the estuary of the Gabun, 
 in 0° 40' S. ; Nazareth R. , an arm of the Ogowe, enters the bay 
 on the SE. ; shores low, marshy, and covered with mangroves. 
 Shallows extend 5-6 m. out. 
 
 Nazareth, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. and 8 m. 
 SW. Ghent. P. < 5000. 
 
 Nazareth, tn. , Brazil, Bahia, 35 m.W. Sao Salvador. P. 8000. 
 
 Nazareth, tn., Brazil, state and 35 m. NW. Pernambuco, 
 with which it is connected by rail. P. 15,000. 
 
 Nazareth, vil. , Brazil, prov. and 31 m. NE. Sao Paulo. 
 
 Nazareth (Arab, en Ndzrah), tn. , Palestine, pash. and 17 
 m. SE. Acre, 32° 42' N., 35° 18' E. , near the plain of Esdraelon. 
 Chief edifice, the Latin convent, built by Franciscans in 1620, 
 with a richly decorated church, reputed to be on the site ren- 
 dered memorable as the scene of the Annunciation of the advent 
 of Christ. Nazareth was a flourishing town in the time of the 
 Crusades, and to it Tancred removed the seat of the bishopric 
 of Scythopolis. It fell into the hands of Saladin in 1187, and 
 was completely ruined in 1263 by the Soldan of Egypt. The 
 view from a hill behind the town, embracing the Lebanon, 
 Hermon, Carmel, and the Mediterranean, is sublime and beauti- 
 ful. P. (estimated 1871) 7000, Christians and a few Mohams. 
 
 Nazareth, fishing vil., Portugal, Estremadura, 17 m. SW. 
 Leiria, in 39° 37' N. , said to be the prettiest seaside resort on 
 the Portuguese coast. 
 
 Nazareth, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Northampton co. , 43 m. 
 NE. Reading, 6 m.WNW. Easton ; has a celebrated Moravian 
 academy. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nazareth, P.O. , Wales, 3 m. from Pen-y-groes, Carnarvon- 
 shire. 
 
 Nazareth Islands, Indian Ocean. See Cargados. 
 
 Nazas, Klo de, riv. , Mexico, states Durango and Coahuila, 
 flows first N. then SE. and E., then NE. into the Coahuila, 
 and finally enters the lagoon of Muerto to the S. of the Bolson 
 de Mapimi. 
 
 Naze, in place-names, ' a promontory. ' See Naes. 
 
 Naze, The, cape, Eng., on the E. ct. of Essex, in 51° 52' N. 
 
 Naze, The, cape, Norway. See Llndesnas. 
 
 Nazelng, par. , Eng. , Essex, Epping div. , 6^ m. SE. by S. 
 Ware, 2 m. S. by E. Roydon stn., PMT.O., and P.O. (N. Upper 
 Town). P. < 1000. 
 
 Naze-Petrovskly, or Nyaze-Petrovskly, iron-works, Russia, 
 govt, and 188 m. SE. Perm, dist. Krasnoufimsk, on upper Ufa 
 R. P. 10,000. 
 
 Nazilll, or Nasly, tn. , Asia Minor, vilayet and 73 m. SE. by 
 E. Smyrna, 25 m. E. by N. Aidin, on r. bk. Menderez. P. 
 21,700 ; Moham. 19,600 ; Greeks, 1700 (Cuinet). 
 
 NaziniOTO, vil., E. Siberia, on 1. bk. Yenisei, 73 m. NW. 
 Yeniseisk; port for steamers and fishermen. P. < 1000. 
 
 Nazlrd, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Sibsdgar, 45 m. S. by 
 W. Dibrugarh ; headquarters of the Assam Tea Co. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Nazleh, El, tn., Egypt, prov. Fayum, on W. bank of the Bahr- 
 el-Wadi, which joins the Birket-el-Kerun to the Bahr-Yussuf. 
 
 Nazn, vil., Upper Burma, on the Irdwadi, 22 m. W. by S. 
 Mandalay. 
 
 1072 
 
 Nbadna, vil., Portuguese E. Africa, in the Lomwe country, 
 in 14° 23' S. , 38° 28' E. 
 
 Ncherenjl, English mission station, S. Africa, Nyassa-land, 
 in 9° 42' S. , 33° 28' E. 
 
 Ndnr, tn. , Africa. See St. Lonls-dn-Seiiegal. 
 
 Ndara, one of the Taita (q.v.) Mts. , Brit. E. Africa, with 
 mission station, about 90 m. WNW. Mombasa. 
 
 Ndaye, vil. , in the S. of Ger. E. Africa, in 10° 58' S. , 36° 25' E. 
 
 Ndeo, riv., Brit. E. Africa, flows SE. into the Sabaki. 
 
 Ndl, vil, Brit. E. Africa, 100 m.WNW. Mombasa, separated 
 by a waterless tract, 27 m. in extent, from Tsavo, the next inland 
 station. 
 
 Ndlago, vil., W. Africa, Senegambia, 12 m. N. St. Louis. 
 
 Ndo, vil. , Ger. W. Africa, Kamerun Terr. , in 4° 24' N. , 9° 33' E. 
 
 Ndornnia's Mbanga, tn. , Niam-Niam country, Africa, 4" 37' 
 N., 27° 27' E. 
 
 Neagh (ne), Lough, lake. Ire., prov. Ulster, bounding co. 
 Antrim on the SW. Besides minor streams it receives the upper 
 Bann and Blackwater from the S., and discharges its surplus 
 waters on the N. by the lower Bann into the Atlantic. Its 
 islands are few and small, shores mostly flat and marshy ; its 
 waters are remarkable for their petrifying qualities. Canals 
 extend from it to Belfast, Newry, and Tyrone. Length, N. to 
 S. , 17 m.; breadth, E. to W. , 10 m. ; area, 15.3 sq. m. ; alt. 
 above sea at low water, 48 ft.; mean depth 40 ft., greatest 
 depth 102 ft. 
 
 Neab Bay, Indian vil., U.S., Washington tern, Clollam co., 
 on strait of Juan de Fuca. Rfall. (9 yrs. ), 110.05 '"• 
 
 Nea Korlnthos, city, Greece. See Corinth. 
 
 Neale, tn. , Ire. , SE. co. Mayo, bar. Kilmaine, in the Plains 
 of Ellistrin, 19^ m. SE. Westport, 8 m. from BaUinrobe stn., 
 P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Neales, The, riv., S. Australia, flowing SE. and E. to Lake 
 Eyre, which it enters on W. ct. , a little S. of 28° S, 
 
 Nealstown, electoral div., Ire., W. Queen's co., bar. Upper 
 Woods, iij m. SE. Parsonstown. 
 
 Nea Mintsela, small seapt. , Greece, prov. Phthiotis and Phocis, 
 on the Gulf of Volo, 17 m. SSW. Volo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Neamtii, (neamts or nyamts), tn. , Roumania, prov. Neamtu, 
 57 m. W. Yassy, with a monastery founded in 1392, and en- 
 riched by Stephen the Great of Moldavia in 1497. P. (comm. ) 
 7700. 
 
 Neanderthal, a romantic rocky valley, Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 
 
 6 m. E. Diisseldorf, celebrated for the discovery here (in 1856) 
 in a limestone cavern of the skeleton of a prehistoric man. 
 
 Nea Patra, Greece. See Hypate. 
 
 NeapoUs, maritime vil., Greece, prov. Laconia, on W. ct. 
 of the SE. penin. , 34 m. E. by N. of Cape Matapan. P. <20oo. 
 NeapoUs, tn. , Tunis. See Nabenl. 
 NeapoUs, ancient name of Naples [q.v.). 
 Nearly, Lough, small lake. Ire. , in the SW. of co. Donegal, 
 
 7 m. ENE. Ballyshannon. 
 
 Neasden with Kingsbury, eccles. par., Eng., Middlesex, 
 Harrow div. , 7 m. WNW. St. Paul's, London. P. < 1000. See 
 Kingsbury. 
 
 Neashani (nee'sam), par., Eng., Durham, on the S. border 
 of the SE. div., on the 1. bk. of the Tees, 4 m. SE. Darlington, 
 ■2\ m. ENE. Croft stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Neath, riv., Wales, rises in Brecknockshire, on the Black 
 Mts., and flows SW. through Glamorganshire into the Bristol 
 Channel. 
 
 Neath, mun. bor. (by prescription) and contributory pari. bor. 
 [S'wansea], market-tn., and river-port, Wales, Glamorganshire, 
 near the mouth of the riv. Neath, 6| m. NE. by E. Swansea, 
 with stns. (Neath and Neath Abbey) on the G. W. R., Neath 
 and Brecon and Rhondda and Swansea Bay Rlys. ; has coal- 
 mines, and trade in shipping coal, copper, tin, iron, fire-bricks, 
 and chemicals ; important copper, tin-plate, iron, chemical, and 
 engineering works. Depth in harbour and quayside at high 
 water ordinary springs, 12 ft. The Main Colliery Co.'s wharves 
 are available for vessels of 15 ft. draught. See Briton Ferry. 
 The town was called Nidiim by the Romans. Ancient castle, 
 where Edward II. took refuge; ruins of N. Abbey, founded 
 1129 by Richard de Granville. There are many fairs held here. 
 Market-days, W. and S. Mun. bor. P. (1871) 9300; (1891) 
 11,100; Pari. bor. P. 11,800; eccles. par. (Neath Mlth Llan- 
 twlt) P. 14,400. 
 
 Neath, Higher, Lower, and Middle, three pars, adjoining 
 the above. Higher Neath, P. < 1500; Lower Neath, P. <5oo; 
 Middle Neath, P. <2SO. 
 
 Neatham, par., Eng., Hampshire, on the riv. Wey, 2 m. 
 NE. Alton. P. <:25o. 
 
 Neatlshea<l, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, E. div. , 14 m. N W. by W. 
 Yarmouth, 3 m. SW. by W. Catfield stn., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Neauphle-le-Chfttean, vil., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. 
 Rambouillet, 11 m. W. Versailles. P. < 2000. 
 
 Neba .lebel, mt. , Syria, Mount Nebo in the O.T., about 3 m. 
 WSW. of Hesban (the Heshbon of the O. T.), in 31° 46' N., 35° 
 45' E. 
 
 NebaUat, place named in O. T. See Belt Nebula. 
 
NEBE — NEFT 
 
 Nebel, tn. , Tunis. See Nabenl. 
 
 Nebendan, tn., Persia, prov. ■ Khorassan, 155 m. NNE. 
 Kerman. 
 Ne1>eur, vil., Tunis, 72 m. SE. byE. Bona. Alt. 1495 ft. 
 Nebhagnddy* wadi, Abyssinia, flowing during rains N. then 
 E. into Annesley Bay, its bed affording a very easy ascent to 
 Senafe. {/our. K. G. S., 1868, pp. 16-17.) 
 
 Neblre, or Bfebere, vil. , Lower Egypt, 45 m. SE. by E. Alex- 
 andria. Near it remains of the ancient Naukratis, discovered 
 by Mr. Flinders Petrie in 1884. 
 
 Nebo, place named in O. T. See NAba. 
 Nebo, tp. , Queensland, Wodehouse co. , 50 m. SW. Mackay. 
 Nebra, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Querfurt, on riv. 
 Unstrut, 2T m. SW. Halle-am-Saale. P. <30oo. 
 
 Nebraska, one of the United States of the North Central 
 gfroup, extending westward from the Missouri R. , between 40° 
 and 43° N. lat. ; chief cities, Omaha, Lincoln (the cap.), Beatrice, 
 Hastings, Nebraska City. The surface partakes of the general 
 nature of the long, gentle, eastern slope of the Great Plains, 
 prairie land predominating, with fertile bottom lands occupying 
 one-fifth the total area. ' Bad Lands ' and sand hills occupy 
 a strip about 300 m. long in the N. and NW. , in a Neocene for- 
 mation which covers two-thirds of the state. The eastern third 
 is mainly Cretaceous. Chief streams are the Platte and Niobrara, 
 not navigable, trib. to Missouri R. The climate is temperate 
 [N. Platte, Omaha]. In the western part of the state droughts 
 may be expected, and there flowing wells are rare, and irrigation 
 is needed. The most common diseases are diphtheria and 
 those of the respiratory organs. Agriculture forms the leading 
 industry. The corn (maize) crop predominates, far outstripping 
 in importance all other cereals. Hogs are reared in g^eat 
 numbers in the eastern counties, and cattle upon the grass-lands 
 of the western uplands. The Uve-stock trade centres in Omaha, 
 which ranks after Chicago and Kansas City. Flax arid sugar 
 beets are minor crops. Minerals are of but local importance, 
 and confined to building-stone, salt, and brown lignite. Forests 
 are almost wholly wanting (hence extensive tree-planting). 
 Manufactures have increased as the state has been settled, 
 though supplying only local needs. The university of Nebraska 
 is at Lincoln. Nebraska was a part of the Louisiana purchase. 
 The terr. Nebraska, organised in 1854, included Montana, 
 and parts of Wyoming, Colorado, and Dakota. The state 
 organisation dates from 1867. Area, 77,510 sq. m. P. (1890) 
 1,059,000. See United States, table. [€. H. L.] 
 
 Nebraska, city, U.S., Nebraska, Otoe co. , on the r. bk. of 
 the Missouri, 40 m. S. Omaha. Alt. 941 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) < 
 5000; (1890) 11,500. 
 
 Nebraska, riv. , U.S. See Platte. 
 Nebrissa Veneria, tn. .Spain. See Lebrlja. 
 Nebrodlcl, Monti, mts. in the NE. of Sicily, parallel to the 
 N. ct., and in the E. running NE. into the angle between the 
 Ionian and Tyrrhenian Seas. Highest peak Monte Sori (NW. 
 of Etna), alt. 6055 ft. 
 
 Neby Sebelftn, vil., Palestine, probably the Zebulun of 
 Josh. xix. 27, in 33° i' N., 35° 20' E. , 17 m. ENE. Acre. 
 
 Necedah, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Juneau co. , on Yellow R., 
 12 m. N. New Lisbon. P. <2ooo. 
 Necethiim, ruins, Sicily. See Noto. 
 
 Nechalioo, riv. , Canada, Brit. Columbia, drains Lake Franfois 
 and flows E. to Fraser R. , which it joins on r. bk. near 54° N. 
 
 Necbanlce, or Nechaultz, vil., Austria, Bohemia, on riv. 
 Bistrice, dist. and 9 m. W. by N. Koniggratz. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Neche, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, co. and 15 m. W. Pembina. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Neehells, two eccles. pars., Eng. , Warwickshire, Aston par. 
 Nechells St. Catherine, P. 7400; Nechells St. Clement, P. 
 14,200. 
 
 Neches Rlrer, riv., U.S., Texas, rises in Van Zandt co., 
 flows SE. into Sabine Lake, about 12 m. from the Gulf of 
 Mexico. Length about 360 m. 
 
 Neclil, riv., united states of Colombia, Antioquia state, 
 r. bk. trib. of the Cauca, flowing towards the NNE. ; its 
 principal trib., the Porce, joins it on r. bk. at Dos Rocas ; 
 navigable to Saragossa (80 m. ). Length, 155 m. 
 
 Neckar, riv., Ger., rises in the Black Forest, in the extreme 
 SW. of Wiirtemberg, winds N. , NE. , and on the whole NN W. , 
 and finally W. through Baden to the Rhine at Mannheim, 
 passing Kannstadt, Heilbronn, and Heidelberg. The valley of 
 the Neckar is one of the most fertile and highly-cultivated 
 regions in Europe, producing in abundance cereals and fruits 
 (vine, almond, apricot, &c. ). Length, 246 m. ; area of basin, 
 5040 sq. m. (according to Strelbitsky, 205 m. ; 5244 sq. m.). 
 Navigable from Kannstadt (the port of Stuttgart), 117 m. 
 
 Neckaran, comm. , Ger., Baden, circle and 2^ m. SSE. 
 Mannheim. P. 5500. 
 
 Neckarblschoflilielm, vil., Ger., Baden, dist. Sinzheim, 14 
 m. SE. by E. Heidelberg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Neckargartach, or Gartaeh, vil. , Ger. , Wiirtemberg, Neckar 
 circle, dist. and 5 m. W. by S. Heilbronn. P. <3000. 
 Neckargemiind (' at the mouth of the Neckar'), tn. , Ger., 
 1073 
 
 Baden, on the 1. bk. of the Neckar, circle and d,\ m. ESE. 
 Heidelberg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Neckarsteluach, tn. , Ger. , Hesse, on the r. bk. of the Neckar, 
 circle Heppenheim, 6 m. E. Heidelberg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Neckarsulm, tn. , Ger. , Wiirtemberg, on riv. Neckar, cap. 
 dist. Neckarsulm, 28 m. N. Stuttgart, 3^ m. N. Heilbronn. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Necker, one of the Brit. Virgin Is., W. Indies, near the N. 
 ct. of Virgin Gorda. 
 
 Necker Island, small rocky islet in the NW. of the Hawaiian 
 group, near the Tropic of Cancer, in 164° 40' W. ; has been 
 spoken of as a landipg^place of the projected Pacific cable. 
 
 Necochea, maritime vil. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 292 
 m. SSW. Buenos Aires, near the Atlantic. 
 
 Nectlny, comm. , Austria. See Netschetln. 
 
 Necton, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div. , 18 m. ESE. King's 
 Lynn, 4 m. E. Swaffham, 2 m. N. Holme Hale stn., PM.O. 
 P. <:75o. 
 
 N^cy, vil., France, on the N. border of dep. Orne, arr. 
 Argentan, 6 m. SE. Falaise. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Neda, tn. , Spain, Galicia, prov. Corunna, dist. and 4 m. 
 ENE. Ferrol. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Neildaus, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, on riv. Suir, bar. Iffa and 
 Offa W., 7 m. SW. Clonmel. P. <soo. 
 
 Nedderton, P.O., Eng., Northumberland. See Netherton. 
 
 Neddlavattam, vil. and post-stn. , Brit. India, Madras, in the 
 Nilgiri Hills, in 11° 28' N., 76° 36' E.; has govt, plantations. 
 
 Neder, Neer, Dutch, A^?Vrf«r German, 'nether,' 'lower.' 
 
 Nederbrakel, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. 
 Audenarde, 17 m. S. Ghent. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Nederland, gold-mining vil., U.S., Colorado, co. and 20 m. 
 SW. Boulder. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nederweert, comm., Netherlands, prov. Limburg, arr. and 
 12 m. WNW. Roermond. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Nedglng, par., Eng., Suffolk, on riv. Brett, 4 m. NW. 
 Hadleigh. P. <25o. 
 
 Nedrlgallov (Drlgallov), tn., Russia, govt, and 126 m. NW. 
 Kharkov. P. 6350. 
 
 Nedroma, tn. , Algeria, prov. Oran, arr. and 9 m. SE. 
 Nemours, in the midst of beautiful scenery. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Neede, vil., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 14 m. WSW. 
 Enschede. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Needham, par., Eng., on the S. border of Norfolk, S. div., 
 17J m. S. Norwich, x\ m. SW. Harleston stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Needham, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co. , 10 m. 
 WSW. Boston. P. <4000. 
 
 Needham Market, eccles. par., Eng., Suffolk, Barking par., 
 with stn. (Nee<lham) on G. E. R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Needlngworth, part of par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, 
 PMT.O. See Holywell with Needlngworth. 
 
 Needles, The, three stacks or outlying rocks of chalk, Eng., 
 off the W. end the Isle of Wight. On the cape behind stands 
 the Needles lighthouse, in 50° 39' N., 1° 34' W. 
 
 Needwood, an ancient royal forest, Eng., Staffordshire, dis- 
 forested in 1801, and allotted for enclosure to the pars. Han- 
 bury, Tatenhill, Tutbury, and Croxhall ; is now mostly 
 cultivated, except in its N. div., which presents remains of 
 forest scenery. P.O., 2 m. from Rangemore. 
 
 Neelgherry Hills, Brit. India. See Nllglrl. 
 
 Neella Ponds, vil., Queensland, Rupert co., 210 m. S. by E. 
 Normanton. 
 
 Neembucn, marshy tract, Paraguay [q.v.). 
 
 Neembncu, popular name of Villa del Pilar. See Pllar^ 
 Villa del. 
 
 Neemueh, tn. , India. See Nlmaeh. 
 
 Neenali, riv., U.S., Wisconsin. See Fox River. 
 
 Neenah, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Winnebago co. , on the NW. 
 shore of Lake Winnebago, 34 m. SW. of the head of Green Bay ; 
 has abundant water-power. P. 5100. 
 
 Neen Savage and Neen Sollars, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Salop. Neen Sollars, Ludlow div., x\\ m. W. by S. Kidder- 
 minster, on the G. W. R. , P. <25o; Neen Savage, P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (Neen Sollars with Mllson) P. <5oo. 
 
 Neenton, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., on the Rea, 14 m, 
 NW. by W. Kidderminster, 6 m. SW. Bridgenorth. P. <2So. 
 
 Neepawa, stn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the Manitoba 
 & NW. Rly., 61 m. W. Portage-la-Prairie. 
 
 Neepsend, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, Sheffield par., on 
 the M. S. & L. R. P. 7600. 
 
 Neer, Dutch, 'lower.' Ste Neder. 
 
 Neerllnter, vil., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Louvain, on the 
 Groote Geete, 4 m. NE. by E. Tirlemont. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Neerpelt, vil., Belgium, prov. Limburg, arr. Maeseyck, 25 m. 
 W. Roermond, near the Campine Canal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Neersen, comm. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt, and 14 m. W. 
 by N. Diisseldorf, circle Gladbach. P. <;3000. 
 
 Neerwlnden, vil., Belgium, prov. Lifege, arr. Warename, 5 
 m. SE. by E. Tirlemont. P. <20oo. 
 
 Nefta, the ancient Nepia, oasis, Tunis, near the N. shore of 
 Shot-el-Jerid, 178 m. SW. Kairwan ; a collection of nine villages. 
 
 3Y 
 
N EFU 
 
 NEI D 
 
 Neftid, the central desert of red sand in the N. half of Arabia, 
 N. of the Jebel Shammar ; general alt. about 3000 ft.; remark- 
 able for the occurrence of large numbers of horse-shoe shaped 
 depressions, called by the Ar&bsfulj, 50 yards to a quarter of a 
 mile in width, 20-220 ft. in depth, the ' toe' pointing W. , where 
 the depth is greatest, and whence there is a gradual slope to the 
 heel. The term desert is not strictly correct, as the hollows and 
 even the general surface of the plain are well clothed with shrubs 
 as well as grasses. Ostriches rare. See Proc. R. G. S., 1880, 
 
 PP- 94-97- 
 
 NefkaiiH, or Nlftona, group of oases, S. Tunis, on SE. shore 
 of Shot-el-Jerid ; principal oasis, Duz (Douz). 
 
 Negapaiam, municip. and chief port, Brit. India, Madras, 
 dist. and 49 m. E. by S. Tanjore, on the E. ct. ; one of the 
 earliest settlements of the Portuguese on the Coromandel coast. 
 Depth on bar varies between 2J and 3 ft. Vessels load and dis- 
 charge by lighters. P. (1871) 10,000; (1891) 59,200; Hindus, 
 39,000 ; Moham. 14,300. 
 
 Negaunee, city, U.S., Michigan, co. and 11 m. WSW. 
 Marquette ; on the S. and W. are hills containing immense 
 deposits of iron ore ; within the city limits are productive mines 
 and several large blast-furnaces. Alt. 1379 ft. (R.R.). P. 6100. 
 
 Xegd, Arabia. See Nejd. 
 
 Negomtw, tn., Ceylon, Western Prov., on the W. ct., 20 m. 
 N. by W. Colombo ; local board of shipping. P. 19,000. 
 
 Negoiiego, or Prince WlUlam Henry, isls. , Pacific, in the 
 S. of the Tuamotu group, in about 141^° W., 18^° S. 
 
 Negotlu, tn., Servia, prov. Kraina, 24 m. NW. Viddin ; seat 
 of a bishopric ; centre of wine production. P. 5400. 
 
 Negotln, vil., Turkey in Europe, vilayet Salonica, 49 m. NE. 
 Monastir. P.< 5000. 
 
 Negovan, vil. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet and 23 m. NE. by 
 N. Salonica. P. <3000. 
 
 Negrals, or Halng-gyi, isl. See Basseln, riv. 
 
 Negrals, Cape, cape, on SW. ct. of Burma, in 16° N. 
 
 Negrar, comm., NE. Italy, Venetia, prov. and 7 m. NNW. 
 Verona. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Negrelra, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 37 m. SSW. 
 Corunna. P. 5800. 
 
 N^grepellsse, tn., France, dep. Tarn-et«Garonne, on the 
 Aveyron, arr. and 10 m. ENE. Montauban. P. < 2000. 
 
 Negrescl (negreshti), tn. , Roumania, prov. Vasluiii, 22 m. 
 SSW. Yassy. 
 
 Negrll Point, Jforth, cap)e, Jamaica, on the W. ct., in the 
 N. of Long Bay. Negrll Point, South, cape, 6 m. to the S. , 
 in the S. of Long Bay ; the westernmost point of the island. 
 
 Negrln, oasis, Algeria, 140 m. SSE. Constantine. 
 
 Negri SembUan ('nine states'), a Brit, protectorate (com- 
 prising five states — Johor, Sri-Menanti, Jempol, Inas or Jelei, 
 and Ulu Moar) in the Malay Penin., immediately to the N. of 
 the terr. of Malacca, drained eastwards by Moar R. Surface 
 diversified, traversed by offshoots of the main range of the 
 f)enin. , with several detached mountains, highest Mount Ophir or 
 Gunong-Ledang (3850 ft.). The upper valleys and mountains 
 are densely wooded ; the lower valleys are fertile, producing 
 in abundance rice and fruits. Elephants and cattle (especially 
 buffaloes) are reared in large numbers. Minerals include gold 
 and tin. The states, originally nine, afterwards ten, formed 
 themselves into an independent confederation on the breaking 
 up of the kingdom of Johore, to which they had belonged ; of 
 these, six (two being united) form the present protected con- 
 federation, the others having previously been brought under 
 British control. The inhabitants are Sumatran Malays. Area 
 about 2070 sq. m. P. estimated at 300,000. Proc. R. G. S., 
 1882, map, p. 456 (i : 1,210,000). 
 
 Negritos ('little negroes'), a name given by the Spaniards 
 to the native race found in the mountainous interior of the 
 Philippines. This race, now rapidly dying out, appears formerly 
 to have peopled a wide area. According to MM. de Quatre- 
 fages and Hamy it comprises two sub-types, the Northern 
 Negritos or Negritos proper, and the southern, or Papuan 
 Negritos ; the former, including the Negritos of India, Min- 
 copies of the Andaman Is., Sakkayes and Semangs of the 
 Malay Penin., and Aetas of the Philippine Is. The southern 
 Negritos are largely intermixed with the Papuans. The 
 Negritos, of whom the Aetas may be taken as the type, are 
 small of stature (generally under 5 ft.), of rather slight build, 
 with large head, and high but small cranium. They live chiefly 
 on the proc^cts of the chase, and on wild roots and plants. 
 Each tribe is governed by an elected chief ; the love of freedom 
 is strongly inherent ; monogamy prevails. The language now 
 used approximates to the Malayo-Polynesian dialects. Numbers 
 quite uncertain. 
 
 Negro, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish; Ntgre, French, 'black.' 
 
 Negro, cape, in Magellan Strait, on the W. shore of the Broad 
 Reach, in 52° 56' 57" S., 70° 46' 14" W. 
 
 Negro, Cape, Morocco, on the Mediterranean, 16 ra. S. by 
 E. Ceuta. 
 
 Negro, Cape, Tunis, N W. ct. , in 8° 59' E. 
 
 Negro, Rio, Portuguese and Spanish, ' black river.' 
 1074 
 
 Negro, Rio, riv. , Argentine Republic, formed by the union of 
 the Limay and the Neuquen ; the Limay, the longer stream, 
 issues from Lake Nahuel-Huapi, and flows NE., receiving 
 several tribs. ; the Neuquen issues from Lake Malbarco (36° 38' 
 S. ), and flows SE. , receiving on r. bk. the Agrio. From the point 
 of union of the two headstreams (about 39° 10' S. and 68° W. ) 
 the Negro (here called by the Indians Limay-Lefu) flows E. to 
 66-° W. , where it divides into two arms enclosing the island of 
 Choele-Choel, and then turns SE. , separating the prov. of Buenos 
 Aires from the terr. of Chubut, and enters the Atlantic in 41° 
 2' S. E. of 66° W. the Negro receives no tribs. The river is 
 navigable to the confluence of the headstreams, where at the 
 mouth of the Limay are the rapids of Villarino. Steamers 
 occupy four days in ascending to Fort Roca, about 20 m. below 
 the rapids, and two days in descending. The mouth is obstructed 
 by a bar. Sudden and dangerous floods occur in spring and 
 autumn. The principal settlements are Viedma, or Mercedes, 
 and Carmen de Patagones (21 m. from mouth). Length to 
 confluence about 415 m. ; to Nahuel-Huapi, 630 m. (Mulhalfs 
 Handbook to River Plate, sixth edition). 
 
 Negro, Rio, riv. , Brazil, the largest 1. bk. trib. of the Amazon 
 in respect of the volume of its water, probably rises near 2° N. 
 and 70° W. , flows on the whole more or less E. , but with a 
 southerly course between 2° 40' N. and the equator, mainly 
 between 67° and 68° W., joins the Amazon just below Manao's 
 (60° W.). Principal trib. on the 1. bk. the Rio Branco (mouth 
 62° 10' W.), r. bk. the Waupes or Maujjes (mouth 0° 10' N., 
 where the main stream changes its direction from S. to E.). 
 About 2° N. it receives the Casiquiare, a branch from the 
 Orinoco (q.v.), and above that it is called the Guainia, and is 
 said to be connected by another bifurcation with the Inirida. 
 The current is remarkably feeble, but the width and depth 
 great. The lower part of the river is at its narrowest a little 
 above its mouth, but even there is nearly 1^ nj. in width ; but 
 about 40 m. higher up it becomes, for a stretch of 200 ra., a 
 network of streams interlacing between innumerable islands, 
 the total width from bank to bank 15 m. or more. In high 
 water (April-August, maximum July-August) the islands are 
 submerged. Depth below Barcellos (63° W.) in places 115 ft., 
 above that 50 ft. or more. The first rapids occur below Santa 
 Isabel, about 65° 5' W., the limit of steamboat navigation ; 
 others occur above Castanheiro (65° 40' W.), and above Trini- 
 dad, in the part of the course just below the confluence of the 
 Waupes cataracts, usually called the rapids of Sao Gabriel, 
 occur over a stretch of 20 m. , where the river boils and rushes 
 between masses of granite rock. These rapids can be descended 
 by an exjsert boatman in a few hours, but a laden canoe requires 
 a week or more to ascend them. Owing to the uncertainty of 
 its source the total length of the river is unknown, but it is 
 estimated at 1000 m. or more. Estimated area of basin, 275,000 
 sq. m. ; discharge upwards of 350,000 cubit ft. per second ; length 
 of steamboat navigation 450 m. , canoe navigation 680 m. 
 
 Negro, Rio, riv. , Brazil, state Matto Grosso, 1. bk. trib. of the 
 Paraguay, which it joins in 19° 30' S. , flows on the whole W. 
 The Negro with its tribs. drains, during the dry season, the 
 southern part of the great Xarayes Marsh, but during the annual 
 inundations of the Paraguay the whole region is submerged and 
 the course of the rivers cannot be traced. Length about 180 m. 
 
 Negro, Rio, riv., Brazil, SE. , 1. bk. and principal trib. of the 
 Iguassu, rises in the Serro do Mar and flows due W. Length 
 about 150 m. 
 
 Negro, Rio, riv., Uruguay, rises in the SW. of Brazil, near 
 the Uruguayan frontier, and flows WSW. across Uruguay into 
 the riv. Uruguay, which it enters in 33° 25' S. Principal trib. 
 on the r. bk. the Tacuarembo, which enters it in about 55° 35' 
 W., on the 1. bk. the Rio Yi, which enters it about 57° 17' W. 
 Length, 290 m. 
 
 Negropont, isl. , Greece. See Eubwa. 
 
 Negros, former Bnglas, one of the Philippine Is. (the most 
 SW. of the Visayas), formed by a long and narrow ridge (Mala- 
 spina, a volcano 8200 ft.), continuation of the NW. penins. of 
 Mindanao (Dapitan). Area, 3467 sq. m. P. (prov.) 242,000. 
 
 Negyed, comm., Hungary, co. Nyitra, dist. and 11 m. SSE. 
 Vag-Sellye. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Neh, or Nlkh, vil., Persia, prov. Khorassan, 200 m. ENE. 
 Kerman. Alt. 3700 ft. 
 
 Netaalem, vil. , U.S., Oregon, Clatsop co., at the mouth of 
 the Nehalem R., 38 m. S. of the mouth of the Columbia (Point 
 Adams). P. < 1500. 
 
 Netaalen, coalfield, U.S., Oregon, Columbia co. 
 
 Nehaliel, valley named in O. T. See Zerka M'ain, ^TaiU. 
 
 Netaelm, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Arnsberg, on 
 riv. Ruhr, 21 m. E. by S. Dortmund. P. 6200. 
 
 Nelba, tn., Haiti I., Republic of Santo Domingo, 99 m. W. 
 Santo Domingo ; fine rock-salt found near. 
 
 Nelba, riv. See Haiti. 
 
 Nelba, Babla de, bay in the S. of the Republic of Santo 
 Domingo, opening to the SE. , and having its mouth in 71° W. 
 
 Neldenbnrg, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, cap. circle N., 
 70 m. SE. by S. Elbing. P. <4ooo. 
 
NEIE — NEMB 
 
 Neiel, place named in O. T. See Y'antn. 
 
 Jfelges, Lac des, lake, Canada, Quebec, Montmorency co., 
 46 m. N. by E. Quebec, drained S. by the riv. Des Neiges into 
 the riv. Montmorency. 
 
 Nelklaiig-Iisleii, tn. , China, on the To-kiang R., prov. 
 Siichwan, 95 m. SE. Chentu-fu, with brine-wells. Supp. Papers, 
 R. G. S., i., pp. 14, 15. 
 
 Neilborough, post-tn., Victoria, Bendigo co. , 14 m. N. 
 Sandhurst. 
 
 Ncllgherry (or Bfeelglicrry) HUls. See Nllglri. 
 
 Neill's Hill, stn. , Ire. , co. Antrim, near Belfast, on the Belfast 
 and County Down Rly. 
 
 Jfelllsvllle, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Clark co. , on the Black 
 R. , 126 m. W. of the head of Green Bay. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Nellstoii, par. and tn. , Scot. , W. Renfrewshire, 4 m. S. by 
 W. Paisley, on the C. R. ; has print-works, bleachfields, and 
 cotton-spinning mills. PMT.O. Par. 12,481 ac. , P. 11,400; 
 tn. P. <:25C)0. 
 
 Nelii, vil. , Palestine, Nain in the N. T. , 32° 38' N., 35° 20' 
 E. , 6 m. SE. by S. Nazareth. 
 
 Nelra de Jnsd, comm. , Spain, prov. and 17 m. SE. Lugo, 
 dist. Becerred. P. 5200. 
 
 Bfelsse, fortified tn. and arsenal, Prussia, prov. Silesia, 46 m. 
 S. by E. Breslau, on the riv. Neisse, cap. circle Neisse ; im- 
 portant railway centre, with manufactures of machinery and 
 textiles. Several times besieged in the Thirty Years' War ; taken 
 by assault by the French in 1807. P. (1871) 19,400 ; tn. P. (1890) 
 22,300 ; comm. P. 22,400. 
 
 Neisse, Glatzer, riv., Prussian Silesia, rises in the Sudetes 
 Mts. , flows N. past Glatz, E. past Neisse, and finally NE. into 
 the Oder, which it enters about 20 m. below Oppeln ; navigable 
 from Lowen, 7 m. 
 
 Neisse, Lansltzer, riv. , mainly in Prussia, rises in the Sudetes 
 in the N. of Bohemia, flows on the whole N. through the E. of 
 the kgd. of Saxony, passing Zittau, and the Prussian provs. of 
 Silesia and Brandenburg, passing Gorlitz in Silesia ; navigable 
 from Guben, 11 m. 
 
 Nelthrop, par., Eng. , Oxfordshire, in Banbury mun. bor. 
 P. 6200. See Banbnry. 
 
 Nelva, tn., Colombia, Tolima, on the r. bk. of the Magdalena, 
 130 m. SW. by S. Bogota. Alt. 1435 ft. 
 
 Nelva, riv., Russia, govt. Perm, on E. slofie of Urals; with 
 Nitsa makes the Tobol. Several important iron-works on its 
 banks (Neivo-Alapaevskiy, Neivo-Rudyanskiy, Neivo-Shai- 
 tanskiy). Length, 170 m. 
 
 Nejd, Nejld, or Negd ('the highland'), region of central 
 Arabia, comprising the kgds. Shomer or Shummar in the N., 
 cap. Hail, and Nejd proper in the S. , cap. Riad, with Kasim, 
 formerly a prov. of Nejd ; situated approximately between 24°- 
 28° N. and 40° 3o'-48° 30' E. This region, 'the cradle of the 
 Arab race,' is the kernel of the interior plateau, encircled by 
 deserts, with a mean elevation of 3200 to 3500 ft., traversed by 
 mountain ranges (general direction NE. and SW. ), principal 
 Jebel Aja in the N., Jebel Selman, more to the E. (between 
 which is Shummar, according to Mr. Blunt, the highest plateau 
 in Arabia), and SW. Jebel Imarie or Taweik. Nejd is inter- 
 sected by many fertile valleys ; surface streams are almost 
 wanting, but wells and springs are numerous. The climate is 
 remarkably salubrious ; temp, equable ; air dry, and of great 
 purity. The region appears to come within ' the tail of the 
 monsoon,' the rainy season lasting 5 or 6 weeks from the end of 
 August or beginning of September. Nejd as a political div. {i.e. , 
 Nejd proper) is now the centre of the Wahabis. Area (estimated), 
 204,000 sq. m. P. 1,133,000 (Palgrave, 1867). A more recent 
 estimate gives P. 718,000 (one-third Bedouins). See Arabia. 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1881, p. 188; 1884, p. 390. 
 
 Nejef, or Hejed (or Mecliet) All, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, 100 m. 
 S. Bagdad, on the NE. shore of Lake Nejef; a great Shiah 
 necropolis and place of pilgrimage on account of its containing 
 the tomb of Ali, the son-in-law and regarded by the Shiahs as 
 the first legitimate successor of Mohammed. Compare Kerbela. 
 Knfa, which contains the mosque in which Ali was assassinated, 
 ■is a ruined village about i m. to the E. P. 5000, mainly Shiahs 
 (Cuinet). Lake Nejef is a large and partly marshy expanse 
 traversed by the Hindieh, a stream which leaves and afterwards 
 re-enters the Euphrates. 
 
 Nejerabad, tn. , Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 20 m. WNW. 
 Ispahan. 
 
 Nekeb, place named in O. T. See Sely&deh. 
 
 Nekbl'la, Nekhlle, or Nekhella, tn., Upper Egypt, on 
 1. bk. Nile, prov. and 20 m. SE. Siut. P. (1882) 9600. 
 
 Nekor, comm. , Austria, Bohemia, 34 m. ESE. Konigg^atz, 
 ■dist. and 4 m. SE. Senftenberg. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Neldrlcken, Locb, small lake, Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, in 
 the W. , loi m. NNE. Newton Stewart, drained S. into Loch 
 Valley. 
 
 Nelela, comm. , Greece. See Drakla. 
 
 Nellde, Kas, cape, Africa. See IMacalonga. 
 
 Nellgh, city, U.S., Nebraska, Antelope co. , on Elkhorn R., 
 .35 m. NW. Norfolk. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Nelkaii, vil., E. Siberia, govt. Yakutsk, 130 m. NW. Ayan, 
 on upper Aldan ; one of the few settlements on the pack-horse 
 route from Yakutsk to Sea of Okhotsk (Ayan). P. <iooo. 
 
 Nell, Loch, lake, Scot., Argyllshire, in the W., drained S, by 
 riv. Nell into Loch Feochan. Alt. 48 ft. 
 
 Nell, Loch, or Ardmuckiilsh Bay, a bay in the same county, 
 in the NE. of the Firth of Lome. 
 
 NelllAnipati, range of hills, Brit. India, Madras, Cochin state, 
 20 m. S. Pdlghat, covered with forests which yield valuable 
 timber ; coffee has been gprown here since i860. Alt. 3-5000 ft. 
 
 Nelllgen, seapt., New South Wales, St. Vincent co. , 70 m. 
 S. by E. Goulburn. 
 
 NelUston, vil. , U.S., New York, Montgomery co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nellore (ancient Sinhapur, 'lion city'), municip. , Brit. India, 
 Madras, cap. dist. Nellore, on riv. Penner, 96 m. N. by W. 
 Madras. The chief irrigation work on the Penner is the anicut, 
 677 yards long, at Nellore. P. (1872) 20,000 ; (1891) 29,300 ; 
 Hindus, 22,600. 
 
 Nelskop, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. and 70 m. NNE. Calvinia. 
 
 Nelson, mining tn., Canada, Brit. Columbia, on the S. side 
 of the Kootenay R. , about midway between the Kootenay 
 Lake and the mouth of the river, connected by rail with 
 Robson's Landing, on the Columbia R. at this place. To the 
 W. of the town is the Toad Mt. dist. , with numerous mines of 
 silver-lead. 
 
 Nelson, riv. , Canada, drains Lake Winnipeg and flows NE. 
 to Hudson Bay, which it enters at Port Nelson, in about 57° N.; 
 navigable for about 90 m. from the sea, where the first limestone 
 rapids occur in 56° 36' N. A short distance higher up are two 
 other rapids over limestone ; and still higher numerous rapids 
 in gneiss, dividing the river into deadwater reaches. 
 
 Nelson, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, 64 m. SW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Nelson, riv. port, Canada, New Brunswick, Northumberland 
 CO. , on Miramichi R. , opposite Newcastle. 
 
 Nelson, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the Sault St. Mary 
 line of the C. P. R. , 475 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Nelson, mun. bor. (since 1890), Eng., Lancashire, Clitheroe 
 div., diocese of Manchester, on the L. & Y. R. , 3^ m. NE. by 
 N. Burnley ; has considerable manufactures of cotton, worsted, 
 silk, also engineering. Coal mined in the dist. Named from a 
 roadside inn about which, in 1850, was only a small village. 
 Handsome market-hall and technical school ; free public library. 
 Mun. bor. P. (1871) 5600; (1891) 22,700. 
 
 Nelson, northern isl. of Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean. 
 
 Nelson, prov.. New Zealand, in the N. of the South I. 
 corresponding to the cos. Collingwood, Waimea, Buller, Inan- 
 gahua. Grey, and part of Amuri. The prov. is generally 
 mountainous, with intervening valleys of great fertility ; but its 
 chief wealth lies in its rich mineral deposits ; the principal coal- 
 mining districts are those of Greymouth and Westport. Chief 
 towns. Nelson and Richmond. See New Zealand. 
 
 Nelson, tn.. New Zealand, Waimea co. , on the N. ct. , 135 
 m. NE. by E. Greymouth, in 173° 19' E. The harbour has a 
 depth on bar of 19 ft. high water ordinary springs, 15 ft. ordinary 
 neaps. The railway wharf cannot be reached by vessels drawing 
 more than 18 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 64.3° F., Jan. 45.8°, 
 July 55.6°. P. 6600. 
 
 Nelson, CO., U.S., Kentucky, S. of 38° N., and W. of 58° W. 
 
 Nelson, CO., U.S., N. Dakota, crossed by 48° N. and 98° W. 
 
 Nelson, CO., U.S., Virginia, crossed in the W. by 79° W., 
 and in the extreme N. by 38° N. 
 
 Nelson, vil. , Victoria, Normanby co. , on Glenelg R. , 38 m. 
 NW. by W. Portland. 
 
 Nelson, coal-mining vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, 23 m. from 
 Treharris, PMT.O. 
 
 Nelson, CO., W. Australia, crossed by 34° S. and 116° E. 
 
 Nelson Strait, Chile, between Hanover I. (N.) and Queen 
 Adelaide Archipelago, in 5iJ° S. 
 
 Nelsonvllle, vil., U.S., Ohio, Athens co. , on Hocking R., 
 53 m. SE. Columbus, in a great coal region. P. <:50oo. 
 
 Nels Poort, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. Murraysburg, 35 m. NE. 
 by E. Beaufort West, with a stn. 370^ m. from Cape Town, at 
 the ' port ' or pass between the Nieuweveld and Sneeuwberg 
 ranges traversed by the railway to Kimberley. Alt. 3100 ft. 
 Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 73.6° F., Jan. 51.6°, July 63.1°. 
 
 Neltnnie, Lake of. See Plrehuelco. 
 
 Nemaha, co. , U.S., Kansas, in the NE., on the N. frontier, 
 crossed by 96° W. 
 
 Nemaha, co., U.S., Nebraska, in the SE., on the Missouri, 
 S. of 4o|° N. 
 
 Nemaha, riv., U.S., Nebraska, rises in S. of Lancaster co. , 
 flows SE. into the Missouri R. Length about 140 m. 
 
 Nemaha City, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Nemaha co., on the r. 
 bk. of the Missouri, 65 m. S. by E. Omaha. Alt. 885 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Nemanlcl, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 29 m. ESE. 
 Ushkub. 
 
 Nembro, vil., Italy, prov., circle, and 6 m. NE. Bergamo, on 
 the r. bk. of the Serio. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Nembncn, Paraguay. See Pilar, YUla del. 
 
 1075 
 
NEME — NERA 
 
 Neniea, comm. , Greece. See Hagios Geoi^os. 
 
 N^niedl, Als4^>, comm., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis- 
 Kun, dist. Pest Koz^p, 3 m. WN\V. Ocsa. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Neniegoseuda, vil. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 599 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Nemes-Mllltlcs, comm., Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. 
 and 7 m. NNE. Zombor. P. <4C)oo. 
 
 Nemet, Hungarian, 'German.' 
 
 N^niet-B61y, comm., Hungary, co. Baranya, dist. and 8 m. 
 W. by S. Mohacs. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 N^niet - €zeriiya, comm., Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. 
 Zsomblya. P. <;40oo. 
 
 N^met-Keresztlkr, comm., Hungary, co. and dist. Sopron. 
 P. <:40oo. 
 
 N^niet-Palilnka, comm., Hungary, co. BAcs-Bodrog, dist. 
 N6met-Palanka, on the Danube. P. 5300. 
 
 Nenil, the ancient Lacus Nemorensis, lake, Italy, prov. and 
 17 m. SE. Rome, the crater of an extinct volcano, 5 m. in 
 circumference. On its W. side is the town of Genzano. Alt. 
 1225 ft. 
 
 NemiroT, tn., Russia, govt. Podolia, 35 m. ESE. Zhmerinka 
 railway junction. P. 5015. 
 
 Neniltz, comm., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, govt. Stettin, 
 circle Randow. P. <:3000. 
 
 Nemonleu, comm., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Labiau, 
 27 m. W. by S. Tilsit, on the Kurisches Haff. P. <4000. 
 
 Nemours (French name), the ancient Ad Fratres, seapt., 
 Algeria, on the N W. ct. , arr. and 36 m. WNW. Tlemsen. The 
 French town dates from 1844. Anchorage bad ; two stone piers. 
 Rfall. (s yrs. ), 9.95 in. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Nemonrs, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, arr. and 10 m. 
 S. Fontainebleau, with large workings of Fontainebleau sand 
 and stone for glass-ware. It became, in the nth century, an 
 important seigniory, which belonged to the kings of Navarre 
 from the 14th century to 1425. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 64.3° 
 F., Jan. 54.0°, July 77.3°. P. <5coo. 
 
 Nempnett Thrnl»well, par. , Eng. , Somerset, N. div. , 8 m. 
 SSW. Bristol. P. <25o. 
 
 Nemptodurum, tn. , France. See Nanterre. 
 
 Nemran, Asia Minor. See Nanimn. 
 
 Ncmaro, maritime vil. , Japan, Isle of Yezo, 265 m. ENE, 
 Hakodate. Mean temp. (6 yrs., 1881-86), yr. 42.1° F., Feb. 
 21.1°, Aug. 65°. P. 5200. 
 
 Nen, or Nene, riv., Eng., rises in W. of co. Northampton, 
 flows NE. past Northampton, Peterborough, and Wisbech, 
 and enters the North Sea by the Wash , by a tidal channel. It 
 is na%'igable for vessels of small draught, and communicates by 
 the Wisbech Canal with the Ouse, and in the upper part of its 
 course by canals with all the central navigation of England. 
 Length, 90 m, 
 
 Nena, or Qnldico, small port, Chile, prov. and 71 m. S. 
 Arauco, in 38° 14' S. 
 
 Nenagli (ne'na), par., market and civic tn. , Ire., NW. co. 
 Tipperary, bar. Ormond, 11 m. ENE. Killaloe, on the G. S. 
 & W. R. ; slate quarries. Market-days, M. , Th. , and S. Par. 
 3882 ac. , P. < 5000; tn. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Nenagh River, Ire. , in the N W. of co. Tipperary, flows into 
 Lough Derg, on the E. side. 
 
 Nendaz, vil., Switzd., cant. Valais, 4 m. SW. Sion. P. 
 (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Nengone, isl. , Pacific. See Mare. 
 
 Nenthead, eccles. par., Eng., Cumberland, div. and 18^ m. 
 ENE. Penrith; lead ore mined and smelted. PMT.O. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Nenthom, par., Scot., Berwickshire, 3 J m. NW. Kelso, P.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Neodesba, city, U.S., Kansas, Wilson co., on riv. Verdigris, 
 112 m. S. Topeka, 68 m. WNW. of the SE. corner of the state. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Neo Dhara, pass, Brit. India, NW. Provs., over the Himd- 
 layas into SW. Tibet, in 30° 29' N. and 80° 37' E. , at the head 
 of the Dhauli R. ; much frequented by Bhutias of Dharma. Alt. 
 15,000 ft. 
 
 Neoga, vil., U.S., Illinois, Cumberland co., 185 m. SW. 
 Chicago by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Neokastron, tn. , Greece. See Navarlno. 
 
 Neokborlon (neokhori), vil., Greece, prov. Larissa, 17 m. 
 SE. by E. Volos. P. <20oo. 
 
 Neorla, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Pilibhft. P. 
 6200 ; Moham. 4000 ; Hindus, 2200. 
 
 Neos, Greek, ' new." 
 
 Neosho, CO., U.S., Kansas, in the SE., crossed by 37^° N. 
 and 9si° W. , traversed by the Neosho R. 
 
 Neosbio, city, U.S., Missouri, Newton co., 30 m. NNE. of 
 the SW. corner of the state, in the heart of SW. lead-mines of 
 Missouri. P. <:3000. 
 
 Neosho Falls, vil., U.S., Kansas, Woodson co., on riv. 
 Neosho, 70 m. S. by E. Topeka. P. <i500. 
 
 Nepaktos, tn., Greece. See Lepanto. 
 
 Nep&l (nepaul), a native state of India, in the Himalayan 
 1076 
 
 region between Sikkim and the division of KumAun in the 
 NW. Provs., includes the highest known peaks of the Hima- 
 layan mountains. It comprises three zones, which present re- 
 spectively the characteristics of arctic, temperate, and tropical 
 climates : (i) The highland region, mainly between the two great 
 ranges of the Himalayas, elevation 10,000 to 16,000 ft. ; (2) the 
 middle region, including the valley of Nepal or Khatmandu, 
 4000 to 10,000 ft. ; (3) the region below 3000 ft. From the 
 base of the mountains stretches again a gently sloping tract, 
 which comprises three belts — the Duns, a series of marshes, 
 the sdl forest, and the tardi prop)er. The country is watered 
 by numerous affluents of three tribs. of the Ganges — Gogra, 
 Gundak, and Kosi. In the great forests wild animals abound, 
 elephants on the hills, the rhinoceros, tiger, and leopard in the 
 iardi ; varieties of the two last are peculiar to the hills of 
 Nepdl ; the Nepal dog is brought from Tibet ; several hand- 
 some birds, particularly pheasants. Agriculture is pursued with 
 great industry, though in a very primitive fashion, and wherever 
 possible the slopes of the mountains are terraced and carefully 
 cultivated. Amongst the inhabitants hand labour is almost uni- 
 versal ; irrigation is frequent. The staple culture is rice, which 
 forms the main food of the inhabitants ; but wheat, barley, ginger, 
 cardamom , sugar-cane, potatoes, tobacco, &c. , are also cultivated. 
 Fruit is abundant ; groves of orange, citron, peach, cherry, and 
 other fruit-trees frequently surround the villages ; the tea-tree is 
 native. The leaves of the j/'a yield a strong narcotic juice, which 
 also biu"ns like resin, and a fibre, similar to hemp, from which a 
 strong coarse cloth is manufactured. Minerals occur in great 
 variety ; rich copper and iron ore are found near the surface ; 
 sulphur is abundant ; of different kinds of stone, the most im- 
 portant are jasper and marble ; rock-crystal is said to exist. 
 The inhabitants present great diversity ; the aboriginal inhabi- 
 tants appear to be of Tatar or Chinese origin, and still remain 
 in the E. part of the country. The Navars of Khatmandu valley 
 are almost the only artisans, being weavers, and workers in iron, 
 copper, brass, and bell-metal ; they also manufacture a very 
 strong paper from the bark of a shrub. The Gurkhas are the 
 predominant race ; their ancestors, mainly of Rajput origin, are 
 said to have migrated from Rdjputana at the end of the 12th 
 century. The southern valleys afford many easy routes to the 
 Indian plains, with which a considerable trade is carried on. 
 The chief Nepalese exports are food grains, oil-seeds, timber, 
 cattle, and horns. The imports include both European and 
 Indian products. From Khatmandu (the cap.) two routes 
 branch over the northern Himalayan chain, and by means of 
 these a small trade is carried on with Tibet. 
 
 Nepean, riv. , New South Wales, one of the headwaters of the 
 Hawkesbury ; sometimes regarded as a portion of the main 
 stream. 
 
 Nepean, bay, on the E. side of Kangaroo I., S. Australia, in 
 35° 40' S. , 137° 40' E. 
 
 Nephl, or Salt Creek, city, U.S., Utah, Juab co., 72 m. S. Salt 
 Lake City. Alt. 5130 ft. (Powell) ; 5056 ft. (R.R.). P. <30oo. 
 
 Nephln, mt. , Ire., NW. co. Mayo, loj m. SW. Ballina. 
 Height, 2646 ft. Nephln Beg (little N.; alt. 2065 ft.) is 10 m. 
 W. by N. 
 
 Nephtoah, Waters of, well, Palestine, mentioned in O. T. 
 See 'A In 'AtAn. 
 
 Nepl, tn., Italy, prov. Rome, 17 m. SE. Viterbo. P. <3000. 
 
 Neplgon, or Nlplgon, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the 
 C. P. R., 928 m. by rail W. Montreal, 50° o' N., 88° 40' W. 
 Alt. 750 ft. Mean temp. (2 yrs., 1886-88), yr. 29.8° F., Jan. 
 9.0", July 61.8°. 
 
 Neplslgult, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, Gloucester 
 CO. , 3 m. from Bathurst. 
 
 Neplslgult, riv., Canada, in the N. of New Brunswick, flows 
 E. then N. into Neplslgult Bay, in the S. of Chaleur Bay, about 
 65° 40' W. 
 
 Nepolls, or Nepollsy, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Neubyd- 
 schow, 16^ m. W. Koniggratz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Nepomuk, tn., Bohemia, dist. Prestitz, 20 m. SSE. Pilsen. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Neponset, vil., U.S., Illinois, Bureau co. , 117 m. WSW. 
 Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Xepryadva, riv., Russia, govt. Tula, r. bk. trib. of Don. 
 Kulikovo Pole, where the Russians defeated the Mongols, on 
 .its banks. 
 
 Nepta, ancient name of Nefta {q.v.), oasis, Tunis. 
 
 Neptune Islands, group of islands off the coast of S. 
 Australia, near the entrance of Spencer Gulf, 45 m. NW. 
 Kangaroo I., in 35° 16' S., 136° 2' E. 
 
 Nera, riv. , Italy, rises in the Monti Sibillini in the Abruzzi, 
 and flows on the whole SW. or W. through Umbria, past Terni 
 and Narni, to the Tiber, which it joins about ism. WSW. Terni. 
 
 Nera, Punta, cape, Sardinia, in the E. , in 40° 24' N. 
 
 N^rac, tn. , France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, cap. arr. N6rac, on 
 the Bayse, 15 m. W. by S. Agen ; has large manufactures of corks, 
 the material for which is obtained from the immense forests in 
 the W. of the dep. ; and breweries, one of which is amongst the 
 most important in France. P. <5ooo. 
 
N E R A 
 
 N ETH 
 
 JJera dl Barl, Pnnta, cape, Sardinia, in the E., in 39° 
 
 52' N. 
 
 BTerang, small tp. , Queensland, Ward co., on Nerang R., 
 48 m. (by rail) SE. Brisbane. 
 
 Nerbutlda, or Nnrbnddah, riv. , India. See Nart>ad<l. 
 
 Nerchan, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, dist. Grimma, on riv. Mulde, 
 18 m. E. by S. Leipzig. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Nerchinsk, dist. tn. , E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, on 
 Nercha R., 2^ m. above its junction with the Shilka, 178 m. E. 
 of Chita ; centre for local trade. Mean rfall. (42 yrs. ), yr. 16.2 
 in., June-Sept. 13.3 in. P. 4900. 
 
 Nerehinskiy Zavod, mining tn., E. Siberia, prov. Trans- 
 baikalia, 184 m. SE. Nerchinsk, near junction of the Argun with 
 the Altacha, 51° 19' N., 118° 40' E. ; alt. 2200 ft. Centre of 
 mining administration for gold-njines of Nerchinskiy Mining 
 Dist., which covers 4° of lat. and 7° of long, on 1. bk. Shilka. 
 Meteorological observatory. 
 
 Mere, dist. , Africa. See Mogoreb. 
 
 Nerekhta, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 30 m. SE. Kostroma. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Nere$«iilca, vil. , Servia, prov. and 30 m. SE. Pozarevac, on 
 1. bk. of riv. Pek. P. (with Kom5a)<300o. 
 
 Sfereto, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Teramo, 37 m. 
 NNW. Chieti. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Nerl, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 110 m. SE. Van, sanjak 
 Hakkiari. P. < 3000, mainly Kurds. 
 
 Nerjai, tn., S. ct. of Spain, prov. and 27 m. E. Malaga, dist. 
 Torrox. P. 7800. 
 
 N^ronde, vil., France, dep. Loire, arr. and 16 m. SE. by S. 
 Roanne. P. < 200c. 
 
 Bf«'roiides, tn. , France, dep. Cher, arr. St. Amand-Mont- 
 Rond, 17 m. W. Nevers. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Ner Pliiglal, tn., Brit. India, Berar, dist. and 25 m. NE. by 
 N. Amraoti. P. 6800 ; Hindus, 5900. 
 
 NCrplo, tn. , Spain, prov. Albacete, dist. Yeste, 50 m. NW. 
 Lorca. P. < 5000. 
 
 Nerqals, par., Wales, Flintshire, 2| m. S. by W. Mold, P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Nerrigniidali, post-vil. , New South Wales, Dampier co. , 
 95 m. S. Goulburn and 226 m. by road S. Sydney ; in a gold- 
 mining dist. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nerrliig, or Sailor's Cinlly, post-tn. , Victoria, co. Ripon, 
 129 m. by rail and road NW. Melbourne. P. <:i500. 
 
 Nerva, comm. , Spain, prov. Huelva, dist. Valverde del 
 Camino. P. 6400. 
 
 Nervesa, tn. , NE. Italy, Venetia, prov. and 10 m. N. by 
 W. Treviso, to the extreme E. of the Bosco del Montello. 
 P. (comm. )<4000. 
 
 Bfervl, tn. , Italy, Liguria, on the coast, prov. and 5 m. ESE. 
 Genoa. P. 5500. 
 
 Nervlano, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Milan, circle and 11 m. 
 SE. Gallarata. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Nervlon, riv., Spain, Biscay, enters the Bay of Biscay at 
 Portugalete, 9 m. NW. Bilbao (g'.v.). Afifluents, the Salcedon 
 and Durango. 
 
 Nes, in Danish and Norwegian place-names, ' a promontory.' 
 See Naes. 
 
 Nesblt, par., Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., 15 m. E. Kelso, i m. from the Till, 3 m. NE. Akeld stn. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Nesbltt, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of the 
 C. P. R. , 124 m. W. by S. Winnipeg. 
 
 Nesbltt, par., Eng., Durham, 7 m. NW. Hartlepool. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Nesbltt, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and <)\ m. ENE. 
 Hexham, 3^ m. N. Prudhoe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Nesfleld "with Langbar, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 on the W. border of the Otley div. , ontheWharfe, ii^m. NNW. 
 Bradford. P. <25o. 
 
 Nesiiam'liiy, r. bk. trib. of the Delaware, U.S., Penn- 
 sylvania, mouth between Trenton and Philadelphia ; not 
 navigable. 
 
 Neshanlc, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Somerset co., 20 m. N. by 
 E. Trenton, on the S. Branch of Raritan R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Neshoba, co. , U.S. , Mississippi, in the E. , to the S. of 33° N. , 
 crossed by 89° W. 
 
 Nesle, tn., France, dep. Somme, arr. P6ronne, 18 m. WSW. 
 St. Quentin. P. <30oo. 
 
 Nesleh, tn. , Upper Egypt, 10^ m. W. Medinet-el-Fayum. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Nesles-la- Valine, France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 20 m. NNW. 
 Paris, arr. and 7 m. NE. by N. Pontoise. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Nesos, Nesoi, Greek, 'island, islands.' 
 
 Nesperelra, tn., Portugal, dist. and 27 m. NNW. Vizeu. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Nesqnehonlng, coal-mining vil. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, Carbon 
 CO., 37 m. S. by W. Scranton. P. < 2000. 
 
 A^ess, in place-names, ' a promontory." See Naes. 
 
 Ness, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Wirral div. , 8^ m. NW. Chester, 
 I m. SE. Neston stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ness, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., on 
 the Rye, 18^ m. NNE. York, 2J m. E. Nunnington stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Ness, vil., Scot., Ross-shire, Lewis I., 26 m. N. Stornoway, 
 3 m. from Port of Ness, PM.O. 
 
 Ness, CO., U.S., Kansas, crossed by 38!° N. and 100° W. 
 
 Ness, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., Salop. 
 Great Ness, Oswestry div. , 7I m. NW. by W. Shrewsbury, 
 PMT.O. (NesscUfTe), P. <7So; Little Ness, P. <5oo. See 
 Baschurch. 
 
 Ness, Loch, lake, Scot., co. and 6 m. SW. Inverness, form- 
 ing a portion of the Caledonian Canal. It receives the Oich, 
 Tarff, Foyers, and Morriston Rivs., and discharges itself into 
 the Moray Firth by the riv. Ness, 8 m. in length. Length, 
 NE. to SW, about 23 m. ; average breadth, i m. ; depth, 106- 
 130 fathoms. 
 
 Ness, The, cape, Scot., Forfarshire, on the E. ct., in 56° 
 42' N. 
 
 Nesseldorf, or Koprlvnlca, vil., Austria, prov. Moravia, 
 dist. Freiberg, 6 m. E. Neu-Titschein. P. <3000. 
 
 Nesserland, Ger. See Emdeii. 
 
 Nesslau, vil. , Switzd. , cant. St. Gall, 14 m. NNE. Glarus, 
 on the Thur. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Neste, ' rapid torrent,' generic name in E. part of dep. HautC' 
 Pyr^n^es and a corner of Haute-Garonne. 
 
 Nesting, par., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, E. side, the 
 church situated on S. Nesting Bay, 10 m. N. Lerwick ; 30,983 
 ac. P. <30oo. 
 
 Neston, eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire, Corsham par., PM.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Neston, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Cheshire, Wirral div., Great Neston 7^ m. SSW. Birkenhead, 
 on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. (Neston); coal mined. Great 
 Neston, P. <25oo; Little Neston, P.O., P. <isoc; tn. (Neston 
 and Park Gate) P. <40oo. 
 
 Nestraml, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. Koritsa, 38 m. S. 
 Monastir. 
 
 NestTed, tn., Denmark, in the S. of Seeland, prov. Prasto, 
 434 m. SW. Copenhagen. Here was fought the battle between 
 Prince Jaromar of Riigen and the peasants of Margaret, mother 
 of King Erik Glipping of Denmark, June 14, 1259. P. (comm.) 
 
 5500- 
 
 Neswlck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 4 m. SW. Drif- 
 field. P. <250. 
 
 NesvFlzh, tn. , Russia, govt, and 68 m. SW. Minsk, on a trib. 
 of Niemen. P. 8700. 
 
 Nethan, rivulet, Lanarkshire, flows N. then NE. and 
 enters the Clyde i m. NW. Lanark. See Cralgnethan 
 Castle. 
 
 Nethe, small riv., Belgium, prov. Antwerp, joining the 
 Rupel on the r. bk. , about 10 m. above its confluence with the 
 Scheldt. 
 
 Netheravon, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Devizes div. , on the Avon, 
 13 m. N. Salisbury, 7 m. W. by S. Ludgershall stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Nether Beck, rivulet, Cumberland, flows S. into the NW. 
 side of Wast Water. 
 
 Netherbnrn, vil. , Scot. , Mid Lanarkshire, 4^ m. S. Wishaw, 
 on the C. R. ; coal mined. P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Netherbnry, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., on the Brit, 
 9 m. ENE. Lyme Regis, 4 m. NW. by W. Powerstock stn., 
 PM.O.; 6274 ac. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (Netherbury with 
 Solivay Ash) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Netherby, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., on the Wharfe, 5^ m. S. by E. Harrogate, 3 m. W. by 
 N. Collingham Bridge stn. See Kearby. 
 
 Nethercleuch, vil., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 3 m. NE. by E. 
 Lochmaben, on the C. R. 
 
 Nethercross, bar.. Ire., in the N. of co. Dublin. 
 
 Nether Dallachy, P.O., Scot., i m. from Fochabers-on-Spey, 
 Elginshire. 
 
 Netherfleld, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, Battle par., P.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Netherfleld and Col'wlck, stn., Eng., Nottinghamshire, 
 Rushcliffe div., on the G. N. R., zh m. E. by N. Notting- 
 ham, PMT.O. (Netherfleld). Eccles. par. (Netherfleld) 
 P. <3C)oo. 
 
 Netherhanipton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 2J m. 
 W. Salisbury. P. <25o; eccles. par. (Netherhampton ivlth 
 >¥llton) P. < 2500. 
 
 Netherlands, Holland, or the Low €onntrles, lies between 
 Belgium (S.), Prussia (E.), and the North Sea (N. and W), and 
 between the extreme limits of 53° 32' and 50° 45' N. lat. , and 
 3° 23' and 7° 12' E. long. The area is constantly changing 
 owing to two supreme causes — (i) the encroachments of the sea, 
 and (2) reclamation from the sea by human agency. In 1889 
 the land area was officially stated to be a little over 12,500 sq. 
 m. — approximately one-seventh the size of Great Britain. The 
 area in sq. m. , converted from the official figures in sq. km., 
 is shown in the following table, which gives also the population 
 
 1077 
 
NETHERLANDS 
 
 of the provs. in thousands (ooo omitted), and the increase per 
 cent, per annum between successive censuses : — 
 
 North Holland 
 South Holland 
 Utrecht . . . 
 Zeeland . . . 
 North Brabant 
 Limburg . . 
 Gelderland . . 
 Overijssel . . 
 Drenthe . . . 
 Groningen . . 
 Friesland . . 
 
 Total . 
 
 Population in Thousands. 
 31st Dec. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 1,070 
 1,167 
 
 534 
 
 689 
 1,980 
 
 851 
 1,962 
 1,292 
 1,028 
 
 887 
 1,282 
 
 174 
 178 
 429 
 224 
 433 
 2S4 
 106 
 225 
 292 
 
 12,741 I 3,580 
 
 Inc. 
 '69-'79- 
 
 680 
 
 i.6s 
 
 804 
 
 1-57 
 
 192 
 
 •99 
 
 189 
 
 .60 
 
 466 
 
 •8^ 
 
 239 
 
 .6s 
 
 467 
 
 .76 
 
 274 
 
 .76 
 
 119 
 
 •93 
 
 253 
 
 1. 18 
 
 330 
 
 1.23 
 
 4>oi3 
 
 1.15 
 
 831 
 958 
 
 222 
 202 
 
 514 
 262 
 
 515 
 298 
 132 
 277 
 338 
 
 I Pop. 
 Incr. i per 
 
 2.03 
 
 '•77 
 1.46 
 .67 
 •99 
 .92 
 .98 
 •84 
 1.04 
 .91 
 .24 
 
 416 
 
 293 
 260 
 308 
 262 
 231 
 128 
 312 
 264 
 
 i^26 ; 357 
 
 The total area of the colonial possessions of the N. (see below) 
 is estimated at about 783,000 sq. m., the population at about 
 34,000,000. The surface is everywhere flat and low, and consists 
 of alluvial fens, i.e. , moss, peat (18^ per cent. ), clays (35 p>er cent. ) , 
 and sand (6 per cent.), and of diluvial sands and gravels (39 per 
 cent. ). The SE. corner reaches an altitude of 660 ft. , but the W. 
 parts lie mostly 10 to 12 ft. below the level of the sea and the rivers, 
 which traverse the country between high banks, and in places 20 
 ft. or more lower than the mean level of the North Sea. Sand- 
 dunes and specially constructed dykes or embankments, 50 to 60 
 ft. in height, and extending to more than 1500 miles in length, 
 protect the country from inundation. The coa.st is on the whole 
 irregular in outline. In the SW. it is broken into a number of 
 islands and estuaries, the names of the former being Walcheren, 
 N. and S. Beveland, Tholen, Schouwen, Flakke, and Voorne. 
 The N. and NW. are protected by a chain of low islands — Tessel 
 (Texel), Vlieland, Terschelling, Ameland, Schiermonnikoog, 
 Boschplaat, Rottum. The shallow Zuider Zee (South Sea) pene- 
 trates 60 to 70 m. S. into the heart of the country. See Znlder 
 Zee. In the NE. the estuary of the Ems, and an expansion of 
 the same, the DoUart, separate prov. Groningen from E. Friesland. 
 The Netherlands consist almost entirely of the deltas of three large 
 rivers, the Rhine, Maas (Meuse), and Scheldt, all of which 
 split into numerous ramifying arms and estuaries ; the larger of 
 these are known as the Vecht, IJssel (both to the Zuider Zee), 
 Old Rhine, Lek, Vaal, Merwede, North, Old, and New Maas, 
 Haringvliet, E. and W. Scheldt (all to the North Sea). There 
 are numerous small lakes in the provs. of Friesland, Gelder- 
 land, and N. and S. Holland. The climate bears a close 
 resemblance to that of England ; but the maritime (W.) provs. 
 are moister and warmer than those inland. Mean annual temp. 
 49.8° F., Jan. 34.7°, July 65.1°; rfall. (43 yrs.), 27.8 in. In hot 
 summers the provs. of Zeeland, N. and S. Holland, and Fries- 
 land are apt to be somewhat unhealthy. The Netherlands are 
 essentially an agricultural country. It is originally to the 
 enlightenment and enterprise of Dutch agriculturists in the 17th 
 century that the modern system of farming with artificial grasses 
 and winter roots (especially turnips and carrots) owes its de- 
 velopment. More than one-third of the total area of the country 
 is laid down to grass and meadows, for feeding cattle, horses, 
 and sheep ; swine and goats are also kept. Out of the aggregate 
 of 8, 150,000 acres, some 2,134,000 (26.2 per cent.) only are under 
 farm cultivation ; but there are 134,000 acres of gardens and 
 orchards. The crops principally grown are rye, potatoes, clover, 
 and grasses, oats, wheat, buckwheat, barley, beans, peas, beet- 
 root, flax, and to a less extent colza, mustard, canary, caraway, 
 coriander, and anise seeds, chicory, tobacco, madder, hemp, and 
 hops. For generations the Netherlands have been famous for 
 the cultivation of bulbs and flowers (headquarters, Haarlem and 
 Noordwyk). Fruit (cherries, apples, pears, strawberries) is 
 grown in the provs. of Gelderland, Utrecht, N. and S. Holland, 
 and Limburg. Of the total number of estates in the country 
 85 per cent, are less than 50 acres in extent, and 58 per cent, of 
 the whole are farmed by their owners. Forests cover nearly 7 
 p>er cent, of the area, and grow for the most part in Gelder- 
 land. Turf is the only mineral existent in considerable quan- 
 tity ; but a little coal is extracted in Limburg. The flslierles, 
 espjecially the herring fishery, are valuable, and support nearly 
 16,000 men and their families. The North Sea yields herring, 
 cod, plaice, soles, tunny, mussels, oysters (16,000,000 in a year, 
 of which one-half go to England), &c. ; the Zuider Zee, herring, 
 anchovies, shrimps, flounders, eels ; and the rivers, salmon, eels, 
 pike, perch, &c. Industry has made great strides since the 
 separation from Belgium in 1830. Foremost stand shipbuilding 
 and the manufactures dependent upon it, the making of marine 
 and hydraulic machinery, spirit-distilling and brewing, and mill- 
 making. But brick and pottery making, the manufacture of 
 margarine, vinegar, soap, salt, paper, oil, tobacco and cigars, 
 cacao, carpets, leather, and gold and silver articles, sugar- 
 1078 
 
 refining, the weaving of cottons, woollens, and linens, and 
 diamond-cutting are all important branches. As means of 
 communication the rivers and canals, which measure nearly 
 three thousand miles in length, are of greater importance than 
 either the brick-paved roads or the railways (the latter ap- 
 proximately 2000 m.). The maintenance of these water- 
 ways is entrusted to a special department of the state. 
 The more important canals comprise the N. Holland, North 
 Sea, New Waterway, N. and S. William's, Zederik, Dedem, 
 Damster, and S. Beveland Canals. Although the commerce 
 of the Netherlands is no longer of that supreme importance in 
 Europe which it was in the 17th century, their trade, both 
 inland and foreign, is at the present time very considerable. 
 The imports — grain and flour, drugs, iron and steel, textiles, 
 coffee, sugar, rice, coal, copper, saltpetre, tin, seed-oils, &c. — 
 average about ;/^ 100, 000, 000 per annum, and the exports — 
 drugs, butter and margarine, textiles, grain and flour, iron and 
 steel, leather and skins, paper, rice, grease, cheese, vegetables, 
 &c. — nearly the same figure. Trade is principally carried on 
 with Prussia (exports to Prussia, 46! per cent.; imports from 
 Prussia, i8j per cent.). Great Britain (26 and 20 per cent, re- 
 spectively), Belgium (13 and 14 per cent.), Dutch E. Indies (5^ 
 and 16^ per cent.), Russia (9 per cent, imports), and United 
 States (6^ per cent, imports). The annual trade with Great 
 Britain in imported textiles, iron and machinery, coal, &c. , and 
 exported margarine, butter and cheese, drugs and dye-stuffs, 
 woollens and cottons, leather, iron and steel, sugar, gin, and 
 other commodities, is valued at more than _^37,ooo,ooo sterling. 
 The Dutch mercantile marine numbers over 600 vessels of nearly 
 700,000 tons aggregate. The unit of the money is the guilder, 
 gulden, or florin, equivalent to is. 8d. , and divided into 100 
 cents. The metric system of weights and measures is 
 employed. The executive government is in the hands of an 
 hereditary constitutional monarch, assisted by a cabinet of eight 
 ministers. The legislative power is shared between the sovereign 
 and the States-General of two chambers. The First Chamber 
 consists of fifty members, chosen by the provincial estates ; they 
 sit for nine years, and one-third retire every third year. The 
 Second Chamber numbers 100 members, who are elected for 
 four years by direct suffrage of the citizens. The army is levied 
 partly by voluntary enlistment, partly by conscription for five 
 years, of which one only is spent with the colours. There are 
 also a militia, drawn from suitable men between 25 and 35 
 years of age, and a final reserve of all men under 50 years. 
 There is a separate army of about 33,000 men for the E. Indies, 
 raised entirely by free enlistment. The navy comprises about 
 100 war-vessels and 30 to 40 torpei^o-boats, manned by 12,000 
 men. There is a special naval detachment for the E. Indies. 
 The population, which has nearly doubled since 1830, was 
 originally of Teutonic stock, but is now in parts modified by 
 French Huguenot, Belgian (Walloon), and Jewish blood. The 
 language, Dutch, is a direct development of an old Teutonic 
 speech closely akin to original Low German. The Frisians, 
 who speak a Low German dialect, have preserved their racial 
 purity to an unusual degree. From 4000 to 6000 persons 
 emigrate every year, nearly all going to the United States. 
 For generations the Netherlands have been the home of reli- 
 gious freedom. The predominant religion is the Reformed 
 (Protestant), with a presbyterian form of church government. 
 It is professed by three-fifths of the population ; Roman 
 Catholics number one-third. There are 100,000 Jews and over 
 50,000 Mennonites. Education, which is neither altogether 
 free nor altogether compulsory, does not stand on the highest 
 footing, in spite of the excellent equipment of primary and 
 secondary schools, a large number of special and technical 
 colleges, learned societies and academies, and four universities 
 — at Leyden, Utrecht, Groningen, Amsterdam. About 7 per 
 cent, of the conscripts enrolled annually are illiterate. There 
 are 21 towns with more than 20,000 inhabitants. Amsterdam 
 has nearly half a million, Rotterdam approaching a quarter of 
 a million. These two cities are the commercial capitals of the 
 Netherlands. The political cap. is The Hague, with 170,000 
 inhabitants. Utrecht ranks fourth with close upon 90,000. 
 The remaining 17 are Groningen, Haarlem, Arnhem, Leyden, 
 Tilburg, Nimeguen, Dordrecht, Maastricht, Leeuwarden, Delft, 
 Nieuwr Amstel, Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-Duc),Zwolle, Schiedam, 
 Breda, Deventer, Helder. Nevertheless, the rural population 
 amounts to 68 per cent, of the total. The principal colonies 
 of the Netherlands are Java, Sumatra, Borneo, &c. , in the E. 
 Indies, and Dutch Guiana and half-a-dozen small islands in S. 
 America. History.— The terrs. of the modern Netherlands, 
 after being ruled by the Romans and Franks, became (870) 
 part of the duchy of Lorraine, and therefore of the German 
 Empire. In the 15th century they were subject to Burgundy, 
 and in the i6th to Austria, and subsequently Spain. Against 
 Spain, however, they revolted and constituted themselves a 
 republic. Napoleon in 1806 created the kingdom of Holland. 
 In 1814 the Netherlands were united with Belgium, but were 
 separated again in 1830. There is no good modern account of 
 the Netherlands in English. For statistics, consult Jaarcijfers 
 
NETH — NEUD 
 
 voor de Statistiek in Nederland, in Dutch and French (Amster- 
 dam). Maps: Topographische en militaire Kaart [i: eft,ooo), 
 1871, &c. [J. T. B.] 
 
 jfetherley, hamlet, Scot., Kincardineshire, 6 m. NW. Stone- 
 haven, P.O. 
 
 Netherpool, par., Eng. , Cheshire, Wirral union. P. <5oo. 
 
 Jfetherseal, vil. , Eng., Leicestershire. See Seal, Nether 
 and Over. 
 
 Netherthoiig, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 5 m. S. 
 Huddersfield, P.O., with a stn., Tlioiigsbrldge, PM.O., on 
 the L. & Y. R. P. < 1000. 
 
 Netherthorpe, stn. , Eng. , Derbyshire, NE. div. , on the M. R. , 
 4I m. E. by N. Chesterfield. 
 
 Netbertliorpe, two eccles. pars., Eng., Yorkshire, Sheffield 
 union. Netherthorpe St. Auiie, P. < 5000; Netherthorpe 
 St. Stephen, P. 8600. 
 
 Nethertoii, par., Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., 6 m. N. 
 by E. Liverpool, on the Leeds and Liverjxjol Canal, i m. SSW. 
 Sefton and Maghull stn., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Netherton, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Pershore union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Nethertoii, vil., Eng., Northumberland, 3 m. SE. and in- 
 cluded in the pari. bor. of Morpeth, i m. E. Stannington 
 (formerly Netherton) stn., P.O. (Nedderton). 
 
 Netherton, eccles. par., Eng., in a detached part of Wor- 
 cestershire, i^ m. S. of and included in the pari. bor. of Dudley, 
 with stn. (Dudley and Netherton) on the G. W. R.; has coal. 
 PMT.O. P. 12,400. 
 
 Netherton, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, Colne Valley div., on the 
 L. & Y. R., 3 m. SW. by S. Huddersfield, PMT.O. 
 
 Netherton, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Normanton 
 div., 34 m. SE. by S. Dewsbury, i m. S. Horbury stn., P.O. 
 
 Netherton, vil., Scot., Dumbartonshire, 5 m. NW. Glasgow. 
 P. (including Garscube)<75o. 
 
 Netherton, partof Blanefieldvil. , Scot. , Stirlingshire. P. <5oo. 
 
 Netherton, North Side and South Side, two adjoining 
 pars., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., N. Side 13^ m. W. 
 by S. Alnwick, 6 m. WNW. Rothbury stn., P.O. (Netherton). 
 P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Nethertown, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., on the 
 coast, 7 m. S. by E. Whitehaven, on the Furness Rly. 
 
 Netherwent St. Bride, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 
 7i m. E. by N. Newport, 2 m. NNE. Magor stn. P. <25o ; 
 eccles. par. (Netherwent St. Bride with Llandevenny) 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Netherwltton, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck div. , 
 on the Font, 7 m. WNW. Morpeth, 3 m. SE. Ewesley stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o; eccles. par. (Netherwltton Park) P. <5oo. See 
 >¥ltton. 
 
 Nethou, mt. , N. Spain. See Maladetta. 
 
 Nethy, rivulet, Scot., Perthshire, flows N. past Abernethy to 
 the Earn. 
 
 Nethy Bridge, vil. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, on rlT. Nethy (which 
 flows N. from Cairngorm), ij m. above its confluence with the 
 Spey, 23 m. S. Forres, on the G. N. of S. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Netley, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., 2^ m. 
 E. by S. Southampton, i^ m. NNE. of its stn. (which adjoins 
 the Royal Victoria (military) hospital, a noble structure, 1426 
 ft. in front, with accommodation for 1000 patients, built between 
 1855 and 1863) on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. (Netley Abbey). 
 P. -CISCO. 
 
 Netley Marsh, PM.O., Eng., Hampshire, 6 m. NW. South- 
 ampton. 
 
 Neto, riv. , Italy, Calabrie, flows into the Ionian Sea, in about 
 39° 12' N. 
 
 Netolltz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Prachatitz, 13^ m. 
 WNW. Budweis. P. < 3000. 
 
 Netophah, place named in O. T. See Ilmni Toba. 
 
 Netrakona, vil., India, Bengal, dist. Maimansingh, 85 m. 
 NNE. Dacca. P. 9800; Hindus, 4400; Moham. 5400. 
 
 Netschetln, or Nectlny, comm. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. 
 Kralowitz, 22 m. SE. by S. Karlsbad. P. <20oo. 
 
 Netteswell, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., ^\ m. SE. by E. 
 Ware, i^ m. SE. by S. Burnt Mill stn., PMT.O. (Netteswell 
 Cross). P. <75o. 
 
 Nettlebed, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 4 m. NW. 
 Henley, 8^ m. N. Reading, PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Nettlecombe, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div. , 13J m. 
 NW. by N. Taunton. P. <5oo. 
 
 Nettleden, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, on the E. border 
 of the Aylesbury div., 7^ m. SW. by S. Luton, 2^ m. NE. 
 Berkhamstead stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Nettleham, par. , Eng. .Lincolnshire, W.Lindsey div. , 4 m.NE. 
 by N. Lincoln, 3 m. N. Washingborough stn., PM.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Nettlestead, par., Eng., Kent, Tunbridge div., on the Med- 
 way, 6 m. WSW. Maidstone, close to Wateringbury stn. , P.O. 
 (Nettlestead Green). P. <:75o ; eccles. par. (Nettlestead with 
 West Baruilng) P. <750. 
 
 Nettlestead, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, 6 m. NW. Ipswich. P. <25o^ 
 See Little Blakeuhani. 
 
 Nettlestone Green, P.O. , Eng. , Isle of Wight, 2 m. SE. Ryde. 
 
 Nettlesworth, PM.O., Eng., co. and 5 m. N. Durham. 
 
 Nettleton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 12 m. 
 SW. by W. Grimsby, 2 m. E. Moortown stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Nettleton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 10 m. 
 NNE. Bath, 7^ m. WNW. Chippenham stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Nettstall, tn., Switzd., cant, and 2 m. NNW. Glarus. P. 
 (comm.) <:3000. 
 
 Netze, riv. , E. Prussia, rising in N W. Poland under the name 
 oi Notec, flows on the whole NW. , expanding into Lake Goplo 
 (length, 19 m. ; alt. 255 ft.), on the border of Poland and Posen, 
 continues to flow NW. after its exit from that lake, but in about 
 53° 8' N. turns W. , and after receiving the Drage, flows into 
 the prov. of Brandenburg, where it enters the Warthe ; its valley 
 is marshy almost throughout. Length about 275 m. , navigable 
 for 235 m. from Lake Goplo, connected by canal (beginning at the 
 point where it turns W.) through the Brahe with the Vistula. 
 Area of basin, 7217 sq. m. 
 
 Netzschkau, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 12J m. SW. 
 by W. Zwickau, dist. Plauen. P. 66<x). 
 
 Neu, German, Newy dd Cymnc, Novo, Novi, Novaia Slavonic, 
 ' New." 
 
 Neu-Benatek, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Neu-Benatek, 22 
 m. NE. Prague. P. <;3000. 
 
 Neu Berun, vil., Prussia, in the extreme SE. of the prov. 
 Silesia, 42 m. E. Ratibor. P. < 2000. 
 
 Neubldsfhow, tn. , Bohemia. See Nenbydiow. 
 
 Neu-Blstrlz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Neu-Bistriz, 29 m. 
 E. by N. Budweis. P. < 4000. 
 
 Neubonrg, Le, tn., France, dep. Eure, arr. Louviers, 15 m. 
 NW. by W. Evreux, in the middle of the Campagne de Neu- 
 bourg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Neu-Brandenburg, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Strelitz, circle 
 Neu-Brandenburg, on riv. ToUense, 17 m. NNE. Neu-Strelitz. 
 P. 9100. 
 
 Neu-Brelsach, tn., Ger. See Brelsach, Neu-. 
 
 Neu-Buckow, vil., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 20 m. W. 
 by S. Rostock. P. <20oo. 
 
 Neubnrg, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, cap. circle 
 Neuburg, on the r. bk. of the Danube, 11 m. W. by S. Ingol- 
 stadt. P. 7500. 
 
 Neubydzow, Slavonic Novy Bydiow, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 
 15 m. W. by N. Koniggratz. P. 7200. 
 
 Neuchfttel, Ger. Neuenburg, frontier cant. , Switzd. , between 
 Lake Neuchatel and France, in the midst of the Jura mts. , 
 (highest point, Creux du Vent, 4900 ft.), having several ridges 
 and corresponding valleys crossing the canton from SW. to NE. 
 Most of the streams flow directly to the Rhine, but others to the 
 Lake Neuchatel, which by the Thiele drains into Lake Bienne 
 and thence into the Aar. The chief industry is watch-making, 
 occupying about 20,000 persons ; other products are asphalt, 
 wine, absinthe, lace, and cheese ; mineral products are iron ore 
 (at Vausyon and Louvet), asphalt (Val de Travers, 23,400 tons 
 in 1885), coal (Locle and Brevine). Neuchatel was connected 
 with the crown of Prussia from 1707 to 1806 ; and in 1848 it 
 became a republic in spite of Prussian protest. The Prussian 
 connection was finally dissolved in 1857, the canton being now a 
 member of the Swiss Confederation. Area, 312 sq. m. P. (1870) 
 97,300; (1888) 108,200, of whom three-fourths speak French, 
 and four-fifths, at least, are Protestants. 
 
 Neuchfttel, tn., Switzd., cap. of canton, at the foot of the 
 Jura, on NW. shore of the Lake of Neuchatel, with grand 
 prospect, 85 m. NNE. Geneva, and 25 m. W. Berne. It has an 
 ancient castle (whence its name), a college with library of 100,000 
 vols. , and various other important institutions ; manufactures of 
 watches, jewellery, &c. Alt. 1435 ft. Mean temp., Jan. 33.8°, 
 July 67.I^ P. (1870) 13,300; (1888) 16,500, mostly French 
 and Protestant. 
 
 Neuchfttel, Lake of (Ger. Neuenbnrger See), Switzd., 18 
 m. N. Lake of Geneva, fed by the Thiele, Broye, Reuse, and 
 Seyon, and drained on NE. by the Thiele, which passes through 
 Lake Bienne into the Aar. The NW. or Jura shore is culti- 
 vated, having vineyards below and forests above, and the 
 opposite side less peopled and much less picturesque ; it is the 
 largest lake entirely within Swiss terr. Area, 92 sq. m. ; depth, 
 500 ft. Alt. 1425 ft. 
 
 Nendamni, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Konigs- 
 berg, II m. N. by E. Kiistrin. P. < 5000. 
 
 Neudek, tn., Austria, Bohemia, circle Graslitz, 10 m. NW. 
 Karlsbad. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Neudorf (' new village'), tn., Austria, Moravia, dist. Lunden- 
 burg, 32 m. SSE. Briinn. P. <3oco. 
 
 Neudorf, tn., Austria, Moravia, dist. Ungarisch Hradisch, 
 40 m. ESE. Briinn. P. < 3000. 
 
 Neudorf, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, govt. Lower Alsace, 
 circle and S. suburb of Strassburg. P. 8100. 
 
 Neudorf, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, govt. Upper Alsace, 
 circle Miilhausen, 5 m. N. Basel. P. <30oo. 
 
 Neudorf (Ger. , Hungarian BanAttkJfaln, or R^vaujfalu), 
 tn., Hungary, co. Torontdl, 20 m. NE. Belgrade. P. 7400. 
 
 1079 
 
NEUP — NEUQ 
 
 Kendorf, colony, Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Diisseldorf, 
 circle and adjoining town of Duisburg. P. 7400. 
 
 Bfendorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Kattowitz, 30 m. 
 ENE. Ratibor, and 5 m. SW. by W. Ronigshiitte. P. <:3000. 
 
 Nendorf, vil., Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. and 
 7 m. S. Annaberg. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Nendorf, Konlgllrh, comm. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt., 
 circle, and 2 m. SSE. Oppeln, on r. bk. of Oder. P. <3000. 
 
 Nenenalir, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Ahrweiler, 
 onriv. Ahr, 14 m. S. Bonn. P. <3000. 
 
 Nenenburg, tn. , Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, dist. Miillheim, 
 18 m. SW. Freiburg, about i m. from the r. bk. of the Rhine. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Neueiibarg, tn. , Ger., in the W. of \Vurtemberg, Black 
 Forest circle, 14 m. SE. by S. Karlsruhe. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Neaeiiburg, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle Schwetz, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Vistula, 48 m. S. Danzig. P. <;400o. 
 Neneiibnrg, tn. , Switzd. See Nencli&tel. 
 Xenenbnrger See, Switzd. See Ncuehatel, Lake of. 
 Neuendorf (' new village'), vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 
 circle Teltow, on the 1. bk. of the Havel, opposite Potsdam, a 
 S. suburb of Nowawes. P. <40oo. 
 
 Neaendorf, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Koblenz, and 
 adjoining the town of Koblenz on the N. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Nenenegg, vil. , Switzd., cant, and 8 m. SW. by W. Bern. 
 P. (comm.)<:3000. 
 
 Nenenhelm, vil., Ger., gd.-duchy Baden, circle and opposite 
 Heidelberg, on 1. bk. of the Neckar. P. < 4000. 
 
 Neuenklrch, vil., Switzd., cant, and 5 m. NW. by W. 
 Lucerne. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Neneiiklrcben, vil., Prussia, in the NW. of prov. Westphalia, 
 circle Steinfurt, 22 m. NW. by N. Miinster. P. <:4000. 
 Neneiistadt, vil. , Switzd. See Nenvevllle. 
 Neufahrn, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Bavaria, 19 
 m. S. by E. Ratisbon. P. <20oo. 
 
 Neufahrwasser, N. suburb of Danzig (^.v.), W. Prussia. 
 P. 6600. 
 
 Neufchfitean, tn., Belgium, prov. Luxembourg, cap. arr. 
 Neufchateau, 25 m. ENE. Sedan. P. <20oo. 
 
 Neufchfttean, tn. , France, dep. Vosges, cap. arr. Neufchiteau, 
 on the Meuse, 24 m. SSW. Toul. Alt. 925 ft. P. <:4900. 
 
 Neufch&tel, tn., France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, cap. arr. Neuf- 
 chatel, on the B^thune, 21 m. SE. Dieppe ; in the neighbour- 
 hood the celebrated Neufchatel cheese is made, called ' bondon;' 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Neufchfttel-sur-Alsne, vil., France, on the border of dep. 
 Ardennes and Aisne, arr. Laon, on the Aisne, 12 m. N. Reims. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Neu-Frataatz, tn. , Austria, Bukovina, dist. and 7 m. N. by 
 W. Radautz. P. <4000. 
 
 Neugedeln, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, circle Taus, 29 m. SW. 
 by S. Pilsen. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Neagersdorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Bautzen, dist. 
 and 8 m. SSE. Lobau. P. < 5000. 
 
 Neulialdeiislebeii, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, 15 m. NW. 
 Magdeburg, cap. circle Neuhaldensleben. P. 8500. 
 Neu-Hannover, isl. See Bismarck Archipelago. 
 Neuhans, tn., Austria, Bohemia, circle and 27 m. ENE. 
 Budweis. P. 8500. 
 
 Neuhans, vil., Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Stade, on the 
 Oste R. , 15 m. ESE. Cuxhaven. P. < 2000. 
 
 Neulians, comm. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 39 m. S. by W. 
 Minden, circle and 3 m. NW. Paderborn. P. <3000. 
 
 Kenhaus, tourist resort, Switzd., cant. Bern, at the head of 
 Lake Thun, 2J m. W. Interlaken. 
 
 Nenliansel, German, in Hungarian ErseknjTllr, tn. with 
 magistracy, Hungary, prov. Neutra(Nyitra), 16 m. N. Komorn. 
 P. 11,300. 
 
 Nenhan»en, former vil. , Bavaria, incorporated with the city 
 of Munich, January i, 1890. 
 
 Nenhausen-auf-den-Flldern, vil. , Ger. , kgd. WUrtemberg, 
 Neckar circle, dist. and 5 m. SSW. E^slingen. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Nen-Uelduk, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Oppeln, circle 
 Beuthen, dist. Konigshiitte ; coal-mined. P. <r3ooo. 
 
 Neahof , vil. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, govt. Lower Alsace, circle 
 and 3 m. S. Strassburg. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Nenhofen, comm., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Rhine Palati- 
 nate, circle Ludwigshafen, 7 m. NNW. Spires. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Nen-Holltz, or HoUce Nov6, vil., Austria, Bohemia, 12 m. 
 SSE. Koniggratz. P. <:3000. 
 
 Nen-Hrosenkan, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 44 m. SSE. Troppau. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 ISeu-Httckes'wagen, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. 
 Diisseldorf, circle Lennep, 11 m. SE. Elberfeld- Barmen. P. 
 6100. 
 
 Neahtttten, vil., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Rakonitz, on riv. 
 Beraun, 20 m. W. by S. Prague. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 NenliW-Pont-Plerre, vil., France, dep. Indre-et- Loire, arr. 
 and 13 m. NW. by N. Tours. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Nenilly, tn., France, dep. Seine, arr. St. Denis, 4 m. NW. 
 1080 
 
 by W. Notre Dame, Paris, between the Seine and the city wall ; 
 over the Seine is a fine bridge constructed by Perronnet. P. 
 (1872) 16,300; (1890) 27,400. Nenilly-8nr>Marne, in the same 
 dep., arr. Pontoise, 8| m. E. Notre Dame. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Neiillly-eii-Tlielle, tn., France, dep. Oise, arr. Senlis, 18 m. 
 SE. by S. Beauvais. P. <: 2000. 
 
 Neuilly-la>Foret, vil., France, dep. Calvados, on the Vire, 
 arr. and 18 m. W. Bayeux. P. <2ooo. 
 
 NenlUy-le-R^al, tn. , France, dep. Allier, 43 m. N W. Roanne, 
 arr. and 8 m. SE. by S. Moulins. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ifeullly-l'ilveqiie, vil., France, dep. Haute-Marne, 45 m. 
 NNE. Dijon, arr. and 7 m. NE. by E. Langres. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Nenilly-St. Front, tn., France, dep. Aisne, arr. Chateau- 
 Thierry, 15 m. S. by W. Soissons. P. <20oo. 
 
 Nenkalen, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle Malchin, 
 30 m. SW. by W. Greifswald. P. <30oo. 
 
 Neuklrch, vil., Switzd., cant. Thurgau, 7 m. N. St Gall. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Nenklrchen, vil., Austria, Salzburg, 42 m. E. Innsbruck, in 
 the Ober-Pinzgau. P. <20oo. 
 
 Neiiklrchen, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. 
 and 4 m. SW. Chemnitz. P. < 5000. 
 
 Nenklrchen, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 6 m. 
 SSW. Solingen, on 1. bk. of riv. Wupper. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Nen-Konlggratz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. and zh m. SSE. 
 Koniggratz. P. <;30oo. 
 
 Nen-Lauenbnrg, formerly Duke of York Islands, group 
 of small isls. , in St. George's Channel, between Neu-Pommern 
 (New Britain), and Neu-Mecklenburg (New Ireland), Bismarck 
 Archipelago (q.v.). 
 
 Nen-Llsa, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Neu-Benatek, 20 m. 
 ENE. Prague. P. <4000. 
 
 Nenmark (* new march or frontier prov.'), tract, Prussia, E. 
 of the Oder, formerly one of the two rnain sections of the prov. 
 of Brandenburg. The name still survives in local usage as 
 applied to part of the present govt, of Frankfurt (on the Oder). 
 See Prussia, history. 
 
 Denmark, vil., Ger., gd.-duchy Saxe- Weimar, 7 J m. NW. 
 by N. Weimar. P. <20oo. 
 
 Nenniark, tn., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle Lobau, 50 
 m. NE. by E. Thorn. P. < 3000. 
 
 Neumarkt, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. and 31 m. 
 SW. Neu-Sandec, on riv. Dunajec. P. 5900. 
 
 Nenmarkt, vil., Austria, Tirol, 13 m. S. by W. Bozen, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Adige. P. <20oo. 
 
 Nenniarkt, comm.. Upper Austria, dist. Freistadt, 13 m. 
 NE. Linz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Neuniarkt, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, 
 cap. circle Neumarkt, 20 m. SE. by E. Niirnberg, with iron 
 foundries, manufactures of machines and cement, and a mineral 
 spring at Wildbad. P. 5700. . . 
 
 Neumarkt, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 18 m. W. by N. 
 Breslau, cap. circle Neumarkt. P. 5800. 
 
 Nenmnrktl, tn., Austria, Carniola, dist. Neumarktl, 24 m. 
 NW. Laibach. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Neumarkt Saddle, pass. See Alps, Passes and Rail- 
 ways, IV. (3a). 
 Neu-Mecklenburg, isl. See Bismarck Archipelago. 
 Nenmiiiister, tn., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle 
 and 18 m. SSW. Kiel. P. 17,500. 
 
 Neumiinster, suburb, Switzd. , i m. SE. by E. of Zurich. 
 Neuuburg-vorm-Wald, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Palatinate, cap. circle Neunburg-vorm-Wald, 26 m. NNE. 
 Regensburg. P. <:3000. 
 
 Neundorf, vil., Ger., duchy Anhalt, circle and 7 m. W. Bern- 
 burg. P. <4000. 
 
 Neung-Jn, tn. , Korea, 122 m. W. by S. Fusan, near S. ct. 
 Neuiig-sur-Beuvron, vil., France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, arr. 
 Romorantin, 27 m. S. by W. Orleans. P. <20oo. 
 
 Neunklrch, tn. , Switzd., cant, and 6 m. W. Schaffhausen, 
 in the Klettgau. P. <20oo. 
 
 Neunklrchen, tn. , Lower Austria, circle Unter Wienerwald, 
 9 m. SW. by W. Wiener-Neustadt. P. 8800. 
 
 Nennkirclien, vil., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Fran- 
 conia, circle 5^ m. E. by N. Erlangen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Neunklrchen, comm., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle 
 Siegen, 46 m. SE. by E. Cologne. P. < 3000. 
 
 Nennklrchen, market-tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Ott- 
 weiler, 37 m. SE. Treves, with large iron-works ; important coal- 
 mines near. Tn. P. 17,800; comm. P. 19,100. 
 
 Nen-Osseg, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Dux, 6 m. W. Teplitz. 
 P. <4C)C)0. 
 NeU'Attlng, tn., Ger., Bavaria. See fitting, Alt. 
 Neu-Paka, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Neu-Paka, 17 m. 
 WSW. Trautehau. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Neu-Passarge, vil. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, 24 m. NE. by 
 N. Elbing, dist. and 3 m. NNW. Braunsberg. P. <2C)oo. 
 Neupest, German name for IJ-Pest (g. v. ). 
 Neu>Pomniern, isl. See Bismarck Archipelago. 
 Nenqnen, Blrer, riv., Argentine Republic, rises in the Andes, 
 
NEUR — NEUV 
 
 and flows on the whole SE. through the terr. of Neuquen, 
 and unites with the Limay to form the Rio Negro, in about 39° 
 S. , 68° W.; chief trib. (r. bk. ) the Agrio, which flows first S. 
 then E. , joining the main stream in about 38° 20' S. , 68° 45' W. 
 Near the source of this trib. at the base of the Andes, in about 
 37° 4s' S. , stands Norquin, the chief centre of trade in this 
 region, situated not far from the Copulhue and other passes 
 leading into Chile. 
 
 Nenrode, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 45 m. SW. by S. Breslau, 
 12 m. NNW. Glatz, cap. circle Neurode ; coal-mines near ; manu- 
 factures of cloth, carpets, cottons, &c. Alt. 1270 ft. P. 6200. 
 
 Nen-Kuppin, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 32 m. NW. 
 by N. Spandau, circle Ruppin ; has wool spinneries with con- 
 siderable manufactures of woollen goods ; iron-foundries, manu- 
 factures of machinery, &c. ; lithographic establishment. Tn. P. 
 14,000 ; comm. P. 14,600. 
 
 Neiisalz, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Freistadt, on the 
 1. bk. of the Oder, 18 m. NW. by W. Glogau. P. 9100. 
 
 Xensalza, tn., Ger. , kgd. Saxony, dist. Lobau, ii m. SSE. 
 Bautzen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Nen-Saiidec, tn. , Austrian Galicia. See Standee, 'Sen. 
 
 Neusattl, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, circle Eger, 6 m. W. Karls- 
 bad. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Nensatz (German, in Hungarian IJvidek), municip. , Hun- 
 gary, CO. Bacs-Bodrog, on the 1. bk. of the Danube, opposite 
 Peterwardein. In 1849 it was taken by the Imperial troops 
 from the Hungarians and nearly destroyed. Mean temp. , yr. 
 52.6° F., Jan. 31.2°, July 72.5°. P. (1850) 10,000 ; (1869)19,100; 
 (1890) 24,700. 
 
 Nense, riv., U.S., N. Carolina, in the E. , flows SSE. then 
 ESE. , and empties itself through an estuary into the Sound 
 of Pamplico ; navigable for steamboats up to Goldsborough. 
 Length, 280 m. 
 
 Nensellerhansen, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and dist. 
 Leipzig. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Nensiedl-ani-!«ee, Hungarian, B^ezslder, market-tn. , W. 
 Hungary, co. Wieselburg, near the N. shore of Neusiedler See, 
 19 m. SW. Pressburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Neusledler-See (Ferto-tava), lake, Hungary, near its W. 
 frontier, between the cos. Oedenburg and Wieselburg, 19 m. 
 SSW. Pressburg. It receives the Vulka R. , and the town 
 Ruszt is on its W. side, where its banks are well wooded ; on 
 the E. the country is low and marshy. After a series of dry 
 years its waters are completely exhausted. It has several times 
 dried up and refilled, so that its area and depth are liable to 
 great alteration. It dried up in 1693, 1738, and in 1865. Length, 
 23 m.; breadth, 7 m.; area, 148 sq. m.; depth, 2-13 ft.; alt. 
 
 333 ft- 
 
 Sfensohl (German, in Hungarian Besztercze biiiiya), tn. 
 
 with magistracy, Hungary, cap. prov. Sohl, 63 m. N. Waitzen, 
 on the Gran, with manufactures of arms and ironmongery ; 
 Catholic bishopric see ; the residence of Mathias Corvinus. Alt. 
 1185 ft. Mean temp., yr. 47.2° F., Jan. 25.5°, July 68.2°. 
 P. 7500. 
 
 Nenss, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., on the 1. bk. of the Rhine, 
 at the confluence of the Erft, 3^ m. SW. by W. Diisseldorf, 
 cap. circle Neuss, with manufactures of agricultural implements, 
 screws, files, woollen and cotton goods, &c. In the 14th century 
 the town was still on the Rhine, over which the Roman consul 
 Drusus built a bridge, shortly before 9 B.C. P. (1816) 6300; 
 (1871) 14,000; tn. P. (1890) 20,200; comm. P. 22,600. 
 
 Neii.sii, tn. , Switzd. See Nyoii. 
 
 Neustadt, in full NeiiKtadt an der Mettan, tn. , Austria, 
 Bohemia, on riv. Mettau, circle and 16 m. NE. by E. Koniggratz. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Neustadt, vil., Canada, Ontario, Grey co. , on a branch of 
 Saugeen R. , 49 m. SW. by W. Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nenstadt, in full Nenstadt lin iSchwarzwald, urban comm. , 
 Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, circle and 18 m. ESE. Freiburg, 
 with which it is connected by a railway through the Hollenthal. 
 Alt. 2715 ft. P. <3poo. 
 
 Nenstadt, in full Xenstadt an der Alscli, tn., Ger., kgd. 
 Bavaria, govt. Middle Franconia, cap. circle Neustadt, 23 m. 
 WNW. Nuremberg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Neustadt, in full Nenstadt am Main, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, 
 govt. Lower Franconia, dist. Lohr, on the r. bk. of the Main, 
 19 m. NW. by W. Wtirzburg. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Xenstadt, in full Neustadt an der Haardt, tn., Ger., kgd. 
 Bavaria, govt. Palatinate of the Rhine, cap. circle Neustadt, 17 
 m. SW. by W. Mannheim, beautifully situated at the base of the 
 Haardt Mts.; with various manufactures. P. (1840)6700; tn. 
 P. (1890) 12,800; comm. P. 13,700. 
 
 Neustadt, in full Neustadt an der Saale, tn. , Ger. , in the 
 NW. of kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, cap. circle Neu- 
 stadt, on the Franconian Saale, 10 m. NE. by N. Kissingen. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Neustadt, in full Neustadt an tier Walduab, tn. , Ger., 
 kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, 30 m. SE. by E. Baireuth. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Neustadt, Ger. , Brunswick. See Harzbui^. 
 
 Neustadt, former name of Bergneustadt {g.v.), tn., Prussia, 
 Rhine Prov. 
 
 Neusta«lt, Ger., Prussia, prov. Saxony, once a separate town, 
 since 1887 incorporated with Magdeburg, of which it forms a 
 NW. suburb. P. 34,700. 
 
 Neusta<lt, in full Neustadt am Rtlbeuberg, tn. , Prussia, 
 prov. and 14 m. NW. Hanover, on riv. Leine, cap. circle Neu- 
 stadt ; on the W. are large marshes stretching to Lake Stein- 
 huder. Formerly an important fortress. P. < 3000. 
 
 Neustadt, in full Neustadt an der Dosse, tn. , Prussia, prov. 
 and 31 m. N. by W. Brandenburg, circle Neu-Ruppin ; near it 
 large horse-rearing establishment. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Neustadt, in full Neustadt bel Pinne, tn., Prussia, prov. 
 and 30 m. W. Posen, circle Neutomischel. P. < 3000. 
 
 Neustadt, in full Neustadt In Hesse, tn., Ger., Prussia, 
 Hesse-Nasbau, govt, and 35 m. SSW. Cassel, circle Kirchhain. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Neustadt, in full Neustadt In Holstein, tn., Prussia, prov. 
 Schleswig-Holstein, circle Oldenburg, on the Neustadter Bucht, 
 17 m. N. by E. Liibeck. P. <4000. 
 
 Neustadt, in full Neustadt In Oberschleslen, tn. , Prussia, 
 prov. Silesia, 33 m. WNW. Ratibor, cap. circle Neustadt ; with 
 manufactures of splendid damask and linen. P. (i8i6)<5ooo ; 
 tn. P. (1890) 17,500; comm. P. 17,600. 
 
 Neustadt, in full Neustatit In Westpreussen, tn. , Prussia, 
 prov. W. Prussia, 24 m. NW. Danzig, cap. circle Neustadt. 
 P. 5100. 
 
 Neustadt, in full Neustadt an der Ilelde, or Neustadt In 
 Koburg, tn., Ger., duchy Saxe-Koburg-Gotha, circle Neustadt, 
 9 m. NE. by E. Koburg. P. 5000. 
 
 Neustadt, in full Neustadt an der Orla, tn. , Ger., gd.- 
 duchy Saxe-Weimar, 15^ m. SE. by S. Jena, cap. circle 
 Neustadt. P. 5500. 
 
 Neustadt, former vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, now incorporated 
 with Leipzig. 
 
 Neustadt, in full Neustadt In 8achsen, or Neustadt bel 
 Pirna, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 21 m. E. by S. 
 Dresden, dist. Pirna, 14 m. SW. by S. Bautzen. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Neustadt, vil. , Switzd. See VUleneuve. 
 
 Nenstiidtel, comm., Austria, Carniola. See Rudolfsiverth. 
 
 Neusttidtel, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. 
 Schwarzenberg, 12 m. SE. by S. Zwickau, adjoining Schneeberg 
 on S. P. <4000. 
 
 Neustadter Bucht, a bay, Ger., in the SW. of the Baltic 
 Sea, bordered by Mecklenburg, Liibeck, Oldenburg, and prov. 
 Holstein. 
 
 Neustadter Feldmark, peasant vil. (bauerschaft), Prussia, 
 prov. Westphaha, circle and adjoining town of Herford. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Neustadtl, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Friedland, 13 m. 
 NE. by N. Reichenberg. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Neustadtl, tn., Austria, Moravia, dist. and 25 m. NE. by E. 
 Iglau. P. < 3000. 
 
 Neustadtl, tn. , Hungary. See Nagy IJJliely. 
 
 Neustettln, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, govt. Koshn, 
 cap. circle Neustettin, 55 m. SE. by E. Kolberg; built in 1312 
 by Duke Wratislaw IV. P. (1816) 2000; (1890) 8400. 
 
 Neustlft, comm., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 circle Freising, on the 1. bk. of the Isar adjoining Freising, 20 m. 
 NNE. Munich. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Neu-Strascliltz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Neu-Straschitz, 
 24 m. W. by N. Prague. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Neu-Streiltz, rural-residence tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 
 circle Neu-Strelitz, 60 m. N. by W. Berlin, in a beautiful hilly 
 country between Lakes Zierker and Glambecker, the first of 
 which is connected with the Havel by a navigable canal ; has a 
 collection of Slavonic antiquities. Built 1733, in the shape of an 
 eight-rayed star. P. (i8io)<4ooo ; (1890)9400. 
 
 Neutelcli, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle Marienburg, 
 21 m. SE. Danzig. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Neu-Tlrschtiegel, vil. , Ger. See Tlrschtlegel. 
 
 Neutltscheln, tn., Austria, Moravia, cap. dist. Neutitschein, 
 24 m. S. by E. Troppau ; has weaving of wool and manufactures 
 of hats, tobacco, and carriages. P. 11,600. 
 
 Neutomischel, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 34 m. W. by S. Posen, 
 circle Buk ; with important hop-fields in the neighbourhood. P. 
 
 <2C)00. 
 
 Nentra (German, in Hungarian Nyltra), tn. with magistracy, 
 Hungary, cap. co. Neutra, 37 m. N. Komorn ; has a cathedral. 
 The riv. Neutra flows S. into the Waag (Vag) at Komorn. 
 Alt. 564 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 49.4° F., Jan. 28.3°, July 70.5°. P. 
 13.500- 
 
 Neu-rini, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, circle Neu 
 Ulm, on the r. bk. of the Danube, opposite Ulm. Founded in 
 1821 ; fortified along with Ulm in 1842. P. 7700. 
 
 NeuvevlUe (German Neuenstadt), tn., Switzd., cant. Bern, 
 on the W. side of the Lake of Bienne, 10 m. NE. by E. 
 Neuchatel. P. (comm.)<:3ooo. 
 
 Neuvlc, tn. , France, dep. Corrfeze, arr. Ussel, 48 m. SW. by 
 W. Clermont-Ferrand. P. -<20oo. 
 
 1081 
 
NEUV — NEWA 
 
 Jfenrlc, tn., France, dep. Dordogne, arr. RiWrac, on the 
 Isle, 13 m. WSW. P^rigueux. P. <20oo. 
 
 Jfenvllle, vil., Canada, Quebec, Portneuf co. , on the riv. 
 Jacques Cartier, and a rly. , 23 m. W. by S. Quebec. 
 
 BfeuTllle, vil., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Pontoise, 17^ 
 m. NW. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <20oo. 
 
 Nenville, tn., France, dep. Vienne, arr. and 9 m. NW. by 
 N. Poitiers. P. <2oc)o. 
 
 Nenvllle-aux-Bols, tn. , France, dep. Loiret, on the CEuf, 
 arr. and 14 m. NE. by N. Orleans. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Nenvllle-snr-Sadne, tn. , France, dep. Rhone, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Saone, arr. and 8 m. N. Lyons. P. < 3000. 
 
 NenvUly, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 13 m. E. by S. 
 Cambrai. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Jfenvy-le-Rol, tn., France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, arr. and 16 
 m. N. by W. Tours. P. <2ooo. 
 
 NeuTy-Pallloux, vil., France, dep. Indre, arr. Issoudun, 29 
 m. WSW. Bourges. P. < 2000. 
 
 Nenvy St. Sepulchre, tn. , France, dep. Indre, 42 m. WNW. 
 Montlu9on, arr. and 8 m. W. La Chitre. P. <20oo. 
 
 NenTt'arp, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Ueckermiinde, 
 on the Grosses Haff, 24 m. NW. by N. Stettin. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Neu-Wedell, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Arns- 
 walde, 52 m. E. by S. Stettin. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Neu-Wegersleben, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Oschers- 
 leben, 11 m. N. Halberstadt. P. < 2000. 
 
 Nea->Vel88ensee, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt. 
 Potsdam, circle Niederbarnim, 2| m. NE. Berlin. P. 18,000. 
 
 Nenwerk, small isl., at the mouth of the Elbe, belonging to 
 Hamburg, Ger. It has a lighthouse, and is very important for 
 signalling vessels navigating the river. 
 
 Neuwerk, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Gladbach, 14 m. 
 W. Diisseldorf. P. 6100. 
 
 Neuwled, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., on the r. bk. of the 
 Rhine, 7 m. NW. Koblenz, cap. circle Neuwied, with manu- 
 factures of iron and tin goods, &c.; bell foundry ; iron and zinc 
 works near the Rhine ; has an ethnological and natural history 
 collection, brought from America by Prince Maximilian of Wied. 
 Built 1653 by Count Frederick of Wied. The French under 
 Hoche defeated the Austrians here, April 18, 1797. P. (1816) 
 5600; (1890) 11,100. 
 
 Nenzen, tn., Netherlands. See Ternenzen. 
 
 Neva, riv., Russia, flows from Lake Ladoga into Gulf of 
 Finland. See St. Petersburg. 
 
 Nevada, one of the U.S.A., in the western div., lying E. of 
 California, and S. of Oregon and Idaho. The cap. is Carson 
 City ; other chief towns, Virgfinia City, Reno, Eureka, and 
 Gold Hill, with populations of from 3000 to 9000. N. is wholly 
 within the great plateau region of western America, and its 
 elevation is in few places less than 5000 ft. (Virginia City, 6230 
 ft.). Large areas of volcanic rock exist, with smaller beds of 
 various ages, but the state has not yet been fully surveyed geo- 
 logically. In the S. the surface descends abruptly to the level 
 of the Colorado R. (600 ft. above sea-level), which stream forms 
 a state boundary for about 150 m. , and affords navigation to 
 the Gulf of California. The longest river within the state is the 
 Humboldt, which flows from near the E. boundary WSW. 350 
 m. until, greatly reduced by evaporation, it spreads out into 
 the Humboldt Sink. The valley of the Humboldt intersects 
 several N. and S. mountain ranges, thus showing the priority 
 of the stream, and furnishes a route used by early pioneers and 
 now by the Central Pacific Rly. In the W. are many other 
 'sinks' similar to the Humboldt, and some fresh- water lakes, 
 receiving streams from the E. slope of the Sierra Nevada. The 
 climate is exceedingly dry, W. winds losing most of their 
 moisture on the sierras. Temperature moderate [Wlnne- 
 mucca]. Irrigation is practised, but is limited in scope by lack 
 of water. Crops are chiefly subsidiary to grazing of sheep and 
 cattle. The leading occupation is mining, esjjecially of silver 
 and gold. The famous Comstock Lode, at and near Virginia 
 City, yielded from 1859 to 1891 (inclusive) $140,000,000 in gold 
 and $197,000,000 in silver. The rich ore occurred in great 
 masses, 'bonanzas,' the last one yielding $104,000,000, an 
 average of $93 per ton. The output having decreased con- 
 siderably since 1878, the population of the state dwindled from 
 62,000 in 1880 to 46, 000 in 1890, new discoveries of silver not 
 maintaining the former total. Other minerals are lead, in 
 Washoe and Eureka cos. ; sulphur in Humboldt co. ; antimony 
 in Humboldt and Lander cos. ; nickel and cobalt in Humboldt 
 CO.; borax from the marshes of Esmerelda co. ; rock-salt and 
 salt-brines in Churchill, Washoe, and Elko cos. The salt is 
 used mainly in chlorinating silver ores. With the bulk of its 
 population in its small cities Nevada has cared well for educa- 
 tion, and has a state university at Reno. The state is part of 
 the Mexican cession of 1848. Its area was part of Utah until 
 1861, and a territory until 1864. Area, 109,740 sq. m. P. 
 45,761. See United States, table. [C. H. L.] 
 
 Nevada, co. , U.S., Arkansas, a Uttle to W. of 93° W. , and S. 
 of34°N. 
 
 Nevada City, U.S., California, cap. N. co., 56 m. NNE. 
 1082 
 
 Sacramento ; the centre of gold-mining and wine-growing 
 region. Rfall., yr. 56.72 in., June-Sept. 1.22 in. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Nevada, tn., U.S., Iowa, Story co., 30 m. N. by E. Des 
 Moines. P. < 2000. 
 
 Nevada, city, U.S., Missouri, Vernon co., 88 m. S. by E. 
 Kansas City. P. 7300. 
 
 Nevada, vil., U.S., Ohio, Wyandot co., 61 m. N. by W. 
 Columbus. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Nevada, Sierra. See Sierra Nevada. 
 
 Nevada and JMotllones, terr., U.S., Colombia, consisting of 
 two portions of Magdalena state, separated by Cesar R., r. bk. 
 trib. of the Magdalena-Atanques ; the principal village lies 70 
 m. SE. Santa Marta. 
 
 Nevadavllle, or Nevada, gold-mining vil., U.S., Colorado, 
 Gilpin CO., 2 m. S. Central City. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Nevada, Spanish, feminine Nevada, 'snow covered.' The 
 masculine form is part of the name of many snow-capped peaks 
 in Spanish America. See Sierra Nevada. 
 
 Neva Strait, between Baranof and Krugof Is., Alaska, 
 connecting Sitka and Salisbury Sounds ; capable of being used 
 by large vessels only at certain states of the tide. 
 
 Nevay, vil. , Scot. , Forfarshire. See Eassle and Nevay. 
 
 Neve, ancient vil. , Palestine. See Nafva. 
 
 Nevel, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 63 m. NNW. Vitebsk. 
 P. 8500. 
 
 Nevele, comm. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. and 8 m. 
 W. by S. Ghent. P. <4000. 
 
 Nevelsky's Channel, the channel between the N. end of 
 Sakhalin I. and the mainland of Asia. 
 
 Nevendon, par., Eng. , Essex, div. and 10 m. S. Chelmsford, 
 \\ m. SSW. Wickford stn., P.O. P.<250. 
 
 Nevern, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, ^\ m. SW. by W. 
 Cardigan; 1473 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nevers, the ancient Noviodunum, cap. dep. Nifevre, France, 
 arr. Nevers, on the r. bk. of the Loire, 32 m. E. by S. Bourges ; 
 has a bishopric, large iron-foundry, manufactures of agricultural 
 implements, china and earthenware, mine and quarry chains, 
 and oil mills. Birthplace of General Ducrot. Alt. 650 ft. P. 
 (1872)22,300; (1890)22,300. 
 
 Neverslnk, a former spelling Naveslnk, U.S., New Jersey. 
 
 Neves, Nossa Senhora das, or Norte Grande, tn., NE. ct. 
 of Sao Jorge, or St. George Is., Azores, Portugal. P. <30oo. 
 
 Nevlges, vil. , Prussia. See Hardenberg. 
 
 Nevll, Nevlll, or Navel, Bay, an inlet on the W. side of 
 Hudson Bay, Canada, in 62° N. 
 
 Neville's Cross, Eng., Durham, adjoining Durham on the S. ; 
 here the Scots were defeated, and King David taken prisoner, 
 by the English, 17th October 1346. 
 
 Nevin, contributory pari. bor. [Carnarvon], par., and sea pt. 
 tn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, on the coast, 17m. W. Portmadoc, 
 5^ m. WNW. Pwllheli stn., a rising watering-place; important 
 fisheries. Here Edward I. held a round table and tournament 
 in celebration of his conquest of Wales (1284). Four miles off 
 are The Rivals (Yor Eifl), mts. , at the foot of which is Vortigern's 
 Valley, where Vortigern, the British chief, is said to have been 
 buried. PMT.O. Contributory pari. bor. and par. P. < 2000. 
 
 Nevlnnoniysskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kubaii, 30 m. S. Stawopol. P. 5700. 
 
 Nevis, Brit, isl., W. Indies, Leeward Is., off the S. ct. of St. 
 Christopher, in 17° 10' N. , 62° 35' W. (middle of island). An 
 extinct volcano, 3000 ft., in centre of island; staple crop, sugar. 
 Cap. Charlestown (P. <2ooo). Area, 50 sq.m. P. 13,000. See 
 St. Christopher. 
 
 Nevis, Loch, inlet, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the W., to the 
 N. of Nevis Morar Penin., in 57° N., 9 m. long. 
 
 Nevlyansk, iron-works and gold-mines, Russia, govt. Perm, 
 56 m. by rail N. Ekaterinburg, on Neiva R. P. 16, 100. 
 
 Nevrokop, tn. , Turkey in Europ)e, vilayet Seres, 65 m. SW. 
 Philippopolis. Alt. 1855 ft. P. 11,000; Moham. 5600; Chris- 
 tians, 2500 (G.). 
 
 Nevshehr, tn. , Asia Minor, 42 m. WSW. Kaisarieh. 
 
 Nevsklye Zavody, large paper, candles, chemical, and iron 
 works, Russia, 3-5 m. from St. Petersburg, on 1. bk. Neva. 
 
 New. For places with this prefix not undermentioned, see 
 the second part of the name. 
 
 New Abbey, par. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, 6 m. S. Dumfries, 
 4^ m. SE. Lochenhead stn. , PMT.O.; 13,199 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 NeM-ala, vil., Ger. E. Africa, about 10 m. N. of the Rovuma, 
 in 10° 56' S., 39° 8' E. 
 
 New Albany, city, U.S., Indiana, Floyd co. , on r. bk. of 
 Ohio R. , which has a fall of 29 ft. 2 m. above the town, affording 
 the finest water-power, 4 m. N W. Louisville ( Ky. ) , finely situated 
 on a gentle rise ; W. and NW. are hills called the Knobs, 300 
 to 500 ft. in height ; has great river trade ; important manu- 
 factures of cottons, woollens, machinery, iron and brass ; one of 
 the most extensive glass-works in the U.S., producing polished 
 plate-glass. Incorporated as a city in 1839. P. (1870) 15,400; 
 (1880) 16,400; (1890) 2I,IOO. 
 
 Newall with Clifton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Otley div., 9 m. N. by E. Bradford. P. <:5oo. 
 
N E W A 
 
 N E WB 
 
 Xew Aluiadeii, vil. , U.S., California, Santa Clara co., 57 
 m. SE. by S. San Francisco. Its quicksilver mine, the most 
 productive in the U.S., has latterly declined in production; 
 1883, 29,000 flasks (flask of 765 lbs.); 1890, 12,000 flasks. P. 
 <i5oo. See Alniaden. 
 
 Jieyv Amsterdam, tn., Brit. Guiana, on the r. bk. of the riv. 
 Berbice, near its mouth, 63 m. SE. Georgetown. 
 
 'Seyv Amsterdam, volcanic isl. , Indian Ocean, 37 m. N. St. 
 Paul, in 37° 48' S. , 79° 25' E. , 25 sq. m. in extent. Discovered 
 by the Dutch navigator. Van Vlaming, in 1696. Formally 
 annexed with St. Paul, in 1892, by France, which had long before 
 laid claim to it. 
 New Amsterdam, U.S. See Jfew York. 
 Ne-w Annan, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Colchester co. , 34 
 m. W. by S. Pictou. 
 
 Newark, or Newark-npon-Trent, mun. bor. (since Edward 
 VI.), par., and market-tn. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Newark 
 div., 17 m. NE. Nottingham, in the diocese of Southwell, on 
 the N. canal, a navigable branch of the Trent, which here 
 receives the riv. Devon, and on the G. N. R. and M. R. ; staple 
 trade in malt, corn, and flour, brewing, foundries, manufacture 
 of agricultural implements and boilers, gypsum and limestone 
 quarries. Anciently named Sidnacester, a Saxon bishopric ; 
 when destroyed by the Danes and rebuilt, named New-work ; 
 styled later, 'Newerk' and 'Nowrk.' During the Civil War, 
 the town took the part of King Charles ; it was four times be- 
 sieged. Grammar-school founded 1529, by Archdeacon Mag- 
 nus ; ancient castle (ruins), where King John died. Many fairs ; 
 the corn-market is one of the largest in the United Kingdom. 
 Market-days, Tu. (fat stock), W., and S. Mun. bor. 1932 ac, 
 P. (1801) 6700 ; (1851)11,300(1871)12,200; (1891)14,500; par. 
 (Newark-npon-Trent) P. 14,600; pari. div. P. (1891)50,000. 
 Newark, eccles. par., Scot., Renfrewshire, Port-Glasgow par. 
 P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Newark, tn. , U.S., Delaware, Newcastle co., 12 m. WSW. 
 Wilmington, with mines of brown hematite near. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Newark, city, U.S., New Jersey, Essex co., 7 m. W. by N. 
 Jersey City, on a fertile plain, with rising ground on the W. , 
 connected by five different railroads with New York. The city 
 is supplied with water from a number of neighbouring springs. 
 It has four cemeteries ; Mount Pleasant, the oldest, is elegantly 
 laid out, occupying 40 ac. of ground. Free library of 50,000 vols. 
 Newark is extensively engaged in manufactures of various kinds 
 of leather goods. About 1676, mechanics were invited to settle 
 here. Its extensive tanneries were first established in 1698. 
 Manufactures also hats, thread, and celluloid goods. P. (1830) 
 11,000; (1870)105,100; (1880) 136,500; (1890) 181,800. 
 
 Newark, vil., U.S., New York, Wayne co., 27 m. ESE. 
 Rochester, on the Erie Canal. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Newark, city, U.S., Ohio, Licking co. , on Licking R., 32 m. 
 E. by N. Columbus. Coalfields at no great distance ; extensive 
 prehistoric remains in and round the town. P. (1880) 9600 ; 
 (1890) 14,300. 
 
 Newark Ca.stle, a ruin, Scot., Selkirkshire, on the r. bk. of 
 the Yarrow, 3 m. W. by N. Selkirk. 
 
 Newarke, The, par. , Eng. , in co. and bor. of Leicester. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Newarp, Eng. See Cross Sand. 
 
 Newarthlll, mining vil. , Scot. , NE. Lanarkshire, 2| m. NE. by 
 E. Motherwell, i m. E. by N. Holytown June. , PM.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 New Athens, vil., U.S., Illinois, St. Clair co., 28 m. SE. St. 
 Louis by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Newaygo, vil., U.S., Michigan, cap. Newaygo co. , on the 
 riv. Muskegon, 98 m. W. by S. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newbald, North and l^onth, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div. N. Newbald, 13 m. 
 NW. by W. Hull, P.O., P. <75o; S. Newbald, 2\ m. N. by 
 W. South Cave stn., P. <25o. 
 
 Newball, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 7 m. 
 NE. by E. Lincoln, i^ m. ENE. Langworth stn. P. <25o. 
 
 New Baltimore, vil., U.S., Michigan, Macomb co. , 4 m. E. 
 Milton, on Lake St. Clair. P. <i5oo. 
 
 New Bandon, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Gloucester 
 CO., on Chaleur Bay, in 65° 13' W. 
 
 Newbarns "with Ha-wcote, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, 
 Barrow-in-Furness union. P. <;25oo. 
 
 Newbattle, par., Scot., Midlothian, on the S. Esk, 7 m. S. 
 Dalkeith ; 5225 ac. P. <40oo. 
 
 NewbawM, par., Ire., W. co. Wexford, bars. Bantryand W. 
 Shelmaliere, ■]\ m. SE. by E. New Ross, P.O.; 7537 ac. P. 
 <:iooo. 
 
 New Bedfonl, city and port, U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol 
 CO., on W. side of Acushnet R., whose mouth forms a com- 
 modious harbour, with fortification at entrance, and is crossed 
 by a bridge 4000 ft. in length, 14 m. ESE. Fall R. The water- 
 works were constructed in 1869 ; the head of Acushnet R. , 6 m. 
 distant, is dammed up to form a reservoir of 400,000,000 gallons. 
 New B. has long been the chief seat of the American whale 
 fishery, pursued here as early as 1755, now rapidly on the 
 decline. P. (1870)21,300; (1880)26,800; (1890)40,700. 
 
 New Berlin, vil., U.S., New York, Chenango co., 48 m. 
 SE. by E. Syracuse. P. <i5oo. 
 
 New Berlin, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Union co. , 45 m. N. 
 by W. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newbern, sometimes spelt New Bern (or Berne), city and 
 port, U.S., N. Carolina, cap. Craven co. , 78 m. NE. Wilming- 
 ton, at the junction of the broad rivs. Neuse and Trent, with a 
 capacious harbour, communicating with Pamlico Sound and 
 through Hatteras and Ocracoke inlets with the ocean. An 
 important farming, fishing, and lumber-cutting centre. Founded 
 in 1710 by a native of Bern, Switzd. , on a site called by the 
 Indians, Chattawka or Chautauqua. For some time seat of the 
 colonial government of Carolina ; it still has remains of the royal 
 governor's ' palace. ' P. (1870) 5800; (1880)6400; (1890)7800. 
 Newbern, tn., U.S., Tennessee, Dyer co. , 77 m. NE. by N. 
 Memphis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newbern, vil., U.S., Virginia, cap. Pulaski co., 168 m. W. 
 by S. Richmond, 82 m. W. by S. Lynchburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newberry, vil., U.S., Michigan, Chippewa co. , 52 m. NW. 
 by W. Straits of Mackinac ; railway junction. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newberry, or Newberry Conrt-Hou.se, tn. , U.S., S. Caro- 
 lina, cap. Newberry co. , 36 m. WNW. Columbia. P. <40oo. 
 
 New Bethesda, vil. , Cape Colony, dist. and 25 m. N. Graaff 
 Reinet. 
 
 New Bethlehem, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and 17m. S. 
 Clarion, on Red Bank Creek. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Newblggln, par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Tees, 15 m. E. by N. Appleby, 2^ m. NW. 
 Middleton stn.; lead ore mined. P.O. (Newblggen)". 4639 ac. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Newblggln, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 
 on the coast, 7 m. E. by N. Morpeth, on the NE. R., PMT.O. 
 (Newblggln>by-the-Sea). Connected by submarine cable with 
 Arendal, Marstrand, Hvitshals, and Sondervig (Norway, Den- 
 mark, and Sweden). P. <2ooo; tn. (Newblggln-by-the>Sea) 
 P. <2C)oo. See Woodhoru. 
 
 Newblggln, par., Eng., Northumberland, Castle Ward 
 union. P. <25o. 
 
 Newblggln, par., Eng., Westmorland, on the N. border of 
 the Appleby div., 7^ m. E. by S. Penrith, with stn. (New 
 Biggin) on the M. R'., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Newblggln, vil., Eng., 2 m. NW. Ravenstonedale, West- 
 morland, PM.O. 
 
 Newblggln, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 14J 
 m. SW. Richmond, 2^ m. SW. by S. Aysgarth stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Newblggln, East a"nd West, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 
 5 m. NE. by E. Darlington, 3^ m. SW. Carlton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Newblgglng, vil., Scot., Forfarshire, i,\ m. E. by N. Coupar 
 Angus, close to Newtyle stn., P.O. 
 
 Newblgglng, vil. , Scot., S. Lanarkshire, i m. NW. by N. 
 from its stn. on the C. R., 8 m. E. by N. Lanark, P.O. 
 
 New Birmingham, Ire. See Blrmlngliam, New. 
 
 Newbllss, market-tn.. Ire., W. co. Monaghan, bar. Dartree, 
 9 m. SW. Monaghan, on the Dundalk and Enniskillen Rly., 
 PMT.O. Market-day, W. P. <5oo. 
 
 Newbold, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Rochdale par. P. 
 8700. • 
 
 Newbold, vil., Eng., Leicestershire. See Worthlngton. 
 
 Newbold and Dunston, par. and tn., Eng., Derbyshire, div. 
 and \\ m. NW. Chesterfield, P.O. (Newbold). Par. P. 6900; 
 tn. P. 5200. 
 
 Newbold Astbnry, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, 3 m. SE. Congleton. 
 P. <:75o. 
 
 New1>old-on-Stonr, eccles. par., Eng., Worcestershire, Eves- 
 ham div., 6 m. SSE. Stratford-on-Avon, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Newbold Pacey, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on 
 Avon div., 5 m. S. Warwick. P. <:500. 
 
 Newbold-upon-Avon, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 
 2 m. NW. Rugby; hydraulic limestone quarries. P.O. P. < 
 750; eccles. par. (Newbold-npon- Avon with Lawford, Long) 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Newbold Verdon, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 2^ m. 
 E. by N. Bosworth, P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Newborongh, vil., Canada, Ontario, Leeds co., 31 m. NNE. 
 Kingston. 
 
 Newborongh, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, N. div., in the 
 Soke of and 5 m. NE. by N. Peterborough, i^ m. N. by E. 
 Eye Green stn., P.O.; 5531 ac. P. <75o; eccles. par. (New- 
 borongh with Borough Fen) P. < 1000. 
 
 Newborongh, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Burton div., 7 m. 
 W. by N. Burton-upon-Trent, 4 m. SSW. Sudbury stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Newborongh, St. Peters, par., Wales, Anglesey, 4 m. 
 WNW. Carnarvon, 3^ m. SE. by S. Bodorgan stn., PMT.O. ; 
 5126 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 New Boston, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Hillsboro co., 18 
 m. NW. Nashua. P. < 1500. 
 
 NeM'bottle, par., Eng., Durham, Houghton-le-Spring div. 
 si m. SW. Sunderland, \\ m. NE. Fencehouses stn., PM.O. 
 PT 5600. 
 
 1083 
 
N E W B — N E W B 
 
 Newbottle, part of par., Eng. , Northamptonshire. Eccles. 
 par. (Newbottle M°lth Charlton) P. <5oo. See Kings Sntton. 
 
 Newbourn, par., Eng., Suffolk, 4m. SW. Woodbridge. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Ne-w Bralntree, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co. , on 
 Ware R., 18 m. W. by N. VV^orcester. P. < 1500. 
 
 fiey*' Bremen, vil. , U.S., Ohio, Auglaize co. , 97 m. SSW. 
 Toledo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newbridge, hamlet, Eng., Cornwall, 4m. W. Penzance, P.O. 
 
 Newbridge, PM.O. , Eng., near Nelson, Lancashire, i m. 
 from Barrowford. 
 
 Neivbrldge, hamlet, Eng., S. div. of Monmouthshire, 6 m. 
 WSW. Pontypool, on the G. W. R.. PMT.O., with coal-mines. 
 
 Newbridge, civic tn. , Ire. ,N^. co. Kildare, bar. Connell, 5 m. 
 ENE. Kildare, on the G. S. & W. R. ; within 2 m. of the 
 Curragh Camp, containing a large cavalry barrack. P. <3500. 
 
 Newbridge, stn. , Ire., SE. co. Wicklow, bar. and 5^ m. 
 NNW. Arklow, in the Vale of Avoca, on the Dublin, Wicklow, 
 and Wexford Rly. 
 
 Newbridge, post-tn.. New South Wales, co. Galbraith, 164 
 m. by rail W. Sydney ; with iron and gold mines, and a slate 
 quarry. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ne'wbrldge, hamlet, Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 3 m. NW. 
 Dumfries, P.O. 
 
 Newbridge, postal-tn., Victoria, Gladstone co., 20 m. W. 
 Sandhurst. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Newbridge, hamlet, Wales, 2 m. from Ruabon, Denbigh- 
 shire, P.O. 
 
 Newbridge (on Wye) with Llysdlnann, eccles. par. , Wales, 
 Radnorshire and N. Brecknockshire, 3 m. W. byS. New Radnor, 
 on the Cambrian Rly., PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 New Brighton, vil., U.S., New York, Richmond co. , on the 
 N. ct. of Staten I. , and the S. side of New York Harbour. Here 
 is the ' Sailor's Snug Harbour,' a very large and wealthy institu- 
 tion for aged mariners. P. (1880) 12,700; (1890) 16,400. 
 
 New Brighton, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, on Beaver R. , 
 which furnishes excellent water-power, 21 m. NW. Allegheny. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 New Britain, isl., &c. See Blsniarrk Archipelago. 
 
 New Britain, city, U.S., Connecticut, co. and 9 m. SW. 
 Hartford ; manufactures builders' hardware, machinery, and 
 hosiery. P. (1880) 11,800 ; (1890)16,500. 
 
 Newbrook, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Hollymount. 
 
 Newbrongh, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 4^ m. 
 NW. by W. Hexham, i m. W. by N. Fourstones stn. ; lead ore 
 mined. P.O. 7589 ac. P. < 1000. See Warden. 
 
 New Bran§'wlck, prov. of Canada, E. ct. , between 45° 5'- 
 48° 5' N. , 63° 47-67° 53' W. , bounded W. by Maine and by 
 Quebec, N. by Quebec and Chaleur Bay, E. by the Gulf of St. 
 Lawreace, Northumberland Strait, and the isthmus of Chignecto 
 (14 m. across), which connects it with Nova Scotia, and S. by the 
 Bay of Fundy. Area, about half that of England ; cap. Frederic- 
 ton, on St. John R. ; coast indented (length 500 m.) by spacious 
 inlets (Miramichi Bay on W. coast, Shepody Bay, St. John's 
 Harbour, and Passamaquoddy Bay on S. coast) ; shores N. of the 
 isthmus low and sandy, S. , on the Bay of Fundy, rocky and 
 sterile, except at head of bay, where are rich reclaitaed marsh- 
 lands. Surface undulating, of slight elevation ; highest point 
 2170 ft., in a range of hills in the N., extending from the falls of 
 St. John to the Bay of Chaleur. Principal rivers, St. John and 
 St. Croix, forming part of the W. boundary, the former in the 
 N. flowing SE., the latter in the S., Restigouche, forming part 
 of the N. boundary, and Miramichi in E., all in part navigable, 
 and with others forming a network of waterways in the interior. 
 In the S. are Grand Lake (30 m. in length) and Washdensoak 
 (20 m.), besides many smaller lakes. A characteristic feature 
 of the prov. consists in the ' intervale ' lands, alluvial deposits in 
 the valleys, sometimes forming a belt several miles in width on 
 each side of the river. These lands have been formed by a 
 succession of overflows, and continue to be fertilised by the addi- 
 tion of fresh layers, until they are thereby raised above the reach 
 of floods. Like the marshlands, they are of remarkable fer- 
 tility, and require no artificial manuring. Dense forests still 
 cover large areas, and the exportation of timber has hitherto 
 been the principal source of wealth. Land can be obtained 
 either by purchase or under the Free Settlement Act, the terms 
 of which enable a man to acquire freehold property by his own 
 labour. Climate severe in winter, though exceedingly healthy 
 (St. John, Frederlcton) ; on the shores of the Bay c>f Fundy, 
 much milder and more equable than in the interior ; fogs, how- 
 ever, prevail in summer. The soil is fertile and well adapted for 
 the cultivation of barley, oats, rye, and to a less extent of wheat, 
 root-crops, leguminous and garden vegetables generally, and 
 various fruits ; excellent pasturage supports considerable num- 
 bers of cattle, and the rearing of live stock is an increasingly 
 important branch of industry. Fisheries are very valuable, 
 comprising cod, pollock, hake, haddock, herring, mackerel, 
 salmon, shad, sardine, &c., besides lobsters and oysters. 
 Minerals worked include coal (of which an important field 
 occurs in Gloucester countv, along the Caraquette Rly,), man- 
 1084 
 
 ganese, and gypsum, and to a much smaller extent antimony 
 and plumbago ; gold, silver, sulphides of iron and lead, iron 
 pyrites, and copper have been discovered on Chaleur Bay, N. 
 of Bathurst, and other deposits are known to exist, but the 
 mineral resources of the prov. are as yet feebly developed. Ship- 
 building, formerly a leading industry, has declined, but other 
 manufactures are making considerable advance. These include 
 cotton and woollen goods, machinery, paper, and fertilisers. 
 The lumbering industry, which supplies more than three-fifths 
 of the exports, is likely to become of increased value, owing to the 
 demand for black spruce [Abies nigra) in the manufacture of 
 wood pulp, as great numbers of trees are available for this pur- 
 pose which would not be large enough for timber. In 1858, 
 the first railway, 65 m. in length, between St. Andrew's and 
 Woodstock, was opened. Besides other lines, the prov. is now 
 traversed S. and W. by the Intercolonial Rly., thus affording 
 direct communication with the western provs. of the Dominion, 
 Halifax on the Atlantic coast, and the U.S. Area, 28,200 sq. m. 
 P. 321,300. See Canada, Dominion of, table. 
 
 Neiv Brunswick, city, U.S., New Jersey, Middlesex co. , on 
 the Raritan R. , 22 m. SW. Newark, and 31 m. from New York 
 city, at terminus of Delaware and Raritan Canal. The oldest 
 part of the town is on low land, the newer part on high sloping 
 ground, in the form of a crescent ; has extensive factories ; also 
 a theological seminary of the Reformed (Dutch) Church, estab- 
 lished 1810, with a library of 44,000 vols. Also the seat of 
 Rutgers College, one of the oldest institutions in the United 
 States, founded in 1766. It was formerly Queen's College. P. 
 (1880) 17,200; (1890) 18,600; (1894) 19,000. 
 
 Nc'w BalTalo, vil., U.S., Michigan, Berrien co. , on Lake 
 Michigan, 5 m. NE. of the SW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 New Bnlldlngs, hamlet. Ire., co. and 3 m. SW. London- 
 derry stn., P.O. 
 
 Newbnrg, tn. , U.S., Indiana, Warrick co. , on N. bank of 
 Ohio R. , 35 m. from the confluence of the Ohio and Wabash, 
 with coal-mines. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Newbnrg, city, U.S., New York, Orange co. , on the r. bk. 
 of Hudson R. , 60 m. N. by W. New York, on a steep slope 
 rising to 150 ft. 'Washington's Headquarters,' an old stone 
 mansion, is owned and kept in order by the state. Has varied 
 manufacturing interests and considerable shipping trade. P. 
 (1880) 18,000; (1890)23,100. 
 
 Newbnrg, vil., U.S., V\'. Virginia, Preston co. , 23 m. NW. 
 by W. of the SW. corner of Maryland. Alt. 1215 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Newbnrgh, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Carleton co. , 44 
 m. NW. by W. Fredericton. 
 
 Newbnrgli, vil., Canada, Ontario, Addington co. , on the riv. 
 Napanee, and a railway, 19 m. WNW. Kingston. 
 
 Newbnrgh, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Ormskirk div. , 7 
 m. WNW. Wigan, close to Parbold stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Newbnrgh, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 4 m. NE. 
 Easingwold. P. <25o. 
 
 Newbnrgh, seapt. vil. , Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on the E. 
 ct., at the mouth of the Ythan, 14 m. E. by N. Inverurie, 4^ m. 
 SE. Ellon stn., PMT.O. P.<750. 
 
 Newbnrgh, royal and police burgh, par., and seapt., Scot., 
 E. Fife, on the r. bk. of the Tay, 7 m. N. bv W. Falkland, on the 
 N. B. R. , PMT.O. Royal burgh, par. , and vil. P. (1891) <2ooo. 
 . Newbnrn, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Tyneside div. j on the 
 Tyne, 5i m. W. Newcastle, i m. ENE. Ryton stn., on NE. R. , 
 PMT.O. P. < 2000. Newbnrn Hall, adjoining par. , P. <: 2000. 
 
 Newborn, par., Scot., E. Fife, 8 m. SE. by S. Cupar, 2 m. 
 E. by N. Largo stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 New Burnside, vil., U.S., Illinois, Johnson co. , 107 m. SE. 
 St. Louis (Mo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Newbnry, vil., Canada, Ontario, Middlesex co., 35 m. SW. 
 by W. London. 
 
 Newbury, mun. bor. (since Queen Elizabeth) and market- 
 tn. , Eng., Berkshire, S. or Newbury div., 16 m. WSW. Reading, 
 in the diocese of Oxford, on the Kennet, with stn. on branch of 
 the G. W. R. ; staple trade, agricultural produce and malting. 
 Originally called Neui-borough, as distinguished from the Roman 
 town SpincE close by; two battles here, 17th century, both favour- 
 able to the Royalist party. Many fairs held. Market-day, Th. 
 Mean rfall. (1866-80, Greenham, alt. 260 ft.), yr. 29.2 in. Mun. 
 bor. (1891) P. 11,000; pari. div. (1891) P. 54,800. 
 
 Newbury, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., 2 m. S. New- 
 buryport. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newbury, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Merrimack co. , at the 
 foot of the Sunapee Lake, 25 m. W. by N. Concord. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Newbury, tn., U.S., Vermont, Orange co. , on Connecticut 
 R. , 25 m. SW. St. Johnsburg by rail ; celebrated for sulphur 
 springs. P. < 3000. 
 
 Newbury, West, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Merrimack, 10 m. NE. by E. Lawrence. P. <20oo. 
 
 Newburyport, city and port, U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., 
 on the Merrimac, S. bank, i6| m. ENE. Lawrence, with a safe 
 and commodious harbour formed by Plum I.; a shifting bar at 
 the mouth has 9 ft. of water at low, and 17 ft. at high tide;- 
 
NEWB — NEWC 
 
 has cotton-mills and shoe manufactures. P. (1880) 13,500; 
 (1890) 13,900. 
 
 Newbury Wash, hamlet, Eng. , Berkshire, 2 m. SW. New- 
 bury, P.O. 
 
 Bfewby, par. , Eng., Westmorland, div. and 6 m. W. Appleby, 
 3 m. S. Cliburn stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Newby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div. , 5^ m. 
 S. Middlesbrough, 2^ m. SW. Nunthorpe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Newby, part of par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Claphnni vlth 
 Newby. 
 
 Newby, part of par. , Eng., Yorkshire. See Rnlntoii. 
 
 Newby, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Skeltou. 
 
 Newby Bridge, vil. , Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 
 10 m. WSW. Kendal, at the foot of Windermere, PMT.O. 
 
 Ne'wby Cote, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 19I m. SE. Kendal, 2 m. N. by W. Clapham stn. 
 
 Ne-w Byth, vil. , Scot. , E. Aberdeenshire, 10 m. SE. by E. 
 Banff, 64 m. ENE. Turriff stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Newby Wlske, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., on the Wiske, loi m. NNE. Ripon, on the NE. R., 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Newby with Mnlwlth, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Newby, 3 m. SE. Ripon. P. <25o. 
 
 Ne-w Caledonia, isl. in the W. Pacific, lying almost half-way 
 between Queensland and the Fiji Is., in i64°-i67° E. and 
 20°-22^° S. Its length, from NW. to SE. , is about 240 m., or, 
 counting in the extremities of the reef which surrounds New 
 Caledonia, fully 400 m. ; breadth, 25-35 ni- '< area, including 
 the Pines, Uen, Huon, Chesterfield, Be^lep, and some smaller 
 islands, 6450 sq. m. A high narrow plateau, wider and higher 
 in the N. than in the S. , and keeping more to the E. than to the 
 W. coast, runs down the whole length of New Caledonia. In 
 the N. it is built up of Archaean schists, in the middle of Triassic, 
 Jurassic, and Cretaceous rocks, and in the S. of eruptive forma- 
 tions, chiefly serpentine. In the N. , which is well wooded and 
 well watered, containing the longest stream of the island, the 
 Diahot (50 m.), the highest point is Mount Pani6 (5400 ft.) ; in 
 the S. , which is more irregular, as well as barer and more infer- 
 tile, the highest point is Mount Humboldt (5300 ft.). A great 
 number of short ranges, with well watered valleys between, run 
 down from the main axis to the coast on both sides, being longer 
 and steeper on the W. The climate is healthy and agreeable, 
 though of course tropical. The heat is moderated by sea-breezes , 
 yet even then it ranges between 55^° and 77° F. from April to 
 September, and between ji^° and 100^° from October to March. 
 Rfall. (1863-64) 48 in. at Num^a on the SW. ct., 63 in. at 
 Canala on the NE. ct. ; most rain falls at the former place 
 between April and July, at the latter between January and April. 
 The island is sometimes visited by devastating hurricanes. New 
 Caledonia is unusually rich in minerals — nickel, chrome, copper, 
 cobalt, antimony, gold (all these worked), coal, iron, manganese, 
 lead, &c. (exist), and lithographic stone on Mato Is., off the S. 
 extremity. The soil is very fertile in the valleys, and yields 
 maize, rice, coffee, sugar, tobacco, manioc, cocoa-nuts, yams, 
 bread-fruit, bananas, sweet potatoes, &c., as well as cotton and 
 vanilla. Timber of various kinds abounds, and trees yielding 
 caoutchouc, gums, tar, ebony, cajaput, &c. The natives devote 
 their attention principally to cattle-breeding, and keep also sheep, 
 goats, horses, pigs, and poultry. Ore is smelted, and tobacco, 
 sugar, soap, salt, &c. , manufactured. Trade, which amounts 
 to only about half a million sterling annually, is in Anglo-Austra- 
 lian and French hands. Principal port Num^a, with Balad, 
 Pu^bo, Hyenghene (Yengen), and Canala. A submarine cable 
 from Gomen on the N. ct. connects with the Queensland tele- 
 graphs at Bundaberg about 180 m. N. Brisbane, and thence 
 with the cable to Europe. Total population about 63,000, in 
 eluding 43,700 natives (of whom about 23,000 are Canaques, the 
 Melanesian indigenes), 10,000 convicts (including those who have 
 served their time and remain as colonists), and 9000 officials, 
 soldiers, and free colonists. The island is administered by a 
 governor, assisted by a colonial council, and is divided into five 
 arrondissements, having for their caps. Num^a (cap. of the 
 island), Canala, Huailu, Tuhu, U^goa. It was discovered by 
 Captain Cook in 1774, and was occupied by France in 1853. 
 Since i860 it has been used as a convict settlement ; here many 
 of the Paris communards of 1871 were sent. See H. Le Chartier, 
 JVew Caledonia (1885), and L. Pelatan, Les Mines de New 
 Caledonia, with a good map (1892). 
 
 New Canipbellto'wii, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton 
 I. , Victoria co. , on Great Bras d'Or Channel, 19 m. N W. Sydney. 
 
 New Canaan, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Queen's co. , on 
 the riv. Washademoak, 62 m. E. by N. Fredericton. 
 
 New Canaan, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co. , 15 m. W. 
 by S. Bridgeport. P. <:3000. 
 
 New Carlisle, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Bonaventure co. , on 
 Chaleur Bay, in 65° 21' W. 
 
 New Carlisle, vil., U.S., Indiana, St. Joseph co. , 54 m. 
 E. by S. Chicago (111.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Ne'w Carlisle, vil., U.S., Ohio, Clarke co. , 57 m. W. 
 Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ne^^castle, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Northumberland 
 CO., on 1. bk. of Miramichi R. , 92 m. NE. by N. Fredericton. 
 
 Newcastle, vil., Canada, Ontario, Durham co., on Lake 
 Ontario, 42 m. ENE. Toronto. 
 
 Newcastle, vil., Cape Colony, dist. Peddie, 38 m. SSW. 
 King William's Town. 
 
 Newcastle, vil., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., 4J m. NW. V 
 Monmouth, P.O. 
 
 Newcastle, Eng., Northumberland. See Newcastle-on- 
 Tyne. 
 
 Newcastle, eccles. par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., io| m. 
 SE. by E. Newtown, 6 m. SW. Bishop's Castle stn., P.O. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Newcastle, tn. , Ire., SE. ct. co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, on Dundrum Bay, 11 m. SW. Downpatrick, with 
 which it is connected by rail on the Belfast and County Down 
 Rly. ; finely situated near the base of Slieve Donard Mt. 
 PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Newcastle, par.. Ire., SW. co. Dublin, bar. Newcastle, 6^ 
 m. SE. by S. Maynooth, i m. from Hazelhatch stn., P.O.; 
 4158 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Ne^wcastle, par. and civic tn. , Ire., co. Limerick, 18 m. E. 
 Listovvel, bars. Glenquin and Shanid, with a stn. (Newcastle, 
 West) on the Waterford and Limerick Rly., PMT.O. (New- 
 castle. West). Market-day, S. Par. 5425 ac. , P. <:30oo; tn. 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Newcastle, electoral div. , Ire., co. Meath, dist. Moynalty. 
 
 Newcastle, par.. Ire., S. co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa 
 West, 7 m. SW. Clonmel, on the r. bk. of the Suir, 3 m. from 
 Boher stn., P.O. ; 10,855 ac. P.<;i5oo. 
 
 Newcastle, par., Ire., co. Waterford, bars. Decies without 
 Drum and Middlethird, 4 m. E. Kilmacthomas. P. <5oo. 
 
 Newcastle, electoral div.. Ire., co. Wexford, dist. Bridgetown. 
 
 Newcastle, bar. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Wicklow. 
 
 Ne'wcastle, stn.. Ire., co. Wicklow, near Wicklow, on Dublin, 
 Wicklow, and Wexford Rly., PM.O. 
 
 Novcastle, vil. , Jamaica, Surrey co. , 9I m. NE. Kingston. 
 Alt. 3974 ft. Rfall. (5 yrs.), 100.01 in. 
 
 Newcastle, vil., Natal, 130 m. N. by W. Pietermaritzburg. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Newcastle, city. New South Wales, and principal coaling 
 depot of the AustraHan colonies, co. Northumberland, at the 
 mouth of Hunter R. , 75 m. N. Sydney. It is the principal 
 port for the N. dists. of New South Wales, and its coal trade, 
 from extensive mines in the neighbourhood, is unrivalled in the 
 southern hemisphere. Great quantities of wool are also ex- 
 ported. There are two forts to protect the harbour, besides 
 two breakwaters. On Nobby's Head is a lighthouse, visible 
 17 m. The length of quayage is 10,975 ft., with 2000 ft. of 
 wharfage, and the depth of the harbour 27 ft. (high water) to 
 23 ft. (low water). There are two lines of steamers daily to 
 Sydney. Newcastle gives title to a diocese. At Stockton, on 
 the N. side of the harbour, are a patent slip and a shipbuilding 
 yard. Mean temp., yr. 64.2° F. , Jan. 72.8°, July 53.6°; rfall. 
 (24 yrs.), 46.41 in. P. (1871) 7581 ; (1891) 24,600. 
 
 Newcastle, co., Queensland, crossed by 26° S. , and between 
 150° and 152° E. 
 
 Newcastle, co. , S. Australia, bounded on the N. by 32'^ S. , 
 and crossed by 138° E. 
 
 Ne-wcastle, city and port, U.S., Delaware, Newcastle co. , 
 r. bk. of the Delaware, 5I m. S. by W. Wilmington. P. < 5000. 
 
 Newcastle, tn. , U.S., "Indiana, Henry co. , 41 m. E. by N. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 3000. 
 
 Newcastle, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Henry co., 35 m. ENE. 
 Louisville. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Newcastle, tn., U.S., Maine, Lincoln co., 24 m. SE. by S. 
 Augusta, on the W. side of the Damariscotta R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Newcastle, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, Lawrence co. , on 
 Shenango R. , 41 m. NW. by N. Pittsburg, in a mining region 
 yielding coal and limestone ; has steel-works, manufactures of 
 wire nails, and one of the largest tinplate- works in the country. 
 P. (1880) 8400; (1890) 11,600. 
 
 Novcastle, settlement, U.S., Washington, King co. , 55 m. 
 NE. Olympia. 
 
 Newcastle, tn. , U.S., Wyoming, Weston co. P. <20oo. 
 
 Newcastle, tn. , W. Australia, York co. , 54 m. by road NE. 
 by E. Perth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newcastle, Higher and Lower, two adjoining pars., Wales, 
 Glamorganshire, Bridgend union. Higher Newcastle, P. <4ooo; 
 Lower Newcastle, P. < 1500; eccles. par. (Newcastle with 
 Laleston, Tythegston, and Tondn) P. 7200. 
 
 Newcastle, Little, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 5^ m. S. by 
 E. Fishguard. P. <25o. See St. Dogwells. 
 
 Newcastle, Lower and I'pper, two adjoining pars.. Ire., 
 NE. CO. Wicklow, bar. Newcastle, 6| m. N. by W. Wicklow, 
 with a stn. (Newcastle) on the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford 
 Rly., PM.O. (Newcastle). Lower Newcastle, 4630 ac, P. < 
 750 ; Upper Newcastle, 7035 ac. , P. <i5oo. 
 
 Newcastle, West, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lawrence co. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 1085 
 
NEWC — NEWE 
 
 Newcastle €reek, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Queen's co. , 
 on Grand Lake, 32 m. E. by N. Fredericton. 
 
 Newcastle Enilyn, called by the ancient British Dinas 
 Emlyn, eccles. par. and small tn., Wales, Carmarthenshire and 
 Cardiganshire, on the 1. bk. of the Teifi, 9 m. ESE. Cardigan, 
 contains Adpar. The castle from which the town takes its name 
 has now completely disappeared. PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne, episcopal city, pari. bor. and (since 
 William II.) man. bor., also (since 1888) co. bor. and (since 
 1400) CO. of itself, seapt. , and market-tn. , Eng. , Northumber- 
 land, 275 m. (by rail) NNW. London, and 60 E. Carlisle, in the 
 diocese of Newcastle, on 1. bk. of the Tyne, with stations on 
 NE. R. and other branch lines. Though 8 m. from the mouth 
 of the Tyne, the tidal river serves Newcastle as a port, just as 
 the Thames does London. ;^3,25o,ooo have been spent on the 
 improvement of the Tyne, including two piers at the mouth. 
 The main industries of Newcastle are connected with coal, the 
 produce of the district, and shipbuilding. The coal exportation 
 began in the end of the 13th century, and has since steadily 
 increased. Henry VIII. ordered 3000 chaldrons to be shipped 
 to Boulogne ; under a charter of Queen Elizabeth, dated 1600, 
 48 piersons were appointed to load coals at Newcastle. In 1615, 
 400 colliers sailed from the Tyne, one-half to supply London ; 
 in 1699, 1400 sailed, exporting 200,000 chaldrons ; in 1764, the 
 number rose to 4092 (365 being for foreign parts). In 1826, 
 12,924 vessels cleared, shipping 915,990 chaldrons; and the 
 capital then employed in the coal trade was estimated at 
 _^4, 000,000. In 1838, 2,450,800 tons of coal were exported 
 coastwise, and 554,200 tons to foreign parts. In 1853, 11,172 
 sailing-vessels cleared this port of 1,502,800 tons, and 429 
 steamers of 97,200 tons. Since 1882 several ships of war (e.g., 
 Victoria, 10,000 tons) have been constructed in the Tyne. (For 
 later shipping statistics, see Appendix, p. 13.) For 10 m. 
 both banks of the Tyne are lined with quays, shipbuilding yards, 
 and numerous manufactories, the chief quay, nearly a mile long, 
 serving as an excellent thoroughfare. The Northumberland 
 Dock, 3700 ft. long by 650 ft. , has 450 ft. of quayage, and basin 
 480 ft. by 170 ft. ; the Albert Edward Dock, 1300 ft. by 900 ft. , 
 has 2800 ft. of quayage, and basin 450 ft. by 300 ft. ; the Tyne 
 Dock, 2640 ft. by 840 ft., has 5340 ft. of quayage, and tidal 
 basin 530 ft. by 600 ft. ; the Corporation Quay, from Swing 
 Bridge to Ouseburn, has 4770 ft. of quayage. Three important 
 bridges now connect Newcastle with Gateshead, one of which 
 cost very nearly ;£^5oo,ooo. There are several fine public 
 parks, besides an extensive common, which has been preserved 
 on the N. side. The Norman keep, on a height by the river, 
 is a survival of the famous castle (by Henry II., on the site of 
 an older fortress) which gave its name to the town, the previous 
 name being Monkchester. Some towers still remain of the walls, 
 which, according to Leland, ' far surpassed for strength and 
 magnificence all those of the cities of England.' The chief 
 public buildings are the Corporation Buildings, the Guildhall, 
 the Moot Hall, the Exchange, the Barracks, the Market, the 
 Natural History Museum (built 1884), and the Public Library, 
 &c. There are also the College of Medicine and the College 
 of Science, both affiliated to the University of Durham, and 
 other excellent educational and scientific institutions. In 1882 
 Newcastle became a bishopric, including the whole of Nor- 
 thumberland with Berwick-on-Tweed and the par. of Alston in 
 Cumberland. Market-days, Tu. and S. Revenue, ;^35oo. 
 Within the 19th century the city more than quadrupled its popu- 
 lation. As pari. bor. Newcastle returns two M. P. 's. P. pari, 
 and mun. bor. (1801) 28,400; (1851) 87,800; (1871) 128,400; 
 (1891) 186,300. 
 
 Newcastleton, Scot., vil., Roxburghshire, 7^ m. E. by N. 
 Langholm, on Liddel Water and N. B. R., PMT.O. Alt. 350 
 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 49.3 in. P. < 1000. 
 
 Newcastle-nnder-Lyme, pari, bor., mun. bor. (since Henry 
 II.), par., and market-tn., Eng., Staffordshire, in the diocese of 
 Lichfield, 15 m. NNW. Stafford, adjoining Stoke-upon- Trent 
 on the W. , with station on the N. Staffordshire Rly., and 
 communicating by Great Junction Canal with Stoke, &c. 
 Formerly there was a large hat manufacture ; now the principal 
 manufacturing establishment is an army clothing factory. There 
 are also mills for cotton, paper, cloth, &c., &c. The name is 
 from a castle built in 1135 by the Earl of Lancaster — under- 
 Lyme, referring to a forest of linden trees then covering the 
 dist. Simon de Montfort held the manor from 1263 till his 
 death at the battle of Evesham. There have been public 
 recreation grounds since 1816. Grammar school (founded 1602) 
 recently converted into the High School, with excellent building. 
 There is a handsome town-hall in the market-place ; also new 
 municipal buildings, including a public library. Many fairs are 
 held. Market-days, M. , W., and S. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 
 4600; (1851) 10,600 ; (1891) 18,500 ; pari. bor. (1891) P. 54,200. 
 
 NeM''cesto'wn, tnld. , Ire., S. co. C'ork, bar. Kinalmeaky, 6J 
 m. WNW. Bandon, 4 m. from Ballineen stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 New Channel, strait, Canada, Ontario, separates Long 
 Point I. from the mainland of Norfolk co.. Lake Erie. 
 
 Newchapel, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 
 1086 
 
 2^ m. N. Burslem, \ m. N. Golden Hill stn. ; coal mined. 
 PM.O. P. 6200. 
 
 Newchapel, hamlet, Eng., Surrey, 4 m. NW. E. Grinstead, 
 P.O. 
 
 NeM'chapel, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa E. , 
 4 m. NW. Clonmel ; 4873 ac. P. <:750. 
 
 Newchorch, par., Eng., Isle of Wight, on the Yar, 4J m. 
 SE. by E. Newport, on the Isle of Wight Central Rly., P.O. ; 
 4621 ac. P. < 2000; eccles. par. (Newchnrch with Wroxall) 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Newchnrch, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 6^ m. SW. by 
 W. Hythe, 3^ m. ESE. Ham Street stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Newchnrch, par., Eng., Lancashire, Middleton div., 6 m. 
 NNW. Rochdale, PM.O.; 5937 ac. P. 26,200; eccles. par. 
 (Newchnrch in Rossendale) P. <35oo. 
 
 Newchnrch, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Monmouthshire, S. div., 5^ m. WNW. Chepstow. East New- 
 church, P. <5oo ; West Newchnrch, P. <25o ; eccles. par. (New- 
 chnrch with Devanden) P. <75o. 
 
 Newchnrch, P.O., Eng., 5 m. from Barton imder Needwood, 
 Staffordshire. 
 
 Newchnrch, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 3 m. 
 NW. Carmarthen ; 5015 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Newchnrch, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 6 m. S. New Radnor, 
 4 m. WNW. Whitney-on-Wye stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Newchnrch In Pendle, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, div. 
 and 4 m. ESE. Clitheroe, 2J m. WNW. Nelson stn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Newchnrch Kenyon, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, 4 m. S. Leigh, 
 PMT.O. (Neivchnrch). P. < 2000. 
 
 Newchwang, or more properly Nlnchwang, a treaty port, 
 China (since 1861), the chief seapt. of Manchuria, prov. Fengtien, 
 no m. SW. by W. Mukden, 30 m. from the mouth of the Liau- 
 ho, in a vast alluvial plain rapidly extending seawards ; though 
 Newchwang gives name to the port, and actually was so about 
 40 years ago, the port proper is now at Yingtse, at the mouth 
 of the river, the depth of water at Newchwang itself being too 
 little for sea-shipping. At Yingtse the depth on the bar at high 
 water ordinary spring tides is 15-22 ft. ; rise and fall of the tides 
 very irregular, being affected by the winds — in height 6-12 ft. 
 Vessels loaded and discharged at the jetties or by boats and go- 
 downs. Port frozen end of Nov. to March. Value of exports 
 nearly ;^2,ooo,ooo ; principal articles, beans and bean-cake, 
 then bean-oil, wild and refuse silk, ginseng, and skin rugs. Prin- 
 cipal imports, Indian yarn, Chinese raw cotton, and Ameircan 
 sheeting. Mean temp. (2 yrs., 1861-62, 1872), yr. 47.2° F., 
 Jan. 10.4°, July 77.7°. P. 60,000. 
 
 New City, vil., U.S., New York, Rockland co., 30 m. N. 
 New York. P. < 1500. 
 
 New Comerstown, vil., U.S., Ohio, Tuscarawas co., on 
 Ohio Canal, 50 m. WNW. Wheeling (W. Va.). P. < 1500. 
 
 New Conrt, P.O., Wales, 4 m. from Llanybyther, Carmar- 
 thenshire. 
 
 Newconrt, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 3 m. from Skibbereen. 
 
 New Cross, suburb of London, Eng. , Surrey, Deptford bor. , 
 3^ m. SE. St. Paul's, with two stns. , one an important junction 
 on the main line of the L. B. & S. C. R. and on the SE. R., the 
 other on the N. Kent line of the SE. R. , and New Cross (Sonth) 
 on the SE. R. 
 
 New Cnniberland, vil., U.S., Ohio, Tuscarawas co. , 48 m. 
 NW. Wheeling (W. Va.). P. < 1500. 
 
 New Cnmberlaud, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Cumberland 
 CO. ,3 m. S. by E. Harrisburg, on the r. bk. of Susquehanna R. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 New Cnniherland, tn., U.S., W. Virginia, Hancock co., on 
 the Ohio, 31 m. N. by E. Wheeling. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Newdale, vil., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the Manitoba 
 and NW. Rly., 97 m. W. Portage-la- Prairie. 
 
 New Decatnr, tn. , U.S., Alabama, Morgan co. , adjoining 
 Decatur (75 m. N. by W. Birmingham). P. <:4000. 
 
 Ncwdlgate, par., Eng., Surrey, Reigate div., 5 m. SSE. 
 Dorking, i^ m. ESE. Holmwood stn., PM.O. ; 4551 ac. 
 
 P.<750- 
 
 New Diggings, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Lafayette co. (in SW. 
 of state), with lead and zinc mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ne^w Dnblln, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Lunenburg co. , at 
 the mouth of the riv. La Have, 47 m. SW. by W. Halifax. 
 
 Newdyqnoddy Head, cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the 
 SE. ct. , in 44° 50' N. 
 
 New Edlnbnrgh, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Carleton co. , on the 
 r. bk. of the riv. Ottawa, and of the Rideau R. , adjoining 
 Ottawa on the E. 
 
 New Egypt, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Ocean co., 17 ra. SE. 
 Trenton ; seat of Plumstead Institute. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Newellto'wn, mining locality, Queensland, co. Cardwell, 
 about 10 m. from Herberton, and about 17^° S. 
 
 Neweiiden, par. , Eng. , on the S. border of Kent, Ashford 
 div., on the Rother, 7 m. NW. by W. Rye, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ne'w England, a collective name applied to the former 
 British possessions in N. America, now comprising the six NE. 
 states of the Union — Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa- 
 
NEWE — NEWG 
 
 chusetts, Rhode I., and Connecticut. The inhabitants are 
 descendants of English Puritans and Scotch Presbyterians, and 
 familiarly designated as Yankees. 
 
 5few England, pastoral dist. , New South Wales, Sandon co. , 
 forming a tableland 13,100 sq. m. in area, alt. 300 ft., crossed 
 by railway from Sydney to Queensland border. P. 15,200. 
 
 New England Range, mt. chain, E. Australia, NE. New 
 South Wales, part of the Great Dividing Range, the crest of 
 which (length 280 m.) runs parallel to, but 75-100 m. distant 
 from, the coast. Highest points, Ben Lomond (5000 ft.) and 
 Capoompeta (4730 ft. ). 
 
 Newent, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Forest 
 of Dean div. , 8 m. NW. by W. Gloucester, on the G. W. R. , 
 and the Hereford and Gloucester Canal ; has manufactures of 
 linen fabrics and nails. PMT.O. Market-day, F. 8091 ac. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Sfewfane, vil. , U.S., Vermont, Windham co. , 46 m. SSE. 
 Rutland. P. < 1500. 
 
 New Ferry, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, in Bebington, near 
 Birkenhead, with stn. (Bebington and N. F.) on Birkenhead 
 R. P. < 4000. 
 
 New Ferry, P.O. , Ire., co. Londonderry, 7 m. N. Toome- 
 bridge, 7 m. from Toome Bridge stn. 
 
 Newlleld, P.O., Eng., near Chester-le-Street, Durham, i m. 
 from Pelton Fell. 
 
 Newfleld, par., Eng., Durham, 3 m. N. Bishop Auckland, 
 PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ne'wfleldyke, part of Binniehill and Southfield tn. , Scot., 
 Stirlingshire. 
 
 New Florence, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Westmoreland co. , 
 34 m. NE. Greensburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 New Forest, royal forest of England, laid out by William the 
 Conqueror, and occupying most part of the SW. portion of the 
 CO. Hants, W. Southampton Water. Length, 16 m. ; breadth, 
 14 m. ; area, 92,000 ac. , of which 64,000 crown demesnes. 
 Managed by the court of Verderers as a public pleasure ground. 
 Swine feed on the beech mast ; and a race of small ponies are 
 bred in the forest. It supplies excellent timber, principally oak 
 and beech, especially valuable from its proximity to Portsmouth 
 dockyard. It is now a favourite resort of artists and naturalists. 
 The principal town within its confines is Lyndhurst. 
 
 New Forest, the SW. div. of Hampshire, Eng. P. 51,300. 
 
 Newfoundland, isl. , Brit. N. America, off the coast of Labra- 
 dor and Quebec, between 46° 37'-5i° 39' N., 52° 3S'-59° 25' W. , 
 separated from the mainland by the Strait of Belle Isle (12 m. 
 across) and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Length about 419 m. ; 
 area, rather more than two-thirds that of England and Wales ; 
 cap. St. John's, on SE. ct. Attached to the colony is the 
 Labrador coast from Chidley Cape (Hudson Strait) to Blanc 
 Sablon (Strait of Belle Isle), with the basin of the Hamilton R. ; 
 area about that of the United Kingdom ; chief port Battle Har- 
 bour, on Strait of Belle Isle ; other settlements (Moravian mission 
 stations) are Hopedale, Nain, Okkak, and Hebron. Shape of 
 Newfoundland a very irregular triangle, of which the extreme 
 points are Capes Race (SE.), Ray (SW.), and Bauld (NE.) ; it 
 includes two large penins. ; one in the N W. , long and narrow, 
 stretches N. by E. , the other ( Avalon penin. ) in the SE. is itself 
 broken up into several smaller penins. The shores are nearly 
 everywhere rocky, and greatly indented. Principal inlets are 
 (E.) Hare, White, Notre Dame, and Exploits Bays, Hamilton 
 Sound, Bonavista, Trinity, and Conception Bays ; (S. ) St. Mary, 
 Placentia, Fortune, and Hermitage Bays; (W.) Port Basque, 
 St. George, and Port-au-Port Bays, Bay of Islands, and Bonne 
 Bay; (N.) Pistolet Bay. The country in the E. is generally 
 low, westward more rugged and mountainous, and especially 
 so in the northern penin. , which is traversed near the W. ct. by 
 the Long Range, rising to 1500 ft. Reliable information as to 
 the particular character of the interior is wanting, but it is 
 known that there are numerous lakes, ponds, and rivers. Prin- 
 cipal rivers, the Exploits and the Gander ; the former rises in 
 the SW. , and flows NE. to Bay of Exploits, draining in its 
 course Red Indian and other lakes ; the latter flows N. by E. 
 through Gander Lake to Hamilton Sound. In the W. is Grand 
 Lake. Off the E. ct. are Fogo, New World, Bell, and other 
 islands ; N. , Belle Isle ; and S. , the French isls. of Miquelon 
 and St. Pierre. SE. is the great bank of N. , the most extensive 
 submarine plateau yet discovered, about 600 m. in length, 
 in some places 200 m. in breadth, with a depth varying from 
 25-95 fathoms, and a bottom of solid rock. The principal fish- 
 ing ground is over this bank, between 42°-46° N. The Labrador 
 coast is a bleak, inhospitable region, sparsely populated by 
 Eskimos and descendants of British settlers, who subsist by fish- 
 ing and trapping. During summer there is a large temporary 
 addition to the population, caused by a great influx of fishermen, 
 besides many sportsmen. Timber is scarce near the coast of N. , 
 but is believed to be more abundant in the interior ; pasturage 
 is, however, plentiful, and the plains abound with cariboo deer, 
 which, with the famous Newfoundland dogs, wolves, bears, foxes, 
 and some beavers, constitute the principal animals. The climate 
 of Newfoundland is healthy, rather milder than that of Canada, 
 
 with scarcely any spring, the transition from winter to summer 
 (which is short) taking place abruptly in May [St. John's]. 
 Fogs are prevalent off the S. ct. As regards geological 
 structure, Archaean rocks (chiefly granite) predominate, with 
 Secondary and Carboniferous formations. The soil appears to 
 be little favourable to agriculture, which is carried on to a 
 limited extent along the coast-belt. The cod-fishery is the 
 staple industry, and next in order are the seal, lobster,' herring 
 and salmon fisheries. Minerals include copper, mined at Tilt 
 Cove, in the NE. , and asbestos on the W. ct. ; an important 
 coalfield has been discovered near Grand Lake ; lead and silver 
 are also found. Shipbuilding is carried on to a considerable 
 extent, and the lumber industry is increasing. Exports consist 
 chiefly of the produce of the fisheries, and of copper. The 
 means of internal communication is still very limited ; the first 
 railway, of 84 m. , from St. John's to Harbour Grace, was 
 opened in 1888 ; since then another of 25 m. to Placentia, and 
 a longer line running N. to the Bay of Exploits and Hall's 
 Bay have been completed ; while a further extension to the 
 W. ct., by the Bay of Islands, St. George's Bay, and Port 
 Basque Bay, in the extreme SW., has been begun. This 
 extension promises to be of great importance in developing 
 the resources of the interior. Newfoundland has a regular fort- 
 nightly mail steamer service (except from Feb. to April) round 
 the island, and with the American continent. Prince Edward's I., 
 and Liverpool. Heart's Content Harbour, an inlet of Trinity 
 Bay, is the landing-place of the Trans-Atlantic cables from 
 Valentia ; the American cable starts from Placentia. Newfound- 
 land was discovered by John Cabot in 1497, and within three 
 years Portuguese, Spaniards, and French were frequenting it for 
 its fisheries. In the i6th century both English and French settle- 
 ments were formed on the SE. ct., and between these much 
 hostility existed. At the Peace of Utrecht (1713) the sovereignty 
 of the island passed entirely to Britain, but certain fishing rights 
 reserved to the French have given occasion for serious disputes 
 between the French fishermen and the colonists. Under this 
 treaty fishing rights, including the right to dry fish on land, were 
 granted to the French on the coast of Newfoundland, from Cape 
 Bonavista to Point Rich, going round the N. point of the island ; 
 but by the treaty of Versailles in 1783 the limits were altered to 
 Cape St. John (E. ct., just N. of 50° N.) and Cape Ray (SW. 
 point of island), and this is what is now known as 'the French 
 shore.' Under the treaties the French claim the exclusive 
 right of fishing off these shores, and deny the right of the 
 people of Newfoundland to make permanent settlements for 
 agriculture, mining, or other purposes on that shore ; but these 
 claims are denied by Newfoundland, and the matter in dispute 
 is still unsettled. The colony of Newfoundland is, with the 
 exception of the Bermudas, the only part of British N. America 
 not included in the Dominion of Canada. Since 1832 the colony 
 has had a legislature, and since 1855 responsible government. 
 Area, 42,200 sq. m. (including Labrador, 160,200 sq. m.). P. 
 (1891) 197,900 (including Labrador, 202,000). 
 
 New Found Pool, par., Eng., co. and 4 m. S. Leicester. 
 P. <:25oo. 
 
 New Galloway, royal burgh and vil. , Scot. , Kirkcudbright- 
 shire, on the r. bk. of the Pulharrow Burn, 17 m. N. by W. 
 Kirkcudbright, with a stn. 5 m. SSE. on the Portpatrick and 
 Wigtownshire Joint Rly., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 New Georgia, group of the Solomon Is. , in the British sphere 
 of influence between 7^° and 9° S., and 156^° o' and 158° 20' E.; 
 principal islands, Kausagi (Cowsoggie), or Rubiana, Kulam- 
 bangra, or Kurombangara, Wella Lawella, Ronongo, and 
 Rendowa, or Rendezvous I. Inhabited, it is said, by the most 
 treacherous tribes, and those most given to head-hunting, in the 
 Western Pacific. 
 
 New Germany, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Lunenburg co. , 
 on the riv. La Have, 55 m. W. by S. Halifax. 
 
 New GUston, P.O., Scot., near Lower Largo, Fifeshire. 
 
 New Glasgow, tn. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Pictou co. , on the 
 East R., 10 m. SSE. Pictou. P. < 4000. 
 
 Newgrove, electoral div.. Ire., co. Clare, dist. Quin. 
 
 Newgrove, electoral div.. Ire., co. Longford, dist. Granard. 
 
 New Guernsey, isl. , Pacific Ocean. See Egniont. 
 
 New Guinea, or Papua, an extensive island of the E. 
 Archipelago, and comprised in the great div. Australasia, 
 strej;ching NNW. and SSE., between the equator and 12° S., 
 130° 50' and 154° 30' E., separated southward by Torres Strait 
 from the N. point of Australia (from which it is distant about 
 80 m.), and having W. the Arafura Sea. Length from E. to 
 SW. about 1500 m. ; breadth from 30 to 430 m. ; area about twice 
 that of the United Kingdom, pohtically divided between Britain, 
 Germany, and Holland, British terr. comprising the SE. and S. 
 (cap. Port Moresby), German terr. the NE. (cap. Finschhafen), 
 and Dutch terr. all the W. half of the island. The boundary 
 between Dutch terr. on the one hand and British and German 
 terr. on the other hand is mainly formed by the meridian of 
 141° E. , but in 1893 an agreement was concluded between the 
 British and Dutch by which a frontier having more regard to 
 physical features was adopted. Under this agreement the 
 
 1087 
 
NEWH — NEWH 
 
 frontier begins at the mouth of the Bensbach, in about 9° 7' 35" 
 S. , 141° i' 46" E. , runs thence N. to the Fly, and then ascends 
 the Fly till it reaches the meridian of 141° E. in about 6° 20' S. 
 Between British and German terr. the boundary is formed by a 
 straight line running from 5° S. in 141° E. to 6° S. in 144° E. , 
 thence by anqther straight line running to 8° S. in 147° E. , and 
 thence along the parallel of 8° S. to the S. coast. It has a 
 remarkably irregular shape, indented by large and deep bays — 
 Gulf of Papua, McCluer or Beran Inlet in the S., Geelvink Bay 
 N., Astrolabe Bay, Huon Gulf, Dyke Ackland, CoUingwood, 
 Goodenough, and Milne Bays in NE. to S. Amongst harbours 
 may be noted Port Moresby, Port Milport, Losoa Doudon, 
 near Orangerie Bay, and Duau in Normbany I. Straits — 
 China and Goschen SE. , Vitiaz NE., Geelvink and Dampier 
 NW., Dourgo and Marianne SW. Off the coast are the 
 D'Entrecasteaux, Louisiade, Woodlark, and Trobriand Is. SE. , 
 Canoa and other islands in the Gulf of Papua, Frederick Henry 
 I., Arru, Kei, and Tenimber or Timor Laut Is. in. the Arafura 
 Sea, Waigeu NW. , Schouten or Mysory Is. and Jappen or Jobi 
 I. in Geelvink Bay. The SE. coast is bold and rocky, the S., 
 W. of Torres Strait, low and marshy, the N. mountainous. 
 The interior is still imperfectly known, but there are various lofty 
 ranges with wide alluvial plains. In British New Guinea the 
 Owen Stanley Mts. run SE. and NW. (Mount Victoria, 13,205 
 ft., Mount Obree, 10,246 ft., Mount Suckling, 12,228 ft.), con- 
 tinued NW. by other ranges. In Dutch terr. the Charles Louis 
 Mts. stretch E. and W. , in about 4° S., between 139° and 135° 
 E. (highest summit, 16,730 ft.), NW. are the Arfak Mts., and 
 N. the Gaultier (6560 ft. ) ; the Bismarck Range in German 
 terr., about 145° E., is said to rise to over 16,000 ft. The 
 principal rivers are the Baxter and Fly (with 1. bk. trib. Strick- 
 land), the Bamo, Philip, Turama, Aird, and some other con- 
 siderable rivers flowing into Gulf of Papua, Kei, NW. , and 
 Empress Augusta, NE. Climate hot ; rainfall abundant. The 
 rainy season lasts from Dec. to May [Port Moresby]. Very 
 unhealthy on the coast, fever of a severe type being prevalent ; 
 more salubrious in the elevated parts of the interior, but no- 
 where, so far as known, adapted to Europeans. Vegetation 
 is luxuriant ; most of the country is covered with dense forest 
 (cedar, sandalwood, ebony, hardwood, camphor-tree, sago-palm, 
 wild nutmeg, indiarubber, and many other trees) ; coco-nuts 
 and bananas form an important part of the food-supply of the 
 inhabitants, and with yams, taro, and sweet potatoes are care- 
 fully cultivated ; tobacco and various spyecies of sugar-cane are 
 also native. Some new species of marsupial animals have been 
 discovered, and the island is rich in birds, including several 
 varieties of the bird of paradise. The mineral resources of 
 the country are almost entirely unknown ; a little gold has been 
 obtained on Sudest and St. Aignan Is. , and plumbago has been 
 discovered on the SW. coast. The chief industries are pottery, 
 wood-carving, and rope (made of the inner fibrous bark of a tree) ; 
 in the making of pottery considerable skill is shown. Principal 
 exports (besides gold), beche de mer, sandalwood, and copra, 
 with a small quantity of pearl shell. The Papuans are dis- 
 tinguished from the Negroes proper, to whom they bear close 
 affinity, by their narrow head and slight chin ; medium or 
 small stature. They present, however, considerable variety 
 owing to the intermixture of Malayan and Polynesian elements, 
 the former predominating in the W., the latter in the S. In 
 many parts there are large and well-kept villages, and consider- 
 able trade is carried on by barter. The natives in the vicinity 
 of Hood Bay are said to be the most advanced in the island. 
 Some of the interior tribes, as those of the Arfak Mts. , are very 
 degraded, and are even said to be cannibals. The island was 
 discovered by the Portuguese (De Abrea) in 1511, named by 
 De Menesis in 1526 Papua, and by De Ortez in 1545 New 
 Guinea. During the i6th and 17th centuries it was visited by 
 many other navigators, and in 1699 circumnavigated by Dampier. 
 In the i8th century the Dutch annexed some parts of the W. 
 coast. In 1793 the East India Company formally annexed the 
 island, and established a post (soon abandoned) at Geelvink 
 Bay. In 1828 the Dutch took possession of the country W. of 
 141° E. ; in 1871 the London Missionary Society commenced 
 operations. In 1883 the island E. of 141° E. was annexed by 
 Queensland, but this action was not ratified by the Home 
 Government, which, however, in the following year declared a 
 protectorate over the southern coast. In i886 a German pro- 
 tectorate was established in the NE., and in 1888 the British 
 protectorate was made a Crown colony. Area (estimated), 
 234,768 sq. m. P. variously estimated at from 2,500,000 to 
 5,486,000. British New Guinea area, 88,000 sq. m. P. (estimated) 
 350,000 to 460,000. Proc. R. G. S., 1882, p. 768. 
 
 Neivhall, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 3^ m. SE. 
 Northwich ; 4159 ac. P. <7SO. 
 
 Newhall, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 3 m. ESE. Burton, 
 I m. NW. Swadlincote stn. , PM.O. See Stanton and Kewball. 
 
 Newhall, eccles. par., Scot., Lanarkshire, Barony par. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 Ne-vrtaall Hey, part of par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Cowpe 
 Iiench. 
 
 1088 
 
 Xewham, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., 10 m. N. Alnwick, on the NE. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Xewliani, par., Eng., Northumberland, 7 m. SW. Morpeth, 
 P. <:250. 
 
 Xewhani, post-tn., Victoria, cos. Bourke and Dalhousie, 54 
 m. by rail and road NW. Melbourne. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Kew Hamburg, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Waterloo co. , on the 
 riv. Nith, 38 m. NE. London. 
 
 New Hampshire, one of the so-called New England states 
 of the United States, W. of Maine and N. of Massachusetts, 
 with 18 m. of sea-coast. The Connecticut R. forms the boun- 
 dary between New H. and Vermont. Capital, Concord ; other 
 chief towns, Manchester, Nashua, Dover, Portsmouth (the chief 
 port), Keene, Rochester. Nowhere level to any extent, the 
 surface rises in the White Mts. to 6288 ft. (Mt. Washington) ; 
 and the rivers, of which the Merrimac is most important, furnish 
 abundant water-power. Numerous small and beautiful lakes 
 e.xist. The winters are long, with deep snow (Mount Wash- 
 ington) ; nor is the heat of summer excessive. There is an 
 excess of cases of consumption in the SE. In agriculture the 
 product is limited, nor equal to the demands of the state. Manu- 
 facturing, largely with water-power, is the chief industry. Cotton 
 (at Manchester), woollen and worsted goods, mixed textiles, 
 hosiery and knit goods, boots, shoes, and leather are the most 
 important products. The manufacturing towns are all in the 
 south of the state, and belong to the larger industrial region, of 
 which Boston, in Massachusetts, is the centre. In common with 
 other eastern states New H. suffers from a drain of her rural 
 population to the cities and to the western states, the three moun- 
 tainous counties of Grafton, Belknap, and Carroll having fewer 
 inhabitants in 1890 than in 1880. About one hundred quarries 
 of granite, from .A.rch£ean rock, are worked in all counties except 
 Belknap and Coos. The forests yield hard and soft woods. The 
 scenery of the White Mts. (the Switzerland of America) and 
 their healthfulness attract many summer tourists. A cog rail- 
 way ascends Mount Washington. Dartmouth College, at 
 Hanover, is the only college in the state. The first settlements 
 were made by Englishmen in 1623. From 1641 New H. was 
 part of Massachusetts, until in 1679 it became a royal province. 
 During many years of colonial history, Indian warfare caused 
 serious losses of life and property. As a state. New H. was 
 ninth in ratifying the Constitution. Area, 9005 sq. m. P. 
 376,530. See I'nlted States, table. [C. H. I.] 
 
 Newhamipton, par., Eng., Herefordshire, 6 m. NW. Brom- 
 yard. P. <:25o. 
 
 Nevr Hampton, vil., Eng., Middlesex, Brentford div., close 
 to Fulwell and Teddington stns. , 13 m. WSW. St. Paul's, 
 London, PMT.O. (New Hampton, or Hampton Hill). 
 
 Newhamptou, tn., U.S., Iowa, Chickasaw co. , 64 m. SW. 
 by W. of NE. corner of state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 New Hanover, a region forming the coast-line of British 
 North America, along the Pacific Ocean, between 50° and 
 54° N. 
 
 New Hanover, isl. , Pacific. See Bismarck Archipelago. 
 
 New Harbonr, an inlet, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the SE. 
 coast, its mouth in 45° 10' N. 
 
 New Harmony, tn. , U.S. , Indiana, Posey co. , on the Wabash 
 R. , 91 m. S. by W. Terre Haute. Scene of an abortive social- 
 istic experiment of Robert Owen's, 1824-27. P. <i5oo. 
 
 New Hartford, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co. , 18^ m. 
 WNW. Hartford. P. <4000. 
 
 New Hartford, vil., U.S., New York, Oneida co., 4 m. W. 
 Utica. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newhaven, par. and seapt. tn., Eng., Sussex, Eastbourne 
 div., on the SE. ct. , 6 m. S. by E. Lewes, with a town and 
 harbour stn. on the L. B. & S. C. R. ; coastguard station ; is a 
 bonding port, and has regular steam communication with Dieppe 
 (64 m. SE.). Gridiron 217.5 ^^-i ^^^ patent slip 125 ft. in length. 
 PMT.O. P. < 5000. 
 
 Newhaven, eccles. par. and fishing tn. , Scot., Midlothian, on 
 the S. shore of the Firth of Forth, and the C. R., 2^ m. N. 
 Edinburgh, included in the Leith dist. of pari, burghs. Eccles. 
 par. P. 6100. 
 
 New^ Haven, city, U.S., Connecticut, New H. co. , on New 
 H. Bay, 36 m. SSW. Hartford, situated on a large plain, sur- 
 rounded by hills except on the S. , where is the rather shallow 
 harbour formed by the confluence of the rivs. Quinnipiac, Mill, 
 and West ; there are two wharves 3500 and 1500 ft. long, and 
 other landings for steamboats ; has large coasting trade and 
 considerable foreign commerce, and extensive manufactures. 
 Founded in 1638. It is the seat of Yale University, one of the 
 oldest and most important in America, founded in 1700, and 
 embracing a library with 170,000 volumes, and the Peabody 
 museum. The village of Fair Haven, 2 m. E., within the town 
 limits, has a large oyster trade. Mean rfall., yr. 50.1° F., Jan. 
 28.9°, July 72.9° P. (1810) 5800; (1870) 50,800; (1880) 62,900; 
 (1890) 81,300. P. tn. ( = tp. 1890) 86,000. 
 
 New Haven, tn. , U.S., Indiana, Allen co. , 104 m. NE. by 
 N. Indianapolis, 47 m. S. by W. of the NE. corner of state, on 
 the Wabash and Erie Canal. P. < 1500. 
 
 I 
 
N E W H 
 
 N E W L 
 
 New Haven, vil., U.S., Michigan, Macomb co., 35 m. NE. 
 Detroit by rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 New Haven, vil., U.S., Missouri, Franklin co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Missouri, 53 m. W. St. Louis. P. < 1500. 
 
 New Haven, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Fayette co. , 12 m. N. 
 Uniontown, on Youghiogheny R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 New Haven, tn., U.S., Vermont, Addison co. , 27 m. S. 
 Burlington by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 New Haven, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Mason co., on Ohio R., 
 3 m. from Pomeroy, with coal-mines. P. <I500. 
 
 Newliaven, postal-tn. , Victoria, co. Mornington, 64 m. by 
 rail and steamboat SE. Melbourne, at E. end of Phillip 1. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 New Hebrides, a group of isls. in the W. Pacific, lying NE. 
 of New Caledonia, and W. of Fiji Is., in i4°-2i° S. , and 167°- 
 172° E. They stretch 500 m. from N W. to SE. , and consist of 
 Espiritu Santo, Mallicolo, Aurora, Lepreux (Aoba), Pentecost, 
 Ambrym, Api, Sandwich (Vat6), Erromango, Tanna, Futuna 
 (Eronan), Aneytum (Annatom), and numerous smaller islands. 
 They are partly coralline, partly volcanic. The type of the 
 former is a succession of bare terraces ascending by easy grada- 
 tions to a maximum alt. of 3000 ft. The volcanic islands are 
 well wooded and well watered, with fertile soil. The coasts are, 
 as a rule, steep and irregular, with numerous bays, and all are 
 protected by coral reefs. Active volcanoes exist on Ambrym, 
 Api, Tanna, and Polevi ; and on Tanna there are sulphur 
 springs. Good harbours are found at Port Villa and Port 
 Havannah on Sandwich Is. , at Port Sandwich on Mallicolo, at 
 Port Resolution on Tanna, and in Dillon Bay on Erromango. 
 The climate is generally healthy, except the NW. coasts, which, 
 being sheltered from the prevaihng winds, are at times malarious. 
 Temp. 6o°-9o°. Most rain falls between November and April. 
 Principal products yarn, bread-fruit, coco-nut, rice, maize, 
 tobacco, manioc, sugar, coffee, cotton, cacao, vanilla, fruits, 
 bamboo, palms. The seas yield fish, coral, pearl, trepang, and 
 tortoise-shell. Sandalwood, formerly cut on Erromango, is now 
 exhausted. The people, of Papuan descent, exhibit remarkable 
 diversity of language, customs, and habits, and number 75,000 
 to 80,000. Christianity is established on Aneytum. Most of 
 the other islanders are heathens, cannibals, and ancestor-wor- 
 shippers ; they are honest and truthful, but suspicious and re- 
 vengeful. They have been much employed on the plantations 
 in Queensland and Fiji. Both England and France set up 
 claims to the islands. They were first discovered by the Spanish 
 navigator Quiros in 1606, but more fully explored by Captain 
 Cook in 1774. See Dr. J. Inglis, In the New Hebrides (1887) ; 
 J. G. Paton, Alemoir (1889) ; and H. Le Chartier, Nouvelle- 
 CaUdonie (1885). 
 
 Newhey, eccles. par., Eng. , Lancashire, Middleton div. , with 
 stn. (New Hey) on the L. & Y. R. , 2 m. SE. Rochdale. P. <3ooo. 
 Newlilll»4, par., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 4^ m. WNW. 
 Aberdeen, i m. W. by S. Buxburn stn.; 10,282 ac. P. 5500. 
 New Holland. See Australia (under Discovery, &c. ). 
 New Holland, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co. , 20 
 m. SW. by S. Reading. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newliolin with Dunsley, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 div. and 2 m. W. Whitby. P. <Soc. 
 
 New Hope, bor. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, on the Delaware, Bucks 
 CO., 35 m. NNE. Philadelphia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newhouse, stn., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, on the C. R. , 3 m. 
 SE. Airdrie. 
 
 Newlck, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and b\ m. N. Lewes, with 
 a stn. (Newlck and Clialley) on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 New Idrla, vil., U.S., California, San Benito co. , near the 
 Sierra del Diablo of the Coast Range, 135 m. SE. San Fran- 
 cisco ; quicksilver mines near. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newlngton, par., Eng., Kent, Faversham div., 6^ m. ESE. 
 Chatham, on the L. C. & D. R., PMT.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Newlngton, par., Eng., Kent, 2 m. from Cheriton, P.O. 
 P. <:5oo ; eccles. par. (Newlngton next Hythe) P. <75o. 
 
 Newlngton, par., Eng., London, St. Saviour, Southwark 
 union. P. 115,80c. 
 
 Newlngton, pari. bor. in the S. of London, divided into the 
 West Newlngton (P. 56,600) and Walworth divs. (P. 59,200). 
 Newlngton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., on the 
 Thame, 9 m. SE. Oxford, 5 m. E. Culham stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Newlngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, in co. bor. of Hull. 
 P. 18,400. 
 
 Newlngton, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Bawtry, W. Riding, 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 Newlngton, eccles. par., Scot., Edinburgh, on N. B. R. 
 P. 10,000. 
 
 Newlngton, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Rockingham co. , 
 33 m. ENE. Manchester, on Portsmouth Harbour, 4 m. NW. 
 Portsmouth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newlngton, North and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Oxfordshire. N. Newlngton, div. and 2 J m. W. Banbury, 
 P.O., P. <5oo (see Broughton) ; S. Newington, on the Swere, 
 2 m. SW. Bloxham stn., P.O., P. <:5oo. 
 1089 
 
 Newlngton Bagpath, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Ciren- 
 cester div., 3 m. ENE. Wotton-under-Edge. P. <:25o; eccles. 
 par. (Newlngton Bagpath with Klngscote) P. <5oo. 
 New Inn, P.O., Eng., Herefordshire, 4 m. W. Ross. 
 New Inn, P.O., Ire., co. Cavan, bar. Upper Loughtee, 10 
 m. SE. Cavan. 
 New Inn, P.O., Ire., co. Galway, 4 m. S. Woodlawn stn. 
 New^ Inn, P.O., Ire., Queen's co. , 6 m. from Monasterevin. 
 Newlnn, tn. , Ire. , S. co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 5 m. 
 S. Cashel, PT.O. P.<25o. 
 New Invention, P.O., Staffordshire, 2 m. from Bloxwich. 
 New^ Ireland, now Neu-Mecklenhurg, the Kirwiri of the 
 Blanche Bay natives. See Bismarck Archipelago. 
 
 New Island, Chilean isl. , Tierra del Fuego, S. of Beagle 
 Channel, crossed by 55;^° S. , 66^° W. ; alluvial gold, nearly 
 exhausted. 
 
 New Jersey, one of the United States of the N. Atlantic group, 
 E. of Pennsylvania, and S. of New York, with Atlantic coast for 
 120 m. , the Delaware R. (once called South R. ) and the Dela- 
 ware Bay on its W. , and on the NE. the Hudson, still called 
 locally North R. In the N. are low ranges of hills and moun- 
 tains of the Appalachian system. The Kittatinny or Blue 
 Ridge, the Walkill, and others, nowhere above 1800 ft., from 
 which the Passaic and Raritan Rivs. flow to Newark and 
 Raritan Bays. This elevated part of the state consists of 
 primary strata, which are succeeded by secondary strata. The 
 latter contain dikes of igneous rock (the Palisades), and also 
 extensive beds of sand, marl, and clay, which furnish material 
 for glass, fertilisers, pottery, and brick. Tertiary strata occupy 
 the SE. , and the coast is fringed with lagoons and long sandy 
 islands, where the numerous ' beaches ' are utilised as summer 
 resorts (Cape May, Atlantic City, Asbury Park, Long Branch). 
 Climate temperate. Lakewood is a famous winter resort. 
 Manufacturing is the leading occupation, with a great variety 
 of products, and is carried on chiefly in the N. , where shipping 
 facilities are best, and the Pennsylvania coal is easily obtained. 
 Sugar-refining, meat-packing, and silk goods lead in aggre- 
 gate values. Much fruit is grown, and market gardening is 
 largely developed by reason of the markets of Philadelphia 
 and New York City. Several trunk lines of railways cross 
 the state, terminating at Jersey City and Hoboken, opposite 
 New York, whence sail the steamers of various important ocean 
 lines. The Morris Canal and the Delaware and Raritan 
 connect the Delaware R. and the sea. Besides the towns 
 already mentioned, the chief are Newark, Paterson, Camden, 
 Trenton (the capital), Elizabeth, Bayonne, Orange, and New 
 Brunswick. The college of New Jersey is at Princeton, 
 Rutger's College at New Brunswick. The common schools 
 are well attended. The first settlers were Dutch, in about 
 1620, and the settlements were attached to New Amsterdam. 
 Swedes settling along the Delaware were overpowered by 
 Stuyvesant in 1655. After the English conquest in 1664 
 Charles II. granted the land to the Duke of York, who gave 
 it to Berkley and Carteret, with the name New Jersey. New 
 Jersey was one of the original thirteen states. Area, 7455 sq. 
 m. P. 1,445,000. See Inlted States, tables. [C. H. L.] 
 
 New Kent, co., U.S., Virginia, in the SE., N. of 37° N., 
 crossed by 77° W. , and bounded on the E. by the York R. 
 
 Newlake, eminence, Dartmoor, Devon, Eng., 18 m. W. by 
 S. Exeter, 6 m. SSE. Okehampton. 
 Newland, post- vil. , Canada. See Mount Albert. 
 Newland, par., Eng., Berkshire, 4 m. SW. Wokingham. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Newland, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div., 
 3^ m. SE. by E. Monmouth, on the G. W. R.; iron ore mined. 
 P.O. 7885 ac. P. < 4500; eccles. par. (Newland with Ked- 
 brook) P. <75o. 
 
 Newland, vil., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 9 m. 
 NE. by N. Barrow, i m. N. Ulverston stn. See Egton with 
 Newland. 
 
 Newland, P.O., Eng., i m. from Witney, Oxfordshire. 
 Newland, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 5 m. 
 SW. by S. Worcester, 2 m. NE. Malvern Link stn., P.O. 
 (Newland Green). P. <25o. 
 
 Newland, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., on the Aire, 4 m. W. by N. Gooie, 2 m. ESE. Drax stn., 
 PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Newland, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, Cottingham and 
 Skidby par. P. 6900. 
 
 Newland, St. Lawrence, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 7 m. 
 ESE. Maldon, 3 m. N. Southminster stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Newland Beck, riv. , Eng. , Cumberland, flowing N. through 
 the Penrith div. into Bassenthwaite Lake. 
 
 Newlands, vil., Cape Colony, 4 m. SSE. Capetown, with 
 stn. on the railway from Capetown to Wynland. 
 
 Newlands, eccles. par., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., on 
 the Caldew, loi m. SSW. Cariisle, 6 m. S. by E. Curthwaite 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Newlands, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the Derwent, div. 
 and II m. SE. by E. Hexham, i m. W. Ebchester stn. P. <:25o. 
 
N E W L — N E W N 
 
 Newlands, eccles. par., Scot., Lanarkshire, in Glasgow city. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Hewlands, vil. , Scot., Lanarkshire, Bothwell par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Neif'lands, par., Scot., Peeblesshire, on Lyne Water, 7 m. 
 NW. by \V. Peebles, 3 m. S. Bromlee stn.; 12,518 ac. P. <7So- 
 
 Newland 'with Woodlionse Moor, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, 3 m. NE. Wakefield. P. <:25o. 
 
 New Lane, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., on the 
 L. & Y. R., 5 m. ESE. Southport. 
 
 Newlay, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Horsforth. 
 
 New Lexington, vil., U.S., Ohio, Highland cc, 62 in. E. 
 Cincinnati by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 New Lexington, vil., U.S., Ohio, Perry co., 45 m. ESE. 
 Columbus. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 New Lisbon, vil., U.S., Ohio, Columbiana co., 51 m. N. 
 Wheeling (W. Va. ). P. <:300o. 
 
 New Lisbon, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Juneau co. , 100 m. 
 NNE. Dubuque (lo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 New London, city, U.S., Connecticut, New L. cc, at the 
 mouth of the Thames, 42 m. SE. Hartford ; built on a declivity. 
 The harbour is one of the best in the U.S., 3 m. long and 5 
 fathoms deep ; seldom obstructed by ice ; defended at the 
 entrance by Fort Trumbull. It has important fisheries, and 
 considerable coasting trade ; large silk manufactories and iron- 
 foundries. Mean temp., yr. 49.6° P., Jan. 29.3°, July 71.4°; 
 rfalL (12 yrs. ), 48.19 in. P. (1880) 10,500; (1890) i3-,8oo. 
 
 Ne'w London, vil., U.S., Iowa, Henry cc, 17 m. WNW. 
 Burlington. P. < 1500. 
 
 New London, vil., U.S., Missouri, Ralls cc, 56 m. S. 
 Keokuk (lo.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 New London, vil., U.S., Ohio, Huron co., 45 m. SW. by 
 W.Cleveland. P. < 1500. 
 
 New London, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Waupaca co., on Wolf 
 R. , 39 m. W. by S. of the head of Green Bay. P. <:3000. 
 
 Ne'w Lowell, vil., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., 60 m. NW. 
 by N. Toronto. 
 
 Newlyn, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 7J m. N. 
 Truro, 4m. WSW. St. Columb Road stn., PM.O. (St. Newlyn, 
 East); 8371 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newlyn, eccles. par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Ives div., i^ m. S. 
 by W. Penzance. The harbour (area 33 ac.) has depth at 
 entrance high water ordinary springs 27 ft., ordinary neaps 19 
 ft., at low water ordinary springs 11 ft.; depth alongside dis- 
 charging quays at ordinary springs high water 18 ft., low water 
 2 ft. P. <4000. 
 
 Newlyn, vil., Victoria, co. Talbot, about 91 m. (by rail) 
 NW. Melbourne. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Newniachar, stn., Scot., Aberdeenshire, on G. N. of S. R. 
 See Machar, New. 
 
 New Madison, vil., U.S., Ohio, Darke co., 64 m. N. by W. 
 Cincinnati. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ne'w Madrid, city, U.S., Missouri, cap. New M. co. , on the 
 Mississippi R. , 40 m. SSW. Cairo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ne'wmalns, tn., Scot. , Mid Lanarkshire, 2 m. ENE. Wishaw, 
 on the C. R. ; coal mined, and iron smelted. PMT.O. P. 
 (includes Coltness Ironworks) < 3000. 
 
 Ne'wman, vil., U.S., Illinois, Douglas co. , 39 m. NW. by W. 
 Terre Haute (Ind.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Newmanstown, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and 10 m. E. 
 Lebanon, 16 m. W. Reading. P. < 1500. 
 
 New^ Margbelan, tn., Russian Turkistan, cap. of Fergana 
 prov., 10 m. S. of Marghelan, 288 m. NE. of Samarkand rly. 
 stn.; well built, with broad streets and gardens. P. 12,000. 
 
 Newmarket, vil., Canada, Ontario, York co., 28 m. N. 
 Toronto. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Newmarket, pari, div., Eng., Cambridgeshire. P. 48,900. 
 
 Newmarket, hamlet, Eng., Gloucestershire, i m. from Nails- 
 worth, P.O. 
 
 Ne'wmarket, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Suffolk and Cam- 
 bridgeshire, 15 m. E. Cambridge, on G. E. R. . The races, for 
 which the town is celebrated, are held on a beautiful heath W. 
 of the town. The course, upwards of 4 m. in length, belongs 
 to the Jockey Club. Eight race meetings, each lasting three or 
 four days, are held yearly, the chief in April, July, and Sep- 
 tember. Market-day, Tu. Tn. P. 6200 ; pars. Newmarket All 
 Saints (Cambridgeshire), P. <250o; Newmarket St. Mary 
 (Suffolk), P. <3000. 
 
 Newmarket, tn., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, Clonfert 
 par., on riv. Dalus, 8 m. NW. Kanturk, with a stn. on the 
 G. S. & W. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Newmarket, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., co. Eden, 3 
 m. by rail S. Auckland, with breweries and railway workshops. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Nevrmarket, part of Laxdale (y.x'. ), Scot. , Ross and Cromarty. 
 
 Newmarket, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Rockingham co. , 
 28 m. E. by N. Manchester, 8 m. W. Portsmouth. P. < 3000. 
 
 Newmarket, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Middlesex co., 20 m. 
 SW. by W. Newark. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newmarket, vil., U.S., Virginia, Shenandoah co., 87 m. W. 
 by S. Washington (D. C). P. < 1500. 
 1090 
 
 Newmarket, par., Wales, Flintshire, 6| m. WNW. Holy- 
 well, 2| m. SE. Prestatyn stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Newmarket on Fergus, tn.. Ire., S. co. Clare, bar. Lower 
 Bunratty, 6 m. SSE. Ennis, with a stn. (Ballycar and Ne'w- 
 market) on Waterford and Limerick Rly., PMT.O. P. <SOO. 
 
 Ne'w' Marlboro, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire cc, 41 
 m. ESE. of the SW. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 New Mexico, a terr. of the United States, NW. of Texas 
 and S. of Colorado, with 175 m. adjacent to Mexico. Capital, 
 Santa F6; other chief towns, Albuquerque, Las Vegas, Socorro, 
 Silver City, Las Cruces. The surface is nearly everywhere 
 above 4000 ft. in elevation, with large areas in the N. averag- 
 ing 6500 ft. The N. boundary crosses the main range of the 
 Rockies, including within the terr. a series of ranges, with peaks 
 of 12,000-13,000 ft. (Truchas Peak, 13,150 ft.). The ranges 
 extend in detached series from N. to S. in all quarters, enclos- 
 ing in the N. the long San Luis Park with the Rio Grande, 
 which flows thence through a narrow but fertile valley S. to 
 the Texan boundary. The NW. ranges separate the Atlantic 
 and Pacific river systems, and, like the lava-topf)ed Mesas to 
 their S., are much subdivided by caiions. In the SW. the Gila 
 R. rises, in the NE. the Canadian, and the Pecos traverses a 
 fertile N. and S. valley in the E. The climate is exceedingly dry, 
 the scanty rains coming in summer [Santa F^]. Diseases of the 
 respiratory organs are very rare. Many minerals are profit- 
 ably worked in the terr., but not so extensively as elsewhere, 
 because of lack of shipping facilities, and the existence of 
 richer deposits in other regions. Copper is found near Santa 
 F6 and in Socorro and Grant cos., gold and silver in Colfax, 
 Santa F6, Lincoln, and Grant cos., lead in Santa F^, bitu- 
 minous coal in Colfax and Santa F6 cos., anthracite in Santa 
 F6, zinc in Grant co. ; the turquoise mines in Santa F6 co. are 
 the only important producers of gems in the United States. 
 Agriculture is mainly confined to irrigated land, but that yields 
 richly. The large portion of the terr. is pastoral. New Mexico 
 was first explored by Spaniards, who in the i6th century 
 established themselves as conquerors among the Pueblo, or vil- 
 lage building, Indians. Later the natives were enslaved to 
 work in the mines, until they revolted successfully in 1680 
 and filled up the shafts, and so thoroughly, that discoveries 
 of ancient workings are still made. The eastern two-thirds 
 of New Mexico were formerly part of Texas ; the W. part 
 was taken from the Mexican cession of 1848, and the Gadsden 
 purchase. Spanish is largely spoken ; Catholicism the pre- 
 vailing belief; both Spanish and English schools are main- 
 tained. Area, 122,460 sq. m. P. 153,600. See United States, 
 tables. [C. H. L.] 
 
 Ne'w Mllford, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co. , 30 m.^ 
 ESE. Poughkeepsie (N. Y.) ; one of the largest tobacco- packing 
 towns in New England. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 New Mllford, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Susquehanna co. , 
 34 m. N. by W. Scranton. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 New Mill, P. O. , Eng. , 4 m. from Penzance, Cornwall. 
 
 New Mill, P. O. , Eng. , i m. from Tring, Hertfordshire. 
 
 Newmlll, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, Kirkburton par.^ 
 PT.O. (NewMlU). P. <:25oo. 
 
 New Mill, eccles. par., Scot., Banffshire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Isla, I m. N. by E. Keith, P.O. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Newmlllerdam, PM. O. , Eng. , near Wakefield, Yorkshire,. 
 2 m. from Sandal and Walton. 
 
 Newmlll-on-Tevlot, P.O., Scot., 5 m. from Hawick^ 
 Roxburghshire. 
 
 New Mills, or Beanl, par. and tn., Eng., Derbyshire, High 
 Peak div. , 6 m. SSW. Glossop, with stns. on M. and L. & N W. 
 Rlys. ; has coal-mines, calico printing works, and cotton band 
 manufactures. 5078 ac. Par. P. 5500 ; tn. P. 6700. 
 
 New Mills, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Doagh (co. Antrim). 
 
 New Mills, P. O. , Ire. , co. Donegal, 4 m. from Letterkenny. 
 
 Newmllls, P.O., Ire., SE. co. Tyrone, bar. Middle Dun- 
 gannon, 3 m. NE. by N. Dungannon, li m. W. Coal Island stn. 
 
 Newmllls, vil., Scot., Banffshire, Keith par. P. <:750. 
 
 Newmllls, PT.O., Scot., Fifeshire, near Dunfermline. 
 
 New Mills, hamlet, Wales, Montgomeryshire, 4 m. SE,. 
 Llanfair, P.O. 
 
 Newmllns, tn. , Scot. , S. Ayrshire, on the Irvine, 6^ m. E. 
 Kilmarnock, on the G. & SW. R:; carries on handloom weaving, 
 and has manufactures of muslin and Nottingham lace curtains. 
 P. (including Greenholm)<400o. 
 
 Newmlnster Abbey, par., Eng., Northumberland, on W, 
 side and in pari, limits of Morpeth. P. <250. 
 
 Newmoat, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 10 m. SE. Fishguard^ 
 4i m. NE. Clarbeston Road stn., P.O. (New Moat). P. <:500. 
 
 Newnan, city, U.S., Georgia, Coweta co. , 33 m. SW. by S. 
 Atlanta. P. <3000. 
 
 Newnham, college for women. See Cambridge 
 
 Newnham, par. and market-tn., Eng., Gloucestershire,. 
 Forest of Dean div., on the r. bk. of the riv. Severn, 9^ m. 
 WSW. Gloucester, onG. W. R.; has blast-furnaces. PMT.O. 
 Market-day, F. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newnham, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 4^ m. E. by N.. 
 
N E WN 
 
 N E W P 
 
 Basingstoke, close to Hook stn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. 
 (Bfewnliam with Maplederwell) P. <75o. 
 
 Nornhani, par., Eng. , Hertfordshire, Hitchin div. , 14J m. 
 NE. Luton, 2 m. N. Baldockstn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Newuliuni, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 4 m. WSW. Favers- 
 ham, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Newnhani, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 11 m. 
 SSE. Rugby, 2 m. S. by E. Daventry, P.O. P. <soo. See 
 Badby. 
 
 Newiihani, hamlet, Eng., Worcestershire, with stn. (Newn- 
 hani Bridge) on the G. W. R., 3^ m. ENE. Tenbury, PT.O. 
 (Keniiliani Bridge). 
 
 Newnliani, post-tn., Tasmania, Dorset co., 3 m. by road 
 NE. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ne^nhani Murren, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 
 on the I. bk. of the Thames, 11^ m. NW. by N. Reading, i m. 
 S. Wallingford. P. <25o. See Stoke, North. 
 
 Newiiliani Regis, par., Eng., Warwickshire, 4 m. NW. 
 Rugby. P. <25o. See Church La-wford. 
 
 New Norfolk (formerly Elizabeth Town), tn., Tasmania, 
 Buckingham co. , 21 m. by rail NW. by W. Hobart, on the 
 Derwent R. P. < 1500. 
 
 New North, eccles. par. , Scot. , Edinburgh co. and city. P. 
 
 <2500. 
 
 Newnton, Long, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 10 
 m. SW. Cirencester, 3 m. NW. Malmesbury, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Newnton, North, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., on the 
 Avon, 17 m. S. by W. Swindon, 2 m. SE. Woodborough stn. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 New Orleans, city, U.S., on both sides (but chiefly 1. 
 bk. ) of Mississippi R. , 690 m. S, St. Louis by rail, and 960 m. 
 SW. Washington by rail. The older part of the city (statu- 
 tory limits nearly 150 sq. m., actual city about 41 sq. m.) 
 is within a great bend of the river, hence it is known as the 
 ' Crescent City.' Built on an inclined plane, descending gently 
 from the river towards Lake Pontchartrain in the rear. The 
 streets, when the Mississippi is full, are 3 or 4 ft. below the sur- 
 face. An artificial embankment, called the Levee (15 ft. wide 
 and 14 ft. high), has been constructed along the river bank to 
 guard the city against inundation. Chief public buildings are the 
 cathedral, the custom-house, the branch mint, and cotton ex- 
 change ; Tulane University (founded 1847). There are about 
 17 cemeteries ; and the usual mode of burial is above ground, 
 in tombs, owing to the marshy nature of the soil. New O. is 
 the emporium of all the Mississippi regions, and thus com- 
 mands a vast internal trade. Owing to the improvements at 
 the mouth of the river, vessels of the largest size can ascend 
 to the city. New O. has the greatest cotton-market of the 
 world. Yellow-fever is sometimes prevalent, but since the in- 
 stitution, in 1878, of the present quarantine system, there has 
 been no epidemic, as the disease is imported and not indigenous. 
 Depth at entrance to port between jetties, 26-28 ft. ; depth in 
 port at all stages of the river, 25-30 ft. ' The above are the depths 
 officially given, but there appears to be serious doubt whether they 
 are not more favourable than the facts warrant ' (Lloyd's List). 
 Mean temp., yr. 69.1° F., Jan. 54.1°, July 82.5° ; rfall. (30 yrs.), 
 55. 17 in. The city was founded in 1718 by Bienville, and in 
 1722 was made the seat of government of the French colony 
 of Louisiana. The population consists of Americans, French 
 Creoles, and Spaniards, with a mixture of other nations. P. 
 (1810) 17,200; (1870) 191,400; (1880) 216,100; (1890) 242,000. 
 See Louisiana. 
 
 New O.vford, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Adams co., 29 m. 
 S. by W. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 New Oxley, vil., Canada, dist. Alberta, on the Little Bow R. , 
 72 m. SE. by S. Calgary. 
 
 New Paris, vil., U.S., Ohio, Preble co., on Whitewater R., 
 35 m. W. Dayton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newpark, stn., Scot., Midlothian, on the C. R., 8^ m. SSE. 
 Linlithgow. 
 
 New Philadelphia, city, U.S., Ohio, Tuscarawas co. , on 
 the Tuscarawas, 50 m. NW. Wheeling (W. Va.), with exten- 
 sive coal-mines and important iron-works (sheet-mills, tinplate- 
 mills, nail-works, &c.), tile-factories, &c. P. (i89o)<sooo; 
 (local census, 1895) 6000. 
 
 New Plymouth, bor., New Zealand, North L, Taranaki co., 
 on the W. ct., 160 m. S. by W. Auckland, in 39° 4' S. The 
 roadstead is open, with wharves (partly protected from the pre- 
 vailing SW. wind by an unfinished breakwater) only available 
 at from full to half-tide. P. <400o. 
 
 New Point Comfort, U.S. , Virginia, in SE. of Matthews co., 
 , between Chesapeake and Mob Jack Bays, with fixed light, 60 m. 
 above sea-level. 
 
 Newport, vil., Canada, Quebec, Gasp^ co., on the E. ct. 
 (Gulf of St. Lawrence), in 48° 14' N. 
 
 Newport, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and i m. SE. 
 by E. Barnstaple, on the r. bk. of the Torridge. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Newport, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 3^ m. SSW. Saffron 
 Walden, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. <iobo. 
 
 I Newport, mun. bor. (since 1193), and market -tn., Eng., 
 
 Hampshire, in the centre of the Isle of Wight, on the Medina, 
 17 m. SSE. Southampton, in the diocese of Winchester, with 
 railway lines to Cowes, Ryde, and Ventnor. It is the com-, 
 mercial cap. of the island. Cement works and brewing. Caris- 
 brooke Castle and Parkhurst Barracks are in the neighbourhood. 
 Newport returned two M.P.'s from 1585 till 1867, then only 
 one till 1885, when it was disfranchised. Market-days, S. and 
 each alternate W. P, (1801) 3600; (1851) 8000; (1871) 8500; 
 (1891) 10,200. 
 
 Newport, mun. bor. (since Richard II.) and co. bor., par., 
 seapt.,and market-tn., Eng., Monmouthshire, Monmouth dist., 
 20 m. SW. Monmouth, in the diocese of Llandaff, near the 
 mouth of the Usk (trib. of the Severn), with stn. on G. W. R. , 
 and branches to Monmouth, Pontypool, &c. The Usk is 
 navigable for the largest vessels. There are extensive docks. 
 Newport exports more iron than any other English port, and ranks 
 third for the export of coal (see statistics, Appendix, p. 13) ; 
 important iron and chemical works. Ruins of ancient castle ; 
 tower of parish church built by Henry III. Newport constituted 
 a CO. bor. in 1891. Fairs are held in August and November. 
 Market-days, W. and S. Par. 4463 ac. , P. 10,400; mun. bor. 
 P. (1801) iioo; (1851) 19,300; (1871) 31,200; (1891) 54,700. 
 
 Newport, pari, div., Eng., Shropshire. P. (1891) 53,000. 
 
 Newport, par. and market-tn., Eng., Shropshire, 11 m. SW. 
 Stafford, on Shrewsbury Canal and L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 Market-day, S. Par. and tn. P. <30oo. 
 
 Ne-wport, vil., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div., on 
 the Hull and Barnsley Rly., 8^ m. NE. Goole, close to the 
 Market Weighton Canal. 
 
 Ne"wport, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the NE. R. , 
 in the SW. of the pari. bor. of Middlesbrough, PMT.O. 
 
 Ne'wport, tn. , Ire., NW. co. Mayo, bar. Burrishoole, at 
 mouth of riv. Newport, E. of Clew Bay, 5^ m. N. Westport, on 
 the M. G. W. R., PMT.O. (Newport, or Newport Pratt). 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Newport, tn. , Ire., W. co. Tipperary, bar. Owney and Arra, 
 10 m. ENE. Limerick, on the Mulkear R. , 3 m. from Castle- 
 connell stn. , PMT. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Newport, watering-place. New South Wales, co. Cumberland, 
 at the head of Broken Bay, 23 m. by road and steamboat N, 
 Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ne'wport, seapt. tn., Scot., E. Fife, on the S. shore of the 
 Firth of Tay, ij m. SE. Dundee, with two stns. (East and West 
 Newport) on the N. B. R., PMT.O. P. <3000. 
 
 Newport, tn. , U.S., Arkansas, Jackson co., on 1. bk. of 
 White R. , 78 m. NW. by W. Memphis (Tenn.). P. <:20oo. 
 
 Ne'wport, vil., U.S., Delaware, Newcastle co. , on Christiana 
 R. , 4 m. SW. by W. Wilmington. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ne'wport, vil., U.S., Indiana, Vermillion co. , on r. bk. of 
 Wabash R. , 28 m. N. Terre Haute. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ne'wport, city, U.S., Kentucky, Campbell co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Ohio, and the r. bk. of the Licking R., opposite Cin- 
 cinnati (Ohio), with iron and steel works, large distilleries, &c. ; 
 connected with Covington by a suspension bridge, and with 
 Cincinnati by two bridges (one a railway bridge). About i m. 
 off is the U.S. military post of Fort Thomas. P. (1880) 20,400 ; 
 (1890) 24,900. 
 
 Newport, tn. , U.S., Maine, Penobscot co. , 23 m. W. by N. 
 Bangor. Alt. 200 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Newport, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Sullivan co. , on Sugar 
 R. , 32 m. WNW. Concord. P. <3000. 
 
 Newport, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Cumberland co. , 43 m. S. 
 Philadelphia (Penn.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Newport, vil., U.S., New York, co. and 12 m. N. Herkimer. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Newport, vil. , U.S., Oregon, Benton co., on Yaquina Bay, 
 90 m. SW. Portland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Neiivport, bor., U.S.', Pennsylvania, Perry co. , on Juniata 
 R. , 20 m. NW. Harrisburg ; the shipping point for a large 
 number of adjacent towns. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Newport, city, U.S., Rhode I., Newport co., on the E. side 
 of Narragansett Bay, 17 m. SW. by S. Fall River (Mass.) ; has 
 safe, commodious harbour, deep enough for the largest ships, 
 defended by Fort Adams on Brenton's Point. The city is on a 
 declivity facing the harbour, and is one of the most popular 
 summer resorts in the U.S., with limited manufactures. The 
 U.S. torpedo station is on an island in Newport harbour. On 
 another island near by is the U.S. Naval War College. The 
 CO. of Newport is in the extreme SE. of the state, and includes 
 Block I. and most of the islands in Narragansett Bay. Mean 
 temp., yr. 49.7° F., Jan. 29.8", July 70.8°. P. (1880) 15,700; 
 (1890) 19,500. 
 
 Newport, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Cocke co. , 40 m. E. Knox- 
 ville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newport, tn., U.S., Vermont, Orleans co., on Lake Mem- 
 phremagog, 49 m. NNE. Montpelier, with manufactures of 
 boots and shoes ; trade in lumber. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Newport (strictly speaking, portion of Williamstown), Victoria, 
 7 m. by rail SW. Melbourne, with railway workshops. 
 
 Newport, par., tn., and small port, Wales, Pembrokeshire, 
 
 1091 
 
N E W P 
 
 NEWS 
 
 6^ m. E. by N. Fishguard, on Newport Bay, PMT.O. ; 4494 
 ac. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Newport Bay, Ire., W. co. Mayo, at the head of Clew Bay, 
 in the NE. 
 
 New Portland, tn., U.S., Maine, Somerset co. , 16 m. N. 
 Farmington. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Newport News, seapt. tn., U.S., Virginia, Warwick co., at 
 the mouth of the James R., N. bank, on Hampton Roads, 69 
 m. SE. Richmond ; has a timber graving dock 609 ft. long, 
 two coaling and two merchandise piers. Depth at entrance to 
 port high water ordinary springs, 29 ft.; in port, high water 31 
 ft. , low water 28 ft. P. < 5000. 
 
 Newport Noyes, harb. ,\\' ales, Pembrokeshire, Milford Haven, 
 with iron pier, 928 ft. of quayage, and staithes for shipment 
 of coal. 
 
 Ne-wporton, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Fermanagh, dist. Tempo. 
 
 Newport Pagnell, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Buckingham- 
 shire, Buckingham div., on the Great Ouse, 11^ m. WSW. 
 Bedford, on the L. & NW. R. ; has lace manufactures, but 
 almost extinct. Market-day, VV. Par. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Newport Blver, Ire., NW. co. Mayo, flows out of Lough 
 Beltra into Clew Bay at Newport. 
 
 New Providence, one of the Bahama Isles. Length, 21 m.; 
 breadth varies up to 7 m. 
 
 New Providence, tn. , Bahama Is. See Nassau. 
 
 New Providence, vil. , U.S., Tennessee, Montgomery co. , 
 on the Cumberland R. , just below Clarksville, 42 m. NW. 
 Nashville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newquay, tn. and watering-place, Eng. , Cornwall, St. Austell 
 div., on the coast, 11 m. N. Truro, on a branch of the G. W. R. ; 
 has tin ore. PMT.O. Alt. 90 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), yr. 
 37.6 in. P. <2ooo. 
 
 New Quay, tn., Wales, Cardiganshire, on New Quay Bay, 
 14* m. NW. by W. Lampeter, PMT.O. 
 
 New Quay Road, stn. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., on 
 the Manchester and Milford Rly. , 9J m. SW. Lampeter. 
 
 New Kepnbllc, in Dutch Nleuwe Repnbllek, a short-lived 
 Boer republic to the SE. of the Transvaal (S. African Republic), 
 proclaimed Aug. 16, 1884, annexed to the Transvaal Sept. 16, 
 1887. 
 
 Ne'w Rlcbmond, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Bonaventure co. , on 
 Chaleur Bay, in 65° 54' W. 
 
 Ne'w Rlcbmond, vil., U.S., Ohio, Clermont co. , on Ohio R. , 
 20 m. N. Cincinnati by rail. P. <30oo. 
 
 New^ Rlcbmond, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Summers co. , on 
 the r. bk. of the Great Kanawha R. , 52 m. SE. by S. Charleston. 
 Alt. 1289 ft. (R.R.). P.<isoo. 
 
 Ne'w Rlcbmond, city, U.S., Wisconsin, St. Croix co. , 31 m. 
 ENE. St. Paul (Minn.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 New River, California. See Colorado Desert. 
 
 New River, artificial cut, Eng., affording part of the water- 
 supply of London, length 36 m.; commenced by Sir Hugh 
 Middieton in the reign of James I., completed by a corporation 
 in Hertfordshire and Middlesex, commences in a spring just SW. 
 of Ware, is augmented from the riv. Lee at Broxbourne. 
 
 New River, U.S. See Kanawba, Great. 
 
 New Rocbelle, vil., U.S., New York, West Chester co. , 21 
 m. NE. by N. New York. P. 8200. 
 
 New Ross, or Ross, civic tn., Ire., W. co. Wexford, bar. 
 Bantry, on the 1. bk. of the riv. Barrow, 11^ m. NE. by N. 
 Waterford, on the G. S. & W. and Dublin, Wicklow, and Wex- 
 ford Rlys. P. 5800. 
 
 Newry, vil., Canada, Ontario, Perth co., 47 m. N. by E. 
 London. 
 
 Ne'wry, par. , civic and market tn. , and pari. bor. , Ire. , S W. 
 cos. Armagh and Down, bars. W. Oneilland, Upper Orion, 
 Upper Iveagh, Lower Half, and Lordship of Newry, 12J m. 
 N. by E. Dundalk, on the G. N. (Ire.) R. Its ancient castle 
 was destroyed by Edward Bruce in 1318. Newry is connected by 
 Ne'wry Canal (3 m. long, available for vessels 200 ft. long drawing 
 13^ ft. and of 35 ft. beam) with Victoria Lock, which has a depth 
 on sill at ordinary spring tides of 17^ ft. The dock has 6990 ft. 
 of quayage, with depth at entrance at ordinary springs high 
 water 23 ft. , low water 7 ft. The canal and river are crossed by 
 eight bridges. See also Down, co. Newry is connected by 
 the Newry and Greenore Rly. with the deep-water harbour of 
 Greenore in Carlingford Lough. A commission has been apv 
 pointed for improving Lough Carlingford and removing the bar. 
 There are several corn and flour mills, and three large spinning- 
 mills in the town. Market-days, Tu., Th., and S. Par. 22,363 
 ac, P. 20,200; tn. P. (1841) 12,000; (1851) 13,200; (1871) 
 13,400; (1891) 13,000; pari. bor. P. (1891) 13,700. 
 
 Newry, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Blair co., 82 m. W. by N. 
 Harrisburg, 8 m. W. by S. Altoona. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Newry, Lordsblp of, bar. , Ire. , in the SW. of co. Down. 
 
 Newry River, Ire. , in the SW. of co. Down, flows W. then 
 SE. into the head of Carlingford Lough. 
 
 Newseat, stn., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on the G. N. of S. R., 
 3i m. WNW. Peterhead. 
 
 Newsbam, par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 9^ m. 
 1092 
 
 SW. by S. Bishop Auckland, i m. W. Winston stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Newsbam, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 7 m. 
 NW. by N. Richmond, 5 m. SSW. Winston stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Newsbam and Soutb Blytb, par., Eng., Northumberland, 
 Newsham 7 m. SE. by E. Morpeth, i m. from Blyth, included 
 in the pari. bor. of Morpeth, with stn. (Newsbam) on the NE. 
 R., PMT.O. P. < 4000. 
 
 NeM'sbam wltb Breckenbrongb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton div., Newsham on the Wiske, 
 9^ m. NNE. Ripon, 2 m. SSW. Otterington stn. P. <25o. 
 
 New Sbaron, tn., U.S., Iowa, Mahaska co., 66 m. SW. by 
 W. Cedar Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 New Sbaron, tn. , U.S., Maine, Franklin co. , on Sandy R. , 
 30 m. NW. Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newsbolm, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 4 m. WNW. Goole, i^ m. NNW\ Howden stn. See 
 Bempton. 
 
 Newsbolme, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 5 m. S. Helli- 
 field, on L. & Y. R. P. <25o. 
 
 New Sborebam, tn., U.S., Rhode I., co. and 30 m. SW. 
 Newport ; a popular summer resort. P. <:i500. 
 
 New Siberia, Russian Novaya Slblr, isl., Siberia, Arctic 
 Ocean, NE. of Lyakhov Is. and E. of Thaddeus I., from which 
 it is separated by a strait 10 m. wide. Length, 126 m.; width 
 about 50 m.; 74° 44'-7S° 33' N., i46°-i52° E. 
 
 Ne'w Smyrna, settlement, U.S., Florida, Volusia co. , on the 
 E. ct. , 100 m. S. by E. of the mouth of St. John's R. , in 29^ i' N. 
 
 Newsome, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, on SE. side of 
 Huddersfield. P. < 2000. 
 
 New Sontb Sbetland, archipelago. See Shetland, Soutb. 
 
 New Soutb Wales, a British colony on the E. side of .Australia, 
 bounded S. by Victoria, W. by S. Australia, N. by Queensland, 
 E. by the Pacific Ocean, situated between 28° 10' and 37° 28' S. , 
 141° o' and 153° 40' E. ; it is divided into 13 pastoral dists. , sub- 
 divided into 141 counties ; area about 3I times that of Great 
 Britain ; cap. Sydney. The surface is divided naturally into 
 three distinct zones — the coast dist. , the tableland, and the plains 
 of the interior. The first is a comparatively narrow tract of 
 undulating land, varying in width from 35 to 120 m. , extending 
 back to the Dividing Range, which under the names of New- 
 England Range, Liverpool Range, Blue Mountains, Gourock 
 Range, Monaro Range, Muniong Range, and others, traverses 
 the country in an irregular line from N. to S. , constituting the 
 outer edge of the tableland, and forming the watershed of the 
 colony ; numerous spurs, however, from the main range inter- 
 sect the coast region, dividing the waters of the numerous rivers 
 flowing to the Pacific Ocean. The tableland is an elevated 
 dist. rising abruptly to an average height of from 2000 to 3000 ft. , 
 furrowed with narrow and precipitous valleys and deep gorges, 
 sloping gently westward towards the great central plain of 
 Australia ; in the southern part, some peaks rise to over 7000 ft. 
 above the sea [Australian Alps]. The coast-line has a total 
 length of about 800 m. , and generally presents a bold and rocky 
 outline ; it comprises some magnificent harbours, but is almost 
 devoid of adjacent islands. All the larger rivers rise on the 
 W. side of the Dividing Range and flow to the Murray, which 
 forms a great part of the Victoria boundary ; they are the 
 Murrumbidgee, the Lachlan, and the Darling or Barwon (the 
 headstream of which is the Macintyre, dividing New South 
 Wales from Queensland), which receives also the Macquarie, 
 Namoi, and Gwydir on its 1. bk. , and the Culgoa and Warrego 
 on its r. bk. Of the rivers flowing to the Pacific, the principal 
 are the Clarence, Macleay, Hunter, Hawkesbury, and Shoal- 
 haven. A belt of Palaeozoic rocks about 200 m. wide extends 
 inland from the coast, with a spur crossing the centre of the 
 colony nearly at right angles to it, in which occur numerous 
 intrusions of granite and other igneous rocks containing the 
 metalliferous deposits ; Cretaceous formations cover a wide extent 
 in the N. and W. ; the remainder consists chiefly of plains of 
 Pleistocene origin. As to the climate, see Australia, and 
 Sydney, Newcastle, Port Macquarie, Goulburn, Batburst, 
 DenlUquln, Bonrke. Open forests (chiefly eucalypti) cover the 
 greater portion of the surface of the colony, except portions of 
 the Monaro, Lachlan, and Murrumbidgee dists., where exten- 
 sive treeless plains occur clothed with scrub and natural grasses 
 [Australia]. In the coast region, which is favoured with an 
 abundant rainfall, a great deal of the soil is very poor, except 
 along the rivers, where there is an extraordinary fertility arising 
 from the detritus deposited by the inundations which frequently 
 occur ; the northern dists. are suitable for the cultivation of 
 sugar, maize, and semi-tropical fruits. On the tableland ^dthin 
 the Dividing Range there is a greater extent of good soil, espe- 
 cially suited for the cultivation of cereals, but the rainfall ceases 
 to be sufficient for agriculture within 200 m. of the coast. Atten- 
 tion has, however, been given to the construction of artesian 
 wells, with no little success. The plains still further W. have 
 a soil of excellent quality, and the cereals might be grown here 
 in immense quantities were the rainfall more abundant and 
 regular. New South Wales is, however, essentially a pastoral 
 
NEWS — N E W T 
 
 country ; sheep-rearing is the most important industry in the 
 colony, chiefly for the yield of wool, which is exported to an 
 annual value of nearly ;{,'8, 000,000. The mineral resources of 
 New South Wales are extensive, particularly in respect of gold, 
 silver, tin, copper, and coal ; gold was first practically discovered 
 in 1851 near Bathurst, and is now worked in nearly all parts of 
 the country, the estimated auriferous area being 13,700 sq. m. , 
 and the total yield to end of 1892, 10,500,000 oz. ; silver is chiefly 
 found in the extreme W. , at Broken Hill in the Barrier Range ; 
 tin in the NE. , in the New England dist. ; copper is pretty 
 generally distributed ; iron and lead are also worked in small 
 quantities ; diamonds in considerable numbers have been found 
 in various places, notably at Bingera, on the Gwydir R. ; and 
 opal mines are situated near Mount Lyell. The coal-measures, of 
 superior quality, are extensive and valuable ; they occur in the 
 E. of the colony from the 29th to the 36th parallel, and ramify 
 to the coast along many miles of seaboard, the seams being 
 of great extent and practically inexhaustible, the mines in the 
 neighbourhood of Newcastle being the most prolific ; it is com- 
 puted that the coal area approximates to 24,000 sq. m. Main 
 lines of railway (all belonging to the state) radiate from Sydney 
 a considerable distance into the interior through the Dividing 
 Range, and connect with those of Victoria and Queensland. 
 The Murray is navigated by small steamers as far as Albury, 
 and at certain seasons steamers ascend the Murrumbidgee to 
 Wagga Wagga, and the Darling to Bourke ; several of the 
 rivers on the Pacific coast are navigable for vessels of light 
 draught. The trade of New South Wales greatly exceeds that 
 of any other colony of the Australian group, and is almost 
 entirely in British hands ; Sydney and Newcastle are the only 
 ports of importance. The government is vested in a governor 
 appointed by the crown and a parliament of- two hotises.one 
 nominated by the governor, the other elected by universal 
 suffrage. All religious bodies are on an equal footing ; about 
 three-fourths of the people are Protestants, the majority of 
 whom are connected with the Church of England, but almost 
 every sect is represented ; education is compulsory between the 
 ages of six and fourteen years, and state aid is given through 
 the Public Instruction department. New South Wales, which 
 originally included all the E. side of Australia, received its 
 name from its first explorer, Captain Cook, in 1770 ; the first 
 settlement was effected in Jan. 1788 at Botany Bay. Victoria was 
 separated in 1851, and Queensland in 1859. See Australia for 
 exploration, and Australian Colonies for area and population. 
 
 fieyv Spain, Nneva Espaila, name given in 1518 by Juan de 
 Grijalva to the penin. of Yucatan, and extended two years later, 
 by Fernand Cortez, to all the empire of Mexico. 
 
 Ne>«'sprlngs, vil. , Eng., 2 m. NE. Wigan, Lancashire, PM.O. 
 
 Nevrstead, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, i m. S. Brigg. P. <25o. 
 
 Newstead, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div. , 9 m. N. by W. Alnwick, i^ m. SW. by W. Newham stn. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Newstead, par. , Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div. , 5 m. 
 S. by E. Mansfield, 2 m. E. Newstead stns. , on the G. N. and M. 
 Rlys. Newstead Abbey was given to the Byrons in 1540. 
 P.O. (Newstead Colliery). P. < 1500. 
 
 Newstead, vil., Scot., i m. E. Melrose, Roxburghshire, on 
 riv. Tweed, P.O. 
 
 Newstead, post-tn. , Victoria, Talbot co. , 92 m. by rail NNW. 
 Melbourne, 26 m. SSW. Sandhurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 New StraltsTllle, vil, U.S., Ohio, -Perry- co., 48 m.'SE. by 
 E. Columbus. P. < 3000. 
 
 New Street, the central station of the L. & NW. and M. 
 Rlys., Birmingham, Eng. 
 
 Newthorpe, vil., Eng., co. and 7 m. NW. Nottingham, on 
 theG. N. R., PM.O. 
 
 Newthorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., 9^ m. E. Leeds, i m. E. Micklefield stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Newtlmber, par., Eng., Sussex, Lewes div., 6 m. NNW. 
 Brighton, 2 m. N. The Dyke stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Newton, par., Eng., Cambridge, Chesterton div., 5 m. S. 
 by W. Cambridge, i m. SSE. Harston stn. P. <25o. See 
 Hauxton. 
 
 Newton, par., Eng., Cambridge, Isle of Ely, div. and 3^ m. 
 NNW. Wisbech, 4 m. W. Ferry stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Newton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 8 m. W. 
 Northwich, 3 m. E. by S. Helsby stn. P. <25oo. 
 
 Newton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Hyde div., i| m. SSW. Staly- 
 bridge, on the M. S. & L. R. , PM.O. (Newton Moor). P. 7300 ; 
 eccles. pars. (Newton In Mottram) P. <30oo, and (Newton 
 Moor) alt. 396 ft., mean rfall. (1866-80), yr. 30.5 in., P. <4000. 
 
 Newton, par., Eng., Cheshire, 4 m. NW. Macclesfield, on 
 Bollin R. P. <2So. 
 
 Newton, vil., Eng., Derbyshire, 4 m. from .Alfreton, with 
 stn. (Tlbsheirand Newton) on the M. R., PM.O. 
 
 Newton, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Dore union. P. <25o. 
 
 Newton, part of par. , Eng. , Herefordshire. See Walford. 
 
 Newton, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Newton, part of par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See nardhorn. 
 
 Newton, pari, div., Eng., in SW. of Lancashire. P. 63,300. 
 
 Newton, par., Eng., Lancashire, a suburb of Manchester, in 
 the N. div. of the pari. bor. , with two stns. (Newton Heath 
 and Dean Lane) on the L. & Y. R. , PMT.O. (Newton Heath) ; 
 5869 ac. P. 36,800; four eccles. pars. (Newton Heath) P. 
 11,400, 6200, 7300, 4000. 
 
 Newton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 8J m. 
 E. Grantham, 4 ni. SW. Aswarby stn. , P.O. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (Newton with Haceby) P. <soo. 
 
 Newton, part of par., Eng., Norfolk. See Trowse and 
 Horsham St. Faith. 
 
 Newton, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 10 m. N. 
 Wellingborough, i m. SSE. Geddington stn. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (Newton In the Willows) P. -C250. 
 
 Newton and Newton Hall, two adjoining pars., Eng., Nor- 
 thumberland, Newton, div. and 6 m. E. Hexham, 2 m. NNE. 
 Riding Mill stn., P.O. P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Newton, part of eccles. par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark 
 div., 6i m. E. by N. Nottingham, i| m. NW. Bingham stn., 
 P.O. See Shelford. 
 
 Newton, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire. See Exelby. 
 
 Newton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 
 6^ m. SE. Middlesbrough, i^ m. N. by E. Great Ayton stn. 
 P. <;25o ; eccles. par. (Newton In Cleveland) P. <25o. 
 
 Newton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 
 14 m. W. by N. Scarborough, close to Levisham stn., P.O. 
 (Newton- on -RawcUflTe). P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Newton 
 upon Kaw^ellflTe) P. <75o. 
 
 Newton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., on 
 the Hodder, 14 m. NW. Burnley, 6J m. NNW. Clitheroe, 
 P.O. (Newton-ln-BowIand). P. <soo. 
 
 Newton, S. suburb of Auckland, New Zealand, North I. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Newton, par., Scot., NE. Edinburghshire. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newton, vil., Scot., Mid Lanarkshire, on the C. R., 5 m. 
 NW. Hamilton, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Newton, co. , U. S. , Arkansas, intersected by 36° N. and 93° W. 
 
 Newton, co., U.S., Georgia, between 33 and 34° N., and 
 crossed in the W. by 84° W. 
 
 Newton, city, U.S., Illinois, Jasper co., 50 m. SW. by W. 
 Terre Haute (Ind.). P. <isoo. 
 
 NeM^ton, CO., U.S., Indiana, W. frontier, crossed by 41° N. 
 
 Newton, city, U.S., Iowa, Jasper co., 30 m. E. by N. Des 
 Moines ; has coal-mines. P. <3c>oo. 
 
 Newton, city, U.S., Kansas, Harvey co., 115 m. SW. by W. 
 Topeka, and 30 m. N. Wichita. P. 5600. 
 
 Newton, city, U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , 6 m. W. 
 Boston, on high and undulating ground ; has considerable 
 manufactures. The river falls furnish extensive water-power. 
 P. (1880^17,000; (1890)24,400. 
 
 Newton, co., U.S., Mississippi, in the E., crossed by 89° W. 
 and 32^° N. 
 
 Newton, co., U.S., Missouri, in the SW., on the W. frontier, 
 crossed in the N. by 37° N. 
 
 Newton, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Rockingham co., near 
 the frontier, 23 m. ENE. Nashua. P. <i50o. 
 
 Newton, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Sussex co., 70 m. W. New 
 York by rail. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Newton, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, Catawba co., 143 m. W. 
 Raleigh, and 38 m. W. by N. SaUsbury. P. <i5oo. 
 -Newton, co., U.S., Texas, on the Sabine R. (E. frontier), 
 crossed in the N. by 31° N. 
 
 Newton, PM.O., Wales, Glamorganshire. See Newton 
 Nottage. 
 
 Newton, ct. vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. from Mumbles, 
 PM.O. 
 
 Newton, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 8 m. E. by S. Haver- 
 fordwest, 4 m. WSW. Narberth stn. P. <25o. See Slebech. 
 
 Newton, East, and Laysthorp, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. 
 Riding, on riv. Rye, 4 m. SE. Helmsley. P. <25o. 
 
 Newton, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , York- 
 shire, E. Riding, Holderness div. E. Newton, on the coast, 12J 
 m. ENE. Hull, 6 m. W. by S. Burton Constable stn., P. <2So ; 
 W. Newton, 2^ m. SE. by E. Burton Constable stn. , P. <25o. 
 
 Newton, Long, par. , Eng. , Durham, in the S. of the SE. div. , 
 4i m. WSW. Stockton, zh m. NW. by W. Eaglescliffe June, 
 P.O.; 4312 ac. P. <5oo. " 
 
 ^ewton. North, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, 2 m. from N. 
 Petherton, P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Newton, Old, par., Eng., Suffolk, 2 m. NE. Stowmarket, 
 P.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Newton, South, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wihon div., on the 
 Wily, 6 m. NW. by W. Salisbury, i m. E. Wishford stn., P.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Newton, West, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 7 m. NE. 
 King's Lynn, 2 m. E. by S. Wolferton stn., P.O. P. <50o. 
 See Sandrlngham. 
 
 Newton, West, Eng., Northumberland. See Westnewton. 
 
 Newton, West, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Westmoreland co. , 
 on Castleman R. , 23 m. SE. by S. Pittsburg. P. <3000. 
 
 1093 
 
N E W T — N E W T 
 
 Newton, West, and Allonby, par., Eng. , Cumberland, in 
 the SW. of the Eskdale div., W. Newton, 8 m. NE. by E. 
 Maryport, i^ m. WNW. Brayton stn., P.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Newton Abbot, vil. , Eng. , Devonshire, Ashburton div. , 5^ m. 
 W. by S. Teignmouth, in a picturesque situation at the head 
 of the estuary of the Teign, on the G. W. R. On the summit of 
 Milber Down, 2 m. SE. , is a triple entrenchment (the inmost 
 valhim square, the second more oval, the third an ellipse), and 
 outside all the remains of an almost circular entrenchment. 
 Near it lignite, tin ore, potter's clay, and china-clay are worked, 
 and manufactures of ornamental pottery are carried on in the 
 town. Market-day, W. See 'Wolboroagh. 
 
 Newton and Biggin, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Newton 
 div. and 3 m. NE. by N. Rugby, i m. NW. Clifton Mill stn., 
 P.O. (Newton). P. <:25o. See Clifton on Duusmore. 
 
 Newton and West Haven, or Newton of Panbride, part 
 of Carnoustie, Scot., Forfarshire, 6 m. SW. by W. Arbroath, 
 close to Carnoustie stn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Newton Arlosh, eccles. par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale 
 div. , on the Solway Firth, 12^ m. W. Carlisle, 2 m. SW. by W. 
 Kirkbride stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Newton Bewley, par., Eng., Durham, in the E. of the SE. 
 div. , 4i m. N. by E. Stockton, 2 m. W. Greatham stn. P. <:2So. 
 
 Ne'wton Blossonivllle, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, in the 
 N. of the Buckingham div., on the Great Ouse, 8 m. W. by N. 
 Bedford, 2 m. E. by S. Olney stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Newton Bromstaold, par., Eng., on the border of the E. 
 div. of Northamptonshire, 7 m. E. by S. Wellingborough, 4 m. 
 E. Irchester stn. P. <250. 
 
 Newton by Castleacre, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 14 
 m. E. by S. King's Lynn, 3 m. NW. Dunham stn. P. <25o. 
 See Acre Castle. 
 
 Newton by Chester, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 
 ij m. NE. Chester. P. <:75o. 
 
 Newton by Daresbnry and Newton by Frodstaam, two 
 adjoining pars., Eng., Cheshire, Runcorn union. P. (of each) 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Newton by Halpas, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 
 9 m. ESE. Wrexham, 3 m. SW. Malpas stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Newton by Tattenhall, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury 
 div. , 8 m. SE. by E. Chester, i m. E. by S. Tattenhall Road 
 stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Newton by the Sea, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick- 
 upon-Tweed div., on Newton Haven, 8 m. NNE. Alnwick, 2 
 m. NE. Christon Bank stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 NevKton by Toft, part of eccles. par., Eng., Lincolnshire. 
 See Toft next Newton. 
 
 Newton Cap, par., Eng., Durham, on riv. Wear, on NW. 
 side of Bishop Auckland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Newton Cloghans, Ire. See Newtown Cloghans. 
 
 Nevyton Colliery, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, Cambuslang par. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Newton Dale, valley, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, near 
 Levisham railway stn., about 15 m. W. by N. Scarborough. 
 
 Newton Falls, coal-mining vil., U.S., Ohio, Turnbull co., 
 44 m. SE. by E. Cleveland. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Newton Ferrers, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 6 m. 
 SE. Plymouth, on Yealme Mouth, PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Newton Ferry, P.O., Scot., 8 m. from Lochmaddy, N. 
 Uist L, Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire. 
 
 Newton Flotman, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 7 m. S. by 
 W. Norwich, i m. ENE. Flordon stn., P.O. P. <25o. See 
 Swalnsthorpe . 
 
 Newtonforbes, PMT.O., Ire. See Newtown Forbes. 
 
 Newton Grange, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Ashbourne union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Newton Grange, vil., Scot., Midlothian, on the S. Esk, ij 
 m. S. Dalkeith, close to Dalhousie stn., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Newton Green, part of eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire. See 
 Godley. 
 
 Newton Green, vil, Eng., 4 m. from Sudbury, Suffolk, P.O. 
 
 Newton Harconrt, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Billesdon 
 union, P.O. P. <:2so. See Kllby. 
 
 Newton Heath, stn. , Eng. See Newton, Manchester. 
 
 Newtonhlli, hamlet, Scot., Kincardineshire, on the C. R., 
 on the E. ct. , 8 m. S. by W. Aberdeen. 
 
 Newton-ln-Bowland, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire. See Newton. 
 
 Newton-ln-Cartmel, vil., in par. and 3 m. NE. Cartm.el, 
 Eng., Lancashire, PMT.O. 
 
 Newton In Makerfield, or Newton-le- Willows, par. and 
 tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, 15 m. W. Manchester, with stn. (Newton- 
 le-Wlllows) on L. & NW. R. ; coal mined ; manufactures of 
 paper. P. 12,900. 
 
 Newton Kyme, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston 
 Ash div., on the Wharfe, 95 m. WSW. York, on the NE. R., 
 P.O. P. <2SO. 
 
 Newton-le- Willows, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. 
 and 8 m. SSE. Richmond, near Jervaulx stn., PMT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Newton le Wold, par., Eng., Lincolnshire. See Wold 
 Newton. 
 
 1094 
 
 Newton Longvllle, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 
 9^ m. E. by S. Buckingham, 2 m. SW. Bletchley stn., P.O. 
 P'<Soo. 
 
 Newton Mearns, vil. with PMT.O., Scot., E. Renfrewshire, 
 I m. NW. Mearns. P. < 1000. 
 
 Newtonmore, vil., Scot., Inverness-shire, 2^ m. WSW. 
 Kingussie, on the H. R., PMT.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Newton Morrell, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 
 7 m. NE. Richmond, 3 J m. W. Croft stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Newton Mulgrave, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. 
 and 7j m. WNW. Whitby, i m. SW. Hinder Well stn. P. 
 <25o.' 
 
 Newton near Sndbnry, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury union. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Newton Nottage, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 13 
 m. SSE. Neath, i m. N. Porthcawl stn., PM.O. (Newton). 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Nevfton Noyes, iron pier, Wales, Pembrokeshire, Milford 
 Haven, with 928 ft. of quayage, and staithes for shipment of 
 coal. 
 
 Newton-of-Ferlntosh, hamlet, Scot., Nairnshire, 2 m. SE. 
 Conon Bridge, P.O. 
 
 Newton of Glencarse. See Glencarse. 
 
 Newton of Pltcalrns, part of Dunning, Scot., Perthshire. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Newton on the Moor, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick- 
 upon-Tweed div., 5 m. S. by W. Alnwick, 4 m. SE. Edlingham 
 stn.; coal mined. P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Newton on Trent, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey 
 div., 9 m. W. by N. Lincoln, 3 m. S. by W. Torksey stn., 
 PMT.O. P. <500. 
 
 Newton Park, par., Eng., Northumberland, 4 m. W. 
 Morpeth. P. <25o. 
 
 Newton Poppleford, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton 
 div., loi m. E. by S. Exeter, li m. SW. Tipton St. John's stn., 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Newton Purcell, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 
 5 m. WSW. Buckingham, 2^ m. S. Fulwell and Westbury stn. 
 P. <:25o; eccles. par. (Newton Pnrcell with Shelswell) P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Newton Regis, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 5 m. 
 ENE. Yamworth, PM.O. P.<:soo. 
 
 Newton Kegny, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, div. and 2 m. W. 
 by N. Penrith, i m. NE. Blencow stn., P.O. (Newton Blgney). 
 P. <;25o. 
 
 Newton Road, stn., Eng., S. Staffordshire, on L. & NW. R. , 
 
 3 m. SSE. Walsall. 
 
 Newton St. Cyres, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 
 
 4 m. NW. Exeter, with a stn. (St. Cyres) on the L. & SW. R., 
 P.O.; 4375 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Newton St. Faith, vil, Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 5 J m. N. 
 Norwich, 3 m. NE. by E. Drayton stn., P.O. (Newton St. 
 Faith's). See Horsham. 
 
 Newton St. Loe, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., 3^ m, 
 W. Bath, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Newton St. Petrock, par., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple 
 div., 10 m. S. iDy W. Bideford, 6 m. N. Dunsland stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Newton Solney, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., on the 
 Trent, 3 m. NE. by E. Buxton, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Newton Stewart, tn. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire and Wig- 
 townshire, on riv. Cree, 6J m. NNW. Wigtown, on the Port- 
 patrick and Wigtownshire Joint Rly. Market-day, F. P. <:3000. 
 
 Newton Toney, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., on the 
 Bourne, 8 m. NE. by N. Salisbury, 4J m. W. by S. Grately 
 stn., P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Newton Tracey, par., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., 5 
 m. E. Bideford, 3 m. W. Chapelton stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Newton Underwood, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wans- 
 beck div., on the Font, 3 m. W. Morpeth, 2J m. NE. Meldon 
 stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Newton-upon-Ayr, par., Scot., Ayrshire, suburb of Ayr 
 town, on G. & SW. R. P. 8600. 
 
 Newton-npon-Derwent, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Howdenshire div., 8 m. E. by S. York, 3 m. SW. by S. Fang- 
 foss stn. P. <:2So. 
 
 Newton-npon-Onse, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 9 m. 
 NW. York, PM.O. P.<75o- 
 
 Newton Valence, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 
 i5i m. SW. Aldershot, 4 m. ESE. Medstead stn. P. <soo. 
 
 NewtonvUle, settlement, U.S., Ohio, Clermont co., 23 m. 
 ENE. Cincinnati. 
 
 Newton with Scales, par., Eng., Lancashire, Blackpool 
 div., sh rn- ^- Preston, 2 m. SW. Salwick stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Newtown, PM.O., Eng., near Stockport, Cheshire, i m. 
 from New Mills. 
 
 New Town, PM.O., Eng., i m. from New Mills, Derbyshire. 
 
 Newtown, PM.O., Eng., 2 m. from Poole, Dorsetshire. 
 
 Newtown, par., Eng., on the N. border of Hampshire, 
 Andover div., on the Enborne, 2^ m. S. Newbury, 2 m. NNE. 
 Highclere stn. , PT.O. P. <2So. " See Barghclere. 
 
NEWT — NEW Y 
 
 Newtown, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Fareham 
 div., on the N. shore of Southampton Water, 5^ m. SE. South- 
 ampton, with coastguard stn. See Alverstoke. 
 
 Newtown, eccles. par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Bishop Stort- 
 ford par. P. <;25oo. 
 
 New Town, P.O., Eng., i m. from Groombridge, Kent. 
 
 New Town, PM.O. , Eng., i m. from Southborough, Kent. 
 
 Newtown, PM.O., Eng., near Manchester, Lancashire, i m. 
 from Pendlebury, with coal. 
 
 Newtown, P.O. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, i m. from Ebbw Vale. 
 
 Newtown, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 7 m. SW. Alnwick. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Newtown, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., on the Till, 14^ m. E. Kelso, i^ m. NE. Akeld 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Newtown, eccles. par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 12^ m. 
 E. by N. Oswestry, 3 m. NW. Wem stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Newtown, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, Leeds par. P. 8200. 
 
 Newtown, tn. , Ire., N. co. Cork, bar. Orrery and Kilmore, 
 i6m. N.byW. Mallow, 3^ m. W. byS. Charleville, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Newtown, tn. , Ire. See Seapatrlck. 
 
 Newtown, electoral div., Ire., N. co. Kildare, bar. Ikeathy 
 and Oughterany, 7 m. W. Maynooth. 
 
 Newtown, par., Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. Lower Kells, 11 
 m. NW. by N. Navan. P. <25o. 
 
 Newtown, electoral div.. Ire., SE. Queen's co. , bar. Slieve- 
 margy, 7 m. W. Carlow. 
 
 Newtown, electoral div.. Ire., SE. co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa 
 and Offa East, 3J m. N. by E. Carrick-on-Suir, P.O. 
 
 Newtown, vil.. Ire., S. co. Waterford, bar. Decies without 
 Drum, 8h m. S. Carrick-on-Suir, 2 m. ENE. Kilmacthomas 
 stn., P.O." P. <25o. 
 
 Newtown, par.. Ire., S. co. Westmeath, bars. Fartullagh 
 and Moycashel, 7^ m. NNE. Tullamore, i m. from Hill of 
 Down stn. ; 10,260 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newtown, municip. , New South Wales, adjoining Sydney 
 on the SW. P. 17,800. 
 
 Newtown, vil. , Scot. , Linlithgowshire, 2J m. N. Linlithgow, 
 ^ m. S. Bo'ness stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Newtown, vil., Scot., Roxburghshire, Melrose par. P. <soo. 
 
 Newtown, suburb of and 2 m. N. Hobart, Tasmania, Buck- 
 ingham co. P. <3ooc. 
 
 Newtown, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co. , 9 m. E. 
 Danbury by rail. P. <:4000. 
 
 Newtown, vil., U.S., Illinois, Vermillion co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Newtown, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Bucks co. , 28 m. NE. 
 by N. Philadelphia, 11 m. W. by N. Trenton (N. J.). P. <i5C)o. 
 
 Newtown, called by the Welsh Trenewydd, contributory 
 bor., par., and market-tn. , Wales [Montgomery], in the SE. 
 of Montgomeryshire, on the Severn, 7J m. WSW. Montgomery, 
 on the Cambrian Rly. Chief seat of the Welsh flannel manu- 
 facture ; carries on also other branches of the woollen industry. 
 Market-days, Tu. and S. Par. P. 4000 ; tn. (Ne-wtown and 
 Llanllwclialarn) P. 6600 ; pari. bor. P. 6500. 
 
 Newtown and Chtlwell, bor., Victoria, Grant co. , suburban 
 to Geelong. P. 5200. 
 
 Newtownards, civic and market tn. , Ire., NE. co. Down, 
 bars. Lower Ards and Lower Castlereagh, 5^ m. S. by W. Bangor, 
 I m. from the head of Strangford Lough, on the Donaghadee 
 Branch Rly. In point of population the second town in the 
 county of Down. Muslin weaving, embroidery, and flax and 
 hemp spinning and weaving carried on. There are also two 
 large hem-stitching factories. Town founded by Walter de 
 Burgh in 1244. Market-day, S. Par. 14,838 ac, P. 12,100; 
 tn. P. 9200. 
 
 Newtownballyhea, P.O. , Ire. , 4m. from Charleville, co. Cork. 
 
 Newtownbarry (St. Mary's), par. and tn. , Ire., NW. co. 
 Wexford, bar. Scarawalsh, 11 m. NNW. Enniscorthy, at the 
 confluence of the rivs. Clody and Slaney, 9 m. from Shillelagh 
 stn., PMT.O.; 8284 ac. P. <25oo; tn. P. <iooo. 
 
 Newtown Bellew, tn. , Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Tiaquin, 
 12 m. E. by S. Tuam. P. <25o. 
 
 Newtownbreda, tn.. Ire., N. co. Down, bar. Upper Castle- 
 reagh, 3 m. S. Belfast, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Newtown Bntler, tn. , Ire., S. co. Fermanagh, bar. Coole, 
 16 m. SE. Enniskillen, on the Dundalk and Enniskillen Rly., 
 PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Newtown Canliel, P.O., Ire., in SW. of co. Longford, 8 m. 
 from Ballymahon. 
 
 Newtown Cloghans, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 5 m. SSW. 
 Ballina stn. 
 
 Newtownclonbnn, par. , Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Navan, 
 on riv. Boyne, i m. E. Trim. P. <250. 
 
 Newtown Cronimelln, or Newtown Crnmlin, par. and 
 tn. , Ire., E. co. Antrim, bar. Kilconway, 18^ m. NW. by W. 
 Larne, i m. from Cross Roads stn., P.O. Par. P. <iooo; tn. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Newtown Cnuningham, tn. , Ire., co. Donegal, bar. N. 
 Raphoe, 72 m. W. Londonderry, with stn. on the Londonderry- 
 Letterkenny Rly. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Newtown-Dillon, tn., Ire. See Charlestown. 
 
 Newtown Forbes, tn. , Ire., co., bar., and 3 m. NNW. 
 Longford, on the Longford and Sligo Rly., PMT.O. (Newton- 
 forbes). P. <5oo. 
 
 Newtown Gore, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Leitrim, bar. Carrigallen, 
 12^ m. WNW. Cavan, 7 m. from Killeshandra stn., P.O., and 
 P.O. (Newtongore Village). P. <:25o. 
 
 Newtown Hamilton, par. and tn., Ire., SW. co. Armagh, 
 bar. Upper Fews, 9^ m. W. Newry, PMT.O. Par. 12,408 ac, 
 P. <:4ooo; tn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Newtown Head, Great, cape. Ire., co. Waterford, in the W. 
 of Tramore Bay, 7° 10' W. 
 
 Newtown in Soberton, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, 
 Hambledon and Soberton pars., i m. E. Bishop's Waltham, 
 PM.O. (N.). P.<75o. 
 
 Newtown Kllcolgan, tnld.. Ire., S. co. Galway, bar. Dun- 
 kellin, 12 m. W. Loughrea, with coastguard station. P. <25o. 
 
 Newtownlennan, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, on riv. Lennan, 
 bars. Iffa and Offa E. and Slievardagh, 3 m. N. Carrick-on- 
 Suir ; 5774 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Newtown Limavaily, tn. , Ire. , now usually called LlmaTady. 
 
 Newtown Llnford, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Lough- 
 borough div., 5 m. NW. Leicester, 2^ m. N. Ratbystn. , P.O. ; 
 4388 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Newtown Llantwlt, P.O., Wales, i m. from Llantwit, 
 Glamorganshire. 
 
 Newtownmonntkenuedy, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Wicklow, 
 bar. Newcastle, 7^ m. S. Bray, 3 m. W. by S. Kilcool stn., 
 PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Newtownpark, tn. , Ire., co. and 4 m. SE. Dublin, bar. 
 Rathdown, i m. from Blackrock stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Newtown Sandes, tn. , Ire., N. co. Kerry, bar. Iraghticonnor, 
 6 m. NE. Listowel, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Newtown Stewart, market-tn.. Ire., NW. co. Tyrone, bar. 
 Lower Strabane, 8J m. N. by W. Omagh, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Strule, and on the Londonderry and Enniskillen Rly. Market- 
 day, M. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Newto-wn Vevay, tn. , Ire., NE. co. Wicklow, bar. Rath- 
 down, I m. SSE. and included in township of Bray. 
 
 Newtown wltb Porchfleld, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, 
 Calbourneand Newtown Borough and Shalfleet par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Newtyle, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 5 m. E. by N. Coupar 
 Angus, on the C. R. , PMT.O. ; 5192 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 New lllm, city, U.S., Minnesota, Brown co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Minnesota R. , 75 m. SW. by W. Minneapolis. Alt. 
 837 ft. (R.R.). P.<40oo. 
 
 New Vienna, vil., U.S., Ohio, Clinton co. , 45 m. ENE. 
 Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Newvllle, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Cumberland co. , 30 m. 
 W. Harrisburg. P. <:2C)oo. 
 
 New H'estininster, city, Canada, former cap. prov. Brit. 
 Columbia, on the r. bk. of the Eraser R., 15 m. above its 
 mouth, one of the termini of the C. P. R. , 1473 m. by rail W. 
 Winnipeg. At extreme low water there is about 17 ft. of water 
 in the entrance channel to this port ; ordinary high water is 12 
 ft. higher. Mean temp. (6 yrs. , 1874-80), yr. 47.4° F. , Jan. 
 33.9°, July 60.9°; mean rfall. (4 yrs., 1878-81), 59.15 in.; snow- 
 fall, 52.2 in. P. (1891) 6700. 
 
 New Windsor, vil., U.S., Illinois, Mercer co. , 91 m. S. 
 Dubuque (lo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Ne'^v World Island, isl. , Newfoundland, off the N. ct. , in 
 54° 35-57' W. 
 
 Newydd, Cymric, ' New.' See Nen. 
 
 New York, one of the United States of the N. Atlantic group, 
 extending from the Atlantic at the 40th parallel to the Cana- 
 dian boundary at 45°, and having some 400 m. of water front 
 along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence R. Long I. (115 
 m. in length) forms part of the state, and at its western end, 
 with Staten I., helps to form the most important of all 
 American harbours. New York Bay. From the bay, East R. 
 and Long Island Sound furnish a route to the New England 
 coast, and the Hudson R. is navigable northward for 156 m. 
 Two other features of the surface increase the commercial 
 importance of this harbour — the valley of Lake Champlain, 
 on the Vermont boundary, affording a route northward from 
 the Hudson to the lower St. Lawrence, and the valley of the 
 Mohawk, through which easy communication is had with the 
 Great Lakes and the W. It is along the Mohawk-Hudson 
 depression and the route westward that the chief cities lie — 
 New York, Brooklyn, and Long Island City on the harbour ; 
 Yonkers, Albany, the capital, and Troy on the Hudson ; Utica, 
 Syracuse, Rochester, and Buffalo to the W., along the Erie 
 Canal. The chief elevation is the Adirondacks (Mount Marcy, 
 5344 ft.), of Archaean rock, N. of the Mohawk. To the S. are 
 the Catskills (Slide Mt., 4220 ft.) and several lower ranges, 
 the continuation of the Pennsylvania system, among which 
 are the headwaters of the Delaware and Susquehanna Rivs. 
 Further W. the Genesee flows across the state northward to 
 Lake Ontario. The Niagara forms part of the W. boundary. 
 Lakes abound in the Adirondacks, and the ' finger lakes,' 
 
 1095 
 
N E W Y 
 
 N EWZ 
 
 Cayuga, Seneca, and others, occupy probable glacier depres- 
 sions in 'Central New York.' Lake Chautauqua is tributary 
 to the Mississippi. The climate is nowhere extreme, and is 
 generally healthful. Only in exceptional winters is the cold 
 severe in the Adirondacks {Albany, Buffalo, Xe'w York, 
 Oswego, Kochester]. The exceptional facilities of New York 
 Harbour, its position and accessibility, have made it the first 
 centre of commercial activity in America, handling more than 
 one-half of all the foreign commerce of the United States. 
 Manufacturing is, however, the first industry of the state, 
 and New York City has the largest output of manufactures 
 of all American cities. The state is exceptionally rich agri- 
 culturally, its annual product being exceeded by those of two 
 other states only. In dairy produce, buckwheat, hops, and 
 beans it is the first. Magnetite iron ore, the chief mineral, 
 is found in Essex, Franklin, and Clinton cos., in Archaean 
 formations, and in Orange, Putnam, Rockland, and Columbia ; 
 fibrous talc in St. Lawrence, salt from brine in Wyoming and 
 Onondaga, gas in Chautauqua, oil in Cattaraugus, cement in 
 Ulster, Onondaga, and Erie, and graphite in Essex. There 
 is a large variety of building stone. Spruce lumber is obtained 
 from the forests of the Adirondacks. Springs of saline and 
 chalybeate waters are found at Saratoga, of sulphur at Rich- 
 field, and of iron, sulphur, and magnesia at Sharon Springs. 
 Cornell, at Ithaca, and Columbia, in New York City, are the 
 chief of the twenty-three colleges and universities of the state. 
 New York was first settled by the Dutch in 1623, on Manhattan 
 I. , at New Amsterdam , and later along the Hudson and Mohawk 
 valleys. In 1664 the colony was taken by the British at the com- 
 mand of the Duke of York, and re-named in his honour. New 
 York was one of the original thirteen states. Area, 47,620 sq. 
 m. P. 5,998,000. See IJiittert »^tates, tables. [C. H. L.] 
 
 New York, chief city of U.S. in population, wealth, com- 
 merce, and manufactures; city hall in 40° 42.7' N. , 74° 00. i' 
 W. Situated between and at the union of the Hudson, here 
 called North R. and the East R. , the narrow SW. extension 
 of Long Island Sound, between Long I. and the mainland. 
 The city boundaries agree with those of New York county in 
 New York State, and include Manhattan I., 22 sq. m. , 13^ m. 
 long, and 2^ m. at greatest width, and tapering to N. and S. , 
 and an area of 19 sq. m. on the mainland to N. , from which 
 the Harlem R. divides it, giving, with Governor's, Bedloe's, and 
 Ellis Is. in the bay to S. , and Blackwell's, Ward's, Randall's, 
 &c. , Is. in the East R. , a total area of 41I sq. m. The 
 length of the city from N. boundary to Battery, S. of Manhattan 
 I., is 16 m. ; the greatest width is 4^ m. , on the mainland, from 
 Hudson to mouth of Bronx R. A further area of 23^ sq. m. 
 on mainland, with 17,000 population, was annexed June 1895. 
 The city is thus built on a narrow triangle of land to the N. 
 of an unequalled, well-fortified, landlocked liarbonr over 100 
 sq. m. in extent, with a S. entry at Sandy Hook, 18 m. from 
 city, for ocean vessels and S. coasters, while Long Island 
 Sound to N. shelters ships for Connecticut and Rhode I. ports 
 from Atlantic storms. The North and East Rivs. , i m. and 
 ^ m. broad respectively, are so deep near the shores, that 
 wharfs for the largest ships are easily built on the water- 
 front, of which Manhattan I. alone has 22 m. ; half of this 
 is now fully occupied. The opening of the Harlem R. ship- 
 canal, June 189s, adds 10 m. available water-front. The 
 Hudson is navigable 148 m. N. to Albany and Troy, and 
 the entrance of the Erie Canal to the great lakes. Due W. 
 from New York the low middle section of the Alleghany Mts. is at 
 its lowest, and lets through the western railways with Ohio and 
 Pennsylvania manufactures and the agricultural wealth of the 
 W. Commerce. — With these immense advantages it is not 
 surprising that some 18,000 vessels, of tonnage approaching five 
 millions, enter the harbour yearly. Over 5000 of the vessels are 
 engaged in foreign trade. Three-fifths of the imports and 
 nearly half the exports of the U.S. enter and leave New York. 
 Chief imports, sugar, wool, coffee, silk, iron, and steel; chief 
 exports, bread stuffs, meat products, manufactured cotton, 
 petroleum, tobacco, leather, and dairy products. For the New 
 York customs dist. , including Brooklyn, Jersey City, &c. , the 1893 
 imports were above ^^100,000,000, exports above j^73, 500,000. 
 (See Appeiullx, p. 14.) The distance of coal and iron injures 
 machine industry, but the commercial advantages bring raw 
 material and distribute products cheaply, and create a large 
 population with its demand, and so the city ranks first in the 
 U.S. in manafactiires, with value of 1890 products nearly 
 ;^i6o,ooo,ooo. Most important are clothing, largely a 'sweated' 
 industry; printing and publishing, nearly 800 periodicals, 43 
 daily, issued in 12 languages ; slaughtering and meat-packing; 
 tobacco, &c. ; and malt liquors. The output of pianos 
 (;^2, 500,000) is of special interest. Site. — Crystalline Archaean 
 rocks, chiefly gneiss and mica schist, underlie Manhattan I., 
 and are covered in most places by glacial drift deposits, usually 
 shallow enough to be cleared away so that buildings may rest on 
 the rock. The surface is rolling and, in the N., hilly, reaching 
 238 ft. The S. end, the oldest part of the city, is the financial and 
 commercial centre. The streets there are irregular and often 
 1096 
 
 narrow, and bear names. Elsewhere they are numbered, and 
 from 14th Street to iS5th Street are usually broad, and cross 
 the island at regular intervals. Broad avenues, in some places 
 as many as sixteen, run lengthwise, while Broadway traverses 
 the island with a general westerly trend. The celebrated 
 Central Park, ^ m. wide, with its mingled natural and artificial 
 beauty, runs N. 2^ m. from 59th Street. Several smaller parks 
 are scattered about the city, and on the N. mainland four large 
 pleasure grounds aggregate 5^ sq. m. The narrow island only 
 allowing the city to expand freely northwards is the key to most 
 New York peculiarities. Old Peter Minuit, the first governor- 
 general of the Dutch colony in New Netherland, is said to have 
 bought the whole island from the Indians for ^^5 ; the value of 
 the ground alone is now some ;^ 500, 000, 000. The architecture, 
 even of adjacent bnildliigs, varies greatly in character, style, 
 materials used, &c. Fifth Avenue and the adjoining cross 
 streets (the ' brown-stone' district) show most uniformity ; here 
 are most of the one-family houses, which only the well-to-do can 
 afford, and many religious edifices, hotels, and clubs of beauti- 
 ful design. Over two-thirds of the population, including many 
 of the wealthy, live in the hundred huge hotels or the joint- 
 homes, known according to class as apartment, flat, or tenement 
 houses. Boarding-houses abound, and lodging-houses are 
 numerous. Pressure of space forces many of the hotels, apart- 
 ment-houses, and business buildings to be 'sky-scrapers,' but 
 some are externally decorative and internally beautiful. The 
 older churches and one or two newspaper offices and public 
 buildings are also worthy of notice. Over 300 buildings, in- 
 cluding two colleges, are devoted to public education, to 
 which add the partly or entirely private institutions, including 
 Columbia College and the University of the City of New York, 
 and a host of theological seminaries and colleges and schools 
 devoted to special branches, a fine museum of Natural History 
 and another of Art, and sixty libraries. The natural terminus 
 of railways from the W. , New York is also the important 
 railway centre for Canada, New England, and the South. 
 Most of the lines have their termini on the Jersey shore, and 
 complete the journey by the numerous Hudson ferries. A 
 design for a bridge is officially approved. Three important 
 lines enter the city from the N. as far as Grand Central 
 Station, on 42nd Street. Some dozen Harlem bridges con- 
 nect the island and mainland, and the celebrated East R. 
 bridge (see Brooklyn) and numerous ferries carry many of 
 New York's toilers to homes on Long I. Tramways (or street 
 car lines) occupy many avenues and streets, and four lines of 
 elevated railway and four of cable-cars give inadequate rapid 
 transit from N. to S. History. — Discovered by Henry Hudson, 
 1609 ; first permanent Dutch settlement, 1621 ; Indian name, 
 Manhattan, changed to Nieuw (New) Amsterdam, 1647, and to 
 New York after seizure by the English, 1664. The national 
 capital for about six years, 1784-90. Climate.— Average alt. 
 25 ft. Mean temp. (25 yrs.), yr. 51.4° F., Jan. 30.5°, July 73.6°; 
 rfall. , 44.76 in. Population greatest in U.S. at every census — 
 /1790) 33,100 ; (1830)197,000; (i860) 806,000; (1880) 1,206,000; 
 (1890, probably incomplete) 1,515,300; police enumeration, 
 1,711,000; (1892, state census) 1,801,000; (1895, police census) 
 1,850,000. A referendum vote of the districts concerned 
 favoured by a large majority in 1894 the principle of the early 
 union with New York of Brooklyn and other cities and areas 
 on Long I., Staten I., and a further considerable area to N. 
 on the mainland. This would give Greater New York an 1895 
 estimated population of somewhat more than 3,000,000. [W.S.] 
 
 New York Mills, vil. , U.S. , New York, Oneida co. , 4 m. W. 
 Utica, on Sadaquada Creek. P. <300o. 
 
 New York, isl. , Pacific. See IVashlngton. 
 
 Ne'w Zealand, Brit, colony in the Pacific Ocean, about 1200 
 m. SE. of Australia, between 34" 23' and 47° 16' S. , 166° 30' and 
 178° 34' E. , being almost antipodean to the British Isles, and 
 about one-sixth larger in area than Great Britain. It consists 
 chiefly of two large islands, each about 520 m. in length, sepa- 
 rated by Cook Strait, and Stewart I., off the S. extremity of the 
 South Island, from which it is detached by Foveaux Strait, con- 
 siderably smaller. The two larger islands are divided into the 
 nine provincial dists. of Auckland, Hawkes Bay, Taranaki, 
 Wellington, Nelson, Marlborough, Canterbury, Westland, and 
 Otago, the first four forming the North, the others the South 
 Island. Besides the main islands, with the smaller immediately 
 adjacent, several groups of small islands, at distances from 200 
 to 500 m. , are included within the colony, raising the total area 
 to 104,471 sq. m. [Auckland Is., Ctaatliam Is., Kermadec 
 Is., &c.]. The coast-line, which in the North Island extends to 
 about 2200 m. , and in the South Island to 2000 m. , is in most 
 places high and rocky, especially on the W. coast ; in the SW. 
 it is broken up by numerous fiords, with steep, cliffy shores ; in 
 the N. , on both coasts, large bays, sometimes bordered by low 
 shores rising gradually to higher ground behind, extend a long 
 distance inland, forming fine natural harbours. The surface 
 is highly mountainous, and both islands contain summits which 
 rise above the line of perpetual snow. One long succession of 
 mountains runs from the extreme SW. to the extreme NE. , 
 
NEXO — NGAN 
 
 interrupted by Cook Strait, and divided by gaps into a number 
 of chains, to which different names are given ; in the South 
 Island these he for the most part close by the W. ct. , and it 
 is about the middle of this island, in the Southern Alps, that 
 the highest part of the whole series is found, where Mount 
 Cook (Aorangi) attains a height of 12,350 ft. For more than 
 100 m. these mountains present almost a complete barrier to 
 communication between E. and W. , not being crossed by 
 any road. The West Coast Road, which crosses the N. end 
 between Christchurch and Hokitika, passes through a difficult 
 defile known as the Otira Gorge and over a pass more than 
 3000 ft. high. In the NE. of the South Island there is a some- 
 what isolated range called the Kaikoura Mts. , and it is this 
 which is directly continued by the mountains of the North 
 Island, the Tararua, Ruahine, and Kaimanawa Ranges, which 
 run parallel with the E. ct. But the highest mountains of the 
 North Island do not belong to this system ; they occur fur- 
 ther W. , and are all volcanic, Mount Ruapehu, near the centre, 
 rising to 9195 ft. , with a remarkable crater-lake on its summit ; 
 quite separate from these, the volcanic cone of Mount Egmont 
 rises on the W. ct. The most extensive plain is that known as 
 the Canterbury Plains, stretching for upwards of 100 m. from 
 N. to S. along the E. side of South Island, from the sea-board 
 and Banks Penin. to the foot of the Southern Alps. The 
 Southern Alps have their higlier valleys filled with immense" 
 glaciers, while the lower valleys enclose large and picturesque 
 lakes, relics of still vaster glaciers which in former geological 
 times covered a great part of New Zealand ; the principal of 
 these are Tekapo, Wanaka, Hawea, Wakatipu and Te Anau ; 
 the lakes in North Island are of volcanic origin, of which Taupo, 
 near the centre, is the largest, whilst Rotomahana (which was 
 considerably altered by the eruption which took place in June 
 1886), Rotorua, and others- in the neighbourhood," are remark- 
 able for the various colours and the high temperature of their 
 waters. The rivers are numerous, but the larger ones are for 
 the most part unfit for navigation ; the most important navigable 
 river is the Waikato, which drains Lake Taupo, and can be 
 ascended by steamer for about 50 m. from the sea ; those in the 
 South Island are mostly rapid torrents, fed in summer by the 
 melting glaciers, at other times the water occupies only a few 
 narrow, ever-shifting channels in the broad rocky bed ; the Moly- 
 neux or Clutha, draining Lakes Hawea, Wanaka, and Wakatipu, 
 is the largest of the South Island rivers. The geology of the two 
 islands differs considerably ; that of the North Island is essentially 
 volcanic, and volcanic action is still active near the centre in its 
 volcanoes, hot geysers, and boiling sulphursprings and solfataras ; 
 the South Island is mainly sedimentary, the ranges are of slate 
 and granite, with Silurian sandstones and limestones, only in 
 the basalt of Banks Penin. is there evidence of igneous origin. 
 The climate is agreeable, but the changes of weather and 
 temperature are very sudden ; the rainfall is generally high, 
 especially on the W. ct. , where it is obstructive to agriculture ; 
 snow rarely remains, e.vcept on the mountains ; strong gales are 
 frequent [Auckland, Taranakl, Napier, Wellington, Hoki- 
 tika, Dunedln]. The forests are chiefly on the W. side of 
 the islands, but in Wellington prov. , where there are lofty 
 mountain ranges directly exposed to the rain-bearing winds, 
 great forests also exist ; much of the flora is indigenous to the 
 country, and comprises a large quantity of valuable woods, 
 chiefly pine and beech (the Kauri pine, which yields not only a 
 fine timber, but also the valuable resin known as Kauri .g.um, 
 though it is mainly found fossil in areas formerly occupied 
 by this tree, is now almost confined to the extreme N.) ; ferns 
 are in great variety and almost endless profusion, many of them, 
 with also the so-called New Zealand flax, being native to these 
 islands only. There are scarcely any indigenous animals, and 
 none of the marsupials which abound in Australia ; in past years 
 the moa, a gigantic wingless bird of the ostrich tribe, must have 
 been very common, but it has long since disappeared ; a small 
 running bird without wings, called the apteryx or kiwi, still 
 exists ; there are no snakes. Industries. — Large areas in both 
 islands, the mountain region of the South and the volcanic 
 central dist. of the North, are unfitted for cultivation ; the 
 rearing of live-stock is the most important industry, and wool is 
 the staple product, being exported to the annual value of 4-4^ 
 millions sterling ; large quantities of frozen mutton and butter 
 are exported to England. Arable agriculture is chiefly confined 
 to the provs. of Canterbury and Otago, which produce wheat, 
 oats, and barley ; maize is grown in Auckland ; the soil is 
 admirably adapted for the cultivation of all fruits and edibles 
 that flourish in Great Britain, and much attention is devoted to 
 the production of these and semi-tropical fruits, also the olive. 
 The cblef mineral product of New Zealand is gold, first 
 practically discovered in 1861 at Tuapeka, in Otago, in which 
 prov. large yields are still obtained, though the most important 
 goldfields now exist near Hokitika, other principal gold-mining 
 dists. being in the Coromandel Range and the Thames Valley, 
 and in the provs. Nelson and Marlborough ; the total quantity 
 exported to 1893 was over 12,360,000 oz. Coal seams of con- 
 siderable thickness are being worked at several places, in the 
 
 North Island at the Bay of Islands and on the Waikato R. , 
 and in the South Island principally on the Grey R. and in the 
 Clutha Valley ; the area of the coalfields is estimated at 774 
 sq. m., and the total output to end of 1892 was nearly 8,000,000 
 tons. Silver, of which a total of 605,000 oz. was exported to 
 end of 1892, has been found in several localities, and occurs 
 mixed with the gold in Auckland prov. ; copper exists at 
 D'Urville I. and other places; and iron-sand, producing steel 
 of superior quality, is found on the sea-coast at Taranaki, 
 Onehunga, and Stewart I., and ironstone in Nelson prov. In 
 addition to railways, which do not provide continuous com- 
 munication between the provincial caps. , there is an extensive 
 coaching system connecting with the terminal railway stations 
 and other important centres ; there is also regular steam service 
 by sea between the principal ports. The principal exports in 
 the order of importance are wool, wheat, oats, and other grains, 
 frozen meat, Kauri gum, butter, and cheese. The government 
 is administered by a governor appointed by the crown, assisted 
 by a ministry who form the executive, and a parliament of two 
 houses elected by the people. All religious bodies are on an 
 equality, and there is no established church ; the great majority 
 are Protestants. Education is free ; secular higher education is 
 provided by 24 endowed colleges and grammar-schools, under 
 the control of the Education Department. The University 
 of New Zealand is a mere examining body, but affiliated to it 
 are three colleges, Auckland College at Auckland, Canterbury 
 College at Christchurch, and the University of Otago at Dunedin. 
 The natives, called the Maori, are a fine intelligent race ; they 
 are supposed to be of Malayan origin, and to have colonised the 
 country about the 15th century; since the arrival of Europeans 
 (when it is believed they were not less than 120,000) they have 
 to a great extent adopted European modes of life, but their 
 numbers have greatly diminished (in 1891 less than 42,000). 
 They were for a long time very troublesome, but are now 
 generally friendly. By a treaty with the crown their right to 
 their own lands is secured to them. The great majority of them 
 live in the North Island, in the area known as the King County, 
 comprising the greater part of the volcanic region, and a coast- 
 line of about 80 m. on the W. ct. New Zealand was so 
 called by Tasman, who first sighted it in 1642, but little was 
 known of the country until Cook visited it in 1769 and 1774 ; a 
 mission was established in the Bay of Islands in 1814 ; and the 
 first colonial settlement was made in 1840 at Wellington. See 
 Australia, table. 
 
 Nexo, tn., Denmark, on the E. ct. of Bornholm. The new 
 harbour has a depth at entrance of 12-17 f'-. "oS ft. of quayage, 
 depth alongside 13-14 ft. P. <30oo. 
 
 Nexou, tn., France, dep. Haute- Vienne, arr. St. Yrieix, 11 
 m. SSW. Limoges. P. <20oo. 
 
 Neyba, Haiti. See Nelba. 
 
 Neyland, harbour and PMT.O. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, at 
 New Milford {q.v.), on N. side of Milford Haven, 4 m. E. Mil- 
 ford, opposite Pembroke Dock, with floating stage and pontoon, 
 length 950 ft.; depth at ordinary high tides 36^ ft., at ordinary 
 neaps 30^ ft. 
 
 Neyruz (Ger. Rausclienbach), comm. , Switzd. , cant, and 5 
 m. SW. by W. Freiburg. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Nezamayevskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, prov. Kubafi, dist. 
 and 100 m. ESE. Yeisk. P. 8900. 
 
 Nezamyslltz, comm., Austria, Moravia, dist. Prerau, 20 m. 
 S. by W. Olmiitz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Nezib, place named in O. T. See Beit Niistb. 
 
 Bfez Perces, the ' pierced noses,' or French ' Nez pres,' ' flat 
 noses,' properly Sabaptlns, a tribe of Indians of N. Idaho, 
 U.S., removed from Oregon and Washington Terr. 
 
 Jfez Perces, co. , U.S., Idaho, separated from Washington 
 Terr, by Snake R. 
 
 Nezslder, tn. , Hungary. See Nensledl-am-^e. 
 ''■ Nezzlb, vil., Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 70 m. NNE. Aleppo, 
 sanjak Urfa. P. 3000. 
 
 Ngabanranga, tn. , New Zealand, North I. , Hull co. , 4 m. 
 N.Wellington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ngala, riv. , Congo Free State. Same as Moiigalla. 
 
 Ngala, tn. , central Sudan, Bornu, 59 m. SE. Kuka, near the 
 S. shore of Lake Chad. P. 6000. 
 
 Ngallatana, vil. , Portug. W. Africa, 80 m. E. by N. Benguella. 
 
 Ngaml {tig as in sing), lake, S. Africa, fed by the riv. Tonk, 
 or Tioge, and partly fed but principally drained by the Zuga 
 (q.v.), in 20° 30' S.-23° 30' E. Length, 40 m.; breadth, 10 m. ; 
 area, which is decreasing, 297 sq. m ; alt. about 3000 ft. Dis- 
 covered by Livingstone in 1849. 
 
 Ngan, Chinese, ' calm, quiet,' often written Gan or An. 
 
 Ngan, or Ngoi, Tongkinese, ' tributary.' 
 
 Ngan, tn., China, prov. Pechili, 50 m. SW. by W. Tientsin. 
 
 Nganhtvel, prov. , China, lying between provs. Kiangsu and 
 Chekiang on the E., and Honan and Hupe on the W. , with 
 Kiangsi on the S. 
 
 Ngau-ka, riv. , Annam. See Song-ka. 
 
 Nganklug-fu, tn., China, prov. Nganhwei, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Yangtse-kiang, 100 m. SW. by W. Wuhu. 
 
 1097 
 
N G A N — N I A U 
 
 Nganlo-m, tn. , China, prov. Hupe, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Han-kiang, 65 m. NE. Ichang. P. 50,000-60,000 (Michaelis). 
 
 Ngan-san, riv. , Annam. See Song-ka. 
 
 Ngansl-cliou, or Ansl-clion, tn. , in the extreme N\V. of 
 China, Kansu, 178 m. from Su-chou by the road to Hami ; a 
 poor place where stores are laid in for the desert journey to 
 Hami {(^.v.) ; about 400-500 houses. See Proc. E. G. S., 1890, 
 
 P- 75- 
 
 Ngantlng-fta, or Antlng>fa, tn. , China, in the SE. of Kansu, 
 240 m. WNW. Singan-fu, 55 m. SE. Lanchou-fu, of which it is 
 one of the granaries. P. about 20,000 (1890, Michaelis). 
 
 Ngao, German mission stn. , British E. Africa, on the Tana, 
 in 2° 25' S. , 40° 5' E. 
 
 Ngapara, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I., Waitaki co. , 19 
 m. by rail WNW. Oamaru. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nga-p(k-ta>v, tn. , Burma, on the Bassein, dist. and 20 m. S. 
 by W. Bassein. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ngarnawahla, tp. , New Zealand, North I., Waipa co., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Waikato, 74 m. by rail SSE. Auckland. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Nga-thaing Cbanng, or Ngatlialng-gyanng (census), tn. , 
 Burma, dist. and 42 m. NNE. Bassein. P. 5600; Buddhists, 
 5200. 
 
 Ngatik, or Vallentes, one of the Caroline Is., about 78 m. 
 SW. Ponape. 
 
 Ngaii, Angau, or Can, one of the Fiji Is. , E. of Viti Levu. 
 
 Nganndere, tn. , W. Africa, Adamawa, 155 m. SSE. Yola, in 
 7° 15' N., 13° 20' E. Alt. 3775 ft. (Flegel). 
 
 Ngaar, or Angonr, isl. , Palaos or Pelew Archif>elago. 
 
 Kganruhoe, crater. New Zealand. See Tongarlro. 
 
 Ngean (n-ge'an), coast prov. of Annam, on the Gulf of Tong- 
 king, crossed by 19° N. 
 
 Ngela, native name of Florida Is. , Brit. Solomon Is. 
 
 Ngele Leva, isl., E. of Vanua Levu, Fiji Is., in 16° 5' S., 
 179° 10' W. 
 
 Ngerenge, mission stn., S. Africa, Brit. Nyassa-land, W. ct. 
 Lake Nyassa, about 20 m. from N. end of lake. 
 
 Ngesl, native name of the Albert Edward Lake, central Africa. 
 
 Ngen-klang, riv. , China. See Taklii. 
 
 Nglrl, called by the natives Lol, riv., Congo Free State, flows 
 SW. with a tortuous course and feeble current into the Mobanggi, 
 which it enters in 0° 30' N., 17° 50' E. ; navigated by Van Gele 
 to Liboko (about 100 m. direct). 
 
 Nglrl, desert, Brit. E. Africa. See Nylrl. 
 
 Ngoi, or Ngan, Tongkinese, 'tributary.' 
 
 Ngoko, riv., W. Africa, flows SE. into the Sangha, which it 
 enters near 2° N. , i6^° E. ; forms part of the boundary between 
 the French and German spheres of influence. 
 
 Ngoko, vil. , W. Africa, in the Mandingo country, in about 
 10° 4' N. , 5° 28' W. 
 
 Ngoll, LamoUork, or Matelotas, isl., Pacific, W. Caroline 
 Is., 37 m. SSW. Eap or Yap, in 140° E., 10° N. 
 
 Ngomano, vil., Portuguese E. Africa. See Lnjenda K., 
 also Proc. R. G. S., 1887, p. 468. 
 
 Ngombe, vil., Brit. Nyassa-land, S. Africa, on E. side of 
 Lake Nyassa, in 14° 10' S. 
 
 Ngombe, or Ngombi, mission stn., Congo Free State, 6 m. 
 from the 1. bk. of the Congo, about 60 m. SW. Leopoldville. 
 
 Ngombo, cajie, E. side of Lake Nyassa, S. Africa, at the 
 narrowing, in 13° 15' S. 
 
 Ngome, Has, capse, Brit. E. Africa, in 3° S. 
 
 Ngonienl, or Ngomanl, rocky hill, Brit. E. Africa, Ukam- 
 bani, in about 0° 35' S. , 38° 20' E. , rising precipitously to the 
 height of 500 ft. from a densely peopled plain. 
 
 Ngoml-shan, sacred mt. , China. See Omet-staan. 
 
 Ngornn, tn. , central Africa, Bornu, on the SW. shore of 
 Lake Chad. P. 20,000 (Rohlfs, 1866). 
 
 Ngorolnl, vil., German E. Africa, near SE. shore of Victoria 
 Nyanza, N. of Speke Gulf, in 1° 15' S., 35° 12' E. 
 
 Ng08a, tribe, China. See Lolos. 
 
 Ngota-ngota, vil., Brit. Nyassa-land. See Kotakota. 
 
 Ngove, seapt. , W. Africa, French Congo Terr., in 1° 50' S. 
 
 Ngnnle, riv., W. Africa, French Congo, flows NW. into the 
 Ogowe on its 1. bk. , in 10° 20' E.; navigable to the falls of 
 Fugaonu in about 1° 5' S. , 10° 50' E. 
 
 Ngnrl, vil., central Sudan, Kanem, about 30 m. from the 
 middle of the NE. shore of Lake Chad. 
 
 Ngnrn, dist., German E. Africa, crossed by 6° S. and 38° E. 
 
 Nhlll, f)ost-tn. , Victoria, co. Lowan, 248 m. by rail W. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1 500. 
 
 NIa, or Nlya, oasis, E. Turkistan, 150 m. E. Khotan. Alt. 
 4600 ft. (Przhevalsky, m.i.). 
 
 Nladl, riv. , W. Africa. See Kwlln Niadl. 
 Nlag'ara (Indian, 'thunder of water'), riv., N. America, 
 between Canada and the U.S., connecting Lakes Erie and 
 Ontario, having a N. course of 36 m. from the former to the 
 latter, and a total descent in that distance of 336 ft., 52 ft. 
 being in the rapids above the falls. It encloses numerous 
 islands ; the largest, Grand I. , is 12 m. long, and from 2 to 7 m. 
 broad ; 22 m. from Lake Erie it forms the famous Falls of 
 1098 
 
 Niagara, where the river is precipitated over a vast ledge of 
 Silurian limestone, forming two cataracts separated by Goat I., 
 1000 ft. in width. The Horse-shoe Fall, on the Canadian side, 
 is 2000 ft. across (in 1890, 3010 ft. in circuit), and 158 ft. in per- 
 pendicular depth ; and the American falls, 1060 ft. in breadth, 
 167 ft. in depth. It is calculated that the edge of the falls recede 
 at the average rate of one foot in a year {.\ature, April 2, 1891, 
 p. 515). From the foot of the falls to Lewiston, 7 m. distant, 
 where it enters a level region, the river descends 104 ft., running 
 through a deep and narrow gorge from 200 to 400 ft. wide, with 
 almost perpendicular sides. About one-eighth of a mile below 
 the falls a suspension bridge crosses the river, 190 ft. above the 
 water, 1190 ft. from cliff to cliff; there is another 2 m. below 
 the falls, 245 ft. above the water. Niagara stands pre-eminent 
 among the great cataracts of the world for the enormous volume 
 of water that is carried over so high a precipice. It has been 
 estimated that the falls discharge 100,000,000 tons of water per 
 hour. Navigable from Lake Erie to the commencement of the 
 rapids; in its lower course, from Lewiston to Lake Ontario, 
 about 8 m. A space of 107 ac. on the American side was in 
 1885 declared public property, under the title of the New York 
 State Reservation at Niagara ; on the Canadian side is the 
 Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park (1888), 154 ac. in extent. 
 The electric power of the falls is now being utilised for indus- 
 trial purposes. See Niagara Falls, city. 
 
 Niagara, tn. , Canada, Ontario, Lincoln co. , on Lake Ontario, 
 at mouth of Niagara R., 29 m. N. by W. Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Niagara, co. , U.S., New York, on Lake Ontario and the 
 Niagara R. , in the extreme NW. of the state. 
 
 Niagara Falls, tn., Canada, Ontario, W'elland co. , on the 
 W. bank of Niagara R. , 20 m. NW. by N. Buffalo. P. <4000. 
 
 Niagara Falls, city, U.S., New York, Niagara co. , on Niagara 
 R. , 18 m. NNW'. Buffalo. Watef is now led from the adjacent 
 falls through pipes jh ft. in diameter into turbines, whence it 
 passes through a 7000 ft. tunnel under the town, emerging with 
 a capacity of producing 100,000 horse-power. Factories for 
 utilising this power are rapidly rising in the neighbourhood. 
 The power is transmitted by electricity, and the plans for trans- 
 mitting it to Buffalo, 18 m. distant, are complete. The city now 
 includes Suspension Bridge, a former village, 2 m. to the N. 
 P. 5500 ; since 1892 (probably) 16,000. 
 
 Niagara Junction, stn., Canada, Ontario, Welland co. , 5 
 m. NW. Buffalo (New York). 
 
 Niagassola, trading station, French W. Africa, in the Man- 
 dingo country, in 12° 7' N., 9° i' W. 
 
 Niagusta, or Agostos, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Niaushta. 
 
 Niakale-C'iraya, vil. , French Sudan, on 1. bk. of the Bakhoy, 
 a branch of the upper Senegal R., 12 m. ESE. of Bafulabe ; 
 iron exists in the vicinity. 
 
 Niambara, Niambare, or Yambara, tribe, E. Sudan, W. 
 of Lado, in a mountainous region which separates the Nile from 
 its trib. the Yei or Rodi. 
 
 Nlam-Nlam (native name, indicating cannibals), or A>Sande, 
 important central African tribe belonging to the Nuba race. 
 The Niam-Niam inhabit the terrs. N. of the Ubangi- Welle, 
 between the western tribs. of the upper Nile and the Shari. 
 They are of tall stature and reddish colour, and ethnographically 
 totally different from the negroes. Their principal occupations 
 are agriculture (millet, maize, sesamum, ground-nuts) and hunt- 
 ing. Tobacco is largely cultivated. They are a warlike people, 
 and addicted to cannibalism. See Schweinfurth, The Heart of 
 Africa, English edition, 1873 ; Junker, Travels in Africa, 
 English edition, 1892. [M. «. S.] 
 
 Nianizn, tn., Roumania. See NeamfA. 
 
 Ntangua, riv., U.S., Missouri, rises in Webster co. and joins 
 Osage R. Length, 120 m. 
 
 Nianing, maritime tn., French Senegal, about 50 m. SE. 
 Cape Verde. 
 
 Niantlc, vil., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 6 m. WSW. New 
 London, on the coast. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Niantir, vil., U.S., Rhode 1., Washington co., 23 m. WSW. 
 New Port. P. < 1500. 
 
 Niarbyl Bay, small bay, on the W. ct. of the Isle of Man, 
 4i m. SSW. Peel. 
 
 Niar^, a Lapp word meaning ' point.' 
 
 Niari, or Niadl, riv., W. Africa. See Kwilu Niadi. 
 
 Niari-Ludima, riv. , Africa. See Ludima-Niadi. 
 
 Nias, isl. , E. Archipelago, off the W^. coast of Sumatra, crossed 
 by 1° N. ; surface mountainous, reaching 1970 ft. People, of 
 Malay race, grow rice, pepper, coco-nuts, bananas, tobacco, 
 sugar. Occupied by the Dutch since 1857. Area, 2100 sq. m. 
 P. 200,000-250,000. See E. Modigliani, Un Viaggio a Nias, 
 Milan, 1890. 
 
 Nia>trang, bay, Annam, on the coast of Kanbhoa prov., in 
 about 12° 15' N. 
 
 Nian, or Greig, isl. , Tuamotu Archipelago, in 16° 8' S. , 146° 
 24' W. 
 
 Niaushta, or Niansta, tn., Turkey, vilayet and 41 m. W. 
 Salonica, also called Niagusta, founded in the 7th century by 
 the name of Nyegush. P. <3ooo. 
 
N I B E — N I C O 
 
 Nlbe, tn., Denmark, in the N. of Jutland, on the Liim Fjord, 
 prov. and 12 m. WSW. Aalborg. P. <:20oo. 
 
 NIbley, North, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Stroud div. , 2 m. 
 NW. by N. Wotton-under-Edge, 2i m. N. by E. Charfield stn. , 
 P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 NlboU, tn. , in the SE. of Asia Minor, 74 m. E. Adana, on 
 the E. side of the Alma Dagh. 
 
 Nlbrang, pass, Brit. India, Punjab, Bashahr state, in 31° 22' 
 N., 78° 13' E. Alt. 16,035 ft- 
 
 Niccea, ancient tn. , Asia Minor. See Isnlk. 
 
 Niccea, ancient name of Nice, France. 
 
 Nicaragua (from Niquirao or Nicarao, a Nahua tribe in the 
 i6th century), a republic in Central America (io°-i5° N., 83°- 
 89° W. ), half as large as Great Britain, a triangle in shape, 
 between riv. Segovia (NE.-SW. Honduras), the Pacific, and 
 riv. San Juan (NNW.-SSE. Costa Rica), and the Caribbean 
 Sea (N.-S.), formed by (i) a cordillera (alt. 800-3000 ft.), with 
 peaks at 4000 ft., one part of which, called 'Amerrique,' is 
 supposed by some to be the real origin of the name of the New 
 World, continued (NE. ) in (2) an extensive plain inclining to 
 the Caribbean Sea, and bordered (SW. ) by (3) Estero Real, 
 lakes Managua, Nicaragua, and riv. San Juan (see America, 
 Central), separated from the sea (4) by a long volcanic region. 
 All important rivers run E. , between the great angle formed by 
 riv. Segovia (403 m., the longest of Central America) and riv. 
 San Juan, the latter being the outlet (desaguadero) of Lake 
 Nicaragua. Schists, dolerites, and volcanic rocks predominate 
 on the Cordillera ; recent volcanic products and coral on the 
 low penin. lands. Gold, silver, copper, iron, tin are found and 
 worked. The E. slopes are subject to the moist trade winds 
 (rains May-June, the heaviest, July-Aug. ; driest season, Oct.- 
 Nov. ; mean temp. 77°). The flora has the Panama character, with 
 many Mexican representatives. Tropical forests cover all littoral 
 lands and E. slopes (mahogany, gayac, Tecotna sideroxylon, oaks, 
 and coniferoe). Savannas on the drier highlands. Maritime 
 fishes still survive in Lakes Managua and Nicaragua. The 
 Mosquitos terrs. were once called Tologalpa, ' land of the birds." 
 The NE. Indians (Chorot^ga, Nicarao, Mangues) are of Nahua 
 or Maya descent (see Mexico). The islands of Lake Nicaragua 
 show monuments of an old civilisation. The Indians of the 
 centre and SE. (Chostalen, Suma, Waikua, Rama) are related 
 to the Leuca (see Honduras). The littoral Caribs (Moscos, 
 Mosquitos) are ladittos of Indians and Negros. Some (Segovia, 
 Matagalpa) have blue eyes and fair hair. Very little immigration 
 (a German colony at Matagalpa). Railway from Corinto to 
 Momotonibo, Managua, Masaya, Granada, to be ultimately ex- 
 tended to Puerta Mico (Monkey). A trans-oceanic canal across 
 the terr. of Nicaragua, a project first broached in the 16th century 
 (1550, Antonio Galvao), was actually begun in 1889-94, and is 
 expected to be finished in 1902. Starting from America (a new 
 port near Greytown) on the Caribbean Sea, it proceeds to the 
 riv. San Juan (through Lakes Benard, Deseado, San Francisco), 
 crossing Lake Nicaragua, and cutting the Rivas isthmus (141 
 ft. for about 3 m. ) by the valleys of rivs. Del Medio and Grande, 
 to the port of Brito, on the Pacific, with only 20 m. of artificial 
 canal, 143 m. on Lake Nicaragua, and a total length of 170 m. 
 The principal port of Nicaragua is San Juan del Norte (Grey- 
 town) ; among others are Corinto (22-38 ft. deep), Salinas, 
 Santa Elena (Papagayo Bay). Ocotal is the centre of the 
 internal commerce with Honduras. Exportation of coffee, 
 woods, bananas, caoutchouc, cacao, cattle, hides ; importations 
 of cotton, machinery, metals. Exports and imports (1890) 
 ^^830, 000 (Great Britain, ^^250, 000). Principal commercial 
 relations with the United States, Great Britain, Germany, 
 France. The government is vested in a president and a 
 congress of two chambers, both elective. Cap. Managua. The 
 metric system of weights and measures has been in use since 
 1893. As to money, see Honduras. In 1503 Columbus saw 
 the E. coast of Nicaragua. The Spaniards first saw the W. 
 ct. and entered the country (G. Avila) in 1522-23. Nicaragua 
 was part of the Capitania of Guatemala (vice-royalty of Nueva 
 Espana). During the 17th century Nicaragua was often de- 
 vastated by English and French pirates. In 1824 it became one 
 of the federated republics of Central America, but made itself 
 independent in 1839. From 1855-57 the filibuster Walker domi- 
 nated Nicaragua. The present constitution dates from the year 
 1858. P. (1778) 132,000; (1846) 257,000; (1889) 300,000 (7 
 inhabitants per sq. m.). [J. B. R.] 
 
 Nlcastro, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 16 m. WNW. 
 Catanzaro. P. 10,300. 
 
 Nice, Italian Nlzza, the ancient Niccea, seapt. and episcopal 
 city, France, cap. dep. Alpes-Maritimes, cap. arr. Nice, on the 
 S. ct. , 8 m. W. by S. Monaco, with a commercial port on the 
 Mediterranean called Llmpla ; exports quantities of flowers, 
 olives, oranges, lemons, and celebrated oils ; has marble quarry. 
 The climate is remarkably soft and mild in winter, but its salu- 
 brity has been overrated, as it is liable to great and sudden varia- 
 tions of temperature. The suburb called the Croix de Marbe 
 is exposed to the baneful effects of the wind called the libeccio. 
 Of the formidable castle, blown up by the French general 
 
 Catinat in 1691, there are but few remains. Nice has often 
 been taken by the French ; and was transferred, with its terri- 
 tory, by Sardinia to France in i860. The town was shaken by 
 an earthquake in February 1887. Birthplace of General Gari- 
 baldi, the painter Vanloo; the astronomer J. Dominique Cassini 
 (or in the county) died 1712. Marshal Mass^na was born in 
 its vicinity. Mean temp., yr. 58.6° F. , Jan. 45.4°, July 73.8°. 
 P. (1872)52,400; (1890)88,300. 
 
 Nice, County of, formerly part of the kingdom of Sardinia, 
 now forming, together with arr. Grasse, the French dep. of 
 Alpes-Maritimes. Under the dukes of Savoy and the kings of 
 Sardinia it was divided into the three circles of Nice, Oneglia, 
 and San Remo. Ceded to France in i860 by the treaty of 
 Turin. 
 
 Nlchlaval, important vil. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 
 51 m. NNE. Gorakhpur, with large export of rice. 
 
 Nicholas, CO., U.S., Kentucky, in the NE., S. of 38^° N., 
 crossed by 84° W. 
 
 Nicholas, CO., U.S., W. Virginia, N. of 38° N., and crossed 
 in the W. by 81° W. , traversed by the Gauley R. 
 
 Nicholas Channel, or Canal de Ocampo, channel off the N. 
 ct. of Cuba to the S. of Cay Sal Bank, between 79!° and 81° W. 
 
 Nlcholaston, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., on 
 the S. ct. (Oxwich Bay), 10 m. WSW. Swansea. P. <:25o; 
 eccles. par. (Nlcholaston ivlth Oxwich) P. <5oo. 
 
 NlcholasvUle, tn. , U.S., Kentucky, Jessamine co., 72 m. 
 ESE. Louisville. P. < 3000. 
 
 Nlchol Forest, par., Eng., Cumberland, 12 m. NE. Long- 
 town ; 8497 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Nicholson, CO. , New South Wales, bounded on the N. by 
 the Lachlan, between 145° E. and 146° E. 
 
 Nicholson, riv. , Queensland, flowing from the SW. , emptying 
 itself by two arms into the head of the Gulf of Carpentaria, S. 
 of the Wellesley Is. ; connected by a natural channel with the 
 Gregory (Upper Albert). Length, 155 m. 
 
 Nicholson, settlement, U.S., Mississippi, Hancock co. , on 
 Pearl R., 40 m. NE. by N. New Orleans (La.). 
 
 Nicholson, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Wyoming co., onTunk- 
 hannock Creek, 17 m. NNW. Scranton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nicholson Plains, dist. , in the SE. of the Kimberley div. of 
 W. Australia, crossed by 18° S. , and 128° E. 
 
 Nichols Station, vil., U.S., Rhode I., co. and 14 m. NW. 
 Providence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nickel Mines, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co. , 28 m. 
 S. by W. Reading, and 48 m. W. Philadelphia, with nickel 
 mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nlckerle, or Nleuw Rotterdam, vil. , in the N W. of Dutch 
 Guiana, at the mouth of the Nickerie, which here enters the 
 Corentyne from the SE. 
 
 Nlckerson, city, U.S., Kansas, Reno co. , on the 1. bk. of the 
 Arkansas, 147 m. SW. by W. Topeka. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Nlckol Bay, NW. ct. of W. Australia, E. of the Dampier 
 Archipelago, in 117° E. 
 
 Nlc'obar Islands, group of a score of isls. stretching NNW. 
 to SSE. , on the E. side of the Indian Ocean, lying between the 
 N. extremity of Sumatra and the Andaman group, in 6°-9° N., 
 and 92|°-94'' E. Area, 426 sq. m. (Strahan), 635 (Man). Pop. 
 6000, of whom some 3500 are on the principal, though not the 
 largest, island. Car Nicobar. They are divided into two groups : 
 northern — Car Nicobar, Nancowry (Nankauri), Camorta, Trin- 
 kat, Teressa, Tillangchong, Katchall, &c. ; southern — Great 
 and Little Nicobar (the former 30 m, long by 12 m. wide), 
 and several islets. Most of the northern group are flat, with 
 gentle hills ; in these calcareous sandstones predominate. The 
 S. group, separated from the northern by Sombrero Strait, are 
 mountainous (600-2000 ft.) and covered with forest; in these 
 plutonic rocks and alluvial deposits prevail. The coasts are 
 difficult of approach by reason of surf and strong tides and 
 currents, but there is an excellent harbour on Nancowry. The 
 islands are notoriously unhealthy from malaria. Temp. 73°- 
 94°; yearly mean, 82!° F. Rfall., mostly coming during the 
 SW. monsoon. May to October, 100 in. Principal products — 
 coco-nuts, edible birds'-nests, and trepang ; yams, mangoes, 
 and other fruits, palms, betel-nut, tree fern, and bamboo are 
 noticeable vegetable products. The coast people are closely 
 akin to the Malays, and probably have Burmese or Siamese 
 blood in their veins. In the interior of some of the larger islands 
 is a savage race known as Shom-Pen, who show Mongolian 
 affinities. During more than a century (to 1858) the Danes 
 endeavoured at different times to colonise the group. It was 
 in 1869 annexed by the government of British India, who main- 
 tain a penal settlement on Camorta. They are administered 
 by the chief commissioner of the Andaman Is. Rfall. (Nan- 
 cowry), yr. 109.7 in., May-Dec. 98.1 in. See Man, Journ. 
 Anthropological Inst. (1889), and Scot. Geog. Mag. (1888). 
 
 Nicola Lake. I. Lake, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on 
 the Nicola R. (1. bk. trib. of Thompson), 124 m. ENE. Van- 
 couver. 3. Village on the Nicola R. , 10 m. below the outlet 
 of the lake. 
 
 Nlcolet. 1. Co. , Canada, Quebec, on the right bank of the 
 
 1099 
 
N I C O — N I E U 
 
 riv. St. Lawrence, crossed in the extreme E. by 72° \V. 2. 
 Town in that county, near the mouth of Nicolet R., 70 m. NE. 
 Montreal. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Nicolet River, riv., Canada, Quebec, issues from Lake 
 Nicolet in Wolfe co., 58 m. E. by N. Montreal, and flows NW. 
 into Lake St. Peter (St. Lawrence R.). 
 
 Nicollet, CO. , U. S. , Minnesota, in the angle formed by the great 
 bend of the Minnesota R., N. of 44° N., and crossed in the 
 extreme NE. by 94° W. 
 
 Nlcolosl, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 9 m. NNW. Catania, on the 
 S. side of Mt. Etna. Alt. 2290 ft. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Nicomedia, seapt. , Asia Minor. See Ismld. 
 
 Nlcomen, stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on C. P. R. and 
 Fraser R. , 1429 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 53 m. from Vancouver. 
 
 Nlco Perez, vil. , Uruguay, dep. Minas, 105 m. NNE. Monte 
 Video. 
 
 Nlcopolls, tn. , Bulgaria. See Nlkopoll. 
 
 NlC4>sl'a, tn. , Cyprus. See Nlkosl'a. 
 
 Nicosia, tn., Sicily, prov. Catania, 25 m. NE. Caltanissetta. 
 P. 14,900. 
 
 Nlcotera, tn. , on the W. ct. of Italy, Calabrie, prov. Catan- 
 zaro, 35 m. NNE. Reggio. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Nlcoya, p>enin., bay, riv., and tn. , Central America, Costa 
 Rica; the peninsula in 9° 40' N., 85° W., boimding westward 
 the bay which receives the river ; tn. 8i m. W. by N. San Jos6. 
 Named after p>owerful Indian chief of time of Gonzales de Avila, 
 commander of first Spanish expedition. 
 
 Nlctheroy, formerly called Praia Grande ( ' large shore ' ) , city , 
 Brazil, at the mouth of the harb. of Rio de Janeiro, a residential 
 suburb, opposite and in prov. of Rio de Janeiro, with baths and 
 manufactures of powder and war ammunition. P. 36,100. 
 
 Nldan, tn. , Switzd. , cant. Bern, 15 m. WSW. Solothurn, at 
 the N. end of the lake of Bienne, at the outlet of the Zihl Canal. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Nldd, riv., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, rising in Great 
 Whernside, on the E. border of the Skipton div., and flowing 
 ESE. and NE. through Ripon div. , and on the boundary between 
 that div. and the part of the Thirsk and Malton div. which 
 belongs to the W. Riding ; it finally joins the Ouse on the r. bk. 
 During its course it passes Pateley Bridge, Ripley, and Knares- 
 borough. 
 
 Nldd, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div. , with stn. 
 (Nldd Bridge) on the NE. R., 3^ m. NW. by W. Knares- 
 borough. P. < 250. 
 
 Nldda, riv. , Ger. , flows SW. from the Vogels-gebirge through 
 Upper Hesse and the Prussian prov. of Hesse-Nassau into the 
 Main about 5 m. below Frankfurt. 
 
 Nldder, riv. , Ger., flows SW. from the Vogels-gebirge, Upper 
 Hesse, and enters the Nidda on the S. frontier of that prov. ; 
 not navigable. 
 
 Nldderdale, valley of riv. Nidd, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding. 
 
 Nlddry, vil. , Scot. , Linlithgowshire, 6 m. ESE. Linlithgow, 
 I m. S. Winchburgh stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Nled, riv. , France and Ger. , formed in dep. Moselle by the 
 union of two branches, 12 m. ENE. Metz, flows NNE., and 
 joins the Saar 6 m. NW. Saarlouis. Length, 56 m. 
 
 Nieder, Ger., ' nether,' ' lower.' See Neder. 
 
 Nleder-Becksen, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt, and 
 circle Minden, dist. Oynhausen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Nlederbobrltzscta, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 4^ m. 
 E. by S. Freiberg. P. <:300o. 
 
 Nlederbronn, market-tn., Ger. , govt. Alsace-Lorraine, circle 
 Hagenau, 5 m. W. Worth ; with mineral springs and celebrated 
 iron-works and mines of iron ore, here and in the neighbour- 
 hood. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Nledere Tanern, mts. See Alps, Subdivisions, III. A. 2. 
 
 Nledergorbltz, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle, dist. and 3 m. 
 W. Dresden. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Nleder>C>mnd, tn., Bohemia, dist. Warnsdorf. P. <3000. 
 
 Nlederliasslan, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and dist. 
 Zwickau. P. < 5000. 
 
 Nlederbessllch, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and dist. 
 Dresden. P. <:300o. 
 
 Nleder>Ingellielin, market-tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle 
 Bingen, 9 m. W. by S. Mainz, i m. N. Ober Ingelheim. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Nieder • Kriicbten, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle 
 Erkelenz, 25 m. W. Diisseldorf. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Nleder-Knnnersdorf, Ger. See Kunnersdorf, Nleder>. 
 
 Nleder-Labnsteln, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle 
 Goarshausen, on the r. bk. of the Rhine and the Lahn, 3 m. S. 
 by E. Koblenz. P. <4000. 
 
 Nleder-Uudewlese, tn. , Austria, Silesia, dist. and 2^ m. W. 
 Freiwaldau, 39 m. NW. by W. Troppau. P. <c3ooo. 
 
 Nlederlossnltz, vil. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle, dist. and 4 
 m. NW. Dresden. P. <30oo. 
 
 Nleder-Marsberg, tn. , Prussia. See Narsberg, Nieder. 
 
 Nleder-Meudlg, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Mayen, 14 
 m. W. Koblenz. P. <r 3000. 
 
 Nlederndo«leleben, Prussia. See Dodeleben. 
 1100 
 
 Nlederneuklrch, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle, dist., and 
 10 m. SW. Bautzen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Nlederoderwltz, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Bautzen, 
 dist. and 6 m. NW. Zittau. P. <:3000. 
 
 Nleder-Orscbel, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Erfurt, 
 circle Worbis, 19 m. SW. Nordhausen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Nlederplanltz, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle, dist. , and 3 m. 
 S. Zwickau. P. 8900. 
 
 Nlederrabensteln, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, 
 dist. and 4 m. W. Chemnitz. P. <300o. 
 
 Nlederrad, vil. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Main, circle and 2 m. W. Frankfurt. P. 5300. 
 
 Nleder-Rocblltz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Rochlitz, 17 
 m. E. by S. Reichenberg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Nleder-Sacbs'werfen, vil., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 3 m. 
 NW. Nordhausen, with mines of alabaster and barytum. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Nleder-Scheld, vil., Prussia, Hesse-Nassau, 2 m. SSE. 
 Dillenburg, with iron-mines. P. < 2000. Ober-Scbeld, 3 m. 
 E. Dillenburg, also with an iron-mine. P. < 2000. 
 
 Nleder-Scbelden, vil., Prussia, Westphalia, 4m. SW. Siegen, 
 on the riv. Sieg, with an iron-mine. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Nieder • Scboiibausen, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 
 govt. Potsdam, circle Niederbarnim, 4 m. N. Berlin. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Nleder-Sprockhovel, comm., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 
 govt. Arnsberg, circle Schwelm, 27 m. NNE. Elberfeld. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Nleder-Stetten, comm., Ger., kgd. Wurtemberg, Jagst circle, 
 dist. Gerabronn, 27 m. S. Wiirzburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Nletler-vrald, the last ridge (SSW. ) of the Taunus, Prussia, 
 Hesse-Nassau, crowned by the German national monument in 
 cofwmemoration of the re-establishment of the empire. 
 
 Nlederwll, vil., Switzd., cant. Aargau, dist. and 4 m. W. 
 Zofingen, on the r. bk. of the Aar ; has bathing establishment. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Nletler-Wlldnngen, tn. , Ger. , princip. Waldeck, circle Eder, 
 22 m. SW. Kassel. P. < 3000. 
 
 NlederM'tirschnltz, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, 
 dist. and 11 m. SSW. Chemnitz. P. <:4000. 
 
 Nieder- Wtisteglersdorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. 
 Breslau, circle Waldenburg, 12 m. SSW. Schweidnitz. P. <4000. 
 
 Nleder-Zwebren, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, govt., 
 circle, and 3 m. S. by W. Kassel. P. <3000. 
 
 Nlederzwonltz, vil. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. 
 Chemnitz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Nlel, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. and 9 m. S. by W. 
 Antwerp, on the r. bk. of riv. Rupel. P. 5800. 
 
 Nlel, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , suburb of Cologne. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Nlele, vil. , W\ Africa, in the Mandingo country, in about 9" 
 48' N., 4° 55' W. Alt. 2115 ft. (Binger). 
 
 Nlemeck, or Nleniegk, tn., Prussia, prov. and 24 m. S. by 
 E. Brandenburg, circle Zauch-Belzig. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Nlemen, riv. , Russia and Prussia. See Memel. 
 
 Nlenies, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Bohmisch-Leipa, 17^ 
 m. SW. by W. Reichenberg. P. 5600. 
 
 Nlenbarg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Nienburg, on 
 the r. bk. of the Weser, 28 m. NW. Hanover. P. <78oo. 
 
 Nlenbnrg, tn. , Ger., duchy Anhalt, circle Bernburg, 20 m. 
 S. by E. Magdeburg, on the 1. bk. of the Saale, at the confluence 
 of the Bode ; with sugar- factories. P. 5200. 
 
 Ntepolonilce,.tn.,. Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Bochnia, 
 12 m. E. by S. Cracow, near r. bk. of Vistula. P. <sooo. 
 
 Nleppe, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. Hazebrouck, 11 m. 
 WNW. Lille. P. < 2000. 
 
 Nlers, or Neers, riv., Rhenish Prussia and the Netherlands, 
 joins the Maas 2 m. W. Gennep, after a NW. course of 60 m. 
 
 NierHteln, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle Oppenheim, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Rhine, 9 m. S. by E. Mainz. P. <40oo. 
 
 Nleszawa, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 126 m. NW. 
 Warsaw, on 1. bk. Vistula, 4 m. from Nieszawa rly. stn., and 7 
 m. from Prussian frontier ; considerable shipping and trade. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Nietleben, comm., Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Merseburg, 
 circle Saale, 4 m. W. Halle. P. <30oo. 
 
 Nienkerk, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Geldern, 11 m. 
 NW. Krefeld. P.<:3000. 
 
 Nlenkerken-Waes, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. 
 St. Nicolas, 9 m. WSW. Antwerp. P. <4000. 
 
 Nleal, vil., France, dep. Haute- Vienne, arr. and 8 m. NW. 
 by N. Limoges. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Nlenport, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. Furnes, 
 on the Yser, 10 m. SW. Ostende, at the junction of the canals 
 flowing towards Furnes and Dunkirk, and Ostend and Bruges ; 
 has cod and herring fisheries. P. <:4000. 
 
 Nlenverslals, fortress, Holland, prov. Utrecht, on the Vecht, 
 9 m. NW. by N. Utrecht. 
 
 Niemv, Nieuwe, Nieuwen, Dutch, 'new.' 
 
 NleoM-a-Pekela, comm. , Netherlands, prov. and 19 m. SE. 
 Groningen. P. < 5000. 
 
 Nleuwe-Dlep, harb. , Netherlands. See Helder. 
 
N I E U — N I J M 
 
 NIenwe Uat, or Noorder Gat, channel, Holland, leading into 
 the Zuider Zee, between the isls. of Texel and Onrust. 
 
 Nleuwer Amstel, comm. , Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, 
 adjoining Amsterdam, of which it is now a residential suburb, 
 on the SW. P. (1870) 8000; (1889) 25,000. 
 
 NIeuwe Kepnbllek, S. Africa. See Xew Republic. 
 
 Nleu'weschaiis (formerly commonly called Langerakker- 
 schans), comm., Holland, on the E. border of prov; and 27 m. 
 E. Groningen ; with a fort founded at the beginning of the 17th 
 century. P. < 200c. 
 
 Nlenwpoort, tn., Holland, prov. S. Holland, on the Leek, 
 16 m. E. Rotterdam. P. < 2000. 
 
 Nlenw Rotterdam, vil. , Dutch Guiana. See Nlckerle. 
 
 Nleuwveld, mt. range, S. Africa, Cape Colony, between 32° 
 and 33° S., the Gariep or Orange R. rises on its N. slope. Alt. 
 7000 ft. 
 
 Sfleves, French name of the isl. of Nevis, W. Indies. 
 
 Nl^vre, dep., central France, formed mainly out of the old 
 prov. of Nivernais, with part of Orl^anais, divided into 4 arrs : 
 Nevers (cap.), Chateau-Chinon, Claniecy, and Cosne. Nievre 
 belongs to the basins of the Loire and Seine, about two-thirds 
 to the former, and one-third to the latter. It is traversed in 
 SW. by the Loire, which also forms part of its W. boundary; 
 principal tribs. in dep., 1. bk. , Allier, on W. frontier, r. bk. , 
 Nievre ; the drainage to the Seine is by the Yonne, which flows 
 N., receiving beyond the limits of the dep. the Cure, which 
 drains the NE. , forming in its course the famous ' Reservoir of 
 Settons.' The surface in the E. is rugged, comprising part of 
 the granitic Morvan group, of which the highest point within 
 the dep. is Pr^neley (2790 ft.); soil generally poor, but inter- 
 spersed with numerous fertile dales ('ouches'). The mean 
 elevation of the W. , in which calcareous formations predomi- 
 nate, is about half that of the E. , rising in numerous conical 
 hills ; more fertile than E. The lowest point of the dep. (445 ft. ) 
 is at the exit of the Loire. Forests cover large areas and supply 
 much wood for fuel. The climate in the Morvan dist. is more 
 severe than in the W. , the mean annual temp, being 2°-4° lower, 
 according to altitude. There is a still greater difference in the 
 rainfall, which varies from 21.3 in. to 73.6 in., the latter being 
 the highest in France. Of cereals, wheat is the most important, 
 then oats ; the vine, of which the produce is about ^ per cent, 
 the total for the country, is cultivated in the dists. of Pouilly, 
 Tannay, and St. Quentin ; a little hemp is grown. Cattle and 
 sheep, reared in large numbers, form the chief source of wealth. 
 The principal mineral is coal (Decize and neighbourhood). 
 Manufactures limited, chief, iron and steel (Gu^rigny, Fourcham- 
 bault, Imphy). Area, 2659 sq. m. P. (1890) 343,600. See 
 France, table. 
 
 Nievre, small riv. , France, dep. Nievre, joins the Loire on 
 right at Nevers, course southward. Length, 30 m. 
 
 Nlf, the ancient Nymphio, tn., Asia Minor, 13 m. E. Symrna. 
 
 Nifn, maritime tn., W. Africa, SW. ct. of Liberia, in 4° 45' N., 
 open to foreign commerce since 1884. 
 
 Nif^ana, oasis, Tunis. See Nef^ana. 
 
 Nlgde, tn., on the SE. of Asia Minor, 68 m. NNW. Adana. 
 
 Niger (in antiquity Nigir, from the Berber vior Aghii; eghirreu, 
 neghirreu=' river '), great W. African riv. , as regards length the 
 third, and as regards quantity of water the second of the African 
 rivers. The Niger takes its rise not far from the Pepper Coast, 
 on the inner slopes of the plateaux of the western Sudan, which 
 form the water-parting between the Niger, Senegal, and Gambia. 
 Its source (alt. 2950 ft. ) is at Nelia in the dist. of Kissi, in about 8^° 
 N. , io^° W. The general direction of the upper Niger (or Joliba) 
 is NE. , first through the mountainous dists. and then through 
 the great laterite plains, which extend from the tenth degree 
 of N. lat. to the borders of the Sahara. After flowing through 
 Lake Debo, the Niger turns E. near Timbuktu and SE. near 
 Burrum (long. 0°), thus forming a great bend, round the plateaux 
 of the Sahara desert. In this part of the river rapids and sand- 
 banks extend from Bamba (about 1° 10' W.) to Garu and 
 Sinder (about 14° 15' N., 2° 35' W.). From there the river 
 (called variously Mayo, Kowara, Kuara, Kwora) flows with 
 a gentle course through the fertile and well-peopled valley; 
 but from Gomba (11° 30' N. lat.) to Rabba (9° N. lat.) occur 
 other cataracts and rapids, the mountains of Sokoto here ap- 
 proaching the river. At Idda the Niger enters the coast-plain. 
 Soon afterwards the delta commences, the Niger dividing into 
 many arms (more than 20), of which the Nun is the principal, 
 the Benin, Forcados, Brass, and Bonny mouths being likewise 
 of importance ('Oil Rivers'). Mangrove forests are a charac- 
 teristic feature of this low and swampy region (area, 9000 sq. 
 m.), which is one of the most interesting delta formations of the 
 earth. The Niger has but few large tribs., the most important 
 being the Bakoi or Ulu-Ulu, the Gulbi-n-Sokoto, the Kaduna, 
 and the Benue (q.v.). The upper Niger is navigable from 
 Baguinta (a few miles below Bammako, 450 m. in a direct line 
 SW. Timbuktu) to Bamba (about 120 m. E. of Timbuktu), and 
 the lower Niger from Rabba to its mouth. The upper Niger 
 was explored by Mungo Park (1795-97, and 1805-1806), the 
 middle Niger by Barth (1854), and the lower Niger by Clap- 
 
 perton (1826-27) ^.nd Lander (1830). Length, 2600 m. ; area 
 of basin, 780,000 sq. m. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Niger Coast Protectorate, formerly Oil Rivers Protec- 
 torate, British possession in W. Africa, extending along the 
 Guinea coast from the boundary of Lagos to the mouth of the 
 Rio del Rey, with the exception of the W. part of the Niger 
 delta (from riv. Forcados to riv. Brass), which belongs to the 
 Niger Territories [q.v.). The export of palm-oil, palm-kernels, 
 ground-nuts, ivory, and india-rubber is of great importance. 
 The rivers of the Niger delta are called ' Oil Rivers ; ' steamers 
 of light draught ascend the Benin, Brass, New Calabar, Bonny, 
 Opobo, Kwo-Ibo, and Old Calabar. On the coast are about 
 forty European trading stations, and attached to most of them 
 are two or three up-river factories ; Brass and Bonny are con- 
 nected by telegraph with Lagos and Europe. The Niger Coast 
 Protectorate is under the general supervision of an Imperial 
 Commissioner and Consul General. The moist and oppressively 
 hot climate of the Niger delta is very unhealthy to Europeans. 
 [H. G. S.] 
 
 Niger Territories, British possession on W. Africa, com- 
 prising all territories in the basin of the lower Niger, with the 
 exception of the Niger Coast Protectorate {q.v.). About E. 
 boundary line see Kamerun, and about N. boundary line see 
 French W. Africa. The governing power is mainly vested in 
 the Royal Niger Company, to which a royal charter was 
 granted in July 1886. The chief exports are palm-oil, palm- 
 kernels, indiarubber, gum, hides, ground-nuts, ivory, shea- 
 butter, and various drugs. The principal imports are textiles, 
 hardware, spirits, and salt. The revenue is chiefly raised by ex- 
 port duties. On the Atlantic coast the Niger Territories occupy 
 about 120 m. of the Niger delta, viz., from the mouth of the 
 Forcados R. to that of the Brass R. The Royal Niger Company 
 has about fifty stations on the lower Niger and on the Benue, 
 the principal of which are Asaba, Onitsa, Akassa, Abo, Atani, 
 Ida, Lokoja, Egga, Loko, Odeni, and Yola. The steamers of the 
 Company (about thirty in number) ply from the Bussa Rapids 
 (on the lower Niger), and from Ribago (on the upper Benue) 
 to the coast. The Niger delta is one of the most unhealthy 
 countries of the world, the hot air saturated with moisture being 
 very oppressive and producing malignant fevers. In the interior 
 the climate is better, especially in the mountainous districts. 
 Area estimated at 500,000 sq. m. P. estimated at 30,000,000. 
 See Niger, Benue, Bomn, Sokoto. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Nlgg (Gaelic N-uig, ' at the corner'), par., Scot., Kincardine- 
 shire, 2 m. S. Aberdeen, ij m. NNW. Cove stn., P.O. ; 4432 
 ac. P. < 5000. 
 
 Nlgg, par., Scot., Ross and Cromarty, on Nigg Bay, 4 m. 
 by ferry NE. Cromarty, on the H. R., P.O., and PMT.O. (Nlgg 
 Station) ; 7818 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Nightcaps, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I., Wallace co. , 55 
 m. by rail NW. Invercargill, with coal-mines. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 NlgrAn, comm., Spain, prov. Pontevedra, dist. and 7 m. 
 SSW. Vigo. P. 6600. 
 
 Nlgrlta, vil., Turkey in Europe, vilayet Seres, 33 m. NE. 
 Salonica. P. 2750, one-third Servians (G.). 
 
 Nlgrltlng, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Sabsagar, on 1. bk. 
 of Brahmaputra R., with tea-gardens. It is the port for 
 Goldghdt. P. < 5000. 
 
 Nlhegehe, native name of Belmore Harbour. See FernSo 
 Veloso, bay. 
 
 Niherne, vil., France, dep. Indre, on the Indre, 60 m. E. by 
 N. Poitiers, arr. and 6 m. W. by N. Chateauroux. P. < 2000. 
 
 Nlhtor, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Bijnaur, 46 m. 
 ENE. Meerut. P. 10,800; Moham. 7600; Hindus, 2900. 
 
 Nllgata, seapt. tn. , Japan, cap. prov. Echigo, and of pre- 
 fecture, on W. ct. of Honshiu, 260 k. NNW. Tokyo, on a 
 sandy strip of land at mouth of the Shinano R. The streets 
 are built parallel and at right angles, with canals generally in the 
 centre of each to assist traffic. There is a good college (with 
 an engineering school, and a department to teach English), 
 and a large hospital. Tea grown throughout the dist. Large 
 junk trade, but being obstructed by a sand-bar, the harbour 
 is not entered by European craft. It was opened to foreign 
 vessels in 1869. Manufacture, lacquer ware. There are kerosene 
 wells 12 m. off. Climate very trying because the winter is 
 intensely cold, though the summer is hot. Mean temp. (6 yrs.), 
 yr. 53.7° F., Jan. 34.8°, July 77.3°; rfall. (4 yrs.), 70.13 in. 
 P. (1880) 34,000 ; (1890) 47,000. 
 
 Nilliau, one of the Sandwich Is. to the W. of Kauai, from 
 which it is separated by the Strait of Kaulaka. Area, 119 sq. m. 
 
 Nlj, vil., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt. Elisabethpol, dist. 
 Nukha. P. 5100. 
 
 Nljar, tn,, Spain, prov. and 16 m. ENE. Almeria, dist. 
 Sorbas. P. 14,200. 
 
 Nljkerk, comm., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 18 m. NE. by 
 E. Utrecht. P. 7800. 
 
 Nijmegen (the ancient Noviomagus, ' the new field,'), fortress 
 and tn., Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the 1. bk. of the Waal, 
 9 m. S. by W. Arnhem, 2 J m. from the frontier of Germany. 
 It has Roman and Carlovingian defensive works, and extensive 
 
 1101 
 
N I J N — N I LG 
 
 manufactures of pale ale, Prussian blue, and leather. It was 
 formerly a free imperial town, and is celebrated for the treaties 
 of 1678, signed by France, Holland, and Spain. It was taken 
 by the French in 1794. P. 32,000. 
 
 Nljniy Novgor©«l (a French spelling). See Xizhiily Novgorod. 
 
 Nlkarla, isl. , Asiatic Turkey. See Karlot. 
 
 NLkh, tn. , Persia, prov. Khorassan, 185 m. ENE. Kerman. 
 
 Nikltovka, tn., Russia, govt, and SW. Voronezh, dist. 
 Valuiki. P. 10,000. 
 
 Nlkltskoye, vil. , Russia, govt, and 46 m. SSE. Tula, on 
 Nepryadva R. , near Kulikovo plain ; railway station. P. 6000. 
 
 NlkkO, or Hatsllsl, tn., Japan, 80 m. SSE. Niigata. Much 
 visited on account of its famous temples, the sumptuous mausolea 
 of the first and third shogun of the Tokugava dynasty, and the 
 beauty of its scenery, the country round being rich in forests, 
 rivers, cascades, lakes, &c. ; has warm springs. 
 
 Nlklasdorf, tn. , Austria, in the NW. of Silesia, dist. 
 Freiwaldau, 37 m. NW. Troppau. P. <3000. 
 
 Nikola, seapt., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. and 9 m. 
 ESE. Burgas, on the S. side of the Gulf of Burgas. 
 
 Nikolai, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Pless, 30 m. E. by 
 N. Ratibor. P. 5300. 
 
 Nlkolalev, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 41 m. NW. Kherson, 
 chief naval station on Black Sea, stands 42 m. from the sea at 
 the head of a 23 m. long estuary made by junction of Ingul with 
 Bug, entering the estuary of Dnieper, which is protected by 
 Ochakov and Kinburn fortresses, but is only 18-21 ft. deep at 
 the bar. Immense shipbuilding yards and floating docks of the 
 navy, some of the largest Russian ironclads being built there. 
 Chief port for exports of cereals from the most fertile govts, of 
 SW. Russia, immense storehouses having been built in the 
 commercial port on the Bug. Placed under a separate military 
 governor. Mean rfall. (25 yrs. ), yr. 14.4 in., May-Nov. 10.3 
 in. P. (1891) 77,210, largely increased in summer by a floating 
 population. 
 
 NlkolalcTsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 109 m. SW. Samara, 
 on r. bk. Irgiz, 48 m. from Volga. Commerce in cereals. 
 Several large villages round it. The Irgiz monasteries of Non- 
 conformists along the Irgiz ; German colonies on 1. bk. of 
 Volga. P. 15,100. 
 
 Nlkolalevsk, dist. tn. , Asiatic Russia, Maritime Prov. (for- 
 merly cap. of it), 410 m. NE. Khabarovsk, on 1. bk. Amur, 23 
 m. from its entrance into Pacific. Port visited by some twenty 
 ships every year, importing grocery, spirits, and some manu- 
 factured goods. Mean rfall. (20 yrs.), yr. 16.3 in., May-Oct. 
 12. 1 in. P. <30oo. 
 
 Nlkolalevska, many vils., Russia. I. (Nlkolskoye), govt, 
 and 52 m. NE. Ekaterinoslav, on 1. bk. Samara ; P. 5000. 2, 
 (Orllk), govt, and 70 m. SE. Kursk ; P. 5000. 
 
 Nlkolalevskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kuban, dist. Labinsk. P. 5550. 
 
 NIkolalevskaya Sloboda, tn. , Russia, govt. Astrakhan, 100 
 m. NE. Tsaritsyn, nearly opposite Kamyshin, on 1. bk. Volga; 
 centre for trade in salt and corn. P. 17,800. 
 
 Nlkolalevskoye, vil., Russia, E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, 
 dist. Nerchinsk, on Tumgur R. P. <20oo. 
 
 Nlkolalevskoye, vil. , Russia, govt. Ufa, on Ayat R. , 192 m. 
 NE. Orsk. P. <:sooo. 
 
 Nlkolalken, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Sensburg, 
 75 m. SE. by S. Konigsberg, on the W. side of the Spirding 
 See. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 NlkolalstacI, tn. , Finland. See ¥asa. 
 
 Nlkollncze, comm. , Hungary, co. Temes, dist. and 7 m. 
 NE. Fehertemplom (Weisskirchen). P. <4000. 
 
 NUiolsburg, or Mlknlo-w, tn., Austria, Moravia, circle 
 Znaim, 26 m. S. Briinn. P. 8200. 
 
 Nlkolsk, dist, tn. , Russia, govt, and 408 m. E. Vologda, on 
 r. bk. Yug. P. < 2000. 
 
 Nlkolsk, vil., Russia, govt, and 90 m. SE. Voronezh, dist. 
 Boguchar. P. 8500. 
 
 Nikol8koye, many vils., Russia. 1. (Matrenkl), govt, and 
 27 m. SW, Voronezh, P. 6000. 9, (Plsarevo), govt, and 80 
 m. WNW. Ufa, P. 6200. And many others, mostly also bear- 
 ing some other name. 
 
 Nlkolskoye, vil. , Russia, W. Siberia, govt, and 67 m. N W. 
 Tomsk. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Nikopol, tn. , Russia, govt, and 76 m. SSW. Ekaterinoslav, 
 on r. bk. Dnieper ; river port for export of corn, linseed, and 
 tallow. The Zaporogian Cossacks had their ' Sicha,' or fortified 
 camp, a little above Nikopol. P, 8150. 
 
 NlkopoU, or NlcopoUs (Bulgarian Nikopol), fortified tn., 
 Bulgaria, prov. SviStov, on the Danube, 24 m. NE. by N. 
 Plevna ; founded by Roman emjseror Trajan. Here the Turks 
 defeated the Hungarians under Sigismund in 1396. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Nikopolis ('town of victory'), ancient city of Epirus. See 
 Preveza. 
 
 Nlkosl'a, or Lefkosl'a, tn., cap. Cyprus, near the middle of 
 the Mesaorea or great plain of the island, 23 m. NW. of its 
 port of Larnaka, near the r. bk. of the Pedia, which flows round 
 it on the W. and N. 
 1102 
 
 Nlksar, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 62 m. N. Sivas ; 
 near it is the village of Bezirie, where St. John Chrysostom died 
 in 407. P. 4000 ; Sunnite Moham. 2500 ; Gregorian Armenians, 
 1250 (Cuinet). 
 
 Nlkslc (nikshity), fortified tn., Montenegro, 26 m. N. Cetinje. 
 
 Nlla, one cf the Molucca Is., in the SW. group, 200 m. ENE. 
 Timor, in 6° 43' S. , 129^° E. 
 
 Nila Koli, mt. range, Brit. India, Punjab, separating Dera 
 Ismail Khan from Bannu dist.; highest peak Shaikh Budfn, 
 ah. 4516 ft. 
 
 NUainbtfir, tn. , or group of hamlets, Brit. India, Madras, 
 dist. Malabar, in 11° 17' N., 76° 16' E. , with splendid govern- 
 ment teak plantations. P. (1881) 11,400. 
 
 NUam-Joiig, or Kutl, vil. and fort, Tibet, on the Bhutia 
 Kosi R. , in about 28" 10' N. , 86" 3' E. The Nllamla Pass, a 
 pass of extreme difficulty, is situated to the N. Alt. of Nilam- 
 Jong, 13,900 ft. 
 
 Nile (from the Semitic «aAa/= river), the most important 
 river of Africa. Its length is greater than that of any other 
 river of the old world. It takes its rise in the great equatorial 
 lake, the Victoria Nyanza (alt. 3900 ft.), all the affluents of 
 which (including the Alexandra Nile), as compared with the 
 very large size of the lake, are too insignificant to be regarded 
 as source-rivers. Leaving the lake at the northern end the 
 Nile flows N W. , passing through the Ibrahim and Koja Lakes. 
 At Fauvera (alt. 3300 ft.) the river, now called Somerset Nile, 
 leaves the central African highlands, turning suddenly west- 
 ward, and descends in the very short distance to the Albert 
 Lake (alt. 2300 ft.) not less than 1000 ft., forming numerous 
 cataracts and falls (Murchison Falls, 118 ft.). After leaving 
 the Albert Lake (trib. Semliki Nile, from Lake Albert Edward, 
 alt. 3300 ft.) the river commences its northern course, soon 
 entering near Lado (alt. 1525 ft.) the vast plains of the eastern 
 Sudan. Here the river becomes navigable, and shows all the 
 characteristic features of a slow and sluggish lowland river — 
 innumerable sinuosities, channels, sandbanks, marshes, &c. , and, 
 moreover, enormous masses of floating vegetation. In 7^° N. 
 lat. the river divides into two arms (Bahr-el-Jebel and Bahr-el- 
 Seraf), which unite again in 9^° N. lat. From Fashoda to Khar- 
 tum (alt. 1260 ft. ) the river is called Bahr-el-Abiad ('white river '), 
 and after the confluence with the Bahr-el-Azrek, or Abai (' blue 
 river,' coming from Abyssinia, Lake Tana [alt. 5760 ft.]) at the 
 last named town, the name Nile is used for the united rivers. 
 Shortly afterwards the Nile commences to force its way through 
 the desert plateaux of the Sahara, forming numerous cataracts 
 between 16° and 24° N. lat. (six great groups of cataracts, 
 largest near Wadi Haifa [alt. 420 ft.]). The great S-like 
 bend of the river in Nubia is the result of the Libyan and Red 
 Sea plateaux approaching the river in succession. In 20° N. 
 lat. the fertile Nile valley (average width, 9J m.) commences, 
 flanked on both sides by deserts (see Egypt). A branch of the 
 Nile, the Bahr-Yusuf, waters the Fayum depression. N. of 
 Cairo the Nile divides into numerous arms, and forms the delta 
 (8500 sq. m., 120 m. wide), characterised by a network of rivers, 
 canals, lakes, and lagoons. The most important mouths of the 
 Nile are those of Damietta and Rosetta. Of great commercial 
 importance is the Mahmudieh Canal, connecting the Rosetta 
 Nile with Alexandria. The Nile has few tribs. ; the majority 
 are, however, very large, viz., the Bahr-el-Ghazal (with its 
 numerous affluents), Sobat, Bahr-el-Azrek (Blue Nile), and At- 
 bara. After the last named has joined the Nile, this remark- 
 able river receives no further tribs., passing through waterless 
 deserts for more than 13° of lat. The regular annual rising 
 (at Cairo, 25 ft.) of the Nile (from end of June till October) is 
 due to the periodical rains in Abyssinia and equatorial Africa. 
 In antiquity the Nile was explored as far as the Bahr-el-Ghazal 
 region, and reliable information about the Nile lakes was 
 obtained. In modern times the source of the Nile was dis- 
 covered by Speke, who first reached and explored the Victoria 
 Nyanza (1858 and 1863). Total length of the Nile 3670 m., of 
 which 3100 m. are navigable; the cataracts (see above), how- 
 ever, prevent navigation when the river is low, and the enormous 
 masses of floating vegetation often block the Upper Nile for 
 months or even years. Area of basin, 1,620,000 sq. m. [H. G. 8.1 
 
 Nlles, vil., U.S., California, co. Alameda, in 37° 35 N. , 121 
 58' W. Mean temp. (19 yrs.), 59.1° F., Jan. 48.2°, July 68.6°; 
 rfall., yr. 17.62 in., May-Sept. 0.95 in. 
 
 Nlles, city, U.S., Michigan, Berrien co. , on both banks of 
 the St, Joseph R. , which affords good water-power utilised for 
 manufactures, 30 m. E. by N. of the SW. corner of the state ; 
 important railway centre. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Nlles, city, U.S., Ohio, Trumbull co. , on Mahoning R., 54 
 m. ESE. Cleveland ; iron and coal are mined near. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Nilglrl (Nellgherry, or Neelgherry) Hills ('blue mts.'), 
 India, S. of Mysore, form a small tableland, nearly detached from 
 the great tableland by the gorge of the Moydr. which is drained 
 E. to the riv. Cauvery. On the N. of this tableland meet the 
 mountains which form the E. and W. boundaries of the great 
 tableland, and which are known as the Eastern and >Vestem 
 CihAts (Ghauts). Highest summit, Mount Dodabetta (8760 ft.). 
 
N I L L — N I O R 
 
 For climate see IJt&kamand and 'IVellliigton. The first sod 
 of the Nflgiri Hills Rly. , a branch line from that connecting 
 Madras with Calicut, from the station of Potanur, was cut on 
 3rd August 1 89 1. 
 Nllly, Lough, Ire. See Maciienn, Lough, Lower. 
 Nllovskaya Pnstyii, small monastery, E. Siberia, govt, and 
 170 m. W. Irkutsk, in Tunka Mts. , on Ikhe-ugun, trib. of 
 Irkut ; hot mineral waters. 
 
 Nllteeii, Grange of, par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Upper 
 Antrim, contains Dunadry town. P. <7So. 
 
 Nlniach, tn. and Brit, cantonment. Central India, Gwalior 
 state, 134 m. NW. by N. Indore, on rising ground. Alt. 1613 
 ft. P. (1891) with cantonment, 21,600 ; tn. P. 6300; Hindus, 
 3800 ; Moham. 1300. 
 
 Nlinan (or Nloniaft)-bira, Manchu name for Bureya (^.v.), 
 riv. , Siberia. 
 
 Nimara, Palestine. See Ninira. 
 
 Nlmbhera, tn. , Central India, in native state of Tonk, Rajpu- 
 tana, 125 m. S. Ajmere. 
 
 Niniburg, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Podiebrad, on the r. 
 bk. of the Elbe, 27 m. E. by N. Prague. P. 6700. 
 
 Nlmeguen, or Nyniegeii, English spellings of the Dutch 
 Nijmegen [q.v.). 
 
 Ninic.<«, the ancient iV^;«a«jz«, tn. , France, cap. dep. Gard, 
 and of arr. , a bishop's see, and seat of a court of appeal, on 
 a fertile plain with the Rhone on E. , Cevennes on W. , and 
 the Mediterranean on the S. , 80 m. NW. Marseilles, and 480 m. 
 SSE. Paris. It is mainly known from the magnificent remains 
 of the Roman period still preserved : the amphitheatre, 438 ft. 
 long, 333 ft. broad, and 70 ft. high, reckoned sufficient for 24,000 
 spectators ; the Maison Carrie, a beautiful temple, now used 
 as a museum ; the temple of Diana ; the great tower (still 92 ft. 
 high), built on an elevation of 375 ft., with a very extensive view 
 from its top ; two gates, one dating from 16 B.C. The famous 
 ruins of the Pont du Gard are NE. of Nlmes. Nimes became 
 a stronghold of Calvinism at the Reformation ; Louis XIV. 
 built a fortress to check the religious quarrels. Even more 
 recently the two sections, Catholic and Protestant, have been 
 keenly opposed. Modern buidings are the cathedral, the citadel, 
 museum, &c. Manufactures silk, upholstery, shawls, carpets, 
 leather, &c. ; there are also some foundries. Nimes is an im- 
 portant market for wine and brandy. Alt. 375 ft. Mean temp. , 
 Jan. 42.8°, July 80.6°. P. (1872) 62,400 ; (1886) 62,200 ; (1891) 
 71,600; arr. (1886) P. 156,800. 
 
 Nlniglrl, mt. range, Brit. India, Madras, dist. Vizagapatam, 
 in 19° 45' N., 82° 30' E., separated from the main chain of the 
 Eastern Ghats by valleys not | m. in width. 
 
 Nlnimitahel, or Nlmltybelle, post-tn. , New South Wales, 
 Wellesley CO. , 280 m. byrail and road orsteamboat SSW. Sydney, 
 and 80 m. NNW. Cape Howe. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nlniptsch, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 28 m. SSW. Breslau, 
 cap. circle Nimptsch. P. <30oo. 
 
 Nlmra, the ancient Nimara, Palestine, 32° 49' N., 36° 40' E. , 
 7 m. NE. Kanawat. 
 
 Nimrah, or Nimritit, place named in the O. T. Same as 
 Beth Niuirah. 
 Nlnirod, mt. , Turkish Armenia. See Jebel Klnirod. 
 Nlnirod, Bay of, important harbour of refuge, China, prov. 
 Chekiang, S. of Hangchow, 50 m. long, mouth in 29° 40' N. 
 
 Nlmrud Dagh, mt. chain, W. and NW. Lake Van, Turkish 
 Armenia, vilayets Bitlis and Van. The natives call the fantasti- 
 cally shaped sandstone rocks (due to the erosion of the winter 
 rains) ' Nimrod's camels.' 
 
 Nlniy, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the Haine, arr. and 
 I m. N. Mons. P. (comm.)<30oo. 
 
 Niniye-tso, Himalayan lake in the SE. of Sikkim, India. Alt. 
 about 10,000 ft. (Proc. P. G. S., 1881, pp. 334-35). 
 
 Nliiacaca, vil. , Peru, dep. Junin, no m. NE. Lima, 13 m. 
 
 SE. by E. Cerro de Pasco, on the Laguna de Chinchaycocha. 
 
 Nlnchentangla, mt. chain, Tibet. See Nyeuchantangla. 
 
 Nln-cheu-Tangla, mt. range, Tibet. See Sanideu-Kansa. 
 
 Nlndo, vil. , central Africa, Unyamwezi, in 3° 30' S. , 33° 15' E. 
 
 Nlnebanks with Carshleld, or West Alleu, eccles. par., 
 
 Eng. , Northumberland, div. and 12 m. SW. by W. Hexham, 
 
 3I m. SW. Catton Road stn., P.O. (Nine Banks). P. <75o. 
 
 Nine Barrow Down, hill, Eng. , Dorsetshire, Isle of Purbeck, 
 6| m. S. Poole. Height, 655 ft. 
 
 Nine Elms, eccles. par. , Eng. , London, Batterseapar. P. 8900. 
 Nine Mile Bar, Scot. See Crocketford. 
 Nlnenillehonse, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Tipperary, bar. Sliev- 
 ardagh, 8 m. NNW. Carrick-on-Suir, PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Nine Mile Point, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., on 
 the L. & N W. R. , 8 m. WNW. Newport. 
 
 Nine Mile Ride, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Crowthorne, Berk- 
 shire. 
 
 Nine Mile Springs, Tasmania. See Lef^oy. 
 Nine Standards, hill, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond 
 div., 13 m. SE. Appleby. 
 
 Nineveh, Turkey in Asia, cap. of the ancient kgd. of Assyria, 
 the ruins of which occupy an extensive space around the village 
 
 Nunia, on the E. bank of the Tigris, opposite Mosul, 275 m. 
 NNW. the ruins of Babylon. At Nimrud, numerous remains 
 of antiquity have been discovered by Layard, Botta, and others. 
 The city was overthrown, and its empire merged in that of 
 Babylon, in 625 B.C. 
 
 Nlnfleld, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 8 m. W. by N. 
 Hastings, 3^ m. WSW. Battle stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Nlng, tn., China, prov. Kiangsi, on the Sieu-ho, no m. S. 
 Hankow. 
 
 Nlng, or Ylnlng, tn., China, in NW. of prov. Kiangsi, in 
 Ningchou tea dist., in about 29° N., 114!° E. 
 
 Nlnga, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of the 
 C. P. R. , 130 m. WSW. Winnipeg. 
 Ningchou, tea dist., China, in NW. of prov. Kiangsi. 
 Nlnghal, tn., China, in the NE. corner of prov. Pechili, 150 
 m. WSW. Newchwang. Here is the fortified gate called Shan- 
 hal>kwan, at the E. end of the Great Wall ; captured by the 
 Japanese in 1895. 
 
 Nlnghsla>fu, Nlnghla, Nlngsla, or Nlnsla, called by the 
 Mongols Irgekotun, and by Marco Polo Egrigaia, tn. , China, 
 prov. Kansu, 177 m. NE. Lanchou, 203 m. from 1. bk. Hwang- 
 ho, in 38° 30' N., 101° 18' E. , cap. of a Tangut kingdom in the 
 loth and nth centuries, ruined by Jenggiz Khan. In recent 
 times it suffered greatly in the Mohammedan rebellion, and at 
 the time of Rockhill's visit, at the end of 1891, was just beginning 
 to rise from its ruins. Alt. 3723 ft. (Rockhill, bp.). 
 
 Nlngkwe-hslen, tn., China, prov. Nganhwei, 27 m. SE. 
 Wuhu. 
 
 Nlngpo, tn. and treaty port, China, commercial cap. of prov. 
 Chekiang, in a fertile alluvial plain intersected by streams and 
 canals, on the Takin or Ningpo R. , 100 m. S. Shanghai. It is 
 surrounded by a wall 25 ft. high, and 4^ m. in circumference. 
 Its chief public buildings are the Pagoda, 160 ft. high, with 14 
 stories, and the ' Drum Tower,' built in the 14th century, famous 
 temple of Queen of Heaven, richly adorned. Manufactures 
 silks, cottons, carpets, straw hats, jewellery, and furniture ; large 
 salt-works and fisheries. Large importation of opium (valued 
 ;^982,5oo) yearly; competes with Shanghai in foreign trade. 
 Ningpo is one of the ports first opened by the Treaty of Nanking, 
 1842. It was held by the Taiping rebels, and recaptured by a 
 British naval force in 1862. The dist. is noted for its fine climate, 
 fertility, and pleasant surroundings. Foreigners, however, suffer 
 from malarious fever. Like Nanking, Ningpo has a reputation 
 for letters and culture, one of its private libraries containing 
 50,000 volumes. Depth of harbour, 35 ft. high water, 27 ft. low 
 water ; vessels loaded and discharged at private wharves. P. 
 (1872, estimated) 115,000; (1891, estimated) 250,000. 
 
 Nlngte-chou, tn., China, prov. Fokien, on the E. ct., 45 m. 
 NE. by N. Fuchow. 
 
 Nlngtlaoleang, tn. , China, Mongolia, 320 m. SW. Kuku- 
 khoto, centre for the commercial transports between China and 
 Mongolia, destroyed and sacked by Mohammedan rebels about 
 1870 ; the Belgian missionaries, De Vos and Verlinden, 12 years 
 after, found it an almost deserted heap of ruins. 
 
 Nlngnla, thriving tn. , Manchuria, on the 1. bk. of the Mutan- 
 kiang, in the middle of a large plain, 160 m. E. by N. Kirin. 
 See Mutan-klang, and Proc. R. G. S., 1887, p. 556. 
 
 Nlngwood, vil., Eng., Isle of Wight, 5^ m. W. Newport, on 
 the Isle of Wight Central Rly. 
 
 Nlngwu-fu, tn. , China, prov. Shansi, 230 m. W. by S. Peking. 
 
 Nlngyuan-fu, or Hslchang-hslen, tn. , China, Siichwan, in 
 Kienchang dist., to the E. of Anning-ho, 200 m. N. by W. 
 Yiinnan-fu. Baber, who visited the town in 1877, says that 
 formerly it was situated more to the SW. , where there is now a 
 small lake. Alt. 5135 ft. 
 
 Nlngyuen-ehou, tn. , Manchuria, prov. Liautung, 82 m. W. 
 by S. Newchwang. 
 
 Nlnh-blnh, the ancient Van-sang, tn. , Tongking, on a branch 
 of the Songkoi delta, 55 m. S. Hanoi, cap. of prov. of same 
 name ; has a citadel on a river-arm accessible to boats of deep 
 draught. The fortress was taken by stratagem in 1873. 
 
 Nlnlgo Group, or Chessboard Islands, cluster of coral isls. , 
 Pacific, N. of New Guinea, crossed by 1° 20' S. , 144° 10' E. 
 
 Nlnulan, vil. , Manchuria, near the 1. bk. of the Nonni, 45 m. 
 NNE. Tsitsihar. 
 
 Nlnove, comm. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, on the Dender, 
 arr. and 7I m. S. Alost, with manufacttores of lace, sewing cotton, 
 gloves, &c. P. 6900. 
 
 Nlnynan, tn. , central Asia. See Knlja. 
 
 Niobrara, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Knox co. , at the junction of 
 Niobrara R. with the Missouri, 150 m. NW. Omaha. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Niobrara, shallow rapid riv., U.S., Nebraska, in the N., 
 rises in Sioux co. , in the NW. of the state, close to the W. 
 frontier, and to the Missouri, which it joins on the r. bk. at 
 Niobrara. Length, 450 m. 
 
 Nlolo, mountainous region, Corsica, W. of Corte, forming 
 the upper basin of the Golo. 
 
 Nloniau blra, riv. , Asiatic Russia. See Bureya. 
 
 Niopoli, seapt. , Asia Minor. See Ineboll. 
 
 Nloro, or Ghab, tn. , W. Sudan, cap. of Kaarta, about 170 
 
 1103 
 
N I O R — N I Z A 
 
 m. ENE. of the French post of Medina, fortified and surrounded 
 by high walls. The pop. consists chiefly of Fellata. Alt. 985 ft. 
 
 Nlort, cap. dep. Deux-Sevres, France, cap. arr. Niort, on the 
 Sfevre, 35 m. ENE. La Rochelle, a very important station at 
 the crossing of the line from Paris to Bordeaux, and from Poitiers 
 to La Rochelle and Rochefort ; has renowned nursery and 
 market gardens, fellmongery (gloves, chamois skins, tannery), 
 and large manufacture of blouses. The principal church dates 
 from 1491 to 1534 ; the keep, formed of two large square towers 
 united by a group of lower buildings, is attributed to Richard 
 CcEur de Lion or his father, Henry IL P. (1872) 21,300 ; (1890) 
 23,200. 
 
 NI08, isl. , Greece. See los. 
 
 Nlpdiil, municip., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Belgium, 73 m. 
 NE. by N. Goa; has a large trade. P. 11,700; Hindus, 9400. 
 
 Klpe, Bahla de, bay, Cuba, N. ct. , in 75° 33'-48' W. , form- 
 ing the largest port of Cuba, in the prov. of Santiago ; the 
 principal traffic of the bay is done at Mayari. 
 
 NlphAd, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Nasik, Bom. W. byN. 
 Aurangdbdd. P. < 5000. 
 
 Niphates, Turkish Armenia. See Jel»el Nlmrod. 
 
 Nlphon, Nippon, or Nlpon, a name properly applied to the 
 whole Japanese empire, but frequently used (even officially) as 
 that of the principal island of Japan {q.v.). 
 
 Nlplgon, lake, Canada. See Neplgon. 
 
 Niplsslng, large dist., Canada, Ontario, between the riv. 
 Ottawa and the meridian of 81° W. , and embracing in the SE. 
 headwaters of the Bonnechere and Madawaska Rivs. 
 
 Niplsslng, lake, Canada, prov. Ontario, is near the NE. side 
 of Lake Huron, nearly midway between it and the Ottawa R. ; 
 shape irregular ; shores bold. It contains many islands, and 
 discharges itself into Georgian Bay (Lake Huron) by French R. , 
 the navigation of which is impeded by numerous rapids. Length, 
 50 m. ; greatest breadth, 14 m. ; alt. 599 ft. 
 
 Nlppes, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt., circle, and i m. 
 N. Cologne. P. 16,100. 
 
 Nlpter, vil., Prussia, prov. Posen, circle and 3 m. SSW. 
 Meseritz, 41 m. E. Frankfurt on the Oder; has lignite mines. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Nlrgna, tn., Venezuela, Carabobo, 125 m. W. by S. Caracas, 
 40 m. WSW. Valencia. 
 
 Nlriz, vil. , Persia, prov. Kerman, 185 m. NW. Bender Abbas, 
 10 m. SE. of the SE. end of Lake Niriz. 
 
 Nlrmal, fortified tn. , India, Haidarabdd, 118 m. N. Haida- 
 r&bad. 
 
 Nlrpnra, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. and 21 m. NW. 
 Meerut. P. 5800 ; Hindus, 4000 ; Moham. 1500. 
 
 Ntsa, riv. , Sweden. See Nissa. 
 
 Nlsab, tn. , S. Arabia, 153 m. NE. by N. Aden. 
 
 Nlsao, vil., isl. of Haiti, republic Santo Domingo, S. ct. , 30 
 m. SW. by W. Santo Domingo, in 70° 13' W. 
 
 Nlsbet, hamlet, Scot., Roxburghshire, 3^ m. NNE. Jedburgh, 
 on the riv. Teviot and the N. B. R. 
 
 Nlscemi, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 30 m. SE. by S. Caltanissetta. 
 P. 12,200. 
 
 Bflsh (Servian spelling Nl§), the ancient Nissus, tn., Servia, 
 cap. prov. Nish, on the Nishava, 53 m. N. Vranja, and 130 m. 
 SE. Belgrade, defended by several forts and a citadel. Birth- 
 place of Constantine. Near the town is the famous ' Tower of 
 Skulls,' a square building, the walls of which has been inlaid 
 by the Turks with skulls of Christians killed since the Servian 
 occupation. Here the Austrians defeated the Turks in 1689. 
 P. 19,900. 
 
 Nlsbapnr, tn., Persia, prov. Khorassan, 44 m. W. by S. 
 Meshed ; successively capital of the Taheride dynasty, of 
 Mahmud of Ghazni, and of the Seljuk family, whose first sultan, 
 Togrul Bey, resided here and brought it to the zenith of its 
 splendour. The famous turquoise mines of Nishapur or Madan 
 (i.e., ' mines ') lie 36 m. NW. The birthplace and burial-place 
 of the poet Omar Khayyam. 
 
 Nishava (Servian spelling Nlgara), riv., enters Servia from 
 Bulgaria, and flows WNW. past Pirot and Nish to the Morava. 
 
 Nlsbl'bete, riv. , in the E. of Yezo I. , Japan, enters the Pacific 
 NW. of Nemuro, in 43° 25' N. ; said to be the best salmon 
 river in the island. 
 
 Nlshlnomlya, tn. , Japan, Honshiu, 10 m. NE. by E. Kobe. 
 P. (1887) 11,200. 
 
 Mlsl, vil. , Greece. See Messeme. 
 
 Nlslbln, the ancient Nisibis, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 
 75 m. SE. Diarbekir, sanjak Mardin, in the old Assyrian 
 empire ; seat of one of the four imperial officers ; became under 
 the Seleucidae a flourishing Greek colony, Antiocheia Mygdonia. 
 P. 10,000; Moham. 5000; Christians, 5000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Nlslro (Nlsyros), isl, Turkey, on the SW. of Asia Minor, 12 
 m. S. of the middle of Ko I., forming a pyramidal mountain 
 2270 ft. high ; an active fumarole. Area, 14 sq. m. See Ke. 
 
 Nlslta, isl., S. Italy, in the Gulf of Naples, 3 m. SE. Pozzuoli. 
 P. 1700. 
 
 Nlsko, comm. , Austria, crownland Galicia, circle Rzcszow, 
 53 m. SSW. Lublin (Poland). P. <4000. 
 1104 
 
 Nlssa, or Nlsa, riv., S. Sweden, prov. (Ian) Jonkoping, flows 
 first N. then SSW. into Halland, and enters the Kattegat at 
 Halmstad. Length about 120 m. 
 
 Nls§an, tn., France, dep. H6rault, arr. B^ziers, 6 m. SE. 
 Capestang, between the Canal du Midi and the Aude. P. <3000. 
 
 Nissan, or Sir Cbarles Hardy Islands, group of isls. NW. 
 of the Solomon Archipelago, and E. of the SE. end of New 
 Ireland (Neu-Mecklenburg), crossed by 4^° S. , and E. of 154° E. ; 
 the largest also called Nissan, forming with Barahun and Sirot 
 a ring round a lagoon. P. < 1500. 
 
 NlsserelT, i.e., Nisser River, riv., S. Norway, rises in the 
 Langefjeld, flows E. then S. , expands into the lake, Nisservand, 
 passes Arendal, and flows into the Skagerrack after a course of 
 105 m. 
 
 Nlssnm Brednlng, the expansion at the W. end of the Liim 
 Fjord, Denmark. Nlssnm Fjord, lagoon, Denmark, on the W. 
 ct. of Jutland, in 56° i8'-27' N, 
 
 Nissus, tn. , Servia. See Nish. 
 
 Nlstml, riv. , Austria and Russia. See Dniester. 
 
 Nlsjros, isl. , Turkey. See Nlslro. 
 
 Nltendl, isl. See Santa Cruz Island. 
 
 Nltb, riv. , Scot. , rises in co. Ayr, flows through dist. of Nlths- 
 dale, in co. of Dumfries [q.v.), and after a SE. course of about 
 60 m. past New Cumnock, Kirkconnel, Sanquhar, Thornhill, 
 and Dumfries, falls into the Solway Firth, 11 m. S. Dumfries, 
 by an estuary 5 m. in width. Principal affluents, the Skarr 
 and Cairn from the W. 
 
 Nltb River, riv. , Canada, Ontario, a 1. bk. trib. of Grand R. 
 
 Nltl Pass, pass, India, across the main Himalayan range, to 
 the N. of Hardwar. Alt. 16,570 ft. See Hlmtklayas. 
 
 Niton, par., Eng., Isle of Wight, 4 m. W. Ventnor, PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Nlt«a, riv., Russia, W. Siberia, r. bk. trib. of Tura, which 
 belongs to the system of the Tobol; navigable up to Irbit. 
 Length with Neiva about 300 m. 
 
 Nltshlll, vil., Scot., W. Renfrewshire, 3 J m. SE. Paisley, on 
 the C. R., PT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nlttenan, vil., Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, 
 dist. Roding, on the Regen, 15 m. NE. by N. Regensburg. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Nluafu, or ftiood Hope, isl., Polynesia, NE. of the Fiji, and 
 NW. of the Tonga Is., in 15° 34' S. , and 174° 40' W. 
 
 NlncbTvang, tn. , Manchuria. See Newchwang. 
 
 Nine, or Savage Island, isolated isl., SE. of the Samoan 
 Archipelago, in 19° 10' S., 169° 50' W. Inhabitants (whose 
 savagery caused Captain Cook, the discoverer of the island, to 
 give it its English name) Christianised by native teachers con- 
 nected with the London Alissionary Society. 
 
 Nlnlan-klang, riv., China, in NE. of Yunnan, flows NE. 
 and joins the Kinsha-kiang (upper Yangtse-kiang) in about 
 103° 20' E. 
 
 N'iumkorlo, mission station. See Nlanikolo. 
 
 Nlntao, or Spelden, isl. , Pacific, EUice group. 
 
 Nlnteusban, isl., China, prov. Chekiang, at mouth of San- 
 mun Bay, crossed by 29° 2' N. 
 
 Nlve, riv., S. France, dep. Basses-Pyr^n6es, rises in the 
 Pyrenees 10 m. S. St. Jean Pied-du-Port, joins the Adour 
 close to Bayonne after a NW. course of 45 m. 
 
 Nlvelle, riv., rising in Spain, prov. Navarra, near the abbey 
 of Urdache, and flowing NW. 20 m. through the French dep. 
 Basses-Pyr^n^s into the Bay of Biscay at St. Jean-de-Luz, near 
 which the British army under Wellington crossed the Nivelle, 
 after carrying the French posts, 1813. 
 
 Nlvelles, Flemish Nyvel, tn., Belgium, prov. Brabant, 13^ m. 
 NNW. Charleroi, cap. arr. Nivelles ; has important railway- 
 works, &c. , and a magnificent Roman church, St. Gertrude, 
 reconstructed in 1048. P. 10,600. 
 
 Nlvernals, an old prov. of France, near its centre, now com- 
 prising the dep. Nie\Te, and part of Cher. The Canal of 
 Nlvernals, 45 m. in length, connects the Loire with the Yonne 
 and the Seine. 
 
 Nlvervllle, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on the Emerson branch 
 of the C. P. R. , 20 m. S. by E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Nlvestone Rock, Eng. , dangerous rock off N. ct. of North- 
 umberland, the most north-easterly of the Fame Is. 
 
 Nlvlllers, vil., France, dep. Oise, arr. and 4 m. NE. by E. 
 Beauvais. P. < 2000. 
 
 Nlvltsa, vil., Turkey in Eurof)e, vilayet, sanjak, and 21 m. 
 SW. Monastir, on neck of land between two lakes, Prespa. 
 
 Nl^we, isolated isl., SE. of Samoan Archipelago, in 19" 10' S. 
 and 169° 50' W. 
 
 Nlxdorf, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Schluckenau, in extreme 
 N., 33 m. NNE. Leitmeritz. P. 6200. 
 
 Nlya, oasis. Eastern Turkistan. See NIa. 
 
 Nlza, tn. , Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, dist. Portalegre, 52 m. 
 NNW. Elvas. P.<4000. 
 
 NizakzU, vil., Russian Central Asia, 130 m. N. by E. Tash- 
 kent. 
 
 NizAmpatam, seapt. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Kistna, 38 
 m. WSW. Masulipatam, with coasting trade ; an important salt 
 
N IZ A 
 
 N O C E 
 
 station. The first port at which the English traded on the E. 
 ct. of India. P. < 5000. 
 
 NlzAiii'»« Dominion, India. See HaidarAbAd. 
 
 Minnliowice, vil. , Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. and 6 m. 
 S. by E. Przemysl. P. <2ooo. 
 
 A'izhne, Nizhniy, Russian, 'lower.' 
 
 Nlziiiie-Cliirsliaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, prov. Don Cossacks, 
 cap. dist. , 70 m. WSW.Tsaritsyn, on r. bk. Don ; fairs. P. 15,200. 
 
 Nlzlinedyevltslc, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 45 m. WSW. 
 Voronezh. P. < 3000. 
 
 Nizline-Kanicliatslt, vil., Asiatic Russia, Maritime Prov., 
 penin. Kamchatka, on lower Kamchatka R., in 56° 3' N. P. 
 
 <IC)00. 
 
 Nizluie-Kolyni.sli, tn. , Russia, E. Siberia, prov. and 2000 m. 
 NE. Yakutsk, on island of Kolyma R. , 80 m. from its entrance 
 into Arctic Ocean, 68° 32' N., 160° 3s' E.; place of exile. Centre 
 for administration of Tunguses, Koryaks, and Lamuts. P. <iooo. 
 
 Nizline-Tagiisic, tn. , Russia. See Tagilslt. 
 
 Nizbnendin8l{, dist. tn., Russia, E. Siberia, govt, and 360 
 m. NW. Irkutsk, on Uda R. and Great Siberian highroad ; 
 centre for gold-mines. P. 4000. 
 
 >'izliniy Loniov, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 68 m. WSW. 
 Penza. P. 8250. 
 
 Nizliniy Novgorod, a govt, of middle Russia, has Vladimir 
 on W. , Yaroslav and Vyatka on N. , Kazan and Simbirsk on E. , 
 Penza and Tambov on S. ; one-third of it on 1. bk. of Volga 
 (Zavolzhiye) covered with forests, marshes, and lakes thinly 
 peopled; the remainder hilly, cut up by ravines, and fertile in E. 
 Watered by Volga, Oka, and tribs. Chmate severe, especially 
 in Zavolzhiye. Average temp, at Nizhniy, yr. 39°, Jan. 10.6 , 
 July 64°. Agriculture (crops insufficient for population), cattle- 
 breeding. Great variety of village industries ; fabrics of all 
 sorts of wooden wares exported in large quantities to the lower 
 Volga, even to Persia and Bukhara, cutlery (Pavlovo and 
 Vorsma being Russian Sheffields), woollen, leather, wire, felt 
 goods, &c. Factories rapidly developing ; machine, iron, steel, 
 copper, and cutlery works, tanneries, steam flour-mills, naphtha 
 distilleries, &c. Considerable trade and shipping ; shipbuilding. 
 Divided intoeleven dists. : Nizhniy Novgorod, Ardatov, Arzamas, 
 Balakhna,,Gorbatov, Knyaginin, Lukoyanov, Makariev, Seme- 
 nov, Sergach, and Vasilsursk. Pavlovo, Pochinki, and Vorsma 
 are important towns. Area, 19,797 sq. m. P. (1880) 1,376,000 ; 
 (1893) 1,586,800. 
 
 Nlzliniy Bfovgorod, or simply Nizliuly, a city of Russia, cap. 
 of above govt., at confluence of Oka and Volga, 276 m. by rail 
 E. of Moscow. Occupies a most advantageous position where 
 the cereals and various manufactured goods from the basin of 
 the Oka meet with the metal goods of the Kama basin, the corn, 
 salt, naphtha, and raw cotton shipped up the Volga, and the 
 tea coming from Siberia, and whence all sorts of goods are 
 shipped to central Asia, Caucasia, and Siberia. It consists of 
 three parts : the city, including the Kreml, built on hills 400 ft. 
 high, on the r. bk. of Oka and Volga, containing several very old 
 churches (many times rebuilt) and monasteries ; the lower town, 
 which is the centre of a very lively commercial traffic, and con- 
 tains the immense storehouses for grain, timber, salt, naphtha, 
 &c. ; and 'The Fair,' on the flat, sandy penin. between Oka 
 and Volga, connected with the town by a wooden bridge, and 
 having a huge cathedral and an immense Gostinyi Dvor, with 
 3000 shops, while 3000 more shops are temporarily built for 
 the fair. Immense store-houses for metals, tea, and the 
 steamboat companies — Nizhniy Novgorod being the chief centre 
 of the steamboat navigation on Volga — are built on the flat 
 river shores. The permanent population, almost entirely 
 Great Russian, is only about 75,000, but it attains 300,000 
 during the fair. Nizhniy Novgorod has of late become a centre 
 of local intellectual life, and has a library. Its manufactures 
 are not of great importance, but a brisk trade is carried on all 
 the year round. The Makarievskaya fair, which is held at 
 Nizhniy Novgorod in Aug. and Sept. (it was formerly held at 
 Makariev, whence its name), is of the very greatest importance in 
 the industrial and commercial life of Russia, not only on account 
 of the amounts of tea, metals, naphtha, cereals, oils, timber, and 
 all sorts of manufactured goods brought to it (over j^i8,ooo,ooo 
 to ^25,000,000 worth every year), and the number of merchants 
 who come together, but especially on account of the transactions 
 made. The crop of the year being known in August through the 
 merchants who come from all parts of Russia, the production of 
 all the cotton-mills of middle Russia, and all the iron and metal 
 works of the Urals, is settled at Nizhniy for the ensuing year, as 
 also the prices of tea, raw cotton imported from central Asia, 
 naphtha, and wool, the stocks of which become known after the 
 fairs of SW. Russia have been previously held. The total busi- 
 ness transacted is estimated at nearly ^40,000,000, while the 
 credits opened to trade and industry greatly exceed this figure. 
 The trade in Siberia and Russian Turkistan entirely depends on 
 this credit. P. (1880) 50,000; (1891) 74,930. 
 
 Nizlinyaya Tnngnsiia, riv. , E Siberia, rises in govt. Irkutsk, 
 near middle Lena, flows NNW. and W., joins Yenisei near 
 Turukhansk. Length, 1680 ni. 
 1105 
 
 Nizuio-w', tn. , Austria, Galicia, dist. Tlumacz, 17 m. E. by 
 N. Stanislawow, near r. bk. of Dniester. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Nizvora, vil. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet Salonica, 17 m. SSW. 
 of the mouth of the Struma. P. 3000 (G. ). 
 
 Nizza, Italian name of Nice {q.v.). 
 
 Nlzza Monferrato, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and i6 m. 
 SW. by W. Alessandria. P. 6700. 
 
 NJegiig (nyegush), vil., Montenegro, 6 m. WNW. Cetinje. 
 
 NJeius, or NJenipi^, vil., central Africa, a few miles to the S. 
 of Lake Baringo, in 0° 25' N. , 35° 33' E. 
 
 NJole, stn., Africa, French Congo, on both banks of the 
 Ogowe, in 10° 48' E. 
 
 Njaa, riv. , Africa. See Lilcnala. 
 
 NJuoinniel»asI<a, or NJaninielsnslia (' hare leap '), Swedish 
 Harspr&iig, or with the article added HarsprAnget, Lapp 
 name of falls on Lulea R. [q.v.). 
 
 NJurnnda, comm., Sweden, prov. (Ian) Vesternorrland, 11 
 m. SSE. Sundsvall. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Nliata, stn. , Nyassa-land, on the W. shore of Lake Nyassa, 
 in 11° 35' S. 
 
 NItete, isl. , in Congo R. , W. Africa. See Boma. 
 
 Nliioiia, mt. See Greece, Surface. 
 
 Nliissi, or Inliissl, riv. , Congo Free State, 1. bk. trib. of the 
 Congo, about 31 m. below Leopoldville, forms the boundary 
 between the Cataracts and Stanley Pool dist.; not navigable ; a 
 series of falls interrupts its lower course. 
 
 Nitissi, or Nliisl, botanical stn. of the Royal Niger Co. , on 
 the 1. bk. of the Niger, a few miles above Abutshi. 
 
 NItole, dist. , central Africa, to the E. of Lake Albert Edward, 
 and N. of the Kagera. 
 
 NItoniati, or Iiiiioniati, riv. , SE. Africa. See Komati. 
 
 Nlcondo, vil., W. Africa, Congo Free State, on the Kwilu, 
 57 m. NE. Vivi. 
 
 Nltoransa, tn. , W. Africa. See Koranzo. 
 
 liicoura, vil., Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinthia, 31 m. W. 
 Corinth. P. <2ooo. 
 
 N'iiula Maceilo, stn., W. Africa, French Congo Terr., 90 m. 
 N. Boma, in about 4° 30' S., 12° 58' E. 
 
 N'knla Maiido, trading stn. , W. Africa, French Congo Terr. , 
 98 m. NNW. Boma, on 1. bk. Luemme. 
 
 Nliunja, riv. , central Africa. See Ubanggl. 
 
 NIong Pra, tn. , Siapi, on the Mekong, 208 m. SW. by S. Hue. 
 
 No, or Nh, lake, E. Africa, an expansion of the Bahr-el-Ghazal 
 (trib. Nile), where it receives from the S. the Bahr-el-Jebel, in 
 about 9|° N. , 30^° E. Very variable in size and shape ; en- 
 cumbered with vegetation. 
 
 Noali, isl. , German New Guinea. See Karltar. 
 
 Noallles, vil., France, dep. Oise, arr. and 9 m. SE. Beauvais. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Noillilidii, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, N. dist., 180 m. E. 
 Calcutta. P. 5500 ; Hindus, 2800 ; Moham. 2600. 
 
 Noaic Hill, eccles. par., Eng. , Essex, div. and 3J m. NE. 
 by N. Romford [q.v.), 3 m. W. by N. Brentwood stn., P.O. 
 
 Noank, vil., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 6 m. ESE. New 
 London, on the coast, with shipbuilding. P. <i5oo. 
 
 No^rband, one of the chain of outposts against the Lushais, 
 Brit. India, Assam, 18 m. S. Silchar. In the vicinity is a large 
 tea-plantation. 
 
 Noar Hill, hill, Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 16 m. 
 SW. by S. Aldershot. Height, 696 ft. 
 
 Noarlunga, tp., S. Australia, Adelaide co., 20 m. by road 
 SSW. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nobah, place named in the O. T. Same as Keuath Nobata» 
 See Kaiia>vat. 
 
 Nobaiioka Bay, native name of Port Glasgow, Brit. New 
 Guinea. 
 
 Nobaran, tn. , Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 95 m. WSW. 
 Teheran, on the road to Hainadan. 
 
 Nobber, par. and tn. , Ire. , N. co. Meath, bars. Morgallion and 
 Lower Kells, 12 m. N. by W. Navan, with a stn. on the Dublin 
 and Meath Rly.,PMT.O.' Par. 10,411 ac, P. <i5oo; tn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Nobeoka, tn., Japan, Kiushiu, 100 m. E. bv S. Nagasaki. 
 P. (1886) 13,600. 
 
 Nobetsl, tn. , Japan. See Nofitsi. 
 
 Nobiganj, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. and 30m. SW. Sylhet. 
 
 Noble, vil., U.S., Illinois, Richland co., 107 m. E. St. Louis 
 (Mo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Noble, CO., U.S., Indiana, W. of 85° W., and N. of 41° N. 
 
 Noble, CO. , U.S. , Ohio, in the SE. , S. of 40°N. , and W. of 81° W. 
 
 NoblelilU, vil., Scot., co. and i m. E. Dumfries. P. <5oo. 
 
 Nobles, CO., U.S., Minnesota, in the SW., on the S. frontier, 
 crossed in the W. by 96° W. 
 
 Noblesville, city, U.S., Indiana, Hamilton co., 21 m. N. by 
 E. Indianapolis. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Nobsque Point, orNobska, U.S. , Massachusetts, on SE. ct. , at 
 entrance of Buzzards Bay ; has a fixed light 80 ft. above sea-level. 
 
 Noc6, vil., France, dep. Orne, arr. Mortagne, 27 m. E. by S. 
 Alen9on, 8 m. NW. by W. Nogent-le-Rotrou. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Noce, riv., Tirol, flows from the Pass of Tonale NE. then 
 SSE. , and enters the Adige 9 m. N.Trent. Length about 50 m.. 
 
 4 A 
 
N O C E 
 
 N O M O 
 
 Nocera del Paganl, the ancient Nuceria , tn. , Italy, Campania, 
 prov. and 9 m. NW. Salerno. P. i2,8c». 
 
 Nocera Tlrlnese, tn., Italy, Calabria, prov. and 25 m. WNW. 
 Catanzaro. P. < 3000. 
 
 Nocera I'nibra, tn., Italy, Umbria, prov. and 20 m. E. 
 Perugia. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Noceto, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. Parma, circle and 6 m. 
 SE. Borgo San Donnino. P. 6500. 
 
 Nocliistlau, tn. , Mexico, Oajaca, 52 m. NW. by W. Oajaca. 
 
 Noel, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 26 m. SE. by S. Bari. 
 P. 8600. 
 
 Nocton, par., Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div. , 7 m. 
 SE. Lincoln, i m. N. of its stn. (Noctou and Duiiston) on the 
 G. N. & G. E. Joint Rly., P.O.; 5968 ac. P.<7So. 
 
 Noctornni, par., Eng., Cheshire, 2 m. SW. Birkenhead. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Nodaway, co., U.S., Missouri, in the NW. , on the N. 
 frontier, crossed by 95° W. 
 
 Nodaway River, U.S., Iowa and Missouri, flows S. through 
 Nodaway co. into the Missouri. Length about 200 m. 
 
 Nodstown, electoral div.. Ire., co. Tipperary, dist. Cashel. 
 
 Noe, riv. , Eng., N. Derbyshire, rises on the S. side of The 
 Peak, flows E. through Edale, then SE. into the Derwent. Its 
 valley is now ascended by the Dore and Totley, Chap)el-en-le- 
 Frith branch of the M. R. 
 
 Noe, short riv., Scot., Argyllshire, flows WNW. into Loch 
 Etive on the N. of Ben Cruachan. 
 
 No^, Cape, Algeria, on the NW. ct. , in 35° 11' N., 1° 43' W. 
 
 Noel Park, eccles. par., Eng., Middlesex, on G. E. R. P. 
 6700. See tireen Lanes and Noel Park. 
 
 NoepoU, vil. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 47 m. SE. by S. 
 Potenza. P. < 2000. 
 
 Noet-Hnlp, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. and 25 m. SE. Graaff 
 Reinet. 
 
 Noeax, tn., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. B^thune, canton 
 and 6 m. ENE. Houdain ; coal worked. P. <:3C)oo. 
 
 Nofltsl, or Nolietsl, maritime tn. , Japan, prov. Rikugo, 26 
 m. E. Avomori. 
 
 Nogal, wadi, E. ct. Africa, Somali-land, contains water June 
 to August, flows SE. into Bandel d'Agoa Bay, in 7° 50' N. 
 
 Nogales, tn. , Chile, prov. Valparaiso, dep. Quillota. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Nogales, comm., Spain, Galicia, dist. Becerrea, 27 m. ESE. 
 Lugo. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Nogales, tn., U.S., Arizona, Pima co., on S. frontier of terr. 
 in 110° 55' W. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Nogara, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. Verona, 13 m. E. by N. 
 Mantua. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Nogaro, tn., France, dep. Gers, arr. Condom, 36 m. NE. by 
 N. Pau. P. <20oo. 
 
 Nogent I'Artand, vil., France, dep. Aisne, arr. Ch&teau- 
 Thierry, on the 1. bk. of the Marne, 21 m. E. Meaux. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Nogent-le-Kol, tn. , France, dep. Eure-et-Loir, arr Dreux, on 
 the h^ure, 14 m. N. Chartres. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Nogent-le-Rol, or Nogent-en-Basslgny, the ancient Novi- 
 gentum, or Novientum, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Marne, arr. 
 Chaumont, 51 m. NNE. Dijon, 11 m. SE. by E. Chaumont-en- 
 Bassigny ; principal centre of the cutlery manufacture in Haute- 
 Marne, especially fine cutlery. P. <4000. 
 
 Nogent*Ie-Kotron, tn., France, dep. Eure-et-Loir, cap. arr. 
 Nogent-le-Rotrou, on the Huisne, 32 m. W. by S. Chartres ; 
 has millstone quarry. Fortified since the Norman invasions. 
 P. 6900. 
 
 Nogent-Ies-Vlerges, tn., France, dep. Oise, on the Oise, 30 
 m. N. by E. Paris, arr. and 7 m. NW. Senlis. P. <:3000. 
 
 Nogent-sur-Mame, tn., France, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, on 
 the Marne, 6 m. E. by S. Notre Dame, Paris. P. 8000. 
 
 Nogent-sur-Seine, tn., France, dep. Aube, cap. arr. Nogent- 
 sur-Seine, on the 1. bk. of the Seine, 30 m. WNW. Troyes, 11 
 m. ESE. Provins. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Nogent-snr-Venas8on, tn., France, dep. Loiret, 40 m. S. 
 Fontainebleau, arr. and 11 m. S. Montargis. P. <20oo. 
 
 Nogoya, tn. and rly. stn., Argentine Republic, Entre Rios, 
 60 m. NE. by E. Rosario. P. <:400o. 
 
 NdgrM, tn., Hungary, co. N6gr4d, 29 m. N. Budapest. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Nognelra, vil., Brazil, Amazonas, 330 m. W. Manaos, near 
 the r. bk. of the Amazon. 
 
 Noguelra de Kamnlu, comm., Spain, Galicia, dist. and 9 m. 
 NE. Orense, on r. bk. of the Mifio. P. 7700. 
 
 Noguera Klbagorzana, riv., Spain, flows S. from the S. of 
 the Maladetta (Pyrenees) to the Segre below Balaguer. The 
 Nognera Pallaresa, or de Gerrl, flows SSW. from the E. of 
 the Maladetta to the Segre above Balaguer. 
 
 Nognt, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, govt, and SE. Stavropol, 
 dist. Alexandrovsk. P. 6770. 
 
 Nohar, vil. and fort, India. See Isliimgarh. 
 
 Nohart, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Richardson co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Missouri, 91 m. S. by E. Omaha. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Nohaval, par.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Kinalea, 5^ m. E. by 
 N. Kinsale, P.O. (Nohoval). P. <soo. 
 1106 
 
 Nohaval, par. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy, 3 m. W. 
 Castleisland. P. <5oo. 
 
 Nohavaldaly, par. , Ire. , cos. Cork and Kerry, bars. Duhallow 
 and Magunihy, on riv. Blackwater, 6 m. NW. Millstreet ; 17,372 
 ac. P. < 3500. 
 
 Nolcattaro, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. and g m. SE. Bari. 
 P. 7400. 
 
 Noir, feminine A^«>^, French, 'black.' 
 
 Nolralgue, comm. , Switzd. , cant, and 16 m. W. by S. Neu- 
 chatel. P. < 2000. 
 
 Noire, Montagne, the SW. spur of the Cevennes Range, 
 France, deps. Aude and Tarn, on the water-shed between the 
 Atlantic and Mediterranean streams, and containing the reservoirs 
 Lampy, Neuf, and Saint-Ferr6ol, which feed the Canal du Midi. 
 Alt. 3970 ft. 
 
 Nolr^table, tn. , France, dep. Loire, arr. Montbrison, 22 m. 
 SW. Roanne. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Nolrmont, German i^cliwarzenberg, vil., Switzd., cant. 
 Bern, 15 m. NE. Le Locle. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Nolrmont Point, headland, S. ct. of Jersey, Channel Is., 
 at W. end of St. Aubin's Bay. 
 
 Nolrmontler, tn. , France, isl. of Noirmoutier, included in 
 dep. Vendue, arr. Sables-d'Olonne, 19 m. S. St. Nazaire, with 
 remains of the celebrated abbey of Her, to which the town owes 
 its name Hennoutier (Herimotiasterium). P. <:30oo. 
 
 Nolrmontler, isl. , France, on the Atlantic coast, dep. Vendue, 
 though it is not entirely an island at low tide, owing to the silting 
 up of the narrow stream of Fromentine. It has rich saline 
 marshes, and fertile soil. Oyster-fishing and boat-building are 
 carried on. Twice a day conveyances go from the island to the 
 coast by the metalled road of Gouas or Gu^, 3 m. long. It was 
 taken by the Dutch in 1674, and by the Vend^ans in 1793. 
 Noirmoutier forms a cant, in the arr. Sables-d'Olonne ; its cap. 
 is Noirmoutier. Length, 12 m.; greatest breadth, 4 m.; area, 
 21 sq. m. P. 8000. 
 
 Nolsy-le-Cirand, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Pon- 
 toise, on the Marne, 9 m. E. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Nolsy-le-Sec, tn., France, dep. Seine, arr. St. Denis, 2 m. E. 
 Pantin, near Ourcq Canal. P. 5700. 
 
 Nolzay, vil. , France, dep. Indre-et- Loire, on the Cisse, arr. 
 and II m. E. by N. Tours. P. < 2000. 
 
 Nokachantnck, vil., Siam, 106 m. NE. Bangkok. 
 
 Noke, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 4^ m. NE. 
 by N. Oxford, 2J m. SE. Islip stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Nokhwe, or Denham, large lake, Upper Guinea, Slave Coast, 
 N. of the French settlement of Kotonu, in S. part of the kgd. 
 of Dahome. 
 
 Nokkl, Portuguese fort on the Congo, W. Africa, in about 
 5° 52' S. , 13° 39' E. See Angola. 
 
 Nokomls, tn. , U.S., Illinois, Montgomery co. , 27 m. E. 
 Litchfield by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nola, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 15 m. ENE. 
 Naples ; ancient vases and other antiquities are numerous. On 
 the hills overlooking the town are the convent of the Capuchins, 
 and the remains of a strong old castle called Castel Cicala. 
 Nola was anciently one of the largest cities of Magna Grcecia, 
 besieged by Hannibal after the battle of Cannae, and was the 
 place where Augustus and M. Agrippa died. Birthplace of the 
 pliilosopher Giordano Bruno, burnt at Rome in 1600. P. 7500. 
 
 Nolan, CO., U.S., Texas, W. of 100° W. , N. of 32° N. 
 
 Nolay, tn., France, on the S. border of dep. Cote d'Or, arr. 
 Beaune, 16 m. E. Autun. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Noleclincky River, U.S., N. Carolina and Tennessee, flows 
 through a gap in the Iron Mts. into French Broad R. Length 
 about 140 m. 
 
 Noll, seapt. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, 8 m. SSW. Savona, 
 I m. from Capo di Noli. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Nollnsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 89 m. SSE. Vyatka. 
 P. 6070. 
 
 NoUoth, port, Cape Colony. See Port NoUotli. 
 
 Nolsd, Naalsii, or Nalso, one of the Faroe Is., German 
 Ocean, 2 m. SE. Stromo. 
 
 Nolton, part of eccles. par., Wales, Glamorganshire. See 
 Coyty, Lower. 
 
 Nolton, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 5^ m. W. by N. Haver- 
 fordwest. P. <2Co ; eccles. par. (Nolton with Roch) P. <75o. 
 
 No Man's Heath, eccles. par., Eng., Warwickshire, 6 m. 
 NE. Tamworth. P. <:250. 
 
 No Man's Land, name formerly given in S. Africa to the 
 dist. between Cape Colony and Natal, on the SE. slope of the 
 Drakensberg or Kevathlamba Mts. 
 
 No Man's Land, par., Eng., Wiltshire, 5 m. SE. Downton. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 No Man's Land, isl., U.S., Massachusetts, Dukes co. , SW. 
 of Martha's Vineyard, 70° 48'-so' W. 
 
 Nomayo, riv., central Africa. See Mayo. 
 
 Nomeny, tn., France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, on the Seille, 
 arr. and 14 m. N. by E. Nancy. P. <20oo. 
 
 Nomo>sakl, promontory, Japan, at end of W. penin. of isl. 
 of Kiushiu, on which Nagasaki stands. 
 
N O MU 
 
 N O R D 
 
 Noninka, isls. , Pacific. See Naniuka. 
 
 Koiiauconrt, tn. , France, on the S. border of dep. Eure, on 
 the Avre, arr. and i8 m. S. Evreux. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Nunaiitola, vil. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 7 m. ENE. Modena. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 None, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 12 m. SW. by S. 
 Turin. P. < 3000. 
 
 Noiigcheli, state, Malay Penin. See Tojuii. 
 
 Noiig-haii, vil. , Siam, 180 m. SSE. Luang Prabang. 
 
 Nong-khal, Laos tn., Siam, on the Mekong, 138 m. S. by 
 E. Luang Prabang, in about 17° 52' N. P. 6-7000. 
 
 Nong-krem, vil., Brit. India, Assam, Khyrim state, in the 
 Khasi Hills ; iron ore is found near in abundance, of the best 
 quality; it is smelted on the spot. P. < 5000. 
 
 Nonlngtoii, par., Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div. , 7 m. SE. 
 by E. Canterbury, 2 m. SE. by E. Adisham stn,, PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Noiijes Poort, pass. Cape Colony, Calvinia dist. , leading 
 across the Roggeveld Mts. , about 15 m. SSW. Calvinia. 
 
 Moiiiieiiliorn, vil. , Ger. , in the SW. of Bavaria, on the N. 
 shore of Lake Constance, 21 m. E. by S. Constance, 4 m. 
 WNW. Lindau. P. <20oo. 
 
 Noiinen-vrertli ( ' Nun river-island '), vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 
 on an island in the Rhine, at the foot of the Drachenfels, 8^ m. 
 SE. by S. Bonn. The nunnery, founded early in the 12th 
 century, was abolished in 1802. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Noiiul, riv. , Manchuria. See 3fanii. 
 
 Bfoiio, tn. , W. Africa, Samorys kgd. , in 10° 52' N. , 10° 26' W. 
 
 Noiita, vil., Siam, on the Menam Chan Phraya, 8 m. N. 
 by W. Bangkok. 
 
 Noiitrou, tn., France, dep. Dordogne, cap. arr. Nontron, 26 
 ra. ESE. Angouleme. Alt. 680 ft. P. <3000. 
 
 Noiintl, or Sydenham, one of the Gilbert Is. , Pacific Ocean, 
 in about 1° S. , 174!° E. 
 
 Nonza, tn. , on the W. ct. of Corsica, arr. and 9 m. NW. by 
 N. Bastia. P. < 2000. 
 
 Siooaheeva, isl. , Pacific. See Nnkakiva. 
 
 Noogsoak ('great nose,' or 'ness'), Esquimaux name of a 
 Danish colony founded in 1758 on the W. ct. of Greenland. 
 
 Noon Hill, hill, Eng., Durham, in the W. of the Barnard 
 Castle div. , on the r. bk. of the Wear, 19 m. SSW. Hexham. 
 Height, 2072 feet. 
 
 Noonlvat, hilly isl. off Cape Vancouver, Alaska. Length 
 about 70 m. 
 
 Noorat, post-tn., Victoria, co. Hampden, 141 m. by road and 
 rail W. Melbourne; cheese made. P. < 1500. 
 
 Noord, Dutch ; Nord, Norden, German ; Nor, Scandinavian ; 
 Nord, French, 'north.' 
 
 Moorder Gat, Holland. See Nlen^'e Gat. 
 
 Noordwijk, comm. , Holland, prov. S. Holland, 5 m. NNW. 
 Leiden. P. < 500c. 
 
 Nootka Sound, an inlet of Brit. America, on the W. ct. of 
 Vancouver I., in 49° 35' N. , 126° 34' W. , forming an excellent 
 harbour 10 m. across, with deep water, and numerous islets. First 
 discovered by the Spaniard Don Juan Perez in 1774, and called 
 Bahia de San Lorenzo ; rediscovered by Captain Cook, who 
 named it King George's Sound in honour of George III., but 
 it was afterwards called after Nootka, an Indian settlement. 
 
 Nopalucan, tn. , Mexico, prov. and 28 m. ENE. Puebla. 
 
 Jfop-way, isl. group, Gulf of Tongking. See Norway. 
 
 Nor, Scandinavian, 'north.' S&e Noord. 
 
 Nor, Nur, Mongol, 'lake.' 
 
 Xora, tn. , Sweden, prov. and 20 m. NNW. Orebro. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Xoradjnha, post-tn., Victoria, Lowan co. , 224 m. by rail 
 NW. Melbourne, and 62 m. NW. by W. Ararat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Norah, isl., in the Red Sea, belonging to Italy, 40 m. NE, 
 Massaua. 
 
 Noran Water, Scot., Forfarshire, flows 10 m. SE. to the S. 
 . Esk, 4 m. SW. Brechin. 
 
 Nora Springs, vil., U.S., Iowa, Floyd co. , 95 m. W. by S. 
 of NE. corner of state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Norberg, vil., central Sweden, prov. (Ian) Vestmanland, 30 
 in. N. Vester&s, with mines of iron, copper, and graphite. 
 !'. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Norblton, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, Kingston div., 11 m. 
 .SW. St. Paul's, London, on the L. & SW. R. P. 6600. 
 
 Norborne, vil., U.S., Missouri, Carroll co. , 66 m. E. Leaven- 
 worth (Kansas). P. < 1500. 
 
 .Vorbreck, part of par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Blsptiam. 
 
 Norbrlggs, P.O., Eng., Derbyshire, 2 m. from Staveley. 
 
 Norbnry, par., Eng., Cheshire, Altrincham and Hyde divs., 
 ,2 m. SSE. Stockport, close to Hazel Grove stn. P. <i500. 
 
 Norbury, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 6| m. SW. 
 by W. Nantwich, near the Ellesmere Canal, 3 m. W. Wrenbury 
 stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Norbury, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 14 m. W. by N. 
 Derby, on the Dove and the N. Staffordshire Rly. P. <5oo. 
 
 Norbury, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 12J m. SE. Welsh- 
 pool, 2 m. NNE. Lydham Heath stn., P.O. P. <:25o. See 
 North Lydbnry. 
 
 Norbnry, par., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 8^ m. W. 
 Stafford, on the Liverpool and Birmingham Canal, 3 m. NW. 
 by W. Gnosall stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Norbnry, stn., Eng., Surrey, Croydon bor., 7 m. S. by W. 
 St. Paul's, London, on the L. B. & S. C. R. 
 
 Norcla, the ancient Nursia, episcopal stn., Italy, Umbria, 
 prov. and 42 m. SE. by E. Perugia ; has celebrated pork. 
 Birthplace of Sertorius, the Empress Plotina, wife of Trajan, 
 and St. Benedict. 
 
 Norcla, New, settlement, W. Australia, Glenelg co. , 170 m. 
 N. by E. Perth. 
 
 Norcross, vil., U.S., Georgia, Gwinnett co. , 18 m. NE. 
 Atlanta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nord, French and German, ' north.' See Noord. 
 
 Nord, dep. , France, on Belgian frontier and North Sea, formed 
 out of the old prov. of French Flanders in N. , French Hainaut 
 SE. , Cambr^sis S. , with small portions of Artois and Picardy ; 
 divided into 7 arrs. : Lille (cap.), Avesnes, Cambrai, Douai, 
 Dunkerque, Hazebrouck, Valenciennes. Shape very irregular, 
 consisting of two unequal parts united by a narrow neck, about 
 4 m. wide. As regards surface, it comprises two very distinct 
 regions — Flanders in the N. and centre, and the Ardennes in the 
 SE., separated by the Schelde ; the former is for the most part 
 a monotonous plain, with a few low abrupt hills, highest 
 Mont Cassel (535 ft. ), and traversed by sluggish rivers. Towards 
 the coast are the ' Wateringues,' rich lands reclaimed from the 
 sea and protected by dykes. This region is the most productive, 
 best cultivated, and, with the exception of the Seine, the most 
 densely peopled in France. The Ardennes region presents a 
 striking contrast to the former — surface diversified and pic- 
 turesque, rising SE. into a plateau ; highest point in dep. 
 Bois de Saint Hubert (875 ft.). SW. are the bare undulating 
 plains of the Cambr^sis, traversed by intermittent streams 
 (' riots'). About two-thirds of the dep. belong to the basin of 
 the Schelde, which traverses it S. to N., receiving on 1. bk. the 
 Scarpe and Lys (the latter outside the dep. ) ; the Sambre 
 carries the drainage of the SE. to the Meuse, the Oise just 
 touches the dep. on the frontier of Aisne, and the Yser and Aa 
 drain limited tracts in the NW. Most of the rivers are canalised. 
 The Canal St. Quentin connects the basins of the Schelde, Seine, 
 Loire, and Rhone. Forests, chiefly in SE. Climate temperate, 
 humid, and very variable. Agricultural products include 
 cereals, principally wheat (in the production of which Nord 
 ranks first) and oats; sugar-beet (chiefly in SE. ) is very im- 
 portant, as are also flax, hops (Hazebrouck), forming nearly one- 
 third of the total for France, tobacco, colza, &c. In manufac- 
 tures Nord takes the lead, supplying more than one-third of the 
 iron, and about one-sixth of the steel, in the whole country 
 (Denain, Anzin, Fourmies, Maubeuge, Dunkerque, Tr61on, &c.) ; 
 agricultural implements (Douai). The produce of the textile 
 industries is more than one-third that of France ; linen and 
 cotton goods (Lille), damask (Armenti^res), fine linen, cambric, 
 and lace (Cambrai and Valenciennes), jute (Dunkerque), hemp, 
 woollen goods, alpaca, and fancy stuffs (Roubaix), furniture 
 materials (Turcoing) ; other industries are sugar-refineries, 
 breweries, potteries, &c. Area, 2229 sq. m. P. (1891) 1,736,300. 
 See France, table. 
 
 Nordby, vil. and small port, Denmark, dist. and 17 m. 
 WNW. Ribe, in Fano Is., on a bay on the NE. ct. P. <300o. 
 
 Nordelph, vil., Eng., Norfolk, 4 m. SW. Downham Market, 
 PM.O. 
 
 Norden, German, 'north.' See Noord. 
 
 Norden, eccles. par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, forming a W. 
 suburb of Rochdale. Tn. P. < 4000; eccles. par. P. < 3500. 
 
 Norden, tn. , Prussia, in the NW. of prov. Hanover, circle 
 Norden, 15 m. N. Emden. P. 6800. 
 
 Nordenbnrg, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, govt, and 49 m. 
 SE. Konigsberg, circle Gerdauen. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Nordenfeldniark, suburb of Hamm, Prussia. P. <3000. 
 
 Nordeuhani, small seapt. , Ger., gd. -duchy Oldenburg, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Weser, 6 m. SW. Bremen ; length of quayage 
 3000 ft. , depth at high water 34 ft. , at low water 23 ft. 
 
 Norderhov, comm., S. Norway, prov. Christiania, dist. 
 Buskerud, between Tyri Fjord and Rands Fjord, 28 m. N. 
 Drammen. P. 7000. 
 
 Norderney. 1. Isl., Ger., Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle 
 Norden, crossed by 7° 15' E., 8^ m. long by i-i^ m. wide. P. 
 3615. 2. Village, at the W. end of the island, with sea-bathing. 
 Rfall. (11 yrs.), 36.61 in. P. < 2000. 
 
 Nord Fjord, inlet, Norway, prov. N. Bergenhus, running E. 
 for upwards of 60 m. , in about 61° 50' N. Its upper part is 
 known as the Ise Fjord, and it opens into the sea by two 
 mouths, one to the N. of Bremangerland, known as the Faa 
 Fjord, the other, to the S., called the Frol Fjord. 
 
 Nordgan, one of the large divisions of old Alsace, bounded 
 N. by the Queich, E. by the Rhine, S. by the Thur, which 
 separates it from Sundgau, and W. by the Vosges ; for some 
 time it had landgraves. 
 
 Nordhansen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, cap. circle Nord- 
 hausen, 29 m. SSW. Halberstadt ; has a large manufacture 
 
 1107 
 
 i 
 
N O RD 
 
 NORM 
 
 of brandy, cotton and linen industry. Given to Prussia in 
 1803. P. (1816) 9600; (1871) 21,300; tn. (1890) P. 26,600; 
 comm. P. 26,800. 
 
 Nordkujavlen, circle, Ger. , Prussia, in the E. of prov. Posen, 
 crossed in the N. by 53° N., and in the E. by i8J^ E. 
 
 Nordkjm, the most northerly point of the mainfand of Europe, 
 45 m. E. of North Cape, in 71° 5' N. 
 
 Nordllngen, tn. , Ger. , in the W. of Bavaria, govt. Swabia, 
 cap. circle Nordlingen, 37 m. XE. by N. Ulm ; has manufac- 
 tures of agricultural instruments, machines, safes, &c. It is still 
 surrounded by walls, and was probably a free town under King 
 Rudolph I. In 1634 the Austrians and Bavarians defeated the 
 Swedes and their allies here, and in 1796 the French here de- 
 feated the Austrians. P. 8000. 
 
 Nordmallng, comm., Sweden, prov. (Ian) Vesterbotten, 33 
 m. WSW. Umea, on the Gulf of Bothnia. Public quay has 12 
 ft. alongside ; good anchorage, depth 16-23 ^^- P- 8000. 
 
 Nordmarsch, isl. of Halligen (N. Frisian) group, 6 m. from 
 the W. ct. of Schleswig, Prussia. 
 
 Nordre, Norwegian, 'north.' 
 
 Sfordstrand, isl., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle 
 Husum, one of the Halligen (N. Frisian) group, reduced from 
 50,000 ac. to 7000 by a terrible inundation in 1634, off the W. 
 ct., crossed by 54" 30' N. P. 2271. 
 
 Nordvic, city, Eng. See Norwlcli. 
 
 Nordwalde, viL, Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Steinfurt, 
 10 m. NW. by N. Miinster. P. <3000. 
 
 Nore, riv. , Ire. , rises in co. Tipperary, about 13 m. N. Thurles, 
 flows first NE. into Queen's co. , then SE. through Queen's co. 
 and CO. Kilkenny, passing the town of Kilkenny, and joins the 
 Barrow 2 m. above New Ross ; navigable for barges to Inistioge. 
 
 Nore, The, a part of the estuary of the English riv. Thames, 
 E. of Sheerness. The Nore light, which is often regarded as 
 marking the mouth of the river, floats over the E. end of a 
 sandbank 4 m. NE. Sheerness. Lat, 51° 29' N., long. 0^48' E. 
 Gave name to a celebrated naval mutiny (Xlay 2oth-June 13th, 
 1797). 
 
 Norenberg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Saatzig, 40 
 m. E. Stettin. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Norfolk, maritime co., Eng., SE. of the Wash, on the North 
 Sea, with 90 m. of sea-coast ; divided into the following pari, 
 divs. : — 
 
 I 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 51.183 
 
 North- Western .... 
 
 255.368 
 
 South -Western .... 
 
 256,292 
 
 46,560 
 
 Northern 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Mid 
 
 205,349 
 181,598 
 211,106 
 
 51.072 
 50.693 
 49,612 
 
 Southern 
 
 ParL bors 
 
 Total 
 
 186,678 
 12,049 
 
 49.723 
 155.673 
 
 1,308,440^ 
 
 454.516I 
 
 1 The administrative co. includes the part of Great Yarmouth co. bor., 
 and the part of Thetford, urban sanitary dist., in the ancient co. of 
 Suffolk. Area, 1,315,092 ac. P. 468,287. 
 
 The coast is flat, with low dunes, except at Cromer and Hun- 
 stanton, where there are cliffs. The surface inland is undu- 
 lating, well wooded and well watered, with agriculture highly 
 advanced, and excellent pasturage. For agricultural statistics, 
 see Appendix, pp. 7-9. The manufactures are unimportant, 
 though anciently this county was a chief seat of the cloth trade ; 
 large exports at Yarmouth, and famous herring fishery. The 
 geological formation is mainly chalk, with drift deposits ; near 
 Norwich are bands of sand, clay, and shingle, containing fossils. 
 The sea has encroached on the coast, especially near Cromer, 
 and several villages are supposed to have disappeared since 
 the Saxon period ; at various points submarine forests are 
 visible, e.g., off" Cromer and Happisburgh, and in Brancaster 
 Bay. At Great Yarmouth, however, and in other parts, the sea 
 has receded since the Roman period. The chief rivers are the 
 Ouse, the Bure, Yare, and Waveney, the last three serving to 
 unite the Broads {q.v.). The railways are the G. E. R. and M. 
 & G. N. Joint Rly. ; the rivers are also of great use for inter- 
 communication. The county contains 696 pars. , 4 mun. bors. 
 (besides 4 bor. members), and constitutes 2 archdeaconries in 
 the diocese of Norwich. See England, table. 
 
 Norfolk, CO., Canada, Ontario, on Lake Erie, crossed by 
 8oi° W. 
 
 Norfolk, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co., 43 m. ENE. 
 Poughkeepsie(N. Y.). Alt. 1220 ft. (R.R.). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Norfolk, CO., U.S., Massachusetts, stretching 30 m. WSW. 
 from Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 Norfolk, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co., 19 m. NW, 
 by N. Taunton. P. <isoo. 
 
 Norfolk, city, U.S., Nebraska, Madison co., 95 m. NW. by 
 W.Omaha. P. < 4000. 
 
 Norfolk, city and port, U.S., Virginia, N. co., on Elizabeth 
 1108 
 
 R. , communicating with Hampton Roads, 80 m. SE. Richmond. 
 Founded in 1705, incorporated in 1845 ; situation low ; streets 
 wide, but irregular ; has a fine safe harbour, admitting the 
 largest vessels, its entrance defended by Forts Calhoun and 
 Monroe. Its trade is facilitated by eight railroads and two 
 canals ; large quantities of oysters, early fruits and vegetables 
 are shipped to northern ports, and cotton, grain, and yellow 
 pine lumber sent abroad as well as to home ports. Over two 
 million tons of Pocahontas steam coal were shipped here in 
 1894. At Gosport, in the vicinity, is a U.S. navy yard, with 
 marine hospital. The shoal at the mouth of Ehzabeth R. has 
 a depth of 26^ ft. at high water ordinary springs. Depth in 
 harbour ordinary springs high water 28 ft., low water 25 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 59.2^ F., Jan. 40. 7^ July 79.6° ; rfall. (i4yrs.), 
 51.62 in. P. (1880)22,000; (1890)34,900. 
 
 Norfolk, New, name formerly applied to the coast-line of 
 Russian America (now Alaska terr.) from Admiralty Bay to 
 Baranof I. 
 
 Norfolk Bay, bay, SE. Tasmania, cuts into Tasman Penin. 
 from N. See Tarauna. 
 
 Norfolk Island, Pacific Ocean, between New 2^aland and 
 New Caledonia, in (S. ct. ) 29° 4' S. and 168° o' E. , about 1200 
 m. ENE. Sydney, a dependency of New South Wales. Coasts 
 high and steep ; surface rises to 1000 ft. in Mount Pitt. Soil 
 fertile, climate healthy. Norfolk I. pine grows to 200 ft.; a 
 dwarf pine is known as Norfolk 1. cabbage. Norfolk was 
 formerly a penal settlement for New South Wales, but in 1856 
 was given to Pitcairn islanders. It is the headquarters of the 
 diocese of Melanesia. Length, 5 m.; breadth, 2\ m.; area, 13^ 
 sq. m. P. about 800. 
 
 Norfolk Plains, a name formerly given to the middle portion 
 of the N. maritime dist. of Tasmania. 
 
 Norfolk Sound, bay, on the W. side of King George 111. 
 Archipelago, Alaska, on which is the town of Sitka, or New 
 Archangel. 
 
 Norg, comm. , Holland, prov. Drenthe, 10 m. SSW. Groningen. 
 P. 5100. 
 
 Norge, the Norwegian name of Norway. 
 
 Norham, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the r. bk. of the 
 Tweed, div. and ■j\ m. WSW. Berwick-upon-Tweed, on the 
 NE. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Norham Mains, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick 
 union. P. <25o. 
 
 Norla, La, tn., Chile, prov. Tarapaca, important centre of 
 nitrate industry, 25 m. ESE. Iquique, with which it is connected 
 by rail. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Norlc Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions, III. A. 2. 
 
 Noricum. See Tirol. 
 
 Norlknra Lake, or lama ('horse saddle'), volcanic peak, 
 Japan, Honshiu, on the borders of provs. (kuni) Shinano and 
 Hida, about 130 m. W. by N. Tokyo. Alt. about 10,000 ft. 
 
 Norln Nor, lake, Tibet. See Orlng Nor. 
 
 Norland, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and i m. 
 S. Sowerby, 2^ m. SW. by W. Halifax. P. <20oo. 
 
 Norley, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 6i m. W. by 
 S. Northwich, i\ m. N. Delamere stn. , PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Norma, tn., Italy, prov. Rome, 12 m. SE. Velletri. P. 
 (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Normacott, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Stone and 
 Trentham par., with stn. (Normacot) on the N. Staffordshire 
 Rly. P. 5400. 
 
 Normal, city, U.S., Illinois, McLean co. , 34 m. ESE. Peoria, 
 seat of the state normal university. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Norman, cape, extreme N. Newfoundland, 51° 37' N. 
 
 Norman, co. , Queensland, on the Gulf of Carp)entaria, 
 bounded on the W. by the Flinders R. 
 
 Norman, riv. , Queensland, flows N. into the Gulf of Carp)en- 
 taria, E. of Flinders, the best navigable way in this region ; its 
 estuary forms a magnificent p)ort. Depth at entrance 33 ft. 
 5 in. , below Normanton about 12 ft. ; length about 250 m. 
 
 Norman, co., U.S., Minnesota, on the Red River of the 
 North (W. frontier), N. of 47° N. 
 
 Norman, settlement, U.S., Oklahoma, Cleveland co., on the 
 Canadian R. , 310 m. SW. by S. Kansas City. 
 
 Normanby, vil. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 10 m. 
 ESE. Goole, 4 m. NNW. Frodingham and Scunthorpe stn. , in 
 Burton-upon-Stather par. , P. O. 
 
 Normanby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., loj 
 m. N. by E. Lincoln, 6^ m. W. Market Rasen stn., PM.O. 
 (Normanby-by-8pltal). " P. <5oo. 
 
 Normanby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, WTiitby div. 
 on the Seven, 20 m. W. by S. Scarborough, 2^ m. S. by W. 
 Sinnington stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Normanby, par. and urban sanitary dist. (nearly identical), 
 Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the iron mining and working 
 dist. of the Cleveland div., 3 J m. SE. by E. Middlesbrough, 2 
 m. ENE. Ormesby stn. ; has extensive iron-works and glass 
 furnaces. P. 9100. See Eston. 
 
 Normanby, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Hawera co., 
 44 m. by rail SSE. New Plymouth. P. < 1500. 
 
N O R M — N O R r 
 
 Normanby, goldfield, Queensland, Carlisle cc, 60 m. S. 
 Bowen. 
 
 Normaiiby, riv. , Queensland, Cook dist.. Banks co. , flows 
 NN W. parallel to coast and empties into Princess Charlotte Bay. 
 
 Nornianby, co. , Victoria, on the S. ct., crossed in the E. 
 by 142° E. 
 
 !liornianby Island, an isl. off the E. end of New Guinea, the 
 south-eastern of the three main islands of the D'Entrecasteaux 
 group, crossed in the middle by 10° S. 
 
 Nornianby on the Wold, par., Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. 
 Lindsey div. , 14 m. WNW. Louth, i^ m. NE. by N. Usselby 
 stn. P. <25o. See Claxby. 
 
 Norman Coast, N. Russia. See Kola. 
 
 Normanilale, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Norfolk co. , on Lake 
 Erie, 51 m. ESE. London. 
 
 Normandy, vil., Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div. , 5 m. WNW. 
 Guildford, 2 m. E. by N. Ash stn. (SE. R.), PMT.O. 
 
 Normandy, French Normandle, old prov. of France, in the 
 NW., the cap. of which was Rouen. It is now divided into the 
 deps. Seine-Inf6rieure, Eure, Calvados, Manche, and Ome. 
 This country was taken by the Normans in the 9th century. It 
 belonged to England till 1204, when it was united to France. 
 It was held by the English from 1419 to 1425. 
 
 Norman Island, W. Indies, one of the British Virgin Isles, 
 in 18° 20' N. , 64° 35' W. 
 
 Normanton, pan, Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 2 m. S. by 
 W. Derby, with a stn. (Pear Tree and Normanton) on the 
 M. R., PT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Normanton, hamlet, Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 7 m. 
 NW. by W. Grantham, i^ m. N. Bottesford stn., P.O. 
 
 Normanton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , 7 m. 
 NNE. Grantham, i^ m. S. Caythorpe stn. P. <25o. See 
 Carlton Scroop. 
 
 Normanton, par. , Eng., Rutland, 4^ m. ESE. Oakham, 3 
 m. NW. by W. Ketton stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Normanton, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Normanton div. , 3I m. ENE. Wakefield ; carries on coal-mining ; 
 important junction on the M. R. , L. & Y. R., and NE. R. 
 Par. P. 10,200; pari. div. P. (1891)72,000. 
 
 Normanton, tn. and river-port, Queensland, Norman co. , on 
 Norman R. , in 17" 38' S. , 141° 9' E. P. <i500. 
 
 Normanton, New, par. , Eng. , in county and co. bor. Derby. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Normanton, Sontli, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div., 6Jni. 
 WSW. Mansfield, on the M. R. , i m. E. by N. Alfreton and 
 South Normanton stn., PMT.O. P. < 4500. 
 
 Normanton le Heath, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 
 6i m. N. by W. Bosworth, 2^ m. WSW. Swannington stn., 
 P'^O. P.<25o. 
 
 Normanton on Trent, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. 
 and 9I m. N. Newark, I5 m. NNE. Crow Park stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Normanton on the Wolds, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, 
 Rushcliffe div., 5 m. SE. by S. Nottingham, close to Plumtree 
 and Key worth stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Normanton upon Hoar, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Rush- 
 cliffe div., 3 m. NNW. Loughborough, close to Hathern stn., 
 P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Normanvllle, or Port Yankalllla, seapt. , S. Australia, 
 Hindmarsh co. , 48 m. by road SSW. Adelaide, and 21 m. 
 WNW. Port Elliot. P. < 1500. 
 
 Noronha, Fernao do, isl., Atlantic. See FernSo do 
 Noronha. 
 
 Noroton, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co., on the ct., 
 17 m. SW. by W. Bridgeport. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Noroy-le-Bourg, vil., France, dep. Haute-Sa6ne, 30 m. 
 NNE. Besan9on, arr. and 7 m. E. by S. Vesoul. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Norr, Swedish, ' north.' 
 
 Norrbarhe, tn. , Sweden. See Smedjebacken. 
 
 Norrbotten, the northernmost and largest prov. of Sweden, 
 between 65° and 69° N. 
 
 Norrent-Fontes, vil., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. 
 B^thune, 14 m. SE. by S. St. Omer. P. <20oo. 
 
 Norrldgewock, tn. , U.S., Maine, Somerset co., on riv. 
 Kennebec, 28 m. N. Augusta. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Norrls Arm, islet, Newfoundland, in 49° N., 55° 15' W. 
 
 Norrlston, eccles. par. , Scot. , Perthshire, Kilmadock, Kin- 
 cardine, and Port of Menteith pars. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Norrlstown, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery co. , on 
 Schuylkill R., 18 m. NW. by N. Philadelphia, with extensive 
 manufactures. Marble and iron ore are worked in the neigh- 
 bourhood. P. (1880) 13,100; (1890) 19,800. 
 
 Norrkoplng, tn. and port, Sweden, prov. Ostergotland, at 
 the head of the Bravik inlet, 43 m. E. Motala ; the first indus- 
 trial town in Sweden, with numerous manufactures of cloth, 
 cotton, spinning, and weaving factories, flour and oil mills," 
 sugar refineries, &c.; to the NW. is the celebrated manufactory 
 of Finspaang cannon. Its dockyards produce gunboats and 
 ironclads. The Motala flows through the town, forming several 
 falls, which afford a great amount of water-power utilised in the 
 manufactures of the town. Depth at mouth of river, 23-33 ft. ; 
 
 at Norrkoping itself, 175 ft. ; length of quayage (available for 
 vessels drawing 17 ft. ), 10,000 ft. P. (1872) 25,700 ; (1890) 32,800. 
 
 Norrland, one of the three great divs. ofthekgd. of Sweden. 
 
 Norrtelge, seapt. tn. , Sweden, prov. Stockholm, on an inlet on 
 the E. ct. , 40 m. E. by S. Upsala. Good anchorage, depth 14-48 
 ft.; public quays, depth alongside, 6|-ii^ ft. P. <3000. 
 
 Norseivood, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Waipawa co., 
 60 m. by rail and road SW. Napier. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Norsjo, comm., Sweden, prov. Vesterbotten, on N. side of 
 a small lake, 43 m. WNW. Skelleftei, and 83 m. SW. Lulea. 
 P. <4O0o. 
 
 Nort, tn. , France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, arr. Chateaubriant, 
 on the Erdre, 16 m. N. by E. Nantes. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Norte, Spanish, 'north.' 
 
 Norte, Cabo do, cape, Brazil, NE. ct. , prov. Grao Para, 
 1° 40' N. 
 
 Norte Grande, tn. , Azores. See Neves, Nossa Senhora das. 
 
 North, eccles. par., Scot., Renfrewshire, Middle Church par. 
 P. 8000. 
 
 Northall, part of eccles. par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. 
 and 8 m. ENE. Aylesbury, \\ m. E. by N. Cheddington June. 
 See Edlesborough. 
 
 Northallerton, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 div. and 13^ m. ESE. Richmond, on the NE. R. Market-day, 
 W. P. <4000 ; eccles. par. (Northallerton with Delghton 
 and Konianby) P. <45oo. 
 
 Northam, par. and tn., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., 
 \\ m. N. Bideford, on the 1. bk. of the Torridge. P. 5000. 
 
 Northam, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, in par. of St. Mary 
 Southampton, on L. & SW. R. P. 5800. 
 
 Northam, tn. , W. Australia, York co. , 57 m. by rail ENE. 
 Perth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Northampton, pari. bor. (two members), mun. and (since 
 1888) CO. bor., and market-tn, cap. of co. , Eng., 62 m. NW. 
 London, in the diocese of Peterborough, on the navigable Nen, 
 with stns. on the L. & NW. R. and M. R. , and communications 
 by Grand June. Canal. The staple industry is boot and shoe- 
 making, Northampton being the chief seat of that manufacture 
 in England. It was anciently a fortified town and royal resi- 
 dence. The most interesting objects are the Knights Templars' 
 Church, St. Peter's Church (rich Norman), the Town Hall, All 
 Saints Tower, St. John's Hospital, the new Roman Catholic 
 Cathedral, and a beautiful cross erected by Edward I. in 
 memory of Queen Eleanor. The meadows were the scene of 
 an important battle during the Wars of the Roses (1460), when 
 Henry VI. was made prisoner. There are many fairs in 
 Northampton. Market-days, W. and S. Mean rfall. (North- 
 ampton Reservoir, alt. 310 ft., 1866-80), 27 in. Mun. bor. P. 
 (1801)7000; (1851)26,700; (1871)41,200; (1891)61,000; pari, 
 bor. P. (1891) 70,900. 
 
 Northampton, city, U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire co., 8 
 m. N. by W. Holyoke, 17 m. N. Springfield ; manufactures of 
 silk, cutlery, &c. Seat of Smith's College for women. P. (1880) 
 12,200; (1890)15,000. 
 
 Northampton, co. , U.S., N. Carolina, in the NE. , on the N. 
 frontier, W. of 77° W. , bounded on the SW. by the Roanoke. 
 
 Northampton, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, S. of parallel 41°, 
 on the Delaware. 
 
 Northampton, co. , U. S. , Virginia, at the S. end of the penin. 
 on the E. side of Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Northampton, post-tn., W. Australia, Victoria dist., 262 m. 
 NNW. Perth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Northamptonshire, or Northants, Midland co., Eng., 
 divided into the pari. divs. named in the following table : — 
 
 1 
 
 Acres. 1 Pop. 1891. 
 
 Northern 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Mid 
 
 Southern 
 
 Pari, bors 
 
 201,568 ' 46,718 
 64,992 65,501 
 
 195-573 : 48,794 
 
 171,613 1 46,627 
 8,246 j 94,543 
 
 Total .... 
 
 641,9921 1 302,1831 
 
 1 The administrative county includes also the part of Peterborough 
 urban sanitary dist. in the ancient county of Huntingdon, but excludes 
 the part of Banbury urban sanitary dist. in the administrative county of 
 Oxford, the part of Market Harborough urban sanitary dist. in the 
 administrative county of Leicester, and the part of Stamford urban 
 sanitarj' dist. in the administrative county of Lincoln. Area, 639,541 
 ac. P. 299,508. 
 
 It mainly forms the watershed between the Wash and the 
 Severn valley, having the riv. Avon in N. flowing W. , the 
 Nene flowing S. , then E. and NE., the Welland flowing E., 
 the Cherwell flowing S. , and the Ouse flowing SE. and then E. 
 Generally undulating or hilly, the surface is mostly well culti- 
 vated and richly wooded ; the rounded heights culminating at 
 Arbury (804 ft.), and Naseby (697 ft.), scene of the Royalist 
 defeat during the Civil War, 1645. The geological basis is 
 
 1109 
 
NORT — NORT 
 
 chiefly lias, with oolite formations resting on it, such as the 
 beds of sand near Northampton, the sandstone containing 
 much oxide of iron. Besides Kettering, Northampton, Wel- 
 lingboro', and Thrapston (which have also blast-furnaces), iron 
 ore is dug at Blisworth, Brixworth, Desborough, Stamford, Ir- 
 chester, &c. Weedon also has blast-furnaces, and stone is dug at 
 Kettering. Besides the important iron industry, there is large 
 manufacture of boots and shoes. For agricultural statistics, 
 see Appendix, pp. 7-9. The railway communication is by L. 
 & NW., G. N., and M. Rlys., with many local branch lines. 
 The county is also served by the Grand Junction and Grand 
 Union Canals. The county contains 335 pars., 5 mun. bors. , 
 and constitutes an archdeaconry in the diocese of Peterborough. 
 P. (1871) 243,900; (1891) 302,200. 
 
 Northaw, par., Eng., on the S. border of Hertfordshire, 
 Hertford div., 4 m. NE. by N. Barnet, 2 m. NE. Potters Bar 
 stn., P.O. P. <7SO. 
 
 Nortli Bay, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 364 m. by rail W. Montreal ; the junction for the Northern & 
 Pacific Junction Rly. 
 
 North Beiul, vil., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. 
 P. R. and the Fraser R. , 1353 m. by rail from Winnifjeg, 129 
 ra. from Vancouver. 
 
 Nortli Bend, vil., U.S., Ohio, Hamilton co. , on Ohio R. , 15 
 m. W. by N. Cincinnati by rail ; the old residence and tomb of 
 General W. H. Harrison are here. P. < 1500. 
 
 North Berwick, royal burgh, par., and tn., Scot., Hadding- 
 tonshire, in the middle of the N. ct., on the N. B. R.; has a 
 fine sandy beach and excellent golf links (a five-mile course). 
 Market-day, M. Par. 5067 ac, P. <35oo; tn. P. <25oo; royal 
 biu-gh P. < 1500. North Berwick Law, a conical hill, 612 
 ft. high, about i m. to the SE. 
 
 Northboro, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., 10 m. 
 NE. by E. Worcester. P. <20oo. 
 
 Northborongh, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 6 
 m. NNW. Peterborough, i m. NW. Peakirkstn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 Northbonriie, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 2^ m. 
 W. by S. Deal, P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 North Branch, vil., U.S., Michigan, Lapeer co. , 40 m. SE. 
 by E. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Northbrldge, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 11 m. SE. 
 Worcester. P. <5ooo. 
 
 North Cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, in the N. of Cape Breton 
 I., in 60° 21' W. 
 North Cape, cape, Norway, on isl. of Magero (q.v.). 
 North Channel, strait in the Atlantic between Scotland and 
 Ireland ; breadth from Mull of Kintire to Fair Head, 14 m. 
 
 North Chapel, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 14^ m. W. 
 Horsham, 3 m. SE. Haslemere, PMT.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Northchurch, par., Eng., Herts, Watford div., 1 m. ESE. 
 Great Berkhampstead, loj m. ESE. Aylesbury, PMT.O. P. < 
 2500. See Berkhampstead. 
 
 Northcote, mining tp., Queensland, Chelmsford co. , 120 m. 
 S. by W. Cooktown. P. < 1500. 
 
 Northcote, municip., Victoria, co. Bourke, 4 m. by rail NE. 
 Melbourne. P. 7500. 
 
 Northcott, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 5^ m. N. 
 Launceston, on the 1. bk. of the Tamar. P. <25o. 
 
 North Creek, vil., U.S., New York, Warren co., on the r. 
 bk. of Hudson R., 68 m. NNW. Troy. P. < 1500. 
 
 Northdown, post-tn., Tasmania, co. Devon, 83 m. NW. 
 Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 North Drove, stn., Eng., Lincolnshire, div. and 2J ra. 
 WSW. Spalding, on the G. N. R. 
 
 Northeast, tn., U.S., Maryland, Cecil co., 20 m. WSW. 
 Wilmington (Del.), at the head of an inlet of Chesapeake Bay. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Northeast, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and 15 m. NE. 
 Erie. P. < 2000. 
 
 North East Valley, suburb of Dunedin (q.v.), New Zealand. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Northelni, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Northeim, 12 
 m. N. by E. Gottingen. P. 6600. 
 
 North End, hamlet, Eng. , Hampshire, on the N. border of 
 the Andover div., 4^ m. SW. by W. Newbury, 2 m. W. Wood- 
 hay stn., P.O. 
 
 North End, PMO., Eng., i m. from Erith, Kent. 
 North End, P.O., Eng., near Burgess Hill, Sussex, i m. 
 from Keymer Junction. 
 
 Northend, P.O., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 8^ m. 
 NNW. Banbury, 3 m. W. by N. Fenny Compton stn. 
 
 Northenden, par., Eng., Cheshire, Altrincham div., 4 m. 
 W. Stockport, on the Cheshire Lines Rly., P.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Northeu Etchells, par., Eng., Cheshire, Altrincham union. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Northern Clrcars, an antiquated div. of Madras Presidency, 
 India, beginning just S. of the Kistna estuary and extending 
 NE. to Chilka Lake, now comprised in the dists. Kistna, 
 Goddvari, Vizagapatam, and Ganjam. 
 North Esk Keservolr, Scot. See Penicuik. 
 1110 
 
 Northfleld, par., Eng., Worcestershire, E. div., 6 m. SW. 
 by S. Birmingham, on the M. R., PM.O.; 6011 ac. P. 9900; 
 eccles. par. (Northfleld with Bartley Green) P. <25oo. 
 
 Northfleld, vil. , New South Wales. See Kurrajong Heights. 
 
 Northfleld, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co., 34 m. N. 
 by E. Holyoke, on the 1. bk. of the Connecticut. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Northfleld, city, U.S., Minnesota, Rice co. , on Cannon R. , 
 34 m. S. by W. St. Paul. P. <30oo. 
 
 Northfleld, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Merrimack co., 13 
 m. N. by W. Concord. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Northfleld, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Washington co. , 9 m. SSW. 
 Montpelier ; railway shops are here. Alt. 739 ft. (R. R. ). P. 
 <:30C)0. 
 
 Northfleet, par. and tn., Eng., Kent, on the Thames, i^ m. 
 W. Gravesend, included in the pari. bor. of Gravesend, on the 
 SE. R. P. 11,700. 
 
 Northford, vil., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 8 m. N. New 
 Haven by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 North Haven, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, co. and 7 m. NE. 
 New Haven by rail, on Quinepiac R. P. <20oo. 
 
 North Hill, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 6 m. SW. by S. 
 Launceston, PM.O.; 7260 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 North Hope, par. , Wales. See Northop. 
 
 Northlain, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 7 m. WNW. Rye, 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Northill, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 6J m. 
 ESE. Bedford, 2^ m. SW. by W. Sandy Junction, P.O. ; 4140 
 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Northlngton, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 7 m. 
 NE. Winchester, 3 m. NE. Itchen Abbas stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 See Swarraton. 
 
 North Island, U.S., S. Carolina, Georgetown co. , at mouth 
 of the Pedee R., in 33° 20' N. 
 
 Northlands, P.O., Ire., NE. co. Cavan, bar. Clankee, 18^ 
 m. W. by S. Dundalk, 6 m. W. by S. Carrickmacross. 
 
 Northleach, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, on the riv. Leach, 
 div. and 10 m. NE. by N. Cirencester, 5^ m. SW. Bourton on 
 the Water stn., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Northleigh, par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton union. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 North Leigli, P.O., Eng., Oxfordshire. See Leigh North. 
 
 Northmavlne, par. , Scot. , composed of the N. penin. of the 
 Mainland, Shetland Is., the church on Ura Firth, 12 m. SW. by 
 S. of the N. end of the Mainland ; 49,037 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Northmoor, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 6 m. 
 W. by S. Oxford, 3^ m. S. by E. South Leigh stn. , P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Northmoor Green, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, N. Pether- 
 ton par. P. <7So. 
 
 North Mountain, range of mts. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Anna- 
 polis and King's cos., between the Bay of Fundy and Anna- 
 polis R. 
 
 Nortliolme, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Wainfleet. 
 
 Nortliolt, par. , Eng. , Middlesex, Uxbridge div. , 2^ m. S W. 
 by S. Harrow, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Northop, or North Hope, par., Wales, Flintshire, 3^ m. N. 
 by E. Mold, 2| m. S. Flint ; coal mined. PM.O. 10,675 ^'^^ 
 P. 5100. 
 
 Northorpe ('north vil.'), par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lind- 
 sey div., 7 m. NE. Gainsborough, on the M. S. & L. R., P.O. 
 P. <25o. There are also two hamlets of this name in Lincoln- 
 shire, one in Donington par., N. of the village of Donington, 
 and one in Thurlby par. , N. of Thurlby. 
 
 Northorpe, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, near Huddersfield, on 
 L. & Y. R. 
 
 Northover, par., Eng., Somerset, on riv. Yeo, forming a 
 suburb of Ilchester. P. <25o. 
 
 Nortliowram, par. and tn. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 
 m. NE. Halifax ; coal is mined in the dist. , and there are 
 extensive stone quarries, besides manufactures of worsted and 
 silk. Par. P. 20,500; tn. P. < 3500. 
 
 Northplne, post-tn., Queensland, co. Stanley, 18 m. by rail 
 from Brisbane. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nortli Platte, city, U.S., Nebraska, Lincoln co. , on the N. 
 fork of the Platte R. , about 3 m. above its confluence with the 
 S. fork; has railway repair shops. Alt. 2841 ft. Mean temp., 
 yr. 47.9° F., Jan. 19.5°, July 74.5°; rfall., yr. 18.95 i"^-- May- 
 Aug. 11.86 in. P. <4000. 
 
 Northport, vil. , U. S. , Alabama, Tuscaloosa co. , 47 m. WSW. 
 Birmingham, on the r. bk. of the Black Warrior R. , opposite 
 Tuscaloosa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Northport, city, U.S., New York, Suffolk co.. Long I., N. 
 ct., 38 m. ENE. Brooklyn. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Northrepps, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., i| m. from the 
 NE. ct., 2^ m. SE. by S. Cromer, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 North Road, stn. , Eng. See Darlington. 
 
 North Road, Old, stn., Eng., near Cambridge, on the L. & 
 NW. R. 
 
 Nortli Sea, or eermaii Ocean, a body of water, which is 
 virtually a great bay, in the NW. of Europe, lying between 51° ■ 
 and 61 N. , and having England and Scotland on the W. , and 
 
NORT — NORT 
 
 Norway, Denmark, Prussia, Holland, and Belgium on the E. 
 and SE. From E. to W. it measures 350 m. , from N. to S. 600 
 m. ; its area is nearly 150,000 sq. m. , and its greatest depth, in 
 58° 12' N., 9° 30' E. , 442 fathoms. It communicates with the 
 Atlantic by the Straits of Dover (and English Channel) in the 
 S. , and by passages between the Shetlands and Orkneys, and 
 the Orkneys and Scotland (Pentland Firth) in the NW. ; with the 
 Norwegian Sea (^.v.) to the N. it has uninterrupted continuity; 
 and on the E. it connects with the Baltic by means of the Skager 
 Rak and the Kattegat. In the SE. and E. where (except the 
 Orkneys and Shetlands) are the only islands, the shores are low, 
 in many parts even lower than the level of the sea itself; in the 
 W. the shores are of moderate elevation, but rise in altitude 
 towards the N. of Scotland, whilst on the opposite side the sea 
 washes the steep and lofty cliffs of Norway. The principal 
 rivers which pour their waters into the basin of the North Sea 
 include several of the largest and most important streams of 
 England and Scotland ; but a much vaster volume of water is 
 contributed by the rivs. Rhine, Weser, and Elbe on the E. 
 side. Owing to these constant additions of fresh water, the 
 salinity of the North Sea in its S. and central parts does not 
 exceed an average of 33 to 34 per cent. In the N. the salinity 
 is perceptibly increased by an inflow from the Norwegian Sea, 
 and rises to 35 per cent., and this in spite of the outflow, by 
 means of a surface current, of fresher water from the Baltic. 
 The North Sea is a shallow sea ; with the exception of a deep 
 gully, which, generally speaking, follows the bend of the S. ct. 
 of Norway and exceeds 400 fathoms in depth, the depth does 
 not go beyond 100 fathoms. But the floor of the sea shows in 
 its several parts great diversities of elevation, though on the 
 whole it decreases in depth from N. to the S. Between the 
 coasts of Norfolk and Norway lie two vast sandbanks, the Dogger 
 Bank and the Great Fisher Bank, each less than 20 fathoms 
 below the surface ; but adjacent to them, as well as in other 
 parts, there are deeper and precipitate depressions known as 
 'pits.' Furthermore, shoals and sandbanks, generally de- 
 posited as ridges, fringe the shores on both sides in the S. 
 The irregularities of the sea-bed have been accounted for as being 
 moraine deposits from the gigantic glaciers which successively 
 filled the basin of the North Sea during the great Glacial Periods, 
 during which p>eriods England was probably more than once 
 directly connected with the Continent. This conclusion is cer- 
 tainly borne out by the predominant character of the deposits — 
 clay and sand mingled with finely comminuted particles of land 
 rocks, algge, foraminifera, molluscs, echinoderms, and diatoms. 
 The tides are complex, and have not been thoroughly studied. 
 It has only been ascertained (i) that they are inconspicuous in 
 the Straits of Dover, where the entire volume of water is stated 
 to oscillate in the mass in conformity with the changes in tidal 
 level on both sides of it ; (2) that one portion of the great Atlantic 
 tidal-wave enters round the N. of Scotland. Navigation is very 
 difficult during the greater part of the year owing to the extremely 
 variable conditions of winds and currents, occasioned in great part 
 by the shallowness and partially inclosed nature of the sea ; and 
 in addition to these difficulties, fogs and mists are at various 
 times troublesome. The prevailing winds blow from the SW. , 
 and on the coast of Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein from the 
 NW. as well. The difference between bottom and surface 
 temperature of the water is in summer comparatively small over 
 the shallower parts, but it increases as the deptli increases up to 
 a difference of 17° in the Norwegian Gully. In winter there is 
 no doubt a greater difference between the temperature at the 
 same two levels ; but unfortunately there do not exist sufficient 
 data to justify a comparative statement. In summer the surface 
 water ranges from about 53° to 63° ; whilst, so far as has been 
 ascertained, the bottom temperature varies between 44° and 58°. 
 Owing to its physical conformation the North Sea is peculiarly 
 rich in vegetable and animal life — Algse, Peridinias, Diatoms, 
 Sponges, Foraminifera, Echinoderms, Worms, Molluscs, Poly- 
 zoa. Protozoa, Medusas, and various other species of minute 
 creature. This great abundance of food material attracts vast 
 shoals of fish — cod, herring, haddock, halibut, sprat, sole, &c., 
 as well as edible crustaceans like lobsters, crabs, and shrimps, 
 and molluscs like the oyster, mussel, whelk, and periwinkle. 
 The fisheries of the North Sea are beyond all question the most 
 valuable in the whole world, and are carried on by all the nations 
 which have direct access to its waters. See Prof Mohn, in 
 Petermann s Mitteil. , Erganzungsheft, 79 (1885); Scot. Geog. 
 Mag., 1887, pp. 385, &c., and compare also the same magazine, 
 
 1894, pp. 281, &c. 
 
 Nortli Sea and Baltic Canal, ship canal in the Prussian 
 prov. of Schleswig-Holstein, constructed between 1887 and 
 
 1895. It commences at the mouth of the Elbe above Bruns- 
 biittel, joins the Eider near Wittenbergen, and follows this 
 river to Rendsburg, and from there, utilising wherever possible 
 the Eider canal, terminates at Holtenau, 2J m. N. of Kiel. 
 The total length is 61 m., and the average depth 28 ft. There 
 are two locks, one at either end, but that at the E. or Holtenau 
 will be seldom closed, and the other will be open for 3-4 hours 
 in every tide. The bed of the canal is so laid that there will be 
 
 a slight current of saline water from the Baltic to the Elbe, thus 
 diminishing the risk of freezing in that river. The advantages 
 of this great undertaking are the direct connection between 
 the German ports on the North Sea and Baltic, and the con- 
 siderable shortening of the sea-route between the Baltic ports 
 and the British E. coast S. of Newcastle. This canal was 
 formally opened by the German emperor on the 20th of June 
 1895. The cost amounted to ^,^7, 800,000. [H, G. S.] 
 
 North Sea Canal. See Amsterdam. 
 
 North Side, vil. , U.S., New York, Saratoga co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 North Sound, strait, Ire., in the W. of Galway Bay, between 
 the Aran Is. and the mainland of co. Galway. 
 
 North Suburban, part of Calcutta, India. P. 34,300. 
 
 North Sydney, seapt., Canada, Cape Breton I., co. Cape 
 Breton, on W. side Sydney Harbour, and 8 m. W. by N. of 
 Sydney ; depth available for entering harbour at high water, 46 
 ft.; length of quayage, 3000 ft.; depth alongside at high water, 
 15-28 ft. 
 
 Northumberland, co. , Canada, New Brunswick, partly on 
 the Gulf of St. Lawrence, crossed in the middle by 47° N., 66° W. 
 
 Northumberland, co. , Canada, Ontario, on Lake , Ontario, 
 crossed by 78° W. 
 
 Northumberland, maritime co. , Eng. , on the German 
 Ocean, extending from the Scottish border in N. and NW. to 
 the riv. Tyne in the S., divided into the pari. divs. given in the 
 following table : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 Wansbeck 
 
 Tyneside 
 
 Hexham 
 
 Berwick-upon-Tweed . 
 
 Pari, bors 
 
 Total (anct. and admin, co.) 
 
 173.485 
 
 27,900 
 
 703,891 
 
 357.673 
 26,807 
 
 59.568 
 69.331 
 51.570 
 52.438 
 273.123 
 
 1,289,756 
 
 506,030 
 
 Its surface is a succession of hilly ridges descending eastward 
 from the Pennine chain to a shelving sea coast. The Cheviots 
 in the N. rise to 2676 ft., and Killhope Law in the Pennine 
 range to 2208 ft. The chief rivers are the Aln, Blyth, Coquet, 
 Tyne, Reed, and Till. Islands off the coast are Holy I. , Coquet 
 I., and the Fern Is. The geology of this county classifies the 
 oldest rocks in NW. as Silurian, with Triassic and Permian 
 beds as later formations near the coast ; some upheavals of 
 igneous rocks occur. The coal-measures occupy the SE. , and 
 lead-measures the SW. ; the former to the extent of 250 sq. m. , 
 with an output of from 14 to 15 million tons. The Northumbrian 
 section of the great coal-field extends N. to Warkworth, and 
 W. to Acklington, Earsdon, Morpeth, Ponteland, and Heddon- 
 on-the-Wall ; the southern section passing under the Tyne to 
 occupy a large part of the county of Durham. The mining 
 centres in the area of the coal-field are too numerous to mention, 
 nearly every village having one or more mines. Coal is also 
 mined in the county beyond the area of the coal-measures proper, 
 generally beneath beds of the so-called Mountain Limestone 
 belonging to the Lower Carboniferous series, as at Alnwick, Bel- 
 ford, Berwick-upon-Tweed, and Wooler, in the N. of the county, 
 Bellingham, Wark, and Otterburn, in the middle and W. of the 
 county. The chief blast-furnaces are at Newcastle and Walker- 
 on-Tyne ; zinc ore is worked at Allenheads ; lead ore at Fallow- 
 field, Haydon Bridge, Newburgh, and Allenheads ; alumina at 
 Wallsend-on-Tyne ; barytes at Hexham and Fourstones. His- 
 torically, this county has been important since the founding of the 
 kingdom of Northumbria, and especially in the border warfare 
 with Scotland, of which Bamborough, Dunstanborough, Hex- 
 ham, Alnwick, Norham, Warkworth, and the ruins of other 
 strongholds, are noted memorials. The great wall westward 
 from the Tyne is the chief monument of the Roman period. 
 The manufactures of this county are chiefly those in the Tyne 
 region, arising from the working of coal, iron, &c. [Ne'wcastle.] 
 More than half the country is pastoral. See Appendix, pp. 
 7-9, for agricultural statistics. The railways of the county 
 belong chiefly to the NE. R., but the N. B. R. has a line from 
 Riccarton Junction crossing the Cheviots S. of Peel Fell, and 
 branching to Hexham, Morpeth, and Rothbury. The county 
 contains 512 pars., and comprises an archdeaconry in the 
 diocese of Newcastle-on-Tyne. The chief towns are New- 
 castle, N. Shields, Berwick, Alnwick, Morpeth, and Hexham, 
 besides the Tyne ports (rapidly joining together into one town). 
 Walker, Wallsend, and Wellington Quay. Population, &c., 
 see England, table. 
 
 Northumberland, co.. New South Wales, on the coast, 
 bounded on the N. by the Hunter R. 
 
 Northumberland, cape, S. Australia, 38.5° S. lat., 140° 40' E. 
 long. Mean temp., yr. 55.7° F., Jan. 61.4°, July 49.3° ; rfall. 
 (16 yrs.), 28.44 in- 
 
 Northumberland, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Coos co., on 
 Connecticut R., opposite Guilford (Vt.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Northumberland, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, bounded on the 
 
 nil 
 
NORT — NORT 
 
 W. partly by the Susquehanna R. , and partly by the W. branch 
 of that river, traversed by the N. branch. 
 
 Northnniberlaud, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, N. co., at con- 
 fluence of N. and W. branches of the Susquehanna, 44 m. N. 
 Harrisburg; has flour and nail manufactories; well known for 
 its fine herds of Jersey cattle. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Northnmberlaiid, co., U.S., Virginia, on the estuary of the 
 Potomac, and on Chesapjeake Bay. 
 
 Northnniberland Heath, hamlet, Eng., 2 m. SW. Erith, 
 Kent, PM.O. 
 
 9iorttanniberlaud Inlet, bay, Brit. N. America, W. of 
 Cumberland I. , and N. of Frobisher Strait, its entrance in 61;° 
 N. , 65° W. 
 
 Northnniberlaud Islands, off the E. ct. of Queensland, in 
 21° 30' S. , 149° 40' E. 
 
 Northumberland Point, cape, on the S. ct. of Cape Colony, 
 6 m. ENE. of Cajje Agulhas. 
 
 Northumberland Strait, Canada, separates Prince Edward 
 I. from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. 
 
 Northvllle, vil., U.S., Michigan, Wayne co., 22 m. W. by 
 N. Detroit. P. < 2000. 
 
 NorthTlUe, vil, U.S., New York, Fulton co., on Sacondaga 
 R. , 43 m. NW. by N. Troy ; has large lumber trade and manu- 
 factures gloves, knitted goods, woodenware, &c. P. < 1500. 
 
 NorthvUle, tp., U.S., S. Dakota, Spink co., 100 m. NE. by 
 E. Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 North Wales, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery co., 22 
 m. N. by W. Philadelphia. P. < 1500. 
 
 North >Veald Bassett, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 9^ 
 m. N. Romford, i m. N. North Weald stn. , on G. E. and N. 
 London Rly. P. <i50o ; eccles. par. (North Weald) P. < 1500. 
 
 North West Bend, S. Australia. See Morgan. 
 
 North West Cape, W. Australia, the N. end of the penin. on 
 the W. side of Exmouth Gulf. 
 
 North- West Passage. See Arctic Regions. 
 
 North-West Provinces and Ondh, India, which, though 
 forming independent administrative regions, are both governed 
 by the same lieutenant-governor, lie between Bengal and Punjab, 
 on the E. and W. respectively, and stretch from the Himdlayas 
 to the edge of the plateau of Central India. 
 
 Area in square miles and population in thousands at the censuses 
 0/1872, 1881, and 1891, with increase per cent, between 1881 
 and 1891, and population per square mile in 1891, of the 
 divs., dists., and native states comprised within the lieu- 
 tenant governorship oftheNW. Provs. and Oudh. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Inc. or I Pop. 
 
 NW. Provs. and Oudh. 
 
 Area in 
 
 Pop. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Dec. (-) ' per 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 1872. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1891. 
 
 per cent., sq.m. 
 '8i-'9i. 1891 
 
 NW. Provs.- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dehra Dun . . 
 
 1,193 
 
 117 
 
 144 
 
 168 
 
 16.7 141 
 
 Sahiranpur . . 
 
 2,242 
 
 884 
 
 980 
 
 1,001 
 
 2.2 1 447 
 
 Muzaffarnagar . 
 
 . 1,658 
 
 690 
 
 758 
 
 773 
 
 1.9 1 466 
 
 Meerut .... 
 
 2,370 
 
 1,276 
 
 1,313 
 
 1.391 
 
 6.0 1587 
 
 Bulandshahr . . 
 
 1,911 
 
 937 
 
 925 
 
 950 
 
 2.7 1497 
 
 Aligarh .... 
 
 1.952 
 
 1,073 
 
 1,021 
 
 1,043 
 
 2.2 i 534 
 
 Meerut Div. . . 
 
 xi,3>6 
 
 4,978 
 
 5,141 
 
 5,3»7 
 
 3.6 I470 
 
 Muttra .... 
 
 1,441 
 
 782 
 
 672 
 
 713 
 
 6.2 494 
 
 Agra 
 
 1,846 
 
 1,076 
 
 975 
 
 1,004 
 
 3-0 544 
 
 Farukhabad . . 
 
 1,720 
 
 9'7 
 
 908 
 
 859 
 
 -5-4 499 
 
 Mainpuri . . . 
 
 1,701 
 
 766 
 
 801 
 
 762 
 
 -4.9 448 
 
 Etawah. . . . 
 
 1,691 
 
 669 
 
 722 
 
 728 
 
 0.7 430 
 
 Etah 
 
 1,741 
 
 829 
 
 757 
 
 702 
 
 -7.2 403 
 
 Agra Div. . . 
 
 10,139 
 
 5.039 
 
 4,834 
 
 4,768 
 
 -1.4 470 
 
 Bareli .... 
 
 1,595 
 
 1,015 
 
 1,031 
 
 1,041 
 
 i.o 652 
 
 Bijnaur .... 
 
 1,898 
 
 737 
 
 721 
 
 794 
 
 10.7 417 
 
 Budiun .... 
 
 2,017 
 
 935 
 
 906 
 
 926 
 
 2.1 418 
 
 Moradabad . . 
 
 2,283 
 
 1,122 
 
 1.155 
 
 1,179 
 
 2.1 517 
 
 Shahjahanpur 
 
 1,744 
 
 951 
 
 857 
 
 919 
 
 7.2 526 
 
 Pilibhit .... 
 
 1,372 
 
 492 
 
 452 
 
 485 
 
 7-5 ( 354 
 
 Roliilkhand Div. 
 
 10,908 
 
 5.«S» 
 
 5, "3 
 
 5,344 
 
 4-3 489 
 
 Cawnpur . . 
 
 2,363 
 
 1,156 
 
 1,181 
 
 1,210 
 
 2.4 512 
 
 Fatehpur . . . 
 
 1.633 
 
 664 
 
 684 
 
 699 
 
 2.3 428 
 
 Banda .... 
 
 3,060 
 
 698 
 
 699 
 
 706 
 
 1.0 
 
 231 
 
 Hamirpur . . . 
 
 2,289 
 
 529 
 
 507 
 
 514 
 
 1-3 
 
 224 
 
 Allahabad . . . 
 
 2,852 
 
 1,396 
 
 1,474 
 
 1,549 
 
 5-1 
 
 543] 
 
 JhSnsi .... 
 
 1,640 
 
 318 
 
 376 
 
 409 
 
 22.9 
 
 249 
 
 Jal4un .... 
 
 1,480 
 
 404 
 
 418 
 
 396 
 
 -5.2 
 
 268 
 
 Lalitpur . . . 
 Allahabad Div. 
 
 1,947 
 
 213 
 
 249 
 
 274 
 
 10. 1 
 
 141 
 
 i7,»64 
 
 5.378 
 
 5,588 
 
 5.757 
 
 38 333 
 
 Benares .... 
 
 1,010 
 
 794 
 
 893 
 
 922 
 
 3.2 ; 912 1 
 
 Mirzapur . . . 
 
 5,223 
 
 1,016 
 
 1,137 
 
 1,162 
 
 2.2 
 
 222 
 
 Jaunpur . . . 
 
 1,550 
 
 1,026 
 
 1,210 
 
 1,265 
 
 4-6 
 
 810! 
 
 Ghazipur . . . 
 
 1,462 
 
 873 
 
 1,014 
 
 1,078 
 
 6.3 
 
 737 ' 
 
 Ballia .... 
 
 1,670 
 
 686 
 
 92 s 
 
 942 
 
 1.9 
 
 805 
 
 Benares Div. . 
 
 10.414 
 
 4,395 
 
 5,178 
 
 5,369 
 
 3-7 
 
 SIS 
 
 Gorakhpur . . 
 
 4,576 
 
 2,019 
 
 2,617 
 
 2,994 
 
 14-4 654 
 
 Basti 
 
 2,767 
 
 ! 1,473 
 
 1,631 
 
 1,786 
 
 9-5 ;645 
 
 Azamgarh . . . 
 Gorakhpur Div. 
 
 2,148 
 
 i 1,318 
 
 1,605 
 
 1,729 
 
 7-7 80s 
 
 9,49» 
 
 1 4.810 
 
 5,8S» 
 
 6,509 
 
 ix.a 
 
 685 
 
 Kumaun(formerly 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Almora) . . . 
 
 7,151 
 
 ! 433 
 
 494 
 
 563 
 
 14. 1 
 
 79 
 
 Garhwal . . . 
 
 5,629 
 
 ! 310 
 
 346 
 
 408 
 
 18.0 
 
 72 
 
 Tarai .... 
 
 1 963 
 
 1 i86 
 
 207 
 
 211 
 
 1-7 
 
 219 
 
 Kumaun Div. . 
 
 \ »3,743 
 
 9»9 
 
 1,046 
 
 i,i8a 
 
 IS.9 
 
 85 
 
 NW. Provs. and Oudh. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. 
 1872. 
 
 Oudh— 
 
 Lucknow ... 
 Unao .... 
 Rae Bareli ... 
 Sitapur .... 
 Hardoi .... 
 Kheri .... 
 Lucknow Div. . 
 Faizabad . . . 
 Gonda .... 
 Bahraich . . . 
 Sultanpur . . . 
 Partabgarh . . 
 Bara Kanki . . 
 Faizabad Div. . 
 Total Brit. Terr. 
 Rampur. . . . 
 Tehri Garhwal . 
 Native States . 
 
 967 
 1,778 
 1,751 
 
 2.255 
 
 2,325 
 
 2,965 
 
 12,040 
 
 1,728 
 2,880 
 2,680 
 
 1,710 
 
 1,438 
 1,740 
 
 iz,i77 
 107,503 
 
 945 
 4,164 
 
 5,109 
 
 778 
 
 946 
 
 989 
 
 933 
 
 931 
 
 738 
 
 5.315 
 
 1.025 
 
 1,168 
 
 776 
 
 1,040 
 
 783 
 
 1,113 
 
 5,905 
 
 4»,oo3 
 
 507 
 
 132 
 
 639 
 
 697 
 
 899 
 
 952 
 
 958 
 
 988 
 
 832 
 
 5,3»6 
 
 1,081 
 
 1,271 
 
 878 
 
 958 
 
 847 
 
 1,027 
 
 6,062 
 
 4,451 
 
 542 
 
 200 
 
 74a 
 
 ! Inc. or Pop. ' 
 
 Pop. I Dec. (-) I per ! 
 
 1891. per cent., sq.in. 
 
 '8i-'9i. 1891. 
 
 Grand Total . I 112,612 42,642 ' 44,892 
 
 774 
 954 
 1.037 
 1.07s 
 1.113 
 904 
 5,857 
 1,217 
 
 1.459 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,076 
 
 911 
 
 1.131 
 
 6,794 
 
 46,905 
 
 551 
 
 241 
 
 79a 
 
 II. I 
 6.1 
 8.9 
 12.2 
 12.7 
 8.6 
 10.0 
 12.5 
 14.8 
 13-9 
 12.3 
 7-5 
 10. 1 
 12. 1 
 
 800 
 536 
 
 592 
 
 477 
 
 479 
 
 305' 
 
 486 
 
 704 
 
 507 
 
 373 
 
 629 
 
 633! 
 
 6491 
 
 557 
 
 6.3 436 
 
 1-7 .S83 
 
 20.7 j 58 
 
 6.8 155 
 
 47,698 
 
 :4»3 
 
 1112 
 
 For a general account of the physical features and climate, 
 
 see India. It will suffice to add in this place that the NW. 
 Provs. and Oudh belong entirely to the basins of the Ganges 
 and the Jumna, and constitute one extensive and continuous 
 plain, of great natural fertility, increased where necessary by 
 irrigation through numerous canals — e.g., the Upper Ganges, 
 Lower Ganges, Agra, Eastern Jumna, Dun, Bijnaur, and Rohil- 
 khand, and Betwa. The principal exceptions to this general 
 description are the dists. lying between -j-f 45' and 81°, which 
 cross the Sub-Himalayan ridge [Slwallk Hills] and penetrate 
 up to the main axis of the Himalayas ; the marshy, forest-grown 
 and notoriously unhealthy Tarai, at the foot of the submontane 
 ridge ; and the rocky and poor dists. of Bundelkhand, S. of the 
 Jumna. On the whole the climate is hot and dry ; but of course 
 cooler and with a greater rainfall in the submontane regions of 
 the NW. [See Chakr&ta, K^nlkhet, Dehra, Rurkl, Meerut, 
 Agra, LncknoM-, .lllahabad, and Benares.] Fever is the 
 most fatal disease ; dysentery is also endemic. There are hill 
 sanataria at Naini Tal, Masiiri, and Landaur. These provs. 
 are the great wheat-producing region of India. Other principal 
 crops are rice, millets, grain, pulses, maize, indigo, cotton, 
 sugar, oil-seeds, opium, tobacco, and tea (in the submontane 
 dists. only). Valuable timber is felled, and gums and resins 
 collected, in these last dists. The trade consists almost exclu- 
 sively in the export of raw products and in the import of manu- 
 factured goods, and almost the whole of it, to the annual aver- 
 age value of nearly ^^30, 000, 000, passes through Calcutta, partly 
 by river, partly by rail. Cawnpur and Agra are the most im- 
 portant trade-centres. The principal railway lines are the East 
 Indian, the Sind, Punjab and Delhi, the Oudh and Rohilkhand, 
 and the Rajputdna State Rly. The commercial Industry 
 embraces manufactures of cotton (Benares and other townis), 
 metal ware (Benares, Moradabad), pottery (Lucknow, Aligarh, 
 Rampur), leather (Cawnpur and Sahdranpur), carving, inlay, 
 mosaics and similar fancy work (Agra, Lucknow, &c.), silk, 
 calico, carpets, paper, soap, ale, and indigo. This part of India 
 is particularly subject to famines, which occurred in 1803-4, 
 1837-38, 1860-61, 1868-69, 1873-74, and 1876-78, all with great 
 severity. These provs. embrace the central seats of Hinduism, 
 the jjeople being predominatingly of Aryan speech and blood. 
 Here are many large and several sacred cities and temples, some 
 now ruined — Benares, Allahabad (the cap.), .Agra, Bareilly, 
 Meerut, Lucknow, Cawnpur, Shahjahdnpur, Morddabdd, Fa- 
 rukhdbdd, Aligarh, Saharanpur, Gorakhpur, Mirzapur, Ghdzi- 
 pur, Hardwdr, Ajodhya, Kanauj, Muttra, Hastinapur, Indra- 
 prastha, Mahoba, and Kalinjdr. It is to this dist. that the great 
 epic the Mahdbhdratd belongs. Here reigned the Buddhist 
 dynasty of Maragha, of which the greatest ornament was King 
 Asoka (3rd century B.C. ). In the i ith century the Mohammedan 
 chiefs of Ghazni in Afghanistan invaded and conquered these 
 provs., and in the following century fixed their cap. at Delhi, 
 where their successors ruled as the Great Mogul down to nearly 
 the middle of the 19th century. The first conquests of the 
 British were made in 1775. It was here, too, that the Mutiny of 
 1857 broke out and raged with fiercest violence. The NW. 
 Provs. were constituted in 1835. Until 1877 Oudh formed a 
 totally independent administrative governorship. 
 
 North- West Territories, a name diversely applied to regions 
 of the Canadian Dominion according to changing circumstances. 
 In its widest sense it embraces the whole of the area N. and 
 W. of Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba. In the legislative 
 assembly of the NW. T., created in 1890 (seat at Regina), the 
 only parts at present represented are the dists. mentioned in 
 the table below (frequently known as 'The Territories'); but 
 in the widest sense the NW. T. comprise also the dists. of 
 Athabasca (according to latest estimates 103,300 sq. m.), Kee- 
 
N O RT 
 
 N O RT 
 
 watin (267,000 sq. m.J, the NW. T. in the narrower and stricter 
 sense, N. of Athabas^ and Saskatchewan, and W. of Keewatin 
 ^859,600 sq. m. ), terr. E. of Keewatin and S. of Hudson's Bay 
 (194,300 sq. m.), terr. E. of Hudson's Bay (352,300 sq. m.) ; in 
 all about 2,071,500 sq. m., to which 300,000 sq. m. may be 
 added for the islands in the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 Districts. ■^■■^l!" 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. 
 Aug. 
 1885. 
 
 Pop. 
 April 
 1891. 
 
 25,300 
 30,400 
 11,200 
 
 Incr. 
 per Cent. 
 
 Incr. per 
 Cent, per 
 Annum. 
 
 Alberta . . . 105,355 
 Assiniboia . . . 88,534 
 Saskatchewan . . 101,092 
 
 15,500 
 22,100 
 10,700 
 
 
 
 48,300 
 
 63.2 
 37-6 
 4-7 
 
 6.9 
 1.6 
 0.66 
 
 Total . . 294,981 
 
 66,900 
 
 38.5 
 
 5-1 
 
 Separate articles are given on the organised dists. Here only a 
 few general facts need be mentioned. It may be pointed out 
 that the last column of the table presents an interesting subject 
 of comparison with the corresponding column in Table I. under 
 United states. The rapid increase of population, especially in 
 the southern parts of these dists. (Assiniboia and southern Alberta), 
 has depended chiefly on the extension of agriculture and pas- 
 turage and the development of the railway system. These 
 terrs. have in recent years, like the adjoining prov. of Manitoba 
 [q.v.], shown a great increase of the area under wheat (in 1880, 
 5678 ac. ; in 1890, 113,811 ac. ), while the area under this crop in 
 the eastern provs. has declined (Ontario, 1880, 1,949,000 ac. ; 
 1890, 1,430,500 ac. ; Quebec, 1880, 224,700 ac. ; 1890, 191,600 
 ac. ). Cattle-rearing is of special importance in Alberta. Out- 
 side of the three dists. mentioned in the table there is at present 
 only a very scattered population, mainly composed of Indians 
 and a few Europeans at the stations of the Hudson's Bay 
 and other fur-trading companies. In the NW. , E. of the Rocky 
 Mts. , the climate is certainly milder than in corresponding 
 latitudes farther E. , and vast deposits of coal, lignite, petroleum, 
 and iron ore are known to exist. Favourable reports are gpiven 
 as to the future possibilities of this region, but little definite 
 can yet be stated. Even in Athabasca the surface appears to be 
 generally unfitted for the growth of cereals, though good crops 
 of wheat and barley have been raised in favourable years in the 
 river valleys (even as far N. as Fort Vermillion, on the Peace R. , 
 in about 58° 25' N. ). The principal railways are connected with 
 the Canadian Pacific. The main line was completed in Nov. 
 1885, and there are now branches from Regina (Assiniboia) to 
 Prince Albert (cap. of Saskatchewan), from near Medicine Hat 
 to the coal-mining town of Lethbridge (Alberta), and thence SE. 
 to the U.S. frontier, where it communicates with another line 
 leading to Great Falls (Montana), and from Calgary, at the base 
 of the Rocky Mts. , (a) N. to Edmonton, and {b) S. to Fort Macleod 
 (now Macleod). A line belonging to the Manitoba & NW. Rly. 
 is now in progress from Portage to Prince Albert, which would 
 thus be brought into more direct connection with Winnipeg. 
 
 Nortliwlcli, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Cheshire, Northwich 
 div. , at the confluence of the Weaver and the Dane, 9 m. SSE. 
 Warrington, on the Cheshire Lines and the L. & NW. R., the 
 most important of the Cheshire salt-working towns, producing 
 immense quantities of salt from brine-springs as well as rock 
 salt from mines, and containing large alkali works in which 
 alkali is made direct from the brine by the Solway process. 
 Market-day, F. Par. P. < 1000; tn. P. 14,900; pari. div. P. 
 (1891) 69,900. Northwich Castle, adjoining par. , P. <25oo. 
 
 Northwfck, vil., Eng., Gloucestershire, Thornlsury div. , 4J 
 m. SSE. Chepstow, i^ m. NNW. Pilning stn. See Redwlck 
 and Heiihury. 
 
 Northwold, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, SW. div. , 16 m. SSE. King's 
 Lynn, 3 m. SE. Stoke Ferry stn. , PMT.O. ; 5283 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 North Wood, par., Eng., Essex, Sudbury union. P. <25o. 
 
 Northtvood, eccles. par., Eng., Hertfordshire and Middlesex, 
 Watford and Rickmansworth pars., on the Metropolitan Rly., 
 PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Northwood, par., Eng., Isle of Wight, 2^ m. S. of West 
 Cowes, 2 m. NW. by W. Whippingham stn.; 4865 ac. P. 
 9500. See Carlsbrooke. 
 
 North'woo*!, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Stoke-upon- 
 Trent par., with stn. (Bnekiiall and Nortliwood) on N. 
 Staffordshire Rly. P. 10,200. 
 
 North wood, vil., U.S., Iowa, cap. Worth co., 102 m. W. of 
 NE. corner of state ; has flour-mills. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Northwood, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Rockingham co., 
 15 m. E. by N. Concord. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Norton, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, on the riv. Kennebe- 
 casis, 29 m. NE. by N. St. John. 
 
 Norton, mission stn.. Cape Colony, Peddie dist. P. <40oo. 
 
 Norton, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Northwich div. , 5 m. SW. War- 
 rington, and 2 m. E. by S. Runcorn, on L. & NW. R. P. <:500. 
 
 Norton, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, NE. div. , 3^ m. S. Sheffield, i J 
 m. E. Beauchamp and Abbey Dale stn. , P. O. ; "4437 ac. P. 5500 ; 
 eccles. par. (Norton Woodseats with Norton Lees) P. <:45oo. 
 
 Norton, par., Eng., Durham, i m. N. Stockton, included in 
 
 the pari. bor. of Stockton, i^ m. ESE. of its stn. on the NE. 
 R. ; 4664 ac. P. < 4000. 
 
 Norton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 4I m. 
 NE. by N. Gloucester, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Norton, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., i2| m. NE. 
 Luton, I m. W. Baldock stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Norton, ct. vil. , Eng. , Isle of Wight, i m. from Yarmouth, P.O. 
 
 Norton, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 3 m. W. Faversham, i^ 
 m. S. by E. Teynham stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Norton, par., Eng., Norfolk. See Norton Snbeourse. 
 
 Norton, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, S. div., 10 m. WNW. 
 Northampton, 2 m. SW. Long Buckby stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Norton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 4J m. 
 S. by W. Worksop, 3 m. ENE. Langwith stn. P. <5oo ; eccles. 
 par. (Norton Cuckney with Holbeck >Voodhouse) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Norton, vil., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 17 m. ESE. Shrews- 
 bury, 2 m. SE. Coalport stn., P.O. 
 
 Norton, par., Eng., Suffolk, 7 m. NE. Bury St. Edmunds, 
 PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Norton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 14 m. SW. 
 Cirencester, 4 m. SW. by W. Malmesbury stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Norton, par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 3 m. N. 
 Evesham. P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (Norton near Evesham 'with 
 Lenchwlck) P. <5oo. 
 
 Norton, par. and tn. , Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., on the Derwent, 17^ m. NE. York, close to Malton stn. 
 P. <:4oco ; eccles. par. (Norton juxta Malton) P. <4000. 
 
 Norton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross div., 
 on the Went, y\ m. N. by W. Doncaster, on the G. N. R., 
 PM.O. P. 500. 
 
 Norton, mining tp. , Queensland, co. Stanley, in 24° 20' S. , 
 151° 16' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Norton, city, U.S., Kansas, Norton co. , on riv. Prairie Dog, 
 114 m. E. by S. of the NW. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Norton, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co., 7 m. NW. 
 Taunton. P. < 2000. 
 
 Norton, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 7 m. NE. New Radnor, 
 
 2 m. NNW. Presteign stn., PM.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Norton, East, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 7 m. 
 SW. Oakham, on the G. N. R., P.O. P.<:25o. See Tugby. 
 
 Norton Bavant, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 10 m. 
 SSE. Trowbridge, 2 m. NW. Heytesbury stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Norton Bridge, hamlet, Eng., co. and 6 m. NW. Stafford, 
 on L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 
 Norton by Bredon, par., Eng., Worcestershire, 4 m. NE. 
 Tewkesbury. P. <25o. See Bredon. 
 
 Norton by Galby, par. , Eng. See King's Norton. 
 
 Norton by Kenipsey, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley 
 div. , 3 m. SE. by S. Worcester, with a junction stn. on the G. 
 W. R. P. < 1000. 
 
 Norton Canes, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, div. and 7 m. W. by S. 
 Lichfield, 2m. SE. by E. Cannockstn., PM.O.; 4o68ac. P. < 4500. 
 
 Norton Canon, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div., 
 10 m. NW. by W. Hereford, close to Moorhampton stn., P.O. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Norton Conyers, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div., on the Ure, 3 m. N. Ripon, J m. SW. 
 Melmerby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Norton Cuckney, eccles. par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire. See 
 Norton. 
 
 Norton Davie, par. , Eng. , Northamptonshire. See Greens N, 
 
 Norton Disney, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 
 on the Witham, 7 m. NE. by E. Newark, 3 m. SSE. Swinderby 
 stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Norton Fltzwarren, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 
 
 3 m. WNW. Taunton, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 Norton Folgate, par., Eng., London, Whitechapel union. 
 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Norton Ha wkfleld, par., Eng., Somerset. SeeN.Malreward. 
 
 Norton In Hales, par., Eng., in NE. of Salop, Newport div., 
 9 m. SSE. Nantwich, on N. Staffordshire Rly., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Norton In the Moors, par., Eng., Staffordshire, on Caldon 
 Canal, 2 m. NE. Burslem, PM.O.; 4141 ac. P. 9900. 
 
 Norton*Jnxta Twycross, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 
 5J m. WNW. Bosworth, 2 m. SW. Snarestone stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Norton le Clay, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div. ,6 m. E. Ripon, 2^ m. N. by E. Boroughbridge 
 stn. P. <25o. See Cnndall. 
 
 Norton Lees, part of eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire, NE. 
 div. , 2i m. S. by W. Sheffield, ^ m. E. Hillhouses and Ecclesall 
 stn. See Norton. 
 
 Norton Llndsey, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on- 
 Avon div., 4 m. WSW. Warwick, 2 m. S. Hatton stn. P. < 
 250. See Clavenlon. 
 
 Norton Malreward and Norton Hawkfleld, two adjoining 
 pars., Eng., Somerset, N. div., the former 4J m. S. by E. Bristol, 
 i| m. NW. Pensford stn., the latter i m. t"o the SW. Norton 
 Malreward, P. <2so; Norton Havvkfield, P. <25o. 
 
 Norton Mandevllle, par. , Eng. , Essex, Epping div. , 8 m. W. 
 by S. Chelmsford, 2 m. E. by N. Ongar stn. P. <2So. 
 
 1113 
 
NORT — NORW 
 
 Norton Plains, dist., in the NW. of W. Australia, in about 
 2i^° S., 120° E. 
 
 Norton Koad, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, in N. vicinity of 
 Mumbles, on Swansea and Mumbles R. 
 
 Norton St. Philip, par., Eng. , Somerset, Frome div., 6 m 
 S. by E. Bath, 3 m. SE. Wellow stn., PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Norton Sound, large inlet of Bering Sea, Alaska terr., be- 
 tween about 63° and 65 N. , i62°-i66° 30' W. It was discovered 
 by Captain Cook in 1788. The ice forms in the bay early in 
 October, and it is not clear until late in June. Length and 
 breadth at entrance, 200 m. each. 
 
 Norton Sat>coiirse, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 9^ m. SW. 
 Yarmouth, 3 m. W. Haddiscoe stn., PM.O. (Norton). P. <5oo. 
 
 Norton's Summit, post-tn., S. Australia, co. and 9 m. E. 
 Adelaide. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Norton>nnder>IIanidon, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 5^ 
 m. W. Yeovil, 2^ m. W. Montacute stn., PT.O. (Norton-8ub^ 
 Hamdon). P. <75o. 
 
 Nortonfllle, coal-mining vil. , U.S., California, Contra Costa 
 CO., near Mount Diablo. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Nortonvllle, vil., U.S., Kansas, Jefferson co. , 25 m. WNW. 
 Leavenworth. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Norton -with Brockhampton, par., Eng., Herefordshire, 
 Bromyard par. P. <75o. 
 
 Norton Woodseats, part of eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire. 
 See Norton. 
 
 Noruic, city, Eng. See Norwlcb. 
 
 Norval, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Halton co. , 28 m. W. Toronto. 
 
 Xorwalk, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co. , on the coast, 
 12 m. WSW. Bridgeport ; has an excellent harbour, carriage 
 factories, shipyards, iron-foundries, and other manufactures ; 
 the lock -works and iron-works are among the largest in the 
 country ; oyster trade is e-xtensive. Many New York families 
 have their summer residence here. P. (1880) 14,000; (1890) 
 17,700. Norwalk, South, vil, 2 m. to the SSW. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Norwalk, city, U.S., Ohio, Huron co., 52 m. WSW. Cleve- 
 land ; connected by electric tramway with Sandusky, about 16 
 m. N. ; has two railway workshops, a large piano and organ 
 factory, &c. P. 7200. 
 
 Norway, Nop- way, or Swl-nong-tlao, island group. Gulf 
 of Tongking (W. side), opposite Allong Bay, in 20° 38' N. 
 
 Norway, Norwegian Noi-ge, the western division of the 
 Scandinavian p)enin., lies between the extremities of 57° 58' 
 (Lindesnses on the S. ct.), and 71° 11' (Knivskjaerodden on 
 Magero, near North Caf)e) N. lat. , and between 4° 30' (Utvaer, 
 off Sogne Fjord), and 31° 12' (Hornoen near Vardo) E. long. , and 
 measures nearly 1200 m. in length by 70 to 280 in width. Its 
 boundaries are the Skager Rak and North Sea on the S. , the 
 Norwegian Sea on the W. , the Arctic Ocean on the N., and 
 Russian Lapland and Sweden on the E. The area exceeds 
 that of the United Kingdom by 4000 sq. m. The details are 
 shown in the following table : — 
 
 Dloceief and Provs. 
 
 Area in 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 in Thousands. 
 
 Per 
 sq.m. 
 1891. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (BtUter and Amter). 
 
 Official. 
 
 Accord- 
 inK to 
 
 Dec 31, 
 
 Dec. 31, 
 
 Jan. I. 
 
 
 
 Strelbit- 
 sky. 
 
 1855. 
 
 187s. 
 
 1891. 
 
 
 Smaalenene . . . 
 
 1,600 
 
 1,587 
 
 98.9 
 
 107.6 
 
 120.4 
 
 75. 2 
 
 Akershus .... 
 
 2.055 
 
 2,074 
 
 86.5 
 
 114.9 
 
 99.1 I48.2I 
 
 Christianta . . . 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 4»-3 
 
 76.9 
 
 151-2 
 
 1 
 
 Buskerud .... 
 
 5>737 
 
 5.741 
 
 90.3 
 
 101.7 
 
 104.8 
 
 18. 3 i 
 
 Jarlsberg and Laur- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 vik 
 
 895 
 
 910 
 
 73-2 
 
 89-3 
 
 lOI.O 
 
 113 
 
 Christiania 
 
 xo,»93 
 
 xo,3i6 
 
 390.S 
 
 490-4 
 
 576-5 
 
 56.0 
 
 Bratsberg .... 
 
 5,865 
 
 5.844 
 
 76s 
 
 83.6 
 
 92.0 
 
 15-7 
 
 Nedenes .... 
 
 3,609 
 
 3.946 
 
 59- 1 
 
 75.6 
 
 81.0 
 
 22.4 
 
 Lister and Mandal . 
 
 2,805 
 
 2,470 
 
 67.4 
 
 77-1 
 
 78.7 
 
 28.1 
 
 Stavan^er . . . 
 
 3,53' 
 
 3,584 
 
 91.5 
 
 II3-7 
 
 117.0 
 
 ^3-1 
 
 Chnstiansand . 
 
 iS,8xo 
 
 15,843 
 
 •94-5 
 
 350.0 
 
 368.0 1*3.3 
 
 Hedemarken . . 
 
 io>437 
 
 10,161 
 
 102.2 
 
 119-4 
 
 119.1 
 
 11-4 
 
 Christians . . . 
 
 9.979 
 
 10,368 
 
 114.3 
 
 nS-5 
 
 io8.i 
 
 10.8 1 
 
 Hamar . . . 
 
 "0.417 
 
 »o,5»9 
 
 ai6.S 
 
 "34-9 
 
 aa7.« 
 
 XI. I i 
 
 S. Bergenhus . . 
 
 6,026 
 
 5,838 
 
 104.8 
 
 121. 3 
 
 128.2 
 
 21.31 
 
 Bergen 
 
 3 
 
 
 24-5 
 
 34-4 
 
 iV^ 
 
 
 N. Bergenhus . . 
 
 7.M7 
 
 7,096 
 
 81.S 
 
 86.1 
 
 ia9 
 
 Romsdal (Sond- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 more) 
 
 2,022 
 
 2,022 
 
 90.3 
 
 1 16. 8 
 
 127. 81 
 
 22.ll 
 
 Bergren . . . 
 
 «S.X99 
 
 14,956 
 
 301.1 
 
 358.6 
 
 397-3 
 
 a6.x 
 
 Romsdal (Romsdal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 and Nordmore) . 
 
 3.765 
 
 3,657 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 •- 1 
 
 S. Trondhjem . . 
 
 7,190 
 
 7,306 
 
 96.3 
 
 116.7 
 
 123.8 
 
 17-2! 
 
 N. Trondhjem . . 
 
 8,764 
 
 ^'221 
 
 73-6 
 
 81.4 
 
 81.2 
 
 9.3. 
 
 Trondhjem . . 
 
 i9,7ao 
 
 19,888 
 
 X69.9 
 
 X98.1 
 
 aos.o |xo.4: 
 
 Nordland .... 
 
 15.724 
 
 16,371 
 
 77.6 
 
 103.4 
 
 131.9 
 
 8.4 
 
 Tromso .... 
 
 »o,i34 
 
 9,486 
 
 38.3 
 
 53-9 
 
 65.1 
 
 6.4 
 
 Finmark .... 
 
 18,300 
 
 18,258 
 
 16.4 
 
 i 24-2 
 
 29.2 
 
 1.6 
 
 Tromso . . . 
 
 Norway (total) 
 
 Islands . . 
 
 44.»S6 
 
 44,i»5 
 
 X3»3 
 
 i xSi.s 
 
 3X6.2 15.9 
 
 "5,593 
 
 125,646 
 
 1,490.0 
 
 1,813.4 
 
 2,000.9 ■ • 
 
 .. i 8,s8a| .. 1 .. i .. 1 .. i 
 
 1 Entire prov. including the section in the diocese of Trondhjem. 
 1114 
 
 Feb. I. 
 1801. 
 
 Rural comms i 789.5 
 
 Towns j 93-6 
 
 April 30, j Nov. rj, Nov. 29, | Dec. 31, 
 1813. 1825. I 1833. 1 1845. 
 
 791.7 
 94.6 
 
 932.2 
 119.1 
 
 1,060.3 1 1,164.7 
 134.5 163.7 
 
 Total 
 
 .4 1,051.3 i 1,194.8 ; 1,328.5 
 
 Increase per cent, peri 
 annum ' 
 
 1.06 
 
 Rural comms. 
 Towns . . 
 
 Total 
 
 Dec. 31, 
 1855- 
 
 1,286.8 
 203.3 
 
 Dec. 31, Dec. 31, 
 1865. 1875. 
 
 1.435-5 
 266.3 
 
 1,490.0 I 1,701.8 
 
 Jan. I, 
 1891. 
 
 1,481.0 x,526.8 
 332.4 474.x 
 
 Increase per cent, per 
 annum 
 
 1,813.4 
 0.64 
 
 0.66 
 
 The W. coast is screened from the deep ocean by a submarine 
 bank, and by a fence of rocky islands, the Skjasrgaard. The 
 larger of these islands are named (going N. ) Karmo, Bommelen , 
 Stordo, Tysnas, Soteren, Oster, Sulen, Boland, Bremangerland, 
 Smolen, Hiteren, Froyen, Vigten, Alsten, Dynnas, the Lofotens, 
 the Vesteraalens, Senjen, Kvalo, Hingvadso, Vanno, Arno, 
 Stjemo, Soro, Seiland, Magero. Altogether her islands make 
 nearly 7 per cent, of Norway's total area. Everywhere the W. 
 ct. presents a lofty and precipitous face of rocky cliffs to the sea, 
 and is cleft by numerous very deep and narrow trenches (the 
 fjords), up which the salt-water flows for scores of miles into 
 the heart of the country. The N. coast is steep, but less lofty. 
 The S. and SE. coast is comparatively low. Both N. and S. 
 coasts are broken by innumerable inlets. Proceeding from SE. 
 to N. the larger fjords are Christiania (90 m. long), Bukken or 
 Stavanger (50 m.), Hardanger (68 m. long, 2130 ft. deep), 
 Oster, Sogne (106 m. long, 4020 ft. deep), Nord (2040 ft.), Stor, 
 Molde, Trondhjem (80 m. long, 1800 ft. deep), Folden, Nam- 
 sen, Alsen, Ranen (1410 ft.), Salten, Vest, Ofoten, Malangen, 
 Bals, Ulfs, Lyngen, Kvsenang, Alten (1350 ft.), Porsanger, Laxe, 
 Tana, and Varanger (1380 ft.). The total length of coast- 
 line exceeds 3000 m. The surface constitutes a long narrow 
 plateau, running NE. to SW., and sloping towards the SE. 
 Fifty-seven per cent, of the area lies 1000 ft. and more above sea- 
 level. Norway is separated from Sweden by the Kjolen (Keel) 
 Mts. (4000-6000 ft.) ; but about 63° N. lat. the main chain trends 
 SW., and is known as the Dovrefjeld (2000-4000 ft.), and 
 farther on bends S. under the names of the Lang, Justedal, 
 Jotun, Fille, Hailing, and Hardanger Fjelde (Fells). Peaks 
 and groups of peaks rise above the level of this upland region, 
 as Sulitjelma (6178 ft.), Snaehatten (7566 ft.), Galdhoppigen 
 (8399 ft.), Glitretind (8366 ft.), Lodalskaupen (6790 ft.), Halling- 
 skarvet (6440 ft.). The rivers are all comparatively short; 
 of the longest, the Glommen (350 m.), Gudbrand Laagen (200 
 m.), Nummedal Laagen (140 m. ), Otteren (140 m.), and Skien 
 (130 m.), flow into Christiania Fjord, and the Tana (175 m.) 
 into the Arctic Ocean. As the streams descend from the 
 plateau they form numerous waterfalls, of which the most cele- 
 brated are Rjukan (800 ft.) in Thelemarken; Honefos near 
 Drammen, Vetti (900 m. ) in Sogn, Voring (475 m. ), Skjaeggedal 
 (530 m.), Esf)eland and Lotefos in Hardanger. They also 
 expand into long, narrow lakes, some of great extent, as Lakes 
 Mjosen (60 m. long; area, 200 sq. m.; depth, 1483 ft., more 
 than 1000 ft. below the level of the North Sea), Randsfjord 
 (45 m. ; 52 sq. m.), Tyrifjord (20 m. ; 51 sq. m.), Feemund 
 (36 m.; 95 sq. m.), Ros (21 m.; no sq. m.), Bygdin (15 m.; 
 3620 ft. above sea-level), Tyin (10 m. ; 3610 ft.). Lakes cover 
 altogether 2.4 p)er cent, of the total area. The predominant 
 geological formations are of Archasan age, mostly granite, 
 quartz, and gneiss ; these are in parts overlaid by Sparagmite 
 and Silurian strata, and in part also broken through by masses 
 of eruptive rocks. Evidences of former glacial action, as 
 incised lines, striations, boulders, moraines, transverse ridges, 
 giant kettles, glacial terraces, are very common, and exist as 
 high as 5000 ft. above sea-level. The coast of N. Norway is 
 estimated to have risen some 600 ft. in recent geological ages. 
 At the present time some of the largest glaciers in Europe are 
 still to be seen in Norway, as Justedal (580 sq. m.), Folgefond 
 (108 sq. m.), Svartisen (nearly 400 sq. m.), Sulitjelma, Halling- 
 skarvet, Seiland, Jokul. The climate of the W. ct. differs 
 materially from that of the interior uplands, being modified 
 by the sea, the prevailing SW. winds, and especially by the N. 
 extension of the Gulf Stream. The annual mean of these 
 maritime dists. varies from 36° F. (Tromso) to 44.6° (Skudesnas 
 near Stavanger) ; that of January everywhere exceeds 32°, mini- 
 mum 12° ; that of July varies from 50.2° (North Cajae) to 60.3° 
 (Sogne Fjord), maximum 79°. In the interior the thermometer 
 ranges from a summer mean of 63.5° (Christiania) to a winter 
 mean of 11.3° (Roraas). The greatest extremes have been ob- 
 served in Finmark, 96° and - 58 , but the usual range in N. Nor- 
 
NOR^V — NORW 
 
 way is from a winter mean of 2. 5° to a summer mean of 57. 2°. The 
 rainfall on the W. coast averages 40-75 in. , in the interior 12-16 
 (Christiania 26 in. ). The flora consists chiefly of mosses, timber 
 trees, wild berries, and cultivated plants. The pine, with the 
 fir, birch, and oak, are the principal trees ; willow, ash, elm, 
 lime, alder, aspen, mountain ash, and bird cherry occur to a 
 less extent. The commonest wild fruits are cloudberries, rasp- 
 berries, bilberries, cranberries, and whortleberries. The animal 
 life embraces the bear, lynx, wolf, glutton, elk, wild reindeer, 
 lemming, fox, hare, numerous seafowl (especially the eider- 
 duck), song-birds, waders, birds of prey, and game-birds (caper- 
 cailly, woodcock), and in the sea, whales and seals. Gnats 
 abound in N. Norway in summer. Only 2 per cent, of the total 
 area is devoted to agriculture, fully 72 per cent, being barren 
 mountain and moorland ; oats, barley, and potatoes are the 
 chief crops. The farms are mostly small, 94 per cent, being 
 less than 50 ac. each ; more than the half of the total number 
 are farmed by their owners. Norway has in her forests one 
 of her most valuable national resources. They cover 24 per 
 cent, of her area. Mlulng products, mostly silver, copper, 
 and sulphur pyrites, do not exceed ;^i70,ooo in annual value. 
 Norway has another great resource in her flslierles, which 
 give employment to little short of 100,000 men. Cod is the 
 fish principally taken ; it is mostly dried and sent to Spain. 
 Next in importance come herring, ling, mackerel, salmon, sea- 
 trout, and lobsters. Grayling and charr abound in certain lakes. 
 The whale, walrus, seal, and shark are taken in the Arctic 
 Ocean. Although not a manufacturing country, Norway 
 has numerous saw-mills, machine shops, and foundries, spin- 
 ning-mills, shipbuilding -yards, cellulose factories, brick- 
 works, corn-mills, breweries, tobacco and match factories, and 
 employs in all more than 50,000 operatives. Communica- 
 tion is principally maintained by steamboats, all the larger 
 towns being either seaports or situated on navigable lakes. 
 There are nearly 1000 m. of railways ; the longest line connects 
 Christiania with Trondhjem. Four separate lines connect 
 Norway with Sweden, one in the extreme N. laid between 
 Ofoten Fjord and Lulea. The driving roads, some of them 
 fine pieces of engineering work, extend to 15,000 m. ; and there 
 are nearly 6000 m. of telegraphs. In respect of shipping 
 Norway probably ranks next after Great Britain amongst the 
 carrying nations of the world. She has a mercantile fleet of 
 7500 vessels, with an aggregate of 1,745,000 tons; and her 
 shipowners earn 5^ millions sterling a year. Norway exports 
 fish, timber and cellulose, oils and tar, minerals, paper, tex- 
 tiles, butter, &c. , to the annual value of ^^7, 000, 000, fish alone 
 to the value of 2^ millions, and timber to i^ millions. Her 
 Imports reach an aggregate value of _^ii,ooo,ooo, and consist 
 chiefly of grain, coffee, and other groceries, textiles, oils, 
 minerals, ships, wine and spirits, timber (from Sweden), and 
 coal. Trade is principally carried on with Great Britain, who 
 takes 34J per cent, of Norway's exports, and sends 26^ of her 
 imports ; with Germany (12^ per cent, of Norway's exports, 
 27I imports); with Sweden (15J percent, exports, 13^ imports); 
 and in a secondary degree with Denmark, the Netherlands, 
 Russia, France, Spain, Belgium, and the United States. The 
 monetary unit is the krone=is. i^d. , divided into 100 ore. 
 The metric system of -weights and measures is employed. 
 The government is nominally that of a constitutional monarchy, 
 but virtually that of a republic, presided over by the king, who 
 is also king of Sweden. The actual administration is in the 
 hands of a minister, assisted by councillors (usually seven), 
 who each take charge of a department. Besides, a second 
 minister and two other councillors are always in attendance 
 on the king when out of Norway. The parliament (Storthing), 
 of 1 14 members, is elected indirectly by the people for three years, 
 and divides itself into two chambers, the Odelsthing of 29 
 members and the Lagthing of the remaining 85. The army 
 is made up almost entirely by conscription ; all men of 23 
 years of age are bound to the colours for ten years, but are 
 only called out for a few weeks' training every summer. The 
 fleet embraces some 30 monitors, gunboats, torpedo boats, &c. , 
 in all. It is manned by the coast population, drawn by con- 
 scription from men between 22 and 35. The population, 
 with the exception of 17,000 Lapps and 7400 Finns, are of 
 Gothic (Teutonic) descent. The language is Danish, modified 
 by dialectical words derived from the old Norse or Icelandic. 
 From 11,000 to 20,000 persons emigrate every year, nearly all 
 to the United States. The prevalent and almost universal 
 creed is that of the Lutheran Church. For ecclesiastical pur- 
 poses the country is divided into six dioceses — Christiania, 
 Hamar, Christiansand, Bergen, Trondhjem, and Tromso. 
 Education is free, and compulsory upon all children between 
 7 and 14. There is one university, at Christiania. This city 
 is the cap. of the country. Nine other tovi-ns have each a 
 population exceeding 10,000, viz., Bergen, Trondhjem, Sta- 
 vanger, Drammen, Christiansand, Fredrikstad, Fredrikshald, 
 Larvik, and Christiansund. Five-sixths of the total popula- 
 tion are classed as rural inhabitants. History. — The Germanic 
 Goths, at some period which cannot be precisely fixed, crossed 
 
 over into Norway and conquered or drove northwards the 
 aboriginal Lapps and Finns whom they found there. From 
 shortly after the middle of the 9th century down to the year 
 1319 Norway was ruled by native kings, and took an active 
 part in the famous Viking expeditions to the British Isles and 
 the Continent. From 1380 to 1814 Norway was virtually a 
 prov. of Denmark, but at the latter date she was restored to 
 independence, though united to Sweden. There is no adequate 
 account of Norway in English ; but see Norway Illustrated 
 (Bergen, 1889), written in English by Norwegian scholars. 
 There are ordnance maps on a scale of i : 100,000 and i : 400,000, 
 but neither series is yet cornplete. [J. T. B.] 
 
 Norway, tn., U.S., Maine, Oxford co., 42 m. NW. Portland. 
 P. <3oc>o. 
 
 Bforivay, vil. , U.S., Michigan, Menominee co. , 3 m. E. 
 Quinnence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Norway House, stn. , Canada, Keewatin, on an island in the 
 E. branch of Nelson R. , a little below the outlet of Lake 
 Winnipeg, in 54° N., 98° W. Alt. 700 ft. Mean temp. (7 
 yrs.), yr. 29.8° F. , Jan. -7.2°, July 63.5°. 
 
 Norwegian Sea, a name given by Professor Mohn of Chris- 
 tiania to the N. extension of the Atlantic Ocean which stretches 
 between Norway and Greenland and between the Arctic Ocean 
 and about 61° N. It is distinctly marked off from the main 
 body of the Atlantic by a line of submarine ridges (average 
 depth, 250 fathoms) extending from Scotland over the Faeroe 
 Is. and Iceland to Greenland. Between Spitzbergen and Nor- 
 way the Norwegian Sea is divided from the Barents Sea by an 
 elevation only 200 fathoms and less below the surface. In the 
 extreme N., between Spitzbergen and Greenland, it com- 
 municates with the Arctic by a deep and wide trough, 2500 
 fathoms deep. The sea-bottom sinks by pretty regular gradients 
 to 2000 fathoms in about 68° N. and 2|° W. ; the greater part 
 of the sea lies deeper than 1000 fathoms. Besides the islands 
 already mentioned, it contains Jan Mayen and the island chains 
 of Norway. A cold arctic current, coming from the direction of 
 the North Pole, sweeps along the E. side of Greenland, carrying 
 with it great masses of hummocky ice, which generally lies 
 packed several miles wide against the coast of Greenland. In 
 this part of the Norwegian Sea the prevailing wind comes from 
 the NE. The E. side of the Sea presents a striking contrast to 
 the W., in that the Gulf Stream traverses it from S. to N., 
 entering between Scotland and Iceland, and clinging pretty 
 closely to the coasts of Norway. Here the prevailing wind 
 comes from the SW. The surface temp, ranges in summer 
 from 60° F. in the S. to 47° in the N., and in winter from 46° in 
 the S. to 36° in the N. As a general rule, the temp, at depths 
 greater than 400 fathoms seldom if ever exceeds 32° F. This 
 sea is the scene of busy fishings — seal and whale to the N. , E. , 
 and W. of Jan Mayen ; walrus and shark off Spitzbergen ; cod, 
 herring, mackerel, lobster, &c. , off the coasts of Norway. 
 Besides fish there are innumerable multitudes of sea-birds, as 
 eider-ducks, gulls, guillemots, little auks, and others on Spitz- 
 bergen, the Norwegian islands, and the edges of the ice-floes. 
 Compare Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Norwell and Norwell Woodhouse, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Newark div. , Norwell Woodhouse 7 
 m. NW. by N. Newark. Norwell, P.O., P. <5oo; Norwell 
 Woodhouse, 3^ m. W. by S. Carlton on Trent stn., P. <25o. 
 
 Norwell, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co. P. < 2000. 
 
 Norwich, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Oxford co. , 32 m. E. London. 
 
 Norwich (n6r'ich ; in Domesday Noruic, Nordvic, ' north 
 place'), episcopal city, pari. bor. (2 members), mun. (since 
 Henry II.) and co. bor., co. of itself, par., and market-tn., 
 Eng., Norfolk, 114 m. NE. London, in the diocese of Norwich, 
 on the Wensum, on the G. E. R. One of the earliest manu- 
 facturing towns, Norwich has declined in textile manufactures, 
 the staple industries now being mustard and starch (employing 
 over 2000 hands), brewing, and iron-works ; also boots and shoes, 
 vinegar, and agricultural implements. Norwich became a 
 bishopric in 1094, and the castle dates still earlier. The diocese, 
 P. (1891) 685,800, includes all Norfolk and the eastern half of 
 Suffolk, with parts of three pars, in Cambridgeshire. There 
 are interesting remains of the Romans and Normans, such as 
 the Castle-keep, now converted into a museum, St. Andrew's 
 Hall, the Devil's Tower, and portions of the old city wall. 
 Nearly 200 ac. have been set apart for public recreation grounds. 
 Fairs are held on Maundy Th. , Easter M. and Tu. , and 26th 
 December. Market-days, W. and S. Alt. 42 ft. Mean temp. 
 (20 yrs., 1861-80), yr. 49.4° F., Jan. 37.8°, July 62.4°. Mean 
 rfall. (Cossey, 1866-80), yr. 27.2 in.; (Thorpe St. Andrew's, 
 alt. 137 ft.) 29.2 in. Area of city same as pari, and mun. bor. 
 (1891), 7558 ac. P. (1851) 68,200; (1871) 80,400; (1891) 
 101,000, nearly. 
 
 Norwich, city, U.S., Connecticut, co. and 12 m. N. New 
 London, on both banks of the riv. Thames. The chief portion 
 is on the sides and summit of the eminence between the Yantic 
 and Shetucket Rivs. , which here unite, forming the Thames ; the 
 business portion is at the base. W. Side or W. Chelsea is W. 
 the Yantic. Greeneville, in the NE., contains one of the largest 
 
 1115 
 
N O R W -^=:-N O T T 
 
 paper-mills in New England. The harbour is accessible by 
 vessels drawing lo ft. It has an important trade in coal, lumber, 
 &c. ; manufactures machinery, rolling-mill products, printing 
 presses, and firearms. The manufacture of cotton goods is a 
 leading industry. Settled in 1659, incorporated in 1784. P. 
 (1880)15,100; (1890)16,200. 
 
 Morwlch, vil. , U.S., New York, cap. Chenango co., 41 m. N. 
 Binghampton ; has manufactures of hammers, silk ribbons, 
 furniture, and gloves, and railway workshops. P. 5200. 
 
 Norwich, tn., U.S., Vermont, Windsor co., on Connecticut 
 R. , 31 m. SW. Newbury by rail. P. <;i50o. 
 
 Norwood, vil, Canada, Ontario, Peterborough co. , 76 m. 
 W. by N. Kingston. 
 
 Norwood, pari. div. of bor. of Lambeth, Eng., London. P. 
 (1891) 68,400. 
 
 Norwood, par. and tn., Eng., Middlesex, 3 m. NW. Brent- 
 ford. P. 7600. 
 
 Eng. , Yorkshire. See Cllftou wltli 
 
 ENE. Adelaide, S. Australia, 
 
 Norwood, part of par. 
 Norwoml. 
 
 Norwood, suburb, 3 
 Adelaide co. P. 11,800. 
 
 Norwood, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co. , 14 m. SW. 
 by S. Boston. P. <40oo. 
 
 Norwoo«l, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Bergen co. , 13 m. ENE. 
 Paterson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Norwood, vil., U.S., New York, St. Lawrence co. , on Racket 
 R., 90 m. W. by N. Burlington (Vt. ). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Norwood, vil. , U.S., Virginia, Nelson co., on James R. , 73 m. 
 W. by N. Richmond, and 23 m. NE. Lynchburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 NorM'Ood, Lower, suburb of London, Eng., Surrey, Lambeth 
 bor., si m. S. St. Paul's, London, with a stn. (West Norwood) 
 on the L. B. & S. C. R. 
 
 Nor-»vood, South, eccles. par. , 2 m. SSE. Lower Norwood, 
 with stn. (Norwood Junction) on L. B. & S. C. R. P. 10,600. 
 
 NorM'oo4l, I'pper, two eccles. pars. , J m. SE. Lower Norwood. 
 P. 6500 and <5ooo. 
 
 Norwoo«l Green, vil., Eng., Middlesex, Brentford div., i m. 
 SE. by S. Southall stn., 12 m. W. St. Paul's, London, P.O. 
 
 Nosiirl, tn. , India, Bombay, 19 m. S. by E. Sural, on the 1. bk. 
 of Purna R., which is navigable to this point, admitting vessels 
 of 100 tons ; a thriving town, with a large Parsi colony, mostly 
 cotton weavers. On Nosari Creek are the Towers of Silence for 
 the Parsf dead. P. (1881) 14,900. 
 
 Nosbonslng, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 348 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Nose, The, cape, Carmarthenshire, on Burry Inlet, 6i m. 
 W. Llanelly. 
 
 Nose Dale, vil. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Noseley, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 10 m. SW. 
 Oakham, 3 m. WSW. East Norton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Nose Point, cape, Eng., on the coast of Durham, 1 m. S. 
 Seaham Harbour. 
 
 Noshafn-Sakl, easternmost point of Yezo I., Japan. 
 
 Nosh'lke, or Noshke, sandy penin. , Japan, running about 5 
 m. SE. , on E. ct. of Yezo I., in 43° 36' -40' N. 
 
 Noshlnia-sakl, cape, Japan, on SE. ct. of Honshiu, at E. 
 entrance to harbour of Tokyo. 
 
 Noshiro, maritime tn., Japan, 60 m. SW. by S. Aomori. 
 P. 10,200. 
 
 Nosoh, watercourse, mostly dry, in the W. of Brit. Bechuana- 
 land, forming part of the frontier between the Crown Colony 
 and the Protectorate. 
 
 Nosong Point, cape, in the W. of Brit. N. Borneo, in 5° 38' 
 N.,ii5-35'E. 
 
 NosoTka, tn., Russia, govt, and 41 m. SSE. Chernigov, on 
 railway to Kiev. P. 11,200. 
 
 Noss, Isle of, Scot. , Shetland Is. , off the E. ct. of Bressay I. , 
 in 60° 8'-9^' N. , divided from it by Noss Sound ; off the E. ct. 
 is the Nonp of Noss, a precipitous rock 592 ft. high. Length, 
 if m. ; breadth, li m. P. 3. 
 
 Nossa §enliora da ConceicSo, tn. , Brazil. See Manhes. 
 
 Nossa .Seuliora da Piedade do Para, tn., Brazil. See 
 Para. 
 
 Nossa Henhora de Belem, tn. , Brazil. See Para. 
 
 Nossen, tn. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 10 m. SW. by S. 
 Meissen. P. < 5000. 
 
 Noss Head, bold rocky point, Scot., Caithness, on the E. ct., 
 3 J m. NE. Wick, in 58 29' N., 3° 3' W. ; under it is a vast 
 cavern. It has a lighthouse (light revolving) 175 ft. high. 
 
 Nossi, in the Malagasy language, ' island.' 
 
 Nossi B6 ('great island'), French isl. , Madagascar, off the 
 NW. ct. , in i3i° S. ; of volcanic origin, with much indented 
 coasts. In the S. part of the island is the excellent roadstead 
 of Hellville, in 13° 23' S. , 48° 20' E. Plantations of sugar-cane, 
 vanilla, and indigo ; formerly also coffee. Makwas, from the E. 
 ct. of Africa, are the chief labourers. Made a French possession 
 in 1841. Mean temp. (1879-80), yr. 78.3° F., Feb. 80.3°, July 
 75.0°. P. consists chiefly of Sakalavas. 
 
 Nossl-fall ('sacred island'), small island off NW. ct. of 
 Madagascar, 9 m. E. Nossi B6. 
 1116 
 
 NossMava ('long island'), isl, NW. Madagascar, to the N. 
 of Narinda Bay, crossed by 14° 33' S. 
 
 Nostel, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, 5 m. SE. Wakefield, with 
 stn. (Nostell) on G. N. R. See Huntwick. 
 
 Nosh, tribe, China. See Lolos. 
 
 Notaresco, vil. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 10 m. E. 
 Teramo, 25 m. NW. by N. Chieti. P. <20oo. 
 
 Notch Hill, vil. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. P. R. , 
 about 119° 30' W., 1183 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, 299 m. E. 
 Vancouver. 
 
 Notec, riv. , Prussia. See Netze. 
 
 Notero, isl, Norway, prov. Christiania, dist. Jarlsberg and 
 Laurvik, in SW. of Christiania Fjord. Area, 17 sq. m. 
 
 Notgrove, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 10 
 m. E. by S. Cheltenham, with stn. (Notgrove and Westfleld) 
 onG. W. R., P.O. P.<:250. 
 
 Notlie, The, promontory, Eng., on coast of Dorset, at 
 entrance to Weymouth Harbour ; affords splendid views. 
 
 Notley, Black and White, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Essex. 
 White Notley, Maldon div., 2 m. S. Braintree, 2 m. SE. Black 
 Notley, on G. E. R., PM.O., P. <5oo ; Black Notley, P. <750. 
 
 Noto, cape, Japan. See Kokko-saki. 
 
 Noto, kuni or old prov., Japan, now in Ishikawa ken. 
 
 Noto, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 17 m. SW. Syracuse. It stands 
 5 m. NW. of the site of Noto Vecchio, the ancient Necethum, 
 destroyed by an earthquake in 1693. In a malarial dist. 
 P. (comm.) 18,200. 
 
 No'toro, lake or lagoon, Japan, on N. ct. of Yezo I., in 
 144° 4'- 10' E. 
 
 Notoro, €ape, Sakhalin I. See CrlUon. 
 
 Notre Dame, vil, U.S., Indiana, St. Joseph co., 1 m. N. 
 S. Bend. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Notre Dame, Bois, forest, France, in the deps. of Seine-et- 
 Oise and Seine-et-Marne, about loj m. SE. Notre Dame, Paris. 
 
 Notre Dame Bay, large bay, ^Newfoundland, on the N. ct., 
 in 55° 56' W. 
 
 Notre Dame-de-Bondevllle, tn. , France, Seine-Inf^rieure, 
 arr. and 4I m. NW. Rouen. P. <3000. 
 
 Notre Dame Mountains, Canada, Quebec. See Shick- 
 shock Mountains. 
 
 Nottan, dist. , New Guinea, in the W. of the extreme NW. 
 penin. 
 
 Nottawa, vil, Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., 4 m. S. by E. 
 Collingwood. 
 
 Nottawasaga Bay, large bay, Canada, Ontario, in the S. of 
 Georgian Bay ; it receives at its head the Nottawasaga K. 
 from the S. 
 
 Notte Canal, navigable canal, Prussia, Brandenburg, con- 
 necting the Dahme at Konigswusterhausen with a small lake 
 25 m. S. of Berlin. Length, 16 m. 
 
 Nottingham (in Saxon times Snottengahatn, ' home of caves," 
 referring to dwellings anciently hollowed out in the crags on S. 
 side of the town on the banks of the riv. Leen), mun. bor. (since 
 Sa.xon times), co. bor., and pari bor. (three members), cap. of 
 CO., CO. in itself, and market-tn., Eng., 110 m. NNW. London, 
 in the diocese of Southwell, near the Trent, close to the S. end 
 of the Yorkshire, Derbyshire, and Notts coalfield, on the M. R. 
 and branches of G. N. R. and L. & NW. R. At one time it 
 had a considerable woollen industry, but it has long been noted 
 for its hosiery, which was first introduced about the close of the 
 i6th century by one William Lee, who afterwards went to France 
 on the invitation of Henry IV. Its staple industry at present 
 is cotton hosiery, and Nottingham also is chief centre of net and 
 lace manufacture. Nottingham occurs in Doomsday Book, a 
 castle having been built by William I. Seat of a Roman Catholic 
 bishop. It has excellent and extensive recreation spaces, e.g., 
 Bulwell Forest, 135 ac. , and the public playgrounds, 150 ac. 
 University College is a magnificent pile of buildings, including 
 new technical schools. Nottingham Castle is now an art 
 museum. There are many fairs. Market-days, M., W. , and 
 S. ; the cattle-market occupying 7 ac. Pari bor. P. (1891) E. 
 div. 69,800, S. div. 62,000, W. div. 82,000; co. , mun., and pari, 
 bor. P. (1851) 57,400; (1871) 86,600; (1891) 213,900. 
 
 Nottinghamshire, or Notts, inland co. , Eng. , forming part 
 of the Trent basin, divided into the pari divs. mentioned in the 
 following table : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1 89 1. 
 
 Bassetlaw 
 
 Newark 
 
 Rushcliffe 
 
 Mansfield 
 
 Pari bors 
 
 Total (anct. and administrative co. ) 
 
 205,389 
 
 183,963 
 
 89,128 
 
 50.337 
 10,935 
 
 51.572 
 50.035 
 64,603 
 65.736 
 213,877 
 
 539.752 
 
 445.823 
 
 Drained by the Trent and its tribs., the Erewash, Soar, Idle, &c. , 
 the surface varies from a flat alluvial valley as it rises through 
 fertile and well-wooded land to Sherwood Forest in the W. 
 
N OTT 
 
 NOVA 
 
 (600 ft. near Mansfield), and to the Wolds, or upland moors, in 
 the extreme S. The geological basis consists of coal-measures 
 (supplying over forty collieries), with some Permian rocks and 
 New Red Sandstone and Lias. The coal-mines are at Notting- 
 ham, Eastwood, Basford, Bestwood, Kirby, Selston, Pinxton, 
 Hucknall Torkard, Mansfield, and Shireoaks ; blast-furnaces 
 at Nottingham. Gypsum is worked at Nottingham, Gotham, 
 Elton, and Newark. The soil is mostly gravel and sand, 
 which, in the Trent valley, underlies a rich mould. For agri- 
 cultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. The chief manu- 
 factures are hosiery and lace, this county having for more than 
 a century been the centre of the former trade. The M. R. , 
 G. N. R., L. & NW. R., and M. S. & L. R. cross this county 
 in various directions. Many names of places are Danish, and 
 several sieges and battles give the district a place in our history. 
 The county contains 4 mun. bors. , and comprises parts of the 
 dioceses of Southwell and York. See England, table. 
 
 Nottlng Hill, W. suburb of London, Eng. , 4 m. W. St. 
 Paul's, with stns. on the District and Metropolitan Rly. (Notting 
 Hill, Ladbroke Grove on the Outer Circle, Notting Hill Gate 
 on the Inner). 
 
 Kotton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 4^ m. 
 N. Barnsley, i m. NNW. of its stn. (Notton for Royston) on the 
 M. S. & L. R. , and i m. W. of Koyston and Nutton stn. on 
 the M. R., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Nottoivay, CO., U.S., Virginia, N. of 37° N., and crossed by 
 78° W. , bounded on the S. by the Nottoway R. 
 
 Nottnln, comm., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle and 11 m. 
 W. Miinster. P. < 4000. 
 
 NottwU, vil. , Switzd., cant, and 9 m. NW. by W. Lucerne, 
 on the W. side of Lake Sempach. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Notivane, riv. , in the SE. of the Protectorate of Bechuana- 
 land, flowing NE. and joining the Limpopo a little to the S. of 
 the Tropic of Capricorn. 
 
 Notye, tn. , Turkey, vilayet, sanjak, and 49 m. NW. Salonica, 
 in the dist. known as Karajova or Moglena. 
 
 Nougliavnl, par.. Ire., NW. co. Clare, bar. Burren, 18 m. 
 S. by W. Gal way ; 4661 ac. P. 050. 
 
 Nonghaval, par., Ire., cos. Longford and Westmeath, bars. 
 Rathcline, Shrule, and Kilkenny W. , on riv. Inny, contains 
 Bally mahon town ; 12,726 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Noumea, tn., New Caledonia. See Nuniea. 
 
 Noup Head, on NW. ct. of Westray I., Orkney, on W. side 
 of Noup Bay. 
 
 Nousbera, tns., India. See Nausliahra. 
 
 Nouvelle, la, tn. and trading port, France, dep. Aude, arr. 
 Narbonne, cant, and 4 m. ESE. Sigean, on Sigean lagoon, 
 and at the mouth of the Roubine Canal. The port requires 
 constant dredging to keep it free from sand. P. <20oo. 
 
 Nouvelle Klver, riv., Canada, Quebec, flows S. then SE. 
 into Chaleur Bay, about 66° 20' W. 
 
 Nonvlon, Le, tn. , France, on the N. border of dep. Aisne, 
 arr. Vervins, on the Sambre, 26 m. NE. by E. St. Quentin. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Nouvlon-en-Ponthleu, vil., France, dep. Somme, arr. and 
 7 m. NNW. Abbeville. P. <20oo. 
 
 Nonzon, tn., France, dep. Ardennes, on the r. bk. of the 
 Meuse, 12 m. NW. Sedan, arr. and 4 m. NNE. M6zieres. 
 P. 6500. 
 
 Nova Frlburgo ('New Freiburg'), German colony, Brazil, 
 state and 53 m. NE. Rio de Janeiro. Alt. 2874 ft. Mean 
 temp. (4 yrs., 1882-86), yr. 63.8° F., Feb. 68.6°, July 57.8°. 
 
 Novaia, Novaya, Slavonic, 'new.' See Neu. 
 
 Novara, the ancient Novaria, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, cap. prov. 
 Novara, 27 m. W. Milan. Its cathedral, dating from the 5th 
 century, was rebuilt in the nth century ; the dome is of the 17th 
 century. Ceded to the House of Savoy in 1735. Charles Albert 
 was here defeated, March 23, 1849, and abdicated in favour of 
 his son, Victor Emmanuel. P. 15,200. 
 
 Novara, tn., Sicily, prov. and 26 m. SW. by W. Messina. 
 P. <4oc)0. 
 
 Novar, stn., Scot., Ross-shire, on the H. R. , on the Glass, 6 
 m. NE. by N. Dingfwall. 
 
 Nova i^cotla (with New Brunswick, the Acadia, or Acadle, 
 of the early French settlers), penin. of N. America, on E. side, 
 forming with the isl. of Cape Breton (q.v.) a prov. of the 
 Dominion of Canada, stretching NE. and SW. between 43° 25'- 
 47° ^- . 59° 4o'-66° 25' W. , connected N W. with New Bruns- 
 wick by an isthmus 14 m. across, separated on the N. from 
 Prince Edward I. by Northumberland Strait, and by the 
 narrow Gut of Canso from Cape Breton on the NE. , having 
 on other sides the Atlantic and the Bay of Fundy. Its position, 
 farther E. than any other portion of the N. American continent 
 except Labrador, marks it as the great natural highway for 
 travel between Europe and America. Length about 300 m. ; 
 area about two-fifths that of England ; cap. Halifax, on E. ct. 
 Surface much diversified ; highest in the N. , where the Cobequid 
 Mts. rise to 1200 ft. Rivers and lakes are numerous ; the 
 former are generally short, but usually navigable for a few miles 
 by coasting craft ; the principal rivers are Annapolis and 
 
 Shubenacadie, flowing into the Bay of Fundy ; St. Mary's, 
 Musquodoboit, and La Have to the Atlantic ; Rossignol, the 
 largest lake in Nova Scotia proper (20 m. in length), and Ship 
 Harbour lake (15 m.). Shores irregular, abrupt, and indented 
 by numerous bays and harbours, with deep water close to land ; 
 principal inlets St. George's and Chedabucto Bays in NE. , Hali- 
 fax Harbour, St. Margaret's, and Mahone Bays in S. , St. Mary's, 
 Minas with Cobequid and Townsend Bays, and Pictou Harbour 
 on N. ct. The forests of Nova Scotia abound in good timber, ash, 
 beech, birch, maple, oak, pine, and spruce being the common- 
 est. Among the native quadrupeds are the moose, cariboo, bear, 
 fox, marten, otter, minx, hare, racoon, beaver, &c. ; feathered 
 game is plentiful. Cattle are extensively reared for slaughter, 
 but dairy-farming is limited. In the value of its fisheries 
 Nova Scotia ranks first amongst the provs. of the Dominion ; 
 mackerel, herring, cod, haddock, halibut, pollock, gaspereau, 
 salmon, and shad are taken in large numbers. Climate re- 
 markably healthy, and more equable than that of any other prov. 
 in the Dominion, but the Atlantic coast is subject to dense fogs. 
 The W. half of the prov. is more fertile than the E. Around 
 the head of the Bay of Fundy and its branch, the Bay of Minas, 
 are extensive 'dyke-lands' or 'salt marshes,' tracts of marine 
 alluvium deposited by the tides ; these lands, which have been 
 reclaimed and protected by broad mud dykes, produce enormous 
 crops of ' salt hay ' and cultivated grasses. Of cereals the most 
 widely cultivated is oats, but wheat, barley, rye, maize, and 
 buckwheat are grown, as also various root-crops. Much atten- 
 tion is paid to the cultivation of fruit (chiefly in Annapolis, 
 King's, and Hants cos.), and the Annapolis valley especially 
 is famous for the excellence of its apples, which are exported 
 in considerable quantities. Peaches, plums, cherries, small 
 fruit, pumpkins, melons, and tomatoes grow abundantly, and 
 find a ready market in Boston and other towns on the E. ct. 
 of the U.S. Minerals are very important; they include coal, 
 worked chiefly in Cumberland, Pictou, and Colchester, and in 
 Cape Breton ; gold (Stormont, Oldham) ; iron (Londonderry 
 and Ferrona) ; copper (Coxheath, &c. ) ; gypsum (Windsor, 
 Nova Scotia, Mabou, and Baddeck, in Cape Breton) ; excellent 
 building-stone and grindstone, found chiefly at Amherst. Ship- 
 building, formerly important, has declined since the introduc- 
 tion of iron ships, and manufactures generally are as yet little 
 developed. The principal exports are fish, coal, and other 
 minerals, and lumber. Besides the Intercolonial and C. P. Rlys. , 
 which afford direct communication with the Pacific coast. Nova 
 Scotia is intersected by various lines, extending from Sydney to 
 Yarmouth, and a ship railway across the isthmus of Chignecto 
 is in course of construction. St. Peter's Canal unites the Bras 
 d'Or lake with the Atlantic. Area, 20,600 sq. m. P. 450,396. 
 See Cape Breton, Canada, Dominion of, table. (Report on 
 the Mines of Nova Scotia, Halifax, 1893.) 
 
 Nova Vares, tn., Turkey in Europe, sanjak and 40 m. NW. 
 by W. Novibazar. 
 
 Novaya, Novaia, Slavonic, ' new.' See A^eu. 
 Novaya Chlgla, vil., Russia, govt, and 60 m. SE. Voronezh. 
 P. 11,600. 
 Novaya Derevnya, suburb of St. Petersburg. 
 Novaya Ladoga, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 98 m. ENE. 
 St. Petersburg, at entrance of Volkhov into Lake Ladoga and 
 Ladoga Canal; shipping. P. < 5000, rising to 50,000 during 
 navigation. 
 
 Novaya Praga, or Petrlkovka, tn. , Russia, govt. Kherson, 
 100 m. W. by N. Ekaterinoslav, near to Znamenka rly. junc. 
 P. 7400. 
 Novaya Slblr, isl. , Siberia. See New Siberia. 
 Novaya Usliltsa, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Podolia, 43 m. 
 ENE. Kamenets Podolsk. P. 5100. 
 
 Novaya Imlolaga, vil., Russia, govt, and 22 m. SW. 
 Kharkov. P. 6750. 
 
 Novaya Zemlya (Nova Zembla, 'New Land'), large isl. 
 surrounded by many small ones, Russia, Arctic Ocean, 70° 30'- 
 77° N. , 52°-69° E. ; has the shape of an elongated crescent, 6oO' 
 m. in length, 60 m. average width, separates the Arctic Ocean 
 (Barents's Sea) from Kara Sea. Its southern part appears as a 
 continuation of Vaigach I. , from which it is separated by Kara 
 Strait. Novaya Zemlya is cut through about its middle by a 
 narrow strait, Matochkin Shar. W. ct. much indented, with 
 many islands along it, the chief bays being— Sakhanikha, 
 Kostin Shar in S. and Moller Bay in N. of Goose Land, 
 Marquis de Traverse Bay, and Nordenskjold Bay. The N. end 
 is named Barents's Land, and terminates in Cape Mauritius. 
 Mezhdusharskiy, Gorbovyie, Pankratiev, and Gulfstream Is. 
 along W. coast, and Pakhtusov I. near E. coast, are the chief 
 islands. S. part occupied by a plateau, with parallel ridges 
 about 2000 ft. high ; middle part alpine highlands, with peaks 
 3200-4650 ft. ; much lower and massive farther N. , where it is 
 covered by an ice-sheet. Built up of Archaean granites and 
 schists, Silurian or Devonian limestones, and Jurassic clay-slates, 
 which are covered in places with Eocene deposits testifying to a 
 warmer climate. Climate colder than even that of Spitzbergen, 
 the average yearly temp, on the W. coast being 17° near 
 
 1117 
 
NOVA— NOVO 
 
 Matochkin Shar (winter 4°, summer 36.5°), 15° at Kamenka 
 further S. (70° 35' N.), and 19.6° at Melkaya Guba (73° 55' N.) ; 
 still lower by about 2° in corresponding latitude on E. coast. 
 The influence of a warm continuation of the Gulf Stream is felt 
 on the W. coast. There are years when the island has been 
 circumnavigated without difficulty. Vegetation very poor. The 
 brown and white bear, the common and polar fox, the wolf, and 
 various species of mice and lemmings, as well as several species 
 of birds, stay in the island, while countless ducks, geese, swans, 
 and sea-birds come to nest. Walruses, seals, and dolphins 
 swarm along the coasts, and, together with the birds, attracted 
 in the 16th century numerous hunters, who often wintered in 
 Novaya Zemlya. The pursuit has fallen off lately, but still 
 nearly 2000 hunters come together every year in the neighbour- 
 hood of Cape Voronov. Whale hunting was attempted lately. 
 A permanent settlement of a few Samoyede families has been 
 established of late at Karmakuly, in Moller Bay. Visited by 
 Sir Hugh Willoughby (1553), Burrough (1556), and Barents 
 (1594), and explored by Count Liitke (1821-24), and in recent 
 years by several expeditions ; crossed by Grinevetskiy (1878) in 
 the E. of Karmakuly. Area, 35,163 sq. m. 
 
 Nova Zagora (Turkish I'eul Saglira), tn., Bulgaria, Eastern 
 Roumelia, prov. and 20 m. ENE. Stara Zagora (Eski Saghra). 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Nov^ant, vil. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Moselle R. , circle and 9 m. SW. Metz. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Novelna, vil. , Switzd. See Nufeiieii. 
 
 Novelda, tn. , Spain, prov. and 15 m. W. by N. Alicante, 
 cap. dist. Novelda. P. (comm. ) 9600. 
 
 Novellara, tn. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 11 m. NNE. Reggio. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Noventa dl Piave, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. Venice, 14 m. 
 E. Treviso. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Noventa Vlcentliia, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. Vicenza, circle 
 Lonigo, 17 m. SW. Padua. P. (comm.) 5500. 
 
 Novgorod, govt, of NW. Russia, has St. Petersburg and 
 Olonets in the W. and N., Vologda, Yaroslav and Tver in 
 SE. , and Pskov in SW. Its S. part is occupied by Valdai 
 plateau, 800 to 1000 ft. high, which steeply descends towards 
 Lake Ilmeii in W. , while in NE. it gently slopes towards Lakes 
 Ladoga and Onega, and is dotted with over 3000 lakes (Byelo 
 Ozero, the largest) and marshes, some of them 350 to 400 
 sq. m. , covered with thin birch and elm forests. Built up of 
 Devonian and Carboniferous deposits, covered with boulder-clay. 
 Contains the upper parts of rivers flowing to the Caspian, the 
 Baltic, and the White Seas, connected by canals. Chief rivs. : 
 Volkhov, which flows from Lake Ilmen into Ladoga ; Syas, trib. 
 of Ladoga ; Sheksna and Mologa, tribs. of Volga. Climate harsh, 
 the average temp, at Novgorod being, yr. 39°, Jan. 14.5°, July 
 62.5°. Agriculture and cattle-breeding not very profitable ; 
 manufactures few ; petty trades in villages ; considerable fisheries 
 in lakes. People, Great Russian. Divided into eleven dists. : 
 Novgorod, Borovichi, Byelozersk, Cherepovets, Demiyansk, 
 Kirilov, Krestsy, Staraya, Russa, Tikhvin, Ustyuzhna, and 
 Valdai. Area, 47,236 sq. m. P. (1870) 1,011,500 ; (1890) 
 1,254,900. 
 
 Novgorod, cap. of above govt., 119 m. S. of St. Petersburg, 
 on Volkhov, 2 m. below its issue from Lake Ilmen, 45 m. by 
 rail from Chudovo stn., on St. Petersburg-Moscow Rly. Old 
 city, which exercised a supremacy over the Russian town, in the 
 9th century. From 997 it was under the rule of its own vyeche, 
 elected its own princes, and often refused to have any, re- 
 maining then under the rule of its elected mayor [posadnik). 
 The city had in the 14th century a population of about 100,000 
 inhabitants, and carried on a considerable trade, entering into 
 the Hansa, and maintaining its independence against the Ger- 
 mans and the Swedes. Was conquered and devastated by the 
 Moscow Tsars in 1570. Consists now of the old Kreml and 
 the city, on both banks of the river. The Kreml contains 
 many historical relics (cathedral of St. Sophia, Yaroslav's Tower, 
 &c.), dating from the nth century. Mean temp., yr. 39.6° F. , 
 Jan. 17.0°, July 64.8°. P. 24,850. 
 
 Novgoro«l Bay, Russian Manchuria, in Gulf of Posiet ; excel- 
 lent anchoring place ; some coal extracted at Russian port. 
 
 Novgorod Syeversk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 113 m. 
 ENE. Chernigov, on r. bk. of the navigable Desna. Old town, 
 of importance in nth century, conquered by Lithuanians in 14th 
 century, annexed by Russia in 1654. Trade in hemp, flax, and 
 timber. P. 8120. 
 
 Novgorod Volhyiiskly. See Novograd I'olliyiiskly. 
 
 Novi, Slavonic, 'new.' See Neu. 
 
 Novl, tn., on the N. frontier of Bosnia, prov. Banjaluka, on 
 the Sana, at its confluence with the Una, 78 m. W. by S. Bred. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Novl, seapt., Hungary, Croatia, on the Morlacca Channel, 
 22 m. SE. Fiume ; seat of a bishop. P. <4oco. 
 
 Novlbazar, or Novlpazar (Turkish Yeiilpazar), tn. , Turkey 
 
 in Europe, cap. sanjak Novlbazar, 62 m. SSW. Kraguyevatz ; 
 
 surrounded by forts. Novibazar has succeeded to Stari Bazar, 
 
 a short distance to the SW., on the site oi Rashka, the old cap. 
 
 1118 
 
 of the Servian princes. The sanjak, in which, under the treaty 
 of Berlin (1878), Austria maintains a military force, is a tongue 
 projecting NW. between Montenegro and Servia as far as the 
 frontier of Bosnia, and has an area of 2840 sq. m. (exclusive of 
 the dist. of Mitrovitsa, detached from it since the treaty), and a 
 population of about 150,000, exclusive of the Austrian garrison" 
 of about 3000. 
 
 Novl dl Hodeiia, tn. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 17 m. N. 
 Modena. P. (comm.) 6300. 
 
 Novl Llgnre, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 13 m. SE. 
 Alessandria. P. 13,800. 
 
 Novigentum, or Novientum, tns. , France. See Nogent>le-Rol 
 and St. Cloud. 
 
 Novlgrad, comm., Austria, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Bjelovar 
 Krizevci, dist. Kapronca, 50 m. ENE. Agram. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Novlgrad, comm., Austria, crownland Dalmatia, 17 m. ENE. 
 Zara, on the Canale della Morlacca. P. 5000. 
 
 Novllle, comm., Belgium, prov. and 9 m. W. by N. Liege, 
 arr. Waremme. P. < 2000. 
 
 Novllle, comm., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 4 m. S, Montreux. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Noviodumim, tn. , France. See Nevers. 
 
 Noviodunum, tn., Switzd. See Nyon. 
 
 Noviomagus, tn. , France. See Noyon. 
 
 Noviomagus, tn. , Netherlands. See Nljniegeit. 
 
 Novlon-Porcleu, vil., France, dep. Ardennes, 23 m. S. by 
 W. Rocroi, arr. and 7 m. NNE. Rethel. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Novl-Pazar, Turkish Yeiil-Pazar, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. 
 Sumen, 37 m. W. by N. Varna. P. <30oo. See also Novl- 
 bazar. 
 
 Novlta, tn. , Colombia, Cauca, 112 m. SW. Medellin, built 
 upon piles ; has rich gold-mines. Alt. 575 ft. P. 8000. 
 
 Novo, Slavonic, 'new.' See. Neu. 
 
 Novo-Alexandrovsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 114 m. 
 ENE. Kovno. P. 7540. 
 
 Novo-Bayazet, or Novyl Bayazet (Armenian Kavar), tn., 
 Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 61 m. ENE. Erivan, near 
 Lake Gokcha. Alt. 5870 ft. P. 7120. 
 
 Novo-Byelgorod, or Peclienyeghl, tn., Russia, govt, and 
 35 m. ESE. Kharkov, on N. Donets R. P. 6500. 
 
 Novocherkassk, tn., Russia, cap. of prov. of Don Cossacks, 
 near r. bk. of lower Don, 20 m. by rail NE. Rostov ; consider- 
 able trade in cereals, wine, and other produce of agpriculture. 
 P. 34,220. 
 
 Novo-Derevyankovskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, 
 prov. Kuban, dist. Yeisk. P. 6220. 
 
 Novo-Ekaterlnoslavl, tn., Russia, govt, and 94 m. SE. 
 Kharkov. P. 7000. 
 
 Novogeorglevsk. 1. (Krylov), tn., Russia, govt. Kherson, 
 at junction of Tyasmin with Dnieper, 9 m. from Kremenchug 
 railway junction. P. 9000. 9. (Modlln), first-class fortress, 
 Russian Poland, 19 m. NW. Warsaw, at junction of Narew with 
 Vistula, at right flank of Vistula line of defence ; can shelter 
 50,000 men. Nowe Miasto close by. P. 6oco. 
 
 Novo-Georglevskoye (Teriiovka), vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, 
 govt, and 32 m. NNE. Stavropol. 
 
 Novograd Tolhynskly, dist. tn. , Russia, govt. Volhynia, 64 
 m. NW. Zhitomir. P. 14,650. 
 
 Novogrudek (Polish Nowogrddek), dist. tn. , Russia, govt, 
 and 95 m. WSW. Minsk, 5 m. from rly. to Vilna. P. 12,600. 
 
 Novokliopersk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 163 m. ESE. 
 Voronezh, on r. bk. Khoper ; trade in corn. P. 6000. 
 
 Novo-Lenshkovskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, prov. Kuban, 
 dist. and 90 m. SE. Yeisk. P. 5800. 
 
 Novoll, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 6 m. WNW. Lecce, 23 
 m. S. by E. Brindisi. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Novomesto, comm., Austria. See Rudolfs 'tvertli. 
 
 Novo-Mlkliallovskoye, two vils. , Russia, N. Caucasia. I. 
 Govt. Stavropol, dist. Medvyedevskiy. P. 8250. 2. Prov. 
 Kuban, dist. Labinsk, 70 m. Stavropol. P. 8990. 
 
 Novo-Nluskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, prov. Kuban, dist. 
 and 42 m. SE. Yeisk. P. 6490. 
 
 Novo-Mirgorod, tn. , Russia, govt, and 194 m. NW. Kherson, 
 on frontier with Kiev ; large fairs in cattle. P. 6625. 
 
 Novomoskovsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 19 m. NE. 
 Ekaterinoslav, on r. bk. Samara. P. 19,210. 
 
 Novo-Mysliastovskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, 
 prov. Kubaii, 23 m. NW. Ekaterinodar. P. 7460. 
 
 Novo-Nlkolalevskaya, Cossack vil. and seapt., Russia, prov. 
 of Don, 38 m. WSW. Taganrog, on Sea of Azov. P. 10,220. 
 
 Novo-Nlzlinestebllevskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Cau- 
 casia, prov. Kuban, 58 m. NW. Ekaterinodar, on Ponura R. 
 P. 7810. 
 
 Novo-Pokrovskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, prov. Kuban, 90 
 m. NW. Stavropol. P. 8955. 
 
 Novo-Radomsk, tn. , Russia. See Radomsko. 
 
 Novo Redondo, seapt. , Portuguese W. Africa, 170 m. S. by 
 E. Loanda, in about 11° 7' S. 
 
 Novorosslya (' New Russia'), name given to Russian govts. 
 Ekaterinoslav, Kherson, and Taurida. 
 
NOVO 
 
 NU E V 
 
 NoTorosslysk, tn. and seapt., Russia, chief town of the Cher- 
 nomorskiy Okrug of Caucasia, residence of military governor, 
 at the head of Novorossiysk Bay, NE. ct. of Black Sea, con- 
 nected by rail with and 60 m. from Ekaterinodar. This beauti- 
 ful bay (Sujuk, Turkish) is open to SE., and suffers in winter 
 from the terrible bora wind, which inconvenience is remedied 
 ■ now by the building of a mole. The town, which had been 
 abandoned, was repeopled a few years ago, and is now become 
 a centre for export of cereals. Temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 54.8° F., 
 Jan. 35-3°, July 75.5° ; mean rfall. (10 yrs.), yr. 33.4 in. ; Nov.- 
 March 17 in. P. (1893) 28,000. 
 
 Kovo>Rozhde8tven»kaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, 
 prov. Kuban, 75 m. NE. Ekaterinodar. P. 7715. 
 
 Novorzhev, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 60 m. SE. Pskov. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Novoselltsv, tn. , Russia, Bessarabia, near Austrian and 
 Roumanian frontier, on Pruth R., 35 ni. SSW. Kamenets 
 Podolsk ; one of the chief custom-houses ; dep6t for timber. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Novoselo ('new town'), tn., Bulgaria, prov. Love5, 40 m. 
 WSW. Tirnova. P. < 5000. 
 
 Novoselo, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. and 12 m. NNW. Viddin, on 
 the Danube. See Staro Novoselo. 
 
 NoToselovo, vil., E. Siberia, prov. Yeniseisk, on r. bk. Kan, 
 90 m. ENE. Krasnoyarsk. P. <5ooo. 
 
 NoYO-Shcherbinovskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, 
 prov. Kubaii, dist. Yeisk. P. 7000. 
 
 Novosll, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 97 m. SSW. Tula. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 NoTO-TltaroTskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kubafi, 16 m. N. Ekaterinodar. P. 7530. 
 
 NoTO-Troitskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kubafi, 32 m. NW. Stavropol. P. 6130. 
 
 Novo-Tsnrnklialtnl, Cossack vil., E. Siberia, prov. Trans- 
 baikalia, 275 m. SE. Chita, on Argun R., on frontier of Mon- 
 golia; brisk trade. P. < 5000. 
 
 NoToukralnka, also Pavlovsk, tn. , Russia, govt. Kherson, 
 dist. Elisabethgrad, 120 m. SW. Kremenchug. P. 6600. 
 
 Novonzensk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 242 m. SSW. 
 Samara; considerable fair for trade with Kirghiz Steppe. 
 P. 13,300. 
 
 Sfovo-Vellclikovskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, 
 prov. Kubafi, 32 m. NW. Ekaterinodar. P. 5810. 
 
 Novo-Yegorlykskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, 
 govt, and 96 m. N. Stavropol. P. 6860. 
 
 Novo York, Bolivia. See Aqnlry, riv. 
 
 NovozybkoT, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and loi m. NNE. 
 Chernigov; considerable trade. P. 15,125. 
 
 Novyi-Bayazet, tn., Russia. See Novo-Bayazet. 
 
 Jfovyi Bug, tn. , Russia, govt, and 93 m. NNW. Kherson. 
 
 P. 5500- 
 
 Novyi lerusallm. See Voskresensk. 
 
 Novyl Oskol, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 137m. SE. Kursk, 
 on Oskol R. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Jfowa Aleksandrya. See Puiawy. 
 
 No>va e6ra, vil., Austria, crownland Galicia, 17 m. NW. by 
 W. Cracow. P. < 2000 
 
 Nowawes (Slavonic, ' new town'), vil. , Prussia, prov. Branden- 
 burg, circle Teltow, on the E. or 1. bk. of the Havel, opposite 
 Potsdam ; an important seat of manufactures, the weaving 
 {especially cotton weaving) industry in which was stimulated by 
 the settlement here by Frederick the Great of Bohemian families 
 who had been compelled to emigrate by the persecution of the 
 Jesuits. The manufactures now include plushes, woollens, and 
 cottons. P. (1852) 3400; (1871)5200; (1890)8900. 
 
 No-we Mlasto, tn., Russian Poland, govt. Piotrk6w, 48 m. 
 SW. Warsaw, on high 1. bk. Pilica ; watering-place. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Noivgoiig, tn., Brit. India, Assam, cap. dist. Nowgong, 56 m. 
 E. by N. GauhAti. P. < 5000. 
 
 NoM'gong, tn. and cantonment, Central India, Bundelkhand, 
 between dist. Hamfrpur and Chhatarpur state ; has the Raj- 
 kumar College, established in memory of Lord Mayo by the 
 native chiefs of Bundelkhand. P. 10,900 ; Hindus, 6700 ; 
 Moham. 3300. 
 
 Nowliu, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, bounded on the S. by 44° N., 
 between 101° and 102° W. 
 
 Mowogr6dek, tn. , Russia. See Novogrudek. 
 
 Jfowra, tp., New South Wales, Vincent co., 50 m. E. by S. 
 Goulburn. P. <2ooo. 
 
 No-^vtoii, par., Eng., Suffolk, 3 m. SE. Bury St. Edmunds. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Nowydw6r, tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 21 m. by rail 
 NW. Warsaw. P. 5700. 
 
 Ncwy-Sacz, tn., Austria. See Sandec, Xen. 
 
 No.vnbee, co. , U.S., Mississippi, bordering on Alabama. 
 
 Noya, seapt., on the W. ct. of Spain, prov. Corunna, cap. dist. 
 Noya, on the Ria de Miiro y Noya, 19 m. WSW. Santiago. P. 
 (comm. ) 9400. 
 
 Noyant, vil., France, dep. Maine-et- Loire, 28 m. WNW. 
 Tours, arr. and 10 m. E. by S. Baug6. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Noyeu>8ur>Sartlie, tn., France, dep. Sarthe, arr. La Fl^che, 
 17 m. SW. by W. Le Mans. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Bfoyers, tn., France, dep. Yonne, on the Serain, 42 m. S. 
 Troyes, arr. and 12 m. S. Tonnerre. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Noyon, the ancient Novioinagus, tn., France, dep. Oise, on 
 the Oise, arr. and 14 m. NE. by N. Compiegne ; has important 
 sugar-works, manufactures of sheet-iron, and chemical products. 
 The old cathedral, Notre-Dame, is one of the earliest pointed 
 Gothic structures in France, begun about 1150. Birthplace of 
 the reformer Calvin, 1509. 
 
 Nozay, tn., France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, arr. Chateaubriant, 
 25 m. N. by W. Nantes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Nozeroy, vil., France, dep. Jura, arr. Poligny, 32 m. S. 
 Besan9on. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Nozn, vil., Japan, Honshiu, 105 m. SW. Niigata. P. <20oo. 
 
 Nslra, or Eiistra, oasis, Algeria, prov. Constantine, 55 m. 
 SSE. Biskra, about i m. W. of the Shot Melrhirh, 60 ft. below 
 the level of the Mediterranean. 
 
 Nsuaeni, Gold Coast Colony. See Iiisualni. 
 
 Ntara, fort, Brit. E. Africa, not far from the riv. Mpanga, E. 
 of the NE. arm of Lake Albert Edward. 
 
 Ntonibo-Moeiia, vil., W. Africa, Congo Free State, 60 m. 
 NE. Vivi, in about 5° 4' S., 13° 59' E. 
 
 Ntnuda, fortified vil. , Portuguese E. Africa, in about 16° 44' 
 S. , about 10 m. E. of the Shire. 
 
 Ntupiisa, important vil. in the Hukong (upper Chindwin) 
 valley, Upper Burma, in 26° 41' N.; centre of indiarubber trade. 
 
 Ntwe-iitwe, salt-pan, S. Africa. See Kalahari. 
 
 Nu, lake, E. Africa. See No. 
 
 Nn, or Dnbouzet, isl. , off SW. ct. of New Caledonia, closing 
 on the W. the port of Numea ; contains the penitentiary for 
 French deported convicts. 
 
 Naanetse, or Nwanetse, telegraph stn. of Brit. E. Africa Co. , 
 where the Company's road to Fort Salisbury crosses the Nuanetsc 
 R. (1. bk. trib. of the Limpopo), in about 21° S., 30° 38' E. 
 
 NAba, vil. , Palestine, perhaps the Nebo of Ezra xi. 29 and 
 Nehemiah vii. 33, 31° 37' N., 35° 2' E. , 7 m. NW. by N. El 
 Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Nuba, tribe, E. Sudan, principally S. of Kordofan. 
 
 Nnbeena, post-tn., Tasmania, co. Pembroke, 25 m. E. 
 Hobart. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Nnbla (name probably derived from the Old Egyptian naub 
 or nub=^%o\6., on account of the ancient gold-mines of Nubia), 
 country in NE. Africa, on both sides of the Nile {q.v.), between 
 the Egyptian frontier and Khartum, and between the Red Sea 
 and the Libyan Desert. The fertile parts of Nubia are limited 
 to the Nile valley, the rest of the country consisting of deserts, 
 viz., E. of the Nile the Nubian Desert, and W. of it the 
 desert El-Jezira, and S. of the latter the Bayuda Steppe. 
 Agriculture (durrah, maize, wheat, barley, beans, &c.) is of 
 importance in the Nile valley ; and pastoral pursuits (cattle, 
 camels, horses, goats, &c.) form the occupation of the nomadic 
 tribes on both sides of the Nile. The inhabitants are of Hamitic- 
 Semitic origin — Berabra, Shaikiyeh, Robatat, Jalin, Ababde, 
 Bisharin, Hadendoa, and Kababish tribes. Staple products are 
 gum, dates, and ivory. The gold mines of Nubia, which were 
 very productive in antiquity, have long since ceased to yield any 
 output. Three caravan routes through the desert are of import- 
 ance, viz. : (i) from Sawakin (Suakin) to Berber ; (2) from Korosko 
 to Abu Hammed ; (3) from Ed-Debbeh to Omdurman. Many 
 ancient ruins are met with from the Egyptian frontier to Khartum. 
 Principal towns : Omdurman, Khartum, Shendi, Berber, Abu- 
 Hammed, Old Dongola, Kasr Dongola, and Kaibar. Area 
 estimated at 280,000 sq. m.; P. at 1,000,000. See Egypt, Nile, 
 Sahara. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Nnble, prov., Chile, just S. of 36° S., and crossed by 72° W. 
 
 Nubra, riv., Ladakh, flows SE. from the Karakoram range 
 into the Shyok, which it enters in about -jj" 38' E. Its valley is 
 ascended by the winter route from Leh to the Karakoram Pass. 
 Jour. R. G. S., 1878, pp. 175-76. 
 
 Nucerla, tn. , Italy. See Nocera del Paganl. 
 
 Nuckolls, CO., U. S. , Nebraska, on S. frontier, crossed by 98° W. 
 
 Nuddea, dist. , Brit. India. See Nadlya. 
 
 Nudgee, settlement, Queensland, in 27° 24' S., 153° 4' E., 
 about 9 m. from Brisbane. 
 
 Nueces, CO., U.S., Texas, on the Gulf of Mexico, crossed in 
 the extreme N. by 28° N. 
 
 Nueces, riv., U.S., Texas, in the SE. ; it rises on a plateau 
 in the S. of the state and flows on the whole SE. to the Gulf of 
 Mexico, emptying itself through Corpus Christi Bay to the S. of 
 28° N. ; length about 400 m. 
 
 Nuer, pastoral tribe, Soudan, dwelling near the confluences 
 of the Nile branches, Bahr-el-Jebel, Bahr-el-Ghazal, and Sobat. 
 
 Nueva, Nuevo, Spanish, 'new.' 
 
 Nueva Caceres, Philippine Is. See Naga. 
 
 Nueva Espafia. See New Spain. 
 
 Nueva derona, vil., W. Indies, I. of Pines, on the N. ct., 
 in 82° 38' W. , between Florida and Cuba. 
 
 Nueva Helvecia, Swiss colony, founded in 1863, Uruguay, 
 dep. Colonia, 73 m. NW. by W. Montevideo. 
 
 1119 
 
NUEV — NUNT 
 
 Nueva Palmira, or Hignerltas, vil., Uruguay, dep. and 
 60 m. NW. Colonia, and 20 m. above the mouth of the riv. 
 Uruguay. 
 
 Jfueva Paz, vil., Cuba, 47 m. SE. by E. Havana. P. 9600. 
 
 Jfueva Provldeiicla, vil., Venezuela, Bolivar, on the 
 Yuruari, 200 m. S. of the SW. point of the isl. of Trinidad. 
 A little to the NW. are the gold-mines of El Callao. 
 
 Nueva San Salvador, Central America. See San Salvador. 
 
 Nneva Segovia, dep.. Central America, Nicaragua, on N. 
 frontier, cap. Ocotal. 
 
 Nueve de Julio, usually written, 9 de Jnllo, vil., Argentine 
 Republic, prov. and 155 m. WSW. Buenos Aires, at head of 
 railway line ; so called in remembrance of the day of the Decla- 
 ration of Independence of the Argentine Republic. P. 4000. 
 
 Nuevltas, maritime tn. , Cuba, N. ct., 141 m. NW. Santiago 
 de Cuba, the port, and 35 m. NNE. of Puerto Principe, called 
 Puerto del Principe by Columbus, who visited this port during 
 his first voyage ; at the head of the southern arm of the Puerto 
 de Nuevltas, in 77° 20' W. Exports mahogany, cedar, and 
 other woods. P. 6600. 
 
 A^««.'<7, Spanish, 'new.' ^c& Ntieva. 
 
 Nuevo Berlin, Ger. colony, Uruguay, founded 1874. See 
 Berlin. 
 
 Nnevo Leon (from the missionary Diego de Leon), one of the 
 states of Mexico, on the NE. slopes of the E. Sierra Madre, 
 traversed by rivs. Salado (N.), San Juan (centre), and Del 
 Tigre (S. ). Prosperous agricultural district ; important mines 
 (Iguana, Cerralvo, Vallecillo). Monterey is one of the princi- 
 pal commercial centres of lower Rio Grande del Norte. See 
 Mexico, table. 
 
 Nufenen, or Jfovelna, vil., Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 16 m. 
 NNW. Chiavenna, on the Hinter-Rhine. P. <20oo. 
 
 Nuffield, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 9 m. NNW. 
 Reading. P. <25o. 
 
 Nugarba, or Goodman Island, German trading stn. , on an 
 atoll E. of the Bismarck Archip)elago, crossed by 3" 23' S., 154° 
 4S'E. 
 
 Nugent, vil., Canada, Ontario, Hastings co., 82 m. NW. by 
 W. Kingston. 
 
 Nugent, post-tn., Tasmania, co. Pembroke, 45 m. from 
 Hobart. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Nugget Point, or Cape Tokata, cape. New Zealand, in South 
 I., at the extremity of the peninsula, bounding Molyneux Bay 
 on the S. 
 
 Nuggur, Hindu, ' a city.' For place-names in India con- 
 taining this element see under the spelling Nagar. 
 
 Nugsuak, penin., W. ct. , Greenland, between 70° and 71° 
 N., noted for its bed of cretaceous plants discovered at Altane, 
 on the shores of Vaigat Fjord (S. of the peninsula). 
 
 N^lb, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gurgaon, 38 m. 
 SSW. Delhi. P. < 5000. 
 
 Nui, Tongkinese, 'mountain.' 
 
 Nul-Dlnh, cape, Anam. See Padaran. 
 
 Nults, tn., France, dep.. Cote d'Or, arr. Beaune, 14 m. SSW. 
 Dijon. P. <:4000. 
 
 Nnka-blva, or Nooataeeva, one of the Marquesas Is., in 
 NW. group, between 80° 45' and 9° S., crossed by 140° W., 
 with much indented coast ; in the S. is Taiohae or Anna Maria 
 Bay, the best port of the archipelago; Taiohaor Chichagof Bay, 
 at the SW. point, has an anchorage almost as safe. Length 
 E. to W. 21 m. ; average breadth, 9 m ; area, 186 sq. m. 
 
 Nnkerke, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. and 3 m. 
 S. by W. Oudenarde. P. < 3000. 
 
 Nukha, dist. tn., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 60 m. 
 NE. Elisabethpol ; old fort and palace of Khans, who were 
 vassal to Persia ; annexed by Russia in 1819 ; considerable silk- 
 worm culture in town and dist. ; various domestic industries ; 
 brisk trade. Alt. 2454 ft. P. 25,900. 
 
 Nnkbue-daban, mt. pass, E. Siberia, in Sayan Mts. , connects 
 valleys of Irkut and Oka. Alt. 7000 ft. 
 
 Nnksan Pass. See Hindu Kusli. 
 
 Nakuuan, isl., Pacific. See Byron. 
 
 Nnknor, isls. , Pacific Ocean. See Monteverde Islands. 
 
 Nnkus, vil. and fort., Russian Turkistan, in the Amu Dariin- 
 skiy prov., at the head of the delta of the Amu, in 42° 27' N. , 
 59° 34' E. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 52.4° F., Jan. 22.0°, July 
 80. o^ 
 
 Nnku-taplpl, or Wliltsunday, isl. , Pacific, in the E. of the 
 Tuamotu group, in about 19° 20' S., 138^° W. 
 
 Nukn-tavake, or Queen Charlotte, isl. , Pacific, in the E. 
 of the Tuamotu group, in about 19° 15' S. , 138^ W. 
 
 Nnlato, fort and settlement, Alaska, in about 64° 49' N., 157° 
 
 Nules, tn. and fort, Spain, prov. Castellon de la Plana, cap. 
 dist. N., 28 m. NNE. Valencia. P. (comm.)<sooo. 
 
 NuUiegan, vil, U.S., Vermont, Essex co., 56 m. NE. by E. 
 Montpelier, with granite quarries. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nnllarbor Plains, dist. , in W. of S. Australia, 10 m. inland 
 from the head of the Great Australian Bight, grassy and with 
 water. Area, 30,000 sq. m. 
 1120 
 
 Nulvi, vil., Sardinia, prov., circle, and 12 m. ENE. Sassari, 
 with numerous nuraghe (round towers). P. <40oo. 
 
 Numazu, tn. , Japan, Honshiu, 45 m. WSW. Yokohama. 
 Mean temp. (6 yTs., 1881-86), yr. 58.1° F., Jan. 40.4°, Aug. 
 77.4° ; rfall. (4 yrs.), 70.78 in. P. 10,400. 
 
 Numba, vil., New South Wales, St. Vincent co. , in about 
 34' 50' S. , 150° 47' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Niimbrecbt, comm. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Gummers- 
 bach, 25 m. E. Cologne. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Nnmea, or Noumea, cap. of the French colony of New 
 Caledonia, W. Pacific Ocean, on SW. ct. , in 22° 20' S. , and 
 166° 39' E. , approached by a passage (Bulari Pass) through the 
 reef from the W. Has a college. Here the Queensland govern- 
 ment have established a meteorological stn. Its drinking-water 
 is carried 8 m. by an aqueduct. P. (1885) with officials and 
 troops < 4000. 
 
 Numedalslaagen, riv. , Norway. See Laagen. 
 
 Numeralla, post-tn., New South Wales, Beresford co. , 316 
 m. by rail and road S. Sydney. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Nnmnrkab, post-tn., Victoria, co. Moira, in 37° 5' S. , 145° 
 26' E. 
 
 Nun, cape and river, Morocco ; the river (or Akassa) enters 
 the Atlantic after a W. course of 130 m., 35 m. SW. Cape Nun, 
 which is in 28° 46' N., 11° 3' W. 
 
 Nuna'wadlng, postal centre, Victoria, in 37° 50' S., 145° 
 11' E. 
 
 Nunburnbolme, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howden- 
 shire div., on Bielby Beck, 16 m. E. by S. York, on the NE. R. 
 P. <500. 
 
 Nuncar Gate, P.O. , Eng. , 7 m. SW. Mansfield, Nottingham- 
 shire. 
 
 Nunda, vil., U.S., New York, Livingston co. , 45 m. SSW. 
 Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nuudaivar, mt. range. New South Wales. See Hardwlcke. 
 
 Nundle, or Hanging Kock, tp.. New South Wales, Parry 
 CO., 30 m. SSE. Tamworth. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Nundydroog, hill fort, India. See NaudldrUg. 
 
 Nuneaton, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Warwickshire, Nun- 
 eaton div. , 8i m. N. by E. Coventry, on Coventry Canal, an im- 
 portant junction on the L. & NW. and M. Rlys.; coal mined 
 near. Formerly noted for its ribbons, now carries on the manu- 
 facture of woven worsted goods, cotton, elastic webbing, &c. 
 Has an endowed grammar school, and an endowed free school. 
 Market-day, S. 6541 ac. Par. P. 11,600; pari. div. P. (1891) 
 52,600. 
 
 Nunebam Courtney, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 
 5 m. SE. by S. Oxford, 2 m. E. Radleystn., PM.O. (Nnueham 
 Courtenay). P. <5oo. 
 
 Nun Entrance, principal mouth of the Niger, W. Africa, 
 entering the Gulf of Guinea in about 4° 16' N. , 6° 4' E. 
 
 Nuiiez, Rio, formerly Klo do Nniio, riv. , French W. Africa, 
 flowing W. into the Atlantic Ocean, which it enters by a wide 
 estuary in about 10° 35' N. ; discovered by and named after the 
 Portuguese navigator Nuno Tristao, who was killed here in 
 1446 (Egli). 
 
 Nnugate, part of Haddington, Scot. P. <7So. 
 
 NangMe, Ras, cape, at the N. end of Zanzibar I. 
 
 Nunbead, eccles. par. , London, Eng. , on the L. C. & D. R. , 
 
 4 m. SE. by S. St. Paul's, the junction for Blackheath Hill and 
 the Crystal Palace. P. 15,200. 
 
 Nunla, vil., Turkey in Asia, around which arc the ruins of 
 the ancient Nlneveb {q.v.). 
 
 Nunlvak, isl. , Bering Sea, off Capes Avinof and Vancouver, 
 in 60° N., 165°- 167° W. 
 
 Nnnkeellng Mltb Bewbolme, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. 
 Riding, Nunkeeling 3 m. NW. Hornsea. P. <25o. 
 
 Nun Monkton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the 
 E. border of the Ripon div. , at the confluence of the Ouse and 
 the Nidd, 7 m. NW. by W. York, 2 m. N. Marston stn., P.O. 
 P. <:250. 
 
 Nnnney, par. , Eng. , Somerset, div. and 2J m. WSW. Frome, 
 PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Nunnlngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 
 on the Rye, 18 m. N. by E. York, i m. E. by N. from its stn. 
 on the NE. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Nnnny Kirk, par., Eng., Northumberland, on riv. Trent, 9 
 m. NW. Morpeth. P. <25o. 
 
 Nun Ormsby, par. , Eng. See Ormsby, North. 
 
 Nunrldlng, par., Eng., Northumberland, 5 m. NW. Mor- 
 peth. P. <2SO. 
 
 Nunrldlng Hill, hill, Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck 
 div. , 4^ m. WNW. Morpeth. 
 
 Nun^s Island, islet of the Hebrides, Scot. , close to lona. 
 Nnnthorpe, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div. , 
 
 5 m. SE. byS. Middlesbrough, i^ m. S. of its stn. on the NE. R., 
 P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Nunton, vil., Scot., Inverness-shire, on the W. ct. of Ben- 
 beculal., P.O. 
 
 Nunton and Bodenham, par. , Eng. , Wilts, Wilton div. , on 
 the Chalk, 2^ m. S. by E. Salisbury. P. <5oo. See Downton. 
 
N U N U 
 
 N Y A S 
 
 Naiiukn Passage, channel in NE. of Fiji Is., between the 
 Lau and Vanua Levu groups. 
 
 Nnnwlck wltU Howgrave, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Nunwick 3 m. NE. Ripon. P. <25o. 
 
 Nnuro, tn. , Sardinia, prov. and 49 m. SE. Sassari. Alt. 
 1905 ft. P. 6200. 
 
 Nape, state, central Sudan, on both banks of the Niger, 
 from the confluence of the Benue to about 9° 50' N. ; cap. 
 Bida ; other important towns, Rabba and Egga. It pays, 
 or as late as 1885 paid, tribute to Gando, but is otherwise 
 practically independent ; now belongs to the terr. of the Royal 
 Niger Company. 
 
 NapUer, settlement, U.S. .Idaho, Bear Lake co., 14 m. NNW. 
 from the SE. corner of the state. 
 
 Ntir, Mongol, 'lake.' 
 
 Nur, mt. , Arabia. See Jebel Jfnr. 
 
 Nara, riv., Russian Turkistan, prov. Akmolinsk, flows NW., 
 enters a lake near Lake Denghiz. 
 
 NArAMd, tn., Central India, state and 11 m. NW. Gwahor, 
 on r. bk. of Sankh R., which is here crossed by a bridge of 
 seven arches. 
 
 Nuratyu-tan, mts., Russian Turkistan, partly on frontier 
 with Bukhara, shoot north-westwards from W. Tian Shan 
 system between the lower Syr and Amu ; named Mal-Guzar at 
 their SE. extremity. 
 
 Nnrbucldah, riv. , India. See Narbadd. 
 
 Nnreniberg, German Nttrnberg, city, Bavaria, the commer- 
 cial cap. and cap. circle, in a sandy but productive plain, prov. 
 Mid Franconia, 95 m. NW. Munich ; divided by the riv. Pegnitz 
 (sub-trib. of the Main) into the Lorenzerseite and the Sebal- 
 derseite, named from two principal churches (St. Lawrence and 
 St. Sebald). It still retains its ancient walls and moat, with 
 interesting remains of some of the old gateways and many of 
 the old towers. The general architecture is Gothic, most of the 
 private houses being of the i6th century, and some 15th century. 
 The castle, on a picturesque rock to N. , was a favourite residence 
 of the emperors of Germany, the regalia being kept here from 
 1424 till the overthrow of the empire by Napoleon. Nuremberg 
 was the seat of the ist Diet in 938, and in 1525 was first of the 
 imperial towns to embrace Protestantism. Public buildings — 
 the Renaissance town-hall, the law courts, gymnasium (with 
 statue of Melanchthon, the founder, in front), two museums, 
 library of 80,000 vols, and 800 MSS. The history of Nuremberg 
 contains much of the history of Germany ; at the beginning of 
 the isth century its 'burggraves' ranked as princes of the 
 empire. Its wealth was owing largely to the transit trade from 
 Italy and the Levant to the N. of Europe, a monopoly greatly 
 reduced by the discovery of the Cape passage to Asia, and after- 
 wards by the Thirty Years' War. It is still important, however, 
 from its manufactures of fancy articles in metal, ivory, carved 
 wood, &c. , 'Dutch' toys and clocks, lead pencils, railway 
 plant, also brewing and lithography ; chief hop-market on the 
 Continent. Nuremberg exports largely to India and America, 
 and imports colonial produce from the Netherlands. Com- 
 munication by various railways, and by the Ludwig Canal, 
 which joins the Danube to the Main and the Rhine. P. anciently 
 said to be 150,000; (1840)46,800; (1871)83,214; (1892)142,600, 
 of whom 104,400 were Protestants. 
 
 Nupliee, tn., Brit. India. See Narhl. 
 
 Nnrl, vil. , Upper Nubia, on 1. bk. of the Nile, about 100 m. 
 SW. of the N. point of the Great North bend of the river ; has 
 about a score of ancient pyramids. 
 
 Nnriootpa, tn., S. Australia, Light co., 38 m. NE. by N. 
 Adelaide, 10 m. SE. by S. Kapunda. P. < 1500. 
 
 SAr Malial, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Jalandhar, 53 m. 
 SE. Amritsar. P. 8500 ; Hindus, 4300 ; Moham. 4000. 
 
 Bfurnberg, tn., Ger. See Nnreniberg. 
 
 Nurney, par.. Ire., N. co. and 6 m. S. Carlow, bars. Carlow, 
 Forth, and E. Idrone, 4 m. NE. by N. Bagenalstown, P.O. 
 P. <50o. 
 
 Nurney, par., Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Carbury, 4 m. NE. 
 Edenderry. P. <5oo. 
 
 Nurney, par. , Ire. , W. co. Kildare, bar. W. Offaly, 6 m. S. 
 by W. Kildare, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 NArpnr, municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Kangra, 75 m. 
 NE. Amritsar; chief industry shawl-weaving, now declining. 
 P. (1881) 5700; (i89i)<:5ooo. 
 
 Nnrri, tn., Sardinia, prov. and 35 m. N. by E. Cagliari. 
 Alt. 2000 ft. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Nilrsclian, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Staab, 8 m. WSW. 
 Pilsen, with coal-mines and iron-works. P. 5200. 
 Nursia, tn. , Italy. See Norcla. 
 
 Nursling, or NntsbalUng, par., Eng., Hampshire, New 
 Forest div. , on the Anton, 5^ m. NW. by W. Southampton, 
 on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Nursted, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 4 m. S. by W. 
 Gravesend, close to Meopham stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (Nursted with Ifleld) P. <5oo. 
 
 Ntirtlngen, tn., Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, Black Forest circle, 
 on riv. Neckar, 15 m. NE. by E. Tubingen. P. 5500. 
 1121 
 
 Nus, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, 7 m. E. Aosta, on 
 1. bk. of the Dora Baltea. P. <3000. 
 
 Nusa, or Nussa, in Malay ' island,' prefixed to names of 
 islands, as Nusa Barung, &c. See Barung. 
 
 Nusa Hafen, port, Bismarck Archipelago, at the NW. end 
 of Neu-Mecklenburg (New Ireland), 2° 35' S. , 150° 47' E. 
 
 Nusco, tn. , S. Italy, prov. and 16 m. E. by S. Avellino. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Nushkl, vil., Baluchistan, 50 m. NW. Kelat. Alt. 3057 ft. 
 
 Nusklk-la, pass of the Trans-Indus Himdlayas, in about 
 36^4' N., 75° 15' E. 
 
 Nusle, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Konigliche Weinberge, a 
 SE. suburb of Prague. P. 7700. 
 
 NusseerabafI, Brit, cantonment, India. See Naslr&bdd. 
 
 Nussloch, comm. , Ger., Baden, circle and 6 m. S. Heidel- 
 berg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Nutbourne, vil., Eng., Sussex, on Chichester Harbour, div. 
 and 5i m. W. Chichester, ij m. W. Bosham stn., P.O. 
 
 Nutbourne, vil., Eng., Sussex, 2 m. from Pulborough, P.O. 
 
 Nutfleld, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 2 m. E. Reigate, i m. 
 N. by E. of its stn. on the SE. R. Fullers' earth obtained here. 
 PMT.O., and PM.O. (South Nutfleld). P. <20oo. 
 
 Nuthall, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div., 5 J 
 m. NW. Nottingham, i m. E. by S. Kimberley stn., P.O. 
 (Nuttall). P. < 2000. 
 
 Nuthampstead, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 15 
 m. NNE. Hertford, 4I m. NE. Buntingford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Nuthurst, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 3J m. SSE. Horsham, 
 2^ m. E. Southwater stn., P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Nuthurst, par., Eng., Warwickshire, 3 m. N. Henley in 
 Arden. P. <2So ; eccles. par. (Nuthurst with Hockley Heath) 
 P. <:75o. 
 
 Nutley, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 5 m. SSW. Basing- 
 stoke. P. <25o. See Preston Candover. 
 
 Nutley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Sussex, E. Grinstead div. , 11 m. N. 
 by E. Lewes, 3^ m. NE. Sheffield Park stn., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Nutley Lane, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Surrey. See Reigate. 
 
 Nutrias, tn., Venezuela, Zamora, on the Apure, 250 m. 
 SW. Caracas. 
 
 Nutshalllug, par. , Eng. , Hampshire. See Nursling. 
 
 Nutt, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Donna Ana co., 127 m. 
 NE. from the SW. corner of the terr. 
 
 Nuttal, vil. , Brit. Baluchistan, 42 m. N W. by N. JacobAbdd. 
 
 Nuttall, P.O., Eng., Nottinghamshire. See Nuthall. 
 
 Nntt's Corner, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Crumlin (co. Antrim). 
 
 Nuwara (or Newara) EUya, local board dist., Ceylon, 
 Central Prov., 26 m. SSE. Kandy. Alt. 6240 ft. Mean temp., 
 yr. 59° F. , Jan. 57°, May 61° ; mean rfall. , yr. 98.9 in. , June-Nov. 
 66 in., June-July 28.1 in. P. <3000. 
 
 Nuyts, headland, S. Austraha, in 32° 2' S. , 132° 25' E. The 
 Nuyts Archipelago stretches along the coast N. of 33°, between 
 133° and 134° E. Chief island, St. Francis. Nuyts Land is a 
 name applied to the W. coasts of the Great Australian Bight. 
 
 NikzTid, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Kistna, 46 m. NNW. 
 Masulipatam. P. 7600 ; Hindus, 6600. 
 
 Nwall, salt lake, S. Tunis, 40 m. SW. Sfax. Length, 20 m. ; 
 greatest breadth, 5 m.; alt. 165 ft. 
 
 Nwanetsl, telegraph station, S. Africa. See Nuanetsl. 
 
 Nwedaung, vil.. Upper Burma, dist. Karenni, 140 m. SSE. 
 Mandalay. 
 
 Ny, Danish and Swedish, ' new.' 
 
 Nyach, vil., U.S., New York, Rockland co., on the r. bk. of 
 Hudson R., opposite Tarrytown, 27 m. N. by E. New York, at 
 foot of Nyack Hills ; a summer resort ; terminus of Northern 
 Railroad of New Jersey. P. <5ooo. Nyack, South, adjoining 
 vil., P. <:i5oo. Nyach, Upper, adjoining vil., P. < 1500. 
 
 Nyambwa, vil., Ger. E. Africa, Ugogo, in about 6° 14' S. , 
 35° 20' E. 
 
 Nyamlna, or Yamlna, tn., French Sudan, on 1. bk. of the 
 upper Niger, about 80 m. NE. Bammako. 
 
 Nyamkolo, mission station, S. Africa, near the S. extremity 
 of Lake Tanganyika. 
 
 Nyam-Nyani. See Nlani-Nlam. 
 
 Nyanits, or Nlamzu, tn. , Roumania. See Neamfu. 
 
 Nyanga, riv. , W. Africa, French Congo Terr. , flows W. and 
 enters the Atlantic in 2° 59' S. , at the port of Nyanga. 
 
 Nyangwe, tn., Congo Free State, on the r. bk. of the Congo, 
 in about 4° 13' S. , 26° 21' E. , built on a raised bank ; free from 
 fevers. The principal estabhshment, on the upper Congo, of 
 Arab traders and slave-dealers from Zanzibar since 1868. Before 
 its destruction by the forces of the Congo Free State in 1893 a 
 well-built town of 25-30,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Nyansosso, vil.* Ger. W. Africa, Kamerun terr., in about 
 4° 4S' N., 9° 40' E. 
 
 Nyarad, tn. , Hungary. See Meao-Keresztes. 
 
 Nyarlng-tso, lake, central Tibet. See KyArlng-cho. 
 
 Nyassa, or Nyasa (the Yao form of Nyanja, or Nyanza, from 
 Bantu root ama, meaning ' lake,' ' a large sheet of water '), lake, 
 SE. Africa, between 9° 30' and 14° 25' S. ; length about 400 m.; 
 average width, 25 m.; drained S. by the Shire into the Zambezi. 
 
 4B 
 
NY AS 
 
 NY ON 
 
 At the N. end shallow, and abounding in sandbanks owing to 
 the large amount of sediment carried into it by six large rivers ; 
 further S. much deeper ; in places no bottom found at 200 
 fathoms. Level highest in April and May, lowest in November 
 and December ; difference little more than 3 ft. If its surface 
 were raised 100 ft. above its present level, its waters would fill 
 the valley of the upper Shire, and flow into Lake Chilwa. Alt. 
 1570 ft. The Stevenson Road connects the N. end of the lake 
 with the S. end of Lake Tanganyika. See Nyassa-land. 
 
 Nyassa-land, important part of Brit. Central Africa, com- 
 prising the terrs. round the S. and \V. shores of Lake Nyassa, 
 and thence to Lake Tanganyika and the upper Congo (Lua- 
 pula). Extensive plateau.x with mountains superimposed, rising 
 to alts, of from 6000 to 10,000 ft., and broad valleys and 
 plains, are the characteristic featvu^es of these vast terrs. The 
 highest point, situated S. of Lake Nyassa, is the picturesque 
 granite peak of Mount Mlanji (10,000 ft.). Other moimtains of 
 importance are the Zomba Mts. (Nyenyesi, 6900 ft.), in the 
 Shire highlands; the Kirk range (Mount Deza, 7000 ft. ; Mount 
 Chongoni, 7000 ft.), near the SW. end of Lake Nyassa; the 
 Nyika Plateau and the Konde Mts. (6000-7000 ft.), both near 
 the NW. end of Lake Nyassa ; Mount Sunzu (7000 ft. ), S. of 
 Lake Tanganyika; and the Mushinga Mts. (5000 ft.), which 
 form the edge of the high plateaux on the western side of the 
 Luangwa valley. Principal rivers : Shire (navigable all the 
 year round from Chikwawa, below the Murchison Falls, to its 
 mouth), Luangwa (tribs. of Zambezi), Luapula - Chambezi 
 (upper Congo). Lakes: Nyassa (g.v.), Malombe, Chilwa, 
 Tanganyika {q.v.), Mweru, Salt Lake Mweru, Bangweolo, and 
 Moir. The InbaMtants are all Bantu {^.v. ) tribes : Manganja, 
 Asenga, Angoni, Awemba, Atonga, and many others. The 
 natural resources of the country are many, and capable of great 
 development. As regards minerals, the country is known to 
 be rich in iron ores, which occur at various places ; coal is found 
 on the NW. shores of Lake Nyassa ; gold is knowTi to be 
 present in the mountainous region along the SW. border of the 
 country, and also in the Marimba dist. , on the SW. ct. of Lake 
 Nyassa, and is said to exist in the Luangwa valley. Natives 
 and Arabs affirm that much copper is found in the mountainous 
 dists. between Lake Bangweolo and the Luapula R. , as well as 
 SW. of the latter, in the region where the Kafue R. takes its 
 rise. Graphite exists in the hills W. of the lower Shire. The 
 fauna is very rich, and the export of ivory and hides is of 
 considerable importance, and capable of great development. 
 Cattle-rearing and horse-breeding are of importance in all 
 those parts of the country which are free from the tsetse fly 
 ig.v.). According to H. H. Johnston, almost all terrs. above 
 3000 ft. alt. are free from this pest, and consequently fit for 
 cattle - rearing. Goats and sheep (merino sheep introduced 
 at Zomba) are likewise of importance. Agricultiu^l products : 
 The chief staples of native food-supply are maize, durrah, 
 millet; sesamum, sweet potatoes, peas, and beans are likewise 
 cultivated in large quantities. The sugar-cane is grown in 
 most of the river valleys, and also on the shores of the lakes. 
 The greater part of the country is admirably adapted by soil 
 and climate to the cultivation of coffee, which has become of 
 great importance in the Shire highlands. Ground-nuts are 
 grown in some dists., and the greater part of the country is 
 well adapted for their cultivation. Summing up, it may be 
 said, according to Johnston, that the extensive range of tem- 
 perature over this part of Africa permits of the cultivation of 
 almost all the products of the temperate, sub-tropical, and tro- 
 pical regions. European settlements have been made in this 
 region with great success. British missionaries have established 
 many stations in the Shire highlands, on Lake Nyassa, and 
 in the terrs. W. of it. Steamers ply on the great lakes and 
 on the riv. Shire; and carriage-roads have been constructed 
 S. of Lake Nyassa. Blantyre (cap. of Nyassa-land ; P. 4000), 
 Zomba (seat of administration), Port Herald, Chiromo, Fort 
 Johnston, and others, are flourishing settlements. Custom- 
 houses and post-offices exist ; and the country is governed (by 
 an Imperial Commissioner) very much after the manner of a 
 crown colony. Many forts have been built as far westward as 
 the Luapula R. Principal exports, ivory, coffee, oil-seeds, 
 strophanthus, indiarubber, bees'-wax, hippopotamus' teeth. 
 Chief Imports, textiles, provisions, hardware, machinery, agri- 
 cultural implements. The climate, especially in the mountainous 
 dists. , is healthier than in many other parts of central Africa. 
 Nyassa-land was declared to be within the British sphere of in- 
 fluence in 1889. Area estimated at 210,000 sq. m. P. estimated 
 at 2^ millions. [H. «. S.] 
 
 Nyanng-dun, tn., Burma, dist. Thon-gwa, on the Irdwadi, 
 40 m. NW. by W. Rangoon. P. <sooo. # 
 
 Xyaungywe, vil. , Upper Biu-ma, 108 m. SE. by S. Man- 
 dalav, cap. Shan state. 
 
 Jfyaze-Pelrovskly. See Naze-Petrovskly. 
 
 Nyborg, maritime tn., Denmark, on the Great Belt, E. ct. 
 of Fyen I., prov. Svendborg, 17 m. ESE. Odense, with dock- 
 yards ; formerly one of the chief citadels of Denmark ; its forti- 
 fications were destroyed in 1869, and now make a promenade. 
 1122 
 
 Founded in 1170; several times a royal residence; birthplace 
 of Christian II., 1481. The Swedes lost a great battle near the 
 town, Nov. 14, 1659. E. Harbour, area 12,720 sq. yds., depth 
 18^ ft.; W. Harbour, area 9120 sq. yds., depth 14I ft. Length 
 of quayage, 2600 ft. P. 6000. 
 
 Xybster, vil., Scot., Caithness, E. ct. , 7J m. N. W^ick. 
 
 Jfye, CO., U.S., Nevada, on the S. frontier. 
 
 Nyeman, riv. , Russia and Prussia. See Memel. 
 
 Nyenchantangla, or Nlnclientangla, mt. chain, S. Tibet, 
 S. of Lake Tengri Nor. Highest peak, 23,900 ft. 
 
 Xyenyesl, mt. , S. Africa, Nyassa-land, highest point (6900 ft.) 
 of the Zomba Mts. in the Shire highlands. 
 
 Nyezbin, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 50 m. SSE. Chernigov ; 
 old town, centre of Cossack life in 17th century; brisk trade, 
 especially in tobacco largely grown in dist. P. (1865) 19,856; 
 (1891) 44,915. 
 
 Nyhavn, harb. , Norway, See Bergen. 
 
 Nyika, E. Africa, ' a desert.' 
 
 Nylka Platean, S. Africa, W. of Lake Nyassa, crossed by 
 33° 30' E. and 10° 30' S. Area estimated at 1250 sq. m. Alt. 
 (average) 7000 ft. ; highest point Mount Kasungu, 7680 ft. 
 
 Nyir, Nyires, Hungarian, ' birch,' 'forest of birch-trees. ' 
 
 Nylr-Adony, comm. , Hungary, co. Szabolcs, dist. Nagy- 
 Kall6, 17 m. NE. Debreczen. P. <4000. 
 
 Nylr-Bdtor, comm. , Hungary, co. Szabolcs, dist. Nyir-Bdtor, 
 32 m. NE. Debreczen. P. 5100. 
 
 Nylregylijlza (nyir'edy-ha-za, almost nyi'rej-ha-za, ' birch- 
 wood church '), tn. with magistracy, Hungary, cap. co. Szabolcs, 
 17 m. SE. Tokay ; to the NW. is the celebrated vineyard of Tokay. 
 P. (1850) 14,400; (1869) 21,900; (1890) 27,000. 
 
 Nylrl, or Nglrl, sandy waste, Brit. E. Africa, just N. of 
 Kilima-njaro, covered with water in wet season. 
 
 Bfylro, mt. , Brit. E. Africa, to the S. of Lake Rudolf, in about 
 2° o' N. , 36° 45' S. Alt. about 9800 ft. 
 
 Bfyltra, Hungary. See Nentra. 
 
 Nykjoblng ('new market'), seapt., Denmark, Seeland, 
 prov. Holbak, on the Isse Fjord, 37 m. W. by S. Elsinore. 
 P. <;20oo. 
 
 Nykjiiblng, tn. , Denmark, on E. side of Morso, in the Liim 
 Fjord, Jutland. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 NykjoMng, seapt. , Denmark, on the W. ct. of Falster ; 
 formerly fortified ; united by a railway and another bridge to 
 Laaland. See of the bishopric of Laaland-Falster. Depth at 
 entrance to harbour, 16 ft. ; length of quayage, 1700 ft. ; depth 
 alongside, 13-16 ft. P. 6100. 
 
 Nykoplug (' new market'), maritime tn. , Sweden, cap. prov. 
 (Ian) Sodernianland, on the E. ct. , 34 m. ENE. Norrkoping ; has 
 factories for steamboats, locomotives and steam engines, manu- 
 factures cloth, &c. The port has a depth of 13 ft. at entrance ; 
 length of quayage, 1213 ft. (available for vessels drawing 12 ft.). 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Nylaud, govt, of Finland, on N. ct. of Gulf of Finland, 
 gently sloping to sea ; soil productive. Chief towns, Helsing- 
 fors, with its fortress Sveaborg ; Borga, a trading town on Gulf 
 of Finland, 32 m. by rail ENE. Helsingfors ; Lovisa, seaport, 
 23 m. E. BorgS,, P. <5ooo ; Ekenas, seaport, 76 m. by rail W. 
 Helsingfors. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Nyland, seapt., Sweden, prov. (Ian) Vesternorrland, at head 
 of estuary of the Angermann R., and 26 m. from Hernosand, 
 at its mouth. P. <2oc)0. 
 
 Nyland with Batcombe, par., Eng., Somerset, Nyland 3 
 m. SE. Axbridge. P. <25o. 
 
 Nylen, vil., Belgium, prov. and 12 m. ESE. Antwerp, arr. 
 Malines. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Nylstroom, riv., S. African Republic, flowing NNW. into 
 the Limpopo, which it enters in about 28|° E. 
 
 Nylstroom, tn. , S. African Republic, Waterberg dist., 77 m. 
 NNE. Pretoria, with gold deposits to the NE. 
 
 IVymagee, postal-tp.. New South Wales, Mouramba co. , 
 135 m. S. by E. Bourke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sfymegeu, tn. , Netherlands. See Nljmcgen. 
 
 Nymet (nim'et) Rowland, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton 
 div., 16^ m. NW. by W. Exeter, i^ m. W. Lapford stn. 
 P. <25o. See Coldrldge. 
 
 Nymet Tracey, par. , Eng. See Bow. 
 
 Nymlnde-gab, strait, Denmark. See Rlngkjiiblng. 
 
 Nymptaenbnrg, comm., Ger. , Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 circle and 3 m. W. by N. Miinchen ; royal seat, since 1663, 
 with magnificent gardens. P. < 3000. 
 
 Nvmphio, ancient name of Nif, tn., Asia Minor. 
 
 IVymplisfleld, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Stroud div., 5 m. 
 NNE. Wotton-under-Edge, 3 m. E. Cam stn., P.O. P. <:2So. 
 
 Nynehead, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and i^m. N. Welling- 
 ton, 5 m. W. by S. Taunton. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Nyngan, tn.. New South Wales, Oxley co., 125 m. SE. by 
 S. Bourke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Nyon, German Nenss, the ancient Noviodunum, tn., Switzd. , 
 cant. Vaud, on the W. side of the Lake of Geneva, 5 m. NNE. 
 Coppet ; Celtic town colonised by the Romans under the name 
 of Julia Equestris. P. ( comm . ) < 5000. 
 
NYON — OAKM 
 
 Nyoii8, tn., France, dep. Dr6me, on the Aygues, 23 m. NE. 
 Orange, cap. of arr. ; lignite worked. Alt. 910 ft. P. <30oo. 
 
 Nyord, small isl. , Denmark, dist. and 7 m. ESE. Prasto, 
 between isls. Seeland and Moen. 
 
 Nyonngoo, tn.. Upper Burma, 5 m. NNE. Pagan. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Nyslott, old castle, Finland. See St. Mlcliel. 
 
 Nysted, tn. , Denmark, on theS. ct. of Laaland, prov. Maribo, 
 9 m. SW. Nykjobing. P. <2oc)o. 
 
 Bfytveiiskly, iron-works, Russia, govt, and 36 m. WSW. 
 Perm, near Kama. P. 6000. 
 
 Nyugedy, vil. , Russia, Transcaucasia, govt. Baku, dist. 
 Kuba. P. 5030. 
 
 Nyn^va, Oiitong Java, or Lord Ho'we's Islands, atoll of the 
 Solomon Is., S. Pacific, just S. of 5° N., and E. of 159° E., 50 
 m. by 30-40 m. ; good entrance on SW. side. 
 
 Nynya, riv., Siberia, in the NE. of govt. Irkutsk, 1. bk. trib. 
 of the Lena. 
 
 Bfyvel, tn. , Belgium. See Nlvelles. 
 
 Nzllo Falls, S. Africa. See Lnalaba. 
 
 Nzola, riv., central Africa, flows SW. and enters the NE. of 
 Lake Victoria Nyanza by a marshy delta in about 0° ■^-'j' N. , 
 34° E. 
 
 Bfzoli, stn., Brit. E. Africa, about 200 m. NW. Mombasa, in 
 1° 55' S. , 37° 35' E. 
 
 o 
 
 0, Hungarian, 'old.' 
 
 O long and accented, frequently written Oo, or Oho, in 
 Japanese, ' great ; ' O short and unaccented, in Japanese, ' little.' 
 
 0, or QL, Scandinavian, ' an island.' See Ea. 
 
 Oa, eccles. par., Scot., Argyllshire, Kildalton par. P. <25o. 
 
 Oa, Mall of, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, on the S. ct. of Islay 
 I., in 55° 35' N., 6° 20' W. , in the SW. of the penin. called The 
 Oa (to the SE. of Laggan Bay). 
 
 Oadlty, par., Eng. , Leicestershire, Harborough div., 4 m. 
 SE. Leicester, PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Oahe, or Peacock, isl. , in N. group of Tuamotu Archipelago. 
 
 Oahii, one of the Sandwich Is., between Molokai and Kawai, 
 crossed by two mountain chains running parallel NW. to SE. , 
 between which is a large dry plain now only useful as pasture 
 land ; formerly, when irrigated, more fertile. Highest point 
 Kaala, alt. 3890 ft. The most important island of the archi- 
 pelago, on which is the cap. Honolulu. Length, 37 m. ; greatest 
 breadth, 25 m.; area, 649 sq. m. 
 
 Oajaca {Huaxiacac in Zapotec), state of Mexico, on some 
 of the terraces at the S. extremity of the highlands W. of 
 the Tehuantepec depression. Rivs. Chacalapa and Tehuan- 
 tepec (to the Pacific), and the high affluents of riv. San Juan (to 
 the Mexican Gulf), principally drain the interior. Very moun- 
 tainous and broken in the interior, with a lacustrine region 
 (Lagunas, suj>erwr and inferior) around Tehuantepec (354 m. of 
 ■coast on the Pacific). See Mexico. 
 
 Oak, Great, P.O., Eng., near Newport, Monmouthshire, 3 
 m. from Raglan. 
 
 Oakamoor, eccles. par., Staffordshire, div. and 9 m. SSE. 
 Leek, on the N. Staffordshire Rly., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Oakliank, vil., Scot., Midlothian, 8 m. SE; Linlithgow, 2 m. 
 W. by S. Mid Calder stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Oakbank, post-tn. , S. Australia, co. and 20 m. E. Adelaide 
 ■byroad. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oak Cliff, vil., U.S., Texas, Dallas co. P. <3000. 
 
 Oakdale, tn. , U.S., California, Stanislaus co. , 34 m. SE. 
 Stockton by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Oakdale Station, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny co. , 
 9 m. SW. by W. Pittsburg, with coal-mines and Oakdale Normal 
 Academy. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oake, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 5 m. W. 
 Taunton, 2 m. E. Milverton stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Oaken, vil., Eng., Staffordshire, Kingswinford div., 4J m. 
 NW. by W. Wolverhampton, close to Codsall stn., PM.O. 
 .See Codsall. 
 
 Oakengates, eccles. par., Eng., Salop, div. and i| m. E. 
 Wellington, on G. W. R., PMT.O. Market-day, S. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Oakenholt, PT.O., Wales, near Flint. 
 
 Oakenshaw, P.O., Eng., near WiUington, Durham. 
 
 Oakenskaw, part of eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Spen Valley div., 3^ m. S. by E. Bradford, PT.O. 
 See Woodlands. 
 
 Oakertliorpe, hamlet, Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div., 6\ m. 
 SE. by E. Matlock, \ m. S. Alfreton stn., P.O. 
 
 Oakes, city, U.S.,''N. Dakota, Dickey co., 80 m. SW. Fargo. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Oakesdale, tn. , U.S., Washington, Whitman co. , 40 m. S. 
 "by E. Spokane Falls. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oakey Creek, Queensland. See Kingston. 
 
 Oakfleld, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Isle of Wight, St. 
 Helen's par., on S. side of Ryde. P. <3ooc. 
 
 Oakford, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 6J m. NW. by N. 
 Tiverton, 2^ m. SSW. Dulverton stn., P.O.; 54*34 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Oakford, P.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, 2 m. from Llanarth. 
 
 Oakham, market-tn. and cap. co. , Eng. , Rutland, 9 m. SE. 
 Melton Mowbray, on the M. R. ; has an endowed school, founded 
 1584, and remains of an ancient castle ; manufactures of boots 
 and shoes, and fancy hosiery ; iron ore worked. Market-day, 
 M. Pars., O. Deanshold with Barleythorpe, P. <i5oo; O. 
 Lordshold, P. < 2500; eccles. par. (O. -^vlth Eggleton, 
 Brooke, and Langham) P. <45oo. 
 
 Oakham, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 14 m. NW. by 
 W.Worcester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oak Harbor, vil., U.S., Ohio, Ottawa co. , on Portage R., 
 22 m. ESE. Toledo. P. <20oo. 
 
 Oakhlll, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., s| m. E. 
 by N. WeUs, 2 m. SE. Binegar stn., PMT.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Oak mil, or Portland, vil., U.S., Ohio, Jackson co., 79 m. 
 SSE. Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oaklngton, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div., 5 
 m. NW. by N. Cambridge, on the M. R. and G. E. R., P.O. 
 P. <:5oc. 
 
 Oak Island Beach, U.S., New York, on the S. of Long I., 
 in 73° 15'- 25' W. 
 
 Oak Lake, vil., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R., 
 165 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Oakland, city, U.S., California, cap. Alameda co., on E. side 
 of San Francisco Bay, 5 m. E. San Francisco, with which it is 
 connected by steam ferries ; terminus of Central and S. Pacific 
 Rlys. ; beautifully situated under shelter of Contra-Costa hills ; 
 much resorted to by people of San Francisco. San Antonio 
 Creek, S. of the city, forms a good harbour; piers (3000 ft.), 
 with 22-24 ft. of water alongside. A favourite residential city ; 
 seat of the Pacific theological seminary, and closely connected 
 with Berkeley [q.'J.). P. (1870) 10,500; (1880) 34,600; (1890) 
 48,700. 
 
 Oakland, vil., U.S., Illinois, Coles co. , 36 m. WNW. Terre 
 Haute (Ind.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Oakland, tn. , U.S., Indiana, Gibson co., 14 m. E. Princeton; 
 has coal. P. < 2000. 
 
 Oakland, tn. , U.S., Maine, Kennebec co. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Oakland, tn. , U.S., Maryland, Garrett co. , 23 m. S. by E. 
 of the NW. corner of the state ; favourite summer resort. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Michigan, in the SE. , to the S. of 43° 
 
 Washington, Mason co. , 16 m. NW. 
 
 Oakland, co. , U.S. 
 
 N., and W. of 83° W. 
 
 Oakland, vil., U.S 
 Olympia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oaklands, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, dist. Cookstown. 
 
 Oaklands, post-tn., S. Australia, Fergusson co. , 55 m. W. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oaklelgh, tp. , Victoria, Bourke co. , 12 m. SE. Melbourne. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Oaklelgh Park, stn., Eng., Hertfordshire, on G. N. R. 
 See Barnet, East. 
 
 Oakle Street, stn., Eng., Gloucestershire, 4I m. W. by S. 
 Gloucester, on G. W. R. 
 
 Oakley, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., on the 
 Great Ouse, 3^ m. NW. Bedford, on the M. R., P.O. P. 250. 
 See Bromham. 
 
 Oakley, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Buckingham div., \\\ 
 m. W. Aylesbury, 2I m. SW. Brill stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Oakley, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Derbyshire and Stafford- 
 shire, N. div., 12 m. SW. by W. Stoke-upon- Trent, and 2^ m. 
 NE. by E. Market Drayton. See CroxaU. 
 
 Oakley, or Tgley, P.O., Eng., Essex. See Tgley. 
 
 Oakley, par., Eng., Suffolk, Hartismere dist., 2 m. SE. Diss. 
 P. <5oo. See Brome. 
 
 Oakley, vil., Scot., Fifeshire and Perthshire, 4 m. W. by 
 N. Dunfermline, on the N. B. R. ; coal mined. P.O. O. 
 (Ironworks) and Comrle P. <5oo. 
 
 Oakley, Church, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, div. and 4^ m. W. 
 by S. Basingstoke, with a stn. (Oakley) on the L. & SW. R. 
 P. <50oo. 
 
 Oakley, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., Essex, 
 Colchester div. Great O., 5 m. SW. by W. Harwich, 2^ m. SW. 
 Dovercourt. PMT.O., P. < 1000; Little O., P.O., P. <soc. 
 
 Oakley, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , North- 
 amptonshire, N. div.. Great O. iii m. N. Wellingborough, 
 P.O. P. (of each) < 250. 
 
 Oakmere, par. containing small lake of same name, Eng., 
 in the W. of Cheshire, 6i m. SW. by W. Northwich. P. <5oo. 
 
 1123 
 
O A K M 
 
 O B E R 
 
 Oakmont, bor. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, Allegheny co. P. <20oo. 
 
 Oak Park, vil. , U.S., Illinois, Cook co. , 9 m. W. by N. 
 Chicago. P. < 5000. 
 
 Oak Point, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on the E. shore 
 of Lake Manitoba, 57 m. NW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Oakport, electoral div. , Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. Boyle. 
 
 Oakridge, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Bisley par., 4! 
 m. SE. Stroud, P.O. (O. Lynch). P. <;iooo. 
 
 Oaks (Charnwood Forest), eccles. par., Eng., Leicester- 
 shire, in the ancient pars, of Whitwick, Sheepshead, Newton 
 Linford, and Barrow-upon-Soar. P. <75o. 
 
 Oaks, postal-tp., New South Wales, Camden co., 35 m. 
 WSW. Sydney; has stone quarries. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oaks, The, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & Y. R., ai m. 
 E. by N. Bolton. 
 
 Oaksey, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Chippenham div. , 6 m. SSW. 
 Cirencester, 2^ m. S. Kemble Junction stn., PT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Oakthorpe and Donisthorpe, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Oak- 
 thorpe Southern div., 7^ m. SE. by S. Burton, i m. S. by E. 
 Donisthorpe stn., P.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 OakTllIe, tn. , Canada, Ontario, Halton co. , on Lake Ontario, 
 16 m. NE. Hamilton. 
 
 OakTllIe, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on the N. Pacific 
 and Manitoba Rly., 38 m. W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Oakwood, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Victoria co. , 60 m. NE. by 
 N. Toronto. 
 
 Oakwood, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, Reigate div., 7J m. 
 SSW. Dorking, 2^ m. SW. Ockley stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Oakwortb, eccles. par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Keighley div., gh m. NNW. Bradford, i m. NW. of its stn. on 
 the M. R. Par." P. <:3ooo ; tn. P. 5900. 
 
 Oamara', tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Waitaki co. , on the E. 
 ct., 50 m. S. by W. Timaru, a junction on the railway from 
 Dunedin to Christchurch. P. 5600. 
 
 Oare, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Berkshire. See Ckleveley, 
 
 Oare, par., Eng., Kent, div. and i^ m. NW. by N. Favers- 
 ham ; has gunpowder manufacture, and brick-making. P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Oare, par., Eng., on the W. border of Somerset, Wellington 
 div., I J m. from the N. ct., on the E. Lyn, 23 j m. NNW. 
 Tiverton ; 4017 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Oare, part of eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire, div. and 10 m. 
 E. Devizes, 2 m. N. Pewsey stn., P.O. See Wlleot. 
 
 Oatafn, or Duke of York, small isl.. Pacific, one of the 
 Union group. 
 
 Oatfleld, electoral div. , Ire. , Galway, dist. Kiltormer. 
 
 Oathlaw, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 3J m. NNE. Forfar; 
 5274 ac. P. <:soo. 
 
 Oatlands, stn., Eng., Cumberland, on the Cleator and 
 Workington Junction Rly. , near Workington. 
 
 Oatlands, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, Walton-on-Thames 
 par., 3 m. SE. Chertsey. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oatlands, tp. , Tasmania, Monmouth co. , 40 m. N. Hobart, on 
 a branch of the railway from Hobart to Launceston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Oatlands, Mount, PM.O., Eng., 2 m. from Harrogate, 
 Yorkshire. 
 
 Oatsoalls, or Safety Core, small bay forming a harbour of 
 refuge on the E. side of Calvert I., Brit. Columbia, in 51^° N., 
 127° 55' W. 
 
 Oaxaca, state, Mexico. See Oajaca. 
 
 Oaxaca (Spanish form of Aztec Huaxyacac, ' at the end of the 
 acacias'), declining tn., Mexico, cap. of O. state, 230 m. SSE. 
 Mexico, on the Rio Verde. First settled by soldiers of Monte- 
 zuma in i486, when they cleared part of the acacia forest and 
 founded a regular town (Egli). P. (1889) 27,900. 
 
 Oaze Deep, channel in Thames estuary, 6 m. E. of the Nore. 
 
 Oi, Oder, German, 'over; ' Dutch, 'upper.' 
 
 Ob' (Tatar Omar, Ostyak As, or Yag), riv., W. Siberia, 
 originates in Altai region from confluence of Biya and Katun, 
 flows with great windings, generally speaking N., past Barnaul 
 and Kolyvaii till its junction with the Tom', then NW. and W., 
 receiving the Chulym and many other large tribs. , till its junction 
 with the Irtysh, and then N. and E., subdividing into several 
 branches, till its entrance into the large Ob Bay. Its total 
 length, taking the Katun for its source and adding the length 
 of the Ob Bay, is 3235 m. ; while its second branch, the Irtysh, 
 has alone a length of 2310 m. The total area of its basin is 
 1,150,870 sq. m. This immense river is navigable throughout 
 its length, steamers plying as far as Biysk in the Altai. At 
 Barnaul it is free from ice for 198 days, from April 27 to Nov. 11. 
 In its lower course it inundates its banks, attaining a width of 
 27 m. Considerable fishing, especially in lower course. Regular 
 steamer navigation between Tyumeii, Tomsk, and Biysk, and up 
 the Irtysh (q.v. ) and Ishim. The Ob Bay has a length of over 450 
 m. , and a width of from 60 to 70 m. ; depth from 2 to 15 fathoms. 
 The Yalmal Penin. separates it from Kara Sea, and anothier 
 penin. separates it from the Yenisei Bay, while the large Tazov- 
 skaya Bay joins it from the right. 
 
 Obama, vil. , Japan, Honshiu, 35 m. N. Kyoto ; much fre- 
 quented on account of its mineral waters. P. 9600. 
 1124 
 
 Oban, tp. , New Zealand, on the NE. ct. of Stewart I., 35 m. 
 S. by W. Invercargill. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oban, pari, burgh [Ayr] and seapt. tn. , Scot., Argyllshire, on 
 the Sound Kerrera, 20 m. NW. Inveraray, on the C. R. It has 
 an excellent harbour ; the pier is 250 ft. long, and about 30 ft. 
 wide, and the bay has a depth of from 12 to 24 fathoms water ; 
 great tourist resort. Pari, burgh P. <45oo ; tn. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Obareues, mts. , N. Spain, in N. of Old Castille, adjoining 
 the Basque Provs. , with the famous defiles of Pancorbo (^.v.). 
 
 Obbe, vil. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, Harris par. , Outer Hebrides, 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Obbo, former Egyptian post, E. Sudan, 78 m. SE. Lado. 
 
 Obdorsk, tn., Russia, W. Siberia, govt, and 1070 m. N. 
 Tobolsk, on r. bk. Ob, 80 m. from its entrance into Ob Bay ; 
 centre for trade with Ostyaks ; fishing. The whole region in 
 the W. of it is known as 0. region ; it is intersected by the O. 
 Mts., part of the Urals, which have a NE. direction, and attain 
 a maximum alt. of 5286 ft. Mean temp., yr. 18.5° F., Jan. 14.8°, 
 July 56.0°. 
 
 Obe, tn. , Afghanistan, 50 m. E. Herat. 
 
 6-Becse, comm. , Hungary. See Berse, 6. 
 
 Obeld, E1-, tn. , central Africa. See El Obeid. 
 
 Oder, German, 'upper.' See Od. 
 
 Ober-Alp, Pass. See Alps, Passes and Railways, VH. 
 W. (2). 
 
 Ober-Altstadt, tn., Bohemia, dist. Trautenau. P. < 4000. 
 Ober-Amniergan, vil. , Ger. See Amniergau. 
 
 Ober-Andorf, vil., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 42 
 m. SE. by S. Munich, near the S. frontier of the kingdom, and 
 the 1. bk. of the Inn. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Oberbalm, comm., Switzd. , cant, and 6 m. SSW. Bern. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Ober-Barnlm, circle, Ger., Prussia, in the middle of the 
 prov. Brandenburg, crossed in the S. by 52^° N. , and in the E. 
 by 14° E. 
 
 Ober-Bei'wa, Slavonic Berwa Hornl, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 
 dist. Roznan, 40 m. SSE. Troppau. P. <300o. 
 
 Ober-Bobrltzsch, comm. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle D^esden^ 
 6 m. SE. Freiberg. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Oberbnrg, vil., Switzd., cant, and 10 m. NE. Bern, i^ m. S. 
 Burgdorf. P. (comm. )<300o. 
 
 Ober-Cassel, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Cologne, circle 
 Sieg, 4 m. above Bonn, on r. bk. of Rhine. P. <3000. 
 
 Oberdorf, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. and 2 m. W. Komotau. 
 P. <3C)oo. 
 
 Oberdorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, cap. dist. 
 O. , 42 m. SSW. Augsburg, 7 m. S. Kaufbeuern. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ober-Dorla, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Erfurt, circle 
 and 4 m. S. by W. Miihlhausen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Oberegg, tn., Switzd., cant, and 9 m. NE. Appenzell. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Oberetanhelm, tn., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, Lower Alsace, 
 circle and 9 m. WNW. Erstein. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ober-Fotarlng, vil., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria^ 
 3 m. NE. by E. Munich, on the r. bk. of the Isar. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 OberfVanken, Upper Franconia, govt., in theNE. of Bavaria 
 (q.v.), cap. Bayreuth. It contains also Bamberg. 
 
 Oberfl*ohua, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. 
 Limbach. P. <4000. 
 
 Oberges'telen, vil., Switzd., cant. Valais, near the head of 
 the Rhone valley, 5 m. from the Furka Pass. 
 
 Ober-Glogau, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Neustadt, 25, 
 m. NW. Ratibor. P. 5500. 
 
 Ober-drafendorf, comm. , crownland Lower Austria, 37 m. 
 m. W. by S. Vienna. P. < 3000. 
 
 Oberlialbsteln, in Rumonsh Snr-Selssa, valley, Switzd., 
 Grisons, ascending S. from the Albula at Tiefenkastel, and com- 
 municating at its upper end by the Julier Pass with the Upper 
 Engadine, and by the Septimer Pass with the Val Bregaglia. 
 
 Ober-Hammer, tn. , Bohemia, dist. Eisenbrod. P. < 3000. 
 
 Oberhaasen, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, circle Karls- 
 ruhe, II m. NW. Bruchsal. P. < 3000. 
 
 Oberbansen, market-tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, 
 circle and a suburb of Augsburg, on the 1. bk. of the Wertach. 
 P. 6400. 
 
 Oberbansen, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Miilheim, on 
 the Emscher, 7 m. WNW. Essen. P. (1871) 12,800; (1890) 
 25,200. 
 
 Ober-Helduk, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and 5 m. S. 
 Beuthen, dist. Konigshiitte. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Ober-Hennersdorf, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Rumburg. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Obertaofen, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle Hagenau, on 
 the Moder R. , 15 m. NNE. Strassburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Ober-Hohenelbe, tn., Bohemia, dist. Hohenelbe. P. <3000. 
 
 Ober-Ingelheim, market-tn. , Ger. P. <:4ooo. See Nleder I. 
 
 Ober-Kastrop, vil., Prussia, Westphalia, dist. Kastrop. P. 
 (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Ober-Kanfnngen, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, govt.,, 
 circle, and 6 m. ESE. Kassel. P. <3000. 
 
OBER — OBRI 
 
 <»berkirch, urban coram., Ger. , gd.-duchy Baden, circle 
 and 7 m. ENE. Offenburg. P. <:30OO. 
 
 Oberkotzan, market-tn. , Ger., Bavaria, govt. Upper Fran- 
 conia, circle and 4 m. S. by E. Hof. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Ober-Knniiersdorf, Ger. See Kuniier^dorf, Olier. 
 
 Ober-Laa, tn. , Lower Austria, dist. Schwechat, 4 m. S. by 
 E. Vienna. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ober-Laglewnlk, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Oppeln, 
 circle, dist., and 2 m. S. Beuthen. P. (comm.)<:3ooo. 
 
 Ober-Laliiistelii, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle 
 Goarshausen, on the 1. bk. of the Lahn and r. bk. of the Rhine, 
 4 m. SSE. Koblenz. P. 5500. 
 
 Oberlaiid, The, Switzd. , comprises all the cant. Bern S. of 
 Lake Thun, with adjacent parts of Unterwalden and Uri. In 
 a more restricted sense it is applied to the valleys of Hasli, 
 Grindelwald, and Lauterbrunnen. 
 
 Oberliindlscli Canal, canal connecting a number of lakes 
 in the Prussian prov. of E. Prussia, and partly on the frontier 
 of W. Prussia, connected at the N. end with the navigable 
 portion of the Elbing R., and in the S. with the Drewenz- 
 Schillingsee Canal. The O. Canal, including lakes, affords in 
 all 106 m. of navigation, and the Drewenz-Schillingsee Canal 
 other 12 m. 
 
 Otoerlcntensdorf, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Briix, 10 m. 
 W. by S. Teplitz. P. 5200. 
 
 Oberlln, vil., U.S., Ohio, Lorain co. , 30 m. SW. by W. 
 Cleveland. Oberlin College, founded in 1833, admits students 
 without distinction of sex or colour. P. <:5000. 
 
 Olierliiid, vil., Ger., duchy and 2 m. SSE. Saxe-Meiningen, 
 circle Sonneberg. P. <3000. 
 
 Ober-Luiigwltz, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 9^ m. 
 ENE. Zwickau. P. 8500. 
 
 Otoer-Mals, tn. , Austria, Tirol, dist. and i m. SE. Meran. 
 P. <300o. 
 
 Oberinoscliel, tn., Ger., Bavarian Palatinate, 28 m. W. by 
 N. Worms (Hesse-Darmstadt). P. < 2000. 
 
 Oberiiberg, vil. , crownland Upper Austria, on the r. bk. of 
 the Inn, 45 m. W. Linz. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Oberiidorf, comm. , Austria, Salzburg, dist. and 12 m. NNW. 
 Salzburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Oberiidorf, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, Black Forest circle, 
 27 m. SW. by W. Tiibingen. P. <:4000. 
 
 Oberndorr, par., Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Neuhaus, 
 on the Osle R. , 21 m. SE. by E. Cuxhaven. P. (comm.)-<3ooo. 
 
 Obernenklrcta, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 8 m. SW. 
 by S. Bautzen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Obernenlaiid-Kock-wlnkel, comm. , Ger. , suburb of Bremen. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Obernkircheii, tn. , Prussia, in a detached part of prov. 
 Hesse-Nassau, circle Rinteln, 9 m. E. by S. Minden. P. (comm.) 
 <:4ooo. 
 
 Obernzell, or Hafnerzell, market-vil. , Ger. , Bavaria, govt. 
 Lower Bavaria, circle and 10 m. E. Passau, on 1. bk. Danube, 
 which a few miles lower down quits German terr. ; chief seat of 
 the manufacture of ' Passau' crucibles; two large graphite mines 
 near. P. < 2000. 
 
 Oberoderwltz, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Bautzen, 17 
 m. SW. Gorlitz. P. <4000. 
 
 Oberoii, post-tp.. New South Wales, Westmoreland co., 25 
 m. SSE. Bathurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oberoii, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Benson co., 115 m. 
 SW. Pembina. 
 
 Ober-Peilau, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Breslau, circle 
 and 6 m. SE. Reichenbach, 17 m. N. by E. Glatz. P. <3000. 
 Mlttel-Peilan and NIeder-Pellau are small vils. to the W. 
 
 Oberplanltz, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 3 m. SSW. 
 Zwickau. Important coal-mines ; formerly a considerable sub- 
 terranean conflagration here (begun in 1506). P. 6100. 
 
 Oberplels, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Sieg, 8 m. ESE. 
 Bonn. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Obcrrad, vil. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, govt. Wiesbaden, 
 circle, dist., and 2 m. E. by S. Frankfurt. P. 6400. 
 
 Ober-Rani8tadt, vil., Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse, prov. Starken- 
 burg, circle and 5 m. SE. Darmstadt. P. <3000. 
 
 Oberrelchenbacli, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, 
 dist. Plauen. P. <:4000. 
 
 Oberrlet, vil.. Switzd., cant, and 11 m. SE. by E. St. Gall. 
 P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Ober-Klexlugcn, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, Neckar circle, 
 12 m. NW^ by N. Stuttgart. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ober-Rochlltz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Rochlitz, 17 m. 
 E. by S. Reichenberg. P. -<3ooo. 
 
 Ober-Rosbach, tn., Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse, 6^ m. NE. by 
 X. Homburg ; iron and manganese ore mined. P. <20C)0. 
 
 Ober-Rotli, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, Jagst circle, 27 m. 
 NE. by E. Stuttgart. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ober-Salzbrniin, vil. , Prussian Silesia. See Salzbrnnn, 
 
 Obersteiii, tn., Ger., princip. Birkenfeld, gd.-duchy Olden- 
 burg, on the Nahe, 32 m. SW. by W. Bingen. Chief seat of 
 agate-polishing, the agates obtained from amygdaloidal rock 
 
 round about. Since 1834 inferior gems have also been largely 
 imported (mainly from Brazil) for grinding and polishing. P. 
 6300. 
 
 Oberstrass, NE. suburb of Ztirich, Switzd. 
 
 Ober-Trnni, vil. , Austria, Salzburg, dist. and 10 m. N. Salz- 
 burg, at the head of Lake Trum. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Obertyn, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Horodenka, 
 45 m. NW. by W. Czernowitz. P. 5200. 
 
 Ober-Ursel, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Ober- 
 taunus, 2 m. SW. Homburg. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Obervaz, comm., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 10 m. S. Chur. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Ober-Waldenbnrg, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Breslau, 
 circle Waldenburg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Ober->Valluf, Ger. See Walluf, NIeder-. 
 
 Oberwesel, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Sankt Goar, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Rhine, 19 m. SSE. Koblenz ; formerly an 
 imperial town. P. <3000. 
 
 Ober-Wieseiithal. See WIesentlial, Ober. 
 
 Ober-Wik«iw, tn., Austria, Bukovina, dist. and 10 m. NW. 
 Radautz. P. 5900. 
 
 0-Bessenyo, comm., Hungary, co. Torontdl, dist. Nagy- 
 Szent-Mikl6s, 22 m. SE. Szegedin. P. 6300. 
 
 O. B. Flat, vil., S. Australia, Grey co., in 37° 53' S. and 140° 
 44' E. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Obi, isl. group of the Moluccas, Dutch E. Indies, S. Jilolo 
 (Halmahera), consists of isl. Ombirah and a dozen islets. Area, 
 700 sq. m. 
 
 Obi, riv. , Russia. Same as Ob'. 
 
 Obla's, riv., U.S., Tennessee, rises in the Cumberland Mts. , 
 flows NW. , and joins the Cumberland R. at Celina. 
 
 Obldos, vil., Brazil, Grao Pard, on the 1. bk. of the Amazon, 
 in 55° 32' W. P. from 1000 to 4000. 
 
 Obldos, tn. , Portugal, dist. and 31 m. SW. Leiria. P. <40oo. 
 
 Obion, CO., U.S., Tennessee, in the NW., on the N. frontier, 
 crossed in the E. by 89° W. 
 
 Oblr, peak of the Karawanken Alps, Austria, Carinthia, in 
 46° 30' N., 14° 17' E., 12 m. SE. Klagenfurt, with meteorological 
 station on summit. Alt. (stn.) 6706 ft. Mean temp. (8 yjs., 
 1879-86), yr. 32.6° F., Jan. 19.2°, July 48.4°. 
 
 Oblsary, loch, very irregularly-shaped inlet, Scot. , Inverness- 
 shire, in the SE. of North Uist, opening N. into Loch Eford. 
 
 Oblsplto, small port or roadstead, N. ct. of Chile, prov. 
 Atacama, in 26° 44' S. 
 
 Obispo, tn. , Venezuela, Zamora, 270 m. SW. Caracas. 
 
 Oblak, comm., Austria, Carniola, dist. Loitsch, 20 m. S. 
 Laibach. P. < 5000. 
 
 Obley, post-tn.. New South Wales, Gordon co. , 80 m. NW. 
 Bathurst; has copper-mine near. P. < 1500. 
 
 Obok, or Obock, French colony and protectorate, E. Africa, 
 on the Gulf of Aden, taking its name from a village at mouth 
 of the Gulf of Tajurra, N. side opposite Zeila, in 11° 57' N. , 
 43° 7' E. Now serves as a military post and coaling station. 
 Harbour safe, and easily accessible, though not spacious. It 
 was ceded to France in 1862, but not actually taken possession 
 of till 1881. Submarine cable to Jibuti proposed. 
 
 Oboop, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Cah'inia, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Orange R. , 98 m. NE. by E. Ookiep. 
 
 Oborne, par., Eng. , Dorsetshire, N. div., ij m. ENE. 
 Sherborne, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Obornlk, tn. , Prussia, prov. Posen, on riv. Warthe, 16 m. 
 N. by W. Posen, cap. circle O. P. <30oo. 
 
 Oboyail, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 42 m. S. Kursk ; trade 
 in hides and tallow. P. 9900. 
 
 Obra, riv., Prussia, prov. Posen, rises in the SE. of the prov,, 
 flows first on the whole W. , traversing the O.-Brnch, a marshy 
 tract about 31 m. long, 5 m. broad, and 127 sq. m. in area, 
 drained 1850-60, and connected by different canals with the 
 Warthe on the E. and the Faule Obra on the W. , and then flows 
 N. and NW. , finally entering the Warthe at Schwerin. Navig- 
 able from Bentschen by boats, which, however, are prevented 
 from entering the Warthe by the Warthe-Miihle (mill). 
 
 Obra, Faule, small riv. , Prussia, enters the Oder on the r. 
 bk. a little to the N. of 52° N.; navigable by boats from Ruden, 
 i8i m. 
 
 Obraje, vil. , Mexico. See San Felipe del Obraje. 
 
 Obree, Mount, Brit. New Guinea, in the Owen Stanley range, 
 in about 9^° S. , 148° E. Alt. 10,246 ft. 
 
 O'Brennan, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy, 5 m. 
 NW. Tralee ; 6547 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Obrenovac, tn. , Servia, prov. Sabac, on the Kolubara, 16^ 
 m. SW. Belgrade. P. <:3000. 
 
 Obrez, tn. , Servia, on the 1. bk. of the Morava, prov. and 27 
 m. SE. by E. Kraguyevatz. P. <30oo. 
 
 O'Brien, co., U.S., Iowa, crossed in S. by 43° N., and E. of 
 96° W. 
 
 O'Brlensbrldge, par. and tn.. Ire., SE. co. Clare, bar. 
 Lower Tulla, 4^ m. SSW. Killaloe, on r. bk. of the Shannon, 3 
 m. from Birdhill stn., P.O. (O'Brien's Bridge). Par. 11,369 
 ac. , P. <2ooo; tn. P. <2i;o. 
 
 1125 
 
OBRI — OCEA 
 
 O'Brlen'8 Bridge, stn. , Tasmania. See Olenorcliy. 
 
 Obrlghoveu-Lacklianseii, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. 
 Diisseldorf, circle and 119 m. SW. Rees. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Obrovazzo, Slavonic Obrovac, vil., Austria, crownland 
 Dalmatia, 23 m. E. by N. Zara. P. <2ooo; comm. P. 12,300. 
 
 Observation, Mount, coast eminence, Argentine Republic, E. 
 Patagonia, landmark for sailors, in 50° 31' S., where Lieutenant 
 Skyring, a member of Fitzroy's surveying expedition, in the 
 Adventure and Beagle, in Feb. 1828, established one end of 
 his base-line. 
 
 Obslichly Syrt, plateau, E. Russia, which stretches SW. 
 from S. Urals, between the Volga and Ural Rivs. Its highest 
 points are 1740 ft. and 2030 ft. above the sea. 
 
 Obstruction Island, small isl., U.S., Washington, at 
 entrance to Puget Sound, with fixed white light. 
 
 Obstruction Sound, inlet in the S. of Chile, running S. from 
 Worsley Sound, in 72^° W., between about 52° and 52^° S. 
 
 Obnfl, vil., E. Sudan, about 115 m. S. of Lado, 56 m. SSW. 
 of Dufile. 
 
 Obnkhov, tn., Russia, govt, and 27 m. S. Kiev. P. 5200. 
 
 Obra, navigable riv., NE. Russia, govt. Perm, r. bk. trib. of 
 Kama ; valley well peopled. Length, 150 m. 
 
 Oby, part of par. , Eng. , Norfolk. See Asbby. 
 
 Ocala, city, U.S., Florida, Marion co. , 95 m. SSW. of the 
 mouth of St. John's R. P. < 3000. 
 
 O'Callaglian's Mills, tn., Ire., NE. co. Clare, bar. Lower 
 Tulla, 10 m. WNW. Killaloe, 8 m. from Sixmilebridge stn., 
 P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ocampo, sugar-growing colony, Argentine Republic, terr. of 
 the Chaco, on the r. bk. of Rio Parana, 78 m. SW. by S. 
 Corrientes. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ocampo, Canal de, channel, Cuba. See Nicholas Channel. 
 
 Ocafta, tn. , Colombia, Santander, 220 m. SE. Cartagena ; 
 picturesquely and healthily situated. Alt. 3820 ft. P. 8000. 
 
 Ocafta, tn., Spain, prov. Toledo, cap. dist. O. , 7 m. SE. by 
 S. Aranjuez. Here the Spaniards were defeated by the French, 
 Nov. 19, 1809. P. (comm.) 6000. 
 
 Ocate, tn. , U.S., New Mexico, Mora co., 70 m. NE. by E. 
 Sapta F6. P. < 1500. 
 
 Occhleppo Inferlore, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 
 3 m. SW. Biella ; the Elvo supplies water-power for cotton- 
 mills and other works. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Occhlobello, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. Rovigo, on the 1. bk. 
 of the riv. Po, 6 m. NNW. Ferrara. P. <20oo. 
 
 Occidental, Villa. See Villa Hayes. 
 
 Occlnilano, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, 18 m. 
 S. by E. Vercelli. P. <:3000. 
 
 Occold, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 2 m. SE. Eye, P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Occuni, settlement, U.S., Connecticut, New London co., 5 
 m. N. Norwich. 
 
 Ocean, Paanopa, or Banaba, isl., Gilbert Archipelago, in 
 0° 52' S. , 168° 24' E. ; shark fishing carried on. Area, 10 sq. m. 
 
 Ocean, small islet in the NW. of the Hawaiian (Sandwich) 
 group, in the N. Pacific, in about 28|° N., 178° W. 
 
 Ocean, co., U.S., New Jersey, on Atlantic, crossed by 40° N. 
 
 Oceana, co. , U.S., Michigan, on Lake Michigan, S. of 44° N. 
 
 Ocean Beach, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Monmouth co. , on 
 the coast, 35 m. S. Brooklyn; sea-bathing resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ocean City, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Cape May co. , at the 
 entrance to Great Egg Harbour, 54 m. SE. by S. Philadelphia 
 (Pa.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Ocean Grove, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Monmouth co., on the 
 coast, 35 m. S. New York ; summer resort ; noted place for 
 Methodist camp-meetings. P. <30oo. 
 
 Ocean Grove, post-tn., Victoria, Grant co., on riv. Barwon, 
 in 38° 15' S. and 144° 30' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oceania, the central parts of the Pacific, lying E. of Japan, 
 the Philippines, the Moluccas, and Australia across to the 
 American coast. In a wider, but little used, sense it includes 
 Australia and New Zealand, and even the Antarctic lands. 
 
 Oceanic, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Monmouth co., 20 m. S. 
 Brooklyn, on Navesink Bay. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Oceans, the largest divisions of the waters of the globe are 
 not sharply distinguished from the smaller divisions known as 
 seas. The Antarctic Ocean is bounded by the Antarctic Circle 
 in 66|° S. lat. , and occupies the whole submerged area within 
 that circle [see Antarctic Regions]. From the Antarctic Circle 
 three gfreat arms extend northwards, the Atlantic Ocean between 
 10° E. and 60° W. long., the Pacific Ocean between 80° W. and 
 150° E. long., and the Indian Ocean between 110° E. and 40° E. 
 long. The two former are continued to the Arctic Circle, where 
 they are connected by narrow openings with the Arctic Ocean, 
 and the last is bounded in about 20 N. lat. by the southern 
 coast of Asia. It is for many purposes convenient to treat as a 
 separate division the belt between the Antarctic Circle and 40° 
 S. lat., in which the only land is the extremity of S. America ; 
 this is usually termed the Southern Ocean. 
 
 The great continental elevations are continued southwards 
 from Africa, Australia, and S. America in the form of submarine 
 1126 
 
 ridges, oyer which the depth of water never exceeds 2000 fathoms. 
 These ridges, separating the great oceanic basins, unite in the 
 Antarctic elevation. Conversely, the channels at the northern 
 extremities of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans unite in the 
 Arctic depression. In the Atlantic, and to a less marked extent 
 in the Pacific, submarine ridges traverse the longitudinal median 
 line of the main basin, and the greatest depths occur at each 
 side near the continental coasts. The floor of the Indian Ocean 
 slopes gradually down from the African-Antarctic ridge towards 
 the NE. , and is deepest in the angle between Java and Australia. 
 Various estimates of the area, volume, and depth of the great 
 ocean basins have been made by Murray, Supan, and Von Tillo, 
 and the results differ chiefly through different assumptions of the 
 angle of slope of the ocean bed. 
 
 
 Arctic 
 Ocean. 
 
 Atlantic [ 
 ^^ft^ Pacific. Indian. 
 Arctic). ' 
 
 Southern 
 
 and 
 
 Antarctic 
 
 Ocean. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Area, millions of sq. m.» . . j 4.78 
 
 Volumes, millions of cub. m.* i 3.42 
 Mean depth, fathoms • . . j 630 
 
 § • - 1983 
 Greatest depth, fathoms t . 1 2650A 
 
 33-63 55-62 17.32 
 30.22 ■ 49.60 20 08 
 70.00 144.40 , 44.4s 
 1831 2279 i 2258 
 1798 1 21 16 1 1963 
 1820 2116 , 1969 
 
 22I2rt 2394 2008 
 
 456"' 4656^ 3393< 
 
 30.59 
 
 64.88 
 1863 
 
 2146 
 1976/ 
 
 i37-»o 
 
 99.89 
 
 323.72 
 
 2076 
 
 2079 
 
 ■■ 
 
 • Murray. t Supan. + Penck. § Von Tillo. 
 
 a Without Arctic Ocean. b Lat. •'8" 5' N., long. 2° 30' W. 
 
 c Lat. 19" 39 N., long. 66° 26 W. d Lat. 44° 55' N.. long. 152° 26' E. 
 
 e S.S. Recorder, lat. 11° 22' S., long. 116° 50' E. 
 
 y Lat. 62° 26' S., Icug. 95° 44' E. 
 
 Employing a method originally applied by Kriimmel, Karstens 
 has recently obtained the following results : — 
 
 
 Atlantic ... , „ .^ 
 ^^jjl, Indian ! Pacific 
 
 Arctic. 0<:«3n- i ^c^^v^. 
 
 Ant- 
 arctic. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Area (millions of sq. m.) . . 
 Volume (millions of cub. m.) . 
 Mean depth (fathoms) . . , 
 
 39.69 1 28.60 67.77 
 77.97 1 63.85 161.26 
 1728 1965 2094 
 
 6.04 142.10 
 5. 63 308.71 
 820 1913 
 
 Murray found that 42 per cent, of the waters of the globe lie 
 between the surface and 1000 fathoms, 56 per cent, between 
 1000 and 3000 fathoms, and i per cent, below the latter depth. 
 Mill calculated that the volume of water below the level of 1700 
 fathoms {mean sphere level) is equal to the volume of land above 
 it, and obtained the further remarkable result that the area 
 above that plane is equal to the area below it. Von Tillo, who 
 has computed th^ mean depth of the oceans in belts of 10" of 
 latitude, points out that the greatest mean depths occur about 
 30° N. and S. of the equator, coinciding with belts of greatest 
 atmospheric pressure and greatest salinity. 
 
 The solids dissolved in ocean water are nearly the same in 
 all parts of the world, and their relative proportions are practi- 
 cally constant. About 88.3 per cent, consists of sodium and 
 magnesium chlorides, 10.8 per cent, of sulphates, 0.3 per cent, 
 of carbonates, and the remaining 0.6 per cent, of other salts in 
 small quantities. The proportion of all these solids in a given 
 weight of sea water varies within narrow limits, averaging about 
 3^ per cent. Atmospheric gases are dissolved to a considerable 
 extent. The compressibility of sea water is at ordinary tempera- 
 tures about 92 per cent, that of fresh water. 
 
 Under the attractive influence of the sun and moon a tidal 
 wave is formed in the ocean, the influence of the moon being 
 the greater of the two (approximately in the ratio of 11 : 5), 
 inasmuch as the tide-forming power of the heavenly bodies 
 depends on the difference between the attraction exercised on 
 the side of the earth turned towards them, and on the side 
 turned away, and so diminishes according to the cube of the 
 distance, while it increases with the mass. Theory shows that 
 in a narrow canal surrounding the earth at the equator (i) if 
 there were no friction it would be low water under the attracting 
 body, and high water in quadratures ; (2) friction accelerates 
 the times of high and low water ; (3) a constant westerly current 
 is produced by the attractive action, which (4) by friction 
 tends to increase the period of the earth's rotation or the length 
 of the day. The configuration of the land prevents the complete 
 formation of the tidal-wave, except in the open Pacific and the 
 zone of the Southern Ocean, and from these it is deflected north- 
 ward. The tidal-wave moves fastest, is of greatest length and 
 least amplitude in deep water. On entering shallow water its 
 under side suffers the greatest retardation, and a tidal surface 
 current is produced. In an open channel the flood-current con- 
 tinues to run for nearly three hours after high water, and the ebb 
 for a similar time after low water. In proportion as the channel 
 is obstructed at the further end, the current runs for a shorter time 
 after high or low water ; and in a closed creek the current turns 
 with the tide. Spring tides, which have the greatest amplitude, 
 occur at new and full moon ; and neap tides, which have least 
 amplitude, at quadratures. The interval by which high water 
 follows the moon's transit on days of full and change is constant 
 
OCEA — OCON 
 
 for any given seaport, and its amount is called the ' establish- 
 ment of the port.' 
 
 Oceanic currents are produced solely by atmospheric in- 
 fluences acting on the surface, and their directions are largely 
 controlled by the configuration of the land and by the earth's 
 rotation. Conditions of temperature, evaporation and rainfall, 
 give rise to inequalities of density and level, but by far the most 
 potent factor is the direct frictional action of the wind. When 
 the prevailing wind is towards the shore, the surface water is 
 heaped up and escapes laterally ; when fro7n the shore, the 
 surface water is carried seawards, and water wells up from 
 below to supply its place. About lat. 30°, both N. and S. of 
 the equator, atmospheric pressure is invariably high in the ocean 
 a little to the westward of all continents ; hence around these 
 regions the surface water circulates anti-cyclonically, -with the 
 hands of a watch in the N. hemisphere, against them in the S. 
 hemisphere. On the equatorial sides of these areas the A^. and 
 S. Equatorial Currents move westwards until arrested by the 
 land, and water is banked up on the eastern seaboards of the 
 continents. On the polar sides the West Wind Drifts move 
 eastwards. On the western sides warm currents move north- 
 wards in the N. hemisphere (the Gulf Stream [q.v.) in the 
 Atlantic, and the Kuro-shiwo in the Pacific), and southwards 
 in the S. hemisphere (the Brazil current in the Atlantic, the 
 E. Australian in the Pacific, the Mozambique and Agulhas 
 currents in the Indian Ocean). On the eastern side cold currents 
 move southwards in the N. hemisphere (the Canaries in the 
 Atlantic, the California in the Pacific), and northwards in the 
 S. hemisphere (the Benguela in the Atlantic, the Peru in" the 
 Pacific, and the W. Australian in the Indian Ocean). Near the 
 centres of the anti-cyclonic systems the circulating motion is 
 extremely slow, and in the N. Atlantic the differential move- 
 ment causes the aggregation of immense masses of weed, 
 forming the Sargasso Sea. Where the heaping up of the water 
 by the N. and S. Equatorial Currents is not fully relieved by the 
 drainage to N. and S. , a return current arises between them, as 
 the Guinea in the Atlantic, and the Equatorial Counter in the 
 Pacific. In the Indian Ocean the N. Equatorial is absent, and 
 the S. Equatorial is relieved on its northern side by the Indian 
 Counter moving eastwards along the equator, and by a complex 
 system of Monsoon Drifts which vary with the seasons. Monsoon 
 Drifts also occur to the W. of Central America. In the higher 
 northern latitudes permanent areas of low atmospheric pressure 
 lie over the oceans, and the surface circulation tends to be 
 cyclonic, although greatly modified by the land. The polar 
 side of the West Wind Drift is carried north-eastward, impinging 
 on the coast of Alaska in the Pacific, but penetrating into the 
 Arctic Ocean from the Atlantic. It is supposed that a current 
 sets from the N. of Asia direct across the Arctic Ocean to N. 
 America. On the western borders of the sea cold currents move 
 southwards along the coasts of Greenland and Labrador in the 
 Atlantic, and of Kamchatka and Sakhalin in the Pacific. 
 Coming through the narrow Bering Strait the current in the 
 Pacific is much smaller than the Labrador, but both penetrate 
 southwards along the coast for a considerable distance, forming 
 a ' cold wall ' between the land and the Kuro-shiwo and Gulf 
 Stream respectively. Little is known certainly about the currents 
 of the Antarctic, but it seems probable that winds blowing out- 
 wards from a continental anti-cyclone give rise to currents moving 
 northwards, which are ultimately absorbed by the West Wind 
 Drifts. 
 
 The distribution of Ice in the Arctic and Antarctic regions 
 is subject to great variations, but in the southern hemisphere 
 the limit of heavy pack-ice roughly coincides with the Antarctic 
 Circle, except to the S. of New Zealand, where it recedes to 
 nearly 80° S. lat. In the northern hemisphere the distribution 
 of land and sea, with the consequent differences in meteoro- 
 logical conditions, renders the arrangement much more complex ; 
 offshoots radiating from the main body of the pack-ice, and 
 detached masses lying beyond its limits, are frequently met with. 
 The E. ct. of Greenland is beset by masses of ice brought 
 down by the E. Greenland Current as far S. as 60° N. lat., but 
 the influence of warm Atlantic currents is felt as far N. as Spits- 
 bergen, and as far E. as Novaya Zemlya. Novaya Zemlya and 
 the Samoyed Penin. enclose the detached ice in the Kara Sea, 
 and the northern Asiatic coast is pretty closely beset. The small 
 warm current entering Bering Strait causes the ice to recede 
 somewhat at this point, but the straits and sounds of the N. 
 American Archipelago are choked with heavy ice. Detached 
 packs are found in Hudson Bay, Fox Canal, and Hudson 
 Strait. Smith Sound and Kane Bay are free, but Baffin Bay 
 and Davis Strait are only clear close to the coasts. [H. N. D.] 
 
 Ocean Springs, tn. , U.S., Mississippi, Jackson co. , on the 
 coast, 50 m. WSW. Mobile (Ala.) ; summer resort on the Gulf 
 of Mexico, with saHne-chalybeate springs. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Ocejdn, mt., Spain. See Guadarrama, Sierra de. 
 
 Ocliakov, fortified tn. , Russia, govt. Kherson, 41 m. ENE. 
 Odessa, at entrance to estuary of Dnieper ; seat of old Greek 
 fort, Alektqr. P. 6820. 
 
 Oclill, vii. , Canada, Ontario, Lanark co. , 52 m. WSW. Ottawa. 
 
 Ochll Hills, range, Scot., trending NE. from the meeting 
 point of COS. Stirhng, Perth, and Clackmannan, near Stirling, 
 to the r. bk. of the Tay, below the city of Perth ; formed mainly 
 of porphyrite and andesite rocks of the Lower Old Red Sand- 
 stone period, with large areas of agglomerate, tuff, &c. Crossed 
 in the E. by the N. B. R. line (which ascends the Glenfarg) 
 from Perth to Kinross, and in the W. by the road from Auchter- 
 arder to Dollar (which follows Glen Devon). The SE. side of 
 the group is steep, Ben Cleuch (alt. 2363 ft.) occurring at its 
 SW. end. Large quantities of coal are obtained round the base 
 of the main range, which has also yielded various valuable 
 metals in large quantities. 
 
 Ochiltree, par., Scot., S. Ayrshire, on the Lugar Water, loi 
 m. E. Ayr, ij m. N. of its stn. on the G. & SW. R., PM.O.I 
 18,328 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Ochiltree, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW., on the N. frontier, 
 bounded on the W. by 101° W. 
 
 Ochiltree, Loch, lake, Scot., Wigtownshire, in the NE., j\ 
 m. NW. Newton Stewart, drained S. into riv. Bladenoch. 
 
 Ocho Bios Bay, Jamaica, on the N. ct. , in 77° 7' W. 
 
 Ochotnlca, comm., Austria, Galicia, circle Sandec, dist. and 
 14 m. ENE. Neumarkt. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ochrlda, tn. and lake. See Okhrlda. 
 
 Ochsenfnrt, tn., Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 circle O. , on the 1. bk. of the Main, 10 m. SE. by S. Wiirzburg. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Ochsenhansen, vil. , Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle of the 
 Danube, 22 m. S. Ulm. P. <3000. 
 
 Ochsenkopf, mt. , Ger., Bavaria. See Flchtelgebirge. 
 
 Ochsen'warder, comm., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 
 6\ m. SSE. Hamburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Ochtendnng, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt, and 10 m. SW. 
 Koblenz, circle and 8 m. NE. Mayen. P. <30oo. 
 
 Ochtrnp, par., Prussia, in the NW. of prov. Westphalia, 
 circle Steinfurt, 25 m. NW. Miinster. P. 5500. 
 
 Ock, riv. , Eng. , Berkshire, Abingdon div. , trib. of the Thames, 
 which it joins on the r. bk. at Abingdon. 
 
 Ock, riv. , Eng. , Devonshire. See Okement. 
 
 Ockany, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding. See 
 >¥alklngham Hill. 
 
 Ockhrook, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Ilkeston div., 4 m. E. 
 Derby, i| m. N. by E. Borrowash stn., PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Ockelbo, vil., Sweden, prov. (Ian) Gefleborg, 20 m. NW. 
 Gefle ; has iron-mines and forges. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ockendou, North and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Essex, North O. div. 5^ m. ESE. Romford, 2 m. SE. by E. 
 Upminster stn., with a stn. (O.) on the London, Tilbury, and 
 Southend Rly. North O. , P. O. , P. < 500 ; South O. , PMT. O. . 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Ocker, riv. , Ger. See Oker. 
 
 Ockerhlll, eccles. par. , Eng. , S. Staffordshire, i m. WSW. 
 Wednesbury. P. <40oo. 
 
 Ockham, par., Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div., 6 m. NE. Guild- 
 ford, 2 m. NW. Horsley stn., on the L. & SW. R., PM.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Ockla'waha Blver, U.S., Florida, rises in lakes in cos. 
 Orange and Sumter, flows N. into St. John's R. , above Lake 
 George ; navigable to Leesburg, 170 m. 
 
 Ockley, par. , Eng. , Surrey, Reigate div. , 5I m. S. Dorking, 
 i m. W. of its stn. on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Ocksen, small isl. off the E. ct. of China, with a lighthouse, 
 visible 24 m. , in 24° 59' N., 119° 27' E. 
 
 Ocle Pychard, par., Eng., Hereford, Leominster div., 7J m. 
 NE. by E. Hereford, 3I m. NE. Withington stn. P. <Soo. 
 
 Ocniulgee Blver, U.S., Georgia, rises in N. of state, flows 
 SSE. then NNE., joins with the Oconee (which is navigable 
 100 m. to Milledgeville ; length, 250 m.) to form the Altamaha ; 
 navigable to Macon. Length about 200 m. 
 
 Ocua, or Ttrgn (or T^rgn) Ocua, tn., Roumania, prov. 
 BacSu, on riv. Trolu, 75 m. SW. by S. Yassy, with salt-mines. 
 P. (comm.) 6500. 
 
 Ocita, or Ocnele-Marl, tn. , Roumania, prov. Valcea, 58 m. 
 NNE. Craiova, with salt-mines. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Ocoa, bay, on the S. side of the republic of Santo Domingo, 
 in 70° 40' W. 
 
 Ococlngo, or Ocosclngo, tn. , in SE. of Mexico, Chiapas, 32 
 m. ENE. San Cristobal, 290 m. ESE. Vera Cruz. Ruins of an 
 ancient town 5 m. to the E. See /our. R. G. S., 1872, p. 363. 
 
 Ocoiia, riv., Peru, deps. Ayacucha and Arequipa, flows S. 
 into the Pacific, which it enters in about i6J° S. 
 
 Ocona Lufty, settlement, U.S., N. Carolina, Swain co., 48 
 m. SE. Knoxville (Tenn.). 
 
 Oconee, riv. , U.S. See Ocmulgee. 
 
 Oconee, co., U.S., Georgia, S. of 34° N., and between 83° 
 and 84° W. 
 
 Oconee, co. , U.S., S. Carolina, in the extreme NW. 
 
 O'Connell, post-tn.. New South Wales, co. and 10 m. SE. 
 Bathurst, on Fish R. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 O'Connor, summer resort, U.S., Nebraska, in lake region of 
 Waukesha co., 31 m. W. Milwaukee by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 1127 
 
OCON — ODES 
 
 Oconomo'iroc, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Waukesha co. , 32 m. 
 
 W. by N. Milwaukee. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Oconto, city, U.S., Wisconsin, O. co. , at mouth of Oconto R. , 
 on the W. side of Green Bay, 26 m. N. by E. of the head of the 
 bay ; one of the largest lumber manufacturing points in the 
 state. P. 5200. 
 
 Oconto, riv. , U.S., Wisconsin, rises in O. co. , flows S. then 
 E. for about 15 m., and empties itself into Green Bay at O. 
 
 Ocos, free port, Guatemala, on the Pacific, at the mouth of 
 the Rio Naranja, almost in the extreme W. of the state. 
 
 Oco»«cingo, tn. , Mexico. See Ococliigo. 
 
 Ocotal, tn. , Nicaragua, 63 m. SE. Tegucigalpa. 
 
 Ocotepec, vil. , Honduras, 50 m. N. San Salvador. 
 
 Ocracoke Inlet, U.S., N. Carolina, in the E., between two 
 coast islands, connecting Pamlico Sound with the Atlantic 
 (Raleigh Bay) in 35° 4' N. 
 
 Ocreza, small riv. , in E. of Portugal, r. bk. trib. Tagus. 
 
 Ocsa, comm. , Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, dist. Pest- 
 koz^p, 16 m. SE. Budapest. P. <4000. 
 
 Ocsadnlcza, comm., Hungary, co. Trencs^n, dist. Csacza. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Ocs^ny, comm., Hungary, co. Tolna, dist. Kozpont, 4 m. 
 SE. Szegszard. P. <4000. 
 
 Ocsikl, comm. , Hungary, co. B6k6s, dist. and 8 m. WNW. 
 Szarvas. P. 7900. 
 
 Octevllle, tn. , France, dep. Manche, on the Divette, arr. 
 and I m. SW. Cherbourg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Octodurum, tn. , Switzd. See Martlgny la Vllle. 
 
 Oenlnian, vil., Mexico, 21 m. NE. Mexico. 
 
 Ocnmare, vil., Venezuela, Carabobo, 60 m. W. Caracas, in 
 about 67° 48' W. 
 
 Ocumare, tn. , Venezuela, Miranda, 30 m. S. by E. Caracas. 
 
 Oda, another name of Nsnaem, or Insnaim, Gold Coast 
 Colony. 
 
 Odadahrann, vast lava field in the centre of eastern Iceland, 
 stretching about 45 m. N. from Vatna-Jokull. About the middle 
 of its E. side is the large crater of Askja. 
 
 Odagh, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bars. Crannagh and Fassa- 
 dinin, on riv. Nore, 3 m. SE. Freshford ; 4542 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Odate, tn., Japan, 40 m. SW. by S. Aomori. P. 7200. 
 
 Odawara, tn. , Japan, Honshiu, 34 m. WSW. Yokohama. 
 P. ,14,200. 
 
 Odby, vil. , Denmark. See I'dby. 
 
 Odeombe, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 3J m. W. by S. 
 Yeovil, i^ m. S. Montacute stn. , P.O. P. <:7So. 
 
 Odd Down, P.O., Eng., near Bath, Somerset, 2 m. from 
 Holloway. 
 
 Oddernas, vil., Norway, prov. and i m. NE. Christiansand. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Oddero, isl. , S. ct. of Norway, close to Christiansand ; light- 
 house, visible 8 m. 
 
 Oddesnud, strait, W. part of Liim Fjord, N. Jutland, Den- 
 mark, the narrowest part of the whole channel, now crossed by 
 the railway to Thisted. 
 
 Oddlngley, par., Eng., Worcestershire, dist. and 2J m. SE. 
 Droitwich. P. <250. See Hadsor. 
 
 Oddington, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 
 6i m. SE. Evesham, i m. WSW. Addlestrop stn., PM.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Oddington, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 6 m. 
 NNE. Oxford, 2 m. E. Islip stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Odd Rode, par., Eng., Cheshire, div. and 8 m. E. Crewe, 
 I m. SW. Mowcop stn. P. <3500. 
 Ode, vil., W. Africa, Lagos. See IJebn Ode. 
 Odebolt, tn., U.S., Iowa, Sac co. ,59 m. E. by S. Sioux City. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Odekwe, stn., Africa, Niger Coast Protectorate, on 1. bk. 
 Niger, in 6° 5' N. 
 
 Odell, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., on the 
 Great Ouse, ^\ m. NW. Bedford, 2\ m. WSW. Sharnbrook 
 stn., P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Odell, vil., U.S., Illinois, Livingston co., 63 m. ENE. Peoria. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Odemira, tn., Portugal, dist. Beja, 82 m. SSE. Lisbon. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 Odemlsh, tn., Asia Minor, vilayet, sanjak, and 48 m. E. by 
 S. Smyrna, terminus of the railway that ascends the valley 
 of the Kichik Menderez. P. 7200 ; Moham. 4000 ; Orthodox 
 Greeks, 3000 (Cuinet). 
 
 O'Dempsy, electoral div., Ire., King's co., dist. Clonygowan. 
 Odenbach, vil. , Ger. , Bavarian Palatinate, 32 m. W. Worms 
 (Hesse-Darmstadt). P. <20oo. 
 
 Odenbarg, German, in Hungarian ^pron, municip., in 
 the W. of Hungary, cap. co. O. , 19 m. SE. by E. Wiener- 
 Neustadt. Chief town of a noted wine-producing dist. P. 
 (1850)16,700; (1869)21,100; (1890)27,200. 
 
 Odenhelm, comm. , Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle Karlsruhe, 
 7 m. ENE. Bruchsal. P. < 3000. 
 
 Odenl, stn., Africa, belonging to the Royal Niger Company, 
 on N. bank Benue, in 8° 5' E. 
 1128 
 
 Odenklrchen, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Diisseldorf, 
 circle and 4 m. SSE. Gladbach. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Odense, tn., Denmark, Fyen I., prov. O. , on the Oilense Aa, 
 
 87 m. W. by S. Copenhagen. Depth at entrance to port (which 
 is approached by a channel 4J m. long, 40 ft. wide at bottom), 
 15 ft. The New Harbour has 1040 ft. of quayage ; depth along- 
 side 16 ft. Has an ancient cathedral (13th century) containing 
 tombs of King Canute and other kings, a valuable archaeo- 
 logical museum, tanneries, and distilleries. Is the see of the 
 Bishop of Fyen, and birthplace of Hans C. Andersen. P. (1870) 
 17,000; (1890)30,300. 
 
 Odentbal, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Miilheim, 10 m. 
 NE. Cologne. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Oden^vald, highland region, Ger. See Baden, gd. -duchy. 
 0«le Ondo, large tn., W. Africa, Benin, 64 m. NW. by N. 
 Benin ; well situated on a plain (alt. about 750 ft. above sea- 
 level). P. 60,000. 
 
 Oder (ancient Roman Viadus, Viadrus, Bohemian and Polish 
 Odra, probably connected with Slavonic voda, oda, 'water'), 
 one of the principal rivers of Germany, rises in the Oder 
 mountain in Moravia, about 12 m. ENE. Olmiitz, not far from 
 the town of Liebau, 2057 ft. above the level of the sea. It flows 
 first SE. then NE. , where it forms the boundary between 
 Austria and Prussia. Near the little town of Oderberg it enters 
 the prov. of Silesia, Prussia, and flows in a north-westerly 
 and northerly direction through the provs. of Silesia, Branden- 
 burg, and Pomerania. At Rat.ibor it becomes navigable for 
 small vessels ; at Breslau, where it enters the N. German plain, 
 also for larger vessels. Below Frankfurt it flows through the 
 ' Oderbruch,' an extremely fertile region. At Gartz (15 m. SW. 
 Stettin) it divides into two arms; the eastern, known as the Reglitz, 
 enters the head of Lake Damm (Dammscher-see), receiving the 
 Parnitz arm on the W. from Stettin. The main arm traverses 
 Stettin, and enters the upper end of the Damansch, or channel 
 forming the outlet of Lake Damm, then, after changing its 
 name successively to Streve and Papenwasser, it enters the Bay 
 of Stettin (Stettlner HafT), which is separated from the Baltic 
 by the two isls. of Wollin and Usedom, its main outlet being the 
 Swine, between these two islands. The most important trib. of 
 the Oder, on the r. bk., is the Warthe, with the Netze; on the 1. 
 bk. it receives the mountain streams Glatzer Neisse, Katzbach, 
 Bober, and Lausitzer Neisse. The upper course of the Oder 
 has a strong fall, and picturesque banks ; the lower course is 
 shallow, and not very suitable for navigation, because of its 
 having sometimes only 3-4 ft. of depth. Very frequently there 
 are inundations, caused by the rapid swelling of the Silesian 
 mountain tribs. In order to preserve the Oder as a navigable 
 stream the Prussian state has expended considerable sums, so 
 that navigation has considerably increased since about 1885. 
 The Oder is connected through the Finow Canal with the 
 Havel, through the Frederic William's Canal with the Spree, 
 and through the Netze and the Bromberger Canal with the 
 Vistula. Sea-going vessels are able to ascend as far as Stettin, 
 but those of large burden stop at Swinemiinde (q.v.), the out- 
 p)ort of Stettin, on the isl. of Usedom. The chief commodi- 
 ties carried on the Oder are coals, grain, timber, and stones ; 
 but navigation is at a standstill for the most part in the height 
 of summer. Total length of river 552 m. , of which 469 m. are 
 navigable ; area of river-basin 43,300 sq. m. , of which 41,000 
 fall to Prussia. 
 
 Oderan, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, 8 m. SW. 
 by W. Freiberg. P. 5700. 
 
 Oderberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt. Potsdam, 
 circle and 10 m. SSE. Angermiinde. P. <;4000. 
 Oderbrncli, marshy tract, Ger. See Oder. 
 Odernlielm, vil., Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse, circle Alzey, 8 m. 
 N. by W. Worms. P. <20oo. 
 
 Oderqaart, par., Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Kehdingen, 
 22 m. ESE. Cuxhaven, 3^ m. S. 1. bk. of the Elbe. P. <3000. 
 Oderzo, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 14 m. NE. by E. 
 Treviso. P. <30oo. 
 
 Odessa, vil., Canada, Ontario, Addington co., 11 m. WNW. 
 Kingston. 
 
 Odessa, city and seapt. , Russia, on a bay of N. ct. of Black 
 Sea, govt, and 91 m. W. Kherson, 933 m. by rail from Moscow, 
 46° 22' 49" N., 30° 44' 5" E. (cathedral). The bay of O. being 
 open to E. winds has three fine harbours protected by moles, 
 which freeze but for a few days in winter. Climate extreme, the 
 average temp, being, yr. 48.5° F. , Jan. 23.2°, July 73.0° ; yearly 
 rainfall only 14 in. The city is built on a terrace, 100 to 150 ft. 
 high, bordered by an embankment, from which a grand flight 
 of steps descend to the sea ; the central parts of the city have 
 broad streets and squares, bordered with fine buildings. Beyond 
 the city, surrounded by a boulevard, lie the suburbs Novaya and 
 Peresyp' in the N. , and Moldavanka in SW. ; while the German 
 colonies Liebenthal and Lustdorf are bathing-places. O. is the 
 commercial and intellectual cap. of XoTorosslya, and has a 
 university, several scientific societies, and museums. Its popu- 
 lation has increased rapidly since its foundation in 1794, and 
 at present it is the third chief city of Russia proper, after the two 
 
ODES — OFFE 
 
 capitals. The population is chiefly Russian, but contains great 
 numbers of Jews as well as of Roumanians, S. Slavs, Tatars, 
 &c. , and a large proportion of Italians, Greeks, Germans, and 
 French. The industries of O. (chiefly flour-mills, biscuit-works, 
 tobacco, and machinery works) are not of great importance. 
 Trade, on the contrary, is rapidly growing, O. being not only 
 the port of export for the two basins of Dnieper and Dniester, 
 but also for many goods brought from Caucasia and S. Russia. 
 Grain is exported in considerable quantities (from 1,000,000 to 
 2,500,000 quarters), also flour, wool, tallow, hides, cattle ; while 
 tea, manufactured goods, fruits, wine, and groceries are imported 
 — the total value of exports and imports attaining to ^^15, coo, 000. 
 Yearly visited by about 1500 foreign ships and 2500 coasting 
 vessels. A Greek colony existed before the 3rd century at this 
 spot. It disappeared later on, and the Turks founded here the 
 fort Hajibey, which was taken by the Russians in 1789. Odessa 
 forms with the surrounding villages a separate capitancy 
 {^radonachalstvo). P. (1814) 25,000 ; (1850) 100,000; (1892) 
 338,690. 
 
 Odessa, vil. , U.S., Delaware, New Castle co. , 20 m. S. by 
 W. Wilmington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Odessa, vil., U.S., Missouri, Lafayette co., 38 m. E. by S. 
 Kansas City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Odeypoor, state, India. See I'dalpnr. 
 
 Odl, tn. , W. Africa, on the Bight of Benin, 64 m. W. by S. 
 Benin, in 4° 31' E. 
 
 Odia, Elmore, or Ailiugelablab, isl. , Marshall Is., S. 
 Pacific, in the Ralik group. 
 
 Odiel, small coast riv. , SW. Spain, prov. Huelva, flows SW. 
 from the Sierra Aracena, and joins the Rio Tinto below Huelva. 
 
 Odlhani, formerly also spelt Odlani, par., Eng. , Hampshire, 
 div. and 6| m. E. by S. Basingstoke, on the Basingstoke Canal, 
 2 m. SE. Hook stn. The town has two fairs, held annually, an 
 endowed grammar-school, remains of a royal palace and park, 
 and the ruins of a castle in which David I., King of Scotland, 
 was imprisoned for eleven years after his capture at Neville's 
 Cross. Lily, the grammarian, was born here in 1468. PMT.O. 
 7355 ^c. P. <300o; eccles. par. (O, wltli Greywell) P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Odillenberg, or Salnte Odlle, convent and tourist resort, 
 Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, on an E. spur (2405 ft.) of the Vosges, 
 jutting out into the valley of the Rhine, 30 m. SW. Strassburg ; 
 was founded in the end of the 7th century. 
 
 Odin, vil., U.S., Illinois, Marion co.,'65 m. E. St. Louis by 
 rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 OdobescI, tn. , Roumania, prov. Putna, 53 m. WNW. Galatz. 
 P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 O-DombovAr, comm. , Hungary, co. Tolna, 75 m. W. by N. 
 Maria Theresiopel. P. <4000. 
 
 O'Doiiovan's Cove, Ire., in the extreme SW. of co. Cork, on 
 the N. side of Dunmanus Bay. 
 
 Odoutala, valley, central Asia, Tibet, lat. 34° 50' N., 96^° 
 E. , containing the sources of the Hwang-ho. Alt. 14,000 ft. 
 {Przhevalsky, b.). Also spelt Odnntala. 
 
 Odo Ona, riv. , W. Africa, flows S. through Yoruba, and enters 
 the E. part of the Lagos lagoon in about 35° E. 
 
 Odoorn, comm., Netherlands, prov. Drenthe, arr. and 9 m. 
 SE. Assen. P. 6700. 
 
 O'Dorney, par., Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Clanmaurice, on riv. 
 Brick, 5 m. N. Tralee ; 7227 ac. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Odoyev, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 54 m. WSW. Tula, on 
 navigable Upa R. P. 5650. 
 
 Odra, Bohemian and Polish name of the riv. Oder (g.v.). 
 
 Odran, tn. , Austria, Silesia, dist. and 20 m. S. by W. Troppau. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Odstock, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., on the Chalk, 
 2 J m. S. Salisbury. P. <25o. 
 
 Odstone, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, div. and 3 m. N. by W. 
 Bosworth, I m. NE. Shackerstone Junction. P. <25o. 
 
 Odnniasi, tn. , Africa, Gold Coast, about 6 m. from r. (or S.) 
 bk. of the Volta, in about 0° 10' E. ; residence of the chief of 
 Krobo state. 
 
 Odnntala, valley, Tibet. See Odontala. 
 
 Oe, Scandinavian, ' an island.' See Ea. 
 
 Oebisfelde, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Gardelegen, 
 on riv. Aller, 24 m. ENE. Brunswick. P. <20oo. 
 
 Oedeleni, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 6 m. 
 ESE. Bruges. P. 5100. 
 
 Oedenbnrg, tn. , Hungary. See Odenbnrg. 
 
 Oedt, market-tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Kempen, 19 
 m. WNW. Diisseldorf. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Oehringen, tn. , Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, Jagst circle, cap. 
 dist. O. , 34 m. WNW. EUwangen. P. <40oo. 
 
 Oetras, tn., Brazil, state Piauhy, 93 m. SSE. Therezina. 
 P. 2000. 
 
 Oeiras, Rlbera d', small riv. in the S. of Portugal, flows 
 ENE. to the Guadiana at Mertola. 
 
 Oelaud, isl., Sweden. See Aland. 
 
 Oel Dbakwa, tn. , Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Kheri, 69 m. N. 
 Lucknow. P. 6700 ; Hindus, 5400 ; Moham. 1300. 
 
 Oelklngbanseu, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arns- 
 berg, dist. and near Schwelm. P. (comm. )<3000. 
 
 Oelrlchs, vil, U.S., S. Dakota, Fall River co., 43 m. ENE. 
 from the SW. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Oels, tn. , Austria, Moravia, dist. and 27 m. NNW. Briinn, 
 and 5 m. SE. Bistrau. P. <3000. 
 
 Oelsnitz, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. O. ,on 
 riv. Weisse Elster, 26 m. SW. by S. Zwickau. P. 9400. 
 
 Oelsnitz, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. and 
 12 m. SW. Chemnitz. P. 10,300. 
 
 Oeuo Island, Pacific Ocean, 90 m. N. Pitcairn's I., in 24° i' 
 S. , 130° 41' W. 
 
 Oensingen, vil., Switzd. , cant. Solothurn, 9 m. WSW. 
 Olten. P. < 2000. 
 
 Oersefa Joknll, Iceland. See Orsefa Joknll. 
 
 Oeregrnnd, Sweden. See Oregrnnd. 
 
 Oerllnghansen, vil. , Ger., princip. Lippe, circle O., 11 m. 
 WNW. Detmold. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Oeschinen, picturesque valley, Switzd., cant. Bern, dist. 
 Frutigen in the Oberland, at the bottom of the Kander-thal. 
 
 Oesel, Esthonian Kurre-saar, isl., Russia, govt. Livonia, 
 Baltic Sea, across entrance to Gulf of Riga, 57° 4o'-58° 14' N., 
 21° 4o'-23° E. , 60 m. from NE. to SW. ; separated by narrow 
 straits from Dago (Dagden Strait) and Mohn Is.; surrounded 
 by banks ; surface level and marshy ; well cultivated ; fishing, seal 
 hunting. Chief town Arensburg, on SE. ct. Area, loio sq. m. 
 
 Oespel, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, circle 
 and 4 m. WSW. Dortmund. P. (comm.)<30oo. 
 
 Oest, German, 'the east.' See Ost. 
 
 Oesterreich. See Austria-Hungary, Historical Notes. 
 
 Oestersnnd, tn. , Sweden. See Ostersuud. 
 
 Oestrlch, market-tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle 
 Rheingau, on the r. bk. 6f the Rhine, 6^ m. ENE. Bingen, 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Oestricb, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, 
 circle and 3 m. W. Iserlohn. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Oestringen,' comm. , Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle Karls- 
 ruhe, 9 m. NNE. Bruchsal. P. < 3000. 
 
 4Eta, in Greek Oite (iti), mts. , Greece, Phthiotis and Phocis, 
 S. of valley of Sperkheios, culminating in a peak 7060 ft., 15 
 m. W^. of the head of the Gulf of Lamia or Zeitoun. 
 
 Oetztlial Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 4. 
 
 Qitiil (literally ' eye '), in French place-names euil, applied to 
 the source of a stream or fountain. 
 
 Oieynhausen, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle and 7J 
 m. SW. Minden. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Of, tn. and small port, Asia Minor, N. ct., vilayet and 33 m. 
 E. Trebizond. 
 
 Ofa, tn. , Sudan. See Offa. 
 
 O'Fallon Depot, vil., U.S., Illinois, St. Clair co. , 7 m. NE. 
 Belleville by rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Ofanto, riv., Italy, rises in the E. of Campania, and flows 
 E. , NNE., and ENE., forming part of the boundary between 
 Campania and Apulia on the N. , and Basilicata on the S. , and 
 in its lower course that between the provs. of Foggia and Bari ; 
 it empties itself into the Gulf of Manfredonia. Length, 103 m.; 
 area of basin, 1000 sq. m.; discharge in cubic ft. per second, 
 mean 2300, highest 81,600, lowest 50. 
 
 Ofen, German name of Buda. See Budapest. 
 
 Ofenberg, Pass. See Alps, Passes and Railways, III. 
 (loe). 
 
 Ofer, ore, Anglo-Saxon ; over, Dutch ; ufer, German ; or, 
 Scandinavian, ' a border,' or ' shore.' 
 
 OfTa, or Ofa, tn., central Sudan, Nupe, about 44 m. SE. 
 Ilorin. 
 
 OtTaly, East and West, two bars., Ire., in the W. of co. 
 Kildare. 
 
 Offa's Dyke, an entrenchment traceable through the English 
 and W^elsh cos. Hereford, Shropshire, Montgomery, Denbigh, 
 and Flint, from the Wye to the Dee, constructed by Offa, King 
 of Mercia, to separate England from the Welsh principalities. 
 
 Offclinrcli, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div. , 3 m. E. 
 Leamington, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Offcote and 1Jnder>vood, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, partly 
 included in Ashborne town. P. <75o. 
 
 Offenbach, comm., Ger., Bavaria, Rhine Palatinate, circle 
 Landau, 14 m. SW. Spires. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Offenbacb, or Offenbach am Main, tn. , Ger. , gd. -duchy 
 Hesse, on the 1. bk. of the Main, 4 m. E. by S. Frankfurt, cap. 
 circle O. One of the busiest manufacturing towns in Germany, 
 especially in steel, leather, silk and woollen goods ; also aniline 
 dyes, machinery, type, hats, shoes, &c. P. (1871) 22,700; 
 (1890) 35,100. 
 
 Offenbnrg, urban comm., Ger., Baden, cap. circle O., on the 
 Kinzig R., II m. SE. by E. Strassburg. P. 8500. 
 
 Offenham, par., Eng., Worcestershire, on the Avon, div. 
 and 2 m. NE. by N. Evesham, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Offerdal, vil.', Sweden, prov. (Ian) Jemtland, at the N. 
 extremity of Stor Lake (Storsjo), 26 m. NW. Ostersund, with 
 iron-mines. P. (comm.)<:400o. 
 
 1129 
 
OFFE — OHAS 
 
 OflTerlane, par., Ire., Queen's co., bar. Uppenvoods, on riv. 
 Nore, 3 m. SW. Mountrath ; 48,925 ac. P. <;45oo. 
 
 OfTerton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Hyde div., 2^ m. SE. Stock- 
 port, I m. N, Hazel Grove stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 OfTerton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, on riv. Derwent, Bakewell 
 dist. , si m. NE. Tideswell. P. <:25o. 
 
 OfTerton, par., Eng., Durham, Houghton-le-Spring div., 3^ 
 m. WSW. Sunderland, i m. SW. Hylton stn. P. <:soo. 
 
 OfTham, par., Eng., Kent, Medwaydiv., 8 m. NE. by N. 
 Tunbridge, 2 m. W. Mailing stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Oflliani, vil., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., on the Arun, i 
 m. NE. by N. Arundel, PM.O. 
 
 Oflida, tn., Italy, The Marches, prov. and 8 m. NE. by E. 
 Ascoli, 46 tn. NW. by N. Chieti. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Offley, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 5 m. NE. 
 Luton, PMT.O.; 5569 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Offley, High, par., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 9 m. W. 
 by N. Stafford, on the Liverpool and Birmingham Canal, 4^ m. 
 NW. by N. Gnosall stn. P. <iooo. 
 
 OfTord Clnny and OfTord Darcey, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Huntingdonshire, div. and the former 3 m. SSW. Huntingdon, 
 with a stn. (O. and Buekden) on the G. N. R., PMT.O. (O. 
 D'Arcy). P. (of each) < 500. 
 
 OfTranTllle, vil. , France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, arr. and 4 
 m. SSW. Dieppe. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Offton, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 7^ m. NW. Ipswich, 
 P.O. P. <:soo ; eccles. par. (O. with Little Brlcett) P. <Soo. 
 
 OfTweli, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 2 m. ESE. 
 Honiton, 18 m. ENE. Exeter. P. <5oo. 
 
 dfjordr, another form of the name Eyjafjordr, Iceland, and 
 also a name of the town of Akreyri at its head. 
 
 O'Fiyn Longh, lake. Ire., in the NW. of co. and 20 m. NW. 
 by W. Roscommon, 255 ft. above sea-level. 
 
 OToten, comm. , Norway, prov. and 97 m. SW. by S. Tromso, 
 on the Ofoten Fjord, an inlet which may be regarded as forming 
 the head of the Vest Fjord (between the Lofoten Is. and the 
 ' mainland). See Lnle&, and for temperature Fagerness. 
 
 Onerslieim, comm., Ger. , gd. -duchy Baden, circle Mann- 
 heim, dist. and 2 m. S. Schwetzingen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Oftringen, vil., Switzd., cant. Aargau, 3 m. NW. Zofingen. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Ofn, small isl. , S. Pacific, Samoan group, in about 14° 11' 
 S.,i69°39'W. 
 
 <^-Fattak, comm. , Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. and 6 m. 
 W. by S. Ujvid6k (Neusatz). P. 5500. 
 
 Ofvansjo, comm., Sweden, prov. (Ian) Gefleborg, 18 m. SW. 
 Gefle. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ogadaln, a tribe and prov., Somali country, E. Africa, 
 between about 5° and 8^° N., and 44° and 47° E. The prov. 
 is cultivated in the S. , where irrigation channels are led from 
 the Webbe Shebeili R. , and durrah and other crops are grown ; 
 sheep are reared in considerable numbers. 
 
 Ogalii, tn., Japan, Honshiu, 65 m. NE. by E. Kyoto. P. 
 16,200. 
 
 Ogalalla, vil, U.S., Nebraska, Keith co., on the S. Fork of 
 the Platte, 50 m. W. of the confluence of the N. and S. Platte. 
 Alt. 3216 ft. (R.R.). P.<isoo. 
 
 Ogasawarajima, kuni or old prov., Japan, now included in 
 Tokyo-fu ken. 
 
 Ogasliima, elevated penin., Japan, W. ct. Honshiu, just S. 
 of 40° N., separated from the mainland by Hachiro-Gata or 
 Kotono-Umi lake. 
 
 Ogbonioshan, tn. , W. Africa, Yoruba country, 145 m. NE. 
 by N. Lagos. P. 60,000 [Proc. R. G. S., 1891, p. 585). 
 
 Ogbonme St. Andrew and St. Cleorge, two adjoining pars. , 
 Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div. O. St. Andrew, 7^ m. S. by E. 
 Swindon, P.O., 5386 ac, P. <5oo; O. St. George, with a stn. 
 (OglMtnme) on the M. & SW. June. Rly., PM.O., P. <:soo; 
 eccles. par. (O. with Rocliley) P. <5oo. 
 
 Ogbnry Camp, ancient camp, Eng. , in SE. corner of Wiltshire. 
 
 Ogden, vil., U.S., Iowa, Boone co., 38 m. NW. by N. Des 
 Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ogden, city, U.S., Utah, Weber co., 32 m. N. Salt Lake 
 City ; a great railway centre, on which seven lines converge, with 
 important woollen manufactures. Alt. 4303 ft. (R.R.). Mean 
 temp. (19 yrs.), 53.3° F., Jan. 28.1°, July 80.6°; rfall., yr. 13.46 
 in., June-Sept. 1.75 in. P. (1880) 6100 ; (1890) 14,900. 
 
 OgdenHburg, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Sussex co., 24 m. 
 WNW. Paterson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ogdensbnrg, city, U.S., New York, St. Lawrence co., on the 
 r. bk. of St. Lawrence R., opposite Prescott, Ontario, 100 m. 
 NE. by N. Oswego ; headquarters of the North Transportation 
 Company's steamers plying between Chicago and intermediate 
 lake ports; has great trade in grain. P. (1880) 10,300; (1890) 
 11,700. 
 
 Ogeechee, riv., U.S., Georgia, rises in Green co. , falls into 
 Ossabaw Sound ; navigable for steamers in its lower waters. 
 Length about 250 m. 
 
 Ogemaw, co. , U.S., Michigan, in the E. , N. of 44° N., 
 crossed by 84° W. 
 1130 
 
 Oggersheini, tn., Ger., Bavaria, Palatinate of the Rhine, 
 circle Ludwigshafen, 10 m. S. Worms. P. < 5000. 
 
 Oggiono, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Como, 5 m. SSW. 
 Lecco, on S. shore of the small lake Oggiono. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Oghill, tnld. , Ire., on Inishmore I., co. Galway, bar. Aran, 
 29 m. WSW. Galway. P. <5oo. 
 
 Oghoa, isl. , Pacific. See Kao. 
 
 Ogilia, small isl., Greece. See Cerigotto. 
 
 Oginsiti, canal, Russia, connects Shara, trib. of Nyeman, 
 with Yasolda, trib. of Pripet, which flows into the Dnieper. 
 Length, 34 m. 
 
 Ogle, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 5^ m. 
 SW. Morpeth, 3 m. S. by E. Meldon stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ogle, CO., U.S., Illinois, intersected by 42° N., and in E. by 
 89° W. 
 
 Oglethorpe, part of par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Branihani. 
 
 Oglethorpe, co. , U.S., Georgia, intersected in N. by 34° N., 
 and E. by 83' W. 
 
 Ogley Ilay, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 4 m. SW. 
 Lichfield, li m. SW. Hammerwich stn. P. <25oo. 
 
 Ogllastra, dist. on the E. ct. of Sardinia, stretching about 
 39f -40° N. 
 
 Oglio, riv., Italy, rises in the Alps, and flows first SSW., 
 passing through Lake d'Iseo, then SE. to the Po, which it joins 
 on the 1. bk. about 8 m. SW. of Mantua. Length, 175 m. ; 
 area of basin, 2565 sq. m. ; discharge in cubic ft. per second, 
 mean 4800, highest 19,400. 
 
 Ogmore and darw, tn., Wales, Glamorganshire, 2^ m. SW. 
 Bridgend; coal mined. PMT.O. (Ogmore Vale). P. 13,800. 
 
 Ogonnelloe, par.. Ire., NE. co. Clare, bar. Lower TuUa, 4 
 m. N. Killaloe, on Lough Derg; 6573 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Ogost, or Ogustnl, riv. , W. Bulgaria, flows E. then NE. , and 
 enters the Danube, in 23° 52' E. , a few miles above Rahova. 
 
 Ogowe, improperly Ogove, OgoTai, or Ogobal, riv., W. 
 Africa, entirely within the terr. of French Congo ; its source has 
 not been traced out, but the river is supposed to rise a little S. 
 of Ngango, in about 2|° S. , 14^° E. ; it flows N. , N W. , W. , and 
 SW. , describing a wide curve, and then, shortly before entering 
 the Atlantic in Nazareth Bay, E. of Cape Lopez, it curves up 
 N. again. Its length up to the Falls of Pubara, a few miles 
 above Franceville (alt. 1000 ft.), is 470 m. Its upper course, 
 which passes through dense forests, is interrupted by numerous 
 rapids. In about 11° E. it breaks through the Cristal Range, 
 and from Njole, on the W. side of them, 208 m. from the ocean, 
 becomes navigable for boats drawing 3 ft., though obstacles 
 exist in the numerous islets and sandbanks. Besides the prin- 
 cipal channel, known as the riv. Nazareth, which empties into 
 the bay of that name, another arm, the Yombe or Yumbe, 
 enters Lopez Bay, and a third, the Mexias or Animba, flows 
 into the ocean S. of Cape Lopez. The entrance to the Nazareth 
 is obstructed by a dangerous bar. The O. receives several tribs. 
 through both banks ; the largest seem to be the Ngunie and 
 the Lolo (1. bk.), and the Ivindo (r. bk.), but very little is 
 known about any of them. The river was almost unknown 
 down to 1856, and it was first ascended as far as Franceville in 
 1875-79 by Savorgnan de Brazza. 
 
 Ogmgn, stn. , Africa, belonging to Royal Niger Company, 
 E. of the Niger, in about 6° 58' N., 6° 55' E. 
 
 Ognira, vil., Mexico, Sinaloa, on the W. ct., 140 m. NE. La 
 Paz, in 25° 42' N. Ognira Bay consists of an outer portion, 
 sheltered by the isl. Santa Maria, and accessible to vessels 
 drawing i6i ft. , and an inner portion, 9 m. by 4 m. 
 
 Ognlin, comm., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, O. co. , 40 m. E. 
 by S. Fiume. P. < 5000. 
 
 OguUn-Szlnln, co. , Croatia-Slavonia. See NodmS-Kieka. 
 
 Ognlla, par.. Ire., co. and bar. Roscommon, 5 m. SW. 
 Elphin ; 6214 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Ognn, riv., W. Africa, flows SW. through Yoruba and S. 
 through Egba into the Lagos lagoon behind Lagos ; navigable 
 to Abeokuta. 
 
 Ognrchinski Isle, Russian Transcaspian Terr., in the 
 Caspian Sea, 60 m. S. Krasnovodsk. 
 
 Ogustnl, riv. , Bulgaria. See Ogost. 
 
 Ognta, stn., Africa, belonging to the Royal Niger Company, 
 on Lake Ognta, in about 5° 45' N. , 6° 58' E. 
 
 Ogwell, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Devon- 
 shire, Ashburton div. East O. , 6h m. WSW. Teignmouth, 2 m. 
 SW. Newton Abbot stn., P.O., P. <5oo; West O., P. <25o. 
 
 Ogwen River, small riv., Wales, Carnarvonshire, issuing 
 from Lake Ogwen and flowing NNW. into Beaumaris Bay at 
 Bangor; cataracts, the Falls of Ogwen, at Nant Ffrancon. 
 
 Ogwr, riv., Wales, Glamorganshire, flows S. past Bridgend 
 into the Bristol Channel. Length, 16 m. 
 
 Ohacawal, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., Bay of Islands 
 CO., 133 m. NW. by N. Auckland; has hot medicinal springs. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ohanez, tn. , Spain, prov. and 21 m. WNW. Almeria, dist. 
 Canjayar. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Oliashi, tn., Japan, on the N. ct. of Kiushiu, 93 m. NE. 
 Nagasaki. P. <:3000. 
 
OHAU — OISE 
 
 Ohanpo, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I., Waipa co. , 73 m. 
 SSE. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 O'Hlggiiis, prov. , Chile, crossed in the extreme E. by 70° 
 W. , and through the middle by 34° S. ; cap. Rancagua. 
 
 Oliln^niutn (postal name Rotorna), New Zealand, North I., 
 Rotorua co. , no m. SE. Auckland; has hot sulphur springs. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Oblnlmnrl, co. , New Zealand, North I., E. ct. , crossed by 
 37° 25' S. 
 
 Ohio (corruption of Iroquois Ohionhiio, ' beautiful river '), one 
 of the most important rivers of the U.S., N. America, drains 
 the NE. portion of the Mississippi basin, a fertile and populous 
 region. It is formed by the junction of the Allegheny and 
 Monongahela at Pittsburg, in the western part of Pennsylvania. 
 Immediately below the junction it is a placid stream 600 yards 
 wide ; thence it flows NNW. as far as Beaver, where it turns 
 and maintains a general SW. direction for the rest of its course, 
 separating Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois on its right from West 
 Virginia and Kentucky on its left. From Pittsburg it runs with 
 a gentle current, uninterrupted by rapids except near Louisville, 
 where it descends 27 ft. in ai m., and joins the Mississippi oppo- 
 site Cairo, at 37° N., 89° 10 W., 1097 m. from its mouth, and 
 189 m. below the mouth of the Missouri. It receives the rivs. 
 Muskingum, Scioto, Miami, and Wabash from the N., and the 
 Kanawha, Big Sandy, Licking, Kentucky, Green, Cumberland, 
 and Tennessee from the S. The most important of these are 
 the last two. The N. head of the Ohio, the Allegheny, rises in 
 the N. of Pennsylvania, and flows S. to Pittsburg. The Monon- 
 gahela takes its rise in Virginia, and flows N. On its banks are 
 situated many important towns, among which are Steuben ville. 
 Wheeling, Marietta,- Portsmouth, Cincinnati, Lawrenceburg, 
 Louisville, and Evansville, all on the 1. bk. except Evansville. 
 Its width below Pittsburg varies from 1000 to 1250 ft. , and at its 
 confluence 3000 ft. The elevation of the various points at low 
 water are : source of Allegheny, 1649 ft. ; Pittsburg, 975 ft. ; 
 Portsmouth, 620 ft. ; Cincinnati, 515 ft.; and at the mouth, 275 
 ft. , making the average fall 13 in. to a mile. During flood its 
 waters rise 45 ft. above low water mark at Wheeling, and 51 ft. 
 at the mouth, at which time the largest vessels can navigate down 
 from Pittsburg ; but at its lowest stages its navigation is much 
 interrupted by sandbanks, and the river can be forded at several 
 places above Cincinnati. The importance of the Ohio navigation 
 may be illustrated by the coal receipts at Cincinnati, which 
 amount to about 2,000,000 tons or more, of which more than 90 
 per cent, is carried by river. In 1879 a single tow-boat started 
 with 32 barges, with a total cargo of about 20,000 tons, from 
 Pittsburg to New Orleans, expecting to do the distance in 14 or 
 15 days. The waters of this river and its tribs. present at least 
 5000 m. of navigation. In winter its upper courses are frozen 
 for many weeks. Length 975 m. , or from the source of the 
 Allegheny, 1265 m. ; area of basin, 214,000 sq. m.; mean dis- 
 charge per second, 158,000 cubic ft. 
 
 Ohio, one of the United States, admitted 1802, present bounds 
 since 1836, one-fourth larger than Ireland. Indiana lies to the 
 W. , and 230 m. of N. border is on Lake Erie. S. and chief E. 
 boundary for 436 m. on navigable Ohio R. Ohio is netted with 
 railroads, and crossed by chief trunk lines. Chief cities : Cleve- 
 land, on the lake shore, is gaining rapidly on Cincinnati, on the 
 Ohio R. — both are iron centres, exceeding P. 250,000; Columbus, 
 the cap., centrally situated, is much smaller; Toledo, second 
 lake port, and Dayton, exceed 50,000 ; twenty-four others ex- 
 ceed 8000. The great watershed, with an average elevation of 
 1160 ft., crosses the northern half of the state from NE. to W. 
 The slope N. to Lake Erie is rapid, and the only important 
 river is the Maumee, noted for its fisheries, rising in Indiana, 
 and entering Lake Erie at Toledo ; but the gentle southern slope 
 is watered by numerous Ohio tribs., more or less navigable, and 
 available as power in making flour, the most valuable manu- 
 factured product. Like the Ohio, these have cut themselves 
 deep valleys. Lake Erie steadies the climate in the N., so that 
 orchards are common, and the grape crop important, especially 
 on some of the lake islands [Cleveland, Saudnsky, Toledo]. 
 Southern Ohio, with a higher mean temp., is increasingly sub- 
 ject, with the destruction of the once extensive forests, to great 
 and sudden changes of temperature and fog, which explain 
 the ruin of the Ohio valley grape crop, and the very high 
 death-rate from consumption [Ciuclunatl, Colnmbus]. Ohio 
 has a high death-rate from nervous diseases. Nearly all the 
 state is fit for agriculture, and the soil, especially in the river 
 valleys, is very fertile. The S. slope raises large crops of corn, 
 wheat (no state raises more), oats, potatoes, and tobacco; and 
 the N. slope is well-fitted for grazing and dairy use. Carboni- 
 ferous rocks cover the eastern half of the state, and older ones 
 the western. The former yield bituminous coal (third state in 
 rank), over more than one -fourth of Ohio, cement, pottery, 
 and fireclays. Silurian and Devonian rocks yield much lime, 
 petroleum (second state), natural gas (third), salt, building and 
 grind stones, and there is a valuable gypsum bed at San- 
 dusky, on the lake shore. Although mining under i per cent, of 
 American iron ore, by importing largely Ohio is second only to 
 
 Pennsylvania in iron and steel manufacture, and easily first in 
 farm implements. Area, 41,060 sq. m. P. 3,672,316. [W. S.] 
 
 Ohio, CO., U.S., Indiana, on the Ohio R. , just to the S. of 
 39° N. 
 
 Ohio, CO., U.S., Kentucky, N. of 37° N. and crossed in the 
 W. by 87° W. 
 
 Ohio, CO. , U.S. , W. Virginia, in the ' Panhandle,' between the 
 Ohio and the E. frontier, just N. of 40° N. 
 
 Ohlteroa, isl. , Pacific. See Rurntn. 
 
 Ohlwa, seapt.. New Zealand, North I., Whakatane co., 
 on O. harbour, 50 m. ENE. Rotorua. 
 
 Ohlan, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 18 m. SE. Breslau, on the 
 r. bk. of the riv. Ohlau, close to a bend of the Oder, cap. circle 
 O. ; manufactures of tobacco and cigars ; also of agricultural 
 implements, &c. Formerly belonged to the principality of 
 Brieg. P. (1816) 3200 ; (1890) 8600. 
 
 Ohoopee River, U.S., Georgia, rises in Washington co., 
 flows SE. for about 125 m. into the Alabama R. 
 
 Ohorn, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Bautzen, dist. and 7 
 m. S. Kamenz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Oho-shlnia, isl. , Asia. See O'shlnia. 
 
 Ohra, vil., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 2 m. S., circle, and a 
 S. suburb of Danzig. P. 6600. 
 
 Ohrdruf, tn. , Ger., duchy Saxe-Koburg-Gotha, circle O. , 8 
 m. S. Gotha. P. 5900. 
 
 Ohre, riv. , Ger., Prussian Saxony and Brunswick, joins the 
 Elbe 23 m. NNE. Magdeburg after an E. course of 65 m. ; 
 not navigable. 
 
 Ohrigstad, tn. , South African Republic, Lydenburg dist., 
 about 85 m. N. Barberton. 
 
 Ola, tn. , Greece, at the NW. end of Thera or Santorin I, 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Olch, Loch, narrow lake, Scot., Inverness-shire, Glen More, 
 4 m. long; it receives the Glengarry R., and is drained NE. 
 by the riv. Oich into Loch Ness. See Caledonian Canal. 
 
 Oiche, old Gaelic, ' water." 
 
 Olgh-Sgelr, small isl., Scot., off the W. ct. of Inverness-shire, 
 in 56° 58' N., 6°4oJ' W. 
 
 Oiknina, in Little Russian place-names. See Oknina. 
 
 Oil City, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Lambton co. , 46 m. W. by 
 S. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oil City, city, U.S. , Pennsylvania, Venango co. , on Allegheny 
 R., at the confluence of Oil Creek, 52 m. S. by E. Erie ; one 
 of the most important oil centres in Pennsylvania ; the oil is 
 pumped through pipes to the seaboard. Manufactures oil-well 
 machinery. Alt. loio ft. (R.R.). . P. (1880) 7300; (1890) 10,900. 
 
 Oil City, South, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Venango co., on 
 S. bank of Allegheny R. , opposite Oil City ; coal is extensively 
 mined in the vicinity. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oil Creek, small riv., U.S., Pennsylvania, in the NW., rises 
 in the NE. of Crawford co. , and flows S. to the Allegheny, 
 which it joins on the r. bk. at Oil City. 
 
 Oil Island, Indian Ocean. See Cosmoledo. 
 
 Oil Rivers Protectorate, W. Africa. See Niger Coast 
 Protectorate, 
 
 Oil Springs, vil., Canada, Ontario, 4 m. SE. Oil City. 
 
 Oil Valley, settlement, U.S., Pennsylvania, McKean co. 
 
 Olry, vil., France ,dep. Marne, on the 1. bk. of the Marne, 
 arr. and 5 m. ESE. Epernay. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Olsans, Massif d'. See Alps, Subdivisions, I. B. 
 
 Olse, the ancient Isara, riv., France, rises by two streams, 
 one near Chimay in Belgium, the other near Rocroi in Ardennes 
 (France), flows SW. past Guise, La Fere, Chauny (where it 
 becomes navigable), Noyon, Compiegne, Pontoise, and joins the 
 Seine on right above Conflans. Affluents, on left the Aisne, on 
 right the Th^rain. It communicates by canals with the Sambre, 
 Scheldt, and Somme. Length, 186 m. 
 
 Olse, dep., N. France, traversed NE. to SW. by Oise R., 
 formed of parts of lle-de-France (lle-de-France, Valois, Noyon- 
 nais, and Soissonnais) and of Picardie (Santerre and Am^n'ois); 
 divided into four arrs. : Beauvais (cap.), Clermont, Compiegne, 
 andSenlis. Surface low, traversed by low ranges of hills ; aspect 
 on the whole monotonous, most varied in the S. ; prevailing 
 geological formations Cretaceous and Tertiary. The highest 
 point (770 ft.) is in the Thille dist., the lowest (65 ft.) at the 
 point where the Oise leaves the dep. With the exception of a 
 few streams in the N. , going to the Somme and to the English 
 Channel, the dep. belongs to the basin of the Seine, mainly 
 through the Oise, of which the principal tribs. in the dep. are 
 r. bk., Th^rain, 1. bk., Aisne and Authonne. On the SW. 
 frontier the Epte, and in the SE. the Ourcq, go direct to the 
 Seine. The Oise is navigable throughout the dep. (in the N. 
 by means of the lateral canal). Forests of magnificent trees 
 cover considerable areas, chiefly in the S. and SE. (Compiegne, 
 Ermenonville, Halatte, Laigue, &c.). The climate belongs to 
 the sequanian region ; rainfall below the average for France. 
 Agriculture employs the greater number of the inhabitants. Of 
 cereals, the most important is wheat, then oats, rye, and barley ; 
 sugar-beet is an important crop, and forage roots are extensively 
 grown ; apples for cider (Beauvais and Clermont). Peat, in the 
 —■■■ 1131 
 
O I S E 
 
 O K L A 
 
 supply of which the dep. ranks third in France, is obtained 
 chiefly in the centre and SE. (Bresles, Sacy-le-Grand, Mello, 
 &c. ). In manufactures, metallurgical industries take the lead 
 (Creil, Liancourt, &c. ) ; next textiles, woollen and tapestries 
 (Beauvais, &c. ), cotton (Ourscamps), hemp (Breteuil). Chan- 
 tilly is noted for lace, and optical instruments are manufactured 
 at St. Pierre-les-Bitry and Sully. Area, 2272 sq. m. P. (1891) 
 401,800. See France, table. 
 
 Oisemont, vil. , France, dep. Somme, arr. Amiens, 11 m. 
 SSW. Abbeville. P. < 2000. 
 
 Olssel, tn. , France, Seine-Inf^rieure, arr. and 8 m. S. Rouen, 
 on 1. bk. of the Seine. P. <4000. 
 
 Olstins (aws'tinz) Towu, tn., W. Indies, on O. Bay, in the 
 SW. of Barbados I. 
 
 Olta, tn. and seapt., Japan, Kiushiu, 105 m. E. by N. 
 Nagasaki, cap. of ken (a prefecture) O. Silk yarn produced in 
 large quantities. Visited by the Portuguese adventurer Mendez 
 Pinto in 1543, and by the Jesuit missionary St. Francis Xavier 
 about 1550. P. 15,200. 
 
 Oltlr 9Ihor Soniid, bay, Scot., Inverness-shire, on the NE. 
 of Barra, with several small islands on the SE. and NW. 
 
 Oltoz Pass, the chief pass across the Carpathians leading 
 from the SE. of Transylvania into Moldavia (Roumania), 
 summit (W. of the village of O.) 50 m. NE. by E. Kronstadt, 
 18 m. SW. Ocna. Alt. 2775 ft. 
 
 Olznin Hills, range of hills trending nearly E. and W. in 
 Portuguese E. Africa, between the Lujenda and Rovuma Rivs. , 
 crossed about the middle by 36^° E. 
 
 OJc6w, vil. and castle, Russian Poland, govt. Kielce, dist. 
 Olkusz, near Austrian frontier, 10 m. NW. Cracow, 2 m. from 
 Skala town, in the picturesque valley of Pradnik R. , renowned 
 for its rich flora. In the Jurassic dolomites a great number of 
 caverns are found, noted for the finds of Post-Pliocene mammals 
 (mammoth, reindeer, &c. ), together with remains of man, des- 
 cribed by J. Zawisza and Dr. Roemer. 
 
 djer, or Oyer, vil., Norway, prov. Hamar, in Gudbrandsdal, 
 nearly opposite the sanatorium of Gansilal, 100 m. N. by W. 
 Christiania. P. < 2000. 
 
 OJestad, or Oyestad, vil., Norway, prov. Christiansand, 7 
 m. SW. Arndal. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Ojl, vil., Japan, suburb of Tokyo, now containing paper and 
 cotton mills, but still a favourite holiday resort on account of 
 its picturesque scenery, and especially in certain seasons when 
 flowering trees are in bloom. P. <3000. 
 
 OJlbways, or OJltobeways, Indian tribe, U.S. See 
 Cltlppewas. 
 
 OJlya, tn. , Japan, Honshiu,"36 m. S. by E. Niigata. P. 8400. 
 OJo de Agna, tn. , Argentine Republic, Santiago del Estero, 
 136 m. NNE. C6rdoba. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Oka, one of the chief rivs. of Russia, r. bk. trib. of Volga, 
 waters the most populous govts, of middle Russia, rises in 
 dist. Orel, flows N. past Orel and Mtsensk, then, after junction 
 with navigable Ugra, with great windings E. past Serpukhov, 
 Kolomna, and Ryazan, receiving Prona and Moskva, and then, 
 after junction with large navigable Tsna, flows NE. to join 
 the Volga at Nizhniy Novgorod. The traffic on the O. and its 
 tribs. is immense, no less than 2,000,000 tons of corn, salt, 
 metals, timber, &c. , being loaded for shipping and unloaded in 
 the river-ports of the O. basin. Area of basin, 93,207 sq. m. 
 Length, 962 m. 
 
 Oka, riv. , E. Siberia, govt. Irkutsk, 1. bk. trib. of Angara, 
 rises in Sayan Mts. , flows NE. through a very wild mountain 
 region, from which it issues at Ziminskoye, on the great Siberian 
 highway, from there flows with great windings N. to join the 
 Angara at Bratskiy Ostrog ; receives many important tribs., of 
 which the lya has 300 m. Length about 600 m. 
 
 Okahandya, mission station, S. Africa, Damara-land, 80 m. 
 ENE. Walfish Bay, in about 22° S., 17° E. 
 
 Okalhan, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I., Bay of Islands 
 CO., 120 m. NNW. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Okak, or Okkak, mission station, Canada, on the NE. ct. of 
 Labrador, in 57° 31' N. , about 820 m. NE. Quebec. Mean 
 temp. (3^ yrs.), yr. 21.2° F., Jan. 11.4°, July 47.5°. 
 
 Okaiiagan, vil. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, 176 m. ENE. 
 Vancouver, at the head of Okanagan Lake (60 m. long), 
 drained S. through several smaller lakes by Okanagan R., 
 which joins the Columbia at Fort Okanagan (Washington, 
 U.S.); fruit-farming in dist. 
 
 Okanagans, or Cntsanlm, semi-civilised tribe of Shushwap 
 Indians, in Washington terr. , U.S. 
 
 Okanda, tribe, W. Africa, PYench Congo Terr., on the 
 middle course of the Ogowe R. 
 
 d-Kanlzsa, comm., Hungary, co. Bics-Bodrog, dist. Zenta, 
 about 20 m. E. Maria Theresiopiel. P. 15,500. 
 
 Okanogan, co. , U.S., Washington, on the N. frontier, 
 bounded on the SE. by Columbia R., and on the E. by 
 Okanagan R. 
 
 Okato, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Taranakico. , i^m. 
 SW. by W. New Plymouth. P. < 1500. 
 Okavango, riv. , Africa. See Knbango. 
 1132 
 
 Okayania, tn., Japan, Honshiu, 72 m. W. Kobe, cap. ken 
 (prefecture) O. P. 45,900. 
 
 Okazakl, tn., Japan, Honshiu, 85 m. E. Kyoto. P. 13,200. 
 
 Okeadan, small negro state, W. Africa, 43 m. SW. Abeo- 
 kuta. 
 
 Okechobee, lake, U.S., Florida, mostly in Brevard co. ; its 
 waters are discharged through the Everglades without any 
 discoverable outlet. Length, 40 m. ; width, 25 m. ; max. depth, 
 12 ft. 
 
 Okefenokee SManip, U.S., on S. boundary of Georgia, 
 mainly between 30° and 31° parallels of N. lat. Nearly 300 
 sq. m. in area. Mostly cypress forest ; the haunt of venomous 
 snakes and alligators. About 80 m. long, and 50 m. wide. 
 Penetrated by several canals for floating lumber to market. 
 Natural drainage into the St. Mary's R. on the S. 
 
 Okeford Fltzpalne, par., Eng. , Dorsetshire, N. div. , 11 m. 
 ESE. Sherborne, ij m. W. Shillingstone stn. , PM.O. P. <:7SO. 
 
 Okehampton, mun. bor. (since Charles II.), par., and 
 market-tn., Eng., Devonshire, W. of Tavistock div., 21 m. W. 
 and in the diocese of Exeter, on the Okement trib. of the 
 Torridge, with stn. on L. & SW. R. O. is of great antiquity ; 
 returned two M.P.'s till 1832, when it was disfranchised. There 
 is a large pannier market. Market-day, S. , and especially first 
 S. of each month. Copper ore mined. The keep (late Norman) 
 and some early English ruins of O. Castle still survive. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Okement, formerly called Oke, or Ock, riv., Eng., in the 
 W. of Devonshire, flows N. to the Torridge, which it joins on 
 the r. bk. to the NE. of Hatherleigh. 
 
 Okement Hill, Eng. , in the W. of Devonshire, 18^ m. W. 
 by S. Exeter, with the sources of the Okement and Tawe. 
 
 Okeover, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 12 m. ESE. 
 Leek, 2 m. NW. Ashbourne stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Oker, riv., Ger., flows N. through duchy Brunswick and 
 prov. Hanover past the town of Brunswick into the Aller about 
 20 m. above Celle. Length, 65 m. 
 
 Oker, vil., Ger., duchy Brunswick, circle and 19 m. SSW. 
 Wolfenbtittel. P. <30C)o. 
 
 O-K^r, comm. , Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. and 17 m. 
 NNW. Ujvid^k (Neusatz). P. <:4000. 
 
 Okliansk, tn. , Russia, on the r. bk. of the Kama, govt, and 
 40 m. SW. by W. Perm. 
 
 Okhansk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 45 m. SW. Perm, on 
 r. bk. Kama. P. < 2000. 
 
 Okhotsk, dist. tn., Russia, E. Siberia, Maritime Prov., 
 59° 21' N., 143° 11' E. , at mouth of Okhota R. (270 m. long) ; 
 entrepot for trade with Kamchatka. Average temp., yr. 22.8° 
 F., Jan. -10.7°, July 55.2° ; mean rfall. (6 yrs.), yr. 7.5 in.. May - 
 Oct. 6.6 in. P. < 1000. 
 
 Okhotsk, Sea of, inlet of N. Pacific Ocean, from which it 
 is separated by Kamchatka Penin. , the crescent-shaped line of 
 Kurile Is. , which joins Matsmai I. of Japanese Archipelago and 
 Sakhalin in W. ; has the shores of NE. Siberia on N. , 5o°-62° N. , 
 137°- 163° E. Entered by La P^rouse Strait between Sakhalin 
 and Japan, Tatar Strait between Sakhalin and mainland, and 
 the many straits of Kurile Archipelago ; has the Udskoi Bay, 
 with Shantar Is., in W. , Tausskaya Bay in N., Gizhiga and 
 Penzhina Bays in NE., between Kamchatka and mainland. 
 Receives Amur and many small rivers of Siberia ; very fogg^ 
 as a rule ; N. shores frozen from November to April. Ports : 
 Nikolaievsk, Ayan, Okhotsk, and Gizhiga. 
 
 Okhrlda, by the Servians called Okhrld, sometimes Orld, 
 tn. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet and 28 m. W. by N. Monastir, 
 charmingly situated on the slope of a hill overlooking Lake O. 
 and rising 370 ft. above it, and on the SW. sinking down to it 
 precipitously ; has former cathedral, now a mosque. P. 18,000, 
 of whom 11,500 Christian Servians, the remainder Moham- 
 medans, Servians, Albanians, Osmanli, Zinzars, &c. 
 
 Okhrlda Lake (Yezero Okhrlda), lake, Turkey, below and 
 W. of the town of O. , said by the inhabitants of the dist. to be 
 steadily rising in level for the last 70-80 years ; many parts for- 
 merly dry now covered by water ; 18 m. N. to S. , by 4-7J m. 
 wide E. to W.; drained from its N. end by the Black Drin. 
 Alt. 2265 ft. 
 
 Okhta, riv. , Russia, joins Neva from right at St. Petersburg. 
 O. powder-works of the crown on it. Length, 40 m. 
 
 Okl, isl., Japan, off the W. ct. of Honshiu, in 36° 10' N., 
 133° E. Length, 10 m. ; breadth, 5 m. 
 
 Okl, a kuni or old prov., Japan, now in Shimane ken. 
 
 Okinawa, the Japanese name of the Riukiu (Luchu) Is. 
 
 Okinawa, a ken or prefecture, Japan, cap. Shuri. 
 
 Oklnoslilnia, inlet in Izumi Straits, Japan, SSW. of Kobe. 
 
 Okkak, Labrador. See Okak. 
 
 Okkan, vil., Burma, dist. and 56 m. NNW. Rangoon stn. 
 P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Oklahoma, city and rly. stn., U.S., O. terr., on the N. Fork 
 of the Canadian R. , 300 m. SW. by S. Kansas City. P. <5000. 
 
 Oklahoma, terr. , U.S. , formed from the W. half of the older 
 Indian terr. in the NE. of Texas, borders Kansas to N. along 
 37th parallel, one-fourth larger than Scotland, acquired by 
 
OKMI — OLDE 
 
 treaty and purchase from the Indians soon after the Civil War. 
 Organised as a terr. in 1890, it took its name, meaning ' beautiful 
 land ' in speech of Chickasaws, from the central dist. of the old 
 Indian terr. thrown open to white settlement on April 22, 1889, 
 after a second purchase from the Creek Indians. The Cherokee 
 outlet, the large oblong strip forming the northern portion of 
 the terr. , was further opened to white settlers and ' boomers ' 
 at noon on Sept. 26, 1893. Tens of thousands joined in the 
 rush for land, and the city of Perry sprang up in a few hours. 
 The large area in the SW. is still inhabited only by the 
 Cheyennes and other Indian tribes. Beaver county, an exten- 
 sion to the NW. , cut off from Texas by the parallel of 36° 30' N. , 
 sloping in the W. up to 5000 ft., is thinly settled in the E. The 
 terr. is fairly well- watered by the Red R. , forming part of the S. 
 boundary, the Arkansas and its branch, the Canadian R., and 
 their various tribs. The climate is milder than that of Kansas, 
 but subject to cold northerly winds. Most of the terr. has an ele- 
 vation of over loco ft. Arid, almost treeless, regions are common 
 in the W., and the ground slopes steadily down to the E., 
 where green valleys and forests, chiefly of oak, are frequent. 
 Carboniferous rocks cover most of the terr. , and in the adjacent 
 Indian terr. coal is mined extensively. Three lines of railroad 
 cross Oklahoma in a general N. to S. direction, and the chief cities 
 are naturally in the old Oklahoma dist. Guthrie, the cap. , and 
 Oklahoma, each, where the railroad crosses a river, have over 
 4000 inhabitants. This dist. has much fertile land, and corn 
 and oats have so far been chief crops. P. 61,834 (including 5338 
 persons returned for Greer co. , which is in dispute, being claimed 
 by Texas). [W. 8.] 
 
 Okniiana, in Polish names, from Lithuanian akmuo, ' stone. 
 
 Oknina (Polish), Oiknina (Little Russian), ' place rich in 
 springs and little streams. ' 
 
 Okollo, vil., Prussia, prov. Posen, govt., circle, and 4 m. N. 
 Bromberg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Okoioiia, tn. , U.S., Mississippi, Chickasaw co., no m. SE. 
 Memphis. P. < 3000. 
 
 Okombnlie, mission station, S. Africa, Damara-land, about 
 100 m. NNE. Walfish Bay. 
 
 Okosir, small uninhabited isl., Japan, W. of Yezo, in 42° 4' 
 N. , 139° 24' E. 
 
 Okoto B'wall, vil., W. Africa, French Congo Terr., no m. 
 NW. Leopoldville. 
 
 Okrlka, or Ekrlka, tn. and dist. on the Niger delta, W. 
 Africa, the town on the Bonny R., about 25 m. N. Bonny, in 
 4° 4s' N., 7° 7' E. ; mission station. 
 
 Okslua, vil., Turkey in Asia. See Oxliia. 
 
 Oktibbeha, co. , U.S., Mississippi, in the E. , to the S. of 34° 
 N. , crossed in the W. by 89° W. 
 
 Oktwin, stn. , Lower Burma, dist. Taung-ngu, or Toungoo, 
 73 m. E. by N. Prome. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Okale Kusal, prov. in the S. of Eritrea, E. Africa. 
 
 Okwa, riv. , central Sudan, r. bk. trib. of the Benue, which it 
 enters about 7" 10' E. 
 
 OUlhfalu, tn. , Hungary, co. Udvarhely, 48 m. N. by W. 
 Kronstadt. P. <:200o. 
 
 Oliita-Szent-Ciyorgy, comm. , Hungary, co. Besztercze- 
 Nasz6d, dist. O-Radna, 65 m. NE. Klausenburg ; health 
 resort. P. <4ooo. 
 
 OlUh-Topllcza, comm. , Hungary, co. Maros-Torda, dist. R^- 
 geni-felso, 45 m. NE. Maros-Vasdrhely ; health resort. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Oland, an isl. in the Baltic, Sweden, prov. Kalmar, from 
 which it is separated by the narrow Kalmar Sound ; O. is 88 m. 
 long by 4-10 m. wide, and has an area of 530 sq. m. It consists of 
 a central barren plateau, 140-170 ft., surrounded by a low belt 
 (2 m. average width) of cultivated soil. The chief occupations 
 of the people are fishing, navigation, and the tending of their 
 sheep and cattle. The breed of small horses is now practically 
 extinct. Wind-mills form a conspicuous feature on the edge of 
 the uplands. Alum is extensively mined near Mockelby, in the 
 S. Principal town, Borgholm, the cap., on its W. side; with 
 harbour 3 ac. in area ; depth at entrance, 12 ft. ; length of piers, 
 620 ft.; depth alongside, 11 ft. There is a lighthouse at each 
 extremity of the island, in 57° 22' N., 17° 6' E. , and 56° 12' N., 
 16° 24' E. respectively. P. 38,500. 
 
 Olanga, riv., Ger. E. Africa, flows E. into the Rufiji, which 
 it enters in 8° 35' S. 
 
 Olargnes, vil. , France, dep. H^rault, 21 m. NW. B6ziers, 
 arr. and 9 m. NE. by E. St. Pons. 
 
 Olathe, city, U.S., Kansas, Johnson co. , 18 m. SW. Kansas 
 City. P. < 4000. 
 
 Olavarrla, vil. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 193 m. SW. 
 Buenos Aires. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Olberg, vil., Norway, prov. Buskerud, on the E. side of Lake 
 Kroderen, 44 m. NW. by W. Christiania. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Olberuhan, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, 18 m. 
 S. Freiberg. P. 6200. 
 
 Olbersdorf, comm. , Austria, Silesia, dist. and 21 m. NW. 
 Troppau. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Olbersdorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Bautzen, dist. and 
 3 m. SW. Zittau. P. <4000. 
 
 Olcha, Ruthenian, ' alder.' See Olse. 
 
 Old, or Wold, par., Eng. , Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 
 7^ m. NW. by W. Wellingborough, 2^ m. SE. by E. Lamport 
 stn., P.O. (Old). P. <soo. 
 
 Oldany, isl. , Scot. See Olilney. 
 
 Old Artillery tJround, par., Eng., co. of London, White- 
 chapel dist. P. < 2500. 
 
 Oldbarr, electoral div., Ire., co. Fermanagh, dist. Ely. 
 
 Oldberrow, par., Eng., Worcestershire, E. div., 9 m. NW. 
 by N. Stratford-on-Avon, 5 m. E. by S. Redditch stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Oldbrldge, tn. , Ire., co. Waterford, bar. Glenahiry, on the 
 1. bk. of the Suir, i m. SW. Waterford. P. <soo. 
 
 Old Bridge of Ilrr, hamlet, Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, 3I m. 
 NNE. Castle Douglas, 3 m. E. by N. Crossmichael stn., P.O. 
 
 Oldbury, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 13 m. NW. by N. 
 Kidderminster, i m. S. Bridgnorth, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Oldbury, par. , Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., 8J m. 
 SE. Tamworth, 2 m. SSW. Atherstone stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Oldbnry, par. and tn., Eng., in the N. div. of Worcester- 
 shire, 5I m. W. by N. Birmingham, with stn. (O. and Broiu- 
 ford Lane) on the L. & NW. R. , and on a branch of the 
 G. W. R. ; has coal-mines and various branches of iron and 
 steel industries, aluminium works, chemical works, &c. Par. 
 P. 20,300 ; tn. P. 20,400. 
 
 Oldbnry on Severn, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 Thornbury div. , 5 m. SE. Wotton-under-Edge, PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Oldbury on the Hill, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Gloucester- 
 shire, Thornbury div. , 5 m. E. by S. Chepstow, 2 m. WNW. 
 Thornbury stn. See Dldmarton. 
 
 Oldcastle, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Whitchurch dist. , 2 m. SW, 
 Malpas. P. <25o. 
 
 Old Castle, par., Eng., Kent, in Canterbury city. P. <25o. 
 
 Oldcastle, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., 7J m. N. 
 by E. Abergavenny, 2 m. NW. Pandy stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Oldcastle, par. and market-tn. , Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. 
 Fore, 21 m. WNW. Navan, terminus of the Oldcastle, Kells, 
 and Navan Rly., PMT.O. Market-day, M. Par. 7899 ac, 
 P. <25oo ; tn. P. <iooo. 
 
 Old Castle Head, cape, Wales, on the S. of Pembrokeshire, 
 5 m. SW. by W. Tenby. 
 
 Old Church, eccles. par., Scot., Midlothian, Edinburgh City 
 par. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Oldconnaught, par.. Ire., co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown, con- 
 tains part of Bray town. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Oldconnell, par., Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Connell, on riv. 
 Liffey, 2 m. N. Newbridge ; 4076 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Oldcourt, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 3 m. from Skibbereen. 
 
 Oldconrt, electoral dist. , Ire. , SW. co. Wexford, bar. Shel- 
 burne, 3 m. S. New Ross. 
 
 Olde, tn. and par. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Beckum, 
 31 m. S. by E. Osnabriick. Tn. P. <4000 ; par. P. <3000. 
 
 Oldebroek, vil., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 10 m. WSW. 
 Zwolle. P. (comm.) 5300. 
 
 Oldenburg, gd. -duchy, NW. Germany, about one-third of 
 the size of Wales, composed of three separate sections, the 
 largest (more than five-sixths of the whole) bounded on the N. 
 by the North Sea, on all other sides shut in by the Prussian 
 prov. of Hanover and the domain of the free imperial town of 
 Bremen, the two other sections being the princips. of Liibeck 
 (on Gulf of Liibeck) and Birkenfeld (an enclave in the Rhine 
 Prov. of Prussia). O. proper is divided into six dists. and the 
 baronies of Jever and Kniphausen, cap. O. , situated on the 
 navigable Hunte. The surface is very similar to that of Hanover 
 — nearly all level land (chiefly cattle pastures), few forests, and 
 consists for the most part of fertile arable land and rich marsh. 
 The coast on the North Sea, which is deeply indented by the 
 Jade-Busen, is little higher than the level of the sea, and is pro- 
 tected from overflowing by dams and dykes. The whole country 
 is well watered. The most important river is the Weser, which 
 forms the boundary towards the E. It receives the navigable 
 Hunte, whose trib. , OUen, is likewise navigable for small vessels. 
 Two other rivers, the Haase and Leda, flow into the Ems. The 
 country is intersected by canals, which serve for drainage. Of 
 special importance for navigation is the Ems- Jade Canal, con- 
 necting the Prussian naval station of Wilhelmshaven on the 
 Jade with the Dollart byway of Aurich and Emden in Hanover. 
 Geologically, the soil consists partly of sand and heath, marl, 
 and vast peat-bogs. The climate is damp, and the marshy soil 
 in many places produces ague. The mean temp, in the coldest 
 month is 26° F. , in the warmest 66° F. Manufacturing in- 
 dustry is progressing, especially the manufacture of cigars. 
 Navigation and fisheries are important, but the chief industry 
 is agriculture. The gd. -duchy is specially noted for its horses, 
 the town of O. being the most important horse-market in the 
 German Empire. Brake, on the Weser, the chief seaport, is a 
 free port. The oldest inhabitants of O. were the Frisians and 
 Saxons. The old counts of O. became imperial after the death 
 of Henry the Lion in 1180. Their descendants reign in Den- 
 mark, Russia, and O. In 1803 O. acquired the princip. of 
 Liibeck, in 1815 that of Birkenfeld, and in 1829 was raised to 
 
 1133 
 
OLDE — OLEV 
 
 the rank of a grand-duchy. The area of the O. proper is 2075 
 sq. m., that of the princip. of Liibeck 208 sq. m. The total 
 pop. of the gd. -duchy is 355,000. See Germau Empire, table. 
 
 Oldenburg, tn. , Ger. , cap., gd. -duchy, and circle (amt), 25 
 m. W. by N. Bremen, on the Hunte, at the head of tide-water 
 and terminus of the Ems-Hunte canal, with government pier 
 820 ft. long, depth alongside ordinary springs high water 34 ft., 
 low water 23 ft. Tobacco factories and iron-foundries. P. (1871) 
 13,600; (1890)21,300. 
 
 Oldenburg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle O. , 
 30 m. E. Kiel. P. <:30C)0. 
 
 Oldenburg, vil., U.S., Indiana, Franklin co., 57m. SE. by E. 
 I ndianajx)lis. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Oldendorf, tn. , Prussia, in a detached part of prov. Hesse- 
 Nassau, circle Rinteln, 16 m. SE. by E. Minden, near the r. bk. 
 of the Weser. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Oldenzaal, tn. , Holland, prov. Overijssel, 7 m. N. by E. 
 Enschede. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Oldesloe, tn. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle 
 Stormarn, 13 m. WSW. Liibeck. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Oldfleld, part of par. , Eng. , Cheshire. See Heswall. 
 
 Oldfield Point Light House, U.S., New York, on N. side 
 of Long I. Alt. 67 ft. 
 
 Old Ford, suburb of London, Eng., Middlesex, Tower 
 Hamlets div. , on the Lea, 3^ m. NE. by E. St. Paul's, 
 London, on the N. L. R. 
 
 Old Grange, channel, Eng. , in the middle of Morecambe Bay. 
 
 Oldliani, par., mun. bor. (since 1849), co. bor. , and pari, 
 bor. , Eng., Lancashire, 7 m. NE. Manchester, with three stns. 
 (Wemeth, Central, and Mumps) on the L. & Y. R., and two 
 stns. (Clegg Street and Glodwlck Koad) on the L. & NW. 
 R. It is a town of modern growth, not being mentioned even 
 in Gough's edition of Camden's Britannia (1798), nor having 
 the rank of a town at the time of the first census (1801). It 
 has grown with the cotton industry of England, for which it has 
 every advantage of climate and situation. Being situated im- 
 mediately at the base of the Pennine chain, on the side exposed 
 to the moist westerly winds, its atmosphere has the humidity 
 requisite for the spinning of the yarn. It has extensive coal- 
 mines in the neighbourhood (worked at least as early as 1611), 
 an abundant water-supply, and it is in the vicinity of the com- 
 mercial cap. of the cotton dist. Its chief industry is the spinning 
 of cotton yarn, more particularly yarns of low and medium 
 ' counts ' (technically 6's-7o's). The first mill driven by steam 
 was erected in 1794. O. now has upwards of 12,000,000 spindles 
 (including doubling and twining spindles), or nearly a third of 
 those employed in cotton-spinning in the United Kingdom. 
 Table II. in article England, besides showing the rapid growth 
 of the town, shows how its growth, like that of the other towns 
 chiefly engaged in cotton manufactures mentioned in the table 
 (Bolton, Blackburn, and Preston), has been aifected by the 
 vicissitudes of that industry, the lowest rates of growth for all 
 being in the period 1861-71, which includes the time of the 
 cotton famine, and in 1881-91, which saw the rapid develop- 
 ment of the cotton industry of India and Japan. Among 
 textiles O. also manufactures calicoes, sheetings, cotton-velvets, 
 &c. The manufacture of cotton-spinning and weaving machinery, 
 and to a less extent of machinery for woollens, has also long 
 been a leading industry. Formerly the manufacture of hats 
 was also important. The corporation of O. possesses the water- 
 works and gas-works, has a public park of about 60 ac. (opened 
 in 1865), and the management of three cemeteries (Chadderton, 
 Greenacres, and Hollinwood). Market-days, M., F. , and S. 
 Par. 4730 ac. ; par. and mun. bor. and co. bor. 4730 ac. P. 
 (1801) 12,000; (1811) 16,700; (1821) 21,700; (1831) 32,400; 
 (1841) 42,600 ; (1851) 52,800 ; (1861) 72,300 ; (1871) 82,600 ; (1881) 
 111,300; (1891) 131,500; pari, bor., which includes also Chadder- 
 ton, Crompton, Shaw, and part of Lees, P. (1891) 183,900. 
 
 Oldham, CO. , U.S. , Kentucky, on the Ohio, crossed by 85^° W. 
 
 Oldham, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Kingsbury co., 93 m. 
 N. Yankton. 
 
 Oldham, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW., on the W. frontier, 
 S. of 36° N. 
 
 Oldham'stocks, par. , Scot. , Berwickshire and Haddington- 
 shire, 6i m. SE. by S. Dunbar, 2J m. W. by S. Cockburnspath 
 stn., P.5.; 8837 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Old Harbour, tn. , Jamaica, Middlesex co. , near the S. ct. , 
 on a railway 21 m. W. by S. Kingston, in 77° 7' W. 
 
 Old Head of Klnsale, Ire. See Klnsale, Old Head of. 
 
 Old Heath, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Rowhedge, Essex. 
 
 Oldhill, eccles. par., Eng., S. Staffordshire, on the G. W. 
 and L. & NW. Rlys., 4 m. E. by N. Stourbridge; has coal. 
 PMT.O. P. 9100. 
 
 Old Kent Road and Hatcham, stn., Eng., London, on the 
 L. B. & S. C. R., 3 m. SE. by S. St. Paul s. 
 
 Oldland, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Keynsham dist. , 5 m. 
 E. Bristol, PM.O. (Oldlands Common). P. 8800. 
 
 Old Lelghlln, par., Ire., W. co. Carlow, bar. W. Idrone, 8^ 
 m. SSW. Carlow, i^ m. W. Leighlinbridge, 4 m. from Bagnals- 
 town stn., P.O.; 9926 ac. P. < 2000. 
 1134 
 
 Old Man of Conlston, mt. , Eng. See Conlston Church. 
 
 Oldmans Bay, bay, Newfoundland, on S. ct. , in 57° 11' W. 
 
 Oldney, isl. , Scot., W. Sutherland, Assynt par., in 58° 15^' 
 N., 8 m. N. Lochinver. 
 
 Old North Koad, stn., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton 
 div. , on the L. & N W. R. , 9 m. W. by S. Cambridge. 
 
 Oldol, riv. , E. Siberia, 1. bk. trib. of upper Amur. 
 
 Old Park, par., Eng., Durham, Auckland dist., 2\ m. NE. 
 Bishop Auckland. P. < 1000. 
 
 Old Park, tn., Ire., SE. co. Antrim, a NW. suburb of Bel- 
 fast, P.O. P.<250. 
 
 Oldridge, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Devonshire. See Exeter. 
 
 Old Klver, Brit. Honduras. See Belize. 
 
 Old Koad, vil. , W. Indies, on W. ct. of St. Christopher I. 
 
 Oldross, par., Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Bantry, 4 m. NE. 
 New Ross ; 10,653 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Olds, stn. , Canada, Alberta, on the Calgary and Edmonton 
 Rly., about 54 m. N. Calgary. 
 
 Oldstead, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div. , 15 m. ENE. Ripon, 2 m. N. Co.xwold stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Oldtown, tn. , Ire., E. co. Donegal, bar. N. Raphoe, 12 m. 
 NW. by W. Lifford, on the r. bk. of the Swilly, opposite 
 Letterkenny. P. <250. 
 
 Oldtotrn, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Dublin, bar. W. Balrothery, 
 13 m. N. by W. Dubhn, 7 m. from Malahide stn., P.O. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Oldto-wu, P.O., Ire., 2 m. W. Abbeyleix, S. Queen's co. 
 
 Oldtown, P.O., Ire., co. Roscommon, 6 m. SE. Ballinasloe. 
 
 OldtOM'n, electoral div.. Ire., co. Wicklow, dist. Annamoe. 
 
 Oldtofvn, tn., U.S., Maine, Penobscot co. , on an island in 
 Penobscot R. , 10 m. NE. by N. Bangor. P. 5300. 
 
 01<1 TrafTord, a SW. suburb of Manchester, Eng., on 
 L. & NW. R. 
 
 Old Village, vil., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, 157m. NW. 
 Vancouver. 
 
 Old Wood, eccles. par. , Eng. , Herefordshire and Worcester- 
 shire, Laysters, and Middleton on the Hill, Tenbury pars. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Olean, vil., U.S., New York, Cattaraugus co., on the Alle- 
 ghany R. , 60 m. SSE. Buffalo. P. 7400. 
 
 Olegglo, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and ii m. N. by E. 
 Novara. P. <:4000. 
 
 Olelros, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov., dist., and 4 m. SE. 
 Corunna, on the estuary (ria) of the Corunna. P. 6400. 
 
 Olekma (Ollokma), great riv., E. Siberia, r. bk. trib. of 
 Lena, rises in Stanovoi water-parting, flows NE. and NNW. , 
 watering the high plateau, joins Lena in 60° 22' N. , 120° 55' E., 
 after having received many large tribs. , of which Chara, with 
 Juya, are renowned for rich gold-mines. Length over 700 m. 
 
 Olekmlnsk, dist. tn. , E. Siberia, govt, and 112 m. SW. 
 Yakutsk, on 1. bk. Lena, 8 m. above mouth of Olekma ; rich 
 gold-mines in its immense dist. Alt. 400 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 
 18.9° F. , Jan. 33.0°, July 66.6°. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Olele, seapt., Sumatra, in the extreme NW., connected by 
 rail with Kota Raja. 
 
 Olem, riv. of Siberian tundras, joins Anabar from right at 
 head of Anabar Bay. Length about 500 m. 
 
 Olene, settlement, U.S., Oregon, Klamath co., on the SE. 
 shore of upper Lake Klamath, 125 m. E. by N. of the SW. 
 corner of the state. 
 
 Olenek, riv. , E. Siberia, prov. Yakutsk, rises from junction 
 of two branches under Polar circle, flows northwards, enters 
 Arctic Ocean under 72° 54', 70 m. W. of left branch of Lena. 
 Length about 1200 m. 
 
 OleopoUs, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Venango co. , on Alle- 
 gheny R. , 52 m. SSE. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oleqna, vil., U.S., Washington, Cowlitz co., 47 ra. S, 
 Olympia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ol^ron, tie d', ancient Uliarus, an isl. in the Atlantic 
 Ocean, France, crossed in the N. by 46° N. , dep. Charente- 
 Inf^rieure, from which its nearest point is separated by the 
 dangerous Pertuis de Maumusson (i^ m. -550 yds.). O. is 20 
 m. long, 2-6 m. wide, and has an area of 70 sq. m. , and popula- 
 tion of 18,000. Its surface is low and sandy, though rocky on 
 the W. ct. , and it yields grain, fruits, and salt. The inhabi- 
 tants are skilful seamen. Chief towns. Chateau d'Oldron, St. 
 Georges, and St. Pierre. 
 
 Olesa, tn. , Spain, on the Llobregat, prov. and 20 m. NW. 
 Barcelona, dist. Tarrasa. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Olesko, tn., Austria, Galicia, dist. O., 11 m. N. Zloczow, 
 and 40 m. E. by N. Lemberg. P. <4000. 
 
 Oletta, vil, Corsica, arr. and 7 m. SW. by W. Bastia. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Olette, vil, France, dep. Pyr^n6es-Orientales, arr. Prades, 
 33 m. W. by S. Perpignan. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Oletzko, tn. , Prussia. See Marggrabowa. 
 
 Olerano Komano, tn., Italy, prov., circle, and 28 m. E. 
 Rome. P. <4000. 
 
 Olevano sul Tusclano, comm., Italy, prov. and 9 m. SE. 
 Salerno. P. <4000. 
 
OLEY — OLOS 
 
 Oley, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Berks co., 8 m. ENE. Read- 
 ing. P. < 1500. 
 
 Olga (Michael ^ymoar), bay, Russian Manchuria, N. 
 Pacific, 43° 44' N. , 135° 4' E. Open to E. winds, but has good 
 harbour, Tikhaya Pristaii ; freezes from thirty to forty days ; 
 four fathoms deep. Russian post and village. Mean temp. 
 (10 yrs. , 1875-85), yr. 39.6° F. , Jan. 10.0°, Aug. 68.4°. 
 
 dlgod, vil., Denmark, in the SW. of Jutland, prov. Ribe, 
 22 m. SE. by S. Ringkjobing. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Olgopol, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Podolia, no m. ESE. 
 Kamenets Podolsk, on railway running along the SW. frontier 
 of Russia. P. 9720. 
 
 Olhao, tn. , S. ct. of Portugal, prov. Algarve (dist. Faro), 5^ 
 m. E. Faro, 68 m. E. Cape St. Vincent. It has good wines, 
 sold under the name of Fuzeta wines. P. 6900. 
 
 Ollena, tn., Sardinia, prov. and 53 m. SE. Sassari. P. 
 (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 OUfant's River, riv. , SE. Africa, mainly in the Transvaal, 
 rises under the name of the Rhenoster to the E. of Pretoria, 
 and flows NE. and then E. , enters Portuguese tern, and joins 
 the Limpopo in about 24° 5' S. , 32° 55' E. ; coal in dist. tra- 
 versed by it. 
 
 Ollfaut's River (Dutch, ' elephant's river '), riv. , Cape Colony, 
 flows W. along the S. base of the Zwarte-bergen, then S., and 
 unites with the Groote R. to form the Gouritz, in 33° 55' S., 
 21° 40' E. ; vine growing in its valley. 
 
 Ollfant'8 River, riv. , in the W. of Cape Colony, mainly in 
 Clanwilliam div. , flows NW. by N. then SW., and enters the 
 Atlantic on the W. ct. , in 31° 40' S. 
 
 Olina, riv., France. See Orue. 
 
 Olluda, a small coast tn. , Brazil, a little to the N. of Per- 
 nambuco, in 8° i' S. ; former capital, with convents and magnifi- 
 cent temples. P. 8100. 
 
 Olliida Entrance, Australia. See Cireat Barrier Reef. 
 
 Ollokina, riv. , Siberia. See Oleknia. 
 
 Ollphant's Rivers, S. Africa. See OUfaut's River. 
 
 OUte, tn., Spain, prov. Navarre, dist. Tafalla, 24 m. S. 
 Pamplona, former residence of the kings of Navarre ; its old 
 walls remain. P. (coinm.)<:400o. 
 
 Ollva, vil. , Paraguay. See Villa Ollva. 
 
 OUva, market-tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle and 4 m. 
 NW. Danzig. Gives name to a large forest. P. <:3000. 
 
 Ollva, tn. , Spain, prov. and 44 m. SSE. Valencia. P. 
 (comm.) 8800. 
 
 Ollva de Jerez, tn., Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 40 m. 
 S. Badajoz, dist. and 10 m. WSW. Jerez de los Caballeros. 
 P. (comm.) 6400. 
 
 Ollvaes, former tn. , Portugal, now in city of Lisbon. 
 
 Ollval, tn. , Portugal, dist. and 35 m. NNE. Santarem. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 OUvares, comm., Spain, prov. and 12 m. WNW. Seville, 
 dist. Sanlucar la Mayor. P. <40oo. 
 
 Olive, vil., Canada, prov. Manitoba, near the Glenboro 
 section of the C. P. R. , 75 m. W. by S. Winnipeg. 
 
 Ollvelra, tn., Brazil, Minas Geraes, 180 m. NW. Rio de 
 Janeiro. 
 
 Ollvelra do Conde, tn. , Portugal, dist. and 16 m. SSW. 
 Vizeu. P. <4000. 
 
 Ollvelra do Donro, tn., Portugal, dist. Oporto, 3 m. ESE. 
 Villanova de Gaia. P. <40oo. 
 
 Ollvenca, vil., Brazil, state Bahia, on the E. ct., in 15° S. 
 
 Ollvenza, fortified tn. , Spain, prov. and 15 m. SW. by S. 
 Badajoz, dist. O. P. (comm.) 8200. 
 
 Oliver, CO., U.S., N. Dakota, crossed in the S. by 49° N., 
 and in the E. by 101° W. , bounded on the E. by Missouri R. 
 
 Olives, Mount of, or Olivet, hill named in O. T. and N. T. 
 See Jelicl-et-Tor. 
 
 Olivet, tn. , France, dep. Loiret, on the Loiret, arr. and 3 m. 
 SSW. Orleans. P. <20oo. 
 
 Olivet, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Hutchinson co. , on the James 
 R. , 30 m. NW. by N. Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Olivet, vil., U.S., Michigan, Eaton co., 96 m. W. by N. 
 Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ollveto Cltra, tn. , Italy, prov. and 25 m. E. Salerno, circle 
 Campagna. P. <4000. 
 
 Olkhon, isl. , E. Siberia, Lake Baikal, stretches NE., being 
 separated from W. ct. by narrow strait 4-6 m. wide ; covered 
 with woody hills ; inhabited by Buryates. 
 
 Olkusz (old Milcus, Ileus), tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 
 70 m. SW. Kielce, 10 m. from frontier of Galicia ; tin ores 
 extracted. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ollaberi-y, vil., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Northmaven 
 par. , on the E. ct. , on O. Bay, 9 m. S. of the N. end of the 
 mainland, PT.O. 
 
 Ollagna, volcano on Bolivia-Chile frontier, in about 21° 20' S. , 
 68^ 10' W. Alt. highest peak, 19,205 ft. ; crater, 18,040 ft. [tr.). 
 
 Ollantaytambo, vil. , Peru, dep. and 20 m. N W. Cuzco, on 
 the r. bk. of Urubamba, with celebrated ruins and interesting 
 remains of extensive terrace irrigation. Alt. 9940 ft. 
 
 Ollay, Loch, lake, Scot. , Inverness-shire, in the W. of S. Uist. 
 
 OUerla, tn. , Spain, prov. and 40 ra. SSW. Valencia, dist. 
 Albaida. P. (comm. )<;4000. 
 
 OUerton, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Altrincham dist. , 2 m. SE. 
 Knutsford. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ollerton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., on 
 the riv. Maune, 8^ m. NE. by E. Mansfield, PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 OlUergnes, tn., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Ambert, on 
 the Dore, 28 m. E. by S. Clermont-Ferrand. P. <20C)0. 
 
 Olllgnies, vil. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 15 m. SE. Oudenarde. 
 
 Olllonlles, tn., France, dep. Var, arr. and 5 m. W. Toulon. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Ollon, vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, dist. and 2 ra. SE. Aigle, 
 in Rhone valley, 7 m. SSE. Lake Geneva. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 dime, vil., Sweden, prov. (Ian) Vermland, 15 m. E. Karl- 
 stad, near the N. bank of Lake Wener. P. <20oo. 
 
 Olmeto, comm. , Corsica, 18 m. SE. by S. Ajaccio. P. <20oo. 
 
 Olntl, vil., Corsica, arr. and 25 m. WSW. Bastia. P. <20oo. 
 
 Olmos, vil., N. Peru, dep., prov., and 47 m. NNE. Lam- 
 bayeque. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Olmsted, co. , U.S., Minnesota, in the SE. , crossed by 44° 
 N. , W. of 92° W. 
 
 Olmtltz (Moravian Olomonc), tn. , Austria, Moravia, cap. dist. 
 O., on riv. March, 40 m. NE. Briinn. It is one of the strongest 
 fortresses in the Austrian Empire, and the ecclesiastical capital 
 of Moravia, with an archbishop's palace, a theological faculty 
 (the only survival of a university which existed until 1858), the 
 cathedral of St. Wenceslaus (14th century) ; and is, further, the 
 commercial centre of the industrial and mining products of the 
 region. A very ancient city, O. was long the cap. of Moravia 
 (down to 1640), was captured by the Swedes in 1642, and be- 
 sieged by the Prussians in 1758. Here in 1848 the Emperor 
 Ferdinand abdicated. Alt. 740 ft. P. 19,800. 
 
 Olna Firth, inlet, Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, in the W., 
 stretching 3 m. E. from the mouth, in 60° 20' N. 
 
 OIne, comm., Belgium, prov. Li^ge, arr. and 6 m. W. 
 Verviers. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Olney, formerly Oulney, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 
 Buckingham div. , 10 m. W. by N. Bedford, on the Great Ouse, 
 and the M. R. Formerly noted for its lace, but now chiefly 
 engaged in brewing and the manufacture of boots and shoes. 
 William Cowper, the poet, resided here from 1767 to 1786. 
 PMT.O. Market-day, Th. P. <250o; eccles. par. (O. with 
 Warrington) P. <25oo. 
 
 Olney, city, U.S., Illinois, Richland co., 115 m. E. St. Louis 
 (Mo.). P. < 4000. 
 
 Olney, vil., U.S., Oregon, Clatsop co., 16 m. SE. of the 
 mouth of the Columbia (Port Adams). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Olney Park Farm, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, dist. and 
 near Olney. P. <250. 
 
 Olneyvllle, vil., U.S., Rhode Island, co. and 2 m. W. Provi- 
 dence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Olofsfors, vil., Sweden, prov. Vesterbotten, on the E. ct. , 83 
 m. NE. by N. Hernosand. P. < 2000. 
 
 Olomouc, Moravian name for Olmiktz {q.v.). 
 
 Olona, riv. , N. Italy, enters the canal Naviglio Grande near 
 Milan. Under the French it gave its name to a department of 
 the kingdom of Italy. 
 
 Olonets, govt., NW. Russia, extending from Lake Ladoga 
 almost to White Sea, has Finland on W., Arkhangelsk and 
 Vologda on N. and E. , Novgorod on S. Its NW. part is hilly, 
 and belongs geographically to Finland ; the rest is a flat plateau 
 sloping southwards, thickly covered with boulder-clay ; marshy 
 lowlands in S. Dotted with countless lakes and marshes, which 
 cover about one-fifth of the aggregate area. Lakes Ladoga and 
 Onega are connected by the Svir, and receive many tribs., of 
 which the Vytegra is connected by canals with the Volga, and 
 is an important channel for navigation. Forests cover seven- 
 tenths of the land area. Climate harsh and moist, the average 
 temp, at Petrozavodsk being : yr. 34° F. , Jan. 12°, July 57°. 
 Population consists of Great Russians, Finns, Karelians, and 
 Tchudis ; it is scattered in tiny villages, the inhabitants of which 
 cultivate the higher parts amidst the marshes, and chiefly live 
 by timber trade, hunting, fishing, and the navigation of vessels 
 along the rivers and canals. Divided into seven dists. : Petroza- 
 vodsk (cap. of govt.), Kargopol, Lodeinoye Pole, Olonets, 
 Povyenets, Pudozh, and Vytegra. Area, 57,439 sq. m. P. 
 (1890) 352,600. 
 
 Olonets, dist. tn., Russia, govt. 0.,98 m. SW. Petrozavodsk, 
 12 m. from Lake Ladoga. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Olouos, mt., Greece. See Erymanthos. 
 
 Olonzac, tn., France, on the SW. border of dep. H^rault, 
 arr. St. Pons, 16 m. WNW. Narbonne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Olorou-Salnte-Slarle, tn., France, dep. Basses- Pyr^n^es, 
 on the Gave d'O., cap. arr. O., 14 m. SW. by W. Pau. The 
 church of Ste. Croix and the cathedral both date back to the 
 nth century. Alt. 785 ft. P. 8800. 
 
 Oloseuga, in spelling of missionaries Olosega, small isl. , S. 
 Pacific, Samoan group, in about 14° 11' S. , 169° 36' W. 
 
 Olosenga, or Swalu, isl.. Pacific, in Union group, in about 
 11° S., 121° W. 
 
 1135 
 
OLOT — OMEY 
 
 Olot, tn., Spain, on the Fluvia, prov. and 20 m. NW. Gerona, 
 dist. O. ; in a volcanic dist. , with cotton and cloth manufactures. 
 P. (comm.) 7600. 
 
 Olpad, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 26 m. SW. by S. 
 Broach. P. < 5000. 
 
 Olpe, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphaha, 40 m. E. by N. Cologne, 
 11^ m. NW. by N. Siegen ; cap. circle O. P. <3000. 
 
 Olrlg, coast par., Scot., Caithness, 5 m. E. Thurso; 10,015 
 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 dlSj.tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 16 m. ENE. Breslau, cap. 
 circle O. ; manufactures machinery and paper. P. 10,200. 
 
 Olse (olshe), Chekh, Ruthenian olcha, Polish olsza, Servian 
 jelsa, S\o\&n\s.n jolsa, Jelsa ; in place-names Olch-, Oles-, Olsz-, 
 &c. , ' alder. ' 
 
 Olsliana, vil., Russia, govt, and 19 m. WNW. Kharkov. 
 P. 6500. 
 
 Olshaiika Novaya, vil., Russia, govt, and SW. Voronezh, 
 dist. Nizhnedyevitsk. P. 6000. 
 
 Olst, comm., Holland, prov. Overijssel, on the IJssel, 6 m. 
 N. by W. Deventer. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Olsza, Polish, 'alder.' See Olse. 
 
 Olsztyii, tn., Russian Poland, govt. Piotrk6w, 8 m. S. 
 Czfstochowa. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Olten, tn. , Switzd. , cant. Solothurn, 7 m. WSW. Aarau, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Aar. P. (comm. )<:5ooo. 
 
 01tenl}a (oltenitsa), tn. , Roumania, prov. Ilfov, on the 
 Arges, 31 m. W. Silistria. P. (comm.) 5300. 
 
 Olte^u (oltets), riv. , Roumania, in the W., rises near the 
 frontier, and flows S. and SE. to the Aluta, which it joins on the 
 r. bk. about 32 m. E. by S. Craiova. 
 
 Oltls, riv. , France. See Lot. 
 
 Olton, stn. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Tamworth div. , on the 
 G. W. R., 5 m. SE. Birmingham, PM.O. 
 
 Oltn, dep. , Roumania, in Walachia, cap. Slatina. 
 
 Olty, dist. tn., Russia, Transcaucasia, prov. and 66 m. SW. 
 Kars, on frontier of Asia Minor. P. <;ioco. 
 
 6-LnbIo, tn., Hungary. See Alt-Lnblan. 
 
 Olntor Bay, Russia, Bering Sea, between Capes Olutor (59° 
 58' N., 170° 28' E.) and Goven. 
 
 Olreustedt, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt, and 3 m. NNW. 
 Magdeburg, circle Wolmirstedt. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Olvera, tn. , Spain, prov. Cadiz, dist. O., 49 m. W. by N. 
 Malaga. P. (comm.) 8600. 
 
 Olvestoii, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Thornbury div., 9 m. 
 N. Bristol, 3 m. SW. Thornbury stn., P.O.; 4571 ac. P. <i50o. 
 
 Olvlopol, tn., Russia, govt, and 130 m. NW. Kherson, on 
 Bug, which is crossed here by SW. Rly. P. 5750. 
 
 Olympia, site of the Olympic games of ancient Greece, on the 
 Alpheios (Rouphia), 42 m. S. by W. Patras. Important excava- 
 tions made here at the expense of the German government, 
 partly of the German emperor, in 1875-81. 
 
 Olympia, city, U.S., Washington, Thurston co., 102 m. S. 
 by E. Victoria (V. I.), 47° 3' N. , 122° 53' W. ; well laid out; 
 lumbering is the chief industry ; the wharf is now accessible at 
 all states of the tide. Mean temp., yr. 49.7° F., Jan. 37.8°, 
 July 62.8° ; rfall. (9 yrs.), 58.02 in. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Olympus, mt. , Asia Minor. See Keslilj^h Dagh. 
 
 Olympus, Mount, mt. range, on the borders of the Turkish 
 vilayets of Monastir and Salonica, and extending to the border 
 of the Greek prov. of Thessaly ; its summit, famed by Homer 
 and other poets as the throne of the gods, is 30 m. N. Larissa, 
 in 40° 5' N. , 22° 25' E. Estimated height, 9800 ft. 
 
 Olypbant, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Lackawanna co. , on 
 Lackawanna R. , 5 m. NE. Scranton ; many collieries around. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Om', riv., W. Siberia, r. bk. trib. of Irtysh, which it joins at 
 Omsk after a course of 450 m. westwards past Kainsk. 
 
 Oma, small isl., Moluccas. See Harnku. 
 
 Omagh, market and civic tn. , Ire., cap. co. Tyrone, bars. 
 East O. and Upper Strabane, on the 1. bk. of the Strule, 17 m. 
 S. by E. Strabane, on the G. N. (Ire.) R. ; has flax and corn 
 mills, and leather manufactures. Market-day, S. Mean rfall. 
 (1866-80, Edenfell, alt. 280 ft.), yr. 36.6 in. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Omagli, East and West, two bars. , Ire. , in the SW. and W. 
 of CO. Tyrone. 
 
 Omalia, tn. , New Zealand, North I., Rodney co., in 36° 15' 
 S. , and 174° 47' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 O'malia (named after an Indian tribe allied to the Sioux), city, 
 U.S., Nebraska, Douglas co. , on the r. bk. of the Missouri, 
 about 20 m. above the confluence of the Platte R. , here crossed 
 by three iron bridges. It was laid out in 1854 on a plateau 
 80 ft. above the river, rising gradually into bluffs, and is pro- 
 vided with extensive parks. O. is an important distributing 
 centre, and has large works for smelting and refining gold and 
 silver, oil-works, steam-engine-works, breweries and distilleries, 
 immense meat-packing establishments, and the workshops of 
 the U. P. R. It is also the headquarters of the Platte army 
 div. , for the accommodation of which Fort Crook is now being 
 erected in the vicinity. Alt. 967 ft. (R.R.); 986 ft. (R.R.); 
 1113 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). Mean temp., yr. 49.8° F., Jan. 
 1136 
 
 21.1°, July 76.2°; rfall., yr. 36.64 in., April-October 31.43 in., 
 May-July 17.61 in. P. (i860) 1900; (1870) 16,100; (1880) 
 30,500 ; (1890) 140,500. 
 
 Omaha, il^onth, city, U.S., Nebraska, Douglas co. P. 8100. 
 
 Omaha Barracks, or Fort Omaha, military post, U.S., 
 Nebraska, 3 m. N. Omaha. 
 
 Omahas, tribe of Indians, of Dakota stock, U.S., Nebraska, 
 Blackbird co. 
 
 Omal-sakl, promontory, Japan, SE. ct. of Honshiu, with 
 lighthouse (visible 19 m.) in 34° 36' N., 138° 13' E. 
 
 Oman, an independent Arab state stretching along the NE. 
 and SE. coasts of Arabia from Cape Mussendam, at the entrance 
 to the Gulf of Persia, to the port of Mirbat, in about 17° 40' N. ; 
 it is thus washed on the NE. by the Gulf of Oman, and on the 
 SE. by the Indian Ocean. The Sultan of O. likewise claims 
 authority over the coast-lands which stretch W. from Cape 
 Mussendam to the Gulf of Bahrein, but his rule over them 
 is merely nominal. The limits of his authority inland are 
 uncertain and fluctuating, and nowhere perhaps exceed a 
 distance of 120 m. from the coast. The principal physical 
 feature is a chain of mountains beginning at Ras-al-Hadd, the 
 extreme E. point of Arabia, and running NW. parallel to the 
 coast to Cape Mussendam. Its mean elevation is 3000 ft., 
 though one peak in the middle reaches 10,000 ft., and another 
 towards the NW. 6800 ft. The E. portion, known as Jebel 
 Fellah, presents steep escarpments to the ocean. The W. 
 portion, Jebel Akhdar, recedes 50 m. from the coast, and not 
 only embraces valleys rich in verdure, but shelters from the 
 desert the mostly fertile coast plain of Batna. The climate is 
 very hot, but tempered on the mountain slopes ; tropical rains 
 fall in December and January. The staple product is dates, to 
 which must be added maize, indigo, wheat and barley, fruits, 
 wine, coffee. Copper, sulphur, and salt are worked ; and iron 
 and lead occur. The dromedaries of O. are famous ; but Maskat 
 mules and donkeys are bred in Persia and Baluchistan. The 
 fauna does not differ from that of Arabia (q.v.) in general. Cap. 
 Maskat, on the coast. The cap. was in Portuguese hands for a 
 century and a half from 1508. In the early part of the 19th 
 century the sway of the sultan extended over parts of the S. ct. 
 of Persia and Socotra, Zanzibar, and the adjacent parts of the 
 African mainland. P. probably 1,500,000. 
 
 Oman, Gulf, or Sea of, part of the Indian Ocean between 
 Oman and the S. ct. of Persia. 
 
 Omapere, tp. , New Zealand, North I., Hokianga co. , 121 m. 
 NW. Auckland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Omar, riv. , Siberia. See Ob. 
 
 Ornate, volcano, western Andes. See Hualua-Putlna. 
 
 Omate, vil., Peru, prov. and 44 m. NNW. Moquegua. P. 
 (with dist. )< 4000. 
 
 Ombersley, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 5 J 
 m. N. Worcester, 3^ m. W. Droitwich, PMT.O. ; 7129 ac. 
 
 P. <25CIO. 
 
 Ombllien, coalfield, Sumatra, the most extensive in the 
 Eastern Archipelago, about 41 m. ENE. Padang. 
 
 Ombii, isl., W. ct. of S. Norway, dist. and 16 m. NNE. 
 Stavanger, in Bukke Fjord. Area, 22 sq. m. 
 
 Ombroue, riv., Italy, Tuscany, rises in the Monti Chianti, 
 and flows SW. past Grosseto to the Tyrrhenian Sea. Length, 
 103 m. ; area of basin, 1620 sq. m. ; mean discharge 3200, 
 highest discharge 69,700 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Om-Dlnar, vil.. Lower Egypt, prov. and 16 m. NNW. Gize, 
 on 1. bk. of the Nile, Rosetta arm. 
 
 Omdnrman, tn. , eastern Sudan, on 1. bk. of the Bahr-el- 
 Abiad, just above the confluence of the Bahr-el-Azrek, to the 
 NW. of Khartum. 
 
 Omeath, hamlet. Ire., NW. co. Louth, bar. Lower Dundalk, 
 6^ m. SSE. Newry, on the W. side of Carlingford Lough, and 
 the Newry and Greenore Rly., PM.O. 
 
 Omegna, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 32 m. NNW. 
 Novara. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Omei-hslen, tn. , China, Stichwan, 85 m. SSW. Chengtu- 
 fu, II m. W. by N. Kiating-fu. A few miles to the SW. is the 
 sacred Buddhist mountain of O or Omei, resorted to by 
 thousands of pilgrims to witness the curious phenomenon known 
 as 'The Glory of Buddha.' Alt. 11,100 ft., one side 'being a 
 precipice nearly 1^ m. high.' Proc. R. G. S., 1891, pp. 337-38. 
 Supp. Papers, B. G. S., i., pp. 30-43. 
 
 Omemee, vil., Canada, Ontario, Victoria co., 58 m. NE. 
 Toronto. 
 
 Omeo, gold-mining tp. , Victoria, Benambra co. , in 37° 6' S. , 
 147° 40' E. Alt. 2108 ft. Mean temp., yr. 54.0° F. , Jan. 66.4°, 
 July 40.2°. P. < 1500. Lake Omeo, 10 m. E. , is 2371 ft. above 
 sea-level. 
 
 Omerbane, P.O., Ire., co. Antrim, 7 m. from Killagan. 
 
 Oniessa, vil. , Corsica, 26 m. SW. by S. Bastia, arr. and 5 m. 
 NE. by N. Corte. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ometepec (Aztec, 'double mountain'), largest isl. of Lake 
 Nicaragua, with two volcanoes ; circumference about 20 m. 
 
 Omey, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bar. Ballynahinch, contains 
 Clifden town ; 20,836 ac. P. <sooo. 
 
OMEY — ONIC 
 
 Onicy, isl., Ire., off W. ct. co. Galway, bar. Ballynahinch. 
 Oiiil, a kuni or old prov. , Japan, now in Shiga ken. 
 Oin>kheiiaii, vil. , Lower Egypt, prov. and 8 m. SSE. Gize. 
 Oiume Aa, riv. , Denmark, Jutland, rises in Veile prov. and 
 flows WNW. into the Lonborg Aa Fjord. 
 
 Onintelandeii, coalfield, Sumatra, about i6 m. due E. of 
 Bencoolen. Area nearly 8 sq. m. 
 
 Oiiimeii, tn., Holland, prov. Overijssel, on the Vecht, 13 m. 
 E. Zwolle. P. < 2000. 
 
 Omo, riv. , E. Africa, in the Galla country, flows S. , believed 
 ultimately to enter Lake Rudolf (Basso Narok). 
 Onio, isl., Denmark, off the SW. ct. of Seeland. 
 Omoa, seapt. tn.. Central America, Honduras, 95 m. NNW. 
 Comayagua, on the Gulf of Honduras, in 15° 47' N., 6 m. W. 
 Puerto Cortez (g-v.) ; mahogany forests worked in dist. 
 
 Onioa, stn., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, on the C. R., 2 m. 
 NNE. Wishaw. See Cleland. The original hamlet probably 
 named after the O. in Honduras by some soldier or sailor who 
 was quartered there during the American War of Independence. 
 See Scot. Geqg: Mag., 1893, p. 601. 
 
 Omolon, riv., E. Siberia, prov. Yakutsk, rises in Stanovoi 
 Mts. , flows N. and NW. , receiving Anyui, joins Kolyma from 
 right. Length about 500 m. 
 
 Onioiit, vil., France, dep. Ardennes, arr. M6zieres, 12 m. 
 SW. by W. Sedan. P. <2ooo. 
 
 O-Moravlcza, conim. , Hungary, prov. Bdcs-Bodrog, 22 m. 
 SW. by S. Maria Theresiopel. P. 6300. 
 
 O'More's Forest, electoral div., Ire., Queen's co. , dist. 
 Mountmellick. 
 
 Onipah, vil., Canada, Ontario, Frontenac co. , 54 m. N. by 
 W. Kingston. 
 
 Ompata, Portuguese W. Africa. See Hanipata. 
 Omptoii, par., Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Southwell par., 2^ m. 
 SE. Ollerton, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Omro, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Winnebago co. , on the Fox R. , 
 51 m. SW. of the head of Green Bay. P. <;i500. 
 
 Omsk, tn., Russia, formerly cap. of W. Siberia, now cap. of 
 Akmolinsk prov., as well as of the governor-generalship of the 
 Steppes, seat of administration of Siberian Cossacks, on the 
 Irtysh R. at its junction with the Om', 1013 m. by rail from 
 Samara, 1624 m. by rail from Moscow, junction of the high- 
 ways to Russia, Orenburg, E. Siberia, and Turkistan. Steamers 
 ply to Tobolsk and Semipalatinsk. It is built of wood on a 
 sandy plain, is well provided with schools (among which the 
 corps of Siberian cadets, a Kirghiz high school, and a medical 
 school), and is the seat of the West Siberian Geographical 
 Society. Mean temp., yr. 32.8° F., Jan. 3.1°, July 68.8 . P. 
 (1862) 19,467; (1890) 38,000. 
 Omnraniba, water-course, S. Africa. See Kalahari. 
 On, site, Lower Egypt. See Matarle. 
 Onacusa, isl. , Pacific Ocean. See Hniiter Island. 
 Oiiaght, tn.. Ire., N. ct. of Inishmore I., co. and 31 m. 
 WSW. Galway, bar. Aran. P. <25o. 
 
 Oualaska, city, U.S., Wisconsin, La Crosse co. , 100 m. 
 NNW. Dubuque (lo.). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Oiiancock, vil. , U.S., Virginia, Accomack co. , on O. Bay, 
 an extension of Chesapeake Bay. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Onaplng, vil., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 467 
 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Oiiarga, vil., U.S., Illinois, Iroquois co. , 83 m. S. by W. 
 Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 OnatclilTvay, Lake, lake, Canada, Quebec, in 49° N. , 71° 
 W. , drained S. by the riv. Shipsha into the Saguenay R. 
 
 Oilate, tn., Spain, Basque Provs., Guipiizcoa, dist. and 6 m. 
 SSE. Vergara, and 30 m. SW. San Sebastian ; had a university 
 in 16th century, and in 19th was some time cap. of Don Carlos. 
 P. (comm.) 6200. 
 
 Onava, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Sao Miguel co. , 48 
 m. E. Santa V€. 
 
 Onavas, tribe of Indians, Mexico. See Opatas. 
 Oiiaiva, tn., U.S., Iowa, Monona co., 35 m. SSE. Sioux 
 City. P. < 1500. 
 Onchaii, P.O., Eng., Isle of Man. See Kirk Onclian. 
 Oiula, tn., Spain, prov. Castell6n de la Plana, dist. Nules, 
 35 m. N. by E. Valencia. P. (comm.) 5700. 
 
 Oiidara, tn. , Spain, prov. and nearly 44 m. NE. Alicant, 
 dist. Denia. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Oiidlt, post-tn., Victoria, Polwarth co. , 43 m. W. by S. 
 Geelong. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oiido, tn. , W. Africa, Benin. See Ode Oiido. 
 Oiidonga, Finnish mission station in the N. of Ovampo-land, 
 Ger. W. Africa, in about 18° 5' S. , 16° 15' E. 
 
 Ondres, vil., France, dep. Landes, arr. Dax, 5 m. NNE. 
 Bayonne. P. <20oo. 
 
 Oneata, isl. surrounded by coral reef in the Lau or E. group 
 of the Fiji Is. , crossed by 18° 25' S. , 178^° W. To the S. of the 
 island is O. Passage. 
 
 Ouecote, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 4 m. ESE. Leek, 
 P.O. ; 4936 ac. P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (O. wltii Bradiiop) 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 1137 
 
 Onega, lake, NW. Russia, second in size in Europe, elongated 
 from NW. to SE. hke other glacial scorings in the region, has 
 a length of 145 m. , and an average width of 50 m. N. ct. in- 
 dented by fjord-like bays, and dotted with many small islands 
 and submerged rocks ; S. ct. more regular. A considerable 
 area in middle and S. over 26 fathoms deep ; maximum depth, 
 123 fathoms. Discharges its waters through the Svir into Lake 
 Ladoga, and receives Vodla, Andoma, Suna, and Vytegra, 
 besides a great many smaller streams. The Vytegra being con- 
 nected with the Volga by canals, considerable shipping goes on, 
 and a canal has been built along the S. shore to permit boats 
 to avoid the stormy lake, which remains free from ice for an 
 average of 209 days. Petrozavodsk and many small villages on 
 its shores and islands. Quarries of sandstone, largely exported to 
 St. Petersburg, on SW. shore. Considerable fishing. Alt. 236 
 ft.; area, 3763 sq. m. 
 
 Onega, riv., NW. Russia, takes origin in Lake Lache, to 
 the E. of Lake O., flows NNE. and NNW. into O. Bay of 
 White Sea, which has a length of nearly 70 m. and a width of 
 35-50 m., is separated by Lyetniy Bereg Penin. from Dvina 
 Bay, receives the Kem' and Vyg, and is dotted by many small 
 islands, the larger, Solovetsklye Is., lying at its mouth. 
 
 Onega, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 154 m. W. Arkhangelsk, 
 on Onega R. , 3 m. from its entrance into O. Bay ; saw-mills. 
 Exports timber. Ships stop 9 m. below the town. P. 2750. 
 
 Oueglla, tn., Italy, Liguria, prov. Porto Maurizio, on the 
 coast, 15 m. ENE. San Remo ; the harbour has an area of 26 ac. 
 (width at entrance, 370 ft. ; depth in fairway, 20 ft.). Length 
 of loading quay, 170 ft. ; depth alongside, 8 ft. A new loading 
 quay, depth alongside 20 ft., will soon be ready (April 1894). 
 P. 7400. 
 
 Onelionse, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 2 m. NW. Stow- 
 market. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Onelinnga, seapt. bor. and port of entry. New Zealand, 
 North I. , Eden co. , 3 m. S. Auckland ; O. , the port of Manukau, 
 is 22 m. from the bar. Bar and pig iron extracted from the O. 
 iron-sand. P. <:300o. 
 
 Oneida, CO. , U.S., Idaho, bounded N. by Montana, E. by 
 Wyoming, and S. by Utah. 
 
 Oneida, tn., U.S., Illinois, Knox co., 92 m. NNW. Spring- 
 field. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oneida, vil., U.S., New York, on the W. border of O. co. , 
 on O. Creek, 25 m. E. by N. Syracuse, and 20 m. W. Utica. 
 Alt. 419 ft. (R.R.). P. 6100. 
 
 Oneida, co., U.S., Wisconsin, on the N. frontier, bounded 
 on the W. by 90° W. 
 
 Oneida, Lake, U.S., New York, between cos. Oswego, 
 Oneida, Onondaga, and Madison, 10 m. NE. Syracuse, 20 m. 
 long (E. to W. ) by 5 m. wide, drained W. by the Oneida R. into 
 the Seneca. Alt. 360 ft. (Toner). 
 
 O'Nell, city, U.S., Nebraska, Holt co. , on the Elkhorn R. , 
 160 m. NW. by W. Omaha. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Onellland, East and West, two bars.. Ire., in the NE. of 
 CO. Armagh. 
 
 Onelzah, Onelzeh, other forms of Aneysa (g.v.), or more 
 properly Anelza, oasis, Nejd, Arabia. 
 
 Onekotan, one of the Kurile Is., off the S. extremity of 
 Kamtchatka, between the Pacific Ocean and Sea of Okhotsk, 
 in 49° 24' N., 155° o' E. Length, 30 m. ; breadth, 15 m. 
 
 One .Van's Pass, Ire. , path on S. side of Slieve League Mt. , 
 CO. and 24 m. W. Donegal, where the cliffs rise almost perpen- 
 dicularly nearly 2000 ft. from the sea. 
 
 One Mile, goldfield, Queensland. See Gyniple. 
 Oneonta, vil., U.S., New York, Otsego co. , on the 1. bk. of 
 Susquehanna, 73 m. W. by S. Albany. P. 6300. 
 
 Oneota, vil., U.S., Minnesota, St. Louis co. , on Lake 
 Superior, 3 m. SW. Duluth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ongandn, vil., Portuguese W. Africa, on the Kukema, in the 
 Gangela country. 
 
 Ongaonga, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Waipawa co. , 
 46 m. by road and rail SW. Napier. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ongar, stn., Eng., Essex, on G. E. R., PMT.O. See 
 Chipping Ongar. 
 
 Ongar, High, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., on the 
 Roothing, 9 m. W. by S. Chelmsford, i m. E. Ongar stn., P.O.; 
 4520 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ongelak's Nek, S. Africa, a pass across the Quathlamba 
 Mts. , in the E. of Basuto-land, in about 30° 20' S. 
 
 Ongole, municip. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 74 m. N. 
 Nellore ; mission station. P. 10,900 ; Hindus, 8700. 
 
 Oiil, riv. , W. Africa, flows SW. through the E. of Yoruba 
 (q.v.) into the Lekki lagoon. If freed from its natural obstruc- 
 tions would be navigable 50 m. up. See Proc. R. G. S., 1891, 
 p. 580. 
 
 Onlbnry, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 21 m. S. by W. 
 Shrewsbury, on the Ony R. , and the G. W. R. , PMT. O. P. < 500. 
 Onlch, or Onnlch, vil., Scot., Inverness-shire, on Loch 
 Linnhe, 3^ m. NW. by W. BallachuUsh, PMT.O. 
 
 Onlcha~, or Onltsa, vil. and mission station, W. Africa, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Niger, in 6° 7' N. , 6° 46' E. 
 
 4C 
 
ONIL— ONTO 
 
 Onllaliy, riv. , Madagascar, flows SW. then W. into the 
 Mozambique Channel, which it enters just S. of the Tropic of 
 Capricorn. 
 
 Onln, penin. , in W. of New Guinea, to the S. of McCluer Gulf. 
 
 Onlta Creek, riv. , W. Africa. See OrasM. 
 
 Oiiltsa, vil. , W. Africa. See Onlcba. 
 
 Onley, part of eccles. par., Eng., Northamptonshire. See 
 Bar1>y. 
 
 Onllwyn, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, on the Neath and 
 Brecon Rly. , 9 m. NE. by N. Neath ; coal mined. PM.O. 
 
 Onnalng, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 3 m. NE. by E. 
 Valenciennes. P. < 5000. 
 
 Onny, riv., Eng., Salop. See Ony. 
 
 Ono, place named in O. T. See Ken* 'Ana. 
 
 Ono, the largest of a group of the Friendly Is. , Pacific Ocean, 
 in 18° 55' S., 178^25' W. 
 
 OnonilcU, tn. , Japan, Hiroshima ken, 125 m. W. by S. 
 Kobe ; a prosperous town on the Inland Sea, noted for its 
 manufacture of ornamental mats. P. 18,700. 
 
 Onon, riv., E. Siberia, Transbaikalia, rises in Kentei Mts., 
 flows NE. near Mongolian frontier, partly in Mongolia, but 
 chiefly on Russian terr. , past Aksha and Chindant ; by junction 
 with Ingoda makes the Shilka, which by its junction with Argun 
 makes the Amur. Length over 500 m. Chief trib. O.-Borzya, 
 on whose banks the Adun-chalon semi-precious stones are found. 
 
 Onondaga, vil., Canada, Ontario, Brant co. , 18 m. SW. by 
 W. Hamilton, on the Grand R. and a railway. 
 
 Onondaga, small lake, U.S., New York, O. co. , stretching 
 
 6 m. NW. from Syracuse, drained NW. into Lake Ontario, 
 with many salt-springs on its borders. See Seneca Klver. 
 
 Onoto, tn. , Venezuela, Bermudez, 136 m. SE. by E. Caracas. 
 
 Onoz, comm. , Belgium, prov. and arr. Namur, on the Orneau, 
 5 m. E. Fleurus. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Onrnst, small isl., Netherlands, in the Marsdiep, between 
 Texel Is. and mainland, 3 m. NW. Helder. 
 
 Ouslo'n', vil., Canada. See Qnio. 
 
 Onslow, bor. , New Zealand, North I., Hutt co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Onslow, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, in the SE., on O. Bay, W. 
 of j-f W. Onslow^ Bay is the wide-mouthed bay in the SE. 
 of the state, between about 33° 50' and 34° 35' N. 
 
 Onslow, port, W. Australia, NW. div. , on the N. ct., 155 
 m. WSW. Roebourn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Onso, comm., S. Norway, prov. Christiania, 6 m. NW. 
 Frederiicstad. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Onstmettlngen, vil. , Ger. , kgd. WUrtemberg, Black Forest 
 circle, 17 m. S. by W. Tiibingen. P. <3000. 
 
 Onstwedde, comm., Netherlands, prov. Groningen, arr. and 
 
 7 m. S. Winschoten. P. 9000. 
 
 Ontake, or Hitake, volcanic peak, Japan, about the middle 
 of the isl. of Honshiu, in 35° 52' N., 137° 33' E. Alt. 9800 ft. 
 
 Ontario, co., Canada, Ontario, extending from the E. of 
 Lake Simcoe to Lake Ontario. 
 
 Onta'rio, prov. of the Dominion of Canada, lying W. of the 
 prov. of Quebec, N. of the St. Lawrence and Lakes Ontario, 
 Erie, Huron, and Superior, E. of Manitoba and Keewatin, and 
 S. of Hudson's Bay. In area (181,800 sq. m.) it is more than 
 twice as large as Great Britain, but its population in 1891 fell 
 short of 7.\ millions. The oldest settled region, in the S., 
 between the great lakes, belongs to the great Canadian plain ; 
 its surface is gently undulating, without any great eminences, 
 except that the low Laurentian Hills stretch W. towards Lake 
 Huron and Georgian Bay. For the geological features, see 
 Canada. The S. portion of the prov. is principally drained by 
 the rivers St. Lawrence and Ottawa and their tribs. , the 
 latter river receiving the Nation, Rideau, Mississippi, Mada- 
 waska, Bonnechfere, and Petewawa. The rivers Moira, Grand, 
 Napanee, Trent, and Humber all flow into Lake Ontario ; 
 the Thames and Sydenham into Lake St. Clair ; the Saugeen 
 into Lake Huron ; and the Nottawasaga, Severn, Muskoka, and 
 French R. into Georgian Bay. In the N. extension of the 
 prov. the principal streams are the Sturgeon into Lake Nipis- 
 sing; the Montreal into the Ottawa; the Moose and the 
 Albany, each with several feeders, into James Bay (Hudson 
 Bay) ; Rainy R. into Lake of the Woods ; the Mississauga into 
 North Channel (N. end of Lake Huron) ; and Spanish R. into 
 Georgian Bay. Besides the lakes already named there are 
 countless others, of which it will, however, suffice to mention 
 Lake Simcoe, between Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay ; Lakes 
 Tamagaming, Temiscamang, and Abittibi in the E. of the N. 
 extension of the prov. , and Lakes Nepigon and Rainy in the 
 W. ' The mineral deposits are widely spread, varied in char- 
 acter, and cover almost the entire list of economic minerals, with 
 the exception of coal. The counties of Leeds, Lanark, Renfrew, 
 Frontenac, Addington, Hastings, Peterborough, the dists. of 
 Nipissing and Algoma East and other portions of eastern and 
 central Ontario, contain numerous [and extensive] deposits of 
 magnetic and hematite iron ores. ... In the Sudbury region 
 enormous deposits of copper and nickel ore have been dis- 
 covered, and mines on an extensive scale are being develojjed. 
 In the township of Denison, between Sudbury and Lake Huron, 
 1138 
 
 rich specimens of gold-bearing quartz have been taken from the 
 Vermilion and other mining locations, and promising deposits 
 of copjjer and nickel have also been discovered. On the N. 
 shore of Lake Huron, from Killarney to Sault Ste. Marie, and 
 convenient to navigation, are found iron, copper, lead, and 
 immense quarries of marble. . . . The Port Arthur silver dist. , 
 extending south-west from Port Arthur to the E. end of Arrow 
 Lake, promises to be an argentiferous region of great richness. 
 . . . W. of the silver range the Minnesota iron range, it is 
 believed, projects into the terr. of O. , and it seems certain 
 that an iron region of large area exists, embracing Hunter's I. 
 and the adjacent region. . . . On the various islands in the 
 Lake-of-the- Woods, and over an unknown extent of country 
 round that lake, gold-bearing veins are numerous.' {Report of 
 the Royal Cotnmission on the Mineral Resources of Oiitario : 
 Toronto, 1890.) In addition to the minerals named, productive 
 petroleum wells and brine springs exist in the S. dist. near 
 Lake Huron. The climate is healthy. Though the extremes 
 of both winter and summer are severer than in Great Britain, 
 yet, owing to the dryness and purity of the air, neither heat 
 nor cold is felt as much as would be expected. The highest 
 mean annual temps, are registered in the penin. between Lake 
 Huron and Lakes Erie and O. ; and they decrease as one goes 
 W. , NW. , and N. [Cornwall, Kingston, Woodstock, Strat- 
 ford, Windsor, Goderlch, Parry Sound, Port Artbnr]. In 
 the S. div., between the great lakes, the average duration of 
 winter is three months ; in the N. div. , four months. Both 
 spring and autumn are of short duration. The rains generally 
 fall in April and May. The soil is almost everywhere rich 
 and fertile, producing good crops of oats, wheat, barley, jsease, 
 maize, turnips, potatoes, mangolds, clovers and grasses. Hemp, 
 flax, and beetroot can be grown with profit ; and tomatoes, 
 peaches, and grap>es ripen in the open air in the extreme S. , 
 especially near Niagara. Corn-growing was long the mainstay 
 of the O. farmers ; but of late they have devoted increasing 
 attention to cattle-breeding, dairy-farming, and fruit cultiva- 
 tion. Cheese and butter are both exported in rapidly growing 
 quantities. Cattle, sheep, swine (hogs), horses, and poultry 
 make up the bulk of the live-stock. More attention is being 
 given than formerly to the breeding of fine-wooUed sheep. The 
 government maintain an agricultural college and model farm 
 near Guelph. The prov. possesses excellent means of com- 
 munication in its magnificent lakes, rivers, and canals (Rideau, 
 Welland, &c.), and in its extensive railway system, which, 
 besides running (C. P. R.) through to the W. , connects at 
 nearly a dozen points with the U.S. lines [Canada]. O. is 
 now a busy Industrial region, water-power being here, 
 as in Quebec, plentiful almost everywhere. The more 
 conspicuous manufactures are the making of agricultural im- 
 plements, railway rolling-stock, woollens, cottons, leather, 
 furniture, paper, hardware, linen yarn, and soap. The more 
 important manufacturing towns are Toronto, Hamilton, 
 London, Kingston, Brantford, Guelph, and St. Catharine's. 
 Ottawa, the seat of the Dominion government, is the centre of 
 the lumber trade, the greater part of the N. div. of the prov. 
 being still covered with primeval forest. In addition to the 
 above, the following must be enumerated as amongst the towns 
 of consequence : St. Thomas, Stratford, Cliatham, Brockville, 
 Peterborough, Windsor, Port Hope, Woodstock, Gait, Lindsay, 
 Paris, and Port Arthur. The provincial cap. is Toronto. The 
 prov. is under the administration of a lieutenant-governor, 
 appointed for a term of four years by the governor-general 
 in council. The executive is in the hands of a council of five 
 ministers, responsible to the House of Assembly, which consists 
 of ninety members. In the Dominion Senate the prov. is 
 represented by twenty-four members, and in the Dominion 
 House of Commons by about ninety members. For informa- 
 tion with respect to education, commerce. Inhabitants, 
 money, and klstory, see Canada. 
 
 Ontario (from Iroquois Oniatariio, 'beautiful lake'), lake, 
 N. America, between Canada and New York state ; it receives 
 the waters of all the great lakes at its W. end. Its outlet, at 
 its NE. extremity, is the St. Lawrence R. See America, 
 North. 
 
 OntArlo, irrigation settlement, U.S., California, in the S. of 1 
 San Bernardino co. , 95 m. E. Los Angeles. j 
 
 Ontario, co. , U.S., New York, in the W., crossed in the N. 
 by 43° N. , partly bounded on the E. by Lake Seneca. 
 
 Ontario, vil., U.S., New York, Wayne co. , 52 m. W. by 
 S. Oswego by rail, with considerable deposits of iron ore. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ontario, vil., U.S., Ohio, Richland co. , 70 m. SW. Cleve- 
 land. Alt. 1377 ft. (R.R.). P. <i500. 
 
 Ontenleute, tn. , Spain, prov. and 45 m. S. by W. Valencia, 
 cap. dist. O. P. (comm.) 11,200. 
 
 Ontlikena, tn. , Spain, prov. Huesca, 32 m. W. by N. L^rida. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Ontonagon, vil., U.S., Michigan, cap. O. co., on Lake 
 Superior, at the mouth of the Ontonagon R. , 95 m. W. by N. 
 Marquette. P. < 1 500. 
 
ONTO — OPPI 
 
 Ontonagon, co. , Michigan, no longer in extreme NW. , but 
 on Lake Superior, crossed in the E. by 89° W. 
 Ontons Java, isl. , Pacific. See 8fynwa. 
 Ony, or Onny, small riv. , Eng. , Salop, flows SE. to the Teme, 
 which it joins about 4 m. above Ludlow. 
 
 Ouzaln, tn. , France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, near the r. bk. of the 
 Loire, arr. and 10 m. SW. by W. Blois. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Onzenga-take, or Onzendake, volcano, Japan, in the 
 rounded penin. to the E. of Nagasaki, in 32° 46' N. Its last 
 eruption dates from 1792 ; a large number of hot springs issue 
 from its sides. Alt. 4670 ft. (Naumann). 
 
 Oo<leypore, tn., India, Rdjput^na. See IJrtaipnr. 
 Oog, Dutch, ' an island.' See Ea. 
 Ooglamle. See Arctic Regions. 
 Oojeln, tn. , Central India. See UJjain. 
 O'oklep, tn.. Cape Colony, dist. Namaland, 170 m. NW. 
 Calvinia, now connected with Port Nolloth by a tramway 90 m. 
 long ; has copper-mines worked by an English company. The 
 neighbourhood is so arid, that cattle are taken to pasture at a 
 distance of six days' journey. 
 
 Oola, par. and tn.. Ire., E. co. Limerick, bar. Coonagh, 6 m. 
 NW. Tipperary, on the Waterford and Limerick Rly., P.O. 
 Par. 6858 ac, P. < 1500; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Oolaglt River, Ire., in the SW. of co. Limerick, r. bk. trib. 
 of riv. Feale. 
 
 Oolte'wali, vil. , U.S., Tennessee, James co. , 12 m. E. by N. 
 Chattanooga. 'P.<\^oo. 
 
 Ooltgensplaat, vil. , Holland, onSE. ct. of isl. of Overflakkee, 
 on the Krammer, 17 m. SW. by W. Dordrecht. P. (comm.) 
 <30oo. 
 Ooniraivnttee, tn., India. See AmrAotl. 
 Oonnng, tn., Burmese Shan States, on the Salwtn, about 140 
 ni. E. Mandalay. 
 
 Oorl, name of the Limpopo R. (g.v.), Africa. 
 Oorld, Longli, Ire., NW. co. and 26 m. WNW. Galway. 
 <i Orsova, vil., Hungary. See Orsova, 6. 
 Oort, Dutch, 'a point.' See Ort. 
 Oo-shlma, isl. , Japan. See O'sblma. 
 Oost, Ooster, Dutch and Flemish, ' east.' 
 Oostacker, vil. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. and 3 m. 
 NE. by N. Ghent. P (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Oostbnrg, vil., Holland, prov. Zeeland, 8 m. SSW. Flushing. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Oostcanip, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 4 
 m. S. Bruges. P. 5900. 
 
 Oosterliont, tn. , Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 5 m. NE. Breda. 
 P. <:5ooo ; comm. P. 10,600. 
 
 Oostliuizen, comm., Holland, prov. N. Holland, 11 m. ESE. 
 Alkmaar. P. < 2000. 
 
 Oostroosebeke, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. 
 Thielt, 20 m. S. Bruges. P. <50oo. 
 
 Ooststelllngwerf, comm. , Netherlands, Friesland, 20 m. SE. 
 Leeuwarden. P. 9300. 
 
 Ootacamnnd, tn. , India. See IJtakaniand. 
 Ootmarsum, tn. , Holland, prov. Overijssel, 13 m. N. En- 
 schede. P. <20oo. 
 
 Opal, vil., W. Africa, r. bk. Niger, in 5° 43' N., 6° 32' E. 
 Opaka, vil. , Bulgaria, prov. Razgrad, 29 m. SSE. Rustchuk. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Opakl, or Dreyerton, tp. , New Zealand, North I. , Waira- 
 rapa N. co. , in 40° 51' S. and 175° 29' E. P. <i500. 
 
 O-Pal&nka, comm., Hungary, co. B4cs-Bodrog, dist. N^met- 
 Palanka, 22 m. W. Ujvid^k (Neusatz). P. 5300. 
 
 Opalenltza, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 24 m. WSW. Posen, circle 
 ■Gratz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Opalovskoye, vil., W. Siberia, govt, and 180 m. NNE. 
 Tobolsk, on 1. bk. Ob'. P. <ic)oo. 
 
 Opara, riv. , Africa, Upper Guinea, on the Slave Coast, between 
 Dahome and the French possessions of Porto-Novo. 
 Oparo, isl. , Pacific. See Rapa. 
 
 Opatas, or Onavas, tribe of Indians settled in Sonora, NW. 
 Mexico. 
 
 Opat6w, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 50 m. SSE. 
 Radom. Alt. 615 ft. P. 6260. 
 
 Opdal, comm., Norway, amt S. Trondhjem, 65 m. SSW. 
 Trondhjem. 
 
 6-P6cska, comm., Hungary, co. and 12 m. W. Arad, dist. 
 P6cska. P. 7700. 
 
 Opellka, city, U.S., Alabama, Lee co. , 57 m. E. by N. of 
 ^Montgomery. Alt. 812 ft. (R.R.). P. < 4000. 
 
 Opelonsas, tn., U.S., Louisiana, St. Landry co. , 125 m. 
 WNW. New Orleans. P. <20oo. 
 
 Open Bay, bay, Bismarck Archipelago, W. Pacific, on the 
 W. , between the main part of Neu-Pommern (New Britain) and 
 the Gazelle Penin. 
 
 Openshatv, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, included in bor. of Man- 
 chester, PMT.O. P. 23,900; eccles. par. (O. Higher, PMT.O.) 
 P. 9900. 
 
 Opeougo, two lakes, Canada, Ontario, Nipissing dist. , Cireat 
 O., 142 m. NNE. Toronto, drained E. through Victoria Lake 
 
 Little O., on the border 
 Kingston, drained SSW. 
 
 (12 m. long) into the Madawaska R. ; 
 of Renfrew co., 11 1 m. NW. by N. 
 into the Madawaska. 
 
 Ophir, whence King Solomon's Red Sea fleet fetched gold, 
 precious stones, and wood of the almug tree, has been variously 
 placed in the S. of Arabia, on the E. ct. of Africa (about Sofala), 
 and on the W. ct. of India ; also, but with less likelihood, in 
 the Malay Penin. , and in the Moluccas. 
 
 Ophlr ^European name for Ledang), Monnt. See Jolior. 
 Ophir, goldfield. New South Wales, Wellington co. , 25 m. 
 NW. Bathurst, adjoining Snmmerhill Creek. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ophir, or Blacks, gold-mining tp.. New Zealand, South 1., 
 Vincent co. , r. bk. Clutha, 64 m. W. Oamaru. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Ophir, vil., U.S., California, Placer co. , 29 m. NE. Sacra- 
 mento. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ophiussa, one of the Balearic Isles. See Formentera. 
 Ophni, place named in O. T. See Jnfna. 
 Ophrah, vil., Palestine. See Ferata. 
 
 Opien-ting, tn., China, Siichwan, 118 m. SSW. Chengtu-fu, 
 37 m. SW. by W. Kiating-fu. 
 
 Opladen, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Solingen, 14^ m. 
 SSW. Elberfeld. P. <4000. 
 
 Oplande ('uplands'), the region of tablelands in the centre 
 of Norway. 
 
 Opo'l»o, riv., Niger Coast Protectorate, flows S. into the Gulf 
 of Guinea, in 7" 34' E. The native to'wn of O. stands on its r. 
 bk. , about 5 m. from its mouth. On both banks, near the mouth, 
 is a flourishing European settlement. Water area of harbour, 
 150 ac. ; depth at entrance at ordinary springs, high water 30 ft. , 
 low water 22.^ ft. ; depth on bar at high water ordinary springs, 
 i7i ft. 
 
 Opochka, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 82 m. SSW. Pskov, 
 on r. bk. Velikaya ; flax-combing mills. P. 5000. 
 
 Opocno, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, circle and i2i m. E. by N. 
 Koniggratz. P. <;30oo. 
 
 Opoczno, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 38 m. WSW. 
 Radom. P. 6080. 
 
 Opole, Polish equivalent to Roman vicinia, ' environs.' 
 Opole, tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 27 m. WSW. Lublin. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Oporto (O Porto, 'the port'), the ancient Partus Cale (or 
 CalecE) or Galloruin Portucale, Casirum Novum, the second 
 town of Portugal, cap. of the old prov. of Minho, now cap. of 
 a dist. on the 1. bk. of riv. Douro, 3 m. from its mouth (the 
 Foz), 206 m. by railway NE. of Lisbon, stretching for more 
 than 3 m. along the river, and about 2 m. wide, with Villa Nova 
 de Gaia as a suburb on the 1. bk. of the river. The quarters 
 around the cathedral (S6) and the Ribeira are the old parts of 
 the town, some dating from the Middle Ages. O. is the seat of 
 a bishopric, of a military division, and of the N. naval depart- 
 ment. It has a library of 200,000 vols., with many important 
 MSS. , a polytechnic college, colleges of medicine, commerce, 
 and industries, school for sailors, academy of art ; a large hall 
 for exhibitions [Palacio de Cristal, an international exhibition 
 in 1864) on a commanding splendid situation on the river ; a 
 famous Eiffel iron bridge (Maria Pia, 1877: an arch of 1150 
 ft. span, and 140 ft. pitch) connecting the S. with the N. 
 railways of Portugal. O. is the emporium of the celebrated 
 Douro (port) wines (warehouses in Villa Nova de Gaia for more 
 than 6 million gallons). It is also the seat of important manu- 
 factures. The port is of a very difficult access (a sandbank, 
 Cabedello, at 8 ft.), and the harbour not safe during the floods. 
 An artificial harbour [LeixSes] has been established N. of the 
 mouth of the Douro. O. was rebuilt by the French in the loth 
 century (Partus Galloruin), gave its name to the kingdom of 
 Portugal, and was one of the residences of her government to 
 the end of the 12th century. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 59° P., 
 Jan. 49°, July 69° ; min. 34", max. 37.4° ; rfall. 60 in. in 115 days. 
 P. (1878)89,000. [J. B. R.] 
 
 Opossum Gnlly, tp. , Victoria, Ripon co., in 37° 16' S. and 
 142° 52' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Opotikl, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I., Whakatane co., 
 no m. N. by E. Napier. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Oppa, riv. forming part of the boundary between Prussian 
 and Austrian Silesia, joins the Oder 8 m. SW. Oderberg, after 
 an ESE. course of 60 m. 
 
 Oppan, comm., Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Rhine Palatinate, 
 circle and 3 m. ESE. Frankenthal. P. <300o. 
 
 Oppeln, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. circle O., on the r. 
 bk. of the Oder, 42 m. NNW. Ratibor ; has the oldest church 
 in Upper Silesia, and an old castle ; manufactures of cigars, 
 cement, pottery ; brick-works and tanneries ; and a trade in 
 groceries, grain, and cattle. Birthplace of Emin Pasha (Ed. 
 Schnitzer). P. 19,200. 
 
 Oppenan, tn., Ger., Baden, circle Offenburg, 20 m. ESE. 
 Strassburg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Oppeuhelm, tn. , Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, 15 m. W Darm- 
 stadt, near the 1. bk. of the Rhine, cap. circle O. P. <400o. 
 
 Oppido, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 23 m. NE. by E. 
 Reggio. P. <:40oo. 
 
 11.39 
 
OPPI— ORAN 
 
 Oppldo, tn., Italy. See Palmira. 
 
 Oppidum Matarense, tn. , Tunis. See Matenr. 
 
 Oppidum Novum, vil. , Morocco. See Ksar-el-KeMr. 
 
 Oppova, comm., Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. Antalfalva, 
 i6 m. N. by W. Belgrade, on 1. bk. of riv. Temes. P. <400o. 
 
 Ops, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Victoria co., 52 m. NE. by N. 
 Toronto, on a railway. 
 
 Opslo, Norway. See Oslo. 
 
 Optlna Pustyii, monastery, Russia, govt, and 40 m. SSW. 
 Kaluga, on r. bk. Zhizdra, near Kozelsk ; visited by many 
 pilgrims. 
 
 Opua, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., Bay of Islands co. , 
 120 m. N. by W. Auckland. Government wharf 450 ft. long, 
 depth alongside at ordinary springs, high water 24 ft. , low water 
 18 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Opunak^, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., Taranaki co., 
 on the W. ct. , 27 m. SW. by S. New Plymouth, in 39° 27' S. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Opwyck, vil., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Brussels, 6 m. 
 SE. Dendermonde. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Oqua-wka, tn. , U.S., Illinois, Henderson co., on 1. bk. of 
 Mississippi R., iii m. S. by W. Dubuque (lo.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Oqntrrit Mountains, U.S., Utah, range extending N. and 
 E. between Utah and Salt Lake cos. on the E., and Tooele co. 
 on the W. ; rich mining dist. 
 
 Or, French, Spanish, and Italian oro, Portuguese ouro, ' gold.' 
 
 Or, site. Lower Egypt. See Heliopolis. 
 
 Or, Scandinavian, ' a border,' or ' shore.' See Ofer. 
 
 Oraas, vil., France, dep. Basses-Pyr6n6es, on the Gave 
 d'Oloron, arr. and 12 m. WSW. Orthez. P. <2ooo. 
 
 O-Radna, Rathenan of the Saxons, comm., Hungary, co. 
 Besztercze-Nasz6d, dist. 0-R. , 72 m. NE. Klausenburg, with a 
 spa of repute. P. <40oo. 
 
 Oradonr-snr-Vayres, tn., France, dep. Haute-Vienne, arr. 
 Rochechouart, 21 m. WSW. Limoges. P. <20oo. 
 
 Orsefajoknll (' frozen mount of solitude'), volcanic mt., SE. 
 Iceland, at S. angle of the Vatna Jokull, 12-15 m. from S. ct. , 
 in 16° 3s'-4o' W. Eruptions in 1598 and 1727. First recorded 
 ascent, 1891. Alt. 6426 ft. ; of Knappr or S. peak, 5860 ft. See 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1892, pp. 841, &c. 
 
 OrahoTlca, vil., Bulgaria, circle and 16 m. NW. Plevna. P. 
 <30oo. 
 
 Oral, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Jaldun, 65 m. SW. 
 Cawnpore. P. 8400 ; Hindus, 5900 ; Moham. 2400. 
 
 Oraluk, or San Angnstln, isl. , Pacific, Caroline group, in 
 about 7^° N., 155^° E. 
 
 Oraniar, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Vramar. 
 
 Oran, seapt. , Algeria, 70 m. NE. by N. Tlemsen, in 0° 38' 
 W. It was in Spanish hands from 1509 to 1708, and from 1732 
 to 1792 ; and was occupied by France in 1831. At 6 or 7 m. S. 
 the Sebkha d'Oran, or Great Salt Lake of Oran, 27 m. long, 3-6 
 m. wide, 124 sq. m. in area. The harbour has an area of 75 ac. , 
 depth at entrance 39-42ft., and 6440 ft. of quayage, depth along- 
 side i6|-22^ ft. Mean temp., yr. 64.5° F. , Jan. 53.6°, Aug. 
 77.0°; rfall. (5 yrs.), 15 in. P. (1872)40,300; (1891) 73,600. 
 
 Oran, tn., Argentine Republic, Salta, 270 m. N. by E. Tucu- 
 man, 100 m. NE. by N. Jujuy. P. <40oo. 
 
 Oran, par.. Ire., co. and 8 m. NW. Roscommon, bar. Bally- 
 moe ; 5181 ac. P. <:750. 
 
 Oran, vil., Peru, dep. Loreto, on the 1. bk. of the Maranon, 
 530 m. E. by S. Guayaquil. 
 
 Orange, anciently Arausio, city and comm., France, dep. 
 Vaucluse, cap. arr., 18 m. N. Avignon, on 1. bk. of the Aigue, 
 trib. of the Rhone. There are two great monuments of the 
 Roman period, a triumphal arch (72 ft. high), the finest in 
 France, and the ruins of a theatre, 340 ft. long ; the only modern 
 building of interest is the cathedral. For five centuries (till 1531) 
 O. was an independent principality ruled by its own sovereigns, 
 the estates and title passing to the Count of Nassau, and thus to 
 William III., afterwards king of Great Britain. In 1713 O. 
 was for certain equivalents conceded to France by the King of 
 Prussia, though the title of Prince has descended by the younger 
 Nassau line to the kings and stadtholders of Holland. The 
 dist. is very productive ; manufactures silks, woollens, and fruits. 
 Alt. 45 ft. Mean temp., Jan. 38.7°, July 72.9°. P. (1872) 6600; 
 (1891) 9900. 
 
 Orange, postal-tp., New South Wales, Wellington co., 30 m. 
 WNW. Bathurst ; has gold and silver mining. Rfall. (16 yrs.), 
 35.84 in. P. <:35oo. 
 
 Orange, or Garlep, riv. of S. Africa, forming the N. boundary 
 of the Cape Colony, which it separates from the Orange Free 
 State, Griqualand West, British Bechuana-land, and Great 
 Namaqualand on the N. , rises near 29° S. , 29° E. , in Basuto- 
 land, on the S. face of Mont aux Sources, one of the peaks of 
 the Drakenberg Range, at an alt. of more than 10,000 ft., flows 
 generally W. with long undulations to N. and S. , and enters the 
 Atlantic in 28° 37' S., 16° 30' E. Principal tribs. on r. bk., the 
 Caledon and Vaal ; on 1. bk. , the Zeekoe or Zuku and the 
 Hartebeest or Olifant. The depth of the channel in its valley 
 basin prevents its utilisation for fertilising irrigation, and 
 1140 
 
 numerous obstructions (a bar at its mouth, rapids about 20 m. 
 up, and the falls of George IV. some 20 m. E. of 20° E. long.), 
 render it practically unnavigable. Length about 1000 m.; 
 volume (at times) estimated at 50,000 tons per minute ; area 
 drained by it and its tribs. estimated at over 300,000 sq. m. 
 
 Orange, vil., U.S., California, Los Angeles co. , 18 m. E. 
 Wilmington, 12 m. N. Santa Ana. P. <i5oo. ■ 
 
 Orange, tn., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 6 m. SW. New 
 Haven. P. < 5000. 
 
 Orange, co. , U.S., Florida, in the E. , bounded on the E. by 
 the St. John's R. , crossed in the N. by 29° N. 
 
 Orange, co., U.S., Indiana, between 38° and 39° N., and 
 midway between E. and W. frontiers. 
 
 Orange, tn., U.S., Iowa, Sioux co. , 39 m. NNE. Sioux City. 
 P. <iyx). 
 
 Orange, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co. , 35 m. W. 
 Fitchburg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Orange, city, U.S., New Jersey, Essex co., 4 m. NW. by W. 
 Newark, picturesquely situated on rolling ground ; chief industry, 
 hat-making. Llewellyn Park, 750 ac. , covers side of Orange Mt. ; 
 connected with Newark and New York by electric and steam 
 tramways. P. (1880) 13,200; (1890) 18,800. Orange, South, 
 bor. , 2i m. to the SW. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Orange, co. , U.S., New York, on the S. frontier, bounded 
 on the E. by the Hudson R. 
 
 Orange, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the N. , crossed in the 
 NE. by 79° W. , and in the S. by 36° N. 
 
 Orange, city, U.S., Texas, cap. O. co. , on Sabine R. , 106 m. 
 E. Houston by rail. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Orange, co. , U.S., Vermont, in the E. , on the Connecticut, 
 crossed by 44° N. 
 
 Orange, co., U.S., Virginia, N. of 38° N., crossed by 78° W. 
 
 Orange, South, bor., U.S., New Jersey. See Orange. 
 
 Orange Bay, the westernmost bay of the N. ct. of Jamaica. 
 
 Orange Bay, Newfoundland, on the E. ct. , in 50° 22' N. 
 
 Orange Bay, Patagonia, in 53° 31' S. , 70° 25' W. Mean 
 temp, (i yr. , 1882-83), y- 4i-7° F., Feb. 48.0°, Aug. 37.4°. 
 
 Orange Bay, bay, Tierra del Fuego, E. ct. of Hardy Penin. , 
 in 55° 31' S. 
 
 Orangeburg, city, U.S., S. Carolina, cap. O. co. , 38 m. SSE. 
 Columbia ; seat of Claflin University and of Agricultural College. 
 O. CO. is bounded on the NE. by the Santee R. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Orange Cape, cape, French Guiana, marking the E. entrance 
 of the estuary of the Oyapok R. 
 
 Orange Cape, cape forming the N. extremity of Tierra del 
 Fuego, in 52° 30' S. 
 
 Orange Court House, vil., U.S., Virginia, Orange co. , 60 
 m. NW. by N. Richmond. P. <i500. 
 
 Orange Free State (in Dutch Oraiije Vrljstaat), S. African 
 Boer Republic, situated between 27° and 31'' S. lat. , and 24° 20' 
 and 29° 40' E. long. Its surface consists of undulating plains 
 and plateaux, sloping gradually towards W. In the NE. it 
 borders upon the Kwathlamba Mts. {q-v.). Principal rivers, 
 Orange (with Caledon) and Vaal. The climate of the O. F. S. 
 is moderate and healthy. The vast plains in the W. and N. of 
 the country afford excellent grazing, and pastoral pursuits (sheep 
 and horse breeding and cattle-rearing) form the principal occupa- 
 tion of the inhabitants. A comparatively small portion of the 
 country produces agricultural products. Diamonds are found 
 near Jagers Fontein and Koffie Fontein, gold occurs in the 
 Caledon dist. , and iron ores and coal are met with in various 
 parts of the country. Principal exports, wool, hides, diamonds, 
 and ostrich-feathers ; principal imports, textiles, and other 
 manufactures. The legislative authority is vested in a popular 
 assembly, the Volksraad (57 members), and the executive power 
 in the President and the Executive Council (Uitvoerende Raad, 
 5 members). Principal towns, Bloemfontein (cap.), Harri- 
 smith, Smithfield, Ladybrand, Jakobsdal. A railway con- 
 nects Bloemfontein with the Transvaal and Cape Colony. The 
 money, weights, and measures are English. Area estimated 
 at 48,300 sq. m. P. (1890) 207,503 (77,716 whites, 129,787 
 natives [Bechuanas, Korana, Griqua, Bushman]). [H. G. S.] 
 
 Orange Na.ssan, penin. forming the S. part of the NW. 
 penin. of New Guinea. 
 
 Orangerle Bay, in the S. ct. of Brit. New Guinea, in about 
 I49|°-i49° 50' E. 
 
 Orangevllle, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Dufferin co. , 43 m. NW. 
 by W. Toronto. 
 
 Orangewalk, vil. , Central America, Brit. Honduras, 45 m. 
 WSW. Belize. 
 
 Orang-Lant (' sea men'), Malay name for the Malays of the 
 Eastern Archipelago who lead a sea-life. 
 
 Orango, the largest and southernmost of the Bissagos Is. , off 
 W. Africa, in 11° 10' N., 16° o' W. Length, E. to W., 25 m.; 
 breadth, 10 m. 
 
 Oranlenbauni, tn. , Prussia, duchy Anhalt, circle and 8 m. 
 ESE. Dessau. P. <3000. 
 
 Oranlenbauni, tn., Russia, govt, and 19 m. W. St. Peters- 
 burg, on S. shore of Gulf of Finland, opposite Kronstadt ; 
 Imperial palace and marine hospital. P. <5ooo. 
 
OR AN 
 
 O R EG 
 
 Oranlenbnrg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt. Pots- 
 dam, circle Niederbarnim, i8 m. NW. Berlin. P. 5600. 
 
 Oranje, Dutch form of ' orange. ' 
 
 Oraujestad, cap. of Aruba I., Dutch W. Indies. 
 
 Oraiijestad, tn. , W. Indies, on the SW. ct. of St. Eustatius Is. 
 
 Oraiije Vrljstaat. See Orange Free ^tate. 
 
 Oraniuore, par. and tn., Ire., co. Galway, bars. Dunkellin 
 and Galway, on O. Bay, 5 m. E. Galway, on the M. G. W. R. 
 Par. 17,700 ac, P. <:300o; tn. P. <250. 
 
 Oraumure Bay, Ire., in the NE. of Galway Bay. 
 
 Orarl, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Geraldine co. , 10 m. 
 NNE. Timaru, on the railway to Timaru. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Oraslil, riv. , Africa, Niger Coast Protectorate, flows SW. 
 parallel to the lower Niger, with which it is connected by the 
 Onita Creek, in 5° 35' N., connected still lower with the riv. 
 Sombrero. 
 
 Ora-tepe, tn., Russian Turkistan, See Ura-tyabe. 
 
 Oravicza-b&uya, market-tn. , Hungary, co. Krasso-Szor6ny, 
 dist. Lugos, 54 m. SSE. Temesvar. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Orb, or Orbe, riv., France, dep. H^rault, rises near Rou- 
 mieres, on the boundary of dep. Aveyron, flows S. past Bezieres, 
 where it is crossed by the Canal du Midi, and 7 m. below enters 
 the Mediterranean. Not navigable for ships or timber. Length, 
 90 m. ; area of basin, 579 sq. m. ; low water about 90 cubic ft. 
 per second, in flood 88,300 cubic ft. 
 
 Orb, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Gelnhausen, 30 
 m. E. by N. Frankfurt. P. <;4000. 
 
 Orba, small riv. , Italy, Piedmont, rises in the Apennines, and 
 flows N., joining the Bormida (r. bk.) S. of Alessandria. 
 
 Orbassauo, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 8 m. SW. Turin. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Orbe, riv., mainly in the canton of Vaud, Switzd., rises in 
 France, dep. Jura, flows NE. , crosses the small lake Rousses, 
 enters Switzd. by the pass of Bois d'Amont, and falls into Lake 
 Joux, connecting this lake to its northerly continuation, Brenet. 
 It then disappears underground, reappearing about 2 m. below 
 under the riame of Thiele, and a little below Yverdon falls into 
 Lake Neuchatel. 
 
 Orbec, tn., France, dep. Calvados, arr. and 12 m. SE. 
 Lisieux. P. < 3000. 
 
 Orbetello, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Grosseto, 45 m. W. 
 Viterbo, in the middle of the lagoon, behind the fortified heights 
 of Monte Argentario, connected with the mainland by a narrow 
 isthmus. The lagoon (11 sq. m. in extent) has several openings 
 into the sea, but is not more than 5 ft. deep in its deepest part, 
 and is used only for fishing (white fish, soles, and eels aboimd). 
 P. 7100. 
 
 Orblsonla, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Huntingdon co., 54 m. 
 W. Harrisburg ; iron ore mined in vicinity. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Orblston, place near Motherwell, Scot. , Lanarkshire, seat of 
 a communistic experiment under the influence of Robert Owen. 
 
 Orbliston Junction (formerly Fochabers), stn. , on the 
 H. R., Scot., CO. and 6 m. ESE. Elgin, 3 m. W. Fochabers. 
 
 Orbost, post-tn., Victoria, Croajingolong co. , on the Snowy, 
 85 m. ENE. Sale. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Orby, par., Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsay div., 16J m. SE. 
 Louth, I m. ENE. Burgh stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Orby, or Oreby, vil., Sweden, prov. (Ian) Elfsborg, 60 m. S. 
 Venersborg. 
 
 Arbyhus, vil., Sweden, prov. and 24 m. N. Upsala, with the 
 former castle of the royal Vasa family. 
 
 Orcades, ancient name of the Orkney Islands (q.v.), Scot. 
 
 Orce, tn. , Spain, prov. Granada, dist. and 7 m. SE. Huescar. 
 P. (comm. )<40oo. 
 
 Orctad, tn. , Central India, 70 m. SSE. Gwalior, with an im- 
 posing fortress, the former residence of the raja, and a palace 
 of the Emperor Jahangi'r. P. (1881) 18,300. 
 
 Orcbanle, tn., Bulgaria. See Orklianle. 
 
 Orchard, vil., Canada, Ontario, Grey co., 40 m. SW. 
 Collingwood, on a railway. 
 
 Orchard, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Dorset- 
 shire, West O., Northern div., ii| m. E. Sherborne, 2^ m. 
 NE. Sturminster stn. P. (of each)<25o ; eccles. par. (East O. 
 •with Margaret Marsh) P. <25o. See Fontmell Magna. 
 
 Orchanllelgh, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 2 m. N. 
 Frome. P. <25o. See Lulllngton. 
 
 Orchard Portman, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 
 2 m. SSE. Taunton. P. <25o; eccles. par. (O. P. with 
 Thurlbear and Stoke) P. <5oo. 
 
 Orchardton Bay, Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, 6 m. SE. by S. 
 Castle Douglas. 
 
 Orcheston, St. George and St. Mary, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng. , Wiltshire, Wilton div., O. St. George, 11 m. NW. by N. 
 Salisbury, 6 m. NE. Wylye stn., P.O. (Orcheston). P. (of 
 each) < 250. 
 
 Orchies, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 10 m. NE. Douai. 
 P. <4C)oo. 
 
 Orchllla, or I'rchlUa, small isl. , Caribbean Sea, belonging 
 to Venezuela, 80 m. NW. Tortuga. Length about 8 m. 
 
 Orchllla, Punta de la, cape, W. of Ferro I. {q.v.). 
 
 Orchy Klver, Scot. , Argyllshire, issues from Loch TuUa, and 
 flows SW. through Glenorchy, then W. through the Strath of 
 Orchy into the NE. end of Loch Awe. 
 
 Orciano, vil., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Pisa, 10 m. ESE. Leg- 
 horn. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Orcl^res, vil., France, dep. Hautes-Alpes, arr. Embrun, 46 
 m. SE. Grenoble. P. < 2000. 
 
 Oreo, torrent, Italy, Piedmont, flows ESE. and enters the Po 
 (1. bk.) a little above Chivasso. Length, 50 m.; area of basin, 
 485 sq. m. ; mean discharge 1600 cubic ft., highest discharge 
 35,300 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Orcop, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 8.^ m. W. by N. 
 Ross, 4i m. E. by S. Pontrilas stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ord, Scandinavian, ' a point. ' See Ort. 
 
 Ord, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the Tweed, div. and 
 2 m. SW. by W. Berwick-upon-Tweed, i m. WSW. Tweed- 
 mouth stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Ord, eccles. par. , Scot. , Banffshire, in pars, of Alvah, Banff, 
 Boyndie, and Marnoch. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ord, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Valley co. , on N. Loup R. , 40 m. 
 NW. St. Paul. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Ordenes, comm., Spain, prov. and 20 m. S. Corunna, cap. 
 O. dist. P. 6500. 
 
 OrdervlUe, vil., U.S., Utah, Kane co. , 35 m. E. Toquer- 
 ville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ordhead, P.O., Scot., Aberdeenshire, in par. and 3^ m. 
 NW. Monymusk. 
 
 Ordlqnhlll, par., Scot., Banffshire, 6\ m. S. by W. Portsoy, 
 I m. NE. by E. Glenbarry stn.; 4754 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Owl (' headland.' See Ort) -or-Calthness, a cliffy headland, 
 Scot. , on the coast of Caithness, in 58° 10' N. , 3° 30' W. The 
 OrdhlU, 4^ m. SW. the cape, is in co. Sutherland. Alt. 2000 ft. 
 
 Ordos, a region of N. China, deriving its name from the 
 Mongol tribe who inhabit it, and situated in the great N. bend 
 of the Hwang-ho, which forms the E., N., and W. boundary, 
 whilst the Great Wall of China forms the S. boundary. The 
 region constitutes a plateau, with a mean alt. of 3300 ft. , and 
 its surface is for the most part covered with moving sands, 
 though the hollows, where water is generally abundant, afford 
 good pasturage for the cattle of the Ordos, and soil on which 
 they grow buckwheat, millet, and hemp. The climate is dry, 
 with continental extremes of heat and cold, and a wide daily 
 range of temperature. The Ordos, who settled here in the 13th 
 century, are divided into seven banners or tribes, and are subject 
 to the Emperor of China. See Gobi. 
 
 Ordsall, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., j\ m. 
 E. Worksop, close to Retford stns. , P.O. P. <4000. 
 
 Ordsall-lu-Salford, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Man- 
 chester par., with a stn. (Ordsal Lane) on the L. & NW. R. 
 P. 19,700. 
 
 Ordn, ancient Cotyora, tn. , Asia Minor, vilayet and 97 m. 
 W. Trebizond. P. 5900; Greeks, 3100 (Cuinet). 
 
 Ordubat, Ordn-abat, or I'rtavar, dist. tn., Russia, govt, 
 and 140 m. SE. Erivaii ; custom-house on Persian frontier. 
 Alt. 31 10 ft. P. 4200. 
 
 Ordnfta, tn., Spain, Basque Provs. , prov. Vizcaya, cap. dist., 
 22 m. SSW. Bilbao. P. (comm.)<;400o. 
 
 Ore, Anglo-Saxon, ' a border," or ' shore.' See Ofer. 
 
 Ore, par., Eng., Sussex, i m. NW. and partly included in 
 the pari. bor. of Hastings, with a stn. on the SE. R., PMT.O. 
 P. 5700. 
 
 Ore, comm., Norway, prov. Romsdal, on the NW. ct. , 90 m. 
 WSW. Trondhjem. P. <3000. 
 
 Ore, riv., Scot., Fifeshire, flows NE. and joins the Leven 
 near Windygates. Length, 17 m. 
 
 Ore, vil. , Sweden, prov. (Ian) Stora-Kopparberg, 45 m. NNW. 
 Falun, on the S. shore of Lake O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Oreana, vil., U.S., Nevada, Humboldt co., 105 m. NE. 
 Carson City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Orebro, tn. , Sweden, prov. O. , at the W. end of Lake 
 Hjelmar, 53 m. WSW. Vesteris. One of the most ancient 
 towns in Sweden, where diets have been frequently held ; rebuilt 
 after a great fire in 1854 ; has an ancient castle, and a monu- 
 ment to the patriot Engelbrekt (15th century), and is an im- 
 portant centre for the iron trade. P. 14,500. 
 
 Oreby, vil., Sweden. See Orby. 
 
 Or^chlna, vil., Bulgaria, dist. and 26 m. ESE. Vraca. 
 P. <:30oo. 
 
 Orefleld, vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Lehigh co., 7 m. NW. 
 Allentown, surrounded by vast iron ore deposits. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Oregon, riv. , N. America. See Columbia. 
 
 Oregon, city, U.S., Oregon, Clackamas co., on Willamette 
 R., which here falls 10 ft., affording immense water-power, 12 
 m. SSE. Portland. P. <4000. 
 
 Oregon, city, U.S., Illinois, Ogle co., 75 m. ESE. Dubuque 
 (lo.). P. <;20oo. 
 
 Oregon, co., U.S., Missouri, on the S. frontier, E. of 92° W. 
 
 Or'egon, a Pacific state of the American Union, separated to 
 N. from Washington for 300 m. by Columbia R. , from Idaho 
 to E. largely by its trib., the Snake, and borders California and 
 
 1141 
 
OREG — OKIE 
 
 Nevada to S. along the 42nd parallel ; admitted 1859, fifth 
 state in area, nearly twice the size of England. The steep cliffs 
 of the 330 m. of Pacific coast are followed E. by plateau rising 
 to the coast range, Umpqua and other hills reaching 2000 ft. 
 The fertile valleys of the Willamette and Umpqua Rivs. lie 
 between these hills and the great Cascade Mts. , traversing the 
 state from N. to S. These present many peaks of recently 
 extinct volcanoes, and, like the coast plateau and most of the 
 valleys, are thickly clad with trees, chiefly pines, furnishing an 
 important lumber export. The two-thirds of Oregon E. of the 
 mountains is a rolling tableland, with an average elevation of 
 about 3000 ft. The valleys of the N. and E. , watered by 
 Columbia and Snake tribs. , furnish fertile farm land, and the 
 bunch grass of the central region yields abundant food for cattle. 
 The S. is desert from lack of rain, forming part of the Great 
 Basin (g.v.). Large lakes without outlet occur here. The 
 Pacific gives W. Oregon a peculiarly mild and equable climate, 
 with heavy winter rains [Canby, Portland, Roseburg]. E. of 
 the mountains great extremes are common, the rainfall is low, 
 and the death-rate from diphtheria high [Umatilla]. In 1880 
 no state had a higher proportion of deaths from typhoid. 
 The basaltic valley of the Columbia trib., the Willamette, 
 between the Coast and Cascade ranges, is the chief seat of 
 population. Its fertile soil and grazing-land, added to that of 
 the E. , rank O. sixth in value of live stock, and second in farm 
 products/«r capita. Here are Portland and Salem, the capital, 
 much smaller. Fish abound in the rivers, and Columbia R. 
 salmon canning is an important industry. Volcanic rocks cover 
 most of O. , and yielded §1,645,300 gold in 1893. In many 
 valleys strata of comparatively recent age occur, and yield a 
 little coal. Area, 96,030 sq. m. P. 314,000. [W. S.] 
 
 Oregon, vil. , U.S., Missouri, Holt co., 24 m. NW. St. 
 Joseph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oregon, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Dane co., 75 m. W. Mil- 
 waukee, and II m. S. Madison. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oregon Inlet, U.S., N. Carolina, in the E., connecting 
 Pamplico Sound with the Atlantic, in 35° 50' N. 
 
 Oregmnd, seapt. , Sweden, prov. (Ian) Stockholm, 44 m. 
 NE. Upsala, opposite Graso I. Two piers, with depths along- 
 side of 13 ft. 9 in. and 9 ft. 10 in. respectively. Coaling station, 
 with means to coal both at piers and from lighters. P. <20oo. 
 Ore Hill, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co., 30 m. NE. 
 by E. Poughkeepsie (N. Y. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Orejones, Indians of equatorial America, on the banks of 
 the Maraiion or upper Amazon, NE. Peru. 
 
 Ore BkUob, vil., U.S., in N. North Carolina, Ashe co., about 
 20 m. SE. of NW. corner of the state ; has rich copper-mines. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Orel, govt., middle Russia, has Smolensk, Kaluga, and Tula 
 on N. , Voronezh, Kursk, and Chernigov on S. ; deeply trenched 
 plateau (900 ft.); coal bearing deposits of the Moscow basin 
 in NW. , at great depth. Surface, boulder-clay and fertile 
 loess ; sandy in Desna region ; watered by Don with Sozha, 
 Oka with Zusha and Desna, all navigable. P. Great Russian. 
 Extensive agriculture, cattle and horse breeding, bee culture ; 
 tobacco grown with profit. All sorts of domestic trades in 
 vils. Manufactures rapidly increasing, especially at Maltsov's 
 works ; iron-works, machinery, railway engines and carriages, 
 tanneries, hemp-carding, glass, &c. Considerable fairs in 
 villages. Divided into twelve dists. : Orel, Bolkhov, Bryansk, 
 Dmitrovsk, Karachev, Kromy, Livny, Maloarkhangelsk, 
 Mtsensk, Syevsk, Trubchevsk, and Yelets. Area, 18,042 sq. 
 m. P. (1870) 1,596,900; (1893)2,140,130. 
 
 Orel, cap. of above govt. , on Oka R. , 238 m. SSW. Moscow ; 
 important railway jimction for lines to Warsaw, Riga, Crimea, 
 lower Volga, Urals, and Moscow. Hemp carding and rope 
 making, steam flour-mills ; great market for trade in corn, 
 hemp, hempseed oil, ropes, and tallow, exported. Alt. 558 ft. 
 Mean temp. (28 yrs., 1833-37, 1840-59, 1865-68), yr. 40.4° F., 
 Jan. 13.4°, July 66.8°. P. (1875) 45,000; (1891) 79,200. 
 
 Orel, Orelya, or Orllk, riv. , S. Russia, 1. bk. trib. of Dnieper ; 
 waters Poltava and Ekaterinoslav ; densely peopled. Length, 
 270 m. 
 Oreland, Norway. See Orlandet. 
 
 Orellana, a name which has sometimes been applied without 
 any reason to the Amazon R. [q.v.). 
 
 Orellana, tn., Spain, prov. Badajoz, dist. Puebla de Alcocer, 
 on the r. bk. of the Guadiana, 39 m. WNW. Almaden. P. 
 ( com m.)< 3000. 
 
 Orenburg, a govt, of SE. Russia, has Ufa and Perm on N. , 
 the provs. Turgai and Uralsk on E. and S. , and Samara on W. 
 Crossed in middle portion by the South Eralg (2500-5000 ft. 
 high), which are skirted on both sides by fertile steppes (prairies), 
 watered by Ural R. , which also flows along its S. boundary, and 
 its tribs. Sakmara and Ilek ; the upper courses of Byelaya 
 (Kama), Samara (Volga), and Tobol (Ob). Numerous salt 
 lakes in Chelyabinsk dist. Want of water in part of the steppes. 
 Forests in Urals. Climate severe and extreme (see Orenburg, 
 town). Frosts of - 38° F. , and summer temperatures of 98° are 
 not uncommon. Getting rapidly colonised by Russian immi- 
 1142 
 
 grants, attracted to the fertile lands of the Bashkirs, which have 
 lately been bought for next to nothing by speculators. Popula- 
 tion mainly Great Russians, Bashkirs (25 per cent.), and about 5 
 per cent. Kirghizes. Extensive agriculture and cattle-breeding, 
 large exports of cereals and animal produce, Rich mines, but 
 mining in infancy. Crossed by two railways radiating from 
 Samara to Siberia [via Chelyabinsk) and to Orenburg. Divided 
 into 5 dists., Orenburg, Orsk, Chelyabinsk, Troitsk, and Ver- 
 khneuralsk. Area 73,816 sq. m. P. (1870) 900,550; (1881) 
 1,120,700; (1893) 1,406,310. The terr. of the Oreubui^ Cos- 
 sacks extends as a narrow strip up the Ural, on the E. of the 
 Ural mts., and joins by a line of posts the terr. of the Siberian 
 Cossacks in the Gen. -Gov. of the Steppes. Area 35,820 sq. m. 
 P. (1880) 290,800 Cossacks, 16,500 peasants, and 25,000 Bashkirs. 
 Orenburg, cap. of above govt., on r. bk. Ural R., 933 m. 
 by rail SE. Moscow (261 m. from Samara). Has a fortress, 
 6300 yds. in circumference, a military school of cadets, and the 
 usual educational institutions. Considerable trade in cotton, 
 silk, furs, wool,, hides, cattle and horses exported, and manu- 
 factured goods imported Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 38.7° F., 
 Feb. 3.3°, July 70.8°; rfall. (32 yrs.), 15.6 in. P. (1885) 35,600; 
 (1891) 56,000. 
 
 Orenbnrgskoye, vil., Russian Central Asia, prov. Turgai, 
 220 m. SE. Orsk, on Kara-Turgai R. and highroad to Bukhara. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 Or^noque, French name of the Orinoco [q.v.) R. 
 Orensay, isl. , Scot. , Ross and Cromarty, Uig par. P. 2. 
 Orense, tn., Spain, on the Mino, 44 m. E. by N. Vigo, cap. 
 prov. and dist. O. Is noted for its bridge (1320 ft. long), its 
 13th century cathedral with a greatly venerated image, and hot 
 springs similar to those of Carlsbad. P. (comm. ) 14,200. 
 Oreos, vil., Greece, in N. of Eubcea I., 33 m. S. by E. Volos. 
 Orepukl, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Wallace co. , 
 30 m. W. by N. Invercargill. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ore Sund, Danish name of the sound between Seeland and 
 Sweden, given on account of the small, sandy tongue of land 
 near Helsingfors (Elsinore), which bears the castie of Kron- 
 borg. See Sound, The, and Or. 
 
 Orfa, tn., Turkey in Asia. See IJrfa. 
 
 Orfanl, or Orphanl, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Drama, on 
 Gulf of O. or Rendina [q.v.), 4 m. E. of the mouth of the Struma. 
 Orford, part of eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. N. 
 Warrington, P.O. See Padgate. 
 
 Orford, a decayed bor. , par., and fishing tn., Eng., Suffolk, 
 on riv. Ore, Plomesgate dist., 6 m. SW. Aldeburgh ; has a 
 large ancient church ; and fisheries, chiefly of oysters. The 
 port was formerly of importance, but the sea has receded. 
 The corporation was dissolved in 1886, and the municipal 
 property is now administered by the O. Town Trust ; until 
 disfranchised by the Reform Act of 1832 O. sent two members 
 to House of Commons. It has two lighthouses, well known 
 as ' Orfordness lights,' in 52° 5' N., and 10° 34^' E. (visible 
 respectively 15 and 6 m. ), and remains of an old castle built to 
 defend the port. PMT.O. P. < 1000. See Sudbourne. 
 
 Orford, post-tn., Victoria, Villiers co., 28 m. ENE. Port- 
 land. P. < 1 500. 
 Orford HaTcn, Eng. , mouth of the Aide or Ore. See Aide. 
 Organos, Sierra de los (' Organ Mountains '), Spanish name 
 of a mountain chain in the W. of Cuba. 
 
 Orgaos, Serra dos ('Organ Mountains'), near the E. ct. of 
 Brazil, state and 40 m. NE. Rio de Janeiro ; so called from 
 their peaks, as seen from Rio, resembling the pipes of an organ. 
 Highest point, 7500 ft. 
 
 Orgarswlck, par., Eng., Kent, Romney Marsh dist., 4 m. 
 NE. New Romney. P. <25o. See Dymchnrch. 
 
 Orgelet, tn. , France, dep. Jura, arr. Lons-le-Saunier, 35 m. 
 NW. Geneva. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Org^res, tn., France, dep. Eure-et-I>oir, arr. ChSteaudun, 
 19 m. NW. by N. Orleans. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Orghy^T, dist. tn., Russia, prov. Bessarabia, 28 m. N. 
 Kishinev ; seat of an old Dacian fort 10 m. from O. P. 6920. 
 
 Oi^lva, tn., Spain, prov. and 25 m. SSE. Granada, cap. 
 dist. O. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Orgon, tn., France, dep. Bouches-du- Rhone, arr. Aries, on 
 the Durance, 14 m. SE. by E. Avignon. P. <20oo. 
 
 Orgreave, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, on riv. Rother, 
 3i m. SW. Rotherham. P. <25o. 
 
 ~Orla, tn. , Italy, ApuUa, prov. Lecce, 18 m. SW. Brindisi. 
 P. 8200. 
 
 Oria, tn., Spain, prov. Almeria, 40 m. WSW. Lorca. P. 
 (comm.) 5700. 
 
 Orlanda, residence of Imperial family, Russia, S. coast of 
 Crimea, 3 m. from Yalta. 
 Orld, tn., Turkey in Europe. See Okbrlda. 
 Orlen, mt., on the frontier of Herzegovina and Dalmatia, 
 adjoining Montenegro. Alt. 6215 ft. 
 
 Orient, vil., U.S., New York, Suffolk co., on Long I., 95 m. 
 ENE. Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Orient, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Faulk co., 70 m. NE. 
 by E. Pierre. 
 
ORIG — ORLE 
 
 Origan, riv., N. America. See Columbia. 
 
 Orilinela, tn., Spain, prov. Alicante, cap. dist. O., oif the 
 Segura, 12 m. NE. Murcia. P. (comni. ) 24,400. 
 
 Orillia, tn., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co. , on Lake Simcoe, 
 43 m. E. Collingwood. P. < 5000. 
 
 Oriug-Nor, or Noriu-Nor, China, lake at the source of the 
 Hwang-ho, in 34° 40' N. , 97° 40' E. Alt. 14,000 ft. (Przhevalsky). 
 
 Orinoco, one of the principal rivers of S. America, ranking 
 in size and importance next after the Amazon and Plata ; rises 
 on the slopes (4000-5000 ft.) of Sierra Parima, below Peak 
 Ferdinand de Lesseps, in about 2° 30' N., 64° 25' W. Down 
 to its confluence with the Guaviare (left), a little W. of 68° W. , 
 it maintains for some 360 m. a general ENE. direction, and is 
 joined on the left, in 3° 10' N., 66° 17' W., by the Casiquiare, 
 which connects at its other (S.) extremity with the Rio Negro, 
 a trib. of the Amazon, and on the right by the Ventuari. From 
 its confluence with the Guaviare, in 4° 5' N., it flows almost 
 due N. for 350 m. , receiving from the left the Vichada, Meta, 
 and Apure, and descending from the highlands to the lowlands 
 by the cataracts of Maipures (3000 yards wide, 660 yards long) 
 and Atures (8700 yards wide, 6 m. long). Between the mouths 
 of the Guaviare and the Meta it separates Venezuela from 
 Colombia, otherwise its entire course runs through Venezuelan 
 terr. From the confluence of the Apure (7° 36' N., 66° 47' W.) 
 the main stream flows almost due E. across the llanos, or grassy 
 plains, to the Atlantic Ocean, in 8° 20' to 10° o' N. Along this 
 part of its course its principal tribs. , the Caura and the Caroni, 
 come from the right or S. The delta begins in 62° 30' W., 125 
 m. from the ocean, and covers an area of 8500 sq. m. Of its 
 numerous mouths seven in all are navigable, the one principally 
 used, lying between Nuima I. and Brit. Guaiana on the S. , is 
 known as the Boca de Navios. The water of the river is of a 
 milky white colour, and is plainly distinguishable at a vast dis- 
 tance from land. The O. thus describes a huge semicircle, its 
 estuary being only 500 m. distant (NNE.) from its source, 
 whilst its entire course measures 1550 m. , of which 900 m. 
 below the great cataracts (Atures), and 600 m. above them 
 (Maypures), are navigable. In its upper portion the river flows 
 between the mountains and impenetrable forests of Venezuelan 
 Guaiana on the E., and the wide llanos of Colombia on the 
 W.; but after it reaches the lowlands, that is, below the conflu- 
 ence of the Apure, it has the mountains on its left (N.) side, and 
 the plains on its right. At 150 m. from its source the river 
 is only 270 ft. wide. Above the confluence of the Casiquiare 
 (alt. 1000 ft. ) it is 650 yards wide ; below the confluence of the 
 Apure (210 ft. alt.) 4-5 m. wide. During the flood season 
 (April-September) after the rains, the lower course becomes an 
 immense lake, covering the llanos for half a dozen miles and 
 more to the E. of the Apure. Area of basin, 365,000-375,000 
 sq. m. See Cindad Bolivar. 
 
 Orinoco, Alto, terr., Venezuela, partly bounded on the W. 
 by the Orinoco, and crossed by 4° N. ; cap. San Fernando. 
 
 Orlolo, tn. , Italy, in the NE. of Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 50 
 m. SW. Taranto. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Orion, vil., U.S., Illinois, Henry co., 18 m. SE. Rock I. by 
 rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Orion, vil., U.S., Michigan, Oakland co., 33 m. NNW. 
 Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Orlor, Lower and Upper, two bars. , Ire. , in the SE. of co. 
 Armagh, Upper O. in the extreme SE., Lower O. to the N. 
 
 Oriskany, vil, U.S., New York, Oneida co. , on Mohawk R., 
 40 m. E. by N. Syracuse, and 5 m. NW. byW. Utica. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oriskany Falls, vil, U.S., New York, Oneida co., 32 m. 
 E. by S. Syracuse, and 15 m. SW. Utica. P. < 1500. 
 
 Orlssa, an ancient kgd. of India, now forming the SW. div. 
 or commissionership of the lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, 
 in all about half the size of England, physically, and for the 
 most part politically, divided into two distinct terrs. , one a fertile 
 alluvial deltaic flat, on the Bay of Bengal, traversed by the inter- 
 lacing waters of the Mahanadi, Brahmani, and Baitarani, com- 
 posing the Brit, dists. of Purf, Cuttack, and Balasor, the other 
 a wild mountainous region, mainly occupied by sparsely popu- 
 lated tributary hill states, which surround, however, the British 
 dist. of the Angul and Kandh Mehals. The O. coast canal 
 with the Hijili tidal canal forms an unbroken line of communi- 
 cation with Calcutta. The archives found in the temple of 
 Jagannath at Purf trace the history of the kingdom back to 
 earlier than 3000 B.C. From about the middle of tiie 6th century 
 B.C. to the latter part of the 5th century A.D. the kingdom 
 belonged to the dynasty of the Yavanas, during most of which 
 period the religion was Buddhism. The Yavana dynasty was 
 succeeded by the Siva-worshipping Kesari line, and this again, 
 in 1 132, by a Vishnuite Hne from the Ganges basin. In 1567- 
 68 the kingdom was conquered by a Mohammedan Afghan 
 dynasty, but in 1578 it became part of the Mughal Empire, 
 which it remained till 1751, when it came into the possession of 
 the MardthAs. From these it was captured by the British in 
 1803. For area and population of dists. , climate and products, 
 see Bengal. 
 
 Orlstano, tn., Sardmia, prov. Cagliari, on the Tirso, 41 m. 
 
 N. Iglesias, 21^ m. from the Gnlf of Oristano, the bay on the 
 
 W. ct. , in 39° 43'-55' N.; enormous malarial death-rate. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Oristown, tnld., Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. Upper Kells, 
 7^ m. NW. Navan, 3^ m. E. Kells. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oritor, electoral div.. Ire., E. co. Tyrone, bar. Upper 
 Dungannon, 2J m. WNW. Cookstown, P.O. 
 
 Oritnco, vil. , Venezuela, Miranda, 60 m. SE. by S. Caracas. 
 
 Orizaba, tn., Mexico, Vera Cruz, 78 m. E. by S. Puebla ; 
 seat of cotton manufactures. Alt. 4200 ft. P. (1868) 15,500; 
 (1889) 20,000. 
 
 Orizaba, Peak of, or Citlaltepetl ('star-mountain'), vol- 
 cano, Mexico, on edge of Mexican plateau, 18 m. NW. Orizaba. 
 Alt. 18,314 ft. (Scovell, tr.). 
 
 Orjekhovlca, Dolnja, tn., Bulgaria, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Jantra, prov. and 7 m. NE. Tirnovo. P. <4000. 
 
 OrJeklioTlca, Ctoriije, tn. , 3 m. SW. P. 5700. 
 
 OrjekliOTO, vil. , Bulgaria, on the Danube, prov. and 18 m. 
 NE. Ruschuk. P. < 2000. 
 
 Orka, or Orkedalselv, riv., central Norway, flows E. then 
 N. into Orkedalsfjord, S. arm of Trondhjem Fjord. Length, 78 
 m. ; basin, 1405 sq. m. 
 
 Or-kapi, tn. , Russia. See Perekop. 
 
 Orkhanle, tn., Bulgaria, prov. Vraca, 27 m. NE. by E. 
 Sofia. P. < 3000. 
 
 Orkhomenos, comm. , Greece. See Levldlou. 
 
 Orklion, riv., MongoHa, joins the Selenga a few miles SW. 
 of Kiakhta, after a NE. course of 450 m. ; chief aftluent the 
 Tola. Its banks are fertile, and skirted by grassy plains. 
 
 Orktanuor, lake, Chinese Empire, Dzungaria, believed to 
 exist about 150 m. N. of Manas, in 46° N. , just E. of 86° E. 
 
 Orkney Islands, anciently Or cades (probably from Ore, 
 Gaelic, 'a large beast,' especially 'a whale,' possibly with the 
 termination innis, ' island,' which may have got modified later 
 into the Norse termination ey, 'island'), a group of 67 islands, 
 Scot., separated from Caithness by the Pentland Firth, and 
 extending 50 m. NNE. The largest are Pomona, or Mainland, 
 376 sq. m., and Hoy, 53 sq. m. The geological formation 
 resembles that of the adjoining mainland, being almost entirely 
 Old Red Sandstone, with some granite and gneiss near Strom- 
 ness ; and the surface, excepting Hoy, level and tame, varied by 
 the fresh-water lochs which everywhere abound. Hoy has bold 
 precipitous cliffs on W. 1000 ft. high, and Ward Hill 1564 ft. 
 Besides the inhabited islands, 28 in number, and the 39 ' holms' 
 used for grazing, there are many ' skerries ' or rocky islets. 
 The ground under culture has more than doubled since 1850. 
 For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. Fishing 
 forms an important industry ; the staple manufacture is knitted 
 goods. Taken by Harold Haarfager in 875, the Orkneys con- 
 tinued under Scandinavian rule till 1468, when they were given 
 to James III. as a security for the payment of his wife's dowry, 
 being finally resigned to the Scottish throne in 1590, on the 
 marriage of James VI. with the Princess Anne of Denmark. 
 Stromness has become important as a rendezvous of the Davis 
 Straits and Greenland whalers. The antiquities of Orkney are 
 Picts' houses, consisting of many-chambered mounds and 
 ' weems,' or underground houses, stone circles (see Stennes), the 
 fortresses called ' brochs,' and the ' Maeshow,' a great sepulchral 
 cairn. The only town is Kirkwall (^.v.), and the villages are 
 Stromness and St. Margaret's Hope. Orkney (since 1889) no 
 longer forms a county with the Shetland group of islands, but 
 unites with it to return one member to Parliament ; ecclesiastic- 
 ally, it belongs to the synod of Orkney, which meets at Kirkwall 
 Mean rfall. (1866-80), Pomona (Sandwich, alt. 78 ft.), yr. 37.8 
 in.; Shapinshay (Balfour Castle, alt. 50 ft.), yr. 32.3 in. P. 
 (1801) 24,400; (1871) 31,300; (1891) 30,500; O. Main Isle, P. 
 16,500; pari dist. (O. and Slietlanil) P. 54,800. 
 
 Orland, tn. , U.S., Maine, Hancock co. , on Penobscot R. , 
 18 m. S. Bangor. P. < 1500. 
 
 drlandet, or Oreland, comm. , Norway, prov. S. Trondhjem, 
 on the N W. ct. , at the mouth of "Trondhjem Fjord, 30 m. N W. 
 Trondhjem. P. 6700. 
 
 Orlando, city, U.S., Florida, 130 m. S. of mouth of St. 
 John's R. , cap. Orange co. P. < 3000. 
 
 Orlando, Capo d', cape, Sicily, on the N. ct. , 43 m. W. 
 Messina. 
 
 Orlar, P. O. , Ire. , 9 m. from Ballyhaunis, co. Mayo. 
 
 Orlan, tn., Austria, Silesia, dist. Freistadt, 25 m. E. by S. 
 Troppau, and 6^ m. E. by N. Mahrisch Ostrau. P. <:400o. 
 
 Orl^anals, former prov., France, one of the 33 great 
 military governments, taking its name from its cap. Orleans, 
 corresponding to the modern deps. Loiret, Loir-et-Cher, foiu-- 
 fifths of Eure-et-Loir, and a small part of Ni^vre and Yonne. 
 Its area was 7838 sq. m. 
 
 Orleans, the ancient Cenadum, city, France, cap. dep. 
 Loiret, arr. O., on the r. bk. of the Loire, 69 m. SSW. Paris, 
 35 m. NE. Blois. Is the seat of several learned and scientific 
 societies and museums ; has manufactures of vinegar and 
 agricultural implements, and a large Gothic cathedral (building 
 from 1289 to 1790). When besieged by the English in 1429, 
 
ORLE 
 
 O R O N 
 
 delivered by Joan of Arc. Alt. 357ft. Mean teinp., yr. S2.8°F., 
 Jan. 38.3°, July 68.9°. P. (1872) 49,000 ; (1891) 63,700. 
 
 Orleans, vil. , U.S., Indiana, Orange co. , 74 m. S. by W. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Orleans, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, in the SE. , S. of Lake 
 Pontchartrain. 
 
 Orleans, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Barnstable co., 48 m. E. 
 by N. New Bedford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Orleans, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Harlan co. , on Republican 
 R., 5 m. W. Alma by rail, and near S. frontier. P. <isoo. 
 
 Orleans, co. , U.S. , New York, on Lake Ontario, W. of 78° W. 
 
 Orleans, co., U.S., Vermont, in the NE., on the N. frontier, 
 crossed in the E. by 72° W. 
 
 Orleans, Isle of, Canada, Quebec, in the riv. St. Lawrence, 
 21 m. long, just below Quebec. 
 
 Orl^ausyille (French name), tn. , Algeria, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Shelif, 105 ra. WSW. Algiers, cap. arr. O. Alt. 387 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 65.4° P., Jan. 49.8°, July 86.0° ; rfall. (5 yrs.), 12.14 
 in. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Orlestone, par., Eng., Kent, East Ashford dist., 5 m. SW. 
 Ashford. P. <soo. 
 
 Orletou, par., Eng., Hereford, div. and si m. N. by W. 
 Leominster, 2 m. SW. Woofferton stn., PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Orleton, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., on the 
 Teme, loj m. SW. by W. Kidderminster, 4J m. ESE. Newn- 
 ham Bridge stn. P. <25o. See Eastliam. 
 
 Orllk, riv. , Russia. See Orel. 
 
 Orllngbary, par., Eng., E. div. of Northamptonshire, 3 m. 
 NNW. Wellingborough, 2^ m. W. Finedon stn., P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Orlov, dist, tn., Russia, govt, and 34 m. SW. Vyatka, on 
 Vyatka R. P. < 2600. 
 
 OrlOTa, vil., W. Siberia, govt, and 235 m. SE. Tobolsk. 
 P. <sooo. 
 
 Orlovka, tn., Russia, prov. of Don Cossacks, 60 m. ESE. 
 Novocherkask, on Sal R. P. 5500. 
 
 Orly, vil., France, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, 8 m. S by E. 
 Notre Dame, Paris. P. <:2000. 
 
 Orman, the ancient Philippopolis, oasis, Syria, 32^° N., 36° 
 44' E. , 18 m. SSE. Kanawat. 
 
 Ormara, Honiara, Hormara, or Hoormara, ct. vil. , Balu- 
 chistan, on a small penin. , 155 m. W. by N. Karachi. 
 
 Ormelou, Monut, on the SE. border of France, in the Graian 
 Alps, 19 m. WSW. Aosta. Alt. 10,770 ft. 
 
 Ormes Bay, Wales, on N. of Carnarvonshire, between Great 
 and Iilttle Ormes Head. Great Ormes Head is a bold promon- 
 tory in the extreme N. of the county projecting into the Irish 
 Sea, s m. NNW. Conway, with lighthouse in 53° 21' N. , 3° 
 52' W. , visible 24 m. Alt. 678 ft. 
 
 Ormesby, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleve- 
 land div., 3^ m. SE. Middlesbrough, i m. E. of its stn. on 
 the NE. R. Par. P. 8800 ; tn. P. 8600 ; eccles. par. (North O.) 
 P. 8300. 
 
 Ormesby St. Michael and Ormesby %i. Margaret with 
 Scratby, two adjoining pars., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., the 
 former 3 m. from the E. ct. , 5 m. NW. by N. Yarmouth, 
 with stn. («reat O.) on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly., PT.O. 
 {©.), P.O. O. St. Michael, P. <soo; O. St. Margaret with 
 Scratby, P. < 1500. 
 
 Ormlston, par. , Scot. , Haddingtonshire, on Tyne Water, 5 
 m. ESE. Musselburgh, on a branch of the N. B. R. ; coal 
 mined. PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ormond, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I., Cook co. , 85 m. 
 NE. Napier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ormond, Lower and Vpper, two bars., Ire., in the N. of 
 . CO. Tipperary. 
 
 Ormouds-dessons and Ormonds-dessns, two vils. , Switzd. , 
 cant. Vaud, respectively 8 and 12 m. ESE. Montreux. P. (of 
 each) < 2000. 
 
 Ormondvllle, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Waipawa 
 CO., 56 m. SW. Napier. P. < 1500. 
 Ormoi, vil. , Austria. See Frledau. 
 
 Ormsary, P.O., Scot., Argyllshire, 12 m. SW. Ardrishaig. 
 Ornisby, North (or Nan Ormsby), and Ormsby, South, 
 two adjoining pars., Eng., Lincolnshire. North 0.,E. Lindsey 
 div., 4 m. NW. by N. Louth, 2^ m. SSW. Ludborough stn. 
 P. <2So; South O., S. Lindsey div., 3^ m. SW. Abystn., P.O., 
 P. <:25o ; eccles. par. (South Ormsby with Ketsby, Calceby, 
 and Drlby) P. <5oo. 
 
 Ormsby, co., U.S., Nevada, on the W. frontier, including 
 part of Lake Tahoe. 
 
 Ormslde, par., Eng., Westmorland, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Eden, div. and 2 m. SSE. Appleby, on the M. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Ormsklrk, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Lancashire, O. div., 
 8 m. SE. by S. Southport, on the L. & Y. R. ; chief manu- 
 facture that of cordage. Market-day, Th. Mean rfall. (1866- 
 80, Rufford, alt. 38 ft.), yr. 36.2 in. Par. and tn. P. 6300; 
 pari. div. P. (1891) 64,100. 
 
 Ormstown, or Durham, vil., Canada, Quebec, Chateauguay 
 CO. , 37 m. SW. Montreal. 
 Ormnz, Hormuz, or Jerun, an isl. in the Persian Gulf, on 
 1144 
 
 the N. side, near its entrance, NE. of the island of Kishm, 45 m. 
 N. Cape Massandum (Arabia), now belonging to Persia ; lat. 27^ 
 S' N. , long. 56° 29' E. It is about 13 m. in circumference, but 
 important as having been formerly (14th to 17th century) one of 
 the richest commercial emporia in the East. It has an extra- 
 ordinary appearance from the sea, its mountains (S. half) 
 being of variegated colours, from extensive impregnations of 
 salt, sulphur, and other minerals. On the plain, which con- 
 stitutes its N. portion, is the town, with a harbour now silted 
 up, and a fort ; but the place is sadly decayed, and contains few 
 inhabitants — fishermen and salt - diggers. Salt and sulphur 
 are the only products of the island. Originally the port of O. 
 stood on the mainland, near the mouth of the Minau Creek, to 
 the E. of the island ; but this town having been destroyed by the 
 Tatars about the end of the 13th century, the new town and 
 port was built on the island. (See Yule's Marco Polo, i. 104-5.) 
 O. was captured in 1507 by the Portuguese under Albuquerque, 
 but taken from them by the British and Persians in 1622, when 
 its trade as a depot for the produce of India, China, &c. , was 
 transferred to Gombroon (Bandar Abbas). The Strait of Or- 
 muz connects the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. 
 
 Ornaln, riv., France, rises near Neuville (dep. Haute-Marne), 
 flows NW. past Ligny and Bar-le-Duc, and joins the Saulx on 
 r. bk. Length, 70 to 75 m.; ordinary discharge, 150 cubit ft. 
 
 Ornans, tn., France, dep. Doubs, arr. and 11 m. SE. by S. 
 Besan9on. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ornavasso, vil., Italy, Piedmont, on the Toce, prov. Novara, 
 34 m. WNW. Como. P. < 2000. 
 
 Orne, dep. , NW. France, traversed S. to NW. by Orne R. , 
 formed in 1720 of parts of Normandy (Lower Normandy, 
 Alen9on, and Perche), divided into four arrs. : Alenqon (cap.), 
 Argentan, Domfront, and Mortagne. The dep. comprises two 
 physically distinct regions, the W. and the E. ; the former con- 
 sists of Primitive rocks, granite, gneiss, and schists, rising into 
 rugged hills, covered in places with extensive forest, and inter- 
 spersed with stretches of pasture, but having little land suited 
 for cultivation. In the E. (Perche) region Cretaceous and Ter- 
 tiary (Miocene) formations predominate, forming fertile valleys 
 and rich pasture-lands. The culminating point (1355 ft. ) of the 
 dep. occurs in the Foret d'Ecouves, on a chain of hills which 
 stretches E. and W. through the central part. The dep. belongs 
 to three basins, the Loire, Seine, and English Channel, of which 
 the first receives more than half the drainage by the rivs. 
 Mayenne and Sarthe, both rising in the dep. and forming parts 
 of the S. frontier; the Huisne, which drains the SE. , joins the 
 Sarthe outside the dep. To the basin of the Seine belong the 
 short upper courses of the Eure and Rille in the NE. The 
 principal coast river is the Orne, length in dep. (2 m.) ; others 
 are the Dives and Tonques. The dep. contains over 300 rivers 
 and streams, numerous small lakes ('^tangs'), and several 
 marshy tracts. Climate, Sequanian [Alencon]. East winds, 
 known as the ' vingtaines' or ' ventaines,' prevail during May, 
 and do much injury to fruit-trees. The principal objects of 
 culture are cereals and apples for cider; of the former, wheat 
 is the most important, then oats and barley. Textile fabrics 
 (cotton, linen, and hemp) form the principal manufactures, 
 carried on in Flers and surrounding towns. Vimoutiers has 
 extensive bleachfields ; Alen9on is celebrated for its lace. 
 Area, 2372 sq. m. P. (1891) 354,400. See France, table. 
 
 Orne, the ancient Olina, small riv., France, rises near S6ez 
 (dep. Orne), flows into the English Channel past Argentan, 
 Ecouch6, and Caen, where it becomes navigable for vessels of 
 10 to 12 ft. at spring tides. There is also a lateral canal from 
 this point to the sea, admitting vessels of 13 ft. depth. Length 
 94 m. ; basin, 992 sq. m. ; ordinary discharge 4600 cubit ft., in 
 flood 10,600 cubit ft. 
 
 Ornii, isl., Sweden, SE. of the entrance to the waterway 
 leading to Stockholm. 
 
 Ornsay, isl., Scot., Inverness- shire, Sleat par., PMT.O. 
 P. 64. 
 
 drnskiildsvlk, vil., Sweden, prov. W. Norrland, on an 
 inlet on the E. ct., 54 m. NNE. Hernosand. Public quay 722 
 ft. long, 14 ft. 9 in. maximum depth alongside. Good anchorage, 
 with a depth of 23-80 ft. 
 
 Oro, Spanish and Italian, 'gold.' See Or. 
 
 Oro, El, prov. , in the SW. of Ecuador ; cap. Machala ; con- 
 tains one of the chief gold-mining dists. of the state. 
 
 Orocliones, tribe, Siberia. See Tunguses. 
 
 Oro City, vil, U.S., Colorado, Lake co., 74 m. WSW. 
 Denver, and 4 m. E. Leadville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oromocto, vil, Canada, New Brunswick, Sunbury co., 13 
 m. ESE. Fredericton, on the r. bk. of the riv. St. John, at the 
 mouth of the Oromocto R., which flows NE. from the Oromocto 
 Lake in the S. of York co. 
 
 Oron, lake, E. Siberia, govt. Yakutsk, on r. bk. of Vitim, 
 vnth which it communicates by a short canal. 
 
 Orofto, settlement, Argentine Republic, prov. and 32 m. SW. 
 by S. Santa F6. 
 
 Orono, vil., Canada, Ontario, Durham co., 44 m. ENE. 
 Toronto. 
 
ORON — ORTO 
 
 Oroiio, tn., U.S., Maine, Penobscot co. , on the r. bk. of the 
 Penobscot R., 6 m. NE. by N. Bangor. P. <3000. 
 
 Oroiiogo, vil. , U.S., Missouri, Jasper co. , lo m. NE. Joplin 
 by rail ; has lead and zinc mining. P. < 1500. 
 
 Or'oiisay, isl. , Scot., Argyllshire, off the W. ct. , in Loch 
 Sunart, in 5° 54^-57' W. 
 
 Oronsay, isl. and part of par. , Scot. , W. Argyllshire, sepa- 
 rated by a narrow channel from the S. end of Colonsay, just to 
 the N. of 56° N. P. 23. See Coloiisny. 
 
 Oroiisay Isle, islet, Scot., Inverness-shire, off the E. ct. of 
 the isl. of Skye, in the W. of Sound of Sleat, in 56° 9' N. 
 
 Oroutes (Arab El Aa'sy, or Nalir el A'asy, ' the rebellious '), 
 riv. , N. Syria, pash. Damascus and Aleppo, rises in the Anti- 
 Libanus, flows N. through Lake Kadez, or Homs, and to near 
 Antakieh (Antloch), where it turns WSW. , and enters the 
 Mediterranean 40 m. N. Latakia. Length, 246 m. 
 
 Oropesa, former city, Bolivia, probably the same as Cocha- 
 bamba. See Scot. Geog. Mag. , 1887, p. 203. 
 
 Oropesa, vil., on the E. ct. of Spain, prov. , dist. , and 10 ni. 
 ENE. Castellon de la Plana, 46 m. NNE. Valencia. Three 
 m. NE. is Albafera de la Rlbera de Cal>ane.s, a coast lagoon 
 4 m. long. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Oropesa, tn. , Spain, prov. Toledo, dist. Puente del Arzobispo, 
 20 m. W. Talavera de la Reina. P. (comm. )<3ooo. 
 
 Oropos, vil., Greece, prov. Boeotia and Attica, near the S. 
 shore of the Straits of Evripos, 15 m. SE. by S. Chalkis ; thick 
 lignite deposits. 
 
 Oros, Greek, 'mountain.' 
 
 Orosel, vil., Sardinia, prov. Sassari, near the mouth of the 
 rlv. Orosel, 63 m. SE. by E. Sassari. P. <20oo. Gnlf of 
 Orosel, or Doi^all, is the large bay on E. ct. , in 40° 6'-23' N. 
 
 Orosh&za, comm. , Hungary, prov. B6k6s, 33 m. NE. Szegedin. 
 P. (1869) 14,600; (1890) 20,000. 
 
 OrosI, volcano, Costa Rica, 113 m. NW. San Jos6. 
 
 Oroso, comm. , Spain, prov. and 25 m. SSW. Corunna, dist. 
 Ordenes. P. <400o. 
 
 Oross, comm., Hungary, co. Szabolcs, dist. Bogdan, 4 m. E. 
 Nyireghaza. P. <40oo. 
 
 Orosz, Magyar, ' Russian.' 
 
 Orota'va, tn. , Teneriffe L , 19 m. SW. Santa Cruz of Teneriffe, 
 in a beautiful valley overlooked by the snowy cone of Teyde 
 {12,190 ft.). The famous dragon-tree of O. , which, according 
 to Humboldt, had a girth of 48J ft., and was undoubtedly of 
 immense age, was partly overthrown in a hurricane in 1868, 
 and has since entirely disappeared. A curative (saline) spring 
 was discovered in 1894 under the church of San Telmo. P. 
 {comm.) 8800. See monograph on the village in Peter fnanti's 
 Alitteil., 1889, p. 237. 
 
 Oroua, CO., New Zealand, North I., crossed in the N. by 
 40° S. , and in the extreme E. by 176° E. 
 
 OrovlUe, tn. , U.S., California, on 1. bk. of Feather R. , 71 
 m. N. Sacramento. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Oroya, vil., Peru, dep. Yunin, 95 m. ENE. Lima. Tiie 
 bridle road leading to Tarma, Jauja, &c. , here crosses Oroya R. 
 by a suspension bridge. 
 
 Orpliaiil, tn. , Turkey. See Orfani ; gulf, see Rendlua. 
 
 Orphan's Island, U.S., Maine, opposite Bucksport, to 
 which it belongs ; length about 4 m. 
 
 Orphlr, par., Scot., Orkney Is., 9 m. SW. Kirkwall, P.O.; 
 12,762 ac. P. (including Cava I. and part of Mainland Isle) 
 1000. 
 
 Orplerre, vil. , France, dep. Hautes-Alpes, arr. Gap, 46 m. 
 E. by N. Orange. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Orpington, par., Eng. , Kent, Sevenoaks div. , 8J m. S. by 
 E. Woolwich, I m. ENE. of its stn. on the SE. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <45oo. 
 
 OrquUla, inlet, in the Little Antilles, W. Indies, no m. NE. 
 Cardcas, belonging to Venezuela. 
 
 Orrell, par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, Ince div., 3 m. W. 
 Wigan, with a stn. (O. and IJpliolland) on the L. & Y. R.; 
 coal mined ; carries on nail making and cotton manufacture. 
 PMT.O. P. < 5000. 
 
 Orrell and Ford, par., Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., 4 
 m. N. by E. Liverpool, \ m. S. Aintree stn. P. <isoo. 
 
 Orrery, co. , Queensland, crossed by 26° S. , and in the ex- 
 treme NE. by 148° E. 
 
 Orrery andKUniore, bar.. Ire., in the N. of co. Cork. 
 
 Orrln, riv., Scot., rises in SE. of Ross-shire, flows E. and 
 joins the Conan below Brabancastle in Urray ; length about 27 m. 
 
 Orrlngton, tn. , U.S. , Maine, Penobscot co. , on Penobscot R. , 
 6 m. S. Bangor by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Orrlos, comm. , Spain. See Rlos. 
 
 Orrlsdale, hamlet. Isle of Man, on the W. ct., 8 m. NE. 
 by N. Peel, i m. W. Ballaugh stn. 
 
 Orroroo, post-tn., S. Australia, Dalhousie co., 52 m. E. by 
 S. Port Augusta, on the Great Northern Line. P. < 1500. 
 
 Orr's Island, small isl., U.S., Maine, in Casco Bay, con- 
 nected by a bridge with Harpswell. 
 
 OrrvlUe, vil., U.S., Ohio, Wayne co., 48 m. S. by W. 
 Cleveland. P. < 2000. 
 
 Orsara, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 18 m. SW. 
 Foggia. P. 5400. 
 
 Orsaro, Monte, mt. , Italy, in the W. , in the Apennines, 23 
 m. NNE. Spezia, on the border of Liguria and Emilia. 
 
 Orsay, islet, Scot., Argyllshire, off the SW. ct. of Islay I., 
 in 6° 31' W. 
 
 Orsera, comm., Austria, Istria, on the Adriatic, dist. Parenzo, 
 35 m. SSW. Trieste. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Orsett, par., Eng., Esse.x, SE. div., 9 m. ESE. Romford, 2.^ 
 m. W. Stanford-le-Hope stn. , PMT.O.; 4246 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Orsba, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 50 m. N. Moghilev, on 
 railway Warsaw-Moscow, and on Dnieper R. P. 6200. 
 
 Orsl^res, tn. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, on the Dranse, 6 m. SE. 
 by S. Martigny. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Orsk, tn. and fort, Russia, govt, and 152 m. ESE. Orenburg, 
 at junction of Or with Ural R. ; considerable trade in produce 
 of cattle-breeding ; great fair. P. (1859) 1501 ; (1891)20,000. 
 
 Orsogna, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 12 m. SE. 
 by S. Chieti. P. 6500. 
 
 Orsova, 6 (Ger. Alt-, 'old'),, vil., in the SE. of Hungary, 
 CO. Krass(3-Szor6ny, cap. dist. O. , on the Danube, a short 
 distance above the Iron Gates proper [Danube], where the 
 river quits Hungarian terr. lij (or Neu-, 'new') 6. (Turkish 
 Ada Kale, or Ada Kalessl) is a p9rt on an islet in the Danube, 
 about 2 m. below the village of O Orsova. Mean temp. , yr. 
 52.7° P., Jan. 30° s', July 73.5°. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Orston, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 9 m. S. by 
 W. Newark, \ m. N. Elton stn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. 
 (O. with Thoroton) P. <75o. 
 
 Orsn, mt. , Roumania, in the NW., 70 m. N. by E. Craiova. 
 Alt. 6990 ft. 
 
 Ort, Old High and Middle High German, oort, Dutch, ' a 
 point,' more usually ' a place,' occurs frequently in Scandinavian 
 names in the Baltic (Egli), e.g., Briister Ort, Stor-ort ; see also 
 Ord of Caithness. 
 
 Orta, Lago d', lake, Italy. See Orta Jfovarese. 
 
 Ortac Pass, the channel between the Alderney group and the 
 Caskets, Channel Is. 
 
 Orta-kol, vil., Turkey in Europe, on the Bosporus, 3 m. 
 NE. Constantinople. 
 
 Orta-kol, vil., Turkey in Europe, vilayet Adrianople, sanjak 
 Dede-Agach, 24 m. WSW. Adrianople ; silk industry. 
 
 Orta Nova, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 13 m. SE. Foggia. 
 P. <:4OO0. 
 
 Orta Novarese, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 27m. NNW. 
 Novara, on a penin. on the E. shore of Lago (lake) d'Orta, or 
 Cnslo (alt. 950 ft.), which is drained through the Toce into the 
 Lago Maggiore. P. <20oo. 
 
 Orte, tn. , Italy, prov. Rome, on the r. bk. of the Tiber, 14 
 m. E. by N. Viterbo. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ortega, vil., Colombia, Tolima, 95 m. WSW. Bogotd. 
 
 Ortegal, Cape, Spain, on the N. ct., 35 m. NE. Corunna. 
 
 Ortelsburg, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, cap. circle O. , 
 77 m. SE. by E. Elbing. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ortli, comm. , Lower Austria, dist. Gross- Enzersdorf, 15 m. 
 ESE. Vienna. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ortliez, tn., France, dep. Basses-Pyr^n^es, cap. arr. O. , on 
 the Pau, 25 m. NW. by W. Pau. In February 1814 scene of 
 a sanguinary battle, in which Marshal Soult was defeated by 
 Wellington. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ortlguelra, comm., Spain, prov. Corunna, on the Santa 
 Marta estuary, 23 m. NE. by E. Ferrol ; no docks or quays. 
 P. 17,600. 
 
 Ortlng, vil., U.S., Washington, Pierce co., 33 m. E. by N. 
 Olympia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ortiz, tn., Venezuela, Miranda, 70 m. SW. by S. Caracas. 
 
 Ortiz, Banco de, large sandbank in the Rio de la Plata, 
 stretching E. and SE. from Colonia (Uruguay), about half way 
 between Montevideo and Buenos Aires. 
 
 Ortler Alps and Ortlerspltze. See Alps, Subdivisions, 
 II. C. <i. 
 
 Ortogesa, tn. , Spain. See Mequlnenza. 
 
 Orton, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 4^ m. WSW. 
 Carlisle, 2 m. N. Curthwaite stn., P.O. (Great O.) ; 4287 ac. 
 P. <:5oo ; eccles. par. (dreat O.) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Orton, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 8^ m. 
 NW. byN. Wellingborough, 3 m. S. Desborough stn. P<:25o. 
 See Rotlivfell. 
 
 Orton, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 9J m. SW. by S. 
 Appleby, 2 m. NNW. Gaisgill stn. A great cattle market is 
 held on the first Wednesday of each month. PMT.O. 24,513 
 ac. P. <:2C)oo. 
 
 Orton, riv., Peru. See Tahnamanu. 
 
 Orton, stn., Scot., Elginshire, on the H. R., 7J m. W. by N. 
 Keith, P.O. 
 
 Ortona, the ancient Orton, tn. , on the E. ct. of Italy, 
 Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 12 m. E. by S. Chieti, on a spur of 
 the Apennines ; now only a coasting p)ort. P. 7000. 
 
 Orton-ou-tlie-Hlll, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, div. and 6 m. 
 W. byN. Bosworth, 3 m. ENE. Polesworth stn. , P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 1145 
 
O RT O 
 
 OS I L 
 
 OrtonvlIIe, vil. , U.S., Minnesota, Big Stone cc, at the foot 
 of Big Stone Lake, 133 m. W. by N. Minneapolis, and 66 m. S. 
 by W. Fergus Falls. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Orn, tn. , W. Africa, Yoruba country. P. 10,000. 
 
 Omba, isl., Dutch W. Indies. Same as Arnba. 
 
 Orungn, tribe, W. Africa, living principally in the delta of 
 the Ogowe. 
 
 Ornro, tn. , Bolivia, cap. dap. O. , and formerly cap. of the 
 republic, 120 m. (155 m. by rail) SSE. La Paz ; centre of a tin 
 and silver mining dist. Alt. 12,117 ft. P. 8500. 
 
 Ornst, isl., W. ct. Sweden, in the Kattegat, prov. (Ian) and 
 28 m. NNW. Goteborg (Gothenburg). 
 
 Orrleto (from Latin urbs vetus, ' old city,' originally 
 applied to the remains of the old Etruscan city of Volsinii, 
 conquered by the Romans in 280 B.C.), tn. , Italy, Umbria, prov. 
 Perugia, on the Paglia, 26 m. N. Viterbo. A cathedral, begun 
 in 1280, and one of the finest Gothic churches in Italy ; the 
 papal palace (13th century) ; and museum of Etruscan an- 
 tiquities. Alt. 971 ft. Mean temp., yr. 57.3° F., Jan. 41.4°, 
 July 75.6°. P. 7900. 
 
 Orvllle, or Possnni Hill, post-tn. , Victoria, Gladstone co., 
 36 m. W. by N. Sandhurst ; has gold-mines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Orrinlo, vil. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Perugjia, 14 m. NE. by 
 N. Tivoli. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Orwell, par., Eng. , Cambridge, Chesterton div. , 7^ m. SW. 
 by W. Cambridge, 2 m. NW. Shepreth stn., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Orwell, stn., Eng., Suffolk, 5 m, NW. Felixstowe, on the 
 G. E. R. 
 
 Orwell, riv. , Eng. , Suffolk. See Clipping. 
 
 Orwell, par., Scot., Kinross-shire, on Loch Leven, near 
 Milnathort; 13,133 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Orwell, tn., U.S., Vermont, Addison co., 21 m. NW. Rut- 
 land, with marble quarries. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Orwigsbnrg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co. , 50 m. 
 NE. by E. Harrisburg, and 6 m. ESE. Pottsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Orylkliov, tn. , Russia, govt. Taurida, 70 m. NW. Berdyansk, 
 on Konskaya R. P. 5200. 
 
 Orzegow, estate and vil., Pnissia, prov. Silesia, 32 m. ENE. 
 Ratibor, circle and 2^ m. SW. Beuthen. Estate P. <4ooo ; 
 comm. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Orzesclie, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Pless, 24 m. E. 
 Ratibor. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 OrzliiaoTl, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 17 ni. SW. by 
 W. Brescia. P. <3000. 
 
 Osa, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 92 m. SW. Perm, near 1. bk. 
 Kama. P. < 5000. 
 
 Osage, riv., U.S., rises in the SE. of Kansas, enters Missouri 
 (state) in the SW., flows ENE. then NE. to the Missouri R., 
 which it joins on the r. bk. , in about 92° 2' W. , 10 m. ESE. 
 Jefferson City. Length about 500 m. , navigable to Papinville, 
 in Bates co. , about 20 m. from W. frontier of state. 
 
 Osage, city, U.S., Iowa, Mitchell co. , 82 m. W. by S. of 
 NE. corner of state. P. < 2000. 
 
 Osage, city, U.S., Kansas, O. co. , 30 m. SSW. Topeka ; has 
 extensive beds of pure yellow ochre. P. <400o. 
 
 Osage, CO., U.S., Missouri, crossed by 92° W. , bounded on 
 the N. by the Missouri. 
 
 Osage Mission, city, U.S., Kansas, Neosho co. , on riv. 
 Neosho, no m. S. by E. Topeka. P. <i500. 
 
 Osages, tribe of Indians of Dakota family, U.S., occupying a 
 reservation in Oklahoma, S. of the Arkansas R. 
 
 Osaka, tn. , Japan. See Ozaka. 
 
 Osakl, isl., in the Inland Sea, Japan, near the coast of 
 Shikoku, a little W. of 133° E. 
 
 Osawatomle, city, U.S., Kansas, Miami co. , 46 m. SSW. 
 Kansas City. P. < 3000. 
 
 Osbaldeston, par., Eng., Lancashire, dist. and 4 m. NW. 
 Blackburn. P. <25o. 
 
 Osbaldwlck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, Thirsk and Malton div., 
 2\ m. E. York. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (O. witli Mnrton) 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Osbaston, par., Eng., Leicestershire, dist. and i^ m. NE. 
 Market Bosworth. P. <:25o. 
 
 Osberton, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire. See 
 Lofton. 
 
 Osborne, stn. , Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of the C. P. R. , 
 26 m. SSW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Osborne, one of the residences of the Queen, Eng., Hamp- 
 shire, Isle of Wight div., i m. SE. by E. East Cowes. Mean 
 rfall. (1866-80), 29.9 in. 
 
 Osborne, city, U.S., Kansas, O. co., on the S. Fork of the 
 Solomon, 167 m. WNW. Tof)eka, 30 m. W. Beloit. P. < 1500. 
 Osborne, vil., U.S., Ohio, Greene co., on Mad R. , 58 m. 
 NNE. Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 OsbornvlUe, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Ocean co. , 37 m. ESE. 
 Trenton. P. <r5oo. 
 
 Osbonrnby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 10 
 m. E. Grantham, 2 m. SSW. Aswarby stn., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 Osca, city, Spain. See Hnesca. 
 
 Oscarbnrg, mission station, Natal, to the N. of Ladysmith. 
 1146 
 
 Osceola, vil., Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co. , on the riv. 
 Bonnechere, 60 m. W. by N. Ottawa. 
 
 Osceola, co. , U.S., Florida, crossed by 28° N., 81° W. 
 
 Osceola, co., U.S., Iowa, on N. frontier, E. of 96" W. 
 
 Osceola, city, U.S., Iowa, Clarke co., 40 m. S. by W. Des 
 Moines. P. <3000. 
 
 Osceola, co. , U.S., Michigan, crossed by 44° N., and W. of 
 85° W. , traversed by the Muskegon R. 
 
 Osceola, tp. , U.S., Michigan, Houghton co. , on Lake 
 Sup>erior, at the root of the Keweenaw Penin., containing the 
 villages of O. Mine and O. Mills, each with a P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Osceola, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Polk co. , 82 m. W. Omaha. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Osceola (formerly Osceola Mills), coal-mining bor., U.S., 
 Pennsylvania, Center co. , on Moshannon Creek, 94 m. E. 
 by N. Pittsburg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Osceola (formerly Osceola Mills), vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Polk 
 CO., on the St. Croix R. , 32 m. NE. St. Paul (Minn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Osch, or Oss, comm., Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 11 m. NE. 
 by E. Bois-le-Duc. P. 7600. 
 
 Oschatz, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Leipzig, 18^ m. NW. 
 by W. Meissen. P. 9400. 
 
 Osche, vil., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, govt. Marienwerder, 
 circle and 14 m. NNW. Schwetz. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Oschersleben, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, cap. circle O., 12^ 
 m. NE. by N. Halberstadt ; anthracite mines ; manufactures of 
 sugar and machinery. Tn. P. 10,500; comm. P. 10,700. 
 
 Oschlrl, vil., Sardinia, prov. and 28 m. E. Sassari. P. 
 (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Oschltz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Bohmisch Leipa, 7^ m. 
 SW. Reichenberg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Oscoda, CO., U.S., Michigan, S. of 45° N., crossed by 84° 
 W. , traversed by the Au Sable R. 
 
 Oscoda, vil., U.S., Michigan, Iosco co. , on Lake Huron, at 
 the mouth of Au Sable R., 65 m. NNE. Bay City; lumbering 
 industry. P. <4000. 
 
 Oscott, New, P.O., Eng., Staffordshire, 2 m. from Erdington. 
 
 Osea Island, a small isl. , Eng. , Essex, in the estuary of the 
 Blackwater, 35-4! m. E. Maldon. 
 
 Osen, vil. , Norway, prov. S. Trondhjem, on the W. ct. , 63 m. 
 N. by E. Trondhjem, in about 64° 20' N. 
 
 Ose-sakl, or Cape Goto, the SW. point of the isl. of Fukue, 
 and of the Goto Is. , Japan ; lighthouse in 32° 3/ N. , 128° 56' 
 E., visible 23 m. 
 
 Osgathorpe, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 6i m. W. 
 Loughborough, 2 m. N. by W. Whitwick stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Osgodby, part of par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, P. O. See Klrkby 
 with Osgodby and Owersby. 
 
 Osgodby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 8 m. 
 SE. Grantham, 3 m. NE. Corby stn. P. <25o. See Lavlngton. 
 
 Osgodby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 9^ m. NW. Goole, i^ m. W. Cliff Common stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Osgodby Nab, cape, Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, at the S. 
 end of Scarborough Bay. 
 
 Osgoldcross, pari. div. , in the E. of the W. Riding of York- 
 shire, Eng. P. (1891) 66,800. 
 
 Osgood, vil., U.S., Indiana, Ripley co., 62 m. SE. Indiana- 
 polis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Osgoode, vil., Canada, Ontario, Carleton co., 16 m. SE. by 
 S. Ottawa. 
 
 Oshawa, settlement, Canada. See Port Ostaawa. 
 
 Oshawa, tn. , Canada, prov. and co. Ontario, 33 m. NE. by 
 E. Toronto, 6h m. E. Whitby, on a railway. P. <5000. 
 
 Osheba, another name for the Fans {q.v.), W. Africa. 
 
 O'shlma, Oho-shlnia, Oo-shlma, the largest of the N. group 
 of the Riu-kiu (Lu-chu) Is., Japan. 
 
 O'shlma, Oslma-no-Izn, or Vrles Island, isl. , Japan, Izu, 
 62 m. SSW. Tokyo, and about 25 m. from the mouth of Tokyo 
 Bay ; has a cone still in activity. 
 
 Oshkosh, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Winnebago co., on W. 
 shore of Lake Winnebago, at mouth of upper Fox R. , which 
 is here about 600 ft. wide, forming a capacious harbour, 45 m. 
 SW. of the head of Green Bay, with granite quarries ; has 
 water communication with the rich lumber region to the N. 
 Alt. 753 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 15,700; (1890) 22,800. 
 
 Oshniyany (Polish Oszmlana), dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 
 34 m. SE. Vilno ; has suffered much since the Polish insurrec- 
 tion of 1831. P. 5175. 
 
 Oshogbo, tn., W. Africa, Yoruba country, 135 m. NE. Lagos. 
 P. 35,000-40,000 (Proc. R. G. S., 1891 p. 585). 
 
 Oshten, or Flsht, peak, in western part of Caucasus Main 
 Range, 42° 46' N. , 40° 10' E. , 27 m. from Black Sea coast. 
 
 Oshan, riv., W. Africa, flows W. through Yoruba (q.v.), 
 past Oshogbo and Ede, then S. by W. into the Lekki lagoon. 
 If freed from natural obstructions would be navigable to the 
 neighbourhood of Ibadan {Proc. R. G. S., 1891, p. 580). 
 
 Oslkovlca (-tsa), tn., Bulgaria, prov. Vraca, 37 m. ENE. 
 Sofia. P. <:3000. 
 
 Osllo, tn., Sardinia, prov., circle, and 6 m. E. Sassari. P. 
 (comm.) 5400. 
 
OSIM — OSTE 
 
 Oslnio, tn., Italy, The Marches, prov. and 9 m. S. Ancona. 
 P, 5100. 
 
 Oslpaoiilca (-tsa), vil., Servia, prov. and 11 m. SSE. Semen- 
 dria. P. <4000. 
 
 Osjek, tn. , Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia. See Esseg. 
 
 Oskaloosa, city, U.S., Iowa, Mahaska co., 64 m. SE. Des 
 Moines ; situated in the best coal region of the W. P. 6600 ; 
 (1895) 8600. 
 
 Oskaloosa, vil., U.S., Kansas, Jefferson co. , 22 m. W. by S. 
 Leaven vv^orth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oskarsbamn, tn., Sweden, prov. and 42 m. N. Kalmar, on 
 E. ct. The harbour has an area of 10 ac. , a depth at entrance 
 of 24 ft., and beside the quays 7 to 14 ft.; length of quayage, 
 3000 ft. There is good anchorage in 23 to 40 ft. Here are 
 two dry docks — one 310 ft. long, 49 ft. wide, and with 15 ft. on 
 sill at high water ordinary springs ; the other 157 ft. 8 in. long, 
 49 ft. wide, and 13 ft. 6 in. on sill at high water ordinary springs. 
 Exports wood pulp, oats, matches. P. 5900. 
 
 Oslawan, tn. , Austria, Moravia, on riv. Oslawa, circle and 
 13I m. WSW. Briinn. P. <3ooo. 
 
 6sle»toii an«l Tliarvastoii, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , 
 6| m. W. Derby, 3^ m. N. by W. Etwall stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Oslo, or Opslo, former city and cap. of Norway, now a SE. 
 suburb of Christiania. It was founded about 1050, and burned 
 down in 1567, and again in 1624. 
 
 Osnia, riv. , Bulgaria, rises on the border of Eastern Roumelia, 
 in the Balkan Mts., and flows N., NE., and NW. past Lovec 
 to the Danube, which it joins on the r. bk. above Nikopoli. 
 
 Osma, tn. , Spain, prov. and 30 m. WSW. Soria, on the riv. 
 Ucero. P. < 2000. 
 
 Osman Bazar, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. and 27 m. WSW. Shumla. 
 Alt. 2065 ft. P. <4000. 
 
 Osmanie, tn. , in the SE. of Asia Minor, 53 m. E. Adana. 
 
 Osmanjlk, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet Sivas, 125 m. ENE. 
 Angora, on r. bk. of the Kizil Irmak. It has a superb mauso- 
 leum, constructed by Bajazet II. in honour of one of the saints 
 of Islam. According to tradition, O. is the cradle of Osman, 
 the founder of the Ottoman Empire (1301). 
 
 Osmaston, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, S. div. , 2 m. SSE. Derby, 
 I m. S. Littleover stn. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Osinaston, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 11 m. NW. by 
 W. Derby, 2 m. SE. Ashbourne stn., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Osnilngton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., 4m. NE. Wey- 
 mouth, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Osmotb'erley, par., Eng., Lancashire, dist. and 2 m. NW. 
 Ulverston. P. <5oo. See Ulverston. 
 
 Osmotlierley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond 
 div., 15 m. S. by W. Middlesbrough, 6 m. NE. by E. North- 
 allerton, 4^ m. SE. Welbury stn., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Osnabriick, formerly spelt in England Osuabnrg, or Osna- 
 bargb, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, cap. dist. , on the Hase, 75 
 m. SSW. Bremen, and 70 m. WSW. Hanover. Important iron 
 and steelworks ; manufactures machinery, gas-meters, chemicals, 
 paper, and tobacco ; formerly linen was the staple product, and 
 gave name to ' osnaburgs." Railway station of Une from Ham- 
 burg to Miinster. Charlemagne founded a diocese here, but 
 after the Reformation and Thirty Years' War Osnaburg de- 
 clined ; the last bishop was the Duke of York, son of George 
 III., the chapter being dissolved in 1802. In 1859 a Roman 
 Catholic diocese was constituted, and the cathedral, with three 
 towers, is the chief public building ; the Marienkirche, a Gothic 
 building of the 14th century, has finer architecture. The chief 
 promenades, on the site of the ancient fortifications, separate 
 the old town from its handsome modern extensions. Alt. 65 ft. 
 P. (1871)23,300; (1880)32,800, one-third being Roman Catholics; 
 (1890) 39,900. 
 
 Osnabnrg, vil, U.S., Ohio, Stark co., 62 m. NW. by N. 
 Wheeling (W. Va.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Osney Hill, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, dist. and near Witney. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Oso, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Frontenac co. , 40 m. N. by W. 
 Kingston, on a railway. 
 
 Osomarl, vil., W. Africa, on the 1. bk. of the Niger, in about 
 5° 52' N., 6° 38' E. 
 
 Osoppo, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 15 m. NW. by N. 
 Udine, on the 1. bk. of the Tagliamento. P. <yK)0- 
 
 Osorno, tn. , S. Chile, prov. Llanquihue, cap. dep. O. , 66 m. 
 NNW. Puerto Montt. The extinct volcano of O. (alt. 7400 ft.) 
 is 57 m. SE. P. <40oo. 
 
 Osorno, tn., Spain, prov. and 30 m. N. by E. Palencia. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 OspLno, tn. , Venezuela, Zamora, 190 m. SW. by W. Caracas. 
 
 Ospltaletto, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 7J m. W. by N. 
 Brescia. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Osprliige, par., Eng., Kent, div. and J m. W. Faversham, 
 PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oss, comm. , Netherlands. See Oscb. 
 
 Ossa. See Greece, surface. 
 
 Ossa, a name sometimes given to the coast lagoon stretching 
 parallel to the N. shore of the Gulf of Guinea from Porto Novo 
 
 (French Dahome) to the riv. Benin (about 2|°-5° E.), mostly 
 very narrow, but expanding into large lakes in places between 
 Lagos and Lekki. 
 
 Ossa, riv., W. Prussia, joins the Vistula near Graudenz, after 
 a W. course of 45 m. 
 
 Ossabaw Island, isl., U.S., Georgia, forming part of Bryan 
 CO. , 15 m. S. Savannah, at entrance of Ogeechee R. Length, 9 m. 
 
 Ossabaw Sound, bay, U.S., Georgia, between Chatham co. 
 and Bryan co. , 9 m. S. Savannah. 
 
 Ossana, vil., Austria, Tirol, 34 m. WSW. Botzen, close to 
 Fucine. 
 
 Ossan, large and beautiful valley of French Pyr^n^es, in dep. 
 Basses-Pyr^ntes, S. of Pau, communicating with Spain (Huesca) 
 by the Pass of Pourtalet or Aneu. 
 
 Osse, sometimes called Losse, torrent, France, rises on the 
 confines of deps. Gers and Hautes-Pyr6n6es, and flows N., 
 joining the G^lise 3 m. WSW. of N6rac. Whilst frequently dry 
 in summer, it has a discharge of 8700 cubic ft. in flood. Length, 
 75 m. ; area, 205 sq. m. 
 
 Os Sebastricum, tn., Africa. See DIassana. 
 
 Ossegor, ct. pool, France. See Hossegros. 
 
 Ossendyke, part of par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Rytber. 
 
 Ossero, fishing vil. , Austria, Coast Prov. , on SW. ct. of isl. 
 Cherso, 29 m. SE. Pola. P. <20oo. Mount Ossero, N. end of 
 isl. Lussin, opposite village of Ossero ; alt. 1900 ft. 
 
 Ossetes, or Osses, stem of Caucasians, Russia, provs. Terek 
 and Tiflis. Osses is the name given to them by the Georgians, 
 while they give themselves the name of Iron, and to their terr. 
 Ironiston ; Asses and Yasses of Russian chronicles. Most 
 probably the Alans of ancient writers. Occupy now a special 
 Ossetian dist. in the middle part of the main Caucasus range. 
 Their number was estimated in 1886-90 at 127,430. 
 
 Ossett, mun. bor. (since 1890) and par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, S. div., 3J m. W. Wakefield, in the diocese of Wake- 
 field, on the Calder, and Calder and Hebble Canal, with three 
 stns. on G. N. R. Staple manufacture is in woollen rags, and 
 mungo, merino, and extract wools ; extensive collieries ; gram- 
 mar school and mechanics' institution ; technical school since 
 1884, enlarged i8go. Mun. bor. (1890) 3105 ac. , P. (1871) 
 9200; (1891) 11,000 nearly; par. (O. wltb Gawtborpe) P. 
 11,000; eccles. par. (Soutb O.) P. < 5000. 
 
 Ossl, tn. , Sardinia, prov. and 4 m. SSE. Sassari. P. 
 (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Osslan, vil, U.S., Indiana, Wells co., 88 m. NE. by N. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Osslan, vil., U.S., Iowa, Winneshiek co., 25 m. SE. Cresco 
 by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Osslan Locb, lake, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the extreme S. , 
 in 4° 38'-4o' W. , 3 m. long ; drained N. into Loch Gulbin. 
 Alt. 1269 ft. 
 
 Osslngton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 7J m. 
 NNW. Newark, 2 m. WNW. Carlton-on-Trent stn., P.O. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Osslpee, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Carroll co., 41 m. NE. 
 by N. Concord. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Osslpee Lake, U.S., New Hampshire, in the E. of Carroll 
 CO., drained E. by the Ossipee R. into Saco R., 45 m. NNE. 
 Concord. 
 
 Ossory, Roman Catholic diocese. Ire., SW. Leinster prov. ; 
 the bishop's seat is at Kilkenny. 
 
 Ossun, tn., France, dep. Hautes-Pyr^n^es, 12 m. NW. Bag- 
 neres-de-Bigorre, arr. and 7 m. SW. by W. Tarbes. P. <3000. 
 
 Ost, Ger., 'east.' 
 
 OstasbkOT, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 162 m. NW. Tver, 
 on S. shore of Lake Seliger, at the head of Volga; fishing, 
 considerable fabrication of boots and leather goods, as also 
 scythes, hatchets, and other hardware as domestic industries. 
 P. 12,030. 
 
 Oste, riv., Prussia, prov. Hanover, flows N. into the Elbe, 
 which it enters about 12 m. E. of Cuxhaven ; navigable from 
 Minstedt, 48 m., and connected with the Hamme by canal. 
 
 Ostend (named from being the east end of a strip of land 
 along the shore), seapt. tn. and watering-place, Belgium, prov. 
 W. Flanders, on the German Ocean, 'j'j m. WNW. Brussels, 
 and 60 m. E. of the Kentish coast, on a large plain below high- 
 water level. It is a terminus of several railways and of the 
 Bruges canal, besides being a station for the Dover mail-packets 
 and for London steamers. The granite sea-wall, 3 m. long, 
 and two piers, serve as excellent promenades. Other objects of 
 interest are the tidal harbour, with two large floating basins, and 
 important fish traffic ; the school of navigation, the Cursaal, 
 the lighthouse 175 ft. high, and the king's summer palace. 
 The concourse of visitors in the season amounts to from 18,000 
 to 20,000, the extensive smooth sands being admirably adapted 
 for bathing purposes. O. is the second Belgian port, and has 
 1148 ft. of quayage for merchant vessels, 574 ft. for govern- 
 ment vessels. Exports butter, rabbits, oysters, nearly all for 
 England. Manufactures sailcloth, tobacco, candles, &c., but 
 these are unimportant. Raised to a stronghold by the Prince 
 of Orange, it endured a siege by the Spanish of over 3 years, 
 
 1147 
 
O ST E 
 
 O S W E 
 
 1601-1604 ; from 1794 to 1814 it belonged to France. The walls 
 were demolished in 1865. Mean temp., yr. 51.0° F., Jan. 38.8°, 
 July 64.8°. P. (1866)16,700; (1886)22,600; (1890)24,400. 
 
 Osteodes, ancient name of Medico {q.y.), isl. , Sicily. 
 
 Oster, Qstra, Ostre, Scandinavian ; Oster also found in Ger. 
 place-names, 'east.' 
 
 Oster (Ostior), dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 61 m. SSW. 
 Chernigov, on 1. bk. Desna, near its junction with O. P. 5210. 
 
 Osterath, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle and 6 m. SSE. 
 Krefeld. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Osterbauerscliaft, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. 
 Miinster, circle and 9 m. NW. Steinfurt. P. <30oo. 
 
 Osterbotteii, Finland. See Ule&ljoi^ and Vasa. 
 
 Osterbnrg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, on riv. Aland, 47 m. 
 N. by E. Magdeburg, cap. O. circle. P. < 5000. 
 
 dsterdal (' eastern valley'), valley, E. Norway, traversed by 
 the railway from Christiania to Trondhjem and the riv. Glom- 
 men. In the wider sense it designates the Glommen valleys from 
 Roraas to Kongsvinger ; in the narrower sense, it is confined 
 to the upper part of the Glommen valley proper. 
 
 Oster Ems, strait, Prussia, prov. Hanover, forming the 
 entrance to the Ems to the E. of the isl. of Borkum. 
 
 Osterfeld, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Weissenfels, 18 
 m. NE. by E. Jena, 7 m. SE. Naumburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Osterfeld, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Reckling- 
 hausen, 6 m. NW. by W. Essen. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ostergotland, prov., Sweden [q.v.), between the Baltic and 
 Lake Wetter ; cap. Linkoping. 
 
 Osterliofeii, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Bavaria, 
 circle Vilshofen, 21 m. WNW. Passau. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Osterholz, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, 10 m. N. Bremen, 
 cap. O. circle. P. < 2000. 
 
 Osterkappeln, vil. with certain rights of jurisdiction [weich- 
 bild), Prussia, prov. Hanover, 8^ m. NE. by E. Osnabriick. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Osterley, stn., Eng. , Middlesex, Brentford div. , on the 
 District Rly. , 11 m. W. by S. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Osterlbfsta, vil., Sweden, prov. (Ian) and 39 m. N. Upsala; 
 has rich iron-mines. P. 4000. 
 
 Osterubnrg, comm. , Ger., gd. -duchy and dist. Oldenburg, 
 on the r. bk. of the Hunte, opposite Oldenburg. P. 5200. 
 
 Ostero, one of the Faroe Is., to the E. of Stromo. 
 
 dstero, isl., W. ct. Norway, prov. _Bergen, the largest of the 
 isls. of S. Norway, separated by the Osterfjord from the penin. 
 on which Bergen stands. Area, 125 sq. m. 
 
 Osterode (am Harz), tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 18 m. NE. 
 Gottingen ; cap. O. circle. P. 6600. 
 
 Osterode (lu Ostpreussen), tn. , Prussia, prov. £. Prussia, 
 39 m. SE. by S. Elbing, on Lake Drewenz ; cap. O. circle. 
 P. 8900. 
 
 dsterrlsiir, tn. , Norway, prov. Nedenas, on the S. ct, 26 m. 
 NE. by E. Arndal. P. <4000. 
 
 Ostersuud, tn., Sweden, prov. Jemtland, on Lake Stor, too 
 m. NW. by W. Sundsvall. Alt. 972 ft. Mean temp., yr. 34.8° 
 F. , Feb. 16.1°, July 57.1°. P. 5300. 
 
 Oster Weddlngeii, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Wanz- 
 leben, 6 m. SSW. Magdeburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Osterwlck, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Miinster, 
 circle and 5 m. NNE. Koesfeld. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Osterwleck, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle and 17 m. 
 WNW. Halberstadt, 15 m. SE. by S. Wolfenbuttel. P. 5400. 
 
 Ostft'lesland, dist. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, between the N W. 
 of Oldenburg and the Dollart. 
 
 Ost-Grossefeliu, vil., Prussia, in NW. of prov. Hanover, 
 govt., circle, and 6 m. SE. Aurich. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Ostlianiniar, tn., Sweden, prov. Stockholm, 40 m. NE. 
 Upsala. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ost-Havellaiid, circle, Prussia, in the middle of the prov. 
 Brandenburg, crossed in the middle by 52^° N. , and by 13° E. , 
 cap. Nauen. 
 
 Osthelm, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Saxe- Weimar, circle Eise- 
 nach, 19 m. SSE. Dermbach. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Osthofen, market-tn. , Ger. , gd. -duchy Hesse, circle and 5 m. 
 NNW. Worms. P. <4000. 
 
 Ostla (Latin, 'mouth'), vil., Italy, prov. and 13 m. SW. 
 Rome, near the mouth of the Tiber; formerly port of Rome, 
 now almost deserted on account of its unhealthiness. Here are 
 a cathedral and an episcopal palace. During the 19th century 
 the sand was cleared away from several of the ancient temples 
 and streets. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ostlauo, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov., circle, and 12 m. NE. 
 Cremona, on 1. bk. of the Oglio. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Ostlglla, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 18 m. ESE. 
 Mantua, on the 1. bk. of riv. Po. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ostior, tn. , Prussia. See Oster. 
 
 Ost-Prlgnltz, circle, Prussia, in the NW. of the prov. 
 Brandenburg, crossed in the S. by 53° N., and E. of 12 E.; 
 cap. Kyritz. 
 
 Ostrauder, vil. , Canada. See Selton. 
 
 Ostran, Miikrlsch, tn. , Austria. See Miihrtsch Ostran. 
 1148 
 
 Ostrawitz, tn., Austria, Moravia, dist. Mistek, 17 m. SSE. 
 Neu-Titschein. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ostrlck, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Iserlohn, 12 
 m. SE. by S. Dortmund. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ostritz, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Bautzen, on the Neisse, 
 10 m. S. by W. Gorlitz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Ostro, Puuta d', cape, Austria, Dalmatia, on W. side of 
 entrance to Gulf of Cattaro, in 42° 27' N., 18° 34' E. Mean 
 temp., yr. 61.9° F. , Jan. 48.7°, July 77.8°. 
 
 Ostrog, in Slavonic place-names, 'fortification,' ' fortified wall. ' 
 
 OstroK, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Oppeln, circle and i 
 m. N. Ratibor. P. <4000. 
 
 Ostrog, dist. tn. , Russia, govt. Volhynia, 90 m. W. Zhitomir, 
 on Viliya ; brisk trade with Galicia. P. 17,100. 
 
 Ostrogozhsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 65 m. S. Voronezh, 
 on Tikhaya Sosna R. ; trade in corn, honey, wax, and cattle. 
 P. 710Q. 
 
 Ostroleka (Ostroleuka), dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt, 
 and 22 m. WSW. Lomza, on Narew R. , in a woody and sandy 
 neighbourhood, on highroad from Kovno to Warsaw ; great 
 battle between Russians and Poles in 1831. P. 7500. 
 
 Ostroppa, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Oppeln, circle 
 Tost-Gleiwitz, 3 m. WSW. Gleiwitz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ostrov, Bulgarian; Ostrovo, Servian, 'island.' 
 
 OstroT, or Ostrovsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 35 m. S. 
 Pskov, on r. bk. Velikaya and on St. Petersburg-Warsaw Rly. ; 
 fishing, flax-combing. P. 5000. 
 
 Ostrov, or OstroTn, tn. , Roumania, in the Dobruja, near 
 r. bk. of Danube, 86 m. SSE. Braila. P. <30oo. 
 
 Ostrov Mare, vil. , Roumania, prov. MehedintI, on an island 
 in the Danube, 24 m. S. by E. Orsova. 
 
 Ostrovo, tn. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet and sanjak Salonica, 
 30 m. SE. by E. Monastir. Lake Ostrovo is a basin with no 
 apparent drainage, about 10 m. long; greatest depth, 158 ft.; 
 alt. 1730 ft. 
 
 08tr«>w, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt. Lom^a, 53 m. NE. 
 Warsaw, 10 m. N. of St. Petersburg Rly. P. 8970. 
 
 Ostrowlec, tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 33 m. SSE. 
 Radom. P. 5300. 
 
 Ostroivo, tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, 50 m. NE. Breslau ; cap. 
 circle O. P. 9700. 
 
 Ostroiac, fortified tn. , Bosnia, prov. Bihac, 65 m. NE. by N. 
 Zara. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ostsee ('East Sea'), German name of the Baltic, a name 
 originally due to the ancient vikings of Denmark and S. Norway. 
 
 Ost-^e, or Baltic, provs. of Russia, including Esthonia, 
 Kurland, and Livonia. 
 
 Ost-Sternberg, circle, Prussia, in the E. of the prov. Branden- 
 burg, crossed in the middle by 52^° N., and in the W. by 15° E.; 
 cap. Zielenzig. 
 
 Ostniil, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 19 m. WNW. Brin- 
 disi. P. 18,200. 
 
 Ostyaks, Finnish stem of the Ugrian branch, probably nearly 
 akin to old Ugrians ; inhabit NW. Siberia, N. part of govt. 
 Tobolsk, and Narym dist. of Tomsk, in the basin of lower Ob', 
 as also (about 1000) in Turukhansk dist. of govt. Yeniseisk ; 
 have maintained in full their old clan organisation ; renowned 
 for their mild character and honesty, and brought into a sort of 
 slavery by Russian traders ; live chiefly on hunting and fishing. 
 Number about 25,000. 
 
 Osu, tn., Japan, in W. of Shikoku, 180 m. SW. by W. Kobe. 
 
 Osunil, kuni or old prov., Japan, now in Kagoshima ken. 
 
 Osuna, the ancient Urso, then Julia Genetiva of the Romans, 
 tn., S. Spain, in one of the most fertile plains of Andalusia, cap. 
 dist. O., 53 m. ESE. Seville. Taken from the Moors in 1239. 
 P. (comm.) 19,400. 
 
 Oswaldklrk, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 
 17I m. N. York, \\ m. W. Nunnington stn., PT.O. P. ^250. 
 
 Oswaldtwistle, par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 2 
 m. SW. Accrington ; has cotton manufactures, chemical works, 
 and collieries. 4883 ac. P. 13,300. 
 
 Oswegatchle, riv., U.S., New York, in the NE., issues from 
 a small lake in the N. of Herkimer co. , traverses Cranberry 
 Lake to the W. of Bear Mt., and flows WNW., NE., and 
 NW. to the St. Lawrence, which it joins on th^ r. bk. at 
 Ogdensburg. 
 
 Oswe'go, vil., U.S., Illinois, Kendall co., 39 m. W. by S. 
 Chicago. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Oswego, city, U.S., Kansas, Labette co., on the r. bk. of the 
 Neosho, 30 m. WNW. of the SE. corner of the state. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Oswego, city, U.S., New York, O.co. , on Lake Ontario, 60 m. 
 ENE. Rochester ; principal port on the American side of Lake 
 Ontario ; water-power supplied by Oswego R. Has grain trade, 
 and extensive starch-works and flour-mills. Fort Ontario over- 
 looks the lake. The new harbour, at the mouth of the Oswego 
 R. , has a depth of 20 ft. , and is one of the best upon the great 
 lakes. Alt. 304 ft. Mean temp., yr. 47.5° F., Jan. 26.2°, July 
 70.4°; rfall. (12 yrs.), 36.59 in. P. (1880) 21,100; (1890)21,800. 
 
 Oswego Falls, vil. , U.S. , New York, Oswego co. , on Oswego 
 R., 12 m. SSE. Oswego. P. <20oo. 
 
OS WE 
 
 O TT A 
 
 Oswego Kiver, U.S. See Seneca River. 
 
 Os'westry, mun. bor. (since Richard II.), par., and market- 
 tn. , Eng. , Shropshire, O. div. , 15 m. NW. Shrewsbury, in the 
 diocese of St. Asaph, with stn. on G. W. R. and Cambrian R. 
 The trade is mainly agricultural, tanning and malting, but the 
 town contains the works of the Cambrian Rly. The name is 
 from the Northumbrian king Oswald, slain here in 642. 
 O. was the scene of many fights between the Saxons and Welsh, 
 and also between the Welsh and Normans. There are fairs 
 every W. Market-days, W. and S. Mean rfall. (1866-80, 
 Hengoed, alt. 470 ft.), yr. 39. in. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 2700; 
 (1851) 4800; (1871) 7300; (1891) 8500; rural par. 14,346 ac, 
 P. (i89i)<45oo; pari. div. P. (1891) 54,200. 
 Oswleclm, tn., Austria. See Anscliwltz. 
 Osyeba, another name for the Fans (q.v.), W. Africa. 
 Osyka, vil. , U.S., Mississippi, Pike co., 65 m. SE. by E. 
 Natchez. P. < 1500. 
 
 6-Szent-Anna, comm. , Hungary, co. Arad, dist. Vildgos, 
 15 _m. NE. -Arad. P. < 5000. 
 
 6-Szivsicz, comm. , Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. and 13 
 m. ESE. Zombor. P. 7300. 
 
 Osznilaiia, tn. , Russia. See 0.shinyany. 
 O-Sztapitr, comm., Hungary, co. Bics-Bodrog, dist. and 10 
 m. E. Apatin. P. 5500. 
 
 Ota'go, prov. dist. , New Zealand, occupying the greater part 
 of the South I., S. of the prov. dists. Canterbury and Westland. 
 Its W. parts belong to the region of the New Zealand Alps ; its 
 E. parts are partly forest, partly pasture and arable land. Gold 
 exists in large quantities, and also coal, hewn stone, and slates. 
 See Xe'w Zealaiul. 
 
 Otaheite, isl. See Tahiti. 
 
 Otalinliii, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I., Manukau co. , 
 5 m. SE. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Otakl, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Horowhenua co. , 
 on the W. ct. , 45 m. NNE. Wellington, in 40° 38' S. P. < 1500, 
 Otakla, tp. , New Zealand, South I., Taieri co., 19 m. SW. 
 Dunedin by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Otamatea, co. , New Zealand, North I., on E. ct., S. of 36° S. 
 Otanieto, vil., Mexico, Sinaloa, 162 m. WNW. Durango. 
 Otainysli, vil. , Russia, See Uteinlsh. 
 Otapldaram, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 30 m. ENE. 
 Tinnevelli. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ota'rn, tn. , Japan, Ezo, 90 m. N. Hakodate. 
 Otas, vil. , Ecuador. See Santa Rosa de Otas. 
 Otate, tn. , Japan. See Odate. 
 
 Otautan, tn. , New Zealand, South I., Wallace co. , 25 m. 
 NW. Invercargill. P. < 1500. 
 
 Otavalo, tn. , Ecuador, prov. Imbabura, 35 m. NE. by N. 
 Quito ; destroyed by earthquake of 1868. P. <:400o. 
 
 OtaTl, or Otave, vil., Ovambo-land, SW. Africa, about 125 
 m. ESE. of the mouth of the Kuneni R. , with extensive copper 
 deposits ; the neighbourhood honeycombed with shallow pits 
 where the native Bushmen extracted the surface ore. 
 
 Ot<lla, Wotje, or Rnnianzoff, isls. , Pacific, Marshall Archi- 
 pelago, Ratak group, crossed by 170° E. , gj° N. 
 
 Otea, native name of Great Barrier I., New Zealand. 
 Otego, vil. , U.S. , New York, Otsego co. , on the Susquehanna, 
 66 m. SE. Syracuse. P. <;i5oo. 
 Otero, isl. , Norway. See Ottero. 
 
 Otero, CO., U.S., Colorado, crossed by 38° N. , and in the W. 
 by 104° W. , traversed by the Arkansas R. , and the Atchison, 
 Topeka, and Santa Fe Rivs. 
 
 Otero de Rey, comm., Spain, Galicia, dist. and 6 m. NW. 
 Lugo. P. < 5000. 
 
 Otford, par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., on the Daren th, 8i 
 m. NNW. Tunbridge, on the L. C. & D. R. , PMT.O. P. <isoo! 
 Otham, par. , Eng. , Kent. , Medway div. , 2| m. SE. Maid- 
 stone, 2 m. SW. by S. Bearsted stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Otkery, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 6 m. SE. by E. 
 Bridgwater, P.O. P. <75o. 
 Othouol, isl., Greece, NW. of Corfu. P. (1889) 864. 
 Otliry.s, mt. chain, long known as Hellovo, which formed 
 the N. frontier of Greece till the annexation of Thessaly after 
 the treaty of Berlin (1878), now forming the frontier between the 
 provs. [nomoi) of Trikkala and Larissa on the N., and Phthiotis 
 and Phocis on the S. , in about 39° N.-2i° 30' and 23° E., and 
 connected westward with the Pindus chain ; highest peak, 
 Gerakovouni, 5670 ft. 
 
 Otis, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co., 26 m. W. 
 Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Otkaznoye, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. and 105 m. SE. 
 Stavropol, on upper Kuma R. P. 5140. 
 
 Otley, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 6 m. NW. Woodbridge, 
 P.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Otley, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, O. div., 
 on the Wharfe, 8J m. NNE. Bradford, on the NE. R. ; has 
 manufactures of printing machinery (introduced 1854), and in 
 the par. , which contains also the towns of Baildon and Burley- 
 in-Wharfedale, are several woollen and worsted mills. Near 
 it is Farnley Hall (seat of the Fawkes family), where Turner 
 
 painted so many of his pictures, and where is the finest private 
 collection of his works. Immediately S. of the town rises the 
 abrupt ridge of Chevin, noted for its extensive views. Market- 
 day, F. P. 7800; pari. div. P. (1891) 61,700. 
 
 Otley, vil., U.S., Iowa, Marion co. , 30 m. ESE. Des Moines. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Otlu-kol, tn., Bulgaria. See PaiiaglnrLste. 
 
 Oto Boromwa, lake, Brit. E. Africa. See Korokoro. 
 
 Otocac, comm., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, 50 m. SE. 
 Fiume. Alt. 1505 ft. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Otoe, CO., U.S., Nebraska, in the SE., on the Missouri, S. 
 of 41° N. ; cap. Nebraska City. 
 
 Otoe Agency, Indian vil., U.S., Nebraska, Gage co., 50 m. 
 S. Lincoln, inhabited by the Otoes, tribe of Dakotas united with 
 Missouris. 
 
 Otok,comm. , Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Syrmia, dist. and 
 10 m. S. by E. Vinkovci, and 30 m. S. by E. Essek. P. <4000. 
 
 Otorohanga, tn. , New Zealand, North I., Kawhia co., 115 
 m. S. Auckland by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Otpo, tn., Burma, dist. Henzada, 70 m. S. Prome. P. < 5000. 
 
 Otradnaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Kuban, 
 50 m. SW. Stavropol, on Urup R. P. 8280. 
 
 Otranto (derived from Latin Hydruntum, Greek Ydrous), 
 seapt.-tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, on the E. ct. , 45 m. SE. 
 Brindisi. O. was during the Middle Ages the principal port for 
 shipping to Greece. It has a cathedral and a ruined castle, 
 which appears-in the title of Horace Walpole's romance. The 
 decay of the place dates from its capture and sack by the Turks 
 in 1480. P. <30oo. 
 
 Otranto, Capo«r, cape, 3 m. SSE. , with a lighthouse on the 
 Strait of O. , a channel 44 m. across, which connects the Adriatic 
 with the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 Otscber, Cross, mt. , Lower Austria, 48 m. W. Wiener Neu- 
 stadt. Alt. 6105 ft. 
 
 Otsego, CO., U.S., Michigan, E. of 85° W., crossed by 45° N. 
 
 Otsego, vil. , U. S. , Michigan , Allegany co. , on the Kalamazoo 
 R., 77 m. NE. by E. of the SW. corner of the state ; has mag- 
 netic springs. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Otsego, CO., U.S., New York, in the E., S. of 43° N. , and 
 crossed by 75° W. O. Lake in N. of co. is 9 m. long, and 1-2 
 m. wide. Alt. 1193 ft. 
 
 Otsn, vil, Japan, on the SE. ct. of Yezo, 165 m. ENE. 
 Hakodate, at the mouth of the Otsugawa, a branch of the 
 Tokachi R. 
 
 Otsn, tn., Japan, Honshiu, in a beautiful situation at the foot 
 of Lake Biwa, 8 m. E. by N. Kyoto. Scene of the attempt on 
 the life of the Tsarevich, May 11, 1891. P. 31,100. 
 
 Ottagnecliee, riv., U.S., Vermont, in the E. It rises in the 
 Green Mts. , and flows E. to the Connecticut, which it joins on 
 the r. bk. at North Hartland, in 43° 35' N. 
 
 Ottakrlng, suburb of Vienna, Austria. 
 
 Ott'awa (named after an Indian tribe), river, Canada, 
 one of the largest in British America, rises close to the 
 watershed between the Hudson Bay and the St. Lawrence 
 basin, nearly 300 m. N. of the capital, to which it has given 
 its name, and after a 600 m. course (W. and SE. ) reaches the 
 St. Lawrence by two mouths, forming the island Montreal. 
 The source is assigned to a Lake Ottawa (named 1887), in 
 about 48° N., near which also rises the Gatineau, its chief trib. 
 It receives four important tribs. on each bank, besides many 
 smaller ones, forms numerous large lakes, and separates for 
 a great part of its course Ontario and Quebec, the area of the 
 country watered by this river system being 80,000 sq. m. , and 
 the quantity of timber floated on it in the ' lumber trade ' im- 
 equalled. Upon approaching the capital the river narrows to 
 200 ft., forms the Chaudiere Falls, 40 ft. high, and 2 m. further 
 E. , at the other extremity of the capital, the trib. Rideau. 
 Half-way between those falls the Rideau Canal intersects the 
 town to communicate by water with Lake Ontario. 
 
 Ottavfa, episcopal city, Canada, cap. of the Dominion, seat 
 of the supreme court, and residence of the governor-general, 
 on the r. bk. of the riv. Ottawa (and therefore in province 
 Ontario), about 90 miles above its junction with the St. 
 Lawrence. It is 120 miles W. Montreal, or (by Canadian 
 Atlantic Rly.) 116 miles. O. is also served by the Canadian 
 Pacific Rly. Steamers ply to Montreal and for 200 m. 
 up the river above the falls, as well as to Kingston, by the 
 Rideau Canal. The city is regularly laid out in rectangular 
 blocks, extending 2 m., from the Chaudiere Falls to the Rideau 
 Falls ; and the Rideau Canal separates the higher town from 
 the lower. On Parliament Hill, overlooking the broad river 
 and much grand scenery, are built the Government Buildings, 
 the central building 470 ft. long. Other public edifices are 
 the Roman Catholic cathedral, 200 ft. high, the O. Univer- 
 sity, two hospitals, the Government Normal School, &c. The 
 public library contains 140,000 volumes. On the 1. (N.) bk. 
 is the town of Hull. An eastern suburb. New Edinburgh, 
 beyond the Rideau R. , contains the residence of the governor- 
 general. The industries are mainly connected with the lumber 
 trade ; some manufactures of flour, iron goods, leather, matches, 
 
 1149 
 
OTTA — OUAC 
 
 Alt. 300 ft. Rfall. (10 yrs.), 19.7111. ; snow'fall (12 yrs.), 117.1 
 in. P. (1851) 7760; (1861)14,700; {1871)21,500; (1881)27,400; 
 (1891) 44,200, one-half being Roman Catholics, to which 15,000 
 may be added for the suburbs ; about a third of the total 
 population are French Canadians. 
 
 Ottawa, city, U.S., Illinois, La Salle co. , on Illinois R., 73 
 m. SW. by W. Chicago ; abounds in coal ; manufactures agri- 
 cultural implements, starch, and glass. The Fox R. affords 
 great water-power. S. of Illinois R. are great mineral springs 
 in a handsome park. P. (1880) 7800; (1890) 10,000. 
 
 Ottawa, city, U.S., Kansas, FrankUn co., on Osage R., 35 
 m. SE. Topeica ; has large manufactures. In June, place of 
 meeting of the largest Chautauqua assembly in the west. P. 6200. 
 
 Ottawa, CO., U.S., Kansas, crossed in S. by 39° N. 
 
 Ottatra, co. ,U.S. , Michigan, in the SW. , on Lake Michigan, 
 crossed by 43° N. , and traversed by the Grand R. 
 
 Ottawa, CO., U.S., Ohio, in the NW., on Lake Erie, crossed 
 by 83" W. 
 
 Ottawa, vil., U.S., Ohio, Putnam co., 52 m. SW. by S. 
 Toledo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ottawas, tribe of Algonkin Indians, U.S., a small section 
 are settled in Indian Terr. , but a considerable number are with 
 the Ojibways of Michigan. 
 
 Ottensen, W. suburb of Altona (since 1889), Prussia, prov. 
 Schleswig-Holstein. 
 
 Otteusbeini, comm., crownland Upper Austria, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Danube, dist. and 6 m. WNW. Linz. P. <3000. 
 
 Otteustein, spa. Saxony. See Schwarzen1>erg. 
 
 Otter, vil., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 694 m. 
 by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Otter, riv. , Eng. , in the E. of Devonshire, flows SW. past 
 Honiton and Ottery St. Mary into the English Channel, 4^ m. 
 E. Exmouth ; much frequented by anglers. Total length, 24 m. 
 
 Otter, Otterelv, or TorrisdalselT, riv., S. Norway, flows 
 S. into the Skager Rak, forming the E. port of Christiansand. 
 Length, 140 m. ; area, 1297 sq. m. 
 
 Otterberg, tn. , Ger. , Bavarian Palatinate, circle Kaiserslau- 
 tern, 31m. W. Mannheim (Baden). P. <20oo. 
 
 Otterbonrne, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div. , 4^ m. 
 SSW. Winchester, i^ m. SW. by S. Shawford and Twyford 
 stn., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Otterbnrn, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the Rede, div. 
 and 18^ m. N. by W. Hexham, 4J m. N. Woodburn stn.; 
 coal mined. Here was fought the tough fight of Chevy Chase 
 between the Scottish Earl of Douglas and Hotspur, Earl of 
 Northumberland, on 19th August 1388. PMT.O. 8563 ac. 
 P. <5oo. See Elsdou. 
 
 Otterbnm, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 16 m. N. by E. Burnley, ij m. NW. Bell Busk stn. P. <:250. 
 
 Otterbnrne, stn. , Canada, Manitoba, on the Emerson branch 
 of the C. P. R. , 27 m. S. by E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Otter Creek, riv., U.S., Vermont, in the W. ; rises in the 
 SW. , in the N. of Bennington co. , and flows N. till it enters 
 Lake Champlain, in 44° 13' N. 
 
 Otter Creek, Big, Canada, Ontario, flows E. then S. into 
 Lake Erie, about 80° 48' W. 
 
 Otterden, par., Eng., Kent, on the E. border of the Medway 
 div., 6 m. SW. Faversham, 3 m. N. Charing stn. P. <25o. 
 
 OtterelT, riv. , Norway. See Otter. 
 
 Otter Ferry, P.O., Scot., Argyllshire, on the SE. shore of 
 Loch Fyne, 5 m. E. Ardrishaig. 
 
 Otterford, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., on the 
 S. border, 7 m. S. Taunton. P. <5oo. 
 
 Otterbani, par., Eng., Cornwall, 3^ m. from the NW. ct., 
 div. and lo^ m. WNW. Launceston, on the L. & SW. R., P.O. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Ottertaampton, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 5 m. NW. 
 by N. Bridgwater. P. <:5oo ; eccles. par. (O. with Combwlcta) 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Ottering Hytbe, part of eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk. See 
 Slethwold. 
 
 Otterlngton, North and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Yorkshire, N. Riding. North O., Richmond div., on the 
 Wiske, 12J m. N. by E. Ripon, ij m. N. by E. Newby Wiske 
 stn., P. <;25o ; South O., with a stn. (Otterlngton) on the NE. 
 R., PM.O., P. <;5oo; eccles. par. (North O. with Thornton« 
 le-Beans) P. <:75o. 
 
 Otter Lake, lake, Canada, Ontario, Addington co., 70 m. 
 NW. Kingston. 
 
 Ottemdorf, tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 10 m. ESE. Cux- 
 haven, cap. circle Hadeln (formerly circle O. ). P. < 2000. 
 
 Ottero, isl., Norway, off W. ct. in 64° 30' N. Another 
 island of same name, but sometimes also spelt Otero, off same 
 coast, in 62° 45', W. of Molde Fjord. 
 
 Ottershaw, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div., 9 m. 
 N. by E. Guildford, 2 m. WSW. Addlestone stn., PM.O. P. 
 
 <IOOO. 
 
 Ottersleben, Gross, vil. , Prussia. See Gross-Ottersleben. 
 
 Otterspool, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the Cheshire Lines, 
 to the SE. of Liverpool. 
 1150 
 
 Ottersweier, comm., Ger., gd.-duchyand circle Baden, 2 m. 
 SW^ Buhl. P.<:3000. 
 
 Otterswlck, vil., Scot., Shetland Is., Yell I., Mid and S. 
 Yell par. , at the head of an inlet of the same name, 10^ m. SE. 
 by E. of the N. end of the Mainland. 
 
 Otter TaU, vil., Canada, dist. Alberto, on the C. P. R., 980 
 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, 502 m. from Vancouver. 
 
 Ottertall, co., U.S., Minnesota, in the W., crossed in the W. 
 by 96° W., N. of46°N., 
 
 Ottertall Lake, U.S., Minnesota, O. co., 142 m. NW. 
 Minneapolis, 15 m. long by 3-5 m. wide. The Red R. of the 
 N. issues from its W. end. 
 
 Otterton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., iij m. ESE. 
 E.\eter, 3^ m. SW. by W. Sidmouth stn., P.O. P. <;75o. 
 
 Otterton Point, cape, Eng. , in the E. of Devonshire, at the 
 mouth of the Otter, 5 m. E. by N. Exmouth. 
 
 OtterrUle, vil., Canada, Ontario, O.xford co., 33 m. E. by S. 
 London. 
 
 Ottervllle, vil., U.S., Missouri, Cooper co., 13 m. E. 
 Sedalia by rail P. < 1500. 
 
 Ott'ery St. Mary, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Devonshire, 
 div. and 5 m. SW\ Honiton, iij m. E. by N. Exeter, on the 
 L. & SW. R. The town has an"ancient church ; manufactures 
 of silk and ropes partly employ the population. Birthplace of 
 the poet Coleridge {1772-1834). Market-day, Th. 10,008 ac. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Ottlgllo, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, 18 m. S. by 
 W. Vercelli. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ottlgnles, vil. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Nivelles, on the 
 Dyle, 10 m. N. Ligny. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ottlng, Alt- and Ken-, two adjoining \ils., Bavaria, near the 
 n bk. of the Inn, 31 m. SE. Landshut. Alt-O. P. <4000 ; Neu- 
 O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ottingen, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, circle and 
 9 m. NE. by N. Nordlingen. P. <:40oo. 
 
 , Ottlaka, comm., Hungary, co. Arad, dist. Elek, 23 m. N, 
 O-Arad. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Ottmachan, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 45 m. S. by E. 
 Breslau, circle Grottkau, on the Neisse. P. <40oo. 
 
 Ottnang, comm., Upper Austria, dist. Vocklabruck, 32 m. 
 SW. Linz. P. < 5000. 
 
 Otto, highest peak of Bismarck Range, German New Guinea, 
 about 60 m. S. by W. Astrolabe Bay. 
 
 Ottoblano, vil. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Pa via, circle and 9 
 m. SSE. Mortara. P. < 4000. 
 
 Ottone, vil., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Pavia, on the Trebbia, 
 24 m. NE. Genoa. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ottrlngham, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., II m. E. by S. Hull, on the NE. R., PM.O.; 4305 ac. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Ottum'wa, city, U.S., Iowa, Wapello co., on both banks 
 of the Des Moines R., 75 m. W. by N. Burlington, with ex- 
 tensive manufactures and linseed-oil mills. P. (1880) 9000 ; 
 (1890) 14,000. 
 
 Ottweiler, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 34 m. SE. Treves, cap. 
 circle O. P. <4000. 
 
 Ottynla, tn., Austria, Galicia, dist. Tlumacz, 14 m. SSE. 
 Stanislawow. P. < 5000. 
 
 Otnmba, tn., Mexico, 31 m. NE. Mexico. P. (comm.) 
 9500. 
 
 Otnqnls, riv. , E. Bolivia, formed by the union of the Tucu- 
 baca (250 m. long), and the San Rafael or Lateriquiqui. All 
 three flow SE. , the O. either reaching the Paraguay between 19° 
 and 20° S. , or losing itself earlier in a series of marshes in about 
 19° 4' S. 
 
 O-Tora, comm. , Hungary, co. Nyitra, dist. and 7 m. W. by 
 N. Vag-Ujhely (Neustadl) ; health resort. P. 6100. 
 
 Otuzco, tn., Peru, dep. Libertad, 320 m. NNW. Lima. P. 
 <:4000. 
 
 Otway, Cape, headland, Australia, Victoria, 80 ra. SW. 
 Port Philip, on which is a lighthouse. Alt. 300 ft. Mean temp., 
 yr. 55.2° F., Feb. 61.5°, July 49.2° ; rfall. (13 yrs.), 38.40 in. 
 
 Otway Bay, Chile, in 53 J° S. , between Desolation and Santa 
 Ines Is. 
 
 Otway Water, an inland sea of Tierra del Fuego. 
 
 Otymblnque, mission stn., German W. Africa, Damara- 
 land, in about 18° 20' S., 16° 3' E. 
 
 Otyosazn, vil. and mission stn., S. Africa, Damara-land, in 
 about 17° 58' S., 17° 20' E. 
 
 Otzthal, Alpine valley, Tirol, drained by the Otz, which flows 
 N and enters the Inn, 27 m. W. Innsbruck. This stream has 
 its origin in the Otzthaler Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions, 
 II. A. (4). On them are the biggest glacier, Gepaatsch (7 m. 
 long), in Austria, and Vent and Gurgl, the highest permanently 
 inhabited villages in Europe. 
 
 Ouacha, lake, U.S., Louisiana, in the SE., 10 m. SSW. New 
 Orleans. . . 
 
 Ouachita, or Wash'lta (the former spellmg, originally 
 French, is that recognised by the U.S. Board on Geographic 
 Names, at least for the counties of that name in Arkansas and 
 
OUAC-OUSE 
 
 Louisiana, though the latter gives the English pronunciation), 
 riv. , U.S., rises in the W. of Arkansas, flows E. , SE. , and S. 
 through Arkansas and Louisiana till it joins the Red R. on the 
 1. bk. in 31° 18' N. ; navigable 369 m. for steamboats from 
 Camden, Ouachita co. , Arkansas. Length about 500 m. 
 
 Onachlta, co. , U.S., Arkansas, between 33° and 34° N., and 
 crossed in the W. by 93° W. , traversed by the Ouachita R. 
 
 Onachlta, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, crossed by 32^° N. 
 and 92° W. , traversed by the Ouachita R. 
 
 Oaarean Lake, Canada, Quebec, Montcalm co. , drained S. 
 by the riv. Ouareau into the St. Lawrence, at the confluence of 
 the Ottawa. 
 
 Ouargla, oasis, Algeria. See Wargla. 
 
 Oncliy, vil. , Switzd., cant. Vaud, on the N. side of Lake 
 Geneva, i4 m. S. Lausanne. 
 
 Ond-Beijerlaitd, comm. , Holland. See Beljerlaiulen. 
 
 Ondeberg ('old mountain'), mt. , Cape Colony, near Graaff 
 Reinet ; alt. 5680 ft. On it is a health resort 3930 ft. above sea- 
 level, 1500 ft. above Graaff Reinet. 
 
 Ondeiiarde, Ondenaerden, Belgium. See Andeiiarde. 
 
 Ondeiiboscb, comm., Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 9 m. W. 
 Breda. P. < 5000. 
 
 Oiiderkerk, vil., Holland, prov. S. Holland, on the IJssel, 
 6 m. ENE. Rotterdam. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Oiideivater, tn. , Holland, prov. S. Holland, on the IJssel, 
 12 m. WSW. Utrecht. P. (comm. )<3000. 
 
 Oadli, prov., India. See North- West Provljices. 
 
 Ondh, tn. , India. See AJodhya. 
 
 Oudou, vil., France, dep. Loire-Inf6rieure, arr. Ancenis, on 
 the r. bk. of the Loire, 16 m. NE. by E. Nantes. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ondshoorn, vil., Holland, prov. S. Holland, on the Old 
 Rhine, 7 m. E. by S. Leiden. P. (comm. ) <: 3000. 
 
 Ondtshoorii, tn. , Cape Colony, cap. dist. O. , on Olifant's R. , 
 88 m. S. by W. Beaufort West ; important agricultural centre ; 
 grain, wine, brandy, dried fruits, tobacco, &c. Alt. iioo ft. 
 Mean rfall. (13 yrs.), 9.6 in. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Oued Marsa, Algeria. See Wed Marsa. 
 
 Oaellee River, Canada, Quebec, flows N. then W. into the 
 riv. St. Lawrence, about 70° 4' W. 
 
 Oaesi^aiit, tn. at the head of a bay on the SW. of a small 
 island of the same name (called in English Ushant), France, 
 dep. Finistere, arr. and 28 m. W. by N. Brest. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Onghaval, or Anghaval, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Murrisk, 
 contains Westport town ; 33,695 ac. P. 7200. 
 
 Onghter, Longh, lake. Ire., in the NW. of co. Cavan, 3 m. 
 W. Cavan, 160 ft. above sea-level. 
 
 Onghteragh, par., Ire., co. Leitrim, bar. Carrigallen, on 
 Yellow R. , contains Ballinamore town ; 21,706 ac. P. 5400. 
 
 Ongliteraiiy, bar. , Ire. See Ikeathy and Onghteraiiy. 
 
 Onghterard', tn.. Ire., co. and 155 m. NW. Galway, 
 bar. MoycuUen, on W. shore of Lough Corrib, PMT.O. 
 P. <:iooo. 
 
 Onghterard, par., Ire., NE. co. Kildare, bar. South Salt, 
 65 m. NE. Naas. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ongliterleagne, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bars. Clanwilliam 
 and Kilnamanagh Lower, 4 m. NW. Cashel. P. <5C)o. 
 
 Onghterslde and Allerby, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Cocker- 
 mouth div., on the Ellen, 5J m. ENE. Maryport, i^ m. W, by 
 S. Aspatria stn. , P.O. (Onghterslde). P. <:750. 
 
 Onghtlbrldge, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Hallamshire div., on the Don, 4J m. NW. Sheffield, with stn. 
 (Onghty Bridge) on the M. S. & L. R. , with iron and steel roll- 
 ing mills and manufactures of cutlery, PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Onghtmama, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. and 3 m. S. Burren, 
 on Galway Bay ; 9843 ac. P. <:7SO. 
 
 Onghtrlngtou, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, Lymra par. 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Ongr^e, comm., Belgium, on the Meuse, prov., arr,, and 3 
 m. SSW. Liege. P. 10,400. 
 
 OnUUs, Algeria. See Willis. 
 
 Onlstreham, tn. , France, dep. Calvados, arr. and 9 m. NE. 
 by N. Caen, on the N. ct. ; has a dock 3281 ft. long, iii ft. 
 wide, with a depth on the sill at high water ordinary springs 
 of 19 ft. 4 in., and ordinary neaps of 14 ft. i in., entered by 
 two locks 54 ft. I in. wide, and 106 ft. 9 in. and 103 ft. 6 in. 
 long respectively, length of quayage, 656 ft. P. <2C)oo. 
 
 Onlart, tnld. , Ire., E. co. Wexford, bar. Ballaghkeen, 7 m. 
 E. Enniscorthy, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Onlchy-le-Chdtean, vil., France, dep. Aisne, arr. and 13 m. 
 S. by E. Soissons. P. <2oc)0. 
 
 Onlens, comm., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 9 m. NNW. Lausanne. 
 
 Onley, electoral div.. Ire., co. Down, dist. Saintfield. 
 
 Onley, electoral div.. Ire., co. Down, dist. Donaghmore. 
 
 Onlllns, tn., France, dep. Rhone, arr. and 3 m. SSW. Lyons. 
 P. 7800. 
 
 Onlmes, vil., France, dep. Vendue, arr. Fontenay-le-Comte, 
 II m. WNW. Niort. P. < 2000. 
 
 Onlney, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire. See Olney. 
 
 Onlnlna, goldfield, S. Australia, Herbert co. , in 32° 36' S. , 
 139° 46' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Onlston, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 15 m. E. Ripon, 2 m. S. by E. Coxwold stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Oulton, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Eskdale div. , on the Waver, 
 10 m. W. by S. Carlisle, 1 m. N. Wigton stn. P. <5oo. See 
 Wlgton. 
 
 Onlton, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. , 10 m. SW. by S. Cromer, 
 2 m. SE. Corpusty and Saxthorpe stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Onlton, eccles. par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , 6^ m. S. by 
 E. Stoke upon Trent, i m. NE. Stone June, PM.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Onlton, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 2J m. W. Lowestoft, 
 with a stn. (O. Broad [Mutford]) on the G. E. R., P.O. and 
 PMT.O. (O. Broad). P. < 1500. See Lothlng. 
 
 Onlton with WowUesford, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Normanton div., 5 m. NNE. Wakefield, close to 
 Woodlesford stn., PMT.O. (Onlton). P. < 3000. 
 
 Oulx, comm., Italy, Piedmont, on the Dora Riparia, prov. 
 and 45 m. W. Turin. P. <20oo. 
 
 Onndle (aun'd'l ; corrupted from Avondale), par. and market- 
 tn. , Eng. , N. div. of Northamptonshire, on the Nene, 12 m. S. 
 Stamford, on the L. & NW. R. Has a richly endowed free 
 grammar-school founded by Sir W. Laxton in 1556, and a 
 blue-coat school founded 1616. The well called the ' Drumming 
 Well,' from the peculiar noise it gave forth, no longer exists. 
 Market-day, Th. P. <:30oo ; eccles. par. (O. "vvlth Ashtou) 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Onnlch, Scot., Inverness-shire. See Onlch. 
 
 Onp, Aup, or Onob, wadi or water-course, S. Africa, 
 in Namaqua-land and Bechuana-land ; bed slopes E. then SE. 
 and joins the Nosob, about 25° 50' S. , 21° o' E. 
 
 Onplaymoor, vil., Scot., W. Renfrewshire, 6^ m. SSW. 
 Paisley, near Caldwell stn., PT.O. (I'plaiivnioor). 
 
 Onray, mt. , U.S., Colorado, 113 m. SW. Denver. Alt. 
 14,043 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 Onray, city, U.S., Colorado, O. co., 100 m. NE. of the 
 SW. corner of the state ; silver and lead mined in the vicinity. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Onrce, riv. , France, deps. Haute-Marne, Cote d'Or, and Aube, 
 joins the Seine near Bar-sur-Seine. Length, 60 m. 
 
 Onrcq, riv., France, rises in dep. Aisne, and after a SW. 
 course of 49 m. joins the Marne near Lizy. The Canal d'Onrcq, 
 which supplies Paris with water, branches from the O. at Senlis, 
 and terminates in the basin of La Villette, NE. of Paris. Total 
 length, 67 m. 
 
 Onrem, tn., Portugal, Estremadura, dist. and 29 m. N. 
 Santarem. P. <4000. 
 
 Onrlque, tn. , Portugal, Alemtejo, dist. and 31 m. SSW. 
 Beja. P. <4000. 
 
 Onrnle, postal-tp. , New South Wales, Selwyn co. , 58 m. S. 
 by E. Wagga Wagga ; has gold-mining. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Ouro, in Portuguese place-names, ' gold.' See Or. 
 
 Ouro, isl. of Denmark, in the Ise-fiord, an inlet of Seeland, 
 29 m. WNW. Copenhagen. Length, 4 m.; breadth, 3 m. 
 
 Onro, Rio de, bay, on W. ct. of Africa, a little to the N. of 
 the Tropic of Cancer, penetrating nearly 40 m. NE. , and taken 
 by the Portuguese, A. G. Baldaya, who discovered it to be the 
 estuary of a river, where he bartered for gold dust, hence the 
 name of Golden River. 
 
 Onro Preto, or in full. Villa Rica do Onro Preto ('rich 
 city of black gold '), and formerly known as Villa Rica, tn. and 
 rly. stn., Brazil, cap. of state Minas Geraes, 180 m. N. by W. 
 Rio de Janeiro. The city is overlooked by the double-fieaked 
 Itacolumi ; it owes its origin to gold deposits discovered in 1698. 
 Connected by a branch line of railway with Rio de Janeiro. E. of 
 O. P., at the base of Itacolumi, are the gold-mines of Passagem 
 and the town of Marianna, which, formerly rich like O. P. , is 
 now decayed in consequence of the exhaustion of the mines. 
 P. 20,000. 
 
 Onrtke, riv. , Belgium, trib. of the Meuse, rises in the prov. 
 of Luxembourg, and flows W. , N W. , and N. through that prov. 
 and the prov. of Liege, and joins the Meuse on the r. bk. i m. 
 above Liege. Length 100 m. , of which 35 m. is navigable. 
 
 Onrvllle, vil., France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, arr. Yvetot, 11 
 m. E. by S. Fecamp. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Onsby, par., Eng., Cumberland, div. and 7I m. ENE. 
 Penrith, 3 m. E. by N. Langwathby ; 7472 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Onsden, par., Eng., Suffolk, dist. and 6J m. SE. New- 
 market, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Onse (from Celtic isca, use, ' water"), riv., Eng., Sussex, rises 
 near the source of the Arun, about 5 m. SE. Horsham, flows 
 SE. then S. past Uckfield and Lewes, and cutting through the 
 S. Downs, falls into the English Channel at Newhaven. 
 
 Onse, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, formed by the junction of the 
 Swale and Ure, near Boroughbridge, flows SE. past York, Selby, 
 and Goole, and about 8 m. E. the latter town unites with the 
 Trent to form the estuary of the Humber. Length about 57 
 m., navigable to Goole (^.v.), 8 m. up, for vessels drawing up- 
 wards of 21 ft. ; to York, 43 m. , for vessels of considerable size ; 
 and barges ascend to Ripon with the aid of a small canal, which 
 joins the river about 2A m. below the town. 
 
 1151 
 
OUSE — OVER 
 
 Onse, postal-stn., Tasmania, Cumberland co., on the Ouse, 
 41 m. NW. Hobart. P. <I5(X>. 
 
 Oiise, Great, riv. , Eng. , rises in S. of Bedfordshire, and flows 
 through cos. Norfolk, Northampton, Bucks, Bedford, Hunting- 
 don, and Cambridge, and enters the Wash at King's Lynn. 
 At Earith (a few miles below St. Ives), part of its water has been 
 diverted from its old course (past Ely) by the Old and New Bed- 
 ford canals, straight cuts 20 m. in length, rejoining the town 
 above Downham Market. Chief affluents, the Ivel, Cam, 
 Larke, Little O. , Stoke, and Nar, all from the E. or S. Length, 
 about 160 m., for the latter two-thirds of which, from Bedford 
 downwards, it is navigable. 
 
 Onse, Little, eccles. par. , Eng. , in the SW. of Norfolk and 
 the adjoining part of Cambridgeshire, in the ancient pars, of 
 Littleport, Hilgay, Feltwell Anchor, Feltwell St. Mary and St. 
 Nicholas, and Redmore. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ouse, Little, or Brandon, riv., Eng,, joins the Great O. at 
 the junction of the Stoke, New Bedford canal, and the Wisbech 
 canal, which connects it with the Nen. 
 
 Onsebnrn, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Yorkshire, W. Riding. Great O., Ripon div., 7 m. ENE. 
 Knaresborough, PMT.O., P. <:5oo; Little O., P.O., P. <25o. 
 
 Onsefleet, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., on the S. bk. of the Ouse, 5 m. E. by S. Goole, P.O. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Ousel, or Onzel, riv., Eng., Buckinghamshire, flows N., 
 partly on the border of Bedfordshire, past Leighton Buzzard 
 and Fenny Stratford, and joins the Great Ouse at Newport 
 Pagnell. 
 
 Oast, vil. , France, dep. Ari^ge, arr. St. Girons, 53 m. S. by 
 W. Toulouse, 21 m. WSW. Foix. P. <20oo. 
 
 Onst, riv., France, deps. Cotes du Nord and Morbihan, flows 
 SE. and joins the Vilaine near Redon. In most part of its 
 course it is accompanied by the canal between Nantes and 
 Brest. Length, 93 to 99 m. 
 
 Onston, par., Eng., Durham, Chester-le-Street div., 6J m. 
 S. Newcastle, i m. SW. Birtleystn., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Onston, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 9 J m. ENE. 
 Hexham, 4I m. N. by W. Prudhoe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ontaganile, co. , U.S., Wisconsin, N. of 44° N., and W. of 
 88" W. , traversed in the SE. by the Fox R. 
 
 Ontar«les Point, cape, Canada, Quebec, on the 1. bk. of the 
 riv. St. Lawrence, in 68^° W. 
 
 Ontarvllle, vil., France, dep. Loiret, 22 m. N. by E. Orleans, 
 arr. and 11 m. W. by N. Pithiviers. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ontctaester, par., Eng., Northumberland, dist. and zh m. 
 SE. Belford. P. <25o. 
 
 Oatenlqna Mountains, range of mts. , Cape Colony, trend- 
 ing E. and W. about 10-20 m. from the coast, crossed by 23° E. 
 
 Onteragh, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird. P. 
 <25o. 
 
 Outer High, or St. Paul, eccles. par., Scot., Lanarkshire, 
 in Glasgow city. P. 5900. 
 
 Outer Island, the north-easternmost of the Apostle Is., 
 U.S., Wisconsin. 
 
 Outes, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 45 m. SW. Corunna. 
 P. 9100. 
 
 Outgate, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. from Hawkshead. 
 
 Onthglll, vil., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 13J m. SSE. 
 Appleby, on the Eden, 3J m. SSE. Kirkby Stephen stn., P.O. 
 
 Ontlane, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Colne Valley and 
 Elland divs., 3J m. W. by N. Huddersfield, P.O. 
 
 Out NevKton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., on the coast, 18^ m. E. by S. Hull, 5 m. E. Patrington 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Outram, post-tn., New Zealand, South I., Taieri co., 15 m. 
 W. Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Outrath, par.. Ire., co. and 2^ m. SE. Kilkenny, bar. 
 Shillelogher. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Outrean, tn. , France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. and 2^ m. S. 
 Boulogne. P. < 3000. 
 
 Outseats, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, Bakewell dist. , 6^ m. NE. 
 Tideswell ; 4314 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Out Skerries, a group of small isls. , Scot., Shetland Is., 
 about 10 m. E. of the Mainland, in 60° 24'-26' N. 
 
 Outwell, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Isle of Ely, 5 m. SE. 
 Wisbech. P. <5oo. 
 
 Out>vell, par., Eng., on the border of Norfolk, SW. div., 
 12 m. SW. by S. King's Lynn, 5 m. E. by N. Coldham stn., 
 PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Outwood, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 5 m. SE. by 
 E. Reigate, 2}^ m. NE. Horley stn., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Outwood, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, par. 
 and 2 m. NW. Wakefield, on G. N. R., PM.O. P. <sooo. 
 See Loftlionse. 
 
 Ouver, Lougli, small lake, Ire., in the NE. of co. Galway, 
 8J m. W. by S. Roscommon. 
 
 Onzel, riv. , Buckinghamshire. See Ousel. 
 
 Ouzouer-le-Marcb^, vil., France, on the E. border of dep. 
 Loir-et-Cher, arr. and 25 m. NNE. Blois. P. <2ooo. 
 1152 
 
 Ouzoner-snr-Lolre, tn. , France, dep. Loiret, arr. Gien, on 
 the r. bk. of the Loire, 29 m. ESE. Orleans. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ov, ove, in Slavonic place-names ; Germanised ow (pronounced 
 0) or au, a termination denoting possession. 
 
 Ovada, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 19 m. S. Alessandria. 
 P. 5500. 
 
 Ovalan, one of the Fiji Is. , 12 m. E. of the middle of Viti 
 Levu, the chief island ; contains on its E. ct. Levuka, the 
 former cap. of the group. 
 
 Ovalle, tn. , Chile, prov. and 50 m. S. Coquimbo. P. 5400. 
 Ovanipo, OTambo, Aajaniba (Bantu word meaning rich 
 people), large Bantu tribe in SW. Africa, inhabiting the plateaux 
 between the Kunene, Okavango, and the nineteenth degree of 
 S. lat. Their chief occupation is agriculture, cattle-rearing 
 being of subordinate importance. They are also experienced 
 in copper-smelting, forging, pottery, and other kinds of native 
 manufacture. Total number estimated at 120,000. (See Schinz, 
 Deutsch SW. Afrika, 1891 ; Schlichter, Geography of SW. 
 Africa, Scot. Geog. Mag., 1891). [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Ovar, tn. , Portugal, prov. Beira, dist. Aveiro, 20 m. S. 
 Oporto, 5 m. from the coast. P. 10,000. 
 
 Onvelllon, tn. , France, dep. Aude, arr. Narbonne, 5 m. 
 ENE. Genestas. P. <yxx>. 
 
 Ovenden, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, \\ m. N W. by 
 N. and partly included in the pari. bor. of Halifax, on the 
 G. N. R., PM.O. ; 5350 ac. P. 13,500. 
 
 Ovens, riv. , Australia, Victoria, rises near Mount Smyth, in 
 the E. of the Dividing Range, flows NW. and joins the Murray 
 R. at Bundalong, in 146° 14' E. ; navigable to Wangaratta, 30 
 m. above its mouth. Length about 100 m. 
 
 Ovens, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, bar. E. Muskerry, 8 m. W. by 
 S. Cork, 4 m. from Ballincollig stn. 
 
 Over, Dutch, 'upper.' See Ob. Also, Dutch, 'a border,' 'a 
 shore.' See Ofer. 
 
 Over, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, Chesterton div. , 8^ m. NW. 
 by N. Cambridge, i m. N. by E. Swavesey stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Over, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Cheshire, div. and 5^ m. 
 SSW. Northwich, i m. W. Wlnsford and Over stn. on the 
 Cheshire Lines Rly. , \\ m. W. Over and Wharton stn. on the 
 L. & NW. R. ; important fairs for cattle and sheep are held 
 twice a year. Boatbuilding and salt manufacture carried on. 
 PMT.O. Market-day, W. 4527 ac. P. 6800. 
 
 Over, vil., Eng., Gloucester, Thornbury div. , 6 m. N. Bristol, 
 i| m. WNW. Patchway and Stoke Gifford stn. See Hlghnani. 
 
 Overath, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Miilheim, 14 m. 
 E. Cologne. P. (comm.) 5400. 
 
 O-VerbAsz, comm. , Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. Ki'ila, 
 28 m. SE. Zombor. P. < 5000. 
 
 Overbury, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., 5 m. 
 NE. Tewkesbury, 2\ m. E. by N. Bredon stn., P.O. P. <5oo ; 
 eccles. par., partly in Gloucestershire (O. with Alstone, 
 Teddlngton, and Washbourne), P. < 1000. 
 
 Overcliurch, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire. See Tpton. 
 
 Over Flakkee, a former isl., Holland, prov. S. Holland, now 
 united with Goeree to form one island. 
 
 Overljssel, a prov. in the E. of Holland, stretching from the 
 most easterly part of the Zuider Zee SE. to the frontier of the 
 Prussian prov. of Westphalia ; cap. Zwolle ; comprises the old 
 dists. of Salland in the NW. , and Twenthe (or Twente) in the 
 SE. , the latter containing the chief seats of the cotton industry 
 in Holland (Enschede, Almelo, Hengelo, Rijssen, &c.). See 
 Netherlands, table. 
 
 Overland Corner, post-tn., S. Australia, Young co. , on the 
 1. bk. of the Murray, 112 m. ENE. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Overmelre, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. Ter- 
 monde, 10 m. E. Ghent. P. <4000. 
 
 Overpool, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral dist., 8^ m. NE. 
 Chester. P. <25o. 
 
 Oversay, isl., Scot., Argyllshire, Kilchoman par. P. 9. 
 
 Overschle, tn., Holland, prov. S. Holland, arr. and 4 m. W. 
 Rotterdam, on the riv. Schie. P. (comm. ) 4200. 
 
 Overseal, PMT.O. , Eng. , Leicestershire. See Seal, Nether. 
 
 Oversley, par., Eng., Warwickshire, dist. and i m. SW. 
 Alcester. P. <5oo. See Arrovr, 
 
 Overstone, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, Brixworth dist., 
 4^ m. NE. Northampton. P. <25o. 
 
 Overstrand, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. , i m. from the N. 
 ct., i^ m. SE. by E. Cromer, PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Overton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 8^ m. E. by 
 S. Wrexham, i| m. W. Malpas stn., PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Overton, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 8 m. W. 
 by S. Basingstoke, on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. ; 6763 ac. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Overton, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 3^ m. SW. 
 Lancaster, on the W. side of Lancaster Bay, P.O. "P. <75o. 
 
 Overton, stn., Eng., Northamptonshire, near Peterborough, 
 on G. N. R. 
 
 Overton, par. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , 8 m. N. Leominster, 
 x\ m. SSW. Ludlow, PMT.O. ; 4577 ac. P. 500. 
 
OVER 
 
 OWEN 
 
 Overton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div. , on the Ouse, 4 m. NW. York, li m. N. Poppleton 
 stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. (O. wltli Shlpton) P. <75o. 
 
 Overton, vil. , Scot., N. Ayrshire, 3 m. ENE. Irvine, close 
 to Cunninghamhead stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Overton, co. , U.S. , Tennessee, in the N. , to the W. of 85° W. 
 
 Overton, contributory pari. bor. [Flint] and par., Wales, 
 Flintshire, 6 m. SSE. Wrexham, 4 m. NNW. Ellesmere stn., 
 belonging to the Flint dist. of pari, bors., PMT.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Overton Kridge, P.O., Wales, Flintshire, 5I m. SE. Ruabon. 
 
 Overton Heath, and Overton, West, two adjoining pars. , 
 Eng., Wilts, Devizes div.. West O. loj m. S. by W. Swindon, 
 4 m. W. by S. Marlborough stn., PMT.O. (Overton). O. 
 Heath, P. <25o; West O., 4248 ac, P. <75o; eccles. par. (O. 
 ivitli Alton Priors and Fyfleld) P. <iooo. 
 
 Overton Longville and Overton Watervllle, two adjoin- 
 ing pars., Eng., Huntingdonshire. O. Longville, dist. and 2 
 m. SW. Peterborough, P.O. (O. LongnevlUe), P. <soo; O. 
 Waterville, P.O., P. <5oc; eccles. par. (O. Longville -with 
 Botolpli Bridge) P. <5oo. 
 
 Overtown, vil., Scot., Mid- Lanarkshire, i m. S. by E. 
 Wishaw, on the C. R., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Over Water, lake, Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 7I ni. 
 N. by W. Keswick. From it issues one of the headwaters of 
 the Ellen. 
 
 OverM'lnden, coram., Belgium, prov. and 25 m. WNW. 
 Li^ge, arr. Waremme, i m. S. Neerwinden. P. < 2000. 
 
 Overy.ssclie, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. and 9 m. 
 SE. by E. Brussels. P. 5800. 
 
 Overy Staltlie, P.O., Eng., near King's Lynn, Norfolk, 2 
 m. from Burnham Market. 
 
 Ovid, vil., U.S., Michigan, Clinton co., 48 m. SW. by S. 
 Bay City. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ovid, vil., U.S., New York, Seneca co. , 42 m. SW. by W. 
 Syracuse. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ovledo, prov. of Spain, between the Bay of Biscay (with about 
 200 m. of coast) and the Cantabrian Mts. , principally formed by 
 the basins of rivs. Nalon-Nora-Narcea, Sella, and Navia, in the 
 middle of the old principality of Asturias (Asturia de Oviedo), in 
 the loth century a kingdom, afterwards absorbed in the kingdom 
 of Leon. Very mountainous, with very fertile valleys (Mieres, 
 San Bartholom^ de Miranda, Grado, Villaviciosa) producing 
 some of the fruits of the Mediterranean regions, and both wine 
 and cider. Cattle-breeding extensively carried on. Very rich 
 mining region. Abundance of very good coal (Nalon basin, 
 Mieres, Langreo, connected by a railway with the port of Gijon) 
 and peat, iron (Mieres), mercury, copper, manganese. Metal- 
 lurgical industries being steadily developed, and important manu- 
 factures of other kinds also carried on. Mineral waters (Caldas 
 de Oviedo). See Astnrlas and Spain. 
 
 Ovledo, anciently Ovetum, city, Spain, cap. prov. of same 
 name, on a plain between the rivs. Nalon and Nora, 14 m. S. 
 from the coast of the Bay of Biscay, and 72 N. by W. Leon. 
 The prov. O. was anciently called Asturias. The plan is a 
 central square, with four streets branching off N. , S. , E. , and 
 W. Public buildings are a noble Gothic cathedral, with tower 
 284 ft. high, and tombs of the early sovereigns of Asturias ; a 
 university, founded 1604 ; a fine aqueduct. O. is noted among 
 Spanish towns for its healthy chmate. Many iron-works, and 12 
 m. W. a great government factory for cannon, rifles, bayonets, 
 &c. The mediaeval scholars named O. Civitas Episcoporum, 
 because many bishops and other priests took refuge here to 
 escape the Moors. Alt. 738 ft. Mean temp., yr. 54.7° F., Jan. 
 45.1°, Aug. 65.4°; rfall. (14 yrs.), 36.73 in. P. (1877)34,500; 
 (1887) 42,700. 
 
 Ovlgllo, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 8 m. WSW. Ales- 
 sandria. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Ovlnibnndn, tribe, Portuguese W. Africa, between Ben- 
 guella and Bihe ; enterprising traders. 
 
 Ovliig, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 5 m. NNW. 
 Aylesbury, 3 m. SE. by E. Grandborough Road stn., P.O. 
 P. <Soo. 
 
 Ovlng, par. , Eng. , Sussex, div. and 2^ m. E. Chichester, i 
 m. E. Drayton stn., P.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ovlngdean, par., Eng., Sussex, Lewes div., 3 m. E. 
 Brighton. P. <25o. 
 
 Ovlngliani, pan, Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., on 
 the Tyne, 10^ m. W. Newcastle, close to Prudhoe stn., PM.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Ovlngton, par. , Eng. , Essex, Saffron Walden div. , 12^ m. 
 N. Braintree, i^ m. SE. by E. Stoke stn., P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (O. with Tllbnry aiul Allbrlghts) P. <5oo. 
 
 Ovlngton, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., on the 
 Itchen, 44 m. E. bv N. Winchester, 2 m. W. by S. Alresford 
 stn., P. or P. <25o'. 
 
 Ovlngton, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 20 m. W. by S. 
 Norwich, li m. N. Walton stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ovlngton, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the Tyne, div. 
 and 8 m. E. Hexham, i m. NNW. Mickley stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Ovlngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the r. bk. 
 1153 
 
 of the Tees, div. and 9 m. N. by W. Richmond, 2 m. SSW. 
 Winston stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ovoca, electoral div., Ire., co. Wicklow, 5 m. NW. Arklow, 
 with a stn. (O. Newbridge) on the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wex- 
 ford Rly. ; has copper precipitate, iron pyrites, and umber. 
 
 Ovoca (or Avoca), Vale of (Celtic, ' meeting of the waters '), 
 Ire. , Wicklow co. , a picturesque vale, drained by the riv. Ovoca, 
 which is formed by the junction of the Avonmore and Avonbeg, 
 and enters the sea at Arklow after a course of 9 m. 
 
 Ovrncli, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Volhynia, 84 m. N. Zhitomir. 
 P. 6925. 
 
 Out, ' water.' See Ad. 
 
 Owake, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Clutha co. , 78 m. 
 SW. Dunedin by road and rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Owarl, kuni or old prov. , Japan, now in Aichi ken. It pro- 
 duces large quantities of blue and white porcelain, the materials, 
 a highly siliceous clay and kaolin, being found in or near the 
 kuni. Gives name to O. Bay, E. ct. Honshiu, in 344°-3S° 6' N. 
 
 ©■wasco Lake, U.S., New York, Cayuga co. , 11 m. long by 
 i^ m. broad, 22 m. SW. by W. Syracuse, drained NNW. into 
 the Seneca R. ; favourite summer resort. Alt. 713 ft. (R. R.). ■ 
 
 Owatonna, city, U.S., Minnesota, Stell co. , on Cannon R. , 
 56 m. S. by W. St. Paul ; has a mineral spring. P. <:4000. 
 
 Owego, vil., U.S., New York, Tioga co. , on the N. Branch 
 of the Susquehanna R. , 17 m. W. Binghamton ; situated at 
 base of a high hill. The principal streets are shaded with 
 rows of maples. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Owel, Longli, lake. Ire., co. Westmeath, 2^ m. NNW. 
 Mullingar, 329 ft. above sea-level. 
 
 Owen, Irish, ' a stream.' See Ab. 
 
 Owen, CO., U.S., Indiana, between 39° and 40° N. , and 
 touching 87° W. in the W., traversed by W. Branch of White R. 
 
 Owen, CO., U.S., Kentucky, crossed by 37^° N. , and in the 
 W. by 85° W. 
 
 Owenavorragh, riv.. Ire., co. Wexford, flows NE. into the 
 Irish Sea at Courtown. Length, 15 m. 
 
 Owenboy, riv.. Ire., in the S. of co. Cork, flows E. into Cork 
 Harbour opposite Queenstown. 
 
 Owenbrln, small riv., Ire., NW. co. Galway, flows into 
 Lough Mask on the W. 
 
 Owencarroiv, small riv., Ire., in the NW. of co. Donegal, 
 drains Lough Beagh, flows NE. into Lough Glen, whence it 
 issues on the W. and enters the sea in Sheep Haven. 
 
 Owen Channel, strait, Canada, Ontario, between Grand 
 Mantoulin I. and Fitzwilliam I., leading from Lake Huron into 
 Georgian Bay. 
 
 Owendnff, riv., Ire., NW. co. Mayo, flows NW. then W. 
 into Tullaghan Bay. 
 
 Owendnff, par., Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Shelburne, on riv. 
 Owenduff, 6 m. SE. New Ross ; 7980 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Owenea, riv. , Ire. , in the SW. of co. Donegal, flows W. into 
 Loughros More Bay. 
 
 Owenetz, Vorder-, or Bnbenc, manufacturing NW. suburb 
 of Prague, Bohemia, with an imperial seat and fine public park. 
 
 OM'engowla, electoral div.. Ire., co. Galway, dist. Round- 
 stone No. 2. 
 
 Owen Islands, off the coast of Chile, E. of the S. end of 
 Hanover Is., crossed by 51° 20' S. , the eastern island by 74° W. 
 
 Owenklllew, riv.. Ire., in the NE. of co. Tyrone, flows W. 
 to the Strule R. 
 
 Owenmore, riv.. Ire., in the extreme N. of co. Cavan, flows 
 NW. to the Shannon. 
 
 Owenmore, riv.. Ire., NW. co. Mayo, flows W. and finally 
 S. into Tullaghan Bay. 
 
 Owenmore, riv.. Ire., SW. co. Mayo, r. bk. trib. of riv. Erriff". 
 
 Owenmore ('great river'), riv.. Ire., in the SE. of co. Sligo, 
 flows NW. then NE. and joins the Ballysadare on the 1. bk., a 
 few miles above its mouth. 
 
 Owennaenrra, riv.. Ire., in the SE. of co. Cork, flows S. 
 into the E. branch of Cork Harbour. 
 
 Oivennadornann, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Louis- 
 burgh No. I. 
 
 Owenreagh, riv.. Ire., middle co. Kerry, flows NE. into- 
 upper lake of Killarney. 
 
 Owenreagh, electoral div.. Ire., co. Londonderry, dist. 
 Feeny. 
 
 Owenreagh, riv.. Ire., in the NE. of co. Tyrone, flows NW. 
 to the riv. Owenkillew. 
 
 Owensboro, city, U.S., Kentucky, Daviess co. , on the Ohio, 
 85 m. WSW. Louisville ; great trade in tobacco and whisky - 
 considerable river commerce. P. (1880) 6200 ; (1890)9800. 
 
 Owen's Lake, lake, U.S., California, Inyo co., crossed in 
 extreme W. by 118° W., 160 m. N. by E. Los Angeles ; its water 
 is strongly impregnated with salt and carbonate of soda ; it has- 
 no visible outlet ; receives Owen's R. Length about 16 m. ; 
 breadth, 10 m. 
 
 Owen Sound, tn., Canada, Ontario, Grey co., 34 m. W. by 
 N. Collingwood, at the head of a long bay of the same name 
 off" Georgian Bay. It has a dry dock, 300 ft. long, 55 ft. wide, 
 and 12 ft. deep on sill at high water ordinary springs. P. 7500. 
 
 4D 
 
OWEN — OXFO 
 
 Owen Stanley. I. Range of mountains, in the E. of Brit. 
 New Guinea, with a trend nearly parallel to that of the S. ct. 
 2. A peak in that range, in about 8° 50' S., 147^° E, Alt. 
 13,200 ft. 
 
 Owensvllle, vil., U.S., Indiana, Gibson co., 78 m. S. by W. 
 Terre Haute. P. < 1500. 
 
 Owentaraglln, riv., Ire., in the NW. of co. Cork, 1. bk. 
 trib. of riv. Blackwater. 
 
 Owenton, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Owen co., 45 m. SSW. 
 Cincinnati (Ohio). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Ower, P.O., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 7^ m. NW. 
 by W. Southampton, 2^ m. WNW. Nursling stn. 
 
 Ower, P.O., Ire., co. Galway, 3 m. from Headford. 
 
 Owermolgne (aur'moin), par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., 6 
 m. SE. by E. Dorchester, 2 J m. SSW. Moreton stn., P.O.; 
 4046 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Owersby (au'erz bl). North and South, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., the former 16 m. E. by 
 N. Gainsborough, 2J m. WSW. Holton stn., P.O. North O. 
 P. <50o; South O. P. <:25o; eccles. par. (Owersby with 
 Klrkby with Osgodby) P. < 1000. 
 
 Ower Shoal, 20 m. NE. Cromer, Norfolk, Eng., in North 
 Sea, outside the Leman Sand. Length, 5 m. 
 
 Owers Light- Vessel, English Channel. 
 
 Owey, isl. , Ire. , off N W. ct. Donegal, W. of the entrance to 
 Inishfree Bay ; lat. 55° 3' N. 
 
 Owhyhee, isl., Pacific, the same as Hawaii (^.v.). 
 
 OwlngsTllle, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Bath co., 80 m. SE. by 
 S. Cincinnati (Ohio). P. < 1500. 
 
 Owlerton, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, Sheffield par., 
 PM.O. P. 6700. 
 
 Owlesbnry, P.O., Eng., 4 m. from.Twyford, Hampshire. 
 
 Owlpen, par., Eng. , Gloucestershire, Stroud div., 4^ m. NE. 
 by N. Wotton-under-Edge, 2 m. E. Dursley stn. P. <:25o. 
 See Oey. 
 
 Owl's Head, headland, U.S., Maine, W. of entrance of 
 Penobscot Bay ; has a fixed light. Alt. 147 ft. 
 
 Owl's Head Hill, Eng., in the NE. of Cheshire, 7 m. ENE. 
 Stalybridge. Height, 1719 ft. 
 
 Owmby (aum'bl), par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div. , 
 12 m. E. by S. Gainsborough, 6 m. NW. Wickenby stn., P.O. 
 P. <:25o. See also Searby with Owmby. 
 
 Owney and Arra, bar. , Ire. , in W. of co. Tipf)erary. 
 
 OM'neybeg, bar.. Ire., in the extreme NE. of co. Limerick. 
 
 Owning, par., Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Iverk, 2 m. NW. 
 Piltown, P.O. ; 4031 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Owosso, city, U.S., Michigan, Shiawassee co., on Shiawassee 
 R., 48 m. SSW. Bay City. P. 6600. 
 
 Owram, North, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Elland 
 div., i§m. NE. Halifax, PM.O. P. 20,500. 
 
 Owram, South, par., ij m. S. North Owram, PM.O. 
 P. 9400. 
 
 Owslebury (tis'el-berl), par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Andover div. , 
 5 m. SSE. Winchester, 3 m. ESE. Shawford and Twyford stn. , 
 P.O.; 5413 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Owsley, CO., U.S., Kentucky, in the E., N. of 37° N., and E. 
 of 84° W. 
 
 Owsthorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 2 m. NE. 
 Pockli ngton (q.v.). P. < 250. 
 
 Owston (aus'ton), par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 5 
 m. W. Oakham, 2^ m. ESE. John o' Gaunt stn. P. <:2So. 
 
 Owston, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., on the 
 L bk. of the riv. Trent, 7 m. N. Gainsborough, 3^ m. NE. 
 Haxey stn., PMT.O. (Owston Ferry) ; 5126 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Owston, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., 5 m. N. by W. Doncaster, i m. N. by E. Carcroft and 
 Adwick-le-Street stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Owstwlck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holdemess 
 div., 11^ m. E. by N. Hull, 4^ m. N. by E. Ottringbam stn., 
 P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Owthorne, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holdemess 
 div., on the coast, 15 m. E. Hull, close to Withernsea stn. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Owthorpe, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 7 m. 
 SE. by E. Nottingham, 3 m. E. by N. Plumtreeand Keyworth 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Owyhee, settlement, U.S., Idaho, Ada co. , 16 m. S. Boise 
 U. P. City. 
 
 Owyhee Mountains, U.S., Owyhee co. , between Snake and 
 0\vyhee R. , in SW. corner of Idaho. 
 
 OM-yhee River, U.S., Oregon, in the SE. It has its head- 
 waters in Idaho and Nevada, and flows on the whole N. to 
 the Snake R. , which it joins on the 1. bk. a little to the N. of 
 the place where it begins to form the E. frontier of the state. 
 Length about 375 m. 
 
 Oxborough, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 14 m. SE. by 
 S. King's Lynn, 2^ m. NE. by E. Stoke Ferry stn., P.O. 
 P. <;2So ; eccles. par. (Oxborough with Foulden) P. <75o. 
 
 Oxcar Rocks, Scot., in the Firth of Forth, i m. SE. by E. 
 Inchcolm, in 56° li' N., 3° 17' W. P. 2. 
 1154 
 
 OxclllTe, part of par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Heaton with 
 OxcUfTe. 
 
 Oxcombe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 7 ni. 
 S. by W. Louth, 5J m. SE. Donington-on-Bain stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Oxelosund, seapt. , Sweden, prov. Sodermanland, on the E. 
 ct. , 35 m. E. by N. Norrkoping. The port has a depth of 20 to 
 23 ft. , and three quays, the first 210 ft. long, available for vessels 
 drawing 19^ ft. ; the second 193 ft. 6 in. long, available for 
 vessels drawing 11 ft. ; the third 934 ft. long, available for 
 vessels drawing 18^ ft. 
 
 Oxendon, Cireat, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 
 14J m. NW. Wellingborough, ^ m. NNW. of its stn. (Cllpston 
 and Oxendon) on the L. & NW. R., P.O. (O.). P. <2so. 
 
 Oxenhall, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div., 
 10 m. NW. Gloucester, 2 m. NW. Newent stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Oxenholme Junction, stn., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 
 2 m. SSE. Kendal, on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Oxenhope, eccles. par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Keighley div. , 7 m. N W. by N. Halifax, on the M. R. ; has 
 worsted manufactures. PMT.O. Eccles. par. P. < 3000; tn. 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Oxenton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, on the riv. Severn, 
 div. and 4 m. E. by S. Tewkesbury, 2^ m. SE. Ashchurch stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Oxford, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cumberland co. , on the 
 riv. Philip, 57^ m. W. Pictou. 
 
 Oxford, CO. , Canada, Ontario, crossed in the S. by 43° N. , 
 and in the W. by 81° W. 
 
 Oxford, episcopal and university city, pari, (since Henry I.) 
 and mun. bor. , also (since 1888) co. bor. , market and co. tn. , 
 Eng., Oxfordshire, 52 m. (63 m. by rail) WNW. London, in 
 the diocese of Oxford, between the Thames (locally named Isis) 
 on S. and W. and its trib. the Cherwell on E. , on branches of 
 the G. W. R. and NW. R., and on a canal connecting the 
 Thames with Birmingham. The bishopric, dating from 1542, 
 includes the whole of the counties of Oxford, Berks, and Bucks, 
 with parts of the adjoining one. The main thoroughfare is High 
 Street, a part of the London road, entered by Magdalen Bridge 
 over the Cherwell, and ending at Carfax ( = French carrefour, 
 the 'cross-roads'), the centre of O. In 'the High,' much 
 admired for its graceful curve, are Magdalen, All Souls, 
 Queen's, and University Colleges, the Academical Schools, and 
 the University Church. In St. Aldate's Street, running S. from 
 Carfax, is Christchurch College and various municipal buildings, 
 including a Free Public Library. In St. Giles's Street, running 
 N. from Carfax, and forming a broad boulevard planted with 
 trees, are the University Galleries and Taylor's Institution. In 
 Broad Street, parallel to the High Street, and just without the 
 line of the ancient city wall on the N., are Balliol, Trinity, and 
 Exeter Colleges, the Ashmolean Museum, the Sheldonian Theatre 
 (used for university assemblies), and the Clarendon Building ; 
 and in their neighbourhood the Bodleian and Radcliffe Libraries. 
 Near Trinity College is a museum of natural science, with class- 
 rooms ; and also the Clarendon Laboratory. The cathedral of 
 O. has a central tower, with spire 145 ft. high, some of the build- 
 ing dating from the 12th century. There are many other fine 
 ecclesiastical buildings, which, together with the imposing archi- 
 tecture of the colleges and halls and the surroundings generally, 
 render O. one of the most beautiful towns in the world. O. was 
 almost unknown till it became famous as a seat of learning. 
 William I. besieged it, and in 1264 the Mad Parliament met 
 here. From Saxon times there had been schools here, but it 
 was not till the 12th century that a university was founded 
 under Henry I., who in 1130 built Beaumont Palace, birthplace 
 of Richard Coeur-de-Lion. Two centuries later O. was known 
 over Europe as a centre of learning and instruction ; and after 
 the mendicant friars and other scholastic orders had settled 
 there to found conventual classes the university became one 
 of the greatest in medizeval times, producing such alumni as 
 Roger Bacon and Friar Bungay. All was changed by the 
 Reformation, and under Queen Elizabeth began the develop- 
 ment of the modern university as a congeries of colleges. At 
 present there are twenty-one colleges and two old halls, besides 
 three private halls established under a statute of 1882. The 
 colleges and old halls (which latter will become extinct on the 
 next vacancy in the principalship) are : University College, 
 founded 1249 ; St. Eklmund Hall, 1260 ; Balliol College, 1268 ; 
 Merton, 1274 ; Exeter, 1314 ; Oriel, 1326 ; St. Mary Hall, 1333 ; 
 Queen's College, 1340 ; New, 1379 ; Lincoln, 1429 ; All Souls, 
 1437 ; Magdalen, 1458 ; Brasenose, 1509 ; Corpus Christi, 1516 ; 
 Christ Church, 1546; Trinity, 1554; St. John's, 1555; Jesus, 
 1571 ; Wadham, 1613 ; Pembroke, 1624 ; Worcester, 1714 ; 
 Keble, 1870 ; Hertford, 1874. The number of undergraduates 
 has in recent years so increased that several hundreds now live 
 in the town, in lodgings licensed by the university. Mansfield 
 College and Manchester New College are two non-university 
 institutions (founded 1886 and 1889), the former for the study 
 of ' evangelical ' theology, the latter with a ' free ' faculty of 
 theology. The revenue of the University has been estimated 
 at ^^460,000. It has returned two M. P.'s since James I. The 
 
OXFO — OYNE 
 
 city, as pari. bor. , also returned two members till 1885, and 
 now returns one. Market-days, W. and S, Alt. 210 ft. Mean 
 temp. (20 yrs.), yr. 48.9° F., Jan. 38.4°, July 61.5°; rfall. (25 
 yrs.), 26.2 in. P. (1801)11,700; (1851) 27,800; (1871)34,500; 
 (1891) 45,700. 
 
 Oxford, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., Piako co. , 92 m. 
 SE. by S. Auckland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Oxford, municip., New Zealand, South I., Ashley co. , 28 m. 
 NW. by W. Christchurch, on the railway to Christchurch. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Oxford, post-vil. and tn., U.S., Alabama, Calhoun co. , 55 
 m. E. by N. Birmingham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oxford, vil., U.S., Georgia, Newton co. , 41 m. E. by S. 
 Atlanta ; seat of Emory College (Methodist Episcopal), founded 
 1837. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oxford, vil., U.S., Indiana, Benton co., 90 m. S. by E. 
 Chicago (III). P. < 1 500. 
 
 Oxford, vil., U.S., Iowa, Jones co., on Wapsipinicon R. , 40 
 m. SSW. Dubuque. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oxford, vil., U.S., Kansas, Sumner co. , on Arkansas R. , 
 150 m. SW. by S. Topeka. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Oxford, tn., U.S., Maine, O. co., on a small lake about 14 
 m. NW. Lewiston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oxford, tn., U.S., Maryland, Talbot co., on Chesapeake 
 Bay, 46 m. ESE. Washington (D. C. ) ; summer resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oxford, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and loj m. S. by W. 
 Worcester. P. <3000. 
 
 Oxford, vil., U.S., Michigan, Oakland co., 38 m. NNW. 
 Detroit. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Oxfortl, city, U.S., Mississippi, La Fayette co., 62 m. SSE. 
 Memphis (Tenn.), contains the State university. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Oxford, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Warren co. , 44 m. W. by N. 
 Newark. P. <30oo. 
 
 Oxford, vil., U.S., New York, Chenango co. , 48 m. SE. by 
 S.Syracuse. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oxford, tn. , U.S., N. Carolina, Granville co., 38 m. N. by 
 E. Raleigh; centre of tobacco-growing region. P. < 3000. 
 
 Oxford, vil., U.S., Ohio, Butler co., 39 m. NW. by N. 
 Cincinnati ; seat of Miami university, established 1824. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Oxford, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Chester co., 42 m. WSW. 
 Philadelphia. P. < 2000. 
 
 Oxford Lake, Canada, Keewatin, crossed by 54!° N., 96° 
 W. , on the boat-route to York Factory. 
 
 Oxford Road, stn. , Eng., Lancashire, Manchester (g'.v.), on 
 the L. & NW. R., and Manchester, S. Junction, and Altrin- 
 cham Rly. 
 
 Oxfordshire, or Oxon, inland co. , Eng., in the Thames 
 valley or river-basin, 1. bk. opposite Berkshire, on the r. bk. ; 
 divided into the following pari. divs. : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 Northern or Banbury 
 Mid or Woodstock . . ... 
 Southern or Henley .... 
 O.xford (city), part of (Mid div.) 
 
 Total .... 
 
 136,790 
 
 196.530 
 
 146,073 
 
 4,221 
 
 43.862 
 
 50,134 1 
 48,491 
 43.182 1 
 
 483,6141 
 
 185,6691 
 
 1 The administrative county includes also the part of the bor. of 
 Banbury in the ancient county of Northampton, but excludes the 
 part of Abingdon urban sanitary dist. in the administrative county 
 of Berkshire. Area, 480,608 ac, P. 145,400, or including the co. bor. 
 of Oxford (area, 4714 ac), 485,322 ac, P. 191,191. 
 
 Besides the Thames, the county is also watered by the tribs. Wind- 
 rush, Evenlode, Cherwell, Thame, and many smaller streams. 
 The highest ground is in the Chiltern range, SE. , nearly 700 ft. 
 Another range immediately E. of the county town separates the 
 Cherwell and Thame valleys, highest point Shotover Hill, 560 
 ft. Near the Thames the surface is varied with richly wooded 
 heights and fertile dales, though flat and bare towards the N. 
 and W. boundaries. The chief geological features are Lias in 
 NW. , yielding blue clays, a hard limestone (' Banbury marble '), 
 and a valuable deposit of ironstone (largely worked near Ban- 
 bury) ; beds of Oolite, with numerous fossils ; Oxford clay ; 
 Upper and Lower Greensand. The Chiltern range is mainly 
 chalk, and the ' forest marble ' of Wychwood and Blenheim is 
 due to the Oolite formation. The valleys of N. and E. show 
 much drift accumulation, and those of the Thames and Cherwell 
 alluvial deposits. Manufactures are unimportant, blankets at 
 Witney, paper, agricultural implements, gloves ; lace is still 
 woven by hand in several villages. Communication by several 
 branches of the G. W. R. , also by the E. Gloucester and L. & 
 NW. Rlys. ; the Oxford and Birmingham Canal from NE. to 
 the county town along the Cherwell. The ancient roads Icknield 
 Street and Akeman Street crossed this county, and Oxford was 
 a favourite residence of the Saxon kings of Mercia. Many events 
 of the Civil War occurred here, such as the battles of Chalgrove 
 Field (1643) and Cropredy Bridge (1644) ; and the whole district 
 abounds in ecclesiastical and other antiquities. The county 
 
 contains 5 mun. bors. , Banbury, Henley, Chipping-Norton, 
 and Woodstock, besides the county town. See Euglaud, table. 
 Oxhey, eccles. par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Bushey and Wat- 
 ford pars., on SE. side of Watford. P. <35C)o. 
 
 O.xlieys, stn., Eng., Lancashire, near Preston, on the L. & 
 NW. (main line) R. 
 
 Oxhlll, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 9^ m. WNW. 
 Banbury, 3^ m. S. by W. Kineton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Oxlioft, vil. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, on the W. ct. of the 
 Gulf of Danzig, 15 m. N. by W. Danzig. P. <20oo. 
 
 Oxliia, or Okslna, vil., Turkey in Asia, N. ct., 120 m. NW. 
 by N. Angora, 14 m. ENE. Eregli. 
 
 Oxley, vil., Canada, Ontario, Essex co. , on Lake Erie, 23 m. 
 SSE. Windsor. 
 
 Oxley, CO. , New South Wales, crossed by 32' S. , and touch- 
 ing in the extreme E. 148° E. 
 
 Oxley, post-tn., Queensland, Stanley co., in 27° 33' S. and 
 152° 57' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oxley, post-tn. , Victoria, Delatite co. , 20 m. W. by S. Beech- 
 worth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oxnioor, vil., U.S., Alabama, Jefferson co., 7 m. S. by W. 
 Birmingham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ox Mountains, range of mts., Ire., in the NW. of co. Sligo. 
 Oxna, islet, Scot., Shetland Is., about 3 m. off the W. ct. of 
 the Mainland, in 60° 7' N. P. 31. 
 
 Oxuani, par., Scot., Roxburghshire, on Oxnam Water, 3^ 
 m. ESE. Jedburgh, P.O.; 21,160 ac. P.<75o. 
 
 Oxnani Water, riv. , Scot., Roxburghshire, flows N. into the 
 Teviot about 2 m. to the E. of the Jed. 
 
 Oxuead, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., on the Bure, 10 m. 
 N. Norwich, i m. NNW. Buxton Lamas stn. P. <:250. See 
 Buxtou. 
 
 Oxiiey, par. , Eng. , Kent, dist. and 5^ m. NE. Dover. P. <250. 
 Oxney, Islaud of, dist. , Eng. , mamly in the Ashford div. of 
 Kent, partly in the Rye div. of Sussex, enclosed on the S. by the 
 Rother, and on the N. and W. by one of its tribs. 
 
 Oxo, small isl. , Norway, S. ct. , at the mouth of Christiansand 
 Harbour, in 8° E. 
 
 Oxou and Slieltou, eccles. par., Eng., Shropshire, Shrews- 
 bury par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Oxsliott and Fair Mile, stn., Eng., Surrey, div. and 4 m. 
 W. Epsom, on the L. & SW. R., P.O. (O.). 
 
 Oxsprlng, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. E. Peni- 
 stone. P. <5oo. 
 
 Oxted, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 8^ m. E. Reigate, on the 
 L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O., and PM.O. (New Oxted). P. < 1500. 
 Oxton, par., Eng., Cheshire, included in the pari. bor. of 
 and i| m. SW. by W. Birkenhead. P. <45oo. 
 
 Oxton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 8 m. 
 NNE. Nottingham, 4J m. NW. by N. Lowdham stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Oxton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk and Malton 
 div., 8 m. SW. York, i^ m. E. Tadcaster stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Oxton, PM.O. , Scot. , Berwickshire, 4 m. NW. by N. Lauder, 
 5 m. ENE. Fountainhall stn. 
 
 Ox Tongue Lake, Canada, Ontario, Haliburton co. , in the 
 course of the Muskoka R. 
 Oxus, riv. See Amu. 
 
 Oxwlcli, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., on Ox- 
 wlcli Bay, 11 m.WSW. Swansea. P. <25o. See Nlcliolaston. 
 Ox-wlcli Point, cape, on the W. side of Oxwich Bay. 
 
 Oxwlck and Pattesley, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 19 
 m. E. by N. King's Lynn, 3 m. SW. by W. Ryburgh stn. P. < 
 250 ; eccles. par. (O. wltli Colklrk) P. <750. 
 
 Oya, tn. , Borneo, Sarawak, near the N. ct. , in about 2° 50' 
 N. , 111° 55' E. , situated near the mouth of the riv. Oya, which 
 flows from the SE. 
 
 Oya, comm. , NW. Spain, Galicia, prov. Pontevedra, 7 m, 
 SW. Vigo. P. <4000. 
 
 Oyae, riv. , French Guiana. See Mahurl. 
 Oyapok, riv., French Guiana, rises in Peak Crevaux, in the 
 Tumuc-Humac Mts. (iioo ft.), and flows N. by E. down a 
 series of rapids to the Atlantic, its mouth being in about 51^° W. 
 It forms the E. boundary of the terr. actually governed by 
 France, though her claim extends as far S. as the Araguay. 
 See Guiana. The principal trib. of the O. is the Camopi (120 
 m. long), which joins it from the left. Length, 300 m.; navig- 
 able throughout its estuary (25 m. long, 12 m. broad), and 
 up to Robinson Fall, 50 m. from its mouth. 
 
 Oyarzun, comm., N. Spain, Basque Provs. , prov. Guipiizcoa, 
 dist. and 6 m. ESE. San Sebastian. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Oya-slilvo, cold marine current running from the Sea of 
 Okhotsk along the E. shore of Yezo (W. of the isl. of Kuna- 
 shiri), then on, passing Cape Noshafu, following the coast SW. 
 Oyer, vil. , Norway. See djer. 
 Oyestad, vil., Norway. See OJestad. 
 
 Oykell, P.O., Scot., on the S. border of Sutherland, on the 
 1. bk. of riv. Oykell, 12^ m. W. by S. of the foot of Loch Shin. 
 Oylgate, PM.O., Ire., co. Wexford, 6 m. from Enniscorthy. 
 Oyne, par., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on the Ury, 7 m. 
 
 1155 
 
OYO — PACH 
 
 WNW. Inverurie, i m. E. by S. of its stn. on the G. N. of S. R. , 
 PM.O. ; 10,131 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Oyo, or Awyaw, vil. , W. Africa, in the Yoruba country, 120 
 m. NNE. Lagos. P. 40-60,000 [Proc. B. G. S., 1891, p.' 585). 
 
 Oyon, vil., N. Peru, dep. Ancachs, prov. and 19 m. SE. 
 Cajatambo ; in the neighbourhood are several deserted silver 
 mines. P. (with dist. ) < 3000. 
 
 Oyonnax, tn. , France, dep. Ain, 24 m. W. by N. Geneva, 
 arr. and 8 m. NNE. Nantua. P. <sooo. 
 
 Oyster Bay, favourite watering-place, U.S., New York, 
 Queen's co. , on an inlet of Long Island Sound, 28 m. E. by N. 
 New York. P. -<i5oo. 
 
 Oyster Core, post-tn. , Tasmania, Buckingham co. , on r. bk. 
 Derwent, 16 m. S. by W. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Oyster Cove, Little, tn. , Tasmania, 22 m. S. Hobart. P. <: 
 1500. 
 
 Oyster Creek, riv. , W. Africa. See Bathnrst. 
 
 Oyster Haveu, inlet, Ire. , on the S. ct. of co. Cork, to the E. 
 of Kinsale Harbour. 
 
 Oyster Islaud, Brit. India, Burma, off coast of Arakan, in 20° 
 12' N. , 92° 33' E. ; lighthouse, visible 10 m. 
 
 Oystermontli, or The IMunibles, par. and tn. , Wales, 
 Glamorganshire, Gower div. , on Swansea Bay, 4^ m. SW. by S. 
 Swansea ; a watering-place much resorted to by excursionists 
 from Swansea. Ruins of a castle of the time of Edward II. 
 SE. is HuniMes Head, off which are two rocky islets, one with 
 small redoubt and lighthouse, visible 15 m. Oyster dredging is 
 carried on. Par. P. <:4Soo ; tn. P. <4000. 
 
 Oyster Rock Point, cape, U.S., Connecticut, New Haven 
 CO. , in 72" 58' W. , on W. side of entrance to New Haven Bay. 
 
 Oyster Rocks, India. See K&rMilr. 
 
 Oza, comm., NW. Spain, Galicia, prov. and 15 m. SE. 
 Corunna, dist. Betanzos. P. <:5000. 
 
 Oza, comm., NW. Spain, prov. and suburb Corunna. P. 
 8000. 
 
 Ozall, or OzalJ, vil., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Agram, 
 dist. and 9 m. NW. Carlstadt. P. 7800. 
 
 Ozaka, or improperly Osaka, seapt. city, Japan, the com- 
 mercial capital and one of the three ' imperial cities,' at the head 
 of a gulf of the same name, at the mouth of riv. Yodogawa, 
 covering an area of 8 sq. m. , and intersected by many canals 
 and river branches ; the chief public building is its handsome 
 castle, built 1583, with enormous walls of huge granite stones ; 
 till 1868 it contained a palace, described as the most magnificent 
 structure in Japan. The largest Buddhist temple, covering an 
 immense area, has a fine pagoda. Two other conspicuous 
 temples have been converted into an hospital and public school 
 by the government. There is a large mint and an arsenal ; and O. 
 is rapidly developing manufactures on a European scale, being 
 one of the chief seats of the rapidly rising Japanese cotton 
 industry, and manufacturing also woollen (as well as cotton) 
 hosiery, felt and straw hats, glass, soap, iron and copper wares, 
 
 as well as the old native products (paper, &c.). The chief 
 thoroughfare is one of the busiest and gayest in the empire. 
 Though O. is the headquarters of the rice and tea trade, its 
 traffic is mostly inland, the harbour only admitting small craft ; 
 the neighbouring port of Kobe (q.v.) is the resort of large 
 vessels. There is a dry dock for the iron-works, 250 ft. by 33 ft. , 
 with 14 ft. depth on sill at high water. There is a railway to 
 Kyoto. Alt. 10 ft. Mean temp. (6 yrs. , 1881-86), yr. 57. 7°' P., 
 Jan. 37.9°, Aug. 80.2°; rfall. (4 yrs.), 52.42 in. P. (1872^ 
 272,000; (1877)284,100; (1889)361,700; (1890)473,500. 
 
 Ozama, riv., Haiti I., flows SE. then SSW. into the Carib- 
 bean Sea at Santo Domingo. 
 
 Ozark, vil., U.S., Alabama, Dale co., 70 m. SE. by S. of 
 Montgomery. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ozark, vil., U.S., Arkansas, Franklin co. , on 1. bk. of Ark- 
 ansas R., 105 m. WNW. Little Rock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ozark, CO., U.S., Missouri, on the S. frontier, E. of 93° W. 
 
 Ozark Mountains (the name a phonetic spelling of the last 
 two words in dots aux arcs, referring to the abundance of the 
 osage-orange, whose wood is well adapted for bow-making — 
 Egli), range of hills, U.S., extending from Missouri R. , SW. , to 
 Arkansas and Indian Terr. , occasionally rising to a height of 
 1500-2000 ft. 
 
 Ozaukee, co. , U.S., Wisconsin, on Lake Michigan, N. of 
 43° N. 
 
 Ozernaya, Cossack vil. , Russian Central Asia, prov. Uralsk,^ 
 33 m. S. Orsk. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Ozero, Russian, 'lake.' 
 
 Ozero, Slavonic, 'island.' 
 
 Ozl, riv. , Brit. E. Africa, to the E. of the lower Tana, with 
 which it is connected by the Belezoni, or Beledzoni, Canal ; 
 app)ears to issue from a large marsh about 10 m. N. of the 
 junction of this channel, enters the Indian Ocean by a wide 
 estuary in 2" 33' S. See Geog. Jour., iv. , p. 301. 
 
 Ozlerl, tn. , Sardinia, prov. and 25 m. ESE. Sassari. P. 86001 
 
 Ozleifortta, par., Eng. , Gloucestershire, Stroud div., 2^ m. 
 E. by N. Wot ton-under- Edge, on the NNE. P. <:250. 
 
 Ozolo, vil. , Peru, dep. Ayacucho, 100 m. SW. by S. Cuzco. 
 
 Ozora, comm. , Hungary, co. Tolna, dist. Dombovdr, 25 m. 
 W. by S. Duna Foldvdr. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ozora, or I'zdln, comm., Hungary, co. Torontal, dist, 
 Antalfalva, 17 m. SE. Nagy-Becskerek. P. 5900. 
 
 Ozorkdtr, tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 55 m. ENE. 
 Kalisz, on Bzura R. ; cotton and woollen cloth mills. P. 8060. 
 
 Ozukl, vil., Japan, near the SW. end of Honshiu, 120 m. 
 NE. by N. Nagasaki. 
 
 Ozuluoma, tn., Mexico, Vera Cruz, 190 m. E. by S. San 
 Luis Potosi. P. (comm. ) 5500. 
 
 Ozurgetl, dist. tn. , Russia, Transcaucasia, prov. and 62 m, 
 SW. Kutais ; botanic garden ; custom-house. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Ozzano dell* Emilia, comm., Italy, prov., circle, and 7 m. 
 ESE. Bologna. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pa, in many S. African names, 'lake.' 
 
 Pa, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, 35 m. W. Tientsin. 
 
 Paaba, isl.. Pacific, off the NW. end of New Caledonia. 
 
 Paaema, isl., Pacific, New Hebrides, between Ambrym 
 and Api. 
 
 Paanopa, isl. , Pacific. See Ocean Island. 
 
 Paar, riv., Bavaria, flows NE. into the Danube below Ingol- 
 stadt ; not navigable. 
 
 Paarl (Dutch, 'jiearl'; so called on account of the fancied 
 resemblance of a neighbouring mass of granite rock to a p)earl), 
 tn.. Cape Colony, dist. P., 30 m. (36 m. by rail) ENE. Cape 
 Town ; centre of the wine industry of the western prov. P. 
 (1881)5860; (1891)7700. 
 
 Paarlshoop, tp., S. African Republic. See Langlaagte. 
 
 Paatrew, tn. , Siam. See Patrlu. 
 
 Pabay, or Pabbay, islet, Scot., Inverness-shire, off the NE. 
 ct. of the isl. of Skye, in 5° 51' W. P. 7. 
 
 Pabay, isl. , Scot. , Ross-shire, Uig par. , near W. ct. of Lewis 
 I., in W. of Loch Roag. 
 
 Pabb, or Pubb, mt. chain, SE. Baluchistan, SW. spur of the 
 Kirthdr Mts. 
 
 Pabba, Scandinavian, 'a priest.' See Papa. 
 
 Pabbay, two small isls. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, Outer Hebrides. 
 1. To the N. of N. Uist, separated from Berneray by the Sound 
 of P. on the S. P. 3. 3. To the N. of Mingulay, in 56° 51' N. , 
 separated from several small islands by the Sound of P. on the 
 N. P. 13. 
 
 Pabellon, place with meteorological stn. , Mexico, near Aguas 
 Calientes, in 21° 50' N., 102° 16' W. Alt. 6314 ft. Rfall. (16 
 yrs.), 19.74 in. 
 1156 
 
 Pabellon de Plea, maritime vil., N. Chile, prov. Tarapaca, 
 51 m. S. Iquique ; the promontory is in 20° 58' S. lat. ; small! 
 roadstead, sheltered on S. 
 
 Pablanlce, tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 22 m. NW. 
 Piotrk6w, on Dobrzynka R. ; cotton, woollen, and linen mills;, 
 wall-paper manufacture. P. 12,415. 
 
 Pabn6, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. dist. P., 75 m. WNW. 
 Dacca; has Manjhipdrd. indigo factory. P. 16,500; Hindus, 
 7400 ; Moham. 9000. 
 
 Pa bo, stn., Wales, Denbighshire. See Mochtre. 
 
 Pabstberg, or Pabststeln, eminence, Ger. See Konlgsteln.. 
 
 Pacaca, vil. , Costa Rica, 14 m. SW. by W. San Jos6. 
 
 Pacajaz, or Pacaja, riv., Brazil, state of Para, joins the 
 estuary S. of the Marajo I. , in about 51° W. Length, 190 m. 
 
 Pacaltsdorp, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. and 5 m. S. George. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pacaralma, Sierra, low mt. chain, S. America, extending 
 for about 200 m. W. to E. , in 4° N. , and between 60° and 63" 
 W., separating the basin of the Orinoco from that of the Rio 
 Branco, and Venezuelan Guiana from Brazil. 
 
 Pacasmayn, vil., Peru, dep. Lambayeque, on the W. ct.,. 
 in about 7' 25' S. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pacaudl^re, I<a, vil., France, dep. Loire, arr. and 14 m.. 
 NW. Roanne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pacawa, lake, U.S., Wisconsin, co. and 2 m. W. Green 
 Lake. Length, 8 m. 
 
 Paceco, tn. , Sicily , prov. and 4 m. SE. Trapani. P. (comm. ) 6100. 
 
 Pacentro, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, 3 m. 
 E. Solmona. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pacliacamac (the name of the Supreme Being among the- 
 
PACH — PADD 
 
 ancient Peruvians, a name of Quichua origin, meaning ' he who 
 sustains the universe'), isl. , off the coast of Peru, in 12° 19' S. lat. , 
 20 m. SE. Lima. 
 
 Pactaachacaca, riv., Peru, flows ENE. then N. into the 
 Apurimac, which it enters in 13° 25' S. 
 
 Pacliaml);!, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, HazdribAgh dist. , in 
 24° 12' N. , 86° 18' E. ; headquarters of mission to the Santals. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Pacheca, isl. , Colombia, one of the Archipelago de las Perlas, 
 off S. ct. Panama, in 8° 40' S. 
 
 Paclieco, river-port, Paraguay. See Puerto Paclieco. 
 
 Pacheco, tn. , Spain. See Torre Pacheco. 
 
 Pacbeco, vil. , U.S., California, Contra Costa co. , 5 m. SE. 
 Martinez. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pachham, isl., India, Cutch, in the Great Rann of Cutch, 
 crossed in the E. by 70° E. 
 
 Pacliiii, vil., Siam, 60 m. ENE. Bangkok. 
 
 Pachliio, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 26 m. SSW. Syracuse. P. 5800. 
 
 Pacbltau, tn. , Java, 60 m. ESE. Jokjokarta. 
 
 Paclilte'a, riv. , Peru, flows N. then E. and joins the Ucayali, 
 in about 8° 40' S. ; navigable to Mayro, in 10° 55' S. , 75° 40' W. 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1892, p. 388. 
 
 Pachmarlii, plateau and sanatarium, Brit. India, Central 
 Provs. , Hoshangdbad dist. , surrounded by the Chauradeo Jata 
 Pahdr and Dhupgarh Hills, 2500 ft. above Sohagpur. Alt. 3528 
 ft. Mean temp., yr. 69° P., Jan. 58°, July 71°; rfall. , yr. 78.0 
 in., June-Sept. 72.9 in. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pachora, vil. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khdndesh, 57 m. 
 N. by E. Aurangab4d. P. 5400 ; Hindus, 4000. 
 
 Pachon, tn. , China, Siichwan, 150 m. N. by E. Chungking. 
 
 Paclipadra, vil. , India, Rdjputdna, 53 m. WSW. Jodhpur. 
 A few miles to the W. are the P. salt-pits, to which there is a rly. 
 
 Paclinca, mining tn. , Mexico, Hidalgo, 56 m. NE. by N. 
 Mexico. Silver mines were worked here before the Spanish 
 conquest, and silver has been extracted almost continuously 
 ever since. The mines of P. and the neighbouring Real del 
 Monte produce one-sixth of the aggregate silver mined in the 
 year in all Mexico. Here in the year 1557 Bartolomeo Medina 
 discovered, and for the first time used, the patio, or cold amalga- 
 mation, process for extracting ore by the help of sulphide of 
 copjjer, salt, and mercury. P. (1868) estimated 12,000; (1889) 
 32,800. 
 
 Pacific, glacier, Alaska. See Glacier Bay. 
 
 Pacific, tn. , U.S., Missouri, Franklin and St. Louis cos., 30 
 m. WSW. St Louis ; has iron, lead, copper, and glass-sand in 
 the vicinity. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pacific, CO., U.S., Washington, on the W. ct., bounded on 
 the S. by Columbia R. 
 
 Pacific Grove, tn. , U.S., California, in Monterey co. and 
 township. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Pacific Jnnction, vil., U.S., Iowa, Mills co. , 15 m. S. by E. 
 Omaha ( Neb. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Pacific Ocean, the largest of the great oceans, extends from 
 40° S. lat., where it communicates with the Southern Ocean, to 
 the Arctic Circle, and from the W. ct. of America to the E. 
 boundaries of Asia, Malaysia, and Australia. Its length from 
 N. to S. is over 7000 m.; its greatest breadth (in about 5° N. 
 lat.), over 10,000 m. ; and total area 55.6 millions of sq. m. 
 (Murray), exceeding by about 4 millions the whole land surface 
 of the globe. At its southern limit the Pacific is about 7000 m. 
 across, but to the N. it is almost land-locked, the only com- 
 munication with the Arctic Ocean being through Bering Strait 
 (q.v.), a channel 36 m. wide, and nowhere more than 30 fathoms 
 deep. The eastern and western portions of the Pacific present 
 in many respects a remarkable contrast. Except in Alaska, 
 where the coast is low and swampy, and at the extreme S. of 
 South America, where bays and islands are numerous, the 
 American coast is rocky and mountainous, and it is broken by 
 only three openings of importance, the Gulfs of California, 
 Panama, and Guayaquil. In the eastern half continental 
 islands are represented chiefly by such examples as Tierra del 
 Fuego, Vancouver, Queen Charlotte, and Kadiak Is.; volcanic 
 islands in the ocean are rare, the Galapagos group, 600 m. off 
 the coast of Ecuador, being the only one of importance ; and 
 coral islands are absent. On the western side, except in 
 Australia, the coast is irregular, and for the most part low and 
 fertile ; there are numerous large gulfs, and detached seas are 
 enclosed by mountain ranges, which, although for the most part 
 submerged, frequently rise above the surface, and form chains 
 of continental islands. Thus the Bering Sea is cut off from the 
 main Pacific basin by the Aleutian Is. , the Sea of Okhotsk by 
 the Kurile Is., the Sea of Japan by the Japan Is., the China 
 Sea by Formosa, the Philippines, Palawan, and Borneo ; while 
 the islands of the Eastern Archipelago enclose the Sulu, Celebes, 
 Java, Banda, and Arafura Seas. The Coral Sea is bounded 
 by Australia (NE. coast). New Guinea, New Britain, Solomon 
 Is., New Hebrides, and New Caledonia. Oceanic islands, 
 although their total area is small, are almost innumerable, and 
 they are in all cases either volcanic or coral ; the chief groups 
 are the Sandwich Is., Bonin Is., Ladrone Is., Caroline Is., 
 
 Marshall Is., Gilbert Is., Solomon Is., New Hebrides, Fiji Is., 
 Friendly Is., Samoa Is., Society Is., and Paumotu Is. The 
 mean depth of the Pacific is estimated at 2500 fathoms ; the 
 floor of the eastern basin is level, or undulates uniformly at 
 between 2000 and 3000 fathoms, and that of the western is very 
 irregular, large patches of shallow water amongst the islands 
 being found in close proximity to the greatest known depressions. 
 The American vessel Tuscarora obtained 4655 fathoms (nearly 
 5^ m.) between the Kurile Is. and the coast of Japan. As is 
 to be expected from so wide a range of level, the floor of the 
 Pacific is covered with every variety of deposit, red clay in the 
 abysmal depths, Globigerina and Pteropod ooze at higher levels, 
 and in the enclosed basins blue mud and other terrigenous de- 
 posits. Notwithstanding its vast extent of coast-line, the land 
 area drained by the Pacific is comparatively small, probably not 
 more than 7J millions of sq. m. , or less than half the drainage 
 area of the Atlantic. A consideration of the position of the 
 Rocky Mountains and the Andes shows that by far the greater 
 part of the drainage-area is Asiatic, America contributing only 
 one large river — the Yukon, in Alaska — while on the western side 
 the Amur, Hwang-ho, and Yangtse-kiang alone drain over two 
 million sq. m. The Pacific Ocean was made known to Euro- 
 peans by Balboa, a Spaniard, in 1513, but was not navigated by 
 a European vessel till 1520, when Magellan gave it its present 
 name. The first English vessel to cross the Pacific was the 
 Golden Hind, under Drake, in 1578. The distribution of tem- 
 perature and salinity and of animal life in the Pacific has been 
 very fully investigated of recent years by such expeditions as 
 those of the Challenger, Tuscarora, and Vitiaz. No submarine 
 cable has as yet been laid across the Pacific, although various 
 schemes are at present under consideration. For prevailing 
 winds, currents, tides, &c. , see Oceans. [H. N. D.] 
 
 Packerort, cape and lighthouse, Russia, S. ct. of Gulf of 
 Finland, at entrance to Baltisch Port, 59° 29' N., 24° 3' E. 
 Mean rfall. (16 yrs. ), yr. 19.3 in., June-Nov. 13.4 in. 
 
 Packerton, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Carbon co., on the 
 Lehigh R., 38 m. S. Scranton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Packlngton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 8 m. 
 NNW. Bosworth, i m. S. Ashbystn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles, 
 par. (P. with Snibston) P. <75o. 
 
 Packington, part of par. , Eng. , Staffordshire. See Sivinfen. 
 Packiiigton, co. , Queensland, crossed by the Tropic of Capri- 
 corn, and 150° E. , partly bounded on the W. by the Fitzroy R. 
 Packington, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., Great P. ^\ m. NW. by W. 
 Coventry. P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Packwood, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Solihull dist., 4J m. 
 NE. Henley-in-Arden. P. <5oo. 
 Pa(o, Portuguese, 'palace.' 
 Pacocha, maritime vil. , Peru. See Ilo. 
 Pacolett Mills, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, Spartanburg co. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pacser, comm. , Hungary, co. Bdcs-Bodrog, dist. Topolya, 
 17 m. SW. Maria Theresiopel. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pactolus, riv., ancient name of Gedlz-€liai. 
 , Pacy>snr-Eare, tn. , France, dep. Eure, arr. and 11 m. E. 
 Evreux. P. <:2oco. 
 
 Pad' , Siberian Russian for a narrow valley in an Alpine region. 
 Padushka, diminutive for above. 
 
 Padani, tn., India, Kashmir, 126 m. ESE. Srinagar. 
 Pa<lanarani, P. O. , Scot. , co. and 3 m. N W. Forfar. 
 Padang, tn. , Eastern Archipelago, in the NW. of Billiton I., 
 on the coast. 
 
 Padang, tn. , on the W. ct. of Sumatra, in about 1° S. Mean 
 
 temp. (4 yrs., 1850-53), yr. 79.7° F., Jan. 79.6°, July 79.7°. 
 
 P. 40,000. 
 
 Padang Seniei, vil. , Siam, Malay Penin. , in about 5° 35' N. 
 
 Padang Sidimpnan, vil. , Sumatra, among the mountains in 
 
 the W. , in about 1° 25' N. 
 
 Padaran, or Nui-Dlnh, cape, E. ct. Cochin-China, Annam, 
 in 11° 21' N. 
 
 Padas, riv., in the SW. of Brit. N. Borneo, winds NW. 
 then SW. into the head of Brunei Bay ; navigable by steamers 
 to about 115° 45' E. 
 
 Padanng, tn. , Burma, dist. and 8 m. SW. Prome, on the 
 r. bk. of the Iriwadi. P. < 5000. 
 
 Padbury, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 2^ m. SE. 
 Buckingham, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Paddabnrn Moor, Eng. , an upland tract on the W. border 
 of the Hexham div. of Northumberland, about 18 m. NW. by 
 W. Hexham. 
 
 Paddington, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Eccles and 
 Manchester pars., on W. side of Manchester. P. 10,500. 
 
 Paddington, a dist. and pari. bor. of London, Eng., 4 m. 
 W. by N. St. Paul's. The pari. bor. is divided into two divs. , 
 North P. (P. 64,700) and South P. (P. 53,200), each returning 
 one member to Parliament. Paddington is the name of the 
 terminus of the G. W. R. Close beside this station are Praed 
 Street, on the Inner Circle, and Blsbop's Road, on the Outer 
 Circle, of the Metropolitan Rly. Par. P. 117,800. 
 
 1157 
 
P A D D 
 
 P AI G 
 
 Paddlngton, municip. , New South Wales, suburb of Sydney. 
 P. 18,400. 
 
 Paddlngton Canal, branch of the Grand Junction Canal, 
 Middlesex, running from near Cranford to Paddington ; formed 
 1795-1801. Length, 13J m. 
 
 Paddleswortli, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 3 m. 
 NW. Folkestone, 2 m. NNW. Shorncliffe Camp stn. P. <25o. 
 See Lymlnge. 
 
 Paddock, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Hudders- 
 field par. P. 5300. 
 
 Paddock Wood, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, div. and 3J m. 
 E. by S. Tunbridge, with a junction station on the SE. R., 
 PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Paderbom, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, cap. circle P., 
 42 m. NW. Kassel, 40 m. S. by W. Minden ; has a fine cathe- 
 dral, finished in the 12th century, built over the spring which 
 gives origin to the Pader R., and containing the tomb of St. 
 Liborius. Has railway workshops, manufactures of glass, soap, 
 and tobacco, and trade in fruit, wool, and cattle. Near the 
 town the mineral springs of Inselbad. Tn. P. 17,100; comm. 
 P. 18,000. 
 
 Padeswood, vil, Wales, Flintshire, 4 m. E. by S. Mold, 
 with stn. (P. and Bnckley) on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Padgate with Orford, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, New- 
 ton div., 2 m. NE. Warrington, with a stn. (Padgate) on the 
 Cheshire Lines Rly. , PM.O. (Padgate). P. <20oo. 
 
 PadUtam, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Clitheroe div. , 3 m. W. by 
 N. Burnley, on the L. & Y. R. P. 9900 ; tn. (P. and Hapton) 
 P. 11,300. 
 
 Padllla, tn., Bolivia, dep. Chuquisaca, 64 m. ESE. Sucre. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Padllla, tn. , Mexico, Tamaulipas, 152 m. SE. by S. Monterey. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Padley, Nether, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Bakewell dist., on 
 riv. Derwent, 6^ m. NE. Tideswell. P. <25o. 
 
 Padman&hham, vil. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Vizagapatam, 
 in 17° 58' N. , 83° 19' E. ; the scene of a decisive battle between 
 Viziardm Rk] and Colonel Prendergast's force in 1794, the former 
 defeated. P. < 5000. 
 
 Padova, tn. , Italy. See Padna. 
 
 Padra, tn., India, 7 m. WSW. Baroda. P. (1881) 7700. 
 
 Padrauna Sahlbganj, tn. , Brit. India, N W. Provs. , dist. and 
 40 m. E. Gorakhpur. P. 7200 ; Hindus, 5000 ; Moham. 2200. 
 
 Padre, Puerto del, seapt., Cuba. See Puerto Padre. 
 
 Padrenda, comm., NW. Spain, Galicia, prov. and 20 m. 
 SW. Orense, dist. Bande. P. <400o. 
 
 Padron, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 45 m. SSW. 
 Corunna, cap. dist. P. P. 7700. 
 
 Padrone, cape. Cape Colony, S. ct. , in about 26° 30' E. 
 
 Padron Pnnta, another name for Shark Point, at the S. of 
 the mouth of the Congo, so called from Portuguese padrao, ' a 
 memorial stone,' referring to that erected by Diego Cam in 
 1485 when he recognised the mouth of the Congo ; it is usually, 
 but improperly, known under the Spanish form Diogo Cao. 
 
 Padslde, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding. See 
 Thomthwalte with Padslde. 
 
 Padstow, par. and tn., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., on 
 the 1. bk. of the riv. Camel, 11 m. NW. by W. Bodmin. The 
 harbour is 100 ft. wide at entrance, depth ranging from 10 ft. 
 neaps to 18 ft. springs (14 ft. ordinary springs) ; quayage, 1160 
 ft. ; with lifeboat. PMT.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Padna, Italian Padora, tn., Italy, Venetia, cap. prov. P., on 
 the canalised part of the Bacchiglione. The university, said to 
 have been founded in 1222, has forty-six ordinary, and eight 
 extra-ordinary professors. One of the most ancient cities of 
 Italy, P. has several memorable buildings, e.g., the cathedral 
 (i6th-i8th century), baptistery (13th century), church of II Santo 
 (i.e., St. Anthony, the patron saint of the city, finished in 
 1307), church of St. Justina (i6th century), of the Hermits (13th 
 century), of the Annunciation (14th century), the halls of justice 
 ( 13th century) , and the Renaissance town-hall (1 2th-i3th century). 
 An observatory occupies the tower of the palace of Ezzelino da 
 Romano, tyrant of P. in the 13th century. A botanical garden 
 has existed here since 1343. A magnificent equestrian statue by 
 Donatello stands in front of St. Anthony's Church. P. was con- 
 quered by Rome (8th century B.C.), and sacked by Alaric the 
 Goth and Attila the Him. It is the birthplace of Livy, the 
 Roman historian, and the painter Mantegna (1431-1506). Mean 
 temp., yr. 55.1° F., Jan. 35.4°, July 75.4*"; rfall. (1725-91), 
 33.7 in. P. (1871)44,600; (1881)47,300. 
 
 Padncah, city, U.S., Kentucky, McCracken co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Ohio and Tennessee Rivs. , 165 m. SE. St. Louis (Mo. ) ; 
 large shipping port for lumber, and important manufactures of 
 hard wood. P. (1880) 8000; (1890) 12,800. 
 
 Padul, tn., Spain, prov. and 12 m. S. by.W. Granada, dist. 
 Orgiva. P. (comm.)<4000. 
 
 Padnla, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, 22 m. S. by W. 
 Potenza. P. 7900. 
 
 Padnll, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. and 6 m. ENE. Bene- 
 vento. P. 3700. 
 1158 
 
 Padus, riv., Italy. See Po. 
 
 Padushka. See Pad' . 
 
 Padworth, par., Eng., Berkshire, Newbury div., 8 m. SW. 
 by W. Reading, i m. SE. Aldermaston stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Paeroa, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Ohinemuri co., 22 
 m. S. Thames by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Paesana, tn., Italy, Piedmont, on the Po, prov. Turin, 10^ 
 m. W. by N. Saluzzo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 PcBstum, Italy. See Pesto. 
 
 Pagan, tn.. Upper Burmah, on the 1. bk. of the Irawadi, 92 
 m. SW. by W. Mandalay. P. tn. and cantonment, 7400 ; 
 Buddhists, 7300. 
 
 Pagan, or Paygan, isl. , Pacific, one of the Marianne group, 
 in 18° 4' N., 145° 52' E. 
 
 Pagan Hill, P.O., Eng., Gloucestershire, i m. from Cains- 
 cross. 
 
 Paganl, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, 7 m. N. Amalfi. 
 P. 13,300. 
 
 Paganica, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 4^ m. E, 
 Aquila, 35 m. W. Chieti. P. 3000. 
 
 Pagasai, comm. , Greece. See Volo. 
 
 Page, CO., U.S., Iowa, on S. frontier, and crossed in E. by 
 95° W. 
 
 Page, CO., U.S., Virginia, S. of 39° N., and W. of 78 W. , 
 traversed by the S. Fork of the Shenandoah. 
 
 Page, North and South, two adjacent isls. belonging to the 
 Mentavei group, off the W. ct. of Sumatra, between 2° 40' and 
 3° 30' S. 
 
 Page Bank, mining-vil., Eng., Durham, 4 m. NW. Ferryhill 
 Junction, P.O. 
 
 Paghani, par. , Eng. , Sussex, on the S. ct. , div. and 5 m. S. 
 by E. Chichester, P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Paghman Hills or Mountains, range of mts. , Afghanistan, 
 running from NW. to SE. to the W. of Kabul, about midway 
 between that city and the SW. end of the Hindu Kush. Chief 
 pass the Unal Pass, on the road from Kabul to Bamian. Alt. 
 11,320 ft. (Proc. R. G. S., 1879, p. 117, map, p. 160). 
 
 Paglesham, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 5^ m. NE. by N. 
 Southend, 3 m. ENE. Rochford stn., P.O. P.''<;500. 
 
 Paglla, small riv. , Italy, in the W. , it rises on Monte Amiata, 
 and flows SE. to the Tiber, which it joins on the r. bk. about 5 
 or 6 m. below Orvieto. 
 
 Paglleta, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 22 ra. SE. 
 Chieti. P. <:3000. 
 
 Pagny>le-ChAtean, vil., France, dep. C6te d'Or, arr. Bedune, 
 on the Saone, 21 m. SSE. Dijon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pago, tn. , Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on a bay on the E. 
 ct. of Pago I., 24 m. N. by W. Zara. The island is 37 m. long 
 by 1-6 m. broad. Alt. (Monte San Vito) 1140 ft. P. (tn. ) <40oo. 
 
 Pagoda Island, in Foochow harbour, China, prov. Fokien ; 
 seat of a Brit, vice-consul, and of a Chinese mint for small coins. 
 
 Pagoda Point, cape, on coast of Lower Burma, W. side of 
 Bassein river mouth, just S. of 16° N. 
 
 Pago-pago, harbour, Sandwich Is. See Pango-pango. 
 
 Paguenema, isls.. Pacific. See Pakln. 
 
 Paha, settlement, U.S., Washington, Adam's co., 67 m. SW, 
 Spokane Falls. 
 
 Pahang, riv. , Malay Penin. , formed by two main headwaters 
 in about 3° 20' N. and 102° 25' E. , flows thence eastwards into 
 the China Sea. Length about 217 m. 
 
 Pahang, state, Malay Penin. , on E. ct. , mostly between 2^° 
 and 4° N. (coast line between 2° 40' and 3° 35' N.), 103° and 
 104° E., embracing all the terr. E. of Perak, Selangor, and 
 Negri Sembilan, between Johor on the S. , and the Siamese 
 dependencies of Kelantan and Tringgame on the N., under 
 BrU. protection since 1888 ; about one-half larger than Wales. 
 Mountainous in the W. (the Gunong Tahan, a mountain not yet 
 ascended, estimated at about 12,000 ft. ), descending to Marsby 
 Plains in the E. Chief river, the P. ; minor rivers, the Kuantan 
 in the N. , and the Rumpen in the S. , all so shallow as to be 
 navigable in the dry season (our winter) only for steam-launches 
 and other small craft. Rich in gold, tin, and galena. Cap. 
 Pekan, near mouth of Pahang. Area, 10,156 sq. m. P. (1891) 
 57,500. 
 
 Pahautanul, vil.. New Zealand, North I., Hutt co., 19J m. 
 N. by E. Wellington by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pahl, postal-stn. , New Zealand, North I. , Otamatea co. , 84 
 m. NW. Auckland by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pahlatua, tn.. New Zealand, North I., P. co., on Maungata- 
 nuka R. , in 40° 25' S. and 175° 5/ E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pal, valley, Brit. Baluchistan, stretching E. and W., in about 
 30° 15' N., 68°-68i°E. 
 
 Pa-I, the Chinese name of the Shans. See Laos. 
 
 Palfto, tn., Portugal, prov. Beira, dist. and 22 m. WSW. 
 Coimbra. P. 5100. 
 
 Palcarl, Rio, small riv., S. Chile, flowing into the Pacific in 
 37° 59' S. Length about 45 m. ; navigable for 15 m. 
 
 Paignton (pfn'ton), par., watering-place, and tn., Eng., 
 Devonshire, on Tor Bay, div. and 7.\ m. SW. by W. Torquay, 
 on the G. W. R.; cider is manufactured. Ruins of episcopal 
 
P AI K 
 
 P AKU 
 
 palace, sometime the residence of Miles Coverdale {1487-1563). 
 5177 ac. P. 6800; eccles. par. (P. ifvlth Marldon) P. 6000. 
 
 Pal-khol (Samoyede, 'stony range '), N. of Uralsend (f.v.). 
 
 Pallon, harb. , Ecuador, on the W. ct., in about 1° 17' N. 
 
 Palltoii, par., Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 5 m. NNW. 
 Rugby, 2 m. ENE. Brinklow stn. , PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Paimakwan, pass, China. See Plmakwaii. 
 
 Palmboenf (Breton Pen-bo, 'ox-head'), tn. , France, dep. 
 Loire-Infi^rieure, cap. arr. P., on the S. shore of the estuary of 
 the Loire, 8 m. E. St. Nazaire, rising to importance in the 17th 
 century, when the sandbank in the bed of the Loire, and the 
 increase in the size of ships, made access to the port of Nantes 
 impossible. The quayage, 623 ft.; depth at quayside ordinary 
 springs 16 ft. 5 in. for 328 ft. , 19 ft. 8 in. for 295 ft. ; rise and 
 fall at ordinary springs, 13 ft. There is a dry dock 230 ft. long, 
 42 ft. 8 in. wide at entrance, and with 14 ft. 9 in. on sill at high 
 water ordinary springs. P. <3C)00. 
 
 Palmono, riv., Brit. New Guinea, flows S. and enters Hall 
 Sound in about 146° 30' E. , 8° 45' S. 
 
 Paimpol, maritime tn. , France, dep. C6tes du Nord, arr. 
 St. Brieuc, on the N. ct., 48 m. W. by N. St. Malo. Its dock 
 is 691 ft. long, 328 ft. wide, entered by a lock 39 ft. 4 in. wide 
 at entrance, and 147 ft. long, with a depth over the sill of 11 ft. 
 at high water ordinary neaps, and 23 ft. ordinary springs ; 
 length of quayage, 19H ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Paina, tn. , Brit. India, N W. Provs. , dist. and 44 m. SSE. 
 Gorakhpur. P. 5400 ; Hindus, 4900 ; Moham. 500. 
 
 Palnestown, par., Ire., cos. Carlow and Kildare, bars. 
 Carlo w, and Kilkea and Moone, on riv. Barrow, 3 m. N. 
 Carlow. P. <2So. 
 
 Palne8to>¥u, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Lower Duleek, on 
 riv. Boyne, 5 m. NE. by E. Navan. P. <:75o. 
 
 Paluesvllle, city, U.S., Ohio, Lake co., 29 m. NE. by E. 
 Cleveland, on W. bank of Grand R. , which is here crossed by a 
 stone viaduct 800 ft. long, 3 m. from the best natural harbour 
 on Lake Erie ; has an active trade. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Palnscastle, P.O., Wales, Radnorshire, 9^ m. S. by W. 
 New Radnor, 4J m. WNW. Hay stn. 
 
 Palnshaw, par., Eng., Durham, Houghton-le-Spring div., 5 
 m. WSW. Sunderland, with a stn. (Penshaw) on the NE. R. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Pain's Lane, eccles. par., Eng., Salop, Shifnal, Wrockwar- 
 dine, and Lilleshall pars. P. <:35oo. 
 
 Palnsfvick, par. and market-tn., Eng., Gloucester, Stroud 
 div., 6 m. SSE. Gloucester, 3^ m. E. Haresfield stn., PMT.O.; 
 6104 ac. P. <45oo ; eccles. par. (P. Edge) P. <:5oo. 
 
 PalntCreek, vil., U.S.,W. Virginia, Kanawhaco. P. <isoo. 
 
 Painted Desert, a desert plateau, U.S., Arizona, in the 
 NW. corner, separated from the Colorado plateau by the Rio 
 Colorado, its escarpments forming the N. sides of the Marble 
 and Grand Cafions of that river. It gets its name from the 
 varied colouration of its rocks, and is totally destitute of 
 vegetation. 
 
 Painted Post, vil., U.S., New York, Steuben co., on 
 Canisteo R. , 76 m. SSE. Rochester, and 15 m. WNW. Elmira. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Palntepnr, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Sitapur, 32 m. NE. 
 by N. Lucknow. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Painters Lane End, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 2 m. from 
 Portreath. 
 
 Palpa, vil., Colombia, dep. Boyaca, 25 m. NNE. Tunja, 
 very important at the time of the Spanish conquest. Two miles 
 to the S. a warm sulphur spring. 
 
 Paisley, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Bruce co. , on a trib. of the 
 Saugeen R. , 54 m. W. by S. Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Paisley, originally Passeleth, mun. and pari, burgh, manu- 
 facturing tn. , Scot., W. Renfrewshire, on both sides of White 
 Cart Water, 6^ m. W. by S. Glasgow, with stations on the 
 G. & P. Joint R. (P. GUmonr Street), on the G. & SW. R. 
 (P. Canal), and on the C. R. (P. St. James's) ; has coal. The 
 manufactures of linen and muslin, which appear to have been 
 established in the 17th century, had attained to considerable 
 importance in 1710 ; in 1786 the value of linens yearly manu- 
 factured amounted to _^i65,ooo. Linen sewing-thread, intro- 
 duced in 1722, had an exceedingly prosperous course, but 
 towards the end of the century it was replaced by cotton thread, 
 which now forms a staple industry, employing over 7000 per- 
 sons. Silk gauze, also largely produced during the i8th century, 
 was replaced by muslins, still manufactured to a small extent. 
 The manufacture of beautiful shawls, for which P. has been 
 famous, was estabhshed towards the end of the i8th century, 
 but has declined owing to change of fashion ; plaid and various 
 fancy goods are, however, extensively produced. Other indus- 
 tries are manufactiu'es of starch, flour, carpets, chemicals, 
 machinery, soap, bleaching, printing, and dyeing, &c. , and 
 shipbuilding. P. has fine public buildings, especially the town 
 hall, Coats Memorial (Baptist) Church, library and museum, 
 infirmary and grammar-school (the last two building in 1895) ; 
 three public parks — the Fountain Gardens, 6 ac. ; Brodie Park, 
 22 ac. ; and St. James's Park, 40 ac. ; and the Dunn Square, a 
 
 small public garden, with statues of Burns, and of Thomas 
 Coats and Sir Peter Coats. The Collegiate Church occupies 
 the nave of the abbey, founded originally in 1163, and rebuilt in 
 the 15th century. The Cart, 18 ft. deep, is navigable to P., and 
 joins the Clyde 3 m. below the town. The harbour has an area 
 of sj ac, with 1920 ft. of quayage, and a depth of 18 ft. at high 
 water, and 8 ft. at low water. Christopher North (Professor 
 Wilson) and the poet Tannahill were natives of P. Statues 
 to Tannahill and Alexander Wilson (ornithologist) adorn the 
 Abbey burying-ground, and one of G. A. Clark stands in front 
 of the town-hall. Alt. 46 ft. Market-days, M. and Th. 
 Mean rfall. (Stanely Reservoir; alt. 190 ft.; 1866-80) 47.7 in. ; 
 Springside (6 m. S. Paisley, alt. 532 ft.) 56.3 in. Tn. P. 66,400 ; 
 pari, burgh P. (1871) 48,300 ; (1891) 66,400. 
 
 Paltan, a large bay in the N. of Brit. N. Borneo, in 117^° to 
 ii7i° E. 
 
 Paltas, lake, N. Sweden, prov. Norrbotten. Length, W. to 
 E., 31 m. ; breadth, 2^ m. ; drained E. by the riv. Kahx. 
 
 Palthan, tn., India, Haidardibad, on riv. Goddvari, 29 m. 
 S. by E. Aurangibdd, one of the oldest cities in the Deccan, 
 believed to have been known to Ptolemy. The silk of P. once 
 fetched fabulous prices ; good work is still done, but the demand 
 is small. P. (1881) 10,900. 
 
 Palra, a small riv., Portugal, Beira, flows W. then NW. to 
 the Douro, which it joins about 8° 20' W. 
 
 Palyenchlng, or Poyentsln, vil. , in SW. of Chinese prov. 
 Siichwan, about 135 m. NE. by N. Tali-fu (Yunnan) ; impor- 
 tant brine-springs. See Proc. K. G. S., 1886, p. 376. 
 
 Pajares, vil., Spain, prov. and 23 m. S. by E. Oviedo. 
 
 P. <20OO. 
 
 Pajaros (Spanish corruption of Latin passer, 'a sparrow,' 
 ' any bird '), isl., Chile, off the W. ct., in about 29° 36' S. 
 
 Pajaros, guaniferous islets, Chile, in 21° 6' S. 
 
 Pajaros, islet, Peru, in Samanco Bay, in 9° 15' S. 
 
 Pajllan, pass across the Elburz Mts., in the NW. of Persia, 
 about 40 m. W. by S. Resht. Alt. 7050 ft. (Curzon). 
 
 Pajoual, maritime vil., N. Chile, prov. Atacama, 24 m. 
 SSW. port Copiapo, in 27° 44' S. 
 
 PajzanoTO (Servian), Tslreehkol (Turkish), tn., Turkey in 
 Europe, vilayet, sanjak, and 5 m. E. Salonica. P. <3000. 
 
 Pakarnka, isl., Pacific. See Natnpe. 
 
 Pakawan, place with meteorological stn. , New Zealand, on 
 Golden Bay, lat. 40° 39' S., 172° 43' E. Rfall. (9yrs.) 108.54 in. 
 
 Pakefleld, par., Eng., Suffolk, on the coast, div. and 2^ m. 
 SW. byS. Lowestoft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pakenliam, vil., Canada, Ontario, Lanark co. , on the riv. 
 Mississippi, 26 m. W. by S. Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pakenliam, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 5 m. 
 ENE. Bury St. Edmunds, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Pakeuham, post-tn. , Victoria, Mornington co., 27 m. SE. 
 by E. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pakfirok, tn., Siam. See Kauburl. 
 
 Paklian-uge, tn. , Upper Burma, on the Irdwadi, 30 m. S. 
 by W. Pagan. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pakkarnkovo, vil. , W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, 67 m. SW. 
 Tyumen. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pak-ho, riv. , China. See Hnn-shal. 
 
 Pakliol, maritime tn., China, prov. Kwangtung, dep. and 
 12 m. SE. Lienchou-fu, of which it is the port ; opened for inter- 
 national commerce in 1876 ; chief export, indigo. P. 25,000. 
 
 Paktara, riv. , Russia, govt. Moscow, r. bk. trib. of Moskva R. , 
 which it joins at Bronnitsy ; quarries of limestone, rich in fossils. 
 Length, 80 m. 
 
 Pakhu, sacred cave, Indo-China. See Pakn. 
 
 Pakln, or Pagnenema, isls., Pacific, in E. of Caroline groiip. 
 
 Paklal, tn., Siam, on r. bk. Mekong, in 18° 16' N., about 
 25 m. above the place where the river turns abruptly E. 
 
 Paklan, tn., Siam, Malay Penin. , W. side, in about 8° 28' 
 N. , a few miles from the head of Khelong Bay. 
 
 Pak-lnng, cape, on the S. ct. of China, in 108° 11' E. 
 
 Pakuam, tn., Siam, on the Menam, 10 m. SSE. Bangkok. 
 
 Pakoghkee, Lake, Canada, in the SW. of Assiniboia, drained 
 SE. into the Milk R. 
 
 Pakokkn, tn., Upper Burma, cap. dist. P., on the r. bk. of 
 the Irawadi, 20 m. NE. Pagan. P. 20,000 ; Buddhists, 18,400. 
 
 Piikpattan (' Ferry of the Pure'), the ancient Ajudhan, tn., 
 Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Montgomery, 100 m. SW. by_S. 
 Lahore, picturesquely situated on a slight elevation overlooking 
 the plain ; the chief ferry over the Sutlej. P. 6500 ; Hindus, 
 2400 ; Moham. 3700. 
 
 Pak-Phrok, tn. , Siam. See Kanbnrl. 
 
 Paks, tn. , Hungary, co. Tolna, on the r. bk. of the Danube, 
 60 m. S. by W. Budapest. P. 11,800. 
 
 Pak-slian, or Kra, riv., Malay Penin., flowing S. on the W. 
 side of the isthmus of Kra, and entering the Bay of Bengal by 
 a long estuary, the mouth of which is in 10° N. 
 
 Pakshlk, tn. , China. See Posetlng. 
 
 Pakn, or Pakhn, celebrated sacred cave, Indo-China, on 
 the 1. bk. of Mekong, at confluence of Nam-u, 12 m. NNE. 
 Luang Prabang ; place of pilgrimage. 
 
PALA-^PALE 
 
 Palabala, or Pallaballa, vil., Congo Free State, a few 
 miles from the 1. bk. of the Congo (near Vivi on the r. bk.), in 
 5° 42' S. , 13° 47' E. ; American Baptist mission station. 
 
 Palace, East, tnld. , Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Bantry, Oldross 
 par. , with a junction stn. on the G. S. & W. and Dublin, 
 VVicklow, and Wexford Rlys., P.O. (Palace). P. <2So. 
 
 Palacecralg, part of par. , Scot. , Lanarkshire. See Fasklne. 
 
 Palace dates, stn., Eng., Middlesex, Tottenham div. , on 
 the G. E. R. (for Wood Green), 6 m. N. by W. St. Paul's. 
 
 Palach^e, tn. , S. Africa. See Palapye. 
 
 Palacio, Spanish, ' palace.' See Palatium. 
 
 Palaclos y Tillaft-anca, Los, tn., S. Spain, Andalusia, prov. 
 and 16 m. SSE. Seville, dist. Utrera. P. (comm.) 5200. 
 
 Paladra, lake, France, dep. Isere, 4 m. WNW. St. Gevire. 
 Length, 4 m.; area, 964 ac; greatest depth, n8 ft. 
 
 Palaft^gell, or Palafnrgell, tn. , Spain, Catalonia, prov. 
 and 20 m. ESE. Gerona, dist. Bisbal ; has important manu- 
 facture of corks. P. (comm. ) 6600. 
 
 Palaglano, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, \7.\ m. NW. by 
 W. Taranto. P. <4000. 
 
 Palagonla, tn., Sicily, prov. and 23 m. SW. by W. Catania. 
 P. 5400. 
 
 Palaios-a-on, Greek, ' old.' 
 
 Palais, te, tn., France, on the E. ct. of Belle lie, dep. 
 Morbihan, arr. Lorient, 10 m. S. by W. Quiberon ; harbour 
 works (Vauban quay) commenced in 1891. P. <20oo. 
 
 Palalsean, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Versailles, 
 loj m. SW. by S. Notre Dame, Paris, with a fort. P. <3000. 
 
 P^lakoUa (PMakol, census), tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 Godivari, 47 m. NE. by E. Masulipatam. The Dutch opened 
 a factory here in 1652. P. 8700 ; Hindus, 8400. 
 
 Palakonda, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 70 m. NNE. 
 Vizagapatam. P. 10,400; Hindus, 10,100. 
 
 Palamarca, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. Razgrad, 31 m. SSE. 
 Rustchuk. P. <3000. 
 
 Palamas, tn., N. Greece, Thessaly, prov. (nomos^ Trikkala, 
 22 m. WSW. Larissa. P. <4ooo ; comm. (Titanion) P. 7100. 
 
 Palamaa, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, Chuti4 Nagpur div., P. 
 dist., 125 m. SE. Benares. P. < 5000. 
 
 PM^mkottd (Palamcottali, census), tn. , Brit. India, Madras, 
 dist. and 5 m. E. by S. Tinnevelli. Man. P. 18,700; Hindus, 
 15,800. 
 
 Palamos, tn. , Spain, prov. and 20 m. ESE. Gerona, dist. 
 Bisbal. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Pmampnr, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, Kingra dist., in 32° / 
 N., 76° 35' E. ; centre of tea plantations of the P41am valley. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Palanan (or Paranan), Ensenada de, bay, Philippine Is., 
 Luzon, on the E. ct. , in 17° 10' N. 
 
 Palancla, riv. , Spain, Valencia, rises about 4 m. W. Bejis, 
 flows past Segorbe into the Mediterranean 4 m. E. Murviedro. 
 Length, 45 m. 
 
 Palangnl, or Klo Grande de Mindanao, riv. , in the SE. of 
 Mindanao, Philippine Is., flows NW. through Lakes Buluan 
 and Ligauasan, and enters lUana Bay ; navigable for 75 m. for 
 vessels drawing 6J ft. of water. 
 
 Palanl, tn. and hills, Madras. See Palnl. 
 
 Palanka, or Hassan-Pasha-Palanka, tn., Servia, prov. and 
 21 m. S. Semendria. P. <3000. 
 
 Palanka, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Egrl Palanka. 
 ' Pillanpar, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, cap. P. state, 83 m. N. 
 AhmadabAd, lies low, commanded by a circle of hillocks ; has a 
 wall 3 m. in circuit. P. (1872) 17,200; (1891) 21,100. 
 
 Palaos, or Palau, Pacific. See Pelew Islands. 
 
 Palapye, or Palacbwe, cap. of the Bamangwato, Brit. 
 Bechuana-land, 88 m. S. by W. Tati, in 22° 37' 30" S., 27° 18' 
 E. It is rather a group of villages than a town ; the villages, 
 each under a sub-chief, being scattered over an area of some 16 
 sq. m. at the W. base of the Chupong Hills. It was only laid 
 out in 1889, when Shoshong was abandoned on account of the 
 lack of water. Unhealthy. Alt. 3150 ft. (Swan, a^J.). P. about 
 15,000. 
 
 PAlAr ('Milk River"), S. India, rises in Mysore, flows SE. 
 into the Bay of Bengal a few miles S. of Sadras ; largely used 
 for irrigation. The P. anient, near Arcot, is 2600 ft. long, the 
 head of a system irrigating about 3800 ac. Length, 230 m. 
 
 Palas, Welsh, ' palace.' See Palatium. 
 
 Palas de Key, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 20 m. SW. 
 Lugo, dist. Chantada ; chief village, San Tiso. P. 8600. 
 
 Palaskenry, PMT.O., Ire. See Pallaskenry. 
 
 Palata, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 24 m. NNE. 
 Campobasso, 45 m. SE. Chieti. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Palatla, vil., Turkey in Asia, vilayet and sanjak Aidin, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Menderez, 61 m. S. by E. Smyrna, close to the 
 ruins of the ancient Miletus. 
 
 Palatinate, Upper, govt., Ger., in E. of Bavaria (q.v.). 
 
 Palatinate of the Klilne, in Ger. Die Pfalz (from Latin 
 
 palatium, 'palace' — referring to the number of royal palaces 
 
 that once existed here, at Ingelheim, Kreuznach, Worms, Spires, 
 
 &c.), part of Bavaria [q.v.), situated in SW. Germany, W. of 
 
 1160 
 
 the Rhine, and separated from Bavaria proper by Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt and Baden. The E. of the Rhine Palatinate belongs to 
 the Rhine Plain, the W. is mountainous : Hardt Mts. towards 
 the S. , separated from the more fertile Rhenish Schiefergebirge 
 (Slate Mts.) in the N. with the Donnersberg (2255 ft.) by the 
 depression known as the Landstuhler Bruck (W. of Kaisers- 
 lautern) and the small valley of the Pfrimm. Principal river, 
 the Rhine, which here has numerous small tribs. Climate mild 
 and healthy. The Rhine Palatinate is principally an agricul- 
 tural country, and large quantities of cereals, fruit, tobacco, 
 and hemp are grown. Excellent wines are produced at many 
 places (Deidesheim, Diirkheim, Ungstein, Wachenheim). Tim- 
 ber is plentiful, large tracts of land being covered by forests 
 (oaks, beeches, conifers). Manufacturing industries are of im- 
 portance in various parts of the country, the principal manu- 
 factures being cigars, paper, leather goods, chemicals, pottery, 
 and iron-ware. The railways belong to the state. The cap. of 
 the Rhine Palatinate is Spires (Speier). Other towns of im- 
 portance are Kaiserslautern, Landau, Neustadt, Ludwigshafen. 
 Four-sevenths of the inhabitants are Protestants, three-sevenths 
 Roman Catholics. The history of the Rhine Palatinate is very 
 interesting, owing to its situation W. of the Rhine. The oldest 
 inhabitants were the Allemans ; then followed the Franconians. 
 The Rhine Palatinate was often the seat of war between Germany 
 and France ; its fate in 1688, when it was devastated by the 
 French, is well known. It was an electorate until 1801. Since 
 1815 it has belonged to Bavaria. See German Empire, table. 
 
 Palatine, tnld. , Ire. , S. co. , bar. and 3^ m. NE. by E. Carlow, 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Palatine, vil., U.S., lUinois, Cook co., 26 m. NW. Chicago. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 Palatine, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Marion co. , 2 m. SE. 
 Fairmont, on Monongahela R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Palatine Bridge, vil., U.S., New York, Montgomery co., 
 II m. W. Fonda by rail, on Mohawk R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Palatium, Latin; Palazzo, Italian; Palacio, Spanish; Palas, 
 in place-names Plas, Welsh (e.g., Plas-gwyn, 'the white palace,' 
 Plas-newydd, ' the new palace'), ' a palace.' 
 
 Palatka, city, U.S., Florida, Putnam co. , on the 1. bk. of 
 St. John's R., 54 m. S. by W. of the mouth of the river, in a 
 rich orange country ; the chief business centre S. of Jacksonville. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Palau, isls. , Pacific. See Pele'w Islands. 
 
 Palanll, anchorage, on the S. of Savaii I., Samoan group, 
 S. Pacific, in 13° 47' S., 172° 15' W\ 
 
 Palavas, vil., France, dep. H^rault, arr. and 6 rn. SSE. 
 Montpellier, small fishing port and important sea-bathing place ; 
 has a ferruginous spring from an artesian well, bored in 1874. 
 P. <:2000. 
 
 Palawan, or Paragna (in the language of the Bugis equiva- 
 lent to 'sluice,' or 'sluice-door,' the island acting as a sort of 
 breakwater against the violence of the Chinese Sea), isl. , Malay 
 Archipelago, between Borneo and the Philippine Is. , in 8° 37' 
 and 11° 30' N., 119° and 119° 30' E. , separating the China and 
 Sulu Seas, and having S. Balabac Strait. Chief products, 
 rattan, dammar (resin), and timber. NE. part in Spanish 
 hands, though the sultan of Brunei claims the whole island. 
 Length, NE. to SW. , about 240 m.; breadth, 25 m. 
 
 Palazzo, Italian, 'palace.' See. Palatium. 
 
 Palazzo Adrlano, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 30 m. S. Palermo. 
 P. (comm.) 5900. 
 
 Palazzolo Acrelde, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 22 m. W. Syracuse. 
 Alt. 2285 ft. P. 11,200. 
 
 Palazzolo snir Ogllo, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Brescia, 
 circle and 5 m. NNW. Chiari. Silk and cotton industry. P. 
 <zpoo. 
 
 Palazzo San Gerraslo, tn., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 22 
 m. NNE. Potenza. P. 7100. 
 
 Pale, The, portion of Ireland first colonised by the English, 
 and divided by King John into the twelve counties palatine of 
 Dublin, Meath, Kildare, Louth, Carlow, Kilkenny, Wexford, 
 Waterford, Cork, Kerry, Tipperary, and Limerick. 
 
 Palean, vil., Siam, Malay Penin., in about 7° 22' N. 
 
 Palemhang (from the Javanese word limbang, ' to filter,' 
 'drain away'), seapt. and cap. of residency of P., Sumatra, on 
 the Musi R., 60 m. above its mouth, in 2° 59' S. , 104° 45' E. 
 The town stretches 5 m. along the river. All the houses are 
 built of bamboo, many on rafts, there being frequently a dif- 
 ference of 10-16 ft. between ebb and flood. There are a fort 
 (1780), a handsome mosque (1740), the palace and tombs of the 
 princely dynasty. Mean temp. (6 yrs., 1850-53, 1855-56), yr. 
 80.4° F. , Jan. 79.7°, July 80.0°. P. 55,000, including Malays, 
 Chinese, Arabs, and Dutch. 
 
 Palena, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 26 m. S. 
 Chieti. P. <:4000. 
 
 Palencia, the ancient Pallantia, tn., Spain, cap. prov. P., 
 27 m. N. by E. Valladolid ; has important manufactures of 
 blankets and baize, as well as other industries. Seat of a 
 bishop suffragan to Burgos. Cathedral founded in the 14th 
 and completed in the 17th century. Celebrated in Roman 
 
PALE — PALM 
 
 times ; destroyed in the wars of the Visigoths and Arabs, but 
 restored in 1035. Made in 1208 seat of a university, afterwards 
 transferred to Salamanca. P. (comm. ) 15,100. 
 Palenqae, cape, isl. of Haiti. See Pnnta Point. 
 Palenqne, vil. , Mexico, Chiapas, 70 m. ESE. San Juan 
 Bautista. Here are remains of four ancient temples and a 
 group of stone-roofed houses (usually called the temple) — all 
 formerly lavishly ornamented with figures and inscriptions in 
 hard stucco. P. (comm.) < 3000. 
 
 Palermo (anct. Panormus, i.e., 'perfect harbour'), city and 
 seapt. , Sicily, on a bay of the same name on N. ct. , towards the 
 NW. corner ; formerly cap. of the Sicilian kingdom, 120 m. W. 
 Messina (with which it is now (1894) being connected by rail) ; 
 picturesquely situated at the mouth of a fertile valley called the 
 ' Golden Shell. ' The chief buildings are of the Norman period. 
 The cathedral of St. Rosalio (1170), with tombs of the arch- 
 bishops and two emperors ; the royal palace, containing a famous 
 Norman hall and chapel ; and the university (since 1805) with 
 thirty - seven ordinary and eighteen extraordinary professors 
 and about 1200 students. There are also a national museum 
 ana library (110,000 vols.) and the city library (141,000 vols. ), 
 and other important institutions. The Marina forms a pleasant 
 promenade to W. To the N. , on Mount Pellegrino, is a cele- 
 brated grotto. Chief exports, fruits (principally oranges and 
 lemons), grain, oils, wine, sulphur. The N. basin is 102 ac. in 
 area, with depth of 24^-59 ft.; S. basin 42 ac. , with depth of 
 24^36 ft.; alongside quay 9.8-19.6 ft. There is a dry dock 
 563^ ft. long and 56! ft. broad at entrance ; also a slip 232^ ft. 
 long. Of Phoenician or early Grecian origin, P. was long a 
 stronghold of the Carthaginians, and underwent many sieges 
 from 276 B.C. till 1071 A.D. , when it became the Norman cap., 
 after being that of the Moslems. Much of the city walls still 
 remain, with the sites of the ancient gates, such as Porta 
 Nuova, built to commemorate the return of Charles V. in 1534. 
 The court here under Frederick H. was reckoned the most 
 polished in Europe. P. is cap. of one of the seven provs. of 
 Sicily, and is frequented for its excellent climate. Mean temp., 
 yr. 63.6° F., Jan. 52.2°, July 76.5°. P. (1871) 186,400; (1881) 
 205,700, 245,000 with the comm.; comm. (estimated 1891) P. 
 272,000 ; the fifth of Italian towns in size. 
 
 Palermo, small seapt. , Turkey in Europe, W. ct. , vilayet 
 Yanina, sanjak and 18 m. W. Ergeri, in 40" 4' N. 
 
 Palestine. See Syria. 
 
 Palestine, vil., U.S., Illinois, Crawford co., 53 m. E. Effing- 
 ham by rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Palestine, city, U.S., Texas, Anderson co. , 95 m. SE. 
 Dallas. Alt. 533 ft. Mean temp., yr. 65.4° F., Jan. 46.7°, July 
 81.7°. P. 5800. 
 
 Palestine, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Wirt co., on Little Kana- 
 wha R. , 25 m. SSE. Parkersburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Palestrlna, ancient Prceneste, city, Italy, prov. Rome, 10 
 m. SE. by S. Tivoli. Built on the site of the temple of Fortune, 
 erected by Sulla ; has remains of a Cyclopean wall and the 
 Palazzo Barberini of the i6th century, with many curious anti- 
 quities. On a hill overlooking the city the ancient citadel, now 
 called Castel San Pietro (2465 ft.), with remains of the old 
 castle (1332) of the Colonnas and a handsome church. Here 
 was born the musician Palestrina (1524-94). P. 6100. 
 
 Pale.stro, tn. , Algeria, arr. and 32 m. ESE. Algiers. P. <20oo. 
 
 Palestro, tn. , N. Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 31 m. W. by 
 N. Pavia, 4 m. ESE. Vercelli. Here the French defeated the 
 Austrians, May 31, 1859. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Palgbar, vil., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Thdna, 53 ra. N. 
 Bombay. P. < 5000. 
 
 P^lgh^t, municip. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Malabar, 26 
 m. SW. by W. Coimbatore. The key to Travancore and 
 Malabar from the E. The easy ascent by the P. Pass, the 
 great route from the SW. to the interior, is traversed by the 
 Madras Rly. and military road. The fort is no longer garrisoned. 
 Alt. 800 ft. Rfall. (23 yrs.), 73.70 in. P. 39,500; Hindus, 32,900. 
 
 PalgraTC, stn. , Canada, Ontario, Peet co. , 31 m. NW. 
 Toronto, on a railway. 
 
 Palgrave, par., Eng. , Suffolk, Eye div., on the Waveney, 
 i8i m. NE. by E. Bury St. Edmunds, 3I m. NW. by N. Eye, 
 P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Palgrave, Great and Little, two parts of eccles. par. , Eng. , 
 Norfolk.. See Sporle. 
 
 Palgn-tso, Pbalgu, or Namln, lake, Tibet, prov. Tsang, 
 near the upper Brahmaputra, in 29° N. , 85° 40' E. 
 
 Pali, race, India. See Koch. 
 
 Pall, tn. , India, RajputAna, 40 m. SSE. Jodhpur, the chief 
 mart of W. RajputAna. 
 
 Pall, cape, Turkey in Europe, on the Adriatic, in 41° 25' N. 
 
 Paliano, tn., Italy, prov. Rome, circle and 17 m. WNW. 
 Frosinone. P. 5000. 
 
 Palihothra, ancient tn., India. See Patnii. 
 
 Pallknl, Chinese form of name Barknl [q.v.]. 
 
 Palling, native name of Goode I. , Brit. New Guinea. 
 
 Pallnges, tn. , France, dep. Saone-et- Loire, arr. Charolles, 
 21 m. SSW. Le Creuzot. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Palinnro, Pnnta, cape, Italy, in the W. , in 40° i^' N. 
 
 Palisades, range of rocks, U.S., New York, stretching about 
 20 m. along the W. bk. of the Hudson. Alt. 300-500 ft. 
 
 Pallsse, La, tn., France, dep. Allier, cap. arr. La P., on the 
 Bebre, 26 m. NW. by W. Roanne. Alt. 920 ft. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 PAUtiina, tn. , India, KAthiawar Renin., cap. P. state, 78 m. 
 NE. Diu. Satrunjaya Hill rises above the town in two peaks, 
 alt. 1977 ft.; it is the most sacred of the five sacred hills of the 
 Jains, and is covered with temples and shrines by hundreds, the 
 larger ones in tuks, or separate enclosures, the smaller ones 
 lining the streets. P. (1881) 7700. 
 
 Pallvela, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, Godavari dist., on the 
 bank of the Amalapur Canal, in 16° 41' N. , 81° 55' E. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pdllydd, tn. , India, cap. state P., KdthidwAr Penin. , 65 m. 
 W. Cambay. P. < 5000. 
 
 Palk's Bay and Strait, gulf and channel between India and 
 N. Ceylon ; named after Governor Palk by the Dutch. 
 
 Palla, telegraph stn. of the Brit. S. Africa Co., Bechuana- 
 land, near the Transvaal frontier, in about 23° 40' S. 
 
 Pallaballa, Congo Free State. See Palabala. 
 
 Pallaflat, vil., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 4 m. SE. 
 Whitehaven, close to Woodend stn.; red hematite iron-mines. 
 
 Pallabnarl, peak of the Andes in 18° 7' S. Estimated alt. 
 about 22,000 ft. 
 
 Pallantia, ancient tn., Spain. See Palencia. 
 
 Pallanza, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, on the N. 
 shore of an arm of Lake Maggiore, 27 m. W. by N. Como. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Pallas, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Portumna No. i. 
 
 Pallas, hamlet. Ire. , S. co. Longford, 3 m. SE. Ballymahon. 
 Birthplace of Oliver Goldsmith, 1728. 
 
 Pallas, Old, P.O., Ire., 2 m. from P. Grean. 
 
 Pallasca, tn. , Peru, dep. Ancachs, 70-80 m. ESE. Trujillo ; 
 gold-mines in the neighbourhood. Alt. 10,350 ft. P. 5000. 
 
 Pallas Grean, tn. , Ire., NE. co. Limerick, bar. Coonagh, 
 13I m. SE. by E. Limerick, with a stn. (Pallas) on the Water- 
 ford and Limerick Rly., 2 m. to the NE., PMT.O. (Pallas- 
 green). P. <:25o. 
 
 Pallaskenry, tn. , Ire., N. co. Limerick, bar. Kenry, loj m. 
 W. Limerick, 6 m. from Askeaton stn., PMT.O. (Palaskenry). 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Pall&varam, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Chengalpat, 14 
 m. SW. by S. Madras, cantonment and pensioners' stn.; hot, 
 but not unhealthy. P. < 5000. 
 
 Palli, sometimes corrupted to Poly or Pilly, Tamil, ' a small 
 town or village. ' 
 
 Pallia, vil. , Central India, state and 8 m. NNW. Indore. 
 
 Palllce, La, seapt. , France. See Rocbelle, La. 
 
 Palling, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., \ m. from the E. ct. , 
 
 14 m. NNW. Yarmouth, 4 m. ENE^Staiham stn., P.O. P. 
 <5oo. See Waxbam. X^ 
 
 Palllon, eccles. par., Eng., DurnaTn, on the NE. R., 2 m. 
 W. Sunderland. P. 8400. 
 
 PalUser, stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. P. 
 R. , about 117° W. , 994 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, 488 m. E. 
 Vancouver. 
 
 Palllser, Cape, S. extremity of the North I. , New Zealand, 
 in 41° 35' S., 175° 25' E. 
 
 Palllser Islands, Pacific, in the W. of the Tuamotu group, 
 in about 16° S. , 146!° W. 
 
 Pallnan, vil., France, dep. Vendfe, arr. Sables d'Olonne, 
 50 m. NNW. La Rochelle, 13 m. NW. La Roche-sur-Yon. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Palma, vil, Brazil, prov. and 310 m. NNE. Goyaz, in 12° 
 59' S. , 47° 40' W. P. about 2000. 
 
 Palma, maritime tn. , Brit. W. Africa, on the Bight of Benin, 
 35 m. E. Lagos, in 3° 56' E. 
 
 Palma, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 15 m. E. Naples, 
 P. 5500. 
 
 Palma, tn. , Spain, Majorca. The principal buildings are 
 the old royal palace, the cathedral (14th century), the fine 
 Gothic bourse (15th century), the town-hall (i6th century), and 
 the Balearic Institute, replacing the university (suppressed in 
 1840). The harbour is protected by a mole. Docks are (1894) 
 in process of construction. Trade in fruits, especially oranges 
 and almonds. Two and a half miles SW. the mediaeval castle 
 (13th century) of Jayme, King of Aragon and Majorca, crowns 
 a commanding eminence. Mean temp., yr. 64.0° F. , Jan. 51.5°, 
 Aug. 79.8° F.; rfall. (14 yrs.), 17.05 in. P. (1869)53,000; (1887) 
 60,500. The Bay of Palma, on the SW. of the island, is 
 8-12 m. wide, and lo m. deep. 
 
 Palma, or La Palma, isl. , in Spanish group of the Canaries, 
 
 15 m. WNW. of Teneriffe. Length, 30 m. ; breadth, 17 m.; 
 area, 280 sq. m. Maximum alt. , a peak on the rim of a huge 
 crater in the N. of the isl., 11,000 ft. P. (1887) 39,600. Chief 
 town Santa Cruz de la Palma, on middle of E. ct. , P. 
 (comm.) 6700. 
 
 Palma, La, vil., Costa Rica, 10 m. NE. by N. San Jos6. 
 Palma, La, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 24 m. ENE. 
 Huelva, cap. dist. P. P. (comm.) 5900. 
 
 1161 
 
PALM 
 
 PALO 
 
 Palma del Kio, tn. , Spain, prov. and 30 m. WSW. Cordoba, 
 dist. Posadar, on the 1. bk. of the Guadalquivir. P. (comm.) 
 7700. 
 
 Palma dl Montecltlaro, seapt. and tn. , Sicily, prov. and 
 13 m. SE. by E. Girgenti ; exports fruit, especially almonds, 
 besides sulphur and soda. P. 11,700. 
 
 Palmanova, tn. , Italy, Venice, prov. and 12 m. SSE. Udine. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Palmar, comm. , Spain, prov. , dist. , and 3 m. SSW. Miu-cia. 
 P. 6000-7000. 
 
 Palmar, tn. , Venezuela, Miranda, on the N. ct., 15 m. W. 
 Caracas, in about 67° 10' W. 
 
 Palmares, vil. , Brazil, state and 60 m. SW. Pernambuco, 
 with which it is connected by rail. P. 5000. 
 
 Palmarla, islet, N. Italy, in the Mediterranean, near the 
 promontory of Porto Venere, bounding the Gulf of Spezia on 
 the SW. Length, i m. 
 
 Palmarlnyas, Cape, cape, Portuguese W. Africa, in about 
 9° 10' S. , 22 m. SW. of St. Paul de Loanda. 
 
 Palmarola, isl. , Italy, off the W. ct. , one of the Pontine 
 group, in 40° 57' N. 
 
 Palmas, Spanish and Portuguese, ' palms. ' 
 
 Palmas, isl. , off the coast of dep. Cauca, Columbia, in 3° 54' N. 
 
 Palmas, Cape, low promontory of Liberia, W. Africa, in the 
 Atlantic, in 4° 22' N., 7 44' W. American mission station. 
 
 Palmas, Ias, tn., Canary Is., on NE. ct. and cap. of Great 
 Canary I. , the most imp>ortant town of the archipelago. Has a 
 cathedral, a citadel, and a theatre ; and a trade in wine and 
 cochineal. The harbour (under construction in 1894) is to have 
 an area of 287 ac. , a depth at entrance, high water, ordinary 
 springs, 60 ft. , and alongside quays, high water, ordinary springs, 
 42 ft. (low water 35 ft.); length of quayage, 1200 ft. Mean 
 temp. (5 yrs.), yr. 69.6° F., Feb. 65.0°, Aug. 74.6°. P. (comm.) 
 19,100. 
 
 Palma Soriano, vil. , Cuba, 20 m. N W. Santiago de Cuba. 
 
 Palmtis Suergln, vil. , Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 16 m. S. by 
 E. Iglesias. P. <20oo. 
 
 Palmella, tn. , Portugal, prov. Estremadura, dist. Lisbon, 
 5 m. N. Setubal. P. 6500. 
 
 Palmer, riv. , Queensland. See Hltctaell. 
 
 Palmer, co. , Queensland, crossed by 27° S. and 146° E. , 
 traversed by the Warrego. 
 
 Palmer, goldfield, Queensland, Cook dist., in 16° 4' S. , 
 144° 20' E. P. (including Iilme8tone)< 1500. 
 
 Palmer, tp. , S. Australia, Sturt co. , 35 m. E. by N. Adelaide. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Palmer, land in Southern Ocean, discovered by Palmer in 
 1821, in 63° SS'-65° 10' S., 6o°-63° 40' W. 
 
 Palmer, tn. , U. S. , Massachusetts, Hampden co. , on Chicopee 
 R. , i4i m. ESE. Holyoke. P. 6500. 
 
 Palmer, vil., U.S., Michigan, Marquette co., 30 m. S. 
 Hancock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Palmer, settlement, U.S., Washington, King co. , 56 m. 
 ENE. Olympia. 
 
 Palmer's Cireen and Sonthgate, hamlet, Eng. , Middlesex, 
 Enfield div., 7^ m. N. St. Paul's, London, on the Enfield 
 branch of the G. N. R. 
 
 Palmer's Island, postal-tp.. New South Wales, Richmond 
 CO., 32 m. NE. Grafton, on the Clarence R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Palmer's Rapids, post- vil. , Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co. , 
 on the riv. Madawaska, 89 m. NW. by N. Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Palmerston, or St. Lonls, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, 
 CO. Kent, 6 m. NW. Richibucto. P. <3000. 
 
 Palmerston, tn., Canada, Ontario, Perth co., 61 m. NNE. 
 London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Palmerston, par. and tn.. Ire., SW. co. and 4 m. W. 
 Dublin, on the r. bk. of the Liffey, bar. Uppercross. Par. P. 
 <:i5oo; tn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Palmerston, bor.. New Zealand, South I., Waikonaiti co. , 
 24 m. NNE. Dunedin; has a coal-mine. P. < 1500. 
 
 Palmerston, isls. , Pacific, in the NW. of Cook Is., in about 
 18° S. , 163° W. British. 
 
 Palmerston, co. , Queensland, on the E. ct., S. of 22° S. 
 
 Palmerston, city, S. Australia, cap. N. Terr. , P. co. , on E. 
 shore of Port Darwin, 580 m. NE. Derby (W. A.) ; has a jetty 
 1 120 ft. long, 55 ft. wide, connecting with the railway, accessible 
 to the largest vessels. Rfall. (13 yrs.), 63.21 in. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Palmerston, Cape, headland, Queensland, in 21° 30' S. lat., 
 about 20 m. S. Mackay. 
 
 Palmerston, North, tn., New Zealand, North I., co. Oroua, 
 on the r. bk. of the Manawatu, 80 m. NE. by N. Wellington. 
 P. <4500. 
 
 Palmerstown, par., Ire., co. and 3 m. W. Dublin, bar. W. 
 Balrothery, on the Liffey, 2 m. from Clondalkin stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Palmerton, vil., S. Africa, Kaffraria, dist. Pondo-land, 125 
 m. SSW. Pietermaritzburg. 
 
 Palmerrllle, telegraph stn. , Queensland, Cape York Penin- 
 sula, 80 m. WSW. Cooktown. P. < 1500. 
 
 Palntl, tn. , on the W. ct. of Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 21 m. 
 NE. by N. Reggio. P. 11,100. 
 1162 
 
 Palnillla, vil. , Chile, prov. Colchagua, 25 m. W. San Fer- 
 nando by rail. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Palnillla, La, isl. of Haiti, republic Santo Domingo, S. ct., 
 78 m. E. by S. Santo Domingo, in 68° 44' W. 
 
 Palmira, tn., Colombia, dep. Cauca, 175 m. WSW. Bogotd, 
 85 m. N. by E. Popayan, near the r. bk. of the Cauca R. , 
 noted for its fragrant tobacco. Alt. 3130 ft. P. (including dist. ) 
 15,000. 
 
 Palmira, or Oppldo, tn. , Italy, prov., circle, and 12 m. NE. 
 by E. Potenza. P. <4000. 
 
 Palm Lake, Sierra Leone, W. Africa. See Kasse. 
 
 Palninlcken, estate, Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, on the E. 
 shore of Danzig Bay, 24 m. NNW. Konigsberg, with mines of 
 amber. P. < 2000. 
 
 Palmo, isl. , Turkey in Asia. See Patmos. 
 
 Palmoll, tn., Italy, prov. Chieti, 14 m. SSW Vasto. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Palmosa, isl. , Turkey in Asia. See Patmos. 
 
 Palmure Barn, riv. , Scot. , in the SW. of Kirkcudbright- 
 shire, flows SW. and S. to the riv. Cree, which it joins on /he 
 1. bk. , 4^ m. NNE. Wigtown. 
 
 Palmyra, cap)e, Ceylon. See Pedro. 
 
 Palmyra, isL , Pacific, in about 5^° N. , 162° W. 
 
 Palmyra ('city of palms'), ancient city, Syrian Desert, 120 
 m. NE. Damascus, on the trade route between that city and the 
 Euphrates, flourished between 105 and the 15th century. It 
 was the cap. of the famous Queen Zenobia, and still has mag- 
 nificent ruins, e.g., of the temple of the sun (Baal). Its Semitic 
 name is Tadmor. 
 
 Palmyra, vil., U.S., Illinois, Macoupin co. , 31 m. SW. by 
 S.Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Palmyra, tn., U.S., Maine, Somerset co. , 4 m. W. Detroit. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 Palmyra, city, U.S., Missouri, Marion co. , 42 m. S. by W. 
 Keokuk ( lo. ). P. < 3000. 
 
 Palmyra, tn. , U.S., New Jersey, Burlington co. , on the 
 Delaware, 21 m. SW. Trenton. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Palmyra, vil., U.S., New York, Wayne co., on the Erie 
 Canal, 20 m. ESE. Rochester. P. <3000. 
 
 Palmyra, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lebanon co. , 15 m. E. 
 by N. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Palmyra, settlement, U.S., Utah, Utah co., 45 m. S. by E. 
 Salt Lake City. 
 
 Palmyra, vil., U.S., Virginia, Fluvanna co., 49 m. NW. by 
 W. Richmond. P. < 1500. 
 
 Palm>'ra, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Jefferson co. , 40 m. SW. 
 Milwaukee by rail ; has medicinal springs. P. < 1500. 
 
 Palmyra Islands, small group in the Pacific, in 5° 50' N. , 
 162° 23' W. 
 
 Palmyras Point, called by the natives Miklpiiri, cape, 
 India, on the Bay of Bengal, 74 m. ENE. Cuttack, at the mouth 
 of the Baitarani R. ; the land is low. 
 
 Paluackle, seapt. \'\\. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, 5 m. SE. 
 Castle Douglas, 3 m. S. by W. Dalbeattie stn., on the r. bk. of 
 the Urr Water, PMT.O. 
 
 Palni, municip., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Madura, 53 m. 
 SE. Coimbatore. P. 16,900 ; Hindus, 15,000. 
 
 Palni mils, mts. , Brit. India, Madras, in the W. of Madura 
 dist. , extending NE. from the Western Ghats, in two groups, E. 
 and W. ranges, the latter about 7000 ft. in height ; connected by 
 a practicable pass with the S. Indian Rly. at Amanayakaniir ; 
 inhabited. 
 
 Palnare, vil. , Scot. , Kircudbrightshire, on the Portpatrick and 
 Wigtownshire Joint Rly., 3 m. SE. by E. Newton Stewart, P.O. 
 
 Palo, vil., Italy, on the coast, prov. and 19 m. W. by N. 
 Rome. P. < 2000. 
 
 Palo Alto, place and rly. stn., U.S., California, Santa Clara 
 CO., 30 m. SE. San Francisco, in a beautiful pastoral country 
 affording views of the Coast Range ; i m. distant is the seat of 
 the magnificently endowed Leland Stanford University. 
 
 Palo Alto, CO., U.S., Iowa, crossed by 43° N., E. of 95° W. 
 
 Palo Alto, coal-mining bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill 
 CO., 3 m. E. Pottsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Palo del Colle, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and gh m. SW. by 
 W. Bari. P. 10,300. 
 
 Palombara, tn., Italy, on the 1. bk. of the Tiber, prov. and 
 14 m. NE. by N. Rome. P. <20oo. 
 
 Palominos, islets off the coast of Peru, in 12° 8' S. 
 
 Palo Pinto, vil., U.S., Texas, cap. Palo Pinto co. , 173 m. 
 N. by W. Austin. The county is traversed by the Brazos R. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Palopo, tn. , Eastern Archipelago, on the coast of Celebes, 
 in the N W. angle of the Gulf of Boni. 
 
 Palos, tn., Eastern Archipelago, Celebes I., at the head of 
 an inlet on the W. ct. 
 
 Palos, tn., Spain, prov. and 5 m. ESE. Huelva, near the 
 1. bk. of the Rio Tinto. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Palos, Cabo de, cape, Spain, 18 m. E. by N. Cartagena. 
 
 Palo Seco, cape, isl. of Porto Rico. See Punta Palo Seco. 
 
 Palota, Hungary. See Varpalota. 
 
PALO — PA MP 
 
 r-UNIVCPlSITY J 
 
 Palonse, city, U.S., Washington, Whitman co. , 55 m. S. by 
 E. Spokane Falls. P. < 1500. 
 
 Palowl, Tasmau, Le Slaire, Simpson Coral, or Welling 
 Islands, group, Ger. New Guinea, crossed by 4° 35' S., 159° 
 
 25' E. 
 
 Palpa, vil. , Peru, dep. and 42 m. N. by W. Lima. P. <20oo. 
 
 Paltil, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, 24 Parganis, on 1. bk. of 
 HiigH R., 2 m. above Barrackpur ; has works supplying Cal- 
 cutta, 14 m. distant, with water. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Palterton an«l Sutton, stn. , Eng. , near Bolsover, Derbyshire, 
 onM. R., P.O. (P.). 
 
 Paltl, Palte, or Yanidok-clio, lake, E. Tibet, 30 m. SW. 
 Lhassa, 40 m. in diameter. It is nearly ring-shaped, surround- 
 ing a large mountainous peninsula studded with monasteries, and 
 connected with the S. side of the lake by two narrow tongues of 
 land (one an impassable mountain ridge), enclosing between them 
 a smaller lake known as Dumu-cho. Water stated by Manning 
 (1811) to be unwholesome and not used for drinking, but by a 
 native Indian explorer to be perfectly fresh. 
 
 Pain, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 55 m. N. Diarbekir, 
 sanjak Arghana, on r. bk. Euphrates, at the head of the gorge 
 of that river, in such a position as to block the summer passes 
 from Erzerum by Melikhan, and from Van by Mush. P. 7500 ; 
 Moham. 4800 ; Christians, 2700. 
 
 Palndl Pontine, tract, Italy. See Pontine Marshes. 
 
 Pal'wal, municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gurgaon, 33 m. 
 S. by E. Delhi ; of great antiquity, said to have been restored by 
 Vikramdditya, S7B.C. P. 11,200; Hindus, 7400; Moham. 3700. 
 
 Pamakasau, tn.. Eastern Archipelago, in the S. of Madura 
 I., near the coast. 
 
 Panialonil>e, or Pamalonibwe, lake, Africa. See Pa 
 and Malonibe. 
 
 Pamba, tn. , Portuguese W. Africa. See Ambaca. 
 
 Pambam, or Panniben, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 Madura, on the W. end of the isl. of Rameswaram, 88 m. SE. 
 by E. Madura ; has a lighthouse. The Ceylon immigration 
 depot is here. The population, chiefly Labbays, are employed 
 as pilots and divers. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pambam Channel, a shallow channel between India and 
 Ceylon, sufficiently deepened to allow of its being used by good- 
 sized coasters. The operations were commenced in 1838 ; 
 though dredging is still going on, it is doubtful whether it can 
 ever be made navigable for large ocean-going vessels. 
 
 Pamber, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, div. and 4^ m. NW. by N. 
 Basingstoke. P. <75o. See Monk Sherborne. 
 
 Pambete, vil., central Africa, in the sphere of British in- 
 fluence, at S. end of Lake Tanganyika, on S. shore of W. part 
 of Hore Bay. Former mission station. 
 
 Pambire, vil., Ger. E. Africa, Usegwa, near German station 
 of Mbusini, 49 m. WNW. Bagamoyo. 
 
 Pambnla, postal-tp. , New South Wales, Auckland co. , 40 m. 
 N. Cape Howe ; has gold and silver mines. P. <i500. 
 
 Pamel, comm. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. and 12 m. W. 
 Brussels. P. <4000. 
 
 P&midi, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Anantapur, 48 m. 
 ESE. Bellary. P. 6100 ; Hindus, 4900. 
 
 Pamiers, tn. , France, dep. Ariege, cap. arr. P., on the 
 Ariege, 34 m. S. by E. Toulouse, 12 m. N. Foix. P. 8200. 
 
 Pamirs, wide terr. , situated between Russian Turkistan in 
 N., the Bukharian and Afghan independent khanates in W., 
 the Hindu Kush in S. , the Himdlayas in SE., and Chinese 
 Turkistan in E. , 36° 50' to 39° 40' N. , 71° 30' to 75° 30' E. It 
 is a massive swelling, connecting the highlands of the Hindu- 
 kush and Himalayas with the Tian-Shan highlands, and 
 having on both sides the depressions of the Amu and of E. 
 Turkistan. It is fringed on three sides by very high snow-clad 
 border ridges: (i) the Trans- Alai on the NW., which reaches 
 23,000 ft. in Kaufmann Peak, and 21,700 ft. in Kizyl-aghyn 
 (Kizylart Pass, 16,560 ft.), and is continued SW. in the Kojar 
 Mts. (Sol-tau) and Periokh-tau (peak Syevertsov, 24,500 ft.); 
 {2) the Kashgar Mts. on the NE., reaching 25,800 ft. in the 
 Mustagh-ata peak, also gently sloping towards the Pamirs, and 
 abruptly towards the Kashgar depression ; they correspond 
 to the Bolor-tagh of Humboldt, who erroneously gave it a 
 meridional direction ; and (3) the Hindu-kush on the SE. , 
 attaining 25,600 ft. in the peak of Lunkho, and 25,400 ft. in 
 Tirach-mir. Towards the SW. there is no border ridge, the 
 P. falling abruptly to the valley of the Panj, or upper Amu; 
 and it remains an open question, whether the highlands en- 
 closed between the great bent of the Amu to the N. , and a 
 line drawn from the Goran to Kulab, thus including Lake 
 Shiva (11,000 ft.), ought not to be added to the P. This 
 massive swelling is intersected by several river-valleys flowing 
 mostly SW. and NE. , at the high levels of from 13,000 to 
 10,000 ft., this last altitude being only attained as they approach 
 the Panj which flows, even in its N. course, in a narrow gorge, 
 at alt. of from 8700 ft. (Ishka-shem) to 6000 ft., while in its 
 upper course it also flows (under the name of Wakhan-daria) 
 in a high valley : 13,720 ft. at its source in Lake Oi-kul, and 
 10,000 ft. near Kala-i-Panj. The next large river of the P., 
 
 the Murghab, which also issues from the same lake, and, after 
 flowing NE. and NW., bends W. towards the Amu, has its 
 valley at the same high altitude, descending below the 10,000 
 ft. level only about Tash-kurgan, 37 m. from the Panj. The 
 same is also true of the rivers flowing along the Kashgar Mts. 
 before they pierce them to descend to the Kashgar depression 
 (Rang and Muzha forming the Ghoz and upper Yarkand- 
 daria), whose valleys also are at an alt. of 10,000 ft. to 13,000 
 ft. Several lakes lie on this high swelling : Great Kara-kul, 
 in N. (13,300 ft., no outflow); Rang-kul, in middle (13,000 
 ft.) ; Yashil-kul (12,370 ft.), which receives the Alichur streams 
 and sends out the Gund to the Amu ; Zor-kul, or Victoria, in 
 S. (13,900 ft.), whose outlet, the Pamir R., is a trib. of the 
 Panj ; and Oi-kul, or Chakmaktyn-kul, in SE. , at the source of 
 both the Ak-su (source of Murgh-ab) and the Wakhan-daria 
 (Panj). The valleys have the characters of flat, open spaces, 
 from which the very name of f amirs is derived, and they are 
 separated from each other by mountain ridges rising only from 
 3000 to 4500 ft. above the levels of the high plains, but attaining 
 16,000 to 17,000 ft. , and from 18,000 to 19,000 ft. in their highest 
 summits. Of these high plains the following are the chief: 
 Khargoshy P., in the N., round Great Kara-kul, between the 
 Trans- Alai in N. and Karasak Mts. in S. ; Rang-kul P., 
 between N. and S. Rang-kul Mts. and Kashgar Mts. ; Alichur 
 P., between Alichur Mts. in N. and Pamir Mts. in S.; the 
 Great P. , round Zor-kul, between these last mountains and the 
 Wakhan Mts.; the Little P., around Oi-kul and valley of 
 Ak-su, separated by the E. Hindu-kush from Tagh-dumbash 
 P. Though the climate of the Pamirs is extremely severe, yet 
 they are visited in the summer by nomad Kirghizes, while the 
 valleys towards the W. are occupied by a settled population. 
 The North P. have been taken possession of by the Russians ; 
 the W. parts of them are occupied by the independent khanates 
 of Darwaz (at N. bend of Amu ; forts Vanch, Kala-i-khum ; 
 vassal to Bukhara) ; Roshan (in the S. of lower Murghab ; forts 
 Tash-kurgan, Kala-i-Wamar) ; Shugnan (in the S. of Gund R.) ; 
 Goran or Garan (at S. bend of Amu ; fort Ishkashan on 1. bk. 
 Amu) ; Wakhan (along 1. bk. of Wakhan-daria ; fort Kala-i- 
 Panj). The E. portion of the P., including the Kashgar Mts. 
 and the valley of Sari-kol immediately to the W. thereof, 
 belongs to China, and, under an agreement concluded between 
 the British and Russian governments in March 1895, these two 
 governments are to abstain from exercising any political in- 
 fluence or control, the former to the N. and the latter to the S. 
 of a line starting at the E. end of Lake Victoria (Zor-kul) 
 and running more or less E. to the Chinese frontier, and 
 nowhere passing N. of the latitude of the starting-point (about 
 37° 25' N.), the precise line to be determined by a delimitation 
 commission. This agreement thus assigns to the sphere of 
 British influence the greater part of the khanate of Wakhan, 
 but this terr. is to form part of that of the Amfr of Afghanistan, 
 and not to be annexed by the British. 
 
 Pamisos, comm. , Greece. See MessSnS. 
 
 Pamlico, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, on P. Sound, crossed in 
 the extreme S. by 35° N. 
 
 Pamlico River, U.S. See Tar River. 
 
 Pamlico Sound, lagoon in the E. of N. Carolina, U.S., 
 bounded on the E. by several long and narrow islands, on one 
 of which is Cape Hatteras, and communicating with the Atlantic 
 by Oregon, Loggerhead, Hatteras, and Ocracoke Inlets (here 
 mentioned in the order from N. to S. ). Length, 80 m. ; width, 
 8-30 m. 
 
 Pamonscachou, lake, Canada, Quebec, Chicoutimi co. , 
 crossed by 70° 45' W. and 49° 30' N. 
 
 Pampacolca, vil., Peru, dep. Arequipa, 100 m. NNW. 
 Mollendo. P. (dist. )< 5000. 
 
 Pampanga, prov. , Philippine Is. , Luzon I. , on the Gulf of P. 
 
 Pamparato, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 20 m. ESE. 
 Cuneo. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pampas, tn., Peru, dep. Huancavelica, 160 m. E. by S. Lima. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Pampas (Quichua, ' plains ' ), the wide treeless plains of the 
 Argentine Republic, stretching W. , NW., and SW. of Buenos 
 Aires, the city of Cordoba being in about the middle of them. 
 They rise gradually from the ocean up to the feet of the Andes. 
 The soil consists of sands and clays, deposited by wind and 
 river inundations, the crumbled remains, according to some 
 authorities, of the moraines of former Andean glaciers or of 
 granite, gneiss, and other primitive rocks in situ ; and this 
 theory finds support in the analogical origin of the steppes 
 of Russia and the loess formations of Turkistan. The P. are 
 covered with grass in the E. , and support large herds of cattle, 
 sheep, and horses ; but in the W. they are mostly sterile, and 
 frequently intermingled or covered with saline deposits. 
 
 Pampas, Rio, riv., Peru, flows N. then ESE. and enters 
 the Apurimac in about 13° 10' S. , 74° 50' W. ; part of its course 
 forms the boundary between deps. Ayacucho and Apurimac. 
 Length, 250-280 m. 
 
 Pampeloune, tn., France, on the N. border of dep. Tarn, 
 on the Vaur, arr. and 15 m. NNE. Albi. P. <20oo. 
 
 1163 
 
P A 1^1 P 
 
 P AN D 
 
 t 
 
 Panipelnua, city, Spain. See Pamplona. 
 
 Panipigny,vil. , Switzd. , cant. Vaud, lom.WNW. Lausanne. 
 
 Pampllliosa, tn. , Portugal, prov. Beira, dist. and 27 m. 
 ESE. Coimbra. P. <4000. 
 
 Pampisfonl, par. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire, Newmarket div. , 
 7 m. SSE. Cambridge, on the G. E. R. , P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Paniplemonsses, tn. , in the N. of the isl. of Mauritius. 
 
 Panipllco, a spelling formerly used for Pamlico in U.S., 
 but the latter is the spelling adopted by the U.S. Board on 
 Geographical Names, at least for the county in N. Carolina. 
 
 Pamplona, decayed tn. , Colombia, Santander, 210 m. 
 NNE. Bogotd ; seat of a bishop ; has abandoned gold-mines ; 
 suffered severely from earthquakes in 1644 and 1875. Alt. 7550 
 ft. P. (including dist.) 11,000. 
 
 Pamplona, formerly also Pampelnna, fortified city, Spain,- 
 cap. of prov. P., on trib. of the Ebro, mm. NW. Saragossa, 
 and 50 m. S. by W. Bayonne. Chief features are its citadel, 
 Gothic cathedral (dating from 1397), vice-regal palace, museum, 
 and bull-ring for 8000 spectators. Supplied with water by a 
 handsome aqueduct of 97 arches, built at the end of the i8th 
 century. The Roman Pompeiopolis , built by Pompey, 68 B.C. 
 From about 905 A.D. Pamplona was cap. of Navarre, and 
 from its position has always been the chief fortress of that 
 province. The French held it from 1808 till 1813, when 
 Wellington took it after a siege of four months. Alt. 1380 ft. 
 P. (i860) 22,900; (1887) 26,700. 
 
 Pamunkey RiTer, U.S., Virginia, formed by the junction of 
 N. and S. Anna Rivs. , flows SE. , and with the Mattapony forms 
 York R. Length, 75 m. 
 
 Paua, city, U.S., Illinois, Shelby co., 83 m. W. Terre 
 Haute (Ind.). P. 5100. 
 
 Panadnre, vil. , Ceylon, Western Prov., on the W. ct. , 15 m. 
 S. Colombo. 
 
 Panagia, roadstead, Turkey in Europe, in the NE. of Thasos 
 I. , in 40° 47' N. 
 
 PanagiarlSte, in Turkish Otln-kiil, tn. , Bulgaria, Eastern 
 Roumelia, prov. Tatar-Pazardzik, 38 m. NW. Philippopolis. 
 Alt. 1835 ft. P. 8800. 
 
 Pitu^ar, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , dist. and 9 m. N. 
 Jabalpur ; has trade in iron from the neighbouring mines. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Panabat, tn. , Brit. India, N W. Provs. , dist. and 30 m. SE. 
 Agra. The old fort is a station of the Trigonometrical Survey. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Panama, the general name of Central American isthmus, 
 from Costa Rica to Colombia, of which it forms a dep. (466 m. 
 long, 31-120 m. wide) ; in a more special sense the name of 
 the central part of this isthmus. It is a continuous chain of 
 mountains (from Chiriqui, 11,260 ft.; Veraguas, 9270 ft.; Trini- 
 dad, 3430ft.; Capira, 3000 ft.; to Mali and Pirri, with passes 
 from 8200 ft. in the W. down to 285 ft.; Culebra, 465 ft. at 
 Tihule) of different geological ages (San Bias Mts. the oldest). 
 Archasan rocks form the N. slopes, with Palasozoic in the ex- 
 treme W. (Permian) and centre (Carboniferous), where there 
 is also a large extent of Tertiary formations. Volcanic rocks 
 (Chiriqui, Veraguas, Centre), some of which point to the 
 existence of ancient submarine volcanoes, also occur. The 
 Atlantic and Pacific seem to have once met through two points 
 of the present isthmus, in the centre and at the E. end. Very 
 dense forests, with very good timber, cover the isthmus. The 
 principal rivers are in the centre and E. (Chagres, Bayano, 
 Chepo, Tuyra-Chucumaque). The Atlantic slopes receive most 
 rain, and have the richest flora. Many, and some of them mag- 
 nificent, bays (N., Bahia del Almirante, Laguna or Gulf of 
 Chiriqui, Puerto Bello, Limon or Navy Bay, San Bias, Cale- 
 donia, Anachucuna ; S. , Dulce, David, Honda, Montijo, 
 and P. ). All the bays are protected by numerous islands and 
 keys (cayos), the coasts presenting many coral reefs. The rail- 
 way from Colon (on Limon Bay) to Panama town, by Col de 
 Culebra, follows the general line of the projected canal. Many 
 canals (open, level, through tunnels, with locks) were planned 
 (they would reduce by 8700 m. the voyage between Europe 
 and the Pacific) from Gulf of San Bias to the mouth of riv. 
 Bayano (the narrowest part in all Central America, 31 m. ), 
 Acanti (on Gulf of Uraba) to Gulf of San Miguel, Darien del 
 Norte (a more southerly point on Gulf of Uraba) to Gulf San 
 Miguel (Darien del Sur), and from Limon Bay to P. by the 
 Chagres and Rio Grande. To carry out this last plan (with a 
 level and op)en canal of 46 m., 72 ft. at bottom, 131 ft. at water 
 surface, 29 ft. deep, afterwards modified so as to include locks) 
 a company was formed (1881), but became bankrupt (1891). 
 Capital invested, ^^53, 000, 000. Nineteen miles were prepared ; 
 the Culebra, 300 ft. high, has still to be pierced. Total cost, with 
 locks, estimated at ^^120,000,000. See Colombia. [J. B. R,] 
 
 Panama, tn., and free port, Colombia, cap. of P. dep., on 
 N W. ct. of the Gulf of P. , 287 m. WSW. Cartagena, in 8" 57' N. , 
 79° 31' W. , connected by rail with Colon (on the Caribbean Sea). 
 It consists of a fortified port, though the walls are now ruinous, 
 and suburbs, and, in spite of numerous destructive fires, still 
 presents the appearance of a large town, chiefly in consequence 
 1164 
 
 of its fine cathedral, numerous monasteries, and tall buildings. 
 The anchorage is at the isl. of Taboga, 11 m. S. of P. Pas- 
 sengers land by boats or flat-bottomed steam-launches. The 
 Panama hats of commerce are made in Ecuador. The mines 
 of Old Panama, founded in 1518, and destroyed by the 
 buccaneer Morgan in 1671, lie 4 m. ENE. of the existing town. 
 Mean temp, (syrs., 1883-85), yr. 80. 2° F., Feb. 78.6°, Aug. 81.8°. 
 P. 25,000. 
 
 Panama, Gnlf of, at the extreme NW. of S. America, 
 Colombia, and on the S. side of the Isthmus of Panama. Its 
 width between Punta Mala, on the W., and Punta Caracoles, on 
 the E. , is 120 m. , and its maximum length or depth 100 m. On 
 the W. it penetrates deeper into the Bay of Parita, and on the 
 E. into the Gulf of San Miguel. It is dotted with several small 
 islands, including the Archipelago of the Pearl Is. 
 
 Panamlnt Mountains, mts., U.S., California, Inyo co., on 
 the W. of Death Valley. 
 
 Panao, vil., Peru, prov. and 12 m. E. Huanuco. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pauaon, one of the Philippine Is., in the Surigao passage, 
 between Leyte and Mindanao. Length, 18 m. 
 
 PAnApnr, agricultural tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. SAran. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Panaria, one of the Lipari Is., Italy, iij m. NE. by N. of 
 the middle of Lipari I. Alt. 1380 ft. 
 
 Panaro, riv. , Italy, rises in the Apennines, and flows N. and 
 NE. past Finale to the Po, which it joins on the r. bk. 12 m. 
 WN W. of Ferrara. Length, 60 m. ; area of basin, 885 sq. m. ; 
 discharge, mean 1300 cubic ft. per second, highest 24,400 cubic 
 ft. per second. 
 
 Panars, tribe, Assam. See Kbilsl and Jalntla mils. 
 
 Pauatlnanl, or Joannet Island, one of the Louisiade Is. , 
 Pacific, crossed by 11° 15' S. , 153° 10' E. 
 
 PanaTla Bay, large bay on the W. ct. of Africa, Kamerun 
 Terr. , in 3° z'-zo' N. 
 
 Panay, one of the Philippine Is. (the easternmost of the 
 Visayas), formed by a central ridge (Bosoc, Antique, 2660 ft.), 
 continuation of the Cagayan Cavili ridge, divided on the N. 
 into two diverging ones. Principal settlements in the bays of 
 Antique, Capiz, Iloilo ; very fertile. Area, 4728 sq. m. P. 
 734,000. 
 
 Panayanos, tribe, Philippine Is. , isl. Negros. 
 
 Panbrlde, par. , Scot. , Forfarshire, 5^ m. SW. by W. Arbroath, 
 close to Carnoustie stn. ; 5199 ac. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Pancallerl, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, on the Po, prov. and 17 m. 
 S. by W. Turin. P. <3000. 
 
 Pancb Mabiils (' five subdivisions '), dist. , Brit. India, in N. of 
 Bombay Presidency, composed of two sections, one W. and one 
 E. of the native state of Rewd Kantha, the E. section, border- 
 ing on Central India, mainly rugged and barren (chief town 
 Dohad), the W. section mainly level and fertile, though con- 
 taining a hilly forest-clad section in the SW. (Pawagarh Hill, 
 2500 ft.); chief town, Godhra, which is cap. of dist. Both 
 Dohad and Godhra are now connected with the Bombay, 
 Baroda, and Central India Rly. (junction about midway between 
 Baroda and Ahmadabad). See Bombay, Presidency. 
 
 Pancln, tn., Roumania, prov. Putna, 59 m. NW. by W. 
 Galatz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Paucoast, coal-mining vil. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, Jefferson co. , 
 18 m. E. Brookville by rail. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Pancorbo, vil., Spain, Old Castille, prov. and 35 m. NE. by 
 E. Burgos, on the margin of the dist. of La Bureba, and at the 
 base of the Montes Obarenes, a defile in which, known as the 
 Garganta de Pancorbo, is here traversed by the railway from 
 Madrid to the NE. of Spain. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pancrasweek, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 13 J 
 m. N. by W. Launceston, 4 m. W. by N. Holsworthy stn.; 
 4639 ac. P. <5oo. See Brailiforthy. 
 
 PancsoTa, municip. , Hungarv, co. Torontdl, 10 m. ENE. 
 Belgrade. Mean temp., yr. 52.6* F., Jan. 30.4°, July 74.0.° P. 
 (1850) 11,000; (1869) 13,400; (1890) 17,900. 
 
 Pandaman, one of the Philippine Is., off the SW. end of 
 Palawan, in 8° 18' N. , 117° 11' E. (middle of island). 
 
 Pan de Aziicar, Spanish, 'sugar-loaf.' 
 
 Pan de Azacar, ct. isl. , N. Chile, in 26° 9' S. 
 
 Pan de Azacar, summit of Colombia, in the central Cordil- 
 lera, 26 m. SE. Popayan. Alt. 15,320 ft. (Reiss and Stiibel). 
 
 Pan de Azncar, summit of the Sierra Nevada de Merida, 
 Venezuela, NE. of Merida. Alt. 13,575 ft. 
 
 Pan de Azncar, vil., Uruguay, dep. Maldonado, 65 m. E. 
 by N. Montevideo. A large vineyard has been planted near. 
 
 Pandeme, tn., Africa, in the interior of the Brit, colony of 
 Sierra Leone, in about 8° 8' N. , 10° 38' E. ; cap. of state of Bunde. 
 
 Pandbarpnr, municip. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Sholdpur, 
 on Bhfma R. , 63 m. N. by W. Bijipur, one of the most fre- 
 quented places of pilgrimage in the Presidency. In honour of 
 the god Vithoba three fairs are annually held, at which the 
 attendance varies from 20,000 to 150,000. The foundation- 
 stone of the orphanage, the only one in the Presidency, was 
 laid in 1878. P. (1872) 16,800; (1891) 20,000; Hindus, 18,300. 
 
 PAndtaorna, municip., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. 
 
P AN D 
 
 PANT 
 
 Chhindwara, 50 m. NW. by W. Nagpur ; much cotton grown 
 around. P. 8200 ; Hindus, 7500. 
 
 Paudi, vil. , Colombia. See Bogotd. 
 Paudlta, isl., Eastern Archipelago, SE. of Bali. 
 Paudo, vil. , Uruguay, dep. Canelones, 23 m. NE. Montevideo. 
 Pandora, or Charlotte, reef. Pacific, in about 12° S. , 172° E. 
 Paudora'8 Pass, gap in the Liverpool Range, New South 
 Wales. 
 
 Pandpnr, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Saran, 15 m. NW. 
 by W. Patna. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Pandaab, municip. , Brit. India, Bengal, Hiigli dist., in 23° 
 4' N., 88' 19' E. ; has a tower 120 ft. high, said to be the oldest 
 building in Bengal, built to commemorate a victory gained by 
 the Mohammedans in 1340. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Panduah, or Parnali, deserted tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. 
 Maldah, 73 m. E. Bhagalpur. The fortified city extended for 
 6 m. N. within the ramparts. It contains the Adlna Masjfd 
 (14th century), the most celebrated building in this part of India, 
 and the most remarkable example of Pathan architecture. A 
 Mohammedan meld is held here every year. 
 
 Piindu Meli-wAs, group of twenty-six petty states which form 
 a territorial div. of Rewa Kdntha, Bombay, Brit. India. 
 
 Paiidy, stn., Eng. , Monmouthshire, N. div., on the G. W. 
 R., 13 m. NW. by W. Monmouth, PM.O. 
 
 Paiidy, P.O., Wales, Merionethshire, 12^ m. NE. Dolgelly, 
 on the r. bk. of the Dee, close to Llanuwchyllyn stn. 
 
 PAndya, one of the three great divisions of Dravida, or S. 
 India, including Madura dist. and all S. of it, believed to have 
 been founded in the 6th century B.C., overthrown in the nth 
 century, afterwards restored by the Ndyaks. Cap. first at 
 Kolkai, afterwards at Madura. 
 Panephysis, tn., Egypt. See Menzaleh. 
 Paiifield, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., ij m. NW. 
 Braintree. P. <5oo. 
 Paugal, tn. , India, Haidardbad, 78 m. SSW. Haidardbdd. 
 Paiiganl, seapt. , Ger. E. Africa, 70 m. N. Bagamoyo, in 5° 
 25' S. , at the mouth of the Pangani R. 
 
 Paugani, or Knvn, riv. , Ger. E. Africa, rises on Mount Kili- 
 manjaro, and flows S. then SE. into the Indian Ocean at P., 
 forming during part of its course the N. boundary of the German 
 Protectorate. 
 
 Paugasluan, Malay tribe, on W. ct. of Luzon I. , Philippine 
 Is. , on W. and S. shores of the Gulf of Lingayen. 
 
 Paugbourne, par., Eng., Berkshire, Newbury div., on the 
 Thames, 5 m. WNW. Reading, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 Paiig-lin, isls., W. Pacific. See Pescadores. 
 Pangkoug ('up and down'), lakes, in E. Kashmir (Ladak) 
 and W. Tibet, SE. of the Karakoram Mts. , in 33^° N. , 78^°- 
 80° E. Length nearly 100 m.; 14,000 ft. above sea-level. It 
 consists of three lakes connected by small streams, and measur- 
 ing 30, 35, and 25 m. respectively in length. See Jour. R. G. S. , 
 1877, p. 91. 
 
 Pangkor Islands, Straits Settlements, Indo-Chmese Penm. 
 See Dlndlngs. 
 
 Pango-pango [ng as in sing), in the spelling of the mission- 
 aries Pago-pago, admirable natural harbour on the S. ct. of 
 Tutuila (Samoan Is.), in 14° 19' S. , 170° 31' W. Formerly used 
 by the United States as a coaling station, now used for that 
 purpose by the British. 
 
 Pangrltz, colony, Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, govt. Danzig, 
 circle and N. of Elbing. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Pangnlpnlll, lake, Chile, prov. Valdivia, in the basin of the 
 Calle Calle. 
 
 Pangnltan, Pnnta, Philippine Is. See Tlnaca, Pnnta. 
 Pangnltch, vil., U.S., Utah, Garfield co., 105 m. NE. from 
 the SW. corner of the terr. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pangntarang, one of the Sulu Isles, Pacific, in 6° 24' N., 
 120° 30' E. (north end). 
 
 Panhandle, name of unorganised tract in NW. of Texas, 
 U.S., between Indian Terr, and N. Mexico. 
 
 Panhandle, name in W. Virginia, U.S., of a long narrow 
 tract of land in NW. of state, divided into the counties of Han- 
 cock, Brook, Ohio, and Marshall. 
 
 Panlilla, agricultural vil., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 32 
 m. N. Dera Ismail Khan. P. < 5000. 
 
 P&nipat, municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Karnal, 51 m. 
 NW. by W. Meerut, of great antiquity. The modern town is 
 built on a small promontory, round which runs the former bed 
 of the Jumna. It is enclosed by an old wall, with an ancient 
 fort at its highest point ; manufactures copper utensils. Thrice 
 the scene of decisive battles ; in 1526 Babar gained a great vic- 
 tory, and his grandson, Akbar the Great, in 1556. This second 
 victory led to the foundation of the great Mughal empire, which 
 continued to exist, nominally, till 1857. In 1761 Ahmad Shah 
 Durani shattered the Maratha power. P. (1868) 25,300 ; (1891) 
 27,500; Hindus, 8100; Moham. 18,700. 
 
 Panlzo, vil., Turkey in Europe, on Sea of Marmora, sanjak 
 and 5i m. SW. Tekirdagh (Rodosto), 54 m. NE. Gallipoli. 
 Panjab, prov., India. See Punjab. 
 
 Panjan, vil., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gujrat, 77 m. SE. 
 Rawalpindi. P. < 5000. 
 Panjang, isl. , French Cochin-China. See Pulo-Panjang. 
 Panjdeh, vil. , Russian Transcaspian Terr. See Penjdeh. 
 Panjlni, central quarter of New Goa, Portuguese India, on 
 the W. ct., II m. WNW. (Old) Goa, and at the NW. angle of 
 the isl. of Goa, and at the mouth of the Goa R. ; since the vice- 
 royalty of Count Ega (1756-65) seat of govt, of the Portuguese 
 terr. of Goa. 
 
 Panjkliora, or Paujkora, riv., Afghanistan, r. bk. trib. of 
 the Swat (1. bk. trib. Kabul). 
 
 Paujuitd, riv., Brit. India, Punjab, joins the Indus nearly 
 opposite Mithankot, in 28° 57' N. lat. , after a SW. course of 
 about 60 m. 
 
 Paiijshanibe, tn. , Russian Turkistan. See Pelshanibe. 
 Panjshlr, riv. , Afghanistan, rises in the Hindu Kush Mts., 
 and flows SW. through the narrow P. Valley, thence S. to the 
 Kabul R. , which it joins 22 m. E. by N. ■Kabul. [Proc. R. G. S. , 
 1879, pp. 116-17.) 
 
 Pankota, comm., Hungary, co. Arad, 22 m. ENE. O-Arad. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 PankoTV, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Nieder- 
 barnim, 3 m. N. Berlin. P. 6900. 
 
 Pankratz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Weinberge, 3 m. S. 
 Prague. P. < 5000. 
 
 Panmnre, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. and 3 m. N. of E. London. 
 
 Panmure, settlement. New Zealand, North I., Eden co. , in 
 36"" 48' S. and 174° 58' E. 
 
 Panmnre, post-tn. , Victoria, Hampden co. , 62 m. E. Port- 
 land. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Panua, tn.. Central India, cap. P. state, 105 m. N. by E. 
 Jabalpur ; built of stone found in the neighbourhood. One of 
 the most important towns in Bundelkhand Agency, about 20 m. 
 SW. of the chief diamond-yielding dist. of Central India. The 
 state contains much hill and jungle land, and is situated on the 
 tablelands above the Vindhyan Ghats. Estimated area, 2568 
 sq. m. P. (of town) 14,700; Hindus, 11,700; Moham. 2200. 
 
 Pannal, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div. , 2 m. 
 S. Harrogate, on the NE. R., PMT.O.; 4898 ac. P. <40OO. 
 
 Pannanlcli, chalybeate spa, Scot. , co. and 39 m. W. Aber- 
 deen, on the Dee, par. Glenmuick. 
 
 Panneshelde, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 4 m. 
 NNW. Aix-la-Chapelle. P. (comm.) 6600. 
 
 Pauo Akll, vil. , Brit. India, Sind, dist. Shikarpur, 50 m. SE. 
 by E. Jacobabdd. 
 
 Panola, co. , U.S., Mississippi, in the NW., to the N. of 34° 
 N . , and crossed by 90° W. 
 
 Panola, co. , U.S., Te.xas, on the E. frontier, crossed in the 
 S. by 32° N. 
 
 Paiionipenh, tn. , Cambodia. See Pnompenh. 
 
 Panora, vil., U.S., Iowa, Guthrie co. , on middle Raccoon R. , 
 41 m. W. by N, Des Moines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Panormo, tn. , Asia Minor. See Bandnrma. 
 
 Panonnus, ancient name of Palermo [q.v.), Sicily. 
 
 Panroti (Panrnttl, census), market-tn. , Brit. India, Madras, 
 dist. S. Arcot, 18 m. WNW. Cuddalore. P. 9000 ; Hindus, 8200. 
 
 Pant, in Welsh place-names, ' a hollow.' 
 
 Pant, stn., Eng., Salop, on the Cambrian Rly. , 5 m. S. by 
 W. Oswestry, P.O. 
 
 Pant, June, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, on the Brecon and 
 Merthyr Rly., 2 m. NE. by N. Merthyr Tydfil. 
 
 Pan>ta-naw, tn. , Burma, dist. Thon-gwa, on the Irdwadi, 
 48 m. E. by N.{Bassein ; traffic in nga-pi (dried fish). P. <5ooo, 
 
 Pantano, vil., U.S., Arizona, Pima co. , 30 m. SE. Tucson. 
 Mean temp. (9 yrs.), 67.7° F., Jan. 47.4°, July 85.5°; rfall., yr. 
 12.29 i'^-' July- Aug. 4.81 in. 
 
 Pantar, isl. , Eastern Archipelago, one of the Lesser Sunda 
 Is. , to the N. of the Dutch part of Timor. 
 
 Pantasaph, PT.O. , Wales, 3 m. from Holywell, Flintshire. 
 
 Pauteg, or Panteague, par. and tn., Eng., Monmouthshire, 
 N. div. , 2J m. ESE. Pontypool, with a stn. (Panteg) on the 
 G. W. R. ; has iron- works. Par. P. < 4000; tn. P. 6500. 
 
 Pantelleria, ancient Cossyra, isl. , Italy, in the Mediterranean, 
 prov. Trapani, 62 m. SW. ct. of Sicily, and 42 m. E. Tunis, in 36° 
 50' N. , 12° o' E. Shape oval. It is wholly of volcanic formation ; 
 the hills (2500 ft. ) are covered with forest and fruit trees. Mineral 
 springs abound. Cap. P. (P. <40oo) is situated on the N. ct. 
 Here the Roman emperor Augustus banished his daughter Julia, 
 and here put to death Octavia, daughter of Messalina. Area, 
 40 sq. m. P. (of isl.) 7300. 
 
 Pant Glas, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 8 m. 
 NW. Portmadoc, on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Panthal, Pante, Pantl, or Panthe, name of the people of 
 Mussulman religion in Yiinnan, SW. China ; descendants of 
 Arab immigrants, who settled here soon after the Hegira, and of 
 soldiers from Bukhara, led here by the Mongol emperor Kublai- 
 Khan in a miUtary expedition in the middle of the 13th century. 
 
 Pantlcosa, vil.. Upper Aragon, Spain, prov. and 44 m. N. 
 by E. Huesca, near the head of the Gallego Valley, with much 
 frequented lukewarm medicinal springs, some used for drinking, 
 
 1165 
 
PANT — PARA 
 
 some for bathing ; the most convenient starting-point for the 
 ascent of the Vignemale. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pantln, tn. , France, dep. Seine, arr. St. Denis, 3^ m. Notre 
 Dame, Paris, just outside the city wall. P. (1872) 12,300 ; (1891) 
 21,800. 
 
 Pantokrator, mt., Corfu (^.v.). 
 
 Panton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 11 m. 
 WSW. Louth, i^ m. S. by E. East Barkwith stn. P. <25o ; 
 eccles. par. (P. with Wragby) P. <75o. 
 
 Pantdn, comm. , Spain, prov. Lugo, dist. Monforte. P. 11,600. 
 
 Pautpertliog, P.O., Wales, Merionethshire, 3 m. from 
 Machynlleth. 
 
 Pant Pystynog, P.O., Wales, co. and 4 m. from Denbigh. 
 
 Pantydwr, stn., Wales, Radnorshire, 13 m. SW. by S. 
 Newtown, on the Cambrian Rly. , P.O. 
 
 Pantyliyuon, stn. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., 10 m. 
 NE. Llanelly, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. (Pantyliyniiou). 
 
 Pannlcillo, vil. , Chile, prov. Coquimbo, in the vicinity of 
 Ovalle. P. <3000. 
 
 Panwel (Panvel, census), tn. and port, Brit. India, Bombay, 
 dist. Thdna, 21 m. E. Bombay ; has coasting trade ; chief 
 industry, cart-wheels. P. is mentioned as carrying on trade 
 with Europe in 1570. P. 10,400 ; Hindus, 7400. 
 
 Panxworth, part of par. , Eng. , Norfolk. See Banworth 
 and >Voo4lbast'wlck. 
 
 Pany, Philippine Is. See Panay. 
 
 Pao, tn. , Venezuela, Bermudez, 200 m. SE. Caracas. 
 
 Pao, tn. , Venezuela, Zamora, 100 m. SW. Caracas. 
 
 PSo d'Assncar ('sugar-loaf'), Portuguese name given to 
 different conical heights in Brazil, the most noted being one at 
 the W. entrance of the bay of Rio de Janeiro. See also Sugar 
 liOaf Mountain, Mozambique. 
 
 Paoklng, tn. , China, prov. Hunan, 250 m. S. Ichang. 
 
 Paola, tn., on the W. ct. of Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 14 m. 
 WNW. Cosenza, 43 m. NW. Catanzaro. P. 5900. 
 
 Paola, city, U.S., Kansas, Miami co., 38 m. SSW. Kansas 
 City. P. <:3000. 
 
 Paoll, vil., U.S., Indiana, Orange co. , 43 m. WNW. Louis- 
 ville (Ken.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pao-\'an, Point, a penin. jutting 25 m. S. into the N. half of 
 Lake Manitoba, Canada, having Portage Bay on its E. side. 
 
 Paougan-cbou, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, on the r. bk. of the 
 Sankan-ho, 80 m. WNW. Peking. 
 
 Paonlng-fn, tn. , China, Siichwan, 145 m. NNW. Chung- 
 king ; the centre of a silk-producing dist. 
 
 Paoshan-bleu, tn. , China, prov. Kiangsu, on the mouth of 
 the Yangtse-kiang, 13 m. N. Shanghai. 
 
 Paota, Chinese form of Bagdad. See Bandas. 
 
 Paotlng-fti, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, 80 m. SW. by S. Peking. 
 
 Papa, ox Pabba, Scandinavian, Ger. Pfaffe, 'a priest,' e.g., 
 Pabba, ' the priests' ' island ; Papa Stour, ' the great island of the 
 priest.' 
 
 P&pa, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, prov. Veszpr^m, 28 m. 
 SSW. Raab, 47° 20' N. , 17° 28' E. Alt'. 518 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 
 51.5° F., Jan. 30.9°, July 73.0°. P. 14,300. 
 
 Papa, isl. , Scot., Shetland Is., Bressay par., 2 m. SW. 
 Scalloway. P. 23. 
 
 Papa, Little, isl., Scot., Shetland Is.., Mainland, in the 
 W. , Sandsting par., in 60° 20' N., 1° 24' W. Length, \\ m.; 
 breadth, 1 m. 
 
 Papa, Monte del, mt, Italy, near the W. ct., 35 m. S. 
 Potenza. Alt. 6585 ft. 
 
 Papa, Sound of, channel, Scot. , Shetland Is. , between the 
 Mainland and Papa Stour, in 60° 18' N. 
 
 Papagayo, gulf and volcano. Central America, republic and 
 SW. Lake Nicaragua, the gulf an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, 
 and the volcano on its NE. shore. 
 
 Papago8, Indian tribe, U.S., Arizona, of Pima family, 
 occupying since 1874 a reservation on the Santa Cruz R. ; 
 agriculturists. Also in N. Mexico, at the head of the Gulf of 
 California. 
 
 Papakalo, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Waitaki co. , 10 
 m. N. Oamaru by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Papakura, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Manukaw co., 
 18 m. SE. by S. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Papal, Holm of, isl., Scot. , Shetland Is. , Bressay par. P. 2. 
 
 Papaloapan, riv. , S. Mexico, states of Puebla, Oaxaca, and 
 Vera Cruz, flows SE. then NE. and enters the lagoon, which 
 receives also the San Juan and other rivers, and communicates 
 with the sea at Alvarado; easily navigable at all seasons to 
 Tuxtepe (163 m. above Alvarado) for steamers of 3 ft. draught. 
 Length, 217 m. 
 
 Papalote, settlement, U.S., Texas, Beeco. , 150 m. S. Austin. 
 
 Papantla, tn., Mexico, Vera Cruz, 112 ra. NE. by N. 
 Puebla, in 20° 11' N. P. 10,000. 
 
 Papannl, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co., i m. 
 N. Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Papar, riv., Brit. N. Borneo, flowing W. into the China Sea, 
 in 5° 4S' N. The village of P. is a few miles above its mouth. 
 
 Paparo. settlement, Venezuela, Miranda, at mouth of Tuy, 
 1166 
 
 65 m. E. by S. Caracas, on the railway connecting Higuerote 
 and Rio Chico ; coffee and cacao grown. 
 
 Paparoa, tn.. New Zealand, North I., Otamatea co., 60 m. 
 NNW. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Paparoa, mt. chain, New Zealand, parallel to the W. ct. of 
 the South I. , near the N. end. 
 
 Papas, Paramo de las, high plateau or mountain knob, 
 Colombia, on the confines of deps. Tolima and Cauca ; contains 
 the sources of the Magdalena, Cauca, and Caqueta or Yapiu-a. 
 
 Papas(|ularo, tn. , Mexico, state of and 68 m. NW. Durango. 
 P. (comm.) 12,000. 
 
 Papa Stour, isl. , Scot. , Shetland Is. , off W. ct. Mainland, Walls 
 par. , crossed by 60^ 20' N. , and in the E. by 1° 40' W. ; seat of 
 the Culdees. Length, 2 m. ; breadth, 2\ m. P.O. P. 244. 
 
 Papa Stronsay, isl. , Scot. , Orkney Is. , Stronsay and Eday 
 par., \ m. off NE. of Stronsay I. P. 27. 
 
 Papa Westray, part of par. and isl. , Scot. ; the N. extremity 
 forms the Mull of Papa. P.O. P. (isl.) 337. See tVestray and 
 Papa Westray. 
 
 Papcastle, par., Eng., Cumberland, on the Maryport and 
 Carlisle Rly., 5 m. SE. Maryport, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Papeltl, or Papeete (' little water'), tn. , Tahiti, on NW. ct. 
 of island, in the small bay at mouth of riv. Papeiti, of charming 
 aspect, its houses surrounded by gardens. The port, protected 
 by the reef, is accessible by three passes ; the water is deep 
 enough for the largest vessels to cast anchor at the quays. 
 It is in regular communication with France by New Caledonia, 
 with New Zealand, and San Francisco. There is a patent slip, 
 loi ft. 7 in. long. 
 
 Papenburg, tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Aschendorf, 
 22 m. SE. Emden, connected by canal with riv. Ems. Founded 
 in 1675, in the middle of a marsh till then uninhabitable, it is 
 now, after Emden, the most important port of Hanover, and 
 has shipbuilding, and manufactures of machinery, paper, glass, 
 chemicals, &c. P. 6900. 
 
 Papenzlen-See, lake, Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 50 m. E. by 
 S. Kolberg, drained N. by the Stiednitz into the W'ipper. 
 
 Paptao (pafo), or Bapbo, small vil., W. ct. Cyprus, in 34° 
 45' N. Ruins of ancient Paphos, the chief seat of the worship 
 of Aphrodite (Venus). 
 
 Papllllon, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Sarpy co. , 5 m. SSW. 
 Omaha. P. < 1500. 
 
 Papineau Lake, lake, Canada, Quebec, 63 m. WNW. 
 Montreal, drained by the riv. Kinonge into the riv. Ottawa, 
 
 Paplueauvllle, vil. , Canada, Quebec, co. and on riv. Ottawa, 
 41 m. E. Ottawa bv rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Papltl, tn. , Tahiti. See Papeltl. 
 
 Paposo, maritime vil., Chile, prov. Atacama, on the W. ct. , 
 in about 25° 5' S. 
 
 Pappan, isl., India. See Segupoug. 
 
 Pappenheim, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle Fran- 
 conia, circle Weissenburg, on the Altmiihl, 24 m. NW. by W. 
 Ingolstadt. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pappen-wasser, bay, Prussia, prov. Pomerania, an expansion 
 of the Oder R. at the head of the Grosses Haff. 
 
 Papplewlck, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div., 
 6^ m. S. by E. Mansfield, i m. E. Linby stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 See Llnby. 
 
 Paprovnik, city, Austria. See Kagusa. 
 
 Pap)«, The, mts. , Ire., SE. co. Kerry, 10 m. ESE. Killarney. 
 Height, 2268 ft. 
 
 Papua and Papuans. See New <iiulnea. 
 
 Papua Islands, a name sometimes given to the isls. Waig6u, 
 Salawati, Misol, and others of lesser note lying off the NW. 
 extremity of New Guinea. See the separate articles. 
 
 Papudo, maritime vil., N. Chile, prov. Aconcagua, 37 m. 
 NNE. Valparaiso, on a small open bay in 32° 31' S. 
 
 Pap worth Everard, par. , Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton 
 div., II m. WNW. Cambridge, 5 m. SE. Offord and Buckden 
 stn., P.O. P. <:250. 
 
 Papworth St. Agnes, par. , Eng. , partly in the Chesterton 
 div. of Cambridgeshire, and partly in Huntingdonshire, 12^ m. 
 WNW. Cambridge, 3^ m. SE. Offord and Buckden stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Par, eccles. par., Eng., Cornwall, Bodmin div., on the G. 
 
 W. R. , 3i m. SSW. Lostwithiel ; ha^s pilchard fishery. The 
 harbour is'150 ft. wide at entrance, has 13 ft. at high water ordi- 
 nary springs, and 9 ft. ordinary neaps, and 1800 ft. of quayage. 
 There is also a dry dock 120 ft. long, 24 ft. 7 in. wide at 
 entrance, and a depth of 7 ft. 10 in. on sill at high water 
 ordinary springs. PMT.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Para, Quichua word meaning ' rain,' ' water,' ' lake,' ' river.' 
 Para, Slavonic, ' a marsh or swamp,' e.g., in Parchim. 
 ParA, one of the N. littoral states of Brazil (coast-line 700 m.), 
 occupying the E. third of the Amazon valley S. of the Guianas 
 (1000 m. W. to E. , iioo m. N. to S.); the higher grounds of 
 the state, between the Guiana Mts. and the Brazilian plateau, 
 almost desert. Yields cacao, sugar, cotton, and exports Ama- 
 zonian forest products (caoutchouc, Brazil nuts, piassaba, &c.). 
 See Brazil, table. 
 
PARA — PARA 
 
 Para, officially Beleni, or Nossa Senbora de Beleni, tn. 
 
 and seapt., Brazil, pro v. Grao Para, at the mouth of the Capim, 
 a r. bk. trib. of the estuary of the Para or Tocantins, 80 m. 
 from the Atlantic ; has a handsome cathedral, government and 
 episcopal palaces, military and naval arsenals, and a spacious 
 harbour 3 m. long by i m. wide, with ^ m. quayage, from 
 which project 17 piers. There is 30 ft. of water in port at 
 ordinary springs high water, and 22 ft. low water. There are 
 a steel slip, 250 ft. long by 138 ft. wide, and five gridirons, four 
 each 150 ft. long, and one 200 ft. long. Vegetation grows with 
 great luxuriance in and around the city. Leprosy is prevalent. 
 P. 40,000. 
 
 Para (' Father of Waters '), the name originally applied to the 
 Amazon R. , S. America, but now employed to designate its S. 
 arm, which receives the Tocantins and Anapu Rivs. , and bounds 
 Marajo I. on the S. On its E. side is Para city. Width at 
 entrance, 40 m. Mean temp. (3 yrs., 1848-50), yr. 80.6° F., Jan. 
 80. 1°, July 81.5°. See Amazon. 
 
 Para, or Nossa Senhora ila Piedade do Para, tn., Brazil, 
 Minas Geraes, 155 m. NW. Ouro Preto. P. about 3000. 
 
 Para, riv., Dutch Guiana, 1. bk. trib. of the Surinam, which 
 it joins about 4 m. above Paramaribo. 
 
 Parabel, riv., W. Siberia, govt. Tomsk, 1. bk. trib. of Ob, 
 flows NE. about 250 m., joins Ob at Parabelskoye village. 
 
 Parat>el8koye, vil., W. Siberia, govt, and 195 m. NW. 
 Tomsk. P. < 5000. 
 
 Parablago, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Milan, circle and 11 
 m. SE. Gallarate. P. <30oo. 
 
 Parabita, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 20 m. WSW. 
 Otranto. P. <4000. 
 
 Parabuty, comm., Hungary, co. B4cs-Bodrog, dist. HcSdsag, 
 23 m. SE. Zombor. P. < 5000. 
 
 Paracas, penin. , united to the coast of Peru by an isthmus of 
 sand, crossed by 13° 50' S. , to the N. of which is a long narrow 
 bay, in which the army of San Martin landed, Sept. 8, 1820. 
 
 Paracata, riv. , Brazil, in state Minas Geraes, flows N. and 
 
 NE. , and joins the Sao Francisco near 16° 20' S. Length, 280 m. 
 
 Paracatu, tn. , Brazil, Mmas Geraes, in 17° 17' S., about 47° 
 
 W. , 455 m. NW. by N. Rio de Janeiro ; formerly celebrated 
 
 for its gold-washings, now unimportant. P. 10-15,000. 
 
 Paracels, group of islets and reefs of the China Sea, mostly 
 between 16° and 17° N. , 112° and 113° 30' E., 150 m. E. Cochin- 
 China. They yield edible birds' nests, turtles, and fish. 
 
 Parat-ln, tn. , Servia, prov. Morava, E. of riv. Morava, on 
 the Belgrade-Salonica Rly., 27 m. SE. by E. Kraguyevatz. 
 P- 5500. 
 
 Paraconibe, par., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div. , 10 m. 
 E. by S. Ilfracombe, PMT.O. (Parracombe) ; 4451 ac. P. <5oo. 
 Parada, tn. , Mexico, state of and 20 m. NW. by W. San 
 Luis Potosi. 
 
 Paradas, tn., Spain, prov. and 30 m. E. by S. Seville, dist. 
 Marchena. P. (comm.) 6200. 
 Paradela, comm., Spain, Galicia, 17 m. S. Lugo. P. 4800. 
 Paradise, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Annapolis, 86 m. WNW. 
 Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Para<Use, goldfield, Queensland, Mackenzie dist., on S. side 
 of Burnett R., 8 m. NW. Degilbo stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Paradise, post-tn. , S. Australia, co. and 6 m. from Adelaide 
 by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Paradise, coal-mining vil. , U.S., Kentucky, Muhlenburg co. , 
 40 m. NW. Bowling Green. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Paradise, vil. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, co. and 9 m. E. Lancaster, 
 on Pequa R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Paradise, vil., U.S., Utah, Cache co., 65 m. NE. Salt Lake 
 City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Paradise Sound, long and narrow bay, Newfoundland, on the 
 W. of Placentia Bay. 
 
 Paragan, riv., Bolivia, flows N. by San Ignacio into the 
 Guapore, in about 13° 30' S. Length, 286 m. 
 Paragould, tn., U.S., Arkansas, Greene co. P. <20oo. 
 Parngna, isl. , Eastern Archipelago. See Pala>¥an. 
 Paragna, riv. , Venezuela, flows N. then E. into the Caroni 
 (r. bk. trib. Orinoco), which it joins in about 7° N. Length 
 about 435 m. 
 
 Paraguacn ('great water'), riv., Brazil, prov. Bahia, rises 
 on the E. slopes of the Sierra da Chapada, flows E. and SE. 
 into All Saints Bay ; navigation prevented greatly by cataracts. 
 Length, 320 m. 
 
 Paraguana, penin. , Venezuela, state Zulia, 22 m. NW. Coro, 
 extending into the Caribbean Sea, in 12° N., 70° W. Length 
 and breadth about 40 m. each. 
 
 Paragnari, vil. , Paraguay, 33 m. SE. by E. Asuncion, on 
 the railway to Villa Rica. 
 
 Paraguay, a republic, S. America, between Brazil and the 
 Argentine Repubhc, having E. and S. the Parana, W. the 
 Paraguay, N. the Apa (trib. of P.) with its affluent the Estrella, 
 NE. the Sierra Amambay (N. and S.), and the Sierra de 
 Mbarcay (W. and E.). P. also claims part of the €<ran Ctaaco 
 (9. v.). The greater part of the surface consists of undulating 
 plains, varied by ranges of low hills, richly wooded, and inter- 
 
 spersed with open plains. The principal mountains, none of 
 which exceed 1500 ft., are the Cordillera de las Quinze Puntas 
 (E. and W. ) in the N.; the frontier ranges already mentioned 
 in the NE. ; the Cerro Nogues at the junction of these, and the 
 Cordilleras Urucuty, Caaguassu, &c. , which, starting from the 
 Cerro Nogues, trend SE. to about 54° 50' W. , and then SW. 
 to Villa Rica, forming the water-parting between the basins of 
 the P. and Parana Rivs. In the SW. a broken hilly region 
 extends S. and SE. from the P. in about 25° S. , to the Parana 
 in about 56° 30' W. The principal tribs. of the P. (N. to S. ), 
 one of the two great frontier rivers, are, Apa, Aquidaban, 
 Ypane, Jejuy, with its affluents (r. bk.) Aguaray-guassu, (1. bk.) 
 Carruguaty and Capiiguary, Manduvira-Tobatiry, Piribeby, 
 and Tibicuary with its (r. bk.) affluent Negro. Of these, by 
 far the most important as affording means of communication 
 with the interior, are the Jejuy and the Tibicuary ; on the 
 other rivers regular navigation is impracticable. Tne principal 
 tribs. of the Parana are (N. to S.) Piratiy, Iguerey, Santa 
 Teresa, Acaray, Monday, Pirapyta, Gyrapa-y, and Pirapo ; the 
 lower courses of all are obstructed by rapids and falls, though 
 the upper courses of some, as the Monday and Acaray, are used 
 for transport. The P. is navigable along the whole frontier, 
 and the Parana, though with difficulty, to Tacuru-pucu. In 
 the extreme SW. of the country is the Neembucu region, a 
 tract of marshes ('estero'), 12 to 36 m. in breadth, extending 
 along the N. border of the Parana, and forming a natural line 
 of defence. In the W. , between the Jejuy and Tibicuary, are 
 several lagoons, of which the largest are Ypoa, Camba, Ipacaray, 
 Mandiyii, Aguaracati, and Ypta. The fauna is abundant, 
 and generally similar to that of the neighbouring state of Matto 
 Grosso ; a large water-serpent, called by the natives ' mboy- 
 gazua,' is found in the rivers, as are also several species of 
 voracious fish armed with formida'ble spines. The flora is 
 exceedingly rich ; the greater part of the country is covered 
 with primeval forests, which yield in great variety wood of 
 remarkable durability and hardness (quebracho, algarrobo, 
 araucaria, Brazil cedar, timbo, &c. ), with many beautifully 
 veined cabinet woods ; other trees of special economic value 
 are yerba-mat6, or Paraguay tea (which is now obtained only 
 in a wild state between 22° and 29° S. , and E. of 57° W. ), coca, 
 and the orange, besides many tropical fruits, medicinal, dye, 
 and fibre plants. Climate. — The three summer months (Dec. 
 to Feb.) are hot, temp, ranging from 55° to 100° F. , but even 
 during this period the air is often freshened by storms from the 
 S. The remaining nine months are spring-like, with, occasion- 
 ally, slight frosts at night [Asuncion]. The rainfall is abundant ; 
 greatest in Sept. and Oct. Epidemic diseases are rare, almost 
 the only one being smallpox, now much less virulent than 
 formerly; an intermittent fever ('chicho') is prevalent in the 
 E. ; rheumatic affections are common, owing chiefly to neglect 
 of hygienic precautions. The prevailing geological formation 
 is a (Tertiary) red sandstone. The soil is described as consisting 
 of four different kinds — sand, red earth, cleared forest land, and 
 black earth. The most important deposit is the 'red earth,' a 
 true loess, well suited for the cultivation of tobacco, cereals, 
 coffee, cotton, &c. ; the forest soil is also exceedingly fertile ; the 
 ' black earth,' an alluvial deposit of compact clayey mud, affords 
 abundant pasturage, and is also cultivable. Cattle are reared 
 in large numbers, almost -entirely for slaughter ; dairy-farming 
 is little practised, and butter almost entirely unused by the 
 f)eople generally. Agriculture. — The cereal chiefly cultivated 
 is maize, which forms the staple food of the inhabitants ; rice, 
 about Asuncion and a few other places in the W. ; manioc 
 supplies the common farina for bread ; the sugar-cane is used 
 largely in the distillation of cana, or native rum, and to a less 
 extent for sugar ; coffee has been successfully introduced ; 
 tobacco of excellent quality forms an important crop ; tomatoes, 
 beans (haricots), and onions are almost the only vegetables as 
 yet grovra for market ; the vine is cultivated, though not as 
 formerly for the production of wine. The mineral resources 
 are still imperfectly known ; iron is abundant in the S. ; manga- 
 nese and pyrites are widely distributed ; coal is said to occur, 
 besides ochre and other pigments, kaolin, marble, &c. IMeans 
 of communication are throughout a great part of the country 
 entirely wanting. The first railway from Asuncion to Villa Rica 
 (about 45 m.) was begun in 1859, but owing to the war which 
 soon after broke out, no further progress was made until 1886 ; 
 the line has since been opened to Caazapa (90 m.), and it is 
 proposed to continue it to Encarnacion ; concessions for other 
 lines have been granted. Under the dictator Lopez four or five 
 roads were opened from the cap. along the Paraguay R. and 
 into the interior, and these are connected by several rough 
 tracks ('picadas') used by the 'yerbateros' (mat6 collectors). 
 Navigation on the interior rivers is confined to native boats, 
 which are slowly worked up stream with long bamboos. The 
 time occupied in ascending the Jejuy from San Pedro to Ygatimi 
 (the distance between which in a direct line is about 100 m.) is 
 20 days, while the descent can be made in 3 or 4 days. The 
 most important industry is the collection and preparation of 
 the verba-mat^, or Paraguav tea, in the forests, or ' yerbales," 
 
 1167 
 
PARA — PARA 
 
 where the tree grows wild. (The principal yerbales are J^sus, 
 Parana, San Estanislao, Ygatimi, San Pedro, and Concepcion.) 
 The distillation of an essence from orange leaves is carried on 
 at Yaguaron and other places ; flour, cigars, beer, cafia, soap, 
 and leather are manufactured chiefly for home consumption. 
 Foreign commerce is very limited ; the principal exports are 
 mat6 and oranges, tobacco, and skins ; others are cattle and 
 essence. The exports go chiefly to the neighbouring states, but 
 nearly half of the imports (mainly textiles) are supplied by 
 Britain. The only direct maritime outlet is through Buenos 
 Aires. Houey, Weights, aitd Measures. — The money is the 
 same as in the Argentine Republic, and there is also a paper 
 currency. The old Spanish weights and measures (quintal, 
 arroba, fanega, and sino = 69I sq^ yds.) are still legal. The 
 population is mainly of Spanish descent, and Spanish is the 
 language of the state. Immigration is encouraged by the 
 government. Agricultural colonies have been founded at Villa 
 Hayes, San Bernardino, Nueva Germania, and Leipzig, the 
 last two by Germans, and one near Villa Rica by Australians. 
 CrOTernment. — The present constitution dates from 1870. The 
 government consists of three departments — the Legislative, 
 comprising a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate, the members 
 of both elected by universal suffrage ; the Executive, vested in 
 the President, elected for four years, and assisted by five re- 
 sponsible ministers ; and the Judicial, exercised by a Supreme 
 Court of three members and by five judges ' of first instance. ' 
 The national government is represented in the provinces by 
 'prefects' and justices of the peace. Local administration is 
 freely enjoyed by the ' partidos ' (small municipalities or com- 
 munes), which form the administrative units of the political 
 system. The 'partidos' are, for electoral purposes, grouped 
 into the 23 dists. which forjn the state. A small standing army 
 is maintained for the preservation of internal order ; every citizen 
 between 20 and 35 years of age is liable to service. As to 
 revenue, &c. , see Appendix, pp. 3-5. Education is still 
 backward, though since 1881, when it was declared compulsory, 
 great efforts have been made for its improvement. The prin- 
 cipal institutions for higher education are the National College 
 and the Normal Training School. The support of education 
 is provided for by a special tax and government grants. The 
 principal towns are Asuncion (cap.), San Pedro, Concepcion, 
 Villa Rica, and Encarnacion. Area, 89,000 sq. m. P. 329,600 
 (official estimate for 1887) ; 500,000 (De Bourgade la Dardye) 
 {Le Paraguay, par E. de Bourgade la Dardye, Paris, 1889). 
 [E. J. H.] 
 
 Paraguay, a large riv. of S. America, the principal trib. of 
 the Parana {q.v.), rises by numerous heads in the Brazilian state 
 Matto Grosso, near the sources of the Guapore, Tapajos, and 
 Xingu tribs. of the Amazon, and in 13° 30' S. , between 55° and 
 58° W. It thence flows mostly S. , between Bolivia on the W. 
 and Brazil and Paraguay E. ; and near Corrientes, in 27° 20' 
 S., it unites with the Parand. Total course to this point, 1420 
 m. It receives from the E. the rivs. Sao Louren90, Taquari, 
 and Mondego; from the W. the Sipotuba, Jauru, Pilcomayo, 
 and Bermejo (Vermejo). Between 16J" and 17!° N. the region 
 on its r. bk. is a vast lake in the rainy season, known as 
 Xarayes. Similar marshy tracts extend along the 1. bk. from 
 \'f to 22° N. It is navigable from the influx of the Jauru, and 
 Brazilian steamers ascend by the Sao Lourenpo and the Rio 
 Cuyaba to Cuyaba, 2360 ni. above Buenos Aires. In 1858 
 its navigation was opened to ships of every flag. 
 
 Parah, place named in O. T. See F&rali. 
 
 Parablba, or Parahyba (the two forms occur in all cases 
 of the same or similar names), tn. near the E. ct. of Brazil, 
 and near the mouth of the Rio P., cap. state P. do Norte, 
 70 m. N. Pernambuco ; founded in 1579. The old town is on 
 the heights overlooking the riv. ; the new town is in a plain 
 communicating by the river with its port Cabedello. P. (with 
 dist. ) 40,000. 
 
 Paralilba (P. do Bforte), one of the littoral states of Brazil 
 (coast -line 100 m.), naturally separated (S. ) from Pernambuco 
 by the Araripe-Cairiris highlands, and conventionally formed by 
 the valleys of P. , Mamanguape, Camaratuba, and the higher 
 part of Rio Piranhas valley. Lies in the region of the great 
 periodical droughts. Iron and coal (anthracite) have been seen. 
 See Brazil, table, &c. 
 
 Parahlba, riv., Brazil, rises in the state of SSo Paulo, in 
 about 22° 45' S. , flows first SW. to the E. of the Serra do 
 Quebra Cangalha, then turns NE. and flows between that 
 range and the Serra da Mantiqueira and other ranges, enters 
 the state of Rio de Janeiro, and empties itself into the Atlantic 
 in about 21° 40' S. Length, variously reckoned, 410 to 570 m. 
 
 Parahlba do Sul, tn. , Brazil, on the 1. bk. of the Parahiba, 
 state and 52 m. N. by W. Rio de Janeiro. P. (including dist. ) 
 < 10,000. 
 
 Parahlbnna, Parahybuna, or popularly Julz de Fdra, 
 tn., Brazil, 85 m. NNW. Rio de Janeiro, on the P. (trib. Para- 
 hiba) ; chief agricultural centre of the state of Minas Geraes. 
 Alt. 2300 ft. P. (with dist.) 15,000. 
 
 Paralso, vil. , Costa Rica, 17 m. E. San Jos6. 
 1168 
 
 Para-llmnS ('along the lake'), lake, Greece, nomos Attica 
 and BcEOtia, E. of Lake Lykeri, and the former Lake Kopais, 
 6 m. long. Formerly 115 ft. above sea-level, but raised to 180 
 ft. by the works for the drainage of Lake Kopais ; formerly 
 communicating with the Euripos (channel of Atalante) only by 
 an underground outlet, but now by a canal rather less than a 
 mile long. 
 
 ParamakAdl, tn. , India. See Parmagtidl. 
 
 Paramaribo, cap. of Dutch Guiana, on 1. bk. of the Suri- 
 nam, 20 m. above its mouth, in 5° 50' N. , 55° 10' W. ; almost 
 all the houses are of wood. Two forts defend the entrance of 
 the river. Nearly all the trade of the colony is centred here. See 
 Guiana. There is a depth of 20-21 ft. on the bars at the mouth 
 of the river at ordinary springs high water. There are three 
 wharves, with a total length of 520 ft. , having a depth of 20 ft. high 
 water, and 11 ft. low water ordinary springs, and a fourth wharf, 
 200 ft. long, with 23 ft. depth high water, and 15 ft. low water 
 ordinary springs. But during the rainy season (May-July) the 
 depths are uncertain. Mean temp. , yr. 81.7° F., Jan. 79.3°, Aug. 
 83.7°; rfall. (12 yrs.), 107.95 in. P. 28,000. 
 
 Param^, tn. and sea-bathing resort, France, dep. Ille-et- 
 Vilaine, arr. and 2 m. ENE. St. Malo. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Paramo, name of the high plateaux of the Andes in all S. 
 America. 
 
 Pllramo, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. and 12 m. S. Lugo, 
 dist. Sarria. P. <40oo. 
 
 Paramnshlr, isl. , Japan. See Horo-Mnslro-shlma. 
 
 Paramythla, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See A'idouat. 
 
 Parang (' kinsman of the sea'), riv., S. America, one of the 
 principal streams which contribute to form La Plata, rises in 
 the mountains which separate the Brazilian states Goyas and 
 Minas Geraes, i6°-i7° S. Its upper course, stretching S. and 
 SW. down to 20° S. , is known as the Paranahiba. At the 
 latter point it is met by the Rio Grande, which rises about 100 
 m. NW. of Rio de Janeiro, and flows NNW. and W. , its lower 
 portion separating the state of Sao Paulo from Minas Geraes. 
 The united stream then assumes the name of the Parana, and 
 flows SSW. as far as about 27^° S. , separating the Brazilian 
 state Parana from Matto Grosso and the republic of Paraguay, 
 as well as the last named from the Argentine prov. of Corrientes, 
 between which the river takes a W. course. It joins the Para- 
 guay near Corrientes, and confers its own name on the united 
 stream. For several miles after the union the two rivers flow 
 on side by side without mingling, a line of white foam separating 
 the yellowish brown waters of the Paraguay from the dirty green 
 current of the Parana. Thenceforward its course is generally 
 S. to within 50 m. N. of Buenos Aires, where it unites with 
 the Uruguay R. to form the estuary of La Plata. Total 
 course at least 2000 m. , of which 670 m. lie below the falls 
 of Guaira. The principal tribs. on the 1. bk. are the Rio 
 das Velhas above the confluence of the Rio Grande, and the 
 Rios Tiet^, Parana - Parema, Ivahy, and Iguassu below, all 
 in Brazilian terr. ; on the r. bk. are the Rios Corumba, Meta 
 Ponte, and Turvo above the confluence of the Rio Grande, and 
 the Racuri, Verde, Pardo, Ivinhema, Iguatemy, Acaray, and 
 Monday, the last two in Paraguay. Just before quitting I3razil 
 the river descends the celebrated Fall of Guaira or Sete Quedas 
 (Seven Falls), dropping 50 ft. in twenty-one distinct channels; 
 but there is an even grander spectacle to be witnessed in the 
 Iguassu, 16 m. from its confluence with the Parana ; the river 
 passes over some thirty falls, having a breadth of i to 2 m., and 
 a descent of 200 ft. Below the rapids it is continuously navigable 
 upwards only to the Paraguayan port of Tacuru-Pacu, a few miles 
 above the confluence of the Iguassu, and about 1120 m. from ■ 
 Buenos Aires. Vessels drawing 16 ft. can ascend to Rosario, 
 and vessels drawing 10 ft. to the confluence of the Paraguay, 
 and up that river to Asuncion. The navigation is difficult, and 
 is apt to be impeded by shifting sandbanks, on which vessels 
 often ground. The voyage from Buenos Aires to Asuncion 
 (1040 m.) generally takes about six days. In 1892 a new 
 entrance to the Parang was discovered near the Uruguay shore, 
 having a minimum depth at low tide of 15 ft. , and admitting 
 usually vessels drawing 19 ft. ; dredging is being carried on to 
 deepen the channel for vessels that draw 21 ft. Few towns border 
 the P. in its upper part. In the southerly part of its course it 
 passes Corrientes, Goya, La Paz, Parand, Diamante, Rosario, and 
 other towns, which mostly stand on the higher bank of the river, 
 the opposite bank being low and marshy. The left or E. bank 
 is the higher as far S. as Diamante, and even has the form of a 
 cliff, except in one part beginning a little to the N. of Goya, about 
 29° S. , and ending at La Paz, in 30^° S. Cliffs begin to appear 
 on the opposite bank to the N. of Rosario, and thence down- 
 wards the r. bk. is the higher. 
 
 Paraull, tn. , Argentine Republic, Entre Rios, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Rio P. , on a bluff 130 ft. above the surface of the river, 
 245 m. (375 m. by water), NW. by N. Buenos Aires, 12 m. 
 SE. by E. Santa F6. Mean temp. (8' yrs., 1875-82), yr. 65.4° F., 
 Feb. 76.7°, July 55.0°; rfall. (6yrs. ), 36.78 in. P. 18,000. 
 
 Parana, one of the S. littoral states of Brazil (coast-line 100 
 m.), surrounded (W. , N., E.) by the Rio Paranapanema, Rio 
 
PARA 
 
 PARI 
 
 Iguassu (S.), and the Atlantic (SE.), towards which the lands are 
 mountainous. Towards the interior (as far as the Rio P. ) P. is 
 an inclined plane (from 2000 to 600 ft. ). Large and excellent 
 bay at Paranagua. Great exportation, notably of mat6. To 
 a large extent almost desert. Minerals, iron, gold, mercury, 
 diamonds (at Tibagy), limestone (Paranagua Bay). Some 
 Italian and German colonies. See Brazil, table. 
 
 Parauaga^, seapt. , Brazil, on the bay of P., E. ct. of Brazil, 
 state Parana, 233 m. SSW. Therezina, on E. shore of Lake 
 P., in 25° 3s' S. P. 3000. 
 Paraiialil1)a, riv. , Brazil. See Paranii, riv. 
 Paraiiaii, Euseiiada de, bay, Philippine Is. See Palanau, 
 Giiseiiada de. 
 
 Paraua-Panema, riv. , S. Brazil, rises in state of Sao Paulo, 
 flows NW. then W. on the frontier between the states of Sao 
 Paulo and Parana (to the S. ), and enters the Parana a little to 
 the S. of 20° S. Its 1. bk. trib. , the Itavure, forms another part 
 of the boundary between the two states named. Total length 
 of P. -P. 466 m. , exclusive of small windings ; navigable by small 
 cargo-boats 170 m. from mouth (to Anhumas). 
 
 Piirang La, pass, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Kangra, 105 m. 
 NNE. Simla, in 32° 31' N., 78° i' E. ; practicable for ydks and 
 ponies. Alt. about 18,500 ft. 
 
 PardittlJ (Prantej, census), tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. 
 and 31 m. NNE. Ahmadabdd ; manufactures soap. P. (1881) 
 8400; (1891)8800; Hindus, 5800. 
 
 Paraskevl, or Haglos Paraskevl. See Tsagkarades. 
 Pdrasuiitli, place of Jain pilgrimage, Brit. India, Bengal, in 
 E. of Hazaribagh, in 23 58' N., 86° 11' E. The summit. Same/ 
 or Sikhar, 'The Peak of Bliss,' is flanked by small temples; 
 10,000 pilgrims flock annually to this spot. For a few years P. 
 was used as a sanitarium. Alt. 4488 ft. 
 
 Parataii, tn. , western Sudan, in about 8° 55' N. , 1° o' E. ; cap. 
 of Chayo, a small state N. of Togo-land. Alt. 1200 ft. 
 
 Parattali, post-tn. , Tasmania, Monmouth co. , 38 m. N. by 
 E. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Paratwara (Parativada, census), cant, and civil stn. , Brit. 
 India, Berar, EUichpur dist. , 32 m. NW. Amraoti ; not healthy. 
 P. 9600 ; Hindus, 6600 ; Moham. 2900. 
 
 Paraty, tn. , Brazil, 105 m. WSW. Rio de Janeiro, on W. 
 shore of the fine bay of Angra dos Reis. 
 
 Paravadl, coram. , Bulgaria. See Provadla. 
 PAravftr, tn. , India, Travancore, on the estuary of the Alwaye 
 R. , 17 m. N. Cochin. P. (1871) 5000. 
 
 Paray-le-Moitlal, tn. , France, dep. Sa6ne-et- Loire, 28 m. 
 SW. by S. Le Creuzot, arr. and 7 m. W. by N. Charolles. 
 The church is one of the most characteristic types of Burg^ndian 
 art at the beginning of the 12th century. Numbers of pilgrims 
 visit the chapel of the Visitandines, where lived, in the reign of 
 Louis XIV., Marguerite Marie Alacocque, whose visions have 
 given origin to the cult of the Sacred Heart. P. <4000. 
 
 Parbalnl, tn. , India, Haidardbid, 104 m. SE. by E. Auran- 
 gdbdd, cap. dist. 
 
 P^rbati, riv., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Kangra, rises in 
 Wazfri Riipi, flows W. into the Beas below Sultanpur, in 31° 
 54' N., -j-f 11' E. Length, 90 m. 
 
 Pdrbati, fordable riv., India, rising in the Vindhya Hills, 
 flows N. into the Chambal, in 20° 50' 'N. , 76° 40' E. Length, 
 220 m. 
 
 Parbold, par., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div. , 6J m. NW. 
 by W. Wigan, on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, with stn. 
 (P. for Ne-wbni^h) on the L. & Y. R. , PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Parcel Canol, par. , Wales, Cardiganshire, near Aberystwith. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Pare Grace Dleii, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, dist. Mon- 
 mouth. P. <250. 
 
 Parclilin, tn. , Ger. , Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle P., 20 m. 
 SE. Schwerin ; manufactures cloth and paper, &c. Birthplace 
 of Count von Moltke (1800). One mile S. is the favourite resort 
 of Bruniieii, with a chalybeate spring. P. 10,000. 
 
 Parcliwltz, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, on the Katzbach, circle 
 and 10 m. ENE. Liegnitz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Parco, comm. , Sicily, prov. , circle, and 5 m. SW. Palermo. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Parcoy, tn. , Peru, dep. Libertad, 300 m. N. by W. Lima ; 
 goldmines. Alt. 10,530 ft. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Parcq, Le, vil. , France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. St. Pol, 27 
 m. S. St. Omer. P. < 2000. 
 
 Parczew, tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 37 m. SE. Selecid. 
 P- 5500. 
 
 Par«lee, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 629 m. 
 by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Pardeiilck Head, headland, Eng., Cornwall, i m. SE. 
 Land's End. 
 
 PardiliKi, tn. , Portugal, dist. and 10 m. N. Aveiro. P. 
 <4ooo. 
 Pardliilio Rio, riv. , Brazil. See Pardo, Rio. 
 Pardo, El, tn. , Spain, prov. and 9 m. NNW. Madrid, dist. 
 Colmenar Visjo, on the Manzanares. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 Pardo, Rio, riv. , Brazil, in the N. of Minas Geraes and the 
 1169 
 
 S. of Bahia, flows E. into the Atlantic in 15° 40' S. Length, 
 310 m.; area of basin, 5000 sq. m. 
 
 Pardo, Rio, riv., Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, flows S. then 
 SE. into the Jacuhy, which it joins in 29° 50' S. , 52° 19' W. It 
 is joined on the 1. bk. by the Pardinho, in about 52° 24' W. 
 Rio P. is the name of a town at its mouth with a pop. of 2000. 
 
 Pardo, Rio (Portuguese, 'brown river,' so called from the 
 colour of its waters when in flood), riv., S. Brazil, state Sao 
 Paulo, flows N W. and joins the Mogy-Guassu, a trib. of the Rio' 
 Grande, in 48° 35' W. , on N. frontier of state. Length, 290 m. 
 
 Pardee, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and 5 m. 
 E. Mercer by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Par'dnbltz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. P., on the 1. bk. of 
 the Elbe, 12^ m. S. by W. Koniggratz ; manufactures sugar, 
 spirits, chocolate, and has iron-foundries. P. 12,400. 
 
 Pare, mt. range, Ger. E. Africa, with a southerly trend, E. 
 of the Ruvu or Pangani, and S. of the Jipe, crossed by 4^° S., 
 37° 50' E. See Geog. Jour. , iv. p. 293. 
 
 Parece Vela (Spanish, ' furl the sails,' because of a dangerous 
 coast, sandbank, &c.), or Douglas, isl. , Pacific, Magellan 
 Archipelago, in about 201° N., 144° W. 
 
 Paredes de Nava, comm., Spain, prov. Palencia, dist. 
 Frechilla. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Paredoii, isl., W. Indies. See Cayo Paredoii. 
 
 Parell, or Parll, N. suburb of Bombay, Brit. India. 
 
 ParendA, old fortress, India, Haidardbdd, 105 m. E. by S. 
 Pcona. 
 
 Parentls-en-Bom, tn. , France, dep. Landes.^arr. Mont-de- 
 Marsan, 43 m. SW. by S. Bordeaux, on the Etang de P., a 
 name sometimes given to the Etang de Biscarosse. P. <2ooc. 
 
 Parenzo, tn. , Austria, Istria, on the Adriatic, 30 m. SSW. 
 Trieste ; has a bishop's see, a fine cathedral, and a good harbour. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Parey, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Jerichow II., 23 m. 
 NE. Magdeburg. P. <:3000. 
 
 Parga, maritime tn. , Turkey in Europe, Albania, on the W. 
 ct. , 35 m. SW. Yanina. 
 
 Pargaiisii«, The Tweiity-fonr, dist., Brit. India, Bengal. 
 See Twenty-four Pargan^»«. 
 
 Piirgliikt, old pass, Brit. India, Bombay, across the W. Ghdts, 
 leading from Satara dist. to Kolaba. It was the only highway 
 to the Konkan until the Kumbharli road was made in 1864. 
 
 Parliam, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 13^ m. NE. Ipswich, 
 on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <:soo; eccles. par. (P. with 
 Hacheston) P. < 1000. 
 
 Parhani, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 5 m. NE. by N. 
 Arundel, 3 m. NE. by E. Amberley stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Parhani, maritime vil., W. Indies, on E. ct. Antigua I. 
 
 Parla, Gulf of, S. America, Venezuela, an inlet of the 
 Caribbean Sea, between the isl. of Trinidad and the mainland, 
 bounded on the N. by the long and narrow Peninsula of P., 
 and between 10° and 10° 40' N., 62° W. Its S. entrance, called 
 the 'Serpent's Mouth,' is 9 m. across; its N., the 'Dragon's 
 Mouth,' is 13 m. in width, and contains numerous islands. It 
 receives several arms of the Orinoco, and on its shores are the 
 towns Port of Spain and Porto Nuevo. Length, 100 m. 
 
 Parlar, tn. , India, Oudh, dist. and 12 m. W. Unao, con- 
 sidered sacred ; has a bathing fair attended by 100,000 persons. 
 P. (1881) < 5000. 
 
 Parlcatuba, vil., Brazil, Grao Para, on the \. bk. of the 
 Amazon, in 54° 47' W. 
 
 Parlchhatgarh, tn. and fort, Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. 
 and 13 m. E. Meerut. Close to the town runs the Anupshahr 
 branch of the Ganges. P. 5400 ; Hindus, 4300 ; Moham. 1000. 
 
 Parlcl, colony, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, 32 m. NW. by N. 
 Porto Alegre. 
 
 Part-Jong, pass, Tibet, at the N. end of the Chambi valley, 
 in about 27° 40' N., 89° 7' E. , the pass by which Bogle entered 
 and quitted the plain of Great Tibet in 1774-75, ^^^ Manning 
 in 1811-12. Jour. R. G. S., 1875, pp. 308-9. 
 
 Parljs, vil., S. Africa, Orange Free State, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Vaal, 28 m. SE. Potchefstroom. P. < 2000. 
 
 Parlkla, tn., Greece, Paros. See Parolkla. 
 
 Parlkud Islands, a group of isls. , in Lake Chilka, India, 
 SW. of Bengal ; salt-making by evaporation. 
 
 Parll, suburb, Bombay, Brit. India. See Parell. 
 
 Parlma, riv. , Brazil, known in its upper course as Rio Branco. 
 
 Parlua Punta, cape, Peru, W. ct. , in about 4° 40' S. 
 
 Parlnarl, vil. , Peru, dep. Loreto, on the r. bk. of the Mara- 
 non, 440 m. ESE. Guayaquil, 45 m. W. Naiita. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Paris, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Brant co. , on 
 Grand R., 45 m. ENE. London, a railway junction. P. <40oc. 
 Paris (Low Latin Parisia, from the Roman names Farisii and 
 Lutetia Parisiorum), city, France, cap. of the French Republic, 
 and of dep. of the Seine, on both banks of the riv. Seine, near 
 the confluence of the tribs. Yonne, Marne, and Oise, in the 
 centre of the fertile plain of lle-de-France, or the so-called Paris 
 basin, surrounded by a line of Jurassic heights. Paris is a 
 meeting-place of railways, rivers, canals, and highways, 124 m. 
 from the mouth of the Seine (107 m. in a straight line), 210 m. 
 
 4 E ' 
 
PARIS 
 
 SSE. London, 560 m. WSW. Berlin. In the Middle Ages a 
 principal focus of European civilisation, Paris is still esteemed 
 the chief city of the world for monuments and public buildings, 
 for general elegance, as well as for scientific, literary, and educa- 
 tional institutions. From its Mstory, since 53 B.C. , when Julius 
 Ceesar founded a town on the island still called La Cit6, Paris 
 has had a relation to the whole kingdom which (according to 
 Freeman) differs from that of any other great capital, being 
 'strictly the birthplace of the French nation.' The site was 
 chosen for strategic reasons, and the Roman town soon became 
 a populous centre. A temple was built where Notre Dame now 
 stands, and among the existing remains of the Roman period 
 are the Palais des Thermes, and some excavations in a public 
 park which has recently been opened. In the 6th century Clovis 
 had a palace in Paris, but owing to the incursions of the North- 
 men it did not become the permanent capital till the reign of 
 Hugh Capet (a.d. 990). King Philip Augustus (i 180-1223) 
 was the second founder ; he built the first Louvre, instituted the 
 University (1220), and greatly extended the capital on both 
 banks of the river. On the N. he formed a ring of fortifications, 
 which, though demolished by Louis XIV., are still marked by 
 the Grands Boulevards. For ages Paris consisted of La Citd, 
 on the islands in the Seine, La Ville, on the r. bk. , and 
 L' University, on the 1. bk. The University, becoming the 
 most famous in Europe for theology and philosophy, attracted 
 scholars from all lands. Under Louis XIV. was completed the 
 Louvre of Francis I. ; Richelieu built the original Palais Royal, 
 and rebuilt the Sorbonne, still containing his magnificent tomb. 
 Great improvements were made under the first and still greater 
 under the third Napoleon, who completed the present Louvre, 
 and in i860 extended the city to its present limits — the walls 
 erected in 1840. Between the Grands Boulevards, which mark 
 the extent of mediaeval Paris, and the present city boundary, 
 there lies a third ring formed by the Outer Boulevards, showing 
 the line of the old octroi barrier, where municipal dues were 
 levied before the extension to the fortifications. The Inner 
 Boulevards, called the Boulevards, form one of the leading 
 features of the capital, a world-famous promenade, lined with 
 trees, gay with handsome shops, crowded caf6s, and theatres, 
 extending in a curve of 3 m. length from the pillared Madeleine 
 in the W. to the lofty ' July Column' on the site of the Bastille 
 in the E. The Rue de Rivoli, N. of the Tuileries gardens, the 
 Louvre, and the Hotel de Ville, leads from the Place de la 
 Concorde straight towards the Place de la Bastille just named, 
 and is prolonged on W. by the avenue of the Champs Elysfes ; 
 the latter being continued by another straight avenue beyond 
 the great Arc de Triomphe, and past the Bois de Boulogne to 
 cross the distan;t Seine at Neuilly. The chief places or squares 
 are Place de I'Etoile, at the head of the Champs Elys^es, with 
 twelve avenues radiating in all directions ; Place de la Bastille, 
 one of the busiest parts of Paris, with a column commemorating 
 the ' July ' Revolution, 1830 ; Place du Carrousel, separating the 
 Tuileries from the Louvre ; Place de la Concorde, between the 
 Tuileries' gardens and the Champs Elys^es ; Place Vendome, 
 with a lofty bronze column in the centre, which was built to 
 commemorate Napoleon's victories. Besides two triumphal 
 arches on the Grands Bqulevards, built by Louis XIV., there 
 is that of the Place de I'Etoile, the largest in the world, 152 ft. 
 high, and that in the Place Carrousel, an imitation of one at 
 Rome. The chief puMlc buildings are the cathedral, Notre 
 Dame, on the Cit6 Island, built 1163, with two square towers 
 218 ft. high, spire 312 ft., five naves 426 ft. long, the principal 
 fa9ade being admired as a rare monument of mediaeval art ; the 
 Palais de Justice, on the same island, a massive pile (partly 
 14th century) with clock tower, containing Courts of Cassation, 
 Appeal, Police, &c. ; the Louvre, on the site of an ancient 
 castle, a masterpiece of art in architecture and sculpture, 576 
 ft. on N. , but over 2200 ft. on the river side (with its extensions 
 to the Tuileries), and on E. a fa9ade of 548 ft., including the 
 famous colonnade of Perrault ; the Louvre contains noted fine 
 art collections, especially of the Italian, Flemish, and Spanish 
 masters, with galleries for the sculpture and antiquities of ancient 
 nations and the Renaissance ; the Palace of the Tuileries, 
 founded 1566, nearly \ m. long from N. to S. , was entirely 
 destroyed in 1871 ; the Palais Royal (rebuilt under Louis XV.), 
 including the Th63.tre Fran9ais ; the Palais Luxembourg, on 
 1. bk. , containing the Chamber of Senate and a national gallery 
 for living artists ; the Palais Bourbon, also 1. bk. , once the 
 ' hotel ' of the Cond^ family, and now the Chamber of Deputies 
 of France. Other 'palaces' are the Elys6e, Champs Elys^es, 
 residence of the President of the Republic ; the Institute, 1. bk. , 
 with a handsome dome, where the French Academy and other 
 learned bodies meet ; the Trocad^ro, with rotunda, a music-hall 
 seated for 15,000, and a colossal organ ; the Palace of the Legion 
 of Honour (time of Louis XIV.). From the Champ de Mars, 
 1. bk. , opposite the Trocad^ro, rises the colossal Eiffel Tower, 
 985 ft. high, its iron material weighing nearly 7000 tons. Other 
 conspicuous buildings are the Madeleine (built 1806-42), a 
 beautiful Corinthian temple 328 ft. long, with fifty-two columns, 
 and an elaborately adorned interior, intended by Napoleon I. 
 1170 
 
 to memorialise the Grande Arm^e ; the Pantheon (1764), 360 
 ft. above the river, with fine frescoes, and tombs of Voltaire, 
 Rousseau, Victor Hugo, &c. Three interesting churches are 
 St. Sulpice, nearly as large as Notre Dame, of marvellous 
 classical architecture. La Trinity, and St. Augustin, remark- 
 able for their fa9ade and dome respectively, and as specimens 
 of recent art. The various quarters noticeable are the 
 commercial, between the river and the Grands Boulevards, 
 always full of stir and traffic ; the St. Germain quarter, 
 1. bk. , full of aristocratic families and those who claim kin- 
 ship to the ancienne noblesse ; the successful artists' quarter, 
 in the pleasant neighbourhood of Pare Monceau ; the Russian 
 quarter, NW. of Champs Elys^es; the quartier Marboeuf, for 
 English and American families, occupying the large houses near 
 the Champs Elys6es, and further W. towards the Bois de 
 Boulogne, Passy, and Autenil. The Quartier Latin, or that of 
 the university, is a large district, 1. bk. , grouped about the 
 Sorbonne and other educational Institutions. The Sorbonne, 
 as seat of the ancient university of Paris, is still in a certain 
 measure centre of the whole national system. Free courses in 
 the higher education are given in the new building (finished 
 1889), and the graduation of the university of France [France, 
 Education] takes place there annually. Library of 100,000 
 volumes. There are also special schools in medicine and law 
 which prepare for graduation. The College de France, with 
 thjrty-seven chairs, ^qualifies in all university work, and the 
 ' Ecole des Hautes Etudes ' supplements theoretical instruction 
 by practical training. The Upper Normal School prepares 
 teachers for secondary instruction and for graduation ; the Poly- 
 technic trains military and naval engineers as well as civil. 
 St. Cyr is another state school for officers in infantry and cavalry. 
 There are thirty-two libraries (six being public), the chief of 
 which, the National Library, is second only to that of the 
 British Museum ; others are St. Genevieve, Mazarin, the Arsenal, 
 Museum, Opera, University, City of Paris, &c. Besides the 
 museums of the Louvre, there are the Mus6e Carnavalet, illustrat- 
 ing the development of the municipality ; the Hotel de Cluny, 
 that of France since B. C. 53 ; the Palace of the Fine Arts, &c. Of 
 the forty tbeatres, the largest, said to be the finest in the world, 
 is the Grand Op6ra (built 1861-75, ^' 3. cost of ^^i, 120,000, ex- 
 clusive of the site), seated for 2156 ; the Theatre Fran9ais (or 
 Com^die Fran9aise), which has been since Moliere the typical 
 playhouse of France ; the Od^on and the Op^ra Comique. 
 Those four are subsidised by the state, but many others are 
 in repute, there being a dozen on the Inner Boulevards alone, 
 including the Grand Op6ra. Of open spaces or recreation 
 grounds, the two largest are beyond the fortifications, viz. , the 
 Bois de Boulogne on W. , and Bois de Vincennes on E. The 
 former contains 2158 ac. , one quarter of which is turf and more 
 than half clumps of trees, and includes two race-courses, and 
 the gardens of the ' Acclimatisation Society,' a favourite resort. 
 The Bois de Vincennes is larger and similarly adorned, affording 
 from the Gravelle Plateau a splendid view over the Seine and 
 Marne valleys. The Tuileries Gardens cover 74 ac. , the 
 Luxemburg Gardens rather more. The Jardin des Plantes is 
 a large botanical garden, with classes supported by government. 
 The government of the capital was before the Revolution ad- 
 ministered by two Pr6v6ts, the Prevdt de Paris and the Pr^vot des 
 Marchands ; and afterwards as a dep. by the prefect of the Seine. 
 It consists of twenty arrs. , with one mayor for each, assisted 
 by two assistant councillors. The fortifications (built in 1840 
 under Louis Philippe) are 22 J m. in circuit, and contain fifty-six 
 gateways, nine openings for railways, and four for the river and 
 canals. Outside are two lines of detached forts, first those built 
 before the war of 1870-71, of which the most conspicuous is Mont 
 Val^rien (650 ft. high), towering on the W. beyond the Seine ; 
 second, new forts such as those protecting Versailles and St. 
 Germain, at distances from town varying from 6 to io| m. 
 These now render Paris the most formidable entrenched camp 
 in Europe. The water-supply is now adequate, as well as the 
 lighting and paving arrangements : licensed abattoirs have long 
 been a regular institution. The drainage is chiefly by a system 
 of cesspools (67,000 in number), built water-tight and com- 
 municating with the air by a pipe higher than the surrounding 
 houses^ — the cesspools being regularly emptied by night. The 
 chief manufacturing and industrial activity is in the suburbs and 
 neighbouring towns ; the Parisians proper producing besides the 
 ' articles de Paris ' (a large class requiring taste and special skill), 
 clothes, artistic furniture, jewellery, bronzes, paper, chemicals. 
 The railway termini are at least \\ m. from the centre of 
 Paris, but it is proposed to join them by a new line to the Grands 
 Boulevards and the Halles Centrales (chief market). There are 
 eight gjeat termini, the chief being the Nord, Orleans, and 
 St. Lazare. Of the prisons of Paris, the Conciergerie in the 
 Palace de Justice is famous historically ; La Force is the largest ; 
 the Nouvelle Bicetre, for life servitude ; St. P^lagie, for political 
 offences; St. Lazun, for females; Clichy, debtors; and Made- 
 lonnettes, for juvenile criminals. Of hospitals, the chief are 
 the Hotel Dieu, on the Cit6 I., rebuilt at a cost of ;^i,8oo,ooo ; 
 Hotel des Invalides (built 1671), for soldiers, one of the best 
 
PARI 
 
 PARK 
 
 institutions of Louis XIV. , conspicuous by its dome at the head 
 of its esplanade (1. bk. Seine) ; Salpetriere, for old women, the 
 largest asylum known ; the Bicetre, the Foundling Hospital ; 
 the creches, for rearing the infants of work-women ; and many 
 others — e.g., the Quinze Vingts ( = 15 x 20), where, since its 
 foundation by St. Louis, 300 blind persons are kept, besides 
 outdoor assistance to 1500 others. To improve the port of 
 Paris, a government scheme has been proposed for deepening 
 the river-channel or constructing a ship canal to the English 
 Channel. There are fifteen landing-places, e.g., the Port du 
 Bercy, with 115 vaulted cellars; the Port aux Vins, near the 
 chief wine-market, &c. The port now admits 500-800 ton 
 vessels, and the customs (distinguished from the octroi levied by 
 the municipality on goods entering the fortifications) amount to 
 over ;^4, 500,000, the chief imports being wine, sugar, cloths, 
 fruits, paper, &c. The river is widest at Pont Neuf (961 ft.), 
 which joins the Cit6 L to both banks, and is famous for its 
 statue of Henry IV. , the original builder. There are twenty-eight 
 bridges in all, the most striking perhaps being the viaduct of 
 Auteuil, which is crossed by three roads, one for a railway, and 
 is therefore double, the lower part of five arches and the upper 
 of forty-two. The climate of Paris shows a somewhat greater 
 range of temp, than that of London, the mean for 72 yrs. being 
 51.4° F., Jan. 36.3°, July 66°. The Seine was frozen in 1819, 
 1829, 1879, and partially so in 1840, 1853, 1857, and 1870 ; 
 average rfall. 19.68 in. The death-rate 2.55 per cent., against 
 2.17 for the whole of France. The present area is 18,410 ac. 
 (30 sq. m.). Alt. of Seine valley in the district, 100-130 ft., but 
 Montmartre is 345 ft. , Belleville 320 ft. , and Mont St. Genevieve 
 190 ft. The movement of population for 600 years is shown 
 in the following table, in which the population is given in 
 thousands : — 
 
 Date. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Date. 1 Pop. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 1292 
 
 , 1553 
 1718 
 
 216 
 260 
 509 
 
 1784 
 1817 
 1831 
 
 660 
 
 714 
 786 
 
 1 841 
 1851 
 1861 
 
 935 
 1053 
 1697 
 
 1872 1852 
 1881 ' 2269 
 1891 2448 
 
 Of the population over 180,000 are foreigners. The total popu- 
 lation in 1891, including suburbs outside the walls, was nearly 
 2,713,000. [K. E. A.] 
 
 Paris, vil. , U.S., Idaho, Bear Lake co., on Bear R. , which 
 here expands into a lake, 25 m. NW. from the SE. corner of 
 the state. Alt. 6018 ft. (Wheeler). P. < 1500. 
 
 Paris, manufacturing city, U.S., Illinois, Edgar co. , 19 m. 
 NW. by W. Terre Haute (Ind.). P. <sooo. 
 
 Paris, city, U.S., Kentucky, Bourbon co., 63 m. S. by E. 
 Cincinnati (Ohio) ; has cattle-market, manufacture of Bourbon 
 whisky, and trade in tobacco and blue grass seed. Horse- 
 rearing is an important interest. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Paris, tn. , U.S., Maine, Oxford co. , 36 m. W. by S. Augusta. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Paris, tn. , U.S., Missouri, Monroe co. , on Salt R., 64m. N. 
 by E. Jefferson City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Paris, city, U.S., Tennessee, cap. Henry co., 85 m. W. by 
 N. Nashville ; has good water-power and cotton factory. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Paris, city, U.S., Texas, Lamar co., 93 m. NE. by E. Dallas; 
 agricultural and cotton region. P. (i88o)<400o; (1890)8300; 
 (189s) 14,000. 
 
 Paris, Nnevo (' New Paris '), vil., Uruguay, dep. and 8 m. N. 
 Montevideo. 
 
 Parlta, Bay of. See Panama, Gnlf of. 
 
 Park, stn. , Eng. , on the L. & Y. R. , in the NE. div. of the 
 pari. bor. of Manchester. 
 
 Park, stn. , Eng. , Middlesex, on the G. E. R. , near Tottenham. 
 
 Park, P.O., Ire., co. and 13 m. SE. Londonderry, bar. 
 Tirkeeran. 
 
 Park, stn., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, ontheDeeside Rly. , on 
 the 1. bk. of the Dee, 10 m. WSW. Aberdeen. 
 
 Park, CO. , U.S., Colorado, crossed in the W. by 106° W. , 
 and in the S. by 39° N. 
 
 Park, CO., U.S., Montana, on the S. frontier, crossed by 
 110° and 111° W. 
 
 Park&ll, mt. peak, Brit. India, Punjab, in 31° 54' N. , ^7° 46' 
 E. Alt. 22,488 ft. 
 
 Ptirk&ny, comra. , Hungary, co. Gran, on the L bk. of the 
 Danube opposite Gran, 26 m. E. Komorn. P. <3000. 
 
 Parkany, vil. , Russia, colony of Bulgarians, govt. Kherson, 
 70 m. NW. Odessa, opposite Bendery, on 1. bk. Dniester, which 
 is crossed by a ferry. P. < 3000. 
 
 Parkatta, Plains of, Kashmir, on the Indus in Baltistan, 
 95 m. NE. Srinagar. 
 
 Parkbeg, stn. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R. , 
 433 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Park Bridge, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire, on the Oldham, Ashton- 
 under-Lyne, and Guide Bridge June. Rly. , 2 m. S. Oldham. 
 
 Parkbrldge, P.O., Ire., SW. co. Wicklow, bar. Shillelagh, 
 16 m. SE. by E. Carlow, 3 m. SW. Shillelagh stn. 
 
 Park Chnrcli, eccles. par., Scot., Lanarkshire, in Glasgow 
 city. P. 9200. 
 
 Park City, city, U.S., Utah, Summit co., 22 m. ESE. Salt 
 Lake City ; has silver and lead quartz mines. Alt. 7300 ft. 
 (R.R.). P. < 3000. 
 
 Parkdale, stn., Canada, Manitoba, 10 m. NE. by N. 
 Winnipeg, on a branch of the C. P. R. 
 
 Parkdale, suburb of Toronto, Canada, Ontario, co. York. 
 P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Parke, co. , U.S., Indiana, S. of 40° N., and bounded on W. 
 by Wabash R. 
 
 Parkeud, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, on the Severn and 
 Wye Rly., 8 m. ESE. Monmouth ; coal mined. PM.O. 
 
 Parker, cape, S. Chile, at W. entrance and on N. ct. of the 
 Straits of Magellan, S. of Queen Adelaide Archipelago. 
 
 Parker, vil., U.S., Arizona, Yuma co. , 108 m. N. by E. from 
 the SW. corner of the terr. , on 1. bk. of Colorado R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Parker, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Turner co. , 37 m, NNE. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Parker, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, Armstrong co. (in the W. 
 of the state, NE. of Pittsburg). P. < 1500. 
 
 Parker, co., U.S., Texas, in the N., crossed in the W. by 
 98° W. , S. of 33° N., traversed in the SW. by the Brazos R. 
 
 Parkersburg, vil. , U.S., Iowa, Butler co., 73 m. NW. by 
 W. Cedar Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Parkersburg, city, U.S., W. Virginia, Wood co., at the 
 conflufnce of the Little Kanawha R. with the Ohio, here 
 crossed by a fine railroad bridge, 63 m. N. Charleston ; outlet of 
 the petroleum region ; has a flourishing business in oil refining, 
 and active transit trade. P. (1880) 6600 ; (1890) 8400. 
 
 Parker's Find, vil., W. Australia, in 31° 39' S., and 119° 35' 
 E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Parkes, mining tp. , New South Wales, Ashburnham co. , 85 
 m. W. by N. Bathurst. P. <300o. 
 
 Parkesburg, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Chester co. , 39 m. 
 W. Philadelphia. P. <20oo. 
 
 Parkeston Quay, port and stn. of G. E. R. for continental 
 traffic, Eng., Essex, Colchester div., on the Stour, 3 m. W. 
 Harwich, PM.O. (Parkeston). 
 
 ■ Parkfleld, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Middleton par. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Parkfleld, S. Australia. See Torrens Vale. 
 
 Parkfoot and Longcroft, vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, 5 m. W. 
 Falkirk, close to Dennyloanhead stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Park Gate, PM.O., Eng., Hampshire, near Southampton, i 
 m. from Salisbury Green. 
 
 Parkgate, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the 
 M. S. & L. R. , i^ m. NE. Rotherham ; the village has extensive 
 iron and steel works. PMT.O. P. 7600. P. G. and Kaw- 
 niarsh, stn. , Eng. See Rawmarsli. 
 
 Parligate, tnld. , Ire. , SW. co. and 5 m. ENE. Antrim, bar. 
 Upper Antrim, 2 m. N. Templepatrick stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Parkgate, P.O., Scot., co. and 8 m. NE. Dumfries. 
 
 Parkgate and Neston, tn. , Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 7 
 m. SSW. Birkenhead, on the riv. Dee and the Birkenhead Rly. ; 
 sea-bathing resort. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Parkham, par., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., 5 m. 
 SW. Bideford, P.O.; 5925 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Park Head, cape, Eng. , on NW. ct. of Cornwall, in 50° 30' N. 
 
 Parkhead, P.O., Eng., Derbyshire, 2 m. from Abbeydale. 
 
 Parktaead, eccles. par., Scot., Lanarkshire. P. 9800. See 
 Glasgow. 
 
 Parkhlll, stn. , Canada, Ontario, Middlesex co. , 25 m. N W. 
 by W. London, on a railway. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Parkhlll, stn., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on G. N, of S. R. , 
 6 m. NW. by N. Aberdeen. 
 
 Parkhlll, PMT.O., Scot., Ross-shire and Cromarty, Kil- 
 muir Easter par. , near Kildary stn. 
 
 Parkhnrst, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Stutsman co. , 92 m. W. 
 Fargo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Parkhnrst Forest, dist., Eng., Isle of Wight, about i m. 
 NW. Newport ; in vicinity are Parkhurst barracks and prison, 
 the latter a juvenile reformatory. 
 
 Park Lane, PMT.O., Eng., Lancashire, near Wigan. 
 
 Park Leys, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Southwell dist., 4^ 
 m. NW. Newark. P. <25o. 
 
 ParkmlU, PM.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, 9m. SW. Swansea. 
 
 Parkniore, tnld. , Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Glenarm, Layd 
 par. , on the Belfast and Northern Counties Rly. , P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Parknook, vil. , Scot. , Fifeshire. See MUesmark and P. 
 
 Park Place, PMT.O., Eng., near Liverpool, Lancashire. 
 
 Park Point, cape, Eng., in the NW. of Lancashire, on the 
 E. side of the estuary of the Leven. 
 
 Park Point, cape, Wales, on the S. of Anglesey, 7\ m. W. 
 by N. Carnarvon. 
 
 Park Bange, mts., U.S., Colorado, in the N., between 
 Routt CO. and Larimer co. , trending N. to S. in about 106° 40' W. 
 
 Park Ridge, vil., U.S., Illinois, Cook co., 12 m. NW. 
 Chicago by rail ; has an artesian mineral well, 1600 ft. deep. 
 P. <isoo. 
 
 1171 
 
PARK — PARS 
 
 Park Klver, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Walsh co., 46 m. SW. by 
 S. Pembina. P. < 1500. 
 
 Park River Junction, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Grand 
 Forks CO. . 74 m. SSW. Pembina. 
 
 Parkslde, suburb of and 3 m. SE. Adelaide, S. Australia. 
 P. <:4000, 
 
 Parkston, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Hutchinson co. , 45 
 m. N\V. Yankton. 
 
 Parkstone, par., Eng. , Dorsetshire, E. div. , ij m. ENE. 
 Poole, on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. <:45oo. 
 
 Park Street, stn., Eng., Hertfordshire, on the Ver, div. and 
 li m. S. by W. St. Albans, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 
 ParkSTllle, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Boyle co. , 68 m. SE. 
 Louisville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Park Terrace Roivs, vil., Scot., Ayrshire, part of The Den 
 {q.v.). P. <2So. 
 
 Parkyille, vil. , U.S. , New York, King co. , 5 m. S. Brooklyn. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Parkrllle, suburb of Melbourne, 2 m. to the N., Victoria; 
 seat of a university. P. < 1500. 
 
 Parlik Kimedl, municip., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 75 
 m. SW. by W. Ganjam. P. 16,400 ; Hindus, 15,900. 
 
 Parley, West, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, dist. and 5 m. SE. 
 Wimborne. P. <soo. 
 
 Parliament Hill, park, Eng. , Middlesex. See Hanipstead. 
 
 Parllngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 6 m. SW. 
 Tadcaster. P. <25o. 
 
 Parma, Finnish for ' woody plateaux.' 
 
 Parma, tn., Italy, Emilia, cap. prov. P., on the riv. Parma 
 (length, 56 m. ; area of basin, 666 sq. m. ; mean discharge, 1000 
 cubic ft. p)er second ; highest discharge, 14, 100 cubic ft. per 
 second), 30 m. WNW. Modena, with a fort on the S. Sur- 
 rounded by a circular wall, with five gates and a castle on the 
 S. The principal street coincides with the ancient Via ^Emilia. 
 The public edifices embrace the cathedral, built in the Roman- 
 esque style (between 1106 and the present time), an ancient 
 baptistery (12th and 13th oenturies), the former ducal palace, 
 containing a museum of antiquities, picture-gallery with paintings 
 by Correggio, academy of fine arts, library of nearly 150,000 vols. , 
 archives, and a fine ruined theatre. P. possesses also a uni- 
 versity, botanical garden, natural history museum, &c. Of 
 Etruscan origin, P. became a Roman colony in 184 B.C., was 
 plundered by Alaric the Goth and Attila the Hun, and occupied 
 by the Byzantine generals Belisarius and Narses. In the Middle 
 Ages it was a republic, then became (1303) subject to the 
 noble families of Correggio, Este, Visconti, Sforza successively. 
 Having been ceded to the Popes in 1512, they in 1545 gave it to 
 the house of Farnese, making it the cap. of a duchy. In 1807 
 Napoleon made the city the cap. of a dep. of Italy. Birthplace 
 of anti-pope Giberti, of the painter Mazzuola, and of the sculptor 
 Spinelli. P. (1871) 45,000 ; (1881) 44,500. 
 
 Parma and Placenza, Dncby of, created in 1545, held by 
 the Farnese family down to 1731, then by the Bourbons down 
 to i860, except during the years 1807-47. In i860 it was united 
 to the crown of Italy. With P. and P. was associated Guastalla. 
 
 Parmag^dl (ParamakHdl, census), weaving tn. , Brit. India, 
 Madras, dist. and 40 m. SE. Madvira, on Vaigai R. P. 10,000 ; 
 Hindus, 8900. 
 
 Parmer, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW. , on the W. frontier, 
 N. of 34° N. 
 
 Paruahyba, tn. and seapt., Brazil, Piauhy, near the mouth 
 of the P. , 175 m. E. by S. Maranham. The harbour at Amor- 
 acao, 10 m. NE. of P., has an area of 2 ac, and a depth at 
 high water, ordinary springs, of 16 ft., ordinary neaps, of 12 
 and 14 ft. . The depth on the bar at ordinary springs is 16 ft. 
 high water, 5 ft. low water. Vessels are loaded and discharged 
 by lighters. P. 12,000. The Parnatayba R. flows on the 
 whole NE. , on the borders of the states Maranhao and Piauhy, 
 and enters the Atlantic by several mouths, some E. and some 
 W. of 42° W. ; length 450 m. 
 
 Parnassus, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Westmoreland co. , on 
 the Allegheny R., 15 m. ENE. Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Parnassus, Mount, famous mt. , Greece, prov. (nomos) 
 Phthiotis and Phocis, its culminating point in 38"^ 36' N. , 22° 27' 
 E. Alt. 8065 ft. 
 
 Parndon, Great and little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Essex, 
 Epping div. Great P., 6^ m. SE. Ware, \\ m. SSW. Burnt 
 Mill stn., P.O., P.<75o; Little P. P.<25o. 
 
 Pamell, mun. bor., New Zealand, North I., co. Eden, a 
 suburb of Auckland. P. <4000. 
 
 Parnes, Mount, mt. , Greece, prov. (nomos) Attica and 
 Boeotia, 16 m. N. Athens. Alt. 1415 ft. 
 
 Parnon, comm. , Greece. See Haglos Petras. 
 
 Pamon, mt. , Greece. See Maleron. 
 
 Paro, one of the names of the Beni R. , Bolivia. 
 
 Paro, tn., India, Bhutan, 60 m. ENE. Darjfling. 
 
 Paroa, tp.. New Zealand, South I., Grey co., 5 m. S. Grey- 
 mouth by road and rail. P. <- 1500. 
 
 Parolkla (parikia), tn. , Greece, W. ct., Paros I., comm. 
 Paros. P. <300o; comm. P. -c 4000. 
 1172 
 
 Parola, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khandesh, 135 m. 
 SSW. Indore, 23 in. E. Dhulia, with spacious fort now dis- 
 mantled. P. 14,500; Hindus, 11,900. 
 
 Paroo, CO. , Queensland, crossed by 27° S. and 145° E. 
 
 Paropamlsns, an ancient name, used sometimes, also in 
 modern geography, to designate the mountains with an E. to W.^ 
 trend, in the NW. of Afghanistan, N. of the Herat Valley, and 
 giving rise to the S. headwaters and feeders of the Kushk and 
 Murgh-ab. Alt. of peak in E. of range, 10,369 ft (Curzon). 
 
 Paros, or Mlnoa, isl. , Greece, one of the Cyclades, 66 m. 
 SE. by S. of the SE. point of Euboea I. 
 
 Paros, isl. , Grecian Archipelago, 4^ m. W. Naxos ; consists 
 of one huge marble mountain. Mount St. Elias, alt. 2530 ft. 
 Products, wine and marble, the latter of the finest quality, 
 of which the best ancient statues were made. In this island, 
 were discovered the famous Arundel marbles before 1624. The 
 existing quarries are about 4 m. E. the chief town, Paroikia, or 
 Paros. The Bay of Naussa, on the N. side, is one of the best 
 harbours in the archipelago ; \\ m. W. is the islet of Antl- 
 paros. Area of P. 64 sq. m. (Wisotzki), 81 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). 
 P. 9000. 
 
 Parotte Point, cape, Jamaica, on the S. ct, in 77° 50' W. 
 
 Parovran, vil., U.S., Utah, Iron co. , 90 m. NE. from the 
 SW. corner of the terr. P. < 1500. 
 
 Parpan, vil., Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 6^ m. S. Chur. 
 
 Parr, par., Eng., Lancashire, included in the pari. bor. of 
 St. Helens, i m. E. St. Helens, PM.O. P. 13,200 ; eccles. par. 
 (Mount P.) P. 7800. 
 
 Parracoml>e, PMT. O. , Eng. , Devonshire. See Paracombe. 
 
 Parral, tn. , Chile, prov. and 22 m. SSW. Linares. P. 5900. 
 
 Parral, or Hidalgo del Parral, tn., Mexico, Chihuahua, 70 
 m. W. by S. Jimenez (Mexican Central Rly.), to which a rail- 
 way is projected. . P. 6000. 
 
 Parramatta ('head of the water'), tn.. New South Wales, 
 Cumberland co. ,. 10 m. N W. by W. Sydney, on Parramatta R. 
 The oldest town in Australasia next to Sydney, originally called 
 Rosehill; with fruit-growing, especially oranges. Rfall. (i5yrs. ), 
 38.95 in. P. 11,700. 
 
 Parras, tn., Mexico, prov. Coahuila, 84 m. W. Saltillo. P. 
 
 13.500- 
 
 Parres, comm., Spain, prov. Oviedo (N. ct.), dist. Cangas de 
 Onis. P. 8300. 
 
 Parret, riv., Eng., Somerset, formed by the union of the Isle 
 and Yeo, flows NW., receives the Tone on the 1. bk., passes 
 Bridgwater, and enters Bridgwater Bay by an estuary. 
 
 Parrott, vil., U.S., Colorado, La Plata co. , 60 m. ENE. of 
 the SW. corner of the state, with gold and silver mines near. 
 .\lt. 861 1 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Parrsborough, seapt. tn. and port of entry, Canada, Nova 
 Scotia, Cumberland co. , on Minas Basin, 66 m. NW. by N. 
 Halifax. The harbour, an area of over 50 ac. , has a depth at 
 entrance in ordinary springs of 20 ft. high water, low water nil ; 
 one wharf, 700 ft. long, has 15 to 20 ft. at high water ordinary 
 springs, nil at low water. There are several other private 
 wharves. Between high water ordinary springs and high water 
 ordinary neaps there is a difference of 4 ft. West Bay, i m. 
 W. , which is sheltered against all except SE. winds, affords good 
 anchorage for the largest vessels, but loading and discharging 
 are done by lighters. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Parry (named from the Arctic navigator, W. E. Parry, died 
 at Ems near Wiesbaden in 1855), cape, Brit. N. America, is on 
 the Arctic Ocean, near 70° N., 123° 35' W., and terminates a 
 promontory bounding Franklin SBay on the E. 
 
 Parry, cape, W. ct. Greenland, near N. extremity of Baffin 
 Bay, in 77° 2' N., 71° 23' W. 
 
 Parry, co. , New South Wales, crossed in the extreme N W. 
 by 31° S., and in the middle by 151° E. 
 
 Parry Island, isl. , Canada, Ontario, in Parry Sound. 
 
 Parry Islands, a group in the Arctic region of N. America, 
 between 75° o' and 77° 30' N., and 93° and 119° W., consisting 
 of Prince Patrick, Melville, Bathurst, Cornwallis, Griunell Land, 
 and many smaller islands. 
 
 Parry Sound. 1. Bay, Canada, Ontario, on the E. side of , 
 Georgian Bay, in 45° 15' to 25' N. 2. Dist. extending E. from ] 
 Georgian Bay to Nipissing dist. (touching 79° W.), and bounded 
 on the N. by French R. and Lake Nipissing. 3. Village in 
 that dist., on P. S., in 45° 20' N. Alt. 641 ft. Mean temp., 
 yr. 40.3°F., Jan. 14.2°, July 65.8° ; mean rfall. (1879-88, loyrs.), 
 26.41 in. ; snowfall, 105.2 in. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Parryrllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Carbon co., on the 
 Lehigh R. , 40 m. S. Scranton ; has iron manufactures. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Parrywood, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 1250 m. by rail W. Montreal, 174 m. E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Parsa, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Saran, 26 m. NW. by 
 N. PatnA. P. < 5000. 
 
 Parscbnitz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. and 2 m. ENE. 
 Trautenau. P. < 3000. 
 
 Parsees, called also Guebres, descendants of the ancient fire- 
 worshippers of Persia, or followers of the creed of Zoroaster. 
 
P A R S - 
 
 There are from 70,000 to 80,000 in Brit. India, mostly at Bom- 
 bay, and about 9000 in Persia, chiefly settled in the provs. of 
 ■Yezd a-nd Kerman. The ancestors of the Parsees in India emi- 
 grated there after the Mohammedan invasion of Persia in the 
 7th century. The name signifies natives of Pars or ' Fars,' that 
 is, Persia. 
 
 ■ Parsler Spltze, mt. , Austria, Tirol, i m. NW. Landeck, on 
 N. side of Inn valley. Alt. 9650 ft. 
 
 • Parskoye, vil. , Russia, govt. Kostroma, dist. Yurievets, on 
 Parsha, trib. of Tesa ; a variety of domestic trades (textiles, 
 tiles, &c.); great fair for cottons and sheep-skins. P. < 3000. 
 Berezniki on opposite bank of Parsha. 
 
 Parsley Hay, stn., Eng., Derbyshire, near Hurdlow, on the 
 L. & NW. R. 
 
 Parsnip, riv. , Brit. Columbia, one of the two headwaters of 
 the Peace (g.v.), rises to the E. of the most northerly point of 
 ■the Eraser R. , and flows NW. 
 
 Parson Drove, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, Isle of Ely, div. and 
 4^ m. W. Wisbech, ij m. W. by N. Wisbech St. Mary stn., 
 PM.O.; 4096 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Parsons, city, U.S., Kansas, Labette co., 43 m. NW. by W. 
 of the SE. corner of the state, on a high prairie ; has machine 
 and car works. P. 6700 ; (local census, 1894) 8700. 
 
 Parsons, coal-mining bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co., 
 on the N. Branch of the Susquehanna, 14 m. SW. Scran ton, 
 adjoining Wilkesbarre on the E. P. <3ooo. 
 
 • Parsonsfleld, tn., U.S., Maine, York co., 35 m. W. Port- 
 land. P. < 1500. 
 
 Parson's Green, suburb of London, Eng. , Middlesex, Fulham 
 bor., s m. SW. by W. St. Paul's, London, on the District and 
 Metropolitan Rly. 
 
 • Parsons Heatb, P.O., Eng., Essex, 3 m. SW. Colchester. 
 
 • Parsonstown, or Birr, civic tn. , Ire. , W. King's co. , bar. 
 Ballybritt, 21 m. SW. by W. Tullamore, on the G. S. & W. 
 (Ire.) R. Market-day, S. Mean temp. (19 yrs.), yr. 48.3° P., 
 Jan. 39.9°, July 59.0°; rfall. (25 yrs.), yr. 32.9 in. P. <45oo. 
 Birr Castle, seat of the Earl of Rosse, noted for the great 
 Rosse telescope, 52 ft. long, with speculum 6 ft. in diameter. 
 
 ParsonstoM'n, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. Ferrard, 5 m. SE. 
 Dunleer. P. <25o. 
 
 Partdbgarh, ancient fortress, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. 
 Satara, 8 m. SW. Mahdbaleshwar, commanding the Par Ghat. 
 The W. and N. sides of the cliffs are almost vertical, 700 to 800 
 ft. high. Alt. 3543 ft. 
 
 Partdbgarli, tn. , Central India, cap. P. State, 120 m. NW. 
 by N. Indore ; has a loopholed wall. SW. is a small fort. 
 Celebrated for enamelled work of gold inlaid on glass. Alt. 
 1660 ft. P. (1881) 12,800. 
 
 Part^bgarh, tn., India, Oudh, dist. P., 4 m. from Bela, with 
 fort built in 17th century ; manufactures sugar. P. 4000 ; 
 Hindus, 2600 ; Moham. 1400. 
 
 Partanua, tn. , Sicily, prov Trapani, 25 m. E. by S. Marsala. 
 P. 13,100. 
 
 Partenklrcben, vil.. Upper Bavaria, dist. Garmisch, in the 
 valley of the Loisach, 48 m. SW. by S. Munich. Old Roman 
 tn. ; summer resort. P. < 2000. 
 
 Partbenay, tn. , France, dep. Deux-S6vres, cap. arr. P., on 
 ■the Thouet, 25 m. NNE. Niort. P. 5400. 
 
 Partlck, div. , a pari. div. , Scot. , in the N W. of Lanarkshire, 
 immediately to the W. of Glasgow. 
 
 Partlck, tn., Scot., Lanarkshire, P. div., 2 m. WNW. 
 Glasgow, on the N. B. R. There is 1500 ft. wharfage along 
 the riv. Kelvin, with 21 ft. depth at high water and 10 ft. at 
 low water. P. 36,500. 
 
 Particles, par.. Ire., SE. co. and 24 m. S. by E. Limerick, 
 •bar. Coshlea ; 8497 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Partington, par., Eng., Cheshire, Altrincham div., 7 m. 
 ENE. Warrington, on the Mersey and the Cheshire Lines Rly., 
 PM.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Partlnlco, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 14 m. SW. by W. Palermo, 
 a trade in olive-oil and wine. P. (1871) 19,900 ; (1881) 21,000. 
 
 Partney, par. , Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 13 m. 
 SSE. Louth, PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 ■ Parton, par., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., on the Wam- 
 pool, 8^ m. WSW. Carlisle, 2^ m. NE. Wigton stn., on the 
 Cockermouth, Keswick, & Penrith, and L. & NW. Joint Rlys., 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Parton, par., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, on the riv. Dee, 6 
 m. NW. Castle Douglas, on the Portpatrick Rly., P.O.; 15,841 
 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Partree, P.O., Ire., S. co. Mayo, bar. Carra, iij m. SE. by 
 E. Westport, i m. from the N. end of Lake Mask. 
 
 Partridge Berry Hills, Newfoundland, 70 m. NW. of the 
 head of Fortune Bay, 48° 18' N. , 55° 48' W. 
 
 Partridge dreen, stn., Eng., Sussex, div. and 7J m. S. 
 •Horsham, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PM.O. 
 
 Partridge Island, New Brunswick, in St. John Harbour, 
 with a lighthouse and a bell buoy. 
 
 Partridge Point, cape, Newfoundland, on the N. ct., in 
 56° 10' W. 
 
 - P AS D 
 
 Partry Mountains, Ire. , in the N W. co. Galway, and the 
 SW. CO. Mayo, NW. of Lough Mask. 
 
 Partscbendorf, tn. , Austria, Moravia, dist. Neutitschein, 
 20 m. SSE. Troppau. P. < 3000. 
 
 Partskbanakevl, vil., Russia, Transcaucasia, prov. and 
 dist. Kutais. P. < 5000. 
 
 Parnah, tn. , India. See Pandnah. 
 
 Parnniblra Bay, bay at N. end of Lake Nyassa, S. Africa. 
 Parnpa, tp. , Victoria. See Lake Bolac. 
 Parrtr, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, S. Arcot dist., in 12° 24' N., 
 79° 33' E. , fossil beds of ' Upper Green Sand and Gault ' for- 
 mation found here. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Paru RlTer, riv., Brazil, Grao Pard, flowing SE. into the 
 Amazon, which it enters at Almeirim in 52^° W. 
 
 Pilrvatlpnr, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 75 m. N. 
 Vizagapatam. P. 10,100; Hindus, 9900. 
 
 Parwan, valley, Afghanistan, about 35 m. N. Kabul, in the 
 angle between the Ghorband and Panjshir Rivs. 
 
 Parwlcb, par.. Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 8 m. WSW. 
 Matlock, 5 m. NNE. Ashbourne stn., PMT.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Parys Honntaln, Wales, co. and on N. side of Anglesey I., 
 2 m. W. Amlwch ; long famous for its copper mines. 
 
 Pas, vil. , France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. and 16 m. SW. by 
 W. Arras, 7 m. E. DouUens. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Pasadena, city, U.S., California, co. and 10 m. NNE. Los 
 Angeles. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pasajcs, or Pasages, seapt. , Spain, prov. Guipuzcoa, dist. 
 and a short distance E. of town of San Sebastian, on the Bay 
 of Biscay, not far from the French frontier ; considerable im- 
 provement recently effected in the port. 
 
 Pasangan, Puerto, bay, Philippine Is., on the E. side of 
 Samar, in 12° 2o'-26' N. , 125° 20' E. 
 
 PasargadcB , ancient ruined city of Persia, near the riv. Polvar, 
 about 55 m. NE. Shiraz. Here Cyrus the Great was buried. 
 
 Pascagonla, riv. , U.S., Mississippi, in the SE., formed by 
 the confluence of the Chickasawha and the Leaf; it flows S. 
 into Mississippi Sound at P. 
 
 Pascagonla, city and port, U.S., Mississippi, Jackson co., 
 on an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, with a lighthouse at entrance, 
 at the mouth of the Pascagonla R. , 38 m. SW. by W. Mobile 
 (Ala.); has several shipyards, lumber, and other mills; good 
 anchorage. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pasco, tn. , Peru. See Cerro de Pasco. 
 Pasco, CO., U.S., Florida, on Gulf of Mexico, crossed by 
 28° 15' N. 
 
 Pasco, settlement, U.S., Washington, Franklin co. , 40 m. 
 W. by N. Walla Walla, on the 1. bk. of the Columbia R. 
 
 Pascoag, vil, U.S., Rhode I., co. and i8j m. NW. by W. 
 Providence; has woollen-mills. Alt. 396 ft. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Pascoe's Inlet, small bay on the N. ct. of Queensland, in 
 139° 40' E. long. 
 Pascna, isl. , Pacific. See Easter Island. 
 Pas de Calais, strait, Eng. and France. See Dover, 
 Strait of. 
 
 Pas-de-Calals, maritime dep., N. France, formed in 1790, 
 chiefly from Artois, with a small part of Picardy ; divided into 
 six arrs.: Arras (cap.), B^thune, Boulogne, Montreuil, St. Omer, 
 and St. Pol. "The surface, of slight elevation, consists mainly 
 of monotonous plains and narrow valleys. Highest point 
 (695 ft. ) SW. of Douvres. Geological formations include Mes- 
 ozoic (Oolitic and Cretaceous), Tertiary (Miocene and Pliocene), 
 and alluvium. The dep. has a coast-line of 65 m. , bordered by 
 sand-dunes (now being planted with fir-trees), and rocks ; prin- 
 cipal indentations, Bay of Authie and estuary of the Canche, in 
 the S. ; further N. are the ports of Boulogne and Calais, and 
 Cape Gris Nez — the nearest point in France to England. 
 Stretching inland between Calais and Gravelines is the dist. of 
 the ' Wateringues' or ' Wattergands ' (Flemish, 'water-courses'), 
 formerly a vast marsh of which the greater portion has been 
 reclaimed, and now forms rich cultivable land. Other marshy 
 tracts occur near St. Omer and B6thune, and in the Clairmarais 
 dist. The last named was in former times a large shallowjake, 
 supporting numerous floating islands (at one time said to number 
 300) covered with herbage, on which cattle were pastured. The 
 islets gradually became fixed to the sub-soil ; the last floating 
 ones disappeared only in the beginning of the 19th century. 
 The dep. is drained to the sea by seven small rivers, of which the 
 largest are the Aa, Canche, and Authie; the eastern part is 
 drained to the Scheldt by the Lys, Sens^e, and Scarpe, and a 
 small dist in the S. belongs to the basin of the Somme. Climate 
 [Arras.] The soil is of exceeding fertility, and agriculture very 
 advanced. Of cereals the most important is wheat, in the pro- 
 duction of which, as of oats and barley, the dep. ranks second 
 in France ; sugar-beet is also a very important crop, and forage 
 roots are extensively grown ; tobacco (St. Pol, Montreuil, St. 
 Omer), flax (B6thune), mustard (Lille). In coal production the 
 dep. takes the lead, contributing about one-third of the total of 
 France. It contains part of the Valenciennes and the whole of 
 the Boulonnais coalfields. The principal mining centres are 
 Noeux and Douvres, Grenay, Courrieres, Bruay, Hardinghem, 
 
 1173 
 
PASE — PATA 
 
 &c. ; jjeat is also worked. Of manufactures, metallurgical in- 
 dustries are the most important ; forges and foundries (St. 
 Laurent, Sens, Guines, &c.), blast-furnaces (Marquise, &c.), 
 copper and zinc refining (Biache-St.-Vaast) ; textile manufac- 
 tures include lace and net for curtains (St.-Pierre-les-CaJais) ; 
 shipbuilding is carried on at Calais, Boulogne, and other coast 
 towns. Area, 2606 sq. m. P. (1891) 874,40c. See France, 
 table. 
 
 Pa-se, vil. , Siam, on the S. ct. , 103 m. SE. Bangkok, in 
 about ioi° 40' E. 
 
 Pasewalk, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Uecker- 
 mtinde, on the Uker R. , 24 m. W. by N. Stettin. P. 9300. 
 Pashalic. See Vilayet. 
 
 Pasbkova, vil., E. Siberia, prov. Amur, on 1. bk. Amur, at 
 its entrance into gorge across Little Khingan, 200 m. SE. 
 Blagovyeshchensk. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pashkovskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kuban, dist. Ekaterinodar. P. 8170. 
 
 Paslunaklii, vil., Turkey in Europe, vilayet Adrianople, 
 sanjak Giimiirjina, 41 m. S. by W. Philippopolis. 
 
 Paslg, riv., Luzon L, Philippine Is., flows W. from the N. 
 end of the Laguna de Bay into Manila Bay at Manila. Said to 
 have been formerly navigable for vessels from the lake to the 
 sea ; now obstructed by sandbanks. 
 
 Paging, comm., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, circle 
 and 4 m. W. Munich. P. <30oo. 
 
 Pasiou, Rio de la, riv., Guatemala, rises under the name of 
 Rio de Santa Isabel, describes a gjeat curve to the S. and finally 
 enters the Usumacinta ( W. frontier of republic) in i6° 35' N. 
 Pasltlgrls, riv. , Persia. See Karan. 
 
 PaskeTllIe, vil. , S. Australia, Daly co. , 75 m. N W. by N. 
 Adelaide, 15 m. E. Moonta. 
 
 Pasman, vil., Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on an island of 
 the same name, 8 m. SSE. Zara. P. < 1500. The island is 13 
 m. long, by 1-3 m. broad. P. 2400. 
 Paso del Norte, El, tn. , Mexico. See El Paso del Xorte. 
 Paso de los Llbres, or Restanraclou, vil. , Argentine Re- 
 public, prov. Corrientes, 135 m. N. by E. Concordia, on the r. 
 bk. of the Uruguay. P. <300o. 
 
 Pasoreal, vil., Cuba, 122 m. SW. by W. Havana, in 84° W. 
 At 10 m. NNW. the baths of San Diego. 
 
 Paspeblac, coast vil. , Canada, Quebec, Bonaventure co. , on 
 Chaleur Bay, in 65° 12' W. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Pasqne Island, U.S., off the S. ct. of Massachusetts, Dukes 
 CO. , in 41° 27' N. , 70° 49' W. 
 
 Pasqnla Hills, Canada, Saskatchewan, stretching nearly 
 parallel to and about 25 m. S. of the Saskatchewan R. , in about 
 io2°-io5^° W. 
 
 Pasquotank, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, in the NE., on the N. 
 of Albemarle Sound, W. of 76° W. 
 
 Pasquotank, navigable riv., U.S., N. Carolina, rises in 
 Dismal Swamp, flows S. and SE. , entering Albemarle Sound 
 by a broad estuary. 
 
 Pasr<kr, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Sialkot, 47 m. N. by 
 W. Amritsar. P. 9200 ; Hindus, 2400 ; Moham. 6400. 
 
 Passage, tn. , Ire. , E. co. and 6 m. E. by S. Waterford, bar. 
 Gaultiere, on Waterford Harbour, PMT.O. (Passage East). 
 P. <75o. 
 Passage Island, a name of the W. India isl., Culebra. 
 Passage Island, islet, W. Indies, Leeward Is., in 18° 8' N., 
 63° 28' W. , 20 m. W. of the W. end of Anguilla. 
 
 Passage Island, reef, off NE. ct. of Viti Levu I., Fiji Is. 
 Passage Islands, two groups of the Malay Archipelago, one 
 off the W. ct. of Sumatra, near 2° 30' N., the other between 
 Celebes and Sangir. 
 
 Passagem, vil. and rly. stn. , Brazil, on the r. bk. of the Rio 
 Parahiba, state and 106 m. NE. Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 Passagem, gold-mines, Brazil, close to town Oaro Preto 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Passage West, tn., Ire., S. co. Cork, bar., Kerrycurrihy, on 
 the W. side of Cork Harbour, on the estuary of the Lee, opposite 
 Great I. , 2 m. N W. Queenstown, with a stn. (Passage) on the 
 Cork, Blackrock, and Passage Rly. ; bathing resort ; port of 
 Cork for large shipping. PMT.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Passaic, riv., U.S., New Jersey, in the NE., flows NNE. 
 then E. past Paterson, then S. past Newark into Newark Bay. 
 
 Passaic, city, U.S., New Jersey, P. co., on Passaic R., 4^ 
 m. SSE. Paterson ; has considerable manufactures. P. (1880) 
 6500; (1890) 13,000. 
 
 Passals, vil., France, dep. Orne, 17 m. S. Tinchebrai, arr. 
 and 8 m. SW. Domfront. P. <2ooo. 
 
 PassAnian, tn. , Sumatra, in the W. , on the coast, 85 m. NW. 
 by N. Padang. 
 
 PassamaquMldles, tribe, Indians, U.S. See Penobscots. 
 Passaniaqumldy, riv., U.S., Maine. See St. Croix. 
 Passamaqumldy Bay, inlet of the Bay of Fundy, between 
 the prov. of New Brunswick, Canada, and Maine (U.S.). It 
 is well sheltered, deep, never closed by ice, and contains several 
 good harbours in Deer and Campobello Is. Tide rises from 
 25-33 ft- Length, 12 m. ; width at entrance, 8 m. 
 1174 
 
 Passaudava Bay, Madagascar, in the NW., in about 13° 
 
 3o'-45' S. 
 
 Passanl, tn., Baluchistan, on the S. ct., 230 m. W. by N. 
 Karachi. 
 
 Passai^e, riv. , Ger. , E. Prussia, flows N. into the Frisches 
 Haaf, navigable from Braunsberg, 6 m. 
 Passaro, Cape, Sicily, terminates the penin. at the SE. corner. 
 Passarovrltz, old spelling of Pozarevac [q.v.), Servia. 
 Passatempo, tn., Brazil, state Minas Geraes, 71 m. WSW. 
 Ouro Preto. P. 5000. 
 
 Passau,tn. andepiscopalsee, Bavaria, circleP.,on the Danube, 
 r. bk., at the junction of the Inn, close to the Austrian frontier, 
 72 m. SE. Ratisbon. The position is pleasantly surrounded by 
 hills and connected by iron bridges with suburbs on 1. bk. , the 
 whole forming one of the most picturesque scenes on the Danube. 
 P. was formerly fortified with two strong citadels ; and the prison 
 still marks the position of the Oberhaus on a hill 300 ft. high, 
 1. bk. It was joined to Bavaria in 1803. Marrufactures unim- 
 portant ; considerable trade in iron and timber, the latter being 
 floated down the Ilz ; graphite mines near. Alt. 960 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 46° F., Jan. 27.2°, July 64.8°. P. (1871) 13,400; 
 (1890) 16,600. 
 
 Passcbendaele, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. 
 and II m. NE. Ypres. P. <4000. 
 
 Pass Cbrlstlan, tn. , U.S., Mississippi, Hancock co. , on 
 Mississippi Sound, 52 m. ENE. New Orleans. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Passelerttaal, valley, Austria, Tirol, opening from the NE. 
 into that of the Etsch at Meran ; separates the Oetzthal Alps 
 from the Sarnthal Alps ; connected by the Jaufen P. (bridle- 
 path) with the valley of the Eisack at Sterzing. 
 Passeletb, original name of Paisley [q.v.], Scot. 
 Passenbam, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, dist. Potters- 
 pury, on the Ouse, 3 m. SW. Wolverton. P. < 1500; eccles. 
 par. (Passenbam wltb Densbanger) P. < 1500. 
 
 Passenbelm, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Ortels- 
 burg, 67 ni. SE. by E. Elbing. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Passero, Capo, cape, Sicily, in the extreme SE., in 36° 40' N. 
 Passlngford Bridge, PM.O., Eng., Essex, on riv. Roding, 
 6 m. N. Romford. 
 
 Passing Place, stn., Wales, near Swansea, on the Swansea 
 and Mumbles Rly. 
 
 Passlr, tn. , near the E. ct. of Dutch Borneo, NE. Banjer- 
 masin, 155 m. NE. 
 
 Passlr, tn. , Sumatra, in the N., on the coast. 
 Pass Island, Newfoundland, at entrance to Hermitage Bay, 
 on S. ct. 
 Passmore, riv. , S. Australia. See Wllpena Creek. 
 Pass of Kilbride, par.. Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Far- 
 tullagh ; 4032 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Passos, vil. , Brazil, in the W. of the state Minas Geraes, to 
 the S. of the Rio Grande, in 20° 35' S. , 175 m. W. by S. Ouro 
 Preto. P. < 5000. 
 
 Passow, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 26 m. SW. 
 Stettin, about i m. from the r. bk. of the Randow. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Passy, dist., W. Paris, France, lying between the Seine and 
 the Bois de Boulogne. 
 
 Pastaca, riv., Ecuador, rises in the Andes, and joins the 
 Amazon 50 m. W. the influx of the Huallaga, after a SE. 
 course of 400 m. 
 
 Pasto, tn., Colombia, Cauca, 130 m. NE. Quito. Alt. 8655 
 ft. P. (with dist. ) 13,000. 
 
 Pasto, volcano, Colombia, WNW. Pasto. Alt. 13,990 ft. 
 (Reiss and Stiibel). 
 
 Paston, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div. , i m. from the NE. ct, 
 8 m. SE. Cromer, 3I m. NE. North Walsham stn. P. <500. 
 
 Paston, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 2J m. N. 
 and in administrative co. of Soke of Peterborough, i m. E. 
 Walton stn. P. <;25o ; eccles. par. (Paston wltb Dogstborpe, 
 dnntborpe, and Walton) P. < 1000. 
 
 Paston, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., 7^ m. E. by S. Kelso, i m. SE. Mindrum stn. P. <a50. 
 
 Pastorlza, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 22 m. NNE. 
 Lugo, dist. Mondonedo. P. 7800. 
 
 Pasnblo, mt., Tirol, on SB. frontier, 9 m. SE. Rovereto. 
 Alt. 7310 ft. 
 
 Pasnruan, tn., in the E. of Java, on the N. ct., in about 112° 
 50' E. , 30 m. SSE. Surabaya. P. 26,000. 
 
 PasTlg, riv., Norway, emerges from Lake Enare in Russian 
 Lapland, forms the frontier between Russia and Norway, and 
 empties itself into Varanger Fjord. Length, 78 m. Area of 
 basin, including Lake Enare, 6000 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). 
 
 Plisztd, comm., Hungary, co. Heves, 28 m. ENE. Waitzen. 
 P. 5100. 
 
 Pata, or Patta, vil., Brit. E. Africa, on the E. side of Pata I., 
 in 2° 10' S. A noted centre of trade when held by the Portuguese 
 during most part of the i6th and 17th centuries ; traces of a Por- 
 tuguese fort. 
 
 Patabang, or Battambang, tn. , Siam, on the Nam Sangke 
 180 m. E. by S. Bangkok, near the frontier of Cambodia, about 
 25 m. from N. end of Lake Tale Sap. 
 
PATA — PATI 
 
 Pata Cuddapah, suburb of Cuddapahtn. , Brit. India, Madras. 
 Patagoncs, riv. port. See Carmen de Patagones. 
 
 Patagonia, region of S. America, forming the S. part of the 
 Argentine Republic S. of the Colorado R. ; divided into four 
 governments, Rio Negro, Neuquen, Chubut, and Santa Cruz. 
 The country E. of the Cordilleras consists of vast plains or 
 plateaux, often sterile, traversed by low ranges of hills and 
 by easterly-flowing rivers. The principal rivers N. to S. are 
 Colorado, Negro, Chubut, with r. bk. trib. Sengel or Senger, 
 draining Lakes Musters, Deseado (in the upper basin of which 
 is Lake Buenos Aires), Santa Cruz, with 1. bk. trib. Chico, and 
 Gallegos. Between the Colorado and the Negro several ranges 
 of hills (1200 to 1500 ft.) stretch NW. and SE. ; the intervening 
 surface is covered with stony layers alternating with sand dunes. 
 Similar deposits prevail over a great part of the country. In 
 the dists. of Chubut and Santa Cruz large areas are covered with 
 volcanic dust. Fresh water is scarce, but many salt or brackish 
 lakes and pools occur. Towards the Straits of Magellan the 
 country is more fertile and wooded. The substratum consists 
 of Tertiary formations, characterised by abundant fossil remains 
 of large extinct animals. The hills (' mahuida') are of granite 
 and porphyry, and there are besides many volcanic mounds. 
 The stony and sandy layers consist chiefly of the debris of 
 primary rocks [see Pampas]. The western or Andean 
 region presents a marked contrast to the eastern ; the country 
 is fertile, with extensive forests and large lakes [see Andes, 
 Patagonlaii]. Climate [see Argentine Republic]. NW. 
 winds, sometimes of great violence, prevail during the spring and 
 summer. The valleys and coast region afford tracts suitable for 
 tillage and pasture ; excellent wheat is grown in the Chubut 
 valley. Vegetation is sparse on the plains. Thorny, salt- 
 impregnated shrubs, a cactus with formidable spines, coarse- 
 tufted grass and in some parts the calafate (a species of berberis 
 valued for its fruit) are the characteristic forms. Trees (willow, 
 quebracho, chaiiar) are found chiefly along the rivers and in a 
 few hollows. In the Andean region are extensive apple-groves, 
 sprung from plants introduced by the Jesuits. The Patagonians, 
 now rapidly decreasing, are a fine race, tall and well-built ; they 
 are peaceably disposed, and have many noble traits. The 
 principal tribe is the Tehuel-che. A railway about 46 m. in 
 length connects the Chubut settlements with Port Madryn. 
 Other places are Port Deseado, St. Julian, and Santa Cruz (the 
 chief ports), Gallegos, and Cape Virgin. [E. J. H.] 
 
 Pataholm, maritime vil. , Sweden, prov. and 18 m. N. Kalmar, 
 on the E. ct. 
 
 Pdtaliputra, ancient tn. , India. See Patuil. 
 
 Patalnng, vil., Siam, Malay Penin. , on W. side of Singgora 
 lake, in about 7° 34' N. 
 
 Patam, Sanscrit, 'a city,' e.g., Viziapatam, 'the city of 
 victory.' 
 
 P&tan (Pattan, census), tn. , India, Baroda, 62 m. NNW. 
 Ahmadabad ; surrounded by a wall. One of the oldest and 
 most renowned towns of Gujardt, with extensive Jain libraries, 
 consisting mostly of palm-leaf manuscripts. Manufactures swords 
 and spears. P. (1871) 31,500 ; (1891)32,600. 
 
 P4tan, India, Kithiiwar. See Somnath. 
 
 Pdtan, tn. , India, Oudh, dist. Unao, on the banks of Son R. ; 
 has two annual fairs, one of which is attended by 300,000 persons. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 PAtan, tn. , India, Rajputdna, 60 m. N. by E. Jaipur. 
 P. (1881) 11,900. 
 
 P^tan, or Keshoral PAtan, tn. , India, Rajputdna, on the 
 Chambal, no m. S. Jaipur. P. (i88i)<:5ooo. 
 
 Pdtan, tn. , Nepdl, 4 m. SSW. Khdtmandu, with which it is 
 connected by a bridged road. Built 299 a.d. P. about 30,000. 
 
 Patangata, co., New Zealand, North I., E. ct. , crossed in 
 the N. by 40° S. 
 
 Patanl, riv., Siam, Malay Penin., flows NE. then N. into the 
 Gulf of Siam, in about 6° 55' N. A silver-lead mine formerly 
 worked in its valley by an English company. 
 
 Patanl, tn. , Siam, Malay Penin., cap. P. state, on the E. ct., 
 in about 6° 51' N. 
 
 Patapedla River, riv., Canada, Quebec, partly on the N. 
 frontier of New Brunswick, flows SE. to the riv. Restigouche. 
 
 Patapsco, riv., U.S., Maryland, flows E. through Baltimore 
 into Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Patara, ruined city, Asia Minor, celebrated in antiquity as a 
 principal seat of the worship of Apollo. Its remains, on the 
 coast, 12 m. S. the ruins of Xanthus and 27 m. SSE. Makri, 
 comprise Greek tombs, parts of small temples, a triple arch, a 
 theatre, and ruins of large churches. 
 
 Pataskala, vil., U.S., Ohio, Licking co. , 15 m. E. by N. 
 Columbus. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Patay, tn. , France, dep. Loiret, arr. and 14 m. NW. Orleans. 
 
 P. <20OO. 
 
 Pateham, par., Eng. , Sussex,'LeweS'div. , 2^ m. N. Brighton, 
 P.O.; 4425 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Patching, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div. , 4 J m. E. by 
 S. Arundel, 2i m. NW. by N. Goring stn., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Patcliogne, vil., U.S., New York, Suffolk co. , Long I., on 
 
 Great South Bay, 50 m. E. Brooklyn ; has lace curtain and 
 other factories, and fish and oyster trade. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Patchway and Stoke Glfford, stn., Eng. See Stoke 
 GlflTord. 
 
 Patea, mun. bor. and port. New Zealand, North I., co. P., 
 on the coast, on the N. bank of Patea R., 35 m. WNW. Wan- 
 ganui, 66 m. SE. New Plymouth by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pateena, post-tn., Tasmania, Cornwall co., 3 m. E. by N. 
 Longford by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pateley Bridge, eccles. par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, on the Nidd, div. and 10 m. WSW. Ripon, on the 
 NE. R. ; has lead ore mined and stone quarried. Four miles 
 from the town are beautiful stalactite caverns. PMT.O. 
 Market-day, S. P. <3000. Pateley Moor, an upland tract to 
 the NE. 
 
 Pater, a former name of Pembroke Dock, Wales. 
 
 Paterna de Rlbera, tn., Spain, prov. Cadiz, dist. Medina, 
 20 m. SE. by E. Jerez. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Paterniaco, tn. , Switzd. See Payerne. 
 
 Paternlon, vil., Austria, Carinthia, 33 m. W. by N. Klagen- 
 furt, near the r. bk. of the Drave. P. <20oo. 
 
 Patemo, tn., Sicily, prov. and 11 m. WNW. Catania, with 
 mineral springs and trade in olive oil and wine. Alt. 926 ft. 
 P. 14,300. 
 
 PateruopoU, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 17 m. SE. 
 by E. Benevento. P. <3000. 
 
 Paternoster, group of reefs, W. ct. Sweden, near Marstrand, 
 at N. entrance of the Kattegat. 
 
 Paternoster Islands, or Pnlo Tenga, a string of small isls. , 
 Eastern Archipelago, in Flores Sea, stretching between SW. of 
 Celebes and Lombok. 
 
 Paternoster Point, cape, on the W. ct. of Cape Colony, in 
 32° 28' S. 
 
 Paternosters, reefs, Channel Is. See Plerres-de-Lecq. 
 
 Patersou, vil. , Cape Colony, dist. Alexandria, 40 m. NE. by 
 N. Port Elizabeth. 
 
 Paterson, postal-tp. , New South Wales, Durham co., 25 m. 
 NNW. Newcastle, on Paterson R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Paterson, city, U.S., New Jersey, Passaic co., on Passaic R., 
 12 m. N. Newark, and 16 m. NW. New York, with which it is 
 connected by four lines of railway ; at the falls, which have a 
 descent of 70 ft. , the river here curves, forming the city boundary 
 on the E. for several miles, and crossed within the city limits by 
 twelve iron bridges, one of which has a span of 240 ft. P. is 
 well built ; has extensive manufactures, including silk (of which 
 it is the chief centre in America), cotton, woollen, and iron 
 goods. P. (1850) 11,300; (1870)33,600; (1880) 51,000; (1890) 
 78,300. 
 
 Patersonla, post-tn., Tasmania, Dorset co. , 10 m. NE. by 
 E. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Paterson River, New South Wales, flows S. into Hunter R. 
 near Hinton. 
 
 Paterson's Inlet, New Zealand, South I., on the E. ct. of 
 Stewart I. , 38 m. S. by W. Invercargill ; contains several good 
 harbours. Lat. 46° 55' S. 
 
 Patlial Soang, vil., Siam, 190 m. NE. Bangkok. 
 
 PatliAukot, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gurdaspur, 
 68 m. NE. Amritsar, the nearest railway station to Kangra and 
 Dalhousie, a sanitary hill station (alt. 7700 ft.); has shawl- 
 weaving. P. < 5000. 
 
 Patlians, true national name of the Afghans, applied in a 
 special sense to the Afghans living in India. 
 
 Pilthardl, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 28 m. E. by N. 
 Ahmadnagar. P. 7400 ; Hindus, 6500. 
 
 Patliiirl, tn. , India, Rajputdna, 65 m. NE. Bhopdl. 
 
 Pathliead, part of New Cumnock {q.v.), Scot., Ayrshire. 
 
 Pathhead, eccles. par., Scot., Fife, on Firth of Forth, i m. 
 NE. by N. Kirkcaldy, on the S. of Sinclairtown stn. P. <45oo. 
 
 Patlibead, vil., Scot., Midlothian, on Tyne Water, 4 m. 
 ESE. Dalkeith, 3 m. N. Tynehead stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Patlirot, tn. , Brit. India, Berar, dist. Ellichpur. P. <50oo. 
 
 Patbstrnle, P.O. , Scot. , Perthshire, on Water of May, 5J m. 
 SE. Forteviot. 
 
 Patla, riv., Colombia, rises in the Andes, flows SW. then 
 NW. and finally W. , entering the Pacific Ocean in about 
 2° 15' N. 
 
 Patldla, tn. , India, cap. P. state, 25 m. W. by S. Ambdla. 
 P. (1891) 55,900; Hindus, 27,600; Moham. 22,100; Sikhs, 5800. 
 
 Patl&ll, ancient tn. , Brit. India, N W. Provs. , dist. and 22 m. 
 NE. Etah; has a ruined fort built of yJa«-*ar. P. (i88i)<:5ooo. 
 
 Patience Bay (Gnba Terpyenlya), inlet, Asiatic Russia, N. 
 Pacific, on E. ct. of Sakhalin I., 49°-49° 20' N.; Russian 
 post, Korsakov, in it ; Tyuleniy I. at its entrance. Cape 
 Patience terminates the peninsula which juts south-eastwards 
 about the middle of Sakhalin I., at its SE. entrance. 
 
 PatlUas, vil. , isl. of Porto Rico, S. ct. , 35 m. SSE. San Juan, 
 in 65° 53' W. P. 10,400. 
 
 PatlUos, maritime vil, Chile, prov. Tarapaca, on the W. ct., 
 in about 20° 47' S. 
 
 Patlno, isl. , Turkey in Asia. See Patmos. 
 
 1175 
 
P AT I — P AU 
 
 Patlya, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Rajshahi, 38 m. ENE. 
 Murshidabdd. P. < 5000. 
 
 Patkal, or Patkol, mt. range, on the Assam- Burma frontier, 
 separating the basins of the Buridihing (trib. Brahmaputra) 
 and the Chindwin. The construction of a railway across the 
 P. Pass (4200 ft.), about 27° 13' N. , 96° 13' E. , connecting the 
 Burmese system with that of India proper, has been suggested. 
 , Patlam, tn. , Ceylon. See Puttalam. 
 
 Patmos, Patnio, Patlno, Palmo, or Palniosa, Tiu-kish 
 jsl., on the W. of Asia Minor, in 37° i7'-23' N., 26° 35' E. It 
 is 28 m. in circumference, and is divided into N. and S. parts by 
 a narrow isthmus ; on its E. is a secure harbour. This island is 
 famous as the place to which St. John is said to have been 
 banished by Domitian, and where he is said to have written the 
 book of the Revelation. P. (included in the caza of Leros) 
 entirely Greek, and mostly sponge fishers, 4000. 
 
 Patn^, native name Azlmikb&d, city, Brit. India, Bengal, 
 cap. dist. P., on the r. or S. bank of the Ganges, 140 m. E. 
 Benares, includes the suburb of Bankipur on the W. , and stretches 
 9 m. along the Ganges, with a width of 2 m. The curious Gola 
 was erected in 1786 as a storehouse for grain. The college 
 was established in 1862. Near the Mohammedan shrine is the 
 Karbala, where 100,000 people attend during the Muharram 
 festival. About 3 m. E. is Gulzarbagh, where the government 
 manufacture of opium is carried on ; important rail and river 
 trade. Supposed to have been founded 600 B.C. by Raja Ajita 
 Satru ; identified with Pdtaliputra, the same town as Palibothra, 
 mentioned by Megasthenes about 300 B.C. It was taken by 
 the British in November 1763, and was the scene of many 
 memorable events in the mutiny of 1857. Alt. 183 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 78° F., Jan. 61°, July 85°; rfall. , yr. 42.8 in., June 
 to Sept. 36.1 in. P. (1872) 158,900; (1891) 165,200; Hindus, 
 124,500; Moham. 40,100. 
 
 Patnd, tn.. Central India, cap. of native state of P., 75 m. 
 SW. Sambalpur. P. (i88i)<sooo. 
 
 Patna, vil., Scot., S. Ayrshire, on the Doon, 7 m. E. by N. 
 Mavbole, on the G. & SW. R. ; coal and ironstone mined. 
 PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Patney, par., Eng. , Wiltshire, 14 m. E. . Trowbridge, div. 
 and 5 m. ESE. Devizes, 3 m. W. by S. Woodborough stn. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Patoka, vil., U.S., Indiana, Gibson co., 67 m. S. by W. 
 Terre Haute. P. < 1500. 
 
 Patoka ItlTer, U.S., Indiana, rises in Orange co. , fiows W. 
 into the Wabash R. , nearly opposite Mount Carmel. Length, 
 125 m. 
 
 Patos, small isl., U.S., Washington, in Haro Strait (SE. of 
 Vancouver I.) with lighthouse. 
 
 Patos, Boqnete de los, pass in the Chilean-Argentine Andes. 
 See Andes. 
 
 Patos, Lagoa dos (' duck lake,' so called from the quantities 
 of wild fowl which frequent its waters), Brazil, state Rio Grande 
 do Sul, is an enlargement of the Rio Grande, or Jacuhy, near 
 its mouth in the Atlantic. It receives at its N. end the Jacuhy, 
 further S. the Camacuam, and near its S. end, at Pelotas, the 
 surplus waters of Lake Mirim ; shores generally low. At its 
 N. point is. Porto Alegre, and at its S. end the city of Rio 
 Grande do Sul. It is separated from the Atlantic by a narrow 
 neck of land, and a bar at its mouth, 6 m. below Rio Grande do 
 Sul {q.v.), prevents the entrance of large vessels. Its greatest 
 depth is under 30 ft.; length about 165 m. ; breadth, 36 m. 
 
 Patras, Greek Patral (Patras, the name which has become 
 ^current outside of Greece, being the accusative case of the proper 
 name), fortified seapt. tn., Greece, the chief on the W. side, 
 prov. (nomos) Argolis and Corinthia, on the N. ct. of the Pelo- 
 ponnesus, on gulf of. same name, which opens out of the Gulf 
 jof Corinth, 70 m. WNW. Corinth, with terminus stn. on railway 
 .to that town and Athens ; it has a modern look, having been 
 rebuilt since the War of Liberation (1821). The main features 
 are the citadel, castle, and cathedral, and its handsome harbour 
 (defended since 1880 by a breakwater). P. is the chief export 
 port of Greece, the great bulk of the currants grown on the 
 mainland being despatched thence. P. (1870) 26,200; (1889) 
 33,500 ; comm. P. 45,000. 
 
 P&trl, tn., India, Gujarat, 155 m. W. by N. Ahmaddbdd. 
 P. 6700 ; Hindus, 5200. 
 Patrl, tn. , India, Haidaribid, 83 m. SE. by E. Aurangdbdd. 
 Patricio, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, dist. Crickhowell. 
 P. <25o. See Llanbedr. 
 
 . Patrick, par.. Isle of Man ; 10,634 ac. P. <25oo. 
 . Patrick, CO., U.S., Virginia, in the SW., on the S. frontier, 
 just W. of 80^ W. 
 
 Patrick Brompton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. 
 and 7 m. SSE. Richmond, i m. NE. Jervaulx stn., P.O. P. < 
 250 ; eccles. par. (P. B. with Hnnton) P. <iooo. 
 
 Patrick's (or St. Patrick's) Isle, small isl. off Peel {q.v.). 
 Isle of Man. 
 
 Patrlckswell, tnld.. Ire., co. and 5 m. SW. Limerick, bar. 
 Smallcounty, on the Waterford and Limerick Rly., PM.O. 
 P. <;25o. 
 
 1176 
 
 Patrlcroft, par., Eng., Lancashire, Eccles div., 5 m. W. 
 Manchester, on the L. & NW. R. ; has cotton-mills, machine- 
 works, and one of the largest iron-foundries in England. Anti- 
 mony and bismuth smelted. P. 12,900. 
 
 Patrlngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., 14 m. ESE. Hull, on a creek of the Humber, and the NE. 
 R. The church, a very beautiful edifice, dates from the reign 
 of Edward II. PMT.O. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Patrlxbourne, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., on the 
 Little Stour, 3 m. SE. by E. Canterbury, close to Bekesbourne 
 stn. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (P. 'wltb Bridge) P. < 1500. 
 
 Patroclnlo, vil. , Brazil, Minas Geraes, 350 m. NW. Rio de 
 Janeiro. P. (par.) 10,000. 
 
 Patroclnlo, or Byer, isl.. Pacific, in about 28i° N., 177° E. 
 Patschkan, or Patschkow, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle 
 and on the Neisse, 44 m. S. Breslau. P. 5700. 
 
 PatsliuU, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Kingswinford div. , 7 m. 
 W. by N. Wolverhampton, 3 m. SW. by S. Albrighton stn. 
 Alt. 400 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 28 in. P. <:25o. 
 Patta, vil. , Brit. E. Africa. See Pata. 
 
 Pattack, riv. , Scot., Inverness-shire, in the S. , issues from 
 Locli Pattack, to the N. of Loch Er>cht, and flows N. then W. 
 into the head of Loch Laggan. 
 Pattan, tn. , India. See P&tan. 
 
 Pattapattn, or Pettse (census), tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 Tinnevelli, in 8° 43' N. ,77 43' E. P. (1881) 7300; (i89i)<50oo. 
 Patterdale and Hartsop, par., Eng., Westmorland, in the 
 NW. of the Appleby div., at the head of Ullswater, 12 m. SW. 
 Penrith, j\ m. SE. Threlkeld stn.; has mines of lead ore. P. 
 village , beautifully situated, is a favourite tourist centre. PMT. O. 
 (P.). 16,735 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Patterson, vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. York, 17 m. N. by W. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Patterson, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Juniata co., on Juniata 
 R. , .36 m. NW. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 Patterson's Rapids, U.S. See Minnesota, riv. 
 Pattersonvllle, tn., U.S., Louisiana, St. Maryco. , on the 
 Bayou Boeuf, 76 m. W. by S. New Orleans. Near it is the 
 famous Calumet sugar plantation. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Patterton, vil., Eng., Derbyshire, Chesterfield div., 6 m. 
 NW. by N. Mansfield, with a stn. (P. and S^ntton) on the 
 M. R., P.O. 
 
 Pattesley, part of par., Eng., Norfolk. See Oxwlck and 
 Mattlsball. 
 
 Pattl, tn. and old fort, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Lahore, 21 
 m. S. Amritsar. P. 7500 ; Hindus, 2000 ; Moham. 5000. 
 
 Pattl, tn., Sicily, prov. and 32 m. W. by S. Messina, on the 
 coast. P. <50oo. 
 
 Pattl, Ciulf of, semicircular bay, 20 m. across, between the 
 
 promontory of Milazzo and Cape Calava, Sicily ; on a headland 
 
 on its S. side are considerable remains of the ancient Tyndaris. 
 
 Pattlkonda, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Karmil, 43 m. 
 
 ENE. Bellary. P.<5ooo. 
 
 Pattlngham, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Kingswinford div,, 
 5i m. W. Wolverhampton, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Pattlshall, par. , Eng. , Northamptonshire, S. div. , 7 m. SW. 
 by W. Northampton, 3 m. W. Ellsworth stn.,. P.O. P. < 1000. 
 Pattlswlck, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., 3^ m. E. Brain- 
 tree, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Patton, par., Eng., Westmorland, dist. and 3J m. NE. 
 Kendal. P. <25o. 
 
 Pattnkotal, tn. and fort, Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 27 
 m. SE. Tanjore. P. < 5000. 
 
 Piit<kr, tn., Brit. India, Berar, dist. and 16 m. S. by W. 
 Akola, 63 m. WSW. Amrioti ; has a Buddhist monastery, and 
 a Hindu and Mohammedan shrine. P. 6200 ; Hindus, 4100 ; 
 Moham. 2000. 
 
 PAtnrages, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 5 m. 
 SW. Mons. P. 10,600. 
 
 Patnrla, vil., Colombia, Santander, on the r. bk. of the 
 Magdalena, 170 m. NE. Medellin. 
 
 Patutahl, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., Cook co., 9 m. 
 W. by N. Gisborne by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Patnxent, riv., U.S., Maryland, in the E., rises in the N. 
 of Montgomery co. , and flows SE. then S. to Chesapeake Bay, 
 which it enters to the N. of the mouth of the Potomac. 
 
 Patzan, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Pilgram, 17 m. E. by 
 N. Tabor. P. <3000. 
 
 Patzcaaro, tn., Mexico, Michoacan, 112 m. SSW. Guana- 
 juato, 275 ft. above the SE. shore of Lake P. (alt. 6955 ft., 
 about 30 m. in circumference), 30 m. WSW. Morelia ; terminus 
 of a branch railway. In the neighbourhood are the celebrated 
 Indian ruins of /Awa/«?V?. Alt. 7100 ft. P. 8000. 
 
 Pan, cap. dep. Basses- Pyr6n^es, France, cap. arr. P., on the 
 Pau, 25 m. SE. by E. Orthez ; manufactures linen and chocolate, 
 and cures Bayonne hams. A famous winter resort , because of the 
 geniality of its climate. Castle of the Dukes of B6arn, in which 
 Henry IV. of France was born, P. having been the cap. of 
 the dukes. Birthplace of Bernadotte, King of Sweden. Rfall., 
 33.07 in. P. (1872) 27,300; (1891) 33,100. 
 
PAUC — PAWT 
 
 Pancartambo, vil. , Peru, dep. and 22 m. NE. Cuzco, cap. 
 prov. P. P. -C2000. 
 
 Paucheug-hslen, tn., China, in SW. of Shensi, 13 m. NW. 
 Hanchung, about 230 m. NE. Chengtu-fu, at S. base of pass 
 (7130 ft.) leading over Tsinling-shan Range. Alt. 1835 ft. 
 (Richthofen). 
 
 Pandash, post-settlement, Canada, Ontario, co. and 55 m. 
 from Peterborough. 
 
 Paaillac, tn. , France, dep. Gironde, arr. Lesparre, on the 
 W. shore of the estuary of the Gironde, 27 m. NNW. Bordeaux. 
 Merchant vessels and steamboats to and from Bordeaux put in 
 port here, also vessels not able to reach Bordeaux. Chateau- 
 Lafitte, 2 m. NNW., and Chateau-Latour, 2 m. S. , are cele- 
 brated for their wines. P. <;300o. 
 
 Paukl-bsleu, tn., China, in the W. of Shensi, on the Wei, 
 connected by cart-road vi^ith Singan-fu, at the base of the pass 
 leading across the Tsinling-shan to Hanchung. See Proc. 
 R. G. S. , 1890, p. 63. 
 
 Panktaiv, tn. , Lower Burma, dist. Thon-gwa (in delta of 
 Irawadi). P. 6000; Buddhists, 5600, 
 
 Paul, par. and tn., Eng., Cornwall, dist. and 2 J m. S. 
 Penzance; has pilchard and mackerel fisheries. P.O. (P. 
 Church Town). P. 6000. 
 
 Paul, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Sargent co. , 77 m. SW. 
 Fargo. 
 
 Paul de Loanda, W. Africa. See Loanda. 
 
 Paulding, CO., U.S., Georgia, crossed in N. by 34° N., and 
 in W. by 85° W. 
 
 Paulding, vil., U.S., Ohio, P. co., 65 m. SW. by W. Toledo. 
 P. <:2000. 
 
 Paulerspnry, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 8 m. 
 N. by E. Buckingham, 3^ m. SW. by S. Towcester stn. , PM.O. 
 (Pauler's Pury). P. < 1500. 
 
 Paulhaguet, tn., France, dep. Haute-Loire, 45 m. WSW. 
 St. Etienne, arr. and 9 m. SE. Brioude. P. < 2000. 
 
 Panlllatlno, tn. , Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 44 m. S. by E. 
 Sassari. P. <40oo. 
 
 Panll, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div. , on 
 the N. shore of the estuary of the Humber, 4^ m. E. by S. Hull, 
 2 m. SW. by W. Hedon stn., P.O. ; 4935 ac. P. <75o; eccles. 
 par. (P. with Thorngumbanld) P. < 1000. 
 
 Paullo, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 11 m. E. by S. 
 Milan. P. < 3000. 
 
 Paulo AfTonso, falls, Brazil. See Sao Francisco, riv. 
 
 Panlsboro, tn. , U.S., New Jersey, Gloucester co. , 7 m. SW. 
 Philadelphia (Penn.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Paulsdorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Oppeln, circle 
 and 3 m. E. Zabrze. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Paul's drove, reputed landing-place of St. Paul, Eng., 
 Hampshire, 4 m. N. Portsmouth. 
 
 Paulstown, tnld., Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Gowran, Kilma- 
 cahill and Shankhill pars. , 5 m. from Bagnalstown stn. P. <:2So. 
 
 Paulstown, Ire. See Whitehall. 
 
 Paulton, par. , Eng. , Somerset, N. div. , 8 m. SW. by W. 
 Bath, I m. E. Hallatrow stn. ; has coal. PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Paunibeu, tn. , Brit. India. See Pambani. 
 
 Paumotu, isl. , Pacific. See Tuamotu. 
 
 Pauncefoot, Conipton, par. , Eng. , Somerset. See Compton 
 Pauncefoot. 
 
 Paung-deh (Pauugde, census), tn., Burma, dist. and 28 m. 
 SE. by S. Prome, on the main road from Rangoon northwards. 
 P. 10,200; Buddhists, 9700. 
 
 Panng-laung, mts. , Lower Burma, between the Sit-taung 
 and the Salwfn, have three principal passes. 
 
 Pannl, municip. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , dist. Bhanddrd, 
 on the Waingangd, 40 m. SE. Ndgpur ; surrounded on three 
 sides by high ramparts of earth, on the fourth by the riv. Wain- 
 ganga ; the jungle around renders it very unhealthy ; has con- 
 siderable trade in cotton and silk pieces. P. 9900 ; Hindus, 8900. 
 
 Pannsdorf, vil., Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle, dist., and 3 m. E. 
 Leipzig. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Panntley, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div., 
 on the riv. Leadon, 8 m. NW. by N. Gloucester. P. <25o. 
 
 Pauperhaugh, P.O., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., 
 on the Coquet, io| m. SW. by S. Alnwick, i m. E. Brinkburn stn. 
 
 Pausa, tn. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Plauen, 24 m. WSW. 
 Zwickau. P. < 4000. 
 
 Pausa, vil., Peru, dep. Ayacucho, 130 m. SW. by S. Cuzco. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Pausula, tn., Italy, The Marches, prov. and 5 m. SE. 
 Macerata, 25 m. S. Ancona. P. <30oo. 
 
 Pautlug-fu, tn. , China, Pechili, 88 m. W. by S. Tientsin, 
 from which it is accessible by river (trib. Tsu-ho). 
 
 Paivenham, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., on 
 the Great Ouse, 5 m. NW. Bedford, 2 m. NW. Oakley stn,, 
 PM.O. P.-C500. 
 
 Pavl'a (the ancient Ticinum, afterwards Ticinum Papia, 
 from the name of the tribe to which the Roman colonists settled 
 there belonged), city, Italy, Lombardy, cap. prov. P., on the 
 Ticino, 1 bk., 2 m. above its confluence with the Po, 18 m. S. 
 
 Milan, with stn. on the Milan and Genoa Rly., which crosses 
 the river by a fine bridge. Much of the ancient wall remains. 
 The chief buildings are the ancient church, St. Michael, in which 
 the early kings of Italy were crowned, the cathedral, with tomb 
 of Boetius, and a chapel containing the ashes of St. Augustine 
 in a Gothic sarcophagus, the castle of the Visconti, and the 
 university (founded 1300), which has numbered among its 
 professors Spallanzani, the naturalist, Volta, the discoverer of 
 voltaic electricity, and Scarpa, the anatomist, and which now 
 has 37 ordinary and 17 extra-ordinary professors, with a library 
 (85,000 vols.), museum, and about 1000 students. P. is see of 
 a bishopric. The ' Certosa (that is, ' Carthusian monastery ') di 
 Pavia,' 5 m. N. , founded in 1396 by Giovanni Galeazzo Visconti, 
 is considered one of the most magnificent monasteries existing 
 (now secularised). Alt. 75 ft. P. (1871) 29,600; (1881) 29,800. 
 
 Pavlland, caves, Wales, Glamorganshire, 11 m. SW. Swan- 
 sea ; contain interesting fossil remains. 
 
 PaTllly, tn. , France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, arr. and 11 m. 
 NW. by N. Rouen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Pavlodar, dist. tn. , Russian Turkistan, prov. and 225 m. 
 NW. Semipalatinsk, on the r. bk. Irtysh. P. 5600. 
 
 Pavlof, volcano on Alaska Penin., in 162° W., in eruption in 
 1762. 
 
 Pavlograd, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 57 m. NE. 
 Ekaterinoslav ; surrounded by rivers on all sides. P. 16,000. 
 
 Pavlovlce, comm. , Austria. See dross Pawlowltz. 
 
 Parlovo, vil. , Russia, govt, and 40 m. SW. Nizhniy Novgorod, 
 on r. bk. Oka ; centre for all sorts of cutlery, locks, and small 
 iron goods. P. 7400. 
 
 Pavlovsk, tn., Russia. See Novonkraluka. 
 
 Pavlovsk, tn., Russia, govt, and 19 m. S. St. Petersburg; 
 summer resort of the inhabitants of the capital. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Pavlovsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 103 m. SSE. Voro- 
 nezh, at junction of Osered with Don ; trade in corn, cattle, 
 and tallow. P. 5800. 
 
 Pavlovskaya, Cossack vil, Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kuban, 90 m. by rail S. of Rostov. P. 6000. 
 
 Pavlovskiy, mining vil., W. Siberia, Altai region, 46 m. 
 SW. Barnaul. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Pavlovskiy Posad (Vokhua), tn. , Russia, govt, and 42 m. 
 by rail E. of Moscow, on Klyazma R. ; considerable silk, wool, 
 and cotton mills. P. 6900. 
 
 Pavda de Varzlm, tn. , on the W. ct. of Portugal, prov. 
 Entre Douro e Minho (dist. Braga), 17 m. NNW. Oporto ; 
 small port. 
 
 Pavullo nel Frlgnano, tn., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 27 m. 
 S. by W. Modena. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pdwagarh, hill fort, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Panch 
 Mahals, 28 m. E. by N. Baroda, surrounded by extensive plains, 
 from which it rises abruptly ; its strong fortifications are partly 
 cut through the solid rock. Favourite resort for European 
 residents of Baroda. Alt. 2800 ft. 
 
 P^wangarh, hill fort, Brit. India, Bombay, Kolhdpur state, 
 in 16° 48' N., 74° 10' E. 
 
 Pawawger Pond, lagoon, U.S., Rhode I., in the S. of 
 Washington co. , connected with the Atlantic by Charlestown 
 Inlet. 
 
 PawAyAn, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. and 17 m. N. 
 Shahjahdnpur. P. 5500 ; Hindus, 4000 ; Moham. 1400. 
 
 Pawcatuck, vil., U.S., Connecticut, New London co. , on 
 the r. bk. of Pawcatuck R., 14 m. E. by N. New London. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Paw Creek, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Mecklenburg co., 6 m. 
 W. Charlotte. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pawlet, tn., U.S., Vermont, co. and 21 m. SSW. Rutland, 
 with slate quarries. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Pawlett, par., Eng., Somerset, on the r. bk. of the Parret, 
 div. and3^m. N. Bridgwater, P.O. (Pawlet). P. <5oo. 
 
 Pawling, vil, U.S., New York, Dutchess co., 21 m. SE. by 
 E. Poughkeepsie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pawnee, co., U.S., Kansas, partly bounded on the S. by 
 38° N. , and crossed in the E. by 99° W. 
 
 Pawnee, vil. , U.S., Nebraska, P. co. , 81 m. S. by W. Omaha. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Pawnees, warlike Indian tribe, U.S., formerly in central 
 Nebraska ; friendly to the U.S.; removed to Indian Terr, in 1875. 
 
 Paw Paw, vil, U.S., Michigan, Van Buren co., on Pawpaw 
 R. , 60 m. NE. by E. of the SW. corner of the state ; has excellent 
 water-power, and considerable local trade. P. <i500. 
 
 Paw Paw, vil, U.S., W. Virginia, Morgan co., on the 
 Potomac, 60 m. ENE. of the SW. corner of Maryland. Alt. 
 1237 ft. (R.R.). P.<:i5oo. 
 
 Pawtucket, city, U.S., Rhode I., Providence co. , beautifully 
 situated on the Blackstone R. , here navigable and supplying ex- 
 tensive water-power, 4^ m. N. by E. Providence ; has manu- 
 factures of yarn, cotton and woollen cloths, wadding, braid 
 and plush, thread, haircloth, bolts and nuts, agricultural and 
 other machinery; several foundries. The first cotton manu- 
 factory in the country was established here in 1790. P. (1870) 
 6600; (1880)19,000; (1890)27,600. 
 
P A WT 
 
 PEAS 
 
 Pawtncket Rlrer, U.S. See Blacks tone River. 
 
 Pawtnxet, riv. , U.S., in the N. of Rhode I., flows E. into 
 Providence R. 
 
 Paiv'tnxet, vil. , U.S. , Rhode I. , Kent co. , 4 m. S. Providence ; 
 has trade in fish and oysters. P. < 1500. 
 
 PawA'wn, native name of Russel Is., Solomon Is., Pacific. 
 
 Pax! (or Agrlmla) Cape, Turkey in Europe, on the .(Egean 
 Sea, 9 m. SSE. of the mouth of the Maritsa. 
 
 Paxos, the smallest of the seven principal Ionian Is., 10 m. 
 S. Corfu, and SW. the coast of Acarnania ; mountainous (810 ft. ), 
 and no drinkable water. Produces fruits and olive oil, goats 
 and mules. Cap. Porto Gayo or Gaion, on E. ct. Length, 
 N. to S. , 5 m.; breadth, 2 m. P. (with Antipaxos) 5000. 
 
 Paxton, vil. , Scot. , Berwickshire, on Whiteadder Water, 4 
 m. W. Berwick-upon-Tweed, 2 J m. N. by W. Velvethall stn. , 
 PM.O. 
 
 Paxton, city, U.S., Illinois, Ford co. , 80 m. E. by S. Peoria, 
 103 m. S. Chicago. Seat of the Augustine College, to which 
 the King of Sweden presented 5000 volumes. P. < 3000 (about 
 45 p>er cent. Swedes). 
 
 Paxton, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 8 m. WNW. 
 Worcester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Paxton, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Huntingdonshire. Great P., div. and 5^ m. SSW. Huntingdon, 
 P.O., P. <5oo; Little P., P.O., P. <:25o; eccles. par. (Great 
 P. with Little P. and Toseland) P. <7So. 
 
 PAyaiigh&t, valley, Brit. India, Berar, between 20° 27' and 
 21° 10' N., and 76° 10' and 78° o' E., contains the best land in 
 Berar, the deep black alluvial soil called regar. Breadth, 40- 
 50 m. 
 
 Paya-Rla, vil., Burma, dist. and 56 m. SSW. Bassein. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Payas, maritime tn., Asia Minor, vilayet and 55 m. ESE. 
 Adana, on E. side of the Gulf of Iskanderun. P. 6300 ; Moham. 
 3200-3500 ; Christians, 2500-3000. 
 
 Payenslinstan, a rapidly growing tn. , Manchuria, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Sungari, 165 m. N. by E. Kirin. (Proc. B. G. S., 1887, 
 
 P- 552-) 
 
 Payer, peak, Franz Josef Land, Arctic Ocean, 7550 ft., named 
 after Julius Payer, Austrian navigator, who in 1869 discovered 
 Franz Josef Land, and in 1871 penetrated between Spitzbergen 
 and Novaya Zemlya to 79° N., and in 1872 to 83° N. 
 
 Payeme, or Peterllngen, ancient Paterniacum, tn., 
 Switzd. , cant. Vaud, 10 m. W. Freiburg. P. (comm. )<4000. 
 
 Paygan, isl. , Pacific. See Pagan. 
 
 Paybembnry, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 11 m. SE. 
 Tiverton, and 5 m. W. by N. Honiton, 2 m. NNW. Sidraouth 
 Junction, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Payldlp^la, vil. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Vizagapatam, in 
 17° 38' N., 82° 47' E. P. (1881) 6900 ; (i89i)<:5ooo. 
 
 Payne, vil., U.S., Ohio, Paulding co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Payneham, suburb, 4 m. E. Adelaide, S. Australia, on riv. 
 Torrens, in 34° 55' S. and 138° 39' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Paynesvllle, vil., U.S., Missouri, Pike co., on Mississippi 
 R., 20 m. E. Bowling Green. P. < 1500. 
 
 Payrac, tn., France, dap. Lot, 46 m. SE. by E. P^rigueux, 
 arr. and 6 m. NE. Gourdon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 PaysandA, tn., Uruguay, cap. dep. P., on the 1. bk. of the 
 Urugfuay, in about 32° 14' S. , 62 m. N. by E. Fray Bentos; ex- 
 ports preserved meat (beef, tongues, &c. ). 
 
 Payson, vil., U.S., Illinois, Adams co. , 14 m. SE. Quincy. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Payson, city, U.S., Utah, Utah co., 50 m. S. by E. Salt 
 Lake City. P. <3000. 
 
 Payta, maritime tn., Peru, dep. Piura, at the head of a very 
 safe bay, well sheltered from the prevailing S. winds, connected 
 by rail with Piura ; with excellent anchorage in 30 to 36 ft. of 
 water, ships anchoring \ m. from the shore, in about 5° 5' S. 
 Coal and salt to S. ; petroleum wells also near. P. <4000. 
 
 Payta, cape, coast of Peru, in 5° i' o" S., 81° 7' 35" W. 
 
 Payttaome, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton 
 div., on the r. bk. of the Ribble, 12 m. N. Burnley, \ m. W. 
 Newsholme stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Paytoe, part of par. , Eng. , Herefordshire. See Adforton. 
 
 Paynliaklrl, tn., Siam, on the Menam, 114 m. SE. by S. 
 Rahang, about 15° 50' N. 
 
 Paz, La. See La Paz. 
 
 Pazamdhl, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. (vilayet andsanjak) 
 and 30 m. E. Salonica, S. of the Beshik-gijl (lake). 
 
 Pazova, Nova and Stara, two comms. , Hungary, Croatia- 
 Slavonia, co. Sriem, or Szerem (Syrmia), 15 and 19 m. NW. 
 Belgrade (Servia). P. Nova, P. <:40oo; P. Stara, P. 5800. 
 
 Paznndanng, E. subiu-b of Rangoon, dist. Lower Biu-ma. 
 
 Pe, Chinese, 'north.' 
 
 Peabody, post-vil.' Canada, Ontario, co. Grey, 14 m. from 
 Paisley. P. < 1500. 
 
 Peabody, city, U.S., Kansas, Marion co., 100 m. SW. by 
 W. Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Peabody, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., 2^ m. W. 
 Salem. Birthplace of G. Peabody, who founded the Peabody 
 1178 
 
 Institute here in 1852 ; manufactures morocco and other leather, 
 and glue. P. (1880) 9000; (1890) 10,200. 
 
 Peace, riv. , Canada, Brit. Columbia and Athabasca, formed 
 about 56° N. , 124° W. , by the union of the Parsnip and the 
 Findlay, flows E. through a profound gorge of the Rocky Mts., 
 then on the whole ENE. till it enters the Great Slave R. , shortly 
 below its issue from Lake Athabasca (to which the P. sends one 
 arm) ; navigable for light draught steamers to the base of the 
 Rockies, except at one fall (of 8 ft.), 40 m. below Fort Vermillion 
 (58" 25' N., 115° 55' W.). Wlieat and barley have been suc- 
 cessfully grown in its valleys near this station. 
 
 Peacedale, vil., U.S., Rhode I., Washington co. , 9 m. W. 
 by S. New Port. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Peacb Bottom, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, York co. , on Sus- 
 quehanna R. , 4 m. W. Delta; has best slate near Philadelphia. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Peacock, or Oahe, isl.. Pacific, in the N. of the Tuamotu 
 group, in about 14° 15' S. and 146° 10' W. 
 
 Peacock Cross, stn. , Scot. , Mid Lanarkshire, on the N. B. R. , 
 I m. W. by N. Hamilton. 
 
 Peak, stn. and P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, Whitby div., on the 
 NE. R. , 9 m. NNW. Scarborough ; alum works near. 
 
 Peak, The, a wild tableland, Eng., in the NW. of Derby- 
 shire, 7 m. SE. by E. Glossop, about 4 m. E. to W. and i^ m. 
 N. to S. , occupying the summit of Kinder Scout {q.v.). Alt. 
 1880 ft. 
 
 Peak Cavern, or Devil's Hole, Eng., Derbyshire, W. of 
 Castleton ; contains several natural chambers, one being about 
 200 ft. sq. and 100 ft. high. 
 
 Peak Dale, P.O., Eng., Derbyshire, i m. from Peak Forest, 
 
 Peakdovrns, copper-mines, Queensland, 4 m. from Clermont 
 {q.v.). 
 
 Peake, stn. , S. Australia, 636 m. N. by W. Adelaide. Rfall. 
 (9yrs.), 5.64in. 
 
 Peake Hill, Eng., in the E. of Devonshire, 11 m. E. by S. 
 Exeter. 
 
 Peake's Island, vil., U.S., Maine, Cumberland co. , on 
 island of same name, in Casco Bay ; favourite summer resort. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Peak Forest, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, High Peak div. , 5^ m. 
 NE. Buxton, 2 m. NE. by E. of its stn. on the M. R., PT.O.; 
 5299 ac. P. <75o; pari. div. P. (1891) 60,700. 
 
 Peak Hill, gold-mining tp.. New South Wales, Narramine 
 CO., in 32° 33' S. and 148° 49' E. P. <20oo. 
 
 Peaklrk, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 5 m. N. 
 by W. Peterborough, and in the administrative co. of the Soke 
 of Peterborough, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <:50o. 
 
 Pearlsbnrg, vil., U.S., Virginia, Giles co. , 185 m. W. 
 Richmond, on the Great Kanawha R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pearl, riv., U.S., rises in the E. of Mississippi, and flows 
 SW., SSE., and S., forming part of the boundary between 
 Mississippi and Louisiana, and finally enters the Gulf of Mexico 
 in 89§° W. , navigable for boats to Jackson ; course obstructed 
 by sand-bars and rafts of timber. 
 
 Pearl and Hermes, reef, Pacific, in the Hawaii group of 
 islands, in about 27^° N. , 176'' W. 
 
 Pearl Harbour, inlet vrith narrow mouth a few miles W. of 
 Honolulu, Oahu I., Sandwich group. Depth at entrance, 20 ft. 
 
 Pearllngton, vil, U.S., Mississippi, Hancock co. , on Pearl 
 R., 32 m. NE. by E. New Orleans. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pearl Islands, Colombia, in the Bay of Panama, 60 m. SE. 
 Panama ; consist of Del Rey, San Josd, and Pedro Gonzales, 
 with many islets. 
 
 Pearl Lagoon (Laguna de Perla), coast lake in E. of 
 Nicaragua, 30 m. N. Blewfields, is an inlet of the Caribbean 
 Sea ; NE. of its entrance are the Pearl Keys. Length, 25 m.; 
 width, 12 m. 
 
 Pearl River, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 961 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Pearsall's, vil., U.S., New York, Queen's co., on Long I., 
 18 m. E. Brooklyn; has oyster cultivation. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pearson's, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, co. King's, 
 10 m. from Apohaqui. 
 
 Pearston, vil. Cape Colony, dist. Somerset, 40 m. SE. by 
 E. Graaff" Reinet. 
 
 Pear Tree and Normanton, stn., Eng., Derbyshire. See 
 Norman ton. 
 
 Pease Burn, streamlet, Scot., Berwickshire, flows SE. then 
 N. into the North Sea, in 2° 20' W. About x\ m. SE. of 
 Cockburnspath its valley is crossed by a massive stone bridge 
 127 ft. high. 
 
 Peasedown, eccles. par. , Eng. , Somerset, Camerton, Dunker- 
 ton, and Wellow pars., 3 m. from Radstock, PM.O. (P.St. 
 John). P. < 1500. 
 
 Peasemore, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 6 m. N. New- 
 bury, 4 m. W. Hampstead Norris stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 P'easenhall, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 20 m. NE. Ips- 
 wich, 3 m. W. Darsham stn., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Peasholm, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire. See St. Cuth* 
 bert, &c. 
 
PEAS — PEEB 
 
 Peaslake, P.O., Eng., Surrey, Guildford div., 5 J m. WSW. 
 Dorking, 2 m. S. Gomshall and Sheire stn. 
 
 Peasley Cross, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & NW. 
 & L. & Y. Joint Rly., near St. Helen's. 
 
 Peasmarsh, par. , Eng. , Sussex, div. and sh "». NW. by W. 
 Rye, P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Peas-Pottage Gate, P.O., Eng., Sussex, 6 m. NE. Horsham. 
 
 Peat Inn, P.O., Scot., Fifeshire, 4 m. from Ceres. 
 
 Peatllng, Magna and Parra, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Leicestershire, P. Magna, Harborough div., 7^ m. S. Leicester, 
 3 m. E. Broughton Astley stn. P. (of each)<25o. See 
 Wlllonghby YTaterless. 
 
 Pebas, vil., Peru, dep. Loreto, 575 m. E. by S. Guayaquil. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Pebmarsh, par., Eng., Essex, Saffron Walden div., 9^ m. 
 NE. Braintree, 3 m. NE. by E. Halstead stn., PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 PebTForth, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Cirencester div. , 6 m. 
 SW. Stratford-on-Avon, 2 m. SW. Long Marston stn., PM.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Pec, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Ipek. 
 
 Pecagaina, a spelling, apparently erroneous, of Pokegama 
 — lake and rapids, Mississippi R. {^.v.). 
 
 Pecatonica, vil., U.S., Illinois, Winnebago co. , 73 m. E. by 
 S. Dubuque (lo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Peccloll, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Pisa, 21 m. E. Leghorn. 
 
 P. <20C0. 
 
 Pechabnrl, tn. , Siam, on the Nam-sak, 134 m. ESE. Rahang, 
 172 m. N. by E. Bangkok. 
 
 Pecbaburl, tn. , Siam, 60 m. SW. Bangkok, in about 13° 8' N. 
 
 Pecbelbronn, petroleum well. Lower Alsace, near Sulz- 
 unterm-Walde. 
 
 Peclieny^tal, tn., Russia. See KoTO-ByeIgoro<I. 
 
 Pecherskaya Larra (Klevo-Pecherskaya), monastery and 
 fortress, Russia, in S. part of Kiev, on a cliff on r. bk. Dnieper. 
 The Lavra is divided into four separate monasteries, the oldest of 
 which dates from the nth century. It was destroyed by the 
 Mongols in 1240, renewed in 1470, and has since become one of 
 the holiest spots of Russia ; the churches and the catacombs in 
 the cliffs, which have been inhabited by monks since the nth 
 century, are now visited every year by numerous pilgrims. The 
 Pecherskaya Lavra was also the seat of one of the earliest 
 printing-offices in Russia, and a centre of learning as well as of 
 a widely-spread school of painting holy pictures. 
 
 Pechlll, or €hlll, prov., in NE. of China, touches Mongolia 
 on the N. , and the Gulf of P. on the E. Mountains in the N. 
 and W. , containing extensive beds of anthracite, not extracted. 
 The remainder of the prov. is fertile, being well watered by the 
 rivs. Pei-ho, Hun-ho, Huto-ho, and Shang-ho, as well as tra- 
 versed by the Imperial Canal. Millet, maize, wheat, cotton, 
 tobacco, and fruit are the most important products. The 
 climate is, on the whole, moderate (see Peking). Goitre is 
 endemic in the mountainous dists. ; inundations in the riverine 
 plains and violent dust storms cause serious damage at times. 
 A terrible famine visited the prov. in 1842, and its population 
 suffered terribly during the Taiping revolt. Cap. Peking. See 
 China. 
 
 Pechlll, Cinlf of, NE. China, a shallow but wide basin, con- 
 nected with the Yellow Sea by the Strait of P. ; it sends off a N. 
 extension, known as the Gulf of Liautung. 
 
 Pechlna, comm. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. , dist. , and 7 m. N. 
 Almeria ; has thermal spring. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Pechora, riv. , NE. Russia, govts. Perm, Vologda, and 
 Archangel; rises on the W. slopes of Urals, in 62° N., flows, 
 generally speaking, N. till near the Arctic Circle, where it 
 suddenly bends SW. and W. to meet the Tsylma, whence it 
 again bends N. and NE. ; it divides into many wide branches 
 in its lower course, and forms a broad delta ; enters the Arctic 
 Ocean in the P. Bay, which is protected on the N. by a narrow 
 promontory, Russkiy Zavorot, and has on the S. the Bolsheze- 
 melskiy Bereg (Bereg coast), formed by the hindra of same name. 
 The P. receives many tribs. , the largest of which are Ussa (r. 
 bk.), and Izhma and Tsylma (1. bk.). Total length 983 m. , out 
 of which 700 m. are navigable. Its large basin, 127,230 sq. m., 
 known as P. Region (Pechorskly Krai), is covered to nearly 
 one-half with virgin forests, and to one-third with moss marshes, 
 and has not more than 30,000 inhabitants, chiefly Zyryanes, 
 Samoyedes, and about 7500 Russians, who are grouped only at 
 Ust-Tsylma and Pustozersk in the delta. The P. is free from 
 ice for 175 days in its upper course (62° 48' N.), and 127 days at 
 Pustozersk (67° 32' N.). An active navigation is carried on, the 
 centre of which is Cherdyn, on upper Dvina, whence corn and 
 various goods are transported by land to the upper P., and 
 thence shipped down the river to the tundras ; while furs, 
 partridges, reindeer skins, &c. , are shipped from the Arctic 
 coast the other way, and transported to Cherdyii. 
 
 PechoYO, or PetyoTO, vil. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet Kossovo, 
 sanjak Ushkub, 70 m. S. by W. Sofia. P. 2250 ; Christians, 
 1150; Moham. iioo(G.). 
 
 P^cl, comm., Bosnia, prov. and 18 m. N. by E. Bihac. 
 P. 5200. 
 
 Peckatonlca River, U.S., rises in Iowa co. , Wisconsin, 
 flows SE. into Illinois, then NE. into Rock R. at Rockton. 
 Length, 140 m. 
 
 Peckforton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., ^\ m. 
 WNW. Nantwich, 2| m. SSW. Beeston and Tarporley stn. 
 P. <25o. See Banbury. 
 
 Peckham, suburb of London, Eng., Camberwell [q-v.) bor. , 
 3 m. SE. by S. St. Paul's, London, with P. Bye stn. on the 
 L. B. & S. C. and L. C. & D. Rlys. , and Queen's Road stn. 
 on the L. B. & S. C. R. Pari. div. P. (1891) 83,500. 
 
 Peckham, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Kent. 
 East P., div. and 5^ m. NE. by E. Tunbridge, t\ m. NW. by 
 W. Yaldingstn., PMT.O., P. < 2500; West P., P.O., P.<Soo. 
 
 Peckham Bush, P.O., Eng., Kent, 2 m. from East P. 
 
 Peckleton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Bosworth div., 4 m. 
 SE. Market Bosworth. P. <25o. 
 
 Peconlc Bay, an inlet 25 m. long, U.S., New York, in the 
 E. of Long I. 
 
 Pecora, Capo, cajje, Sardinia, in the W. , in 39° 28' N. 
 
 Pecos, CO., U.S., Texas, between the Rio Pecos and the Rio 
 Grande (S. frontier), crossed by 102° and 103° W. 
 
 Pecos, Rio, riv., U.S., rises in the N. of New Mexico, and 
 flows on the whole S. through that state, then SE., and finally 
 SSE. through Texas, and enters the Rio Grande in 100° 47' W. 
 In the plains of New Mexico, where its banks are composed of 
 a deep rich loam, extensive irrigation works for fruit-farming 
 [Eddy] have been laid out. Dry for the greater part of its length 
 in summer ; length about 800 m. 
 
 P<^cs, tn., Hungary. See Filnfklrchen. 
 
 P^csvArad, comm., Hungary, co., Baranya, 10 m. ENE. 
 Fiinfkirchen, 60 m. W. Maria Theresiopel. P. <:4000. 
 
 Peczenlzyn, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, 51 m. WNW. 
 Czernowitz, dist. and 7 m. W. by S. Kolomea. P. 5900. 
 
 Pedar a 1'oher's, electoral div., Ire., co. Cavan, dist. 
 Swanlinbar. 
 
 Pedaso, small seapt. on the E. ct. of Italy, The Marches, 
 prov. Ascoli, 39 m. SSE. Ancona, at the mouth of the Aso. 
 
 PeddApnr (Pedd&pnram, census), tn., Brit. India, Madras, 
 dist. Godavari, 87 m. WSW. Vizagapatam. P. 13,700; 
 Hindus, 13,000. 
 
 Peddle, tn. , Cape Colony, dist. P. , 25 m. SW. King William's 
 Town. 
 
 Pedee (or Peedee) Rlrer, Great, riv., U.S., rises in N. 
 Carolina, under the name of Jadkin, flows S. into Winyaw Bay, 
 immediately below George Town. Length, 415 m. ; navigable 
 for boats of 60 to 70 tons for 200 m. 
 
 Pederuales, vil., Ecuador, 100 m. W. by N. Quito, on the 
 coast, in about 8' N. 
 
 Pedernales, vil., Porto Rico, near the SW. corner of the 
 island, 79 m. WSW. San Juan, in 18° N. 
 
 Pedernales, vil. , Venezuela, Bolivar, 25 m. W. by S. of the 
 SW. point of the isl. of Trinidad. 
 
 Pedernelra, tn., Portugal, dist. and 17 m. SW. Leiria. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Pedlr, tn. , Sumatra, on the N. ct. , 40 m. E. by S. Kota Raja. 
 
 Pedmore, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Droitwich div., 6 m. 
 SSW. Dudley, i m. S. Stourbridge, P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Pedra, Portuguese, 'rock,' 'stone.' 
 
 Pedralba, tn. , Spain, prov. and 22 m. WNW. Valencia, on 
 the Guadalaviar, dist. Liria. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Pedras Salgadas, mineral springs, Portugal, prov. Traz-os- 
 Montes, 28 m. NE. Villa Real, on the slopes of the Sierra Padrella. 
 
 Pedreguer, tn., Spain, Valencia, prov. and 42 m. NE. 
 Alicante, dist. Denia. P. (comm.) 5000. 
 
 Pedro, or Palmyra, cape, NE. extremity of Velligamo I., 
 N. of Ceylon. 
 
 Pedro AfTonso, vil., Brazil, Goyaz, on r. bk. Tocantins, in 
 7° 52' S. , at the confluence of the Somno, up whose valley a 
 railway to Barra, on the Sao Francisco, is projected. Alt. 765 ft. 
 
 Pedro Bernardo, tn., Spain, Old Castille, prov. and 30 m. 
 SSW. Avila, dist. Arenas de San Pedro. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Pedrdgao Grande, tn. , Portugal, dist. and 38 m. ENE. 
 Leiria, near the r. bk. of the Zezere. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pedro Gonzalez, vil., Paraguay, 49 m. E. by N. of the 
 confluence of the Paraguay and Parand. 
 
 Pedro Muikoz, comm., Spain, prov. and 60 m. ENE. Ciudad 
 Real, dist. Alcazar de San Juan. P. <:4000. 
 
 Pedrofteras, Las, comm., Spain, prov. and 54 m. SSW. 
 Cuenca, dist. Belmonte. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Pedroso, tn. , Portugal, dist. and 6 m. SSE. Oporto. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pedroso, El, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 31 m. NNE. 
 Seville, dist. Siena de Cazalla. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Pedrotallagalla, Ceylon. See Pldrutalagala. 
 
 Peebles, co. tn., par., and royal burgh, Scot., on both banks 
 of the Tweed, 22 m. S. Edinburgh, at the junction of the Eddle- 
 ston, with stn. on the N. B. R. and C. R. There is a fine 
 bridge over the Tweed, and two smaller ones over the Eddle- 
 ston. The chief buildings are the parish church, the Chambers' 
 Institution, with library and museum, occupying an ancient 
 residence of the Yester and Queensberry families. P. has become 
 
 1179 
 
. PEEB - 
 
 a favourite summer resort, from its climate and the Tweed 
 fishings. The early Scottish kings often resided here when 
 hunting in the Ettrick Forest. Tweeds and other woollen stuffs 
 manufactured. Alt. 550 ft. Market-day, Tu. Par. 16,597 ac, 
 P. (i87i)<32oo; (1891)5300; tn. P. <5ooo; royal burgh P. < 
 3500 ; pari. dist. (P. and Selkirk) P. 19, 100. 
 
 Peeblesshire, or Tweeddale, co. , Scot., entirely in the 
 upper part of the Tweed basin, except a small part on the 
 N. border, which drains towards the Firth of Forth. The 
 surface is mainly a succession of rounded pastoral hills, on both 
 sides of the riv. Tweed, which rises in the extreme S. and flows 
 NNE. and E., with many tribs. , especially Biggar, Lyne, 
 Manor, and Eddleston. The chief heights are Broadlaw (2754 
 ft.), Hartfell (2651 ft.), Cramalt (2723 ft.), and DoUarlaw (2680 
 ft. ). Geologically, P. belongs to the Silurian system of S. Scot- 
 land, and shows some igneous rocks, such as trap and felspar. 
 The only fossils are near Traquair. Coal is dug at Lamancha. 
 Limestone, marl, slate, and ironstone occur. For agricultural 
 statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. The antiquities are 
 British and Roman camps, and the castles of Neidpath and 
 Drochil. This county belonged to the kingdom of Northumbria 
 till 1088, when it became part of Scotland. Manufactures 
 woollen cloth and shawls at the county town, Innerleithen, and 
 Walkerburn. P. (1801) 8700; (1871) 12,300; (1891) 14,800. 
 See Scotland, table. 
 
 Peedee Klver, U. S. See Pedee. 
 
 Pee Ell, settlement, U.S. , Washington, Lewis co. , 45 m. 
 SE. Olympia. 
 
 PeekskUl, vil, U.S., New York, W. Chester co., 40 m. N. 
 New York; has extensive iron-works and brick kilns. P. {1880) 
 5600 ; (1890) 9700. 
 
 Peel, Celtic, ' a small stronghold or tower," e.g., Peel, in the 
 Isle of Man. 
 
 Peel, the largest of the Bonin Is., Pacific, middle group, 
 with Fitton Bay, a considerable inlet, at its NE. extremity. 
 
 Peel, CO. , Canada, Ontario, on Lake Ontario, crossed in the 
 W. by 80° W. 
 
 Peel, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire. See Hnltou, Little. 
 
 Peel, seapt. tn., Isle of Man, on the W. ct., 10 m. NW. by 
 W. Douglas, on the Isle of Man Rly. ; the town, sheltered from 
 E. winds and with a fine beach, is a favourite health resort. 
 Its cod, plaice, &c., fisheries are productive, but those of herring 
 and haddock have declined. Near P. is St. Patrick's Isle, 
 joined to the mainland by a causeway ; it contains ruins of Peel 
 Castle and Cathedral, the former described in Scott's Peveril 
 of the Peak. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Peel, riv. , Brit. N. America, rises in 64° N. , 132° W. , flows 
 mostly N. , and joins the Mackenzie at the commencement of its 
 delta. In the country through which it flows alum and coal 
 are met with, and furs are brought by the Indians of the region 
 around it to Fort Good Hope, on the Mackenzie. Fort Mac- 
 kenzie is on its r. bk. 
 
 Peel, riv.. New South Wales, rises in co. Parry, on N. slope 
 • of Liverpool Range, flows NW. , and joins the donadilly to form 
 the Namoi or Peel R. 
 
 Peel, post-vil., New South Wales, Roxburgh co., 10 m. NE, 
 Bathurst. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Peel, CO. , W. Australia, between 32° and 34° S. , to the W. of 
 118° E, 
 
 Peel, De, an extensive marsh in the E. of Netherlands, provs. 
 N. Brabant and Limburg, between the Maas and the Aa Rivs. 
 Area, 60 sq. m. 
 
 Peel Causeway, stn., Eng., Cheshire, on the Cheshire Lines 
 and M. S. & L. Rlys., close to Bowdon. 
 
 Peele, part of par. , Eng. , Cheshire. See Horton. 
 
 Peel Fell, hill, Eng., Hexham div. of Northumberland, 
 partly in Roxburghshire, Scot., 13^ m. S. by W. Jedburgh. 
 Height, 1975 ft. 
 
 Peel Green, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, i m. NW. Patricroft. 
 
 Peel Road, stn. , Isle of Man, on the Isle of Man Rly. , 2^ m. 
 SE. Peel. 
 
 Peels, par., Eng., Northumberland, dist. and 7^ m. NW. 
 Rothbury. P. <25o. 
 
 Peene, riv., in the W. of the Prussian prov. of Pomerania, 
 flows NE. then E. into the Stettiner Haff, another branch, some- 
 times distinguished as the Peene-strom, 28 m. long, flowing 
 N. on the W. side of Usedom I. ; navigable from Dahmen, 
 104 m. At Demmin it receives from the left the Trebel, 
 navigable from Tribsee, 17 m. ; and from the right the Tollense, 
 navigable for 6^ m. 
 
 Peetmagan, lake, Quebec, Chicoutimi co., crossed by 70° 
 15' W. , and 49"^ 40' N. 
 
 Pegalajar, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 11 m. ESE. 
 Jaen, dist. Mancha Real. P. (comm. ) < 5000. 
 
 Pegasns Bay, large bay on the E. ct. of South I., New 
 Zealand, N. of Lyttelton, crossed by 43° 30' S. lat. 
 
 Pegan, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 13 m. SSW. 
 Leipzig, dist. Boma. P. 5300. 
 
 Pegll, seapt., Italy, Liguria, prov. and 6 m. W. by N. 
 Genoa. P. 4000. 
 1180 
 
 - P EK I 
 
 \ 
 
 Pegnltz, riv. , Ger. , Bavaria, flows S. through a valley of the 
 Franconian Jura, then W. past Nuremberg to Fiirth, where it 
 unites with the Rezat to form the Regnitz ; not navigable. 
 
 Pego, tn., Spain, prov. and 40 m. NE. by N. Alicante, cap. 
 dist. P.- P. (comm.) 6500. 
 
 Pegswood, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck div. , 2 m. 
 NE. Morpeth, \\ m. SW. Longhirst stn., PM.O. (P. Colliery). 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Pegn, tn., Burma, dist. P., 44 m. (46 m. by rail) NNE, 
 Rangoon, on Rangoon R. Two-thirds in value of the exports 
 of Burma are shipped, and all but a small fraction of the im- 
 ports are received, at this port, which ranks third among the 
 seaports of Brit. India. Described by European travellers in the 
 i6th century as a place of great size, strength, and magnificence. 
 P. 10,800; Buddhists, 8500. 
 
 Pega, riv.. Lower Burma, dist. Hanthawadi, rises on E. 
 slopes of the Pegu Yoma Mts. , flows SSE. then SSW. into the 
 Rangoon, near Rangoon ; its lower course irrigates ; can be 
 ascended by large vessels to Pu-zon-daung. Length, 180 m. ; 
 breadth, i m. 
 
 Pegn Yoma, mts. , Lower Burma. See I'onia. 
 
 Pegwell Bay, bay, Eng. , on the E. ct. of Kent, to the S. of 
 Ramsgate ; it receives the Stour. The landing-place of St. 
 Augustine. Noted for its shrimps. 
 
 Peho, tn., central Africa, in about n° 55' S., 20° 3' E. 
 
 Pe-ho, riv. , China. See Pe-kiang. 
 
 Peboa, or Plhewa, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 32 m. 
 SSW. Ambala, place of pilgrimage on the sacred riv. Saraswati ; 
 has a large annual bathing fair, which attracts from 20,000 to 
 25,000 pilgrims. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Peh-taug, fortified tn. , China, prov. Pechili, on the Gulf of 
 Pechili, at the mouth of the San-ho, 98 m. SE. Peking. 
 
 Pei, Chinese, 'white.' 
 
 Pelchlng, tn. , China. See Peking. 
 
 Pel-ho, or Tientstn-ho, riv., China, prov. Pechili, rises 
 beyond the Great Wall, flows SE., passing E. of Peking, 60 m. 
 below which it receives several tribs., Hun-ho, Huto-ho, Shang- 
 ho, and the Imperial Canal ; then passes the treaty port of 
 Tientsin, and enters the Gulf of Pechili near the Taku forts, 
 in 38° 8' N. It is navigable for boats to opposite Peking, 
 100 m. from its mouth. Length, 280 ra. ; mean volume, 7800 
 cubic ft. (Guppy). 
 
 Pel-bo ('white river'), riv., China, 1. bk. trib, of the Han- 
 kiang, which it joins opposite Siangyang-fu, after a S. course 
 of about 124 m. ; navigable from Nanyang-fu. 
 
 Pel-hslen, tn. , China, in the N. of prov. Kiangsu, 168 m. 
 N. by W. Nanking. 
 
 Pel-klang, riv. , China. See Pe-klang. 
 
 Peiktusan, mt. , Manchuria. See Changpal-shan. 
 
 Peilau, Ober-, Mittel-, and Nleder-. See Ober-Peilan. 
 
 Pelma-bn, or Plmo-tan, lake, China, prov. Shantung, 14 m. 
 NW. of Kiauchou Harbour. Length, 9 m. ; breadth, 6 m. 
 
 Peine, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle P. , 13 m. WN W. 
 Brunswick. P. 10,100. 
 
 Peipns, lake, Russia. See Cbndskoye. 
 
 Pelraiens, tn. , Greece. See Plrsens. 
 
 Pelsbanibe, or Panjshanibe, tn., Russian Turkistan, prov. 
 and 52 m. from Samarkand. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pel-sban ('white mountains'), Manchuria. Same as 
 Cbangpal-sban. 
 
 Pelskretscham, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Gleiwitz, 
 27 m. NE. Ratibor. P. < 3000. 
 
 Peltz, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle and 7^ m. N. 
 by E. Kottbus. P. <40oo. 
 
 Pekal6ngan, tn. , Java, on the N. ct. , in about 109° 40' E. , 
 75 m. NW. by N. Jokjokarta. P. 34,000. 
 
 Pekan', tn., Malay Penin. , cap. state of Pahang, near the 
 mouth of the Pahang R. , in about 3° 33' N. , 103'^ 23' E. 
 
 Pekla, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Ipek. 
 
 Pe-klang, Pe-bo, or Pel-klang (' North river'), riv., China, 
 Kwangtung, rising by two headwaters near the N. frontier of 
 the prov. , the NE. headwater leading to the Meiling Pass and 
 into Kiangsi, the NW. headwater leading to the Cheling Pass 
 and into Hunan ; navigable from near the source of either 
 of its headwaters to its entrance into the Si-kiang, about 25 m. 
 W. Canton. 
 
 Pekln, city, U.S. , Illinois, Tazewell co. , on 1. bk. of Illinois R. , 
 9 m. S. by W. Peoria; has' extensive pork- packing, and several 
 important manufactures ; coal mined. P. 6300. 
 
 Pekln, coal-mining vil., U.S., Maryland, Allegany co., 29 m. 
 ESE. of the NW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Peklna, post-tn. , S. Australia, Dalhousie co., 52 m. ESE. 
 Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Peking, or, according to a spelling originally French, Pekln, 
 sometimes Pelchlng, according to the pronunciation of the 
 mandarin dialect of P., i.e., 'the northern court' or capital, as 
 distinguished from Nanking, imjjerial city, China, cap. of the 
 empire, on a sandy alluvial plain between the riv. Pei-ho and 
 its trib. the Hun-ho, nearly equidistant from both, 36 m. SE. 
 Great Wall, at the head of the Great Canal. Its plan or out- 
 
P E K I 
 
 PELT 
 
 line is geometrical, consisting of an exact square (4^ m. each 
 way) with a rectangle applied to the S. side. The longer side 
 of the rectangle projects 270 yds. beyond the square on E. and 
 W., and the breadth of the rectangle is 2| m. The square 
 or N. part of this double capital is the Tatar or Manchu city, 
 technicsdly NeicAing, 'the Interior City,' or King-ching, 'City 
 of the Court,' and occupies about two-thirds of the site of the 
 ancient city, called by the Mongols Taidu, Taitu, or Daitu, 
 remains of the N. wall of which are still in existence. The 
 S. part outside the square is the Chinese city, and partly in- 
 cludes the ancient Yenking or Old Cambaluc. Both parts are 
 surrounded by high walls, those of the Manchu city being 50 ft. 
 high and 60 to 40 ft. thick ; while those of the Outer or Chinese 
 city are 30 ft. in height, and in thickness 25 ft. at base to 15 ft. 
 at the top. The present N. wall of the Manchu city dates from 
 1437, the S. wall of the Chinese city from 1544. There are 
 sixteen gates in all, surmounted by imposing towers 100 ft. 
 high. The S. wall of the Manchu city serves to separate both 
 parts. Before iioo B.C. the capital of Yen was on this site, 
 and in 936 A. d. P. again attained the rank of capital, and in 
 1151 became the court residence of the Kin dynasty. From 
 Kubla Khan (1280-94), who rebuiU it with great magnificence, 
 this capital obtained the Mongol name of Khanbalik ( ' city of 
 the khan,' the Cambaluc of Marco Polo). In the 14th century 
 the seat of sovereignty was transferred to Nanking, and restored 
 to P. in 1421. Within the square Manchu city is another walled 
 enclosure, called the ' Imperial City,' in the heart of which is 
 a third enclosure, called the Sacred, Forbidden, or ' Purple 
 City.' The latter contains the palaces of the imperial family, 
 and must never be entered except by the court and high state 
 officials ; there is also a magnificent temple of the imperial 
 ancestors, gardens, and a lake, &c. For splendour and gor- 
 geous decoration, some of the galleries and reception rooms 
 in these palaces are said to be unsurpassed. In the ' Imperial 
 City,' to N. of the Sacred or Forbidden City, is a height with 
 five conspicuous temples, and near it the residence of the 
 governor of the city ; also the ' Bell Tower,' noted for its huge 
 bell, weighing 120,000 lbs., and the ' Drum Tower,' with quaint 
 astronomical apphances for the measurement of time. The 
 ' Imperial City' also contains a large arsenal, the public granaries, 
 the residences of the leading dignitaries of the empire and 
 government offices, including the Examination Hall. Other 
 institutions are the observatory, founded by Kubla Khan, the 
 great lamasery, a square building enclosed in gardens, with 
 over 1000 Mongol and Tibetan monks, and a huge gilt statue 
 of Buddha ; the temple of Confucius, a circular pagoda with 
 marble staircases. In 1863 a college was organised for training 
 interpreters, which has since become an Imperial university on 
 the European model, with library and printing-presses attached 
 to it. Besides many conspicuous native temples and pagodas, 
 there is a large and handsome Roman Catholic cathedral, com- 
 pleted 1888, a Greek church and convent, &c. The southern 
 part of P., or the Chinese city proper, is more commercial, 
 being intersected from side by four broad thoroughfares, with 
 busy shops and bazaars. These streets are noticeable by large 
 arches at the crossings, but the roads are unpaved, and the 
 houses are meaner than in the Tatar or northern city. The 
 chief building here is the 'Temple of Heaven,' where on the 
 morning of the winter solstice the emperor performs religious 
 rites at an open altar. The area of P. being large in propor- 
 tion to the population, there are gardens and open spaces in 
 all directions. The finest thoroughfare is the ' Avenue of 
 Tranquillity,' 66 yds. broad, passing E. and W. , immediately 
 S. of the Imperial residence. The government of the capital 
 is by an Imperial superintendent, a mayor, and other officers. 
 The police are assisted by 10,000 militia soldiers. Though in 
 the prov. of Pechili, P. is not its cap., the governor residing at 
 Paoting. P. has a healthy climate, there being an excellent 
 water supply, and no marshes in the neighbourhood. Alt. 35 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 53.3° F., Jan. 23.4°, July 79.3°. P. (1880-90) 
 under 1,000,000 (estimate of Professor Legge, from personal ob- 
 servation, confirmed by Dr. Williams of the U.S.A. legation). 
 The estimate of Lockhard (1866) was 1,500,000; and Zakharof 
 (1845) 1,649,000; Du Helde (two centuries ago) 3,000,000. 
 
 Peklnye, tn., Turkey in Europe, vilayet Scutari, on the 
 Shkumbi, 24 m. SE. by S. Durazzo. 
 
 Pelagia, isl. , Mediterranean. See Lampedusa. 
 
 Pelago, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 13 m. NE. Florence. 
 In this comm. is the sanctuary of Valombrosa, the richest con- 
 vent in Tuscany. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pelagoncsl, isl., Sporades group, Greece, NE. of Khilio- 
 dromia, in 39° 18' N. , 24° o' E. Area, 9 sq. m. 
 
 Pelagosa (Greek, 'lying in the sea,' 'sea land'), desert isl., 
 Adriatic Sea, midway between the promontory of Gargano, S. 
 Italv, and Dalmatia. 
 
 P'elas, tn. , in the NE. of Dutch Borneo, on the Bulangan. 
 
 Pelaw Junction, stn. , Eng. , Durham, on the NE. R. , 3I m. 
 ESE. Newcastle. 
 
 Pelaya, riv., in SW. of Bolivia, loses itself in the great salt- 
 marsh (salina grande) of dep. Potosi. 
 
 Pelilon, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 5J m. S. by W. Col- 
 chester, 45 m. SW. Wyvenhoe stn., P.O. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Pelee Island, Canada, Ontario, Essex co. , on Lake Erie, in 
 82° 40' W. 
 
 Pelee Point, cape, Canada, Ontario, on Lake Erie, in 82° 
 31'. W. 
 
 PeleM' (Palaos, or Palan) Islands, in the W. Pacific, 
 between 7° and 8° N., and 134° and 1345° E. , consists of six 
 inhabited and several smaller islands (Babeltoab, or Babeldzuap, 
 Korror, Uruktapi, Pililiu, Eilmak, &c.), with an aggregate area 
 of 190 sq. m. , of which 116 in Babeltoab. A coral reef surrounds 
 the entire group ; islands mountainous (2200 ft. ) ; water plenti- 
 ful. Climate equable, but hot (range jj" to 91° F.). Luxuriant 
 flora, similar to that of the Philippines. Chief exports copra, 
 sea-cucumbers, tortoise-shell, and mother-of-pearl. P. about 
 3000, chiefly of Malay race. The group is a dependency of the 
 Spanish Caroline Is. 
 
 PelUam, co. , Queensland, S. of 24° S. , crossed in the E. by 
 151° E. 
 
 Pelhani, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire co. , 16 m. 
 NE. by N. Holyoke. P. <:i5oo.. 
 
 Pelliani, Brent, Fnrneaux, and l^tocking, pars., Eng., 
 Hertfordshire. See Brent Pelhani, Farueaux PeUiani, and 
 Stocking Pelliam. 
 
 Pelliams LaiLds, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Parts of Holland 
 div. , near Fossdyke. P. <25o. 
 
 Pelican, riv., U.S., Minnesota, in the W. , which issues from 
 Pelican Lake, about 46° 35' N. , 96° o' W. , and flows S. to the 
 Red R. , which it joins at Fergus Falls. 
 
 Pelican Lake, Canada, Manitoba, 11 m. long by i to 2 m. 
 broad, about 115 m. WSW. Winnipeg, drained SE. into the 
 Pembina R. 
 
 Pelican Point, cape, German W. Africa, Kamerun Terr. , in 
 4° 28' N. , 8° 54' E. 
 
 Pelican Point, cape, W. Africa, in the W. of Walvisch Bay, 
 22° 54' S. 
 
 Pelican Rapids, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Otter Tail co., 22 m. 
 N. of Fergus Fall. P. < 1500. 
 
 Peling Islands, group of isls., Eastern Archipelago, off the 
 E. of Celebes, in the N. of the Gulf of Tomori. 
 
 Pellon, mt. , Greece. See fcreece, surface. 
 
 Pella, tn. , Cape Colony, Namaqua-land, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Orange, 90 m. ENE. Ookiep. Alt. 1804 ft. Rfall. (13 yrs.), 
 2.5 in. Little Pella, 15 m. to the W. 
 
 Pella, site of ruins, Turkey in Europe, vilayet and 24 m. 
 WNW. Salonica, near the modern Ala-Kilisa, ancient cap. of 
 Macedonia, and birthplace of Philip II. and Alexander the Great. 
 
 Pella, tn. , South African Republic, Rustenberg, dist. and 
 about 100 m. W. by N. Pretoria. P. <:2oo. 
 
 Pella, city, U.S. , Iowa, Marion co. , 37 m. ESE. Des Moines ; 
 seat of the Central University of Iowa. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Pellane, comm. , Greece. See Georgltsion. 
 
 Pellaro, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, on the Straits of Messina, prov. 
 and 7 m. S. Reggio. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pellegrlno, Ciza, mt. , Italy, in the SW., near the W. ct., 
 65 m. NW. by N. Catanzaro. Alt. 6515 ft. 
 
 Pellegrue, tn. , France, dep. Gironde, arr. La R6ole, 32 m. 
 E. by S. Bordeaux. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pellerin, Le, tn. , France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, arr. Paim- 
 boeuf, on r. bk. of the Loire, 9 m. W. by S. Nantes. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Pellestrlna, tn., Italy, prov. and 11 m. S. Venice, in the 
 middle of Pellestrina I., between the lagoon of Venice (length, 
 9 m. ; breadth, 656 ft.) and the Adriatic. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pellon, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, on the G. N. R. , near Halifax. 
 
 Pellworm, isl., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, govt. 
 Schleswig, in the North Sea, 5 m. NW. Nordstrand. Soil 
 fertile. It was the highest portion of the former island Nord- 
 strand, before the inundation of 1634. Area, 15 sq. m. P. 
 (1871) 2224. 
 
 Peloponnesns, or Morea, the part of Greece {q.v.) S. of the 
 Isthmus of Corinth. 
 
 Pelorns, reef. Pacific, in the S. of the Tonga group, in about 
 23° S. , 176° W. 
 
 Pelotas, tn. and seapt., Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, in SW. 
 of Lake Patos [q.v.). Here are huge meat-curing establish- 
 ments ; and in addition to preserved beef, P. exports hides, 
 bones, and artificial manure. Vessels have to cross the bar of 
 the Rio Grande (fluctuating depth) and the bar of the riv. Sao 
 Gonzalo, usually with 10 ft. of water, to reach P. , and then they 
 can only load or discharge a part of their cargo by means of 
 lighters. Mean temp. (3 yrs., 1875-77), yr. 64.0° F., Jan. 75.6°, 
 July 53.5°; rfall. (6 yrs.), 38.20 in. P. 33,000. 
 
 Peiplin, vil, Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle Dirschau, 30 
 m. S. Danzig. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Pelsall, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Handsworth div., 4 m. N. 
 by E. Walsall, on the L. & NW. R.; has coal. PMT.O. P. 
 
 <35oo- 
 
 Pelton, par. , Eng. , Durham, div. and 2 m. NW. Chester-le- 
 Street stn. on NE. R., 7 m. S. Newcastle, PM.O., and PM.O. 
 (P. Fell), and P.O. (West P.). P. <4Soo. 
 
 1181 
 
PELU — PENA 
 
 Pelusium, a city of ancient Egypt, the remains of which, 
 consisting of ' mounds and a few broken columns,' are near the 
 Mediterranean coast E. of Lake Menzaleh. The Pelusiac, or 
 easternmost arm of the Nile, at its delta, enters the sea at Tineh, 
 after a NE. course of 120 m. , 
 
 P^lnssin, tn. , France, dep. Loire, arr. St. Etienne, 12 m. 
 SW. by W. Vienne. P. <20oo. 
 
 PelTonx, mt., France, between deps. Hautes-Alpes and 
 Isere, in 44° 54' N., 6° 24' E. Alt. 13,460 ft 
 
 Pelym, riv. , W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, 1. bk. trib. of Tavda, 
 flows 230 m. SSE. through Lake Tuman (55 m. long), in a 
 marshy region sparsely inhabited by Voguls. Pelym, vil. , at 
 junction of Pelym R. with Tavda, 223 m. N W. Tobolsk ; place of 
 exile of the Romanoffs, Duke Biron, and Field-marshal Miinnich ; 
 now centre for administration of Pelym Region. 
 
 Pelynt, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 11 m. SE. Bodmin, 
 6i m. SSW. Liskeard stn., P.O.; 4676 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 "Pelzer, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, Anderson co., 92 m. NW. by 
 W. Columbia. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pemaqald, port. See Bristol, Maine, U.S. 
 
 Pemaqnld Point, cape, U.S., Maine, in the S. of Lincoln 
 CO. , 37 m. SSE. Augusta. 
 
 Pemba, isL, off E. ct. of Africa, 30 m. N. Zanzibar L, and 
 belonging to the British protectorate of Zanzibar, lat. of E. 
 point 4° 54' S., long. 39° 53' E.; it produces excellent timber, 
 and plentiful supplies for shipping. Length, 35 m.; area, 227 
 sq. m. P. estimated at 10,000. 
 
 Pemt>erton, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on 
 the N. side of Lake LiUooet, 68 m. N. by E. Vancouver. 
 
 Pemberton, par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, Ince div., 2 m. 
 SW. Wigan, on the L. & Y. R.; has collieries and cotton-mills. 
 P. 18,400. 
 
 Pemberton, vil., U.S., Florida, Sumter co., on the With- 
 locoochee R., 135 m. SSW. of mouth of St. John's R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pemberton, bor., U.S., New Jersey, Burlington co., 18 m. 
 S. by E. Trenton. P. < 1500. 
 
 PemberrlUe, vil., U.S., Ohio, Wood co., 18 m. SSE. 
 Toledo. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Pembina, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, cap. P. co., 145 m. N. by 
 W. Fargo. Alt. 791 ft. signal station (U.S. Signal Office). 
 Mean temp., yr. 35.2° F. , Jan. 3.0", July 66.6°. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pembina, Little, settlement, Canada, on a branch of the 
 C. P. R. , 125 m. WSW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Pembrey, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., 5 m. W. 
 by N. Llanelly, with a stn. (P. and Bnrry Port) on the G. W. 
 R. ; coal mined. PM.O. 14,928 ac. P. 6300; eccles. par. (P. 
 wltb Llandary) P. 6300. See Bnrry Port. 
 
 Pembrldge, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 7 m. W. 
 Leominster, on the G. W. R. , PMT.O. ; 7074 ac. P. < 1500; 
 eccles. par. (P. -wltb Moor Court) P. < 1500. 
 
 Pembroke, tn., Canada, Ontario, cap. Renfrew co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Ottawa (Lake Allumette), 73 m. WNW. Ottawa. 
 Alt. 389 ft. Mean temp., yr. 40.6° F., Jan. 10.4°, July 68.3°; 
 mean rfall. (6 yrs., 1882-87), 28 in.; snowfall, 80.0 in. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Pembroke, pari, and (since King Stephen) mun. bor. , par. , 
 seapt., and market-tn., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on S. side of 
 Milford Haven, 42 m. W. Swansea, in the diocese of St. David's, 
 with stn. on Pembroke and Tenby Rly. , forming with Haverford- 
 west, Milford, Tenby, Narberth, Fishguard, and Wiston the Pem- 
 broke and Haverforwest dist. of pari. bors. Ancient castle, re- 
 built by Strongbow, 1109, when created Earl of Pembroke ; here 
 Henry VH. was born, and here his mother, Catherine Beaufort, 
 took refuge after the battle of Tewkesbury ; besieged and taken 
 by Cromwell, 1649. There are many fairs. Market-day, S. 
 Mean temp. (19 yrs.), yr. 49.8° F., Feb. 42.5°, Aug. 59.4°; rfall. 
 (20 yrs.), yr. 35.8 in. Mun. bor. (which includes P. Dock) P. 
 (1891) 15,000 (of which about 4500 belongs to P. proper) ; parL 
 dist. of bors. (Pembroke and Haverfordwest) P. (1891) 34,900. 
 
 Pembroke, civic tn. , Ire. , co. and bar. Dublin, Donnybrook 
 par., just outside the mun. boundary of Dublin, on the SE. 
 P. 24,300. 
 
 Pembroke, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I., Lake co., 92 
 m. WNW. Oamaru, on S. shore of Lake Wanaka. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pembroke, co. , Tasmania, on the SE. ct. , crossed by 43 S. 
 
 Pembroke, tn., U.S., Maine, Washington co., on Lubeck 
 Bay, II m. NW. Eastport. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pembroke, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., 19 m. 
 NE. by E. Taunton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pembroke, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Merrimac co., 2 m. 
 from Suncook, on Merrimack R. P. <4000. 
 
 Pembroke, Cape, Patagonia, 51° 41' S., 57° 4/ W. Mean 
 temp. (9 yrs., 1859-68), yr. 43.7° F., Jan. 49.1, July 37.0°. 
 
 Pembroke Dock, formerly Pater, eccles. par. and market- 
 tn., Wales, on S. side of Milford Haven, and on Pembroke and 
 Tenby Rly., included in the mun. bor. of Pembroke, but 
 separated by a small hill and a creek from Pembroke proper. 
 The govt, dockyard, removed to this place from Milford in 
 1814, covers 60 ac, and in it some of the largest ships of the 
 navy have been constructed. The govt, dock, 404 ft. long by | 
 1182 
 
 75 ft. wide at entrance, has a depth of 24 ft. 9 in. on sill at 
 high water ordinary springs. There are also two private docks, 
 one 245 ft. long, 44 ft. 9 in. wide at entrance, and 13 ft. 8 in. 
 deep on sill at high water ordinary springs ; the other 185 ft. 
 long, 38 ft. 3 in. wide at entrance, and 14 ft. deep on sill at high 
 water ordinary springs. Its arsenal is protected by fortifica- 
 tions. Market-day, F. P. 10,500. 
 
 Pembrokeshire, co. in the SW. of Wales, washed on three 
 sides by the ocean, returning one member to Parliament. The 
 siu-face is bare of trees, and generally uninteresting, except on 
 the coast ; on N. the rounded hills reach a height of 1754 ft. 
 at Cwm Cerwyn, in the Preseley Range. The rivers are the 
 Teifi and the Cleddou, flowing into Milford Haven. The G. W. 
 R. traverses the county, with terminus at New Milford or Ney- 
 land. Geologically, coal-bearing strata pass from E. to W. , 
 connecting this county with the S. Wales coalfield, and igneous 
 rocks are found at Preseley and near St. David's Head ; Llan- 
 deilo flags characterise much of the area, especially in the 
 northern portion. The soil in S. is good, owing to the lime- 
 stone and Old Red Sandstone formations. Coal at Begelly, 
 Saundersfoot, and Landshipping ; lead-mine at Llanfyrnach, 
 containing silver. Zinc ore is also dug there. After the Celtic 
 period this dist. was held by the Scandinavians, as the place- 
 names prove ; under Henry I. and Henry II. many Flemings 
 settled here. The antiquities are St. David's cathedral and 
 several castles of the Middle Ages. Area 395,151 ac, P. 89,133 
 (pari. CO. exclusive of pari. bors. 379,092 ac, P. 54,264; pari, 
 bors. Pembroke, and Haverfordwest dist. , 16,059 ^^•< P- 34.869). 
 The administrative co. excludes the part of Cardigan urban 
 sanitary dist. in the administrative co. of Cardigan, area 392,710 
 ac, P. 88,296. See Wales, table. 
 
 Penibrokestown, electoral div.. Ire., co. Waterford, dist. 
 Kilmeadan. 
 
 Pembnang, riv. , Dutch Borneo, flows S. into the Java Sea, 
 W. of Sampit Bay, by a large estuary, in about 112° 30' E, 
 Length more than 310 m. 
 
 Pembnry, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 3^ m. SE. by S. Tun- 
 bridge, 3 m. WSW. Paddock Wood Junction, PMT.O., and 
 PM.O. (Penjbnry Lower Green). P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Pemlgewasset, riv., U.S., New Hampshire, rises on Mount 
 Lincoln, Grafton co. , and flows S. , taking the name of the 
 Merrimack after its confluence with the Winnipiseogee. 
 Pemiscot, CO., U.S., Missouri, in the extreme SE. 
 Pen, Cymric, 'a head, promontory,' e.g., Pen-carreg, 'rocky 
 hill, or cape. ' 
 
 Pen, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Kolaba, 26 m. SE. Bom- 
 bay. P. 7500 ; Hindus, 6800. 
 Peila, Spanish, 'mountain chain.' 
 
 Pena Blanca, maritime vil., Chile, prov. Atacama, on the 
 W. ct. , 90 m. N. by W. Coquimbo, in about 28° 44' S.; whaling 
 stn. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pefta Blanca, vil., U.S., New Mexico, Bernalillo co., 23 m. 
 WSW. Santa F6. P. < 1500. 
 
 PenacoTa, tn. , Portugal, dist. and 8 m. ENE. Coimbra. 
 P. <:40oo. 
 
 Penaflel, tn. , Portugal, prov. Entre Douro e Minho (dist. 
 Braga), 17 m. E. by N. Oporto. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Peftaflel, tn. , Spain, prov. and 32 m. E. Valladolid, cap. 
 dist. P., on the 1. bk. of the Douro. P. (comm. )<5ooo. 
 
 Penaflor, tn., Chile, prov. and 21 m. SW. Santiago, for 
 whose inhabitants it is a favourite summer resort. P. <2ooo. 
 Peila Golosa, mt. , Spain, 53 m. N. Valencia. 
 Pefta Grande, mining centre, Costa Rica, 31 m. WNW. 
 San Jos6. 
 
 Pefta Labra, mt., Spain, Cantabrian Mts., 40 m. SW. 
 Santander. 
 
 Peftalara, Pico de, mt. , Spain. See Gnadarrama, Sierra 
 de. 
 
 Penallt, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, dist. and i^ m. E. 
 Monmouth, on the Wye. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Penally, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 2 m. SW. by W. 
 Tenby, on the Pembroke and Tenby Rly., PMT.O. P. <:75o. 
 Penamellera, comm., Spain, Asturias, prov. and 62 m. E. 
 Oviedo, dist. Llanes. P. 5300. 
 
 Penang, Pulo-Penang (=Areca-nut Island), or Prince 
 of Wales Island, off W. ct. of the Malay Penin., ceded 
 to Great Britain in 1785 by the Rajah of Kedah. It is 15 
 m. long by 5 m. broad, considerably less than the Isle of 
 Wight. The hilly dist. reaches a height of 2922 ft. at ' the 
 peak,' but nearly one-half is level and fertile. The high ground 
 is covered with forests of palms and other tropical plants, 
 and the flat lowlands show fields of rice and rich plantations of 
 cocoa-trees, bananas, and sugar-canes. After Singapore, it is 
 the most important of the 'Straits Settlements.' Products — 
 coco and areca nuts, sugar, coffee, rice, jjepper, cloves, nut- 
 megs, &c. Tin ore is dug at the base of the mountains. The 
 only town is George Town (or Penang), on E. ct. , with busy 
 port on the strait which divides the island from the mainland. 
 There is a dock 330 ft. by 50 ft., with 15 ft. on sill at high water 
 ordinary springs, and a pontoon 200 ft. by 80 ft. ; quayage, 5000 
 
PENA — PENG 
 
 ft. George Town has a town-hall, several hospitals (especially 
 one for lepers on a small island), and schools — P. 20,000 to 
 55,000. Mean temp. (2 yrs., 1885-86), yr. 82.5° F. , Jan. 82.6°, 
 July 82.6°; rfall. (1882), 126.5 in. P. (1871) 61,800; (1881) 
 90,950, of whom 45,100 Chinese, 21,800 Malays, and 15,700 
 Indians. 
 
 Pefia Palomera, mt., Spain, Aragon, 75 m. S. by W. Sara- 
 gossa. 
 
 Pefta Prleta, mt., Spain, Cantabrian Mts., 52 m. SW. by 
 W. Santander. 
 
 Peftaranda de Bracamonte, tn., Spain, prov. and 25 m. £. 
 by S. Salamanca, cap. dist. P. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Pen Argyl, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Northampton co. , 46 
 m. SE. by S. Scran ton. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Peiiartli, par. and seapt. tn. , Wales, Glamorganshire, S. 
 div. , on the E. ct. , 2| m. S. Cardiff, with stns. (P. and P. Dock) 
 on the Taff Vale Rly. ; seaside resort. The dock (2900 ft. by 
 370 ft.) covers an area of 23 ac, and gives 6125 ft. of quayage, 
 with 36 ft. depth over sill at ordinary springs, and 26 ft. at 
 ordinary neaps. The tidal harbour, nearly 2^ m. long by 200 
 yds. wide, gives 15,000 ft. of quayage, with 30 ft. depth at 
 ordinary springs, and 20 ft. at ordinary neaps. In the riv. Ely 
 there are 600 ft. of additional quayage, with 32 ft. depth at 
 ordinary springs, and 20 ft. at ordinary neaps. There are, more- 
 over, a patent slipway, 870 ft. long, and a gridiron, 384 ft. long. 
 Par. P. 9600; tn. P. 12,400; eccles. par. (P. with Lavernock) 
 P. 9700. 
 Peika Kubla, mt. , Spain, Cantabrian Mts. , 40 m. SW. Oviedo. 
 Peiias, Cape de, N. ct. of Spain, 12 m. NW. Gijon. 
 Peftas, Gulf of, S. America, on W. ct. of Patagonia, between 
 the penin. Taytao and Wellington I. In it are the Guaianeco 
 Is. ; lat. 47° 30' S. Length and breadth about 70 m. each. 
 Peuas de Earopa, mts. , Spain. See Cantabrian Mts. 
 Peua» de San Pedro, tn., Spain, Murcia, prov. and 21 m. S. 
 Albacete, dist. Chinchilla. P. (comm.)<:400o. 
 Peua Vleja, mts. , Spain. See Cantabrian Mountains. 
 Pen Beacon, mt. , Eng. , Devonshire, on S. border of Dart- 
 moor, 5 m. NW. Ivybridge. Alt. 1570 ft. 
 Pen-bo, tn. , France. See Palmboeuf. 
 Penboyr, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 11 m. 
 NNW. Carmarthen, 4 m. SW. by W. Landyssil stn. ; 6936 ac. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Penbrnsh Point, cape, Wales, on the W. ct. of Pembroke- 
 shire, in 52° i' N. 
 
 Penbryn, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, on the coast, 8 m. 
 NE. by E. Cardigan ; 8535 ac. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Penbnallt, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, on riv. Yrfon, dist. 
 and 8 m. SW. Builth ; 11,152 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Pen Cader, mt. , Wales, Brecknockshire, in the extreme E. , 
 12 m. E. Brecknock ; highest summit of the Black Mts. Alt. 
 2630 ft. 
 
 Pencader, stn., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 10^ m. 
 N. by E. Carmarthen, on the G. W. R., PM.O. 
 
 Pencaltland, par., Scot., Haddingtonshire, on Tyne R. , 
 which divides it into Easter and Wester P. , 5^ m. SW. by W. 
 Haddington, i^ m. ESE. Ormiston stn., PMT.O.; 5075 ac. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Pencarreg (Welsh, 'rocky hill'), par., Wales, Carmarthen- 
 shire, W. div., on the Teifi, 4 m. SW. by W. Lampeter, close 
 to Llanybyther stn. ; 10,177 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Pen Cemmaes, cape, Wales, the most northerly point of 
 Pembrokeshire. 
 
 Penclt, riv. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , rises on the Motfer 
 plateau in Chhindwara dist. , flows SE. then S. and NE. to the 
 hills dividing dists. Seoni and Chhindwdrd, then S. to the 
 Kanhdn R. Length, 120 m. 
 
 Penchalakonda, peak, Brit. India, Madras, in Veligonda 
 Hills, the highest point in the E. Ghdts, in dist. Nellore ; has 
 an ancient pagoda resorted to by pilgrims. Alt. 3000 ft. 
 
 Penclavi'dd, vil. , Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., 7 J 
 m. W. by N. Swansea, on the L. & NW. R.; has coal. 
 PMT.O. See Llanrhldlan. 
 
 Penco, seapt., Chile, on the Bay of Concepcion, one of the 
 ports of that town. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pencoed, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 14J m. W. 
 by N. Cardiff, on the G. W. R.. PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Pencombe, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, div. and 8 m. SE. by E. 
 Leominster, 4 m. WSW. Bromyard stn. , P.O. ; 4080 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 Pencoyd, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 6 m. WNW. 
 Ross. P. <25o. See Marstow. 
 
 Pencoyd, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery co., on 
 Schuylkill R., 16 m. SE. Norristown ; has extensive iron-works. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 Pencoys, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cornwall, Wendron par. P. <:75o. 
 Pencralg, P.O., Eng., Herefordshire, 3I m. SW. Ross. 
 Pend d'OreUIe, lake, U.S. See Pend Oreille. 
 Pendeen, eccles. par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Just par., 7 m. 
 NW. Penzance ; the village is on the coast ; has coastguard stn. 
 Birthplace of Borlase, the Cornish historian, 1696. PM.O. 
 P. <25oo. 
 
 Pendennls Point (Welsh, ' the fort on the headland '), 
 cape, Eng., on the S. ct. of Cornwall, at the W. of the 
 entrance to Falmouth Harbour. P. Castle is famous for its 
 siege by the Parliamentary troops, 1646. 
 
 Pender, co. , U.S., N. Carolina, in the SE., on the Atlantic, 
 crossed by 34!° N. 
 
 Penderry, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, partly in co. bor. 
 of Swansea ; 5713 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Penderyn, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 6^ m. W. by N. 
 Merthyr Tydfil, 2 m. NNW. Hirwain stn., P.O.; 13,366 ac. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pendlk, maritime vil., Asia Minor, on the E. shore of the 
 Sea of Marmora, 16 m. SE. Constantinople. 
 
 Pendlne, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., ^ m. from 
 the coast, 8 m. NE. Tenby, PMT. O. P. <25o. See Llanda-wke. 
 
 Pendlebnry, par., Eng., Lancashire, Eccles div., 3^ m. 
 NW. by W. Manchester, close to Brindle Heath stn., on the 
 L. & Y. R. ; has coal. PMT.O. P. 6400. See Swlnton. 
 
 Pendle Hill, mt. ridge, Eng., in the NE. of Lancashire, 
 4J m. E. Clitheroe. Alt. 1831 ft. 
 
 Pendleton, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 2 m. SE. 
 Clitheroe, P.O. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (P. In H'halley) P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Pendleton, par., Eng., Lancashire, included in the pari, 
 bor. of Salford, W. div., 3 m. W. Manchester, on L. & Y. R.; 
 has coal. P. 50,500. 
 
 Pendleton, vil. , U.S., Indiana, Madison co., 26 m. NE. by 
 E. Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pendleton, co. , U.S., Kentucky, S. of 39° N. , W. of 84° 
 W. , bounded on the NE. by the Ohio. 
 
 Pendleton, tn. , U.S., Oregon, cap. Umatilla co. , on riv. 
 and 35 m. SE. Umatilla. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Pendleton, vil., U.S., S. Carolina, Anderson co., 31 m. SE, 
 by S. of the NE. corner of Georgia. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pendleton, co., U.S., W. Virginia, on the SE. frontier, W. 
 of 79° W. , and S. of 39° N. 
 
 Pendock, par. , Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., 5^ m. 
 W. by N. Tewkesbury. P. < 250. 
 
 Pendonier, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 4 m. SW. by S. 
 Yeovil, 2 m. WSW. Sutton Bingham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Pend OrelUe, or Pend d'Orellle, lake, U.S., Idaho, in 48° 
 N., 116° W. , receives the Clarke fork of Columbia R. Length, 
 35 m. ; width, 6-10 m. 
 
 Pendoylan, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 8^ m. W. 
 Cardiff, i m. W. by N. Peterston stn., P.O. P. <5oo. " 
 
 Pendragon Castle, ruined fortress, Eng., in SE. of co. 
 Westmorland, on the Eden. 
 
 Pendulam Islands, small group on the E. ct. of Greenland 
 (King William Land), in 74^° N. So called because the 
 physicist Sabine (afterwards Sir Edward Sabine), celebrated on 
 account of his pendulum observations to determine the figure of 
 the earth, erected his observatory on the largest of them, Sabine 
 I., in Aug. 1823. 
 
 Penedo (Portuguese, 'a rock"), tn. , Brazil, state of Alagoas, 
 200 m. SW. of Pernambuco, on a rocky eminence on the 1. bk. 
 of the Sao Francisco, 30 m. from its mouth, at the head of ocean 
 navigation ; export trade in cotton, hides, rice, &c. Founded 
 in 1620. Traces of a fort erected by the Dutch after their cap- 
 ture of the town (some time before 1690). P. 5000. 
 
 Penegoes, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 11 m. S. by E. 
 Dolgelly, 1 1 m. E. Machynlleth stn., P.O.; 13,057 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Peneios, or Salamvrla, riv., Greece, Thessaly, rises in the 
 NW. corner of Greece, flows E., making a curve S. past Larissa, 
 through the celebrated Vale of Tempe, and enters the Gulf of 
 Salonica 20 m. SE. Mount Olympos. Length of course, 125 
 m.; area of basin, 4400 sq. m. 
 
 Peneios, small stream, Greece, in NW. of the Morea, enter- 
 ing the sea opposite Zante. 
 
 Penella,tn. , Portugal, dist. and 12 m. S. Coimbra. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Penetangulshene, vil. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, 
 Simcoe co. , on an inlet of Georgian Bay, and a railway, 23 m. 
 NE. by N. Collingwood. P. <3ooo. 
 
 PenflTord. P.O., Wales, 7 m. from Narberth, Pembrokeshire. 
 
 Penfret, islet, France. See Glenans Island. 
 
 Pengam, stn., Eng., on the W. bor. of Monmouthshire, W. 
 div. , on the Rumney, 8 m. W. by S. Pontypool, on the L. & 
 NW. and Brecon and Merthyr Rlys. ; coal mined near. PM.O. 
 
 Peugangii, riv. , Brit. India, Berar, rising in W. of Bulddna 
 dist. , flows E. then N. into the Wardhd at Jagdd. Chief trib. 
 Ar4n. Length, 200 m. 
 
 Pengaron, vil. , Dutch Borneo, on the Riam-kiwa (principal 
 headwater of the Martapura), 50 m. E. by N. Banjermasin ; 
 coalfield near, worked by the govt, since 1848. 
 
 Pengarth, settlement, Canada, Assiniboia, to the E. of Long 
 Mountain Lake, 40 m. NW. by N. Regina. 
 
 Peng-chon, tn., China, Siichwan, no m. N. Chungking. 
 
 Peuge, par., Eng., co. of London, in the Dulwich dist. of 
 Camberwell bor. , 7 m. S. by E. St. Paul's, London, with stns. 
 on the L. B. & S. C. R. and the L. C. & D. R. P. 20,400. 
 
 Peng-hu, isls. , W. Pacific. See Pescadores. 
 
 1183 
 
P E N G — P E xNT N 
 
 Peugaln, seapt. tn., Tasmania, Devon co. , on the N. ct. , 
 60 m. WNW. Launceston, 8 m. ESE. Emu Bay, in 146° 6' E. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Penguin Islands, group of small isls., Newfoundland, off 
 the S. ct. , just to the W. of 57° W. 
 
 Pengyang, tn. , Korea. See Pliyongyang. 
 
 Penbale Point, cape, Eng., on the NW. ct. of Cornwall, in 
 50° 23J' N. 
 
 . Penhellg, mt. ridge, Wales, Carnarvonshire, connecting 
 Carnedd Llewelyn with Penllithrig. Alt. 2850 ft. 
 
 Penheolgerrlg, PM.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. from 
 Merthyr Tydfil. 
 
 Penliold, stn. , Canada, Alberta, on the Calgary and Edmon- 
 ton Rly. , 76 m. N. by E. Calgary. 
 
 , Penliow, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div. , 7^ m. ENE. 
 Newport, 2| m. N. Magor stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Penlinrst, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., g^ m. NW. by W. 
 Hastings, 4J m. WNW. Battle stn. P. <2So. See Ash- 
 bnrnliani. 
 
 Penlce, Monte, mt. , Italy, Lombardy, in the Apennines, 35 
 m. ESE. Alessandria. 
 
 . Penlcbe, maritime tn. , Portugal, prov. Estremadura, dist. 
 Leiria, 37 m. WNW. Santarem, immediately to the E. of Cape 
 Carvoeiro (g-v.); manufactures the best lace in Portugal. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Penlcnlk (pSn-I-kuk'), par. andtn. , Scot., Midlothian, on the 
 North Esk, 7^ m. SW. by W. Dalkeith, on N. B. R.; has coal, 
 and extensive paper-mills. Mean rfall. (N. Esk Reservoir in 
 Peeblesshire, alt. 1150 ft., 1866-80), 38 in. Par. 18,880 ac. , P. 
 <50oo; tn. (partly in Lasswade par.) P. <4000. 
 
 Peniel Chapel, P.O., Wales, in co. and 3 m. from Denbigh. 
 
 Penlel Heugb, hill (520 ft. high), Scot., Roxburghshire, 8 m. 
 SE. by E. Melrose, surmounted by a column in commemoration 
 of the battle of Waterloo. 
 
 Penlg, tn. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Leipzig, dist. Rochlitz, 
 on riv. Mulde, 11 m. NW. Chemnitz. P. 6600. 
 
 Peninsula, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 811 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 , Peninsula, co., New Zealand, South L, crossed by 45° 50' 
 S. , 170° 40' E. 
 
 Penlsarwaen, vil. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, 4 m. S. Bangor, 
 P.O. 
 
 Peulscola, fort and tn., E. ct. of Spain, prov. Castell6n de la 
 Plana, dist. Vinaroz, 34 m. SSW. Tortosa. P. (comm. )<3ooo. 
 
 Penlstone, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Holm- 
 firth div., on the Don, 6J m. W. by S. Barnsley, on the M. S. 
 & L. R. ; has extensive coal-mines and steel manufactures. 
 Alt. 650 ft. PMT.O. Market-day, Th. Mean rfall. (1866-80, 
 Carlcotes, alt. 1075 ft.), yr. 56.8 in. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Penjab, India. See Punjab. 
 
 Penjakent, or Penjkent, dist. tn. and fort, Russian Tur- 
 kistan, prov. and 40 m. E. Samarkand, onl. bk. Zerafshan. Alt. 
 3890 ft. P. 5900. 
 
 Penjamo, tn. , Mexico, state of and 50 m. SW. Guanajuato, 
 on the Queretaro-Guadalajara Rly. P. 7600. 
 
 Penjdeb, or Panjdeb, Old and Nc'w, two Sarik Turkoman 
 vils., Russian Transcaspian Terr., on 1. bk. Murghab, about 90 
 m. SE. Sarakhs (NE. corner of Persia). 
 
 Penk, small riv., Eng., Staffordshire, in the S. , flows N. past 
 Penkridge to the Sow (r. bk.). 
 
 Penketb, par., Eng., Lancashire, Newton div., 3 m. W. 
 Warrington, with a stn. (Fiddler's Ferry and P.) on the 
 L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P.<20oo. 
 
 Penkbull, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Stoke-upon- 
 Trent. P. < 4000. 
 
 Penkllan Head, cape, Wales, the most southerly point of 
 the mainland of Carnarvonshire. 
 
 Penklll Burn, small riv., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, in the 
 W. ; it rises at the foot of Lamachan Hill, and flows S. then SW. 
 to the riv. Cree, which it joins on the 1. bk. ^ m. above Newton 
 Stewart. 
 
 Peuklnna Head, promontory, Eng. , NW. Cornwall, 9 m. 
 NE. Camelford; formed of slate, 400 ft. high. 
 
 Penkridge, the supposed Roman Pennocrucium, par. and 
 agricultural tn., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., on riv. Penk, 6m. 
 S. Stafford, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. Market-day, S. 
 10,783 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Penlee Point, cape, Eng., on the S. ct. of Cornwall, at the 
 W. of the entrance to Plymouth Sound. 
 
 Penley, par. , Wales, in a detached part of Flint, 8 m. SE. 
 by S. Wrexham, 3 m. N. by E. EUesmere stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Penlleeb, par. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div. , i m. from 
 the W. ct. , 22 m. W. by S. Portmadoc. P. <soo. 
 
 Penllergare, P.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, 5 m. E. Loug- 
 hor stn. 
 
 Penlllne, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 13 m. W. 
 Cardiff, 2 m. WNW. Cowbridge stn., P.O. (Penllyne). P. < 
 500. See Llanft-ynacb wltb Penlllne. 
 
 Penllithrig, mt. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, 3 m. N, Capel 
 Curig. Alt. 2623 ft. 
 1184 
 
 Penmachno, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., 16 m. 
 ENE. Portmadoc; has slate quarry. PMT.O. 13,291 ac. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Penniaen, eccles. par., Eng., Monmouthshire, Mynyddys- 
 Iwyn par. , 12 m. NW. Newport. P. <;45oo. 
 
 Penmaeu, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., 9 m. 
 WSW. . Swansea, 4I m. S. Llanmorlais stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Penmaenmaivr {Penmaenan, 'the great stone head'), tn. 
 and watering-place, Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div. , on the 
 L. & NW. R. , 4 m. W. by S. Conway ; affords excellent sea- 
 bathing. On the summit of Penmaenmawr Mt. (alt. 1553 ft.) 
 are the ruins of Dinas Penmaen, or Braich-y-Dinas, a large 
 ancient British fort. PMT.O. P. <3ooo. See Dwygyfylcbl. 
 
 Penmaenpool, stn., Wales, Merionethshire, on the Cam- 
 brian Rly. , 2 m. W. Dolgelly. 
 
 Penmarch (' horse's head'), vil., France, dep. Finistere, arr. 
 and 17 m. SSW. Quimper, with extensive ruins of a fish- 
 ing-town which flourished in the 15th and i6th centuries. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Penmarch, Polnte de, cape, France, Brittany, on the SW. 
 of the dep. Finistere, in 47° 47^' N. 
 
 Penniark, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 9^ m. SW. 
 by W. Cardiff, 2\ m. WNW. Barry stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Pennion, ct. par., Wales, Anglesey, partly in bor. of Beau- 
 maris ; has ruins of P. Priory, said to have been founded in the 
 6th century. P. <25o. See Llanfaes. 
 
 Penmorfa with Dolbeumaeu, eccles. par., Wales, Car- 
 narvonshire, Eifion div., ij m. NW. Portmadoc. P. < 1500. 
 
 Penmynydd, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 4^ m. WNW. Bangor, 
 2 m. N. Llanfair stn. , P.O. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Pen-niyo, vil. Upper Burma, 50 m. SE. Pagan. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Penn, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div., lo^ m. 
 NNW. Windsor, 2| m. E. High Wycombe stn., PMT.O. P. 
 <i5oo. P. street, eccles. par., 2 m. NNE., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Penn, lower and Tpper, two adjoining pars., Eng., Staf- 
 fordshire, Upper P., Kingswinford div., 2 m. SW. by S. Wol- 
 verhampton ; has manufactures of hardware. P.O. (Penn). 
 Lower Penn, P. <5oo; Upper Penn, P. <3ooo; eccles. par. 
 (P. Fields) P. < 2000. 
 
 Peuna, Punta della, cape, Italy, on E. ct., in 42° n' N. 
 
 PennabllU, tn. , Italy, The Marches, prov. Pesaro, 22 m. 
 SW. Rimini. P. (comm. )<:300o. 
 
 Penual, par., Wales, Merionethshire, on the N. bank of the 
 Dovey, ii| m. S. by W. Dolgelly, 3 m. W. by S. Machynlleth 
 stn., PM.O.; 8814 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Pennan, fishing vil., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on the N. ct., 
 on P. Bay, 10 m. E. Banff, 9 m. E. Macduff stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Pennan Head, cape, on the coast, close to Pennan. 
 
 Pennant (' the head of the valley'), P.O., Wales, Cardigan- 
 shire, on the Arth, 2 m. from the W. ct. , 10^ m. NNW. 
 Lampeter. 
 
 Pennant, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 15J m. SW. Llan- 
 gollen. P. <;50o ; eccles. par. (P. with Penybont) P. <75o. 
 
 Pennant Point, cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the SE. ct. , 
 in 44° 25' N. 
 
 Pennard, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., 7 m. 
 WSW. Swansea, 3 m. SW. Killay stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Pennard, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Somerset. East P. , E. div. , 6 m. E. by S. Glastonbury, P. O. , 
 P. <75o ; West P., on M. and L. & SW. Rlys., P.O., P. < 1000. 
 
 Penne, tn. , France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, arr. Villeneuve-sur- 
 Lot, on the Lot, 17 m. NE. Agen, 7 m. E. by S. Villeneuve 
 d'Agen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Penne, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Teramo, 19 m. W. 
 by N. Chieti. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pennegent, mt. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Pen-y-gent. 
 
 Pennenden Heath, common, Eng., Kent, 2 m. NE. 
 Maidstone ; used both formerly and now for g^eat gatherings ; 
 has a county-hall. 
 
 Penner, or Pln^klnl, North, riv., S. India, flows N. 
 through Mysore and Madras, turns E., falling into the sea 19 m. 
 below Nellore by several mouths ; useless for navigation, largely 
 utilised for irrigation in Kolar dist. Chief tribs. Papaghni and 
 ChitrAvati. Length, 355 m. ; area of basin, 20,000 sq. m. 
 
 Penner, or Pln&klnl, South, riv., S. India, flows S. 
 through Mysore, then E. , crossing Madras, into the Bay of 
 Bengal near Fort St. David ; about 85 per cent, of total supply 
 utilised for irrigation in Bangalore. Length, 245 m. ; area of 
 basin, 6200 sq. m. 
 
 Pennfleld, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, Charlotte 
 CO. , on the Bay of Fundy, 40 m. WSW. St. John. 
 
 Penn Fields, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire. See Penn, 
 Lower and Upper. 
 
 Penn Haven, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Carbon 
 CO., on the Lehigh, 33 m. S. by W. Scranton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pennine Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 1. 
 
 Pennine Chain. See England, Surface. 
 
 Pennlnghame, par., Scot., Wigtownshire, on riv. Cree, 
 contains police burgh of Newton Stewart ; 33,448 ac. P. <400o. 
 
 Pennington, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest 
 
PENN — PENS 
 
 div. , 12^ m. SW. Southampton, 2 m. WNW. Lymington, 
 PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Peiinlugtoii, par., Eng. , Lancashire, Leigh div., 6 m. SE. 
 Wigan, on the L. & NW. R. P. 8300. 
 
 Pennington, par. , Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 7m. 
 NE. by N. Barrow, 2 m. W. by S. Ulverston stn. , P.O. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Pennington, vil. , U.S., New Jersey, Mercer co. , 8 m. N. by 
 W.Trenton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pennington, co. , U.S., S. Dakota, on the W. frontier, 
 crossed in the middle by 44° N. , bounded on the E. by the S. 
 Fork of the Cheyenne R. 
 
 Pennington River, one of the mouths of the Niger, entering 
 the Gulf of Guinea in about 4° 44' N. , 5° 33' E. 
 
 Pennocrucium, Eng. , Staffordshire. See Penkrldge. 
 
 Penns, stn. , Eng. , Warwickshire, on the M. R. , 2^ m. SE. 
 Sutton Coldfield. 
 
 Pennsboro, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Ritchie co. , 70 m. 
 NNE. Charleston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pennsburg, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery co. , 30 
 m. NW. Norristown. P. < 1500. 
 
 Penn's Grove, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Salem co. , on the 
 Delaware, 20 m. SW. by W. Philadelphia (Penn. ). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pennsylvania, one of the U.S., bounded W. by Ohio, N. 
 and NE. by New York, E. by New Jersey, S. by Delaware and 
 Maryland, SW. byW. Virginia; one-tenth smaller than England; 
 would be rectangular, but that the Delaware R. forms an irregu- 
 lar E. boundary, and in the NW. a small area of New York 
 has been added, giving the state 45 m. of coast on Lake Erie. 
 The only one of the original thirteen states without sea-coast. 
 Twelve cities exceed 25,000, largest Philadelphia (1,047,000) ; 
 cap. Harrisburg (39,400). The surface is very varied. The 
 SE. is comparatively level and low-lying, and well suited for 
 agriculture, in which one-fifth of the population are engaged. 
 The state ranks first in rye, partly owing to its large population 
 of German origin, second to New York alone in hay, buckwheat, 
 potatoes, and orchard products, and fourth in tobacco. Pro- 
 ceeding NW. we cross a series of parallel ridges 1500 to 2500 
 ft. high, forming part of the Appalachian Chain, with finally a 
 gentle slope to the Ohio Valley. This valley and the SE. suffer 
 from hot summers ; in the central and northern uplands the 
 winters are long and cold, with occasional summer frosts ; the 
 Susquehanna Valley, to the S. , has a more equable climate 
 [Erie, Plilla<lelplila, Pittsburg]. The proportion of deaths 
 under both i and 5 years is the lowest in any state, while the 
 death-rates from respiratory and nervous diseases are rather high. 
 Second to New York alone in wealth, manufactures, and popu- 
 lation, P. owes its position to its extraordinary mineral wealth. 
 The carboniferous rocks, covering large areas, yield the larger 
 half of the coal and most of the petroleum of the Union. Coal 
 is mined almost everywhere but the SE. Nearly three-fourths 
 of the product is anthracite, this from the E. central districts ; 
 the W. and N. yield bituminous coal, centering in the SW. Iron 
 ores are mined in nearly every part of the state, and P. ranked 
 first in 1880, but the rapid development of the Michigan, Minne- 
 sota, and Alabama mines has since placed it third. P. manufac- 
 tures half the iron and three-fifths of the steel of the U.S. The 
 other chief products in order are flour, foundry and machine 
 products, woollen goods, tanned leather, refined sugar and 
 molasses, men's clothing, lumber, and cotton goods. P. ranks 
 first in tanned leather, glass, bricks, tiles, and slate. [W. 8.] 
 
 Pennvlire, vil., U.S., Indiana, Jay co., 12 m. W. Bryant. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Penn Yan, vil., U.S., New York, Yates co., at the NE. end 
 of Lake Keuka, 45 m. SE. by S. Rochester, centrally situated 
 in the lake regions of W. New York ; has brisk trade. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pennycross, par., Eng., Devonshire, Plympton St. Mary 
 dist., 2 m. NW. Plymouth. P. < 1000. 
 
 Peunygliael, PMT.O. , Scot., Argyllshire, on the S. shore 
 of Loch Scridain, in the SW. of Mull I., 18 m. S. Tobermory. 
 
 Peunynioor, P.O., Eng., Devonshire, 6 m. W. Tiverton. 
 
 Pennys, stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. P. R., 
 about 121° 20' W. , 1263 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 219 m. from 
 Vancouver. 
 
 Penob'scot, riv. , U.S., Maine, rises in the W. of the state, 
 flows E. into Chesuncook Lake, SE. through Chesuncook and 
 Twin Lakes, and finally S. into the Atlantic through P. Bay, 
 which is 30 m. in length and breadth at its entrance, where 
 are several islands, amongst which is Penobscot I. It contains 
 many good harbours. Large vessels can ascend to Bangor 
 (55 m. ), and small steamers many miles higher. Higher up 
 numerous falls afford a considerable amount of water-power ; 
 it is an important salmon stream. The E. Branch of the P. 
 issues from several small lakes to the E. of Chamberlain Lake, 
 and joins the main stream in 45° 36' N. 
 
 Penobscot, co. , U.S., Maine, crossed by 45° and 46° N., 
 and 68° and 69° W. , traversed by the Penobscot R. 
 
 Penobscot, tn., U.S., Maine, Hancock co. , 25 m. S. by E. 
 Bangor, on a branch of the estuary of the Penobscot R. ; has 
 excellent granite, widely used for building. P. <isoo. 
 1185 
 
 Penobscots, tribe of Algonquin Indians, U.S., Maine, residing 
 chiefly on Indian I. The Passaniaquoddies, an allied tribe, 
 reside on the W. shore of Passamaquoddy Bay. P. of each 
 tribe about 500. 
 
 Penobsquls, post-vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, King's co. , 
 on the riv. Kennebecasis, 48 m. NE. St. John. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Penokee Iron Range, a range of mts. , U.S., Wisconsin, in 
 Ashland co. , stretching E. and W. , in about 46° 20' N. , between 
 90° and 91° W. , with large deposits of red hematite. 
 
 Penola, tp. , South Australia, Grey co. , 205 m. SE. by S. 
 Adelaide, on the railway to Mount Gambier. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Penonipeiili, Cambodia. See Pnompenh. 
 
 Peilou de Velez, or Peikon de lelez de la Goniera, the 
 Arab Mersa el Mzetn?na, military post and Spanish presidio, 
 on the Mediterranean coast of Morocco, 78 m. ESE. Ceuta, on 
 a rocky islet separated from the coast by a narrow and shallow 
 channel. Held continuously by Spain since 1554. 
 
 Penonoine, tn., Colombia, Panama, 65 m. SW. by W. 
 Panama. 
 
 Penpellenny, P.O., Eng., 4 m. from Llanvihangel Gobion, 
 Monmouthshire. 
 
 Penpergwni, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., on the 
 G. W. R., 3 m. SE. by S. Abergavenny. 
 
 Penponds, eccles. par., Eng., Cornwall, par. and 4 m. 
 SW. Camborne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Penpont, par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, on the Scar Water, 
 10 m. SSE. Sanquhar, 3 m. WSW. Thornhill stn., PMT.O. ; 
 21,961 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Penpont ('the head of the bridge'), par., Wales, Brecknock- 
 shire, dist. and 4 m. W. Brecknock. P. <25o. 
 
 Penrhlwcelber, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, on the Aber- 
 dare branch of the Taff Vale Rly., 6 m. S. Merthyr Tydfil, 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Penrlilwllan, PM.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, 4 m. N. New- 
 castle in Emlyn. 
 
 Penrlios, P.O., Eng., Monmouthshire. See Penrose. 
 
 Penrhos, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., i m. 
 from the SE. ct., 15 m. W. by S. Portmadoc, 3^ m. WSW. 
 Pwllheli stn. P. <250. See Llannor. 
 
 Penrhos, eccles. par. , Wales, Montgomeryshire, Guilsfield, 
 Llandrinio, Llansaintffraid, and Meifod pars. P. <iooo. 
 
 Penrhosgarnedd, part of eccles. par., Wales, Carnarvon- 
 shire, P.O. See tilanadda. 
 
 Penrhoslllg'wy, par., Wales, Anglesey, 5 m. SE. by S. 
 Amlwch. P. <5oo. 
 
 Penrhyn, isl. , Pacific. See Tongarevra. 
 
 Penrhyn €och, vil. , Wales, Cardiganshire, 4 m. NE. Aberyst- 
 with ; lead and zinc mined. P.O. 
 
 Penrhyn Dendraetii (from Penrhyn, 'the head of the pro- 
 montory'), eccles. par., Wales, Merionethshire, 5 m. NNE. 
 Harlech, on the Cambrian Rly., with another stn. (Penrhyn) 
 on the Festiniog Rly., PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Penrhynslde, PT.O., Wales, Carnarvonshire, near Llan- 
 dudno. 
 
 Penrhyn Slate Quarries, the largest in Wales, at Bethesda^ 
 Carnarvonshire. 
 
 Penrlce, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., i m. 
 W. Oxwich Bay, 11 m. WSW. Swansea. P. <25o. 
 
 Penrith (ancient Pen-rudd, 'the head of the red hill'), par. 
 and market-tn. , Eng., Cumberland, in S. of P. div., 16 m. E. 
 by N. Keswick, on the L. & NW. R. ; has a grammar- 
 school, founded 1340 ; centre of a large agricultural trade. In 
 the neighbourhood are several interesting antiquities. Market- 
 day, Tu. 7587 ac. P. 90CO ; pari. div. P. 45,600. 
 
 Penrith, mun. tp. , New South Wales, Cumberland co., 
 30 m. WNW. Sydney. A fine iron tubular railway bridge 
 here spans the river ; the viaduct over Knapsack Gully, a few 
 miles distant, is the largest in New South Wales, length 388 ft. 
 P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Penrose, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 6 m. W. 
 Monmouth, 3 m. N. Raglan stn., P.O. (Penrhos). P. <5oo. 
 
 Penrose, vil. and stn.. New Zealand, North I., Eden co. , 
 in 36° 52' S., 175° 8' E. The Auckland Stud Company's farm, 
 Sylvia Park, is near here. P. < 1500. 
 
 Penrnddock, vil., Eng., Cumberland, div. and 5^ m. W. 
 by S. Penrith, on the L. & NW. R., PM.O. 
 
 Penrydd, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, Newcastle in Emlyn 
 dist. P. <25o. 
 
 Penryn, pari, and (since James I.) mun. bor. , seapt. , and 
 market-tn., Eng., Cornwall, almost adjoining Falmouth on 
 NW. , at the head of Falmouth Harbour, in the diocese of Truro, 
 with stn. 2 m. NW. Falmouth on G. W. R. ; trade in shipping 
 granite and landing coal, timber, &c. ; paper, leather, and gun- 
 powder manufactured. There are five fairs. Market-day, S. 
 Mun. bor. P. (i89i)<35oo; pari. bor. P. (P. and Falmouth)- 
 17,500. See St. Ciluvlas. 
 
 Pensaco'la, city, U.S., Florida, Escambia co. , on P. Bay, 
 177 m. W. Tallahassee. P. is one of the chief lumber-ports of the 
 United States, pitch-pine forming more than five-sixths of the 
 value of the exports (total annual value ^600,000 to ;^i,ooo,ooo).. 
 
 4F 
 
PENS — PEN W 
 
 Climate usually healthy, but has occasional visitations of yellow 
 fever. Founded by the French in 1696. Rfall. (5 yrs. ), 68.56in. 
 P. (1880) 6800; (1890) 11,800. 
 
 Pensacola Bay, inlet , Gulf of Mexico, in 30° 20' N, , 87° 17' W. , 
 divided into three basins, Escambia, Yellow-water, and Black- 
 water Bays, receiving the rivers of same names. The bay is 
 sheltered by Santa Rosa I., and connected on the E. with 
 Chactawhatchee Bay by Santa Rosa Sound, navigjable for 50 m. 
 On P. Bay, 7 m. below P. City, is the site of a U.S. navy yard, 
 formerly very important, but partly destroyed during the Civil 
 War, 1861-64. The entrance is defended by Forts Pickens, 
 McRee, and Barrancas ; near the last-named are the lighthouse, 
 extensive barracks, and the naval hospital. About i m. wide at 
 entrance, where the bar has 21 ft. at low water, 24 ft. at high 
 water ; it expands within into a capacious harbour, entirely 
 landlocked, of about 200 sq. m. Length, 25 m. ; breadth, 
 15 m. ; and affording good anchorage for 10 m. Length of 
 quayage 600 ft., with 21 ft. depth at high water, and 18 ft. at 
 low water ordinary springs. Here are also two floating sectional 
 docks, one 165 ft. long, the other 36 ft. 9 in. long each section, 
 and a marine railway, 190 ft. long. 
 
 Pensnru, vil. , Wales, Denbighshire, PMT.O. See Abergele. 
 Pensarn, stn. , Wales, Merionethshire. See Llanbedr. 
 Pensax, par., Eng. , Worcestershire, Bewdley div. , 8 J m. 
 SW. by W. Kidderminster, 4^ m. ESE. Neen Sollars stn. P. 
 <500 ; eccles. par. (P. -wlttk Menlth Wood) P. <75o. 
 
 Pensby, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral dist., 4 m. NW. 
 Neston. P. <25o. 
 
 Pense, rly. stn., Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R., 
 374 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Peuselwood, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 10 m. S. by W. 
 Frome, 3^ m. NE. Wincanton stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Pensford, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Somerset, N. div. , on 
 the Chew, 5J m. S. by E. Bristol, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. 
 Market-day, Tu. See Stanton Drew. 
 Penshaw, stn., Eng., Durham. See Patnsha'w. 
 Peusltnrst (pjenz'herst), par., Eng., Kent, at the confluence 
 of the Eden and the Tim (Medway), div. and 4 J m. WSW. 
 Tunbridge, 2 m. S. of its stn. on the SE. R. Pensbnrst Place 
 is the birthplace of Sir Philip Sidney, 1554, and Algernon Sidney. 
 PMT.O. 4568 ac. P.<2ooo. 
 
 Pensharst, tp. , Victoria, Villiers co., 50 m. NE. Portland, 
 at the base of Mount Rouse, an extinct volcano. P. <i5oo. 
 Pensllva, PM.O. , Eng., Cornwall, 5 m. from Liskeard. 
 Pensnett, eccles. par. and tn. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Kings- 
 winford par. , 2 m. SW. Dudley ; has coal, and manufactures of 
 glass and hardware. PMT.O. P. < 5000. 
 
 Peusthorpe, par., Eng., Norfolk, dist. Walsingham, on riv. 
 Wensimi, 2 m. SE. Fakenham. P. <:25o. 
 
 Penstrowed, par. , Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Severn, 
 3 m. W. Newtown, close to Scafell stn. P. <250. 
 
 Peutada de Norte, mt. , U.S., Colorado, Rio Grande co. , 145 
 m. E. by N. of SW. corner of state. Alt. 13,176 ft. (Hayden). 
 Pentakota, fishing vil., Brit. India, Madras, on the E. ct. , 
 dist. and 53 m. SW. by W. Vizagapatam. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pentari, tn., Turkey in Europe, on the Boyana, vilayet and 
 ir m. SW. Skutari. 
 
 Pentecost, riv., Canada, prov. Quebec, Sagfuenay co. , flows 
 S. and reaches the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 67° W. 
 
 Pentecost, or Whitsuntide Island, isl. , New Hebrides, in 
 168° 15' E. , crossed in the N. by 15° 30' S. 
 
 Pentecost, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania. See Forest City. 
 Pentedaktylon, mt. , Greece. See Greece, Surface. 
 Pentellkon, Mount, Greece, Attica, 10 m. NE. Athens ; 
 contains quarries of white marble, greatly renowned in antiquity, 
 which are still worked. At Plkerml, on the slope of this 
 mountain, important mammalian remains have been discovered. 
 Also called Mendell. Alt. 3640 ft. 
 
 Pentenlsla, group of islets in the Gulf of .^gina, Greece, 10 
 m. NW. ^gina. 
 
 Penterry, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , 4 m. N. by W. 
 Chepstow, ij m. W. Tintern stn. P. <:250. See St. Arvans. 
 Pentewan, seapt. vil. , Eng. , Cornwall, 4 m. S. St. Austell ; 
 has stone quarries. The entrance to the harbour is 40 ft. The 
 dock, which is available for vessels drawing 13 ft., but dry at low 
 water, has 860 ft. of wharfage, and a width at entrance of 26 ft. 
 Outside the dock there are 400 ft. of additional quayage. PMT. O. 
 Penthl^vre, former prov. of France, Brittany, now forming 
 the middle of dep. C6tes du Nord, cap. Guingamp. 
 
 Pentlre Point, cape, Eng. , on the N W. ct. of Cornwall, in 
 50° 35' N. 
 
 Pentlr with filaslnfryn, eccles. par., Wales, Carnarvon- 
 shire, Arfon div., 4 m. S. by W. Bangor, 2^ m. W, Bethesda 
 stn., P.O. (P.). P.<750- 
 
 Pentland (formerly Betts Creek), gold-mining tp., Queens- 
 land, Davenport co., 65 m. WSW. Charters Towers, in about 
 20° 40' S. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Pentland Firth, a sound, dividing the Scottish mainland 
 from the Orkney Is., and connecting the Atlantic Ocean and 
 the North Sea. Length, E. to W., 14 m. ; breadth, from 6 to 8 
 1186 
 
 m. Its navigation is the most dangerous of the Scottish seas ; 
 a current flows from W. to E. with a velocity of 6 to 10 m. an 
 hour, which at the change of tides is met by opposing currents, 
 causing dangerous eddies and whirlpools. The Pentland 
 Skerries comprise two islets and some contiguous rocks ; the 
 larger, about 4I m. N. Duncansbay Head, has a lighthouse, with 
 a higher and a lower light, visible respectively 19 and 18 ra. 
 P. 14. 
 
 Pentland Hills, a range in Scot. , extending for about 14 m. 
 NE. from the E. borders of Lanarkshire, through the NW. 
 corner of Peeblesshire, and the centre of Midlothian, to within 
 
 3 m. SW. Edinburgh. Highest summits, Scald Law (1898 ft.) 
 and Carnethy (1890 ft.), two adjacent peaks, 8-9 m. SSW. Edin- 
 burgh. They are composed chiefly of porphyry and greenstone ; 
 the sides and valleys are under cultivation, and the remainder 
 in pasture. From springs in these hills above Penicuik water 
 of superior quality is brought into Edinburgh. On the SE. side, 
 in 1666, Sir Thomas Dalzell defeated a force of Covenanters at 
 Rullion Green. 
 
 Pentland Rows, vil., Scot., Midlothian, Lasswade par. 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Pentland Skerries, Scot. See Pentland Firth. 
 
 Pentlow, par., Eng., Essex, Saffron Walden div., on the 
 Stour, 14^ m. N. by E. Braintree, close to Cavendish stn. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Pentney, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 8 m. SE. by E. 
 King's Lynn, i^ m. NW. by W. Nar borough stn., P.O. 
 P.<500. 
 
 Penton, stn., Eng., Cumberland, on the N. B. R. , 13^^ m. 
 N. by E. Carlisle. P.O. 
 
 Penton Grafton, par., Eng., Hampshire, dist. and 3 m. W. 
 Andover. P. < 500. 
 
 Penton Me-wsey, par., Eng., Hampshire, 14^ m. SW. New- 
 bury, div. and 2^ m. NW. by W. Andover, ij m. ENE. 
 Weyhill stn. , P. O. P. < 500. 
 
 PentonTllle, two eccles. pars., Eng., London, Clerkenwell 
 par. Total P. 19,800. 
 
 Pentraeth, par. , Wales, Anglesey, 5 m. W. by N. Beaumaris, 
 
 4 m. N. Llanfair stn. , PMT. O. P. < 1000 ; eccles. par. (P. with 
 Llanbedr Goch) P. <isoo. 
 
 Pentre, P.O., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 9 m. WNW. 
 Shrewsbury, 4I m. N. by E. Westbury stn. 
 
 Pentre, vil., Wales, co. and 4 m. SE. Denbigh, with stn. 
 (Moss and P.) on Wrexham, Mold, and Connah's Quay Rly. 
 
 Pentre, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, Rhondda div., 8 m. 
 SW. by S. Merthyr Tydfil, i m. N. Ystrad stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Peutrebach, P.O., Wales, 4 m. from Sennybridge (Breck- 
 nockshire). 
 
 Pentrebach, eccles. par., Wales, Glamorganshire, 1 m. and 
 included in the pari. bor. of Merthyr Tydfil, on the Taff Vale 
 Rly. (stn. for Abercanaid). P. 8500. 
 
 Pentre Itaglllt, vil. , Wales, Flintshire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Dee, 2 m. E. Holvwell, included in the pari. bor. of Holywell, 
 with a stn. (Baglllt) on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. (Baglllt). 
 
 Pentre Brnnant, vil. , Wales, Cardiganshire, in riv. Ystwith, 
 15 m. SE. Aberystwith, P.O. 
 
 Pentre Celyn, vil., Wales, on borders of Denbighshire and 
 Flintshire, 4 m. NE. Ruthin, P.O. 
 
 Pentredwft", P.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., 3 
 m. NE. Swansea, i m. SW. Llansamlet stn. 
 
 Pentrefelln, P.O., Wales, Brecknockshire, 8 m. W. by N. 
 Brecknock, i^ m. N. Devynock stn. 
 
 Pentrevoelas, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 15 m. 
 SW. Denbigh, 6 m. SE. by E. Bettws-y-Coed stn., PMT.O. 
 (Pentre Voelas) ; 10,747 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Pentrlch, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Ilkeston div., 7 m. SE. 
 Matlock, I m. W. Butterley stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Pentrldge, par., Eng., in the NE. of Dorsetshire, E. div., 
 10 m. SW. Sahsbury, 6 m. NW. Daggens Road stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Pentwater, vil., U.S., Michigan, Oceana co., on Lake 
 Michigan, 130 m. W. by N, Bay City ; its harbour affords good 
 anchorage. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pentyrch, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., 6^ m. NW, 
 by W. Cardiff, i| m. W. Radyr stn., PMT.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Peiluel, place named in O. T. See Jebel Osh'a. 
 
 Peiinela, tn. , Mexico, state of and 160 m. SE. by S. 
 Chihuahua, on the Mexican Central Rly. 
 
 Penukonda, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. AnantApur, 78 m. 
 N. Bangalore ; once an important fortress, now dilapidated. 
 P. 6400 ; Hindus, 4800. 
 
 Pennwch, P.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, 5^ m. WNW. 
 Tregaron. 
 
 Pen werrls, eccles. par., Eng., Cornwall, Budockpar., partly 
 in pari. bor. of Penryn and Falmouth. P. <i500. 
 
 Penwortham, par., Eng., Lancashire, Blackpool div., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Ribble, partly in co. bor. and i m. WSW. 
 Preston, with a junction stn. on the W. Lancashire Rly., P.O. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Penwortham, post-tp., S. Australia, Stanley co., 70 m. N- 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
P E N W 
 
 P E R A 
 
 Penivyllt, stn. , Wales, Brecknockshire, on the M. R. , 14 m. 
 SW. by W. Brecknock, P.O. 
 
 Penyboiit, part of eccles. par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on 
 the Tanat, 13^ m. W. by S. Oswestry, 4^ m. WNW. Llanfyllin 
 stn. See Pennant. 
 
 Penybout, vil. , Wales, Radnorshire, on riv. Ithon, 6^ m. 
 WNW. New Radnor, ih m. ESE. of its stn. on the L. & NW. 
 R.,PMT.O. 
 
 Penybontfawr, P.O., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 8 m. SW. 
 Llanfyllin. 
 
 Pen-y-bryn, hill, Wales, Carnarvonshire, 9 m. NE. by N. 
 Portmadoc, 5 m. W. Roman Bridge stn. 
 
 Pen-y-cader (or Ciader) Fawr, or Cradle Monnt, S. Wales, 
 the highest point of the Black Mt. , on the E. border of Breck- 
 nockshire. Alt. 2624 ft. 
 
 Pen-y-cae, eccles. par. , Wales, Denbighshire, par. and 2 m. 
 from Ruabon, PM.O. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Penyclialu, cape, Wales, on the S. ct. of Carnarvonshire, 9 
 m. W. by S. Portmadoc. 
 
 Pen-y-cll, cape, Wales, S. ct. of Carnarvonshire, on Bardsey 
 Sound. 
 
 Pen-y-Cla>vdd, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , 5 m. SW. 
 Monmouth,i^m. SW. Dingestowstn. P. <25o. SeeLlangoven. 
 Penycwm, P.O., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on St. Bride Bay, 
 8^ m. NW. by W. Haverfordwest. 
 
 Penydarren, eccles. par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Merthyr 
 Tydfil par. P. 5300. 
 
 PenylTordd, PM.O., Wales, Flintshire, 5 m. NW. Wrexham, 
 on Wre.xham, Mold, and Connah's Quay Rly. , Cheshire Lines 
 Rly., andM. S. & L. R. 
 
 Peuygaruedd, P.O., Wales, 5 m. SE. Llanfyllin, Mont- 
 gomeryshire. 
 
 Pen-y-gent, or Pcuulgant ('the windy hill'), mt. , Eng., 
 Yorkshire, W. Riding, E. of Ingleborough Mt. , 7 m. N. Settle. 
 Alt. 2273 ft. 
 
 Penygorllwyn, mt. , Wales, Brecknockshire, in the NW., 
 18 m. W. New Radnor. Alt. 2019 ft. 
 
 Pen-y-Cralg, P.O., Wales, Carnarvonshire, 13 m. SW. 
 Pwllheli. 
 
 Pen-y-Graig, coal-mining vil. , Wales, Glamorganshire, 3 m. 
 NW. Llantrisaint, PMT.O. 
 
 Penygroes (' the headland of the cross'), P.O., Wales, Car- 
 marthenshire, E. div., 10 m. NNE. Llanelly, 2^ m. W. Tiry- 
 dail stn. 
 
 Penygroes, vil., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 7 m. S. 
 Carnarvon, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Penyrlieol, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, NE. Llandaff, on 
 Rhymney R. 
 Penysarn, P.O., Wales, Anglesey, 2 m. SE. Amlwch. 
 Penza, govt, of E. Russia, has Nizhniy Novgorod on N., 
 Simbirsk on E. , Saratov and Tambov on S. and W. Undulat- 
 ing plateau, 600-900 ft. of alt. ; cut by deep ravines ; soil fertile, 
 black earth ; sandy in broad river valleys ; forests in N. ; 
 watered by Moksha (system of Oka), Sura (Volga), and Khoper 
 .(Don). Climate severe; average temp, at P. being, yr. 39.8°, 
 Jan. 12°, July 68°; yearly rfall. (13 yrs. ), 19.3 in. P. Great 
 Russians, Mordves (about 150,000), much Russified, Mesh- 
 ■cheryaks (about 40,00c), and about 60,000 Tatars. Cereals 
 grown and exported ; hemp-seed grown for oil. Considerable 
 variety of domestic industries, especially in woody dists. Active 
 navigation on rivers. Factory industries rising (flour-mills, 
 woollen factories, tanneries, glass, paper, and soap works). 
 Divided into ten dists. : Penza, Chembar, Gorodishche, Insar, 
 Kerensk, Krasnoslobodsk.Mokshan, Narovchat, Nizhniy Lomov, 
 .and Saransk. Area, 14,997 sq. m. P. (1881) 1,356,000 ; (1890) 
 1,596,500. 
 
 Penza, tn., Russia, cap. of above govt., 440 m. by rail 
 .SE. of Moscow, at confluence of Penza and navigable Sura ; 
 imperial botanical garden ; paper and steam flour-mills ; fairs, 
 especially in cattle. Mean rfall. (13 yrs.), jt. 19.3 in., May- 
 Dec. 14.4 in. P. (1891)49,100. 
 
 Penzance', mun. bor. (since James L), seapt. , market-tn. , 
 and health resort, Eng. , Cornwall, St. Ives div. , 65 m. WSW. 
 Launceston, and 9 m. from Land's End, in the diocese of Truro, 
 at the head of Mounts Bay, the terminal stn. of the G. W. R. 
 There is considerable trade in exporting tin and copper ore, 
 •china clay, and fish, P. being a centre of mackerel and 
 pilchard fisheries. Imports timber, iron, hemp, and tallow. 
 The Celtic name, meaning Holy Head, was due to a chapel 
 on a headland. [Camden says, 'head of the sand,' to which 
 Bishop Gibson adds, 'rather head of the saint.'] P. is noted 
 for its scenery and interesting surroundings, such as St. Michael's 
 Mount, Land's End, the Logan Stone, &c. The harbour has 
 .two piers, forming a basin of 22 ac. , with lighthouse ; quayage, 
 3300 ft. ; dock, 245 ft. long and 40 ft. broad at entrance ; wet 
 dock, 450 ft. by 370 ft. , with 1400 ft. quayage. There are four 
 fairs. Market-days, Tu., Th. , and S. Alt. 67 ft. Mean temp. 
 .<2o yrs., 1861-80), yr. 51.9° F. , Jan. 43.9°, July 61.9°. Mean 
 rfall. (1866-80), yr. 45.1 in. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 3400; (1851) 
 .9200; (1871) 10,400; (1891) 12,400. 
 
 Penz1)erg, vil., Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 circle Weilheim, 27 m. S. by W. Munich. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Penzliliia, bay, Russia, N. extremity of Sea of Okhotsk, be- 
 tween Kamchatka and Taigonos Penin. Length, 170 m. ; width, 
 13-53 "*• Rekinskaya and Mamechinskaya Bays on its E. ct. 
 Receives Penzhina R. , 200 m. long. 
 
 Penzlg, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and 7 m. NNE. 
 Gorlitz. P. < 5000. 
 
 PenzUn, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle Waren, 12 
 m. N. Neu-Strelitz. P. <:3000. 
 
 Peone, settlement, U.S., Washington, Spokane co., 6 m. N. 
 by E. Spokane Falls. 
 
 Peopleton, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., 6^m. 
 ESE. Worcester, 2 m. WNW. Pershore stn., P.O. P. <:50o. 
 
 Peor (Cliff of), place named in O. T. See 'Aim Mlnyeh. 
 
 Peoria, city, U.S., Illinois, cap. P. co. , on Illinois R. , 61 m. 
 N. Springfield, situated on rising ground at the junction of 
 eleven railways ; has extensive grain trade. The manufacture 
 of agricultural implements and glucose, and distilling are lead- 
 ing industries. P. (1850) 5100; (1870) 22,900; (1880) 29,300; 
 (1890)41,000. 
 
 Peoria, North, vil, U.S., Illinois, P. co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Peoria, South, vil., U.S., Illinois, P. co. P. < 2000. 
 
 Peotone, vil., U.S., Illinois, Will co. , 39 m. S. by W. 
 Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Peover, riv., Eng., Cheshire, flows NW. and joins the 
 Weaver at Northwich. Length, 17 m. 
 
 Peover (pi'ver) Inferior, Peover Nether, and Peover 
 Superior, three adjoining pars., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford 
 div., PT.O. (Little P.), the first 4m. E. Northwich, 2 m. ESE. 
 Plumbley stn. P. Inferior, P. <25o; P. Nether, P. <:25o; P. 
 Superior, P. <75o; eccles. par. (Lower P.) P. < 1500; eccles. 
 par. (P. Over, PT.O.) P. -=750. 
 
 Pepall, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Kamul, 58 m. E. by 
 N. Bellary. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pepe, Cape, W. Indies, isl. of Pines, in the SW. , in 83° 5' W. 
 
 Peper Harow, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 5^ m. SW. 
 Guildford, 2 m. W. Godalming stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Pepin, CO., U.S., Wisconsin, on the Mississippi, crossed 
 by 44i° N. 
 
 Pepin Lake, lake, U.S., extension of Mississippi R. , between 
 Wisconsin and Minnesota, i m. below the junction of St. Croix 
 R. Length, 24 m. ; width, 2-4 m. 
 
 Peplnster, comm., Belgium, prov. Liege, on the Vesdre, 
 arr. and 4 m. SW. Verviers. P. <3000. 
 
 Peplow, part of eccles. par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., on 
 the Tern, 12 m. NE. Shrewsbury, on the G. W. R., PM.O. 
 See Hodnett. 
 
 Peppardstown, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 
 3 m. NE. Fethard ; 4779 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Pepperell, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., ism. W. 
 by N. Lowell ; manufactures cutlery, jjaper, and shoes. P. <4000. 
 
 Pepper Gowt, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Parts of Holland 
 div., in Boston dist. P. <250. 
 
 Pepper Harro, par. , Eng. See Peper Harow. 
 
 Pequanilng, vil., U.S., Michigan, Baraga co., on Keweenaw 
 Bay (Lake Superior), 53 m. WNW. Marquette. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Peqnawket, mt. , U. S. See Kearsarge. 
 
 Peqnop, settlement, U.S., Nevada, Elko co., 60 m. SSW, of 
 the NE. corner of the state. 
 
 Pera (Greek, 'on the far side, opposite side'), suburb of 
 Constantinople, Turkey, on N. shore of the Golden Horn, the 
 European quarter inhabited by the aristocracy of Constantinople, 
 the English, German, French, Austrian, Russian, and Persian 
 ambassadors. 
 
 Pera, Caho de, cape, Spain, NE. extremity of Majorca I., in 
 39° 43' N. , 3° 27' E. 
 
 Peradenlya, vil., Ceylon, Central Prov., 3 m. SW. by S. 
 Kandy. Seat of the government botanic gardens. 
 
 Perak, a protected British state in the Malay Penin. , lying 
 S. of Siamese Kedah and prov. Wellesley, N. of Selangor, W. 
 of Pahang and three Siamese trib. states, and has the Strait of 
 Malacca on its W. P. is traversed by two chains of mountains 
 (7000 ft. and higher) ; is well watered, chiefly by the riv. Perak ; 
 produces tin (at Kinta and Larut), rice, maize, fruits (durian, 
 mangosteen, &c.), vegetables (sweet potatoes, yams, cassava, 
 &c.). In addition to tin there exist also gold, lead, zinc, tung- 
 sten, copper, bismuth, kaolin, marble, granite, arsenic, mercury, 
 manganese, and plumbago. The climate is healthy, though the 
 mean of the day in the low regions is 87° F. , that of the night 70° ; 
 at 3000 ft. alt. the day mean is 73°, the night mean 65°. Rfall. 
 is unequal, about 90 in. taking the average. Annual trade, 
 imports, ^{^880, 000; exports, chiefly tin, sugar, indigo, coco- 
 nuts, tanning barks, ratans, &c., j^i, 180,000. Area, 8000 sq. m, 
 P. 214,260, of whom 73 per cent, males; Malays and Chinese, 
 in nearly equal numbers, amount together to 191,100. There 
 are good metalled roads (700 m.), and half a dozen short rail- 
 ways. Port Weld, the principal seaport, is connected by a 
 short railway with Taipeng, the chief mining centre and seat 
 of government. 
 
 1187 
 
PER A 
 
 PERL 
 
 Perak ('silver,' so called from the plentiful supply of tin 
 found in this region, and mistaken by the natives for silver), a 
 riv. , Malay Penin. , rises in Patani.dist. (Siamese terr.), flows S. 
 through the British protectorate of P. to Durian Sabatang, then 
 W. into the Strait of Malacca, which it enters just N. of 4° N. 
 Navigable by steamers of 300-400 tons 40 m. up, by cargo- 
 boats 160 m. 
 
 Peralta, tn., Spain, Navarre, pro v. and 34 m. SSW. Pamp- 
 lona, dist. Tafalla. P. (comra.)<4ooo. 
 
 Perambaltir, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 32 m. 
 NNE. Trichinopoli. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Perasto, small seapt., Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on the 
 shore between the Bays of Cattaro and Risano, in the interior 
 of the Gulf of Cattaro (g.v,), and 5 m. NW. of Cattaro. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Perbete, comm. , Hungary, co. and 14 m. NE. Komdrom, 
 dist. Udvard. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Perc^, vil. and port of entry, Canada, Quebec, Gasp6 co. , 
 on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in 48° 29' N. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Perclie, former pro v. of France, SW. of Paris, incorpKDrated, 
 since the end of the i6th century, in Normandy, Maine, and 
 Orl^anais ; caps. Nogent-le-Rotrou and Mortagne. 
 
 Perclitolsdorf, tn. , Lower Austria, dist. Baden, 8 m. SW. 
 by S. Vienna. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Percy, eccles. par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 18^ m. 
 N. by W. Hexham, 5 m. N. by W. Woodburn stn. , with a stn. 
 (P. Main) on the NE. R., PMT.O. (P. Main). P. 7100. 
 
 Percy, tn. , France, dep. Manche, arr. St. L6, 20 m. E. by 
 N. Granville. P. <20oo. 
 
 Percydale, post-tn., Victoria, Kara Kara co. , on Fiddler's 
 Creek, 28 m. NW. Clunes. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Percy ville, or Percy Klver, goldfield tp. , Queensland, 
 Gilbert co. , 28 m. N. Gilberton by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Perdu, Mout, the third in height of the peaks of the Pyrenees, 
 on the frontier of France and Spain, in 0° 3' E. , SE. of the 
 Cirque de Gavarnie, contains the source of the Cinca. Alt. 
 ir.ooo ft. 
 
 Pereanx, post-vil.. Nova Scotia, co. King's, on Minas 
 basin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Perekop, tn., Russia, govt, and 30 m. WSW. Kharkov. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Perekop (Tatar Hapn, or Or-kapl), dist. tn., Russia, govt. 
 Taurida, 88 m. NW. Simpheropol, on the isthmus of Crimea, 
 46° 10' N., 33° 41' E. Even in ancient times the isthmus was 
 crossed here by a ditch and a wall, protected by the fort Tafros. 
 The Crimea Tatars had at the same spot the fort Ferh-kermen, 
 which received from the Turks the name of Or-kapi. The Poles 
 and the Russians named it Perekop ('Cross-ditch'). Taken 
 by the Russians in 1736, 1738, and 1771, annexed in 1783. P. < 
 2000. Armyanskiy Bazar vil. (P. 5500), 2 m. S. of Perekop. 
 
 Pered, comm., Hungary, co. and 34 m. E. Pozsony, dist. 
 Galanta. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Pereir© de Agnlar, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. , dist., and 
 4 m. NE. Orense. P. 6400. 
 
 Perello, comm., Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 31 m. WSW. 
 Tarragona, dist. Tortosa. P. 5000. 
 
 Pereniystal, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 19 m. SW. Kaluga, 
 on 1. bk. Oka. P. < 5000. 
 
 P^renchles, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. Lille, 3 m. SSW. 
 Quesnoy-sur- Defile stn., on railway between Lille and Haze- 
 brouck. P. <20oo. 
 
 Perene, riv. , Peru, Amazon basin, formed in about 10° 57' S. , 
 75° 15' W. , flows E. by S. till it unites with the Ene to form the 
 Tambo. A series of rapids obstruct navigation in about 74!° W. 
 Average depth about 3^ ft. The valley contains land said to be 
 well adapted for coffee and cacao, at alts, varying from 1050 to 
 4300 ft. 
 
 Peresypkluo, vil., Russia, govt. Tambov, dist. and 24 m. 
 from Kirsanov, on Vorona R. P. 6000. 
 
 Perevolochiia, tn., Russia, govt, and 58 m. SSW. Poltava, 
 on 1. bk. Dnieper. The Swedes laid down their arms at this 
 spot in 1709, after the battle of Poltava. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pereyaslav, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 175 m. NW. Poltava, 
 near 1. bk. of Dnieper, on Alta and Trubezh Rivs.; founded in 
 993 ; seat of many battles of Russians \<'ith the Pechenyegs and 
 the Polovtsi ; important fort till the Mongol invasion in 1228 ; 
 bloody battle in 1628 during the rising of the Little Russians 
 against the Poles, and centre of Bogdan Khmelnitskiy's insur- 
 rection. P. 13,600. 
 
 Pereyaslavl, or Pereyaslavl Zalyesskly, dist. tn., Russia, 
 
 fovt. and 100 m. NW. Vladimir, in a marshy tract on Lake 
 'ereyaslavl, or Pleshcheyevo, and Trubezh R. Old town 
 of NE. Russia, well known in 12th century. Peter I. built his 
 first flotilla on the lake ; considerable fishing ; linen mills, tan- 
 neries. P. 8750. 
 Pereyaslavl Kyazaiiskly,old name of Kyastaft(^.z'. ), Russia. 
 Perga, ancient Cestrus, site of ruins, Turkey in Asia, vilayet 
 Konia, sanjak and 14 m. ENE. Adalia. 
 
 Per$;aiiia (ancient Pergamon, 'the lofty citadel'), another 
 form of Bergama [q.v.), tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet, sanjak, 
 1188 
 
 and 58 m. N. Smyrna. P. 14, soo; Moham. 8000; Christians, 
 5500 (Cuinet). 
 
 PerKamliio, tn. , Argentine Republic, Buenos Aires, 65 m. 
 S. by E. Rosario. P. 7500. 
 
 Pergliie, tn. , Austria, Tirol, 6 m. E. Trent. P. <4000. 
 Pergola, tn. , Italy, The Marches, prov. Pesaro, 34 m. W. 
 by S. Ancona. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Pergrl, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet, sanjak, and 43 m. NE. 
 Van. P. 3100 ; Christians, 2100 ; Moham. 1000. 
 
 Pergusa, the ancient Enna, lake, Sicily, prov. Caltanissetta, 
 3 m. SSE. Castrogiovanni, an old crater about 4 m. round. 
 
 Perlakiilani (Perlyaknlani, census), municip. , Brit. India, 
 dist. and 44 m. WNW. Madura. P. 16,400 ; Hindus, 14,000. 
 Perlaiia, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 17 m. NE. Malaga, 
 dist. Colmenar. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Perlbeby, vil. , Paraguay. See Plrlbeby. 
 Perlbonca, riv., Canada, Quebec, Chicoutimi co. , flows SW. 
 into Lake St. John, about 72° 6' W. Near its mouth it receives 
 from the N. the Little Perlbonca R. 
 
 Perlco, riv. , Colombia, flows N. and joins the Atrato about 5° 
 37' N. , connected by a small cutting with the San Juan, so that 
 at the time of the torrential rains of the winter season light 
 pirogfues can pass by this trench from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
 without portage. 
 
 Perlco, isl. , Gulf of Panama, Republic of Colombia, 3 m. 
 SSE. Panama. 
 
 Perlco del Carmen, vil. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 18 
 m. SSE. Jujuy. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Perle, vil. , Cape Colony, dist. and 15 m. N W. King William's 
 Town, in a well-timbered region. 
 
 Purlers, tn., France, dep. Manche, 27 m. NNE. Granville, 
 arr. and 10 m. N. by E. Coutances. P. <3000. 
 
 P^rlgord, former prov. of central France, forming part of 
 the govt, of Guyenne, cap. P^rigueux. 
 
 P^rlgnenx, cap. dep. Dordogne, France, cap. arr. P. , on the 
 Isle, 42 m. SE. AngoulSme ; the city consists of two distinct 
 quarters, the poorer ' city' proper beside the river and on the 
 slopes of the plateau, and the commercial and administrative 
 centre, Pay St. Front, on the plateau, united together in 1240. 
 In the former are the remains of a Roman amphitheatre, of the 
 old city walls, and of an ancient temple (Vesunna's tower), as 
 well as the church of St. Stephen, which served as the cathedral 
 down to the i6th century. In the upper town are the existing 
 cathedral of St. Front, built 984-1047, in the style of St. Mark's 
 at Venice, and several curious old houses. The archaeological 
 museum is especially rich in inscribed stones. The industries 
 embrace iron-foundries, railway workshops, agricultural imple- 
 ment works, manufactures of furniture, hats, liqueurs, and 
 widely-known patt5s-de-foie gras and pat^s of partridges and 
 truffles. P. is the ancient Vesunna of Caesar's time. Birth- 
 place of General Daumesnil. Mean temp., yr. 53.5° F., Jan. 
 40.3°, July 68.0°. P. (1872) 21,300; (1891)28,000. 
 
 Peril Strait, between Chichagoff and Baranoff Is. , Alaska ; 
 strong tidal currents at two narrows. 
 
 Perini, Baidnes of the Periplus, isl., India, in the Gulf of 
 Cambay, in 21° 36' N. , 72° 24' E. , with lighthouse ; surrounded 
 by a reef on all sides except the S. Length, 1800 yds. ; breadth, 
 300-500 yds. 
 
 Perlni, isl., in Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, lo-ii m. from the 
 African coast, and not more than \\ m. from the Arabian, under 
 the govt, of and 95 m. from Aden, with lighthouse, visible 22 m. ; 
 fortified, and having a small garrison. Temporarily occupied by 
 the British in 1799 and 1801, and permanently taken possession 
 of by them in 1857. Area about 7 sq. m. Alt. (highest point) 
 24s ft. ; length, 3J m. ; average width, \\ ni. There is good 
 anchorage in coral and sand, in 25-30 ft. of water. Vessels load 
 and discharge by means of lighters and dhows. There is a rise 
 and fall of 7 ft. at springs, and 3 ft. at neaps. 
 
 Perlndural, group of hamlets, Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 
 46 m. ENE. Coimbatore. P. < 5000. 
 
 Periokli Tan, mts. , Bukhara. See Peter the Great. 
 PerlAterl, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Sliar-kol. 
 Perlttala, vil., Greece, in the N. of Corfu I. 
 Perlvale, par., Eng., Middlesex, div. and i^ m. NW. 
 Ealing stn., 10 m. W. St. Paul's, London. P. <250. 
 Perlyaknlam, tn. , India. See Periaknlani. 
 PerlyAr, riv. , Brit. India, Madras, Travancore state, rises in 
 io° 40' N. , 76° 56' E., flows N. then W. into the sea near 
 Kodungalur ; navigable for 60 m. Length, 142 m. 
 
 PerlzenglH, vil. , S. Africa, Mashona-land, on the r. bk. of 
 the Zambezi, in 31° 22' E. 
 
 PerJAmos, comm. , Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. P. , 38 m. 
 ESE. Szegedin. P. 6000. 
 
 PerklnM, co., U.S., Nebraska, crossed in the W. by 102° W., 
 bounded on the N. by 41° N. 
 
 Perlak, comm., Hungary, co. Zala, on the Drave, 45 m. 
 NE. Agram. P. <4000. 
 
 PerlaH, Las (Spanish, ' pearl islands'), Colombia. See Pearl 
 Islands. 
 Perlas, Las, lagoon, Nicaragua. See Pearl Lagoon. 
 
PERL 
 
 P ERR 
 
 Perlasz, comm. , Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. and 12 m. S. 
 Nagy Becskerek. P. < 5000. 
 
 Perleberg, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 55 m. NW. by N. Branden- 
 burg, cap. circle Westprignitz, 7I m. NE. Wittenberge. P. 
 7500. 
 
 Perlee, coal-mining vil. , U.S., Iowa, Jefferson co., 57 m. 
 SW. Burlington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Perlepe (Turkish, Slavonic Prllep), tn., Turkey in Europe, 
 prov. and 24 m. NNE. Monastir. Alt. 1985 ft. P. estimated 
 at 15,000, of whom perhaps 11,000 Servians, the rest Moham. 
 (Turks and Albanians), Greeks, and Zinzars (Wallachians). 
 
 PerletUorpe, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 
 6| m. SE. by S. Worksop. P. <25o. 
 
 Perm, govt., E. Russia, on both slopes of the middle Urals, 
 which traverse it from N. to S. as a low and wide range of hills, 
 clothed with forests, sloping gently westwards, and abruptly 
 toward the E. ; their maximum alt. is 3600 ft. in N., 5135 ft. 
 (Konzhakovskiy Kamen) and 5027 ft. (Denezhkin Kamen) in 
 middle ; they are crossed in S. by the Siberian highroad and 
 railway at an alt. of 1400 ft. A plateau, about 500 ft. high, 
 spreads on the W. of the Urals, low lands on the E. joining 
 those of the middle Ob. The govt, of Perm is the chief mining 
 region of Russia, and contains numerous silver, platinum, 
 copper, nickel, lead, and iron mines ; gold extracted, both from 
 rocks and alluvial deposits ; rare metals, such as iridium, os- 
 mium, &c. A great variety of precious and semi-precious stones 
 (sapphires, jacinths, beryls, topazes, jade, malachite, &c. ) are 
 collected and cut, chiefly at Ekaterinburg and the neighbouring 
 villages. Well watered by Pechora, Kama (trib. of Volga), and 
 Tobol (trib. of Ob), and their numerous affluents, of wliich 
 Chusovaya, Sylva, and Kolva are channels for shipping of 
 metals to Russia ; Tura, on which stands Tyumeii, the head of 
 navigation in Siberia, and many others. Numerous small lakes 
 and marshes, and over 40,000,000 acres of forests. Climate 
 severe, the average temp, being from 29.3° to 34° while those 
 of Jan. are 2°-4. 5°, and July 62°-65°. Pop. Great Russians, 
 Bashkirs (about 100,000), Permyaks (65,000), Tatars (25,000), 
 Cheremisses, and Voguls. Agriculture, especially in S. , is carried 
 on extensively ; cattle-breeding, especially with Bashkirs. Con- 
 siderable shipbuilding ; manufacture of all sorts of wooden 
 goods, and preparation of pitch and tar as village industries, 
 as also various petty trades ; carpets about Tyumeii, boots at 
 Kungur, &c. The transport trade is a considerable branch 
 of income. Mining occupies over 100,000 persons ; and over 
 2,688,000 oz. of gold, 650 tons of copper, 250,000 tons of pig 
 iron (150,000 of iron and steel), and nearly 200,000 tons of salt 
 are obtained. Manufactures on increase, flour-mills, distilleries, 
 tanneries, machinery works, producing an average value of 
 ^2,260,000 in 1886-91 ; very active trade ; important fairs 
 (Irbit). Divided into twelve dists. : Perm, Cherdyfi, Kungur, 
 Krasnoufimsk, Okhansk, Osa, and Solikamsk in Europe ; 
 Ekaterinburg, Irbit, Kamyshlov, Shadrinsk, and Verkhoturiye 
 in Asia (on E. slope of Urals). Several iron-works are more 
 important than dist. towns : Nizhne-Tagilsk, Neviyansk, Kysh- 
 tym, Kushva, Revdinsk, Turinsk, Nazepetrovsk, Verkh Isset, 
 Bogoslovsk, and Usoliye (salt-works). Crossed by N. Siberian 
 Rly. from Perm and Berezniki (near Solikamsk), both on Kama, 
 to Chusovaya stn. , and via Kushva and Nizhne-Tagilsk to 
 Ekaterinburg and Tyumeii, a branch being projected from 
 Ekaterinburg to Chelyabinsk on the S. Siberian railway Samara 
 toOmsk. Alt. 328ft. Area, 128,211 sq. m. P. (1881)2,520,100; 
 (1893)2,941,300. 
 
 Perm, tn. , Russia, cap. of above govt., on 1. bk. Kama, 
 starting-point of N. Siberian Rly. , 901 m. E. of Moscow ; in 
 regular steamer communication with Nizhniy Novgorod. Chief 
 prison depot for transport of convicts and exiles to Siberia. 
 Mechanical works, flour-mills, rope, candle, soap, and china 
 works. Depot for goods sent to, and imported from, Siberia; 
 brisk trade; important river-port. Mean temp., yr. 33.9° F., 
 Jan. 2.3°, July 65.3°. P. (1891) 38,261. 
 
 Permlans, or Permyaks, Finnish stem, NE. Russia, now 
 inhabiting the govts. Perm and Vytka. Their terr. was in Viking 
 times known as Biarmia or Bjarmeland, and occupied a wide 
 area on the Kama, to E. and NE. of (the Volgan) Bulgaria. 
 Christianised by the Novgorodians in 12th century; conquered 
 by Moscow in 15th century. Nearly 75,000 Permians have still 
 maintained their national characteristics. 
 
 Pernakan, name given to the descendants of the Chinese 
 immigrants in some islands of the Malay Archipelago, notably 
 in Java and Sumatra. 
 
 Pei*iiaiii1)iico (from Indian /arawrt; mbuc, 'arm of the sea'), 
 or Recife, tn. and seapt. , Brazil, cap. state P. , on the coast of 
 the Atlantic, in 8° 5' S. , consists of the Recife, on a sandy island 
 lying parallel to the coast, the commercial quarter with narrow 
 streets ; Sao Antonio, on another reef between Recife and the 
 mainland, the real centre of the town, with the government 
 palace, the arsenal, parliament house, observatory, &c. ; and 
 Boa Vista, a newer residential quarter. P. is the outlet for 
 a country rich in sugar and cotton, though coffee, tobacco, 
 hides, dye-woods, &c. , are also exported — total annual value. 
 
 i|-6 millions sterling. The imports, chiefly textiles, provisions, 
 and minerals, average 1-2 millions sterling. The harbour, with 
 an area of i| sq. m. , affords good anchorage, but vessels have to 
 cross the bar, which has a depth of 33 ft. at high water ordinary 
 springs, and 24 ft. low water, as well as a sandbank, with 22 ft. 
 at high water ordinary springs, and 14 ft. at low water. P. , 
 originally a Spanish creation, was successively in English (1595), 
 Dutch (1630), and Portuguese (1654) hands, and was greatly 
 enlarged by Count Maurice of Holland. P. (estimate) 130,000. 
 Mean temp. (8yrs. , 1876-84), yr. 79.2° F., Feb. 82.4°, July 74. 3°; 
 (2^ yrs.), yr. 78.2° F., Jan. 80.5°, July 75.0°; rfall. (8 yrs.), 
 117.00 in. 
 
 Periiambuco, one of the littoral E. states of Brazil (coast- 
 line 150 m.), naturally formed by the lower part of the basin of 
 the Rio Sao Francisco (with the exception of Alagoas) in its 
 W. to E. course. The W. regions are almost desert. Port of 
 Recife ('reef') at the mouth of rivs. Capibaribe and Beberibe. 
 The isl. of Fernando de Noronha (341 m. off NE.) belongs to 
 this state. See Brazil, table. 
 
 Periian, Russian Periiov, dist tn. , Russia, govt. Livonia, 
 on 1. bk. Pernau R. , near its entrance into Gulf of Riga, 155 m. 
 N. by E. of Riga, 58° 23' N., 24° 30' E. Founded in 1255, 
 fortified and flourishing till i6th century ; annexed by Russia in 
 1710. Well built ; floating bridge over Pernau R. "There is an 
 average depth of 12 ft. on the bar, and good anchorage in the 
 roads in 18-20 ft. depth. Exports, chiefly of flax and linseed ; 
 imports, fish and coal. Mean temp., yr. 41.1° F., Feb. 21.8°, 
 July 64.0°. P. 13,600. 
 
 Periiegg, vil. , Austria, Styria, on the Mur, 12 m. E. Leoben. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Periies, vil., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. Boulogne, 20 m. 
 SSE. St. Omer. P. < 2000. 
 
 Periies, tn. , France, dep. Vaucluse, 14 m. E. by N. Avignon, 
 arr. and 5 m. S. Carpentras. P. < 3000. 
 
 Pero-Casevecclile, vil. , in the E. of Corsica, arr. and 19 m. 
 S. Bastia. P. < 2000. 
 
 Peroja, La, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov., dist., and 9 m. 
 NE. Orense. P. 6700. 
 
 Peron, penin. jutting N. into Sharks Bay, W. Australia, 
 terminating in Cape Peron. 
 
 P^roiiiie, fortified tn., France, dep. Somme, cap. arr. P., on 
 the Somme, 17 m. WNW. St. Quentin ; nothing remains of the 
 fine belfry of the 14th century, demolished after the bombardment 
 of 1870. In 1468, Louis XI. was treacherously seized here by 
 Charles the Bold of Burgundy, an incident which forms the 
 subject of several of the scenes of Scott's Quentin Durward. 
 Here, in 1577, were drawn up and sworn for the first time the 
 articles which constituted the League of the Catholics against 
 the Protestants. Capitulated to Wellington in 1815, and to the 
 Germans in January 1871. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Perosa, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 26 m. WSW. Turin. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Perote, tn. and rly. stn. , Mexico, Vera Cruz, 70 m. NE. by 
 E. Puebla. Alt. 7810 ft. Adjoining on the SE. is the volcanic 
 peak known as the Cofre de P., or Nauchampatepetl ; alt. 
 13,420 ft. P. (comm.) 5700. 
 
 Perovo, vil. , Russia, govt, and 3 m. E. of Moscow ; cotton- 
 mills. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Perovsk (Fort Perovskly), tn., Russian Central Asia, prov. 
 Syr-daria, on r. bk. of the Syr, 2to m. SE. of its entrance into 
 Lake Aral. Alt. 394 ft. Mean temp., yr. 48.1° F., Jan. 14.7°, 
 July 77.8°. P. 5300. 
 
 Perplgiian, cap. dep. Pyr^n^es-Orientales, France, cap. arr. 
 P. , 35 m. S. by W. Narbonne ; important scholastic centre , 
 with museums, a meteorological observatory, and a trade in 
 wine, has a cathedral (St. John), and a curious exchange. The 
 kings of Aragon often resided here, and founded in 1349 a 
 university which remained till the Revolution. Mean temp. , 
 yr. 59.5° F., Jan. 46.4°, July 75.0°; rfall. 23.23 in. P. (1872) 
 24,300; (1891)33,900. 
 
 Perquimans, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the NE., bounded 
 on the S. by Albemarle Sound, traversed by the Perquimans R., 
 which enters the Sound about 76° 20' W. 
 
 Perraiiar-wortlial (Perranwell), par., Eng., Cornwall, div. 
 and 5 m. SW. Truro, with a stn. (Perranwell) on the G. W. R., 
 PMT.O. , and PMT.O. (Perranwell Station). P. < 1000. See 
 Stlthlans. 
 
 Perran Bay and Sands, Eng. , on the NW. ct. of Cornwall, 
 8 m. N. by W. Truro. 
 
 Perranportli, vil. and seaside resort, Eng. , Cornwall, on 
 the NW. ct., div. and 7 m. NW. by N. Truro, PMT.O. 
 
 Perranutlino, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, St. Ives div. , on S. ct. , 4 
 m. E. Penzance, 2| m. ESE. Marazion Road stn. , P. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Perranwell, PMT.O., Eng., Cornwall. See Perranar- 
 wortlial. 
 
 Perraiizalialoe, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, div. and 5I m. NW. 
 by N. Truro ; has tin ore. 10,897 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Perrecy-les-Forges, vil., France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, arr. 
 and 13 m. N. by W. Charolles ; has coal and fire-proof sand. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 1189 
 
P E R R 
 
 P E RS 
 
 Perr^ganx, tn., founded by the French, Algeria, prov., arr. , 
 and 40 m. ESE. Oran, on the Habra (f.v.), which supplies water 
 for its irrigation ; railway junction. P. <3000. 
 
 Perreax, tn. , France, dep. Loire, on the Loire, arr. and 3 
 m. E. Roanne. P. <2cioo. 
 
 Perrenx, Le, vil. , France, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, 4 m. 
 ENE. Charenton-le-Pont, on the r. bk. of the Marne. P. 5900. 
 Perrls, irrigation settlement, U.S., southern California, co. 
 and 73 m. N. San Diego ; railway junction. 
 
 Perros duirec, tn. , France, dep. C6tes-du-Nord, arr. 
 Lannion, on the N. ct., 66 m. W. by N. St. Malo. P. <2ooo. 
 Perrot, isl. , Canada, Quebec, Jacques Cartier co. , on the 
 riv. St. Lawrence, 20-25 "i- WSW. Montreal. 
 
 PerroM, \ortli, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 7 m. SW. by 
 W. Yeovil, i^ m. NE. Crewkerne stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 PerrotI, i^outli, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 12J m. 
 NE. Lyme Regis, 2 m. ESE. Crewkerne stn., PM.O. P. 250; 
 eccles. par. (South P. 'tvlth Mosterton) P. <750. 
 
 Perry, rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, Welland co. , 32 m. SE. 
 Hamilton. 
 
 Perry, co. , New South Wales, bounded on the W. by the 
 Darling, and crossed by 33° S. 
 
 Perry, co., U.S., Alabama, S. of 33° N., and touching 87° 
 W. in the E. 
 
 Perry, co., U.S., Arkansas, intersected by 35° N. and 93° 
 W., bounded on NE. by Arkansas R. 
 
 Perry, vil., U.S., Georgia, Houston co., on Big Indian Creek, 
 27 m. S. by W. Macon, in centre of cotton and peach dist. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Perry, co., U.S., Illinois, crossed in extreme S. by 38° N., 
 and W. of 89° W, 
 
 Perry, vil., U.S., Illinois, Pike co., 58 m. W. Springfield. 
 P. < 1500. 
 Perry, co. , U.S., Indiana, on the Ohio, E. of 87° W. 
 Perry, city, U.S., Iowa, Dallas co., 31 m. NW. by W. Des 
 Moines. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Perry, co., U.S., Kentucky, in the SE., S. of 37^° N., W. 
 of 83° W. 
 
 Perry, co., U.S., Mississippi, in the SE., crossed by 89° W., 
 and in the S. by 31° N. 
 
 Perry, co., U.S., Missouri, on the Mississippi, S. of 38° N. 
 Perry, vil., U.S., New York, Wyoming co., on Silver Lake, 
 45 m. E. by S. Buffalo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Perry, co., U.S., Ohio, in the SE., to the S. of 40° N., W. 
 of 82° W. 
 
 Perry, vil., U.S., Ohio, Lake co., 35 m. NE. by E. Cleve- 
 land. P. < 1500. 
 
 Perry, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, bounded on the E. by the 
 Susquehanna, and traversed by the Juniata (crossed by 40^" N. ). 
 Perry, co., U.S., Tennessee, bounded on the W. by the 
 Tennessee R. , W. of 87° W. , S. of 36° N. 
 
 Perry, West, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Great Staughton, 
 Huntingdonshire. 
 
 Perry Bar, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Handsworth 
 div., 5 m. SE. by S. Walsall, with a stn. (P. Barr) on the 
 L. & NW. R. P. <35oo. 
 
 Perry Bay, W. Pacific, on W. side of Normanby I. , D'Entre- 
 casteaux group, about 9° 50' S. , 150° 45' E. 
 
 Perry Cireen, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire. See 
 Hadbani, Much. 
 
 Perry HIU, suburb of London, Eng., Lewisham (y.v.) div., 
 
 5 J m. SSE. St. Paul's, London, close to Lower Sydenham stn. 
 
 Perrysburg, vil. , U.S., Ohio, Wood co., at head of steamboat 
 
 navigation on Maumee R., 7 m. SW. by S. Toledo. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Perrystone HIU, P.O., Eng., Herefordshire, 4 m. SW. Ross. 
 
 Perrysvllle, vil., U.S., Indiana, Vermillion co., 39 m. N. 
 
 Terre Haute. P. < 1500. 
 
 Perry vllle, vil., U.S., Missouri, Perry co., 60 m. NW. by 
 N. Cairo (111.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Persante, riv., Prussia, Pomerania, flows NW. into the 
 Baltic at Kolberg ; not navigable, but used for floating timber 
 from Valm. It receives on the right the Radiie, used for 
 floating timber from Zeblin, 93 m. above Kolberg, and from 
 the left the Damitz, which is also used for a short distance for 
 floating timber. 
 
 Persberjc, iron-mines, Sweden, prov. Vermland, 31 m. N. 
 Christinehamn. 
 
 Per»enbeng, vil. , Lower Austria, on the L bk. of the Danube, 
 opposite Ybbs, 38 m. E. by S. Linz. 
 
 Persepolis (called by the modern Persians Takhtl Jam- 
 sMd), the ancient cap. of the Achaemenian sovereigns of Persia, 
 now a collection of ruins situated on a lofty terrace overlooking 
 the little riv. Polvar, 30 m. NE. Shiraz. It was burned by 
 Alexander the Great in 330 B.C. On the opposite side of the 
 river, 8 m. further to the NE., are the rock-hewn tombs of 
 Darius the Great and others of his dynasty, the spot being known 
 as NakHh-l^Rastam. Those parts of the city which survived 
 the destruction of Alexander were known subsequently as 
 l»taklir ; the chief ruin exists at Haji Abad, on the riv. Polvar, 
 a few miles above P. 
 1190 
 
 Pershore, market -tn., Eng., Worcestershire, beautifully 
 situated on the r. bk. of the Avon, div. and 6 m. W. by N. 
 Evesham, \\ m. S. of its stn. on the G. W. R. Chief industry, 
 manufacture of stockings ; has engineering and machine works, 
 fairs for cattle, horses, &c. , a market for fat stock, and a fine 
 abbey church, lately restored, belonging to monastery founded 
 689. Market-day, Tu. In two pars., P. Holy Cross,' 4594 ac. , 
 P. < 3000, and P. St. Andrew, P<iooo; eccles. par. (P. ivltli 
 PlnTln, Wick, and Brlcklehamptou) P. <:45oo. 
 
 Persia, kgd. of W. Asia, bounded W. by Turkish Armenia, 
 Kurdistan, and Mesopotamia, SW. by the Persian Gulf, S. by 
 the Arabian Sea (Gulf of Oman), E. by Baluchistan and 
 Afghanistan, and N. by the (Russian) Transcaspian Region, 
 the Caspian Sea, and (Russian) Transcaucasia. A portion of 
 the E. frontier, about 27° 30' to 29° 45' N. , is still undefined ; 
 and on the W. the boundary is not precisely fixed in more than 
 one district. The longest Une that can be drawn across the 
 country measures 1450 m. , and stretches NW. to SE. ; the 
 shortest, running almost due S. from the Caspian, measiu-es 
 450 m. Orography. — Broadly speaking, P. is an arid, treeless 
 plateau, 6000-8500 ft. in average alt. , with an undulating surface, 
 which slopes gradually from the W. to the E. In many parts 
 the valleys between the mountain chains are almost choked with 
 detritus, which has crumbled and rolled downwards into them. 
 N. and S. the plateau is edged with steep, bold escarpments, 
 along the foot of which stretch narrow maritime plains. Near 
 its N. , W. , and SW. margin the plateau rises into lofty moun- 
 tain ranges, 10,000-13,000 ft. in alt. As a rule, their axes lie 
 NW. to SE. , trending due E. along the S. escarpment; and 
 the ranges radiate from the Armenian and Kurdistan Highlands 
 in the W. In the prov. of Azerbaijan, W. of the Caspian, 
 the principal ranges are the Kara-Dagh, lying E. and W. on 
 the S. side of the Aras R. , and the Talish Mts. , which run up 
 the W. side of the Caspian. Here several peaks tower above 
 the prevailing plateaux and short ranges which lie between these 
 two chains and the Armenian Highlands in the W. , viz. , Ararat 
 (17,000 ft.), the extinct volcano Savalan (15,800), Sahend (11,800 
 ft.), Kosha-Dagh (19,300 ft.), and Kamki (10,000 ft.). This 
 highland region is continued E. along the N. edge of the great 
 plateau by the sharply defined chains (14,000 ft.) of the Elburz 
 system, which reaches its culminating point in the volcanic, 
 snow-clad Demavend (19,400 ft.). Striking off from the SE. 
 corner of the Caspian, the Kopet-Dagh separates P. from the 
 Transcaspian Region. Further S. , and parallel to it, lie the 
 Ala-Dagh and Binalud-Kuh, which may be considered as con- 
 tinuations of the Elburz Mts. Behind them again (S. ) lie the 
 Jagatai Mts. and several minor chains. The average elevation 
 of all these ranges is 9000-11,000 ft. , and nearly all are rugged, 
 sterile, and stony, with deep valleys between, connected by 
 transverse gorges, through which the rivers have forced their 
 way. They are prolonged still farther to the E. , beyond the 
 confines of P. , by the Paropamisus Range and the Hindu Kush. 
 In SE. Khorassan, in the dist. of Birjand, a series of SE. to NW. 
 chains rise up steeply from the desert and attain an alt. of 7000 
 to 11,000 ft. in their highest parts (middle). From the Kur- 
 distan Highlands, sometimes called the Zagros Mts., and lying 
 S. of the Armenian Highlands, numerous inter-connected and 
 mostly parallel ranges strike off in a SE. direction. Of these 
 the best defined are perhaps the Zardeh-Kuh, Kuh-i-Gerra, Sebz- 
 Kuh, and Kuh-i-Dinar, ranging from 10,000 to 13,000 ft., and 
 inclosing valleys 7000-8000 ft. , and crossed by passes but little 
 inferior in altitude. The S. escarpment of the plateau, fronting 
 the Gulf of Oman, has a more W. to E. direction and a lower 
 elevation ; and behind it lie several parallel chains parted by 
 shallow valleys. The prevailing geological formations in the 
 mountains of the S., W., and NW. are Cretaceous and Tertiary 
 (nummulitic) limestones, the latter lying next the Euphrates- 
 Tigris valley ; but metamorphic and crystalline, as well as 
 volcanic rocks, also occur, though generally in subordinate 
 positions. The Elburz system and its E. continuations are built 
 up of the same geological systems, but differently arranged. 
 The main mass is believed to consist of metamorphic and 
 crystalline rocks, overlaid by Devonian and Carboniferous 
 strata, while in this quarter the Cretaceous and Tertiary take 
 subordinate rank. Minerals. — The right to extract minerals, 
 in which P. is reputedly rich, has been granted to an English 
 company for a term of years. The only mines worked, how- 
 ever, are turquoise at Madan, NW. of Nishapur in Khorassan, 
 coal on the Elburz slojjes, near Teheran, alum on the Elburz, 
 lead in prov. Ispahan, marble in Azerbaijan, and naphtha in 
 Kishm I. But the following have been ascertained to exist — 
 iron, lead, copper, and coal in Azerbaijan, the Elburz Mts., 
 Khorassan, and provs. Ispahan and Kerman ; salt in all the 
 desert regions ; manganese and asbestos in provs. Kerman and 
 Ispahan ; mercury and saltp)etre in this last and in Azerbaijan ; 
 besides gold, antimony, nickel, cobalt, sulphur, borax, zinc, and 
 bitumen. The rlrers, with the single exception of the Karun 
 (projjerly Kuran), are short, and unsuitable for navigation. 
 Nearly all those on the plateau lose themselves eventually in 
 salt marshes, or rapidly desiccating saline lakes. The climate 
 
PERSIA 
 
 of p. varies very greatly in its different regions. The excep- 
 tional features of the Persian Gulf provs. and of the Caspian 
 provs. will be dwelt upon lower down. The climate over the 
 greater part of the plateau is characterised by great severity of 
 cold in winter and excessive heat in summer, especially in the 
 desert parts. But owing to the remarkable dryness and purity 
 of the atmosphere, the heat in summer is not felt so much as 
 might be expected ; and for the same reason this region is fairly 
 healthy. The spring and autumn are both delightful seasons, 
 and places like Ispahan and Shiraz enjoy a high reputation on 
 this account. Meteorological observations are sadly lacking. 
 There is, however, a great range of daily temperature during 
 the hot months (May-Oct.), even at places on the Bushire- 
 Teheran route, viz., s6°-87° F. in June, 29°-49° in Oct., and 
 52°-72° (in Sistan) in Dec. The prevailing winds blow from the 
 NW. and the SE. , their directions being partly determined by 
 the trend of the mountain ranges, and partly by the relative 
 positions of the Black Sea and the Indian Ocean. The rainfall 
 over the plateau is exceedingly low ; St. John considers the 
 average to fall between 5 in. and 10 in. At Teheran (conjoined 
 with Sergende, 8 m. N. of Teheran) the average precipitation 
 for four years was 11.5 in. The rain falls principally in winter, 
 with smaller quantities during spring and autumn, but none at 
 all during the summer. In the mountains of the W. the winter 
 precipitation generally takes the form of snow, and lies stored 
 up in that form until the heat of summer melts it and it runs 
 down to the valleys, where it is used for irrigation during the hot 
 season, thus preserving a large proportion of P. from barrenness. 
 Irrigation is extensively practised, chiefly by means of under- 
 ground channels {kanats or karizes), in all parts of P. which are 
 inhabited, especially in provs. Ispahan, Irak-Ajemi, Khorassan, 
 and Kerman ; but it might be employed much more extensively. 
 As it is, local famines are not unknown ; three have been re- 
 corded since the middle of the 19th century, viz., in 1860-61, 
 1869-72, and 1879-80. Amongst the natural products of 
 P. the first place must be given to wool — sheep's wool, lamb- 
 skins, and goat's wool, produced in Kurdistan, Arabistan, 
 Luristan, Ardelan, Khorassan, and Kerman. The towns of 
 Tabriz, Kermanshah, and Kerman are the principal emporia 
 for the trade in this commodity, and Kerman and Meshed for 
 the trade in shawls. Wheat is grown up to alt. of 9000 ft. , the 
 best in NW. Persia and in Khorassan. Rice grows up to 4000 
 ft., the largest crop in the Caspian provs. Cotton, cultivated up 
 to 6500 ft., is yielded most largely in N. Persia, Ispahan, Yezd, 
 and Kerman. Fruits are plentiful everywhere — apricots, peaches, 
 olives, pears, plums, pistachio nuts, oranges, lemons, quinces, 
 almonds, pomegranates, and figs and dates in the S. Grapes 
 (for raisins) ripen up to 7500 ft. Wine is made at Shiraz, 
 Ispahan, Kazvin, Kuchan, and Hamadan. Sugar is grown in 
 Mazanderan and Khuzistan; opium in Kermanshah, Burujird, 
 Ispahan, Azerbaijan, Arabistan, Yezd, Kerman, and Shiraz ; 
 tobacco in the central provs. and in Gilan ; and silk in Khorassan 
 and the Caspian provs. Barley and drugs and dyes are other 
 important products of the soil. 
 
 In a country so vast as P., the area of which, estimated at 
 about 628,000 sq. m. , is more than seven times that of the United 
 Kingdom, there is of course considerable diversity of surface, 
 climate, and productions. The shore of the Perslau Ciulf, 
 W. from Jask (57° 40' E.), just outside the Strait of Ormuz, 
 to the Shat-el-Arab, the conjoint estuary of the Tigris and the 
 Euphrates, is low, sandy, and mostly barren, forming a narrow 
 strip 15 to 30 m. wide between the water and the edge (3000- 
 8500 ft. high) of the plateau. It is subject to such intense 
 (moist) heat in summer, that the inhabitants frequently spend 
 the greater part of the day in apartments built underground, 
 and ventilated by lofty perforated towers. This region is 
 unhealthy, principally through fevers, malaria, and cholera. 
 The annual mean of rainfall at Bushire (12 yrs.) is 12.96 
 in.; but the quantity varies greatly from year to year (4.86 
 in. in 1878, 23.65 in. in 1885). In spite of these drawbacks 
 P. has here her principal seaports — Bunder-Abbas, Lingah, 
 and Bushire, besides others of minor rank. Off the coast lie 
 the islands of Ormuz, Kishm, Larak, Henjam, Farur, Keis, 
 Hinderabi, Sheikh Shuaib, Bushire, Kharak, and Khargu. 
 The first four are in the Strait of Ormuz. Adjacent to the N. 
 end of the Persian Gulf are the well-watered plains of the lower 
 basin of the Karun R. , comprised within the governorship of 
 Arabistan, or Kliuzlstan. The soil of this prov. , which is 
 of g^eat fertility, produces all the staple products of the country, 
 and large quantities of dates. Mules and horses are numerously 
 bred ; and sheep, goats, and asses are kept, wool being one 
 of the most valuable products of the dist. Here, near the 
 confluence of the Karun with the Shat-el-Arab, and 40 m. above 
 the mouth of the latter, is the new port of Mohammera. Besides 
 the Karun {q.v.), there are two other considerable streams in 
 Arabistan, the Ab-i-Diz, which, after passing Dizful, runs into 
 the Karun, in about 31° 40' N., and the Kerkha, which flows 
 SE. and S. through the mountains, and, unless it reaches the 
 Tigris, loses itself to the W. of Ahwaz. Petroleum is present 
 near Shushter (P. 8000), the cap. of the prov., and near Ram 
 
 Hormuz. The fauna includes the lion, wild boar, lynx, jackal, 
 wild goat, antelope, deer, ibex, francolin partridge, pigeon, 
 and waterfowl. P. of prov. 170,000 to 200,000, mostly of Arabian, 
 or mixed Arabian and Persian blood, and in great part nomad. 
 Fifteen miles SW. of Dizful lie the ruins of Shushan, the cap. 
 of the ancient kingdom of Elam, and inseparably associated 
 with the prophet Daniel and Esther the Jewess. Other ruined 
 sites of ancient cities exist in the same locality, and in the upper 
 Karun valley, E. of Shushter. The mountainous dists. which 
 surround Arabistan from the N W^ to the SE. are the head- 
 quarters of the semi-independent nomad tribes of the Lurs, 
 people ethnogfraphically allied to the Kurds, their immediate 
 neighbours on the N. The tribes of the Feilis lie next to the 
 Turkish frontier; E. of them are the Bakhtiaris, and S. of them 
 the Kuhgelu and Mamasennis. These last belong, however, 
 to the prov. of Fars ; the rest are counted as belonging to the 
 prov. of Lnrlstan. These nomads (Ilyats) are a hardy race, 
 fine riders and keen sportsmen. Their women go unveiled, and 
 weave carpets. P. of Luristan estimated at 421,000. It is in 
 this alternating mountain and valley region that the numerous 
 streams originate which flow into the Persian Gulf; hence the 
 rich pastures, on which the people feed their sheep, goats, 
 horses, mules, and cattle. And the same cause explains the 
 presence of the exceptional forests (principally of oak, mingled 
 with ash, walnut, plane, elm, poplar, willow, ilex, wild rose, 
 briar, hawthorn, maple, fig, vine, and hops), in which the people 
 gather gall-nuts and prepare charcoal. Wild liquorice and 
 almonds grow plentifully. The animals of the chase embrace 
 the bear, ibex, deer, gazelle, and francolin partridge. The 
 Persian governor of Luristan resides at Khorremabad. The 
 powerful, semi-independent chief of the Feilis usually pitches 
 his tent on the W. slopes of the Pusht-i-Kuh, close to, and 
 sometimes across, the Turkish frontier. Bakhtiari Land is a 
 region of rugged mountains, precipitous gorges, and many 
 rivers; within its confines, below (NE.) the Kuh-i-Gerra and 
 elsewhere, are some remarkable natural hill-forts. N. of Luris- 
 tan stretch the Kurdish provs. of Kermanshah and Ardelan, 
 which, in their physical aspects, resemble Luristan, except that 
 they are not so well wooded. The Diala, a trib. of the Tigris, 
 forms the frontier line for a short distance, between about 34"^ 
 35' and 35° 10' E. Kermanshah is famous for its wheat and 
 barley, and both provs. for their wool. Carpets are woven 
 throughout the dist. P. 230,000 in Kermanshah, 120,000 in 
 Ardelan, all Kurdish nomads. In addition there is a consider- 
 able settled population, gathered principally in the towns of 
 Kermanshahan, cap. of Kermanshah, and Sinna, cap. of Arde- 
 lan. Rock monuments and inscriptions of the ancient Achai- 
 menian and Sasanian kings of Persia exist at Takht-i-Bostan, 
 4 m. NE. Kermanshahan, and at Behistun (Bisitun), 20 m. E. 
 of the same town. The orographical features of the prov. of 
 AzerhalJan, a square compact terr. of some 40,000 sq. m., 
 lying between the riv. Aras {Araxes) in the N., and the Sefid 
 Rud (Kizil Uzun) in the S. , both contributory to the Caspian, 
 have been already indicated. Besides these two rivers, there 
 are the Kara-Su, a large r. bk. trib. of the Aras, and the 
 Aji Chai, which flows W. into Lake Urumia, the largest 
 lake in Persia (84 m. by 20-30 m.; alt. 4100 ft.). Owing to its 
 elevation, the winters of this prov. are very rigorous, and the 
 summers extremely hot. Rainfall (at Urumia tn. , 4600 ft. 
 alt.), I yr., 21.51 in. The upper slopes of the valleys afford 
 good pasturage ; the lower slopes are studded with villages 
 embosomed amid orchards and gardens. W^heat and barley, 
 dried fruits, carpets, opium, and tobacco are the principal pro 
 ducts. P. about 2,000,0000, mostly Turkish, except 250,000 
 to 450,000 Kurds. This prov. contributes about 40,000 of the 
 best troops to the Persian army. Tabriz (200,000), the cap., is 
 the most important commercial town in Persia, its annual trade 
 reaching the aggregate of i to i^ million sterling. The other 
 larger towns are Ardebil (10,000 to 20,000), Khoi (20,000), 
 Mianeh, Maragha (15,000), Miandoab (Marhametabad), Suj 
 Bulak (15,000), and Urumia (30,000), the last two Kurdish. 
 The Caspian shores (about 400 m. Persian), divided between 
 the provs. of GUan (SW.), Mazanderan (S.), and Astrabad 
 (SE.), are low and marshy, with a warm, moist climate. 
 Rainfall probably 40 to 50 in. annually, fully five times the 
 quantity which falls S. of the Elburz Mts. Lagoons and 
 sandbanks stretch along the shores, which are intersected by 
 several small streams, the largest being the lower Sefid Rud in 
 Gilan, and the Gurgan and Atrek in Astrabad. The greater part 
 of this low maritime plain, 20 to 60 m. wide, is densely wooded, 
 the forests climbing far up the slopes of the Elburz Mts. The 
 trees embrace nearly all the common European varieties, except 
 Coniferae, including the fig, laurel, rose, honeysuckle, &c. In 
 addition to the animals already mentioned in the W. provs. of 
 P., these forests harbour the tiger, leopard, wild boar, hyaena, 
 wild ass, fox, and numerous water birds, and the waters teem 
 with fish (sturgeon, salmon, mullet, trout, carp), and reptiles, 
 while insects and mosquitoes swarm everywhere. Malaria is 
 endemic, the climate being fatal to all except the indigenous 
 population, some 150,000 to 250,000, who are believed to be the 
 
 1191 
 
PERSIA 
 
 descendants of the ancient Medes. Their villages are generally 
 hidden in the depths of the forests. They cultivate rice, sugar, 
 cotton, fruits (mulberry, orange, lemon, citron, pomegranate, 
 peach, apricot, melon, quince, olive), wheat and barley, attar of 
 roses, and in Gilan, silk. Chief towns — Resht (25,000), cap. of 
 Gilan, and EnzeU, its port ; Amol (8000), cap. of Mazanderan, 
 Barfurush (40,000), Sari (8000), and the ports of Meshed-i-Ser and 
 Mahmudabad ; Astrabad (8000), and its port Gez (Bunder-Gez). 
 The whole of the NE. of Persia is included in the large and im- 
 portant prov. of Khorassan. (200,000 sq. m. ). Its orographical 
 features have been already described. Of the fertile valleys 
 amongst the mountains in the N. , the most important are 
 Bujnurd and Kuchan, the latter inhabited by 100,000 Kurds, 
 transplanted hither by Nadir Shah (i8th century). The E. 
 frontier is in part formed by the Tejend or Heri-Rud, which 
 receives from the W. the Keshef-Rud and other streams. This 
 prov. is rich in minerals, and produces wheat and barley, cotton, 
 opium, fruits, tobacco, and rice. Wool is an important article 
 of export. Wine is made in Kuchan. Carpets are manu- 
 factured at Meshed (45,000), the cap., and at Birjand (14,000), 
 Kain, and Turshiz. Meshed is also famous for its shawls. 
 Other notable towns are Nishapur, Kuchan (12,000), Sebzewar 
 (18,000), Bujnurd, Sarakhs, Turbat-i-Haideri, Sultanabad, Tun, 
 and Tabbas. Meshed, containing the tombs of the Imam Riza 
 and of the caliph Harun-ar-Rashid, is the holy city of P., as 
 well as an important trade centre with Russian Transcaspian 
 Terr., Bukhara, and Afghanistan. Close to Nishapur is the 
 tomb of the poet Omar Khayyam. P. about half a million, em- 
 bracing Tajiks (Iranians), Kurds, Baluchis, Mongols, Tatars, 
 Arabs, and Armenians. In the extreme SE. of Khorassan lies its 
 dependency, the dist. of Slstan, with an area of 95,000 sq. m., 
 and a population of 50,000, of whom 6000 are pastoral nomads 
 of Baluchi race. Cap. Sekuha ; principal town, Nasratabad. 
 This dist. is watered by the Helmund, which at certain seasons 
 overflows wide areas of the country. Between Sistan and the 
 Arabian Sea (Gulf of Oman) are the dists. of Persian Balu- 
 chistan, comprising an area of 60,000 sq. m. , and a population 
 of a quarter of a million, mostly Baluchis. The coastal belt, 60 
 to 70 m. wide, known as Mekran, consists of barren, parallel 
 Sand-ridges, inclosing shallow, but often productive, valleys, in 
 which wheat, barley, and dates are grown. The plateau behind 
 it, 3000 to 6000 ft., grows little, except the tamarisk, camel- 
 thorn, and asafoetida plant. In Sarhad, the N. dist. next Sistan, 
 is the active volcano Kuh-i-Tuftan or Kuh-i-Naushada (12,680 
 ft.). Cap. of prov. , Kasrkund ; other towns, Jask, Chahbar, 
 and Gwetter on the coast, and Bampur, Dizak, and Washt 
 inland. 
 
 On the SW. and S. Khorassan is almost entirely shut off from 
 the rest of Persia by two vast and terrible deserts— Dasht-i-Kavir 
 (the Great Salt Desert) and the Dasht-i-Lut (the Great Sand 
 Desert), which stretch NW. to SE. for more than 650 m. — from 
 52° to 61° E. The general elevation of this region, which is pro- 
 bably the bed of an ancient sea, now desiccated, does not exceed 
 2000 ft., the Dasht-i-Lut, in the SE., being relatively the lower. 
 Between these deserts and the mountain provs. of the W. 
 are the plateau provs. of Teheran (with dependencies) — Irak- 
 AJeml, Ispahan, Fars, and Larlstan, and to the E. of the 
 last three, and SW. of the Dasht-i-Lut, lie Yezd and Kerman. 
 Throughout this extensive region the surface is hilly and rolling 
 {6000 to 8500 ft.), and in parts mountainous, especially to the 
 NW., W., and SE. In Kerman the limestone mountains are 
 stated to reach an alt. of 15,000 ft. Wherever water exists, or 
 can be procured by irrigation, the soil is fertile. The prov. of 
 Yezd is, however, a flat, sandy expanse, diversified by bare black 
 ridges and scanty scrub ; and the greater part of Laristan and 
 parts of Ispahan partake of much the same character. Salt 
 swamps occur in the extensive Lake Niriz or Bakhtegan, and 
 Lake Maharlu in Fars, in Gav Khane between Ispahan and 
 Yezd, and in otl^er places. Besides the Zainde-Rud at Ispahan, 
 the more important rivers are the Kur, flowing into Lake 
 Niriz, and the Kara-Su, into a lately-formed lake, Hauz-i- 
 Sultan, between Teheran and Kum. Apart from the orchards, 
 of which the Persians are very proud, and the tamarisk and 
 camel-thorn scrub, these plateau provs. are almost destitute of 
 trees. The principal products are wheat and barley, opium, 
 cotton, fruits, tobacco, wool, attar of roses (Fars), and madder 
 (Yezd), with liquorice, asafoetida, gums, and manna. The 
 wealth in live-stock, grazed chiefly in the valleys of the western 
 mountains, embraces sheep, cattle, goats, camels, donkeys and 
 mules — these last particularly in Irak-Ajemi and Fars. Chief 
 town Teheran, the cap. of P. E. of it, on the route to 
 Meshed, lie Semnan, Damghan, Shahrud, and Bostam, each 
 the cap. of a dependent dist. NW. of Teheran, on the road 
 to Tabriz, are Kazvin, Sultanieh, and Zinjan. S. of Teheran 
 are Kum (alt. 3100 ft.), Kashan, and Ispahan (alt. 5300 ft.), 
 the second city of P. in commercial importance, and the former 
 political cap. of the country. W. of Kum and Kashan lie 
 Hamadan (P. 20,000-40,000; alt. 6280 ft.), reputed the ancient 
 city of Ecbatana ; Nihavend ; Burujird, an important strategical 
 point ; Sultanabad, centre of the carpet industry ; Gulpaigan ; 
 1192 
 
 Khonsar, famous for its manna. W. of Ispahan is Nejefabad. 
 The cap. of the prov. of Fars (ancient Persis) is Shiraz (P. 
 20,000 ; alt. 4750 ft.), NE. of which are the ruins of the ancient 
 caps. Pasargadce, Persepolis, and Istakhr ; the tombs of the 
 Achsemenian sovereigns of P. at Naksh-i-Rustam ; and at 
 Shapur, about 60 m. W. of Shiraz, ancient ruins and rock- 
 inscriptions. Lar is the cap. of prov. Laristan. In Yezd the 
 chief towns are Yezd, Nain, and Taft ; in Kerman, Kerman, 
 the cap., noted for its shawls, Shahr-i-Babek, Bahramabad, 
 and Bam. Nearly every one of the provincial caps, mentioned 
 in this div. are seats of manufactures — carpets, felts, shawls, 
 opium, cottons, silks, dyes, copper and brass wares, leather, 
 printed calico, and glazed tiles being the most noticeable pro- 
 ducts, almost entirely made by hand ; carpets are woven by the 
 W. nomads and in the E. provs. , as well as in the towns of the 
 centre ; enamelling on metal and mosaic work in bone, ivory, 
 &c., are carried on at Shiraz. Communications. — As the 
 Persians have next to no rivers, so they have next to no carriage 
 roads ; the only roads of this class in use run from Julfa (Russo- 
 Persian frontier) to Tabriz (80 m.), from Resht via Teheran to 
 Kum (about 200 m.), and from Kuchan to Ashkabad (140 m.), 
 on the Transcaspian Rly. Others are in process of construction 
 to connect Teheran with Shushter via Kum, Sultanabad, and 
 Burujird (total 500 m. ). Indeed the principal routes are little 
 better than tracks worn by the passage of pack-animals (mules, 
 camels, asses, horses) during the long course of the centuries, 
 and by the horses, &c. , of the government officials and pilgrims 
 travelling to the great Mohammedan shrines in P. (Meshed and 
 Kum), in Turkey (Kerbela), and in Arabia (Mecca and Medina). 
 The general decay of the country, the result principally of mis- 
 government, is evidenced by the half ruinous condition' of many 
 of the chief towns, and by the greater number of semi-deserted 
 villages along the principal routes and in some of the more 
 accessible dists. The most important avenues of entrance into 
 P. are (i) the Persian Gulf ports in the S. , (2) a route via 
 Bagdad in the W., (3) a route to the Black Sea at Trebizond, 
 (4) ports on the Caspian, and (5) routes converging upon 
 Meshed in the NE. The principal routes from rhe S. start at 
 Bushire and Bender-Abbas. The former is chiefly used for 
 Teheran, which is reached via Shiraz, Ispahan, and Kashan, 
 a distance of 770 m. Four steep passes, one of which climbs 
 3000 ft. in 4 or 5 m. and another 1200 ft. in i m. , whilst the 
 remaining two rise 1000 and 1400 ft. above the coast plain, lead 
 up from the port to Shiraz. Up on the plateau the route 
 crosses passes approximating 9000 ft. above the sea-level, but 
 of course relatively low. Bender- Abbas is the port mostly used 
 for Kerman (380 m.) and Yezd (580 m. ) ; but also for Ispahan 
 (780 m. ) and for Meshed (950 m. ). Caravans by this route are 
 sometimes exposed to attack by the Baluchi and other nomads. 
 An endeavour is now being made to utilise the Karun (q.v.) R. , 
 which is navigable. From Shushter a land route passes via 
 Burujird, Sultanabad, and Kum to Teheran (500 m.) ; but not 
 only does it climb to altitudes touching 7000 ft. with steep 
 descents and ascents, it is also at times rendered unsafe by the 
 marauding Ilyats, and is, moreover, blocked with snow for three 
 or four months in the winter. Another cross-route connects 
 Shushter and Ispahan over easy but lofty passes (up to 11,700 
 ft. ). The route which is principally used in the W. starts from 
 Bagdad, which is only 90 m. from Khanikin on the Persian 
 frontier, and runs via Kermanshahan and Hamadan to Teheran 
 (410 m. from the frontier). The busiest route in the NW., 
 perhaps the busiest in all P. , that travelled over by the Venetian 
 traders in the 12th century, and in constant use ever since, 
 begins at Trebizond on the Black Sea, and goes via Erzerum, 
 Bayazid, Khoi, Tabriz, and Kazvin (300 m. to the frontier, 500 
 m. more to Teheran). The remaining routes of the N. all enter 
 from Russian terr. and mostly connect with the railway line 
 starting from Poti on the Black Sea. From Akstafa on the 
 Tiflis-Batu line one route proceeds to Julfa (250 m. ), and thence 
 to Tabriz (80 m.). But the connection Tabriz-Astara (180 
 m.), the latter a Russian town on the Caspian, is now pre- 
 ferred. The principal sea-route by the Caspian is that from 
 Batu to Enzeli and Resht, and thence over the Kharzan Pass 
 (7500 ft.) to Teheran (200 m.). The ports Meshed-i-Ser (160 
 m. from Teheran, 12 m. N. Barfrush) and Mahmudabad 
 (120 m.) are also occasionally resorted to, in spite of the roads 
 to Teheran being difficult across the Elburz Mts. A consider- 
 able amount of trade passes further along the Transcaspian Rly. 
 to Ashkabad, and thence by road to Kuchan and Meshed (140 
 m.). Gez, the port of Astrabad, has the best harbour of all the 
 Persian ports on the Caspian. One of the most frequented 
 routes in all P. is that connecting the cap. with Meshed (560 
 m.) and passing through Semnan, Shahrud, Sebzewar, and 
 Nishapur. Travellers in P. either use the public post-horses, 
 or hire or purchase horses for themselves. Caravans frequently 
 travel by night to avoid the heat of the day. There are but two 
 short lines of railway in all P. , viz. , from Teheran to the shrine 
 of Shah Abdul Azim (6 m.), and Mahmudabad to Amol (12 m.). 
 Telegraph lines connect the principal towns. The main line 
 of the Indo-European Telegraph Company passes through P., 
 
PERS — PERT 
 
 touching at Julfa, Tabriz, Teheran, Bushire, and is worked by 
 agents of the company and the Indian govt. There are regular 
 post-office despatches between the cap. and chief provincial 
 centres, and also to Europe and to India. Trade. — Broadly 
 speaking, in the commerce which passes into P. and out by the 
 Caspian routes, Russia has a decided preponderance, whilst 
 England's (including India) ascendency is supreme in the com- 
 merce which enters and leaves by the ports of the S. , though 
 the Russians are stated to be slowly gaining ground, chiefly with 
 printed calicoes, in this region. Of the trade which passes 
 through Trebizond about 80 per cent, of that which goes into 
 P. is English, but only 10 to 15 per cent, of the exports are 
 destined for England. Austria, Germany, and France share 
 between them a large proportion of the Trebizond trade, and 
 participate in the trade of the ports of the Persian Gulf. The 
 total commerce of P. may perhaps amount to seven or eight 
 millions sterling, of which two-thirds is for imports. England's 
 share of this aggregate is probably 40 per cent. , Russia's about 
 30 per cent. The imports consist principally of calicoes (40 to 
 45 per cent, of the whole), silks, woollens, and cloth (together 
 20 per cent.), sugar, spices, glass-ware and crockery, tea, 
 metals and hardware, indigo, and oil. The most noteworthy 
 commodities amongst the exports are opium (25 per cent.), silk 
 and cotton (25 per cent.), rice, drugs and dyes, dried fruits, 
 tobacco, carpets and shawls, wheat and barley, wool, and pearls. 
 Close upon 50 per cent, of the total trade, in point of value, 
 passes through the three ports of Bushire, Lingah, and Bunder 
 Abbas. By the Caspian routes the value amounts to 25 per 
 cent, of the total ; by Tabriz-Trebizond, 15 to 20 per cent. ; 
 and by way of Bagdad, 10 to 12 per cent. Weights and 
 Measures, Money. — The unit of length is the zer=;i6 girih = 
 41-44 in., for the standard varies in different parts of the 
 country. The fersakh has a length of about 4 m. Surface 
 areas are measured by the jerib= generally 1066 square zer. 
 The chief units of weight are the miscal = ii oz. Troy, and the 
 betman=6.48 lbs. The khervar, also in use = 5! cwts. But 
 these, like the measures of length, vary in different parts of 
 the country. In actual practice the monetary unit is the kran, 
 a silver coin which fluctuates in value, not only with the varia- 
 tions in the value of silver, but also in accordance with the 
 changes in the weight and fineness of the coin, characteristic of 
 the vicious system of administration. A British secretary of 
 legation, writing in 1886, states that it formerly weighed 83 
 grains, was afterwards reduced to 77 grains, and then weighed 
 71 grains, while the fineness had been reduced to 89 or 90 per 
 cent. It is now worth about 7d. ; but the gold tuman = 10 
 krans, is also legal tender. The kran = 1000 dinar = 20 shahi. 
 The government is, in every form of it, centred absolutely in 
 the person of the sovereign, with the title of Shah. Certain of the 
 more important provs. are placed under the rule of princes of 
 the blood, who, however, are responsible not only for the im- 
 perial revenue, but for all acts of government, to the Shah him- 
 self. The post of governor in the remaining provs., and also 
 the customs and similar administrative functions, are farmed to 
 the highest bidders. The army consists of about 150,000 men, 
 poorly armed and ill trained (except perhaps one-fifth of them), 
 and of 15,000 to 20,000 frontier tribesmen, who serve as irregular 
 cavalry. In addition to these there is the local militia (infantry) 
 of the towns. The Lurs are excellent raw material for fighting. 
 The best soldiers are levied in the prov. of Azerbaijan. The 
 population numbers in all probably 7^ to 9 million, of whom 
 about 2,000,000 are nomads, known collectively as Iliats or 
 Ilyats. Ethnologically, the major portion are Persians (Aryans). 
 The nomads — Lurs, Kurds, and Baluchis — in all probability 
 are also of Aryan blood. The remaining ethnic strains are 
 Turkic, Tatar, Arabic, Jewish, and Armenian. By religion the 
 greater proportion are Mohammedans of the Shiite division ; 
 but in addition to these there are approximately 700,000 Sunnite 
 Mohammedans ; 44,000 Nestorian (Syrian) Christians, and 
 29,000 Armenian Christians; 19, 000 Jews; and 9000 Zoroastrians 
 or ancient fire-worshippers, mostly in Yezd prov. Education 
 is cheap and general. In most villages the children are taught 
 to read and recite the Koran, and often to write as well. At 
 Teheran, Ispahan, and Tabriz there are imperial colleges, with 
 a European curriculum, open to all native Persians, who are 
 instructed by foreign and native teachers. P. embraces the 
 greater part of ancient Iran (q.v.), which is commonly ac- 
 cepted as the original cradle of the Aryan or Indo-European 
 races. The history of P. begins, so far as yet ascertained, 
 in about the eighth century B.C., when the Medes of Ecbatana 
 revolted against the Assyrians and founded an independent 
 kingdom. The Median empire was subdued and conjoined 
 with that of P. (centred in Persis with Pasargadae for cap. ) by 
 Cyrus of the Achfemenian dynasty in the 6th century B.C. 
 Cyrus and his successors carried their conquests over the greater 
 part of W. Asia as far as Egypt, but were beaten back by the 
 Greeks (5th century). This Medo-Persian empire was finally 
 overthrown in 334 B.C. by Alexander the Great of Macedonia, 
 who founded on its ruins the state ruled by the Grteco- 
 Macedonian dynasty of the Seleucidte. About the middle of 
 
 the 3rd century B.C. the empire of the Parthians began to 
 grow into power in what is now the N. of Khorassan, and 
 shortly afterwards they destroyed the supremacy of the Seleucids 
 in P. The principal feature in the dominance of the Par- 
 thians was the beginning of the long struggle between P. and 
 Greece, afterwards Rome, which was continued by the kings 
 of the Sassanian line, a true Persian dynasty, who early in the 
 3rd century, A.D. , recovered the sovereignty from the Parthians. 
 The Sassanian empire was overthrown by the Mohammedan 
 Arabs in the year 639, and thus P. became a prov. of the empire 
 of the califs. Between the end of the 8th and the end of the 
 15th century, the history of P, is very complex, partly owing 
 to the number of small kingdoms and semi-independent provs. 
 into which it was divided, and partly to the conquests of suc- 
 cessive invaders of different nationality. It must suffice to 
 mention the more prominent dynasties, as the Ghaznevids, who 
 maintained themselves in E. Persia and Afghanistan from the 
 middle of the loth century, or a little later, till nearly the 
 end of the 12th century ; the Turkish Seljuks, who established 
 the centre of their power first at Bagdad (1050), and afterwards 
 at Iconium in Asia Minor ; the Mongols, who appeared in P. 
 towards the middle of the 13th century under Hulagu, grand- 
 son of Jenggiz Khan, and kept their hold upon the country 
 until shaken off by the victorious Tatar (Mongol) prince, Timur 
 or Tamerlane, between the middle and close of the 14th 
 century. Timur's successors ruled over P. until the very end 
 of the 15th century, when they were supplanted by the Sufi 
 or Sefawi dynasty (Mohammedans of Ardebil). The most cele- 
 brated monarchs of this line were Ismail I. (1499-1524) and 
 Abbas the Great (1586-1628), both of whom successfully held 
 their own against repeated attacks of the (Tatar) Uzbegs from 
 the N. and the Turks from the W. In 1736 the throne was 
 seized by a general of remarkable character. Nadir Shah, 
 who conquered India; but after his death (1747) anarchy 
 prevailed until Agha Mohammed, chief of Astrabad, made 
 himself supreme, and founded the reigning dynasty of the 
 Kajars. Authorities : Curzon, Persia (1892), where see a full 
 bibliography ; Rausch von Traubenberg, Hauptverkehrswege 
 Persians (1890); H. A. Sawyer in Geog. Jour., 1894, pp. 481, 
 &c. ; Stolze and Andreas, Handelsverhdltnisse Persians in Peter- 
 mann's Ergdmungsheft, -jj (1885); and Map (i: 3,810,000) of 
 P. by Curzon (1892). 
 
 Persian Ciulf, an arm of the Indian Ocean, between Arabia 
 and Persia, lat. 24°-30° 15' N., long. 48°-56° 30' E. Length, 
 420 m. ; breadth, 105-230 m. At its NW. extremity it receives 
 the Shat-el-Arab, formed by the union of the Euphrates and 
 Tigris Rivs. , and the Karun. It communicates on the E. with 
 the Arabian Sea by the Strait of Ormuz. It contains numerous 
 islands, the principal being Kishm, Ormuz, Bushire, and Larak, 
 off its N. or Persian coast, and the Bahrein Is. on its Arabian 
 side, around which last-named an extensive pearl fishery is 
 carried on. Its N. ct. is higher and bolder than that on the 
 S. , and tolerably uniform. The mean depth varies between 20 
 and 45 fathoms. Persia possesses three ports of considerable 
 commercial importance on her shore of the gulf — Bunder Abbas, 
 Lingah, and Bushire, besides some smaller ones. On the Shat- 
 el-Arab are the ports of Busrah and Mohammerah. See 
 Persia. A submarine telegraph cable extends along the 
 Persian Gulf from the Euphrates to Karachi ; and a land line, 
 1200 m. long, from Bagdad to Busrah, was laid in 1865. 
 
 Persle, eccles. par., Scot., Forfarshire and Perthshire, Alyth, 
 Bendochy, Blairgowrie, Caputh, Kirkmichael, Lethendy and 
 Kinloch, and Rattray pars. P. <75o. 
 
 Person, co. , U.S., N. Carolina, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 by 79° W. 
 
 Pertenhall, par., Eng., on the N. border of Bedfordshire, 
 Biggleswade div. , 10 m. N. by E. Bedford, 3^ m. S. Kimbolton 
 stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Perth, CO., Canada, Ontario, crossed by 43^° N. and 81° W. 
 
 Perth, tn. , Canada, Ontario, cap. Lanark co. , on the riv. 
 Tay and a railway, 46 m. N. by E. Kingston. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Perth, post-vil. , Is^ew Brunswick, co. Victoria, on St. John 
 R. , 97 m. from Fredericton. P. <i500. 
 
 Perth, post-tn.. New South Wales, co. and 5 m. SW. by S. 
 Bathurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Perth, city, royal and pari, burgh, co. tn. , river port, and 
 par., Scot., at the tidal head of the Firth of Tay, on an 
 alluvial plain 47 m. NNW. Edinburgh, overlooked by the two 
 wooded hills of Kinnoull, on 1. bk. , and Moncreiff, which sepa- 
 rates the Tay from the Earn, and commanding fine views of the 
 Highland mountains to N. Two public parks adjoin, called the 
 N. Inch (98 ac.) and S. Inch (72 ac), and a handsome bridge 
 of nine arches connects with the suburb Bridgend. The chief 
 buildings are St. John's Church (whence St. Johnstoun, or St. 
 Johns Toivn, the ancient name of the city), with square tower, 
 an Episcopal cathedral, the city hall, the county buildings, 
 the penitentiary and general prison for Scotland (1812), the 
 academy. There is an imposing railway station, the common 
 terminus of the N. B. R., C. R., and H. R. Perth is noted 
 for its bleach-fields, at Luncarty, Pitcairnfield, and Stormont- 
 
 1193 
 
P E R T — P E R U 
 
 field, all 4 m. outside of the city, and for dyeing (nearly 4000 
 hands) ; ink, glass, cotton and linen goods, &c., are also manu- 
 factured. Valuable salmon fisheries. P. dates its charter from 
 1210, and till the death of James I. was capital of Scotland ; 
 fourteen Parliaments were held here, and si.xteen ecclesiastical 
 councils. Other events were the combat between two Highland 
 clans, 1396, described in Scott's Fair Maid of Perth ; Knox's 
 Reformation sermon, 1559 ; the Gowrie Conspiracy, 1600 ; the 
 battle of Tippermuir, 1644 ; enactment of the ' Five Articles of 
 Perth,' 1618. The total quayage of Perth harbour is 1225 ft.; 
 Friarton harbour is 507 ft. long, and 100 ft. broad ; the tide 
 rising to 13 ft. at highest. Vessels of 200 tons reach the quays. 
 Market-day, F. Alt. 48 ft. Mean temp. (20 yrs. , 1861-80), 
 yr. 47.3° F. , Jan. 37.2°, July 57.7°. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 32. i in. 
 Royal burgh, P. (1871) 22,300; (1891) 30,100; pari, burgh, 
 (1871) 25,600; (1891) 29,900; par. (1891) 26,500; pari. divs. 
 (East) P. 43,600 ; (West) P. 47,900. 
 
 Perth, vil. , Tasmania, Cornwall co. , 10 m. S. by E. 
 Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Perth, city, W. Australia, co. P., cap. colony, on a pictur- 
 esque site, on r. bk. of the Swan R., 10 m. NE. Freemantle, 
 on the Eastern Rly. ; is the seat of a Roman Catholic and of a 
 Protestant bishopric. The public buildings include Government 
 House, two cathedrals, Parliament House, &c. The main 
 street, planted with trees, is nearly 2 m. long. Mean temp. 
 (10 yrs., 1876-85), yr. 65.1° F., Feb. 76.3°, July 55.0°; (6 yrs., 
 1880-85), yr. 64.7° F., Jan. 75.8°, July 54.6°; rfall. (4 yrs.), 
 32.58 in. P. 8400. 
 
 Perth Amboy, city, U.S., New Jersey, Middlesex co., 20 m. 
 SW. New York City, 14 m. from Sandy Hook, at head of Raritan 
 Bay, and opposite S. end of Staten I. Extensive terra-cotta 
 works ; the fire-brick here manufactured is reputed the best in 
 the U.S. ; fire-clays exported. Settled in 1684. P. (i88o)< 
 5000; (1890)9500; (1895)12,000. 
 
 Perth oley, part of eccles. par., Monmouthshire. See 
 Uaiitrlssent. 
 
 Perthshire, inland co., Scot., occupying the whole of the 
 Tay basin and part of that of the Forth. The surface varies 
 greatly from the Grampian ranges N. and W. to the rich 
 alluvial lands near the Tay, the Earn, and the Forth. The 
 highest points are Ben Lawers, 4000 ft. ; Benmore, 3843 ft. ; 
 Ben-y-gloe, 3671 ft ; Schiehallion, 3547 ft. ; Ben Voirlich, 3224 
 ft. ; Ben Ledi, 2875 ft. ; Ben Venue, 2393 ft. ; and in the Ochil 
 range, Dunmyat, 1375 ft. ; Blairdenon, 2072 ft. The chief 
 tribs. of the "Tay are the Tummel, Lyon, Isla, Almond, and 
 Earn, and those of the Forth, in this county, the Teith, Allan, 
 and Devon. Of some 80 lakes, the largest are Loch Tay, 
 Ericht, Earn, Rannoch, Katrine, Achray, Vennachar, and 
 Menteith. For scenery this county is in many respects un- 
 equalled. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. 
 The ancient divs. of P. were Athol, Strathearn, Monteith (which 
 formed three earldoms from the Pictish times), GowTie, and 
 Breadalbane. Geologically, the mountainous part consists 
 largely of crystalline schists, with gneiss, quartz, limestone, 
 &c. , the rocks being in nearly parallel folds ; the lowland part 
 is occupied by the Lower Old Red Sandstone ; and along the 
 line of separation a dislocation has been traced. There are 
 traces of volcanoes in the Ochil and Sidlaw Hills, and raised 
 beaches in the Firth of Tay prove recent upheaval, as do also 
 terraces along the banks of the Tay, Earn, Forth, &c. Peat de- 
 f)osits abound in many parts. Coal, copp)er ore, and ironstone 
 occur in the Ochil range, lead near Tyndrum and in Glen Lyon, 
 slates at Birnam and Logiealmond. There are some important 
 Roman antiquities, as the large camp preserved at Ardoch, 
 whence the military roads of Severus passed to the camps at 
 Comrie and Buchanty ; site of battle between Agricola and 
 Galgacus, at Meikleour. There are other battlefields, and many 
 historical castles. P. contains three cities, Perth (formerly the 
 Scottish capital), Dunkeld, and Dunblane, both formerly seats 
 of bishoprics. Besides the county town, Culross, Auchterarder, 
 Abernethy, and Dunblane were royal burghs. For parliamen- 
 tary purposes the county is divided into eastern and western 
 divs., each sending one member to the House of Commons. 
 Area of CO. 1,617,808 ac. P. 126,184. In consequence of the 
 Local Government Act of 1889 the parishes of Culross and 
 TuUiallan, forming a detached portion of the county on the 
 Firth of Forth, were transferred to the co. of Fife. P. of county 
 thus reduced, 122,185. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Pertlnny HIU, Eng. , Cornwall, 3 m. NE. Land's End. 
 
 Pertlsan, vil., Austria, Tirol, 17 m. NE. Innsbruck, on the 
 W. side of the Achen-see. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pertnls, tn., France, near the S. border of dep. Vaucluse, 
 arr. Apt, 13 m. N. by E. Aix ; has silk and woollen mills. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Pertnls Breton, Pertols d'Antloche, and Manmnsson, 
 straits, off the W. ct. of France, separating the isl. of R6 from 
 the dep. of Vendue on the N. , and the isl. of R6 from the isl. of 
 016ron on the S. 
 
 Pertwood, eccles. par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Wilton div. , 14 m. 
 S. by E. Trowbridge, 6 m. N. by E. Semley stn. P. <aso. 
 1194 
 
 Pern (Plm, or Blrn, from pillu, ' crown,' or piura, ' place 
 abundant in maize and quinoa'), republic, S. America, between 
 3° and 18° S. and 69° and 82° W., along the Pacific (NNW.- 
 SSE. for 1500 m.), S. of Ecuador and Columbia, W. of Brazil 
 and Bolivia, N. of Chile, five times as large as Great Britain. 
 Ecuador claims (against P.) extensive terrs. from the Bay of 
 Guayaquil to rivs. Napo and Putumayo ; P. claims (against 
 Brazil and Bolivia) from riv. Javary to riv. Madeira- Beni. The 
 possession of Tacna (in the extreme S. ) is still pending between P. 
 and Chile. The republic is divided into the deps. named in the 
 following table, the deps. being subdivided Into provs. : — 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Area 
 in 
 
 Pop. in 
 Thou- 
 
 Pop. 
 per 
 
 Departments. 
 
 .Area 
 
 Pop. in 
 Thou- 
 
 Pop. 
 per 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 1876. 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 9.7 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 1876.' 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 Piura. . . . 
 
 '3-931 
 
 136 
 
 lea .... 
 
 6.295 
 
 60 
 
 9-5 
 
 Cajamarca . . 
 
 14.188 
 
 213 
 
 IS 
 
 ' Ayacucho . . 
 
 24.213 
 
 142 
 
 S.8 
 
 Amazonas . . 
 
 14.129 
 
 34 
 
 2.4 
 
 • Cuzco . . . 
 
 95.547 
 
 238 
 
 2.5 
 
 Loreto . . . 
 
 32.727 
 
 61 
 
 1-9 
 
 : Puno .... 
 
 39.743 
 
 257 
 
 6.5 
 
 I.ibertad . . 
 
 15.649 
 
 148 
 
 9.4 
 
 Arequipa . . 
 
 27.744 
 
 160 
 
 S-o 
 
 Ancachs . . 
 
 17.405 
 
 284 
 
 16 
 
 ' Moquegua . . 
 
 22,516 
 
 29 
 
 1-3 
 
 Lima 1 
 Callao ) • • • 
 
 14.760 
 
 ; 2271 
 I 34/ 
 
 18 
 
 Apuriniac . . 
 ; Lanibayeque . 
 
 62.325 
 17.939 
 
 119 
 86 
 
 ii 
 
 
 10,814 
 33.822 
 
 '°4 
 1 210/ 
 
 9-6 
 8.S 
 
 Total . . 
 
 
 
 
 Huanucof 
 Juuin 1 • 
 
 463.747 
 
 3622* 
 
 5-7 
 
 * In 1793, 1,000,000 ; in 1836, 1,370,000 ; in 1866, 2,800,000. 
 
 Orography and Hydrography. — P. includes (i) the 
 middle part of the whole range of the Andes, between the 
 Gulf of Guayaquil and the Bay of Arica, and comprises 
 the valleys of the headwaters (Huallaga, Ucayale) of the Mar- 
 aiion (Amazon) along with part of the basin of Lake Titi- 
 caca (see Andes, C, Peruvian) ; (2) the httoral lands (la 
 casta) between the sea and the W. mountain range (the Cor- 
 dillera, up to 1500 ft.) ; and (3) the basques or llanos, that is, 
 the forest -clad plains, stretching from the E. forest-clad 
 highlands {MantaAa, 1000-5000 ft. alt.) downwards, along the 
 affluents of the upper Amazon (rivs. Maranon-SolimOes, Javary, 
 Purus, Madeira). Hydrographically and socially P. is turned 
 towards the E. Her future development will be in this direction. 
 Rivers. — (i) All the important hydrog^aphic basins belong to 
 the Amazon, and are E. of the littoral Cordillera : (a) S. of the 
 Vilcanota knot, the SW. and S. parts of Lake Titicaca basin 
 (see Bolivia) ; [b] between Vilcanota and Cerro de Pasco, the 
 high valleys of the Ucayale-Apurimac (Lake Chinchaycocha) ; 
 (c) N. of Cerro de Pasco, the high valleys of rivs. Maraiion- Hual- 
 laga; {d) E. of the Montaiia (Caravaya), the high affluents of 
 rivs. Amanumayu-Beni, Purus, and Javary. (2) Of the minor 
 rivers flowing W. into the Pacific, some (a) drain interior valleys 
 of the Cordillera (Chira, Santa-Chuquicara, Pativilca-Chancay, 
 Rimac, Ocona, Victor, Tambo) ; others [b) are mere torrents of 
 the slopes of the Cordillera. Geology. — The nucleus of the 
 Andes is formed by Archaean, Palasozoic (Silurian), and eruptive 
 rocks (diorites), on which lie Mesozoic formations (Jurassic, 
 Cretaceous). Kainozoic strata cover part of the littoral pampas 
 and the interior llanos, and are constantly being increased 
 by large masses of rocks, which are detached by the mountain 
 torrents, and swept down the valleys, at the bottom of which 
 they form accumulations resembling glacial moraines. Very 
 destructive earthquakes are frequent. The whole coast is rising. 
 Mineral products. — P. is a continuous mine. Silver is the 
 traditional and staple mineral product (Cerro de Pasco, since 
 1630, to the value of ;^8o,ooo,ooo ; Hualgayoc, Cajatambo, Cas- 
 trovireyna, Yauli, Huanta, Jequetepeque, Recuay) ; gold (Cerro de 
 Pasco, Ayavaca, Huanuco, Jaen de Bracamoros, Montes Claros, 
 and also in the Montana) ; copper (pavonadas, with the silver on 
 the plateaux, as well as on the littoral) ; mercury (Huancavelica, 
 Caraz) ; antimony, lead (with the silver, Moho) ; zinc, nickel 
 (Rapi), cobalt, iron, manganese (Marococha), coal (anthracite 
 along with gfraphite and other minerals in the Santa valley), 
 petroleum (extremely abundant in a vast region in the NW. , 
 from Tumbez to the S. of Sechura). The production is free from 
 taxes (up to 1915). Large deposits of sulphur, salts, including 
 rock-salt (cachi), at Huanso ; sodium nitrate (caliche) at Huacho, 
 Chachani, and Pachitea, and borax. Mineral waters abundant 
 between lea and Pisco, Yura, Sabandia, Yauli, Chachapoyas, 
 Cajamarca, and in all the interior districts up to Loreto in the 
 Amazon valley. The mining industry is increasing in activity 
 under the management of English companies. Climate. — All 
 the littoral of P. (mean temp. 67° F., max. 81°, min. 57°) is 
 sheltered from the moist trade winds, and the land being, to a 
 great altitude, warmer (in some points 72°) than the sea (59°), 
 vapours cannot get condensed. In this region no rain has fallen 
 for periods of twenty to eighty years (desiertos and pampas of 
 Tumbez, Sechura, Ica-Tanga, Islay). S. winds predominate 
 on the coast, becoming SW. (pintor, aguaje, between points 
 Aguja and Para9as), through the strong attraction brought about 
 by the high temperature and consequent rarefaction of the air of 
 the pampas. SE. trade winds carry the sea-waters away from 
 the coast, along which runs a cold current (the so-called Hum- 
 boldt current, 59° F.). E. winds passing through the Andes 
 
PERU 
 
 give some humidity to the western districts, where dense fogs 
 (up to 800 ft.) are frequent [tienipo de lomas, or de garua, April- 
 Oct. ). Up the slopes of the Cordillera rains become more regular 
 (Dec-May). The valleys of the Cordillera (Yuncas) are hot 
 and wet ; but the highlands (Entre-Sierra) are dry (mean 
 temp. , Cuzco, 59° ; Cerro de Pasco, 40°). Temperature dimi- 
 nishes 1° F. for every 900 ft. alt. The snow-line lies between 
 15,000-16,000 ft. The E. valleys are very damp and hot (86° 
 in the shade ; min. 64°). All the E. slopes are under the 
 influence of the moist trade winds. Rains are abundant 
 (sometimes 32 in. in a few hours). Besides the astronomical 
 observatory of Arequipa (Carmen, alt. 8054 ft., erected and 
 maintained by the Harvard University of Massachusetts), there 
 are two meteorological observatories (Chachani, 16,000 ft., the 
 highest in the world, and at Isla Chincha del Norte). Flora. — 
 The absence of nearly all kinds of vegetation is characteristic 
 of the littoral tracts of P. [desiertos , pampas) , where only a few 
 drought-loving forms {Cereus peruvianus, Prosopis siliquas- 
 tmm, and other Cactacese and Mimosas) g^ow wild ; the only 
 cultivation is along the rivers (va/les) or under irrigation. 
 There are some good pastures during the gariia. Vegetation 
 increases with increased humidity, and less sandy soil, on the 
 higher slopes and valleys. Gramineas (ichu, ichales, pajonales) 
 cover vast tracts on the highlands. From 5000-11,500 ft. ('the 
 sierra") European plants grow. Up to 14,000ft. ('the puna') 
 culture is still possible {Espeletia, Boccharis tola, Cactaceas ; 
 giganton, Cryptochcete andicola, huamauripa, reach up to the 
 snows). Above 14,000 ft. there is nothing but desert [despoblado, 
 puna bravo), with no culture. The E. lands (Montana) and 
 the slopes to the Amazonoe are covered with dense forests 
 (basques), continued, lower down, by the Hylaea [Brazil], in- 
 cluding very fertile lands producing Erythroxylon coca, Ceroxylon 
 andicola (wax-palm), chumayo, Pit/iecolobium samam, Cinchonae 
 (taken thence to India by C. Markham in 1861), Sypho- 
 campylus (caoutchouc). Datura sanguinea, tonga, Phytelephas 
 (vegetable ivory), Cyclanthese, numerous Compositae, &c. The 
 fauna is original and varied in the inter-Andine regions, these 
 forming special insulated zoological districts, with all the char- 
 acteristic and useful American Camelidag (guanaco, llama, 
 alpaca up to 16,000 ft.) and Chinchillidse [Chinchilla viscacha) 
 [Bolivia], and also on the Montana and E. slopes [Brazil] ; but 
 the fauna on the Pacific slopes, (where some parrots live in caves) 
 is poor except in sea-birds, which are attracted by the extremely 
 rich maritime fauna, and whose excreta, in the course of ages, 
 have produced the stores of g^ano preserved to us by the extreme 
 dryness of the climate. P. is in the neo-tropical zoologic 
 region, the littoral and inter-Andine lands belonging to the 
 Chilean, the E. valleys and Amazonian slopes to the Brazilian, 
 divisions. Ethnography. — The Spaniards found in P. — (i) 
 remains (still now visible) of an old high social organisation (the 
 Yunca monuments, Pachacamac, Chimu near Trujillo, Chancay, 
 Puerto Ancon, Huanasco Viejo, Paramanca) ; and (2) the highly 
 organised Quichua civilisation. The Quichua (first divided into 
 several nations, but finally represented by the Incas), tradition- 
 ally supposed to have risen, with the sun, from Lake Titicaca, 
 establishing their cap. at Cuzco, were able to subject to their 
 influence (Manco-Capac, first known Inca chief in the nth 
 century) all the countries from Ecuador (Quitu) to Bolivia and 
 Chile (Itahuantinsuyu, 'the four divisions,' o°-34° S. lat. , 
 P. 10,000,000; (1580) 8,000,000; (1890) 6,000,000). Virocacha 
 (supposed to have come from the E. seas ; see Colombia 
 and Mexico) was their civilising hero. The especial develop- 
 ment of an interparietal bone {os Incce) is the great ana- 
 tomical characteristic of the Quichua. They had a rich 
 literature, a hieroglyphic writing (registering facts by means of 
 coloured threads, quipu), knew how to obtain and work metals, 
 how to observe the eclipses and the march of the sun, which 
 they worshipped, their year being 365 days long, and their deci- 
 mal system of numeration having been extended to all their 
 social and political institutions. P. was covered by a complete 
 system of roads and bridges, by colossal civil works and religious 
 monuments. Under the theocratic tyranny of the Inca (the 
 privileged caste of ' the sons of the sun , ' ) the Quichua were divided 
 into fixed castes, the heads of the children being shaped according 
 to the mental faculties necessary for their predestined social 
 functions. The language (still now predominant) is very rich, 
 and, although distinctly agglutinative, presents many words of 
 an apparent Sanscritic descent. The Quichua are very much 
 mixed now with Indians of many other races, with Spaniards, 
 negroes, and even Chinese. (3) From Cuzco (Chalhuanca) to 
 Lake Titicaca the Indians have Aymara blood (see Bolivia). 
 (4) Numerous tribes of uncertain affinities live between the more 
 pure representatives of those already mentioned, from the inter- 
 Andine plateaux down to the Amazon : (a) Amahuacas, Conibos, 
 Sipibos, Piros (in the valleys of the Urubamba, Ucayale), 
 Cachibos (cannibals, from the Ucayale to the Amazon), Setibos, 
 Panos or Sensi, Remos, Hibitos ; Chunchos, Antis or Campa 
 (with Mongolic facies, from Caravaya to riv. Madre de Dios) ; 
 [b) Marahnas, Mayorhunas (very wild, between the Javary and 
 Maraiion) ; (c) Ticunas, Yalmas (the handsomest, Amazon) ; 
 
 (d) Cocamas (Solimoes), Oregones, Iquitos, Pebas, Omaguas 
 (almost extinct in the valleys of the Napo, Maranon, Ucayale, 
 Javary (see Brazil). Contagious diseases, introduced by the 
 white man, have exterminated many of the native races. Thtre 
 is some European immigration : Italians (Callao-Lima, Chan- 
 chamayo, Merced, at 2400 ft.), French (Chanchamayo-Perene), 
 German (San Carlos), English, negroes on the littoral, and 
 Chinese ( ' Macacos ' or Asiatics from Macao, since 1849, 
 80,000 in ten years). Indians (57 per cent.) and mixed races 
 (Zambos, Cholos, Chino-Cholos, 23 per cent.) greatly predomi- 
 nate. No other country has so many special local diseases. 
 Some (soroche or veta) are specific at great alts, (from 8000 to 
 more than 13,000 ft.). The verrugas seem to be produced by 
 some drinking-waters. The dists. with antimony are dangerous. 
 The littoral (the cap., Lima, included) is very unhealthy even 
 for the natives, malarial, typhoid, yellow, and typhus fever 
 all being prevalent. So also is dysentery (but this, as well 
 as phthisis, is cured on the highlands). Prodnctlons. — 
 Agriculture was in a very advanced condition when P. was con- 
 quered (i6th century), the littoral region, in particular, possessing 
 extensive irrigation works, the restoration of which (manpuesteria) 
 has now restored to fertility many desert districts. The old 
 staple food products were maize (temperate zones), Chenopodium 
 quinoa (highlands), and many tubers and roots [euro or papa, 
 arracacha, ulluco, oca). The Spaniards introduced wheat, 
 barley, and the banana, vine, and olive. Cotton is very good 
 in Piura (up to 4600 ft.) ; sugar-cane, tobacco, and rice are culti- 
 vated almost everywhere. Many points of the littoral are thus 
 important productive centres (Motupe, Morrope, Lambayeque, 
 Huacho, Caiiete, lea, Tambo). Numerous cattle feed on the 
 littoral pastures during the ,§'ar^(Z, and later on ascend the slopes. 
 The vine (since the i6th century) is extensively cultivated in 
 the S. (lea, Moquegua : 'the Peruvian Bordeaux'). Brandy 
 [Pisco, Italia, Moscatel) is produced. Olive-trees (since 1560) 
 are abundant in some parts (Cumana, Atico). There are on 
 the mountains exceptional fertile zones (Arequipa, Huaylas, 
 Cajamarca, Tarapoto, Lamas, Huanusco, Abancay, Vilcanota, 
 Huancayo, Chacapoyas), where cereals, potatoes, cotton, to- 
 bacco, sugar-cane (up to 4300 ft.), coffee (up to 4000 ft.), coca 
 (Huanuco), all fruits and vegetables, are extensively cultivated. 
 Rum [chaita) is extensively produced. On the slopes of the 
 Amazon basin cacao (up to 2000 ft. ), coffee, and sugar-cane (up to 
 6500 ft.) are cultivated, although far from roads communicating 
 with places of export. Manufactures of tobacco and cocaine. 
 Some domestic industries (Ete, Cajamarca) are carried on. The 
 gjreat deposits of g^ano (Huanu) on the rocks of the littoral and 
 islands (Lobos, off Lambayeque ; Guanape, near riv. Viru ; 
 Chinchas, in the bay of Pisco), worked since 1841, are nearly 
 exhausted (some are now in the possession of Chile). Means 
 of conimnnlcatlon. — Very few good roads. The completion 
 of the railways was entrusted to an English company. Three 
 trans- Andine railways are in an advanced condition — (i) N.: 
 Pacasmayo - riv. Jequetepec - Cajamarca- Maraiion - Huallaga, 
 branching to Chepen, Guadalupe (the lowest of all, 8859 ft.) ; 
 (2) centre : Callao-Lima-Oroya, rivs. Jauja, Perene, Pachitea 
 (Ucayale), branching in the inter-Andine regions ; (3) S. : Mol- 
 lendo- Arequipa- Puno, branching to Cuzco [Bolivia and 
 Andes, C, Peruvian]. Along the littoral, and between the 
 maritime ports and the W. valleys, railways are more or less 
 complete from Paita to the Chira and Piura valleys ; from 
 Chiclayo to Lambayeque, Ferrinape, Pdtapo, Monsefu, Eten, 
 Pimentel ; from Salaverry to the Moche and Seco valleys, 
 Chicama, Ascope ; from Ferrol Bay to the Santa valley and 
 Huaraz Recuay; from Lima to Callao, Ancon, Chancay, Mag- 
 dalena, Chorrilos, Huaura, Huacho; from lea to Pisco; from 
 Moquegua to Ilo-Pacocha. The Maranon is navigable up to 
 Pongo de Manseriche ; the Huallaga up to Yurimaguas ; the 
 Ucayale up to Savayacu. By the valleys of the Canusa-Iaco 
 and Santiago-Paut6 (affluents of Maranon) communication' 
 will be eventually established between the Amazon and the 
 Gulf of Guayaquil (Ecuador). Steamers on Lake Titicaca (see 
 Bolivia). The international cable touches at Paita, Callao, and 
 Mollendo. Commerce. — The port of Callao (at a short distance 
 from Lima, the cap.) has more than half of the whole inter- 
 national traffic. Numerous ports (some of them, however, faulty) 
 serve to export the local products of isolated centres (Tumbez, 
 Payta, Sechura, Talara for the petroleum region, Eten, Pacas- 
 mayo, Malabrigo, Salaverry, Ferrol or Chimbote, Casma, 
 Salinas, Ancon, Solar, Pisco, Mollendo). Bolivia sends her 
 exports free by the Mollendo-Arequipa-Puno Railway. P. ex- 
 ports free by port of Loreto (Maranon-Solimoes, the farthest 
 E. port of P., 750 m. in a straight line from Callao) and the 
 Amazon to Para. Exports silver, copper, and other metals, 
 salts, guano, cotton, wool (sheep and alpaca), sugar, rubber, 
 coca and cocaine, medicinal plants ; imports manufactured 
 articles of food and dress, cereals, coal, machinery. Exports 
 and imports, ^^3, 000,000 ; half with Great Britain, then Chile, 
 France, Germany, United States. Political Institutions. — 
 A president elected for four years, two Houses of Parliament, 
 two senators for each department of two provs., and one for 
 
 1195 
 
PERU — PESZ 
 
 every group of four more, one deputy for every 30,000 inhabi- 
 tants. Constitution of 1856 revised in i860. Roman Catholic 
 is the state religion ; all others are tolerated, but their obser\'ance 
 is prohibited in public places. Three universities — Lima (San 
 Marcos, the oldest in America), Cuzco, Arequipa. The army 
 numbers 6000 to 40,000. Through financial difficulties P. gave 
 up to an English company the construction of her railways, 
 the working of her mines, large tracts of land, and some of the 
 guano islands. H'elgbts and Measares. — The money is the 
 (silver) sole=2s., peseta = \ sole ; real=\ peseta. Metric svstem 
 established since i860. The old Spanish measures (see Bolivia) 
 still in general use. History. — In 1515 Tumbez was discovered, 
 and there (1531) Pizarro began, for Spain, the conquest of P., 
 afterwards divided (encomiendas) between the conquerors. All 
 the natives were obliged to work for the Spaniards in the mines 
 (mita). In 1542 P., as a viceroyalty, became the centre of 
 government for the whole W. of'S. America. In 1717 took 
 place the secession of Santa F6 de Bogota [Colombia]; in 1776, 
 that of Upper P. (Charcas, Boliria) under Buenos Aires; in 
 1740, 1780, 1814, three native rebellions against the whites. In 
 1810-17 occurred the secession of the Capitania general de 
 Santiago [Chile] ; in 1821-24, the war of independence with 
 Sf)ain ; in 1825 the independence of Upper P. was declared 
 under the name of Bolivia. From 1836 to 1839 P. and 
 Bolivia united under a president. Santa Cruz carried on war 
 with Chile. There was a war with Bolivia in 1841. In 1854 
 negro slavery was abolished. In 1864-66 a conflict with Spain 
 occurred ; and in 1879-83 an alliance with Bolivia and a war 
 with Chile, in consequence of which P. lost Tarapaca (42,400 
 sq. m. ) and Tacna. [J. B. R.] 
 , Peru, or Francis, isl., Pacific, Gilbert group, in about \V 
 
 S.,i75rE- 
 
 Peru, city, U.S., Illinois, La Salle co., at the head of naviga- 
 tion on r. bk. of Illinois R. , 86 m. WSW. Chicago, adjoining W. 
 La Salle. P. has extensive zinc and sulphuric acid works, and 
 manufactures of clocks, watches, and agricultural implements, 
 besides other industries. Large quantities of ice are annually 
 exported to the S. ; in the vicinity are extensive coal-mines. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 Pern, city, U.S., Indiana, Miami co., on r. bk. of Wabash 
 R. and the Wabash and Erie Canal, 67 m. N. Indianapolis ; 
 has important local trade. P. 7000. 
 
 Pern, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Nemaha co., on Missouri R., 15 
 m. SSE. Nebraska by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pemcbo (another name of the Gnaliabamba), or Gnay- 
 bamba, riv. , Ecuador, one of the headstreams of the Esmer- 
 aldas [q.v.]. 
 
 Perucbo, vil. , Ecuador, 23 m. N. Quito. 
 
 Perugia, city and cap. prov., Italy, on the Tiber, r. bk., 127 
 m. N. Rome by rail, with fine position and scenery. It is sur- 
 rounded by walls, one handsome gateway being named the 
 Etruscan arch of Augustus. The main features are the Corso, 
 joining two squares, a Gothic cathedral and several beautiful 
 churches, the municipal palace, with its valuable art gallery, 
 the university (1307)— a so-called free university, that is, not one 
 of the state institutions, founded in 1276, now with 15 ordinary 
 and 3 extra-ordinary professors — a library and museum. The 
 neighbourhood is noted for its Etruscan tombs. The Romans 
 took Perusia, as they called it, from the Etruscans 310 B.C., 
 and Augustus rebuilt it in 41 B.C. In the 4th century it was 
 besieged by Totila, king of the Goths. In the 15th century 
 it became the centre of the Umbrian school of painting. Alt. 
 1706 ft. Mean temp., yr. 55.9° P., Jan. 39.4°, July 73.8°. P. 
 (1871) 16,700; (1881) 17,400. 
 
 Perugia, liake of. See Trasimeno. 
 
 Perungndi, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 29 m. S. by 
 W. Tinnevelli. P. < 5000. 
 
 PemSilca (perushitsa), tn., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, 
 circle Philippopolis. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Pernwelz, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 11 m. 
 SE. by E. Tournay ; has manufactures of hosiery, woollen 
 goods, and cloth. P. 8200. 
 
 Perrench^res, vil. , France, dep. Orne, 16 m. E. Alen9on, 
 arr. and 8 m. SW. Mortagne. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Pervonsmotryennaya, mt., Novaya Zemlya, in the N. of 
 MoUer Bay, first seen on approaching the island from the White 
 Sea. Alt. 1800 ft. 
 
 Perryse, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. Furnes, 
 12 m. SW. by S. Ostende. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Perwei, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Nivelles, 4 m 
 WSW. Ramillies. P. < 3000. 
 
 Perzerin, tn., Turkey in Europe. See Prizren. 
 
 Pes'aro, the ancient Pisaurum, seapt., on the E. ct. of Italy, 
 The Marches, cap. prov. P. , at the mouth of the Foglia, 20 m. 
 SE. Rimini ; has silk spinning, linen and cotton weaving, brisk 
 trade in silk, oil, wine, and figs. It was destroyed by an earth- 
 quake under Augustus. Birthplace of Pope Innocent XI. 
 Mean temp., yr. 57.5° F., Jan. 39.4°, July 76.3°. P. 11,900. 
 
 Pescade, cape, Algeria, prov. and 4 m. NW. Algiers, in 36° 
 49' N. , 3° E. , much frequented for its picturesqueness. 
 1196 
 
 Pescadero, summer resort, U.S., California, San Mateo co. , 
 on Pacific Ocean, 38 m. S. San Francisco. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pescadero, settlement, U.S., Idaho, Bear Lake co. , 30 m. 
 NNW. from the SE. corner of the state. 
 
 Pescadores (Spanish, ' fisher islands '), a group of small isls. , 
 Peru, about 11° 50' S. 
 
 Pescadores, or Flsbers* Islands, Chinese Peng-bn, Pang- 
 bn, or Poug-bn, group of 21 isls., besides uninhabited rocks, 
 in Formosa Channel, 109 m. SE. Amoy, between 23° 11' to 23° 
 39' N., 119° 16' to 119" 40' E. ; all low, and of basaltic forma- 
 tion. Notoriously dangerous to navigators. Ceded by China 
 to Japan in 1895. 
 
 Pescadores, Islas dos, name given by Spanish navigators of 
 the i6th century to the Oceanic Is., now identified with Ronge- 
 lab and Marshall. 
 
 Pescadores, Pnnta, cape, Peru, in about 16° 26' S. 
 
 PescagUa, vil., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 10 m. NNW. 
 Lucca ; has quarry of statuary marble and iron and copper 
 mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pescantlna, tn., Italy, Venetia, on the 1. bk. of the Adige, 
 prov. and 6 m. WNW. Verona. P. <30oo. 
 
 Pescara, fortified tn. , on the E. ct. of Italy, Abruzzi e 
 Molise, prov. and 8 m. N. by E- Chieti. P. <30oo. 
 
 Pescarenico, or Pescate, Idke, Italy, Lombardy, prov. Como, 
 an expansion of the Adda, mentioned by Manzoni in his novel 
 Promessi Sposi. 
 
 Pegcera (peshchera), tn. , Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. 
 Tatar- PazardSik, 24 ni. WSW. Philippopolis. P. < 500c. 
 
 Peschanaya, Cossack vil., Russia, prov. Akmolinsk, 315 m. 
 WSW. Omsk. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pescbanka, tn. , Russia, govt, and 105 m. WSW. Saratov, 
 on Terza R. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pescbicl, tn. , Italy, prov. and 41 m. NE. Foggia, on the 
 Adriatic. P. < 3000. 
 
 Peschlera, fortified tn. surrounded by forts, Italy, Venetia, 
 at the foot of Lake Garda, prov. and 14 m. W. Verona ; forti- 
 fied place of the first order, and military port on the lake. 
 Before i860 it formed the NW. angle of the famous Quadri- 
 lateral. Taken by the French in 1796 and in 1801. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pescla, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 9^ m. NE. by E. 
 Lucca. P. 6300. 
 
 Pesclna, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, 35 m. 
 SW. Chieti ; has trade in wine, oil, honey, wax, and leather ; 
 birthplace of Cardinal Mazarin. P. <400o. 
 
 Pescocostanzo, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, 
 32 m. S. by W. Chieti. P. <:30ca 
 
 Pescolamazza, tn. , Italy, Camjiania, prov. and 8 m. N. by 
 E. Benevento. P. <3000. 
 
 Peseopagano, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 24 m. NW. 
 by W. Potenza. P. <:4000. 
 
 Pese, tn. , China. See Poseting. 
 
 Pe-sban (' northern mts.'), China. See Tslnllng-sban. 
 
 PesbAwar, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, cap. dist. P., 88 
 m. WNW. Rawal Pindi ; surrounded by a mud wall, just out- 
 side which, on the N., stands a fort, Bdla Hissar, 13 m. from 
 the month of the Khdibar Pass, 50 m. from Attock, 190 m. 
 from Kabul, dominating the city. The cantonments lie 2 m. 
 W. ; very unhealthy, fever prevalent. Alt. mo ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 70° F. , Jan. 50°, July 89° ; rfall., yr. 13.5 in., Jan. to 
 April 6.6 in. P. 84,200; Hindus, 15,500; Moham. 60,300; 
 Sikhs, 4800. 
 
 Peshcbera, Bulgaria. See PeScera. 
 
 Peshtlgo, vil. , U.S., Wisconsin, Marinette co., on Peshtigo 
 R. , 39 m. NNE. of the head of Green Bay. P. <2ooo. 
 
 P<?j/^?, Russian, 'sands.' 
 
 Peskl, several vils., Russia. 1. Govt, and 160 m. NE. 
 Voronezh, dist. Novokhopersk, on Khoper R. P. 7000. 8. 
 Govt, and 75 m. SE. Kharkov, near Donets R. P. 6000. 
 
 Peskovskiy, iron-works, Russia, govt, and 100 m. E. by N. 
 Vyatka, on upper Vyatka R. ; shipbuilding. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pesnies, tn., France, on the S. border of dep. Haute-Saone, 
 arr. Gray, on the Oignon, 22 m. W. by N. Besanfon. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pesocblnskiy, two iron-works, Russia, govt. Kaluga, one of 
 them 25 m. S. and the other 55 m. SE. Kaluga, on Pesochnya R. 
 P. < 1000 and 4000. 
 
 Pesqueira, 8fto Joilo da, tn. , Portugal, Beira, dist. and 42 m. 
 NE. Vizeu; produces excellent port wine. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Pesqnerla, Rio, or Salinas, riv., Mexico, rising in S. of 
 state Coahuila, flows from Laguna del Muerto E. and NE. 
 into the riv. San Juan, 50 m. from its entrance into the lower 
 Rio Grande del Norte. Length about 310 m. 
 
 Pessac, tn. , France, dep. Gironde, arr. and 6 m. SW. by W. 
 Bordeaux ; famous for its clarets. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pest, tn. , Hungary. See Budapest. 
 
 Pesto, ruins of ancient Pcvstiim, Italy, on Gulf of and 22 m. 
 SE. Salerno. 
 
 Pestrln, Le, new spa, France, dep. Ardeche, arr. Largenti^re, 
 24 m. WNW. Montdimar. 
 
 P^Bzak, comm., Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. Perjdmos, 25 
 m. NW. Temesvar. P. <4ooo. 
 
P E T A 
 
 PETE 
 
 Petacalco, Bahla, bay, Mexico, S. ct. , in the W. of Guerrero, 
 crossed by 102° W. 
 
 Petagiic, Le, islets, Italy, at the mouth of the harbour of 
 Brindisi ; on one of them is a lighthouse. 
 
 Petalirtlia, isl. See Sordl. 
 
 Petaliilion (petalidhi), ancient Korone, small seapt. , Greece, 
 prov. Messenia, on W. shore of Gulf of Messenia, 13 m. E. by N. 
 Navarino, and 11 m. N. of the modern town of Korone. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Petallol (petalii), isl., group, Greece, in the Channel of 
 Euripos, near the S. end of the isl. of Euboea. 
 
 Petalania, city, U.S., California, Sonoma co. , 34 m. NNW. 
 San Francisco, with which it is connected by railway and a daily 
 line of steamers ; has important trade in dairy produce. Mean 
 temp. (17 yrs.), 57.0° F., Jan. 47.1", July 65.1°; rfall., yr. 23.84 
 in., May-Sept. 1.24 in. P. < 4000. 
 
 Petane, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I., Hawkes Bay co. , 
 
 10 m. NNW. Napier. P. < 1500. 
 Petaiige, tn. , Luxemburg. See Petlngen. 
 
 Petanl Point, cape, Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 7 m. 
 NNW. Scarborough. 
 
 Petare, tn. , Venezuela, Guzman Blanco, 10 m. ESE. Caracas. 
 
 Peten, dep. , Guatemala, on N. frontier, cap. Floras. 
 
 Peten, lake, Guatemala. See Itzal. 
 
 Petenes, or Itzas, Indians (Maya), SE. Mexico and N. 
 Guatemala. 
 
 Peteorde, tn. , Eng. , Sussex. See Petworth. 
 
 Peterboro, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Hillsboro co. , on 
 Contoocook R. , 45 m. SW. Concord. P. <3000. 
 
 Peterborongh, tn. , Canada, Ontario, cap. P. co. , 68 m. 
 NE. by E. Toronto; an important railway centre. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Peterborough, episcopal city, pari, and (since 1874) mun. 
 bor. , par., and market-tn., Eng., Northamptonshire (with part 
 in Huntingdonshire), 37 m. NE. Northampton, on the Nen, with 
 stns. on G. N. R. , M. R. , L. & N W. R. , and G. E. R. Principal 
 trade is in corn, malt, coal, and timber, and the manufacture 
 of agricultural implements and bricks. Cathedral of P. , which 
 is specially noted for the magnificence of its W. front, dates from 
 II 18, and is on the site of a Saxon monastery, dedicated, 655, 
 to St. Peter ; the central tower has recently been rebuilt. The 
 original name of the town was Medesha?nstede. The present 
 bishopric, dating from the dissolution of the monasteries (the 
 abbey of P. having previously been in the diocese of Lincoln), 
 includes Leicestershire, Northants, and Rutland, with parts of 
 the counties of Derby, Hunts, and Warwick. The G. N. R. 
 have large locomotive works on the N. suburb. There are many 
 fairs. Market-days, W. and S. Mun. bor. 6564 ac. Alt. 50 
 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), yr. 23.8 in. P. (1801) 3400; (1851) 
 8700; (1871) 17,400; (1891)25,200; pari. bor. P. (1891)26,500. 
 
 Peterborongh, settlement, Victoria, S. ct. , on Cardie's 
 Inlet, Heyterbury co. , 40 m. WNW. of Cape Otway. 
 
 Peterehurch, par. , Eng. , Hereford, Ross div. , on the Dore, 
 
 11 m. W. Hereford, on the Golden Valley Rly., PM.O.; 5164 
 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Peterculter (locally pronounced piterku'ter), par., Scot., 
 CO. and jh m. WSW. Aberdeen, on the 1. bk. of the Dee, 
 opposite Maryculter, includes the village of Culter, PMT.O. ; 
 10,547 ac P. < 2500. 
 
 Peterhead, pari, and mun. burgh, seapt. tn. , Scot. , Aberdeen- 
 shire, on a rocky penin. , 32 m. (44 by rail) NNE. Aberdeen, with 
 stn. on the G. N. of S. R. Keith Inch, the eastern extremity of 
 the penins. , and the nucleus of the town, is now cut off by the 
 harbour ; it is chiefly occupied by fish-curing establishments. 
 There are three harbours, the S. being 600 ft. by 350 ft. with 
 1800 ft. of quayage ; the N. with two basins, one 500 ft. by 500 
 ft. with 1670 ft. of quayage, the other 380 ft. by 500 ft. with 
 2235 ft. of quayage ; and Port Henry Harbour, with an area 
 of 5 ac. and 850 ft. of quayage. Besides these a great ' harbour 
 of refuge ' (costing about ^^750, 000) is in course of construction 
 at the national expense. There are lighthouses at the entrances to 
 the ports, each visible 10 m. The New Dock is 190 ft. long, and 
 35 ft. broad at entrance, and the Old Dock 136 ft. by 34 ft. Im- 
 portant trade ; exports, herrings, red granite, and agricultural 
 produce ; important gfranite and polishing works in the neigh- 
 bourhood. There are 500 boats employed in the herring-fishery. 
 Formerly Peterhead was the chief station for the Greenland 
 whale and seal fishery, carried on since 1788. Market-day, F. 
 Par. P. (1871) 11,500; (1891) 9170 ac, P. 15,800; pari, burgh 
 and town (including Buchanhaven, 1871) 8600; (1891) 12,200. 
 
 Peterhof, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 19 m. by rail W. of St. 
 Petersburg, on S. ct. of Gulf of Finland ; founded by Peter I. 
 Consists of Old P. and New P. Imperial palace, with beautiful 
 parks and fountains ; summer residence of Imperial family ; 
 camps of the military schools ; stone-cutting works ; steamers 
 ply to St. Petersburg. P. 9520. 
 
 Peter Island, W. Indies, one of the Brit. Virgin Isles, in 18° 
 21' N. , 64° 31' W. 
 
 Peterllngen, tn. , Switzd. See Payerne. 
 
 Peterniann Land, isls. , N. Franz Josef Land, Arctic Regions, 
 crossed by 60° E. , named after the German geographer, A. 
 Petermann, died 1878. 
 
 Peteroa, extinct volcano, Andes, on the borders of Argentine 
 Republic and Chile, in 35° 12' S. Alt. 11,925 ft. 
 
 Petersburg, municip. , S. Australia, Dalhousie co. , 70 m. 
 SE. by E. Port Augusta ; important railway junction. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Petersburg, city, U.S., Illinois, Menard co. , 17 m. NW. by 
 N.Springfield; has woollen-mills. P. < 3000. 
 
 Petersburg, tn., U.S., Indiana, Pike co. , near White R. , 
 35 m. NE. Evansville, in a very fertile region ; coal is abundant. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Petersburg, city, U.S. , Virginia, Dinwiddle co. , on the Appo" 
 mattox R., at the head of tide water, 21 m. S. Richmond, ac- 
 cessible for large vessels ; has granite quarries ; manufactures 
 tobacco, cottons, flour, and whisky ; exports cotton, tobacco, 
 grain, and flour. P. is memorable for its long siege during the 
 Civil War, 1864-65. P. (1880)21,700; (1890) 22,700. 
 
 Petersdorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Tost-Gleiwitz, 
 23 m. NE. by E. Ratibor and i\ m. N. Gleiwitz. P. <30oo. 
 
 Petersdorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Hirschberg, 
 33 m. SE. by E. Gorlitz. P. <3000. 
 
 Petersfleld, par. and market-tn., Eng., Hampshire, P. div., 
 16J m. NE. by N. Portsmouth, on the L. & SW. R. ; has 
 fairs for cattle, sheep, and horses. The church dates from the 
 i2th century. Returned one member to Parliament till 1885. 
 P. <25oo; eccles. par. (Petersfleld with Sheet) P. <35oo; 
 pari. div. P. 47,200. 
 
 Petershagen, tn. , Prussia, in the NE. of prov. Westphalia, 
 on riv. Weser, circle and 7 m. NNE. Minden. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Petersham (pit'er-sham), par., Eng., Surrey, Kingston div., 
 I m. S. Richmond, PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Petersham, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 25 m. NW. 
 by W. Worcester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Petersham, suburb, 3 m. W. of Sydney, New South Wales. 
 P. 10,400. 
 
 Peters Marlaud, par., Eng., Devonshire, Torrington dist. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Peterson Point, cape, U.S., Washington, on the W. ct., 60 
 m. W. by S. Olympia. 
 
 Petersthal, small watering-place, Ger. , Baden, circle Offen- 
 burg, in the Black Forest, 23 m. ESE. Strassburg, with iron 
 waters of Freiersbach, for bathing and drinking. Alt. 1295 ft. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Peterstone, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., on the 
 Severn, $\ m. SW. by S. Newport, i m. S. by W. Marshfield 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Peterstone, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 13J m. 
 WNW. Cardiff, i^ m. SE. Hendreforgan stn. P.<5oo. See 
 €oy church. 
 
 Peterstone-super-Ely, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. 
 div. , 7 m. W. Cardiff, with a stn. (Peterston) on the G. W. R. 
 PM.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Peterstow, par., Eng., Hereford, div. and 2J m. WNW. 
 Ross, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Petersvllle, vil. and suburb of London, Canada, Ontario, 
 CO. Middlesex. P. < 1500. 
 
 Peterswald, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. and 9 m. WNW. 
 Aussig. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Peterswald, tn. , Austria, Silesia, dist. and 7 m. WSW. 
 Friestadt. P. <4000. 
 
 Peterswaldau, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 34 m. SW. by S. 
 Breslau, circle and 4 m. WSW. Reichenbach, with spinning 
 and weaving of cottons, and manufacture of starch. P. 7700. 
 
 Peterswell, P.O., Ire., S. co. Galway, bar. and 9 m. SW. 
 Loughrea, 5 m. from Ardrahan stn. 
 
 Peter Tavy, P.O., Eng., near Tavistock, Devonshire, 3 m. 
 from Mary Tavy. 
 
 Peter the dreat, or Perlokh Tan, mt. chain of Karategin, 
 Bukhara, S. of the valley of the Vaksh or Surkhab, r. bk. trib. 
 of the Amu-daria, runs WSW.-ENE. for about 70 m. Its 
 peaks attain to a height of from 14,750 to 16,500 ft. lafush 
 Pass, at the extreme W, has an alt. of 7550 ft., and Kishkile, 
 in the E. , little short of 10,000 ft., snow-clad. 
 
 Peter tlie Great Gulf, a wide inlet, 100 m. wide and 50 m. 
 deep, of the Sea of Japan, on the coast of Russian Manchuria, 
 from the Tumen R. , on the Korea frontier (42° 30' N. , 131° 43' 
 E. ), to Cape Povorotnyi (43° 15' N. , 132° 57' E. ). The Muravioff 
 Amurskiy promontory, 30 m. long and 5 m. wide, projects south- 
 westwards at its head, dividing the gulf into two inlets, about 
 30 m. long and 10 m. wide, Amur Bay on the W. (which receives 
 the Suifun R., now peopled by Russian settlers), and Usuri 
 Bay on the E., while the isl. Russkiy (lokhanga-tua), at the 
 extremity of the promontory, is separated from it by a narrow 
 channel 7 m. long, named the Eastern Bosporus. On its E. 
 ct. the gulf has America Bay and the very fine Nakhodka Bay, 
 which last receives the Siichwan R., whose valley is peopled 
 by Chinese farmers and Russian settlers, and the bays Vostok 
 and Stryelok, and on its W. ct. the deep and well-protected 
 Slavonian Bay, and Possiet Bay, which seldom freezes. The 
 Gulf of Peter the Great freezes, as a rule, from the end of 
 December till the end of February. See Vladivostok. 
 
 1197 
 
PETE — PETR 
 
 Petervllle, settlement, Prince Edward I. , co. Prince, lo m. 
 from Tignish. 
 
 Peterwardeln (German, in Hungarian PetervArad, the 
 
 'castle of Peter,' i.e., Peter the Hermit), fortified tn., with 
 magistracy, Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, on the r. bk. of the 
 Danube opposite Neusatz. Its famous citadel now serves as a 
 state prison. The Turks were defeated here by Prince Eugene 
 in 1716. In 1749 the town capitulated to the Austrians. Alt. 
 280 ft. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Petewawa, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the riv. Ottawa, just below the influ.x of the rlv. Petewawa 
 (from the W.), 80 m. WNW. Ottawa. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Petli, vil., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 45 m. SE, Sdtira. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Petliam, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 4 m. SSW. 
 Canterbury, 2^ m. SSE. Chartham stn., PM.O. P. <:75o. See 
 Waltliam. 
 
 PethApnr, tn. , India, Baroda, 14 m. NNE. Ahmadabad ; 
 noted for its dyes. P. (1881) 7100. 
 
 Petlierlck, Little, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., on 
 the 1. bk. of the riv. Camel, loi m. WNW. Bodmin. P. <25o. 
 
 Petherton, North and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Somerset. South P., small tn., on Parret R. , S. div., 8 m. 
 W. Yeoville, 4 m. N. Crewkerne, 2^ m. SW. Martock stn., 
 PMT.O., P. < 2500; North P., PMT"0., 10,484 ac, P. < 4000. 
 
 Petherton, South, postal-tp., S. Australia, Sturt co., 35 m. 
 ENE. Adelaide. 
 
 Petherwlii, North, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 
 5 m. NW. Launceston, P.O. ; 8208 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Petherivlii, Soath, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 2J m. 
 SW. byS. Launceston, P.O. ; 5075 ac. P. < 1000; eccles. par. 
 (8. Petherwln with Treweii) P. <4ooo. 
 
 PetlUa-Pollcastro, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 17^ m. 
 NE. by N. Catanzaro. P. 5100. 
 
 Petlngeii, or P^taiige, tn. , gd. -duchy, dist., and 12 m. SW. 
 Luxemburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Petit, Petite, French, 'little,' 'small.' 
 
 Petit, called Mllleslnio II. till 1876, vil., Algeria, prov. 
 Constantine, arr. and 5 m. E. Guelma. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Petit Bols, isl. , U.S., Mississippi, off the S. ct., in Mississippi 
 Sound, in 88° 2o'-26' W. 
 
 Petit Canal, tn., W. Indies, on the NW. ct. of Guadeloupe 
 I. ; one of the principal sugar centres of the colony. 
 
 Petltcodlae, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Westmorland 
 CO., 66 m. NE. St. John. P. < 1500. 
 
 Petltcodlae River, Canada, in the E. of New Brunswick, 
 flows N., NE. , and then SSE. into Shepody Bay. 
 
 Petit €nl-de-sac Marlu, gulf, W. Indies, between Guade- 
 loupe on the W. and Grande Terre on the NE. ; on the latter 
 is port Pointe-i-Pitre. In this gulf is Gozier I., with a light- 
 house in 16° 12' N., 61° 29' W. , visible 12 m. Length, 8 m. ; 
 depth, 7 m. 
 
 Petite de Gras, post-vil. , Nova Scotia, co. Richmond, 3 m. 
 from Arichat, P. < 1500. 
 
 Petite Nation River, Quebec, Ottawa co. , flows S. to riv. 
 Ottawa. Length, 33 m. 
 
 Petite Terre, islet, French W. Indies, off the SE. ct. of 
 Guadeloupe. 
 
 Petit Havre, bay, W. Indies, Guadeloupe, S. ct. Grande 
 Terre, about i m. broad. 
 
 Petit Jean River, U.S., Arkansas, rises in Scott co., flows 
 E. into Arkansas R. in NW. of Perry co. Length about 120 m. 
 
 Petit Metis, post-vil., Canada, Quebec, co. Rimouski, 4 m. 
 from St. Octave, on St. Lawrence R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Petit Roche, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, co. 
 Gloucester, 12 m. from Bathurst by rail. 
 
 Petit Tron, maritime vil., isl., and republic, Haiti, on the 
 N. ct.Njf the Southern penin. , jj m. W. Port-au-Prince, in 
 73° 29' W. 
 
 PetlAd, tn., India, Baroda, 17 m. NE. by N. Cambay; has 
 hand-loom weaving. P. (1881) 14,400. 
 
 Peto, tn., Mexico, Yucatan, 70 m. SE. M^rida. P. (comm.) 
 8200. 
 
 Petone, bor.. New Zealand, North I., Hutt co. , suburban to 
 and 7 m. NE. Wellington. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Petoskey, vil, U.S., Michigan, Emmet co., on Little 
 Traverse Bay, 31 m. SSW. of the Straits of Mackinac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Petra, Greek, 'rock,' 'stone.' 
 
 Petra, site of ruins, W. of Arabia, occupies an expansion in 
 the bed of a rocky gorge, in the walls of which are remains of 
 rock-cut dwellings and temples, 60 m. N. by E. of the head of 
 the Gulf of Akabah. It was the cap. of the Nabataeans (3rd 
 century B.c.-ist century- A. D.), and an important commercial 
 centre until supplanted by Palmyra (2nd century a.d. ). It 
 is the modern Wadl Masa ; gives name to Arabia Petrasa. 
 
 Petra, tn., Spain, Majorca I., dist. Manacor, Balearic Is., 25 
 m. E. Palma. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Petra, vil., Turkey in Europe, vilayet, sanjak, and 29 m. E. 
 by N. Adrianople. 
 
 Petralla Sopraua, tn. , Sicily, prov. Palermo, 21 m. N. 
 1198 
 
 Caltanissetta. P. < 3000. P. Sottaua, tn., 2 m. NW., with 
 petroleum springs and mines of iron and sulphur. P. 5000. 
 
 Petre, Point, cape, Canada, Ontario, on Lake Ontario, in 
 77° 7' ^ ■ . the most southerly point of Prince Edward co. 
 
 Petrel, tn., Spain, Valencia, prov. and 16 m. NW. Alicante, 
 dist. Mondvar. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Petrella, Mount, mt., Italy, Campania, 10 m. NNE, 
 Gaeta. Alt. 5030 ft. 
 
 Petrella Salto, comm. , Italy, prov. Aquila, between Aquila 
 and Rieti ; here is the castle which was the scene of the Cenci 
 tragedy (Shelley). 
 
 Petrella Tlfernlna, tn., Italy, prov., circle, and 9 m. NNE, 
 Campobasso. P. <3aoo. 
 
 Petreto-ltlcchlsano, tn., Corsica, arr. Sartene, 17 m. SE. 
 by E. Ajaccio. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Petrla, or Betsy, reef. Pacific, in the N. of New Caledonia 
 group, N. of 19° S. , E. of 164" E. 
 
 Petrlch, tn. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet and 53 m. N. by E. 
 Salonica, sanjak Seres. P. 7500 ; Servians, 5600 (G. 174). 
 
 Petrlkovka, tn. , Russia. See Novaya Praga. 
 
 Petrllla, comm., Hungary, co. Hunyad, dist. Zsily, 40 m. 
 SW. Hermannstadt and 7 m. from the Roumanian frontier. 
 P. <:400o. 
 
 Petrlnja, tn. , Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, on the Kulpa, co, 
 and 29 m. SSE. Agram. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Petro-Alexandrovsk, tn. , Russian Central Asia, cap. prov. 
 Amu-daria, near r. bk. of Amu, 185 m. above its entrance into 
 Lake Aral, and 24 m. E. Khiva (2285 m. from Moscow) ; is 
 still a small military fort, and centre of administration. Alt. 
 326 ft. Mean temp., yr. 54.8° F., Jan. 23.2°, July 83.0°; mean 
 rfall. (8 yrs.), 2.4 in., Feb. -April 1.5 in. P. <:iooo. Shurakhane 
 village close by. 
 
 Petrockstow, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div. 11 J 
 m. SSE. Bideford, P.O.; 4295 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Petrohne, Rio, riv. , Chile. See Todos los Santos, lake. 
 
 Petroleum, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Ritchie co., 61 m. 
 NNE. Charleston, with petroleum wells. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Petroleum Center, vil. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, Venango co. , on 
 Oil Creek R., 46 m. SSE. Erie. Alt. 1089 ft. (R.R.). P. <isoo. 
 
 PetroUa, tn., Canada, Ontario, Lambton co. , 46 m. W. by 
 S. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 PetroUa, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Butler co., 40 m. NNE. 
 Pittsburg. In the vicinity are rich deposits of oil, coal, iron ore, 
 and fire-clay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Petronell, market-tn.. Lower Austria, 23 m. ESE. Vienna 
 (ff.v.), site of ancient Camuntum. P. <:2000. 
 
 Petropavlovka, tn., Russia, govt, and 60 m. E. Ekaterino- 
 slav, on Samara R.; fairs. P. 5000. 
 
 Petropavlovka, vil. , Russia, govt, and 160 m. E. Ekaterino- 
 slav, 27 m. SW. Lugan ; iron ore extracted. 
 
 Petropavlovka (Karayaslinlk), vil., Russia, govt, and 138 
 m. ESE. Kharkov, dist. Starobyelsk. P. 5000. 
 
 Petropavlovka, vil. , Russia, govt, and 140 m. SE. Voronezh, 
 dist. Boguchary. P. 5000. 
 
 Petropavlovsk, dist. tn., Russian Central Asia, prov. Akmo- 
 linsk, on r. bk. Irtysh, 166 m. by rail W. Omsk ; fort, custom- 
 house ; considerable trade with Bukhara and the Kirghizes, 
 cattle and cattle produce being the chief exports ; cottons, &c. , 
 the chief imports. P. 16,200. 
 
 Petropavlovsk, dist. tn. , Russia, E. Siberia, Kamchatka, 
 Maritime Prov., on E. shore of Avacha Bay, 53° o' N. , 158° 44' 
 E. ; excellent roadstead. P. < 1000. 
 
 Petropavlovskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kuban, 78 m. W. by N. Stavropol, on Chamlyk R. P. 8460. 
 
 Petropavlovskly, vil., E. Siberia, on Chuma R., govt, and 
 250 m. ESE. Yeniseisk. P. <20oo. 
 
 PetropoUs, Ger. colony, Brazil, prov. and 28 m. N. Rio de 
 Janeiro ; summer residence of the rich inhabitants of Rio de 
 Janeiro ; the point of departure of the celebrated Union and 
 Industry route. P. 12,000. 
 
 Petro§eny-Dllsa, comm., Hungary, co. Hunyad, dist. 
 Petroseny, 25 m. SE. Hatszeg; centre of an important coal 
 basin. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Petrosltfa (-tsa), comm., Roumania, Walachia, dep. Dim- 
 bovitfa, 20 m. ESE. Campulung. P. < 2000. 
 
 Petroso, Monte, mt., Italy. See Monte Petroso. 
 
 Petrontz, tn. , Austria, Bukovina, dist. and 10 m. WNW. 
 Suczawa. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Petrova, comm. , Hungary, co. Maramaros, dist. and 12 m. 
 NW. Felso-Vis6. P. <4000. 
 
 Petrovac (-vats), tn., Bosnia, circle and 33 m. SE. Biha6. 
 P. <: 3000. 
 
 Petrovac (-vats), tn. , Servia, prov. PoJarevac, on the 
 Mlava, 35 m. NE. by N. Kragujevac. P. <30oo. 
 
 Petroviicz (-vats), vil. , Hungary, prov. B4cs-Bodrog, 15 m. 
 NW. by W. Neusatz. P. (comm.) 7900. 
 
 Petrovoszelld, comm., Hungary, co. Bdcs-Bodrog, dist. 
 6-Becse, 21m. SW. Nagy Kikinda, on r. bk. of Tisza R. P. 8600. 
 
 Petrovoszell6, comm., Hungary, co. Torontdl, dist. Ali- 
 bundr, 22 m. WSW. Versecz. P. 6000. 
 
P ET R 
 
 P FRE 
 
 Petrovsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 65 m. NW. Saratov, 
 on Medvyeditsa R. , connected by branch railway with main 
 line, Moscow to Saratov, and about to be connected by rail with 
 Volsk, on the Volga. P. 16,100. 
 
 Petrovsk, dist. tn. , Russia, Transcaucasia, prov. Daghestan, 
 near the shore of the Caspian, 42° 59' N., 47° 30' E. ; good 
 roadstead, one of the best in the Caspian, protected by dams ; 
 small fort ; head of railway to Vladikavkaz (166 m.) and Russia. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Petrovskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Kubafi, 
 60 m. NW. Ekaterinodar, 15 m. from Sea of Azov. P. 8800. 
 
 Petrovskaya, tn. , Russia, govt, and 67 m. SE. Kharkov ; 
 formerly a fort ; coal deposits. P. <:500o. 
 
 Petrovskly, iron-works, Russia, govt, and 115 m. NW. 
 Orel, on Bytosha R. P. <2000. 
 
 Petrovskly, iron-works, E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, 51° 
 16' N., 109° 3' E. , 120 m. S. Verkhneudinsk. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Petrovskoye Kazumovskoye, vil., Russia, govt, and 3 m. 
 from Moscow ; large parks ; agricultural academy. 
 
 Petrovskoye Zimovlye, Russian settlement on S. ct. of Sea 
 of Okhotsk, near entrance into Tartar Strait. Therefrom the 
 operations for occupying the Amur were conducted in 1850. 
 
 Petrozavodsk, tn., N. Russia, cap. of govt. Olonets, 298 m. 
 NE. St. Petersburg, on W. shore of Lake Onega ; gun factory 
 of the crown ; iron-works ; trade in timber, corn, and furs. 
 Steamers ply to the capital. Mean rfall. (12 yrs.), yr. 23.3 in.; 
 May-Nov. 16.9 in. 
 
 Petschan, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, circle Eger, 10 m. S. by 
 W. Karlsbad. P. <:3Cioo. 
 
 Petschek, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, circle Czaslau, 26 ra. E. 
 Prague. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Petsoe Manor, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, Newport Pag- 
 nell dist., 2 m. SE. Olney. P. <25o. 
 
 Pett, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div. , 3^ m. NE. Hastings, 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Pettae, tn. , India. See Pattapattn. 
 
 Pettau, tn. , Austria, Styria, on the 1. bk. of the Drave, 51 m. 
 SE. by S. Graz. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Pettangh, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Eye div. , 10 m. N. Ipswich, 
 6 m. ENE. Needham Market stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Pettenbach, comm.. Upper Austria, circle Traun, 19 m. W, 
 by S. Steyr. P. <:4000. 
 
 Petterlll, riv. , Eng., Cumberland, flowing N. through the 
 divs. of Penrith and Eskdale, trib. of the Eden, which it joins 
 on the 1. bk. at Carlisle. 
 
 Pettlgoe, tn. , Ire., cos. Donegal and Fermanagh, bars. 
 Tirhugh and Lurg, 14^ m. E. by N. Ballyshannon, with stn. 
 (Pettlgo| on the Enniskillen and Bundbran Rly., PMT.O. 
 (Pettigo). Market-day, M. P. <5oo. 
 
 Pettlnaln, par., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, 4^ m. E. Lanark, i^ 
 m. S. Carstairs Junction, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Pettliiascura, mt. , Italy, Calabrie, 20 m. E. by N. Cosenza. 
 Alt. 5600 ft. 
 
 Pettis, CO., U.S., Missouri, S. of 39° N. , and E. of 94° W. 
 
 Pettistree, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 4 m. NNE. Wood- 
 bridge, 4 m. NE. by E. Ipswich. P. 250. See BredHeld. 
 
 Petton, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 9 m. NNW. 
 Shrewsbury, 3 m. N. Baschurch stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Pettoraito, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, circle 
 and 6 m. SSE. Solmona. P. <:4000. 
 
 Petty, par., Scot., Inverness-shire and Nairn, on the E. 
 side of Inner Moray Firth, 5^ m. NE. by E. Inverness, and i^ 
 m. WSW. Dalcross stn. , P.O. ; 9776 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pettycnr, harb. , Scot., Fifeshire, on the Firth of Forth, 2J m. 
 E. Burntisland, ^ m. S. Kinghorn stn. 
 
 Petty Harbour, an inlet, Newfoundland, on the E. ct., 6 m. 
 S, St. John's. 
 
 Petnna, Hslncbeng, or Slncheng, tn. , Manchuria, on r. bk. 
 of the Sungari, 140 m. NW. Kirin ; a large trade is carried on 
 between the Chinese and the Mongols. 
 
 Petunlliitse, a rapidly growing tn. , Manchuria, 160 m. ESE. 
 Tsitsihar. See Proc. R. G. S., 1887, p. 552. 
 
 Petworth, the ancient Peteorde, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , 
 Sussex, Horsham div., 9^ m. N. by W. Arundel, 2 m. N. of its 
 stn. on the L. B. & S. C. R. ; has cattle fairs. Market-day, S. 
 Alt. 90ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), yr. 36.2 in. 6i29ac. P. <:3C>oo. 
 
 Petyovo, vil. , Turkey in Europe. See Pecltovo. 
 
 Penmo, small vil., Chile, prov. O'Higgins, 75 m. SSW. 
 Santiago, cap. dep. Cachapoal, on the riv. Cachapoal, by which 
 it is liable to be flooded. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Pev'ensey, the Roman Anderida, par., Eng., Sussex, on 
 Pevensey Bay (a shallow indentation ; landing place of William 
 the Conqueror, 1066), div. and 4^ m. NE. by N. Eastbourne, 
 WSW. Hastings, of which cinque port it is a member, with stn. 
 (P. and Westham) on the L. B. & S. C. R. ; has ruins of a 
 castle built soon after the Norman Conquest. PMT.O., and 
 P.O. (P. Bay). 4392 ac. P. <:5oo. About 2 m. N., Pevensey 
 Level. 
 
 Peveragno, tn., Italy, Piedmont, on the Ellero, prov. and 
 si m. SSE. Cuneo. P. <:3000. 
 
 Peverel Point, cape, Eng. , on the SE. ct. of Dorsetshire, to 
 the S. of Swanage Bay. 
 
 Peverll €astle, stronghold now in ruins, Eng. , Derbyshire, 
 Peak dist. , on spur of mountain overlooking Castleton ; built 
 by a son of the Conqueror, mentioned in Scott's Peveril of the 
 Peak. 
 
 Pevlngton, vil. , Eng. , Kent. See Pluckley. 
 
 Pewaukee, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Waukesha co., 18 m. W. 
 by N. Milwaukee; a favourite pleasure resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pewsey, par. and small market-tn., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes 
 div., 15 m. S. Swindon, near Kennet and Avon Canal, on the 
 G. W. R., PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. 4784 ac. P.<:20oo. 
 
 Pewsliam, par., Eng., Wiltshire, dist. and x\ m. SE. 
 Chippenham. P. <5oo. 
 
 Pexhall, part of par. , Eng. , Cheshire. See Henbury. 
 
 Peyrehorade, tn., France, dep. Landes, arr. Dax, on the 
 Pau, 17 m. W. by N. Orthez. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Peyreleau, vil. , France, on the E. border of dep. Aveyron, on 
 the Tarn, 51m. NW. Montpellier, arr. and 9 m. NE. Millau. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Peyremale, vil., France, dep. Gard, arr. Alais, i m. WNW. 
 Besseges ; has mines of iron, antimony, and coal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Peyrlac-Mlnervols, vil., France, dep. Aude, arr. and 12J m. 
 ENE. Carcassonne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Peyrolles, vil., France, dep. Bouches-du-Rh6ne, on the 
 Durance, arr. and 12 m. NE. by N. Aix. P. <2oc)o. 
 
 Peyrnls, vil., France, dep. Basses- Alpes, on the Durance, 
 43 m. NE. by N. Aix, arr. and 10 m. NE. by E. Forcalquier. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Peytona, settlement, U.S., W. Virginia, Boone co. , 14 m. 
 SW. by S. Charleston, with coal-mines. 
 
 P<^zt^nas, vil., France, dep. H^rault, on the H^rault, arr. and 
 13 m. NE.. B&iers ; has iron and copper foundry, and trade in 
 brandies. P. 5800. 
 
 Pezo da Regoa, tn. , Portugal. See Kegoa. 
 
 Pezzana, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novaro, 5 m. SE. 
 Vercelli. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Pfaffe, German, 'monk, priest.' 
 
 PfaflTenlielm, vil. , Ger. , govt. Alsace-Lorraine, circle Gueb- 
 willer, j\ m. SSW. Kolmar. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pfaffenliofen, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 cap. circle P. , 16 m. S. by E. Ingoldstadt ; hops grown in the 
 neighbourhood. P. <400o. 
 
 PfafTensteln, sandstone rock S. of Konigstein [q.v.). Saxony. 
 Alt. 1405 ft. 
 
 Pfiiffers, Pfftvers, or Pfeffers, vil. , Switzd. , cant. St. Gall, 
 i^ m. S. Ragatz ; has an old Benedictine convent, founded in 
 713, now an insane asylum for the canton. In the deep gorge 
 of the Tamina (alt. 2265 ft.) are hot springs, celebrated since 
 very early times, temp. 99^° F. Alt. 2745 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pfafflkon, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Schwiz, 12 m. E. by N. Zug. 
 
 Pfafllkou, tn. , Switzd., cant, and 11 m. E. Zurich; remains 
 of lake-dwellings have been found in Lake Pfafflkon, close by. 
 P. (comm. )<3000. 
 
 Pfafftaan, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Lucerne, dist. and 9 m. NNW. 
 Willisau. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Pfald, tn. , Switzd. See Faldo. 
 
 Pfalz, corruption of Latin palatium, ' a palace. ' See Pala- 
 tinate. 
 
 Pfalzbnrg, French Phalsbonrg, tn. , Ger., govt. Alsace- 
 Lorraine, circle Saarburg, 25 m. WNW. Strassburg, 2 m. N. 
 of the Rhine and Marne Canal. Its fortifications, laid out by 
 Vauban anew in 1680, and dismantled in 1872, are famous for 
 the sieges of 1814, 1815, and 1870. Birthplace of Marshal 
 Mouton (1770-1838) and the novelist Erckmann (born 1822). 
 Alt. 1250 ft. P. <400o. 
 
 Pfalzdorf, vil, Prussia, in the NW. of the Rhine Prov., 
 circle and 4^ m. SSE. Cleve. P. <30c>o. 
 
 Pfalzel, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Trier, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Moselle, 2 J m. NE. by N. Treves. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Pfarrklrchen, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Bavaria, 
 cap. circle P., 36 m. E. by S. Landshut. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Pfastatt, vil,, Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, govt. Upper Alsace, 
 circle and 2 m. NW. Miilhausen. P. <30oo. 
 
 Pllivers, vil. , Switzd. See PfUfTers. 
 
 Pfeddershelm, tn. , Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle and 4 m. 
 W. by N. Worms. P. <yxx>. 
 
 Pfeffers, Switzd. See Pfaffers. 
 
 Pfefflkon, Switzd. See Prafflkon. 
 
 Pfersee, comm. , Ger. , Bavaria, govt. Swabia, circle and 2 m. 
 W. Augsburg. P. 5300. 
 
 Pflrt, vil., Ger., govt. Alsace-Lorraine, circle Altkirch, 17 J m. 
 S. Miilhausen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pforzheim, tn. and urban comm., Ger., Baden, circle and 
 16 m. SE. by E. Karlsruhe ; centre of the most important 
 manufacture of cheap jewellery in the world, introduced by 
 French emigrants ; has iron and copper works. Birthplace of 
 the humanist Reuchlin (1455-1522). Tn. P. (1871) 19,800; 
 (1890) 30,400; comm. P. 30,000. 
 
 Pfrelmd, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, 
 
 1199 
 
PFRE — PHIL 
 
 circle Nabburg, on the riv. Naab, 33 m. N. Regensburg. P. 
 
 <2CXX>. 
 
 Pfyelnid, small riv. , Ger. , in the E. of Bavaria, rises on the 
 Bohemian side of the Bohemian Forest, and flows SW. into the 
 Naab, which it enters in about 49^° N. ; not navigable. 
 
 Pn-lmni, small riv. , Ger. , Palatinate of the Rhine, flows E. 
 into the Rhine at Worms (Hesse-Darmstadt) ; not navigable. 
 
 Pfallendorf, urban comm. , Ger., Baden, circle and 19 m. 
 N. by E. Constance. P. <300o. 
 
 Prollingen, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 8 m. SE. by E. 
 Tubingen, Black Forest circle, dist. and 2 m. S. by E. Reut- 
 lingen ; has cotton-spinning, and manufactures paper. P. 5600. 
 
 Pfungen, vil., Switzd., cant. Ziirich, 4 m. W. by N. Winter- 
 thur. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Pfnngstadt, tn. , Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle and 6 m. 
 SW. by S. Darmstadt ; manufactures madder, paper, cigars. 
 P. 5700'. 
 
 Phaeton, reef. Bay of Bengal, opposite mouth of Bassein R., 
 between Diamond Is. and Alguada Rock. 
 
 Pliag'wikra, tn. , India, Kapurthala state, 60 m. ESE. Am- 
 ritsar. P. 12,300 ; Hindus, 7800 ; Moham. 3800. 
 
 Pha-Jn (not faju), vil., Korea, 20 m. N. by W. Soul. 
 
 Phalaluni, peak, Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Darjiling, in the 
 Singalila spur of the Himalayas, in 27° 13' N., 88° 3' E. Alt. 
 12,042 ft. 
 
 Plialasarna, archneological site, Crete, Turkey, dist. Khania 
 (Canea), on W. ct. of island. 
 
 Phalauda, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. and 14 m. N. 
 by E. Meerut. P. 5100; Hindus, 2900; Moham. 2000. 
 
 Phaleron, bay, Greece, E. of the penin. Pirasus ; was one of 
 the ports of Athens, to which it was connected by a long wall 
 constructed by Cimon about 458 B.C. 
 
 Ptaalgu, lake, Tibet. See Palgn-tso. 
 
 Plialsbourg, French spelling of Pfalzboi^ (^-^O- 
 
 Phaltiln, tn. , India, Bombav, cap. native state P., 50 m. 
 SE. by S. Poona. P. (1881) 10,800. 
 
 Phanagoria, vil. , Russia, in a bay of Tamaii Penin. , in Strait 
 of Kerch. 
 
 Phanar, or Fanar, Greek quarter of Constantinople, Turkey, 
 on the S. shore of the Golden Horn, residence of the Greek 
 patriarch. Here, after Constantinople was taken by the Turks, 
 a large number of illustrious Greek families settled, who, known 
 under the name oi phanariotes, have supplied Turkey with many 
 statesmen. 
 
 Phanarlou (fanari), tn., Greece, prov. Trikkala, 34 m. 
 WNW. Pharsalos. P. <:300o; comm. (Itlioin?) P. 8300. 
 
 Phanga, maritime tn. , Siam, Malay Penin. , in about 8° 28' N. 
 
 Phan-rang, bay, Annam, on the E. ct. , in about 11° 30' N. 
 
 Philphtind, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Etiwah, 55 m. 
 W. by N. Cawnpur ; has an annual fair attended by 10,000 
 persons. P. 7000 ; Hindus, 4700 ; Moham. 2300. 
 
 Pharaklon, vil. , Greece, prov. Laconia, 34 m. E. by N. of 
 Cap)e Matapan. 
 
 Pbaray, isl. , Scot. , Orkney Is. , Walls and Flotta par. , \ m. 
 E. Hoy. P. 76. 
 
 Pharay, isl. , Scot. , Orkney Is. , Stronsay and Eday par. , about 
 I m. W. Eday I. P. 58. 
 
 Pilaris, tnld. , Ire., N. co. Antrim, bar. Upp)er Dunluce, 13^ 
 m. ESE. Coleraine, 6^ m. E. Ballymoney, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Pharpar, riv., Syria. See Nahr-el-Awaj. 
 
 Pbarsalos, tn. , Greece, prov. and 24 m. S. by W. Larissa ; 
 has the episcopal palace, metropolitan church, and acropolis 
 (360 ft.). In the plain of Pharsalia, the destinies of the Roman 
 world were decided between Caesar and Pompey, 48 B.C. P. 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Phazania, country, Africa. See Fezzan. 
 
 Phelps, CO., U.S., Missouri, crossed in the N. by38°N. , and 
 in the W. by 92° W. 
 
 Phelps, vil., U.S., Nebraska, cap. P. co., 78 m. SE. by E. 
 of the confluence of the N. and S. Platte. P. < 1500. 
 
 Phelps, vil, U.S., New York, Ontario co., 31 m. SE. by E. 
 Rochester ; has rich deposits of gypsum ; manufactures agricul- 
 tural implements ; a very extensive depot for the noted Hotch- 
 kiss peppermint, spearmint, and tansy essential oils. Formerly 
 the seat of Brooler observatory, now removed to Geneva. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Phelpston, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co. , 20 m. E. 
 by S. Collingwood, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pheneos, comm., Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinthia, 37 m, 
 WSW. Corinth, on Lake P. or Phonia, which is surrounded by 
 mountains (6000-8000 ft.), and is drained only by underground 
 outlets. Alt. lake, 2470 ft.; length, 6 m.; breadth, 5 m. ; area 
 about 9 sq. m. (Philippson). Chief village, Goura. 
 
 Phenlx, city, U.S. , Alabama, Lee co. , on the Chattahoochee, 
 76 m. E. by N. Montgomery. P. <4000. 
 
 Phenlx, city, U.S., Arizona, Maricopa co., 180 m. ENE. 
 from the SW. corner of the terr. Alt. U.S. Signal Station, 1068 
 ft. P. <4000. 
 
 Phenlx, vil., U.S., New York, co. and 21 m. SE. Oswego. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 1200 
 
 Phenlx, vil., U.S., Rhode I., co. and 9 m. SW. Providence, 
 on Pawtuxet R. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Phenlxvllle, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania. See PhoenlxTllle. 
 Pheral, comm., Greece. See Velestlnos. 
 
 Phlgalla, comm., Greece, prov. Messenia, arr. Olympia, 25 
 m. NNW'. ^Iessene ; has ruins of famous ancient military walls 
 and antique temples. Near P. are the falls of Neda. 
 
 Philadelphia, ancient name of Alashehr, Asia Minor. 
 
 Plilladelphla, German colony, Brazil, Minas Geraes, in 16° 
 52' S. , 41° 30' W. , 380 m. NNE. Rio de Janeiro, connected by 
 rail with the p)ort of Caravellas. P. <20oo. 
 
 Philadelphia, PM.O. , Eng., Durham, Houghton-le-Spring 
 div. , 51 m. SW. by W. Sunderland, li m. SE. Penshaw stn. 
 
 Philadelphia, vil., U.S., New York, Jefferson co., on Indian 
 R. , 52 m. SW. Ogdensburg. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Philadelphia (Greek, 'brotherly love,' so named by the 
 founder: see below, under History), city, U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 in 30° 57' N. , 75° 9' W. , on the W. bank of the Delaware R. , 
 103 m. from mouth, 85 m. SW. of New York, and 125 m. 
 NE. of Washington. The Schuylkill R. , joining the Dela- 
 ware near the S. boundary of the city, cuts off the portion 
 called West Philadelphia. Seven railway bridges and eight 
 others cross the Schuylkill in city limits. Area, coextensive 
 with the county of Philadelphia, 129 sq. m. — greater than that 
 of any other American city; greatest length, 22 m. ; width, 
 5 to 10 m. The Delaware river-front is 20 m. , with 5 m. of 
 W'harf ; on the Schuylkill 20 m., 4 m. wharves. Average depth 
 of water at wharves 50 ft. , giving splendid accommodation for 
 shipping. The largest steamer yet built, the Great Eastern, 
 ascended the Delaware to P. P. was at first a close rival of 
 New York in commerce and population, and, according to 
 many estimates, actually ranked first until the completion of 
 the Erie Canal in 1825 sent New York ahead. This relative 
 decline has continued until now among U.S. cities P. ranks 
 in commerce after New York, Boston, San Francisco, and New 
 Orleans. The construction of the great western railway lines 
 with their termini in P., partly explains why absolutely the 
 exf)orts continued to rise to 1876 (nearly ;/^io,4CO,ooo), and 
 the imports to 1880 (^^8,000, 000). The extension of the rail- 
 ways to New York accounts somewhat for the absence of 
 progress since. In 1893 exports were above ;^io, 100,000, 
 imports above ;^i3, 500,000. Seven steamship lines cross to 
 European ports, five go to Jamaica and the W. Indies, and 
 six coastwise. Tank steamers carry from the pipe-line terminus 
 of the Standard Oil Company on the Schuylkill one-third of 
 the petroleum exported from U.S. P. has always been first 
 in American shipbuilding; Cramp's yard, on League I., in the 
 Delaware, has turned out 269 ships for the public service since 
 1830. Hannfactnres steadily increasing in importance. Third 
 to New York and Chicago in total product reported by 1890 
 census (^^118,528,634). Chief products, sugar and molasses, 
 clothing, foundry and machine-shop products, printing and 
 publishing. The clay substratum of the city yields one of the 
 finest brick clays in U.S. Carpets and woollen goods. The 
 site is remarkably level, and varies in elevation from 24J ft. 
 to 440 ft. in extreme N. As far as possible the city is laid out 
 in uniform squares. The main streets are 50 ft. wide, a few 
 are wider ; Fourteenth or Broad Street is 1 13 ft. wide. The N. 
 and S. streets are numbered from the Delaware W. , while the 
 E. and W. streets are named from trees and Pennsylvanian 
 counties and governors. Electric trams (trolley cars) run through 
 almost all the chief streets. This, with the level surface, enables 
 the population to spread freely, and with cheap bricks makes 
 P. ' the city of homes." In 1890 there were 187,052 dwellings, 
 of which over 120,000 were owned by occupants, and fewer 
 families (i.i) and persons (5.8) to a dwelling than any other 
 large American city. (New York, families, 3.8 ; persons, 16.4.) 
 Up to about 1870 there was a painful uniformity in style and 
 material (red brick) of buildings. The reaction in important 
 buildings since erected has been almost extreme. The city hall, 
 completed 1894, is the largest single building in America, covers 
 an area of 4^ acres, and has the loftiest steeple in the world, 
 crowned by a bronze statue of William Penn, 37 ft. high, and 
 547 ft. above the pavement. There are many buildings of great 
 historical interest. Higher education is further provided for 
 by the University of Pennsylvania, La Salle and Girard Colleges, 
 22 schools in sjjecial branches, besides 20 public libraries. 
 Fourteen public squares are laid out as parks, and the immense 
 Fairmount Park extends for 6 m. on both banks of the Schuylkill. 
 History. — Surveyed, named, and settled by a part of William 
 Penn's company of Friends or Quakers, 1682. Within present 
 city limits are Wiccaco village, colonised by Swedes 1636, an 
 older Indian town, and Germantown, settled by Dutch and 
 Germans of Penn's company 1683 ; four of these sent to the 
 Friends' meeting in 1688 the first public protest in America 
 against slaveholding. Seven hundred houses and 4500 in- 
 habitants in 1700. First Continental Congress 1774, second 
 1775. agreed next year to resolution declaring the States ' free 
 and independent,' and Declaration of Independence w'as first 
 publicly read. The losses at Germantown (1777) were heavier 
 
P H I L — P H I L 
 
 than in any other battle in the Revolutionary War. Climate. — 
 Mean temp, (isyrs. ), yr. 53.6° F., Jan. 32.1, July 76.4°; rfall. 
 (52 yrs.), yr. 43.3 in. P. (1790) 28,500; (1820) 63,800; (1850) 
 121,400; (1880) 847,000; (1890) 1,047,000; (1892, city census), 
 1,143,000. A close second to New York city up to 1820. 
 Baltimore took second place, 1830-50; fourth, after New Orleans, 
 1840; fourth, after Boston, 1850; second again, 1 860-80 ; third, 
 after New York and Chicago, 1890. [W. S.] 
 
 Philadelphia, or Banker, isl. , Pacific, in the Hawaii group, 
 in about 28'^ N. , 174° W. 
 
 Philadelphia, ancient tn. , Syria. See Rabba. 
 
 Phlliv, isl. , Egypt. See Assaan. 
 
 Phllaiir, tn., India. See Phlllanr. 
 
 PhlUatra, tn. , Greece, prov. Messenia, on the W. ct. , i8 m. 
 NNW. Navarino. P. 9000; comm. (Erana) P. 10,400. 
 
 Philip, isl., S. Pacific Ocean, 5 m. S. Norfolk I., crossed by 
 29° 8' S. , 167° 58' E., a dependency of New South Wales. 
 
 Philip, isl. , Pacific. See Sorol. 
 
 Philip, or Makemo, one of the Tuamotu Is. 
 
 Philip, Cape, Nova Scotia, S. extremity of Guisborough co. 
 
 Philip Edward, isl. , Canada, Ontario, on the N. of Georgian 
 Bay, 81° 7-21' W. , with a lighthouse at its W. end. 
 
 Phlllphangh, an alluvial tract, Scot., Selkirkshire, at the 
 confluence of the Yarrow and Ettrick, on their 1. bk. , 2 m. W. 
 by S. Selkirk {q.v.) ; scene of Sir David Leslie's victory over 
 Montrose, 1645. 
 
 Philip Norton, par. , Eng. See Norton St. Philip. 
 
 Phlllppevllle (French name), the ancient Rusicada, seapt. , 
 Algeria, cap. arr. P., on the SW. shore of the Gulf of P., 38 m. 
 NNE. Constantine ; the vine is extensively cultivated ; has grain 
 distillery, tanneries, manufacture of corks and cork articles ; iron 
 mines of Filfila near. The port is protected by two breakwaters, 
 1500 yards and 300 yards respectively, and has an area of 125 ac. , 
 divided into an outer and an inner harbour. Total quayage 
 about 3000 ft. , available for vessels drawing 22 ft. Rfall. (5 yrs. ), 
 24 in. P. 15,800. 
 
 PhlllppeylUe, fortified tn., Belgium, prov. Namur, cap. 
 arr. P., 15 m. S. by E. Charleroi ; has slates, zinc, lead, and 
 pyrites mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Phlllppevllle, stn. , W. Africa, French Congo Terr. , on the 
 1. bk. of the Niadi, 112 m. N. by E. Vivi, in about 4° 10' S., 13° 
 S3'E. 
 
 Philippi, archaeological site, Turkey m Europ>e, Macedonia, 
 vilayet Salonica, 8 m. NW. Kavala ; received its name from Philip 
 of Macedonia. Celebrated in history as the scene of the victory 
 of Octavius and Antony over Brutus and Cassius in 42 B.C. , and 
 as the place where Christianity was first preached in Europe (by 
 St. Paul). 
 
 Phlllppl, vil. , U.S., W. Virginia, Barbour co. , on Pygant's 
 Valley R. , a branch of the Monongahela R. , 31 m. W. by S. of 
 the SW. corner of Maryland ; scene of the first battle of the 
 Civil War, June 1861. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Philippine, fortress, Holland, prov. Zeeland, on an inlet of 
 the W. Scheldt, 13J m. SE. by S. Flushing. 
 
 Philippine Island.^, at first called San Lazaro, then Magal- 
 laula. East Islands, Indlas Espaikolas ('Spanish Indies'), 
 one of the easternmost archipelagoes of Asia, in the shape of 
 an inverted A, between 4°-2o° N. lat. and ii6°-i27° E. long., 
 in front of China and Cochin-China. The archipelago of P. 
 is composed of some 2000 islands, with an aggregate area of 
 114,400 sq. m. , the principal being (i) Luzon and the adjacent 
 islands (Batanes, Babuyanes, Polillo, Catanduanes, Mindoro, 
 Marinduque, Burias, Masbate, &c.), which form the N. part of 
 the whole group, succeeded S. by the (2) Visayas (Tablas, Panay, 
 Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, Samar, &c. ), prolonged SW. by 
 (3) the Calamianes, Palawan, Balabac, then (4) Mindanao and 
 the adjacent islands (Dinagat, Surigao, Basilan, &c. ) form the 
 extreme S. part, prolonged SW. by the (5) Sulu Archipelago. 
 The P. group is connected N. with Formosa by the Babuyan and 
 Batan Is. , SW. with Borneo by {a) Palawan, \b) the Cagayanes, 
 the Caweli, and {c) the Sulu Is., enclosing the Sulu Sea, SE. to 
 Celebes, and the Moluccas by the Carcaralong, Talantse, and 
 Tuber Is. The orientation of the submarine ridges, there repre- 
 sented by their summits above the ocean, is conspicuous on all 
 the P. islands, sometimes converging, sometimes diverging or 
 running parallel, ultimately to be seen, nearly all, in the N. of 
 Luzon. Many of the numerous peninsulas of the P. islands 
 were probably not long ago independent islands. Geology. — 
 The mountainous P. form the centre of the great Kamchatka- 
 New Zealand volcanic region. Lines of volcanoes, both ex- 
 tinct and active, coincide with the orographic lines, diverging 
 from Apo (above 10,000 ft., Mindanao) to meet at Taal (Luzon). 
 Volcanic activity is still considerable, earthquakes are very fre- 
 quent and destructive (1880, 1881). P. are therefore constituted 
 by a mass of eruptive rocks of many different ages, from 
 Archaean and Palaeozoic (principally Devonian) to Tertiary, 
 Quaternary, and modern times. Imperfect exploration show 
 the Archaic formations (granite, schists) in the N. and centre. 
 Palaeozoic all along the E. , Tertiary S. and W. The P. seem 
 to have been united to Borneo (and through it to Asia), and at 
 1201 
 
 several epochs to Celebes. Recent upheavals have occurred 
 in many parts. There is, however, a zone of submergence SE. 
 of Mindanao. Old and actual increasing coral formations all 
 along the coasts (principally towards the Pacific). The mineral 
 productions are gold (Luzon, Bengues, Vicols, Mindanao, 
 Misamis, Surigao), galena (50 per cent, of pure metal), mercury, 
 iron (Luzon, 75-80 per cent, of pure metal), copper (arsenical 
 pyrites, 16 per cent, of copp>er at Luzon, Lepanto, Camarines, 
 Masbate, Panay), coal (Luzon, Cavansan, Negros, Cebu), sul- 
 phur (Leyte), and numerous mineral waters (Bugnias, Maynit, 
 Taysan, Tibi). Climate.— An equatorial current (the Kuro- 
 shiwo or Black Stream) runs along the P. The NE. islands 
 have their rainy season, sometimes very severe (colla), while 
 NE. winds blow (Oct. -April), the SW. during SW. monsoon 
 (April-Oct.), the conflicting currents causing terrible equinoctial 
 cyclones [vaguios, typhoons, with strong tides, dolos). The P. 
 are under the isotherm of 79°, March to May are the hottest, Nov. 
 to Feb. the coldest, and the best months for Europeans, with, 
 however, little difference between the extreme temps, of a general 
 tropical climate. To the general tropical Malayan flora more N. 
 plants [Pinus Merkusii, P. insularis) and some Australian genera 
 (Leucopogon, Osbornia, Xanthostemon) are added in the P. 
 area. The P. are to a very great extent covered with forests, 
 although they have been in many parts burnt [caitiges], and 
 turned into rice or grass [cogon) lands. Some of the most valu- 
 able woods grow in the P. forests: teak [Tectona grandis), 
 molane ( Vitex altissima), Palo Maria [Calophyllum Inophyllum), 
 dongon (Sterculia cymbifortnis) , ipel {Eperua decandra), ebony 
 {Diospyrus), sandal {Pterocarpus), many Dipterocarpi, supan 
 {CcEsalpinia suppan), celebrated perfume - producing flowers 
 (ilang-ilang, Cananga odorata), camphor [Dryobalanops], and 
 areca, pepper, cinnamon, clover, tea, along with all tropical 
 fruits {Garcinia mangustana, Durio zibethinus). Palm trees 
 give excellent textiles (bejucos, Dcemonorops , Calamus, Plecto- 
 comia ; buri, Corypha ; cabo-negro, Arenga) ; the Musae (tex- 
 tiles sapientum) produce the Manilla hemp (abdca). Fauna. 
 — The P. are in the Indo-Malayan subdivision of the oriental 
 zoo-geographical region, showing, as well as the flora, both 
 Asiatic and Australian forms. There are monkeys (Macacus 
 cynomolgus), lemuroids ( Tarsius spectrum, and the flying lemurs, 
 Galeapithecus), boars (babuy), buffaloes (carabao), cervus, ante- 
 lopes (pilandoc, Tamarao depressicornis) ; large Gallinacecs 
 (Gallus bankiva), a Magapodius, and the only cockatoo in the 
 region; tortoises (panican-carey) ; numerous fishes (dalag, 
 Ophiocephalus, Hemiranphus) ; very numerous insects (the leaf- 
 like Phasmida) ; and moUusca (the gigantic taclobo, the Perli- 
 fera Maleagrina, the Placuna placenta). Ethnography. — 
 The most ancient historical inhabitants were probably the 
 Negritos (Negro pygmies), now in course of extinction as a pure 
 race. A first invasion of Polynesians was succeeded (15th cen- 
 tury) by one of Malays, who are now distinguished as (a) 
 Catholic Indians and [b] Mohammedan Moros (Orang Islam). 
 Numerous Chinese are established in the P. The pure Spanish 
 population is very small. The climate is healthy (although 
 entirely tropical), excepting all swampy localities. Leprosy is 
 still prevalent in some parts (Luzon). All tropical economical 
 plants grow well in the P., the principal products being, at 
 present, hemp, sugar, tobacco (only cultivated in all the P. 
 since 1882), coffee (principally since 1880), woods, rice, some 
 cacao, and cotton. Only one-fifth of the land is under cultiva- 
 tion. The principal exporting industries are the making of 
 cigars (the most important of all, the best from the Luzon 
 provs. of Isabella and Gagayan), abaca tissues (with silk, 
 Sinamay), straw hats, perfumes, sugar (2^ millions sterling ex- 
 ported). The imports are food and dress materials, fuel, arms, 
 machinery, and iron. Greatest commerce with England, then 
 United States, Spain, and Germany. Exports and imports in 
 1891, 10 millions sterling; 1892, 12 millions sterling. There 
 are no interior good roads, large tracts of the principal islands 
 and some of the smaller ones being entirely unknown. Regular 
 steamers to Singapore and Hong-kong, and between the prin- 
 cipal ports of the archipelago. Seventy miles of railway between 
 Manila and Dagupan are in operation ; 720 m. of telegraphs, 
 and a submarine cable from Manila to Hong-kong. The P. 
 are divided into three goyernments : (i) Luzon (36 provs. ), with 
 the Calamianes, Palawan, and Balabac; (2) Visayas (cap. 
 Cebu) ; (3) Mindanao (cap. Zamboanga) and the Sulu Is. In 
 many islands (principally in the interior of Mindanao), the 
 natives are independent. Manila (Luzon) is the cap. of the 
 whole archipelago (with a governor-capitan-general and an 
 archbishop), to which belong, for administrative purposes, the 
 Marianas, Caroline Is. and Palaos (Pelew) Is. An army of 
 10,000 men, and a naval station. Export duty on tobacco, and 
 a general duty of 50 per cent, ad valorem on imports. The 
 principal international ports are Manila, Albay, Sual (Luzon), 
 Cebu, Leyte, Iloilo (Visayas), Zamboanga (Mindanao). Dan- 
 gerous coral reefs are numerous. The coasts are very high, and 
 sometimes dangerous under the violent waves of the Pacific. 
 Magellan arrived at the P. in 1521, having crossed the Atlan- 
 tic and the Pacific, and was killed shottljL^t^r in a skirmish on 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
P H I L — P I A D 
 
 the isl. of Maitan, opposite the town of Cebu. In 1569 Spain 
 took formal possession of the archijjelago. P. 7,000,000. See 
 Luzon, Mindanao, and the other individual islands. [J, B. R.] 
 Phlllppolls, tn. , Orange Free State, cap. of P. div. (on the 
 SW. frontier), 90 m. W. by N. Alivval North. P. <:20oo. 
 
 PhlllppopoUs, Slavonic Plovdiv (till the 17th century 
 Plovdin), Turkish Flllbe, tn., Bulgaria, cap. of Eastern Rou- 
 melia and of prov. P. , situated on three isolated syenite rocks 
 (highest, the Jambaz-tepe, 695 ft. ) and the intervening hollows, 
 on the r. bk. of the Maritsa, 97 m. WNW. Adrianople ; cereals, 
 tobacco, otto of roses, silk-cocoons, and wine are produced in the 
 neighbourhood, and silk is spun in the town. Houses mostly built 
 of wood. Founded about 340 B.C. by Philip II. of Macedon ; at 
 first only a military post or convict colony. Surrounded by a 
 strong wall by Marcus Aurelius, 172 A. D. , removed in the i8th 
 century. Sacked by the Goths in 251, by the Huns in 447. Now 
 seat of Bulgarian, Greek, and Catholic bishops ; strongly garri- 
 soned. P. (1888) 33,000; Bulgarians, 19,500; Moham. 5600; 
 Greeks, 3900. 
 
 PhlllppopoUs, oasis, Syria. See Orman. 
 PhlUppsburg, urban comm. , Ger. , Baden, circle Karlsruhe, 
 17 m. SW. by S. Heidelberg ; has a dismantled fortress ; it 
 figured frequently in the Franco-German wars of 17th and i8th 
 centuries ; under its walls the Duke of Berwick was killed in 
 1734. P. <3000. 
 
 Pblllp Klver, small riv. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cumberland 
 CO., flows N. into Northumberland Strait. 
 
 Phlllpsbnrg, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Center co., 27 m. 
 NNE. Altoona, 96 m. ENE. Pittsburg, with rich coal and 
 fireclay deposits. P. <40oo. 
 
 PblUpsto'H'n, vil. , Cape Colony, dist. Hanover, 90 m. NNW. 
 Middelburg. Alt. 4495 ft. Rfall. (6 yrs.), 10.83 •"• 
 
 PblllpstoTvu, market-tn. , Ire., E. King's co. , bar. Lower 
 P., loi m. NNW. Portarlington, 7 m. from Geashill stn., on 
 Grand Canal; has an old castle, once the residence of King 
 Philip of Spain (from whom the town was named), now used as 
 barracks. PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Pblllpstowu, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. and 5 m. NW. 
 -\rdee, on riv. Glyde. P. <7So. 
 
 PtalUpstown, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. Ferrard, 2 m. N. 
 Drogheda. P. < 250. 
 
 PblUpstown, par.. Ire., NW. co. Louth, bar. Upper Dun- 
 dalk, 4 m. WNW. Dundalk. P.<2So. 
 
 Plilllpstowu, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Dunleer, co. Louth. 
 
 Pbllipstowu, vil., Scot., Linlithgowshire, 3^ m. E. Lin- 
 lithgow, with stn. (Pblllpstonn) on the N. B.^R., PMT.O. 
 (Pbilpstonn). P. <:750. 
 
 Pblllpstown, Lower and Upper, two bars. , Ire. , in the E. 
 of King's CO. 
 
 PblUack, par. and tn. , Eng., Cornwall, Camborne div., on 
 St. Ives Bay, 3^ m. SE. by E. St. Ives. Par. P. <;sooo ; tn. P. 
 <:4000 ; eccles. par. (P. wltb Ciwltblan and Hayle) P. <4000. 
 
 Phillanr (Pbllanr, census), municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, 
 dist. Jalandhar, on the r. bk. of the Sutlej, 65 m. SE. by E. 
 Amritsar ; great wood mart and depot station on the Sind, 
 Punjab, and Delhi Rly. P. 7000; Hindus, 2600; Moham. 
 4000. 
 
 PbUlelgb, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 4 m. SE. 
 Truro. P. <25o. 
 
 PbllUp, CO. , New South Wales, to the N. of 33° S. , and 
 crossed in the middle by 150° E. 
 
 Phillip Island, Victoria, in Western Port Bay. Length, 
 E. to W. , 14 m. ; width, 6 m. 
 
 Phllllppl, vil, U.S., W. Virginia. See Phlllppl. 
 
 Phillips, CO., U.S., Arkansas, N. of 34° N., and bounded on 
 E. by Mississippi R. 
 
 Phillips, CO., U.S., NE. Colorado, on E. frontier, crossed 
 in S. by 40^° N. , cap. Holyoke. 
 
 Phillips, CO., U.S., Kansas, on the N. frontier, W. of 99° W. 
 
 Phillips, tn., U.S., Maine, Franklin co., on Sandy R., 5 m. 
 W. Strong. P. -CI 500. 
 
 Phillips, viL, U.S., Wisconsin, Price co. , no m. SE. 
 Duluth (Minn.). Alt. 1454 ft. (R.R.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Phllllpsbarg, vil. and port of entry, Canada, Quebec, 
 Missisquoi co. , on Missisquoi Bay, Lake Champlain, 39 m. SE. 
 by S. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Philllpsbnrg, silver-mining tn. , U.S., Montana, Deer Lodge 
 CO., 43 m. NW. by W. Butte City. P. < 1500. 
 
 PhlllipsbnrK, town, U.S., New Jersey, Warren co. , on the 
 Delaware R., opposite Easton (Pa.), 54 m. W. Newark; has 
 important manufactures and considerable trade in iron ore, which 
 is abundant in the neighbourhood. P. (1880) 7200 ; (1890) 8600. 
 
 Philllpsbnrg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Centre co., on 
 Moshannon Creek, 98 m. E. by N. Pittsburg, 29 m. NNE. 
 Altoona. P. < 1500. 
 
 PhUllpsport, vil., U.S., New York, Sullivan co., 28 m. W. 
 by S. Poughkeepsie, on the Delaware and Hudson Canal. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Phllllpston, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., 34 m. 
 NE. Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 1202 
 
 Phllmont, vil., U.S., New York, Columbia co., 30 m. S. 
 by E. Albany ; has manufactures of pajier, hosiery, &c. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Pbllpots, isl., Parry Is., Arctic Regions, E. of N. Devon I., 
 crossed by 80° W. Area, 255 sq. m. 
 
 Phllp River, riv. , Brit. New Guinea, flowing S. and entering 
 the Gulf of Papua by several mouths, between i44°-i44i° E. 
 The principal mouth is called the Uonglas R., and in its lower 
 part Port Sevan, which has its mouth in 144^^ E. It has been 
 ascended by steamer to about 6° 50' S. 
 Pbllpstonn, stn. , Scot. , Linlithgowshire. See PblllpstO'««'n. 
 Pblneka, vil. , Asia Minor, S. ct. , 105 m. E. by S. Rhodes. 
 Pblnstotvn, vil., Scot. See FlnstoM'n. 
 Pblpps, islet, Arctic Regions, on N. ct. of North-East Land, 
 in Spitzbergen, in 80° 40' N. 
 
 Phlppsbnrg, tn. , U.S., Maine, Sagadahoc co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Kennebec R. , 38 m. S. Augusta. P. <:i5oo. 
 Pbla<lda, lighthouse, Scot. See Fladda. 
 Pblega, isl., Greece, E. of the entrance to the Gulf of Athens. 
 Phlegrean Fields {Phlegrai Campi), name given to a 
 volcanic region stretching W. from Naples and N. from Pozzuoli, 
 and containing the ruins of Cumae, the cave of the Sibyl, Lakes 
 Avernus and Lucrinus, and the site of Baice. 
 Phlesias, comm. , Greece. See Llgondlsta. 
 Pbloniokhorlon, seapt. , Greece. See Kotronas. 
 Pliocle Green, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Ross, Herefordshire. 
 Phanicia. See Syria. 
 
 Phmnicus, ancient site, Asia Minor. See Flnlka. 
 Phwulx, cities, U.S., Alabama and Arizona. See Pbenlx. 
 Phoenix Islands, Pacific, crossed by 4° S. , 175° W, ; Phoenix 
 I. is in about 3° 15' S. , 170° 20' W. British. 
 Phoenix Park. See Dublin. 
 
 Phoenlxvllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Chester co., on 
 Schuylkill R. , 24 m. NW. Philadelphia ; has extensive furnaces, 
 rolling mills, pottery, and one of the largest bridge-works in the 
 state. P. (1880) 6700 ; (1890) 8500. 
 
 Pholegandros, or Polykandros. I. IsL, Greece, one of the 
 Cyclades, 90 m. S. by E. of the SE. point of Euboea. 'i, A 
 town on the W. ct. P. (1889) 826. 
 Phonla, lake, Greece. See Pheneos. 
 Phorbantia, Italy. See Levanzo. 
 Phu, Tongkinese, 'prefecture.' 
 Phnkwok, isl. , Siam. See Fnkwok. 
 
 PhM, tn., India, in the feudatory state of Nabha (Punjab), 
 100 m. SE. Lahore. P. 5200 ; Hindus, 2100 ; Sikhs, 2000 ; 
 Moham. iioo. 
 
 Phnljhar, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. and 75 m. 
 W. by S. Sambalpur. P. <5ooo. 
 Phulmarl, vil. , India, Haidarabad, 17 m. NNE. Aurangabad. 
 Phttlpur, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 17 m. ENE. 
 Allahabad. P. 7100 ; Hindus, 4300 ; Moham. 2700. 
 
 Phurua, vil., Greece, prov. Acarnania and .£tolia, 31 m. 
 SW. by W. Pharsalos. P. < 2000. 
 Phnrnl, Turkish island. See Furnl. 
 Pliu-tbuan-thlen, city, Annam. See Hn^. 
 Pbuyen, tn. , .Annam. See Fuyen. 
 
 Pb} ongaii-do, or Phyengan-do, prov. , Korea. See Do. 
 Phyiingyang, Pbyengyang {ph pronounced as in loop-hole), 
 Pengyang, or Plngyang, tn. , Korea, 80 m. W. by S. Wonsan, 
 beautifully situated on the right or N. bank of the Taidong, 36 
 m. from the sea. The river on which it stands is navigable by 
 vessels of moderate draught to within 15 m. of the city, but 
 above that shallows occur, though at P. itself the river is 20 ft. 
 deep, and 200 yards wide. Centre of a silk industry. Large 
 and thick coal seam near. Gold washings about 20 m. N. Rich 
 iron ore near river banks about 50 m. NNE. Defeat of Chinese 
 by Japanese in Sept. 1894. P. above 20,000 (Carles in Proc. 
 R. G. S., 1886, p. 300); probably 100,000 (Campbell in Proc. 
 R. G. S., 1892, p. 157). 
 
 Physkos, tn. , Asia Minor. See .Marmaras. 
 Placenza, French Plaisance, anciently Placentia, city, see 
 of a bishopric, and cap. prov. P., Italy, Emilia, on r. bk. Po, just 
 below its confluence with the Trebbia, 43 m. SE. Milan, with 
 bastioned walls and a ring of forts. The cathedral has a square 
 bell-tower, 223 ft. high, and large crypts. There are other fine 
 churches, the Farnese Palace, once famous, now used as a 
 barracks; the communal palace (1281), and the palace of 
 justice ; the communal library of 120,000 vols. ; the theatre, 
 large hospital, &c. Some manufactures of silk, cloth ; marble 
 quarries. Founded as a Roman colony in 219 B.C. ; its walls, 
 the year after, afforded a refuge for the army of Scipio and 
 Sempronius Longus after their defeat by Hannibal on the banks 
 of the Trebbia. Ever since, P. has been of importance as a 
 strategic point, and was in modern times a fortress of the first 
 class. Two great lines of the Italian railway system meet here. 
 Alt. 215 ft. P. (1881) 35,000, the same as in 1871. 
 
 Placoa, %al. , Venezuela, Bolivar, on an arm of delta of the 
 Orinoco, 132 m. S. by W. of the SW. point of the isl. of Trinidad. 
 Pladena, vil., Italy, Lombardy, on the r. bk. of the Oglio, 
 prov. and 20 m. W. Mantua. P. <2ooo. 
 
P I A G — P I C T 
 
 Plaggiiie Soprauc, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. and 40 m. 
 SE. Salerno, circle Vallo della Lucania. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Plagglne Sottaiie, adjoining vil., 2 m. to the W. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Plako, CO., New Zealand, North I., crossed in the S. by 38° 
 S. , and touched in the E. by 176° E. 
 
 Plako, riv. , New Zealand, North I., rising in co. P., flows N. 
 into Thames Firth, in about 37° 15' N., lower course navigable. 
 Length, 68 m. 
 
 Plalba, watering-place, Queensland, March co. , on shore of 
 Hervey Bay, in 25" 22' S. ; contains sugar-mills. P. < 1500. 
 
 Plall, vil. , Greece, prov. Arcadia, 4 m. S. by E. Tripolis. 
 
 Plaua, vil., in the W. of Corsica, near the S. side of the Gulf 
 of Porto, arr. and 23 m. N. by W. Ajaccio ; noted for the 
 magnificent scenery of the granite rocks known as the Calanches 
 de P. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Plana tie' Urecl, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 10 m. SSW. Palermo. 
 P. 8900. 
 
 Plan C'astagnajo, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Siena, circle 
 and 17 m. SSW. Montepulciano. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Plane, islet, Tunis. See Plane. 
 
 Planella, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Teramo, 7 m. 
 NW. by W. Chieti. P. <30oo. 
 
 Piano del Vogllo, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 26 m. 
 SSW. Bologna, circle Vergato. P. < 500c. 
 
 Piano dl Sorrento, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. Naples, 
 circle and 5 m. Castellamare di Stabia, on Sorrento Bay. P. 8100. 
 
 Planosia, Isola, islet, Italy, off the E. ct. , in 42° 13^' N. 
 
 Planosa, Isola, isl. , Italy, off the W. ct., about 8 m. S. of 
 the W. end of Elba, in 42° 35' N. P. 600. 
 
 Planura, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Naples, circle and 4 m. 
 ENE. Pozzuoli. P. (comm. )<; 5000. 
 
 Plaroas, Indians, Venezuela, on the banks of the upper 
 Orinoco. 
 
 Plasnltz, riv. , Prussia. See Zarnowltzer-^e. 
 
 Plas!«abus8U, vil., Brazil, Alagoas, on the 1. bk. of the Rio 
 Sao Francisco, 195 m. SW. by S. Pernambuco, 70 m. SW. 
 Maceio. 
 
 Platra, tn. , Roumania, prov. Neamju, on the riv. Bistrifa, 
 59 m. WSW. Yassy ; has paper-mill, and important trade in 
 wood. P. (1873) estimated 20,000; (1889) 20,000. 
 
 Piatt, CO. , U.S. , Illinois, crossed by 40° N. , and E. of 89° W. 
 
 Planliy, riv., Brazil, state of P., flows NW. and enters the 
 Parnahiba in 6° 25' S. 
 
 Planliy, one of the NE. littoral states of Brazil (coast-line only 
 30 m.), naturally formed by the lands between the Rio Parna- 
 hiba and the water-parting of the E. part of its basin, drained by 
 rivs. Longa, Poty, P.-Canind6, Gurgueio, Urussu. To a great 
 extent unknown. Lies in the region subject to great periodical 
 droughts, yet numerous cattle are reared on its vast plains. 
 Iron abundant ; silver, lead, nitrates, and rock-salt found. 
 Cap. 'I'herezina. See Brazil, table. 
 
 Plave, riv. , N. Italy, rises in the Alps near Lienz, flows SW. 
 to Vas, then SE. to the Adriatic, which it enters at Porto di 
 Cortellazo, 22 m. ENE. Venice. Navigable from its entrance 
 into the prov. of Venice, above that used for floating timber. 
 Length, 137 m. ; area of basin, 1583 sq. m. ; discharge, mean 
 2100 cubic ft. per second, highest 106,000 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Piazza, vil., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 17 m. N. Bergamo. 
 
 P. <20C)0. 
 
 Piazza Aruierlna, tn., Sicily, prov. and 18 m. SE. by E. 
 
 Caltanissetta ; a bishop's see ; manufactures woollens, and 
 trades in corn, olive oil, and fruits. Alt. 2365 ft. P. 16,000. 
 
 Pic, French, Pico, Spanish and Portuguese, 'a peak.' 
 
 Pic, riv. , Canada, Ontario, flows S. from Lake McKay to 
 the NE. corner of Lake Superior, in about 86° 15' W. 
 
 Pica, oasis, Chile, Tarapaca, connected by canal 31 m. long 
 with La Noria (which is WN W. ) ; grapes and other fruit and 
 vegetables. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Plcacho, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Pinal co., 173 m. NW. 
 by W. from the SE. corner of the terr. 
 
 Plcaclio de la Veleta, summit of the Sierra Nevada Range, 
 Spain, 18 m. SE. Granada. Alt. 11,385 ft. 
 
 Plcardy, former prov. of France, now included in deps. Pas- 
 de-Calais, Somme, Nord, Oise, and Aisne. 
 
 Plcasent, tn. , Spain, prov. Valencia, dist. and 5 m. SW. 
 Torrente. P. (comm. )<4000. 
 
 Pic da Midi, name given in the Pyrenees to several summits, 
 the most celebrated being those of Bagneres-de-Bigorre, and 
 Ossau, or Pau. The former (alt. 9440 ft.) has a meteorological 
 observatory some feet from its top. Alt. of latter, 9465 ft. 
 
 Plcerno, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 8^ m. W. Potenza. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Plcliala, Panta, point, N. ct. Chile, in ig° 37' S., 70° 20' W. 
 
 Pichan, tn. , E. Turkistan, 60 m. ESE. Turfan, in 42° 50' N. , 
 90'^ 20' E. 
 
 PtclileU-lislen, tn., China, Kweichou, 81 m. WNW. Kwei- 
 yang-fu. 
 
 Plchliiclia, volcano, Ecuador, in W. Cordilleras, Andes, W. 
 of Quito. Alt. 15,805 ft. (Wolf), 15,918 ft. (Whymper), 15,705 
 ft. (Reiss and Stiibel). 
 
 Plchlt, tn., Siam, on the Liung arm of the Menam, 82 m. 
 ESE. Rahang. 
 
 Plchacalco, tn. , Mexico, Chiapas, 32 m. SSW. San Juan 
 Bautista. P. 6000. 
 
 Plchn-Plclin, summit of Andes, Peru, NE. Arequipa. Alt. 
 18,600 ft. 
 
 Plchnta, pass, N. Chile, between Tarapaca and the Bolivian 
 dep. of Oruro, 87 m. E. Pisagua. 
 
 Plckanilnk, riv. , U.S. See Iroqnols River. 
 
 Pickaway, co. , U.S., Ohio, S. of 40° N., crossed by 83° W., 
 traversed by the Scioto R. 
 
 Plckburn and Brodsworth, stn. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, on S. Yorkshire Rly. 
 
 Plckenliam, North and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Norfolk, North P., SW. div., 18 m. SE. by E. King's Lynn, 
 3 m. SE. by E. Swaffham, i m. W. Holme Hale stn., P.O. 
 and P.O. (Sonth P.). P. (of each)<250 ; eccles. par. (North 
 P. with Houghton on the Hill) P. <5oo. 
 
 Pickens, CO., U.S., Alabama, on W. frontier, N. of 33° N. 
 
 Pickens, co., U.S., Georgia, between 34° and 35° N. and 
 84° and 85° W. 
 
 Pickens, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, cap. P. co., 22 m. SE. by E. 
 of the NE. corner of Georgia. Alt. 1162 ft. (U. S. C. & G. S.). 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Pickering, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Ontario co. , 21 m. 
 NE. by E. Toronto, on Lake Toronto, and a railway. P. <i50o. 
 
 Pickering, par. and market-tn., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Whitby div., 15I m. W. by S. Scarborough, on the NE. R. 
 The castle, first mentioned in reign of Henry III. , was for a time 
 occupied by Richard II. Besoms are made. Market-day, M. 
 15,604 ac. P. < 4000. P. Marlshes, adjoining par., P. <25o. 
 P. .Hoor, an upland tract about 7 m. to the N. 
 
 Pickett, CO., U.S., Tennessee, N. frontier, W. of 85° W. 
 
 Plckhlll, par., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., 4J m. ESE. 
 Wrexham. P. <;25o. 
 
 Plckhlll with Koxby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Thirskand Malton div., 7^ m. NNE. Ripon, with a stn. (Plck- 
 hlll) on the NE. R., P.O."'(P.). P. <5oo. 
 
 Plckmere, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 3 m. NE. 
 North wich. P. <25o. 
 
 Plckton, par. , Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 3 m. NE. by 
 N. Chester, li m. NW. by N. Mickle Traff"ord stn. (L. & NW. 
 R.). P. <25o. 
 
 Plckton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 
 9 m. SE. by E. Darlington, \ m. W. by S. of its stn. (Plcton) 
 on the NE. R. P. <;25o. 
 
 Pickup Bank, vil., Eng., Lancashire, Darwen div., 4 m. 
 SE. Blackburn, 2 m. E. by N. Darwen stn. See Yate. 
 
 Plckwell, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 5 m. 
 WNW. Oakham. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Plckworth, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kestevendiv. , 8 m. E. 
 byS. Grantham, \\ m. W. Billingborough stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Plckworth, pan , Eng. , Rutland, 9 m. ENE. Oakham, 3 m. 
 SSW. Little Bytham stn. P. <:25o. See Casterton, Cireat. 
 
 Pico, Spanish and Portuguese, ' a p>eak.' 
 
 Pico, one of the Azores Is., in the Atlantic, covered with 
 lava; has a volcanic peak 7613 ft. high, in 38° 28' N., 28° 25' 
 W. Chief towns, Lagos, Magdalena, and San Rocco. Area, 
 254 sq. m. 
 
 Pico, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 17 m. N. Gaeta. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Pico, or Catherine, strait, between Iturup and Kunashir Is., 
 Kurile Is. , N. Japan ; width, 16 m. 
 
 Pico d'Adan (Adam's Peak), summit, Chile, Magellan terr., 
 NW. Desolation I., marking the W. entrance to Magellan 
 Strait. Alt. 2855 ft. 
 
 Plcolet Point, cape, N. ct. Haiti I., marking the entrance 
 to the Bay of Cap Haitien. 
 
 Pico Peak, mt. , U.S., in Green Mountain Range, Vermont, 
 Rutland co. , 6 m. ENE. Rutland. Alt. 3935 ft. 
 
 Plcos, sierra de, mt. , Spain. See Cantabrlan Mountains. 
 
 Plcos de Aroche, range of mts. on the border of Spain and 
 Portugal, stretching about 25 m. from W. by S. to N. by E., 
 in about lat. 38° N. , parallel to the Serra de Aracena. 
 
 Plcqnlgny, tn., France, dep. Somme, on the Somme, arr. 
 and 17 m. WNW. Amiens. P. <20oo. 
 
 Plcton, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Prince Edward 
 CO. , on the Bay of Quints, 35 m. WSW. Kingston. P. <400o. 
 
 Plcton, stn., Eng., Yorkshire. See Plckton. 
 
 Plcton (formerly Stonequarry), tp. , New South Wales, 
 Camden co. , 35 m. SW. by W. Sydney ; in the neighbourhood , 
 kerosene shale has been found. P. < 1500. 
 
 Plcton, port and bor. , New Zealand, South I. , chief port of 
 Marlborough co. , 38 m. E. Nelson, 20 m. N. Blenheim; has 
 gold mining, and an excellent harbour, with a depth of water 
 at wharf of 20 ft. Vessels convey produce direct to London. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Plcton, Mount, in S. of Tasmania, source of Picton R. 
 Alt. 3340 ft. 
 
 Plcton Channel, strait, Chile, on W. side of WeUington I., 
 
 1203 
 
PICT — PIER 
 
 and E. side of Mornington I. and North's Archipelago, between 
 49° lo' and 49° 50' S. 
 
 Plctou, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Nova Scotia, P. co. , 
 on P. Harbour, 90 m. NE. by N. Halifax. The harbour, which 
 has a bar at its entrance with 22 ft. depth at high water ordinary 
 springs and 20 ft. ordinary neaps, affords good anchorage in 
 30 ft. at high and 24 ft. at low water. There is a total of 
 3536 ft. of wharfage, with 20-30 ft. at high water ordinary 
 springs. There are also two patent slips, 232 and 178 ft. long 
 respectively. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Plctou Harbour, a large inlet, which above Pictou divides 
 into three arms, of which the eastern receives the E. River, the 
 middle the Mid River, and the western the W. River. 
 
 Plctou Island, isl. , 7 m. long, 7 ni. N. of the mouth of 
 Pictou Harbour. 
 
 Plcts Cross, P.O., Eng., 4 m. from Ross, Herefordshire. 
 
 Picture Rocks, manufacturing bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 Lycoming co. , Muncy R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Plddlngboe, par. , Eng. , Sussex, on the Ouse, div. and 5 m. 
 S. by E. Lewes, ij m. NW. Newhaven, P.O. P. <25o. See 
 Telscombe. 
 
 Plddlngton, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 5 m. 
 SE. by S. Northampton, i^ m. W. by S. of its stn. (P. and 
 Horton) on the M. R., PMT.O. P. <7So. See Horton. 
 
 Plddlngton, par., Eng., on the E. border of Oxfordshire, 
 Woodstock div., 11 m. NE. by E. Oxford, 5 m. SE. Bicester. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Piddle, riv. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, flows SE. past Puddletown 
 into Poole Harbour. Length, 20 m. 
 
 Piddle, North, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., on 
 the Piddle, 7^ m. E. Worcester, 4 m. N. Pershore stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Plddlehlnton, PT.O., Eng., Dorsetshire. See Puddle- 
 talnton. 
 
 Plddletown, PMT. O. , Eng. , Dorsetshire. See Puddletown. 
 
 Plddletrentlilde, PMT. O. , Eng. , Dorsetshire. See Puddle- 
 trenthlde. 
 
 Pldley with Fenton, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey 
 div., 6J m. NE. by E. Huntingdon, 2 m. SSE. Warboys stn., 
 P.O. (Pldley). P. <soo. See Somershaiu. 
 
 Pldrutalagala, formerly Pedrotallagalla, mts. , Ceylon, 
 Central Prov. , 21 m. SSE. Kandy. Alt. 8295 ft. 
 
 Pleconibe, par., Eng., Sussex, Cuckfield union, P.O. (Pye- 
 combe). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Pledad, Ponta da, penin. , S. extremity of Portugal, Algarve, 
 in about 9^ W. 
 
 Pledad de Rlvas, La, tn., Mexico, state Michoacan, cap. 
 dist. P., 78 m. NW. Morelia. P. (comm.) 16,200. 
 
 Pledade (Portuguese, 'mercy, pity'), vil. , Brazil, state and 45 
 m. W. by S. Sao Paulo. 
 
 Pledecuesta, tn., Colombia, dep. Santander, 175 m. N. by E. 
 Bogota. 
 
 Pledlcroce, vil., Corsica, arr. Corte, 23 m. SSW. Bastia. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Pledlluco, vil. , Italy, Umbria, prov. Perugia, circle and 6 m. 
 ESE. Terni ; frequented summer resort. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pledlmonte, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 43 m. E. by 
 N. Gaeta. P. 6000. 
 
 Piedmont, Italian Plenionte (' foot of the mountains '), div. 
 (compartimento territoriale) in the NW. of Italy, composed of 
 four provs. , two in the N. (Turin and Novara), and two in the 
 S. (Cuneo and Alessandria). P. forms roughly a parallelogram 
 between the Alps and the Apennines on the N., W. , and S. , 
 and bounded on the E. by the Lago Maggiore, and the Ticino 
 in its N. part, but further S. excluding the Lomellina (between 
 the Ticino, Sesia, and Po). The interior of the parallelogram 
 belongs mainly to the plains of the Po basin, but includes also 
 the hills of Montferrat (Monferrato), between the Po and the 
 Tanaro. Besides the Po, the chief rivers are, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Po, the Pellice, Dora Riparia (whose valley is ascended by 
 the Mont Cenis Rly.), Northern Stura, Dora Baltea, Sesia, and 
 Ticino (with its trib. the Toce), and on the r. bk. of the Po, 
 the Varaita, Maira, Tanaro (with the Bormida), and the Scrivia. 
 Irrigation canals are numerous, the principal being the Cavour 
 Canal [q.v.], the Charles Albert Canal, the latter originating 
 in the Bormida, and after passing Alessandria discharging into 
 the Tanaro. The principal crops are wheat, maize, and rice, 
 the last cultivated almost exclusively in the prov. of Novara, 
 in the dist. round Vercelli. The vine is cultivated in all the 
 provs., but chiefly in that of Alessandria, in which the wines 
 of Asti are noted. Chestnuts also are largely cultivated. Hemp 
 covers a considerable area in provs. Cuneo and Turin. The 
 silkworm is extensively reared. Useful minerals are rare. A 
 little inferior anthracite is obtained in the Alpine valleys in the 
 NW. There are gold veins in the Alps, in the Val d' Anzasca, 
 and in the Apennines to the S. of Ovada, but in neither locality 
 are they of much economic importance. The nickel ores of the 
 Val Sesia have ceased to be worked since the discovery of those 
 of New Caledonia. The granites of the Lago Maggiore and the 
 Lago d' Orta, the syenites of the dist. of Biella, and gneisses 
 of Luserna and other parts of the Alps, are all excellent in 
 1204 
 
 quality, and extensively quarried. Mechanical industries are not 
 generally concentrated in the larger towns, but are scattered over 
 the smaller towns and villages. The most widely diffused is the 
 reeling of silk, with which silk throwing and weaving is often 
 associated. Woollen and cotton manufactures are most ex- 
 tensively pursued in the Alpine comms. of prov. Novara, 
 especially Biella, Occhieppo Inferiore, and other places near ; 
 but also to a considerable extent in Rivarolo, Canarese, Caselle 
 Torinesi, Chieri, and elsewhere in prov. Turin. See Italy 
 (table and Historical Sketch) and Alps. 
 
 Piedmont, vil., U.S., Missouri, Wayne co. , 84 m. W. by N. 
 Cairo (111.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Piedmont, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, Greenville co. , 40 m. SE. 
 by E. of the NE. corner of Georgia. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Piedmont, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Mineral co. , on N. 
 branch of Potomac R. , 173 m. E. Wheeling, in the great coal 
 region of Virginia ; has extensive railroad machine shops. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pledra Blanca, settlement, Argentine Republic, prov. and 
 6 m. NE. by N. Catamarca, 108 m. SSW. Tucuman. 
 
 Pledrabuena, tn., Spain, prov. and 12 m. WNW. Ciudad 
 Real, cap. dist. P. P. (comm. )<4C>oo. 
 
 Pledraflta, comm., Spain, prov. and 33 m. SE. Lugo, dist. 
 Becerrea. P. <40oo. 
 
 Pledra Gorda, comm. , Mexico, state Guanajuato, cap. dist. 
 P. G. , dep. and 31 m. SW. Leon. P. 19,100. 
 
 Pledra Grande del Utcnbamba, mt. (alt. 3000 ft. ) and site 
 of ruins, N. Peru, dep. Amazonas, in the neighbourhood of 
 Chachapoyas, in about 6° 20' S. 
 
 Pledras, vil., Uruguay, dep. Canelones, 16 ni. N. by E. 
 Montevideo. 
 
 Pledras, Las, tn. , Cuba, 250 m. ESE. Havana. P. 8000. 
 
 Pledras Negras, formerly also called Clndad Porflrlo Diaz, 
 vil., Mexico, Coahuila, on r. bk. of the Rio Grande, where the 
 International Rly. crosses the frontier, 210 m. N. Monterey ; 
 coal found near. P. <3000. 
 
 Pledras Negras, Pnnta de Las, cape, Uruguay, on the Rio 
 de la Plata, in 55° 42' W. 
 
 Plel, isl. with harbour, Eng. , Lancashire, Dalton in Furness 
 par., at S. extremity of Furness Penin., with which it is con- 
 nected by a causeway, on the Furness Rly., PT.O. See 
 Barrow In Furness. 
 
 Plelagos, Valle de, comm., Spain, Old Castille, prov., dist., 
 and 7 m. WSW. Santander ; chief village, Aro. P. 5500. 
 
 Pleleburg-See, lake, Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 52 m. SE. 
 Kolberg, drained S. into the riv. Netze. 
 
 Pieman Klver, Tasmania, flows W. into the sea, in lat. 41° 
 40' S. ; near the mouth of the river are tin-mines. 
 
 Plemonte, div. , Italy. See Piedmont. 
 
 Plenleang, tn. , China. See Kalfting-fu. 
 
 Plenza, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 24 m. SE. Siena; 
 built on the site of the village of Corsignano by Pope Pius II. 
 (Eneas Sylvius Piccolomini), who was born here ; has the cathe- 
 dral and palace Piccolomini. P. <20oo. 
 
 Plera, tn. , Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 22 m. WNW. 
 Barcelona, dist. Igualada. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Pierce, mt. , U.S., California, Humboldt co. , 190 m. NW. 
 Sacramento, in 40° 20' N. , 124° o' W. 
 
 Pierce, co. , U.S., Georgia, just to N. of 31° N., and crossed 
 in E. by 82° W. 
 
 Pierce, city, U.S. , Missouri, Lawrence co., 152 m. S. by E. 
 Kansas City, 24 m. SE. Carthage. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Pierce, vil., U.S., Nebraska, P. co., 104 m. NW. by W. 
 Omaha. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pierce, co. , U.S. , N. Dakota, crossed by 48° N. and 100° W. 
 
 Pierce, co. , U.S. , Washington, crossed by 47° N. and 122° W. 
 
 Pierce, co. , U.S., Wisconsin, on the W. frontier, bounded 
 on the W. and S. by the Mississippi. 
 
 Pierce Bridge, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 5 m. W. by 
 N. Darlington, on NE. R., PMT.O. (Plercebrldge). P. <25o. 
 
 Plerceton, vil. , U.S., Indiana, Kosciusko co. , 105 m. ESE. 
 Chicago (111.), 58 m. SW. by W. of NE. corner of state. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Plercetown, par. , Ire. , co. Meath, bar. and 3 m. S. Duleek. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Plercetown, par.. Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Rathconrath,. 
 on riv. Mug, 10 m. W. Mullingar; 4231 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Plermont, vil., U.S., New York, Rockland co. , on the r. bk. 
 of Hudson R., 23 m. N. by E. New York. P. <isoo. 
 
 Pierre, French, ' a stone, rock ; ' also French, ' Peter.' 
 
 Pierre, tn. , France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, arr. Louhans, 32 
 m. SSE. Dijon. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pierre, city, U.S., S. Dakota, Hughes co. , 180 m. NW. by 
 W. Yankton. Alt. 1438 ft. (R.R.). P. < 4000. 
 
 Plerre-A-Vole, erroneously Plerre-A-Volr, mt. , Switzd. , cant. 
 Valais, 6 m. E. by N. Martigny. Alt. 8125 ft. 
 
 Plerre-B^nlte, tn., France, dep. Rhone, arr. and 4 m. S. 
 Lyons, on r. bk. of the Rhone. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Pierre BuftK're, vil., France, dep. Haute- Vienne, arr. and 
 II m. SE. by S. Limoges. P. <2ooo. 
 
PIER 
 
 PIKE 
 
 Plerre-Chatel, fortified place, France, dep. Ain, arr. Belley, 
 15 m. NW. ChamMry, on a steep hill, with an alt. of 1300 ft., 
 overlooking one of the narrowest defiles of the Rhone. 
 
 Plerrelltte, vil. , France, dep. Hautes-Pyrto^es, arr. Argelte, 
 10 m. S. Lourdes, and 28 m. SE. Pau ; has mines of argenti- 
 ferous lead, copper, and zinc. Here gallium was discovered in 
 1875. It is one of the principal centres for excursions in the 
 Pyrenees. P. < 2000. 
 
 Plerrelltte, vil., France, dep. Meuse, arr. Commercy, on the 
 Aire, 12 m. NE. Bar-le-Duc. P. <20oo. 
 
 Plerrelltte, tn. , France, dep. Seine, arr. St. Denis, 7J m. N. 
 Notre Dame, Paris. P. < 2000. 
 
 Plerrefonds, tn. , France, dep. Oise, arr. and 11 m. SE. 
 Compiegne ; has ferruginous and sulphureous baths, known to 
 the Romans, and an imposing feudal castle built from 1395 to 
 1407. P. < 2000. 
 
 Plerrefoiitaliie, vil. , France, dep. Doubs, arr. Montb^liard, 
 25 m. E. Besan9on. P. < 2000. 
 
 Plerrel'ort, vil., France, dep. Cantal, arr. St. Flour, 61 m. S. 
 by W. Clermont-Ferrand, 14 m. S. Murat. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Plerrelatte, tn. , France, dep. Drome, arr. Montdimar, 18 
 m. NNW. Orange. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Plerres-de-Lecq, or Paternosters, reefs, N. of Jersey I., 
 Channel Is. 
 
 Plerre-snr-Hante, or Plerre-sur- Autre, mt., France, cul- 
 minating point of the Monts du Forez {g'.v. ). Alt.- 5380 ft. 
 
 PlerrevUle, or St. Tliomas, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. 
 Yamaska, on St. Francis R. , 30 m. NE. Sorel. P. < 1500. 
 
 Plerry, tn., France, dep. Marne, arr. and 2 m. SW. by S. 
 Epernay. P. < 2000. 
 
 PlersWll, stn., Scot., Midlothian, on the N. B. R., i^ m. E. 
 by N. Edinburgh. 
 
 Plerson's Bridge, P.O., Ire., SW. co. Cork, bar. and 4^ m. 
 N. by E. Bantry. 
 
 Plesclien, vil., Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and i m. NNW. 
 Dresden. P. 12,400. 
 
 Pleskjanr, lake, Sweden, prov. Norrbotten, near the Nor- 
 wegian frontier, at the SE. base of the Sulitjelma, is the source 
 of the Pitea R. 
 
 Pietas Julia, Austria. See Pola. 
 
 Pleterlen, comm., Switzd. , cant. Bern, 9 m. W. by S. 
 Solothurn. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pletermarltzbarg, tn. , seat of the govt, of Natal, 40 m. 
 NW. by W. Durban ; named after two Boer leaders, Pieter 
 Retief and Gert Maritz. Alt. 2093 ft. Mean temp. (10 yrs. , 
 1858-67), yr. 64.9° F. , Feb. 71.8°, July 55.7°. P. 12,300. 
 
 Pieter Melittje's Foiitelii, highest point on the Cape Town- 
 Kimberley line. Cape Colony, 186 m. from Cape Town. Alt. 
 3588 ft. 
 
 Pletersl>nrg, tn. , S. African Repub. , Zoutpansberg div. , about 
 140 m. NNE. Pretoria, with a goldfield to the S. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Pletole, vil. , Italy. See Vlrglllo. 
 
 Pletra, tn., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the coast, 15 m. 
 SW. Savona. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pletrabbondante, comm., Italy, prov. and 19 m. NW. 
 Campobasso. P. <4000. 
 
 Pletracatella, comm., Italy, prov. and 13 m. E. Campo- 
 basso. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Pletradefusl, comm. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 9 m. NNE. 
 Avellino. P. 5300. 
 
 Pletra Eleliia, comm. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 7 m. NE. 
 Benevento. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Pletrafesa, comm., Italy, prov. and 10 m. SW. Potenza. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Pletragalla, tn., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 8 m. NNE. 
 Potenza. P. (comm.) 6700. 
 
 Pletra Llgnre, maritime tn., Italy, prov. and 36 m. SSW. 
 Genoa ; has marble quarries. P. -^.-yxyo. 
 
 Pletra Mala Pass. See Apennines, B. 
 
 Pletrainelara, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 11 m. 
 N. by W. Capua. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Pletra Montecorvlno, comm., Italy, prov. Foggia, 16 m. 
 SW. San Severo. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Pletrapertosa, comm. , Italy, prov. and 16 m. ESE. Potenza. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Pletra Pertusa Pass. See Apennines, C. 
 
 Pletraperzla, tn., Sicily, prov. and 7 m. SE. Caltanissetta ; 
 has sulphur and gypsum mines. P. 11,300. 
 
 Pletrapola, thermal stn., Corsica, arr. Corte, at E. base of 
 Punta della Capella ; the waters contain sulphuretted sodium ; 
 during the great heat in July and August the climate is un- 
 healthy and dangerous. Alt. 655 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Pletraroja, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. and 20 m. NNW. 
 Benevento. P. < 3000. 
 
 Pletrasanta, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 15 m. NW. by 
 W. Lucca. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pletravalrano, or Valrano, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. 
 and 19 m. NNW. Caserta. P. <:3000. 
 
 Pletretlef, dist., S. African Republic, bounded on the N. 
 and E. by Swazi-land, and on the S. by the Pongola R. 
 
 Pletros, mt. , in the Carpathians, Hungary, co. Maramaros, 
 in about 48° 20' N. Alt. 6630 ft. 
 
 Pletrosnl, mt. , in the Carpathians, Hungary, between cos. 
 Maros-Torda and Besztercze-Naszod. Alt. 6895 ft. 
 
 Plenx, Les, vil., France, dep. Manche, arr. and 12 m. SW, 
 Cherbourg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pleve a Nlevole, vil., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 16 m. E. 
 Lucca. P. (comm. )<:4ooo. 
 
 Pleve del €alro, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Pavia, 13 m. 
 NE. Alessandria. P. < 3000. 
 
 Pleve dl Cadore, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. Belluno, 54 m. 
 N. by E. Treviso. 
 
 Pleve dl Cento, tn. , Italy, Emilia, prov. Ferrara, 20 m. ENE. 
 Modena. P. 3000. 
 
 Pleve dl Sollgo, comm., Italy, Venice, prov. and 18 m. 
 NNW. Treviso. P. <4000. 
 
 Pleve dl Teco, tn. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Porto Maurizio, 18 
 m. NNE. San Remo. P. <:3O0o. 
 
 Plevepelago, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. Modena, 25 m. N. by 
 E. Lucca. P. <iooo. 
 
 Pleve Porto Slorone, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 14 m. 
 ESE. Pavia, on 1. bk. of the Po. P. <3000. 
 
 Pleve San Stefano, vil., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 17 m. 
 NE. by N. Arezzo, on the Tiber. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pig, isl. , Ire. , off N. ct. co. Mayo, bar. Erris. 
 
 Plgiiddkla, vil. , Greece, isl. of Zante, 7I m. W. by N. Zante. 
 
 Plgdon, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck div. , 3 m. 
 NW. by W. Morpeth. P. <:2So. 
 
 Pigeon Bay, Canada, Ontario, Lake Erie, on the S. of Essex 
 CO. , W. of Point Pelee. 
 
 Pigeon Bay, postal-stn. , New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co. , 
 21 m. ESE. Christchurch by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pigeon Cove, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co. , on the 
 Atlantic, 32 m. NE. Boston ; a picturesque watering-place, much 
 resorted to ; has granite quarries. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Pigeon Island, isl., Brit. India, Bombay, 10 m. off coast of 
 dist. N. Kdnara, 15 m. NW. Bhatkal, in 14° i' N., 74" 19' E., 
 300 ft. high, and \ m. broad. 
 
 Pigeon Lake, Canada, Ontario, Peterborough co. , 70 m. NE. 
 Toronto, joins Lake Sturgeon on the W. 
 
 Pigeon Point, settlement, U.S., California, San Mateo co. , 
 on the Pacific. 
 
 Pigeon River, Canada, Manitoba, flows WNW. into P. Bay, 
 on the E. side of Lake Winnipeg, in 52° 15' N. 
 
 Plggoreet, post-tn. , Victoria, Grenville co. , on Woody 
 Yallock Creek, 17 m. SW. Ballarat. P. < 1500. 
 
 PlgUo, tn., Italy, prov. Rome, 17 m. NW. Frosinone. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Plgna, tn. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Porto Maiu^izio, 9 m. NNW. 
 San Remo ; has sulph"ureous spring. P. -<3ooo. 
 
 Plgna dl Aiidora, vil., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the 
 coast, 21 m. ENE. San Remo. 
 
 Plgnalon, tn. , Cochin-China. See Plnyaln. 
 
 Plgnola, tn. , Italy, prov. and 6 m. S. Potenza. P. <40oo. 
 
 Plgott Doddlitgton, eccles. par. , Eng. See Doddlngton. 
 
 Plgnena, riv. , S. America. See Tlgre. 
 
 Plbilnl, municip. , Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Hardoi, 70 m. 
 NW. Lucknow. P. 8000 ; Hindus, 4500 ; Moham. 3500. 
 
 Plliewa, tn. , Brit. India. See Pelioa. 
 
 Pljlstaart (Dutch, 'diver'), isl.. Pacific, in the S. of the 
 Tonga group, in about 22^° S. , 176° W. 
 
 Pike, CO. , U.S., Alabama, crossed by 86° W. , and in extreme 
 N. by 32° N. 
 
 Pike, CO., U.S., Arkansas, crossed in S. by 34° N., and be- 
 tween 93° and 94° W. 
 
 Pike, CO. , U.S., Georgia, crossed in S. by 33° N. , and W. 
 of 84° W. 
 
 Pike, CO. , U.S., Illinois, on W. frontier, S. of 40° N. 
 
 Pike, CO., U.S., Indiana, W. of 87° W., and bounded on N. 
 by White R. and E. Branch of White R. 
 
 Pike, CO., U.S., in the extreme E. of Kentucky. 
 
 Pike, CO., U.S., Mississippi, in the SW., on the S. frontier, 
 crossed in the E. by 90° W. 
 
 Pike, CO., U.S., Missouri, on the Mississippi, N. of 39° N. 
 
 Pike, vil., U.S., New York, Wyoming co. , 43 m. SE. by E. 
 Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pike, CO. , U.S. , Ohio, in the S. , crossed by 83° W. and 39° N. 
 
 Pike, CO., U.S., Pennsylvania, in the angle of the Delaware, 
 to the N. of 41° N. 
 
 Pike Bay, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Bruce co., on Lake 
 Huron, 59 m. NW. by W. Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Plkela, isl. , Pacific. See Lydla. 
 
 Pike Lake, Canada, Keewatin, crossed about the middle 
 by 53° 25' N. , 95° 40' W. , drained WNW. by the Pike R. into 
 the E. Branch of the Nelson, a little below its outlet from Lake 
 Winnipeg. 
 
 Plkelot, or Coqnllle, isl. , Pacific, Caroline group, in about 
 8° 20' N., 152° o' W. 
 
 Pike of Rnsliall, P. O. , Ire. , 4 m. from Borris in Ossory, 
 Queen's co. 
 
 1205 
 
P I KE — P I LS 
 
 Pike Rlgg, hill, Eng. , Northumberland, div. and 14 m. 
 WSW. Hexham. Height, 1723 ft. 
 
 Plkerml, Greece. See Pentellkou. 
 
 Plkerni, vil. , Greece. See Maiitlnen. 
 
 Pike Rnn, or Coai Center (formerly dreenfield), bor. , U.S. , 
 Pennsylvania, co. and 24 m. SE. Washington, on Monongahela 
 R. ; has coal-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pike's Peak, mt., U.S., Colorado, in the W. of El Paso co., 
 60 m. S. Denver ; lat. 38° 50' N. , long. 105° i' W. Alt. 14,147 ft. 
 (U.S. Signal Office) ; and 14,134 ft. at the signal station. Mean 
 temp. (14 yrs.), 19.4° F., Jan. 2.6°, July 40.2°; rfall., yr. 28.65 
 in., April-Aug. 17.35 in- 
 
 Pikesville, vil., U.S., Maryland, co. and 9 m. NW. Balti- 
 more. P. < 1500. 
 
 Piketou, vil., U.S., Ohio, Pike co., on Scioto R., 80 m. E. 
 Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pikiram, isl. , Pacific. See ftreen'wicli, isl. 
 
 Pilfio Arcmlo, vil., Brazil, Bahia, on 1. bk. Rio Sao Francisco, 
 just S. of 10° S.; thick beds of rock-salt near. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pilar, vil. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 40 m. NW. Buenos 
 Aires. P. 2000. 
 
 Pilar, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 39 m. NW. by W. 
 Santa F^. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pilar, tn., Brazil, Alagoas, 140 m. SW. by S. Pernambuco, 
 19 m. W. Macei6. 
 
 Pilar, vil. , Brazil, Parahiba, on the Rio Parahiba, 66 m. NW. 
 by N. Pernambuco, connected by rail with the town of Parahiba. 
 
 Pilar, vil., Brazil, prov. and 70 m. W. by S. Sao Paulo. 
 
 Pilar, Yilla del, formerly Xeembucn, tn. and river-port, 
 Paraguay, on 1. bk. riv. Paraguay, 112 m. SSW. Asuncion, 
 48 m. above the confluence of the Parana. P. 6700. 
 
 Pllas, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 19 m. WSW. Seville, 
 dist. Sanlucar la Mayor. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Pilate, Mont, mt. , France, in the Cevennes chain, between 
 deps. Rhone and Loire. Alt. 4705 ft. 
 
 Pilate, or Pilatas, Mount, an offset of the Alps, between 
 the Swiss cantons Lucerne and Unterwalden. Its principal peak, 
 the Tomlishorn, is 5 m. SW. Lucerne ; alt. 6998 ft. 
 
 Pllaya, CamMaya, or Snlpaclia, riv., Boli\'ia, r. bk. trib. 
 of the Pilcomayo, which it enters about 30 m. above the mission 
 of San Francisco, 124 m. from its confluence. It is formed by 
 the union of the San Juan (370 m. ) and the Cotagaita (250 m. ). 
 The former flows chiefly NE. from the slopes of Mount Inca- 
 huasi in 23° S. , the latter rises in middle of dep. Potosi, and 
 flows E. , the direction of the united streams. 
 
 Pilbnrra Creek, riv., W. Australia, NW. ct., trib. of the 
 Yule, in ii8°-ii9° E. 
 
 Pilburra Goldfleld, a proclaimed area of about 32,000 sq. m. 
 in the NW. of Western Australia, between the Fortescue and De 
 Grey Rivs. A low alluvial coast-plain. 
 
 Pilciao, place with silver-refining works in connection with 
 the mines of Fuerte de AndalgalA, Argentine Repubhc, Cata- 
 marca, in 27° 40' S. , 66° 36' W. Alt. 2644 ft. Rfall. (7 yrs.), 
 5.2 in., April-Sept. 0.6 in. 
 
 Pilcomayo (' bird- river"), riv. , S. America, rises in Bolivia, 
 about 60 m. NW. of Potosi, and flows SE. to the Paraguay, 
 for half of its course through Bolivia, and for the remainder 
 separating the Argentine Republic from the Republic of Para- 
 guay, and crossing the Gran Chaco in about the middle. The 
 greater part of its course in Bolivia is winding and torrential, 
 and in about 21° S. it passes over several rapids. From that 
 point, until it flows into the Paragfuay R. at Asuncion, in about 
 25° S., its stream glides between low banks at a medium pace, 
 and frequently expands into swamps and lagoons. It is asserted 
 (Thouar) to be navigable for vessels of 220 tons, drawing 2^ ft. , 
 up as far as San Francisco, in about 23° N. The principal trib. 
 is the Pilaya, on the r. bk. Length not known, probably ex- 
 ceeding 1500 m. 
 
 Pilcot, P.O., Eng., Hampshire, ij m. SE. Winchfield stn. 
 
 Pilgram, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, i6^ m. W. by N. Iglau ; 
 has mineral waters, and wool-spinning. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pilgrims Hatch, P.O., Eng., Essex, 2 m. NW. Brentwood. 
 
 Pilgrim's Rest, tn., S. African Republic, 23 m. NE. Lyden- 
 burg. 
 
 Pllham, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 4^ m. 
 NE. Gainsborough, i^ m. E. Blyton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Plllbhit, municip. , Brit. India, N W. Provs. , cap. dist. P. , 
 31 m. NE. Bareilly ; staple trade in rice, borax, spices, sugar, 
 and timber ; manufactures metal vessels ; sugar-refining. Out- 
 side the town is a mihtary encamping ground. P. 33,800; 
 Hindus, 19,700; Moham. 13,800. 
 
 Plllca, riv., Russian Poland, chief 1. bk. trib. of Vistula, 
 which it joins 28 m. above Warsaw, from SW. Length, 200 m. ; 
 navigable from Przedborz, 140 m. 
 
 Plllca, tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 52 m. SW. Kielce, 
 on Pilica R. , 940 ft. above the sea ; old castle. P. 5000. 
 
 Pills, comm. , Hungary , 27 m. SE. by E. Budapest. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pills, isolated mt., Hungary, on r. bk. of the Danube, between 
 Budapest and Gran. Alt. 2475 ft. 
 
 Pilkliuwa (Pilkhna, census), municip., Brit. India, NW. 
 1206 
 
 Provs. , dist. Meerut, 27 m. E. by N. Delhi ; has cotton-weaving. 
 P. 5400 ; Hindus, 4700 ; Moham. 700. 
 
 Pllkington, par., Eng., Lancashire, partly in bor. of Bury ; 
 5469 ac. P. 14,500. 
 
 Pill, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, Easton in Gordano and 
 Portbury pars., on the Avon, 5 m. NW. Bristol, on the 
 G. W. R., PMT.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pillar, cape, Chile, at the NW. of Desolation I. , in 52° 40' S. , 
 S. side of Pacific entrance to Strait of Magellan. 
 
 Pillar, Cape, Tasmania, SE. point of Tasman's Penin. , in 
 148° 2' E. long. 
 
 Pillar Mountain, Eng., Cumberland, 4 m. SE. foot of 
 Ennerdale Water. P. Rock, one of the most dangerous crags 
 in the Lake dist. , is at its foot. Alt. 2927 ft. 
 
 Pillaton, par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 9 m. NW. 
 Plymouth. P. <soo. 
 
 PiUau, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Fischhausen, 
 on the W. shore of Danzig Bay, 24 m. W. by S. Konigsberg, 
 on the N. side of the entrance to the Frisches Haff. Harbour 
 for Elbing, Braunsberg, and Konigsberg, with which it is con- 
 nected by two canals, available for vessels drawing izh and 18 
 ft. respectively ; has sea-bathing and a school of navigation. 
 There is good anchorage outside the breakwater in 7 fathoms 
 depth, and between the breakwater and harbour in 5 fathoms. 
 The average depth on the bar is 2i| ft., and the average 
 depth in port 22 ft. There are 55,670 ft. of quayage available 
 for vessels drawing 2iift., and a pontoon 150 ft. long. P. is 
 defended by a fortress, constructed by Gustavus Adolphus of 
 Sweden in 1626 ; manufactures sails, caviar, and amber orna- 
 ments. P. <400o. Alt-PiUau, adjoining village, P. < 3000. 
 
 Plllerton Hersey and Plllerton Priors, two adjoining 
 pars., Eng., Warwickshire. P. Hersey, Rugby div., 7^ m. 
 SE. by E. Stratford-on-Avon, P.O., P. <25o; P. Priors, P.O., 
 P. <25o. 
 
 PlUetta, par., W^ales, Radnorshire, 5 m. NE. by N. New 
 Radnor, 4 m. SW. by S. Knighton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Plllgwenlly with St. Stephen Docks, eccles. par. , Eng. , 
 Monmouthshire, par. and bor. of Newport. P. 15,000. 
 
 Pilliga, post-tn., New South Wales, Barradine co. , 130 m. 
 WNW. Tamworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pilling, par., Eng., Lancashire, Lancaster div., on riv. 
 Pilling, 4^ m. E. Fleetwood, i m. NW. of its stn. on the Gar- 
 stang and Knot End Rly., PMT.O.; 6060 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pilling Sands, Eng., on the W. of Lancashire, in the SE. 
 of Morecambe Bay. 
 
 Pillkallen, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, cap. circle P. , 30 
 m. SE. by E. Tilsit. P. <;3000. 
 
 Pillnltz, summer residence of the Saxon court, 4 m. SW. 
 Dresden, on r. bk. of the Elbe. Here was signed by the 
 Emperor Leopold II., Frederick William II. of Prussia, and 
 Count of Artois, the Convention of P. in 1791. 
 
 PilltO'wn, electoral div.. Ire., SW. co. Kilkenny, bar. Iverk, 
 3J m. E. Carrick-on-Suir. 
 
 Pilly, corruption of Tamil Palli, ' a small town or village.' 
 
 Pilmoor, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 9J m. E. Ripon, on the NE. R., P.O. 
 
 Pilnikau, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, 4 m. SW. by W. Trau- 
 tenau. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pilning, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Almondsbury 
 and Henbury pars., 9 m. N. Bristol, on the G. W. R. , PM.O. 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Pllofta, comm., Spain, Asturias, prov. and 24 m. E. Oviedo, 
 P. 17,800. 
 
 Pilot Bay, mining-tn., Canada, Brit. Columbia, on the W. 
 side of the Kootenay Lake, near the outlet of the Kootenay R. ; 
 silver lead. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pilot Butte, rly. stn. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, 348 m. by 
 rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Pilot Knob, vil., U.S., Missouri, Iron co., 72 m. SSW. St. 
 Louis, at base of Pilot Knob Mt. , much of which consists of 
 excellent iron ore. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pilot Mound, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on a branch 
 of the C. P. R. , 90 m. SW. by W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Pilot Peak, mt., U.S., California, on the border of Tuol- 
 omne and Mariposa cos., N. side of Yosemite Valley, 135 m. 
 E. San Francisco. 
 
 Pilot Peak, mt., U.S., California, San Bernardino co. , 113 
 m. NNE. Los Angeles. 
 
 Pilot Point, vil., U.S., Te.xas, Denton co., 44 m. N. by W. 
 Dallas. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pilot Town, settlement, U.S., Louisiana, Plaquemines 
 par., 80 m. SSE. New Orleans, on the SW. pass of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Pilsdon, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 6^ m. NE. Lyme 
 Regis. P. <25o. 
 
 Pilsdon Pen, a hill, Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., i^ m. N. 
 Pilsdon, 7 m. NE. Lyme Regis. 
 
 Pllsen, tn., Austria, Bohemia, at the confluence of the rivs. 
 Mies and Radbusa, 52 m. WSW. Prague, with mines of coal 
 and iron, manufactures of plate and cut glass.; the beer is the 
 
P I L S — P I N G 
 
 most renowned in Austria. Alt. 980-1065 ft. P. (1869) 23,700 ; 
 (1890) 50,200. 
 
 Pllsley, par., Eng. , Derbyshire, Mid div., 7 m. W. by N. 
 Mansfield, i^ m. N. Doe Hill stn., on the M. S. & L. R., 
 PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Pllsley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Bakewell union. P. <25o. 
 
 PUswortU, par., Eng., Lancashire, Heywood div., 3 m. 
 SE. by E. and partly in co. bor. Bury, i m. SE. Heap Bridge 
 stn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Plltan, lake, China, Manchuria, prov. and 70 m. E. by N. 
 Kirin. Length, N. to S., 6 m. ; breadth, E. to W., 19 m. 
 
 put Down, P.O., Eng., Sussex, 2 m. NW. Uckfield. 
 
 Piltoii, par., Eng., Devonshire, opposite and mostly in bor. 
 of Barnstaple. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Plltoii, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, on the 
 Nen, 14 m. SW. Peterborough, 3 m. SW. by S. Oundle, i^ 
 m. W. by S. Barnwell stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Plltou, par., Eng., Rutland, 5 m. SE. Oakham, 2 m, W. 
 LufTenham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Plltoii, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 4 m. SE. by S. Wells, 
 i| m. ENE. Pennard stn., PMT.O.; 4626 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Pllzhnn, silver-mine, Eucador. See Az6gnes. 
 
 PUzno, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, on riv. Wisloka, 37 
 ni. E. Bochnia, 9 m. E. by S. Tarnow. P. <3000. 
 
 Plina, CO., U.S., Arizona, on the S. frontier, crossed in the 
 middle by 112° W. 
 
 Plniakwan, or Palmakwaii (' Pass of the White Horse'), 
 pass, China, prov. Siichwan, 44 m. NNE. Chengtu-fu. Alt. 
 2035 ft. 
 
 Plnias, Indians, U.S., formerly in Arizona and parts of 
 Mexico, now occupying with the Maricopas a reservation on 
 Gila R. (Arizona) ; about 4000 in number. 
 
 Plnibl, S. Africa. See Mplmbl. 
 
 PlnitM) Lane, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & Y. R., 4J 
 m. SW. Wigan. 
 
 Plnientel, maritime vil., Peru, dep. Lambayeque, on the W. 
 ct. , in about 6° 50' S. 
 
 Plnilng, pass, Brit. India, Punjab, state Bashahr, in 31° 49' 
 N.,78"46' E. Alt. 13,518 ft. 
 
 Plnilico, SW. suburb of London, Eng., between West- 
 minster and Chelsea ; contains Buckingham Palace. 
 
 Plnio-lia, lake, China. See Pelnia-hn. 
 
 Plnipama, tp. , Queensland, Ward co. , in 27° 51' S. and 
 153° 14' E. ; centre of the Queensland arrowroot manufacture. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Plniperne, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 13^ m. NW. by 
 N. Poole, 24 m. NE. Blandford, P.O. P.<:soo. " 
 
 Plmplnlo, postal tp., Victoria, Borung co., 49 m. NW. 
 Stawell. P. <:i500. 
 
 Plna, tn. , Spain, prov. and 20 m. SE. by E. Saragossa, cap. 
 dist. P. , on the 1. bk. of the Ebro. P. <3000. 
 
 Plndhat, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 33 m. SE. 
 Agra ; station ofTrigonometrical Survey. P. (1881) 5700. 
 
 Pluakl, or Byant Martin, isl., Pacific, in the S. of the 
 Tuamotu group, in about 19^° S. , 140^° W. 
 
 Pln^klnl, riv. , India. See Penner. 
 
 Pinal, CO., U.S., Arizona, crossed by 33° S. and 111° and 
 112° W. , and from E. to W. by the Gila R. 
 
 Plnang, isl. , Malay Peninsula. See Penang. 
 
 Pluar del Rio, tn. , Cuba, 97 m. SW. by W. Havana. P. 
 (1861)3100; (1887; comm.) 29,500. 
 
 Plncha, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the 
 NE. side of Stewart Lake, in 54° 18' N. , 124° 23' W. 
 
 Plnchau, vil., Manchuria, 140 m. NNE. Kirin. 
 
 Pinchbeck, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland div., 2^ m. 
 N. Spalding, on the G. E. & G. N. Joint Rly., PMT.O., and 
 P. O. (Pinchbeck Bars) ; 14,460 ac. P. <300o. 
 
 Plnchlngtliorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, Cleveland div., on 
 the NE. R., 6 m. SE. Middlesbrough. P. <250. 
 
 Pln-clion, tn. , China, prov. Shantimg, 115 m. SSE. 
 Tientsin. 
 
 Plnckney, vil., U.S., Michigan, Livingston co., on a branch 
 of Huron R. , 9 m. SW. Genoa. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 PlnckneyvUle, city, U.S., Illinois, Perry co., 60 m. SE. St. 
 Louis (Mo. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Plnconnlug, vil., U.S., Michigan, Bay co., 22 m. N. by W. 
 Bay City, on Saginaw Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Plnczfiw, tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 27 m. SSW. Kielce, 
 on 1. bk. Nida. P. 7000. 
 
 Plnda, seaport, in the S. of Portuguese W. Africa, on the 
 inlet known as Port Alexander, 48 m. SW. by S. Mossamedes. 
 
 Plndanionhangi^ba, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, Sao Paulo, 86 
 m. XE. by N. Santos. Alt. 1830 ft. P. 15,000 (Reclus). 
 
 Plndare, Klo, riv., Brazil, Maranhao, flows NE. into the 
 Guajahu, which it enters in 3° 10' S. , 44° 20' W. 
 
 Plnd DMan Kh&n, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and on 
 then bk. of the Jehlam, 70 m. S. Rawal Pindi ; its large traflSc 
 in salt from Kheura has much diminished since the opening of 
 the railway to Mianf ; has weaving and boat-building, and 
 manufactures of pots and pans, brass and copper wares, and 
 
 unglazed pottery of a deep red colour. P. 15,100; Hindus, 
 5300 ; Moham. 9500. 
 
 Plndl Bliattlan, vil., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gujrdnwdla, 
 67 m. WNW. Lahore. P. < 5000. 
 
 Plndl Gheb, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 55 m. 
 WSW. Rawal Pindi. P. 8500 ; Hindus, 2900 ; Moham. 5400. 
 
 Plndus, Mount, mt. chain, or rather a series of mts. , Balkan 
 Penin., running N. to S. through Turkey (between vilayets 
 Monastir and Yanina) and Greece (on W. frontier of Thessaly 
 to the W. of the valley of the Akheloos). Highest peak, Spelai 
 (in Greece), 7665 ft. Chief pass, Zygos (4900 ft. ), E. of Metsovo, 
 on the route from Yanina to the vale of Thessaly (Trikala). 
 
 Plndwara, vil. , India, Rijputdna, 95 m. S. Jodhpur. 
 
 Pine, CO., U.S., Minnesota, on the St. Croix R. (E. frontier), 
 crossed by 46° N. 
 
 Pine Blnff, city, U.S., Arkansas, Jefferson co., on the r. bk. 
 of the Arkansas R. , 40 m. SSE. Little Rock ; has large cotton 
 trade. P. (i88o)<4ooo; (1890) 10,000; (1895) 15,000. 
 
 Pine City, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Pine co., on Snake R., 59 
 m. N. by E. St. Paul. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pine Creek, a small riv. , Canada, Ontario, flows SE. into 
 Nottawasaga R. 
 
 Pine Creek, police stn. , S. Australia, N. terr. , Rosebery co. , 
 50 m. SE. by S. Palmerston ; Pine Creek gold diggings 2 m. S. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pine Creek, tin-mining locality, Tasmania, Russell co., on 
 Pine Creek, which flows into Pieman R. , in 41° 34' S. and 145° 
 6' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pine Creek, riv., U.S., Pennsylvania, rises in Potter co., 
 flows S. into the W. Branch of Susquehanna R. Length, 100 
 m. ; navigable 60 m. 
 
 Plnedo, tn. , Brazil, Alagoas, on the 1. bk. of the Rio Sao 
 Francisco, 195 m. SW. Pernambuco, 70 m. SW. by W. Maceio. 
 
 Plnega, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 136 m. ENE. Arch- 
 angel, on Plnega K., r. bk. trib. of N. Dvina, 390 m. long, 
 of which 290 m. navigable. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pine tirove, gold-mining vil., U.S., California, Amador co. , 
 8 m. from Jackson. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pine drove, coal-mining bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuyl- 
 kill CO., 33 m. NE. Harrisburg and 15 m. SW. Pottsville. 
 P. <i5oo. See also Wolf Creek. 
 
 Pine Grove Furnace, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Cumberland 
 CO., 18 m. SW. Carlisle; has pig iron, manufactured from ore 
 mined in vicinity. P. <i50o. 
 
 Pine Hill, stn., Queensland, Belyando co., 220 m. SW. 
 Mackay, on the railway from Rockhampton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pine Island, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Goodhue co. , 55 m. SSE. 
 St. Paul. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pine Island Lake, Canada, Saskatchewan, just N. of the 
 Saskatchewan R. , crossed in the W. by 102^° W. , drained by 
 two outlets into the Saskatchewan R. , and also communicating 
 through Sturgeon Lake with the Churchill R. basin. 
 
 Pine Islands, a group of isls., U.S., Florida, off the S. ct. of 
 Monroe co. , 24° 35'-5o' N., and 81° 2o'-5o' W. 
 
 Pine Meadow, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co. , i6i m. 
 WNW. Hartford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pine Plains, vil., U.S., New York, Dutchess co., 22 m. 
 NE. by N. Poughkeepsie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pine River, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Bruce co. , on Lake 
 Huron, in 44° 6' N., 78 m. WSW. Collingwood. P. <i500. 
 
 Pine River, U.S., Michigan, rises in W. of Mecosta co. , 
 flows SE. , then NE., joining the Tittabawassee at Midland. 
 Length, 100 m. 
 
 Plnero, small isl., W. Indies, close to E. ct. of Porto Rico. 
 
 Plnero'lo, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 22 m. SW. Turin ; 
 has manufactures of cloth and silk ; cathedral of nth century. 
 From 1632-1696 it belonged to France, and was used as a state 
 prison, in which was confined the Man of the Iron Mask. Here 
 Fouquet died in 1680. Alt. 1 190-1460 ft. P. 11,400. 
 
 Pines, Isle of, Cuba. See Plnos, Isla de. 
 
 Pines, Isle of, or Kunl, isl. , Pacific, SE. New Caledonia, 
 of which it is a dependency, crossed by 22° 35' S. , 167^° E. ; 
 vegetation luxuriant ; turtle abundant. Area, 72 =q. m. 
 
 Pine Spring, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Yavapai co. , 210 
 m. SE. from the NW. corner of the terr. 
 
 Plnetown, vil.. Natal, 7 m. WNW. Durban. 
 
 PlnevlUe, vil., U.S., Louisiana, Rapides par., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Red R. , opposite Alexandria, 118 m. SW. Vicksburg 
 (Miss.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Plney, tn., France, dep. Aube, arr. and 12 m. ENE. Troyes. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Plney Grove, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Kanawha co. , on the 
 Great Kanawha R., 10 m. W. by N. Charleston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Plngelap, or Musgrave, isls.. Pacific, in the E. of the 
 Caroline group. 
 
 Plngllang-fn, tn., China, Shensi, on the King-ho, 140 m. 
 NW. Singan-fu; coal in neighbourhood. P. about 10,000 
 (Michaehs). 
 
 Plngshan-lislen, tn. , China, Siichwan, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Yangtse-kiang, 148 m. S. Chengtu-fu, 28 m. WSW. Sui-fu. 
 
 1207 
 
P I N G — P I P E 
 
 Plngtlng-clion, tn., China, prov. Shansi, cap. dep. P., 56 
 m. E. Taiyuan-fu ; surrounded by foundries and coal-mines ; 
 the anthracite is the best in China. 
 
 Pingtsnan, tn., China, prov. PechiH, 150 m. NE. by E. 
 Peking. 
 
 Pliigtn, tn., China, Shantung, 92 m. WSW. Chifu ; gold- 
 mining attempted here in 1884 and some later years. 
 
 Pluguent«, comm. , Austria, Istria, 20 m. SSE. Trieste. 
 P. 14,800. 
 
 Pliigyang, tn. , Korea. See Pliyongyaiig. 
 
 Plugyaug-fn, fortified tn., China, prov. Shansi, on the r. 
 bk. of the Fen-ho, 380 ra. SW. Peking, 105 m. NW. by N. 
 Honan ; one of the holiest towns of the empire, and one of the 
 oldest in the world. Alt. 1540 ft. 
 
 Plngynan-chou, tn. , China, Kweichou, 43 m. W. Kwei- 
 yang-fu. 
 
 Pliigyaetaclian, tn. , China, Kweichou, 44 m. E. by N. 
 Kweiyang-fu. 
 
 Plnhelral, colony, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, 69 m. WNW. 
 Porto Alegre. 
 
 Pluhel, tn. , Portugal, Beira, dist. and 19 m. NE. Guarda ; 
 has a cathedral ; famous for its fine wool and mineral waters. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Pinlioe, par., Eng. , Devonshire, Tiverton div. , 3 m. NE. 
 Exeter, on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Piniciacum, tn. , France. See Polssy. 
 
 Plnjarrah, tn., W. Australia, Murray co., on the 1. bk. of 
 the Murray R. , 50 m. S. Perth. P. <i500. 
 
 Pinkie, battlefield, Scot., Edinburghshire, in E. vicinity 
 of Musselburgh ; Scotch defeated by the Duke of Somerset, 
 1547- 
 
 Plnkneys Green, P.O., Eng., Berkshire, 3 m. SE. Marlow. 
 
 Plnmore, stn., Scot., S. Ayrshire, on the G. & SW. R., 
 4 m. S. by E. Girvan {q.v.), P.O. Mean rfall. (1866-85), 
 yr. 51. 1 in. 
 
 Pinnacle Island, Japan. See Naka-uo. 
 
 Plnne, tn., Prussia, prov. and 29 m. W. by N. Posen, circle 
 Samter. P. <300o. 
 
 Plnneberg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, cap. circle 
 P. , 9 m. N W. Hamburg ; manufactures horse-hair, laces, gold 
 wares, and has iron- works. P. <4000.. 
 
 Pinner, par., Eng., Middlesex, div. and 2J m. NW. Harrow, 
 with stns. on the L. & NW. and Metropolitan Rlys. The vil- 
 lage contains the Commercial Travellers' Schools, opened 1855. 
 PMT.O. P. <:300o; eccles. par. (P. -wltli fVoodrldlngs) 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Plnnette Harbour, an inlet, Canada, towards the E. end of 
 the S. ct. of Prince Edward I. 
 
 Pinnock and Hyde, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, dist. and 
 4^ m. E. Winchcomb. P. <25o. See Dldbrook. 
 
 Pino, El, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. and 28 m. S. Corunna, 
 dist. Arzua. P. 6200. 
 
 Pinole Point, U.S., California, on San Francisco Bay; has 
 large stock-yards. 
 
 Plnols, vil., France, dep. Haute-Loire, arr. Brioude, 54 m. 
 S. by E. Clermont-Ferrand, 16 m. E. St. Flour. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Plnos, tn., Mexico, state and 78 m. ESE. Zacatecas, 44 m. 
 W. by N. San Luis Potosi. P. (comm.) 23,800. 
 
 Pliios, Isla de, isl. , about 37 m. S. of S. shore of Cuba, a 
 little W. of the meridian of Havana ; has quarries of magnificent 
 marble ; the mineral waters of Santa F6 are much frequented. 
 Area, 1200 sq. m. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Plnosa, port, Maio {q.v.) I., Cape Verde group. 
 
 Plnoso, tn., Spain, Valencia, prov. and 29 m. WNW. Ali- 
 cante, dist. Monovar ; the Cabezo near has immense deposits of 
 salt. P. (comm.) 6700. 
 
 Plnos Pnente, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 6 m. WNW. 
 Granada, dist. Santa F6. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Plnotepa, vil., Mexico, Oajaca, near the S. ct., 105 m. SW. 
 by W. Oajaca. 
 
 Plusk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 167 m. SW. Minsk, on 
 railway Orel-Brest-Litovsk, on Pina R. ; very old town, which 
 flourished in 15th century, ruined by wars. Considerable 
 shipping of and trade in corn, linseed, tallow, tobacco, and salt. 
 Alt. 459 ft. Mean temp., yr. 44.5° F., Jan. 23.3°, July 66.8°; 
 mean rfall. (11 yrs. ), yr. 23.5 in., May-Nov. 17.8 in. P. (1865) 
 13,000; (1891) 32,200, large percentage of Jews. 
 
 Plnsk, marshes, Russia, govt. Minsk, dist. P., cover over 
 1000 sq. m. , in the basins of the Pripet, Strumeii, Styr, and 
 Goryn, which flow through them, dividing into many branches, 
 which connect the rivers. Climate most unhealthy, the plica 
 polonica widely spread among the inhabitants. See Polyeslye. 
 
 Plntada Peak, mt., U.S., Colorado, 145 m. E. by N. of the 
 SW. corner of the state. Alt. 13,176 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 Plnte, La, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. and 6 m. 
 SW. by S. Ghent. P. <20oo. 
 
 PlUTlu, par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 6 m. NW. by 
 W.Evesham. P. <5oo. See Pershore. 
 
 Plnwherry, stn., Scot., Ayrshire, on riv. Stinchar, and the 
 G. & SW. R. , 8 m. S. Girvan. 
 1208 
 
 Plnxton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, Mid 
 div. , 6\ m. SW. by W. Mansfield, on the G. N. R. ; has large 
 coal-mines. PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Plnyaln, tn. , Cochin-China, cap. arr. , 12 m. NW. Pnompenh. 
 
 Ploclie, vil., U.S., Nevada, Lincoln co., 290 m. ESE. Carson 
 City, and 110 m. SW. Milford (Utah) ; has several rich silver- 
 mines. Alt. 7000 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Plojes, Indians, E. Ecuador, on the banks of the Aguarico 
 and Napo rivs. 
 
 Plolenc, tn., France, dep. Vaucluse, arr. and 4 m. NW. 
 by N. Orange. P. <20oo. 
 
 Plombln'o, seapt. , on the W. ct. of Italy, Tuscany, prov. 
 Pisa, 39 m. S. by E. Leghorn. Mount P. is insular with an 
 alt. of 940 ft. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Ploniblno, Channel of, Italy, W. ct. Tuscany, between 
 Elba and the penin. of P. , 2 m. ENE. Elba ; in the channel is 
 Palmajola, with lighthouse (visible 24 m.). The Gulf of P. 
 opens opposite Elba on the coast of Tuscany. 
 
 Pioneer, mining-tn. , Tasmania, on Ringarooma R., Dorset 
 CO., 49 m. NE. by E. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pioneer, vil., U.S., Ohio, Williams co., 53 m. W. Toledo. 
 P. <isoo. 
 
 Pioneer Peak, a peak of the Karakoram Range, in about 
 35° 39' ^■> 76° 42' E. , alt. estimated at 22,600 ft., separated by 
 an impassable chasm from the peak of the Golden Throne, 
 about 1000 ft. higher ; ascended in Aug. 1892 by W. M. Conway, 
 the highest altitude yet attained by mountain-climbers. 
 
 Plonsat, tn. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Riom, 17 m. 
 S. by E. Montlufon. P. <20oo. 
 
 PlopoUs, or St. Zenon, post-vil. , Canada, Quebec, Compton 
 CO., 12 m. from Lake Megantic. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Piora, val., Switzd. , cant. Ticino, stretches E. from the 
 valley of the Tessin, beginning SSE. of the St. Gothard. 
 
 Ploraco, vil., Italy, The Marches, prov. Macerata, on the 
 Potenza, 30 m. E. by N. Perugia. P. <20oo. 
 
 Plossasco, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 11 m. SW. Turin. 
 P. <:300o. 
 
 Plotrkdw, govt, of Russian Poland, has Kalisz and Warsaw 
 on N. , Kielce and Silesia on S. and W. Surface undulating, and 
 hilly in SW. , the hills attaining from 1200 to 1600 ft. alt. Car- 
 boniferous limestones occupy a wide area in SE. (dist. Bpdzin) ; 
 Permian conglomerates, pierced by porphyries, appear at 
 D^browa ; they are surrounded by beds of Muschelkalk, which 
 spread into Silesia ; zinc ores (about 35,000 cwts. ) are extracted 
 near B^dzin. The hilly region of the upper Warta is occupied 
 by Keuper deposits, containing lignite and thick layers of iron 
 ores (limonite), out of which iron is obtained; Jurassic deposits 
 (Kellowey and Oxford) are widely spread in SW. , while Upper 
 Jurassic deposits appear in the N. Watered by the Warta and 
 its r. bk. tribs. in S. , the Pilica on E. frontier, and the heads of 
 tribs. of the Vistula in N. Forests cover 894,000 acres ; soil 
 well cultivated ; large areas under potatoes, grown for distilleries ; 
 there are also numerous breweries, besides manufactures of 
 starch, and partly beetroot for sugar-works. The population 
 includes 75 per cent. Poles, 12^ per cent. Germans (chiefly 
 at L6dz), and 12 per cent. Jews. P. is the chief manu- 
 facturing govt, of Poland, and, with its aggregate production, 
 attaining ;^9,6io,ooo (in 1891) for the large factories only, takes 
 the fourth place in the Russian empire after Moscow, St. Peters- 
 burg, and Vladimir. The chief industries are cottons (at L6dz), 
 woollen stuffs (at Tomaszow), and iron ; coal extracted from 
 twenty-six mines, to the amount of 1,800,000 tons in 1886-91, 
 and 2,837,000 in 1892. Besides ninety-five large manufactories 
 (over 100 workmen), and 333 smaller ones (10 to 100 women), 
 there are 12,700 small manufactories employing less than ten 
 women each, and representing the greatest variety of trades. 
 Crossed NE. to SW. by railway from Warsaw to Vienna. 
 Divided into eight dists. : Piotrk6w, B^dzin, Brzeziny, Czjsto- 
 chowa, Lask, Lodz, Nowo Radomsk or Radomsk, and Rawa. 
 Has several populous towns, besides the towns Tomasz6w, 
 Zgierz, Pabianice, and the villages Sosnowice, Sielce, and 
 Zawiercie, having over 10,000 inhabitants each. Area, 4729 
 sq. m. P., thickest in Poland, and rapidly increasing, (1866) 
 620,000; (1886)927,800; (1890)1,091,300. 
 
 PlotrkdYK, cap. of above govt. , 90 m. by rail SW. Warsaw, 
 on Strawa R. ; steam flour-mills, manufactures of agricultural 
 implements. P. (1890) 28,600. 
 
 Plove, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 11 m. SE. Padua. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Plovene, tn. , Italy, Venice, prov. and 16 m. N. by W. 
 Vicenza, circle Schio. P. <3000. 
 
 Plozzano, tn., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 13 m. SSW. Piacenza. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Pipe and Lyde, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 3 m. 
 N. Hereford. P. <25o. 
 
 Pipe Ciate (for Woore), stn., Eng., Salop, on the N. Stafford- 
 shire Rly. ,7^m. WSW. Newcastle-under-Lyme, P.O. 
 
 Plperl, isl., Greece, Sporades Archipelago, prov. (nomos) 
 Euboea, 25 m. N. by W. Skyros. Area, ■2.\ sq. m. 
 
 Pipe Kid-ware and Pipe Hill, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 
P I P E — P I SC 
 
 Staffordshire, Pipe Ridvvare, div. and 5 m. NW. Lichfield, i^ 
 m. N. by E. Armitage stn. P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Plperno, tn. , Italy, prov. Rome, 27 m. N W. Gaeta. P. 5700. 
 
 Piper's Klver, Lower, post-tn. , Tasmania, Dorset co. , on 
 Piper R. , Bass's Straits, which flows N. into Noland Bay, 18 m. 
 NE. Beaconsfield ; slate and kaolin occur. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pipestone, vil. , U.S., Minnesota, cap. P. co., 33 m. N. by 
 E. of the SW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pipll, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Bannu, 120 m. S. 
 PeshAwar. P. < 5000. 
 
 PIpriac, tn., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, arr. Redon, 25 m. 
 SW. by S. Rennes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Plptoii, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, dist. and 4 m. SW. 
 Hay. P. <;25o. 
 
 Plqna, city, U.S., Ohio, Miami co., 75 m. N. by E. Cincin- 
 nati ; has iron-works and various manufactures. P. (1880) 6000 ; 
 (1890) 9100. 
 
 Plquetberg, tn.. Cape Colony, cap. dist. P., 74 m. N. by E. 
 Cape Town, in a grain-producing dist. Alt. 771 ft. Rfall. (13 
 yrs. ), 19.7 in. 
 
 Plquetberg Road, vil. and rly. stn. , Cape Colony, Tulbagh 
 dist., 50 m. NE. Cape Town. 
 
 Piraclcaba, or CoustltulcAo, tn. , Brazil, state and 86 m. 
 NW. Sao Paulo, on riv. Piracicaba (r. bk. trib. Tiete). P. 5000. 
 
 PIrteiis (Greek Pelraiens, pronounced pi-re-efs), tn., Greece, 
 the seaport of Athens, both ancient and modern, dating from 
 the golden age of Pericles (5th century B.C.), connected with the 
 cap., 5 m. NW. , by the ' long walls.' It is on an isthmus with 
 a double bay called Porto Leone, or Porto Draco. Sank into 
 obscurity after 86 B.C., when Sulla destroyed its fortifications. 
 The present town has some broad and well-built streets ; arsenal 
 depots ; naval and military school ; is the chief port of Greece 
 as regards the value of the imports, and is a rising manufac- 
 turing town, producing cottons, silk, paper, iron, &c. Locally 
 P. is called the Manchester of Greece, from its growth as a 
 commercial and manufacturing centre. The harbour has an 
 area of 500 ac. , with good anchorage ; the quayage is i^ m. 
 long. P. (1871) 11,000 ; (1890)34,300. 
 
 Plrahy (Guarani, 'fish river'), tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, prov. 
 and 49 m. WNW. Rio de Janeiro. P. 12,000. 
 
 Piranga, vil., Brazil, Minas Geraes, on the Rio Piranga (1. bk. 
 trib. of the Rio Doce), 156 m. N. Rio de Janeiro, 27 m. SE. by 
 S. Ouro Preto. P. 4000. 
 
 Piranhas, vil., Brazil, Alagoas, on 1. bk. Sao Francisco, 105 
 m. in a direct hne from its mouth, E. terminus of railway 
 avoiding the falls of Paulo Affonso and the rapids below. 
 
 Pirano, tn., Austria, Istria, on the Gulf of Trieste and 13 
 m. SW. Trieste ; has salt-mines and boat-building. P. 7200. 
 
 Plraoa, or Gloucester, isl. , Pacific, in the S. of the Tuamotu 
 group, in about 19° o' S. , 140° 40' W. 
 
 Plrapo'ra (' fish-jump'), vil., Brazil, state Minas Geraes, 219 
 m. NNW. Ouro Preto, in 17° 18' S., near the r. bk. of the Sao 
 Francisco, the navigation of which is here interrupted by falls 
 (two steps, 5 and 6 ft.). Alt. 1770 ft. 
 
 Plrassnnnnga, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, Sao Paulo, 150 m. 
 NW. by N. Santos. Alt. 2090 ft. 
 
 Pirate Islands, Gulf of Tongking. See Kao-Tao. 
 
 Pirathon, place named in O. T. See Fer'oii. 
 
 Plratlny, or Piratlulm, tn. , Brazil, state Rio Grande do 
 Sul, 166 m. SW. Porto Alegre ; seat of the revolutionary 
 government from 1836 to 1843. 
 
 Plrato'rl, vil., Japan, Yezo, 8 m. from the S. ct. , 92 m. NE. 
 Hakodate, the largest Ainu settlement in the S. of the island. 
 
 Plrawa, tn. , Central India, state Tonk (Rajputdna). P. 
 5600; Hindus, 3000; Moham. 1800. 
 
 PIray, or Sara, riv. , Bolivia, flows N W. and enters the Gua- 
 pore (1. bk.) in 15° 23' S.; navigable in the rains to Cuatro Ojos. 
 
 Plrbrlght, par., Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div. , 5 m. NNW. 
 Guildford, 5 m. ENE. Aldershot, PMT.O.; 471 1 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Plrdop, tn., Bulgaria, prov. and 42 m. E. Sofia. P. < 4000. 
 
 Plregourey, vil. , W. Africa, Senegal, 73 m. SSW. St. Louis, 
 on the railway to Dakar. 
 
 Pirehuelco, or \eltanie, lake, between Chile and Argentine 
 Republic, in about 39° 45' S. Length, NW. to SE., 19 m. 
 
 Plribeby, or Perlbeby, vil, Paraguay, 32 m. E. by S. 
 Asuncion. 
 
 Plrlqna, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Pima co. , 143 m. E. by 
 S. from the SW. corner of the terr. 
 
 Plrltn, maritime tn. , Venezuela, Bermudez, on the N. ct. , in 
 about 65° 5' W. 
 
 Pirniald, hill stn., Brit. India, Madras, in 9° 36' N., Tf o' 
 E., the centre of the N. coffee country of Travancore. Alt. 
 3000 ft. P. <: 5000. 
 
 Plrniasens, tn., Ger., Bavaria, Rhine Palatinate, cap. circle 
 P., 39 m. W. by S. Spires, 12 m. ESE. Zweibrlicken, with 
 tanneries and boot manufactures. Alt. 1680 ft. P. (1871) 
 8600; (1890)20,800; comm. P. 21,000. 
 
 Plrna, tn. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, on the 1. bk. of the Elbe, 
 circle and 11 m. SE. Dresden, cap. dist. P.; has large sandstone 
 quarries, and manufactures of ironmongery, stoneware, &c. The 
 
 former fortress of Sonnenstein is now a lunatic asylum. Here 
 in 1756 the Saxon army capitulated to Frederick the Great's 
 Prussians. P. 13,900. 
 Plrnle Lotlge (Balqnhatson Row and Arnloss Colliery), 
 
 vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, 5 m. S. by W. Falkirk. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Pirnltz, tn. , Austria, Moravia, dist. and 7^ m. SE. by S. 
 Iglau. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Pirn Mill, PT.O., Scot., Buteshire, on the W. ct. of Arran I., 
 20 m. NW. Brodick. 
 
 Plrnongli, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Norfolk. See Dltchlng- 
 hani. 
 
 Plrogn, vil., Turkey in Europe, vilayet and 42 m. ENE. 
 Adrianople, sanjak Kirk-Kilise. 
 
 Plron, another name of Jena I. , Louisade Is. , W. Pacific. 
 
 Plron, riv., Spain, Old Castille, flows NW. from the Sierra 
 Guadarrama to the riv. Cega, which it joins in about 4^° W. 
 
 Plroncliamps, vil. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 4 m. 
 NE. Charleroi. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Plrot, tn. , Servia, cap. prov. P. , on the Nishava, 35 m. ESE. 
 Nish ; has manufactures of cloth, carpets, and wine. Here the 
 Bulgarians defeated the Servians in 1885. P. 9900. 
 
 PIrozpur, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Bdkarganj, 100 m. 
 E. Calcutta. P. 12,200 ; Hindus, 8100 ; Moham. 4100. 
 
 Plr PanJ^l Pass (SW. of Srfnagar). See Kashmir. 
 
 Pirri, mt. , Colombia, E. of Darien, in 7° 50' N., 77° 47' W. 
 On its SE. slope are the mines of Cana, formerly the most im- 
 portant in America, fabulously rich in gold, silver, and platinum. 
 
 Pirron Yallock, post-tp. , Victoria, Polwarth co. , on the P. 
 Y. Creek, 54 m. WSW. Geelong. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Plrshersh, isolated rock of Akhur-Tagh range, E. Turkistan, 
 9 m. NE. Maralbashi, venerated by the natives. At the foot of 
 N. slope is a famous Mohammedan monastery. Height above 
 the plain, 2460 ft. 
 
 Plrton, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 7J m. NNE. 
 Luton, 2^ m. W. Hitchin stn., P.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Plrton, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., 5 m. SE. 
 by S. Worcester, i m. SW. Wadborough stn. P. <25o. See 
 Croome d'Abitot. 
 
 Piryatlu, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 118 m. NW. Poltava, 
 connected by rail with Kiev-Kursk Rly. at Nyezhin (78 m.); 
 trade in corn, cattle, and salt. P. 6700. 
 
 Pisa, city, Italy, cap. of Tuscany, on the Arno (both banks), 
 13 m. NE. Leghorn, formerly a seaport, but now 4 m. inland, 
 owing to the silting up of the river ; on a fair and fertile plain. 
 Once a rival of Venice and Genoa, its commerce has been trans- 
 ferred to Leghorn. It has ancient walls and two citadels ; the 
 river quays are joined by three handsome bridges. Still noted 
 for its public buildings, as the cathedral (1063-1118), with beauti- 
 ful dome, nave 109 ft. high, and noble fa9ade ; the ' Leaning 
 Tower,' around marble campanile, much admired for its rich 
 Romanesque pillars and details; the circular church of St. John, 
 and many other fine churches and palaces ; university founded 
 in 1338, now with 48 ordinary and 10 extraordinary professors, 
 with library (120,000 vols.) and museum ; academy of fine arts ; 
 several important educational institutions. The Leaning Tower 
 deviates 14 ft. from the perpendicular, and is 180 ft. high, con- 
 sisting of 8 stories divided by rows of columns, the walls being 
 entirely of marble. The chief architectural ornaments of P. 
 belong to the nth century, when it was a rich and powerful 
 republic. At length, after frequent wars with Florence, Genoa, 
 and other cities, P. was conquered at sea in 1284, and in the 
 middle of the i6th century had scarcely 8000 inhabitants, instead 
 of 150,000, as once. In the middle ages the Arno made a safe 
 harbour, navigable for ships of war. The modern P. is a 
 flourishing and wealthy city. Alt. 30 ft. Mean temp. , Jan. 44°, 
 July 77-5°. P. (1871)' 25,900; (1881)37,700; (1890)44,500; 
 comm. P. 53,960. 
 
 Pisac, vil. , Peru, dep. and about 12 m. ENE. Cuzco, on r. 
 bk. of Vilcamayo, has ruins of the ' Sanctuary of the Sun,' for- 
 tress and remains of old town. Alt. 9900 ft. P. (dist.)<:5ooo. 
 
 Plsagna, tn., Chile, prov. Tarapaca, on the W. ct. , 44 m. 
 N. Iquique ; port of shipment for large quantities of nitrate of 
 soda. Bad port ; lighters loaded by a kind of rafts made with 
 blow n up seal-skins. Vessels anchor close in shore in 20 to 30 
 fathoms. Destroyed by the great wave following the earthquake 
 of Aug. 13, 1868, and afterwards burnt by the Chileans in the 
 war with Peru ; since totally rebuilt. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pisang (Malay, ' banana'), two isls., Malay Archipelago, one 
 in the Jilolo passage, the other belonging to the Banda Is. 
 
 Plsang Bay, Dutch New Guinea, crossed by 4° 40' S. , 136!° E. 
 
 Plsania, ruined vil, Senegambia, on r. bk. of the Gambia, 
 about 28 m. above MacCarthy I., the point of departure for 
 Mungo Park's first voyage, 1796. 
 
 Pisanino, mt. , Italy, Tuscany, in the Apennines, 6 m. NE. 
 by E. Carrara. 
 
 Plsarovka Bolshaya, tn. , Russia, govt, and 55 m. W. 
 Kharkov, on Vorskla R. P. 7000. 
 
 Pisaurum, tn., Italy. See Pesaro. 
 
 Piscataqna River, U.S., New Hampshire, formed, a few 
 miles below Dover, by the junction of Salmon Falls and Cocheco 
 
 1209 
 
PI sc 
 
 PITS 
 
 R. It is the boundary between Maine and New Hampshire for 
 some miles. Its lower course constitutes the harbour of Ports- 
 mouth ; has a broad estuary 1 1 m. long, depth at low water 40 ft. 
 
 Plscataqnls, co., U.S., Maine, in the N., crossed by 46° N. 
 and 69° W. 
 
 Plscladella, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 14 m. SE. by E. St. 
 Moritz, 4 m. N. by E. Poschiavo. 
 
 PLsclotta, tn. , on the W. ct. of Italy, Campania, prov. and 
 47 m. SE. by S. Salerno. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Pisco, tn. , Peru, dep. Lima, on the W. ct. , on Pisco Bay, 
 about 13° 4S' S., connected by railway with lea ; has important 
 industry in sugar, brandy, guano, and salt. It was completely 
 destroyed by an earthquake, October 19, 1682. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Plscopla, isl., Turkey in Asia. See Illakl. 
 
 Pise, La, tn., France, dep. Gard, arr. and 6 m. NNW. 
 Alais. P. 6100. 
 
 Plseco Lake, U.S., New York, Hamilton co.; its outlet forms 
 W. Branch of Sacondaga, trib. of Hudson R. ; abounds with 
 salmon and excellent trout. 
 
 Plsek ('sand'), tn., Austria, Bohemia, cap. dist. P., on riv. 
 Woltawa, 24 m. W. by S. Tabor; has iron and copper foundries, 
 tanneries, and breweries. One of the principal centres of the 
 Hussites. Alt. 1240 ft. P. 11,000. 
 
 Plsgali, mt. named in O. T. See KAs Slftgliali. 
 
 Plshau-lislen, tn., China, Siichwan, 22 m. WNW. Chung- 
 king. 
 
 Plshlll, par., Eng., in the SE. of Oxfordshire, Henley div., 
 10 m. N. by E. Reading, 3I m. SSE. Watlington stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Plshiii, formerly a dist. of S. Afghanistan, between 30° 10' 
 and 31° 15' N. , and 66° 10' and 67° 50' E., occupied in 1878 
 and assigned to the British by the Treaty of Gandamak, 1879. 
 P. fort, N. of Bostan Junction, on the railway from Quetta to 
 New Chamau, is the only military station (alt. 5160 ft.). 
 
 Plshpek, fort and tn. , Russian Central Asia, prov. Semirye- 
 chensk, 90 m. WNW. from SW. entrance of Lake Issyk-kul, on 
 highroad to Tashkend. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Plsliio, Istria. See Hitter burg. 
 
 Plsogiie, vil., Italy, Lombardy, on the E. shore of Lake 
 d'Iseo, prov. and 18 m. NNW. Brescia; has quarries of stone 
 and iron. P. <20oo. 
 
 Plssa, riv., Prussia, issues from the Wysztyter-see, on the 
 Russian frontier, flows NW. then W. , passing Gumbinnen, and 
 enters the Angerapp above Insterburg ; not navigable. 
 
 Plssos, tn., France, dep. Landes, arr. Mont-de-Marsan, on 
 the Grande Leyre, 39 m. S. by W. Bordeaux. P. <20oo. 
 
 Plstlccl, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. Potenza, 35 m. W. by 
 S. Taranto. P. 8300. 
 
 Plstlll, par. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div. , on the W. 
 ct, 15^ miles W. by N. Portmadoc. P. <7So. See Edeyrn. 
 
 Plstoja, anciently Pistoria, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 20 
 m. N W. Florence, on a spur of the Apennines, near the Ombrone, 
 a trib. of the Arno, and at the N. end of a plain stretching to 
 Florence, and at the junction of the railways from Bologna and 
 Lucca to that city. It is enclosed by ramparts and bastions, 
 and defended by a citadel. Principal public buildings, a 
 cathedral (with a magnificent silver altar) and several other 
 churches, an episcopal and other palaces, and town-hall. It has 
 an academy, a museum of natural history, two public libraries, 
 a theatre, and an ancient hospital ; with manufactures of cotton 
 and woollen cloths, silk twist, leather wine-flasks, iron goods, 
 and especially gun-barrels and firearms. The word ' pistol " was 
 first used here on Pistoja being once written Pistola. Alt. 195- 
 265 ft. P. (1871) 12,970; (1881) 20,200. 
 
 Plstolet Bay, in the extreme N. of Newfoundland. Plstolet 
 Island, fishing settlement in P. Bay. 
 
 Plstyan, watering-place, Hungary. See Postyen. 
 
 Plstyii, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Kossow, 41 m. 
 W. by N. Czernowitz. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Plsnerga, riv., Spain, Old Castille, rises in the Cantabrian 
 Mountains, flows mostly SSW., and joins the Douro, 10 m. 
 below Valladolid. Affluents, the Arlanzon and Esquera from 
 the E., and Carrion from the NW. Length, 140 m. , in a 
 part of which the Canal of Castille accompanies it on the W. 
 
 Pit, riv.,E. Siberia, prov. Yeniseisk, r. bk. trib. of Yenisei, which 
 it joins at Ust Pitskoye, 60 m. SSE. Yeniseisk ; rich gold-mines 
 on it. Length about 170 m. 
 
 Pit, riv., U.S., California. See Pitt River. 
 
 Pltaiiguy, tn., Brazil, state Minas Geraes, 92 m. WNW. 
 Ouro Preto. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Pltcalrii, isl. Pacific, in 25° 3' S., 130° 6' W., with an area 
 of2sq. m. It is of volcanic origin and reaches iioo ft. Here 
 in 1790 the mutineers of the Bounty formed their first settle- 
 ment, which in 1856 was in part transferred to 9iorffolk {q.v.) 
 Island. P. 130. 
 
 Pltcalrns, Newtown of, vil. , Scot. , W. Perthshire, on r. bk. 
 of the Tay, 2^ m. ENE. Aberfeldy. P. <25o. See Dunning. 
 
 Pltcaple, vil., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on the Ury, 4 
 m. NW. Inverurie, on the G. N. of S. R., PM.O. 
 
 Pltclicoinbe, par., Eng., Gloucester, 7 m. S. by E. Glou- 
 cester, div. and 2 m. N. Stroud, P.O. P. 250. See Harescomb. 
 1210 
 
 Pltchcott, par., Eng., Buckingham, div. and 4J m. NW. 
 by N. Aylesbury, 2| m. ENE. Quainton Road stn. 'P. <2S0. 
 
 Pltchford, par." Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 6 m. SSE. 
 Shrewsbury, 3 m. ENE. Dorrington stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Pitch Place, P.O., Eng., near Guildford, Surrey, 2 m. from 
 Stoughton. 
 
 Pltconibe, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 11 J m. SW. by S. 
 Frome, i m. S. Cole stn. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (P. with 
 Wyke Champflower) P. <soo. 
 
 PlteA, tn., Sweden, prov. (Ian) Norrbotten, 27 m. WSW. 
 Lulea, near the mouth of Pitei-elf ; has trade in wood. The 
 outer harbour affords good anchorage in 23 to 33 ft. The 
 water alongside the quays is 12 to 13 ft. deep. Mean temp. , yr. 
 34.4° F., Feb. 13.8°, July 60.1°; rfall. 17.06 in. P. <3ooo. 
 
 PlteA-eir, riv., N. Sweden, provs. Vesterbotten and Norr- 
 botten, flows SE. from Pieskjaura Lake, SW. of Sulitjelma 
 (alt. 1895 f'-). passing through a series of lakes (Tjaggelvas), and 
 over several cascades (NoUfors, 130 ft. high ; Storfors, 155 ft. 
 high) into the Gulf of Bothnia, in about 65° 20' N. , near PiteA, 
 after a SE. course of 210 m. Area of basin, 4130 sq. m. 
 
 PltescI (piteshti), tn., Roumania, cap. prov. Arges, on the 
 riv. Arges, 65 m. WNW. Bukarest. P. 12,100. 
 
 Pltfleld, postal-tp., Victoria, Grenville co. , 80 m. W. Mel- 
 bourne, on Woady Jallock Creek. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pltfodels, stn. ,' Scot. , near Aberdeen, on G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Plthtipur (Plttdpuram, census), tn., Brit. India, Madras, 
 dist. Godavari, 81 m. WSW. Vizagapatam. P. 13,700 ; Hindus, 
 12,600. 
 
 Pit Hill, PM.O., Eng., 2 m. NE. Chester-le-Street, Durham. 
 
 Plthlvlers, tn. , France, dep. Loiret, cap. arr. P., on the 
 ffiuf, 25 m. NE. Orleans ; saffron cultivated ; famous for its 
 almond cakes, honey, and lark patties. P. 5200. 
 
 Plthoragarh, military outpost, Brit. India, NW. Provs., 
 dist. Kumaun, in 29° 36' N. , 80° 15' E. Alt. 5334 ft. 
 
 Pithytts, fort, Russia. See Pltsunda. 
 
 Pltlc, city, Mexico. See Hernioslllo. 
 
 PltlgUano, tn,, Italy, Tuscany, prov. Grosseto, 27 m. NW. 
 by W. Viterbo. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pitkin, CO., U.S., Colorado, in the W., crossed by 107° W., 
 N. of 39° N., with extensive beds of limonite. 
 
 Pitkin, vil. , U.S., Colorado, Gunnison co. , 45 m. S. by W. 
 Leadville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pltlessle, vil., Scot., Fifeshire, 2 m. E. Ladybank, 4 m. SW. 
 Cupar, P.O. P. <;500. 
 
 Pltloch'ry, vil., Scot., W. Perthshire, on the Garry, 6 m. 
 SE. Blair Athole, amidst very beautiful scenery, on the H. R. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pltmeddeu, stn., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on the G. N. of 
 S. R. , on the r. bk. of the Don, 7^ m. NW. Aberdeen. 
 
 Pltnilnster, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wellington div. , 4 m. S. 
 by W. Taunton ; 5355 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pitney, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 7 m. SW. by S. 
 Glastonbury, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 PItoniaca, comm. , Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Bjelovar- 
 Krizevci, dist. Gjurgjevac, 50 m. ESE. Varasd, and 3 m. from 
 1. bk. of Drave. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pltres, vil., France, dep. Eure, arr. Louvier, on the r. bk. 
 of the Seine, 10 m. SE. by S. Rouen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pltrodle, vil., Scot., E. Perthshire, 6^ m. E. by N. Perth, 
 2 m. W. by N. Errol stn., P.O. 
 
 Pltsa'nl, vil., Brit. Bechuana-land, about 92 m. N. by E. 
 Vryburg. 
 
 Pltsannloke, tn. , Siam, on the Pat, 72 m. E. Rahang. 
 
 Pltschen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Kreuzburg, 52 m. 
 E. Breslau. P. < 3000. 
 
 Pltscottle, P.O., Scot., Fifeshire, 3 m. SE. Cupar. 
 
 Pltsea, par., Eng., Essex, Chelmsford div., 9J m. W. by N. 
 Southend, on the London, Tilbury, & Southend Rly. , P.O. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Pltsford, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 5 m. 
 N. Northampton, i J m. NE. of its stn. (P. and Brampton) on 
 the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Pltsll'go, par., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 4 m. W. Fraser- 
 burgh ; contains village of Rosehearty, and has ruins of P. 
 Castle, the seat of W. Forbes of P. , a strong adherent of the 
 Pretender, Charles Edward. 4641 ac. P. -<25oo. 
 
 PltsUgo, New, eccles. par. and vil. , Scot. , E. Aberdeenshire, 
 ID m. SW. Fraserburgh, 4 m. W. by N. Strichen stn.; has 
 manufactures of bobbin-lace ; in the neighbourhood are granite 
 quarries. Alt. 522 ft. Mean temp. (19 yrs., 1862-80), yr. 44.1° 
 F., Jan. 35°, July 55°. PMT.O. P.<2ooo. 
 
 Pltsnioor, eccles. par., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Sheffield 
 par. P. 14,900. 
 
 Pltstonc, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 7^ m. E. 
 Aylesbury, 2 m. SSE. Cheddington Junction, P.O. (P. Clreen). 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Pltsunda, ancient Pithyus, fort, Russia, Caucasia, Cherno- 
 morsk dist. , on E. shore of Black Sea. Temple, supposed to 
 have been built by Justinian in 551 ; chief centre of Transcau- 
 casian Christians in nth century. 
 
PITT 
 
 P L A C 
 
 Pitt, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, W. of 77°W., crossed by 35^° N. 
 
 Pitt, mt., U.S., Oregon, in 42^° N. Alt. 9818 ft. (Wheeler). 
 
 Pitt, or Kaiigllianrla, one of the Chatham Is., dependent 
 on New Zealand, just S. of 44° S. 
 
 Plttdpiirniii, tn. , Brit. India. See PltliApnr. 
 
 Pitt Chauuel, strait, Chile, between Chatham I. and the 
 mainland, crossed by 50^° S. 
 
 Pitten, Gaelic, 'a hole,' 'hollow.' 
 
 Pltten-weeni (Gaelic, 'the hollow of the cave'), royal and 
 pari, burgh and par., Scot., E. Fife, on the N. shore of the 
 Firth of Forth, 9 m. S. by E. St. Andrews, on the N. B. R.; 
 has a small harbour ; fishing and fish-curing are almost the only 
 industries. P. is one of the St. Andrews burghs. PMT.O. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Pltttaem, comm. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. Thielt, 
 II m. N. Courtrai. P. <sooo. 
 
 Plttlngtoii, par., Eng. , Durham, Mid div. , 3I m. E. by N. 
 Durham, on the NE. R., P.O. (Nortli P.). P.<:25oo. 
 
 Pitt Island, Canada, Brit. Columbia, between Principe and 
 Grenville Channels, crossed by 130° W. and 53^° N. 
 
 Pitt Island, New Zealand, one of the Chatham Is. {q.v.). 
 
 Pitt Island, the northernmost of the Gilbert Is. {q.v.). 
 
 Pitt Lake, Canada, Brit. Columbia, 20 m. E. by N. city of 
 Vancouver. 
 
 Pltton and Fnrley, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 4^ 
 m. E. by N. Salisbury, ■z\ m. NE. Alderbury Junction, P.O. 
 (Pltton). P. <soo. 
 
 Pitt (or Pit) Klver, U.S. , California, issues from Goose Lake 
 in NE. of state, and fiows S. then W. and SW. , and joins the 
 Sacramento (of which it is much the longest headstream) in 40° 
 45' N. Length about 140 m. 
 
 Pittsburg, city, U.S., Kansas, Crawford co. , 117 m. S. 
 Kansas City, 30 m. N. by W. of the SE. corner of the state. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Pittsburg, formerly also Plttsbni^h [The city was chartered 
 in 1816 under the form Pittsburg, which is still the official form, 
 and is now the only form recognised by the U.S. Board on 
 Geographic Names ; the h appears to have been added by the 
 P.O. Department], city and port of entry, U.S., in the W. and 
 towards the S. of Pennsylvania, cap. Allegheny co., on a plain 
 between the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivs. Allegheny, 
 Birmingham, Manchester, and Laurenceville, practically suburbs 
 of P., are all situated within a radius of 5 m. from the Court 
 House. The manufactures are carried on in the outlying towns 
 and villages, the warehouses being in P. Lying on a coalfield, 
 in a dist. which at one time afforded considerable supplies of 
 iron ore (now nearly exhausted), and at the confluence of im- 
 portant navigable streams, one of which, the Monongahela, 
 brings down large quantities of coal, P. early became the 
 greatest centre of the manufacture of iron and glass in the 
 U.S., which it still remains, now producing about one-third of 
 the iron and steel manufactured in the country. The use of 
 coal as a fuel in the P. factories was afterwards to some extent 
 replaced by petroleum pumped from the oil dist. in the NW. 
 of Pennsylvania, and this again has since 1875, more generally 
 since 1884, been replaced by natural gas led in pipes from 
 Canonsburg, Murraysville, Leechville, Tarentum, and other 
 places within a radius of 20 m. This fuel is specially valued 
 in the glass-works, producing glass of peculiar transparency. 
 Coal and iron abound in its vicinity ; it is one of the most im- 
 portant centres in the world for the manufacture of iron and 
 steel goods. It has numerous blast-furnaces, rolling-mills, and 
 glass-works ; other industries are brass and copper works, 
 cotton, flour, paper, saw, and planing mills, &c. Shipbuilding, 
 especially for steamers, is carried on on a large scale, and most 
 of the machinery for the Mississippi steamboats is made here ; 
 steam and other boats built in sections are sent by rail to 
 New York, shipped to destination, and there put together for 
 service. P. was founded in 1765 on the site of Fort du Quesne ; 
 on its capture by the British the name was changed to Fort Pitt. 
 Alt. 776 ft. Mean temp., yi-. 52.5° F., Jan. 31.1°, July 74.3°; 
 rfall. (12 yrs.), 37.04 in. P. (1800) 1600; (1830) 12,500; (1850) 
 46,600; (1870)86,100; (1880)156,400; (1890)238,600. 
 
 Pittsburg, tn. , U.S., Texas, Camp co., 52 m. NW. Jefferson. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pittsburg, South, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Marion co. , on the 
 Tennessee R., 23 m. W. Chattanooga ; has coal-mines, extensive 
 fire-brick works, and blast-furnaces. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Pittsburg Landing, vil., U.S., Idaho, Idaho co., 42 m. S. 
 Lewiston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Plttsfleld, city, U.S., Illinois, Pike co., 62 m. W. by S. 
 Springfield ; manufactures flour and cigars. P. <;3000. 
 
 PittsfleM, tn., U.S., Maine, Somerset co., 28 m. W. by S. 
 Bangor. P. < 3000. 
 
 Plttsfleld, city, U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co., 20 m. S. 
 of the NW. corner of the state ; beautifully situated, surrounded 
 by mountains and lakes ; the latter afford excellent water-power, 
 utihsed in the manufacture of cotton, woollens, and silk fabrics. 
 Home of the Agassiz Association. Alt. 1013 ft. (R. R.). P. 
 (1880) 13,400; (1890) 17,300. 
 
 Plttsfleld, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Merrimack co. , on 
 Suncook R. , 13 m. NE. by E. Concord. P. <30oo. 
 
 Plttsford, vil, U.S., New York, Monroe co. , 6 m. SE. 
 Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Plttsford, tn., U.S., Vermont, co. and 8 m. NW. by N, 
 Rutland, with marble quarries. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Pitts Hill, stn., Eng., Staffordshire, on the N. Staffordshire 
 Rly., 6 m. NW. Burslem. 
 
 Pitt's Passage, strait. Eastern Archipelago, between the 
 Sula Is. and Buru I. , in the Moluccas. 
 
 Plttston, tn., U.S., Maine, Kennebec co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Plttston, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the N. Branch of the Susquehanna, 9 m. SW. Scranton ; has 
 extensive manufacturing and mining industries. Underlying the 
 surrounding country is an almost inexhaustible supply of very 
 superior coal. Alt. 572 ft. (R. R. ). P. (1880) 7500 ; (1890) 10,300. 
 Plttston, West, bor. , opposite on the r. bk. , separate munici- 
 pality and residential quarter connected by two bridges with P. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Pitt Strait, Solomon Is. See Manning Strait. 
 
 Plttsvllle, vil. , U.S. , Wisconsin, Wood co. , on the Yellow R. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Plttswortli (formerly Beauaraba), post-tn., Queensland, 
 Aubigny co. , in 27° 42' S. , 151° 38' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pittsylvania, co., U.S., Virginia, on the S. frontier, W. of 
 79° W. 
 
 Pitt To-wn, vil.. New South Wales, Cumberland co. , 25 m. 
 NW. by N. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pitt-water, bay. New South Wales, near the mouth of the 
 Hawkesbury. 
 
 Plttwater, estuary of Coal R., Tasmania, at head of Fred- 
 erick Henry Bay. 
 
 Pitt-water, tn. , Tasmania. See Sorell. 
 
 Pltullle and Sandbaven, vil. , Scot. , E. Aberdeenshire, on 
 the N. ct. , 2| m. W. by N. Fraserburgh. P. <7So. 
 
 Pityusa, Major and Minor, ancient names respectively of 
 Iviza and Formentera, Balearic Isles. 
 
 Plnmtay, vil., Brazil, state Minas Geraes, to the N. of the 
 Rio Grande, in 20° 36' S. , 46° W. P. 3000. 
 
 Plnquenes de San Jos^, Boquete on Portlllo de los, pass 
 of the Andes, between prov. Santiago, Chile, and prov. Men- 
 doza, Argentine Republic, in 33° 37' S. Alt. 13,775 ft. 
 
 Plnra, riv. , Peru, rises and enters the Pacific under the same 
 latitude, 5° 40' S. , after making a large loop to the N. Total 
 length, 200 m. 
 
 Plnra, tn., Peru, 210 m. S. by W. Guayaquil (Ecuador), cap. 
 dep. P. The dep. contains a rich petroleum deposit nearly 
 4000 sq. m. in extent, mostly lying close to the coast, between 
 the Bay of Tumbez, in 3° 30' S. and 6° 10' S. P. 8000. 
 
 Plnte, CO., U.S., Utah, between 38° and 39° N., and crossed 
 by 111° and 112° W. 
 
 Plvnlcza, comm. , Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. H6dsdg, 
 27 m. SE. Zombor. P. < 5000. 
 
 Plwulczna, comm., Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. and 13 
 m. S. Neu-Sandec. P. <4000. 
 
 Plxley, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , 10 m. E. Here- 
 ford, i| m. SSE. Ashperton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Plyana, riv., Russia, govts. Simbirsk and Nizhniy Novgorod, 
 1. bk. trib. of Sura ; thickly populated valley ; defeat of Russians 
 by Tatars in 1377. Length about 220 m. 
 
 Plzara, comm., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 16 m. W. 
 Malaga, dist. Alora. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Plz Bernlna. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 3 {d). 
 
 Plz Centrale, mt. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 'i. 
 
 Plz Kesch. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 3 (c). 
 
 Plz Llnard. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 3 {b). 
 
 Plzzlghettone, vil., Italy, Lombardy, on the Adda, prov. and 
 12 m. WNW. Cremona. P. <20oo. 
 
 Plzzo, tn. , on the W. ct. of Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 27 m. 
 WSW. Catanzaro. P. 6200. 
 
 Plzzoll, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, on 
 the Aterno, 34 m. E. by S. Terni. P. <4000. 
 
 Plabennec, tn., France, dep. Finistere, arr. and 9 m. NNE. 
 Brest. P. < 2000. 
 
 Placentia, tn. , Italy. See Placenza. 
 
 Placeutla, dist. , Newfoundland, surrounding P. Bay. 
 
 Placentia, tn. and port of entry, Newfoundland, Avalon 
 Penin., on E. side of Placentia Bay, large bay in the S. of 
 Newfoundland, between Avalon and Burin Penins. , 61; m. 
 WSW. St. John's. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Placer, co., U.S., California, on E. frontier, and crossed by 
 39° N. 
 
 Placervllle, city, U.S., California, Eldorado co., 40 m. 
 ENE. Sacramento ; gold-bearing quartz lodes and alluvial de- 
 posits are numerous, and profitably worked. Water for mining 
 and irrigation is obtained from the Sierra Nevada, through an 
 aqueduct over 40 m. long ; fruit-growing (especially the culti- 
 vation of the vine) is carried on. Mean temp, (i yr.), 57.8° F. , 
 Jan. 38.3°, July 79.1°; rfall., yr. 45.17 in., June-Sept. 1.23 in. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 1211 
 
PLAC — PLAT 
 
 Placervllle, gold-mining vil. , U.S., Idaho, Boise co., 15 m. 
 NW. Idaho. P. < 1500. 
 Pladtia, isl. , Scot., Argyllshire, Jura par. P. 11. 
 Pladda, small isl. , Scot. , separated by P. Sound from the S. 
 ct. of the isl. of Arran, in 5° 7' W. , with lighthouse, visible 17 m. 
 Mean rfall. (1866-85), y- 4i-6 in. P. 10. 
 PlaflTeyeii, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 8 m. SE. by E. Freiburg. 
 Plagwitz, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 3 m. SW. 
 Leipzig. P. 13,000. 
 
 Plaldy, stn. , Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 6 m. SSE. Banff, on 
 the G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Plallly, vil., France, on the S. border of dep. Oise, 20 m. 
 NE. by N. Paris, arr. and 8 m. S. Senlis. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Plain, vil, U.S., Ohio, Madison co., 20 m. WNW. Colum- 
 bus. P. < 1500. 
 
 PlalnescI, or C'ncn, tn. , Roumania, prov. Rimnicu-s&rat, 45 
 m. W. by N. Galatz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Plalnfleld, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Windham co. , 29 m. NE. 
 New London by rail. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Plalnfleld, vil., U.S., Illinois, Will co., on Du Page R., 8 
 m. NW. Joliet. P. < 1500. 
 
 Plalnfleld, vil., U.S., Indiana, Hendricks co., 14 m. W. 
 Indianapolis ; seat of the State Reform School for boys. P. < 1500. 
 Plalnfleld, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Sullivan co. , 2 m. E. 
 Hartland (Vt. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Plalnfleld, city, U.S., New Jersey, Union co., 17 m. SW. 
 by W. Newark. Chiefly a residential town, inhabited by many 
 engaged in business in New York ; the town has good roads, 
 is lighted by electricity, and supplied with water from drive- 
 wells. There are excellent pubhc schools. P. (1880) 8100; 
 (1890) 11,300. 
 
 Plalnfleld, vil. , U.S., Wisconsin, Waushara co. , 79 m. W. 
 by S. of the head of Green Bay. P. < 1500. 
 Plalnniellor, par. , Eng. See Pleunieller. 
 Plalnpalals, Switzd. See Geneva. 
 
 Plains, vil., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, on North Calder Water, 
 zh m. ENE. Airdrie, on the N. B. R.; has coal. P. < 1000. 
 Plains, West, city, U.S., Missouri. P. <3000. 
 Plainvlew, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Wabasha co., 30 m. NW. 
 Norfolk by rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Plain ville, tn., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 12 m. SW. by 
 W. Hartford. P. < 2000. 
 
 Plalnvllle, settlement, U.S., Rhode I., Washington co., on 
 Wood R., 20 m. W. by S. Newport. 
 
 Plaln\«'ell, vil., U.S., Michigan, Allegan co. , on Kalama- 
 zoo R. , 120 m. SW. Bay City, and 10 m. NNW. Kalamazoo. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Plalsanee, tn., France, dep. Gers, arr. Mirande, on the Arros, 
 30 m. NE. Pau. P. < 2000. 
 
 Plalsanee, tn., isl., and republic, Haiti, 76 m. N. by W. 
 Port-au-Prince. 
 Plalsanee, Italy. See Placenza. 
 Plalslill, mt. See Greece, Surface. 
 
 Plalstow, two eccles. pars., Eng., Essex, West Ham par., 
 on London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly. Total P. 36,500. 
 
 Plalsto'w, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div. , on the 
 SE. R. (the stn. now called Snndrldge Park), 8^ m. SE. by S. 
 St. Paul's, London. P. <45oo. 
 
 Plalstoiv, part of eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 11 m. 
 W. Horsham, 7 m. N W. Billingshurst stn. , P. O. See Klrdford. 
 PlalstO'w, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Rockingham co. , 38 
 m. N. Boston by rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Plaitford, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., loj^ m. SE. by 
 E. Salisbury, 5 m. W. Romsey stn. P. <:2S0. 
 
 Plaka, tn. , Greece, on the W. ct. of Milos I. P. <:20oo. 
 Plan, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 22 m. SE. Eger. P. <4ooo. 
 Plan, or Plansee, lake, Austria, Tirol, about 25 m. WNW. 
 Innsbruck. Alt. 3205 ft. ; area, 710 ac. ; average depth, 155 ft. 
 Planast^ays, isls., Bahama Is., 16 m. E. Acklin Is. Area, 
 15 sq. m. 
 
 Plana- Vellka, tn., Servia, circle Podunavlje, near the 1. bk. 
 Morava, 44 m. SE. Belgrade. P. < 3000. 
 
 Plan<-lies-en>9lontaKne, les, vil., France, dep. Jura, arr. 
 Poligny, 32 m. WNW. Lausanne. P. <20oo. 
 
 Planchettes, Les, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Neuchitel, 4 m. N. by 
 E. Le Locle. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Planclion, Boqnete del, pass of the Andes, between prov. 
 Curico (Chile) and prov. Mendoza (Argentine Republic), in 35° 
 11' S. Alt. 8225 ft. 
 
 Plancoet, tn. , France, dep. C6tes du Nord, on the Argue- 
 nan, 13 m. SW. St. Malo, arr. and 10 m. NW. by W. Dinan. 
 P. <2ooo. 
 
 Plan-de-Piiazy, spa, France, dep. Hautes-Alpes, arr. Em- 
 brun, at the confluence of the Durance and the Guil. 
 
 Plane, incorrectly Plane, the Terapse of Grecian geo- 
 graphers, islet, N. ct. Tunis, 2 m. from Cape Farina. 
 
 Plan^ase, volcanic plateau, France, dep. Cantal, between the 
 Cantal heights and the Margeride chain, above 3280 ft. 
 
 Planla, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Oppeln, circle and 
 2 m. SSE. Ratibor. P. <3000. 
 1212 
 
 Planler, islet, France, 9 m. SW. Marseilles, with lighthouse, 
 in 43° 12' N., 5° 14' E. , visible 21 m. Mean temp., yr. 58.7° 
 F., Jan. 48.0°, Aug. 71.4°. 
 
 Planlna, comm., Austria, Carniola, 20 m. SW. Laibach. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Planina, Servian, 'mountains.' 
 
 Planklnton, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Aurora co., 80 m. NW. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Plank Lane, PM.O., Eng., Lancashire, 6 m. SE. Wigan. 
 
 Plankstadt, comm., Ger., gd.-duchy Baden, circle Mann- 
 heim, 2 m. NNE. Schwetzingen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Plnno, city, U.S., Illinois, Kendall co., 48 m. W. by S. 
 Chicago ; manufactures cheese. P. < 2000. 
 
 Piano, vil., U.S., Texas, Collin co., 19 m. NNE. Dallas. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Plansee, lake, Austria. See Plan. 
 
 Plantagenet, vil., Canada, Ontario, Prescott co. , on S. 
 Nation R. , 35 m. E. by N. Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Plantagenet, co., Queensland, crossed by 24° S., and in the 
 SW. by 147° E. 
 
 Plantagenet, co., W. Australia, on the S. ct., crossed by 
 118° E. 
 
 Plantain Ganlen KlTer Bay, bay, Jamaica, in the SE., 
 in 76° 18' W. 
 
 Plantation, eccles. par., Scot., Renfrewshire and Lanark- 
 shire, in SW. suburbs of Glasgow. P. 13,600. 
 
 Plaqnenilne, tn., U.S., Louisiana, Iberville par., on the r. 
 bk. of the Mississippi, 74 m. WNW. New Orleans ; has large 
 river commerce. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Plaqnenilues, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, in the extreme 
 SE. , containing the mouths of the Mississippi. 
 
 Plas, in Welsh place-names, ' a palace. ' See Palatium. 
 
 Plasencla, tn., Spain, prov. Caceres, cap. dist. P., 47 m. 
 NE. by E. Alcantara. P. (comm.) 8000. 
 
 Plaseneia, tn. , Spain. See Plencla. 
 
 Plaslietts, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Hexham div. , 19J 
 m. S. by E. Jedburgh, on the N. B. R.; has coal. PM.O. 
 29,230 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Plas Marl, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, on the G. W. R., 
 2^ m. NE. Swansea, PM.O. 
 
 Plas Power, stn., Wales, Denbighshire, on the G. W. R., 
 2 m. NW. Wrexham. 
 
 Plassey, battlefield, Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Nadiyi, 30 m. 
 S. Murshidabad ; part of the site is covered by the BMgirathf, 
 the rest is a cultivated plain ; the high road from Calcutta, via 
 Krishnagar, to Berhampur passes close by. 
 
 Plastanovskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kuban, 25 m. by rail NW. Ekaterinodar. P. 6000. 
 
 Plata, Spanish, ' silver.' 
 
 Plata, isl.. Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Ecuador, 20 m. 
 SW. Cape San Lorenzo. 
 
 Plata, La, tns. See La Plata. 
 
 Plata, Klo de la, or River Plate (' silver river '), a vast inlet 
 on the E. ct. of S. America, between Uruguay and the Argentine 
 Republic, forming the estuary of the rivs. Parana and Uruguay, 
 the former of which enters it by a long delta at its head, the 
 latter immediately to the E. of the delta. The estuary measures 
 170 m. in length to a line connecting Maldonado with Cape San 
 Antonio, where the width is 140 m., but measured to a line 
 connecting Montevideo with Cap)e Piedras, where the width is 
 65 m., and the estuary proper (about 5000 sq. m. in extent) 
 may be said to end, the length is only 120 m. The whole 
 extent is very shallow, generally less than 10 fathoms above 
 Maldonado to San Antonio, and less than 5 fathoms above 
 Montevideo to Piedras. [See Buenos Aires.] The muddy 
 waters brought down by the rivs. ParanA and Uruguay can 
 be distinguished for more than 200 m. out to sea beyond 
 Montevideo. The estuary was discovered by Diaz de Solis 
 in 1515. Discharge estimated at 700,000 cubic ft. per second ; 
 annual deposit of sediment at 1,543,500,000 cubic ft. 
 
 Plat)tuio<les, comm., Greece. See Gargalianol. 
 
 Plataniona, the ancient Herakleion, maritime tn., Turkey 
 in Europe, vilayet and 48 m. SSW. Salonica, at the foot of 
 Olympus. 
 
 Platana, tn., Asia Minor, on the N. ct., 8 m. W. by N. 
 Trebizond. 
 
 Platani, small riv. , in the S. of Sicily, flows W. and SW. 
 into the sea, in about 13° 13' E. Length, 68 m. ; area of basin, 
 663 sq. m. ; discharge, mean 500 cubic ft. f)er second. 
 
 Platanla, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 16 m. NW. Catan- 
 zaro. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Platarla, small seapt. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet and 35 m. 
 WSW. Yanina. 
 
 Platefornie, vil. , isl., and republic, Haiti, on the S. ct. of 
 the northern penin. , 100 m. NW. Port-au-Prince, in 73° 24' W. 
 
 Platela, small port, W. ct. Greece, prov. Acarnania, behind 
 the Ekhinades, in 38^ 28' N. A submerged rock, with only 26 ft. 
 of water over it, has been discovered in the fair-way leading to 
 the port, and has been named the Day Rock. 
 
 Platen, cape of North-East Land, Spitzbergen, in 80° 31' N. 
 
PLAT — PLEN 
 
 Plateros, silver -mine, Mexico, state Zacatecas, i m. N. 
 Fresnillo. 
 
 Platlie, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Regenwalde, 
 on the 1. bk of the Rega R. , 30 m. SSW. Kolberg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Platl, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 23 m. E. by N. Reggio. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Plntin, tnld., Ire., co. Meath, bar. Lower Duleek, 2 m. 
 SW. Drogheda. P. <25o. 
 
 Platnlrovskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kubaii, 32 m. by rail NE. Ekaterinodar, on highway to Novo- 
 cherkask. P. 8120. 
 
 Platsa, vil. , Greece, prov. Laconia, 30 m. NNW. of Cape 
 Matapan. P. < 2000. 
 
 Piatt, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Wrotham par., 5 m. NE. 
 Sevenoaks. P. < 1000. 
 
 Platta, mt. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 11 m. E. Spliigen. Alt. 
 4524 ft. Rfall. (16 yrs.), 51.81 in. 
 
 Piatt Bridge, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & NW. R., 
 2 m. SE. Wigan, PMT.O. 
 
 Platte, isl.. Pacific. See Obelisk. 
 
 Platte, riv. , U.S., rises in Union co. , Iowa, and flows S. into 
 the Missouri R. in P. co. , Missouri. Length, 280 m. 
 
 Platte, CO., U.S., Missouri, bounded on the W. by the 
 Missouri, N. of 39° N. 
 
 Platte, CO., U.S., Nebraska, in the E. , bounded on theS. by 
 the Platte R. , crossed by 97^° W. 
 
 Platte, or Nebraska, riv. , U.S., trib. to the Missouri, rises 
 by two heads, called the N. and S. Forks, in the Rocky Mts. of 
 Colorado state, and flows E. through Nebraska terr. , joining 
 the Missouri, about 15 m. below Omaha, in about 41° N. ; 
 depth insufficient for navigation. The S. Platte is extensively 
 utilised in irrigation and as a source of water-power. Length, 
 900 m. 
 
 Platte, North, riv., U.S. See North Platte. 
 
 Platte City, vil., U.S., Missouri, Platte co., 23 m. NW. by 
 N. Kansas City. P. < 1500. 
 
 PlatteklU, vil., U.S., New York, Ulster co., 10 m. SW. 
 Poughkeepsie. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Platten, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist Joachimsthal, 13 m. 
 NNW. Karlsbad ; has mines of coal, iron, tin, and silver. P. 
 <30oo. 
 
 Platten See, Hungary. See Balaton Lake. 
 
 Plattevllle, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Grant co. , 20 m. NE. by 
 N. Dubuque (Iowa), in the centre of an extensive lead region. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Plattlliig, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Bavaria, circle 
 Deggendorf, on the 1. bk. of the Isar, 30 m. WNW. Passau. 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Plattsburg, mun. tp. , New South Wales, Northumberland 
 CO., 85 m. N. Sydney by road and rail, adjoining Wallsend 
 township ; has coal-mines. In the vicinity is the Co-operative 
 Colliery. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Plattsburg, city, U.S., Missouri, Clinton co. , 23 m. SE. by 
 E. St. Joseph. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Plattsburg, vil. , U.S., New York, cap. Clinton co. , on Lake 
 Ch^mplain, at mouth of Saranac R. , 18 m. NW. Burlington 
 (Vt.) ; has a fine harbour, and good water-power. Its industries 
 include flour and saw mills, foundries, wood-pulp, sewing- 
 machines and iron-work. Military station. P. 7000. 
 
 Platts Ck>iuiuon, PM.O. , Eng., Yorkshire, i m. from 
 Hoyland. 
 
 Plattsnionth, city, U.S., Nebraska, Cass co. , about 3 m. S. 
 of the confluence of the Platte and Missouri, here crossed by a 
 fine railway-bridge, 18 m. S. Omaha ; has railway machine and 
 car shops. Ah. 983 ft. (R.R.). P. (i88o)<5ooo; (1890) 8400; 
 (1895) 10,000. 
 
 Plattsvllle, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Oxford, on Nith R., 
 4 m. NE. Bright. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Plan, tn. , Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle Parchim, on 
 the W. shore of Plauer See (lake), 35 m. W. by N. Neu-Strelitz ; 
 manufactures machinery and cloth. P. was besieged eight 
 times during the Thirty Years' War. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Plane, tn. , Ger., Schwarzburg-Sondershausen , Upper Lord- 
 ship, 15 m. SSW. Erfurt (Prussia), on the Gera, which here 
 traverses the vale known as the Plauescher Grund, or Blaue Aue. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Plane, tn. , Prussia, in the extreme W. of prov. Brandenburg, 
 circle Westhavelland, 73 m. W. Brandenburg, on the N. side 
 of a lake traversed by the Havel. P. <:3000. 
 
 Planen, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 22 m. SW. 
 Zwickau, cap. dist P. ; the principal centre in Germany for the 
 manufacture of white cotton goods (muslins, jaconet, &c.) ; noted 
 also for white embroidery and ready-made clothing. P. (1871) 
 23,400; (1890)47,000. 
 
 Planen (Slavonic //az/z^, ' the floating of timber'), vil., Ger., 
 kgd. Saxony, circle and 3 m. SW. Dresden ; centre of coal basin. 
 P. 7500. 
 
 Planer See, lake, Ger., in the S. of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
 35-40 m. ESE. Schwerin, about 9 m. long by 4 m. wide. 
 
 Plauesche Canal, navigable canal, Prussia, connecting the 
 
 Havel at Plane with the Elbe at Wolmirstedt, 12 m. below 
 Magdeburg. 
 
 Plava, tn., Turkey in Europe, vilayet Kossovo, sanjak and 
 24 m. WSW. Ipek, near E. shore of Lake P. and frontier of 
 Montenegro ; after the fall of the Roman Empire, P. formed 
 a small republic, which preserved its independosce for a long 
 while. Lake P. is an expansion of the Lim, r. bk. trib. of the 
 Drina. Length, 4 m. ; breadth, 2 m. 
 
 Plawsworth, par., Eng., Durham, Chester-le-Street div. , on 
 the NE. R., sh ni. N. by W. Durham. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Plaxtol, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 4 m. N. by 
 E. TunbridgCj 2i m. S. Wrotham and Borough Green stn., 
 PMT.O. P.<iobo. 
 
 Playa Chlca, bay, Peru, in Salinas Bay, in n° 14' S. , 77° 37' 
 W. ; port for salts from Huacho. 
 
 Playden, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and i m. N. Rye, P.O. 
 P. <:soo. See Gnldefonl, East. 
 
 Playford, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 4 m. NE. 
 Ipswich, close to Bealings stn., P.O. P. <;25o; eccles. par. 
 (P. with Cnlpho) P. <5oo. 
 
 Plaza de Almanzor, mt. , Spain, Sierra de Gredos, 52 m. 
 SSE. Salamanca. Alt. 8730 ft. 
 
 PU, ' people.' See P/oti. 
 
 Plealey Road, stn. , Eng. , Salop, Oswestry div. , 6 m. SW. 
 by W. [Shrewsbury, on branch line of G. W. and L. & NW. Rlys. 
 
 Plean, eccles. par., Scot., Stirlingshire, 5 m. NW. Falkirk, 
 3^ m. NNW. Larbert Junction, P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Pleasant, isl. , Pacific. See Nawodo. 
 
 Plea.sant, Mount, Canada, New Brunswick, Charlotte co., 
 35 m. S. by W. Fredericton. 
 
 Pleasant Creek, goldfield, Victoria. See Staivell. 
 
 Pleasant drove, city, U.S., Utah, Utah co. , 30 m. S. by E. 
 Salt Lake City, in fine fruit-growing region. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, tn. , U.S., Missouri, Cass co. , 27 m. SE. 
 Kansas City. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Pleasant Dlonnd, vil. , U.S. , Minnesota, Blue Earth co. , 5 m. 
 NW. Winnebago. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Pleasauton, city, U.S., Kansas, Linn co. , 62 m. S. Kansas 
 City ; has rich deposits of lead and coal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pleasant Point, post-tn., New Zealand, South I., Geraldine 
 CO., 13 m. NW. Timaru by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pleasant Kldge, vil., U.S., Ohio, Hamilton co. , 7 m. N. 
 Cincmnati by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pleasants, CO. ,U.S. , W. Virginia, on the Ohio, N. of 39° N. 
 
 Pleasant Unity, vil. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, Westmoreland co. , 
 32 m. SE. by E. Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pleasantvllle, vil., U.S., Iowa, Marion co., 23 m. SE. by E. 
 Des Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pleasantvllle, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Atlantic co., 50 m. 
 SE. Philadelphia (Penn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Pleasantvllle, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Venango co. , 45 
 m. SE. by S. Erie ; has oil trade. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pleasantvllle Station, vil., U.S., New York, Westchester 
 CO., 33 m. NE. New York by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pleaslngtou, par., Eng., Lancashire, dist. and 3 m. SW. 
 Blackburn, on W. Lancashire, and Liverpool, Southport, and 
 Preston Junction Rly. P. <soo. 
 
 Pleaskln Head, cape. Ire., on the NW. ct. of co. Antrim, 
 about I m. E. of the Giant's Causeway, in 6° 28' W. 
 
 Pleasley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Chesterfield div., 3 m. 
 NW. Mansfield, on the M. R., PMT.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pleasure Island, Canada, Ontario, opposite Toronto, with 
 which it is connected by steam-ferry, being a favourite summer 
 resort. 
 
 Pl^aux, tn., France, on the W. border of dep. Cantal, 62 m. 
 SW. Clermont-Ferrand, arr. and 9 m. SW. Mauriac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pleberstown, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Gowran, on riv. 
 Nore, 2 m. SE. Thomastown. P. <25o. 
 
 Pleck-wlth Bescott, eccles. par., Eng., S. Staffordshire, with 
 a stn. (Pleck) on the L. & N W. R. , ij m. SW. Walsall. P. 7000. 
 
 Pleiades, small isls. , Pacific, in the N W. of the Loyalty Is. , 
 in about 20° 25' S. 
 
 Plelne-Fongi'res, tn. , France, dep. Ille-et-Vilane, arr. St. 
 Malo, 22 m. S. Granville. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Plelssa, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. and 6 
 m. W. Chemnitz. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Plelsse, riv. , Ger. , mainly in the W. of the kgd. of Saxony, 
 flows N. , passing a little to the E. of Altenburg, and unites 
 with the Elster at Leipzig. 
 
 Pl<^lan-le-Grand, tn., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, arr. 
 Montfort, 21 m. WSW. Rennes. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pl^lan-le>Petlt, vil., France, dep. Cotes du Nord, 17 m. 
 SW. by S. St. Malo, arr. and 8 m. W. by S. Dinan. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Plemonstall, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 
 3i m. NE. by E. Chester, about i m. N. and NE. Mickle 
 Traftbrd stns. P. < 1000. 
 
 Plencla, or Plasencla, tn. and decayed port, N. ct. of 
 Spain, prov. Vizcaya, cap. dist. P., 11 m. N. Bilbao. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Pl^neuf, tn. , France, dep. C6tes du Nord, arr. St. Brieuc, 
 on the N. ct., 24 m. W. by S. St. Malo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 1213 
 
P LE N 
 
 P LO U 
 
 Pleultsa, vil. , Roumania, Walachia, dep. Doljiu, 30 m. 
 WSW. Craiova. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Plennieller, par., Eng. , Northumberland, on the r. bk. of 
 the S. Tyne, div. and 14 m. W. Hexham, i m. ESE. Halt- 
 whistle stn. ; 5043 ac. P. <:25o. Pleumeller Coiumou, an 
 extensive upland tract to the SE. 
 
 Plenty, gmf, NE. ct. North I., New Zealand, enclosing the 
 isls. Alderman, Mayor, Motite, Motuhora, and White. Width, 
 129 m. ; depth, 47 m. 
 
 Plenty Kiinges, mts. , N. of Melbourne, Victoria, source of 
 several streams flowing N. to the Goulburn and S. to the Yarra. 
 
 Plerguer, tn., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, arr. and 12 m. 
 SE. St. Malo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pleschen, tn., Prussia, prov. and 52 m. SE. Posen, cap. 
 circle P. P. 6000. 
 
 Plesliclieyevo, lake, Russia. See Pereyaslavl. 
 
 Plesliey, par., Eng., Essex, on the borders of the Epping 
 and Chelmsford divs. , 5| m. NNW. Chelmsford, 4 m. S. Fel- 
 stead stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Pless, tn. , Prussia, in the SE. of prov. Silesia, cap. circle P. , 
 33 m. E. by S. Ratibor. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Plessala, vil., France, dep. Cotes du Nord, arr. and 23 m. 
 S. by E. Loud^ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Plessey, stn., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., on 
 the NE. R. , s m. SSE. Morpeth. 
 
 Plessls-Plquet, vil., France, dep. Seine, arr. and i m. 
 WNW. Sceaux ; has an old castle, residence of Colbert ; one 
 of the most frequented pleasure resorts around Paris. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Plessnr, torrent, Switzd. , cant. Orisons, r. bk. trib. of the 
 Rhine, into which it flows near Coire. Height at source, 8200- 
 9900 ft. ; length, 22 m. 
 
 Plestln-les-Gr^ves, tn., France, dep. Cotes du Nord, 44 m. 
 ENE. Brest, arr. and 10 m. SW. by W. Lannion. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Plettenberg, bay. Cape Colony, on the S. ct. , in about 23° 
 45' E. ; used for embarking wood. 
 
 Plettenberg, tn. and comm., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 
 circle Altena, 30 m. E. by S. Barmen ; manufactures iron and 
 steel goods. Tn. P. <4ooo ; comm. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pletvlca, group of thirteen lakes, Austria, Croatia, in a pic- 
 turesque gorge between the Kleine-Kapella on the W. and the 
 Pljesevica-Planina on the E. , 65 m. SE. Fiume, forming mag- 
 nificent cascades. 
 
 Pie?^ ,' people.' See Plou. 
 
 Plenblan, vil. and small port, France, dep. C6tes du Nord, 
 arr. and 16 m. NE. Lannion; extraction of soda. P. <20oo. 
 
 Plendllien, vil., France, dep. Cotes du Nord, arr. and 6 m. 
 NE. Dinan ; large export trade in wood, grain, and apples for 
 England, on the Ranee, at the port of Mordreuc. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Pleumartlu, vil., France, dep. Vienne, arr. Chitellerault, 
 22 m. ENE. Poitiers. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Plevlje, Turkey in Europe. See Taslillja. 
 
 Plevna (Bulgarian Pleven), tn., Bulgaria, cap. prov. P., 24 
 m. SW. by S. Nikopoli. Here, after twice repulsing the 
 Russian attacks in July 1877, Osman Pasha entrenched himself 
 and held out until loth December. P. (1881) 11,500; (1888) 
 14,300; Bulgarians, 11,600; Moham. 1900. 
 
 Pleyben, tn., France, dep. Finistere, 27 m. ESE. Brest, arr. 
 and 7 m. ENE. Ch^teaulin. P. < 1000. 
 
 Plezzo, market-tn. , Austria. See FUtscli. 
 
 Pllenlngen, vil., Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle and 5 m. 
 S. by E. Stuttgart. P. < 3000. 
 
 Plletnitz, Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle Deutsch- Krone, 
 52 m. W. by N. Bromberg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pllnllmnion, or Plynllnimon, one of the loftiest mts. of 
 Wales, cos. Montgomery and Cardigan, 12 ni. E. Cardigan 
 Bay, and ii m. WNW. Llanidloes. The rivs. Severn and 
 Wye have their sources on this mountain. Alt. 2469 ft. 
 
 Pllva, riv. , Bosnia, formed of the Janska and the P. , running 
 off near Jaice, by a magnificent fall of more than loo ft., into 
 the Vrbas, 30 m. S. Banjaluka. 
 
 Pljesevca-Planlna, detached branch of the Kleine-Kapella 
 Range, on the frontier of Croatia and Bosnia, Austria, between 
 151° and 16° E. Alt. 5420 ft. 
 
 Plo, ' people. ■ See P/ou. 
 
 Ploaghe, tn., Sardinia, prov. and 11 m. ESE. Sassari ; has 
 lignite, pozzuolana, and bituminous stones. P. <40oo. 
 
 Ploar^, tn. , France, dep. Finistere, arr. Quimper, 23 m. 
 SSE. Brest, adjoining Douarnenez on the S. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Plocblugen, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, Neckar circle, 12 
 ra. ESE. Stuttgart. P. <30oo. 
 
 Piock, govt. , Russian Poland, has Prussia on N. , and Warsaw 
 on S. Flat surface, sloping from Baltic coast-ridge (600 to 1150 
 ft.) to the valley of Vistula (150 ft.). Bordered by Vistula and 
 Drwgca, and watered by Skrwa and Wkra. Marshes in central 
 parts ; small lakes, large forests, and peat bogs towards N. and 
 W.; one-ninth of area under woods. Soil fertile in S. ; grain 
 exported ; also products of cattle-rearing. Population Poles, 
 Jews (11 per cent.), and Germans (on increase). Shipping, 
 fabrication of wooden goods in villages ; some saw-mills, flour- 
 mills, and iron-works ; several distilleries. Divided into eight 
 1214 
 
 dists : Ptock, Ciechanow, Lipno, Mlawa, Piorisk, Przasnysz, 
 Rypin, and Sierpce. Novogeorgievsk, or Modlin, important 
 fortress on Vistula. Area, 4200 sq. m. P. (1873) 491,000; 
 (1892) 701,000. 
 
 Piock, cap. of above govt., on a high hill, on r. bk. Vistula, 
 60 m. WNW. Warsaw ; important river-port ; exports of corn, 
 and wool; distilleries, matches' works. P. (1892) 21,700. 
 
 Plockton, vil. and burgh of regality, Scot., Ross-shire, on 
 the S. shore of Loch Carron, 4 m. W. by S. Strome Ferry, 
 PMT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Plodder Lane, stn. , Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & NW. R. , 
 i^ m. SE. Bolton. 
 
 Ploegsteert, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 
 3 m. S. Ypres. P. <400o. 
 
 Ploerniel, tn. , France, dep. Morbihan, cap. arr. P., on the 
 Hivet, 35 m. WSW. Rennes ; has slate quarries, and trade in 
 hnen and cloth. The church of St. Armel, built 1511 to 1602, 
 ornamented with splendid glass windows, contains the tombs 
 of two dukes of Brittany. P. <:30oo. 
 
 PloescI (ploeshti, or ployeshti), tn., Roumania, cap. prov. 
 Prahova, 35 m. N. Bukarest ; in the neighbourhood petroleum 
 wells and works, the ground round about being soaked with 
 petroleum. Alt. 530 ft. P. (1889) 34,500. 
 
 Plflenc, tn. , France, dep. Cotes du Nord, on the Gonet, 40 m. 
 SW. by W. St. Malo, arr. and i2| m. S. St. Brieuc. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ploklilnskoye, vil., E. Siberia, prov. Yeniseisk, on 1. bk. 
 lower Yenisei, 125 m. N. Turukhansk. P. < 1000. 
 
 Plonibl^res, tn., France, dep. Vosges, arr. Remiremont, 31 
 m. NW. Belfort, 15 m. S. Epinal ; celebrated for its picturesque 
 situation and for its hot springs, nearly fifty in number, all save 
 one sulphureous. The waters are supplied to seven bathing 
 establishments. These springs have been used since the time 
 of the Romans. Manufactures fancy goods in steel and iron. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Plonibl^res-l^s-Dljon, tn. , France, dep. C6te d'Or, arr. and 
 3 J m. NW. by W. Dijon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ploniln, tn. , Austria. See Flanona. 
 
 Plomo, Cerro tlel, mt. , Chile, on a spur of the Juncal, 31 
 m. NE. Santiago, in 33° 14' S. Alt. 16,750 ft. 
 
 Plonipton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., 
 ij m. S. Knaresborough. P. <25o. 
 
 Plou, tn. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, cap. circle P. , 
 15I m. SE. Kiel, on an isthmus in the N. of the Gross Ploner 
 See (lake) ; has a biological station on the lake. Length N. to 
 S. 6 m., E. to W. 5 m. P. <c3ooo. 
 
 Plone, riv. , Prussia, rises in a small lake in the NE. of prov. 
 Brandenburg, flows N. then NW. through the P. See (lake) 
 and the Madii See into the Reglitz arm of the Oder, which it 
 enters at Damm, near Stettin ; not navigable. 
 
 Ptorisk, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 29 m. ENE. 
 Piock ; a private astronomical observatory. P. 6800. 
 
 Plotlst, comm., Austria, Bohemia, dist. and 2 m. NNW. 
 Koniggratz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Plcitzensee, colony, Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle 
 Niederbarnim, 3 m. W. Berlin. P. <30oo. 
 
 P/ou, Plo, Pleu, or PU, prefix occurring in place-names in 
 Brittany, 'people,' 'inhabitants.' 
 
 Plouagat, tn. , France, dep. Cotes du Nord, 46 m. W. St. 
 Malo, arr. and 7 m. ESE. Guingamp. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pluuaret, tn. , France, dep. Cotes du Nord, 50 m. E. by N. 
 Brest, arr. 9 m. S. Lannion. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Plonay, vil., France, dep. Morbihan, arr. Pontivy, 12 m. 
 N. Lorient. P. <20oo. 
 
 Plonbalay, tn. , France, dep. Cotes du Nord, arr. Dinan, on 
 the N. ct., 7 m. SW. by W. St. Malo. P. <;2oco. 
 
 Ploudalm^zean, tn., France, dep. Finistere, arr. and 13 m. 
 NW. by N. Brest. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Plondlry, tn., France, dep. Finistere, arr. and 17 m. E; by 
 N. Brest. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Plonescat, tn. , France, dep. Finistere, arr. Morlaix, 24 m. 
 NE. by N. Brest. P. < 2000. 
 
 Plongastel-Daonlas, tn., France, dep. Finistere, arr. and 6 
 m. SSE. Brest ; has granite quarries. This is one of the most 
 curious and most visited regions of Brittany ; 2 m. NE. is the 
 chapel of St. John, to which is attached one of the most fre- 
 quented and original ' pardons ' in Brittany, June 24. P. <20oo. 
 
 Plougnenast, tn., France, dep. Cotes du Nord, on the Lie, 
 40 m. SW. St. Malo, arr. and 8 m. NNE. Loud^ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Plonba, tn. , France, dep. C6tes du Nord, 41 m. W. St. 
 Malo, arr. and 14 m. NW. St. Brieuc ; 3 m. WNW. is the 
 celebrated chapel of Kermaria-an-I squit, one of the most 
 celebrated pilgrimages in Brittany. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Ploubarnel, vil. and small port, France, dep. Morbihan, 
 arr. Lorient, 8 m. NNE. Quiberon, in a region the richest in 
 fine megalithic monuments. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Plonlgneau, tn. , France, dep. Finistere, 39 m. ENE. Brest, 
 arr. and 6 m. E. by S. Morlaix. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pl»nn^our-Trez, vil., France, dep. Finistere, arr. and 20 m. 
 NE. Brest. To the N. is the port of Pontusval, and the hamlet 
 of Brignogan, frequented by bathers. P. <2ooo. 
 
PLOU — PLYM 
 
 Pl0HZ^v^d<^, tn., France, dep. Finistere, arr. Morlaix, 23 m. 
 N E. by E. Brest. P. < 2000. 
 Plovfliv, Bulgaria. See Plilllppopolis. 
 
 Plowden, stn., Eng. , Salop, on the Bishop's Castle Rly. , 
 34 m. ESE. Bishop's Castle. 
 
 Plack, tnld. , Ire., co. Donegal, bar. N. Raphoe, Leek par., 
 5 m. E. Letterkenny, on the Londonderry, Loughswilly, and 
 Letterkenny Rly. P. <:250. 
 
 Plackley, par. , Eng. , Kent, div. and 5J m. WNW. Ashford, 
 I J m. N. of its stn. on the SE. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000 ; eccles. 
 par. (P. Mith Peviiigtoii) P. <iooo. 
 
 Plumas, CO. , U. S. , California, on E. frontier, crossed by 40° N. 
 
 Plumb Bridge, tn.. Ire., N. co. Tyrone, bar. Upper Stra- 
 bane, 13 m. N. by E. Omagh, 7 m. from Newtown Stewart stn., 
 PM.O. (Plumbrldge). P. <25o. 
 
 Plnmbland, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Cockermouth div. , 7^ 
 m. E. by N. Maryport, i| m. SSE. Aspatria stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Plnmbley, par. , Eng. See Plumley. 
 
 Plum Coulee, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of the 
 C. P. R. , 57 m. SW. by S. Winnipeg. 
 
 Plum Creek, vil. , U.S., Nebraska, Dawson co. , 56 m. ESE. 
 of the confluence of the N. and S. Platte. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Plume, la, vil., France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, arr. and 8 m. 
 SW. by S. Agen. P. <2oco. 
 
 Plum Hollow, vil., U.S., Iowa, Fremont co. , 20 m. N. of 
 SW. corner of state. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Plum Island, U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co. , between the 
 mouths of the Merrimack and Ipswich Rivs. , with lighthouse on 
 its N. end, visible 12 m. 
 
 Plum l8lan«l, U.S., New York, off the N. of Long I., in 41° 
 11' N., 72° 10' W., with lighthouse, visible 14 m. Length, 3 m.; 
 width, I m. 
 
 Plumley, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Knutsford div. , 3J m. E. by 
 N. Northwich, with stn. (Plnmbley) on the Cheshire Lines 
 Rly., P.O. (Plnmbley). P. <5oo. 
 
 Plummers Plain, P.O., Eng., Sussex, 5 m. SE. Horsham. 
 
 Plumper Pass, channel, Brit. Columbia, in the Strait of 
 Georgia. 
 
 Plum Point, vil., U.S., Maryland, Calvert co. , on Chesa- 
 peake Bay, 33 m. SE. by E. Washington (D. C). P. < 1500. 
 
 Plumptou, vil. , Eng. , Lancashire, div. and 5 m. ESE. Black- 
 pool. See Westby. 
 
 Plumpton, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 11 m. 
 NW. by N. Buckingham, li m. SSW. Blakesley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Plumpton, par. , Eng. , Sussex, div. and 4^ m. NW. by W. 
 Lewes, 2 m. SSW. of its stn. on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Plumpton Wall, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, div. and 3 m. N. 
 Penrith, i^ m. SE. Plumpton stn., on L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 (Plumpton). P. < 500. 
 
 Plumstead, par. Eng. , London, bor. and adjoining Wool- 
 wich on the E., 8 m. E. by S. St. Paul's, London, on the'SE. R. 
 Population chiefly engaged in government establishments at 
 Woolwich. Par. P. 52,400. 
 
 Plumstead, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 7 m. SW. by W. 
 Cromer, 3 m. NE. Corpusty and Saxthorpe stn., P.O. P. < 
 250; eccles. par. (P. ivltli Matlask) P. <soo. 
 
 Plumsteail, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Norfolk, Great P., E. div., 5 m. E. Norwich, 2 m. NE. 
 Whitlingham Junction, P.O. P. (of each)<5oo. 
 
 Plumstead Marshes, marsh, Eng., Kent, Woolwich bor., 
 about 8 m. E. St. Paul's, London, principally used as a cannon 
 range ; powder magazines. 
 
 Plumtree, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div., 4^ 
 m. SSE. Nottingham, on the M. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Plungar, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 9 m. W. 
 by S. Grantham, on the Nottingham Canal, ij m. NNE. 
 Harby Stathern stn. P. <250. 
 
 Plnscardeu Abbey, remains of a Cistercian abbey, Scot., 
 Elginshire, 5^ m. SW. by W. Elgin, and 2J m. SSE. Alvesstn., 
 foundation dating from 13th century, P.O. (Plusearden). 
 
 Pluss, riv., Malay Renin., Perak, 1. bk. trib. of Perak R.; its 
 mouth, in about 4° 53' N. , is near the village of Kambiri. Entire 
 length, 62 m. ; one-third navigable, to the rapids. 
 
 Pluvlgner, tn., France, dep. Morbihan, arr. and 17 m. E. 
 by N. Lorient. P. <20oo. 
 • Plyesli, vil., Turkey in Europe, 67 m. WNW. Novibazar. 
 
 Plym, riv., Eng., in the SW. of Devonshire, flows into 
 Plymouth Sound at Plymouth. 
 
 Plymouth, mun. bor. (by prescription, first incorporated by 
 statute in 1439), pari. bor. (2 members), co. bor., seapt. and 
 naval station, Eng., Devonshire, 36 m. SW. and in the diocese 
 of Exeter, at the confluence of the Plym and Tamar, at the 
 head of Plymouth Sound, with stns. on G. W. R. and SW. R. 
 It was named Tamarweorth by the Saxons, and afterwards 
 Sutton [Sutone in Domesday), returning two M.P.'s under the 
 latter name in the time of Edward I. Along the eastern side of 
 the Hamoaze, which is the estuary of the Tamar, is the town 
 of Devonport, and between the Hamoaze and P. lies a smaller 
 town, Stonehonse ; these form one continuous aggregate known 
 
 as ' the Three Towns,' a term used as synonymous with P. 
 taken as a whole. From the great irregularity of the sites, 
 the variety and change of scene, and the beauty of the neigh- 
 bourhood, it is one of the most attractive of English large towns. 
 A prominent feature of P. is the Hoe, a lofty and rocky ridge 
 between Sutton Pool and Millbay, with limestone cliffs, com- 
 manding extensive prospects over sea and land, and laid out 
 with walks and drives. A public park slopes from it down to 
 the promenade pier. Besides a chain of strong forts and barracks 
 at Millbay, P. is protected by a citadel E. of the Hoe, which 
 commands the Sound, the ramparts forming a favourite resort, 
 with fine views. The Sound is an inlet of the sea, 3 m. wide at 
 the entrance, with lofty banks on three sides, containing Drakes 
 I., fortified, and protected by the celebrated breakwater (1812), 
 1700 yds. long (cost ;^i,5oo,ooo). Mount Edgecumbe, on its 
 western shore (and in the co. of Cornwall), is famed for the 
 beauty of its prospects, groves, and gardens. The Sound con- 
 tains excellent anchorage for all the British navy. Along the 
 Hamoaze, to W. , are the dockyard, arsenal, and other govern- 
 ment establishments. On the E. , the harbour of Catwater with 
 Sutton Pool affords ample room for shipping arriving from all 
 countries. Besides a large coasting trade, P. has traffic with 
 America, W. Indies, Mauritius, Africa, and the Baltic, and is 
 the port of starting and landing for several lines of ocean 
 steamers. The Great Western Dock is 464 ft. long by 80 ft. at 
 entrance, another 242 ft. by 50 ft. , and a third 144 ft. by 37 ft. ; 
 the Great Western Pontoon 300 ft. long, and a patent slip 
 300 ft. by 125 ft. The Great Western Wet Dock is 1200 ft. 
 long by 450 ft. , with 2640 ft. quayage ; the Millbay Tidal 
 Harbour, 35 ac. area, 3380 ft. quayage ; Sutton Tidal Harbour 
 3500 ft. quayage, Catwater 6000 ft. quayage ; there is also 350 
 ft. of quayage on the riv. Plym. P. has recently much improved 
 in street architecture and general appearance as a town. The 
 Guild Hall forms an imposing Gothic group of buildings, with a 
 lofty tower. The market-place occupies 3 ac. There are many 
 important schools and colleges, and several large charitable 
 institutions. Chief exports, copper, lead, tin, granite ; imports, 
 mainly timber and agricultural produce. Manufactures unim- 
 portant, gin, sailcloth, soap, &c. The fisheries are extensive. 
 Market-days, Tu. , Th., and S. ; cattle-fair, first Tuesday in 
 April. Alt. 69 ft. Mean temp. (16 yrs. , 1865-80), yr. 51.5° F. , 
 Jan. 42.2°, July 62.5°. Mun. bor. P. (1821) 21,600; (1851) 
 52,200 ; (1871) 68,800 ; (1891) 84,200 ; pari. bor. P. (1891) 87,500. 
 
 Plymouth, gold-mining vil. , U.S., California, Amador co., 
 36 m. E. by S. Sacramento. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Plymouth, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co., 21 m. 
 WSW. Hartford ; has large manufacture of locks, carriage and 
 ironworks. P. < 3000. 
 
 Plymouth, vil., U.S., Illinois, Hancock co. , 40 m. NE. 
 Quincy by rail. P. ■< 1500. 
 
 Plymouth, flourishing city, U.S., Indiana, Marshall co. , 72 
 m. ESE. Chicago (111.) ; has a magnetic well, producing 500 
 gallons per minute. Large bicycle works. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Plymouth, co., U.S., Iowa, on W. frontier, S. of 43° N. 
 
 Plymouth, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, cap. P. co. , on P. Bay 
 (on the NW. of Cape Cod Bay), 23 m. E. by N. Taunton, extends 
 for nearly 18 m. along the coast, from 5 to 9 m. in width ; the 
 harbour is large, but shallow ; at its N. entrance is Gurnet Point, 
 with a lighthouse, visible 16 m. The most important objects 
 of interest are the Rock, upon which the pilgrims of the J/czy- 
 /fi^w^r first landed, December 21, 1620; the Burial Hill, where 
 were buried many of the early settlers ; Pilgrim Hall, which con- 
 tains curiosities relating to the pilgrims; and the monument 
 surmounted with the colossal statue of ' Faith.' Manufactures 
 various. P. is the oldest town in New England. P. 7300. 
 
 Plymouth, vil., U.S., Michigan, Wayne co., 20 m. W. by 
 N.Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 ■ Plymouth, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co., on 
 Pemigewassett R., 39 m. N. by W. Concord. Alt. 473 ft. 
 (R.R.). P. < 2000. 
 
 Plymouth, tn. and port of entry, U.S., N. Carolina, 
 Washington co. , iiom. E. Raleigh, near the head of Albemarle 
 Sound. P. < 1500. 
 
 Plymouth, vil., U.S., Ohio, Huron and Richland cos., 65 
 m. SE. Toledo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Plymouth, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co., on the 
 N. Branch of the Susquehanna, 18 m. SW. by W. Scranton, 
 and 3 m. W. Wilkesbarre, has extensive collieries. Alt. 535 ft. 
 (R.R.). P. (1880)6100; (1890)9300. 
 
 Plymouth, vil., U.S., Vermont, Windsor co. , i2| m. SE. 
 by E. Rutland, with marble quarries. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Plymouth, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Sheboygan co. , 52 m. N. 
 by W. Milwaukee. P. < 2000. 
 
 Plymouth, tn., W. Indies, on the S. ct. of Montserrat I. 
 There is good anchorage in the open roadstead in 5 fathoms 
 close in shore, rapidly shelving off to 20 fathoms. Vessels load 
 and discharge by boats. There is a wooden jetty 320 ft. long. 
 
 Plymouth, vil. , W. Indies, on the NW. ct. of Tobago I. 
 
 Plymouth, Xew, bay, W. ct. of Livingstone I., Antarctic 
 Ocean, in about 62° 30' S. , 61° 15' W. 
 
 1215 
 
PLYM — PODR 
 
 Plyniontli Rock, vil. , Africa. See HtoM'e. 
 Plynionth Rocks, Japan. See Kifrannon-zakl. 
 
 Plyniontli Sonnd, inlet of the English Channel, embracing 
 the Hamoaze Channel, the estuary of the Tamar, from which 
 branches on the left the Lynher R. and the Catwater, into which 
 flows the little riv. Plym. See Plymouth. 
 
 Plynipton, market-tn. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock div. , 
 4^ m. E. by N. Plymouth, on the G. W. R. ; has china-clay 
 deposits. It is a stannary town, and till 1832 returned two 
 members to Parliament. Headquarters of Prince Maurice, 
 1643. Birthplace of the painter Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723), 
 who was educated at the grammar-school, founded 1658. 
 Market-day, F. Pars. (P. 9Ianrlce) P. < 1500; (P.St. Mary, 
 10,211 ac.) P. < 4000. 
 
 Plynipton, vil., Nova Scotia, co. and 12 m. from Digby. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Plynipton, vil. , U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co. , 15 m. 
 ENE. Taunton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Plymstock, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 3 m. ESE. 
 Plymouth, on L. & SW. R., P.O. P. <35oo. 
 
 Plymtree, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 3 m. ESE. 
 Tiverton, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Plyullnimon, mt. , Wales. See Pllnllninioii. 
 
 Plyusa, riv., Russia, govt. St. Petersburg, r. bk. trib. ot 
 Narova. Length, 185 m. 
 
 Pulel, vil., Cajje Colony, W. Griqua-land, div. and 24 m. 
 NW. Kimberley, on 1. bk. of the Vaal ; diamond washings 
 now abandoned. 
 
 Pnlow, tn., Austria, Galicia, dist. Nadw6rna, 23 m. SSW. 
 Stanislawow. P. <4000. 
 
 Puoin-dek, mts. , Cambodia. See i^vai. 
 
 Pnonipeuli, Panonipeuli, or Peuonipeiih, cap. of Cam- 
 bodia, on r. bk. Mekong, at point of junction of the Tonle (or 
 Tale) Sap arm, 130 m. WNW. Saigon. 
 
 Po, tn. , China, prov. Nganhwei, 220 m. NW. by W. Nanking. 
 
 Po (Padus and Eridanus), largest riv. of Italy, in the N., 
 irrigating, with its affluents, the entire plain of Piedmont and 
 Lombardy, rises in Monte Viso, in 44° 38' N. , 7° o' E. , at an alt. 
 of 6700 ft. ; flows first NE. to Turin, and thence mostly east- 
 ward, with a very tortuous course, to the Adriatic, which it enters 
 by several mouths between 44° 48' and 45° 10' N. , the principal 
 being the Po della Maestra, Po della Telle, Po di Goro, and 
 Po di Volano. The delta stretches 35 m. Irom N. to S. By 
 the time the river has reached Pavia, it is only 300 ft. above 
 the level of the Adriatic; indeed, in the first 20 m. or so it 
 descends 5500 ft. Principal affluents on left, the Dora Riparia, 
 Dora Baltea, Sesia, Ticino, Lambro, Adda, Oglio, and Mincio ; 
 and on the right, the Maira, Tanaro, Trebbia, Taro, Parma, 
 Secchia, and Panaro. The Po is, in many parts of Lombardy, 
 above the neighbouring plains; below Piacenza (145 ft. alt.), it 
 is enclosed by embankments (510 m. in total length), formed by 
 its own deposits, and carefully kept up to prevent inundations 
 from floods. Several canals connect the tribs. with one another 
 and with the mother-river, the greatest being the Cavour Canal, 
 joining the Ticino with the Po. Its ordinary width at the head 
 of the delta averages 1600-1800 ft. Its current in the dry season 
 is sluggish, but in spring and summer turbulent. Its rapid 
 stream, numerous islands, and the many sandbanks in its lower 
 reaches, greatly irajDede navigation ; but it is highly useful in 
 fertilising the country, and abounds with sturgeon, salmon, and 
 other fish. Length, 418 m. ; area of basin, 26,800 sq. m. ; 
 discharge, mean 61,300 cubic ft. per second, highest 247,200 
 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 PoaM, or Los Votos, volcano, Costa Rica republic, 19 m. 
 NW. San Jos6. Height, 8500 ft. 
 
 Pocabontas, vil. , U.S. , Arkansas, Randolph co. , on Black R. , 
 which is navigable for steamboats to this point. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pocahontas, co., U.S., Iowa, S. of 43° N., and E. of 95° W." 
 
 Pocahontas, tn. , U.S., Virginia, Tazewell co., 44 m. NW. 
 Pulaski. P. <:3000. 
 
 Pocahontas, co. , U.S., W. Virginia, on the E. frontier, N. 
 of 38^ N. , traversed by the Greenbrier R. 
 
 Pocahontas Centre, vil., U.S., Iowa, Pocahontas co., 91 m. 
 E. by N. Sioux City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pocatek, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Pilgram, 18 m. SW. 
 by W. Iglau. P. <3000. 
 
 Pochaev, tn., Russia, govt. Volhynia, 140 m. W. by S. of 
 Zhitomir, near frontier of Galicia ; has one of the most venerated 
 monasteries in Russia. 
 
 Pochep, tn., Russia, govt, and 135 m. NE. Chernigov, on 
 Sudost R. ; trade especially in hemp. P. 5500. 
 
 Pochlnkl, tn., Russia, govt, and 142 m. SSE. Nizhniy Nov- 
 gorod ; state horse - breeding establishment ; trade in corn. 
 P. 8500. 
 
 Pochln Pits Colliery, stn. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, on L. & 
 NW. and Rhymney Rlys. 
 
 P«»chlam, tn.. Lower Austria, on the r. bk. of the Danube, 
 40 m. E. by N. Steyr. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pochntla, vil. , Mexico, state and 90 m. S. Oaxaca, cap. dist. P. 
 P. (dist.) 11,300. 
 1216 
 
 Pockley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 
 22 m. ENE. Ripon, i| m. NW. by W. Mawton stn. P. <25o. 
 See Helmsley. 
 
 Pockllngton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 13 m. E. by S. York, on the NE. R. ; has corn mills. At 
 the grammar school, founded 1515, Wilberforce, the philan- 
 thropist (born 1759), was educated. PMT.O. Market-days, S. 
 and alternate Tuesdays (for stock). Mean ifall. (1866-80, 
 Warter, alt. 230 ft.), yr. 31.8 in. P. <:3ooo ; eccles. par. (P. 
 Mltli Meltonby Yaphani, and Owsthorpe) P. <30oo. 
 
 Pocklliigton, reef. Pacific, in the E. of Louisiade Archi- 
 pelago. 
 
 Pockthorpe, eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk, Norwich par. 
 P. <;5ooo. 
 
 PocomokeClty, tn. , U.S. , Maryland, Worcester co. , on Poco- 
 moke R. , 92 m. SE. by E. Washington (D. C); has trade in 
 lumber and fruit. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Poconioke Sound, inlet on the E. side of Chesapeake Bay, 
 U.S., between Maryland and Virginia, just to the S. of 38° N. 
 It receives at its head the Poconioke R. from the NE. 
 
 Pod, in Slavonic place-names, 'under,' 'below.' 
 Podebrad, tn., Austria, Bohemia, cap. dist. P., on the Elbe, 
 31 m. E. by N. Prague, and 4 J m. SE. Nimburg. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Po<le Hole, P.O., Eng., Lincolnshire, 2 m. W. Spalding. 
 
 Poclejuch, vil., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Randow, on 
 the Reglitz, 4 m. S. by E. Stettin ; has lignite-mines. P. <3ooo. 
 
 PodelMltz, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Sa.xony, circle and 6 m. N. Leip- 
 zig. P. < 2000. 
 
 Podensac, tn. and port, France, dep. Gironde, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Garonne, arr. and 17 m. SE. by S. Bordeaux ; emporium 
 for the products of the Landes. P. <20oo. 
 
 Podersani, tn., Austria, Bohemia, cap. dist. P., 23 m. E. 
 Karlsbad. P. <30oo. 
 
 Podgar, vil., Turkey in Europe, vilayet, sanjak, and 31 m. 
 SW. by W. Monastir. 
 
 Podgorac, vil., Servia, prov. Crna-Rjeka, 45 m. W. Viddin. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Podgorica, tn. , Montenegro, on the Moraca, 17J m. E. by 
 N. Cetinje, of strategic importance, there being numerous forts 
 in the neighbourhood. The market, held on Sundays, is the 
 most important in the interior of Montenegro. 
 
 Podgoruaya, tn., Russia, govt, and 67 m. SSE. Voronezh, 
 dist. Ostrogozhsk. P. 5500. 
 
 Podgorodno IJnganskoye, vil. , W. Siberia, govt, and 270 
 m. NE. Tobolsk, on Kul-agan, trib. of Ob. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Poilgorz, vil. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, govt. Marienwerder, 
 circle and i m. SSW. Thorn. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Podgdrze, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Wieliczka, 
 on the r. bk. of the Vistula, opposite Cracow. P. 13,100. 
 
 Podhajce, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, cap. dist. P., 29 
 m. SW. Tarnopol. P. 5600. 
 
 Podlniore Milton, par. , Eng. See Pndyiuore MUton. 
 
 Podliigton, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, dist. and 5 m. SE. 
 Wellingborough, PM.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Podkaniennaya Tnnguska. See Tunguska. 
 
 Podkanilen, vil., Austria, Galicia, dist. Zalozee, 13 m. SSE. 
 Brody. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Podkuniok, or Little Kama, riv., N. Caucasia, r. bk. trib. 
 of Kuma ; mineral waters at Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, and Kislo- 
 vodsk. Length about 100 m. 
 
 Podolla ( ' low-lying land ' ) , govt, of S W. Russia, has Volhynia 
 on N. , Kiev and Kherson on E. and S. , Bessarabia on SW. , and 
 Austrian Galicia on W. ; intersected in the direction of its length, 
 from NW. to SE. , by two parallel ridges of hills, the highest of 
 which attain 1150 ft. Watered by navigable Dniester, which flows 
 on SW. border, and Bug, which flows parallel to it in a somewhat 
 swampy valley. The former is an important channel for export 
 trade. Soil very fertile, and well-cultivated. Forests cover about 
 200,000 ac. Climate moderate, the average temp, at Kamenets 
 being, yr. 48°, Jan. 24°, July 69". Population Little Russians, 
 Poles (12 per cent.) and Jews (13 per cent.), Moldavians, and 
 some Germans. Cereals exported, good cattle, bee culture ; 
 sericulture extending ; numerous tobacco plantations, especially 
 about Kamenets ; rising manufactures, especially sugar-works, 
 flour-mills, distilleries, and lately woollen cloth mills. Brisk 
 trade with Austria (chief custom-houses, Gusyatin and Isakovets). 
 Animated fairs (Balta, Yarmolintsy). Railway from Odessa to 
 Galicia, parallel to frontier, with many lateral branches. Divided 
 into twelve dists. : Kamenets Podolsk (cap. of prov.), Bratslav, 
 Gaisin, Letichev, Litin, Mohilev-on-Dniester, Novaya Ushitsa, 
 Olgopol, Proskurov, Vinnitsa, Balta, and Yampol. Bar, Khmel- 
 nik, 'Tulchin, and many others also have municipal institutions. 
 Area, 16,224 sq. m. P. (1881) 2,242,700; (1890) 2,604,800. 
 
 Podolsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 23 m. by rail S. Moscow, 
 on hilly banks of Pakhra, crossed by two bridges, at junction of 
 two highroads to Warsaw and Crimea ; limestone quarries ; 
 active carrying trade. P. 10,920. 
 
 Podor, military post, French Senegal, 115 m. NNE. St. Louis, 
 on 1. bk. Senegal, in 16° 30' N., 15° i' W. ; has trade in gums. 
 
 Podrlnje, prov. , on W. frontier of Servia, crossed by 44^° N. 
 
PODS — POIT 
 
 Podsosnlnskoye, vil. , E. Siberia, prov. Yeniseisk, 80 m. 
 WSW. Krasnoyarsk, on navigable Chulym. P. <5ooo. 
 
 PoduiiavIJe, prov. , Servia, on the Danube, bounded on the 
 E. by the Morava ; cap. Semendria (Smederevo). 
 
 Podwoloczyska, tn. , Austria, Galicia, dist. Skalat, 25 m. E. 
 Tarnopol ; trade in cereals. P. <4000. 
 
 Podymore Mlltoii, par., Eng. See Pudymore Mlltou. 
 
 Poe, riv.. Ire., co. Tyrone, flows E. and joins the Strule near 
 Omagh. Length, 41 m. 
 
 Poeana, vil., Roumania, Walachia, dep. Doljiu, 44 m. SW. 
 Craiova, and 10 m. ESE. Vidin. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Poel, isl. , Ger. , Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in the SW. of the 
 Baltic Sea, in 54° N., and just to the W. of ii^° E. 
 
 Pofl, tn. , Italy, prov. Rome, 6 m. SSE. Frosinone. P. <3000. 
 
 Poge, Cape, U.S., Massachusetts, Duke's co. , in the NE. of 
 Chappaquiddick I. , in 41° 26' N. , 70° 27' W. 
 
 Pogge Fall, Africa, Kassai R. , Congo Free State, in 6° 32' S. 
 
 Pogglardo, vil., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 8 m. SW. Otranto. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Poggibonsl, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, on the Elsa, prov. and 14 
 m. NW. by N. Siena. P. <4000. 
 
 Poggio, Italian, 'hill,' 'mound.' 
 
 Pogglo til Montleri, mt. , Italy, Tuscany, N. prov. Grosseto, 
 highest point Cornate, 3775 ft.; rich in copper-mines. 
 
 Pogglo Iniperlale, tn. , Italy, prov. Foggia, 9 m. N. San 
 Severo. P. < 3000. 
 
 Pogglo 3Iarluo, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Naples, 8 m. 
 NNE. Castellamare. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pogglo mirteto, tn., Italy, Umbria, prov. Perugia, 27 m. 
 NNE. Rome. P. < 2000. 
 
 Poggloreale, tn., Sicily, prov. Trapani, 14 m. SSE. Alcamo. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Poggio Keiiatlco, vil. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 8 m. SW. by 
 W. Ferrara. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pogobl, vil. , on the W. ct. of Sakhalin I. , Siberia, in 52° 15' N. 
 
 Pogomasliig, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 501 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Pogratets, vil., Turkey in Europe, at the SW. end of Lake 
 Okhrida, vilayet, sanjak, and 35 m. WSW. Monastir. 
 
 Pogroinna, vil. and mineral waters, E. Siberia, prov. Trans- 
 baikalia, 165 m. E. Verkhneudinsk. 
 
 Pogroiniiaia, volcano. See Ilnlmak. 
 
 Polieiieganiook Lake, Canada, Quebec, Kamouraska co. , 
 just N. of the most northerly point of Maine (U.S.), traversed 
 by the riv. St. Francois. 
 
 Pohlltz, vil., Ger., princip. Reuss, Elder Branch, dist. and 2 
 m. NNE. Greiz. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Pohrlltz, tn. , Austria, Moravia, dist. Auspitz, on riv. Iglawa, 
 14 m. SSW. Briinn. P. <400o. 
 
 Polares, tn. , Portugal, Beira, dist. and 8 m. E. Coimbra. 
 P. (comm.) 5400. 
 
 Poibreiie, vil., Bulgaria, E. Roumelia, circle and 27 m. NW. 
 Tatar-Pazardzik. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Poictiers, former name of Poitiers, tn. , France. 
 
 Polemeua, tn. , Tasmania. See Blue Tier. 
 
 Polk, riv. , Austria, Carniola, one of the visible portions of the 
 Laibach. See Karst. 
 
 Polle, La, dist. , Newfoundland. See Biirgeo. 
 
 Polm, vil. , Russia, govt, and 78 m. WSW. Penza ; potash 
 works ; trade in corn. P. 6600. 
 
 Poimanenon, ruins, Asia Minor. See Manias. 
 
 Poinsett, CO., U.S., Arkansas, just to E. of 91° W., and 
 between 35° and 36° N. 
 
 Point A la Hache, vil., U.S., Louisiana, Plaquemines par., 
 on E. bank of Mississippi R., 40 m. S. New Orleans. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Point Alexander, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co. , 
 on Grand R. , 39 m. from Pembroke. 
 
 Point an €ltene, stn., Canada, Quebec, Argenteuil co., on 1. 
 bk. of riv. Ottawa, and a railway 60 m. W. by N. Montreal. 
 
 Point aux Plus, cape, Canada, Ontario, Kent co. , on Lake 
 Erie, in 42° 15' N. 
 
 Point Avoid, cape, S. Australia, in Eyre's Penin., 135° 16' 
 E. long. 
 
 Point Brown, cape, S. Australia, NW. of Streaky Bay, in 
 133° 48' E. long. 
 
 Point Clark, cape, Canada, Ontario, E. side of Lake Huron, 
 in 44" 5' N. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 43.4° F., Feb. 21.8°, July 
 66. i". 
 
 Point Clear, vil., U.S., Alabama, Baldwin co., near Mobile 
 Bay; a favourite seaside resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Point Costa, river-port, U.S., California, Contra Costa co. , 
 30 m. by water NE. San Francisco, on Carquinez Straits ; has 
 10,500 ft. of wharfage, with 20-30 ft. of water alongside. 
 
 Point Danger, cape, Queensland, on the Pacific coast, in 
 28° 29' S. lat. 
 
 Point de Galle, seapt. , Ceylon. See Galle. 
 
 Point des Monts, cape, Canada, Quebec, on the 1. bk. of the 
 riv. St. Lawrence, in 67° 20' W. , with a lighthouse. 
 
 Polnte ^ Cavagnol, vil. , Canada. See Hudson. 
 
 Pointe-A-Pitre, La, maritime tn. , W. Indies, on the S. ct. of 
 1217 
 
 Guadeloupe, near the isthmus connecting the two halves of the 
 island, at the head of a bay surrounded by marshy land. Mean 
 temp. (7 yrs., 1878-84), yr. 78.8° F., Feb. 74.8°, July 81.8°; 
 rfall. (19 yrs.), 71.62 in. 
 
 Polnte au Sable, cape, U.S., Michigan, on Lake Superior, 
 in 86° 10' W. 
 
 Polnte aux Barques, cape, U.S. , Michigan, on Lake Huron, 
 at the mouth of Saginaw Bay, E. side. 
 
 Polnte Claire, vil., Canada, Quebec, Jacques Cartier co., on 
 the riv. St. Lawrence, 13 m. WSW. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Polnte Couple, par., U.S., Louisiana, between the Missis- 
 sippi and the Atchafalaya bayou, crossed in the N. by 31° N. 
 
 Polnte-des>Galet8, new port, NW. ct Reunion I., 11 m. 
 WSW. St. Denis. 
 
 Polnte «lu Lac, post-vil. , Canada, Quebec, St. Maurice co. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, 6^ m. SW. by W. Three 
 Rivers. P. < 1500. 
 
 Point Edward, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Lambton co. , at 
 the S. end of Lake Huron, 58 m. W. London. P. < 2000. 
 
 Polnte Monlaclqne, cape, W. Indies, the southernmost 
 point of St. Lucia I. 
 
 Polnte Noire, or Ponta Negra, promontory, W. ct. Africa, 
 French Congo Terr. , 12 m. S. Loango. 
 
 Polnte Noire, La, vil. , W. Indies, on W. ct. of Guadeloupe I. 
 
 Point Flinders, cape, Victoria, a few miles W. of Port Phillip, 
 in 144° 30' E. long. 
 
 Point Fortune, post-vil., Canada, Quebec, Vaudreuil co. , 
 on the r. bk. of riv. Ottawa, 4 m. W. Montreal. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Port Oatlnean, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. and nearly oppo- 
 site the city of Ottawa. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Point Judith Pond, lake, U.S., Rhode Island, in the ex- 
 treme SE. of Washington co. , in 41° 23' N., 71" 30' W. 
 
 Point Lonsdale, Victoria, W. entrance to Port Phillip Bay, 
 in 144° 38' E. long. 
 
 Point Lookout, headland, Queensland, S. of Moreton Bay, 
 in 153° 34' E. long. 
 
 Point DIcLeay, post-tn., S. Australia, Russell co. , 63 m. SE. 
 Adelaide by road and rail. In the neighbourhood, at Reidtown, 
 is a mission station of the Aboriginal Friends' Association. 
 P. <:isoo. 
 
 Point Marblehead, vil., U.S., Ohio, Ottawa co. , on Lake 
 Erie, 12 m. E. Port Clinton ; limestone is quarried. P. < 1500. 
 
 Point Nepean, E. entrance to Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, in 
 144° 40' E. long. 
 
 Pofuton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , 10 m. 
 NW. by W. Spalding, P.O. P. <r5oo. See ^niprlnghani. 
 
 Point Parker, port, Queensland, Porchester co. , 95 m. 
 ESE. from the NW. point of the colony, W. of Bentinck I., in 
 139° 10' E. long. P. <isoo. 
 
 Point Pedro, tn. and co. , Ceylon, Northern prov., on the N. 
 ct. of Jaffna I., 114 m. NW. by N. Trincomali. 
 
 Point Perpeiulicular, cape. New South Wales, N. of 
 Jervis Bay, in 35° 5' S. lat. 
 
 Point Pleasant, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Ocean co. , on the 
 coast, 39 m. E. by S. Trenton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Point Pleasant, tn., U.S., W. Virginia, cap. Mason co. , at 
 the confluence of Great Kanawha R. with the Ohio, 45 m. NW. 
 Charleston ; has boat-building, and extensive trade in lumber and 
 coal. P. <2oco. 
 
 Point Sliediac Bay, Canada, New Brunswick, inlet of North- 
 umberland Strait, between cos. Kent and Westmorland. 
 
 Point Sturt, postal-tp. , S. Australia, Hindmarsh co., 53 m. 
 SE. Adelaide by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Point Wlildby, headland, S. Australia, NW. Avoid Bay, 
 in 153° 3' E- long. 
 
 Polntzpass, tn.. Ire., NE. cos. Armagh and Down, bars. 
 Lower Orior and Upper Iveagh, 9 m. SSE. Portadown, on 
 the Newry Canal, with a stn. (Poyntzpass) on the Dublin & 
 Belfast Junction Rly., PMT.O. (Poyntzpass). Market-day, F. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Poir<^-sur.Vie, Le, tn., France, dep. Vendue, 46 m. NNW. 
 La Rochelle, arr. and 8 m. NW. by N. La Roche-sur-Yon. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Polrlno, tn., Italy, Piedmont, on the Banna, prov. and 13 m. 
 SE. by S. Turin. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Poisdorf, vil.. Lower Austria, dist. Mistelbach, 33 m. NNE. 
 Vienna. P. < 3000. 
 
 Polssons, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Marne, arr. Wassy, 24 m. 
 S. by E. Bar-le-Duc. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Polssy, the ancient Pinciacum, tn., France, dep. Seine-et- 
 Oise, arr. Versailles, on the Seine, \\\ m. WNW. Notre Dame, 
 Paris, with stone quarries and machine shops ; has ruins of an 
 important Dominican abbey; the church dates from 1125 to 
 1130. Birthplace of St. Louis (Louis IX.). In 1414 the town 
 was taken by John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy ; in 1419, 
 by the Duke of Gloucester ; in 1441, by Talbot, Earl of Shrews- 
 bury. The famous Conference of P. , between the Protestants 
 and Roman Catholics, was held here in 1561. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Poitiers, city, France, cap. dep. Vienne, and formerly cap. 
 of prov. Poitou, on a height at the junction of the Clain and the 
 
 4H 
 
POIT — POLA 
 
 Boivre, 6i m. SSW. Tours. It has a noble cathedral, scene 
 of 23 councils from 4th to 15th centuries, and other interesting 
 churches ; palais-de-justice, a university founded in 1431, a 
 museum, library (30,000 vols.). Several railways meet here. 
 Manufactures unimportant. The name, anciently Poictiers, 
 is derived from the Pictones ; many Celtic and Roman remains, 
 especially in a town (found 1882) occupying 14 ac. P. is 
 associated with three great victories, that of Clovis over Alaric 
 the Goth (507), that of Charles Martel over the Saracens (732), 
 and that of the English under the Black Prince over the French 
 in 1356. After coming by marriage into possession of the Dukes 
 of Normandy, P. remained for three centuries attached to the 
 English crown. Alt. plateau, 130 ft. above {he streams. Alt. 
 384 ft. Mean temp., yr. 51.9° F., Jan. 38.6°, July 66.2°. P. 
 (1872)28,200; (1886)34,600; (1890)37,500. 
 
 Polton, former prov. , France, now comprised chiefly in deps. 
 Vienne, Vendue, and Deux-Sfevres. 
 
 Poix, tn. , France, dep. Somme, arr. and 16 m. SW. by S. 
 Amiens. P. <2oco. 
 
 PoJ&na, vil., Hungary, co. and 20 m. NW. Szeben, dist. 
 Szerdahely. P. < 4000. 
 
 Pojana Magglore, comm., Italy, Venice, prov. Vicenza, 9 
 m. SE. Lonigo. P. <400o. 
 
 Pojnili, tn. , Hungary, co. Sohl, 7 m. ESE. Beszterczebanya 
 {Neusohl) ; has iron-mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pokaran, tn., India, Rajputana, state of and 85 m. NW. by 
 W. Jodhpur. Had about 3000 houses in 1862 ; not returned in 
 recent censuses. 
 
 Pokemonclie, small riv., Canada, Gloucester co. , in the 
 NE. of New Brunswick, flows into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Pokeno, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I., Manukau co., 32 
 m. S. by W. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pokesdown, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Christchurch 
 par., with a stn., Pokesdov^ii (Boscombe), on the L. & SW. R. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pokoko, tn. , Upper Burma. See Pakokku. 
 
 Pokomo, riv. , E. Africa. See Tana. 
 
 Pokomo, an inoffensive, monogamous, simple jseople dwell- 
 ing on both banks of the lower Tana, E. Africa, partly in the 
 British, partly in the Italian, sphere of influence ; villages gene- 
 rally hidden in dense jungle. 
 
 Pokrov, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 50 m. by rail WSW. 
 Vladimir, near railway to Moscow and Klyazma R. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 PokroTskaya, vil., Russia, govt. Ekaterinoslav, 43 m. from 
 Taganrog, on Mius R. P. 5000. Name of many other 
 villages, mostly bearing also other qualifying names. 
 
 PokroTSkaya, Cossack vil., Russia, E. Siberia, prov. and 
 on 1. bk. of upper Amur, 3 m. below Ust-Stryelka. P. <20oo. 
 
 PokroTskaya Sloboda, tn. , Russia, govt. Samara, on 1. bk. 
 of Volga, opposite Saratov ; important shipping. P. 20,000. 
 
 PokroTskoye, vil. , Russia, W. Siberia, govt, and 80 m. SW. 
 Tobolsk, on 1. bk. Tobol. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pol, tn., India, 78 m. NE. by N. Ahmadabad, cap. P. state. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Pol, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov., dist., and 15 m. NE. 
 Lugo. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pola, the ancient Colonia Pola, later Pietas Julia, the great 
 naval port and arsenal of Austria, Coast Prov. , cap. dist. P. , 
 near the S. extremity of the penin. of Istria, on the Bay of Porto 
 delle Rose, 19 m. SSE. Rovigno ; reputed to be the most un- 
 healthy spot of the penin. In the centre of the basin are two 
 islets, Santa Caterina and San Andrea, covered with fortifica- 
 tions. The harbour communicates with the sea by a channel, 
 in some parts less than 2300 ft. in width, and has a lighthouse, 
 visible 10 m. There are two government dry docks, one 467 ft. 
 3 in. long, 83 ft. wide, and 27 ft. lo in. deep on sill ordinary 
 springs high water, the other 408 ft. long, 91 ft. 10 in. wide, and 
 32 ft. I in. on sill ; and a government floating-dock, 300 ft. long 
 by 84 ft. wide. I n the neighbourhood are sand-pits worked for the 
 glass-works in Venice. The town is enclosed by Venetian walls 
 of the 16th century, and has a cathedral. It is composed of two 
 distinct parts, the old and the new. The first has numerous 
 Roman monuments, temples of Diana and Augustus, the latter 
 now a museum, four gateways, and an amphitheatre capable of 
 holding 21,000 spectators. P. was one of the principal arsenals 
 of the Roman Empire (2nd to 3rd century). The new town is 
 ornamented with monuments to the Archduke Maximilian and 
 Admiral Tegethoff. Here was a famous sea-fight, in which the 
 Genoese defeated the Venetians in 1378. In 1815 P. passed to 
 Austria, with Istria. Mean temp., yr. 56.9° F., Jan. 41.5°, July 
 75.0°. Comm. P. (1869) 16,324; tn. P. 10,473; (1890)31,600. 
 
 Pola de Ciordou, comm., Spain, prov. and 19 m. NNW. 
 Leon, dist. Vecilla, P. <4000. 
 
 Pola de Lablana, tn. , Spain. See Lablana. 
 
 Poland, tn., U.S., Maine, Androscoggin co., 4 m. from 
 Mechanics Falls. P. <;3000. 
 
 Poland, Kingdom of (Polskle Krdlestwo, Russian 
 TsarstYO Polskoye), part of Poland belonging to the Russian 
 Empire, and consisting of the following ten govts., formed in 
 1218 
 
 1867, and often described now in official documents as ' The 
 Governments on the Vistula ' (Privislyanskiya Gubemii) : — 
 
 
 Area in 
 
 Population in Thousands. 
 
 Governments. 
 
 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1890. 
 
 Per sq. m. 
 1890. 
 
 Kalisz 
 
 4.392 
 
 765 
 
 837 
 
 190 
 
 Kielce 
 
 3.897 
 
 623 
 
 692 
 
 177 
 
 tomza 
 
 4.667 
 
 539 
 
 609 
 
 130 
 
 Lublin 
 
 6,499 
 
 860 
 
 980 
 
 150 
 
 Piotrk6w 
 
 4.729 
 
 838 
 
 1,091 
 
 230 
 
 Plock. 
 
 4,200 
 
 538 
 
 701 
 
 167 
 
 Radom 
 
 4.769 
 
 634 
 
 782 
 
 164 
 
 Siedlce 
 
 5.535 
 
 617 
 
 672 
 
 122 
 
 Suwalki 
 
 4,846 
 
 603 
 
 657 
 
 135 
 
 Warsaw 
 Poland 
 
 5.623 
 
 1.303 
 
 1.465 
 
 260 
 
 49.157 
 
 7.320 
 
 8,486 1 173 
 
 P. projects on the W. of European Russia, between 50° 4' and 
 55° 6' N., 17° 40' and 24° 18' E., as a wide semicircle, which 
 has West and East Prussia on the N. , Posen and Prussian 
 Silesia on the W\, Galicia on the S., and the Russian govts. 
 Vilno, Grodno, and Kovno on the E. Surface. — Its middle 
 parts are occupied by a belt of low plains, 150 m. wide, stretch- 
 ing from the Oder to ' The Woods ' of Volhynia and Grodno 
 and the marshes of Pinsk. These plains are separated from 
 the Baltic Sea by a broad flat swelling 600-700 ft. high, dotted 
 with lakes, marshes, and forests — the govt, of Suwalki protruding 
 northwards beyond this swelling. In the S. the central plains 
 gradually rise to plateaux 800-1000 ft. high, of hilly aspect, 
 deeply cut by ravines, and covered with thick forests in the SE. 
 (Podlasie). The hills are known as Lublin Hills in the SE. , and 
 Sfdomierz (Sandomir) Hills, or Central Heights, in the S. of P., 
 where they take the shape of ridges running WN W. to ESE. , 
 parallel to the Beskids — the highest of them being the Lysogorski 
 or Swigtokrzyski Hills, whose highest points attain 1813 ft. and 
 1961 ft. The Ch^cinski Hills (Zamkowa G6ra, 1135 ft.) run 
 along the Nida. The SW. of P., which contains the chief 
 mineral wealth of the country, is occupied by the Olkusz Hills, 
 the spurs of the Beskids (Podzamcze, 1473 ft.), and the Czgsto- 
 chowa Hills, 1000-1300 ft., separating the Oder from the Warta. 
 Rivers and Canals. — The chief river is the Vistula or Wisia, 
 which flows from Galicia, waters the plain belt, and enters 
 Prussia about Thorn, after having received the San, Wieprz, 
 and Bug with Narew from the right, and the Nida and Pilica 
 from the left. The Warta has its upper course in the SW., 
 and the Niemen flows along the NE. border of P., separating 
 it from Lithuania. All these rivers are of great importance for 
 interior traffic and export trade, the more so as they are con- 
 nected by canals with the chief rivers of Russia and Prussia. 
 The Augustowski Canal connects the Vistula with the Niemen 
 (Memel), while the Niemen is connected with the Dnieper (by 
 Oginski Canal, in Minsk), the Vistula with the Warta (by 
 Bydgoski or Bromberg Canal, in Prussia), and the Bug with the 
 Dnieper (by Dnieprovsko-Bugskiy Canal, in Grodno). Some 
 marshes accompany the courses of the rivers, and the inunda- 
 tions of the Vistula are sometimes ruinous in the plains. Con- 
 siderable amounts of corn, timber, wooden wares, &c., are 
 shipped to Prussia, and imported from SW. Russia. The 
 climate is more congenial and wet than in European Russia, 
 the average temps, teing : yr. from 42° to 46° F. (41° in Lyso- 
 gbrski Hills) ; winter 36° to 39°, summer 61° to 64° ; yearly 
 rfall., 21.7 to 23.6 in., rising to 30.3 in. on the slopes of the 
 Carpathians. The rivers remain under ice — the Vistula, at 
 Warsaw, for an average of 80 days (occasionally 116 days), 
 the Niemen for 100 days, and the Warta for 70 to 80 days. 
 The population has grown as follows: — (1816) 2,732,324; 
 (1829) 4,137,634; (1846) 4,867,129; (i860) 4,840,466; (1871) 
 6,193,710; (1893) 8,808,969, out of whom 2,378,238 lived in 
 towns. The bulk of the population are Poles (68 per cent.), 
 next come the Jews (14 per cent., rapidly increasing), the Little 
 Russians, especially in SE. (8 per cent.), the Lithuanians, espe- 
 cially in NE. (4 per cent.), and the Germans, especially in SW. 
 and W. (6 per cent. ). Roman Catholicism is the prevailing re- 
 ligion (75.5 per cent, of population), the remainder being Jews, 
 Lutherans (about 6 per cent.), and Greek Orthodox (5 per 
 cent. ). Agriculture and cattle-breeding are the chief pursuits 
 of the bulk of the population. Land is well cultivated in the 
 central plains, and nearly 70,000 tons of wheat and rye are 
 exported abroad, while a nearly equal amount of the same, as 
 well as about 50,000 tons of oats, are imported from Russia. The 
 average crops of 1888-92 were, in quarters: wheat, 1,874,200; 
 rye, 5,683,600; barley, 1,497,000; oats, 4,076,400; various, about 
 1,000,000 ; potatoes, 20,609,000 quarters, largely used for distil- 
 leries ; beetroot, about 15,000,000 cwts. The forests cover 
 6,706,000 ac. Live stock are estimated to number 1,204,300 
 horses, 3,013,400 horned cattle, and 3,754,700 sheep, fine breeds 
 
POLA — POLL 
 
 of cattle and sheep being reared. Mining. — South P. possesses 
 considerable mineral wealth in its coal, brown hematite, copper, 
 zinc, and tin ores ; and the mining industry has lately been 
 rapidly developing. Coal-mining alone (at Dombrovo) occupies 
 over 10,000 men ; and the extraction of coal, which was but 
 210,000 tons in 1870, attained 2,837,300 tons in 1892. The 
 fabrication of iron and steel has increased tenfold since 1812, 
 nearly 100,000 tons of iron and steel prepared, chiefiy in Radom 
 and Piotrk6w, 5060 tons of zinc (in dist. Olkusz), as well as 
 some copper, sulphur, and salt (at Ciechocinek) must be added 
 to the above. Industries. — The development of industries 
 during the last thirty years has been very rapid, the aggregate 
 annual production now attaining over ^^25, 000, 000, as against 
 j^4, 250,000 in 1857. The chief manufacturing centres are the 
 ■Lddz region, in Piotrk6w (cottons, woollen stuffs, leather, iron- 
 works, machinery, and distilleries), and Warsaw (linen stuffs, 
 silks, sugar, machinery, leather, ike. ) ; Kalisz and Lublin are 
 also important centres, especially for sugar-works, distilleries, 
 and leather. Moreover, a great variety of petty trades are 
 carried on at Warsaw by numerous skilled artisans. The chief 
 manufacturing production falls upon the govts, of Piotrk6w 
 (yielding about half the entire value), Warsaw, Kalisz, Lublin, 
 and Kielce. Kallways. — P. is crossed from NE. to SW. by 
 two main lines, from St. Petersburg via Warsaw to Vienna, and 
 from Moscow to Vienna, both meeting on the S. frontier at Dom- 
 brovo, and by three main lines running NW. to SE. , with many 
 branches, especially in SW. , being a total of 1250 m. A very 
 brisk traffic is maintained on the railways of P. , the chief custom- 
 houses of the Russian Empire being the Polish frontier towns of 
 Wierzbotowo, Sosnovice, and Granica, besides many smaller 
 ones, and Warsaw. Defence. — P. has several Russian fortresses 
 placed along the Vistula — Novogeorgievsk, Warsaw, and Ivan- 
 gorod, with Sierock in the rear. All SW. Poland remained, 
 however, unprotected till lately, when some fortifications have 
 been erected in the govt, of Kalisz. Administration. — P. is 
 placed under a governor-general and commander-in-chief of 
 the troops, residing at Warsaw, and endowed with wide powers. 
 Each of the ten govts, is divided into 10 to 12 dists. , placed 
 under a special police chief; and each dist. is divided into 12 
 to 20 gminas, which are village communities consisting of 
 several villages and farms (2000 to 10,000 inhabitants), all 
 landholders of which, possessing 4 ac. or more (except the 
 clergy and the police), take part in the folkmoot ; the decisions 
 of the latter are, however, much interfered with by the police 
 chiefs. Before the insurrection of 1863 P. had 453 towns 
 possessed of municipal institutions, but since that time all 
 towns with less than 2000 inhabitants have been included in 
 the gminas, and the new municipal institutions introduced in 
 1870 have deprived the towns of all self-government. P. had 
 in 1891 nine cities with over 20,000 inhabitants — namely, 
 Warsaw (465,270), t6dz (143,930), Lublin (53,620), Cz^stochowa 
 (29,630), Piotrkow (28,570), Suwaiki (23,850), Radom (23,725), 
 Piock (21,660), and Wlociawek (20,500) ; 13 towns with from 
 10,000 to 20,000 inhabitants ; and no less than 59 towns with 
 from 5000 to 10,000 inhabitants. Education. — P. has a uni- 
 versity at Warsaw, with about 850 students, in which teaching 
 is conducted in Russian, several excellent technical and agricul- 
 tural high schools, over twenty gymnasiums, and about 3500 
 primary schools, in all of which teaching is very much hampered 
 by Russian authorities. Several scientific societies of P. have a 
 universal renown. 
 
 Polangen, tn. , Russia, Courland, 55° 55' N., 21° 4' E. , on 
 the Russian frontier, the most southern Russian settlement on 
 the Baltic Sea; bathing-place, custom-house; manufacture of 
 amber goods. Close by the Beruta Hill, famous for its ternple 
 in Lithuanian folklore. P. (tn.)<40oo. 
 Polar Regions. See Arctic Regions. 
 Polaun, comm., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Tannwald, 13 m. E. 
 Reichenberg. P. 5000. 
 Polbathlc, P.O., Eng. , Cornwall, 2 m. W. St. Germans. 
 PolWtz, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle, dist., and 3 m. E. 
 Zwickau. P. <300o. 
 
 Polch, market-tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Mayen, 13 m. 
 WSW. Koblenz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Polden Hills, range of hills, Eng., Somerset, trending ESE. 
 to WNW. , about midway between Bridg;water and Glastonbiu-y. 
 Polder, Dutch, ' low land reclaimed from the sea.' 
 Pole, Poljana, Polje, Slavonian, 'field, plain.' 
 Polebrooke, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, on 
 the Nen, lo^ m. SW. Peterborough, 2 m. ESE. Oundle, P.O. 
 (Polebrook). P. <5oo. 
 
 Polegate, part of eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 4^ m. 
 NNW. Eastbourne, with a junction stn. on the L. B. & S. C. R., 
 PMT.O. See HaUsham. 
 
 Polekurru, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Godavari, 74 m. 
 NE. by E. Masulipatam, 12 m. WNW. Yanaon. P. <50oo. 
 Poles, P. O. , Ire. , co. and 4 m. from Cavan. 
 PolescbOfvltz, tn., Austria, Moravia, dist. Ungarisch 
 Hradisch, 39 m. S. by E. Olmiitz. P. <:3000. 
 Polesella, or Fossa della Polesella, tn. , Italy, Venice, 
 
 prov. and 8 m. SSW. Rovigo, on 1. bk. of Po della Maestra. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Polesworth, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, on the Anker, div. and 
 
 4 m. ESE. Tamworth, on the L. & NW. R. ; has coal. PMT.O. 
 
 6370 ac. P. <4000 ; eccles. par. (P. -with Dordon) P. <35oo. 
 
 PolgArdl, comm., Hungary, co. Fejer, dist. and 11 m. SSW. 
 
 Sz^kes-Fej^rvar. P. <4000. 
 
 Polgootb, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 3 m. SW. St. Austell. 
 Pollcastro, vil. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 58 m. SE. Sal- 
 erno, on the large gulf to which it gives name. 
 
 Pollcka, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, cap. dist. P. , 37 m. NE. by 
 E. Iglau. P. < 5000. 
 
 , PoUgnac, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Loire, 36 m. SW. St. 
 Etienne, arr. and 2 m. NW. Le Puy. The castle is one of the 
 largest and finest feudal ruins in the centre of France ; the site 
 was first occupied by a Gaulish oppidum, and later by a Roman 
 camp. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pollgnano a .Ware, tn. , on the E. ct. of Italy, Apulia, prov. 
 and 20 m. ESE. Bari. P. (comm. ) 7800. 
 
 Pollgny, tn. , France, dep. Jura, cap. arr. P. , 32 m. SW. by 
 S. Besan9on. Alt. 1130ft. P. <:sooo. 
 
 Pollllo, Isla de, one of the Philippine Is., E. of Luzon, 
 crossed by 15° N. and 122° E. 
 
 Poling, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 7.\ m. SE. 
 Arundel, \\ m. NW. Angmering stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Pollnos, isl. , Greece, one of the Cyclades, 80 m. off the S. 
 ct. of Euboea I. 
 Palis, Greek, 'city.' 
 
 PoUstena, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 31 m. NE. Reggio. 
 P. 7500. 
 
 PoUtlka, vil, Greece, on the W. ct. of Euboea I., 10 m. 
 NNW. Chalkis. 
 
 PoUtz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Braunau, 14 m. E. by S. 
 Trautenau. P. < 3000. 
 
 Polltz, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Randow, 9 m. 
 N. Stettin. P. < 5000. 
 Pollyar, tribe. Cochin. See Pnlayen. 
 PoUzzl, tn. , Sicily, prov. Palermo, 23 m. N. by W. Caltanis- 
 setta ; has sulphur and zinc mines. P. 7200. 
 
 Poljana, vil., Servia, circle Pozarevac, on Danube, E. of 
 the Morava. P. <:3000. 
 
 Polk, CO., U.S., Arkansas, on W. frontier, between 34° and 
 35° N., and traversed by Ouachita R. 
 
 Polk, CO., U.S., Florida, in the S., crossed in the W. by 82° 
 W. , and in the middle by 28° N. 
 
 Polk, CO. , U.S., Georgia, on W. frontier, crossed by 34° N. 
 Polk, CO., U.S., Iowa, S. of 42° N., and between 93 and 94° 
 W. , traversed by Des Moines R. 
 
 Polk, CO., U.S., Minnesota, in the NW., on the Red River 
 of the North, crossed in the N. by 48° N. 
 
 Polk, CO., U.S., Missouri, S. of 38° N., and E. of 94° W. 
 Polk, CO., U.S., Nebraska, in the E. , bounded on the N. by 
 the Platte R. , crossed by 97^° W. 
 
 Polk, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, on the S. frontier, crossed in 
 the extreme E. by 82° W. 
 
 Polk, CO., U.S., Oregon, in the NW., crossed in the N. by 
 45° N. , bounded on the E. by the Willamette R. 
 
 Polk, CO., U.S., Tennessee, on the S. and E. frontiers. 
 Polk, CO., U.S., Texas, in the E., crossed in the N. by 31° 
 N. , bounded on the W. by Trinity R. 
 
 Polk, CO., U.S. Wisconsin, in the NW., on the St. Croix R. 
 (W. frontier), N. of 45° N. 
 
 Polk City, vil, U.S., Iowa, Polk co., 14 m. NNW. Des 
 Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Polkenimet Moor, upland tract. , Scot. , on the SW. border 
 of Linlithgowshire, about 9 m. E. by S. Airdrie. 
 
 Polkwltz, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and 11 m. S. 
 Glogau. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Poll, Gaelic; Pwll, Welsh, 'a marsh,' 'pool.' 
 Poll, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt., circle, and 3 m. SE. 
 Cologne. P. <300o. 
 
 PoUa, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, 18 m. SW, by 
 W. Potenza. P. (comm.) 5000. 
 
 Pollachl, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 24 m. S. Coim- 
 batore. P. 5800 ; Hindus, 5100. 
 
 Pollanarua, now called Topare, ruined city, Ceylon, in 8° o' 
 N., 80° 55' E., 52 m. NNE. Kandy ; Singalese cap. from the 
 close of the 8th century to 1235. The city was surrounded by 
 a wall embracing an area of 30 m. by 12 m., and the ruins are 
 remarkable for their extent and beauty. 
 
 PoUan Bay, Ire. , on the N. ct. of co. Donegal, in 7° 25' W. 
 Pollaptauca Waterfall, Ire., in the NW. of co. Wicklow, 
 on the riv. Liffey, 8 m. SSE. Naas, i^ m. SE. Ballymore 
 Eustace. 
 
 Pollard's Lands, part of par. , Eng. , Durham. See Bishop 
 Auckland. 
 
 PoUardstoWn, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. E. Offaly, on 
 Grand Canal, 2 m. W. Newbridge. P. <25o. 
 
 PoUensa, tn. , Spain, Isle of Majorca, dist. Inca, 30 m. NE. 
 Palma. P. (comm.) 9200. 
 
 1219 
 
POLL — POM B 
 
 Polleiisa, Puerto de, bay, Majorca, Spain. See Puerto 
 Meuor. 
 
 Pollet, Le, former tn. , France, now an E. suburb of Dieppe. 
 
 Polllca, vil. , near the W. ct. of Italy, Campania, prov. and 
 37 m. SSE. Salerno. P. <20oo. 
 
 Polllua, tn. , Sicily, prov. Palermo, 7 m. SE. Cefalu. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 PolUugtou, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div. , 9 m. W. by S. Goole, on the Goole Canal, i J m. SE. by E. 
 Heck stn. , P.O. P. <Soo; eccles. par. (P. with Balne) P. <750. 
 
 Polllno, IHoute. See Apennines, E. 
 
 Pollnow, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Schlawe, 46 
 m. E. by S. Kolberg. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Polloc, seapt. , Philippine Is., on the W. ct. of Mindanao, in 
 7° 20' N. 
 
 Polloksbaws, tn. , Scot., Renfrewshire, on White Cart 
 Water, 3 m. SW. by S. Glasgow, on the C. R. ; has coal, cotton 
 \veaving, spinning, and bleaching, and calico printing. P. (in- 
 cluding Police Burgh and Mansewood) 10,400. 
 
 Ppllokshlelds and East Pollokslilelds, two adjoining tns., 
 Scot., Renfrewshire. P., suburb and i m. SW. Glasgow, 
 on the G. & P. Joint Rly. and C. R. , with stns. (East P. and 
 West P.) on the C. R. Pollokshields, P.<35oo ; East P., P. 
 6700. 
 
 Pollougue, vil., Ger. W. Africa, Kamerun terr., on the coast, 
 in 3° 6' N. 
 
 Pollroue, par., Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Iverk, on riv. Suir, 
 4 m. SE. Pilltown. P. < 1500. 
 
 PoUslione Harbour, a small bay. Ire. , on the E. ct. of co. 
 Wexford, in 52° 38' N. 
 
 Pollutrl, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Chieti, 6 m. 
 WNW. Vasto. P. <3000. 
 
 Polmaddie Hill, Scot., S. Ayrshire, ii| m. S. by E. May- 
 bole. Alt. 1852 ft. 
 
 , Polniadle, suburb of Glasgow, Scot. , Renfrewshire. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Polmlnltac, vil., France, dep. Cantal, on the C6re, 63 m. 
 SSW. Clermont-Ferrand, arr. and 7 m. E. Aurillac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Polniont, par., Scot., Stirlingshire, J m. N. Polmont Junt., 
 on the N. B. R., 2 m. SSE. Grangemouth; has coal-mines. 
 PMT.O. 5512 ac. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Polua, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Caslau, 8J m. NE. Iglau. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Politlsclt-Ostrau. See MalirlscU-Ostrau. 
 
 Polnlscli-Wartenberg, tn., Prussia. See dross- Warten- 
 berg. 
 
 Polo, city, U.S., Illinois, Ogle co. , 66 m. SE. by E. Dubuque 
 (Iowa). P. < 2000. 
 
 Poloat, or Kata, isl. , Pacific, Caroline group, in about 6^° 
 N. , 150^° W. 
 
 Poloni Telka, comm. , Austria. See Gross Pohloni. 
 
 Polonuoye, tn., Russia, govt. Volhynia, 53 m. WSW. 
 Zhitomir. P. 10,700. 
 
 Polotsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 74 m. NW. Vitebsk, 5 
 m. from Riga-Smolensk Rly. Very old town, mentioned in 
 annals in 862 ; suffered much in wars between Lithuania and 
 Moscow. Ruins of old castles and cathedrals built in the 12th 
 century. P. 20,100, mostly Jews. 
 
 Polpeor Cove, fishing vil. and lifeboat station, Eng., S. ct. 
 Cornwall ; near the Lizard, a remarkable cave runs through the 
 W. boundary of the cove. 
 
 Polperro, small fishing tn. and coastguard station, Eng., 
 Cornwall, on the S. ct. , div. and 13 m. SE. by S. Bodmin, 
 picturesquely situated in a narrow wedge-shaped valley, PMT. O. 
 See Talland. 
 
 Polmau, PM.O. , Eng. , Cornwall, on the S. ct. , at the mouth 
 of the Fowey R. , div. and loj m. S. by E. Bodmin ; has a dock 
 140 ft. long, 37 ft. wide, with 9 ft. of water on sill ordinary springs 
 high water, and a gridiron 130 ft. long. 
 
 Polsham, stn., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 2 m. NNE. 
 Glastonbury, on a branch of the L. & SW. R. 
 
 Pplskle Kr^lestM'o. See Poland. 
 
 Polskl-^novec, tn., Bulgaria, prov. and 15 m. N. by W. 
 Tirnovo. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Polsnltz, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Breslau, circle and 
 7 m. NNE. Waldenburg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Polstead, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., iij m. WSW. 
 Ipswich, 3i m. SW. Hadleigh, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Poltava, govt, of Little Russia, has Chernigov on N. , Khar- 
 kov on E. , Kiev on W. , Ekaterinoslav and Kherson on S. Sur- 
 face an undulating, deeply trenched plain, 500-600 ft. high, gently 
 sloping towards SW. Bordered by Dnieper on SW., and 
 watered by its tribs., Sula, Psiol, Vorskla, Trubezh, &c. Soil 
 veryfertile; forests absent. Population Little Russian throughout. 
 Cereals largely grown, and exported ; tobacco and sunflower 
 culture (for oil) ; gardening (apothecaries' garden at Lubny) ; 
 extensive cattle and sheep breeding; distilleries, flour-mills, 
 and tobacco works are the chief industries. Several important 
 fairs, especially at P., for wool, Romny for tobacco, Kobelyaki 
 for sheep skins, and Kremenchug for various goods. Divided 
 1220 
 
 into fifteen dists. : Poltava, Gadyach, Khorol, Kobelyaki, 
 Konstantinograd, Kremenchug, Lokhvitsa, Lubny, Mirgorod, 
 Pereyaslav, Piryatin, Priluki, Romny, Zenkov, and Zolotonosha ; 
 moreover has several towns with from 5000 to 10,000 inhabi- 
 tants. Area, 19,265 sq. m. P. (i88i) 2,418,870; (1890) 
 2,898,600. 
 
 Poltava, cap. of above govt., 87 m. by rail SW. Kharkov, 
 on Vorskla R. ; old town, centre of Khmelnitsky's uprise, 
 battlefield where Peter I. defeated Karl XII. Military school, 
 besides usual educational institutions. Good theatre. Important 
 fair for wools for all SW. Russia (returns about ;^i, 500,000), to 
 which over 30,000 people come together. Woollen cloth mills. 
 P. (1865) 31,000 ; (1891) 53,560. 
 
 Poltavskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kubaii, 43 m. NW. Ekaterinodar. P. 8000. 
 
 Poltluiore, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div., 4 m. NE. 
 Exeter, 2 m. N. Pinhoe stn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (P. 
 with Huxhani) P. <5oo. 
 
 Polton, stn., Scot., Midlothian, on the North Esk, 3 m. SW. 
 by W. Dalkeith, on the N. B. R., PT.O. 
 
 Poltonhall and Dalliousle Colliery, vil. , Scot. , Midlothian. 
 See Dalliousle. 
 
 Polu, oasis. Eastern Turkistan, on the N. slopes of the 
 Kuenlun range and on the Kiria R. , 50 m. S. by W. Kiria, in 
 about 36° 10' N. , 81° 30' E. Alt. 8400 ft. 
 
 Poludennaya, vil., Russian Turkistan, prov. Akmolinsk, 
 155 m. WSW. Omsk. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Polur, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. North Arcot, 29 m. S. 
 Vellore ; magnetic iron ore is found. P. 8600 ; Hindus, 6700. 
 
 Polverlgl, tn. , Italy, The Marches, prov. and 9 m. SW. 
 Ancona. P. <3000. 
 
 Poltvarth, par. , Scot. , Berwickshire, 3I m. SW. Duns, i m. 
 NW. Marchmont stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Polwarth, CO., Victoria, on the S. ct. , crossed in the E. by 
 144° E. 
 
 Poly, in Indian names corruption of Tamil Palli, ' a small 
 town ' or ' village. ' 
 
 Polyeslye, region, W. Russia, govts. Minsk and N. Volhynia, 
 including basin of Prlpet (Minsk). Covered with marshy 
 forests, now canalised for purposes of drainage. 
 
 Polygyros, or Polyhleros, vil. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet, 
 sanjak, and 28 m. SE. by E. Salonica. P. <:30oo. 
 Polykaiidros, isl. , Greece. See Pliolegandros. 
 Polynesia (Greek, ' many islands'), one of the major divs. of 
 the Pacific, embracing those groups and islands which are peopled 
 by races of Polynesian descent — e.g^., Tonga, Samoa, Ellice, 
 Tokelau, Phoenix, Cook (Hervey), Austral, Society (Tahiti), 
 Tuamotu (Low), Marquesas, Sandwich, New Zealand, &c. 
 These groups of islands make up an aggregate area of nearly 
 115,000 sq. m. , with about 250,000 Polynesian inhabitants, the 
 best types of whom are found in. the natives of the Marquesas 
 and the Maories of New Zealand. Their ethnographical relations 
 have not yet been satisfactorily cleared up, some authorities con- 
 necting them with Aryans, others with the Mongoloid Malays. 
 At all events, they are distinct from the Melanesians {^.v.). 
 
 Polzln, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Belgard, 35 m. 
 SE. by S. Kolberg. In the vicinity is the health-resort of Luisen- 
 bad, with three chalybeate springs. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Poma, vil., Argentine Republic, Salta, 165 m. N. by W. 
 Tucuman. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pomabaniba, vil., Bolivia, dep. Chuquisaca, 135 m. SE. 
 Sucre ; gold, silver, copper, and coal mines. 
 
 Pomabaniba, tn. , Peru, dep. Ancachs, 40 m. N. by W. 
 Lima. P. 4000. 
 
 Pomabaniba, vil., Peru, dep. and 44 m. from Ayacucho, 
 prov. Cangallo ; has mine of alabaster, known as Huamanga 
 stone, and used for sculptures. P. <20oo. 
 
 Poniaclil, or Poniakl, Mussulmen, Bulgaria. See Poniokl. 
 Ponian, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 65 m. W. Cata- 
 marca. P. < 2000. 
 
 Poniarance, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Pisa, 23 m. W. Siena. 
 To the S. are the chief borax lagoons of Tuscany, principally at 
 Larderello (formerly Monte Cerboll) ; in the neighbourhood 
 are the mineral springs of St. Michael. P. <20oo. 
 
 Poniarape, peak of the Andes, Peru, dep. Tacna, 68 m. 
 ENE. Arica. Alt. about 21,000 ft. 
 Pomarlco, tn. , Italy, prov. Potenza, 12 m. S. Matera. P. 5200. 
 Pomasl, summit of the Andes, Peru, between deps. Puno 
 and Arequipa, in 15° 15' S. ; rich silver deposits. 
 
 Pomnsqul, vil., Ecuador, about 12 m. N. Quito, much 
 frequented place of pilgrimage. Alt. 8225 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Poniatiiorn, stn., Scot., Midlothian, on the N. B. R., 7^ m. 
 SW. Dalkeith. 
 
 Ponillz, comm., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, dist. 
 Pilis-felso, II m. N. Buda. P. < 4000. 
 
 Poniba, vil., Brazil, state Minas Geraes, 68 m. SSE. Ouro 
 Preto. P. < 2000. 
 Poniba, bay, Portuguese E. Africa, mainly to the N. of 13° S. 
 Ponibal, tn., Portugal, prov. Eslremadura, dist. Leiria, 22 
 m. SW. by S. Coimbra. P. < 5000. 
 
POMB — POND 
 
 Pombo, M'Ponibo, or Mbossl, post, in French Congo, 
 central Africa, in i° 21' S. , 16° 15' E. 
 
 Pombne, vil. , French W. Africa, on the coast, in 2° 4' N. 
 Pom^gne, Isle, isl., France, in the Gulf of Lyons, 3^ m. 
 WSW. Marseilles ; has port Frioul, divided into two sub-ports, 
 Pomegue (5^ ac. ), and Ratonneau (37 ac), with lazaretto and 
 quarantine. Length, 2 m. 
 
 Pomeranla, in German Pommerii, prov., Prussia, situated 
 N. of Brandenburg, on the shores of the Baltic Sea {q.v.). It 
 lies in the North German Plain, but has some elevations (Ratzen- 
 berg, 700 ft.; Steinberg, 765 ft.). Principal river of P., Oder 
 {^.v.) ; other rivers, Recknitz, Persante, Wipper, Stolpe, and 
 Leba. P. has many small lakes [see Baltic Lake Plateau]. 
 Of principal importance are agricultural pursuits, cattle-rearing, 
 and horse-breeding [see German Empire], The manufac- 
 tures include machinery, chemicals, tobacco, leather goods, 
 textiles, beet-sugar, and spirits ; shipbuilding is of great im- 
 portance at Stettin. The railways belong to the state. The 
 cap. of P. is Stettin, which is at the same time the industrial and 
 commercial centre of the province. Other towns of importance 
 are Stralsund, Koslin, Greifswald (university), Swinemiinde, 
 Stargard, Stolpe. Nearly all the inhabitants are Protestants. 
 Most of them are Germans, but there is a limited number of 
 Cassubes in the eastern districts. P., originally inhabited by 
 Germans, was occupied by the Slavs in the fifth century of the 
 Christian era, but it has gradually become again almost com- 
 pletely ' Germanised. ' See German Empire, table. 
 
 Pomeroy, par. and tn. , Ire., E. co. Tyrone, bar. Middle 
 Dungannon, 8| m. NW. Dungannon, on the Portadown, Dun- 
 gannon, and Omagh Rly. , PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. Par. 
 15,952 ac, P. <45oo; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Pomeroy, tn., Natal, Umsinga div., 73 m. N. Pietermaritz- 
 burg. Alt. 4300 ft. 
 
 Pomeroy, city, U.S., Ohio, Meigs co., on the Ohio, midway 
 between Pittsburg and Cincinnati, 82 m. SE. by E. Columbus ; 
 has rolling and flour-mills, salt and bromine works, and furniture 
 factories. In the neighbourhood are extensive deposits of bitu- 
 minous coal and salt. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pomeroy, vil., U.S., Washington, Garfield co., 47 m. NE. 
 by E. Walla Walla. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pomesaiiien, dist. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, in the middle 
 of the part lying E. of the Vistula. 
 
 Pomflret, Eng. , Yorkshire. See Pontefract. 
 
 Pomft-et, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, Windham co. , 37 m. N. 
 by E. New London. P. <i5oo. 
 
 PomlgUauo d'Arco, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 7 m. 
 N. by E. Naples. P. (comm. ) 9400. 
 
 Pomlrla, or Glnboka, tn. , Roumania, Moldavia, dep. and 
 6 m. NNW. Dorohoi. P. <40oo. 
 
 Pommard, vil., France, dep. Cote d'Or, 24 m. E. by N. 
 Autun, arr. and 3 m. WSW. Beaune. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pomme de Terre, riv. , U.S., Minnesota, rises in Grant co., 
 flows S. into Minnesota R. , in Swift co. Length, 100 m. 
 • Pomme de Terre Klver, U.S., Missouri, rises in Greene 
 CO. , flows N. into Osage R. , in Hickory co. Length, 125 m. 
 
 Pommerellen, dist. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, in the W. , 
 stretching from N. to S. through nearly the whole width of the 
 prov. 
 
 Pommereusdorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, govt, and 
 2 m. SW. Stettin, circle Randow. P. <3000. 
 
 Pommerii. See Pomeraitla. 
 
 Pomo, isl. , Dalmatian Archipelago, Austria-Hungary, 58 m. 
 WSW. Spalato. 
 
 Pomo-cbaiig, lake, Tibet, 10 m. SW. Lake Palti. Alt. 
 16,000 ft.; length, 18 m. ; breadth, 5 m. 
 
 Pomokl, Pomiakl, or Pomacbl, Mussulmen of Bulgarian 
 origin, Bulgaria, on the N. slope of the Balkans, between the 
 Isker and Osma. P. (in forty vils. ) 100,000. 
 
 Pomona, or Malitlaud, the largest of the Orkney Is. , and 
 nearly in their centre, divided by Kirkwall Bay and Scapa Flow 
 into two principal portions. Its W. coasts are precipitous, but 
 it has several good harbours, that of Stromness being the best 
 in N. Scotland. Surface hilly ; highest peak the Ward Hill 
 of Ophir, 876 ft. Much of the heath and moor has lately been 
 improved, and there are many fertile tracts, with fresh-water 
 lakes. The only towns are Kirkwall and Stromness. It con- 
 tains the famous antiquities called ' Standing Stones of Sten- 
 ness ' and Maes Howe ; the latter has Runic letters inscribed 
 on the walls ; shape very irregular. Length of W. island, 16 
 m. ; E. island, 9 m. ; breadth varying to 7I m. ; total area, 150 
 sq. m. Mean rfall. (1866-80 ; Sandwick, alt. 78 ft.), yr. 37.8 in. 
 P. 16,498. 
 
 Pomona, city, U.S., California, Los Angeles co., 2 m. E. 
 Spadra. P. < 4000. 
 
 Pomona, vil., U.S., Kansas, Franklin co. , 31 m. SSE. 
 Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pomorzany, tn. , Austria, Galicia, dist. Zborow, 30 m. W. 
 by N. Tarnopol. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pomoshang, or Pomosliangtang, lake, Tibet, 10 m. SW. 
 Lake Palti. Alt. 16,045 ft- 1 length, 19 m.; breadth, 5 m. 
 
 Pompeii, ancient city of S. Italy, 14 m. SE. of Naples, at 
 the S. base of Mount Vesuvius, was first overthrown by an 
 earthquake in February 63 A. D. , and sixteen years later, having 
 in the interval been hastily rebuilt, was buried, 23rd-26th August 
 79, by an eruption of that volcano, under cinders, scoriae, and 
 lava, and so remained until it was rediscovered in 1748. Since 
 i860 the greater part of its area has been uncovered, whence 
 it appears that it was enclosed by walls, entered by several 
 gates, and had streets paved with lava, terraced houses of two 
 or three stories, with shops and shop-signs still plainly visible, 
 theatres, temples, baths, a street of the tombs, a forum, prisons, 
 and other public buildings. 
 
 Pompelopolls, ruins, Turkey in Asia. See Ulerslna. 
 
 Pompey, tn. , France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, arr. Nord, 
 6 m. NNW. Nancy, on the Moselle; iron hydrates extracted; 
 has blast-furnaces and forges. P. <3000. 
 
 Pompey Smasb, coal-mining vil., U.S., Maryland, Alle- 
 ghany CO. , 3 m. from Frostburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pomponne, vil., France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, arr. Meaux, 
 on the Marne, 16 m. E. Paris. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ponagansett, settlement, U.S., Rhode Island, co. and 14 m. 
 W. Providence. 
 
 Pontol, riv., Brit. India, Madras, rising in Anamalai Mts. , 
 flows across Malabar dist. into the sea at P. town ; used for 
 timber floating. Length, 120 m. 
 
 Pon&nl, tn. and seapt. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Malabar, 
 on the W. ct. , 38 m. S. by E. Calicut, trading largely in salt ; , 
 the centre of Mussulman education on the coast. P. 9200 ; 
 Moham. 8800. 
 
 Ponape, Pnlnlpet, or Ascension, isl.. Pacific, Carohne 
 group, just S. of 7° N., and E. of 158° E. , an important mission 
 centre of the Americans. It is surrounded by a coral reef, 2 to 
 5 m. distant, in the middle of which remains of old ramparts 
 and stone houses have been found, but the natives have no 
 traditions about them. The highest point is Montesanto (2880 
 ft.). Area, 134 sq. m. P. about 2000. 
 
 Ponarth, vil., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, govt., circle, and 
 2 m. SW. Konigsberg. P. <40oo. 
 
 Ponask Lake, Canadian NW. Terrs., crossed by 54° 35' N., 
 94° o' W. ; a Hudson Bay Company's post upon its W. side. 
 
 Ponca, city, U.S., Nebraska, Dixon co., on the r. bk. of the 
 Missouri, 98 m. NNW. Omaha. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ponce, tn. , isl. of Porto Rico, S. ct. , 50 m. SW. San Juan, 
 in 66° 38' W. There are 32 ft. of water in the port at high 
 water, and 30 ft. at low water ; but the entrance has only 24 ft. 
 at high water. P. dist. (1872) 33,200 ; (1887) 42,400. 
 
 Ponce de Leon Bay, U.S., Florida, large inlet of Gulf of 
 Mexico, S. of Monroe co. , studded with small islands called 
 The Thousand Isles. 
 
 Poncho Springs, vil., U.S., Colorado, Chaffee co., near 
 Poncho Pass (alt. 7500 ft.; 8945 ft. [Wheeler]), which gives com- 
 munication between Arkansas Valley and the N. of San Luis 
 Park. P. < 1500. 
 
 Poncln, tn. , France, dep. Ain, on the Ain, 36 m. W. by S. 
 Geneva, arr. and 11 m. WSW. Nantua. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ponda, vil., Portuguese India, 7 m. SE. Goa, cap. dist. P.; 
 fort important in the i6th and 17th centuries. 
 
 Ponder's End, stn. , Eng., Middlesex, Enfield div., 6J m. E. 
 Barnet, on the G. E. R. 
 
 Pondlcb^ry, or Pondlcberrl, settlement, French India, 
 surrounded by dist. South Arcot, on the E. ct. of Madras, 18 m. 
 NNE. Cuddalore. P. has no harbour or dock, only one pier 
 800 ft. long ; there are many artesian wells in the hills around ; 
 climate healthy. The terr. comprises four dists. ; the town 
 (which is now connected by rail with Villapuram, and thus 
 brought into communication with the city of Madras as well as 
 the southern parts of the peninsula) is divided into two, the 
 White Town and Black Town, separated by a canal ; chief 
 industries, weaving and dyeing. P. settlement (i8gi) 173,000. 
 
 Pond Island, islet, U.S., Maine, at mouth of Kennebec R., 
 with lighthouse, visible 13 m. 
 
 Pondo-land, country in SE. Africa, belonging to Cape 
 Colony (since 1894). P. is situated NE. of Tembu-land (see 
 KafTrarla), between the eastern offshoots of the Kwathlamba 
 Mts. i^.v.) and the Indian Ocean. Undulating plains, steep 
 and picturesque mountains, and deep valleys are the character- 
 istic features of P. P. is inhabited by the Amapondo, closely 
 related to but not identical with the Zulus. The country is 
 said to be rich in agricultural and mineral possibilities, but at 
 present it is little known. The vegetation in the neighbour- 
 hood of the coast is luxuriant, timber-trees and fruit-trees being 
 abundant (palms, bananas, oranges, lemons, and conifers). 
 Indian corn and other cereals grow readily. P. is well adapted 
 for cattle -rearing and horse and sheep breeding. Nothing 
 definite is known about the mineral resources of the country. 
 P. is traversed by the St. John's or Umzimvubu R., the mouth 
 of which is described as one of the best harbours of Africa. 
 Area unknown. P. estimated at 150,000. [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Ponds, tn.. Ire., S. co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown, Rathfarnham 
 par. , 4 m. from Dublin. P. <25o. 
 
 1221 
 
POND 
 
 PONT 
 
 Pond's Bridge, eccles. par., Eng. , Cambridgeshire and 
 Huntingdonshire, Standground and Ramsey pars. P. <75o. 
 
 Poneryezh, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 86 m. NE. Kovno, 
 on Libau-Diinaburg Rly. ; trade in corn, flax, salt. P. 17,700. 
 Poney Hollow, vil., U.S., New York, Tompkins co., 12 m. 
 SW. Ithaca. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ponfelgta, colliery vil., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, 4 m. NE. 
 Douglas, on the C. & G. & SW. joint Rly. 
 
 Ponferrada, tn. , Spain, prov. Leon, cap. dist. P., 52 m. N. 
 by E. Braganza. P. (comm. ) 7300. 
 Pong, W. Africa. See Kong. 
 
 Ponga, comm., Spain, Asturias, prov. and37m.ESE. Oviedo, 
 dist. Cangas de Onis. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Po-ngal, tn. , China, in SE. of Yiinnan, near the frontier of 
 Kwangsi, limit of navigation for small boats (i ft. draught) on the 
 Yu-kiang (N. fork of the Si-kiang or West R.). Rapids impede 
 the navigation between this place and Pose-ting, 45 m. below, 
 so that three days are required for upstream traffic. Said to be 
 very malarious. Alt. 690 ft. (Bourne). 
 
 Pougara, Cape, promontory, W. ct. Africa, at S. entrance 
 of the Gabun estuary. 
 Pong-hn, isls. See Pescadores. 
 
 Pongo, riv,, French W. Africa, flowing S. into the Atlantic 
 Ocean, which it enters in about 10° N. , 14° W. 
 Pongo de Manserlclie. See Amazon. 
 Pongola, riv. , S. Africa, flows E. from Swazi-land, partly on 
 the N. frontier of Zulu-land, enters Amatonga-land, and flows N. 
 to join the Usutu ; navigable by barges drawing 3 ft. as high as 
 the gorge through which it traverses the Lobombo Mts. See 
 Vsntn. 
 Pongwe, riv., SE. Africa. See Pnugwe. 
 Pongwe Bay, Brit. E. Africa, 40 m. SW. Mombasa. 
 Ponkey, P.O., Wales, near Ruabon, Denbighshire, i m. 
 from Rhosllanerchrugog. 
 
 Ponnerl, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Chengalpat, 19 m. 
 NNW. Madras. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ponoi, riv., N. Russia, govt. Archangel, enters middle part 
 of White Sea. Length, 200 m. 
 
 Pouoka, stn. , Canada, Alberta, on the Calgary and 
 Edmonton Rly., about 115 m. N. by E. Calgary. 
 
 Pons, tn., France, dep. Charente-Inf^rievu-e, arr. Saintes, on 
 the Seagne, 14 m. SW. by W. Cognac. P. <30oo. 
 
 Ponsanooth, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., 3I m. NW. 
 Falmouth, i^ m. S. Perranwell stn. 
 
 Ponsonby, par., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 10 m. 
 SE. by S. Whitehaven, aj m. ESE. Beckermet stn. P. <250. 
 
 Ponsonby, suburb and 3 m. W. of Auckland, New Zealand, 
 North I. P. < 1500. 
 Ponsonby Land, penin. , S. Chile, crossed by 72° W. , 53° S. 
 Ponsnl, small riv., Portugal, flows SW. to the Tagus, which 
 it joins in about 7^° W. 
 
 Pont, or Bont, in Welsh place-names, ' a bridge.' 
 Pont, riv. , Eng. , Northumberland, flowing through part of the 
 Hexham and Wansbeck divs. , trib. of the Blyth, which it joins 
 on the r. bk. \\ m. below Kirkley Hall, 5 m. SSW. Morpeth. 
 
 Pont, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 25 m. N. by W. Turin, 
 on the Oreo. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Ponta, isl., Bissagos Is., W. ct. Africa, almost united to 
 Formosa on the E. , in ii^° N., crossed in the E. by 160° W. 
 
 Pontac, vil. , Eng. , Channel Is. , Jersey, on the S. ct. , on St. 
 Clement's Bay and the Jersey Rly. , 3 m. E. St. Helier ; a favourite 
 summer resort. 
 
 Pont-&-Celles, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Charle- 
 roi, 5 m. E. by S. Seneffe. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pontacq, tn., France, dep. Basses- Pyr6n6es, arr. and 15 m. 
 SE. by E. Pau, 10 m. WSW. Tarbes. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Ponta da Lenba ('head of wood'), group of Portuguese 
 factories, W. Africa, Congo Free State, on the r. bk. of the 
 Congo, in 12° 45' E. Mean temp. (2 yrs., 1883-85), yr. 77.6° F., 
 Feb. 81.0°, July 72.2°. 
 
 Ponta Delgada ('slender point'), tn., on S. ct. St. Michael 
 (Sa.o Miguel) I., Azores Is. 
 
 Pontalller, tn. , France, dep. Cote d'Or, on the Saone, arr. 
 and 18 m. E. Dijon. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pont-ft-SIarcq, vil., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 8 m. S. by 
 E. Lille. P. <2Qoo. 
 
 Pont-A-JIonsson, tn. , France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, arr. 
 Nancy, on the 1. bk. of the Moselle, 16 m. SSW. Metz ; has 
 blast-furnaces, iron shops, locksmith's trade, and manufactures 
 of plush and velvet. Seat of the university of Lorraine from 
 1572 to 1768. Birthplace of Marguerite of Anjou, wife of Henry 
 VI. of England. 
 
 Ponta Negra, W. Africa. See Polnte-Nolre. 
 Pont-ap-Hywell, tn., Eng. See Poutypool. 
 Pontardawe, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., 4^ 
 m. NW. by N. Neath, on the riv. Tawe, the Swansea Canal, 
 and the M. R.; has coal. PMT.O. See Llangolck. 
 
 Pontardnlais, coal-mining vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, 
 Gower div. , on the Loughor, 8 m. N W. by N. Swansea, on the 
 G. W. R., PMT.O. 
 1222 
 
 Pontarlon, vil., France, dep. Creuse, arr. Bourganeuf, 44 m. 
 SW. by W. Montlupon, 14 m. S. Gu^ret. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pontarller, tn., France, dep. Doubs, cap. arr. P., on the 
 Doubs, 28 m. SE. by S. Besan9on ; has distillation of aromatic 
 plants for the manufacture of absinth, and trade in Gruyfere 
 cheese. Alt. 2750 ft. P. 6400. 
 
 Pontasslere, tn., Italy, Tuscany, at the confluence of the 
 Sieve with the Arno, prov. and 9 m. E. Florence ; manufacture 
 of wine-flasks. P. <3000. 
 
 Pont-Audemer, tn., France, dep. Eure, cap. arr. P., on the 
 Rille, 14 m. ESE. Honfleur. P. 5800. 
 
 Pontanmnr, tn., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Riom, 21 
 m. W. by N. Clermont-Ferrand. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pont Aven, tn., France, dep. Finistere, on the S. ct. , at the 
 mouth of the Aven, 20 m. WNW. Lorient, arr. and 9 m. W. 
 Quimperl6. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Pont Blelddyn, eccles. par., Wales, Flintshire, 4 m. SE. 
 Mold, I m. S. Padeswood stn. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pontcliarra, tn. , France, on the N. border of dep. Isere, 
 arr. Grenoble, on the Isere, 11 m. SE. by S. ChamWry. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Pontctaartralu, salt lake, U.S., Louisiana, in the extreme 
 SE., 5 m. N. New Orleans, communicating through Lake 
 Borgne on the E. by the Rigolets and Lake Maurepas, on the 
 W, by bayou Manchac, with the Gulf of Mexico. Though it 
 is nowhere more than about 20 ft. deep, most of the coasting 
 trade between New Orleans and the E. gulf ports is carried on 
 through it. The approaches from the bayou Manchac are 
 guarded by forts. Communication with the city is maintained by 
 two canals, also by P. railway (one of the earliest in the U.S.). 
 Length, E. to W., 40 m. ; width, 24 m. 
 
 Poutcbdtean, tn. , France, dep. Loire-Inf6rieure, arr. and 
 13 m. NE. by N. St. Nazaire. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pont^rolx, tn., France, dep. Finister», arr. Quimper, 24 m. 
 S. Brest. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pont d'Aln, tn. , France, dep. Ain, arr. Bourg, on the Ain, 
 33 m. NE. Lyons. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pont-de-Beanvolsln, tn., France, on the borders of dep. 
 Isere and Savoie, arr. La Tour-du-Pin, 2 m. W. by S. Chamb^ry. 
 P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Pout de I'Arcbe, tn., France, dep. Eure, arr. Louviers, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Seine, 8 m. E. Elbeuf. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pont-de-Lonp, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the 
 Sambre, arr. and 4^ m. E, by N. Charleroi. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pont de Montrert, le, tn. , France, dep. Lozere, on the 
 Tarn, 48 m. NW. Nimes, arr. and 8 m. ENE. Florae. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pont-de-Rolde, tn. , France, dep. Doubs, arr. Montb^liard, 
 on the Doubs, 18 m. S. by W. Belfort. P. <3000. 
 
 Pont de Salars, vil. , France, dep. Aveyron, on the Vaur, 39 
 m. NE. Albi, arr. and 10 m. SE. by E. Rodez. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pont-de-Vaax, tn., France, dep. Ain, arr. Bourg, on the 
 Reyssouse, 25 m. S. by E. Chalon-sur-Saone, 10 m. NE. by N. 
 Macon. P. < 3000. 
 
 Pout de Veyle, tn., France, dep. Ain, arr. Boiu-g, on the 
 Veyle, 34 m. N. Lyons, 5 m. SE. Macon. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pont Dolauog, eccles. par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on 
 the Vyrnwy, 11 m. WNW. Welshpool. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Pontdolgoch, stn., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Cam- 
 brian Rly. , t\ m. W. by N. Newtown. 
 
 Pontdn Chfttean, tn., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. and 
 9 m. E. Clermont-Ferrand. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Pout da Gard, railway station and aqueduct, France, dep. 
 Gard, 16 m. W. Avignon. Here the picturesque gorges of the 
 riv. Gard are spanned by a magnificent Roman aqueduct of 
 three tiers of superimposed arches, the highest being 161 ft. 
 above the surface of the river. Length of aqueduct, 883 ft. 
 Immediately above the foot of the aqueduct is the prehistoric 
 cave of La Salpetriere, discovered in 1871. 
 
 Pont dn Shellf (in French spelling Ch^llf), vil., Algeria, 
 arr. Mostaganem, on the r. bk. of the Shelif, 55 m. ENE. Oran. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Ponte, tn. , Austria, Istria, on a bay on W. side of island, 
 and a few miles E. of town of Veglia. P. <3000. 
 
 Pontebba, vil. , Italy, Venetia, on the Austrian frontier, prov. 
 and 31 m. N. by E. Udine. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pontecorvo, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, on the 
 Liri, 18 m. N. by E. Gaeta. P. 5300. 
 
 Pontedeclmo, tn. , Italy, Liguria, prov. and 7 m. N. by W. 
 Genoa. P. <3000. 
 
 Ponte deir Olio, vil. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 13^ m. S. by 
 W. Piacenza. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Pontedera, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 12 m. ESE. Pisa, 
 on the Arno. P. 6300. 
 
 Ponteft>act (locally pom 'fret), niun. bor. (since the time of 
 Richard I.) and pari, bor., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 7J m. 
 E. Wakefield, 21 m. SSW. York, in the diocese of York, with 
 stns. on the L. & Y. R. and the Swinton and Knottingley 
 Joint Rly. The pari. bor. also includes Ferrybridge stn. 
 on the latter railway, and Knottingley stn. on the L. & Y. R. 
 The staple trade is in corn, malt, and garden produce ; there 
 
PON T — TO N T 
 
 are manufs. of agricultural implements, brushes, and sacking, 
 and the town is noted for ' Pontefract cakes.' The ancient castle 
 in which Richard II. is represented to have died (1400), and in 
 which Rivers, Grey, and Vaughan were put to death by order of 
 Richard III., is now in ruins ; but the site is used as a recrea- 
 tion ground. The races are held in the Town Park (325 ac). 
 There are many fairs. Market-day, S. Mun. bor, P. (1801) 
 3100; (1851) 5100; (1891) 9700; pari. bor. P. (1891) 16,400. 
 
 Poute In Valtelllna, vil. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 6 m. 
 E. Sondrio, in the Valtellina, 36 m. NNE. Bergamo. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ponteland, par., Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 
 on the Pont, 8 J m. S. by W. Morpeth, 5 m. N. by E. Ryton 
 stn. ; has coal. PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Font-eu-Royans, vil., France, on the S. border of dep. 
 Isfere, arr. St. Marcellin, 21 m. WSW. Grenoble. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ponteiiure, vil. , Italy, Emilia, on the Nure, prov. and 7 m. 
 SE. Piacenza. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pont Erwyd, or Ponterwyd, P.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, 
 on the Rheidol, 11 m. E. Aberystwith, at confluence of rivs. 
 Castell and Rheidol ; has lead and zinc ore. 
 
 Pontesbury, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 8 m. SW. by 
 W. Shrewsbury, on a branch line belonging to the G. W. and 
 L. & NW. Rlys. ; barytes mined. PMT.O. 11,011 ac. P. 
 <3ooo ; eccles. par. (Pontesbury ivith Crnckton) P. < 1000. 
 
 Poutesford Bridge, P.O., Eng., Shropshire, i m. NE. 
 Pontesbury. 
 
 Ponte Stnra, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, on the r. 
 bk. of the Po, at the confluence of the Stura, 13 m. SSW. 
 Vercelli. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pontevedra, tn., Spain, cap. prov. P., 30 m. S. by W. 
 Santiago, at the head of the bay (ria) of P. Mean temp., yr. 
 57.9° F. , Jan. 47.2°, Aug. 69.4°. P. (1860)6700; comm. P. (1887) 
 20,000. 
 
 Pontevlco, tn., Italy, Lombardy, circle and 3 m. S. Verola- 
 nuova, on 1. bk. of the Oglio, which here becomes navigable. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Pontewan, vil. and small harb. , Eng. , Cornwall, 4 m. E. St. 
 Austell. 
 
 Pontfadog, eccles. par., Wales, Denbighshire, Llangollen 
 par. , P. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Pontfaen, P.O., Wales, 7 m. from Brecknock. 
 
 Poutfaen, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on the Gwaen, 4J 
 m. ESE. Fishguard. P. <25o. 
 
 Pont-Faverger, tn. , France, dep. Marne, arr. and 12 m. E. 
 by N. Rheims. P. < 3000. 
 
 Pontglband, tn. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Riom, 
 12 m. W. by N. Clermont-Ferrand ; has mines of argentiferous 
 lead, zinc, and manganese. P. <20oo. 
 
 Poutlienry, P.O., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 6 m. NW. 
 Llanelly. 
 
 Ponthlen, an ancient dist. of France, forming the maritime 
 portion of the prov. of Picardy, S. of the Boulonnais, corres- 
 ponding to the maritime tracts of the present dep. of Somme 
 and the S. of that of Pas-de-Calais as far as Montreuil (on the 
 Canche). Finally united to the crown in 1696. 
 
 Ponthlr, stn. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , on the G. W. R. , 
 
 3 m. N. by E. Newport, PM.O. 
 
 PontMrwalu, P.O., Wales, near Boncath (Pembrokeshire), 
 
 4 m. from Llechryd. 
 
 Pontlac, large co., Canada, in extreme NW. of Quebec, W. 
 of Ottawa CO. 
 
 Pontiac, city, U.S., Illinois, Livingston co., 52 m. E. by N. 
 Peoria ; has coal-mine. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Pontiac, city, U.S., Michigan, Oakland co., 26 m. NW. by 
 N. Detroit ; has several manufactures, and trade in wool and 
 agricultural products. P. 6200. 
 
 Pontiac, vil., U.S., Rhode Island, Kent co. , on Pawtuxet 
 R., 7 m. SW. by S. Providence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pontldnak, tn., near the W. ct. of Dutch Borneo, on the' 
 Kapuas, 125 m. SW. by S. Kuching ; ceded to the Dutch in 
 1856, since when it has been a free port. P. (1887) 8400. 
 
 PontlceUl, comm., Italy, Campania, prov., circle, and 3 m. 
 E. Naples. P. 7300. 
 
 Pontlgny, vil., France, dep. Yonne, on the Serain, 32 m. 
 SW. by S. Troyes, arr. and 11 m. NE. Auxerre. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pontine, Isole, group of isls. , Italy, off the W. ct. , in the 
 Tyrrhenian Sea, in 40° So'-58' N. 
 
 Pontine Marshes, Italian Palndl Pontine, a marshy and 
 malarial tract in the SE. of prov. Rome, Italy, extending over 
 a length of 30 m. , from Ci'sterna di Roma (a few miles SE. of 
 Velletri) SE. to Terracina, with a width of about 5 to 8 m. be- 
 tween the sea and the Monti Lepini (Volscian Hills) ; total area 
 of the marshes proper about 130 sq. m. , but the infected area 
 is nearly 350 sq. m. The surface is formed of a soft, close, and 
 elastic peat, under which is a stratum of clay of about one foot 
 thick, containing a quantity of shells, sea-sand, and the remains 
 of plants, the peat increasing in thickness from about 10 ft. 
 near the Appian Way (which traverses it in a straight line 
 between the places above named) to 70 ft. at the base of the 
 mountains. So deadly is the climate, that the only inhabitants 
 
 are about thirty persons, occupying the isolated post-stations of 
 the Appian Way, though the soil is said to be unequalled in 
 fertility by any in Europe. Under the Amelioration Law of 
 June 1882, works are now in progress affecting the southern 
 portion of the marshes (as far as 41^° N.), the riv. Amaseno 
 being made use of for the purpose. 
 
 Pontlsbrlght, par. , Eng. , Essex. See Cbapple. 
 
 Pontlvy, formerly Napol^onvlUe, tn., France, dep. Morbi- 
 han, cap. arr. P., 29 m. NE. Lorient. P. 6300. 
 
 Pont I'Abb^, tn. , France, dep. Finistere, on an inlet on the 
 S. ct. , 39 m. SSE. Brest, arr. and 11 m. SW. by S. Quimper ; 
 has large import of wood. P. <40oo. 
 
 Pont l'£v£qae, tn. , France, dep. Calvados, on the Touques, 
 10 m. N. by W. Lisieux, cap. arr. P. I'E. ; has excellent cheeses. 
 P. <3C)oo. 
 
 Pontllanfraltta, hamlet, Wales, Monmouthshire, 2^ m. SW. 
 Crumlin ; has coal. PM.O. 
 
 Pont-Llanlo, stn. , Wales, Cardiganshire, on the Teifi, 3 m. 
 SW. Tregaron, on the Manchester and Milford Rly. 
 
 Pontlottyu, eccles. par., Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., 4^ 
 m. E. Merthyr-Tydfil, on the L. & N W. R. ; has coal. PMT.O. 
 P. 6700. 
 
 Pontlyftil, P.O., Wales, near Carnarvon, 3 m. from Peny- 
 groes. 
 
 Pontneddf^chan, vil, Wales, Brecknockshire, 8 m. NW. 
 Aberdare, at confluence of rivs. Neath and Pyrddin ; tourist 
 centre. 
 
 Pontnewydd, vil. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, N. div. , 3J m. S. 
 by E. Pontypool, with stns. (P. and Upper P.) on the G. W. R. , 
 and the Brecon Canal, PMT.O. 
 
 Pontnewydd, Wales, Carnarvonshire. See Bout Bfewydd. 
 
 Pontne'wynydd, eccles. par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., 
 on the G. W. R. , i m. NNW. Pontypool stn. ; has coal. 
 PMT.O. P. < 3500. 
 
 Pontolse, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, cap. arr. P., at the 
 base, on the slope and at top of a hill overlooking the r. bk. of 
 the Oise, 18 m. NW. Paris. Birthplace of Philip the Bold, 
 Duke of Burgundy. P. 7100. 
 
 Ponton, Great and Uttle, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Lin- 
 colnshire. Great P., S. Kesteven div., on the Witham, and 
 G. N. R., 3I m. S. Grantham, P.O., P.<5oo; Little P., P.O., 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Pontoon, electoral div.. Ire., Mayo, dist. Castlebar No. 2. 
 
 Pontorson, tn., France, on the SW. border of dep. Manche, 
 arr. Avranches, near the mouth of the Couesnon, 20 m. S. by 
 E. Granville. Nothing remains of the castle given by Charles 
 V. to Du Guesclin, and defended so successfully by Julienne, 
 sister of the latter, against the attacks of the English. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Pontotoc, CO., U.S., Mississippi, in the NE., to the N. of 
 34° N. , and crossed by 89° W. 
 
 Pontpolnt, vil. , France, dep. Oise, arr. Senlis, on the Oise, 
 12 m. SW. Compiegne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pontremoll, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Massa, on riv. Magra, 
 18 m. N. Spezia. The upper part is surrounded by ancient 
 fortifications ; has cathedral of 17th century. Alt. 760-775 ft. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Pont Remy, tn., France, dep. Somme, on the Somme, arr. 
 and 6 m. SE. Abbeville. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pontreselly, P.O., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 6 m. W, New- 
 castle Emlyn. 
 
 Pontreslua, vil., Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 3 m. E. St. Moritz, 
 in the Upper Engadine ; much frequented by tourists. Like 
 Davos, it is recommended as a winter station for consumptives. 
 
 Alt. 59IO-6160 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Pont Rhyd-fendlgald, vil. , Wales, Cardiganshire, 6 m. NE. 
 by N. Tregaron, ij m. E. Strata Florida stn., P.O. 
 
 Pontrbydyfen, stn. , Wales, Glamorganshire, on the Rhondda 
 and Swansea Bay Rly., on the Avon, 5 m. NE. Aberavon ; 
 has coal. PM. O. 
 
 Pontrbydygroes, PM.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, 13 m. SE. 
 Aberystwith. 
 
 Pontrhydymn, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, on the border 
 of the N. div., on the Avon, 3 m. SSE. Pontypool, on the 
 G. W. R. 
 
 Pontrbytballt, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., on 
 the Llanberis branch of the L. & NW. R., 4 m. E. by N. 
 Carnarvon. 
 
 Pontrlenx, tn., France, dep. C6tes du Nord, at the head of 
 navigation on the Trieux, 52 m. W. St. Malo, arr. and 9 m. N. 
 Guingamp; the tidal harbour has 1102 ft. quayage; depth at 
 high water 13- 15 J ft., at low water nil. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Poutrllas, stn., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., on the G. 
 W. and Golden Valley Rlys., 10 m. SW. Hereford, PMT.O. 
 
 Pont Robert, eccles. par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the 
 Vyrnwy, 8^ m. WNW. Welshpool, 5^ m. SW. Bryngwyn stn., 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Pont Rng, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., on the 
 Llanberis branch of the L. & NW. R. , 2 m. E. Carnarvon. 
 
 Pont Ste. Maxence, tn., France, dep. Oise, on the Oise, 13 m. 
 
 1223 
 
PONT — POPL 
 
 SW. by W. Compiegne, arr. and 7 m. N. by E. Senlis. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Pout St. Esprit, tn., France, dep. Gard, arr. Uzfes, on the 
 r. bk. of the Rhone, 12 m. NW. Orange. P. < 4000. 
 
 Poutsarn, stn. for Vaynor, Wales, on the S. border of 
 Brecknockshire, on the Brecon and Merthvr Rly., 2^ m. N. 
 Merthyr-Tydfil. 
 
 Pont Scorff, tn. , France, dep. Morbihan, on the Scorff, arr. 
 and 7 m. N. by W. Lorient. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ponts-de-C^, Les, the Seium or Sageium of the Middle 
 Ages, tn. , France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Loire, arr. and 5 m. SSE. Angers ; pleasure resort for the 
 inhabitants of Angers. P. <20oo. 
 
 Poutshaen, P.O., Wales, 4 m. from Llandyssil, Cardigan- 
 shire. 
 . Pontshlll, P.O., Eng. , 4 m. SE. Ross, Herefordshire. 
 
 Poutstlclll, June, stn., Wales, Brecknockshire, on the Brecon 
 and Merthyr Rly., 3 m. NNE. Merthyr-Tydfil, P.O. 
 
 Pont-snr-Yonne, tn., France, dep. Yonne, 25 m. ESE. 
 Fontainebleau, arr. and 8 m. NW. by N. Sens. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Pontvallain, tn., France, dep. Sarthe, arr. La Fleche, 18 m. 
 S. Le Mans. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pontvaue, P.O., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 4m. SW. Newport. 
 
 Pontville, tp., Tasmania, Monmouth co. , in 42° 40' S. and 
 147° 12' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pont Yates, coal-mining vil., Wales, co. and 4 m. SE. 
 Carmarthen, P.O. 
 
 Pontyberem, PMT.O. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div. , 
 7 m. N. by W. Llanelly ; has coal. 
 
 Ponty1>odkin, PMT.O., Wales, Flintshire, ijm. from Hope 
 Stn. 
 
 . Pontyclun, PMT.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. from 
 Llantrisaint. 
 
 Pontycynuner, mining vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, with 
 stn. (Pontycymer) on the G. W. R., 4J m. NE. Bridgend, 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Pontyeats, Wales. See Pont Yates. 
 
 Pontygwaith, PM.O. , Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., 8 
 m. SSW. Merthyr-Tydfil, close to Tylris Town stn. 
 
 Pontymlster, PMT.O., Eng., Monmouthshire, 5 m. NW. 
 Newport. 
 
 Pontymoyle, PM.O., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., on 
 the Brecon Canal, adjoining Pontypool on the E. 
 
 Pont-y-9Iynach, Wales. See Devil's Bridge. 
 
 Pont-y-pant, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., on the 
 L. & NW. R. , 15 m. S. Conway. 
 
 Pontypool (Pont-ap-Hywel), market-tn., Eng., Monmouth- 
 shire, N. div. , 9 m. S. by W. Abergavenny, situated on margin 
 of the S. Wales coal and iron basin, with stns. on the G. W. R. 
 and L. & NW. R. ; most of the inhabitants are employed in 
 coal, iron, and tinplate works. Its japanning, once famous, is 
 now a decayed industry. P. Road stn. i m. ESE. Market- 
 days, W. and S. P. 5800. See Trevethln. 
 
 Pontypridd (Pont-y>Prldd = ' the Bridge of Beauty ' ) , market- 
 tn., Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., on the Taff, 11 m. S. by 
 E. Merthyr-Tydfil, with a June. stn. on the Taff Vale Rly. ; has 
 extensive coal-mines, blast-furnaces, and chain and cable manu- 
 factures. It gets its name from a remarkably elegant bridge, 
 which here spans the Taff R. , in one arch, built in 1755 by 
 Edwards, the self-taught architect. Market-day, W. P. 20,000. 
 
 Pontyrhyll, vil. , Wales, Glamorganshire, on the G. W. R. , 
 2 m. from Pontycymmer ; coal mined. PM.O. (Pontyrhyl). 
 
 Pontywaln, P.O., Eng., Monmouthshire, 2 m. from Risca. 
 
 Ponnl, small isl. in Hauraki Gulf, North I., New Zealand, 
 SE. of Waiheki I. 
 
 Ponyry, vil., Russia, govt, and 35 m. N. Kursk, on railway 
 to Moscow. P. 5400. 
 
 Ponza, Isola dl, small isl. , Italy, off the W. ct. , one of the 
 Isole Pontine, in 40° S3'-56' N. 
 
 Ponzone, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, 19 m. N. 
 Savona. Alt. 4785 ft. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Pool, Lower, Middle, and Upper, three adjoining pars., 
 Wales, Montgomeryshire, in par. and bor. of Montgomery. 
 Lower Pool, P. <:20oo; Middle Pool, P. <25oo; Upper Pool, 
 4257 ac, P. <:75o. 
 
 Pool, Sontb, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 9 m. SW. 
 Dartmouth, on different branches of the inlet between Bolt 
 Head and Prawle Point, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Pool, The, that part of Thames R. between the Tower, 
 London, and the Isle of Dogs. 
 
 Poolbeg Llgtathoase, at entrance to riv. Liffey, Dublin Bay, 
 Ire., at end of S. Bullwall, visible 12 m. 
 
 - Poolbrook, P.O., Eng., near Malvern, Worcestershire, 2 m. 
 from Barnard's Green. 
 
 : Poole, par., Eng., Cheshire, dist. and 2^ m. NW. Nant- 
 wich. P. <2So. 
 
 Poole, mun. bor. (by prescription), co. of itself, seapt. , and 
 
 market-tn., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., 18 m. E. Dorchester, in 
 
 the diocese of Salisbury, on a penin. , with stn. on SW. R. 
 
 There is considerable coasting trade; exports, corn and Pur- 
 
 1224 
 
 beck clay ; manufactures sailcloth, ropes, tiles, &c. The port 
 has the advantage of a double tide. The tidal harbour has a 
 (^ayage of 2000 ft. The co. and bor. are coextensive. There 
 are fairs on ist May and 2nd November, each for a week. 
 Market-days, M. and Th. Till 1867 the bor. returned two 
 members to Parliament, and then one till 1885. Mun. bor. 
 (1891) 5333 ac, P. (1801) 4800; (1851) 9300; (1871) 10,100; 
 (1891) 15,400; par. (P. St. James) P. 7900. 
 
 Poole, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley div., on the 
 Wharfe, 7^ m. SW. by S. Harrogate, with stn. (Pool) on the 
 NE. R., PMT.O. (Pool). P. <75o. 
 
 Poole, CO. , New South Wales, in the NW. corner. 
 
 Poole Junction and Broadstoue, former name of stn., 
 Eng., Dorsetshire, 3 m. N. by Wi Poole, now called only 
 Broadstoue. 
 
 Poole Keynes (kenz), par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Chippenham div. , 
 4^ m. SSW. Cirencester, i Jm. SE. Kemble Junctionstn. P. <:250. 
 
 Poole's Hole, cavern in Grinlow Hill, Eng., Derbyshire, i 
 m. SW. Buxton, nearly \ m. long ; contains numerous stalac- 
 tites and stalagmites. 
 
 Poolewe, eccles. par., Scot., Ross-shire, Gairloch par., at 
 the head of Loch Ewe, PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Pooley Bridge, vil., Eng., Westmorland, at the foot of 
 Ullswater, 5 m. SW. by S. Penrith, 3 m. SE. Penruddock stn., 
 PMT.O. See Barton, High. 
 
 Pool Hill, Wales, Radnorshire, in the NE. , 9 m. N. by W. 
 New Radnor. 
 
 Pool Island, U.S., Maryland, in Chesapeake Bay, near the 
 mouth of Gunpowder R. , 18 m. E. by N. Baltimore. 
 
 Pool Quay, eccles. par. , Wales, Montgomeryshire, Guilsfield 
 and Welshpool pars., on the Cambrian Rly., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Poolshrook, P. O. , Eng. , 2 m. from Staveley, Derbyshire. 
 
 Poolvash Bay, bay, S. ct. Isle of Man, between Port St. 
 Mary and Castletown ; marble is largely quarried here. 
 
 Poona, municip. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. P., 68 m. 
 WSW. Ahmadnagar ; military cap. of the Deccan ; seat of 
 the government of Bombay from July to November ; seat of 
 the Deccan College and a college of science. Manufactures 
 gold and silver jewellery, and has weaving of silk and cotton 
 fabrics. There are gardens on every side. The climate is 
 agreeable and healthy. The cantonments are on the Muta R. , 
 at an alt. of about 1850 ft. Mean temp., yr. 78° F. , Jan. 72°, 
 April 86°; rfall. , yr. 28.3 in., June-Oct. 24.7 in. Municip. P. 
 118,800; Hindus, 103,000; Moham. 12,500; cantonment P. 
 35,100; Hindus, 19,500; Moham. 6800; Christians, 6700; 
 sulDurban municip. P. 7500; Hindus, 5800. 
 
 Poonearle, post-tn.. New South Wales, Perry co. , 65 m. 
 NE. by N. Wentworth. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Poopo, vil. , Bolivia, dep. Oruro, 150m. SSE. La Paz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Poopo, Lake, another name of Lake Aullagas {q.'o.), Bolivia. 
 
 Poorstock, or Powerstock, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. 
 div., ii| m. WNW. Dorchester, with a stn. (Powerstock) on 
 the G. W. R., P.O.; 4146 ac. P. <:iooo; eccles. par. (P. with 
 West Milton) P. <7S0. 
 
 Poortou, North, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 12 m. E. 
 by N. Lyme Regis, 2 m. N. Powerstock stn. P. <750. 
 
 Popa, isl., Malay Archipelago, 100 m. SE. Gilolo, 50 m. in 
 circumference. 
 
 Popayiln, tn. , Colombia, cap. dep. Cauca, 240 m. SW. 
 Bogota ; the entrepot of Quito and Pasto ; founded in 1536. 
 P. (with dist.) 10,000. 
 
 Pope, CO., U.S., Arkansas, crossed by 93° W., and bounded 
 on S. by Arkansas R. 
 
 Pope, CO. , U.S., Illinois, between 88° and 89° W. , on the Ohio. 
 
 Pope, CO., U.S., Minnesota, in the W., to the N of 45° N. , 
 E. of 96° W. 
 
 Popelwltz, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Oder, circle and 2 m. NW. Breslau. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Poperlnghe, comm. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 
 7 m. W. Ypres ; already noted for its serges and other woollen 
 cloths in the 13th century ; still engaged in various textile manu- 
 factures (cotton, hemp, woollen). The dist. noted for its hops. 
 P. 11,000. 
 
 Pope Street, stn. , Eng. , Kent. See Eltham, New. 
 
 Popeswood, PMT.O., Eng., 3 m. from Bracknell, Berkshire. 
 
 Popham, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 7 m. SW. Basing- 
 stoke, 4 m. SSW. Oakley stn. P. <:25o. Popham Beacon, 
 a hill to the W., 600 ft. high. See Woo4lmancote. 
 
 Poplar, part of London, Eng. , Middlesex, forming a div. of 
 the bor. of Tower Hamlets, 3 m. E. St. Paul's, London, on the 
 G. E. and N. L. Rlys. It comprises Millwall and Cubitt town, 
 and contains the E. and W. India and Millwall Docks, the 
 two latter in the Isle of Dogs. It is now (1895) being connected 
 with E. Greenwich by a tunnel under the Thames, \\ m. long, 
 with carriage-way and footpaths, the Poplar end being near the 
 W. India Docks. The total cost, which is defrayed by the 
 London County Council, will be alDOve ^,^1 ,000,000. Pari. div. 
 P. (1891) 78,300. 
 
 Poplar Bluff, city, U.S., Missouri, Butler co. , 69 m. WSW. 
 Cairo (111.). P. < 3000. 
 
POPL — PORT 
 
 Poplar Heights, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, 35 m. from 
 Winnipeg, in 50° 4' N., 97° 47' W. Mean temp. (5 yrs.), yr. 
 34.2° F. , Feb. 1.0°, Aug. 67.5°. 
 
 Poplar Island, U.S., Maryland, Talbot co. , in Chesapeake 
 Bay, in 38° 48' N. 
 
 Poplar Point, stn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R., 
 40 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Popo, Great and Little, group of vils. , Africa, French Upper 
 Guinea, Slave Coast, 109 m. WSW. Lagos, in 6° 17' N. , 1° 52' E. 
 Little P. with Wesleyan mission station. The importance of 
 Great P. is due to its position, a little W. of the permanent 
 opening which connects the lagoon with the sea, and near the 
 Mono R. Since April 1885 France has practically occupied 
 Great P. 
 
 Popocatepetl ( ' the smoking mountain '),or Volcan Grande, 
 active volcano, Mexico, state of and 35 m. SW. Puebla, a trun- 
 cated cone, the only rival of Orizaba among the mountains of 
 Mexico, one or other of these two (still uncertain which) being 
 the highest in the country. The results of different trigono- 
 metrical surveys yield an altitude varying from 17,200 ft. to a 
 few feet over 18,000 ft. 
 
 Popoll, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, on the 
 Pescara, 21 m. SW. Chieti. P. 7200. 
 
 Popovlchevskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kuban, dist. Temryuk. P. 5050. 
 
 Popovka, vils. , Russia. 1. Govt, and 85 m. ESE. Chernigov. 
 P. <:5ooo. 2. Govt, and 55 m. NW. Poltava. P. <5ooo. 3. 
 Govt. Taurida, 33 m. N. Berdyansk. P. < 5000. 
 
 Poppelau, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Oppeln, 36 m. 
 SE. by E. Breslau. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Poppelsdorf, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle and i| m. SW. 
 Bonn. P. 5200. 
 
 Poppl, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, on the r. bk. of the Arno, prov. 
 and 18 m. N. by W. Arezzo. P. <20oo. 
 
 Poppleton, Netlier and Upper, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Yorkshire, Nether P., W. Riding, Thirsk and Malton div. , on 
 the Ouse, 3^ m. NW. York, with a stn. (Poppleton) on the 
 NE. R., P.O. (Poppleton). P. (ofeach)<5oo. 
 
 Poprild, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, prov. Zips, 51 m. 
 WNW. Kaschau, on Poprdd R. (an affluent of the Dunajec, 
 length 95 m.); railway stn. for the warm mineral springs of 
 Tatra Fiired. P. < 2000. 
 
 Popntnaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Kuban, 
 45 m. SW. Stavropol, on Urup R. P. 6400. 
 
 Pora, one of the Mentavei Is. , Eastern Archipelago, off the 
 W. ct. of Sumatra, just S. of 2° S. 
 
 Porac, tn., Philippine Is., Luzon, prov. Pampanga, 47 m. 
 NW. Manila. P. (comm.) 8600. 
 
 Porangahau, postal-tp. , New Zealand, North I., Patangata 
 CO., 54 m. S. by W. Napier. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Porayar (Poralyikr, census), suburb of Tranquebar, Brit. 
 India, Madras, dist. Tanjore, 21 m. N. Negapatam, 5 m. NW. 
 Karikal. P. 14,500; Hindus, 11,000. 
 
 Porbandar, tn. and seapt. , India, on the SW. ct. of Kathid.- 
 war Penin. , no m. NW. Diu ; frequented by small craft. 
 P. (1881) 14,600. 
 
 Porcarl, vil., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 6 m. E. Lucca. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Porchester, or Portchester( British Caer Peris, RomsLn Partus 
 Magnus), par., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., on Portsmouth 
 Harbour, 3 m. N. by W. Portsmouth, on the L. & SW. R. One 
 of the principal cities of Britain before the Roman Conquest ; has 
 ruins of an ancient castle. PMT. O. (Portcliester). P. < 1000. 
 
 Porchester, co., Queensland, on the Gulf of Carpentaria, 
 bounded on the S. by 18° S. , between 138° and 140° E. 
 
 Porchfleld, part of eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, P.O. 
 See Jfewtoivn. 
 
 Porco, mt. knot of the Bolivian Andes, S. America, in 19° 
 45' S. , 65° 30' W. From this mountain the Incas derived a 
 large amount of silver, and here was the first mine wrought by 
 the Spaniards after the conquest of Peru. Near it is the town 
 of P. , 20 m. SW. Potosi. Alt. 16,000 ft. 
 
 Porcos, Ilha de, isl. , Brazil, in the mouth of the Amazon, 
 crossed about the middle by 51° W. 
 
 Porcuna, tn. , Spain, prov. and 25 m. WNW. Jaen, dist. 
 Martos. P. (comm. ) 9300. 
 
 Porcupine Cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, Guysborough co., 
 on the Gut of Canso. 
 
 Porcnplne Flat, post-tn. , Victoria, Talbot co. , in 37° o' S. , 
 144° 10' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Porcupine Hills, range of foot-hills of the Rocky Mts. , 
 Canada, Alberta, stretching about 50 m. NNW. from 49^° N. , 
 with a width of about 20 m. , and an alt. of about 5000 ft. The 
 continuation of the Edmonton and Calgary Rly. to Fort McLeod 
 runs along their base. 
 
 Pordenone, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 29 m. W. by S. 
 Udine, 28 m. NE. Treviso ; large cotton spinning and weaving 
 mills. P. 5500. 
 
 Porecs, isl. of the Danube, Servia, in the pass of the Iron 
 Gates ; scene of battles in the War of Independence of 1813. 
 
 Poreniba, colony, Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Oppeln, circle 
 and 4 m. ENE. Zabrze. P. <4000. 
 
 Porepnnkah, stn., Victoria, Bogong co., on the r. bk. of the 
 Ovens, 26 m. SSE. Beechworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Porlngland, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 5 m. SSE. 
 Norwich, 3 m. E. by N. Swainsthorpe stn. P. <5oo; eccles. 
 par. (Great or East P.) P. <5oo. See Howe. 
 
 Porkellls, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., 7 m. W. 
 Falmouth, 4^ m. ESE. Praze stn. 
 
 Porkhov, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 68 m. E. Pskov, on 
 Shelon R. P. < 5000. 
 
 Porlezza, vil., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 16 m. N. Come, 
 on the N. side of Lake Lugano. P. <20oo. 
 
 Porlock, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., i m. from 
 the N. ct. , 22 m. N. by W. Tiverton, on P. Bay, PMT.O. ; 
 4665 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Porlock Bay, small bay on the N. ct. Brit. New Guinea, 
 in 149° 5' E. 
 
 Porman, vil. , E. ct. Spain, prov. Murcia, 10 m. E. Carta- 
 gena ; deposits of iron ore near. 
 
 Pornlc, maritime tn. , France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, arr. 
 Paimboeuf, on the W. ct. , 12 m. SSE. St. Nazaire. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Poroal, native name of Mullen's Harbour, Brit. New Guinea. 
 
 Porodln, tn. , Servia, circle and 19 m. S. Pozarevac. P. <400o. 
 
 Porogne, name given in Senegal to the mixed descendants of 
 the Moors and Negresses. 
 
 Poronal, vil, Japan, Yezo, 115 m. NNE. Hakodate; has a 
 convict prison, the convicts in which work in coal-mines near ; 
 connected by rail with Sapporo and the Port of Otaru. 
 
 Porongos, marshy tract, Argentine Republic, in the N. of 
 prov. Cordoba, stretching about 45°-5o° N. from the E. end of 
 the Mar Chiquito (about 30°-30° 40' S. , 62° 15-30' W. ). To the 
 E. are some salt lakes called Lagunas Saladas de los Porongos. 
 
 Porongos, or Trinidad, vil., Uruguay, cap. dep. Flores, 
 105 m. NNW. Montevideo. P. (with dist.) about 4000. 
 
 Poros, isl. , Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinthia, in the mouth 
 of the Gulf of ^gina, i m. from the mainland. Area, 8 sq. m. 
 (Wisotzki) ; 12 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). 
 
 Poros, tn. , Greece, S. ct. Poros I., comm. Troizen. P. < 
 5000 ; comm. P. 6400. 
 
 Poroszl6, comm., Hungary, co. Heves, dist. Tisza Fiired, 
 46 m. W. by N. Debreczen. P. 5000. 
 
 Porqnerolles, lie de, isl., France, dep. Var, in the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea, the westernmost of the lies d'Hy^res, separated 
 from the penin. of Giens by the channel of Le Grand Ribaud. 
 
 Porrentruy, French ; German Pruntrut, tn. , Switzd. , on 
 the French slope of the Bernese Jura, on the route to Belfort, 26 
 m. WSW. Basel ; extensive watch-factories [Besancon]. P. 
 (comm. ) 6500. 
 
 Porreras, tn., Spain, Majorca I., Balearic Is., 21 m. SE. 
 Palma, dist. Manacor. P. (comm.) 5300. 
 
 Porretta, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 29 m. SW. by S. 
 Bologna ; has sulphur baths. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Porrliio, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 19 m. S. Ponte- 
 vedra. P. 7300. 
 
 Porsangerfjord, fjord, N. ct. Norway, vidth low and 
 absolutely barren shores. Length, 249 m.; breadth, 6-14 m. 
 
 Porsgrund, seapt. , Norway, prov. Bratsberg, at the head of 
 one of the arms of the Brevik inlet, 63 m. SW. Christiania ; 
 large ice trade. The harbour has about i m. of quayage ; 
 depth alongside, 12.25 f'- P- <40oo. 
 
 Port, electoral div.. Ire., Limerick, dist. Abbeyfeale. 
 
 Port, par.. Ire., E. ct., co. Louth, bar. Ferrard, 9 m. NNE. 
 Drogheda. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Porta, vil., Corsica, arr. and 20 m. SSW. Bastia. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Portachuelo, vil., E. Bolivia, dep. Santa Cruz. P. <20oo. 
 
 Port Adams, seapt., Manchuria, prov. Liautung, on the 
 Gulf of Pechili, 116 m. S. by W. Newchwang. 
 
 Port Adelaide, seapt. tn. , S. Australia, co. and 7 m. N W. 
 Adelaide, on Gulf of St. Vincent, port of city Adelaide. The 
 wharves have 12,993 ft. frontage, and 21 ft. at low water. Large 
 ocean steamers lie out in the gulf off the Semaphore, on W. 
 side of a narrow tongue of land which is traversed by a railway 
 to Adelaide. A few miles N. , at Largs Bay, is another pier, 
 2300 ft. long, with a depth at low water of 18 ft. A dock of 5 
 acres has been completed. The port contains ample warehouse 
 accommodation. The entrance is between two sandbanks, well 
 lighted, and the port is defended by two forts. P. 5000. 
 
 Portadown, civic and market tn. , Ire. , NE. co. Armagh, 
 bar. W. Oneilland, 5I m. SW. by W. Lurgan, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Bann, an important railway centre on the G. N. (Ire.) R. ; 
 has linen manufactures. Market-days, W. and S. P. 8400. 
 
 Portaferry, tn.. Ire., E. co. Down, bar. Upper Ards, 8 m. 
 NE. by E. Downpatrick, on the E. side of the entrance to 
 Strangford Lough ; has herring fishery. The tidal harbour has 
 depth at entrance ordinary springs high water 13 ft. , low water 
 nil ; alongside • quayage 10 ft. high water, low water nil. 
 PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Portage, co., U.S., Ohio, in theNE., bounded on the E. by 
 81° W., and on the S. by 41° N. 
 
 1225 
 
PORT — PORT 
 
 Portage, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Cambria co., 8 m. E. 
 Ebensburg, in centre of a dist. containing one of the largest coal 
 veins in W. Pennsylvania, and rich deposits of carbonate of iron 
 ore. P. < 1500. 
 
 Portage, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Columbia co. , on 1. bk. of 
 the Wisconsin, and on the ship-canal, ij m. long, connecting 
 the Wisconsin and Fox Rivs., 83 m. WNW. Milwaukee. P. 
 5100. 
 
 Portage, CO., U.S., Wisconsin, N. of44°N., and W. of 89° 
 W. , traversed by the Wisconsin R. 
 
 Portage Bay, Alaska. See Herendeen Bay. 
 
 Portage Bay, Canada, Manitoba, the eastern arm of the N. 
 half of Lake Manitoba. 
 
 Portage des Sioux, vil., U.S., Missoviri, St. Charles co., on 
 the Mississippi, 24 m. NNW. St. Louis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Portage da Fort, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Pontiac, 60 m. 
 N.Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Portage Island, small isl. , Canada, New Brunswick, at the 
 entrance to Miramichi Bay, just W. of 65° W. 
 
 Portage Lake, irregularly shaped lake, U.S., in NW. of 
 Michigan, Houghton co. (Keweenaw Penin.), drained SE. into 
 Keweenaw Bay, connected with Lake Superior at its N. end by 
 a ship-canal 2^ m. long and 100 ft. wide ; navigable by large 
 vessels. Length, 20 m.; width, 3 m. 
 
 Portage-la-Pralrle, tn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the 
 C. P. R. , 56 m. by rail W. Winnip)eg. P. <4000. 
 
 Port Abnrlri, New Zealand. See Xapler. 
 
 Port Albany, harb., Queensland, on Pacific coast, near Cape 
 York. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Albert, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Huron co. , on Lake 
 Hiu-on, in 43° 52' N., 11 m. N. Goderich. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Port Albert, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I. , Rodney co. , 
 44 m. NNW. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Albert, seapt. tn. , Victoria, Buln Buln co. , 45 m. SW. 
 by S. Sale, at mouth of Tarra R. , in 146° 45' E. , 173 m. SE. 
 Melbourne, with which it is connected with the Great Southern 
 Rly. ; has coal in neighbourhood, and important fisheries for 
 supply of Melbourne market. Rfall. (i2yrs.),27.74in. P.<i 500. 
 
 Portalegre, tn., Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, cap. dist. P., 
 34 m. NNW. Elvas; seat of a bishop; woollen manufactures. 
 P. 8700. 
 
 Port Alexander, Portuguese W. Africa. See Pinda. 
 
 Port Alfred, seapt, Cape Colony, S. ct., dist. and 7 m. 
 S. by W. Bathurst, 55 m. SW. by S. King William's Town, in 
 26° 55' E. , at the mouth of the Kowie, connected by rail with the 
 line from Port Elizabeth to Colesberg and the Orange Free State. 
 Bar harbour at present available only for vessels of lo-ii ft. 
 draught, but improvements are contemplated. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Alice, lake-port, Uganda, on NW. shore of Lake 
 Victoria Nyanza, about 32^° E. 
 
 Port AUegbeuy, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, McKean co., on 
 the Allegheny R., 95 m. ESE. Erie; has one of the largest 
 tanneries in the U.S. Alt. 482 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Angeles, vil, U.S., Washington, Clallam co., 25 m. 
 S. Victoria (V. I. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Antonio, harb., Jamaica, in the NE., in 76° 27' W. 
 
 Port h Plment, maritime vil. , isl. and republic Haiti, S. ct. , 
 120 m. W. by S. Port au Prince, in 74° 3' W. 
 
 Port Appln, vil. , Scot. , Argyllshire, on the E. shore of Loch 
 Linnhe, 10 m. N. by E. Oban, PMT.O. 
 
 Portarla, tn., Greece, prov. Larissa, 3 m. ENE. Volos. 
 P. <:300o; comm. (Hormlnlon) P. < 4000. 
 
 Portarllngton, civic and market tn.. Ire., King and Queen's 
 COS., bar. Upper Philipstown and Portnahinch, 10 m. NNE. 
 Maryborough, on a branch of the Grand Canal, and on the 
 Tullamore and Portarllngton Rly. Market-days, W. and S. 
 Alt. 240 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), yr. 31.2 in. P. <25oo. 
 
 Portarllngton, post-tn. and watering-place, Victoria, Grant 
 CO., on Port Phillip Bay, 16 m. E. by N. Geelong. P. <i50o. 
 
 Port Artbnr, vil. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 and Thunder Bay, Lake Superior, 993 m. by rail W. Montreal, 
 431 m. E. Winnipeg. Alt. 642 ft. Mean temp., yr. 35.5° F., 
 Jan. 6.0°, July 62.8°. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Port Arthur, Lushwankau, or Lushnnku, naval station, 
 China, with a fine narrow-mouthed harbour at the end and on 
 the E. side of the peninsula jutting SW. from Manchuria, 
 opposite Chifu, strongly fortified, the headquarters of the 
 northern fleet of China. Taken by the Japanese, Nov. 1894. 
 
 Port Arthur, tp. , Tasmania, Pembroke co. , on the S. ct. , 
 on inlet of same name, in 147° 55' E. ; from the beginning of the 
 century to 1853 it was the principal penal settlement on the 
 island. Mean temp. (5 yrs., i86i-66), yr. 53.8° F., Feb. 60.4°, 
 Aug. 47.0° ; rfall. (5 yrs.), 45.75 in. 
 
 Portas'kalg, seapt. vil., Scot., Argyllshire, Islay, on the 
 Sound of Islay, in 55° 51' N., PMT.O. 
 
 Port-au-Basques, port, Newfoundland. See Channel. 
 
 Port Augusta, seapt. municip. , S. Australia, Frome co. , 172 
 
 m. NNW. Adelaide, at the head of navigation of Spencer Gulf. 
 
 Fine natural harbour, with good wharves and jetties, connected 
 
 with the gulf by a channel i m. wide, depth at low water 18 ft. 
 
 1226 
 
 Ostrich-farming carried on. Mean temp., yr. 67.3° F. , Jan. 
 79.7°, July 54.3°; rfall. (23 yrs.), 8.81 in. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Port Augusta, settlement, W. Australia, Sussex co. , on the 
 W. ct., 170 m. S. by W. Perth ; in the vicinity are large forests 
 of jarrah. 
 
 Port au Persll, post-vil., Canada, Quebec, Charlevoix co. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, in 69° 51' W. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Port au Port, bay, Newfoundland, on the W. ct. , in 48° 
 35'-5o' N. 
 
 Port au Prince, seapt., W. Indies, cap. of republic Haiti, 
 on the W. ct. , in 18° 34' N., in a level plain surrounded by 
 by marshy land. The tidal harbour (area 4 sq. m. ) has a depth 
 at entrance and wharfside high water ordinary springs of 14 ft. 
 Good anchorage. Steamers load and discharge by lighters. 
 There are no docks. 
 
 Port Austin, vil., U.S., Michigan, Huron co. , at the mouth 
 of Saginaw Bay, E. side. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port -aux- Ponies (Arab llers-el- JeJaJ), maritime vil., 
 Algeria, prov. and 37 m. ENE. Algiers; has anchorage, in- 
 accessible during E. winds ; much frequented by Algerian 
 fishermen. 
 
 Portavogle, tnld. , Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Ards, 5 m. 
 from Kircubbin, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Portball, watering-place and small port, France, dap. 
 Manches, arr. Valogne, 23 m. SSW. Cherbourg ; depth in 
 harbour of 16 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Port Balllntrae, vil. and coastguard station. Ire., NW. ct. 
 CO. Antrim, bar. Lower Dunluce, 4J m. E. by N. Portrush, P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Port Ballona, small port, U.S. , California, on Santa Monica 
 Bay, in 33° 56' N., co. and 16 m. W. by S. Los Angeles. 
 
 Port Ballyralne, Ire. See Letterkenny. 
 
 Port Bannatyne, or Kamesburgh, maritime vil. , Scot. , on 
 the E. ct. of the isl. of Bute, 2 m. NNW. Rothesay, at the head 
 of Kames Bay ; much frequented for sea-bathing. PMT. O. 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Port Barron, vil., U.S., in SE. of Louisiana, Ascension par. 
 (co.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Basque Bay, in the SW. corner of Newfoundland. 
 
 Port Beaufort, maritime vil.. Cape Colony, dist. and 30 m. 
 SE. by E. Swellendam. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Belgrano, the port of Bahia Blanca, Argentine Re- 
 public. Depth on bar at ordinary springs high water 22 ft., 
 low water 12 ft.; alongside, ordinary springs high water 36 ft., 
 low water 26 ft. 
 
 Port Sevan, New Guinea. See Pbilp River. 
 
 Port Blair, harb. See Andaman Islands. 
 
 Port Blanctaard, coal -mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 Luzerne co. , on Susquehanna R. , i m. S. Pittston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Bocage, coast of Mozambique. See Nakala. 
 
 Port Bowen, Brit. N. America, on Prince Regent inlet, in 
 73° 13' N. , 88° 54' W. Here the Hecla and Fury remained 
 from Sept. to July 1824-25, during which period the mean temp, 
 was 4.33^ F., the lowest temp, on Jan. 26 being - 38°, and the 
 highest, July 13, 45.42°. Mean temp. , Jan. - 28.9° F. , July 36.6°. 
 
 Port Bowen, inlet and harb. , Queensland, on Pacific coast, 
 NNE. Rockhampton, in 22° 30' S. — not to be confounded with 
 Bowen (Port Denison). 
 
 Port Breton, harbour at S. end (W. side) of Neu-Mecklen- 
 burg (New Ireland), Bismarck Archipelago, crossed by 4° 46J' 
 S., i52°47i'E. 
 
 Port Breton, or Port Jolnvllle, tn. , France, dep. Vendue, 
 arr. and 31 m. WNW. Sables d'Olonne, NE. ct. Yeu I., of 
 which island it is the only port ; trade in sardines. P. <3000. 
 
 Port Broughton, post-tn. , S. Australia, Daly co. , on the W. 
 ct. , 75 m. S. Port Augusta, in 33° 38' S. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Bruce, vil., Canada, Ontario, Elgin co. , on Lake Erie, 
 25 m. SSE. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Burwell, vil. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, 
 Elgin CO., on Lake Erie, 31 m. SE. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Portbury, par., Eng. , Somerset, N. div., 5^ m. WNW. 
 Bristol, on the G. W. R., P.O. P.<500. 
 
 Port Byron, vil., U.S., Illinois, co. and 16 m. NE. Rock I. 
 by rail, on Mississippi R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Byron, vil., U.S., New York, Cayuga co., 25 m. W. 
 Syracuse, on the Erie Canal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Caledonia, post-vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton 
 I. and CO., on the N. ct., 15 m. E. by N. Sydney. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Port Campbell, or Campbell's Creek, seapt., Victoria, 
 Heytesbury co. , 34 m. SE. by E. Warrnambool ; harbour 
 indifferent. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Canning, decayed tn. and port, Brit. India, Bengal, 
 dist. of the Twenty-four Pargands, on the Matla, 25 m. SE. of 
 and connected by rail with Calcutta ; abandoned as attempted 
 seat of maritime trade. Its traffic consists almost entirely of 
 bamboos, firewood, and fish from the Sundarbans. P. <:5000. 
 
 Port Carbon, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co. , 50 m. 
 NE. Harrisburg, and 2 m. NE. Pottsville; has rich coal-mines. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Port (Puerto) Carenero, Venezuela. See Hlguerote. 
 
PORT — PORT 
 
 Port C'arlliig, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Muskoka co., on 
 Lake Rosseau, 51 m. NE. Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Carlisle, stn., Eng. , Cumberland, Eskdale div. , on the 
 Solway Firth, io| m. WNW. Carlisle, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Port Caroline, S. Australia. See Kingston. 
 
 Port Castries, W. Indies, St. Lucia. See Castries. 
 
 Port Chalmers, mun. tp. , New Zealand, South L, Wai- 
 kouaiti co. , port and 7 m. NE. Dunedin, at entrance of Otago 
 Harbour ; Taiaroa Heads are fortified. Length of quayage, 
 4249 ft.; depth alongside at ordinary springs high water i6f- 
 25I ft., low water 15-19 ft. P. <30oo. 
 
 Port Charles, vil., New Zealand, North L, included in dist. 
 of Coromandel (^.t'. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Charlotte, vil., Scot., Argyllshire, Islay, on the W. 
 side of Loch Indaal, 4 m. W. by S. Bowmore, PMT.O. P. <7SO. 
 
 Portcheslcr, par. , Eng. See Porchester. 
 
 Port Chester, vil., U.S., New York, W. Chester co. , on 
 Long Island Sound, 28 m. NE. by N. New York. P. 5300. 
 
 Port Chester, East, settlement, U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield 
 CO., on the coast, 27 m. WSW. Bridgeport. 
 
 Port Cliolsenl, Madagascar. See Antongll Bay. 
 
 Portclalr Forest, dist., Scot., Inverness-shire, Loch Ness 
 on the E. , and Glen Moriston on the W. 
 
 Port Clarence, bay, in the extreme W. of Alaska, to the SE. 
 of Cape Prince of Wales, with a U.S. reindeer farm intended 
 to provide a food-supply for the natives. Mean temp. (2 yrs. , 
 1850-52), yr. 19.9° F. , Feb. 0.7°, July 49.8°. 
 
 Port Clarence, small port, Eng., Durham, SE. div., on the 
 N. shore of the estuary of the Tees, 4 m. E. by N. Stockton, 
 on the NE. R. ; manufactures salt from brine, has blast- 
 furnaces, and exports coal. PMT.O. 
 
 Port Clarence, a former name of Santa Isabel, Fernando Po. 
 
 Port ClearvlUe, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Kent co., on 
 Lake Erie, 44 m. SW. by S. London. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Port Clinton, vil., U.S., Ohio, Ottawa co., on Lake Erie, 
 31 m. ESE. Toledo ; has a good harbour and lake trade. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Port Clinton, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuj'lkill co., on 
 the Schuylkill R., 51 m. ENE. Harrisburg, and 11 J m. SE. 
 Pottsville ; coal exported. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Clyde, post-vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Shelburne, 
 9 m. from Barrington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Cockbnrn, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Parry Sound 
 dist., at the N. end of Lake Joseph, 56 m. NE. by N. Colling- 
 wood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Colhorne, vil. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, 
 Welland co. , on Lake Erie, 21 m. W. Buffalo, at the S. entrance 
 to the Welland Canal. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Port CoruwalUs, harb. See Andaman Islands. 
 
 Port Coronle, small and bad port, Dutch Guiana, 56° 19' W. 
 
 Port Conrbet, Tongking. See Hongal. 
 
 Port Credit, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Peel co. , on Lake Ontario 
 and a railway, 13 m. WSW. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Crlnan, vil., Scot. See Crlnan. 
 
 Port Curtis, settlement, Queensland, div. Port C, in 24° S. 
 lat. ; important goldfields in dist. 
 
 Port Cygnet, inlet, Tasmania, in the NE. of D'Entrecasteaux 
 Channel, in 43° 11' S. and 147° 8' E. 
 
 Port Dalhousle, port, Canada, Ontario, Lincoln co. , on 
 Lake Ontario, at the entrance to the Welland Canal, 32 m. E. 
 by S. Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Dalrymplc, Tasmania, name given to the estuary of 
 the Tamar, near Georgetown, by Bass and Flinders. 
 
 Port Daniel, vil., Canada, Quebec, Bonaventure co., on 
 Chaleur Bay, in 64° 58' W. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Darwin, the large inlet on which Palmerston stands, 
 on NW. of the N. Terr, of S. Australia, in 12^° S. The jetty 
 has a depth alongside ordinary springs of 15 fathoms high 
 water, 11 fathoms low water. Mean temp. (5 yrs., 1878-82), 
 yr. 83.7° F. , Jan. 84.7°, July 78.0°. 
 
 Port Darwin Camp, tp. , S. Australia, N. Terr., Rosebery 
 CO., 38 m. SE. by S. Palmerston; has gold, silver, and lead 
 mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Davey, harb., Tasmania, on SW. ct. , in 145° 55' E.; 
 receives the waters of Davey R. 
 
 Port de France, former name of Nnmea (Noumea), New 
 Caledonia. 
 
 Port de la Palx, maritime tni, isl. and republic Haiti, N. 
 ct. , 100 m. N. by W. Port au Prince, in 72° 45' W. ; vessels load 
 and discharge by means of lighters. 
 
 Port Denlsou, spacious and safe harbour, E. ct. Queensland, 
 of which the town and port are Bowen, in 20° S. , forming the 
 inner (N.) part of Edgecumbe Bay ; discovered in 1859. 
 
 Port Deposit, tn., U.S., Maryland, Cecil co., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Susquehanna, at head of na\'igation for heavy-laden 
 boats, 29 m. WSW. Wilmington (Del.); has lumber trade, and 
 ships gfranite quarried here to Baltimore and even to Chicago. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Port Dickson, seapt. , Malay Penin., state of Sungei Ujong, 
 connected by rail with Seremban. 
 
 Port Dlnorwlc (or Dlnorwlg), seapt. vil., Wales, Clarnar- 
 vonshire, on Menai Strait and the L. & NW. R. ; shipping port 
 for Llanberis slate quarries. The tidal basin includes 1060 ft. 
 of quayage, and has a depth of 14 ft. ordinary spring tides, 8^ 
 ft. ordinary neap tides. PMT.O. 
 
 Port Douglas, seapt. , Queensland, Nares co. , on the E. ct. , 
 65 m. S. by E. Cooktown, in 16° 30' S. ; centre of cedar cutting 
 operations. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Dover, vil. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Norfolk 
 CO., on Lake Erie, 39 m. SSW. Hamilton. Alt. 635 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 45.4° F. , Jan. 22.0°, July 68.9°. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port-Dnndas, eccles. par., Scot., Lanarkshire, in N. suburbs 
 of Glasgow, Barony par. , at the end of Forth and Clyde Canal. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Port Durnford, harb., S. Africa, at the mouth of the 
 Emlalazi R. , Zulu-land, in about 29° 3' S. 
 
 Port Durnford, or Wnhnshl, inlet, Brit. E. Africa, in 1° 15' 
 S. , formed by the mouth of the riv. Sheri, probably the southern 
 arm of the riv. Juba. The bar behind the ledge of coral reef has 
 17 ft. of water over it at lowest tides. 
 
 Port Eads, vil., U.S., Louisiana, Plaquemines par., 84 m. 
 SE. by E. New Orleans, on the S. pass of the Mississippi. Mean 
 temp., yr. 69.4° F. , Jan. 55.4°, Aug. 81.7°. P. <i5oo. See 
 Mississippi Klver. 
 
 Port Edgar, small harb., Scot., Linlithgowshire, on the S. 
 shore of the Firth of Forth, 1 m. WNW. South Queensferry. 
 
 Port Egmont, in the NW. of the Falkland Is., S. Atlantic, in 
 about 60° o' W. , 51° 20' S. 
 
 Portel, Le, tn. , France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, on the NW. ct., 
 arr. and 2 m. SW. Boulogne. P. < 5000. 
 
 Port Elgin, vil., Canada, Ontario, Bruce co. , on Lake 
 Huron, 58 m. W. Collingwood. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Port Elizabeth, maritime tn. , Cape Colony, dist. Port Eliza- 
 beth, 125 m. SW. by W. King William's Town, with an open 
 but safe harbour on Algoa Bay, in which vessels load from and 
 discharge into lighters and steam-tugs plying from two jetties, 
 one of which is being lengthened to 1150 ft.; salt-pans near. 
 Mean temp., yr. 63.8° F., Jan. 70.8°, July 57.3°; rfall. (25 yrs.), 
 22.3 in. P. (1881) 13,000; (1891) 23,300. 
 
 Port Ellen, seapt. and fishing vil., Scot., Argyllshire, on the 
 S. ct. of Islay, in 6 11' W. ; has a distillery. P. <iooo. 
 
 Port Elliot, seaside tn., S. Australia, Hindmarsh co. , 42 m. 
 S. Adelaide, 4 m. E. by N. Port Victor ; harbour filling up. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Port EUlston, post-tn. , S. Australia. See Elllston. 
 
 Port Elphlnstone, tn. , part of Inverurie (q.v.), Scot., W. 
 Aberdeenshire, on the r. bk. of the Don, PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Port Emma, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Dickey co., 87 
 m. SW. Fargo. 
 
 Portencross, PMT.O., Scot., Ayrshire, in par. and 3 m. 
 NW. West Kilbride. 
 
 Portendlk, old French settlement, W. ct. Africa, in 18° 19' 
 N.; dangerous roadstead. 
 
 Portenza, riv. , Italy, The Marches, rises in the Apennines, 
 and flows ENE. to the Adriatic, emptying itself near Porto 
 Recanati, about 17 m. SE. of Ancona. 
 
 Porter, CO. , U.S., Indiana, on Lake Michigan, crossed by 
 87° W. 
 
 Porter, tn. , U.S. , Maine, Oxford co. ,7m. SW. West Baldwin. 
 P. <isoo. 
 
 Porter, tn., U.S., New York, co. Niagara, on Niagara R., 
 16 m. NW. Lockport. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port' Ercole, seapt. , on the W. ct. of Italy, Tuscany, prov. 
 Grosseto, 35 m. NW. Civita Vecchia, on the SE. side of the 
 penin. of Monte Argentario. 
 
 Port Erin, maritime vil.. Isle of Man, on the W. ct. , 4J m. 
 W. by N. Castletown, on the Isle of Man Rly. ; a breakwater, 
 950 ft. long, encloses a harbour of refuge for vessels of all sizes, 
 and a landing-pier for steamers. PMT.O. 
 
 Port Errol, or Ward of Cruden, vil. , Scot. , E. Aberdeen- 
 shire, on the E. ct. , on the Bay of Cruden, or Ardendraught Bay, 
 6\ m. SSW. Peterhead ; has active herring fishery. PMT. O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Porter's Lake, summer resort, U.S., Pennsylvania, Pike co. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Porters Mills, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, co. and 6 m. below 
 Eau Claire, on Chippewa R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Porterville, vil.. Cape Colony, Piquetberg dist, 66 m. NE. 
 by N. Cape Town. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Porteshani, stn., Eng., Dorset. See Portlsham. 
 
 Port Esperance, harb., Tasmania, Kent co., comprising the 
 township of Dover, 34 m. SW. by S. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Portessle, fishing vil., Scot., Banffshire, on the N. ct., on P. 
 Bay, 4| m. W. Cullen, on the G. N. of S. R. , PMT. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Port Esslngton, post-vil. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on 
 the W. ct., and the Skeena R., in 54° 13' N. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Esslngton, fine harb., S. Australia, N. Terr., to the 
 NE. of Port Darwin ; formerly (1831-50) a military and penal 
 settlement, but abandoned on account of its unhealthiness. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 1227 
 
PORT — PORT 
 
 Portet, tn., France, dep. Haute-Garonne, on the Ariege, arr. 
 and 6 m. SSW. Toulouse. P. < 2000. 
 
 Portete, Babia, bay, Colombia, N. ct., in about 71° 55' W. 
 
 Port Ewen, vil. , U.S., New York, Ulster co., on the r. bk. 
 Hudson R. , near the mouth of the Delaware and Hudson Canal, 
 12 m. N. by W. Poughkeepsie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Porteyuon, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., 13 m. 
 WSW. Swansea, i m. N. P. Polut, PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Port Fairy, formerly Belfast, seapt. tn. and watering-place, 
 Victoria, Villiers co. , at mouth of riv. Moyne, 12 m. W. Warra- 
 nambool, 186 m. WSW. Melbourne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Port Famine, Chile. See Famine, Port. 
 
 Portfleld, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, Oving par., 2 m. E. 
 Chichester, PM.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Portfleld, vil., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 2i m. W. by S. Haver- 
 fordwest, P.O. (P. Gate). See Furzy Pairk. 
 
 Port Francals, creek, N. ct. Haiti I., 4 m. WNW. Cape 
 Haitien. 
 
 Port Franks, vil., Canada, Ontario, Lambton co. , on Lake 
 Huron, in 43° 14' N., 36 m. WNW. London. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Port Frederick, inlet, on the NE. of Chichagof I., Alaska. 
 
 Port Frederick, Tasmania, estuary of the Mersey, Bass 
 Strait, in 146° 20' E. 
 
 Port Fulton, tn., U.S., in SE. of Indiana, Clarke co. , near 
 Jeffersonville. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Portgate, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 3I m. NE. 
 Hexham. P. <25o. 
 
 Port GaTom, seapt. vil. , Eng. , N W. ct. of Cornwall, 6 m. 
 N. Camelford. 
 
 Port Germeln, seapt. tn. , S. Australia, Frome co. , on the W. 
 ct. , on Spencer Gulf, 40 m. SSE. Port Augusta ; depth in port 
 at low water, 17-20 ft. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Port Gibson, tn., U.S., Mississippi, Claiborne co., 26 m. S. 
 by W. Vicksburg. P. <2O0o. 
 
 Port Glasgow, a small inlet on the S. ct. Brit. New Guinea, 
 in about 149^° E. 
 
 Port-Glasgow, pari, and mun. burgh and tn., Scot., W. 
 Renfrewshire, on the 1. bk. of the Clyde and the C. R., 3 m. 
 ESE. Greenock. It has a public library, harbours with quays, and 
 large graving dock ; the original graving dock, built in 1762, was 
 the first of its kind in Scotland. Shipbuilding is extensively carried 
 .on ; other industries are sail-making and iron-founding. It is 
 one of the chief ports on the Clyde for imports of N. American 
 timber. The town was founded by the Glasgow magistrates in 
 i568 to be the seaport of Glasgow. The burgh unites with 
 Renfrew, Rutherglen, Dumbarton, and Kilmarnock in sending 
 one member to House of Commons. Market-day, F. Tn. P. 
 14,700 ; pari, and mun. burgh P. 14,600. 
 
 Portgleuone, par. and tn.. Ire., W. co. Antrim, bar. Lower 
 -Toome, 15 m. NW. Antrim, 8 m. from Ballymena stn., on the 
 r. bk. of the Bann ; has salmon fishery, and manufacture of 
 linen. PMT.O. Par. 10,751 ac. , P. 5100; tn. (partly in co. 
 Londonderry, bar. Loughinsholin) P. <7SO. 
 
 Port Gordon, seapt., Scot., Banffshire, on the coast and the 
 G. N. of S. R., S^m. NNW. Keith, PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Gorey, small port with pier, W. side of Little Sark, 
 Channel Is. 
 
 Port Gower, fishing vil. , Scot. , Sutherland, E. ct. , 13 m. NE. 
 .by E. Golspie, I J m. SW. Helmsdale stn. 
 
 Port (Harbour) Grace, small maritime tn., Newfoundland, 
 .W. side of Conception Bay, 25 m. NW. St. John. 
 
 Port Gneydon, name taken by the town of Azeffun, 34 m. 
 WNW. Algiers, Africa, after the French admiral of that name ; 
 a prosperous colony. P. (comm. ) 39,900. 
 
 Portb, stn. , Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div. , at the junction 
 of the Rhondda and Rhondda-fach branches of the Taff Vale 
 Rly., 9 m. S. by W. Merthyr-Tydfil ; coal mined. PMT.O. 
 
 Port Hacking, bay, E. ct. New South Wales, 12 m. SW. 
 Sydney. The dist. forms the National Park of Port Hacking. 
 ' Porthall, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Donegal, bar. N. Raphoe, 3 m. 
 N. Lifford, with a stn. on the Londonderry and Enniskillen Rly. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Port Hamilton, fine harbour enclosed by three small islands 
 forming the Nanhou group, about 30 m. from S. ct. Korea, 44 
 m. NE. Quelpart I.; commands the entrance to Broughton 
 Strait and Gulf of Pechili. In 1885 it was occupied by the Eng- 
 lish, who abandoned it two years later. 
 
 Port Hastings, seapt. tn. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton 
 I., Inverness co., on the Gut of Canso, 66 m. WSW. Sydney. 
 P. <:i5oo. > 
 
 Port Havannah, harb., on Vate, Sandwich Is. 
 
 Port Hawkesbury, seapt. tn. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape 
 Breton I., Inverness co., on the Gut of Canso, 66 m. E. Pictou. 
 The tidal harbour has a depth at ordinary springs high water at 
 entrance of 34 ft. , at quayside 25 ft. ; low water at entrance 28 
 ft., quayside 19 ft. There is no bar. Good anchorage. P. 
 <:i5oo. 
 
 Portlicawl, vil. and bathing-place, Wales, Glamorganshire, 
 S. div., oh the S. ct., 14 m. SSE. Neath, on the G. W. R.; 
 exports coal and iron. The dock (area jh ac. ) has depth of water 
 1228 
 
 over sill of 26 ft. highest spring tides, 14 ft. highest neap tides ; 
 the basin has 22-24 ft- over sill at ordinary spring tides, 15-16 
 ft. ordinary neap. Coastguard station. PMT.O. 
 
 Portbcothan Bay, Eng., on the NW. ct. of Cornwall, in 
 50° 31' N. 
 
 Porth Dlnlleyn, bay, Wales, in the W. of Carnarvonshire, 
 in 52° 56' N. 
 
 Port Helllck (' the cove of willows'), St. Mary's, Scilly Is. 
 
 Port Henderson, small bay, Scot., Ross-shire, W. ct. , 8 m. 
 SW. by W. of the foot of Loch Maree. 
 
 Port Henry, vil., U.S., New York, Essex co., on Lake 
 Cham plain, 32 m. SSW. Burlington (Vt.) ; has several iron ore 
 mines. P. <:3000. 
 
 Portb Euys, former tn., Eng. See Mousehole. 
 
 Port Herald, customs station, Brit. Nyassa-land, on r. bk. 
 lower Shire, below Chiromo, in about 17" 6' S. 
 
 Port Herbert, inlet, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the SE. ct. , 
 its mouth in 43° 47' N. 
 
 Port Hill, post-vil. , Canada, Prince Edward Island, co. Prince, 
 22 m. from Summerside. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Porthkerry, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., on the S. 
 ct. , 8^ m. SW. Cardiff, i^ m. W. Barry stn. P. <250 ; eccles. 
 par. (P. with Barry) P. <iooo. 
 
 Porthleven, eccles. par. and small seapt. , Eng. , Cornwall, 
 Truro div., on the S. ct., 10 m. E. by S. Penzance, 2 m. WSW. 
 Helston, with fisheries and lifeboat. The inner harbour has a 
 depth of 16 ft. over sill at ordinary spring tides, 9 ft. ordinary 
 neap tides. PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Porthllongddu, small seapt., Anglesey, 7 m. NW. Beau- 
 maris, on W. side of Red Wharf Bay. 
 
 Porthloe, vil., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., on the S. 
 ct. , 7k m. ESE. Truro, with lifeboat and coastguard station, 
 P.O. 
 
 Porthmullln, cave, Eng. , Cornwall. See Mnlllon. 
 
 Portb Mgel, or Hell's Month, bay, Wales, in the S. of Car- 
 narvonshire. 
 
 Port Hood, seapt. tn. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I. , 
 Inverness co. , on the W. ct. , 64 m. W. Sydney ; depth at 
 entrance at high water ordinary springs 30 ft., on bar at low 
 water 2 ft.; good anchorage. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Hope, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Durham 
 CO., on Lake Ontario, 57 m. E. by N. Toronto. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Porthpean, vil., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., on the S. 
 Ct., lo^ m. S. by W. Bodmin, i^ m. SE. St. Austell stn., P.O. 
 
 Portb Penllech, bay, Wales, in the W. of Carnarvonshire, 
 in 52° 53' N. 
 
 Porthtowan, vil. , Eng. , on the N W. ct. of Cornwall, 8J m. 
 W. by N. Truro, P.O. 
 
 Port Hudson, vil., U.S., Louisiana, on 1. bk. Mississippi, 
 par. and 25 m. above Baton Rouge. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Huron, city, U.S., Michigan, St. Clair co., on St. Clair 
 R., 55 m. NE. by N. Detroit. An iron cylinder tunnel, 7000 ft. 
 long, and 20 ft. in diameter, under the St. Clair R. , between 
 Port H. and Port Sarnia, in Canada, was opened in 1890. Great 
 trade in lumber ; has large elevators, shipyards, and four dry 
 docks. It is the port of entry of the dist. of H., and has 
 large commerce. Extensive traffic with Canada is carried on 
 by the Grand Trunk Rly. , which crosses the St. Clair at Fort 
 Gratiot, which now (since 1894) forms the N. part of the city. 
 Two other lines have their termini here. Numerous natural gas 
 wells. Alt. 633 ft. Mean temp., yr. 44.9° F., Jan. 21.4°, July 
 68.3°; rfall. (9 yrs.), 35.26 in. P. (1880) 8900; (1890) 13,500; 
 (1895, including Fort Gratiot) about 20,000. 
 
 Porthwen, small bay, Wales, on the N. of Anglesey, 2^ m. 
 NW. by W. Amlwch. 
 
 Portbyrhyd, P.O., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 6 m. from 
 Llandovery. 
 
 Portbyrhyd, vil. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, 4 m. SW. Lam- 
 peter, P.O. 
 
 Portb-yr-Ogof, or Cwm Porth, limestone cavern, Wales, 
 Brecknockshire, Vale of Neath, traversed for 250 yards by 
 Mellte R. 
 
 Port Ibrahim, the harbour of Suez, Egypt. 
 
 Portlcl, small coasting and fishing port and residential tn., 
 Italy, Campania, on the Bay of Naples, prov. and 5 m. ESE. 
 Naples ; has a former royal palace. P. 9800. 
 
 Portico dl Caserta, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 3 m. 
 WSW. Caserta. P. <:3000. ' 
 
 Portlllo, El, small port, Cuba, S. ct., 95 m. W. Santiago de 
 Cuba, in 77° 19' W. 
 
 Portliicaple, hamlet, Scot., Dumbartonshire, on the E. shore 
 of Loch Long, 8 m. NW. by N. Helensburgh. 
 
 Portington and Cavil, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Howdenshire div., 3 m. NE. Howden. P. <25o. 
 
 Portlnscale, vil., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., at the 
 lower end of Derwent Water, i m. W. Keswick, PMT.O. 
 
 Port Isaac, isl. , Eng., Cornwall, on Port Isaac Bay, 6^ 
 m. NE. Padstow ; shipping place for slate from the Delabole 
 quarries. PMT.O. 
 
 Portlsham (por'ti-sham, pronounced by the peasantry p6s'flm), 
 
PORT — PORT 
 
 par., Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , 6 m. WSW. Dorchester, with 
 stn. (Portesliaiii) on the G. W. R. Birthplace of Captain Hardy 
 (Nelson's friend). PM.O. (Portesham). 4511 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Portlshead (port'is-hed, pronounced by seamen p6s'et), par., 
 seapt. , and small tn. , Eng., Somerset, N. div., on the estuary 
 of Severn, 8 m. WNW. Bristol, on the G. W. R. ; a frequented 
 watering-place. The dock of 12 ac. has a depth on sill at high 
 water highest springs of 37 ft., lowest neaps 20 ft. PMT.O. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Portifa (portitsa), an inlet, Roumania, leading from the 
 Black Sea, in 44° 4' N., into Lake Rasim on the N., and the 
 Sinoe Liman on the S. 
 
 Port Jarksou, inlet. New South Wales, co. Cumberland, its 
 entrance being between two lofty cliffs, the N. and S. heads, on 
 the latter of which is a lighthouse 345 ft. above the sea, in 33° 
 52' S. , 151" 18' E. It has numerous creeks and bays, and forms 
 one of the finest harbours known, with dry dock and naval 
 station. The city of Sydney is on its S. side. It extends 15 m. 
 inland. 
 
 Port Jackson, vil. , U.S., New York, Montgomery co. , on 
 Mohawk R. and the Erie Canal, 31 m. WNW. Troy. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Port Jefferson, vil., U.S., New York, Suffolk co. , 59 m. E. 
 Brooklyn by rail, on Long Island Sound ; has a good harbour, 
 and shipbuilding. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Port Jervls, vil., U.S., New York, Orange co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Delaware R. , and the Delaware and Hudson Canal, 48 
 m. SW. by W. Poughkeepsie. The fine scenery renders it a 
 favourite summer resort ; has extensive railroad shops. P. (1880) 
 8700 ; (1890) 9300. 
 
 Port Jolnville, tn., France. See Port Breton. 
 
 Port JoU, inlet, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the SE. ct., its 
 mouth in 43° 50' N. 
 
 Port Joly, settlement, Canada, Quebec, L' Islet co., on the 
 r. bk. of St. Lawrence, 53 m. NE. by E. Quebec. 
 
 Port Kennedy, harb. , Queensland. See Thursday Island. 
 
 Portknockle (locally pronounced portkn6k'I, and accord- 
 ingly incorrectly spelt Portuockle), vil. , Scot. , Banffshire, on the 
 N. ct., i^m. NW. by W. Cullen, on theG. N. ofS. R., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Portland, former tn., Canada, New Brunswick, St. John co. , 
 2 m. N. by W. St. John, in which it is now included. 
 
 Portland, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Leeds co. , on Lake 
 Rideau, 36 m. NNE. Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Portland, P.O., Ire., co. Tipperary, on the Shannon, 2 m. 
 NE. Portumna, 12 m. from Parsonstown stn. 
 
 Portland, co. , Queensland, crossed by 24° S. and 144° E. 
 
 Portland, tn. , U.S. , Connecticut, Middlesex co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Connecticut, opposite Middletown, 14 m. S. by E. Hart- 
 ford ; noted for its quarries of brown sandstone. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Portland, city, U.S., Indiana, Jay co. , 73 m. NE. by E. 
 Indianapolis. P. <4000. 
 
 Portland, city and seapt. , U. S. , Maine, Cumberland co. , 53 m. 
 SSW. Augusta, on Casco Bay. The harbour is safe and spacious, 
 and only occasionally obstructed with ice. At its entrance, on 
 P. Head, is a lighthouse 70 ft. high, visible 16 m. There are 
 no wet docks. The dry dock is the largest in the country after 
 those at Brooklyn. The foreign trade is carried on chiefly with 
 the W. Indies, S. America, and Europe ; chief exports, pro- 
 visions, fish, ice, and lumber ; imports, iron, salt, crockery, 
 sugar, and molasses. The greater part of British imports to 
 P. are for transmission to Canada, during the winter season, by 
 the Grand Trunk Rly. Manufactures include locomotives and 
 marine engines, carriages, furniture varnishes, &c. The cod 
 and mackerel fisheries are very important ; grain trade large ; 
 the corn and lobster-canning business is extensive. Popular 
 summer resort. First settled in 1632, incorporated a town in 
 1786, became a city in 1832. In 1866 a large part of the city was 
 destroyed by fire. Mean temp. , yr. 46.7° F. , Jan. 24.0°, July 
 69.4°; rfall. (12 yrs.), 38.67 in. P. (1850) 20,800; (1870) 31,400; 
 (1890) 36,400. 
 
 Portland, vil., U.S., Michigan, Ionia co. , on Grand R. , 71 
 m. SW. Bay City, and 20 m. NW. by W. Lansing. P. <20oo. 
 
 Portland, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Traill co. , 51 m. 
 NW. by N. Fargo. 
 
 Portland, vil., U.S., Ohio. See Oak Hill. 
 
 Portland, city, U.S. , Oregon, Multnomah co. , on both banks 
 of the Willamette R., at the head of ship navigation, 80 m. SE. 
 of the mouth of Columbia R., 122 m. by these rivers from the 
 Pacific Ocean, on a plateau rising from the stream, sheltered 
 on the W. by a range of fir-covered hills ; lighted by electricity, 
 force supplied by the Willamette Falls, 12 m. distant. Next to 
 San Francisco, the most important city on the Pacific coast of the 
 U.S. It has regular steam communication with Brit. Columbia, 
 San Francisco, Alaska, and other parts. The commerce is in- 
 creasing rapidly, the chief exports being wheat, flour, salmon, 
 and lumber ; manufactures extensive ; there are numerous foun- 
 dries, saw-mills, and factories. The entrance channel to the port 
 has 25 ft. of water at lowest water. Depth alongside the wharves 
 at ordinary spring tides, high water 24 ft., low water 21 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 52.7° F. , Jan. 39.5°, July 67.2° ; rfall. (yr.), 51. i 
 
 in. , June-Sept. 4.92 in. P. (i8so)<300o; (1870)8300; (1880) 
 17,600 ; (1890) 46,400. East P., adjoining city, P. (i88o)<3ooo; 
 (1890) 10,500. East P. and Albula united with P. in 1891. 
 
 Portland, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Northampton co., on 
 the Delaware, 47 m. SE. Scranton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Portland, seapt. tn. , in W. of Victoria, Normanby co. , on 
 W^ side of P. Bay, in 141° 4' E. , 250 m. NW. Melbourne by 
 rail ; has good harbour accommodation. Mean temp., yr. 56.6° 
 F., Feb. 63.2°, July 49.5°; rfall. (16 yrs.), 32.84 in. P. <3000. 
 
 Portland, Isle of, penin. par. and tn. , Eng. , co. and 4 m. 
 S. Dorset, insular only at certain states of the tide, and extending 
 into the English Channel, 4J m. in length N. to S. , by 2 m. in 
 breadth, connected with the mainland by the Chesil Bank, a 
 narrow ridge of shingle loi m. in length, and terminating on 
 the S. by Portland Bill, a rocky promontory, with two light- 
 houses 198 ft. above the sea, in 50° 31' N. , 2° 26' W. It forms 
 the S. side of Weymouth Harbour, and has extensive quarries 
 of oolitic limestone, called Portland stone. A railway (L. & 
 SW. R. ) connects it with Weymouth. Portland is famous for 
 its immense breakwaters, one 1800 ft. , the other 6000 ft. long, 
 which is separated from the first by a passage of 400 ft. in 
 breadth, and 45 ft. deep at the lowest tide. The stone was 
 conveyed from the top of the island by the convicts from Port- 
 land prison. The breakwater was commenced in 1849, and 
 completed in 1871, at a cost of upwards of ;^i,ooo,ooo. The 
 harbour formed by it has an area of about 2000 acres. It is 
 defended by shore batteries and a fort. Par. and tn. P. 9400. 
 
 Portland Bay, large bay, Victoria, W. Cape Sir William 
 Grant, in 141° 50' E. 
 
 Portland Bill, cape, Eng. , Dorsetshire, S. end of Portland I. 
 
 Portland Canal, fjord on the W. side of N. America, 60 m. 
 long, bordered by mountains 3000-4000 ft. high at the entrance, 
 and twice that height at the head ; forms the boundary between 
 Alaska and British Columbia. 
 
 Portland Cape, headland, Tasmania, NE. ct. Banks Strait, 
 in 147° 57' E. 
 
 Portland Ferry, Ire. , N. co. Tippjerary, bar. Lower Ormond, 
 on the Shannon, 10^ m. W. Parsonstown. 
 
 Portland Islands, small group, Pacific Ocean, W. New 
 Hanover. 
 
 Portland Isle, isl. , New Zealand, S. Mahai Penin., at E. 
 point of Hawkes Bay. 
 
 Portland Point, cape, Jamaica, on the S. ct., in tj" 8' W. ; 
 off it, on the E. , are Portland Keys. 
 
 Portland Race, Eng. , a dangerous part of English Channel, 
 in which the tides set E. with great velocity, off S. extremity of 
 Portland I. 
 
 Portland Road, roadstead, Eng. , on the S. ct. of Dorsetshire, 
 between Weymouth and the isl. of Portland, protected on the E. 
 by a breakwater 2i m. long. 
 
 Portland Road, stn. , Eng. , London, Metropolitan Rly. 
 (Inner Circle), 2 m. WNW. St. Paul's. 
 
 Portland Tovn, eccles. par., Eng., co. of London, St. 
 Marylebone par. P. 8300. 
 
 Port La Tonr, port of entry, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Shel- 
 burne, 8 m. from Barrington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Lavaca, vil., U.S., Texas, Calhoun co. , on Matagorda 
 Bay, 120 m. WSW. Galveston. P. < 1500. 
 
 PortlaM', tn.. Ire., N. co. Waterford, bar. Upperthird, 9 m. 
 W. by N. Waterford, 3 m. from Fiddown stn. , li m. from the 
 r. bk. of the Suir, PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Lazaref, bay, on the E. ct. of Korea, at mouth of riv. 
 Dungan, in 39° 20' N., forming the N. part of the bay, which 
 has Wonsan on its S. shore ; an excellent natural harbour ; de- 
 posits of gold within 20 m. 
 
 Portlenionth, East, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 
 ii| m. SW. Dartmouth, 3 m. NW. Prawle Point. P. <5oo. 
 
 Port Leschenanlt, inlet, W. Australia, dist. Wellington, 
 forming a backwater of the Indian Ocean. Length, 15 m. ; 
 breadth, i m. 
 
 Portlethen, fishing vil., Scot., Kincardineshire, on the E. 
 ct. , 6 m. S. by W. Aberdeen, on the C. R. P. <5oo. 
 
 Port Lewalgne, hamlet and small port, E. ct. Isle of Man, 
 2 m. SE. Ramsey. 
 
 Port Llhaa, bay, on S. side of Prince of Wales I., in En- 
 deavour Strait, Torres Strait, Queensland. 
 
 Port Lincoln, seapt. tn., S. Australia, Eyre's Penin., E. side. 
 Flinders co. , 156 m. W. Adelaide. Its harbour is one of the 
 largest, and admits vessels of any draught. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Port Logan, seapt. vil. , Scot. , Wigtownshire, on a bay of the 
 same name, 7 m. NW. by N. Mull of Galloway, 9^ m. SSE. 
 Colfinstn., PT.O. 
 
 Port Lokko, tn., Africa, Sierra Leone, 35 m. ENE. Free- 
 town, with station of the Church Missionary Society. 
 
 Portlonian, par.. Ire., W. co. Westmeath, bar. Corkaree, 
 4I m. NW. MuUingar. P. <25o. 
 
 Portlorgan, small fishing harbour. Ire., N. co. Donegal, 
 near Malin Head. 
 
 Port Louis, fortified tn., France, dep. Morbihan, on the 
 coast, arr. and 3 m. S. Lorient. P. <30oo. 
 
 1229 
 
PORT — PORT 
 
 Port Lonls, seapt., cap. Mauritius, on the W. ct. Rfall. 
 (lo yrs.), 52.46 in. P. (including suburbs) about 60,000. 
 
 Fort Louis, maritime tn., W. Indies, on NE. ct. of Guade- 
 loupe I. 
 
 Port Lyttelt«n, New Zealand. See Lytteltou. 
 
 Port MacDounell, port, S. Australia, Grey co., 18 m. SSW. 
 Mount Gambler, 304 m. SE. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Macanarie, seapt. tn., New South Wales, Macquarie 
 CO., at mouth of riv. Hastings, 100 m. SE. Armidale, 180 m. 
 N. Sydney. Mean temp., yr. 64.4° F., Feb. 73.1°, July 54.5° ; 
 rfall. (29 yrs.), 60.05 '^i- P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Sladlsou, vil., U.S., Washington, Kitsap co., 50 m. 
 NNE. Olympia. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Portmadoc, small seapt. and market-tn. , Wales, Carnarvon- 
 shire, Eifion div. , on the S. ct. , 16 m. SSE. Carnarvon, on the 
 Festiniog and Cambrian Rlys. The harbour has a depth at 
 high water of 13 ft. Its thriving trade is chiefly in slates, from 
 the quarries of Festiniog, in Merionethshire, with which it is 
 connected by railway. Market-day, F. See Yuyscynbalarn. 
 
 Portmagee, fishing vil., Ire., SW. ct. co. Kerry, bar. 
 Iveragh, 32 m. W. Kenmare, PM.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Portmahoiuack, fishing vil., Scot., in a detached part of 
 Cromartyshire, on the E. ct., 8J m. E. by N. Tain, PMT.O. 
 
 Port Malion, Minorca. See Mahou. 
 
 Port Slaltlaud, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Haldimand co. , 
 on Lake Erie, 32 m. SSE. Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Maria, seapt. vil., Jamaica, Middlesex co., N. ct. , in 
 76° 54' W. 
 
 Portmaruock, par.. Ire., E. co. and 7 m. NE. Dublin, bar. 
 Coolock, on the G. N. (Ire.) R. P. <5oo. 
 
 Port Mary, small bay, Scot. , on the S. ct. of Kirkcudbright- 
 shire, in 3° 56' W. , 6 m. ESE. the entrance of Kirkcudbright 
 Bay, where Mary Queen of Scots embarked in her last flight to 
 England. 
 
 Port Matbeson, China. See Hwel-ngan. 
 
 Port Medway, seapt. tn. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Queen's co. , 
 on the SE. ct., 62 m. SW. by W. Halifax. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Port Melbourne, formerly Saitdrldge, port of Melbourne 
 city, Victoria, with which it is connected by rail, on Hobson's 
 Bay. P. 13,100. 
 
 Port Melville, Portuguese E. Africa. See Delagoa Bay. 
 
 Port Millport (or Mllport), New Guinea. See Millport 
 Harbour. 
 
 Portmoak, par., Scot., Kinross-shire, 4 m. E. Kinross; 
 9957 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Port Monmoatta, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Monmouth co. , on 
 Sandy Hook Bay, 20 m. S. Jersey City. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Port Moody, seapt., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, at the 
 head of Burrard Inlet, on the C. P. R. , 1469 m. by rail W. 
 Winnipieg, 13 m. E. Vancouver. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Morant, tn., Jamaica, Surrey co. , 32 m. E. by S. 
 Kingston, in 76° 19' W. 
 
 Portmore, fishing harbour. Ire., N. co. Donegal, near 
 Malin Head. 
 
 Portmore, Longb, small lake. Ire., in SW. of co. Antrim, 
 9^ m. WNW. Lisburn, drained W. into Lough Neagh. 
 
 Port Moresby, vil. , on the S. ct. of New Guinea, in 147° 10' 
 E., cap. Brit. New Guinea, with a natural harbour sheltered by 
 a line of coral reefs, through which the Basilisk Passage 
 affords an entrance. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Moi^an, tp. , S. Australia. Same as Morgan. 
 
 Port Morulngton, on Red Sea. See Aklk. 
 
 Port Morris, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Morris co. , 25 m. W. 
 Paterson . P . < 1 500. 
 
 Port Monton, inlet, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the SE. ct. , in 
 43° 55' N. 
 
 Portmack, small harbour, Ire., E. co. Antrim, bar. Lower 
 Belfast, Magee I., oposite Muck I. P. <25o. 
 
 Port Mulgrave, Indian vil. and Moravian mission at the S. 
 end of Khantank I., mouth of Yakutat Bay, Alaska, SE. side, 
 in 59° 34' N. 
 
 Port Mulgrave, seapt. tn., Canada, Nova Scotia, Guys- 
 borough CO. , on the Gut of Canso, 65 m. E. by S. Pictou. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Port Mulgrave, coast vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 12 m. 
 NW. Whitby ; has coal and ironstone. 
 
 Port Musgrave, harb. , Queensland, at mouth of Batavia R. , 
 NW. Cape York penin. 
 
 Portnacrolsh, vil., Scot., Argyllshire, on the coast, ii m. 
 NNE. Oban. 
 
 Portnacross, fishing harb., Ire., W. co. Donegal, Glen- 
 columbkille par. 
 
 Portnaguran, PT.O., Scot., near Stornoway, Lewis Is., 
 Hebrides. 
 
 Portnaliaven, vil. , Scot. , Argyllshire, Islay, in extreme SW. 
 of the penins. called the Rhinns of Islay, PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Portnahlneh, bar.. Ire., in the NE. of Queen's co. 
 
 Port Nakala, harb. , E. Africa. See FeruSlo Yeloso. 
 
 Portnascnlly, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Iverk, on riv. 
 Suir, 4 m. W. Waterford. P. < 1000. 
 1230 
 
 Portnashangan, par.. Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Corkaree, 
 on Lough Owel, 4 m. NW. Mullingar. P. <5oo. 
 
 Port Natal, Natal. See Durban. 
 
 Portuangban Bay, Scot., Wigtownshire, in the NW. , in 
 54° 584' N. 
 
 Port Nelson, vil., Canada, Ontario, Halton co. , on Lake 
 Ontario, 7 m. NE. Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Nessock Bay, Scot. Same as Port Logan Bay. 
 
 Portneuf, vil. , Canada, Quebec, P. co. , on the 1. bk. of the 
 St. I^awrence, at the mouth of the riv. Portneuf, 34 m. W. by S. 
 Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Portneuf, vil. , Canada, Quebec, co. Saguenay, on St. Law- 
 rence R. , 45 m. below Tadousac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Portneuf Lake, lake, Canada, Quebec, Chicoutimi co. , its 
 lower end in 49° 6' N., 70° 15' W. , drained SE. into the St. 
 Lawrence by the riv. Portneuf. 
 
 Port Nicholson, harb., New Zealand, original name of 
 Wellington (q.v.) Harbour, in Cook's Straits. 
 
 Portnockie, census spelling of Portknockle, Scot. 
 
 Port Nollotta, seapt. , Cape Colony, div. Namaqua-land, on 
 Robbe Bay, 67 m. WNW. the copper-mines of Ookiep (^.v.) ; 
 open roadstead. P. < 1500. 
 
 Portnoo, fishing harb., Ire., W. co. Donegal, Templecrone 
 par. 
 
 Port Norrls, vil, U.S., New Jersey, Cumberland co., 46 m. 
 S. by E. Philadelphia (Penn.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Porto, tn. , Portugal. See Oporto. 
 
 Porto, Gulf of, on the W. ct. of Corsica, in 42° 17' N. 
 
 Porto Alegre, tn., Brazil, slate of and 373 m. SSW. Bahia ; 
 important as the market of the Mucury valley, which exports 
 large quantities of coffee, cotton, and rosewood, and receives 
 salt and spices for Minas Geraes. 
 
 Porto Alegre, rapidly rising seapt. , Brazil, Rio Grande do 
 Sul, at the N. end of the Lagoa dos Patos, E. side, opposite the 
 mouth of the Jacuhy, in 30° i' 57" S. , 57° 9' 37" W. All vessels 
 have to pass the bar at Rio Grande do Sul. Depth on bar with 
 NE. wind, 12 ft. ; with SW. wind, 9 ft. P. 52,000. 
 
 Porto Bello (or Belo), maritime vil. , Colombia, dep. Panama, 
 20 m. NE. Colon, on the N. ct. of isthmus, at head of the excel- 
 lent port, formerly so frequented, where ended the paved way 
 constructed by the Spaniards to connect Panama and the 
 Caribbean Sea ; has a cathedral and treasury ; in the time of its 
 prosperity had annual fairs which lasted 60 days. Discovered by 
 Columbus in 1502, and founded in 1584 ; taken and sacked five 
 times by the English. The bay is i m. wide at the entrance, 
 and the largest ships can anchor close to land. 
 
 Portobello, P.O., Eng., Staffordshire, i m. NE. Willenhall. 
 
 Portobello, par. and mun. bor. and watering-place, Scot., 
 Midlothian, on the S. shore of the Firth of Forth, 3 m. E. 
 Edinburgh, on the N. B. R. ; a favourite summer resort, with 
 a fine sandy beach ; coal mined ; has brick-works and potteries. 
 The burgh unites with Leith and Musselburgh in sending one 
 member to House of Commons. Tn. P. 8700 ; pari. bor. P. 
 8200. 
 
 Porto Cabello, Venezuela. See Puerto Cal>ello. 
 
 Portocannano, vil., Italy, prov. Campobasso, 10 m. NNE, 
 Larino. P. < 3000. 
 
 Porto Clvltanovo, small port, on the E. ct. of Italy, The 
 Marches, prov. Macerata, 25 m. SSE. Ancona. 
 
 Porto da Cruz, tn., N. ct. Madeira I. P. <4000. 
 
 Porto das Calxas, tn., Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, with a port on 
 the Rio Aldea, 37 m. S. Maca9u. 
 
 Porto das Pedras, seapt., on the E. ct. of Brazil, Alagoas, 
 in 9° 15' S. 
 
 Porto de Moz, tn. , Brazil, Pard, on r. bk. Xingu, in 1° 50' S. ; 
 centre of river navigation. 
 
 Porto de Moz, tn. , Portugal, Estremadura, dist. and 10 m. 
 S. Leiria. P. <:4000. 
 
 Porto d'Ubeo, bay. See Sandwlcb Harbour. 
 
 Porto Uraco, bay, Greece. See Piraeus. 
 
 Porto Enipedocle, tn. , on the S. ct. of Sicily, prov. and 3 
 m. WSW. Girgenti ; no docks or quays. Port formed by two 
 breakwaters ; is well sheltered from all winds. Vessels load and 
 discharge by lighters. Depth, 17^22^ ft. Large export of 
 sulphur. P. 8200. 
 
 Porto Ercole. See Port' Ereole. 
 
 Porto Farina, Tunis. See Ghar-el-Melali. 
 
 Porto Fcllz, vil., Brazil, state and 55 m. WNW. Sao Paulo, 
 on the riv. Tiete. P. (comm. ) 9000. 
 
 Portoferrajo, tn., Italy, isl. of Elba, on the N. ct. ; export 
 of iron ore. Mean temp., yr. 60.4° F. , Jan. 48.3°, July 74.9°. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 Portoflno, vil. , Italy, Liguria, on the coast, prov. and 16 m. 
 ESE. Genoa. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Port of Mentelth, par., Scot., Perthshire, on the N. B. R., 
 12 m. W. by N. Stirling, P.O. (P. of Montelth) ; 22,238 ac. 
 P. < 1500. See Menteltb. 
 
 Port of Ness, bay and vil. , Scot. , near N. end of Lewis I. , E. 
 side, 20 m. NNE. Stornoway, PMT.O. 
 
 Port of Spain, maritime tn., W. Indies, on the W. ct. of 
 
PORT — PORT 
 
 Trinidad, in the N. of the island, of which it is the chief town ; 
 harbour available for largest vessels. The quays have only 4 ft, 
 depth of water alongside at high water. P. (1857) 11,700; 
 <i89i) 33,800. 
 
 Porto Grande, tn. , St. Vincent I. , W. Indies. See Mlndello. 
 
 Portogruaro, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. Venice, 27 m. SW. 
 Udine. P. <40oo. 
 
 Porto Imperial, tn. , Brazil, Goyaz, on r. bk. Tocantins, just 
 S. of 10° S. 
 
 Porto Iiiglez, port, Maio {^.v.) I., Cape Verde group. 
 
 Porto Lagos, seapt. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet Adrianople, 
 sanjak Giimiirjina, on Buru-gol (lake) and the Karagach Liman, 
 38 ni. WNW. Dede-Agach. 
 
 Portole, tn. , Austria, Istria, dist. Montana, 19 m. S. by E. 
 Priest. P. < 4000. 
 
 Porto Leoiie, bay, Greece. See Plrsens. 
 
 Port Olmsa, small bay, Scot., Argyllshire, on the E. ct. of 
 Colonsay. 
 
 Portolniigoiie, tn., Italy, isl. of Elba, on E. ct. P. <40oo. 
 
 Porto Magglore, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 13 m. SE. by 
 S. Ferrara. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Porto Mautovaiio, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and N. 
 of Mantua, on S. shore of Lake Superior, formed by the Mincio. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Porto Manrlzlo, seapt., Italy, Liguria, prov. P. M., 14 m. 
 ENE. San Remo; the harbour, of 30^ ac, is 19^ ft. wide at 
 entrance. The quay has 20 ft. of water alongside. Vessels load 
 and discharge by lighters. Rfall. (7 yrs. ), 37.21 in. P. 6100. 
 
 Portoii, part of eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., on 
 the Bourne, 5 m. NE. by N. Salisbury, on the L. & SW. R., 
 P.O. See Idinlston. 
 
 Porto Novo, seapt. tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. South Arcot, 
 on E. ct. , 15 m. S. Cuddalore ; frequented exclusively by native 
 craft. In 1781, Sir Eyre Coote won a signal victory over Haidar 
 Ali near P. N. P. 14,100 ; Hindus, 9800 ; Moham. 4200. 
 
 Porto Novo. 1. Kgd. , French W. Africa, on riv. Opara, 38 m. 
 ENE. Whydah. 2. A seapt. on the coast, 8 m. to the S., in 2° 
 35' E. ; seat of Protestant missions. 
 
 Port Ontario, vil, U.S., New York, co. and 19 m. ENE. 
 Oswego, on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of the Salmon R. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Porto Palo, small port on the S. ct. of Sicily, prov. Girgenti, 
 30 m. SE. by E. Marsala. 
 
 Porto Palo, small port on the E. ct. of Sicily, prov. and 28 
 m. S. by W. Syracuse. 
 
 Porto Praya, seapt. , Cape Verde Is. See Praia. 
 
 Porto Qaagllo, the ancient Psammathos, small bay of the 
 Peloponessus, Greece, opening into the Gulf of Marathonisi; 
 good anchorage ; suitable refuge for large ships. 
 
 Port Oram, vil. , U.S., New Jersey, Morris co. , 23 m. W. 
 Paterson ; iron ore mined and manufactured. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Orchard, U.S. See Washington. 
 
 Portore, vil., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, on the coast of 
 Quarnero, 8 m. SE. by E. Fiume. P. <20oo. 
 
 Porto Recanatl, Italy. See Recanatl. 
 
 Port Orfonl, vil., U.S., Oregon, Curry co. , on the coast, in 
 42" 45' N., 54 m. N. by W. of SW. corner of state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Portorlco, small port, Portuguese W. Africa, Kabinda, on 
 the coast, in 5° 46' S. 
 
 Porto Blco, isl., W. Indies. See Puerto Klco. 
 
 Porto San Giorgio, tn., on the E. ct. of Italy, The Marches, 
 prov. Ascoli Piceno, 33 m. SSE. Ancona. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Porto San Stefano, seapt., Italy, Tuscany, on the N. side 
 of the penin. of Monte Argentario, 41 m. NW. by W. Civiti 
 Vecchia. P. < 2000. 
 
 Porto Santo, one of the Madeira Is. , Atlantic Ocean, 26 m. 
 N. Madeira. Length, 8 m. ; breadth, 3 m. 
 
 Portoscndo, tn. , on the W. ct. of Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 
 II m. SW. Iglesias. P. < 2000. 
 
 Porto Segnro (' safe harbour'), small seapt. on the E. ct. of 
 Brazil, in the S. of Bahia, in 16" 25' S. It was here that Cabral 
 first put ashore, on the 23rd of April 1500, after his discovery of 
 the coast of Brazil. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Porto Segnro, maritime tn., W. Africa, Slave Coast, Togo 
 country, in 6° 13' N. , 1° 32' E. ; has export trade in palm-oil and 
 almonds ; the roadstead is open to all ocean storms. No docks, 
 wharves, or quays. Renounced by the French in 1886, and 
 placed under German protectorate. 
 
 Porto Tolle, comm. , Italy, Venetia, prov. Rovigo, on the 
 1. bk. of the Po della Maestra, 15 m. ESE. Adria. P. 6500. 
 
 Portotorres, tn. , Sardinia, on the Gulf of Asinara, prov. and 
 II m. NW. Sassari, with a lighthouse, visible 11 m. The old 
 harbour has a depth of 3-14 ft. The new harbour, under con- 
 struction (1894), is to have a depth of 10-32 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Port Otway, harb. , Chile, on the W. side of the Gulf of Tres 
 Monies, Taytao Penin. , in 46^ 40' S. 
 
 Porto Vecehlo, tn. , Corsica, on the E. ct. , on the Gulf of 
 P. v., 16 m. NNE. Bonifacio. P. <20oo. 
 
 Portovenere, tn. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the coast, 
 3 m. S. by E. Spezia. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Portoviejo, or Pnertovlejo, tn. , Ecuador, cap. prov. 
 Manabi, 86 m. NW. by N. Guayaquil ; seat of a bishop. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Portpatrlck, par., Scot., Wigtownshire, on the coast, 5^ m. 
 SW. by S. Stranraer, terminus of the Portpatrick and Wigtown- 
 shire Joint Rly. The town is enclosed by a semicircle of hills. 
 Formerly important as the mail route ; it is the nearest port to 
 the coast of Ireland (21^ m.), with which it is connected by a 
 submarine telegraph to Donaghadee ; the harbour is protected 
 by two piers ; cod fishery. Named from St. Patrick, who is said 
 to have sailed thence to Ireland. PMT.O. 9094 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Pegasus, harb., New Zealand, S. ct. of Stewart's I. 
 
 Port Penrhyn, harb. for Bangor, Wales, N. ct. Carnarvon- 
 shire. 
 
 Port Perry, vil., Canada, Ontario, Ontario co. , on Lake 
 Scugog, 39 m. NE. by N. Toronto. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Port Perry, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny 
 CO., on Monongahela R. , 12 m. SE. Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Phaeton, roadstead, Tahiti I., 21 m. ESE. Papeete; 
 it has been proposed to make this the future cap. , and construct 
 a port to replace Papeete. 
 
 Port Phillip Bay, S. ct. Victoria, Australia, lat. of Point 
 Nepean, at its entrance, E. side, 38° 18' S. , 144° 42' E. ; capable 
 of receiving all the navies of civilised nations. At its W. side 
 is an inlet called Corio Bay, near the head of which is the town 
 Geelong. It receives on its N. side the Yarra-Yarra R. , on the 
 banks of which is Melbourne, cap. of Victoria. Length and 
 breadth about 35 m. each, entrance nearly 2 m. across ; but the 
 channel capable of being used by shipping is less than a mile in 
 width, and would be difficult to find were it not that two light- 
 houses are placed in Queenscliff, Point Lonsdale, in such a 
 position, that when they are seen from the sea in one line they 
 form a guide to the entrance. The entrance is protected by 
 batteries on the opposite points, as well as on Swan I., just 
 within. 
 
 Port Plrle, tn. , S. Australia, Victoria co. , 50 m. S. by E. 
 Port Augusta, 154 m. NNW. Adelaide, on Germein Bay. The 
 tidal harbour has depth at entrance ordinary springs of 21 ft. 
 high water, 12 ft. low water ; alongside quayage ordinary springs 
 20-28 ft. high water, 12-18 ft. low water. Good holding ground 
 for vessels of largest size. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Port Praslln, Bismarck Archipelago. See Praslln, Port. 
 
 Portqnln, fishing vil. , Eng., Cornwall, on P. Bay, 5 m. N. 
 Wadebridge. 
 
 Portralne, par.. Ire., NE. ct. co. Dublin, bar. Nether Cross, 
 12 m. NE. by N. Dublin. P. <5oo. 
 
 Port Ramsay, vil. , Scot. , Argyllshire, at the N. end of Lis- 
 more I., 95 m. N. Oban. 
 
 Portreath, seapt. vil., Eng., Cornwall, Camborne div., on 
 the coast, 9! m. ENE. St. Ives, 4 m. W. by N. Scorrier Gate 
 stn. The harbour is protected by batteries, and has inner and 
 outer basins, the former having depth over sill at spring tides 
 16-18 ft. , at neaps 9-10 ft. ; the latter at spring tides 17-19^ ft. , 
 at neaps lo-iii ft. ; exports, copper from Gwennap mines. 
 PMT.O. Seelllogau. 
 
 Vortree (' Pori-an-righ, the king's harbour'), par. and seapt., 
 Scot., Inverness-shire, Skye 1., 60 m. SE. Stornoway ; tourist 
 centre, at the head of Loch P., cap. and business centre of the 
 Skye group of islands ; has regular steam communication with 
 Glasgow. Alt. 165 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), yr. 81.8 in. 56,909 
 ac. P. < 3500. 
 
 Port Beltz, an inlet, Brit. E. Africa, to the W. of Mombasa 
 I., named after Lieutenant Reitz, R.N. , the first English 
 administrator in 1824. 
 
 Port Bepuhllc, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Atlantic co. , 44 m. 
 SE. Philadelphia (Penn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Richmond, vil. , U.S., New York, Richmond co. , on 
 the N. ct. of Staten I., 8 m. SW. by W. Brooklyn, connected 
 hourly by steamers with New York ; has docks. P. 6300. 
 
 Portrleux, small seapt., France, dep. Cotes du Nord, arr. 
 and 10 m. J>JNW. St. Brieuc, on W. side of bay of St. Brieuc, 
 i| m. N. Etables ; 1246 ft. of quayage ; depth of tidal harbour 
 22.5 ft. at high water, nil at low water. 
 
 Port Robinson, vil., Canada, Ontario, Welland co. , 24 m. 
 NW. by W. Buffalo, on the riv. Welland and the Welland 
 Canal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Portroe, tn. , Ire., NW. co. Tipperary, bar. Owneyand Arra, 
 6J m. W. by N. Nenagh, PM.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Port Romllly, a gulf or estuary on the S. ct. of Brit. New 
 Guinea, in about 144 50' E. It receives at its head the Stan- 
 hope and Jubilee Rivs. 
 
 Port Rowan, vil., Canada, Ontario, Norfolk co., on Long 
 Point Bay, Lake Erie, 48 m. SE. by E. London. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Portroyal, electoral div.. Ire., Mayo, dist. Ballinrobe. 
 
 Port Royal, fortified tn. , Jamaica, Surrey co. , at the W. end 
 of the tongue of land which forms the S. side of Kingston 
 Harbour, 4 m. SW. by W. Kingston, in 76° 50^' N. 
 
 Port Royal, settlement, U.S., Pennsylvania, Dauphin co. 
 
 Port Royal, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Juniata co., on 
 Juniata R. , 34 m. NW. by W. Harrisburg. P. <i5oo. 
 
 1231 
 
P O R T — P O R T 
 
 Port Koyal, vil., U.S., S. Carolina, Port Royal I., 4 m. S. 
 Beaufort ; has good harbour and coasting-trade. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Royal, vil, U.S., Virginia, Caroline co., on Rappa- 
 hannock R. , 23 m. below Fredericksburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Royal des Ctaamps, ancient convent, France. See 
 Maguy-les-Haineanx. 
 
 Port Royal Sound, inlet, U.S., in the S. of S. Carolina, Beau- 
 fort CO. , its mouth in 32^ 15' N. Port Royal Island, at the head 
 of the Sound, is separated from the mainland by Broad R. 
 (upper part of the Sound) on the W. , and Coosaw R. on the 
 N. On its E. side is the town of Beaufort. Good anchorage, 
 inside bar, in 6-8 fathoms. Depth on bar at high water ordinary 
 springs 30 ft., ordinary neaps 27^ ft. ; depth alongside quay 
 ordinary springs at high water 22 ft. , low water 16 ft. 
 
 PortTnsh, seapt. tn. , Ire., NW. ct. co. Antrim, bar. Lower 
 Dunluce, at the extremity of a narrow penin., 5^ m. N. by E. 
 Coleraine, on the Belfast and Northern Counties Rly. ; much 
 resorted to for sea-bathing. Connected by electric tramway 
 with the Giant's Causeway, 7 m. E. Great trade in salmon, 
 which is shipped here for Liverpool and Glasgow. The harbour 
 has depth at entrance ordinary springs of 15 ft. high water, 
 II ft. low water ; depth alongside quays ordinary springs 18 ft. 
 high water, 14 ft. low water. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Port Ryerse, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Norfolk co. , on 
 Lake Erie, 52 m. ESE. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Said, seapt. tn., Egypt, on the N. ct. , on the W. side 
 of the mouth of the Suez Canal, 32 m. ESE. Damietta. Con- 
 nected by rail with Ismailia, Dec. 1893. Mean temp. (5^ yrs., 
 1880-85), yr. 66.1° F., Jan. 54.0°, Aug. 77.7°. P. 16,600. 
 
 Port 8te. Harie, tn., France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, on the 
 r. bk. of the Garonne, arr. and 12 m. WNW. Agen. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Port St. Mary, vil., Isle of Man, on the S. ct. , 3I m. W. 
 Castletown, on the Isle of Man Rly. ; favourite resort. Has 
 important fisheries. PMT.O. 
 
 Portsalon, PMT.O., Ire., near Letterkenny, co. Donegal. 
 
 Port Saiat, vil., island and republic Haiti, S. ct., 112 m. 
 WSW. Port au Prince, in 73" 55' W. 
 
 Port Sandwicli, harb. on Mallikollo I. , New Hebrides. 
 
 Port Sanilac, vil., U.S., Michigan, Sanilac co., on Lake 
 Huron, 32 m. N. of Port Huron. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Port Sannders, inlet, Newfoundland, on W. ct. , in 50° 40' N. 
 
 Portscattao, vil., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., on the 
 S. ct., 6^ m. SE. by S. Truro, PMT.O. 
 
 Portsdo-wn, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Farlington, 
 Widley, and Wymering pars. P. <250. 
 
 Porteea, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, in bor. of Portsmouth ; 
 4193 ac. P. 151,600. 
 
 Portsea, post-tn. and much frequented watering-place, 
 Victoria, Mornington co. , on S. shore of Port Phillip Bay, 22 m. 
 SE. by E. Geelong. P. < 1500. 
 
 Portsea Island, Eng. See Portsmoutb. 
 
 Port Seton, vil., Scot., Haddingtonshire, on the NW. ct., 
 4 m. ENE. Musselburgh, i.\ m. NE. by N. Prestonpans stn. 
 See Cockenzie and Port Seton. 
 
 Port Shepstone, port of entry, at mouth of Umzimkulu R. , 
 in S. of Natal, E. Africa, between Alexandra and Alfred cos. , 
 30° 45' S. Harbour with tidal bar ; harbour works in progress. 
 
 Port Staestalior, natural harbour on E. ct. Korea, in 40° i' N. , 
 between Goncharof I. and the mainland. 
 
 Portslierra and Melvlch, vil., Scot., Sutherlandshire, on 
 the N. ct., 15 m. W. by S. Thurso. P. <5oo. 
 
 Portskewett, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., on the 
 Severn, and the G. W. R., 4 m. SSW. Chepstow, PMT.O. 
 P. < 1500; eccles. par. (P. witli St. Pierre and Sndbrook) 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Port Sklllion, bathing resort and sheltered cove, Isle of 
 Man, E. ct. , below Douglas Head. 
 
 Portslade, par. and seaside resort, Eng., Sussex, Lewes div., 
 4 m. WNW. Brighton, on the L. B. & S. C. R., P.O., and 
 PMT.O. (Portslade-by-Sea). P. <45oo; eccles. par. (Ports- 
 lade-by-Sea) P. <:20oo. 
 
 Port4«nioutb, vil., Canada, Ontario, Frontenac co., on 
 Portsmouth Bay, i m. W. by S. Kingston. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Portsmontb, pari, bor., and (since Richard I.) mun. and co. 
 bor., naval-port and arsenal, Eng., Hampshire, 18 m. SE. 
 Southampton, in the diocese of Winchester, on the SW. of 
 Portsea I., opposite dosport, with which it has bridge com- 
 munication, at the entrance to a magnificent harbour of the same 
 name ; stn. on the L. & SW. and Brighton Rlys. The suburbs, 
 Portsea, on N., Landport, on NE., and Southsea, on E., now 
 contain most of the population. The original Portsmouth being 
 the garrison-town, Portsea the naval dockyard quarter, and 
 Southsea the more fashionable dist. , in which are fine thorough- 
 fares and good shops, with two piers and an excellent esplanade, 
 with fine views of Spithead and the Isle of Wight. Portsmouth 
 also comprises Landport, besides Hilsea and other hamlets. 
 The streets of the old town contain few features of interest, and, 
 excepting the dockyard and harbour, there is little to attract 
 visitors. The town-hall, costing ;|ri4o,ooo, was opened in 1890, 
 and the Victoria Park, Southsea Common, and other open spaces 
 1232 
 
 now afford much-needed recreation-grounds. The new jail and 
 borough asylum are in the outskirts. At present Portsmouth is 
 the most regular fortress in Great Britain, being protected by a 
 series of detached forts, the outer line being on the heights N. 
 of the harbour, with an inner line protecting Gosport and the 
 Hilsea lines on the E. There are besides sea forts on the S. , 
 the coast to E. being under the Cumberland and South Sea 
 Castle forts. Of eight barracks in the whole district, five are 
 in Portsmouth proper. The floating bridge to Gosport starts 
 from Point (where many boats land), which is separated from 
 Portsmouth by a commercial harbour called the ' Cumber. ' An 
 interesting Norman fortress, Porchester Castle, N. of the harbour, 
 was built on the site of Partus Magnus, a Roman station. The 
 churches of Portsmouth have some antiquarian interest, and the 
 house is still shown where Buckingham was stabbed by Felton. 
 Portsea is separated from Portsmouth proper by an inlet called 
 Millpond, and has on E. two gates. From the Hard, or beach, 
 the Royal Albert Pier is projected. The dockyard, at the spot 
 where King Alfred assembled his navy to fight the Danes, has 
 been increased to an area of 293 ac. by recent improvements, 
 and contains twelve docks, 22 ft. to 36 ft. deep, sufficient for the 
 largest vessels — one of the building-slips admitting several vessels 
 at the same time. The various departments of this quarter 
 abound in interesting details of mechanical and engineering 
 contrivances. In the dockyard is a government school of 
 naval architecture. The docks are numbered from No. i to 
 No. 15, besides five others, and are from 466 to 253J ft. long. 
 Portsmouth harbour, ' the finest in the world for ships of war,' 
 to N. expands from 220 yards to 3 m. in breadth, with a length 
 from N. to S. of 4 m. , and depth of 24 ft. at low water. It lies 
 close to Spithead, which is between Portsmouth and the Isle of 
 Wight, where over 1000 men-of-war vessels can be anchored 
 safely. The port, outside of the harbour, stretches 5 m. W., 
 forming the N. side of Spithead, and 9 m. E. A buoy marks 
 the spot where the Royal George went down in 1782. N. 
 of the dockyard, the harbour, with its islands, looks like a 
 picturesque lake. Admiral Byng was executed here in 1757. 
 Portsmouth has little trade or manufactures apart from the 
 government works. For local demand, there is trade in timber 
 and coal, fruits, agricultural produce, &c. The only exports 
 are pottery and tar. Portsmouth has steam communication 
 with London, Southampton, the Isle of Wight, PljTnouth, 
 Falmouth, and Dublin. The Cumber slip is 500 ft. long, and 
 its dry dock 349J ft. There are two patent slips, 128 ft. and 
 72 ft. long respectively. The quayage of Inner Cumber is 1908 
 ft., and Outer Cumber 1155 ft. Average tide, 10 ft. Market- 
 days, Tu., Th., and S. P. (1801) 32,200 ; (1851)72,100; (1871) 
 113,600; (1891) 159,300. 
 
 Portsmontb, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Middleton div., on the 
 L. & Y. R. , si m. SE. Burnley. 
 
 Portsmontb, city and seapt., U.S., New Hampshire, Rock- 
 ingham CO. , 35 m. E. by N. Manchester, on the Piscataqua R. , 
 here from i to ^ m. wide, which has so rapid a current as to pre- 
 vent the freezing of the river ; it forms a secure and commo- 
 dious harbour for ships of any size, being well sheltered by its 
 islands from the NE. storms, and is defended by several forts. 
 The U.S. navy yard, on an island on E. side of the river, has 
 every convenience for the construction and repair of the largest 
 vessels. Depth at entrance to harbour at ordinary springs low 
 water, 53 ft. ; depth alongside quays, high water 30 ft. , low water 
 20 ft. The lighthouse on the SW. side of the inner entrance is 
 vis. 14 m. Considerable manufactures, including cotton fabrics, 
 hosiery, ale and beer, boots and shoes, carriages, copper and 
 brass products, &c. ; shipbuilding. P. (1880)9700; (1890)9800. 
 
 Portsmontb, settlement, U.S., N. Carolina, Carteret co., 120 
 m. NE. by E. Wilmington, on Ocracoke Inlet, Pamplico Sound. 
 
 Portsmontb, city, U.S., Ohio, Scioto co., on the Ohio, at 
 the mouth of Scioto R. , 91 m. (113 m. by river) ESE. Cincin- 
 nati ; shipping point for the minerals of S. Ohio and NE. 
 Kentucky; has various manufactures. Alt. 533 ft. (R. R. ). P. 
 (1880) 11,300; (1890) 12,400. 
 
 Portsmontb, tn., U.S., Rhode Island, New Port co. , on the 
 coast, 10 m. SW Fall R. (Mass.). P. <20oo. 
 
 Portsmontb, city, U.S., Virgjinia, Norfolk co. , on an inlet 
 communicating with Hampton Roads, 79 m. SE. by E. Rich- 
 mond ; has dry dock and naval hospital, and in its suburb, 
 Gosport, a U.S. navy yard. Vessels of the largest size come up 
 to its wharves. Exports cotton, lumber, naval stores, pig iron, 
 &c. P. (1880) 11,400; (1890) 13,300. 
 
 Portsmontb, maritime vil., W. Indies, on the W. ct. of 
 Dominica, in the N. of the island. 
 
 Portsmontb Arms, stn., Eng., Devonshire, on the L. & 
 SW. R. , 9i m. SE. by S. Barnstaple. 
 
 Port So«ierick, stn. , Isle of Man Rly. , aj m. SW. Douglas, 
 P.O. 
 
 Port Sonacban, hamlet, Scot. , Argyllshire, on the SE. side 
 of Loch Awe, 13 m. ESE. Oban ; has pier and ferry. PMT.O. 
 
 Port Sorell, harb., Tasmania, in Bass's Straits, in 146° 30' 
 E. long. 
 
 Port Sonillac, or Savanne, seapt. , Mauritius, S. ct. 
 
PORT"— t><5'Il^ 
 
 . Portsoy, tn. , Scot. , Banffshire, on the N. ct. , on Links Bay, '■ 
 S m. E. by S. Cullen, on the G. N. of S. R. It has a harbour 
 and carries on a brisk trade ; has fisheries and large distillery in 
 neighbourhood. Serpentine obtained from cliffs on the coast. 
 PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Port Stanley, vil. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, 
 Elgin CO. , on Lake Erie, 22 m. S. London. Alt. 592 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 45.3° F., Jan. 21.6°, July 68.4°. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Port Stanley, seapt., cap. Falkland Is., S. Atlantic, on the 
 E, side of E. Falkland, in 51° 41' S., 57° 51' W. Mean temp. 
 (4iyrs., 1881-83, 1885, 1887), yr. 42. 6° F., Feb. 49.5°, July 36.6°; 
 mean rfall. (3 yrs. ), 20.3 in. P. <iooo. 
 
 Port Stephens, harbour of refuge. New South Wales, Glou- 
 cester CO., 30 m. NE. by E. Newcastle; easy of access. Light- 
 house at Point Stephens, visible 17 m. 
 
 Port Stewart, tn. , Ire., NE. ct. , co. Londonderry, bar. 
 Coleraine, 3 m. WSW. Portrush, with stn. (Portstewart) on the 
 Belfast & Northern Counties Rly. ; a frequented watering-place. 
 PMT.O. (Port Steward). P. <7So. 
 
 Port-sur-Sadne, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Sa6ne, on the Sadne, 
 32 m. Besan9on, arr. and 7 m. NW. Vesoul. P. <20oo. 
 
 Portswood, Clirlstchurch and St. Denys, two eccles. pars. , 
 Eng. , Hampshire, South Stoneham par., on NE. side of 
 Southampton, P.O. (Portswood). P. Christchurch, P. <300o; 
 P. St. Denys, P. 4500. 
 
 Port Sydney, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Muskoka co. , 
 on Mary Lake and a railway, 105 m. N. Toronto. 
 
 Port Talbot, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Elgin co., on Lake 
 Erie, 24 m. S. by W. London. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Port Talbot, small port, Wales, Glamorganshire, 5 m. S. by 
 E. Neath, belonging to the Swansea dist. of pari. bors. , on the 
 G. W. R. (stn. for Aberavon), and (Port Talbot Docks) on 
 Rhondda and Swansea Bay Rly. , port for Aberavon ; the har- 
 bour is frequented by numerous coasting vessels ; coal mined ; 
 has blast-furnaces and copper-works. The dock has a length 
 of I J m. , depth over sill at ordinary spring tides 22 J ft. , ordinary 
 neap tides 13 ft. 
 
 Port Tampa, U.S., Florida. See Tampa. 
 
 Port Tennant, suburb of Swansea, Wales, Glamorganshire, 
 E. side of Swansea harbour ; has zinc-smelting works. 
 
 Port Tewflk, docks at S. end of Suez Canal, 2 m. S. of the 
 town of Suez. 
 
 Port Tobacco, vil., U.S., Maryland, Charles co., 25 m. S. 
 Washington (D. C), on the Potomac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Port ToM'nsend, city, U.S., Washington, Jefferson co. , 37 
 m. SE. Victoria (V. I.); has lumber trade. Port of entry for 
 Puget Sound customs dist. ^ and point of departure of U.S. 
 mails for Alaska. Rfall. (14 yrs.), 19.23 in. P. < 5000. 
 
 Portugal (as to the name, see Oporto), a kingdom occupying 
 one-fifth of the Iberian penin. , at the extreme SW. of Europe, 
 between 36-43° N. and 6-10° W. , in the shape of a N. to S. 
 elongated rectangle (340 m. by 100 m. , having Spain N. and E. 
 for 620 m.), the Atlantic W. and S. (500 m. of coast), equal to 
 more than one-third of the area of Great Britain. It is divided 
 as shown in the following table : — 
 
 Districts. 
 
 Area in 
 
 Pop. in Tliousands. 
 
 Mean 
 incr. per 
 Cent, per 
 
 Per 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 
 
 Old Provs. 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 Jan. T. 
 
 Nov. 30, 
 
 Annum, 
 
 1890. 
 
 
 
 1878. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1878-90. 
 
 _ 
 
 Vianna do Castello 
 
 866 
 
 201 
 
 211 
 
 
 
 Braga .... 
 
 1,057 
 
 319 
 
 337 
 
 
 
 Porto .... 
 
 885 
 
 462 
 
 55° 
 
 
 
 Minho 
 
 z,8o8 
 
 983 
 
 1098 
 
 0.86 
 
 391 
 
 Villa Real . 
 
 1,717 
 
 225 
 
 239 
 
 
 
 Braganca 
 
 2,575 
 
 169 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 Traz-os-M ontes 
 
 4,292 
 
 393 
 
 419 
 
 0.49 
 
 98 
 
 Ayeiro .... 
 
 1,123 
 
 257 
 
 288 
 
 
 
 Vizeu . . . . 
 
 1,920 
 
 372 
 
 398 
 
 
 
 Coimbra 
 
 1,4.99 
 
 292 
 
 321 
 
 
 
 Beira Alta 
 
 4>S4» 
 
 921 
 
 1007 
 
 0.69 
 
 222 
 
 Guarda .... 
 
 2,145 
 
 228 
 
 251 
 
 
 
 Castello Branco . 
 
 2,556 
 
 174 
 
 205 
 
 
 
 Beira Baixa 
 
 4,701 
 
 402 
 
 456 
 
 0.95 
 
 97 
 
 Leiria .... 
 
 1,343 
 
 193 
 
 2l6 
 
 
 
 Saiitarem . . ' ' . 
 
 2,650 
 
 221 
 
 258 
 
 
 
 Lisbon .... 
 
 2,880 
 
 498 
 
 617 
 
 
 
 Estremadura . 
 
 6,873 
 
 912 
 
 1091 
 
 1.39 
 
 145 
 
 Portalegre 
 
 2,483 
 
 101 
 
 114 . 
 
 
 
 Evora .... 
 
 2,737 
 
 107 
 
 118 
 
 
 
 Beja .... 
 
 4,197 
 
 142 
 
 161 
 
 
 
 Alemtejo . . . 
 
 9,417 
 
 350 
 
 393 
 
 0.89 
 
 4a 
 
 Algarve (Faro) 
 Mainland Por- ) , . 
 
 1,873 
 
 199 
 
 229 
 
 1.07 
 
 122 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tugal (total) )" • 
 
 34>S07 
 
 4x60 
 
 4692 
 
 0.93 
 
 136 
 
 Angra .... 
 
 281 
 
 72 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 Horta .... 
 
 304 
 
 62 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 Ponta Delgada . 
 
 337 
 
 126 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 Azores 
 
 922 
 
 260 
 
 256 
 
 -0.13 
 
 277 
 
 Madeira (Funchal) . 
 Portugal (total) . 
 
 31S 
 
 131 
 
 135 
 
 0.23 
 
 427 
 
 35.745 
 
 4551 
 
 5082 
 
 0.85 
 
 142 
 
 1233 
 
 Orogriipliy and Hydrography. — A diagonal, crossing P. N W. 
 to SE. , divides the lower littoral lands from the higher plateaux 
 and mountains, which are principally piled up N. of riv. Tagus, 
 and in the E. , on the Spanish border. The lowlands thus 
 gradually increase in width towards the S. , where they embrace 
 the flat charnecas of Alemtejo (at 650 ft. alt.). In the extreme 
 S. of P. , however, the mountains stretch from NE. to SW. One 
 continuous mass of mountains seems to have formed, as a pro- 
 longation of the Spanish ridges [Spain], all the highlands of 
 P. , which, in course of time, were broken and traversed by the 
 lower courses of four of the great Iberian rivers. The principal 
 fragments of that mass are now : (i) between rivs. Minho and 
 Douro : Peneda (4740 ft.), Gerez-Cabreira-Larouco (5180 ft.)- 
 Nogueira-Bornes ; (2) between rivs. Douro and Tagus : Mon- 
 temuro (4530 ft. )-Manhouce-Caramullo (3510 ft. ) - Bussaco, 
 Mesas- Malcata-Gardunha (4000 ft.)-Alvellos-Perdigao-Es- 
 trella (6535 ft., the highest)-A96r (4360 ft. )-Louzan-Aire-Monte 
 Junto-Cintra (1640 ft.), reaching, to Cape da Roca, the western- 
 most point of continental Europe ; (3) between rivs. Tagus 
 and (iuadiana, Niza-Sao Mamede, Ossa (2128 ft.), Portel, 
 Ficalho (1690 ft.), Arrabida (1630 ft.), Grandola-Cercal, Mon- 
 chique (Foia, 2962 ft. )-Caldeirao (Mu, 1886 ft.). Smaller 
 rivers have their basins on the Portuguese plateaux (Lima, 
 Vouga, Mondego, Sado) ; others merely drain the W. slopes 
 of the highlands. The principal rivers are navigable, for 
 steamers, for a considerable distance inland (Minho, 25 m. ; 
 Douro, 50 m.; Vouga, 26 m.; Tagus, 50 m.; Sado, 30 m. ; 
 Guadiana, 35 m.). deology. — Archaean formations (Lauren- 
 tian, Huronian) occupy the whole N. and E. of P. Palaeozoic 
 rocks (Silurian, Devonian) form long stretches among them. 
 Granite, gneiss, crystalline schists, and limestones cover two- 
 thirds of P. The Upper Carboniferous appears in the N. 
 (Vallongo to Gafanhao), in the centre with Permian (Bussaco), 
 and in the S. (near Alcacer), and the Lower Carboniferous in the 
 extreme S. (W. and S. of Alemtejo). All other formations are 
 included in a triangle formed on the W. and S. by the sea, and 
 inland by a line from Ovar to Coimbra, Sardoal, the Tag^s, 
 and the lower valleys of rivs. Tagus and Sado (principally 
 Jurassic, Cretaceous, N. of Lisbon ; Tertiary, S. of riv. Tagus, 
 the Sado valley), and all along the littoral of Algarve (Triassic, 
 Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary). Volcanic rocks (basalt) are 
 abundant around Lisbon. Mineral Products. — Copper (with 
 sulphur and some gold and silver, principally in Alemtejo, as 
 at Sao Domingos, part of the Iberian zone of pyrites, pro- 
 ducing, since 1859, 100,000 tons annually ; at Aljustrel, Chan9a, 
 Mostardeira, Bogatho, Commenda, Sobral ; also in Aveiro 
 Palhal, Telhadella, Moinho do Pintor, with nickel and cobalt ; 
 in Bragan9a, at Vimioso, and Algarve, at the foot of the Mon- 
 chique ridge), iron (in Traz-os-Montes, at Moncorvo, Quadramil ; 
 in Alemtejo, at Monges, Ayres, Zambujal, and from Santiago 
 de Cacem to Odemira, with manganese ; also in Estremadura, 
 at Leiria), tin (at Rebordosa, Code90, Villa Real, Vizeu), 
 manganese (at Mertola, Grandola, Odemira), antimony (at 
 Gondomar, Vallongo, Paredes, Monte M6r, Alcoutim), lead 
 (at Marao, Villa Real, Vizeu : on the banks of riv. Douro ; in 
 Aveiro, at Bra9al and Malhada ; at Portalegre and Beja ; some- 
 times with silver, as at Varzea de Trevoes), coal (anthracite, at 
 Sao Pedro da Cova, Bussaco ; in Alcacer, at Moinho da Ordem ; 
 lignite, bituminous coal, at Buarcos, Cabe9o de Veado, Arri- 
 malde, Chao Preto ; peat, in Setubal, at Comporta ; bituminous 
 sandstones, at Leiria and Torres Vedras), very good marbles, 
 (in Alemtejo, at Estremoz, in Estremadura, at An9an, Batalha, 
 Pero Pinheiro, Arrabida, and in Algarve), kaolin (in Oporto, 
 and in Aveiro, at Feira, and in Lisbon, Abrigada, Sacavem, 
 Leiria), salt (320,000 tons annually from Aveiro, Figueira, 
 Lisbon, Setubal, Faro). Mineral waters (Vizella, Taipas, Gerez, 
 Felgueira, Vidago, Sao Pedro do Sul (temp. 156° F. ), Luso, 
 Caldas da Rainha, Vimieiro, Cucos, Estoril, Alca9arias, Cabe9o 
 de Vide, Monchique). 
 
 Climate. — N. of riv. Mondego (principally on the littoral), 
 P. is one of the dampest regions of Europe (mean annual 
 humidity, 70 to 100 per cent.; rain, 46 to 79 in.). S. of riv. 
 Tagus, P. is one of the driest (mean annual humidity, 30-80 
 per cent.; rain, 19-23 in. The N. interior plateau is drier than 
 the littoral. The rains are almost abundant in winter ; scarce 
 in summer (in the S. only 3-10 per cent, of the total annual 
 amount). Mean temp, increases from the extreme N. (53°-58° 
 F.) to the extreme S. (63°), and from the sea to the interior 
 (min. 20°, Jan., at Guarda; max. 111°, July, at Campo Maior). 
 For four or five months the highest mountains in the N. are 
 covered with snow. The Gulf Stream flows (N.-S.) along 
 the coast. There are daily breezes from the Atlantic. The 
 dominant winds are on the W. (summer, spring, autumn), 
 NW., N., NE. (winter), SW., W., NW. (thirty years' observa- 
 tion), the old provs. of P. (Minho, Traz-os-Montes, Beiras, 
 Estremadura, Alemtejo, Algarve), coincide with natural, climatic 
 and orographic regions. The flora of N. and central Europe 
 meets, in the centre of P., the African (Mediterranean) flora. 
 Chestnuts and deciduous oaks form the inland N. forests ; ever- 
 green oaks {Quercus lusitanica. Ilex, suber) form those of the S. 
 
 41 
 
PORT — POSE 
 
 Pines (Pinus Pinaster, P. Pinea, the only large forest of the latter 
 being in the valley of riv. Sado, in Alemtejo), predominate on the 
 littoral, N. of the Sado and Tagus valleys. The lower valley of riv. 
 Mondego and the lofty mountains of Beira are the S. limit of the 
 Betula alba of N. European forests. Olive and orange trees are 
 to be found all over P. The American agaves and opuntias are 
 everywhere naturalised. Fig-trees, the carob, Rhododendron bcBti- 
 cum, palms {chamcsrops), grow spontaneously in the S. Sugar- 
 cane, cotton, and earth-nuts can here be cultivated. Fauna. — 
 P. is in the Mediterranean subregion of the Palsearctic Zoogeo- 
 graphical region. See Spain. Ethuograpliy. — The first his- 
 torical inhabitants were so called Iberians and Celts (Lusita- 
 nians forming the central nucleus). P. was then successively 
 colonised (along the coasts) by Greeks and Phoenicians, con- 
 quered by Romans, invaded by Suevians and Goths, occupied 
 by Berbers and Arabs. Jews have formed since the Middle Ages 
 an important part of the population. Many colonies from N. and 
 central Europe were established during the Crusades. Many 
 negroes were introduced in the 15th century, and, subsequently, 
 a large emigration has been going on to Brazil and Africa (about 
 30,000 per year, mostly from the N. provs.). 
 
 Ag^lcaltaral and Industrial Production. — P. produces 
 some of the most world-renowned wines (the rich port or 
 Douro wine, Bairrada, Carcavellos, Lavradio, Setubal, Algarve ; 
 the table wines of Dao, Torres Vedras, Cartaxo, Bucellas, 
 CoUares, Alemtejo), olive-oil, cork (from Alemtejo and Algarve), 
 figs (Algarve), oranges (Tagus valley, Setubal, Algarve), and 
 a great variety of fruits, including (in the S. ) some tropical ones 
 (bananas, dates). There are abundant fisheries (salmon, sardines, 
 tunny) ; cattle are reared all over P. (oxen principally N. , sheep 
 in the centre, pigs S. ). Rye and barley are the cereals of the N. 
 regions ; wheat of the S. Maize is grown everywhere ; some 
 rice on the swampy lands. There has been of late a great 
 industrial activity (Oporto, Lisbon, Covilhan). The principal 
 products are cottons, woollens, leather, tobacco, corks, machinery, 
 alcohol, earthenware, glass, alimentary preserves, paper, lace, 
 gold and silver filigrees, and domestic industries. Some ship)- 
 building is carried on. Commerce. — The principal exportation 
 is of agricultural products (wine, cork, cattle, onions, fruit), fish, 
 copper, sulphur, and some other mining products. Manu- 
 factured articles for the colonies (Angola). The importations 
 are: cereals, articles of dress, machinery, coal, iron, sugar, fish, 
 chemicals, timber. For statistics, see Appendix, pp. 3-5. 
 The most extensive commerce is with Great Britain, then 
 France, Germany, Brazil, United States, Spiain, Belgium. 
 Heans of Communication. — The railway net of P. is almost 
 complete (some important branches only wanting in Traz-os- 
 Montes and Alemtejo), six international lines : (i) Oporto- 
 Minho-Galicia ; (2) Oporto-Douro-Salamanca ; (3) Beira Alta ; 
 {4) Beira Baixa ; (5) Lisbon-Caceres ; (6) Lisbon-Badajoz. 
 Total length of railway, 1400 m. (500 m. belong to the state). 
 There are telegraph cables to England, the Azores, and Brazil 
 {by Madeira and the Cape Verde Is.). The principal ports 
 are : Caminha, Vianna, Povoa de Varzim, Oporto- Lei xoes, 
 Aveiro, Figueira, Sao Martinho, Lisbon, Setubal, Villa Nova 
 de Mil Pontes (W. ct, in the order from N. to S.), Lagos, 
 Portimao, Faro, Tavira, Villa Real de Santo Antonio (S. ct. ). 
 The entrances to some of the W. ports are often obstructed 
 by sands. The Portuguese ports are the natural commercial 
 stations between Europe, America, and (W. and S. ) Africa. 
 Public Institutions. — P. is an hereditary monarchy governed 
 by a Parliament {Cortes), with a Chamber of Peers (100 for life, 
 50 elected) and a Chamber of Deputies (173 elected by direct 
 suffrage), where the colonies are represented. The Roman 
 Catholic is the state religion, but all others are tolerated. There 
 is an army of 30,000-150,000 men ; a very small navy (5000 
 men). Measures and Money. — The metric system is imiver- 
 sally used (since 1852). The real is the nominal standard of 
 money ; 4500 reaes, or reis in gold = £1. Silver coins of 500 
 (meia corda), 200,100 {tostad), and 50 reis (500 reis piece=i2.5 
 gram., "916 fine). The circulation is now chiefly of Bank 
 of Portugal paper. Historical Notes. — The creation of the 
 county of P. dates from the end of the nth century; that of 
 the lungdom of P. (to riv. Tagus) from the middle of the 
 I2th century. In the middle of the 13th century this king- 
 dom was extended to its extreme S. limit (Algarve). In 
 1308 was concluded the first commercial treaty with England. 
 The 15th to 17th centuries are the epoch of the principal travels 
 and geographical discoveries of the Portuguese (Atlantic is., 
 Africa, America, from India to Persia, Arabia, China, Japan, 
 the Moluccas, and Australasia). In i486 Bartholomew Diaz 
 passed to the E. of Cape of Good Hope. In 1497-8 Vasco da 
 Gama made a voyage along the W., S., and E. coasts of 
 Africa, and reached India. In the course of a few years the 
 efforts of Pacheco, Almeida, Albuquerque, and Castro established 
 Portuguese authority and dominion in many parts of Asia. The 
 exploration of Brazil by the Portuguese began after the voyage 
 of Cabral in 1500. From 1581 to 1640 P. was under Philips II., 
 III., and IV. of Spain, and during that period the colonial 
 power of P. rapidly declined. [J. B. R.] 
 1234 
 
 Portugal Cove, yil., Newfoundland, on S. side of Conception 
 Bay, 10 m. from St. John's. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Portugalete, tn., Bohvia, dep. and 120 m. SSW. Potosi. 
 Alt. 14,065 ft. 
 
 Portngalete, tn. , N. ct. Spain, prov. Vizcaya, dist. Valmaseda, 
 at the mouth of the Nervion, 6 m. NW. byW. Bilbao. P. <40oo. 
 
 Portnguesa, riv. , Venezuela, flows E. then SE. , partly on 
 SW. frontier of state of Miranda, and joins the Apure in about- 
 
 67° 45' w. 
 
 Portuguese Cove, post-settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. 
 and 13 m. from Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Portumna, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Galway, bar. Longford, at the 
 head of Lough Derg, la^m. W. Parsonstown, PMT.O. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Port Union, post-vil. , Canada, prov. and co. Ontario, on 
 Lake Ontario, 14 m. NE. by E. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Partus Cathmanni, Eng. , Sussex. See Steynlng. 
 
 Portus Divinus, tn., Algeria. See Mers-el-Keblr. 
 
 Partus Magnus, Eng., Hampshire. See Porchester. 
 
 Port Yalals, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, 5 m. S. by W. 
 Montreux. P. <20oo. 
 
 Port Vendres, the ancient Portus Veneris, tn. and important 
 port, France, dep. Pyr6n6es-Orientales, arr. C^ret, 5 m. ESE. 
 Argel^s-sur-Mer, divided into two parts — the N. , the oldest, the 
 trading pwrt, of rapidly-increasing importance ; the S. , the military 
 port, begun in 1851. Its trade is chiefly with Algeria and Spain. 
 Exports, Roussillon wine ; imports, wood from Norway and 
 America, cork from Algeria, and corks made in Spain. It was 
 a Carthaginian post. P. <:3000. 
 
 Port Victor, or Victor Harbour, seapt. tn. , S. Australia, 
 Hindmarsh co. , 44 m. S. Adelaide, at Encounter Bay ; a break- 
 water 1000 ft. long encloses safe and commodious harbour. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Port Victoria, Africa. See Matas de San Bartolomeo. 
 
 Port Victoria, seapt. and rly stn. , Eng. , Kent, on the S. ct. 
 of the Isle of Grain, Faversham div. , on the Medway, ■3.\ m. 
 WSW. Sheerness, the starting-place of continental steamers 
 running in connection with the SE. R. 
 
 Port Victoria, seapt., S. Australia, Fergusson co. , on the 
 W. ct., 76 m. WNW. Adelaide. P. <isoo. 
 
 Port Villa, stn. , French Congo Terr. See Francevllle. 
 
 Port Villa, harbour on Vate I., Sandwich Is. 
 
 Portvllle, vil., U.S., New York, Cattaraugus co. , on Olean 
 Creek, 65 m. SSE. Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port fValkato, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., Raglan 
 CO., 37 m. S. by W. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port ^Takefleld, seapt. and postal-tp., S. Australia, Gawler 
 CO., 56 m. NNW. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Wasblngton, vil., U.S., New York, Queen's co., on 
 Manhasset Bay, 16 m. E. Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Port Wasblngton, vil., U.S., Ohio, Tuscarawas co., on 
 Tuscarawas R., 48 m. WNW. Wheeling (W. Va.). P. <I500. 
 
 Port Wasblngton, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Ozaukee co., on 
 Lake Michigan, 28 m. N. Milwaukee. P. <20oo. 
 
 Port Weld, seapt., Perak, W. ct. Straits Settlements, in 
 about 4° 45' N. ; railway to the interior. 
 
 Port Wemyss, ct. vil., Scot., Argyllshire, near Rhinns Point, 
 at the SW. extremity of the Rhinns of Islay. 
 
 Port Wertbemann, settlement, Peru, dep. Junin, on E. 
 side of Andes at confluence of Chanchamayo and Paucartambo, 
 150 m. ENE. Lima. Alt. 2200 ft. 
 
 Port WllUam, harb.. New Zealand, NE. ct. Stewart Is. 
 
 Port William, seapt. vil., Scot., Wigtownshire, on the E. 
 shore of Luce Bay, at the mouth of Killantrae Burn, 9 m. SW. 
 Wigtown, 7 m. W. by N. Whithorn stn., PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Port Williams, or Marshall's Cove, small seapt., Canada, 
 Nova Scotia, on Bay of Fundy, co. and 25 m. NE. Annapolis. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Portwood, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, in bor. and par. of 
 Stockport. P. 7100. 
 
 Port Yankalllla, tp. , S. Australia. See Normanvllle. 
 
 Porus, vil., Jamaica, Middlesex co., 35 m. SE. by S. Fal- 
 mouth. 
 
 Poryecblye, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 52 m. NW. Smo- 
 lensk; port on Kasplya for shipping corn, hemp, flax, linseed, 
 and metals. P. 5900. 
 
 Posada, vil., on the E. ct. of Sardinia, prov. and 60 m. E. 
 by S. Sassari. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Posadas, vil., Argentine Republic, terr. Misiones, on the r. 
 bk. of Rio Parana, 170 m. E. Corrientes. P. 3000. 
 
 Posadas, tn., Spain, prov. and 18 m. WSW. C6rdoba, cap. 
 dist. P., on the r. bk. of the Guadalquivir. P. (comm.) 5300. 
 
 Poschlavo, or Puscblav, tn. , Switzd., cant. Grisons, 16 m. 
 SE. St. Moritz, S. of the Bernina Pass, in a valley drained S. 
 into the Adda. Alt. 3315 ft. (lake about 3 m. S. of viL, alt. 
 3155 ft.). P. (comm.) < 4000. 
 
 Pose, China. See Pose-ting. 
 
 Posen, prov., Prussia, situated in the North German Plain, 
 between Brandenburg and Russian Poland. The only small 
 elevations are some isolated hills (Sichberg, 635 ft.). Principal 
 rivers: Warthe (trib. of Oder, q.v.), with Prosna, Obra, and 
 
POSE — POTS 
 
 Netze. The Vistula touches P. near Bromberg. Swamps and 
 morasses form a peculiar feature in connection with the river 
 courses, e.g. , the Obrabruch. Canals : the Bromberger Canal 
 between Vistula and Netze, and the Sud Canal between Oder 
 and Obra. P. has many small lakes, the most important being 
 Lake Goplo. The climate of P. is changeable but healthy. 
 The principal products are those of agriculture [see <>ierinaii 
 Empire], besides timber and wax. Great attention is paid to 
 horse and sheep breeding, large quantities of wool being pro- 
 duced. Principal manufactures : beet - sugar, paper, leather 
 goods, beer, spirits, machinery, carriages, war materials, and 
 textiles. The railways belong to the state. Cap. Posen ; other 
 towns of importance, Bromberg, Lissa, Ostrowo, Gnesen. About 
 two-thirds of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics, about one- 
 third Protestants ; there are also a considerable number of Jews 
 in the country. More than one-half of the population consists 
 of Poles, the others are mostly Germans. The episcopate of P. , 
 founded as early as 968, was eventually added to the kingdom 
 of Poland. After the divisions of Poland in 1772 and 1793 P- 
 became a prov. of Prussia. See Geriiiaii Empire, table. 
 
 Posen, tn. , Prussia, in the middle of prov. P., 102 m. E. 
 Frankfurt on the Oder, on the Warthe at confluence of Cybina, 
 cap. prov. and govt. P., containing also the administrative chief 
 offices of circles East and West P. ; a fortress of the first class 
 (the defensive works including Fort Winiary on 1. bk. Warthe 
 and a girdle of detached forts in course of erection). Contains 
 a cathedral with the monuments of the Polish kings Miecislaw 
 I. and Boleslaw I., and the Raczynski Palace, with the library 
 of 30,000 vols. Has manufactures of machinery, iron-wares, &c. , 
 and an active trade by rail and river in agricultural produce. 
 P. was made the see of a bishop shortly before 1000 a.d. , and 
 in early times was regarded as the cap. of Great Poland ; after- 
 wards it declined and did not revive till it came into the hands 
 of Prussia (1793, 1815). Mean temp., yr. 47.3° F., Jan. 29.3°, 
 July 66.0°; rfall. (23 yrs.), 19.84 in. P. (1816) 23,900; (1871) 
 56,400 ; (1890) 69,600. 
 
 Posenliall, par., Eng. , Salop, Wellington div. , 12J m. SE. 
 by E. Shrewsbury, 3 m. ENE. Much Wenlock. P. <25o. 
 
 Posetliig, Pose, Pese, or Pakshlk, tn., China, Kwangsi, 
 20 m. E. of the frontier of Yunnan, limit of navigation of the 
 Yu-kiang (N. fork of the Si-kiang or West R.) for boats drawing 
 more than I ft. ; unhealthy. Alt. 530 ft. (Bourne). SeePo-ngal. 
 Posey, CO., U.S., Indiana, in extreme SW. 
 Posliaii, tn., China, prov. Shantung, 193 m. WSW. Chifu, 
 60 m. E. Tsinan-fu. 
 
 Posliekhofi, or Poslickbonlye, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 
 96 m. NW. Yaroslavl. P. 4050. 
 Posllippo, Italy. See Naples. 
 
 Posltano, tn., on the W. ct. of Italy, Campania, prov. 
 Salerno, 6 m. W. Amalfi. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Poslingford, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., iij m. SW. 
 by S. Bury St. Edmunds, 2 m. NNE. Clare stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 Posolsk, vil. and monastery, E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, 
 on Lake Baikal ; place where steamers in summer, and sledges 
 in winter, crossing the lake from Irkutsk, reach the E. shore. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 Posonium, tn. , Hungary. See Pressburg. 
 Posrlpa, tribe of Albanians, Turkey in Europe, branch of the 
 Maliesors or Guegues, who occupy a terr. of 139 sq. m. between 
 Lake Skutari and the riv. Drin. 
 Posseckstown, electoral div., Ire., Meath, dist. Nobber. 
 Possession, small isl. , W. ct. Africa, in Elizabeth Bay, in 
 26° 50' S. ; long known to navigators for its good anchorage 
 and abundance of guano. 
 
 Possession, cape, on the S. ct. of Brit. New Guinea, about 
 146° 21' E. 
 
 Possession, the largest of the Crozet Is., in N. of Indian 
 Ocean ; more than 4920 ft. in height. 
 
 Posslet Bay, Russian Manchuria, in Gulf of Peter the 
 Great ; consists of an outer and inner part, which contains the 
 excellent bays Expedition and Novgorodskaya, the latter with a 
 Russian village of same name. Average temp. , yr. 43°, summer 
 69°, winter 14°. Chief centre for fishing of Japanese and Chinese 
 on this part of the coast. Freezes only for a few days. 
 
 Possllpark, suburb of and 2| m. N. Glasgow, Scot., Lanark- 
 shire, Partick div., on the N. B. R. P. 7400. 
 
 Piissneck, tn., Ger., duchy Saxe-Meiningen, circle Saalfeld, 
 41 m. NE. Koburg ; manufactures flannels and other woollens, 
 porcelain, &c. P. (1834) 3400; (1890) 8900. 
 
 Posso, tn., E. Archipelago, in the E. of Celebes, on the S. 
 side of the Gulf of Tomini. 
 
 Possum Hill, post-tn., Victoria. See Orvllle. 
 Postelberg, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Saaz, 37 m. NW. 
 by W. Prague; has coal-mines and preparation of saltpetre. 
 P. <40oo. 
 Postern, part of par. , Eng., Derbyshire. See ^bottle. 
 PostlgUone, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 26 m. ESE. 
 Salerno, on the slopes of Monte Alburno. P. <300o. 
 
 Postillion Islands, group of small isls. , E. Archipelago, in 
 Flores Sea, between SW. of Celebes and Sumbawa. 
 
 Postland, stn., Eng., Lincolnshire, on the G. E. & G. N. 
 Joint Rly. , 7 m. SE. Spalding. 
 
 PostUng, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 2\ m. N. by 
 W. Hythe, i^ m. N. Sandling Junction. P. <:25o. 
 
 Post Office Bay, natural harbour on Charles (Floreana) I., 
 Galapagos, the safest and finest in the whole group. 
 
 PostTlllc, vil., U.S., Iowa, Allamakee co. , 16 m. from 
 Waukon. P. < 1500. 
 
 Postwlck, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 4 m. E. by S. 
 Norwich, 2 m. E. by S. Whitlingham Junction, P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Posty^n, or Pistydn, comm. , in NW. of Hungary, co. 
 Nyitra, on the Vag (Waag), 45 m. NE. Pressburg; has noted 
 sulphureous warm mineral springs. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Potamos, Greek, 'river.' 
 
 Potamos, vil. , Greece, on the N. ct. of Cerigotto I. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Potamos, tn. , Greece, on the NE. ct. of Cerigo I. P. <20oo. 
 
 Potamos, vil., Greece, on the E. ct. of Corfu I., 4 m. W. 
 Corfu. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Potantir, rly. stn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 4 m. SE. 
 Coimbatore. 
 
 Potchefstrooin, tn., S. African Republic, cap. of P. div., on 
 the S. frontier, 90 m. SW. Pretoria. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Potean River, U.S., Arkansas, rises in Scott co. , flows W. 
 and N. into Arkansas R. near Fort Smith. Length about 100 m. 
 
 Potenza, the ancient Potentia, tn., Italy, Basilicata, cap. 
 prov. P., on a height above the Basento, 55 m. E. Salerno. 
 In ancient times and the Middle Ages more important than 
 now; sacked by the Emperor Frederick II. in 1250, and by 
 Charles of Anjou in 1268 ; destroyed by an earthquake in 1273, 
 and again in 1857. Alt. 2712 ft. Mean temp., yr. 53.0° F. , 
 Jan. 37.8°, July 70.9°; rfall. (13 yrs., 1879-91), 26.3 in. P. 17,000. 
 
 Potenza, riv., Italy, rises in Monte Pennino, prov. Perugia, 
 flows ENE. into the Adriatic at Recanati. Length, 58 m. ; 
 area of basin, 283 sq. m.; mean discharge, 400 cubic ft. per 
 second, highest discharge 23,000 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Potenza Plcena, tn. , Italy, The Marches, prov. Macerata, 
 19 m. S. by E. Ancona. P. <3000. 
 
 Potgleter, settlement, Cape Colony, Griqua-land West, dist. 
 Hay, no m. SW. by S. Kuruman. 
 
 Potl, or Pntl, small tn., Brazil, state Piauhy, 120 m. N. 
 Oeiras, on 1. bk. of the Paranahiba, at confluence of riv. Poti, 
 in 5° 43' S. Mean temp., yr. 58.6° F. , Jan. 42.3°, Aug. 75.1°. 
 
 Poti (Turkish Kala-fash), tn. and seaport, Russia, Trans- 
 caucasia, govt, and 79 m. WNW. Kutais, on Black Sea, at the 
 mouth of the Rion, near Lake Paleostome, 42° 8' N., 41° 39' 
 E. ; terminus of railway to Tiflis and Baku, with a branch to 
 Batum. Built on low ground, and very unhealthy on account 
 of surrounding marshes and heavy rainfall (13 yrs.), 65.7 in. 
 Open roadstead ; nevertheless the export and import trade attain 
 the value of ;^6oo,ooo, while the coasting trade is still more 
 important. P. 4700. 
 
 Potok Hoty, tn. , Austria, Galicia, dist. and 10 m. S. by W. 
 Buczacz. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Potolab, Tibet. See Lbasa. 
 
 Poto'mac, riv., U.S., rises by two heads in the Alleghany 
 Mts. , flows SE. along the boundary between Maryland and 
 Virginia, and enters Chesapeake Bay by a mouth 10 m. in width. 
 Principal affluents, the Savage and Shenandoah. Leonard 
 Town, Harper's Ferry, and Alexandria are on its banks. It 
 abounds in beautiful scenery, the place where it breaks being 
 specially noted on this account. Above Washington it is 
 obstructed by falls of 40 ft. in height, and rapids, around all 
 which canals have been constructed. Length, 550 m. ; navigable 
 for warships to Washington, iiom. ; area of basin, 16,000 sq. m. 
 
 Potosl, tn. , Bolivia, cap. dep. P. , 50 m. SW. Sucre ; noted 
 for centuries for its production of silver, which is still mined here 
 [Bolivia, Mineral wealth]. A railway connecting it with the 
 Antofagasta-Oruro line is projected. Alt. about 13,000 ft. 
 P. 11,900. 
 
 Potosl, tn. , Mexico, Nuevo Leon, 64 m. S. Monterey. 
 
 Potosl, vil., U.S., Missouri, Washington co. , 56 m. SW, by 
 S. St. Louis ; extensive mines of iron and lead near. P. <isoo. 
 
 Potosl, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Grant co., 12 m. N. by W. 
 Dubuque (lo.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Potro, summit of the Andes, Chile, in 28° 28' S., 90 m. SSE. 
 Copiapo. Alt. 18,320 ft. 
 
 Potscbappel, vil, Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle, dist., and 4 m. 
 SW. Dresden. P. < 5000. 
 
 Potsdam, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. and 14 m. NW. East 
 London. 
 
 Potsdam, tn., Prussia, cap. prov. Brandenburg, circle P., on 
 an island in the Havel, 16 m. SW. Berlin. It is well laid out 
 and finely built, with broad streets, fine squares and gardens. 
 There are several royal palaces near, especially the official one, 
 with handsome grounds, that of Sans-Souci in the formal 
 French style, that of Friedrichskron with nearly 200 rooms, 
 Charlottenhof, the Marble Palace, and Babelsberg. The chief 
 public buildings are the military orphanage, the garrison-church 
 with a steeple 290 ft. high. There are also an observatory, 
 military colleges, &c. Several spaces are laid out as orna- 
 
 1235 
 
P O T S — P O V E 
 
 mental pleasure-grounds. Before the time of Frederick II., 
 Potsdam was only known as a fishing- village, and the whole 
 of this ' German Versailles ' and its surroundings is a monument 
 of his taste and splendour. Manufactures sugar, cotton and 
 woollen goods, chocolate, and tobacco ; flower-gardening is 
 an important industry. The town depends on the court, the 
 garrison, and the visitors from Berlin. P. (1816) 20,250 ; (1871) 
 43,800; (1880)48,400; (1890) 54,100, mostly Protestant; about 
 7000 are in garrison. 
 
 Potsdam, vil., U.S., New York, St. Lawrence co., on 
 Racket R., 90 m. W. by N. Burlington (Vt.), 25 m. E. by S. 
 Ogdensburg ; has founcfries, machine-shops, and manufactures 
 of agricultural implements ; noted for extensive quarries of sand- 
 stone of a geological formation named from this place. P. <4000. 
 
 Potsdam Hafen, port, Ger. New Guinea, in 4° 15' S. , 144° 55'. 
 
 Potsgrove, par., Eng. , Bedfordshire, div. and loj m. NW. 
 by W. Luton, 4 m. NE. Leighton Junction. P. <25o. See 
 Battlesden. 
 
 Pott, part of par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding. See Ilton 
 with Pott. 
 
 Pottawatomie, co. , Kansas, in the NE. , bounded on the S. 
 by Kansas R. , and on the W. by Blue R. , crossed by 96^° W. 
 
 PottaM'attauile, co., U.S. , Iowa, on W. frontier, N. of 41° N. 
 
 Pottawattomles, tribe of Algonkin Indians, U.S., originally 
 of Michigan, where a few still reside. The majority removed to 
 Kansas, and have been partially civilised. 
 
 Pottendorf, tn.. Lower Austria, dist. and 10 m. NE. Wiener 
 Neustadt. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Potteu £ud, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire. See 
 Berkliampstead, Clreat. 
 
 Potteustelii, tn. , Lower Austria, dist. P. P. < 3000. 
 
 Potter, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, P. co., 35 m. N. by 
 E. Pierre. 
 
 Potter, CO., U.S., Pennsylvania, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 in the W. by 78° W. 
 
 Potter, CO., U.S., Texas, in the NW., N. of 35° N., crossed 
 in the W. by 102°. 
 
 Potter Hanworth, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven 
 div. , 6 m. SE. by E. Lincoln, with stn. (Potterbanwortb) on 
 the G. N. & G. E. Joint Rly., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Potter Helgliam (hai'am), par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 
 10^ m. NW. Yarmouth, on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly.; has a 
 picturesque mediaeval bridge. PT. O. P. < 500. 
 
 PotterlilU, stn., Scot., Renfrewshire, on the G. & SW. R., 
 near Paisley. 
 
 Potteries, Tbe, a collective name of several towns and villages 
 of Eng., Staffordshire, comprising Burslem, Hanley, &c. , where 
 china and stoneware manufactures are carried on. 
 
 Potterne, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, 9J m. E. by N. Trowbridge, 
 div. and i^ m. SW. by S. Devizes, PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Potter Newton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. .Riding, in co. 
 bor. of Leeds. P. 9300. 
 
 Potter's Bar, eccles. par. , Eng. , Middlesex, Enfield div. , 3 
 m. NNE. Barnet, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Potters >Iarston, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 7 m. 
 SE. Bosworth, i m. W. Croft stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Potterspary, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 7^ m. 
 NE. by N. Buckingham, 2^ m. W. by S. Castlethorp)e stn., 
 PMT.O. P. <i5oo; eccles. par. (P. with Yardley Goblon) 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Potter's Street, P.O., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 8^ m. SE. 
 by E. Ware, 2 m. S. Harlow stn. 
 
 Pottervllle, vil., U.S., Michigan, Eaton co., 80 m. SW. 
 by S. Bay City, and 12 m. SW. Lansing. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Pottlnger, co. , New South Wales, crossed by 3 iS. and 150° E. 
 
 Potto, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 11 
 m. S. by W. Middlesbrough, on the NE. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Potton, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, 11 m. E. Bedford, div. and 
 3^ m. NE. Biggleswade, on the L. & NW. R.; has straw-plait- 
 ing industry, and phosphate of lime. PMT.O. Market-day, S. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Potton, Sonth, vil. , Canada. See MansonTlIIe Potter. 
 
 Potton Island, isl., Eng., situated in the SE. div. of Essex, 
 5 m. NE. by E. Southend. 
 
 Pott Shrlgley, par. and coal-mining vil., Eng., Cheshire, 
 Knutsford div., 3^ m. NNE. Macclesfield, 2 m. E. Adlington 
 stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Pottstown, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery co., on 
 Schuylkill R. , 18 m. ENE. Reading; has boiler-shops and 
 iron and bridge works. P. (1880) 5300; (1890) 13,300. 
 
 PottSTllle, settlement, U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery CO., 
 on the Schuylkill R., 15 m. ESE. Reading. 
 
 Pottsvllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co. , in a 
 valley at junction of the Norwegian R. with the Schuylkill R. , 
 nearly surrounded by mountains, 48 m. NE. Harrisburg ; 
 business centre of the anthracite coal region. Manufactures 
 iron and steel goods, pottery, &c. Alt. 614 ft. (R.R.). P. 
 (1880) 13,300; {1890) 14,100. 
 
 Potnla, pass, N. Himalayas, 62 m. NE. Dhavalaghiri. Alt 
 15,090 ft. 
 
 1236 
 
 Poty, riv. , Brazil, Piauhy. See Poll. 
 
 Pouanc<^, tn. , France, dep. Maine-et- Loire, on the Verz6e, 
 30 m. SW. Laval, 10 m. E. by N. Chiteaubriant, arr. Segr6. 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Pouch Cove, fishing vil., Newfoundland, dist. and 16 m. 
 from St. John's. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pouenl, or Pouheul, French spellings of Pneul, Paol, 
 Pohol, or Puerh. See Puerh. 
 
 Ponghlll, par., Eng., Cornwall, i m. from Bude Bay, div. 
 and 15 m. NNW. Launceston, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ponghlll, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, S. Molton div., 7 m. WSW. 
 Tiverton, P.O. (PonghhUl). P. <25o. 
 
 Poughkeepsle (poklp'sl), city, U.S., New York, Dutchess 
 CO. , 70 m. N. New York, on the 1. bk. of Hudson R. ; delight- 
 fully situated on a tableland 150 to 200 ft. above the river, here 
 crossed by a railway-bridge i^ m. long, forming an important 
 link in the communication between the southern New England 
 states and the W. , more particularly the coalfields of Pennsyl- 
 vania. Noted for its educational institutions. Its manufactures 
 include carpets, iron, and shoes. P. (1880) 20,200 ; (1890) 22,200. 
 
 Pongaes*les-Eaux, tn., France, dep. Nievre, arr. and 6 m. 
 NW. by N. Nevers. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Poulllon, tn. , France, dep. Landes, 14 m. NW. by W. 
 Orthez, arr. and 8 m. SSE. Dax. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Ponllly, tn., France, dep. Nievre, arr. Cosne, on the r. bk. of 
 the Loire, 22 m. NNW. Nevers, 7 m. ESE. Sancerre. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ponllly -en-Auxols, tn. , France, dep. Cote d'Or, arr. Beaune, 
 24 m. W. by S. Dijon. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ponlnlpete, isl.. Pacific Ocean, Carolines, the largest of the 
 Seniavine group, in 6° 52' N., 158° 24' E., about 50 m. in cir- 
 cumference ; height in centre, 2860 ft. 
 
 Ponlanargld, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 5 m. from Crookstown. 
 
 Ponlary, Lo«h, small lake, Scot., Inverness-shire, an expan- 
 sion of the riv. Garry, 10 m. W. by N. of head of Loch Lochy. 
 
 Poullgnen, Le, vil., France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, on the 
 W. ct., arr. and 10 m. W. St. Nazaire. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Ponlmncka, P.O., Ire., co. Tipperary, 8 m. NW. Clonmel. 
 
 Poulnasherry Bay, Ire., co. Clare, bar. Moyarta, opening 
 off the riv. Shannon to the W. of Kilrush. 
 
 Ponlshot, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, 7^ m. E. by N. Trowbridge, 
 div. and 3 m. WSW. Devizes, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Poultney, tn., U.S., Vermont, co. and 14 m. ^^'SW. Rut- 
 land, with slate quarries. P. <40oo. Poultney, East, settle- 
 ment, 2^ m. to the E. 
 
 Ponlton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 4^ m. S. 
 Chester, 2 m. ENE. Rossett stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ponlton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 5^ m. E. by 
 S. Cirencester, PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ponlton, par. , Eng. , Kent, dist. and 3 m. W. Dover. P. <25o. 
 
 Ponlton, Bare, and Torrlsholme, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, 
 div. and 3 m. NW. Lancaster, on Morecambe Bay, i m. NE. 
 Morecambe stn. , with a lighthouse. P. 6500 ; eccles. par. (P. 
 le Sands with Morecambe) P. 6500. 
 
 Poulton-le-Fylde, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 3J m. 
 NE. Blackpool, with a stn. (Ponlton) on the L. & Y. R., the 
 junction for Blackpool and Fleetwood, PMT.O. P. <:i500. 
 
 Ponlton with Fearnhead, par., Eng., Lancashire, dist., 
 par., and 2^ m. NE. Warrington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ponlton with Seacomh, par. . Eng. , Cheshire, Wirral div. , 
 i^ m. NW. Birkenhead, PM.O. (P. [Wallasey]). P. 14,800. 
 
 Ponlton with Spittle, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 5 
 m. S. by E. Birkenhead, close to Bromborough stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Poundbnry, old camp. See Dorchester, Eng. 
 
 Ponnden, or Poundon, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. 
 and sh i"- SW. by S. Buckingham, i m. NNW. of its stn. 
 (Marsh ribbon and Ponndon) on the L. & NW. R. P. < 
 250. See Twyford. 
 
 Pound Gap, pass, U.S.. across the Cumberland Mts., be- 
 tween Kentucky and Virginia, in 37° 8' N. 
 
 Pound Hill, PMT.O., Eng., Sussex, 2 m. from Crawley. 
 
 Ponndsgate, P.O., Eng., Devonshire, 5 m. WNW. Ash- 
 burton. 
 
 Ponndstock, par., Eng., Cornwall, ij m. from the NW. ct., 
 div. and 12 m. NW. by N. Launceston ; 4799 ac. P. <500. 
 
 Ponro, or Poroal, native name of Mullen's Harbour, Brit. 
 New Guinea. 
 
 Ponrtalet, pass, Pyrenees. See Ossan. 
 
 Ponsland,rock, Pacific,offct. of Peru, in about 13 J° S. , 83° W. 
 
 Pouso Alegre, tn., Brazil, state Minas Geraes, 130 m. N. 
 by E. Santos. P. 9000. 
 
 Poutroye, La. See Schnlerlach. 
 
 Pouyastrnc, vil., France, dep. H antes- Pyrdn6es, 14 m. N. 
 Bagneres-de-Bigorre, arr. and 5 m. ENE. Tarbes. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pouzanges, tn. , France, dep. Vendue, arr. Fontenay-le- 
 Comte, 37 m. NW. by N. Niort. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ponzln, Le, tn., France, dep. Ardeche, arr. Privas, 14 m. 
 SSW. Valence ; has distillery and foundry. P. <300o. 
 
 Poverty Bay, tn. , New Zealand. See Glsborne. 
 
 Poverty Bay, bay. New Zealand, E. ct. North I., in 38° 45' 
 S. ; first landing place of Cook. 
 
POVI — PRAG 
 
 Povlgllo, vil. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 12 m. NW. by N. 
 Reggio. P. < 2000. 
 
 Fovliidas, tribe, E. Afghanistan, branch of the Lohanis, 
 trading with India from early times by the Gumal road. 
 
 Povoacao, tn., Azores, S. ct. of Sao Miguel I., dist. Ponta 
 Delgada. * P. 5600. 
 
 Povoacao, vil. , Brazil, Espirito Santo, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Rio Doce, in 19° 30' S. , 39° 47' W. 
 
 Piivoa «le Varalni, tn. and sea-bathing place, Portugal, 
 Entre Douro e Minho, dist. and 17 m. NNW. Oporto. P. 
 10,400. 
 Povorotnyl, cape, Siberia. See Peter the Great Gulf. 
 Povyenets, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Olonets, 122 m. NE. 
 Petrozavodsk, on N. shore of Lake Onega. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Powaslng, rly. stn. , Canada, Ontario, Parry Sound dist., 
 113 m. NE. by N. Collingwood. 
 
 PoM'derliaiu, par., Eng. , Devonshire, Tiverton div. , 6 m. 
 SE. by S. Exeter, on the r. bk. of the Exe, i^ m. N. Starcross 
 stn. P. < 250. 
 
 Po-w«ler River, U.S., rises in Montana, in Big Horn Mts. , 
 by two forks which unite in S. of Montana, and fall into the 
 Yellowstone R. near Wolf Rapids. Length about 325 m. 
 
 Powder River Mountains, range of mts. , U.S., in the NE. 
 of Oregon, Union co. , in the angle between the Snake R. and 
 Powder R. 
 
 PoMdervlUe, settlement, U.S., Montana, Custer co. , on the 
 1. bk. of Powder R. , 216 m. S. by W. from the NE. corner of 
 the state. 
 
 Powell, CO., U.S., Kentucky, in the E., S. of 38° N., E. of 
 84° W. 
 
 Powell Clark'.s Creek, small riv., U.S. , Pennsylvania, in the 
 SW. , trib. of the Susquehanna, which it joins on the 1. bk. about 
 10 m. above Harrisburg. 
 
 Powell's Creek, stn. on the Overland Telegraph, S. Aus- 
 tralia, N. Terr., 1467 m. N. Adelaide. 
 
 PoMell's River, U.S., Virginia and Tennessee, rises in Wise 
 CO. , flows SE. into Clinch R. , 28 m. NE. Knoxville ; boatable 
 about 100 m. 
 
 Powelton, vil. , U.S., Florida, Escambia co., 11 m. NNW. 
 Pensacola. P. < 1500. 
 Power Head, cape. Ire., on SE. ct. of co. Cork, in 8° loj' W. 
 Powerscourt, par.. Ire., NE. co. Wicklow, bar. Rathdown, 
 3^ m. WSW. Bray. Powerscourt waterfall, in Dargle Glen, has 
 a fall of 300 ft. 17,437 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 Powers Cross, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Woodford, co. Galway. 
 Po^verstock, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire. See Poorstock. 
 Powerstown, par., Ire., E. co. and 10 m. ESE. Kilkenny, 
 bar. Gowran ; 5453 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Poiveshlek, co. , U.S., Iowa, S. of 42° N. , and between 92° 
 and 93° W. 
 
 Powhatan, co., U.S., Virginia, S. of 38° N. , and crossed in 
 the W. by 78° W. , bounded on the N. by the James R. (tj'.v.). 
 
 Powlck, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 3 m. 
 SSW. Worcester, PMT.O. ; 5250 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Powls, or Powys, the ancient name for the E. portion of 
 Wales. 
 
 Pownal, post-vil. , Canada, Prince Edward I., Queen's co. , 
 on Hillsborough Bay, 11 m. E. byS. Charlottetown. P. < 1500. 
 Pownal, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Bennington co. , 4 m. N. by E. 
 of the S W. corner of the state. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pownall Fee, par., Eng., Cheshire, Altrincham div., 3I m. 
 S. Stockport, I m. W. Bramhall stn. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Poxwell, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., 5 m. SE. Dor- 
 chester. P. <2So. See Warm well. 
 
 Poyang, large lake, China, N. prov. Kiangsi, in 28° 40' N., 
 0° 116' E. It discharges its surplus waters northward into the 
 Yangtse-kiang, 485 m. from its mouth. It receives the drain- 
 age of the entire prov. , and all the boats that ply between the 
 Yangtse at Kiu-kiang or Hokou and the remoter parts of the 
 prov. traverse this lake. Length, 68 m. ; greatest breadth, 
 40 m.; area, 1637 sq. m. 
 
 Poyarkova, vil., E. Siberia, prov. Amur, on 1. bk. Amur, 
 80 m. SE. Blagovyeshchensk. P. <2oco. 
 
 Poyen-tsln, vil. , China. See Palyenclilng. 
 Poynlngs, par., Eng., Sussex, Lewes div., 5^ m. NW. by 
 N. Brighton, i m. N. The Dyke stn., P.O. P. < 500. 
 
 Poyntlngton, par., Eng., on the S. border of Somerset, 
 E. div. , 61 m. ENE. Yeovil, 4 m. SW. Milborne Port stn. 
 P.<:25o. 
 
 Poynton with Worth, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div. , 
 6 m. N. Macclesfield, with a stn. (Poynton) on the L. & NW. R. , 
 and another (Poynton) on the M. S. & L. R., PMT.O. 
 (Poynton). P. <25oo. 
 Poyntstown, electoral div. , Ire. , Tipperary, dist. Kilcooly. 
 Poyntzfleld, P.O., Scot., Cromartyshire, g^ m. WSW. 
 Cromarty. 
 Poyntzpass, stn. , Ire. See Polntzpass. 
 Poyo, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov., dist., and 3 m. W. Ponte- 
 vedra. P. < 5000. 
 
 Poiarevac (pozharevats), tn., Servia, cap. prov. P., 12 m. 
 
 ESE. Semendria. In 1718 the treaty of Passarowitz was signed 
 here between Turkey and Austria. P. 11,100. 
 
 Pozega, or Pozsega (pozhega), tn. , Hungary, Croatia- 
 Slavonia, 52 m. W. by S. Esseg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pozega, vil., Servia, prov. Uzice, 45 m. W. by S. Kragu- 
 jevac. Alt. 1050 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pozhajce, tn. , Austria, Galicia, dist. Podhajce. P. 5600. 
 Pozo, Sierra del, rat. chain, Spain, Andalusia, 37-56 m. E. 
 and ENE. Jaen. Alt. 4490 ft. 
 
 Pozo Alcou, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 50 m. ESE. 
 Jaen, dist. Cazorla. P. (comm.)<:4ooo. 
 
 Pozo Aniargo, hot spring and baths, Spain, Andalusia, prov. 
 and 42 m. SE. Seville, dist. Moron de la Frontera ; has sul- 
 phureous and saline waters. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pozoblanco, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 36 m. N. C6r- 
 doba, cap. dist. P. P. 11,600. 
 
 Pozohondo, comm., Spain, prov. Albacete, dist. Chinchilla. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Pozos, tn. , Mexico, state and 7 m. SE. San Luis Potosi. P. 
 (comm.) 11,200. 
 Pozsega, tn., Hungary. See Pozega. 
 Pozsony, Hungary. See Pressburg. 
 
 Poznzo, vil. , Peru, prov. and 37 m. ESE. Huanuco ; 12 m. 
 SE. is a colony founded in 1858 by German colonists, who 
 cultivate coffee, sugar-cane, rice, and cacao. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pozzallo, vil., on the S. ct. of Sicily, prov. and 33 m. SW. 
 Syracuse. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pozzolengo, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 22 m. ESE. 
 Brescia. P. < 3000. 
 
 Pozzolo Formlgaro, tn., Italy, Piedmont, 3 m. N. Noir 
 Liguria. P. < 3000. 
 
 Pozzoniagglore, tn., Sardinia, prov. Sassari, 21 m. ESE. 
 Alghero. P. <;4000. 
 
 PozzuoU, the ancient Puteoli, tn. , Italy, Campania, on the 
 Bay of Naples, prov. and 7 m. W. Naples. The ancient city 
 was three times destroyed in the 4th and 5th centuries A. d. , but 
 on each occasion speedily rebuilt. There are still numerous 
 remains of antiquity, the most remarkable being a mole and three 
 columns of the temple of Serapis, with borings of shell-fish at the 
 height of about 15-25 ft. from the ground, Avhich are usually 
 taken to indicate the oscillations that the land has undergone 
 here (sinking between the 3rd and the i6th century, and after- 
 wards rising). Near the town is the solfatara, from which sulphur 
 is obtained, the Grotto del Cane, and the Cave of Avernus. 
 Near it also is obtained the reddish earth hence known as 
 pozzolana, which when mixed with other earthy matter forms 
 an excellent cement (of which the ancient mole is built). Now 
 see of a bishop, and seat of a govt, factory of arms, armour- 
 plates, and naval machinery. P. 11,500. 
 Pra, riv. , W. Africa. See Busuui Pra. 
 Pra, vil., Italy, Liguria, on the coast, prov. and 7 m. W. by 
 N. Genoa. P. <300o. 
 Prabat, tn. , Siam, 70 m. N. by E. Bangkok. 
 Praborgne, vil. , Switzd. See Zerniatt. 
 Prachatltz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, cap. dist. P., 22 m. W. 
 by N. Budweis. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pradanack Point, cape, Eng., Cornwall, 13 m. SW. by S. 
 Falmouth. 
 
 Pradelles, tn. , France, on the S_. border of dep. Haute- Loire, 
 arr. Le Puy, 52 m. SW. byS. St. Etienne. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Prades, tn., France, dep. Pyr^ndes-Orientales, cap. arr. P., 25 
 m. W. by S. Perpignan. Alt. 1140 ft. P. < 4000. 
 
 Prado, tn. , Brazil, state and 320 m. SW. Bahia, small port 
 on the delta of the Rio Jucurucu. 
 
 Prado <lel Rey, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 44 m. 
 ENE. Cadiz, dist. Arcos de la Frontera. P. (comm. )<40oo. 
 
 Pradnro e Sasso, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 9 m. 
 SSW. Bologna. P. 8000. 
 Praed Street, stn., London, Eng. See Paddlngton. 
 Prceneste, city, Italy. See Palestrlna. 
 Praga, suburb of Warsaw {q.v.). 
 
 Prague, German Prag, Bohemian (Chekh) Praha, fortified 
 city, Austria, cap. of Bohemia, situated near the centre of that 
 kingdom, 155 m. NW. Vienna, on both banks of the Moldau, 
 at the head of steam navigation on that river, by which and the 
 Elbe it is placed in regular steamer communication with Ham- 
 burg. It occupies a picturesque site in a basin-shaped valley at 
 the base and on the slopes of hills near the N. border of the 
 southern and more elevated region of Bohemia, at the crossing- 
 place of the ancient N. and S. line of communication formed by 
 the Moldau with the E. and W. routes through the valleys of the 
 Elbe and Eger. On the r. bk. of the Moldau stands the greater 
 part of the city, comprising the Altstadt and Neustadt, together 
 with, outside the walls, the suburbs of Karolinenthal, Konig- 
 liche Weinberge, and ^izkov (Zizkow) ; on the 1. bk., within the 
 walls, the Kleinseite and the Hradschin, with the S. suburb of 
 Smichov (Smichow) outside. The two sides are connected by 
 seven bridges. Karlsbriicke, the most interesting bridge, 543 
 yards long, has mediasval gate towers, and statues of saints along 
 its numerous buttresses. Altstadt, the old town, is the com- 
 
 1237 
 
PRAH — PREB 
 
 mercial centre, and most densely populated, containing the 
 university and other important educational institutions ; the 
 faculties of theolog)' and philosophy occupy the ' Clementinum,' 
 an ancient Jesuit college, where also is the university library 
 (180,000 volumes). On the quay is the Rudolfinum, a large 
 Renaissance building, comprising an art academy, a musical 
 ' conservatoire,' and a museum. Other structures are the chief 
 church, the Crusaders' Church, and the Gallas Palace. Neustadt, 
 the new town, enclosing the Altstadt between it and the river, 
 has many handsome broad streets and squares, and contains 
 the Bohemian technical college and a magnificent new Bohemian 
 theatre. Kleinseite, or Little Prague, is the aristocratic quarter, 
 built on the slopes of the hills Laurenzberg and Hradschin, and 
 containing the Palace Waldstein (or Wallenstein), the hall of the 
 Bohemian diet, the residence of the Viceroy of Bohemia, and a 
 handsome Jesuit church. Behind Kleinseite rises Hradschin 
 castle hill to a height of 240 ft., crowned with the Imperial 
 palace, an extensive and irregular pile, containing the cathedral 
 of St. Vitus, with a tower 300 ft. high, a mausoleum of the 
 Bohemian kings, and the regalia of the kingdom. Near the 
 Imperial palace are three other palaces and several large monas- 
 teries. P. is noted for its public parks and gardens. It is the 
 centre of Bohemian commerce and industry. Manufactures 
 machinery, linen, cotton, leather, gloves, &c. The transit trade 
 is important, and is much assisted by the roads and railway 
 system, of which Prague is an important central point. In 1744 
 P. capitulated to Frederick the Great, and in 1866 it was 
 occupied by the Prussians, who here concluded a treaty with 
 Austria. Alt. 730-895 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 48.0° F., Jan 30.2°, 
 July 67.1°; rfall. (50 yrs.), 18.5 in. P. (1869) 157,700; (1890) 
 182,500; including suburbs, 310,500. 
 
 Prah, riv. , Africa. See Busnni Pra. 
 
 Prahecq, vil., France, dep. Deux-Sevres, arr. and 7 m. SE. 
 Niort. P. <20oo. 
 
 Prabora, riv., Roumania, rises in the Transylvanian Alps, 
 and flows SSE. and SE. to the lalomija, which it joins on the 
 1. bk. 28 m. SE. by E. of Ployeshti. 
 
 Prahran, city, Victoria, SE. suburb of Melbourne. P. 39,700. 
 
 Pralisa, tn., Africa, Gold Coast, 75 m. WNW. Akra, gene- 
 rally chosen as the ' key ' to Ashantee. 
 
 Praia, or Praya (Porto Praya), tn.. Cape Verde Is., on 
 SE. ct. Santiago I., cap. of the archipelago, in 14° 54' N., 
 28° 10' E. It succeeded Ribeira-Grande as cap. in 1770 ; 
 climate still unhealthy. It has been proposed to transfer the 
 government of the islands to another town. P. is the telegraphic 
 station by which Senegal is connected with the submarine cables 
 of Europe, W. ct. of Africa, and the New World. The harbour 
 is an open bay, with anchorage in 4-6 fathoms in low water. 
 The tide rises 5 ft. Mean temp. (5 yrs., 1875-79), yr. 76° F. , 
 Jan. 72.0°, Aug. 79.7°; rfall. (5 yrs.), 12.72 in. P. 4000. 
 
 Praia Grande, tn. , Brazil. See Mctheroy. 
 
 Praiutaa, vil. , Brazil, Grao Para, on the 1. bk. of the Amazon, 
 in 53° 30' W. 
 
 Prairie, co. , U.S., Arkansas, crossed in N. by 35° N., and 
 traversed by White R. , midway between 91° and 92° W. 
 
 Prairie City, vil. , U.S. , Illinois, McDonough co. , 23 m. SW. 
 Galesburg by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Prairie City, tn., U.S., Iowa, Jasper co., 18 m. E. Des 
 Moines; coal mined. P. < 1500. 
 
 Prairie Dog Creek, U.S. , Kansas, rises in Thomas co. , flows 
 NE. into Republican R. in Harlan co. (Neb.). Length about 
 120 m. 
 
 Prairie da Chlen (the ' Dog's Plain '), city, U.S., Wisconsin, 
 Crawford co. , on the Mississippi, just above the confluence of 
 the Wisconsin, 46 m. NW. by N. Dubuque (Iowa) ; beautifully 
 situated on a prairie bordered on the E. by high bluffs. P. <4000. 
 
 Prairie ftrore, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, 10 m. SE. 
 Winnipeg. 
 
 PrakiiHlia, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khdndesh, 7 m. 
 SW. Shdhdda, at junction of Tdpti R. with two of its tribs. ; 
 every twelve years a great Hindu fair is held here. P. <5ooo. 
 
 PraU>olno, or Prato Alboliio, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. 
 Brescia, 8 m. ESE. Verolanuova ; has manufactures of linen 
 and cotton goods. P. <3000. 
 
 Pral8"de-Mollo, vil., France, dep. Pyr6n6es-Orientales, 29 
 m. SW. Perpignan ; has fortifications dating from 1684. Alt. 
 2600 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Pran, tn. , Siam, 50 m. S. Pechaburi, in about 12° 23' N. 
 
 Prtlng, tn. , Brit. India, in the NW. of the Punjab, Peshawar 
 dist. P. 12,300 ; Moham. 12,200. 
 
 Pranglns, comm. , Switzd. , cant. Vaud, 6 m. NNE. Coppet, 
 i^ m. N. by E. Nyon. P. <20oo. 
 
 PrAnteJ (census), tn. , India. See Par^ntlJ* 
 
 Praovo, viL, Servia, prov. Kraina, on the r. bk. of the 
 Danube, 25 m. NW. by W. Viddin. P. <30oo. 
 
 Praskoveya, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, govt, and 112 m. 
 ESE. Stavropol, on Kuma R. ; extensive vineyards. P. 10,000. 
 
 PrasUn, isl. , Seychelle Is. , 26 m. NNE. Mahe. Area, 15 sq. m. 
 
 PrasUn Harbour, bay at the NW. end of Isabel I., 
 Solomon Is., crossed by 7° 25' S. , 158° 20' E. 
 1238 
 
 Praslln (or Gower) Port, or Albatros»« Bay, bay, SW. ct. 
 Neu-Mecklenburg (New Ireland), Bismarck Archipelago, in 
 4° 50' S. , 152° 48' E. ; forms a very good port. 
 
 Prilsiii^r, Hungary. See Tartlaii. 
 
 Prasiiysz, tn. , Russian Poland. See Przasuysz. 
 
 Prasonl<$l, Cape, cape, Greece, at the SW. end of Rhodes I. 
 
 Prasoura, small isl. , E. of the broadest part of Euboea I. , 
 Greece. 
 
 Prastii, seapt. tn. , Denmark, on the E. ct. of the southern 
 penin. of Seeland, prov. P., 44 m. SW. by S. Copenhagen; on 
 the S. side of P. Fiord, an inlet nearly shut off by the Fedet 
 penin. from Faxe Bay. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pratabpur, vil., India, Bengal, Chutia Ndgpur Hill states, 
 130 m. S. Benares ; chief village of state of Sarguja. 
 
 Prata dl Pordenoue, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. Udine, 
 4 m. SSW. Pordenone, on the Brentella. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Prata dl Prliirlpato I'ltra, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 
 9 m. N. Avellino, on the Sabato R. P.'<3ooo. 
 
 Pratas, group of isls. and reefs between Hong-kong and the 
 N. end of Luzon, Philippine Is. Lighthouse projected. 
 
 Prato, tn., Italy, Tuscany, on the Bisenzio, prov. and 11 m. 
 NW. Florence ; manufactures textiles, wine-flasks, &c. ; has a 
 royal school of weaving and design. Serpentine quarries. Still 
 surrounded by old walls, and dominated by a citadel of the 14th 
 century. P. 13,400. 
 
 Prato Alboluo, tn. , Italy. See Pralboluo. 
 
 Pratola, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, 23 m. 
 SW. by W. Chieti. P. 7400. 
 
 Pratoniagiio, range of the Apennines, Italy, in the E. of 
 Tuscany, running NNW. and SSE. between two parts of the 
 valley of the Arno, where that river forms a great loop to the S. 
 P. is also the name of the highest peak of the range. Alt. 5185 ft. 
 
 Pratt, city, U.S., Kansas, P. co. , 190 m. SW. by W. Topeka. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pratt, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, crossed by 44° N. , bounded on 
 the W. by 101° W., traversed by the White R. 
 
 Pratteln, comm., Switzd., cant. Baselland, 6 m. SE. by E. 
 Basel. P. <20oo. 
 
 Prattlgau, valley, Switzd., cant. Grisons, watered and often 
 devastated by the Lanquart, r. bk. trib. of the Rhine ; has the 
 finest pasturage in the canton. Among its lateral valleys is that 
 of St. Antoine, abundant in mineral waters. Length, 28 m. ; 
 breadth, 7-14 m. 
 
 Prattlpiidn, vil., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Kistna, in 16° 12' 
 N., 80° 24' E. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pratt Mines, coal-mining tn., U.S., Alabama, Jefferson co. , 
 9 m. WNW. Birmingham. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Prattsbnrg, vil., U.S., New York, Steuben co., 48 m. SSE. 
 Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Prattvllle, vil., U.S., Alabama, Autauga co., 12 m. NW. by 
 W. Montgomery. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pratnuitanl, tn. , Siam, on the Menam, 25 m. N. Bangkok. 
 
 Prausnltz, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Militsch, 18 m. 
 N. by W. Breslau. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pranst, vil., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle and 6 m. S. 
 Danzig. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Prantlioy, vil., France, dep. Haute-Marne, arr. Langres, 
 27 m. NNE. Dijon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pravadla, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. and 23 m. W. Varna. P. 5100. 
 
 Pravec (pravets), tn., Bulgaria, prov. Vraca, 32 m. NE. by 
 E. Sofia. P. < 3000. 
 
 Praria, comm., Spain, prov. and 16 m. NW. by W. Oviedo, 
 cap. dist. P. (1887) 9200. 
 
 Pravlslita, tn. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet Salonica, sanjak 
 Drama, 22 m. ENE. of the mouth of the Struma. 
 
 PraM'le Point, headland, Eng. , Devonshire, forming the 
 extreme S. point of the county, and projecting into the English 
 Channel, 4 m. WNW. Start Point, and E. Bolt Head. Mean 
 temp. (12 yrs.), yr. 49.8° F., Jan. 41.9°, July 59.1°; rfall. (12 
 yrs.), 29.7 in. Prawle, East, P.O., ij m. N. 
 
 Pray, tn., Siam, 86 m. SE. by E. Chiengmai. 
 
 Praya, Cape Verde Is. See Praia. 
 
 Pray&g, India. See Allahlkbiid. 
 
 PrayHsas, vil., France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, arr. and 9 m. 
 NW. Agen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Praze, stn. , Eng., Cornwall, Camborne div. , 2 m. SE. 
 Gwinear Road stn., on the Helston branch of the G. W. R., 
 PMT.O. 
 
 PrdzsniAr, comm. , SE. of Hungary, co. Brass6, dist. Alvid6k, 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Prazzo, small vil, Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, on the 
 Maira, 23 m. WSW. Saluzzo. 
 
 Preakness, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Passg-ic co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Preapatang, rapids of the Mekong R. , in Cambodia, for a 
 long time reputed impassable, but the navigation has been so 
 improved that they may be ascended with ordinary boats. 
 
 Preban, par., Ire., S. co. Wicklow, bar. S. Ballinacor, 11 m. 
 W. by N. Arklow, 3 m. SW. Aughrim stn.; 4291 ac. P. <50o. 
 
 Prebbleton, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co. , 
 9 m. SSW. Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
P R EB 
 
 P R ES 
 
 Preble, co. , U.S., Ohio, on the W. frontier, S. of 40" N. 
 Prebuhel Pass. See Alps, Passes and Railways, 
 IV. {3d). 
 
 Prechthal, comm., Ger. , gd.-duchy Baden, circle Freiburg, 
 10 m. NE. Waldkirch. P. <3000. 
 
 Pr^cy-sons-ThU, vil., France, dep. Cote d'Or, arr. Semur, 
 on the Serain, 31 m. N. Autun, 7 m. S. by W. Semur-en-Auxois. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Predazzo, vil., Austria, Tirol, dist. Cavalese, 18 m. SE. 
 Botzen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Predlgtstttlil, mt. , Bavaria, 33 m. E. Ratisbon. Alt. 8350 ft. 
 
 Predll, or Ralbl Pass. See Alps, Passes and Rail- 
 ways, V. 
 
 Predprlatle, isl. , Pacific. See Fakalna. 
 
 Pr^-en-Pall, tn., France, dep. and arr. Mayenne, on the 
 Mayenne, 13 m. W. by N. Alen9on. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Prees, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div. , 13^ m. SSW. Nant- 
 wich, li m. ESE. of its stn. on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O.; 
 13,743 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Preesall with Hacklnsall, par., Eng., Lancashire, Lan- 
 caster div., 2^ m. E. by S. Fleetwood, PM.O. (Preesall) ; salt 
 extracted from copious brine-springs. P. < 1000. 
 
 Preesgweene, or Presgwyn (for Weston Rhyn), stn., Eng., 
 Shropshire, on the G. W. R., 2^ m. N. Oswestry. 
 
 Preetz, tn. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle Plon, 
 8 m. SE. Kiel, on the Lanker See (lake). P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pregaiizlol, comm. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and4 m. S. Treviso, 
 on the Serva. P. <:4000. 
 
 Pregel, riv., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, formed by the con- 
 fluence of the Inster and Angerapp just below Insterburg, flows 
 W. into the Frisches Haff a few miles below Konigsberg, 
 navigable throughout its length, 80 m.; connected with the 
 Memel navigation by the Deime R. (which enters from the right 
 at Tapiau), the Friedrichsgraben, and the Gilge. In the years 
 1883-87 closed by ice at Insterburg for periods varying from 
 39-118 days, at Tapiau 82-112 days. 
 
 Prelgnac, tn., France, dep. Gironde, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Garonne, arr. and 22 m. SE. by S. Bordeaux. P. <20oo. 
 
 Prelanc, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Pardubitz, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Elbe, 17 m. SW. Koniggratz. P. <4000. 
 
 Pr^mery, tn. , France, dep. Ni^vre, arr. Cosne, 15 m. NE. 
 by N. Nevers. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Premluetl, Premedl, or Premetl, tn. , Turkey in Europe, 
 Albania, 46 m. NW. by N. Yanina. P. 4000. 
 
 Premnay, par. , Scot. , Aberdeenshire, 2 m. SE. Insch ; 5431 
 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Premnda, vil. , Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on an island of 
 the same name, dist. and 34 m. WNW. Zara. 
 
 Preiidergast, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on riv. Cleddaw, 
 mostly in bor. of Haverfordwest. P. < 1500. 
 
 Prendwlck, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., near the Aln, 12 m. W. Alnwick, 4^ m. SW. 
 Hedgeley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Prentiss, CO. , U.S., Mississippi, in the NE. , to the N. of 
 34° N. , and E. of 89° W. 
 
 Preutoii, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 2| m. SSW. 
 Birkenhead. P. <5oo. 
 
 Preiizlan, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, cap. circle P., 
 and old cap. of the Ukermark, 20 m. W. by S. Stettin, at the 
 N. end of the Unter-Uker See (lake) ; has iron-works, wool 
 spinning-mills, &c. ; founded 1128. P. (1816) 9000; (1890) 
 15,600 ; comm. P. 18,000. 
 
 Preonzo, vil., Switzd. , cant. Ticino, 5 m. N. Bellinzona, on 
 the riv. Ticino. P. < 2000. 
 
 Preparls, group of small isls. between the Andaman Is. and 
 the Irawadi delta bay of Bengal. 
 
 Preran, tn. , Austria, Moravia, cap. dist. P., 13 m. SE. 
 Olmiitz ; an important railway centre, the Beczwa valley, which 
 here opens on that of the March (Morava), being separated at 
 Weisskirchen by only a narrow water-parting, about 1000 ft. in 
 height, from the Luha-Oder valley, the series forming what is 
 known as the Moravian Gate (separating the Sudetes and Car- 
 pathians) and now traversed by the principal line of railway 
 connecting the NW. of Austria with the SE. of Prussia. P. 
 (1869) 7200; (1880) 11,000; (1890) 13,200. 
 
 Pr^-Salut-Ciervals, Le, tn. , France, dep. Seine, arr. St. 
 Denis, a suburb of Paris just outside the walls on the NE. ; 
 has distilleries, and manufactures of scent and soap. P. 8100. 
 
 Presba, lake, Turkey in Europe. See Prespa. 
 
 Presbnrg, tn. , Hungary. See Pressbarg. 
 
 Prescot, par. and tn. , Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., 3 J 
 m. SW. by W. St. Helens, on the L. & NW. R. The principal 
 industries are watch-making, the manufacture of files of excellent 
 quality, and coal-mining. Market-days, Tu. and S. Par. P. 
 5800 ; tn. P. 6700. 
 
 Prescott, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Grenville 
 CO., on the 1. bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, 49 m. S. by E. 
 Ottawa, opposite Ogdensburg, New York. P. <:3000. 
 
 Prescott, CO., Canada, Ontario, on the riv. Ottawa, crossed 
 in the W. by 73° W. 
 
 Prescott, par., Eng., Gloucesterslfire, dist. and 2^ m. W. 
 Winchcomb. P. <;25o. 
 
 Prescott, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, dist. and 4^ m. NE. 
 Banbury. P. <25o. 
 
 Prescott, city, U.S., Arizona, Yavapai co. , 200 m. NE. from 
 the SW. corner of the terr. , in a valley of the Pine Mt. ; has 
 gold and silver-mining. Mean temp. (Whipple Barracks, 
 21 yrs.), yr. 53.4° F. , Jan. 34.2°, July 73.8° ; rfall. , yr. 17.06 in., 
 July-Aug. 5.91 in. P. < 2000. 
 
 Prescott, tn. , U.S., Arkansas, Nevada co., 95 m. SW. Little 
 Rock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Prescott, vil. , U.S. , Wisconsin, Pierce co. , on the Mississippi, 
 21 m. SE. St. Paul (Minn.). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Prescott Junction, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Yavapai co. , 
 135 m. SE. by S. from the NW. corner of the terr. 
 
 ProScan, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 4 m. SE. Valen- 
 ciennes ; has manufacture of beet-sugar. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Preseley Mountains, Wales. See Mynydd Preseley. 
 
 Preservation Harbour, fine bay. New Zealand, near SW. 
 extremity of South I. , in 46° o' S. , 166° 30' E. 
 
 Presg-wyn, stn. , Eng. See Preesgweene. 
 
 Presho, co. , U.S., S. Dakota, crossed by 44° N. and 100° 
 W. , traversed by the White R. 
 
 Preshute, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, on riv. Mennet, dist. and i 
 m. SW. Marlborough; 5358 ac. P. <:i50o. 
 
 Preslcce, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 21 m. SW. by S. 
 Otranto. P. <3000. 
 
 Presidency Division, India. See Bengal. 
 
 Prcsldente Koca, small fort, Argentine Republic, govt. 
 Chaco, on r. bk. of Rio Bermejo, in 25" 42' S. , 60^ o' W. 
 
 Presidio, tn. , Brazil, state Minas Geraes, 56 m. SSE. Ouro 
 Preto ; has pig-breeding, and large cultivation of coffee and 
 tobacco. P. (comm.) 10,000. 
 
 Presidio, co. , U.S., Texas, in the W., bounded on the S. by 
 the Rio Grande, crossed by 104° W. 
 
 Presles, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on La Grande Eau, 
 arr. and 6 m. E. by S. Charleroi. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Prespa (or Presba) I'ezcro (lake), lake, Turkey in Europe, 
 20 m. by II m., SE. of Lake Okhrida, N. end, 13 m. W. by S. 
 Monastir (Bitolia), in a mountain-girt basin; alt. of surface, 
 2770 ft. No apparent outlet. On a small island on the W. 
 side of the lake are the ruins of the old town of P. , to which it 
 owes its name. 
 
 Presque Isle, tn., U.S., Maine, Aroostook co. , 132 m. NNE. 
 Bangor, 40 m. N. by W. Houlton. P. <4000. 
 
 Presque Isle, co., U.S., Michigan, in the NE., on Lake 
 Huron. 
 
 Presque Isle, one of the Apostle Is., U.S., Wisconsin. 
 
 Presqu' Isle, vil., Canada. See Sarawak. 
 
 Presqu' Isle, isl., U.S., Pennsylvania. See Erie (city). 
 
 Pressath, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, 
 19 m. SE. by E. Bayreuth. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pressbauni, vil. , Lower Austria, dist. Sechshaus, 12 m. W. 
 by S. Vienna. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pressburg, or Presbnrg, Hungarian Pozsony, anciently 
 Posonium, city and royal free tn. , Hungary, on the Danube, 
 1. bk. , in the midst of a beautiful country, 35 m. E. Vienna. 
 It is the see of an Evangelical bishop, and was formerly 
 cap. of the kingdom. Besides a superior law-court, there are 
 several important public institutions : academy of jurisprud- 
 ence and philosophy, Evangelical lyceum and seminary, Roman 
 Catholic gymnasium, the ancient cathedral (where many of the 
 Hungarian kings have been crowned), the town house. Parlia- 
 ment House, and many churches. The royal castle, on the 
 Schlossberg (destroyed by fire in 181 1), is a prominent feature, 
 overlooking the Danube on a plateau 273 ft. high. It was an 
 important fortress in the struggle against Turkish invasion ; 
 when Buda was taken, P. was made the cap. of Hungary 
 and place of coronation, the parliament being held here till 
 1848. There is an important transit trade in grain, linen, and 
 Hungarian wines. Alt. 540 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 50. 1° F. , Jan. 
 30.1°, July 71.0°. P. (1850) 42,100; (1869) 46,500; (1890) 
 52,400 (three-fifths Germans). 
 
 Presslgny, Le Grand, tn., France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, arr. 
 Loches, on the Claise, 33 m. S. by E. Tours. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pressnltz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Kaaden, 33 m. WSW. 
 Teplitz ; has silver, lead, and iron mines. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Pressova, tn., Hungary. See Eperles. 
 
 Prestatyn, eccles. par. and market-tn. , Wales, Flintshire, 
 on the N. ct. , 9 m. NW. by W. Holywell, on the L. & NW. R. , 
 PMT.O. Market-day, S. P.<75o. 
 
 Prestbury, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Knutsford div. , 2^ m. NW. 
 by N. Macclesfield, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Prestbury, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div. , \\ 
 m. NE. Cheltenham, PMT.O. P.<:i5oo. 
 
 Preste, La, bathing resort, France, dep. Pyr^n^es-Orientales , 
 arr. C^ret, 3 m. W. Prats-de-Mollo; has two hot springs chiefly 
 used as a cure for gravel ; open all the year. Alt. 3705 ft. P. 
 < 2000. 
 
 Presteigne, or Prestelgn, par. and tn. , Wales, Radnorshire, 
 
 1239 
 
PRES — PRET 
 
 7 m. ENE. New Radnor, on the G. W. R. , PMT.O. Market- 
 day, W. P. -Cisco; eccles. par. (P. witb Dlscoed) P. <;2oco. 
 
 Presthope, stn. , Eng., Shropshire, on the G. W. R. , 3 m. 
 SW. Much Wenlock. 
 
 Prestitz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, cap. dist. P., on riv. Angel, - 
 12 ni. S. by VV. Pilsen. P. < 4000. 
 
 Prestolee, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Deane and Prest- 
 wick pars._ P. < 1000. 
 
 Preston, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Waterloo co. , on the Grand 
 R., 28 m. WNW. Hamilton. P. <20oo. 
 
 Preston, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div. , 3 m. NNE. Wey- 
 mouth, P.O. P. -<75o; eccles. par. (P. wltb Sutton Poyntr) 
 
 P-<750- . , 
 
 Preston, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, div. and i^ m. ESE. : 
 Cirencester. P. <25o. 
 
 Preston, par. , Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div. , 13 J 
 m. W. by N. Tewkesbury, 3 m. SSW. Ledbury stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Preston, vil., Eng., Hertfordshire, 3 m. S. Hitchin, PT.O. 
 
 Preston, pari. bor. {2 members), mun. bor. (since Henry II.), 
 and CO. bor., port, par., and market-tn., Eng., Lancashire, 21 
 m. SSE. Lancaster, in the diocese of Manchester, on a height 
 120 ft. above the navigable riv. Ribble and the Lancaster Canal, 
 on the L. & NW. R. and L. & Y. R. The staple manufacture 
 now is cotton (principally fine yarns), Arkwright, a native, 
 having here set up his first spinning-frame in 1768 ; iron and 
 machine-works i large shipbuilding trade, and increase of ship)- 
 ping trade for ocean traffic. Amongst the public buildings are 
 a new county hall, and a free library and museum containing 
 a valuable art collection. There are now three large public 
 parks.. The new Albert Edward Dock is expected to increase 
 the Ribble navigation; its water area is 40 ac. , with 6798 ft. 
 of quayage, and a depth on sill of 29 ft. at high water ordinary 
 springs, 22 ft. at high water ordinary neaps ; but the depth in 
 the harbour available for vessels entering port is only 16-17 fl- 
 at high water ordinary springs. P. is an old town which grew 
 up on the decline of the older port of Ribblechester, higher up 
 the river. Its name, interpreted as Pries fs Town, is said to 
 have been due to the number of religious houses here in the 
 Saxon times. In Camden's time (1607) it«is described as a large 
 and, for these parts, handsome and populous town. There are 
 many fairs held. Market-days, M. , W. , and S. Mun. bor. (1891) 
 4089 ac, P. (1801) 11,900; (1851)69,500; (1871)85,400; (1891) 
 107,600; pari. bor. (1891) 6071 ac, P. 111,700. 
 
 Preston, par. , Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div. , 7^ m. N. Alnwick, i m. S. by W. Chathill stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Preston, par.,. Eng., Northumberland, i m. N. North 
 Shields, included in the pari. bor. of Tynemouth. P. <25oo. 
 
 Preston, par., Eng., Rutland, 4 m. S. by E. Oakham, i m. 
 SW. Man ton stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Preston, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Sudbury div. , 10 m. SE. by S. 
 Bury St. Edmunds., P. <5oo. , . 
 
 Preston, par., Eng., Sussex, i^ va. N. by W. and included 
 in theparl, bor. of Brighton. P. 13,300. 
 
 Preston, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div. , 
 5^ m. E. by N. Hull, i m. N. Hedon stn., PM.O. ; 5004 ac. 
 P. <iooo ; eccles. par. (P. In Holderness) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Preston, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Leybiirn dist. 
 P. <;5oo. 
 
 Preston, vil., Scot., Berwickshire, on Whiteadder Water, 2^ 
 m. NNE. Duns. See Bnnkle and Preston. 
 
 Preston, P.O., Scot., Kircudbrightshire, 14 m. S. Dumfries. 
 
 Preston, gold-mining vil., U.S., Colorado, Summit co. , 5 m. 
 NE. Breckinridge. Alt. about 8800 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Preston, tn., U.S., Connecticut, New London co. , 5 m. E. 
 Norwich. P. •C3000. 
 
 Preston, vil., U.S., Iowa, Jackson co., 73 m. E. Cedar 
 Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Preston, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Fillmore co., 100 m. SE. by 
 S. St. Paul. P.<:isoo. 
 
 Preston, co. , U.S., W. Virginia, in the NE., on the Penn- 
 sylvania and Maryland frontiers, with coal and ironstone mines. 
 
 Preston, suburban tn. , Victoria, Bourke co. , 6 m. NE. 
 Melbourne, in 37° 43' S., 145° 2' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Preston, East, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., on the 
 S. ct. , 4^ m. SE. Arundel, i m. SE. Angmering stn. P. <5oo. 
 See Ferrlng. 
 
 Preston, Great and Little, united par., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, Barkston Ash div., 7 m. ESE. Leeds, 2 m. NE. 
 Methley stn. P. <30oo. 
 
 Preston, I/ongf par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton 
 div., 15 m. N. Burnley, 3J m. S. by E. Settle, on the M. R., 
 PMT.O.; has cattle-markets and fairs. P. <75o. 
 
 Preston Baggot, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on- 
 Avon, on the Alne, 7^ m. W. by N. Warwick, 2^ m. WNW. 
 Ciaverdon stn. P. <:2So. 
 
 Preston Blsset, par., Eng., Buckingham, div. and 3 m. 
 SW. Buckingham, P.O. P. <50o; eccles. par. (P. B. yvltp 
 Cowley) P. < 500. 
 
 Preston Brockltarst, P.O., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 8^ 
 m. NNE. Shrewsbury, 2 J m. E. Yorton stn. 
 1240 
 
 Preston Brook, stn. , Eng. , Cheshire. See Preston-ou-the> 
 Hill. 
 
 Preston Candover, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 7 m. 
 SSW. Basingstoke, 2 m. NE. by E. Candover, 5^ m. ENE. 
 Micheldever stn., PMT.O. P. <:5oo; eccles. par. (~P. C. "witli 
 Sntley) P. <750. 
 
 Preston Capes, par., Eng., Northa^lptpnsbire, S. div., 12^ 
 m. W. by S. Northampton, 3 m. N. Morton Pinkney sto., 
 P.O. P.<250. 
 
 Preston Deanery, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, dist. 
 Hardingstone, 3 m. SE. Northampton. P. <;250. 
 
 Preston Gubbals, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 4^ m. 
 N. by W. Shrewsbury, 2 m. W. Hadnall stn., P.O. (P. 
 (iobbalds). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Preston Hill, Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., 13^ m. SE. by E. Kelso. Height, 1724 ft. 
 
 Prestonklrk, par., Scot., Haddingtonshire, on riv. Tvne, 5^ 
 m. W. Dunbar, PMT.O. (P. or E. Linton) ; 7058 ac. P. '<:20oo. 
 
 Preston le Skerne, par., Eng., Durham, S. div., on the 
 Skerne, 6J m. N. by E. Darlington, 2 m. NE. Aycliffe stn. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Preston next Farersbam, par., Eng., Kent, dist. and on 
 S. side of Faversham. P. < 2500. 
 
 Preston next lYingbam, par. , Eng. , Kent, St. Augtistine 
 div., 5 m. WNW. Sandwich, 2 m. SSE. Grove Ferry stn., 
 P.O. (Preston). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Preston-on>Stonr, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester 
 div., 3 m. S. Stratford-on-Avon, P.O. , P. <soo. 
 
 Preston-on-Tees, par., Eng., Durham, dist. Stockton, i m. 
 N. Yarm. P. <:25o. 
 
 Preston-on-tbe-Hill, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div. , 
 5^ m. SW. by S. Warrington, and 3 m. ESE. Runcorn, with a 
 stn. (P. Brook), on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. (P. Brook). 
 P. "CSoo. 
 
 Preston-on-tbe- Weald-Moors, par., Eng., Salop, Welling- 
 ton div., 12 m. E. by N. Shrewsbury, 2 m. WNW. Donnington 
 stn. P. < 250. 
 
 Preston-on-Wye, par. , Eng. , Hereford, Leominster div. , 8^ 
 m. W. by N. Hereford, 3 m. S. by W. Moorhampton stn., 
 PM.O. P. <25o; eccles. par. (Preston-on-Wye Mltb Blake- 
 pner^) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Prestonpans, par. and tn., Scot., Haddingtonshire, on the 
 NW. ct., 2j m. ENE. Musselburgh, on the N. B. R. Chief 
 industries, ale brewing and fireclay goods ; coal mined. Near 
 it is the scene of the rout of the Hanoverian forces under Sir John 
 Cope by the Jacobite army of Prince Charles Edward, Sept. 21, 
 1745. A monument commemorates Colonel Gardiner, who was 
 killed in the battle. PMT.O. Market-day, F. Par. P. <300o; 
 tn. P. 2500. 
 
 Preston Park, stn., Eng., Sussex, on the L. B. & S. C. R., 
 2 m. N. Brighton. 
 
 Preston Patrick and Preston Riebard, two adjoining 
 pars., Eng., Westmorland. P. Patrick, Kendal dist., 3J m. 
 NEi Milnthorpe, P. <:iooo; P. Richard, P. <75o. 
 
 Preston Plncknett, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., i^ m. 
 W- Yeovil, P.O. P, <:5oo. See I'eovil. 
 
 Preston Quarter, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, in bor. of White- 
 haven. P. 7600. 
 
 Preston Kiver, riv., W. Australia, flows W. and NW. to 
 Koombanah Bay, in 33° 18' S. 
 
 Preston Koad, po3t-vil,, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. and 10 
 m. from Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Preston Road, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire, on the L. & Y. R. , 
 in the NE. of Liverpool. 
 
 Preston Side, vil., U.S., Connecticut, New London co. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Prestonville, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, Preston par., in 
 pari. bor. of Brighton. P. <:3000. 
 
 Preston Wynne, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 6 m. 
 NE. by N. Hereford, 3 m. E. by N. Moreton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Prestwicb, par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, P. div., 4^ m. 
 NNW. Manchester, on the L. & Y. R. ; has cotton manu- 
 factures. P. 10,500; pari. div. P. (1891) 79.500. 
 
 Prestwick, par., Eng., Northumberland, in the S. of the 
 Wansbeck div., 7 m. NW. Newcastle, 4^ m. W. by S. Annits- 
 ford stn. P.<25o. 
 
 Prestwick, vil. and watering-place, Scot., S. Ayrshire, 2J m. 
 NNE. Ayr, on the G. & SW. R. ; has the most noted golf 
 links in the W. of Scotland. PMT. O. P. < 1500. See Honk- 
 ton and Prestwlck. New Prestwick, vil., i m. to the S. 
 by W. 
 
 Prestwold, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 3 m. ENE. 
 Loughborough. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (Prestwold witb Hoton) 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Prestwood, eccles. par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire^ Great Mis- 
 senden, Hughenden, and Stoke Mandeville pars., 2 m. W. Great 
 Missenden, P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Prestwood, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 12 m. SE. 
 by S. Leek, i m. W. Norbury stn. P. <250. 
 
 Pretara, Monte, Italy. See Apennines, C. 
 
P R E T — R R I N 
 
 Preto, riv. , Brazil. See 4iirande, Bio, 
 
 Pretoria, tn. , Africa, cap. of the S. African Republic, pic- 
 turesquely situated on the slopes of a well-watered and fertile up- 
 land valley S. of the Magalies range near the source of the Apies 
 R. , in 25° 45' S. , 28° 25' E. Founded about 1855, and named 
 after the then president of the republic, M. W. Pretorius. Climate 
 changeable, and for new-comers at least unhealthy, especially in 
 the summer, when rains are constant, and the low-lying parts are 
 marshy and fever-breeding. Till 1891 even the drinking-water 
 was polluted, but in that year an abundant supply was intro- 
 duced. The population has been rapidly increasing of late 
 owing to the prosperity of the neighbouring gold-mines of the 
 Witwatersrand, and the opening of railway communication 
 with Cape Town (Jan. i, 1893). Since the 8th of July 1895 
 the town has also been connected by rail with Delagoa Bay, 
 and a line is now being continued to P. from Charlestown, 
 Natal. Alt. 4462 ft. Mean temp. (3^ yrs. , 1875-78), yr. 66.9° 
 F. , Jan. 73.6°, July 58.8°. In 1890 the white population was 
 found by census to amount to a little more than 5000, and the 
 black population at the same date was estimated at about 6000. 
 
 Pretzsch, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Elbe, circle and 3 m. SSE. Wittenberg. P. (comm.)<30oo. 
 
 Preullly, tn. , France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, arr. Loches, on 
 the Claise, 39 m. S. by E. Tours. P. <2oco. 
 
 Preiij^sen, German name of Prussia (g'.v.). 
 
 Preus-slsch-Eylnu, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, govt, and 
 23 m. S. by E. Konigsberg, cap. circle P. E. Scene of the 
 battle in which the Prussians were defeated by Napoleon, Feb. 
 7-8, 1807. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Prensslscli-Frledlaiifl, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, govt. 
 Marienwerder, circle Schlochau, 80 m. SW. Danzig. P. <4000. 
 
 Preussls<*li«IIollaiul, tn. , Prussia, E. Prussia, govt. Konigs- 
 berg, cap. circle P. H., on the Weeske (trib. Elbing), 45 m. 
 ESE. Danzig. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Preusslsch-Stargard, tn. , Prussia, in the middle of the prov. 
 W. Prussia, circle P. S. , 27 m. S. by W. Danzig. P. 6900. 
 
 Pr(5venchere8, vil., France, dep. Loz^re, 55 m. NW. by N. 
 Nimes, arr. and 21 m. E. Mende. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Preveza, tn.- and seapt. , Turkey in Europe, Albania, at the 
 entrance of the Gulf of Arta, 49 m. S. by W. Yanina, with 
 which it is now connected by carriage road. Port declining in 
 favour of Salakhora. About 4 m. N. are the ruins of Nikopolis 
 (Actia N. ), founded by Augustus in commemoration of the 
 battle of Actium. P. 5000, mainly Christians. 
 
 PrezlJa, tn. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet Skutari, sanjak and 
 14 m. NE. by E. Durazzo. 
 
 Prlbllof, formerly spelt Prlbylov, or Prltoylof, but no\v 
 Pribilof in accordance with the decision of the U.S. Board on 
 Geographic Names, a group of four volcanic islands in Bering 
 Sea, belonging to Alaska, U.S., 250 m. NW. Unalaska ; some- 
 times called Seal Is. on account of their being breeding-places 
 (in summer) of the fur seals, and accordingly the places where 
 they are slaughtered for their furs. The islands are a govern- 
 ment reserve, and are leased to companies for terms of twenty 
 years by the U.S. Treasury Department. Principal islands, St. 
 Paul and St. George, between which lie the tiny Otter aiid 
 Walrus Is. See Alaska and Bering Sea. 
 
 Prlblslau, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Polna, 14 m. NNE. 
 Iglau. P. <30oo. 
 
 Prlbor, vil., Austria. See Freiberg. 
 
 Prlboy, tn., Turkey in Europe, sanjak Tashlija, on the Lim, 
 57 m. NW. by W. Novibazar. Alt. 1600 ft. 
 
 Pribram, or Przlbram (the former spelling now adopted 
 officially), the most important silver-mining town in Austria, 
 yielding more than 95 per cent, of the silver produced by the 
 Cis-Leithan portion of the empire, situated in the crownland of 
 Bohemia, cap. dist. P. , 29 m. E. by S. Pilsen. The Adalbert 
 vein, the richest of all, has been worked continuously since 1778, 
 and now reaches a depth of more than 3300 ft., becoming richer 
 with the depth. Alt. 1675 ft. P. (1869)9200; (1890) 13,400. 
 
 Prlbylov Islands, Alaska. See Prlbllof. 
 
 Price, CO., U.S., Wisconsin, S. of 46° N., bounded on the E. 
 by 90° W. 
 
 Prlcevllle, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Grey co. , on Saugeen 
 R. , 30 m. SW. CoUingwood. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Prlchard's Island, small isl., U.S., in the S. of S. Carolina, 
 Beaufort co. , 32 m. ENE. Savannah. 
 
 Prlckwlllow, eccles. par., Eng. , Cambridgeshire and 
 Suffolk, Ely Trinity, Ely St. Mary and Littleport, and Milden- 
 hall and Lakenheath pars. , partly in city of Ely, P. O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Prlddy, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 4 m. N. by W. Wells, 
 on the Mendip Hills, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Prledor, or Prjedor, tn. , Bosnia, cap. dist. P. , 28 m. NW. 
 Banjaluka, on the riv. Sana ; has trade in cereals and iron. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Prlego, tn. , Spain, prov. Cuenca, cap. dist. P., 55 m. E. 
 Alcala. P. (comm.) <3ooo. 
 
 PrWgo de Cordoba, tn. , Spain, prov. C6rdoba, cap. dist. P. , 
 36 m. NW. by W. Granada. P. 15,800. 
 
 Prlepolye, Turkey. See Pryepolye. 
 
 Prleska (pris'ka), vil.. Cape Colony, P. div., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Orange, 145 m. WSW. Kimberley. Alt. 3297 ft. Rfall. 
 (6 yrs.), 8.94 in. Important deposits of saltpetre (nitrate of 
 potassium) have been found in the div. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Prlestfleld, stn., Eng., S. Staffordshire, 2 m. SE. Wolver- 
 hampton, on the G. W. R. 
 
 Prlesthagganl, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Wexford, bar. Shel- 
 burne, 6 m. S. New Ross, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Priest Ilntton, par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 
 9 m. NNE. Lancaster, i m. NW. Borwick stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Prlestland, P.O., Ire., co. Antrim, 3 m. from Bushmills. 
 
 Prlestown, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Clonee, co. Meath, 6m. 
 from Dunboyne stn. 
 
 Prlglevlcza-Szent-lTiiii, comm. , Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, 
 dist. Apatin, 7 m. S. Zombor. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Prlgnano snlla Secchla, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 
 19 m. SSW. Modena, on the Rossenna. P. <4000. 
 
 Prllep, Turkey in Europe. See Perlepe. 
 
 Prllly, vil., Switzd. ,;cant. Vaud, 2 m. NW. by W. Lausanne. 
 P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Prllukl, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 145 m. NW. Poltava, 
 connected by rail with Nyezhin (51 m.), on Kiev- Kursk Rly. 
 P. 17,000. 
 
 Prlmelra, group of small islands, Portuguese E. Africa, to 
 the S. of 17" S. , some E. , some W. of 39° E. 
 
 Prluiero, Bio, riv. , Argentine Republic. See €6rdoba, prov. 
 
 Prlnietliorpe, PM.O. , Eng., Leicestershire, 7 m. NWl 
 Loughborough. 
 
 Prlmgtaar, vil., U.S., Iowa, cap. O'Brien co., 8 m. S. San- 
 born. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Prim, Point, cape, Canada, Prince Edward I., on Northum- 
 berland Strait, in 63° 3' W. 
 
 Primrose HIII, eccles. par., Eng., co. of London, Hamp- 
 I Stead par. P. <2500. 
 
 Prince, co. , in W. of Prince Edward I., Canada. 
 
 Prince Albert, vil., Canada, Ontario, Ontario co. , 37 m. 
 NE. by N. Toronto. P. <i5t)o. 
 
 Prince Albert, the chief settlement of dist. Saskatchewan, 
 Canada, on the N. Saskatchewan R., about 35 m. above its 
 confluence with the S. Saskatchewan. 
 
 Prince Albert, vil., Cajae Colony, Prince Albert div., 70 m. 
 SW. by S. Beaufort West. Alt. 2100 ft. Rfall. (6 yrs. ), 7.72 in. 
 P. < 150a' 
 
 Prince Albert Boad, settlement, Cape Colony, Prince 
 Albert div. , 75 m. SW. Beaufort West. 
 
 Prince Ainred's Hamlet, tn., Cape Colony, Ceres div., 70 
 m. NE. Cape Town. P. < 1500. ^ 
 
 Prince Charles Island, off thfe W. ct. of Spitsbergen, in 78° 
 30' N., 11° o' E. 
 
 Prince Edward, co., Canada, Ontario, occupying a penin. 
 between Lake Ontario and the Bay of Quin. 
 
 Prince Edward, isl., S. Indian Ocean, forming with Marion 
 I. a small group, in about 46° 35' S. , 38° 20' E. Alt. 4200 ft. 
 
 Prince Edward, co., U.S., Virginia, in the S. , N. of 37° N. , 
 and W. of 78° W. 
 
 Prince Ed'ward Island, prov. of the Dominion of Canada, 
 North America, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, mostly between 
 46° and 47° N. , 62° and 64° 30' W. , separated S. and W. from 
 Nova Scotia and New Brunswick by Northumberland Strait. 
 Length, .140 m.; breadth, 15-34 m.; about seven times the size 
 of the isl. of Anglesey. It is divided into three counties. Queen's, 
 Prince, and King's. The surface is generally level or undulating, 
 and well watered ; the shores are indented by numerous inlets. 
 The island is entirely composed of triassic and carboniferous 
 sandstone. Climate [Charlotteto'wn] milder than in the sur- 
 rounding British colonies, and generally free from fogs. Soil 
 fertile. Most of the grains and vegetables raised in England 
 come to perfection in this colony; timber is plentiful, and the 
 pastures are of a superior quality. The island is said to be the 
 best fishing station in the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; but the in- 
 habitants are mainly agricultural, and the fishermen come mostly 
 from the neighbouring provs. and the U.S. Mackerel, herring, 
 cod, haddock, hake, halibut, trout, smelts, and eels, besides 
 oysters and lobsters, are the chief fishery products. Com- 
 munication with the mainland by ordinary steamer lines plying 
 daily to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick from about the middle 
 of April to the middle of December; during the remainder of 
 the year by a steamer specially constructed for winter naviga- 
 tion, and by boats crossing to New Brunswick at the nearest 
 points, a distance of 9 m. A submarine tunnel is projected. 
 Government vested in a lieutenant-governor, appointed by the 
 Dominion government, a council of eight members, and a house 
 of assembly of thirty members, elected by the inhabitants. 
 Chief towns, Charlottetown, the cap., Princetown, and George- 
 town. Free schools were established over all the island in 1856. 
 Area, 2133 sq. m. P. (1891) 109,100. See Canada, table. 
 
 Prince Frederick Harbour, gulf full of minor islets, NW. 
 ct. of Australia, in 15° S., 125° E. ; coasts steep. 
 
 Prince Frederick Sound, channel, Alaska, running E. and 
 W. between Baranof I. and the mainland, in 57° 10' N. 
 
 1241 
 
P R I N — P R I T 
 
 Prince Frederlk Heudrik, isl., Dutch New Guinea. See 
 Frederlk Hendrlk. 
 
 Prince George, co., U.S., Virginia, in the SE., crossed in 
 the extreme E. by 77° W. , and bounded on the N. by the 
 estuary of James R. 
 
 Prince George's, co. , U.S., Maryland, on the W. frontier, 
 crossed in the N. by 39° N. , bounded on the E. by the Patuxent R. 
 Prince Island, Gulf of Guinea. See Principe, Ilka do. 
 Prince Leopold Island, Brit. N. America, at W. end of 
 Barrow Strait, in 74° 5' N., 90° o' W. 
 
 Prlncenhage, vil., Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, about 2 
 m. SW. Breda. P. (comm.) 7200. 
 
 Prince of Wales Archipelago, N. America, the southern- 
 most group of the Alaska terr., between 54° 25' and 56° 30' N., 
 132° and 134° o' W., 40 m. N. Queen Charlotte Is.; main island 
 about 120 m. long by 10-40 m. broad ; abounds in salmon and 
 the yellow cedar [Cupressus nutkaensis), the most valuable ship- 
 building timber of the Pacific coast, resisting as it does the 
 attacks of the teredo. Scantily inhabited by a tribe known as 
 Tleviakans, or Kaigahnees, whose chief settlement is at Howkan, 
 on C6rdova Bay in SW. There is a United States post-office at 
 Klawak, about the middle of the W. coast. 
 
 Prince of Wales Island, Straits Settlements. See Pulo 
 Penang. 
 
 Prince of Wales Islands, group belonging to Queensland, 
 at the N. end of the Cape York Penin., the largest called Prince 
 of Wales I. or Muralug. See Thursday Island. 
 
 Princes Channel, fairway in Thames estuary, Eng. , 10 m. 
 N W. Margate ; on N. side, of channel is Princes Channel light- 
 vessel, visible 10 m. 
 
 Prince's End, stn. , Eng. , S. Staffordshire, on the G. W. R. , 
 about 2 m. S. Bilston. 
 
 Princes Islands (Turkish Klzll Adalar), group in the E. of 
 the Sea of Marmora, 13 m. S. Constantinople, near the coast 
 of Asia Minor ; the group consists of nine islands, the largest 
 being Prinkipo and Khalki. 
 
 Princes Pier, a steamboat pier, Scot., Greenock, also a 
 terminal stn. of the G. & SW. R. 
 
 Princes Rlsborongh, par., Eng., Buckingham, div. and 6^ 
 m. S. by W. Aylesbury, i m. S. Monks Risborough, with stn. 
 (P. Rlsboro') on the G. W. R. PMT.O. (P. Ulsboro'). 
 Market-day, Th. 4697 ac. P. <2_500. 
 
 Princess Anne, vil. , U.S., Maryland, Somerset co. , 81 m. 
 SE. by E. Washington (D. C). P. < 1500. 
 
 Princess Anne, co. , U.S., Virginia, in the extreme SE. 
 Princess Charlotte Bay, NE. ct. Queensland, in 14° 29' S., 
 144° E. ; breadth, 30 m. 
 
 Princess Marianne, strait, Dutch New Guinea. See 
 Priuses Mnrianne. 
 
 Princess Koyal Harbour, W. Australia, dist. Plantagenet, 
 a bay of King George's Sound, capable of receiving the largest 
 ships. On its N. side is Albany town. 
 
 Princess Royal Islands, Brit. N. America, Pacific Ocean, 
 N. of Vancouver I. 
 
 Prince's Strait, Eastern Archipelago. See Behouden 
 Passage. 
 
 Prlncethorpe, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Rugby div. , on the 
 Leam, 6 m. NE. by E. Leamington, 2^ m. N. Marton stn. , P.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Princeton, vil. , Canada, Brit. Columbia, on the Similkameen 
 R., 116 m. E. Vancouver. Alt. 1650 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Princeton, city, U.S., Illinois, Bureau co., 100 m. WSW. 
 Chicago ; has coal-mine. P. <40oo. 
 
 Princeton, city, U.S., Indiana, Gibson co. , 71 m. S. Terre 
 Haute. P. <400o. 
 
 Princeton, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Caldwell co. , 90 m. NW. 
 Nashville (Tenn.), in a rich mineral region. P. <20oo. 
 
 Princeton, tn., U.S., Maine, Washington co. , 64 m. ENE. 
 Bangor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Princeton, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 14 m. NNW, 
 Worcester. P. <;isoo. 
 
 Princeton, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Mille Lacs co., 30 m. E. 
 St. Cloud, on Rum R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Princeton, tn. , U.S. , Missouri, Mercer co. , 84 m. NE. by E. 
 St. Joseph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Princeton, bor., U.S., New Jersey, Mercer co., 10 m. NE. 
 by N. Trenton, beautifully situated upon an elevated ridge ; seat 
 of the celebrated P. College, founded 1746. Battle here in 1777, 
 when Washington defeated the English. P. <40oo. 
 
 Princeton, vil. , U.S., Wisconsin, Green Lake co. , 70 m. SW. 
 of the head of Green Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Prlncctown, seapt. tn. , Canada, Prince Edward I., Prince 
 CO., on the N. ct., 34 m. NW. Charlottetown. P. <I500. 
 
 Princetown, vil., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 14 m. 
 NE. by N. Plymouth, on a branch of the G. W. R., near Dart- 
 moor convict prison. PMT.O. (Prince Town). 
 
 Princevlllc, coal-mining vil., U.S., Illinois, co. and 22 m. 
 NW. Peoria by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Prince William, co., U.S., Virginia, in the NE., on the 
 estuary pf the Potomac, N. of 38^° N. 
 1242 
 
 Prince Wllllnm, isl. in Fiji group. Pacific Ocean. 
 Prince William Henry, isls. , Pacific. See Negonego. 
 Prince William's (or Chugach) Sound, large gulf on the S. 
 ct. of Alaska, in 60-62° N. , 146-148° W. Navigation rendered 
 difficult for small boats by the floating ice derived from the 
 numerous great glaciers that descend to its shores from the 
 Chugach Alps. Unsurveyed, and hence not visited by large 
 vessels. 
 
 Principe, Ilha do (Prince I. ), Portuguese isl. , Gulf of Guinea, 
 W. Africa, about the size of the Isle of Wight, 86 m. NE. of Sao 
 Thome (St. Thomas), on which it depends, 135 m. SW. Fernando 
 Po ; bristling with mountains covered with luxuriant vegetation, 
 hence the name of ' Garden of Africa ' ; soil fertile, climate un- 
 healthy ; had formerly large sugar plantations. Now its chief 
 product is cacao, but very little of the area is under cultivation. 
 Chief town and port Sao Antonio (in NE. ), one of the most 
 beautiful of tropical harbours. 
 
 Principe da Belra, fort, Brazil, on the riv. Guapore (Bolivian 
 frontier), at the confluence of the riv, Itonamas, in about 64° 
 30' W. 
 
 Pring, CO., Queensland, crossed by 28° S. and 150° E. 
 Prlngles, settlement about 65 m. in a direct line above the 
 mouth of the Rio Negro, govt, of the Rio Negro, Argentine 
 Republic, founded in 1836. Consists of about 200 houses of sun- 
 dried bricks. 
 
 Prinkipo, one of the Princes Islands {q.v.). Sea of Mar- 
 mora. 
 
 Prlnknash Park, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, dist. Glou- 
 cester, 2 m. N. Painswick. P. <25o. 
 
 Prinlaws, part of Leslie (q.v.), tn., Scot., Fifeshire. P. 
 <iooo. 
 
 Prins Alexander Polder, reclaimed land, Holland, prov. 
 S. Holland, about i m. N. Rotterdam. 
 
 Prlnses Marianne, Marianne, or Donrga, strait, separat- 
 ing Frederik Hendrik I. from S. ct. of Dutch New Guinea, 8° 
 S., 138° 50' E. 
 
 Printian Isles, group of isls. , Siam, Malay Penin. , off the E. 
 ct., in about 5° 53' N. 
 
 Prinz Albrecht Hafen, port, Ger. New Guinea, in 4° 17' S. , 
 144° 58' E. 
 
 Prinzapolca, dist. , Central America, Nicaragua, crossed by 
 13^° N. , 84^° W. ; cap. Cuicuina. Gold-mines on the banks of 
 the riv. Prinzapolca, which flows E. through the dist. and 
 enters the Caribbean Sea in 13° 18' N. 
 
 Prinzenthal, vil., Prussia, prov. Posen, govt., circle, and 
 immediately adjoining Bromberg on the W. P. <3000. 
 
 Prlnz Frederik Karl Hafen, port, Ger. New Guinea, in 
 about 145° 47' E., 5° 12' S. 
 
 Prinz Heinrich Hafen, small bay in the E. of Ger. New 
 Guinea, in 5° 13^' S. 
 
 Prinz Wilhelm Island, Matltias, or St. Mathias, isl. , S. 
 Pacific Ocean, Bismarck Archipelago, NW. of New Hanover, 
 crossed by i°4o'S., 149° 40' E. Interior mountainous. Area 
 about 250 sq. m. 
 
 Prion, eccles. par., Wales, Denbighshire, Llanrhaiadr in 
 Kinmerch par. P. <75o. 
 
 Prior, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Iveragh, on Ballinskelligs 
 Bay, 7 m. S. Cahersiveen ; 11,795 ^c. P. 2500. 
 Prior, cape, on the NW. of Spain, 10 m. NW. Ferrol. 
 Prior Fen, P.O., Eng., Cambridgeshire, 4 m. from Water- 
 beach. 
 
 Priorifio Grantle, cape, on the NW. of Spain, 7 m. W. Ferrol. 
 Priors Dean, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 15! m. 
 E. Winchester, 3 m. WNW. Liss stn. P. <2So. See Cole- 
 more. 
 
 Priors Hardwick, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 
 
 10 m. N. by E. Banbury, j,\ m. NW. Byfield stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Prior's Lee, eccles. par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 14 m. 
 
 E. Shrewsbury, 3 m. NW. by W. Shiffnal, i m. N. Malins Lee 
 
 stn., P.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Priors Marston, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 11 
 m. N. by E. Banbury, 3 m. NW. by N. Byfield stn., PM.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Pripet, or Pripyat, riv., W. Russia, govts. Volhynia, Minsk, 
 and Kiev, r. bk. trib. of Dnieper, rises in Vladimir- Volhynsk 
 dist., flows E. 500 m. through a flat marshy country, often 
 inundated, joins Dnieper 50 m. above Kiev, receives Yatsolda 
 (Yasolda), Sluch, and Ptich (240 m.) from left, Turiya, Styr, 
 and Goryn, with another Sluch, from right ; important channel 
 of navigation, the Yasolda, or Yatsolda (165 m. ), being con- 
 nected by Oginski Canal with the Niemen (Memel). Free from 
 ice for 256 days at Mozyr. 
 
 Prishtina, tn., Turkey in Europe, cap. prov. (sanjak) Prish- 
 tina, and of the vilayet of Kossovo, 38 m. NE. by N. Prizren. 
 Alt. 2065 ft. P. 17,550, mainly Moham. (G. 231). 
 Prisren, Turkey. See Prizren. 
 
 Priston, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 4J m. SW. by W. 
 Bath, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Prittleweli, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., the village i\ m. 
 NNW. Southend, which is, however, entirely included in the 
 
PRIT— PROV 
 
 par. , stn. on the G. E. R. P. 12,300 ; eccles. par. (P., Sontli- 
 eiid) P. 7000. 
 
 Prltzwalk, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 54 m. N. by W. Branden- 
 burg, circle E. Prignitz, on a small lake ; has manufactures of 
 cloth, especially military cloth. P. 6100. 
 
 Prlvas, tn., France, cap. dep. Ardeche, arr. P., 43 m. N. by 
 \V. Orange, 20 m. SW. Valence ; important iron-mines. P. was 
 besieged in 1574, and in 1629 was besieged and destroyed by 
 Louis XIII. and Richelieu. Alt. 997 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), 
 yr. 55.0° P., Jan. 38.5°, July 72.9°. P. <:sooo. 
 
 Prlrett, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 12^ m. E. 
 bv S. Winchester, 5 m. WN W. Petersfield stn. , on the Lee, on 
 the Solent Rly. , PT.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Privltz, German, in Hungarian Prlvlgye, tn., Hungary, co. 
 Neutra, 83 m. NE. by E. Pressburg. P. <300o. 
 
 Prlvoz, or Pruvos, comm. , Austria, Moravia, dist. Mahrisch- 
 Ostrau. P. 5300. 
 
 Prlzren (the name used by Slavs and Albanians, called by 
 the Turks Perzerln), tn., Turkey, vilayet Kossovo, cap. prov. 
 (sanjak) P., former cap. of Servian kings and of the last Servian 
 emperor, situated at N. base of the Shar Dagh, 88 m. NNW. 
 Monastir. Alt. 1700 ft. Mean temp. (2 yrs., 1885-86), yr. 
 53.2° P., Jan. 34.0°, Aug. 72.1°. Said to have 12,000 houses, 
 60,000 inhabitants ; Moham. Servians, 36,000 ; Christian Ser- 
 vians, 11,000; the remainder Osmanli, Albanians, &c. (G.). 
 
 Prizzl, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 27 m. S. by E. Palermo. P. 
 10,400. 
 
 Prjedor, vil., Bosnia. See Prlertor. 
 
 Prjcslav, Turkish Eskl-Stanibul, comm., Bulgaria, prov. 
 and 10 m. SW. by S. Shumla. P. -^ 3000. 
 
 Prnjavor, vil., NW. Servia, circle Podrinje. P. <3000. 
 
 Proaza, comm., Spain, prov. and dist. Oviedo. P. <4000. 
 
 Proltolluggo, tn. , Java, on the N. ct. , about 113° 13' E. , 
 45 m. SE. Surabaya. P. 9700 (600 Europeans). 
 
 Probstzella, vil., Ger. , duchy Saxe-Koburg-Gotha, 26 m. 
 NE. Koburg. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Probns, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 5 m. ENE. 
 Truro, 2 m. SW. Grampound Road stn., PMT.O. ; 8096 ac. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Probnzhna, tn. , Austria, prov. Galicia, dist. Husiatyn, 39 m. 
 S. by E. Tarnopol, and 9 m. from Russian frontier. P. <3000. 
 
 Prochnookopskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, 
 prov. Kuban, 42 m. W. Stavropol, on r. bk. Kuban R. 
 P. 5200. 
 
 Proclda, seapt. , Italy, on the E. ct. of the small island of the 
 same name, prov. and 13 m. WSW. Naples. There is a light- 
 house (visible 14 m.) on the N. end of the island. Coral and 
 tunny fishing carried on. P. 4000. 
 
 Procllaii, lake, Dalmatia. See Kerka, river. 
 
 Proctor, tn., U.S., Vermont, co. and 4 m. NNW. Rutland. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Proctor, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Wetzel co., on the Ohio, 
 23 m. S. by W. Wheeling. P. <3000. 
 
 ProctorvUle, vil., U.S., Ohio, LawTcnce co. , on the Ohio, 
 no m. S. by E. Columbus. P. <i500. 
 
 Prodaiio, islet, Greece. See Prote. 
 
 Proddatar, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Cuddapah, 100 m. 
 W. by N. Nellore. P. 6800 ; Hindus, 5000. 
 
 Prodelles, vil., France, dep. Cantal, arr. Mauriac, 3^ m. W. 
 Saignes ; centre of a coalfield. P. <; 1500. 
 
 Proeuca a NoTa, tn. , Portugal, dist. and 24 m. SSW. Cas- 
 tello Branco, 40 m. SE. Coimbra. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Progar, vil., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, dist. Petervarad, 
 on the Save, 18 m. WSW. Belgrade. 
 
 Progreso, port, Mexico, Yucatan, on N. ct. , in 89° 35' W. , 
 on a sandy bar, separated from the mainland by a shallow 
 lagoon which extends for some distance down the coast. The 
 port, an open roadstead, with very little draught of water near 
 the shore, is exposed to northerly gales from October to March. 
 Foreign ships are obliged to lie 5 m. out, and discharge their 
 cargo by lighters. It is the port of Merida, with which it is 
 connected by rail, and since the development of the henequen 
 or sisal hemp industry P. has come into great prominence. 
 Salt is extracted from the lagoons on the sea-shore. It is a 
 handsome and well-built town ; has a branch of the Mexican 
 National Bank. P. 50,000. 
 
 Progreso, small bay, Peru, in 7° 4' S. 
 
 Prokliladnaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Terek, 68 m. by rail NW. Vladikavkaz. Alt. 756 ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Prokonnesos, isl. , Turkish dominions. See !Narniora. 
 
 Prokoplevskoye (Knziietskoye), vil. ^ W. Siberia, govt, and 
 200 m. SSW. Tomsk. P. < 5000. 
 
 Prokuplje, or Urchnb, tn. , Servia, prov. Toplica, on the 
 Toplica, 17 m. WSW. Nish. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Prolog Planlna, mts. , Bosnia. See Dlnarlc Alp.s. 
 
 Prom, tn. , Siam, on the Menam, -j-j m. N. by W. Bangkok. 
 
 Prome, tn. , Burma, on the 1. bk. of the Irawadi, 161 m. by 
 rail from Rangoon ; cap. P. dist. ; trade in silk, rice, cotton, 
 sugar, and nga-pi, or fish-paste ; silk-weaving and manufacture 
 of ornamental boxes. P. (1891) 30,000; Buddhists, 27,100. 
 
 Promina, vil. , Austria, prov. Dalmatia, dist. Knin, 19 m. NE. 
 Sebenico. P. <20oo. 
 
 Promontor, vil., Hungary, co. Pest, 4J m. S. Budapest. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Protno7itorium Magnum, cape, Portugal. See Koca,Cabo da. 
 
 Promzlno Gorodishcbe, tn. , Russia, govt, and 70 m. W. 
 by N. Simbirsk, on Sura R. P. 5000. 
 
 Pronge, cape, Russian Manchuria, at entrance to estuary 
 of Amur, 52° 50' N., 141° 11' E. 
 
 Pronsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 40 m. SSW. Ryazan, on 
 navigable Pronya R. P. < 5000. 
 
 Prony, large bay, New Caledonia, on the W. ct., at the S. 
 end of the island. Large forest tracts are now cultivated ; there 
 is a penitentiary on the W. ct. 
 
 Prophetstown, vil., U.S., Illinois, Whitesides co., on Rock 
 R., 23 m. S. Clinton. P. <i50o. 
 
 Proplac, vil., warm baths, France, dep. Drome, arr. Nyons, 
 30 m. NE. Avignon ; has a bathing establishment from a mag- 
 nesian spring. P. < 1500. 
 
 Propontis, sea. See 91 ar mora. 
 
 Propria, tn. , Brazil, state Sergipe, on r. bk. Rio Sao Fran- 
 cisco, 8 m. from its mouth. P. 3000. 
 
 Prorer Wlek, large bay, about the middle of the E. ct. of 
 Riigen I., Prussia. 
 
 Prosecco, vil., Austria, 6 m. NNW. Trieste, in the terr. of 
 Trieste. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Proskan, market-tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt, and circle 
 Oppeln, 37 m. NNW. Ratibor. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 ProskuroT, dist. tn. , Russia, govt. Podolia, 58 m. NNE. 
 Kamenets Podolsk, on highway from Zhitomir to Kiev ; active 
 trade. P. 20,500. 
 
 Prosna, riv.. Eastern Europe, flows NNW., mainly on the 
 frontier of Poland and Prussia (provs. Silesia and Posen), but 
 deviates to Kalisz, wholly within Poland, and finally falls into 
 the Warthe, where that river enters Prussia ; not navigable. 
 
 Prospect, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, on the S. ct. , co. and 
 15 m. SW. by S. Halifax. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Prospect, rly. stn.. Ire., NW. King's co., bar. Garrycastle, 
 10 m. WNW. Tullamore, on the Athlone Branch Rly. 
 
 Prospect, municip.. New South Wales, Cumberland co., in 
 33° 41' S. and 151° 3' E.; has a blue metal quarry. P. <2Soo. 
 
 Prospect, isls. , Pacific. See Samaraiig. 
 
 Prospect, isl., Pacific, in about 4^° N., 161° W. 
 
 Prospect, N. suburb of Adelaide, S. Australia. P. <4000. 
 
 Prospect, vil., U.S., New York, Oneida co. , 18 m. N. Utica; 
 Trenton limestone quarried. P. < 1500. 
 
 Prospect, vil., U.S., Ohio, Marion co., 36 m. NNW. 
 Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Prosperous, tn., Ire., N. co. Kildare, bar. Clane, 6i m. 
 NNW. Naas, 4^ m. NW. Sallins stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Prosser River, Tasmania, on the E. ct. , rises in Mount 
 Brown, and flows SE. and NE. to Prosser Bay, in 42° 35' S. lat. 
 
 Prossiiltz, tn., Austria, Moravia, cap. dist. P., 10^ m. SW. 
 by S. Olmiitz ; has a large trade in corn, and manufactures of 
 cloth, linens, and woollens. Alt. 740 ft. P. 21,200. 
 
 Protf, Italian Prodano, inlet, Greece, off the W. ct. of prov. 
 Messenia, in 37° 4' N. ; anchorage between island and mainland. 
 
 Protection Island, small isl.. New Hebrides, off W. ct. of 
 Vate I. 
 
 Protl, the northernmost of the Princes Is. , Turkey, in E. of 
 the Sea of Marmora. 
 
 Protlwln, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Wodnan. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Proton, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Grey co. , 24 m. SSW. Colling- 
 wood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Provadla, Bulgaria. Same as Pravadia. 
 
 Provence, old prov. , France, in the SE. , the cap. of which 
 was Aix, now forming the deps. Bouches-du- Rhone, Var, Basses- 
 Alpes, and the E. part of Vaucluse. The country which the 
 Romans called Provincia composed the whole of the Narbon- 
 naise. See Biirgnndy. 
 
 Proven, Nord, Danish colony, on the W. ct. of Greenland, 
 in 72° 21' N. 
 
 Provencb^res-snr-Fave, comm., France, dep. Vosges, 22 
 m. NW. Colmar, arr. and 6 m. E. by N. St. Di6. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Providence, isl. , Pacific. See IJyllong. 
 
 Providence, isl. , Pacific, in Marshall Archipelago, the western- 
 most of the Ralik group. 
 
 Providence, islet, in the Indian Ocean, about midway 
 between Madagascar and the Amirantes Is., in 9° 10' S. and 51° 
 5' E. 
 
 Providence, mts., U.S., California, San Bernardmo co. (m 
 the SE. of the state). 
 
 Providence, city, U.S., Rhode I., P. co., on P. Harbour, at 
 the mouth of the Woonasquatucket R., 15 m. NW. by W. Fall 
 R. (Mass. ). P. is the second city of New England in wealth and 
 population ; it is situated at the head of navigation on Providence 
 R. , an arm of Narragansett Bay. On the E. the land is hilly, 
 but more level on the W. Its harbour is safe and commodious. 
 Foreign commerce, formerly very prosperous, has gradually 
 declined, being replaced by manufactures ; principal industry, 
 
 1243 
 
P R O V 
 
 P R U S 
 
 the manufacture of gold jewellery ; other manufactures are solid 
 silver ware, woollen and worsted goods, printing cloths, sewing 
 cotton, braids, &c. Brown University, founded in 1764. Has an 
 excellent water-supply from Pawtuxet R. , 6 m. distant. P. was 
 settled by Roger WiUiams in 1636, incorporated 1832. P. (1880) 
 104,900 ; (1890) 132,100. Providence, East, 3 m. to the ENE. 
 P. 8400. 
 
 Providence, vil., U.S., Utah, Cache co., 2^ m. S. Logan. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Providence, N'orth, tn., U.S., Rhode I., P. co. P. <30oo. 
 
 Providence Channel. There are two channels of this name in 
 the Bahama Is. , one running NE. from New Providence I. (25° 
 o' N. , yy" 20' W. ), between Abaco and Eleuthera Is., the other 
 (Providence Channel NW.) running NW. from that island, S. 
 and W. of Grand Bahama and Abaco Is. , and N. of the islets 
 of Berry and Grand Isaacs. The Gnlf of Providence, or 
 Tongne of Ocean, lies W. and S. of the island. 
 
 Providential Pas.s, gorge, SSW. Fort Victoria, on the road 
 from Fort Tuli, Mashona-land, S. Africa, so called because the 
 pioneer column of British settlers proceeding to Mount Hampden 
 were not attacked here by the Matabili, as they feared they 
 would be. 
 
 Provlncetown, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Barnstable co. , 47 
 m. NE. by E. New Bedford, on Cape Cod Harbour. P. has one 
 of the finest harbours in the U.S.; cod and mackerel fishing is 
 carried on. The Pilgrim Fathers landed here. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Province Wellesley, British settlement, on the W. ct. of the 
 Malay Penin., opposite Penang, Prince of Wales I. Surface 
 undulating ; climate healthy ; chief products, rice, pepper, 
 sugar, and coco-nuts. Area, 274 sq. m. P. (1891) 111,700. 
 
 Provlns, the ancient Pmvinum, comm. , France, dep. Seine- 
 et-Marne, cap. arr. , 30 m. ENE. Fontainebleau, 11 m. NW. by 
 W. Nogent-sur-Seine ; has an establishment with cold carbon- 
 ated chalybeate waters. P. 7000. 
 
 Provo, city, U.S., Utah, Utah co., 38 m. S. by E. Salt Lake 
 City. Alt. 4517 ft. (R.R.), 4456 ft. (R.R.), 4520 ft. (R.R.). P. 
 5200. 
 
 Prowers, co., U.S., Colorado, E. frontier, crossed by 38° N. 
 
 Prnchna, tn. , Austria, Silesia, dist. Bielitz, 35 m. E. by S. 
 Troppau, 17I m. E. by N. Mahrisch-Ostrau. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pmdence Island, U.S., Rhode I., New Port co., in Nar- 
 ragansett Bay, in 41° 35'-4o' N. 
 
 Pmdboe and Pmdboe Castle, two adjoining pars., Eng. , 
 Northumberland, Hexham div. , 9^ m. W. Newcastle, Prudhoe, 
 with stns. on the N. B. R. and NE. R.; coal mined. PMT.O. 
 P. < 3503; Prudhoe Castle, P. < 1000. Low Prudhoe, P.O., 
 adjoining P. 
 
 Prndhomat, comm., France, dep. Lot, arr. Fig&.c, with 
 ruins of an important fortress. P. <;2000. 
 
 Prttfenlng, vil., Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, 
 on r. bk. of the Danube, 3 m. WSW. Regensburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Prum, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle P. , 42 m. SSE. Aix- 
 la-Chapelle, 34 m. NNW. Treves. P. <:3000. 
 
 Prnna, comm., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 53 m. SE. 
 Seville, dist. Mor6n. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Pmnelll, or Prnnelle dl Flnmorbo, comm. , Corsica, 32 m, 
 E. by N. Ajaccio ; baths of Pietrapola near. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Prantrnt, Switzd. See Porrentruy. 
 
 Prussia, German Prenssen, kgd., Ger., the largest and 
 most important state of the German Empire, stretching, though 
 not everywhere uninterruptedly, across the whole width of the 
 empire at its widest part, and reaching S. of 50° N. both in the 
 SW. and SE. , besides including the outlying principality of 
 Hohenzollern still further S. between Wiirtemberg and SE. 
 Baden. It is composed of the provs. named in the table under 
 German Empire. 
 
 The snrface of P. being described in its broad features under 
 German Empire, and in detail under the several provs., it is 
 enough to say here that the mountains and high grounds gener- 
 ally are found chiefly in the SW. of the kingdom, and in the 
 SW. frontier of the prov. of Silesia, and that the whole of the 
 N. German plain is included in P., with the exception of the 
 northern sections of Oldenburg, the territory of the fi-ee cities of 
 Bremen, Hamburg, and Liibeck, the grand-duchies of Mecklen- 
 burg, Schaumburg-Lippe, and parts of Lippe, Brunswick, and 
 Anhalt. In this plain there are extensive areas of heath and 
 moorland W. of the Elbe ; the Liineburg heath in E. Hanover, 
 a vast forest-clad heath in the neighbouring Altmark (N. of prov. 
 Saxony), the Senne in E. Westphalia between Paderborn and the 
 Lippe section of the Teutoburg Forest, the Bourtanger Moor, 
 Saterland, &c., in W. of prov. Hanover. E. of the Elbe the 
 plains include vast forest-clad areas especially in the SE. of prov. 
 Brandenburg and W. of Posen. Agriculture still forms the 
 most important branch of industry, though the soil is mostly 
 of only moderately good quality. About 50 per cent, of the 
 entire surface is occupied by field and garden land. Wheat on 
 an average is most productive in Schleswig-Holstein and Saxony. 
 Wheat, barley, and oats are grown in quantity sufficient to meet 
 general demand ; but rye, the principal grain used as food by 
 the people, has to be imported annually in large quantities. 
 1244 
 
 Potatoes, after a favourable harvest, form an important export 
 article. Among plants used in manufacture, flax and beet-root 
 are the most important, the latter being cultivated chiefly in the 
 province of Saxony. Posen is the chief centre for cultivation of 
 hops. Fruit cultivation is carried on everywhere, except on the 
 high-lying mountain-regions, on the sterile heath, and on the 
 coast-regions exposed to cold and violent winds. The cultivation 
 of the vine is almost confined to the valleys of the Rhine (as far 
 as Bonn), the Nake, Moselle, Saar, and Ahr, though it is 
 worthy of note that the vine reaches a higher latitude in P. than 
 anywhere else in the world, being grown (though to a limited 
 extent) as far N. as 52^° towards the E. of the kingdom. 
 Among minerals, the most important is coal (Westphalia, the 
 Rhine Province on the Saar, Ruhr, and Upper and Lower 
 Silesia) ; lignite chiefly in Saxony ; amber in E. and W. 
 Prussia ; iron ore in all the provinces ; zinc ore chiefly in Upper 
 Silesia, besides lead and copper ore. Gold and silver ore ( Harz) 
 are of little importance. Common salt and potash salts are pro- 
 duced in immensequantity at Stassfurt (prov. Saxony). The manu- 
 facturing Industry of Prussia is comparatively recent, its first 
 development belonging to the time of Frederick the Great. The 
 provs. in which it is now most highly developed are the Rhine 
 Prov., Westphalia, and Silesia — those in fact in which there 
 is the greatest abundance of coal. Smelting-works are found 
 chiefly in the provs. just mentioned and in Hanover. There 
 are manufactures of copper, brass, and bronze in Westphalia 
 and Brandenburg ; zinc foundries chiefly at Berhn ; iron and 
 steel ware manufacture in Westphalia (Hagen, Iserlohn), and 
 in the Rhine Prov. (Remscheid, Solingen). The large tovras 
 on the Baltic are important for shipbuilding. There are also 
 manufactures of scientific and musical instruments (Berlin, &c. ), 
 porcelain (Silesia). The textile industries are carried on especi- 
 ally in the western provs. and at Berlin. There are more than 
 100 beetroot factories, chiefly in the prov. of Saxony, and the 
 manufacture of tobacco and cigars is pursued on a large scale. 
 Form of Government. — P. is a constitutional monarchy 
 (based on the charter of the constitution of 1850). The head of 
 the state is the king — the crown being hereditary in the male 
 line of the House of Hohenzollern, and joined to the German 
 Imperial Crown. All the executive power is vested in the king. 
 The legislative authority belongs to the Diet ; but the laws 
 passed by it do not take effect till promulgated by the king. 
 The Diet consists of two chambers, that of the \orA?,{Herrenhaus\ 
 and that of the deputies {Haus der Abgeordneteti). The delibera- 
 tions take place separately, except when the appointment of a 
 regency has to be decided, in which case they sit in common. 
 The House of Lords consists of 310 members ; they are (i) the 
 princes of the Royal house, as soon as, having reached their 
 majority, they are called into the House of Lords by the king ; 
 {2) members of hereditary privilege, chiefly belonging to the 
 higher nobility (at present 98) ; (3) life members, nominated by 
 the king (at present 46) ; (4) members nominated by the king 
 on the 'presentation' of certain corporations (at present 165, 
 virtually representatives of universities and towns). The House 
 of Delegates consists of 433 members indirectly elected. Those 
 enjoying the franchise are all Prussians of at least thirty years of 
 age, who have lived in the community in which they vote for 
 at least six months, and are not in receipt of parochial relief. 
 They are divided into three classes, according to the direct 
 taxes paid by them ; they choose the electors, by whom the 
 deputies are directly elected. The duration of the Diet is 
 five years. The highest state authorities are, the Ministry 
 of State, the several Ministries, the Evangelical High Con- 
 sistory, and the Head Court of Control (Audit Office). In every 
 prov. there is a Provincial Council. The consultative organ 
 of the administration is the State Council, consisting of royal 
 princes, ministers, higher military and other officials. The 
 finances of the Prussian state are always in excellent order. 
 Receipts are derived partly from public property and industries 
 of the state, partly fi-om direct and indirect taxes, dues, 
 and stamp duties. As regards religion, as is shown in the 
 general table under the German Empire, nearly two-thirds of 
 the population are Protestants, the remainder chiefly Roman 
 Catholics; The Evangelical State Chiu-ch forms in the eleven 
 older provs. of Prussia a single whole under the Evangelical 
 High Consistory at Berlin. The state churches of the terrs. 
 joined tp P. in 1866 (now forming the provs. of Hanover and 
 Hesse-Nassau) are under the minister for ecclesiastical affairs, 
 and remain independent. There are two archbishoprics of the 
 Roman Catholic Church — Cologne and Posen-Gnesen. Edu- 
 cation. — The law insists that all children from six to four- 
 teen years of age shall be sent to school, unless educated 
 somewhere else. There are eleven universities, Berlin, Bonn, 
 Breslau, Gottingen, Greifswald, Halle on the Saale, Kiel, 
 Konigsberg, Marburg, Miinster (academy), and Bromsberg 
 (lyceum) ; three technical high - schools, Berlin, Hanover, 
 and Aix-la-Chapelle ; mining-schools at Berlin and Klaus- 
 thai ; academies of art at Berlin, Konigsberg, Diisseldorf, 
 and Kassel. 
 History. — Under the Emperor Otto I. the Northmark, 
 
P R U S 
 
 P R Y L 
 
 later Altmark — that is, old 'mark,' or march — founded on the 
 middle Elbe for the protection of the German Empire against 
 the Wends, was extended as far as the Oder ; there then arose 
 the bishoprics of Havelberg and Brandenburg. The Wends 
 again pushed westwards, and the Northmark was limited to 
 the 1. bk. of the Elbe ; but Margrave Albert the Bear, of the 
 family of the Askanians (1134-1320), reconquered the Havel terr. , 
 and styled himself Margrave of Brandenburg. His descendants 
 gained the Neumark (new mark) on the E. side of the Oder ; 
 towns were founded (Berlin 1240), and a new bishopric (Lebus). 
 The Askanians (ruling) in Brandenburg having died out, there was 
 an interregnum of 4 years in the Mark, until the Emperor Louis 
 the Bavarian took the country as a fief. From 1324 to 1373 the 
 Bavarian (Wittelsbach) margraves continued to reign ; among 
 these Louis 11. became elector, 1356. Otto (the Finlander) 
 ceded the land (1373) to Emperor Charles IV., and the margra- 
 viate remained under the dominion of the Luxemburg family 
 till 1415. By this time the Mark was greatly reduced in extent 
 and resources. The Neumark had been ceded piecemeal to the 
 knights of the Teutonic Order (established in the present provs. 
 of E. and W. Prussia), and territory had been lost also in other 
 directions. From the Emperor Sigismund, the last of the 
 margraves of the Luxemburg family, the Mark passed in 1415 to 
 Frederick VI. , burggrave of Nuremberg, of the House of Hohen- 
 zoUern, under whom the fortunes of Brandenburg began to 
 revive. He broke the power of the robber-barons, and waged 
 successful war against Pomerania and Mecklenburg. Under 
 him too Brandenburg became an electorate. Frederic II. (the 
 man of iron) bought back the Neumark from the Teutonic 
 Order. After his death the family terrs. were again divided, 
 but they became re-united once more in 1471. Albert Achilles, 
 in 1473, decreed that the Mark, and all terrs. belonging to it, 
 should henceforth pass with the electorate undivided to the 
 eldest son. Joachim II. (1535-71) accepted the reformation 
 (Nov. I, 1539, at Spandau), obtaining the investiture over Prussia 
 in common with the King of Poland. Joachim Frederick (1598- 
 1608), since 1566 administrator of the bishopric of Magdeburg, 
 also became administrator of Prussia in 1605. During the 
 Thirty Years' War (1618-48) these terrs. suffered terribly, but 
 even before its close Frederick William (1640-88), the Great 
 Elector, had begun to raise the Brandenburg- Prussian state into 
 a European power, founding the absolute monarchy by abolish- 
 ing the rights of the Diet (chambers). At the peace of West- 
 phalia in 1648, the state obtained Hinder (Eastern) Pomerania, 
 the bishoprics of Halberstadt and Minden, and the arch- 
 bishopric of Magdeburg ; in 1666, through the final settlement 
 of the Jtilich War of Succession, Cleves, Mark, and Ravensburg, 
 the first possessions in the W. of Germany. The same ruler also 
 acquired in 1656, during the embroilment of Sweden and Poland, 
 the bishopric of Ermeland, but renounced it in 1657, receiving 
 in exchange, among other things, the full sovereignty over P. 
 The title of King of Prussia was not assumed till 1701, when 
 the Elector Frederick III., with the consent of the Emperor 
 Leopold I. , whom he supported in the Spanish War of Succession, 
 was crowned at Konigsberg as Frederick I. His son, Frederick 
 William I. , promoted the welfare of the country through strict 
 economy, good administration of the finances, through the 
 promotion of agriculture and trade, and by creating a large 
 army. In the Northern war he gained Stettin and half of 
 Vorder (Western) Pomerania (as far as the Peene), along with 
 Usedom and Wollin. His successor, Frederick II., the Great 
 (1740-86), still further increased the power and extent of P. 
 The revival of the old claims of P. to Liegnitz, Brieg, and 
 Wohlau served as the pretext for the first Silesian war (1740- 
 42) against the Empress Maria Theresia, which led to the 
 acquisition of the greater part of Silesia, an acquisition confirmed 
 after the second Silesian war in the peace at Dresden, 1745, and 
 maintained in the Seven Years' War (1756-63), when Frederick 
 had to fight the allied armies of Russia, Austria, Saxony, the 
 empire, France, and Sweden. Meanwhile, E. Friesland, after 
 the principality became extinct (1744), had also fallen to 
 P. In 1772, P., through participating in the first partition 
 of Poland, obtained W. Prussia (except Danzig and Thorn), 
 Ermeland, and the Metze dist. Through the second par- 
 tition of Poland in 1793, Danzig, Thorn, Great Poland were 
 added to the kingdom under Frederick William II. (nephew of 
 Frederick the Great) ; and through the third partition (1795) 
 Masovia with Warsaw, the country between Vistula, Bug, and 
 Niemen, and part of the terr. of Cracow. The reign of his son 
 Frederick William III. (1797-1840) witnessed all the vicissitudes 
 of the Napoleonic period, during which P. lost much temporarily,, 
 but at its close was placed by the decision of the Congress of 
 Vienna (1814-15) in possession of Posen, along with Danzig, the 
 whole of Pomerania with Riigen , an extended terr. in Westphalia,, 
 the Rhine Prov. , on both sides of the Rhine, and the larger half 
 of Saxony (prov. of Saxony), as well as the Swiss canton of 
 Neuchitel. Frederick William IV. (1840-61) obtained Hohen- 
 zoUern in 1849 through cession, and in 1853 the Jahde terr. , but 
 in 1857 ceded Neuchatel to Switzd. His brother, King William 
 I. (1861-88), in 1864, conquered Schleswig-Holstein in conjunc- 
 
 tion with Austria, which in accordance with the arrangement of 
 the treaty of Gastein was to have administered Holstein, while P. 
 undertook the administration of Schleswig ; but when P. showed 
 a determination to withdraw from the German Confederation, 
 to which it had belonged since 1815, war ensued (1866) between 
 P. on the one hand and the greater part of Germany on the 
 other, a war that ended in the victory of P., and the annexation 
 to the P. kingdom of the whole prov. of Schleswig-Holstein, 
 together with Hanover, the electorate of Hesse, the duchy of 
 Nassau, and the free imperial town of Frankfurt on the Main. 
 See also German Empire, history. 
 
 Prussia, East and West, the two most easterly provs. of 
 Prussia, lying on the Baltic Sea, on which the shore line of a 
 large part of E. Prussia and a smaller part of W. Prussia is 
 formed by the long narrow spits of land cutting off the shallow 
 lagoons known as the Kurisches Haff and the Frisches Haff. 
 The two provs. correspond approximately to the terr. formerly 
 belonging to the Teutonic Order (Pomerellen, W. of the Vistula, 
 and various minor dists. E. of that river). The principal rivers 
 are the Vistula and its tribs. in W. Prussia, the Pregel and Memel 
 (Niemen) in E. Prussia. Both provs. belong to the great plain 
 of N. Germany, and in great part to the Baltic Lake Plateau 
 (^.t/.). The most considerable altitudes lie in W. Prussia, in a 
 ridge (1086 to 400 ft.) which runs from near the Baltic coast SE. 
 to the intersection of 53^° N. and 20° E. W. of this ridge the 
 most striking diversity of the surface is the Tuchel Heath, a 
 depression which slopes SE. from 400 ft. to 260 ft. near the 
 Vistula. In the NE. near Elbing is a small elevated region 
 called Trunz (650 ft.). In E. Prussia the whole area between 
 the Memel, and the Pregel, E. and S. of the Kurisches Haff, is a 
 tract of lowlands, only a few feet above the level of that lagoon. 
 Besides the lagoons already mentioned the coast is deeply 
 indented by the Bay of Danzig, into which projects on the W. 
 the Putziger Nehrung, a long narrow spit of land, forming 
 the Putziger Wiek. There are numerous small lakes besides 
 the considerable Spirding-see in the SE. of E. Prussia. Two 
 groups of lakes are connected by canals, one upon the common 
 frontier, by the Oberlandisch Canal (^.v.), the other in the SE. 
 of E. Prussia, by the Masurian Canals {g.v.). The climate is 
 temperate, but inclined to severity in the higher parts. The 
 elevated tracts, especially in the W., are not fertile; but the 
 Vistula delta and other valleys, and Kulmer Land (SE. of W. 
 Prussia), possess soil of considerable fertility, upon which wheat 
 is grown, and in parts betroot. But the staple crops of the 
 provs. are rye and potatoes. Nearly 55 per cent, of the area of 
 W. Prussia, and about 51 per cent, of that of E. Prussia, is 
 cultivated. Forests, chiefly conifercB, cover 21 per cent, of the 
 surface in W. Prussia, and 18 per cent, in E. Prussia, and some 
 in both are of great extent — in W. Prussia, in the S. half of 
 Pomerellen (the Tuchel Heath, the valley of the Brahe, and S. 
 of the Vistula between Thorn and the frontier), in E. Prussia, 
 S. of the Spirding-see, and SE. of the Kurisches Haff. Great 
 pains are taken with the breeding of horses and sheep ; cattle 
 also are kept, as well as swine and goats. Turf and anthracite 
 are worked, but to no very great extent ; amber has for ages 
 been an important product of E. Prussia, being extracted both 
 from the sea in the Samland (the region between the Frisches and 
 the Kurisches Haff), and in the Kurisches Haff itself. Konigs- 
 berg (cap. of E. Prussia) and Gumbinnen are the chief towns 
 of the two governments [Re^ierungsbezirke) of E. Prussia. 
 Danzig (cap. of W. Prussia) and Marienwerder are the chief 
 towns of those of W. Prussia. The earliest inhabitants, the 
 Pruzzi, a branch of the Lithuanian Guttones or .^Estii, were 
 partly conquered and christianised by the Poles in the nth 
 century ; but it was the Teutonic Knights who, from 1230 on- 
 wards, definitively christianised and Germanised the heathen 
 Prussians. In 1466 the Knights were obliged to cede W. 
 Prussia to Poland, who retained it down to 1772, at which 
 date it fell to the kingdom of Prussia. E. Prussia, P. (1890) 
 1,958,700; W. Prussia, P. 1,433,700. See German Empire, 
 table. 
 
 Pmt, or Pmth, riv., SE. Europe, Austria, Roumania, and 
 Russia, rises in Austrian Bukovina, flows E. and S., forming 
 frontier between Roumania and Russia, joins Danube from left 
 at Reni. Length, 380 m. 
 
 Pruvinum, ancient tn., France. See ProTlns. 
 
 Pruvos, comm. , Austria. See Prlvos. 
 
 Pruzliany (Polish Prnxany, or Prnzana), dist. tn., Russia, 
 govt, and igo m. SSE. Grodno, 5 m. from Warsaw-Moscow 
 Rly. P. 8150. 
 
 Pryepolye, tn. , Turkey in Europe, sanjak Tashlija, on the 
 Lim, 45 m. WNW. Novibazar ; commands one of the routes 
 from Constantinople to Serajevo. An Austrian military force is 
 maintained here under the Treaty of Berlin (1878). Near it 
 are the ruins of the monastery of Miloshevo, sacked by Sirien 
 Pasha in 1559, when the bones of St. Sava were burnt. Alt. 
 1500 ft. P. 4000. 
 
 PryesnogorkovsUaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, W. Siberia, 
 prov. Akmolinsk, 285 m. WSW. Omsk. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pryleston, par. , Eng. , Norfolk. See BUllngford. 
 
 1245 
 
PRYO — PUEB 
 
 Pryors Hayes, par., Eng., Cheshire, Tawin dist., 4 m. E. 
 Chester. P. <:250. 
 
 Prysk and Carvan, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, dist. 
 Tregaron. P. <:25o. 
 
 PrysnoTskaya, vil., Russia, W. Siberia, prov. Akmolinsk, 
 270 m. WSW. Omsk. P. <:sooo. 
 
 Prysor, small riv., Wales, Merionethshire, in the NW., 
 flowing NW. into the estuary of the Dwyryd. 
 
 Przasnysz, or Prasnysz, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt, 
 and 60 m. NE. Piock, 16 m. from Ciechanowa railway station, 
 near Prussian frontier ; brisk trade. P. 8000. 
 
 Przedborz, tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 55 ra. SW. 
 Radom, on r. bk. Pilica. P. 6600. 
 
 PrzeniySl, fortified tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, cap. 
 dist. P., on the r. bk. of riv. San, 45 m. NW. Drohobycz. 
 P. is the seat of two bishops, one Roman Catholic and one of 
 the Greek Church; there are ruins near of a fortified castle, 
 formerly the residence of the Ruthenian princes of a terr. of 
 which P. was the cap.; has manufactures of linen. P. <35,20o. 
 
 Przeniyslany, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, cap. dist. 
 P., 27 m. ESE. Lemberg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Przkeralsk, formerly Karakol, dist. tn., Russian Central 
 Asia, prov. Semiryechensk, 14 m. from SE. ct. of Lake Issyk- 
 kul ; monument to Przhevalski, the explorer of central Asia, who 
 died here. Alt. 5450 ft. Mean temp. (5 yrs.), yr. 43.1° F., Feb. 
 20.2°, July 62.4°. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Przbevalskl Monntains, range of the Kuenlun system, 
 central Asia, trending on the whole E. and W. from about 90° 
 to 91^° E. , in 36^° N. 
 
 Psakhna, tn. , Greece, in the W. of Euboea I. , 9 ra. NNE. 
 Chalkis. P. <20oo. 
 
 Psammathos, bay, Greece. See Porto Qnagllo. 
 
 Psara, Ipsara, or Ipsera, Turkish isl. , in the ^gean Sea, W. 
 of the N. part of Chio (Khio), in 38° 35' N., 25° 35' E. P. of 
 Psara town (seapt. in SW. angle) < 5000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Pscho'w, comm., Prussia, Silesia, circle and •j\ m. WSW. 
 Rybnik ; has mines of coal and iron pyrites. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Pstaaves, stem of Georgians, Caucasus Mts., Tioneti and 
 Dusheti dists. of govt. Tiflis, inhabiting the gorges of the main 
 range ; live chiefly by cattle-rearing. P. about 9200. 
 
 Pslnya, riv., Turkey in Europe, rises near the Bulgarian 
 frontier, and flows WSW. and S. to the Vardar, which it joins 
 on the 1. bk. , 18 m. SE. of Ushkub. 
 
 Pslol, riv., Russia, govts. Kursk, Kharkov, and Poltava, 1. 
 bk. trib. of Dnieper, flows with many windings W. and SW. 
 through a very fertile region in a well peopled valley, receiving 
 many small tribs. , of which Khoroi is the largest. Length , 420 m. 
 
 Pskov, govt., NW. Russia, lake dist., has St. Petersburg on 
 N., Novgorod, Tver, and Smolensk on E., Livonia on W., and 
 Vitebsk on S. ; hilly in SE. , where the Alaun heights, thickly 
 clothed with forests, attain 800-1000 ft. alt. , and W. and NW. 
 A woody and marshy depression, watered by the Lovat, runs 
 SW. to NE. between the hilly tracts. Surface all covered with 
 boulder-clay. The chief rivers, Lovat and Sheloii, flow into 
 Lake Ilmen, the Velikaya into Lake P., and the upper W. 
 Diina borders the govt, in SE. Many lakes, the chief of which 
 is Lake P., 50 m. long, 13 m. broad, and from 3 to 18 ft. deep, 
 which is connected by a broad channel with Lake Chudskoye 
 (Peipus). Extensive marshes, many forests. Climate moist 
 and changeable, the average temp, at P. being, yr. 41°, Jan. 
 17°, July 65°. Population Great Russian, with about 9000 
 Esthonians. Agriculture unproductive ; cereals imported ; flax 
 culture ; considerable fishing in lakes ; timber trade ; stone 
 quarries. Divided into eight dists.: Pskov, Kholm, Novorzhev, 
 Opochka, Ostrov, Porkhov, Toropets, and Velikiya Luki. 
 .\rea, 17,069 sq. m. P. (1863) 719,000 ; (1890) 1,019,000. 
 
 PskOT, cap. of govt. P., 171 m. by rail SW. St. Petersburg, 
 on both banks of broad Velikaya R. , 9 m. from Lake P. Old 
 town, which remained till the i6th century an independent 
 sister republic to Novgorod, and was governed by its vieche, or 
 forum, attaining a considerable population, and a great degree 
 of prosperity, being a centre for trade with Germany, and a 
 member of the Hanseatic League. Conquered and plundered 
 by Moscow Tsars in 1510. Now a poor town, containing many 
 relics of its past glory in its cathedral and kreml. Steamers 
 ply to Dorpat. P. 23,900. 
 
 Psyrg, mt., Caucasus, dist. Sukhum-kale. Alt. 12,427 ft. 
 
 Paantlng, tn., China, in the SW. of Kweichou, 130 m. E. 
 by N. Yiinnan-fu. 
 
 Pn1>b, mt. chain, Baluchistan. See Pabb. 
 
 Pabblebrten, bar.. Ire., in the N. of co. Limerick. 
 
 Pnbller, comm., France, dep. Haute-Savoie, arr. Thonon, 
 3 m. WSW. Evian ; has a bathing establishment at Amphion. 
 
 Pablow, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div. , on the Chew, 5 m. 
 SSE. Bristol, i m. E. Pensford stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Pnbnlco Harbour, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Yarmouth 
 CO., on Bay of Fundy, 17 m. W. by N. Barrington. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pncalan, coram., Chile, dep. Valparaiso. P, <20oo. 
 
 Pncanl, vil., Peru, dep. Loreto, on the Ucayali, 240m. ENE. 
 Lima. 
 
 1246 
 
 Pnchliig, tn. , China, prov. Fokien, 112 ra. W. of the treaty 
 part of Wenchow. 
 
 Pnchon, tn., China, near the SW. corner prov. Shansi, 300 
 ra. N. by W. Ichang, 73 ra. W. by N. Honan. 
 
 PnchiincaTl, vil., Chile, prov. Valparaiso, 15 m. NW. Quil- 
 lota. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pucknun, tn. , Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Lower Ormond, on 
 Lough Derg, 6 ra. NW. Nenagh, P.O. (Pnckane). P. <250. 
 
 Piickeridge, PMT.O., Eng., Hertfordshire, on the Rib, 
 div. and 8| ra. NE. by N. Hertford, between Braughing 
 and Standon stns. 
 
 Pncklugtou, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 10 ra. ESE. 
 Taunton, 3 ra. NNE. Ilrainster stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Pucklechnrcta, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , 
 7 ra. ENE. Bristol, 2 m. ENE. Mangotsfield stn.; coal mined 
 here. PMT.O. P.<:i5oo. 
 
 Pnddefjord, harb., Norway. See Bergen. 
 
 Padding Xorton, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 20 ra. E. 
 by N. King's Lynn, i m. S. by W. Fakenhara stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Pnddlngtou, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 6 m. NW. 
 Chester, 3 m. SW. Ledsham stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Paddlngton, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 8 ra. 
 W. by S. Tiverton, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Puddle, or Trent, riv., Eng., Dorsetshire, flowing SE. and 
 E. past Puddletown into Poole Harbour. 
 
 Puddlebinton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., on the 
 Puddle, 4^ m. NNE. Dorchester, PT.O. (Plddlehlnton). 
 P.<:50o. 
 
 Puddlestone, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 5 ra. E. 
 by N. Leominster. P. 250 ; eccles. par. (P. with >Vhlle) 
 P. 250. 
 
 Puddletown, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., on the Puddle, 
 S ra. NE. by E. Dorchester; 7186 ac. PMT.O. (Plddletown). 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Puddletrenthlde, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., on the 
 Puddle, 6m. N. by E. Dorchester, PMT.O. (PlddletrentUde) ; 
 4497 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Pudewltz, tn., Ger., Prussia, prov. and 17 m. ENE. Posen, 
 circle Schroda. P. < 3000. 
 
 Pudleln, Hungarian Podolln, vil. , Hungary, Zips (Szepes), 
 on the PoprAd, 50 ra. NW. Kaschau. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pudozb, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Olonets, 323 ra. ENE. 
 Petrozavodsk, on Vodla R., 15 m. from E. ct. of Lake Onega. 
 Wide forests in the dist., supplying timber for shipbuilding. 
 P. <:2000. 
 
 Pud.sey, tn. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, P. div., 3 m. E. 
 and partly in bor. of Bradford, with stns. (P. Lo-wtown and 
 P. Greenslde) on the G. N. R. ; has woollen raanufactures. 
 P. 13,400; par. P. 17,000; pari. div. P. 49,300. 
 
 Pdddkatt^l, tn. , India, cap. native state P. , 32 m. S. by E. 
 Trichinopoli. P. (1881) 15,400. 
 
 Pndyniore (Podymore, or Podimore) Milton, par. , Eng. , 
 Somerset, E. div., 5^ m. N. by W. Yeovil, 2 m. NE. Ilchester. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Pnebla, or in full, Pnebla de los Angeles ('town of the 
 
 angels'), soraetiraes (since 1862) called Puebla de Zaragoza, 
 after a general of that name, city, Mexico, 67 ra. ESE. of the 
 city of Mexico, a short distance frora the Atoyac, cap. state of 
 P., founded by the Spaniards, Sept. 28, 1531. It stands in a 
 neighbourhood rich in minerals : coal in the ranches of Santa 
 Barbara, which are connected by rail with P. ; iron ore about 
 9 or 10 ra. off; kaolin and other earths used in the manufac- 
 ture of china and earthenware ; building-stone, and about 20 m. 
 off mountains of a fine variegated translucent raarble. Besides 
 potteries, the city has iron and bronze works, &c. Important 
 railway centre. Alt. 7100 ft. Mean terap. (8 yrs.), 60.4° F., 
 Jan. 53.4°, July 63.3°; mean rfall. (loyrs.), 46.28 in. P. 110,000. 
 
 Pnebla, one of the states of Mexico, on the high S. plateau 
 of Anahuac (6500-8000 ft. raean alt.), E. of the federal dist. 
 and of the state of Mexico, at the high S. junction of the coast 
 Cordilleras Madres, and therefore on both the Gulf and Pacific 
 slojDes, between the rivs. Mexcala, San Juan, and Tapoala. 
 
 Puebla, La, tn., Majorca, Balearic Is., 24 m. ENE. Palraa, 
 dist. Inca. The morass of Alcudia, which formerly rendered 
 the place unhealthy, is now drained. P. (comm.) 5700. 
 
 Pnebla de Don Fadrlque, tn., Spain, prov. Granada, dist. 
 Huescar, at the E. end of La Sagra Mts., 45 ra. NW. by W. 
 Lorca. P. 6500. 
 
 Pnebla de Don Fadrlque, forraerly Pnebla de la Isla, 
 coram., Spain, New Castille, prov. and 45 ra. ESE. Toledo, 
 dist. Quintanar de la Orden. P. < 4000. 
 
 Puebla de Guzman, comm., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 
 31 ra. NW. Huelva, dist. Valverde del Caraino. P. <4000. 
 
 Pnebla de la Calzada, coram., Spain, Estremadura, prov. 
 and 20 ra. ENE. Badajoz, dist. M6rida. P. <4000. 
 
 Pnebla de la Isla, coram., Spain. See Pnebla de Don 
 Fadrlque. 
 
 Puebla del Brollon, coram., Spain, GaUcia, prov. and 32 m. 
 SSE. Lugo, dist. Quiroga. P. 7600. 
 
 Puebla del CaramlAal, comm. , Spain, prov. Corunna, dist. 
 
PUEB — PUER 
 
 Noya, on W. shore of Ria de Arosa, 19 m. NW. Pontevedra. 
 P. 6200. 
 
 Pnebla de los Infantes, La, comm. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. 
 and 42 m. NE. Seville, dist. Lora del Rio. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Puebla del Sauce jo, Spain. See Sancejo, El. 
 
 Pnebla de ^lontalban. La, tn., Spain, prov. and 16 m. W. 
 Toledo, dist. Torrijos. P. 6100. 
 
 Pnebla de Trlves, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 31 m. 
 E. Orense, dist. Puebla de Trives. P. 5600. 
 
 Pnebla la Cazalla, La, comm. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 
 39 m. ESE. Seville, dist. Mor6n. P. 6200. 
 
 Pneblo, city, U.S., Colorado, P. co. , on the Arkansas, 
 140 m. S. by E. Denver, in an agricultural and stock-raising 
 region. ; iron and steel works ; manufacturing centre. Alt. 
 4639 ft. (R.R.). P. (i88o)<400o; (1890)24,600. 
 
 Pneblo Nuevo del Mar, comm., Spain, prov., dist., and 
 3I m. NE. Valencia ; sea-bathing place, much frequented by 
 the Valencians. P. 11,300. 
 
 Pneblos, tribe of Indians, U.S., inhabiting the NE. part of 
 terr. of New Mexico. In a wider sense the term is applied to 
 the primitive settled inhabitants of the present Arizona and New 
 Mexico, whose towns (Spanish, pueblos) were sometimes met 
 with on the plains, sometimes hollowed out on the hill-sides, 
 sometimes perched on nearly inaccessible cliffs ('cliff dwellings'). 
 
 Puente, Spanish, 'bridge.' 
 
 Puenteareas, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. and 20 m. SSE. 
 Pontevedra, dist. P. P. 13,300. 
 
 Pneute-Caldelas, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 7I m. 
 ESE. Pontevedra, dist. P.-C. ; with tin mines, and cold and 
 tepid sulphureous springs. P. 7400. 
 
 Pnente-Ceso, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. Corunna, dist. 
 Carballo. P. 6300. 
 
 Pnente de Garcia Rodrlgnez, comm. , Spain, prov. Corunna, 
 dist. Ortigueira. P. < 5000. 
 
 Puente del Arzoblspo, comm. , Spain, prov. Toledo, on r. bk. 
 of Tagus, 23 m. WSW. Talavera de la Reina. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Puente del Inca, military post, Argentine Republic, 68 
 m. W. Mendoza, in the valley of the Rio de Mendoza, on a 
 road leadingto the Uspallata Pass ; has saline and calcareous 
 springs. 
 
 Pnented^ume, or Santiago de Pnented^nnie, comm., 
 NW. of Spain, prov. Corunna, 5 m. SSE. Ferrol, at the head of 
 one of the arms of the bay (Ria) of Corunna. P. 8500. 
 
 Puente Jenll, comm. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 33 m. S. 
 Cordoba, on the r. bk. of the riv. Jenil. P. 11,400. 
 
 Pnente la Reina, comm., Spain, Navarre, dist. and 12^ m. 
 SW. Pamplona; has excellent wines. P. < 3000. 
 
 Pneute-Xnclon&l, tn., Colombia, dep. Santander, 11 m. S. 
 Velez, on the Suarez ; with coal and iron mines. Alt. 5275 ft. 
 P. (with dist.) 16,000. 
 
 Puenteuansa, comm., Spain, Old Castille, prov. and 36 m. 
 WSW. Santander; has warm sulphur springs. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Puerco, Rio, riv., U.S., New Mexico, rises in Santa Anna 
 CO., flows S. for about 150 m. , nearly on the meridian of 107° 
 W., and joins the Rio Grande in BernaUllo co., SW. of Albu- 
 querque, a few miles S. of 35° N. Great irrigation works in 
 progress. 
 
 Puerto, Pueul (Pniil), or Pnbenl (Pnbol), tn., China, in 
 the SW. of Yunnan, 190 m. S. by E. Tali-fu. It gives its name 
 to a fine kind of tea grown in a neighbouring dist. , in the Burmese 
 Shan states. See Kew Bulletin, No. 30, and pp. 16-17 of the 
 report there referred to (China, No. i, 1888 [C.-5371]). 
 
 Pners, comm., Belgium, prov. and 11 m. SW. byS. Antwerp, 
 arr. Malines. P. <40oo. 
 
 Puerto, Spanish, ' port.' 
 
 Puerto Ancon, small fishing-vil. and watering-place on an 
 open roadstead, Peru, about 11° 47' S., a little N. of Callao 
 Bay in the rainless zone of Peru. Near it is an ancient ceme- 
 tery from which mummies and other objects throwing light on 
 the ancient Inca civilisation have been obtained in an excellent 
 state of preservation. See The Necropolis of Ancon in Peru by 
 W. Reiss and A. Stiibel, translated by A. H. Keane, Berlin, 
 1880-87. 
 
 Puerto Angel, small Mexican port on the Pacific, state of 
 Oaxaca, in 15° 48' N.; calling-place of the Pacific Mail Com- 
 pany's steamers. 
 
 Puerto Bello, Colombia. See Porto Bello. 
 
 Puerto Berrio, vil., Colombia, Antioquia, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Magdalena, 90 m. E. by N. Medellin, to which town a rail- 
 way is in progress. Alt. 542 ft. Mean temp. (5 yrs.), yr. 78.7° 
 F. ; mean rfall. (5 yrs.), 97.02 in. P. <20oo. 
 
 Puerto Caballos, seapt., Honduras. See Puerto Cortex. 
 
 Pnerto Cabello, seapt. tn., Venezuela, Carabobo, on the N. 
 ct. in about 63° 5' W. Safe anchorage in bay in 50-100 ft. of 
 vvater ; depth at entrance to and in harbour, 12 ac. , and at quay- 
 side at low water, 26 ft.; no bar. P. (with dist.) 10,100. 
 
 Pnerto Causado, bay, W. ct. of Africa, 47 m. ENE. Cape 
 Jubi, in 28° 6' N. This natural port is closed by a barrier of 
 rocks and sand, passable at high tide. There is an ancient 
 tower, possibly on the site of Santa Cruz de Mar Pequena. 
 
 Puerto Chanchan, small bay, Chile, prov. and 23 m. N. 
 Valdivia, in 39° 28' S. 
 
 Puerto C'ispata, Colombia. See MLorrosqnillo, gulf. 
 
 Pnerto Colombia, port, Colombia. See Sabanilla. 
 
 Puerto Cortez, or Caballos, bay and vil., on N. ct. of 
 Honduras, in 88" W. (on the Gulf of Honduras, in NW. of the 
 republic) ; was the first port established by the Spaniards on 
 these shores, and was selected by Cortez and called Natividad. 
 Puerto Cortez is the northern terminus of the proposed Hon- 
 duras interoceanic railway ; good anchorage. Depth of 40 ft. 
 available for vessels entering the port. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pnerto de la Cruz, tn., Canary Is., dist. and 2| m. W. 
 Orotava ; at the end of the i8th century it was the chief seat of 
 commerce of the Canary Is. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pnerto de la Mar, Chile. See Coblja. 
 
 Pnerto de Luna, vil., U.S., New Mexico, San Miguel co. , 
 96 m. SE. Santa F6. P. <:i50o. 
 
 Pnerto de Santa Maria, comm., Spain, prov. and on the 
 Bay of Cadiz, 5 m. NE. by N. Cadiz, dist. Puerto de Santa 
 Maria. To the S. of the town was fought in 71 1 the celebrated 
 battle which placed Spain in the hands of the Moors. P. 20,100. 
 
 Pnerto Desendo, Patagonia. See Deseado, Rio. 
 
 Pnerto Expedlcion, vil., Argentine Republic, terr. of the 
 Chaco, on the r. bk. of Rio Bermejo, 68 m. N. by W. Cor- 
 rientes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pnerto Gnllegos, Patagonia. See Gallegos, Rio. 
 
 Puerto Jobos, bay, Porto Rico. See Jobos. 
 
 Pnerto Linion, seapt. , Costa Rica. See Limon. 
 
 PuertoUano, comm. , Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, dist. Almo- 
 dovar del Campo, 45 m. NW. by N. Linares. P. 5100. 
 
 Pnerto Madrln, seapt., Argentine Republic, terr. Chubut, 
 on the Bahia Nueva, in 42° 49' S. ; connected by rail with the 
 Welsh colony of Chubut. 
 
 Pnerto Marin, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 15 m. 
 SSW. Lugo, dist. Chantada, on r. bk. of the Minho. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Pnerto Menor, bay, Spain, NE. ct. of isl. of Majorca, 7J 
 m. long, 3-4 m. wide, forming the harbour of Pollenza, some- 
 times called Puerto de Pollenza. 
 
 Pnerto Montt, or Mellpnlll, tn. , Chile, cap. prov. Llan- 
 quihue, on the N. ct. of the Gulf of Reloncavi, no m. SSE. 
 Valdivia; was founded in 1853. Mean temp. (4 yrs.), yr. 51.6° 
 F., Jan. 57.7°, July 45. 9°; meanrfall. (loyrs.), 96.37 in. P. <3000. 
 
 Puerto Pacheco, riv. -port, on the Paraguay, Bolivia, in 20° 
 9' S. ; terminus of a projected railway from Sucre. 
 
 Pnerto Pa«lre, harbour, Cuba, N. ct., 97 m. NW. by N. 
 Santiago de Cuba, in 76° 36' W. 
 
 Puerto Perez, Bolivia. See Chllllaya. 
 
 Puerto Plata, seapt., isl. of Haiti, republic and 108 m. NW. 
 by N. Santo Domingo, in 70° 40' W. ; lighthouse ; is the principal 
 port of the republic on the N. ct. P. 18,000. 
 
 Puerto Princesa, seat of the governor of the Spanish isL of 
 Palawan on the Sulu Sea (E. ct. of isl.), in 8° 45' N.; large and 
 safe harbour. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Puerto Principe, comm., Cuba, cap. prov. Puerto Principe, 
 165 m. NW. by W. Santiago de Cuba ; connected by rail with 
 the port of Nuevitas (to the NE.). In the N. of the prov. in 
 the Sierra Cubita are extensive deposits of various kinds of iron 
 ore. City, P. 26,800 (20,100 white, 6700 coloured) ; comm. P. 
 (pueblo) 41,700 (32,700 white, 9000 coloured). See Nuevitas. 
 
 Pnerto Qneniada, small bay, on the W. ct. of Colombia, 
 in 7° N. 
 
 Pnerto Real, comm., Spain, prov. and 6 m. E. Cadiz, dist. 
 Puerto de Sta. Maria, on the Bay of Cadiz. The town was 
 founded by Isabella of Castille in 1488. Along the Trocadero 
 are dockyards, dry docks, and wharves. Puerto Real has im- 
 portant salt-mines. P. 9700. 
 
 Puerto Rico ('rich harbour"), frequently called in English 
 and French Porto Rico, formerly the Boriquen of the Ara- 
 waks, the fourth in size and easternmost of the great Antilles, 
 between the Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea (i7°-i9° N. lat. ). 
 A lengthened rectangle with the greatest diameter (90 m.) E. 
 to W. (37 m. broad, 3550 sq. m.). Physically, it is a continua- 
 tion of the emerged lands of Haiti (through Mona I.). Very 
 mountainous, the general orientation of the ridge being SW. to 
 NE. , and the water-parting (Cayey) near the S. side (highest 
 peak, Yunque [' anvil'] de Luquillo, in the NE. angle, 3670 ft.). 
 The principal rivers consequently run N. (Grande de Arecibo, 
 Manati, La Plata, Bayamon, Grande de Loiza). Among the 
 rocks coralligenous limestones predominate. All lands exposed 
 to the NE. trade-winds have abundant rains (San Juan, 12 
 yrs.; mean temp., 80.7° F., Jan. -Feb. 76.5°, July- Aug. 83.2''). 
 The hills are covered with tropical forests. The dense native 
 population was exterminated by the Spaniards, by whom 
 Negroes were then introduced as slaves. The Spanish popula- 
 tion is principally Andalusian {jivaros, goajiros), Balearic, 
 and fugitives (1810-1825) from the other Spanish colonies. 
 Puerto Rico is the healthiest and most densely peopled of all 
 the West Indies. Slavery abolished in 1873. All the exten- 
 sive littoral plains and valleys of rivers are exceedingly fertile 
 and intensely cultivated. Principal products are sugar, coffee, 
 
 1247 
 
PUER — PULM 
 
 tobacco ; then maize, rice, cotton. Many cattle. The adjacent 
 Neona I. is covered with guano. Harbours are numerous, but 
 mostly unprotected from the trade winds (N.), or filled with 
 sand (W. ). San Juan Bautista, in the N. of the island, is the cap. 
 The principal coast centres are Arecibo and Bayamon. The W. 
 exporting ports are Mayaguez (San German) and Aguadilla ; 
 those in the S. are Guanica, Guayanilla, Puerto Ponce (3 m. 
 from Ponce, the most important town). The E. part of the 
 island is the less important. Exports, sugar, rum, coffee, 
 tobacco, timber and dyewood, cattle, horses, hides ; imports, 
 manufactured dress articles, rice, wine, oil, salt meat {tasajo, 
 from Argentine), machinery. Exports and imports, 1891, 
 ;^i, 100,000. Commerce with Great Britain, Spain, United 
 States, Germany, France. There are many good roads, and 
 a railway (300 m. long) is in course of construction round the 
 island. Puerto Rico is a colonial prov. of Spain, divided into 
 7 deps. The first Spanish establishment dates from 1509 (Ponce 
 de Leon). P. (1765) 45,000; (i860) 600,000; (1887) 800,000; 
 (320,000 negroes included). [J. B. K.] 
 
 Puerto San Jnan, bay, Peru, in 15^ 22' S. 
 
 Puerto San Jnliau, estuary, Argentine Republic (Patagonia), 
 govt, of Santa Cruz, mouth in 49° 11' S. 
 
 Puerto Sau Lorenzo, small port, Central America, Hon- 
 duras, 50 m. S. by W. Tegucigalpa, at the head of one of the 
 branches of the Gulf of Fonseca, in 13° 25' N. 
 
 Puerto San Nicolas, bay, Peru, in 15° 18' S. 
 
 Puerto rtrla, small bay, on the W. ct. of Colombia, in 6° N. 
 
 Puerto Valdes, long narrow inlet, Argentine Republic (Pata- 
 gonia), on the E. ct. of the p)enin. San Josd or Valdes, mouth at 
 S. end in 42° 30' S. 
 
 Puertovlejo, Ecuador. See Portovlejo. 
 
 Pueul, tn. , China. See Puerta. 
 
 Pufiln Island, Ire., SW. co. Kerry, N. of St. Finan's Bay. 
 
 PnfUn Island, small isl., Wales, about i m. NE. of the E. 
 end of Anglesey ; seat of a marine biological station ; has ruins 
 of a church tower, said to be of the 7th century. 
 
 Pnget Sound, inland sea, U.S., Washington, extends S. 
 from the E. end of Strait of Fuca, in a direct line of about 80 
 m. Its principal constituents are Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound 
 proper, and Hood's Canal. The sound ramifies into numerous 
 bays and inlets, and contains many islets. Area of waters is about 
 2000 sq. m.; total length of shore hne, 1594 m. 5ee Taconia. 
 
 Pnget Tb^nlers, comm. , France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, cap. 
 arr., on the Var, 26 m. NW. Nice; has sulphur spring. Alt. 
 1475 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Puget- Vllle, or Le Puget, tn. , France, dep. Var, arr. and 16 
 m. NE. Toulon; important coal-mines. P. < 2000. 
 
 Puglla, Italy. See Apulia. 
 
 Pngu, vil. , Ger. E. Africa, a few miles SW. of Dar-es-Salam ; 
 seat of a German Benedictine mission. 
 
 Pngrrasb, seapt. tn. and watering-place, Canada, Nova 
 Scotia, Cumberland co. , on Northumberland Strait, 46 m. W. 
 by N. Pictou. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Puhenl, or Puhol, tn. , China. See Puerta. 
 
 Pulgcerda, or Puycerda, comm., Spain, prov. Lerida, dist. 
 P., 55 m. NW. by W. Gerona. P., founded by Alfonso II. in 
 1 177 and formerly fortified, has always played an important 
 part in the wars between France and Spain. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Pulgnial, mt., Spain, 40 m. NW. Gerona. Alt. 2909 ft. 
 
 Pulnlpet, Caroline Is. See Ponap^. 
 
 Pnlsaye, region, France, now comprised in the deps. Yonne, 
 Nievre, and Loiret. 
 
 Pulseaux, comm., France, dep. Loiret, arr. Pithiviers, 18 m. 
 SW. by S. Fontainebleau. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pulsserguler, comm., France, dep. H^rault, arr. B6ziers, 
 cant, and 2 m. N. Capestang. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Pults, France. See Puys. 
 
 Puka, Mahometan tribe, Albania, branch of the Mirdites, 
 occupying a plateau between the mountains of Ermeia and 
 Terbuni. 
 
 Pukakl, lake. New Zealand, South I., in Mount Cook dist., 
 at foot of Ben Oahu and Mary ranges and Mount Aorangi ; is 
 fed by the Tasman R. , and drained by Pukaki R. into the riv. 
 Waitaki. Length, 10 m. by 4 m. wide. 
 
 Puk&ncz, Pukkanz, Bugganz, or Baka-Banya, comm., 
 Hungary, co. Hont, 44 m. NNW. Waitzen. P. is the centre 
 of an auriferous and argentiferous region ; has mineral springs. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Pukapuka, or Uauger Islands, S. Pacific. 
 
 Pnkapuka, or Honden, isls.. Pacific, in the NE. of the 
 Tuamotu Is., in about 15^ S., 138^° W. 
 
 Pukararo, or Tres Cocotlers, isl.. Pacific, in the S. of the 
 Tuamotu group, in about 19° 15' S., 139° o' W. 
 
 Pnkarunga, isl. , Pacific. See Egmont. 
 
 Pukekohe, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I., Manukau co., 
 in 37° 14' S., 175° 9' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pukeran, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Southland co., 
 49 m. NE. Invercargill by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pnket, vil., Siam, Malay Penin., Isle of Salong or Junk- 
 seylon, in about 7° 54' N. 
 1248 
 
 : Puketapn, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Hawkes Bay 
 CO., on the r. bk. of the Tuta Kuri, 5 m. W. Napier. P. <isoo. 
 . Pukeurl Junction, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Wai- 
 taki CO., 5 m. NE. Oamaru. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pukl-taslen, tn., China, prov. Hupe, dist. and 62 m. SW. 
 Wuchang (opposite Hankow). 
 
 Pukkanz, comm., Hungary. See Puk&ncz. 
 . Pukou, tn., China, prov. Pechili, dist. and 12 m. NNW. 
 Tientsin, on the 1. bk. of the Peiho. 
 
 Puk-naua, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Brule co., 73 m. SE. by E. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pukwel, tn. , Manchuria. See Tsltsltaar. 
 
 Pul, Persian and Turkish, ' a bridge.' 
 
 Pula, comm., Sardinia, prov. and 16 m. SSW. Cagliari. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Pulacayo, silver-mines, Bolivia, dep. Potosi, being part of 
 the Huanctaaca mines. 
 
 Pulal, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. (vilayet) and 14 m. SW. 
 Skutari, at the mouth of the Boyana, opposite San Nicolo 
 (Montenegro). 
 
 Pnlanduta, Punta, cape, Philippine Is., in the SW. of 
 Masbate, in 11° 53' N., 123° 9' E. 
 
 Pulaski, CO., U.S., Arkansas, in the middle of the state, 
 traversed by Arkansas R. 
 
 Pulaski, CO., U.S., Georgia, N. of 32° N., W. of 83° W. 
 
 Pulaski, CO., U.S., Illinois, on the S. frontier, and crossed 
 in E. by 89° W. 
 
 Pulaski, CO., U.S., Indiana, E. of 87° W. , crossed by 41° N. 
 
 Pulaski, CO., U.S., Kentucky, in the S., W. of the meridian 
 84°, crossed in the S. by 37° N. 
 
 Pulaski, CO., U.S., Missouri, W. of 92° W. , crossed in the 
 extreme N. by 38° N. 
 
 Pulaski, vil., U.S., New York, Oswego co., on Salmon R., 
 22 m. ENE. Oswego. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pulaski, tn., U.S., Tennessee, Giles co., 66 m. S. by W. 
 Nashville ; agricultural centre. P. <3000. 
 
 Pulaski, tn., U.S., Virginia, cap. P. co. , 145 m. ENE. of 
 the SW. corner of the state. P. <3000. 
 
 Pulattaonias, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 12 m. from Belmullet. 
 
 Pulatl (' people of the forest '), tribe, central Albania, portion 
 of the Maliesors. 
 
 Pulawy, or Nowa Aleksandrya, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, 
 govt, and 33 m. NW. Lublin, on r. bk. Vistula, where it issues 
 from the hilly tracts it has pierced in the S. ; ferry across the 
 Vistula; forestry institute. P. 10,230. 
 
 Pulayen, Pollyar, or Pulaya, ^Ialay name of the Parias of 
 Malabar ; also peculiar to a small tribe in Cochin. 
 
 Pnlborougta, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Horsham div. , on the Arun, 
 8 m. NNE. Arundel, a junction stn. on the L. B. & S. C. R. 
 (stn. for Storrlugton), PMT.O.; 6395 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pnlford, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 5 m. SSW. 
 Chester, 1 m. ENE. Rossettstn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Pulg^on, vil. and rly. stn., Brit. India, Central Provs. , 
 Wardha dist., in 20° 44' N., 79° 21' E. ; connected by road with 
 the cotton-marts of Deoli and Hinganghat. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pultaam, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, Cerne dist., 7 m. SE. 
 Sherborne, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Pultaam St. Mary Magdalen and Pultaam St. Mary ttae 
 Virgin, two adjoining pars., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., ii m. S. 
 by W. Norwich, with two stns. (P. Market and P. St. Mary) 
 on the G. E. R. P. St. Mary Magdalen, PMT.O., P. < 1500; 
 P. St. Mary the Virgin, PMT.O., P. <:iooo. 
 
 PuUangudl, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, Tinnevelli dist., in 
 9° 11' N. , 77" 26' E. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Pullcat, tn., Brit. India, Madras, on the E. ct. , dist. Chen- 
 galpat, 24 m. N. by E. Madras, at the S. end of the lagoon of 
 the same name. P. was one of the earliest Dutch settlements on 
 the Indian mainland and dates from 1609. It was finally ceded 
 to Great Britain in 1825. P. (1891) 5400; Hindus, 4000. 
 
 Pul-l-Ktaatun ('lady's bridge'), vil., Russian Transcaspian 
 Terr., with a bridge across the Tejend R., on the Persian 
 frontier, 88 m. E. by S. Meshed. 
 
 Pulll^n, comm., Philippine Is., Luzon I., prov. Bulacdn. P. 
 9800. 
 
 Pulkovo (Pulkowa), small vil., Russia, govt, and 5 m. S. 
 St. Petersbiu-g, on a hill 245 ft. high. Seat of a great observatory, 
 renowned for its instruments and work ; small observatory for 
 the general staff officers connected with the above. 59° 46' 19" 
 N. lat. , 30° 19' 40" E. long. 
 
 Pnllampet, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Cuddapah, 56 m. 
 WSW. Nellore. P. <sooo. 
 
 Pullman, vil., U.S., Washington, Whitman co. , 67 m. S. by 
 E. Spokane Falls. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ptillna, tn. , Hungary, Bohemia, dist. and 5 m. SSE. Briix, 
 14 m. SSW. Teplitz ; has a celebrated mineral spring. P. < 2000. 
 
 PuUoxhlll, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, Luton div. , 8i m. N. 
 by W. Luton, 2 m. E. by S. Flitvvick stn., P.O. P. <5bo. 
 
 Pully, comm., Switzd., cant. Vaud, on the N. side of Lake 
 Leman, 2 m. SE. Lausanne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pnlmur, isl. , Pacific, in about 5^* S. , 162° W. 
 
PULO — PUNJ 
 
 Pulo, Malay, 'island.' 
 
 Pnlo Babi, off Sumatra. See Hog Island. 
 
 Pnlo Itrala, isl. ,Siam, Malay Penin., off the E. ct. , in about 
 
 4° so' N- 
 
 Pulo Baton, isl., Siam, Malay Penin., off the W. ct. , in 
 about 6° 34' N. 
 
 Pulo-€oiidor, volcanic island-group, China Sea, off the coast 
 of French Cochin-China, serving as a calling-place for sailing 
 vessels on their way from the Straits of Malacca to the China 
 Sea. The English established themselves at P.-C. in 1702 and 
 founded a factory, but were massacred in 1708 ; the ruins of the 
 settlement are still to be seen. The group is connected with 
 Saigon by telegraph and by a regular service of steamers. 
 Highest point, 1935 ft. The largest of the group, Great 
 Condor or Kunon, has a length of 9 m. , and a greatest breadth 
 of 3 m. 
 Pnlo Dln<llng, Straits Settlements. See DIndlngs. 
 Pnlo Hainbiiig, isl. , Eastern Archipelago. See Kanibliig. 
 Pulo Lankava, isl., Siam, Malay Penin., off the W. ct. , 
 6° 22' N. 
 
 Pulo Lantar, isl., Siam, Malay Penin., off the W. ct. , in 
 about 7° 37' N. 
 
 Pnlo-Panjang, isl. , off the W. ct. of French Cochin-China, 
 in about 9° 20' N. ; the most frequented of French possessions, 
 in the mouth of the Gulf of Siam. 
 
 Pulo-Penaiig, Straits Settlements. See Peiiaug. 
 Pulo Tellbon, isl., Siam, Malay Penin., off the W. ct. , in 
 about 7° 20' N. 
 
 Pulo Trotto, isl., Siam, Malay Penin., off the W. ct. , in 
 about 6° 3S' N. 
 
 Pulsnitz, riv. , Ger. , rises in the E. of the kgd. of Saxony, 
 and flows on the whole NW. into the Schwarze Elster, ts lower 
 course forming part of the frontier between the Prussian provs. 
 of Saxony and Silesia. An arm, called the Neue P. , strikes west- 
 wards near its mouth and joins the Elster below Elsterwerda, 
 enclosing an island called Schraden. 
 
 Pulsnltz, tn. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Bautzen, 15 m. NE. 
 by E. Dresden. P. <4000. 
 
 Pnlteneyto'wn, suburb of Wick {q.v.), Scot., Caithness, on 
 the S. of Wick Bay, included in Wick pari, burgh. P. 5600. 
 
 Puitusk, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 55 m. SW. 
 tomza, on r. bk. Narew. P. 11,510. 
 
 Puluqul, or San Ramon, isl., Chile, at the left of the 
 entrance of the Gulf of Reloncavi, crossed by 41° 45' S. , 73° 4' W. 
 Pnlu Tengah, isls. , Eastern Archipelago. See Paternoster 
 Islands. 
 
 Pnlverbateh, PM. O. , Eng. , Shropshire. See Church P. 
 Puuipliorston, vil. , Scot., Midlothian, on riv. Almond, i\ 
 m. N. Mid Calder, PMT.O. (Pnmpeerston). P. <i50o. 
 
 Punipsaint, PMT.O., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 7 m. SE. 
 Lampeter. 
 
 Puna, vil., Bolivia, dep. and 20 m. SE. Potosi. P. <20oo. 
 Puna, isl. , Ecuador. See duayaqull, Ciulf of. 
 Puna, La, name given to the highest inhabited regions of the 
 Andes, regions of plateaux, valleys, and ravines. 
 
 Punaklia, or Dosen, winter cap. of Bhutdn state, India, 
 102 m. ENE. Darjfling; mild climate. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pdnaniallu, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Chengalpat, 16 m. 
 WSW. Madras, with cantonment. P. is a convalescent resort 
 for the British troops from Madras Presidency and Burma ; 
 climate very healthy. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Punan ('people of the woods'), independent tribe in the 
 interior of Dutch Borneo, apparently the oldest inhabitants of 
 Borneo. 
 
 Punasa, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., Nimdr dist., in 22° 
 14' N. , 76° 26' E. The fort was sought as a refuge by Europeans 
 during the Mutiny. 
 
 Pniiata, tn. , Bolivia, dep. and 40 m. ESE. Cochabamba. 
 P. < 400C. 
 Punch, tn., Kashmir, 60 m. E. by N. R4wal Pindi. 
 Puncheston, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 5^ m. SE. by S. 
 Fishguard, on N. Pembrokeshire and Fishguard Rly. P. <250. 
 See Llanychaer. 
 
 Puuchestoivn, racecourse. Ire., co. Kildare, close to Naas ; 
 noted steeplechases in April. 
 
 Punch Mehals, dist., India. See Pdnch Mahals and 
 Bombay, table. 
 
 Puncknowle, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div. , 9^ m. W. 
 Dorchester, P.O. (Puncknoll). P. <5oo. 
 
 P6ndrl, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Karnal, 45 m. SSW. 
 Ambala. P. (1891)5500; Hindus, 3600 ; Moham. 1900. 
 
 Pungan«tlng, tn. , China, prov. Kweichou. See Puantlng. 
 Pnugandr, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. North Arcot, 72 
 in. ENE. Bangalore. P. (1891) 5600; Hindus, 4200. 
 
 Pungarchu, tn., New Zealand, North I., Taranaki co. , 27 
 m. NW. by W. New Plymouth. Cape Egmont lighthouse is 
 3 m. distant. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Puiigo Ndongo, tn. , Portuguese W. Africa, a few miles to the 
 N. of the Kwanza, 180 m. ESE. Loanda. P. N. is the chief 
 entrepot of trade with the interior, and one of the historic cities 
 1249 
 
 of Angola. German and Trappist mission station. Alt. 3835 ft. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Pungwe, or Ar-wangwa, riv., Portuguese E. Africa, flows 
 E. from the Manica tableland, then SE. , entering the Indian 
 Ocean by an estuary just N. of the Bosi (or Busi) estuary, in 
 about 19" 55' S. ; navigable about 40 m. up. In its lower course 
 it divides into two branches, which surround the isl. of Manan- 
 gora, or Dlldlnguldlngwe, about 25 m. long, by 10 m. wide. 
 See FontesvUla. 
 
 Punltaqut, vil., Chile, prov. Coquimbo, 21 m. S. Ovalle. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Pnnltz, tn. , Prussia, prov. Posen, circle Gostyn, 32 m. E. by 
 N. Goglau. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Punjab, prov., in extreme NW. of Brit. India, having in con- 
 nection with it Patidla, Bahdwalpur, and other minor native states, 
 besides Kashmir. The P. proper, the land of the five rivers, 
 Sutlej, Beas, Rdvi, Chenab, and Jehlam, which, uniting to form 
 the Panjnad (Punjnud), finally pour their waters into the Indus, 
 came into the hands of the British at the end of the Sikh war 
 in 1849, and under British rule is subdivided as shown in the 
 following table : — 
 
 
 Area 
 
 1 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Districts. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 per 
 
 per 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 in SQ. 
 m. 
 
 1868. 
 
 1881.2 
 
 1891. 
 
 Cent. 
 1881-91. 
 
 sq. m. 
 1891. 
 
 Delhi 
 
 1,290 
 
 609: 644 
 
 639 
 
 -0.8 
 
 495 
 
 Gurgaon . 
 
 1,984 
 
 697 642 
 
 669 
 
 4.2 
 
 337 
 
 Karnal 3 . 
 
 2,440 
 
 611 
 
 645 
 
 684 
 
 6.0 
 
 280 
 
 Hissar4 . 
 
 5.163 
 
 48s 
 
 673 
 
 776 
 
 '5-3 
 
 150 
 
 Rohtak . 
 
 1^797 
 
 537 
 
 554 
 
 590 
 
 6 
 
 329 
 
 SirsaS . 
 
 •• 
 
 211 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ambala 6 . 
 
 2>754 
 
 1.03s 
 
 1.033 
 
 1.033 
 
 0.1 
 
 375 
 
 Simla 
 
 102 
 
 34 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 1.8 
 
 437 
 
 Delhi .... 
 
 15.530 
 
 
 4.«33 
 
 4,436 
 
 4.8 
 
 286 
 
 Jalandhar 
 
 1.433 
 
 795 
 
 790 
 
 908 
 
 15-0 
 
 633 
 
 Hoshiarpur 
 
 2.244 
 
 939 
 
 901 
 
 1,012 
 
 12.2 
 
 451 
 
 Kangra . 
 
 9.574 
 
 744 
 
 731 
 
 763 
 
 4.4 
 
 80 
 
 Ludhiana 
 
 1.453 
 
 583 
 
 619 
 
 649 
 
 4.8 
 
 446 
 
 Firozpur 7 
 Jalandhar . 
 
 4.302 
 
 549 
 
 747 
 
 887 
 
 19.6 
 
 206 
 
 19,006 
 
 
 3,788 
 
 4,218 
 
 IX. I 
 
 222 
 
 Lahore 
 
 3.678 
 
 790 
 
 924 
 
 1,075 
 
 16.3 
 
 292 
 
 Amritsar . 
 
 1,601 
 
 1,084 
 
 893 
 
 993 
 
 II. 1 
 
 620 
 
 Giirdaspur 
 
 1,889 
 
 655 
 
 824 
 
 944 
 
 14.6 
 
 SCO 
 
 Multan . 
 
 6,079 
 
 472 
 
 552 
 
 631 
 
 14.4 
 
 104 
 
 Jhang 
 
 5.871 
 
 348 
 
 395 
 
 437 
 
 10.5 
 
 74 
 
 Montgomery . 
 
 5.754 
 
 359 
 
 427 
 
 500 
 
 17.1 
 
 87 
 
 Lahore 
 
 »4.87« 
 
 
 4,ois 
 
 4.580 
 
 14.1 
 
 184 
 
 Rawal Pindi . 
 
 4,844 
 
 7" 
 
 821 
 
 887 
 
 S.o 
 
 183 
 
 Jehlam . 
 
 3.995 
 
 501 
 
 589 
 
 609 
 
 3-3 
 
 152 
 
 Gujrat 
 
 2,051 
 
 616 689 
 
 761 
 
 10.4 
 
 37' 
 
 Shahpur . 
 
 4,840 
 
 369! 422 
 
 494 
 
 17.0 
 
 102 
 
 GujranwAla 
 
 3.017 
 
 551 
 
 617 
 
 690 
 
 11.9 
 
 229 
 
 Sialkot 
 
 1,991 
 
 1.955 
 
 1,012 
 
 1,120 
 
 10.6 
 
 562 
 
 Rawal Pindi 
 
 »o,738 
 
 
 4.150 
 
 4.561 
 
 9.9 
 
 220 
 
 Dera Ismail Khan . 
 
 9,440 
 
 395 
 
 442 
 
 486 
 
 10. 1 
 
 52 
 
 Dera Ghazi Khan . 
 
 5,606 
 
 309 
 
 363 
 
 404 
 
 II. 2 
 
 72 
 
 Bannu 
 
 3,847 
 
 288 
 
 333 
 
 372 
 
 12.0 
 
 97 
 
 Muzaffargarh . 
 
 3,422 
 
 296 
 
 339 
 
 381 
 
 12.6 
 
 III 
 
 Derajat 
 
 »».3iS 
 
 
 1,476 
 
 1,644 
 
 ^o-3 
 
 74 
 
 Peshawar 
 
 2.444 
 
 523 
 
 593 
 
 704 
 
 18,7 
 
 288 
 
 Haz^ra 
 
 2,991 
 
 367 
 
 407 
 
 5i6 
 
 26.8 
 
 173 
 
 Kohat . 
 
 2,771 
 
 145 
 
 182 
 
 203 
 
 II. 9 
 
 73 
 
 Peshawar . 
 
 8,206 
 
 1,036 
 
 1,181 
 
 i.4»3 
 
 20.S 
 
 »73 
 
 Baluch Transfrontier 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Total British Terr. . 
 
 110,667 
 
 17.63a' 
 
 '8,843 
 
 20,867 
 
 10.7 
 
 189 
 
 Patiala . 
 
 5.95' 
 
 
 1,467 
 
 1,584 
 
 8.0 
 
 266 
 
 Bahawalpur 
 
 17,285 
 
 
 573 
 
 650 
 
 11.6 
 
 38 
 
 Minor Native States 
 
 1 5.063 
 
 
 1,820 
 
 2.030 
 
 
 
 Total Native States 
 Grand Total . 
 
 38.299 
 
 
 3.861 
 
 4.»63 
 
 10.4 
 
 III 
 
 14s. 198 
 
 
 22,704 
 
 25.130 
 
 10.7 
 
 173 
 
 1 Including 17,600 Europeans and 3400 Eurasians in different dists. 
 
 2 Census i88i, the first conducted 'with adequate thoroughness and 
 detail.' Populations according to areas of 1891. 
 
 3 Karnal dist. enlarged since 1S81 by the transference of 214 sq. m. 
 from Ambala, but diminished by the transference of 54 sq. m. to Hissar. 
 
 ■* Hissar dist. enlarged since i88i by the transference of 1651 sq. m. 
 from Sirsa,_and 54 sq. m. from Karnal. 
 
 S Sirsa dist. abolished since 1881. 
 
 ^ Ambala dist. diminished by the transference of 214 sq. m. to Karnal. 
 
 7 Dist. Firozpur enlarged since 1881 by the transference of 1355 sq. m. 
 from Sirsa. 
 
 It consists mainly of the northern plains of the Indus, but some 
 portions of it advance into the Himalayan region, both on the 
 SW. and SE. of Kashmir. In the E. of the P. , and partly 
 also in the N W. Provs. , from the Beas to the Ganges, a range 
 of hills, called the Siwalik Hills, attaining at most a height of 
 3500 ft., runs parallel to the Himalayas, from which it is sepa- 
 rated by a line of valleys known as the Duns. Another note- 
 worthy feature of the prov. is the rough and broken tableland 
 in the NW. , in the angle between the Himalayas and the 
 Sulaiman Mts., bounded on the S. and SE. by the Salt Range, 
 which rises abruptly from the plains beneath to the height of 
 from 2000 to 5000 ft. This range, or rather southern escarpment 
 of the tableland, which owes its name to the enormous masses 
 
 4 K 
 
PUNJ — PURE 
 
 of rock-salt it contains (the largest known to exist anywhere), 
 first faces that part of the Jehlam which flows to the SW. , 
 and then trends W. to and across the Indus. The salt-works 
 supply the whole prov. with salt. The part of the plain which 
 lies to the E. of Lahore is almost the only part that has in 
 favourable years an adequate supply of rain for agriculture. 
 (For details as to the climate see, for the Himalayan region, 
 Murree, Simla ; for the NW. and N. plains, PeshAwar, 
 R4wal Pliidl, Sldlkot, Lahore, Lndhl&na ; for the eastern 
 plains, Dellil, Slrsa ; and for the SW. plains, Dera Ismiill 
 KliJln and MiklUIn). The part E. of Lahore, in consequence 
 of its more plentiful rainfall, though containing only about a 
 quarter of the entire area, has half the cultivated area, and nearly 
 half the population of the prov. , but its rainfall being precarious, 
 it is liable to disastrous failures of the crops. This was especi- 
 ally the case before the construction of the now numerous canals 
 of the region (Bari Doab, Sirhind, and Western Jumna canals). 
 Among the crops of this prov., wheat predominates to an 
 even greater extent than in the NW. Provs. , whereas rice is 
 grown only to a small extent, occupying much less than a 
 twentieth of the area devoted to grains and pulses generally. 
 There are numerous tea-gardens in Kumaun, especially in the 
 dist. of Kdmgra, the tea of which is now well known in the 
 English market. The Kulu valley, a part of Kangra dist. 
 containing the headwaters of the Beas, has a climate admir- 
 ably suited for the cultivation of the fruits and vegetables of 
 the temperate zone. The populous dists. in the N. of the 
 prov. are directly connected with the railway system of the 
 Ganges valley, and from this northern line two standard-gauge 
 railways branch southwards, one starting at Lahore and keeping 
 entirely to the S. of the Ravf, the other branching off at Lala 
 Musa, between the Chenib and the Jehlam, then crossing the 
 Jehlam and proceeding westwards on the S. of the Salt Range 
 as far as the Indus, and finally following the 1. bk. of that 
 river southwards. A branch from this railway runs N. to 
 Kheura, a village near the chief mines of the Salt Range. 
 These two railways now meet to the S. of Miiltin, on the 1. 
 bk. of the Chenab, and a single railway proceeds southwards 
 to Kardchi, in Sind. The principal towns in the order of 
 population are Delhi, Lahore (the cap.), and Amritsar, with 
 more than 100,000 inhabitants in 1891, Peshiwar, Ambdla, 
 Miiltdn, Rdwal Pindi, Jalandhar, PatiAla (native), Sialkot, 
 and Firozpur (with 50,000 to 100,000), and Ludhidna and 
 Bhiwdni (with 35,000 to 50,000). The prevailing languages are 
 Punjdbi in the N. , and the Brajbasha dialect of Hindu in 
 the E. The Jatki dialect of Sindhi is spoken in the SW. In 
 religion more than half the population of the British prov. are 
 Mohammedans, more than one-third Hindus, and about one- 
 fifteenth Sikhs, this being the population that contains the 
 great bulk of that sect. In the native states they make up 
 more than one-ninth of the population. See India, tables. 
 
 Pnnjkora, riv. and valley. See Panjkhora. 
 
 Pnnnae Observatory, Brit. India, dist. Tinnevelli, on the 
 S. ct. , 40 m. S. by W. Tinnevelli, 8 m. NE. Cape Comorin. 
 
 Pnnnett's Town, PMT. O. , Eng. , Sussex, 2 m. E. Heathfield. 
 
 Pnno, tn., Peru, cap. dep. P., on a large bay, 150 m. WNW. 
 La Paz. Immediately to the W. are silver-mines, formerly 
 worked, but now those only within 18 m. SW. of P. are worked. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Pnno, dep. , in the extreme SE. of Peru, including the Peru- 
 vian portion of Lake Titicaca, bounded on the N. by the Madre 
 de Dios ; cap. P. 
 
 Pnnta Arenas ('sand point'), tn. and free port, Chile, cap. 
 terr. Magallanes, on Magellan Strait, on the W. shore, about 
 the middle of the portion of the strait that runs from N. to S.; 
 coal mined. Principal capitalists and merchants Enghsh and 
 German ; centre of supplies for the various sheep-rearing stations 
 of Tierra del Fuego, southern Patagonia, and the Falkland Is. 
 Open roadstead. Good anchorage in 6-15 fathoms at about f 
 m. from shore. Vessels load and discharge by launches. Alt. 
 12,540 ft. Mean temp. (8 yrs. , 1853-61), yr. 43.0° F., Jan. 51.5°, 
 July 34.6° ; mean rfall. (8 yrs.), 22.55 '"• P- <20oo. 
 
 Pnnta Arenas, or Pnntarenas, seapt. tn., Costa Rica, on 
 the E. side of the Gulf of Nicoya, at the extremity of a tongue 
 of sand, in 9° 58' N. , 43 m. W. by N. San Jos6, connected by 
 rail with Esparta. P. A. is the chief port on the Pacific Ocean, 
 but is only a roadstead ; vessels drawing more than 6^ ft. anchor 
 2 m. from the shore. P. <50oo. 
 
 Pnnta Avarena, cape, isl. of Haiti, in the S. , in 71° W. 
 
 Pnnta Blauca Magra, cape, Italy, on the NW. ct., in 44° 3' 
 N. , 9 m. SE. by E. Spezia. 
 
 Pnnta Brava, cape, Uruguay, on the Rio de la Plata, in 
 56° 9' W. , about 2 m. SE. Montevideo. 
 
 Pnnta Callejones, cape, Peru, in about 10° 29' S. 
 
 Pnnta €ana, cape, W. Indies, republic Santo Domingo, m 
 the E. of the isl. of Saona, in 68° 35' W. 
 
 Pnnta Catuano, cape, W. Indies, republic Santo Domingo, 
 in the NW. of the isl. of Saona, in 68° 48' W. 
 
 Pnnta del Este ('East Cape'), cape, Uruguay, on the Rio 
 de la Plata, 67 m. E. Montevideo. 
 1250 
 
 Pnnta Delgada, cape, Argentine Republic, on the SE. of 
 the Valdes Penin. , in 42° 44' S. 
 
 Pnnta Delgada, cape, Mexico, on the E. ct. , in 19° 50' N. 
 
 Pnnta de Maquljata, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. San- 
 tiago. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pnnta de Zacate, isl.. Central America, in the Gulf of 
 Fonseca, belonging to the republic of Salvador. 
 
 Pnnta dos Salinas, capes. See Salinas. 
 
 Pnnta Engauo, cape, the eastern point of the isl. of Haiti. 
 
 Pnnta Espada, cape, isl. of Haiti, in the SE. , in 68° 28' W. 
 
 Pnnta Gorda, cape, Cuba, in the S., at the E. of the mouth 
 of the Gulf of Matamano, in 82° 12' W. 
 
 Pnnta Clorda, cape, Mexico, on the E. ct. , 7 m. NW. Vera 
 Cruz. 
 
 Pnnta Gorda, port, U.S., Florida, Manatee co. , on E. side 
 of Charlotte Harbour, Gulf of Me.vico, in 26° 55' N. , connected 
 by rail with Bartow, whence it receives phosphates for export ; 
 cannot be reached by vessels di^awing more than 11 ft. of water. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pnnta Gnanal, cape, W. Indies, Isle of Pines, in the SE., 
 in 82^° W. 
 
 Pnnta Gnanlco, cape, Cuba, on the N. ct. , in 74° 47' W. 
 
 Pnnta Marroqul, cape, on the Strait of Gibraltar, in the 
 extreme S. of Spain. 
 
 Pnnta Slatermlllos, cape, Cuba, in the N., in 77° 8' W. ; 
 lighthouse. 
 
 Pnntamba, municip. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 50 
 m. N. by W. Ahmadnagar. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pnnta HIlco (or Slono), or Monkey Point, cape, E. ct. of 
 Nicaragua, at N. end of Matina Bay, in 11° 35' N. 
 
 Pnnta Jfegra, W. Africa. See Polnte Noire. 
 
 Pnnta Paleuqne, cape, isl. of Haiti, in the S. , in 70° 9' W. 
 
 Pnnta Palo Seco, cape, isl. Porto Rico, in the SW., in 
 67° 8' W. 
 
 Pnnta Rassa, vil. and small port, U.S., Florida, Monroe 
 CO. , on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the Caloosahatchee 
 R. , in 26° 32' N. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 73.8° F. , Jan. 64.7°, 
 July 81.6°. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pnntarenas, dist. (comarca), Costa Rica, on W. ct. , cap. 
 Esparta. See Pnnta Arenas. 
 
 Pnnta Koja, isl. of Haiti. See Isa1>ela, Cape. 
 
 Pnnta RnMa, cape, Argentine Republic, in S. of state of 
 Buenos Aires, in 40° 36' S. 
 
 Pnnta Sabaneta, or Cape Tajado, cape, isl. of Haiti, in 
 the N. , in 69° 50' W. 
 
 Pnnta Slgnanelta, cape, W. Indies, Isle of Pines, in the 
 SE. , in 82° 22' W. 
 
 Pnntl, name given to a large proportion of the population of 
 the three southern provs. of China, Kwangtung, Kwangsi, and 
 Yiinnan, probably a mixed race descended from Chinese immi- 
 grants from the N. and aboriginals. 
 
 Pnutung, China. See Pntung. 
 
 Punxsntawney, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Jefferson co. , 62 
 m. NE. by E. Pittsburg ; coal mined here. P. <300o. 
 
 Puol, tn. , China. See Pnerli. 
 
 Pnplao, vil., China, prov. Yiinnan, dist. and 11 m. SW. 
 Yungchang-fu ; noted throughout the prov. for its sulphur 
 springs. 
 
 Pupnya, small seapt. , Chile, in 33° 58' S. , 70 m. S. by W. 
 Valparaiso. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pnqneldon, tn. , Chile, prov. Chilo6. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pnqnlo, vil., Peru, dep. Ayacucho, 145 m. WSW. Cuzco. 
 P. (with dist.)<;4000. 
 
 Pnqnlos, comm. , Chile, dep. and 31 m. NE. Copiapo ; 
 copper is mined here. Alt. 4500 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pur, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Muzaffarnagar, 41 
 m. N. by E. Meerut. P. (1891) 5500; Moham. 3200 ; Hindus, 
 2200. 
 
 Pwra, vil, Persia. See Tekre. 
 
 Pnrace, active volcano, Colombia, in the Andes, to the ESE. 
 of Popayan. Alt. about 15,420 ft. The vil. P. was destroyed 
 by an eruption in 1827. 
 
 Purakannl, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Waikouati co., 
 12 m. NE. Dunedin by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pnrall, riv., Baluchistan, flows S. into the Arabian Sea 
 (which it only reaches in flood), a little to the W. of the port of 
 Sonmiani. Length about 310 m. 
 
 Pnrandhar, sanitarium, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Poona, 
 in 18° 17' N., 74° 1' E. ; comprises two hill-forts. Alt. of Purand- 
 har Mt., above the plain 1700 ft., above the sea 4472 ft. 
 Pnrang, tn., Cambodia, 137 m. N. by E. Saigon. 
 Pnrbeck, Isle of, penin., Eng., Dorsetshire, between Poole 
 Harbour and the English Channel on the S. , terminating in St. 
 Alban's Head. It is traversed E. and W. by a lofty range of 
 chalk hills ; in the centre is Corfe Castle ; has excellent quarries 
 of stone known as Purbeck stone. Length, 12 m. ; breadth 
 about 7 m. 
 
 Pnrbeck Hill, hill, Eng. , Dorsetshire, Isle of Purbeck, 10 m. 
 SW. by W. Poole. 
 Pnrbrook, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div,, 5^ 
 
PURC — PUTI 
 
 m. NE. by N. Portsmouth, 2 m. NNE. Cosham stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <soo. 
 
 Piirchena, comm. , Spain, prov. and 35 m. N. by E. Almeria, 
 cap. dist. P. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Pnrdls Farm, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 4 m. 
 SE. Ipswich. P. <25o. 
 
 Fiirdy Islands, group, Ger. New Guinea, crossed by 2° 50' 
 S. , 146° 15' E. ; yield phosphates. 
 
 Pnrdysbum, P.O., Ire., N. co. Down, bar. Upper Castle- 
 reagh, 4 m. S. Belfast. 
 
 Pnrdytowii, vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Northumberland co. 
 P. <i50o. 
 
 Purfleet, eccles. par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., on the Thames, 
 7 m. SSE. Romford, on the London, Tilbury, and Southend 
 Rly. ; has a small pier for steamers, and a government powder 
 magazine. PMT.O. See Thurrock, West. 
 
 Purgstall, comm., Austria, crownland Lower Austria, dist. 
 Scheibbs, 35 m. E. Steyr. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pari, or Pooree, commonly Jagaiiniltli (Juggernauth), tn., 
 Brit. India, Bengal, dist. P. , 60 m. ENE. Ganjam, on the Bay 
 of Bengal. The port is simply an open roadstead. Vessels 
 load and discharge by surf boats. P. is one of the most sacred 
 places of the prov. , which for two thousand years has been the 
 ■holy land of the Hindus. It is the seat of the shrine of Jagan- 
 nath (Juggernaut), and consequently a great resort of pilgrims, 
 especially at the time of the great car festival, celebrated in June 
 or July, when upwards of 100,000 persons sometimes assemble 
 in the town, which is unhealthy. Cholera invariably breaks out 
 during this festival in spite of the sanitary measures taken to 
 lessen overcrowding and to prevent epidemics. Thousands of 
 pilgrims die upon the journey. P. (1891)28,800; Hindus, 28,500. 
 
 PiirlBcacloii, vil., Colombia, Tolima, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Magdalena, 80 m. SW. by W. Bogotd. P. (with dist.) 8800. 
 
 Pnrlscal, vil., Costa Rica, 17 m. SW. San Jos^. 
 , Pnrlton, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 3^ m. NNE. Bridg- 
 water, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Pnrkarec, comm. , Austria. See Bnrgholz. 
 
 Purkersdorf, tn., Austria, crownland Lower Austria, dist. 
 Sechshaus, 9 m. W. Vienna. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Pnrleigli, par., Eng., Esse.x, SE. div., 3 m. SSW. Maldon, 
 I m. N. by W. Cold Norton stn. , P. O. ; 5794 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Parley, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, Newbury div. , on the Thames, 
 3 m. NW. Reading, ij m. NW. Tilehurst stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Parley, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, 2i m. S. Croydon, on the 
 SE. R. and L. B. & S. C. R. (main line"), PMT.O. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Parmamarca, vil., Argentine Republic, Jujuy, 223 m. N. 
 Tucuman, 42 m. N. by W. Jujuy. 
 
 Purmerend, vil. , on the coast of Dutch Guiana, on the 1. 
 bk. of the Surinam R. , to the NE. of Paramaribo. 
 
 Parnierend, comm. , Holland, prov. N. Holland, 9 m. N. 
 Amsterdam. P. Canal, connecting P. with the harbour of 
 Amsterdam, has 567 ft. of quayage, and a depth, in the part 
 kept for sea-going vessels, of i8| ft. P. 5600. 
 
 Parngarli, port, Brit. India," Bombay, dist. Batnagiri, at the 
 mouth of Muchkundi R., 128 m. SSW. Poona. P. <sooo. 
 
 Parnlah (Pnrneah, census), tn., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. 
 dist. P., 50 m. NE. by N. Bhagalpur ; trade in jute. Subject 
 to severe epidemics of fever. Alt. 125 ft. Mean temp., yr. tj" 
 F., Jan. 62°, July 84°; mean rfall. , yr. 64.6 in., June-Sept. 54.4 
 in. P. (1891) 14,600; Hindus, 9600; Moham. 4800. 
 
 Parnlni, post-tn., Victoria, Villiers co., 8 m. N. by E. 
 Warranambool. P. < 1500. 
 
 Parple Moantaln, Ire., middle co. Kerry, near W. shore 
 of Lough Leane, one of the Macgillicuddy's Reeks, 6 m. WSW. 
 Killarney. Alt. 2739 ft. 
 
 Parsak, or Parsada, riv., Turkey in Asia, rises SE. of 
 Kutaia in vilayet Brussa, flows first N. then E. past Kutaia 
 and Eskishehr, and joins the Sakaria in 32° E. Length, 205 m. 
 
 Parsat, tn. , Cambodia, on the Arai, 220 m. NW. by W. 
 Saigon, about 8 m. W. of Lake Tale Sap, on the border of the 
 region ; liable to inundation ; cap. prov. P. 
 
 Parse Caundle, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 4 m. E. 
 Sherborne, 3^ m. W. Stalbridge stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Parstou Jaglln, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgold- 
 cross div., 2 m. SW. jPontefract, close to Featherstone stn., 
 PMT.O. (Fnrston). P. < 1500; eccles. par. (P. with S. 
 Featherstone) P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Pnrton, par., Eng. , Wiltshire, Cricklade div., 5 m. NW. 
 liy W. Swindon, on the G. W. R., PMT.O.; 6465 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Parnandlro de Calderon, comm. , Mexico, state of Michoa- 
 can, 40 m. NW. Morelia. P. 7000. 
 
 Pariiliii, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. dist. MAnbhum, 50 
 m. WSW. Raniganj. P. (1891) 12,100; Hindus, 9900; Moham. 
 1600. 
 
 Paras, riv, , S. America, rises by several headstreams in the 
 Gulf of Peru, and flows E. and NE. across a wedge of Bolivia 
 into Brazil, finally entering the Amazon in about 61° 25' W. , or 
 about 100 m. WSW. Manaos. A characteristic river of the 
 Amazonian plains, with endless windings, numerous side channels 
 Aigarapes), slight fall, no rapids. First explored nearly to its 
 
 source in 1864-65 by W. Chandless, who at a distance of 1847 
 ni. from the mouth found an alt. of only 1088 ft. (about 1000 
 ft. above the alt. at mouth). Steam navigation opened in 1869. 
 In high water steamers can ascend nearly to the source, but at 
 low water the limit of navigation for vessels of considerable size 
 is about 66° W. , occasional bars of sandstone in the bed of the 
 river causing shallows higher up. There is a population of 
 about 50,000 on its banks engaged in the indiarubber trade. 
 Chief trib. Aquiry (Acre). 
 
 Parushottapur, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 12 m. 
 NW. by W. Ganjam ; noted for the Pillar of Tougodo (4 m. 
 N.), bearing an Edict of Asoka (probably about 250 B.C.), and 
 enclosed in a rampart-mound locally known as the Lac Fort. 
 P. (i89i)<:5ooo. 
 
 Parvokarta, tn. , Java, 45 m. E. Buitenzorg. 
 
 Purvorejo, tn., Java, 27 m. W. by N. Jokjokarta. 
 
 PurMji, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Unao, 28 m. E. Cawn- 
 pur ; noted for shoes and leather work. P. (1891) 10,500; 
 Hindus, 7700 ; Moham. 2800. 
 
 Piksad, tn., Brit. India, Berar, dist. Basim, 72 m. SSW. 
 Amraoti. P. (1891)5100; Hindus, 4000 ; Moham. 1000. 
 
 Pasan, another form of Fasau, port, Korea. 
 
 Paschlav, tn. , Switzd. See Poschlavo. • 
 
 PasesiivU, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Sdtara, 80 m. S. 
 by E. Poona. P. (i89i)<5ooo. 
 
 Pasey, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 9 m. W. Abingdon, 
 4 m. E. Faringdon. P. <:25o. 
 
 Pashkar, tn., Brit. India, Ajmere-Merwara, Rajputana, in 
 26^° N. , 74° 36' E ; the only town in India with temple to 
 Brahma. No living thing may be put to death within the 
 limits of the town. Great fair, annually attended by about 
 100,000 pilgrims, who bathe in the sacred lake. Alt. 2389 ft. 
 P. (i89i)<:5O0o. 
 
 Pashpa-glrl, peak, Brit. India, Madras, dist. S. Kanara, 
 on the NW. boundary of Coorg, in 12° 40' N. , 75° 44' E. 
 Annual fair attracts large numbers of people. Alt. 5626 ft. 
 
 Pusht*hajlkhak, pass, Afghanistan. See Bamlan. 
 
 Pasla, tn. , Brit. India, Berar, dist. Amrdoti. P. 5700 ; 
 Hindus, 5200. 
 
 Paslinch, vil., Canada, Ontario, Wellington co. , 17^ m. 
 NW. by N. Hamilton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pitspokfiirdo ('bishop's bath'), watering-place, Hungary, 
 CO. Bihar, 7 m. NNW. Grosswardein. 
 
 Piispok LadAny, comm., Hungary, co. Hajduken, 28 m. 
 SW. by W. Debreczen. P. 9800. 
 
 Paster-thai, the valley which forms the main line of com- 
 munication E. to W. (now by rail as well as road) in the SE. 
 of the Tirol, Austria, between Lienz and Bruneck ; drained E. 
 by the Drave, W. by the Rienz (trib. Eisack), whose basins are 
 separated only by a low water-parting. See Alps, Passes, 
 IV. (3). 
 
 Pastozersk, tn., Russia, govt. Archangel, near Pechora R., 
 65 m. above its mouth ; exports fishery products. Place of 
 exile of Matveyev and Golitsin in 17th century. P. < 1000. 
 
 Pustyil, Russian, ' monastery or convent in a secluded place.' 
 
 Pustynya, Russian, 'desert.' 
 
 Paszta (pusta), name given to the great plain of Hungary. 
 See Haugary. 
 
 Pataeado, tn. , Chile, prov. Aconcagua, 195 m. SSE. Co- 
 quimbo, 10 m. NNW. San Felipe, cap. dep. P. P. <3000. 
 
 Pataendo, riv. , Chile, r. bk. trib. of the Rio Aconcagua. 
 
 Patai, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, on the r. bk. of the 
 Hwang-ho, 140 m. SSE. Tientsin. 
 
 Patbas, market -vil. and watering-place, Prussia, Pomer- 
 ania, on S. ct. of isl. of Riigen, 15 m. E. by N. Stralsund. 
 Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 45.4° F., Jan. 30.8°, July 62.9°. P. 
 < 2000. 
 
 Pateaax, comm., France, dep. Seine, arr. St. Denis, on 1. 
 bk. of the Seine, 11 m. W. Paris ; printing and dyeing of 
 cottons, and manufacture of dyes. P. 17,500. 
 
 Ptiteoli, tn., Italy. See Pozzaoll. 
 
 Patford, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Devon- 
 shire, Barnstaple div. , on the 1. bk. of the Torridge, 8^ m. SW. 
 by S. Bideford, P.O. (Patford). East P., P. <25o; West P., 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Pathal, people of the Laotian stock, occupying that portion 
 of Annamite Laos included in the basin of the Bang-fay, 1. bk. 
 trib. of the Mekong. 
 
 Pathlsat, same as Parsat [q.v.], tn. , Cambodia. 
 
 PatI, tn., Brazil. See Potl. 
 
 Putlgnauo, comm. , Italy, Apuha, prov. and 23 ra. SE. by 
 S. Bari. P. 12,100. 
 
 Patllovo, vil., Russia, govt. St. Petersburg, on S. ct. of 
 Lake Ladoga, 20 m. ESE. from Schliisselburg ; limestone 
 quarries for the capital. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Pat-in* Bay, isl., U.S., Oregon, Ottawa co., in Lake Erie; 
 fashionable summer resort ; grape culture carried on. Area 
 about 2000 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pativl, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 134 m. WSW. Kursk, 
 on the high bank of the Seim, 10 m. N. of Kiev- Kursk Rly.; old 
 
 1251 
 
PUTL — PWLL 
 
 historical town ; trade in corn, cattle, hemp, linen, and manu- 
 factured goods. P. 12,600. 
 
 Putley, par., Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , 9 m. E. by S. 
 Hereford, 2^ m. S. by W. Ashperton stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Pntlitz, tn., Ger. , Prussia, prov. and 63 m. NNW. Branden- 
 burg, circle Westpriegnitz. P. < 2000. 
 
 Pntna, riv. , Roumania, r. bk. affluent of the Sereth, which 
 it joins 27 m. WNW. Galatz ; gives name to a prov. which it 
 traverses (cap. Focsani) ; very rapid. Length, 81 m. 
 
 Pntuani, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Windham co., 40 m. N. 
 by E. New London. P. 6500. 
 
 Pntuani, co. , U.S., Florida, S. of 30° N., crossed in the W. 
 by 82° W. 
 
 Pntuam, co., U.S., Georgia, N. of 33° N., and between 83° 
 and 84° W. 
 
 Pntuam, co., U.S., Illinois, W. of 89° W., and N. of 41° N. 
 
 Pntuani, co., U.S., Indiana, S. of 40° N., and just to E. of 
 87° W. 
 
 Pntuani, co. , U.S., Missouri, on the N. frontier, crossed by 
 93° W. 
 
 Putnam, co., U.S., New York, between the Hudson R. 
 and the E. frontier, S. of 41 J° N. 
 
 Pntuam, co. , U.S., Ohio, in the NW., crossed by 41° N. , 
 and in the E.. by 84° W. 
 
 Pntuam, co., U.S., Tennessee, W. of 85° W., N. of 36° N. 
 
 Pntuam, co. , U.S., W. Virginia, N. 0^38° N., crossed in 
 the extreme NW. by 82° W. ; traversed by the Great Kanawha 
 R. ; with coal-mines. 
 
 Pntuey, suburb of London, Eng. , Wandsworth div., on the 
 r. bk. of the Thames, 6 m. SW. by W. St. Paul's, London, on 
 the L. & SW. R. and (East P.) the District Rly. The Univer- 
 sity boat-race course is in the immediate vicinity, and rowing 
 and sailing matches are often held here. Pntuey Heath, i m. 
 S. by W. Putney, close to Southfields stn. 
 
 Pntuey, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Windham co. , on the Connec- 
 ticut R., 46 m. SSE. Rutland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pntuey Bridge, stn., Eng., London. See Fnlliam. 
 
 Pntuey Bridge, stn., Eng., Middlesex, on the Thames, and 
 the Metropolitan District Rly. , opposite Putney. 
 
 Pnttalam, or Patlam, vil. , Ceylon, NW. prov., on the W. 
 ct., 75 m. NW. Kandy. Identified by Col. Yule with Bettelar, 
 a pearl-fishing centre mentioned by Marco Polo. P. 5000. 
 
 Pntte, comm., Belgium, prov. Antwerp, arr. and 7 m. NE. 
 Malines. P. < 5000. 
 
 Pntteu, comm. , Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the Zuider 
 Zee, 6 m. S. Harderwijk. P. 5100. 
 
 Pntteu, former isl., Holland, prov. S. Holland, separated 
 from the Hoeksche Waard by the Spui, now forming the E. 
 portion of P. and Voorne I., from the W. or Voorne portion of 
 which it is separated by the Voorne Canal. 
 
 Pntteiiltam, par. , Eng. , in the extreme W. of Hertfordshire, 
 Watford div., 4^ m. E. Aylesbury, i^ m. SE. Marston Gate stn. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Pntteuliam, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 4^ m. WSW. 
 Guildford, 2^ m. SE. Ashgreen stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Piittllngeu, tn., Ger., govt, of Alsace-Lorraine, circle For- 
 bach, 35 m. E. by S. Metz, 7 m. SW. by W. Saargemiind. 
 P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Pnttllugen, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 34 m. S. by E. Treves, 
 circle and 7 m. NW. Saarbriick. P. 5400. 
 
 Pntn, tn. , Chile, prov. Talca, 10 m. N. Constitucion. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Pntn, small isl. off the E. ct. of China, at the S. extremity 
 of the entrance to Hangkow Bay, 2^ m. E. of the eastern point 
 of the large island Chusan, in 30° 10' N. 
 
 Pntnmayo, or lea, riv. , S. America, Colombia and Brazil, 
 flows ESE. from the base of the Andes, on which it has 
 numerous headstreams, winds very circuitously through perfectly 
 flat country, and joins the Amazon 1. bk. a little to the E. of 68" 
 W. Its whole coiu-se is free from rapids, and at high water 
 forms an excellent waterway almost to the Andes ; at low water, 
 however, numerous sandbanks impede navigation. The lower 
 portion of the P. was partially surveyed in 1879 by Crevaux. 
 Width above mouth, 820-2300 ft. ; navigable for steamers to 
 Cuemby, 600 m. in a straight line from its mouth. 
 
 Pntnng, or Pnntnug, suburb of Shanghai, China, S. of the 
 town on the r. bk. of the Wusung. 
 
 Piktz, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on riv. Erft, circle Bergheim, 
 22 m. W. by N. Cologne. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Pntzlg, comm., Prussia, prov. W. Pnissia, 26 m. NNW. 
 Danzig, on the W. shore of Pntzlger Wlek (bay), in the NW. 
 of Danzig Bay. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pnxton, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 5^ m. ENE. 
 Weston-super-Mare, 2 m. from its stn. on G. W. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Pny, le, tn. , cap. dep. Haute- Loire, France, arr. Le Puy, 
 a little above its confluence with the Loire, 37 m. SW. St. 
 Etienne ; seat of a bishop. The chief industry of P. from time 
 ■immemorial has been the manufacture of lace and guipure. 
 P. 20,300. 
 
 Pnyallnp, tn. , U.S., Washington, Pierce co., on Puyallup 
 1252 
 
 R. , 7 m. SE. Tacoma ; valley noted for its hop)-gro\ving. 
 P. < 2000. 
 Pnyeerda, comm., Spain. See Pnlgcerda. 
 
 Pny-de-Dome, dep., central France, formed chiefly from 
 Auvergne, with small parts of Bourbonnais and Lyonnais ; 
 divided into five arrs. : Clermont (cap.), Ambert, Issoire, Riom, 
 and Thiers. Surface mostly mountainous plateaux, separated 
 into E. and W. sections by the Limagne valley, traversed S. to 
 N. by the Allier. The principal mountains are, in the W. , the 
 Monts Dore, formed of trachyte and basalt, and culminating in 
 Puy-de-Sancy (6190 ft.), the highest point in the dep. and in 
 central France ; the Dome Mts. , N. of the Dore, a mass of over 
 60 volcanic cones (' puys'), rising from a plateau of about 3300 
 ft. ; highest point Puy-de-D6me (4813 ft.), which gives its name 
 to the dep. ; the Liguet Mts. , SE. of the Dore, form a link with 
 the mountains of Cantal. In the E. section the granitic moun- 
 tains of Forez (Pierre-sur-Haute, 5380 ft.), with their N. con- 
 tinuation, the Bois Noir, extend along the E. frontier ; SE. the 
 Monts Dolore, a branch of the Forez, rise to about 3300 ft., 
 lowest point of dep. (880 ft.), where the Allier leaves it, in N. 
 The Limagne, noted for its fertility, forms a narrow valley S. of 
 Clermont, but northward widens to 12 m. The dep. belongs 
 mainly to the basin of the Loire, through the Allier ; a small 
 portion in the SW. is drained to the Garonne by the Dordogne, 
 The principal tribs. of the Allier are, r. bk. Dore ; 1. bk. the 
 Couzes (a group of three primary and several secondary streams), 
 Morge, and, beyond the dep., Sioule, which drains much of the 
 NW. ; the Cher, on the NW. frontier, receives a few streams. 
 Climate very varied ; rainfall, slight in Limagne, considerable 
 in the mountainous districts [Clermont-Ferraud], Forests 
 occur on the mountains. Agriculture is carried on chiefly in the 
 valleys, and to a less extent to a height of about 4000 ft. Of 
 cereals, the principal is rye, then wheat and oats ; the vine (of 
 which the production is slightly below the average for France) 
 is cultivated on the lower hill-slopes around Chanturgues, Cler- 
 mont, Chateldon, Chauriat, &c. ; other crops are forage roots and 
 a little hemp. The most important mineral is coal, belonging 
 to three basins, worked chiefly at Combelle (Brassac coal- 
 field), Meisseix (Bourg-lastic), Montaigut (Saint Eloy) ; argenti- 
 ferous lead (Pontgibaud) and precious stones are also found. 
 Area, 3090 sq. m. P. (1891) 564,300. See I'rauce, table. 
 
 Pny-de-D6me, celebrated mountain of central France, in the 
 dep. to which it gives name, 5 m. W. Clermont. The astro- 
 nomical post on the summit is in 45° 46' 28" N., and 2° 57' 56" 
 E. Pascal and P^rier made here the first observations on the 
 weight of the atmosphere, in 1641 and 1648, and in 1876 a 
 meteorological observatory was erected. Alt. 4813 ft. Mean 
 temp. (12 yrs., 1878-89), yr. 37.9° F., Dec. 27.0°, July 51.4°; 
 rfall. 62 in. 
 
 Pnyeline, pass across the Andes on the borders of Chile 
 and Argentina, in 40° 36' S. , on the road from Osorno to Lake 
 Nahuel Huapi. Alt. 5000 ft. The road from Osorno passes 
 the village of P. at the W. end of the Chilean Lake of P. (15 
 by 4 to 6 m.; alt. 500 ft.; drained NW. by the Pilmaiquen). 
 
 Pnylanrens, comm., France, dep. Tarn, arr. and 12 m. W. 
 by S. Castres. P. was one of the most strongly fortified places 
 of Albigenses from the 12th to the 17th century ; was abandoned 
 and dismantled after 1229, and again fortified in the i6th cen- 
 tury. P. <2000. 
 
 Pny I'Ev^ne, tn., France, dep. Lot, on the Lot, arr. Cahors, 
 33 m. NE. Agen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Pnymlrol, tn. , France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, arr. and 8 m. 
 E. by S. Agen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pnys, or Pnlts, vil. and bathing-place, France, dep. Seine- 
 Inf^rieure, 2 m. E. Dieppe. Dumas, the elder, died here in 
 
 1870. P. <20OO. 
 
 Pny 8alut Audr^, vil., France, dep. Hautes-Alpes, arr., 
 cant. , and 2^ m. SW. Brian9on ; has deposits of anthracite. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Pny $alut Gnlmler, vil., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. 
 Riom, cant, and 5 m. SSW. Pontaumur ; has deposits of 
 anthracite. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pnzol, comm., Spain, prov. and 13 m. NNE. Valencia, dist. 
 Sagunto. P. <4000. 
 
 Pnzzlehello, vil, Corsica, arr. Corte, 35 m. ENE. Ajaccio; 
 has bathing establishment of cold saline and sulphureous waters. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 FHvll, Welsh, ' a marsh,' ' pool.' See Poll. 
 
 Pwll, P.O., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 2 m. from Llanelly. 
 
 Pwllcrocbau, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, i\ m. SE. Mil- 
 ford. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Pwllglas, P.O., Wales, co. and 8 m. SE. Denbigh. 
 
 Pwllheli, mun. bor. (since Edward the Black Prince), seapt., 
 and market-tn. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, in the Carnarvon pari, 
 dist. of bor., and 19 m. SSW. Carnarvon, in the diocese of 
 Bangor, on Cardigan Bay, branch terminus of Cambrian Rly. 
 The harbour admits vessels of 400 tons. Sett-making is a 
 considerable local industry ; but the town is chiefly noted as a 
 rising watering-place. It unites with Carnarvon, &c., to return 
 one member to Parliament. There are many fairs held. 
 
PVVLL — PYRE 
 
 Market-days, W. and S. P. is a sub-port to Carnarvon. 
 Copper, lead, manganese, and zinc ores are found in the neigh- 
 bourhood. P. (i89i)<35oo. 
 
 PwUypant, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div,, on the 
 L. & NW. R., 9 m. N. by W. Cardiff; coal mined. P.O. 
 
 Pyalong, post-tn. , Victoria, Dalhousie co. , 43 m. SE. by E. 
 Sandhurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pya-pnn, tn. , Lower Burma, dist. Thon-gwa, on the Pya- 
 pon, 46 m. SW. by S. Rangoon. P. (sea-fishing) < 5000. 
 
 Pyaslua, or Pyaslda, riv., Russia, Arctic Siberia, issues 
 from several lakes on NE. of Turukhansk, flows N. and NW. 
 through Lake P., and continues N., its total length exceeding 
 350 m. ; enters Arctic Ocean under 73^° N., to the NE. of the 
 Yenisei, into the large P. Bay, dotted with Syevero-Vostochnyie 
 and Kamennyie Is. , having the Sukhanovskoye Zimoviye on the 
 NE. ct. ; covered with ice for 9I months ; receives the Dudypta 
 from the right. 
 
 Pyatigorsk, dist. tn., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Terek, 
 145 m. by rail NW. Vladikavkaz, at the foot of the Mashuka 
 and Beshtau Mts. ; renowned for its hot sulphureous mineral 
 waters, of which there are fifteen springs ; well built ; visited 
 every year by thousands of patients. Mean rfall. (18 yrs.), yr. 
 21.7 in., April-Sept. 16.9 in. P. 16,500. 
 
 Pyatllzbyanskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, prov. of Don, on 
 r. bk. Don, 10 m. SW. from Kalach port, and terminus of Volga- 
 Don Rly. ; considerable shipping. P. 13,420. 
 
 Pyatt, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, bounded on the N. by 45° N. , 
 crossed by 101° W. , bounded on the E. by the Missouri R. , and 
 partly traversed by the Big Cheyenne R. 
 
 Pye Bridge, stn., Eng. , on borders of Derbyshire and 
 Nottinghamshire, on the M. R., 8 m. SW. Mansfield, P.O. 
 
 Pyeconil)e, or Plecoiut»e, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Lewes div. , 5^ 
 m. N. by W. Brighton, 2 m. SSW. Hassocks stn. , P.O. P.<;50o. 
 
 Pye Hill, stn., Eng., on borders of Derbyshire and Not- 
 tinghamshire, on the G. N. R., between Codnor Park and 
 Pinxton stns. 
 
 Pyeng-dayay, vil., Burma, dist. Thon-gwa, 80 m. SSE. 
 Bassein. 
 
 Pye's Corners, vil. , Canada. See Cornwall. 
 
 Pyhra, comm. , Austria, crownland Lower Austria, dist. St. 
 Polten, 32 m. W. by S. Vienna. P. < 3000. 
 
 Pylnniaua, tn., Upper Burma, 90 m. NE. by N. Prome, 
 225 m. by rail N. Rangoon. P. (1891) 12,900 ; Buddhists, 
 10,400. 
 
 Pyle, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div., 10^ m. SSE. 
 Neath, on the G. W. R.; coal mined. PMT.O. P. <iooo; 
 eccles. par. (P. wltb Kenflg) P. < 1500. 
 
 Pylle, par., Eng.,, Somerset, E. div., 6 m. SE. by S. Wells, 
 on the M. R. and L. & SW. R., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Pylonjaw, vil. , Upper Burma, 60 m. S. by W. Pagan. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Pylos, tn. , Greece. See Navartno and Neokastron. 
 
 Pymoor, P.O., Eng., Cambridgeshire, 6 m. NW. Ely. 
 
 Pj^amid Hill, post-tn. , Victoria, Gunbower co. , 35 m. W. 
 by N. Ecchuca. P. < 1500. 
 
 Pyramid Lake, U.S., Nevada, in the NW. , 50 m. NNE. 
 Carson City, 30 m. long, by 4-13 m. wide. It has no outlet, 
 but receives the surplus waters of Lake Tahoe by the Truckee R. 
 Alt. 4890 ft. (Pac. R.R. Reports). 
 
 Pyramid Peak, mt., U.S., California, in 120° W., and S. 
 of 39° N. 
 
 Pyramns, riv. , Asia Minor. See Jilinn. 
 
 Pyrenees (from Celtic (JzVew, ' high pastures'), a name applied, 
 in its widest sense, to a mountain chain (650 m. long) stretch- 
 ing from the Atlantic (Cape Finisterra) in Galicia to the Medi- 
 terranean (Cape Greus) in Catalonia (between 42°-43° N. lat. ). A 
 considerable depression (1600-3000 ft. , between Tolosa and Pam- 
 pelona) and a change of direction in the Atlantic coast of Europe 
 (from NW.-SE. to SW.-NE.) naturally divide the P. into two 
 sections : the W. (see Cantabrlan Monutalns) and the E. 
 or P. proper, which stretch (for 350 m. ) from sea to sea, across 
 the isthmus, uniting the Iberian penin. to continental Europe 
 (in a general direction W. 8° 28' 25" N.) at a mean alt. of 4000 
 ft. , with a width of from 40 m. in the W. to 100 m. in the E. , 
 and covering a surface of 21,000 sq. m. (two-thirds on the S. 
 Spanish slope, with 3 per cent, inclination ; one-third on the N. 
 French slope, with 7 per cent.). The rivs. Adour, Garonne, 
 Aude, and Tet are the collecting channels of the torrents 
 [^gaves) in the upper parts of the N. slope ; the Nevion, Ebro, 
 Llobregat, and Ter those of the southern. All lands above 6500 
 ft. are in the centre of the chain (between the Saison, N. , and 
 Ezca, S., 1° W. long., and rivs. Boules-Tet, N. , and Ample - 
 Tech, S., 2° 30' E. long.). All the highest peaks (puygs) are on 
 the Spanish side (Marmor^, 11,000 ft.; Monte Perdido, 11,000 
 ft. ; Posets, 11,040 ft. ; Anethou, at Maladeta, the highest, 
 1 1 , 168 ft. ). The chain is formed by a series of parallel orographic 
 folds (NW.-SE., Larrun - Visaurin - Tendenera, Aran, &c. ), 
 intersected, at acute angles, by another series of ridges (NE.- 
 SW. , Andorra, Canigou-Cadi, &c. ), the two series enclosing 
 many secluded areas which were once lakes {cirques). The 
 
 Alb^res (at the E. extremity of the chain) show both dominant 
 directions (the SE. , to the Cape of Creus, and on the SW. of 
 the Gulf of Lyons ; the NE. appearing in the mountains of Pro- 
 vence). From 30 to 40 m. S. of the principal mass other inter- 
 secting folds are seen (3000-6000 ft. alt. ), enclosing the beds of 
 three old lakes (a. Orba-Guara-Cancias ; b. Balcez-Montsech- 
 Cadi ; c. Monserrat-Monseny). On the N. side of the P. signs 
 of the same disposition are still to be seen (Salies de B6am, 
 Petites-Pyr^n^es). Most geological formations are parallel to 
 the general direction of the chain (N.), NW. to SE. (W.), or 
 SW. to NE. (E. ). The central part and almost all the highest 
 regions are now formed by Archaean and Palaeozoic rocks 
 (granites and schists). Some Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic 
 sediments are to be seen in the N. , more extensively developed 
 in the W. , and embrace, in an angle open to the E. , two con- 
 siderable zones of the Cretaceous formation, followed S. by 
 a large zone of Eocene, and, still more to the S., by a larger 
 one of Miocene. Some volcanic rocks in the SE. extremity of 
 the chain (Olot). The snow-line reaches down to about 10,000 ft. 
 on the S. slope, and 9000 ft. on the N. The glaciers (N. and 
 NW. ) are very small (the most important i to 2 m. long, i m. 
 wide), and are gradually retiring. Numerous lakes (5000 ft. to 
 8500 ft. alt. ) in the granitic districts. The minerals include iron 
 (Andorra, Bielsa, Gisesani, S.; Ferrierl, Vicdesors, N.), lead, 
 silver, copper, nickel, cobalt (Aure, Bielsa, &c. ), gold (Oriege, 
 Ariege), coal (San Juan de las Abadesas, S. ; Durban, Segure, 
 N.) ; very good marbles (from Louvie to Saint B6at in Bagnferes- 
 de-Bigorre). Many famous mineral waters (Cauterets, Bigorre, 
 Luchon, Salies, Encausse, Eaux- Bonnes, Salies-de-B6arn, &c. ). 
 N. and W. the climate is Atlantic (wet ; rfall. 59 in.), S. and E. it 
 is Mediterranean (dry ; rfall. 10 in. ). The limits of the perpetual 
 snow and of the zones of vegetation rise from W. to E. and from 
 N. to S. The characteristic plants from the lowest zones up to 
 10,000 ft. are olive-trees, vines, chestnuts, coniferae [Abies, Pinus), 
 birches, rhododendrons, junipers (up to 9200 ft.), lichens. Trees 
 ascend to 6000 ft. N. , 7500 ft. S. Among the animals are Capra 
 ibex and C. pyrenaica, and Antilocapra rupicapra (chamois, 
 isard), the first very rare. Population is decreasing. Toulouse, 
 Bordeaux, on the Garonne ; Saragossa, Barcelona, in the Ebro 
 valley, are the commercial emporia of the P. Two railways 
 cross the P. at their two extremities. All the passes [cols) on 
 the central chain are very high (6500-10,000 ft.); but Col 
 de Velate has less than 3000 ft. , and there are others with less 
 than 2000 ft. By the Perthus Pass (Perpignan to Gerona, 950 
 ft.) Hannibal entered Gaul in 218 B.C. See Andorra, Spain, 
 France. [J. B. B.] 
 
 Pyrenees, mt. range, Victoria, near the sources of the Wim- 
 mera and Avoca Rivs., which form, for some distance, a portion 
 of the Dividing Range, and then trend N. 
 
 Pyr^n^es, Basses-, maritime dep. , SW. France, formed out 
 of ancient provs. B^arn, Navarre, and Gascogne ; divided into 
 five arrs. : Pau (cap.), Bayonne, Maul^on, Oloron, and Orthez. 
 Coast-line (19 m.) bordered by rocky cliffs, and indented by 
 numerous creeks. The Pyrenees, from which the dep. is named, 
 form the S. frontier, increasing the elevation towards the E. 
 Amongst the principal summits are Pic d'Anie (8215 ft.), 
 marking the E. limit of the Basques, Pic du Midi d'Ossau 
 (9465 ft.), and Pic de Palais or Cuje de Palais (9765 ft.), the 
 culminating point of the dep., on the frontier of Hautes- 
 Pyr6n6es. The range in this dep. contains 26 passes, including 
 the Port d'Ibaiieta or Pass of Roncevaux. From the main 
 chain several spurs stretch N. , enclosing valleys (Baigorry, 
 Soule, Bar^tous, Ossau, &c. ), which form a characteristic 
 feature of the dep. With the exception of a few coast-streams, 
 and the upper valley of the Irati (sub-affluent of Ebro), the dep. 
 belongs to the basin of the Adour, on NW. frontier. Its prin- 
 cipal trib. is the Gave de Pau with the Gave d'Oloron (both 
 subject to dangerous floods) ; other tribs. are Bidouze and 
 Nive (both navigable for a short distance), and several small 
 streams in the NW. As regards geological formation, Cambrian 
 and Silurian rocks predominate in the mountains, flanked N. 
 by Cretaceous formations which stretch to the Adour ; along the 
 Gave de Pau are Tertiary and Quaternary deposits. Forests 
 cover about one-fifth of the surface, principally in upper valleys 
 (Ossau, Iraty, Isseaux, Hal9arte, &c.). The most important 
 cereal is maize, which forms the basis of the native food-supply ; 
 next wheat ; the vine is cultivated in dists. around Pau, Garlin, 
 &c. , but the production per acre is less than half the average 
 for France ; little flax is grown ; chestnuts are plentiful. Salt 
 is mined at Larralde Villefranque, and there are salt-springs at 
 Salies-de-B6arn ; other mineral springs are numerous. Of the 
 inhabitants, about one-fourth are Basques {q.v.)\ in some of 
 the higher valleys "(Chibitoua) is a tribe called Cagots, supposed 
 to be of Gothic descent. Area, 2978 sq. m. P. (1891) 425,000. 
 See France, table. 
 
 Pyr^n^es, Hautes-, frontier dep., SW. France, formed 
 of parts of Gascogne (chiefly Bigorre, also N6bouzan and 
 Quatre Valines, with small portions of Armagnac and Astarac), 
 divided into three arrs.: Tarbes (cap.), Argeles, and Bagneres- 
 de-Bigorre. The surface comprises three distinct regions — 
 
 1253 
 
PYRE — QUAP 
 
 mountains in the S. , plains in the N. , plateau in the E. The 
 mountainous region, marked off by the upper courses of the 
 Gave and Neste, includes the highest summits in the French 
 Pyrenees ; spurs stretching N. enclose valleys presenting in the 
 higher parts every variety of scenery, and in the lower well- 
 cultivated fields. In the W. , Vignemale (10,820 ft.), the cul- 
 minating point, dominates the famous valley of Caaterets ; 
 further E. is the calcareous group, in which are excavated the 
 Cirques of Gavarnie, Estaubie, and Troumouse ; then the 
 mountain-knot, crowned by the Pic de N^ouville (10,145 f*-)' 
 whence a series of lofty summits, including the Pic du Midi de 
 Bigorre (9440 ft.), extend NE. of the upper Gave valley. The 
 plateau of Lannemezan, which occupies the NE. part, is a 
 desolate region, swept in winter by terrible snow-storms, but of 
 geographical importance as the centre, whence radiate, in a 
 series of ' fans,' the head-streams of the Pyrenean region. The 
 region of the plains consists properly of the last low hills of the 
 Pyrenees with intervening valleys. The dep. belongs chiefly to 
 the basin of the Adour, which rises in the S. and flows N. for 
 51 m. ; it receives no tribs. of importance in the dep., but 
 beyond it is joined by the Arros and Gave de Pau, both of which 
 rise in the dep. The Garonne, on the SE. frontier, receives the 
 drainage of a small area, partly by the Neste. Mesozoic forma- 
 tions flank the primary and granitic rocks of the Pyrenees, while 
 Tertiary and Quaternary deposits extend northward. The 
 principal forests are those of the Neste d'Aure, Gave de 
 Cauterets, Azun, &c. The most important cereals are wheat 
 and maize, cultivated in the valleys and on the slopes of the 
 mountains ; the former to the alt. of 3935 ft. , and the latter to 
 1310 ft. The vine is grown chiefly in the dists. of Maderan 
 and Peyriguere, but the production per acre is only about half 
 the average for France. Other products are tobacco and flax 
 (both limited), and chestnuts. The dep. is noted for its numerous 
 mineral springs. Area, 1750 sq. m. P. (1891) 225,900. See 
 France, table. 
 
 Pyr^n^es-Orlentales, maritime and frontier dep., S. France, 
 owes its name to its situation at the E. extremity of the Pyrenees ; 
 formed chiefly from the prov. of Roussillon (Capsir, Conflant, 
 Vallespir, Cerdagne, and Val de Carol or Qu6rol), and Langue- 
 doc (Sournia and Fenouillet) ; divided into three arrs. : Per- 
 pignan (cap.), C6ret, and Prades. Surface mountainous, 
 except in the E. , where the plain of Roussillon stretches inland 
 from the coast. Granite, gneiss, and schists flanked by Cambrian 
 predominate in the former region ; Quaternary and Tertiary 
 deposits in the plain. The coast (about 40 m.) is bordered by 
 sandbanks, enclosing lagoons, of which the principal are Leucate 
 or Salses, and Saint Nazare or Canet. The culminating point of 
 the dep. , Puig de Carhtte (9585 ft. ), rises in a spur of the Pyrenees, 
 which terminates in a plateau at the Col de la Perche (5320 ft.). 
 The frontier range divides at Roque-Colomb into two branches, 
 the Canigou trending NE. and culminating in Mount Canigou 
 (9135 ft. ), and the Al&res SE. along the frontier to Cape Cerb^re, 
 highest point Pic de Costabonne (8130 ft.). This range, abrupt 
 on the French side, is crossed by numerous passes, of which the 
 Col du Perthus (950 ft.) was the most frequented previous to 
 the opening of the railway from Narbonne to Barcelona, now 
 carried through a tunnel in Mount Balitres. The Corbi^res, a 
 
 secondary range, separates the Tet and Agly. The dep. is 
 drained chiefly to the coast, the principal rivs. being Agly, Tet, 
 and Tech ; the Tet (83 m. ) is used partly for irrigation. The 
 Sfegre drains the Cerdagne dist. to the Ebro, and a small area 
 in the NW. is drained by the Aude. Climate, mild on coast, 
 severe in higher parts of the interior [Perpiguan] ; the tramon- 
 tane, a NNW. wind, resembles the mistral of Provence. Wheat 
 and maize are the principal cereals, but the vine is the most 
 important culture (Banyuls, Cosperons, Collioure, Mas-Deu, 
 Rivesaltes, &c.), production per acre above the average for 
 France ; mulberry (Perpignan), olives, chestnuts. Area, 1599 
 sq. ni. P. (1891) 210,100. See France, table. 
 
 Pyrenees, Serra dos (said to be a word of Indian origin pro- 
 nounced ' perineos'), a range of mts. , Brazil, state of Goyaz, at 
 the headwaters of the Tocantins, between 15° and 16° S. and 
 about 47^ and 49^° W. ; highest peak, 4495 ft. In the region 
 traversed by these mountains, an area of 5560 sq. m. has been 
 selected as a federal dist. in which to found the new cap. of the 
 republic of Brazil. 
 
 Pyreuopollg (called till 1893 Mela Ponte), tn. , Brazil, Goyaz, 
 in the Serra dos Pyreneos, about 620 m. NW. Rio de Janeiro, in 
 15° 53' S., 49° 14' W. Alt. 2430 ft. P. <3000. 
 
 Pyrford, par., Eng. , Surrey, Chertsey div., 5^ m. NE. by 
 N. Guildford, 2 m. E. by S. Woking stn., PT.O. (P. Green). 
 P. <5oo. See Wlsley. 
 
 Pyrgos, tn., Greece, prov. Elis and Achaia, in comm. Letrinoi, 
 43 m. SSW. Patras. P. 12,600; comm. (Letrlnoi) P. 25,500. 
 
 Pyrgos, vil., Greece, prov. Laconia, on the E. shore of 
 the Gulf of Messenia, 18 m. N. by W. of Cape Matapan. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Pyrltz, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle P., 24 m. 
 SE. by S. Stettin. P. 8200. 
 
 Pyrmont, comm., Ger., princip. Waldeck, cap. circle and 
 25 m. SE. by S. Minden. P. <20oo. 
 
 Pyrmont, a populous suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, 
 on W. shore of the Darling harbour ; has a stone quarry. P. 
 <:i5oo. 
 
 Pyrton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 13^ m. SE. by 
 E. Oxford, I m. N. Watlington stn. ; 4847 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Pysht, vil., U.S., Washington, Clallam co., 40 m. SW. by 
 W. Victoria (V. I.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Pytchley, par., Eng., E. div. of Northamptonshire, 5 m. 
 NNW. Wellingborough, 2 m. W. Isham and Burton Latimer 
 stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Pyn, vil., Burma, dist. Taung-ngu, 78 m. E. by S. Prome, 
 134 m. by rail from Rangoon. 
 
 Pynutaza, vil., Burma, dist. Shwe-gyin, 42 m. N. by E. 
 Pegu, 88 m. by rail from Rangoon. 
 
 Pyworthy, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 12 m. N, 
 by W. Launceston, 2 J m. W. by S. Holsworthy, P.O.; 5700 ac. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Pyzlima, riv. , Russia, W. Siberia, r. bk. trib. of Tura, which 
 belongs to the system of the Ob' ; rises in dist. Ekaterinburg, 
 flows E. past Kamyshlov, joins Tura 30 m. E. of Tyumefi. 
 Many large villages on its banks. Length about 350 m. 
 
 Pyzbmlnskoye, vil., Russia, govt. Perm, 13 m. E. Ekaterin- 
 burg, on Pyzhma R. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Q 
 
 Qahtau, tribe, Yemen. See Kahtan. 
 
 Qatmn, oasis, Tripoli. See Gatron. 
 
 <|naco, seapt. vil., Canada, New Brunswick, St. John co., on 
 Bay of Fundy, 27 m. E. by N. St. John. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Quadra, isl. See Tanconver Island. 
 
 Quadrant, mt. , U.S., Wyoming, Uintah co., near the NW. 
 corner of the state, in Yellowstone National Park. Alt. 10, 127 ft. 
 
 Quadrilateral, the name by which the four fortresses of 
 Peschiera and Mantua, on the Mincio, and Verona and 
 Legnago, on the Adige, in Lombardy, have long been known. 
 
 Quadrlng, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland div., 7 m. N. 
 by W. Spalding, P.O. ; 4148 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Qualnton, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 6 m. NW. 
 Aylesbury, close to Q. Road stn., on the Metropolitan Rly., and 
 another stn. (Q.) on the Oxford and Aylesbury Rly., PM.O.; 
 5346 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Quakenbrttck, tn., Pnassia, prov. Hanover, circle Bersen- 
 briick, 28 m. N. by W. Osnabriick. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Quaker €lty, coal-mining vil., U.S., Ohio, Guernsey co., 32 
 m. W. by S. Wheeling (W. Va.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Quaker Hill, hill, U.S., Rhode Island, New Port co., 7 m. 
 NE. by N. New Port, with coal-mines. 
 
 Quaker Springs, vil., U.S., New York, Saratoga co., 7 m. 
 SE. Saratoga Springs ; has sulphur springs. P. <iooo. 
 
 Quaker's Yard, junction stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, on 
 1254 
 
 the G. W. and Rhymney Joint Rlys. and Taff Vale Rly. , 6^ m. 
 SSE. Merthyr-Tydfil; coal mined here. PM.O. 
 
 Quakertofvn, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Bucks co., 38 m. N. 
 Philadelphia ; situated in a fertile district. P. <30oo. 
 
 Quambone, post-tn.. New South Wales, Gregory co., on the 
 Merri-Merri Creek, in 31° o' S., 148° 5' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Quamlchan, settlement, Canada, Brit. Columbia, in the SE. 
 of Vancouver I. , in 48° 46' N. , 123° 24' W. ; formerly with 
 meteorological station. Mean temp. (8 yrs., 1881-88), yr. 48.0° F., 
 Jan. 33.1°, July 63.8°. 
 
 Quanab, tn., U.S., Texas, Hardeman co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Qiiang-nani, tn. , Annam. See Kwang-nani. 
 
 Qunugtrl, tn. , Annam. See K>vangtrl. 
 
 Quaiitock (Qnantox) Hills, range of hills, Eng., Somerset, 
 about 7 m. W. Bridgwater, trending NW. from near Bishop's 
 Lydeard to near the coast at Watchet ; highest summit Wills 
 Neck, 1262 ft. 
 
 Qnantoxbead, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Somerset, Wellington div., on N. ct., 11 m. WNW. Bridgwater. 
 East Q. , P. <2So ; West Q. , P. O. , P. <25o. See St. Audrle's. 
 
 Quanza, riv. , W. Africa. See Kwanza. 
 
 Qu'appelle, tn. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on theQu'appelle R. , 
 41 m. ENE. Regina, on the C. P. R., 324 m. by rail W. Winni- 
 peg. Ah. 2115 ft. Mean temp. (6 yrs., 1883-88), yr. 31.6° F., 
 Feb. 2.6°, July 62.6°. P. <i5oo. 
 
QU AQ — QUEB 
 
 Qaaqna (Kwnkwa), riv., E. Africa. See KlUniaiie. 
 <lnaqna Creek, Ger. W. Africa. See Mallinba Inland. 
 
 Qnaregnon, comm. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 4^ 
 m. W. by S. Mons. P. 14,400. 
 
 QnarfT, eccles. par. , Scot. , Shetland Is. , Mainland, Bressay 
 par. , on East Voe of Q. , 4^ m. SW. by S. Lerwick. P. < 1000. 
 Qnargnento, coram., Italy, prov., circle, and 6 m. WNW. 
 Alessandria. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Qaarken, the narrowest part of the Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic 
 Sea, between the isl. Holmo in the NW. and Bjorko in the 
 SW. 
 
 Qnarles, par., Eng. , Norfolk, Walsingham dist., 4 m. NW. 
 New Walsingham. P. <25o. 
 
 Qnarley, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div. , 12 m. NE. 
 Salisbury, i^ m. N. by E. Grateley stn. P. <25o. Qnarley 
 Hill, to the S., 562 ft. high. 
 
 Quarltoii, par., Eng., Lancashire, dist. and 5 m. NE. 
 Bolton. P. <5oo. 
 Qnarmby, bor. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Llndley -with Q. 
 Qnarndon, par., Eng., Derbyshire, div. and 3 m. NNW. 
 Derby, 2 m. WSW. Eaton stn. ; has a medicinal spring. 
 PMT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Qnamero, Gnlf, in the N. of the Adriatic Sea, embracing in 
 the widest application of the name the whole area between the 
 penin. of Istria and the coast of Dalmatia ; length 42 m. , breadth 
 at entrance 47 m. Within this area are included many islands, 
 the principal being Voglia, Cherso, Lassin, Arbe, and the N. 
 end of Pago. The N. end of Cherso approaches to within 
 about 2 m. of the Istrian coast, thus separating the Gulf of 
 Fiume from the Gulf of Quarnero proper, which is 30 m. long 
 and 20 m. wide. E. of Cherso and Lassin, and W. of Arbe 
 and Pago, lies the Gulf of Quarnerolo. The gulf is subject 
 at times to violent storms ; the coast people are fishers, taking 
 especially soles and crayfish. 
 
 Qnarnford, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Leek div. , 5^ m. SW. 
 by S. Buxton. P. <5oo. 
 
 Qaarouble, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 3^ m. NE. 
 Valenciennes. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Qnarqneton, vil. , U.S., Iowa, Buchanan co., on Wap- 
 sipinicon R., 5I m. S. Winthrop stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Qnarr* les Tombes, tn. , France, dep. Yonne, 33 m. NNW. 
 Autun, arr. and 10 m. SSE. Avallon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Quarrentlon, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, on the Thame, 
 div. and li m. NW. Aylesbury. P. <2So. See Bierton. 
 
 QnarrliijKton, vil. , Eng. , co. and 5 m. SE. by E. Durham, 
 PM.O. (Q. Hill). SeeCassop. 
 
 Qnarrington, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 
 10 m. NE. by E. Grantham. P. <soo; eccles. par. (Q. ivlth 
 Old gleaford) P. <iooo. 
 
 Quarry Bank, tn. , Eng., Staffordshire, Kingswinford par., 
 on W. side of Dudley. P. 6700. 
 
 Qnarryvllle, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Tolland co., 13 m. 
 E. Hartford. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Qnarryrllle, vil., U.S., New York, Ulster co., 42 m. S. by 
 W. Albany; has bluestone quarries. P. < 1000. 
 
 QnarryTllle, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co. , 32 m. 
 SSW. Reading. P. < 1500. 
 
 Qnarrywood, par., Scot., Elginshire, 2| m. WNW. Elgin. 
 Quart, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, 4 m. E. by N. 
 Aosta. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Qnartel do Cnlthe, former military station, Brazil, Minas 
 Geraes, on the r. bk. of the Rio Doce, in 19° 15' S., 41° 31' W. 
 'Quarten, comm., Switzd., cant. St. Gall, on the N. side 
 of Lake Walenstadt, 9 m. E. Glarus, dist. and 10 m. WNW. 
 Sargans. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Quarter, We.st, vil., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, 2 m. NE. 
 Strathaven, i m. ESE. Glassford stn. ; coal mined here. 
 P.O., and PMT.O. (Quarter). P.<5oo. 
 
 Quarter Back, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, Llandilofawr 
 dist., near Llangadock. P. <2ooo. 
 Quarter Ironworks, Scot. See Darngaber. 
 Quarter Koad, stn. , Scot. , Mid- Lanarkshire, on the C. R. , 
 3 m. S. Hamilton. 
 
 Quarto al Mare, comm. , Italy, prov. , circle, and 6 m. ESE. 
 Genoa, on the Riviera, starting-point of Garibaldi's expedition 
 of i860. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Quarto Sant' Elena, comm., isl. of Sardinia, prov. and 4 m. 
 E. by N. Cagliari. P. 6900. 
 
 Quatford, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 11 m. NW. by 
 N. Kidderminster, 2^ m. SE. Bridgnorth, P.O. P. <25o. 
 Quathlaniba, Africa. See Kwattalamba. 
 Qnatre Bras, vil., Belgium, prov. Brabant, 3 m. S. Genappe, 
 19 m. S. by E. Brussels, at the intersection of routes from 
 Brussels to Charleroi and Namur to Nevilles (whence its name). 
 On June 16, 1815, it was the theatre of an indecisive action 
 between the French under Marshal Ney and the British under 
 Wellington, with their allies, in which the Duke of Brunswick 
 fell. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Quatt, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 9J m. NW. by N. 
 Kidderminster, 2 m. NE. Hampton Loade stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Quattro Castella, comm., Italy, prov., circle, and 9 m. SW. 
 Reggio neir Emilia. P. <5ooo. 
 
 QuattroTllle, comm., Italy, prov., circle, and i8| m. SW. 
 Mantua. P. <20oo. 
 
 Quay, PT.O. , Ire., co. Mayo, 2 m. from Westport. 
 Queanbeyan, stn.. New South Wales, Murray co. , 55 m. 
 SW. by S. Goulburn, on the railway to Cooma, in pastoral, 
 agricultural, and mining dist. ; copper, silver, lead, iron, and 
 gold are mined. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Quebec (formerly Lower Canada, or Canada, East), prov., 
 Canada, more than twice the area of Great Britain, on both 
 sides of the St. Lawrence, bounded N. by Hudson's Bay Terr., 
 W. by the Ottawa R. , and S. by the U.S. and New Brunswick. 
 Attached to it are Anticosti and the Magdalen Is., in the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence. Surface diversified, the characteristic features 
 being its numerous lakes and rivers and vast forests. The 
 principal mountains are the N6tre Dame or Shickshock, S. 
 of the St. Lawrence (Bayfield, 3973 ft.; Logan, 3767 ft.), and 
 the Laurentian Mts. on the N. , average height 1600 ft. The 
 prov. belongs almost entirely to the basin of the St. Lawrence, 
 which traverses it from SW. to NE. ; principal tribs. , r. bk. , 
 Richelieu (which drains Lake Champlain and affords com- 
 munication with the Hudson), St. Francis, and Chaudiere; 1. 
 bk., Ottawa, St. Maurice, and Saguenay (draining Lake St. 
 John). Minor tributaries, St. Anne's, Rimouski, Magdalen, 
 &c. Lakes are numerous, especially N. of the St. Lawrence, 
 where they form part of the great lake-belt stretching around 
 Hudson Bay from Labrador to the Arctic Ocean ; amongst 
 the principal are St. John, Mistassini, and Abbitibbi ; S. 
 of the St. Lawrence are Temiscouata, Memphremagog, and 
 Megantic. The forests yield valuable timber (pine, spruce, ash, 
 birch, beech, elm, walnut, maple, &c. ). The climate is more 
 severe than that of Ontario ; the winters are longer, and the cold 
 more intense, but the summer is much the same ; coldest in N. , 
 mildest in SW. [Chlcontlml, Cranbourne, Huntingdon]. 
 The snow, which covers the ground usually from December to 
 April, has a very beneficial effect on vegetation, and as it hardens 
 rapidly under traffic, forms excellent winter roads, which can be 
 traversed with ease by heavily laden sleighs, while the dryness 
 of the air greatly diminishes the sensible effects of the intense 
 cold. The soil is in general very rich, and agriculture is the 
 prevailing occupation. Cereals, grasses, and root-crops grow 
 in perfection, and in the S. maize, where also grapes and tomatoes 
 ripen freely in the open air ; small fruits are abundant, and 
 specially fine apples and plums are grown in certain parts. 
 An abundance of excellent pasturage, more particularly in the 
 Eastern Townships and N. of the St. Lawrence, is favourable for 
 cattle, large numbers of which are now reared, both for export 
 and dairying. The production of cheese and butter is an 
 important and rapidly increasing industry (more than 600 butter 
 and cheese factories in 1891, as against less than 150 in 1881). 
 The coast fisheries are very important. Mineral products, 
 which are rich and varied, include gold (Beauce dist.), copper, 
 abundant in the Eastern Townships, iron, widely distributed ; 
 besides lead, silver, platinum, asbestos, immense deposits of 
 phosphate of lime in the Ottawa valley, and peat ; coal has 
 not been found. Next to agriculture, the principal industry is 
 lumbering; cheese is the leading manufacture ; others are iron , 
 hardware, and agricultural implements, refined sugar, chemi- 
 cals, cotton, and woollen goods. The Eastern Townships, a 
 dist. lying along the United States frontier for about 180 m. , 
 with an average breadth of 40 m. , comprises lands allotted to 
 loyalist immigrants from the United States at the time of the 
 War of Independence. It received the name from its position 
 to the E. of the ' seignories,' which had been granted to French 
 settlers before Canada came into the possession of the English. 
 The dist. is hilly, well-watered, and very fertile, noted for the 
 production of timothy-grass seed ; stock-raising is an important 
 industry ; manufactures are actively carried on in several towns, 
 of which Sherbrooke is the chief. In various parts of the prov. 
 uncleared crown lands may be purchased at low rates, and 
 recently an extensive alluvial tract between St. John's Lake and 
 the Ottawa R. has been thrown open for settlement. About 
 three-fourths of the pop. are of French origin ; French is spoken 
 even more generally than English, and all official notifications 
 are published in both languages. The English element pre- 
 dominates in the Eastern Townships. Area, 228,900 sq. m. 
 P. (1891) 1,488,600. See Canada, Dominion of, table. 
 
 Quebec, city, Canada, prov. Quebec, on 1. bk. of the St. 
 Lawrence, at the influx of the St. Charles R., in 46° 49' 1" N., 
 71° 13' W., 900 statute (719 nautical) m. from the Straits of 
 Belle Isle. It covers a promontory between the two rivers, and 
 is divided into two sections : (i) The upper town, occupying the 
 highest point of the promontory, which is surrounded by strong 
 walls and fortifications ; (2) the lower town, the business quarter, 
 built round the base of Cape Diamond. The citadel is a massive 
 work on the summit of Cape Diamond, covering about 40 ac. 
 It is the strongest fortress on the W. continent, and has been 
 called the ' Gibraltar of America.' It is entered from the upper 
 town by five gates. The St. Louis gate on SW. leads to the 
 
 1256 
 
QUEB — QUEE 
 
 ' Plains of Abraham,' the scene of Wolfe's victory and death in 
 1759. In the public garden is an obelisk in memory of Wolfe 
 and Montcalm. Public edifices comprise the parliament house, 
 which replaces the building destroyed by fire in 1854 ; Roman 
 Catholic and Protestant cathedrals, and convent and church of 
 St. Ursula. The French college, royal grammar-school, royal 
 institution, literary and historical society, school of gunnery, 
 school of military instruction, and medical school are amongst 
 its chief public institutions. The commerce of the city is large, 
 but the growth of its shipping has been retarded by the deepen- 
 ing of the St. Lawrence to Montreal. The Princess Louise 
 Docks (area 36 ac. ) have a depth over sill at ordinary spring 
 tides of 36 ft., ordinary neaps 30 ft. The tidal basin (area 
 
 2 J ac. ) has a depth at entrance at ordinary neaps of 37 ft. 
 ^ anufactures include iron, machinery, leather goods, &c. ; 
 extensive trade in lumber. Q. was founded by the French in 
 1608, taken by the British in 1629 and 1759, and finally ceded to 
 Britain in 1763. It has been twice nearly destroyed by fire. 
 The most attractive object in the vicinity is the Fall of Mont- 
 morency, 6 m. distant ; the river here is 60 ft. wide, and the 
 descent of the torrent 250 ft. Shortest sea-route to Liverpool, 
 2660 m. Alt. 312 ft. Mean temp., yr. 38.7° F., Jan. 9.1°, 
 July 66.5°; mean rfall. (19 yrs. , 1869-88), 25.1 in. ; snowfall, 
 159.67 in. P. (1871) 59,700 ; (1881)62,400; (1891)63,100. 
 
 <laebec, co. , Canada, Quebec, stretching NW. from the riv. 
 St. Lawrence to the parallel of 48° N. 
 
 Quebeck, PMT.O., Eng. , Durham, 4 m. from Lanchester. 
 
 Quebrachos, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 107 m. 
 SSE. Santiago. P. < 2000. 
 
 Qnebrada de Herrera, tn. , Chile, prov. Aconcagua, dep. 
 Putaendo. P. < 2000. 
 
 Quebradllla, tn., near N. ct. Porto Rico, 54 m. W. San 
 Juan. P. 5900. 
 
 Quecbnas, tribe. See Qnlchnas. 
 
 Qnedah, Malay Penin. See Kedah. 
 
 Quedgeley, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div. , 
 
 3 m. SW. by S. Gloucester, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 Quedllnburg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt, and 30 m. 
 
 SW. Magdeburg, circle Aschersleben, 8 m. SE. by S. Halber- 
 stadt. The chapel, near the castle, is on a sandstone rock, and 
 contains the graves of Henry I. and his wife Matilda. Has 
 manufactures of iron and brass ware, and cloth goods ; horti- 
 culture is also largely carried on. Q. was founded in 930 by 
 King Henry I. ; the abbey came under the protection of Bran- 
 denburg in 1697, and was secularised in 1802. Birthplace 
 (1724) of the painter Klopstock, and the geographer Karl Ritter 
 (1779). P. (1816) 11,000; (1890)20,300; comm. P. 20,800. 
 
 Queen Adelaide Arcblpelago, group, Chile, to the N. of 
 W. entrance of Strait of Magellan, separated by Smyth Channel 
 from King William Land on the mainland. 
 
 Queen Anne, co. , U.S., Maryland, between Chesapeake 
 Bay and the Atlantic, crossed in the S. by 39° N. 
 
 Queenborongh, mun. bor. (since Edward III.), par., and 
 market-tn., Eng., Kent, Faversham div., 2 m. S. Sheerness, 
 in the diocese of Canterbury, in Sheppey, on the riv. Swale, 
 with stns. on the L. C. & D. R. ; has chemical and cement 
 works, and a large timber trade. The pier has been recon- 
 structed by the railway company for their Continental traffic 
 with Holland by a daily line of steamers. Fair, August 5. 
 PMT.O. Mun. bor. 298 ac, P. (1891) < 1500. 
 
 Queenborongh, or Sandy Bay, post-tn. , Tasmania, Buck- 
 ingham CO. , suburb and 2 m. SSE. Hobart. P. <20oo. 
 
 Queen €aniel, par., Eng., Somerset. See Camel, Queen. 
 Queen Charlotte, isl. , Pacific. See Nnku-tavake. 
 Queen Charlotte Islands, S. Pacific. See Santa Cruz 
 Islands. 
 
 Queen Charlotte Islands, two isls. (Graham and Moresby) 
 and numerous islets of Brit. N. America, in the Pacific Ocean, 
 mostly between 52° and 54° N. and 131° and 133° W., 50 m. 
 fi-om the mainland. Length of group, 178 m. ; breadth ranges 
 up to 75 m. These islands (all densely wooded) are a half- 
 submerged mountain range, the continuation of the Vancouver 
 Island chain. In the W. the peaks rise sheer 2000-4000 ft. , and 
 rain is almost continuous. The E. is less rugged, and sunnier 
 and drier. The islands were discovered by Juan Perez in 
 1774 ; in 1787 Captain Dixon gave them their present name in 
 honoiu- of his ship. The natives, a fast dwindling race known 
 as the Haidas, are taller, fairer, and with more regular features 
 than any of the Columbian coast tribes. In 1841 they numbered 
 6593. In 1878 they had only three permanent winter villages, 
 Masset, Skidegate, and Gold Harbour. In 1891 they were 
 enumerated as 700. Bituminous coal exists on Graham I. , and 
 there is anthracite near Skidegate. 
 
 Queen Charlton, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 4J m. SE. 
 by S. Bristol, 2 m. W. by S. Keynsham stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Queenhlll, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., on the 
 r. bk. of the Severn, 3 m. NW. Tewkesbury. P. <25o. 
 
 Qneenlborongh, or Quenlborough, par. , Eng. , Leicester- 
 shire, Melton div., 6 m. NE. Leicester, 2 m. E. by N. Syston 
 Junction, P.O. (Quenlborough). P. <75o. 
 1256 
 
 Queen of the North, postal - centre, Queensland. See 
 Gregory. 
 
 Queens, co. , Canada. I. New Brunswick, crossed by 46° N. 
 and 66° W. 2. Nova Scotia, on the Atlantic, crossed in the S. 
 by 44° N. 3. The middle county of Prince Edward Island. 
 
 Queens, co. , U.S., New York, in the extreme SE., on Long I. 
 
 Queensberry, mt., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 6^ m. SW. by W. 
 Moffat ; contains zinc ore. Alt. 2285 ft. 
 
 Queensborongh, former name of New Westminster (q.v.), 
 Brit. Columbia. 
 
 Queensborongh, P.O., Ire., SE. co. Louth, bar. Ferrard, 
 on riv. Boyne, 2J m. ENE. Drogheda. 
 
 Queen8bury,"tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, HaUfax and 
 N. Bierley dist., on the G. N. R., near Holmfield, PMT.O. 
 P. 6700. 
 
 Queen's Cave, cave, Eng., Northumberland, 2^ m. S. 
 Hexham, in Deepden ravine ; here Queen Margaret and her 
 son, Prince Edward, lay concealed after the battle of Hexham 
 (1464). 
 
 QueensclUr, seapt. tn. , watering-place, and rly. stn. , Victoria, 
 Grant co., at entrance to Port Phillip Bay (g.v.), 19 m. ESE. 
 Geelong. P. < 2000. 
 
 Queen's County, inland co. , Ire., prov. Leinster, S. of King's 
 CO., divided into the baronies named in the following table : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 Ballyadams .... 
 
 24,079 
 
 3.466 
 
 Clandonagh .... 
 
 43.735 
 
 6,264 
 
 Clarmallagh .... 
 
 43,486 
 
 5.660 
 
 Cullenagh .... 
 
 44.138 
 
 7,084 
 
 Maryborough, East . 
 
 25,162 
 
 6,081 
 
 Maryborough, West 
 
 41,918 
 
 7.553 
 
 Portnahinch .... 
 
 35.832 
 
 7.521 
 
 Slievemargy .... 
 
 35.489 
 
 S.983 
 
 Stradbally .... 
 
 27,902 
 
 3.949 
 
 Tinnahinch .... 
 
 54.187 
 
 7.083 
 
 Upp^erwoods .... 
 Total . 
 
 ! 
 
 48,925 
 
 4.239 
 
 424.853 
 
 64,883 
 
 Surface mostly level, with much bogland in centre, rising in 
 NW. to the Slieve Bloom Mts., summit Ardern, 1734 ft. 
 Geologically, the county is entirely a limestone floor, with folds 
 of Old Red Sandstone, the SE. being part of the Leinster coal- 
 field worked for anthracite at Crettyard and other places. The 
 main occupation is dairy-farming. For agricultural statistics, 
 see Appendix, pp. 10-12. The drainage is by the riv. Barrow, 
 from Slieve Bloom, the Nore, from co. Tipperary, and the 
 Grand Canal. The G. S. & W. R. passes from NE. to SW., 
 with several branches. The name is from Queen Mary (1556), 
 in whose honour Maryborough, the county town, was also named. 
 The castle of Dunamase and a round tower are the chief anti- 
 quities, besides ruins of a fort and an abbey, once seat of the 
 Bishop of Ossory. The county returns two members to Parlia- 
 ment, and is in the Leinster circuit. See Ireland, table. 
 
 Queensferry, or South Queensferry, pari, and royal burgh 
 and par., Scot., Linlithgowshire, on the S. shore of the Firth 
 of Forth (here crossed by the Forth Bridge), 8^ m. WNW. 
 Edinburgh, on the N. B. R. Q. is so named from being the 
 place where Margaret, queen of Malcolm Canmore, crossed the 
 Forth on her journeys between Edinburgh and Dunfermline. 
 Pari, burgh, P. <2ooo ; royal burgh and par. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Queensferry, post-tn. , Victoria, Mornington co. , on E. side 
 of Western Port, in 38° 24' S. , 145° 27' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Queen's Ferry, stn. , Wales, FUntshire, on the L. & N W. R. , 
 Sj ni. W. by N. Chester, P.O. 
 
 Queensferry, North, vil. , Scot., Fifeshire, on the S. ct. of 
 the Firth of Forth, opposite Queensferry ; is a sea-bathing 
 resort. PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Queensland, a Brit, colony in NE. of Australia, between 10° 
 40' and 29° o' S. , including also the islands in Torres Strait. 
 Area about 7^ times that of Great Britain ; cap. Brisbane. The 
 coast-line has a total length of 2250 m., and comprises many 
 large bays and magnificent harbours on the Pacific coast, fringed 
 by numerous islands, and bordered by the Great Barrier Reef 
 (g.v.) as far S. as lat. 22°. The surface resembles that of New 
 South Wales, of which it is a continuation, but the area of 
 tableland above 1000 ft. is much greater ; a main range of 
 mountains traverses the whole length of the colony, but has few 
 points over 3000 ft. in height ; the highest summit is in a spur 
 known as the Bellenden Ker Range, in about 17° 30' S. , which 
 rises to 5240 ft. The rivers are thrown off by the Dividing 
 Range in four directions ; eastward to the Pacific, NW. to the 
 Gulf of Carpentaria, SW. to the interior of Australia, and S. 
 into the system of the Murray. Of the former the principal are 
 the Burdekin, the Fitzroy, the Burnett, and the Brisbane, but 
 none of them are navigable for any great distance, though they 
 bring down from the tableland during the summer rains enor- 
 
QUEE — QUER 
 
 mous volumes of water charged with sediment. Those flowing 
 to the Gulf of Carpentaria are the Flinders, Gilbert, and Mitchell, 
 all unnavigable except near the mouth. The largest of the south- 
 western, all of which are lost in the desert or its salt lakes, are 
 the Georgina, the Diamantina or Mueller, the Barcoo, and the 
 Thomson, which at some seasons join the Cooper Creek that 
 feeds Lake Eyre. The Condamine or Balonne and the Warrego 
 are tribs. to the Darling. Geologically, the country may be 
 said to consist broadly of two distinct sections, the eastern and 
 northern, formed of Primary and Secondary rocks, in which coal, 
 gold, granite, slate, and basalt are found, and the great plains 
 westward of the Dividing Range, consisting of decomposed Oolitic 
 and Cretaceous shales, limestones, and sandstones. The general 
 characteristics of the climate may be stated as moist and hot on the 
 Pacific slope, and dry and hot in the western interior, with a cooler 
 temperature on the hilly belt between [Brisbane, Warwlcfc, 
 Toowoomba, Mackay, TbarKomlndata, RavensMood, 
 Somerset]. In the coastal districts the country is intersected 
 by numerous rivers and streams, the banks of which, formerly 
 clothed with dense jungle, are very fertile, where the sugar-cane 
 is successfully cultivated to a large extent ; the soil and climate 
 are also suitable for the production of all the cereals (especially 
 wheat and maize), cotton, tobacco, rice, arrow-root, &c. , and all 
 kinds of semi-tropical and English fruits and vegetables are 
 abundantly grown. The more elevated and drier region W. of 
 the mountains is sparsely timbered but well grassed, and is 
 largely occupied as sheep-runs ; of late years, however, much 
 attention has been given to deep borings, which have revealed 
 almost unlimited supplies of subterranean waters (some 
 borings yielding 2,000,000 gallons daily), which, it is expected, 
 will very materially change the character of the country and 
 render it available for agricultural pursuits. Cattle and sheep 
 rearing, favoured by the nutritious grasses and rich fodder 
 plants which abound, forms the most important commercial 
 interest of the colony, and wool is the staple export. Gold, 
 silver, tin, and copper are the principal metals. The first 
 important discovery of gold was made in 1858 on the Fitzroy 
 R. , and it is now found in many places, but most abundantly 
 at present in the neighbourhood of Charters Towers, on the 
 Burdekin R. , and round Gympie, near the coast N. of Brisbane ; 
 the total yield to end of 1892 is stated to be over 8,600,000 oz. 
 Silver, associated with lead, is found in the vicinity of Herberton, 
 Ravenswood, and Bowen ; tin exists in almost exhaustless 
 quantities, chiefly in the SE. , on the New South Wales border, 
 round Stanthorpe, and in the N. at Herberton ; copper is found 
 in various parts, and a very rich district lies round Cloncurry, 
 S. of the Gulf of Carp)entaria, but mining is at present practi- 
 cally suspended ; opals are largely mined near Thargomindah. 
 Coal is extensively diffused throughout the colony; as yet 
 only comparatively surface coal is worked, in the SE. , chiefly 
 near Brisbane, but the deposits at greater depths are believed 
 to be of very superior quality ; it is estimated that the 
 coal-beds underlie a surface of nearly 24,000 sq. m. In the 
 extreme N. considerable attention is given to the pearl-fishery ; 
 and the collection of b6che-de-mer at the Great Barrier Reef 
 employs a large number of hands, and is a profitable source of 
 revenue. Railways to the extent of about 2400 m. , all on the 
 narrow-gauge system, have been developed from the eastern 
 ports of Brisbane, Bundaberg, Rockhampton, Townsville, Cairns, 
 and Cooktown into the interior, but the Brisbane-Bundaberg 
 Coast Rly. is the only line bringing any two of these into con- 
 nection. On the Gulf of Carpentaria side there is a railway 
 connecting Normanton with the goldfield of Croydon. The 
 government is vested in a governor appointed by the Crown, 
 assisted by an executive council and two houses of parliament, 
 one nominated by the Crown, the other elected by the people 
 for three years. Labour still remains the great difficulty in the 
 way of the satisfactory development of the natural products of 
 the country ; the climate in some parts, especially in the sugar 
 plantations, is scarcely suitable to those of European origin, 
 and recourse has been had to labourers introduced from the 
 islands of the Pacific, generally known as kanakas ; and more 
 recently the experiment has been tried, with much apparent 
 success, of Japanese labour immigration ; besides Polynesians, 
 who number nearly 10,000, nearly all men, there is about the 
 same number of Chinese (males), who are chiefly employed as 
 gardeners, servants, and shopkeepers. The greater part of Cape 
 York Penin. is inhabited only by native tribes, who are well 
 formed, but fierce. Q., which, as the Moreton Bay district, was 
 formerly comprised in New South Wales, was separated and 
 formed into an independent colony in 1859 ; during the last few 
 years a movement has been made by northern residents to pro- 
 cure its division and the formation of the northern portion into 
 another distinct colony ; and attempts have been made to accom- 
 plish this, but as yet without success. See Australia, Dis- 
 covery, and Australasian Colonies for area and population. 
 [W. J.T.] 
 
 Queen's Park, stn. , Eng., London. See Kilburn. 
 
 Queen's Park, eccles. par., Scot., Glasgow, stn. on the C. R., 
 x\ m. S. of the Clyde. P. 9500. 
 
 Queen's Road, stns. , Eng., London. See Bayswater, 
 Battersea, and Peckliam. 
 
 Queeuston, vil., Canada, Ontario, Lincoln co., 25 m. NNW 
 Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Queenstown, tn. , Cape Colony, cap. dist. Q. , 78 m. NNW 
 King William's Town, on the railway to Aliwal North, in 31° 51 
 S. , 26° 51' E. Alt. 3500 ft. Mean rfall. (12 yrs.), 20.75 i^^ 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Queenstown, market-tn. , Ire. , S. co. Cork, bar. Kerrycurrihy 
 7^ m. ESE. Cork, with two stns. (Q. and Q. Junction) on the 
 G. S. & W. R. Q. is finely situated on a steep slope, the houses 
 being disposed in successive terraces ; is the port for the Ameri- 
 can mails and an emigration station, and is protected by batteries. 
 Q. has a fine climate, and is a bathing resort. Length of quay 
 600 ft. ; depth at high tide 37 ft. , low tide 24 ft. A lighthouse 
 on the E. side of the entrance to the harbour is visible 10 m. 
 Market-day, S. P. (1851) 11,400; (1871) 10,300; (1891) 9100. 
 
 Queenstown, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I., Lake co. , 100 
 m. N. by E. Invercargill. Alt. 1070 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), 
 yr. 49.8° F., Jan. 59.8 , July 37.7°. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Queenstown, post-tn., S. Australia. See Alberton and 
 Queenstown. 
 
 Queenstown, post-tn., Victoria, Evelyn co., 20 m. NE. by 
 E. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Queenton, mining vil., Queensland, Chelmsford co. , on 
 Gregory Creek, 3 m. E. Maytown by road. P. < 1500. 
 
 Queenton, post-tn., Queensland, Davenport co. , about x\ m. 
 from Charters Towers ; is the chief centre of gold-mining in N. 
 Queensland. P. <25oo. 
 
 Quelch, riv., Ger. , Palatinate of the Rhine, flows E. into the 
 Rhine, 8 m. above Spires ; not navigable. 
 
 Queichoiiv, prov. , China. See Kweicbow. 
 
 Quelmada Islands, two islets of Brazil, state Sao Paulo, off 
 the coast, 40 m. SW. Santos. 
 
 Queinedinhas, vil. , Brazil, Bahia, on the Rio Itapicuru, 202 
 m. NW. Sao Salvador. 
 
 Quelss, riv. , Prussian Silesia. See Bober. 
 
 Quellniane, Africa. See Kllimane. 
 
 Qnellyn Lake, stn., Wales, on the N. Wales Narrow Gauge 
 Rly. , near Snowdon stn. 
 
 Quelpart, or Quelpaert, Korean Tsyetsyn, Japanese 
 Tamura, Chinese Tanglo, isl. , 52 m. S. from the southernmost 
 point of Korea, to which it belongs ; surrounded by islets. On 
 the N. ct. is the town of Tsyetsu, close to a bay affording good 
 anchorage in the E. It appears to be of volcanic, origin ; the 
 surface is hilly, and well wooded. Q. was discovered by the 
 Dutch, who named it. Length from W. to E. 44 m., and 21 
 m. across the centre. P. about 10,000. 
 
 Queluz, tn. and rly. stn. , Brazil, Minas Geraes, 160 m. NNW. 
 Rio de Janeiro, 30 m. SW. Ouro Preto. Alt. 3285 ft. Mean 
 temp. (3 yrs.), yr. 67.5° F., Feb. 73.0°, July 59.6°. P. 4000. 
 
 Queluz, vil. and rly. stn., Brazil, state Sao Paulo, on the 
 Parahiba, 106 m. W. by N. Rio de Janeiro. Alt. 1545 ft. (D.L.). 
 
 Quemada, Colombia. See Puerto Qnemada. 
 
 Quemada, La, site of ruins, central Mexico, state and 35 m. 
 WSW. Zacatecas. 
 
 Quemado de Gttlnes, tn. , Cuba, 210 m. ESE. Havana. P. 
 11,500. 
 
 Quemerford, P. O. , Eng. , Wiltshire, 2 m. from Calne. 
 
 Quenac, tn. , Chile, prov. Chiloe, N. ct. of Quenac I., one of 
 the small islands in the Gulf of Ancud. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Quenast, vil., Belgium, prov. Brabant, io| m. NW. Nivelles ; 
 has rich quarries of porphyritic paving-stone. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Quendale Bay, inlet, Scot., Shetland Is., in the extreme S. 
 of the Mainland, Dunrossness par. 
 
 Queudon, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 5J m. SSW. Saffron 
 Walden, 2 m. SSW. Newport stn., PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Queniborongh, P.O., Eng., Leicestershire. See Queenl- 
 boronglt. 
 
 Quenlngton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 
 on the riv. Coin, 5 m. NW. by W. Lechlade, 2 m. N. Fairford 
 stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Quepos, islets, W. ct. Costa Rica, 32 m. S. San Jos6, in 
 9° 26' N. 
 
 Quercy, old dist., France, comprised in Guienne, the cap. of 
 which was Cahors ; it now forms part of the deps. Lot and 
 Tarn-et-Garonne. 
 
 Queretaro, one of the central states of Mexico, on the plateau 
 between the high affluents of riv. Lerma and those of riv. 
 Toliman-Panuco ; important mines of silver and mercury. 
 
 Queretaro, tn., Mexico, Queretaro, 50 m. SE. by E. Guana- 
 juato ; has an important cotton-mill, established in 1840, employ- 
 ing both steam and water-power. On the neighbouring hill of 
 Cerro de las Campanas the ' Emperor' Maximilian (Archduke of 
 Austria) was shot; June 19, 1867. Alt. 6070 ft. Mean rfall. (16 
 yrs.), 22.40 in. P. 36,000. 
 
 Querfiirt, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, cap. circle Q. ■ 17 m. 
 WSW. Halle; seat of counts till 1496; of a reigning prince from 
 1663 to 1746, when it fell to the electorate of Saxony ; Prussian 
 since 1815. P. 5300. 
 
 1257 
 
QUER — QUIN 
 
 Qnerlda, settlement, U.S., Colorado, Custer co. , 114 m. S. 
 by W. Denver. 
 
 Qn^rlgnt, vil. , France, dep. Ariege, arr. Foix, 38 m. SSW. 
 Carcassonne ; former cap. of the dist. of Donn6zan. P. <20oo. 
 
 Qnerlmba, island-chain, E. Africa. See Kerlmba. 
 
 Quernmore, par., Eng. , Lancashire, dist. Lunesdale, 3 m. 
 NE. Lancaster, P.O.; 6789 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Qnernslde, Eng. See Wbernslde. 
 
 Qnerol, same as Carol, small Pyrenean valley. 
 
 Qnerrln, tnld. , Ire. , co. Clare, bar. and par. Moyarta, 5 m. 
 from Kilkee stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Qnesada, comm. , Spain, prov. Jaen, dist. Cazorla, 42 m. E. 
 Jaen ; important salt-mines in the dist. P. 7000. 
 
 Qoesnel Monntain, vil. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on 
 Quesnel R. , near the 1. bk. of the Fraser R. , 255 m. NNE. 
 Vancouver. 
 
 Quesnoy, Le, fortified tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. Avesnes, 
 10 m. SE. by S. Valenciennes. Q. has suffered many sieges ; it 
 was taken by William the Silent in 1568, by Turenne in 1654, 
 and by Prince Eugene in 1712. The Austrians took it in 1793, 
 but it was retaken by Sch6rer the follovring year. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Qnesnoy-snr-DeMe, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 5^ m. 
 NNW. Lille. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Qne8teiiit>ert, tn., France, dep. Morbihan, 29 m. NNW. St. 
 Nazaire, arr. and 15 m. E. Vannes. P. <20oo. 
 
 Qaestenbnrg, comm., Ger., kgd. Saxony. P. < 2000. See 
 MeiBsen. 
 
 Qaethlock, par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 12 m. 
 NW. by W. Plymouth, 2^ m. NE. by N. Menheniot stn., P.O.; 
 4562 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Qnetta (locally Shiklkot), tn., Brit. Baluchistan, 163 m. NW. 
 by N. Jacobabdd, cap. dist. Q. In 1876 occupied by English 
 troops ; now, with improved defences, headquarters of a strong 
 brigade. Alt. 5501 ft. Mean temp., yr. 58° F., Jan. 40°, July 
 77°; meanrfall. , yr. 9.9 in. , Jan. -April 7.2 in. P. civil station 
 and cantonment of Q. , along with that along the railway and at 
 the outlying stations of Lorelai and Sibi (1891) 27,300. 
 
 Qnettehon, small vil. , France, dep. Manche, arr. Valognes, 
 14 m. E. by S. Cherbourg, close to the roadstead of La Hougue. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Qnetzaltepec, Salvador. See Quezaltepec. 
 
 Quenle, Pnerto de, small seapt. , Chile, prov. and 28 m. N. 
 Valdivia. 
 
 Qnerllly, Petit, tn., France, dep. Seine-Inf6rieure, arr. and 
 3 m. SW. Rouen, on 1. bk. of the Seine, with manufactures of 
 cottons, chemicals, and mechanical workshops. P. 10,700. 
 
 Quezalteuango, founded under the name Xenahu, or 
 Xelaluh, tn. , Central America, Guatemala, 72 m. WNW. 
 Guatemala, about 75 m. from Champerico, cap. dep. Q. The 
 second city of the republic in size, with the principal coffee 
 plantations in the neighbourhood. P. (with dist. ) 27,000. 
 
 Quezaltepec, or Quetzaltepec, volcano, in W. of republic 
 of Salvador ; is cultivated almost to the summit. Alt. 6430 ft. 
 
 Qnlabon, tn., isl. of Haiti, S. ct., republic and 65 m. E. 
 Santo Domingo, in 68° 53' W. 
 
 Qnlalos, tn., Portugal, dist. and 22 m. W. Coimbra, and 3 
 m. NE. Cape Mondego. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Qnlbadana, mts., Morocco. See Kel>dana. 
 
 Qnlbdo, tn., Colombia, dep. Cauca, 229 m. N. Popayan. Q. 
 was the ancient cap. of prov. Choco, and is' built upon piles. 
 P. (with dist.) 7000. 
 
 Qnlberon, tn., France, dep. Morbihan, at the S. end of a 
 penin. , forming the W. side of Q. Bay, 22 m. SE. by S. Lorient. 
 The penin. of Q., about 6 m. long, and 1-2 m. broad, is united 
 to the mainland by an isthmus about 160 ft. wide ; it was an island 
 before the Middle Ages. P. <20oo. 
 
 Qulbo, isl. , Pacific. See Colba. 
 
 <|nlbor, tn., Venezuela, Lara, 190 m. WSW. Cardcas. P. 
 7700. 
 
 Qnlclie, Indians of Central America, the indigenous popula- 
 tion of Guatemala ; are allied to the Mayas of Yucatan. 
 
 Qalcbe, dep.. Central America, Guatemala, crossed by 15° 
 and 16^ N. and 91° W. See Santa Cruz del Quleh6. 
 
 Qulctauag, or Quechnas, an ancient Peruvian tribe whose 
 original country was a dist. in the N. of the present dep. of 
 Ayacucho extending from the Apiu-imac to the Pampas (1. bk. 
 trib. Apurimac), but who were latterly confined to the valleys and 
 mountains farther S. about the headwaters of the Apurimac. 
 The name of the tribe was applied by the Spaniards to a language 
 spoken by an extensive group of tribes. See Pern. 
 
 Qulckmere, tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Mid div., 
 Saddleworth dist. P. < 4000. 
 
 Quldenham, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 19 m. SW. 
 Norwich, PMT.O. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (Q. with Snetterton) 
 P.<:Soo. 
 Qnldlco, port, Chile. See Nena. 
 
 Qnlersehled, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , dist. Treves, circle 
 and 7 m. NNE. Saarbriick. P. <3000. 
 
 Qul^Traln, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 17 m. 
 WSW. Mons. P. <400o. 
 1258 
 
 Qul^vrecbalu, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr., cant., and 7m. 
 ENE. Valenciennes ; coal mined here. P. <iooo. 
 
 Qul^vy, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. Cambrai, 3 m. E. 
 Carnieres. P. <i,ooo. 
 
 Qulgley's Point, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, bar. East Inish- 
 owen, on Lough Foyle, 7 m. SW. Moville, 9 m. from London- 
 derry stn. 
 
 Qullan, the SW. point of the isl. of Chilo^, Chile ; also small 
 islands adjacent to the SE. 
 
 Qullandl, properly Kovllkandl, seapt. tn., Brit. India, 
 Madras, on the W. ct., dist. Makbar, 12 m. NNW. Calicut. 
 The roadstead is protected by a mud bank, and near Q. , Vasco 
 da Gama's fleet anchored in 1498. 
 
 Qullca, mt.. Ire. See Cnllcagli. 
 
 Qullca, coast vil., Peru, dep. Arequipa, 40 m. NW. Mollendo. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Qulllano, comm., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, 3J m. WSW. 
 Savona. P. < 5000. 
 
 QuUlcbao, tn., Colombia, dep. and in the valley of the Cauca, 
 202 m. SW. by W. Bogota. 
 
 Qulllcura, tn., Chile, prov. Santiago. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Qulllmane, E. Africa. See Klllmaue. 
 
 Qulllmarl, vil., Chile, prov. Aconcagua, on the W. ct., 70 
 m. N. by W. Valparaiso. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Qnlllndaua, mt. , Ecuador, 45 m. SSE. Quito. Alt. 3220 ft. 
 
 QulUacollo, comm., Bolivia, dep. Cochabamba. P. < 2000. 
 
 Qulllan, tn., France, dep. and on riv. Aude, arr. Limoux, 
 25 m. SSW. Carcassonne. P. <3000. 
 
 QulUebenf, tn., France, dep. Eure, arr. Pont-Audemer, on 
 the S. bank of the Seine, 12 ra. E. by N. Honfleur ; is one of the 
 chief fishing ports of the English Channel. P. <20oo. 
 
 Qnlllou, tn. , Chile, prov. Concepcion. P. < 2000. 
 
 Qnlllota, tn. , Chile, prov. and 26 m. E. by N. Valparaiso, 
 on the railway between Valparaiso and Santiago ; founded in 
 1717. Alt. 405 ft. P. (1885) 9200; (1890) 9400. See Acon- 
 cagua. 
 
 Qulllota, Rio de, Chile. See Aconcagua. 
 
 Qullly, electoral div. , Ire. , Down, dist. Dromore. 
 
 QuUnies, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 12^ m. SE. 
 Buenos Aires, on Ensenada Rly. ; founded in 1677. P. <40oo. 
 
 Qulloa, E. Africa. See Kll°vra. 
 
 Qullon, seapt. , India, Madras, Travancore, on an inlet on 
 the SW. ct. , 37 m. N W. by N. Trivandrum ; military head- 
 quarters of the state, and one of the oldest coast-towns. The 
 Coilum of Marco Polo. Important until the beginning of the 
 i6th century. P. (1881) 13,600. 
 
 Qullty, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Miltownmalbay, co. Clare. 
 
 Qnlmper (Breton, ' a confluence," Welsh Cymmer), or Qnlm- 
 per Corenttn, tn. , France, cap. dep. Finistere and arr. Q., 
 33 m. SE. by S. Brest, between the confluence of the Odet and 
 Steir ; its port admits vessels of 300 tons ; has coal and potters' 
 clay, manufactures of artistic and common pottery, paper, &c. 
 Seat of a bishop ; its cathedral, begun in 1239, was completed 
 in 1515, excepting the spires, which were only added in 1854 and 
 1856. Q. was the birthplace of the Jesuit Hardouin ; of Fr6ron, 
 the antagonist of Voltaire ; and of K.ergu61en. P. 14,900. 
 
 Qnlniperl^, tn. , France, dep. FinistSre, on the Laita, 12 m. 
 N W. Lorient, cap. arr. Q. ; its harbour admits vessels of from 
 30 to 40 tons. Q. is the birthplace of Villemarqu6. P. < 5000. 
 
 Quln, small riv. , Eng. , in the NE. of Hertfordshire, flowing 
 S. to the Rib, which it joins on the 1. bk. at Braughing. 
 
 Qnln, par. and tn. , Ire., N. co. Clare, bar. Upper Bunratty, 
 5 m. ESE. Ennis, with a stn. (Ardsollus Quln) on the Water- 
 ford and Limerick Rly., PM.O. Par. 9352 ac, P. < 1500; 
 tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Qnliiag, mt. , Scot. , Sutherlandshire, par. and on N. side of 
 Loch Assynt. Alt. 2655 ft. 
 
 Qulnalult, lake, U.S. , Washington, Jefferson co. , about 10 m. 
 S. Mount Olympus, 40 m. NW. Oakland. Length about 10 m. 
 
 Qulnanes, a Malayan tribe, Philippine Is., in the N. of 
 Luzon I. 
 
 Qnlncliao, isl., Chile, the largest of three in the Gulf of 
 Ancud, E. of Chilo6 I. ; gives name to the dep. of prov. Chilo6, 
 comprising all the islands in the gulf named. 
 
 Qulncy, vil. , U.S., California, cap. Plumas co. , near gold- 
 mines. Alt. about 3500 ft. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Qulncy, vil., U.S., Florida, Gadsden co. , 20 m. WNW. 
 Tallahassee ; cotton and tobacco are shipped from here. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Qulncy, city, U.S., Illinois, Adams co., on L bk. of Missis- 
 sippi R., 92 m. W. Springfield. Alt. 488 ft. (R.R.). Pictur- 
 esquely situated on a limestone bluff" 125 ft. above the river, here 
 crossed by a fine railway bridge ; has four parks and many 
 elegant public buildings. There is an extensive river traffic. 
 The manufactures include carriages and waggons, spirits, iron- 
 founding, bricks, ice-collecting, and pork-packing. P. (1880) 
 27,300; (1890)31,500. 
 
 Qulncy, city, U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co., on Q. Bay, 
 8 m. SE. by S. Boston, with well-known granite quarries. P. 
 (1880) 10,600; (1890) 16,700. 
 
QUIN — RAAB 
 
 Qnlncy, vil. , U.S., Michigan, Branch co., 96 m. WSW. 
 Detroit. Alt. 1027 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Qnlncy, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co. , on Bakers 
 R. , 41 m. N. by W. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Qniucy Point, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co., on 
 Massachusetts Bay, 2 m. E. Quincy ; has a good harbour. P. 
 <iSoc. 
 
 Quliicy West, vil., U.S., Missouri, Marion co., on ther. bk. 
 of the Mississippi, 34 m. S. Keokuk (Iowa). P. <i500. 
 
 Qaliidalnp, settlement, W. Australia, Sussex co. , 130 m. 
 SSW. Perth. 
 
 Qulndla, or Qnlndlo, pass, Colombia, across the central 
 chain if the Andes, just SW. of the peak of Tolima, in 4° 36' N. , 
 crossed by the road from Cartago to Ibague, connecting the 
 valleys of the Cauca and Magdalena. Alt. 11,435 f'- 
 
 Qnlnebang, riv., U.S. See Tbames. 
 
 Qulnes, tn. , Argentine Republic, San Luis, 115 m. SW. by 
 W. Cordoba. 
 
 Qnlngey, vil., France, dep. Doubs, on the Loue, arr. and 
 II m. SW. by S. Besan9on. P. <2oc)o. 
 
 Qniugna, or Qnlngoa, comm., Philippine Is. , Luzon I. , prov. 
 Bulacan, i8| m. N. Manila. P. 7300. 
 
 4lului8li Point, cape, Scot. , Argyllshire, on the N W. ct. of 
 Mull I., in 56=38' N. 
 
 Qnlnnesec, vil., U.S., Michigan, Menominee co., 28 m. W. 
 Spaulding. P. < 1500. 
 
 Qiilnnlniont, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Fayette co. , on Kana- 
 wha R. , 41 m. SE. by S. Charleston ; coal mined. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Quinsay, a French spelling of Kingtse {^.v.). 
 
 Qnlusborongli, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kildare, dist. Monas- 
 terevin. 
 
 Qnlntana de la Serena, comm., Spain, prov. and 68 m. 
 ESE. Badajoz, dist. Castuera, on riv. Ortigas. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Qnlntanar de la Orden, comm., Spain, prov. and 57 m. 
 ESE. Toledo, dist. Q. P. 7500. 
 
 Quints, Bay of, Canada, a long winding creek, with an 
 average width of less than 2 m. , on the N. side of Lake Ontario, 
 at its E. end, between the mainland of Ontario and Amherst I. 
 and the penin. of Prince Edward, which latter is connected 
 with the mainland by an isthmus less than 2 m. in width at the 
 head of the creek. 
 
 Qnlnteu, vil., Switzd. , cant. St. Gall, on the N. side of Lake 
 Walenstadt, 9 m. NE. Glarus, in comm. of Quarten. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Qulnters, seapt. vil., Chile, prov. Valparaiso, dep. and 15^ 
 m. WNW. Quillota, on a gulf which has little, but firm, 
 anchorage, in 32° 46' 51" S. 
 
 Qnlutln, tn., France, dep. C6tes du Nord, 44 m. WSW. 
 St. Male, arr. and 10 m. SW. St. Brieuc. P. <4000. 
 
 Qnlntln, electoral div.. Ire., E. ct., co. Down, bar. Upper 
 Ards, 94 m. ENE. Downpatrick, with a coastguard station. 
 
 Qiiliito, riv. , Argentine Republic. See Cdrdoba, prov. 
 
 Qulnto, comm., Spain, prov. and 25 m. SE. by E. Saragossa, 
 near the r. bk. of the Ebro, dist. Pina ; has saline springs con- 
 taining chlorine and sulphur. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Qninto, comm. , Switzd. , cant. Ticino, 5 m. E. by S. Airolo. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Qnlnton, par., Eng. , Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 5 m. 
 S. by W. Stratford-on-Avon, 2 m. SE. Long Marston stn. , 
 PM.O. (Lower Q.). P.<5oo. 
 
 Qnlnton, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 4 m. 
 SSE. Northampton. P. <25o. 
 
 Qnlnton, eccles. par., Eng., Worcestershire, 4 m. SW. 
 Birmingham, PM.O. P. < 3500. 
 
 Qnlnton Hill, Eng. See Waltliam Abbey. 
 
 Qnlntrell Down, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 2 m. from St. 
 Columb Minor. 
 
 Qnlnzano d'Ogllo, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 20 
 m. SW. Brescia, 3 m. WSW. Verolanuova. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Qnlo, or Onslovr, vil., Canada, Quebec, Pontiac co. , on 
 Ottawa R. , 25 m. from Aylmer. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Qnlpapa, vil. , Brazil, state of and 90 m. SW. by W. Pernam- 
 buco, with which it is connected by rail. 
 
 Qnlqnljana, vil. , Peru, dep. and 42 m. SE. Cuzco. 
 
 Qnlquiua, Nicaragua. See Cnlcnlna. 
 
 Qnlqnyo, vil. , Paraguay, 73 m. SE. by S. Asuncion. 
 
 Qnlratng (Cuith-fhir-Fhinn, ' recess of the men of Fingal '), 
 mt., Scot., Inverness-shire, in the extreme N. of Skye I. Alt. 
 1780 ft. On its summit is a wonderful group of rock-formations. 
 
 Qnlrlgna, site with ancient ruins. Central America, republic 
 and 100 m. ENE. Guatemala. The remains are mainly buried 
 under numerous mounds, but include thirteen monoliths covered 
 with elaborate carved decorations and inscriptions. 
 
 Qnlrlhue, vil., Chile, Maule, 44 m. NE. by N. Concepcion. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Qnlrlndl, post-tn.. New South Wales, Buckland co., 30 m. 
 SW. Tam worth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Qnlrliinlna, isl. in Talcahuano (Concepcion) Bay, Chile. 
 See Talcalinano. 
 
 Qulroga, comm., Spain, prov. and 40 m. SSE. Lugo, dist. 
 Q. P. 8800. 
 
 Qnlros, comm., Spain, Asturias, prov. and 15 m. SSW. 
 Oviedo, dist. Labiana. P. 6100. 
 
 -Qnlrpon, isl., Newfoundland, off N. extremity of the island, 
 at the entrance of Belle Isle Strait, in 51° 40' N. and 55° 16' W. 
 
 Qulsanga, seapt. , Portuguese E. Africa. See Klssanga. 
 
 Qnlsplcanchl, prov., Peru, dep. Cuzco, cap. Urcos. 
 
 Qulssac, tn. , France, dep. Gard, on the Vidourle, arr. Le 
 Vigan, 19 m. W. by N. Nimes ; has a warm spring at Plantat. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Qnltman, co. , U.S. , Georgia, on W. frontier, and S. of 32° N. 
 
 Quitman, tn. , U.S., Georgia, Brooks co. , 54 m. NE. by E. 
 Tallahassee (Florida) ; has several factories. P. <2C)oo. 
 
 Qnltman, co., U.S., Mississippi, to the N. of 34° N. , and 
 between 90° and 91° W. 
 
 Quitman, vil., U.S., Mississippi, Clarke co., 88 m. E. by S. 
 Jackson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Quito, tn., Ecuador, prov. Pichincha, ancient cap. of the 
 Shiris and Incas, and now of the republic, 165 m. NE. by N. 
 Guayaquil, situated in an Andine basin on an irregular part of 
 the surface of a long plateau rising to the height of 1000-1300 ft. 
 above the adjacent plain. Principal buildings, besides those of 
 the government offices, the churches and convents, especially that 
 of the Jesuits. Most of the churches deprived of their spires by 
 the earthquake of 1859. Seat of an observatory (0° 13' 34" S. ; 
 longitude doubtful, but according to Wolf some minutes W. of 
 that assigned by Humboldt, namely, 78° 44' 29" W.), of a uni- 
 versity, and an institute of science, the laboratories and museum 
 of natural history connected with which are located, along with 
 the national library, in the old college of the Jesuits. Climate 
 pleasant and healthy to those who are acclimatised, but not 
 deserving, according to Wolf, of the epithet of eternal spring so 
 frequent now with regard to it. Alt. 9350 ft. Mean temp. 
 (1878-79), yr. 55.6° F. Population uncertain, no exact census 
 having ever been taken ; estimated by Wolf, who believes that 
 it has certainly not increased in the 19th century, at not more 
 than 40,000. 
 
 Quitta, W. Africa. See Klta. 
 
 Qnixeraniobim, Canipo de, tn. , Brazil, prov. and 120 m. 
 SW. by S. Ceara. 
 
 Quiyndy, vil. , Paraguay, 49 m. SE. by S. Asuncion. 
 
 Qumbn, vil., Cape Colony, East Griqua-land div., cap. Q. 
 dist., about 3 m. from the Pondo border. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Quolch, lake, Scot., in NW. of Inverness-shire, 7 m. long, 
 in 57° 4' N. , drained E. by the Garry into Loch Garry. Alt. 555 ft. 
 
 Qnoile RlTer, Ire., in the SE. of co. Down, flows into 
 Stangford Lough. 
 
 Quoin Point, cape, on S. ct. Cape Colony, in 19° 40' E. 
 
 Qnoisley, vil., Eng., Cheshire. See Marbury. 
 
 Qnorn, PMT.O., Eng. See Quorndon. 
 
 Quorn, post-tn., S. Australia, Newcastle co. , 19 m. NE. by 
 E. Port Augusta, on the G. N. R. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Quorndon, tn. and par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 2| 
 m. SE. Loughborough, i m. SW. Barrow stn., PMT.O. 
 (Quorn). P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Qnorra, riv. , Africa. See Niger. 
 
 Quoyloo, P.O., Scot., Orkney Is., 4 m. from Dounby. * 
 
 Qntblng, vil., S. Africa, Basuto-land, on Orange R. , and on 
 S. frontier of Q. dist. 
 
 Qny, vil., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Newmarket div., 4J m. 
 ENE. Cambridge, on the G. E. R. , P.O. See Stow wltb Qny. 
 
 R 
 
 J?a, Teutonic and Scandinavian, 'a promontory or peninsula." 
 See Rain. 
 
 Raab, German, Hungarian Gyor, tn., Hungary, cap. co. R., 
 48 m. E. Odenburg, at the mouth of the riv. Raab ; has a 
 cathedral and a law academy ; horse fairs, and a thriving trade. 
 In 1809 the French defeated the Austrians here, and destroyed 
 the fortifications. P. (1850) 16,500; (1869) 20,000; (1890) 
 22,800. 
 
 Raab, or Raba, r. bk. trib. of the Danube, rises in E. Styria, 
 and flows SSE. to Feldberg, then E. into Hungary, and finally 
 NE. till it joins a S. arm of the Danube (the Little Danube) 
 at the town of R. , 25 m. W. Komorn ; it receives the Rab- 
 nitz, or Repcze, on its 1. bk. Length, 158 m.; area of basin, 
 5050 sq. m. 
 
 Raab, th.. Upper Austria, dist. Scharding, 29 m. W. by N. 
 Linz ; has a mineral spring. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 1259 
 
RAAL— RADC 
 
 Kaalte, vil., Holland, prov. Overijssel, 9 m. NE. by N. 
 Deventer. P. (comm.) 5700. 
 
 KAamsdonk, comm., Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 9 m. 
 NE. Breda. P. <-5ooo. 
 
 Raasay, narrow isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, stretching 12 m. 
 N. from near the N. ct. of Skye, from vi^hich it is separated 
 on the SW. by the Sound of R. , which is from i m. to 5 m. 
 \vide ; surface mountainous in the S. , level in the N. Length, 
 
 12 m. ; breadth, 2 m. ; area, 28 sq. m. PM.O. P. 438. 
 Kiiasdorf, vil.. Lower Austria, dist. Gross- Enzersdorf, 7 m. 
 
 E. by N. Vienna. 
 
 Raase, or Razora, comm., Austria, Silesia, dist. Freuden- 
 thal, 16 m. W. Troppau. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rab, tn. , Dalmatia. See Arbe. 
 
 Raba, riv. , Austria, Galicia, r. bk. trib. of the Vistula, rises 
 on the N. slope of the Beskids, or W. Carpathians, flows NE. 
 past Rabka, and joins the Vistula 25 m. ENE. Cracow, after 
 a course of 81 m. 
 
 Raba, riv. , Hungary. See Raab. 
 
 RAba, vil, Palestine, Rabbith in the O. T., 32° 23' N., 35° 23' 
 E., 12 m. NE. by N. Nablus. 
 
 Rab&beh, WAdi, the valley of Hinnom of the O.T. , a narrow 
 valley on the W. ■ and S. of the height on which Jerusalem 
 stands. It opens into the Wadi-en-Nar (valley of the Brook 
 Kidron). 
 
 Rabagh, or Sberm Rabegh, seapt. tn. , W. Arabia, Hejaz, on 
 the Red Sea, 124 m. NW. Mecca, in 22° 38' 14" N. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rabat, or Rabbal, vil. , E. ct. Africa, 15J m. N. Mombasa. 
 
 Rabastens, vil., France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n6es, arr. Tarbes, 
 23 m. N. Bagn6res-de-Bigorre. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rabastens, the ancient Rapistagnum, tn., France, dep. and 
 on the Tarn, arr. Gaillac, 21 m. NE. Toulouse. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Rabat, Rbat, or Rabbat, in full R'bat el F'tali ( ' camp 
 of victory'), seapt., Morocco, W. ct. , tj m. W. by N. Mekines, 
 is opposite Sali (Sallee). The fort is on a rock whose sides fall 
 sheer to the ocean. Commerce is hindered by a bar at the mouth 
 of the Bu-ragreg, ships being often obliged to anchor in the open 
 roadstead. The depth of water on bar fluctuates, being occa- 
 sionally as much as 16 ft. at high water. Its importations are 
 less than ^^50,000, and decreasing. It exports skins, wool, and 
 beans, but their value barely reaches ^200,000 per annum ; one- 
 half the total trade is with England. R. was founded about 
 1190. Half a mile from the town are the ruins of the ancient 
 Sheila, the Sala Colonia of the Romans, which contains tombs 
 of the Almohade and Marinide sultans, three of them with in- 
 scriptions. P., according to Lenz, 25,000, of which 4-5000 are 
 Jews ; according to De Campou, 12,000. See Saleh. 
 
 Rabba, tn., central Sudan, ancient cap. of the kgd. Nupe, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Niger ; formerly the centre of the slave-trade 
 between the interior of Sudan and the coast. P. at beginning 
 of 19th century, 100,000 (Lander) ; at end, 2000. 
 
 Rabba, ruins, Syria, Rabbath Moab in the O. T., called by 
 the Greeks Areopolis, in 31° 17' N., 35° 38' E., 11 m. E. of the 
 Dead Sea where narrowed by the penin. of El Lizan. 
 
 Rabba, tn., Syria, Ur of Moab, or Rabbath Amman, in the 
 O. T., called by the Greeks Philadelphia, 31° 57' N., 35° 56' E., 
 
 13 m. NE. by N. of the ancient Heshbon. 
 Rabbal, E. Africa. See Rabal. 
 Rabbat, seapt. , Morocco. See Rabat. 
 
 Rabbath (of Judah), place named in O. T. See Rabba. 
 
 Rabbi, comm., Austria, Tirol, dist. Male, 25 m. W. by S. 
 Bozen ; has a mineral spring and baths. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Rabbith, place named in O. T. See RAba. 
 
 Rabbit Island, small isl. Ire., off S. ct. co. Cork, in long. 
 9° 7' W. 
 
 Rabbits Islands, group of isls., Scot., off the N. ct. of 
 Sutherland, in Tongue Bay, in 4° 23^' W. 
 
 Rabenan, comm., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 7 m. SW. 
 by S. Dresden. P. <3ooo. 
 ^ Rabensteln, waste tract, Ger., kgd. Bavaria, Upper Fran- 
 conia, dist. Pottenstein. Near are the Sophie, or R., caves 
 (discovered 1832), with stalactites and many fossil bones. 
 
 Rabtyeb, site, Palestine. See Er Rabtyeta. 
 
 Rabka, vil. , Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Myslenice, on 
 riv. Raba, 27 m. S. by W. Wielicka ; has a mineral spring. P. 
 (comm. )< 2000. 
 
 Rabkarl, tn., India, Bombay, state SAngli, in 16° 28' N., 
 75° 9' E.; an important trade centre. P. (1881) 5000. 
 
 RAbkob, vil., India, Bengal, Chutia Ndgpur hill states, 
 86 m. NW. by N. Sambalpur ; has gold-mines. 
 
 RabnAbAd Islands, group of isls., India, belonging to the 
 Ganges delta, Bengal, dist. Bakarganj. 
 
 Rabnltz, or Repcze, riv., Hungary, 1. bk. affluent of the 
 Raab ; rises in Lower Austria, flows E. , N., then E. again, and 
 joins the Raab near the town Raab after a course of about 
 120 m. 
 
 Rabo de Pelxe, tn., Azores, on the N. ct. of St. Michael 
 (Sao Miguel) I. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rabng, tn. , Arabia, Hejaz, about 3 m. from the Red Sea, 85 
 m. N. Jedda. 
 1260 
 
 Rabun, co., U.S., Georgia, in extreme NE. 
 
 Raby, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div. , 6 m. S. Birkenhead, 
 2^ m. WNW. Hooton stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Raby -with KeTerstone, par., Eng., Durham, Barnard 
 Castle div., on Langley Beck, 7 m. SW. Bishop Auckland, 2 m. 
 SSE. Cockfield stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Racalninto, comm., Sicily, prov. and 12 m. NE. Girgenti ; 
 mines of rock-salt, sulphur, and mercury. P. 13,400. 
 
 Racarl, vil., Roumania, prov. Doljiu, 20 m. NW. by N. 
 Craiova ; numerous Roman remains in the vicinity. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Racavan, par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Antrim, on riv. 
 Braid, 4 m. NE. Ballymena; 17,565 ac. P. <4000. 
 
 Racconlgl, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, on riv. 
 Maira, 21 m. S. Turin. P. 10,000. 
 
 Raccoon Keys, islets, U.S., S. Carolina, Charleston co., 
 
 33°-33° 3' ^• 
 
 Raccnja, comm. , Sicily, prov. and 36 m. W. by S. Messina. 
 P. <:30oo. 
 
 Race, a swift current running through a narrow strait ; e.g. , 
 Race of Portland. 
 
 Race, Cape, SE. point of Newfoundland. 
 
 Raceland, \'il. , U.S., Louisiana, La Fourche par. (co.), 40 
 m. W. by S. New Orleans by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rachan Mill, P.O., Scot., Peeblesshire, i m. SE. Broughton 
 stn. 
 
 Rachelberg, group of mts. , Ger., Bavaria, in the Bohmer- 
 wald. The highest point is the Grosser Rachel, alt. 4784 ft. 
 
 Racbgla, French spelling of Rashgia {g.v.), Cochin-China. 
 
 RacIiUu Island, Ire. See Rathliu Island. 
 
 Racine, city, U.S., Wisconsin, R. co., on Lake Michigan, 
 21 m. S. by E. Milwaukee. R. is built on a plateau about 
 40 ft. high, projecting about 3^ m. into the lake. The harbour, 
 one of the best on the lake, is accessible by vessels drawing 
 14 ft. R. has a considerable lumber trade, and various manu- 
 factures, chiefly of articles made of wood. P. (1880) 16,000; 
 (1890) 21,000. 
 
 Rackenford, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, S. Molton div. , 8 m. 
 WNW. Tiverton, 5^ m. S. byW. East Anstey stn., P.O.; 4011 
 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Racket, or Raqnette, riv., U.S., New York, in the NE. It 
 issues fi-om R. Lake in the Adirondacks (alt. 1730 ft.), and flows 
 on the whole N. , finally ENE. to the St. LawTence, which it 
 joins on the r. bk. in 74" 40' W. 
 
 Rackhani, par. , Eng., Sussex, dist. Thakeham, 5 m. NE. 
 Arundel. P. <25o. 
 
 Rackheath, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 5 m. NE. by N. 
 Norwich, i^ m. WNW. Salhouse stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Racknltz, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and dist. Dresden ; 
 monument to General Moreau, wounded here August 27, 1813. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Racks, Scot., Dumfriesshire, 4 m. E. by S. Dumfries, on the 
 G. & SW. R. 
 
 RackM'allace, electoral div.. Ire., Monaghan, dist. Castle- 
 shane. 
 
 Racoon, or Coon, riv., U.S., Iowa, rises in Buena Vista and 
 Pocahontas cos. by two branches, which unite in Sac co. , flows 
 SE. to Des Moines R. at Des Moines city. Length, 180 m. 
 
 Racoon JMonntalns, section of the Appalachian Mts., U.S., 
 Tennessee, near Walden Ridge ; rich in bituminous coal. 
 
 Racton, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 6 m. NW. by W. 
 Chichester, 3 m. NE. Emsworth stn. P. <25o ; eccles. par. 
 (R. with Lordlngton) P. <250. 
 
 Racy Point, vil., U.S., Florida, St. John's co., on the r. bk. 
 of St. John's R. , 40 m. S. by W. of the mouth of the river. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 RAcz-AlniAs, comm., Hungary, co. and 27 m. SE. Stuhl- 
 weissenburg, near r. bk. Danube. P. <4000. 
 
 Riiczkeve, comm., Hungary, co. Pest, 23 m. S. by W. 
 Budapest, in the Csepel I. of the Danube. P. 5900. 
 
 Rikcz-lMllltlcs, comm., Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. 
 H6dsAg. P. <40oo. 
 
 Radama Harbour, inlet, Madagascar, in the NW., in about 
 14° 15' S. Also islands opposite mouth. 
 
 Radaspona, tn., Ger. See Ratlsbon. 
 
 Radaune, riv., Ger., W. Prussia, issues from Lake R., and 
 after traversing Lakes Brodno and Osteritz, winds E. into the 
 Mottlau arm of the Vistula, which it enters above Danzig ; not 
 navigable. 
 
 Radautz, tn., Austria, crownland Bukovina, cap. dist. R. , 
 30 m. S. Czernowitz ; manufactures glass. P. 12,900. 
 
 Radbonrn, Lower and Upper, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Warwickshire, Rugby div., 10 m. SE. by E. Leamington, 3J m. 
 N. Fenny Compton stn. P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Radbourne, or Radburn, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 
 i,\ m. W. Derby, ■z\ m. NW. by N. Mickleover stn., P.O. P. 
 <25o. 
 
 RadcUflTe, par. and tn. , Eng., Lancashire, R. div., on riv. 
 Irwell, 2 m. S. Bury, with two stns. (R. and R. Bridge) on dif- 
 ferent lines of the L. & Y. R., PMT.O., and PM.O. (R. HaU). 
 P. 20,000. 
 
RADC — RADW 
 
 RadclllTe, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Amble, Northumberland. 
 Radcllffe-cuni-Famworth, pari. div. , Eng. , in the SE. of 
 
 Lancashire, to the S. of Bolton and Bury. P. 72,900. 
 
 Radcllffe-npon-Trent, or RatcIlffe-on-Treut, Eng., Not- 
 tinghamshire, Newark div., on the r. bk. of the Trent, 4 m. E. 
 Nottingham, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P.<20oo. 
 
 Radclive, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, on the Ouse, div. 
 and i§ m. W. Buckingham. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (R. with 
 Cliackmore) P. <5oo. 
 
 Radcot, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, on the Thames, Faringdon 
 dist. , 2 m. SW. Bampton. P. <25o. 
 
 Raddliigton, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 9 m. 
 NNE. Tiverton, i^ m. NW. Venn Cross stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Raddnsa, comm., Sicily, prov. and 30 m. W. by S. Catania; 
 has sulphur-mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rade, rode, roda, or reut (Teutonic), in English names royd 
 (Holroyd, Huntroyd, &c.), ' a place where wood has been rooted 
 up and cleared for tillage,' 'a clearing'; e.g., Harzgerode, 
 ' the clearing on the Harz Mts. ' ; Baireuth (in a document of 
 1 194 Baierrutc), ' the cleared ground of the Boii or Bavarians.' 
 
 Radeberg, tn., Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 9 m. NE. by E. 
 Dresden ; has a considerable glass industry. Two miles to the 
 NNW. is the mineral spring of Augustusbad. Hermannsbad is 
 also near. P. (1834) 2000; (1890) 8700. 
 
 Radebeul, vil. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle, dist., and 6 m. 
 NW. Dresden. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Radebnrg, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, on riv. Roder, circle and 
 II m. N. Dresden. P. 3000. 
 
 Radegast, vil., Ger., duchy Anhalt, 14 m. SSW. Dessau. 
 P. < 2000. • 
 
 Radegnnd, vil., Austria, Styria, dist. Weitz, 8 m. NE. Graz ; 
 hydropathic establishment. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rad^s, or Rhad^s, vil., Tunis, on the SW. shore of the bay, 
 and 6 m. ESE. Tunis. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rade Torm Wald, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., dist. Diissel- 
 dorf, 8| m. SE. by E. Barmen ; manufactures of iron and steel, 
 cloth, woollens, &c. P. 10,200. 
 
 Radeivitsch, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Ziil- 
 lichau-Schwiebus, dist. Ziillichau, with lignite-mine. P. <20oo. 
 
 Radford, par. and a suburb of Nottingham, Eng., in the W. 
 div., on the M. R. Eccles. pars., Xew R., P. <45oo; Old R., 
 P. 21,600. 
 
 Radford, tn., U.S., Virginia, Montgomery co., 88 m. SSW. 
 Lynchburg, and 14 m. NE. Pulaski. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Radfortl Seniele, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 2\ 
 m. SE. by E. Leamington, on the Oxford Canal, P.O. (Radford). 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Radg08zcz,comm. , Austria, Galicia, dist. Dabrowa. P. <4000. 
 
 Riidliaiipar, tn. , India, Bombay, cap. R. state, in 23° 50' N., 
 71° 89' E. ; in the midst of a plain mostly under water during the 
 rains ; surrounded by a wall. In 1816 and 1820 about half the 
 population was carried away by a plague. P. (1881) 14,700. 
 
 Rikdluiparam, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 33 m. S. 
 Tinnevelli. P. < 5000. 
 
 Radlcena, tn. and comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 26 m. 
 NE. Reggie. P. (comm.) 5500. 
 
 Radlcofaul, tn. and comm. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Siena, 35 
 m. WSW. Perugia. P. (comm. )<3ooo. 
 
 Radlniln, tn. , Poland. See Radzyiuln. 
 
 ICadlii, tn. , Poland. See Radzyn. 
 
 Radipole, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., 2 m. NNW. 
 Weymouth ; has mineral waters. P. <20oo. See Helcombe 
 Regis. 
 
 Radltsa, tn., Russia, govt, and jj m. WNW. Orel, 5 m. 
 from Bryansk, near Desna R. ; iron and glass works, usually 
 known as Maltsov's works. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Radjiiveiil, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. Lovetz, 20 m. S. Pleven 
 (Plevna). P. <3000. 
 
 Radkan, tn., Persia, Khorassan, 53 m. NW. Meshed; 
 famous for its breed of camels. P. 3000 (Houtum-Schindler). 
 
 Radkersbarg, tn. , Austria, Styria, cap. dist. R. , on an island 
 in the Mur, 38 m. SE. Graz. P. <30oo. 
 
 Radlett, eccles. par., Eng., Hertfordshire, St. Albans div., 
 on the M. R., 15 m. NW. by N. St. Paul's, London, PM.O. 
 
 P. <7SO- 
 
 Radley, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 3 m. NE. by E. 
 Abingdon, on the Thames, and on the G. W. R., Pl^.O. 
 P. <750. 
 
 RatUln, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Rybnik, 12 m. ESE. 
 Ratibor ; has coal-mines. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Radmannsdorf, tn. , Austria, Carniola, cap. dist. R. , on the 
 Save, 21 m. SSW. Klagenfurt. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ra<lnier, comm., Austria, Styria, dist. and 18^ m. NW. 
 Leoben ; iron and copper are mined here. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rndiiage, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and loj m. S. 
 by W. Aylesbury, 2J m. SE. Chinnor stn. P. <Soo. 
 
 Ra«liiltz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. and 11 m. NE. by E. 
 Pilsen ; coal and iron are mined here. Alt. 1245 ft. P. 3000. 
 
 Radnor, stn. , Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R. , 873 m. 
 by rail W. Winnipeg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Raduor, par., Eng., Cheshire, dist. and i m. NW. Congle- 
 ton, on riv. Dane. P. <25o. 
 
 Radnor, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Delaware co. , on riv. 
 Pennsylvania, 12 m. W. Philadelphia. P.*: 1500. 
 
 Radnor, inland co. , Wales, W. of Herefordshire, in the Wye 
 basin ; surface mostly hilly, the county giving name to the 
 mountainous range Radnor Forest, rising to 2163 ft. To SE. 
 the valleys are wider, with much fine scenery along the Wye. 
 Geologically, the prevailing formations are Silurian, with Old 
 Red Sandstone on E. ; much limestone near Old Radnor ; 
 mineral wells at Llandrindod. The chief industry is stock- 
 rearing (see Appendix, pp. 7-9 for agricultural statistics). 
 Ruins of a Norman abbey at Cwm-Hir. Railway communica- 
 tion by the G. W. & S. Wales Rly. , with two branches. R. 
 was constituted a county by Henry VIII.; it is in the S. Wales 
 circuit and the dioceses of Hereford and St. David. It returns 
 one M.P. , but contains no pari, or mun. bor. 
 
 Raduor, New, ancient bor. and par., Wales, Radnorshire, 
 23 m. NNE. Brecknock, on the G. W. R., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Radnor, Old, and Barllngjobb, par. , Wales, 3 m. ESE. 
 New Radnor. P. <5oo; eccles. par., partly in Herefordshire 
 (Old R. with Klnnerton), P. < 1000. 
 
 Radnor Forest, dist., Wales, Radnorshire, in the E. , to the 
 NW. of New Radnor. 
 
 Radnor Park, stn., Eng., Kent, Folkestone, on SE. R. 
 
 Raduor Park, vil., Scot., Dumbartonshire, i m. from 
 Dalmuir, PM.O. P. <isoo. 
 
 Radii, isl. , Norway, on the W. ct. , 18 m. NW. Bergen. 
 
 Radobllye, tn. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet Salonica, sanjak 
 and 23 m. S. Kopriilii. P. <3000. 
 
 Radohoja, pass, Turkey, to the W. of Lake Okhrida, lead- 
 ing eastwards from a branch of the Shkumbi valley, in 41'' 5' N. 
 
 Radolfzell, tn., Ger., Baden, dist. and 11 m. WNW. Con- 
 stance, at the W. end of the Unter See, arm of the Lake of 
 Constance. P. <3000. 
 
 RadollTO, tn., Turkey in Europe, vilayet Salonica, sanjak 
 Seres, 16 m. NNE. of the mouth of the Struma. P. <4000. 
 
 Radoni, govt, of Russian Poland, having Warsaw and Siedlce 
 on N., Lublin on E. , Austrian Galicia on S. , Kielce and Piotr- 
 k6w on W. ; hilly and woody in S. (S^domierz heights, 800- 
 2000 ft.) ; level and fertile in middle, with spurs, 800 ft. high, of 
 Lysa G6ra Mts. ; low, marshy plains in N., flooded by Pilica, 
 and unhealthy. The Vistula flows along S. and E. border, and 
 is much navigated, steamers plying up to Sgdomierz. Popula- 
 tion Poles, and 15 per cent. Jews. Corn exported ; potatoes 
 largely grown for distilleries ; flour-mills, sugar-works, tanneries, 
 iron and machinery works. Divided into seven dists. : Radom, 
 Hza, Konsk, Kozelnice, Opat6w, Opoczno, and S^domierz, 
 Ostrowiec, Stasz6w, Przedborz, Szidlowiec, and many others 
 also have municipal institutions. Area, 4769 sq. m. P. (1882) 
 644,830; (1890)782,270. 
 
 Radoni, cap. of above govt. , 65 m. S. Warsaw, on railway 
 Minsk to Vienna ; well built ; brisk trade. Mean rfall. (16 yrs. ), 
 yr. 27 in., May-Dec. 20.7 in. P. 23,700. 
 
 Radonilr, tn., Bulgaria, prov. Kostendil, 20 m. SW. by W. 
 .Sofia. P. <:3000. 
 
 Radonisk (Novo-Radonisk), dist. tn., Russia, N. Poland, 
 govt, and 28 m. SSW. Piotrkdw. P. ii,ico. 
 
 Radoniysl, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Tamobrzeg, 
 on the r. bk. of the San, 47 m. SW. by S. Lublin. P. <40oo. 
 
 Radoniysl (formerly Mychsk), dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 
 64 m. W. by N. Kiev, on the high bank of Teterev R. ; timber, 
 mushrooms, and corn exported. P. 7500. 
 
 Radonltz, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Kaaden, 18 m. E. by 
 N. Karlsbad. P. <2ooo. 
 
 RadoTlch, more properly Radovlty (three syllables), tn., 
 Turkey in Europe, vilayet Kossovo, sanjak and 58 m. SE. by 
 E. Ushkub. P. 7000; Christians, 4500 (G.). 
 
 Radpvlsht, tn. , Turkey in Europe, at the N W. end of Lake 
 Okhrida, vilayet, sanjak, and 37 m. W. by N. Monastir. 
 
 Radovltskly, monastery, Russia, govt, and 43 m. NW. 
 Ryazan. 
 
 Radstadt, tn., Austria, Salzburg, dist. St. Johann, 36m. SE. 
 by S. Salzburg. Alt. 2810 ft. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Radstiidter Tauern Pass. See Alps, Passes, IV. (3^). 
 
 Radstock, par. and tn. , Eng., Somerset, div. and 7 m. NW. 
 Frome, on the G. W. R. and M. & L. & SW. R. ; coal mined. 
 PMT.O. P. < 3500. 
 
 Radstone, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 8J m. 
 E. Banbury, 2^ m. NNW. Brackley stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Radiie, riv. , Prussia. See Persante. 
 
 Radujevac (raduyevats), tn., Servia, prov. Kraina, on the 
 Danube, 21 m. NW. by W. Viddin. P. <3000. 
 
 Raflusa Idovac, mt. , Bosnia, in 43° 52' N., 17° 2/ E. Alt. 
 6415 ft. 
 
 Radway, par., Eng., co. and 12 m. SE. by S. Warwick, 
 Rugby div. , 7J m. N W. Banbury, 3 m. SE. Kineton stn. ; at 
 the base of Edge Hill, the village being close to the position 
 occupied by the centre of the Royalist army at the battle of 
 Edge Hill, October 23, 1642. P.O. P. <:2So. 
 
 1261 
 
R A D W 
 
 R A H M 
 
 Radway Green, stn. , Eng. , Cheshire, on the N. Staffordshire 
 Rly. , 4^ m. ESE. Crewe. 
 
 Radwell, par., Eng., on the N. border of Hertfordshire, 
 Hitchin div. , 13 m. NE. Luton, ij m. NW. Baldock stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Radwlnter, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 4^ m. E. by S. 
 Saffron Walden, P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Radyr, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 4 m. NW. by 
 W. Cardiff, on the Taff Vale Rly. , P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Radzlonkan, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 36 m. NE. by E. 
 Ratibor, 4 m. N. by W. Beuthen ; important centre of iron and 
 zinc mines. P. 5800. 
 
 RadzlvllOT, tn. , Russia, govt. Volhynia, 22 m. WNW. 
 Kremenets, on railway to Lvow, near Austrian frontier town 
 Brody ; custom-house. P. 7550. 
 
 Radzymin (Russian Radlmln), dist. tn., Russian Poland, 
 govt, and 15 m. NE. Warsaw. P. 5700. 
 
 Radzyn (Russian Kadln), dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, 
 and 28 m. SE. Siedlce. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rae Barell, tn. , Oudh. See Rdl Barell. 
 
 Radestus, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Kodosto. 
 
 Raed, Teutonic, ' council. ' See Rath. 
 
 Raeren (pronounced raren), vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle 
 Eupen, 7 m. S. by E. Aix-la-Chapelle. P. (coram. )<:4000. 
 
 Rafael, tn., Chile, prov. Concepcion, 11 m. E. El Tom6, on 
 Tlv. Rafael. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rafaela, comm. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 57 m. NW. 
 by W. Santa F6. P. <:20oo. 
 
 R&fSt, vil, Palestine, Irpeel in the O. T., 31° 53' N., 35° 11' 
 E. , 7 m. NNW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Raferagli, electoral div. , Ire. , Monaghan, dist. R. , Carrick- 
 macross union. 
 
 Raffa, oasis, Algeria. See Ule«l Raffa. 
 
 RalTadall, tn., Sicily, prov. and 8 m. NNW. Girgenti. 
 P. 7600. 
 
 Raffles Bay, abandoned settlement, S. Australia, near Port 
 Essington. 
 
 RafTord, par., Scot., Elginshire, 2% m. SE. Forres, P.O. ; 
 1 2 , 456 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 RaflTrey, P.O., Ire., co. Down, 4 m. from Saintfield. 
 
 Riiford, electoral div., Ire., Galway, dist. Bullaun. 
 
 Raft.siind, strait, Norway, on the W. ct. , prov. Nordland, 
 between Hindo and Ost-Vaago, marks the boundary between 
 the Vesteraalen and Lofoten Is. 
 
 Ragad, plain, Africa. See Ragnall. 
 
 Raga77eia, par. , Eng. See Raylelgh. 
 
 Ragay, Seno de, bay, Philippine Is., in the S. of Luzon, in 
 
 I22^°-I23° E. 
 
 Ragaz, or Ragatz, vil., Switzd. , cant. St. Gall, 11 m. N. by 
 W. Chur. A frequented watering-place at the foot of the 
 gorge of the Tamina leading from Bad Pfaffers. Has a monu- 
 ment to the philosopher Schelling, who died here in 1854. The 
 Austrians were defeated here by the Confederates in 1446, and 
 in the war of 1799 the village was several times captured and 
 burnt. Alt. 1700 ft. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Ragdale, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 6 m. W. by 
 N. Melton Mowbray, 2 J m. WSW. Grimston stn. P. <250. 
 
 Rageiidorf, tn. , Hungary. See Rajka. 
 
 Ragged Monntaln, U.S., Colorado, in the NW. of Gunnison 
 CO. , 130 m. WSW. Denver. 
 
 Raghery, isl. , Ire. See Rathlln Island. 
 
 Raglitln More, mt. , Ire., in the NE. of co. Donegal, 18 m. 
 WNW. Moville. Alt. 1657 ft. 
 
 Raghngarh, tn. , Central India, 83 m. N. by W. Bhopdl; 
 contains a dilapidated fort. P. < 5000. 
 
 Raghnnathaparam, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 28 
 m. NW. by N. Ganjim. P. 6200 ; Hindus, 6000. 
 
 Raglianathpar, \nl. with rly. stn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. 
 Mdnbhiim, no m. WSW. Murshiddbid, 27 m. W. by S. 
 RAnfganj. P. < 5000. 
 
 Raglan, or Ragland, par. and vil. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, 
 S. div., 7 m. WSW. Monmouth, on the G. W. R. ; picturesque 
 ruins of castle dating from the 14th and 15th centuries built on 
 the site of a still older edifice. PMT.O. 4091 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Raglan, stn.. New South Wales, Roxburgh co., 5 m. ESE. 
 Bathurst, 140 m. by rail WNW. Sydney, in 33° 27' S., 149° 44' 
 E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Raglan, tp., New Zealand, North I., Raglan co., on S. shore 
 of Whaingaroa Harbour, 65 m. S. Auckland by road and rail, in 
 37° 46' S. , 174° 53' E. , accessible to vessels of good size ; iron- 
 stone and other minerals occur in the vicinity, and there are 
 mineral springs. P. < 1500. 
 
 Raglan, co., Queensland, crossed by 24° S., E. of 150° E. 
 
 Raglan, postal and mining tp. , Victoria, Ripon co. , 25 m. E. 
 by S. Ararat. Near it are the Fiery Creek goldfields. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ragnall, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 11 m. 
 W. by N. Lincoln, near the 1. bk. of the Trent, 4 m. ENE. 
 Tuxford stn. P. <25o. See Dnnham. > 
 
 Ragnlt, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, cap. circle R. , on the 
 1. bk. of the Memel, 5 m. ESE. Tilsit. P. <40oo. 
 1262 
 
 Ragogna, comm., Italy, Venice, prov. and 15 m. NW. 
 Udine. P. <4000. 
 
 Rago-XJarga, penin. , Norway, on the N. ct., prov. Finmark, 
 between the W. horn of the Varja-Njarga Penin. and the 
 Tana Fjord on the W. 
 
 Ragabn, tn. , Ger. , Anhalt, on riv. Mulde, 8^ m. S. by E. 
 Dessau. P. <3000. 
 
 Ragnsa (Slavonic Diibrornlk, Turkish Paprovnlk), forti- 
 fied city and seapt. , Austria, prov. Dalmatia, cap. circle R. , on 
 a penin. on the Adriatic, 50 m. SSE. Mostar ; surrounded by 
 forts. It is partly enclosed by old walls, flanked by massive 
 round towers. To the N. is Mount Sergio (alt. 1142 ft.), crowTied 
 by a fortress erected by the French, 1808-1813. Two other forts 
 protect the coast, while a fourth, built by the French, is \ m. S. 
 the town, on the small isl. Lacroma, and commands the bay. 
 R. has a cathedral (1713), a Gothic custom-house, a palace of the 
 former rectors of the republic, and a Jesuit college. The port 
 immediately E. the city, though protected by a mole, is fitted only 
 for vessels not exceeding 200 tons ; but the harbour of Gravosa, 
 the real port, i;^ m. N. the penin., will receive ships of the line. 
 Manufactures of silks, leather, and rosoglio, which, with oil, 
 anchovies, and the products of Herzegovina, constitute the chief 
 exports. R. is the birthplace of Boscovich, the mathematician, 
 died 1787. Founded about the middle of the 7th century, 
 this city became early in the isth century a republic, which, 
 though independent, was under the successive protection of the 
 Greeks, Venetians, and Turks until 1810, when it was joined by 
 Napoleon I. to lUyria. In 1815 it was transferred to Austria. 
 The city was burnt down in 1023, 1296, and 1459 ; in 1667 it suf- 
 fered from a terrible earthquake ; thfs was the beginning of its fall. 
 By her devotion to letters and science, as well as by her political 
 and commercial activity, R. was a centre of civilisation from 
 the middle of the 15th century. Mean temp. (15 yrs. ), yr. 
 61.2° F., Jan. 47.7°, July 77.2°; mean rfall. (13 yrs.), 65.71 in. 
 P. 7100. 
 
 Ragnsa, comm. , Sicily, prov. and 32 m. WSW. Syracuse ; 
 weaves silks, cloth, and woollens, and has an active trade in 
 corn, wine, olive-oil, and cheese. Alt. 1630 ft. P. 24,300. R. 
 Inferlore (Lower R. ), adjoining comm., P. 7600. 
 
 Ragwen Point, cape, Wales, Carmarthenshire, 7 m. NE. by 
 E. Tenby. 
 
 Rahad, riv. , eastern Sudan ; it rises, under the name of the 
 Sinfa, on the W. of Abyssinia, and flows NW. into the Bahr-el- 
 .■Vzrek, or Blue Nile, 126 m. SE. Khartum. Its bed is quite dry 
 during the greater part of the year ; navigable for about eighty 
 days during the year. Length (in a straight line from source to 
 mouth), 250 m. 
 
 Rahaen, hamlet, Scot. , Dumbartonshire, on the W. shore of 
 the Gare Loch, 4^ m. NW. by W. Helensburgh. 
 
 Rahallsk, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Macroom. 
 
 Rabalton, electoral div.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, dist. Ely. 
 
 Rahan, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Fermoy, on riv. Blackwater, 
 3 m. SE. Mallow ; 10,083 ac. P-<i5oo. 
 
 Rahan, par.. Ire., King's co., bar. Ballycowan, 5 m. W. 
 Tullamore stn. , P. O. ; 14,986 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Rahane Pass, pass, S. Africa, across the Molapo Mts., in 
 the N. of Basuto-land, in about 29°o' S., 28° 35' E. 
 
 Rabang, or Rataeug, tn. , Siam, on the Mepi.ig (Mei-Ping , 
 102 m. E. by N. Maulmain, in about 16° 50' N. 
 
 Rabanwln, a branch of the Somalis, E. Africa, occupying 
 the region between the rivs. Shebeli and Webi. 
 
 Rabara, par.. Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. N. Athlone, 10 m. 
 NW. .Athlone, P.O.; 5363 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Raharney, tn. , Ire., SE. co. Westmeath, bar. Farbill, 9^ m. 
 E. MuUingar, 3 m. from Killucan stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Rabasane, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Ardrahan. 
 
 Riibatgarb, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. and 25 m. 
 W. Sagar ; has a fort on an eminence SW. of the town ; the 
 defences enclose 66 ac. ; now in ruins. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rabeen, electoral div., Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Tiaquin, 
 loj m. NE. by E. Tuam. 
 
 Rabeen, electoral div.. Ire., Queen's co., bar. W. Mary- 
 borough, 5^ m. SSW. Maryborough. 
 
 Rabeenakeeran, electoral div., Ire., King's co., dist. Philips- 
 town. 
 
 Rabelty, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Eliogarty, 3 m. NE. . 
 Thurles; 4875 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rabeng, tn. , Siam. See Rabang. 
 
 Rabeny, par. and tn.. Ire., E. co. Dublin, bar. Coolock, i^ 
 m. NE. Clontarf, on the G. N. (Ire.) R., PMT.O. Par. P. 
 <5oo; tn. P. <2So. 
 
 Rablll, par., Ire., co. Carlow, bar. and i m. NW. Rath- 
 villy. P. 250. 
 
 Rablmatpnr, tn. with rly. stn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. 
 Sitilra, 69 m. SSE. Poona. P. 6700 ; Hindus, 6000. 
 
 Rahlni Yarkban, vil. with rly. stn., India, Bahdwalpur, 
 no m. E. Jacobabad. 
 
 Rablnsto>«'n, electoral div.. Ire., co. Meath, dist. Innfield. 
 
 Rabmaniye, tn., Egypt, near the 1. bk. of the Rosetta arm 
 of the Nile, 30 ra. NW. Tanta. P. 6100. 
 
/< ■■ 
 
 f UNIVERSITY 
 
 Rabmanlii, Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. and 29 m. 
 NE. by N. Philippopolis. 
 
 Rali6, comm. , Hungary, co. Maramaros, dist. Tiszavolgy ; 
 health resort. P. 5800. 
 
 Kaholp, tnld., Ire., SE. co. Down, bar. Lower Lecale, 4 m. 
 NE. by E. Downpatrick, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Kikliun, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Jalandhar, 67 m. W. 
 Simla, about 3 m. from the Sutlej ; the intermediate space is 
 a malarious swamp ; has trade in sugar and manufacture of 
 country cloth. P. 10,700 ; Hindus, 5300 ; Mohara. 5300. 
 
 Kataoua, electoral div. , Ire. , SW. ct. co. Clare, bar. Moyarta, 
 N. of riv. Shannon, \o\ m. WSW. Kilrush. 
 
 Rahoon, par.. Ire., co. Galway, bars. Galway and Moy- 
 cullen, on bay and containing part of town of Galway; 15,169 
 ac. P. 7700. 
 
 Kaliovo, tn. , Bulgaria, cap. prov. R. , on the r. bk. of the 
 Danube, 40 m. S. by E. Craiova (Roumania). P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kahagb, par.. Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Moycashel, on a 
 branch of the Grand Canal, 4 m. SE. Kilbeggan ; 4974 ac. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Rabvfan, plain, Turkish Armenia, to the W. of Lake Van, 
 separated from the plain of Mush by a low ridge forming the 
 water-parting between the Euphrates and the Tigris. 
 
 Rabway, city, U.S., New Jersey, Union co. , 15 m. SW. by 
 W. Jersey City. P. 7100. 
 
 Ral, site, Persia. See Rb^. 
 
 Ralan (or Raiyan) Basin, depression, Egypt, prov. Fayum, 
 SW. of the cultivated area of the prov. , the bottom more than 
 100 ft. below the level of the Mediterranean ; at present dry, 
 but capable of being filled with water from the Nile, a step 
 which has been proposed for the sake of supplying irrigation 
 water to Lower Egypt. If filled to a depth of 16 ft. below the 
 level of high Nile, the lake thus formed would have an area of 
 more than 200 sq. m., and would, it is said, if drained 7 ft. 
 lower, afford all the water needed for the complete reclamation 
 of Lower Egypt. See Proc. R. G. S., 1887, p. 608, with map, 
 p. 658. 
 
 Ralatea, isl. , Pacific, Society group, crossed by 16° 44' S. , 
 151° 30' W. 
 
 RAl Barell (Rae Bareli, census), tn., Brit. India, Oudh, 
 dist. Rai Bareli, 48 m. SSE. Lucknow ; has a strong fort, 
 erected by Ibrdhfm Sharki, made of bricks 2 ft. long and i-ij 
 ft. wide, probably taken from more ancient strongholds ; in the 
 centre is a huge well 108 yards in circumference ; now in ruins. 
 P. 18,800; Hindus, 11,300; Moham. 7300. 
 
 RalM Pass. See Alps, Passes, V. 
 
 R&lcbtir, tn. with rly. stn., India, HaidardbAd, 79 m. NNE. 
 Bellary ; famous for glazed pottery. P. (1881) 15,400; (1891) 
 23,200. 
 
 Raltlrng (RAyadrng, census), tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 and 34 m. S. by W. Bellary ; consists of a citadel on a summit 
 of rocks (height, 1200 ft.) and lower fort, the latter containing 
 the town, and guarded by a triple line of works. P. 10,400 ; 
 Hindus, 8400. 
 
 Rdlgarb, tn. and fort, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Kol4ba, 
 32 m. SW. Poona ; on the W. , S. , and E. there are almost no 
 artificial defences, as the' hillsides are so steep ; taken by the 
 British, 1818. Alt. 2851 ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ralgarb, vil. with rly stn. , Brit. India, Madras, in the NW. 
 of dist. Vizagapatam, 165 m. SW. Sambalpur. P. <5ooo. 
 
 RAlgarb, tn. , India, Central Provs., cap. R. state, in 21° 54' 
 N., 83° 25' E. P. (i88i)<5ooo. 
 
 R^lkot, municip. and walled tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. 
 Ludhiana, 80 m. SE. by S. Amritsar. P. 9400 ; Hindus, 3200 ; 
 Moham. 5500. 
 
 Rallstoivu, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 3 m. 
 SE. Cashel. P. <25o. 
 
 Ralltou, stn. and postal centre, Tasmania, Devon co. , 8 m. 
 S. Latrobe, 40 m. W. by N. Launceston, 28 m. SE. by E. 
 Emu Bay ; has coal-mining. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rsilmangal, one of the mouths of the Ganges, India, Bay of 
 Bengal, in about 89° 10' E. 
 
 Ralmskoye, Russian Central Asia. See Kazallnsk. 
 
 Rain, rand, ra, Teutonic and Scandinavian ; Rhynn, Cymro- 
 Celtic ; Rinn, Irish; Roinn, Gaelic; in British place-names, 
 ren, rin, ring, reen, rine, 'an edge,' 'a promontory.' 
 
 Rain, tn. , Ger. , kgd. ISavaria, 22 m. N. Augsburg, i m. E. 
 the r. tik. of the Lech, and 4 m. S. of the Danube. Tilly was 
 mortally wounded under the walls of the town, 1632. Birth- 
 place of Franz Lachner, the composer, 1804. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rainbow Hill, eccles. par., Eng. , Worcestershire, Claines 
 par. P. < 2500. 
 
 Ralucy, I«, comm. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Pontoise, 
 8 m. E. by N. Notre Dame, Paris. P. 5100. 
 
 Ralne Island Entrance, Australia. See Great Barrier 
 Beef. 
 
 Ralnford, par. and tn. , Eng., Lancashire, Newton div., 4m. 
 N W. by N. St. Helen's, with stns. (R. Village and R. JuncUou, 
 the latter \\ m. N.) on the L. & NW. and L. & Y. Rlys.; coal is 
 mined here. PMT.O. 5872 ac. P. < 3500. 
 
 RAHM — RATA 
 
 Balubani, vil., Canada, Ontario, Haldimand coT, in NE. of 
 Lake Erie, 9 m. from Dunnville. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ralnbam, par. , Eng. , Essex, SE. div. , on Ingreburn Brook, 
 4 m. S. by E. Romford, on the London, Tilbury, and Southend 
 Rly., PMT.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ralnbam, par., Eng., Kent, Faversham div., 4 m. ESE. 
 Chatham, on the L. C. & D. R., PMT.O. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Ralnbam, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Nor- 
 folk, NW. div., 16 m. E. by N. King's Lynn, i^ m. S. Raynham 
 Park stn., on M. & G. N. Joint Rly., PMT.O. (\V. Raynbam). 
 Ralnbam, Sontb, i^ m. to the SE., P.O. (S. Raynbam). 
 East R., P. <25o ; West R., P. <5oo ; South R., P. <;25o. See 
 llelbougbton. 
 
 Ralnbam Marsb, marsh, Eng., in the SE. div. of Essex, 
 about 12 m. E. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Ralnblll, par., Eng., Lancashire, Newton div., 3 m. SSW. 
 St. Helen's, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Rainier, vil., U.S., Washington, Thurston co., 15 m. SE. 
 Olympia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rainier (Ranler, Tacoma, or Tacboma), Mount, U.S., 
 Washington, in Cascade Mts. , in 46° 48' N. , 121° 20' W. , ^j m. 
 E. by S. Olympia. Alt. 14,444 ft. (U. S. C. & G. S.). Rainier 
 is the name adopted by the U.S. Board of Geographical Names. 
 
 Ralnow, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 2^ m. NE. 
 Macclesfield, PM.O. ; 5744 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rains, CO., U.S., Texas, in the NE., E. of 96° W., and S. of 
 33° N. 
 
 Rnlnsborongb, ancient camp, Eng., Northamptonshire, 
 S. div. , 6 m. SE. Banbury. 
 
 Ralnsongb, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. from Prestwick. 
 
 Ralnton, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Durham. 
 East R., in the S. of the Houghton-le-Spring div., 5 m. NE. 
 Durham, i m. NW. Hetton stn., P.O., P. <2ooo ; West R., 
 PMT.O., P. < 3000. 
 
 Ralnton wltb Newby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Thirsk and Malton div., 4J m. NE. by E. Ripon, 2^ m. ESE. 
 Melmerby stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rainy Hills, Inner and Outer, Canada, NW. Provs., in 
 the extreme E. of Assiniboia, in 51° N. 
 
 Rainy Lake, Canadal in 92^-94° W., forms part of the 
 boundary between Manitoba and Minnesota (U.S.), discharges 
 into Lake of the Woods by Rainy R. Length 50 m. , by 38J m. 
 
 Rainy Lake City, gold-mining vil. , which has started into 
 existence in the N. of Minnesota, U.S., near Rainy Lake, since 
 the beginning of 1894. 
 
 R&lpur, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , dist. R., on a plateau 
 160 m. E. Nagpur. Its fort, founded 1460, of immense 
 strength, is nearly i m. in circumference. Alt. 950 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 78° F. , May 92°, Dec. 66°; rfall. , yr. 51 in., June- 
 Sept. 45 in. P. (1881) 24,900; (1891) 23,800 ; Hindus, 19,000. 
 
 Riilrakbol, native state on E. border of Central India, N. of 
 the Mahanadi. Area, 831 sq. m. 
 
 RAlrl, tn, and fort, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Ratnagiri, on 
 the W. ct., 25 m. NW. Goa. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Ralrlz, or Relrlz de Velga, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. 
 and 15I m. SSE. Orense. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ralroa, or Ranglroa, Pacific, in the W. of the Tuamotu 
 group, crossed by 15° o' S. , 147° 40' W. 
 
 Rals, dist. , France. See Retz. 
 
 Raisin, tn. and fort. Central India, state of and 25 m. E. by 
 N. Bhopal, 10 m. from Sanchi topes, on a hill with scarped 
 sides. Alt. 1950 ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Raisin River, U.S., Michigan, rises in Hillsdale co. , and 
 falls into Lake Erie, 2\ m. below Monroe, after a circuitous 
 course of about 130 m. 
 
 Ralsmes, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 4 m. NW. 
 Valenciennes, cant. St. Amand. P. <4000. 
 
 Balstborpe (pronounced ' race-thorpe'), par., Eng., York- 
 shire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 17^ m. ENE. York, x\ m. 
 WSW. Burdale stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Rait, vil., Scot., E. Perthshire, 7 m. E. by N. Perth, 2i m. 
 NW. by W. Errol stn., P.O. 
 
 Raltb, eccles. par., Scot., Fife, Abbotshall par. (Kirkcaldy). 
 P. <35oo. 
 
 Raltbby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 2 m. SW. 
 by S. Louth, \ m. SE. Hallington stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (R. wltb Hallington) P. <5oo. 
 
 Raltbby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 13J m. 
 S. by E. Louth, 2 m. NW. Spilsby stn., PM.O. P.<25o; 
 eccles. par. (R. wltb Mavis Enderby) P. <5oo. 
 
 Raiyan Basin, Egypt. See Ralan Basin. 
 
 Raja, or 7-aj, Sanskrit, 'royal;' e.g., Rajamahal, 'the royal 
 palace'; Rajapoor, 'royal city'; Rajputdna, 'the country of 
 the Rajputs,' i.e., 'the king's sons." 
 
 Rsijsigrlba, or RAjglr, ruins, Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Patna, 
 in 25° 2' N., 85° 28' E. ; identified by Dr. Buchanan-Hamilton 
 with R., the residence of Buddha, and cap. of the ancient 
 Magadha. 
 
 RAJA Jang, tn. and rly. junc, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 
 30 m. SW. by S. Lahore. P. < 5000, 
 
 1263 
 
RAJA — RAKK 
 
 Rajakhera, tn., India, Rajputana, state Dholpur, 20 m. S. 
 by E. Agra. P. <sooo. 
 
 Riljflnialiendrl, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Godavari, on 
 the 1. bk. of the riv. Godavari, at the head of the delta, 71 m. 
 NE. Masulipatam ; connected with every place of importance 
 in the dist. Alt. 68 ft. Mean rfall., y'r. 38.8 in., May-Oct. 
 35.2 in. P. 28,400; Hindus, 26,200. 
 
 R&Janip^t, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Cuddapah, 60 m. 
 WSW. Nellore. P. 5400 ; Hindus, 4700. 
 
 Rajaiio, comm. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, circle 
 and 6 m. WNW. Solmona. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Riljanpar, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Dera Ghazi 
 Khin, 103 m. SW. Miiltan ; ^ m. NE. of the town are the 
 cantonments of the Punjab Frontier Force. P. <5ooo. 
 
 RikJdpaMlyiini, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 51 m. N. 
 by W. Tinnevelli. P. 13,300 ; Hindus, 13,200. 
 
 RAJApur, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Ratnagiri, 85 m. 
 NNW. Goa. The old English factory is now a government 
 office. Arab boats trade direct with R. , but vessels of any size 
 cannot ply within 3 m. P. 7800 ; Hindus, 5100 ; Moham. 2600. 
 
 Rikjiipnr, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Banda, on the 
 r. bk. of the Jumna, 45 m. W. Allahabad ; exports country 
 produce, especially cotton ; active local trade in cloth. P. 
 6100 ; Hindus, 5800. 
 
 Riijtmiisi, race, India. See Koch. 
 
 Rajbrot, comm., Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Wisnicz, 
 16 m. NW. Neu-Sandec. P. < 3000. 
 
 Rajdiangan, Himalayan pass, Kashmir (^.v.). 
 
 Rajecz, tn. , NW. Hungary, co. and 30 m. N. Trencsin 
 (Trencsen), dist. Zsolna (Sillein); has a thermal spring. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 R&Jgarh, tn., Central India, 71 m. NW. Bhopal, cap. state 
 of R. Alt. 1210 ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 RAjgarli, fort, India, Punjab, state Sirmur, in 30° 52' N., 
 77° 23' E. , upon a natural terrace. Alt. 71 15 ft. 
 
 Rajgarh, tn. with rly. stn., India, Rdjputdna, state of Alwar, 
 50 m. ENE. Jaipur. 
 
 Rajglr, India. See RIljAgrUia. 
 
 RAJlm, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. and 24 m. BE. 
 Raipur. The fair held in February lasts a month, and attracts 
 20,000 to 30,000 persons. Depot for lac. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rajka, or Ragendorf, tn. , Hungary, co. Moson (Wiesel- 
 burg), cap. dist. and 9^ m. NNW. Magyar-Ovar. P. <3000. 
 
 Rajkot, tn. with rly. stn., India, chief town in interior of 
 Kathiawar Penin. , no m. W. Cam bay ; has a college for the 
 sons of chiefs of W. India; famous for its dyes. P. (1881) 
 15,100; (1891)29,200. 
 
 RlUmabill Hills, range of hills, India, Bengal, on the S. 
 and W. of the Ganges, in the angle where that river turns to 
 the SE. ; an isolated group of basaltic trap. Alt. nowhere above 
 2000 ft. 
 
 RAJplpla, two forts, Brit. India, Bombay, state R., on a 
 spur of the Devsdtra Hill. One of these forts, Pipla, almost 
 inaccessible, is now inhabited only by a few Bhds ; the new fort 
 of R. , built 1730, and approached through a wild gorge, contains 
 the palace. 
 
 RAJpnr, municip., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. of the Twenty- 
 four Parganas, 12 m. S. by E. Calcutta. P. 10,900; Hindus, 
 10,100. 
 
 Rajpnr, tn., Central India, 70 m. SW. Indore. P. <sooo. 
 
 RAJpat^na, India, a region to the S. of the Punjab, composed 
 of 21 native states, together with the terr. of Ajmere-Merwara 
 under British administration, as shown in the following table : — 
 
 Agency. 
 
 States. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Population in 
 Thousands. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 Cent. 
 1881-91. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 per 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Mew^ 
 Residency 
 
 Western J 
 States . j 
 
 Bik^er ) 
 Agency . / 
 
 Jaipur r 
 Residency 1 
 
 Eastern 
 States . . 
 
 Har^ttandr 
 Tonk 
 Agency . I 
 
 Udaipur 
 
 Udaipur Bhlls . . . 
 
 BinswAri 
 
 B&nswilra Bhils . . . 
 Kushalgarh .... 
 Kushalgarh Bhils . . 
 Dungarpur .... 
 Dungarpur Bhils . . 
 PartSt>|j^rh .... 
 Jodhpur and MalUkni . 
 Sirohi and Abu . . . 
 Sirohi and AbuGrassias 
 
 Jaisalmer 
 
 Bik&ner 
 
 Jaipur 
 
 Kishengarh .... 
 
 Lawa 
 
 Bharatpur 
 
 Karauli 
 
 Dholpur 
 
 Alwar 
 
 JhdlAwir 
 
 Tonk 
 
 Bundi 
 
 Shihpura 
 
 Kotah 
 
 12.861 
 r.SoS 
 
 1,440 
 959 
 
 16,039 
 
 a. 309 
 
 1.961 
 
 I,M9 
 
 1.156 
 3.051 
 
 3-043 
 t.4iS 
 
 3.803 
 
 1.443 
 51.1 
 
 48.0 
 
 '86.4 
 67.0 
 79 
 1.750 
 143 
 
 108 
 
 509 
 
 2.534 
 
 113 
 
 ».7 
 646 
 149 
 
 ^1 
 
 Its 
 
 51.8 
 5»7 
 
 1.728 
 
 67.0 
 88.0 
 
 ».5«2 
 
 186 
 
 2.9 
 
 116 
 
 832 
 
 2.832 
 
 136 
 
 640^* 
 'S7 
 280 
 768 
 344 
 199 
 296 
 63.6 
 526 
 
 '9-7 1 
 
 V} 
 
 «3.9l 
 10.9 
 
 7.0 
 63.4 
 11.7 
 11.4 
 
 -0.8 
 5-3 
 
 12.4 
 0.9 
 16.9 
 16.1 
 
 ^.° 
 
 144 
 120 
 73 
 "5 
 
 % 
 96 
 7 
 36 
 x84 
 
 144 ! 
 
 177 
 
 327 
 
 127 
 
 242 
 
 252 
 
 113 
 X4I 
 «33- 
 
 
 Total* . . . . 
 
 130.368 
 
 9.959 
 
 .2.220 
 
 22.7 
 
 94 
 
 * Exclusive of the British terr. of Ajmere-Merwikri (3711 sq. m. ; P. (1891), 542,000). 
 
 1264 
 
 Most of the native states placed themselves under British pro- 
 tection in 1818, on the conclusion of a war in which the British 
 put down the robber hordes of the Pindaris, by whom the region 
 had previously been harried. In the same year .Ajmere was 
 ceded to the British, who two years later conquered the dist. 
 of Merwara to the SW. The name Rajputana is due to the 
 fact that in this region most of the pure Rajput clans, or 
 members of the great warrior caste of old Aryans, have main- 
 tained, with varying fortunes, a certain measure of independence 
 under their own rulers. As regards surface features, climate, 
 and productions, Rajputana is divided into two well-marked 
 sections by the Aravalli Mts. , which stretch from NE. to SW. 
 through the whole terr. To the W. of these mountains is a 
 region of low sandhills, in which the rainfall is extremely scanty 
 [Bik^nerJ, in which there is only one permanent river, the 
 Liini or Loni, in which the underground water is for the most 
 part too deep to be used for irrigation, and, where it can be so 
 used, is in many places not constant, so that the agricultural 
 villages have to shift from spot to spot when the water fails. 
 This is especially the character of the more westerly part of this 
 section, in the states of Bikdner, Jaisalmer, and the Mallani 
 dist. of Jodhpur, in all of which there are large tracts of absolute 
 desert. In Jodhpur proper or Marwar, though it also belongs 
 to this section, there are greater facilities for regfular irrigation. 
 In many places this is accomplished simply by embanking the 
 field so as to enclose the rain that falls in the rainy season, 
 and thus cause it to saturate the ground before the crops are 
 sown. To the E. of the Aravalli Mts. the surface is mostly 
 composed of tablelands, in the NE. of plains, on all of which 
 there is a more abundant, but yet somewhat precarious, rainfall 
 [Jaipur, Ajmere], along with a much better soil and ampler 
 opportunities for irrigation, which is effected mainly by means 
 of innumerable small tanks. Some parts of this region have 
 that black soil which is so widespread in the tableland of India, 
 and which is so valuable in an arid climate on account of its 
 remarkable tenacity of moisture. In the S. , in Udaipur, a 
 rugged, jungle-clad district, known as the hill tracts of Mewar, 
 a district inhabited by the aboriginal tribe of the Bhils, connects 
 the southern end of the Aravalli Mts. with the Vindhyan Range. 
 The principal rivers of the eastern section are the Chambal, 
 which partly flows through it, and in the NE. forms the 
 boundary ; the Banas, a 1. bk. trib. of the Chambal ; and the 
 Mahi, an angle of which cuts off a portion of Rajputana on the 
 S. The chief wealth of the western region consists in herds of 
 sheep, goats, camels, and some hardy breeds of cattle and 
 horses, which graze on the coarse and sparse herbage that 
 appears on the sandhills in the rainy season. Almost the only 
 cultivated crops of this region are the spiked millet [bajra] and the 
 math, a kind of bean. The eastern section is part of the great 
 cattle-rearing region of India, and has a much greater variety of 
 crops. The most important mineral product of the whole of 
 Rajputdna is salt, which is obtained from Lake Sambhar (to the 
 N. of Ajmere) and the pits of Pachpadra, on the western 
 frontier of Jodhpur. Rdjputana is traversed by two main lines 
 of the Rajputana-Malwa Rly. (metre-gauge), which has branches 
 to both the places of salt production just mentioned. Hindi 
 dialects are spoken throughout the region. 
 
 Rikjshilhi, div., Bengal (q.v.). 
 
 Rakaanga, or Rakahanga, native name of Rlerson Island, 
 Pacific, in the Manahiki (q.v.) group, in about 10° S. , i6o|° W. 
 
 Rakabder, vil., India, Rajputana, state and 45 m. S. Udai- 
 pur ; has famous Jain temples, resort for pilgrims from Gujardt. 
 
 Rakala, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Ashburton co., 35 
 m. WSW. Christchurch, on the rly. to Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rakaniaz, comm., Hungary, co. Szabolcs, dist. Dada-felso, 
 16 m. NW. Nyiregyhaza. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Rakaposhl, or Raklpvshl, huge needle-like mountain peak, 
 India, regarded by Col. Tanner as W. end of the true Himalayas, 
 NE. of Gilgit. Alt. 25,560 ft. (Proc. H. G. S., 1891, pp. 408, 412). 
 
 Rakas Tal, lake, Tibet. See JIIdna.<iarowar. 
 
 Rake, P.O., Eng., Hampshire, 2 m. SE. Liss. 
 
 Rakenny, electoral div.. Ire., Cavan, dist. Drum. 
 
 Rakhba, confederation, Tunis. See Rekba. 
 
 Rakhman lilklar, comm. , Bulgaria, prov. and 29 m. SSW. 
 Silistria. P. <:3000. 
 
 Bakinac, vil., Servia, circle Podunavlje. P. <:3000. 
 
 Raklta, tn., Bulgaria, prov. and 20 m. SW. by W. PlevTia. 
 P. <:3coo. 
 
 Rakitna, tn., Russia. See Rokltna. 
 
 Rakltiio, comm., Herzegovina, dist. Mostar. P. < 3000. 
 
 RakltoTO, comm. , Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. and 19 
 m. SW. Tatar- Pazardzik. P. < 2000. 
 
 Raklnra, native name of Stewart Island, New Zealand. 
 
 Rakka, or Rekka, tn., Syria, on the 1. or N. bank of the 
 Euphrates, vilayet and 109 m. E. by S. Aleppo, in 35° 56' N. and 
 39° 4' E. R. is the site of the Greek towns Nikephorion, founded 
 by Alexander; Kallinikon, built in the 3rd century B.C. by 
 the king Seleucus Callinicus ; and of Constantinopolis and 
 Leontopolis, which followed on this site. R. was the cap. of the 
 Caliph Harun er-Rashid. Alexander crossed the Euphrates at 
 
R AK K 
 
 R AM M 
 
 R. before the battle of Arbela, and near here were fought the 
 sanguinary battles between Ali and Moawiya to decide the 
 order of succession to the caliphate, 659-60. 
 
 Rakkath, place named in the O. T. , same as the Tiberias of 
 the N. T. , now Tubarlya. 
 
 Rakkon, place named in O. T. See Tell-er-Kakkeit. 
 
 Rakoiilewlce, tn. , Prussia. See Kakwltz. 
 
 Kakoultz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, cap. dist. R. , 31 m. W. 
 Prague ; coal and iron are mined here. Alt. 1090 ft. P. 5600. 
 
 RAkos-KeresztAr, comm., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis- 
 Kun, 10 m. E. Budapest. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Rilkos-Palota, comm., Hungary, a NE. suburb of Budapest. 
 P. 6300. See IJ-Pest. 
 
 Rakova, comm., Hungary, co. and 48 m. NNE. Trencs^n, 
 dist. Csacza. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Rakovica, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. and 26 m. SW. Viddin. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Rakdvf, tn. , Russian Poland, govt. Radom, dist. and 20 m. 
 WSW. Opatow. R. was in the 17th century the intellectual 
 centre of the Socinians. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rakwltz, tn. , Austria, Moravia, dist. Auspitz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Rak-wltz, Polish Rakouiewlce, tn., Prussia, prov. and 34 m. 
 SW. Posen, circle Bomst, dist. Wollstein. P. <3000. 
 
 Raleigh, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 1 163 m. by rail W. Montreal, 261 m. E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Raleigh, co.. New South Wales, on the coast, just to the N. 
 of 31° S. , and crossed by 153° E. 
 
 Raleigh, city, U.S., cap. N. Carolina, Wake co. , 115 m. 
 NNW. Wilmington ; hasstatelibraryof 30,000 volumes ; cotton 
 and other factories. P. 12,700. 
 
 Raleigh, co. , U.S., W. Virginia, in the S. , crossed in the 
 extreme N. by 38° N., and in the extreme SE. by 8i° W. , with 
 coal-mines. 
 
 Raleigh Bay, wide-mouthed bay, U.S., in the SE. of N. 
 Carolina, extending from Cape Hatteras southwards to Cape 
 Lookout. 
 
 Rallk Islands, a division of the Marshall Is. [q.v.), Pacific. 
 
 Ralls, CO., U.S., Missouri, on the Mississippi, S. of 40° N. 
 
 Raloo, par., Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Belfast, 4 m. SSW. 
 Larnestn., P.O.; 6106 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ralph Bay Penlusala, a deeply curved penin. , Tasmania, 
 S. ct. , enclosing Ralph Bay, on E. side of Derwent estuary, in 
 147° 30' E. 
 
 Raluui, cotton plantation, N. ct. of Gazelle Penin., Bismarck 
 Archipelago, crossed by 4° 18' S. , 152° 13' E. 
 
 Ram, site, Palestine. See Er Rdm. 
 
 Rama, riv. , Bosnia, r. bk. trib. of the Narenta. Its valley, 
 which is about 30 m. long, in the Dinaric Alps, constitutes a 
 distinct dist. From here the Hungarian kings took the title of 
 Rex Rama, 1103. P. about 4000, mostly Roman Catholic. 
 
 Rama, tn. , Central America, Nicaragua, cap. dist. Siquia, 
 35 m. W. by N. Blewfields, where the Rama R. (from the SW. ) 
 and the Siquia (from the N W. ) unite to form the Blewfields R. ; 
 rising banana culture. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rama, cape, India, Goa, in 15° 5' N. 
 
 Rama, or Ramah, Moravian mission station, E. ct. Lab- 
 rador, in 58° 55' N. Mean temp. (3^ yrs. , 1882-85), yr- 21.3° 
 F., Jan. 9.8°, July 46.9°. 
 
 Ramah (of Asher), place named in O. T. See R&mla. 
 
 Ramah (of Benjamin), place named in O. T. See Er R&m. 
 
 Ramah (of Naphtali), place named in O. T. See Er Rameh. 
 
 Ramah, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Herbert, 68 m. SSW. 
 Kimberley. 
 
 Ramahane, Bechuana-land, Hermansburg mission. 
 
 Ramahynck, mission station, Victoria, Tanjil co. , on riv. 
 Avon, 15 m. by rail and road from Sale, in 38° 2' S. and 146° 
 30' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ramalde, tn., Portugal, prov. Entre Douro e Minho, dist. 
 and 2 m. W. Oporto. P. < 4000. 
 
 Ramales, tn., Spain, prov. and 24 m. SE. Santander. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 RAmall&h, vil., Palestine, 31° 54' N., 35° 12' E., 9 m. N. by 
 W. Jerusalem. 
 
 Ramallo, comm. , Argentine Republic, Buenos Aires, on the 
 r. bk. of the riv. Parani, 54 m. SE. Rosario. P. <20oo. 
 
 Raman, vil. with rly. stn., India, Patiala, 112 m. S. Amritsar. 
 
 Rilmaumalal, hill sanitarium, Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 
 38 m. W. Bellary, on a plateau. Height above surrounding 
 plain, 1200 ft.; above the sea, 3150 ft. 
 
 Ramath Mispeh, place named in O. T. See Remtheh. 
 
 Rainayampet, tn. , India, state of and 52 m. N. Haidardbdd. 
 
 Kambe, isl., off E. ct. of Vanua Levu I., Fiji Is., in 16° 30' 
 S., 180° o' long. 
 
 Ra^bervlUers, tn. , France, dep. Vosges, on the Meurthe, 
 arr. Epinal, 19 m. SSE. Lun^ville ; manufactures paper, and has 
 hop-growing ; summer tourist resort. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rambla, La (from the Arabian word rmel, ' sand '), tn. , Spain, 
 prov. and 20 m. S. by E. Cordoba ; mineral springs. P. 6100. 
 
 Raniblnzln, vil. , France, dep. Meuse, arr. Verdun, 3 m. SE. 
 Souilly ; 2 m. to the SE. is the chapel of Benoitevaux, dedicated 
 1265 
 
 to the Virgin, founded in the 12th century ; it is still a place of 
 pilgrimage. P. <20oo. 
 
 RamboulUet, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, cap. arr. R. , 
 18 m. SW. by W. Versailles. R. has a castle, interesting 
 gardens, park, and Marie Antoinette's dairy. The Chateau of 
 R. , since 1870 national property, was of literary importance in 
 the 17th century ; here Charles X. abdicated in 1830. P. <4000. 
 
 Ramdas, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 27 m. N. 
 Amritsar. P. < 5000. 
 
 R&mdrng, tn. , India, Bombay, cap. native state R. , on 
 Malprabha R., 38 m. NE. by N. Dhdrw4r. P. (1881) 6800. 
 
 Rame, par., Eng. , Cornwall, Bodmin div., 4J m. SW. Ply- 
 mouth. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ramea Islands, g^oup of small isls. , Newfoundland, off the 
 S. ct. , in 57° 23'-26' W. 
 
 Rameh, vils. , Palestine. See Er Rameh. 
 
 Rame Head, cape. Cape Colony, E. ct. , in about 32° 10' S. 
 
 Rame Head, cape, Eng. , Cornwall, bounding the entrance to 
 Plymouth Sound on the W. 
 
 Rameltou, or Rathmelton, tn., Ire., co. Donegal, bar. 
 Kilmacrenan, 13^ m. W. by N. Londonderry, and 8 m. from 
 Letterkenny stn. , at the head of one of the arms of Lough Swilly. 
 The quay is accessible for small vessels. PMT.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rdmeswaram, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, on the isl. of 
 Rdmeswaram, between Palk Strait and the Gulf of Manar, 92 
 m. SE. by E. Madura. The island is low and sandy, and con- 
 tains a venerated Hindu shrine. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ramet, comm., Belgium, prov., arr., and 9 m. SW. Liege, 
 with limestone quarries. P. <40oo. 
 
 Rdmgangik, Western, riv., Brit. India, NW. Provs. and 
 Oudh, rises in 30° 6' N. , 79° 20' E. , flows SE. , and after a devious 
 course joins the Ganges nearly opposite Kanauj ; navigable 
 for boats below Jalaldbad. Length, 373 m. 
 
 Rdmgarh, coalfield, Brit. India, Bengal, Hazaribdgh, in 
 Damodar valley, near the old village of R. ; iron of inferior 
 quality is found. Area, 40 sq. m. 
 
 Rilmgarh, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Mandla, 70 
 m. ESE. Jabalpur. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rdmgarh, tn. , India, Rdjputdna, 100 m. E. by N. Bikaner. 
 P. (1881) 11,300. 
 
 Ram Head, cape, Victoria, in the Pacific Ocean, nearly the 
 most SE. point of Victoria and Australia, in about 149° 30' E. 
 
 Ramholz, vil. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle and dist. 
 Schltichtern, 16 m. S. by W. Fulda ; near it the ruins of the castle 
 of Steckelberg, birthplace of Ulrich von Hutten(i488). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ram Hormnz, tn., Persia, prov. Khuzistan, 83 m. SE. 
 Shuster. 
 
 R&mla, vil., Palestine, Ramah (of Asher) in the O. T., 33° 7' 
 N., 35° 18' E. , 13 m. SE. by S. Tyre. 
 
 RamllUes, vil., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Nivelles, 13 m. 
 N. Namur. Victory of the English, under Marlborough, over 
 the French, under De Villeroi, May 23, 1706. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Ramluea, post-tn. , Tasmania, Kent co. , 38 m. SSW. Hobart. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ramlnltoe Bay, Madagascar, in the NW. , in about 14° 15' S. 
 
 Ramlrlqnl, vil., Colombia, Boyaca, 15 m. SSE. Tunja ; has 
 emerald and coal mines ; in the neighbourhood are Indian ruins, 
 figures, and hieroglyphics. P. 6500. 
 
 Ramjlbaupur, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Midnapur, 50 
 m. WNW. Calcutta. P. 10,000 ; Hindus, 9500. 
 
 Ramkaud, or San, mt. knot or buttress of the Hindu Kush, 
 Kafiristan, between the Kuna on the E. , and the Aligar on the 
 W. , about 85 m. E. by N. Kabul. The highest point is the R. , 
 alt. 14,270 ft. 
 
 RAmkrlshnapnr, India. See Hoifrah. 
 
 Ramleh ('sands'), or Er-Ramleh, tn., Egypt, on the NW. 
 ct. , 5 m. ENE. Alexandria. R. consists of a collection of 
 country houses occupied by the rich men of Alexandria ; it is on 
 the site of the ancient trading city Nicopolis, founded by Augus- 
 tus. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ramleh, or Er-Ramleh, large vil., Palestine, loj m. SE. 
 Joppa (13^ m. by rail), stn. on the Joppa-Jerusalem Rly.; has a 
 trade in cotton and soap. R. is identified with Ramat, or Rama- 
 tham 7,aphim, as well as with Arimathea. It was taken by the 
 Crusaders in 1099, and retaken by Saladin in 1187, and was after- 
 wards the headquarters of Richard Cceur de Lion. P. 5-6000. 
 
 Ramlosa, vil., Sweden, prov. Malmohus, 32 m. N. by W. 
 Malmo, 3 m. ESE. Helsingborg. R. is one of the principal 
 watering-places of Sweden. Its waters spring from a coal-bed. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Rammaca, tn., Sicily, prov. and 22 m. WSW. Catania. P. 
 <30oo. 
 
 Rammel Cove, bay, Scot., on the N. ct. of Berwickshire, in 
 2° 15I' W. , about 5 m. W. St. Abb's Head. 
 
 Ranuuelsbei^, one of the three knots which form the Harz 
 Mts. , Prussia, to the S. of Goslar ; copper, lead, iron, zinc, 
 silver, and gold are mined. Alt. 2040 ft. 
 
 Rammenan, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, dist. and 13 m. WSW. 
 Bautzen ; granite is quarried here. R. is the birthplace of the 
 philosopher Fichte. P. <20oo. 
 
 4L 
 
R AM N 
 
 R A MT 
 
 RjimnAd, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 6i m. SE. 
 Madura. P. 13,600; Hindus, 11,100. 
 
 Rilmiiagar, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , dist. and 10 m. 
 E. Mandla ; formerly an important place ; has e.xtensive ruins. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 R^miiagar, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 2 m. 
 above Benares, of which town it is a suburb ; commercial centre ; 
 manufactures riding whips and wicker work. P. 11,100; Hindus, 
 8900 ; Moham. 2200. 
 
 Rilninagar, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Kumaun. P. 
 5300 ; Hindus, 4200; Moham. iioo. 
 
 Rilniiiagar, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Mfrzdpur, on 
 r. bk. of Ganges, nearly opposite Benares. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rtimuagar, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Bara Banki, 30 m. 
 ENE. Lucknow. P. 5200; Hindus, 4200; Moham. 1000. 
 
 Riininagar, originally known as RasAliiagar, municip. , 
 Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gujranwali, 63 m. NW. by N. Lahore, 
 near 1. bk. Chenab. P. 6600 ; Hindus, 1900 ; Moham. 4300. 
 
 Raniitas, vil. , Sweden, prov. Vestmanland, 15 m. NW. 
 Vester&s, with iron furnaces. P. (comm. )<3ooo. 
 
 Ranina Stacks, group of islets, Scot. , Shetland Is. , off the N. 
 of the Mainland, in 1° 18' W. 
 
 Rftniiilcn SArat and RAmiilcu ValcU, Roumania. See 
 Rtniiiicii Siirat and RtmnlcA V&lcil. 
 
 Ranioau, par.. Ire., NE. co. Antrim, bar. Gary, 16J m. E. 
 Portrush ; 12,067 ^c. P. <35oo. 
 
 Ranior, Longh, lake. Ire. , in the SE. of co. Cavan, 15 m. SE. 
 Cavan, 277 ft. above sea-level ; drained by the Blackwater into 
 the Boyne. 
 
 Ramos, vil. , Mexico, state and 80 m. NW. San Luis Potosi. 
 P. (comm.) 5200. 
 
 Ramos, former Spanish name of Malaita I., Solomon Is. 
 
 Ramos Arlzpe, vil., Mexico, state Coahuila, 13 m. N. Saltillo. 
 P. (comm. ) 7600. 
 
 Ranioscli, Switzd. See Remits. 
 
 Ramos River, one of the mouths of the Niger, entering the 
 Gulf of Guinea in about 5° 8' N. , 5° 23' E. 
 
 Ramoth, place named in the O. T. See Er Rameli. 
 
 Ramoth Gilead, place named in O. T. See Reim4n. 
 
 Ramontsa, Bechuana-land. See Ramntsa. 
 
 Ramonzeiis, vil., France, dep. Gers, arr. Condom, 24 m. 
 NW. Auch ; I m. to the S. is the sulphur spring of Moura. Alt. 
 525 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 RampA, vil., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Godavari, 44 m. N. 
 Rajamahendri. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rampang, isl. , E. Archipelago, 28-42 m. SSE. Singapore. 
 
 RjiniplHliam, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., xo\ m. SW. 
 by S. Sherborne, 3 m. SW. by W. Evershot stn., P.O. P. 250. 
 See Wraxall. 
 
 Rampside, eccles. par., Eng., NW. ct. Lancashire, included 
 in the pari. bor. and 3 m. SE. by E. Barrow, on the Piel branch 
 of the Furness Rly., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rampton, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, Chesterton div. , 6\ m. N. 
 by W. Cambridge, 2 m. E. by S. Long Stanton stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Rampton, PM.O., Eng., near Lincoln, 5 m. from Newton- 
 on-Trent. 
 
 Rampton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 7 
 m. S. by W. Gainsborough, i^ m. SW. Cottam stn., PM.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 RAmpnr, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 12 m. SW. 
 Saharanpur, 55 m. NNW. Meerut ; manufactures glass bangles. 
 P. 7000 ; Moham. 3300 ; Hindus, 3000. 
 
 Rilmpnr, tn. , India, Bashahr, 40 m. NE. Simla; famous 
 for its fine shawls, the R. chadars. Alt. 3300 ft. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 RAmpnr, tn., India, cap. of the native state of R., in the 
 NW. Provs. , 38 m. NW. by N. Bareilly ; enclosed by a dense 
 bamboo hedge 8-10 m. in circumference ; noted for manu- 
 facture of rhes (a kind of damask), and rough glazed pottery, 
 the peculiar clay for which is found in a tank near R. Alt. 
 546 ft. 
 
 Rilmpnr, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Jhansi, 116 m. 
 SW. Cawnpur. P. < 5000. 
 
 RAmpnr, municip., India, Oudh, R. state. P. 74,100; 
 Moham. 51,500; Hindus, 22,500; total including canton- 
 ment, 76,700. 
 
 Rampara, tn. , Central India, in the N. section of Indore state, 
 no m. N. by W. of the city of Indore. P. 11,900; Hindus, 
 7500 ; Moham. 3400. 
 
 R&mpnrA, site of famous Jain temples, India, Rijputina, in 
 Sadri Pass, on W. border of state of Udaipur. 
 
 Rdmpnr Beanleata, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, cap. dist. 
 Rdjshdhi, on the 1. bk. of the Ganges, 28 m. ENE. Murshi- 
 dabid ; modern town, with large traffic with Kushtid, on opposite 
 bank of the river ; it has suffered from inundations. P. 21,400 ; 
 Hindus, 11,300; Moham. 10,000. 
 
 Ramrl, called by the Arakanese Tan-myo, tn. , Burma, dist. 
 Kyauk-pyu (formerly called R.), on Ramri I., 90 m. W. by N. 
 Prome, on navigable riv. Tan. The island, which lies off the 
 W. ct., and is crossed by 19° N. , contains limestone, iron ore, 
 and petroleum. P. <5ooo. 
 1266 
 
 Ramsan, rural comm., Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, circle and dist. 
 Berchtesgaden, 15 m. SW. Salzburg ; much visited by artists. 
 P. <;20oo. 
 
 Ramsay, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 549m. 
 by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Ramsay Island, Canada, Brit. Columbia, off the E. ct. of 
 Queen Charlotte Is. , in Hecate Strait, in 52° 20' N. 
 
 Ramsbeck, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle and 6 m. 
 ESE. Meschede ; has mines of lead and zinc. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Ramsbottom, manufacturing tn. , Eng., Lancashire, Hey- 
 wood div. , 4 m. N. by W. Bury, on the L. & Y. R. ; has cotton- 
 mills, calico printing, bleaching, paper-making, and iron- 
 foundries ; stone is quarried. P. 16,700. 
 
 Ramsbury, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Devizes div. , on the Kennet, 
 II m. SE. Swindon, 4^ m. WNW. Hungerford stn., PMT.O.; 
 9874 ac. P. <:25oo ; eccles. par. (R. with Axford) P. <:25oo. 
 
 Ramscliled, vil. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Unter- 
 lahn, dist. and \\ m. SW. Langenschwalbach ; saline springs. 
 P. <: 2000. 
 
 Ranisdale, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 4^ m. 
 NW. Basingstoke, 4 m. NNE. Oakley stn., P.O. (Ramsdell). 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Ramsden, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 5J m. W. Wood- 
 stock, 3I m. N. Witney, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Rams4leu Bell Honse and Ramsden Crags, two adjoining 
 pars., Eng., Essex, div. and 8 m. S. Chelmsford, 2 m. WNW. 
 Wickfordstn. Ramsden Bell House, P. < 500 ; Ramsden Crags, 
 P. < 250. See Stock Harvard. 
 
 Ramsden Heath, P.O., Eng., Essex, 4 m. from Billericay. 
 
 Ramsey, par., Eng., Essex, Colchester div., 3 m. W. by S. 
 Harwich, i m. S. by E. Parkeston Quay stn., P.O. ; 4059 ac. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Ramsey, market-tn. and par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, dist. 
 and 10 m. NE. Huntingdon, with stns. (High Street) on the 
 G. E. R. and G. N. R. Ramseymere (the lake of Ram's Eyea 
 or island), 400 ac. , is now drained, and grows fine crops of 
 wheat. Market-day, W. 17,033 ac. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ramsey, pari, div., Eng., forming the NE. half of Hunting- 
 donshire. P. 29,500. 
 
 Ramsey, seapt. tn., Isle of Man, on the E. ct., on the Sulby, 
 13 m. N. by E. Douglas, on the Manx Northern Rly. ; consists 
 of two parts, North R. and South R. , connected by a bridge ; 
 has a herring fishery, and exports agricultural produce and live 
 stock ; has a pier 2200 ft. long, and is a favourite summer 
 resort; lighthouse, visible 9 m. PMT.O. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ramsey, mt. , in NW. of Tasmania, 10 m. S. by W. Warratah; 
 has veins of galena. 
 
 Rantsey, co., U.S., Minnesota, bounded on the S. by the 
 Mississippi R., opposite the confluence of the Minnesota. Its 
 cap., St. Paul, is the cap. of the state. 
 
 Ramsey, co. , U.S. , N. Dakota, crossed in the S. by 48° N. , and 
 in the W. by 99° W. , partly bounded on the S. by Devil's Lake. 
 
 Ramsey Island, small isl, Eng., Essex, in Blackwater 
 estuary, Steeple par. , 6 m. E. Maldon. 
 
 Ramsey Island, small isl., Wales, Pembrokeshire, to the N. 
 of St. Bride Bay, separated from the mainland by Ramsey 
 Sound. 
 
 Ramsgate, mun. bor. (since 1884), par., and seapt., Eng., 
 Kent, Isle of Thanet div., 15 m. ENE. and in the diocese of 
 Canterbury, on the E. ct. of the Isle of Thanet, with stns. on 
 the L. C. & D. R. and SE. R. R. is a harbour of refuge and 
 steam-packet station ; considerable trade in coal, fish, &c. ; is a 
 popular watering-place. There are two stone piers and an iron 
 promenade pier. There is a patent slip 500 ft. long, with 
 cradle 130 ft. The inner harbour is of 12 ac. area, with 2100 
 ft. quayage, the depth being from 9 to 15 ft. over sill ; the outer 
 harbour, 35 ac, with 1200 ft. quayage, and 15 to 22 ft. depth. 
 Market-days, W. and S. Tn. P. (i8oi)<35oo; (1891) 24,700. 
 
 Ramsgate, post-tn. , Tasmania, Kent co., on the S. ct., 52 m. 
 SSW. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ramsglll, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 
 12 m. W. Ripon, on the Nidd, a,\ m. NNW. Pateley Bridge stn. , 
 P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Ramsgreave, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, dist. and 2\ m. N W. 
 Blackburn. P. < 250. 
 
 Ramsholt, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 4^ m. SSE. Wood- 
 bridge, on E. bank of the Deben, 9 m. E. by S. Ipswich. P. < 
 250. 
 
 Ramshorn, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 9 m. SE. 
 Leek, 2 m. E. by N. Oakamoor stn. P. <250. 
 
 Ranisln, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle and dist, Bitter- 
 feld ; lignite-mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rams Island, Ire. , in Sandy Bay, SW. of co. Antrim, in 
 the SE. of Lough Neagh. 
 
 Ramsofjord, fiord, Norway, on the W. ct., between Roms- 
 dal and Trondhjem, separating Hiteren I. from Smolen I. 
 
 RAmtek, municip., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. and 26 
 m. NE. by N. NAgpur ; a holy place, with its chief temples in 
 the W. near the citadel ; noted for cultivation of pan, of which 
 large quantities are exported. P. 7600 ; Hindus, 6800. 
 
R A M U 
 
 RANG 
 
 Kaiuat!«a, telegraph station of the Brit. S. Africa Company, 
 Bechuana-land, near the Transvaal frontier, in 24° 48' S. 
 
 RtiiD^hdt, municip. , Brit. India, Bengal, Nadiya dist. , 42 
 m. N. by E. Calcutta. P. 8500 ; Hindus, 7200. ■ 
 
 Raiiagliroe Point, cape, Ire., NW. ct. co. Donegal, 55° 10' 
 N., 8° 17' W. 
 
 Kanai, isl. , Oceania. See Iiaiiai. 
 
 Kaiia-wng, tn. , Siamese portion of Malay Penin. , near the 
 W. ct. , about 9° 5s' N. 
 
 Raiiazza, comm. , Italy. See Raiulazzo. 
 
 Ranby, par., Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 7 m. 
 SW. by W. Louth, 2 m. SSW. Donington-on-Bain stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Kjuiby, vil. , Eng., Nottinghamshire, P.O. See Babwortli. 
 
 Kaiicagna, tn. , Chile, O'Higgins, 34 m. S. Santiago, cap. 
 dep. R. ; scene of a victory over the Spaniards ini8i4. P. 5800. 
 
 Kaiice, small riv. , France, Brittany, dep. Cotes du Nord, 
 flows E. then N. past Dinan, and reaches the English Channel 
 at St. Malo. The canal of lUe-et-Rance is navigable from 
 Evran. Vessels of 70 tons can reach Dinan, 15 m. from the sea. 
 Length, 62 m. ; area of basin, 460 sq. m. 
 
 KAiicIii, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, cap. dist. Lohardaga, 100 
 m. S. by E. Gaya ; has large trade in cotton goods. P. 20,300 ; 
 Hindus, 10,000; Moham. 5000. 
 
 Kanclios rte Atrlsco, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, co. 
 Bernalillo. 
 
 Kaiicle, important iron-mine, France. See Seni. 
 
 Kiiiieo, lake, Chile, prov. Valdivia, between 40° 10' and 40° 
 20' S. Alt. 144 ft. ; area, 120 sq. m. 
 
 Rand, Teutonic and Scandinavian, ' promontory or penin- 
 sula." See Rain. 
 
 Rand, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 10 m. 
 ENE. Lincoln, 2 m. WNW. Wragby stn. P. <:25o; eccles. 
 par. (Rand with Fulnetby) P. <:25o. 
 
 Rand, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Bedale dist. P. <25o. 
 
 Rand, The, S. Africa, a name popularly given to the Wit- 
 watersrand gold-bearing region, Transvaal. 
 
 Randa, vil., Switzd. , cant. Valais, 6 m. N. by E. Zermatt, 
 in the Niklausthal (St. Nicolas Valley). 
 
 Randall, settlement, U.S. , New Mexico, Donna Ana co. , 150 
 m. NE. by E. from the SW. corner of the terr. 
 
 Randall, co. , U.S., Texas, in the NW. , crossed by 35° N., 
 and in the W. by 102° W. 
 
 Ran«Iallsea, post-centre, S. Australia. See Second Valley. 
 
 Randalstown, market- tn. and formerly pari, bor.. Ire., SW. 
 CO. Antrim, bar. Upper Toome, 5 m. NW. by W. Antrim, on 
 the riv. Maine, near its mouth in the lough, and the Cookstown 
 branch of the Belfast and N. Counties Rly. ; has flax-mills and 
 bleaching-works. Market-day, W. , and fairs every second W. 
 in the^month. PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Randan, tn. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Riom, 21 m. 
 NE. Clermont-Ferrand, 10 m. SE. by E. Gannat. P. < 2000. 
 
 Randazzo, or Ranazza, the ancient Tissa, comm., Sicily, 
 prov. and 26 m. NNW. Catania, at the NW. foot of Mount 
 Etna, surrounded by part of its ancient Norman fortifications ; 
 it is the nearest town to the cone of Etna, but has never suffered 
 from its eruptions. Alt. 3012 ft. P. 10,200. 
 
 Render, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 3 m. NW. 
 Surat, with which city it is connected by the Tapti Bridge. 
 P. 10,900 ; Hindus, 6200. 
 
 Randers, tn. , Denmark, in the E. of Jutland, prov. R. , at 
 the head of Rauders Fjord, 22 m. N. by W. Aarhus. The 
 fjord is 16 m. long, but only 13 ft. deep in the shallowest part ; 
 by the end of 1897 it is expected that a depth of 15 ft. will be 
 obtained for the whole length. The town is famous for its 
 manufacture of ' Swede ' gloves, and has an active trade ; 
 salmon fishing. P. 16,600. 
 
 Randleman, tn. , U.S., N. Carolina, Randolph co. , 64 m. 
 W. Raleigh. P. < 2000. 
 
 Randolph, co. , U.S., Alabama, in E. frontier, N. of 33° N. 
 
 Randolph, co. , U.S., Arkansas, on N. frontier, crossed by 
 91" W. 
 
 Randolph, co. , U.S. , Georgia, S. of 32° N. , and E. of 85° W. 
 
 Randolph, co. , U.S., Illinois, on SW. frontier, and crossed 
 by 38° N. 
 
 Randolph, co. , U.S., Indiana, on E. frontier, crossed in 
 extreme S. by 40° N. 
 
 Riindolph, tn. , U.S., Maine, Kennebec co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Randolph, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co. , 15 m. S. 
 Boston by rail. 
 
 Randolph, co. , U.S. , Missouri, S. of 40° N. , and E. of 93° W. 
 
 Randolph, vil., U.S., New York, Cattaraugus co. , 50 m. 
 S. by W. Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Randolph, co. , U.S., N. Carolina, S. of parallel 36° N., and 
 crossed in the W. by 80° W. 
 
 Randolph, settlement, U.S., Utah, Rich co. , 73 m. NE. by 
 N. Salt Lake City. 
 
 Randolph, tn., U.S., Vermont, Orange co. , 25 m. S. by W. 
 Montpelier. P. <4000. 
 
 Randolph, co., U.S., W. Virginia, in the E. , crossed in the 
 
 W. by 80° W. , and in the extreme N. by 39° N. ; it contains 
 the headwaters of the Monongahela. 
 
 Random Island, isl., Newfoundland, off the E. ct., in Smith 
 Sound, on W. of Trinity Bay. 
 
 Randon, formerly Wed-Besbes, or Besbes, comm. , Algeria, 
 dep. Constantine, arr. and 12^ m. SSE. Bona. P. < 5000. 
 
 Randoiv, riv. , Prussia. 
 
 Randow, circle, Prussia, prov. Pomerania, between the Oder 
 on the E. and the Randow on the W. , crossed by 53 J" N. 
 
 Rands, The, a reach of the riv. Thames, Eng. , between Erith 
 and Purfleet, i\ m. long. 
 
 Randsfjord, lake, Norway, prov. Christians, 28 m. NNW. 
 Christiania. 
 
 Randwlck, par. and vil. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Stroud div. , 
 7 m. S. Gloucester, 2 m. NW. by W. Stroud, P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Randwlck, municip.. New South Wales, Cumberland co. , a 
 suburb of and 3 m. SE. Sydney. P. 6300. 
 
 Ranenbnrg, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 105 m. S. of Ryazafi, 
 17 m. from railway to Novocherkask ; flour-mills, trade in corn. 
 P. < 5000 ; with Krivopolyaniye, Kryuchkovskaya, Zaryechin- 
 skaya, and Luchinskaya suburbs, P. about 12,000. 
 
 RanenQord, bay, Norway, on the W. ct. of prov. Tromso. 
 
 Ra Ngaa, vil., Siam, Malay Penin., near the E. ct., in about 
 6° 18' N. 
 
 Riingiiintitl, tn. and rly. stn., Brit. India, Bengal, in the 
 Chittagong Hill Tracts, 30 m. NE. Chittagong. Native gentle- 
 men have formed an agricultural company, and the land is being 
 reclaimed. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rangatan, Masai name for the high plateaux which form the 
 grazing lands in the interior of the region of E. Africa frequented 
 by that tribe. 
 
 Raugatlra, one of the Chatham Is., New Zealand. 
 
 Rangeley Lakes, U.S., Maine, Oxford and Franklin cos., 
 58 m. NW. by W. Augusta, drained through Umbagog Lake 
 into the Androscoggin R. Alt. of uppermost lake, 1511 ft. 
 (Water-power of Maine). 
 
 Rangemore, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Rolleston, 
 Foston and Scropton, Tatenhill, and Tutbury pars. , 5 m. W. 
 Burton-on-Trent, PMT.O. P.<;5oo. 
 
 Rangerlk, or Rlniski, isls. , Pacific, Marshall Archipelago, in 
 the N. of the Ralik or W. group. 
 
 Rangeworthy, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , 
 6 m. SW. Wotton-under-Edge, 2 m. N. by E. Iron Acton stn., 
 PM.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Ranglhaurla, Chatham Is. , Pacific Ocean. See Pitt. 
 
 Rangiora, bor. and farming centre of N. Canterbury, New 
 Zealand, South I., Ashley co., 16 m. N. by W. Christchurch ; 
 has extensive flour and flax mills. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rangipo, plateau. New Zealand, North I., to the S. of Lake 
 Taupo. Mean alt. 2950 ft. 
 
 R^ngtr, vil. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , dist. and 22 m. SE. 
 Sagar ; the fair held in March attracts 70,000 persons. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ranglrlrl, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Waikato co., 
 40 m. SSE. Auckland. P. <i500. 
 
 Ranglroa, isl. , Pacific. See Ralroa. 
 
 Rangitalkl, riv., New Zealand, North I., rises E. of Lake 
 Taupo, in Hawke's Bay co. , and flows NW. then NE. to the 
 Bay of Plenty, Length, 106 m. 
 
 Rangltata, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Geraldine co. , 
 75 m. by road and rail from Christchurch, and 25 m. from 
 Timaru. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rangitlkei, co. , New Zealand, North I., on the SW. ct., 
 crossed by 40° o' S. , 175° 30' E. , bounded on the E. by Rangi- 
 tikei R. 
 
 Rangltoto (Maori, 'bloody heaven'), isl.. New Zealand, off 
 the NE. ct. of North I., in the Gulf of Hauraki, opposite 
 Auckland. 
 
 Rang-kul, two salt lakes of central Asia, Pamir, 50 m. SE. 
 Kara-kul Lake, in 38^° o' N. , 74° io'-2o' E. , the eastern (smaller) 
 distinguished as Shor-kul. Both apparently shallow, greatest 
 ascertained depth of Rang-kul 50 ft. Alt. (by Russian map) 
 12,250 ft.; (according to Sven Hedin, bj>.) 12,730 ft. Salt 
 extracted from beds to the E. 
 
 Rangoon, tn., port, and cantonment, Burma, dist. Hantha 
 wadi, on the Rangoon, 44 m. SSW. Pegu, and on railway to 
 Pegu and Mandalay. The chief port of Burma and the cap. of 
 the prov. , it stands on the Rangoon R. , or Hlaing, an arm of the 
 Irdwadi delta, but one which is not navigable directly to the 
 Irdwadi itself, although in the rains there is a navigable con- 
 nection with that river. Depth of water available for vessels 
 entering port at spring tides, 29-30 ft., at neap tides 21 ft.; 
 depth in port at ordinary spring tides, 30 ft. Two-thirds in 
 value of the exports of Burma are shipped, and all but a small 
 fraction of the imports are received at this port, which ranks 
 third among the seaports of British India. According to Taiaing 
 tradition, the first village was founded about 585 B.C. It was 
 occupied by the Burmese in 1413, and until 1790 was the scene 
 of incessant struggles between the Burmese and Peguans, 
 About this time the English established a factory, and a British 
 Resident was appointed in 1798 ; captured by the British in 1852, 
 
 1267 
 
RANG 
 
 RAPT 
 
 The military cantonment is to the N. ; within its limits stands the 
 Shwe-Dagon pagoda, the most celebrated object of worship in 
 all Indo-Chinese countries, as enshriningseveral hairs of Gautama 
 Buddha. Manufactures salt, pottery, w^a-// or fish-paste, mats, 
 silk and cotton cloth. Alt. 41 ft. Mean temp., yr. 79° F. , 
 Jan. 75°, April 84°; rfall., yr. 99 in., May-Oct. 93.3 in., June- 
 Sept. 74.3 in. Tn. P. 158,000; (including suburbs, 180,300); 
 Buddhists, 73,400 ; Hindus, 48,500 ; cantonment, 14,600; Bud- 
 dhists, 4100 ; Hindus, 6400 ; port, 7700 ; Buddhists, 2300 ; 
 Hindus, 3000. 
 
 Rangoon River, name usually given to lower portion of 
 Hlaing R. (^.v.), Lower Burma. 
 
 Raugpnr, ruins, Brit. India, Assam, dist. and about 5 m. 
 SSW. Sibsdgar, 40 m. SSW. Dibrugarh ; residence of the Aham 
 kings during the 17th century. 
 
 Rangpnr, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. R. , iiom. SE. by S. 
 Darjfling. P. 14,200; Hindus, 7400; Moham. 6700. 
 
 RAii]ia«lo,«, vil. , Portugal, Beira, dist. Vizeu ; has mineral 
 waters. P. (comm.)<20oo. 
 
 Rani, Hindu, ' queen ' ; Ranipur, ' city of the queen.' 
 Rani, tn. and rly. stn., India, Rdjputdna, 70 m. S. by E. 
 Jodhpur. P. < 5000. 
 
 R^nla, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Hissar, 130 m. WSW. 
 Ambala. P. 5100 ; Hindus, 1300 ; Moham. 3600. 
 
 RAnibenulkr, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 71 m. 
 SSE. Dharwar ; has trade in raw cotton ; noted for its silk and 
 cotton fabrics. P. 13,800; Hindus, 11,100. 
 Ranler, Mount, U.S. See Rainier. 
 
 R&uiganJ, municip., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Bardwan, near 
 the 1. bk. of the Damodar R., 80 m. SW. by W. MurshidAbad, 
 io8 m. NW. Calcutta ; centre of the R. coal industry, the R. 
 coalfield being the largest and most important in India, worked 
 for more than 100 years ; stn. on the E. Indian Rly. P. 13,800 ; 
 Hindus, 11,400. 
 
 RiluiganJ, tn. and municip., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. 
 Purniah, 74 m. NE. Bhdgalpur. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 RAnigat, ancient fortress, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Peshdwir; 
 identified by General Cunningham as the site of Aornos. Alt. 
 1000 ft. 
 
 RAnikhet, tn. and hill stn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. 
 Kumaun, 115 m. NE. by E. Meerut ; a favourite summer resort 
 for European civilians. Alt. 6069 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 60° F. , 
 Jan. 46°, June 71° ; rfall., yr. 49.1 in., June-Sept. 36.3 in., July- 
 Aug. 24.3 in. P. (tn., 1891) 2300; cantonment (Sept. 15, 1890) 
 P. 7400. 
 
 RAni-ntkr, rock cave, India, Orissa, dist. Purf, in Khandgiri 
 Hill ; has temples, dates ascribed from 200 B.C. to 1000 A.d. 
 
 RAnlpet, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. North Arcot, 13 m. 
 E. Vellore ; formerly a British cantonment. P. <5ooo. 
 RAnlpnr, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. See Man. 
 Ranlpnr Tengrabl, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Sdran, 85 
 m. NW. Patnd. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ranis, tn. , Prussia, in a detached part of the prov. of Saxony, 
 18 m. S. Jena. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Rankin, co. , New South Wales, on E. bank of the Darling, 
 crossed in the N. by 31° S. and 145° E. 
 
 Rankin, co. , U.S., Mississippi, N. of 32° N. , and crossed by 
 90° W. , bounded on the W. and NW. by the Pearl R. 
 
 Ranklnston, vil., Scot., Ayrshire, 8m. SW. Old Cumnock, 
 on the G. & SW. R., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Rank>vell, comm. , Austria, Vorarlberg, dist. Feldkirch, 18 
 m. SSW. Bregenz; frequented by pilgrims. P. < 3000. 
 
 Rannioor, eccles. par., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, par. 
 and bor. of Sheffield. P. <25oo. 
 
 Ranniore, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, 2 m. NW. Dorking, 
 P.O. (R. Common). P. <5oo. 
 
 Ranna, tn. , Portugal. See Silo Domlngos do Ranna. 
 Rannes, settlement, Queensland, 43 m. by rail from West- 
 wood stn. 
 
 Rannoch, stn., Scot., Perthshire, on the N. B. R. (West 
 Highland Rly.), 5 m. W. of the head of Loch Rannoch. 
 
 Rannoch, Braes of, eccles. par. , Scot. , Perthshire, PMT. O. 
 (Rannoch). P. <5oo. See Braes of Rannoch. 
 
 Rannoch, Loch, lake, Scot. , Perthshire, to the E. of Rannoch 
 Moor, and 16 m. WSW. Blair Athole. It is enclosed by high 
 mountains, and contains two islands, drained E. by the Tummel 
 into the Tay. Length, 9 m. ; breadth, 2 m. ; alt. 680 ft. 
 
 RanoTac, tn., Servia, prov. and circle Pozarevac, 5 J m. 
 NNE. Petrovac. P. <3000. 
 
 RAnpnr, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 74 m. SW. 
 AhmadAbdd, in 22° 22' N., 71° 45' E. P. 6000 ; Hindus, 3200. 
 Ransart, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 4 m. 
 NNE. Charleroi. P. 6700. 
 
 Ransiiter, comm., Sweden, prov. Vermland, on the Klar 
 Elf, 72 m. NW. by W. Orebro ; birthplace of Gustav Geijer, 
 historian and poet. P. <4000. 
 
 Ransklll, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 7 m. 
 NE. Worksop, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ransom, co. , U.S., N. Dakota, between 46° and 47° N., 
 crossed in the W. by 98° W. 
 1268 
 
 Rantan, isl. , E. Indies, off the E. ct. of Sumatra, in the 
 Strait of Malacca, 30 m. NE. Siak. Length 44 m., by 9^ m. 
 broad; area, 515 sq. m. 
 
 Ranton, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , 4^ m. W. Stafford, 
 2 m. N. Haughton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bantonl, vil., U.S., Illinois, Champaign co. , 70 m. NW. by 
 N. Terre Haute (Ind.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Ranworth with Panxworth, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, E. div. , 
 on the Bure, ii^ m. WNW. Yarmouth, 4 m. E. Salhouse stn. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Raon ri:tape, tn. , France, dep. Vosges, on the Meurthe, 
 arr. Saint Di6, 21 m. SE. by E. Lun6ville. P. <40oo. 
 
 Raoul, or Sunday, isl., Pacific, in the N. of Kermadec 
 group, in about 29° S. , 178° W. 
 
 Raoul, cape, Tasmania, at the SW. point of Tasman's Penin. , 
 near 147° 45' E. , is celebrated for the picturesque basaltic pillars 
 in the neighbourhood. 
 
 Rapa, or Oparo, isl. , Pacific, in the SE. of the Tubuai group, 
 crossed in the S. by 27° 40' S. , in the W. by 144° 20' W. 
 
 Rapallo, seapt. tn. , Italy, Liguria, prov. and 16 m. E. by 
 S. Genoa ; manufactures lace, and has coral and tunny fishing ; 
 is a winter resort. P. < 3000. 
 
 Rapel, riv. , Chile, rises in prov. Colchagua, flows N W. into 
 Navidad Bay, just N. of 34° S. Length, 137 m. ; area of basin, 
 6345 sq. m. ; discharge, 9200 cubic ft. 
 Raper, cape, Chile, in about 46° 55' S. 
 
 Raph^e, vil., France, dep. Bouches-du- Rhone, comm. and 
 5 m. ESE. Aries. P. <:30oo. 
 Raphia, ancient seapt., Syria. See Tell Rlfa. 
 Raphoe (abbreviation from Rathboth, ' the fort of huts '), par. 
 and tn.. Ire., E. co. Donegal, bar. North R. , 5 m. WNW. 
 Lifford, 8 m. from Strabane stn. R. has a cathedral, episcopal 
 palace, well endowed free school, and public library. There are 
 manufactures of tweeds and other woollens. The see of R. was 
 united to that of Derry in 1835. PMT.O. Par. 13,225 ac. , P. < 
 3500 ; tn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Raphoe, North and South, two bars. , Ire. , in the E. of co. 
 Donegal, bordering on cos. Tyrone and Londonderry. 
 RaphtC (rafii), spacious bay, E. ct. Greece, Attica, in 37°53' N. 
 Rapid, city, U.S., S. Dakota, Pennington co., 86 m. NE. by 
 N. from the SW. corner of the state. P. <3000. 
 Rapid Bay, postal-centre, S. Australia. See Second Valley. 
 Rapid City, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on the Little 
 Saskatchewan R. , and a branch of the Manitoba and NW. Rly., 
 130 m. W. Winnipeg, 94 m. by rail W. Portage-la- Prairie. 
 Rapides, par. , U. S. , Louisiana, W. of 92° W. , crossed by 31° N. 
 Rapids City, coal-mining vil., U.S., Illinois, Rock I. co. , 
 on 1. bk. of Mississippi R. , 67 m. S. by E. Dubuque (Iowa). 
 P. < 1 500. 
 Rapistagnum, France. See Rabastens. 
 Rapolano, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 14 m. ESE. Siena; 
 I m. distant are the hot sulphureous waters and baths of R. , and 
 half a mile distant the baths Armajolo. P. <20oo ; with comm. 
 P. <sooo. 
 
 Rapolla, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. Potenza, 2 m. SSE. 
 Melfi. The cathedral, 13th century Norman, was injured by an 
 earthquake, 1851. P. <4000. 
 Rapotln, tn., Austria. See Reltendorf. 
 Rappahannock, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. Schuylkill. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Rappahannock, co., U.S., Virginia, in the N., to the S. 
 of 39" N. , crossed in the E. by 78° W. , bounded on the W. by 
 the Blue Ridge. 
 
 Rappahannock, riv., U.S. , Virginia, rises in the Blue Ridge, 
 flows SE. to a large estuary of Chesapeake Bay, 25 m. S. of the 
 mouth of the Potomac. Length, 130 m. ; navigable to Fredericks- 
 burg, no m. , for vessels drawing 10 ft. ofwater. 
 
 Rappenau, vil., Ger. , gd.-duchy of Baden, circle and 12 m. 
 NW. Heilbronn ; has saline springs and baths. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rapperschivll, in French spelling Rappers ivell, tn. , Switzd. , 
 cant. St. Gall, on the N. side of Lake Ziirich, 15 m. ENE. 
 Zug ; has cotton-spinning. Since 1870 the old castle of the 
 Habsburgs has been a historical Polish museum. P. <3000. 
 
 Rappoltsweller, in French Rlbeanvlll^, tn. , Ger. , Alsace- 
 Lorraine, cap. circle R. , 8^ m. N. by W. Kolmar ; excellent 
 vineyards. The church, built 1284-1473, has a sanctuary dedi- 
 cated to the Holy Virgin of Dusenbach, venerated throughout 
 Alsace. Three picturesque ruined castles overlook the town on 
 the W. R. is the birthplace of Spener, the founder of the sect 
 of Pietists ; died 1705. P. 5500. 
 
 Rapsanl, tn. , Greece, prov. and 19 m. NNE. Larissa. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Rapshlsta, tn., Turkey in Europe, vilayet and 33 m. SSW. 
 Monastir, sanjak Koritsa. 
 
 Ritptl, riv., India, Oudh and NW. Provs., rises in 28° 19' N., 
 82° 53' E., flows S. then NW. into the Gogra, in 26° 15' N., 83° 
 42' E. ; navigable for large boats 85 m. below Gorakh pur. In 
 the rains it has a breadth of ^ m. , and flows 5 m. an hour ; in 
 hot weather it is only 150 yards broad, and flows 2 m. an hour. 
 Length, 400 m. 
 
R A P U 
 
 R A T C 
 
 Rapnr, vil. , India, Cutch, on the SW. ct. of the penin. , in 
 68° 50' E. 
 
 Kaquette Klver and Lake, U.S., New York (Adirondack). 
 See Racket. 
 
 Karaka, isls. , Pacific, Tuamotu group, just S. of 16° S. , 
 crossed by 145° W. 
 
 Raraiicze, tn. , Austria, Bukowina, dist. and 7 m. NE. 
 Czernowitz. P. < 5000. 
 Raratouga, isl. , Oceania. See Rarotoiiga. 
 
 Rarltaii, bor. , U.S., New Jersey, Somerset co. , 25 m. N. by 
 E. Trenton, on Raritan R. P. <30oo. 
 
 Rarltait Bay, U.S., New Jersey, in the E. , in the W. of 
 Lower Bay, in 40^° N. 
 
 Rariii)«b, vil., Scot., Ross and Cromartyshire, Lewis L, 
 Outer Hebrides. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Rarola, or Barclay, isl. , Pacific, in the E. of the Tuamotu 
 group, in about 16° S. , 142^° W. 
 
 Raron, comm. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, on the N. bank of the 
 Rhone, 8 m. E. Leuk. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rarot4»iiga, Raratonga, or lisirotoa, isl. , Polynesia, Cook's 
 or Hervey's Archipelago, in 21° 57' S. , 159° 15' W. ; covered 
 with mountains, the highest point being 2920 ft. The only 
 port is Avarua, on the N. ct. Area, 31 sq. m. 
 
 Ras, Arabic; Hebrew rosk, 'cape.' For some of the names 
 beginning with this word, see under the latter part of the 
 name. 
 
 Rasa, or Keiidrick, isl., Pacific, Magellan Archipelago, in 
 about 24° 20' N. , 130^° o' E. 
 
 Bas Addar, or Cap Bon, cape, Tunis, in the NE. , at the 
 NE. of the Bay of Tunis, in 37° 4' N. , with a lighthouse. 
 
 RasiUgarli, fort, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Ratnagiri, 30 m. 
 WNW. Satara. 
 
 Rasat-al-Itasat, cape, Tripoli. See Sein, Ras. 
 
 Ras Bellas, Red Sea. See Um-el-Ketef. 
 
 Ras Blr (' cape of the well'), cape, E. ct. of Africa, 47 m. S. 
 Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, enclosing on the N. the Bay of 
 Tajurra, bounds the roadstead of Obok on the E. 
 
 Rascarrel Bay, Scot. , on the S. ct. of Kirkcudbrightshire, 
 7^ m. E. by S. Kirkcudbright. 
 
 Rascliaii, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, zh m. E. 
 Schwarzenberg ; has lignite mines and arsenic works. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ras Da.slian (or Daxhaii), mt. , Abyssinia, 96 m. NE. Lake 
 Tana. Alt. 15,000-15,500 ft. 
 
 Ras ed Deir, cape and small penin. , on the N. ct. of Morocco, 
 the penin. bisected by the meridian of 3° W. Cape Tres Forcas 
 forms its NE. , Cape Viejo its NW. point. 
 
 Ras el Ablml ('white cape'), or Cap Blanc, cape, Tunis, 
 on the N. ct. , in 9° 52' E. , 4 m. NNW. Bizerta. 
 
 Rfts el Ain, tn., Palestine, Ajitipatris in the N. T. , 32° 7' 
 N., 34° 55' E. , II m. ENE. Jaffa (ancient Joppa). 
 
 Ras el Fortas, cape, Tunis, in the E. of the Bay of Tunis, 
 in 36° 53' N- 
 
 Ras el Keblr ('great cape'), cape, Algeria, on the N. ct. , 
 47 m. N. Constantine. 
 
 Ras-el-KIielniali, seapt. tn. , in E. of Arabia, Oman, on the 
 Persian Gulf, on the W. ct. of Ras-Mussendam Penin. , 85 m. 
 SE. Lingah (Persia). P. 5000. 
 
 Raseii, Market, Eng. See Market Rasen. 
 
 Rasen, Middle and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Lin- 
 colnshire, E. Lindsey div. , the former 14 m. NE. by N. Lincoln, 
 2 m. WNW. Market Rasen, P.O. (Middle R.), and P.O. (West 
 R.). Middle R. P. < 1000; West R. P. <;25o; eccles. par. 
 (Middle Rasen-Drax >vitli Middle Rasen) P. <iooo. 
 
 Ras-et-tln, cape, Tripoli, Barka, 182 m. E. by N. Bengazi. 
 
 Rasez, dist. , France. See Aude. 
 
 Rasliarkin, par. and tn. , Ire., NW. co. Antrim, bar. Kil- 
 conway, 14 m. SE. by S. Coleraine, 5^ m. from Glarryford stn. , 
 PM.O. Par. 19,262 ac, P. 5400; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 RaslicllfTe, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Almondbury par. , near Huddersfield. P. 8500. 
 
 Raslidl, tn., Persia, prov. Mekran, on the S. ct., 275 m. 
 SE. by E. Bender Abbas. 
 
 Rasliee, par., Ire., SE. co. and 8J m. NE. by E. Antrim, 
 bar. Upper Antrim ; 6460 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rasheya-Tahta, tn. , Syria, 33° 32' N. , 35° 54' E. , 24 m. W. 
 Damascus. Alt. 3750 ft. P. about 3000. 
 
 Rashgla, in French spelling Racligla, small seapt. , Cochin- 
 China, on W. ct. , near the angle where the trend of the coast 
 changes from S. to SE. , 120 m. WSW. Saigon ; connected by 
 canal with Longshuyen. 
 
 Raslignn, the ancient Insula Acra, isl., Algeria, on the 
 NW. ct. , at the mouth of the Tafna, 30 m. NNW. Tlemsen ; 
 has deposits of iron, and a lighthouse, visible 22 m. The island 
 is of volcanic origin. 
 
 Raslild, tn., Egypt. See Rosetta. 
 
 Raslilda, tn. with rly. stn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 20 
 m. ENE. Miiltan. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Raslit, tn. , Persia. See Resbt. 
 
 Raslnja, vil., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, Belovar, 44 m. 
 NE. by E. Agram. P. <2ooo. 
 
 R&slpur, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 13 m. SSE. 
 Salem. P. 10,50c ; Hindus, 10,000. 
 
 Raska (rashka), tn., on the S. frontier of Servia, prov. Cacak, 
 on riv. Ibar, 11^ m. NNE. Novibazar. 
 
 Raskani, or Raskeni, mountainous region, central Asia, to 
 the S. of Yarkand. See Yarkaiid, riv. 
 
 Raskelf, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., x\\ m. E. Ripon, i m. NNE. its stn. on the 
 NE. R., P.O.; 4281 ac. P. <5oo. 
 Ras Muarl, cape, India. See Monze, cape. 
 Rasnastraw, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Tinahely, co. Wicklow. 
 Rasocolnio, Capo, cape, Sicily, in the NE. , 7^ m. N. 
 Messina. 
 
 Ra^ova (rashova), fortified tn., Roumania, Dobruja, prov. 
 Constanfa, on r. bk. the Danube, 8| m. SSW. Chernavoda. 
 Near this town is the beginning of Trajan's wall, which extends 
 E. to the Black Sea. P. 2000. 
 
 Raspberry Creek, U.S., Nevada, Humboldt co. , on Hum- 
 boldt R. , 143 m. NE. Carson City. 
 
 Raspeuan, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. and 3 m. SE. Fried- 
 land ; marble is quarried here. In the vicinity, in the valley 
 of the Wittig, are the Liebwerda baths, much frequented. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Raspoplua, Cossack vil. , Russia, prov. of Don Cossacks, 85 
 m. NW. Tsaritsyn, 18 m. SE. Ust-Medvyeditsa, on r. bk. Don ; 
 trade in corn and cattle. P. 10,350. 
 
 Rasri, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Ballia, 65 m. NE. 
 by E. Benares ; has considerable local trade in cloth, sugar, &c. 
 P. 9800 ; Hindus, 6300 ; Moham. 3400. 
 
 Rass, tn. , central Arabia, Kasim, on the Wadi Ermek, 37 
 m. SW. Aneiseh. P. 3000. 
 
 R^isselwltz, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Neustadt, 25 
 m. NW. by W. Ratibor. P. <4000. 
 Ras Sl^gbah. See ^lAgbab, Ras. 
 Rassova, tn. , Roumania. See Rtisova. 
 Rassul, Rbasnl, or Gliazal, small market-tn., Algeria, prov. 
 Oran, 26 m. SSE. G^ryville, on the Sahara slope of the Atlas 
 Mts. , commanding the defile called the Gate of the Desert ; 
 supplies soapstone. 
 
 Rastatt, formerly spelt Rastadt, tn. and imperial fortress, 
 Ger., gd.-duchy of Baden, 14 m. SW. Karlsruhe, on the Murg; 
 manufacture of cigars and coloured paper. Burnt down in 
 1689. In 1714 the peace by which Austria acquired the Spanish 
 Netherlands, Milan, Naples, and Sicily was here concluded ; 
 and a peace congress was held here in 1797-99. Scene of a 
 victory of Moreau over the Austrians in 1796. P. 11,300. 
 
 Rastede, vil., Ger., gd.-duchy and 8 m. N. Oldenburg. P. 
 510C. 
 
 Rastenberg, tn. , Ger., gd.-duchy Saxe-Weimar, 14 m. N. 
 by E. Weimar ; has mineral springs and bathing establish- 
 ments (pine needle and sand baths, and whey cure). Alt. 
 633 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Rastenbnrg, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, cap. circle R. , 56 
 m. SE. by S. Konigsberg; iron and copper founding, and brewing 
 carried on. P. 6900. 
 
 Rastrlck, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Elland 
 div., 3^ m. SE. by E. Halifax, close to Brighouse stn., and in 
 the borough of Brighouse ; manufactures of woollen and silk 
 goods, and machinery, tanneries, quarries of flags, wall-stones, 
 &c. P. 9300. 
 
 Ras^ilnagar, India. See Rsinniagar. 
 
 Ratalne, par., Ire., co. Meath, bar. Lower Navan, 4 m. 
 NE. Trim. P. <25o. 
 Ratak Islands, a division of the Marshall Is. [q.v^.^i, Pacific. 
 Ratan, vil., Sweden, prov. Jemtland, 48 m. S. Ostersund ; 
 has iron-mines. P. (comm. )< 2000. 
 
 Ratan, vil., Sweden, prov. Vesterbotten, 24 m. ENE. 
 Ume& ; is the best port on the Gulf of Bothnia. Scene of a 
 battle between the Swedes and Russians, 1809. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ratangarh, tn. , India, Rajputana, 80 m. E. Bfkaner. P. 
 (1881) 7600. 
 
 Ratanpnr, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. and 15 m. 
 N. Bilaspur, 150 m. ESE. Jabalpur. P. 6400 ; Hindus, 5900. 
 
 Ratanpnr, tn., India, Rewa Kantha, 15 m. E. by N. Broach. 
 About 5 m. SW. are celebrated carnelian mines. 
 
 Ratare, tn. , Servia, prov. Podunavlje, circle and 22 m. S. 
 Semendria. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ratass, par.. Ire., co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacrny, contains 
 part of Tralee town ; 6983 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Rsitburl, tn. , Siam, on the Meklong, 42 m. W. by S. Bangkok, 
 in about 13° 35' N. 
 
 Ratby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Loughborough div., 4^ m. 
 W. by N. Leicester, on the M. R., P.O.; 4972 ac. P. <:25oo; 
 eccles. par. (R. wltb Groby) P. <25oo. 
 
 Ratcliwood, par., Eng., Northumberland, dist. and 4J m. 
 SE. Belford. P. 4. 
 
 RatcUir, par., Eng., co. London, on the Thames, Stepney 
 dist., in Limehouse div. of the Tower Hamlets pari. bor. P. 
 14,900. 
 Ratcllffe Culey, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 5 m. 
 
 1269 
 
R ATC 
 
 RATH 
 
 WSW. Bosworth, ij m. ENE. Atherstone stn. P. <25o. See 
 Slieepy, Great. 
 
 RatellfTe on ^oar, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe 
 div. , 6 m. NN W. Loughborough, on the Soar, i^ m. N. Keg- 
 worth stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ratcllire on tlie Wreak, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton 
 div. , 7 m. SE. by E. Loughborough, on the Wreak, 2 m. WSW. 
 Rears by stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 RatellfTe on Trent, par. , Eng. See RadcllflTe upon Trent. 
 
 Ratea, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Hissar, 86 m. SW. by 
 W. Ambala. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rath, or 7-aed, Teutonic, 'council.' 
 
 Rath, Erse, a 'mound,' 'earthen fortification' or 'strong- 
 hold' ; the Welsh rhath, a 'mound' or ' hill,' Rathmore, 'the 
 great fort,' Rathdrum, ' fort of the ridge.' 
 
 RAth, tn. , Brit. India, N W. Provs. . dist. Hamfrpur, 78 m. 
 SW. Cawnpur, formerly ofimportance, but now declining through 
 its remoteness from trade routes ; manufactures country cloth, 
 dyes, and saltpetre. P. 12,300 ; Hindus, 8900 ; Moham. 3400. 
 
 Rath, par. , Ire. , co. Clare, bar. Inchiquin, i m. SW. Corrofin ; 
 8489 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Rath, electoral div., Ire., co. Wicklow, dist. Colkenna and 
 Hacketstown. 
 
 Rath, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 4 m. NNE. 
 Diisseldorf. P. (comm.)<:3ooo. 
 
 Rathangan, par. and market-tn., Ire., NW. co. Kildare, 
 bars. E. and W. Oftaly, 5J m. NW. Kildare stn., on a branch 
 of the Grand Canal, PMT.O. Alt. 225 ft. Mean annual rfall. 
 (1866-80), 32.50 in. Par. 11,531 ac, P. <20oo ; tn. P. <75o. 
 
 Rathanna, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Carlow, dist. Borris. 
 
 Rathniiiiy, P.O., Ire., co. Kerry, 6 m. E. Tralee stn. 
 
 Ratliasplck, par.. Ire., cos. Kilkenny and Queen's, bars. 
 Fassadinin, Ballyadams, and Slievemargy, 6 m. SW. Athy ; 
 8540 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rathasplck, par., Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Moygoish, on 
 riv. Inny, contains Rathowen town ; 7548 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ratha^plck, par., Ire., SE. co. and 2 m. SSW. Wexford, 
 bar. Forth. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rathbarry, coast par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bars. Carbery E. , W. 
 div. , and Ibane and Barryroe, 4 m. S. Clonakilty ; 4734 ac. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Rathbeagh, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bars. Fassadinin and 
 Galmoy, on riv. Nore, 2 m. NE. Freshford. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rathbeggan, par., Ire., SE. co. Meath, bar. Ratoath, 7 m. 
 NE. by N. Maynooth. P. <250. 
 
 Rathbomey, par., Ire., co. Clare, bar. Burren, 5 m. N. 
 Kilfenora ; 9634 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Rathbran, par.. Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. Upjier Talbotstown, 
 on riv. Slaney, 3 m. N. Baltinglass; 5816 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Rathcabban, electoral div.. Ire., N. co. Tipperary, bar. 
 Lower Ormond, 4^ m. W. by N. Parsonstown stn., P.O. 
 (Rathcabbln). 
 
 Rathclarln, par.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. E. Carbery, E. div., 
 8^ m. WSW. Kinsale ; 5901 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rathcllne, par. , Ire. , co. Longford, bar. R. , on Lough Ree 
 and riv. Shannon, contains Lanesborough tn. and several islands ; 
 
 11,043 ^^- P- <2000. 
 
 Rathclooney, electoral div., Ire., co. Clare, dist. Quin. 
 
 Riithconnell, par.. Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Moyashel and 
 Magheradernon, 3 m. NE. MuUingar ; 15,663 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rathconrath, par. , Ire. , W. co. Westmeath, bar. R. , 7^ m. 
 W. Mullingar stn. , P.O.; 8704 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rathcool, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cork, dist. Millstreet, 5 m. 
 from Banteer, P.O. (Rathcoole). 
 
 Rathcool, par.. Ire., SE. co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 
 7^ m. ESE. Cashel; 5904 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Rathcoole, par. and tn. , Ire. , SW. co. and 9 m. SW. by W. 
 Dublin, bar. Newcastle, 4 m. from Celbridge stn., PMT.O. 
 Par. 4706 ac, P. < 1000; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rathcoole, par.. Ire., co. and 5 m. NE. Kilkenny, bar. 
 Gowran. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Rathcooney, par.. Ire., co. , bar., and 3 m. NE. Cork ; 5153 
 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rathcor, tn. , Ire., NE. ct. co. Louth, bar. Lower Dundalk, 
 8 m. E. by S. Dundalk, on Dundalk Bay, with a coastguard 
 station. P. <25o. 
 
 Rathcore, par.. Ire., SW. co. Meath, bars. Lower Moyfen- 
 rath and Upper Deece, 8 m. S. by W. Trim, P.O.; 13,958 ac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Rathcorniack, par. and tn.. Ire., NE. co. Cork, bar. Barry- 
 more, 4 m. S. Fermoy, PMT.O. (Ratheorniac). Par. 13,995 
 ac. , P. < 2000; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rathdangan, tnld.. Ire., W. co. Wicklow, bar. Upper 
 Talbotstown, 17 m. ENE. Carlow, loj m. from Tinahely stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Rathdo^vn, bar. , Ire. , in the SE. of co. Dublin. 
 
 Ratlidown, bar.. Ire., in the NE. of co. Wicklow. 
 
 Rathdowney, par. and tn. , Ire., SW. Queen's co., bars. 
 Clandonagh and Clarmallagh, 16 m. NNE. Thurles, 4J m. 
 from Ballybrophy stn. Par. 17,219 ac, P. <3ooo; tn. P. <i5oo. 
 1270 
 
 Kootenai co. , 93 m. N. 
 bar. Ferrard, 4 m. SE. 
 
 Ratlidrnni ('fort of the ridge'), par. and market-tn.. Ire., 
 SE. CO. Wicklow, bar. N. Ballinacor, 8| m. WSW. Wicklow, 
 on the Avonmore R. , and the Dublin, Wicklow, and We.xford 
 Rly. ; lead ore mined. Market-day, Th. Par. 5799 ac. , P. < 
 2000 ; tn. P. <750. 
 
 Rathdrum, settlement, U.S., Idaho, 
 Lewiston. 
 
 Rathdrnniln, par.. Ire., co. Louth, 
 Dunleer. P. <25o. 
 
 Rathdnff, stn. , Ire. , co. and 12 m. N. Cork, on G. S. & W. R. 
 
 Rathea, electoral div.. Ire., co. Kerry, dist. Ballyhorgan. 
 
 Rathealy, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny, dist. Freshford. 
 
 Rathelni, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 circle Heinsberg. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Rathen, par. , Scot. , E. Aberdeenshire, 4 m. S. Fraserburgh, 
 I m. SW. of its stn. on the G. N. of S. R., PM.O. (R. station); 
 9587 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Rathenan, comm. , Hungary. See O-Radna. 
 
 Rathenow, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle West- 
 havelland, on the r. bk. of the Havel, 17 m. NW. by N. 
 Brandenburg ; manufactures optical instruments, machines, 
 wooden wares, and bricks. The Great Elector (to whom a 
 monument has been raised) defeated the Swedes here in 1675. 
 P (1816) 4100; (1890) 16,300. 
 
 Rathernan, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Connell, 3 m. NW. 
 Newbridge ; 5139 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Rathfarnhani, par. and tn., Ire., S. co. Dublin, bars. Rath- 
 down and Upper Cross, 3 m. S. Dublin, PMT.O. P. 8000; tn. 
 (with Ponds) P. <750. 
 
 Rathfelgh, par.. Ire., E. co. Meath, bar. Skreen, 9 m. ESE. 
 Navan, 6 m. from Duleek stn.; manufacture of sewed muslin. 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Rathfeston, electoral div.. Ire., King's co., dist. Philipstown. 
 
 Rathfran, bay. Ire., N. ct. co. Mayo, in W. of Killala Bay. 
 
 Rathft-yland, tn. , Ire., SW. co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, 
 8 m. NE. by E. Newry, 2 m. from Ballyroney stn.; has manu- 
 facture of sewed muslin. PMT.O. (Rathf^lland). P. < 1500. 
 
 Rathgar, Ire. See Rathmlnes. 
 
 Rathgarogne, stn., Ire., co. Kilkenny, on the G. S. & W. 
 and Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Joint Rly. , near New Ross. 
 
 Rathgarre, par., Ire., N. co. Westmeath, bar. Fore, 13 m. 
 N. Mullingar ; 6026 ac. P. <2oc)o. 
 
 Rathgoggan, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Orrery and Kilmore, 
 contains Charleville town. P. 2500. 
 
 Rathgorniuck, par.. Ire., N. co. Waterford, bars. Upper- 
 third and Glenahiry, 5 m. SW. Carrick-on-Suir, P.O. (Rath- 
 gorniack) ; 17,966 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rath Hill, electoral div., Ire., co. Mayo, dist. Bangor. 
 
 Rathjordau, par., Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Clanwilliam, 4 m. 
 W. Pallas Grean. P. <2So. 
 
 Rtithkea, P.O., Ire., co. and 4 m. from Tipperary. 
 
 Rathkeale, par., civic and market tn.. Ire., NW. co. 
 Limerick, bar. Lower Connello, on riv. Deel, 22 m. ENE. 
 Listowel, on the Waterford and Limerick Rly., PMT.O. 
 Market-days, Th. and S. Par. 12,095 ac, P. 3500; tn. P. 
 <25oo. 
 
 Ratlikennan, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Lower Kil- 
 namanagh, on riv. Suir, 5 m. SW. Thurles. P. <250. 
 
 Rathkenny, stn.. Ire., on the Belfast and Northern Counties 
 Rly. , between Ballycloughan and Clough Road stns. 
 
 Rathkenny, par.. Ire., NE. co. Meath, bar. Upper Slane, 
 7 m. N. Navan, 3 m. ENE. Wilkinstown stn. ; 5496 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Rtitlikieran, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Iverk, 4 m. NW. 
 Waterford. P. <75o. 
 
 Rathlackan, tnld.. Ire., N. ct. co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, E. 
 shore of Lackan Bay, 13^ m. N. by W. Ballina, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Rathlln, Rachlln, or Raghery, isl. and par. , Ire. , off the 
 N. ct. of CO. Antrim, with a lighthouse (visible 21 m.) on its 
 NE. extremity, bar. Gary, 5 m. N. Ballycastle stn. The island 
 is elbow-shaped, and is about 5 m. between the points, and i in. 
 wide. Like the Giant's Causeway, on the opposite coast, it is 
 mainly of basaltic formation, but partly also of chalk. The 
 remains of Bruce's Castle are situated on an almost isolated 
 rock in the NE. Robert Bruce took refuge here, 1306. P.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Rathlln O'Blrne, isl.. Ire., off SW. ct. of co. Donegal, with 
 a lighthouse, lat. 50° 40' N. , visible 16 m. 
 
 RiUhlogan, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Galmoy, 3 m. 
 NE. Johnstown. P. <250. 
 
 Rathlynin, par.. Ire., co. and 4 m. NE. Tipperary, bar. 
 Clanwilliam, on riv. Multeen. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rathmacknee, par. , Ire. , SE. co. and 5 m. S. by W. Wex- 
 ford, bar. Forth. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rathmacnrkey, electoral div. , Ire., Sligo, dist. Easky. 
 
 Rutlimell, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div. , 
 164 m. N. by W. Burnley, 2h m. SSW. Settle, i| m. S. Giggles- 
 wick stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Rathmelton, Ire. See Ranielton. 
 
 Rathmlchael, coast par.. Ire., co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown, 2 
 m. NW. Bray. P. <2ooo. 
 
RATH — RAUC 
 
 Rathnilnes and Katligar, Ire., co. Dublin, a southern 
 suburb of the city of Dublin, 3 m. from Dublin stn.; has lime- 
 stone quarries. P. 27,800. 
 
 Kathmolyon, par. and tn. , Ire., SW. co. Meath, bar. Lower 
 Moyfenrath, 5 m. S. by W. Trim, P.O. Par. 9713 ac, P. <: 
 1500 ; tn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Rathniore, par., Ire., co. Carlow, bar. Rathvilly, 4 m. N. 
 TuUow. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ratliiiiore, tnld. , Ire., E. co. Kerry, bar. Magunihy, 13 m. 
 ENE. Killarney, on the Killarney Junction Rly., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Katbmore ('the great fort"), par., Ire., NE. co. Kildare, 
 bar. N. Naas, 4 m. E. Naas stn., P.O.; 7763 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Kathmore, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Limerick, dist. Croom. 
 
 Kattamore, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Lune, 7^ m. W. 
 Navan ; 5349 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Katlinioylaii, coast par.. Ire., co. Waterford, bar. Gaultiere, 
 2 m. SW. Dunmore. P. <soo. 
 
 Ratlimullaii, tn., Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 on the W. shore of Lough Swilly, 11 m. NW. by W. London- 
 derry, 7 m. NE. Rathmelton, 3 m. from Fahan stn.; has a good 
 quay. PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Kntliiiiullaii, par.. Ire., SE. co. Down, bars. Lower and 
 Upper Lecale, 4 m. S. Downpatrick. P. < 1500. 
 
 Katliiiuveoge, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Ikerrin, 5 m. 
 SW. Roscrea ; 5153 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Rathnew, par. and tn. , Ire., E. co. and 2 m. W. by N. 
 Wicklow, bar. Newcastle, with a rly. stn. (Rathnew [Newrath 
 Bridge]) on the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Rly., P.O. 
 Par. 8406 ac, P. < 3000; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ratbo, par. and vil. , Scot., Midlothian, on the Union Canal, 
 I m. SSE. from its stn. on the N. B. and C. Rlys. , 7^ m. W. 
 by S. Edinburgh, PMT.O.; 6147 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Katborua, electoral div., Ire., co. Mayo, dist. Crossmolina. 
 
 Rathoruaii, electoral div., Ire., Carlow, dist. Leighlinbridge. 
 
 Katliowen, tn. , Ire., NW. co. Westmeath, bar. Moygoish, 
 iij m. NW. Mullingar, i m. from Street stn., PM.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Katlipatrlck, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Ida, at con- 
 fluence of rivs. Suir and Barrow, 2 m. NE. Waterford ; 4479 
 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Rathras, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Aligarh, 25 m. 
 N.Agra. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ratlireagh, par.. Ire., co. Longford, bar. Ardagh, on riv. 
 Inny, 5 m. S. Edgeworthstown ; 4024 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rathreagli, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, 4 m. NW. 
 Killala ; 4164 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rathregaii, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Ratoath, 3 m. S. 
 Dunshaughlin. P. <25o. 
 
 Rathrot>ln, electoral div. , Ire. , King's co. , dist. Killoughy. 
 
 Ratliroe, par., Ire., SW. co. Wexford, bar. Shelburne, 9^ 
 m. S. by E. New Ross. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ratlirouaii, par., Ire., NW. co. Limerick, bar. Shanid, i8 
 m. ENE. Listowel; 18,117 ac. P. <30oo. 
 
 Ratliroitaii, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa East, 
 2^ m. N. Clonmel. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ratlirnsli, electoral div.. Ire., Carlow, dist. Fennagh and 
 Myshall. 
 
 Ratlisallagh, par.. Ire., NW. co. Wicklow, bar. Upper 
 Talbotstown, 11 m. E. by N. Athy. P. <:25o. 
 
 Rathsaraii, par. , Ire. , Queen's co. , bar. Clandonagh, 2^ m. 
 W. Rathdowney. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rathtoole, par., Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. Upper Talbotstown, 
 4 m. NW. Baltinglass. P. <25o. 
 
 Ratliven, par., Scot., Banffshire, 4^ m. W. by S. CuUen, on 
 the H. R.; 23,166 ac. P. 12,900. 
 
 Ratlivllly, par. and tn.. Ire., NE. co. and loj m. ENE. 
 Carlow, bar. R., 4 m. S. by E. Baltinglass, on the G. S. & 
 W. R., PMT.O. Par. 9212 ac, P.<:20oo; tn. P.<5oo. 
 
 Ratliivell, stn. , Canada, Manitoba, 62 m. W. by S. Winnipeg, 
 on the C. P. R. 
 
 Rathwlre, tn. , Ire. , SE. co. Westmeath, bar. Farbill, 8 m. 
 E. by S. Mullingar, ^ m. from Killucan stn. P. ^250. 
 
 Ratlbor, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 87 m. SE. Breslau, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Oder, cap. circle R.; manufactures steel, iron, 
 machinery, locks, &c. , and has railway workshops. Alt. 646 ft. 
 Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 46.9° F. , Jan. 29.2°, July 66.2°. P. 
 (i8i6)<4ooo; (1871)15,300; (1891)20,700. 
 
 Ratlbor Hammer, vil. , Prussia. See Hammer. 
 
 Ratler, dist. , France. See Rattler. 
 
 Ratliigen, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 6| m. NE. 
 by N. Diisseldorf. P. 5500. 
 
 Ratlsbon, Ger. Regensbarg, the ancient Gallic Radaspona, 
 Roman Castra Regina, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, cap. govt. 
 Upper Palatinate, 35 m. NE. by E. Ingolstadt, in a fertile dist. 
 on the right or S. bank of the Danube, near the most northerly 
 point of the great northerly band of that river, opposite the in- 
 flux of the Regen. The Danube is here crossed by a bridge 1140 
 ft. long, built in 1135-46. The town has mostly narrow and 
 crooked streets, but with many signs of its former importance 
 (the Gesandtenstrasse, or Ambassador's Street, with numerous 
 coats of arms of former imperial ambassadors, the Wahlen- 
 
 strasse, or Elector Street, with strong towers of families belonging 
 to the Middle Ages, the residence of the Prince of Thurn and 
 Taxis, the Benedictine abbey, founded in 652, and formerly 
 enjoying princely rights under the old empire). Fine promenades 
 have taken the place of the former fortifications. The town now 
 has a considerable but very varied manufacturing industry. R. 
 was a place of great importance even in Roman times. Its 
 bishopric, which still exists, was founded by Boniface in 739. 
 In the nth century, and long subsequently, it was the usual 
 residence of the emperors, and numerous imperial assemblies 
 were held here, till at last in 1663 it became the regular place of 
 assembly, which it remained till the extinction of the old empire 
 in 1806. It came into the hands of Bavaria in i8io. Alt. 1178 
 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 46.6° F., Jan. 28.1°, July 65.8°. 
 P. (1840)21,900; (1871)36,100; (1890)37,900. 
 
 Rat Island, Eng. , Hampshire. See Barrow Island. 
 
 Ratl&ni, tn.. Central India, 65 m. NW. Indore, cap. state; 
 is a great centre for opium and grain. P. 29,800; Hindus, 
 16,800; Moham. 7400; Jain, 4300. 
 
 Ratley, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 6 m. NW. 
 Banbury, 4 m. SE. Kineton stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Ratllngbope, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 11 m. SW. 
 by S. Shrewsbury, 5 m. W. by S. Leebotwood stn. ; 5533 ac. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Ratn^lrl, fortified municip. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. R. , 
 on the W. ct. , 114 m. SW. by S. Poona, in 17° N. , facing the 
 sea. The harbour is exposed, and boats can only enter at high 
 tide. There is tdrli, or sardine, fishery in Jan. and Feb. Has 
 a lighthouse. P. 14,300; Hindus, 10,400. 
 
 Ratnapnra, tn. , Ceylon, W. prov., 40 m. ESE. Colombo. 
 P. 3500. 
 
 Ratoatb, par. and tn.. Ire., SE. co. Meath, bar. R., 10^ m. 
 NE. by N. Maynooth, and 14 m. from Drumree stn., PT.O. 
 Par. 9368 ac, P. <75o; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Rato Dero, tn. , Brit. India, Sind, dist. Shikdrpur, 35 m. 
 SSW. Jacobdbdd. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Raton, tn., U.S., New Mexico, Colfax co. , near N. frontier 
 of terr., in 104° 25' W. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Raton Mountains, U.S., a spur of the Rocky Mts., running 
 E. from the main range, forming the S. base of Colorado. 
 Highest point Fisher Peak, 9460 ft. 
 
 Ratonnean, lie de, isl., France, dep. Bouches-du- Rhone, 3 
 m. W. by S. Marseilles. 
 
 Rat Portage, vil. and stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the 
 C. P. R. , 1291 m. by rail W. Montreal, 133 m. E. Winnipeg. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ratsar, or Ratsanr Kal4n Kbnrd, tn. , Brit. India, N W. 
 Provs., dist. Ballia, in 25° 54' N., 84° 5' E. P. 5800; Hindus, 
 4700; Moham. iioo. 
 
 Ratscbacb, comm., Austria, Carniola, 33 m. E. Laibach, 
 near the r. bk. of the Save. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rattenberg, comm., Austria, Tirol, on r. bk. of the Inn, 23 
 m. ENE. Innsbruck ; with mines of silver and copper, the ores 
 of which are smelted in the adjoining vil. of Brixlegg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rattery, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 12 m. W. by 
 S. Torquay, 4 m. W. Totnes stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rattler, or Ratler, small dist. , France, dep. Isere. 
 
 Rattlesden, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 4 m. W. by N. 
 Stowmarket, 8^ m. ESE. Bury St. Edmunds, 3 m. S. by W. 
 Elmswell stn. , PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Rattniannsdorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Merse- 
 burg, dist. Lauchstadt ; coal-mine. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rattoo, par. , Ire. , co. Kerry, bars. Clanmaurice and Iraghti- 
 connor, 8 m. SW. Listowel ; 8202 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rattray, Scot. , E. Aberdeenshire, on the S. shore of the Loch 
 of Strathbeg, 74 m. NNW. Peterhead, \\ m. E. Lonmay stn. 
 
 Rattray, par. and tn., Scot., E. Perthshire, on the Ericht, 5 
 m. NW. by N. Coupar Angus ; has flax and jute mills. P.O. 
 (Old R.), and P.O. (New R.). Par. 5382 ac, P. <3ooo ; tn. P. 
 
 <2500. 
 
 Rattray Head, cape, Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on the E. ct., 
 in 57" 36^' N. 
 
 Rattvlk, comm. , Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, on E. shore of 
 Lake Siljan, 27 m. NW. Falun. P. 7300. 
 
 Ratzebnbr, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 68 m. SE. Kolberg, 
 circle and 14 m. SE. by S. Neustettin. P. <300o. 
 
 Ratzebui^, tn. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle 
 Lauenburg, 12 m. SSE. Lubeck ; on an island in R. Lake (j\ m. 
 by i| m., drained by the Wakenitz into the Trave). P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ran, isl., E. Archipelago, one of the Moluccas, to the N. of 
 Halmahera. 
 
 Ran, fertile valley, Sumatra, near the W. ct. , 85 m. N. by 
 W. Padang. 
 
 Raual, Ras, Red Sea. See Rowala. 
 
 Ranceby, North and Sontli, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div. , the former 9 m. NE. Grantham, 
 3 m. W. by N. Sleaford, with a stn. (Ranceby) on the G. N. 
 R., P.O. (South R.). P. (of each) < 500. 
 
 Ranch, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 161 m. SSW. 
 Buenos Aires. P. <2ooo. 
 
 1271 
 
RAUD — RAVI 
 
 Randnltz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, cap. circle R. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Elbe, 25 m. NNW. Prague. Here is the magnificent 
 castle of Prince Lobkowitz, Duke of Raudnitz, with a library, 
 gallery of armour, and collection of pictures and historical 
 portraits. P. 6600. 
 
 Randnltz, vil., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle Rosenberg, 
 38 m. SSE. Elbing, 5 m. ENE. Deutsch-Eylau. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Randten, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Steinau, 13 m. 
 SE. by S. Glogau. P. <2C)oo. 
 
 Ranen, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Beeskow- 
 Storkow, dist. and 3 m. SW. Fiirstenwalde ; lignite-mines. P. 
 <:20oo. 
 
 Kanenthal, vil. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Rhein- 
 gau, 10 m. ENE. Riidesheim ; makes an excellent brand of 
 Rhine wine. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Raashtonhead ^-Ith GatesglU, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cumber- 
 land, Penrith div., on the Caldew, 6^ m. S. by W. Carlisle, 3^ 
 m. S. by E. Dalston stn., P.O. (Kangliton Head). P. <75o." 
 
 Ranhe Alb, Wiirtemberg. See Jnra, German. 
 
 Ranma, riv. , Norway, dist. Romsdal, issues from Lake 
 Lesjeskogen, and flows NW. to the Romsdal Fjord, a branch of 
 the Molde Fjord, which it enters at Veblungsnaes. It waters 
 Romsdal, and its valley is one of the most celebrated in 
 Norway. 
 
 Ranmo, tn. and seaport, Finland, Gulf of Bothnia, in Abo- 
 Bjorneborg prov. (Ian), 28 m. SSW. Bjorneborg. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rann, volcano, on the E. ct. of Java, in the Merapi Mts., 
 16 m. WNW. Banyuvangi. Alt. 10,925 ft. 
 
 Raunds, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 8 m. 
 ENE. Wellingborough, li m. SW. of its stn. on the M. R. , 
 PMT.O.; 4460 ac. P. < 3500. 
 
 Ranseha, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and i8j m. NNE. 
 Gorlitz. P. (comm.)<:3ooo. 
 
 Ranschenbacli, comm. , Switzd. See Neyruz. 
 
 Rava, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 158 m. WNW. 
 Bagdad, on the 1. bk. of the Euphrates, nearly opj)osite Ana ; 
 starting-point for caravans to Tekrit, on the Tigris. 
 
 RaTabere, isls. , Pacific, in the S. of the Tuamotu group, in 
 about 18° S., 142° W. 
 
 Ravannsa, comm., Sicily, prov. Girgenti, i6| m. S. by W. 
 Caltanissetta. P. 8500. 
 
 Ravarlno, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov., circle, and loj m. 
 NE. Modena. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Ravarnett, P. O. , Ire. , co. Down, 3 m. from Lisburn. 
 
 Raveley, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., the former 6 m. N.byE. Hunting- 
 don, 3 m. NE. Abbotts Ripton stn. P. (of each)<:25o. See 
 IJpwood. 
 
 Ravello, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. , circle, and 7^ m. WSW. 
 Salerno ; seat of a bishop. The town is said to date from the 
 9th century. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ravelrlg Junction Platform, stn., Scot., Midlothian, on 
 the C. R. , 4 m. SW. Currie. 
 
 Raven, tn., Austria, Croatia-Slavonia, co., dist., and 4! m. 
 SW. Koros. P. 6300. 
 
 Rarendale, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., the former 7^ m. SSW. Great 
 Grimsby, 3^ m. WSW. Holton-le-Clay stn., P.O. (East R.). 
 P. (of each) < 250. 
 
 RavenOeld, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 4 
 m. ENE. Rotherham, 2 m. SE. by E. Kilnhurst stn. (M. S. & 
 L. R.). P. <25o. 
 
 Rarenglass, seapt. and market-tn. , Eng. , Cumberland, Egre- 
 mont div., Muncaster par., on the estuary of the conjoint Esk, 
 Mite, and Irt, 15^ m. SSE. Whitehaven, on the Furness and 
 the Ravenglass and Eskdale Rlys. ; has mussel fisheries. Three 
 fairs. PMT.O. 
 
 RaTentaead, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Prescot par., on 
 SW. side of St. Helen's. P. 7400. 
 
 Ravenlngham, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 11 m. SW. 
 Yarmouth, 3 m. N. by E. Geldeston stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ravenna, city, Italy, formerly cap. of the Romagna, now 
 cap. prov. R., in a marshy plain, on the Montone, 5 m. from its 
 port on the Adriatic, 17 m. NE. Forli, and 42 m. E. by S. 
 Bologna ; seat of an archbishop. The city is surrounded by a 
 wall about 3 m. in circuit, and is rich in antiquities of the Middle 
 Ages, having been the residence of the Emperors of the West 
 from the time of Honorius (402), and the cap. of Italy under 
 Odoacer, Theodoric, and the succeeding Gothic kings, the 
 Byzantine monarchs, the Lombards, and the Greek e-\archs. 
 Its ancient monuments are nearly all Christian. The cathedral, 
 founded in the 4th century, has fine pictures by Guido, and re- 
 markable antiquities ; the magnificent church of San Vitale ; the 
 baptistery ; the mausoleum of Placidia, containing the tombs of 
 that empress, of Honorius, and Valentinian III., all richly orna- 
 mented with mosaics ; and the church of St. Apollinare. The 
 other objects of interest are the remains of the palace and tomb 
 of Theodoric, Byron's house, and the tomb of Dante, who died 
 at R. in 1321. A pillar outside of the city commemorates the 
 death of Gaston de Foix, and the victory of Louis XII. of 
 1272 
 
 France and the Duke of Ferrara over Pope Julius II. and the 
 Spaniards, in 1512. R. has manufactures of silks, and a trade 
 in wine and agricultural produce, facilitated by a canal (7 m.) 
 connecting its port with the Adriatic. Along the coast of that 
 sea extends for 25 m. a fine forest (the Pineta), which supplied 
 timber for shipbuilding in the time of the Romans, under whom 
 R. was the chief port of the empire on the Adriatic. P. 12,000. 
 
 Rayenna, vil., U.S., Ohio, Portage co., 35 m. SE. Cleveland. 
 Alt. 1103 ft. (R.R.). P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Raven Point, cape. Ire., on the SE. ct. of co. Wexford, at 
 N. of entrance to Wexford Harbour. 
 
 Raven Run, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill 
 CO., 5 m. S. Mahonoy City. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ravensbonrne, stn., Eng., Kent, on the L. C. & D. R., 
 near Bromley. 
 
 Ravensbonrne, New Zealand. See Dnnedin. 
 
 Ravensbnrg, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 45 m. SSW. Ulm, 
 II m. NE. by N. Friedrichshafen ; textile and other industries, 
 and important trade in fruit ; birthplace of Henry I. P. 11,100. 
 
 Ravensconrt Park, stn. , Eng. , Middlesex, oii the L. & SW. 
 R. , Metropolitan Rly. , and Metropolitan District Rly. , near 
 Hammersmith (q.v.). 
 
 Ravenscralg, stn., Scot., W. Renfrewshire, on the C. R., 
 2\ m. SW. by W. Greenock. 
 
 Ravensdaie, electoral div.. Ire., NW. co. Louth, bar. Lower 
 Dundalk, 4 m. NE. Dundalk, P.O. 
 
 Raveusdale Park, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, Belper dist. , 7 m. 
 NW\ Derby. P. <25o. 
 
 Ravensden, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 3^ 
 m. NE. by N. Bedford, P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Ravenser, Eng. See Ravenspnr. 
 
 Ravenshall Point, cape, Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, on the 
 SW. ct. , in 4° 18' W. 
 
 Ravenshoe, vil., Canada, Ontario, York co., 39 m. N. 
 Toronto, on a railway. P. <i500. 
 
 Ravenspnr, or Ravenser, former seapt., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 E. Riding, near Spurn Head ; was the landing-place of Henry 
 IV. in 1399, and of Edward IV. in 1471 ; site now entirely 
 covered by the sea, 
 
 Ravensthorpe, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 
 8i m. NW. Northampton, 3 m. WNW. Long Buckby stn., 
 PtO. P.<5oo. 
 
 Ravensthorpe, tn. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Mirfield 
 par., near Dewsbury, on the L. & Y. R. and G. N. R. , and 
 another stn. (R. and' Ttaornblll) on the L. & NW. R. P. 5100. 
 
 Ravenstone, par., Eng., in the N. of Buckinghamshire, 
 Buckingham div., i2j m. W. Bedford, 2 m. W. Olney stn. 
 P.<:5oo. 
 
 Ravenstonedale, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 10^ 
 m. S. by E. Appleby, 2 m. ESE. of its stn. on the NE. R. 
 Market-day, Tu. 16,407 ac. P. <:iooo. Ravenstonedale 
 Common, an extensive upland tract on the SW. 
 
 Ravenstone -vv'lth Snlbstone, par., Eng., Leicestershire, 
 div. and 7 m. N. Bosworth, i m. SW. Swannington stn., P.O. 
 (Ravenstone). P. < 1500. 
 
 Ravenstrnther, vil., Scot., co. and 3 m. NE. Lanark, P.O. 
 
 Ravensivood, mining tp. , Queensland, Gladstone co. , 50 m. 
 SE. Charters Towers, 50 m. S. Townsville. The goldfield was 
 opened in 1870. Rich deposits of silver and galena occur in the 
 neighbourhood. Alt. 600 ft. Mean temp. (4 yrs.), yr. 73.5° F., 
 Feb. 80.8°, July 64.6°. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ravenswood, vil., U.S., W. V^irginia, Jackson co. , on the 
 Ohio, 35 m. S. Parkersburg ; shipping point for the minerals of 
 the interior. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ravenswood, post-tn., Victoria, Bendigo co. , 9 m. SSW. 
 Sandhurst, on Bullock Creek, in 36° 50' S., 144° i' E. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Ravenswood Junction, small tp. and stn., Queensland, 
 Elphinstone co. , 98 m. W. by N. Bowen, in 2o°o'S., 146° 47' 
 E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ravenswortta, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 
 4^ m. NNW. Richmond, on the Swale, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Raventhorpe, par. , Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 14 
 m. NE. by N. Gainsborough, 4 m. W. by N. Brigg, 3 m. SE. 
 Frodingham and Scunthorpe stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 RAver, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khandwa, 100 m. S. 
 by E. Indore ; manufactures gold thread. The houses have 
 richly carved wooden fronts. P. 6800 ; Hindus, 5100. 
 
 RAvl, the ancient Hydraotes, riv., Brit. India, Punjab, rises 
 in the Himalayas, somewhere in the Kangra dist. (source un- 
 known), and flows first W. through the native state of Chamba, 
 then SW. , emerging on the plains at Shah pur. In the plains it 
 flows through a narrow valley, generally in a tortuous channel ; 
 falls into the Chendb in 30° 31' N. Navigation is difficult ; but 
 grain is ship{>ed from Lahore and Deoddr ; timber is sent from 
 Chamba to Lahore in heavy floods. Length about 365 m. , 
 depth between Sidlkol and Amritsar dists. , i ft. in March and 
 April, swelling in June and Sept. to 18 or 20 ft. 
 
 Ravi, tn., E. Indies, Borneo, SE. Prov., 118 m. NW. Banjer- 
 massin, on the 1. bk. of the Kagayan. P. <20oo. 
 
RAVI 
 
 READ 
 
 Ravins, Les, pass, Switzd. See Ra'wyl. 
 
 Raw, par., Eng., Northumberland, dist. and near Rothbury. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Rilwal Plndl, or Rawul Pliidee, municip. and large can- 
 tonment, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Rdwal Pindi, go m. E. by 
 S. Peshawar, near site of the ancient city of Gajipur, or Gajni- 
 pur. It has a fort now used as a British arsenal, and immense 
 military works are now in progress. The cantonments, on 
 opposite side of riv. Leh, are 3 m. long, by 2 m. broad. The 
 Sikhs here surrendered after the battle of Gujrat, 1849. Alt. 
 i6;2 ft. Mean temp., yr. 69° F. , Jan. 49°, June 89°; mean 
 rfalL, yr. 32.4 in., July-Sept. 17.9 in. P. (1868) 19,200; (1891) 
 73,800; Hindus, 29,300; Moham. 32,800; Sikhs, 4800. 
 
 Rawarnska, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, cap. dist. R. , 
 31 m. NW. by N. Lemberg. P. 7500. 
 
 RawcUffe, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, dist. and 2J m. 
 NW. York. P.<:25o. 
 
 RawcUffe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., on the Aire, \\ m. W. Goole, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O., 
 and PMT.O. (R. Bridge) ; 4512 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rawcllffe, Out, and Rawclltre tipper with Tarulcar, two 
 adjoining pars., Eng., Lancashire, Lancaster div., 6 m. SE. 
 Fleetwood, on the r. bk. of the Wyre, P.O. (RawcUfTe). Out 
 R. , 4593 ac. , P. <75o ; R. Upper with Tarnicar, P. <75o. 
 
 Rawdon, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Hants co. , 31 m. NNW. 
 Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ra^vdoii, vil., Canada, Quebec, Montcalm co. , on the riv. 
 Ouareau, 38 m. N. by W. Montreal. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Rawdon, vil. and par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Pudsey 
 div., 5 m. NE. by N. Bradford, i^ m. ENE. Apperley stn. , and 
 2 m. W. Horsforth stn. on the NE. R. , with a stn. (Apperley 
 Bridge and R.) on the M. R. ; woollen manufactures. PMT.O. 
 P. < 3500. 
 
 Rawdon, llpper, post-settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. 
 Hants, 16 m. from Newport. 
 
 Rawene, tn. , New Zealand, North I., co. and on riv. 
 Hokianga, 125 m. NNW. Auckland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rawltsch, tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, cap. circle Kroben, 34 
 m. E. Glogau ; has tobacco factories, and manufactures copper, 
 iron, and horse-hair goods. P. 12,400; including Slerakowo 
 (1885) 13,800. 
 
 RawUiLS, CO., U.S., Kansas, N. frontier, crossed by 101° W. 
 
 Rawlins, city, U.S., Wyoming, Sweetwater co. , 202 m. 
 ENE. from the SW. corner of the state, on the U. P. R. ; 
 trading place in a mining region ; has a sulphur spring. Alt. 
 6750 ft. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ra'wlsbnry, hill, Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., io| m. NE. by 
 N. Dorsetshire, 7 m. W. Blandford. Height, 903 ft. 
 
 Rawmarsta, tn. and par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. 
 and 2| m. N. Rotherham, i m. NNW. of Park Gate and R., 
 on the M. R. and M. S. & L. Rlys. ; machine and iron works ; 
 collieries and potteries. PM.O. P. 12,000. 
 
 Rawreth, par. , Eng. , Essex, SE. div. , 8 m. N W. Southend, 
 2 m. S. by E. Battlesbridge stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ra'wson, the town belonging to the Welsh colony at the 
 mouth of the Chubut, Argentine Republic, in about 43° 17' S., 
 connected by rail with Bahia Nueva (New Bay). 
 
 Rawsonvllle, vil.. Cape Colony, Worcester dist., 47 m. 
 ENE. Cape Town. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rawtenstall, mun. bor. (since 1891) and par., Eng., Lanca- 
 shire, Rossendale div., 18 m. N. Manchester, in the diocese of 
 Manchester, on the Irwell, with four stns. on the L. & Y. R. 
 The staple trade is cotton manufacture, but woollen and felt 
 carpets are also manufactured. Coal-mines ; stone quarries. 
 The country around, part of the ancient Rossendale Forest, has 
 pretty scenery. P. 29,500. 
 
 Rawthey, small stream, Eng., rises in the SE. of Westmor- 
 land, and flows SW. past Sedbergh, in Yorkshire, to the 1. bk. 
 of the Lune. 
 
 Rawnl Plndee, tn. , India. See Rdwal Pludl. 
 
 Rawyards, stn., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, i m. NE. by N. 
 Airdrie, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Rawyl, or Les Ravins, pass over the Bernese Alps, Switzd., 
 which leads from Lenk, on the Simme, cant. Bern, to Sion, cap. 
 cant. Vaud, and through the valley of the Riere, r. bk. trib. of the 
 Rhone. Alt. of highest point, 7943 ft. 
 
 Ray, small riv., Eng., rises in the extreme W. of Bucking- 
 hamshire, enters Oxfordshire, and flows SW. through the Wood- 
 stock div., joining the Cherwell at Islip. 
 
 Ray, tnld. , Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, on the 
 W. side of Lough Swilly, 12 m. WNW. Londonderry, 6 m. 
 from Fahan stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Ray, CO., U.S., Missouri, crossed by 94° W. , and bounded 
 on the S. by the Missouri. 
 
 Rayachotl, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist Cuddapah, 90 m. 
 WSW. Nellore. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rayadrng, tn. , Brit. India, Madras. See Riildrug. 
 
 Rnyalna>Bel-Ketkata, tn.. Upper Egypt, prov. Girge. P. 
 5800. 
 
 Riiyan, tn. , India, Rajputina, state and 27 m. NW. Jodhpur ; 
 
 has a fort, on a rock 200 ft. above the plain, commanding the 
 whole town. P. 5700. 
 
 Rayan, Lake, Egypt, prov. Fayum. See Ra'ian. 
 
 Ralyapet, suburb of Madras, Brit. India. 
 
 Rdyavalasa, pass, Brit. India, Madras, Vizagapatam dist., 
 from Kasipur to Jaipur, in 18° 15' N. , 83° 7' E. Alt. 2850 ft. 
 
 Raydon, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 8 m. WSW. 
 Ipswich, 3 m. SE. by S. Hadleigh, \\ m. SW. of its stn. on the 
 G. E. R., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Raylees Common, an upland tract in the Hexham div. of 
 Northumberland, Eng., about 16 m. N. Hexham, 3 m. SE, 
 Otterburn. 
 
 Raylelgh (re'li), par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 7 m. NW. by W. 
 Southend, on the G. E. R.; mentioned in Domesday Book as 
 Raganeia, and there stated to have a vineyard yielding in a 
 good season 20 modii of wine (Camden). PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Raynio, settlement, U.S., Washington, co. and 10 m. W. 
 Walla Walla. 
 
 Raymogliy, par.. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. N. Raphoe, on 
 Lough Swilly, 5 m. N. Raphoe ; 15,190 ac. P. <3oc>o. 
 
 Raymond, vil., U.S., Illinois, Montgomery co. , 48 m. SW. 
 Decatur by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Raymond, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Rockingham co., on 
 Lamprey R. , 23 m. W. Portsmouth by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Raymond, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Clark co., 122 m. 
 ENE. Pierre. 
 
 Raymond City, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Putnam co. , on the 
 Great Kanawha R. , 13 m. NW. by W. Charleston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Raymond Terrace, tn., New South Wales, Gloucester co. , 
 10 m. N. Newcastle ; the vine is extensively cultivated in the 
 surrounding district. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Raymantemloney, par. , Ire. , co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 5 m. SW. Dunfanaghy ; 12,018 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rayne, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., 1^ m. W. by S. 
 Braintree, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Rayne, par., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on the Ury, 7^ m. 
 NW. by W. Inverurie, i^ m. NE. by N. Oyne stn., P.O. 
 (Old R.) ; 7885 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Raynes Park, stn., Eng., Surrey, Wimbledon div., on the 
 L. & SW. R., 9 m. SW. by S. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Raynham, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co. , 3 m. NE. 
 Taunton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Raynliani, Sontli and West, P.O., Eng. See Ralnham, 
 East and West. 
 
 Ra.ynliam Park, stn. , Eng. , Norfolk. See Ralnliam, East 
 and West. 
 
 Rayon, Mexico. See Tlal-pnjahna de Rayon. 
 
 Rayong, vil., Siam, on the Rayong, near the S. ct. , 80 m. 
 SE. by S. Bangkok. 
 
 RayvlUe, vil., U.S., Louisiana, cap. Richland par., 53 m. 
 W. by N. Vicksburg (Miss.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ray wood, bor., Victoria, Bendigo co. , 17 m. N. Sandhurst. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 Raz, Polnte «le, the ancient Gobceum Protnontorium, cape, 
 France, on the W. ct. , dep. Finistere, in lat. 48° 2J' N. 
 
 Razdorskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, prov. of Don Cossacks, 
 27 m. ESE. Novocherkask, on r. bk. Don ; extensive vineyards ; 
 important fair. P. <5000.' 
 
 Razen, comm. , Switzd. See Rliiiziius. 
 
 Razgrad, tn. , Bulgaria, cap. prov. R. , 26 m. NW. Shumla. 
 During the war of 1877 R. was one of the principal points of the 
 Turkish line of defence. P. (1881) 11,600; (1888) 13,300; 
 Bulgarians, 5300 ; Moham. 6000. 
 
 Razlog, or Razing, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Mehomla. 
 
 Razo, small isl. , Cape Verde Is. , in 16° 38' N. , 25° 39' W. 
 
 Razorback Mountains, Queensland, one of the Coast 
 Ranges. 
 
 Razova, tn. , Austria. See Raase. 
 
 Razskazovo, vil., Russia, govt, and 20 m. ESE. Tambov, 
 near railway to Saratov ; woollen cloth-mills ; considerable fairs. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Razzoli, Isole del, group of islets, Italy, off the NE. ct. of 
 Sardinia, in 41° 18' N., 9° 20' E. 
 
 Rbat, tn. , Morocco. See Rabat. 
 
 R^, lie de, fortified isl., 2 m. from the W. ct. of France, 
 dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, in lat. of arr. and 6 m. W. La 
 Rochelle, separated on N. from the dep. Vendue by the strait 
 called Pertuis Breton (6 to 10 m.), and on S. from the lie 
 d'Ol^ron by that of Pertuis d'Antioche (8 m.). It has valuable 
 salt-works, and excellent vines, figs, pears, and other fruits. The 
 tie de R6 forms two cantons of the arr. Rochelle, of which the 
 chief towns are Ars and St. Martin. It has extensive oyster- 
 beds. Length, 16 m. ; breadth, 3 m. P. (1891) 12,500. 
 
 Rea, Longh, lake. Ire. , in the SE. of co. Galway, with the 
 town Loughrea at its N. end, 270 ft. above sea-level. 
 
 Reabnrn, settlement, Canada, prov. Manitoba, on theC. P. R. , 
 35 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Reach, vil. , Eng. , Bedfordshire. See Heath. 
 
 Rea«I, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Burnley dist. , 2 m. E. Whalley, 
 PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 1273 
 
READ 
 
 R E D B 
 
 Readfield, tn. , U.S., Maine, Kennebec co., lo m. W. by N. 
 Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Reading (rgd'ing), pari., mun. (since Henry III.), and co. 
 bor. , market-tn. , and cap. co. , Eng. , Berkshire, 39 m. by road 
 (36 m. by the G. W. R. ) W. London, in the diocese of O.xford, 
 on the Kennet, at its confluence (r. bk.) with the Thames. 
 Besides the G. W. R., the L. & SW. R. and the SE. R. have 
 stations here. There was an abbey here in 1121, afterwards a 
 royal residence, now an interesting ruin, surrounded by public 
 gardens. The recent growth of the town is largely due to the 
 biscuit manufactory (Huntley and Palmer), now employing over 
 4000, and to Sutton's seed establishment, the buildings of which 
 occupy a portion of the site of the former abbey. There is also 
 a large tin-box factory, besides other industries. The town is 
 well laid out, and has some fine buildings, especially the town 
 hall block, with an excellent public library and museum, the 
 latter containing the most valuable collection of Romano- 
 British remains in England, excavated at Silchester by the 
 Society of Antiquaries, and lent to the town by the Duke of 
 Wellington. The University Extension College (opened Sept. 
 1892) occupies what was once an old hospitium, has now seven 
 departments, that of agriculture being especially prosperous. 
 Suttons" Abbey Hall, erected by Messrs. Suttons, is for the free 
 use of the people in all kinds of public meetings. The Palmer 
 Park is a valuable recreation ground. Reading returns one 
 member to Parliament, and from the time of Charles I. to 1885 
 returned two members. Five fairs held. Market-days, M. and 
 S. Alt. 155 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), yr. 26.73 i"- Mun. bor. 
 P. (1801) 9700; (1851)21,500; (1871)32,300; (1891)55,800. 
 
 Reading, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 13 m. N. 
 by W. Boston. P. < 5000. 
 
 Reading, vil. , U.S., Michigan, Hillsdale co. , 92 m. WSW. 
 Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Reading, vil., U.S., Ohio, Hamilton co., 12 m. NNE. Cin- 
 cinnati. P. <3000. 
 
 Reading, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, Berks co. , on Schuylkill 
 R., 52 m. E. by N. Harrisburg, at intersection of several rail- 
 ways; situated on rising ground, backed E. by Penns Mts., 
 and S. by Neversink Mts. ; has a great variety of manufactures, 
 including iron-works of various kinds, cotton, stocking, silk, 
 woollen, and paper-mills, hat factories, spectacle works, &c. 
 The principal repair shops of the Reading Rly. are situated 
 here, and employ a great number of hands. Alt. 268 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. (1870) 33,900; (1880) 43,300; (1890) 58,700. 
 
 Reading, Nortli, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 
 on Ipswich R. , 11 m. NW. Salem. P. <isoo. 
 
 Reading Street, P.O., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 6 m. N. 
 Rye, 3 m. W. by N. Appledore stn. 
 
 Readypenny, P.O., Ire., NE. co. and bar. Louth, 5i m. 
 SSW. Dundalk. 
 
 Real, Estero, Central America. See Estero Real. 
 Real del Monte, silver-mines, Mexico. See Pacliaca. 
 Realejo, tn. , Central America, Nicaragua, 65 m. NW. by 
 W. Managua. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Realejo Alto, or Realejo de Arriba, tn., Canary Is., 
 Teneriffe I. , dist. Orotava. P. <4000. 
 
 Realejo Bajo, or Realejo de Abajo, tn. in same dist., in 
 the valley of Orotava. P. < 3000. 
 
 R^almont, tn., France, dep. Tarn, arr. and 11 m. S. by E. 
 Albi ; coal and manganese are found here. P. <3000. 
 
 Realmonte, comm. , on the S. ct. of Sicily, prov. and 6 m. 
 W. Girgenti. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Realp, vil., Switzd., cant. Uri, 7 m. NW. Airolo, in the 
 Urseren-thal. P. <:20oo. 
 
 R^alvllle, vil. , France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, on the Aveyron, 
 arr. and 10 m. NE. Montauban. P. <20oo. 
 
 Reao, or Serle, isl. , Pacific, in the E. of Tuamotu group, in 
 about 18° S., 137° W. 
 
 Rear Cross, P.O., Ire., 8 m. from Newport (Tipperary). 
 Rearsby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 7 m. WSW. 
 Melton Mowbray, on the M. R., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rearymore, par.. Ire., Queen's co. , bar. Tinnahinch, on 
 riv. Barrow, 5 m. NW. Mountmellick ; 13,944 ac. P. < 1500. 
 Reate, tn. , Italy. See Rletl. 
 
 R^anmnr, vil. , France, dep. Vend^, arr. Fontenay-le-Comte, 
 32 m. NW. by N. Niort ; ferruginous springs. The family of 
 Ferchaud de Reaumur, physician, lived here, but he hin^^elf 
 was born at La Rochelle. P. <20oo. 
 
 Reaveley, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Glendale dist. , 7 m. 
 SE. Wooler. P. <:25o. 
 
 Reaveley mil, Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., 12^ m. WNW. Alnwick. Height, 925 ft. 
 
 Reavy, Lough, small lake, Ire. , in the SE. of co. Down, 14J 
 m. ENE. NewTy, drained W. into the Bann. 
 
 Reawlck, PT.O., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Sandsting 
 par., on an inlet of the same name, 9J m. W. by N. Lerwick. 
 
 Reay, par., Scot., Caithness and Sutherlandshire, on Sand- 
 side Bay, 9^ m. W. by S. Thurso, PMT.O. ; 115,302 ac. 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Reban, East and West, two bars.. Ire., in W. ofco. Kildare. 
 1274 
 
 Rebecq-Rognon, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. 
 Nivelles, on the Senne, 16 m. SW. Brussels. P. <40oo. 
 
 Reb4^nacq, vil., France, dep. Basses-Pyr6n^es, arr. and 11 m. 
 E. by S. Oloron ; has a mineral spring. Alt. 935 ft. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Rebeval, or Reybeval, comm. , Algeria, prov. Algiers, arr. 
 Tizi-Uzu, 7I m. SW Dellis. P. <5ooo (250 Europeans). 
 
 Rebordosn, tn. , Portugal, prov. Entre Douro e Minho, n m. 
 ENE. Oporto ; tin is mined here. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Rebunsirl, or Refanslrl, isl. , Japan, dependency of Yezo, 
 37 m. WSW. of the N. point of that island. 
 
 Recanatl, tn. , Italy, The Marches, prov. Macerata, 15 m. 
 S. by E. Ancona. The cathedral was restored in the 14th and 
 i8th centuries. Birthplace of the poet Leopardi (1798-1837). 
 P. <5ooo. Porto Recanatl, small coasting port, is 6 m. to the E. 
 
 Recco, seapt. tn., Italy, Liguria, prov. and 11 m. ESE. 
 Genoa. P. 3000. 
 
 Recess, PMT.O., Ire., NW. co. Galway, bar. Ballynahinch, 
 24 m. S. by W. Westport. 
 
 Recherche, bay, branch of Bell Sound, on W. side of 
 Spitsbergen. 
 
 Recherche Archipelago, group of isls. , W. Australia, on 
 the S. ct. , S. of 34° S. , and between 122° and 123° E. 
 
 Recherche Bay, post-tn. , Tasmania, Kent co. , S. ct. , 52 m. 
 SSW. Hobart, on R. Bay, in about 43° 30' S. and 146° 55' E. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Rechnltz, vil. , Hungary. See Rohoncz. 
 
 Recife, tn. , Brazil. See Pernanibnco. 
 
 Recife, cape. Cape Colony, on the S. ct. , in about 25° 30' E. 
 
 Recife Itacolnnil, Brazil. See Itacolnml. 
 
 Recife Tlmbebas, Brazil. See Tlmbebas. 
 
 Recke, vil., Prussia, in the N. of the prov. Westphalia, circle 
 Tecklenburg, 28 m. N. by E. Miinster. P. (comm. )<3000. 
 
 Recklngen, vil., Switzd., cant. Valais, on the r. bk. of the 
 Rhone, 16 m. NE. Brieg. Alt. 4330 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Reckllnghansen, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 13 m. NE. 
 by N. Essen, with coal-mines. P. 7600; comm. , including the 
 peasant-village [bauerschaft) of Bruch, P. 14,000. The neigh- 
 bouring rural comm. of R. has a population of 6900. 
 
 Recknltz, or Reknltz, riv., Ger., flows NE. through Meck- 
 lenburg-Schwerin to the frontier of the Prussian prov. of Pomer- 
 ania, and then along that frontier into the Saaler Bodden, which 
 it enters at Dammgarten ; navigable from Siiltz, 20 m. above 
 Dammgarten ; connected by the Siilzer-Moor Canal and the 
 Trebel R. with the Peene. 
 
 RecK^re, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 8 m. W. Porrentruy, to the 
 N. of the defiles of the Doubs ; large grottoes of beautiful 
 stalactites. Alt. 2035 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Recoaro, vil., Italy, Venice, prov. Vicenza, 6 m. NW. 
 Valdagno, on 1. bk. of riv. Agno ; gypsum, millstone, and red 
 marble are quarried here. In the vicinity is a group of six 
 springs of ferruginous, saline, and magnesian waters. Alt. 1519 
 ft. P. (comm.) 5700. 
 
 Rec«leta, vil. , Paraguay, 3J m. E. Asuncion. 
 
 Reconqnlsta, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 180 m. 
 NNE. Santa F6, near r. bk. Parana. P. <2c>oo. 
 
 Recoules-Pr^vlnqnlires, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. 
 Millau, 30 m. E. Rodez ; coal is mined here. Alt. 21 16 ft. 
 P. (including Pr^vinquieres, to the SW. of Recoules)<20oo. 
 
 Recreo, vil. and stn., Argentine Republic, Catamarca, 153 
 m. N. by W. C6rdoba. 
 
 Recreo, vil. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 12 m. N. Santa F6. 
 
 Rectory Road, stn., Eng., London, on the G. E. R. (Enfield 
 branch), 3J m. NE. by N. St. Paul's. 
 
 Reeuay^ tn. , Peru, dep. Ancachs, 170 m. N. by W. Lima ; 
 porcelain clay, plumbago, magnetic iron, oligist, and other 
 minerals are found here. P. 3000. 
 
 Recalet, or Recnlet de Tliolry, second highest summit of 
 the French Jura Mts., dep. Ain, in 46° 15' N., 5° 56' E. Alt. 
 
 5645 ft. 
 
 Recnlver, the ancient Regulbium, par. and vil. , Eng., Kent, 
 St. Augustine div., on the N. ct., with a coastguard station, 7^ 
 m. NE. by N. Canterbury, 3 m. E. by N. Heme Bay stn. 
 The R. cliff is a noted sea mark. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (Recnlver -with Hoatli) P. <7So. 
 
 Reczlna, riv., Austria. See Reka. 
 
 Redang Cireat, isl., Siam, Malay Penin., off the E. ct. , in 
 about 5° 48' N. 
 
 Red Bank, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Monmouth co., 28 m. S. 
 by E. Newark. P. < 5000. 
 
 Redbank, post and mining tn. , Victoria, Kara Kara co. , 32 
 m. NE. Ararat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Red Bank Creek, small riv., U.S., Pennsylvania, in the W. , 
 flows W. to the Allegheny, which it joins on the 1. bk. about 
 41° N. 
 
 Red Bay, Ire., on the E. ct. of co. Antrim, lat. 55° 4' N. ; 
 8^ ft. deep alongside jetty at ordinary spring tides high water. 
 
 Redberth, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 4 m. NW. by W. 
 Tenby, 2 m. W. Saundersfoot stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Bed BlnflT, city, U.S., California, Tehama co., on r. bk. of 
 Sacramento R., at head of steam navigation, is a rich agricul- 
 
REDB — REDM 
 
 tural dist., 120 m. NNW. Sacramento. Alt. 308 ft. (R.R.); 
 alt. 332 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 62.9° F., Jan. 46.2°, July 
 
 83.2°. P. <3CXX3. 
 
 Kedbuurii, par., Eng. , Hertfordshire, St. Albans div. , on the 
 Ver, 5I m. S. Luton, with a stn. on the M. R. ; has silk-mills. 
 PMT.O. 4563 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 ReAbourne, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindseydiv. , 12m. 
 NE. by E. Gainsborough, 5 m. SSW. Brigg, 2^ m. E. Kirton 
 Lindsey stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Redbridge, locality, Eng. , Hampshire, New Forest div. , at 
 the mouth of the Anton, at the head of the Southampton Water, 
 3^ m. WNW. Southampton, on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Kedbrook, vil. , Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div., 
 on the 1. bk. of the Wye, 4^ m. SE. by E. Monmouth, on the 
 G. W. R., PMT.O. See Ne^vlaiid. 
 
 Reilbrook, P.O., Eng., Shropshire, 3 m. from Whitchurch. 
 
 Ked Bad, city, U.S., Illinois, Randolph co., 32 m. SSE. 
 St. Louis (Mo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Bed Butte, an isolated mt., U.S., Arizona, situated about 
 20 m. S. of the Kaibab div. of the Grand Caiion, and forming 
 a conspicuous object in the Colorado plateaux. Alt. 7960 ft. 
 
 Redcar, tn. and par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland 
 div., on the coast, 7I m. ENE. Middlesbrough, on the NE. R. 
 The coast here is rocky, but bordered by fine sands ; it is much 
 frequented as a bathing- place. P. <3000. 
 
 Bed Castle, electoral div.. Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. E. 
 Inishowen, on Lough Foyle, 4 m. SW. Moville, 14 m. from 
 Londonderry stn., P.O. 
 
 Redcastle, stn. , Scot. , Ross-shire, on the N. shore of Beauly 
 Firth, 6 m. WNW. Inverness, 3! m. E. Muir of Ord stn., on 
 the H. R. 
 
 Red Cedar, riv., Minnesota, U.S. See Cedar. 
 
 Bed Cedar Blver, U.S., Wisconsin, rises in Burnett and 
 Barren cos., in a series of small lakes, flows SSW. to the Chij> 
 pewa R. in Dunn co., some miles above Durand. Length, 
 120 m. 
 
 Redclty, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, i m. 
 SW. Fethard. P. <25o. 
 
 Bed Cliff, settlement, U.S., Colorado, Eagle co., 72 m. W. 
 by S. Denver, and 19 m. N. by W. Leadville. Alt. 8649 ft. (R. R. ). 
 
 Bedcllff, St. Mary, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, included in 
 the CO. bor. of Bristol. P. < 5000. 
 
 Redcllflre, settlement, Queensland. See Hnnipybong. 
 
 Red Cloud, city, U.S., Nebraska, cap. Webster co., on the 
 Republican, 150 m. SW. by W. Omaha. P. <:20co. 
 
 Red Creek, vil, U.S., New York, Wayne co., 19 m. SW. by 
 S. Oswego. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bedcross, par. and tn.. Ire., SE. co. Wicklow, bar. and 6^ 
 m. N. Arklow, 4 m. from Ovoca stn., P.O. Par. 6248 ac, 
 P. <75o ; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Reddall Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Rowley Regis 
 par. , 2J m. S. Dudley. P. 8200. 
 
 Red I»cer, settlement, Canada, Alberta, on the Red Deer R. , 
 and the Calgary and Edmonton Rly., about 85 m. N. by E. 
 Calgary. 
 
 Bed Deer Point, penin., Canada, Manitoba, stretching 25 m. 
 N. from the S. end of Lake Winnipegosis. 
 
 Bed Deer River, Canada, Alberta, rises in the Rocky Mts. , 
 and flows NE. then SE. and finally E. into the S. Saskatchewan, 
 which it joins in Assiniboia, in about 109° 54' W. ; outcrops of 
 coal at many places on or near its banks, in Alberta. 
 
 Red Deer Blver, Canada, Saskatchewan, flows ENE. into N. 
 end of Lake Winnipegosis, through Red Deer Lake. Alt. 875 ft. 
 
 Beddersbnrg, vil. , S. Africa, Orange Free State, dist. and 38 
 m. S. Bloemfontein. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bedding, coal-mining vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, zh m. SE. 
 Falkirk, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Bedding, city, U.S., California, Shasta co., on r. bk. of 
 Sacrajnento R. , 143 m. SE. of NW. corner of state. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bedding, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co. , on Sauga- 
 tuck R., 3 m. E. West Redding. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Beddlngmulrhead, P.O., Scot., 2 m. W. Polmont stn., 
 Stirlingshire. 
 
 Beddlsh, tn. and par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Stretford div. , 4 
 m. SE. Manchester, with a stn. on the L. & NW. and L. & Y. 
 Rlys. , and another on the M. S. & L. R. P. 6900. 
 
 Beddltcli, par., Eng., Worcestershire, E. div., on the Arrow, 
 6 m. ESE. Bromsgrove, on the M. R. ; the inhabitants are 
 mostly employed in the manufacture of needles, hooks and 
 eyes, and fish-hooks ; trade in gut and fishing tackle. P. 
 11,800; par. P. 8300. 
 
 Bede, riv., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., trib. of the 
 N. Tyne, which it joins on the 1. bk. 2 m. below Bellingham. 
 The valley is known as Bedesdale. 
 
 Bede, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 6 m. SW. Bury St. 
 Edmunds. P. <25o. 
 
 Redenliall -vvlth Harleston, par., Eng., Norfolk, on the 
 border of the S. div., i6 m. S. Norwich, 1 m. E. by N. 
 Harleston stn. P. <25oo ; eccles. par. (R. with Harleston 
 and Wortwell) P. <2Soo. 
 
 Redfem, municip. , New South Wales, the principal suburb of 
 Sydney, Cumberland co. , in 33° 53' S. and 151° 12' E. ; con- 
 tains the railway terminus. P. 21,300. 
 
 Redfleld, vil., U.S., Iowa, Dallas co., 32 m. W. Des Moines; 
 coal mined here. P. <isoo. 
 
 Redfleld, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Spink co. , 94 m. 
 ENE. Pierre. 
 
 Redfleld Rocks, islets, Japan. See Sanibontak^. 
 
 Redglenni, mt. , Eng., Durham, in the extreme W. of the 
 Barnard Castle div., 13 m. NE. by N. Appleby. Height, 2342 ft. 
 
 Redgortou, par. , Scot. , Perthshire, on the Tay, 1 m. SW. 
 Luncarty stn., P.O. ; 6007 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Redgrave, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., close to the 
 Waveney, 14^ m. NE. by E. Bury St. Edmunds, 4 m. NW. 
 Mellisstn. , P.O. P. <7So; eccles. par. (R. -with Botesdale) 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Redhead, cape, Scot. , Forfarshire, on the E. ct. , in 56° 37' N. 
 
 Retl Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Havant and War- 
 blington pars., 2 m. E. Havant. P. <75o. 
 
 Redhlll, vil., Eng., Somerset. See Wrlngton. 
 
 RedhlU, electoral div., Ire., N. co. Cavan, bar. Lower 
 Lough tee, 7J m. N. by E. Cavan. 
 
 Redhlll, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Dromore stn., co. Down. 
 
 Re«l Hill, postal-stn., S. Australia, Daly co., on the 1. bk. of 
 the Broughton, 76 m. SSE. Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Redhlll, small tp. , Victoria, Evelyn co. , on Arthur's Seat 
 range, 54 m. S. Melbourne by road and rail, in 37° S. and 146° 
 E. Alt. 1500 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Red Hill, post-tn., Victoria, Mornington co., 40 m. S. Mel- 
 bourne, in 38° 20' S. and 144° 50' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 ReiUtlll, SS. Matthew and John, eccles. pars. , Eng. , Surrey, 
 div. and 2 m. E. by N. Reigate, included in the par. of Reigate 
 Foreign, with a junction on the L. B. & S. C. and SE. Rlys. ; 
 fullers' earth extracted. Eccles. pars., R. St. Matthew, P. 
 7400 ; R. St. John, P. 6400. 
 
 Redhllls, stn.. Ire., co. Cavan, on the G. N, (Ire.) R., 4 m. 
 E. Belturbet, PM.O. 
 
 Red Hills, Scot. , in the SE. of the isl. of Skye, 14 m. N. of 
 the Point of Sleat. 
 
 Red Hook, vil., U.S., New York, Dutchess co. , 18 m. N. by 
 E. Poughkeepsie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Redl (more correctly Yaswantgarh), port and fort, Brit. 
 India, Bombay, Ratnagiri dist., 7 m. S. Vengurla. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Red Indian Lake, in the middle of Newfoundland, drained 
 NE. by the riv. Exploits into the Bay of Exploits. 
 
 Redlshani, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 10 m. WSW. 
 Lowestoft, 4 m. SSW. Beccles, i m. NNW. Brampton stn. 
 P. <25o ; eccles. par. (dreat R.) P. <25o. See Rlngsfleld. 
 
 Red Island, small isl., Canada, Quebec, Saguenay co. , on 
 the riv. St. Lawrence, in 69° 36' W. 
 
 Red Island, islet. Ire., off the NE. ct. of co. Dublin, ^ m. 
 E. Skerries. 
 
 Red Island, penin., Newfoundland, W. ct., to the N. of St. 
 George Bay, just N. of 48^° N. 
 
 Red Island, isl., Newfoundland, S. ct., in Placentia Bay, in 
 54° 10' W. 
 
 Red Jacket, vil., U.S., Michigan, Houghton co. ; near to it 
 is the Calumet and Hecta copper-mine. P. <40oo. 
 
 Red Lake, U.S., Minnesota, Beltrami co., in the NW. of the 
 state, 160 m. SE. by S. Winnipeg, crossed by 48° N. and 95° W. 
 
 Red Lake Falls, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Polk co., on Red 
 Lake R. , 150 m. S. by E. Winnipeg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Red Lake Indian Reservation, U.S., Minnesota, Beltrami 
 CO. , in the N. 
 
 Bed Lake Blver, U.S., Minnesota, rises in SE. of Beltrami 
 CO. , and flows NW. through Red Lake (38 m. long and 15 m. 
 wide) into the Red River of the North, which it joins on the 
 r. bk. at Nashville, a little to the S. of 48° N. 
 
 Bedland, vil. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , i^ m. 
 NNW. Bristol, included in the pari. bor. of Bristol. See 
 >Vestbnry on Trym. 
 
 Bedland, suburb of Bristol, Eng., in the W. div., close to 
 Clifton Down stn. P. (eccles. par. ) 6400. 
 
 Bedland Bay, fruit-growing vil., Queensland, Stanley co., 
 on Moreton Bay, about 25 m. SE. Brisbane by rail. 
 
 Bedlands, tn., U.S., southern California, co. and 5 m. E. 
 San Bernardino, 55 m. E. l.,os Angeles. P. <20oo. 
 
 Red Lane, PM.O., Eng. , Warwickshire, 2 m. from Coventry. 
 
 Redllck Islands, Brit. New Guinea, in about 10° 20' S., 
 149° 20' E. 
 
 Redllngfleld, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 3 m. SE. by E. 
 Eye, i6i m. N. by E. Ipswich. P. <25o. 
 
 Redlyncli, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 10 m. SW. 
 by S. Frome, i m. S. Bruton stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Redlynch, eccles. par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Wilton div. , 7 m. 
 SE. by S. Salisbury, 1 m. E. Downton stn., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Redmaln, vil., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., 6| m. 
 E. by S. Maryport, 2| m. NNE. Cockermouth stn. See Blind* 
 crake. 
 
 Reilmarley d'Abltot, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Evesham 
 
 1275 
 
REDM — REDW 
 
 div., 9j m. W. by S. Tewkesbury, 3 m. E. Dymock stn., 
 PM.O. (Redmarlcy). P. < 1000. 
 
 Redmarsball, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 4 m. W. by 
 N. Stockton, 1^ m. SW. Carlton stn. P. <2So. 
 . Redmere, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., Ely (Cambridge- 
 shire) registration dist. P. <25o. 
 
 Redmlle, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 7 m. W. 
 Grantham, on the Nottingham and Grantham Canal, and with 
 a stn. (R. for Belvoir) on the G. N. & L. & NW. Joint Rly. , 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 R«dmlre, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and lo^ 
 m. SW. by W. Richmond, on the NE. R., P.O. P. <2So. 
 See Castle Bolton. 
 
 Redniyre, stn. , New South Wales. See Stratlifleld. 
 
 R«dnal, stn. , Eng. , Salop, div. and s m. E. by S. Oswestry, 
 on the G. W. R., PM.O. 
 
 Red Oaks, city, U.S., Iowa, Montgomery co., 40 m. ESE. 
 Omaha (Neb.). P. <4ooo. 
 
 Redon, tn. and river-port, France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, on 
 the Vilaine, 28 m. N. by E. St. Nazaire, cap. arr. R. ; has slate 
 quarries, blast-furnaces, foundries, and machine shops. P. 5400. 
 
 Redonda, islet, W. Indies, Lesser Antilles, Leeward Is., to 
 the NNW. of Montserrat, of which it is a dependency. 
 
 Redoudela, or Santiago de Redondela, tn. and coram., 
 W. ct. of Spain, prov. Pontevedra, 6 m. NE. Vigo, on the Ria 
 de Vigo ; sardine and oyster fisheries ; frequented for sea- 
 bathing. P. (coram.) 11,400. The «alf of R., at the end of 
 the Bay of Vigo, runs directly N. Length, 4I m. ; breadth, 
 |-ij m. 
 
 Redondo, tn., Portugal, Aleratejo, dist. and 20 ra. ENE. 
 Evora, 35 m. WSW. Badajoz (Spain). P. <5ooo. 
 
 Redorta, Monte. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. C. I. 
 
 Redonbt, volcano, on the W. side of Cook's Inlet, Alaska, 
 in 61° 10' N. ; in eruption in 1867. Alt. 11,270 ft. 
 
 Redova, vil., Hungary, co. Gomor, dist. Rosznyo or 
 Rosenau, 52 m. NNW. Miskolcz; iron and copper mined. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Red Pike, mt. , Eng. , Curaberland, 9 m. SW. Keswick, W. 
 of Buttermere. Height, 2479 ft. 
 
 Red Point, vil., Canada, Prince Edward L, King's co., 7 m. 
 from Souris. P. < 1500. 
 
 Red Point (Ru Raag), cape, Scot. , Ross-shire, on the W. ct. , 
 in 57° 45' N., 5° 50' W. , at N. of entrance to Loch Torridon. 
 
 Redrlff, Eng., Surrey. See RotherlilUie. 
 
 Red River, Asia. See Songkol. 
 
 Red River, par., U.S., Louisiana, in the NW., crossed by 
 32° N. , W. of 93° W. 
 
 Red River, or Rio Roxo, riv., U.S., formed on the N. 
 frontier of Texas by the union of several headstreams, the 
 principal known as the Prairie Dog, the Salt, and the N. 
 Fork of the Red R. The Prairie Dog Fork forms part of 
 the frontier of Texas and Oklahoma, and receives the N. Fork 
 in about 99° 12' W., below which point it flows at first E. , 
 forming the limit between Texas and the Oklahoma and Indian 
 territories, then SE. through Arkansas and Louisiana, and joins 
 the Mississippi, 341 m. above its mouth, 128 m. NW. New 
 Orleans. In its lower course the river flows through rich and 
 densely wooded alluvial bottoms, where constant changes in the 
 channel render navigation difficult. In this section it is subject 
 to destructive inundations, which often leave a deposit of wiiite 
 sand, rendering the soil barren. Its flood depth varies from 6 
 or 8 ft. even in the desert, and 50 ft. in the fertile region. 
 Steamers drawing 4 ft. can usually ascend to Shreveport (La.), 
 330 m. above its mouth. An immense raft of trees and drift- 
 wood, extending about 35 m. long, obstructed navigation above 
 Shreveport, but in 1873 ^ navigable channel was opened through 
 it. Red R. is named frora its colour, due to the red clay forma- 
 tion traversed in its upper course. Chief 1. bk. trib. is the 
 Washita (Ouachita), in Louisiana. In Louisiana, Red R. forms 
 numerous bayous and lakes. Total course estimated at 1200 
 m. ; area of basin, 97,000 sq. ra. 
 
 Red River, co., U.S., Texas, in the NE., on the Red R. 
 (N. frontier), crossed in the W. by 95° W. 
 
 Red River of the .\'orth, rises in Elbow Lake, U.S. , Minne- 
 sota, alt. 1680 ft., and flows S. about 100 m. to Otter Tail 
 Lake, then W. 100 m. to Breckinridge, Wilkin co. , and N. 
 for about 550 ra. , separating Dakota frora Minnesota, crosses 
 the U.S. boundary, traverses Manitoba, and flows into Lake 
 Winnipeg. The portion between Breckinridge and Otter Tail 
 Lake is also called Otter Tail R. , the term Red R. being some- 
 times restricted to the portion below Breckinridge. Fort Aber- 
 crombie, 26 m. below Breckinridge, is practically the head of 
 navigation. Length about 750 ra. See Agasslz, Lake. 
 
 Red River ^ttlenient, a colony established by the Earl of 
 Selkirk in 1813 on the Red River of the North, on the site of 
 what is now Winnipeg ; transferred to Canada in 1869. 
 
 RedRock,stn. , Eng. , near Wigan, Lancashire, on L. &NW. R. 
 
 Red Row, vil. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, part of Dunlop Place {q. v. ). 
 
 Redrntb, par. and market-tn., Eng., Cornwall, Camborne 
 div., 8 ra. W. by S. Truro, on the G. W. R.; rich tin-mines in 
 1276 
 
 the vicinity, and tin smelted in the town. Near the town is 
 Carn Brea (q.v.). Market-days, Tu. and F. 4006 ac. P. 
 10,300. Redruth Hlgliivay, P.O., adjoining Redruth. 
 
 Redrntli, post-tn., S. Australia, Burra co. , 105 ra. SE. Port 
 Augusta ; the celebrated Burra Burra mine is J m. SW. of the 
 town. P. < 1500. 
 
 Redruth, vil., Victoria, 12 m. NW. Hamilton, on the 
 Wannon R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Red Scar Bay, on the S. ct. Brit. New Guinea, in 146!'' E. 
 
 Red Screes, mt. , Eng., Westmorland, in the W. of the 
 Appleby div., 4 ra. N. of the head of Windermere. Height, 
 2541 ft. 
 
 Red Sea, or Arabian Cinlf (the ancient Greek Erythraia 
 Thalassa, Latin Mare Rubrum), inland sea between Africa and 
 Asia (Arabia), 12° 4o'-30° o' N., 32° 3o'-43° 30' E. Length, 
 NW. to SE. , 1450 m.; breadth varies from 16 to nearly 200 m. 
 At its S. end it communicates with the Indian Ocean by the 
 Strait Bab-el- Mandeb. In the N. it bifurcates into the Gulfs 
 of Suez and Akaba, which enclose the penin. of Sinai. S. of 
 20° N. the greater part of the Red Sea is under 100 fathoms in 
 depth, but N. of that line there is in most parts a depth ex- 
 ceeding 400 fathoms. The greatest depth yet sounded is 1242 
 fathoms, in 20° 5' N., 38° 30' E. (See chart showing contours 
 of depth in Petermann's Mitteil., 1888, pi. 16.) The salinity 
 of the Red Sea is higher than in any other body of water in 
 communication with the ocean, attaining a maximum of 4.3067 
 per cent, of saline matter ; and, like all other enclosed seas 
 with high salinity, it has at its mouth an inflowing surface 
 current of water of a less degree of saltness, balanced by a 
 deeper outflow current. Since the opening of the Suez Canal 
 (1869), an interesting migration of vegetable and animal forms 
 has taken place between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. 
 Among the members of the Red Sea fauna that have reached the 
 Mediterranean are XhtMactra olorina, Cerithiutn scabridum, and 
 Mytilus variabilis (this last found at Port Said as early as 1876), 
 and among the Mediterranean forms now occurring in the Red 
 Sea are the common sole, the Umbrina cirrhosa and the Labrax 
 lupus, the two latter now very abundant at Suez. It abounds 
 with islands and coral reefs, and is supposed to have derived 
 its name from the red coral and pink-coloured fuci which it 
 yields; or from the ancient Idumaa, 'Sea of Edom ' or ' Red 
 Sea ; ' or from the blood-red colour frequently imparted to it 
 by swarms of small animals. The country almost everywhere 
 around it is mountainous. The SE. monsoon blows constantly 
 for eight months of the year, and during the remainder the 
 NW. monsoon. From October to May, when S. winds prevail, 
 the water rises in the N. part of the sea, which then attains 
 an elevation much higher than the Mediterranean, but from 
 careful levellings it has been ascertained that the low-water 
 level of the Red Sea and Mediterranean are identical. The 
 navigation is difficult, owing to the sudden changes of wind 
 and heavy gales. Principal ports are Mokha, Hodaida, 
 Lohaia, Jedda, and Yambo on the .■Xrabian side ; and Suez, 
 Kosseir, Sawakin (Suakin), and Massaua (Massowah) on the 
 African coast. The Jews and Phoenicians appear to have 
 carried on an extensive trade upon this sea ; and after the 
 destruction of the Persian empire it resumed importance as 
 the principal route of the traffic between Europe and the East, 
 which distinction it retained until the discovery of the passage 
 round the Cape of Good Hope ; and latterly, since the opening 
 of the Suez Canal, it has resumed its ancient importance as a 
 traffic route. See Aden, Bab>el-lllandeb. 
 
 Red Sulphur Springs, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Monroe co., 
 38 ra. SW. White Sulphur Springs ; is a fashionable watering- 
 place. P. < 1500. 
 
 Reducto Alfonso XII., port, NW. ct. Jolo I., Sulu Is., in 
 6° 5' N. , 120° 58' E. 
 
 Redut-kale, seapt. and fort, Russia, Transcaucasia, 42° 17' 
 N. , 41° 38' E., on E. ct. of Black Sea, govt. Kutais, 10 m, N. 
 of mouth of Rion (Poti). P. <:iooo. * 
 
 Red Wharf Bay, Wales, on the E. of Anglesey, 4 m. NW. 
 Beaumaris. 
 
 Redwlck, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 6^ m. E. by 
 S. Newport, 2 m. S. by W. Magor stn. P. <:25o. See DIagor. 
 
 Redwlck and Nortliwick, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 Thornbury div. , 5 m. S. by E. Chepstow, i^ m. NW. Pilning 
 stn. P. < 500. 
 
 Red Willow, CO., U.S., Nebraska, on the S. frontier, W. of 
 100° E. 
 
 Red Wing, city, U.S., Minnesota, cap. Goodhue co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Mississippi, at NW. extreraity of Lake Pepin, 36 
 m. SE. St. Paul ; shipping point for wheat. P. 6300. 
 
 Redwltz, vil. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Franconia, 
 23 m. E. by N. Bayreuth. P. <20oo. 
 
 Redwood, electoral div. , Ire. , N. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower 
 Orraond, 7^ m. WNW. Parsonstown. 
 
 Redwood, city, U.S., California, San Mateo co. , 23 ra. S. 
 by E. San Francisco. P. <20oo. 
 
 Redwood, vil. , U.S., New York, Jefferson co., 68 m. NE. 
 by N. Oswego. P. < 1500. 
 
REDW — REGO 
 
 Redwood Falls, vil. , U.S., Minnesota, Redwood co., on 
 Redwood R., 97 m. WSW. Minneapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kedwortli, par., Eng. , Durham, on the N. border of the 
 SE. div. , 4^ in. SSE. Bishop Auckland, 2 m. WNW. Heighing- 
 ton stn. , P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Kee, isl. , Scot. , Argyllshire, Kilmartin par. P. 5. 
 Ree, Lougli, large lake. Ire., between the cos. Roscommon, 
 Longford, and Westmeath, formed by an expansion of the 
 Shannon at Lanesborough ; contains many islets. Length, 
 N. to S. , 17 m. ; greatest breadth, 7 m. ; 122 ft. above sea-level ; 
 in winter, 129 ft. 
 
 Ree Castle, islet, Eng. , off the N W. ct. of Lancashire. 
 Reed, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 15J m. N. 
 by E. Hertford, 3 m. S. Royston stn., P.O. P. <25o. See 
 Barkway. 
 
 Reed, vil., U.S., Michigan, Osceola co. , on Muskegon R., 
 85 m. W. by N. Bay City. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ree«llinui, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 7 m. WSW. Yar- 
 mouth, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. <iooo; eccles. par. 
 (R. with Freetliorpe) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Reed Lake, Canada, Assiniboia, on the S. side of the 
 C. P. R. , crossed by 107° W. 
 
 Reed Lake, Canada, Saskatchewan, just W. of 100° W. , 
 drained E. into Herb Lake. 
 
 Reedley Hallows, Filly Close, and New Laiind Booth, 
 par., Eng., Lancashire, dist. and 2 m. NE. and partly in bor. 
 of Burnley, on the Calder. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Reeduess, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., on the Ouse, 2^ m. E. by S. Goole, PM.O. See 
 Swliielleet. 
 
 Reed Point, cape, Scot., on the N. ct. of Berwickshire, in 
 2° 21' W. 
 
 Reedpolnt, settlement, U.S., Montana, Park co. , 146 m. E. 
 by S. Butte City. 
 
 Reedsburg, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Sauk co. , no m. WNW. 
 
 Milwaukee. R. is the chief hop-market of the U.S. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Reed's Landing, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Wabasha co. , at 
 
 end of Lake Pepin, opposite the mouth of riv. Chippewa, 3 m. 
 
 by rail NW. Wabasha. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Reedsmoutb, stn., Eng., Northumberland, on the N. B. R. 
 (Morpeth branch), div. and 12 m. NNW. Hexham. 
 
 Reedy Creek, post-tn. , Victoria, Anglesey co. , 42 m. N. by 
 W. Melbourne, in 37° 17' S. and 145° 4' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Reedy Flat, post-tn. , New South Wales, Wynyard co. , 333 
 m. SW. Sydney by rail and road, in 35° 21' S. and 147° 50' E. ; 
 has gold-mines. P. <isoo. 
 
 Reedy Island, U.S., Delaware, in Delaware R. , 50 m. below 
 Philadelphia, 20 m. from Bombay Hook, just N. of 39° 30' N. 
 Length 3 m., by ^ m. in width. Lighthouse, visible 11 m. 
 
 Reef Islands, isl. group. Pacific, in the N. of the Santa 
 Cruz Is., in 10° 15' S. , E. of 166° E. 
 
 Reeftou, gold-mining tp. , New Zealand, South I. , Inangahua 
 
 CO. , 47 m. NE. by E. Greymouth ; centre of an extensive and rich 
 
 auriferous dist. Excellent coal is found in the vicinity. P. < 2000. 
 
 ReeftowH, tn., Queensland. See Maytowu. 
 
 Ree Heights, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Hand co. , 55 m. 
 
 E. by N. Pierre. 
 
 Reelann, small riv., Ire., in the S. of co. Donegal, r. bk. 
 trib. of the Finn. 
 
 Reelfool Lake, U.S., Tennessee, Lake co. ; it was formed 
 during the earthquake of 181 1, and chiefly consists of a submerged 
 forest. Length about 17 m. 
 
 Reen, electoral div. , Ire. , Kerry, dist. Kenmare. 
 Reenascreena, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 6 m. from Rosscarbery, 
 8 m. from Madore stn. 
 
 Reen Point, cape. Ire., SW. ct. co. Cork, on the SE. side of 
 Bantry Bay, in 9° 35' W. 
 
 Reens, tnld. , Ire. , NW. co. Limerick, bar. Lower Connello, 
 21 m. E. by N. Listowel, 12 m. from Rathkeale stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Reephani (now pronounced ri'fam, though spelt at the end 
 of the 18th century Repeham), par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. 
 Lindsey div., 4^ m. ENE. Lincoln, on the M. S. & L. R., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Reepliani with Kerdiston, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 
 12 m. N W. by N. Norwich, on the G. E. R. , and another stn. 
 (Whltwell and R.) on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly., PMT.O. 
 Market-day, W. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rees, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov. , cap. circle R. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Rhine, 30 m. N. by W. Krefeld. P. <4000. 
 
 Reese, riv., U.S., Nevada, flows N. through the middle of 
 the state into Humboldt R. ; its valley noted for its rich silver 
 mines ; traversed by the railway from Beowawe to Austin. 
 
 Reetli, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 8^ m. W. 
 Richmond, on the Swale, 5 m. N. by W. Redmire stn. ; lead- 
 smelting carried on. PMT.O. 5699 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Reetz, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Arnswalde, 
 43 m. E. by S. Stettin. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Reeuwijk, vil. , Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, arr. and 12^ 
 m. NE. Rotterdam. P. (comm. )<3ooo. 
 
 Reeve, Lake, a long narrow lagoon on the SE. ct. of Victoria, 
 in i47^°-i48° E. , communicating near its E. end with Lake King. 
 Reeves, co. , U.S. , Texas, in the W. , bounded on the NE. by 
 the Pecos R. , crossed by 104° W. 
 
 Reeves, a brackish lake, Victoria, near the SE. ct. , crossed by 
 38° S. 
 
 Reeves Plains, postal-centre, S. Australia, Gawlerco. , 28 m. 
 N. Adelaide, 20 m. SW. by W. Kapunda. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Refiige Bay, bay, E. Africa, in 0° 21' S. , on which Kis- 
 mayu stands. 
 
 Refugio, CO., U.S., Texas, in the SE., to the N. of 28° N., 
 crossed in the E. by 97° W. , bounded on the NE. by the San 
 Antonio R. 
 
 Refugio, El, port, Mexico. See 9Iatam6ros. 
 Refunsiri, tn., Japan. See Rebnnsiri. 
 Rega, riv., Prussia, Pomerania, flows on the whole N., passes 
 Treptow, and enters the Baltic about 12 m. W. of Koburg ; not 
 navigable. 
 
 Regaf, former Egyptian post. See Rejaf. 
 Regalbnto, comm. , Sicily, prov. and 26 m. WNW. Catania. 
 Alt. 2035 ft. P. 10,000. 
 
 Regalo, El, Haiti. See El Regalo. 
 Regan, vil., Persia, prov. and 165 m. SE. Kerman. 
 Regar, tn. , Bukhara, 105 m. SE. Samarkand. 
 Regeii, market-tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Bavaria, 
 31 m. NW. by N. Passau ; the dist. is rich in minerals, especi- 
 ally tin ; manufactures matches. P. <30oo. 
 
 Regen, riv. , Ger. , in the SE. of Bavaria, formed by the union 
 of the Weisser (' white ' ) R. and Schwarzer ( ' black ' ) R., flows 
 W. then S. to the Danube, which it enters just below Regens- 
 burg (Ratisbon). 
 
 Regencia, seapt. , Brazil, Espirito Santo, at the mouth of the 
 Rio Doce, in 19° 37' S. 
 
 Regensbei^, vil., Switzd. , cant, and 8 m. NW. by N. 
 Zurich. P. < 2000. 
 
 Regensburg, tn. , Ger. See Ratisbon. 
 Regenstauf, market-tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Palatinate, 40 m. NE. by E. Ingolstadt, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Regen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Regenstein, ruined castle, Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle 
 Halberstadt, 2 m. N. Blankenburg ; built in 919 by Henry the 
 Fowler. Taken by Wallenstein in the Thirty Years' War. 
 Dismantled by Frederick II. 
 
 Regeuwalde, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle R., on the 
 Rega R. , 30 m. S. by W. Kolberg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Regglo di Calabria, tn., Italy, Calabrie, cap. prov. R., on 
 the Straits of Messina, 8 m. SE. by S. Messina ; manufactures 
 perfumes, silk fabrics, and terra cotta ; is the seat of an arch- 
 bishop, and has a fine cathedral and a museum. R. was founded 
 670 B.C., and was one of the most flourishing towns of Magna 
 Graecia. It fell into the hands of the Romans, 281, and Cassar 
 gave it the name of Rhegium Julii. It was entirely rebuilt in 
 1783. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 64.4° F., Jan. 54.0°, Aug. 
 77.4°. P. 23,800. 
 
 Reggio nell' Emilia, tn., Italy, Emilia, cap. prov. R., 
 15 m. WNW. Modena ; manufactures cloth and silk fabrics. 
 The town is surrounded by thick walls, and bisected by two 
 broad streets, one of which is part of the ancient ^milian Way. 
 Has a cathedral of the 13th century, a bishopric, a library con- 
 taining many valuable MSS., and natural history collection. 
 Its theatre, built 1856, is one of the largest and finest in Italy. 
 Outside the city is the villa of Ariosto. R. is an ancient Roman 
 colony, founded by .(^Imilius Lepidus under the name of 
 Rhegium Lepidi. It was entirely destroyed by the Goths, and 
 rebuilt by Charlemagne ; it was for a long time an independent 
 republic. Birthplace of Ariosto, of the physician Spallanzani 
 (died 1799), and of the astronomer P. Secchi (died 1878). Alt. 
 190 ft. P. 18,600. 
 Regldor, El, Colombia. See El Regldor. 
 Regina, tn. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R., 357 
 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, cap. of the NW. Terrs. P. <isoo. 
 
 Regis, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, on riv. Pleisse, circle and ij\ m. 
 S. by E. Leipzig ; has lignite-mines, and manufactures of locks. 
 P. < 1000. 
 Registan, large sandy desert in SE. of Afghanistan. 
 Regla, coram., Cuba, i| m. ESE. Havana. P. 10,300. 
 Reglitz, riv. arm, Prussia. See Oder. 
 
 Regna, tn., Sweden, prov. Ostergotland, 32 m. N. Linko- 
 ping ; deposits of iron in vicinity. P. (comm. )<30oo. 
 
 Regn^vllle, vil., France, dep. Manche, arr. and 6 m. WSW. 
 Coutances, a small fort on the harbour of R. ; important oyster- 
 beds. P. <2000. 
 
 Regnitz, riv. , Ger. , Bavaria, formed at Fiirth by the con- 
 fluence of the Rezat and Pegnitz, flows N. into the Main below 
 Bamberg. The Ludwig's Canal lies in its valley, and includes 
 Sj m. above its mouth. 
 
 R^gny, tn. , France, dep. Loire, arr. and 7 m. ESE. Roanne ; 
 has anthracite beds. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Regoa, or Pezo da Regoa, tn., Portugal, prov. Traz-os- 
 Montes, 10 m. SSW. Villa Real, on the r. bk. of the Douro ; is 
 
 1277 
 
R EGU 
 
 REIN 
 
 the port for the exportation of the port wine made in the sur- 
 rounding dist. ; 2^ m. to the W. are the hot sulphur springs of 
 Moledo. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Regnengos de Monsaraz, tn., Portugal, Alemtejo, dist. 
 and 22 m. SE. Evora. P. <:4000. 
 
 Regneras, Las, coram., Spain, Asturias, prov. and 7^ m. 
 NW. Oviedo. P. <5ooo. 
 Regulbium, Eng. See Recnlver. 
 
 Rehan, tn., Ger., in the NE. of Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Franconia, 29 m. NE. Bayreuth. P. < 4000. 
 
 Relibnrg, vil. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Diepholz, 23 m. 
 WNW. Hanover. P. <20oo. Relibnrg-Bad, 2^ m. to the S. , 
 is renowned for its mineral waters. 
 
 Keheretua, or Buyer Islands, Pacific, in the S. of the 
 Tuamotu group, in about 18° S. , 143° W. 
 
 Rehli, municip., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Sdgar, 65 
 m. NW. by W. Jabalpur. The town is commanded by a fort 
 standing opposite to the confluence of the Sundr and Debar 
 Rivs. P. < 5000. 
 
 B«taiiie, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, on riv. Weser, circle 
 and 6^ m. SW. Minden. P. <30oo. 
 
 Retana, tn. , Grer. , gd. -duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle 
 Grevesmiihlen, 18 m. SW. by W. Wismar, on the Radegast. 
 P. < 3000. 
 Rehoboth, place named in O. T. See Er Rnbelbeb. 
 Rebobotb, vil., Ger. SW. Africa, about 165 m. E. by S. 
 Walvisch Bay; good grazing-ground for cattle to the E. ; 
 Rhenish mission station ; has a hot spring and several cold ones. 
 Kebobotb, site, Turkey in Asia. See Mayadtni. 
 Rebobotb, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co., 9 m. WSW. 
 Taunton. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rebobotb Bay, U.S., Delaware. See Indian River. 
 Relbersdorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Bautzen, 17 m. 
 S. by W. Gorlitz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Reich, Ger. ; reke, Gothic ; rice, Anglo-Saxon ; rike, righ, 
 Scandinavian, 'a kingdom;' e.g., Frank-reich, i.e., France, 
 ' the kingdom of the Franks ; ' (Esterreich, Austria, ' the eastern 
 kingdom,' Sweden, ancient Svearike. 
 
 Relcbelstaelni, market-vil. , Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, prov. 
 Starkenburg, circle Erbach, 22 m. SE. Darmstadt, in the Oden- 
 wald ; carries on granite and syenite polishing, manganese- 
 mining, &c. Birthplace of the botanist Nees von Esenbeck 
 (1776-1858). P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Relcbenan, coram., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Gablonz, 8 m. 
 SE. Reichenberg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Relcbenan, tn., Austria, Bohemia, cap. circle R., 20 m. E. 
 by S. Koniggratz. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Relcbenan, vil., Lower Austria, circle Neunkirchen, 20 m. 
 WSW. Wiener Neustadt. R. , a town of baths, hotels, and villas, 
 is one of the most frequented places in Austria for country resi- 
 dence ; it is situated at the entrance to the picturesque gorge of 
 the HoUenthal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Relcbenan, tn., Ger., in the extreme SE. of the kgd. of 
 Saxony, circle Bautzen, 17 m. S. G5rlitz. P. 5700. 
 
 Relcbenan, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Bolkenhain, 25 
 m. S. Liegnitz. P. <20oo. 
 
 Relcbenan, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, on the Rhine, 6\ m. 
 WSW. Chur, at the confluence of the Vorder- and the Hinter- 
 Rhine. Alt. 1055 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Relcbenan, isl. , Switzd. , in the Untersee arm of Lake Con- 
 stance, 6 ra. NW. Constance, joined to the shore by a roadway 
 i m. long ; has the ruins of an ancient Benedictine abbey, 
 founded 724, the church (9th century) connected with which 
 still exists and contains the tomb of Charles the Fat. Famous 
 in the Middle Ages for its scholars and its library, the latter 
 now mostly at Karlsruhe. Length 4^ m. , by 2 m. 
 
 Relcbenan, I'nter, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, circle Eger, 2 m. 
 S. Falkenau ; coal mined. P. < 2000. 
 
 Relcbenbacb, or Relcbenbach Ini Vogtland, tn. , Ger., 
 kgd. Saxony, circle and lo^ m. SW. Zwickau ; manufactures of 
 woollen goods ; large dye-works. P. (1834) 5200 ; (1890) 21,500. 
 Relcbenbacb, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 30 m. SW. by S. 
 Breslau, cap. circle R. ; has considerable manufactures of cotton 
 and linen goods, including cotton yarns. P. (i8i6)<400o; 
 (1890) 13,000. 
 
 Relcbenbacb, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 9 m. WSW. Inter- 
 laken, on the Kander. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Relcbenbach, riv., Switzd., cant. Bern, 1. bk. trib. of the 
 Aar, rises on the slopes of the Great Scheidegg, and falls into 
 the valley of Hasli opposite Meiringen, forraing five fine cas- 
 cades, the chief of which is 295 ft. high. 
 
 Relcbenberg, tn., Austria, Boheraia, 62 m. ESE. Dresden, 
 40 m. WNW. Trautenau ; has woollen and cotton spinning, 
 and manufactures cloth, shawls, and other woollen goods, 
 hosiery, and hydraulic machines. R. is the second town in 
 Bohemia in industrial importance. Alt. 1 145-1265 ft. P. 30,900. 
 Relcbenbrand, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, 4^ 
 m. WSW. Chemnitz. P. <3000. 
 
 Relcbenbnrg, vil., Switzd., cant. Schwiz, 10 m. NNW. 
 Glarus. P. < 2000. 
 1278 
 
 Relcbeuball, tn., Ger., in the SE. of Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Bavaria, 9^ ra. SW. by W. Salzburg. R. has the most irapor- 
 tant salt-mines of Bavaria. The saline and ferruginous springs 
 of Achselmannstein are much frequented, and have been famous 
 since the 8th century. P. <40cio. 
 
 Relcbenow, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Ober- 
 barnim, dist. Wriezen ; lignite-mines near. P. <20oo. 
 
 Relcbensteln, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Frankenstein, 
 on the border of Austrian Silesia, 46 m. S. by W. Breslau ; 
 arsenic mined. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Relcbenstelner Ciebli^e, ramification of the Sudetes Mts. , 
 between Prussian and Austrian Silesia, trending NW. 24 m. 
 Highest points the Heidelberg, alt, 2865 ft; the Jauersberg, 
 alt. 2860 ft. 
 
 Relcbsbofen, tn. , Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle Hagenau, on 
 the Zinzel R., 3 m. W. by S. Worth. P. <40oo. 
 
 Relcbstadt, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 19 m. WSW. Reichen- 
 berg, circle and 4^ m. E. Bohmisch-Leipa. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Relcbwaldan, tn., Austria, Silesia, circle Freistadt, dist. 
 Oder berg. P. <40oo. 
 Reld, isl.. Pacific. See Tnluake. 
 Relda, tn., in the S. of Arabia, 195 m. NE. Aden. 
 Reld Reef, Pacific, in Lau or E. group, Fiji Is., in 17° 55' 
 S. , 178° 20' W. 
 Reld River, stn. , Queensland. See Reldsvllle. 
 Reld's Creek, gold-mining locality, Queensland, Bowen co. , 
 70 ra. W. by N. Maryborough, in 25° 40' S. , 151° 40' E. P. < 1500. 
 Reld's Creek, mining-tn. , Victoria, Bogong co. , 133 m. 
 ENE. Sandhurst, in 36° 20' S., 146° 41' E. ; has gold and tin 
 mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Reld's Mistake, inlet of the sea. New South Wales, about 10 
 m. S. Newcastle ; connects Lake Macquarie with the Pacific. 
 
 Reldsvllle, or Reld River, stn. , Queensland, on the Northern 
 Rly. , 35 m. S. Townsville, on Reid R. P. < 1500. 
 
 ReldsvUle, tn. , U.S., N. Carolina, Rockingham co. , 70 m. 
 NW. by W. Raleigh. P. <3000. 
 Reldtoivn, S. Australia. See Point McLeay. 
 Relgate (formerly spelt Rlegate or Rhlgate, also Reygate, 
 probably^' ridge-gate,' the place being situated near a 'gate' 
 or opening in the ridge of the N. Downs, the gate now used by 
 the railway at Redhill, E. of the town, but included in the par. 
 and mun. bor. of R. ; the Cturehfelde of Doomsday Book), 
 mun. bor. (since 1863), par., and market-tn. , Eng., Surrey, R. 
 div. , 19 m. SSW. London, with diocese of Winchester, on 
 SE. R. (R. Town) ; has some trade in white (silver) sand, fullers' 
 earth, freestone, and hearthstones, all obtained in the neigh- 
 bourhood. The site of the old castle is marked by a large cave 
 which the barons are said to have used as a meeting-place and 
 guard-room. R. returned two M.P.'s till 1832, then one till 
 1867, when it was disfranchised. There is a fair on Whit 
 Tuesday, and another, 9th December. Market-days, Tu. and 
 each alternate W. P. (i8oi)<:iooo ; (1871) 15,900; (1891) 
 22,600; pars., R. Borongb, P. <25o; R. Foreign, 5966 ac. , 
 P. 22,6<Do; pari div. P. 64,500; eccles. par. (R. wltb Nutley 
 Lane) P. <4500. 
 
 Relgbton (ri't6n), par., Eng., Yorkshire. E. Riding, Buck- 
 rose div. , 10 m. SE. by S. Scarborough, li m. NW. Speeton stn. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Relkjavlk, or Reykjavik, tn. , cap. Iceland, 73 m. WNW. 
 Mount Hekla, at the SE. corner of Faxa Fjord ; has 40 ft. of 
 water in port at ordinary spring tides high water, 24 ft. at low 
 water. Has a very small cathedral, a house of parliament, 
 which is also used as a museum and library, a college, and 
 governor's palace, and a statue of Thorvaldsen, who was an 
 Icelander. Mean temp., yr. 39.7° F. , Jan. 29.3°, July 53.5°; 
 rfall. (7 yrs. ), 28.94 in. P. about 3000. 
 
 Relllngen, comm. , Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, circle Mann- 
 heim, dist. and 6 m. S. Schwetzingen. P. <:3000. 
 
 Reims, or Rbelnis, the ancient Durocortorum, city, France, 
 cap. arr. , dep. Marne, 15 ra. N. by E. Epernay, 26 ra. N W. 
 by N. Chaions-sur-Marne, on the Vesle and the Aisne and Marne 
 Canal. The seat of an archbishopric, R. is ornaraented with 
 fountains, and has a cathedral, church of St. Remi, a handsome 
 hotel -de- ville begun in 1627, an important museum of antiquities, 
 and a library with 80,000 volumes and 1500 MSS. , and the old 
 gate of Mars, closed since 1545. On the Montagne de R., alt. 
 914 ft., S. of the city, are several Gallo- Roman remains. The 
 town has statues of Louis XV., Colbert, and Marshal Drouet 
 d'Erlon. Manufactures of cloth, cashmeres, flannels, merinoes, 
 ironraongery, soap, oil, glass, and trade in the wine of its vicinity. 
 It is the birthplace of Colbert, Gobelin, and Linguet. Clovis 
 was baptized at R. in 496, after the battle of Tolbiac. Philip 
 .Augustus was consecrated here in 1179, and all his successors 
 were also consecrated at R. , till the revolution of 1830, with 
 the exception of Henry IV. and Louis XVIII. Before the 
 Revolution it had a university, and many councils have been 
 held here. P. 104,200. 
 
 RelmAn, vil., Palestine, Ramoth Gileadm. the O. T. , 32° 16' 
 N., 35° 50' E., 33 m. N. by E. of the ancient Heshbon. 
 Relnacb, vil., Switzd., cant, and 4 m. S. Basel. P. <2ooo. 
 
REIN 
 
 REND 
 
 Kelnbeck, vil. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, lo m. E. 
 by S. Hamburg ; has a hydropathic establishment, and is a 
 country resort for the people of Hamburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Relnbeck, vil., U.S., Iowa, Grundy co. , 56 m. WNW. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Iteiiidorf, vil.. Lower Austria, comm. Rudolfsheim, a SW. 
 suburb of Vienna. P. <40oo. 
 
 Rciiierz, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 55 m. SSW. Breslau, 
 circle and 21 m. W. by S. Glatz ; has mineral springs, a hydro- 
 pathic establishment, and establishment for whey cure. Alt. 
 1760 ft. P. <300C. 
 
 Belnliausen, or Reliiliausen lit der Oberpfalz, comm., 
 Ger. , Bavaria, Palatinate of the Rhine, dist. and to the NE. of 
 Stadtamhof, on riv. Regen. P. <:300o. 
 
 Relnlckendorf, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle 
 Niederbarnim, 3 m. NNW. Berlin. P. 10,000. 
 
 Relii6, isl. , N. ct. of Norway, prov. and 20 m. NE. Tromso. 
 Area, 55 sq. m. 
 
 Reluosa, comm., Spain, prov. and 35 m. SW. by S. San- 
 tander, near the source of the Ebro. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Keliisdorf, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 3^ m. SE. by 
 E. Zwickau ; coal is mined here. P. 5900. 
 
 R«lriz de Viega, comm. , Spain. See Kalrlz. 
 
 Rels, small isl. , W. ct. Africa, near Loango, in 4° 27' S. 
 
 Relsclulorf, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Pressnitz. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Rels-dere, tn., on the W. ct. of Asia Minor, 39 m. W. by S. 
 Smyrna. 
 
 Reisen, riv., Norway, prov. Tromso, falls into the Reisen- 
 fjord after a course of 70 m. ; area of basin, 720 sq. m. 
 
 Relsk, par., Ire., co. and 6 m. SE. Waterford, bar. Middle- 
 third. P. <5oo. 
 
 Relster.stowii, vil., U.S., Maryland, co. and 19 m. by rail 
 N. Baltimore. P. < 1500. 
 
 Reitdlep, canal, Netherlands, prov. Groningen, connects the 
 estuary of the Lauwerzee with the town Groningen. 
 
 Relteiidorf, or Rapotiii, tn. , Austria, Moravia, dist. and 3 
 m. NE. Schonberg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Reltorn (or Bird) Island, Pacific, in the S. of the Tuamotu 
 group, in about 17° 40' S. , 143° o' W. 
 
 Rejaf, Regaf, or Rlgaf, former Egyptian post, eastern 
 Sudan, on the 1. bk. of the Bahr-el-Jebel or upper Nile, 20 m. 
 S. Lado, in 4° 45' 32" N. , 31" 39' o" E. 
 
 Rejang, people and region, E. Indies, in the SW. of Sumatra, 
 in the mountains between provs. Benkulen and Palembang. 
 
 Rejang. 1. The most important river in Sarawak, flows W. 
 and enters the China Sea by several mouths between 2° and 3° 
 N. ; navigable from Balleh, in about 113° 10' E. , to its mouth. 9, 
 A seaport on the N. or r. bk. of one of the southern arms of the 
 Rejang delta, in about 2° 9' N., 111° 14' E. (Proc. J?. G. S., 
 1881, p. 197.) 
 
 Reka, or Rleka (Slavonic, ' river '), riv. , Austria, in the SW. of 
 Carniola, flows about 25 m. N W. , then disappears underground 
 on entering the region of Cretaceous limestones ( Karst) ; identi- 
 fied with the Timavo, which enters the N. of the Gulf of Trieste 
 near Duino. 
 
 Rekak, vil. , Lower Egypt, prov. and 40 m. SSW. Gizeh, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Nile. P. <40oo. 
 
 R«kareka, or Good Hope, isl., Pacific, in the E. of the 
 Tuamotu group, in about i6^° S. , 1412° W. 
 
 R^kas, comm., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, dist. 
 Kecskem6t-als6. P. <40oo. 
 
 Rekba, or Rakhba, confederation of Berber tribes, N. Tunis, 
 on the border of Algeria, in the valley of Mejerda. 
 
 Hede, Gothic, 'kingdom.' See J?eick. 
 
 Re-keng, tn. , Lower Burma. See Ye-kln. 
 
 Rekka, Asiatic Turkey. See Rakka. 
 
 Reknltz, riv. , Ger. See Recknltz. 
 
 Relaghbeg, P.O., Ire., near Kells, co. Meath, 4 m. from 
 Bailieborough. 
 
 Relaiie Point, cape. Ire. , SW. ct. co. Cork, near the head of 
 Bantry Bay, on the S. side. 
 
 Relangl, vil., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Goddvari, 53 m. NE. 
 Masulipatam. P. 5500; Hindus, 5200. 
 
 Relickmnrry and Atliassel, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary. See 
 Athassel and Rellckniurry. 
 
 Rellzan, tn. , Algeria, on the r. bk. of the Mina, prov. and 66 
 m. E. Oran, arr. Mostaganem. P. 5300. 
 
 Rellen, comm., Spain, prov. Alicante, dist. Villajoyosa. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 Relllnglianseu, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle and 2^ m. 
 SE. by S. Essen ; coal and iron are mined here. P. (comm.)<: 
 5000. 
 
 Relnbbas, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, St. Ives div., 6| m. E. by 
 N. Penzance, 3^ m. E. Marazion Road stn. 
 
 Relagas, P.O., Scot., Elginshire, 6 m. SSW. Forres, 3 m. 
 (by road) NW. Dunphail stn. 
 
 Relva, tn., Sao Miguel I., Azores, on the SE. ct. P. <30oo. 
 
 Reniagen, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., on the 1. bk. of the 
 Rhine, 13 m. SE. by S. Bonn ; copper-works. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Reman, state vassal to Siam in interior of Malay Penin. , W. 
 of the Telubin R. , in about 5° 5o'-6J° N. 
 
 Rembdng, tn., Java, on the N. ct., in about 111° 20' E., 60 
 m. ENE. Samarang. P. 17,000. 
 
 Renibau, small state, Malay Penin., under the British pro- 
 tectorate, situated between the prov. of Malacca on the S. , and 
 the state of Johor on the E. Area, 230 sq. m. P. 11,000. 
 
 Rembo, riv. , Africa, French Congo, reaches the Atlantic by 
 the lagoons of Nomi and Fernan Vaz (^.v.). 
 
 Reniedlos, tn., Colombia, Antioquia, 168 m. NNW. Bogota ; 
 no longer of importance, its richest gold-mines being exhausted. 
 Alt. 2345 ft. P. (with dist.) 6500. 
 
 Reniedlos, or, in full, San Juan de los Reniedlos, or El 
 Cayo, comm., Cuba, 192 m. E. by S. Havana, in 79^° W. P. 
 15.500- 
 
 Reniedlos, Rio dos. See Verde, Rio. 
 
 Remenliam, par., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., on 
 the r. bk. of the Thames, 7^ m. NNE. Reading, i m. NNE. 
 Henley-on-Thames stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Reniete, Gyergyd-, vil., Hungary. See Gyergy6-Reiiiete. 
 
 Remete-Szepes, vil. , Hungary ; the same as Elnsledel. 
 
 Renilch, vil., gd. -duchy Luxemburg, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Moselle, 19 m. SW. Treves. 
 
 Renilne, post-tn. , Tasmania. See Trial Harbour. 
 
 Renilngton, vil., U.S., Indiana, Jasper co. , 76 m. SSE. 
 Chicago (111. ). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Renilreniont, tn. , France, dep. Vosges, cap. a/r. , on the 
 Moselotte, 30 m. NNW. Belfort, 13J m. SE. byS. Epinal ; has 
 cotton spinning and weaving, and manufactures other textiles and 
 embroideries. Trade in Vosges cheeses. The town was formed 
 in the loth century round the abbey of St. Mont, founded 620. 
 Alt. 1280 ft. P. 9390. 
 
 Remmon (of Zebulon), place named in O. T. See Rnnini4neli. 
 
 Remols, dist. of ancient France, of which the cap. was Reims. 
 
 Reniollnos, tn. , Spain, Aragon, prov. and 18 J m. NW. 
 Saragossa, not far from the 1. bk. of the Ebro ; 4 m. to the N. 
 is Mount Castellar, with a large mine of rock-salt. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Reniouconrt, vil., France, dep. Vosges, arr. and 6 m. SW. 
 Mirecourt ; has a ferruginous mineral spring. Alt. 1050 ft. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Reniouchanips, vil., Belgium, prov. Liege, on the Amblieve, 
 in comm. of Aywaille, 6| m. W. Spa ; has a curious cavern, in 
 the bottom of which flows a river called the Rubicon. 
 
 RemouUns, tn. , France, dep. Gard, arr. Uzes, on the Gard, 
 12 m. W. Avignon ; hydropathic establishment. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Renipstone, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div., 
 4I m. NE. Loughborough, PT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Renischeld, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Lennep, 5J m. 
 SSE. Elberfeld ; the chief seat in the empire for the manufacture 
 of small iron-wares (scythes, saws, files, planes, locks, &c. ). P. 
 (1816)7100; (1890) 18,600; comm. (including Hermannstrasse, 
 Kolnerstrasse, &c. ) P. 40,400. 
 
 Remtlieli, site, Palestine, perhaps the Ramath Mizpeh of the 
 O. T. , 32° 57' N. , 35° 59' E. , 29 m. ESE. Tiberias. 
 
 Remunii, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 5 m. W. Balasor; 
 has a religious fair in February, which lasts about 13 days, and 
 is attended by 10,000 or 12,000 people. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Reniund, comm. , Switzd. See Romont. 
 
 Remiis, or Raniosch, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 40 m. 
 E. Chur, on the 1. bk. of the Inn, in the Lower Engadine. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Renalson, tn. , France, dep. Loire, arr. and 7 m. W. Roanne; 
 has two gaseous mineral springs ; colza oil. Alt. 1310 ft. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Reiialx, Flemish Ronsse, tn. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 
 arr. and 7 m. S. by W. Oudenarde ; manufactures cloth, thread, 
 and covers of wool and cotton. P. 16,700. 
 
 Renault, comm., Algeria, prov. and 90 m. ENE. Oran, arr. 
 Mostaganem. P. 26,900 (1225 Europeans). 
 
 Reiiaz^, tn. , France, dep. Mayenne, arr. Chateau-Gontier, 5 
 m. SE. St. Aignan-sur-Ro6. P. <:3000. 
 
 Reiica, tn., Argentine Republic, San Luis, 120 m. SW. by 
 S. C6rdoba. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Renclien, tn. , Ger., Baden, circle Baden, 12 m. E. Strass- 
 burg (Alsace-Lorraine). P. <:3000. 
 
 Rendall, par., Scot., Orkney Is., P.O. See Evie and 
 Rendall. 
 
 Rendconib, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 5 m. N. 
 Cirencester. P. <25o. 
 
 Rende, comm. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 5 J ra. NW. Cosenza, 
 37 m. NW. by N. Catanzaro. P. 5300. 
 
 Rendezvous, isl. , Solomon group. See Bfew Geoi^la. 
 
 Rendhani, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 18 m. NE. Ipswich, 
 3 m. NW. Saxmundham, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 R6ndliia, tn. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet Salonica, sanjak 
 Seres, on the large Gulf of R. (or Orphanl), 3 m. W. of the 
 mouth of the Struma. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ren'dleshani (ren'delsam), par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 4 
 m. NE. by E. Woodbridge, ii| m. NE. by E. Ipswich, 2 m. 
 S. by W. Wickham Market stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 1279 
 
REND — REPS 
 
 Keiidleshani, post-tn. , S. Australia, Grey co. , 42 m. N W. 
 by W. Mount Gainbier. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rendo'wa, or Keiidezvons, isl. , Solomon group. See Jieyv 
 Georgia. 
 
 Reiidsbni^, tn., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, cap. 
 circle R., 16 m. SSE. Schleswig, on the Eider Canal and North 
 Sea Canal, with good harbour ; manufactures of cotton goods, 
 &c. P. (1803)7600; (1890)11,100. 
 
 Rendnfe, vil., Portugal, prov. Entre Douro e Minho, dist. 
 Braga, on the Homem ; mineral springs near. P. <20oo. 
 
 Reuela, or Megale-Delos, isl. See DFlos. 
 
 Keueurlliig Hill, or Croiili Urleigli, hill, Eng. , Isle of Man, 
 I m. S. Kirkmichael ; was the ancient Tynwald Hill. 
 
 Kenft«w, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Hants co., 25 m. N. by 
 W. Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Reuf^w, vil., Canada, Ontario, R. co. , on the riv. Bonne- 
 chere, 46 m. W. Ottawa, a railway junction. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Reufk^w, royal and pari, burgh, par., and tn. , Scot., W. 
 Renfrewshire, on the 1. bk. of the Clyde, and with a stn. (Falbar 
 Street) on the G. & SW. R. , 2^ m. NE. by N. Paisley. R. was 
 connected with the Clyde by a canal in 1786 ; has a commodious 
 quay (16 ft. deep alongside at high water spring tides) on the 
 river, opposite the town. Shipbuilding is the principal industry. 
 Royal burgh, P. 6300; par. 43 11 ac. , P. 9300; pari, burgh and 
 tn. P. 6800. See Kllniaruoclc. 
 
 Renflrewsbire, maritime co. , Scot., having Firth of Clyde 
 on N. (excepting a part of Renfrew par. , which lies on the N. 
 side of the Clyde), and consisting mainly of three valleys, which 
 are drained by the Gryfe, the Black Cart, and the White Cart, 
 all tribs. of the riv. Clyde. On the Ayrshire border the surface 
 rises to 1711 ft. at the Hill of Stake. The ' Upper Ward ' of the 
 county has Paisley as its district centre, and the ' Lower Ward,' 
 Greenock ; part of the S. suburbs of Glasgow in this county 
 was, in 1892, transferred to Lanarkshire by the Boundary Com- 
 missioners for all purposes except parliamentary representa- 
 tion. This county was long associated with the Scottish royal 
 family, since David I. bestowed ' Strathgryfe ' upon the first 
 high steward, founder of the Stuarts ; in 1404 Robert 111. 
 made Renfrew a separate county, and created his eldest son 
 Baron of Renfrew, a title still held by the heir to the throne. 
 Geologically, the floor is Carboniferous, with various sandstones, 
 cement-stones, basalts, &c.; to N. of Johnstone and NW. of 
 Paisley oil-producing shales are extensively worked, and in 
 the extreme NE. of the county the coal-measures intrude from 
 the Lanarkshire and Stirling coalfield. Coal is worked near 
 Paisley, Johnstone, and PoUokshaws ; and ironstone at Hurlet 
 and Annesland. W. Renfrewshire is one of the wettest dists. 
 in Scotland. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 
 10-12. See manufactures under Paisley, Greenock. 'I'he 
 chief ports are Greenock and Port-Glasgow. For parliamentary 
 purposes the county is divided into two divs. , the eastern (P. 
 66,137) and the western (P. 56,622), which together with the 
 pari, burghs of Renfrew, Paisley, Greenock, Port-Glasgow, and 
 part of Glasgow make up the whole county. Area, 156,785 ac. 
 P. (1891) 290,800. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Bengersdorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and 4 m. S. 
 Glatz ; has a cotton factory and whetstone quarry. P. <3000. 
 
 Rengo, tn., Chile, Colchagua, 65 m. S. by W. Santiago. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 Renhold, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div. , 3% m. 
 NE. by E. Bedford, PT.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Reni, tn., India, Rdjputdna, 115 m. ENE. Bikaner. P. 
 (1881)5200; Hindus, <400o. 
 
 Reni, tn., Russia, prov. Bessarabia, on 1. bk. Danube, near 
 its junction with Pruth, 140 m. SW. Odessa, connected by rail- 
 way (178 m.) with Bendery. P. 6100. 
 
 Renlshaw, stn., Eng., Derbyshire, NE. div., 6 m. NE. by 
 E. Chesterfield, on the Chesterfield Canal, with a stn. (Ecklng- 
 ton (q.v.) and R.) on the M. R. and M. S. & L. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Renknm, comm., Netherlands, prov. Guelderland, arr. and 
 8J m. W. Arnhem, on the Neder Rijn. P. 7100. 
 
 Renlalgue, hamlet, France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. and 11 
 m. W. Issoire ; cold ferruginous springs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Renmark, post-tn., S. Australia, Hamley co., 132 m. ENE. 
 Adelaide ; an irrigation colony. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rennel, isl., off the coast of Chile, crossed by 52° S., 74° W. 
 
 Rennell, current, Atlantic Ocean, a branch of the Gulf 
 Stream, from which it separates in about 45° N. It washes the 
 shores of the N. ct. of Spain and the W. ct. of P'rance. 
 
 Rennell, two isls. of the Solomon Archipelago, Melanesia. 
 Joint area, 300 sq. m. 
 
 Rennes, the ancient Condate, tn. , cap. dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, 
 France, cap. arr. R., on the Vilaine, 43 m. W. Laval; manu- 
 factures hosiery, sailcloth, crockery, leather, and agricultural 
 implements. Has a university academy, museum, and library 
 with 50,000 vols. The 12th century cathedral was entirely de- 
 stroyed, 1756. Besieged by the English in 1356 ; the siege was 
 raised by Du Guesclin. The bishopric of R. , founded at the end 
 of the 4th century, was made an archbishopric in 1859. Mean 
 temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 52.7° F., Jan. 40.5°, July 66.2°. P. 69,200. 
 1280 
 
 Rennes-les-Balns, vil., France, dep. Aude, arr. Limoux, 19 
 m. S. Carcassonne ; the live cold springs (ferruginous and saline) 
 were known in the 13th century as Bains de Montferrand, and 
 retained that name to the 17th century. Alt. 1045 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Renueso, isls., Norway, W. ct., in Bukke, or Bukn, Fjord, 
 7 m. N. Stavanger. 
 
 Renule, stn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R., 
 1343 m. by rail W. Montreal, 81 m. E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Renningen, vil., Ger. , Wiirtemberg, circle Neckar, 5 m. 
 WSW. Leonberg. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Renningtou, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div. , 4 m. NNE. Alnwick, i m. NW. Little Mill stn. 
 P. <:soo ; eccles. par. (R. with Rock) P. <soo. 
 
 Reno, riv. , Italy, rises in the Etruscan Apennines, and flows 
 NNE., ESE. , and E. to the Adriatic Sea, which it enters about 
 13 m. NNE. Ravenna. It communicates with the Po by means 
 of the Po di Priniaro. Length, 137 m. ; area of basin, 1810 sq. 
 m. ; discharge, mean 3406 cubic ft. per second, high 41,000 
 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Reno, CO. , U.S., Kansas, in the S. , crossed by 38° N. , 98° W. 
 
 Reno, city, U.S., Nevada, Washoe co., 25 m. N. Carson 
 City ; centre of mining and manufactures. Alt. 4497 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Reno, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Venango co. , on Allegheny 
 R., SI m. SSE. Erie, 4 m. WSW. Oil City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Reno, Fort, U.S. garrison, Oklahoma, near the Cheyenne 
 Indian reservation. 
 
 Renovo, thriving bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Clinton co. , on 
 Susquehanna R. , no m. W. Scranton, 20 m. NW. Lock Haven ; 
 is a summer resort. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Renowes Harbour, tn. and port of entry, Newfoundland, on 
 the E. ct., in 46° 53' N., 54 m. S. St. John's. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rensselaer, tn., U.S., Indiana, cap. Jasper co. , close to 
 Iroquois R., 63 m. SSE. Chicago (111.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rensselaer, co., U.S., New York, between the Hudson R. 
 and the E. frontier, S. of 43° N. 
 
 Rensselaer Bay, Greenland. See Tnartok. 
 
 Renteria, tn., Spain, Basque Provs., Guipuzcoa, dist. and 
 4.J m. ESE. San Sebastian, 7^ m. from the French frontier. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Renton, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Norfolk co. , 34^ m. SW. by 
 S.Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Renton, tn. , Scot. , Dumbartonshire, on the riv. Leven and 
 N. B. R. , 2 m. NNW. Dumbarton. The population is actively 
 engaged in calico and bleaching establishments. Smollett was 
 born here in 1721. P. 5300. 
 
 Renton, coal-mining vil., U.S., Washington, King co., 45 
 m. NE. Olympia. P. <i500. 
 
 Renty, vil., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. and 15 ni. SW. 
 St. Omer ; scene of the victory of Henry II, over the Emperor 
 Charles V., 1554. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Renville, co., U.S., Minnesota, N. of 44° N., and crossed 
 by 95° W. , bounded on the S. by the Minnesota R. 
 
 RenTllle, co., U.S., N. Dakota, on the N. frontier, between 
 101° and 102° W. 
 
 Renvyle, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Letterfrack (co. Galway), 45 
 m. from Galway stn. 
 
 Renvyle (or Rlnvyle) Point, cape, Ire., on NW. ct. of co. 
 Galway, opposite Inishbofin I. 
 
 Renwez, tn., France, dep. Ardennes, arr. M^zieres, 7 m. 
 SE. by S. Rocroi. P. < 2000. 
 
 Renwick, par., Eng., Cumberland, div. and 9^ m. NE. by 
 N. Penrith, 4 m. NE. by E. Lazonby stn.; 4299 ac. P. <2So. 
 
 Renwlck, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Marlborough co. , 
 7 m. W. Blenheim. P. < 1500. 
 
 Reocln, tn. , Spain, Old Castille, prov. and 15^ m. SW. San- 
 tander. P. < 3000. 
 
 R^ole, La, tn., France, dep. Gironde, on the r. bk. of the 
 Garonne, cap. arr. La R. , 31 m. SE. by E. Bordeaux. P. <4000. 
 
 Reoti, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Ballia, 60 m. WNW. 
 Patna. P. 8500 ; Hindus, 7600 ; Moham. 900. 
 
 Reotipnr, tn. , Brit. India, N W. Provs. , dist. Ghizipur. 45 
 m. ENE. Benares. R. is a purely agricultural village. P. 
 11,000; Hindus, 10,400. 
 
 Repcze, riv., Hungary. See Rabnitz. 
 
 Repelen, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Mors, 18 m. W. 
 by N. Essen. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Repentie, La, small port, France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, 
 4 m. WNW. La Rochelle, is a point of departure for the isl. 
 of R6. 
 
 Repentigny, vil. , Canada, Quebec, L" Assomption co. , 17 m. 
 NE. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Reppen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Weststern- 
 berg, 13 m. E. Frankfurt-on-Oder. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Repps with Bastwick, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 9 m. 
 NW. Yarmouth, ij m. S. Potter Heigham stn., P.O. (Xorth- 
 repps), and PM.O. (Southrepps). P. <5oo. 
 
 Reps (German, in Hungarian Kohaloni), comm., Hungary, 
 CO. Nagy KukuUo, 32 m. NW. by N. Kronstadt ; health resort. 
 P. <3000. 
 
R E P T 
 
 R EU N 
 
 Repten, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and 23 m. SW. 
 Tarnowitz ; iron and calamine ore mined here. P. <20oo. 
 
 Reptoii, par. and vil., Eng. , Derbyshire, S. div. , on the r. 
 bk. of the Trent, 4 m. NE. by E. Burton, with a stn. (K. and 
 >VllIiiiKtou) on the M. R. and L. & NW. R. ; has a grammar- 
 school, founded 1556. PMT.O. 4042 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Republic, CO., U.S., Kansas, on the N. frontier, E. of 
 98° W. 
 
 Republic, vil., U.S., Michigan, on Michigamie R., co. and 
 35 m. by rail SW. Marquette. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Republic, vil., U.S., Ohio, Seneca co. , 45 m. SE. by S. 
 Toledo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Republican, riv. , U.S., rises by several branches in the E. 
 of Colorado, flows NW. through Kansas into Nebraska, re- 
 enters Kansas in NW. of Republic co. , and flows SE. to the 
 Kansas R. near Junction City, Clay co. Length about 500 m. 
 
 Requefta, comm. , Spain, prov. and 37 m. W. Valencia ; 
 manufactures taffetas and velvets ; 6 m. to the S. are saline 
 mineral springs. P. 14,500. 
 
 Rerrlck, or Rerwlck, par. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, 5| m. 
 ESE. Kirkcudbright; 19,980 ac. P. <2oco. 
 
 Rei^aaba, walled tn. , Arabia, Yemen, SW. of Sana. 
 
 Reschensclielrteck Pass. See Alps, Passes, IV. (i). 
 
 Rescliltza, tn. , Hungary. See Reslcza. 
 
 Rescoble, par., Scot., Forfarshire, on the N. shore of R. 
 Loch, 3^ m. E. by N. Forfar; 6559 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Resen, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. Trnova. P. < 3000. 
 
 Resen, tn. , Turkey. See Rezen. 
 
 Reshlat, tn., E. Africa, N. shore Lake Rudolf. 
 
 Reslit, or Rasbt, tn. , Persia, Gilan, 76 m. N. by W. Kazvin, 
 14 m. SE. of its port of Enzelli on the Caspian Sea. The town 
 is situated in an unhealthy morass ; the houses have tiled roofs, 
 and there are numerous gardens. R. is the market for raw 
 silk and cocoons. The port is 20 m. NW. the town before the 
 bar at Enzelli. Imported goods, consisting chiefly of sugar, 
 textiles, crockery, and naphtha, from Baku, and manufactured 
 articles, nearly all of Russian origin, are brought by boat. 
 Annual value, J to | million sterling. The exports to Russia 
 consist principally of rice, textiles, fruits, tobacco, cotton, wood, 
 and dyes, and valued at approximately J million sterling. 
 In addition there is a transit trade between R. and the interior 
 of Persia exceeding f million annually, in which Russia shares 
 to the extent of about ^ million sterling. Estimated by Fraser 
 in 1822 to have a population of 60-80,000, but almost depopu- 
 lated by the Plague in 1830-31. P. now estimated at 25-30,000 
 (Curzon). 
 
 Reslcza (in Ger. spelling Reschltza), in full Reslczabaiiya, 
 tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. Krass6-Szoreny, 45 m. SE. 
 Temesvar ; coal mined. P. 10,200. 
 
 Reslna (ancient Retina, port of Herculaneum), tn. , Italy, 
 Campania, prov. and a,\ m. SE. Naples, at the W. foot of 
 Vesuvius, on the Bay of Naples ; the Lachryma Christi wine 
 is made here. Tn. P. 12,000. 
 
 Resiii^r, or Stiidterdorf, comm. , Hungary, co. Szeben, 10 
 m. SSW. Hermannstadt ; seat of a bishop. P. 5200. 
 
 Reslstencla, colony, Argentine Republic, terr. of the Chaco, 
 near the r. bk. of the riv. Parang, 20 m. W. Corrientes. P. 3000. 
 
 Resolis, or Klrkmlchael, par., Scot., Cromartyshire, 7 m. 
 W. by S. Cromarty, and 2^ m. SW. by S. Invergordon stn.; 
 12,449 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Resolution, isl. , Arctic Ocean, off the SE. point of Baffin's 
 Land, bounds Hudson's Bay on the N. Area, 975 sq. m. 
 
 Resolution, isl. , Pacific. See Ta were. 
 
 Resolven, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div., 6 m. NE. 
 by E. Neath, on the G. W. R.; coal mined. PMT.O. 4671 ac. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Respenda «le la Peiia, comm., Spain, Old Castille, prov. 
 and 53 m. NNW. Palencia. P. <4O0o. 
 
 Ressalx, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Thuin, 11 m. 
 W. by N. Charleroi. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ressontols, dist., France, in the old prov. Picardy, now 
 included in dep. Oise. 
 
 Restalrlg (res'al-rig), decayed vil., Scot., Midlothian, \\ m. 
 EXE. Edinburgh, on the N. of Piershill stn. 
 
 Restauraclon, vil. , Argentine Republic. See Paso tie los 
 Llbres. 
 
 Restelitsa, tn. , Turkey in Europe, Macedonia, vilayet 
 Monastir, 23 m. SSW. Prizren. P. 3000. 
 
 Restlgonclie, riv., Canada, New Brunswick, in the NW., 
 flows NE. then N. to the frontier of Quebec, then E. along the 
 frontier into the head of Chaleur Bay. 
 
 Restlgouche, co. , Canada, in the N W. of New Brunswick. 
 Reston, vil., Scot., Berwickshire, on Eye Water, 5 m. SSW. 
 St. Abb's Head, with a stn. (R. Junction) on the N. B. R. (stn. 
 for Coldingham and St. Abb's), PM.O. 
 
 Reston, North and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., the former 4 m. SE. Louth, 
 2 m. ESE. Legbourne Road stn. P. (of each)<:25o. 
 
 Restoration Island, Queensland, off the E. ct. of Cape 
 York, inside the Great Barrier Reef. 
 1281 
 
 Resuttano, comm., Sicily, prov. and 13 m. N. Caltanissetta. 
 P. <5oco. 
 Retalliuleu, tn., Central America, state of and 80 m. W. 
 
 Guatemala, cap. dep. R. P. < 5000. 
 
 Retford, East, mun. bor. (by prescription), par., and market- 
 tn., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 21 m. NNW. 
 Newark, in the diocese of Southwell, on the Idle, with conjoint 
 stn. (Retford) on G. N. R. and M. S. & L. R. Manufac- 
 tures paper and indiarubber ; has iron foundries, and some 
 trade in hops. There is a handsome market-place and town- 
 hall. R. was a pari. bor. till 1885 ; there are five fairs. Market- 
 days, M. and S. Alt. 50 ft. Mean annual rfall. (1866-80), 
 23.77 in. Mun. bor. P. 10,600 ; it includes the civil pars, of 
 East R. P. <35oo; West R. P. <iooo; Ordsall, P. <:4ooo ; 
 and North R. P. <25oo. 
 
 Rethel, the ancient Castrum Retertum, or Retectum, comm., 
 France, dep. Ardennes, on the Aisne, cap. arr. and 24 m. NE. 
 Reims. Manufactures merinoes, flannels, and agricultural im- 
 plements. Here Plessis-Praslin overcame Turenne and the 
 Spanish forces combined against Mazarin, 1650. P. 6700. 
 
 Rethra-hythe, Eng. , Surrey. See Redrlff. 
 
 Rethymnon, tn. , Crete. See Retlmo. 
 
 Retl, vil. with rly. stn., Brit. India, Sind, dist. Shikarpur, 85 
 m. E. by S. Jacobdbad. 
 
 Retlers, tn., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, arr. Vitr6, 20 m. SE. 
 Rennes. P. < 2000. 
 
 Retlmo, in Greek Rethymnon (rethimno), the ancient 
 Rhithymna, seapt., Turkey, on the N. ct. of the isl. of Crete, 
 38 m. W. Candia, in 24° 29' E. ; the citadel is in ruins, and the 
 port is full of sandbanks. P. 9100 (Cuinet). 
 
 Retina, tn. , Italy. See Reslna. 
 
 Retlro, vil. , Colombia, dep. Antioquia, 12J m. SSE. Medellin ; 
 salt is mined here. P. (with dist. ) 5700. 
 
 Retournac, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Loire, arr. and 6 m. 
 NW. Yssingeaux, on the Loire ; basaltic stone is quarried 
 here ; mineral spring. P. < 2000. 
 
 Retournenier, lake, France, dep. Vosges, arr. and 16 m. S. 
 St. Di6 ; communicates with Lake Longemer by the riv. Vologne, 
 trib. of the Moselle. 
 
 Retreat Creek, gold-mining locality, Queensland, on the E. 
 side of Cape York Penin. , in about 13° S. 
 
 Rettendon, par., Eng., Essex, Chelmsford div., 8^ m. SW. 
 Maldon, close to Battlesbridge stn., P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Return Creek, mining tp., Queensland. See Coolgarra. 
 
 Retz, vil., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. and 10 m. NE. 
 Boulogne ; has coal-mines at Fiennes, also marble quarries and 
 phosphates. P. <2ooo ; comm. P. <300o. 
 
 Retz, or Rals, former dist., France, which comprised that 
 part of Brittany S. of the Loire. 
 
 Retz, vil. , Lower Austria, circle OberhoUabrunn, 45 m. NW. 
 by N. Vienna. P. <20oo. 
 
 Retzbach, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 on the r. bk. of the Main, 9 m. NW. by N. Wiirzburg. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Reuben Point, E. Africa. See Delagoa Bay. 
 
 Reudnltz, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and SE. suburb 
 Leipzig. P. 18,800. 
 
 Reuland, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Malmedy, 41 m. S. 
 Aix-la-Chapelle. P. (comm. )<;300o. 
 
 Reunion, or Bourbon, a French isl. in the Mascarene group, 
 Indian Ocean, in 20° 51' S. , 55° 30' E., 485 m. E. Madagascar. 
 The island, of volcanic origin, is divided by a chain of moun- 
 tains and a tableland into two portions, E. and W. , differing in 
 formation, climate, and productions. Highest point Piton des 
 Neiges, alt. 10,070 ft., surrounded by extinct craters or cones. 
 The E. side, the centre of volcanic activity, contains Piton de 
 la Fournaise, alt. 8600 ft., surrounded by the desolate region of 
 the Grand Brfll^. Both slopes of the island abound in ravines, 
 most of which are traversed by torrents. The climate is agree- 
 able, varying according to altitude, but very hot on the coast. 
 The bloody flux and a typhoid fever attack every European 
 after a residence of four or five years on the island. The 
 island is exposed to SE. winds. Annual rainfall at St. Benoit 
 (E. side), 162.4 in. ; at St. Paul (W. side), 27.6 in. ; and 
 at St. Denis, 49.1 in. Terrific hurricanes sometimes occur. 
 Principal industries, the manufacture of sugar and rum, and 
 ship's carpentering. The products are sugar, coffee, maize, rice, 
 tobacco, vanilla, cacao, spices, food-stuffs, essences. Principal 
 exports, sugar, rum, vanilla, coffee, _^6oo, 000-700, 000. Imports, 
 wheat, wine, flour, fish, spirits, machinery, and manufactured 
 goods, ;/^8oo,ooo- 900,000 annually. The chief towns are St. 
 Denis (the cap.), St. Paul, St. Pierre, St. Louis, St. Joseph, and 
 St. Benoit. A fine road goes round the island, and there is a 
 railway of ■j'j m. following the coast-line on the NE. from St. 
 Benoit to St. Pierre. The best port is situated at Pointe des 
 Galets, on the W. ct., near St. Pierre; it covers 41 ac, has more 
 than half-a-dozen wharves, and can accommodate vessels up to 
 4000 tons. There are also a patent slip and machine-shops. R. 
 was discovered by the Portuguese Mascarenhas early in the i6th 
 century, and was originally called after him. In 1649 the French. 
 
 4 M 
 
REUS 
 
 R EZZ 
 
 took possession of the island and called it Bourbon, exchanged 
 finally in 1848 for its present title. It was occupied by the 
 English in 1810, and restored to France in 1814. Length, 44 
 in. by 32 m. broad ; area, 970 sq. m. Mean temp, of St. Denis, 
 Jan. 79.7° F., July 71.8°. P. (1888) 162,000; (1892) 171,700, the 
 greater part of French nationality, but there are 23,000 Hindus, 
 and 16,000 Africans and natives of Madagascar. 
 
 Reus, comm. , Spain, prov. and 10 m. WN W. Tarragona ; 
 manufactures soap, morocco leather goods, wines, and has cotton 
 and silk spinning, and cooperage. Birthplace of General Prim, 
 and Fortuny, the painter. P. 28,800. 
 
 Rense, or Arense, riv. , Switzd. , rises in the Jura Mts. , neai- 
 St. Sulpice, flows through the lovely valley of Travers to Lake 
 Neuchatel, near Boudry. Length, 25 m. 
 
 Reuss, two princips. , Ger. , belonging to the Thuringian 
 states, both composed of isolated sections, and both having 
 sections in the SW. traversed by the Saale, and sections in 
 the E. and NE. traversed by the Elster ; the larger princi- 
 pality (younger line ; cap. Gera in the north-easternmost section 
 on the Elster) little more than the size of the isl. of Anglesey, 
 the smaller (elder line ; cap. Greiz, also on the Elster) little 
 more than one-third of that size. See Tbnrlugiaii States and 
 derman Empire, table. 
 
 Renss, riv., Switzd., r. bk. trib. of the Aar, has its source 
 in cant. Uri, by the junction of four torrents, and flows generally 
 N. through the gorge of the Devil's Bridge and the valley of 
 Goschenen, and near Altdorf enters Lake Lucerne, which it 
 leaves in the NW. at the town of Lucerne, and continuing N. 
 flows on to the Aar, which it joins in the middle of canton 
 Aargau, about 15 m. S. of the confluence of the Aar with the 
 Rhine. Total length, 80 m. ; including Lake Lucerne, 100 m. 
 Area of basin, 1320 sq. m. 
 
 Reussendorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and 13 m. E. 
 Waldenburg ; coal is mined here. P. <4000. 
 
 Reut, Teutonic, ' a place where the wood has been cut down 
 and cleared for tillage.' See Rade. 
 
 Reatltngeu, city, Ger., kgd. Wiirtemburg, Black Forest 
 circle, 7^ m. ESE. Tiibingen, in a picturesque and fertile dist. 
 Technical school for spinning and weaving ; manufactures of 
 cloth, lace, &c. Made an imperial free city in 1240. Alt. 1250 
 ft. P. (1818) 9000; (1890) 18,400. 
 
 Reva-lIJfaln, comm., Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. Pancsova. 
 P. 7400. 
 
 Rerdauda (census), tn. , Brit. India. See Rewadauda. 
 
 Revdluskly, iron-works, Russia, govt. Perm', 25 m. W. by S. 
 Ekaterinburg, near Chusovaya R. P. 9920. 
 
 Revel, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Garonne, arr. Villefranche, 
 16 m. SW. by W. Castres, 2 m. to the SE. is the basin of St. 
 Ferr6ol, which supplies the Canal du Midi. Alt. 1120 ft. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 BeTel, or Reval (Esthonian Talllna), fortified seapt. and dist. 
 tn. , Russia, govt. Esthonia, on a small bay on S. side of Gulf of 
 Finland, 249 m. by rail WSW. St. Petersburg, 59° 26' N., 24° 
 45' E. , annexed to Russia in 1710; one of the chief ports of 
 the Baltic for export of corn, flax, hemp, &c. , visited by about 
 600 vessels ; bathing-place. Mean rfall. (30 yrs. ), yr. 19.7 in., 
 June-Nov. 13 in. P. 52,650. 
 
 RevelganJ, tn. , India. See GodnA. 
 
 R«Tello, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, 5^ m. W. by N. 
 Saluzzo. P. < 2000. 
 
 Revelstol£e,stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. P. R. , 
 1 103 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 379 m. from Vancouver. 
 
 Revelstoke, par., Eng. , Devonshire, Totnes div. , on the 
 coast, 7^ m. SE. Plymouth. P. <5oo. 
 
 Revere, comm., Italy, Lombardy, on the r. bk. of the Po, 
 prov. and 18 m. ESE. Mantua. P. <40oo. 
 
 Revere, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Suffolk co. , 5 m. NE. 
 Boston ; holiday resort. P. 5700. 
 
 Revenuont, former dist. of France, in Burgundy, now in 
 dep. Ain. 
 
 Revesby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsay div., iiA m. 
 N. Boston, 6 m. SSE. Horncastle stn. , PM.O. ; 4462 ac. P. < 
 750; eccles. par. (R. -with ]IIoorbou8es)<: 500. 
 
 Reveset, former dist. of France, now included in dep. Basses- 
 Pyr^ntes. 
 
 Revlgny,-tn., France, dep. Meuse, on the Ornain, arr. and 
 9 m. NW. by W. Bar-le-Duc. P. <20oo. 
 
 Revllla eigedo (revil'ya hi-he'do), isl. , U.S. , Alaska, between 
 55° and 56° N., in 131° W. Length, 50 m. ; breadth, 25 m. 
 
 Revllla Cilgedo, group of isls.. Pacific, oft" W. ct. of Mexico, 
 between 18° 20' and 19° 20' N. , and 111° and 115° W. , the largest 
 being Socorro in the E. , the others San Benedicto (N. of Socorro), 
 Roca Partida, and Santa Rosa or Clarion (the furthest W.). 
 Politically they belong to the Mexican state of Colima. 
 
 Revlllo, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Grant co. , 153 m. 
 NNE. Yankton. 
 
 Revin, tn., France, dep. Ardennes, arr. Rocroi, 4J m. 
 SSW. Fumay, on r. bk. of the Meuse ; has iron-founding. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Revolver Point, or Ecbo Town, an abandoned mining dist., 
 1282 
 
 Queenstown, Cook co., about 5 m. from Maytown by road and 
 rail, in 15° 59' S. , and 144° 16' E. 
 
 Revue, riv., SE. Africa, flows E. past Massi-Kessi, Manika- 
 land, and then SE. and probably enters the Bosi. 
 
 Rewa, or Rewa>ReM'a ('great river '), riv. , Fiji Is. , Viti Levu 
 I. , flows E. then SE. , and enters the sea by five branches, which 
 form a delta of 75 sq. m. ; navigable for 72 m. Area of basin, 
 about 1000 sq. m. See Scot. Geog. Mag., 1891, p. 434, with 
 map. 
 
 Reiiva, tn., Fiji Is., in SE. of Viti Levu, at the head of an 
 island which divides the two main arms of the Rewa R. 
 
 Rew&, or Rewab (census), tn., Central India, R. state, 73 
 m. SSW. Allahabad. P. 23,600; Hindus, 18,300; Moham. 
 4900. 
 
 Rewadanda, or Revdauda (census), tn. and port, Brit. 
 India, Bombay, dist. Kolaba, on the W. ct., 29 m. S. by E. 
 Bombay. The harbour at the mouth of the Kondalika R. is 
 safe, and is 7 fathoms deep ; the bar has two fathoms at low 
 water in spring tides R. was the last Portuguese possession 
 in the Konkan. P. 5900; Hindus, 5100. 
 
 Rewalwal, Wawltao, or Hlgb Island, isl. , Pacific, Tubuai 
 group, in about 23° 40' S. , 147° 45' W. 
 
 Re>v4rl, or Rlw&ri (census), well-built tn., Brit. India, Pun- 
 jab, dist. Gurgaon, 48 m. SW. by W. Delhi, at the junction 
 of R.-Firozpur and Rajputana-Malwa Rlys. Since the opening 
 of the railway, R. has an enormous trade in grain with distant 
 parts, and sugar is exported W. Large quantities of iron are 
 imported from Alwar for manufacturing purposes. P. 27,900 ; 
 Hindus, 16,400; Moham. 10,700. 
 
 Rewe, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div., on the Culme, 
 4^ m. NNE. Exeter, close to Stoke Canon stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Rey, Rio del, riv. , or rather estuary, on W. ct. of Africa, trib. 
 of the Gulf of Guinea, to the W. of Kamerun, united by a network 
 of canals to the estuary of Cross R. on the W. See Kaiuernn. 
 
 Reybeval, comm. , Algeria. See Rebeval. 
 
 Reydon, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 10 m. SSW. Lowestoft, 
 xh, m. NNW. Southwold stn. , P.O. P. <:25o. See >Vaugford. 
 
 Reyes, vil., Bolivia, dep. El Beni, 155 m. N. by E. La Paz. 
 
 Reyes, or Valle de San Francisco, tn. , Mexico, state and 
 25 m. S. San Luis Potosi. P. (comm. ) 18,900. 
 
 Reyes, tn., Spain. See Caldas de Reyes. 
 
 Reyes, Point, cape, U.S., California, 40 m. NW. by W. San 
 Francisco, in 37° 57' N. , with lighthouse visible 24 m. Mean 
 rfall., yr. 20.5 in., June-Sept. 0.46 in. 
 
 Reykjaniis, penin. , forming the SW. angle of Iceland. 
 Length, 40 m. 
 
 Reykjavik, Iceland. See Relkjavlk. 
 
 Reynierston, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 14 m. W. 
 Norwich, 5 m. S. by E. East Dereham, ij m. SW. Thuxton 
 stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Reynagb, par.. Ire., King's co. , bar. Garrycastle, contains 
 Banagher town ; 8747 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Reynella, tn. , S. .Australia, co. and 13^ m. S. Adelaide by 
 road and rail, in 35° 7' S. and 138° 35' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Reynolds, co. , U.S., Missouri, in the SE., to the N. of 37° 
 N. , and crossed by 91° W. 
 
 Reynoldston, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., ix\ 
 m. W. by S. Swansea, PMT.O. (Reynoldstone). P. <50o. 
 
 Reynoldston, par., Wales, co. and 8| m. NE. by E. 
 Pembroke, 2| m. NW. by W. Kilgetty and Begelly stn. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Reynoldsvllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Jefferson co., 74 
 m. NE. by E. Allegheny. P. <3000. 
 
 Reynoldton, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny co. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Reynosa, comm., Mexico, Tamaulipas, 130 m. E. by N. 
 Monterey. P. <:4000. 
 
 Reyrlenx, tn., France, dep. Ain, 12 m. N. Lyons, arr. and 
 2^ m. ESE. Tr^voux ; has ferruginous and sulphur springs, 
 probably known to the Romans. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rezat, riv. , Ger. , Bavaria, formed by the union of the Fran- 
 conian R., which flows SE. past Ansbach, and the Swabian R., 
 which flows NNE. After the union it flows N. , and at Fiirth 
 unites with the Pegnitz to form the Regnitz ; not navigable. 
 
 Rez^, tn., France, dep. Loire- Inf^rieure, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Loire, arr. and 2 m. SSW. Nantes. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Rczekat, vil. , Egypt. See Rlskat. 
 
 Rezen, Rezna, or Reznla, tn., Turkey in Europe, vilayet, 
 sanjak, and 18 m. W. by N. Monastir, in the plain N. of Lake 
 Prespa. Alt. 2830 ft. P. 5200, mainly Christians, three-fifths 
 Servians (G. ). 
 
 Rezende, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, state and 87 m. WNW. 
 Rio de Janeiro. P. 15,700. 
 
 Rezemle, tn., Portugal, dist. Vizeu, 35 m. E. by S. Oporto, 
 and near 1. bk. of Douro. P. <4000. 
 
 Rezhevskly, iron-works, Russia, govt. Perm, 50 m. NE. 
 Ekaterinburg. P. 5000. 
 
 Rezna, or Reznla, tn. , Turkey in Europje. See Rezen. 
 
 Rezzato, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 5^ m. E. by S, 
 Brescia. P. <2,ooo. 
 
R G O T — R H I N 
 
 Kgotliia, tn., Servia, prov. and circle Crna Rjeka, 7^ m. 
 NNW. Zaicar (Zajecar), 29 m. W. Vidin ; beds of chalcedony. 
 P. <:30oo. 
 
 Kb. For Arabic names beginning with this combination, see 
 also under eh. See also Introduction under Orthography. 
 
 Rliadames, oasis, Tripoli. See Gliad&nies. 
 
 Kbades, vil. Tunis. See Knd^s. 
 
 RhcBtia. See Tirol. 
 
 Kha'tlan (or Khsctlkou) Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions, 
 II. A. 3. 
 
 RhagcB, or Rhages, ruins, Persia. See lllie and Teheran. 
 
 Rhardala, Algerian Sahara. See Gliardala. 
 
 Rhar-el-DIela, tn. , Tunis. See Ghar-el>9Iela. 
 
 Rharsa, or Gharsa, shot or saline depression, Tunis, to the 
 E. of the Shot Melrhirh, N. of 34° N. , crossed by 8° E. ; 65-70 ft. 
 below the level of the Mediterranean. 
 
 Rhd.sal, tn., Algeria. See Rassnl. 
 
 Rhat, oasis, central Sahara. See Ghat. 
 
 Rhayader Gwy (Rhaidr-Gwy, 'the cataract on the Wye'), 
 par. and market-tn. , Wales, Radnorshire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Wye, 16 m. W. by N. New Radnor, with a stn. (Rhayader) on 
 the Cambrian Rly. Market-day, W. P. < 1000. 
 
 Rhiizttns, or Razen, comm. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 7 m. 
 SW. by W. Chur, on the 1. bk. of the Hinter-Rhine. P. <3000. 
 
 Rh^, Ral, or Shah Abdnl Azlm, ancient Rhagcc, or Rhages, 
 ruins, Persia, 6 m. S. Teheran, was for many centuries the cap. 
 of Persia. At the SW. angle of the enclosure, more than 20 
 m. in circuit, is the tomb of Shah Abdul Azim, much frequented 
 by pilgrims. R. was the birthplace of the Caliph Harun-ar- 
 Rashid ; it was destroyed by the Mongols about the middle of 
 the 13th century, and the inhabitants removed to Teheran, then 
 a growing town, a suburb of R. 
 
 Rhea Springs, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Rhea co. , 2 m. from 
 Spring City, 50 m. N. Chattanooga ; has sulphur springs. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 Rheda, riv. , Prussia, in NW. of prov. W. Prussia, flows E. into 
 Putziger Wiek of Danzig Bay, to N W. of Danzig ; not navigable. 
 
 Rheda, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle Neustadt, 21 
 m. NW. by N. Danzig. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rheda, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Wiedenbriick, 
 31 m. SSE. Osnabriick. P. <30oo. 
 
 Rheden, comm., Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, 5J m. 
 ENE. Arnhem. P. 14,000. 
 
 Rhee, riv. , Eng. See Cam. 
 
 Rhegium Julii and Rhegium Lepidi, tns. , Italy. See Regglo. 
 
 Rhelderland, dist. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, in the W. , 
 between the rivs. Ems and the Dollart. 
 
 Rheldol, riv., Wales, Cardiganshire, flows S. then W. into 
 Cardigan Bay at Aberystwith. 
 
 Rhelms, city, France. See Reims. 
 
 Rheln, riv. See Rhine. 
 
 Rheln, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, dist. Gumbinnen, 68 
 m. SE. by S. Konigsberg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Rhelnbach, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., 11 m. SW. Bonn, 
 circle R. P. <3000. 
 
 ' Rhelnherg, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Mors, 23 m. 
 NNW. Diisseldorf, 14 m. N. Krefeld ; was formerly a strong 
 fortress. P. < 3000. 
 
 Rlielnbrohl, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 7^ m. 
 NW. Neuwied, on the r. bk. of the Rhine. P. < 3000. 
 
 Rheludahlen, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Gladbach, 
 18 m. WSW. Diisseldorf. P. (comm. ) 6300. 
 
 Rhelne, tn. , Prussia, in the NW. of prov. Westphalia, circle 
 Steinfurt, 23 m. NNW. Miinster ; has cotton and jute factories, 
 iron, machinery, and salt works. P. 6900. 
 
 Rhelneek, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Ahrweiler, on the 
 1. bk. of the Rhine, 19 m. SE. by S. Bonn. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rhelnegg, comm. , Switzd. , cant, and 10 m. ENE. St. Gall, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Rhine. P. <2cioo. 
 
 Rhelnfeld, vil., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle Carthaus, 
 10 m. WSW. Danzig. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rhelnfelden, comm. , Switzd. , cant. Aargau, on the Rhine, 
 9 m. E. Basel ; saline baths in the neighbourhood. R. was one 
 of the four fortified towns of Austrian Brisgau ; its fortifications 
 were destroyed by the French, 1644. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Rhelngan, circle, Prussia, in SW. of prov. Hesse-Nassau, 
 bounded S. and W. by the Rhine ; contains some of the best 
 vineyards of the Taunus ; cap. Riidesheim. 
 
 Rheliigonnhelm, vil. , Ger. , Bavaria, Palatinate of the Rhine, 
 9! m. N. Speier (Spires). P. <3ooo. 
 
 'Rhelnkopf, summit of the Vosges Mts., Ger. , Upper Alsace, 
 7^ m. WSW. Miinster. Alt. 4330 ft. 
 
 Khelii-Marnekanal. See Marne-Rhlne Canal. 
 
 Kheinsherg, or Rhelnsberg In der Mark, tn. , Prussia, prov. 
 Brandenburg, circle Ruppin, 40 m. NNW. Spandau. P. <30oo. 
 
 KbelnM-aldhorn. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 3. 
 
 Kbelnivaldthal, valley, Switzd. , cant. Grisons, traversed by 
 the lower Rhine. Length about 20 m. 
 
 Rliemes, Val de, Alpine val. , Italy, NW. Piedmont, opening 
 from SW. into valley of the Dora Ballea, a few miles above Aosta. 
 
 Rhenela, isl. , Greece. See DClos. 
 
 Rhenen, comm., Holland, prov. Utrecht, on the lower Rhine, 
 
 15 m. W. Arnhem. P. 5100. 
 
 Rhenoster Poort, pass, S. -African Republic, on the road 
 from Pietersburg to the Zoutpansberg goldfields, in 23° 40' S. , 
 29" 33' E. 
 
 Rhens, market-vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and s| m. 
 S. Koblenz. It formerly lay near the meeting-place of the terrs. 
 of the electors of Mainz (Mayence), Cologne, and Trier (Treves), 
 and the Elector Palatine, and hence was chosen as the place of 
 meeting of the seven Electors for the nomination of the emperor. 
 In 1376 the Koniggstuhl, or King's Chair, a small pulpit-like 
 structure, was built for their meetings on the banks of the Rhine, 
 about \ m. from the town, by the Emperor Charles IV. This was 
 destroyed by the French in 1794, but restored in 1843. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rhenus, x\v.,QsQX. See Rhine. 
 
 Rheola (formerly Berlin), postal-tp. , Victoria, Gladstone co. , 
 4 m. S. Kingower, and 143 m. NW. Melbourne by road and rail, 
 in 36° 37' S. and 143° 56' E. ; has gold-mines. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Rtaesycae, eccles. par. , Wales, Flintshire, 3J m. S. Holywell, 
 2 m. ENE. Nannerch stn., P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Rhewl, stn., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., on the L. & 
 NW. R., 4^ m. SE. Denbigh, P.O. 
 
 Rheydt, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Miinchen-Gladbach, 
 
 16 m. W. by S. Diisseldorf; has important cotton and other 
 textile manufactures. P. 16,300. 
 
 Rlilar, or Ghlar, vil. , Algeria, 170 m. SE. Tlemsen. 
 
 Rhlgate, tn. , Eng. See Relgate. 
 
 Rliigos, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, dist. and 10 m. SW. 
 Merthyr-Tydfil ; 5582 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Rhlloehan, P.O., Scot., Sutherlandshire, Rogart par. 
 
 Rhln, Bas and Haut, former deps. of France, now included 
 in German Alsace. 
 
 Rhine, German Rheln, French Rhln, Latin Rhenus, one 
 of the largest European rivers, and the most important river 
 of Germany. Its principal headstream, known as the Vorder- 
 Rhein, is formed at an alt. of 7660 ft., in the central Alps of 
 Switzerland, on the N. slopes of Mount St. Gothard, and flows 
 thence NE., enlarged by several alpine streams, as far as Chur 
 (Coire), a short distance above which it receives on the right its 
 other chief headstream, known as the Hinter-Rhein, which rises 
 on the Rheinwaldhorn, in the SW. of the Grisons, and flows 
 first NE. then N. through the Schams and Domleschg valleys. 
 At Chur the river takes a northerly direction, flowing between 
 Switzerland and Austria, passes through Lake Constance, and 
 flows W. between Switzerland and Baden, leaping down the 
 falls of Schaffhausen and piercing the Jura Mts. At Basel, 260 m. 
 from the source, the river turns again N. , separates Baden from 
 Alsace and the Bavarian Palatinate, skirts the Taunus range, 
 cuts through the Schiefergebirge, bends NW. across the prov. 
 of Rhenish Prussia, turns to the W. as it enters Holland, and at 
 the same time begins to send off the numerous arms of its delta, 
 all of which eventually enter the North Sea. The head feeders 
 descend each 5000-6000 ft. in less than the 30 m. of their length. 
 By the time it reaches Lake Constance (45 m. from Chur) the 
 river has come down to 1300 ft. above sea-level. The valley 
 from Basel (alt. 740 ft. ) northwards is wide and level, and shut 
 in on the E. by the Black Forest, on the W. by the Vosges. 
 The river-bed is diversified by several small islands, and divides 
 into several lateral channels. But the main current is carefully 
 controlled by works carried out between 1818 and 1872, and so 
 made serviceable for navigation from Basel downwards. The 
 stretch from Bingen, where the river cleaves its way through the 
 Taunus range, up to Bonn, where it enters the lowlands, is the 
 Rhine of romance and song, vineyards, castles, picturesque crags, 
 and interesting legends claiming the attention at every turn of 
 the winding waters. Numerous towns of historic and commercial 
 importance stand on the banks of the R. or stud its valley, for 
 this has for ages been one of the principal routes between the S. 
 and the N. of Europe. Above Basel lie the towns of Constance 
 (Baden) and Schaffhausen (Switzd.); below that city are Brei- 
 sach, Strassburg, Germersheim, Spires, Mannheim, and Ludwigs- 
 hafen. Worms, Mainz (where steamboat navigation commences), 
 Bingen, Koblenz, Bonn, Cologne, Diisseldorf, Duisburg, Nij- 
 megen, Dordrecht, Rotterdam. Its chief affluents are, on the 
 r. bk. , the Inn, Wutach, Kinzig, Murg, Neckar, Main, Lahn, 
 Sieg, Wupper, Ruhr, and Lippe ; on the 1. bk. , the Thur, Aar, 
 111, Nahe, and Mosel. Immediately after entering Holland the 
 R. sends off the IJssel to the Zuider Zee, and later the Kromme 
 Rijn, whilst itself it enters the North Sea a few miles NW. of 
 Leiden. But for the purposes of navigation by far the most 
 important of the delta arms are the Lek and the Waal, which 
 anastomose with the estuaries of the Maas. Length of river 
 810 m., of which 550 m. (from Basel) are navigable; area of 
 basin, 86,600 sq. m. During the greater part of its history the 
 shipping in the river was hampered by the vexatious tolls levied 
 by the petty princes on its banks ; but in 1803 all imposts of 
 this character were abolished in Germany, and in Holland in 
 1831. Since 1869 the R. has been free to all nations. Steamers 
 of considerable burden ascend as high as Mannheim (mouth of 
 
 1283 
 
RHIN — RHOD 
 
 Neckar), and direct communication has been maintained at times 
 between London and Cologne. The R. is connected by canals 
 with the Danube, Rhone, Marne, and Zuider Zee. See Mease. 
 
 Rhine aud Rhone Canal, constructed in 1783-1834, between 
 the 111 near Strassburg and the Sadne, the principal affluent of the 
 Rhone. Its highest point lies 676 ft. above the 111 and 568 ft. 
 above the Sa6ne, and it descends to the former by 87 and to the 
 latter by 70 sluices. Length, 217 m. ; depth, 6. 16 ft. 
 
 Rhlnebeck, manufacturing vil. and shipping point, U.S., 
 New York, Dutchess co., 13 m. N. Poughkeepsie. P. <:20oo. 
 
 RhlneclUr, vil, U.S., New York, Dutchess co., on the 1. bk. 
 of Hudson R. , 14 m. N. Poughkeepsie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rhluefleld, par., Eng. , Hampshire, New Forest div. , 11^ 
 m. WSW. Southampton, 2^ m. NW. by W. Brockenhurst stn. ; 
 7360 ac. P. < 250. 
 
 Rhlnelander, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Oneida co. , 103 m. 
 NNW. Green Bay (city). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rhine Province, the most westerly prov. of Prussia, traversed 
 by the Rhine, and bounded E. by the provs. of Westphalia and 
 Hesse-Nassau, in the SE. by the gd. -duchy of Hesse and the 
 Rhine Palatinate, but having an outlying portion in Hesse- 
 Nassau (dist. of Wetzlar), and surrounding in the S. the princi- 
 pality of Birkenfeld, which belongs to Oldenburg. The larger 
 southern half of the province is mountainous. On the right, 
 spurs of the Westerwald, to which belong the Siebengebirge, 
 advance to the Rhine; on the left rises the Hunsriick (q.v.), 
 with the Walderbeskopf (2675 ft.), the highest mountain of the 
 province. Further N. is the Eifel with Hohe Acht (2490 ft.), 
 and still further N. the High Venn with the Botrange (2470 
 ft.). The northern half lies in the German plain, and has very 
 fertile agricultural districts, but also with sandy and marshy 
 tracts. The principal river is the Rhine, with its tributaries : 
 on the right, Wied, Sieg, Wupper, Ruhr, Lippe ; on the left, 
 Nahe, Moselle, Ahr, Erft. Tributaries of the Moselle : on the 
 right, Saar ; on the left, Sauer, Salm, Alf, and Elz. The Roer 
 and Niers flow into the Meuse and the Rhine. The largest 
 lake is Lake Lacher, a crater-lake of an extinct volcano on the 
 Eifel. The High Venn contains morasses. Geologically, 
 the Hunsruck, Eifel, and the mountains on the right of the 
 Rhine are of Devonian age, the High Venn of Silurian. The 
 Carboniferous system contains important coal-measures, both 
 in the N. (near Aix-la-Chapelle, N. of the High Venn, and on the 
 Rhine the W. portion of the Ruhr coal basin), and in the ex- 
 treme S. (Saarbriick coalfield). The Trias also is developed in the 
 W. , on both sides of the Moselle. The climate in the Rhine and 
 the other valleys is mild, with a mean temp, of 48°- 50° F. ; but 
 on the southern mountains, esjDecially on the Eifel, it is very in- 
 cleqient in winter. Forty-six per cent of the soil is used for agri- 
 culture. Besides corn, fruit, beetroot, tobacco, hops, flax, and 
 hemp are grown, and excellent wine is produced to a large extent 
 in the Rhine and Moselle valleys. The forests consist mostly 
 of foliage trees, and cover about 30 per cent, of the soil. The 
 breeding of cattle is important, but sheep-breeding is on the 
 decrease. Among wild animals the wolf, which comes from 
 the Ardennes, is still extant. The minerals include, besides 
 coal, ore of iron, manganese, zinc, lead, and copper. Mineral 
 springs, Apollinaris, Roisdorf, and Heppingen, &c., are abun- 
 dant, especially on the Eifel. The chief watering-places, with 
 baths, are at Aix-la-Chapelle, Burtscheid, Neuenahr, Kreuznach, 
 and Miinster on the Nahe. With respect to manufacturing 
 industry, the Rhine Prov. takes the first place among the 
 Prussian provs. , and in the German empire is equalled only by 
 the kingdom of Saxony. Iron and steel works are carried on at 
 Essen, Oberhausen, Duisburg, Diisseldorf, Cologne, Deutz, Esch- 
 weiler. Steel wares are made at Solingen and Remscheid. There 
 are needle manufactories at Aix-la-Chapelle and Burtscheid; 
 brass manufactories at Stolberg ; cloth manufactories at Eupen ; 
 hemp, Werden ; silk at Krefeld, Viersen, Elberfeld, Barmen, 
 Muhlheim ; cotton spinning and weaving -mills at Gladbach, 
 Cologne, Duisburg, Elberfeld, and Barmen. Among the in- 
 habitants there are about 10,000 Walloons (of French extraction), 
 near Malmedy. The higher education is provided for by a 
 university at Bonn, a polytechnic at Aix-la-Chapelle, a military 
 school at Engers. The capital is Cologne. There are five 
 governments {regierungsbezirke) : Cologrie, Koblenz, Aachen, 
 Diisseldorf, and Trier. A small portion of the prov. (the 
 domains of Cleve, Mark, and Ravensberg) was acquired by 
 Prussia in 1609, but the greater part fell to Prussia only after the 
 Congress of Vienna in 1815. [J. T. B.] 
 
 Rhlnns, The, Scot. , Wigtownshire. See Rlnns. 
 
 Rhlnns of Islay, or Rhynns of Islay, penin. in the SW. of 
 Islay, Scot., -Argyllshire, on the W. of Loch Indaal. 
 
 Rhlnns of Kells, upland tract, Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 
 in the W. , 11 m. NNE. Newton Stewart. 
 
 Rhlnns Point, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, on the SW. ct. of 
 Islay I., in 6° 29' W. 
 
 Rhlon, fort, Greece. See Fort Morea. 
 
 Rhlrh (Rlr, or Ghlgh) Wad, oasis, Algeria, prov. Constan- 
 tine, begins on the E. bank of the Shot Melrhirh, and extends 
 about 90 m. SSE. to 33° N. 
 1284 
 
 Rhlsnes, vil., Belgium, prov., arr. , and 4 m. NW. Namur ; 
 has iron-mines and freestone quaiTies. P. (comm.)<2ooo. 
 
 Rhlston, vil. , Eng. , Shropshire. See Broniptoii and R. 
 
 Rhithymna, seapt. , Turkey. See Retinio. 
 
 Rhl'^v, River, small riv., Wales, Montgomeryshire, flows E. 
 to the Severn, between Newtown and Welshpool. 
 
 Rlilwbryfdlr, PM.O., Wales, Merionethshire, i2| m. NE. 
 by N. Harlech, near Blaenau Festiniog stn. 
 
 Rhlwderln, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., on the 
 G. W. R. and Brecon and Merthyr Rly. ,4 m. W. Newport, P.O. 
 
 Rhlw -^vltli Uanfaelrhys, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, 
 Eifion div., on the S. ct. , 22 m. WSW. Portmadoc. P. <5oo ; 
 eccles. par. (B. with Llandndwen) P. <5oo. 
 
 Rho, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Milan, circle and 15^ 
 m. SE. Gallarate. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rhoda, or Rnda, isl. , Egypt, in the Nile at Cairo, having at 
 its S. end the nilometer or gauge by which the rise and fall of 
 the river are measured. 
 
 Rkodanus, riv., Europe. See Rhone. 
 
 Rhode, PMT.O. , Ire., 7 m. W. Edenderry, King's co. 
 
 Rhode Island, one of the United States, bounded S. by the 
 Atlantic, N. and E. by Massachusetts, and W. by Connecticut. 
 Ratified the Constitution on May 29, 1790, last of the original 
 thirteen states ; the smallest of the states, of about the same area 
 as Gloucestershire, Eng. Narragansett Bay penetrates the state 
 northwards some 30 m., and contains some 15 islands, from 
 the largest of which the state takes its name. This is Aquid- 
 neck, or Rhode I. , 15 m. long, with the city of Newport, most 
 famous of American summer resorts. At the head of the bay 
 are Providence, and 4 m. N., up the Seekonk R. , Pawtucket. 
 Fourteen other cities exceed 4000. Almost all are manufactur- 
 ing centres. Providence and Newport are alternate capitals. 
 The country generally is rough and hilly, less suited for agricul- 
 ture than grazing. Market-gardening and dairying to supply the 
 cities are important, particularly on the Bay Is. The bay and 
 Atlantic give the state a mild and fairly equable climate [New- 
 port]. R. I. is pre-eminently manufacturing, with a denser popu- 
 lation than any other state, and ranks first in X.h& per capita value 
 of its total manufactured product, and also of cotton and woollen 
 goods. Absolutely it is second in cotton, and fourth in woollen 
 goods. Other important products are dyed and printed textiles, 
 foundry and machine products, from steam engines to nails, 
 screws, and files, worsted goods, and jewellery. Most of the 
 rocks are of Laurentian age, but Carboniferous rocks occur on 
 Aquidneck I. , and stretch to the NW. , yielding a httle graphitic 
 coal, valued for certain purposes. The school year is the 
 longest in the states, and the attendance under the compulsory 
 law is good ; but the large foreign population, and the insuf- 
 ficiency and poor administration of the factory laws on child 
 labour, explain the rather high percentage of illiterates. Area, 
 1250 sq. m. P. 345,500. See I'nlted States, table. [W. 8.] 
 
 Rhodes, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Prestwich and 
 Middleton pars., i m. SW. Middleton, PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Rhodes, isl., in the .^gean Sea, near the SW. ct. of Asia 
 Minor, loi m. ESE. Cape Aleppo. The island is traversed 
 lengthwise by mountains, the highest point, the ancient Atabyron, 
 being 4070 ft. high. Numerous streams rise in these mountains, 
 flowing between banks fringed with oleanders, myrtles, and 
 agnus cactus (chaste-trees). The climate is delightful, tempera- 
 ture always equal ; the island was renowned in the early ages 
 for the purity of its air. The chief plants cultivated are olives, 
 vines, and fruit-trees, and there are beautiful forests of conifers. 
 The commerce is declining, and does not now much exceed a 
 total of ;^ioo,ooo per annum in all. Anciently called Ophiussa, 
 Pelagia, and Trinacria, &c., R. was very famous in antiquity, 
 its chief cities being lalysus, Kamious, and Lindus. In the 
 Greek era it was an artistic centre of importance ; the ancient 
 colossus, representing Apollo, the patron of the island, was over- 
 thrown by an earthquake, 222. In the 3rd and 2nd centuries B. c. 
 the Rhodians were the first sailors of the world, and had a large 
 trade with Sinope. The island attained its chief importance on 
 the overthrow of Alexander's empire ; it kept its autonomy until 
 the time of Vespasian, who reunited it to the Roman empire as a 
 maritime prov. After this it fell to the Eastern emperors. R. 
 was then occupied by the Arabs until 1310, when the Knights 
 Hospitallers of St. John seized it. They evacuated it in 1522, 
 after heroically sustaining a siege for six months against Suliman, 
 sultan of the Ottoman Turks. Since then it has remained an 
 integral part of the Ottoman empire. Length, NE. to SW. , 50 
 m. ; 25 m. across ; area, 565 sq. m. P. 29,200, all Greeks except 
 7000 Turks and 2500 Jews. C. Torr, Rhodes in Ancient Times 
 (1885) and Rhodes in Modem Times, Cambridge (1887). 
 
 Rhodes, or Kastro, seapt. tn., Turkey in Asia, at the N. 
 point and cap. isl. Rhodes ; surrounded by ramparts. The former 
 region of the Knights Hospitallers to the NW. contains the 
 knights' hospital, the Grand Master's palace, and the Cathedral 
 of St. John. The last two buildings were in part destroyed 
 by an explosion, 1856. The tortuous 'Knight's Road' has 
 preserved its feudal aspect entirely. R. is the seat of a Greek 
 archbishop. The town had three ports— the N., defended E. 
 
RHOD — RHUL 
 
 by the mole of St. Nicholas, the central or commercial port, 
 protected by the St. Ange tower and E. by the Mill tower, and 
 the SE. port, defended on the E. by a line of reefs ; the central 
 port is the only one used at the present day, but it is partly 
 choked up, and open to dangerous NE. winds. The first 
 meridian of ancient geographers passed through R. , which was, 
 moreover, a centre of artistic and intellectual activity during 
 the days of Greek culture. P. about ii,ooo ; 5000 Turks, 1500 
 Jews, the remainder Greeks. 
 
 Rhodes, Inner and Onter. See Appeuzell. 
 
 RiKMles Bay, bay, central Africa, at the S. end of Lake 
 Tanganyika, in the SE. of Hore Bay. 
 
 Rhodesia, fortified post, Brit. Central Africa, on the Kalung- 
 wisi, a short distance from E. shore of Lake Mweru, in about 
 9° 5' S. , 29° 10' E. The name is also popularly applied to all 
 the territories of the Chartered South Africa Company. 
 
 Rho<le»St.-C<en<>se, comm. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. 
 Brussels. P. <4000. 
 
 Rhodes Wood Reservoir, meteorological stn. , Eng. , Cheshire, 
 in Longden Dale (valley of the Etherow), in 53° 29' N., 1° 56' 
 W. Alt. 520 ft. Mean annual rfall. (1866-80), 46.81 in. 
 
 Rhodogeldio, par., Wales, Anglesey, 5 m. SSW. Amlwch, i 
 m. NNW. Llanerchymeddstn. P. <5oo. See Llanerchyniedd. 
 
 Rhodope, mts. , part of the Balkans, running nearly parallel 
 with the chain of the Great Balkans, and separating Thrace and 
 Macedonia. The W. part is the highest ; here the peak of Muss 
 Alia reaches an alt. of 10,200 ft. The E. part, composed of 
 several chains running in various directions, gradually sinks to 
 the shores (650 ft. ) of the yEgean Sea. R. consists of a con- 
 fused network of mountain groups. Length about 180 m. 
 Called by the Turks Dospad Dagh, by the Bulgarians Despoto 
 Dagh. 
 
 Rhon, mts. , Ger. See Rhoii-gehlrge. 
 
 Rhoiidda, pari. div. , Wales, Glamorganshire, traversed by 
 the Rhondda R. (r. bk. trib. of the Taff), and bounded on the 
 E. by the Rhoudda-fach R., which separates it from the 
 E. div. and the pari. bor. of Merthyr-Tydfil ; coal mined. 
 P. 68,700. 
 
 Rhondda Valley, Wales, Glamorganshire. See Llan- 
 Tronuo. 
 
 Rhone, dep. , E. France, formed in 1793, by division of dep. 
 Rhone-et-Loire, out of the ancient provs. of Lyonnais and 
 Beaujolais ; divided into two arrs. : Lyons (cap.) and Ville- 
 franche. Surface generally mountainous, the principal stretches 
 of level country being the valley of the Saone and the dist. S. 
 and E. of Lyons. The mountains belong chiefly to three groups : 
 the Beaujolais Mts. in the NW. , mainly of porphyry, parallel 
 to the Saone, culminating in St. Rigaud (3320 ft.), the highest 
 point in the dep. ; the Tarare Mts. in the W. , formed of granite 
 and metamorphic schists, extend N. and S. of the Brevenne 
 valley, rising in Boussievre to 3295 ft. ; in the S. the mountains 
 of Lyonnais, of granite, gneiss, and carboniferous formations, 
 trend from S. to NE., highest point 6355 ft. The dep. belongs 
 chiefly to the basin of the Rhone, which enters it in the E. and 
 flows S. near, or on, the E. frontier ; its principal tribs. are the 
 Saone, which joins it on r. bk. at Lyons (after forming part of 
 the E. boundary further N., and receiving the Azergues on 
 r. bk. ), and the Gier in the SE. ; a narrow belt in the W. is 
 drained to the Loire. As to climate, see Lyons. Of cereals, 
 grown chiefly in the plain of Venissieux and the Saone valley, 
 the most important is wheat, then rye ; the vine covers about 
 one-tenth of the surface, chiefly in Beaujolais and the S. , but 
 the production per acre is below the average for France ; mul- 
 berry (Villefranche). Coal is worked at Givors, Amplepuis, and 
 several other places ; no iron is found, but of other metalliferous 
 minerals the dep. yields about one-third of the total for France, 
 argentiferous lead (Poule, Vernay, &c. ), copjjer (Chessy, &c. ), 
 manganese (Villefranche). Textile manufactures are very im- 
 portant ; Lyons is the centre of the silk industry, carried on 
 widely throughout the dep.; velvet (Arbresle), plush (Thizy), 
 silk-dyeing (Villefranche, Varau, &c. ), printing of stuff's (Neu- 
 ville, Saint-Genis-Laval), cotton goods (Amplepuis, Thizy), 
 muslin and embroidery (Tarare, &c. ). Metallurgical industries 
 include iron and copper smelting (Givors) ; important chemical 
 works (Arbresle, Neuville, &c. ). Area, 1104 sq. m. P. (1891) 
 806,700. See France, table. 
 
 Rhone, ancient Rhodanus, important riv. , Europe, rises in 
 Switzd. , in the Rhone Glacier, on the W. of Mount St. Gothard, 
 between Mounts Furka and Grimsel, at an elevation of 5750 ft. , 
 flows SW. past Brieg and Sion to Martigny, where it turns 
 sharply to the NW., and enters the Lake of Geneva {q.v.) near 
 its SE. extremity. At Geneva it leaves the lake and takes a 
 SW. direction, receiving from the left the muddy Arve. At 
 Pare, 20 m. from the Swiss frontier, it becomes navigable ; its 
 course, after deflections to S. and to N., is now W. to Lyons, 
 where it receives the Saone (r. bk. ) at 532 ft. above sea-level, 
 and it then flows nearly due S. , past Givors, Vienne, Tournon, 
 Valence, Avignon, Beaucaire, to Aries, where it separates into 
 several branches, forming a delta called the tie de la Camargue, 
 and enters the Gulf of Lyons, Mediterranean. The W. arm is 
 
 called Le Petit Rhone, and the E., which carries 86 per cent, of 
 its volume, the Grand Rhone ; the latter issues in the Gulf de 
 Fos (See St. Lonls du Rhone). Other principal affluents, on 
 right, the Ain, Ardeche, and Gard ; on left, the Isere, Drome, 
 and Durance. Its fall is much greater than that of the Rhine, 
 and consequently its navigation is difficult and dangerous. It 
 is connected with the Loire by means of the Saone and Canal 
 du Centre ; the Canal of Burgundy unites it to the Yonne and 
 Seine, and that of the Rhone and Rhine connects it with the 
 Rhine. The Rhone formerly disappeared at a place called the 
 Perte du Rhone, 25 m. SW. Geneva, but the rock which covered 
 it has been removed. Below Lyons it is navigated by steam- 
 packets, which, by means of the Sadne, ascend as far as Ch9.1on. 
 Length, 504 m. ; extent of basin, 38,000 sq. m. ; discharge, 
 19,400 to 529,800 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Rhone and Rhine Canal. See Rhine and Rhone Canal. 
 
 Rhonehouse, or Keltonhill, Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 2 
 ni. SW. Castle Douglas, i m. ESE. Bridge of Dee stn. 
 
 Rhon-geblrge, mt. group, Ger., partly in the Thuringian 
 states, partly on the NW. frontier of Bavaria, and the NE. 
 frontier of Hesse-Nassau, between the upper Fulda, upper 
 W^erra, and Franconian Saale ; a volcanic mass of basalt, 
 phonolite, and trachyte, i8j m. by 9^ m. Highest peak the 
 Wasserkuppe, about the middle of the range (50° 29' N.), alt. 
 3115 ft. The Kreuzberg in the SE. (alt. 3050 ft.) is crowned 
 by an old Franciscan monastery, a great resort of pilgrims and 
 tourists, commanding, as it does, a magnificent view. 
 
 Rhos, P.O. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 4 m. from Haverfordwest. 
 
 Rhos, or ros, Cymric-Celtic, in Wales 'a moor,' in Corn- 
 wall 'a valley;' e.g., Ross, a town in Hereford; Rosecrewe, 'the 
 valley of the cross ; ' Rosvean, ' the little valley." 
 
 Rhos Bay, small bay, Wales, on the NW. of Denbighshire. 
 
 Rhosbelrlo, par., Wales, Anglesey, 4 m. WSW. Amlwch, 2 
 m. NW. Rhosgoch stn. P. <;25o. See Bodewryd. 
 
 Rhoscolyn, par., Wales, Anglesey, Holy I., 5 m. S. by 
 E. Holyhead, P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (R. with Llanfalry- 
 nenb'wll and Llanflhangel yn Nhowyn) P. <iooo. 
 
 Rhoscro'wther, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 2J m. S. Mil- 
 ford, P.O. P.<250. 
 
 Rhosdda, eccles. par., Wales, Denbighshire, Gresford and 
 WYexham pars. P. < 4000. 
 
 Rhosesnior, P.O., Wales, Flintshire, 4 m. NW. Mold. 
 
 Rhosferig, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, on riv. Irvon, dist. 
 and 6\ m. NW. Builth. P. <25o. 
 
 Rhosgorh, stn., Wales, Anglesey, on the L. & NW. R. , 
 3 m. SW. by S. Amlwch, P.O. 
 
 Rhosgoch, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 33 m. E. Welsh- 
 pool. P. <250. 
 
 Rhosgrng, hill, Wales, Radnorshire, 8^ m. NNW. New 
 Radnor. 
 
 Rhoshlll, P.O., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 5 m. from Cardigan. 
 
 Rhosllly, Wales. See Rhossllly. 
 
 Rhos Llauerchrngog, eccles. par. , Wales, Denbighshire, E. 
 div., 4 m. SW. by W. Wrexham, 2 m. NNW. Ruabon stn., 
 PMT.O. P. 7100. 
 
 Rhosmedre, eccles. par. , Wales. See Rhos y Medre. 
 
 Rhossllly, or Rhosllly, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower 
 div., on R. Bay, W. ct. , 16 m. W. by S. Swansea. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Rhostie, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, b\ m. SSE. Aberyst- 
 with, 3 m. W. Trawscoed stn. P. <25o. See Llanilar. 
 
 Rhostryfan, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifiondiv., on the 
 N. Wales Narrow Gauge Rly. , 35 m. SSE. Carnarvon, PM.O. 
 
 Rhostyllen, locality, Wales, Denbighshire, 2 m. from Wrex- 
 ham, P.O. 
 
 Rhosybol, eccles. par., Wales, Anglesey, 3I m. SSW. 
 Almwch, I m. SE. Rhosgoch stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Rhos y Gwalla, eccles. par. , Wales, Merionethshire, Llanfor 
 par., near Bala, P.O. (Rhosyg walla). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Rhos y 9Iedre, eccles. par., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., 
 par. and li m. NE. Ruabon, PMT.O. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rhotang Pass, Himalayas. See Rohtang. 
 
 Rhiiallt, P.O., Wales, Flintshire, 3 m. E. St. Asaph. 
 
 Rhudd, Cymric-Celtic, ruadh Gaelic, ' red ; ' e.g. , Rhuddlan, 
 ' the red bank ; ' Llanrhudd, 'the red church.' 
 
 Rhuddlan, par. and contributory bor., Wales, Flintshire, 
 7i m. N. by W. Denbigh, on the L. & NW. R., one of the 
 Flint dist. of pari. .bors. ; has ruined towers of a strong castle 
 said to date from the beginning of the nth century, and rebuilt 
 1160; also the remains of a building where Edward I's. parlia- 
 ment in 1283 passed the Statute of Rhuddlan. PMT.O. 
 (Rhyddlan or Rhuddlan). 4730 ac. P. 7800; cont. bor. 
 P. <i5oo. See Flint. 
 
 Rhudunan, P.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, Skye I., 19 m. S. 
 Portree. 
 
 Rhng, vil. , Wales, Merionethshire. See Corwen. 
 
 Rhuls, penin., France, Brittany, dep. Morbihan, extends 
 between the Gulf of Morbihan and the ocean. Length, E. to 
 W., 15 m. 
 
 Rhnlen, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 8J m. SW. by S. New 
 Radnor, 5 m. ENE. Aberedw stn. P. <2So. See Glascwm. 
 
 1285 
 
R H U N — R I B E 
 
 Rhnne, mt. , France, dep. Basses-Pyrdn^es, arr. Bavonne, 
 on the Spanish frontier. From the summit, alt. 2950 ft., is seen 
 a grand panorama of the valleys of the Bidassoa and Nivelle, 
 the Basque dist. , and part of B^arn and the sea. 
 
 Rlin Storr, cape, Scot. , Sutherland, on the W. ct. , in 58° 
 15I' N., with a lighthouse, visible 20 m. 
 
 khuTaal Ughthonse, Scot., Argyllshire, at the NE. end 
 of Islay, visible 18 m. 
 
 Rhyd, Welsh, 'a ford.' 
 
 Rhyd-ddn, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., on the 
 N. Wales Narrow Gauge Rly. , 9 m. SE. Carnarvon ; slate 
 quarried. PMT.O. 
 
 Rliyddlan, P.O., Wales. See Rhnddlan. 
 
 Rliydfelau, PM.O., Wales, i m. from Treforest, near Ponty- 
 pridd, Glamorganshire. 
 
 Rhydgweru, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, on riv. Rhymney, 
 Newport dist. , 5I m. E. Caerpilly. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rhydlewls, "P.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, 7 m. NW. 
 Llandyssil. 
 
 Rhydowen, stn., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., on the 
 G. W. R. , 12 m. S. by E. Cardigan. 
 
 Rhydweu, PM.O., Wales, Anglesey, 7 m. from Valley stn. 
 
 Rhyd y Bryw, vil. , Wales, Brecknockshire, on 1. bk. of the 
 Usk, 8 m. W. Brecknock, close to Devynock stn. See Llywel. 
 
 Rtaydyclafdy, P.O., Wales, Carnarvonshire, 3 m. W. 
 Pwllheli. 
 
 Rbyd y CTroesan, eccles. par. , Eng. and Wales, Shropshire 
 and Denbighshire, 3I m. W. Oswestry, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Rhydyfelln, P.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, 2 m. S. by E. 
 Aberystwith, i m. N. Llanrhystyd Road stn. 
 
 Rhydyft'o, P.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. NW. Pon- 
 tardawe. 
 
 Rbydyuialu, P.O. .Wales, Merionethshire, 6 m. NE. Dolgelly. 
 
 Rltydymelrch, P.O., Wales, 4 m. from Abergavenny, Mon- 
 mouthshire. 
 
 Rbydyniwyn, eccles. par., Wales, Flintshire, on the L. & 
 NW. R., 2i m. NW. Mold, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Rhydyronen, stn., Wales, Merionethshire, on the Tal-y-llyn 
 Rly., 12I m. SW. by S. Dolgelly. 
 
 Rhyl, market and seapt. tn., Wales, Flintshire, on the N. ct., 
 10 m. N. by W. Denbigh, at the mouth of the Clwyd, on the 
 L. & NW. R. R. has a fine sandy beach, and is a fashionable 
 watering-place, and convenient tourist centre ; has zinc ore. 
 Market-day, Tu. P. 6500. 
 
 Rhynuiey, tn., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., loj m. NW. 
 by W. Pontypool, with stns. on the Rhymney and Brecon and 
 Merthyr Rlys. Rhymney Bridge, stn'. , i rn. N. , on the L. & 
 NW. R. and Brecon Rly. , and a junction stn. on the G. W. R. : 
 coal mined ; iron- works. PMT.O. P. 7700. See also Ramney. 
 
 Rhymney, or Ramney, riv., Wales, rises in Brecknockshire, 
 forms the boundary between Monmouthshire and Glamorgan- 
 shire, and flows S. into the Bristol Channel. Its valley is 
 ascended by the Rhymney Rly. (Cardiff to Rhymney Bridge). 
 
 Rhynd, par., Scot., Perthshire, between the rivs. Tay and 
 Earn, 4 m. SE. Perth, P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Rhyndakos, riv. , Asia Minor. See Tashanln. 
 
 Rhyndaston, post-tn., Tasmania, Monmouth co., 28 m. N. 
 by E. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rhyndwyclydaeh, par. , Wales, Glamorganshire, Pontardawe 
 dist. , 6i m. N. Swansea ; 7704 ac. P. <:4000. 
 
 Rhynie, postal-tp. , S. Australia, Gawler co. , 54 m. N. Ade- 
 laide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rhynie, or Mnlr of Rhynie, par., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 
 on Water of Bogie, 8 m. S. by W. Huntly, 3J m. SSW. Gartly 
 stn., PMT.O.; 12,879 ac. P. <iSoo. 
 
 Rhynn, Cymro-Celtic, 'a promontory," or 'peninsula.' See 
 Rain. 
 
 Khynns of Islay, Scot. See Rhinns of Islay. 
 
 Ri, or sri, Sanskrit, ' to flow.' See Rhedig. 
 
 Ria, tn. , France, dep. Pyr^ntes-Orientales, arr. Prades, 26 m. 
 WSW. Perpignan ; iron is mined here. Alt. 1260 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rlachnelo, Argentine Republic. See Buenos Aires, city. 
 
 Rlachnelo, vil. , Uruguay, dep. and 9 m. E. Colonia, on the 
 Rio de la Plata. 
 
 Rlad, or Er-Riad, tn., central Arabia, cap. Nejd, or Waha- 
 bite kingdom, 450 m. NE. Mecca, in 24° 39' N. , 46° 42' E. ; 
 surrounded by fortifications constructed by the Egyptians, and 
 with thick walls flanked by high towers. The palace is a large 
 citadel. P. 35,000. 
 
 Riaill^, tn., France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, arr. Ancenis, 25 
 m. NE. byN. Nantes. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ria-lin, seapt. , Russia. See Riga. 
 
 Rianjo, comm. , Spain, prov. Corunna, 21 m. SW. Santiago, 
 on the Ria (bay) de Arosa. P. 7600. 
 
 Riafto, comm., Spain, on the riv. Esla, prov. and 36 m. NE. 
 by N. Leon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rians, tn. , France, dep. Var, arr. Brignoles, 18 m. ENE. 
 Aix. P. <2000. 
 
 Riardo, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. and 15 m. NNW. 
 Caserta ; mineral spring. P. <2ooo. 
 1286 
 
 Rl^i, fort and tn. , India, Kashmir, Jamu div. , in 33° 5' N. , 
 74° 52' E. , on the Chenab, and on the southernmost range of the 
 Himalayas. 
 
 Riata, Berber tribe of Morocco, inhabiting the N. slope of the 
 Atlas Mts. , E. of Fez. 
 
 Riaza, comm., Spain, prov. and 41 m. NE. by E. Segovia, 
 in the Sierra de Guadarrama, near the source of the riv. Riaza, 
 which flows N. then NW. to the Douro. P. 3000. 
 
 Rib, small riv., Eng., Hertfordshire, flows S. through that 
 div., and S. and SW. to the Lee, which it joins on the 1. bk. i 
 m. below Hertford. 
 
 Ribadavia, comm., Spain, prov. and 15 m. WSW. Orense. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Ribadeo, comm. , Spain. See Rivadeo. 
 
 Ribadeselia, or RiTadeselia, tn., Spain, Asturias, prov. and 
 40 m. ENE. Oviedo ; good port, protected by a dyke behind a 
 bar, with about 10 ft. of water. Lead and silver mined here. 
 P. (comm.) 7300. 
 
 Ribago, or Ribao, tn., central Sudan, in the NW. of Ada- 
 mawa, about 50 m. E. Yola, near the 1. bk. of the Benue. P. 6000. 
 
 Ribaldeira, or Dois Portos, tn. , Portugal, dist. and 23 
 m. N. Lisbon. P. <;4000. 
 
 Ribari, vil., Servia, prov. Sabac, 41 m. SW. by S. Neusatz 
 (Hungary) ; has a sulphur spring, with much frequented bathing 
 establishment. P. <20oo. 
 
 Riba Riba, group of vils. , Congo Free State, on the 1. bk. of 
 upper Congo, in 2° 40' S. 
 
 Ribarits, tn., Turkey in Europe, vilayet Kossovo, sanjak 
 Prishtina, on riv. Ibar, 14 m. S. by W. Novibazar. 
 
 Ribarroja, comm. , Spain, prov. and 13 m. NNW. Valencia, 
 dist. Liria, on r. bk. riv. Guadalaviar. P. <40oo. 
 
 Ribas del Sil, comm. , Spain. See Rivas del Sil. 
 
 Ribat, tn. , Arabia, Hadramut, 730 m. SE. Mecca, in the 
 upper part of the Wadi Doan valley. P. 6000. 
 
 Ribbesford, par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and i m. S. 
 Bewdley, on the r. bk. of the Severn, 2>\ ™. SW. by W. Kidder- 
 minster. P. < 250. 
 
 Ribble, riv., Eng., Yorkshire and Lancashire, formed at 
 Selside, S. of Ingleton Fells, by the union of the Gale Beck and 
 Cam Beck, flows S. past Settle, and afterwards SW. past Clitheroe 
 and Preston (to which it is navigable) to the Irish Sea, which it 
 enters by an estuary 7 m. across ; chief trib. the Calder, in 
 Lancashire, from the SE. 
 
 Ribblehead, stn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the M. R. , 
 9 m. S. Hawes Junction. 
 
 Ribbletou, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, partly in bor. of Preston. 
 P. <ic)oo. Ribbletou Moor, uninhabited par., adjoining R. 
 
 Rlbby, vil., Eng., Lancashire. See Wrea. 
 
 Ribchester, formerly Ribblechester, small tn. and par., 
 Eng., Lancashire, Darwen div., on the r. bk. of the Ribble, 5^ 
 m. NNW^. Blackburn, 2J m. NW. Wilpshire stn. ; numerous 
 Roman remains that have been dug up here in past centuries 
 show that it must have been an important place in Roman times, 
 when it was probably the chief port on the Mersey, though the 
 city which stood here has not been identified (by some thought 
 to be Rigodunum, by others Cocciwn). PM'T.O. P. < 1500; 
 eccles. par. (R, with Stidd) P. < 2000. 
 
 Ribe, vil. , Brit. E. Africa, 14 m. N. by W. Mombasa. 
 
 Ribe, or Ripen, a decayed tn. , Denmark, in the SW. of 
 Jutland, prov. R. , on the Flads Aa, 56 m. SW. by W. Horsens ; 
 manufactures cotton goods and cast iron. R., which has a 
 curious cathedral, is one of the oldest towns of the kingdom ; in 
 the i2th and 13th centuries it had an important merchant navy, 
 and was often a place of royal residence. Destroyed by fire 
 in 1627, by a flood in 1644, and suffered much in the wars of 
 1657-60. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ribe, riv. , rises in Schleswig, near the Danish frontier, flows 
 W. , and falls into the North Sea, W. of Fano I. , after a course 
 of 45 m. 
 
 Ribeau^llle, tn. , Ger. See Rappoltsweiler. 
 
 Rlbeira, or Iguape, riv., Brazil, Parana and SSo Paulo, 
 flows E. into the Atlantic, in 24° 40' S. 
 
 Ribeira, comm. , Spain. See RiTelra. 
 
 Rlbeira Brara, tn., Cape Verde Is., cap. and 2 m. from the 
 N. ct. of St. Nicolas I. ; coasting port. P. 4000. 
 
 Ribeira de Pena, tn., Portugal, Traz-os-Montes, dist. Villa 
 Real, 33 m. E. Braga. P. < 4000. 
 
 Ribeira Grande, tn. , Azores, on the N. ct. of St. Michael 
 (Sao Miguel) I. P. (comm.) 9600. 
 
 Ribeira Grande, tn.. Cape Verde Is., cap. and on the NE. 
 ct. of Sao Antao I. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ribeira Grande, tn., Cape Verde Is., Santiago (Sao Thiago) 
 I., cap. until 1770 of Cape Verde Is., j\ m. W. Praia, the 
 present cap. 
 
 Ribelrfto Preto, vil. and rly. stn., Brazil, Sao Paulo, 210 m. 
 NW. by N. Santos. Alt. 1705 ft. (D.L.). P. 8000. 
 
 Rlbeira Secca, tn., Azores Is., St. George (Sao Jorge) I. 
 P. <:40oo. 
 
 Ribeira Secca, tn., Azores Is., on the N. ct. of St. Michael 
 (Sao Miguel) I. P. <4000. 
 
RIBE — R I C H 
 
 Rlbemout, tn. , France, dep. Aisne, arr. and 9 m. ESE. St. 
 Quentin. R. has sustained several sieges, the most famous being 
 that by the Prince de Cond6, 1587. Birthplace of Condorcet, 
 the philosopher, 1745-94. P. <3000. 
 
 Rlbera, comm. , Sicily, prov. Girgenti, 43 m. S. Palermo ; 
 birthplace of Crispi, the statesman (1819). P. 8100. 
 
 Rlbera, two comms., Spain, Asturias, prov. Oviedo. Rlbera 
 de Abajo, or Lower Rlbera, 4I m. SW. Oviedo, has the 
 famous baths Caldas de Oviedo, P. <:2ooo ; Rlbera de Arriba, 
 or Upper Rlbera, 4 m. SSW. Oviedo, P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rlb^rac, vil., France, dep. Dordogne, cap. arr., on the 
 Dronne, 19 m. W. by N. P^rigueux. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rlbera del Fresno, tn. , Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 44 
 m. ESE. Badajoz. P. (comm.)<:sooo. 
 
 Rlbly with Wrea, par., Eng., Lancashire, Fylde dist. , 2 m. 
 W. Kirkham. P. <Soo. 
 
 Rlbiilk, vil., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Zagrab or 
 Agram, 13 m. WNW. Karlstadt. P. (comm.) 7300. 
 
 Rlbiiltz, or Rlbiiltz In Uleckleubnrg, tn. and fishing port, 
 Ger. , prov. Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 15 m. NE. Rostock, at the 
 head of the Saaler Bodden. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rlbstou, Great, with Walshlord and Little Rlbston, two 
 adjoining pars. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding. Little R. , Ripon 
 div. , on the Nidd, 3 m. SE. Knaresborough, 2 m. NE. by 
 N. Spofforth stn. Great Ribston with Walshford, P. <25o; 
 Little Ribston, P.O., P. <2So. 
 
 Rlbtou, par., Eng., Cumberland, dist. and 5 m. W. Cocker- 
 mouth. P. <25o. 
 
 Rlby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div. , 6 m. W. by S. 
 Grimsby, 2^ m. SW. by S. Stallingborough stn. , P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Rica, tn., Paraguay. See Villa Rica. 
 
 R|cainarle, La, tn. , France, dep. Loire, arr. and 2 m. S. 
 St. Etienne ; coal-mining centre. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Rlcan (richan), tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Bohmisch-Brod, 
 11 m. SE. by E. Prague. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rlcaurte, vil. , Colombia, dep. Cundinamarca, 50 m. WSW. 
 Bogota, on the r. bk. of the Magdalena ; hot sulphur springs. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Rlccall, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div., 
 on the Ouse, 8^ m. S. by E. York, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Rlccall, riv. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div. , rising in 
 Helmsley Moor, and flowing SE. till it joins the Rye on the 1. bk. 
 
 Rlccarton, tp. , New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co. , 2 m. 
 WNW. Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rlccarton, par. and tn., Scot., Ayrshire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Irvine, included in the pari. bor. of Kilmarnock, PMT.O. Par. 
 7550 ac, P. 7400; tn. (part of Kilmarnock, q.v.) P. <25oo. 
 
 Rlccarton Junction, stn., Scot., Roxburghshire, on the 
 N. B. R., loj m. S. by E. Hawick, PM.O. (Rlccarton). 
 
 Rlccla, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 11 m. SE. 
 by E. Campobasso, 36 m. W. Foggia. P. 8200. 
 
 Rice, CO., U.S., Kansas, N. of 38° N., crossed in E. byg8°W. 
 
 Rice, CO., U.S., Minnesota, in the SE., to the N. of 44° N., 
 and W. of 93° W. 
 
 Rice Lake, Canada, Ontario, 60-78 m. ENE. Toronto, 
 drained by the riv. Trent into the head of the Bay of Quinte. 
 
 Rice Lake, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Barron co. , on Red Cedar 
 R. , 55 m. by rail NW. Chippewa Falls. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rice Trevor Islands, Chile, in the W. of the Tierra del Fuego 
 Archipelago, in 53° 20' S. 
 
 Rich, CO., U.S., Utah, in the extreme NE. of the state. 
 
 Rich, Point, cape, Newfoundland, on the W. ct. , in 50° 46' N. 
 Mean temp., yr. 32.6° F., Jan. 11.8°, Aug. 57.5°. 
 
 Richard's Castle, par., Eng., Herefordshire, 6\ m. N. Leo- 
 minster, x\ m. WNW. Woofferton June, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Richard's Castle, par., Eng., Shropshire, Ludlow dist. P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 Richardson, co. , U.S., Nebraska, in the extreme SE. 
 
 Rlchardstown, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. Ardee, on riv. 
 Dee, 3 m. NW. Dunleer. P. <25o. 
 
 RIchardton, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Stark co., 74 m. 
 W. Bismarck. 
 
 Rlchborough Castle, the ancient Rittupice, ruin, Eng. , Kent, 
 i^ m. N. Sandwich ; was an important post during the Roman 
 occupation. 
 
 Rich Cape, cape, Canada, Ontario, on the W. side of 
 Georgian Bay, in 44° 45' N. 
 
 Rlche, La, tn., France, dep. Indre-et- Loire, arr. Tours, of 
 which town it is a suburb ; has ruins of a 12th century church, and 
 remains of the castle of Plessis-les-Tours, made famous by Scott's 
 Quentin Durward. Louis XL died here in 1483. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rlchellea, co., Canada, Quebec, on the r. bk. of the St. 
 Lawrence, crossed in the E. by 73° W. 
 
 Richelieu, tn. , France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, arr. Chinon, 32 m. 
 SW. by S. Tours, 12 m. E. Loudin. P. <300o. 
 
 Richelieu (Chambly, or St. John) River, Canada, Quebec, 
 issues from Lake Champlain, and flows N. into the riv. St. 
 Lawrence, at the head of Lake St. Peter. It is canalised above 
 Chambly, below which it is navigable. 
 
 RIchelsdorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Hesse, circle Rotenburg, 14m. 
 W. Eisenach ; copper and cobalt are mined here. P. <20oo. 
 
 Richfield, city, U.S., Utah, cap. Sevier co. , 137 m. S. by W. 
 Salt Lake City. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Richfield Springs, vil., U.S., New York, Ot/ ;o co., 60 m. 
 E. by S. Syracuse ; has a sulphur spring, celebrate?! for the cure 
 of cutaneous diseases. Is a fashionable resort. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rlchford, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Franklin co., at confluence of 
 Missisquoi and Clyde Rivs., 32 m. by rail NW. Newport. P. 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Rich Hill, tn., Ire., NE. co. and 4I m. ENE. Armagh, bar. 
 W. Oneilland, on the G. N. (Ire.) R., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rich Hill, city, U.S., Missouri, Bates co. , 70 m. S. by E. 
 Kansas City. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rlchlbucto, tn. and port of entry, Canada, New Brunswick, 
 Kent CO., on R. Harbour (the estuary of Richibucto R. ), loi m. 
 NE. by E. Fredericton ; has 15 ft. of water on bar at high water, 
 and io| ft. at low water. P. < 1500. Rlchlbucto River, 
 flows NE. into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Rlchlbucto Head, 
 cape. 
 
 Richland, co. , U.S., Illinois, S. of 39° N., and crossed in E. 
 by 88° W. 
 
 Richland, vil., U.S., Iowa, Keokuk co. , 55 m. NW. by N. 
 Burlington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Richland, par., U.S., Louisiana, in the NE. , crossed by 
 32^° N. and 91^° W. 
 
 Richland, co. , U.S., N. Dakota, in the SE. corner. 
 
 Richland, co., U.S., Ohio, S. of 41° S., and E. of 83° W. 
 
 Richland, co. , U.S., S. Carolina, in the angle between the 
 Catawba R. on the E. and the Broad and Congaree Rivs. on the 
 W. and S. , crossed by 34° N. , and in the SE. by 81° W. 
 
 Richland, co. , U.S., Wisconsin, in the SW., to the N. of 
 43° N. , and E. of 91° W. , bounded on the S. by the Wisconsin R. 
 
 Richland Center, manufacturing city, U.S., Wisconsin, R. 
 CO., 61 m. N. by E. Dubuque (Iowa). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Richmond, co. , Canada, Nova Scotia, in the S. of Cape 
 Breton I. 
 
 Richmond, vil., Canada, Ontario, Carleton co. , on a trib. of 
 the riv. Rideau, 15^ m. SSW. Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Richmond, vil. , Canada, Quebec, R. co. , 92 m. SW. by S. 
 Quebec. P. (i89i)<25oo. 
 
 Richmond, municip. , Cape Colony, dist. R. , 70 m. N W. by 
 N. Graaff Reinet ; health resort. Alt. 4700 ft. Mean rfall. 
 (13 yrs.), 12.9 in. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Richmond, mun. bor. (since 1890) and par. , Eng. , Surrey, 
 Kingston div. , 8 m. WSW. London, in the diocese of Rochester, 
 on the r. bk. of the Thames, with stns. on the Metropolitan and 
 Metropolitan Dist. Rlys. , and one (Jfew R.) on the L. & SW. R. 
 There is no staple trade or manufacture ; but R. is of importance 
 as a residential town, and is much visited for its scenery, its park 
 and terrace, and other attractions. From early times it became 
 a royal residence, some remains of the palace of Henry VII. 
 being still visible. A theatre and handsome municipal buildings 
 were recently constructed, and a new lock with a footbridge and 
 patent sluices. P. (i8oi)<5oco ; (1871)19,100; (1891)22,700. 
 
 Richmond, mun. bor. (since William I.), par., and market- 
 tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 42 m. N W. York, in the diocese 
 of Ripon, on the Swale, with stn. on the NE. R. The trade is 
 confined to agricultural products. Ruins of the Norman castle 
 of R. still overlook the river and valley. The town returned two 
 members to Parliament till 1867, and then one till 1885, when 
 the bor. was disfranchised. There are five fairs. Market-day, 
 S. Mun. bor. P. (i8oi)<300o; (i85i)<45oo; (i87i)<45oo; 
 (i89i)<45oo; pari. div. P. 54,400. 
 
 Richmond, vil. , Natal, 20 m. SSW. Pietermaritzburg ; 
 principal township in Upper Umkomanzi div. 
 
 Richmond, co. , New South Wales, on the coast, crossedby 
 29° S. and 153° E. 
 
 Richmond, tn.. New South Wales, Cumberland co. , 30 m. 
 NW. Sydney ; seat of a government agricultural college and 
 experimental farm. The Kurrajong Heights, 10 m. distant, is 
 a well-known sanatarium. P. < 1500. 
 
 Richmond, riv.. New South Wales, rises in Macpherson 
 Range, flows SE. then NE. to the Pacific Ocean, in about 28'^ 
 50' S. Length, 120 m. 
 
 Richmond, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I., Waimea co., 
 5 m. S. by W. Nelson, on the railway to Nelson. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Richmond, tp. , Tasmania, Monmouth co. , 12 m. NE. by N. 
 Hobart; anthracite coal is found in the district. P. < 1500. 
 
 Richmond, co. , U.S. , Georgia, on the Savannah (E. frontier), 
 and N. of 33° N. 
 
 Richmond, city, U.S., Indiana, cap. Wayne co., on E. Fork 
 of Whitewater R. , 65 m. E. Indianapolis. The manufactures, 
 which are considerable, include agricultural machines, portable 
 engines, furniture, &c. Important railway centre. Contains 
 Earlham College, under the control of the Society of Friends, 
 who hold an important annual meeting here. P. ( 1850) < 1500 ; 
 (1870) 9400; (1880) 12,700; (1890) 16,600. 
 
 Richmond, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Madison co., 90 m. ESE. 
 Louisville ; seat of the Central University. P. 5100. 
 
 1287 
 
R I C H — R I D G 
 
 Klehnioiid, tn. , U.S., Maine, Sagadahoc co. , on the r. bk. of 
 the Kennebec R. , i8 m. S. Augusta. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Rlctamoud, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co. , 23 m. 
 N. by E. of the SW. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Richmond, vil., U.S., Michigan, Macomb co., 38 m. N. 
 Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Richmond, city, U.S., Missouri, cap. Bay co., 36 ra. ENE. 
 Kansas City. P. <30cio. 
 
 Richmond, vil., U.S., New York. See Port Richmond. 
 
 Richmond, co. , U.S., New York. See Staten Island. 
 
 Richmond, co., U.S., N. Carolina, on the S. frontier, E. 
 of 80= \\'. 
 
 Richmond, tn., U.S., Rhode I., Washington co. P. •<20oo. 
 
 Richmond, viL, U.S., Texas, cap. Fort Bend co. , on the r. 
 bk. of Brazos R. , 29 m. SW. by W. Houston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Richmond, vil., U.S., Utah, Cache co., 80 m. N. Salt Lake 
 City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Richmond, tn., U.S., Vermont, Chittenden co. , on the 
 Winooski R. , 12 m. SE. by E. Burlington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Richmond, co. , U.S. , Virginia, in the E. , crossed by 38° N. , 
 E. of J"]" W. , bounded on the SW. by the estuary of the Rappa- 
 hannock. 
 
 Richmond, city, U.S., Virginia, Henrico co., on the 1. bk. , 
 and immediately below the falls, of the James R. , no m. NW. 
 by W. of the SE. corner of the state, with coal-mines. Directly 
 on the opposite bank, and connected with it by five bridges, is 
 Manchester. Vessels drawing 16 ft. can ascend to the city 
 at low tide, and those of 18 ft. draught to Warwick, 3 m. 
 below. Depth at entrance to port at high water nt ordinary 
 spring tides, 16 ft.; at ordinary neap tides, 15J ft. deep ; in port 
 at high water, 17 ft.; at low water, 14 ft. A railway has been 
 built around the falls, and improvements are in progress which 
 will render the docks accessible by vessels drawing 20 ft. in a 
 channel 100 ft. wide to the mouth of the river. It is intended 
 eventually to deep>en the channel to 22 ft. at low water. There 
 is regular steam communication with Norfolk, Baltimore, Phila- 
 delphia, and New York. The manufactures, which are very 
 important, include tobacco and cigar factories, iron-works, 
 machinery, waggons, furniture, cotton goods, sheetings, shirt- 
 ings, stoneware, and electro-plating. The principal exports 
 are cotton and tobacco. R. is noted for its numerous and ex- 
 cellent educational institutions. The town is chiefly built upon 
 elevated grounds on either side of the Shockoe Creek Valley, 
 and is one of the healthiest cities of the U.S. R. was founded 
 in 1737, and became the state cap. in 1779. In 1861 it was 
 made the cap. of the Southern Confederacy, and during the war 
 it was one of the central objects of attack and defence. In 
 1865 the city was fired by the Confederate army to prevent the 
 tobacco warehouses and the stores from falling into the hands 
 of the Federal forces, the estimated loss being 8,000,000 dollars. 
 P. (1790) 3800; (1830) 16,100; (1850) 27,600; (i860) 37,900; 
 (1870)51,000; (1880)63,600; (1890)81,400. 
 
 Richmond, city, Victoria, Bourke co. , suburb of and 2 m. 
 E. Melbourne. P. 38,800. 
 
 Richmond Bay, Canada, Prince Edward I., N. ct., towards 
 the W. end. 
 
 Richmond Bay, or Chateanbelalr, vil. , W. Indies, on the 
 W. ct. of St. Vincent I. 
 
 Richmond Corner, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Carleton 
 CO., S3 m. WNW. Fredericton. P. (of sub-dist.)<;2Soo. 
 
 Richmond Gnlf, a triangular sheet of water, Canada, on the 
 E. side of Hudson Bay, in 56° 20' N., measuring 25 by 15 m. , 
 communicating with the bay by a rocky channel so narrow, that 
 the tide rushes out and in with dangerous rapidity without 
 bringing the surface to low water or raising it to high water level 
 of the bay. 
 
 Richmond Harbour, P.O., Ire., W. co., bar. and i^ m. 
 W. Longford. 
 
 Richmond Hill, vil., Canada, Ontario, York co., 16 m. 
 NNW. Toronto, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 RlchmondTllle, vil., U.S., New York, Schoharie co., 43 m. 
 W.Albany. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Rlchrath, vil, Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 6 m. SW. 
 Solingen. P. (comm. ) 5200. 
 
 Rlcht«nberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Franz- 
 burg, 12 m. SW. Stralsund. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rlchterlch, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle and 3 m. N W. 
 by N. Aix-la-Chajjelle. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Rlchterndorf, vil., Prussia, Silesia, circle and 2 m. SW. 
 Gleiwitz. P. <30oo. 
 
 Rlchterftwll, comm., Svdlzd., cant. Zurich, on the S. side of 
 Lake Ziirich, 9 m. ENE. Zug; frequented by invalids for the 
 whey cure. P. <4000. 
 
 RlchTlew, vil., U.S., Illinois, Washington co., 58 m. E. by 
 S. St. Louis (Mo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Rlchwoc»d, agricultural vil., U.S., Ohio, Union co., 37 m. 
 NW. by N. Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rlcka, riv. , Austria. See Reka. 
 
 Rlckarton, eccles. par., Scot., Kincardineshire, Fetteresso 
 and Glenbervie pars., 3 m. NW. Stonehaven, P.O. P. <50o. 
 1288 
 
 Rlckergate, par., Eng. , Cumberland, included in Carlisle 
 par. P. 5900. 
 
 Rlckerscote, P. O. , Eng. , 2 m. S. Stafford. 
 
 Rlcklughall, Superior and Inferior, two adjoining pars. , 
 Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 13 m. NE. by E. Bury St. Edmunds, 
 3 J m. W. by N. Mellis stn. R. Superior, P.O., P. <50o; R. 
 Inferior, P. <5oo. 
 
 Rlckllng, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 5 m. SW. by S. Saffron 
 Walden, 2 m. SW. Newport stn. P. <500. 
 
 Rlckllngen, vil., Prussia, prov., circle, and 16 m. WNW. 
 Hanover. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rlckmansworth, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, on the Colne, 
 div. and 4 m. SW. Watford, •j\ m. NW. Harrow, on the 
 Metropolitan Rly., and a branch oi the L. & NW. R. ; has art- 
 fabric printing, manufacture of paper. PMT.O. 10,020 ac. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Rico, tn., U.S., Colorado, cap. Dolores co. , on W. Fork of 
 Dolores R. , 25 m. SW. Silverton. P. < 1500. 
 ' Ricomagus, tn. , France. See Rlom. 
 
 Rlczka, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Kos6w. P. 
 <40C)o. 
 
 Rlddell's Creek, post-tn. , Victoria, Bourke co. , 28 m. N W. 
 by N. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rlddell's Quarter, par., Eng., Northumberland, dist. and 
 7 m. NW. Morpeth. P. <25o. 
 
 Rldderkerk, vil. , Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, 5 m. NW. 
 Dordrecht. P. (comm. Rldderbuurt) 7800. 
 
 Rlddersk, silver-mine, Russia, W. Siberia, govt. Tomsk, in 
 Altai Mts. , 330 m. S. of Biysk. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rlddes, hamlet, Switzd., cant. Valais, 8 m. SW. by W. Sion, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Rhone. 
 
 Rlddlngs Junction, stn., Eng., Cumberland, in the N. of 
 the Eskdale div. , on the Liddel Water, 12^ m. N. Carlisle, on 
 the N. B. R. 
 
 Rlddlngg with Somercotes, eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire, 
 Mid div., 9 m. SW. by W. Mansfield, i\ m. W. Pye Bridge 
 stn. ; has blast-furnaces. PMT.O. (Rlddlngs). P. 5600. 
 
 Riddles, settlement, U.S., Oregon, Douglas co., on Umpqua 
 R. , 78 m. NE. by N. of the SW. corner of the state. 
 
 Rlddlesden, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Bingleypar. , ij m. N. Keighley. P. < 1000. 
 
 Rlddlestown, electoral div.. Ire., co. Limerick, dist. Rath- 
 keale No. i. 
 
 Rlddlesworth, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, Mid div. , on the lower 
 Ouse, 24 m. SW. Norwich, 4^ m. SSW. Harling Road stn., 
 P.O. P. <2So; eccles. par., partly in Suffolk (R. with ttas- 
 thorpe and Knettlshall) P. <:25o. 
 
 Rlddon, Loch, an inlet, Scot., Argyllshire, on the S. ct. , 
 running 3 m. N. from the Kyles of Bute. It receives at its head 
 the riv. Ruel. 
 
 Rldeau, Little, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Prescott co., 
 48 m. W. Montreal. 
 
 Rldeau Lake, lake, Canada, Ontario, 42-65 m. SW. by S. 
 Ottawa, drained by the riv. Rideau into the riv. Ottawa. 
 Together with canals, the lake and river afford water communi- 
 cation (originally established for military purposes between 1826 
 and 1834) between Ottawa city and Kingston on Lake Ontario, 
 Length of navigation, 126^ m.; number of locks, 47 ; navigable 
 depth, 4i ft. 
 
 Rldgacre, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, dist. and 4 m. E. Stour- 
 bridge. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ridge, English, 'a ridge.' See Rucken. 
 
 Ridge, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, St. Albans div. , 3 m. NW. 
 Barnet, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ridge, electoral div.. Ire., W. co. and 8 m. SW. Carlow, 
 bar. I drone West. 
 
 Rldgedale, viL, U.S., Tennessee, Hamilton co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rldgefleld, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co., 17 m. 
 WNW. Bridgeport. P. <3000. 
 
 Rldgely, vil., U.S., Illinois, Sangamon co., 3 m. N. Spring- 
 field Center. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ridge Point, cape, Ire., W. ct. co. Mayo, on the N. of 
 Achill I., 9°59' W. 
 
 Ridge River, Canada, Saskatchewan, flows NNW. into 
 Island Lake, on the N. frontier of the dist. , in about 102° 40' W. 
 
 Rldgetown, vil., Canada, Ontario, Kent co., 50 m. SW. 
 London. P. (i89i)<20oo. 
 
 RldgcTllie, vil., U.S., Indiana, Randolph co., 60 m. NE. by 
 E. Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ridge Way, ancient Roman road, Eng. , Berkshire and Wilt- 
 shire, between Wanborough and Wallingford. 
 
 Ridgewa.v, eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire, NE. div., 4^ m. 
 SE. by S. Sheffield, 2J m. SW. Woodhouse June. ; coal mined. 
 P.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Rldgeway, vil., U.S., New York, Orleans co., 37 m. NE. 
 Buffalo; has sandstone quarries. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ridge well, par., Eng., Essex, Saffron Walden div., ii^ m. 
 N. Braintree, 2 m. NW. by N. Yeldham stn., P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Rldgewood, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Bergen co., 5 m. NNE. 
 Paterson. P. < 1500. 
 
R I D G 
 
 RI G I 
 
 Ridgniont, par., Eng. , Bedfordshire, Luton div. , g^ m. SW. 
 by S. Bedford, i m. SE. of its stn. on L. & NW. R. P. <75o. 
 Rldgmoiint, P.O., Eng., near Bletchley, Buckinghamshire, 
 3 m. from Aspley Guise. 
 
 Rldgway, vil., Eng., Devonshire, 4^ m. NE. Plymouth ; is a 
 summer resort. 
 
 Kldg-way, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, cap. Elk co. , on Clarion 
 R., 85 m. SE. by E. Erie. P. <20oc. 
 
 Kldgway Cross, P.O., Wales, Herefordshire, 6 m. N. Led- 
 bury. 
 
 Riding, originally Thrithing, ' a third part,' applied as a 
 geographical name to the three subdivisions of the English co. 
 of York, and now, without any reference to the original mean- 
 ing, to subdivisions of shires in some of the Australasian colonies. 
 Riding, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 5 m. ESE. 
 Hexham, on the r. bk. of the Tyne, with a stn. (R. Mill) on 
 the NE. R. and N. B. R., PMT.O. (R. Mill). P.<:2S0. See 
 Bywell. 
 
 Riding Mill, vil, Eng., Northumberland, on the NE. R. 
 and N. B. R. , div. and 5 m. E. by S. Hexham ; coal mined. 
 PMT.O. See Bywell St. Andrew. 
 
 Ridley, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 6| m. W. by 
 N. Nantwich, 3^ m. S. Beeston and Tarporley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ridley, par., Eng., Kent, Dartford div., 7 m. SSW. Graves- 
 end, 3 m. SW. by S. Meopham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ridley, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 9 m. W. 
 Hexham, near the r. bk. of the South Tyne, i m. SE. Bardon 
 Mill stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ridley, par., Wales, Denbighshire, Wrexham dist. , near 
 Holt. P. <25o. 
 
 Rldllngton, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., ij m. from the N. 
 ct., 10 m. SE. Cromer, 2^ m. NE. Honing stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Rldllngton, par., Eng., Rutland, dist. and 2^ m. NW. 
 Uppingham, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Rldont, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 581 m. 
 by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Rlebeek West and Riebeek Kasteel, vils. , Cape Colony, dist. 
 Malmesbury. P. (of each) < 1500. 
 J?ied, Anglo-Saxon , ' a reed ' ; e.g. , Retford, ' the reedy ford. ' 
 Rled, tn. , Upper Austria, cap. dist. R., 35 m. NE. by N. 
 Salzburg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rled, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, 11 m. NW. Brieg, in the 
 Lotschen-thal. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rled, Xleder and Ober, two vils., Switzd., cant. Bern, 
 the former 5 m. WSW. Brienz, on the Lake of Brienz. P. (of 
 each) < 2000. 
 
 Rieder, or Rleder am Harz, vil, Ger. , Anhalt, 12 m. SSE. 
 Halberstadt. P. <3000. 
 
 Rledlsheim, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle and i^ m. E. 
 Miilhausen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Riedllngen, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle of and on 
 the Danube, 31 m. SE. by S. Tiibingen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rledwyl, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 9 m. SE. by E. Solothurn. 
 Rieka, tn., Austria. See Flume. 
 Rleka, riv. , Austria- Hungary. See Reka. 
 Rleka, or Rjeka, tn. , S. Montenegro, cap. prov. R. , 5J m. 
 ESE. Cetinje. Its monastery was formerly the cap. of the 
 prince-bishops (vladikas) of Montenegro ; had a Slavonic 
 printing-press in the 15th century. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rlemke, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Bochum, 9 m. 
 NE. Essen ; coal is mined here. P. <3000. 
 Rlerson, isl., Oceania. See Mauahikl Islands. 
 Rlesa, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Dresden, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Elbe, with a railway bridge over the river, 12 m. NNW. 
 Meissen; has a large harbour. P. (i849)<300o; (1890)9400. 
 
 Rlesenbeck, vil. , Prussia, in the N. of prov. Westphalia, circle 
 Teckenburg, 20 m. N. Miinster. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Rlesenbnrg, tn., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle Rosenberg, 
 20 m. SSE. Marienburg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rlesengebirge ('Giant Mountains'), mt. range, Ger., separ- 
 ating Bohemia from Prussia, prov. Silesia, continuous eastward 
 with the Sudetengebirge, and westward with the Erzgebirge. 
 The Elbe rises on its S. side. Granite is the prevailing forma- 
 tion on the Silesian side, where the mountains descend very 
 steeply, and crystalline schists on the Bohemian, which has a 
 much gentler slope. Snow lies on the summits eight or nine 
 months in the year. This range is crossed by three passes, one 
 from Landeshut to Trautenau, another from Hirschberg to 
 Reichenberg, and the third from Hirschberg to the Elbe valley. 
 The R. are much frequented by German tourists. Glaciated 
 area, estimated by Partsch, at 32.5 sq. m. ; lower limit oi firn 
 (nevie) 3700-3900 ft. Length, NW. to SE. , 24 m. ; breadth, 
 16 m. Mean alt. 4300 ft. ; culminating point, the Schneekoppe, 
 or Riesenkoppe, 5260 ft. 
 
 Rlesl, comm. , Sicily, prov. and 14I m. S. by E. Caltanissetta ; 
 sulphiu" is mined here. P. 11,900. 
 
 Rlestedt, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Sangerhausen, 8 m. 
 W. by S. Eisleben ; has lignite mines. P. <300o. 
 
 Rletfontelu ('reed-fountain'), mission stn., Brit. Bechuana- 
 land, in 26° S. , 16 m. from W. frontier. 
 
 Rletfontein, settlement. Cape Colony, in 32° 52' S. , 24° 5' 
 E. , Graaff Reinet dist. Alt. 2264 ft. Mean rfall. (16 yrs.), 
 11.46 in. 
 
 Rleti, the ancient Sabine Reate, tn. , Italy, Umbria, prov. 
 Perugia, on the Velino, 16 m. SE. Terni ; has mineral springs, 
 and a cathedral of the i6th century. P. 9000. 
 
 Rlet Point, cape. Cape C'olony, S. ct. , about 27° 5' E. 
 Rlet-Vley, vil.. Cape Colony, Griqua-land E., dist. Umzim- 
 kulu, 70 m. SW. by S. Pietermaritzburg (Natal). P. < 1500. 
 
 Rleumes, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Garonne, arr. Muret, 24 
 m. SW. Toulouse. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rleupeyronx, tn., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. Villefranche, 
 27 m. N. by E. Albi, with deposits of sulphuretted lead. Alt. 
 2430 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rienx, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 6 m. E. by N. 
 Cambrai. P. <:3000. 
 Rleraulx, Eng. , Yorkshire. See Rivanlx. 
 Rlez, tn. , France, dep. Basses- Alpes, arr. Digne, 38 m. NE. 
 by E. Aix. The ancient Roman colony of Julia Augusta 
 Alebece, or Albaugusta, R. has numerous Roman remains. 
 The Gothic cathedral was rebuilt in 1490 and 1524, and restored 
 1812. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rl^zes, Les, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Thuin, 7 
 m. WNW. Rocroi (France). P. <20oo. 
 Rir, Er. See Morocco. 
 
 Rlfa, or Rife, vil., Upper Egypt, prov. and 6 m. SSE. Siut. 
 P. <50oo. 
 
 Riff, a Berber tribe in the N. of Morocco, mainly to the E. 
 of 5° W. 
 
 Rlffelbom, peak on the N. side of the Gorner glacier, where 
 it contracts to form the Boden glacier, 3 m. S. Zermatt, Switzd., 
 Valais. Alt. 9615 ft. 
 
 Rig, or Bender (or Bander) River, small port, Persia, on 
 the Persian Gulf, 22 m. NNW. Biishire ; roadstead sheltered by 
 two islets. 
 
 Riga (Esthonian Rla-lln), seapt. , Russia, in population the 
 fifth city of the empire. It is situated at the S. e.xtremity of 
 the Gulf of R. (115 m. long, and 100 m. in width; greatest 
 depth, 27 fathoms), 8 m. above the mouth of the W. Diina 
 {q.v.), in 56° 57' N. , 24° 6' E. , 360 m. SW. St. Petersburg {via 
 Pskov). The bar at the mouth of the Diina having only 14 ft. 
 of water over it, and the roadstead, although protected by a 
 mole, being still exposed to winds, part of the vessels are un- 
 loaded at Bolderaa or Miihlgraben. The entrance into the 
 Diina is protected by the Diinamiinde fortress. R. consists of 
 the old town, which has preserved several of its Hanseatic 
 features, and three suburbs, St. Petersburg, Moscow, and 
 Mitau, the last of which, on the 1. bk. , is connected with the 
 former by a floating bridge and a high viaduct. Its cathedral, 
 built in 1204, and rebuilt in the i6th century, is said to possess 
 the largest organ in the world. R. has a technical high school 
 (over 1000 students). One -half the population is German, 
 the remainder being Russians and Letts in equal parts, with 
 nearly 5000 foreigners and 2000 Esthonians. The larger com- 
 merce is in German and partly English hands. R. is a great 
 market for export of timber, shipped from Volhynia and White 
 Russia, and especially flax, grown in the W. provs. , as well as 
 for hemp and all sorts of cereals, especially oats ; eggs, tallow, 
 tobacco, rugs, and various minor articles also add to the im- 
 portance of the exports, the annual value of which is about 
 ;f5,ooo,ooo. Although the port of R. freezes for an average 
 of 127 days every year, and has a rival in Libau, the facilities 
 offered by the railways running to the E. and SE. enable R. 
 to hold the fourth place (after St. Petersburg, Odessa, and 
 Libau) in the exterior trade of the empire. The imports, con- 
 sisting chiefly of salt, fish, wine, oil, and fruits, raw cotton, 
 machinery, and coal, attain an annual value of upwards of 
 _^2, 000,000. R. is the cap. of the govt, of Livonia, and the 
 seat of a governor- general. Mean temp., yr. 42.9° F. , Jan. 
 23.6°, July 65.7°; mean rfall. (31 yrs.), yr. 20 in., May-Nov. 
 14.6 in. P. (1867) 102,040 ; (1891) 181,935. 
 Rlgaf, eastern Sudan. See Rejaf. 
 
 Rlgand, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Vaudreuil co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Ottawa (Lake Two Mountains), 33 m. W. Montreal. 
 P. <:i500. 
 Rigg, Eng. , ' a ridge. ' See Rticken. 
 
 Rigg, P.O., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 6 m. E. Annan, 2 m. 
 WSW. Gretna Green stn. 
 
 Rigg (or Crnggletoii) Bay, Scot. , Wigtownshire, on the W. 
 side of Wigtown Bay, 7 m. SSE. Wigtown. 
 
 Rlggend, vil. , Scot., Lanarkshire, New Monkland par., 3J 
 m. N. Airdrie. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rlgglsberg, vil., Switzd., cant, and 10 m. S. by E. Bern. 
 P. < 2000. 
 Rlgba, Berber tribe, Algeria. See Rira. 
 Rlgl, spelt by the French Right, the Latin Mons Rigidus, 
 mt. , Switzd. , between lakes Lucerne on the S. , Zug on the N. , 
 and Lowerz on the E. It is covered with forests and meadows 
 at its base, with pasturage higher up, and has on its slopes 
 eleven villages, many chalets, and numerous hotels both on the 
 
 1289 
 
R I G I — R I N G 
 
 slopes and at the top. There are two funicular railways to the 
 summit, one going from Vitznau, on Lake Lucerne, the other 
 from Art, by Lake Zug. The highest point, the Kulm, is 5905 
 ft. high, from whence is seen a magnificent panorama, also the 
 curious mirage phenomenon, the ' Spectre of the Rigi.' Other 
 well-knowTi peaks are the Kaltbad (5230 ft.), and the Staffel 
 (4740 ft.). Mean rfall. Rigi- Kulm (13 yrs.), 59.2 in. 
 
 Klgl, three-peaked mt. in the Cascade Mts. , U.S., Washing- 
 ton, in 47° 22' N., 121° 15' W.; so called on account of its 
 supposed resemblance to the Swiss Rigi. Alt. about 7500 ft. 
 
 Rlgnauo, comra. , Italy, Tuscany, on the 1. bk. of the Arno, 
 prov. and 10 m. E. by S. Florence. An excellent cement made. 
 P. 5100. 
 
 Blgolato, comm. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 39 m. NW. by 
 N. Udine. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Klgolets, \-il. , U.S., Louisiana, Orleans par., 30 m. ENE. 
 New Orleans, on the outlet of Lake Pontchartrain. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rlgolets Pass, narrow navigable channel, U.S., Louisiana, 
 connecting lakes Pontchartrain and Borgne. Length, 8-10 m. 
 
 Rlgsby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 10 m. SE. 
 by S. Louth, i m. W. Alford stn. P. <25o. See Alford. 
 
 Blgslde, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, par. and 4 m. NE. Douglas. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Rlgton, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash div. , 
 7^ m. NE. by N. Leeds, close to Bardsey stn., P.O. (North R.). 
 See Bardsey. 
 
 Rlgton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div. , 3J m. 
 S. by W. Harrogate, i m. N. by E. Weeton stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rigylca, comm., Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, 28 m. WSW. 
 jVIaria-Theresiojjel. P. <40oo. 
 
 Rlha, tn. , Syria, 36 m. SE. Antioch. P. 3000. 
 
 Rlhab, tn., Arabia, Hadramut, in the Wadi Doan, 730 m. 
 SE. Mecca. P. 6000. 
 
 Rijeu, vil. , Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 6 m. E. Breda. 
 
 Rijk IJs, isls. , Spitsbergen Archipelago. See Rykys. 
 
 Rljsbergeii, comm. and vil. , Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 5 m. 
 SW. by S. Breda. P. (comm. )<20oo. 
 
 Rlji^en, tn., Netherlands, prov. Overijssel, 15 m. E. by N. 
 De venter. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Rljswljkf in the older and more familiar English spelling 
 Ryswyk, or Ryswyck, tn. , Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, 2 m. 
 SE. The Hague. In the castle the four treaties between France, 
 Holland, Spain, England, and the German Empire were signed, 
 1697. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Rike, Scandinavian, 'a kingdom.' See. Reich. 
 
 RIkhesM-ar, cantonment, India. See Loh&gb&t. 
 
 Rlknchn, kuni or old prov., Japan, now included in Iwate 
 and Akita kens. 
 
 Rlkazen, kuni or old prov., Japan, now included in Miyagi 
 and Iwate kens. 
 
 Rila, market-tn., Bulgaria, circle Kostendil, at the base of 
 the R. Planina, 40 m. S. by W. Sofia. Eleven miles E. stands 
 the very large and very celebrated Rila monastery (Orthodox 
 Greek). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rila (improperly Rilo) Planina, in Turkish Rila Dagb, a 
 short, somewhat detached range of mts. at the NW. end of the 
 Rhodope range, trending E. and W. in the S. of Bulgaria, about 
 35 m. S. Sofia. Alt. 8765 ft. 
 
 Riley, or Lockport, vil., U.S., Indiana, Vigo co., 8 m. SE. 
 by E. Terre-Haute. P. < 1500. 
 
 Riley, CO., U.S., Kansas, in the NE., bounded on the W. 
 by 97° W. , traversed in the S. by the Kansas R. 
 
 Rllla Mill, PM.O., Eng., Cornwall, 4^ m. NW. Callington. 
 
 Rllle, or Rlsle, riv., France, deps. Orne and Eure, flows N., 
 and enters the estuary of the Seine, on the 1. bk. , 14 m. E. by 
 S. Le Havre ; navigable from Pont-Audemer, 9^ m. Length, 
 90 m. ; area of basin, 900 sq. m. 
 
 Rill Head, promontory, Eng., Cornwall, 2 m. NW. Lizard 
 Head. 
 
 RUllnKton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div. , 
 I4i m. SW. by W. Scarborough, 4^ m. ENE. Malton, i m. 
 SE. of its stn. on the NE. R., PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Rilston, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 18 m. NNE. Burnley, 4 m. NE. by N. Gargrave stn. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (R. or Rylstone). See Conlstone. 
 
 Rlma, tn., Tibet, prov. Kham, on the Zayul Chu, the upper 
 portion of the Lohit, in 28° 12' W., 95° 6' E. Alt. 4650 ft. See 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1888, p. 577. 
 
 Rlmac, riv. on which Lima, Peru, stands ; enters the sea 
 close to Callao. 
 
 Rlmaszombat, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. Gombr, 
 60 m. NE. Waitzen (Vdcs), 52 m. E. Schemnitz. P. 5600. 
 
 Rlmatara, isL, Pacific, in the Tubuai group, in about 221° 
 S., 153° W. 
 
 Rlmlngton, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Hastings co. , 7^ m. from 
 Madoc. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rimini, the ancient Ariminum, seapt. and city, central 
 
 Italy, prov. and 28 m. ESE. Forli, 31 m. SE. by S. Ravenna, 
 
 on the Marecchia, 2 m. from its mouth in the Adriatic. Chief 
 
 edifices, the bridge of Augustus over the Marecchia, the arch 
 
 1290 
 
 of Augustus, and remains of the palace of the Malatestas. Has 
 mineral springs and baths, and here the Flaminian Way termi- 
 nated. Its port, though shallow, is frequented by fishing 
 vessels ; manufactures silk ; it is a summer bathing-resort. It 
 was the seat of a great ecclesiastical council in A. d. 359. The 
 Malatestas reigned at R. for three centuries from 1203, and are 
 notable as much for their crimes as for the protection given 
 by them to the artists of the Renaissance, especially those who 
 adorned the cathedral, or the Church of St. Francis, dedicated 
 to the 'divine Isotta,' wife of Duke Sigismund ; in the interior 
 are the tombs of the Malatestas. Comm. P. (1871) 33,900; 
 (1881) 37,100. Lighthouse, visible 11 m. 
 
 Rimini, vil., U.S., Montana, Lewis and Clarke co., 35 m. 
 NNE. Butte City. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Rlmmington, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, extreme 
 S. of the Skipton div., 8 m. N. by W. Burnley, with a stn. 
 (Blmlugton) on the L. & Y. R. P. <soo. 
 
 Rimmon (' Rock'), place named in O. T. See BAmmon. 
 
 Btmnlcn (or Bftmnlcik) SArat, tn., Roumania, cap. prov. 
 R., on the Rimnicfl, 45 m. W. by N. Braila ; seat of a bishop. 
 The town was destroyed by fire, 1854. Here the Prince of 
 Koburg, commanding the Austro-Russian army, defeated the 
 Turks, 1789. P. 6900. 
 
 Btmnlcn (or Bdmnlcu) VAlcil, tn. , Roumania, prov. Vaicea, 
 on the r. bk. of the Aluta, 6 m. NNE. Craiova ; seat of a 
 bishop ; has good vineyards ; 3 m. to the SW. are the cele- 
 brated salt-mines of Ogna. P. 5800. 
 
 Blmogne, tn. , France, dep. Ardennes, arr. and 6 m. SSE. 
 Rocroi ; important slate quarries. Alt. 740 ft. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Bimonski, tn. and watering-place, Canada, Quebec, R. co. , 
 on the r. bk. of the riv. St. LawTence, in 68° 32' W. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bimonski Birer, riv., Canada, Quebec, flows N. into the 
 riv. St. Lawrence at Rimouski. 
 
 Bimpar, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 4 
 m. N. Wiirzburg. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Blmpflschliorn, peak, Switzd., cant. Valais, in the Pennine 
 chain, about 6 m. N. Monte Rosa. Alt. 13,790 ft. 
 
 Blmpton, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 4^^ m. NE. Yeovil, 
 I m. SE. Marstonstn., PT.O. P. <:500. 
 
 Blmski, isls. , Pacific. See Bangerik. 
 
 Bluiswell, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., 13J m. E. Hull, i^ m. WNW. Withernsea stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Blmn, post-tn. , New Zealand. See Woodstock and Blmn. 
 
 Bincon, tn. , isl. of Haiti, republic Santo Domingo, near the 
 N. ct. , 95 m. NNW. Santo Domingo, in 70° 22' W. 
 
 Bincon, tn. , Mexico, state of Aguas Calientes, 40 m. S. by 
 E. Zacatecas, on the Central Rly. 
 
 Bincon, or San Francisco del Bincon, tn., Mexico, state 
 of and 40 m. W. Guanajuato. P. 7000. 
 
 Bincon, comm. , isl. of Porto Rico, W. ct , 74 m. W. by S. 
 San Juan. P. 5800. 
 
 Bincon, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Doiia Ana co. , 150 
 m. NE. by E. from the SW. corner of the terr. 
 
 Blnconada, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 130 m. 
 NNW. Jujuy, cap. dep. R. P. <200o. 
 
 Bincon de la Yleja, volcano. Central America, Costa Rica, 
 95 m. NW. San Jos^. 
 
 Blnealon, electoral div.. Ire., Clare, dist. Labasheeda, 
 
 BIneen, P.O., Ire., 2 m. from Milltown Malbay, co. Clare. 
 
 Blneen, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 3 m. from Union Hall, 10 m. 
 fi-om Skibbereen stn. 
 
 Rlnehart, co. , U.S., S. Dakota, boimded on the S. by 45° 
 N. , and on the E. by 102° W. 
 
 Rinerella Bay, Ire., SW. ct. , co. Clare, on N. side of riv. 
 Shannon, long. 9° 43' W. 
 
 Ring, PM.O., Ire., co. Waterford, 5 m. SE. Dungarvan stn. 
 
 Rtngabella Bay, Ire. , on the S. ct. of co. Cork, to the SW, 
 of the entrance to Cork Harbour. 
 
 Rlngagonagh, par.. Ire., co. \\'aterford, bar. Decies within 
 Drum, on harbour and 5 m. SE. Dungarvan. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rlngfto del Rey, colony, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, 69 m. 
 W. by N. Porto .'\legre. 
 
 Rlngarogy Island, Ire., off SW. co. Cork, in Baltimore 
 Bay, 5 m. SW. Skibbereen. 
 
 Rlngarooma, Upper, tn. , Tasmania, on Ringarooma R. , 
 Dorset co. , on N. ct. , 193 m. from Hobart, 54 m. NE. Laun- 
 ceston ; principal tin-mining centre of the NE. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rlngarooma, Lower, or Boobyalla, seapt., Tasmania, at 
 mouth of Ringarooma R. , in about 147° 55 E. , 40 m. from 
 Ringarooma. It is the shipping port for all the tin of the district. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Ringasklddy, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 5 m. from Monkstown. 
 
 Ringat, inland tn., Sumatra, Rio Residency, on the Indragiri, 
 in about 0° 30' S. , 102° 40' E. , 175 m. E. by N. Padang. 
 
 Rlngcarran, p>ar. , Ire., co. Cork, bars. Kinalea and Kinsale, 
 contains part of Kinsale town ; 5418 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 RInge, vil. , Denmark, Fyen I., prov. Svendborg, 12 m. S. 
 by E. Odense. P. <3000. 
 
 Rlngeba, vil. , Norway, prov. Hamar, 29 m. NNW. Lille- 
 hammer, in GuldbranddaL P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
R I N G — R I O D 
 
 JUngerlke, dist. , Norway, round the Tyrifjord, prov. Chris- 
 tiania. 
 
 Rlugfadd Point, cape, Ire., co. Down, on E. side of 
 Killough Harbour. 
 
 Rlngford, PM.O., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 4I m. N. 
 Kirkcudbright, i m. N. by E. Tarff stn, 
 
 Riitgglt, mts., Java. See Blngliit. 
 
 Ringgold, vil. , U.S., Georgia, cap. Catoosa co. , 22 m. by rail 
 SE. Chattanooga ; has rich deposits of iron ore. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ringgold, CO., U.S., Iowa, on S. frontier and W. of 94° W. 
 
 Ringgold Islands, Pacific, E. of Vanua Levu I., Fiji Is. 
 
 Rlnglilt, or Ringglt, extinct volcano, Java, on the NE. ct. , 
 15 m. E. Besuki. Alt. 4100 ft. 
 
 Rlngkjoblng, seapt. , Denmark, in the W. of Jutland, on the 
 Ringkjobing Fjord, prov. R., 65 m. WNW. Horsens. The 
 Rlngkjoblng (or Stamlng) Fjord is a lagoon 9 m. wide, 
 stretching 18 m. S. from R., separated from the North Sea by a 
 narrow line of sand-dunes called the KUt-laud, and opening 
 in the SW. by a channel called the Nymintle Gab, at the en- 
 trance to which is a dangerous shifting bar. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rlnglados, vil., Greece, in the S. of the isl. of Corfu. 
 
 Rlngland, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 7 m. NW. by W. 
 Norwich, 2^ m. W. Drayton stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rlngley Road, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Radcliffe div., 4 m. 
 SE. by E. Bolton, with a stn. (R. Road) on the L. & Y. R. 
 
 Rlngnier, par., Eng., Sussex, Eastbourne div., 2J m. NE. 
 by E. Lewis., PMT.O. ; 5739 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ringmoor DoM'n, an upland tract, Eng. , in the S. of the 
 Tavistock div. of Devonshire, about 9 m. NE. by N. Plymouth. 
 
 Rlngniore, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 14^ m. 
 WSW. Dartmouth, P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Ring-o'-Bells, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, i m. from Burs- 
 cough. 
 
 Ring River, postal centre, Tasmania, on the W. ct. Montagu 
 CO. , about 30 m. by road from Zeehan. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rlngrone, par.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bars. Courceys, E. Car- 
 bery, S. div. , and Kinsale, 3 m. SSW. Kinsale ; 9240 ac. P. 
 
 <2500. 
 
 Riugsasli, par. , Eng. , Devonshire. See Ashrelgney. 
 Ring's End, vil., Eng., Cambridgeshire. See Gnyhlrne. 
 
 Rlngsend, electoral div.. Ire., NE. co. Londonderry, bar. 
 and 7 m. SSW. Coleraine, 5 m. from Garvagh stn., P.O. 
 
 Rlngsfleld, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 10 m. W. by S. 
 Lowestoft, i| m. SW. Beccles, P.O. (R. Common). P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (R. -with Little RedLsham) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Rlngshall, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 9 m. NW. 
 by W. Ipswich, 4 m. S. Stowmarket, 3 m. WSW. Needham 
 stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rlngstead, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, N. div., 7J m. 
 NE. by E. Wellingborough, on the L. & NW. R., PM.O. P. 
 < 1 000. See Denford . 
 
 Rlngstead, Great, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 14 m. 
 NNE. King's Lynn. P. <5oo. Rlngstead, Little, adjoining 
 eccles. par. , 2 m. E. Hunstanton stn. In the vicinity are Rlng- 
 stead Downs. PM.O. See Hunstanton. 
 
 Ringsted, tn. , Denmark, in the middle of Seeland, prov. 
 Sorb, 34 m. WSW. Copenhagen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rlngradso, isl. off the N. ct. of Norway, 10 m. N. Tromso. 
 Area, 260 sq. m. 
 
 Rlngvllle, or Ballynaganl, tn.. Ire., S. co. Waterford, bar. 
 Decies within Drum, 3^ m. SE. by S. Dungarvan, on Dtmgarvan 
 Harbour. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rlngway, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, Altrincham div., 7 m. 
 SW. by W. Stockport. P. <75o. 
 
 Rlngwood, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Hampshire, New 
 Forest div., on the Avon, 9J m. NNE. Bournemouth, with a 
 junction stn. on the L. & SW. R. ; manufactures of ale and 
 gloves. The town is ancient. Market-day, W. 10,365 ac. 
 P. <45oo ; eccles. par. (R. with Harbrldge and Blsterne) 
 P. <;45oo. 
 
 Rlngwood, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Passiac co., 15 m. NNW. 
 Paterson . P. < 1 500. 
 
 Rlngwood, post-tn., Victoria, Evelyn co. , 15^ m. E. Mel- 
 bourne by road and rail, in 37° 48' S. , and 145* 20' E. ; has 
 antimony mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rlngwonld, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 3 m. S. 
 by W. Deal, ih m. SSW. Walmer stn., member of the Port of 
 Dover, PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Rlnjanl, or Peak of Lombok, volcanic mass, Lombok, 
 Malay Archipelago ; highest peak, Sangkarijan, 12,460 ft. 
 
 Rlnn, Longh, Ire., in the S. of co. Leitrim, 9^ m. E. by 
 S. Carrick-on-Shannon ; drained by the riv. Rinn into Lough 
 Forbes, an expansion of the Shannon. 
 
 Rlnns, The, or Rhlnus, dist. , Scot. , Wigtownshire, extend- 
 ing from Corsewall Point to the Mull of Galloway. 
 
 Rinoran Point, cape, Ire. , co. Sligo, on N. side of Sligo Bay. 
 
 Rlnrawros Point, cape. Ire. , co. Donegal, in NW. of Aran 
 I., with lighthouse in 8° 34' W., visible 25 m. 
 
 Rlnteln, tn. , Prussia, in a detached part of the prov. Hesse- 
 Nassau, on the 1. bk. of the Weser, 9 m. SE. by S. Minden, 
 
 cap. circle R. ; formerly a fortress, and from 1612 to 1809 seat 
 of a university. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rlnvyle Point, cape. Ire. See Renvyle. 
 
 Hio, Spanish and Portuguese, ' river.' 
 
 Rio (Dutch spelling, Rlonw), tn.. Eastern Archipelago, on 
 the W. ct. of Bintang I. , on Rio Strait, 47 m. SE. by E. Singa- 
 pore ; declared a free port, 1828. Rio Strait lies between Bin- 
 tang I. on the E. , and Baltam, Rampang, and Galong Is. on 
 the W. , and communicates on the N. with Singapore Strait. 
 
 Rio, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. and 28 m. E. Orense. 
 P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Rio Arriba, co. , U.S., New Mexico, on the N. frontier, 
 crossed by 106° and 107° W. 
 
 Rlobamba, tn., Ecuador, cap. prov. R., 85 m. ENE. 
 Guayaquil ; seat of a bishop. R. has occupied its present site in 
 the middle of the sandy plain Tiocakhas since the earthquake of 
 1799, when 20,000 persons perished ; previously it occupied the 
 site of the present Cajabamba. On the plain was fought one of 
 the battles of the Spanish conquest. P. 12,000. 
 
 Rlobarba, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. and 50 m. N. Lugo, 
 dist. Vivero. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rio Blaueo, riv. , Spain. See Gnadalalrar. 
 
 Rio Bonito, city and rly. stn., Brazil, state and 35 m. E. by 
 N. Rio de Janeiro. Alt. 1685 ft. (D.L.). P. 20,900. 
 
 Rio Bravo del Norte, riv., U.S. See Rio Grande. 
 
 Rio Bneno, tn., Chile, prov. Valdivia, dep. and 6 m. ESE. 
 Union. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rio Bneno Harbour, Jamaica, on the N. ct. , in 77° 28' W. 
 
 Rio Caribe, seapt. tn., Venezuela, Bermudez, on the N. ct., 
 in about 63° 8' W. P. 6400. 
 
 Rio Chico, tn., Venezuela, Miranda, 60 m. ESE. Caracas, 
 connected by rail with the port of Higuerote ; deposits of coal 
 (not mined) near. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rio Claro, vil., Brazil, state and 60 m. W. by N. Rio de 
 Janeiro. 
 
 Rio Claro, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, Sao Paulo, 134 m. NW. 
 Santos. P. 8000. 
 
 Rio Claro, vil. , Colombia. See Jamundi. 
 
 Rio Cnarto, tn. , Argentine Republic, Cordoba, on the riv. R. 
 C. , 119 m. S. by W. Cdrdoba. Alt. 1425 ft. Mean rfall., yr. 
 28 in., April-Sept. 4.2 in. 
 
 Rio das Tellias, riv. , Brazil. See Gnalcniiy. 
 
 Rio «le Janeiro, maritime state of Brazil, including the valley 
 of the lower Parahiba (which partly forms the N. frontier) 
 and that part of the coast-line which trends E. to W. to the 
 N. of the Tropic of Capricorn, as well as that part where the 
 general trend changes first SW. to NE. , and then S. to N. It 
 has on its NW. the E. portion of the Serra da Mantiqueira, 
 including its culminating summit, Itatiaia-ossu (about 10,000 
 ft.), and includes the Serra dos Orgaos, to the S. of the valley 
 of the Parahiba. Extreme length, E. to W., about 260 m. ; 
 breadth, 60-100 m. Chief product, coffee. Cap. Nictheroy, 
 at the mouth of the bay of, and opposite the city of, Rio de 
 Janeiro. See Brazil, table. 
 
 Rio de Janeiro, frequently called by the Brazilians simply 
 Rio, city, Brazil, on the W. side of the bay of same name, just 
 within the entrance, mainly occupying a low plain bounded by 
 granite hills both on the N. and S. , those on the S. , Tijuca, 
 Corcovado, and further off Gavia, extending between the city 
 and the sea-coast ; observatory (crowning the hill of Castello, 
 immediately adjoining the bay) in 22° 54' 24" S. , 43° 10' 21" W. 
 The original nucleus of the city, composed of dark and narrow 
 streets, most of them nevertheless traversed by tramway lines, 
 lies immediately S. of the expansion of the bay about 4 m. from 
 the entrance, but the suburbs now extend S. along the base 
 of the hills and the shores of the bay to the sea-coast and the 
 lake of PVeitas, and inland for about 10 m. W. of the bay. 
 Rio de J. is essentially a seaport, its magnificent bay, which 
 forms its harbour, giving it all its importance. This bay has 
 a mouth less than a mile in width, but deep enough for the 
 largest vessels, and capable of being easily defended. On the 
 W. side the fort of Sao Joao occupies a promontory jutting 
 out from the Pao de Assucar (' Sugar-loaf), and the opposite 
 promontory is occupied by the fort of Santa Cruz, while the 
 islet of Villegagnon, opposite the city, is also fortified. The 
 bay stretches 17 m. inland on a due N. to S. line, and has a 
 width in the interior of 15 m. due E. to W. Its chief drawbacks 
 are that it is not deep enough near its shores to allow of large 
 vessels approaching the quays, in consequence of which they 
 anchor N. of the islet of Villegagnon, and that its communica- 
 tions with the interior are impeded by the mountains separating 
 it from the valley of the Parahiba. The railway running W. 
 from Rio de J. crosses the mountains to the W'. of the Serra 
 dos Orgaos in steep g^radients, culminating at an alt. of 1350 
 ft. , while that chain is crossed by the railway from Nictheroy 
 (opposite the city) at an alt. of 3510 ft. Rio de J. is nevertheless 
 the chief seaport in Brazil, the value of its exports reaching 
 about /'14, 000, 000-15, 000,000, nearly two-thirds of which repre- 
 sents coffee. Chief import, English coal. Various manufac- 
 tures are carried on, but none specially characteristic. The 
 
 1291 
 
RI O D — R I O P 
 
 city is more noted for its gardens and avenues of the lofty palm, 
 Oreodoxa regia, than for its public buildings. Its botanic 
 gardens, near the lake of Freitas, which contains the Oreodoxa 
 from which all the others in the city are descended, and which 
 was brought hither by Portuguese fugitives from Cayenne in 
 1806, are among the most noted in the tropics. Among the 
 public institutions (besides the observatory) are an important 
 school of medicine, the Misericordia hospital, a polytechnic 
 school, a museum of natural history, and a library of 200,000 
 volumes. The health of the city suffers considerably both 
 from natural causes and defective sanitation. The coast 
 mountains shut it off from the Atlantic breezes. Marsh fever 
 prevails in the swampy tracts lying between the original city 
 and its N. suburb of Sao Christovao, as well as near the lagoon 
 of Freitas. The drainage is bad. In places there are open 
 sewers, and a filthy canal, dug for the drainage of swamps in 
 1858, pollutes the air close to the central railway station. Phthisis 
 is rife, infant mortality high, and yellow fever has been recurrent 
 in summer since 1849. (As to climate, see Brazil.) The popula- 
 tion is kept up and increased principally by immigration, mainly 
 of Italians and Portuguese, along with Englishmen, North 
 Americans, French, Germans, and Swiss, among the mercantile 
 and professional classes. The first (short-lived) settlement in 
 the bay was made by a Huguenot adventurer in 1555, on the 
 island called after him — Villegagnon (previously Sergipe). A 
 few years later the Portuguese founded the first settlement on 
 the mainland, where a city soon began to grow up under the 
 name of Sao Sebastiao de Rio de Janeiro. From 1763 this city 
 has been the capital of Brazil, but it is now about to be deprived 
 of that position. P. about 500,000 (estimate based on the official 
 census of 71,607 families in 1890), of mimicipio neutral (which 
 extends about 40 m. W. from the bay), about ^50,000. 
 Rio de la Plata. See Plata, Klo de la. 
 Rio Frio, pass, Mexico, near the summit of Popocatepetl, 40 
 m. SE. Mexico, on the high road from Mexico to Puebla and 
 Vera Cruz. Alt. 10,445 ft. 
 
 Rio Gordo, comm. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and is| m. 
 NNE. Malaga. P. <400o. 
 Rio Grande, Bolivia. See Madeira. 
 Rio Grande, riv. , Brazil. See Jequltlntaonlia. 
 Rio Grande, dist. {comarca). Central America, Nicaragua, 
 traversed by river of same name. 
 
 Rio Grande, riv. , Guatemala. See Motagna. 
 Rio Grande, or Villa Ortega, tn. , Mexico, state and 85 m. 
 NNW. Zacatecas. P. (comm.) 10,500. 
 
 Rio Grande, comm. , Porto Rico I. P. 6200. 
 Rio Grande, co., U.S., Colorado, S. of 38° N. and E. of 
 107° W. 
 
 Rio Grande, city, U.S. , Texas, Starr co. , on the Rio Grande, 
 no m. WNW. of the mouth of the river, at the head of steam 
 navigation. Mean temp. (15 )ts. ), yr. 73.6° F. , Jan. 58.5°, 
 July 86.4°; mean rfall. (6 yrs. ), 22.52 in. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rio Grande, Rio Grande del Norte, or Rio Bravo del 
 Norte, riv., U.S., rises in the San Juan Mts. , near R. G. 
 Pyramid (a mountain about 13,700 ft.), flows E. then S. to 
 New Mexico, which it enters between the Sierra Madre and the 
 Rocky Mountains, then SE. , separating Texas from Mexico, to 
 the Gulf of Mexico, which it enters in about 26° N. It is of 
 little use for navigation, being very shallow, and obstructed by 
 rocky ledges, cataracts, and sandbanks. After a dry summer 
 the channel is empty for 100 m. above El Paso, its waters being 
 drawn off for irrigation, though it is also subject to floods from 
 April to June. Trib. Rio Pecos. Estimated length, 1800 m. 
 Rio Grande and Denver Railway. See Colorado, state. 
 Rio Grande «lo Norte, the north-easternmost state of Brazil, 
 at the angle of the continent called Ponta Touros, or Calcanhar 
 ('heel'), where the coast (300 m. ) becomes due N.-S. The 
 littoral is low, swampy, and, in the E. , wooded (wax-palm, 
 Copernicia cerifera). In the interior the Serra da Borborema 
 traverses the country, through which passes riv. Piranhas-Serido 
 (navigable to Assu, 28 m. ), dividing the whole state (S. to N.) 
 into two equal parts. The Apodi-Upanema-Mossoro (navigable 
 for 22 m.) drains the W. ; many minor and warf?-like rivers 
 (Petitinga, Ceard-Mirim, Potengy or Rio Grande do Norte, 
 Mibipu) drain the E. Rio Grande do Norte is in the zone of 
 periodical droughts. Sugar-cane, cotton, tobacco, are the chief 
 products. Numerous cattle. Salt is obtained (Assu, Mossoro). 
 No good ports. The rivers are navigable only for small boats. 
 Sec Brazil. 
 Rio Grande do Norte, seapt. , Brazil. Same as Natal. 
 Rio Grande do Snl, the southernmost state of Brazil, N. 
 half of a penin. (the republic of Uruguay being the S. half) 
 between the Atlantic (E. , 430 m. of coast) and riv. Uruguay (N. 
 and W.), only attached to the rest of Brazil (state of Santa 
 Catharina) by a sort of isthmus, formed by one of the Serras 
 do Mar (S. Ararangua, which becomes further on the Serra 
 Geral and then the Serra do Herval) ; it is the S. extremity of 
 the Brazilian plateau. The N. is occupied by Serra Geral and 
 the upper part of the basin of the Uruguay (partly composed of 
 forests— Araucaria, Peroba, Cedrela, Nectandra, partly of cam- 
 1292 
 
 pos) ; the S. by the basins of rivs. Ibicuhi (affluent of Umguay), 
 Jacuhi -Tacuari (with German colonies : S. Leopold, &c. ), Cama- 
 cuam (with Italian colonies : Conde d'Eu, Dona Izabel, Caxias, 
 &c. ), entering Lagoa dos Patos-Viamao. Extensive pastures 
 in the S. and SW. , cattl,e-rearing forming the principal industry. 
 Sugar-cane and coffee are grown in the N. Wine is produced 
 in the Camacuam valley, Montenegro. The minerals include 
 gold, lead (Lavras de Santo Antonio), coal (Jaguarao, Candiata, 
 Sao S6p6, Sao Joao d' Herval, Arroio dos Ratos), agates, cor- 
 nelians, amethysts (riv. Uruguay). All the state is very healthy. 
 See Brazil. 
 
 Rio Grande do Snl, seapt. , Brazil, cap. and chief seapt. of 
 state of same name, in 32° 2' S. , at the end of a narrow tongue 
 of land jutting NE. at the S. end of the Lago dos Patos, just 
 within the mouth of that lagoon. Exports cattle products. 
 The development of the port is retarded by the bar at the mouth 
 of the lagoon, 6 m. S. of the town, usually preventing the 
 access of vessels drawing more than 11 J ft., though the depth 
 fluctuates according to wind. Loading and unloading by means 
 of lighters, or alongside quays. The construction of piers 1300 
 ft. long and the dredging of a channel to a depth of 26 ft. 
 between these piers is projected. Mean temp. (9 yrs., 1877-79, 
 1882-87), yr. 66.0° F. , Jan. 75.9°, July 56.3°. P., including Sao 
 Jose on opposite side of lagoon, 23,000. 
 
 Rlohaclia, seapt. tn. , Colombia, on the N. ct. , in about 72° 
 58' W. ; connected by a direct line of navigation with the U.S. ; 
 vessels anchor several miles from the shore. Drake burnt and 
 sacked the town, 1596, and it was again burnt down in 1820 by 
 the insurgent troops of the Irish legion. 
 
 Rio Hondo, tn. , Argentine Republic, 60 m. S. by E. 
 Tucuman ; to the NW. the warm sulphur spring of Los Sotelos. 
 Rloja, or La Rloja, prov. in NW. of the Argentine Re- 
 public, more than one- third of the size of Great Britain, extend- 
 ing from the Chilean prov. of Atacama in the NW. to the prov. 
 of C6rdoba in the SE. Surface mountainous in the NW. , 
 where the Sierra Famatina approaches 20,000 ft. in its highest 
 peak, and even the valleys reach a height of 10,000 ft., level in 
 the SE. , where, however, there are isolated granitic chains 
 (Malanzan, &c. ), known collectively as the Sierras de los Llanos. 
 Only important river the Bermejo ; the other streams used up 
 for irrigation, the climate being very dry [Rloja, tn.]. Chief 
 crops maize, wheat, lucerne. The prov. is rich in minerals, 
 including coal at Paganzo (S. of town of Rioja, in 30° 10' S. , 
 67° 25' W.), native copper and copper ore in the Sierra de 
 Famatina, native silver and silver-lead, iron, and others. See 
 Argentine RepnMlc, table. 
 
 Rloja, tn. , Argentine Republic, cap. prov. R. , 208 m. SSW. 
 Tucuman. Alt. 1670 ft. Mean temp. (4 yrs., 1875-78), yr. 69.3° 
 F., Jan. 81.5°, July 56.3°; mean rfall., 11. 9 in., April-Sept. 
 1.6 in. P. 6000. 
 
 Rloja, tn. , Peru, dep. Loreto, 17^ m. SW. Moyobama. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Rloja, La, anct. dist. , Spain, now almost entirely comprised 
 in prov. Logrofio. 
 
 Rlols, vil. , France, dep. Hdrault, arr. St. Pons, 23 m. NW. 
 B^ziers ; argentiferous lead and zinc are mined here. Alt. 850 
 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Rloni, tn. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, cap. arr. R. , 8 m. N. 
 by E. Clermont-Ferrand ; manufactures woollen cloth. The 
 ducal castle adjoins one of the most curious Gothic chapels of 
 Auvergne ; there are also several Renaissance buildings. The 
 ancient Ricomagus was the cap. of the duchy of Auvergne. 
 Alt. 2490 ft. P. 11,200. 
 
 Rloinagglore, tn. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the coast, 
 3^ m. W. Spezia. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rio Malor, tn. , Portugal, dist. and 15 m. WNW. Santarem ; 
 has a saline spring. P. ■<4ooo. 
 
 Rio Manso, tn. , Brazil, state Minas Geraes, 17 m. N. 
 Diamantina ; has gold and diamond washings. P. <4000. 
 Rio Marina, vil. , Italy, isl. of Elba, E. ct. 
 Rlon, vil., France, dep. Landes, 32 m. N. by W. Orthez. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 Rio Negro, terr. , Argentine Republic. See Patagonia. 
 Rlonegro, tn., Colombia, Antioquia, 140 m. NW. BogotA, 
 12 m. SE. Medellin. Alt. 7050 ft. P. (including dist.) 9200. 
 
 Rio Negro, dep. Uruguay, on the W. frontier, crossed by 33° 
 S. ; cap. Fray Bentos. 
 
 Rlonero, comm., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 21 m. NNW. 
 Potenza. The town was almost destroyed by an earthquake, 
 1851. P. 11,400. 
 Rlongsom, river-port, Korea, on the Han, near Soul. 
 Rio Novo, tn. and rly. stn. , Brazil, Minas Geraes, 98 m. N. 
 Rio de Janeiro. P. 10,000. 
 
 Rlopar, comm., Spain, prov. and 40 m. SW. Albacete ; 
 copper and zinc are mined here. P. <3000. 
 
 Rio Pardense, colony, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, on 1. bk. 
 of the Rio Pardo, 90 m. W. by N. Porto Alegre. 
 
 Rio Panlo, tn., Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Jacuhy, at the confluence of the riv. Pardo, 69 m. W. Porto 
 Alegre, in 29° 59' 20" S. , 52° 18' 55" W. P. 10,600. 
 
R I O P 
 
 R IS I 
 
 KIo Pecos, riv. , U.S. See Pecos. 
 
 Rio Preto, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, Minas Geraes, 75 m. 
 NW. by N. Rio de Janeiro. Alt. 1440 ft. (D.L.). P. 4000. 
 
 Rio Prlmero, or First River, Argentine Republic. See 
 €6rdoba, prov. 
 
 Rio Pnerco, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Valencia co. , 
 85 m. SW. Santa Fe. 
 
 Rio Roxo, U.S., Texas. See Red River. 
 Rlos, or Orrlos, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 37 m. 
 SE. Orense. P. 5700. 
 
 Rlos, Los ('the rivers'), prov., Ecuador, W. of the Andes, 
 NE. of Guayaquil, cap. Bodegas de Babahoyo. 
 
 Rio Seco, tn., Argentine Republic, prov. and no m. NNE. 
 C6rdoba. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rio 8eguudo, or Second River, Argentine Republic. See 
 C6rdol>a. 
 
 Rlosudo, vil. , Colombia, Cauca, 130 m. WNW. Bogota. 
 P. (with dist.) 5700. 
 
 Rio Tliito, tn. , Portugal, Entre Douro e Minho, dist. and 
 3 m. NE. Oporto. P. 5500. 
 
 Rio Tluto, comm., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 35 m. NNE. 
 Huelva, near the river so called ; has noted mines of copper 
 pyrites and sulphide of iron, which are connected with the port 
 of Huelva by a railway 50 m. long. Alt. 1640 ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rio Tlnto, riv., Spain, prov. Huelva, flows S. then SW. and 
 unites with the Odiel a little above its mouth in the Gulf of 
 Cadiz. From the port formed by the combined estuary Columbus 
 set sail for the discovery of America. Length, 70 m. 
 
 Rio Torto, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 31 m. NE. 
 Lugo, dist. Mondonedo. P. < 5000. 
 Rlouw, tn. , Eastern Archipelago. See Rio. 
 Rlonw-Llugga, archipelago, at the S. extremity of the Malay 
 Penin. , composed of two groups of islands, Riouw to the N. , 
 in 1° i3'-o° 36' N. , and Lingga to the S. , in 0° 38' N., 0° 37' S. 
 Most of the islands are covered with thick forests, and some 
 have deposits of tin, now almost exhausted. Area, 1620 ft. P. 
 98,000 (mixed races). 
 
 Rio Verde, tn. , Mexico, state of and 65 m. E. by S. San 
 Luis Potosi. P. 26,000. 
 
 Rlovllle, vil., U.S., Nevada, Lincoln co., at mouth of Rio 
 Virgen, about 490 m. above Yuma, to which point the Colorado 
 is ascended by steamers of 200 tons ; trade in rock-salt. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Rio Vista, vil., U.S., California, Solano co. , 48 m. NE. by 
 E. San Francisco. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rip, or Ba<Ilbii, dist., W. Africa, in French Senegal, on the 
 r. bk. of the Gambia. 
 
 Rlpa, vil. , Brit. E. Africa, on the Tana, in 1° 14' S. , 39° 48' E. 
 Rlpabottoiilx, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise,prov. Campo- 
 basso, 93 m. SSW. Larino. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rlpacaudlda, comm. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. Potenza, 5 m. 
 SE. Melfi. P. 5000. 
 
 Rlpallniosaiio, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 3 m. 
 NNE. Campobasso. P. <4000. 
 
 Rlpalll, Punta del, cape, Italy, Elba, in the SE. 
 Rlpauj, tn. , Servia, prov. Podunavlje, 11 m. SSW. Belgrade ; 
 notorious for the Turkish atrocities on the inhabitants, 1826. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rlpatraiisoue, tn. , Italy, The Marches, prov. and 132 m. 
 NE. Ascoli, 45 m. SSE. Ancona; seat of a bishop. P. <3ooo. 
 Ripe, par., Eng. , Sussex, Eastbourne div. , 6 m. E. Lewes, 
 2^ m. NW. Berwick stn., PM.O. P. <soo. 
 Ripen, tn. , Denmark. See Rlbe. 
 
 Ripley, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Bruce co. , 74 m. 
 WSW. Collingwood, on a railway. 
 
 Ripley, market-tn. and par., Eng., Derbyshire, 10 ni. NE. 
 Derby, with two stns. (R. and R. New Station) on the M. R.; 
 manufactures of silk lace ; coal mined. Market-day, S. P. 
 6800; par. P. 8800. 
 
 Ripley, vil., Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div., 5 m. NE. Guild- 
 ford, 2| m. N. by E. of its stn. (€landon and R.) on the L. & 
 SW. R., PMT.O. See Send. 
 
 Ripley, par. and market-tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Ripon div., on the Nidd, 3^ m. N. by W. Harrogate, with a 
 stn. (R. Valley) on the NE. R., PMT.O. Market-day, M. 
 
 P. <50G. 
 
 Ripley, CO., U.S., Indiana, crossed in S. by 39° N., and W. 
 of 85° W. 
 
 Ripley, vil. , U.S., Mississippi, cap. Tippah co. , 70 m. ESE. 
 Memphis (Tenn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Ripley, CO., U.S., Missouri, on the S. frontier, crossed in 
 the W. by 91° W. 
 
 Ripley, vil., U.S., Ohio, Brown co. , on the Ohio, 45 m. SE. 
 by E. Cincinatti. P. <3ooo. 
 
 RlpUngton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 
 Sl m. WSW. Morpeth, i m. SW. Meldon stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Rlpniiso, isl. , off the N. ct. of Norway, 25 m. N. by W. 
 Tromso. Area, 30 sq. m. 
 
 RlpoU, comm., Spain, prov. and 34 m. WNW. Gerona, 
 dist. Puigcerda. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Rlponierando, tn. , Italy. See Poniarauce. 
 
 Rlpon, episcopal city, mun. bor. (since Alfred the Great), 
 par., and market-tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, R. div., 23 
 m. WNW. York, in the diocese of R. , on the Ure, with stn. on 
 NE. R. ; has some manufactures of saddle-trees, leather, &c. , 
 and was formerly famous for its spurs. The diocese (originally 
 dating from the 7th century) was recreated in 1836 ; fine cathedral, 
 with square tower ; elegant town-hall. The bishopric includes 
 parts of W. and N. Ridings, Yorkshire, with a part of Lanca- 
 shire. P. (1891) 1,020,100. R. returned two M.P.'s till 1867, 
 then one till 1885. Several fairs. Market-day, Th. City, P. 
 (i8oi)<35oo; (1851)6500; (1891)7511; pari. div. P. 54,900. 
 
 Rlpon, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Cass co. , 30 m. W. by 
 N. Fargo. 
 
 Rlpou, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Fond du Lac co. , 72 m. NW. 
 by N. Milwaukee. P. <4000. 
 
 Rlpon, CO., Victoria, between 37° and 38° S., crossed in the 
 middle by 143° E. 
 
 Rlpon, Falls of, central Africa, formed by the Nile at its 
 exit from the Victoria Nyanza ; 13 ft. high and 1310 ft. across. 
 
 Rlposto, seapt. tn. , on the E. ct. of Sicily, prov. and 17 m. 
 NNE. Catania. P. 7000. 
 
 Rlpplngale, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 10 
 m. WNW. Spalding, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Ripple, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 2 m. SW. by 
 S. Deal, I m. W. Walmer stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ripple, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., on the 
 1. bk. of the Severn, 4 m. NNW. Tewkesbury, on the M. R. , 
 P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Rlppoldsau, watering-place, Ger. , gd. -duchy Baden, dist. 
 and 10 m. NNE. Wolfach, in the Black Forest; one of the 
 most frequented of the Kniebis baths (pine-needle baths, whey- 
 cure). Alt. 1925 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Rlpponden, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Sowerby div., 5 m. SW. Hahfax, with a stn. (R. and Barkis- 
 land) on the L. & Y. R.; has manufactures of cottons, woollens, 
 silk, and paper. PMT.O. P. <45oo. 
 
 Rlppon Tor, hill, Eng. , Devonshire, Dartmoor Forest, 12 m. 
 W. by N. Teignmouth. Alt. 1583 ft. 
 
 Rlpton Abbots, and Rlptou Kings, pars. , Eng. , Hunting- 
 donshire. See Abbots Rlpton and Kings Rlpton. 
 Rlr, Wad, Algeria. See Rhlrli. 
 Rlrha, baths, Algeria. See Hammani-Rlrlia. 
 Rlsano, tn. , Austria, Dalmatia, dist. and 9 m. NNW. 
 Cattaro ; seat of a bishop. R. is one of the oldest towns of 
 Dalmatia, founded in the 3rd century B.C. See further Cattaro. 
 Rlsby, tn. , Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Roxby wltli Rlsby. 
 Rlsby, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 4 m. WNW. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, ^ m. N. Saxham stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Rlsca, par. and tn. , Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 6J m. 
 WNW. Newport, on the G. W. R. , L. & N W. R. , and Rhymney 
 Rly.; coal mined; tinplate works. PMT.O. P. 7800; par. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 Rlsdon, settlement, Tasmania, Monmouth co., 4 m. N. by 
 E. Hobart ; site of the first settlement in Tasmania. 
 
 Rise, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 9 
 m. NNE. Hull, i^ m. NW. by W. Whitedale stn. P. <;250. 
 Rise, The, PMT.O., Eng., near Ascot, Oxfordshire. 
 Rlseberga, vil. , Sweden, prov. and 32 m. W. Christianstad. 
 P. (comm.)<4000. 
 
 Rise Hill, hill, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 i2| m. E. by S. Kendal. Height, 1825 ft. 
 
 Rlseholme, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 3 m. 
 N. by E. Lincoln ; episcopal palace here. P. <:25o. 
 
 Rlseley, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div. , 7 J m. N. 
 Bedford, 3 m. NE. by E. Sharnbrook stn., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 Riskangles, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 3J m. SSE. Eye, 
 15 m. N. Ipswich. P. <25o. 
 Rlslilkulya, riv. , Brit. India. See Rnslilknlya. 
 itlslilkund, hot spring, Brit. India, Bengal, Monghyr dist. ; 
 has a fair once in three years. 
 
 Rlsholmen, small seapt. , Norway, S. ct. , prov. (amt) Lister 
 and Mandal, at head of Lister Fjord (about 6J° E.) ; harbour 
 with sufficient depth of water for largest vessels. 
 
 Rlsliton, tn. and par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 2J m. 
 WNW. Accrington, on the L. & Y. R. ; has paper works. 
 PMT.O. P. 6000. 
 
 Rlshvrortli, tn. and par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Sowerby div., on the L. & Y. R., 5 m. SW. Halifax, PM.O.; 
 6548 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Rising City, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Butler co., 10 m. by rail 
 W. David City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rlslnge, vil., Sweden, prov. Ostergotland, 22 m. N. Lin- 
 koping. P. 5900 (including the pop. of the works and furnaces 
 of FlnspAng). 
 
 Rising Fawn, vil., U.S., Georgia, Dade co., 95 m. NW. 
 Atlanta, 18 m. S. by E. of NW. corner of state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rising Sun, city, U.S., Indiana, Ohio co., on r. bk. of Ohio 
 R., 86 m. SE. Indianapolis. P. <:2ooo. 
 Risinium, tn., Bosnia. See Rogatlca. 
 
 1293 
 
R I S I 
 
 RIVE 
 
 Rislrl, isl., Japan, near the NW. ct. of Yezo I., from which 
 it is separated by a strait about 12 m. wide, 18 m. SW. Cape 
 Nosap. Alt. 5710 ft. 
 
 Rlskat, or Rezekat, vil., Upper Egypt, prov. and 22 m. N. 
 Esne, on the 1. bk. of the Nile. P. <5ooo. 
 Rlsle, riv., France. See Rllle. 
 
 Rlsley, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, Ilkeston div. , 5^ m. E. Derby, 
 ih m. W. Sandiacre stn., PT.O. P. <25o. See Breaston. 
 
 Rlsor, small seapt. , Norway, on the Skager Rak, prov. (amt) 
 Nedenas, 100 m. SW. Christiania ; has an outer harbour 60-96 
 ft. deep, at the quays 14-15 ft. deep, inner harbour depth at 
 quays 9-10 ft. Exports ice. 
 
 Rlsonl, vil., France, dep. Hautes-Alpes, arr. and 8 m. NE. 
 Embrun ; mineral springs at Plan-de-Phazy, in the valley. A 
 sanguinary battle was fought at MusHcb Calvies in this valley, 
 when the Lombards were driven back over the frontier, .\. d. 573. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Risonx, chain of the Jura Mts. , on the Franco-Swiss frontier, 
 trending SW. to NE. The highest point, Gros Cret, is 4670 ft. 
 high. 
 
 Rlsslngton, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Gloucestershire. Great R. , Cirencester div. , 11 m. N. Lechlade, 
 P.O., P.<50o; Little R., P.O., P. <:25o. 
 
 Rlstol, isl., Scot., Ross and Cromarty, at mouth of Loch 
 Broom, close to N. shore. 
 
 Rlstola, Pauta, cape, Italy, in the E. , at the extreme S. of 
 the Apulian Penin. , in 39° 47' N. 
 
 Rlston, Long, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., 9 m. N. by E. Hull, 3 m. W. by N. Whitedale stn., P.O. 
 P. < 500. See Horusea. 
 
 Ritchie, CO., U.S., W. Virginia, in the NW. , crossed by 81° 
 W. , and in the extreme S. by 39° N. 
 
 Rltenbenk, colony, N. Greenland, opposite Disko I. , on the 
 S. shore of the Waigat Strait, between Disko I. and Nugsuak 
 Penin., in 70° 3' N.; coal deposits. 
 Rlto Alto, mt., U.S., Colorado, Saguache co. Alt. 12,989 ft. 
 Rltpur, tn., Brit. India, Berar, dist. and 26 m. N. Amraoti. 
 R. was once of impwrtance ; it is the chief seat of the Manbhau 
 sect, founded in the 14th century. P. <5000. 
 
 Rltrl, archaeological site, Turkey in Asia, \ilayet and 30 m. W. 
 
 Smyrna, at head of Ritri Bay, at the W. point of Kara-Burun 
 
 Penin. , opposite Khio I. R. is the site of the ancient Erythrcs. 
 
 Rltter .Monntaln», a short range trending SW. from the W. 
 
 end of Nan-shan Mts., in the NW. of China (Kansu). 
 
 Rltton Colt Park and Rlttoii White House, two adjoining 
 pars., Eng., Northumberland, dist. and 5^ m. S. Rothbury. 
 P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Rltaerto, riv., Spain, in the E. of New Castille, flows W. 
 from the Sierra del Moncayo to the Douro. 
 Kitupice, Eng. See Rlchttoroagh Castle. 
 Rltzebttttel, tn., Ger., state and 56 m. WNW. Hamburg, 
 on the 1. bk. of the estuary of the Elbe. P. <:3qpo. 
 
 Rltzlng, vil., Hungary, co. and 7 m. SW. Odenburg ; coal 
 is mined here. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Rltzvllle, settlement, U.S., Washington, Adams co. , 61 m. 
 SW. Spwkane Falls. 
 
 Rlndonus, tn. , Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 12 m. WNW. 
 Tarragona. P. <:4000. 
 
 Rlndsu^sakl, point on the S. ct. of Shikoku I. , Japan, S. of 
 the entrance to Urato or Varado Bay, with lighthouse in 33° 30' 
 ^'•' 133° 36' E. , visible 10 m. 
 
 Rlnkln Islands (in Chinese pronunciation Lnchu, or Loo- 
 choo, a name sometimes officially adopted by the Japanese 
 themselves, though the letter / is foreign to their language), a 
 group of nearly forty islands in the Chinese Sea, stretching SSW. 
 between Japan (Kiushiu) and Formosa. The largest islands 
 are Tanega, Yaku, or Yokuno, Oshima, Tokuno, Okinawa, 
 or Great Riukiu (between 26° and 27° N. , crossed in the middle 
 by 128° E.), Miyako, Ishigaki, and Iriomote. Some of the 
 islands are of volcanic origin, some coralline. They are sub- 
 ject to earthquakes and typhoons, but have a healthy, though 
 warm climate, and produce rice, sugar, sago, tea, maize, fruits, 
 dye-woods, &c. Since the beginning of the 17th century they 
 have been virtually subject to Japan, and in 1876 were incor- 
 porated in the Japanese empire. Total area, i860 sq. m. P. 
 (census, Dec. 31, 1891) 411,000. See Geog. Jour., v., with map, 
 p. 408. 
 
 Rlya, fortress, Asia Minor, on the Black Sea, near mouth of 
 the Ek)sporus, 18 m. NE. Constantinople. 
 
 Rlva, tn., Austria, Tirol, 20 m. SW. Trent, at the N. end of 
 Lake Garda. Industrial and commercial centre of Lake Garda, 
 and is a winter resort. Mean temp., yr. 55.5° F., Jan. 38.2°, 
 July 73.7° ; rfalL 45 in, P. 5100. 
 
 Rlva, comm. , Italy. See Rivamonte. 
 Rlvailavla, tn. , Argentine Republic, Salta, on Rio Bermejo, 
 235 m. NE. Tucuman. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rlvadelago ('shore of the lake"), vil., Spain, Leon, prov. 
 and 67 m. NW. Zamora, on the Rio Tera, near Lake San 
 Martin de Castaiieda. Three long-frequented springs of sul- 
 phuretted soda mineral waters. Alt. 2625 ft. P. < 2000. 
 1294 
 
 Rlvad^o, or Rlbadeo, comm., N. ct. Sp)ain, prov. Lugo, 57 
 m. E. by N. Ferrol ; no docks or quays. Lighthouse on Panche 
 I., visible 9 m. P. 8700. 
 Rlvadesella, tn. , Spain. See Rlbadesella. 
 Rlradniula, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 9 m. NNW. 
 Pontevedra. P. < 3000. 
 
 Rivals, The, or Yr Elfl, mt. with three peaks, Wales, Car- 
 narvonshire, Lleyn Penin., 5^ m. NE. Nevin. On the eastern 
 p>eak are the ruins of the fortified British town Tre'r Ceiri. 
 
 Rlvalta, comm. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 7 m. S. by W. 
 Alessandria. P. < 3000. 
 
 RlTanionte, or Rlva, comm. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 13 
 m. NW. Belluno, in the Imperina valley; celebrated copper- 
 mines. Alt. 3180 ft. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Rlvara, vil. , Italy, Emilia, prov. Modena, 9 m. SE. Miran- 
 dola. P. <4000. 
 
 Rlvara, comm. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 18 m. N. by W. 
 Turin. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Rlvarolo Canavese, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 18 m. 
 N. Turin. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rlvarolo Fnorl, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Mantua, 3^ m. 
 SW. Bozzolo, on the Delmona. P. <:300o; comm. P. < 4000. 
 
 Rlvarolo Llgnre, comm., Italy, Liguria, prov. and 2i m. 
 NNW. Genoa. P. 8900. 
 
 Rlvas, tn. , Central America, Nicaragua, cap. dep. R. , 60 m. 
 SE. by S. Managua. Its port on the lake is the village San 
 Jorge. R. is the ancient Indian village Nicarao. The isthmus 
 of R. , separating the Lake of Nicaragua and the Pacific, is 12^ 
 m. across, and descends to a level of 20 ft. above the level of 
 the lake, and 150 ft. above the Pacific Ocean. Mean temp. (7 yrs. , 
 i88o-£6), yr. 80.2° F. ; mean annual rfall. (5 yrs.), 56.13 in. P. 
 10-12,000. 
 
 Rlvas (or Rlbas) del Sll, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 
 40 m. SE. Lugo, on the Sil. P. <40oo. 
 
 Rlvanlx, or Rlevanlx, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Whitby div., on the Rye, 18^ m. ENE. Ripon, 2^ m. \\'NW. 
 Helmsiey stn. R. Abbey, beautiful ruins of the first Cistercian 
 abbey founded in Yorkshire, in the early part of the 12th century. 
 R. Moor, an upland tract to the N. 5311 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Rlvaz, vil., Switzd. , cant. Vaud, on the N. side of Lake 
 Leman,-7|m. ESE. Lausanne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rive de Gler, tn. , France, dep. Loire, on the Gier, arr. and 
 13 m. NE. by E. St. Etienne. R. de G. is the centre of im- 
 portant coal-mines and furnaces, and manufactures of agri- 
 cultural, marine, and railway machinery and plant, in iron and 
 steel ; also glass-works. P. 12,900. 
 
 Rlvt'ira, or Rlbelra, seapt. comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. and 
 63 m. SSW. Corunna, dist. Noya. P. 10,400. 
 
 Rlvelln, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Hallamshire div. , 
 flowing E. and forming part of the N. boundary of the pari. bor. 
 of Sheffield. It joins the Loxley. 
 
 Rlvelln Bridge, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, near Sheffield, 3 m. 
 from Broomhill. 
 
 Rlvello, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 38 m. S. Potenza, 
 6 m. from Gulf of Policastro. P. 3000. 
 
 Rlveuhall, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., 6 m. SE. Brain- 
 tree, 2 m. NNE. Witham June. P.O., and PT.O. (R. End). 
 P. <750. 
 
 River, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 2 m. NW. by 
 W. Dover, close to Kearsney stn. , P. O. P. < 1000 ; eccles. par. 
 (R. with Gaston) P. < 1500. 
 
 Rivera, vil., Uruguay, cap. dep. R., on the E. frontier, 130 
 m. E. by N. Salto. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Rlv^ral, plain, France, dep. Pyr^n^s-Orientales, between 
 Mount Camjon and Perpignan, 20 m. long. 
 
 River Beandette, vil., Canada, Quebec, Soulanges co., 43J 
 m. by rail W. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 Rlverdale, electoral div. , Ire. , Westmeath, dist. Delvin. 
 River l>avld, or St. David, vil., Canada, Quebec, Yamaska 
 CO., 33 m. SW. by S. Three Rivers. P. < 1500. 
 
 River Desert, or Manlwakl, vil, Canada, Quebec, co. and 
 60 m. N. Ottawa. P. <i5oo (500 Indians). 
 
 Riv^renert, tn., France, dep. .Ariege, arr. and 5 m. ESE. 
 St. Girons ; lead, zinc, and silver are mined here. P. <2ooo. 
 
 River Falls, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Pierce co., 25 m. ESE. 
 St. Paul (Minn.). P. <:2000. 
 
 Rlvergaro, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 11 m. SSW. 
 Piacenza. P. < 5000. 
 
 River Gilbert, or GUbertsvllle, vil, Canada, Quebec, 
 Beauce co. , 12 m. from St. Joseph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rlvergreen, par., Eng., Northumberland, dist. and 5 m. W. 
 Morpeth. P. <25o. 
 
 Rlverhea4l, eccles. par. , Eng. , Kent, Sevenoaks div. , on the 
 Darenth, j\ m. NW. by N. Tunbridge, i m. NW. by N. its 
 stn. (Sevenoaks and Rlverhead) on the SE. R., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 River Head, settlement, Newfoundland, at the head of 
 White Bay. 
 
 Rlverhead, vil, U.S., New York, cap. Suffolk co., on Long 
 I., 70 m. E. by N. Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
RIVE — ROAD 
 
 Rlverlua, large pastoral tract, New South Wales, between 
 the Murray and the Darling, now a bishopric. 
 
 River Lonlson, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Restigouche 
 CO. , 19 m. from Dalhousie. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 River Plenty, post-tn. , Tasmania, Buckingham co. , 26 m. 
 from Hobart by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 River Point, vil., U.S., Rhode I., on Pawtuxet R., 9 m. 
 SW. Providence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rivers, County of the, dist. , Sudan, between the Bahr-el- 
 Jebel, or upper Nile, and the Bahr-el-Arab, or the basin of the 
 Bahr-el-Ghazal and its tribs. 
 
 Rlversdale, vil., Canada, Ontario, Bruce co. , 62 m. WSW. 
 Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Riversdale, municip. , Cape Colony, dist. R. , 58 m. E. 
 Swellendam. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rlversdale, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Limerick, dist. Galbally. 
 Rlversdale, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Southland co. , 
 40 m. NE. by N. Invercargill, in 45° 56' S. and 168° 42' E. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Riverside, city, U.S., California, San Bernardino co. , 7 m. 
 by rail from Colton stn., 85 m. NNE. San Diego ; noted for its 
 orange orchards. P. <5oco. 
 
 RlversMe, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Burt co. , on the r. bk. of 
 the Missouri, 42 m. N. by W. Omaha. P. < 1500. 
 
 Riverside, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Burlington co. , on the 1. 
 bk. of Delaware R. , 17 m. SW. Trenton, 14 m. NE. by E. 
 Philadelphia; carries on fruit-canning. P. < 1500. 
 
 Riverside, vil., U.S., Ohio, Hamilton co. , on the r. bk. of 
 the Ohio, 4 m. WSW. Cincinnati. P. <30oo. 
 
 Rivers of the South, W. Africa. See Rivieres du Sud. 
 Riverstone, post-tn. , New South Wales, Cumberland co. , 28 
 m. NW. Sydney by rail and road, on the Eastern Creek, in 33° 
 33' S. , 150° 52' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rlversto'wn, vil., Canada, Ontario, Wellington co. , 3 m. 
 from Kenilworth, 22 m. from Fergus. P. <i5oc. 
 
 Rlversto-wn, tn. , Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 4 m. 
 ENE. Cork, 2 m. from Dunkettle stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Rlverstown, electoral div., Ire., SE. co. Leitrim, bar. Mo- 
 hill, II m. E. C;arrick-on-Shannon. 
 
 Rlversto'wn, tnld. , Ire., NE. co. Louth, bar. Lower Dundalk, 
 6| m. E. Dundalk, 5 m. from Carlingford stn., P.O. P. ^250. 
 Rlverstown, tn. , Ire., E. co. Sligo, bar. Tirerrill, 10 m. S. 
 by E. Sligo, 6 m. from Ballymote stn., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Rlversto-^vn, tn. , Ire., NE. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower Or- 
 mond, i^ m. S. Parsonstown, P.O. P. <;25o. 
 
 Rlverton, ct. and post-tn., New Zealand, South I., Wallace 
 CO., 15 m. WNW. Invercargill. At Round Hill, 9m. distant, is 
 a gold-digging settlement, principally Chinese. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rlverton, tn., S. Australia, Light co., 53 m. N. by E. Ade- 
 laide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rlverton, formerly Chickasaw, vil. , U.S., Alabama, Colbert 
 CO., at the foot of Colbert Shoals, on 1. bk. Tennessee, just 
 above where the river leaves the state ; has risen into importance 
 since the census on account of its iron and steel works. P. < 1500. 
 Rlverton, vil., U.S., Illinois, Sangamon co. , 9 m. E. by N. 
 Springfield ; coal mined here. P. <:i500. 
 
 Rlverton, vil., U.S., Iowa, Fremont co., 43 m. SSE. Omaha 
 (Neb.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Rlverton, tn. , U.S., New Jersey, Burlington co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of Delaware R. , 20 m. SW. I'renton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rives, tn., France, dep. Isere, arr. St. Marcellin, 16 m. NW. 
 Grenoble. P. < 3000. 
 
 Rlvesaltes, tn. , France, dep. Pyr^nfes-Orientales, onthe Agly, 
 arr. and 5 m. N. Perpignan ; is a market for Roussillon wines. 
 P. 5900. 
 
 Rivet, vil., Algeria, prov. and 14 m. SE. Algiers. P. (comm.) 
 <4ooo. 
 
 Riviera (Italian, ' coast'), in a special sense the sheltered coast- 
 line in the NW. of Italy, and extending into-the dep. of Alpes- 
 Maritimes in France, on the Gulf of Genoa, at the base of the 
 Alps and Apennines ; divided into the R. di Ponente or western 
 R., between Mentone and Genoa, and the R. di Levante, or 
 eastern R. , between Genoa and Porto Venere ; noted for its 
 beauty and mild climate, which each winter attracts thousands 
 of sick or delicate persons. The R. di Ponente in particular 
 contains numerous favourite winter resorts (Nice, Mentone, 
 Bordighera, San Remo, &c. ). 
 
 Riviera, the valley of the middle Ticino, Switzd. , above Bellin- 
 zona and below the Val Levantina. 
 
 Riviere, dist. , France, dep. Haute-Garonne, between Mont- 
 rejeau on the W. and St. Gaudens on the E. 
 
 Rlvl^re, la, vil., France, dep. Haute-Marne, arr. Lang^res, 
 5 m. NNW. Bourbonne-les- Bains ; ferruginous springs. Alt. 
 1035 ft. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Rlvl^re-au-Renard, tn. , Canada, prov. and 360 m. NE. 
 Quebec, Gaspe co. , on a bay on the shore of the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence ; cod fishery. P. <20oo. 
 
 Riviere aux Raisins, riv., Canada, Ontario, rises in Stor- 
 mont CO., and flows E. into the riv. St. Lawrence (Lake St. 
 Francis), 57 m. WSW. Montreal. 
 
 Rlvl^re aux Sables, riv., Canada, Ontario, describes a 
 winding course, and finally enters Lake Huron in 43° 15' N. 
 
 Rlvl^re k Vallii, riv., Canada, Quebec, Chicoutimi co., flows 
 NNE. into Lake Portneuf, about 70^° W. 
 
 RlvK^re Beaudette, riv., Canada, Quebec, flows E. into the 
 St. Lawrence, 45 m. WSW^ Montreal. 
 
 Rlvl«>re Bols Clair, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Lotbiniere co. , 37 
 m. WSW. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 RlvK^re Creuse, Canada. See Deep River. 
 Rlvl^re du Loup, riv. , Canada, Quebec, flows NE. into the 
 riv. St. Lawrence, about 69° 35' W. 
 
 Rlvlire du Loup (en has), or Fraservllle, vil., Canada, 
 Quebec, Temiscouata co., on the r. bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, 
 at the mouth of the Riviere du Loup. P. <i50o. 
 
 RlvKire du Loup (en haut), or Loulsevllle, vil., Canada, 
 Quebec, cap. Maskinonge co. , 20 m. W. by S. Three Rivers. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rlvl^re du Bford, riv. , Canada, Quebec, flows S. then SW. 
 and finally SSE. into the Ottawa at the head of Lake Two 
 Mountains. 
 
 Rlvlt^re du Sud, Canada. See Henryvllle. 
 RlvKre du Sud, riv. , Canada, Quebec, describes a winding 
 course, and finally flows NE. into the St. Lawrence at Mont- 
 magny, 34 m. ENE. Quebec. 
 
 Rlvl^re Quelle, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Kamouraska co. , on 
 r. bk. of the St. Lawrence, 79 m. by rail NE. Point Levis. P. 
 <;i5oo. 
 
 Rlvlire Pllot«, La, vil., W. Indies, Martinique I., 16 m. 
 SE. Fort-de-France. P. (comm.) 7900. 
 
 Rlvlfcre Rouge, riv., Canada, Quebec, rises in Berthier co. , 
 and flows S. into the riv. Ottawa, 58 m. W. by N. Montreal. 
 
 Rlvl^re Rouge, riv., Canada, Quebec, Gasp^ co. , flows S. 
 into the mouth of Chaleur Bay. 
 
 Rlvl^re 8al*e, vil., W. Indies, Martinique I., 6| m. SE. 
 Fort-de-France. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Rlvlires du Sud, part of French W. Africa {g.v.), situated 
 on the Atlantic coast (from 9" to 11° N. lat. ), between Sierra 
 Leone and Portuguese Guinea. In the interior the Rivieres du 
 Sud border upon Futa Jallon {^-v.). Rivers, Compony, Nufiez, 
 Pongo, Dembia. Principal places, Konakri (cap.), Bok6, 
 Victoria, Boffa, Mellakori, Benty. The climate is hot and un- 
 healthy to Europeans. Mean temp. , yr. (at Bok6) 81.3° F. , April 
 86.5°, Sept. 79.2°. [H. «. S.] 
 
 Rlvl^re Verte, riv. , Canada, Quebec, flows NNE. into the 
 St. Lawrence at lie Verte, in 69° 20' W. 
 
 Rlvlngton, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, W. Houghton div. , 6J 
 m. NNE. Wigan, 2^ m. NE. Adlington stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rlvoll, comm. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 8 m. W. Turin. 
 Here Victor Amadeus II., of Savoy and of Sardinia, was 
 imprisoned, and died, 1732. P. 6300. 
 
 Rlvoll Veronese, vil. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 13 m. NW. 
 Verona, on a height commanding the r. bk. of the Adige. Here 
 Buonaparte conquered the Austrians, 1797. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rlvolta d' Adda, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Cremona, 17 
 m. E. Milan, on a left arm of the Adda. P. 3000. 
 
 Rlwarl, tn., Brit. India. See Rewarl. 
 
 Rlwat, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 14 m. SE. Rawal 
 Pindi. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rlwoche, tn. , in SE. of Tibet, in 31° 23' N. , 96° 40' E. ; famed 
 for its beautiful temple. Alt. 12,269 ft. (Rockhill, dp.). 
 
 Rlxdorf, suburb, Berlin, in the Middle Ages Richardstorp, 
 ' Richard's village.' P. (comm. ) 35,700. 
 
 Rlxford, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, McKean co., 12 m. N. 
 Smethport. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rlxhelm, vil., Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, circle and 3 m. E. 
 Miilhausen. P. <4000. 
 
 Rlxhoft, cape, Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 36 m. NNW. 
 Danzig, with two lighthouses, each visible 22 m. 
 
 Rlxlngen, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle Saarburg, 30 
 m. E. Nancy (France). P. <2C)oo. 
 
 Rlxton 'With Cilazebrook, par., Eng., Lancashire, dist. and 
 6| m. NE. Warrington, with a stn. (Glazehrook) on the L. & 
 NW. R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rlze, tn. , Asia Minor, on the N. ct., vilayet and 41 m. E. 
 Trebizond. P. <3000. 
 
 Rlzzuto, Capo, cape, Italy, in the SE. , at the N. of the Gulf 
 of Squillace, in 38° 54' N. 
 
 Rjeka, Servian; Ryeka, Russian, 'river.' 
 
 RJeka, tn. , Montenegro. See Rleka. 
 
 RJukan-Fos (' smoking cascade '), waterfall, Norway, formed 
 by the Maanelv, in about 59° 50' N. , 8° 30' E. , in Telemark ; 
 this waterfall, 805 ft. high, is the most famous in Norway. 
 
 R6a, comm. , Spain, prov. Burgos, on the 1. bk. of the Douro, 
 40 m. SE. by E. Palencia. P. <2,<yx). 
 
 Roach's Point, vil., Canada, Ontario, York co., on Lake 
 Simcoe, 45 m. N. Toronto. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Road, par. , Eng. , Somerset, div. and 4 m. NE. by N. Frome, 
 PMT.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (R.wlth Woolverton) P. <75o. 
 
 Roade, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 5^ m. S. 
 Northampton, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. <:7So. 
 
 1295 
 
ROAD — ROC A 
 
 Road Hill, eccles. par., Eng. , Wiltshire, North Bradley par., 
 3 m. NW. Westbury. P. <5oo. 
 
 RonilhniKli, vil., Eng., Somerset. See Carliainptoii. 
 
 Koadiueetlngs, vil. , Scot. , Lanarkshire. See Yleldslilelds 
 aud Roadiueetliigs. 
 
 Koadtowii, small tn. in the W. Indies, cap. of the Brit. 
 Virgin Isles, on the S. ct. of Tortola. 
 
 Roadwater, P.O., Eng., Somerset, 4 m. SW. Watchet, on 
 the W. Somerset Mineral Rly. 
 
 Roag, Loch, large and intricate inlet of the sea, Scot., 
 Hebrides, on W. ct. of Lewis I.; contains Bernera L, about 10 
 m. long, by 8 m. in breadth. 
 
 Roala, or Ru'ala, nomadic tribe, N. Arabia, to the E. of 
 Damascus and the mountains of Hauran ; their number is esti- 
 mated at 300,000. 
 
 Roan, lake, Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 4^ m. NNW. Castle 
 Douglas. 
 
 Roaiicarrig Island, Ire. See Adrigole. 
 
 Roaiiduz', Roandiz, or Roivaiiduz, tn. , Turkey in Asia, 
 vilayet and 82 m. E. by N. Mosul, on a trib. of the Great Zab. 
 Alt. 1500 ft. 
 
 Roane, co. , U.S., Tennessee, W. of 84° W. , crossed in the 
 N. by 35° N. , traversed by the Tennessee and its two principal 
 headstreams. 
 
 Roane, co. , U.S., W. Virginia, S. of 39° N. , and E. of 
 82° W. 
 
 Roan High Bluff, mt., U.S., N. Carolina. See Roan Kit. 
 
 Roaninlsh, small islets, Ire. , off the W. ct. of co. Donegal, 
 off the entrance to Gweebarra Bay, lat. 54° 52' N. 
 
 Roan Island, small isl. , Scot., on the N. ct. of Sutherland, 
 in 4° 20' W. , at the mouth of Tongue Bay, separated from 
 the mainland by the Kyle of Rannoch. P. 63. 
 
 Roan Mountain, or Roan Higli Bluff, mt. , U.S., N. 
 Carolina, a summit of the Bald Mts. , Mitchell co. Alt. 6287 ft. 
 
 Roannais, dist. , France, formerly in Forez, now in dep. 
 Loire. 
 
 Roanue, the ancient Rodumna, tn., France, dep. Loire, on 
 the Loire, cap. arr. , 42 m. WNW. Lyons. R. is one of the 
 most important commercial cities of central France. Manu- 
 factures cotton textiles, muslin, knitted woollen goods, earthen- 
 ware, machinery for weaving and tanning, and has iron-founding 
 and brick-making. Alt. 920 ft. P. 29,400. 
 
 Ro'anolie, vil., U.S., Indiana, Huntington co. , 86 m. NNE. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Roanolie, city, U.S., Virginia, R. co. , in the Great Valley, 
 138 m. W. by S. Richmond, important railway centre ; formerly 
 called Big Lick. P. (1880) 669 ; (1890) 16,159. 
 
 Roanoite, riv. , U.S., Virginia and N. Carolina, formed by 
 the confluence of the Staunton and Dan, flows mostly SE. , and 
 enters Albemarle Sound after a course of at least 300 m. ; for the 
 last 75 m. of which, to the great falls at Halifax, it is tidal, and 
 navigable 75 m. farther to Weldon for steamboats. A canal 
 around the falls opens a boat navigation to its headstreams, 
 both of which are navigable for some distance for boats of five 
 tons ; and another canal connects it with the village Washing- 
 ton, on a branch of Pamlico Sound. 
 
 Roanolte Island, U.S., N. Carolina, in the E. , part of Dare 
 CO. , in 35° 47'-5S' N. , separated from the mainland by Croatan 
 Sound. The first English colony in America settled here in 1585. 
 
 Roanoke Sound, strait, U.S., N. Carolina, in the E. , con- 
 necting Albemarle Sound and Pamlico Sound, on the E. of 
 Roanoke 1. 
 
 Roarlng^vater Bay, Ire. , SW. co. Cork, 6 m. W. Skibbereen, 
 
 Roatau, isl. , Honduras. See Bay Islands. 
 
 Roath, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, li m. NE. by N. 
 Cardiff, included in the pari. bor. of Cardiff. P. 39,700. 
 
 Robbe Bay, Cape Colony. See Port Nolloth. 
 
 Robben Island (Dutch, 'seal island'), small isl., Cape 
 Colony, off the W. ct., 15 m. NNW. Cape Town. 
 
 Robblo, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Pavia, 8 m. WNW. 
 Mortara. P. 5300. 
 
 Robe, seapt. , S. Australia, R. co. , 166 m. SSE. Adelaide. 
 R. is the port of Guichen Bay, and is said to be the oldest 
 harbour in the SE. dist., settled 1845, and affording the best 
 anchorage ; has a jetty 1020 ft. long, and a salubrious climate. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Robecco, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, on riv. Oglio, prov. and 9 m. 
 N. by E. Cremona. P. <20oo. 
 
 Robeen, par., Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Kilmaine, on riv. Robe, 5 
 m. NE. Ballinrobe; 10,240 ac. P. <:20oo. 
 
 R4>bel, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 18 m. W. by N. 
 Neu-Strelitz, on Lake MUritz. P. <4000. 
 
 Robe River, Ire., S. co. Mayo, flows W. into Lough Mask. 
 
 Rot>ert, comm., W. Indies, on E. ct. of Martinique I., on the 
 Havre du Robert, a deep bay. P. 6700. 
 
 Roberton, vil. , Scot. , Lanarkshire. See M'istou. 
 
 Roberton, par., Scot., Selkirkshire and Roxburghshire, 4 m. 
 W. Hawick; 29,419 ac. P. <:soo. 
 
 Roberts, co. , U.S., S. Dakota, in the NE. corner, partly 
 bounded on the E. by Lakes Big Stone and Traverse. 
 1296 
 
 Roberts, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW. , crossed in the N. by 
 36° N. , E. of 101° W. 
 
 Robertsan, tn. , Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, to the NE. of Strass- 
 burg ; is a favourite resort of the people of Strassburg, and has a 
 fine park and orangery. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Robertsbrldge, or Rotherbridge, vil., Eng., Sussex, Rye 
 div. , Salehurst par. , on the Rother, 10 m. NW. by N. Hastings, 
 on the L. B. & S. C. R.; gypsum quarried. PMT.O. 
 
 Robertsdale, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Hunt- 
 ingdo-i CO., 64 m. W. Harrisburg. P. <i5oo. 
 
 RobertsganJ, vil., Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. and 50 m. 
 SE. Mirzapur ; R. is increasing in importance. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Robert's Head, cape. Ire., on the S. ct. of co. Cork, about 
 5 m. S. by W. of the entrance to Cork Harbour, near Robert's 
 Cove, with a coastguard station. 
 
 Robertson, municip. , Cape Colony, cap. dist. R. , on the 
 Breede R. , 39 m. WNW. Swellendam, 33 47' S., 19° 51' E. 
 Alt. 590 ft. Rfall. (6yrs.), 10.91 in. P. < 3000. 
 
 Robertson, post-tn. , New South Wales, Camden co. , 50 m. 
 E. by N. Goulburn, in a dairy-farming dist. Alt. 2500 ft. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Robertson, co. , U.S., Kentucky, N. of 38° N., crossed by 
 84° W. 
 
 Robertson, co. , U.S., Tennessee, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 in the W. by 87° W. 
 
 Robertson, co. , U.S. , Texas, W. of 96° W. , crossed by 31° N. , 
 bounded on the W. by Brazos R. 
 
 Robertsport, tn. , Africa, Liberia (q.v.). 
 
 Robertstown, tn. , Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Connell, Kilmeage 
 par., 10 m. from Sallins stn. , PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Robertstown, par. , Ire. , N W. co. Limerick, bar. Shanid, 20 
 m. NE. by E. Listowel ; 5685 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Robertstown, post-tn., S. Australia, Eyre co., 71 m. NNE. 
 Adelaide. In 1886 silver was found in the Californian hills, 7 
 m. N. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Robert Town, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Birstal par., 6 m. SE. Bradford, PM.O. P. <:4000. 
 
 Robertville (French name), comm., Algeria, arr. and 15 m. 
 SW. by S. Philippeville. P. 5400. 
 
 Robeson, strait, Arctic region, between Hall Land (at the 
 NW. extremity of Greenland) and the mainland. 
 
 Robeson, CO. , U.S., N. Carolina, on the S. frontier, crossed 
 by 79° W. 
 
 Robestoii, West, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3 m. N W. by 
 N. Milford. P. <25o. See Walwyn's Castle. 
 
 Robeston >Vathen, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 9 m. E. 
 Haverfordwest, 2.\ m. WNW. Narberth stn. P. <25o. See 
 Nar berth. 
 
 Roblac-le-Martinet, tn., France, dep. Gard, arr. Alais, on 
 the Ceze, 33 m. NNW. Nimes, with coal-mines and blast- 
 furnaces. P. <2000. 
 
 Robin Hood, PMT.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. 
 from Loft house. 
 
 Robin Hood's Bay, or Baytowu, inlet and watering-place, 
 Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 5 m. SE. Whitby, on the 
 coast, on the NE. R.; mentioned by Leland as a place of some 
 importance. PMT.O. 
 
 Robins Island, Tasmania, at the W. end of Bass's Strait, 
 crossed by 145° E. Area, 24,500 ac. 
 
 Robinson, vil., Canada, Quebec, Compton co. , 93 m. S. by 
 W. Quebec, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Robinson, co. , New South Wales, crossed by 146° E. , between 
 31° and 32° S. 
 
 Robinson, co., S. Australia, in the NW. of Eyre's Penin., 
 crossed by 33° S. and 135° E. 
 
 Robinson, city, U.S. , Illinois, cap. Crawford co. , 35 m. SSW. 
 Terre Haute (Ind.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Robinson Island, small isl., Canada, Nova Scotia, N. ct., 
 15 m. E. Pictou. 
 
 Robinson's Head, fishing settlement, Newfoundland, on S. 
 side of St. George's Bay. 
 
 Robinstown, P.O., Ire., SW. co. Meath, bar. Upper Navan, 
 3 m. NNE. Trim. 
 
 Robles, tn. , Argentine Republic, cap. dep. R., prov. and 18J 
 m. SE. Santiago. P. < 2000. 
 
 Roborongli, P.O., Eng., Devonshire, 3 m. from Crown Hill, 
 about 5 m. N. Plymouth. 
 
 Roborough, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 10 m. 
 SE. by E. Bideford, 3^ m. WSW. Portsmouth Arms stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Robson's Landing. See Nelson, Brit. Columbia. 
 
 Roby, tn. , Eng., Lancashire, Widnes div., 5^ m. E. Liver- 
 pool, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. See Huyton. 
 
 Roc, roche, French, Italian rocca, Spanish roca, 'a rock'; 
 e.g., Rocca-casale, 'rock village or dwelling'; Rochefort, 'the 
 strong fortress. ' 
 
 Roca, C'abo du, the Roman Promontorium Magnum, cape, 
 Portugal, the most westerly point of the Iberian Penin. , 20 m. W. 
 by N. Lisbon. 
 
 Roca de Plata, isls., N. Pacific. See t'respo. 
 
ROCA — ROCH 
 
 6 m. 
 
 N. 
 
 Rocamadonr, tn., France, dep. Lot, arr. Gourdon, 24 m. 
 NW. Fig^ac, 105 m. E. Bordeaux, built at the base of a precipi- 
 tous cliff; famous place of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages, and 
 still frequented. The town is crowned by an old castle of the 
 12th, 14th, and 15th centuries, now restored. The sanctuaries 
 are reached by a staircase of 143 steps, which passes under a 
 14th century palace, built for the bishops of Tulle, and restored 
 in the 19th century. Alt. 460-820 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Koca Partidn, isl. , Pacific. See Revilla Glgedo. 
 
 Rocas, rocky islet in the Atlantic Ocean, about 150 m. NE. 
 of the coast of Brazil, W. of Fernao da Noronha I. 
 
 Rocca, Italian, ' a rock.' See Roc. 
 
 Rocca d' Apslde, comm. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 28 ni. 
 SE. by E. Salerno. P. 5600. 
 
 Rocca dl Papa, tn. , Italy, prov. and 14 m. SE. Rome ; it 
 is a volcanic cone covered with houses to the summit ; the streets, 
 which are almost vertical, end in stairs. P. <;4000. 
 
 Rocca Grlnialda, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, 
 9^ m. E. Acqui. P. 2000. 
 
 Roccalninera, comm. , Sicily, prov. and 17 m. SSW. Messina; 
 alum mined. P. <40oo. 
 
 Roccamonfliia, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 22 
 m. E. by N. Gaeta. P. 5100. 
 
 Roccapalninba, tn., Sicily, prov. Palermo, 12J m. SSW. 
 Termini I merese. P. <:30co. 
 
 Rocca Plemonte, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 
 NNW. Salerno. P. < 3000. 
 
 Roccaraiuola, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 3 
 NNE. Nola. P. < 3000. 
 
 Roccasecca, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 25 m. 
 by E. Gaeta. Here the Florentines, under Louis d' Anjou, de- 
 feated Ladislas of Hungary and Naples, 1411. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Roccastrada, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Grosseto, 23 m. 
 SSW. Siena. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Roccella, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Reggio, E. ct., 41 m. 
 S. by W. Catanzaro. P. 6600. 
 
 Rocclietta Saiit' Aiitoulo, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. 
 Avellino, 18^ m. NE. Sant' Angelo dei Lombardy. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Rocchetta Taiiaro, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, 
 7^ m. ESE. Asti, on the Tanaro. P. <30oo. 
 
 Roccla Melone. See Alps, Subdivisions, I. A. 8. 
 
 Rocco San Casciano, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov, Florence, 16 
 m. S. by W. Faenza. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rocester, par., Eng. , Staffordshire, div. and 13^ m. SE. by 
 S. Leek, on riv. Dove, with a junction stn. on the N. Stafford- 
 shire Rly. , PMT. O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rocli, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 2 m. from the W. ct. , 6 
 m. NW. by W. Haverfordwest, P.O.; 4521 ac. P. <75o. See 
 Xoltoii. 
 
 Roclia, tn., Uruguay, cap. dep. R. , 105 m. E. by N. Monte- 
 video ; founded 1793. P. 6000. 
 
 Rochdale, pari. , co. , and mun. bor. , par. , and market-tn. , 
 Eng., Lancashire, 11 m. NNE. and in diocese of Manchester, 
 on the Roch trib. of the Irwell, R. Canal, and the L. & Y. R.; 
 has woollen manufactures (especially flannels), also cotton manu- 
 factures, and large trade in coal and stone ; iron-foundries and 
 machine works. Several fine public buildings, as the new town- 
 hall, post-office, free library, technical school, and grammar 
 school, founded 1565. Market-days, M. and S. Alt. 470 ft. 
 Mean rfall. (R. , 1866-94), 4° in. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 5600; 
 (1851) 29,200; (1871) 63,500; pari, and mun. bor. P. (1891) 
 71,500; market-tn. (R. by Castletou) P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rochdale Canal, Eng., Lancashire and Yorkshire, extends 
 from the Bridgwater Canal at Manchester to the Calder and 
 Hebble navigation at Sowerby Bridge, near Halifax ; 3^ m. long ; 
 has 78 locks. 
 
 Roche, French, 'a rock.' See Roc. 
 
 Roche, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 6J m. SW. 
 Bodmin, i^ m. W. Bugle stn.; has porcelain clay. PMT.O. 
 6471 ac. P. <:2000. 
 
 Roche, par. , Ire. , co. Louth, bar. Upper Uundalk, 4 m. NW. 
 Dundalk. P. <75o. 
 
 Roche, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 10 m. NW. Solothurn. P. 
 
 <20OO. 
 
 Roche, La, comm. , Belgium, prov. Luxembourg, arr. Marche, 
 on the Ourthe, 25 m. SW. by W. Spa. P. <20oo. 
 
 Roche Bernard, La, tn., France, dep. Morbihan, on the 
 Vilaine, arr. Vannes, 17 m. N. by W. St. Nazaire. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Roche-€anlllac, Jm, vil., France, dep. Correze, on the 
 Doustre, 68 m. SW. by W. Clermont-Ferrand, arr. and 12 m. 
 ESE. Tulle. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rochechonart, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Vienne, cap. arr., 
 21 m. W. Limoges ; manufactures pottery, and has quarries 
 of porcelain clay and antimony. Alt. 790 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Roche-Derrlen, La, vil., France, dep. Cotes du Nord, on the 
 Jaudy, 57 m. W. by N. St. Malo ; slate quarried. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Rochefort, comm., Belgium, prov. Namur, on the Lesse, 26 
 
 m. S. Huy ; has marble quarries and lead-mines. Is a tourist 
 
 resort on account of its caves, which extend from 2 m. E. the 
 
 town to 3 m. to the W. R. was formerly the cap. of the county 
 
 1297 
 
 of the Ardennes, and belonged to the family of La Marck. Was 
 besieged and taken several times in the isth and i6th centuries. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Rociiefort, vil., France, dep. Jura, on the Doubs, 23 m. 
 WSW. Besan9on, arr. and 4 m. NE. by E. Dole. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rochefort, or Rochefort Noutagne, tn., France, dep. Puy- 
 de-D6me, cap. cant., arr. Clermont-Ferrand, 15 m. WSW. Cler- 
 mont. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Rochefort-sur-Lolre, tn., France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, arr. 
 and 10 m. SW. Angers; has the ruins of an nth century 
 castle, destroyed 1214. During the Huguenot wars R. was an 
 important point of dispute. P. <20co. 
 
 Rochefort-!4ur-Mer, tn., France, cap. arr., dep. Charente- 
 Inf^rieure, on the Charente (r. bk.), 9 m. from the Atlantic, 
 with a naval and a commercial harbour, the former protected 
 by batteries. There is an arsenal (with extensive magazines 
 and foundries), separated from the town by fortifications, but 
 communicating with the naval harbour ; military barracks. 
 The commercial harbour, higher up the river, has three wet 
 docks, one of 15^ ac. , quayage 3692 ft., and depth 25^ to 
 29i ft. ; another of 3 ac, quayage 1556 ft., and depth 17I to 
 22I ft.; the third of 2| ac. , quayage i486 ft., and depth 17^ 
 to 22^ ft. The dry dock is 326 ft. long, cradle 46^ ft. The 
 channel of the river has been deepened. The staple industry 
 is shipbuilding, with some manufacture of sails and furniture. 
 The naval school, now transferred to Brest, was founded at 
 Rochefort, which is still one of the five military ports. Its im- 
 portance began under Colbert. The climate is rather unhealthy, 
 the town being situated in a marshy district. P. (1872) 26,600 ; 
 (1891) 33,300. 
 
 Rochefoacanld, La, tn., France, dep. Charente, cap. cant., 
 arr. and 13 m. ENE. AngoulSme ; manufactures cloths, linen, 
 and cart-awnings. The castle, to which the town owes its origin, 
 was founded at the end of the 9th century, and rebuilt in the 
 i2th and 14th centuries. The second Duke of Rochefoucauld 
 was the celebrated author of the ' Maxims.' P. <:3000. 
 
 Roche-l'Abeille, vil., France, dep. Haute-Vienne, arr. St. 
 Yrieix, 6 m. S. Limoges ; serpentine is quarried here. Here 
 the combined forces of Coligny and Deux-Ponts defeated the 
 Romanist army under the Duke of Anjou and Philippi Strozzi, 
 
 1569. P. <2000. 
 
 Roche,-la-lMoU^re, tn. , France, dep. Loire, arr. and 3 m. 
 W. St. Etienne ; coal is mined here. P. < 3000. 
 
 RocheUe, vil., Canada, Quebec, Shefford co. , 8 m. from 
 Waterloo. P. < 1500. 
 
 RocheUe (La), fortified city and seapt., France, cap. dep. 
 Charente-Inf^rieure, on the Atlantic, in the inlet formed by the 
 isls. R6 and Ol^ron, 296 m. by rail SW. Paris, and 18 m. NNW. 
 Rochefort. The fortifications are 3^ m. round, with seven gates 
 and three towers, the oldest dating from 1384, and the ' lantern- 
 tower ' having seven stories. The harbour is the chief on that 
 coast, with an outer basin, still protected by the historical stone 
 mole of Richelieu (area 7^ ac. , quayage 2793 ft., depth 18^ 
 to 22^ ft. over sill) ; an inner basin (area 3I ac. , quayage 1023 
 ft. , depth 17 to 20J ft. over sill) ; St. Nicholas' basin (with 
 quayage 908 ft., depth 8 to i if ft. over sill) ; the tidal harbour 
 (area 8 ac, quayage 2506 ft., depth i6j ft. at high water). 
 "Inhere is besides the basin La Pallice, which is a rival port 3^ 
 m. N W. RocheUe (dock 2333 ft. long, quayage 5556 ft. , depth 
 30 to 36 ft. over sill). The chief buildings in R. are the cathe- 
 dral, in massive Grecian style, with a dome ; the town house, 
 resembling a fortress ; the episcopal palace, with a library of 
 25,000 volumes, and a museum ; the arsenal ; several hospitals, 
 &c. The parade-ground, which is the chief place, shows the 
 site of the castle demolished in 1590. R. was formerly called 
 Rupella ('little rock'); at the Reformation it was a centre of 
 Calvinism ; it endured a six and a half months' siege against 
 the Roman Catholic army, losing 20,000 men, and afterwards 
 another of eight months, before capitulating to Cardinal Riche- 
 lieu (1628). Three thousand of its best citizens were lost to it by 
 the Edict of Nantes, and its commercial prosperity was finally 
 ruined when France lost Canada. The present line of fortifica- 
 tions were drawn up by Vauban. In 1892 there occurred in this 
 neighbourhood a remarkable plague of white ants. Rfall. 25.98 
 in. P. (1872) 19,500; (1891)26,800. 
 
 RocheUe, city, U.S., Illinois, Ogle co. , 76 m. W. Chicago. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Roche Point, cape. Ire. See Roches Point. 
 
 Rocheport, vil., U.S., Missouri, Boone co., on the 1. bk. of 
 the Missouri, 36 m. NW. by N. Jefferson City. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Roche-Posay, La, tn., France, dep. Vienne, arr. and 14 m. 
 E. by S. Chatellerault. Half a mile to the SW. is a thermal 
 establishment ; 2\ m. SSE. the ruins of the Cistercian abbey 
 La Merci-Dieu, founded 1151, a resort of pilgrims. Alt. 295 ft. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Roches, lie des, small vil., S. Indian Ocean, one of the 
 Amirante group. 
 
 Rocheservl^re, tn., France, dep. Vendte, arr. La Roche- 
 sur-Yon, on the Boulogne, 19 m. S. Nantes. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Roches (or Roche) Point, cape. Ire., on the SE. ct. of co. 
 
 4N 
 
ROCH — ROCK 
 
 Cork, at the E. of the entrance to Cork Harbour. Mean temp. 
 (19 yrs.), yr. 50.7° F., Jan. 43.6°, Aug. 60.0°; mean annual 
 rfall. (23 yrs.), 47.80 in. Lighthouse, visible 8 m. 
 
 Roehester, or Belle River, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Essex co. , 
 on Belle R. , 208 m. SW. Toronto, 13 m. E. Windsor. P. < 
 2500. 
 
 Bochester, episcopal city, parL and (since Henry II.) man. 
 bor. , port, and market-tn., Eng. , Kent, 8 m. N. Maidstone, in 
 the diocese of Rochester, on the Medway, with stns. on the 
 L. C. & D. R. and SE. R. , and (B. Bridge) on L. C. & D. R. 
 The chief trade is from the naval and military establishments, 
 some shipping and fishing, and manufactures of agricultural 
 implements, traction engines, oil and oil-cake. The port has 
 a patent slip 300 ft. long, with cradle 120 ft. The town grew up 
 round a castle which was built to defend the passage of the river 
 on the site of the famous Norman keep, which is still a prominent 
 feature. It is 104 ft. high, with walls 12 ft. thick ; and being 
 purchased by the corporation in 1883, the grounds now form a 
 public garden overlooking the Medway. The cathedral dates 
 from 604 (rebuilt 1077, and again 1115, enlarged 13th century) ; 
 306 ft. long, with fine Norman doorway and nave. Early English 
 choir. Diocese, founded by Ethelbert on his conversion by St. 
 Augustine, includes parts of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex ; P. (1891) 
 1,938,000; revenue, ^^4500. Market-day, Tu. City and bor. 
 (both pari, and mun.) P. (1801) 6800; (1851) 14,900; (1871) 
 18,400; (1891) 26,300; eccles. par. (B. St. Margaret with 
 Boarstal) P. 7000. 
 
 Rochester, tp. , S. Australia, Stanley co. , 84 m. N. Adelaide. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Bochester, tn. , U.S., Indiana, cap. Fulton co., 87 m. SE. 
 by E. Chicago (111.). P. <3000. 
 
 Bocliester, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., 7J m. 
 NE. by N. New Bedford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rochester, vil., U.S., Michigan, Oakland co., 25 m. N. by 
 W.Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Boehester, city, U.S., Minnesota, cap. Olmsted co., 70 m. 
 SSE. St. Paul ; has great trade in grain. P. 5300. 
 
 Boehester, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Strafford co., on 
 Cocheco R. , 29 m. E. by N. Concord. P. 7400. 
 
 Bochester, city, U.S., New York, Monroe co. , on the 
 Genesee R. , here crossed by the aqueduct conveying the Erie 
 Canal, 67 m. ENE. Buffalo. Within the city the Genesee 
 descends 226 ft., forming three cataracts of 96 ft., 25 ft., and 84 
 ft. resp)ectively, affording water-p)ower largely used in flour- 
 milling industries, but now mainly used in supplying electrical 
 fKDwer for lighting, for railway locomotion, and various in- 
 dustries. The manufactures are ready-made clothing (third 
 city in U.S. at census of 1890), boots and shoes (fourth in U.S.), 
 tobacco, photographic apparatus, agricultural machinery, &c. 
 R. is noted for its marseries, the largest in America, and cover- 
 ing thousands of acres around the city. The university of R. 
 and the theological seminary, founded by the Baptists in 1850, 
 have valuable libraries. R. was first settled in 1810. Alt. 508 
 ft. (R.R.); signal station, 589 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 47.1° 
 F., Jan. 24.6°, July 70.7°; mean rfall. (11 yrs.), 37.32 in. P. 
 (1820)1500; (1870)62,400; (1880)89,400; (1890)133,896. 
 
 Bochester, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Beaver co. , on the r. 
 bk. of the Ohio, 20 m. NW. Allegheny. In the vicinity are 
 coal-mines and stone quarries. P. <4000. 
 
 Bochester, tn., U.S., Vermont, Windsor co., 8 m. W. 
 West Randolph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bochester, post-tn., Victoria, Bendigo co., 15 m. S. by W. 
 Echuca, comprising Old B. and Xew B., on r. and 1. bks. of 
 the Campaspe R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Bochester Bridge, stn. , Eng. , on the L. C. & D. R. See 
 Bochester. 
 
 Bochetiter Ward, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Hexham div. , 
 on the Rede, 18 m. SE. by S. Jedburgh, 8 m. NNE. Thorney- 
 bum stn., PMT.O. (Bochester) ; 23,300 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Bochestown, stn., Ire., co. Cork, on the Cork, Blackrock, 
 and Passage Rly., 3 m. from Passage West, P.O. 
 
 Bochesto-wn, par., Ire., co. and 8 m. SE. Limerick, bar. 
 Clanwilliam. P. <250. 
 
 Bochestown, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa 
 West, on the Suir, 3 m. SE. Caher. P. <25o. 
 
 Bochestown, electoral div., Ire., W, co. Wexford, bar. 
 Bantry, 7^ m. E. New Ross. 
 
 Boche-snr-Foron, La, tn., France, dep. Haute-Savoie, 13 m. 
 SE. Geneva, arr. and 5 m. W. by S. Bonneville. P. <2000. 
 
 Boche - snr • Von, La (in the Napoleonic periods called 
 Napoleon Vendue), tn. , cap. dep. Vendue, France, arr. La 
 Roche-sur-Yon, 38 m. NNW. La Rochelle. Mean temp. (15 
 yrs.), yr. 52.2° F. , Jan. 39.9°, July 65.1°. P. 9100. 
 
 Bochford, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., on E. ct., 3J m. N. 
 Southend, on the G. E. R., at the head of the estuary of the 
 Roach, PMT.O. P.<2ooo. 
 
 Bochford, p)ar. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Bewdley div. , on the 
 r. bk. of the Teme, 14 m. WSW. Kidderminster, i^ m. S. 
 Newnham Bridge stn., P.O. P. -csoo. 
 
 Bochford, gold and silver mining vlL, U.S., S. Dakota, 
 1298 
 
 Pennington co. , 80 m. N. by E. of the SW. corner of the state. 
 P. <i50o. 
 
 Bochford, p)ost-tn. , Victoria, Bourke co. , 49 m. NW. Mel- 
 bourne by road and rail, in 37° 19' S. and 144° 41' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Boclifortbridge, tn. , Ire., SE. co. Westmeath, bar. Far- 
 tullagh, 7^ m. S. by E. Mullingar. P. <25o. 
 
 Bochlitz, tn. , Bohemia, dist. Reichenberg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Bochlitz, tn. ,Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Goldberg- H ay nau 
 on riv. Mulde, 16 m. NNW. Chemnitz ; textile and other 
 manufactures; porphyry is quarried here. P. (i834)<400o; 
 (1890) 6200. 
 
 Bociana, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 22 m. ENE. 
 Huelva. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Bocli, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 2 m. from Padstow. 
 
 Bock, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., 4^ m. N. by E. Alnwick, 2 m. SSW. Christon Bank stn., 
 P.O. P. <250. See Bennington. 
 
 Bock, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Bewdley div. , 7 m. WSW. 
 Kidderminster, 3^ m. SE. by S. Wyre Forest stn., PM.O.; 
 8772 ac. P. < 2000; eccles. par. (B. with Heightington) P. 
 
 <IC)00. 
 
 Bock, CO., U.S., Minnesota, in the extreme SW. 
 
 Bock, CO., U.S., Nebraska, crossed by 42^° N., 99^° W. 
 
 Bock, CO., U.S., Wisconsin, S. frontier, crossed by 89° W. 
 
 Bock, The, P.O., Ire., E. co. Tipperary, bar. Upper Dun- 
 gannon, 5 m. NW. Cookstown. 
 
 Bock, The, electoral div.. Ire., co. Tyrone, 3 m. from 
 Pomeroystn., P.O. (Bock). 
 
 Bock, The, electoral div., Ire., W. co. TjTone, bar. West 
 Omagh, 15^ m. WNW. Omagh. 
 
 Rockabill, islet, Ire., off the E. ct. of co. Dublin, with a 
 lighthouse, in 53° 36' N. , 6° o' 20" W. , visible 18 m. 
 
 Rockavray, vil. , U.S., New Jersey, Morris co. , 18 m. W. 
 Paterson ; contains valuable iron-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockaway Beach, vil., U.S., New York, Queen's co. , 17 m. 
 by rail SE. Brooklyn ; affords fine sea-bathing, and is a favourite 
 summer resort for the jjeople of New York. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rockbeare, par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div,, 6h m. 
 ENE. Exeter, 2 m. E. Broad Clist stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rockbonrne, par. , Eng. , on the W. border of Hampshire, 
 New Forest div., 7^ m. S. by W. Salisbury, 2 m. NW. by N. 
 Fordingbridge stn. , PM. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Rockbridge, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Richland co., on Pine 
 R. ; has a curious natural bridge. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockbridge Baths, summer resort, U.S., Virginia, Rock- 
 bridge CO. , 53 m. W. by S. Charlottesville. About 2 m. distant 
 are Rockbridge alum springs. P. <:i500. 
 
 Rockbrook, P.O., Ire., SE. co. Dublin, bar. Upper Cross, 
 7 m. WSW. Kingstown, 2 m. from Dundrum stn. 
 
 Rockbnm, vil., Canada, Quebec, Huntingdon co., 20 m. 
 from Hermingford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockcastle, co., U.S., Kentucky, N. of 37° N., E. of 85° W. 
 
 Rockcastle, riv., U.S., Kentucky, flows SW. and joins the 
 Cumberland in about 37° o' N. , 84° 23' W. ; coal seams crop out 
 near its banks. 
 
 Rock Channel, Eng. , Cheshire, the S. fairway into the mouth 
 of the Mersey, along the N W. ct. of Wirral Penin. ; 5 m. long, 
 \ m. wide. 
 
 Rockchapel, P.O., Ire., 10 m. from Newmarket (in NW. of 
 CO. Cork). 
 
 Rock City, U.S., New York, Cattaraugus co., 10 m. SW. 
 Oleon ; is a natural curiosity, consisting of fragments of rock so 
 arranged as to present the appearance of a city. 
 
 RockclUr, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on the 
 Eden, 4^ m. NW. by N. Carlisle, with stn. (RoekcllflTe) on the 
 C. R., P.O.; 4939 ac. P. <:75o; eccles. par. (R. with Cargo) 
 P. <:750. 
 
 RockcliflTe, PM.O., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 7 m. SE. 
 Dalbeattie. 
 
 Rockcorry, market-tn.. Ire., W. co. and 9 m. S. by W. 
 Monaghan, bar. Dartree, on the G. N. (Ire.) & Donegal Rly., 
 PMT.O. Market-day, W. P. <25o. 
 
 Rock Creek, vil., U.S., Ohio, Ashtabula co., 44 m. E. by N. 
 Cleveland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockdale, suburb and 6 m. by rail S. Sydney, New South 
 Wales, Cumberland co. P. 5000. 
 
 Rockdale, co., U.S., Georgia, between 33° and 34° N., and 
 crossed by 84° W. 
 
 Rockdale, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Delaware co., 13 m. W. 
 Philadelphia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockdale, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lehigh co., on Lehigh 
 R., 32 m. NE. by N. Reading. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockdale, city, U.S., Texas, Milam co., 52 m. NE. by E. 
 Austin. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rock Falls, city, U.S., Illinois, Whitesides co., on Rock R., 
 opposite Stirling, no m. by rail W. Chicago. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rock Ferry, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, included in the 
 pari. bor. of, suburb of, and 2 m. SSE. Birkenhead, on riv. 
 Mersey, with a junction stn. on the Mersey and Birkenhead 
 Rly. ; summer resort. P. < 2500. 
 
ROCK— ROCK 
 
 Rockfleld, par., Eng. , Monmouthshire, S; div. , 2J m. NW. 
 Monmouth, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Rockfielil, or Kllladeas, electoral div.. Ire., Fermanagh, 
 dist. Irvinestown No. i. 
 
 Rockfleld, electoral div. , Ire., Kerry, dist. Molahiffe. 
 
 Rockfleld, fishing vil. , Scot., in the extreme NE. of Ross- 
 shire, on the E. ct. , 9 m. E. Tain. 
 
 Rockford, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Grey co. , 33 m. W. 
 Collingwood. 
 
 Rockford, city, U.S., Illinois, cap. Winnebago co. , 83 m. E. 
 by S. Dubuque (Iowa) ; has abundant water-power. The manu- 
 factures include agricultural machinery and implements, iron- 
 works, furniture, cotton, woollen, flour, and paper mills. P. (1850) 
 <25oo; (1870)11,000; (1880)13,100; (1890)23,584. 
 
 Rockford, tn., U.S., Iowa, Floyd co. , 94 m. WSW. of NE. 
 corner of state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rockford, vil., U.S., Michigan, Kent co. , 90 m. WSW. Bay 
 City, and 12 m. NNE. Grand Rapids. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rockford, settlement, U.S., Washington, co. and 18 m. SE. 
 Spokane. 
 
 Rockford, New, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Eddy co. , 97 
 m. NE. by E. Bismarck. 
 
 Rock Fort, artillery barracks, Eng., Cheshire, at NE. corner 
 of Wirral Penin. 
 
 Rock Hall, vil., U.S., Maryland, Kent co. , on E. shore of 
 Chesapeake Bay, 20 m. SE. Baltimore. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockliani Bay, small bay, Eng. , in the N W. of Devonshire, 
 4 m. W. Ilfracombe. 
 
 Rocklianipton, par., Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury div., 
 6 m. W. Wotton-under- Edge, 2^ m. NNE. Thornbury stn. , 
 P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Rocklianipton, seapt. city, Queensland, Livingstone co. , 
 175 m. SE. by S. Mackay. R. is the port of central Queensland, 
 and terminus of the Central Rly. to Longreach (425 m.). 
 Vessels of 1500 tons can come up to the city wharves, but ocean 
 steamers berth at Port Alma, 36 m. below. Founded 1858 ; 
 has botanical gardens, and a bridge, 1160 ft. long, over the 
 Fitzroy R. The surrounding country has gold, silver, and 
 copper. The most important workings are at Peak Downs and 
 Mount Morgan. The Central Queensland Meat Company's 
 works, near R. , employ about 400 persons. P. (1891) 11,600. 
 
 Rockliill, tn. , Ire., S. co. Limerick, bar. Upper Connello, 
 17 m. S. by W. Limerick, 3 m. from Bruree stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Rockliill, electoral div.. Ire., Roscommon, dist. Kiltoom. 
 
 Rock HUl, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, York co., 62 m. N. 
 Columbia. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rocklugliani, vil., Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co. , 86 m. W. 
 Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockingham, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, on 
 the Welland, 14^ m. SW. Stamford, on the G. N. and L. & 
 NW. Rlys., PMT.O. Market-day, Th. P.<25o. 
 
 Rockingham, electoral div. , Ire. , Roscommon, dist. Boyle. 
 
 Rockingham, small tn. , E. ct. Queensland, Cardwell co. , in 
 18° S. , at N. end of Rockingham Bay. 
 
 Rockingliam, co. , U.S., New Hampshire, in extreme SE. 
 
 Rockingham, co. , U.S., N. Carolina, on the N. frontier, 
 crossed in the W. by 80° W. 
 
 Rockingham, vil. , U.S., N. Carolina, cap. Richmond co., 
 117 m. NW. Wilmington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockingham, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Windham co. , on 
 Williams R. , 4 m. by rail N. Bellows Falls. P. <:50oo. 
 
 Rockingham, co. , U.S., Virginia, in the NW., on the W. 
 frontier, S. of 39° N. 
 
 Rockingham, post-tn. and port, W. Australia, Murray co. , 
 25 m. S. by W. Perth. It is connected by a railway of 3 ft. 6 in. 
 gauge, 33 m. long, with Jarrahdale, the centre of a fine jarrah 
 dist. , and has a large and growing trade in timber. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rockingham Bay, Queensland, E. ct. , in about 18° S. 
 
 Rock Island, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. and i m. from 
 Stanstead. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rock Island, Ire., SW. ct. co. Cork, bar. W. Carbery, W. 
 div., on Crookhaven, 20 m. W. by S. Skibbereen, with light- 
 house, visible 13 m., P.O. 
 
 Rock Island, Japan. See IMikomoto. 
 
 Rock Island, city, U.S., Illinois, cap. R. I. co., on 1. bk. of 
 Mississippi R. , 70 m. S. Dubuque (Iowa). The U.S. arsenal, 
 armoury, powder-works, and cannon-foundry on the island, 
 which gives name to the city, 970 ac. in extent. Manufactures 
 of agricultural implements, window glass, cotton goods, &c. 
 R. I. was acquired by treaty with Indians in 1804. P. (1870) 
 7900; (1880)11,700; (1890)13,600. 
 
 Rock Lake, Canada, in the S. of Manitoba, to the W. of 99° 
 W. , 9 m. long by i- 1 J m. wide, traversed by the Pembina R. 
 
 Rockland, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Westmorland co. , 
 on Memramcook R. , 21 m. SE. Moncton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockland, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Russell co. , on river and 
 
 6 m. E. by N. Ottawa. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rockland, city, U.S., Maine, cap. Knox co. , on Penobscot 
 Bay, 35 m. ESE. Augusta ; is a summer resort. Has exten- 
 sive manufacture of lime. P. (1880) 7600 ; (1890) 8174. 
 
 Rockland, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., 17J m. 
 SSE. Boston. P. 5200. 
 
 Rockland, tn., U.S., Texas, Tyler co. , on Neches R., 107 
 m. NE. Houston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockland All Saints and St. Andrews, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, 
 Mid div., 18 m. WSW. Norwich, 3^ m. E. by S. Stow Bedon 
 stn. , PM.O. (R. All Saints). P. <:50o. 
 
 Rockland Lake, vil., U.S., New York, Rockland co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Hudson R. , 30 m. N. New York, near Rockland 
 Lake, 4 m. in circumference, where about 200,000 tons of ice 
 are annually cut. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockland St. Mary, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 6 m. SE. 
 by E. Norwich, 2 m. WSW. Buckenham stn. , P.O. (Rockland). 
 P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (R. St. Mary with Little R.) P. <soo. 
 
 Rockland St. Peters, par., Eng., Norfolk, adjoining Rock- 
 land All Saints and St. Andrews. P. <Soo. 
 
 Rocklea, small riv. , Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., flowing E. 
 into Poole Harbour. 
 
 Rockley, vil. , Eng. , Wiltshire. See Oghonme. 
 
 Rockley, postal-tp. , New South Wales, Georgiana co., 20 m. 
 S. Bathurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockllffe, vil. and stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. 
 R. , 274 m. by rail W. Montreal. Alt. 418 ft. Mean temp. 
 (15 yrs. ), yr. 38.5° F., Jan. 9.2°, July 65.6°. P. <i5oo. 
 
 RockliflTe, PM.O., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 7 m. SE. Dal- 
 beattie. 
 
 Rockliii, tn., U.S., California, Placer co., 24 m. NE. Sacra-* 
 mento ; has granite quarries. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockmnrt, vil., U.S., Georgia, Polk co., 25 m. SW. Carters- 
 ville ; has slate quarries. P. < 1500. 
 
 Roekmills, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Cork, bar. and 8 m. NW. 
 Fermoy, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Rock Mills, vil., U.S., Alabama, Randolph co., 25 m. NE. 
 Lafayette. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rock Point, gold and silver mining vil., U.S., Oregon, 
 Jackson co. , on Rogue R. , 5 m. NW. Willow Springs. P. <; 1500. 
 
 Rockport, seapt. vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Westmorland 
 CO., 15 m, S. Dorchester. P. -cisoo. 
 
 Rockport, vil., Canada, Ontario, Leeds co., on the St. 
 Lawrence, 30 m. ENE. Kingston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rockport, tn. , U.S., Indiana, cap. Spencer co. , on r. bk. of 
 Ohio R. , 72 m. WSW. Louisville (Ken.). The surrounding 
 country abounds in timber and coal. P. <3000. 
 
 Rockport, vil., U.S., Maine, Knox co. , on the coast, 36 m. 
 ESE. Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockport, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co. , on the coast, 
 16 m. NE. by E. Salem. P. <sooo. 
 
 Rockport, vil., U.S., Missouri, cap. Atchison co., 60 m. 
 NW. by N. St. Joseph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockport, vil., U.S., Ohio, Cuyahoga co., on Lake Erie, 
 8 m. W. Cleveland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockport, seapt. tn. , U.S., Texas, cap. Aransas co., 160 m. 
 WSW. Galveston ; has direct water communication with New 
 Orleans, and is one of the largest cattle markets in Texas. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Rock Rapids, tn., U.S., Iowa, cap. Lyon co. , on Rock R. , 
 67 m. N. by E. Sioux City. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rock River, riv., U.S., Wisconsin and Illinois, rises in Fond 
 du Lac CO., flows S. into Illinois, then SW. to the Mississippi, 
 2 m. below Rock I. Length, 350 m. 
 
 Rocksavnge, vil. , Eng., Cheshire. See Clifton. 
 
 Rockside, vil., Canada, Ontario, Peel co. , 3 m. SW. Salmon- 
 ville, 35 m. from Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rock Springs, coal-mining tn., U.S., Wyoming, Sweetwater 
 CO., 102 m. ENE. from the SW. corner of the state, on the 
 U. P. R. P.<4ooo. 
 
 Rockton, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Wentworth co. , 9J m. from 
 Dundas, 15 m. from Hamilton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rockton, vil,, U.S., Illinois, Winnebago co. , at confluence of 
 Rock and Pecatonica Rivs. ,82 m. E. Dubuque (Iowa). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rocktown, electoral div. , Ire. , Londonderry, dist. Bellaghy. 
 
 Rockville, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, King's co. , 5 m. 
 from Sussex. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Rockville, city, U.S., Connecticut, Tolland co., 13 m. ENE. 
 Hartford ; water-power for various manufactures is furnished by 
 Hockanum R. , which here falls 280 ft. Centre of the fine woollen 
 manufacture of New England. P. 6900. 
 
 Rockville, city, U.S., Indiana, cap. Parke co., 22 m. NNE. 
 Terre Haute. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rockville, tn. , U.S., Maryland, cap. Montgomery co., 13 m. 
 N. by W. Washington (D. C). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rockville Centre, vil. .U.S., New York, Queen's co. , Long I. , 
 19 m. E. by S. Brooklvn. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rockwall, CO., U.S., Texas, in the NE. 
 
 Rockwell, or Amherst Shore, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, 
 Cumberland co., 22 m. from riv. Philip. P. <:i500. 
 
 Rockwell City, vil., U.S., Iowa, cap. Calhoun co., 91 m. E. 
 by S. Sioux City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockwell Cireen, eccles. par. , Eng. , Somerset, par. and 1 m. 
 from Wellington, PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 1299 
 
ROCK -ROCK 
 
 Rockivoml, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Wellington co. , 28 m. 
 NNW. Hamilton. Mean temp. (5 yrs., 1878-82), yr. 34.6° F., 
 Feb. 1.5°, July 67.6°. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rockwood, vil., U.S., Illinois, Randolph co. , on 1. bk. of 
 Mississippi R., 60 m. SSE. St. Louis (Mo.). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Rockwood, vil., U.S., Michigan, Wayne co. , on the 1. bk. of 
 the Huron R., 21 m. SSW. Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rockfvooil, vil., U.S., Oregon, Multnomah co. , on the I. bk. 
 of the Columbia R. , 10 m. E. by N. Portland. P. < 1500. 
 
 RockM'oort, tn. , U.S., Tennessee, Roane co. , 41 m. W. by 
 S. Knoxville ; important iron industry. P. <3000. 
 
 Rocky Bar, gold and silver mining vil., U.S., Idaho, Alturas 
 CO., 43 m. ENE. Boise City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rocky Hill, tn., U.S., Connecticut, on W. bank of Connecti- 
 cut R., CO. and 48 m. by rail S. Hartford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rocky luflepeudence, isl., Pacific. See Soplila. 
 
 Rocky Lead, stn. , Victoria, Talbot co. , 87 m. N W. Melbourne 
 by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rocky Dlouut, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Edgecombe co., on 
 Tar R. , 50 m. E. by N. Raleigh. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rocky Mount, vil., U.S., Virginia, cap. Franklin co. , 127 m. 
 WSW. Richmond, and 48 m. SW. by W. Lynchburg. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rocky Mouutalu House, settlement, Canada, dist. Alberta, 
 on the N. Saskatchewan R. , loi m. NNW. Calgary. 
 
 Rocky Mountains (probably so-caUed by reason of the un- 
 usually extensive appearance of bare rocks), the main series of 
 elevations forming the crest of the great highland regfion of the 
 W. of N. America, in Canada and the United States, of which 
 the eastern slope carries the waters of the Missouri, Saskat- 
 chewan, and Mackenzie Rivs. , and the western those of the 
 Colorado and Columbia. Not all the system has been well 
 explored as yet ; knowledge of the northern parts being scanty, 
 and mostly confined to the regions near the waterways. Topo- 
 graphical surveys have been made in the SE. of Brit. Columbia 
 for railway purposes, and throughout nearly all that portion witRin 
 the United States. Geologically, the ranges in Colorado are 
 best known, but large areas are still imsurveyed. The strata are 
 largely of Mesozoic and more recent ages, though Archaean 
 formations exist in the series of ranges from the Wind River 
 Range to the Colorado or Front Range. The great plateau 
 itself rises almost imperceptibly from the central lowland of the 
 continent, the streams being navigable up to and among the 
 outer ranges, and attains an alt. of from 6000 ft. in New Mexico, 
 5000 ft. in Colorado, and 3000 ft. in Montana, thence descend- 
 ing gradually northward. The western edge of the plateau is 
 along the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mts. , and their slope to 
 the Pacific is short. Between the two great series there are 
 hundreds of ranges of lesser magnitude, some, as the Blue Mts. 
 in Oregon, loosely connected by intermediate ranges, others 
 distinctly separate, though with the same general trend. In 
 Canada the total width of the highland is much less, the ranges 
 lie near together, and the plateau character is not so {perceptible. 
 The Canadian section has the name Rocky Mts. attached to the 
 chief of its eastern ranges, from Montana to about 62° N. 
 Mounts Hooker and Brown, to which altitudes of about 15,700 
 and 16,000 ft. were respectively assigned, were long reckoned 
 the chief peaks of this section ; but according to Coleman, the 
 peaks in the positions given to these mountains are only 8000 and 
 9000 ft. respectively, though other peaks in the neighbourhood 
 of the position of Mount Hooker are about 12,000 or 13,000 ft. 
 At 62° N. the Pelly Mts., 6800 ft., and the Glenlyon Mts., 5000 
 ft. , mark the westward trending towards the Pacific. W. of the 
 Yukon R. the Alaskan Mts. continue the system to Bering Sea, 
 and in their westernmost prolongation constitute the Aliaska 
 Penin. Three great cross valleys allow the passage of the Yukon 
 at 63° N. below Fort Selkirk, of the Liard at 59° N. below Fort 
 Halkett, and of the Peace at 56° 30' N., the two latter streams 
 tribs. of the Mackenzie. The prevailing type of valley is, how- 
 ever, longitudinal, and in the SE. of British Columbia, between 
 the parallel ranges of the Rockies, Caribou, Brisco, Purcell, 
 Selkirk, and Gold Mts., lie the upper courses of the Eraser, 
 Thompson, Columbia, Kootenay, and Flathead Rivs. Further 
 S. the eastern range, called in Montana the Missouri Range, 
 and the Cour d' Al^ne or Bitter Root Mts. , a continuation of the 
 Selkirks, are joined in lat. 46° at Deer Lodge Pass (5808 ft.), 
 and enclose a great upland valley containing many minor parallel 
 ranges, and drained by the Clarke Fork of the Columbia. Such 
 a high enclosed valley is typical of the Rocky Mts. in the United 
 States. A second encloses the SW. part of Montana, bordered 
 on the W. to lat. 44° by the Bitter Root, on the E. from 47° to 
 46° by the Big Belt, the Bridger, and the Crazy Mts. (Conical 
 Peak, 10,727 ft.; Crazy Peak, 11,178 ft.), and from 45° 30' to 
 44° by the Snow Mts. and the Shoshone Range ; drainage to the 
 NE. by the Missouri and Yellowstone. Its southernmost portion 
 is the Yellowstone National Park (q.v.). Detached ranges out- 
 side its borders are, on the W. , the Salmon River Mts., 44° to 
 45° ; on the E. the Little Belt, Snowy, and Beartooth. Within 
 the Yellowstone Park are the Absaroka and the Gallatin Mts. 
 A third great valley, that of the Big Horn, lies in the NW. of 
 Wyoming, on its W. and S. the Shoshone Range (Washakee 
 1300 
 
 Needle, 12,253 ft.) and the Wind River Mts. (Fremont's Peak, 
 13,790 ft.; Glacier Peak, 13,499 ft.; Union Peak, 11,593 *'•) '< °^ 
 the E. the Big Horn Mts., from 43° to 45°, and the Pryor Mts. 
 E. of the Big Horn are the Wolf Mts. , the Powder River Range, 
 and the Black Hills (Harney Peak, in South Dakota, 7700 ft.). 
 From 44° to 41°, between 110° and ii3°W. long., extend a series 
 of ranges mostly meridional, the Teton Range (Grand Teton, 
 13,691 ft.), the Snake River Range, Blackfoot Range, Gros 
 Ventre Mts. (Gros Ventre Peak, 11,464 ft.), the 'Wyoming 
 Range (Wyoming Peak, 11,490ft.), Salt River Range, Portneuf 
 Range, Bannack Range, Bear River Range, Absaroka Ridge, 
 Meridian Ridge, and the northern part of the Wasatch Mts. 
 These contain the water-parting between the Columbia and 
 Colorado Rivs. ; to their E. a high plateau, 6000-7000 ft. in alt. , 
 with a width of 90 m. , extends for 275 m. , a fourth enclosed 
 valley. It is bordered on the N. by the Wind R. and Rattle- 
 snake Mts. , E. by the Laramie Range or Black Mts. ; it carries 
 the continental water - parting, the Green River Basin and 
 Bridger Basin, in the W. being drained by the Green to the 
 Colorado, the Laramie Plains, in the E. by the Platte to the 
 Missouri. Medicine Bow Range (Snow Peak, 12,230 ft.) lies to 
 the SE. A fifth great plateau valley is the basin of the upper 
 Colorado R. , bordered on the E. and W. by the two most 
 massive series of elevations of the Rocky Mt. system. On the 
 W. are the Wasatch Mts., extending through six degrees of 
 lat. (Spanish Fork Peak, 10,000 ft.; Provo Peaks, 11,000 ft.; 
 Timpanogos Peak, 11,957 ft.; Lone Peak, 11,500; Clayton 
 Peak, 12,000 ft.). At lat. 40^45' N. the Uintah Mts. (Mount 
 Agassiz, 13,000 ft.; La Motte, 14,000 ft.) extend E. from the 
 Wasatch to the plateaux or mesas, that abut the eastern 
 border ranges. The elevations E. of the Colorado Basin consist 
 of (i) a series of massive groups overlooking the plateau; (2) 
 an eastern series of closely placed ranges fronting the Great 
 Plains ; (3) lofty enclosed valleys between the two series, sepa- 
 rated by cross ranges, and known as Parks. These latter are 
 North Park, in Wyoming and Colorado, area 700 sq. m., alt. 
 7500 ft. , drained by the N. Platte ; Middle Park, in Colorado, 
 7000 ft. high, drained by the Grand ; South Park, in Colorado, 
 8000 to 10,000 ft. high, area 1000 sq. m., drained by the 
 Arkansas ; and the valley of San Luis, in Colorado and New 
 Mexico, 35 m. wide and 140 m. long, with an area of 5000 sq. 
 m. at an alt. of 8000 ft., with the upper course of the Rio 
 Grande. The ranges and groups of the series W. of the Parks 
 are the Park Range (with peaks over 14,000 ft.), the Elk Mts., 
 the Sawatch Mts. (Mount of the Holy Cross, 14,176 ft.; Mount 
 Harvard, 14,375 ft.), the Garita Hills, the San Juan Range, 
 and the Uncompagre Mts. E. of the Parks, the Front or 
 Colorado Range (Long's Peak, 14,271 ft.; Gray's Peak, 14,341 
 ft.; Pike's Peak, 14,147 ft.), the Sangre de Cristo Range (Blanca 
 Peak, 14,464 ft. , the highest of the Rockies in the United States. 
 Farther S. the elevations are detached and of less height, the 
 Zuni Mts. in New Mexico being the chief. 
 
 Passes and Railways. — In Canada, N. of the Pacific Rly. are 
 the gorges of Peace, Liard, and Yukon ; the Smoky R. Pass, at 
 54° 10', from Peace R. to Eraser R. ; the Leather or Yellowhead, 
 at 52° 55' N. , 3746 ft. elevation, from Athabasca R. to Eraser R., 
 and traversed by an important waggon road from Jasper House 
 to the Fraser valley ; the Athabasca Pass, at 52° 20', between 
 Mounts Brown and Hooker, 6025 ft. elevation ; Howse Pass, 4500 
 ft. The passes used by the Canadian Pacific are the Wapta or 
 Kicking Horse, 5323 ft., over the main range in Alberta; the 
 Rogers, 4327 ft., over the Selkirks; and the Eagle, 1828 ft., over 
 the Gold Range. To the S. are the Kananaski, about 5700 ft., 
 the Kootanie, about 6000 ft., between the Saskatchewan and 
 Kootenay. Marias Pass, 8500 ft., is between the Marias R. and 
 the Flathead R. , on the Great Northern Rly. , in Montana. The 
 Northern Pacific crosses the Big Belt, in the Bozeman tunnel, 
 at an alt. of 5567 ft. The Utah Northern crosses the Portneuf 
 Range in the Portneuf Pass, alt. 6610 ft. (ancient outlet of Lake 
 Bonneville) ; the Bitter Root at Sohon Pass, 5100 ft. ; and Deer 
 Lodge Pass, in a tunnel 5808 ft. high. Not used by railways 
 are the Teton Pass, 8404 ft. , between Teton and Snake River 
 Ranges ; Two Oceans Pass, 8200 ft., S. of Yellowstone National 
 Park, between tribs. of Yellowstone and Snake Rivs. ; and South 
 Pass, 7429 ft., between the valleys of Sweetwater and Green R., 
 used as an emigrant route before railways were built. The 
 Union Pacific Rly. uses Evans Pass in Laramie Range, 8424 
 ft. Further S. the Muddy Creek Pass, 8772 ft., from N. to 
 Middle Parks. In the Front Range are Kenosha Pass, 9981 
 ft., on Denver and South Park Rly.; Loveland Pass, 11,876 ft., 
 waggon road ; Ute Pass, 8551 ft. , waggon road ; and Grey and 
 Torrey Pass, 13,929 ft. In the Park Region are Hoosier Pass, 
 11,627 f'-' waggon road; Weston's Pass, 12,109 ft., waggon 
 road ; Trout Creek Pass, 9613 ft., waggon road ; French Pass, 
 12,044 ft-, waggon road. On the Denver and Rio Grande Rly. 
 are Mosquito Pass, 13,308 ft., in the Park Range; Marshall 
 Pass, 10,852 ft., and Poncho Pass, 8946 ft., in the Saguache 
 Mts.; Mosca Pass, 9787 ft., in the Sierra Blanca ; Placer Pass, 
 9526 ft., and Poison Pass, 8672 ft., in the Sangre de Cristo 
 Range. In the San Juan Mts. Cinnamon Gulch, 12,659 ft., is 
 
ROCK 
 
 R OEB 
 
 traversed by a waggon road. The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa 
 F6 Rly. crosses the Raton Range by a tunnel, near Trinidad, at 
 an alt. of 7612 ft. The Atlantic and Pacific reaches 6477 ft. at 
 Coolidge (New Mexico), on the Continental Divide; while the 
 Southern Pacific Rly. finds its greatest elevation to the W. of 
 the Rockies. [C. H. L.] 
 
 Rocky Dluuth, tp., New South Wales. See Maclean. 
 
 Rocky Point (P.O. name Warwick Neck), summer resort, 
 U.S., Rhode I., Kent co. , i m. N. Narragansett Bay. P. -<i5oo. 
 
 Rocky River, postal-centre, New South Wales, Sandon co. , 
 222 m. N. by E. Sydney, in 30° 45' S. and 151° 30' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Roconrt, vil. , Belgium, prov. and 9 m. W. Liege ; scene of 
 the victory of Marshal de Saxe over the Imperial troops, 1746. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Rocrui, tn., France, dep. Ardennes, cap. arr. , 14 m. NW. 
 M^zieres, 25 m. NW. Sedan, 2 m. from the Belgian frontier. 
 In 1643 besieged by the Spaniards, who were defeated by the 
 Duke d'Enghien (Prince de Cond6) ; in 1815 and 1871 R. sur- 
 rendered to the Prussians. P. < 2000. 
 
 Roczyny, comm. , Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Andry- 
 ch6w, between Cracow and Bielitz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Roda, tn., Ger., duchy Saxe-Altenburg, 33 m. WSW. Alten- 
 burg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Roda, La, comm., Spain, prov. and 24 m. NW. Albacete. 
 R. is a market for cereals and saffron ; has enormous deposits of 
 chalk. P. 6600. 
 
 Rodalqnilar, sub-port of Almeria, S. Spain, on the part of 
 the coast of prov. Almeria facing SE. 
 
 Rodaiistown, par., Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Deece, on 
 riv. Rye. P. <:2So. 
 
 Rodas, comm., isl. of Cuba, prov. Santa Clara, arr. and 15^ 
 m. NNW. Cienfuegos. P. 8200. 
 
 Rodborongli, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Stroud div, , 9 m. 
 NE. by N. Wotton-under-Edge, on the 1. bk. of the Frome, i m. 
 SW. Stroud, P.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Rodbonriie, or Kodborne, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Wilt- 
 shire, Chippenham div., 13 m. SSW. Cirencester, 3 m. S. 
 Malmesbury, P.O. See Corston -with. Ro«1bonriie. 
 
 Rodbonrne Ciieney, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade div., 
 on the Ray, 2^ m. NW. by N. Swindon, ij m. NW. Swindon 
 Junction. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rodby, tn. , Denmark, on the S. ct. ofLaaland, prov. Maribo, 
 21 m. W. by S. Nykjobing. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rodtl, Nasli, and Little Brampton, par., Eng., Hereford- 
 shire, dist. Kington, 2 m. S. Presteigne. P. <25o. 
 
 Roddani, par., Eng., Northumberland, Glendale dist., 5 m. 
 SE. Wooler. P. <25o. 
 
 Rodden, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and ij m. E. Frome. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Rode, German, ' a clearing.' See Rade. 
 
 Ro<le, North, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, on the N. Staffordshire 
 Rly., 4J m. SSW. Macclesfield. P. <25o. 
 
 Rodeby, vil. , Sweden, prov. Blekinge, 7J m. N. Karlskrona. 
 P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Rode Heath, PM.O. , Eng., Cheshire, 2 m. from Alsager. 
 
 Rodelro, or Barbeitos do Rio, comm. , Spain , Galicia, prov. 
 and 39 m. ENE. Pontevedras. P. 6700. 
 
 Rodelhelm, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Wies- 
 baden, 3 m. NW. Frankfurt-on-Main. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Roden, riv., Eng., in the NE. of Salop, flows S. to the r. bk. 
 of the Tern. 
 
 Roden, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on riv. Saar, 30 m. S. by 
 E. Treves, circle and 2 m. NNE. Saarlouis. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rodenberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Rinteln, 
 
 16 m. WSW. Hanover; saline mineral spring. P. < 2000. 
 Rodenkirclien, vil. , Prussia. See Rondorf. 
 
 Rodeo, settlement, Argentine Republic, prov. and 104 m. 
 NNW. San Juan. 
 
 RiMler, riv. , Ger. , kgd. of Saxony and Prussian prov. Saxony, 
 flows NW. then N. into the Schwarze Elster, which it joins in 
 about 13° 25' E. ; not navigable. 
 
 Roderick Island, Canada, Brit. Columbia, in 52° 27-50' N. , 
 I28i° o' W. 
 
 Rodes, vil., France, dep. Pyr^ntes-Orientales, arr. Prades, 
 
 17 m. W. by S. Perpignan, on the Tet ; mineral springs. To 
 the S. is the chapel of Notre Dame de Domanova, one of the 
 oldest and most frequented resorts of pilgrims in Roussillon. 
 P. (comm. )< 2000. 
 
 R«de Valley, a dist. of Pondo-land, S. Africa, now included 
 in Griqua-land East, to which it was annexed after its cession to 
 Cape Colony in 1887. 
 
 Rodewlgcli, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 14 m. S. by W. 
 Zwickau ; with textile and hardware manufactures. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rodez (locally pronounced, as if spelt in French, Roudez, 
 Gallic Segodunum, cap. of the Rutheni), cap. dep. Aveyron, 
 France, arr. R. , on the Aveyron, 37 m. NE. by N. Albi; manu- 
 factures woollen goods, cloth, serge, coarse cloaks, and straw 
 hats. R. has been the seat of a bishop since the end of the 4th 
 century. Gothic cathedral, begun in 1277. The town gives 
 name to a coal-basin entirely in dep. Aveyron. Alt. 2050 ft. 
 
 Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 51.3° F. , Jan. 37.4°, July 68° ; mean 
 annual rfall. 40.16 in. P. 11,200. 
 
 Rmlgerville, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Huron co. , 18 m. from 
 Clinton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rodi, tn. , on the E. ct. of Italy, Apulia, prov. and 36 m. 
 NNE. Foggia; has fisheries. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rmlieznio, comm., Spain, prov. Leon, dist. La Vecilla. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Roding, or Roothlng, riv., Eng., in the SW. of Essex, 
 flows on the whole SSW. into the Thames below Beckton, 
 passing Chipping Ongar and Barking. 
 
 Roding, market-vil. , Ger., Bavaria, Upper Palatinate, 24 m. 
 NE. Ratisbon, on 1. bk. of the Regen ; on an adjoining height 
 is a church with a miraculous image of the Virgin. Alt. 1215 ft. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Roding (or Roothlng), High, par. , Eng. , Essex, Epping div. , 
 on the Roothing, 9I m. NW. Chelmsford, 3 m. SW. by S, 
 Dunmow stn. , P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Rodlngton, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 6 m. E. by N. 
 Shrewsbury, 2 m. N. by W. Walcot stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Rodley, stn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Pudsey div. , 4 m. 
 NE. by E. Bradford, with a stn. (Calverley and R.) on the 
 M. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Riidlltz, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. and 7^ 
 m. SE. Glauchau ; has hosiery manufactures. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rodniarton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 6 m. 
 WSW. Cirencester, 3 m. WNW. Kemble June. , P.O. ; 4145 ac. 
 P.-C500. 
 
 Rodniell, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 2J m. S. Lewes, P.O. 
 (Rodmlll). P. <25o. 
 
 Rodniershani, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 5J m. W. Favers- 
 ham, 2 m. SE. Sittingbourne stn., P.O. (R. Green). P. <:Soo. 
 
 Rodmlll, P.O., Eng. See RodmeU. 
 
 Rodney, vil., Canada, Ontario, Elgin co. , 38 m. SW. by S. 
 London, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rodney, co.. New Zealand, W. of Hauraki Gulf, North I., 
 on the NE. ct. , between 36° and 36° 30' S. and 174° and 175° E. 
 
 Rodney, co. , Queensland, crossed by 23° S. , and in the E. by 
 146° E. 
 
 Ro4lney, vil., U.S., Mississippi, Jefferson co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Mississippi, 22 m. NNE. Natchez ; exports cotton. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Rodney, co. , Victoria, between 36° and 37° S. , crossed in the 
 middle by 145° E. , bounded on the E. and N. by the Goulburn 
 to its confluence with the Murray, on the W. by the Campaspe ; 
 fruit-culture on irrigated land (total extent, 284,000 ac. ) rapidly 
 extending. 
 
 Ro<lney Stoke, par., Eng., Somerset, dist. and 5 m. NW. 
 Wells. P.<75o. 
 
 Rodondo Islands, Victoria, in Bass's Strait, in about 146" 
 25' E. 
 
 Rodonl, Cape, Turkey in Europe, on the Adriatic, in 41° 35' 
 N., with a lighthouse, visible 16 m. 
 
 Rodosto, Turkish Teklrdagh, the ancient Bizanthe, later 
 Rcedestus, seapt. tn. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet Adrianople, cap. 
 sanjak Tekirdagh, on the Sea of Marmora, 75 m. W. Constanti- 
 nople ; an important centre of commerce in the hands of Greeks 
 and Armenians. P. 23,500 (13,000 Turks, 6000 Armenians, 
 4000 Greeks). 
 
 Ro<lrlgne8, or Rodriguez, isl., Indian Ocean, one of the 
 Mascarenes group, . a dependency of and 365 m. ENE. 
 Mauritius, in 19° 45' S. , 63° 25' E. The island, of volcanic 
 origin, is surrounded by a coral reef strewn with islets. Mount 
 Limon, alt. 1300 ft., is the highest point. On the S. shore are 
 old cliffs pierced with caverns, in which are found remains of 
 a now extinct fauna, e.g., Pezaphaps Solitaria. The climate 
 and seasons are the same as at Mauritius {q.v.)\ cyclones are 
 frequent ; soil fertile ; turtles, once so plentiful, have now 
 entirely disappeared ; cap. Port Mathurin, on the N. ct. Trade 
 about ;^i2,ooo per annum. Discovered by the Portuguese in 
 the middle of the 17th century, R. has been a British possession 
 since 1814. Area, 42 sq. m. P. <2ocio. 
 
 Rodriguez, tn., Argentine Republic, prov. and 34 m. W. 
 Buenos Aires, cap. dist. Mean temp, (ir yrs., 1876-86), yr. 
 76. 2° F. , Jan. 80. 9°, Aug. 70. 9°. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ro<l8ley, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , 9J m. W. by N. 
 Derby, 5 m. ESE. Norbury stn. P. <:250. 
 
 Rodu7nna, tn., Frunce. See Roanne. 
 
 Rodus, electoral div.. Ire., Tipperary, dist. Emly. 
 
 Rmlwell, stn., Eng., Dorset, on the G. W. and L. & SW. 
 Rlys. , 2 m. SW. by S. Weymouth. 
 
 Roe, Loch, small inlet, Scot., on the W. ct. of Sutherland, 
 the mouth in 58° 9J' N. 
 
 Roe (or Rooe), Siackle, isl., Scot., Shetland Is., Delting par., 
 at the head of St. Magnus Bay, in 60° 2i'-23' N. P. 213. 
 
 Roe, North, the northernmost penin. of the Mainland of the 
 Shetland Is., Scot., PT.O. 
 
 Roe Beck, riv., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., trib. of the 
 Caldew, which it joins on the r. bk. about 5 m. S. by W. of 
 Carlisle. 
 
 1901 
 
ROEB — ROKI 
 
 Roebonrne, tn-.W. Australia, NW. div.,485 m. SW. byW. 
 Derby; has jsearl fisheries ; wool is exported. P. < 1500. 
 
 Roebock, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Grenville co., 4I m. from 
 Spencer ville. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Koebnck Bay, bay on the W. ct. of the Kimberley div. of 
 W. Australia, in 18° S. 
 
 Koebnrndale, par., Eng. , Lancashire, dist. Lunesdale, 9 m. 
 NE. Lancaster ; 8841 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 KoeclUTe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 5:^ m. 
 SE. Ripon, ij m. SW. Boroughbridge stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Koebanipton, vil. , Eng. , London, Wandsworth bor. , Putney 
 par., 7 m. SW. by W. St. Paul's, ij m. S. Barnes stn. P. <;25oo. 
 
 Koe Island, islet, Eng., Lancashire, on the E. of Barrow 
 Harbour, with a lighthouse. 
 
 Koel, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 8 m. E. 
 by N. Cheltenham, 3 m. NW. Notgrove and Westfield stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Roer, riv. , Prussia. See Rnbr. 
 
 Roe Range, range of mts. , W. Australia, in the SW. , running 
 N. and S. from the coast for about 50 m., crossed by 33° S.; 
 highest point Mount William, alt. 3600 ft. 
 
 Roe River, Ire. , flows N. through the middle of co. London- 
 derry and into Lough Foyle. 
 
 Roermond (rurmond), French Rurenionde, tn. and fort, 
 Netherlands, prov. Limburg, 27 m. NNE. Maastricht, on the 
 r. bk. of the Meuse ; manufactures cloth and woollen goods, 
 and has steamboat communication with Rotterdam ; seat of 
 a bishop; fine Roman cathedral, dated 1218-24. Between 
 1572 and 1716 it was held alternately by the Spaniards, the 
 Dutch, and the Imperialists, and in 1716 was made cap. of 
 Austrian Gelderland. P. (comm. ) 11,300. 
 Roeskllde, tn. , Denmark. See RoskUde. 
 Roenlx, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Soignies, 7 m. 
 W. by S. Seneffe, 16 m. WNW. Charleroi. P. <300o. 
 
 Roealx, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 10 m. WSW. 
 Valenciennes ; coal is mined here. P. <20oo. 
 
 Roe Wen, PM. O. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, 4 m. S. Conway. 
 Roffey, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, 2 m. from Horsham, 
 PM.O. See Rougtaey. 
 
 RogactaeT, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 72 m.'S. Moghilev, on 
 r. bk. Dniep)er ; exports of timber, corn, sugar, and building 
 stone. P. 5850. 
 
 Rogaclilk, I'pper, vil., Russia, govt. Taurida, 90 m. NE. 
 Kherson, 16 m. from 1. bk. Dnieper. P. 6500. 
 
 Rogactalk {Kazennyi), Upper and Lower, two vils. , Russia, 
 govt. Taurida, 70 m. E. Kherson. P. (together) 6600. 
 
 Rogan's ^at, mt., Eng., Yorkshire, in the W. of the N. 
 Riding, div. and 16 m. W. Richmond. Height, 2204 ft. 
 
 Rogart, par., Scot., Sutherland, 6^ m. WNW. Golspie, i^ 
 m. NE. of its stn. on the H. R., PMT.O.; 66,267 ac. P. < 1500. 
 Rogasen, tn., Prussia, prov. and 24 m. N. by E. Posen, 
 circle Obornik. P. <sooo. 
 
 Rogate, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 12 m. N. by W. 
 Chichester, x\ m. NE. of its stn. (R. and Hnrtlng) on the 
 L. & SW. R. , PMT.O. ; 4984 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Rogatlca, Turkish Klielebl-Bazar, tn., Bosnia, circle and 
 28 m. ESE. Sarajevo, on r. bk. of the Rakitnica ; has remains 
 of the Roman colony Risinium. Alt. 1725 ft. P. <300o. 
 
 Rogela, or Heath, small isl. , off the SE. end of Brit. New 
 Guinea, at S. entrance of China Strait. 
 Rogen, cape, Japan. See Rokko-Sakl. 
 Rogern, co. , Queensland, between 26" and 28° S. , and crossed 
 by 150° E. 
 
 RogerH, tn. , U.S. , near the extreme NW. of Arkansas, Benton 
 CO. P. < 1500. 
 
 Roger Sand, a sandbank in the Wash, Eng., about 3 m. 
 from the E. ct. of Lincolnshire, between the Boston and Lynn 
 Deeps. 
 
 Rogers Park, vil., U.S., Illinois, Cookco., 8 m. N. Chicago. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Rogers Pass, stn. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. 
 P. R. , in 51° 19' N. , 117° 30' W. , 1054 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 
 428 m. from Vancouver. Alt. 3275 ft. The pass from which it 
 takes its name (alt. 3313 ft.) is 2 m. to the S., and Mount 
 Rogers (alt. 10,694 ft. ) overlooks the station on the SW. 
 
 Rogerstone, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, dist. and 2^ m. W. 
 Newport, PM.O. P. <:2Soo. 
 
 RogersTlUe, vil., U.S., Tennessee, cap. Hawkins co., 58 m. 
 NE. by E. Knoxville; variegated marble quarried. P. < 1500. 
 Rogerwlk, bay, 8 m. long, Russia, S. ct. of Gulf of Finland. 
 Baltischport on its E. shore ; depth, 9-25 fathoms. 
 
 Roger^Wllllams Unlrerslty, U.S., Tennessee. See Nash- 
 ville. 
 
 Roggeveld, range of mts. in the W. of Cape Colony, forming 
 part of the water-parting between Olifant's R. and the Orange R. 
 Roggle, vil. , E. Africa, in about 8° 58' N. , 39° 4' E. ; has a 
 trade in coffee and slaves. Alt. 8700 ft. P. 10,000 (Chiarini). 
 
 Rogglett, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 9 m. E. New- 
 port, close to Severn Tunnel June, P.O. P. <25o ; eccles. par. 
 (R. -with irton and Llanvlhangel R.) P. <25o. 
 1302 
 
 RoggwU, vil., .Switzd., cant. Thurgau, 5^ m. N. by E. St. 
 Gall. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rogllano, tn. , Corsica, arr. and 19 m. N. Bastia. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 RogUano, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 24 m. NW. by 
 N. Catanzaro. P. <3000. 
 
 Rogne River, U.S., Oregon, in the SW. , flows W. to the 
 Pacific, which it enters at Ellensburgh in 42° 25' N. 
 
 Roha, or Roha Ashtanii, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. 
 Koldba, 40 m. SSE. Bombay. R. is a great rice market for 
 Bombay city. P. 5200 ; Hindus, 3600. 
 
 Rohan, vil., France, dep. Morbihan, arr. Ploermel, 36 m. NE. 
 by E. Lorient, 10 m. E. Pontivy. P. < 2000. 
 Rohas, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Trfa. 
 Rohat, tri. with rly. stn., India, Rajputana, 25 m. S. by E. 
 Jodhpur. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rohatyn, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, cap. dist. R. , 40 
 m. SE. Lemberg ; has mineral springs. P. 5600 ; including 
 Kntce and Zalnze, P. 7900. 
 
 Riihe, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and j\ m. NE. Aix- 
 la-Chapelle. P. < 3000. 
 
 Rohllkhand, div., Brit. India, NW. Provs. {q.v.\, bounded 
 on SE. by Oudh. 
 
 Roliltsch, Slovenian Rogatec, vil., Austria, Styria, dist. 
 Pettau, 23 m. S. Marburg, between Wotscheberg and the 
 Matzel-Gebirge ; 7.\ m. to the W. are the sulphur springs of 
 Heiligenkreuzbad, with much frequented baths. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rohl, Nam Rohl, or Rol, riv., eastern Sudan, r. bk. trib. of 
 the Bahr-el-Ghazal (Nile basin) ; rises in the country of the 
 Makarakas, in 4° 25' N. and 29° 43' E. , flowing in a generally 
 S. to N. direction. Length, 340 m. 
 
 Rohllnghaasen, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle and 
 4 m. NW. Bochum ; coal is mined here. P. <:400o. 
 
 Rohnervllle, vil., U.S., California, Humboldt co. , on Eel 
 R. , 22 m. S. Eureka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rohoncz, or Rechnltz, comm., Hungary, co. Vas (Eisen- 
 burg), 9 m. NW. Szombathely (Steinamanger). P. <4ooo. 
 
 Rohozna, tn., Austria, prov. Bokowina, dist. Sadag6ra. P. 
 <40C)0. 
 
 Rohrbach, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle and dist. 
 Heidelberg, 2 m. W. Eppingen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rohrl, tn. and municip. , Brit. India, Sind, dist. Shikdrpur, 
 on the r. bk. of the Indus, 50 m. SE. by S. Jacobabdd, on a 
 rocky limestone precipice, 40 ft. high, rising fi-om the river ; has 
 a station where the NW. State Rly. crosses the Indus. P. 
 8800 ; Hindus, 5200 ; Moham. 3500. 
 
 Rohrs«lorr, viL, Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, 3J m. 
 NW. Chemnitz. P. <3000. 
 Rohrsdorf, Gross, vil. , Ger. See Cirossruhrsilorf . 
 Rohtak, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. R., 45m. WNW. 
 Delhi. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rohtak, municip., Brit. India, Punjab, cap. dist. R., 42 m. 
 NW. Delhi ; manufactures cotton turbans. Has an annual 
 horse show. P. 16,700 ; Hindus, 8000 ; Moham. 8000. 
 
 Rohtang, or Rhotang, pass, Brit. India, Punjab, in the 
 Himalayas, in 32° 22' N., 77° 17' E., between Koksar and Pal- 
 chin ; has a road practicable for mules and pxjnies. The pass 
 is crossed by the main road from KAngra to Leh and Yarkand. 
 Alt. 13,000 ft. 
 
 Rols, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. and 44 m. SSW. Corunna, 
 dist. Padron. P. 5800. 
 
 Rolsdorf, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 5 m. NW. 
 Bonn, 7.\ m. from the 1. bk. of the Rhine ; saline mineral springs. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Roltzsch, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Bitterfeld, 14 m. 
 NE. by E. Halle. P. <3000. 
 Roja, Cape, isl. of Haiti. See Panta Roja. 
 Rojas, vil., Argentine Republic, prov. and 137 m. WNW. 
 Buenos Aires. P. 3000. 
 
 Rojhl, or Rozl, isl., Brit. India, Bombay, Gulf of Cutch, 
 with lighthouse, in 22° 33' N., 70° 1' E., visible 7 m. 
 Rokan, riv., Sumatra, flows N. into the Strait of Malacca. 
 Rokeby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 10 m. 
 NW. by N. Richmond, on the Greta, 2J m. SE. Barnard Castle 
 stn. ; scene of Sir Walter Scott's poem Rokeby, which was 
 written here in 1811-12. P. <2So. 
 
 Rokeby, or Clarence Plains, municip., Tasmania, Mon- 
 mouth CO., 6 m. E. Hobart, on Ralph's Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rokelle, riv., W. Africa, which unites in about 8° 33' N., 13° 
 W. , with the Port Lokko Creek to form the estuary known as 
 the Sierra Leone R. , which enters the Atlantic on the N. side of 
 the Sierra Leone p)enin. Near the mouth has a westerly course ; 
 upper course unknown. Navigable to Mabile, about 50 m. from 
 the sea. See map, Proc. R. G. 5., 1892, p. 512. 
 
 Rokewood, post-tn. , Victoria, Grenville co. , 72 m. W. by S. 
 Melbourne, in 37° 53' S. and 143° 44' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rokltna (Rakltna), tn., Russia, govt, and 50 m. S. Kiev, 
 on railway to Ekaterinoslav. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rokltnlti, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Senftenberg, 28 m. 
 E. Koniggratz, and 8J m. E. Reichenau. P. <20oo. 
 
ROKI — ROME 
 
 Kokltzan, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. and 9^ m. E. Pilsen ; 
 iron is mined here. P. 5000. 
 
 Kokko-Sakl, Kogeii, or Noto, cape, Japan, on the W. ct. 
 of Honshiu I. ; has a hghthouse, in 37° 30' N., visible 18 m. 
 
 Roknren, isl. , Japanese Archipelago, to the SW. of Honshiu 
 and N. of Kiushiu I. , with lighthouse, in 130° 53' E. , visible 15 m. 
 
 KolaiHl, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on the N. Pacific and 
 Manitoba Rly. , 57 m. SW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Roluiulseck, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Ahrweiler, 9 m. 
 SSE. Bonn, on the 1. bk. of the Rhine ; has a hydropathic 
 establishment ; ruins of a castle on a neighbouring basaltic hill, 
 commanding a magnificent view. P. <20oo. 
 
 Kolas, isl., in the Gulf of Guinea, S. of St. Thomas (Sao 
 Thom6) I., from which it is separated by a strait about 2 m. 
 across. 
 
 Rolette, CO., U.S., N. Dakota, on the N. frontier, crossed in 
 the W. by 100° W. 
 
 Rolfe, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Elk co. , 9 m. 
 N. by E. Ridgeway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rolfso, isl., Norway, on the N. ct., prov. Tromso, 22 m. N. 
 by E. Hammerfest ; anchorage at Rolfsohavn. 
 
 Rolica, tn. , Portugal, Estremadura, 27 m. WNW. Santarem. 
 Here Wellington defeated the French, 1808. P. <:3000. 
 
 Rolla, city, U.S., Missouri, cap. Phelps co., 98 m. WSW. 
 St. Louis. R. is the seat of the school of mines of the state 
 university. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rollberg, mt. , Austria, Bohemia, in the N. , 14 ra. SW. by 
 W. Reichenberg. 
 
 RoIIe, tn. , Switzd. , cant. Vaud, on the N. side of the Lake 
 of Geneva, 14 m. W. by S. Lausanne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rollesby, par., Eng. , Norfolk, E. div. , 7^ m. N\V. Yar- 
 mouth, I m. SW. Martham stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 RoUeston, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 9 m. SW. 
 by W. Oakham, 3J m. W. East Norton stn. P. <250. See 
 Blllesdoii. 
 
 Rollestoii, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 3^ m. W. 
 by S. Newark, a junction stn. on the M. R. P. <:25o; eccles. 
 par. (R. -with Morton) P. <7So. 
 
 Rollestoii, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Burton div., 3 m. N. 
 Burton-upon-Trent, i m. SW. Egginton Junction, on the G. N. 
 and N. Staffordshire Rlys., PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Rolleston, post-tn.. New Zealand, South L, Selwyh co. , 12 
 m. SW. by W. Christchurch. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Rollestou, formerly The Brown, post-tn., Queensland, 
 Denison co. , 140 m. SW. by W. Rockhampton. P. < 1500. 
 
 RoUestone, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 9^ m. NW. 
 by N. Salisbury, 5 m. N. Wishford stn. P. <:250. 
 
 Rollinsford, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Stafford co., 35 m. 
 E. Concord, 12 m. NNW. Portsmouth. P. <3000. 
 
 RolllnsTille, gold-mining vil., U.S., Colorado, Gilpin co., 
 10 m. N. Central City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rollo Bay, vil. , Canada, Prince Edward Island, on the E. 
 ct. , in 46° 22' N. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Rollrlght (or Rollivrlght), Great and Little, two adjoining 
 pars., Eng., Oxfordshire. Great R., div. and 10^ m. SW. by 
 W. Banbury, 2^ m. N. by E. Chipping Norton, P.O., P. <5oo ; 
 Little R. , contains the curious Rollright Stones, supposed to be 
 of Druidical origin, P. <:25o. 
 
 Rolls Lll»erty, par., Eng., co. London, in Finsbury pari, 
 bor. P. < 500. 
 
 Rolondo Island, Victoria, in Bass's Strait, in about 146° 25' E. 
 
 Rolvenden, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 8^ m. NW. by 
 N. Rye, 7^ m. S. Headcorn stn., PMT.O., and P.O. (Rolren- 
 den Lane) ; 5753 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rom, Danish Romo, isl., Prussia, off the W. ct. of prov. 
 Schleswig-Holstein, from which it is separated by a mud-bank 
 [watt) dry at low water, in 55° 4'-i2' N. ; 8 m. long N. to S. , 
 by 2-3 m. broad. It has been proposed to connect the island 
 with the mainland by a railway embankment, and form a port at 
 the S. end of the island, which is accessible through the Lister 
 Tief. P. 1 130. 
 
 Roma, isl.. Eastern Archipelago, one of the Serwatti Is., 30 
 m. NNE. of the NE. end of Timor. 
 
 Roma, Italy. See Rome. 
 
 Roma, mun. tp. , Queensland, Waldegrave co. , 245 m. SSW. 
 Rockhampton. Mean rfall. (6 yrs.), 22.05 in. P. <20oo. 
 
 Roma, vil., Sweden, Gotland I., 9 m. SE. by S. Visby. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Romagna, the ancient Romandiola, former prov., Italy, in 
 the Papal States, bounded N. by the terr. of Ferrara, W. 
 by that of Bologna, S. by Tuscany and The Marches, and E. 
 by the Adriatic Sea. Ravenna was the capital. 
 
 Romagnano, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 22 
 m. N. Vercelli. Chevalier Bayard was mortally wounded here, 
 1524. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Romaln, Cape, U.S., S. Carolina, Charleston co., in the 
 S. of Cape Island, in 33° N. 
 
 Romaldklrk, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond 
 div., on r. bk. of the Tees, 5 m. NW. Barnard Castle, 19 m. E. 
 Appleby, on the NE. R., PMT.O. P. <500. 
 
 Roman, tn. , Roumania, cap. prov. R., on the Moldova, 35 
 m. WSW. Jassy. P. 14,200 ; with comm. P. 16,900. 
 
 Romana, settlement, Argentine Republic, on Rio San Javier 
 prov. and 150 m. NNE. Santa F6. 
 
 Roman Bank, PM.O., Eng., Lincolnshire, i m. from 
 Skegness. 
 
 Roman Bridge, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, on the L. & 
 NW. R. , 17 m. S. by W. Conway. 
 
 Romanby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 13 
 m. ESE. Richmond, i m. SW. Northallerton. P. <5oo. See 
 Xortltallertou . 
 
 Romanclie, riv. , in the French Alps, dep. Is^re, flows NW. 
 and W. , traversing the valley of Oisans, and enters the Drac 7 
 m. S. Grenoble after a course of 50 m. Area of basin, 480 sq. m. 
 
 Romdn-Cslklova, comm., Hungary, co. Krass6-Szor6ny, 
 dist. Oravicza. P. <4000. 
 
 Romandiola, ancient prov. , Italy. SeeRomagna. 
 
 Roman^che, tn. , France, dep. Saone-et- Loire, 30 m. N. by 
 W. Lyons, arr. and 10 m. SSW. Macon, nearr. bk. Saone ; has 
 large manganese mines and vineyards. Alt. 700 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Romania, cape, the SE. point of the Malay Penin., 37 m. 
 ENE. Singapore, in 1° 22' 30 N. 
 
 Rotnaniea, native name of Ronmanla (q.v.). 
 
 Romaukovo, vil. , Russia, govt, and 26 m. WNW. Ekateri- 
 noslav, on r. bk. Dnieper. P. 5650. 
 
 Romanno Bridge, hamlet, Scot., Peeblesshire, on Lyne 
 Water, 7^ m. NW. Peebles, 2 m. S. Broomlee stn. ; favourite 
 angler's resort. Curious terraces 6-12 ft. broad on the side of a 
 neighbouring hill. 
 
 Romano, €ayo, isl. , N. ct. of Cuba. See Cayo Romano. 
 
 Romano, Rio, coast riv. , Honduras. After a course of about 
 no m. it enters in two branches, of 24 and 29 m., the Caribbean 
 Sea, E. of the port of Truxillo. 
 
 Romano dl Lombardia, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 14 
 m. S. by E. Bergamo. P. <4000. 
 
 Romauov-Borlsoglyebsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 24 m. 
 NW. Yaroslavl, on both banks of Volga ; trade in sheep-skins. 
 P. 9300. 
 
 RomauoTka, tn. , Russia, govt, and 135 m. WNW. Saratov ; 
 has large fair. ■ P. 5200. 
 
 RomanoTskaya Sloboda, tn. , Russia, govt. Tambov, dist. 
 Lipetsk, on Voronezh R. P. 6000. 
 
 Roman River, riv., Eng., in the E. of Essex, flowing ESE. 
 into the head of the estuary of the Colne. 
 
 Romans, tn. , France, dep. Dr6me, on the r. bk. of the Isere, 
 35 m. W. by S. Grenoble, arr. and 11 m. NE. Valence ; 
 manufactures baskets, gloves, and leather. Birthplace of 
 Lally Tollendal, 1702-66. P. 12,600. 
 
 Romansli, or Rnmonsh, the name given to a people in- 
 habiting chiefly the cant, of Grisons, Switzd., and also to their 
 dialect, which is of Latin origin, and akin to that of the Ladins 
 of Tirol. 
 
 Romanshorn, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Thurgau, on the S. side of 
 Lake Constance, 11^ m. SE. by E. Constance; is a lake port, 
 and has fisheries. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Romanslelgh, par., Eng., Devonshire, 4 m. SSE. South 
 Molton, 13 m. SE. by E. Barnstaple. P. <25o. 
 
 Ronij&u-Ylldgos, comm., Hungary, co. Arad, dist. Vildgos. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Romanzoff, bay, Japan, Yezo I., in the NE., in 45° 26' N. , 
 141° 34' E. 
 
 RomanzoflT, isl.. Pacific. See Tike. 
 
 Rombacli, vil., Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, circle and 10 m. N. 
 by W. Metz. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Romblon, one of the Philippine Is. , in 12° 35' W. , 122° 15' E. 
 
 Rome, Italian Roma, cap., Italy, situated on the Tiber, 14 
 m. from its mouth, in lat. (observatory) 41° 54' N. , long. 12° 29' 
 E. The greater portion of the city lies on the E. or 1. bk. , on 
 the Pincian, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Capitoline, Palatine, 
 Celian, and Aventine Hills, and on the low ground between 
 them and the river. On the W. or r. bk. of the Tiber (Italian 
 Tevere) lie the Vatican and Janiculan Hills, and between the 
 latter and the river the suburb of Trastevere. R. is surrounded 
 by walls, in the main coincident with the ancient circuit built by 
 the Emperor Aurelian in 271 and the succeeding years. Of the 
 several gates which pierce the walls the most notable are the 
 Porta del Popolo (ancient Porta Flaminia) on the N., the Porta 
 Pia (ancient Porta Nomentana) on the NE., the Porta San 
 Lorenzo and the Porta Maggiore on the E., the Porta San 
 Sebastiano (ancient Porta Appia) and Porta San Paolo (ancient 
 Po7-ta Ostiensis) on the S. , and Porta San Pancrazio (ancient 
 Porta Aurelia) on the W. Since 1877 more than a dozen 
 modern forts have been built at distances of 1-3 m. from the 
 city wall. The Tiber, 55 to 115 yards wide, winds through 2% 
 m. within the walls, and is crossed by about a dozen bridges, 
 including the ancient .(Elian, Aurelian, Cestian, and ^milian 
 bridges. Since 1870, and more especially since 1882, the muni- 
 cipality has very greatly improved the city, by deepening and 
 straightening the Tiber, by embanking it (and so checking the 
 former disastrous inundations), by laying out new suburban dists. 
 
 1303 
 
ROME 
 
 in the NE. and SE. and on the N. of the Vatican Hill, and 
 more particularly by the construction of broad, handsome new 
 streets, partly radiating southwards from the Porta del Popolo, 
 partly crossing the city from E. to W. Nevertheless there still 
 remain many gloomy, narrow intersecting thoroughfares, and 
 the filthy Jews' quarter at the foot of the Capitoline, as well as 
 large spaces of cultivated ground within the circuit of the walls. 
 The larger portion of modern R. is built on the ancient Campus 
 Martins, and N. of the old imperial city. The principal street 
 is the Corso, nearly a mile long, running S. from the Porta del 
 Popolo ; it is the scene of the carnival, and one of the fashionable 
 resorts of the Romans ; another circles round the Pincian Hill. 
 The chief popular resort is the Circo Agonale, between the 
 Corso and the river. R. is splendidly provided with fountains, 
 the handsomest being the Fontana di Trevi, between the Quirinal 
 and the Corso. Water is still conveyed to the city by a dozen 
 or more of the ancient aqueducts, some of them magnificent 
 arched structures linking the hills together. In addition to 
 being the civil cap. of Italy, R. was for ages the ecclesiastical 
 centre of the world, and is still the headquarters of the Roman 
 Catholic faith. This accounts for the fact that there are 
 some 350 churches within the city limits. Amongst these the 
 first place must be accorded to St. Peter's on the Vatican, 
 begun, on the N. side of Nero's Circus, where so many 
 Christian martyrs perished, in the reign of Constantine the 
 Great (first half 4th century), but entirely reconstructed from 
 designs by Bramante, Michel Angelo, and Maderna between 
 1506 and 1626. Its form is that of a Latin cross, surmounted 
 by a vast dome; its length, 614 ft.; its width, 450 ft.; height 
 of nave, 148 ft.; height of cross crowning the dome, 435 ft. 
 Amongst the artistic and antique treasures which adorn its inte- 
 rior are the altar of the ancient church, covering the tomb of 
 St. Peter, tombs of Popes Sixtus IV., Innocent VIII., Clement 
 XIII., Paul III., and Pius VII., a statue of Pius VI. by Canova, 
 a 5th century bronze statue of St. Peter, a Pieti by Michel 
 Angelo, pictures by Giotto, and frescoes by Melozzo da Forli. 
 In the SE. , or opposite extremity of the city, is the mother- 
 church of R. , the cathedral-church of the Pope as bishop of 
 R., called St. John the Lateran, the first foundation of which 
 dates from 324, though reconstructions have gone on almost 
 continuously ever since. It contains the Corsini Chapel, one of 
 the handsomest in the city. The following churches may be 
 enumerated as amongst the most interesting, either for the art- 
 treasures they shelter, or because of their archaeological or 
 architectural features : S. Clement, Santa Maria Maggiore 
 (with magnificent chapels and frescoes by Guido Reni), S. Paolo 
 Outside the Walls, Santa Maria del Popolo (with the Chigi 
 Chapel by Raphael), San Luigi, the New Church (with altar- 
 pieces by Rubens), San Giovanni de' Fiorentini, San Lorenzo 
 in Damaso, Sant' Andrea della Valle, San Carlo, Santa Maria 
 sopra Minerva (the only Gothic church in the city), the Jesuits' 
 Church (containing the tomb of Ignatius Loyola), Santa Maria 
 Araceli, San Gregorio Magno, Santa Croce, Santa Maria in 
 Cosmedin, San Lorenzo Without the Walls, San Pietro in 
 Vincoli (with the tomb of Julius II. by Michel Angelo), Santa 
 Maria degli Angeli, Santa Agnese, Santa Costanza, Santa 
 Onofrio (with Tasso's tomb), San Pietro in Montorio, Santa 
 Maria in Trastavere, Santa Cecilia, and Santa Maria la Rotonda 
 (the ancient Pantheon). Under extensive areas of R. run the 
 ancient Christian catacombs, exceptionally rich in memorials of 
 early Christianity. 
 
 Next after her churches, Rome's greatest architectural monu- 
 ments are her palaces. The largest of these, and one of the 
 largest palaces in the world, is the Vatican, which contains the 
 residence of the Pope ; the Sistine Chapel, with superb frescoes 
 by Michel Angelo and other artists ; the Pauline and Nicoline 
 Cfhapels, splendidly decorated by Fra Angelico and Michel 
 Angelo respectively ; the halls and arcades [loggie) of Raphael, 
 Perugino, and others ; the grand picture-gallery ; the Vatican 
 library, one of the richest of the world in valuable MSS. ; the 
 sculpture-galleries, enriched with the Apollo Belvedere, Laocoon, 
 Antinous, and other masterpieces of ancient Greek genius; 
 besides Etruscan and Egyptian museums. The Lateran 
 Palace, beside the church of St. John the Lateran, also belongs 
 to the Pope, given by Constantine the Great to the bishop 
 of R. , and used as the papal residence until the emigration 
 to Avignon in the 14th century. It is now converted into 
 a large sculpture - gallery, picture - gallery, and museum of 
 Christian antiquities from the catacombs and elsewhere. In 
 front of it are the Holy Steps (Scala Santa), the traditional 
 ascent to Pilate's court-house in Jerusalem, and never ascended 
 except kneeling on the knees. The King of Italy inhabits 
 the Quirinal Palace (1573-1608), the former summer residence 
 of the popes. A little to the W. of the Corso is the Parliament 
 House. The Capitoline Hill is crowned by three palaces, all 
 designed by Michel Angelo, one occupied by the municipal 
 authorities, the other two containing collections of Etruscan 
 antiquities, ancient bronzes, sculptures, &c. E. of the Vatican 
 is the mediaeval citadel of R., the Castello Sant' Angelo, 
 the ancient tomb of Hadrian. Other remarkable palaces are 
 1304 
 
 the Palazzo di Venezia, Palazzo Barberini, Borghese, Caffajseili, 
 Colonna, Corsini (seat of the Academy dei Lincei), Doria, 
 Farnese, Farnesina, Torlonia (formerly Albani), Rospigliosi, 
 Sciarra, Spada, Chigi, Mattei, «S:c., nearly all containing pic- 
 ture-galleries or other valuable works of art ; and the Villas 
 Medici, Borghese, Ludovisi, Massimi, Pamfili, &c. The minis- 
 tries of the interior, public works, and finances, the university, 
 Roman College (with the Kircher Museum and the old observa- 
 tory), the art exhibition, the science institutes of the university, 
 the hospital Santo Spirito, and the railway station, are all 
 noteworthy edifices. The public educational, charitable, and, 
 scientific institutions include the university (four faculties) with 
 Alexandrine library, new observatory, botanical garden, Sx.; 
 the technical institute, the royal school of engineers, the 
 royal lyceum, the royal institute of fine arts ; the variotis 
 colleges of the Papacy (Vatican seminary, Roman college, 
 College de Propaganda Fide, College St. Thomas Aquinas) ; 
 the academies of St. Luke (art), Tiberine (literature). Arcadian 
 (literature), Lincei (natural science), the royal academy of 
 Santa Cecilia, and several societies of artists ; the libraries of 
 the Vatican, Casanatense, Angelica, Alexandrina, Lancisiana, 
 Vallicelliana, Corsini, Barberini, Chigiana, and Vittore Em- 
 manuele ; various handsome theatres {e.g. , Apollo, National, 
 &c.), hospitals, orphanages, &c. The monuments to King 
 Victor Emmanuel and to Garibaldi, and the graves of the 
 English poets Shelley and Keats, in the Protestant churchyard, 
 deserve mention. 
 
 The chief industry of the inhabitants of R. is connected with 
 the production of objects of art, and the supply of the numerous 
 artists, invalids, and ecclesiastical and other visitors ; its manu- 
 factures are confined to silk ribbons, &c. , strings for musical 
 instruments, imitation pearls, mosaics, jewellery, trinkets, glass, 
 pottery, and bricks. 
 
 The' remains of ancient Rome comprise the Cloaca Maxima 
 (that is, the great sewer), the aqueducts, the circus of Maxentius, 
 the Coliseum (formerly the Flavian amphitheatre), the theatres 
 of Marcellus and of Pompey, the palace of Septimus Severus 
 and other palaces of the Caesars on the Palatine, the temples of 
 .^sculapius (on an island in the Tiber), Concord, Venus, Piety, 
 Castor and Pollux, Vespasian, Caesar, Faustina, Fortuna, Holy 
 City, and Vesta, the Basilica Julia, Basilica Ulpia, the mausoleum 
 of Augustus, the tomb of Caecilia Metella, the mausoleum of 
 Hadrian (the castle of St. Angelo), the pyramid of Caius Cestius, 
 the columbaria and tombs on the Appian Way, the colonnade 
 of the Twelve Great Gods, the Tarpeian rock (on the Capito- 
 line), the Mamertine prison, the Praetorian camp, the Pantheon, 
 the baths of Caracalla, Diocletian, Titus, Constantine ; the 
 triumphal arches of Augustus, Titus, Constantine, Septimus 
 Severus, Drusus, Gallienus, and Dolabella ; the columns of 
 Antoninus (Marcus Aurelius) and Trajan, several Egyptian 
 and Roman obelisks, and the Roman Forum. According to 
 tradition, R. was founded by Romulus in 753 B.C. In the year 
 510 B.C. the city, already covering the 'seven hills,' threw off 
 the sway of the early kings and declared herself a republic. 
 Then, having subdued the greater part of southern Italy, she 
 measured herself against Carthage in a series of gigantic 
 wars, in the course of which R. herself was threatened by the 
 great Punic general Hannibal (264-146 B.C.). Thenceforward 
 her armies conquered region after region, until she became the 
 mistress of great part of the then known world. But before this 
 march of conquest was completed the city had passed through 
 the throes of civil wars, arising out of the ambitions of her 
 great commanders, and had taken unto herself an emperor 
 in the person of Octavian (28 B.C.). The profligacy, incom- 
 f)etency, and tyranny of the emperors of the 3rd century greatly 
 weakened the empire, and Diocletian (284-305) deprived R. 
 of great part of her prestige by virtually establishing coequal 
 caps, on the frontiers threatened by the barbarians and the 
 Persians. Constantine (324-337), forcing Christianity upon the 
 empire, transferred the seat of government to Byzantium. 
 Valentinian I. divided his dominions (368) into the Eastern and 
 the Western Empire. In 403 Ravenna was chosen as govern- 
 ment headquarters of the West, chiefly because of the increas- 
 ingly dangerous inroads of the Germanic and other barbarians. 
 R. itself was taken and plundered by Alaric the Goth in 410, 
 and by Genseric the Vandal in 455. In 476 the empire of the 
 W. came to an end, and R. lost all her privileges as cap. She 
 was twice besieged (537 and 547) during the wars between the 
 Ostrogoths and Belisarius, general of the Eastern Empire. In 
 554, when she was incorporated in the Eastern Empire, R. had 
 reached the lowest stages of impoverishment. But the Bishop 
 of R. began to restore to the city something of her former 
 importance, which rapidly increased after R. was given to the 
 popes by Pepin and Charlemagne, in the 8th century, and 
 especially after the latter in 800 assumed the (iron) crown of the 
 ancient Roman Empire. But after the downfall of the Franks 
 the city became the scene of petty feuds between the nobles 
 and the papal authority. In 1084 the latter called in to their 
 aid the Normans, who plundered the city. In 1145 the popu- 
 lace weary of the increasing anarchy, proclaimed a republic. 
 
ROME— RONC 
 
 This brought down the army of Frederick I. of Germany, who 
 took the city by storm in 1167. But for the greater portion of 
 four centuries, during part of which time the popes reigned at 
 Avignon in France, R. was more or less the scene of lawless 
 anarchy ; and it was only after the return of the papal court, 
 in the isth century, that R. was able to resume her position 
 as a city of world-wide importance and reputation. She was, 
 however, sacked once again by the Imperialists under the 
 Constable de Bourbon in 1527. From 1809 till 1814 R. was 
 cap. of the dep. R. in the French Empire under Napoleon I. , 
 and at the latter date was given back to the Pontiff. The 
 city was garrisoned by French troops from 1849 till 1870, 
 after which she was occupied by Italian troops, and since 
 that time has been the capital of the kingdom of Italy. The 
 city is fairly healthy, except in the hottest weeks of summer. 
 As a winter residence it enjoys a high repute. Alt. 50-170 ft. 
 Mean temp., winter 44.8° F. , summer 76.6°, yr. 59.7°; rfall. 
 (1825-91), yr. 30.6 in., Oct.-Nov. 8.5 in. P. (1870) 226,000; 
 (1881) 300,500; (1891, estimated) 436,000. [J. T. B.] 
 
 Rome, city, U.S., Georgia, cap. Floyd co. , on r. bk. of Coosa 
 R. , 60 m. SE. by S. of NW. corner of state, in the centre of 
 rich iron ore deposits ; cotton shipping port, and health resort. 
 Alt. 627 ft. (R.R.). P. 7000. 
 
 Rome, formerly Fort Staiilvlx, city, U.S., New York, one 
 of the caps, of Oneida co. , on the Mohawk R. and the Erie 
 Canal, at the confluence of the Black R. Canal, 35 m. ENE. 
 Syracuse, and 13 m. NW. Utica. R. is the centre of dairy- 
 farming and cheese factories, and has extensive manufactures 
 of agricultural implements. P. (1870) 11,000; (1880) 12,200; 
 {1890) 15,000. 
 
 Rome City, vil., U.S., Indiana, Noble co., on Sylvan Lake, 
 8 m. NE. Albion ; has valuable mineral springs. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Romedal, vil., Norway, prov. and 7I m. ESE. Hamar, on 
 an E. feeder of Lake Mjosen. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Romeo, vil., U.S., Michigan, Macomb co., 32 m. N. Detroit ; 
 manufactures of agricultural implements, steam-engines, &c. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Riimerbad, comm. and watering-place, Austria, Styria, dist. 
 Cilli, 33 m. E. by N. Laibach. P. <20oo. 
 
 Romer^e, comm., Belgium, prov. Namur, arr. Philippeville, 
 17 m. NNE. Rocroi. P. < 2000. 
 
 Romerlke, dist. , Norway, prov. and to the N. of Christiania, 
 traversed by the Glommen and Vormen. 
 
 Riimerstadt, tn. , Austria, Moravia, cap. dist. R. , on riv. 
 Mohra, 22 m. N. Olmiitz. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rometttt, comm. , Sicily, prov. and 7 J m. W. by S. Messina. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Romford, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 436 
 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Romford (riSm'ford), market-tn. and par., Eng. , in the SW. 
 of Essex, R. div., 16^ m. SW. by W. Chelmsford, on the G. E. 
 R. and London, Tilbury, and Southend Rlys. ; noted for its ale ; 
 firework factory in par. Market-day, W. 7224 ac. Tn. P. 
 8700; par. P. 10,700; pari. div. P. (1891) 103,500; eccles. par. 
 (R. -with Noak HUl) P. 5300 (since the date of the census 
 Noak Hill has been made a separate eccles. par.). 
 
 Romford, vil. , U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co., 34 m. E. 
 Poughkeepsie (N. Y. ). P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Romhlld, tn., Ger. , duchy Saxe-Meiningen, circle and8| m. 
 WSW. Hildburghausen ; from 1681 to 1710 the seat of a branch 
 of the house of Saxony. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Romlley, par., Eng., Cheshire, Hyde div., 2J m. E. by N. 
 Stockport, with stns. on the M. and M. S. & L. Rlys., PMT.O. 
 P. <20oo ; tn. (Bredbnry and R.) P. 5800. 
 
 RomllIy>8ur-^lne, tn. , France, dep. Aube, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Seine, arr. Nogent-sur-Seine, 23 m. NW. Troyes ; 2 m. to 
 the NW. are the remains of the Cistercian abbey Scellieres or 
 Selli^res, founded 1167, where Voltaire was originally buried, 
 1791 (his remains were afterwards transferred to the Pantheon 
 at Paris). P. 7000. 
 
 Roniiiite, riv., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, flows NW. and 
 enters the Pissa just above Gumbinnen ; not navigable. 
 
 Romlta, tn., Mexico, state of and 28 m. WSW. Guanajuato. 
 P. (comm. and dist.) 16,900. 
 
 Rommersklrchen, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Neuss, 
 12^ m. SSW. Dtisseldorf. P. (comm.)<:300o. 
 
 Romney, vil., Canada, Ontario, Kent co. , on Lake Erie, 36 
 m. ESE. Windsor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Romney ('marsh island"). New, mun. bor. (since Queen 
 Elizabeth), cinque port, and par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 
 22 m. SSW. and in the diocese of Canterbury, in the flat 
 alluvial dist. called Romney Marsh ; on the SE. R. It was 
 a busy port till the reign of Edward I., when the harbour was 
 destroyed by the silting up of shingle, the Rother having then 
 changed its course. R. has a large annual sheep fair. In the 
 town-hall are preserved many important documents and charters 
 relating to the Cinque Ports. The par. of New R. contains the 
 new watering-place of Littlestone-on-Sea. Mun. bor. P. <i5oo ; 
 eccles. par. (XewR.'witl»Hope)P. <i5oo. See Romuey Marsh. 
 
 Romney, Old, par., 2 m. W. New Romney. P. <250. 
 
 Romney Marsh, Eng., Kent, is a level tract of rich pasture, 
 containing several villages, secured against the sea by an 
 immense embankment, under the management of a corporation. 
 Formerly it was an arm of the sea ; but having become silted up, 
 the land was reclaimed and became celebrated for the fattening 
 of cattle, which, according to Camden (1607), were, in his day, 
 driven thither for the purpose ' from the furthest part of Eng- 
 land. ' The tract is under the management of an ancient cor- 
 poration known as the 'lath of the level of R. M.' Area, 
 24,950 ac. 
 
 Romny, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 112 m. NW. Poltava, on 
 Kremenchug-Vilna Rly. ; machinery works, fabrication of boots 
 and shoes ; great fairs. P. 15,250. 
 
 Romo, isl., Prussia. See Riim. 
 
 Romont, or Remnnd, comm. , Switzd. , cant, and 14 m. SW. 
 by W. Freiburg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Romoos, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 13 m. W. by S. Lucerne, in 
 the Entlebuch. P. -c20oo. 
 
 Romorantin, tn., France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, on the Sauldre, 
 cap. arr. , 37 m. NW. by W. Bourges ; manufactures cloths ; 
 famous for its asparagus. P. 6500. 
 
 Rompon, vil. , France, dep. Ard^che, arr. Privas, 14 m. SSW. 
 Valence ; 2 m. to the NE. is the thermal establishment of Celles^ 
 les-Bains, with eight aerated ferruginous springs, one of which 
 is an artesian well. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Romsdal, dist., Norway, prov. Trondhjem, watered by the 
 Rauma, and celebrated for its fine scenery, particularly the 
 Romsdalshorn (5095 ft.) and the Troldtinder. See Rauma. 
 
 Romsdal Fjord, fiord, on the W. ct. of Norway, opens into 
 the Molde Fjord, just above 62° 30' N. 
 
 Romsey (rfim'zi), mun. bor. (since James I.), par., and 
 market-tn., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 8 m. NW. 
 Southampton, in the diocese of Winchester, on the Test, with 
 stn. on branch of L. & SW. R. The trade is mostly connected 
 with agriculture ; there are also paper and leather mills, and a 
 manufactory of ' Berthon ' collapsible lifeboats. Originally on 
 an island (ey) ; noted for its Norman abbey. Market-day, Th. 
 Mun. bor. P. <;45oo; pars., R. Infra, P. <25oo; R. Extra, 
 9979 ac. , P. <4ooo ; eccles. par. (R. -with Lee) P. 5500. 
 
 Romsey, tn., Victoria, Bourke co., 34 m. NNW. Melbourne. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Romsley, par. , Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 6 m. NW. Kidder- 
 minster, 2 m. E. Highley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Romsley, par., Eng., Worcestershire, dist. Bromsgrove, 3 
 m. S. Halesowen, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ron, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 51 m. ENE. Dhdr- 
 war ; has seven black stone temples. P. 6400; Hindus, 5100. 
 
 Ron, isl. , off the N. ct. of New Guinea, between the bays of 
 Geelvink and Vandamen. Area, 40 sq. m. 
 
 Rona, South (possibly ' seal island,' from' ron, Gaelic, ' seal '), 
 isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, W. ct., 5 m. long (N. and S.), sepa- 
 rated from Raasay I. by Kyle R. ; lighthouse, in 57° 35' N., 
 visible 21 m. P. 181. 
 
 RonAhl, tn. , Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Faiz^bdd, near the r. bk. 
 of the Gogra, 66 m. E. by S. Lucknow, 10 m. W. Faizdbad, 
 near the Oudh and Rohilkhand Rly. P. 5400 ; Hindus, 3700 ; 
 Moham. 1700. 
 
 Ronald, Loch, small lake, Scot., Wigtownshire, 8J m. W. 
 Newton Stewart, drained W. into the Tarff Water. 
 
 Ronaldshaw, vil., Canada, Ontario, Grey co. , 17 m. from 
 Mount Forest. P. <i50o. 
 
 Ronaldshay, Xorth, isl., Scot., the most northerly of the 
 Orkney Is., in Cross and Burness par., 2^ m. NNW. Taftness, 
 in Sanday. Area about 4 sq. m. ; surface generally low. Light- 
 house, in 2° 24' W. , visible 18 m. P.O. P. 501. 
 
 Ronaldshay, South, isl. and par., Scot., Orkney Is., the 
 most southern island of the group, 6 m. NNE. Duncansby Head; 
 surface mostly low, level, and well-cultivated ; length, 8 m. Area, 
 including Burray, Hnnda, Pentland Skerries, and Swona 
 Is., 115,062 ac. P. <35oo; isl. P. 2315. 
 
 Ronan, mt., Canada, Quebec, Dorchester co., 35 m. SE. by 
 E. Quebec. 
 
 Ronas Voe, inlet, Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, on the W. 
 ct., in 6" 3i'-33' N. R. Hill, to the N., is the highest summit 
 in Shetland (1475 ft.). 
 
 Ronay, isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, off the SE. of North Uist. 
 P. 6. 
 
 Roneal, comm., Spain, prov. and 34 m. E. Pamplona. P. 
 
 <2000, 
 
 Roncegno, tn., Austria, Tirol, dist. Borgo, 15 m. E. Trent; 
 hot baths, with arsenical ferruginous springs. P. <200o. 
 
 Ronce - les • Bains, La, sea-bathing resort, France, dep. 
 Charente-Inf^rieure, arr. Marennes, 2^ m. NW. La Tremblade, 
 opposite 016ron I. 
 
 Roncesvalles (in French Roncevanx), comm., Spain, in the 
 Pyrenees, prov. and 23 m. NE. Pamplona. The church, in 
 memory of Roland, a paladin of Charlemagne, slain in the gorge 
 of R. in an ambuscade of Basques about 780 A.u. , is a resort of 
 pilgrims. P. <2000. 
 
 Roneeverte, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, co. and on riv. Green- 
 
 1305 
 
RONC — RORA 
 
 brier, ii m. W. White Sulphur Springs by rail; it has a 
 mineral spring. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Roiichanip, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Saone, arr. Lure, ii m. 
 WNW. Belfort ; coal is mined here, the coal-beds having an 
 area of 67I sq. m. To the NW. is a chapel, a resort of pilgrims. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 RoncberoIles-eii-Bray, vil., France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, 
 arr. Neufchitel, 20 m. NE. Rouen ; has a sulphur spring. The 
 chapel is a resort of pilgrims. P. (comm.)<2ooo. 
 
 KouclgUone, comm., Italy, prov. Rome, 10 m. SE. by S. 
 Viterbo. Alt. 1445-1560 ft. P. 5800. 
 Rouco, riv. , Italy. See Montoue. 
 
 Ronco, tn. , Italy, Liguria, on riv. Scrivia, prov. and 15 m. 
 N. Genoa. P. < 2000. 
 
 Roucoiie, comm. , Austria, Tirol, dist. Tione, 24 m. W. by 
 S. Trent. P. <20oo. 
 
 Roncq, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. Lille, 2J m. NW. Tour- 
 coing. P. < 3000. 
 
 Rouda, tn. , India, Kashmir, on the Indus, 105 m. N. by E. 
 Srfnagar. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ronda, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 43 m. W. Malaga, 
 cap. dist. R. The town, which is commanded by a Moorish 
 citadel, is cut in two by the deep (500 ft.) gorge of the Tajo, 
 which is crossed by two fine bridges. Its horses are well known, 
 and the town is famous for its vegetable and fruit gardens, and 
 its healthy climate. R. has always been an important strate- 
 getical point. Has a Moorish citadel ; 7^ m. to the NW. are 
 the ruins of an old Roman town. P. 18,400. The Sierra (or 
 Serrania) de Ronda, a mountain chain to the S. , is 6293 ft. 
 in its highest point. The whole dist. suffered greatly in the 
 earthquake of December 25, 1884, which affected a large part 
 of southern Spain. 
 
 Rondane, mt. knot, Norway, S. of the Dovrefjeld ; highest 
 point the Rondeslot, alt. 7090 ft. 
 
 Rondean, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Kent co. , on the inlet called 
 Rond Ean Harbonr, Lake Erie, in 42° 17' N., 58 m. E. 
 Windsor. P. < 2000. 
 
 RondelM>»cb, municip. , Cape Colony, Cape dist. , 4 m. SE. 
 Cape Town. P. <4000. 
 
 Rondo, islet, Norway, on the W. ct., W. of Aalesund, in 
 62° 25' N. ; has a lighthouse. 
 
 Rondorf, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 5 m. S. 
 Cologne. P. (comm., which includes the separate village of 
 Rodeuklrcben) 7000. 
 
 Rondont, small riv., U.S., New York, in the SE., rises in 
 the NE. of Sullivan co., and flows NE. to the Hudson, which it 
 joins a little below Kingston. 
 
 Roney Point, cape. Ire., on the E. ct. of co. Wexford, in 
 52° 37' N. 
 
 Ronge, liac la. See Lac la Ronge. 
 
 Rongelab, isls. , Pacific, Marshall Archipelago, in the N. of 
 the Ralik or W. group. 
 
 Ronne, seapt. tn., Denmark, on the W. ct. of and cap. 
 Bornholm. The harbour is 21 ft. deep at entrance, and 11. 16 
 ft. deep at quays. P. 8300. 
 
 Ronnebnrg, tn., Ger. , duchy Saxe-Altenburg, circle Est, 13J 
 m. SW. Altenburg ; manufactures boots and shoes. Has a ferru- 
 ginous mineral spring, and bathing establishment. P. 6000. 
 
 Ronneby, comm., Sweden, prov. Blekinge, 12 m. WNW. 
 Karlskrona. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ronongo, isl. , S. Pacific, New Georgian group, crossed by 
 8° S. , 156'' 30' E. 
 
 Ronsdorf, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 3 m. SE. Elberfeld ; has 
 a silk-drying establishment ; manufactures silk ribbons, and has 
 several iron and steel works. Founded in 1737 by the religious 
 sect of Zionites. P. (i8i6)<400o; (1871)8700; (1890)11,800. 
 
 RouHHe, Belgium. See Renalx. 
 
 Ronzlna, vil., Austria, Gorz and Gradisca, on the Isonzo, 
 dist. and 13 m. N. by E. Gbrz. 
 
 Roodeborg, place with meteorological station. Cape Colony, 
 in 32° 28' S., 23° 4s' E^ Mean rfall. (6 yrs.), 11.10 in. 
 
 Roodhonse, city, U.S., Illinois, Greene co. , 111 m. by rail 
 SW. Bloomington. P. < 3000. 
 
 Rooe, Mnckle, isl., Scot. See Roe, Mnckle. 
 
 Roogngb Rirer, Ire., in the NW. of co. Fermanagh, flows 
 NW. into Lough Melvin. 
 
 Roolbank, or Scheppmausdorp, vil. , in the SE. angle of 
 the Walvisch Bay terr. , SW. Africa. 
 
 Rookery, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & NW. and 
 L. & Y. Rlys. , 4 m. W. St. Helens. 
 
 Rookhope, eccles. par. , Eng. , Durham, par. and 4J m. NW. 
 Stanhope, P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Rook I§Iand, S. Pacific. See l^mbol. 
 
 Rookley, P.O., Eng., Isle of Wight, 3 m. S. Newport. 
 
 Rooks, CO., U.S., Kansas, in the N. , crossed by 39^° N., 
 
 99i° W. 
 
 Rooks Hill, hill, Eng., Sussex, 4 m. N. by E. Chichester, in 
 Goodwood Park. Alt. 673 ft. 
 
 Rookwltb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, dist. and 4 m. 
 SW. Bedale. P.<250. 
 1306 
 
 Rookwoo«l, post-tn.. New South Wales, Cumberland co., on 
 Haslam's Creek, 10 m. SW. Sydney by rail, in 33° 50' S. , 151° 
 4' E. ; containing ' The Necropolis,' a large cemetery. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Roonab Longb, Ire., in the SW. of co. Mayo, 15^ m. 
 WSW. VVestport. 
 
 Roop, CO., U.S., Nevada, in the extreme NW. 
 
 Roorkee, tn. , Brit. 'India. See Rdrkl. 
 
 Roos, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 12 
 m. E. Hull, 3 m. NW. by W. Withernsea stn. , PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Roosdown, par., Eng., Devonshire, dist. and 4 m. S. Ax- 
 minster, PM.O. (Ronsdon). P. <25o. 
 
 Roose, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire, included in the pari. bor. of 
 Barrow, 2 m. E. Barrow, on the Furness Rly. , P.O. 
 
 Roosebeke-snr-S'walni, vil., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 
 near Audenarde. Here, in 1382, Charles VI. of France defeated 
 the people of Ghent under Philip van Artevelde, who was slain 
 in the battle. P. (comm.)<2ooo. 
 
 Roosendaal - en - Nlspen, tn. , Netherlands, prov. North 
 Brabant, 14 m. WSW. Breda. P. (comm.) 11,300. 
 
 Rooskagta, electoral div.. Ire., Limerick, dist. Ardagh. 
 
 Roo.«key, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 6 m. from Crossmolina. 
 
 Roosky, tn., Ire., co. Leitrim, bar. Mohill, on both banks of 
 the Shannon, 8J m. NW. by N. Longford. P. <25o. 
 
 Roosky, tn.. Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. Ballintober North, on 
 the Shannon, 2 m. S. Dromod stn., P.O. (Rnskey). P. <2So. 
 
 Rooster Rock, vil., U.S., Oregon, Multnomah co. , on the 
 1. bk. of the Columbia R. , 24 m. E. Portland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Roothlng, riv., and Rootbliig, Hlgb, par., Eng. See 
 Ro«llng. See also Abbotts Rodlng, &c. 
 
 Rootpark, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, part of Wilsontown (f.v.). 
 
 Roozendaal, tn. , Netherlands. SeeRoosendaal-eu-Mspen. 
 
 Rooty Hill, post-tn. , New South Wales, Cumberland co. , 25 
 m. W. Sydney by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ropczyce, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, cap. dist. R., 53 
 m. E. Bochnia. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rope, par., Eng., Cheshire, dist. and 2^ m. E. Nantwich. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Roper, CO. , Queensland, crossed by 23° S. and 149° E. 
 
 Roper River, riv. , S. Australia, N. Terr., flows E. to Limmen 
 Bight Gulf, in about 14° 50' S. 
 
 Ropley, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., loi m. E. 
 Winchester, on L. & SW. R., PM.O. ; 4684 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ropsha, vil. , Russia, govt, and 24 m. SW. St. Petersburg ; 
 has paper-mills. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Ropsley, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 5 m. 
 E. by S. Grantham, 4^ m. ENE. Great Ponton stn., PM.O. 
 P. <750 ; eccles. par. (R. -«vltb Little Hnniby) P. <;75o. 
 
 RoqneMUl^re, tn. , France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, arr. and 
 22 m. N. Nice ; 2^ m. to the N. are the baths of Berthemont, 
 with alkaline sulphur springs. Alt. 1895 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Roqnebron, La, tn., France, dep. Cantal, 73 m. N. Albi, 
 arr. and 13 m. W. by N. Aurillac. P. <2000. 
 
 Roqnebmssane, La, vil., France, dep. Var, 17 m. N. by 
 E. Toulon, arr. and 8 m. SW. by S. Brignoles. P. <2000. 
 
 Roqneconrbe, tn., France, dep. Tarn, on the Agout, arr. 
 and 5 m. NNE. Castres ; has two ferruginous springs. Alt. 
 820 ft. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Roquefort, tn., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. and 5 m. ENE. 
 St. Affrique, 70 m. W. by N. Nimes ; famous for its cheeses, 
 made from sheep's with a little goat's milk and matured in caves 
 mostly natural in a neighbouring hill composed of highly porous 
 and much-fissured rock. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Roquefort, tn., France, dep. Landes, arr. and 13 m. NE. 
 Mont-de-Marson, at the limit for timber-floating on the Douze. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Roqnemanre, tn. , France, dep. Gard, on the r. bk. of the 
 Rhone, arr. Uzes, 6 m. SSW. Orange. P. <20oo. 
 
 Roqnes, Los, isls., near the coast of Venezuela, 87 m. NNE. 
 La Guaira. Area, 42 sq. m. 
 
 Roquesteron, vil. , France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, arr. Grasse 
 18 m. NW. Nice. P. <20oo. 
 
 Roquetas, comm., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 11 m. SW. 
 Almeria, on the coast of the Gulf of Almeria. The port is pro- 
 tected from W. and SW. winds. Has large salt-works. P. 
 
 <20O0. 
 
 Roquetas, comm., Spain, Catalonia, prov. Tarragona, dist. 
 and to the WNW. of Tortosa, of which it is a suburb. P. 
 <Sooo. 
 
 Roque-Tlmbaut, vil., France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, arr. and 
 10 m. NE. Agen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Roquevalre, tn., France, dep. Bouches-du-Rhone, arr. and 
 13 m. ENE. Marseilles ; trade in capers ; has deposits of coal, 
 and important gypsum quarries. P. <2000. 
 
 Rora, P.O., Scot., Aberdeenshire, in par. and 4 m. from 
 Longside. 
 
 Rdraas, or RSros, tn., Norway, prov. and 67 m. SSE. 
 Trondhjem ; has rich deposits of copper. Its climate is ex- 
 ceptionally severe. Alt. 2100 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 
 30.6° F., Jan. 11.0°, July 52.6^ ; mean annual rfall. (7 yrs.), 15.32 
 in. P. <4ooo. See Norway. 
 
R O R A 
 
 ROSE 
 
 Roralnin, an isolated mt., Brit. Guiana, on the frontier of 
 Venezuela, in 5° 10' N., 60" 40' W. , rises in an immense paral- 
 lelogram 1300-1600 ft. high, with walls cut to the summit. Alt. 
 8600 ft. (Im Thurn and Perkins, bp.). See /. \V. Boddam- 
 Wethavis 'Roraima,' Proc. R. G. S., 1884, and Everard F. im 
 Thurn, 1885. 
 
 Borl, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Hissar, 105 m. WSW. 
 Ambala. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Rorke's Drift, Natal, on the Tugela R., scene of a heroic 
 defence of English soldiers against an overwhelming force of 
 Zulus in 1879. 
 
 Roro, dist., Brit. New Guinea. See Lolo. Also a native 
 name of Yule I. 
 
 Roros, tn., Norway. See Riiraas. 
 
 Rorrliigton, P.O., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 7 m. SE. 
 Welshpool, 5I m. E. Forden stn. 
 
 Rorschach, tn., Switzd., cant, and 6^ m. NE. by E. St. 
 Gall, on the S. side of Lake Constance. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ros, Cymro-Celtic, ' a moor. ' See Rhos. 
 
 Ros, or Ross, Gaelic, 'a promontory' or 'isthmus,' and in 
 the S. of Ire. ' a wood ; ' e.g., Roscrea, ' Cree's Wood.' 
 
 Ro.sa, cape, Algeria, with a lighthouse, in 8° 15' E., visible 
 10 m. 
 
 Rosa, tn. , Mexico, Coahuila, 200 m. N. Monterey. 
 
 Rosa, Monte, mt. on the borders of the Swiss cant, of 
 Valais and the Italian provs. of Turin and Novara, between 
 the valleys of Visp and the Sesia, at the E. end of the Pennine 
 Alps, the second highest mountain of the Alps ; highest peak 
 the Dufour-spitze (first ascended in 1855), 15,215 ft., with the 
 Zumstein-spitze (ascended by Zumstein in 1820) on its SE. Alt. 
 14,970 ft. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. l. 
 
 Rosalres, tn. , eastern Sudan. See Rosere.s. 
 
 Rosal, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. and 34 m. SSW. Ponte- 
 vedra, dist. Tuy. P. 5400. 
 
 Rosal de la Froiitera, comm., Spain, prov. Huelva, on the 
 frontier of Portugal, 55 m. SE. Evora. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rosalia, tn., Mexico, Sonora, on the W. ct. , 120 m. SE. 
 Guaymas, in 26° 43' N. 
 
 Rosallta Pass. See Balkan Aloniitaliis. 
 
 Rosaiials, small dist., France, in the old prov. Dauphin^, 
 now in the extreme E. of dep. Hautes-Alpes. 
 
 Rosans, vil. , France, on the SW. border of dep. Hautes- 
 Alpes, arr. Gap, 39 m. NE. by E. Orange. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rosarlo, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 37 m. ESE. 
 C6rdoba, on Rio Segundo. 
 
 Rosarlo, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. Santa F^, on the r. bk. 
 of the Parana, on a cliff about 80 ft. above the river, 82 m. S. by 
 W. Parand, 280 m. by river above Buenos Aires. Being acces- 
 sible for sea-going vessels drawing as much as 16 ft., it is the 
 natural port of the NW. provs. of the republic, and is conse- 
 quently growing rapidly, being second in commercial importance 
 to Buenos Aires. Quays are being constructed, and dredging is 
 actively carried on in the river. Mean temp. (6 yrs. , 1875-80), 
 yr. 62.8° F. , Jan. 74.3°, July 52.3°; mean rfall. , yr. 38.7 in., 
 April-Sept. 13 in. P. (1890) about 65,000 (Consular Report). 
 
 Rosarlo, tn. , Brazil, Matto Grosso, on the Rio Cuyaba, 60 m. 
 N W. Cuyaba, in about 14° 50' S. , 56° 20' W. P. 3000. 
 
 Rosarlo, Mexico, Sinaloa. See El Rosarlo. 
 
 Rosarlo, or Disappointment, isl. , Pacific, in the Magellan 
 Archipelago, W. of central Bonin Is. 
 
 Rosarlo, vil., Paraguay, 4 m. from the riv. Paraguay, 70 m. 
 NNE. Asuncion. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rosarlo, comm. , Philippine Is., Luzon I., prov. Batangas, 
 52 m. SSW. Manila. P. 14,400. 
 
 Rosarlo de la Frontera, tn. and stn., Argentine Republic, 
 Salta, 73 m. N. Tucuman ; famous for its healthy climate, and 
 for its warm springs. Alt. 2640 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rosarlo de Lerma, tn., Argentine Republic, Salta, 132 m. 
 N. by W. Tucuman, 17 m. SW. Salta. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rosarlo del Tala, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. Entre Rios, 
 cap. dep. Tala, 86 m. ESE. Parana. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Rosarno, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 32 m. NE. by N. 
 Reggio. P. < 3000. 
 
 Rosas, fortified tn. , Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 27 m. NE. 
 Gerona ; has frequently been besieged and taken. Lighthouse, 
 visible 12 m. P. <4ooo. The Gulf of Rosas, between Capes 
 Norfeo on the N. and Stardi on the SSW., is 10^ m. wide at 
 entrance, and about 7 m. long. 
 
 Rosa Spit, or Rose Point, Canada, Brit. Columbia, the NE. 
 point of Graham I. , Queen Charlotte Is. 
 
 Roshnch, or Rosbach an der Sleg, vil., Prussia, Rhine 
 Prov., circle Waldbrol, 23 m. E. by N. Bonn; iron and lead 
 are mined here. P. (comm.)<400o. See also Rossbach. 
 
 Rosbeg, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 10 m. from Ardara. 
 
 Rosbercou, par.. Ire., SE. co. Kilkenny, bar. Ida, on the 
 r. bk. of the Barrow, opposite New Ross. P. < 1000. 
 
 Roscanvel, penin., France, dep. Finistere, shelters the road- 
 stead of Brest on the W. Length, 2>h. ""■■ 
 
 Roschsee, lake, Prussia, in the SE. of prov. E. Prussia. See 
 Masurian Canal. 
 
 Rosclogher, bar. , Ire. , in the N. of co. Leitrim. 
 
 Roscoe, vil., U.S., Ohio, Coshocton co. , 65 m. W. by N. 
 Wheeling (W. Va.), on the r. bk. of Muskingum R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Roscoe, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Edmunds co., 85 m. 
 NE. by N. Pierre. 
 
 Roscoff, tn. , France, dep. Finistere, on the N. ct. , 33 m. NE. 
 Brest, arr. and 12^ m. NW. by N. Morlaix. Has a tidal 
 harbour not available for large vessels, 18 ft. deep at high water 
 ordinary spring tides, dry at low water. Has naval workshops, 
 and lobster beds, and a famous zoological laboratory ; and 
 is a fishing-port and sea-bathing resort. Here Mary Stuart 
 embarked for Scotland, 1548. P. <20oo. 
 
 Roscommon, inland co. , Ire., prov. Connaught, in the 
 Shannon valley, 1. bk., divided into the baronies named in 
 the following table : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Athlone, North and South 
 
 Ballintober North 
 
 Ballintober South 
 
 Ballymoe . 
 
 Boyle .... 
 
 Castlereagh 
 
 Frenchpark 
 
 Moycarn 
 
 Roscommon 
 
 Total, Roscommon 
 
 Acres. 
 
 137.523 
 30,854 
 48.113 
 23,287 
 81,164 
 82,081 
 71,204 
 29.596 
 81,585 
 
 585.407^ 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 22.558 
 
 6.774 
 
 9.579 
 
 2.523 
 
 18,777 
 
 16,492 
 
 17,604 
 
 4,484 
 15,606 
 
 "4.397 
 
 1 Exclusive of 22,834 «"5- under large rivers and lakes. 
 
 Surface mostly level, being W. part of the central limestone 
 field of Ireland, varied by some heights, and in the N. rising to 
 an abrupt mountainous range with two summits over 1000 ft. 
 high. The rivers are tribs. of the Shannon, its E. boundary, 
 and there are many lakes, the most remarkable (besides those 
 formed by the Shannon) being Lough Kea, with interesting ruins 
 on two of its islands. Other antiquities in this county are the 
 abbey of Boyle, the Oran pillar tower, and Roscommon Castle, 
 with a quadrangle 220 ft. long, and five towers. The name of 
 this county means ' Comain's Wood," after an Irish saint of 
 the 6th century. Through the limestone composing the geo- 
 logical floor there protrudes sandstone, e.g., Slieve Bawn in 
 the E. (857 ft. high). There are coal strata on the borders 
 adjoining Leitrim and Roscommon, and ironstone was formerly 
 dug to S. of the riv. Arigna. Coal centres are Kilronan, Gub- 
 barudda, TuUynaha. The ' Plain of Boyle ' is a famous sheep- 
 pasture. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. 
 The county returns two members to Parliament, and is in the 
 Connaught circuit. See Ireland, table. 
 
 Roscommon, par. and mun. and market-tn.. Ire., W. co. R., 
 bar. S. Ballintober, 16^ m. WSW. Longford, on the M. G. W. R. 
 Market-day, S. Par. 9819 ac, P. <35oo; tn. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Roscommon, bar., Ire., co. R., extending NW. from the 
 riv. Shannon. 
 
 Roscommon, vil., U.S., Michigan, cap. R. co., on the Au 
 Sable R., 75 m. NW. by N. Bay City. Alt. 1128 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Roscomroe, par.. Ire., King's co. , bar. Ballybritt, 8 m. SE. 
 Parsonstown ; 5969 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Rosconnell, par.. Ire., cos. Kilkenny and Queen's, bars. 
 Fassadinin, Cullenagh, and Clarmallagh, 4 m. NE. Ballyragget. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Roscor, P.O., Ire., co. Fermanagh, 3 m. E. Belleek stn. 
 
 Roscranu7n, Italy. See Rossano. 
 
 Roscrea, par., civic and market tn.. Ire., cos. King's and 
 Tipperary, bars. Ballybritt, Clonlisk, and Ikerrin, loi m. SSE. 
 Parsonstown, on the G. S. & W. R. The church is on the site 
 of St. Cronan's foundation of the 6th century ; some remains of 
 the abbey still exist; near to it is an ancient round tower. An 
 agricultural centre ; several stock fairs are held annually. Market- 
 days, Th. and S. Par. 10,611 ac. , P. <45oo ; tn. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rosdzln, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and 2 m. ENE. 
 Kattowitz ; has rich deposits of coal. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rose, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 9 m. N. by E. 
 Cosenza, 38 m. N. by W. Catanzaro. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rose, vil., U.S., New York, Wayne co., 31 m. by rail SW. 
 Oswego. P. < 1500. 
 
 Roseacre, vil., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 8 m. E. Black- 
 pool, 3 m. N. by E. Kirkham stn., P.O. See Treales. 
 
 Rose Ashe, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, S. Molton div. , 12 J m. 
 WNW. Tiverton, 3 m. S. Bishop's Nympton and MoUand stn., 
 P.O. (R. Ash) ; 5058 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Roseau, riv., in Minnesota (U.S.) and Manitoba (Canada), 
 flows W. into the Red River of the North, which it enters about 
 10 m. N. by W. Emerson. 
 
 Roseau, or Charlottetowu, tn., W. Indies, on the W. ct. 
 of Dominica, in the S. of the island. Anchorage in 15-25 
 fathoms ; vessels loaded and discharged by i ton canoes ; no 
 
 1307 
 
ROSE — ROSH 
 
 bar or reefs. R. was taken by the English in 1756, retaken by 
 France in 1775, restored to England in 1783, and in 1805 burnt 
 down by a French fleet. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Kosebank, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on the N. Pacific and 
 Manitoba Rly. , 56 m. SW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Kosebank, eccles. par. , Scot. , Forfarshire, Dundee par. P. 
 9400. 
 
 Rosebery, co., Queensland, on the W. frontier, bounded on 
 the S. by 26° S. , and crossed by 140° E. 
 
 Rosebery, co. , S. Australia, N. Terr. , bounded on the E. by 
 132° o' E. , crossed by 13° 45' S. 
 
 Rosebery Reservoir, Scot., Midlothian, 6^ m. S. by W. 
 Dalkeith. 
 
 Rose Blanche, port of entry, Newfoundland, Burgee and 
 La Poile dist. , 225 m. W. St. John's. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rosebrook, postal-stn., Victoria, Villiers co. , 181 m. W. 
 Melbourne by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rosebud, post-tn., Victoria, Mornington co. , on S. shore of 
 Port Phillip Bay, 41 m. S. by W. Melbourne, in 38° 20' S. and 
 145° 38' E. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Rosebnrg, city, U.S., Oregon, cap. Douglas co., on Umpqua 
 R., 95 m. NE. by N. of the SW. corner of the state. Alt. 485 
 ft. (R.R.); signal station, 537 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). Mean 
 temp. {15 yrs.), yr. 52.4° F., Jan. 40.8°, July 66.5°; mean rfall. 
 (9 yrs.), 34.62 in. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rosebush, stn. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, on the Fishguard and 
 N. Pembrokeshire Rly., 8 m. ESE. Fishguard, at the base of 
 the Preceley Top. 
 
 Rosedale, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Victoria co. , 6 m. from 
 Coboconk, which is 87 m. WSW. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rosedale, city, U.S., Kansas, Wyandotte co., 3 m. SSW. 
 Kansas City. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rosedale, post-tn. , Victoria, Buln Buln co. , 16 m. W. by S. 
 Sale. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Rosedale Abbey, vil., Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 
 15 m. SW. by W. Whitby, on the Seven, 6i m. NNE. Kirby 
 Moorside stn. , in the par. of Rosedale East Side ; has ironstone 
 and coal mines. PMT.O. Par. 5394 ac. , P. < 1000. Rosedale 
 West Side, par. adjoining Rosedale East Side, P. <75o. 
 
 Ro.seden, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., 11^ m. NW. by W. Alnwick, i^ m. NW. Wooperton stn. 
 P. <:250. 
 
 Rosedene, or Vienna, vil., Canada, Ontario, Monck co., 12 
 m. from St. Catharines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Roseg Piz, peak of the Alps, Bernina group, on frontier of 
 Swiss cant. Grisons and Italian prov. Sondrio. Alt. 12,880 ft. 
 
 Rosegreen, tnld,, Ire., S. co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 
 4 m. SSE. Cashel, P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Rose drove, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Burnley, on L. & Y. R. 
 Rosehall, vil., Scot., on S. border of Sutherland, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Oykell, 7 m. WSW. of the foot of Loch Shin, PM.O. 
 
 Rosehearty, fishing vil. , Scot. , E, Aberdeenshire, on the N. 
 ct., 4 m. W. Fraserburgh, PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rose Hill, stn., Eng., Cheshire, on the M. S. & L. R., at 
 Marple. 
 
 Rosehill, vil. , Mauritius, near the W. ct. , to the S. of Port 
 Louis. 
 
 Roseland, penin., Eng., Cornwall, between Gerrans Bay and 
 Falmouth Harboiu-. 
 
 . Roseland, vil., U.S., Illinois, Cook co., near Chicago. 
 P. < 1500. West Roseland, adjoining vil. , P. <:i5oo. 
 Roseland, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Adams co. P. < 1500. 
 Roseile, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Union co., 7 m. SW. 
 Newark. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rosemarket, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 4 m. ENE. Mil- 
 ford, PM.O. P.<:soo. 
 
 Rosemarkle, par., Scot., Ross-shire, on R. Bay, Moray 
 Firth, 7 m. S. by W. Cromarty, P.O.; 6675 ac. P. < 1500. 
 See Fortrose. 
 
 Rosemary Island, W. Australia. See Dampier Archi- 
 pelago. 
 
 Rosemodrls Circle, or The Merry Maidens, stone circle, 
 Eng., Cornwall, St. Buryan par., 5 m. SW. Penzance, 76 ft. in 
 diameter, formed by 19 stones. 
 
 Roseniont, vil., Canada, Ontario, Dufferin co., 47 m. NW. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Roseniount, P.O., Ire., co. Antrim, 3 m. from Ballymoney 
 station. 
 
 Rosemonnt, eccles. par., Scot., Aberdeen. P. 11,800. 
 Rosemonut, stn., Scot., Perthshire, on the C. R., par. and 
 ij m. SE. Blairgowrie. 
 
 RosemuUion Head, cape, Eng., on the S. ct. of Cornwall, 
 3 m. S. by W. Falmouth. 
 
 Rosenallis, par. and tn., Ire., NW. Queen's co., bar. Tinna- 
 hinch, 8 m. NNW. Maryborough, 3 m. WNW. Mountmellick 
 stn., P.O. Par. 14,120 ac., P. <350o; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Rosenau (German, Hungarian Rozsnyd), tn. with magistracy, 
 N. Hungary, Gomor, 35 m. W. Kaschau ; iron, copper, lead, 
 nickel, and antimony mined here ; has mineral springs ; seat 
 of a bishop. Alt. 1030 ft. P. < 5000. 
 1308 
 
 Rosenau, vil., SE. Hungary, Transylvania, co. and 6 m. 
 WSW. Kronstadt. Alt. 2280 ft. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Rosenberg, Hungary. See Riizsahegy. 
 
 Rosenberg, or Rosenberg in Oberschlesien, tn. , Prussia, 
 prov. Silesia, cap. circle R., 55 m. N. by E. Ratibor. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Rosenberg, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, cap. circle R. , 
 30 m. S. Elbing. P. <3000. 
 
 Rosendael, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and i m. ENE. 
 Dunkirk, on the North Sea ; much frequented for sea-bathing. 
 P. 7300. 
 
 Rosendale, vil. , U.S., New York, Ulster co. , on Rondout 
 Creek and Delaware and Hudson Canal, 8 m. by rail S. King- 
 ston ; has good limestone quarries, and manufacture of hydraulic 
 cement. P. < 2000. 
 
 Roseneath, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Northumberland co., 20 
 m. from Cobourg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Roseneath, par. and vil., Scot., Dumbartonshire, on the 
 SW. shore of Gare Loch, on Roseneath Bay, 2^ m. W. by N, 
 Helensburgh; has a quay. PMT.O. 8461 ac. P. <25oo. 
 Roseneath Point, cape, 2 m. SSE., on the Firth of Clyde. 
 
 Roseufeld, stn. , Canada, Manitoba, 50 m. SSW. Winnipeg, 
 at the junction of two branches of the C. P. R. , with a salt 
 well. 
 
 Rosenheim, the ancient Pons CEnii, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, 
 govt. Upper Bavaria, on the 1. bk. of the Inn, 32 m. SE. by E. 
 Munich ; has brine-baths, the brine led in pipes from Reichen- 
 hall, near the extreme SE. of Bavaria, a distance of 36 m. direct. 
 Alt. 1465 ft. P. (i84o)<400o; (1890) 10,100. 
 
 Rosenthal, tn. , Austria. See RozmitAl. 
 
 Rosenthal, vil. , Ger., kgd. Sa.xony, circle Dresden, 9^ m. 
 SE. Pirna. To the S. is the hydropathic establishment of 
 Schweizer Miihle, much frequented. P. <2C)oo. 
 
 Rosenthal, or Rosenthal bei Kassel, tn., Prussia, prov. 
 Hesse-Nassau, circle Frankenberg, 12J m. NNE. Marburg. P. 
 
 <2O0O. 
 
 Rosenthal, tp. , S. Australia, Light co., 27 m. NNE. Ade- 
 laide, 18 m. SW. by S. Kapunda. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rose Point, Canada. See Rosa Spit. 
 
 Rose Point, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lawrence co. , 37 m. 
 N. by W. Pittsburg, and 8 m. E. by S. Newcastle, in a region 
 rich in iron and coal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Roseres, or Rosaires, tn. , eastern Sudan, on r. bk. of the 
 Bahr-el-Azrek, 135 m. SSE. Sennar. 
 
 Rose's Lane Ends, P.O. , Ire. , co. Antrim, 5 m. from Crumlin. 
 
 Roseto Valportore, comm. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 25 m. 
 WSW. Foggia. P. 5500. 
 
 Rosetta, or Rashid, tn., Egypt, on the 1. bk. of the Rosetta 
 arm of the Nile, near its mouth, 33 m. ENE. Alexandria ; 
 founded 870. The famous ' Rosetta stone,' now in the British 
 Museum, which furnished Champollion with the key to decipher 
 the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics, was excavated in 1799 about 
 2 m. NW. the town. The most important rice-market of Egypt. 
 P. 16,700. 
 
 Rose Valley, vU. , Canada, Prince Edward Island, Queen's 
 CO., 16 m. from Summerside. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Rosevears, post-tn., Tasmania, Devon co. , on Tamar R., 
 II m. from Launceston by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Roseville, vil., Canada, Ontario, Waterloo co., 8 m. from 
 Berlin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Roseville, vil. , U.S. , Illinois, Warren co. , 82 m. NW. Spring- 
 field; has coal-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rose Ville, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Traill co., 46 m. 
 NW. Fargo. 
 
 Roseville, vil., U.S., Ohio, Muskingum co., 50 m. E. by S. 
 Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Roseivame, PT.O., Eng., Cornwall, 4m. from Copperhouse. 
 
 Rose-water, postal-tp. , S. Australia, co. and 9 m. SE. Ade- 
 laide by road and rail. P. -cisoo. 
 
 Roseweli, vil, Scot., Midlothian, 4 m. SW. Dalkeith, i m. 
 E. Rosslyn Castle stn. ; coal mined. PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rosewood, vil. and rly stn., Queensland, Stanley co., 26 m. 
 SW. Brisbane. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rosevcorthy, postal-tp., S. Australia, Gawler co. , 28 m. N. 
 by E. Adelaide, on the Roseworthy Rly., 18 m. SW. Kapunda ; 
 contains a government agriculture college. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rosglass, small harb.. Ire., on E. side of Dundrum Bay, 
 CO. Down. 
 
 Rosguil, penin.. Ire., N. ct. co. Donegal, between Sheep 
 Haven and Mulroy Bay. 
 
 Roshan', princip. of the Pamirs, central Asia, nominally a 
 vassal state of Badakshan, between the Murghab and the Gund, 
 r. bk. tribs. of the Amu-daria, crossed by 38° N. and 72° E. ; 
 cap. Kala-i-Wamar (or Vamar). 
 
 Rosheim, tn., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle Molsheim, 14 m. 
 WSW. Strassburg ; has a mineral spring and gypsum quarries. 
 R. was an imperial city from the loth to the 17th centuries, and 
 was burnt and sacked by Count Mansfeld, 1622. P. <4000. 
 
 Rosherville, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Northfleet par., on 
 the L. C. & D. R. P. <20oo. See Gravesend. 
 
 Roshra, tn. , Brit. India. See Rusera. 
 
ROSI — ROSS 
 
 Rosl^res, tn. , France, dep. Somme, arr. Montdidier, 19 m. 
 ESE. Amiens; important manufacture of hosiery. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Roslires-anx-Sallnes, tn. , France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, 
 arr. and 8 m. W. Lun^ville, on the 1. bk. of the Meurthe ; im- 
 portant salt-works. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Ko8lgiiauo, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Pisa, 12 m. SSE. 
 Leghorn ; alabaster quarried. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Koi^il (or Ko^lorl) de Vede, tn., Roumania, prov. Teleor- 
 man, on riv. Vede, 58 m. WSW. Bukarest. P. 6100. 
 
 Roslta, silver-mining vil. , U.S., Colorado, cap. Custer co. , 
 114 m. S. by W. Denver. Alt. 9000 ft. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Roskeeii, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, on riv. Black- 
 water, 5 m. SE. Kanturk. P. <25o. 
 
 Roskilde, or Roeskllde, tn., Denmark, on N. ct. of See- 
 land, prov. and 20 m. W. by S. Copenhagen. The cathedral, 
 built 1074-84, was rebuilt in the 12th century, and was the 
 burial-place of the kings of Denmark. R. was the ancient cap. 
 of the kingdom. P. 5900. 
 
 Roskllde Fjord, an E. branch of the Ise Fjord, runs 6 m. 
 ENE. , then S. for 22 m. Breadth, 2^-4^ m. 
 Roslngeii, dist. , Sweden, inS. of prov. Stockholm, on the Baltic. 
 Roslavl, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 67 m. by rail SSE. 
 Smolensk, on Orel-Riga Rly. and highroad from St. Peters- 
 burg to Warsaw, near Oster R. ; trade in corn, hemp, linseed, 
 hides, &c. P. 11,000. 
 
 Roslea, PM.O. , Ire., co. Fermanagh, 5 m. NE. Clones stn. 
 Rosley with Wood.slde, eccles. par., Eng. , Cumberland, 
 Penrith div. , 8^ m. SW. by S. Carlisle, 2J m. S. Curthwaite 
 stn. P. <:75o. 
 
 Rosllii, stn. , Scot. , Midlothian, on the N. B. R. See Roslyn. 
 RosUston, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 4 m. S. by W. 
 Burton, 2^ m. WSW. Gresley stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 Roslyit, New Zealand. See Dniietllii. 
 
 Roslyii, Rosliii, or Hosslyn ( ' the projecting point on the 
 pool'), vil., Scot., Midlothian, on the N. Esk, 4i m. SW. by 
 W. Dalkeith, with a stn. (Rosliu) on the N. B. R. ; has ruins 
 of a castle destroyed by the English in 1544, and the celebrated 
 Roslyn Chapel, noted for its beautifully carved pillar known as 
 ' the apprentice's pillar,' built in 1445, and now restored. PMT.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Roslyn, vil., U.S., New York, Queen's co. , Long I., N. ct., 
 20 m. ENE. Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Roslyn, tn., U.S., Washington, Kittitass co. , 90 m. E. by 
 N. Olympia. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Rosnialen, vil, Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 3 m. NE. 
 Bois-le-Duc. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 Rosniead, electoral div. , Ire. , Westmeath, dist. Clonmellon. 
 Rosmoylan, electoral div., Ire., co. Galway, dist. Athleague. 
 Rosnaklll, tnld. , Ire., N. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 19 m. NW. by N. Londonderry, 17 m. from Letterkenny stn., 
 P.O. (Rossnaklll). P. <25o. 
 Rosnalee, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Boherboy. 
 Rosuy-»$ous-Bols, tn. , France, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, 2 m. 
 NE. Vincennes. P. <30oo. 
 
 Rosny-sur-Seliie, vil., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. and 
 3I m. WNW. Mantes, on the 1. bk. of the Seine ; has a castle 
 erected by the famous Duke de Sully, who was born here in 1560, 
 now used as an historical and art museum. P. <2ooo. 
 
 RosoUui, comm., Sicily, prov. and 25 m. SW. Syracuse. 
 P. 7500. 
 
 Rosonian, tn., Turkey in Europe, vilayet Salonica, on riv. 
 Tsrna, 44 m. NE. Monastir. P. <3000 ; Christians, 700. 
 
 Rosport, vil., gd. -duchy of Luxemburg, on the Sauer, 21 m. 
 NE. by E. Luxemburg. P. <c2ooo. 
 
 Rosqne, Lock, or Loch Clirolsg, lake, Scot., Ross-shire, 
 about 57° 35' N., 3 m. long, drained E. by the riv. Bran. 
 
 Rosratli, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 10 m. E. by S. Cologne, 
 circle Mtilheim ; lead and zinc are mined here. P. (comm. ) 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Rosroe, Longli, small lake, Ire., in the SE. of co. Clare, 15^ 
 m. W. by S. Killaloe. 
 Hoss, Gaelic, ' a promontory ' or ' isthmus." See Ro.s. 
 Ross, vil., Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co., 19 m. from Sand 
 Point, which is 45 m. from Ottawa. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ross, pari. div. , Eng. , forming the S. of Herefordshire. P. 
 49,900. 
 
 Ross, market-tn. and par., Eng., Herefordshire, dist. R. , on 
 a rocky eminence above the Wye, 12 m. SE. Hereford, on the 
 G. W.R. ; trade in cider. Pope's hues on the 'Man of Ross" 
 (John Kyle, died 1724) have rendered the name of this place 
 familiar to students of English literature. Alt. Rocklands 
 Observatory, no ft.; The Graig Observatory, 215 ft. Mean 
 annual rfall. (1866-89), Rocklands Observatory, 35.99 in. ; The 
 Graig Observatory, 31.57 in. Market-day, Th. Tn. P. <40oo ; 
 par. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ross, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 13 m. SE. 
 Berwick-upon-Tweed, i m. N. of Budle Bay, 2 m. NE. Belford 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ross, small isl, Indian Ocean, off E. ct. of Andaman I. See 
 Port Blair. 
 
 Ross, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bars. Carbery East, W. div., and 
 Ibane and Barryroe, contains Ross Carbery town ; 13,350 ac. 
 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Ross, electoral div., Ire., Fermanagh, dist. Ely. 
 Ross, par., Ire., co. Galway, bar. R., between Loughs Corrib 
 and Mask, 11 m. NW. Oughterard ; 53,364 ac. P. < 4000. 
 
 Ross, small harb., Ire., co. Mayo, on E. side of Broad 
 Haven. 
 
 Ross, P.O., Ire., co. Meath, 3 m. SW. Mount Nugent. 
 Ross, electoral div., Ire., co. Waterford, dist. Rathgormuck. 
 Ross, tn., Ire., co. Wexford. See New Ross. 
 Ross, tn. , New Zealand, South I., Westland co., 35 m. SW. 
 by S. Greymouth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ross, tp. , Tasmania, Somerset co. , 45 m. SSE. Launceston ; 
 
 the best building-stone in Tasmania is quarried here. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ross, CO. , U.S. , Ohio, in the S., N. of39°N., crossed by 83° W. 
 
 Ross, settlement, U.S., S. Carolina, Colleton co. , 37 m. 
 
 NW. Charleston. 
 
 Ross, Little, isl. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, Borgue par. P. 8. 
 
 Ross, Lougli, Ire. , cos. Armagh and Monaghan, 4 m. SE. 
 
 Castleblayney. 
 
 Ross, Loagb, small lake, Ire., in the W. of co. Fermanagh, 
 6 m. W. by N. Enniskillen, drained into the riv. Erne. 
 Ross, Lough, Ire., co. Galway, 5 m. SE. Oughterard. 
 Ross, West, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 6 m. from Castlebar stn. 
 Rossall Point, cape, Eng., in the NW. of Lancashire, in 
 53° 55' ^- ' ^ n^- ^- t>y S. Fleetwood. 
 
 Ross and Bnrnmonth, vil. , Scot., Berwickshire, on the E. 
 ct. , on Ross Bay, 5 m. NNW. Berwick-upon-Tweed, with a stn. 
 (Bnrnmonth) on the N. B. R. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Ross and Cromarty, co. , Scot. , extending from the German 
 Ocean to the Atlantic, 'Cromarty' [q.v-), consisting of several 
 detached portions throughout Ross. Both, together with the 
 small dist. of Ferintosh (formerly in Nairnshire), form one county 
 since 1891. Ross includes in the Hebrides the N. and greater 
 part of Lewis, besides Bernera, Orensay, Pabbay, and some 
 smaller islands. Both the E. and W. coasts are much indented, 
 the W. being more attractive to lovers of scenery ; interesting 
 spots are Loch Maree and the cataract of Glomach, 370 ft. 
 Geologically, the NW. mainly gneiss, schists, and other crystal- 
 line rocks, with red conglomerates and sandstones forming 
 picturesque ranges. Along the E. ct. the schists are covered 
 with Old Red Sandstone formations. The only considerable 
 stretches of level ground are towards E. Elsewhere lofty ranges 
 rise frequently to over 3000 ft. , such as Cam Eige (3877 ft. ) and 
 Mam Soul (3862 ft.) on the Inverness-shire border; Ben Wyvis 
 (3429 ft.), though detached, Ben Attow (3383 ft.), and Ben 
 Slioch (3217 ft.) overlooking Loch Maree. Ross was not made 
 a county till 1661, but the earldom dates from Malcolm IV. 
 The glens and low grounds are fertile. For agricultural statistics, 
 see Appendix, pp. 10-12. County town Dingwall, not far from 
 which is the health-resort of Strathpeffer. Area, 2,003,065 ac. 
 (land, 1,976,400 ac). P. (1891)77,800. 
 
 Rossano, the ancient Roscianum, comm., Italy, Calabrie, 
 prov. Cosenza, 46 m. N. Catanzaro ; an archbishop's see ; 
 cultivates olive-oil and silk. P. 18,000. 
 
 Rossan Point, cape. Ire. , co. Donegal, 2 m. N. Malinmore. 
 Rossard, electoral div., Ire., Wexford, dist. Killann. 
 Rossbacli, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Asch, 17 m. NNW. 
 Eger. P. <c40oo. 
 
 Rossbacli, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Querfurt, 16 m. 
 S. by W. Halle ; lignite mined. Scene of the battle of Rossbach, 
 in which Frederick the Great defeated the French under Marshal 
 Soubise, November 5, 1757. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rossbehy Point, cape. Ire., W. co. Kerry, on the S. side of 
 Dingle Bay. 
 
 Rossberg, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 35 m. ENE. Ratibor, 
 circle and \ m. NE. Beuthen {q.v.) ; codl and lead are mined 
 here. P. 6100. 
 
 Rossl>erg, mt. , Switzd. , on borders of cants. Schwiz and Zug. 
 Alt. 5190 ft. See Goldan. 
 
 Rosscahlll, P.O., Ire., co. Galway, 5 m. from Oughterard, 
 17 m. from Galway stn. 
 
 Ross tarbery, tn., Ire., SW. ct. co. Cork, bar. E. Carbery, 
 W. div., on R. Bay, 5^ m. ENE. Skibbereen, 13 m. frorti 
 Madore stn. Its cathedral is now the parish church ; the see 
 is united to the diocese of Cork and Cloyne ; slate quarried. 
 PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 Rossconor, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Down, dist. Ballynahinch. 
 Ross Corners, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, King's co. , in Bay 
 of Fundy, 24 m. from Kentville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ross Creek, post-stn. , Victoria, Grenville co. , 100 m. NW. 
 Melbourne by road and rail, in 37° 38' S. and 143° 49' E. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Rossdorf, vil., Ger. , gd.-duchy Hesse, circle and 5 m. ESE. 
 Darmstadt, on the Odenwald ; basalt is quarried here. P. <3ooo. 
 Rossdorf, vil., Ger., duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, circle and 13 
 m. NW. Meiningen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rossdrolt, par., Ire., W. co. Wexford, bar. Bantry, 5 m. 
 SW. by W. Enniscorthy; 8166 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 1309 
 
ROSS — ROTA 
 
 Kossdnff, par., Ire., co. Waterford, bar. Gaultiere, on 
 Waterford Harbour, 3 m. N. East Dunmore, P.O. P. <;25o. 
 
 Rossean, vil. and lake port, Canada, Ontario, Muskoka co. , 
 at the N. end of Lake R. , 60 m. NE. by N. Collingwood. 
 
 Rosseaa Lake, lake, Canada, Ontario, communicates in the 
 S. with Lake Muskoka. 
 
 Rossel, isl. , Pacific. See Lonlslade Arcbipelago. 
 
 Rossel, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, cap. circle R., 53 m. 
 SSE. Konigsberg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Riisselberg, mt., on the borders of Austrian and Prussian 
 Silesia, in the NW., 51 m. NW. by W. Troppau, 14 m. SE. by 
 E. Glatz. 
 
 Rossendale, pari, div., Eng., in the E. of Lancashire. P. 
 70,600. 
 
 Rosser, stn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R., 15 
 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Rosses, The ('the peninsulas'), dist. , Ire., in the extreme 
 W. of CO. Donegal, in the N. of bar. Boylagh, opposite Aran I., 
 between Gweedore and Trawenagh Bays. 
 
 Rosses, Upper, tn., Ire., NE. ct. co. Sligo, bar. Carbury, 4 
 m. NW. Sligo, P.O. (Rosses Point). P. <5oo. 
 
 Rossett, eccles. par., Wales, Denbighshire and Flintshire, E. 
 div., 5i m. NNE. Wrexham, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. 
 <:i5oo. 
 
 Rossle Island, Scot., Forfarshire, part of Montrose (q.v.). 
 
 Rossleny, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 70 m. NW. Kovno ; 
 formerly chief town of the Lithuanian principality of the 
 Zhmudes ; annexed to Russia in 1795. P. 11,870. 
 
 Rosslgllone, comm. , Italy, Ligfvuia, prov. and 15 m. NW. 
 Genoa. P. <:4000. 
 
 Rosslgnol Lake, Canada, Nova Scotia, Queen's co. , 80 m. 
 SW. by W. Halifax, drained SE. by the riv. Liverpool into the 
 Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Rossln, P.O., Ire., co. Meath, 3 m. from Slane. 
 
 Rosslnan, par. , Ire. , SW. co. Kilkenny, bars. Ida and Knock- 
 topher, 7 m. NNW. Waterford; 4333 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Rosslngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 4J 
 m. SE. Doncaster, on the G. N. R. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rosslnver, par.. Ire., cos. Leitrim and Sligo, bars. Ros- 
 clogher and Carbury, on Lough Melvin and Donegal Bay, 3 m. 
 S. Bundoran stn. , P.O. ; 52,319 ac. P. 8500. 
 
 Ross Island, isl. , Ire. , co. Kerry, in Lower Lake of Killarney. 
 
 Rossltz, coal-mining tn., Austria, Moravia, dist. and 10 m. 
 W. Briinn. P. <:3000. 
 
 Rosskeen, par. , Scot. , Ross-shire, on the N. shore of Cromarty 
 Firth, 6J m. W. Cromarty, near Invergordon stn. ; 33,778 ac. 
 P. <35oo. 
 
 Rossla, or Rossla am Harz, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Saxe- 
 Weimar, on 1. bk. of Ilm R. , 7 m. NE. by E. Weimar. P. <3000. 
 
 Rossla, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Sangerhausen, 22 
 m. W. by S. Eisleben. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rossland, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 1283 
 m. by rail W. Montreal, 141 m. E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Rosslare, par., Ire., co. and 6 m. SE. Wexford, bar. Forth. 
 R. Harbour is formed by a breakwater on the S. side of Wexford 
 Bay, connected by a railway 8f m. long with the town of Wex- 
 ford, on Fishguard and Rosslare Rly. PM.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Rosslare Point, cape, Ire., on the SE. ct. of co. Wexford, 
 the extremity of a long, narrow penin. , at S. of entrance to 
 Wexford Harbour. 
 
 Rosslau, or Rosslan in Anhalt, tn. , Ger. , duchy of Anhalt, 
 5 m. N. Dessau, on r. bk. Elbe, at confluence of riv. Rosslau ; 
 manufactures paper, sealing-wax, machinery, wire-wove fabrics, 
 &c. P. 7600. 
 
 RoBslea, tn., Ire., E. co. Fermanagh, bar. Clankelly, 9 m. 
 W. Monaghan. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rossleben, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Querfurt, 22 m. 
 NNE. Weimar. P, •<3ooo. 
 
 Rosslee, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Carra, 8 m. SE. Castle- 
 bar. P. <; 500. 
 
 Ross Longb, lake. Ire., N. co. Galway, 8J m. NW. Galway. 
 
 Rosslyn, par. , Scot. See Roslyn. 
 
 Rosslyn Castle, stn., Scot., Midlothian, on the N. B. R., 4i 
 m. SW. Dalkeith, P.O. 
 
 Rosslynlee, stn. , Scot., Midlothian, on the N. B. R., 5 m. 
 SW. Dalkeith. 
 
 Rossmlnoge, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. and 5 m. SW. 
 Gorey ; 4549 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Rossnilre, par., Ire., co. Waterford, bars. Decies without 
 Drum and Upperthird, contains part of Kilmacthomas town ; 
 8161 ac. P. <isoo. 
 
 Rossmore, tnld., Ire., SW. co. Cork, bar. E. Carbery, W. 
 div., 20 m. E. Bantry, 6 m. from Ballineen stn., P.O. P. oso. 
 
 Rossniore, electoral div.. Ire., Queen's co. , dist. Carlow. 
 
 Rossniore, electoral div.. Ire., co. Roscommon, dist. Elphin. 
 
 Rossmore, P.O., Ire., co. Tipperary, 5 m. from Dundrum. 
 
 Rossniore Island, Ire., co. Kerry, in Kenmare R., 4 m. SE. 
 Sneem. 
 
 Ross Mount, vil., Canada, Ontario, Durham co., 6 m. from 
 Port Hope. P. < 1500. 
 1310 
 
 Rossnaklll, P. O. , Ire. , co. Donegal. See Rosnaklll. 
 
 RossnoM'lagli, P.O., Ire., S. co. Donegal, bar. Tirhugh, on 
 Donegal Bay, 7 m. SW. by S. Donegal, 4 m. from Bally- 
 shannon stn. 
 
 Ross of Mull, penin. , Scot. , Argyllshire, in the SW. of Mull I. 
 
 Rossorry, par.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, bars. Clanawley and 
 Magheraboy, on Lough Erne, contains part of Enniskillen 
 town ; 7504 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rossosh, vil., Russia, govt, and 105 m. S. by SE. Voronezh ; 
 great fairs. P. 11,000. 
 
 Ross Peak, stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on C. P. R. , 
 1066 ni. by rail from Winnijjeg, 416 m. from Vancouver. 
 
 Rossport, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 880 
 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Rossroe, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Clare, dist. Kilkishen. 
 
 Ross-stalre, Scot. See Ross and Cromarty. 
 
 Ross's View, place with meteorological station in the E. 
 of Jamaica, in 18° 3' N. , 76° 44' W. Alt. 951 ft. Mean temp. 
 (5 yrs., 1869-73), yr. 71.8° F., Jan. 68.4°, July 75.0°. 
 
 Rosstemple, stn., Ire., co. and 12 m. S. by W. Limerick, on 
 the G. S. & W. R., 3 m. S. Croom. 
 
 Rosstrevor, small seapt. tn.. Ire., SW. co. Down, bar. 
 Upper Iveagh, Upper Half (2), 8 m. SE. by S. Newry, on 
 Carlingford Lough, 3 m. from Warrenpoint stn. It is beauti- 
 fully situated at the foot of the Mourne Mts. , and is resorted to 
 by many visitors in summer. PMT.O. (Rostreror). P. <75o. 
 
 RossvlUe, vil., U.S., Illinois, Vermilion co., 66 m. N. by W. 
 Terre Haute (Ind. ) ; has coal deposits. P. <i5oo. 
 
 RossTllle, vil., U.S., Kansas, Shawnee co., on Cross Creek, 
 46 m. by rail W. Lawrence. P. < 1500. 
 
 RossTllle, vil., U.S., New York, Richmond co., on Staten I., 
 15 m. SW. New York. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rosswein, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, on riv. Mulde, dist. Leipzig, 
 14 m. WSW. Meissen ; manufactures cloths. P. 7600. 
 
 Rost, isl., Norway. See Lofoteit Islands. 
 
 Rostellau, par.. Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, on Cork 
 Harbour, 4 m. E. Queenstown, P.O.; 2258 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Rostlierne, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 6A m. NE. 
 Northwich, 3^ m. WSW. Ashley stn., PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rosthwalte, vil., Eng., Cumberland, in the SW. of the 
 Penrith div. , 5 J m. S. Keswick, situated amid grand scenery ; is 
 a favourite tourist centre. PM. O. 
 
 Rostock, tn. and important seapt. , Ger. , prov. Mecklenburg- 
 Schwerin, at the head of the estuary of the Warnow, 32 m. 
 ENE. Wismar. The university, founded in 1419, has a library 
 with 150,000 volumes, an observatory, and station for agricul- 
 tural experiments. R. has manufactures of hardware, machinery, 
 tobacco, carriages, chemicals, &c. Has a wet dock in riv. 
 Warnow ; depth in harbour at quayside, 14-15 ft. At one time 
 it belonged to Denmark, in 1323 it came into the hands of Meck- 
 lenburg, and until 1430 it belonged to the Hansa. Birthplace 
 of Bliicher (1742-1819), of whom there is a statue in the Bliicher- 
 platz. P. (1810)11,000; (1890)44,400. 
 
 Rosto de Cilo, tn., Azores Is., in the S. ct. of St. Michael 
 (Sao Miguel) I. P. (comm. )<5ooo. 
 
 Roston, P. O. , Eng. , Derbyshire, 4J m. SW. Ashbourne. 
 
 Rostov, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 36 m. SW. Yaroslavl, on 
 highroad to Moscow, on Lake Rostov or Nero. One of the 
 oldest towns of NE. Russia, mentioned in annals under 862. 
 Has several old churches and monasteries ; carries on painting 
 of sacred pictures, saddle-making, kitchen gardening. Great 
 fair for textiles manufactured in neighbouring region, colours, 
 and grocery goods. P. 17,250. 
 
 RostOT-on-Don, dist. tn. and seapt., Russia, prov. Don 
 Cossacks, on r. bk. of Don, 25 m. above its entrance into Sea 
 of Azov ; has a mixed population of Russians, Jews, Greeks, 
 Germans, Armenians, Italians, &c. ; chief port of the Don, the 
 importance of which is increased by its standing on the chief 
 highroads to the E. and S. , and at the head of the Caucasian 
 railway to Novorossiysk and Petrovsk. Considerable export of 
 corn, linseed, oleaginous grains, wool, tallow, and iron, as also 
 important coast trade ; manufactures beginning to develop ; 
 trade in agricultural machinery ; great fairs ; important fishing, 
 and considerable export of fish, gelatine, &c. P. rapidly in- 
 creasing (1866) 39,000 ; (1891) 8i,72q. 
 
 Rostrevor, PMT.O., Ire. See Rosstrevor. 
 
 Rostnrk, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 7 m. W. Newport. 
 
 Ros Vand, lake, Norway, prov. Nordland, 65° 45' N. , 14° o' E. , 
 drained N. then W. into the Ranen Fjord ; is second only in size 
 to Lake Mjosen. Alt. 1380 ft.; depth, 790 ft.; area, in sq. m. 
 (Dr. Broch), or 137 sq. m. (according to Strelbitsky). 
 
 Roswell, tn. , U.S. , Georgia, Cobb co. , 19 m. N, Atlanta. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Roswell, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Miner co., 80 m. N. 
 by W. Yankton. 
 
 Rosyth Castle, ruins, Scot. , Fife, on the Firth of Forth, 3 m. 
 SSE. Dunfermline, 2 m. W. Inverkeithing stn. ; said by tradition 
 to have been the birthplace of the mother of Oliver CromwelL 
 
 Rota, or Sarpan, W. Pacific, one of the Ladrone Is., in 
 14° 9' N, , 145° 8' E. 
 
ROTA — ROT T 
 
 Rota, comm. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 6 m. NW. Cadiz, 
 dist. Puerto de Santa Maria, on the coast. P. 7900. 
 
 Rotentiiirg, or Koteii1>urg an der Fulda, tn., Prussia, prov. 
 Hesse-Nassau, cap. circle R., on the Fulda, 25 m. SSE. Kassel, 
 in circle R. P. <:3000. 
 
 Koteiibiirg, or Roteubnrg In Hanover, vil. , Prussia, prov. 
 Hanover, 25 m. E. Bremen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Roteturm Pass. See Carpathians. 
 
 RotU, tn., Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle Franconia, 15 m. 
 S. Niirnberg. P. <;40oo. 
 
 Rotha, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, on riv. Pleisse, circle and 10 
 m. S. by E. Leipzig. P. <3000. 
 
 Rothaargeblrge, mts. , Prussia. See Westplialla. 
 
 Rothan, vil., Ger., prov. Alsace-Lorraine, circle and 13 m. 
 SW. Molsheim ; manufactures cottons ; tourist centre for Hoh- 
 wald, Rossberg, Ban de la Roche, Donon, &c. P. (comm.) 
 <:20oo. 
 
 Rotliay (ro'dhe), small stream, Eng. , Westmorland, rises on 
 Dunmail Raise, flows through Grasmere and Rydal Water, and 
 joins the Brathay about i m. above the head of Windermere. 
 
 Rotlibary, par., Eng., Northumberland, in the NE. of the 
 Hexham div. , on the Coquet, 11 m. SW. by W. Alnwick, on 
 the Morpeth branch of the N. B. R. ; is a delightfully situated 
 summer resort. Market-day, F. 6251 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rotheubnrg, or Rothenburg an der Tauber, city, Ger. , 
 kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle Franconia, 30 m. SSE. Wiirz- 
 burg ; manufactures agricultural machinery and toys. It was 
 made an imperial free city in 1172; suffered greatly in the 
 peasants' revolt in 1525, and in the Thirty Years' War. P. 
 (1840)5200; (1890)6400. 
 
 Rothenburg, or Rotheubnrg an der Oder, tn., Prussia, 
 prov. Silesia, circle Grtinberg, 37 m. NW. Glogau, 3 m. S. of the 
 Oder. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rotheitburg, or Rotheitburg in der Oberlausitz, tn. , 
 Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. circle R. , 13 m. N. Gorlitz. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rothenburg, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 3^ m. NN W. Lucerne. 
 
 P. <2O0O. 
 
 Rothendltniold, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle 
 and ^ m. W. Kassel. P. <40oo. 
 
 Rotheufels, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy and circle Baden, 5 m, 
 SE. Rastatt, on the Murg; mineral springs and bathing estab- 
 lishment. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Rother, riv., Eng., Sussex, rises in the extreme W. of the 
 county, in the Horsham div., and flows E. through that div. 
 past Midhurst to the Arun, which it joins on the r. bk. i m. 
 above Pulborough ; navigable to Midhurst. 
 
 Rother, riv., Eng., Sussex, rising in and flowing E. and S. 
 through the Rye div. into the English Channel at Rye Bay, 
 about 2 m. below Rye. Its lower course is connected by a 
 military canal with Hythe, in Kent. 
 
 Rotherbauni, N. suburb of Hamburg, Ger. P. 21,400. 
 
 Rotherbrldge, Eng., Sussex. See Robertsbrldge. 
 
 Rotherby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 5 m. W. 
 by S. Melton Mowbray, between Brooksby and Frisby stns., 
 P.O. P. <25o. SeeHoby. 
 
 Rotherfleld, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 6 m. SSW. 
 Tunbridge Wells, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O.; 14,731 ac. 
 P. 5100. 
 
 Rotherfleld Greys and Rotherfleld Peppard, two adjoining 
 pars. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, div. and 2 m. W. Henley, 5J m. N. 
 Reading. R. Greys, P.O., P. <300o; R. Peppard, P. <;5oo. 
 
 Rotherham, mun. bor. (since 1871), par., and market-tn., 
 Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, R. div., 6 m. NE. Sheffield, in the 
 diocese of York, on the Don, at the junction of the Rother, with 
 stns. on the M. R. and M. S. & L. R.; has abundance of coal 
 and ironstone ; blast-furnaces, and important manufactures of 
 iron and brass ; important seat of stove grate manufacture ; 
 also manufactures glass, pottery, soap, and cordage. Alt. 260 ft. 
 Mean rfall. (1866-80), 28 in. P. (1871) 25,100; (1891) 42,100; 
 pari. div. P. 78,600. 
 
 Rotherham, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Amuri co., 79 
 m. from Christchurch by road and rail. P. <isoo. 
 
 Rotherhlthe, or Redrlff, ancient Rethrahythe ('the haven 
 for horned cattle'), part of London, Eng., Southwark bor. (to 
 one of the divs. of which it gives name), on the r. bk. of the 
 Thames, 2 m. SE. by E. St. Paul's, London, on the G. E. and 
 East London, Metropolitan, and Metropolitan District Rlys. 
 Pari. div. P. 73,900. 
 
 Rothersthorpe, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 
 3^ m. SW. Northampton, i^m. NNW. Blisworth stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rotherthnrni (or Roteturm) Pass. See Carpathians. 
 
 Rotherwlcrk, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 5 m. ENE. 
 Basingstoke, i^ m. N. Hook stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rothes, par. , Scot. , Elginshire and Banffshire, at the head of 
 the Glen of Rothes, 9 m. SE. Elgin, on the G. N. of S. R. ; 
 there are three distilleries. PMT.O. 19,816 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Rothes, Glen of, narrow valley stretching 5 m. NW. by 
 N. from Rothes. 
 
 Rothesay, royal burgh, par., and tn. , Scot., picturesquely 
 situated on R. Bay, in the middle of Bute I., E. side. R. is 
 
 modernly built, and protected by hills ; has a mild climate ; it 
 is much resorted to by sea-bathers and invalids ; there is a good 
 harbour (9-14 ft. deep alongside quay at low water) and fisheries. 
 Near the centre of the town are the ruins of R. Castle, founded 
 in the nth century. Mean rfall. (1866-85), SO-S^in. Par. 6083 
 ac. , P. 9300 ; royal burgh and tn. P. 9100. 
 
 Rothhaargebirge, mts., Prussia. See Westphalia. 
 
 Rothlemay, par., Scot., on the S. border of Banffshire, on 
 1. bk. of the Deveron, 5^ m. N. by E. Huntly, 2 m. NE. by N. 
 of its stn. on the G. N. of S. R., PMT.O.; 9365 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rothleniurchus, eccles. par., Scot., Inverness-shire, on the 
 r. bk. of the Spey, 9^ m. NE. by E. Kingussie, 2 m. SSW. 
 Aviemore stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rotltle \'ormau, vil., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 9 m. N. by 
 W. Inverurie, on the G. N. of S. R., PM.O. 
 
 Roth Kosteletz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Neustadt, xo\ 
 m. SE. by E. Trautenau. P. <;40oo. 
 
 Rothkreuz, hamlet, Switzd., cant, and 4 m. WSW. Zug. 
 
 Rothley, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Loughborough div., 
 5 m. N. Leicester, 2 m. SW. Sileby stn., PT.O. P. «ci50o; 
 eccles. par. (R. with Caldwell, Wykeham, and Keyham) 
 P. <:i500. 
 
 Rothley, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the E. border of 
 the Hexham div. , loj m. W. by N. Morpeth, i m. NNE. Scots 
 Gap stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Rothsay, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, King's co. , 9 m. N. 
 St. John. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rothwasser, tn., Austria, Moravia, dist. Hohenstadt, 38 m. 
 NW. Olmiitz, and 4^ m. S. by W. Grulich. Alt. 2210 ft. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Rothwasser, or Rothwasser In der Oberlausltz, vil., 
 Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and 12 m. NE. by E. Gorlitz ; coal 
 mined. P. <:3000. 
 
 Rothwell, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., lo m. 
 WSW. Grimsby, 4 m. ENE. Holton stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Rothwell, or Rowell, small tn. and par. , Eng. , Mid div. of 
 Northamptonshire, 9J m. NNW. Wellingborough, 2 m. S. by 
 E. Desborough stn. ; manufactures boots and shoej, agricultural 
 implements, corsets, and clothing. PMT.O. P. <35oo; eccles. 
 par. (R. with Ortou) P. < 3500, 
 
 Rothwell, tn. and par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Nor- 
 manton div., 4J m. SE. by S. Leeds, ij m. W. by S. Woodles- 
 ford stn. P. 6200. 
 
 Rothwell, tn. , Victoria. See Little River. 
 
 Rotomagus, city, France. See Roueu. 
 
 Rotomahaua, small hot lake. New Zealand, North I., long 
 famed for its beautiful sinter terraces. See Tarawera, mt. 
 
 Rotouda, tn., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 49 m. S. by E. 
 Potenza. P. <30oo. 
 
 Rotondella, comm., Italy, Basihcata, prov. Potenza, 42 m. 
 SW. by W. Taranto. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rotondo, Monte ('round mountain'), mt. , Italy, in the Apen- 
 nines, 42 m. ESE. Perugia ; highest peak of the Monti Sibillini. 
 Alt. 6900 ft. See also Corsica. 
 
 Rotorna, co.. New Zealand, North I., intersected N. by 38° 
 S. , and W. by 176° E. 
 
 Rotorua, lake. New Zealand, North I., in R. co., S. of 38° 
 S., E. of 176° E. 
 
 Rotorua, post-tn. , New Zealand. See Ohluemntn. 
 
 Rotouma, or Rotnma, isl. , Polynesia, 294 m. NNW. 
 Vanua Levu I., Fiji Archipelago, in 13° 32' S. , 177° 11' E. ; dis- 
 covered by Captain Edwards, 1791. Area, 14 sq. m. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rotschmnnd, vil. , Switzd. See Rougemont. 
 
 Rotsea, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div. , 14^ 
 m. N. Hull, 2 m. E. by S. Hutton Cranswick stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Rottal, Scot., Forfarshire, 12J m. NNW. Forfar, 9^ m. N. 
 by W. Kirriemuir stn. 
 
 Rottenburg, or Rottenbnrg am Neckar, tn., Ger., kgd. 
 Wiirtemberg, on the 1. bk. of the Neckar, 6 m. SW. by W. 
 Tiibingen. After Nuremberg, R. has the largest trade in hops 
 in S. Germany. Belonged to Austria from 1381, ceded to 
 Wiirtemberg in 1805. Alt. 1150 ft. P. (1818) 5100 ; (1890) 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Rotten Island, isl. , Ire. , co. Donegal, on E. side of Killybegs 
 Bay. 
 
 Rottenmann, tn., Austria, Styria, dist. Liezen, 36 m. WNW. 
 Leoben. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Rotterdam, isls. See Namuka. 
 
 Rotterdam, the most important commercial city of the 
 Netherlands, prov. S. Holland, at the confluence of the Rotte 
 with the Meuse or Maas, 40 m. SSW. Amsterdam, lat. 50° 54' 
 N. , long. 4° 29' E. The city is built in the form of a triangle, 
 one side of which is parallel with the Maas. The Boompjes, a 
 fine quay, extends i^ m. along the river, and is shaded by a 
 row of elms. A dyke extends through the middle of the city, 
 and protects the central parts from inundation. The Hoog 
 Straat (High Street) is built on the dam which embanks the 
 Maas, and separates the new from the old town. The new 
 quarter, Willemskade, with handsome residences, has been 
 built since i860, on ground gained from the riv, Maas. The 
 
 1311 
 
R O T T — R O U M 
 
 principal streets are intersected by canals, which are lined with 
 trees and crossed by drawbridges. The principal features of 
 interest are the cathedral church of St. Lawrence (which is built 
 of brick in the Gothic style, and contains the tombs of De Witt, 
 Cortenaer, Van Brakel, and other illustrious Dutchmen ; the 
 Boymans' museum ; an academy of art and science ; botanic and 
 zoological gardens ; the central prison of the Netherlands ; many 
 superior schools ; and statues of Erasmus, born here in 1467, 
 the poet Tollens, and the statesman Hogendorp. The prin- 
 cipal commercial emporium of Holland, R. is credited with 
 two-thirds of the total trade of the country. Vessels drawing 
 22 ft. can approach the city at low tide by way of the New 
 Waterway (Maas and Scheur) and the canal recently cut to 
 t^e sea through the Hook of Holland. Besides the superb quays 
 on the Meuse and the Koningshavn (King's Haven), nearly 4 m. , 
 with various depths (at the Boompjes 23.6 ft. ordinary low 
 water), there are numerous basins in open communication with 
 the river. The petroleum docks are on the 1. bk. of the Meuse, 
 opposite Delfshavn. R. is one of the first markets of the world 
 for grain, coffee, tobacco, indigo, and petroleum. The exp)orts 
 are the products of the industrial towns of the Netherlands and 
 E. Germany, as well as cattle and agricultural produce of all 
 kinds for the London markets. R. is one of the principal emigra- 
 tion ports of the Continent, whence sail 5000 to 15,000 jjersons 
 every year, the majority for the United States. Its canals admit 
 vessels of upwards of 1000 tons burden ; and a ship-canal has 
 been cut across the isl. of Voorn. R. has regular communica 
 tion by steamers with New York, Batavia, London, Hull, Leith, 
 HavTe, Hamburg, and the ports on the Rhine. The principal 
 industries are steamboat building, founding, shipbuilding (yards 
 at Feijenoord), , sugar -refining, distilling, chemical products, 
 margarine, chocolate, fire-engines, furniture, straw hats, clocks, 
 and te.xtiles. James, Duke of Monmouth, and Grinling Gibbons, 
 the wood-engraver, were born here. Mean temp., Jan. 35.6° F., 
 July 66.2°. P. (comm.) 209,000. 
 
 Rotttaausen, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 5 m. NE. 
 Essen ; coal is mined here. P. 8000. 
 
 RoUt, or liOte, isl.. Eastern Archipelago, SW. of Timor L, 
 of which it is an administrative dependency. Highest alt. under 
 800 ft.; coral reefs at an alt. of 150-200 ft. The only fairly well 
 sheltered anchorage in Cyrus Bay, in SE. Area about 650 sq. m. 
 P. variously estimated at 54-62,000. 
 
 Rottlugdean, par., Eng., Sussex, Lewes div., on the S. ct., 
 4 m. E. Brighton; sea-bathing resort. PMT.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rotttiigton, par., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 3J m. 
 S. by W. Whitehaven, i m. NW. St. Bees stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Rottnest, isl. , W. Australia, Perth co. , 12 m. W. by N. Fre- 
 mantle, in 32° S. and 115° 33' E.; contains the seaside residence 
 of the governor of the colony. Mean temp. (6 yrs., 1880-85), 
 yr. 64.3" F., Jan. 72.0°, July 57.6°. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Rotton Park Road, stn., Eng., Birmingham, Edgbaston 
 div. , on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 RoUnm, isl., Holland, in the North Sea, prov. Groningen ; 
 3^ m. long, by 1-2 m. broad. 
 
 Rottwell, tn. , Ger. , in the SW. of Wiirtemberg, Black Forest 
 circle, on the Neckar, 31 m. SW. Tubingen ; until 1784 R. was 
 the seat of the imperial high court of justice ; ceded to Wiirtem- 
 berg in 1802. Alt. i960 ft. (about 200 ft. above the Neckar). 
 P. <; 5000. 
 
 Rotuma, isl. of volcanic origin. Pacific, in 12^° S. , 177° 40' E. , 
 nearly 300 m. NNW. from the nearest member of the Fiji Is., 
 about 16 m. long, 4-5 m. wide ; has no harbour, but sheltered 
 roadstead at NE. end. Chief product copra, the coco- nut 
 palm being unusually productive here. Ceded to the British in 
 November 1879 ; annexed to the Fiji Is. in 1880. 
 
 Ronbalx, tn., France, dep. Nord, jh m. NE. Lille, on the 
 Lille and Ghent Rly. , and a canal communicating with the 
 Scheldt. R. has since the French Revolution grown into 
 importance for manufactures of cloths, shawls, velvets, and 
 other textiles of wool, cotton, and silk ; annual value over 
 ;^i6,ooo,ooo. There are also other manufactures. There are 
 two museums, and an industrial school for weaving. So early 
 as 1469 privileges were granted to R. by Pierre, the seigneur of 
 the dist. P. (1804) 8700; (1872) 74,900; (1891) 115,000. 
 
 Rondham (raud'am), par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 23 m. 
 SW. by W. Norwich, 2^ m. E. by S. of its stn. (R. Junction) 
 on the G. E. R. and G. E. & Colne Valley Rly. P. <:2So. 
 
 Ronen, ancient Rotomagus, city, France, cap. dep. Seine- 
 Inf^rieure, on r. bk. of the Seine ; on the 1. bk. is the large 
 industrial suburb of St. Sever, where are the principal maritime 
 establishments, 70 m. NW. Paris, 45 m. (70 m. by the windings 
 of the river) E. by S. Havre. Chief edifices, the cathedral- 
 church of St. Ouen (one of the most elaborate Gothic edifices in 
 the world), the palace of justice, archbishop's palace, museum, 
 h6tel-de-ville, with a library of 110,000 vols., and many 
 handsome fountains. It is the see of an archbishop, has an 
 academy of sciences, several higher technical schools, &c. As 
 a manufacturing town R. is chiefly noted as the principal centre 
 of cotton spinning and weaving in France (hence called the 
 ' French Manchester'), but it also carries on the spinning and 
 1812 
 
 dyeing of woollen and linen stuffs, the manufacture of broad- 
 cloths, velvets, chemicals, machinery, and has shipbuilding yards 
 and petroleum refining. With the assistance of the state great 
 efforts have been made of late years to improve the position of 
 R. as a seaport. Docks, including separate timber and petroleum 
 docks, have been provided, the quays along the river banks 
 (already in part lighted by electricity) have been greatly extended, 
 and above all, the shoals of the Seine have been continuously 
 dredged to a greater depth. In 1887 vessels of 2000 tons could 
 reach the port, and in 1893 it was reached by vessels of 3750 tons, 
 with a draught of 22 ft. The dredging is to be continued till a 
 channel is afforded with a depth of about 23^ ft. throughout. 
 The railway connections have also been improved, and an im- 
 portant viaduct is now (1894) being made across the river at R. 
 to bring into direct communication the Western Rly. serving the 
 N. and NW. of France with the Orleans Rly. serving the middle 
 and W. of France. The trade is principally carried on with 
 England, Russia, Spain, Italy, and the United States. R. 
 became the cap. of the Normans in the beginning of the loth 
 century, and continued thenceforward to be the cap. of 
 Normandy. Here Prince Arthur was murdered by John of 
 England ; Philip Augustus seized it in 1204. It was English 
 again from 1418 to 1449, and during this period Joan of Arc was 
 burned in its principal square, 1431. Here were bom the 
 Chevalier de la Salle, the founder of the French colony of 
 Louisiana, died 1687 ; the dramatist Pierre Corneille, 1606-1684, 
 and his brother Thomas, 1625-1709; Fontenelle, 1657-1757; 
 the romancist Gustave Flaubert, 1821-1880 ; and the composer 
 Boieldieu, 1775-1834. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 51.6° F. , Jan. 
 39.9°, July 65.7°; mean rfall. 25.59 in. P. (1872) 102,500; 
 (1891)112,100; including suburbs, 158,100. 
 
 Rouergne, dist., France. See Aveyron, dep. 
 
 Rouffach, tn., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine. See Rufach. 
 
 Ronfflgnac, vil., France, dep. Dordogne, arr. Sarlat, 15 m. 
 SE. P^rigueux ; 7.\ m. to the S. is the cave of Miremont, one of 
 the most celebrated in France, called Grau or Trou de Granville. 
 P. <2ooo; comm. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Rong^, tn., France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, 25 m. SSE. 
 Rennes, arr. and 6 m. NNW, Chiteaubriant ; iron is mined 
 here. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rongeniont, tn., France, dep. Doubs, 26 m. WSW. Belfort, 
 arr. and 9 m. N. Baume-les-Dames. P. -<20oo. 
 
 Rongeniont, Ger. Rotsclimnud, vil. , Switzd., cant. Vaud, 
 15 m. E. by N. Montreu.v. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rouge Nex Point, cape, Eng., Channel Is., in the NW. of 
 Jersey, near Cape Grosnez. 
 
 Rouge River, Canada, Quebec, flows S. and enters the 
 Ottawa about 50 m. above its mouth. 
 
 RougUnni, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 13^ m. E. King's 
 Lynn, 3^ m. SE. by S. Massingham stn., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rougiiani, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 4 m. E. 
 by S. Bury St. Edmunds, 2 m. S. by W. Thurston stn., FT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Roughey, or RolTey, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 2i 
 m. NE. by E. Horsham, PM.O. (RolTey). P. <i50o. 
 
 Rough Firth, inlet, Scot. , on the S. ct. of Kirkcudbright- 
 shire, the estuary of the Urr Water. 
 
 Roughlee Booth, par., Eng., Lancashire, Clitheroe div., 4^ 
 m. N. Burnley, 2 m. W. Colne stn. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Rough Point, cape. Ire., on the NW. ct. of co. Donegal, 
 55° 11' N., 8° i' W. 
 
 Rough Point, cape. Ire. , NW. ct. co. Kerry, at the entrance 
 to Tralee Bay. 
 
 Roughrig'g, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, New Monkland par., 
 2i m. SW. Slamannan. P. <;5oo. 
 
 'Roughton (ru'ton), eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire and York- 
 shire, W. Riding, Mottram in Longendale and Rochdale pars. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Roughton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., on the 
 Bain R., 15 m. NNW. Boston, 3^ m. SSW. Horncastle, 3 
 m. ENE. Woodhall Spa stn. P. <:25o ; eccles. par. (R. with 
 Haltham-on-Baln) P. <5oo. 
 
 Roughton, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 3^ m. S. Cromer, 
 2i m. WNW. Gunton stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 'Roughly River, Ire., SE. of co. Kerry, flows WSW. into 
 the head of Kenmare R. 
 
 Roujan, tn. , France, dep. H^rault, arr. and 12 m. NNE. 
 B^ziers. R. is the centre of a coalfield, and has argentiferous 
 lead. One mile to the N. is the establishment of St. Majau, 
 with cold acidulated and ferruginous waters. P. <20oo. 
 
 Roulans, vil. , France, dep. Doubs, arr. Baume-les-Dames, 12 
 m. NE. by E. Besan9on. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ronlers, Belgium. See Rousselaere. 
 
 Roumanla, in Roumanian Romauiea, a kgd. of Europe, 
 about equal in area to England exclusive of Wales, bounded S. 
 by Servia and Bulgaria, E. by the Black Sea and Russia, W. and 
 N. by Hungary. The Danube (300 m. ) forms the S. frontier, 
 the Pruth (Prutfl) the E. frontier, the Carpathians the W., and 
 the Transylvanian Alps the N. The kingdom consists of the 
 ancient provs. of Walachia (the portion S. of the Transylvanian 
 
R O U M A N I A 
 
 Alps, composed of Little Walachia, W. of the Aluta, and Great 
 Walachia, E. of that river) and Moldavia (the portion E. of the 
 Carpathians), and the dist. of the Dobruja, between the Black 
 Sea and the l3anube. It is divided into the 32 provs. enumerated 
 in the following table : — 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Doljui 2,618 
 
 Gorjiu .... 1,846 
 
 MehedinjI . . .1 2,077 
 
 RomanafI . . . ! 1,459 
 
 Valcea .... 1,633 
 
 Little Walachia . . 9,633 
 
 Arges j ii74i 
 
 Braila . . . . | 1,664 
 
 Buz6u . . . . 1,892 
 
 D^mbovija . . . ; 1,377 
 
 Ilf6v . . . . . j 2,008 
 
 Jalomifa .... 1 2,718 
 
 Mufcel .... 1 1,147 
 
 Olta ' 1,108 
 
 Prahova . . . . i 1,795 
 
 Rimnicu-Sa,rat . . ; 1,290 
 
 Teleorman . . . ! 1,836 
 
 Vlasca .... 1,714 
 
 Great Walachia . . 20,283 
 
 Bacift . , 
 
 BotojanI . 
 
 Covurlul . 
 
 Dorohoi . 
 
 Falciu . 
 
 lafi . . 
 
 Neamfu . 
 
 Putna . . 
 
 Roman . 
 
 Suceava . 
 
 TecucI 
 
 Tutova . 
 
 Vasluiu . 
 Moldavia . 
 
 Tulcea . 
 
 Kustenji . 
 Dobruja (Dobrogea) 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 Area in j 
 sq. m. I 
 
 1.552 ' 
 1. 139 
 1,081 
 1,141 
 
 819 
 
 1,201 
 
 1,614 
 
 , 1.278 
 
 722 
 
 1. 317 
 
 981 
 
 9581 
 
 838 
 
 14,649 
 
 3.263 
 
 2,761 
 
 6,023 
 
 60,688 
 
 The physical conformation is very simple. As to the frontier 
 mountains, see Transylvanlan Mts., under Carpatblans. The 
 
 surface slopes by broad and gentle terraces in Walachia S. to 
 the Danube, in Moldavia SE. to the Pruth and its confluence 
 with the Danube. In Moldavia the rivers descend from the 
 mountains SE. to the Pruth , the principal being the Sereth ( Seretii ) 
 and its tribs., the Moldova, Bistrija, Trotu§, Buz6u, and Barlad, 
 all except this last on its right, and the lalomifa. In Walachia 
 they flow S. inclining to E. , and embrace the Argef , the Vede 
 with its affluent the Teleorman, the Oltu (Alutha), and the Jiulfl. 
 The Bulgarian side of the Danube is steep and rocky, averaging 
 250-350 ft- in alt., but sometimes reaching 500 ft. On the 
 Roumanian side it is low and marshy, and accompanied by 
 several lagoons and islands (Baltas). The Dobruja, a low tract 
 of Quaternary alluvium, stretches 140 m. alongside the Black 
 Sea, its mean elevation being 500 ft., and its culminating point 
 (Sacar Bair) 1765 ft. This coast is broken by the two large 
 lagoons of Jezero Rasim and Liman Sinoe. Near the confluence 
 of the Pruth and the Danube, a few miles N. of Galatz (Galajl), 
 is Lake Bratiju, a sheet of some considerable size. Geologi- 
 cally, the nucleus of the mountains consists of metamorphic 
 rocks, overlain by limestones and conglomerates of, for the most 
 part, the Miocene and Eocene periods. The foot-hills consist 
 principally of Tertiary sandstones and clays. The plains, in 
 other words the greater proportion of the area, are alluvium 
 of quite recent date. R. is exposed to the bitterly cold winds 
 which sweep in from Russia on the NE., and in consequence 
 of this fact the climate is one of great extremes and wide 
 range, often a wide daily range. On the plains the extreme 
 hmits are 96.8° F. and - 18.4°. The mean for the year is 52.9° ; 
 summer 72.5°, winter 27.5°. The spring is usually very short. 
 The rainfall averages 25^ in. during the year, superadded to 
 a snowfall of 28^ in. R. possesses extensive forests, both of 
 conifers and foliage trees, which however have been, and are 
 being, rapidly felled. The forests are found both on the moun- 
 tains and in the Danube marshes, where the willow, poplar, 
 alder, aspen, are the prevailing trees. Respecting the fauna, 
 it is sufficient to record the presence of the wolf, lynx, and 
 wild boar, and of the vulcan, falcon, and eagle. Salmon, 
 sturgeon, trout, carp, and other fish abound in the Danube 
 and its marshes, and attract great flocks of wild-fowl. Insects 
 swarm in the plains. Natural Products.— R. is essentially 
 an agricultural region, its vast plains being splendidly suited 
 for growing wheat and maize (this latter the staple food of the 
 people), with barley, oats, rye, millet, colza, hemp, flax, and 
 tobacco, in addition to aniseed, coriander seed, and thyme in 
 Moldavia, and water-melons beside the Danube. Previous to 
 1864 the land was owned almost entirely by the nobles and 
 the state. In this year the government promulgated a scheme 
 for the compulsory sale to the peasantry, on comparatively easv 
 terms, of about one-third of the total cultivable soil. The 
 peasantry have, however, only acquired about one-eighth of the 
 land offered to them, and are, moreover, stated to be heavily in 
 debt. In Walachia the nobles farm their land in a sort of 
 metayer system, in Moldavia they farm it themselves. A kind 
 of communal ownership prevails in prov. VasluiQ. About 3^ 
 per cent, of the total area is natural pasture, on which the 
 people feed large flocks of sheep, cattle, and swine. The most 
 valuable of Roumania's minerals are petroleum, extracted in 
 the provs. of Buz6u, BacSO, Rimnicu-Sarat, and Dambovifa, and 
 rock-salt, mined in nearly all the provs. lying between the Sereth, 
 1313 
 
 the lalomija, and the mountains, the chief centres being at 
 Ocna in Bacatl, Sianicd and Doftana in Prahova, and Salinele- 
 Mari in Rimnicii-Valcii. This last is a state monopoly. In 
 addition, gold, silver, mercury, copper, lead, iron, marble, 
 sulphur, gypsum, and alabaster abound in the mountains, more 
 especially in Walachia; and coal, lignite, anthracite, ozokerite, and 
 amber are known to exist. Mineral waters occur in several places, 
 the most frequented spots being at Sianicti, and at Baljatescl in 
 prov. Neamfu. The manufacturing Inilustry is not very 
 extensive, in spite of a specially favourable law passed in 1887. 
 The principal establishments are petroleum refineries (chiefly at 
 PloescI, Galaji, Braila, and Bukarest), flour-mills, and saw-mills, 
 with brick- works, potteries, distilleries, cloth factories, and 
 tanneries. There is, however, considerable weaving of hemp, 
 flax, and wool by the peasantry in their own houses. €om« 
 munlcatlons. — In addition to the magnificent waterways of 
 the Danube and its affluents, R. possesses some 3000-4000 m. 
 of telegraphs, and nearly 2000 m. of railways, connecting with 
 the Hungarian and the Russian systems. The principal ports 
 for foreign trade are Sulina, Braila, Galaji, Giurgiu, and Con- 
 stanta, the last-named being on the Dobruja coast. There are 
 good roads in most districts. The most striking features about 
 the commercial relations of R. are the keen rivalry which 
 exists between Great Britain and Germany for the supply of 
 woollens and cottons, and the fact that nearly 70 per cent, of 
 the total exports consist of cereals. The remainder of the ex- 
 ports are made up of fruits and vegetables, wine, animals, 
 timber, hides, and leather. Fifty per cent, of the imports con- 
 sist of textiles ; the remainder of metals, hides, fruits and vege- 
 tables, pottery, timber, and drugs. Next after England and 
 Germany the most trade is done with Austria, prance, Belgium, 
 Switzerland, and Italy. The imports are valued at an average 
 of _;ifii,ooo,ooo-_^i4,5oo,ooo annually; the exports at about 
 ;^ii, 000,000. The monetary unit is the leu = i franc, and 
 divided into 100 bani. The metric system of -weights an«l 
 measures is in use. The government is that of an hereditary, 
 constitutional monarchy ; the sovereign being assisted by a 
 council of 8 ministers, a senate of 120 (elected for eight years), 
 and the House of Representatives, of 183 members (elected for 
 four years). Both these last bodies are elected indirectly by the 
 country districts, but directly by the electors of the large towns. 
 The army embraces active forces, territorial forces, and the 
 militia. All natives between the ages of twenty-one and fortyr 
 six are liable to serve either in the first (three years) or the second 
 (five or four years) category. At the end of this short period 
 each man belongs to the reserve up to his thirtieth year, and then 
 to the militia up to his forty-sixth. The strength in time of peace 
 is about 35,000 men ; in time of war 116,000, not counting the 
 militia. The fleet embraces 20-30 small vessels, manned by about 
 1800 men. The population, which numbers approximately 
 6,000,000, consists to the extent of 92 per cent, of Roumanians, a 
 people of mixed race. One school of ethnologists regard them as 
 descended from the ancient Dacians intermingled with Roman 
 colonists, and influenced later by Slav blood ; another school 
 regard them as possessing a stronger Slav strain, and as having 
 crossed the Danube from the Balkan penins. in the 13th century. 
 Their language belongs to the Romance group of the Aryaii 
 families, but is strongly tinctured with Slav and other influences. 
 In addition to the Roumanians in R. , there are more than twa 
 and a half millions in Hungary and Transylvania, thickly massed 
 in the Banat ; a quarter of a million in Bukowina ; one miUion 
 in Bessarabia ; and about a quarter of a million in Servia and 
 Bulgaria — or more than ten millions in all. The Zinzars of 
 the Pindus and Macedonia are closely allied to them in blood 
 and language. The population of R. includes about 200,000 
 Jews and 200,000 gypsies. Nearly the whole of the R. are 
 adherents of the Orthodox Greek Church, at the head of which 
 are the two archbishops of Bukarest and lafl (Jassy), assisted 
 by six bishops. E<lucatlon is obligatory and free. There are 
 two universities — at Bukarest and lafl. In addition to these 
 two cities, of which Bukarest is the cap., the chief towns em- 
 brace nineteen with a population exceeding 10,000, and five 
 with a population between 20,000 and 50,000. The third largest 
 town is Galaji (59,000), the seat of the Danubian Commission 
 (see Danube). At the dawn of authentic history R. was occupied 
 by the Dacians, a people of ancient Thracian blood. The Dacians 
 were subdued by the Roman emperor Trajan in 105-106 .■\.D. r 
 but a century and a half later, under the insistent pressure of 
 the Goths and other barbarians, Aurelian abandoned the prov. 
 of Dacia, and removed all the Roman colonists to the S. side of 
 the Danube. The country was then successively overrun by the 
 Huns, Avars, Slavs, Bulgarians, Hungarians, and Mongols (or 
 Turks). In the loth and nth centuries several small prin- 
 cipalities (banats) were formed, of which those towards the 
 Theiss were subsequently conquered by the Hungarians. Those 
 S. and E. of the mountains became consolidated in the 14th 
 century into the two principalities of Moldavia and Walachia, 
 of which the latter was made tributary to the Ottoman Turks 
 in the end of the 14th, and the former in the beginning of the 
 i6th century. The rulers of these semi-independent states were 
 
 4 Q 
 
ROUM — ROWB 
 
 mostly Greeks (called generically Phanariotes), nominated by 
 the Turkish sultans. Moldavia and Walachia were gradually 
 freed from the Turkish yoke in the end of the i8th and teginning 
 of the 19th century, chiefly through the agency and assistance of 
 Russia. In 1859 they declared their independence, and united 
 themselves into the principality of R. In the Russo- Turkish 
 war of 1877-78 R. allied herself to Russia ; but on the conclusion 
 of peace was deprived of Bessarabia, the Dobruja being given 
 to her in exchange. In 1881 R. was declared a fully independent 
 kingdom. See Samuelson, Roumania Past and Present (1882), 
 and the map (i : 288,000) of the Military Geographical Institute 
 in Vienna (1867 onwards). [J. T. B.] 
 
 Ronmel, 1^'ad el, Algeria. See Rnniniel, Wad el. 
 
 Ronnielia, name given before 1878 to that portion of Turkey 
 in Europe corresponding to the ancient provs. of Thrace and 
 Macedonia. After the Treaty of Berlin, 1878, the upper and 
 middle valleys of the Maritsa and Tunja were separated from 
 the Ottoman Empire and formed a self-governing prov. under 
 the name of Eastern Roumelia (now united to Bulgaria) ; the 
 other part was called Western Roumelia. See Balgarla. 
 
 Ronmois, former dist. , France, Normandy, now included in 
 deps. Eure and Seine-Inf^rieure ; cap. Quillebeuf. 
 
 Rouiidhay, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, on riv. Aire, 
 dist. and 3^ m. NE. Leeds, PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Round Head, cape, S. ct. Brit. New Guinea, in 147^° E. 
 
 Round Hill, mt. , Eng. , Cumberland, in the E. of the Penrith 
 div., 15 m. E. by N. Penrith. Height, 2249 ft. 
 
 Round Hill, tp., New Zealand, South I., Wallace co. P. 
 <:i5oo. 
 
 Round Island, small isl., Fiji group, 48 m. W. of the SW. 
 ct. of Vanua L^'u. Round Island Passage is a channel lead- 
 ing through the Great Sea Reef NW. of this island, in 16° 36' S., 
 177° 40' E. 
 
 Round Lake, Canada, Ontario, 88 m. W. by N. Ottawa, 
 drained E. by the riv. Bonnechere into the riv. Ottawa. 
 
 Round Mountain, gold-mining vil. , U.S., California, Shasta 
 •CO., 25 m. NE. Redding. P. < 1500. 
 
 Round Oak, stn. , Eng. , Staffordshire. See Brierley Hill. 
 
 Round Pond, small lake, Newfoundland, in 48° 10' N. , 56° W. 
 
 Round Rock, vil., U.S., Texas, Williamson co., 17 m. 
 NNE. Austin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Round's Green, PM.O. , Eng., near Birmingham, i m. from 
 Oldbury. 
 
 Roundstone, tn., Ire., NW. co. Gal way, bar. Ballynahinch, 
 on R. Bay, 32 m. SW. by S. Westport ; has copper ore. 
 PMT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Boundtown, or Terenure, tn, , Ire. , co. Dublin, bar. Rath- 
 down, 3 m. S. by W. Dublin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ronndvrood, tn.. Ire., NE. co. and 9 m. NW. Wicklow, 
 bar. Ballinacor North, PMT.O. P.<2SO. 
 
 Rounthwaite, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on the N. Pacific 
 and Manitoba Rly., 120 m. W. by S. Winnipeg, 15 m. SSE. 
 Brandon. 
 
 Rounton, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., York- 
 shire, N. Riding, Richmond div., on the Wiske, 10^ m. SE. 
 Darlington, with a stn. (W. Rounton Gate) on the NE. R. 
 P. (of each) < 250. 
 
 Ronphia, or Alpheios, riv., Greece, Peloponnesus, formed 
 by the junction of two headstreams, one from the SE. distin- 
 guished as the Alpheios, and the other from the NE. , the 
 Rouphia. The Alpheios proper rises SW. of Tripolis and flows 
 NW. and W. for about 45 m. The R., ancient Ladon, rises 
 W. of Lake Phonia and flows W. and S. for 55 m. After the 
 junction of the two branches the R. flows 28 m. and enters the 
 Mediterranean between Pyrgos and Agoulinitza, N. of the Gulf 
 of Arcadia, 45 m. S. Patras. 
 
 Rous, CO., New South Wales, in the NE. corner. 
 
 Ronsay, one of the Orkney Is. , Scot. , measuring 4 m. by 3 
 m., 5^ m. S. Westray; its shores on the W. are rocky and 
 precipitous, elsewhere low and sloping. PM.O. P. 774; par., 
 Ronsay and Egiishay (comprising the islands of Rousay, 
 Egilshay, and Wire), 13,754 ac. , P. <iooo. 
 
 Rousdon, PM.O., Eng., Devonshire. See Roosdown. 
 
 Rouse Hill, post-tn., New South Wales, Cumberland co., 
 28 m. W. Sydney by road and rail, in 33° 33' S. and 151° 1' E. 
 P, <iSoo. 
 
 Rouse Lench, par. , Eng. See Lench, Rouse. 
 
 Rouse Point, vil., U.S., New York, Clinton co., on Lake 
 Cham plain, 38 m. N. by W. Burlington (Vt.); is an important 
 port for lake commerce with Canada ; protected by Fort Mont- 
 gomery. P. <2000. 
 
 BonseTille, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Venango co., on Oil 
 Creek R., 50 m. SSE. Erie, 2 m. NNE. Oil City ; in the neigh- 
 bourhood are productive oil wells. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ronskam, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury div., on the 
 Cherwell, 4^ m. NNE. Woodstock, ij m. S. Heyford stn. 
 P. <250. 
 
 Rousseau, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Hughes co., on the 
 1. bk. of the Missouri R. , 14 m. ESE. Pierre. 
 
 Rousseiaere (Ronlers), comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 
 1314 
 
 arr. R., on the Mandel, 10 m. NW. Courtrai ; important manu- 
 factures of linen, lace, silk, ribbons, and cotton and woollen 
 goods. The French under Pichegru and Macdonald defeated the 
 Austrians near here, 1794. P. 20,300. 
 
 Rousslllon, tn., France, dep. Isere, arr. and ii m. S. by W. 
 Vienne. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Rousslllon, anct. prov. , S. France, coinciding approximately 
 with the modern dep. Pyr^ntes-Orientales, cap. Perpignan. 
 
 Routh, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 9 
 m. N. Hull, 3i m. ENE. Beverley stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Routot, vil., France, dep. Eure, arr. Pont-Audemer, 17 m. 
 W. by S. Rouen. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Routt, CO., U.S., Colorado, in the extreme NW. 
 
 Ronville, co. , Canada, Quebec, crossed by 45 J° N. and 73° W. 
 
 Itoux, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the Piston, arr. and 
 3 m. NW. Charleroi ; coal mined. P. (comm.) 8600. 
 
 Roux, Cape, Tunis, in the extreme NW. 
 
 Rouxvllle, tn.. Orange Free State, cap. R. dist. (between 
 the Orange and Caledon Rivs.), 13 m. N. by E. Aliwal North. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Ronzat, vil., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. and 5 m. N. 
 Riom ; has two ferruginous springs. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rouze, vil., France, dep. Ariege, arr. Foix, 2\ m. NNW, 
 Qu^rigut ; bath establishment of Usson, on the Aude, with five 
 sulphur and arsenic springs. Alt. 3215 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 RoTato, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Brescia, 4J m. NE. 
 Chiari. P. < 5000. 
 
 Roveiiki, tn. , Russia, govt, and 120 m. S. by W. Voronezh, 
 on Aidar R. P. 5600. 
 
 RoTerbella, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 8 m. N. 
 Mantua. P. <20oo. 
 
 RoTer Cbannel, on the Tropic of Capricorn, S. China Sea, 
 divides the Pescadores Is. into two groups, N. and S. 
 
 Roveredo, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 6 m. NE. by E. 
 Bellinzona. Alt. 970 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rovereto, or Roreredo, tn. , Austria, Tirol, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Adige, 13 m. SSW. Trent ; manufactures leather and pajjer 
 goods, and strings for musical instruments ; with trade in silk. 
 Here the French defeated the Imperialists in 1796. Dante lived 
 here during his exile, 1302. Alt. 710 ft. P. 9000. 
 
 Rovigno, tn., Austria, Istria, on the Adriatic, 40 m. S. by W 
 Trieste ; manufactures cement, preserves, &c. ; has naval work- 
 shops, and state manufacture of tobacco; tunny and sardine 
 fisheries. P. 9700. 
 
 Rovigo, vil., Algeria, prov. and 16 m. S. Algiers, at the N. 
 foot of the Little Atlas Mt. ; 4 m. distant are the saline waters 
 of Hammam-Meluam. Alt. 360 ft. P. 6400. 
 
 RoTlgo, tn. , Italy, Venetia, cap. prov. R. , 13 m. W. Adria ; 
 trade in cereals. Has a cathedral (1696), and a picture gallery 
 containing works of Titian and Da Vinci ; prepares leather and 
 saltp)etre. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 55.3° F., Jan. 34.3°, July 
 76.1°. P. 7300. 
 
 RoTne, comm., Hungary, co. and 38 m. NE. Trencsen. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 Rovno, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Volhynia, 115 m. WNW. 
 Zhitomir, on railway running parallel to frontier of Galicia; 
 trade in corn, timber, and cattle. P. 8425. 
 
 RoTuma, formerly Lovunia, or LiTuma, riv., E. ct. of 
 Africa, 55 m. E. Lake Nyassa, by the union of two headstreams, 
 one from the N W. the other from the SW. , and flows E. to the 
 Indian Ocean, which it enters 22 m. NW. Cape Delgado, form- 
 ing from the point of union of its two headstreams to a point, in 
 10 40' S. and about 40° 15' E., about 30 m. above its mouth, 
 the boundary between German and Portuguese terr. The mouth 
 is obstructed by sandbanks. Owing to its winding course, its 
 shallowness, and numerous rocky and wooded islands, the R. is 
 not navigable. Principal trib. (on r. bk.) the Lnjenda (q.v.). 
 Total length about 350 m. 
 
 Row (from Gaelic rudha (rua), ' a promontory ' ; still pro- 
 nounced ru), par., Scot., Dumbartonshire, on the SE. shore 
 of Gare Loch, \\ m. WNW. Helensburgh, on the N, B. R., 
 PMT.O.; 20,126 ac. P. 11,200. 
 
 Rowala (or Rauai), Ras, promontory, on W. side of R6d 
 Sea, jutting S. to 21° N., and sheltering the harbour of Mirsa 
 Dongola, where there are large salt-pans ; the best senna pro- 
 duced near. 
 
 Rowan, electoral div., Ire., Leitrim, dist. R., Mohill union. 
 
 Rowan, CO., U.S., NE. Kentucky, N. of 38° N., E. of 84° W. 
 
 Rowan, co., U..S., N. Carolina, S. of 36° N., E. of 81° W., 
 bounded on the E. by the Yadkin R. 
 
 Rowanbum, vil, Scot., Dumfriesshire, on Liddel Water, 
 in par. and \\ m. S. Canonbie. P. <:soo. 
 
 Rowandnz, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Roanduz. 
 
 Rowardennan (rau-ar-d6n'an), P.O., Scot., Stirlingshire, on 
 E. side of Loch Lomond, 9J m. N. Balloch ; steamboat station 
 in connection with the N. B. R. 
 
 Rowbarton, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, Taunton St. James 
 par. P. < 3500. 
 
 Rowberrow, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 8 m. E. by 
 S. Weston-super-Mare, 2J m. E. Winscombe stn. P. <25o. 
 
ROWD — ROYB 
 
 Row<le, par., Eng. , Wiltshire, 8^ m. ENE. Trowbridge, div. 
 and 2 m. WNW. Devizes, PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 RoM'tlltch, par., Eng., Derbyshire, included in the co. bor. 
 of Derby. P. < 1000. 
 
 Rowe, vil. , U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co. , 19 m. E. by 
 S. of the NW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rowell, tn. , Eng. See Kotli^vell. 
 
 Roneltown, P.O., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., near 
 the Line, 12 m. NE. by N. Carlisle, 5J m. SE. Penton stn. 
 
 Rowensko, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Turnau, 18 m. SSE. 
 Reichenberg. P. <3000. 
 
 Rower, The, par.. Ire., E. co. Kilkenny, bar. Ida, 4 m. N. 
 New Ross, P.O. ; 10,758 ac. P. <20oo, 
 
 Rowersdorf, tn. , Austria, Silesia, dist. Jagerndorf, 24 m. NW. 
 by N. Troppau. P. <:30cio. 
 
 Rowfant, stn., Eng., Sussex, on the L. B. & S. C. R., 4^ m. 
 W, East Grinstead. 
 
 Rowbedge, PMT.O., Eng., Essex, div. and 2J m. SE. by S, 
 Colchester, at the head of the estuary of the Colne, close to 
 Wyvenhoe stn. 
 
 Rowliigton, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon 
 div., 6 m. NW. by W. Warwick, on the Birmingham Canal, 
 am. SE. Kingswood stn. , P.O. (R. Cireen). P. < 1000. 
 
 Rowlan«l, par., Eng., Derbyshire, dist. and 2 m. N. Bake- 
 well. P. <25o. 
 
 Rowland's Castle, stn. , Eng. , on the E. border of Hampshire, 
 Petersfield div., 9 m. NE. Portsmouth, on the L. & SW. R., 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Rowland's Flat, postal-vil. , S. Australia, co. and 30 m. NE. 
 by N. Adelaide, 16 m. S. Kapunda. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rowlands Gill, stn., Eng., Durham, on the NE. R., 6| m. 
 SW. Newcastle ; coal mined. 
 
 Rowledge, eccles. par. , Eng. , Hampshire and Surrey, Bin- 
 sted, Farnham, and Frensham pars., 2| m. SW. Farnham, 
 PM.O. P. <icoo. 
 
 Rowley (r5'll), stn., Eng., Durham, on the NE. R. , 12 m. 
 WNW. Durham. 
 
 Rowley, vil. , Eng. , Wiltshire. See Wlnkfleld with Rowley. 
 
 Rowley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 8 m. WNW. Hull, close to Little Weighton stn.; 6428 ac. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Rowley, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co. , 4 m. NW. 
 Ipswich ; has large salt marshes. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rowley (rau'll) Regis, tn. and par., Eng., in the coal-mining 
 and iron-working region of S. Staffordshire, Kingsford div., 5 
 m. W. Birmingham, comprising Blackheath, Cradley Heath, 
 Old Hill, and Tividale, all to the E. and SE. of the detached 
 part of Worcestershire containing the town of Dudley, with 
 stn. (R. R. and Bla«kheath) on the G. W. R. ; coal mined. 
 P. 30,800. 
 
 Rowley's Shoals, a group of coral-reefs off the NW. ct. of 
 Australia, to the S. of 17^ S. , crossed in the middle by 119° E. 
 
 Rowls, electoral div., Ire., Cork, dist. Newmarket. 
 
 Rowlstone, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 13 m. NW. 
 Monmouth, 2 m. W. Pontrilas stn. P. <2So; eccles. par. (R. 
 with Llanclllo) P. <25o. 
 
 Rowlstone (rol'ston), vil., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Holderness div., on the coast, 13 m. NE. Hull, i m. SE. 
 by S. Hornsea Bridge stn. See Mappleton. 
 
 Rowuer, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Fareham div. , 3 m. WNW, 
 Portsmouth, close to Brockhurst stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rownlianis, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, N. Baddesley, 
 Nursling, and Romsey pars., 4^ m. NW. Southampton. P. 
 
 <7SO- 
 
 Rowrah, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 5J m. E. 
 Whitehaven, on the L. & NW. R. and Furness Rly. 
 
 Rowshani, vil., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 3I m. NE. 
 Aylesbury, 2 m. WNW. Marston Gate stn. See Wlngrare. 
 
 Rowsley, Great, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., at junction 
 of the rivs. Wye and Derwent, 8^ m. WSW. Chesterfield, with 
 a stn. (Rowsley for Chatsworth) on the M. R., PMT.O. 
 (Rowsley). P. <5oo. 
 
 R4»wstou. par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Kesteven div. , 7 m. N. 
 Sleaford. P. <25o. 
 
 Rowthoru and Hardwlck, stn., Eng., Derbyshire, on the 
 M. R., 7 m. E. Alfreton. 
 
 Rowton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 3 m. ESE. 
 Chester. P. <25o. 
 
 Rowton, or Blrchover, vil. , Eng. , Derbyshire. See Stanton 
 In Peak. 
 
 Rowton, East, vil., Eng., Yorkshire. See Rndby In 
 i'leveland. 
 
 Row Tor, hill, Eng. , in the W. of Devonshire, 17 m. E. by 
 N. Launceston. 
 
 Row Tor, or Moant Arthur, hill, Tasmania, a peak of the 
 Dividing Range. Alt. 3895 ft. 
 
 Roxburgh, electoral div. , Ire. , Limerick, dist. Clarina. 
 
 Roxburgh, co.. New South Wales, crossed N. by 33° S., and 
 E. by 150° E. 
 
 Roxburgh, or Tevlot, tp., New Zealand, South I., Tuapeka 
 
 CO. , on the 1. bk. of the Clutha, 60 m. WNW. Dunedin ; centre 
 of the important goldfields of Mount Benger range. P. <:i500. 
 
 Roxburgh, par., Scot., Roxburghshire, 2^ m. SW. Kelso, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Teviot, and on the N. B. R.; remains of a 
 splendid border castle built by the Northumbrian kings. James 
 II. was killed here, 1460. PM.O. 7781 ac. P. <iooo; pari, 
 dist. P. 34,500. 
 
 Roxburghshire, co., Scot., on the English border, in the 
 Tweed basin, excepting one parish, Liddesdale, which drains 
 to the Solway Firth. Besides the Tweed, it is watered by its 
 tribs. Gala, Leader, and Teviot, the last explaining the name 
 Teviot4lale, often given to R. The geological formations are 
 greywacke in SW. , with rounded grassy hills rising to over 
 1800 ft., succeeded by Old Red Sandstone strata in the centre 
 of the county, with scaurs and narrow defiles ; towards the 
 Tweed the country is more level, with coal formations and fertile 
 fields. The triple Eildons are an interesting porphyritic group 
 rising to 1385 ft.; the Cheviot Range reach 2382 ft. in this 
 county. Roxburghshire took its name from a royal castle, an 
 early residence of the kings of Northumbria, demolished in the 
 i6th century. The staple industries are agricultural (for statistics, 
 see Appendix, pp. 10-12) ; but in Hawick, Jedburgh, and Kelso 
 there are important manufactures of tweeds, blankets, &c. , and 
 hosiery. The county returns one member to Parliament. Area, 
 428,500 ac. P. (1891) 54,537. 
 
 Roxbury, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, Cheshire co. , 21 m. 
 NE. by N. of the SW. corner of the state, with granite mines. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Roxbury Station, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co., 33 
 m. ESE. Poughkeepsie (N. Y.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Roxby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 14 
 m. W. by S. Scarborough, 2 m. E. Pickering, ^ m. NW. Thorn- 
 ton Dale stn. See Plckhlll. 
 
 Roxby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 9 m. 
 WNW. Whitby, 2 m. W. Hinderwell stn., P.O. P. <250. See 
 Hinderwell. 
 
 Roxby with Rlsby, tn. and par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. 
 Lindsey div., 12 m. ESE. Goole, 3^ m. NNW. Appleby stn.; 
 4908 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Roxen, lake, Sweden, prov. Ostergotland, to the N. of and 
 near Linkoping. Length, 15^ m. ; greatest breadth, 6 m. 
 
 Roxeth, eccles. par., Eng., Middlesex, Harrow-on-the-Hill 
 par. P. < 2000. 
 
 Roxhani, par., Eng., Norfolk, Downham dist., 3 J m. SE. 
 Downham Market. P. <25o. See Ryston. 
 
 Roxholme, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div. , 13 
 m. NE. Grantham, 2J m. N. Sleaford, i^ m. WSW. Ruskington 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Roxo (' red '), cape, W. ct. of Africa, between the Casamanza 
 and the Rio Cash^o, in 12° 19' N. 
 
 Roxton, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 7 m. 
 ENE. Bedford, 3 m. NW. Tempsford stn., P.O. P. <soo; 
 eccles. par. (R. with Great Barford) P. < 1500. 
 
 Roxton Falls, vil., Canada, Quebec, Shefford co. , 50 m. E. 
 Montreal, on the riv. Noire, and a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Roxwell, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 4 m. W. by N. 
 Chelmsford, PMT.O.; 4782 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Royale, isl. , U.S., Michigan. See Isle Royale. 
 
 Royal Albert Dock, stn., Eng., London, on the G. E. & 
 L. & I. D. R. 
 
 Royal Canal, Ire., connects the Liffey at Dublin with the 
 Shannon at Richmond Harbour, co. Longford, constructed 
 1789-1802. Length, 96 m.; 44 ft. wide; 6 ft. deep, and has 
 46 locks. 
 
 Royal Island, Bahamas. See Eleuthera. 
 
 Royalists Island, Pacific. See Lohap. 
 
 Royal Leamington Spa, Eng. See Leamington. 
 
 Royal Oak, stn., Eng., London, on theG. W. R. and Metro- 
 politan Rly. , 4 m. W. by N. St. Paul's. 
 
 Royaloak, P.O., Ire., W. co. Carlow, bar. Idrone West, 9J 
 m. S. by W. Carlow, on the r. bk. of the Barrow, 2 m. from 
 Bagnalstown stn. 
 
 Royal Sovereign Shoals, Eng., off coast of Sussex, 10 m. 
 SW. Hastings, with light- vessel, visible 11 m. 
 
 Royalston, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., 38 m. 
 NE. by N. Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Royalton, tn., U.S., Vermont, Windsor co., on White R., 
 35 m. by rail SW. Northfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Royalty, tn. , Scot. , Aberdeenshire, part of city of Aberdeen 
 (^.v.). P. 110,500. 
 
 Royan, tn. , France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, on the N. 
 shore of the Gironde, arr. Marennes, 22 m. S. by W. Rochefort; 
 has naval iron-works and sardine fisheries. P. 6200. 
 
 Royancz, or Royans, small dist. , France, formerly in the old 
 prov. Dauphin^, now in dep. Isere. 
 
 Royat, tn. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. and 2 m. WSW. 
 Clermont-Ferrand ; has alkaline-ferruginous mineral springs ; 
 curious church of the nth and 12th centuries. P. <2000. 
 
 Roy Bridge, stn., Scot., Inverness-shire, on riv. Roy, 6 m. 
 E. by S. of the foot of Loch Lochy, on N. B. R., PMT.O. 
 
 1315 
 
ROYD -^RUDB 
 
 Roydon, par. , Eng. , Essex, Epping div. , 4J m. SE. Ware, 
 on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Roydon, pai. , Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 20 m. SW. by S. 
 Norwich, 2^ m. W. by N. Diss stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Roydou near Lynn, par. , Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 6 m. 
 EXE. King's Lynn, close to Grimston Road stn. P. <:25o. See 
 Castle Rising. Roydon Row, i^ m. E. Roydon. 
 
 Roye, tn., France, dep. Somme, 20 m. N. Compiegne, arr. 
 and II m. ENE. Montdidier. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Royers Ford, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery co. , 
 on the Schuylkill R. , 23 m. SE. by E. Reading ; has stove 
 foundries. P. <20oo. 
 
 Royston, par., Eng., Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire, 
 Chesterton div., 13 m. SW. by S. Cambridge, on the border of 
 Herts, on the G. N. R. ; has phosphate of lime. The church 
 is part of an Augustinian priory, founded in the 12th centurv. 
 Alt. 270 ft. Mean annual rfall. (1866-80), 24.22 in. PMT.6. 
 Market-day, W. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Roystone, par. , Eng, Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 3^ m. 
 N. by E. Barnsley, i m. S. by W. of its stn. (Royston and 
 Notton) on the M. R., PMT.O. (Royston). P. < 3000. See 
 Notion. 
 
 Royton, tn. and par., Eng., Lancashire, included in the 
 pari. bor. of Royston, 2 m. NNW. Oldham (^.■v.), withstns. (R. 
 and R. June.) on the L. & Y. R. ; has large cotton factories. 
 Market-day, Th. Tn. P. 13,400 ; par. P. 12,600. 
 
 Royton, par., Wales, Denbighshire, dist. and 4 m. SE. 
 Wrexham. P. <25o. 
 
 Rozdalowltz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 30 m. W. by N. Konig- 
 gratz, dist. and 12^ m. SW. by S. Jicin. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rozdol, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Mikolajow, 
 22 m. S. Lemberg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rozel, fishing vil. , Eng. , Channel Is. , Jersey, on R. Bay, 6 m. 
 NE. St. Helier. 
 
 Rozenbni^, isl. , Holland, in the estuary of the Maas, prov. 
 S. Holland, about 12 m. long by one broad. P. 2000. 
 
 Rozhdestvenskly, three iron-works, Russia, govt, and 85 m. 
 SW. Perm, near Kama. Aggregate population 5000. 
 
 Rozhdestveiiskoye, many vils., Russia, mostly having also 
 other names. 
 
 Rozl, isl., Brit. India, Bombay. See Rojlil. 
 
 RoimltAl, or Rosenthal, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Blatna, 
 24 m. ESE. Pilsen, with iron- works. P. < 3000. 
 
 Roznan, or Roznow, comm. and watering-place, Austria, 
 Moravia, dist. Wallachisch Meseritsch, 35 m. S. by E. Troppau ; 
 establishment for the whey cure. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ro^nlat^iir, comm., Austria, E. Galicia, dist. DoUna, 63 m. 
 S. Lemberg, 10 m. WSW. Kalusz. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Roin6w, comm. , Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Zablotdw, 
 12 m. SE. Kolomea. P. 6100. 
 
 Rozoy-snr-Serre, tn. , France, dep. Aisne, arr. Laon, on the 
 Serre, 23 m. SW. Rocroi. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Rdzsaliegy (nearly rozhahej), Ger. Rosenberg (both meaning 
 ' rose-mount'), comm., N. Hungary, co. Liptd (Liptau), on the 
 Vag (Waag), 90 m. N. Vacs (Waitzen). P. 6900. 
 
 Rozsuyd, Hungary. See Rosenan. 
 
 Rozwad6w, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Tarnobrzeg, 
 48 m. SSW. Lublin, on the 1. bk. of the San. P. <30oo. 
 
 Rozzo, comm., Austria, Istria, dist. Capo d' Istria, 23 m. SE. 
 by S. Trieste. P. <300o. 
 
 Rozzol, tn., Austria, dist. and i m. E. Trieste. P. 7400. 
 
 Jiu, or Rudha (pronounced rua), Gaelic, 'a point.' Rudha 
 Reidh (rua ri), ' smooth point.' 
 
 Rua, a native name of Rossel I., Louisiade Archipelago. 
 
 Rua, Africa. See Tma. 
 
 Rna'bon, par. , Wales, Denbighshire, E. div. , 5 m. SW. by 
 S. Wrexham, on the G. W. R. ; has extensive mines of anthra- 
 cite coal and iron-works, also fire-clay and red clay, and impor- 
 tant manufactures of bricks and tiles made of these materials. 
 13,918 ac. P. 17,300. 
 
 Ruad, small isl. and tn., Syria, about 2 m. from the coast, 
 SW. of Tartus, at the salient angle of the coast, between Tripoli 
 and Latakieh, anciently Arad (cap. about 2000 B.C. of a power- 
 ful kingdom); has a fine Saracen castle. Here is the only Semitic 
 temple still easily recognisable. P. 2500. 
 
 Ruaha, riv., equatorial Africa, 1. bk. trib. of the Lufiji, or 
 Rufiji, has its source to the N. of Lake Nyassa, and flows in a 
 generally NE. direction and E., and joins the main stream some 
 120 m. from the coast, in about 7° 55' S., 37° 45' E. Total 
 length, 250 m. 
 
 Ruablne Range, mt. chain, New Zealand, North I., running 
 NNW. and SSE. , crossed by 40° S. Length about 80 m. 
 
 Ru'ala, nomadic tribe, N. Arabia. See Roala. 
 
 Rnan, par.. Ire., W. co. Clare, bar. Inchiquin, 6 m. N. Ennis, 
 4 m. from Crusheen stn., P.O.; 10,744 ^c. P. <iooo. 
 
 Ruan, Major and Minor, two adjoining pars., Eng., Corn- 
 wall. R. Major, Truro div., 12J m. SW. by S. Failmouth, P. < 
 250; R. Minor, PM.O., P. 500. See drade. 
 
 Ruanda, central Africa. See Rulianda. 
 
 Ruan Lnniliorne, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., en 
 1316 
 
 the 1. bk. of the riv. Fal, 4^ m. ESE. Truro, PMT.O. (Ruan 
 High Lanes). P. <5oo. 
 
 Ruapeliu, volcanic mt. , the highest peak of New Zealand, 
 North 1. , near the centre of the island, nearly due E. of Cape 
 Egmont. Crater extinct, but containing a boiling lake into 
 which the ice crowning the summit melts. Alt. 9250 ft. See 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1885, pp. 213-15; Geog. Jour, i., p. 37. 
 
 Ruapnlte, isl., off the S. ct. of New Zealand, South I., at E. 
 entrance of Foveaux Strait. 
 
 Ruardean, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div., 
 7^ m. ENE. Monmouth, 2 m. ENE. Lydbrook Junction ; coal 
 mined. PM.O. P. <isoo. 
 
 Rnatliair, Locli An, lake, Scot., Sutherland, in the E., 
 drained S. by the riv. Helmsdale. Alt. 415 ft. 
 
 Rubaga, tn., equatorial Africa, former cap. of Uganda, 4^ 
 m. N. the N. shore of the Victoria Nyanza, in 0° 22' 10" N. 
 Alt. 4265 ft. Mean temp. (5 yrs., 1877-81), yr. 70.1° F. 
 
 Rubana, riv. , equatorial Africa, trib. of the Victoria Nyanza, 
 which it joins at the end of the Gulf of Speke ; its course is little 
 known. 
 
 Rubaue, P.O., Ire., co. Down, 2 m. SE. Kirkcubbin. 
 
 Rubba, site, Palestine, Rabbath (of Judah) in the O. T. , 31'* 
 40' N. , 34° 58' E. , 13 m. N W. by N. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Rubbiera, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. Reggio, 6 m. W. 
 Modena. P. < 4000. 
 
 Rubebo, mt. chain, equatorial Africa, in 6° 53' S. , 36° 30' E. , 
 almost in the middle of Usagara. Alt. of highest point, 6160 ft. ; 
 length about 300 m. 
 
 Rubeliobebo, \'il., Ger. E. Africa, Khutu, no m. SW. by 
 W. Dar-es-Salaam. 
 
 Riibenau, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, dist. Zwickau, 23 m. SE. 
 Chemnitz. P. <3000. 
 
 Rubery, stn., Eng., Worcestershire, on the G. W. & M. 
 Joint Rly., 5^ m. NNE. Bromsgrove, P.O. (R. HIU). 
 
 Rubl, stn. , Congo Free State, on Rubi R. , in 2° 50' N. , 24*^ 
 54' E. 
 
 Rubi, riv., Congo Free State, flows WSW. and joins the 
 Congo in 2° N. , 23° 5' E. ; navigable to 24° 50' E. 
 
 Rubi, comm., Italy. See Ruvo. 
 
 Rubl, comm., Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 12^ m. NW> 
 Barcelona. P. < 4000. 
 
 Rublana, isl., Solomon group. See New Georgia. 
 
 Rublana, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 50 m. E. Orense,. 
 dist. El Barco de Valdeorras. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rubicon, frontier stream between Italy and Cisalpine Gaul, 
 probably the modern Rugone, a little N. of Rimini. The cross- 
 ing of this stream by Ceesar in 49 B. c. was the signal for the- 
 outbreak of the Civil War. 
 
 Rubleszow, tn., Poland. See Hrubiezdw. 
 
 Rublnat, watering-place in the Spanish Pyrenees, near the 
 French frontier, prov. Lerida, nearest railway station Cervera ; 
 cold sulphate of soda waters, which are bottled for export. 
 
 Rublsla-w, eccles. par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, in city of 
 Aberdeen, Old Machar par., P.O. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rubovtse, tn., Turkey in Europe, sanjak Kosovopolje, 13, 
 m. S. by W. Prishtina. 
 
 Ruby, settlement, U.S., Washington, Okanogan co., 122 m. 
 NW. by W. Spokane Falls. 
 
 Ruby Creek, stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the- 
 C. P. R., about 121° 3/ W. , 1400 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 
 82 m. from Vancouver. 
 
 Ruby Hill, silver-mining vil. , U.S., Nevada, co. and 15 m. 
 SW. Eureka, 190 m. E. Carson City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rucbuvu, riv. , Africa. See Cballka. 
 
 Riicken, Ger. ; English, Ridge and Rigg, ' a ridge." 
 
 Ruckinge, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 5^ m. S. by E, Ash- 
 ford, li m. E. Ham Street stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Ruckland, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 6 m. 
 S. Louth, 4i m. WSW. Authorpe stn. P. <;25o; eccles. par. 
 (R. with Farfortta and Maidenwell) P. •<25o. 
 
 Ruckley and Langley, par., Eng., Shropshire, Atchanu 
 dist. P. <25o. 
 
 Rncptaen, vil., Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 10 m. WSW, 
 Breda. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Rucuyennes, tribe of Indians, French Guiana, in the Tumuc- 
 Humac Mts., on the upper course of the Maroni, the upper 
 Paru, and the upper Yary, trib. of the Amazon. See Crevaux's 
 Voyages. 
 
 Rud, Persian, 'river'; Heri-rud, ' the river of Herat.' 
 
 Rnda, isl. in Nile. See Rhoda. 
 
 Ruda, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle 2z!acK., 31 m. NE. 
 by E. Ratibor, and 5 m. W. by N. Konigshiitte ; has coal- 
 mines and a gold-mine, and iron and zinc smelting furnaces. 
 P. 6200. 
 
 Rudarpnr, tn. , Brit. India. See Rudrapur. 
 
 Rndaull, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Bara Banki, 53 m. E. 
 by S. Lucknow; has a brisk trade. P. 11,800; Moham. 
 6700 ; Hindus, 5100. 
 
 Rudbar, vil., Afghanistan, on the 1. bk. of the Helmand, 
 215 m. WSW. Kandahar, 
 
RUDB — RUGB 
 
 Radbar, vil. , Persia, prov. Mazanderan, 80 m. ENE. Kazvin. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Kiulbarton, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, dist. and 3 m. N. 
 Haverfordwest; 4255 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Kudby In Cleveland, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Cleveland div., on the Leven, 9 m. S. by W. Middlesbrough, 
 i| m. NW. Sexhow stn. P. <250 ; eccles. par. (R. with 
 Mlddleton In Cleveland and East Rowton) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Radchester, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 
 9 m. WNW. Newcastle, 2 m. NW. Wylam stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Rudders Hills, vil. , U.S., Kentucky, Bourbon co., 55 m. 
 S. by E. Cincinnati (Ohio). P. < 1500. 
 
 Rnddervoorde, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. 
 and II m. S. Bruges. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rnddlngton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div., 
 
 4 m. S. by W. Nottingham, 2 m. SW. Edwalton stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 Rnderslierg, vil., Ger., Wiirtemberg, circle Jagst, 5 m. 
 WNW. Welzheim. P. <:3000. 
 
 Rikdersdorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Nieder- 
 barnim, 17 m. E. by S. Berlin. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Riidersdorrer Kalkberge, vil., adjoining Rudersdorf. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Rttdesbelm, or Rttdestaelm am Rheln, tn., Prussia, prov. 
 Hesse-Nassau, on the r. bk. of the Rhine, circle Rheingau, ij 
 m. ENE. Bingen ; noted for its vineyards (upwards of 500 ac), 
 producing excellent sparkling wine ; connected by rack-railway 
 with the Niederwald. P. < 5000! 
 
 Rndfonl, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 3^ 
 m. N W. by W. Gloucester. P. < 250. 
 
 Rndge, P.O., Eng., Gloucestershire, 2^ m. from Stroud. 
 
 Rndge, par., Eng., on the E. border of Salop, Ludlow div., 
 14 m. N. by W. Kidderminster, 5 m. S. Albrighton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Rndgeway, P.O., Eng., Gloucestershire, 3 m. SW. Thorn- 
 bury. 
 
 Radgivlck, par., Eng., on the N. border of Sussex, div. and 
 5| m. WNW. Horsham, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PM.O.; 
 6022 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Kiidha (rua), Gaelic, ' a point.' See Ru. 
 
 Rudba an Rldlre, cape, Scot. , Argyllshire, in the S. of the 
 Morven Penin. , in 5° 41' W. 
 
 Rndtaa Ardvnla, cape, Scot., Inverness-shire, on the W. ct. 
 of S. Uist, in 57° 14' N. 
 
 Rudba Dnbh Ard, headland, Scot. See Duard. 
 - Rudba Hunlsh, headland, Scot., Inverness-shire, at N. point 
 of Skye I. 
 
 Rudbani, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Norfolk; 
 East R., NW. div., 14^ m. ENE. King's Lynn, 1^ m. N. of its 
 stn. on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly. East R., PMT.O., P. < 
 750; West R. P. <:5oo; eccles. par. (R, East atud West wltb 
 Rroonistborpe) P. < 1500. 
 
 Rudba IMball Llghtbouse, Scot. , Argyllshire,- at N. point of 
 Islay I. , with lighthouse, in 6° 8' W. , visible 18 m. 
 
 Rudba na Falng, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, on the SW. ct. 
 of Islay I., in 55° 41^' N. 
 
 Rntlba na Hordag, cape, Scot., Inverness-shire, on the SE. 
 ct. of S. Uist, in 57° 7' N. 
 
 Rudb'an Dunaln, cape, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the S. of 
 the isl. of Skye, in 57° 9^' N. , 6° 19' W. 
 
 Rudbeatb, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 2 m. SE. 
 by E. Northwich. P. <75o. 
 
 Rudb' Re, or Ru Rea, cape, Scot., Ross-shire, on the NW. 
 ct. , W. Loch Ewe, in 57° i^' N. 
 
 Rudlg, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Podersam, 22 m. E. by 
 S. Karlsbad. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rndingbansen, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle and 
 
 5 m. SSW. Dortmund ; coal mined. P. <3000. 
 
 Rudkl, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 21 m. N. Drohobycz. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Rudkjdbing, tn. and small port, Denmark, on the W. ct. of 
 Langelandl. Birthplaceofthephysician Oersted, 1777. P. < 4000. 
 • Rudland Rlgg, range of hills, Eng. , in the W. of the Whitby 
 div. of the N. Riding of Yorkshire, between the Dove and the 
 Hodge Beck. 
 
 Rndnlk, Central, mountainous prov. of Servia, bounded S. 
 by the Golijska Morava, crossed by 44° N., 20^° E. 
 
 Rndokh, tn. , western Tibet, S. of Lake Noh, about 130 m. 
 ESE. Leh (Kashmir), in about 33'^ 25' N., 79° 45' E. 
 
 Rudolf Lake, called by the natives Basso Nardk ( ' black 
 lake'), large lake, with no visible outlet, in the N. of the great 
 meridional trough of E. Africa, between 2° 16' and 4° 47' N. , 
 3S^°-36° 10' E. , about 170 m. long by 10-30 m. wide ; discovered 
 by Count Teleki in 1888. Shores mostly rocky (in places so 
 precipitous as to allow no passage) or sandy, and of volcanic 
 origin. Vegetation extremely scanty. Water rich in soda, but 
 drinkable. Alt. i8ioft. ; area about 3000 sq. m. 
 
 Rudolf (or Kronprluz Rudolf) Land, Arctic Ocean, form- 
 ing part of Franz Josef Land. 
 
 Rudolf^belm, suburb of Vienna, Austria, dist. Sechshaus. 
 P. 29,900. 
 
 Rudolfstadt, settlement, W. Africa, French Congo Terr., 
 near the mouth of the Kwilu, in 4° 28' S. 
 
 Rudolfstadt, or Bergstadtl, vil., Austria, Bohemia, dist. 
 and 3 m. NE. Budweis ; argentiferous lead mined. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rudolfswertta, or Neustiidtel (in Slavonic Novomesto), tn., 
 Austria, Carniola, cap. circle R. , 37 m. ESE. Laibach. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Rudolstadt, tn. , Ger., cap. principality Schwarzburg-Rudol- 
 stadt, 17^ m. S. Weimar, picturesquely situated on the Saale ; 
 manufactures of porcelain, cloth, pianos, &c. Came into the 
 hands of the Counts of Schwarzburg in the 14th century. Re- 
 sidence of Schiller, 1787-88; here he met Goethe. P. (i8i7)< 
 5000; (1890)11,400. 
 
 Rudra Hlni(ila, mt. peak, India, NW. Provs., Garhwdl 
 state, in 30° 58' N. , 79° 9' E. ; has five snow-covered summits. 
 Estimated alt. 22,390 ft. 
 
 Rudrapur, or Rudarpur (census), tn., Brit. India, NW. 
 Provs., dist. Gorakhpur, 85 m. NNE. Benares; has remains of 
 an enormous fort. P. 9200 ; Hindus, 8300 ; Moham. 900. 
 
 Ru«lry, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., 7 m. N. Car- 
 diff, 2 m. E. Caerphilly stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. See Bedwas. 
 
 Rudston, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div. , on 
 Gipsey Race, 13^ m. S. by E. Scarborough, 5 m. W. Bridlington, 
 2,\ m. N. by W. Burton Agnes stn., P.O. ; 5547 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Rndyard, par., Eng., Staffordshire, par. and 2 m. NW. 
 Leek, on the N. Staffordshire Rly., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Rue, tn. , France, dep. Somme, arr. Abbeville, on the Maie, 
 32 m. S. Boulogne, cap. cant. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rue, or Ru-w^, tn. , Switzd., cant. Freiburg, 12 m. NE. by E. 
 Lausanne. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Ruecas, riv., Spain, Estremadura, flows SW. from the Sierra 
 de Guadalupe to the Guadiana. 
 
 Rueda, comm., Spain, Leon, prov. and 21 m. WSW. Valla- 
 dolid, dist. Medina del Campo. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Rnell, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Versailles, 8 m. 
 W. by N. Notre Dame, Paris, at foot of Mont-Val^rien. Here 
 Richelieu built a castle, where he frequently stayed. Two miles 
 to the S. is the battlefield of Buzenval, 1871. P. 8300. 
 
 Ruelle, tn., France, dep. Charente, arr. and 4 m. ENE. 
 Angoulgme ; has foundries for naval cannon. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ruen'ya, or Rnenyl, riv., S. Africa, flows N. and, after 
 uniting with the Mazoe, E. by N. into the Zambezi, which it 
 joins on the r. bk. in about 16° 24' S. ; at the confluence with 
 the Mazoe it falls 10 ft. 
 
 Rue Point, cape. Ire. , on the SE. ct. of Rathlin I. , co. Antrim. 
 
 Rueval, sound, Scot., between N. Uist and Benbecula Is., 
 Outer Hebrides, length 9 m., about 3 m. broad, commonly 
 called Loch R. 
 
 Rufach, French Rouifach, tn., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle 
 Gebweiler, 9 m. SSW. Kolmar ; birthplace of Marshal Lefebvre, 
 1755-1820. P. <4000. 
 
 Ruffano, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 17 m. SW. Otranto. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Ruffec, tn., France, dep. Charente, on the Charente, cap. 
 arr., 26 m. N. Angouleme ; manufactures /a;'A of partridge and 
 truffled /ots doie. P. <;4000. 
 
 Ruflieux, vil. , France, dep. Savoie, arr. and 20 m. N. by W. 
 Chamb^ry, 10 m. NE. by E. Belley. P. <2ooc. 
 
 RufTord, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Chorley div. , ■j\ m. E. by 
 S. Southport, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. P.<iooo. 
 
 RufTord, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 7 m. 
 ENE. Mansfield, 4^ m. N. by E. Farnsfield stn. ; 9938 ac. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 RufTortb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 4^ m. W. York, t\ m. S. Hessay stn., P.O. 
 P. <;25o. 
 
 Rufljl, or Lufljl, riv. , Ger. E. Africa, formed in about 8° 45' 
 S-i 37° 15' E-. by the confluence of two headstreams, the Ulanga 
 {q. V. ) from the W. and N W. , and the Luvegu from the S W. , forms 
 the Suguli Falls just below the confluence, flows NE. then E. 
 into the Indian Ocean, forming a delta opposite Mafia I. , crossed 
 by 8° S. ; the bar at Msala (Zimba Uranga mouth) can be 
 crossed at high water by vessels drawing nearly 6 ft. ; and 
 vessels drawing 2J ft. can ascend to the Pangani Falls (37° 50' 
 E. ), about 150 m. from mouth. 
 
 Ruflsque, seapt. tn. , French Senegal, 100 m. SSW. St. 
 Louis, on the Atlantic Ocean, in the NE. of the Bay of Goree, 
 in 14° 43' N. The name is a corruption of Rio Fresco, or ' cool 
 river.' The roadstead is bad, the bore is greatly felt. Market 
 for earth-nuts and raw leather. Here the roads for Kayor, 
 Baol, and the Sereres dist. converge. P. 8000. 
 
 Rufn, or Ruvu, ' great water-course,' is a name given to 
 several rivers of E. Africa. See Klugaul and Pangani. 
 
 Rug, islets, Caroline Is. See Hogolu. 
 
 Rug, part of eccles. par. , Wales, Merionethshire, 10 m. W. by 
 N. LUangollen, close to Corwen stn. See Corwen. 
 
 Rugby, par. and market-tn., Eng., Warwickshire, on the 
 Avon, R. div., 15 m. NE. Warwick, an important railway centre 
 of the L. & NW. R. , also with a stn. on the M. R. , and on the 
 route of the line of the M. S. & L. R. to London now under 
 
 1317 
 
R U G B — R U M K 
 
 construction. R. has a celebrated public school, founded in 
 1567 by Lawrence Sheriff, consisting of a fine quadrangle with 
 cloister, and an elegant detached chapel, with about 500 scholars, 
 50 of whom are on the foundation, an endowment now pro- 
 ducing over ;^5ooo per annum ; there is also, connected with 
 the same, a lower school for imparting a commercial education. 
 Market-days, M., Tu., and S. P. (1871) 8400; (1881) 9900; 
 (1891) 11,300; pari. div. P. 49,700. 
 
 Rugby, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Pierce co., 115 m. 
 NNE. Bismarck. 
 
 Rngby, tn., U.S., Tennessee, on the N. border of the Cum- 
 berland plateau, 50 m. NW. by W. Knoxville, founded in 1880 
 by Thomas Hughes , author of Tom Brown's Schooldays. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Rngeley (ruj'll), tn. and par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 7 
 m. NW. Lichfield, on the Trent and Mersey Canal, and the riv. 
 Trent, with two stns. (R. Town and R. Trent Valley) on the 
 L. & NW. R. ; iron-foundries, tanning ; collieries. Market- 
 days, Th. and S. 8449 ac. Tn. P. <4500 ; par. P. 6900. 
 
 iKiigen, a very irregularly shaped isl. , Prussia, prov. Pomer- 
 ania, intersected by 54° 30' N. and 13° 30' E. , separated from 
 the mainland by the Strela Sund. The N. and E. of the island 
 are composed of three penins. — Wittow in the N., Jasmund in 
 the NE., and in the SE. a third in three sections (Granitz, 
 Monchgfut, and Gross-Zicker), all consisting in their elevated 
 parts mainly of chalk, and connected with one another, the SE. 
 jjenin. also with the main body of the island, by isthmuses, two 
 of them very narrow, wholly or mainly under 16 ft. in height. 
 The Jasmund Penin. has the highest elevation (attaining in the 
 interior 525 ft. , at the Stubbenkammer on the NE. ct. in the 
 conical peak of the Konigsstuhl, 400 ft.), has the bays known as 
 the Tromper Wiek and the Prorer Wiek on its NW. and S. 
 respectively, and is separated from the main body of the island 
 by the inlet called the Jasmund Bodden (entirely under 35 ft. in 
 depth). The island, which has for its cap. Bergen, contains 
 several remains of heathen times, when it was a holy island, and 
 is in modern times a favourite German summer resort. It was 
 taken possession of by the Danes in 1168, in 1327 was annexed 
 to Pomerania, in 1648 became Swedish, and in 1815 Prussian, 
 and now forms with the adjacent small island a circle of the go\'t. 
 of Stralsund. Area, 373 sq. m. P. (1819) 30,400; (1891) 
 46,200. See Monograph by R. Credner, part v. of vol. vii. 
 oS. Forschungen zurdeutschen Landes- und Volkskunde (1893). 
 
 Rttgenhafen, port, E. ct. of Gazelle Penin., Bismarck 
 Archipelago, in 4° 37' S. , 152° 25' E. 
 
 Riigensclier Bodden, a bay of the Baltic, Prussia, between 
 the isls. of Riigen and Usedom. 
 
 Rttgenwalde, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Schlawe, 
 37 m. ENE. Kolberg, on the Wipper ; trade in smoked salmon 
 and goose flesh. Its port is Riigenwaldermiinde. P. 5300. 
 
 Rilgglsbeis, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 8^ m. S. by W. Bern. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Rag Island, Pacific Ocean. See Hogoln. 
 
 Rahanda, or Ruanda, dist., central Africa, in the Congo 
 Free State and the German sphere of influence, to the W. of the 
 Kagera R., crossed by 2° S. 
 
 Ruhe, Ger., 'rest;' e.g., Karlsruhe, 'Charles's rest,' founded 
 by Charles, margrave of Baden, 1715. 
 
 Rntala, tn., Ger., duchy Saxe-Koburg-Gotha and Saxe- 
 Weimar, in a beautiful situation, 25^ m. W. by S. Gotha. In 
 the middle ages noted for its armour, later for its cutlery ; since 
 1739 for its meerschaum and other pipes, and cigar mouthpieces ; 
 has iron-mines. Has two ferruginous springs and a bathing 
 establishment, and is much resorted to in summer. Alt., at 
 lower end, 1150 ft. ; at upper end, 1475 ft. P. 5100 (2849 
 belonging to the Saxe-Koburg-Gotha portion, 2228 to the Saxe- 
 Weimar portion). 
 
 Rnhland, tn., Prussia, in the extreme W. of prov. Silesia, 
 circle Hoyerswerda, 28 m. N. by E. Dresden. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ruhr, or Roer, riv. , W. Prussia, r. bk. trib. of the Meuse, 
 rises on the Belgian frontier, flows NE., N., NNW., and NW. 
 through Montjoie, Juliers, and Limburg to the Meuse at 
 Roermond. Length, 67 m. ; area of basin, 1855 sq. m. 
 
 Ruhr, riv. , in the W. of Prussia, provs. Westphalia and the 
 Rhine, rises in the Rothhaar Mts. , flows N. then W. to the Rhine 
 at Ruhrort ; it traverses and gives name to the second largest 
 and the most productive coalfleld in Germany, stretching about 
 60 m. WSW. to ENE. (partly on the 1. bk. of the Rhine), with 
 a breadth of 20-25 m. in the Rhine Prov. and Westphalia 
 (beyond Unna). Total area in which the coal-measures come 
 to the surface, 205 sq. m.; area within which coal is mined, 458 
 sq. m. ; area within which the existence of coal-seams is proved 
 by borings, 742 sq. m. Length, 144 m. ; canalised from Witten, 
 47 m. 
 
 Rulirort, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Miilheim, on the 
 r. bk. of the Rhine, at the mouth of the Ruhr, 12 m. W. Essen ; 
 has the largest river harbour in the kingdom (from the Ruhrort 
 Canal to the Ruhr), which can be reached via Amsterdam or 
 Rotterdam by vessels drawing 10 ft. average, and 6 ft. 6 in. at 
 low water. Important trade in coal, unwrought iron, hardware, 
 &c. P. (i8i6)<20oo; (1871)7700; (1890) 11,100. 
 1318 
 
 Ruia River, S. Africa. See Luia. 
 
 Ruiba, vil., Algeria, prov. and 13 m. ESE. Algiers. P. 
 (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Rniueu, tn., Netherlands, prov. Drenthe, 18 m. SSW. Assen, 
 on the Meppeler Diep. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Ruines, vil., France, dep. Cantal, 55 m. S. by E. Clermont- 
 Ferrand, arr. and 7 m. ESE. St. Flour. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rulshton, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 2 m. E. 
 Taunton. P. < 500. 
 
 Rnisllp, par., Eng., Middlesex, div. and 3 m. NE. Uxbridge 
 stn. , 4 m. W. Harrow, PM.O. ; 6585 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ruk, rly. June, Brit. India, Sind, 15 m. (by rail) W. Sukkur, 
 where the line to Quetta branches off from the line from Karachi 
 to the Punjab. 
 
 Ruk, or Rug, islets. Pacific. See Hogolu. 
 
 Rukl, or Ilrukl, riv., Congo Free State, formed by the union 
 of the Chuapa and Busera, flows WNW. into the Congo, which 
 it joins a little N. of the equator, in 18° 20' E. The Chuapa 
 is navigable about 400 m. up, to about 23° 10' E. ; the Busera 
 about 120 m. nearly to 20° E. 
 
 Ruku Ruku Bay, W. ct. of Vanua Levu, Fiji Is., in 16° 40' 
 S. , 178° 32' E. 
 
 Rukwa, lake, Africa. See Hikwa. 
 
 Rullion dreen, place on the Pentland Hills, Scot., 8 m. 
 SSW. Edinburgh, where Sir Thomas Dalzell defeated the 
 Covenanters in 1666. 
 
 Rulo, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Richardson co., on the Missouri, 
 10 m. E. Falls City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rulo, settlement, U.S., Washington, co. and 10 m. NW. by 
 W. Walla- Walla. 
 
 RiUzbeini, comm., Ger., Bavarian Palatinate, 13 m. SSW, 
 Spires. P. <40oo. 
 
 Rum, mountainous isl. of the Inner Hebrides, Scot., co. 
 Argyll, par. Small Is., 16 m. NNW. Ardnamurchan Point. 
 The highest hill is Haskeval, 2667 ft. above the sea. On its 
 NW. side is a cliff 1272 ft. high, in which is a bloodstone quarry. 
 Soil but little cultivated. R. is divided into five parts — Kinloch, 
 Kilmory, Guirdil, Harris, and Dibidil. Kinloch is a small village, 
 and has a harbour, much frequented by coasting vessels during 
 NW. and S. gales. Length, 8 m. ; breadth, 7 m. P.O. P. 53. 
 
 Rum, the Turkish name for Asia Minor. 
 
 Ruma, comm., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Szerem, 15 m. 
 S. by W. Peterwardein. P. 9600. 
 
 Rnmanzoff, isls. , Pacific. See Otdia. 
 
 Rumba, stn., Congo Free State, r. bk. Congo, in 2° 10' N., 
 22° 50' E. 
 
 Rumbek, tn. , equatorial Africa, in Langeh or Dinka country, 
 6° 47' N. , 29° 27' E. P. 3000. 
 
 Rumbeke, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 9 m. NW. 
 by N. Courtrai, arr. and \\ m. ESE. Rousselaere (Roulers) ; 
 manufactures linen. P. 5700. 
 
 Rumbl, riv. , Kamerun terr. See Meme. 
 
 Rumbles Moor, upland tract, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 between the valleys of the Aire (above Saltaire) and WTiarfe 
 (above Otley). It extends NW. to near Skipton, and has Ilkley 
 on its NE. side, Keighley on the SW. 
 
 Rumbling Bridge, stn., Scot., on the SE. border of E. 
 Perthshire, on the Devon, 16^ m. SE. by S. Crieff, on the 
 N. B. R., PT.O. 
 
 Rumbolds Wyke, par. , Eng. , Sussex, div. and i m. SE. by 
 S.Chichester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rumburg, tn. , Austria, in the N. of Bohemia, cap. dist. R., 
 25 m. NW. by W. Reichenberg ; manufactures linen, and has 
 flax-spinning. P. 10,200. 
 
 Rumburgli, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 15 m. WSW. Lowes- 
 toft, 4^ m. NW. by N. Halesworth, P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. 
 par. (R. -with South Elmham) P. <5oo. 
 
 Rumengol, vil. , France, dep. Finist^re, arr. and 16 m. ESE. 
 Brest. The church of Notre Dame is one of the most famous 
 places of pilgrimage in Brittany ; here is a miraculous spring. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Rumes, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 5 m. SW. 
 Tournay. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Rumford, vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, 3J m. SE. by E. Falkirk, 
 I m. SSE. Polmont Junction. 
 
 Rumford, vil., U.S., Maine, Oxford co., 33 m. NNW. 
 Auburn ; near are R. Falls, cascades on the Androscoggin R. 
 Ah. 150 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rumlll-ltlssar, vil. , Turkey in Europe, on the Bosporus, 6^ 
 m. NE. by N. Constantinople. 
 
 RumlU-kavak, vil., Turkey in Europe, on the Bosporus, 
 13 m. NNE. Constantinople. 
 
 Rumllly, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Savoie, on the Fier, 21 m. 
 N. Chamb^ry, arr. and 10 m. WSW. Annecy. P. <:3000. 
 
 Rumllly, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 3 m. S. by W. 
 Cambrai. P. <3000. 
 
 Rum Jungle, site of tp., S. Australia, N. Terr., co. and 18 
 m. S. by E. Palmerston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rum-kale (' Roman castle'), or rather Halfatl, vil., Turkey 
 in Asia, vilayet Aleppo, sanjak Urfa, on r. bk. Euphrates. In 
 
RUML — RURU 
 
 the time of the Romans strongly fortified. P. 2000 ; Moham. 
 1600 (Cuinet). 
 
 Rnmlelgh, place with arsenic refining works, near Calstock, 
 Devonshire, Eng. 
 
 Kamnifiiieh, vil. , Palestine, Remmon (of Zebulon) in the 
 O. T., 32° 47' N., 35° 18' E., 6 m. N. Nazareth. 
 
 Rnnimel, Wa«l el, riv. , Algeria, prov. Constantine, rises 22 
 m. ENE. Setif, flows ENE. then NE. to Constantine, turns 
 NW. and enters the sea under the name of Wad el Kebir, 
 between Jijelli and CoUo ; not navigable. Length of tortuous 
 course, 140-155 m.; area of basin, 3490 sq. m. 
 
 Rmnmelsbarg, or Rnmiuelsbnrg bel Berlin, tn. , Prussia, 
 prov. Brandenburg, circle Niederbarnim, 2 m. W. Berlin. 
 P. 10,600. 
 
 Rammelsbarg, or Rnmmelsbarg In Pomnieru, tn., 
 Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Koslin, on the Stiednitz R. , 
 58 m. E. by S. Kolberg. P. < 5000. 
 
 RAninion, vil., Palestine, Rimmon (Rock) in the O. T., 31° 
 56' N., 35° 18' E., II m. NNE. Jerusalem. 
 
 Rnmness, cape, Scot. , Forfarshire, on E. ct. , in 56° 36' N. 
 
 Rnmney, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., on the R., 3 
 m. NE. and partly in bor. of Cardiff, P.O. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Raniney, River, dc, Wales. See Rhymney. 
 
 Rnnioiisli, people, Switzd. See Roniansli. 
 
 Rnnipst, comm. , Belgium, prov. and arr. Antwerp. P. <40oo. 
 
 Rnmsey, settlement, U.S., Montana, Deer Lodge co., 38 m. 
 NW. by W. Butte City. 
 
 Rumwortb, par., Eng., Lancashire, partly in the bor. of 
 Bolton, with a stn. (R. and DanblilU) on the L. & NW. R. 
 P. 6800. See Danbblll. 
 
 Run, Anglo-Saxon, ' council ; ' e.g. , Runnymede, ' the meadow 
 of the council.' 
 
 Ranabay Head, cape. Ire., on the E. ct. of co. Antrim, with 
 a coastguard station, lat. 55° 10' N. 
 
 Rauang, pass, Brit. India, Punjab, in 31° 43' N., 78° 28' E., 
 is closed during the four coldest months. Alt. 14,500 ft. 
 
 Runanlrree, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 5 m. from Bally vourney, 
 10 m. from Macroom stn. 
 
 Runcorn, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Cheshire, Northwich 
 div., 6^ m. SW. by W. Warrington, on the Mersey, at the 
 junction of the Bridgwater with the Manchester Ship Canal, and 
 the L. & NW. R. , which here crosses the river by a viaduct \\ 
 m. long. The port with its spacious docks now forms a creek 
 of the port of Manchester ; has a series of docks, with a water 
 area of about 7 acres, and a constant depth of 20 ft., com- 
 municating by a lock in the tidal water. R. has chemical works, 
 iron-foundries, and tanning. Stone quarries in the vicinity. 
 Market-day, S. P. 20,100. 
 
 Rnncton, Nortb and ^ntb, two adjoining pars., Eng., Nor- 
 folk. North R., NW. div., 3 m. SSE. King's Lynn, 2 m. SW. 
 Middleton stn., P.O., P. <5oo; eccles. pars. (R. Nortb -wltb 
 Hardwlcb and Setcbey) P. <5oo; (R. 8ontb M'ltb Holme 
 and M'alUngton wltb Tborplaud) P. <5oo. South R., SW. 
 div., 7 m. S. King's Lynn, 2 m. SE. Magdalen Road stn., 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Rnndale Tarns, two lakes, Eng., in the NE. of the co. of 
 
 Westmorland, Appleby div., on Dufton Fell, 5 m. NE. by N. 
 Appleby. 
 
 Rttnderotb, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Gummersbach, 
 23 m. E. by N. Cologne. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Rnnfold, PT.O., Eng., Surrey, Guildford div., 3 m. E. by 
 N. Farnham, i m. S. Tongham stn. 
 
 Rnnball, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 11 m. W. Norwich, 
 S m. SSE. East Dereham, i m. E. Thuxton stn. P. •<25o ; 
 eccles. par. (R. -wltb Coston) P. <25o. 
 
 Rnnbam, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 4I m. NW. by W. 
 and partly in bor. of Yarmouth, 3 m. SW. Great Ormesby stn., 
 PM.O. P.<:iooc. 
 
 Rnnkel, tn,, Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Oberlahn, 
 22 m. N. Wiesbaden, on the Lahn ; has several iron and man- 
 ganese mines. P. <20oo. 
 
 Rnnlongb Point, cape. Ire., SW. ct. co. Mayo, 53° 41' N. 
 
 Rnnn, lake, Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, entered by steamers 
 from the sea. Area, 30 sq. m.; length, 8 m. ; breadth, 5 m. 
 
 Runnels. 1. County, U.S., Texas, crossed in the W. by 
 ioo° W., and in the extreme N. by 32° N. 2. Village, in that 
 county, 170 m. NW. Austin. 
 
 Runnlngton, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 7^ m. 
 W. by S. Taunton, ij m. NW. Wellington stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Runnymede, or Runney Head, racecourse, Eng., Surrey, 
 on the Thames, 2 m. W. Staines, with stn. (Runnymede 
 Range) on G. W. R. main line ; here the barons forced King 
 John to grant the Magna Charta, June 15, 1215. 
 
 Runnymede, post-tn., Victoria, Rodney co., 25 m. NE. 
 Sandhurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 RunovbS tn., Austria, Dalmatia, dist. Imoski. P. <3000. 
 
 Run River, riv., U.S., Minnesota, is fed by Mille Lacs and 
 several other small lakes, flows S. to the Mississippi in Anoka co. 
 Length, 160 m. 
 
 Runs-wlck, vil. and small watering-place, Eng., Yorkshire, 
 
 N. Riding, on R. Bay, at the foot of a cliff near Hinderwell 
 stn. , b\ m. NW. Whitby. 
 
 Runton, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., on the N. ct., 2 m. W. 
 by N. Cromer, with a stn. (West R.) on the M. & G. N. 
 Joint Rly., PMT.O. (East R.). P. <7So. See Aylmerton. 
 
 RunM'ell, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 8J m. SSE. Chelms- 
 ford, I m. NE. Wickford stn. P. -csoo. 
 
 Ruo, riv., S. Africa, forming parts of the SE. frontier of 
 Nyassa-land, rises by numerous headwaters in the Milanji Hills, 
 and flows SW. to the Shire, which it enters at Chiromo, in 
 16° 34' S. ; navigable to Gandi, about 7 m. above its mouth. 
 See Zoa Falls. 
 
 Ruotl, tn., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 8 m. NW. Potenza. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Rupanco, lake, S. Chile, crossed by 4of° S., 72^° W., N. of 
 the volcano, and ESE. of the town, of Osorno. 
 
 Rupanyup, post-tn., Victoria, Borung co. , 46 m. NNW. 
 Ararat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rdpar, municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Ambdla, on the 
 1. bk. of the Sutlej, 40 m. W. by S. Simla; manufactures 
 cotton cloth and hardware ; has an important exchange trade 
 between the hills and plains, and is the head-works of the 
 Sirhind Canal. Has two religious fairs, one Mohammedan, 
 attended by about 50,000 persons, the other Hindu. P. 8700 ; 
 Hindus, 3800 ; Moham. 4300. 
 
 Rupat, isl. off" the E. ct. of Sumatra, E. Indies, in the Strait 
 of Malacca, separated from the town of Malacca by a strait 
 about 25 m. wide. Area, 640 sq. m. 
 
 Rupcbu, or Rupsbu, dist., Tibet, Ladak, SE. of Kashmir, 
 traversed by the upper Indus. 
 
 Rupel, short riv., Belgium, prov. Antwerp, formed by the 
 union of the Nethe and Dyle, flows W. to the r. bk. of the 
 Scheldt, which it joins about 8 m. above Antwerp. 
 
 Rupella, tn., France. See Rocbelle, La. 
 
 Rupelmonde, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. St. 
 Nicolas, on the 1. bk. of the Scheldt, opposite the confluence of 
 the Rupel. Birthplace of the famous geographer Mercator 
 (1512-94). P. <40oo. 
 
 Rupert, CO., Queensland, crossed by 21° S., bounded on the 
 W. by 142° E. 
 
 Rupert River, Labrador Penin., flows W. from Lake Mis- 
 tassini into the head of James Bay (Hudson Bay). 
 
 Rupert's Land, former name of a vast terr. now included in 
 the NW. Terrs, of the Dominion of Canada and the prov. of 
 Manitoba. 
 
 Rupbas, tn. , India, Rijputina, 15 m. SSE. Bhartpur. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Rtkpnagar, tn., India, Rajputdna, on the summit of the 
 ArdvalKs, between the Desuri and Someshwar Passes ; defended 
 by outworks. 
 
 Rtkpnagarb, tn., India, Rajputdna, 26 m. NE. by N. Ajmere. 
 P. (1881) 5700. 
 
 Rdpn&r&yan, riv. , Brit. India, Bengal, falls into the Hiiglf, 
 opposite Hugh Point. It is tidal, and is protected on the r. bk. 
 by an embankment 29 m. long, also embanked on the 1. bk. 
 
 Ruppersdorf, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Reichenberg. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Rnpperswll, comm., Switzd., cant, and 4 m. E. by N. 
 Aarau. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rupplcbterotb, comm., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Sieg, 
 18 m. ENE. Bonn. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Ruppln, Alt-, fishing tn. and river-port, Prussia, Brandenburg, 
 on the Rhin, 3 m. NE. Neu-Ruppin. P. <:3000 ; Neu-Rupplu 
 (cap. circle Ruppin) P. 14,000 ; comm. P. 14,600. 
 
 Rupplner See, lake, Prussia, Brandenburg, drained by the 
 Rhin into the Havel, r. bk. trib. of the Elbe. 
 
 Ruprecbtsan, suburb of Strassburg, Alsace. P. 6900. 
 
 Rupsbu, dist. , Tibet. See Rupcbu. 
 
 Rupununl, riv. in the SW. of Brit. Guiana, rises near the 
 frontier, and flows first N. then E. to the Essequibo, which it 
 joins at Apooterie, in 4° N. ; navigable in its lower course. 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1880, p. 475. 
 
 Ru Rea, headland, Scot. See Rudb' Re. 
 
 Ruremond, tn. , Holland. See Roermond. 
 
 Rurlck, or Arutua, isls., Pacific, Tuamotu group, in about 
 15^° S. and 147° W. 
 
 RArkba KaUn, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Jalandhar, 
 58 m. SE. by E. Amritsar. P. <5oco. 
 
 RHirkl (Roorkee, census), modern manufacturing tn. and 
 municip., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 20 m. ESE. 
 Saharanpur, 57 m. N. by E. Meerut ; has workshops of the 
 Ganges Canal and the Thomason Engineering College, the 
 largest and most important engineering college in India ; subject 
 to fever and malarious diseases. Alt. 887 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 
 75° F., Jan. 56°, June 90°; rfall., yr. 42.2 in., June-Sept. 35 in., 
 July-Aug. 24.8 in. P. (including cantonment) 17,400; Hindus, 
 10,200 ; Moham. 5600. 
 
 Rurutl, isl. , Pacific, in Cook group. 
 
 Rurutu, or Oblteroa, isl. , Pacific, Tubuai group, in about 
 
 22i° S. , I Koh° W. 
 
 1319 
 
R U S A- — R U S S 
 
 Bns, comm. , Spain, prov. and 25 m. NE. Jaen, dist. and 9 m. 
 WNVV. Ubeda. P. (comm. )<:4ooo. 
 
 Knsadir, tn. , Morocco. See Melllla. 
 
 Bnsngornlg, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Sunbury co. , 10 
 m. SE. Fredericton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rnsamlxis, vil. , S. Africa, Mashona-land, 98 m. NE. Fort 
 Salisbury, in 16° 43' S. , 31° 57' E. 
 
 Rasrombe, par., Eng. , Berkshire, Wokingham div. , 7 m. E. 
 by N. Reading, ^ m. ENE. Twyford stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 RnScnk, Bulgaria. See Rnshchnk. 
 
 Rusera (Roslira, census), municip. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. 
 Darbhangah, 50 m. E. by N. Patna. P. 10,900 ; Hindus, 10,400. 
 
 Rnsb, tn., Ire., NE. ct. co. and 15 m. NE. by N. Dublin, 
 bar. Balrothery East, 2 m. E. Rush and Lusk stn., on the 
 G. N. (Ire.) R., PMT.O. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Rush, CO., U.S., Indiana, midway between 85° and 86° W. 
 and 39° and 40° N. 
 
 Rnsb, CO., U.S., Kansas, crossed by 38^° N. and 99 J° W. 
 
 Rnsball, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 17 m. S. by W. 
 Norwich, li m. SSW. Pulham Mary stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Rasball," par., Eng., Staffordshire, Handsworth div., 2 m. 
 NNE. and partly in bor. of Walsall, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Rnshall, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 16J m. N. 
 Salisbury, 3 m. S. by E. Woodborough stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Rnsbbrooke, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 3 m. 
 SE. Burv St. Edmunds, i^ m. N. Welnethan stn. P. <25o. 
 See Bradflelrt, »t. «eorge. 
 
 Rnsbbrooke, stn.. Ire., co. Cork, i^ m. N. Queenstown, on 
 the G. S. & W. R. 
 
 Rasbbnry, par. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , 13 m. S. Shrews- 
 bury, on the G. W. R. ; 6304 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Rnsbcbak, in Slavonic sp>elling Rascnk, frequently spelt 
 Bnstcbnk, in Bulgarian Rnsse, fortified tn. , Bulgaria, on the 
 Danube, 41 m. S. by W. Bukarest, cap. circle R.; has an 
 arsenal, port, and royal palace ; manufactures earthenware. 
 After the Treaty of Berlin, 1878, the fortress was dismantled. 
 Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 54.5° F., Jan. 29.5°, July 76.3°. P. 
 (1881) 26,200; (1888) 27,200; Bulgarians, 14,200; Moham. 
 8200. 
 
 Rnsb City, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Chicago co., 49 m. N. by 
 E. St. Paul. P. < 1500. 
 
 RnsbcllfTe, pari, div., Eng., Nottinghamshire, in the extreme 
 SW. P. 64,600. 
 
 Rnsbden, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 12J m. N. 
 Hertford, 4 m. SE. by E. Baldock stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Rnsbden, tn. and par., Eng., E. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 4^ m. E. by S. Wellingborough, 2^ m. SE. Ditchford stn., on 
 the M. R. P. 7400. 
 
 Rnsben, par., Eng., Isle of Man, in the SW., including the 
 Calf of Man, 12 m. WSW. Douglas ; has mines of zinc and 
 lead ores. P. <35oo. 
 
 Rnsbett Common, P.O., Eng., Surrey, 5 m. SE. Guildford. 
 
 Rnsbey Piatt, stn., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade div., on the 
 M. & SW. June. Rly. , i^ m. W. Swindon. 
 
 Rnsbfleld, electoral div., Ire., Roscommon, dist. Boyle. 
 
 Rusbford par. , Eng. , on the Little Ouse, partly in the Stow- 
 market div. of Suffolk, partly in the SW. div. of Norfolk, 11 m. 
 NNE. Bury St. Edmunds, 3 m. ESE. Thetford Bridge stn. P. 
 <25o. See Brett«nbam. 
 
 Rnsbford, city, U.S., SE. Minnesota, Fillmore co. , at con- 
 fluence of Root R. and Rush Creek, 31 m. W. La Crosse 
 (Wisconsin) ; manufactures of iron and machinery. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rnsbford, vil., U.S., New York, Alleghany co., on Cane- 
 adea Creek, 14 m. N. Cuba ; in the neighbourhood are sulphur 
 springs. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rnshlknlya, or Rlsblknlya, riv., Brit. India, in NE. of 
 Madras Presidency, Ganjim dist. , flows ESE. into the Bay of 
 Bengal at Ganjdm. Extensive canal works for the protection of 
 the dist. are in progress ; part of the works are open for irriga- 
 tion. Length, 115 m. 
 
 Rnsb Lake, stn. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R. , 
 489 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Rnshlake Green, P.O., Eng-> Sussex. See Warbleton. 
 
 Rnsbmere, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 5 m. SW. Lowes- 
 toft, 3 m. SW. Carlton Colville stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Rnsbmere, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 2^ m. 
 ENE. and partly in bor. of Ipswich, i^ m. SE. Westerfield stn., 
 P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Rnsbock, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Droitwich div., 5 m. 
 W. by N. Bromsgrove, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Rnsholme, par. , Eng. , in bor. of Manchester, S. div. , about 
 i^ m. S. by E. London Road stn. P. 10,700. 
 
 Rnsbton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Tarvin dist., a NE. suburb 
 of Tarporley. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rnshton, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, on the 
 Ise, loj m. N. by W. Wellingborough, on the M. R., P.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Rnsbton James and Rnsbton Spencer, two adjoining 
 pars., Eng., Staffordshire. R. Spencer, div. and 4^ m. NW. 
 1320 
 
 Leek, with a stn. (Rnsbton) on the N. Staffordshire Rly., P.O., 
 P. <Soo; R. James, P. <;25o. 
 
 Rnsb Valley, settlement, U.S., Utah, Tooele co., 47 m. 
 SSW. Salt Lake City. 
 
 RnsbTllle, tn., U.S., Illinois, cap. Schuyler co., 52 m. 
 WNW. Springfield ; is an agricultural centre. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Rnsbvllle, city, U.S., Indiana, cap. Rush co. , 37 m. ESE. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 4000. 
 
 Rnsbvllle, vil., U.S., Missouri, Buchanan co., 14 m. SW. 
 St. Joseph. P. < 1500. 
 
 RnsbTllle, vil., U.S., New York, Ontario and Yates cos., 33 
 m. SE. by S. Rochester. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Rnsbwlck, P.O., Eng., in co. and 3 m. from Worcester. 
 
 Rnsbwortb, tn. , Victoria, Rodney co., 42 m. NE. by E. 
 Sandhurst, in 36° 36' S., 145° i' E. ; has gold-mining. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Rnsbyford, PMT.O., Eng., Durham, 5 m. SE. Bishop 
 Auckland. 
 
 Rnslca (-tsa), riv., Bulgaria, rises in the Balkan Mts., and 
 flows N., NE., and E. to the Jantra, which it joins on the 1. bk. 
 about 12 m. N. by E. Tirnova. 
 
 Rusicada, seapt., Algeria. See PblllppeTllle. 
 
 Rnslzl, or Lnslzl, riv., equatorial Africa, trib. of Lake 
 Tanganyika, which it enters in the extreme N. 
 
 Rnsk, CO., U.S., Texas, in the E., to the E. of 95° W., 
 crossed in the S. by 32° N. 
 
 Rnsk, tn., U.S., Texas, cap. Cherokee co., 99 m. SW. by W. 
 Shreveport (La.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Rnskberg, vil. , SE. Hungary, co. Krass6-Szor6ny, 60 m. E. 
 by S. Temesvir. Alt. 1250 ft. Mean rfall. (12 yrs.), 41.5 in. 
 
 Rnskey, P.O., Ire., co. Roscommon. See Roosky. 
 
 Rnskle, P.O., Scot., Perthshire, on Loch R., 3^ m. S. 
 Callander. 
 
 Rnsklngton, tn. and par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven 
 div. , 14 m. NE. Grantham, 3J m. N. by E. Sleaford, on the 
 G. N. & G. E. Joint Rly., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rnskoi, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Kesban. 
 
 Rnsland, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div,, 
 11^ m. W. by S. Kendal, 2 m. NW. Lake Side stn. (Winder- 
 mere). P. <:250. 
 
 Rnsmnck, P. O. , Ire. , co. Galway, 19 m. from Recess. 
 
 Rnsper, par., Eng., on the N. border of Sussex, div. and 
 5 m. NE. by N. Horsham, 2J m. N. Fay Gate stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Rnspldge, PM.O., Eng., Gloucestershire, 2 m. from Cinder- 
 ford. 
 
 Rusqunia, ancient site, Algeria. See Matlfn. 
 
 Rnss, vil., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle and 5 m. SW. 
 Heydekrug, on Russ R. ; salmon and lamprey fisheries. P. <3000. 
 
 Rnss, riv. , E. Prussia. See Memel. 
 
 Rnssagb, par.. Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Moygoish, on riv. 
 Inny, near Inny Junction. P. <5oo. 
 
 Rnssbacb, small riv. , Lower Austria, flows ESE. through the 
 Marchfeld and joins the March just before the latter river enters 
 the Danube. 
 
 Rnssborongb, P.O., Ire., co. Wicklow, 3 m. SW. Blessing- 
 ton, 8 m. from Naas stn. 
 
 Rnssdorf, vil.. Gen, duchy of Saxe-Altenbiu-g, 12J m. SW. 
 Altenburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Rnsse, Bulgaria. See Rnsbcbnk. 
 
 Rnssel, or PaMlkwn Islands, Brit. New Guinea, S. of 9°-9° 8' 
 S., i59°-i59° 8' E. 
 
 Rnssel, Great and Little, two straits, Eng., Channel Is., 
 the former between Sark and Herm (with Jethou), the latter 
 between Herm and Guernsey. 
 
 Rnssell, stn. , Canada, prov. Manitoba, on a branch line of 
 the Manitoba and NW. Rly., 166 m. W. Portage-la- Prairie. 
 
 Rnssell, CO. , Canada, Ontario, on riv. Ottawa, W. of 75° W, 
 
 RnsseU, DnncanvUle, or Castor, vil., Canada, Ontario, 
 Russell CO., 20 m. SE. by E. Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rnssell (native name Korokareka), post-tn. and harbour, 
 New Zealand, North I., Bay of Islands co. , 117 m. N. by W. 
 Auckland. R. is the principal shipping port of the N. , and 
 principal whaling station in the S. Pacific. Its fine harbour is 
 perfectly sheltered. Coal and manganese are mined in the vicinity. 
 Coal and kauri gum are the chief exports. In 1814 the first 
 mission station was founded here, and the town which grew 
 around it was the original British capital, 1839-42. It was 
 burnt down in 1843 during the Maori war, but subsequently 
 rebuilt. P. < 2000. 
 
 Rnssell, goldfield, Queensland. See Rnssell River. 
 
 Rnssell, CO., S. Australia, crossed by 35° S., between 139° and 
 140° E. , on E. bank of lower Murray R. and Lake Alexandrina. 
 
 Rnssell, CO., Tasmania, on the NW. ct., crossed by 41 J° S. 
 
 Rnssell, co., U.S., Alabama, on E. frontier, N. of 32° N. 
 
 Rnssell, vil., U.S., Kansas, cap. R. co. , near the 1. bk. of 
 Smokv Hill R., 173 m. W. Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rnssell, CO., U.S., Kentucky, in the S. , crossed by 37° N. 
 and 85° W. 
 
 Rnssell, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampden co., on West- 
 field R., 15 m. WNW. Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
RUSS — RUSS 
 
 RnioNell, vil., U.S., New York, St. Lawrence co., on Grass 
 R., lo m. SE. East Dekalb. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Russell, CO., U.S., Virginia, in the SW. , crossed by 37° N., 
 and in the E. by 82° W. 
 
 Kiissell, Mount, U.S., Maine, Piscataquis co. , 100 m. NW. 
 by N. Bangor. 
 
 Russell Falls, Tasmania, near Cilcnora. 
 
 Russell Gulch, vil., U.S., Colorado, Gilpin co. , 2 m. S. 
 Central City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Russell Rlrer, gold-mining locality, N. Queensland, about 32 
 m. from Edithvale, and 41 m. (by track) from Cairns. P. < 1500. 
 
 Russell's Creek, post-tn. , Victoria, Tanjil co. , ioi| m. SE. 
 Melbourne by road and rail, in 38° S. and 146° 7' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rnssellstown, electoral div., Ire., co. Westmeath, dist. 
 Milltown. 
 
 RussellTiUe, tn., U.S., Arkansas, Pope co., 60 m. NW. by 
 W. Little Rock. P. < 1500. 
 
 RussellTllle, tn. , U.S., Kentucky, cap. Logan co., 143 m. 
 S. by W. Louisville. P. < 3000. 
 
 Rttsselshelm, market vil., Ger., Hesse, circle Gross-Gerau, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Main, 6 m. E. Mainz. P. <4000. 
 
 Russelto>¥n, vil., Canada, Quebec, Huntingdon co., 36 m. 
 SSW. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rnssl, tn. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 9 m. WSW. Ravenna. 
 P. <3O0o. 
 
 Ru.ssla, vil, U.S., New York, Herkimer co., 14 m. NE. 
 Utica, 16 m. E. Trenton Falls. P. < 1500. 
 
 Russia, Little. See Ukraine. 
 
 Russian Empire, an extensive state which covers nearly 
 8,500,000 sq. m. in E. Europe and N. Asia, i.e., one-sixth part 
 of the land superficies of the globe, or about one twenty-third 
 part of its total superficies, and has nearly 128,000,000 inhabi- 
 tants, or about one-fourteenth of the population of the globe. 
 It projects N. as far as 77° 2' in Novaya Zemlya, and J7° 40' in 
 Siberia, while in the S. it reaches 38° 26' in Armenia, 35° o' in the 
 Transcaspian Terr., and 42° 30' on the coasts of the Pacific. It 
 advances W. as far as 18° 32' in Poland, 20° 40' in Lapland, and 
 29° 42' on the Black Sea, while its eastern extremity reaches 191° 
 E. long, in the Bering Strait. The S. frontier is continually 
 being shifted southwards, and now runs across the Black Sea 
 from the Kilia mouth of Danube to Batum, thence across the 
 Caucasus Isthmus, having Asia Minor and Persia on the S. ; it 
 crosses the Caspian Sea, and further separates Russia from Persia 
 (Khorassan) and Afghanistan, Bukhara and Khiva being now 
 vassal states to Russia ; it crosses the Pamirs, and then, running 
 NE. , has the Chinese provs. of E. Turkistan, Kulja, and Mon- 
 golia on the S. The Amur and its trib. , the Usuri, separate Russia 
 from Manchuria, while on the Pacific coast the frontier touches 
 Korea. The islands of Russia, with the exception of Novaya 
 Zemlya, are mere appendages to the mainland. The Aleutian 
 Is. and Alaska were sold to the United States in 1867, and 
 Kurile Archipelago was ceded to Japan in 1874. Snbcllylslons. 
 — The Russian Empire consists of several parts, widely differing 
 from each other by their physical features, historical destinies, 
 and charatcers. Each of them is described under its separate 
 heading, and their areas and population are given in the sub- 
 joined table. Of them, Finland is to a great extent an allied 
 state, having its own finances, army, customs, and representative 
 institutions ; and Poland has still retained the name of kingdom. 
 Of the Asiatic dominions, Caucasia is a separate lieutenancy, and 
 the Transcaspian Terr., Turkistan, the governor-generalship of 
 the Steppes, Siberia, with the Amur region and the isl. of Sak- 
 halin, are separate administrative units. 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 Area sq. m. 
 
 Pop. (1889-92.) 
 
 Density 
 per sq. m. 
 
 European Russia (48 ) 
 govts., 2 provs.) . j 
 Poland (to govts.) 
 ■Grand-duchy of Finland"! 
 (10 govts.) . . / 
 Russia in Europe . 
 Northern Caucasia (3 \ 
 provs. and govts.) . ] 
 Transcaucasia (7 provs. \ 
 and govts., i dist.) ) 
 Caucasia .... 
 Goverttor-Generalship o/\ 
 the Steppes (^i, provs.) f 
 Sea 0/ Aral . 
 Turkistan (4 provs. ) . 
 Transcaspian Territory . 
 
 Caspian Sea 
 
 Total, Central Asian \ 
 
 Dominions . . / 
 
 .Siberia, including Sakh-S 
 
 A L I N (6 gov ts. , 2 provs. , - 
 
 I dist.) . . . j 
 
 Total in Asia . 
 
 Russian Empire . 
 
 1,902,092 
 49.157 
 144,255 
 
 2,095.504 
 S9A97 
 
 9r,346 
 180,843 
 729,627 
 
 26,166 
 409,414 
 214,237 
 169,381 
 
 1,548,825 
 
 4,833,496 
 6.563.164 
 
 88,994,000 
 8,486,000 
 2,432,000 
 
 99,826,000 
 3,082,000 
 
 j,074,ooo 
 8,156,000 
 2,001,000 
 
 3 412,000 
 277,000 
 
 5,860,000 
 
 4,539,000 
 18,555.000 
 
 47 
 173 
 19 1 
 47 
 32 
 
 SS 
 46 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 I j 
 
 ■■ 1 
 4 
 
 0.9 ! 
 
 3 
 
 8,658,668 
 
 118,381,000 
 
 X3 ! 
 
 The censuses of the population have hitherto been taken at 
 irregular periods, and no general census has been taken since 1858, 
 the above figvires being in most cases mere estimates. The growth 
 of the population is pretty rapid, as seen from the following : 
 (1722)14,000,000; (1762)19,000,000; (1796)36,000,000; (1815) 
 45,000,000; (1835) 60,000,000; (1858) 74,000,000; (1895 esti- 
 mated) 128,000,000. It consists of a great variety of nationalities, 
 the numerical strengths of which maybe represented as follows, 
 in thousands, for a total population of 118,250,000 : — 
 
 ! 
 1 
 
 European 
 Russia. 
 
 •6 
 
 a 
 
 Finland. 
 Caucasia. 
 
 
 •c 
 
 Ji 
 (0 
 
 M 
 
 Russians. 
 
 Poles ... 
 
 Other Slavonians . 
 
 72.352 
 
 1,165 
 135 
 
 880 
 5,8i2 
 
 1 
 
 s 2.558 
 
 69s 
 
 3.760 
 
 80,250 
 6,983 
 
 I3S 
 1.43a 
 
 "^ 
 1.398 
 1,079 
 
 1.263 
 
 1.039 
 
 164 
 
 103 
 
 230 1 
 
 1,0671 
 
 3.8091 
 
 2,419 
 
 1.034 
 
 116 
 
 43 
 
 2,031 
 
 10,476 
 
 754 
 50 
 
 14 
 
 Lithuanians .... 
 
 Swedes 
 
 Germans 
 
 Other Europeans . 
 Georgians and other Kart- ) 
 velians ... J 
 Armenians .... 
 Osses 
 
 1.577 
 
 19 
 
 891 
 
 1,040 
 
 57 
 
 400 
 493 
 
 347 1 . • 
 
 2 ! 9 
 
 •• i 57 
 .. 1.263 
 
 7 
 
 1 4.66s 
 322 
 
 3 
 
 "26 
 52 
 no 
 
 230 
 284 
 
 50 
 14 
 
 Persians and Kurds 
 
 Other Iranians and Tsiganes 
 
 '7 
 
 
 103 
 213 
 
 Semites (Jews, &c.) 
 Finns, Karelians . 
 Esthonians, Livonians . 
 Other West Finns . 
 Lapps, Samoyedes 
 Volga Finns, Ugrians . 
 
 1 Tatars 
 
 Bashkirs 
 
 Kirghizes .... 
 Turkomans .... 
 
 2.S17 
 
 362 
 
 1.034 
 
 116 
 
 16 
 
 1.979 
 
 1,726 
 
 1.036 
 
 223 
 
 1,224 
 
 51 
 
 2,057 .. 
 
 I 
 
 1,238 
 
 .. 10 
 
 Other Turco-Tatars . 
 
 1,160 
 
 
 76 
 
 Kalmucks, Buryats 
 Tunguses and other Mon- "^ 
 
 gol-Manchurians . ) 
 Chukchis, Kamchadales ) 
 
 and other Hyperboreans J 
 
 Total .... 
 
 138 
 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 1 ■■ 
 
 88,994 j 8,809 1 2.412 7,807 
 
 S.689 
 
 4-539 
 
 118,250 
 
 To>vns. — Only 10,505,700 persons in European Russia, 
 1,464,700 in Poland, 770,110 in Caucasia, 345,100 in Siberia, 
 and 651,800 in Turkistan lived in towns in 1890. Only four- 
 teen towns in European Russia and three in Asia have popula- 
 tions over 100,000 — namely, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Warsaw, 
 Odessa (all these above 300,000), Kharkov, Kiev, Riga, todz 
 (Poland), Kazaii, Saratov, Kishinev, Vilna, Astrakhafi, and 
 Samara in European Russia ; and Tifiis, Tashkend, and Baku 
 in Caucasia. There are, moreover, 28 towns having populations 
 from 50,000 to 100,000 inhabitants (4 in Asia, and Helsingfors 
 in Finland), 51 towns with 30,000 to 50,000 inhabitants (10 
 in Asia, and i in Finland), and 69 more towns with populations 
 over 20,000 inhabitants (17 in Asia, and 2 in Finland). — The 
 religion, occupations of the population, their agriculture, in- 
 dustries, &c. , are treated under the separate headings of Euro- 
 pean Russia, Finland, Caucasia, Turkistan, Steppes, and Siberia. 
 The exterior trade of the Russian Empire shows a steady 
 increase in the exports, chiefly due to an increasing export of 
 cereals and naphtha oils, while the imports steadily decrease, 
 partly owing to the growth of home industry, but chiefly to a 
 continuous rise of import duties : 
 
 Years. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Import'^. 
 
 1872-76 
 1877-81 
 1882-86 
 1887-91 
 
 1892 (famine year) 
 
 1893 . 
 
 Paper roubles. 
 381,199,000 
 
 S55.793.ooo 
 574,025,000 
 721,614,000 
 489,410,000 
 613,732,400 
 
 Paper roubles. 
 471,643,000 
 528,971,000 
 506,879,000 
 403,102,000 
 403,880,000 
 463,546,000 
 
 The great bulk of this trade crosses the western frontier (Euro- 
 pean Russia and N. Caucasia), the exports on the Asiatic frontier 
 being only about 70,000,000 roubles (1889-92), and the imports 
 about 44,000,000 roubles. In the trade with Europe, cereals 
 make from 51 to 59 per cent, of the total value of the exports, and 
 on an average year, such as 1891, Russia exports about 57,000,000 
 cwts. of wheat, 22,000,000 cwts. of rye, 15,000,000 cwts. of oats, 
 and 15,000,000 cwts. of barley, which, together with some 
 maize, flour, buckwheat, &c. , makes a total of 120-130,000,000 
 cwts. Flax and hemp, oleagineous grains, timber and wooden 
 goods, naphtha oils (19,134,000 cwt. in 1893), sugar, butter, 
 eggs, wool, bristle, hair, feather, and furs are the chief exports ; 
 while the chief imports are raw cotton (;,^6,ooo,ooo-;^8, 500,000), 
 raw metals (^^2, 500,000 -;^3, 700, 000), raw wool and woollen 
 yarn (2^2, 500,000), machinery (about ^■2, 500,000), tea (about 
 ;^i, 800,000), colours, coal, chemicals, and fish ; textiles are only 
 imported to the value of _^6oo,ooo-;if 800,000. From Asia, Russia 
 imports chiefly tea (j^i,5oo,ooo-;^i, 800,000), some tissues, and 
 
RUSSIA 
 
 fruits; and it exports chiefly cottons, hardware, and variousmanu- 
 factured goods. The chief trade of the empire is with Germany, 
 the United Kingdom, the United States, China, France, Austria- 
 Hungary, and Persia. Sbipping. — The ports of Russia are visited 
 every year by about 10,000 ships (7,600,000 tons), out of which 
 only about 1200 are under the Russian or the Finnish flag. The 
 chief seaports are St. Petersburg, Libau, Riga, and Reval on 
 the Baltic Sea ; Odessa, Batum, Rostov, and Taganrog on the 
 Black and Azov Seas ; Archangel on the White Sea ; Baku 
 and Astrakhan on the Caspian ; Vladivostok and Nikolaievsk 
 on the Pacific. In the coasting trade, the ports are entered by 
 an average of 37,000 vessels (about 15,000,000 tons). Inland 
 Navigation. — Very large amounts of corn, timber, and fuel- 
 wood, metals, naphtha, salt, and other heavy goods are shipjDed 
 on the rivers. A fleet of 1950 steamers (120,000 tons) ply for 
 that purpose on the rivers of European Russia and Poland, 
 and 150 in Siberia ; besides, nearly 80,000 small vessels and 
 120,000 rafts are engaged every year in shipping 165,000,000 
 tons of various goods, nearly 200,000,000 roubles' worth. 
 The main railway lines radiate from Moscow in six direc- 
 tions, as also from St. Petersburg to Warsaw, and along both 
 coasts of the Gulf of Finland ; while several parallel lines con- 
 nect Libau and Riga with the fertile parts of the SE. , and 
 several strategic lines run along the SW. frontier. Caucasia is 
 intersected by a railway from the Black Sea to the Caspian, but 
 is not yet quite connected with European Russia, there being 
 an interruption across the main chain. The Siberian Rly. has 
 been built to Omsk, and is being built on the Pacific coast along 
 the Usuri. The railways transport every year 49,000,000 
 passengers, and 72,000,000 tons of goods. As to length, see 
 Appendix. The finances are in an unsatisfactory condition, 
 and although the state's revenue, which has been nearly doubled 
 since 1875, attained in 1894 ^^103, 588, 700, the expenditure is al- 
 ways by from ;^5, 000,000 to upwards of ;^io,ooo,ooo in excess of 
 the revenue, and has to be covered by loans (see Appendix). 
 Army and Xary. — Universal military service having been in- 
 troduced in 1874, over 950,000 young men are now liable every 
 year to service, and about 270,000 out of them are taken every 
 year into the army, which has a peace-footing of 868,672 men and 
 officers (10,384 in Finland), and is expected to attain 2,500,000 
 in case of war. A special feature of Russia's military organisation 
 are the Cossacks, constituting 11 separate voiskcs (Don, Kuban, 
 Terek, Astrakhan, Orenburg, Ural, Siberia, Semiryechensk, 
 Transbaikalia, Amur, and Usuri). All inhabitants of these 
 territories are divided into three classes, of which the first is in 
 active service, and the second on furlough with arms and horses, 
 aU equipment being supplied by each voisko. AU Cossacks 
 must supply 154,000 combatants in case of war. As to the 
 strength of the navy, see Appendix. 
 
 Education. — Russia (exclusive of Finland) has nine universities 
 (one in Poland and one in Siberia), and twenty-two high schools, 
 with an aggregate of 18,500 students. In each chief town of the 
 govts, and provs. there are one or several gymnasia, both for boys 
 and girls. Primary education is extremely backward, so that not 
 more than 2,150,000 boys and girls frequent the primary schools. 
 The administration of justice was totally reformed by the 
 law of 1864, but the benefits of this law (jury, justices of peace) 
 have only partially been extended to both the Asiatic dominions 
 of the empire and to Poland. Every year nearly 20,000 men, 
 women, and children (the children following their parents) are 
 transported to Siberia or to the penal colony of Sakhalin. Out 
 of them only about 2000 are hard-labour convicts (about 650 for 
 murder, there being no capital punishment in Russia for com- 
 mon law offences), and nearly 10,000 are transported by orders 
 of the administration. CiOTemmeut. — Russia is an absolute 
 hereditary monarchy, the whole legislative and executive power 
 (apart from Finland) being vested in the Emperor, who nomi- 
 nates all officials. Most laws of importance are, however, dis- 
 cussed in the Council of the State, where the final decision still 
 lies with the Emperor, and in the Committee of Ministers. 
 To become binding a law must be promulgated by the Senate, 
 which also represents the highest judicial court of appeal and 
 cassation. The affairs of the church are governed by the synod, 
 consisting of bishops nominated by the Emperor, and sitting in 
 tvuTis at St. Petersburg. The empire is divided into govern- 
 ments (gubemiya) or provs. (oblast), the numbers of which 
 in each division are given on p. 1321. Some of them are united 
 into lieutenancies (Poland, Caucasia), or into general-gover- 
 norships : Vilna, Kiev, and Moscow in European Russia, and 
 Turkistan, Stepnoye (of the Steppes), Irkutsk, and Amur in 
 the Asiatic dominions. In each govt, and prov. there is a 
 governor, who represents the central authorities and boards 
 of the different ministries. Each govt, and prov. is divided 
 into 5 to 15 dists., a few of which in Asia (okrug or otdyel) 
 are placed under separate military governors. St. Petersburg, 
 Odessa, Kerch, Sebastopol, and Taganrog make separate town- 
 ships. A wide system of local seir-goTemment had been 
 granted by the laws of 1861-66, but it has been much curtailed 
 since. The unit of local government for the peasants is the vil- 
 lage community (selskoye obshchestvo, of which there are 107,493 
 1322 
 
 in European Russia), or 'mir,' which allots its lands among 
 the householders, assesses the taxes, and elects its own executive. 
 Several communes form a canton (volost, 9543 in European 
 Russia) ; and all householders of the canton elect their own 
 elder {starshina), and their own peasant-tribunal {volostnoi sud), 
 which pronounces its sentences according to the customary 
 unwritten law. Affairs of greater importance are judged by 
 the justices of the peace, elected in European Russia, and nomi- 
 nated by the crown elsewhere, but lately replaced by nominated 
 district chiefs (zemskiy nachalnik). The provincial administra- 
 tion is in the hands of district and county councils [zemstvos), 
 introduced in 1866 in 34 go\ts. of European Russia, but having 
 had no further extension since. In both the district and the 
 province zemstvo, there is an assembly of representatives, 
 elected by all the peasant householders, the clergy in their 
 capacity of landowners, and the nobility ; the assembly {zem- 
 skoye sobraniye) nominates its own executive [uprava], and till 
 1892 it elected the justices of the peace. It assesses and 
 levies its own taxes, and altogether is intrusted with all affairs 
 of local police, roads, education, hygiene, insurance against fire, 
 village post, &c., so far as they are not interfered with by the 
 ministries. A similar organisation had been introduced in 1866 
 in the chief cities, but has been much curtailed since, and the 
 new municipal law, lately introduced in the towns of Russia 
 and Siberia, grants municipal institutions on a very limited 
 scale. For military, judicial, and educational purposes, the 
 empire is divided into a number of military, judicial, and edu- 
 cational districts. 
 
 European Russia is the chief div. of the Russian Empire. This 
 embodies one-fourth part of its aggregate superficies, and about 
 three-fourths of its population. Its frontiers are the Arctic Ocean 
 (Barents Sea), with its wide gulf, the White Sea, on the N. ; Fin- 
 land, the Baltic Sea, Poland, Galicia, and Roumania on the W.; 
 the Black Sea with the Sea of Azov, the Manych depression, 
 and the Caspian Sea on the S.; and the Urals and the Ural 
 R. on the E. , the govts, of Perm and Orenburg partly extend- 
 ing on the eastern slope of the Urals. Within these limits 
 European Russia has a length of nearly 1600 m. from N. to S. , 
 and nearly as much from W. to E. It is divided as follows 
 into 48 govts, and 2 provs. (Bessarabia and Don Cossacks) : — 
 
 Governments. 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 Goveminents. 
 
 
 c|^ 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 h" 
 
 2. 
 
 Archangelsk . 
 
 331.505 
 
 354 
 
 1 
 
 Perm .... 
 
 128,211 
 
 2.941 
 
 33 
 
 Astrakhan . . 
 
 9' .327 
 
 515 
 
 6 
 
 Podolia . . . 
 
 16,224 
 
 2,605 
 
 161 
 
 Bessarabia . . 
 
 17,619 
 
 1.685 
 
 95 
 
 Poltava . . . 
 
 19,265 
 
 2,899 
 
 150 
 
 Chernigov . . 
 
 20,233 
 
 2,265 
 
 
 Pskov. . . . 
 
 17,069 
 
 1,019 
 
 59 
 
 Courlaind . . 
 
 10,535 
 
 639 
 
 69 
 
 RyazaB . . . 
 
 16,255 
 
 1.929 
 
 119 
 
 Don, Prov. of . 
 
 61,886 
 
 2,045 
 
 33 
 
 St. Petersburg 
 
 20.760 
 
 1,688 
 
 81 
 
 Hkaterinoslav . 
 
 26,148 
 
 1.978 
 
 76 
 
 Samara . . . 
 
 58.321 
 
 2,66s 
 
 46 
 
 Esthonia . . 
 
 7,818 
 
 401 
 
 SO 
 
 Saratov . . . 
 
 32.624 
 
 2,428 
 
 l^ 
 
 Grodno . . . 
 
 '4.93' 
 
 i.S?5 
 
 104 
 
 Simbirsk . . 
 
 19.110 
 
 J. 656 
 
 Kaluga . . . 
 Kazan . . . 
 
 11,942 
 
 t.30i 
 
 105 
 
 Smolensk . . 
 
 21,638 
 
 1.470 
 
 67 
 
 24.60J 
 
 2.209 
 
 90 
 
 Tambov . . . 
 
 25.710 
 
 2,851 
 
 III 
 
 , Kiev .... 
 
 19,691 
 
 3.139 
 
 159 
 
 Taurida . . . 
 
 24.539 
 
 1,168 
 
 47 
 
 Kostroma . . 
 
 32,702 
 
 1.382 
 
 43 
 
 Tula .... 
 
 11.954 
 
 1.49= 
 
 125 
 
 Kovno . . . 
 
 15,692 
 
 1.639 
 
 105 
 
 Tver .... 
 
 25.225 
 
 '.79' 
 
 74 
 
 Kursk . . . 
 
 17.937 
 
 2,667 
 
 148 
 
 Ufa .... 
 
 47,112 
 
 2.039 
 
 ^ 
 
 Kharkov. . . 
 
 21,041 
 
 2.537 
 
 121 
 
 Vilna .... 
 
 16,421 
 
 '.367 
 
 i 
 
 Kherson . . . 
 
 27.523 
 
 2,250 
 
 81 
 
 Vitebsk . . . 
 
 17.440 
 
 1.341 
 
 Livonia . . . 
 
 18,158 
 
 t.256 
 
 69 
 
 Vladimir . . . 
 
 18,864 
 
 1.457 
 
 I 
 
 Minsk . . . 
 
 35.293 
 
 1,830 
 
 51 
 
 Volhynia . . 
 
 27.743 
 
 2.409 
 
 \ Moghilev . . 
 
 «8.5Si 
 
 1.387 
 
 75 
 
 Vologda . . . 
 
 155.498 
 
 1,272 
 
 Moscow . . . 
 
 12,859 
 
 2,241 
 
 171 
 
 Voronezh . . 
 
 25.443 
 
 2.755 
 
 108 
 
 \ Nizhniy Nov- \ 
 ; gorod . . ) 
 
 19.797 
 
 1.587 
 
 81 
 
 Vyatka . . . 
 Yaroslav . . 
 
 59. "7 
 13.75' 
 
 3,021 
 1,127 
 
 iJ 
 
 Novgorod . . 
 
 47.236 
 
 1.25s 
 
 26 
 
 Sea of Azov . 
 
 14.478 
 
 
 
 i Olonets . . . 
 Orel .... 
 
 57.439 
 18,043 
 
 353 
 2,140 
 
 6 
 119 
 
 Total, 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Orenburg . . 
 
 73.816 
 
 1.406 
 
 
 European • . 
 
 1,902,092 
 
 88,994 
 
 47 
 
 Penza. . . . 
 
 '4.997 
 
 1-597 
 
 107 
 
 Russia J 
 
 
 
 
 The following subdivisions are also frequently in use : — Nor- 
 thern govts. : Archangelsk, with Kola Penin. and Vologda ; 
 Lake district: Olonets, St. Petersburg, Novgorod, and Pskov, 
 Baltic prmis.: Esthonia, Livonia, and Courland ; Lithuanian 
 govts.: Kovno, Vilna, Grodno; White Russia : Vitebsk, Smo- 
 lensk, Minsk, partly Moghilev ; S W. govts, (pop. chiefly Little 
 Russians): Volhynia, Kiev, Podolia; Little Russia proper: 
 Poltava, Chernigov, Kharkov, Voronezh, Ekaterinoslav ; Novo- 
 rossia: Bessarabia, Kherson, Ekaterinoslav, and continental 
 part of Taurida ; Middle Russia : Moscow, Orel, Tula, Kaluga, 
 Kiu-sk, Ryazaft, Tambov, Yaroslav, Kostroma, Vladimir ; 
 Middle Volga: Nizhniy Novgorod, Kazan, Simbiisk, Penza, 
 Saratov, Samara ; Lower Volga : Astrakhan ; SE. prov. : Don ; 
 E. Russia : Vyatka, Perm, Ufa, Orenburg. Surlhce.— 
 On the whole, European Russia is an undulating plain, 500-900 
 ft. high, deeply cut by ravines. Its central parts are occupied 
 by the Central Plateau, which meets in the WSW. with the 
 spurs of the Carpathians, and in the ESE. reaches the middle 
 Urals. It attains iioo ft. in the Valdai Heights, 1000 ft. in 
 Kovno, Courland, and Kursk, and from 8-900 ft. elsewhere, taking 
 a hilly aspect in its higher portions, and gently slopes both N. 
 and S. In the NW. it is bordered by a broad depression, occu- 
 pied by the Lakes Ladoga, Onega, Byelo-ozero, Lache, and 
 thousands of smaller lakes, with a few hills about 900 ft. high 
 
RUSSIA 
 
 penetrating from Finland. This broad depression also spreads 
 ENE., reaching the Timan ridge of the N. Urals ; while in the 
 NW. the land rises to a plateau looo ft. high in the Kola 
 Penin. On the W. of the Central Plateau lies a wide depression, 
 occupied by the marshes and forests of the Polyesiye. A third 
 depression occurs in the E. , where the middle Volga meets with 
 the Oka and the Kama. On the S. , the Central Plateau gently 
 slopes to a level of 5-700 ft. in Poltava and Kherson, but soon 
 rises again, making a low swelling which begins in Bessarabia 
 and spreads eastwards, compelling the Dnieper and the Don to 
 make their great bends towards the E. , and assuming the name 
 of Donets Hills in the SE., and of Obshchiy Syrt beyond the 
 Volga. Finally, a fifth depression, the level of which is below 
 the level of the ocean, spreads on the N. shore of the Caspian 
 Sea. Nearly all the clilef rivers of European Russia take 
 origin in the NW. part of the above plateau, whence they flow 
 with great windings towards the surrounding seas ; their upper 
 parts are so close to each other on a common level, that they 
 could easily be connected together by canals. The chief rivers 
 of European Russia are the Volga (2216 m.), which flows E. and 
 SE. into the Caspian, receiving the large tribs. Oka and Kama, 
 and a great number of smaller but navigable rivers ; the Dnieper 
 (1334 m.) and the Dniester (853 m.), both in the SW., flowing 
 into the Black Sea; the Don (1153 m. ), which enters the Sea 
 of Azov, and approaches the Volga so closely, that goods are 
 transported from the one river to the other on a railway 40 m. in 
 length ; the Western Dvina (622 m.), which flows NW. into the 
 Gulf of Riga, and the Volkhov, which enters the Gulf of Finland ; 
 the Neva, by means of which the Lakes of Ladoga and Onega com- 
 municate with the Gulf of Finland ; the northern Dvina (470 m. ), 
 which is formed by the junction of the Sukhona and Yug, and 
 flows into the White Sea ; while the Onega, also flowing into 
 the White Sea, drains several lakes of the Lake District. The 
 Urals give origin to the Pechora (983 m.), which flows into the 
 Arctic Ocean, and the Ural (1490 m.), a trib. of the Caspian Sea. 
 The Danube only touches the frontier by its Kilia mouth, and 
 the Pruth flows along the SW. frontier. The lakes of European 
 Russia cover an aggregate area of 25,800 sq. m.. Lakes Ladoga 
 (10,664 sq. m.) and Onega (5681 sq. m.) being among the 
 largest in Europe, while the Caspian Sea covers 169,380 sq. m. 
 Geology. — All geological formations are represented in Euro- 
 pean Russia. The Archaean and Huronian granites and gneisses 
 appear in Finland, N. Russia, the Urals, and the Caucasus, and 
 make the inner backbone of the ridge which crosses S. Russia. 
 Cambrian clays, slates, and sandstones appear in Esthonia and 
 St. Petersburg. Silurian rocks cover a large portion of N. 
 Russia, but being partly concealed by subsequent deposits, they 
 only appear on the surface in the N W. govts. , the Timan ridge, 
 on the W. slopes of the Urals, and in Kielce in Poland. De- 
 vonian limestones and sandstones are widely spread in the NW. 
 as well as in the Urals, and they form the lower strata of the 
 Central Plateau. Carboniferous deposits, partly covered with 
 more recent formations, cover large spaces in middle, S. , and 
 SE. Russia, and coal-measures appear in the central govts. 
 (Moscow basin) and the Donets Hills (which now yield the 
 chief supply of Russian coal), the Urals, and Kielce in Poland. 
 Permian and Triassic deposits are widely spread in the E. and 
 on the middle Volga ; while Jurassic clays, very much denuded, 
 are of frequent occurrence in the central region. Cretaceous 
 deposits, rich in phosphorites, cover wide spaces S. of the 55th 
 degree of lat., and are overlaid further S. by a wide zone of 
 Tertiary sands, sandstones, and limestones. Quaternary boulder 
 clay, with erratic blocks from the N. , covers the whole of middle 
 and N. Russia as far as the 50° N. lat. in the W., while 
 mighty layers of loess fringe the boulder clay further S. on the 
 steppes of S. Russia. The climate of European Russia is much 
 more uniform than might be expected. On a space which 
 stretches over 26° of lat. , the average yearly temps, only vary from 
 54° to 32° F. Everywhere the winter is very severe, Odessa on the 
 Black Sea, and Ufa in S. Urals, having respectively the same 
 winters as Konigsberg (Prussia) and Mezen on the White Sea ; 
 frosts of 20° F. are met with everywhere, with the exception of 
 the coasts of the Black Sea, The summer is also hot over the 
 whole of the terr. , and the thermometer rises to 86° even at 
 Archangel. At the same time, the yearly amount of rain is 
 comparatively small (from 14 in. in the S. and SE. to 25 in. 
 near the shores of the Baltic, and only 5.7 in. at Astrakhafi), 
 and the moisture of the air rapidly decreases towards the E. 
 Terrible gales with snow are frequent by the end of the winter. 
 The rivers remain frozen for an average of 190 days in the N. , 
 100 to 145 days in middle Russia, and 75 to 115 days in the S. 
 The soil offers great varieties. The most fertile portion is the 
 'black-earth' region, which covers nearly 150,000,000 acres (about 
 234,000 sq. m. , or nearly twice the area of the British Isles) in 
 the S. ; this is rapidly becoming the most densely peopled part of 
 European Russia. The steppes of the SE. are also very fertile, 
 but often suffer from droughts. Next comes middle Russia, 
 which is possessed of a clayey, rather unproductive, soil, and 
 has considerable tracts of forest. The forest region, covered 
 with deciduous forests in its southern division, and with thick 
 
 coniferous forests towards the N., occupies nearly one-third of 
 the terr., and treeless tundras, covered with moss and a few 
 shrubs, occupy large areas on the shores of the Arctic Ocean. 
 True deserts appear on the shores of the Caspian. The popula- 
 tion of European Russia, which was only 65,500,000 in 1870, 
 is now estimated at 96,000,000 ; the heavy death-rate (about 34 
 per 1000) and the emigration to N. Caucasia and Siberia (the 
 latter having lately attained 100,000 to 150,000 persons in 
 the year) being compensated by a high birth-rate (45 to 47 per 
 1000), due to early marriages among the peasants. The main 
 constituents of the population are shown in the second table under 
 Russian Empire, from which it will be seen that more than 80 per 
 cent, of the population are Russians, embracing about 47,700,000 
 Great Russians in the middle, N., and SE., nearly 19,600,000 
 Little Russians, or Ukrainians, in the S. and SW. , and nearly 
 4,900,000 White Russians, or Byelorusses, in the W. The Poles 
 form the landed nobility and partly the artisan class in the 
 Lithuanian provs. , where the bulk of the population is Lithu- 
 anian. The Germans occupy the same position in the Baltic 
 firovs., where the bulk of the population are western Finns 
 Esthonians, Kurs, and Livonians). Among other Finnish 
 stems, Karelians, Samoyedes, and Zyryans are found in the N. ; 
 the Volga Finns, among whom the Mordves and the Chere- 
 misses are the most numerous, are rapidly losing their national 
 characteristics ; while the Permians and the Ugrians are rapidly 
 merging in the Russians. The Turco-Tatars are represented by 
 the Tatars in Kazan and Astrakhafi, the Bashkirs on the slopes 
 of the S. Urals, the Chuvashes, Meshcheryaks, and Tepters in 
 the Volga provs., and the Kirghizes in Astrakhafi ; their aggre- 
 gate numbers do not exceed 4,000,000. The Jews are estimated 
 at about 2,500,000 in Kovno, Vilna, Moghilev, Grodno, Volhynia, 
 and Podolia, as also in Bessarabia and Kherson, thus making 
 from 10 to 16 per cent, of the population of these govts. The 
 provs. on the Black Sea have a varied population of German 
 colonists, Roumanians, Bulgarians, Servians, Greeks, Karaite 
 Jews, &c. The prevailing religion is the Greek Orthodox, to 
 which all Russians, with the exception of a number of White 
 Russians professing the Union, belong ; however, a considerable 
 number, probably one-fourth, belong to some of the many sects 
 of Nonconformists [raskolniks], i.e., either to the Old Believers 
 (starovyery and yedifiovyerisy), who have priests, or to one of the 
 numerous varieties of the bezpopovtsy , ' who accept no priests,' 
 or rather elect themselves their own ministers, or the spiritualists 
 {dukhovnyie khristiyane), who divide into a great number of 
 branches, that of the Stundists having lately taken a great develop- 
 ment in the S. The Poles and most Lithuanians are Catholics. 
 The Esthonians and other western Finns, as also the Germans, are 
 Protestants ; while the Mohammedan religion is professed by 
 the Tatars, the Bashkirs, and the Kirghizes, and partly by the 
 Meshcheryaks. Shamanism is widely spread among the eastern 
 Finns, whether Christianised or not ; and Lamaite Buddhism is 
 the religion of the Kalmucks. The population is divided into 
 the classes of the Nobles, the Merchants, the Artizans, and the 
 Peasants, each of which has different personal rights, and possesses 
 different organs of self-administration. Agriculture is the chief 
 occupation, even in the manufacturing regions, the industrial 
 workers often returning to the culture of the soil in the summer. 
 Most of the peasants, especially in middle Russia, own the land 
 under the system of the village community, and the land owned by 
 the communes has lately been rendered by law inalienable for ever. 
 The distribution of the territory between the different owners 
 appears as follows: 410,801,900 ac. are owned by the state 
 (139,397,500 ac. unfit for cultivation), 19,891,000 ac. by the Im- 
 perial family, 373,310,500 ac. by the peasants (35,546,000 ac. 
 unfit for cultivation), and 294,504,000 ac. in private ownership 
 (35 , 1 16,000 unfit for cultivation ). The distribution of land accord- 
 ing to quality and mode of occupation was as follows in 1892 : — 
 
 Nature of Land. 
 
 Arable 
 
 Orchards, meadow grazing 
 
 Forests, &c 
 
 Unfit for cultivation, roads, &c. 
 
 Total 
 
 Total. 
 
 Acres. 
 287,909,000 
 174.959.000 
 425,521,000 
 210,059,000 
 
 In Private 
 Ownership. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 80,063,000 
 
 68,628,000 
 
 110,697,000 
 
 35,116,000 
 
 1,098,508,000 I 294,504,000 
 
 For further statistics, see Appendix. The grain crops vary 
 very much from year to year (from 192,000,000 quarters in 1892 
 to 287,550,000 in 1893), and on the average southern Russia 
 is visited every eleven to twelve years by droughts, which 
 are usually followed by years of very good crops. Al- 
 though the average crop (exclusive of seeds) is considered to 
 give less than 486 lbs. of wheat and rye per head of popula- 
 tion, nearly one-fifth of the total crop is exported every year— 
 the exports of cereals having been 6,560,000 quarters in 1856-60, 
 23,700,000 quarters in 1876-83, and 38,900,000 quarters in 1888- 
 1891. Flax and hemp, oil-seeds, sugar-beet, tobacco, and the 
 
 1323 
 
RUSS — RUTH 
 
 vine-tree in the S. are also extensively cultivated. Cattle- 
 breeding is especially important in the E. , S. , and SW. , there 
 being 19,633,000 horses, 24,609,000 horned cattle, 44,465,000 
 sheep (9,500,000 of fine breeds), and 9,243,000 swine. Fishing 
 in the lakes, and especially in the lower parts of the Volga, the 
 Ural, and the Don, and in the Caspian Sea, as well as off the 
 Murman coast of the Arctic Ocean, is an important source of 
 income. Hunting still remains profitable in the N., especially 
 in the Pechora region. The state of mining is seen from the 
 following figures for all the empire, including Finland and 
 Poland :— 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 1892. 
 
 Gold, lbs. 
 
 95.410 
 
 101,277 
 
 Silver, 
 
 25.595 
 
 32,105 
 
 Platinum, ,, 
 
 5.742 
 
 10,076 
 
 Lead, tons 
 
 1,146 
 
 825 
 
 Zinc, 
 
 4.256 
 
 S.059 
 
 Copper, ,, . . . 
 
 3.203 
 
 4.733 
 
 Pig iron, ,, ... 
 
 448,000 
 
 995,000 
 
 Iron, ,, . . . 
 
 292,000 
 
 370,500 
 
 Steel, „ ... 
 
 307,000 
 
 312,000 
 
 Coal, „ . . . 
 
 3,289,000 
 
 6,800,000 
 
 Naphtha, ,, 
 
 352,000 
 
 4,490,000 
 
 Salt 
 
 779,000 
 
 1,405,000 
 
 Gold is obtained (besides Siberia) in the Ural Mts. (400,000 to 
 450,000 ozs.) ; silver in the Altai, Semipalatinsk, Nerchinsk, and 
 Caucasia ; platinum in the Urals ; copper chiefly in the Urals 
 (about 2600 tons); mercury in S. Russia (about 700,000 lbs.); 
 tin in Finland, and zinc in Poland ; iron is obtained in the 
 Urals, partly in Olonets, and in S. Russia, where Ekaterinoslav 
 is now becoming an important centre of iron industries and 
 machinery works. Of the salt extracted, 1,300,000 tons come 
 from European Russia. The extraction of coal is on a steady 
 increase, and had attained in 1892 : Don region, 3,507,000 ; 
 Poland, 2,837,000; Urals, 230,000; Moscow, 177,000; Altai, 
 19,000; Caucasus, 17,000; Sakhalin, 12,500 tons. Manganese 
 ore comes entirely from Caucasia. The extraction of jjetroleum 
 is entirely concentrated in Caucasia, near Baku ; but promising 
 wells have also been discovered on the E. shore of the Sea of 
 Azov. Manufactures in Russia began to develop after the 
 emancipation of the serfs in 1861 ; but, still, the total number 
 "of workmen employed in the industries, exclusive of mining, has 
 hot yet attained one million. The growth of manufactures in 
 European Russia alone since 1861 appears as follows : — 
 
 
 1 Number of 
 
 
 ' 
 
 Average 
 
 Years. 
 
 ! Manufac- 
 1 tures. 
 
 Workers. 
 
 Yearly Production. 
 
 Production 
 per Worker. 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 Roubles. 
 
 Roubles. 
 
 1861 
 
 1 14,060 
 
 559.533 
 
 295,560,000 
 
 528 
 
 1870 
 
 j 18,892 
 
 463.093 
 
 452,660,000 
 
 977 
 
 1882 
 
 56,905 
 
 954.970 
 
 1,126,033,000 
 
 1 187 
 
 1891 
 
 102,571 
 
 860.476 
 
 1,108,779,000 
 
 108 1 
 
 The chief industries (in European Russia and Poland) are: 
 cottons (233,700,000 roubles, in 1885-91 307,500,000 roubles, 
 with the dyeing and printing mills), which has its centres in the 
 govts, of Vladimir, Moscow, Piotrkdw, and St. Petersburg, and 
 partly in Kostroma, Tver, Esthonia, and Yaroslav ; next come 
 the steam flour-mills (156,800,000 roubles), which have lately 
 taken a great extension, especially in the govts, on the Volga 
 (Perm, Saratov, Samara, Yaroslav), as also in the grain export- 
 ing govts, of the S., and at Warsaw. The iron industries 
 (33.900,000 roubles), especially' the manufacture of rails and 
 railway plant, are steadily increasing in the Ural govts. (Perm, 
 Ufa, Orenburg), in S. Russia (Ekaterinoslav), St. Petersburg, 
 Orel, and Piotrk6w in Poland. Woollen cloth mills (72,700,000 
 roubles) and sugar-works in SW. Russia and Poland (85,500,000 
 roubles), distilleries (64,700,000 roubles), machinery works 
 (59,500,000 roubles), and leather works (37,300,000 roubles) are 
 the next in imp)ortance. The geographical distribution of 
 industries is very unequal, one-half of the aggregate manufac- 
 tures of European Russia and Poland being grouped in the four 
 govts, of Moscow (producing about 20 per cent, of the total 
 value), St. Petersburg (about 13 per cent.), Vladimir (less than 
 10 per cent.), and Piotrk6w (less than 9 per cent.) ; eight govts, 
 only (Warsaw, Kherson, Livonia, Kiev, Kostroma, Tver, Perm, 
 and Yaroslav) show a production of from about 2 to 5 per 
 cent, of the total value ; twelve have a yearly production 
 of from I to 2 p)er cent. On the other hand, a great variety 
 of cottage Industries are widely spread all over Russia and 
 Caucasia ; and far from showing a decrease, they are steadily 
 developing. No less than 8,000,000 persons are engaged in 
 these industries in European Russia and Caucasia, and their 
 yearly production far exceeds the aggregate production of the 
 manufactures, as it attains at the lowest estimates 1,800,000,000 
 1324 
 
 roubles. Nearly all that is consumed by the peasants, and a 
 great deal of what is consumed by the wealthier classes (some 
 silks, furniture, toys, cutlery, drawing instruments, hardware, 
 and every variety of wooden goods) is manufactured in the 
 villages during the long winter months, in many places in great 
 perfection. For information concerning trade, railways, naviga- 
 tion, instruction, and administration, see the section on Russian 
 Empire above. 
 
 Kusslait Mountains, a range of the Kuenlun system trend- 
 ing from WSW. to ENE., in about lat. 36°-37° N., long. 
 82^-854° E. 
 
 Russian River, U.S., California, rises in Mendocino co., 
 flows S. then W. to the Pacific Ocean in Sumner co. Length, 
 no m. 
 
 Russlscli-Banllla, tn. , Austria, Bukowina, dist. Wiznitz, 27 
 m. W. Czernowitz, on the r. bk. of the Czeremosz. P. <50oo. 
 
 Russkly, isl. , Siberia. See Peter the Great Gulf. 
 
 Rnstak, tn. , northern Afghanistan, Badakhshan, 40 m. W. 
 Faizabad. Alt. 3920 ft. (Curzon). 
 
 Rustan, or Rustalng, small dist., France, formerly in 
 Bigorre, now in dep. Hautes-Pyr6n^es. 
 
 Rustchuk, tn. , Bulgaria. See Rushchuk. 
 
 Rustenburg, tn., S. African Republic, cap. R. dist., 55 m. 
 W. by N. Pretoria. 
 
 Rustendorf, tn. , Lower Austria, suburb of Vienna ; manu- 
 factures textiles. 
 
 Rusthall, eccles. par., Eng. , Kent, Speldhurst par., on NW. 
 side of Tunbridge Wells, PMT.O. P. <:35oo. 
 
 Rnstlco, vil. , Canada, Prince Edward I., Queen's co., on the 
 inlet called R. Harbour, 15 m. NNW. Charlottetown. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rustlngton, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 4 m. SE. 
 by S. Arundel, i m. E. Littlehampton, PM.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Rnston, East, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 13 m. SE. 
 Cromer, 2jm. E. by N. Honing for Worstead stn. , P. O. P. <75o. 
 
 Rnston, South, par., Eng., Norfolk. See Sco Ruston and 
 Tunstead. 
 
 Rnston Parva, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., i6i m. S. Scarborough, 2 m. NW. by W. Lowthorpe stn. 
 P. <:25o. See Loirthorpe. 
 
 Rusfvarp, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and i m. 
 SW. Whitby, on the Esk, and the NE. R., PT.O. P. 5100. 
 
 Ruszpoly^na, comm., E. Hungary, co. and 26 m. ESE. 
 Maramaros, dist. Fels6-Viss6. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ruszt, tn. with magistracy and watering-place, Hungary, 
 CO. and 9 m. NNE. Odenburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rnte, comm., Spain, Andalusia, prov. C6rdoba, 40 m. N. 
 Malaga. P. 10,600. 
 
 Rutherford, decayed vil., Scot., Roxburghshire, 5^ m. 
 WSW. Kelso, with a stn. on the N. B. R. 
 
 Rutherford, bor., U.S., New Jersey, Bergen co. , 7 m. SSE. 
 Pat arson ; residence of many New York merchants. P. <:3000. 
 
 Rutherford, co., U.S., 'Tennessee, crossed in the N. by 36° 
 N., W. of 86°W. 
 
 Rutherfordton, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, cap. Rutherford co. , 
 75 m. W. Charlotte ; is the centre of a mining dist. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rntherglen, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 340 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Rntherglen (colloquially rfig'len), pari, and royal burgh, 
 par., and tn., Scot., Lanarkshire, on the 1. bk. of the Clyde, 
 2^ m. SE. Glasgow, on the C. R. ; very ancient, and was 
 formerly of importance, Glasgow having been included within 
 its municipal boundaries in the 12th century. It is now a 
 favourite residential suburb of Glasgow. Has remains of old 
 parliament house. In the neighbourhood are extensive collieries 
 andiron-works. Par. P. 16,200; royal burgh P. 13,400; pari, 
 burgh and tn. P. 13,100. See Kilmarnock. 
 
 Rntherglen, post-tn. , Victoria, Bogong co., 28 m. W. Al- 
 bury, in an important wine-growing and agricultural dist. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Ruthin, mun. bor. (since the time of Henry VII.), par., and 
 market-tn. , Wales, Denbighshire (in Denbigh dist. of pari. bors. ), 
 7 m. SE. Denbigh, in the diocese of St. Asaph, on the Clwyd, 
 and the L. & NW. R. ; trade in agricultural produce ; has a 
 church, formerly collegiate, and manufactures of aerated waters. 
 Besides the modem mansion known as R. Castle, there are 
 exceedingly picturesque remains of an old castle. Market-days, 
 M. and S. P. <3ooo ; eccles. par. (R. with Llanrhydd) P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Ruthrleston, stn., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 1^ m. SW. by 
 W. Aberdeen, on the G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Ruthven, par., Scot., Forfarshire, on Alyth Burn, 4 m. NE. 
 Meigle, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Rnthven, vil., Scot., E. Perthshire, 6^ m. NE. by N. Coupar 
 Angus, I m. NE. Jordanstone stn., with a stn. (R. Road 
 Crossing) on the C. R., P.O. 
 
 Ruthren, Loch, lake, Scot., Inverness-shire, 10^ m. S. by 
 W. Inverness, drained SW. into Loch Ness. Alt. 700 ft. 
 
 RuthTenfleld, vil., Scot., Perthshire. See Huntlngtower. 
 
 Ruthwell (locally pronounced rlv'el, a corruption of rood-, 
 that is, cross-well), par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 5^ m. W. by N. 
 
RUTI — RYEB 
 
 Annan, ij m, SE. of its stn. on the G. & SW. R., PMT.O. ; 
 8693 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ktttl, tn., Switzd., cant, and N. of Lake Zurich, and 27 m. 
 SE. town of Ziirich. P. (comm. ) <:4000. 
 
 Ratlgllauo, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 10 m. SE. Bari. 
 P. 6600. 
 Kntlam, tn., Central India. See Uatlani. 
 Kntland, isl., Indian Ocean, in the Andaman Archipelago, to 
 the S. of Great Andaman. Length, N. to S., 11 m. ; breadth, 
 SSi m. ; area, 45 sq. m. 
 
 Katlaud, inland co. , Eng. , in the Wash basin, consisting of 
 two parts separated by the Gwash (or Wash), a trib. of the 
 Welland, which separates this county from Northamptonshire — 
 the southern being pastoral valleys, and the northern a plateau. 
 Round Oakham is the fertile vale of Catmos, with some fine 
 tracts of woodland. Geologically, this county consists of Liassic 
 and Oolitic strata, with Umestone containing iron. N. of Stam- 
 ford are some important stone quarries. Formerly the local 
 forests were used for smelting the iron. Iron ore is dug at 
 Cottesmore near Oakham. For agricultural statistics, see 
 Appendix, pp. 7-9. Railway communication by the G. N., 
 L. & NW., and M. Rlys. Oakham Castle (time of Henry 
 II.) is remarkable for its Norman hall. R. was made a county 
 by Henry III., and before 1885 returned two members to Parlia- 
 ment, and since, one. It is in the Midland circuit, and consti- 
 tutes a deanery in the diocese of Peterborough. Area, 97,273 ac. 
 P. (1891) 20,700. See England, table. 
 Kntland, electoral div. , Ire. , Donegal, dist. Dunglow. 
 Rutland, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., 12 m. 
 NW. Worcester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rntland, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Sargent co., 65 m. 
 SW. by W. Fargo. 
 
 Rutland, tn. , U.S., Vermont, cap. R. co., on the Otter 
 Creek, 47 m. SSW. Montpelier. The marble quarries, opened 
 1840, are the largest and most valuable in the state ; many of 
 the public buildings of R. are made from this marble, which is 
 said to be as fine as that of Carrara. P. (1870) 10,000; (1880) 
 12,100; (1890)11,800. WestR., adjoining town, P. <4ooo. See 
 Vermont. 
 
 Rutland Island, Ire., off W. ct. of co. Donegal, SE. of 
 Aran I. , 54° 58' N. , 8° 28' W. 
 
 Rntland Sound, narrow channel, Ire. , W. co. Donegal, near 
 Rutland I. 
 
 RiitU, or Grtttll, an alp or mountain pasture, Switzd. , cant. 
 Uri, 5 m. SW. Schwiz, on the W. side of the Bay of Uri. Cele- 
 brated as the place where, on the night of the 7th of November, 
 the men of Schwiz, Uri, and Unterwalden laid the foundation 
 of the Swiss Confederacy. 
 
 Rtttteuscheld,vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and i^ m. SW. 
 Essen ; coal is mined here. P. < 5000. 
 Rutupice, ruins, Eng. See Rlcliborough Castle. 
 Ruurlo, comm., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 17 m. SE. 
 De venter. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Rnvana, riv., Ger. E. Africa, flows W. into the head of 
 Speke Gulf, Lake Victoria Nyanza. 
 
 Rnvo, the ancient Rubi, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 20 
 m. W. Bari ; seat of a bishop ; has a 12th century cathedral, 
 famous for its tombs and the beautiful vases found in them. 
 P. 18,000. 
 Ruvu, in African place-names. See Rufu. 
 Rn'w, tn. , Switzd. See Rue. 
 
 Rui^-ena, vil., Upper Egypt, prov. Siut. P. <:5000. 
 Ruweuzorl, mt. , or rather mt. range, equatorial Africa, be- 
 tween Lakes Albert Edward and Albert Nyanza, on r. bk. of riv. 
 Semhki ; discovered by Stanley, 1888. Alt. of summit, 16,600 ft. 
 See Proc. R. G. S. , 1889, pp. 726-30. See Moon, mountains 
 of tlie. 
 
 Ruysbroeck, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Brussels. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Ruysselede, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 
 6 m. NE. Thielt ; manufactures lace, &c. P. 7200. 
 
 Ruyton, or Ruyton of the eleven to^ns, par. Eng., 
 Salop, div. and 8 m. SE. by E. Oswestry, 3 m. W. Baschurch 
 stn., PMT.O. ; 4828 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ruz, Val tie, Switzd. See Val de Ruz. 
 Kuza, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 62 m. W. Moscow, on 
 Ruza R., 13 m. N. of Mozhaisk railway station. P. 6060. 
 
 Ruilnci, tn., Bulgaria, prov. and 25 m. S. Vidin, near the 
 1. bk. of the Lom. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ryall, par., Eng,, Northumberland, div. and 8 m. NE. 
 Hexham, 5 m. ENE. ChoUerton stn. P. <:2So. 
 
 Ryan, Loch, inlet, Scot., on the NW. of Wigtownshire, at 
 
 entrance to the Firth of Clyde, 9 m. long by 1^-2! m. wide ; 
 
 forms a safe and commodious harbour, and has a light vis. i? m. 
 
 Ryarsh, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 6^ m. WNW. 
 
 Maidstone, 2 m. NW. by N. Mailing stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Ryazaik, govt. , middle Russia, having Moscow and Tula on 
 W. , Vladimir on N., and Tambov on E. and S. Surface a 
 plateau, 700 ft. high, deeply cut, W. to E. , by the valley of the 
 Oka, the Pronya, the Tsna, and numerous smaller tribs. and 
 
 ravines. Soil very fertile, especially in SE. , where the so- 
 called ' ante-steppe ' region, covered with black earth and 
 patches of forest, begins. Coal, iron ores, limestone, grindstone, 
 potters' clay, and peat are worked. Good forests in N. Climate 
 somewhat warmer than at Moscow (average yearly temp, at R. , 
 41°). Population Great Russian, with about 7000 Tatars, 1500 
 Poles, and less than 1000 Jews, and some Russified Mesh- 
 cheryaks. Over one-half of the terr. is under corn-crops, and 
 corn is largely exported ; cattle-breeding suffers from want of 
 meadows. A variety of domestic trades are carried on in the 
 N. ; manufactures are in progress. Intersected N. to S. by the 
 Moscow Rly. leading to the SE. steppes, and from W. to E. by 
 main trunk Riga-Samara-Siberia Rly. , both showing a very lively 
 traffic. Divided into twelve dists. : Ryazaii, Dankov, Egorievsk, 
 Kasimov, Mikhailov, Pronsk, Ranenburg, Ryazhsk (important 
 railway junction), Sapozhok, Skopin, Spassk, and Zaraisk. 
 Many large villages having 4000 to 8000 inhabitants — Muraevnya, 
 Dyedinovo, Lovtsy, Ukolovo, and many others. Area, 16,255 
 sq. m. P. (1882) 1,713,600; (1890) 1,928,600. 
 
 Ryazaii, cap. of above govt., 119 m. by rail SE. of Moscow, 
 on Trubezh, i m. above its junction with Oka ; badly built, and 
 often destroyed by conflagrations ; trade in corn ; important 
 railway centre. P. (almost stationary) 30,170. 
 
 Ryazhsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 70 m. by rail S. Ryazaii, 
 very important junction of railways Moscow to Rostov, and 
 Riga to Samara ; trade in corn ; siurrounded by populous 
 villages. P. < 5000. 
 
 Rybachly (Tsyp Navolok), penin., Russia, Arctic Ocean, on 
 Murman coast, 69° 34' N., 32° 47' E. (Cape Gordyeev). 
 
 Rybinsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 54 m. NW. Yaroslavl, 
 on r. bk. of Volga, connected by railway with Bologoye stn. on 
 St. Petersburg-Moscow Rly. (186 m.). Being situated on 
 r. bk. Volga, opposite the mouth of Sheksna, and near to the 
 mouth of Mologa — both connected by the Tikhvinsk and 
 Mariinsk systems of canals with the Neva — it is the port of St. 
 Petersburg on the Volga ; from 5000 to 7000 vessels, coming up 
 the Volga with corn, timber, &c. , stop here and partly are dis- 
 charged — over 180,000 tons of goods being sent by rail to 
 Bologoye — or are shipped, up the two systems of canals, to St. 
 Petersburg. Nearly 100,000 workers come here together during 
 the period of navigation. Permanent population increasing 
 (1883)18,900; (1891)29,000. 
 
 Rybnlk, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 15 m. E. Ratibor, circle 
 R. ; coal is mined here. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ry burgh. Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Norfolk. Great R. , N W. div. , on the Wensum, 19 m. WS W. 
 Cromer, with a stn. (Rybui^h) on the G. E. R., PMT.O., P. 
 <75o; Little R. P. <2So. 
 
 Rydaholni, vil., Sweden, prov. and 53 m. S. Jonkoping. P. 
 (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Rydal ('rye valley') and Longhrlgg, par., Eng., Westmor- 
 land, in the W. of the Appleby div., at the E. extremity of 
 Rydal Water, 2 m. N. of the head of Windermere, 5^ m. NW. 
 by N. Windermere stn.; 4862 ac. P. <5oo. See Rothay. 
 
 Rydal, stn.. New South Wales, Cook co., on the G. W. R., 
 on Solitary Creek, 75 m. NW. by W. Sydney (in ni. by rail), in 
 33° 29' S. and 150° 3' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Rydal Fell, mt., Eng., Westmorland, in the W. of the 
 Appleby div., 2 m. NW. Rydal. Height, 2003 ft. 
 
 Ryde, mun. bor. (since 1868) and par., Eng., Hampshire, on 
 N. ct. of Isle of Wight, in the diocese of Winchester. It is 
 mainly a watering-place and summer resort, with pier for the 
 steamers for Southampton and Portsmouth. Tn. P. (i8oi)< 
 1500; (1871) 11,300; (1891) 11,000. 
 
 Ryde, or Kissing Point, stn. , New South Wales, Cumberland 
 CO., 12 m. by rail NW. Sydney, in 33° 51' S. and 151° 7' E. ; 
 has large orange orchards. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Ryders HlU, Eng. , in the S. of Devonshire, 16^ m. W. by N. 
 Torquay. Height, 1691 ft. 
 
 Rye, mun. bor. (by prescription), seapt., and market-tn. , Eng., 
 Sussex, Rye div., 10 m. NE. Hastings, in the diocese of Chi- 
 chester, on the Rother, on SE. R. Trade diminished, as the 
 harbour has got silted up ; still exports wool, corn, timber, and 
 hops. R. was a Cinque Port, the Ypres tower being a survival 
 of the ancient fortifications. Pari, and mun. bor. P. (i89i)< 
 4000 ; pari. div. P. 57, 100. 
 
 Rye, riv. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, rising in Smilesworth 
 Moor, on the N. border of the Thirsk and Malton div., flowing 
 SE. partly through and partly along the borders of the Thirsk 
 and Malton and the Whitby divs. , joining the Derwent on the 
 r. bk. at Wykeham, about 4 m. above Malton. 
 
 Rye, or Rye Beach, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, Rockingham 
 CO. , at mouth of Piscataqua R. , 3 m. S. Portsmouth. Its exten- 
 sive beach renders it a favourite summer resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rye, vil., U.S., New York, W. Chester co., 25 m. NE. New 
 York, on Long Island Sound. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rye, ct. vil. and summer resort, Victoria, Mornington co. , 
 30 m. SE. by E. Geelong. P. < 1500. 
 Rye Bay, bay, Eng. , Sussex and Kent. 
 Rye Beach, vil., U.S., New Hampshire. See Rye. 
 
 1325 
 
RYEC — SAAR 
 
 Kyecliltsa, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 150 m. SE. Minsk, on 
 r. bk. of the Dnieper, 35 m. above its junction with Sozh. 
 P. 7600. 
 
 Kyefield, P.O., Ire., co. Cavan, 4J m. NE. Oldcastle stn. 
 
 Ryefopil, stn., Eng., Gloucestershire, on the M. R., ij m. 
 SW. Stroud. 
 
 Kyegat«, tn., U.S., Vermont, Caledonia co., 6 m. NW, 
 Wells R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rye Harbour, P.O., Eng., Sussex, 3 m. from Rye. 
 
 KyelilU, vil. , Eng., Northumberland. See Black Carts. 
 
 Rye Hill, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, on the NE. R., 
 loj m. E. Hull. 
 
 Ryehlll, electoral div. , Ire. , Galway, dist. Abbey. 
 
 Rye House, stn., Eng., Hertfordshire, on the G. E. R. , 5J m. 
 SE. Hertford ; scene of the plot of 1683, called the Rye House 
 Plot, for the murder of Charles H. and James, Duke of York. 
 
 Ryeng, Korean, ' pass. ' 
 
 Ryeslietllovka, tn. , Russia, govt, and 24 m. W. Poltava ; 
 tanneries of ' Astrakhan ' furs. P. 6550. 
 
 Ryeztaltsa, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 199 m. NW. Vitebsk, 
 on St. Petersburg -Warsaw Rly. P. 12,000. 
 
 Ryhall, par., Eng., Rutland, 11 m. E. by N. Oakham, on 
 the G. N. R., P.O. P. <7So ; eccles. par. (R. with Essendlne) 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Ryhlll, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barnsley div., 5 
 m. SE. Wakefield, on the M. S. & L. R., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ryhlll and Camertoii, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Holderness div. , 8 m. E. by S. Hull, i m. SW. of its stn. on the 
 NE. R. P.<soo. 
 
 Ryhope, par. and sea-bathing resort, Eng., Durham, 
 Houghton-le-Spring div., on the coast, 3J m. S. by E. and partly 
 in bor. of Sunderland, on the NE. R., PMT.O., and PM.O. 
 (R. <'olllery). P. 7500. 
 
 Rykuleld 8treet, or Upper Icknleld Street, ancient 
 Roman and British road, Eng., from Gloucester NE. to Aid- 
 borough, Yorkshire, and thence probably to the mouth of the 
 Tyne. 
 
 Rykys, or Rljk Islands, small group of isls. in the Spits- 
 bergen Archipelago, NE. of Edge I. Area, 40 sq. m. 
 
 Rylane, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 7 m. from Coachford. 
 
 Ryle, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., North- 
 umberland, dist. Rothbury, 3 m. W. Whittingham. P. (of 
 each) < 250. 
 
 Rylsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 83 m. WSW. Kursk, con- 
 nected by a branch line (17 m.) with Kursk- Kiev Rly., on r. bk. 
 Seim, trib. of Desna ; entrepot for wheat, hemp, hempseed-oil, 
 tallow, honey, and wax; trade in cattle. P. 15,100. 
 
 Rylst^ne, vil., Eng., Yorkshire. See Coitlstone. 
 
 Rylstone, postal-tp.. New South Wales, Roxburgh co., 50 m. 
 NNE. Bathurst. Alt. 1993 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Rymal, stn., Canada, Ontario, Wentworth co., 7 ni. S, by E. 
 Hamilton. 
 
 Rymandw, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Sanok, 65 
 m. NNE. Kaschau (Hungary). P. < 4000. 
 
 Rynie Iiitrlnslca, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 5J m. 
 SW. Sherborne, i^ m. W\ Yetminster stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Ryuek, comm." Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Kolomea. 
 P. 6900. 
 
 Ryn Peskl (Jfaryn Sands), sandy deserts, 100 m. long, 15-30 
 m. wide, Russia, between lower Volga and Ural Rivs. , in the S. 
 of Khanskaya Stavka ; pasture grounds of Kirghizes (formerly 
 covered with forests). 
 
 Rypln, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 40 m. NW. Ptock, 
 II m. S. of Prussian frontier town Strassburg. P. <5ooo. 
 
 RysUnge, vil., Denmark, Fyen, 12 m. SSE. Odense. Mean 
 rfall. 25.87 in. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Rysonie, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 2 m. NE. 
 Patrington. 
 
 Ryssby, vil., Sweden, prov. and 9^ m. N, Kalmar. P, 
 (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Ryssel, tn. , France. See Lille. 
 
 Rystou, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., ii| m. S. King's 
 Lynn, i m. N. by E. of its stn. on the G. E. R. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (R with Roxham and Fordham) P. <5oo. 
 
 Ryswyk, or Ryswyck, tn., Holland. See Rljswljk. 
 
 Ryther with Ossendyke, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Barkston Ash div. on the Wharfe, 8| m. SSW. York, 2i m. E. by 
 S. Ulleskelf stn. P. <;5oo ; eccles. par. (R. with Lead^ P. <:soo, 
 
 Ryton, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 6 m. S. Shrews- 
 bury, I m. E. Dorrington stn. P. < 250. 
 
 Ryton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on riv. Rye, dist. 
 and 3 m. NE. Malton. P. <2So. 
 
 Ryton and Ryton Woodslde, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Durham. Ryton, Chester-le-Street div., on the r. bk. of the 
 Tyne, 6 m. W. Newcastle, on the NE. R. and N. B. R.; has 
 coal-mines and large iron-works. PMT.O. Tn. (Ryton) P. 
 5600; par. (Ryton) P. <3500 ; Ryton Woodside, P. < 1500. 
 
 Ryton on Dunsniore, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Nuneaton 
 div., i,\ m. SE. Coventry, 2 m. SW. Brandon and Wolston stn., 
 P.O. P. <500, 
 
 Ryukyu, kuni or old prov., Japan, now in Okinawa ken. 
 
 Rzesz6w, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, cap. dist. R. , on 
 riv. Wislok, 70 m. E. Bochnia; manufactures cloth and linen. 
 P. 12,000. 
 
 Rzhev, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 70 m. SW. Tver, 92 m, 
 from Ostashkovo railway stn. , on both banks of Volga ; hemp- 
 yarn mills ; important river-port. P. 30,400. 
 
 Rzhlshchev, tn., Russia, govt, and 58 m. SE. Kiev, near 
 r. bk. Dnieper ; sugar-works, distilleries ; river-port for shipping 
 cgrn, salt, and sugar, P. 5200. 
 
 S 
 
 Saadanl, seapt. , German E. Africa, in about 6° 3' S. Saadani 
 is the terminus of the caravan route into the interior. The town 
 was occupied by the Germans in 1890. P. <20oo. 
 
 Saal, or Saal Im Poniinern, vil. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 
 on the E. shore of the Saaler Bodden (a lagoon which receives 
 the Recknitz), circle Franzburg, 24 m. W. Stralsund. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Saallmch, small riv. , Ger. , Baden, flows NW. into the Rhine, 
 a few miles above Spires ; not navigable. 
 
 Saale, riv., Ger., rises on the N. side of the Fichtelgebirge, 
 in the NE. of Bavaria, and winds N. through Thuringia, 
 Prussian Saxony, and Anhalt, past Rudolstadt, Jena, Merse- 
 burg, and Halle into the Elbe in Prussian Saxony, which it 
 enters midway between Magdeburg and the confluence of the 
 Mulde ; canalised from Naumburg, 112 m. Length, 210 m. 
 
 Saale, Friinklsche (Franconian), riv., Ger., in the N. of 
 Bavaria, flows SW. into the Main, which it enters about 19 m. 
 NW. by W. Wiirzburg ; navigable. 
 
 Saaler Bodden, ct. lake, Prussia and Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
 receiving at its head the Recknitz, separated from the Baltic 
 by a narrow strip of land connecting the Darss Penin. with the 
 mainland, communicating on the E. with the Barther Bodden ; 
 navigable by vessels of about 6 ft. draught. 
 
 Saalfeld, tn., Ger., duchy Saxe-Meiningen, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Saale R., 33 m. NE. by N. Koburg, cap. circle Saalfeld. 
 Manufactures of wire-work, dyeing, &c. ; has ochre and iron- 
 mines (formerly also gold, silver, and copper). Saalfeld was 
 probably founded Boo, as a border fortress against the Sorbs 
 (Wends) ; later it was an imperial residence and free city. In 
 1680 was cap. of a duchy which was united to Koburg in 1735, 
 and to Meiningen in 1826. P. (i834)<5000 ; (1890) 9800. 
 
 Saalfeld, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Mohrungen, 
 22 m. SSE. Elbing. P. <3000. 
 1326 
 
 Saalfelden, comm. , Austria, Salzburg, dist. i^ll am See, 26 
 m. SSW. Salzburg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Saalkrctls, circle, Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Merseburg, 
 almost entirely E. of the Saale, cap. Halle ; contains the coal- 
 field of Wettin. 
 
 Saaiie, riv. , Switzd. See Sarlne. 
 
 Saanen, vil. , Switzd. , in the Bernese Oberland, on the Saane 
 (Sarine), 25 m. SW. Thun. Alt. 3325 ft. P.<4000. 
 
 Saanleh, long picturesque inlet in the SE. of Vancouver I., 
 NW. of Victoria, opening N. 
 
 Saar, tn., Austria, Moravia, dist. Neustadtl, 19 m. NE. Iglau. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Saar, French Sarre, riv. , Ger. , rises in Lorraine and flows N. 
 into the Rhine Prov. of Prussia, and enters the Moselle a few 
 miles above Treves ; navigable from Sarrlouis, 45 m. ; canalised 
 to Saargemiind, 29 m. higher up, whence the Saar Canal runs 
 S. to join the Marne-Rhine Canal. Canal, 40 m. long and 5J ft. 
 deep, and made in 1867 ; is principally used for carrying coal from 
 the Saar coal-basin into France and Lorraine. Length, 84 m. 
 
 Saaralben, tn., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle Forbach, on the 
 Saar R., 40 m. E. by S. Metz, 7^ m. S. by W. Saargemund. 
 P. ■<3ooo. 
 
 Saarbrttcken, tn., Prussia, in the extreme S. of the Rhine 
 Prov. , on the 1. bk. of the Saar, 39 m. SSE. Treves, cap. circle 
 Saarbriicken ; centre of the Saarbriicken coalfields, 22 m. long 
 by 8 m. wide ; has manufactures of door and window fasteners, 
 and iron-founding. Trade in coal, ironwares, wines, &c. The 
 battlefield of Spichern (August 6, 1870) is close by. P. (1816, 
 with St. Johann) 9500; (1890, exclusive of St. Johann) 13,500; 
 comm. P. 13,800 ; (including St. Johann) P. 28,400. 
 
 Saarbnrg, tn. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, cap. circle Saarburg, 
 on the Saar R. , 33 m. W. by N. Strassburg. P. 5400. 
 
SAAR — SABR 
 
 Saarbnrg, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on riv. Saar, ii m. 
 SSW. Treves, cap. circle Saarburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Saardam, a name sometimes improperly used for Zaan«lani, 
 Holland. 
 
 Saargeniilud, in French Sarregneniliies, tn. , Ger. , Alsace- 
 Lorraine, cap. circle Saargemiind, on 1. bk. of the Saar, 40 m. 
 E. Metz ; considerable manufactures of stoneware, silk, plush, 
 velvet, &c. P. (1861) 6100; (1890) 12,200; comm. P. 13,100. 
 
 Saarlonls, tn. and fortress, Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on the Saar, 
 31 m. S. Trier (Treves), 13 m. NW. by W. Saarbriicken, cap. 
 circle Saarlouis ; manufactures leather, &c. Almost imme- 
 diately outside the fortifications (erected by Vauban in 1680-85) 
 lie the villages of Roden, Fraulautern, Lisdorf, and Beaumarais. 
 Birthplace of Marshal Ney (1769). Annexed to Prussia in 1815. 
 P. (1816)4700; (1890)6800. 
 
 Saarii, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Miilheim, on riv. 
 Ruhr, 6| m. SW. by W. Essen. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Saar Union, tn. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, circle Zabern, on the 
 Saar R. , 30 m. W. Worth, 11^ m. S. Saargemiind; manufac- 
 tures hats and rop)es. P. <zi^ooo. 
 
 Saarwelllngeu, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Trier 
 (Treves), circle and 7 m. NE. Saarlouis. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Saas, Saas Im Grniul, or Im Cirniul, vil., Switzd., cant. 
 Grisons, 13 m. ENE. Chur, in the Prattigau. Above Saas is 
 the village F6e, a favourite tourist resort. Near the town is the 
 pass of Monte Moro, alt. 9390 ft. , which leads to Macugnaga. 
 Before the Simplon route was open, this was the general route 
 between Vaud and Italy. P. <2c>C)o. 
 
 Saatl, or Sabatl, vil. , E. Africa, Eritrea, 16 m. W. Massaua, 
 with which it is connected by rail. 
 
 Saatzlg, circle, Prussia, prov. Pomerania, govt. Stettin, on 
 the Ihna. 
 
 Saaz, or Zatec, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. S. , on riv. Eger, 
 30 m. E. by N. Karlsbad. Important hop-gardens, said to 
 produce the best hops in the world. Saaz was a fortress of the 
 Hussites in the 15th century ; was unsuccessfully besieged by the 
 Germans in 1419. Alt. 765 ft. P. 13,200. 
 
 Saba, tn. , Arabia. See Marlb. 
 
 Saba, Dutch isl., W. Indies, Leeward Is., in 17° 40' N., 63° 
 15' W. P. 2000. 
 
 Saba, islets, mouth of Red Sea. Same as The Brothers. 
 
 i&abac (shabats), tn. , Servia, cap. prov. Sabac, on the Save, 
 37 m. W. by S. Belgrade. P. 9700. 
 
 Sabadell, comm., Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 11 m. NNW. 
 Barcelona ; manufactures cotton and woollen goods. The town 
 is called ' The Manchester of Catalonia." P. 19,600. 
 
 Saba'kl, riv., Brit. E. Africa, called in its upper course the 
 Athi, flows first SE. from the Kikuyu plateau, then E. mostly 
 through arid wastes covered with dense, often thorny, scrub, 
 and enters the Indian Ocean in 3° 10' S. , a few miles to the N. 
 of the Malindi ; entirely unnavigable. 
 
 Sabalgarh, tn.. Central India, Gwalior state, 30 m. SE. 
 Karauli, and 8 m. SE. r. bk. Chambal. P. 6100 ; Hindus, 5100. 
 
 Sabana, Rio, estuary, Colombia, Isthmus of Panama, runs 
 N. and S. to Darien Harbour behind the Gulf of San Miguel. 
 
 Sabanacamagney, an archipelago on the N. ct. of Cuba, in 
 79°-8i° W. 
 
 Sabana del Palmar, comm., isl. Porto Rico, 18 m. SSW. 
 San Juan, on r. bk. of riv. Toa. P. 6600. 
 
 Sabana Grande, isl. and comm., Porto Rico, S. ct., 71 m. 
 SW. by W. San Juan, in 67° W. P. 9600. 
 
 Sabanalarga ('great savannah'), tn., Colombia, dep. Bolivar, 
 40 m. ENE. Cartagena. P. (with dist.) 10,000. 
 
 Sabaneta, cape, in the extreme NW. of Brit. Guiana, in 
 about 8° 42' N. , 60° 7' W. 
 
 Sabaneta, cape, isl. of Haiti. See Panta Sabaneta. 
 
 Sabang, vil. , Malacca (Straits Settlements), 20 m. N. Malacca. 
 
 Sabanllla, seapt. tn., Colombia, Bolivar, 60 m. NE. Carta- 
 gena. Sabanilla is the principal export port of the republic ; 
 has an open roadstead (with two lighthouses, visible respectively 
 15 and 14 m. ), but partly sheltered by a narrow penin. stretch- 
 ing about 2 m. W. , at the end of which stands Puerto Colombia. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Sabanllla del Encomendador, comm. , Cuba, 89 m. E. by 
 S. Havana. P. 8900. 
 
 Sabanja, the ancient Sop/wn, tn., Asia Minor, vilayet Con- 
 stantinople, sanjak and i8j m. ESE. Ismid, on S. side of 
 Sabanja Lake (10 m. long by 4J m. wide). P. 3-4000. 
 
 Sahara, tn. , Brazil, Minas Geraes, in 19° 49' S. , 44° o' W. , 
 46 m. N W. Ouro Preto ; gold is mined here. Alt. 2280 ft. ; 
 annual rfall. (25 yrs.), 64.45 in. P. 5000. 
 
 Sabarl, Seberl, Severl, or Savarl, riv., India, rises in the 
 Eastern Ghats, and joins the Goddvari in 17° 35' N. and 81° 
 18' E. 
 
 Sabarmati, riv., India, flowing SSW. through Gujarat into 
 the head of the Gulf of Cambay. 
 
 Sabba, vil. , Malay Penin. , in the S. of Perak, on the Bernam 
 R. , in about 3° 46' N., 100° 59' E. 
 
 Sabbftntn, vil., Palestine, 32° 34' N., 34° 52' E., 9^ m. NE. 
 by E. of the ancient Caesarea. 
 
 Sabbla, Val, valley, Italy, E. Lombardy, the Italian part of 
 the mountain basin of the Chiese (W. of Lake Garda). 
 
 Sabbloncello, mountainous penin. , Austria, Dalmatia, crossed 
 at N. end by 43" N. , separated from the mainland by the Gulf 
 of Narenta, and from Curzola and Meleda Is. by the channels 
 of the same names as the islands. Length, 43 m.; breadth, 
 2^-5 m. ; has a lighthouse (on Cape Gomena), visible ii m. 
 
 Sabbloneta, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Mantua, 13 m, 
 NNE. Parma. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sabden, vil. , Eng. , Lancashire, div. and 3J m. SE. Clitheroe, 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Sabetha, city, U.S., Kansas, Nemaha co., 60 m. W. by N. 
 St. Joseph (Mo.) by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sabl, riv., S. Africa, flows S. through Manika-land, then E. 
 through Gaza-land, entering the Indian Ocean in about 21° S. 
 Bar at mouth 5 ft. deep at low tide ; tide ascends 30 m. 
 
 Sablans, not to be confounded with Sabasans, religious sect, 
 Asiatic Turkey, Mesopotamia, on the lower Euphrates and in 
 the Persian valley of Karun ; are gnostic Christians. Their 
 headquarters are at the village of Suk-esh-Shiok, 215 m. SSE. 
 Bagdad. 
 
 Sablna, vil., U.S., Ohio, Clinton co., 50 m. SW. Columbus, 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Sablnal, €ayo (Key), Cuba I. , to the N. of the port Nuevitas. 
 Length, 22 m. ; breadth, 9^ m. 
 
 Sablnas, tn. , Mexico, Coahuila, 150 m. N. by W. Monterey, 
 on the most important coalfield of the state ; iron also occurs 
 near. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sabine, par. (co. ), U.S., Louisiana, W. frontier, S. of 32° N. 
 
 Sabine, co. , U.S., Texas, on the Sabine R. (E. frontier), N. 
 of 31° N. 
 
 Sabine Island, Greenland. See Pendulum Islands. 
 
 Sabine Lake, U.S. See Sablue Klver. 
 
 Sabine Pass, short riv., U.S., between Louisiana and Texas, 
 forming the outlet of Sabine Lake. 
 
 Sabine Pass, or Sabine City, vil., U.S., Texas, Jefferson co., 
 88 m. E. Houston, on the outlet of Sabine Lake. P.'<:i5oo. 
 
 Sablite River, U.S., rises in the NE. of Texas, forms part 
 of the boundary between Louisiana and Texas, and flowing 
 through Sabine Lake enters the Gulf of Mexico through the 
 head of Sabine Bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, 30 m. long 
 by 1 to 7 or 8 m. broad, at the mouth of which is a bar with 6 
 or 8 ft. of water. Lighthouse in 29° 43' N., visible 15 m. 
 
 Sablote, comm., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 35 m. NE. 
 Jaen, dist. Ubeda. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sabis, riv., France. See Sambre. 
 
 Sable, French, ' sand ; ' e.g., Sablon, Sablieres, La Sabloniere. 
 
 Sable, Cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, in the extreme S. , at the 
 S. end of an island which takes its name from it. 
 
 Sable, Cape, U.S., the most southerly point of the mainland 
 of Florida. 
 
 Sable Island, isl., Canada, Nova Scotia, 20 m. long, 1-2 m. 
 broad, on the Atlantic Ocean, in 43° 54'-58' N., crossed by 60° 
 W. ; has an establishment for the relief of shipwrecked mariners. 
 
 Sable Island, isl., W. Indies, 1 m. from the W. point of 
 Antigua. 
 
 Sable River, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Bruce co. , on Lake 
 Huron, 52 m. W. by N. Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sables d'Olonue, Les, seapt., France, dep. Vendue, on the 
 W. ct. , 38 m. NW. La Rochelle, cap am; has sardine fisheries, 
 and canning and shipbuilding ; also oyster beds. The port is 
 situated on a badly-sheltered roadstead ; has a fine beach, fre- 
 quented for sea-bathing ; a lighthouse (Barges d'Olonne), visible 
 14 m. P. 9900. 
 
 Sable-sur>Sarthe, tn., France, dep. Sarthe, arr. La Fl^che, 
 26 m. SE. by E. Laval ; anthracite is found here ; important 
 quarries of black marble, and marble works. P. 5300. 
 
 Sablettes, Les, sea-bathing resort, France, dep. Var, arr. 
 and 3 m. S. by W. Toulon. 
 
 Sablltres, vil., France, dep. Ardeche, arr. Largentifere, 17 m. 
 N. Besseges; argentiferous lead is mined here. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sablon, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, govt. Lorraine, circle and 
 to the S. of Metz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Saboga, isl. , Colombia, in the Gulf of Panama, to the N. of 
 the Pearl Archipelago. 
 
 Sabor, riv., chiefly in Portugal, rises in the Sierra de la 
 Culebra, in the Spanish prov. of Zamora, and flows S. passing 
 near Braganf a, then SW. into the Douro. 
 
 Saboya, vil. , Colombia, dep. Boyaca, 6 m. N. Chiquinquira. 
 Near the village is the Piedra Pintada, a curious monument of 
 the Chibchas, covered with hieroglyphics. P. (dist.) 9000. 
 
 Siibra, vil., Sweden, prov. Vesternorrland, 3 m. WNW. 
 Hernosand, on the Gulf of Bothnia. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Sabrao, isl. , E. Indies. See Adenara. 
 
 Sabres, tn., France, dep. Landes, arr. Mont-de-Marsan, 46 
 m. S. by W. Bordeaux. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sabrina, ancient name of Severn, riv., Eng. 
 
 Sabrlna, volcanic islet, Azores, appeared 1811, to the SW. 
 of Cape Ferraria, on the extreme W. of Sao Miguel I. ; subse- 
 quently disappeared, 
 
 1327 
 
SABR — SADO 
 
 Sabriua Land, on the Antarctic Circle, crossed by 120° E. 
 
 Sabrosa, tn., Portugal, Traz-os-Montes, dist. and 9^ m. ESE. 
 Villa Real; birthplace of Magellan (Magalhaes). P. < 2000. 
 
 Sabnia, vil. , U.S., Iowa, Jackson co. , on r. bk. of Mississippi 
 R., 38 m. SE. Dubuque. P. < 1500. 
 
 Siiby, or Sseby, tn., Denmark, on the E. ct. of Jutland, 
 prov. Hjorring, 8 m. S. Frederikshavn. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sabzaiivar, tn. , Persia. See Sebzcwar. 
 ' Sac, CO., U.S., Iowa, N. of 42° N. , and crossed by 95° W. 
 
 Sacaba, tn. , Bolivia, dep. Cochabamba. P. 3000. 
 
 Vacate Grande, isl. , Honduras. See Zacate Grande. 
 
 Sacatepeqaez, dep. , Guatemala, traversed in the N. by riv. 
 Sacatepequez (r. bk. trib. of the Rio Grande), cap. Antigua ; 
 hot springs. 
 
 SacaTem, tn., Portugal, Estremadura, 5 m. N. Lisbon, near 
 the r. bk. of the Tagus ; important salt-works. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Sacceea, vil., Syria. See Shakka. 
 
 Saccarappa, vil., U.S., Maine, Cumberland co., 4 m. NW. 
 by W. Portland. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Sacearello, Monte, mt., Italy, Piedmont, in the Maritime 
 Alps, 18 m. N. by W. San Remo. Alt. 7228 ft. 
 
 Sac City, U.S., Iowa, cap. co., 72 m. E. by S. Sioux City. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Sacconago, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 20 m. NW. 
 Milan. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sacconnex, Grand and Petit, two vils., Switzd., immedi- 
 ately adjoining Geneva on the N. 
 
 Sacedon, small vil., Spain, the name of which is sometimes 
 applied to the neighbouring La Isabela. See Isabela, La. 
 
 Sachem's Head, cape, U.S., Connecticut, New Haven co., 
 in 72° 41' W. 
 
 SacUgo, Lake, Canada, NW. Terrs. , crossed by 54° 10' N. , 
 93° 40' W. , drained NE. by the Sachigo R. into the Severn ; a 
 Hudson Bay Company's post upon its E. side. 
 
 Saclisa, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle and 13 m. NW. by 
 W. Nordhausen. P. <:2C)oo. 
 
 Saehseln, vil., Switzd., cant. Unterwalden, 2 m. S. Samen, 
 on the E. side of the Sarner-see. The church, containing the 
 tomb of the hermit Nicolas de Flue, died 1487, attracts many 
 pilgrims. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sacbsen, kgd. See Saxony. 
 
 Sachsen Bay, German New Guinea, in the W. of Huon Gulf, 
 in 7° 15' S. 
 
 Sactasenbnrg, tn., Austria, Carinthia, dist. Spittal, 49 m. 
 WNW. Klageniurt ; iron and antimony are mined here. P. 
 <2ooo. 
 
 Sacha, Sachon, Shachau, Saltn, Tnngbwau-hsten, or 
 Tengirfan, tn. and oasis, China, in the NW. of prov. Kansu, 
 NW. of the Nan-shan range, in 40° 8' N. , 94" 56' E. The oasis, 
 irrigated by the Danga-gol (Dan-chai or Tan-ho), and one of 
 the most fertile in central Asia, extends about 15 m. N. to S. , 
 and 12 m. E. to W. Alt. 5225 ft. P. (including oasis) 20,000. 
 
 Sachnest Point, cape, U.S., Rhode Island, in the S. of New 
 Port CO., in 71° 15' W. 
 
 Saclerges, vil, France. See Sasslerges-St.-Hartln. 
 
 Saclle, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. Udine, 23 m. NE. by N. 
 Treviso. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sacket (or Sacket's) Harbor, vil, U.S., New York, Jeffer- 
 son CO., on Lake Ontario, 40 m. NE. by N. Oswego. The 
 harbour comprises the outer and inner harbour, the latter 
 having sufficient depth for large vessels to within two fathoms of 
 the shore. In the village are Madison barracks, built 1816-19, 
 containing one regiment of U.S. infantry. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sftcklngen, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, circle Waldshut, 
 on r. bk. of the Rhine R., 16 m. E. Basel (Switzd.); manufac- 
 tures silk ribbons ; has a mineral spring and baths. P. <4000. 
 
 SackTllle, seapt. tn. , Canada, New Brunswick, Westmorland 
 CO. , 95 m. ENE. St. John, near the head of Cumberland Basin. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Sackville, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. and 12 m. from 
 Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Saco, city, U.S., Maine, York co., on the 1. bk. of the riv. 
 Saco, 14 m. SW. by S. Portland, opposite Biddeford, with which 
 it is connected by four bridges ; has a splendid beach, and con- 
 siderable coasting trade. Manufactures include cotton goods, 
 machinery, and shipbuilding, &c. P. 6100. 
 
 Saco, riv., U.S., rises in the White Mts. , New Hampshire, 
 flows E. and SE. through Maine, and falls into the Atlantic 
 below Biddeford. Length about 160 m. The navigation is im- 
 peded by falls, which afford water-power for numerous mills. 
 
 Sacombe, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, Hitchin div. , 4 J m. N. 
 by E. Hertford, 3J m. N. by W. Ware stn. P. 250. 
 
 Sacramento, vil., Brazil, Minas Geraes, in 19° 48' S., 42° 
 9' W. 
 
 Sacramento, city, U.S., California, Sacramento co. , on a 
 wide plain, on 1. bk. of Sacramento R. , 73 m. NE. San Fran- 
 cisco ; manufactures pottery, flour, furniture, and woollens. 
 The railway repair and car shops of the Pacific Rly. employ 
 1000-1500 hand5. It has regular communication by steamers 
 with San Francisco, Marysville, and various ix)ints on the Sacra- 
 1328 
 
 mento R. Sacramento was founded in 1839, and then called 
 New Helvetia. Mean temp. (37 yrs. ), yr. 60.2^ F. , Jan. 46.6°, July 
 73.0°; rfall. , yr. 19.80 in., May-Oct. 1.79 in. P. (1850) 6800; 
 (1870) 16,300; (1880) 21,400; (1890) 26,400. 
 
 Sacramento, riv. , U.S. , California, rises in the Sierra Nevada, 
 near 42° 40' N. , 120^° W. , flow^s SSE. between those mountains 
 and the Coast Range, and in 38° 10' N. unites with San Joachim 
 from the S. , then flows into the Bay of San Francisco ; navigable 
 50 m. in high water, and by small vessels to Red Bluff, 320 m. 
 Length, 500 m. 
 
 Sacramento, Pampas del, an immense densely forest-clad 
 plain on both sides of the Ucayali, but mainly on the W^. , dep. 
 Loreto, Peru, extending from the mouth of the river to about 9° S. 
 
 Sacratir, cape, S. ct. of Spain, prov. Granada, in 3^ 29' W. 
 
 Sacrlston, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, Mid div., 3^ m. NW. 
 by N. Durham, 2 m. ENE. Witton GUbert stn., PMT.O. 
 P. 5300. 
 
 Sacro, Honte, mt. , Italy, In S. of Campania, in 40° 13' N., 
 15° 22' E. Alt. 5590 ft. 
 
 Sacnpana, tn., S. America, Venezuela, Delta terr. , on S. 
 bank of Orinoco, 120 m. S. of the SW. point of the isl. of 
 Trinidad. 
 
 Sada, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. and 6 m. E^E. Corunna, 
 dist. Betanzos ; has fisheries. P. 6300. 
 
 Sadag<^ra, tn. , Austria, crownland Bukowina, dist. and 4^ m. 
 N. by E. Czernowitz. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sadberge, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 4 m. ENE. 
 Darlington, i\ m. N. Middleton in Teesdale stn., PM.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Saddell and Sklpness, par. , Scot. , Argyllshire, on E. side of 
 Kintyre ; 46,872 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Saddlngton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 
 9 m. SE. by S. Leicester, 2^ m. WSW. Kibworth stn., P.O. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Saddle, isl. group, China. See Hangchow Bay. 
 
 Saddle, isl. , Lower Burma, in the Mergui Archipelago, 3 m. 
 W. the isthmus of Kra, immediately S. of 10° N. 
 
 Saddle, The, mt. , Scot. , on the border of Inverness-shire and 
 Ross-shire, 13J m. N. by W. of the head of Loch Arkaig. Alt. 
 
 3317 ft- 
 
 Saddleback, mt. , Eng. ,• Cumberland, Penrith div. , 4J m. 
 NE. by E. Keswick. Height, 2847 ft. 
 
 Sa4ldleback, mt. , U.S., Maine, Franklin co., 52 m. NW. 
 Augfusta. 
 
 Sadflle Head, or Gnbroenacoragh, cape. Ire., N. ct. 
 Achill I., CO. Mayo. 
 
 Saddle Island, Pacific. See Valna. 
 
 Saddle Nonntaln, Canada, Quebec, on the frontier of Maine 
 (U.S.), in7i° W. 
 
 Saddlewood, vil. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Hawkesbury par. , 
 6 m. SW. Tetbury. 
 
 Saddleworth, par., Eng., cos. Lancashire and Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, Colne Valley div., 11 m. SW. by W. Huddersfield, 
 5 m. E. Oldham, with a stn. (Saddleworth for Dobcross) on 
 the L. & N W. R. ; manufacture of woollens. The par. , which 
 is intersected by the Huddersfield Canal, consists chiefly of hills 
 and moorlands. Area, 18,797 ac. P. 22,500. 
 
 Saddleworth, tp. , S. Austraha, Light co. , 58 m'. N. by E. 
 Adelaide, on the Great Northern Line. P. < 1500. 
 
 Saddle Yoke, mt., Scot., Dumfi-iesshire, par. and 6 m. NE. 
 Moffat. Alt. 2412 ft. 
 
 Sadek, tn. , Cochin-China, near r. bk. of Anterior or Superior 
 arm of the Mekong, 70 m. WSW. Saigon. 
 
 Sadfe, tn. , Upper Egypt, prov. and 19 m. SE. Siut, on the 
 1. bk. of the Nile. P. <:4000. 
 
 SAdhaurik, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 26 m. E. 
 Ambala ; has an annual Mohammedan fair, attended by about 
 20,000 persons. Manufactures coarse cloth. P. 10,400 ; Hindus, 
 3900 ; Moham. 5800. 
 
 SadikAbikd, vil., India, Bahdwalpur, 100 m. E. Jacobabdd. 
 
 Sadlka-Banza, vil., W. Africa, Congo Free State, near the 
 r. bk. of the Congo, in 5° 36' S. , 13° 38' E. 
 
 Sadlna, tn., Bulgaria, prov. Razgrad, 30 m. SE. by S. 
 Rustchuk. P. < 3000. 
 
 Sadlola, vil., French Sudan, Bambuk, 42 m. SW. Medina; 
 has rich gold-mines. 
 
 Sadly*, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Lakhimpur, on the r. 
 bk. of the Brahmaputra, here subject to such great changes as 
 to threaten the destruction of the village, 46 m. NE. by E. Dib- 
 rugarh. Sadiyd is the NE. frontier outpost of India, and hence a 
 place of political importance. Alt. about 400 ft. P. <sooo. 
 
 Sado, isl., Japan, off the W. ct. of Honshiu, 25 m. W. 
 Niigata. It formed a kuni or old prov. , but is now in Niigata 
 ken ; gold mined in the NW. of the island. 
 
 Sado, riv. , in the S. of Portugal, flows N. then NW. into the 
 Bay of Setubal (St. Ives). 
 
 Sadon, vil., Brit. India, Uppjer Burma, in the Kashin Hills. 
 A mule-track has recently been opened to this place from 
 Wainginaw, 1. bk. of Irawadi. 
 
 Sadong, riv. , in the SW. of Sardwak, flows N. into the China 
 
SADO-^SAGO 
 
 Sea, which it enters in about iio° 45' E. ; navigable for large 
 vessels in its lower course, but with the navigation obstructed by 
 a bar at the mouth, over which there is only 7 ft. at dead low 
 water. 
 
 Sadung, vil. , Sardwak, on Sadong R. ; has government coal- 
 mines. 
 
 Sadonsk, lead and silver mines, Russia, N. Caucasus, prov. 
 Terek, WSW. Vladikavkaz, 24 m. from Alaghir silver-works. 
 
 Sadowa, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. and 8J m. NW. Konig- 
 gratz ; scene of a great victory of the Prussians over the Austrians, 
 1866. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sadowa Wlsziiia, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. 
 , Mosciska, on the Wisznia (trib. San), 30 m. W. by S. Lem- 
 berg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Madras, or Satranja-Pataiia, tn., Brit. India, Madras, 
 Chengalpat dist., 43 m. S. Madras. A Dutch settlement was 
 founded here, 1647. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sadska, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Pod^brad, 25 m. E. by 
 N. Prague; has a mineral spring and bathing establishment. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 SadiillApnr, vil, Brit. India, Bengal, Maldah dist.; has a 
 large religious trading fair in March. Sadullapur is held in great 
 veneration by the Hindus as a burning ghdt and bathing-place. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Sseby, tn. , Denmark. See Siiby. 
 
 Saegerstown, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Crawford co. , on 
 French Creek, 28 m. S. by W. Erie. P. <i5oo. 
 
 SaegersvUle, vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Lehigh co. , 29 m. NE. 
 by N. Reading. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sael, Anglo-Sa.xon, 'the willow.' See Salh. 
 
 ScEpimivi, vil. , Italy. See Sepluo. 
 
 Safali, E.s, volcanic mass, Syrian desert, i8j m. SE. Damas- 
 cus. Its cones are 2950-3600 ft. above the level of the sea, and 
 1300-1970 ft. above the surrounding country. 
 
 Safald Koh, mt. range, Afghanistan. See Safed Koli. 
 
 Safata Harbour, on the S. ct. of Upolu I., Samoan group, 
 S. Pacific, in about 13° 56' S. , 171° 47' W. 
 
 Safed, tn., Palestine, 32° 58' N., 35° 29' E., 13 m. N. by W. 
 Tiberias, on a mountain cleft by a ravine. Safed is the seat of 
 a noted Jewish school. In the time of the crusaders an impor- 
 tant fortress. A terrible earthquake in 1837 destroyed 4000 Jews. 
 P. 4000, mainly Jews, who are attracted here by certain pro- 
 phecies which proclaim that this will be the birthplace of the 
 future Messiah. 
 
 Safed Koh, Safld Koh, Sefld Koh, Safald Koh, SUf^d 
 Koh, or White Mountaiim, range of mts. , Afghanistan, stretch- 
 ing for about 100 m. E. and W. to the S. of the Kabul R. 
 The highest peak is Slkaram or Sitarani, in lat. 34° 2' 21" N., 
 long. 69° 56' 35" E. Alt. 15,600 ft. See Proc. R. G. S., 1879, 
 p. 629. 
 
 Safeh, Es, oasis, eastern Sudan. See Es-Safl. 
 
 Safe Harbour, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co., on 1. 
 bk. of the Susquehanna R. , 36 m. SE. Harrisburg. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Safety, Isles of. See Salut, lies dn. 
 
 Safety t'ove, Canada, Brit. Columbia. See Oatsolls. 
 
 SaflTelaere, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. Ghent. 
 P. <;4000. 
 
 Saflt, AsH, or AzU, seapt. , W. ct. Morocco, in 32° 19' N., 
 106 m. WNW. Morocco. Surrounded by walls, ditches, and a 
 ruined citadel, and built at the bottom of a ravine. Anchorage 
 in bay from \ m. to 2 ni. from shore, open to the WSW., and 
 very dangerous ; vessels load and discharge by lighters. The 
 exports are valued at less than £'2oo,<xx>, the imports at half that 
 sum. In the vicinity is the ' House of the Seven Brothers,' a 
 shrine venerated alike by Jews and Moors. Excessively hot in 
 summer. P. 3-10,000. 
 
 Saffron Hill Liberty, Hattou Garden, Ely Rents, and 
 Ely Place, par., Eng. , co. London, in Holborn union. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Saffron Walden, mun. bor. (since the 14th century), par. 
 and market-tn. , Eng., Essex, Saffron Walden div. , 24 m. NNW. 
 Chelmsford, in the diocese of St. Albans, on a branch of the 
 G. E. R. , near the Cam. A centre of agricultural industry. 
 The name refers to a time when the saffron crocus was culti- 
 vated here (Walden = Wealden). The town has a museum and 
 a good library ; also a training-college for schoolmistresses. 
 Remains of a Norman castle. Market-days, Tu. and S. Mun. 
 bor. and par. 7502 ac, P. (1801) 3200; (1851) 5900; (1871) 
 6060; (1891) 6100; pari. div. P. (1891) 47,400. 
 Saffnrlye, Palestine. See Sefurlye. 
 Salt, ES", oasis, eastern Sudan. See Es-Safl. 
 Safld Koh, mts. See Safed Koh. 
 Safien, valley, Switzd. See Savlen. 
 
 Saflpnr, or Sillpnr, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Unao, 20 m. 
 N. Cawnpur. P. 7800 ; Hindus, 4600 ; Moham. 320c. 
 
 Safsnlis, vil., Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, 50 m. SW. Falun. 
 P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Siifvar, vil., Sweden, prov. Vesterbotten, 10 m. NE. UmeS.; 
 scene of a Russian victory over the Swedes, 1809. P. (comm.) 
 <4000. 
 
 1329 
 
 Siifveiiiis, harb. , Sweden. See Skellefte&. 
 
 Saga, tn. , Japan, Kiushiu, 40 m. NNE. Nagasaki. P. 29,500. 
 
 Saga, vil., Upper Burma, in the Shan state of Thaton, 100 m. 
 SSE. Mandalay. 
 
 Sagadahoc, co. , U.S., Maine, on the coast, crossed in the 
 W. by 70° W. , contains the mouths of the Kennebec and the 
 Androscoggin Rivs. 
 
 Sagalu, or Sagalug (census), tn.. Upper Burma, on the 
 Irawadi, 10 m. SW. by W. Mandalay, cap. dist. Sagain. P. 
 9900 ; Buddhists, 8600. 
 
 Sagals, Turkish stem in S. Siberia, dists. Minusinsk and 
 Kuznetsk, on upper Abakan and Tom. Number about 8000. 
 
 Sagala, mission station, Brit. E. Africa, in about 3° 30' S. , 
 38° 24' E. 
 
 Sagallo, seapt. vil. , E. Africa, French colony of Obok, on the 
 N. ct. of the Bay of Tajurra, 37 m. SW. Obok ; is the starting- 
 point of caravans for Shoa. The roadstead is almost open. 
 
 Sagaml, kuni or old prov., Japan, now included in Kana- 
 gawa ken. It includes the S. penin. on the W. side of the 
 entrance to the Bay of Tokyo, terminating in Cape Tsurugi 
 (Tsurugisaki). 
 
 Sagan, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. circle Sagan, on the r. 
 bk. of the Bober, 34 m. W. Glogau. The principality of Sagan, 
 created 1428, belonged for a short time to the great General 
 Wallenstein. P. (i8i6)<5ooo; (1890) 12,400. 
 
 Saganlng, mts., Russia, Transcaucasia, begin in prov. Kars 
 and run SE., assuming different names (Balehak, Alaghoz 
 Mts. , &c. ), and reach 9369 and 9227 ft. in Kumry and Chomarg- 
 dagh respectively, and 13,436 ft. in Mount Alaghoz. 
 
 Saganosekl, seapt. tn. , Japan, in the NE. of Kiushiu I. 
 P. 5400. 
 
 Silgar, or Sangor (census), isl., Brit. India, Bengal, in the 
 Sundarbans, at mouth of the Hugli R. In 1864 a cyclone 
 visited the island, when a storm wave 11 ft. high swept over it, 
 destroying more than two-thirds of the population. The island 
 is very sparsely ihnabited. Has lighthouse, in 21° 39' N., 
 visible 15 m. 
 
 Silgar, or Sangor (census), tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , 
 cap. dist., 90 m. ENE. Bhopal, on a fine lake of the same 
 name ; terminus of a branch line from Bina on the Indian 
 Midland Rly. (through Central India, Bhopdl to Jhansi, &c.); 
 has a fort commanding the whole city ; a barrack for Europeans ; 
 cantonment on NE. In 1867 the swamp to the NE. was 
 converted into a large garden, with ornamental water. Sagar 
 was formerly the entrepot of the salt trade with Rdjputana. Alt. 
 1940 ft. P. 44,700 ; Hindus, 33,500 ; Moham. 9000. 
 
 S&gar, municip. , India, Mysore, 87 m. N. by E. Mangalore ; 
 has a trade in areca-nuts. P. (i88i)<30oo. 
 
 S&garband Defile, pass, Brit. Afghanistan, across the N. 
 end of the Takatu Mts., about 20 m. NNE. Quetta, now 
 traversed by the railway through the Nari Pass. 
 
 S&gargarh, or Sagargad (census), health resort, Brit. India, 
 Bombay, Kolaba dist. , 19 m. S. Bombay. Alt. 1357 ft. 
 
 Saga.sig, tn., Egypt. See Zagazig. 
 
 Sagastyr, isl., Siberia, at the mouth of the Lena, seat in 
 1882-83 of the International polar station, 73" 22' 48" N., 126* 
 35' E. Mean temp. (2 yrs.), yr. 1° F., Feb. -36.4°, July 40.8°. 
 
 Sageium, tn., France. See Pont8>«le-C^. 
 
 Sagetown, vil., U.S., Illinois, Henderson co., 83 m. by rail 
 SW. Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sage Valley, U.S., Nevada, White Pine co. , 240 m. E. 
 Carson City, to the S. of Steptoe Valley. 
 
 Saggart, par. and tn. , Ire., co. and 8 m. SW. by W. Dubhn, 
 bar. Newcastle, 4^ m. from Clondalkin stn., P.O. Par. 4453 
 ac. , P. < 1000; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Saghalln. See Sakhalin. 
 
 Sag Harbor, vil. and port of entry, U.S., New York, Suffolk 
 CO., at the E. point of Long I., Gardiner's Bay, 94 m. E. by 
 N. Brooklyn ; tourist resort ; chief industries, whahng and fish- 
 ing. P. < 2000. 
 
 Saglet-el-Hamra ('the red ravine'), riv., W. ct. of Africa, 
 enters the Atlantic Ocean about 28 m. SW. Cape Juby, in 27'^ 
 38' N. 
 
 Saginaw, city, U.S., Michigan, cap. Siganaw co. , on both 
 banks of the Saginaw R. , 12 m. SSW. Bay City ; has saw and 
 several other lumber mills, boiler and machine works, and 
 various other factories. P. ( 1850) < 1000; (1870) 7500; (1880^ 
 10,500; (1890, consolidated with E. Saginaw) 52,30c. 
 
 Saglna-w, riv. , U.S. , Michigan, in the E. Formed by the con- 
 fluence of the Tittabawassee and Shiawassee, it flows NNE. past 
 Saginaw and Bay City to the head of Saginaw Bay, an inlet 
 on the W. side of Lake Huron, 30 m. across, containing many 
 islands, and has valuable fisheries. Most of the lumber trade of 
 the Huron region passes through Saginaw Bay ; navigable for 
 steamers of 10 ft. draught for 24 m. out of a total of 34 m. 
 
 Sagium, tn. , France. See S^es. 
 
 Sague, La, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 7 m. N W. by W. Neu- 
 chatel. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sagone, small port, Corsica, arr. and 14 m. N, Ajaccio, at 
 head of Gulf of Sagone. The port offers excellent anchorage ; 
 
 4P 
 
SAGO — SAIG 
 
 exports coal and wood. The neighbouring beach is frequented 
 for sea-bathing. Sagone, which was an ancient episcopal city 
 prior to the transference of the see to Vico, is of Roman origin. 
 Sagone, Gnlfof, W. ct. of Corsica, in 42° 2'-8' N. , between 
 the Pointe de Carghese on the N. and Cape Fano on the S. 
 
 Sagra, Ln, mountain mass, Spain, in the NE. of the prov. of 
 Granada, a little S. of 38" N. , to the E. of the headwater of the 
 Guadalquivir. From different sides of it proceed various streams 
 belonging to the basins of the Guadalquivir and Segura; has 
 silver and tin mines. Tetico, its highest point, is 7870 ft. high. 
 
 Sagra <11 San Mlchele, ancient and celebrated abbey, 
 Piedmont, on the summit of Mount Pirchiriano, 17 m. WNW. 
 Turin ; founded at the close of the loth century. Alt. 3110 ft. 
 
 Sagres, decayed tn. and fort, in the extreme SW. of Portugal, 
 prov. Algarve (dist. Faro), 4 m. SE. Cape St. Vincent. The 
 fort, which is protected from W. and N. winds, and receives 
 its name from Promontorium Sacrum, was founded in 1416, 
 and first called Tercena Raval, and later Villa do Infante, by 
 Henry the Navigator. Hence he despatched his vessels of dis- 
 covery. Burnt down by Drake, 1597, and afterwards destroyed 
 by an earthquake. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sagn, tn., Upper Burma, dist. Minbu. P. 7500. 
 
 Sagnacbe, co. , U.S., Colorado, crossed by 38° N. and 106° 
 W. , with very pure beds of brown hematite at the base of the 
 Sangre de Cristo Mts. , in the E. of the county. 
 
 Saguache, Sawatcli, Sierra Aladre, or National Range, 
 mts., U.S., Colorado, parallel with and about 16 m. W. Park 
 range. The range, which stretches N. and S. by E. for about 
 80 m. , has several peaks over 14,000 ft. in height, and terminates 
 N. in the Mount of the Holy Cross. Alt. 14, 176 ft. 
 
 Sagna «Ie T&namo, comm. , Cuba, prov. and 64 m. NNE. 
 Santiago de Cuba. P. 5500. 
 
 Sagna la Grantle, comm., Cuba, 152 m. E. by S. Havana ; 
 has a lighthouse, visible 9 m. P. 18,300 (about two-thirds 
 white, the remainder mainly ' coloured ' ; about 500 Chinese). 
 
 Sagneuay, co. , Canada, embracing the whole of the prov. 
 of Quebec N. of the riv. St. Lawrence and E. of 70° W., 
 together with a small area in the S. , W. of that meridian. 
 
 Sagnenay River, Canada, Quebec, drains the waters of 
 Lake St. John and flows ESE. into the riv. St. Lawrence, 48° 
 9' N. The Little Sagnenay River enters it on the r. bk. 25 
 m. from its mouth. 
 
 Sagnnto, formerly Mnrvledro (from the Latin Muri veteres, 
 'the old walls'), fortified tn., Spain, prov. and 17 m. NNE. 
 Valencia, on the Palencia, cap. Sagunto dist. Its present name 
 is its ancient one (Saguntum) revived in Spanish form. P. 6500. 
 
 Sahagnn, tn., Spain, prov. and 35 m. SE. Leon; ruins of 
 a vast Benedictine monastery, where several kings of Leon 
 ended their days as monks. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Sahama, mt. , Andes. See Sajania. 
 
 Sahani Toney, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 21 m. SE. by 
 E. King's Lynn, i| m. NW. by W. Watton stn., P.O. (Saliam 
 Tony); 4063 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sahaptlns, Indian tribe. See Nez Perees. 
 
 Sahara, largest desert of the earth, extending through 50° 
 of long, and 15° of lat. across the whole width of northern 
 Africa, from the Atlantic to the Red Sea. The soil consists of 
 a great variety of rocks, and almost all geological ages, with 
 the exception of the Triassic and Jurassic periods, are repre- 
 sented. A number of mountain groups (Ahaggar, Asben, 
 Tibesti Mts.), partly of volcanic origin, rise above the widely 
 extending plateaux and plains. Depressions below sea-level 
 are much less frequent than was formerly supposed, and occur 
 only in the Libyan Deserts (Sivah, Araj, Birket-el- Rerun), and 
 in southern Algiers (Shotts). Generally, the alt. of the desert 
 varies from 700 to 2000 ft., the western terrs. being lower 
 (El Juf, alt. 400 ft.) than the central and eastern regions. The 
 climate is very hot, but on the whole healthy. In spite of the 
 very scanty rainfall (central parts no rain whatever) the under- 
 ^ound water-supply is considerable, the desert being studded 
 by many fertile oases {e.g., Sivah, Aujila, Fezzan, Ghadames, 
 Ghat, Tirat, Tafilet, Kufra, Kawar, Bilma, Asben) and wadis, 
 characterised by date-palms, olive-trees, and wheat and barley 
 growths. The worst parts of the desert are the so-called 
 Hammadas, stony plateaux devoid of water and vegetation. 
 The only perennial river which forces its way through the desert 
 is the Nile {q.v.). The Sahara is very sparsely jjeopled by 
 various Semitic and Hamitic tribes (Tuareg, Tibbu, &c. ), the 
 majority leading a nomadic life. A number of important 
 caravan routes cross the Sahara, connecting the Mediterranean 
 coast-belt with the Sudan. The most important of these are 
 the following :-From Morocco via Arawan and Mabruk to 
 Timbuktu ; from Tripoli vid Ghadames, Ghat, and Asben to 
 Kano ; from Tripoli vid Murzuk and Kawar to Lake Chad ; 
 from Bengazi vid Aujila and Kufra to Wadai. Salt is the 
 most important yield of the Sahara (salt deposits of Bilma and 
 Taudeni) ; it is exported in large quantities to the Sudan. 
 Many parts of the Sahara are still unexplored. Area, 3,500,000 
 sq. m. (Behm and Wagner). TH. Ci. 8.1 
 
 Sah^ranpnr, city, Brit. India, NW. Provs. , cap. dist. Sahi- 
 1330 
 
 ranpiu:, 58 m. SE. by E. Ambdla, in a low situation ; has a stn. 
 on the Sind, Punjab, and Delhi Rly. and the Oudh and Rohil- 
 khand Rly. Sahdranpur has considerable trade, and is the head- 
 quarters of the Jumna Canal Establishment ; a large horse-fair 
 is held in the spring. Has government botanical gardens. P. 
 63,200; Moham. 34,200; Hindus, 26,500. 
 
 SaliAspnr, or Salilspnr (census), tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., 
 dist. Bijnaur, 55 m. E. Meerut ; manufactures superior cotton 
 cloth in pieces. P. 6400; Moham. 5300; Hindus, iioo. 
 
 Sahas'W'iiu, tn. , Brit. India. See Sahli^'wan. 
 
 Sahatl, vil. , E. Africa. See Saatl. 
 
 Saliel, Wed, riv., Algeria, provs. Algiers and Constantine, 
 flows NE. past Aumale, and reaches the Mediterranean 2 m. S. 
 Bougie, after a course of about 120 m. Area of basin, 3530 sq. m. 
 
 Sahel el Mnkhnah, site, Palestine, probably the .\lichinethah 
 of the O. T. , 32° 21' N. , 35" 16' E. , 9 m. N. Nablus. 
 
 Sahend, or Sehen«l, mt. , Persia, Azerbaijan, about 25 m. S. 
 by E. Tabriz. Alt. 11,630 ft. (Curzon). 
 
 Sahet Mahet, ruins, Brit. India, Oudh, Gonda dist. , 80 m. 
 NE. by E. Lucknow ; identified by General Cunningham as the 
 ancient Srdvasti. The ruins of Jetavana, a magnificent Buddhist 
 monastery, lie SW. of the cap. Buddha here spent many periods 
 of retreat. Sahet Mahet is connected with the religion of the 
 Jains, and has a small Jain temple. 
 
 S^hlbganJ, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Santdl Parganis, on 
 the r. bk. of the Ganges, 40 m. E. Bhdgalpur. Sahibganj was 
 only founded in 1862; it is a great trade dep6t. P. 11,300; 
 Hindus, 9100 ; Moham. 2100. 
 
 Stihlbgarh, tn. , India, in the feudatory state of Patiala 
 (Punjab). P. 5600; Hindus, 2400; Moham. 3200. 
 
 Salilspnr, tn. , Brit. India. See Sahaspnr. 
 
 SahlsM'iin, or Sahaswiln (census), municip. , Brit. India, 
 NW. Provs., dist. Budiun, 45 m. WSW. Bareilly. P. 15,600; 
 Moham. 8000 ; Hindus, 7600. 
 
 Siihlwiil, tn., Brit. India, Punjab. See Shahlwikl. 
 
 Siihlwiil, tn. , India. See JMontgomery. 
 
 Sahs, Teutonic, 'knife,' 'short sword.' See Saxon. 
 
 Sahnayo, vil., Mexico, state of Michoacan, near the Lake of 
 Chapala ; there are veins of silver, iron, cobalt, and coal in the 
 neighbouring mountains. P. (comm.) 12,000. 
 
 Sah-wl, dist., W. Africa, in extreme NW. of Gold Coast 
 Colony. 
 
 SahyAdrl Mountains, India. See Gh4ts. 
 
 Sal, tn. , French Indo-China, 60 m. N. Luang Prabang. 
 
 Sal, riv., Malay Penin. See Telnbln. 
 
 Salada, tn. , Tripoli, on the N. ct. , 20 m. W. by S. Tripoli. 
 
 Salbal, isl., in Torres Strait, belonging to Queensland, off 
 the S. ct. of Brit. New Guinea, crossed by 9° 23' S. , 142° 40' E. 
 
 Salbnree, Malay Penin. See Selburl. 
 
 Salda, comm., Algeria, 83 m. E. Tlemsen, arr. Mascara; 
 noted for its oranges. Alt. 2845 ft. Rfall. (5 yrs.), 11. 16 in. P. 
 19,600. 
 
 Salda, tn. , Palestine. See Sidon. 
 
 Saldabad, tn., Persia, prov. and 102 m. SW. by W. Kerman, 
 in the plain of Sirjan. P. 8000. 
 
 Saldiipet, or Sydapet (census), tn. , Brit. India, Madras, cap. 
 Chengalpat dist., 5 m. SW. Madras ; has a government school 
 of agriculture. P. 5700 ; Hindus, 5200. 
 
 Saldscbtttz, or Saldschitz, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Briix, 
 13 m. SSW. Teplitz, at foot of the Erzgebirge ; has noted mineral 
 waters (Sedlitz), and manufactures mineral salt. P. <20oo. 
 
 Saif, vil., Arabia. See Fartak. 
 
 Salghan, pass, Afghanistan, 20 m. N. Bamian, on the road 
 to Khulm. 
 
 Salghton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 4 m. SE. 
 Chester, i m. SW. Waverton stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Saigon, Annamite Gla-Dlnh-Thanh, chief seapt. of Lower 
 Cochin-China, cap. of French Indo-China, on r. bk. of riv. Saigon 
 {q.v.), 34 m. from the sea, connected by rail with Mitho, on the 
 Mekong. The neighbouringlarge market-town of Sholon ( Cholon 
 or Cholen), on both banks of the Chinese Arroyo [Saigon River], 
 is practically a suburb of Saigon. Before Saigon was taken by 
 the French, 1859, it was the Annamite cap. of Lower Cochin- 
 China, and consisted of an inner town, surrounded by fortifica- 
 tions and a circle of suburbs. Since it became a French town it 
 has been converted into one of the handsomest cities of the 
 East, with large boulevards and spacious streets and squares ; 
 cathedral, arsenal, and docks, including government dry and 
 floating docks, this last with maximum draught of water at 
 entrance of 20 ft. The chief exports and imports are those of 
 Cochin-China. Annual value of imports about two millions 
 sterling ; of exports, nearly three millions. Trade chiefly with 
 Singapore. Mean temp. (6 yrs., 1874-79), y- 81.0° F., Jan. 
 77.5°, July 81.5° ; mean rfall. (7 yrs.), 82.96 in. P. 50,000. 
 
 Saigon River, or Kang>le, riv. , French Cochin-China, flows 
 SSE. and SE. and enters the China Sea by the Kwa Soirap, which 
 is regarded as one of the mouths of the Donnai, so that the 
 Saigon R. is a trib. of this river, joining it a few miles below the 
 town of Saigon. At Saigon it has a width of 1300 ft. , and a 
 depth of more than 30 ft. , with a rise of the tide amounting to 
 
S A I J — S A I N 
 
 13 ft., which enables vessels of the largest size to ascend so far. 
 An artificial channel, known as the Chinese Arroyo, has con- 
 nected the river at Saigon with the eastern Vaico (another, more 
 westerly, influent of the Kwa Soirap) since early in the 19th cen- 
 tury, and this stream again is connected artificially with the 
 western Vaico and the Mekong at Mitho. 
 
 8aljo, tn. , Japan, on the NW. ct. of Shikoku, 134 m. WSW. 
 Kobe ; near it the chief antimony mine of Japan (Ichinokawa). 
 
 Sialkaldo, one of the nine great divs. of Japan, comprising 
 the isl. of Kiushiu, and those of Iki-shima, Tsu-shima, and the 
 Riukiu (Luchu) group of islands. 
 
 Salkl, seapt, tn., Japan, Kiushiu I., prov. Bugo. P. 5700. 
 
 Sail, mt. , Eng., Cumberland, on the SW. border of the Pen- 
 rith div. , 4 m. SW. by W. Keswick. Alt. 2205 ft. 
 
 Sallain, tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, 37 m. NW. by N. 
 Macao. 
 
 Sallaiia, tn.. Central India, 80 m. NW. Indore, cap. Sailana 
 state. P. 5100 ; Hindus, 3800 ; Moham. 600. 
 
 SalUagouse, vil. , France, dep. Pyr^n&s - Orientales, arr. 
 Prades, 47 m. WSW. Perpignan. P. < 2000. 
 
 8alUaii8, tn., France, dep. Drome, arr. Die, 44 m. NNE. 
 Orange, 22 m. SE. Valence. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sall>les-Balu8, vil. , France, dep. Loire, arr. and 18 m. NNW. 
 Roanne; bathing establishment. Alt. 1050 ft. P. (comm.)<2ooo. 
 
 Sail Sllior, or Sail More, mt. , Scot. , Ross and Cromarty, in 
 NW. of Lochbroom par. Alt. 2508 ft. 
 
 Sailor's Gully, post-tn., Victoria. See Nerrlug. 
 
 Sail Rock, off W. ct. of Vanua Leva, Fiji Is., in 16° 36' S. 
 
 Sall-sons-€onzan, vil., France, dep. Loire, arr. and 10 m. 
 NNW. Montbrison, at foot of the mountains of Forez ; has 
 mineral springs, known to the Romans ; barytes found here. 
 Alt. 1395 ft. P. (comm.)<20oo. 
 
 Sallngliem, mts. , central Asia. See Altai. 
 
 Salma, a large lake of S; Finland, whose name is also extended 
 over a large system of lakes, reaching as far N. as the Susmen- 
 selka range. Its E. branch is the Pielis-jarvi, which discharges 
 its waters into the Pyhaselka and Orihvesi. A new canal brings 
 to it also the waters from Hoytianen Lake. The W. branch of 
 the Saima system is formed by the Kalla-vesi, with its outer inlets 
 (Onki- and Poro-vesi), whose waters are discharged by the broad 
 river {fjdrden) known as the Nildia, and a system of smaller 
 lakes, mto the Hauki- and Enon-vesi. The E. and W. branches 
 are connected by the Orivirta-, the Pihlaja-, and the Puru-vesi, 
 which flow into the southern Saima, or Saima proper. This 
 lake has its outlet in the Wuoken, which flows into Lake 
 Ladoga, forming the renowned Imatra rapids (140 ft. wide; 
 fall, 114 ft. on a length of 4 m.). Several canals connect to- 
 gether the lakes of the Saima system, while the Salma Canal 
 (with locks) establishes a direct communication between Saima 
 proper (in the E. of Willmanstrand) with the Viborg Bay in 
 the Gulf of Finland. Navigated by steamers in all directions. 
 Area of Saima proper, 680 sq. m. ; alt. 256 ft. 
 
 Saln>Bel, tn., France, dep. Rhone, arr. and 12 m. W. by N. 
 Lyons ; important mine of copper, lead, and iron pyrites. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Salngliln-eu-Weppes, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 5 m. 
 S. Lille ; coal mined here. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Saliil, vil., Baluchistan, 90 m. NE. Gwadur, in about 63° 18' 
 E. , 26° s' N. 
 
 Sains, tn., France, dep. Nord, 26 m. WNW. Rocroi, arr. 
 and 4 m. ESE. Avesnes. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Salus, vil., France, dep. Somme, arr. and 5 m. S. Amiens. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Sains Klchanniont, tn., France, dep. Aisne, 20 m. N. by 
 E. Laon, arr. and 9 in. W. Vervins. P. <2,ooo. 
 
 Saint. For Dutch names with this prefix see under Slnt, 
 German (including Austrian and Swiss German) names under 
 Sankt, Hungarian under Szent, Italian and Spanish under 
 San, Sant', Santo, or Santa, Portuguese under Sao, except in 
 the case of some names (like St. Gothard) which have become 
 familiar under the English prefix and under an English spelling. 
 
 St. Abto'8, stn. and PMT.O., Scot. See Keston. 
 
 St. Abb's Hea4l, cape, Scot. , on the N. ct. of Berwickshire ; 
 named after St. Ebba, who founded a monastery here in the 7th 
 century. The lighthouse, in 55° 55' N. , 2° o' W. , is visible 21 m. 
 
 St. Adolplie, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Montgomery co., 
 21 m. N. by W. Quebec. 
 
 St. AflTHque, tn., France, dep. Aveyron, on the Dourdon, 37 
 m. E. Albi, cap. arr. ; manufactures cloths and serges. Suc- 
 cessfully resisted the Prince de Cond^, 1628. P. <5ooo. 
 
 St. Agaplt de BeanrlTage, vil., Canada. Same as Black 
 Klver. 
 
 St. Agatlie, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Red R. , 23 m. S. by W. Winnipeg. 
 
 St. Agnes, par., Eng., Cornwall, Camborne div., 7 J m. NW. 
 by W. Truro, in a rich tin-mining district, PMT.O. ; 8441 ac. 
 P. <45oo. St. Agnes Head, a cape to the W. St. Agnes 
 Beacon adjoins the town ; alt. 597 ft. 
 
 St. Agn^s, vil. , France, dep. Jura, 33 m. ESE. Chalon-sur- 
 Saone, arr. and 6 m. SW. Lons-le-Saulnier. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Agnes, one of the Scilly Is. (q.v.), i\ m. SW. St. Mary. 
 'The Gugh,' a promontory on the E. ct. , is at spring tides 
 converted into an island. The Punch Bowl is a curiously 
 perched boulder. A lighthouse, in 49° 54' N., 6° 21' W., is 
 visible 18 m. PT.O. P.<25o. 
 
 St. jl^^ve, tn. , France, dep. Ardfeche, arr. Tournon, 30 m. 
 S. St. Etienne. P. <4000. 
 
 St. Alguan, tn. , France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, arr. and 22 m. S. 
 Blois. P. <3000. 
 St. Algnan, isl. , Pacific. See Loulslade Archipelago. 
 St. Alban, vil. and par., Canada, Quebec, Portneuf co., 43 
 m. W. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Alban, vil., France, dep. Loire, arr. and 8 m. W. 
 Roanne; bathing establishment. Alt. 1475 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Alban>des-Hurtl(;res, tn. , France, dep. Savoie, arr. St. 
 Jean-de-Maurienne, 19 m. E. by S. Chamb^ry ; mines of 
 spathic iron ore. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Albans, episcopal city, mun. bor. (since Edward VI.), 
 par., and market-tn. , Eng., Hertfordshire, St. Albans or Mid 
 div., 21 m. NNW. London, with diocese of St. Albans, near the 
 Ver (hence the ancient name Verulatn), trib. of the Colne, on 
 the M. R. and branches of G. N. and L. & NW. Rlys. No 
 important manufactures; straw- plait, shoe factories, &c. The 
 Roman Verulamium was a ' municipium,' well fortified, when 
 London was but a commercial port. Two battles during the ^ 
 Wars of the Roses took place here. The ancient abbey (now 
 a cathedral church), originally built on a much larger scale than 
 Canterbury, was consecrated in 11 15, and is a famous specimen 
 of Norman architecture. The abbey (recently restored) is 550 ft. 
 long, and the Gothic nave is the longest in existence. The 
 Clarence Park, 8| ac. , and the Clarence Park recreation grounds, 
 16.-^ ac. , were given to the corporation by Sir J. Blundell Maple 
 in 1894. The present diocese was constituted in 1877, and in- 
 cludes the whole of Herts and Essex, with parts of Cambridge- 
 shire, Kent, and Bedfordshire; P. (1891) 1,006,700; revenue, 
 ^^3100. St. Albans returned two members to Parliament till 
 1852. Mean rfall. (Gorhambury, alt. 425 ft., 1866-80), yr. 29.6 
 in. Market-days, W. and S. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 3000; (1851) 
 7000; (1871) 8300; city P. (i8gi) 12,900; pari. div. P. 53,300. 
 St. Albans, tp. , New South Wales, Hunter co. , 50 m. 
 NNW. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Albans, bor.. New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co., near 
 Christchurch. P. 5200. 
 
 St. Albans, tn. , U.S., Maine, Somerset co., 8 m. N. Pitts- 
 field. P. < 1 500. 
 
 St. Albans, tn. , U.S., Vermont, cap. Franklin co. , 24 m. N. 
 by E. Burlington, 3 m. E. of and 200-300 ft. above level of 
 Lake Champlain ; important railway centre and summer resort ; 
 has a famous butter market. P. 7800. 
 
 St. Albans, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Kanawha co. , on the 
 Great Kanawha R. , 11 m. W. by N. Charleston. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Albans, stn., Victoria, 115 m. from Melbourne by rail. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Albans Head, cape, Eng. , on the S. ct. of Dorsetshire, 
 in 2° 3' W. 
 
 St. Albert, vil., Canada, dist. Alberta, 19 m. NW, Edmon- 
 ton. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Albln, comm. , France. See Scey-snr-Sadne. 
 St. Alexandre, vil., Canada, Quebec, Iberville co. , 29 m. 
 SE. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Alexandre, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Kamouraska co. , 100 
 m. NE. by E. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Alkuiund, par., Eng., Derbyshire, partly in co. bor. of 
 Derby. P. 14,900. 
 
 St. Allen, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 3 m. N. Truro. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 St. Alphonse, vil., Canada, Quebec, Joliette co. , 57 m. N. 
 Montreal. P. < 1000. 
 
 St. .41phoiise de la Grande Itole, vil., Canada, Quebec. 
 See Bagotvllle. 
 
 St. Alv<!re, vil., France, dep. Dordogne, arr. Bergerac, 18 m. 
 S. by E. P^rigueux. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Amand, vil. , France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, on the Brenne, 16 
 m. WNW. Blois, arr. and 8 m. S. by W. Vendome. P. <2ooo. 
 St. Amniid-en-PHlsaye, tn. , France, dep. Nievre, on the 
 Vrille, arr. Cosne, 37 m. N. by W. Nevers. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Aniand-les-JBaux, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 8 m. 
 N W. by N. Valenciennes ; manufactures pottery and hosiery, and 
 has iron and steel works. Two miles E. is a bathing establish- 
 ment, waters impregnated with sulphur and lime, known to the 
 Romans. The town suffered much during the international wars 
 of the i6th and 17th centuries. P. 12,000. 
 
 St. Aniand-Montrond, tn., France, dep. Cher, on the Cher, 
 27 m. N. by W. Montlu9on, cap. arr.; near it the remains of 
 an old Roman city, and the scene of several important battles 
 between the French and the English in the wars of the 14th 
 century ; also the castle of Mont Rond. Birthplace of the 
 Great Cond6. P. 7600. , 
 
 St. Anians, vil., France, dep. Loz^re, 70 m. SW. St. Etienne, 
 arr. and 11 m. N. by W. Mende. P. <20oo. 
 
 1331 
 
SAIN — SAIN 
 
 . St. Anian8*(Ies-Cote, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, 59 m. 
 NNE. Albi, arr. and 13 m. NNW. Espalion. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Amans-Sonlt, tn. , France, dep. Tarn, arr. and 16 m. 
 SE. by E. Castres. Marshal Soult was born (1769) and died 
 (1851) here. P. < 2000. St. Anians-Valtoret, tn., on the 
 opposite bank of the Thor6. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 St. Amant-de-BoIxe, tn. , France, dep. Charente, on the 1. 
 bk. of the Charente, arr. and 11 m. N. by W. Angoul^me. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 St. Amaut-RocIie-SaTtne, tn. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 
 31 m. SE. by E. Clermont-Ferrand, arr. and 6 m. WNW. 
 Ambert ; has mineral springs ; argentiferous lead is mined here. 
 Alt. 2745 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 St. Ajnartn, tn. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, on the Thur, 17 m. 
 NW. by W. Miilhausen. P. <3000. 
 
 St. Ambroise, settlement, Canada, Quebec, co. and 7 m. 
 WNW. Quebec. 
 
 St. Ambroix, tn. , France, dep. Gard, arr. Calais, on the 
 Ceze, 31 m. N. by W. Nimes ; has silk manufactures, and coal- 
 mines. P. <400o. 
 
 St. Ambrose, isl. , Pacific, belonging to Chile, E. of 80° W. , 
 and S. of 26° S. 
 
 St. Amour, tn., France, dep. Jura, arr. Lons-le-Saunier, 35 
 m. SE. Ch&lon-sur-Saone ; fine marble is quarried here. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 St. Aiulr^, tn., Algeria, prov. and 4^ m. NW. Gran, on the 
 coast ; is a pleasure resort for the people of the prov. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Andr^, comm. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. Bruges. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 , St. Andr^, tn., France, dep. Eure, arr. and 11 m. SE. by S. 
 Evreux. P. <:20oo. 
 
 St. Andr6, vil., France, dep. Savoie, arr. St. Jean-de- 
 Maurienne, 43 m. SE. Chamb^ry; iron is mined here; has 
 mineral spring. Alt. 3950 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Andr^, tn.. Reunion, on the NE. ct. P. 8900. 
 
 St. Audr^ d'Acton, Canada. See Acton Yale. 
 
 St. Andr^>de-Cabzac, tn., France, dep. Gironde, near the 
 r. bk. of the Dordogne, arr. and 12 m. NE. by N. Bordeaux ; 
 has two ports, Plag^ne and Port Neuf; manufactures wines. 
 
 P. <2COO. 
 
 St. Andr^-de-Talborgne, tn., France, dep. Gard, arr. Vigan, 
 39 m. N. by W. Montpellier, 12 m. SSE. Florae. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Audr^-la>Cbamp, vil., France, dep. Ardeche, arr. Lar- 
 gentiere, 15 m. N. Besseges ; lead and zinc mined here. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Andrew, cape, NW. ct. Madagascar, in 16° 12' 25" S. 
 
 St. Andrew, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I., Coromandel 
 CO., 47 m. ENE. Auckland. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 St. Andre'w, vil., W. Indies, NE. ct. Barbados. 
 
 St. Andrew, vil. , W. Indies, on the E. ct. of Grenada I. 
 
 St. Andrew Ilketsball, P.O., Eng., Suffolk, 4 m. SE. 
 Bungay. See Ilketshall. 
 
 St. Andrews, \-il., Canada, Manitoba, 12 m. NE. by N. 
 Winnipeg, on a branch of the C. P. R. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Andrews, seapt. tn. , Canada, New Brunswick, cap. 
 Charlotte co., 60 m. W. by S. St. John. St. Andrews is a sea- 
 bathing place and summer resort, and has a tidal harbour 35 ft. 
 deep in ordinary spring tides at high water, lo ft. at low water. 
 
 P. <2SOO. 
 
 St. Andrew's, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Antigonish co. , 40 
 m. E. by S. Pictou. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. AJidrews, vil., Canada, Ontario, Stormont co., 7 m. 
 from Cornwall. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Andrews, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Argenteuil co. , on riv. 
 Du Nord, 2 m. above its mouth, 39 m. W. Montreal P. <:i5oo. 
 
 St. .4ndrew's, PMT.O., Eng., Channel Is., Guernsey. 
 
 St. Andrew's, Ire. See Ballyhalbert. 
 
 St. Andrews, pari, and royal burgh, watering-place, seapt. 
 tn., and par., Scot., Fifeshire, on St. Andrews &.y, 15 m. SE. 
 Dundee, 45 m. NE. Edinburgh, on the N. B. R. ; noted in 
 Scottish history. It was founded in the 8th century by a Pictish 
 king, was made a royal burgh about 1140, and an archbishopric 
 in 1472. The ruins of the castle are situated on a rocky pro- 
 montory overhanging the sea ; founded in 1200, but rebuilt 
 nearly two centuries later, and again in 1558. Here James III. 
 was born ; Cardinal Beaton was murdered in 1546 ; and James 
 VI. took refuge after the Gowrie conspiracy ; it was bombarded 
 by the French, and Knox taken prisoner in 1547. Near the 
 cliff is a monument in memory of George Wishart (1545) and 
 other martyrs. The ancient square tower of St. Regulus, within 
 the precincts of the cathedral, was erected in the middle of the 
 nth century. The cathedral, commenced about 1160, was not 
 finished till 1318. Its demolition began in the time of Knox 
 (1559), but the ruins are now carefully preserved. There are 
 remains of the ruined chapel of the Black Friars. The university 
 is the oldest in Scotland, founded 141 1. It consists of two col- 
 leges ; St. Mary's (founded 1537), which is the divinity hall ; and 
 the united colleges of St. Salvator's and St. Leonard's (amalga- 
 mated in 1747), for arts and medicine. The University library has 
 over 117,000 vols. , and receives an allowance of ;^630 p)er annum 
 in lieu of the former right to a copy of every book published in the 
 kingdom. St. Leonard's buildings are now used as a college for 
 1332 
 
 ladies. Madras College, founded by the Rev. Dr. Andrew Bell 
 (died 1832), is a school of secondary education, including classes 
 on the Madras system, imported by its founder from India. 
 Average number of pupils about 200. St. Andrews has long 
 been the headquarters of golfing in Scotland, and the manufac- 
 ture of golf-clubs and balls is its principal special industry. The 
 fishing industries employ a considerable number of persons. Coal 
 is mined in the neighbourhood. The inner harboiu- is 9 ft. deep 
 over sill at ordinary high water ; the outer harbour is 9 ft. deep 
 at high water, dry at low water. During the 15th and i6th 
 centuries St. Andrews was one of the chief seaports N. of the 
 Forth. After a period of decay the town has during the 19th 
 century made considerable ad\'ance, and is now one of the most 
 fashionable resorts in Scotland. The St. Andrews District 
 of pari, burghs (St. Andrews, Crail, Cupar, Anstruther Easter, 
 Anstrulher Wester, Kilrenny, and Pittenweem) returns one 
 member. Market-day, M. Par. 11,482 ac. , P. (1801) 2500; 
 (1891) 8000 ; burgh and tn. P. 6900 ; pari. dist. P. 18,900. 
 
 St. Andrew's, par. , Scot. , Orkney Is. , on E. side of Pomona 
 I.; 12,830 ac. P. (including Coplnsbay Island and part of 
 Mainland) < 2000. 
 
 St. Andrews, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 4 m. 
 SW. Cardiff, close to Dinas Powis stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Andrews, W. Indies, on the N. ct. of Dominica. 
 
 St. Andrew's Bay, U.S., Florida, in the Gulf of Mexico, 
 between Washington co. and Calhoun co. , with a narrow mouth 
 about 30° 7' N., 85° 45' W. The main ports are 12 m. in 
 length, with arms 30 m. ; width, 2-5 m. ; has 18 ft. of water oa 
 the bar, and good sheltered anchorage within. 
 
 St. Andrews Island, small isl. , Canada, Nova Scotia, i m. 
 from the E. ct., in 45° 18-20' N. 
 
 St. Andrews-Lhanbryde, par., Scot., Elginshire, on riv. 
 Lossie, contains part of Elgin ; 9197 ac. P. <:i50o. 
 
 St. Andrews Minor, par. , Wales, Glamorganshire, in ancient 
 par. of Bridgend. P. <:250. 
 
 St. Anlcet, vil., Canada, Quebec, Huntingdon co., on Lake 
 St. Francis, 50 m. SW. by W. Montreal. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Ann, settlement, Canada, dist. Alberta, on Lake St. Ann,. 
 35 m. W. by N. Edmonton. 
 
 St. Anna Bay, Cura9ao I., W. Indies ; has quay, with depth 
 alongside for the largest vessels. 
 
 St. Anne, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, 28 m. SE. by E. 
 Winnijjeg. 
 
 St. Anne, tn., Channel Is., cap. Alderney. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Anne's Head, cape. Isle of Man, E. ct., 5 m. ENE. 
 Castletown, P.O. (St. Ann's). 
 
 St. Anne's Hill, PMT.O., Ire., co. and 6 m. NW. Cork. 
 
 St. Anne's on the Sea, tn. and watering-place, Eng., W. 
 ct. Lancashire, div. and 4 m. S. Blackpool, with a stn. (St^ 
 Anne's) on the L. & Y. & L. & NW. Joint Rly., PMT.O. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 St. Anne's, Shandon, par. , Ire. , partly in city of Cork. P. 
 28,100. 
 
 St. Ann's, stn., Canada, Ontario, Halton co., 12 m. NNE. 
 Hamilton, on a railway. 
 
 St. Ann's, P.O., Isle of Man. See St. Anne's Head. 
 
 St. Ann's Bay, narrow inlet, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the 
 NE. ct. of Cape Breton I., its mouth in 6oh° W. 
 
 St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica, Middlesex co., on the N. ct., 21 m. 
 W. by N. Port Maria, in 77° 13' W. 
 
 St. Ann's Chapel, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Gunnislake,. 
 Cornwall. 
 
 St. Ann's Head, cape, Wales, Pembrokeshire, at the W. 
 of the entrance to Milford Haven. The lighthouses, in 51° 41' 
 N., 5° 11' W. , are visible respectively 20 and 18 m. 
 
 St. Ann's Point, cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the SW. 
 ct. , in 43° 37' N. 
 
 St. Ann's Road, stn., Eng., Middlesex, Tottenham div., on 
 the G. E. R. and M. R., 4* m. N. by E. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 St. Ann's Well, stn., Eng., co. and near Nottingham, on 
 the G. N. R. and M. S. & L. R. 
 
 St. Anselme, vil., Canada, Quebec, Dorchester co., 18 m. 
 SE. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Ansgar, vil., U.S., Iowa, Mitchell co., on Cedar R., 9 m. 
 by rail NW. Osage. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Anth^me, ti\., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Ambert, 
 24 m. WNW. St. Etienne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Anthony Harbour, Newfoundland, on the E. ct., in 51° 
 20' N. 
 
 St. Anthony In Meneage, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, Truro div. , 
 on the r. bk. of the Helford R., 4^ m. S. by W. Falmouth. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 St. Anthony In Roseland, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell 
 div., on the E. of Falmouth Harbour, 8 m. S. by E. Truro. 
 P. <:250. St. Anthony's Point, adjoining, shows two lights, 
 in 5° 1' W. , visible respectively 14 and 11 m. 
 
 St. Anthony's, stn., Eng., on the NE. R., in Newcastle, 
 Northumberland. 
 
 St. Anthony's Falls, U.S., Minnesota. See MlsslsslppL 
 Klver. 
 
SAIN — SAIN 
 
 . St. Antolue, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Isle aux Oies, 38 
 m. ENE. Quebec. 
 
 St. Autolue-de-tialaiuns, hermitage, France. See Galanins. 
 
 St. Autolne de Tilly, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Lotbiniere co., 
 on the r. bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, 22 m. WSW. Quebec. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 . St. Aiitoniu, tn., France, dap. Tarn-et-Garonne, on the 
 Aveyron, arr. and 23 m. ENE. Montauban ; has phosphates, 
 lithographic stone, and a ferruginous spring i m. to the E. In 
 the ruined castle La Valette Jean de la Valette, grand-master of 
 Malta, who defended the island against the Turks in 1568, was 
 born (1494). P. <300o. 
 
 St. Arnand, tp. , Victoria, Kara Kara co., 60 m. W. by N. 
 Sandhurst, in gold-mining and rich agricultural dist. P. (bor.) 
 <4000. 
 
 St. Arne's Island, small isl. , Canada, Ontario, Kent co. , on 
 E. side of Lake St. Clair, formed by branches of the St. Clair R. 
 
 St. Aryans, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., on the r. bk. 
 of the Wye, 2 m. NNW. Chepstow, PMT.O. P. <7So ; eccles. 
 par. (St. A. wltb Penterry) P. <7So. 
 
 . St. Arrans Grange, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , on 
 the Wye, 2 m. N. by W. Chepstow. P. <25o. 
 
 St. Asapb, Welsh lilanelwy, par. and contributory pari, 
 bor. (Flint), Wales, Flintshire and Denbighshire, on an emi- 
 nence between the Clwyd and Elwy Rivs. , 5 m. N. by W. 
 Denbigh, on the L. & NW. R. The see is said to have 
 been founded by Kentigern about 560, but it is from his 
 successor, St. Asaph, that the town and diocese are named. 
 The present cathedral dates chiefly from the close of the 15th 
 century, though parts of the first stone building, erected in the 
 13th century, still remain. The restoration of the cathedral was 
 begun under the late Sir Gilbert Scott. In front is a monument 
 to Bishop Morgan and his coadjutors in the translation of the 
 Bible into Welsh (15th century). PMT.O. Market-day, F.; 
 cattle sales last Thursday in month. Par. 11,346 ac. , P. <35oo ; 
 pari. bor. P. < 2000. 
 
 . St. Attaan, par. , Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div.,, i J m. from 
 the S. ct., 12 m. WSW. Cardiff, 4 m. SSE. Cowbridge stn., 
 with a stn. (St. A. Road) on the Taff Vale Rly. , P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 St. Atbanase, or Iliervllle, formerly Chrlstlevllle, tn., 
 Canada, Quebec, cap. Iberville co. , on the r. bk. of the riv. 
 Richelieu, and a railway, 21 m. SE. Montreal. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Athan Road, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, on the 
 G. W. R. See St. Athan. 
 
 St. Anban, vil., France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, arr. Grasse, 
 29 m. WNW. Nice, picturesquely situated at the height of 
 
 3640 ft. P. <200Q. 
 
 St. Anbert, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 9 m. E. by N. 
 Cambrai. P. <3000. 
 
 St. Anbin, tn., Eng., Channel Is., on S. ct. of Jersey, 4 m. 
 W. St. Helier, on the Jersey Rly, The tidal harbour is 17-18 
 ft. deep at spring tides, dry at low water ; has firm sands, and 
 excellent facilities for bathing. The bay is one of the largest 
 afid most picturesque in Jersey. Near the town is St. Anbin's 
 qastle, fortified. PMT.O. (St. Aubln's). 
 
 St. Anbln-d'Anblgn^, tn., France, dep. lUe-et-Vilaine, arr. 
 and II m. N. by E. Rennes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Anbin-dn-Corniler, tn. , France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, 17 
 m. NE. Rennes, arr. and 11 m. SW. by W. Fougeres; has a 
 ferruginous spring. Scene of a famous battle between the 
 French and Bretons, 1488. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Anbin-snr-Mer, tn., France, dep. CalvadoSj arr. and 10 
 m. N. Caen, on the English Channel ; has oyster-beds, and a 
 fine beach much frequented. P. <:2000. 
 
 . St. Andrie's, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, in ancient par. of 
 West Quantoxhead. P. <25o. 
 
 St. Angustin de Quebec, vil., Canada, Quebec, Portneuf 
 CO., 14 m. WSW. Quebec. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Augustine, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. Griqua-land East, 
 1,15 m. ESE. Aliwal North. 
 
 St. Augustine, city, U.S., Florida, St. John's co. , about 2 
 m. from the coast, 35 m. S. by E. of the mouth of St. John's R., 
 on a low peninsula, opposite which is Anastasia I., separated 
 from it by Matanzas Sound, which forms a large and secure 
 harbour, though there is only about 10 ft. of water on the bar 
 at high water. Manufacture of ' palmetto straw.' The climate 
 is similar to that of Italy and the S. of France, and the town 
 is a favourite resort for invalids. St. A. is the oldest city in 
 the U.S., founded by Menendez, 1565; twenty-one years 
 later it was destroyed by Sir Francis Drake. The streets are 
 narrow and crooked. The only building material formerly 
 used was the coquina rock, a conglomerate of shells quarried 
 on Anastasia I., on which is a lighthouse, in 29° 53' N., visible 
 19 m. The principal building is the old Spanish castle of 
 St. Mark, now called Fort Marion. It is of coquina, is well 
 preserved, and will accommodate 1000 men. Two modern 
 hotels are magnificently built in an old Spanish style of archi- 
 tecture. P. < 5000. 
 
 St. Augustine Bay, in the SW. of Madagascar, crossed by 
 the Tropic of Capricorn. 
 
 St. Augustine's, or Eastern, pari, div., in the E. of Kent, 
 Eng. It includes the pari. bors. of Canterbury, Dover, and 
 Folkestone. P. 68,000. 
 
 St. Austell, par. and market-tn., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell 
 div. , 10 m. SS^A^. Bodmin, on the G. W. R. ; some manufactures. 
 There are important china-clay works and tin-mines near, and 
 large quantities of china stone are quarried. About 2 m. NE. 
 of the town is the Carclaze mine, a deep pit about i m. in cir- 
 cumference, of unknown antiquity ; it was formerly worked for 
 tin, but now yields china-clay. The church, one of the finest in 
 Cornwall, has a handsome perpendicular tower. Alt. 300 ft. 
 Mean annual rfall. (1866-80), 49.90 in. Market-day, F. Par. 
 12,213 ac. , P. 11,400; tn. P. <4Soo; pari. div. (St. Austell, or 
 Mid) P. 49,624. 
 
 St. Austell Bay, Eng., Cornwall, near St. Austell town. 
 
 St. Avertin, vil., France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, arr. and 2^ m. 
 SE. Tours ; birthplace of Plantin, the celebrated printer (died 
 1590). P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Avoid, tn., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, 24m. E. Metz ; manu- 
 factures leather and chemicals. P. <4C)oo. 
 
 St. Baldred's Boat, rock, Scot., in the Firth of Forth, on 
 the N. ct. of Haddingtonshire, in 2° 37^' W. 
 
 St. Barbe Island, small isl., Newfoundland, off the N. ct. , 
 in 55° 40-47' W. 
 
 St. Barnab^, vil., Canada, Quebec, St. Hyacinthe co. , 36 
 m. ENE. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Bartb^lenii, vil., Canada, Quebec, Berthier co., 29 m. 
 WSW. Three Rivers, on a railway. P. <i50o. 
 
 St. Bartb^lemy, vil. , France, dep. Haute-Saone, arr. Lure, 
 15 m. NW. Belfort, on the Ognon ; copper and argentiferous 
 lead are mined here. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Barth<^lemy, or St. Bart, isl, W. Indies, 120 m. NNW. 
 Guadeloupe, in 17° 54' N. , 62° 51' W. ; climate very healthy. 
 Cap. Gustavia. Highest point, 990ft.; area, 8 sq. m. P. <3000. 
 
 St. Basile, vil., Canada, Quebec, Portneuf co., 30 m. W. 
 Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Bathan's, or Dunstan Creeic, gold-mining centre. New 
 Zealand, South I., Maniototo co. , 60 m. W. by N. Oamaru. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Bauz^ly, or St. Beauzely, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, 
 44 m. ENE. Albi, arr. and 8 m. N W. by W. Millau. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. B^at, vil., France, dep. Haute-Garonne, arr. St. Gaudens, 
 on the Garonne, 30 m. ESE. Bagneres-de-Bigorre ; has quarries 
 of white marble, worked by the Romans. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Bees, par., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., on the 
 W. ct. , 4 m. S. Whitehaven, on the Furness Rly. The name 
 is derived from St. Bega, an Irish princess, said to have founded 
 a nunnery here about 650 a.d. The church belonged to a 
 Benedictine abbey of the time of Henry I. The grammar- 
 school, lately enlarged, was founded by Archbishop Grindal in 
 1583 under a charter from Queen Elizabeth. St. Bees' college 
 was established, 1816, for the training of young men for the 
 Church of England. PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Bees Head, cape, Eng. , the westernmost point of the co. 
 of Cumberland, with a lighthouse in 54° 31' N., having a fixed 
 light 336 ft. above high water, visible 25 m. 
 
 St. Benin d'Azy, vil., France, dep. Ni^vre, arr. and 11 m. 
 E. Nevers. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Bennett's Cbapel and Well, Scot. , Cromartyshire, i J 
 m. S. by E. Cromarty. 
 
 St. Beuoit, tn., isl. of Reunion, on the E. ct. P. (with 
 comm.) 11,400. 
 
 St. Benoit-du-Sault, tn. , France, dep. Indre, arr. Blanc, 
 43 m. N. by E. Limoges. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Berain-sur-Dbeune, tn. , France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, 
 arr. Chalon, 18 m. SE. by E. Autun ; coal is mined here. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Bernard, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Dorchester co. , on the 
 1. bk. of the Chaudiere, 22 m. S. by E. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Bernard, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, in the extreme SE,, 
 to the S. of Lake Borgne and Mississippi Sound. 
 
 St. Bernard, vil., U.S., Ohio, Hamilton co. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Bernard, Great, Pass. Alt. 8130 ft. Mean temp., yr. 
 29.7° F., Jan. 17.4", July 45.3°. See Alps, Passes and Rail- 
 ways, I. (11). 
 
 St. Bernard, Little, Pass. See Alps, Passes, I. (10). 
 
 St. Bertbevin, vil., France, dep. Mayenne, arr. and 3 m. 
 W. Laval ; has marble quarries and deposits of anthracite. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Bertrand-de-Couimlnges, the ancient Convenes, or the 
 Roman Lugdununi Convenarum, vil., France, dep. Haute- 
 Garonne, 22 m. E. by S. Bagnferes-de-Bigorre, arr. and 10 m, 
 SW. by W. St. Gaudens. The town is built amidst Roman 
 ruins, and has an episcopal palace and cathedral, which latter 
 contains the tomb and ivory baton of St. Bertrand. Bishopric 
 suppressed, 1790. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Blaise, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 3 m. ENE. Neuchitel, on 
 Lake Neuchatel. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Blaize, cape. Cape Colony, on S. ct. , in about 22° 13' E. 
 
 St. Blazey, par. and market-tn., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell 
 
 1333 
 
S A I N — S A I N 
 
 div. , 8 m. S. Bodmin, on the G. W."R. ; has an active trade 
 with the surrounding mining dist. PMT.O. Market-day, S. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 St. Blln, vil., France, dep. Haute-Marne, arr. Chaumont, 36 
 m. SW. Toul. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Bo^8, vil. , France, dep. Basses- Pyr^n^es, arr. and 3J m. 
 NNW. Orthez ; has a cold sulphur spring. Alt. 560 ft. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 St. Bon, vil., France, dep. Savoie, arr. Moutiers, 36 m. ESE. 
 Chamb^ry ; slate quarried, and argentiferous lead mined here. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 St. Bonaventure, vil., Canada, Quebec, Drummond co., 28 
 m. S. by W. Three Rivers. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Boniface, suburb of Winnipeg, Canada, Manitoba, on 
 the r. bk. of the Red R. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Bonnet, tn., France, dep. Hautes-Alpes, arr. Gap, 40 m. 
 SSE. Grenoble ; has sulphur spring. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Bonnet-de-Joux, vil., France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, 23 m. 
 S. Le Creuzot, arr. and 9 m. ENE. Charolles. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Bonnet-le-Ch&teau, vil., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. 
 Ambert, 16 m. W. St. Etienne. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Bos>veUs, vil., Scot., Roxburghshire, 2^ m. SE. Melrose, 
 on the N. B. R., PMT.O. See Lessaddeu. 
 
 St. Botolpb's, stn., Eng., Essex, in bor. of Colchester, on 
 the G. E. R. 
 
 St. Brandon, isls. , Indian Ocean. See Cargados. 
 St. Bras, cape, Portuguese W. Africa, in about 10° i' S. 
 St. Breage, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 4 m. W. Helston. 
 St. Brelade, par., in SW. of Jersey, Channel Is., on St. 
 Brelade's Bay, P. O. 
 
 St. Brendan's Island, Ire. , off ct. Galway, in the extreme E. 
 of Galway Bay, 53° 14' N., 9° i' W. 
 
 St. Breock, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 6 m. NW. 
 by W. Bodmin, i m. SW. Wadebridge stn. ; 7984 ac. P. < 
 2000. St. Breock Doivn, a hill tract to the S. 
 
 St. Br^s, vil., France, dep. H^rault, arr. and 9 m. ENE. 
 Montpellier. P. <:20oo. 
 
 St. BrcTln, vil., France, dep. Loire-lnf^rieure, arr. and 7J 
 m. WSW. Paimboeuf, at entrance of estuary of the Loire ; 
 resorted to for sea-bathing. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Breward, par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 62 m. 
 N. by E. Bodmin, PMT.O.; 9435 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 
 St. Brlac, vil. , France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, arr. St. Malo, 3^ 
 m. W. Dinard ; fine beach, much frequented. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Brlavels, par. and vil., formerly a royal bor., Eng., 
 Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div., 6 m. SE. by S. Monmouth, 
 i^ m. E. Bigsweir stn.; has ruins of a castle dating from the 
 13th century. PMT.O. 4796 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Brlce-en-Cogl^s, vil., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, arr. 
 Fougferes, 25 m. NE. by N. Rennes. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Bride's, P.O., Eng., Monmouthshire. See Wentlooge, 
 St. Bride. 
 
 St. Brides, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on St. Bride Bay, 
 7 m. WNW. Milford, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 St. Bride's Major, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., i 
 m. from the S. ct., 17 m. W. Cardiff, 3^ m. SSW. Bridgend 
 stn., P.O.; 5045 ac. P. <7So; eccles. par. (St. B. M. -with 
 Wick) P. < 1000. 
 
 St. Bride's Minor, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, in ancient 
 par. of Bridgend, P.O. (St. Bride's). P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Brlde-snper-Ely, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 
 6 m. W. by N. Cardiff, 2 m. ENE. Peterston stn. P. <25o. 
 See Mlchaelstone-snper-Ely. 
 
 St. Brlenc, tn. , France, cap. dep. Cotes du Nord, arr. St. B., 
 on the St. Brleuc Bay (the largest bay on N. ct. Brittany), 35 
 m. W. by S. St. Malo ; has iron and steel works, manufactures 
 agricultural implements, and cultivates oysters ; much frequented 
 for sea-bathing. The tidal harbour is 18 ft. deep at high water 
 ordinary spring tides, 7 ft. at ordinary neap tides, dry at low 
 water. The dock at L6gu6, which adjoins on the NE., is 23 ft. 
 deep over sill at ordinary spring tides, 10 ft. at neap tides. Seat 
 of a bishop and of an ecclesiastical college ; has a cathedral, 
 and is a resort of pilgrims. The town owes its name to the 
 missionary Briochus, who came from England or Scotland at the 
 end of the 5th century. The inhabitants are called Briochins. 
 P. 19,900. 
 St. Brlgltte de Laval, vil. , Canada. See Laval. 
 St. Bruno, vil., Canada, Quebec, Chambly co., 14 m. by rail 
 from Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Bndeaax, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock div. , 3^ m. 
 
 NNW. Plymouth, on the estuary of the Tavy, and with a stn. 
 
 (St. B. for Saltash) on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. <2Soo. 
 
 Salntbnry, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 6 
 
 m. ESE. Evesham, 3^ m. W. by N. Campden stn. P. <2So. 
 
 St. Bnryan, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Ives div., 5 m. SW. 
 by W. Penzance, PMT.O.; 697530. P. <i5oo. 
 St. Cajetan, vil. , Canada. See Armagb. 
 St. Calais, tn., France, dep. Sarthe, 26 m. E. by S. Le Mans, 
 cap. arr.; manufactures ironmongery. The abbey, founded in 
 the 6th century, was destroyed by the English in 1425. P. <3ooo. 
 1334 
 
 St. Canillle, vil., Canada, Quebec, Wolfe co., 17 m. SE. 
 Danville. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Canlce, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bars. Crannagh and 
 Shillelogher, and partly in Kilkenny city ; 6916 ac. P. <sooo. 
 
 St. Canute, vil., Canada, Quebec, Two Mountains co. , on 
 riv. Du Nord, 35 m. N. Montreal. P. <isoo. 
 
 St. Cast, vil., France, dep. C6tes du Nord, arr. Dinan, 12 m. 
 W. by S. St. Malo ; has a port and baths on the bay. The 
 English were defeated here, 1758. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Catharine's Bay, Eng., Channel Is., on E. side of 
 Jersey, 3^ m. NE. St. Helier, with lighthouse, in 49° 13' N., 
 visible 10-12 m. 
 
 St. Catharine's Hill, Eng., Hampshire, 2 m. NW. Christ- 
 church ; on the summit is an ancient camp. 
 
 St. Catharine's Rock, Wales, Pembrokeshire, on W. side of 
 Carmarthen Bay, to the SE. of Tenby ; fortified. 
 
 St. Catherine, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., 3 m. NNE. 
 Bath. P. <25o. See Batheaston. 
 
 St. Catherine, noted Christian convent in the Sinai Penin. , 
 on Mount Sinai, in 28° 33' N., 33° 40' E. Tradition attributes 
 the foundation of this convent to the Emperor Justinian I. Alt. 
 5010 ft. 
 
 St. Catherine, isl., U.S., Georgia, forming part of Liberty 
 CO. , 27 m. S. Savannah. 
 
 St. Catherines, commercial and manufacturing city, Canada, 
 Ontario, Lincoln co. , 30 m. NW. Buffalo, on the Welland 
 Canal, 3 m. SSE. Port Dalhousie ; has a dry dock, and mineral 
 springs. P. (1881) 9631 ; (1891) 9170. 
 
 St. Catherine's, PT. O. , Scot. , Argyllshire, on the E. shore 
 of Loch Fyne ; connected by a steam-ferry with Inverary, which 
 is nearly opposite. 
 
 St. Catherine's Point, the most southerly point of the Isle 
 of Wight, Eng., with a lighthouse, visible 17 m. 
 
 St. Catherine's Sound, bay, U.S., Georgia, between Bryan 
 CO. and Liberty co. , 25 m. S. Savannah. 
 
 St. C<^r^, tn., France, dep. Lot, arr. and 18^ m. NNW. 
 Figeac, 65 m. N. by W. Albi ; birthplace of Marshal Canrobert, 
 died 1895. P. <40oo. 
 
 St. Cergue, vil., France, dep. Haute-Savoie, 9 m. E. by N. 
 Geneva, arr. St. Julian. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Cernln, vil., France, dep. Cantal, 60 m. SW. by S. Cler- 
 mont-Ferrand, arr. and 9 m. N. Aurillac. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Cesalre, market-tn., Canada, Quebec, Rouville co., on 
 riv. Yamaska, 29 m. ESE. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. ChafFray, vil., France, dep. Hautes-Alpes, arr. and 2| m. 
 NW. Brian9on ; anthracite is found here. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Chanias, tn., France, dep. Bouches-du-Rhone, on the N. 
 shore of the tang-de-Berre, arr. and 21 m. W. by N. Aix ; 
 small port ; has state powder factory. Near is the Flavien 
 bridge, the oldest in France. P. <:3000. 
 
 St. Chamond, tn., France, dep. Loire, on the Gier, arr. and 
 7 m. ENE. St. Etienne ; coal and iron are mined here. Manu- 
 factures silk, braid, nails, and agricultural implements, &c.; 
 formerly ribbons ; has naval and railway workshops. P. 14,600. 
 
 St. Chaptes, vil, France, dep. Gard, on the Gard, 10 m. 
 NNW. Nimes, arr. Uz6s. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Charles, comm. , Algeria, arr. and 10 m. S. by W. 
 Philippeville. P. <300o (350 Europeans). 
 
 St. Charles, vil., Canada, Manitoba, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Assiniboine, 8 m. W. by S. Winnipeg. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Charles, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Bellechasse co. , 13 m. E. 
 by S. Quebec. P. (sub-dist.)<2000. 
 
 St. Charles, vil. , Canada, Quebec, St. Hyacinthe co. , on the 
 riv. Richelieu, 23 m. NE. by E. Montreal. P. <i50o. 
 
 St. Charles, vil., U.S., Idaho, Bear Lake co., 20 m. WNW. 
 from the SE. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Charles, city, U.S., Illinois, Kane co., 38 m. by rail W. 
 Chicago ; several manufactures. P. <:20oo. 
 
 St. Charles, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, in the SE., crossed 
 in the N. by 30° N., W. of 90° W., traversed by the Mississippi. 
 
 St. Charles, vil., U.S., Michigan, Saginaw co., 23 m, SW. 
 by S. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Charles, city, U.S., Minnesota, Winona co. , 84 m. SE. 
 by S. St. Paul. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Charles, city, U.S., Missouri, cap. St. C. co., on 1. bk. 
 of the Missouri, 20 m. NW. by W. St. Louis ; the iron railway 
 bridge over the Missouri is a particularly fine structure, nearly 
 2 m. long. Has flour-mills and important railway carriage works. 
 A settlement was formed here, under Spanish authority, by 
 Louis Blanchette, 1769. The population is now largely German, 
 and prosperous. P. 6200. 
 
 St. Charles, co. , U.S., Missouri, in the angle between the 
 Mississippi on the N. and the Missouri on the S. 
 
 St. Chely, vil., France, dep. Lozfere, on the Tarn, 56 m. 
 NNW. Montpellier, 10 m. W. by N. Florae, arr. Marvigols. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 St. Chely-d'Aubrac, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, 61 m. NE. 
 Albi, arr. Espalion. P. <2000. 
 
 St. Chlnlan, the ancient Holatignus, tn., France, dep. 
 H^rault, 15 m. WNW. B^ziers, arr. St. Pons ; manufactures 
 
SAIN — SAIN 
 
 cloth. The town, founded 828, the seat of a Benedictine abbey, 
 was destroyed by the inundation of 1875. P. <300o. 
 
 St. Christaii, vil. , France, dep. Basses-Pyr6n6es, arr. and 5 
 m. S. Oloron ; has four mineral springs, known in the Middle 
 Ages. Alt. 985 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Christoplie-eii-Bazelle, vil., France, dep. Indre, arr. 
 Issoudon, 34 m. W. by N. Bourges. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Chrlstophe-eii-Olsans, vil., France, dep. Is^re, arr. and 
 27 m. SE. Grenoble, in a picturesque valley. St. C. , with its 
 principal hamlet, La B^rarde, s| m. above ; is a centre for 
 excursions andal pine ascents, and is a meteorological station. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Clirlstoplier, vulgarly St. Kitts, one of the Leeward Is. , 
 W. Indies. Surface mountainous in the NW. (highest point 
 Mount Misery, alt. 4300 ft.), and hilly in the SE. The island 
 is subject to alternations of prolonged drought and great floods 
 (e.g., 1880); cap. and principal port Basse-Terra, on the S. ct. 
 The island exports sugar (its staple product), molasses, tobacco, 
 rum, and salt. Total value of trade, one quarter to half a 
 million sterling. Administratively it is associated with Nevis 
 (q.v.), and has a governor and legislative council. St. Chris- 
 topher was discovered by Columbus, 1493, occupied by the 
 English, 1623, by the French, 1625, was seized by the Spanish, 
 1629, and retaken by the English, 1667. Length, 20-22 m. ; 
 breadth, 6-3 m. ; area, 65 sq. m. P. (1881) 29,100; (1891) 
 30,900. 
 
 St. Clalp, CO. , U.S. , Alabama, S. of 34° N. , and W. of 86° W. 
 
 St. Clair, co., U.S., Illinois, on W. frontier, and between 
 38° and 39° N. 
 
 St. Clair, city, U.S., Michigan, St. Clair co., on the St. 
 Clair R. , 42 m. NE. by N. Detroit. P. < 3000. 
 
 St. Clair, CO., U.S., Missouri, in the W., crossed by 38° N., 
 and in the W. by 94° W. 
 
 St. Clalr, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co. , 50m. NE. 
 HaiTisburg, and i m. NE. Pottsville ; coal extensively mined. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 St. Clair, Lake, between Ontario (Canada) and Michigan 
 (U.S. ). It receives the rlv. St. Clalr from Lake Huron, and is 
 drained by the riv. Detroit into Lake Erie. A tunnel under the 
 St. Clair R., between Sarnia and Port Huron, 6026 ft. in length, 
 or 11,553 ft. including its excavated approaches, connecting the 
 Grand Trunk with the Chicago and Grand Trunk Rly., was 
 opened in September 1891. Length, 30 m.; mean breadth, 12 
 m. ; at its widest part, 20 m. ; area, 360 sq. m. 
 
 St. Clalr, Lake, Tasmania, crossed N. by 42° S. Alt. 3239 ft. 
 
 St. Claire, vil., Canada, Quebec, Dorchester co., on the riv. 
 Etchemin, 23 m. SE. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Clairsville, vil, U.S., Ohio, Belmont co., 10 m. W. by 
 N. Wheeling (W. Va.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Saiut Clara, another name of Dufaure I., Brit. New Guinea. 
 
 St. Claude, tn., France, dep. Jura, 19 m. NW. Geneva, cap. 
 arr. Chief industries, manufactures of toys and cutting of 
 precious stones. Seat of a bishop. The cathedral dates from 
 the 13th and 15th centuries. The abbey was immensely wealthy, 
 and had great political power until the Revolution. P. 8300. 
 
 St. Claude, vil., W. Indies, Guadeloupe I., 3 m. NE. Basse- 
 Terre, on the SW. slope of the Soufriere. To the NE. is Camp 
 Jacob, a military sanitarium. Alt. 1790 ft. P. (comm.) 5400. 
 
 St. Clears, par. and river-port, Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. 
 div. , on the Gynin, 9 m. WSW. Carmarthen, i m. S. of its stn. 
 on the G. W. R. The port is accessible to vessels of 80 tons. 
 St. Clears was founded in the 6th century. P. < 1000. 
 
 St. Cleer, par., Eng. , Cornwall, div. and loj m. E. Bodmin, 
 3 m. N. Liskeard stn. In the neighbourhood are several anti- 
 quities of great interest, including the Hurlers, or Stone Circles. 
 P.O. 10,943 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 St. Clement, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and i^ m. ESE. 
 Truro. P. < 4000. 
 
 St. Cletlier, par., Eng., Cornwall, on the riv. Inny, div. and 
 7 J m. W. Launceston. P. <25o. 
 
 St. Cloud (French name), comm., Algeria, arr. and 14 m. 
 ENE. Oran. P. <4ooo. 
 
 St. Cloud, the Gallo-Roman Moment (Novigentum), tn., 
 France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, on the 1. bk. of the Seine, 6 m. W. 
 Notre Dame, Paris, i J m. from the city wall, arr. Versailles. In 
 the old castle-park is the national factory of Sevres. The walk 
 to St. Cloud is a favourite one of the Parisians. Has ruins of the 
 imperial castle of Marie Antoinette, which she acquired in 1785. 
 Here Napoleon I., and the emperors who followed him, resided, 
 and Charles X. signed the ordinances which caused his down- 
 fall ; from here also he set out on his exile. The castle was the 
 birthplace of Philippe d' Orleans and of Philippe Egalit^, and 
 was burnt by the Germans, 1871. Henri III. was assassinated 
 in 1859 in a country-seat on the site of which the castle was after- 
 wards built. P. <5ooo. 
 
 St. Cloud, city, U.S., Minnesota, Stearns co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Mississippi, 60 m. NW. Minneapolis ; is a commercial and 
 manufacturing town. P. 7700. 
 
 St. Colombe, vil., France, dep. Rhone, arr. Lyon, on the r. 
 bk. of the Rhone, opposite Vienne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Colnniba, eccles. par., Scot., Argyllshire, Kilmore and 
 Kilbride par. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Columb major, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 
 10 m. W. by S. Bodmin, 3 m. NNE. St. Columb Road stn. on 
 the G. W. R. ; picturesquely situated in the Vale of Lanherne. 
 PMT.O. (St. Columb). 12,884 ac. P.<30oo. St. Columb 
 Minor, 4 m. to the W. by S., 2 m. ENE. New Quay, PMT.O.; 
 5780 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 St. Columb Road, stn. , Eng. , Cornwall. See St. Columb 
 IMaJor. 
 
 St. Comb, fishing vil. , Scot. , E. Aberdeenshire, on the E. ct. , 
 4J m. SE. by E. Fraserburgh, 2J m. E. Rathen stn., PM.O. (St. 
 Combs). P. <:75o. 
 
 St. Come, vil. , Canada. See Marlow. 
 
 St. Cdme, tn., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. and 3 m. E. 
 Espalion, on r. bk. of the Lot ; coal is mined here. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Cdme, tn. , France, dep. Saone-et- Loire, arr. and western 
 suburb of Chalon-sur-Saone. P. <4000. 
 
 St. Cr^pln, vil., France, dep. Hautes-Alpes, on the Durance, 
 55 m. SE. by E. Grenoble, arr. and 12 m. NE. by N. Embrun ; 
 coal is mined here. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Croix, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Hants co., 30 m. NNW. 
 Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Croix, vil., Canada, Quebec, Lotbinifere co., on the r. bk. 
 of the riv. St. Lawrence, 31 m. WSW. Quebec. P. (sub-dist.) 
 <;25oo. 
 
 St. Croix, isl. , Cape Colony, off the S. ct. , in about 25° 45' E. 
 
 St. Croix, French name of Santa Cruz, Danish W. Indies. 
 
 St. Croix, Passamaqnoddy, Sclioodic, or Cheputnete* 
 cook, riv., U.S., Maine, forming part of the boundary between 
 Maine and New Brunswick, flows ESE. from Grand Lake into 
 Passamaquoddy Bay ; navigable to Calais. Length, 75 m. 
 
 St. Croix, riv., U.S., rises in the NW. of Wisconsin, and 
 flows first WSW., then forms part of the boundary between 
 Wisconsin and Minnesota, flowing SW. and then S. to the 
 Mississippi, which it joins on the 1. bk. in about 45° N. An 
 expansion in its lower course is called St. Croix Lake. 
 
 St. Croix, CO., U.S., Wisconsin, on the W. frontier, crossed 
 by 45° N., bounded on the W. by the St. Croix and the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 St. Cross, a southern suburb of Winchester, Eng., Hampshire, 
 included in the pari. bor. of Winchester, PMT.O. 
 
 St. Cunegonde, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Hochelaga co. , adjoin- 
 ing Montreal. P. (i88i)<:50oo; (1891)9293. 
 
 St. Cutlibert, vil., Canada, Quebec, Berthier co., 35 m. W. 
 by S. Three Rivers. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Cutlibert Holme, par. , Cumberland. See Holme. 
 
 St. Cyprlen, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. and 16 m. 
 NNW. Rodez; copper mined. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Cyprlen, vil., France, dep. Dordogne, near the r. bk. of 
 the Dordogne, 28 m. SE. by S. P^rigueux, arr. and 9 m. W. by 
 S. Sarlat. Two miles to the SE., near the river, is the mineral 
 spring of Panassow. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Cyprlen, suburb of Toulouse, France. 
 
 St. Cyprlen des Attafs, tn., Algeria, prov. and 85 m. WSW. 
 Algiers. P. < 3000. 
 
 St. Cyr, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. and 2J m. W, 
 Versailles ; has a famous military school, founded by Napoleon I. 
 The buildings are in great part those of the educational estab- 
 lishment, founded 1686 by Louis XIV., at the instance of 
 Madame de Maintenon, who was buried in the chapel here. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 St. Cyr, vil., France, dep. Var, arr. and 12 m. WNW. Toulon, 
 E. of the Bay of Ciotat, on the shore of which, known as the 
 Plage des Leques, are the ruins of the Gallo-Greek city Tauren- 
 tum or Taurois, one of the most important ports on the Ligurian 
 coast in ancient times. This town, prosperous for more than ten 
 centuries, was destroyed by the Saracens about 700 A.D. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 St. Cyres, stn. , Eng. , Devonshire, on the L. & SW. R. , 5 m. 
 NW. Exeter. See Newton St. Cyres. 
 
 St. Cyrus, par., Scot., Kincardineshire, on the E. ct. , 5 m. 
 NNE. Montrose, on the N. B. R., P.O.; 8249 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. David, vil., Canada. See River David. 
 
 St. David, vil. , Oceania. See Mapla. 
 
 St. David, vil., W. Indies, on SE. ct. of Grenada I. 
 
 St. Davids, vil., Canada, Ontario, Lincoln co. , 5 m. from 
 Clifton. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Davids, seapt. vil, Scot., Fife, on S. ct., on Inverkeith- 
 ing Bay, 3 m. NNE. South Queensferry, i^ m. E. by S. Inver- 
 keithing stn., P.O. 
 
 St. Davids, the ancient Menevia, episcopal city and par.. 
 South Wales, co. Pembroke, near its W. extremity, on the 
 Allan, I m. from its mouth on the N. side of St. Bride Bay, 14^ 
 m. WNW. Haverfordwest. The tidal harbour is 16-18 ft. deep 
 at quayside at ordinary spring tides high water, and 2 ft. at low 
 water. It has a cathedral and bishop's palace. The diocese 
 comprises the cos. Pembroke, Carmarthen, and Cardigan, 
 nearly the whole of Brecon, most part of Radnorshire, and part 
 of Glamorgan. The town owes its name to St. David, who 
 
 1335 
 
SAIN — SAIN 
 
 ounded the see, and died here about 6oi. The present 
 cathedral was erected at various periods from the 12th to the 
 i6th centuries. The restoration, commenced in 1846, was com- 
 pleted a few years ago. Near the (cathedral are the remains of 
 the old Episcopal Palace and St. Mary's College. PMT.O. 
 11,244 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. DaTlds Head, the westernmost point of Wales, on the 
 W. ct. of Pembrokeshire, in 51° 54' N., 5° 19' W. 
 
 St. Day, eccles. par. and vil. , Eng. , Cornwall, Camborne 
 div., 6 m. W. by S. Truro, i| m. SE. Scorrier Gate stn.; has 
 tin-mines. PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 St. Decnman'g, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 15 m. 
 NW. Taunton, i m. SW. Watchet stn. P. <35c)o. 
 
 St. Denis, vil., Canada, Quebec, St. Hyacinthe co. , on the 
 riv. Richelieu, 28 m. NE. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Denis, tn. , France, dep. Seine, on the Seine, cap. arr. , 5^ 
 m. N. Notre Dame, Paris, 2 m. from the city wall, with a fort 
 on the E. , and protected by a line of fortifications along the N. ; 
 manufactures extensive and varied. Seat of a large national 
 educational establishment for the daughters of members of the 
 Legion of Honour, founded by Napoleon I. The church, now 
 canonical, formerly abbatical, dedicated to St. Denis, was for 
 twelve centuries the burial-place of the kings of France, and 
 contains several magnificent royal tombs, notably those of 
 Dagobert, Louis XII., and Anne of Brittany, Henri II., and 
 Catherine de M^dicis, and Philibert Delorme's mausoleum of 
 Francis I. During the Revolution the tombs and other objects 
 of art were removed, pillaged, or destroyed, and the royal dust 
 thrown to the winds. The red banner, or oriflamme, of St. 
 Denis became the banner of the French kings. The plain of 
 St. Denis was the scene, 1567, of a sanguinary battle, when the 
 Constable of Montmorency perished on the field. P. 49,300. 
 
 St. Denis, tn. , cap. isl. of Reunion, on the N. ct. The 
 town is built on a gently rising slope, and the interior is like a 
 park, crossed by parallel avenues. Each house is surrounded by 
 a garden. It contains the governor's palace, cathedral, natural 
 history museum, botanic garden. The roadstead is bad, and is 
 exposed to the E. and SE. , and constantly menaced by cyclones. 
 Mean annual temp. (3 yrs. , 1883-85), yr. 74.5° F., Feb. 79.1°, 
 Aug. 69.7°. P. 30,600. 
 
 St. Denis dn Sljg, or le Slg, comm. , Algeria, on the r. bk. 
 of the Wad Sig, arr. and 28 m. SE. by E. Oran, where this stream 
 issues on the plains from the gorges which confine its upper 
 course, and where a reservoir has been formed by an embank- 
 ment 335 ft. long and 90 ft. high ; 13J m. higher up is the still 
 larger reservoir of the Grand Cheurfas (Shorfas). Tobacco and 
 cotton are cultivated. P. 10,300. 
 
 St. Dennis, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 9 m. SW. 
 by W. Bodmin, 2 m. SW. Victoria stn., PT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Denys, stn., Eng., Hampshire, on the G. W. and L. 
 & SW. Rlys. , 2 m. NE. Southampton. 
 
 St. Devereux, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., on the 
 G. W. R., 7^ m. SW. Hereford. P. <:25o; eccles. par. (St. 
 Devereux with Wormbrldge) P. <5oo. 
 
 St. Dldler, vil., France, dep. Vaucluse, arr. and 4 m. SE. 
 Carpentras, at foot of Mount Vaucluse ; hydropathic establish- 
 ment. Alt. 575 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Dldler-la-S^anve, tn., France, dep. Haute- Loire, arr. 
 Yssingeaux, 11 m. SW. by S. St. Etienne. P. <300o. 
 
 St. Dl«^, tn., France, dep. Vosges, on the Meurthe, 25 m. 
 N W. Colmar, cap. arr. ; manufactures of machinery and textiles, 
 including hosiery and cottons, the last branch having grown con- 
 siderably through the migration of cotton manufacturers from 
 Alsace after the Franco-German war. Seat of a bishop ; the 
 cathedral of St. Ddodat is of the nth and i8th centuries. Birth- 
 place of the statesman Jules Ferry. Alt. 1 125 ft. P. 14,100. 
 
 St. Dler, vil., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. and 21 m. 
 ESE. Clermont-Ferrand. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Dlzler, vil., France, dep. Creuse, arr. and 5^ m. NNW. 
 Bourganeuf ; coal and iron are mined here. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Dlzler, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Marne, on the r. bk. of 
 the Marne, arr. Vassy, 13 m. SW. Bar le Due ; important iron, 
 steel, and copper works; manufacture hardwares and boats. 
 The greater part of the town was destroyed by fire, 1775. Was 
 strongly fortified in the Middle Ages, and was besieged by 
 Charles V., 1544. Here Napoleon twice defeated the allied 
 armies, 1814. P. 9500. 
 
 St. Dogmells, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire and Cardigan- 
 shire, i^ m. W. and opposite Cardigan, on the Teifi. The 
 inhabitants are chiefly engaged in salmon and sea fishing. 
 Adjacent are the ruins of St. Dogmaels (Benedictine) Abbey, 
 founded in the i2th century. PMT.O. (St. DoKmaels). 6285 
 ac. P. < 2500; eccles. par. (St. D. with Llantood and Mon> 
 Ington) P. <3ooo. 
 
 St. Dogmells, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 6 m. S. Fish- 
 guard. P. < 500 ; eccles. par. (St. D. with Little Newcastle) 
 P. <75o. 
 
 St. Domlnlck, par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 9^ 
 m. NNW. Plymouth, 3J m. WNW. Beer Alston stn., PT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 1336 
 
 St. Dominique, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Bagot co. , 36 m. E. 
 by N. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Dominique, vil., Canada, Quebec, Soulanges co., 30 m. 
 WSW. Montreal, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Donats, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., \ m. from 
 the S. ct. , 16J m. WSW. Cardiff, 6 m. SW. Cowbfidge stn. 
 Near the village is St. Donats Castle, said to have been founded 
 in the nth century. P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 St. Doroth^e, vil., Canada, Quebec, Laval co. , 15 m. from 
 Montreal. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 St. Dunstan, settlement, Canada, Quebec, co. and 10 m. N. 
 by W. Quebec. 
 
 St. Dunstan, par. , Eng. , Kent, partly in co. bor. of Canter- 
 bury. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Dnnstan's, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, in bor. of Bradford, on 
 the G. N. R. 
 
 Ste. Adresse, tn. , France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, on the W. 
 ct. , arr. and \\ m. NW. Havre ; has oyster-beds, and is fre- 
 quented for sea-bathing ; ^ m. to the W. are two lighthouses, 
 at La Heve, with the chapel of Notre Dame des Flots, held 
 sacred by sailors. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ste. Agathe, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. Lotbiniere, 8 m. SE. 
 Methot's Mills. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ste. Ang^le de Merlcl, par., Canada, Quebec, 10 m. from 
 Ste. Flavie, and 30 m. from Rimouski. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ste. Anne, seapt. vil., W. Indies, on the SE. ct. of Guade- 
 loupe I. P. 9100. 
 
 Ste. Anne d'Auray, tn. , France, dep. Morbihan, arr. and 
 20 m. E. by S. Lorient. The pilgrimage of Ste. Anne, mother of 
 the Virgin, is the pilgrimage /ar excellence of Brittany. Here is 
 held a peculiar fete in local costume on 26th of July. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ste. Anne de Beaupr^, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Montmorency 
 CO., on the 1. bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, 21 m. NE. Quebec. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Ste. Anne de Bellevue, vil., Canada, Quebec, Jacques 
 Cartier co. , Montreal I., 21 m. WSW. Montreal, at the con- 
 fluence of the rivs. Ottawa and St. Lawrence ; a favourite 
 summer resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ste. Anne de la Perade, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Champlain 
 CO., on the 1. bk. of the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the riv, 
 Ste. Anne, 52 m. W. by S. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ste. Anne de la Pocatl^re, vil., Canada, Quebec, Kamour- 
 aska CO., on the r. bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, in 70° 3' W. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ste. Anne des 9Ioi|ts, vil., Canada, Quebec, Gasp6 co., on 
 the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in 66° 30' W., at the mouth of the 
 riv. Ste. Anne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ste. Anne des Plalnes, vil., Canada, Quebec, Terrebonne 
 CO., 22 m. NW. by N. Montreal. P. <i5oc. 
 
 Ste. Anne River, Canada, Quebec. See Ste. Anne «les 
 Mouts. 
 
 Ste. Anne River, riv., Canada, Quebec, Montmorency co., 
 flows S. to the riv. St. Lawrence, 23 m. NE. Quebec. 
 
 Ste. Beatrix, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. and 18 m. from 
 Joliette. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ste. Beaume, small range of mts., France, deps. Bouches- 
 du-Rhone and Var ; marble is quarried here. These mountains 
 attract large numbers of pilgrims at certain feasts to the holy 
 baume or cave. Highest point is 22 m. E. Marseilles, alt. 
 3785 ft. 
 
 Ste. Brlgltte, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. and on riv. Mont- 
 morency, 16 m. N. Quebec. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ste. Brlgltte des Sanlts, vil. , Canada, Quebec, co. and 20 
 m. from Nicolet. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ste. Catherine, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Portneuf co. , on the 
 riv. Jacques Cartier, 19 m. W. by N. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ste. Croix, tn., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 6 m. W. by N. Grand- 
 son , at the foot of Mount Chasseron ; manufactures clocks, musical 
 boxes, and cutlery ; has deposits of iron. Alt. 3590 ft. Mean 
 rfall. (12 yrs.), 52.4 in. P. 6000. 
 
 Ste. Croix, isl., W. Indies. See Santa Cruz. 
 
 Ste. Crolx-de-la-Palme, French name of Santa-Cruz-de- 
 la-Palma. 
 
 Ste. Crolx-Volvestre, vil. , France, dep. Ariege, 36 m. SSW. 
 Toulouse, arr. and 10 m. N. by E. St. Girons. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Eilniond, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. and 16 m. NNW, 
 Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Edmund's (or Hunstanton) Point, headland, Eng., 
 Norfolk, near Hunstanton, with lighthouse, in 52° 57' N., 0° 30' 
 E. , visible 16 m. 
 
 St. Eilrlns, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 7 m. SW. by S. 
 Fishguard. P. <250. See St. Lawrence. 
 
 Ste. Elizabeth, vil., Canada, Quebec, Joliette co. , 44 m. 
 WSW. Three Rivers. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ste. Emelle, or Leclercvllle, vil., Canada, Quebec, Lot- 
 biniere CO. , on the r. bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, 44 m. WSW. 
 Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ste. Eulalle, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Nicolet co. , 21 m. from 
 Three Rivers. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ste. Eulalle-de-Blve-d'Olt, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. 
 
SAIN 
 
 SAIN 
 
 Espalion, 20 m. NE. Rodez, on the 1. bk. of the Lot, here 
 called Olt ; coal is mined here. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Ste. Florliie, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Loire, arr. Brioude, 
 28 m. SE. Clermont-Ferrand ; centre of the large coal-bed of 
 Brassac. Manufactures embroideries, and near by are factories 
 for the manufacture of bottles for mineral waters, and railway 
 workshops. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 8te. Foy, vil., France, dep. Rhone, on the r. bk. of the 
 Rhone, arr. and 3 m. SW. by W. Lyons ; manufactures porce- 
 lain ; coal is mined here. P. <2ooc. 
 
 Ste. Foy-la-Graude, tn. , France, dep. Gironde, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Dordogne, 35 m. SW. P^rigueux, arr. Libourne ; manu- 
 factures hempen and cotton cloths. Birthplace of the physician 
 Paul Broca, died 1880. P. <4000. 
 
 8te. Cieiunie>la-PIalue, tn. , France, dep. Vendue, arr. and 
 9 m. W. by N. Fontenay-le-Comte. The scene of the battle of 
 Lu9on, 1793, when the Vendeans were defeated by the Republicans 
 under General Tuncq. P. <2ooo. 
 
 8t«. Geuevl^TC, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. Espalion, 
 68 m. NNE. Albi, 18 m. SE. by E. Aurillac. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Ste. GeiieTleve, city, U.S., Missouri, cap. Ste. Genevieve co. , 
 r. bk. of the Mississippi, 45 m. S. by E. St. Louis ; exports iron 
 from the Iron Mt. , glass-sand, fruits, &c. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Ste. Genevlere «le Batlscan, tn., Canada, Quebec, Cham- 
 plain CO. , on the riv. Batiscan, 58 m. WSW. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ste. Honorlite-dn-Fay, vil., France, dep. Calvados, arr. and 
 about 10 m. SW. Caen. Alt. 388 ft. Mean temp., yr. 50.7° F., 
 Jan. 39.6°, July 63.6°. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ste. Iren^e, vil, Canada, Quebec, Charlevoix co. , on the 1. 
 bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, in 70° 14' W. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ste. Jalie de Somerset, vil., Canada, Quebec, Megantic co., 
 I J m. from Ste. Julie stn. , 41 m. from Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ste. Julienne, vil., Canada, Quebec, cap. Montcalm co., 
 31 m. N. by W. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ste. Jnstliie, vil. , Canada. See Langerlne. 
 
 St. Eleanors, vil., Canada, Prince Edward L, Princes co., 
 on the SW. ct. , 36 m. W. by N. Charlottetown. P. <isoo. 
 
 St. Ellas, mt. in the NW. of N. America, whose position and 
 alt. have been variously given by different observers. It has now 
 been ascertained by triangulation to lie within the Canadian 
 borders, in 60° 17' 34.4" N. , 140° 55' 19.6" W. , and to have an 
 elevation of 18,017 ft. For some time reputed to be the highest 
 peak in N. America. See Logan. 
 
 St, Elmo, vil., U.S., Tennessee. P. <3000. 
 
 St. illoy, coal and iron-mining vil., France, dep. Puy-de- 
 Dome, arr. Riom, 29 m. NNW. Clermont-Ferrand. P.<20oo. 
 
 St. Eloy-de-Gy, vil. , France, dep. Cher, arr. and 7 m. N W. 
 Bourges ; iron is mined here. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ste. Lucie, vil., Corsica. See Santa Lucia de Tallano. 
 
 Ste. Lucie, isl. , W. Indies. See St. Lucia. 
 
 St. Elvis, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on St. Bride Bay, loj 
 m. NW. by W. Haverfordwest. P. <25o. See Whltclinrch. 
 
 St. Elzear, vil., Canada, Quebec, Beauce co. , 29 m. S. by E. 
 Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Salute Marguerite, vil., Canada. See Lac Masson. 
 
 Ste. Marguerite, isl., France. See L^rins. 
 
 Ste. Marguerite, vil., France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, 5^ m. 
 WSW. St. Nazaire ; frequented for sea-bathing. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ste. Marguerite, thermal stn., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 
 arr. and 10 m. SE. Clermont. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ste. Marguerite, small bay, W. Indies, Guadeloupe I., on 
 the E. ct. of Grande-Terre. 
 
 Ste. Marguerite River, riv. , Canada, Quebec, flows nearly 
 parallel to the riv. Saguenay, but finally turns S. and enters that 
 river. 
 
 Sainte Marie, vil. , Canada. See La Beauce. 
 
 Ste. Marie, vil. , France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6ne6s, arr. Bagn^res, 
 30 m. SE. Tarbes ; has a cold mineral water establishment. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Ste. Marie, seapt. vil., France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, arr. 
 Paimboeuf, 27 m. WSW. Nantes, on the Atlantic ; frequented 
 for its beach. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ste. Marie, an isl. belonging to the French, Madagascar, off 
 E. ct. , in about 16° 4o'-i7° 15' S. ; safe and commodious road- 
 stead ; excellent anchorage. The French India Co. founded an 
 establishment at the town St. Marie, on the W. ct. of the island, 
 at the head of the Bay of Port Louis, 1750. 
 
 Sainte Marie, tn., isl. of Reunion, on the N. ct., to the E. of 
 St. Denis. P. 5400. 
 
 Sainte Marie, vil., W. Indies, on the E. ct. of the southern 
 part of Guadeloupe. 
 
 Ste. Marie, seapt. vil., W. Indies, on the NE. ct. of Martini- 
 que, 13 m. ENE. St. Pierre. P. (comm. ) 8700. 
 
 Ste. Marie, Cape, the southernmost point of Madagascar. 
 
 Ste. Marie-aux-Mlnes. See Marklrch. 
 
 Ste. Marie de Monnolr, or Marlevllle, vil. , Canada, Quebec, 
 Rouville CO., 21 m. ESE. Montreal, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ste. Martlie, Polnte, cape, W. Indies, on the W. ct. of 
 Martinique, on the Bay of St, Pierre ; has a light, in 14° 44' N., 
 61° 11' W., visible 5 m. I 
 
 Ste. Martlne, vil. , Canada, Quebec, cap. Chateauguay co. , 
 on the riv. Chateauguay and a railway, 23 m. SW. by S. 
 Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ste. Maure, vil., France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, 20m. S. by W. 
 Tours, arr. Chinon. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ste. Maxlme, tn. , France, dep. Var, arr. Dragfuignan, 25 m. 
 SW. Cannes, on N. shore of the Gulf of St. Tropez ; argentiferous 
 lead is mined here ; small port. Since 1885 Ste. Maxime has 
 become an increasingly frequented winter resort. P. <;20oo. 
 
 St. Emelle, vil., Canada, Quebec, Joliette co., 55 m. W. 
 Three Rivers. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ste. Menebould, tn., France, dep. Marne, on the Ante, 22 
 m. W. by S. Verdun-sur-Meuse, cap. arr. ; manufactures drain- 
 pipes ; noted for its asparagus. Alt. 455 ft. P. <;4000. 
 
 Ste. Mfere-lfcglise, vil. , France, dep. Manche, 21 m. SE. Cher- 
 bourg, arr. and 10 m. SE. Valognes. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Emilion, tn. , France, dep. Gironde, arr. and 4J m. ESE. 
 Libourne, 2^ m. from the r. bk. of the Dordogne ; has noted 
 vineyards. P. < 2000. •>. 
 
 Ste. Enlmie, vil., France, dep. Loz^re, on the Tarn, 57 m. 
 NNW. Montpellier, arr. and 10 m. WNW. Florae. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Enoder, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 9 m. 
 NNE. Truro, ij m. SSE. St. Columb Road stn.; tin is mined 
 here. 7275 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Enogat, tn., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, arr. St. Male, 
 ^ m. NW. Dinard, on the English Channel ; has sea-bathing. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Ste. Odlle, convent, Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine. See Odlllenberg. 
 
 Sainte Kadegoiide, vil. , France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, suburb 
 and i^ m. E. of Tours. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Erblon, vil., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, arr. and 6 m. 
 S. Rennes, 2J m. to the W.; zinc and argentiferous lead mined. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Erme, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 3J m. NNE. 
 Truro ; 4552 ac. P. <:soo. 
 
 St. Erney, part of par., Eng., Cornwall. See Landrake 
 with St. Erney. 
 
 Ste. Rose, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Laval co., 13 m. 
 NW. by W. Montreal. 
 
 Ste. Rose, tn., isl. of Reunion, on the E. ct. P. <4000. 
 
 Ste. Rose, ct. vil. , W. Indies, on ct. of Guadeloupe I. P. 6200. 
 
 St. Ertta, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Ives div., i m. from the 
 head of St. Ives Bay, 4^ m. SE. by S. St. Ives, on the G. W. R., 
 P.O.; 4042 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Ervan, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., ii m. W. 
 by N. Bodmin. P. <5oo. 
 
 Salntes, the ancient Gallic Mediolanum, later Santones, tn. , 
 France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, on the 1. bk. of the Charente, 17 
 m. W. by N. Cognac, cap. arr. Principal industries, manufacture 
 of agricultural implements and leather-dressing; small port; has 
 a museum of antiquities, and a cathedral. Here are also a few 
 arches and benches of the amphitheatre and the triumphal arch 
 of Germanicus under the Romans. Saintes was one of the most 
 flourishing cities of Aquitania. The Capitol was made a citadel 
 in the Middle Ages, and was destroyed by Charles d'Alen9on, 
 1330. The bishopric was suppressed during the Revolution, 
 1790. Saintes was the birthplace of Guillotin, died 1814, 
 who introduced the instrument of execution which bears his 
 name ; and here Bernard Palissy, the potter, passed the greater 
 part of his life. P. 18,500. 
 
 Saintes, lies des, two small isls. , French W. Indies, to the 
 S. of Guadeloupe. The roadstead, between the two islands and 
 the islet Cabrit, is safe and commodious. 
 
 Ste. Savine, western suburb of Troyes, France, dep. Aube ; 
 manufactures needles and hosiery. P. 5100. 
 
 Ste. Severe, vil. , France, dep. Indre, 28 m. WNW. Mont- 
 lupon, arr. and 8 m. SE. by S. La Chatre. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Salntes-Marles-de-la-Mer, vil., France, dep. Bouches-du- 
 Rh6ne, on the Gulf des Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, arr. and 18 
 m. SW. by S. Aries ; has sea-bathing and salt-works. The 
 fortified church, of the 12th century, is one of the most interest- 
 ing in Provence, and attracts pilgrims from all the S. of France. 
 Tradition states that the holy women who ministered to Jesus 
 Christ, three of whom were called Mary, landed on an island 
 which then existed here, and that with them were Lazarus and 
 Mary Magdalene. P. <20co. 
 
 Ste. Solange, vil., France, dep. Cher, arr. and 9 m. ENE. 
 Bourges. The chapel is much frequented as a place of pilgrim- 
 age. P. <2000. 
 
 St. Esprit, vil., Canada, Quebec, Montcalm co., 28 m. N. 
 by W. Montreal. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Esprit, tn., France, dep. Landes, on r. bk. of the Adour, 
 opposite Bayonne, of which it is a suburb ; contains the citadel 
 of Bayonne. P. 5200, mostly Spanish Jews. 
 
 St. Esprit, vil., W. Indies, Martinique I., gj m. ESE. Fort- 
 de- France. P. (comm.) 5800. 
 
 Sainte Suzanne, tn., isl. of Reunion, on the N. ct. P. (with 
 comm.) 640c. 
 
 Ste. Terre, tn., France, dep. Gironde, arr. and 9 m. SE. 
 Libourne, on r. bk. of the Dordogne ; small port. P. <20oo. 
 
 1.337 
 
S AI N — S AI N 
 
 St. iltleuiie, vil., France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, 42 m. NNW. 
 Nice, arr. Puget-Th6niers ; lead and copper are mined here. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 St. £tlenne, arr., comm., and tn. of France, dep. Loire, 
 cap. dep., on the Furens, a small affluent and 6 m. from the 
 r. bk. of the Loire, 32 m. SW. Lyon, with which it is connected 
 by rail. It was about 1535 that the manufacture of arms was 
 commenced ; that of ribbons followed soon after, introduced from 
 St. Chamond. St. Etienne is one of the principal manufactur- 
 ing centres of France ; the three principal branches of industry 
 are (i) ribbon-making (silk and velvet ribbons, trimmings, &c. ) — 
 this industry employs 60,000 workmen, and the products reach 
 an annual value of ;^4, 000,000 ; (2) the metallurgic industry, 
 i.e., manufacture of fire-arms, military rifles, cannons, naval and 
 railway materials, mining plant, foundries, manufacture of 
 copper-wares, edge-tools, and hardware ; (3) the extraction of 
 coal. In addition to the above, there are important manufac- 
 tures of chemicals, pasteboard, paper, indiarubber, sabots, 
 chocolate, lamps, and distilling, printing, rojje-making, &c. 
 The town has schools for mining, design, and industrial art ; 
 museums of antiquities, natural history, and industries, aj;tillery, 
 pictures, and libraries. The first French railway (from St. Etienne 
 to Andr^zieux) was opened ist October 1828, and soon extended 
 to Roanne. Birthplace of the learned Claude Fauriel, died 
 1844 ; of Jules Janin, novelist and critic, died 1874 '< ^'^^ '^^ 
 Garnier, the explorer, died 1873. Alt. 1770 ft. P. (1800) 
 17,000; (1850)50,000; (1891)133,400. 
 
 St. Etienne, tn., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. and 3 m. 
 S. Boulogne, 2 m. from the English Channel ; iron is mined 
 here. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St« £tlenne-de-Baigorry, vil. , France, dep. Basses-Pyr6n6es, 
 arr. Maul^on, 23 m. S. by E. Bayonne ; has deposits of pyritic 
 copper, sulphide of lead, and iron ore. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. £tleuiie-(le-Boalton, vil. , Canada. See drass Pond. 
 St. £tleiine-(le-Lngdar^8, vil., France, dep. Ardeche, 58 m. 
 SSW. St. Etienne, arr. and 18 m. WNW. Largentiere ; has 
 deposits of china-clay. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. £tlenne-de-]IIontlac, vil. , France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, 
 arr. St. Nazaire, 11 m. WNW. Nantes. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. i;tienne-de-St.-Geolre, vil., France, dep. Isere, arr. St. 
 Marcellin, 22 m. NW. by W. Grenoble. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. ^tlenne-dn-RonTray, tn., France, dep. Seine-Inf6rieure, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Seine, 4 m. S. Rouen ; manufactures cotton. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 St. i;tleni»e-en-Develay, vil., France, dep. Hautes-Alpes, 
 arr. Gup, 36 m. S. by E. Grenoble. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. i:tlenne-le8-Orgne8, vil., France, dep. Basses- Alpes, 40 
 m. NNE. Aix, arr. and 7 m. N. Forcalquier. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. iltleiine-Tall^-Francalse, vil., France, dep. Lozere, 
 arr. Florae, 11 m. NW. Alais ; antimony and silver-lead are 
 mined here. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Eugene, tn. , Algeria, prov. , arr. , and 2 m. NW. Algiers, 
 on the coast ; is a country resort of the Algerians. P. <4000. 
 
 St. Ens^be-des-Bols, vil., France, dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire, arr. 
 and 22 m. SW. Chalon-sur-Sa6ne ; coal is mined here. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 St. Enstache, vil., Canada, Quebec, Two Mountains co., on 
 the 1. bk. of the riv. Ottawa and on a railway, 17 m. W. by N. 
 Montreal. P. (sub-dist.)<20oo. 
 
 St. Enstatlns, Dutch isl., W. Indies, crossed by 17^° N. 
 and 63° W. 
 
 St. Eval, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, St. Austell div. , i m. from 
 the NW. ct., 12^ m. W. Bodmin. P. <25o. 
 
 Ste. Vall^re, vil. , France, dep. Aude, arr. and 10 m. N. Nar- 
 bonne ; lignite is mined. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Erariste, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Beauce co. , 61 m. S. by 
 E. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ste. Vlctolre, mt. range, France, dep. Bouches-du-Rh6ne, 
 E. and W. of Aix. Length, 37 m. 
 
 St. Ewe, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 10 m. E. 
 Truro, 4^ m. SE. by E. Grampound Road stn. ; 5953 ac. P. < 
 1000. 
 
 St. Fablen, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Rimouski co. , on the r. 
 bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, in 68° 53' W. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Fagans, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 4 m. 
 WNW. Cardiff, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. <soo; eccles. 
 par. (St. FaganH with Llanllteme) P. <75o. 
 
 St. Faith's, vil., Eng., Norfolk, 5 m. NW. Norwich, PMT.O. 
 St. Fargean, tn., France, dep. Yonne, on the Loing, 45 m. 
 N. Nevers, 25 m. WSW. Auxerre, arr. Joigny. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 St. Feighlns, par.. Ire., co. Westmeath, on Lough Lene, 
 bar. Fore, 3 m. E. Castlepollard ; 10,092 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. F^llclen, vil., France, dep. Ardeche, 27 m. SSE. St. 
 Etienne, arr. and 10 m. W. by N. Tournon. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. F^llclt^, vil., Canada, Quebec, Rimouski co., on the r. 
 bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, in 67° 20' W. P. <i5oo. 
 St. Felix, isl.. Pacific, belonging to Chile. 
 St. F*llx-de-Palll*re8, vil., France, dep. Gard, arr. Vigan, 
 10 m. SW. Alais ; deposits of argentiferous lead, zinc, and iron 
 pyrites. P. <2ooo. 
 1338 
 
 St. Ferdinand, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Megantic co. , on the 
 riv. Noire, 53 m. SSW. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Ferdinand, vil., U.S., Missouri, another name for 
 Florisant {q.v.). 
 
 St. Fergus, par. , Scot. , in a detached part of Banffshire, 4^ 
 m. NW. by N. Peterhead, 2^ m. NNE. Newseat stn., P.O.; 
 8856 ac. P. < 1 500. 
 
 St. Fereol, vil., Canada, Quebec, Montmorency co. , on the 
 riv. Ste. Anne, 28 m. NE. by N. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Salntfleld, \'il., Canada, prov. and co. Ontario, 50 m. from 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Salntfleld, par. and market-tn. , Ire., co. Down, bar. Upjjer 
 Castlereagh, 11 m. SE. Belfast, on the Belfast and Co. Down 
 Rly., PMT.O. Market-day, M. 13,334 ac. P. <35oo; tn. P. 
 
 <75o- 
 
 St. Flllans, vil. , Scot. , W. Perthshire, at the foot of Loch 
 Earn, at the source of the Earn, 9^ m. SE. by E. of the head of 
 Loch Tay, 5 m. W. by N. Comrie, PMT.O. 
 St. Flnan's Bay, Ire. , in the SW. of co. Kerry. 
 St. Fln1>ar*s, par.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bars. Cork and £^t 
 Muskerry, 2 m. S. Cork ; 9506 ac. P. 14,000 (includes part of 
 Cork). 
 
 St. Flavle, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Rimouski co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the riv. St. Lawrence, in 68° 15' W. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Florence, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3i m. W. Tenby, 
 P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 St. Florens, or St. Florent-snr-.lnzon, tn., France, dep. 
 Gard, arr. and 8 m. N. by E. Alais ; coal, barytes, iron, and 
 iron pyrites are mined here. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 St. Florent, vil., Corsica, on the Gulf of St. Florent, on the 
 N. ct. , arr. and 7 m. W. Bastia. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Florentln, the ancient Castrodunum, tn., France, dep. 
 Yonne, 26 m. SW. by S. Troyes, arr. Auxerre. P. < 3000. 
 
 St. Florent-le-Vlell, vil., France, dep. Maine-et- Loire, on the 
 1. bk. of the Loire, 24 m. WSW. Angers, 8 m. E. by S. Ancenis, 
 arr. Cholet. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 St. Florent-snr-Anzon, tn., France. See St. Florens. 
 St. Florent-snr>Cher, tn., France, dep. Cher, arr. and n m. 
 SW. Bourges, on r. bk. of the Cher ; has iron-mines and copjjer- 
 works. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Flour, tn. , France, dep. Cantal, cap. arr., 52 m. S. Cler- 
 mont-Ferrand, 13 m. ESE. Murat ; manufactures coarse cloaks 
 and earthenware. Seat of a bishop. Gothic cathedral, dated 
 1375-1466. Alt. 2895 ft. P. 5300. 
 
 St. Fonds, or St. Fons, tn., France, dep. Rhone, arr. and 4 
 m. SE. Lyons. P. < 3000. 
 
 St. Fort, stn., Scot., E. Fife, on the N. B. R., 3J m. S. 
 Dundee. 
 
 St. Fortunat, vil., France, dep. Ardeche, arr. and 8 m. NNE. 
 Privas ; ferruginous springs. Alt. 655 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Francis, lake, Canada, Quebec and Ontario, formed by 
 an expansion of the St. Lawrence. See also St. Francois. 
 St. Francis, bay. Cape Colony, S. ct. , in about 25° 7' E. 
 St. Francis, cape. Cape Colony, on the S. ct., in about 24° 
 53' E. Mean temp., yr. 62.3° F. , Jan. 69.0°, July 57.1°. 
 
 St. Francis, cape, Newfoundland, on the E. ct. , in 47° 49' 
 N. , at the mouth of Conception Bay. 
 St. Francis, co. , U.S. , Arkansas, crossed by 35° N. and 91° W. 
 St. Francis, riv. , U.S. , rises in St. Fran9ois co. , Missouri, flows 
 S. nearly parallel to, and at a short distance from, the Mississippi, 
 through the SE. of the state of Missouri, expanding there into 
 long lakes (probably parts of an old bed or old beds of the 
 Mississippi), and finally joins this river in about 34° 47' N.; 
 navigable to Wittsburg (Mo.). 
 
 St. FranclsvlUe, vil., U.S., Louisiana, cap. West Feliciana 
 par. , on the 1. bk. of the Mississippi, 96 m. NW. by W. New- 
 Orleans. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Francois, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Isle of Orleans, 24 
 m. NE. by E. Quebec. 
 
 St. Francois, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Montmagny co. , on the 
 Rivieres du'Sud, 26 m. E. by N. Quebec. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Francois, co., U.S., Missouri, in the E. , crossed in the 
 N. by 38° N., and in the middle by 90^° W. 
 
 St. Francois, seapt. vil., W. Indies, Guadeloupe, 17^ m. 
 ESE. Pointe-i-Pitre, S. ct. of Grande-Terre. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 St. Francois, Lake, lake, Canada, Quebec, Beauce co., 58 
 m. S. Quebec, drained by the riv. St. Francis. 
 
 St. Francois, River, Canada, Quebec, issues from St. Fran- 
 cois Lake, and flows SW. then NW. into Lake St. Peter (riv, 
 St. Lawrence). 
 
 St. Francois de la Beauce, vil., Canada, Quebec, cap. 
 Beauce co.,'on the Chaudiere, 46 m. SSE. Quebec; gold is 
 mined here. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Francois de Salles, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Laval co. , i 
 m. from Terrebonne. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Francois d'Orl^ans, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Montmorency 
 CO., 17 m. from Quebec. P. <isoo. 
 
 St. Francois dn Lac, vil., Canada, Quebec, Yamaska co., 
 on the 1. bk. of the riv. St. Francis, 25 m. SW. by S. Three 
 Rivers. P. < 1500. 
 
St. Francois Xavler, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Charlevoix co., 
 on 1. bk. of riv. St. Lawrence, 48 m. NE. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Fulgent, tn., France, dep. Vendue, arr. La Roche-sur- 
 Yon, 31 m. SE. by S. Nantes. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Saint Galirlel, inhabited isl. , Bismarck Archipelago, Admir- 
 alty group, crossed by 2° 5' S. , 147° 35' E. 
 
 St. Gabriel, vil., Canada, Quebec, Berthier co., 42 m. W. 
 Three Rivers. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Gall, Ger. Sankt-Gallen, cant., in NE. Switzd. , bounded 
 E. by the cant. Grisons, the Austrian prov. of Vorarlberg (Tirol), 
 N. by the Lake of Constance and cant. Thurgau, W. by the 
 cants. Zurich, Glarus, and Schwiz, and S. by the cant. Grisons. 
 It wholly surrounds the cant. Appenzell. Surface diversified ; 
 has fertile valleys in the N. , and is mountainous in the S. Mount 
 Sentis, near its centre, is 8215 ft. above the sea. Principal 
 rivers, the Rhine, which in part forms the E. boundary, the 
 Thur, Sitter, Seez, and Linth. The canton possesses parts of 
 the coasts of the Lakes of Constance, Zurich, and Wallenstatt. 
 Cattle-rearing is the principal branch of rural industry. Forests 
 are extensive in the S. The only minerals worked are iron and 
 coal; peat is also obtained ; mineral springs, which are numerous, 
 comprise the baths of Pfaffers. Manufactures chiefly muslins 
 and embroidery ; carries on also cotton spinning, weaving, and 
 printing; chief industrial centre, Wattwil. Principal towns, St. 
 Gall (the cap.), Alstatten, Tablat, and WattwiL See Switzer- 
 land, table. 
 
 St. Gall, tn., Switzd., cap. cant. St. Gall, in a valley, on the 
 Steinach, 19 m. SSE. Constance. St. Gall is the centre of manu- 
 factures of muslin and embroidery ; also bleaching, spinning, 
 and tanning are carried on. Has a rococo cathedral, and a 
 library with over 1400 MSS. , a collection of seals and armour, 
 and museums of natural history, ethnography, and painting. 
 The town owes its origin to the famous monastery founded at 
 the end of the 7th century in honour of Gallus, a Scoto-Irish 
 monk, who spread Christianity in this region in the first half of 
 that century. The school established here was, during several 
 centuries, the most celebrated in Europe. In 1204 the abbot 
 received the title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire ; in 1798 
 the abbey was deprived of all temporal power, and abolished in 
 1805. Alt. 2190 ft. Annual rfall. (17 yrs.), 52.71 in. P. 27,800. 
 
 St. Galniler, the ancient Auditiacus , tn., France, dep. Loire, 
 12 m. N. by W. St. Etienne, arr. Montbrison ; manufactures 
 glass bottles ; has noted mineral springs. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 St. Gaudens, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Garonne, on the Gar- 
 onne, cap. arr., 30 m. E. I3agncres-de-Bigorre ; manufactures 
 cloth, &c. Is a pilgrim resort. Birthplace of B. Raymond, the 
 founder of the order of Calatrava. Alt. 1325 ft. P. <4000. 
 
 St. Gedeon, vil., Canada, Quebec, Chicoutimi co., on Lake 
 St. John, 120 m. N. by W. Quebec. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. GeneMt-Lerpt, tn., France, dep. Loire, arr. and 3 m. W. 
 St. Etienne; coal is mined here. P. <20oo; comm. P. < 4000. 
 
 St. Genest-Mallfanx, vil. , France, dep. Loire, arr. and 7 m. 
 S. by E. St. Etienne. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Genevieve, city and co. , U.S., Missouri. See Ste. G. 
 
 St. Genlez, tn. , France, dep. Aveyron, on the Lot, 56 m. 
 NE. Albi, arr. and 11 m. ESE. Espalion ; manufactures a 
 variety of woollen goods. P. <30oo. 
 
 St. Genls-de-Salntonge, tn. , France, dep. Charente-In- 
 f^rieure, 19 m. SW. Cognac, arr. and 7 m. WNW. Jonzac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 St. Geuls-Laval, vil., France, dep. Rhone, arr. and 5 m. 
 SSW. Lyons ; coal is mined here ; good fisheries. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Genls-Terre-Xotre, tn. , France, dep. Loire, arr. and 13 
 m. NE. St. Etienne ; coal is mined here. P. <2C)oo. 
 
 St. Genlx il'Aoste, tn. , France, dep. Savoie, near the 1. bk. 
 of the Rhone, arr. and 14 m. W. by N. Chamb^ry. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Gennys, par., Eng., Cornwall, on the coast, div. and 13^ 
 ni. NW. by W. Launceston, P.O. (St. Gennls, or Walnhonse 
 Corner); 6067 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 St. Geitols, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. Cour- 
 trai ; manufactures lace, and cotton and woollen textiles. P. 
 <4ooo. 
 
 St. Geolre, vil., France, dep. Isere, arr. Tour-du-Pin, 16 m. 
 SW. by W. Chamb6ry. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. George, isl. , Atlantic. See Bermuda. 
 
 St. George, isl. , Azores. See Sfto Jorge. 
 
 St. George, or Low Island, Bismarck Archipelago, Admir- 
 alty group, crossed by 2° 22' S. , 147° 20' E. 
 
 St. George, tn. and port of entry, Canada, New Brunswick, 
 Charlotte co. , at mouth of Magaguadovic R. , 35 m. by rail E. 
 St. Stephen. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 St. George, cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, on the N. ct. , 42 m. 
 ENE. Pictou. 
 
 St. Geoi^e, tn. and par., Eng., Gloucestershire, on riv. 
 Avon, a SE. suburb, and included in pari. bor. of Bristol (St. 
 George's). P. 36,700. 
 
 St. George, div. of the Tower Hamlets bor. of London, Eng. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the Thames, comprising the London Docks. P. 
 47.900. 
 
 St. George, par. , Eng. , Somerset. See Easton In Gordano. 
 
 S AI N — Ski N 
 
 St. George, cape, Newfoundland, on the W. ct., in 48° 30' N. 
 
 St. George, riv. , Newfoundland, flows into the head of St. 
 George Bay. 
 
 St. George, cape. New South Wales, 35° 12' S., 150° 45' E. 
 Mean temp., yr. 61.8° F., Jan. 70.7°, July 51.8°; rfall. (19 
 yrs.), 53-33 in- 
 
 St. George, tn., Queensland, Belmore co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Balonne, 270 m. W. by S. Brisbane. P. •<i5oo. 
 
 St. George, another name of Tullagl I., Ger. Solomon Is. 
 
 St. George, tn., U.S., Maine, Knox co. , on the coast, at 
 mouth of Penobscot Bay. P. <3ooo. 
 
 St. George, vil., U.S., Utah, cap. Washington co. , 30 m. 
 ENE. from the SW. corner of the terr. ; the chief town in South 
 Utah, founded 1862. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 St. George, par., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., 7J m. NW. 
 Denbigh, 3 m. WSW. Rhuddlan stn., PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 St. George, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 5^ m. W. 
 by N. Cardiff, 2 m. W. Ely stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 St. George, tn. , W. Indies, on the SW. ct. of Grenada I., of 
 which it is cap. P. <:sooo. 
 
 St. George, Point, cape, U.S., California, in lat. 41° 45' N. 
 
 St. George Bay, Argentine Republic. See San Jorge. 
 
 St. George Bay. 1. Newfoundland, on W. ct. , in 48°-48^° N. 
 Mean temp., yr. 40.1° F., Feb. 19.0°, Aug. 61.6°. 2. A dist. on 
 both sides of that bay. 
 
 St.Geoi^eCUst, par. , Eng. , Devonshire. SeeCllstSt.Geoi^e. 
 
 St. Geoi^e de Henryvllle, Canada. See Henryvllle. 
 
 St. George Hanover Square, pari. bor. in the W. of London, 
 Eng. , stretching from the 1. bk. of the Thames to Oxford Street 
 and Uxbridge Road. P. 78,400. 
 
 St. George Head, New South Wales, the most eastern point 
 of Sussex Haven, in 35° 11' S. 
 
 St. Georgentlial, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Warnsdorf. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 St. George's, PMT.O. , Eng. , Salop, Wellington and Newport 
 divs. , 13 m. E. Shrewsbury, included in par. of Shifnal. 
 
 St. Georges, vil, France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, 11 m. WSW. 
 Angers, arr. Saumur. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. George's, isl., U.S., Alaska, one of the Seal Is. 
 
 St. George's, vil., U.S., Delaware, New Castle co. , on Chesa- 
 peake and Delaware Canal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. George's Bay, Canada, Nova Scotia, between the main- 
 land and the SW. of Cape Breton I. 
 
 St. George's Channel, between Ire. and Waler. Length, 
 N. to S. , about 100 m. ; breadth, E. to W. , 50-95 m. 
 
 St. George's Channel, Pacific. See Bismarck Archipelago. 
 
 St. Georges-de-Dldonne, vil. , France, dep. Charente-Inf6ri- 
 eure, on the N. shore of the Gironde, 24 m. S. Rochefort, arr. 
 Saintes ; small port, with sea-bathing. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Georges-de-Mons, vil. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. « 
 
 and 8 m. W. by N. Riom ; argentiferous lead is mined here. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Georges-de-Renelns, tn. , France, dep. Rhone, on the 
 r. bk. of the Saone, 22 m. N. by W. Lyons, arr. and 5 m. N. 
 Villefranche. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Georges-des-Hnrtl^res, tn. , France, dep. Savoie, arr. St. 
 Jean-de-Maurienne, 19 m. ESE. Chamb^ry ; spathic iron ore 
 and argentiferous lead mined here. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Georges-de-Temon (or de Luzencon), tn., France, dep. 
 Aveyron, arr. and 5 m. SW. Millau, 2 m. from the 1. bk. of the 
 Tarn ; coal, alum, and copperas are mined here. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Georges-du-Vlivre, vil., France, dep. Eure, 18 m. ENE. 
 Lisieux, arr. and 9 m. SSE. Pont Audemer. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Georges-en-Conzan, vil., France, dep. Loire, 24 m. SSW. 
 Roanne, arr. and 10 m. NW. Montbrison. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. George's Island, Eng., Cornwall. See Looe Islands. 
 
 St. George's Island, narrow isl., U.S., Florida, Gulf of 
 Mexico, separated by St. George's Sound from the mainland 
 of Franklin co. to the E. of the mouth of the Appalachicola. 
 
 St. Georges-les-Balns, formerly St. lIarcel-de>Crnssol, vil. , 
 France, dep. Ardeche, arr. Privas, 7 m. SSW. Valence ; has 
 alkaline and ferruginous springs. Alt. 985 ft. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 St. George's Reef, U.S., California^ NW. Seal Rock, San 
 Francisco Bay. 
 
 St. Georges-snr-Meuse, comm., Belgium, prov. and 10 m. 
 W. by S. Liege, arr. Waremme. P. 6000. 
 
 St. Germain, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Drummond co. , 35 m. S. 
 Three Rivers, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Germain, or St. Germaln-de-Belalr, tn., France, dep. 
 Lot, 44 m. N. Montauban, arr. Gourdon, 14 m. N. Cahors. P. 
 
 <2OO0. 
 
 St. Germaln-de-Calberte, vil., France, dep. Loz^re, 38 m. 
 
 NW. Nimes, arr. Florae ; sulphuretted antimony and argenti- 
 ferous lead are mined here. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Germaln-des-Pr^s, vil. , France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, arr. 
 and 14 m. WSW. Angers ; coal mined here. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Germaln-dn-Bols, vil., France, dep. Saone-et- Loire, arr. 
 Louhans, 19 m. E. by S. Chalon-sur-Saone. P. <2000. 
 
 St. Germaln-du-Plaln, vil., France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, 
 arr. and 9 m. SE. by E. Chalon-sur-Saone. P. <20oo. 
 
 1339 
 
SAIN 
 
 SAIN 
 
 St. Ciermaln-dn-Tell, vil., France, dep. Loz^re, 64 m. NE. 
 by E. Albi, arr. and 8 m. SW. Marvejols. P. <2ooo. 
 St. Germalne, vil. , Canada. See Lake Eteheniln. 
 
 St. Germalne-en-Iiaye, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Seine, 11 J m. W. by N. Notre Dame, Paris, 
 arr. Versailles ; manufactures chemicals, billiard-tables, and 
 chocolate. St. Germain-en-Laye is a very favourite resort of 
 Parisians; its noted castle was founded in the 12th century, 
 and in great part built in 1539-48 ; was occupied by James 
 II. of England, who died here in 1701. It now contains a Gallo- 
 Roman museum. A second castle was built by Henri IV., 
 but abandoned by Louis XIV., and destroyed much later. 
 There remains now only one wing, in which M. Thiers died, 
 1877. Birthplace of Louis XIV. P. 12,300. The Foret-de- 
 St.-Gernialii occupies the greater part of the surface enclosed 
 by a loop of the Seine to the N. 
 
 St. Germalu-LaTal, comm. , France, dep. Loire, arr. and 15 
 m. S. by W. Roanne. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Ciermalii-Lembron, tn. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. 
 Issoire, on the Allier, 24 m. SSE. Clermont-Ferrand. P. <3ooo. 
 
 St. Gcrmalits, stn. , Eng. , Isle of Man, on the Manx Northern 
 Rly. , 4 m. SW. Kirkmichael. 
 
 St. Ciernians, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, Bodmin div. , 7 m. WNW. 
 Plymouth, on one of the arms of Plymouth Sound, with a stn. 
 on the G. W. R. St. Germans was the see of the bishop of 
 Cornwall. The church, of which parts belong to the Norman 
 period, is very interesting. PMT.O. Market-day, F. 10,147 
 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 St. Germans, PMT. O. , Eng. , Norfolk, 4. m. SW. King's Lynn. 
 
 St. Gertrude, vil., Canada, Quebec, Nicolet co. , 15 m. from 
 Three Rivers. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Gerrals, vil., France, dep. H^rault, arr. and 23 m. NN W. 
 B^ziers ; coal, iron, and sulphuretted lead are mined here. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Gerrals, vil. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 21 m. NNW. 
 Clermont-Ferrand, arr. Riom. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Gerrals-les-Bains, or St. Gerrals-le^Tillage, vil., 
 France, dep. Haute-Savoie, on the Arve, 35 m. SE. by E. Geneva, 
 arr. Bonneville ; has important mines of argentiferous lead, iron, 
 copp)er, and slate and jaspjer quarries. At St. Gervais-les-Bains, 
 ^ m. below, are mineral springs ; it is a tourist centre for the 
 ascent to Mont Blanc by the Bronnassay glacier, L' Aiguille, 
 and D6me-du-Gouter. Alt. 2070 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. G^ry, vil., France, dep. Lot, on the Lot, 35 m, NNE. 
 Montauban, 8 m. ENE. Cahors. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Gblslaln, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 6 m. 
 W. Mons. The town was taken by Louis XIV. in 1655, by the 
 Spaniards two years later, by Marshal d'Humieres in 1677, and 
 by Marlborough in 1709. P. <4ooo. 
 
 St. Glldas, Polnte de, cap)e, France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, 
 on the W. ct. , in 47° 9' N. 
 
 St. Glldas-de-Rhnls, vil., France, dep. Morbihan, arr. 
 Vannes, on Rhuis Penin. ; has sea-bathing. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Glldas-deS'Bols, vil., France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, arr. 
 and 19 m. NNE. St. Nazaire. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Giles, vil., Canada, Quebec, Lotbini^re co. , on the riv. 
 Beaurivage, 23 m. SSW. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. GUes, PMT.O., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., 13 J m. SW. 
 by S. Salisbury, 3J m. WNW. Verwood stn. 
 
 St. Giles, tn., isl. of Reunion, on the W. ct. 
 
 St. Giles In the Wood, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton 
 div., 7 m. SE. Bideford, 3 m. ESE. Torrington stn., P.O. (St. 
 Giles); 5014 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 St. Giles on tbe Heatb, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock 
 div., 4^ m. N. by E. Launceston. P. <5oo. 
 
 St. GUles, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. and adjoining 
 Brussels on the S. The old gate-house of Hal, the last remnant 
 of the fortifications which date from 1381, is now a museum of 
 artillery and old armour. P. 40,400. 
 
 St. GiUes, tn., France, dep. Gard, arr. and 12 m. S. by E. 
 Nimes ; has a port on the canal of Beaucaire. In the church 
 (11 16, &c.) of the famous abbey are preserved the bones of 
 St. Giles, which attracted crowds of pilgrims in the Middle 
 Ages. The abbey was suppressed in 1774. Birthplace of Pope 
 Clement IV. P. 5100. 
 
 St. GlUes-lez-Termonde, comm., Belgium, prov. E. 
 Flanders, arr. Termonde. P. <5000. 
 
 St. Gllles-snr-Vle, vil., France, dep. Vendue, on the W. ct., 
 at the mouth of the Vie, 53 m. NW. La Rochelle, arr Sables- 
 d'Olonne. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Gllles-Waes, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. 
 St. Nicolas, 12 m. W. Antwerp. P. -c 5000. 
 
 St. Glrons, tn., France, dep. Ari^ge, 46 m. SSW. Toulouse, 
 cap. arr. ; has a trade with Spain in wool, pigs, and mules. 
 Alt. 1255 ft. P. < 5000. 
 
 St. Glnvlas, par., Eng., Cornwall, Falmouth union. P. < 
 1000 ; eccles. par. (St. Glnvlas with Penryn) P. <:4soo. 
 
 St. Gobaln, tn. , France, dep. Aisne, arr. and 11 m. WNW. 
 Laon ; noted glass factory, established 1685. P. <3000. 
 
 St. Gothard, German Sankt Gotthard, group of mountains 
 1340 
 
 in the Lepontine Alps, between the Swiss cants, of Uri, Valais, 
 Ticino(Tessin), andGrisons ; lat. 46°33' N., long. 8°35' E. The 
 several peaks of the St. Gothard, which are all above the snow- 
 line, vary in height from 8750 ft. to 10,900 ft. Within a short 
 space from the hospice the rivs. Rhine, Rhone, Reuss, and 
 Ticino have their sources. The Pass of St. Gothard is one 
 of the best and most frequented routes across the Alps. The 
 excellent carriage road was completed in 1832 ; it is kept in the 
 best repair, and at the summit of the pass (6870 ft.), 5 m. N. 
 Airolo, is the hospice, a commodious station for travellers. A 
 railway under the St. Gothard was completed in 1882, and has 
 had an important effect on the commerce between Italy and 
 Switzerland and Germany. On the N. slope is the celebrated 
 Devil's Bridge across the Reuss. This was the scene of several 
 combats between the French and Russians in 1799. See Alps, 
 Passes, III. (5), and Italy, Commerce. 
 
 St. Govan's (or Gowan's) Head, cape, Wales, in the extreme 
 S. of Pembrokeshire. In a ravine is St. Govan's Chapel, with a 
 stone altar and seat, supposed to date from the 13th century. 
 
 St. Gregolre, vil., Canada, Quebec, Iberville co., 23 m. SE. 
 by E. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Gregolre le Grand, vil. , Canada. See M^onnt Johnson. 
 
 St. Gregory's Sound, Ire., SW. co. Galway, between 
 Inishmore and Inishmaan Is. , 2 m. wide. 
 
 St. Gullhem-le>D^sert, tn., France, dep. H^rault, arr. and 
 19 m. NW. Montpellier, in the fine gorges of St. Guilhem, on r. 
 bk. of the Herault. The town is in a very curious region, and, 
 after Puy-en-Velay, the site is the most extraordinary in 
 Languedoc. P. (comm. )< 2000. 
 
 St. Gulllannie d'Upton, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Drummond 
 CO., 33 m. SSW. Three Rivers. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Harmons, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 14 m. SW. by S. 
 Newtown, on the Cambrian Rly.; 15,383 ac P. <75o. 
 
 St. H^aud, vil. , France, dep. Loire, arr. and 7 m. N. by W. 
 St. Etienne. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Helen, settlement, U.S., Michigan, co. Roscommon, 63 
 m. NNW. Bay City. Alt. 1158 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 St. Helen, vil., U.S., Oregon, Columbia co., on the 1. bk. of 
 the Columbia R., 24 m. N. by W. Portland. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Hele'na, isl. in the S. Atlantic Ocean, in 15° 54'-i6° i' S. 
 and 5° 38'-47' W., 1160 m. W^. the coast of Africa, 1700 m. 
 from Cape Town ; its cliffs, hollowed by the rain, rise to a 
 height of 1970 ft. , and are surrounded by a sort of submarine 
 ledge 2-2^ m. broad, covered by 330-660 ft. of water. Traces 
 of an ancient crater still exist on the S. coast round Sandy Bay. 
 Around this crater a semi-crater forms an amphitheatre, of which 
 the ridge is formed by the highest peaks in the island, the Pic 
 de Diane being 2700 ft. , and the Flagstaff 2270 ft. high. Five- 
 sixths of the island have been rendered bare of all herbs by 
 the wild goats. Whale-fishing and the growing of potatoes are 
 the chief occupations. Trade, declining, under ^^30, 000 annually. 
 The cap. of the island is Jamestown, a second-class imperial 
 coaling station, on the NW. coast. No docks; 12 fathoms 
 of water available for vessels entering p)ort. In the interior 
 is Longwood, where Napoleon I. lived from 1815 until his 
 death in 1821. His body was buried close by, but in 1840 
 was transported to Paris. The island was discovered in 1502 
 by the Portuguese navigator Joao da Nova ; from 1651 to 1834 
 it was owned by the East India Company, but is now a Crown 
 colony, governed by a civil administrator and an executive 
 council. The decadence of the island is due to the ojienmg of 
 the Suez Canal, by which route most of the vessels now go 
 which formerly went by the Cape of Good Hope. The climate 
 is mild and agreeable. .Mean temp. (16 yrs. , 1856-62), yr. 71.3° 
 F., Feb. 74.6°, Aug. 67.9°. Length, ic«^ m. ; breadth, 8J m. ; 
 area, 47 sq. m. P. (1891, exclusive of the military) 3900. 
 
 St. Helena, bay. Cape Colony, W. ct. , in about 32^° S. ; open 
 to NW. winds. 
 
 St. Helena, isl. , Queensland, in Moreton Bay ; used as a penal 
 settlement. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Helena, isl. , Scot. , Wigtownshire, Old Luce par. , at head 
 of Luce Bay, 2 m. S. Glenluce. P. 4. 
 
 St. Helena, tn., U.S., California, Napa co., 50 m. N. San 
 Francisco, in a productive wine-growing dist. White Sulphur 
 Springs is in the vicinity. P. <20oo. 
 
 Saint Helena, par., U.S., Louisiana, on the N. frontier, 
 crossed by 91° W. 
 
 St. Helena, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Cedar co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Missouri, 127 m. NW. by N. Omaha. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Helena Island, isl., U.S., S. Carolina, Beaufort co., in 
 32° 15'- 30' N. St. Helena Sound, an inlet on the N. 
 
 St. Helens, par. and tn., Eng., Isle of Wight, on the E. ct. 
 (Brading Harbour), 3 m. SE. Ryde, on the Isle of Wight Rly. 
 Par. P. < 5000; tn. P. < 4500. 
 
 St. Helens, pari, and (since 1868) mun. bor. and market-tn., 
 Eng. , Lancashire, 3 m. ENE. Prescot, in the diocese of Liver- 
 pool, on a canal communicating with the Mersey, with stn. on 
 the L. & NW. R. ; has collieries and deposits of stoneware clay 
 and fireclay, and many important factories, especially for glass 
 and alkali ; one of the most important glass-manufacturing towns 
 
S A I N — S AI N 
 
 in the United Kingdom. Only a village at the beginning of the 
 century, St. Helens was made a pari bor. in 1885, returning one 
 member. Pari, and mun. bor. P. (1871) 45,100; (1891) 71,300; 
 mun. bor. , as e.vtended since census, P. 77,700. 
 
 St. Helen's, ct. par. , Ire. , co. Wexford, at Greenore Point, 
 bar. Forth, 5 m. SE. Killinick. P. <25o. 
 
 St. Helens, or George's Bay, favourite watering-place, Tas- 
 mania, Cornwall co. , 56 m. E. by N. Launceston, on the E. ct., 
 at head of George's Bay ; tin is exported here from the neighbour- 
 ing mines. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 St. Helens, volcano, U.S., Washington, Skamania co. , in 
 the Cascade Range, 65 m. SE. Olympia, E. by N. of the mouth 
 of Columbia R. ; in violent eruption in 1843. Alt. 9750 ft. 
 
 St. Helen's Auckland, P.O., Eng. , Durham. See Auck- 
 land, St. Helen. 
 
 St. Helen's Point, point of land, Tasmania, E. ct. of George's 
 Bay, in 41° 21' S. 
 
 St, Helen's Road, stn., Wales, on the Swansea and 
 Mumbles Rly. 
 
 St. Heller, seapt., market-tn., and par., Eng., Channel Is., 
 cap. of Jersey, on E. side of St. Aubin's Bay, with stns. on the 
 Jersey and Jersey Eastern Rlys. ; it is protected by Fort Regent 
 and Elizabeth Castle. The tidal harbour is commodious (40 
 ac), and is 30 ft. deep at ordinary spring tides high water, dry 
 at low water. There is considerable trade ; shipbuilding, fishing, 
 iron-founding, and other industries are carried on, but St. Helier 
 is chiefly a watering-place and residential town. The States 
 Assembly of the island is held in the court-house here. 
 
 St. Henedlne, vil., Canada, Quebec, cap. Dorchester co., 21 
 m. SE. by S. Quebec, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Henri, or Tannery West, formerly Tanneries lies 
 Rolands, tn., Canada, Quebec, Hochelaga co. , suburb of and 
 3 m. SW. Montreal. P. 13,400. 
 
 St. Henri, settlement, Canada, Quebec, L'Assomption co., 
 on the riv. Mascouche, 18 m. N. by W. Montreal. 
 
 St. Henri de Lauzon, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Levis co. , on riv. 
 Etchemin and a railway, 11 m. SE. by S. Quebec. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 St. Herltot, noted place of pilgrimage, France, dep. Finistere, 
 arr. Chateaulin, 18 m. S. Morlaix. 
 
 St. Hernias, vil., Canada, Quebec, Two Mountains co., 33 
 m. WNW. Montreal. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Hilalre, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Rouville co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the riv. Richelieu, 20 m. E. by N. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Hilaire, vil., France, dep. Aude, arr. Limoux, 9 m. 
 SSW. Carcassonne. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Hllaire, vil., France, dep. Haute-Loire, arr. and 8 m. 
 N. by E. Brioude ; deposits of arsenic. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Hilaire-des-Loges, vil., France, dep. Vendue, 14 m. 
 NW. Niort, arr. and 7 m. E. Fontenay-le-Comte. P. <:20oo. 
 
 St. Hilaire-du-Harcouet, tn. , France, dep. Manche, on the 
 S^lune, 22 m. SW. by W. Tinchebrai, arr. and 9 m. SW. by 
 W. Mortain. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 St. Hilarion, vil., Canada, Quebec, Charlevoix co. , 67 m. 
 NE. by N. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Hilary, par. and vil., Eng., Cornwall, St. Ives div. , 5^ 
 m. E. by N. Penzance, 3 m. SSE. St. Erth stn. ; has tin-mining. 
 P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 St. Hilary, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 11 m. W. 
 by S. Cardiff, i^ m. E. by S. Cowbridge stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Saint Hill, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from E. Grinstead, Sussex. 
 
 St. llippolyte, vil. , France, dep. Doubs, on the Doubs, 22 
 m. S. Belfort, arr. Montb61iard ; has iron-works, tuff quarries, 
 and saline springs. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Hlppolyte, tn., France, dep. Gard, on the Vidourle, arr. 
 Vigan, 24 m. N. Montpellier. P. < 4000. 
 
 St. Honors, vil. , Canada. See Armand. 
 
 St. Honort^-les-Bains, vil., France, dep. Nievre, arr. and 
 32 m. E. by S. Chateau-Chinon ; thermal establishment. Alt. 
 890 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Hubert, comm. , Belgium, prov. Luxembourg, 30 m. NE. 
 Sedan. The church, built 1525-76, i.« an important place of 
 pilgrimage, and one of the largest and finest buildings in 
 Belgium ; it contains the tomb of St. Hubert, patron-saint of 
 hunters. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 St. Hubert, vil., Canada, Quebec, Chambly co. , 6 m. E. 
 Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Hugues, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Bagot co., 41 m. SSW. 
 Three Rivers, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Hyacintlie, co. , Canada, Quebec, on r. bk. of Richelieu 
 R. , separated by Richelieu co. from the r. bk. of St. Lawrence. 
 
 St. Hyaclnthe, city, Canada, Quebec, cap. co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the riv. Yamaska and a railway, 32 ni. E. by N. Montreal ; 
 has various manufactures ; an Anglican and a Roman Catholic 
 cathedral, and is the seat of a college. P. 7000. 
 
 St. Iberius, par.. Ire., co. and bor. Wexford, bar. Forth. 
 P. <:50o. 
 
 St. Ignace, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. and 10 m. from Quebec, 
 I m. from Lorette. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Ignace, city, U.S., Michigan, Chippewa co. , on the N. 
 side of the Straits of Mackinac. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 St. Iniier, comm., Switzd., cant. Bern, 13 m. ENE. Le 
 Locle ; important seat of watch and clock factories. P. (in- 
 cluding Villeret) 7100. 
 
 St. Istamael, par. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div. , at the 
 mouth of the Towy, 7J m. SSW. Carmarthen, i^ m. S. Ferry 
 Side stn. P. -c 1500 ; eccles. par. (St. I. with Llansaint and 
 Ferryslde) < 1500. 
 
 St. Istaniaeis, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on the N. side 
 of Milford Haven, 5 m. W. by N. Milford, PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 See Hasgnard. 
 
 St. Isidore de Quebec, vil., Canada, Quebec, Dorchester 
 CO., 17 m. SSE. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Issells, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, i m. from the E. 
 ct. , 3^ m. N. Tenby, i m. S. Kilgetty and Begelly stn. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 St. Issey, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 9^ m. 
 WNW. Bodmin, 4 m. W. Wadebridge stn., P.O.; 4501 ac. 
 
 P-<75o- 
 
 St. Ive, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 11 m. S. by W. 
 Launceston, 5 m. ENE. Liskeard stn. , P.O.; 5899 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Ives, mun. bor. (since the time of Charles I.), par., seapt., 
 and market-tn. , Eng. , Cornwall, St. Ives or W. div. , 7^ m. SE. 
 Penzance, in the diocese of Truro, on the N. ct. of the county. 
 The staple trade is fishing and fish-curing, St. Ives being the 
 centre of the pilchard industry ; with exports of copper and tin, 
 the latter of which is mined here. To protect the harbour, a pier 
 and breakwater have been built ; there is a battery commanding 
 the port. Market-days, W. and S. Mun. bor. P. (i8oi)<3ooo ; 
 (1851) 6500; (1891) 6100; pari. div. P. (1891) 50,200. 
 
 St. Ives, mun. bor. (since 1874), par., and market-tn., Eng., 
 Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 5 m. E. Huntingdon, in the 
 diocese of Ely, on the Ouse, with stn. on the G. E. R. and 
 M. R. ; the only trade is in agricultural produce. Name derived 
 from a missionary-bishop of the 6th century. There is a large 
 weekly cattle-market, M. Mun. bor. P. (i89i)<35oo; eccles. 
 par. (St. Ives •with Old Hurst au«l Woodhurst) P. <35oo. 
 
 St. Ives, Portugal. See Setubal. 
 
 St. Izaire, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. and 8^ m. W. St. 
 Affrique ; has copper-mines and a mineral spring. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 St. Jacobs, vil., Canada, Ontario, Waterloo co. , on riv. 
 Conestogo, 8 m. from Berlin. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Jacques de I'AcIiigan, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Montcalm 
 CO., 32 m. N. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Jacut-de-la>9Ier, vil. , France, dep. C6tes du Nord, arr. 
 and 12 m. NW. Dinan, at the point of a penin. stretching into 
 the English Channel ; has sea-bathing, and a lighthouse. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 St. James, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Assiniboine, 5 m. W. by S. Winnipeg. 
 
 St. James (Isle of Grain), par., Eng., Kent, on the E. ct. 
 of the Isle of Grain, Medway div., 2 m. NW. by W. Sheerness, 
 2 m. NNE. Port Victoria stn. P. <75o. 
 
 St. James, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, in Devizes union. P. <4ooo. 
 
 St. James, tn. , France, dep. Manche, arr. Avranches, on the 
 Beuvron, 25 m. SE. by S. Granville ; granite is quarried here. 
 P. <:30oo. 
 
 St. James, stn., Scot., W. Renfrewshire, on the C. R., in a 
 NW. suburb of Paisley. 
 
 St. James, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, crossed by 30° N., 
 E. of 91° W. , traversed by the Mississippi. 
 
 St. James, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Watonwan co. , 95 m. SW. 
 Minneapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. James, post-tn. , Victoria, Moira co. , 65 m. ESE. Echuca. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 St. James and Dunbrody, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, on 
 Waterford Harbour, bar. Shelburne, contains Arthurstown ; 
 8489 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 St. James's, stn., Eng., Liverpool, on the Cheshire Lines 
 and Southport and Cheshire Lines Extension Rlys., i m. S. 
 Central stn. 
 
 St. James's, par., Ire., co. Dublin, bars. Castleknock and 
 Upjsercross, partly in city of Dublin. P. 14,600. 
 
 St. James's Park, stn. , Eng. , London, on the Metropolitan 
 Dist., Metropolitan and G. W., and G. W. Rlys. (Inner Circle), 
 2 m. SW. by W. St. Paul's. 
 
 St. James's Street, stn., Eng., Essex, Walthamstow div. , 5^ 
 m. NE. by N. St. Pauls, on the G. E. R. 
 
 St. Janvier, vil., Canada, Quebec, Terrebonne co. , 22 m. 
 NW. Montreal, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Jean, bay, W. ct. of Africa, in 19° 28' N. 
 
 St. Jean, tn. and co. , Canada, Quebec. See St. Jolins. 
 
 St. Jean, vil. , France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, arr. Nice, i m. 
 S. Villefranche ; has a small port, much frequented by the people 
 of Nice. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Jean, tn. , France, dep. Var, i m. E. Toulon. P. <4000. 
 
 St. Jean Baptiste, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on the 
 Red R. and the N. Pacific and Manitoba Rly. , 45 m. S. by W. 
 Winnipeg. 
 
 St. Jean^Bonnefouds, tn., France, dep. Loire, arr. and 3 m. 
 ENE. St. Etienne ; coal is mined here. P. <4000. 
 
 1341 
 
SAIN — SAIN 
 
 St. Jean • Br^velay, vil., France, dep. Morbihan, arr. 
 Ploermel, 31 m. ENE. Lorient. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Jeau Chrysostonie «le ChAteangnay (formerly Edwards- 
 town), vil., Canada, Quebec, Chiteaugxiay co. , 31 m. SSW. 
 Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Jean Clirysostonie de Levis, vil., Canada, Quebec, 
 Levis CO., 7 m. S. Quebec. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Jean d*Ang^ly, tn. , France, dep. Charente-Inftrieure, 20 
 m. NNW. Cognac, cap. arr.; manufactures agricultural imple- 
 ments, and has woollen and flour mills. Trade in wine. Small 
 port. The abbey, founded by Pepin, King of Aquitaine, in 
 the 9th century, was a place of pilgrimage, but was destroyed by 
 the Protestants, 1568. The suffix Ang61y is a corruption of 
 Angiri, the Latin Angeriacutn, the forest where the Merovingian 
 kings hunted. P. 6400. 
 
 St. Jean>d'Ao&t, suburb of Mont-de-Marsan, France, dep. 
 Landes ; ferruginous spring. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Jean>de>Boiirnay, viL , France, dep. Isere, arr. and 13 m. 
 E. Vienne. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Jeau-dc*Daye, vil., France, dep. Manche, 20 m. W. by 
 S. Bayeaux, arr. and 8 m. N. by W. St. L6. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Jean-de-Losne, the ancient Latona, vil., France, dep. 
 Cote d'Or, on the Saone, at the point where the Burgundy Canal 
 commences, 19 m. SE. by S. Dijon, arr. Beaune ; important 
 port ; mart for fir-wood from Switzerland and the Black Forest. 
 The town was held against 60,000 Imperial troops commanded 
 by Gallas, 1636. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Jean>de-Luz, tn., France, dep. Basses- Pyr6n6es, on the 
 W. ct. , arr. and 12 m. SW. by W. Bayonne ; much resorted to 
 for sea-bathing. In the Middle Ages its fishermen went whaling 
 in the Arctic regions. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 St. Jean-de-Marn^Jols, vil., France, dep. Gard, arr. and 15 
 m. NE. Alais ; asphalt is extracted here. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Jean de Matha, vil., Canada, Quebec, Joliette co., 47 
 m. W. by S. Three Rivers. P. <:i50o. 
 
 St. Jean-de-Maarleiine, tn., France, dep. Savoie, on the 
 Are, 30 m. SE. Chamb6ry, cap. arr.; seat of a bishop. Slate 
 and gypsum are quarried in the vicinity ; mineral springs to the 
 E. The cathedral dates from the 12th and 15th centuries. Alt. 
 1880 ft. P. <3000. 
 
 St. Jean-de-9Iont8, vil., France, dep. Vendue, on the W. ct., 
 arr. Sables-d'Olonne, 62 m. NW. La Rochelle ; resorted to for 
 sea-bathing. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Jean-du-Bruel, tn., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. and 16 
 m. ESE. Millau ; coal is mined here. P. <:20oo. 
 
 St. Jean-du-Gard, tn. , France, dep. Gard, on the Gard, 30 
 m. NW. Nhnes, arr. and 10 m. W. by S. Alais. P. <3000. 
 
 St. Jean-da>Pln, vil., France, dep. Gard, arr. and i m. 
 W. Alais ; coal, iron, pyrites, zinc, and lead are mined here. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 St. Jean-en-Royans, vil. , France, dep. Drdme, 25 m. WSW. 
 Grenoble, arr. Valence. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Jean-ln-Eremo, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, 
 arr. Eecloo. P. <40oo. 
 
 St. Jean-Pled-de-Port, vil., France, dep. Basses-Pyr^nfes, 
 26 m. SE. by S. Bayonne, at the foot of the pass of Roncevalles, 
 arr. Mauleon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Jean Port Joll, vil., Canada, Quebec, LTslet co., on the 
 r. bk. of riv. St. Lawrence, 54 m. ENE. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Jean-Soleynilenx, vil. , France, dep. Loire, arr. Mont- 
 brison, 17 m. WNW. St. Etienne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Jeoire, vil., France, dep. Haute-Savoie, 16 m. E. by S. 
 Geneva, arr. and 5 m. NNE. Bonneville. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Jerome, tn. , Canada, Quebec, cap. Terrebonne co. , on 
 the riv. Du Nord and a railway, 28 m. NW. Montreal. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 St. Joachim, vil., Canada, Quebec, Montmorency co. , on 
 the 1. bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, 26 m. NE. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. John, CO., Canada, New Brunswick, extending 75 m. 
 along the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 St. Jolin, seapt. city, Canada, New Brunswick, cap. co., on 
 the S. ct. , at the mouth of St. John R. , 66 m. by rail SE. by S. 
 Fredericton ; the harbour is deep, and open for navigation all 
 the year round. Good anchorage in 47^ ft. deep at entrance in 
 ordinary spring tides at high water, 21 "ft. at low water; depth 
 alongside quays, 44-56 ft. at high water, 17^-29^ at low water. 
 Great fishing centre, and seat of lumber trade. Manufactures 
 cotton goods, steam and locomotive engines, agricultural im- 
 plements, railway plant, leather, boots and shoes, &c. Is the 
 E. terminus of the C. P. R. and of the Shore Line, and is a stn. 
 of the Intercolonial Rly. Largest ship-owning port in Canada. 
 St. J. was originally settled by the French. Since 1889 it in- 
 cludes Portland, formerly a separate town to the N. , and it is 
 now the sixth city of the Dominion in point of population. 
 Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 40.4° F. , Jan. 18.5°, Aug. 60.3°; 
 mean rfall. (19 yrs., 1869-88), 40.74 in.; snowfall, 96.7 in. P. 
 (1881, including Portland) 41,400; {1891) 39,200. 
 
 St. John, large lake, Canada, Quebec, drained E. into the 
 St. Lawrence by the Saguenay R. 
 
 St. John, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Chicoutimi co. , on 
 the S. side of Lake St. John, 121 m. NNW. Quebec. 
 1342 
 
 St. John, riv., Canada, Quebec, Gasp4 co., flows E. into 
 Gasp6 Bay (Gulf of St. Lawrence). See also Richelieu, riv. 
 
 St. John, isl. , Danish W. Indies, in the Virgin group, 7.\ m. 
 E. St. Thomas I.; has a village, Crnz Bay. Length, lo'm.; 
 breadth, 2J m.; area, 21 sq. m. P. (1880) 945. 
 
 St. John, par., Eng., Cornwall, Bodmin div. , on the 
 
 Hamoaze, 4 m. W. by S. Plymouth, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 81. John, cape, Newfoundland, E. ct. , in 50° i' N., 55° 29' W. 
 
 St, John, small isl. , Newfoundland, off the W. ct. , in 50° 50' N. 
 
 St. John, riv., N. America, known in its upper course as the 
 
 Walloostook, forms the boundary between the U.S. (in W. of 
 
 Maine) and Canada (Quebec) for about 40 m. , then flows NE. 
 
 through Maine, then forms the N. boundary of Maine for about 
 
 75 m. Below this it flows first S. then SE. in Canadian terr. 
 
 (New Brunswick). Shortly after entering Canada it forms the 
 
 Grand Falls, a perpendicular leap of 75 ft., 225 m. above its 
 
 mouth. About 150 m. from its source it receives on 1. bk. the 
 
 St. Francis. Navigable for large vessels to Fredericton (80 m. ), 
 
 and at high water to Woodstock, 75 m. higher up ; for small 
 
 steamers to the Grand Falls. The navigation is free to the 
 
 U.S. Length, 550 m. 
 
 St. John, cape, E. end of Staten I., Tierra del Fuego. 
 
 St. John, vil., U.S., Illinois, Perry co. , 3 m. by rail N. Du 
 
 Quoin ; coal is mined here, and salt-making is carried on. 
 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 St. John, tn. , W. Indies, on NW. ct. of Antigua I.; a great 
 part of the town was destroyed by the same earthquake which 
 also destroyed Pointe-i-Pitre, 1843. P. 8500. 
 St. John, tn., W. Indies, on SE. ct. of Nevis. 
 St. John, tn. and isl. belonging to the Danes, to the E. of 
 St. Thomas, in the Virgin group, W. Indies. 
 
 St. John, Meatis of, dist. , Scot. , Elginshire, in the W. , on 
 the banks of the Findhorn, 3 m. SW. Forres. 
 
 St. Johiibaptist, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bars. Middlethird 
 andSlievardagh, contains part of Cashel town ; 56i6ac. P. <4000. 
 St. John Baptist, par. (co. ), U.S., Louisiana, in the SE., 
 crossed by 30° N. , 90^° W. , traversed by the Mississippi. 
 
 St. John Lee, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the Tyne, 
 near Hexham ; formed part of the quondam county palatine of 
 Hexhamshire {q.v.). 
 
 St. John Point, cap)e. Ire., on SW. ct. of co. Donegal, on 
 the N. side of Donegal Bay, with a lighthouse, in 54° 34' N. , 
 28° 8' W. , visible 14 m. 
 
 St. John's, CO., Canada, Quebec, stretching N. from the 
 frontier of New York state, on the W. side of Lake Champlain 
 and the riv. Richelieu. 
 
 St. John's, or St. Jean, tn. , Canada, Quebec, cap. St. J. 
 CO. , on the Richelieu Canal, 21m. SE. by S. Montreal ; rail- 
 way centre. P. < 5000. 
 
 St. John's, P.O., Channel Is., Jersey, 3J m. N. St. Helier. 
 St. John's, par. and vil., Eng., Cornwall, opposite Devon- 
 port, 5i m. SE. St. Germans, P.O. 
 
 St. John's, stn., Eng., Kent. See Lewlsham. 
 St. John's, P.O., Eng., Lincolnshire, 4 m. from Holbeach. 
 St. John's, PMT.O., Eng., Surrey, 2 m. from Woking. 
 St. John's, long, narrow penin., Ire., co. Donegal, between 
 McSwyne's Bay and Inver Bay ; at its point is Killybegs 
 lighthouse. 
 
 St. John's, par.. Ire., cos. Kildare and Queen's, bars. Nar- 
 ragh and Reban W. and Ballyadams, contains part of Athy. 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 St. John's, par. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny, bars. Gowran and Shille- 
 logher, partly in Kilkenny city ; 5531 ac. P. <:45oo. 
 
 St. John's, par. , Ire. , co. and partly in city of Limerick, bar. 
 Clanwilliam. P. 7400. 
 
 St. John's, par. , Ire. , co. Roscommon, bar. S. Athlone, 8 m. 
 NW. Athlone, on Lough Ree ; 8019 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. John's, par. , Ire. , co. Sligo, bar. Carbury, near Lough 
 Gill, containing part of Sligo town ; 6512 ac. P. 8400. 
 
 St. John's, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, on rivs. Boro and Slaney, 
 bar. Bantry, i m. S. Enniscorthy. P. < 3500. 
 
 St. John's, par. , Ire. , co. and containing part of the city of 
 Wexford. P. < 3500. 
 
 St. John's, vil., Isle of Man, 3 m. ESE. Peel, on the Isle of 
 Man Rly. and the Manx Northern Rly., PMT.O. 
 St. John's, dist., Newfoundland, in NE. of Avalon Penin. 
 St. Johns, fortified seapt. city, cap. Newfoundland, Avalon 
 Penin., on the E. ct., in 47° 35' N. St. J. is the nearest seaport 
 of N. America to Europe, being 1680 nautical miles from Cape 
 Clear, 2030 m. from Liverpool, or 1000 m. nearer than New 
 York. The harbour is quite landlocked ; width of entrance by 
 Chain Rock, 300 ft.; 48 ft. deep at ordinary high water, 42 ft. 
 at low water. Chief trade is in fish and seal oils. The town 
 stands on a slope overlooking the harbour, the highest site 
 occupied by the Roman Catholic cathedral, its finest building. 
 The Anglican cathedral was burnt to the ground in July 1892, 
 when the city, for the fourth time, was in great part destroyed by 
 fire. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 40.9° F., Feb. 23.6°, Aug. 60.5°; 
 mean rfall. (16 yrs., 1872-88), 40.74 in.; snowfall, 121.64 in. 
 P. (1881)31,100; (1891)25,700. 
 
SAIN — SAIN 
 
 St. Johns, vil. , S. Australia, Light co. , 42 m. NNE. Adelaide, 
 5 m. SSE. Kapunda. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. J(»liu»«, vil., U.S., Arizona, cap. Apache co. , 175 m. S. 
 by W. from the NE. corner of the terr. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Johns, CO., U.S., Florida, on the E. ct., crossed in the 
 N. by 30° N. 
 
 St. John's, riv. , U.S., Florida, rises in a marsh in Brevard 
 CO., flows N. then E. to the Atlantic, about 15 m. E. Jackson- 
 ville ; it passes through Lake George and several other lakes, 
 and for nearly tv^fo-thirds of its course is nowhere less than i m. 
 in breadth. It has 12 ft. of water on the bar ; steamers ply 
 regularly to Enterprise, 250 m. Length, 350 m. 
 
 St. John's, vil., U.S., Michigan, Clinton co. , 53 m. SW. 
 Bay City, 18 m. N. Lansing. P. <40co. 
 
 St. Johns, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Rolette co., no m. 
 W. Pembina. 
 
 St. Johns, vil., U.S., Oregon, Multnomah co. , on Willamette 
 R. , 5 ni. N. Portland. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Johnsbury, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Caledonia co. , on the 
 Passumpsic R. , 29 m. ENE. Montpelier ; contains Fairbanks 
 Standard Scale Factory, said to be the largest factory of the 
 kind in the world. P. 6600. 
 
 St. John's Chapel, PMT.O. , Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle 
 div. , on the r. bk. of the Wear, 16^ m. S. by W. Hexham, 7^ 
 m. W. by S. Stanhope stn. 
 
 St. John's Church, PMT.O., Eng., Channel Is., Jersey, 4 
 m. from St. Owen's. 
 
 St. John's College, postal-centre. New Zealand, North I., 
 Eden co. , in 39° 37' S. , 149° 53' E. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 St. John's Common, PMT.O., Eng., Sussex, E. Grinstead 
 div., 9I m. N. Brighton, i m. W. Keymer Junction stn. 
 
 St. John's Fen End, P. O. , Eng. , 5 m. from Terrington St. 
 Clement, Norfolk. 
 
 St. Johns in the "Wilderness, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W, 
 Riding, 2 m. S. Mytholmroyd stn. 
 
 St. John's Longh, lake. Ire. , in the S. of co. Leitrim, 7J m. 
 ENE. Leitrim, on the Erne and Shannon Junction Canal. 
 Alt. 205 ft. 
 
 St. John's Point, cape. Ire., on the SE. ct. of co. Down, 
 with a lighthouse, in 54° 13' N., 5° o' W., visible 12 m. 
 
 St. John's Point, cape, Scot., Caithness, N. ct. , 3° 11 J' W. 
 
 St. John's Klver, Africa. See Liberia. 
 
 St. John's Klver, Pondo-land. See IJmzlmvnbn. 
 
 St. Johnstoivn, tn. , Ire., co. Donegal, bar. N. Raphoe, 8 
 m. SW. Londonderry. P. <;5oo. 
 
 St. Johnstown, tn. , Ire., E. co. Donegal, bar. Raphoe, 7 
 m. N. Lifford, on the 1. bk. of the Foyle, with a stn. (St. John- 
 ston) on the G. N. (Ire. ) and Donegal Rlys. ,P.O. (St. Johnston). 
 P.-C500. 
 
 St. Jolinsto'wn, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 
 3 m. SE. Killenaule. P. <25o. 
 
 St. John's Town, Scot. See Perth. 
 
 St. Joltn's Talef or Vale of St. John, valley, Eng. , Cum- 
 berland, bounded E. by Helvellyn, and W. by Naddle Fell. 
 
 St. Johnsville, vil., U.S., New York, Fulton co. , 54 m. 
 WNW. Troy, on the Mohawk R. and the Erie Canal. P. 
 -CISCO. 
 
 St. John's >Voo«l, suburb of London, Eng., between the 
 Regent's Park and Kilburn, 3-45 m. WNW. St. Paul's, in Mary- 
 lebone and Hampstead bors. St. Jolin's Wood Koad, stn. , on 
 a branch of the Metropolitan Rly. See Finchley Road and 
 Marlborough Koad. 
 
 Sti John the Baptist, par. , Eng. , Northamptonshire, in the 
 Soke of Peterborough ; 6227 ac. P. 23,500. 
 
 St. Jones Creek, small riv., U.S., Delaware, rises in the W. 
 of Kent CO., flows E. then SE. past Dover and Lebanon to 
 Delaware Bay, where it empties itself at Bowers. 
 
 St. Joseph, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Beauce co. , 38 m. by rail 
 SE. Quebec ; copper and iron ore found in the dist. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Joseph, or Lauzon, vil., Canada, Quebec, Levis co. , on 
 the r. bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, opposite Quebec, below 
 Levis. P. <40C)0. 
 
 St. .losepli, another name for Palmono R., Brit. New Guinea. 
 
 St. Joseph, penin., on the E. ct. of Patagonia, in 42° 30' S. 
 
 St. Joseph, tn., isl. of Reunion, on the S. ct. P. (comui.) 
 9400. 
 
 St. Joseph, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Apache co., 160 ni. 
 SW. by S. from the NE. corner of the terr. 
 
 St. Joseph, CO., U.S., Indiana, on N. frontier, W. of 86° W. 
 
 St. Joseph, CO., U.S., Michigan, on the S. frontier, E. of 86° 
 W. , traversed by the St. Joseph R. 
 
 St. Joseph, city, U.S., Michigan, cap. Berrien co., on Lake 
 Michigan, 30 m. NE. by E. of the SW. corner of the state, at 
 the mouth of the St. Joseph R., which forms a good harbour 
 with 14-18 ft. of water over the bar. St. J. is the centre of the 
 peach region of the NW. ; has a trade in lumber and fruit with 
 Chicago. Summer resort. P. <4ooo. 
 
 St. Joseph, riv., U.S., Michigan and Indiana, rises in the 
 S. of Michigan, and flows WSW. into Indiana, and then 
 NNW. through Michigan into Lake Michigan, which it enters 
 
 in about 42° 10' N. Small steamers can ascend to South Bend, 
 Indiana. Length, 250 m. 
 
 St. Joseph, riv., U.S., in Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana, 
 flows SW. to St. Mary's R. at Fort Wayne, forming Maumee 
 R. Length about no m. 
 
 St. Josepli, city, U.S., Missouri, Buchanan co. , on the 1. 
 bk. of the Missouri, here crossed by a great iron bridge, 48 m. 
 N. by W. Kansas City, in one of the richest dists. of the U.S. 
 St. J. has the largest wholesale trade in the central states W. 
 of St. Louis and Chicago. It has large stock-yards, and exten- 
 sive factories. Alt. (rly. stn.) 825 ft. (R.R.). P. (1870) 25,300; 
 (1880)32,400; (1890)52,300. 
 
 St. Joseph, small tn. , W. Indies, W. ct. Dominica. 
 
 St. Joseph, vil., W. Indies, Martinique I., 5 m. NNE. Fort- 
 de- France. P. (comm.) 7000. 
 
 St. Joseph de Llmzolo, mission station, W. Africa, French 
 Congo, 2 m. NNW. Brazzaville. 
 
 St Josepii's Bay, U. S. , is an arm of the Gulf of Mexico ; has 
 
 17 ft. of water on bar. Length 20 m., by 7-8 ni. broad. 
 
 St. Josse-ten-Noode, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. 
 Brussels. P. 29,40c. 
 
 St. Jovite de Salalierry, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Argenteuil 
 CO., 50 m. from Lachute. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 St. Ju«Ie's, par.. Ire., co. Dublin, bars. Castleknock and 
 Uppercross, partly in Dublin city. P. 6900. 
 
 St. Judes, vil.. Isle of Man, 3 m. WNW. Ramsey. 
 
 St. Jullen, vil., France, dep. Gironde, on the W. shore of 
 the Gironde, arr. Lesparre, 2 m. S. by E. Pauillac ; small port 
 for the export of its noted wines. P. <2ooc. 
 
 St. Jnlien, vil. , France, dep. Haute-Savoie, arr. Annecy, 5 
 m. SW. by S. Geneva. P. <2coo. 
 
 St. Juiien, vil., France, dep. Savoie, arr. and 3 m. SE. St. 
 Jean-de-Maurienne ; slate quarried here. P. <:20oo. 
 
 St. Jullen-Chaptenil, vil., France, dep. Haute- Loire, 32 ni. 
 SW. by S. St. Etienne, arr. and ic m. E. Le Puy. P. <:2ccc. 
 
 St. Jnlien-d'Empare, tn. , France, dep. Aveyron, arr. and 
 15 m. NNE. Villefranche, i m. from the 1. bk. of the Lot. P. 
 <3ccc. 
 
 St. Julicn-de-Valgalgues, vil., France, dep. Gard, arr. and 
 2 J m. N. Alais ; iron pyrites mined here. P. <2cco. 
 
 St. Juiien-de-Vouvantes, vil., France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, 
 34 m. NE. by N. Nantes, arr. and 9 m. SE. by E. Chateau- 
 briant. P. <2ccc. 
 
 St. Jullen-du>Sault, vil. , France, dep. Yonne, on the Yonne, 
 38 m. SE. Fontainebleau, arr. and 6 m. NW. Joigny. P.,<:20oo. 
 
 St. Julien-en-Jarret, tn., France, dep. Loire, arr. St. Etienne, 
 I m. from St. Chamond, of which it is practically a continuation ; 
 manufactures copper wares and wire. P. <40co. 
 
 St. JuUen-l'Ars, vil., France, dep. Vienne, arr. and 9 m. E. 
 by S. Poitiers. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Jnliot, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 13 m. WNW. 
 Launceston, i m. from the NW. ct. P. <:25C. 
 
 St. Juulen, tn. , France, dep. Haute- Vienne, on the Vienne, 
 
 18 m. W. by N. Limoges, arr. Rochechouart ; manufactures 
 gloves, leather, and straw-paper. Slate is quarried here. P. 5900. 
 
 St. Just, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Ives div., W. ct., 6^ m. 
 W. by N. Penzance. In the neighbourhood are extensive tin, 
 copper, and arsenic mines. PMT.O. 7633 ac. P. 6100. See 
 also St. Just in Roselan«l. 
 
 St. Just, famous convent, Spain. See Yuste. 
 
 St. Just-en-Chauss^e, tn. , France, dep. Oise, 17 m. ENE. 
 Beauvais, arr. Clermont ; manufactures hosiery and gloves. 
 Birthplace of Haiiy, the mineralogist, died 1822. P. <30oc. . 
 
 St. Just-en-Chevelet, vil., France, dep. Loire, arr. and 
 14 m. SW. by W. Roanne. P. <2ooc. 
 
 St. Just in Roseland, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 
 on E. side of Carrick Road (Falmouth Bay), 5I m. S. by E. 
 Truro; includes St. Mawes. P.O. (St. Just Lane). P. < 150c. 
 
 St. Katherlne's, P. O. , Scot. , Aberdeenshire, 4 m. from Fyvie. 
 
 St. Keverne, par., Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., i m. from the 
 S. ct., 7I m. S. Falmouth, PMT.O.; 10,298 ac. P. <2cco; 
 eccles. par. (St. Keverne witli Coveracii) P. <2ooo. 
 
 St, Kew, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, Launceston div. , 6i m. NNW. 
 Bodmin, P.O., and P.O. (St. Kew Highway) ; 7563 ac. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 St. Keyne, par. and vil., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 11 J m. 
 ESE. Bodmin, 2 m. S. Liskeard stn., P.O. About 2 m. from 
 the village is the Well of St. Keyne, which Southey has made 
 famous. P. <25c. 
 
 St. Kllda, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Buller co., 24 m. 
 from Westport by road and rail. P. < 1500. See also Dunedin. 
 
 St. Kilda, isl., Scot., Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire, in 
 57° 49' N., 8° 36' W. , is the chief islet of a rocky group of 16 
 or 17, in the Atlantic, 50 m. W. Harris ; has precipitous cliffs, 
 with sea-fowl in great numbers ; 7 m. in circumference. The 
 sea-birds, with which the island abounds, are much used as 
 food, their feathers and oil being exported. Sheep furnish wool, 
 from which a coarse tweed and blanketing are woven. P. 71. 
 
 St. Kllda, settlement, S. Australia, co. and 15 m. NNW. 
 Adelaide. 
 
 1343 
 
S A I N ^ S A I N 
 
 St. Kllda, watering-place and suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, 
 on E. shore of Hobson's Bay. P. 20,200. 
 
 St. Kiugsinark, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, 2 m. NW. 
 Chepstow. P. 5. 
 
 St. Kltts, isl. , W. Indies. See St. Chrlgtoplier. 
 
 St. Lambert, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Chambly co. , on the 
 r. bk. of the St. Lawrence, opposite Montreal, with which it is 
 connected by the Victoria railway bridge. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Laudry, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, S. of 31° N., crossed 
 by 92" W. 
 
 St. Laurent, vil., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 5 m. 
 NNW. Eecloo. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 St. Laurent, vil., Canada, Manitoba, on the SE. of Lake 
 Manitoba. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Laurent, vil., France, dep. Ain, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Saone, opposite Macon, 33 m. S. Ch^lon. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Laurent, vil., France, dep. Hautes-Pyr^n^es, on the 
 Garonne, arr. and 17 m. E. Bagneres-de-Bigorre. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Laurent, vil., France, dep. Jura, arr. St. Claude, 28 m. 
 NNW. Geneva ; manufactures Gruyere cheese, and clocks. P. 
 
 -C2000. 
 
 St. Laurent-de-€hanionsset, vil., France, dep. Rhdne, arr. 
 and 18 m. W. Lyons. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Laurent-de-la-Salanqne, tn., France, dep. Pyr^n^es- 
 Orientales, arr. and 7 m. NE. Perpig^an. P. <4000. 
 
 St. Laurent-de-MMoe, tn., France, dep. Gironde, arr. 
 Lesparre, 4 m. SW. Pauillac ; has three mineral springs ; vine- 
 yards. P. < 2000; comm. P. < 4000. 
 
 St. Laurent d'Orleani^, vil., Canada, Quebec, Isle of Orleans, 
 on the St. Lawrence, 11 m. ENE. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Laurent-du-Maroul, vil., French Guiana, 120m. WNW. 
 Cayenne, on the r. bk. of the Maroni, opposite Albina (Dutch 
 Guiana) ; is the centre of the penal colony of Maroni. P. 
 . (comm. ) < 2000. 
 
 St. Laureut-en-Royau8, vil., France, dep. Dr6me, arr. and 
 23 m. ENE. Valence ; iron is mined here. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Laureutlus Bay, on W. ct. of Bering Strait, 27 m. long, 
 13 m. wide at entrance ; craggy shores ; Chukchi settlement. 
 
 St. Laurent-la-VernMe, vil., France, dep. Gard, arr. Uzes, 
 18 m. E. Alais ; coal and lignite are mined here. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Laurent-le-Mluler, vil., France, dep. Gard, arr. Vigan, 
 18 m. SW. Alais ; deposits of argentiferous lead and zinc, and 
 formerly gold and silver. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Lanrent-les-Balns, vil., France, dep. Ardeche, 56 m. 
 NNW. Nimes, arr. Largenti^re ; has two bathing establish- 
 ments. Alt. 2905 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Lanrent-sur-Gorre, vil., France, dep. Haute-Vienne, 
 15 m. W. by S. Limoges, arr. and 8 m. ESE. Rochechouart. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Laurent-sur-Her, vil., France, dep. Calvados, arr. and 
 18 m. NW. Bayeux, ^ m. from the English Channel ; has sea- 
 bathing. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Lanrs, vil., France, dep. Deux-S^vres, arr. and 15 m. N. 
 by W. Niort ; coal is mined here. P. <:20oo. 
 
 St. Lawrence, small bay, Canada, Nova Scotia, in the ex- 
 . treme N. of Cape Breton I. Cape St. La^^rence, 6 ni. W. 
 
 St. Lawrence, par., Eng., Kent, Isle of Thanet div. , i m. 
 W. Ramsgate ,on the SE. R. and SE. & L. C. & D. Joint 
 Rly. P. 8900 ; eccles. par. (St. L. wltli Mauston) P. <3000. 
 
 St. Lawrence, par., Eng., Isle of Wight, on the S. ct., 2 m. 
 WSW. Ventnor, P.O. See Wight, Isle of. P. <5oo. 
 
 St. Lawrence, post-tn. , Queensland, Murchison co. , 80 m. 
 S. by E. Mackay. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Lawrence, an important riv. of North America, forming 
 in its upper reaches part of the N. boundary of the U.S., but 
 for the most part confined to the Canadian Dominion, issues 
 from Lake Ontario at Kingston, where the name begins to be 
 applied to the river, though the remotest source of the highest 
 feeder of its basin, the St. Louis, which enters the W. end of 
 Lake Superior, is in the NE. of Minnesota, U.S., in about 47° 
 50' N. , 92° s' W. Passing through the chain of great lakes on 
 leaving Lake Ontario, it flows NE., first through the beautiful 
 dist. known as the Thousand Isles, from the number of islands 
 large and small (in all about 1500) which here vary its course, 
 and then forms the wide expanses called Lakes St. Francis (just 
 after quitting the U.S. boundary), St. Louis (just above Montreal 
 I.), and St. Peter (a little above Three Rivers, between Montreal 
 and Quebec). Below Quebec it forms a broad estuary, and it 
 enters the Gulf of St. Lawrence by a mouth 26 m. wide, between 
 . Point des Monts (Saguenay) and the Gaspe Penin. Length from 
 Lake Ontario to the Gulf 760 m., to the W. point of Anticosti 
 1034 m. The height of Lake Ontario above sea-level is 246.6 
 ft., of which the river descends 206.75 ft- '" the 348 m. above 
 Montreal. Below Montreal, accordingly, the total fall is about 
 40 ft., or about i ft. in 10 m. , a rate presenting no difficulty 
 for navigation ; and since the construction of a ship-canal, 27^ ft. 
 deep, through Lake St. Peter, the largest merchant vessels 
 afloat have been able to reach that city in summer. In the 
 stretches above Montreal the fall of the river-bed takes place in 
 a succession of rapids, to avoid which canals have been con- 
 1344 
 
 structed. These are in the ascending order the Lachine Canal, 
 8J m. long, with 5 locks, and a rise of 45 ft. ; Beauharnois Canal, 
 11^ m. long, with 9 locks, and a rise of 82 J ft. ; Cornwall Canal, 
 II m. long, with 6 locks, and a rise of 48 ft.; Farran's Point 
 Canal, ^ ni. long, with i lock, and a rise of 4 ft.; Rapide Plat, 
 4 m. long, with 2 locks, and a rise of ii| ft. ; and Galops Canal, 
 7§ m. long, with 3 locks, and a rise of 155 ft. At present the 
 greatest available depth on these canals is 12 ft. , but improve- 
 ments are now in progress with a view to securing a depth of 
 14 ft. throughout, and in 1894 a convention at Ottawa passed 
 resolutions in favour of increasing the depth to 21 ft. throughout. 
 During the winter, navigation is wholly stopped by ice. The 
 basin of the St. Lawrence is estimated to contain 297,000 sq. m., 
 of which 95,000 are covered with the waters of the great lakes. 
 
 St. Lawrence, large isl., U.S., Alaska, in Bering Sea, in 
 63°-64° N. and i6<f-ij2° W. ; inhabited by a few Eskimo. 
 Length, 95 m. ; breadth, about 35 m. ; alt. 492 ft. 
 
 St. Lawrence, co., U.S., New York, on the St. Lawrence 
 R. , crossed by 75° W. 
 
 St. Lawrence, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Hand co. , 70 m. 
 E. by N. Pierre. 
 
 St. La^wrence, par.. Whales, Pembrokeshire, on the Cleddan, 
 6\ m. S. by W. Fishguard. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (St. L. with 
 St. Edrlns) P. <5oo. 
 
 St. Lawrence, Gulf of, a large inlet of the Atlantic, North 
 America, between 46° and 52° N., 58° and 67° W. , surrounded 
 by the British colonial terrs. of Lower Canada, New Brunswick, 
 Cape Breton, and Newfoundland. The last two mostly shut it 
 off on the E. from the ocean, with which it communicates by 
 three passages, the most N. being the Strait of Belle Isle, and 
 the S. the Gut of Canso. Average length and breadth, 280 m. 
 each. On its W. side are the Bays of Chaleur and Miramichi, 
 and the estuary of the St. Lawrence R. It contains Anticosti, 
 Prince Edward, the Magdalen, and many other islands. Its 
 fisheries are highly important. 
 
 St. Lawrence Cllst, Eng., Devonshire. See Cllst St. Law- 
 reiice. 
 
 St. Lawrence Harhonr, inlet, Newfoundland, on the S. ct. , 
 its mouth in 55° 17' W. 
 
 St. La-wrence's, par.. Ire., co. and partly in city of Limerick, 
 bar. Clanwilliam, P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Lazare, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Bellechasee co. , 22 m. SE. 
 by E. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Lazare, vil., France, dep. Dordogne, arr. Sarlat, 25 m. 
 E. by S. P^rigueux ; coal is mined here, and there are deposits 
 of sulphate of copper. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Lazarus, tn., Prussia. P. ■<3000. See Posen. 
 
 St. L*ger-de-Peyre, vil. , France, dep. Lozere, arr. and 3 m. 
 N. Marvejols ; has silver-mines, and a mineral spring. Alt. 
 2380 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. L<^ger-€les-Vlgnes, tn. , France, dep. Nievre, arr. and 18 
 m. SE. Nevers ; deposits of gypsum and china-clay ; manufac- 
 tures glass bottles. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. L^ger-du-Bols, vil., France, dep. Sa6ne-et- Loire, arr. 
 and 10 m. NE. Autun ; bituminous slate, coal, and mineral oil 
 are obtained here. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. L^ger-sur-Beuvray, vil., France, dep. Sa6ne-et- Loire, 
 arr. and 10 m. W. by S. Autun. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. L^ger-sur-Dheune, tn. , France, dep. Sa6ne-et- Loire, arr. 
 and 12 m. NW. Chaion-sur-Sa6ne ; coal is mined, and gypsum 
 quarried here. P. <3000. 
 
 St. Leon, or Standon, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Dorchester co. , 
 35 m. SE. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Leon, vil., Canada, Quebec, Maskinonge co., 21 m. W. 
 Three Rivers. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. L^onar«l, tn., France, dep. Haute-Vienne, on the Vienne, 
 arr. and 12 m. E. Limoges; manufactures porcelain, straw- 
 paper, leather, and boots ; mines of wolfram and allied minerals. 
 Birthplace of Gay-Lussac, the physicist, died 1850. P. <4000. 
 
 St. Leonard, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, 3^ m. NE. by E. Sion. 
 
 St. Leonards, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Madawaska co. , 
 on St. John's R. , and a railway, 75 m. SW. of the W. end of 
 Chaleur Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Leonards, par., Eng., Sussex, on the S. ct., i^ m. WSW. 
 Hastings, included in the mun. bor. of Hastings, with three 
 stns. (St. L. for Bonchnrcii, Warrior Square, and Marina) 
 on the L. B. & S. C. R., and two stns. (West St. L. and 
 Warrior Square) on the SE. R. P. 10,300. See Hastings. 
 
 St. Leonartls, vil. , Tasmania, Dorset co., 3 m. SE. by ]•:. 
 Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Leonards, watering-place and fishing stn. , Victoria, Grant 
 CO., 20 m. E. by S. Geelong. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Leonard's Forest, dist., Eng., Sussex, to E. of Horsham. 
 
 St. Len, tn., isl. of Reunion, W. ct., 22 m. SSW. St. Denis ;, 
 titanium iron is found on the shore. P. (comm.) 8100. 
 
 St. Leu-d'Esserent, tn., France, dep. Oise, arr. Senlis, 3^ 
 m. SW. Creil, on r. bk. of the Oise ; has important quarries of 
 white limestone, worked in the 12th century, and now much used 
 in Paris. P. < 2000. 
 
 St, Leu-Taverny, formerly Napoleon St. Leu, tn., France, 
 
S A I N — S A I N 
 
 dep, Seine-et-Oise, arr. Pontoise, 3^ m. NW. Montmorency. 
 In the parish church are the tombs of the father of Napoleon I., 
 Louis Bonaparte (king of Holland), and Marshal Ney. P. <20oo. 
 
 St, Levnu, par., Eng. , Cornwall, St. Ives div., on the coast, 
 7^ m. SW. Penzance. P. <750. 
 
 'st. Liboire, vil., Canada, Quebec, Bagot co., 41 m. E. by N. 
 Montreal, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Llbory, vil., U.S., Illinois, St. Clair co., 10 m. NE. New- 
 Athens stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Lin, vil. , Canada, Quebec, L' Assomption co. , on the riv. 
 L'Achigan, 27 m. NNW. Montreal. P. (sub-dist. ) < 3000. 
 
 St. Llzaigne, vil., France, dep. Indre, 19 m. W. by S. 
 Bourges, arr. and 5 m. N. by E. Issoudun. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Llzler, the ancient Lugdunum Consoranorzim, vil., France, 
 dep. Ariege, 45 m. SSW. Toulouse, arr. and 2 m. NNW. St. 
 Girons. St. L. is one of the curious archaeological sites in the 
 Pyrenees ; its Gallo-Roman wall is well preserved. Has an 
 episcopal palace and a Gothic cathedral built in the loth to 
 I2th centuries, with Romanesque additions. P. <20co. 
 
 St. Lo, formerly Brlorera, tn. , France, cap. dep. Manche, 
 on the Vire, 21 m. SW. by W. Bayeux ; manufactures cloth, 
 drill, flannel, and paper, &c. Birthplace of the astronomer Le 
 Verrier (died 1877) and of Octave Feuillet, the novelist. P. 9000. 
 
 St. Lon, vil., France, dep. Landes, arr. Dax, 22 m. NE. 
 Bayonne ; lignite is mined here. P. <:20oo. 
 
 St. liOuis, vil., Canada, Quebec, Huntingdon co. , on Lake 
 St. Francis, 44 m. SW. by W. Montreal. P. < 1500. See also 
 Paliuerston. 
 
 St. Loals, lake, Canada, Quebec, formed by an expansion of 
 the St. Lawrence, just above Montreal I. 
 
 St. Lonls, tn. , France. See St. Lonls-dn-Rhdne. 
 
 St. liOnls, French W. Africa. See St. Louls-dn-S^n^gal. 
 
 St. Louis, comm. , isl. and republic Haiti, S. ct. , 85 m. W. 
 by S. Port au Prince, in 73° 34' W. P. 8000. 
 
 St. Louis, tn., isl. of Reunion, on the W. ct. P. (comm.) 
 18,100. 
 
 St. Louis, vil., U.S., Michigan, Gratiot co., on Pine R., 40 
 m. WSW. Bay City. The Michigan magnetic springs are here. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 St. Louis, CO., U.S., Minnesota, in the NE., stretching from 
 the head of Lake Superior to the N. frontier. 
 
 St. Louis, riv., U.S., Minnesota, in the NE., issues from 
 Dead Fish Lake, and flows SW. and then ESE. into the head 
 of Lake Superior. 
 
 St. Louis, CO., U.S., Missouri, in the angle between the 
 Mississippi on the E. , and the Missouri on the N. 
 
 St. Louis, city, U.S., Missouri, cap. St. L. co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Mississippi, 18 m. below the confluence of the Missouri, 
 and 40 m. below that of the Illinois. The city is built on three 
 terraces, rising 20, 150, and 200 ft. above high water, with a 
 river frontage of 19 m. It is remarkably well built, and has 
 many handsome public buildings and parks ; the largest of the 
 latter. Forest Park, covers an area of 1370 ac. Shaw's Garden 
 (330 ac.) includes the Botanical Gardens. The city of East St. 
 L. , on the opposite bank of the river, is connected by the Great 
 Eads's Bridge, still the lowest across the Mississippi. It consists 
 of three spans, the central one being 520 ft., and the side ones 
 each 500 ft. It is in two stories ; the lower, a railway, runs into 
 a tunnel, 4800 ft. long, below the city. The Merchant's Bridge, 
 2^ m., higher up the Mississippi, was built in 1889-90; length, 
 2240 ft. The city of St. L. , on the best available site near the 
 confluence of two great rivers, the one in pre-railway days the 
 best means of communication between N. and S., the other 
 between E. and W. , was from the first an important centre 
 of trade, and its advantages in this respect were enormously 
 increased when the construction of the Eads's bridge made it 
 the greatest railway centre in the Mississippi valley. The 
 principal industries are flour-milling (more than 2,000,000 bar- 
 rels being produced annually), meat-packing, and iron manu- 
 factures in all branches. It has also great trade in cotton, 
 lumber, wool, sugar, live-stock, &c. Other leading industries 
 are carriages, waggons, furniture, clothing, tanning, brewing, 
 and paints. A special local clay enables St. L. to manufacture 
 exceptionally good bricks, which are despatched in great 
 quantity to New York city. New Orleans, Duluth, Seattle, and 
 other remote points. St. L. is a port of delivery in the dist. of 
 New Orleans, and a port of entry. There is ample provision 
 for elementary and higher education — two universities, St. Louis, 
 a Jesuit institution, founded 1829, and Washington University, 
 incorporated 1853. The latter has over 100 professors and 
 teachers, with an average of more than 14,000 students ; it has 
 medical and law schools, and several libraries. A fur trading- 
 post was established by the French (Laclede) in 1764, but the 
 growth of the city has taken place since about 1830. Alt. (Union 
 Dep6t) 431 ft. (city engineer) ; signal station, 568 ft. (U.S. Signal 
 Office). Mean temp. (15 yrs.),yr. 55.6° F., Jan. 31.1°, July 78.4°; 
 rfall. (40 yrs.), 40.69 in. P. (i799)<i5oo; (1830)5900; (1850) 
 77.800; (1870)310,900; (1880)350,500; (1890)451,770. 
 
 St. Louis, comm., W. Indies, on the NW. ct. of Marie 
 Galante I. P. <4ocio. 
 1345 
 
 St. Louis, East, city, U.S., Illinois, St. Clair co., on the 
 1. bk. of the Mississippi, opposite St. Louis (Mo.). P. (1880) 
 9200; (1890) 15,200. 
 
 St. Louis <le MautaM'a, vil., Canada. See St. Zenon. 
 St. Louis du Nord, comm., isl. and republic Haiti, N. ct., 
 96 m. N. by W. Port au Prince, in 72° 40' W. P. 16,000. 
 
 St. Louls-du-Kli6ue, or Port St. Louis, tn., France, dep. 
 Bouches-du-Rhone, 22 m. SSE. Aries, on 1. bk. and 4^ m. 
 from the mouth of the Rhone, connected with the Gulf of Fos 
 by a navigable canal (2 J m.) ; was made the port of Aries in 
 1870. The danger of the silting up of the Gulf of Fos by W. 
 winds and current was, in a great measure, obviated in 1893 by 
 the artificial opening of a new mouth of the Rhone, the ' Grau de 
 Roustan,' which carries to the W. , i.e., to the opposite side of 
 the delta, the muddy waters of the main stream. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Louls-du>S^u<^gal (in Wolof Ndar), tn., W. ct. of Africa, 
 cap. the colony of French Senegal. The town is built on a 
 sandy island in the Senegal R., 11 m. N. its mouth in the 
 Atlantic, hardly above the level of the highest tides; was frequently 
 inundated until the quays were raised. A bridge of boats, 2130 
 ft. long, unites St. L. with the suburbs of Sor and Brietville. 
 Has considerable trade in textiles, arms, rice, and building 
 materials. The town is supplied with water by means of an 
 aqueduct i8j m. long. Port. The river mouth is obstructed 
 by a bar, with a mean depth of about 14-21 ft. at high, 7-14 ft. 
 at low water. Seat of Protestant and Roman Catholic missions ; 
 has a lighthouse, in 16° i' N. , 16° 31' W. , visible 6 m. Mean 
 temp. (5 yrs., 1873-78), yr. 76" F., Jan. 70.3°, Aug. 82°; mean 
 rfall. (17 yrs.), 16. i in. P. 20,000 ; with the suburbs, 54,000. 
 
 St. Loup - sur - Semonse, or St. Loup • les • Luxeull, tn. , 
 France, dep. Haute-Saone, arr. and 18 m. NW. Lure. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 St. Loup-sur-Thouet, vil., France, dep. Deux-S^vres, arr. 
 Parthenay, 28 m. NW. by W. Poitiers. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Luc, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Champlain co. , 65 m. WSW. 
 Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Lucia, isl., W. Indies, the most northerly of the Brit. 
 Windward Is. , about five-sixth of the area of Anglesey. From 
 about 1640 to 1803 its possession was constantly disputed be- 
 tween the French and English, but since 1803, when it was taken 
 from the French, it has been uninterruptedly in British hands, 
 their retention of it having been confirmed at the peace of 1814. 
 Its cap. , Castries, on W. ct. , has one of the best harbours in the 
 W. Indies (quay with depth of 27 ft. alongside at low water), 
 and hence has been chosen as the chief coaling-station for the 
 Brit. W. Indies, and is being strongly fortified. Principal pro- 
 ducts of the island, sugar, logwood, cacao, tobacco. Annual 
 value of exports (exclusive of bunker coal) about ;^i5o,ooo. 
 Area, 243 sq. m. P. (1891) 42,200. 
 
 St. Lucia Bay, Borneo. See Slbuco Bay. 
 
 St. Lucia Bay, S. Africa, Zulu-land, in 28^° S. ; worthless as 
 a harbour. 
 
 St. Lucia Lake, ct. lake, S. Africa, Zulu-land, 40 m. long by 
 10-25 ni- v^fide, drained S. by St. Lucia K. into St. Lucia Bay. 
 
 St. Lucie, vil. and winter resort, U.S., Florida, cap. Brevard 
 CO., on Indian R., about 160 m. SE. St. Augustine. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Lnualre, vil., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, arr. St. Malo. 
 2^ m. W. Dinard, on the English Channel ; has sea-bathing. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Lys, vil., France, dep. Haute-Garonne, 15 m. WSW. 
 Toulouse, arr. and 8 m. WNW. Muret. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Lythans, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 5 J m. 
 WSW. Cardiff, 2 m. SE. Peterston stn. P. <25o. 
 
 St. IWabyn, par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 4 m. 
 NNW. Bodmin, P.O.; 4101 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 St. Macalre, the ancient Ligena, tn. , France, dep. Gironde, 
 on the r. bk. of the Garonne, 25 m. SE. Bordeaux, arr. R^ole ; 
 small port. St. M. was taken by Louis VIII. of France, and 
 afterwards by Henry III. of England ; during the Fronde the 
 Duke d'Epernon pillaged the town. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 St. HacUas, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Rouville co., on 
 the r. bk. of the riv. Richelieu, 15 m. E. Montreal. 
 
 St. IMadoes, par., Scot., E. Perthshire, 5 m. E. by S. Perth, 
 close to Glencarse stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 St. Magnus Bay, large bay on the W. of the Mainland, 
 Shetland Is. , Scot. 
 
 St. Malxent, tn. , France, dep. Deux-S^vres, arr. and 14 m. 
 ENE. Niort ; manufactures woollen hosiery, knitted goods, and 
 mustard. P. 5000. 
 
 St. Malachle, or East Frampton, vil., Canada, Quebec, 
 Dorchester co., 32 m. SE. Quebec. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 St. IMalo, tn. , France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, on the N. ct., at 
 the mouth of the Ranee, 23 m. SW. by W. Granville, cap. arr. 
 St. M. is fortified, and is a great trading and fishing port. It 
 is separated from the English Channel by the Sillon, and con- 
 nected by a second port (St. Servan) with the mouth of the 
 Ranee. Has a dock 21 ft. 8 in. deep over sill at ordinary 
 spring tides, 18 ft. 4 in. at ordinary neap tides ; the tidal harbour 
 is 33 ft. deep at high water, dry at low water. Potatoes, buck- 
 wheat, barley, butter, eggs, blackberries, essence of chestnut, 
 
 . 4 Q 
 
S A I N — S A I N 
 
 and mistletoe are shipped from the two ports. The imports 
 embrace coal, timber, and iron. Manufactures lace, and has 
 naval workshops. Is frequented for sea-bathing. A thick wall 
 of the 15th century still exists, flanked by towers, and fortified. 
 Has an ancient cathedral, and a natural history museum. The 
 destruction of the town was attempted by the English in 1693, 
 1695, and 1758. Birthplace of Jacques Cartier, the discoverer ol 
 Canada (died 1554) ; Dugnay Trouin, the sailor (died 1736) ; 
 Mah6 de la Bourdonnais (died 1765) ; the physicist De la 
 Mettrie (died 1751) ; the savant Maupertuis (died 1759) ; the 
 authors Lamennais (died 1854) and Chateaubriand (died 1848). 
 P. 9200. 
 
 St. Malo de la Lande, vil. , France, dep. Manche, 17 m. N. 
 by E. Granville, arr. and 4 m. WNW. Coutances. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Maniert, vil., France, dep. Gard, arr. and 10 m. WNW. 
 Nimes. P. <2oco. 
 
 St. ^Kamet, vil., France, dep. Cantal, 65 m. N. by E. Albi, 
 arr. and 39 m. SW. by W. Aurillac. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Maniet, vil., France, dep. Haute-Garonne, arr. St. 
 Gaudens, ^ m. SE. Bagn^es-de-Luchon ; zinc, argentiferous 
 lead, and copper are mined here. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 St. Mand^, tn. , France, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, i m. SW. 
 Vincennes ; is a pleasure resort of the Parisians. P. 9900. 
 
 St. Marc, comm. , isl. and republic Haiti, W. ct., 47 m. 
 NW. by N. Port au Prince, in 19° / N. P. 20,000. 
 
 St. Hare Channel, strait between the mainland of the re- 
 public of Haiti and the NE. side of the isl. of Gonave. 
 
 St. Marcel, tn., France, dep. Bouches-du- Rhone, 4 J m. E. 
 Marseilles. P. < 3000. 
 
 St. Mareel-d'Ard^he, vil., France, dep. Ardeche, arr. 
 Privas, 18 m. SSW. Mont^limar, i m. from the r. bk. of the 
 Rhone ; lignite mined here. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Marcel-de-Crnssol, tn. , France. See St. Cieorge8-le8- 
 Bains. 
 
 St. Marcellln, tn., France, dep. Is^re, arr. and 20 m. WSW. 
 Grenoble. P. < 3000. 
 
 St. Mard, comm., Belgium, in the SE. of prov. and 27 m. 
 W. by S. Luxembourg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Margaret, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 11 m. 
 WSW. Hereford, ij m. S. Vowchurch stn. P. <:25o; eccles. 
 par. (St. M. with Mlchaelchnrch Exley) P. <75o. 
 
 St. Margaret, vil., Eng., Wiltshire, on riv. Kennet, opposite 
 Marlborough. 
 
 St. Margaret, seapt. vil., W. Indies, Jamaica, Surrey co., 
 5 m. WNW. Port Antonio, on St. Margaret Bay. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Margaret at Cllffe, par. , Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div. , 
 on the E. ct., 3^ m. NE. by E. Dover, 2 m. SE. by S. Martin 
 Mill stn., PMT.O. P. <:iooo ; eccles. par. (St. M. at C. with 
 West CllfTe) P. < 1000. 
 
 St. Margaret Isle, small isl. , Wales, off the SE. ct. of Pem- 
 brokeshire, to W. of and connected with Caldy I. See Caldy. 
 
 St. Margaret's, stn. , Herts. See Stanstead St. Margaret. 
 
 St. Margaret's, stn. , Eng. , Middlesex, Brentford div. , on the 
 L. & SW. R., between Twickenham and Richmond, loi m. 
 WSW. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 St. Margaret's, P.O., Eng., 5 m. from Harleston, Suffolk. 
 
 St. Margaret's, par. , Ire. , co. Dublin, bar. Coolock, 4 m. 
 SW. Swords, 7 m. from DubUn stn. , P. O. P. < 500. 
 
 St. Margaret's, coast par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bars. Ballagh- 
 keen S. and Shelmaliere E., 5 m. SE. Killinick. P. <:7So. 
 
 St. Margaret's, par.. Ire., co. and 5 m. NE. Wexford, on 
 Wexford Harbour, bar. Forth. P. <250. 
 
 St. Margaret's Bay, small bay, Eng. , Kent, on the E. ct. , 
 near the S. Foreland. 
 
 St. Margaret's Hope, bay and fishing vil., Scot., in the Firth 
 of Forth, to the SW. of Inverkeithing, in 3° 25' W. 
 
 St. Margaret's Hope, vil., Scot., Orkney Is., in the N. of 
 Ronaldshay I., 13 m. S. Kirkwall, PMT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 St. Mark, vil, W. Indies, on the NW. ct. of Grenada I. 
 
 St. Marks, vil., Cape Colony, dist. Tembu-land, 60 m. N, 
 King William's Town. 
 
 St. Marks, P.O., Eng., Isle of Man, 5 m. NE. Castletown. 
 
 St. Marks, par. , Ire. , co. , bar. , and partly in Dublin city. P. 
 18,600. 
 
 St. Marks, vil., U.S., Florida, 21 m. S. Tallahassee by rail. 
 Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 67.4° F., Jan. 53.2°, July 81.3°. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 St. Mars-la«Jaille, vil., France, dep. Loire-Inf6rieure, on the 
 Erdre, 28 m. NE. Nantes, arr. and 11 m. N. Ancenis. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Martha on the Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey. See 
 Chllwortli. 
 
 St. Martin, vil. , Canada. See Qnaco. 
 
 St. Martin, lake, Canada, Manitoba, between the middle of 
 Lake Winnipeg and N. end of Lake Manitoba, drained by the 
 Little Saskatchewan R. into Lake Winnif>eg. 
 
 St. Martin, Canada, Quebec. RfalL (9I yrs. ), 53. 19 in. 
 
 St, Martin, cape, on the W. ct. of Cape Colony, in 36° 44' S. 
 
 St. Martin, one of the Scilly Is., ij m. N. St. Mary^ forming 
 a par. of the co. of Cornwall, Eng., PMT.O. (St. Martin's). 
 P. <25o. See also St. Martin In Meneage. 
 1346 
 
 St. Martin, par., Eng., Cornwall, Bodmin div., 13 m. W. 
 Plymouth, on Looe Bay, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 St. Martin, par., Eng., Salop, div. and 5 m. NXE. Oswestry, 
 2^ m. E. Preesgweene stn.; 5485 ac. P. <;3oco. 
 
 St. Martin, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, in Richmond 
 union. P. <;25o. 
 
 St. Martin, seapt., France. See R^, lie de. 
 
 St. Martin, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, 6 m. SE. Sion, in the 
 Vald'H^rens. 
 
 St. Martin, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, in the SE., N. of 30° 
 N. , E. of 92° W. , p)artly bounded on the S. by Grand Lake. 
 
 St. Martin, isl., W. Indies, 5I m. S. Anguilla I., is of- trian- 
 gular shape, the extremities being Point Basse-Terre on the W. , 
 and Point Blanche on the S., in 18° N., each side being 9-11 
 m. long. The highest point is Paradis, alt. 1360 ft. Climate 
 healthy, but there is little water. The N. and W. of the island 
 belongs to France (cap. Marigot, on the NW'. ct. ). Area, 20 m. 
 P. <40oo. The S. portion belongs to Holland, cap. Philipsburg, 
 on the Grand Bay. Area, 18 sq. m. P. <:5ooo. Area of entire 
 island, 38 sq. m. 
 
 St. Martin, cape, W. Indies, on NW. ct. of Martinique I. 
 
 St. Martin, Cap, cape, France, S. ct. dep. Alpes-Maritimes, 
 4 m. ENE. Monaco. 
 
 St. Martln-Bonlogne, tn. , France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. 
 and 2 m. E. by N. Boulogne. P. < 3000. 
 
 St. Martin-d'Ansigny, vil., France, dep. Cher, arr. and 9 m. 
 N. Bourges. P. < 200c. 
 
 St. Martlu-de-BelleTllle, vil, France, dep. Savoie, arr. and 
 
 7 m. S. Moutiers ; anthracite mined. To the S. is a chapel re- 
 sorted to by pilgrims. P. <; 2000. 
 
 St. Martln-de-BonlUac, vil. , France, dep. AvevTon, arr. and 
 15 m. NNE. Villefranche, on the Lot ; silver and copp>er mined. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Martin-de-Fressengeas, vil., France, dep. Dordogne, 
 arr. Nontron, 18 m. NNE. P^rigueux ; manganese mined. P. 
 <:20oo. 
 
 St. Martln-de-Gneyrltres, vil. , France, dep. Hautes-Alpes, 
 arr. and 5 m. SSW. Brianfon ; anthracite and marble are found 
 here. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Martin-de-Hlnx, vil. , France, dep. Landes, arr. Dax, 5^ 
 m. SSE. St. Vincent-de-T)T-osse. Mean temp., yr. 55.0" F., Jan. 
 42.7°, Aug. 68.2°. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Martln-de-Londres, vil., France, dep. H6rault, arr. and 
 14 m. NW. by N. Montpellier. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Martln-de-K^, tn., France, on the E. ct. of lle-de-R^, 
 dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, arr. and 11 m. WNW. La Rochelle. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 St. Martln-de-Kenacas, vil., France, dep. Basses- Alpes, arr. 
 Forcalquier, 37 m. NNE. Aix ; gypsum, lignite, and coal are 
 mined here. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Martln>de-Selgnanx, vil. , France, dep. Landes, arr. Dax, 
 6 m. NE. Bayonne. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Martln-de-Valamas, vil., France, dep. Ard^be, arr. 
 Tovirnon, 35 m. S. St. Etienne. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Martln-de-Valgalgnes, vil., France, dep. Gard, arr. and 
 2J m. N. Alais ; zinc, lead, and copper are mined here. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 St. Martln-en-Bresse, vil. , France, dep. Sa6ne-et- Loire, arr. 
 Chalon-sur-Saone, 36 m. S. Dijon. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Martln-en-C9alllenx, tn. , France, dep. Loire, arr. and 
 
 8 m. E. by N. St. Etienne. P. < 3000. 
 
 St. Martin in Meneage (men-ig'), par., Eng., Cornwall, 
 Truro div., 7 m. SW. by S. Falmouth, PM.O. P. <soo. See 
 Mawgan in Meneage. 
 
 St. Martin Junction, vil., Canada, Quebec, Laval co., 9 m. 
 NW. by W. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Martln-Lantosqne, vil. , France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, 
 on the frontier of Italy, arr. and 26 m. N. Nice ; at foot of 
 mountains 8200-9840 ft. high ; has iron-mines and quarries of 
 white granite. Summer resort of the people of Nice. Cold 
 mineral spring. Alt. 31 15 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Martli|-la-Plalne, tn., France, dep. Loire, arr. and 13 
 m. NE. St. Etienne ; coal is mined here. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Martln-la-Sanvet^, vil., France, dep. Loire, arr. and 16 
 m. S.SW. Roanne; lead is mined here. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Martin's, par. , Eng. , Cornwall. See St. Martin. 
 
 St. Martin's, PMT.O., Eng., Channel Is., Guernsey. 
 
 St. Martin's, PM.O., Eng., Channel Is., Jersey, 2 m. from 
 Gorey. 
 
 St. Martin's, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Clare, dist. Kilkee. 
 
 St. Martin's, par.. Ire., co. and 3 m. SE. Kilkenny, on riv. 
 Nore, bar. Gowran. P. <250. 
 
 St. Martin's, par., Scot., E. Perthshire, 5 m. NE. by N. 
 Perth, 3i m. SE. by E. Stanley June. , P.O. ; 6565 ac. P. <:75o- 
 
 St. Martin's, PMT.O., Wales, near Ruabon, Denbighshire. 
 
 St. Martin's Point, cape, Channel Is., the SE. extremity of 
 Guernsev, 2 m. S. St. Peter Port. j 
 
 St. Martlnvllle, vil., U.S., Louisiana, cap. St. Martin par., I 
 on the r. bk. of the Bayou Boeuf. 105 m. W. by N. New j 
 Orleans. P. <2ooo. 
 
SAIN — SAIN 
 
 St. Martory, vil., France, dep. Haute-Garonne, on the 
 Garonne, arr. St. Gaudens, 41 m. E. by N. Bagneres-de- 
 Bigorre. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Mary, cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, SE. ct., in 45° 4' N. 
 
 St. Mary, cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, W. ct. , in 44° 6' N. 
 
 St. Mary, the largest of the Scilly Is., forming a par., Eng. , 
 Cornwall. It has several objects of interest, including Star Castle, 
 an Elizabethan fortress, and various antiquities. P. <isoo. 
 
 St. Mary, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 8 m. SW. by W. 
 Hythe, 2 m. N. New Romney stn. P. <2.y> ; eccles. par. (St. 
 Mary In the Marsh) P. <2i,o. 
 
 St. Mary, par. , Eng. , Kent, Romney Marsh union. P. <25o. 
 
 St. Mary, cape, Gambia Colony, W. Africa, at mouth of 
 Gambia R. , S. side ; sanitarium for Bathurst. 
 
 St. Mary. 1. Port of entry and fishing stn., Newfoundland, 
 Avalon Penin. , on St. Mary Bay, 55 m. SW. by S, St. Johns. 
 P. <i5oo. 2. A district on the N. and E. of St. Mary Bay. 
 
 St. Mary, cape, Newfoundland, on the S. ct. , in 54° 10' W. 
 
 St. Mary, cape, Portuguese W. Africa, in 13° 25' S. 
 
 St. Mary, riv., U.S. See St. Marys Klver. 
 
 St. Mary, city, U.S., Kansas, Pottawatomie co., 23 m. 
 WNW. Topeka. P.<i5oo. 
 
 St. Mary, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, on the Gulf of Mexico, 
 crossed by 91^° W. 
 
 Saint Mary, co. , U.S., Maryland, in the angle between the 
 Potomac, Chesapeake Bay, and the Patuxent R. 
 
 St. Mary, vil., U.S., Ohio, Auglaize co., 90 m. SSW. 
 Toledo. P. 3000. 
 
 St. Mary, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Elk co., 90 m. SE. by 
 E. Erie. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Mary Bourne, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 5 m. NE. 
 Andover, on the Test, 11 m. SSW. Newbury, i m. NW. 
 Hurstbourne stn. , PMT.O. ; 7746 ac. P. < 1500. See Hnrst- 
 bourne Priors. 
 
 St. Mary Clinrch, par. and tn. , Eng., Devonshire, div. and 
 i^ m. N. Torquay, of which it is a suburb, PMT.O. Par. P. 
 6800 ; tn. P. 6700 ; eccles. par, (St. Mary Ctanrch ivltli 
 Cofllnswell) P. 5100. 
 
 St. Mary Chnrcli, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., i2i 
 m. W. by S. Cardiff, with stn. (St. Mary Clinreh Road) on 
 the Taff Vale Rly. P. <25o. See Llandough. 
 
 St. Mary Cllst, par. , Eng. , Devonshire. See Cllst St. Mary. 
 
 St. Mary Cray, par., Eng., Kent, Dartford div., on the Cray, 
 7 m. SSE. Woolwich, on L. C. & D. R., PMT.O. P.<20oo. 
 
 St. Mary Extra, par. , Eng. , Hants, in S. Stoneham union. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 St. Mary Hill, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 14J m. 
 W. by N. Cardiff, 2 m. S. Pencoed stn. P. <25o. 
 
 St. MaryHoo, par., Eng., Kent, Hoo dist. P. <5oo. 
 
 St. Mary-le-Plaln, vil., France, dep. Cantal, arr. and 15 m. 
 N. by E. St. Flour ; sulphuretted antimony is mined here. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 St. Mary Kock, rock, Isle of Man, at entrance to Douglas 
 Harbour. 
 
 St. Marys, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, York co., 5 m. N. 
 Fredericton. P. <;30co. 
 
 St. Marys, tn., Canada, Ontario, Perth co. , on the riv. 
 Thames, 18 m. N. by E. London. P. <:35oo. 
 
 St. Mary's, PM.O., Channel Is., Jersey, 2 m. from St. Owen's. 
 
 St. Mary's, stn. , Eng. , Huntingdonshire, on the G. N. R. , 
 2i m. NW. Ramsey, P.O. 
 
 St. Mary's (Whitechapel), stn., Eng., London, on the White- 
 chapel branch of the Metropolitan Rly. , i^ m. E. by N. St. Paul's. 
 
 St. Mary's, par.. Ire., co. Meath, on riv. Boyne, bar. Duleek 
 LoNver, partly in Drogheda town. P. 4000. 
 
 St. Mary's (Clonmel), par.. Ire., cos. Tipf)erary and Water- 
 ford, bars. Iffa and Offa E. and Glenahiry ; 10,388 ac. P. 11,700. 
 
 St. Mary's, par.. Ire., co. Westmeath, on riv. Shannon, bar. 
 Brawny, contains part of Athlone ; 10,099 ac. P. < 5000. 
 
 St. Mary's, par.. Ire., co. Westmeath, on Lough Blane, bar. 
 Fore, 5 m. E. Castlepollard ; 4191 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 St. Mary's, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, on riv. Barrow, bar. 
 Bantry, contains part of New Ross ; 4922 ac. P. 6400. 
 
 St. Mary's (Enniscorthy), par., Ire., co. Wexford, bar. 
 Scarawalsh. P. < 4500. 
 
 St. Mary's, coast par. , Ire. , co. Wexford. See Lady's Island. 
 
 St. Mary's, postal-tp. , New South Wales, Cumberland co. , 
 in 33° 29' S., 150° 48' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Mary's (S. Ronaldshay), eccles. par., Scot., Orkney Is., 
 S. Ronaldshay par. P. <75o. 
 
 St. Mary's, tp. , Tasmania, Cornwall co. , 57 m. E. by S. 
 Launceston, on a branch of the railway from Launceston to 
 Hobart ; has coal-mines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Marys, vil. and port of entry, U.S., Georgia, cap. Camden 
 CO. ,8 m. NW. Fernandina (Fla. ) ; has good harbour, P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Mary's, co., U.S., Maryland, between the mouth of the 
 Potomac and Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 St. Marys, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, cap. Pleasants co., on 
 the Ohio, 53 m. SW. by S. Wheeling. P.<:i5oo. 
 
 St. Mary's Bay, narrow inlet 35 m. long, Canada, in the 
 
 SW. of Nova Scotia, opening into the mouth of the Bay of 
 Fundy. 
 
 St. Mary's Holm, coast vil., Scot., Orkney Is., in S. of 
 Pomona I., 7 m. S. Kirkwall, PMT.O. 
 
 St. Mary's Island, Gambia Colony. See Batlinrst. 
 
 St. Mary's Isle, small penin., Scot., in Kirkcudbright Bay, 
 running SSW. from Kirkcudbright. 
 
 St. Mary's Loch, lake, Scot., Selkirkshire, on border of 
 Peeblesshire, 16 m. SW. Selkirk, 15^ m. NE. Moffat ; dis- 
 charges Yarrow Water in the E. Length, 3 m. 
 
 St. Mary's, Xeiivtownbarry, par. , Ire. , co. Wexford. See 
 Mewtownbarry St. Mary's. 
 
 St. Mary's Klver, Canada, Nova Scotia, rises in Pictou co. , 
 and flows into the Atlantic Ocean to the N. of 45° N. 
 
 St. Mary's KlTcr, the riv. connecting Lakes Superior and 
 Huron, the boundary between Canada and the U.S. passing 
 along its middle line. See Sanlt St«. Marie. 
 
 St. Marys Rlrer, U.S., rises in Ware co. , Georgia, flows S. 
 then N. and finally E. to the Atlantic. It divides at its mouth 
 into two branches, on one of which is the port of St. Marys 
 (Ga.), and at the mouth of the other that of Fernandina (Fla.). 
 
 St. Mary's Road, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, i m. from New- 
 ton Heath. 
 
 St. Mary's Sbandon, par. , Ire. , co. , bar. , and partly in city 
 of Cork. P. 13,500. 
 
 St. Mary Tavy, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., ii| 
 ESE. Launceston, with a stn. (Marytavy) on the G. W. R. ; 
 has arsenic mines. P.O. (Marytavy). 4268 ac. P. -=750. 
 
 St. Mathew Isle, isl. , Siam, Malay Penin., off the W. ct., 
 crossed by 10° N. 
 
 St. Mathlas (or Matthias), isl., Bismarck Archipelago. See 
 Prlnz Wllhelm Island. 
 
 St. Mathlen, vil., Canada, Quebec, Rimouski co., 140 m. 
 NE. Quebec, near the r. bk. of the St. Lawrence, in 69° W. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Mathlen, vil., France, dep. Haute- Vienne, arr. Roche- 
 chouart, 26 m. WSW. Limoges. P. <:20oo. 
 
 St. Mathlen, Polnte, cape, France, on the W. ct. , in lat. 
 48° 20' N., at the N. of the entrance to the Rode de Brest. 
 
 St. Matthew, isl., Alaska, in Bering Sea (qro.), midway be- 
 tween Asia and America, 60° 18' N., 172° 4' W. 
 
 St. Manghans, par., Eng., Monmouth, N. div., 4^ m. NW. 
 Monmouth. P. <:250. See Llangattock Tlbon Avel. 
 
 St. Manghold, par.. Isle of Man. See Manghold. 
 
 St. Manrlce, co. , Canada, Quebec, stretching NW. from 
 the St. Lawrence just above the riv. St. Maurice ; chief town. 
 Three Rivers. 
 
 St. Manrlce, vil., Canada, Quebec, Cham plain co. , 70 m. 
 WSW, Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Manrlce, riv. , Canada, N. Quebec, issues from a chain of 
 lakes near the height of land, and winds on the whole SE. be- 
 tween steep well-wooded banks to the St. Lawrence at Three 
 Rivers. It has the Falls of Grand Mfere and the Shawenegan 
 Falls. Length, 400 m. 
 
 St. Manrlce, tn., France, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, adjacent 
 to Charenton-le-Pont, S. of the Bois-de-Vincennes, on r. bk. of 
 theMarne; manufactures porcelain. Seat of the noted Charenton 
 lunatic asylum, founded 1642. P. 5400. 
 
 St. Manrlce, Switzd., Grisons. See St. Moritz. 
 
 St. Maurice, the 'Roman Agaunum, tn. , Switzd., cant. Valais, 
 16 m. W. Sion. The abbey, dating from the 4th century, de- 
 stroyed several times by the Lombards, Saracens, &c., has a 
 rich library, with numerous MSS. The town owes its name to 
 the chief of the famous Theban legion, who was martyred here, 
 302. Alt. 1380 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Maurlce-des-Noues, vil., France, dep. Vendue, arr. and 
 8 m. NNE. Fontenay-le-Comte ; coal is mined here. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 St. Maurlce-pr^s-Plonsat, vil. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 
 arr. and 25 m. NW. Riom ; lignite and slate found here. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 St. Manrlce-snr-Lolre, vil. , France, dep. Loire, arr. and 5J 
 m. SW. Roanne, on the 1. bk. of the Loire ; anthracite found 
 here. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Manrlce>sur>MoselIe, vil., France, dep. Vosges, arr. and 
 16 m. SE. Remiremont, on both banks of the Moselle, near its 
 source, near the Ballon d' Alsace (alt. 4120 ft.); manufactures 
 cotton, &c. A favourite summer resort for tourists. Alt. 1825 
 ft. P. < 2000; comm. P. < 3000. 
 
 St. Maur-les-Foss^s, the ancient Castra Bagaudarum, tn. , 
 France, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, 3 m. SE. Vincennes, on a hill 
 on a curve of the Marne. P. (comm.) 15,800. 
 
 St. Mawes, tn. , Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., on the St. 
 Mawes Harbour, and E. side of Falmouth Harbour, 6\ m. S. by 
 E. Truro, PMT.O. St. Mawes Castle stands on a "headland 
 N. of the harbour. 
 
 St. Maxlmln, tn., France, dep. Var, arr. and 11 m. WNW. 
 Brignoles ; has a church, dating from the end of the 13th century, 
 of the pure Pointed style. P. <30o6. 
 
 St. Medan's Cave, Scot. , Wigtownshire, on the E. side of the 
 Rhinns of Galloway, i m. NW. of the Mull of Galloway. 
 
 1347 
 
SAIN — SAIN 
 
 at. M^dard, vil., France, dep. Creuse, arr. and 5 m. N. 
 Aubusson ; coal is mined here. P. <20oo. 
 
 8t. 9Iedard-en-Jalle, tn., France, dep. Gironde, on the Jalle, 
 arr. and 9 m. NW. by W. Bordeaux ; has a state powder-factory. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 St. M^eii, vil., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, 24 m. W. by N. 
 Rennes, arr. Montfort.. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. iMicbael, vil. , Canada. See Athelstan. 
 
 St. m^lany, vil., France, dep. Ardeche, arr. Largentiere, 16 
 m. N. Besseges ; has two mineral springs. P. (comm.)<2C)oo. 
 
 St. Slelllou, par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 8.1 m. 
 NW. by N. Plymouth, 4 m. W. Beer Alston stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 St. Mellons, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 6^ m. SW. 
 by W. Newport, 2J m. W. Marshfield stn., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 St. Meme, vil., France, dep. Charente, arr. Cognac, 15 m. 
 W. Angouleme, i m. from the 1. bk. of the Charente ; river- 
 port ; exports excellent white stone. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Henge, vil. , France, dep. Vosges, arr. and 8 m. W. Mire- 
 court ; has coal-mines and mineral springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Henges, vil. , France, dep. Ardennes, on the r. bk. of the 
 Meuse, arr. and 3 m. NW. by N. Sedan. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Merryn, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 12^ m. 
 WNW. Bodmin, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 St. Mewau, par. and vil. , Eng. , Cornwall, St. Austell div. , 
 II m. SSW. Bodmin, i m. WSW. St. Austell; has a tin-mine. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Michael, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, in sub-dist. of St. 
 Albans, including Westwich Row, Potterscrouch, Gorhambury, 
 and part of Leverstock Green ; 6558 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 St. Hlchael, mission station, Natal, Alexandra dist., 40 m. 
 SW. by W. Durban. 
 
 St. IMicbael, fortified trading-p)ort, U.S., Alaska, on Norton 
 Sound ; landing-place for the Yukon valley. Founded by the 
 Russians, 1835. 
 
 St. Dllcliael, tn., U.S., Maryland, Talbot cc, on Chesapeake 
 Bay, 44 m. E. by S. Washington (D. C.) ; has shipbuilding and 
 coast-trade. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. KUchael at Gaer Hill, part of eccles. par, , Eng. , Somer- 
 set. See IMarston Blgott. 
 
 St. Michael Carliayes, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 
 9 m. E. by S. Truro. P. <:25o. 
 
 St. Michael Charch, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Bridgwater div. , 
 4 m. S. Bridgwater, 2 m. N. Durston stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 St. Michael Island (in Portuguese San (or Sao) Miguel), the 
 largest isl. of the Azores, about the size of Anglesey ; noted for 
 its oranges. Cap. PontaDelgada. Mean rfall. (10 yrs.), 31.40 in. 
 
 St. Michael on Wyre, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Lan- 
 caster div. , 9 m. N W. by N. Preston, 3^ m. W. Brock stn. , 
 PM.O. (St. Michael's). P. <7So. 
 
 St. Michael Penkevll, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 2^ 
 m. SE. by E. Truro, on the E. side of Truro Harbour, P.O^ 
 P.<:2So. 
 
 St. Michael's, stn. , Eng. , on the Cheshire Lines and South- 
 port and Cheshire Lines Extension Rlys. , in the S. of Liverpool. 
 
 St. Michael's, P.O., Eng., Kent, 2 m. from Tenterden. 
 
 St. Michael's, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bars. Barrymore and Cork. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 St. Michael's, par. , Ire. , co. Kildare, on riv. Barrow, bars. 
 Kilkea and Moone, and Nuragh, and Reban West, contains 
 part of Athy. P. <25oo. 
 
 St. Michael's, par.. Ire., co. and partly in city of Limerick, 
 bar. Pubblebrien. P. 21,100. 
 
 St. Michael's, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, on Wexford Harbour, 
 bar. Forth, 2 m. NE. Killinick. P. <:25o. 
 
 St. Michael's, stn. , on an isl. in Norton Sound, U.S., Alaska, 70 
 m. N. of the mouth of the Yukon ; commercial headquarters for 
 the Yukon and Arctic Regions. Mean temp. (14 yrs., 1872-86), 
 yr. 26.6° F., Jan. 5.2°, July 53.8°; rfall. (8 yrs.), 13.93 '"• 
 
 St. Michael's Civnida, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, Crick- 
 howell dist. ; 9930 ac. P. <: loco. 
 
 St. Michael's Island, Eng. , off E. ct. of the Isle of Man ; 
 has ruins of a fortress. 
 
 St. Michael's Mount, anciently called LHnsol, a rock and 
 par. , Elng. , in Mounts Bay, about ^ m. from Marazion. The 
 rock, which bears a curious resemblance to Mont St. Michel 
 (^.v.) in Normandy, is a steep mass of granite, connected with 
 the shore at low water by a causeway, and is surmounted by a 
 castle, with a chapel dedicated to St. Michael the archangel. 
 Alt. of rock, 238 ft. above low water. P. (1891) 81. 
 
 St. Michael's of Feagh, par. , Ire. , co. Wexford, bar. Forth. 
 P. <:30oo. 
 
 St. Michel, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 2 
 m. S. by W. Bruges. P. <3000. 
 
 St. Michel, vil. , Canada, Quebec, cap. Bellechasse co. , on 
 r. bk. of the St. Lawrence, 16 m. E. by N. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Michel, a govt, of middle Finland, on the lake- 
 plateau, dotted with lakes ; hills, 700 to 800 ft. high, running 
 between the chief lakes, which are, Pajane and Paula in W., 
 Saima in S. , Hauki-, Pihlaja-, Puru-, and Orih-vesi in E, The 
 1348 
 
 great Piingaharjuas, 4 m. long, across Lake Puru-vesi. Chief 
 towns, St. Michel, 77 m. N. of Kuovola junction of St. Peters- 
 burg-Holsingfors Rly. , on a gulf of Lake Saima, P. < 5000; 
 Nyslott, or Savonlikna, old castle on Haukivski, having now a 
 teachers' school, P. <20oo ; Heinola, 50 m. SW. St. Michel, 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 St. Michel, vil. , France, dep. Savoie, on the Arc, 37 m. SE. 
 by E. Chamb^ry, arr. and 8 m. SE. by E. St. Jean-de-Maurienne ; 
 has aluminium works, and deposits of anthracite and marble. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Michel, Mout, bay and rock. See Mont St. Michel. 
 
 St. Mlchel-Chef-Chef, vil., France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, 
 arr. Paimboeuf, 29 m. W. by S. Nantes ; has sea-bathing. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 St. Mlchel-de-D^ze, vil., France, dep. Loz^re, arr. Florae, 
 12 m. NE. Alais ; large deposits of sulphide of lead and 
 antimony. P. (comm. )< 2000. 
 
 St. Mlchel-en-Gr^ve, vil., France, dep. Cotes du Nord, arr. 
 Lannion, 15 m. NE. Morlaix, on the English Channel ; has sea- 
 bathing. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Mlchel-en>rilerni, tn. , France, dep. Vendue, arr. 
 Fontenay-le-Comte, 14 ni. NNW. La Rochelle. P. <3000. 
 
 St. Mlchel-Mout-Mercnre, vil., France, dep. Vendue, arr. 
 Fontenay-le-Comte, 28 m. ENE. La Roche-sur-Yonne ; anti- 
 mony mined. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Mlchel-Rochefort, tn., France, dep. Aisne, on the Oise, 
 17 m. W. Rocroi, arr. Vervins ; manufactures boots and shoes, 
 and has forges and foundries. P. <40co. 
 
 St. Mllilel, tn. , France, dep. Meuse, on the r. bk. of the 
 Meuse, 20 m. SSE. Verdun, arr. and 9 m. N. by W. Com- 
 mercy. P. < 5000. 
 
 St. MlnTcr Highlands and St. Mlnver Loivlands, two 
 adjoining pars., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 9^ m. NW. 
 Bodmin, PMT.O. (St. Mlnver); 5335 ac. St. Minver High- 
 lands, P. <75o; St. Minver Lowlands, P. <5oo. 
 
 St. Molse, vil., Canada, Quebec, Rimouski co. , 9 m. from 
 Ste. Flavie. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Monauce, or Abercronihle, par. and vil., Scot., E. 
 Fife, the latter on the N. shore of the Firth of Forth, 9^ m. S. 
 St. Andrews, on the N. B. R., with a stn. (St. Monan's). St. 
 Monance is a burgh of barony, with a good harbour. PMT.O. 
 P. (of each) < 2000. 
 
 St. Morltz, Rumonsh Sant Murezzan, tn., Switzd., cant. 
 Grisons, 24 m. NE. by E. Chiavenna, on a small lake (length a 
 little more than i m. ; breadth, 1800 ft.; frozen from the end of 
 Nov. to the beginning of May), formed by an expansion of the 
 Inn in the Upper Engadine. Of late years a new town of hotels, 
 villas, &c., has sprung up about \ m. SW. round the large 
 bathing establishment on the r. bk. of the Inn before it enters the 
 lake. During the season St. Moritz attracts tourists and invalids 
 in increasing numbers, and is used as a winter resort by some. 
 Alt. 6090 ft. 
 
 St. Mullln's, par.. Ire., cos. Carlow and Wexford, on riv. 
 Barrow, bars. Lower St. Mullins and Bantry, 5 m. S. Borris, 
 10 m. from Thomastown stn.; 22,151 ac. P. <:350o. 
 
 St. Mullln.s, Lo-w'er, bar.. Ire., in the extreme S. of co. 
 Carlow. St. Mullins, Upper, a bar. in the E. of Carlow. 
 
 St. Muncliins, par. , Ire. , cos. Clare and Limerick, partly in 
 city of Limericjf , bars. Lower Bunratty and North Liberties ; 
 4554 ac. P. <'2aoo. 
 
 St. Munda (Glencoe), eccles. par., Scot., Argyllshire, Lis- 
 more and Appin par. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Mungo, par. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, 5 m. SE. Lochmaben, 
 3 m. WNW. Ecclefechan stn.; 4897 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 St. Nathlash, par.. Ire., co. Cork, on riv. Funcheon, bar. 
 Fermoy, 2 m. S. Kildorrery. P. <250. 
 
 St. Nazalre, tn., France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, at the mouth 
 of the estuary of the Loire, 31 m. W. by N. Nantes {q.v.), 8 m. 
 W. Paimboeuf, cap. arr. ; has a tidal harbour, quayage, and 
 two docks, the Bassin de St. Nazaire and the Bassin de Pen- 
 houet, the latter 30^ ft. deep at high water highest spring tides, 
 22 ft. 4 in. at lowest neap tides, 13 ft. i in. deep in harbour 
 alongside at high water. In the roadstead is a minimum depth 
 of 32 ft. 10 in. at low water. The government have approved of 
 plans for making a new entry to the port and an outer harbour. 
 The industries are active, embracing shipbuilding, naval and 
 marine workshops and foundries, brick-making, and manufacture 
 of sails. P. (1872)20,200; (1891)24,700; comm. P. 30,900. 
 
 St. Nazaire, or Sanary, tn., France, dep. Var, arr. and 7 m. 
 W. Toulon, on the Bay of St. Nazaire ; is a small fishing port. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 St. Nectalre, vil, France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Issoire, 14 
 m. SW. Clermont-Ferrand ; has mineral springs ; well situated 
 as a centre for excursions into Auvergne. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. .^"ectau, part of eccles. par., Eng., Cornwall. See St. 
 Wlnnonr. 
 
 St. Neot, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 7 m. E. Bodmin, 2 
 m. N. Doublebois stn., P.O. Church noted for its fine old 
 stained glass windows (isth and i6th centuries ; restored ia 
 1829). 14,165 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
S AI N — S A I N 
 
 St. Seots (pronounced by the educated sent ni'ots, col- 
 loquially sint nots ; by the uneducated snidz), par. and market- 
 tn., Hunts, Huntingdon div., on the r. bk. of the Ouse, 8^ m. 
 SSW. Huntingdon, on the G. N. R. ; has an iron-foundry and 
 paper-mills. Market-day, Th. Alt. 115 ft. Mean annual rfall. 
 (1866-90), 24.86 in. Tn. P. <45oo; par. P. <3000. 
 
 St. Newlyn East, PM.O., Eng., Cornwall, 7 in. SW. St. 
 Columb stn. See Novlyn. 
 
 St. Nicholas, par., Eng., Devonshire, 5 m. E. Newton Abbot. 
 P. < 1500; eccles. par. (St. Nlcliolas, or SliaUlou) P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Mdiolas, par., Eng., Hants, Isle of Wight. P. <25o. 
 
 St. Mcliolas, tn., isl. and republic Haiti, NW. ct., no m. 
 NW. by N. Port au Prince, in 73° 20' W. 
 
 St. >iicliolas, Ire. See Carrlckfergus. 
 
 St. Nicholas, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bars. Cork and Muskerry 
 East, partly in city of Cork. P. 19,400. 
 
 St. Nicholas, par.. Ire., co. and containing part of town of 
 Galway, on riv. Corrib, bar. Galway. P. 8500. 
 
 St. Nicholas, par.. Ire., co. and partly in city of Limerick, 
 bars. Clan William and North Liberties. P. <35oo. 
 
 St. Nicholas, par., Ire., co. and 5 m. NE. Wexford, bar. 
 Ballaghkeen South. P. <25o. 
 
 St. Nicholas, vil., U.S., Florida, Duval co., on the r. bk. of 
 St. John's R. , 12 m. WSW. of the mouth of the river. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Nicholas, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 6 m. W. 
 by S. Cardiff, 2 m. ESE. Peterston stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 St. Nicholas, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 4 m. WSW. Fish- 
 guard, PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 St. Nicholas at Wade, par. , Eng. , Kent, Isle of Thanet div. , 
 6 m. WSW. Margate, 3 m. SW. by W. Birchington-on-Sea stn., 
 PMT.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. (St. Nicholas at Wa<le with 
 Sarre) P. <:7So. 
 
 St. Nicholas Gat, or Heivett Channel, channel in the North 
 Sea, off the coast of Norfolk, Eng., N. of Yarmouth Roads, with 
 light- vessel (visible 11 m.) in 52° 35' N., 1° 47' E. 
 
 St. Nicholas Hospital, par., Eng., Kent, near Canterbury. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 St. Nicholas Island, fortified rock, Eng., Devonshire, in 
 Plymouth Sound. 
 
 St. Nicholas River, one of the mouths of the Niger, entering 
 the Gulf of Guinea in about 4° 20' N. , 6° 24' E. 
 
 St. Nicolas, comm. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. St. 
 Nicolas, 12 m. W. by S. Antwerp ; manufactures woollen and 
 cotton goods, hosiery, pins, lace, &c. , and carries on horticulture. 
 St. Nicolas is the centre of the fertile dist. of Waes. P. 28,300. 
 
 St. Nicolas, comm., Belgium, prov., arr., and 2 m. SW. by 
 W. Liege ; coal is mined here. P. 6800. 
 
 St. Nicolas, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Levis co. , on the 
 r. bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, 12 m. SW. by W. Quebec. 
 
 St. Nicolas, vil., France, on the N. border of dep. Loire- 
 Inf^rieure, on the Vilaine, arr. and 27 m. N. by E. St. Nazaire, 
 ij m. SE. Redon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Nlcolas-d'Allermont, tn. , France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, 
 arr. and 18 m. SE. by E. Dieppe ; manufactures clocks. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 St. Nlcolas-de-la-Grave, vil. , France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, 
 arr. Castelsarrasin, 17 m. W. by N. Montauban, 4 m. SW. by 
 W. Moissac. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Nlcolas-dn-P<^leni, vil. , France, dep. C6tes du Nord, arr. 
 Guingamp, 40 m. N. by E. Lorient. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Nlcolas-dn-Port, tn., France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, 
 on the Meurthe, arr. and 7 m. SE. by E. Nancy. In the 
 Middle Ages the pilgrimage to St. Nicolas-du-Port, celebrated 
 since the Crusades, was associated with two very important 
 fairs. The town was sacked by the Swedes in 1635, and its 
 decay dates from that time. P. <5ooo. 
 
 St. Nicolas Point, cape, Canada, Quebec, Saguenay co., on 
 the 1. bk. of the St. Lawrence, in 67° 50' W. 
 
 St. Nighton, vil., Eng., Cornwall, 2 m. SE. Lostwithiel. 
 
 St. Nlulan's, penin., Scot., Shetland Is., in the SW. of the 
 Mainland, in 59° 58'-59' N. 
 
 St. Nlnlans, par. and vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, ij m. S. and 
 containing the burgh of Stirling ; has manufactures of woollen, 
 and iron and tan works. PMT.O. 38,047 ac. P. 9300. See 
 Stirling. 
 
 St. Nlnlans Creek, Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, near the 
 mouth of the riv. Cree. 
 
 St. Nlulan's Point, cape, Scot. , co. and isl. of Bute, on the 
 W. ct., in 55° 48' N. 
 
 St. Norbert, stn. , Canada, Manitoba, on the Emerson branch 
 of the C. P. R., 10 m. SSE. Winnipeg. 
 
 St. Oedcnrode, comm. , Holland. See Slut Oedenrode. 
 
 Salntois, ancient dist., France, now included in dep. Meurthe- 
 et-Moselle. 
 
 St. Ola, vil., Canada, Ontario, Hastings co. , 51 m. from 
 Belleville. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Ola, Scot., Orkney. See Kirkwall and St. Ola. 
 
 St. Olave's stn., Eng., Suffolk, on the G. E. R., 7^ m. SW. 
 Yarmouth. 
 
 St. Onier, comm. and fortified tn. of France, defended by 
 
 Fort Notre Dame, dep. Pas-de-Calais, cap. arr. and 21 m. S. 
 by W. Dunkirk, 22 m. SE. Calais, on the Aa, at the mouth 
 of the canal of Neuf-Foss^e, and on the railway from Arras and 
 Lille to Calais ; has salt and sugar refining, distilleries, oil and 
 soap works, and manufactures pipes. Since the 13th century 
 St. Omer has had important manufactures of cloth. In the 
 7th century St. Omer was a village called Sitkiu, in which St. 
 Omer founded three monasteries, one of which was made the 
 cathedral (12th to 15th century), containing works of art of the 
 Middle Ages and Renaissance. St. Omer was taken by Louis 
 XIV. in 1677. During the first revolution it was called Morin 
 la Montagne ; birthplace of the Abb6 Segur ; near it are exten- 
 sive marshes, whence great quantities of turf are extracted. P. 
 21,700. 
 
 Saintouge, ancient prov., France, cap. Saintes. 
 
 St. Osyth, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 9^ m. SE. Colchester, 
 3J m. W. Clacton-on-Sea stn. , on the site of a priory of the 7th 
 century, PMT.O.; 8992 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Ouen, or St. Owens, par. , on W. ct. of Jersey, Channel 
 Is., PMT.O. (St. Owens). St. Ouen Bay is the wide bay on 
 the W. ct. of the island. 
 
 St. Ouen, tn., France, dep. Somme, 13 m. NW. Amiens, arr. 
 DouUens. P. < 3000. 
 
 St. Ouen-rAumone, vil. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, on the 
 Oise, opposite Pontoise, 17 m. NW. Paris. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Oneu-sur-Seine, tn., France, dep. Seine, arr. and \\ m. 
 SSW. St. Denis, above the r. bk. of the Seine ; flourishing river- 
 port, with docks; various manufactures. P. 21,300. 
 
 St. Ours, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Richelieu co., on the 
 r. bk. of the riv. Richelieu, 35 m. NE. by N. Montreal. 
 
 St. Owens, PMT.O., Jersey. See St. Ouen. 
 
 St. Pacome, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Kamouraska co. , on the 
 riv. Ouellee, 74 m. NE. by E. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Pair, tn. , France, dep. Manche, arr. Avranches, 2^ m. 
 SSE. Granville, on the English Channel ; much resorted to for 
 sea-bathing. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Palais, vil., France, dep. Basses- Pyr^n^s, 18 m. SW. 
 Orthez, arr. Maul^on. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Pancras, pari, bor., Eng., in the NW. of London, 
 divided into N. , S. , E. , and W. divs. St. Pancras and King's 
 Cross stns., the termini, respectively, of the M. R. and the 
 G. N. R. , adjoin one another in the E. div. , about 2 m. NW. 
 by N. St. Paul's; and Enston stn., the terminus of the L. & 
 NW. R., lies in the W. div., 2 m. NW. St. Paul's. King's 
 Cross stn. , on the metropolitan Rly. (Inner Circle), is in the S. 
 div. , close to the termini of the G. N. R. and M. R. P. 234,400. 
 
 St. Pardoux-la-Rlvi^re, vil., France, dep. Dordogne, on 
 the Dronne, 21 m. N. P^rigueux, arr. and 5 m. SE. by E. 
 Nontron ; manganese is mined here. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Pardoux-les-Cards, vil., France, dep. Creuse, arr. and 
 8 m. N. by W. Aubusson ; coal is mined here, and argenti- 
 ferous lead is mined 2 m. to the NW. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Paris, vil., U.S., Ohio, Champaign co., 53 m. W. by N. 
 Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Parlze-le-Ch&tel, vil., France, dep. Nie\Te, arr. and 7 m. 
 S. Nevers ; mineral springs in the vicinity. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Patrick, isl., Bismarck Archipelago, Admiralty group, 
 crossed by 2° 31' S. , 147° 15' E. 
 
 St. Patrick, vil. , Isle of Man, i^ m. S. Peel. 
 
 St. Patrick, vil. , W. Indies, N. ct. of Grenada. 
 
 St. Patrick's, par., Ire., cos. Clare and Limerick, bars. 
 Lower Bunratty and Clanwilliam, partly in city of Limerick ; 
 5232 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Patrick's, electoral div.. Ire., Leitrim, dist. Drumkeeran. 
 
 St. Patricks Channel, inlet, Canada, Nova Scotia, in the 
 middle of Cape Breton I., communicating with the outlet of 
 Bras d'Or Lake. 
 
 St. Patrick's Island, islet, Ire., off the NE. ct. of co. Dublin, 
 2 m. E. Skerries. 
 
 St. Patrlcksrock, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Middle- 
 third, contains part of Cashel town ; 10,562 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Paul, cape, W. ct. of Africa, Gold Coast, on the Gulf of 
 Guinea, in 0° 56' E. 
 
 St. Paul, riv., W. ct. of Africa, Liberia, flows into the 
 Atlantic 7^ m. N. Monrovia ; navigable to Millsburg, about 18 
 m. above its mouth, for vessels drawing 10 ft. Length probably 
 about iQO m. 
 
 St. Paul, isl, Canada, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, N. of 
 Cape Breton. 
 
 St. Paul, vil., Canada, Quebec, Montmagny co., 45 m. E, 
 Q uebec . P. < 1 500. 
 
 St. Paul, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Rimouski co., on the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, in 66° 50' W. 
 
 St. Panl, settlement, Canada, dist. Saskatchewan, on Saskat- 
 chewan R. , 76 m. E. by N. Edmonton. 
 
 St. Panl, vil., France, dep. Basses-Alpes, 63 m. NNW. Nice, 
 arr. and 11 m. NE. by N. Barcelonnette ; slates and anthracite 
 are found here. Has also a sulphur spring ; 2 m. to the NE. 
 are the mineral springs of S^zennes. P. <:20oo. 
 
 St. Paul, volcanic isl., Indian Ocean, in the group of 
 
 1349 
 
S AI N 
 
 SAIN 
 
 and about 37 m. S. New Amsterdam, in 38° 43' S. , 77° 31' E. 
 The island is a large crater, of which the NE. side is sunk into the 
 sea. Length, 3 m. ; greatest breadth, 2 m. Belongs to France. 
 
 St. Paul, tn., isl. of Reunion, on the W. ct. P. 25,600. 
 
 St. Paul, the larger of the Pribilof or Seal Is. , U.S. , Alaska, 12 
 m. by 6-8 m. , headquarters of the North American Commercial 
 Co. Area, 33 sq. m. Mean temp. (6 yrs., 1869-76), yr. 35.0° 
 F. , Feb. 24.4°, Aug. 47.2° ; annual rfall. (5 yrs.), 35 in. 
 
 St. Paul, vil. and port, on the NE. of Kadiak I., U.S., 
 Alaska; headquarters of the Alaska Commercial Co. Mean 
 temp. (2^ yrs., 1869-70, 1872-73), yr. 41.5° F., Feb. 28.0°, Aug. 
 56. 6^ P. 500. 
 
 St^Paul, vil., U.S., Indiana, Decatur co., 11 m, NW. Greens- 
 burg ; has limestone quarries. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Paul, city, U.S., Minnesota, Ramsey co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Mississippi, in 44° 5/ N., E. and adjoining Minneapolis, 
 the centres of the two towns being 10 m. apart. It has rapidly 
 risen to the position of a great commercial city, having been first 
 settled and named by a French priest, Gaultier, who there erected 
 a log-hut in 1841. The town incorporation was made in 1849, 
 when 840 whites and Indians were counted as frequenting the 
 site. The first survey was made in 1855. It owes its rise first 
 of all to its being at the head of continuous navigation on the 
 Mississippi {g'.v.), though its prosperity now depends mainly on 
 its great railway facilities, which have made it the great dis- 
 tributing centre for the great agricultural region of the northern 
 Mississippi basin and the Red River valley. It also carries on 
 various manufactures on a large scale — chiefly those connected 
 with the preparation of agricultural produce for distant markets, 
 and the supply of the necessaries of an agricultural population. 
 Its site is a natural amphitheatre, composed of a series of terraces 
 rising above the river. Alt. 702 ft. (R.R.); signal station, 801 ft. 
 Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 44.0° F., Jan. 12.0°, July 71.8° ; mean 
 rfall. (11 yrs.), 29.76 in. P. (i85o)<isoo; (i860) 10,400; 
 (1870)20,800; (1880)41,500; (1890)133,156. 
 
 St. Paal, city, U.S., Nebraska, Howard co., at the confluence 
 of the N. and S. Loup, 130 m. W. Omaha. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Paul, Sontli, city, U.S., Minnesota, Dakota co. , on S. 
 bank Mississippi, opposite St. Paul. P. <3000. 
 
 St. Paul, West, city adjoining South St. Paul. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Paul-de-Feuonlllet, tn., France, dep. Pyren6es-Orien- 
 tales, arr. and 22 m. WNW. Perpignan ; thermal establishment. 
 Two miles to the N. is the hermitage of St. Antoine-de-Galamus, 
 a place of pilgrimage, in a picturesque situation. P. <3ooo. 
 
 St. Panl de Loanda. See Loanda. 
 
 St. Panl-en-Jarret, or St. Paul-en-Jarez, tn., France, dep. 
 Loire, arr. St. Etienne, 3^ m. SSW. Rive-de-Gier ; manufactures 
 silk and knitting - frames. Coal is mined here. P. < 2000; 
 comm. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 St. Panllen, vil. , France, dep. Haute- Loire, 35 m. SW. by 
 W. St. Etienne, arr. and 7 m. NNW. Le Puy. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Paal-le> Jeane, vil. , France, dep. Ard^che, arr. Largen- 
 ti^re, 8 m. ENE. Besseges ; coal and iron are mined here. P. 
 <2ooo. 
 
 St. Paul Park, vil, U.S., Minnesota, Washington co. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 St. Paul's, riv. , Africa. See St. Panl. 
 
 St. Paul's, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Kent co. , 30 m. 
 from Moncton. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Paul's, stn., Eng., London, near St. Paul's Cathedral, 
 the city terminus of the L. C. & D. R. 
 
 St. Paul's, par., Ire., co. Limerick. See St. Peter's and 
 St. Paul's. 
 
 St. Pauls Bay, river-port and tn. , Canada, Quebec, Charle- 
 voix CO., on the 1. bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, in 70° 31' W. 
 P, <40oo. 
 
 St. Pauls Cray, par., Eng., Kent, Dartford div., on the 
 Cray, 6^ m. SSE. Woolwich, close to St. Mary Cray stn., 
 PMT.O. P. < 1 500. 
 
 St. Paul's Walden, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, Hitchin div. , 
 6^ m. E. Luton, 3^ m. SW. Stevenage stn. 
 
 St. Paul-Trols-Chftteanx, vil., France, dep. Drdme, 16 m. 
 N. by W. Orange, arr. Mont61imar. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. P*, vil., France, dep. H antes- Pyr^ndes, arr. and 7J m. 
 NNW. Argel4s, r. bk. Gave-du-Pau ; argentiferous lead, zinc, 
 copper, and cobalt are mined, and slate and marble are quarried 
 here. P. < 3000. 
 
 St. P6ray, vil., France, dep. Ard^che, on the r. bk. of the 
 Rhone, 47 m. WSW. Grenoble, 3 m. WNW. Valence, arr. 
 Toumon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Peter, par. and vil., Channel Is., Jersey, 4 m. NW. St. 
 Helier, PMT.O. (St. Peters). P.<3000. 
 
 St. Peter, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, in sub-dist. St. Albans, 
 including Tittenhanger, Sleeps Hyde, Wilkins Green, and parts 
 of London Colney and Smallford ; 6673 ac. P. 8300. 
 
 St. Peter, city, U.S., Minnesota, Nicollet co., on the Minne- 
 sota R., 56 m. SW. Minneapolis. P. <:4000. 
 
 St. Peter, Lake, Canada, Quebec, formed by an expansion 
 of the riv. St. Lawrence, just below the confluence of the riv. 
 Richelieu. 
 
 1S50 
 
 St. Peter, Point, cape, Canada, Quebec, Gasp6 co., between 
 Gasp^ and Mai Bavs, in 48° 35' N. 
 
 St. Peter in the Wood, PMT. O. , Eng. , Channel Is. , Guernsey , 
 4j m. SW. St. Peter Port. 
 
 St. Peter Port, tn. and par. , Channel Is. , cap. Guernsey, on 
 the E. ct. , 25 m. from St. Helier. Has a commodious tidal 
 harbour, 70 ac. , 14-42 ft. deep at ordinary spring tides, 6-32 ft. 
 at ordinary neap tides, a floating dock, and building yards. 
 The church is said to be the finest in the islands. There is an 
 excellent fish and general market. On a former island, now 
 connected with the shore Jby a breakwater forming one side of 
 the harbour, is Castle Cornet, and S. of the town is Fort George. 
 P. (par.) 17,000. 
 
 St. Peters, seapt. tn., Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I., 
 Richmond co. , on St. Peters Bay, 44 m. SW. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Peter's, PMT.O., Channel Is. See St. Peter. 
 
 St. Peter's, par., Eng., Kent, Isle of Thanet div., 2 m. N. 
 Ramsgate, close to Broadstairs (g.i/.) stn., PMT.O. P. 5700. 
 
 St. Peter's, stn. , Eng. , in Newcastle, Northumberland, on the 
 NE. R. 
 
 St. Peter's, par., Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. S. Athlone ; 
 7393 ac. P. < 5000. 
 
 St. Peter's, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Forth. P. -<75o. 
 
 St. Peters, municip., New South Wales, suburb and 4 m. 
 S.Sydney. P. < 5000. 
 
 St. Peter's and St. Paul's, par., Ire., co. Limerick, bar. 
 and containing town of Kilmallock ; 4074 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Peters Bay, Canada, Nova Scotia, on SE. of Cape 
 Breton I., connected by St. Peters Canal (J m. long, 18 ft. 
 deep on sill at lowest water, extreme rise and fall of tide 4 ft. ) 
 with Bras d'Or Lake, the large irregular sea-inlet in the interior 
 of Cape Breton. 
 
 St. Peters Bay, narrow inlet, Canada, Prince Edward Island, 
 on the N. ct. of King's co. 
 
 St. Petersburg, a govt, of NW. Russia, at the head of the 
 Gulf of Finland, has Finland and Olonets on N., Esthonia and 
 Livonia on W. , and Novgorod and Pskov on E. and S. ; hilly 
 on Finland border, flat and marshy elsewhere, with the excep- 
 tion of a plateau in the S. having 300 to 550 ft. alt. (Duderhof 
 Hills). Silurian and Devonian rocks, covered with the bottom- 
 moraine of Scandinavian and Finnish ice-sleet. Touches for 
 130 m. the Gulf of Finland, which has the Bays of Kronstadt, 
 Koporiye, Luga, and Narva ; Lake Ladoga in the E. Chief 
 rivers, Neva, Luga, and Narva, which enter the Gulf of Finland, 
 and Volkhov, Syas, and Svir, tribs. of Lake Ladoga, con- 
 nected by canals with tribs. of the Volga. The population 
 (apart from the cap.) is mostly Russian, but contains 15 per 
 cent. Finns, nearly 2 per cent. Germans, and 0.5 per cent. 
 Esthonians. Some agriculture and cattle-breeding. Large 
 manufactures (cottons, silks, paper, ironware, and machinery) 
 in the dists. of St. Petersburg, Tsarskoye Selo, and Yamburg. 
 Divided into eight dists. : St. Petersburg, Gdov, Luga, Novaya, 
 Ladoga, Peterhof, Schliisselburg, and Yamburg, all small towns. 
 The towns Gachina, Narva, Oranienbaum, and Pavlovsk, and 
 the villages Okhta, Kolpino, Pulkovo, and Krasnoye Selo are 
 suburban towns. Kronstadt and the capital form separate 
 governorships. Area, 20,760 sq. m. P. (1890) 1,688,200. 
 
 St. Petersburg, cap. of the Russian Empire, situated at the 
 head of the Gulf of Finland, at the mouth of the Neva, which 
 flows from Lake Ladoga, attains a width of 400-650 yds. , and 
 a depth of 59 ft. , and discharges 1,750,000 cubic ft. per second. 
 Before entering the Gulf of Finland the Neva divides into 
 several branches, and forms several islands — the Vasilievskiy 
 Ostrov, between the Great and the Little Neva, the Peterburgskiy 
 Ostrov, between the Little Neva and the Great Nevka, which 
 subdivides in its turn into Little and Middle Nevkas and the 
 Karpovka, forming the islands Elagin, Krestovskiy, Kamennyi, 
 and Aptekarskiy. Smaller branches of the Great and Little 
 Nevas form the islands Petrovskiy, Golodai, and several smaller 
 ones. A new canal, 22 ft. deep, which permits ships to avoid 
 the shallow bar at the mouth of the Neva, has been dug out in 
 the S. of the Neva's main branch, now forming to Gutuiev I.; 
 it has a good harbour for fifty large ships. The channels or 
 rivs. Moika and Fontanka have been canalised, and the canals 
 Catherine, Ligovskiy, and Obvodnyi run through or round St. 
 Petersburg, partly as channels for allowing lighter vessels to 
 circulate in town, and partly for taking the surplus of water 
 which accumulates in the Neva, under the western gales, and 
 has caused widespread inundations. The Neva freezes for an 
 average of 147 days every year, to which several more days 
 must be added when it carries the ice from Lake Ladoga. The 
 climate of St. P. is very variable, moist, and unhealthy, sharp 
 frosts being followed by thaw, and changes of 35° F. taking place 
 in 24 hours. The average temps, are : yr. 38.6° F. , Jan. 15.4°, 
 July 64.0°; yearly rfall. , 18.8 in.; yearly number of rainy and 
 snowy days, 151 ; average relative humidity. Si. The bulk of 
 St. P. is on the 1. bk. of the Neva, which is confined by a 
 granite embankment bordered by palaces. The centre of the 
 city is the Admiralty, close by which stand the Winter Palace, 
 the art galleries of the Hermitage, the buildings of the general 
 
S A I N — SAIN 
 
 staff, the cathedral of St. Isaak, the statue of Peter I. , and the 
 Senate, and from which radiate three main thoroughfares inter- 
 sected by three girdles of canals. The Vasilievskiy I. has the 
 E.xchange, the academies of art and science with its observatory 
 (S9° 56' o" N., 30"^ 19' 40" E. ), the university, the philological, 
 navy, and mining high schools, and the central meteorological 
 observatory. The Peterburgskiy I. has the fortress of St. 
 Peter and Paul, which contains the mint and a cathedral 
 where the emperors and the imperial family are buried. 
 The Apothecaries I. has a beautiful botanical garden ; and the 
 other islands, as well as the suburbs of Novaya Derevnya, 
 Polustrovo, Kusheleva, &c. , are occupied by parks, gardens, 
 and villas [dachis), to which the population of the cap. repairs 
 in the summer. The r. bk. of the Neva is occupied by ' the 
 Viborg Side,' which contains the medical academy, large hospi- 
 tals, and various dependencies of the artillery administration, 
 and the vils. Great and Little Okhta ; while the promontory of 
 the 1. bk. , formed by a bend of the Neva, is occupied by all sorts 
 of storehouses and timber yards. St. P. is very well provided 
 with scientific and educational institutions, as well as art galleries 
 and museums, and is the seat of very many scientific and art 
 societies. Its public library is only second to the British 
 Museum and the Bibliotheque Nationale ; and there are besides 
 very valuable libraries at the academy of science, the univer- 
 sity, the musical conservatory, the hydrographical department, 
 and in all scientific societies ; the same with museums of art, 
 natural science, and technics. St. P. and its neighbourhoods 
 are the seat of many industries, the annual production of which 
 is valued at ^^14, 400,000, textiles, paper, sugar, leather, tobacco, 
 copper, iron goods and machinery, gum wares, and clothing 
 being among the most important. For e.xternal trade St. P. 
 is the chief port of Russia, Cronstadt and St. P. being 
 visited every year by over 2000 ships, and 700 ships for 
 coasting trade. The exports attain from ^^8-9,000,000, and 
 the imports have nearly the same value. Four main lines 
 of railways radiate from St. P.: along the N. ct. of the Gulf 
 of Finland, with branches all over Finland ; on the S. ct. of 
 the same gulf to Baltischport ; SW. to Riga and Warsaw ; 
 and SE. to Moscow and upper Volga. Three other rail- 
 ways connect the cap. with Lake Ladoga and the suburban 
 towns. St, P. has its municipal institutions, much hampered, 
 however, by the Governor-General and the Prefect ot Police 
 (yearly income about ;^6oo,ooo). It is at the same time 
 the cap. of the govt, and of the dist. of St. P. Several fine 
 imperial palaces and parks are scattered in the SW. of the 
 cap.: Tsarskoye Selo, Peterhof, Pavlovsk, Oranienbaum. Pul- 
 kovo, on a hill 5 m. S. of the cap. , is the seat of a well-known 
 observatory. The population contains 10 per cent, of Protes- 
 tants, chiefly Germans and Finns, 3 per cent, of Roman Catholics, 
 and 2 per cent, of Jews, the remainder belonging to the Greek 
 Orthodox Church. Area 21,1-95 ^'^■< out of which 1330 ac. are 
 under water. P. (1737) 70,000 ; (1800) 220,208 ; (1869) 667,026 ; 
 (1892, with suburbs) 1,035,439. 
 
 St. Petersburg, seapt., U.S., Florida, Hillsboro co., on W. 
 side of Tampa Bay (Gulf of Mexico), in 27° 47' N. ; connected 
 by rail with the phosphate area of the state. Safe anchorage. 
 Vessels drawing 15-18 ft. can reach and lie alongside the wharf 
 at mean tides. 
 
 St. Petersburg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Clarion co., 51 
 m. NNE. Pittsburg ; has oil wells and natural gas. Mean temp. 
 (15 yrs.), yr. 38.7° F., Feb. 16.5°, July 63.7°. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 St. Peter's, Newborongh, Wales. See Newborongh, 
 St. Peter's. 
 
 St. Peter Tavy, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 12 
 m. ESE. Launceston, ij m. SSE. Marytavy stn. ; 9460 ac. P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 St. Petrox, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3 m. S. by W. 
 Pembroke. P. <2So. See Stackpole EUdor. 
 
 St. PIillbert><le-Grandllen, vil. , France, dep. Loire-Inffiri- 
 eure, arr. and 13 m. SSW. Nantes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St.PhlUbert-de-Pont-Cbarranlt, vil., France, dep. Vendue, 
 arr. and 24 m. E. La Roche-sur-Yon ; coal mined here. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 St. Philippe, vil., Canada, Quebec, Argenteuil co., 44 m. W. 
 by N. Montreal, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Pblllppe, tn., isl. of Reunion, on the SE. ct. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 St. Pie, vil., Canada, Quebec, Bagot co., on the riv. Noire, 
 33 m. E. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Pierre, isl. , Atlantic, one of a group belonging to France 
 off the S. ct. of Newfoundland, in 56° 6'-23' W., frequented as 
 a cod-fishing station ; several submarine cables which cross the 
 Atlantic touch here. The town, also called St. P., has been 
 partly burnt down three times— in 1865, 1867, and 1879. The 
 tidal harbour is 15^ ft. deep at entrance, 18 ft. deep alongside 
 quays at high water ordinary spring tides, g\ ft. at low water. 
 The roadstead, 2 m. long, affords excellent anchorage in 7-15 
 fathoms; 155 ft. of water on bar at ordinary spring tides high 
 water. P. <3ooo; in the fishing season, 15,000. The colony 
 of St. Pierre et IMlqu^lou was recognised as belonging to 
 France in the treaty of Paris in 1763, and although several 
 
 times taken by the British since, has always been restored after 
 a short interval. Area of colony, 81 sq. m. P. (census, Nov. 
 1887) 5900. 
 
 St. Pierre, vil., Canada, Quebec, Montmagny co., on the 
 Riviere du Sud, 32 m. E. by N. Quebec. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Pierre, part of par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire. See Mathern 
 and Portskewett. 
 
 St. Pierre, tn., isl. of Reunion, on the SW. ct. P. 24,500. 
 
 St. Pierre, seapt. tn. , W. Indies, on W. ct. of Martinique I., 
 on sloping ground backed by a hill, which rises like a wall 
 between the town and the trade (E. ) winds; lighthouse. St. 
 Pierre is the commercial cap. of the island, but the port has 
 only an open roadstead. P. 20,000. 
 
 St. Pierre an Vrach, rock, Channel Is. , 2 m. SW. Alderney. 
 
 St. Plerre-d'Alblgny, vil., France, dep. Savoie, arr. and 11 
 m. E. Chamb^ry ; iron-mines. P. 3000. 
 
 St. Plerre-d'Allevard, vil., France, dep. Isere, arr. and 20 
 m.NE. Grenoble ; iron is mined here. P. 2000 ; comm. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 St. Plerre-d'Argenson, vil. , France, dep. Hautes-Alpes, arr. 
 and 19 m. W. by S. Gap. 
 
 St. Plerre-de-Cbartrense, tn. , France, dep. Is^re, arr. and 
 12 m. N. Grenoble; in the NE., near the Saulce ridge, is a 
 spring of bicarbonated soda. Two miles NW. is the celebrated 
 convent of Grande Chartreuse. P. -<2ooo. See Chartreuse. 
 
 St. Plerre-d'Oleron, vil. , France, lie d'Oleron, dep. Charente- 
 Inf^rieure, arr. Marennes, 17 m. W. Rochefort. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Plerre-d'Orleans, isl. , Canada, Quebec, Isle of Orleans, 
 7^ m. NE. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Plerre-i:gllse, vil. , France, dep. Manche, arr. and 10 m. 
 E. by N. Cherbourg. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Plerre-le-Chastel, vil., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. 
 and 17 m. WSW. Riom ; argentiferous galena is mined here. 
 
 P.<2000. 
 
 St. Plerre-le-Moutler, tn. , France, dep. Nievre, arr. and 14 
 m. S. by W. Nevers ; strongly fortified in the Middle Ages. 
 Taken from the English by Jeanne d'Arc, 1429. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 St. Pierre les Becqnets, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Nico- 
 let CO., on the r. bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, 54 m. WSW. 
 Quebec. 
 
 St. Plerre-1^8-€alals, ancient comm., France, dep. Pas-de- 
 Calais; reunited, 1885, to Calais (q.v.). P. 59,000. 
 
 St. Plerre-l^s-Elbenf, tn. , France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, 
 arr. and 3 m. SE. by E. Elbeuf ; manufactures cloth. P. <400o. 
 
 St. Plerre-Qnllblgnon, vil. , France, dep. Finistere, arr. 
 and 2 m. W. Brest ; small port and roadstead ; has sea-bathing. 
 P. <2ooo ; with comm. P. 8000. 
 
 St, Plerre-snr-DlTes, vil., France, dep. Calvados, 12 m. 
 NE. Falaise, arr. Lisieux. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Plerrevllle, vil., France, dep. Ard^che, 50 m. NNW. 
 Orange, arr. and 8 m. NW. Privas. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Plniiock, par. , Eng., Cornwall, Bodmin div., 8| m. E. 
 by S. Bodmin, i| ni. SSE. Doublebois stn. P. <:50o. 
 
 St. Placlde, vil., Canada, Quebec, co. and on Lake Two 
 Mountains (riv. Ottawa), 31 m. W. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Pols, vil., France, dep. Manche, arr. Mortain, 16 m. W. 
 Tinchebrai. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Pol, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and i m. W. Dunkirk. 
 P. <:4ooo. 
 
 St. Pol, tn., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, 20 m. WNW. 
 Arras, cap. arr. ; has a ferruginous mineral spring ; tobacco 
 market. The town wasdestroyed by Charles V. , 1537. P. <4COo. 
 
 St. Pol-de-L^on, tn., France, dep. Finistere, on the N. ct., 
 31 m. NE. Brest, arr. and 10 m. NW. Morlaix; has a small 
 trading and fishing port, called Penponl. The cathedral was 
 built in the 12th to 15th centuries. The bishopric, founded in 
 the 6th century, was suppressed in 1790. P. <300o. 
 
 St. Pons, tn., France, dep. H6rault, 25 m. WNW. B^ziers, 
 cap. arr.; has iron-mines, marble quarries, and tanning. The 
 town owes its origin to a Benedictine abbey, founded 936. Alt. 
 1037 ft. P. <3ooo. 
 
 St. Porchalre, vil. , France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, 13 m. 
 SE. Rochefort, arr. and 8 m. NW. Saintes. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Porchalre, vil., France, dep. Deux-Sevres, arr. and 2| 
 m. NE. Bressuire. The manufacture of common pottery has 
 replaced that of artistic design, which was celebrated in the i6th 
 and 17th centuries. P. (comm. ) < 2000. 
 
 St. Pourcaln, tn. , France, dep. Allier, on the Sioule, 33 m. 
 E. Montlu96n, arr. Gannat. P. < 4000. 
 
 St. Prlest-en- Jarr^t, or St. PHest-en- Jarez, tn. , France, 
 dep. Loire, arr. and 2J m. N. St. Etienne ; coal is mined here. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 St. Prime, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Chicoutimi co., 134 
 m. NNW. Quebec, 4 m. from Lake St. John. 
 
 St. Prlvat, vil, France, dep. Correze, 66 m. SW. Clermont- 
 Ferrand, arr. Tulle, 14 m. WSW. Mauriac. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Quay^ tn., France, dep. C6tes du Nord, arr. St. Brieuc, 
 2 m. N. Etables ; has sea-bathing. Two chapels here are 
 resorted to by pilgrims. P. <3000. 
 
 St. Queutln, the ancient Augusta Veromanduorum, tn. , 
 France, dep. Aisne, 23 m. S. Cambrai, cap. arr. This town is 
 
 1351 
 
SAIN — SAIN 
 
 called the Manchester of France ; manufactures cotton, woollen, 
 and woollen and silk goods, embroidery, and especially ' jaconet,' 
 a fabric between cambric and muslin ; sugar-refining is also 
 carried on. The church dates from the 13th to 15th centuries. 
 The pointed Gothic hotel-de-ville was built, 1331-1509 ; has 
 two museums. The town was the cap. of the ancient Vero- 
 mandui. The bishopric was transferred to Noyon in 531 or 
 532. The manufacture of cloth has been carried on here since 
 the loth century. Here Philip II. of Spain cut to pieces the 
 army sent by Henri II. to succour the town, on St. Laurence's 
 Day, loth August 1557. Capitulated to the Prussians, 1870. 
 Birthplace of Quentin Delatour and Henri Martin. P. 44,200. 
 
 St. Qneutln, vil., France, dep. Isere, arr. and 15 m. NE. 
 Vienne ; iron is mined here. P. <20oo. 
 St. Qneutln, isl., Pacific. See Heraikl. 
 St. Qnlntln Park and Wormwood Scrnbbs, stn., Eng., 
 London, on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 St. QuItox, par., Scot., S. Ayrshire, 2^ m. ENE. Ayr, close 
 to Auchincruive stn. ; 4876 ac. P. 7700. 
 
 St. Rambert, tn. , France, dep. Ain, 35 m. NW. Chamb^ry, 
 arr. Belley ; iron is mined here. P. <:3000. 
 
 St. Rambert, vil., France, dep., Loire, on the Loire, arr. 
 Montbrison, 9 m. NW. by W. St. Etienne. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Raphael, tn. , France, dep. Var, on the S. ct. , arr. and 
 2 m. E. by S. Fr^jus ; small fishing port, with a fine beach, 
 frequented for bathing ; St. Raphael is a winter resort ; 2 m. 
 NNE. , in the valley of the Garonne, is the village of Valescure, 
 a summer resort ; and on the coast, 2 m. E. St. Raphael, is La 
 Boulerie, or Boulouris, a new winter resort. Birthplace of the 
 Abb6 Si^yes. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 St. Rapbael West, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Glengarry co. , 57 
 m. WSW. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Raymond, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Portneuf co. , on the 
 riv. Ste. Anne, 30 m. W. by N. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Regis, Indian vil. , Canada, Quebec, Huntingdon co. , on 
 r. bk. of the St. Lawrence, 6 m. SE. Cornwall. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Regis, riv., U.S., New York, in the NE., trib. of the St. 
 Lawrence, which it joins on the r. bk. in about 74° 35' W. 
 
 St. Regis Falls, vil., U.S., New York, Franklin co., on St. 
 Regis R. , 10 m. S. Moirs stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Reml, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Napierville co. , 20 m. S. by 
 W. Montreal, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Remy, tn. , France, dep. Bouches-du-Rhone, 11 m. S. 
 Avignon, arr. Aries ; J m. S. are the ruins of the Roman town 
 Glanum Livii, destroyed by the Visigoths, 480. Birthplace of 
 Nostradamus, the astrologer, died 1566. P. <4000. 
 
 St. R^my, vil., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 26 m. E. by N. 
 Clermont-Ferrand, arr. and 3 m. NE. Thiers. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Remy-en-Bonzemont, vil., France, dep. Marne, 25 m. 
 WSW. Bar-le-Duc, arr. and 7 m. SSE. Vitry-le-Fran9ois. P. 
 <:2O0o. 
 
 St. R«nan, viL , France, dep. Finist^re, arr. and 7 m. WNW. 
 Brest. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Robert, vil., Canada, Quebec, Richelieu co., 35 m. SW. 
 Three Rivers. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 St. Robert's CaTe, ancient hermitage, Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, near Knaresborough and the riv. Nidd. 
 
 St. Rocb-des-Anlnales, vil., Canada, Quebec, LTslet co. , 
 on the r. bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, in 70° 8' W. P. < 1500. 
 St. Rollox, stn. , on the C. R. , Scot. , Glasgow. 
 St. Romaln-de-Colbose, vil. , France, dep. Seine-Inf6rieure, 
 arr. and 11^ m. E. by N. Havre. P. <;2000. 
 
 St. Rome-de-Tam, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, on the Tarn, 
 
 39 m. E. by N. Albi, arr. and 7 m. N. St. Affrique. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Saens, vil., France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, on the Varenne, 
 
 19 m. NNE. Rouen, arr. and 8 m. SW. by W. Neufchatel. 
 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Sampson, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 7\ra. SSE. Bod- 
 rain, on the r. bk. of the riv. Fowey, i^ m. N. Fowey. P. <50o. 
 St. Sampson's, tn. and par., Guernsey, Channel Is., 2 m. 
 N. St. Peter's Port ; has trade in stone. The tidal harbour is 
 sheltered by a breakwater 650 ft. long, and is 11-23 ft. deep at 
 high water ordinary spring tides, 3-15 ft. at ordinary neap tides. 
 The church dates from the 12th century. PMT.O. 
 
 St. Saphorln, vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, on the N. side of 
 Lake Leman, 8 m. ESE. Lausanne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Satnr, tn., France, dep. Cher, arr. and \ m. NE. San- 
 cerre, on 1. bk. of the Loire. The port (St. Thlbant) trades in 
 freestone, slate, wines, and wood. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Sanlge, vil., France, dep. Ni^vre, arr. and 18 m. ENE. 
 Nevers. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Saalve, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and i m. NE. 
 Valenciennes ; coal is mined here ; manufactures chicory. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 St. Sanves, vil., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Issoire, 22 
 m. SW. Clermont-Ferrand, just above the source of the Dor- 
 dogne ; sulphuretted antimony is mined here. P. < 1000 ; 
 comm. P. < 3000. 
 
 St. Sanvenr, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 9 m, S. Ouden- 
 arde. P. < 3000, 
 1352 
 
 St. Sanvenr, vil., France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n^es, arr. Argel^s, 
 J m. SSW. Luz, and 25 m. S. by W. Tarbes ; has a large thermal 
 establishment, with two sulphuretted soda springs ; near by are 
 three ferruginous springs. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Sanrear • des - Ponrclls, vil., France, dep. Gard, arr. 
 Vigan, 20 m. E. by N. Millau, in the C6vennes ; rich mines of 
 sulphuretted argentiferous lead and copper pyrites. Here is 
 the grotto of Bramabiau or Bramabiaou, in which the ' Waters 
 of Happiness' disappear. P. (comm. )< 2000. 
 
 St. Sanreor - en • Palsaye, vil., France, dep. Yonne, arr, 
 Auxerres, 44 m. N. Nevers. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Sanvenr-Leudelln, vil., France, dep. Manche, on the 
 Taute, 22 m. NNE. Granville, arr. and 6 m. N. by E. Coutances. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 St. SauTenr-le - Vleomte, tn., France, dep. Manche, arr. 
 Valognes, on the Douve, 18 m. S. by E. Cherbourg. P. < 2000. 
 St. SaTln, vil., France, dep. Gironde, 22 m. N. by E. Bor- 
 deaux, arr. and 10 m. E. Blaye. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. SaTln, or St. SaTln-snr-Gartempe, vil., France, dep. 
 Vienne, arr. Montmorillon, 25 m. E. Poitiers, 10 m. WSW. Le 
 Blanc. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Savlnlen, vil., France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, on the 
 r. bk. of the Charente, 15 m. E. by S. Rochefort, arr. and 9 m. 
 WSW. St. Jean-d'Ang61y. P. < 2000. 
 
 St, Scbolastlqne, vil., Canada, Quebec, Two Mountains 
 CO., 28 m. WNW. Montreal. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 St. Sebastian, bay, Cape Colony, on the S. ct. , in about 
 21° E. 
 
 St. Sebastlen, comm. , Spain. See San Sebastian, 
 St, Sebastleu-d'AlgrefenlJle, vil., France, dep. Gard, arr. 
 and 5 m. W. by S. Alais ; argentiferous lead and iron pyrites 
 are mined here. P. (comm. )< 2000. 
 
 St, Selne-l'Abbaye, vil., France, dep. Cote d'Or, arr. and 15 
 m. NW. by W. Dijon. P. < 2000. 
 
 St, Selskar's, par., Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Forth. P. <20oo. 
 St, Serrs Island, islet, Scot., Kinross-shire, in Loch Leven. 
 St, Sernln, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, on the Ranee, arr. 
 St. Affrique, 23 m. E. by S. Albi. P. <:20oo. 
 
 St. Sernln-du-PIaln, tn., France, dep. Saone-et- Loire, arr. 
 and 15 m. ESE. Autun ; iron is mined here. P. <;20oo. 
 
 St. Serrals, comm., Belgium, prov., arr., and 2 m. NW. 
 Namur. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 St, Servan, tn., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, on the N. ct., 
 arr. and adjoining the town of St. Malo (q.v.) on the S. P. 
 9700. 
 
 St, Servant, vil., France, dep. Morbihan, arr. Ploermel, 19 
 m. NNE. Vannes ; tin is mined here. P. < 2000. 
 
 St, Sever, vil. , France, dep. Calvados, 16 m. WNW. Tinche- 
 brai, arr. and 7 m. W. Vire. P. <:20oo. 
 
 St, Sever, tn., France, dep. Landes, on the Adour, 21 m. 
 NE. by N. Orthez, 10 m. SSW. Mont de Marsan, cap. arr. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 St, Simon, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Bagot co. , on the r. bk. of 
 the riv. Yamaska, and a railway, 39 m. ENE. Montreal. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 St, Simon, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Rimouski co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the riv. St. Lawrence, in 69° 2' W. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Simon, vil. , France, dep. Aisne, arr. and 9 m. SW. by 
 S. St. Quentin. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Simon, vil., France, dep. Savoie, arr. Chamb^ry, i m. 
 N. Aix-les- Bains ; has an alkaline magnesian spring. P. <20oo. 
 St. Simon's Island, isl., U.S., Georgia, forming part of 
 Glynn co. , with lighthouse, in 31° 8' N., visible 16 m. 
 
 St, Simon's Sound, bay, U.S., Georgia, Glynn co., 66 m. 
 S. by W. Savannah. 
 
 Saints Island, Ire. , in the S. of co. Donegal, in Lough Derg. 
 Saints Island, Ire., in the NE. of Lough Ree, in the SW. 
 of CO. Longford. 
 
 St, Sonplet, or Sonplet, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 
 16 m. SE. Cambrai. P. < 3000. 
 
 St, Stephen, seapt. tn. and port of entry, Canada, New 
 Brunswick, Charlotte co. , at the head of navigation on the riv. 
 St. Croix, 60 m. W. St. John. P. <3000. 
 
 St. Stephen, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, div. and i m. W. 
 by S. St. Albans. P.O. (St. Stephen's) ; 7387 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Stephen Docks, part of eccles. par., Eng., Monmouth- 
 shire. See Plllgwenlly. 
 
 St, Stephen In the Banks, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire. 
 Same as Banks, 
 
 St, Stephens, par., Eng., Cornwall, Bodmin div., on the r. 
 bk. of the riv. Taniar, 4 m. NW. by W. Plymouth, adjoining 
 Saltash on the S. P. < 2000. 
 
 St, Stephens, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and adjoining 
 Launceston on the N. ; 5639 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 St, Stephens In Brannel, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, St. Austell 
 div., 9 m. NE. by E. Truro, 2^ m. W. by N. BurnguUow stn., 
 PMT.O. (St, Stephens) ; 9292 ac. P. <40oo. 
 
 St, Snllac, vil. , France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, arr. and 5 m. 
 SSE. St. Malo, on r. bk. of the Ranee ; famous for its oysters. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
S AI N — S AI N 
 
 St. Snlptce, vil., Canada, Quebec, L'Assomption co. , 24 m. 
 from Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Sulplce, comm., Switzd., cant. Vaud, on the N. side of 
 Lake Leman, 4 ra. WSW. Lausanne. Alt. 2475 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Snlplce-les-Cliaiups, vil., France, dep. Creuse, 37 m. 
 SW. by W. Montlu9on, arr. and 8 m. WNW. Aubusson. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Siilplice-les-Fenllles, vil., France, dep. Haute- Vienne, 
 arr. Bellac, 35 m. N. by E. Limoges. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Sunday Beck, riv. , Eng., Westmorland, Kendal div. , 
 flowing into the W. side of the estuary of the Kent, Morecambe 
 Bay. 
 
 St. Sylvestre, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Lotbiniere co. , 33 m. 
 S. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Synipliorlen, vil., France, dep. Gironde, arr. Bazas, 29 
 m. S. Bordeaux. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Sympliorien, tn. , France, dep. Rhone, 15 m. N. by E. 
 St. Etienne, arr. Lyons, P. <30oo. 
 
 St. Syuipliorlen-de-Lay, vil., France, dep. Loire, arr. and 
 9 m. SE. Roanne. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Sympliorlen-d'Ozon, vil., France, dep. Isere, 9 m. SSE. 
 Lyons, arr. Vienne. P. •<20oo. 
 
 St. Tauiniany, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, in the angle 
 between Lake Pontchartrain and the E. frontier (Pearl R.). 
 
 St. Teatli, par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 8^ m. N. 
 Bodmin, 3 m. SW. Camelford, PM.O. ; 5905 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Tliecle, vil., Canada, Quebec, Champlain co., 65 m. W. 
 Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Thegonnec, vil. , France, dep. Finist&:e, 27 m. E. by N. 
 Brest, arr. and 7 m. SW. Morlai.x. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Tlt^odnle Pass. See Alps, Passes, III. (i). 
 
 St. Tli^r^se de BlainvlUe, vil., Canada, Quebec, Terre- 
 bonne CO., 17 m. NW. by W. Montreal ; a railway junction. P. 
 <:i5oo. 
 
 St. Tlilbaut, port, France. See St. Satar. 
 
 St. Thoiuas, vil. , Canada. See Montinagiiy. 
 
 St. Tlioiims, vil. , Canada. See Plerrevllle. 
 
 St. Thoma.4, city, Canada, Ontario, cap. Elgin co., 14 m. S. 
 by E. London, an important railway centre ; has various fac- 
 tories, and car-building is largely carried on. P. (1881) 8400; 
 (1891) 10,370. 
 
 St. Thomas, stn. , Eng. , Devonshire, on the G. W. R. , i m. 
 W. Exeter. 
 
 St. Thomas, settlement, U.S., N. E>akota, co. and 27m. SSW, 
 Pembina. 
 
 St. Thomas, or Sao Thom^, isl., Portuguese W. Africa, on 
 the Gulf of Guinea, in 0° 2'-o° 30' N. , is of volcanic origin, and 
 characterised by deep narrow valleys, which, traversed by many 
 torrents, descend to the coast. The heat is tempered by the 
 equatorial ocean-current, and the island has more rain than the 
 neighbouring mainland. The island is covered by luxurious 
 vegetation; chief products, sugar-cane, coffee, cacao, and vanilla. 
 The highest point is the Pico de Sao Thom6, alt. 7028 ft. The 
 cap., Cidade de Sao Thom6, on the NE. ct. , has a small, well- 
 sheltered port. The island was discovered by the Portuguese, 
 1470 ; suffered much at the hands of the Dutch, English, and 
 French. Length, 32 m.; breadth, 21 m. ; area, 359 sq. m. P. 
 18,300. 
 
 St. Thomas, quarter of Jamaica, W. Indies, Surrey co., cap. 
 Morant. P. 36,000. 
 
 St. Thomas, Danish isl. , W. Indies, one of the Virgin group, 
 in 18° 20' N. , crossed in the W. by 65° W. Mean temp. (11 yrs. , 
 1870-82), yr. 77.5° F. , Jan. 78.4°, July 75.0°. 
 
 St. Thomas Heail, cape, Eng., Somerset, 3 m. N. Weston- 
 super-Mare. 
 
 St. Thomas In the Cllflfe, small tn. and par. , Eng. , Sussex, 
 an E. suburb of Lewes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Thomas' Monnt, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, Chengalpat 
 dist., 7^ m. SW. government house, Madras, is an important 
 military station, with exceptionally good health. The ' Mount ' 
 is 220 ft. high, and overlooks the cantonment. On the summit 
 is an old Portuguese church, on the spot where, in 1547, the Portu- 
 guese discovered the celebrated Mount Cross, whose date is pro- 
 bably about the 8th century. P. 13,100 ; Hindus, 9600. 
 
 St. Thomas Street and St. Thomas the Apostle, two adjoin- 
 ing pars., Eng., Cornwall, the former wholly, the latter partly, 
 in the bor. of Launceston. St. Thomas Street, P. < 1000; St. 
 Thomas the Apostle, P. <;soo. 
 
 St. Thom*^, suburb of Madras, India. See Nylapnr. 
 
 St. Tierney, electoral div., Ire., Monaghan, dist. Rosslea. 
 
 St. Tlte, vil., Canada, Quebec, Champlain co. , on the Riviere 
 des Envies, 68 m. W. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Trlvter-de-Conrtes, vil., France, dep. Ain, on the Reys- 
 souse, arr. Bourg, 25 m. SSE. Chilon-sur-Saone. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Trivier-sur-9Ioignans, vil., France, dep. Ain, arr. Tr^ 
 voux, 22 m. N. by E. Lyons. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Trond, or St. Tronyden, Flemish Slut Trnyden, comm. , 
 Belgium, prov. Limbourg, 11 m. E. Tirlemont, 21 m. NW. by 
 W. Liege, arr. Hasselt ; manufactures hats and lace. The town 
 was founded in 655, and a Benedictine abbey was founded here at 
 
 the beginning of the 8th century, whose abb^ was a prince of the 
 empire ; it was devastated by the Comte de la Marck in i486, and 
 suppressed at the end of the i8th century. The town was burnt 
 by the Normans in 882 and 891, and by the Bishop of Li^ge in 
 1084. Charles le T6m6raire, duke of Burgundy, destroyed the 
 fortifications in 1467, and the Prince of Orange completely devas- 
 tated it in 1568. It was occupied by the French in] 1672, 1676, 
 1746, 1792, and 1794. P. 13,900. 
 
 St. Tropez, tn. , France, dep. Var, on the S. side of the Gulf 
 of St. Tropez, 13 m. SSW. Fr^jus, arr. Draguignan ; has a small 
 trading and fishing port exposed to the mistral, and has sea- 
 bathing. Birthplace of General Allard, who organised the Sikhs 
 against the English in 1839. P. <;40oo. Cape St. Tropez is 3 m. 
 to the E. The Unit of St. Tropez is between Cape des Issam- 
 bres on the NNE. , and Cape St. Pierre to the SSW., is 2^ m. 
 wide at mouth, and has a basin with an area of about 8 sq. m. 
 
 St. Tronyden, Belgium. See St. Trond. 
 
 St. Tndwal's Islands, Wales, off the E. ct. of Carnarvonshire, 
 in 52° 48' N.; has a lighthouse. 
 
 St. Tady, par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 6 m. N. 
 Bodmin, PM.O. P.<75o. 
 
 St. Tndy, tie de, isl., France. See Grolx. 
 
 St. Twlnell, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3^ m. SW. by S. 
 Pembroke. P. <:25o. See Warren. 
 
 St. Ilbalde, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Portneuf co. , 53 m. W. 
 Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. rbes, an English form of Setubal (g'.v.), Portugal; 
 apparently a fancy name and a fancy saint, invented to account 
 for the sailors' corruption of St. Ives. 
 
 St. IJrbaln, vil., Canada, Quebec, Charlevoix co., 62 m. NE. 
 by N. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Vrsanne, or Sankt Ursltz, comm., Switzd., cant. Bern, 
 on the Doubs, 24 m. SW. by W. Basel. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Vaast, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 13 m. W. by N. 
 Charleroi. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Vaast, vil., France, dep. Nord, arr. and i m. W. Valen- 
 ciennes; coal is mined here. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Yaast-de-la-Hongne, seapt. , France, dep. Manche, on 
 the N. ct., 16 m. E. by S. Cherbourg, arr. Valognes ; has a 
 fishing- port on the coast of Tatihou, a fortified island about i 
 m. E. , where also is a zoological laboratory connected with the 
 museum of Paris. P. <3ooo. 
 
 St. Valentin, vil., Canada, Quebec, St. John's co., on the 1. 
 bk. of the Richelieu, 32 m. SSE. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Valery-en-Caux, seapt., France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, 
 on the NW. ct., 17 m. W. by S. Dieppe, arr. Yvetot ; has a 
 fishing-port ; sea-bathing. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 St. Valery-snr-Somme, seapt., France, dep. Somme, on the 
 Somme, 31 m. NE. by E. Dieppe, arr. Abbeville ; has a fishing- 
 port, which flourished in the 9th century. Hence WiUiam of 
 Normandy finally set sail for the conquest of England in 1066. 
 Has a chapel which attracts many pilgrims. Sea-bathing. The 
 canal to Abbeville is 16 ft. deep at the sea end at spring tides, 
 9.4 ft. at neap tides. P. <:40oo. 
 
 St. Valier, vil., Canada, Quebec, Bellechasse co. , on the r. 
 bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, 21 m. ENE. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Valuer, vil. , France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, arr. Grasse, 
 13 m. NW. Cannes. P. <20oo. 
 
 St. Valuer, tn. , France, dep. Dr6me, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Rhone, 24 m. S. Vienne, 9 m. N. Tournon, arr. Valence ; manu- 
 factures porcelain, pottery, silk stuffs, &c. P. <4ooo. 
 
 St. Valuer, vil., France, dep. Vosges, arr. Mirecourt, 15 m. 
 NNW. Espinal ; has a mineral spring similar to that at Con- 
 trex^ville. P. (comm. )< 2000. 
 
 St. Varent, vil., France, dep. Deux-S^vres, on the Thouaret, 
 44 m. SSE. Angers, arr. and 12 m. E. by N. Bressuire. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 St. Vanlry, vil., France, dep. Creuse, 43 m. W. by S. Mont- 
 lu9on, arr. and 7 m. WNW. Gu^ret. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Veep, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 8^ m. SSE. Bodmin, 
 on the 1. bk. of the riv. Fowey. P. < 500. 
 
 St. Vlctor-la-Coste, vil. , France, dep. Gard, arr. Uz^s, 12 m. 
 NW. Avignon ; coal and lignite are mined here. P. < 2000. 
 
 St. Vigeans, par., Scot., Forfarshire, ij m. N. by W. and 
 containing burgh of Arbroath ; 12,731 ac. P. 15,700. 
 
 St. Vincent, cap. Argentine Republic, near the SE. point of 
 Tierra del Fuego. 
 
 St. Vincent, Portuguese saU* Vicente, one of the Cape Verde 
 Is., in NW. of group; arid and unfruitful, but possessing a 
 magnificent harbour, on which account it is a frequent calling- 
 place for steamers. Connected by submarine cables vnth 
 Madeira and Lisbon, Pernambuco (Brazil), and Bathurst 
 (Gambia, W. Africa). Area, 80 sq. m. 
 
 St. Vincent, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, 16 m. E. 
 Aosta ; copper and pyrites are mined here ; has mineral waters, 
 with a small establishment. P. <:2ooo: comm. P. < 3000. 
 
 St. Vincent, riv. , Madagascar. See Mangolia. 
 
 St. Vincent, cape, in extreme SW. of Portugal, in 37° i' 15" 
 N. ; strong sea-current. Celebrated for two naval battles, one 
 in 1797, in which the English defeated the Spanish fleet, and 
 
 1353 
 
SAIN 
 
 SAKS 
 
 the other in 1833, when the squadron of Dom Miguel, the Portu- 
 guese usurper, was destroyed by Admiral Charles Napier. 
 
 St. Vincent, one of the Windward Is., W. Indies, 28 m. 
 SSW. St. Lucia, 100 m. W. Barbados ; is traversed N. to S. by 
 a volcanic chain of mountains, of which the principal summits 
 are La Soufriere, crowned by a double crater, alt. 3705 ft. , and 
 the Grand Bonhomme, alt. 3280 ft. About one-third of the 
 island is under cultivation, and there are few morasses ; the 
 climate is considered one of the healthiest in the Antilles. The 
 principal exports are sugar, molasses, rum, cacao, arrowroot, 
 and spices. Total value of trade, steadily declining, about one 
 quarter of a milhon sterling. The cap. of the island is Kingston, 
 which has an open roadstead. St. Vincent is administered by 
 a governor and a council of eight members. In 1797 the Eng- 
 lish transferred the native Caribs and mixed Negro-Carib pop. 
 to Roatan I. Mean annual rfall. (6 yrs.), 78.17 in. Length, 
 N. to S. , 15^ m. ; breadth, loi m.; area, 147 sq. m. P. (1889) 
 47,700, of which seven-eighths are negroes and coloured. 
 
 St. Tlncent, Gulf of, gulf, S. Australia, to the E. of Yorke's 
 Penin. , crossed by 1° 38' E. 
 
 St. Vincent de Paul, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Laval co. , 9 m. 
 NNW. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Vincent Island, U.S., Florida, off the SW. ct. of Franklin 
 CO., 85° s'-i3'W. 
 
 St. VlTlen, vil, France, dep. Gironde, arr. Lesparre, 22 m. 
 NW. Pauillac ; has a small port, 3 m. from the Gironde, with 
 which it is connected by a channel. P. <:200o. 
 
 St. Wenceslas, vil., Canada, Quebec, Nicolet co., 4 m. from 
 Aston, 20 m. from Three Rivers. P. <i5oo. 
 
 St. Wenn, par., Eng. , Cornwall, St. Austell div., 6^ m. W. 
 by S. Bodmin, 2^ m. N. Victoria stn. ; 4695 ac. P. <500. 
 
 St. Weonards (wun'ardz), par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. 
 and 6i m. W. Ross, PMT.O.; ,4561 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 St. Werl>urgl» Hoo, par., Eng., Kent, Hoo dist. ; 4491 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 St. MllUanis, or 'Walslnghani, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Nor- 
 folk CO. , on Lake Erie, 17 m. from Simcoe. P. < 1500. 
 
 St. Winnow, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 6J m. SSE. 
 Bodmin, on the 1. bk. of theriv. Fowey, li m. SSE. Lostwithiel 
 stn. ; 6247 ac. P. < 1500 ; eccles. par. (St. Winnow wltlt St. 
 Xectan) P. < 1500. 
 
 St. W00II08, par. , Eng., Monmouthshire, lim. NNW. New- 
 port , and partly included in the pari. bor. of Newport. P. 31 , 500. 
 St. Yorre, vil., France, dep. Allier, arr. Palisse, 4 m. SSE. 
 Vichy, and 27 m. NE. Clermont-Ferrand, on r. bk. of the Allier ; 
 has a thermal establishment. Alt. 902 ft. P. (comm. ) < 2000. 
 
 St. Yrlelx, tn., France, dep. Haute- Vienne, 22 m. S. Limoges 
 iq.v.), cap. arr. St. Yrieix ; has important deposits of kaolin and 
 red titanium, used in the manufacture of porcelain. P. <;4000. 
 St. Zactaalre, tn. , France, dep. Var, arr. Brignoles, 18 m. 
 ENE. Marseilles; manufactures pottery; lignite and marble 
 obtained here. P. <2ooo. 
 
 St. Zenon, vil. , Canada. See Plopolls. 
 St. Zenon, or St. Louis de Mantawa, viL, Canada, Quebec, 
 CO. and 57 m. from Joliette. P. -<i5oo. 
 S&lpur, tn. , Brit. India. See Saflpnr. 
 
 Salrani'Nor, lake, Chinese Empire, Dzungaria, about 60 m. 
 N. Kulja, just N. of the Boro-Koro Range, crossed by 44° 40' 
 N., just E. of 81° E. Area about 290 sq. m. ; alt. 6890 ft. 
 (Przhevalsky). 
 
 S'alreta, site, Palestine, perhaps the Shaaraim of the O. T. , 
 31° 44' N. , 35° i' E. , 13 m. W. by S. Jerusalem. 
 Salrt, Asiatic Turkey. See Sort. 
 
 Salssac, viL , France, dep. Aude, arr. and 15 m. NW. Car- 
 cassonne. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Saltama, ken or prefecture, Japan ; cap. Urawa. 
 Saltn, tn., China, Kansu. See Sachn. 
 Saium, tn. , France. See S^es. 
 
 Salwan, tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, 15 m. S. by E. Canton. 
 Sajama, or Sataama, peak of the Bolivian Andes, eastern 
 Cordillera, just N. of 18° S. Alt. estimated at 21,000 ft. 
 
 SaJo, riv. , Hungary, r. bk. trib. of the Tisza or Theiss, rises 
 in CO. Gomor, on the mountains of Tatra, and flows E. and S. 
 then SE., and enters the Tisza 16 m. SE. Miskolcz, which it 
 has passed. Receives, 1. bk., the Hernad, a longer river than 
 the.Sajo. Length, 106 m.; not navigable. The upper part of 
 its valley is one of the most important iron-mining dists. of 
 Hungary. 
 
 8aJ6 Szent P^ter, comm., Hungary, co. Bors6, 43 m. SW. 
 by S. Kaschau. P. <4000. 
 
 Sajteny, comm., Hungary, co. Csnad, dist. Nagy-Lak. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Saka, tn., Abyssinia, 220 m. WSW. Ankober, in 8° 12' N., 
 36° 42' E. ; is an important market, especially for coffee. Alt. 
 5800 ft. P. 12,000. 
 Sakade, seapt. tn. , Japan. See Saka-lde. 
 Sakal, seapt., Japan, on the N. ct. of the SW. penin. of 
 Honshiu, 120 m. WNW. Kobe. Mean temp. (6 yrs., 1881-86), 
 yr. 56.6° F., Feb. 37. 6^ Aug. 78.8°; rfall. (4 yrs.), 75.70 in. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 1354, 
 
 Sakal, seapt. tn. , Japan, Honshiu, 15 m. SSW. Ozaka, on 
 the E. side of Izumi Bay. P. 46,000. 
 
 Sakal, tn. , Japan, 90 m. N. by E. Kyoto, on the NW. ct. of 
 Honshiu, in Fukui ken. 
 
 Sakal, or Orang-Sakey (Malayan, 'dependent'), a tribe in- 
 habiting the interior of the Malay Penin., in the states of Perak, 
 Selangor, and Pahang, and the princips. of Kedak, Patani, and 
 Kelantan, presenting affinities with the Negritos. 
 
 Saka-lde, or Sakade, seapt. tn. , Japan, Ehime ken, about 
 the middle of the N. ct. of the isl. of Shikoku (on Inland Sea). 
 P. 6500. 
 
 Sakalavas, tribes in the lower plains of the W. ct. of Mada- 
 gascar, really belonging to different tribes subdued by the Hovas 
 in the beginning of the 19th century ; a blending of the Negro 
 and Malay types, the former predominating. P. about 500,000. 
 
 Sakaniodl, vil., Algeria, prov. and 24 m. SE. .Algiers; zinc, 
 lead, and similar metals are mined here. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sakarla, the ancient Sangarius, riv., Asia Minor, rises to the 
 E. of Kutaia (Kyutiaia), flows E., N., W., and finally NE. into 
 the Black Sea, which it enters in about 30° 20' E. ; large portions 
 of its course are still unsurveyed. It receives from the E. the 
 Angora R. (Engiiri-chai). 
 
 Sikkar Patltikr, sanitarium, Brit. India, Bombay, Poonadist., 
 4 m. S. Lonauli stn. ; is fairly wooded. Alt. 3000 ft. 
 
 Sakata, seapt. tn., Japan, 90 m. NE. by N. Niigata. P. 
 18,800. 
 
 Sakan Reef, between Yasawa and Yandua, Fiji Is., crossed 
 by 16° 48' S. , 178° o' E. 
 
 Saken, isL , Pacific. See Katln. 
 
 Sakes'war, mt. , Brit. India, Punjab, Shdhpur dist., in 32° 33' 
 N. , 71° 58' E.; is the highest peak in the Salt Range, and has a 
 sanitarium on the summit. The climate is believed to be well 
 adapted for Europeans. Alt. 5010 ft. 
 
 Sakhalin (Japanese Karafuto), narrow isl., Russia, N. 
 Pacific, separated from the mainland by the narrow strait 
 Tatar, or Mamia Rinso, 45° 57'-54° 24' 30" N., and 141° 30'- 
 144° 50' E. Till Mamia Rinso's journey, made in the first years 
 of this century, it was long considered as an appendage to the 
 mainland ; was taken possession of by the Russians in 1854, and 
 finally, in its S. part, in 1867. Length 620 m. from N. to S. , 
 and width from 20 to 90 m. Sakhalin has the Sea of Okhotsk 
 in the E. , and is separated by La Peyrouse Strait from Japan 
 (Matsmai). It has at its S. extremity a large bay, Aniva, and 
 Patience Bay (Zallv Terpyenlya) on E. ct. The interior is 
 filled with forest-clothed mountains 3000 to 4000 ft. high, sepa- 
 rated by marshy valleys, of which only the valley of the two 
 Tyms, flowing NE. and S. , are fit for agriculture. Climate wet 
 and cold, the average temps, being : at Due, yr. 33°, Jan. 3°, 
 Aug. 61° ; at Kusunai, yr. 38°, Jan. 13°, Aug. 66° ; and at 
 Muraviovskiy Port, yr. 35°, Jan. 7°, Aug. 60'^. Great cold is 
 experienced, even in summer, in consequence of ice coming from 
 the Sea of Okhotsk, and packed along the E. ct., along which 
 the cold Kuro-shiwo sea-current flows. Miocene coal along the 
 W. ct. , especially at Due ; it is extracted by hard-labour con- 
 victs and exiles, of whom several thousands are brought every 
 year, to be settled after their release ; these latter cultivate a few 
 orchards and small patches of cornfields. Chief settlements at 
 Due, seaport of difficult access on W. ct. , where the convict 
 prisons are ; Kusunai, also on the W. ct. in S. part of the island ; 
 Port Muraviov in Aniva Bay ; and a few embryonic villages in 
 Tym valley, E. of Due. Besides the Russian convicts there are 
 about 2500 Ainus, and about 2000 Gilyaks and Tunguses. Area, 
 29,336 sq. m. P. (1890) 19,650. 
 
 Saklialln-ria, tn. , China. See Algnn. 
 
 Sakhera, tn., India, 25 m. ESE. Baroda. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Snklil-Saw&r Pass, a pass across the Suldiman Mts., de- 
 bouching on the Indian plains, 33 m. W. by S. of Dera Ghazi 
 Khan, in about 29° 56' N. On the W. side of the mountains it 
 communicates with the Sanghar Pass. 
 
 Sakit, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 12 m. SE. 
 Etah. P. (1881) 5400. 
 
 Saklz, tn., Persia, prov. Ardilan, 128 m. S. Tabriz. Alt. 
 5050 ft. P. 6000. 
 
 Saklz- .4dasl, isl. , .£gean Sea. See Kblo. 
 
 Sakkampattl, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 36 m. N W. 
 by N. Tinnevelli. P. <5ooo. ' 
 
 Sakkar, tn., Brit. India, Sind. Same as Sukknr. 
 
 Snkkara, tn., Egypt, 15 m. S. by W. Cairo, 3 m. from the 
 1. bk. of the Nile. In the NE. vicinity of the town is a celebrated 
 necropolis. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sakkatu, sultanate, Africa. See Sokoto. 
 
 Sakleslipnr, mun. vil., India, Mysore, 60 m. E. by N. 
 Mangalore. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sakmara, riv., Russia, govt. Orenburg, rises in S. Urals 
 (Mount Ak-tube), flows SW., joins the Ural from the right. 
 Length, 300 m. 
 
 Sakmarskly Ciorodok, Cossack vil., Russia, govt, and 20m. 
 NE. Orenburg, on Sakmara R. P. <:50oo. 
 
 Sakotai, tn., Siam, 48 ni. E. by N. "Rahang. 
 
 Sakskjoblng, tn. , Denmark. See Saxkjoblng. 
 
S A KU 
 
 S A L D 
 
 Sakara, tn., Japan, 30 m. ENE. Tokyo; is an old feudal 
 fortress, celebrated in history and literature. P. 6700. 
 
 Sakti, native state, India, Ceiitral Provs. ; also the cap. of 
 the native state of Sakti, 80 ni. NW. by W. Sambalptir. 
 
 Sal, Ilka do (' Salt Island'), one of the Cape Verde Is., N. 
 of Boavista ; named from its abundance of salt. 
 
 Sala, comm., Sweden, prov. Vestmanland, 21 m. N. by E. 
 Vester&s, 65 m. NW. Stockholm. Near the town is Salberg 
 Mt. , where argentiferous lead and copper are mined. P. 5800. 
 
 Salackau, short riv. , Scot., Argyllshire, Appin, flows WNW. 
 into Loch Linnhe (mouth in 56° 37^' N.). 
 
 Salackaii Point, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, jutting S. into 
 Loch Linnhe, in 56° 42' N. 
 
 Sala Coiislllua, comm. , Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, 20 
 ih. SW. by S. Potenza. P. 6100. 
 
 Saladas, tn., Argentine Republic, prov. Corrientes, cap. dep. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Saladlllo, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. Buenos Aires, cap. 
 dist. P. <:4000. 
 
 Saladlllo, vil. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 30 m. E. by E. 
 San Luis, 160 m. SW. by S. Cdrdoba. P. <20oo. 
 
 Saladlllo, riv. , Argentine Republic. See Dulce, Rio. 
 
 Salado, Salada, Spanish, ' salt ; ' Saladillo, ' somewhat 
 salt. ' 
 
 Salado, riv., Argentine Republic, prov. Buenos Aires, rises 
 on the borders of Santa F^. The river empties into the Bay of 
 Samborombon, S. of the estuary of the Rio de la Plata, after a 
 course of 415 m. from NW. to SE. 
 
 Salado, riv. , Argentine Republic, rises on the E. slope of the 
 Andes, prov. Salta, traverses Chaco NW. to SE. , and joins the 
 Parana 50 m. S. Santa F6. Length about 112a m. 
 
 Salado, bay, Chile, on the W. ct. , in 27^° S. 
 
 Salado, riv., Mexico, formed by the Sabinas and several 
 minor streams of the Coahuila, flows E. with a slight S. direc- 
 tion, and joins the Rio Grande del Norte near Ciudad Guerrero 
 after a course of about 280 m. 
 
 Salaga, tn., W. Africa, Upf)er Guinea, in about 8° 30' N., 
 0° 40' W., 15 m. from the 1. bk. of the Volta ; seat of a German 
 mission. Alt. 715 ft. P. 6000. 
 
 Salahleli, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Kefk'i. 
 
 Salalilya, vil., Syria. See Es Salelilya. 
 
 Salalliia, vil. and bay, on the W. ct. of Savaii I., Samoan 
 group, S. Pacific, in 13° 43' S. 
 
 Salalrsk, silver-mines, Russia, W. Siberia, Altai region, on 
 NE. slopes of Salalr Dlonntalus, 107 m. E. Barnaul, govt. 
 Tomsk. P. (vil. )< 5000. 
 
 Salak, volcano, E. Indies, in the W. of Java, 40 m. S. 
 Batavia. Alt. 7265 ft. 
 
 Salakliora, or Salaliora, vil., Turkey in Europe, N. shore 
 Gulf of Arta, vilayet and 45 m. S. Yanina, of which it is now 
 the principal port. 
 
 Salaniti, vil. , Central America, Guatemala, 45 m. N. by E. 
 Guatemala. P. 10,600. 
 
 Salania, tn., Siam, Malay Penin., 14 m. from the W. ct., in 
 about 5° 15' N. 
 
 Salamanca, tn. , Chile, prov. Coquimbo, i8| m. SE. Illapel, 
 on r. bk. of Rio de Choapa. P. <3000. 
 
 Salaiuauca, isl. , Colombia, forming part of the delta of the 
 Rio Magdalena ; 25 m. long. 
 
 Salamanca, tn., Mexico, state of and 30 m. S. Guanajuato ; 
 manufactures cotton goods. P. 10,000. 
 
 Salamanca, the ancient Salmantica, or Elmantica, tn., 
 Spain, cap. prov. Salamanca, on the riv. Tormes, 67 m. SW. 
 Valladolid ; manufactures pottery, and has tanyards. A Roman 
 bridge still exists here, and the town is surrounded by old walls. 
 Among the principal edifices are the old cathedral, in the 
 Byzantine style, of the 12th century ; the new cathedral, built 
 1 513 to 1733 ; the university, which had 10,000 students in the 
 i2th century ; a library, with 60,000 volumes ; and the Colegio 
 Viejo, containing the provincial museum. Salamanca was a 
 town of some importance when Hannibal took it from the 
 Vettones, 222 B.C. The Goths, who took it from the Arabs, and 
 gave it up to Alphonse the Great in 1055, retook and destroyed 
 it. Salamanca played an important part in the Peninsular War. 
 The battle of Salamanca, in which Wellington defeated the 
 French under Marmont on the 22nd of July 1812, was fought 
 on the heights of Arapiles, 4 m. SE. of the city. Alt. 2670 ft. 
 Mean temp. (15 yrs. ), yr. 54.4° F. , Jan. 39.6°, Aug. 72.2° ; mean 
 annual rfall. (12 yrs.), 8.11 in. P. 22,200. 
 
 Salamanca, vil., U.S., New York, Cattaraugus co. , 50 m. 
 S. by E. Buffalo ; has an active trade in lumber. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Salamlna, tn. , Colombia, S. dep. Antioquia, 115 m. NW. 
 Bogota, 50 m. S. by E. Medellin ; salt is mined here. Alt. 
 5945 ft. P. (including dist.) 10,000. 
 
 Salamls, or Haglos Serglos, site of ruins, Asiatic Turkey, 
 Cyprus, 7 m. NNW. Famagusta ; was formerly an important 
 port on the E. ct., founded by the Achseans. 
 
 Salamis, Kolurl, or Knlurl, isl. , Greece, prov. Attica and 
 Bceotia, in the Gulf of ^gina, 10 m. W. Athens. Shape irre- 
 gular ; surface mountainous, wooded in some parts; and on 
 
 the coast, wheat, wine, and olives are grown. It has several vil- 
 lages and convents, one a great resort of many pilgrims, and the 
 modern town Koluri, its cap., on its W. side. On the N. side 
 are the arsenal and chief naval station of Greece. In the channel 
 between it and the mainland the Greeks, under Themistocles, 
 gained a naval victory over the Persians, B.C. 480. Solon and 
 Euripides were natives of Salamis. Area, 36 sq. m. Tn. P. 
 <4000 ; demos P. (1889) 6254. 
 
 Salang,riv. , Celebes, flowing SSW. into the Strait of Macassar. 
 
 Salang, or Jnnkseylon Island, isl., Siam, Malay Penin., 
 from which it is separated by a strait of nearly 2 m. wide, 
 covered by mountains, off the W. ct., crossed by 8° N.; tin- 
 mining, or rather quarrying for tin ore carried on by Chinese. 
 Length, N. to S., 28 m., by 11 m. broad; area, 294 sq. m. 
 P. 12,000. 
 
 Salango Island, isl. , S. America, off the W. ct. , in about 
 1° 35' S. 
 
 Salaparnta, comm. , Sicily, prov. Trapani, 15^ m. S. Alcamo. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Salar, Grande, plain, Chile, prov. Tarapaca, 50 m. SSE. 
 Iquique; deposits of saltpetre and salt. Length, N. to S., 25 
 m. , by 6 m. broad. 
 
 Salar, Sal'arls, or Salors, Turki tribe, China, in the NW., 
 prov. Kansu, along the r. bk. of the upper Hwang-ho. 
 
 Salar del Carmen, nitrate-mining vil., Chile, prov. and io 
 m. (22 m. by rail) E. Antofagasta. Alt. 1700 ft. 
 
 Salas, comm., Spain, Asturias, prov. and 21 m. W. Oviedo, 
 dist. Belmonte. P. 16,400. 
 
 Salasa, comm., Philippine Is., Luzon I., prov. Pangasinan, 
 112 m. NNW. Manila. P. 5800. 
 
 Salatan, cape, the most southerly point of Borneo, in the S., 
 in 4° S. 
 
 Salatlga, tn. and one of the principal sanitaria of Java, E. 
 Indies, 22 m. SSE. Samarang. Alt. 1885 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Salaverrl, coast vil., Peru, dep. Libertad, on the coast, in 
 about 8° 10' S., close to Trujillo, with which and also Ascope it 
 is connected by rail ; exposed roadstead ; interior are rather rich 
 gold-mines. 
 
 Salavlna, tn., Argentine Republic, Santiago del Estero, 176 
 m. SE. by S. Tucuman. P. <20oo. 
 
 Salavrat Pass, pass, across the main chain of the Caucasus, 
 Daghestan, in 41° 24' N. , 47° 13' E. Alt. 9283 ft.' [Proc. R. G. S. , 
 1891, map, p. 380). 
 
 Salawatl, Salvatl, or Salwatti, group of isls. at NW. 
 extremity of New Guinea, belonging to the Sultan of Tidore, 
 consists of the two large isls. Salavati and Batante, and 
 several small islands, between 0° 3S'-i° 30' S. and 128° 5o'-i3i° 
 8' E. ; cap. Samate. The coast is inhabited by Mohammedan 
 Malays, and the interior by savage Papuans. Area of entire 
 group, 700 sq. m. P. 3-4000. 
 
 SaMya, port, Brit. India, Bombay, 9 m. N. Khambhalia, of 
 which town it is the port ; has an excellent harbour, perfectly 
 sheltered, and with two entrances. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sala-y-Gomez, isl., Pacific, in about 26^° S., 105° W. , ENE. 
 of Easter I. 
 
 Salazar de las Palmas, comm. , Colombia. 
 
 Salazle, comm.. Reunion I., 12J m. SSE. St. Denis, is the 
 principal sanitarium of the island ; has mineral springs at 
 Hellbourg, 2| m. to the S. Alt. 2860 ft. 
 
 Salbke, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Magdeburg, circle 
 and ID m. E. Wanzleben. P. < 3000. 
 
 Siilbo, vil. and lake, Norway. See Selbo. 
 
 Salce«la, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 22 m. SSE. 
 Pontevedras. P. < 5000. 
 
 Salces, tn., France. See Salses. 
 
 Salchah, place named in O. T. See Salkk&d. 
 
 Salcombe, par., tn., and small port, situated in extreme S. of 
 Devonshire, Totnes div. , on the W. side of an inlet known as 
 the Salcombe It., 11 m. SW. Dartmouth; mild and equable 
 climate, adjacent to some of the most magnificent coast scenery 
 in Devonshire. Largely visited in the season, and rapidly rising 
 as a watering-place. The tidal harbour is 11-12 ft. deep at 
 high water ordinary spring tides. Salcombe is noted for its 
 very mild climate. Oranges, citrons, lemons, and sub-tropical 
 plants come to perfection. Local Board formed in 1880. 
 PMT.O. Market-day, F. P.<20oo. 
 
 Salcombe Regis, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Honiton div. , 14^ 
 m. E. by S. Exeter. P. <75o. 
 
 Salcott, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 7 m. SW. by S. Col- 
 chester, P.O. (Salcot). P. <250 ; eccles. par. (S. with Vlrley) 
 P. <:50o. 
 
 Saldaua, Rio, riv. , Colombia, dep. Tolima, 1. bk. trib. of 
 the Magdalena, rises in the Nevada de Huila, and flows NE. 
 for about 165 m. 
 
 Saldanha Bay, bay. Cape Colony, on the W. ct. , in about 
 33° S.; a fine landlocked harbour, at present only used as a 
 quarantine station. Round it is a good grain-growing region. 
 
 Saldenhofen, comm,, Austria, Styria, on the r. bk. of the 
 Drave, 42 m. E. Klagenfurt. P. <20oo. 
 
 Saldinsk, I'pper and Lower, iron - works, Russia, govt. 
 
 ■ 1355 
 
SALE — SALH 
 
 Perm, 85 m. NE. Ekaterinburg, on Salda R., 7 m. from each 
 other. Upper Saldinsk, P. <:5ooo ; Lower Saldinsk, P. 8000. 
 
 Sale, par. and tn. , Eng. , Cheshire, Altrincham div., 5^ m. 
 W. Stockport, suburb of Manchester, with stn. (i^ale and 
 Asbton-ou- Mersey) on the Cheshire Lines and M. S. & L. Joint, 
 Manchester South Junction and Altrincham, and L. & NW, 
 Rlys., PMT.O., and PM.O. (Sale Moor). P. 9600. 
 
 Sale, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 10 m, NE. by E. 
 Alessandria. P. <:3000. 
 
 Sale, tn. , Victoria, Tanjilco., 116 m. E. by S. Melbourne, 
 at the head of the Gippsland Lakes navigation ; dairy-farming 
 is largely carried on in the neighbourhood ; there are also gold- 
 mines. P. <:35oo. 
 
 Saletoy, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., lo m. SE. 
 by E. Louth, 2^ m. E. by S. Aby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Sal^ctaan, vil. , France, dep. Hautes-Pyr^n^s, arr. and 26 m. 
 ESE. Bagneres-de-Bigorre, near 1. bk. Garonne ; copper, lead, 
 zinc, &c. , are mined here. P. (comm.)<:20oo. 
 
 Sal^, RlTl^re. See Guadeloupe. 
 
 Saleli, or Salee, seapt. , Morocco. See Sail. 
 
 Salehlya, vil. , Syria. See Es Salehlya. 
 
 Salelinrst, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., on the Rother, 10 
 m. NW. by N. Hastings, i| m. E. by N. Robertsbridge ?tn., 
 P.O. ; 6565 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 SaleUer, isl. , Dutch E. Indies. See Saleyer. 
 
 Salem, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, cap. dist. Salem, on a trib. 
 of Cauvery R. , 69 m. N W. by N. Trichinopoli, on the western 
 slopes of the Shevaroy Hills, a little E. of the railway to Calicut. 
 The Europeans live in a suburb named Hastampatti ; has a 
 considerable weaving industry on S. side of town, and manu- 
 factures carpets. ■ It is famous for its cutlery. The iron ores, 
 cropping out at the height of about 2000 ft. on the isolated 
 Kanjamalai Mt., 6 m. WSW. of Salem, are almost inex- 
 haustible, and of excellent quality. Limestone exists near 
 Sankaridrug (21 m. SW.), but the only fuel that can be obtained 
 is charcoal. Alt. more than 900 ft. P. 67,700; Hindus, 60,900. 
 
 Salem, vil., Canada, Ontario, WeUington co., onriv. Irvine, i 
 m. from Elora, 14 m. from Guelph. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Salem, vil. and mission station, Cape Colony, dist. Albany, 
 65 m. SW. King William's Town. Alt. 492 ft. Annual rfall. 
 (S yrs.), 21.61 in. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Salem, vil. , on the coast of Dutch Guiana, in 56° 23' W. 
 
 Salem, Palestine, in O. T., sometimes used for Jerusalem. 
 See also S&llm. 
 
 Salem, vil., U.S., Illinois, cap. Marion co., 67 m. E. St. 
 Louis (Mo.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Salem, tn., U.S., Indiana, cap. Washington co. , 75 m. S. 
 Indianapolis; brisk trade, and large manufactures. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Salem, vil., U.S., Iowa, Henry co., 28 m. W. by N. 
 Burlington ; seat of Whittier college. P. < 1500. 
 
 Salem, vil. , U.S. , Maine, Franklin co. , near Saddleback Mt. , 
 45 m. NW. by N. Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Salem, city, U.S., at the head of an inlet on coast of 
 Massachusetts, cap. Essex co. , 15 m. NE. by N. Boston. 
 The harbour is safe, but not of sufficient depth for large 
 vessels. There is a large coasting trade. Manufactures cotton, 
 leather, &c. Salem is distinguished for its literary and charit- 
 able institutions, public library of 32,000 volumes, the Essex 
 Institute (historical) library of 65,000 volumes, the Peabody 
 Academy of Science, with a museum including that of the East 
 India Marine Society, 1799. Salem is the headquarters of the 
 American Association for the Advancement of Science. Next 
 to Plymouth, it is the oldest town in New England. It was 
 first settled by Roger Conant, 1626 ; John Endicott followed 
 with a new charter in 1628. It was the scene of the witchcraft 
 trials in 1692, and of the great jail delivery in 1693 which ended 
 the delusion ; it was also famous for its early commercial enter- 
 
 firise. Birthplace of Hawthorne, Prescott, and Bowditch. P. 
 1850)20,300; (1870)24,000; (1880)27,600; (1890)30,800. 
 
 Salem, city, U.S., Missouri, cap. Dent co., 98 m. SW. St. 
 Louis. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Salem, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Rockingham co. , 12 m. 
 E. Nashua. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Salem, vi\., U.S., Nebraska, Richardson co., 82 m. S. 
 Omaha, with limestone quarries. P. < 1500. 
 
 Salem, city, U.S., New Jersey, cap. Salem co., 28 m. SW. 
 by S. Philadelphia (Penn.), with which it has daily steam com- 
 munication. It is the shipping point of a large dist. ; has an 
 extensive local trade, and important manufactures. Settled 
 1673- P- 5500: (1895)6300. 
 
 Salem, co., U.S., New Jersey, in the SW., bordered W. by 
 the Delaware R. 
 
 Salem, vil., U.S., New York, one of the caps, of Washington 
 CO., 34 m. NNE. Troy. 
 
 Salem, city, U.S., N. Carolina, Forsyth co., 92 m. W. by N. 
 Raleigh. P. < 3000. 
 
 Salem, city, U.S., Ohio, Columbiana co. , 70 m. W. Pittsburg 
 (Pa.), in the heart of the coal and iron region of eastern Ohio, 
 with important manufactures. First settled by Quakers. Alt. 
 682 ft. (R.R.). P. 5800, 
 1356 
 
 Salem, tn., U.S., cap. of Oregon, Marion co., on the 
 Willamette R. , 42 m. SSW. Portland ; seat of Willamette 
 university. P. <3000. 
 
 Salem, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, McCook co., 58 m. N. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Salem, tn. , U.S., Virginia, co. and 5 m. S"W. Roanoke, 140 
 m. W. by S. Richmond. P. <4000. 
 
 Salem, Nevr, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co. , 25 m. 
 NE. by N. Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Salem, West, vil., U.S., Ohio, Mayne co., 43 m. SW. by S. 
 Cleveland. Alt. 682 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Salem Depdt, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, Rockingham co. , 
 7 m. by rail N. Lawrence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Salenil, comm., Sicily, prov. Trapani, 20 m. E. Marsala. 
 P. 15,400. 
 
 Sale Moor, PM.O., Eng., Cheshire. See Sale. 
 
 Salen, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, on Salen Bay, on the S. ct. 
 of the Ardnamurchan Penin. , about the middle of Loch Sunart 
 coast, with a pier, PMT.O. 
 
 Salen, eccles. par., Scot., Argyllshire, on the S. shore of 
 Salen Bay, Mull, about the middle of the Sound of Mull, with a 
 pier. P. <:75o. 
 
 Salen>myo, or Salln (census), tn. , Upper Burma, dist. Menbo 
 (Minbu), nearr. bk. Irawadi, 130 m. SW. Mandalay. P. 10,300. 
 
 Salen>niyo, tn., Upp>er Burma, 42 m. S. by W. Pagan. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Salentinium, cap)e, Italy. See Santa Maria dl Lenca. 
 
 Salemes, tn. , France, dep. Var, 36 m. NE. by N. Toulon ; 
 manufactures plaster figures, &c. P. <:3000. 
 
 Salerno, tn. and port, Italy, Campania, cap. prov. Salerno, 
 on Gulf of Salerno, 9 m. ENE. Amalfi ; see of an archbishop, 
 founded 974. Important manufactures of cotton ; iron and 
 copper founding. The cathedral, founded 1084, has frequently 
 been restored ; its bronze gates, dated 1099, were brought from 
 Constantinople; it contains the tomb of Pope Gregory VII., 
 the celebrated Hildebrand. On a height overlooking the town 
 are the ruins of the old castle of the dukes of Lombardy, which 
 Robert Guiscard besieged for eight months, and, after capturing 
 it, made one of his chief seats (1075). The Emperor Henry IV. 
 took it in 1193. Its school of medicine was famous in the Middle 
 Ages. P. 23,000. 
 
 Salers, vil., France, dep. Cantal, 53 m. SW. by S. Clermont- 
 Ferrand, arr. and 10 m. SE. by E. Mauriac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sales, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 14 m. SW. by S. Freiburg. 
 
 Sales, vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud. See Montrenx. 
 
 Salesbury, par., Eng., Lancashire, 5 m. N. Blackburn, 
 P.O. P. <:2So. 
 
 Sale Tron, comm., isl. and republic Haiti, S. ct., 36 m. 
 SE. Port au Prince, in 71° 59' W. P. 7000. 
 
 Salette-FallaTanx, La, comm., France, dep. Isere, arr. and 
 25 m. SE. Grenoble, 2 m. NE. Corps ; became a place of 
 pilgrimage in 1846, and is now one of the most celebrated in 
 France. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sal<!ve, mt. , France, dep. Haute-Savoie, 4J m. SW. Geneva ; 
 is a favourite walk of the Genevese. Length, 11^ m. 
 
 Saleyer, or Saleljer (Malay, 'land of shrimps'), isl.. East 
 Indies, administratively connected with Dutch Saleyer of Celebes, 
 from which it is separated by the Strait of Saleyer, 4^ m. long, 
 between 5° 49' and 6° 28' S. The E. ct. , serrated and rocky, is 
 covered with coral reefs ; the W. ct. , flat and sandy, affords 
 excellent anchorage at Pedang, between the mainland and Passi 
 I. The climate, flora, and fauna are similar to those of Celebes 
 (^.w.) ; cyclones are rare. Cap. Saleyer, on the W. ct. Length, 
 N. to S., 47 m. ; maximum breadth, 7J m. ; area, 245 sq. m. 
 P. 57,000. See Petermann' s Mitteil., 1886, p. 193. 
 
 Salez, vil., Switzd., cant, and 14 m. SSE. St. Gall. 
 
 Salford, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Luton div., 10 m. SW. 
 Bedford, i,\ m. SE. Newport Pagnell, 2 m. NNE. Woburn 
 Sand stn. P. <25o. See Holcutt. 
 
 Salford, mun. bor. , Eng. See .Manchester. 
 
 Salford, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury div., i2i m. NW. 
 Woodstock, 2 m. WNW. Chipping Norton. P. <:56b. 
 
 Salford, part of par., Wales, Radnorshire, i^ m. NE. New 
 Radnor. See Klnnerton. 
 
 Salford Priors, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Stratford-on-.Avon 
 div., 6 m. NNE. Evesham, on the M. R., P.O. (Salford Prior) ; 
 4769 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Salgar, tn., Colombia, on Sabanilla Bay, near the mouth of 
 the Magdalena, connected by rail with Barranquilla. 
 
 Salgareda, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 10 m. ENE. Treviso. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 SalKesrli, comm., Switzd., cant. Valais, 3 m. W. Leuk. P. 
 <:2C)oo. 
 
 Salg6-Tarjiln, comm., Hungary, co. Nogrdd, dist. Fiilek; 
 coal is mined here. P. 9500. 
 
 Salgrtkml, riv. , Brit. India. See Gandak, Great. 
 
 Salh, or Sael, Anglo-Saxon ; Latin, Salix, ' the willow ; ' e.^. , 
 Salford, ' willow ford. ' 
 
 Saltaouse, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 15 m. WNW. Yar- 
 mouth, on the G. E. R., PM.O. P. <75o. See Wroxtaam. 
 
S ALI 
 
 S ALI 
 
 Sail, riv. , Argentine Republic. See Diilce, Rio. 
 
 Sail, Saleli, Salee, Sally, or more familiarly Sallee, called 
 by the Arabs Sla, seapt. , W. ct. Morocco, io8 m. W. Fez, on 
 the N. side of the Bu-ragreg mouth, 3 m. NE. Rabat iq.v.), in 
 34" 5' N. In the i6th century, and long afterwards, headquarters 
 of the Morocco pirates (Slawis, Sallateens, or Sallee Rovers). 
 
 Sallce, vil. , Corsica, arr. and 17 m. NE. by N. Ajaccio. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Sallee, comm. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 18 m. S. Brindisi. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Sallda, city, U.S., Colorado, Chaffee co. , 100 m. SW. by S. 
 Denver, vv'ith iron-mines. Alt. 7028 ft. (R. R.). P. <3000. 
 
 Salles, vil. , France, dep. Haute-Garonne, arr. and 12 m. E. 
 St. Gaudens ; has two mineral springs, one of which is the richest 
 in sulphur in the Pyrenees ; thermal establishment. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Salles-ac-Bearu, tn. , France, dep. Basses- Pyr^n^es, arr. and 
 8 m. W. by S. Orthez ; has two mineral springs and baths, 
 used since the nth century ; also a thermal establishment, used 
 for the manufacture of salt. P. <:4000. 
 
 Sallgnac, vil. , France, dep. Dordogne, 34 m. ESE. P^rigueux, 
 arr. Sarlat. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sallguy, vil., France, dep. Allier, 34 m. NW. by N. Roanne, 
 arr. and 22 m. ESE. Moulins ; manganese is mined here. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Sallgiiy, vil., Switzd., cant, and 6 m. W. by N. Geneva. 
 
 Sallhlye, comm., Egypt, 23 m. NW. Ismailia. Here the 
 French, under Bonaparte, defeated the Mameluks and Arabs, 
 under Ilrahim Bey, 1798 ; they took the town, 1800. P. <3000. 
 
 Salllill, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet Smyrna, sanjak Sarukhan, 
 
 15 m. WNW. -Alashehr. P. 7000 ; Moham. 6300. 
 
 S&llui, site, Palestine, the Salem of Gen. xiv. 18, the Salim 
 of John iii. 23, 32° 13' N., 35° 19' E. , 4 m. E. Nablus. 
 
 S&lliupur-Majlianll, Brit. India. See Majlianll-Sallnipur. 
 
 Sallii, tn., Upper Burma. See Salen-iuyo. 
 
 Salina, plural Salinas, Spanish and Portuguese, ' salt-pit ' or 
 ' salt-work. ' 
 
 Salliia, salt-mine, Colombia. See Clilta. 
 
 Sallua, vil. , Italy, Lipari Is. , on the E. ct. of an island of 
 the same name, 6 m. NW. by N. of the middle of Lipari I. The 
 island produces a noted wine. Alt. (island) 3155 ft. P. 5600. 
 
 Sallua, city, U.S., Kansas, cap. Saline co. , on Smoky Hill 
 R. , 108 m. W. by S. Topeka ; has salt springs. P. 6100. 
 
 Salliia €rnz, seapt. vil., Mexico, state of Oaxaca, 12^ m. SSE. 
 Tehuantepec. The Isthmus Rly. is now in process of construc- 
 tion. P. <2000. 
 
 Salince, tn. , Eng. , Worcester. See Droltwlcli. 
 
 Salluas, tn., Brazil. See Santo Autoiilo das Salinas. 
 
 Salinas, comm. , Mexico, state of and 60 m. NW. by W. San 
 Luis Potosi ; salt is mined here. P. 6400. 
 
 Salluas, port of Reyes, Uruguay, on the Beni, in 14° 18' S. 
 
 Salinas, riv., U.S., California, flowing NNW. into Monterey 
 Bay. 
 
 Salluas, city, U.S., California, Monterey co. , 87 m. SSE. 
 San Francisco. P. <;30oo. 
 
 Salinas, Catto de, the most southerly point S. of the isl. of 
 Majorca, Spain. 
 
 Salluas, Las, vil. , Chile, prov. and 62 m. Antofagasta ; 
 nitrates of soda and potassium are mined here. P. <:2coo. 
 
 Salluas, Pnuta, cape, Portuguese W. Africa, 40 m. SW. 
 Benguela, in 12° 53' S. 
 
 Salinas, Pnuta, cape, Venezuela, in about 70° 20' W. 
 
 Salinas, Pnuta, cape, W. Indies, Haiti, on S. ct. of republic 
 of Santo Domingo, marks the E. entrance of the Bay of Ocoa. 
 
 Salluas Bay, Central America, on the Pacific coast, on the 
 frontiers of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, is perfectly sheltered ; 
 6 m. long, and 3 ni. broad. 
 
 S&lluas de Aiiana, vil., Spain, Basque Provs. , prov. Alava, 
 
 16 m. WSW. Vitoria ; has saline springs. P. <20oo. 
 Salluas de Leuls, tn. , Spain, Basque Provs., Guipuzcoa, 37 
 
 m. SW. St. Sebastian ; has a rich saline spring. P. <20co. 
 
 Salinas drandes, vast region of salt marshes, Argentine 
 Republic, between the provs. C6rdoba and Catamarca, ex- 
 tending about 175 m. SW. and NE. , between 31° and 28° 30' S. 
 Breadth, 18-31 m.; area over 1930 sq. m. 
 
 Salinas Victoria, comm., Mexico, Nuevo Leon, on the Pes- 
 querto, 25 m. N. Monterey. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sallndres, vil., France, dep. Gard, 25 m. NNW, Nimes, 
 arr. and 5 m. NE. by E. Alais ; manufactures aluminium and 
 chemicals; bitumen and iron pyrites are mined here. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Saline, par., Scot., Fife, 5 m. SE. Dollar, 2 m. N. Oakley 
 stn. ; has coal-mining. PM.O. 8189 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Saline, co. , U.S., Arkansas, between 34° and 35° N., and 
 bounded in the SE. by the Arkansas R. 
 
 Sallue, CO., U.S., Illinois, S. of 38° N., and between 88° and 
 89° W. 
 
 Sallue, CO., U.S., Kansas, W. of 97° W. , and S. of 39° N. 
 
 Sallue, riv., U.S., Kansas, is the N., 1. bk. trib. of Smoky 
 Hill R., which it joins about 5 m. E. Salina. 
 
 Sallue, vil., U.S., Michigan, Washtenaw co. , 40 m. W. by 
 S. Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Saline, co., U.S., Missouri, crossed in the E. by 93° W., 
 bounded on the N. by the Missoui'i R. 
 
 Sallue, CO., U.S., Nebraska, in the SE. crossed by 40^° N., 
 and in the E. by 97° W. 
 
 Sallue Ulver, U.S., Arkansas, rises by several branches in 
 Grant co. , flows SE. then S. into Ouachita R. , between Bradley 
 and Ashley cos. Length, 175 tn. 
 
 Sallues, Polnte des, cape, at the S. end of the British isl. of 
 Grenada, W. Indies. 
 
 Salines, Polnte des, cape, at the S. end of Martinique I., 
 W. Indies. 
 
 SallnevUle, coal-mining vil., U.S., Ohio, Columbiana co. , 
 42 m. N. by W. Wheeling (W. Va.). Alt. 879 ft. (R.R.). P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Sallng, Great, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., 4 m. WNW. 
 Braintree, zh m. NW. by N. Raynestn., PM.O. (Sallng). P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 Sallng Banllleld, par., Eng., Essex. See Bardfleld, 
 Sallng. 
 
 Sallus, tn. , France, dep. Jura, 21 m. SSW. Besan^on, arr. 
 Poligny ; has saline springs, worked from time immemorial for 
 the manufacture of salt ; thermal establishment. Salins is his- 
 torically noted for its sieges, and has several times been burnt 
 down, the last occasion being in 1825. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sallus, vil., France, dep. Savoie, arr. and i m. SSW. Mou- 
 tiers ; has a mineral spring and baths. P. (conmi.)<:20oo. 
 
 Sallus d'Hy^res, Les, or Les Vlenx Sallus, vil., France, 
 dep. Var, arr. Toulon, 4 m. E. and on N. shore of the roadstead 
 of Hyeres ; has a fishing-port. Is a dependency of the mihtary 
 port of Toulon, which has here its artillery school. Salt is found 
 3 111. S. Hyeres. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Sallr, tn., Portugal, dist. Faro. P. < 4000. 
 
 Salisbury, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Westmorland co., 
 74 m. NE. St. John, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Salisbury, lake, central Africa, in about i|° N. , 34° E. , seen 
 from the top of Mount Elgon, but not yet visited by Europeans. 
 {Proc. R. G. S., 1891, map., p. 248.) 
 
 Salisbury, or \"ew Saruni, episcopal city, pari, and (since 
 1227) mun. bor. , Eng., Wiltshire, 81 ni. WSW. London, on the 
 Avon, at its confluence with three tribs. , on the G. W. and SW. 
 Rlys. The plan is laid out in rectangular plots, with spacious 
 market-place in the centre planted with trees. The cathedral, 
 built on the hill fortress of Old Sarum, 2 m. off, was removed 
 in 1220. The present tower with its lofty spire, 404 ft., is 
 admired for its proportions, and the building as a whole (473 ft. 
 long), surrounded by a beautiful close (area, ^ sq. m.), is the 
 finest in England. Sarum was a Roman town, and has many 
 antiquities. The Blackmore Museum here is noted for its collec- 
 tion of prehistoric remains from both worlds. Other objects of 
 interest are the Poultry Cross, with six arches, built in 1330 ; the 
 bishop's palace, the deanery. There are several important edu- 
 cational establishments, and many charities. The diocese includes 
 the whole of Dorset and the greater part of Wiltshire, with parts 
 of Berkshire, Devon, Hampshire, and Somerset; P. (1891) 
 370,000. Since 1885, SaHsbury has returned only one member to 
 Parliament. Market-days, Tu. and S. Alt. 180 ft. Mean rfall. 
 (1866-80), yr. 34.3 in. Mun. bor. or city P. (1801) 7700; (1851) 
 11,700; (1871) 12,900; (1891) 15,500; pari. bor. P. (1891) 17,400. 
 
 Salisbury, par., Queensland. See Port Douglas. 
 
 Salisbury, tp. , S. Australia, Adelaide co., 12 m. N. Adelaide, 
 on the Great Northern Line. St. Kilda Beach, 7 m. to the E. , 
 is a seaside resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Salisbury, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co. , 33 m. NE. 
 by E. Poughkeepsie (N. Y. ), with iron mines and manufactures. 
 Salisbury is unsurpassed for railway car wheels. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Salisbury, tn. , U.S., Maryland, cap. Wicomico co. , 80 m. 
 SE. by E. W^ashington (D. C.) ; has a large coasting and inland 
 trade. Lumber and grain are the chief exports. P. <3000. 
 
 Salisbury, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., 4 m. NW. 
 Newbury port ; manufactures shoes. Salisbury Beach, on the 
 Atlantic Ocean, 3^ m. NE., is a seaside resort. P. <i500. 
 
 Salisbury, tn. , U.S., Missouri, Chariton co. , 70 m. NNW. 
 Jefferson City. P. < 2000. 
 
 Salisbury, settlement, U.S., Montana, Madison co. , 35 m. 
 SSE. Butte City, on the Beaver Head Rly. 
 
 Salisbury, city, U.S., N. Carolina, cap. Rowan co., 105 m. 
 W.Raleigh. P. < 5000. 
 
 Salisbury Island, Hudson Strait, Brit. N. America, in 63° 
 27' N. , 76° 40' W. 
 
 Salisbury Plain, an undulating tract of open downs, Eng., 
 CO. Wiltshire, mainly between Salisbury and Devizes, highest 
 point (Westbury Down) 775 ft., from which most of the hill 
 chains of Salisbury and central England proceed. On it, about 
 8| m. N. Salisbury, is Stonehenge, and there are many traces of 
 British and Roman camps. Alt. 380 ft. Annual rfall. (1866-80), 
 30.77 in. 
 
 Salisbury Sound, gulf, on the NW. of Baranof I. , Alaska, 
 leading to Peril and Neva Straits. 
 
 Salix, Latin, 'the willow.' See Salh. 
 
 Sallyany, tn., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 158 m. SW. 
 
 1357 
 
SALJ — SALS 
 
 Baku, at the head of the Saliyany I., or delta, formed by the 
 branches of Kura, 12 m. from Caspian Sea ; annexed to Russia 
 in 1813. The Saliyany flsliertes are among the most important 
 on the Caspian, and yield every year about 2,000,000 fish and 
 800 cwt. of caviare and gelatine. P. (tn.) 12,100. 
 
 Saljar, mts. and riv. , W. Siberia, Altai region, on r. bk. of 
 Katuii ; very picturesque ; highest summit, 7500 ft. 
 
 Salkehatchle, Big, riv., U.S., in the S. of S. Carolina, flows 
 SE. through St. Helena Sound into the Atlantic. Salke- 
 bateble. Little, a 1. bk. trib. of the Big Salkehatchie, has a 
 nearly parallel course to the confluence. 
 
 Salkeld, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng. , 
 Cumberland. Great Salkeld, on the 1. bk. of the Eden, div. 
 and 4 m. NE. by N. Penrith, P.O., P.<soo. Little Salkeld, 
 on the r. bk. of the Eden, on the M. R. ; gypsum is worked here ; 
 P.O. P.<:2SO. 
 
 Salkhftd, oasis, Palestine, Salchah in the O. T., 32° 31' N., 
 36° 39' E. , 18 m. S. by E. Kanawat. 
 
 S&IU1I&, a N. suburb of Howrah, Brit. India. 
 
 Sail, or Zaal, Teutonic, ' a stone dwelling,' 'hall,' 'house,' 
 cognate with the Spanish and Portuguese sala ; e.g., Eversal, 
 ' the dwelling of the wild boar ; ' Laufenselden, ' the dwelling near 
 the waterfall; ' Upsala, Scandinavian Upsalr, 'the high halls.' 
 
 Sail, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 13 m. NW. by N. Nor- 
 wich, I m. NE. Reepham stn. P. 250. 
 
 Sallagh, Lougb, lake, Ire., in the S. of co. Leitrim, 14 m. 
 ESE. Carrick-on-Shannon. 
 
 Sallanctaes, vil. , France, dep. Haute-Savoie, on the Arve, 30 
 m. SE. by E. Geneva, arr. Bonneville. P. < 2000. 
 
 Salland, old dist. , Holland. See Overljssel. 
 
 Sallan, tn. , France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. B^thune, 10 m. 
 NW. Douai ; coal is mined here. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sallee, seapt. , Morocco. See Sail. 
 
 Salient, comm., Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 35 m. NNW. 
 Barcelona, dist. Manresa. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Salles-Cnran, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. Millau, 37 m. 
 ENE. Albi. P. < 2000. 
 
 Salles-la-Soarce, formerly Salles-Comtanx, tn., France, 
 dep. Aveyron, arr. and 7 m. NNW. Rodez ; coal and iron are 
 mined here. Has three small thermal establishments i m. 
 WNW. The town, situated in a large amphitheatre in the 
 Causse-de- Rodez, is one of the most picturesque places in France. 
 Here are vast caverns, in which Roquefort cheeses are made. 
 P. < 2000; comm. P. < 3000. 
 
 Sailing, penin. , Denmark, prov. Viborg, jutting N. into the 
 Liim Fjord. 
 
 Salllns, tn., Ire., NE. co. Kildare, bar. North Naas, 2 m. 
 N. Naas, on the G. S. & W. R., where it is joined by the Naas 
 and Tullow Branch, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Sallybrook, stn. , Ire. , co. Donegal, on the Londonderry & 
 Lough Swilly and Letterkenny Rlys. , 5 m. E. Letterkenny. 
 
 Sallyford, electoral div.. Ire., Queen's co., dist. Emo. 
 
 Sally Gap, a defile. Ire., in the N. of co. Wicklow, 9 m. 
 SW. by W. Bray. Alt. about 1500 ft. 
 
 Sallymonnt, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Ballina. 
 
 Salmantica, tn. , Spain. See Salamanca. 
 
 Salmilrl, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Rangpur, on r. bk. 
 Brahmaputra, 56 m. S. by E. Kuch Behar. P. < 5000. 
 
 Salmas, fertile plain, Persian Armenia (Azerbaijan), on NW. 
 side of Lake Urumia. 
 
 Salmedlna, small isl. , Spain, prov. Cadiz, at the mouth of 
 the Guadalquivir, 15 m. WNW. Jerez de la Frontera. 
 
 Salmon, riv. , Canada, New Brunswick, rises in Kent co. , and 
 flows SW. into Grand Lake. 
 
 Salmon, riv., Canada, Nova Scotia, Colchester co. , flows 
 SW. into Cobequid Bay. 
 
 Salmon, riv., Canada, Quebec, rises near the frontier of 
 Maine (U.S.), and flows NW. to the riv. St. Francis. 
 
 Salmon, riv., Newfoundland, flows S. into Fortune Bay, 
 about ssi° W. 
 
 Salmon, riv., U.S., Connecticut, rises in Tolland co., and 
 flows S. to the Connecticut R. at E. Haddam. 
 
 Salmon, riv. , U.S. , Idaho, rises in Salmon River Mts. , Alturos 
 CO., and in the Rocky Mts., Lemhi co. , by two branches which 
 flow N. by W. and unite some miles above Salmon City. The 
 river then flows NW. into Snake R. , 50 m. above Lewiston. 
 Length, 425 m. 
 
 Salmon. 1. River, U.S., New York, in the NE., trib. of 
 the St. Lawrence, which it joins on the r. bk. in about 74° 35' 
 W. 2. River in the same state, flows E. into the Lake Ontario, 
 about 20 m. E. by N. Oswego ; 14 m. above the mouth are falls 
 at Orwell, where, after 2 m. of rapids, the river makes an almost 
 perpendicular leap of 107 ft. between rock precipices. 
 
 Salmon Arm, stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the 
 C. P. R., about 119° 22' W., ii66m. by rail W. Winnipeg, 316 
 m. E. Vancouver. 
 
 Salmonby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 10 m. 
 S. Louth, 5 m. NE. Horncastle stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Salmon City, vil., U.S., Idaho, cap. Lemhi co., 140 m. W. 
 by N. from the NE. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 1358 
 
 Salmon Falls, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, Stafford co., on 
 Salmon Falls R. , 35 m. E. by N. Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Salmonler, tn., Newfoundland, on St. Mary's Bay, 49 m. 
 from St. John's. P. < 1500. 
 
 Salmon Leap, fall on riv. Liffey, Ire., co. Kildare, near 
 Leixlip. 
 
 Salmon Point, cape, Canada, Ontario, on Lake Ontario, in 
 Tf 14' W. 
 
 SalmonvlUe, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Peel co. , 29 m. W. by 
 N. Toronto, on a railway. P. <i500. 
 
 Salmttnster, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 32 m. ENE. 
 Frankfurt. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sal6, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 15 m. ENE. Brescia, 
 on W. shore of Lake Garda ; has a Gothic cathedral. P. <:4000. 
 
 Salobreila, comm., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 31 m. S. 
 Granada, dist. Motril. P. <4000. 
 
 Salon, tn. , France, dep. Bouches-du- Rhone, arr. and 20 m. 
 WNW. Aix ; manufactures olive-oil and soap ; trade in almonds 
 for confectionery. P. 6300. 
 
 Salona, ancient tn. , Austria, See Spalato. 
 
 Salona, Greece. See .Impblssa. 
 
 Salonlca (Turkish Selanlk, Slavonic Salonlkl), the ancient 
 Thessalonica or Thertna, tn., Turkey in Europe, cap. prov. 
 Salonica, at the head of the Gulf of Salonica, 13 m. ENE. of 
 the mouth of the Vardar. Salonica, second only to Constanti- 
 nople in importance, is one of the two heads of the great rail- 
 way which traverses central Europe, passing Belgrade, Buda- 
 pest, and Vienna, and of which Paris is the terminus. Its 
 roadstead is one of the deepest and safest on the ^gean Sea, 
 and has a quay 5905 ft. long ; but vessels discharge in the road- 
 stead by means of lighters. The town is extremely unhealthy, 
 but is furnished with water-works, tramways, &c. A proposal 
 for constructing a commercial harbour here was under con- 
 sideration in 1894. The town is overlooked by the ancient 
 citadel of Heptapyrgion, or 'the seven towers.' Here is a 
 government cigarette factory, besides steam flour-mills, soap 
 and brick factories, brewery, and cotton-mills ; carpet-making is 
 also carried on ; antimony and chrome ore mined near. Salonica 
 was a Roman colony in the third century B. c. ; it is celebrated 
 as a scene of the preaching of St. Paul. Constantine rebuilt the 
 town, but the Iconoclasts, after pillaging, put it to fire and sword. 
 In SS"^' 597. 676, 678, 685-87 it was besieged by the Servians; 
 in 996 the Byzantines were here defeated by the Macedonian 
 King Samuil. It was sacked by the Saracens in 904, who carried 
 off 22,000 of the people ; in 1207 besieged by the Bulgarian King 
 Kalojan, but never taken from the Byzantines till 1222, when it 
 was taken by Prince Theodore of Epirus, and in 1325 by the 
 younger Andronicus ; again besieged by the Servians in 1349, but 
 first taken from the Greeks by the Turks in 1429. A dreadful 
 fire which occurred in 1890 destroyed the new quarters and the 
 cathedral of St. Sophia, built by Justinian, and used by the Turks 
 as a mosque like other old Christian churches. An old Roman 
 triumphal arch crossing the ancient Via Egnatia still exists 
 (another destroyed in 1867). P. 121,600, of whom 60,600 Jews 
 (who regard themselves as of Spanish origin, dating from 1571, 
 and speak a corrupt Spanish among themselves), including 5000 
 Moham. (Deunm6s), 25,000 Turks, 14,000 Greeks, 11,000 Slavs, 
 6000 Muhajirs (refugees), 3300 Franks, 1700 Zinzars and 
 Albanians. Count Vizkovic furnished the same figures, but said 
 there were 72,000 Jews, only 20,600 Turks, Muhajirs, and 
 Negroes. 
 
 Salonlea, Gnlf of, in the NW. of the .<Egean Sea, between 
 Thessaly on the W. , Macedonia on the NW. , and Chalcidice 
 on the E. , is formed of two distinct parts, one of which is very 
 wide, and lies SE. and NW., the other, which is narrow, lies 
 SW. and NE. 
 
 Salonlkl, Turkey in Europe. See Salonlca. 
 
 Salop, CO. , Eng. See Sbropsblre. 
 
 Salor, tribe. See Salar. 
 
 Salperton, par., Eng. , Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 7^ 
 m. E. by S. Cheltenham, 3 m. E. Andoversford stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Salpl, marshy lake, Italy, Apulia, prov. and 25 m. E. by S. 
 Foggia, near the SW. shore of the Gulf of Manfredonia, on the 
 Adriatic coast. Length, 8| m. ; greatest breadth, less than 3 m. 
 
 Salren, tn. , Portugal, dist. Aveiro. P. <40oo. 
 
 Sals, lake, Norway. See Salsvand. 
 
 Salsbnrgb, ccal-mining vil., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, 4 m. 
 ESE. Airdrie, 2 m. ENE. Newhouse stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 SaLses, or Salces, tn. , France, dep. Pyr6n6es-Orientales, arr. 
 and II m. N. by E. Perpignan. P. <3000. 
 
 Salsette Island, isl., Brit. India, off the W. ct., N. of 
 Bombay I. , connected with the mainland by roads and railways ; 
 has many Buddhist rock-cut temples and monasteries ; the great 
 Keneri cave belongs mainly to the beginning of the 5th century. 
 The English captured it from the Marathas in December 1774, 
 and it was formally annexed to the East India Company's 
 dominions in 1782 by the treaty of Salbdi. 
 
 Salslpnedes, Pnnta, cape. Central America, Costa Rica, on 
 the SW. ct. of the penin. , W. of Dulce Gulf. 
 
 Salso, ancient Himera, riv., Sicily, rises in E. of prov. 
 
SALS 
 
 SALT 
 
 Palermo, flows S., and enters the Mediterranean at Licata. 
 Length, 89 m. ; area of basin, 765 sq. m. ; mean discharge, 600 
 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Salsoniagglore, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 17 m. W. 
 Parma ; has brine-springs, mineral waters impregnated with 
 iodine, and petroleum wells, and is now entirely lighted by 
 natural gas. P. 5700. 
 
 Salsvand, or Sals, lake, Norway, prov. Trondhjem, separated 
 from the Folden Fjord by an isthmus J m. long. 
 
 Salt, tn. , Palestine. See Es Salt. 
 
 Salt, riv., U.S., Missouri, in the NE., r. bk. trib. of the 
 Mississippi, which it joins about 39° 25' N. 
 
 Salt, North and South, two bars., Ire., in the NE. of co. 
 Kildare. 
 
 Salta, prov., Argentine Republic, in the extreme NW.; it is 
 backed by plateaux of the Andes, nearly 20,000 ft. high ; the 
 country inclines SE., with the rivs. Bermejo, Juramento (the 
 upper Salado), and Teuco. The principal agricultural products 
 are lucerne, sugar-cane, maize, wheat, oats, potatoes, the vine, 
 and other fruits. Chief exports, cattle and horses, also tanned 
 leather, cheese, and wool. Salta has considerable mineral 
 wealth, as yet unworked, including gold, silver, copper, china- 
 clay, coal, asphalt, and petroleum. Mineral springs are utilised 
 at Rosario and El Paraiso. Common salt is obtained in Salinas 
 Grandes, in the N. A railway from Tucuman to Jujuy crosses 
 the prov. Area of prov. nearly 50,000 sq. m. The population 
 is officially estimated at 145,000 (1889), not including the Indians 
 of the Chaco. 
 
 Salta, tn. and stn. , Argentine Republic, cap. state Salta, 145 
 m. N. by W. Tucuman ; founded in 1582 by Hernando de 
 Lerma ; seat of a bishop. Meteorological observatory in 24° 
 4S' 40" N., 65° 23' 45" W. Alt. 3944 ft. Mean temp. (7 yrs. , 
 1873-76, 1879-82), yr. 63.8° F., Jan. 71.8°, July 53.3"; annual 
 rfall. 22.6 in., April-Sept. 1.6 in. P. 20,000. 
 
 Saltaire, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Shipley div. and 
 par., 3:1 m. NW. by N. Bradford, on the riv. Aire, and the 
 M. R. ; built about 1850 by Mr. (afterwards Sir Titus) Salt for 
 the accommodation of the population dependent on his great 
 alpaca works, established here about fourteen years after he 
 had introduced the industry into England. Population not 
 separately returned in the census, being included in that of the 
 parish of Shipley. 
 
 Salt and Enson, par., Eng., co. and 3J m. NE. Stafford, 
 with a stn. (Salt) on the G. N. R., P.O. (Salt). P. <:500. 
 
 Saltash, par., mun. bor. (since the time of William I.), 
 market-tn. , and port, Eng., Cornwall, Bodmin div., on the r. bk. 
 of the riv. Tamar, 4 m. NW. Plymouth, with stns. (St. Bndeanx 
 for Saltash) on L. & SW. R. , and (Saltash for CalUugton) 
 on the G. W. R. , which is here carried across the Tamar by the 
 Royal Albert Bridge, a magnificent structure of nineteen arches. 
 Saltash was formerly a place of importance, represented in Par- 
 liament until 1832 ; it has an active coasting trade. Market-day, 
 S. Alt. 150 ft. Mean annual rfall. (1866-80), 53. 87 in. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Saltbnru, vil., Scot., Ross-shire, on the NW. shore of 
 Cromarty Firth, 4 m. WNW. Cromarty, ij m. ENE. Inver- 
 gorden stn. 
 
 Saltbum-by-the-Sea, eccles. par., tn. , and watering-place, 
 Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., on the coast, lol 
 m. E. Middlesbrough, with a stn. (Saltburn) on the NE. R. 
 The sands extend about 8 m. along the coast. P. <25oo. 
 
 Saltby, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 8 m. NE. by 
 E. Melton Mowbray, 3 m. ENE. Waltham on the Wold stn. 
 P. < 500. See Sproxtoii. 
 
 Saltcoats, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the 
 C. P. R. , 205 m. W. Portage-la- Prairie. 
 
 Saltcoats ('salt cots'), fishing tn. , Scot., N. Ayrshire, on 
 the W. ct. , I m. SE. Ardrossan, on the G. & SW. R. and C. R. ; 
 owes its origin and name to the settlement of a few salt-boilers 
 here at an early date. Salt-making was carried on on a consider- 
 able scale from the end of the 17th to the beginning of the 19th 
 century. Greatly frequented as a health resort, having a fine 
 shore for sea-bathing. P. 5900. 
 
 Salt Creek, city, U.S., Utah. See Xephl. 
 
 Saltee Islands, Ire., about 3 m. off S. ct. of co. Wexford, in 
 6° 36' W. ; the larger of the two islands lies about 15 m. E. Hook 
 Head, and is i m. long. Saltees Llglit-Shlp, Ire., 4^ m. 
 further S, 
 
 Saltenfjord, fjord, Norway, prov. Tromso, crossed by 67° 
 15' N., runs inland by the Skjerstadfjord, with which it is 
 connected by narrow channels, where it forms the famous 
 Saltstriini rapid. 
 
 Salter and Eshat (or Eshett), par., Eng., Cumberland, 6 m. 
 SE. Whitehaven, with iron ore. P. <25o. 
 
 Salterforth, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, S. Skipton 
 div., on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 8i ni. NNE. Burnley, 
 I m. ESE. Barnoldswick stn. , P.O. P. <c5"'oo. 
 
 Salterliebble, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in 
 ancient par. of Halifax, PMT.O. P. 6400. 
 
 Salterns, dreat, par., Eng., Hants, 3 m. NE. Portsmouth. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Saltersford with Kettleshnlnie, eccles. par. , Eng., Cheshire, 
 in ancient par. of Prestbury. P. <500. 
 
 Salterstown, electoral div.. Ire., Londonderry, ' dist. 
 
 Magherafelt. 
 
 Salterstown, par.. Ire., co. Louth, on Dundalk Bay, bar. 
 Ferrard, 3 m. SE. Castlebellingham. P. <25o. 
 
 Salter Street, or Hockley Heath, eccles. par. , Eng. , War- 
 wickshire, in ancient par. of Tanworth, with a stn. (Hockley) 
 on the G. W. R. P. -=750. 
 
 Salterton, vil., Eng., Devonshire, 3 m. E. Topsham. 
 
 Saltfleetby ('the dwelling on the salt-water channel'), SS. 
 Peter and Clement and All Saints, three adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., the former 2 m. from the 
 E. ct., 8 m. E. by N. Louth, with a stn. (Saltfleetby) on the 
 G. N. R., P.O. (Saltfleetby). Saltfleetby St. Peter, P. <5oo; 
 Saltfleetby St. Clement and Saltfleetby All Saints, P. (each) < 250. 
 
 Saltfleet Haven, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. 
 Lindsey or Louth div., on the E. ct. , 9 m. ENE. Louth, 2^ m. 
 NE. Saltfleetby stn.; is a sea-bathing resort, and sub-port to 
 Boston. See Skldbrooke. 
 
 Saltrord, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., on the Avon, 6| m. 
 ESE. Bristol, 2 m. E. Keynsham stn., on the G. W. R. (main 
 line), PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Salt Hill, P.O., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 2^ m. N. Windsor. 
 
 Salthlll, stn.. Ire., co. Dubhn, on the Dublin, Wicklow, and 
 Wexford Rly., near Blackrock. 
 
 Saltholni, isl. , Denmark, in the Sound, E. of Amager I. 
 Length 4^ m., by 2 m. in its widest part. 
 
 Salthouse, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., i m. from the N. 
 ct. , 9 J m. W. by N. Cromer, 3 J m. N. by W. Holt stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. See Kelllng. 
 
 SaltlUo, comm., Mexico, Coahuila, 45 m. WSW. Monterey, 
 with which it is connected by rail ; has a cathedral. P. 22,800. 
 
 Salt Lake, Great, U.S. See Great Salt Lake. 
 
 Salt Lake City, U.S., cap. Utah, Salt Lake co. , in 40° 46' 
 N., 112° 6' W. , 776 m. E. by N. San Francisco, by the old emi- 
 grant route, on a branch line of the Pacific Rly. Large flocks 
 of sheep and herds of cattle are reared ; and with a view of being 
 a self-sustaining colony, beetroot is grown for the manufacture of 
 sugar, woollen factories have been built, besides grist-mills, 
 cutlery, and pottery manufactories. Owing to the scarcity of 
 rain, great attention is paid to artificial irrigation, by means of 
 reservoirs of snow, which accumulates in the gorges of the 
 mountains and yields never-failing streams during the summer. 
 The city is 4 m. long, by 3 m. in breadth ; the streets are at right 
 angles, 132 ft. wide, with a stream of clear water on each side. 
 The city has 75 m. of street railroad ; it contains the university 
 of Utah and other public buildings. The Mormon tabernacle 
 contains a large organ, second only to that of Boston, and will 
 seat 8000 to 9000 people. There are churches of various other 
 bodies. This settlement was formed in 1847 by the ' Mormons ' 
 or ' Latter Day Saints ' under Brigham Young, the successor of 
 Joseph Smith, after their expulsion from the city of Nauvoo, 
 Illinois, and the murder of their prophet, Joseph Smith, and his 
 brother in the gaol of Carthage. Alt. 4350 ft. Mean temp, 
 (lof yrs., 1874-84), yr. 51.3° F., Jan. 28.7°, July 7^.3° ; (20 yrs.), 
 yr. 51.7° F., Jan. 27.6°, July 76.1°; rfall., yr. 16.85 in., June- 
 Sept. 2.98 in. P. (1870) 12,900; (1880) 20,800; (1890) 44,800. 
 
 Saltley, eccles. par., an E. suburb of Birmingham, Warwick- 
 shire, Eng., in the E. div., with a stn. on the M. R. P. 9300. 
 
 Saltmarsh, par., Eng., Herefordshire, in Bromyard union. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Saltmarsh, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., on the Ouse, 2| ni. E. Goole, i^ m. SW. of its stn. (Salt- 
 marshe) on the NE. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Saltmllls, tnld., Ire., SW. co. Wexford, bar. Shelburne, 12 
 m. E. by S. Waterford, on Bannow Harbour, P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Saltney, vil., Eng., Cheshire, partly in Fhnt, included in the 
 pari. bor. of and 2 m. SW. Chester, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. 
 See Lache with Saltney. 
 
 Saltney, par. , Wales, Flintshire, 2 ni. SW. Chester, on the 
 L. & NW. R., with a stn. (Saltney Ferry), Mold Junction. 
 Saltney has an important coasting trade, and is an outlet for the 
 central districts of Wales. It has iron and railway works, and 
 an anchor foundry. PMT.O., and P.O. (Saltney Ferry). 
 P. < 3000. See Lache ivlth Saltney. 
 
 Salto, tn., Argentine Republic, prov. and 107 m. WNW. 
 Buenos Aires, cap. dist. P. 5000. 
 
 Salto, tn. , Mexico, state of and 80 m. N. by W. Zacatecas. 
 
 Salto, or Salto Oriental, tn. and port, Uruguay, at the 
 lower end of the rapids on the Uruguay R. , the limit of naviga- 
 tion for coasters and river steamers, 63 m. N. Paysandu, 287 m. 
 by river from Buenos Aires, cap. dep. Salto ; amethysts and 
 agates are found in the neighboxu-hood. P. estimated at 13,000. 
 
 Salton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div. , on 
 the Dove, 19^ m. NNE. York, 5^ m. WSW. Pickering, 3 m. 
 NE. by N. Slingsby stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Salton, par. , Scot. , co. and near Haddington, P.O. (West 
 Salton). P. < 500. 
 
 Salton Lake. See Colorado Desert. 
 
 1359 
 
SALT — SAL V 
 
 Saltov, Fpper and Lower, tns. , Russia, govt, and 25 and 
 30 m. NE. Kharkov. P. about 6500. 
 
 Saltpond, or Akenifo, coast vil., W. Africa, Gold Coast 
 Colony, in 1° W. , 18 m. ENE. Cape Coast Castle. 
 
 8altport, place with vv^harves and jetties, founded by the 
 Manchester Ship Canal Co. , near the junction of the riv. Weaver 
 with the canal in Cheshire, Eng. 
 
 Salt Range, group of mts. , India, in 32° 30' N., 33° 20' E., 
 stretching from W. to E. ; highest peak 2500 ft. above the sea. 
 This famous range commences in Chel (alt. 3700 ft.), formed by 
 the convergence of three spurs from the Jehlam R., and runs 
 thence due W. in two parallel ridges, culminating in Sakeswar 
 (alt. 5010 ft.). Between these lies a fertile tableland, with Kallar 
 Kahar Lake, right across the Sind Sagar Dodb (separating the 
 Doab into two divisions), till it reaches the Indus. There, 
 leaving at Kdlabagh a narrow channel for the river to pass 
 through, it crosses the Trans-Indus region, till it meets at right 
 angles the Sulaiman Range, which runs from N. to S. The beds 
 of salt from which the range is named are solid rock, on the 
 slopes of the tableland, and are the largest known deposits in 
 the world, and practically inexhaustible. The salt is mined at 
 the Mayo mines, Kheura, Warcha, and at Kalabagh. Brown 
 lignite coal of inferior quality is found at Kalabdgh, and between 
 Jalapur and Pind DAdan Khin. Other valuable minerals occur. 
 
 Salt River, U.S., Kansas, rises in NW. of Trego co., and 
 flows E. to Smoky Hill R.; some miles below Salina, Saline co. 
 Length, 250 ni. 
 
 Salt River, U.S., Kentucky, rises in Mercer co., flows N. 
 then W. to Ohio R. at West Point ; navigable by boats 150 m. 
 
 Saltsa, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 24 m. NE. by E. 
 Skutari. 
 
 Saltsbui^, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Indiana co. , on Kiski- 
 minetas R. , 30 m. E. Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Salt Sea, Palestine. See Dead Sea. 
 
 Salt Spring Island, Canada, Brit. Columbia, Vancouver I., 
 in Maple Bay, 60 m. from Victoria ; has warm springs. 
 
 Salt Springs, settlement, Canada. See Mount Tbom. 
 
 Salt Springs, vil., U.S., Missouri, Sahne co., 8 m. W. 
 Marshall ; has saline springs. P. <isoo. 
 
 Saltstrom, rapid, Norway. See Salteufjord. 
 
 Salt Sulphur Springs, vil. , in SE. of W. Virginia, Monroe 
 CO., 70 m. SE. Charleston; is a pleasant watering-place, en- 
 circled by mountains, and much resorted to by invalids. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 SaltTllle, viL, U.S., Virginia, Washington co., 99 ra. E. by 
 N. of SW\ corner of the state. Alt. 1724 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Salt Way, Roman road, Eng. , from the coast of Hampshire 
 to Old Droitwich, Worcestershire. 
 
 Saltwood, par., Eng., Kent, partly in Hythe bor., P.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Salu, seapt., comm., Spain, Catalonia, prov., dist., and 7 m. 
 WSW. Tarragona, is the port for the town Reus, 4^ m. to the 
 N. P. 8000. 
 
 Saluafata, harb. , on the N. ct. of Upolu I., Samoan group, 
 S. Pacific, in about 13° 53' S., 171° 35' W. 
 
 Saluda, riv., U.S., S. CaroUna, rises in the Saluda Mts. (on 
 the border of N. Carolina), and flows SSE. then E. till it unites 
 with the Broad R. to form the Congaree at Columbia. 
 
 Saludecclo, tn., Italy, Emiha, prov. Forli, 14 m. SSE. 
 Rimini. P. -<:4000. 
 
 Saluggla, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 20 m. WSW. 
 Vercelli. P. <3000. 
 
 Salnui, riv., W. ct. of Africa, in French Senegal, S. of Cape 
 Verde, enters the Atlantic by an immense delta of three branches 
 between 13° 50' and 13° 42' N.; navigable for 100 m. 
 
 Salumbar, tn., India, Rdjputana, 120 m. NE. by E. Ahma- 
 dabdd ; has a wall and hills with a fort on the N. P. (1881) 
 5600. 
 
 S&liir, tn. , Brit, India, Madras, dist. and 60 m. N. by W. 
 Vizagapatam. P. 12,900; Hindus, 12,500. 
 
 Salurn, vil., Austria, Tirol, 13 m. N. by E. Trent. P. <20oo. 
 
 Saint, ties' du, small group of isls. , French Guiana, 31 m. 
 NW. Cayenne ; they are three in number, St. Joseph, lie 
 Royale, and lie du Diable ; here is a safe roadstead, and a 
 lighthouse ; seat of the convict establishment. On lie Royale 
 is an immense hospital, with lighthouse ; climate healthy. 
 
 Salnx, vil, Switzd., cant. Grisons, 15 m. S. by E. Chur, in 
 Oberhalbstein. 
 
 Salnzzo, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 18 m. N. by W. 
 Cuneo. Saluzzo possesses many ancient buildings, among 
 which are a cathedral (1480-1511) with a lateral bell-tower 
 210 ft. high, and a communal palace, dated 1462. The town 
 was for 314 years the cap. of the Marquisate of Saluzzo, but 
 was united to the French crown as a fief of Dauphin6 in 1529 ; 
 in 1601 Henri IV. ceded it to Savoy in exchange for Brescia, 
 Gex, Bugey, and Val Romez. Birthplace of the poet Silvio 
 Pellico (1789-1854), and of the printer Bodoni (1740-1813). 
 Alt. ii30-i3ioft. P. 9700. 
 
 Saluzzola, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, i8 m. NW. 
 bv W. Vercelli. 
 1360 
 
 Salvada, tn. , Portugal, Alemtejo, dist. and jh m. SE. Beja. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 Salvada, mts., Spain. See Cnntabrian Mountains. 
 
 Salvador, tn., Argentine Republic, prov. and 14 m. NE. 
 San Juan. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Salvador (republic 'del Salvador', the old Cuscatlan, ' Land 
 of hamacs,' or ' moving land'), a rectangle on the Pacific slopes 
 of the Cordillera (i3°-i5° N., 87°-9i° W. ), between Guatemala 
 (W. riv. Paza, Lake de Guija), Honduras (N. rivs. Sumpul and 
 Torola-Lempa ; E. rivs. Pescado, Goascoran), and the Pacific 
 (S. 200 m.), being the smallest of the Central American States 
 (about 190 m. long and 50 m. wide), less than one-tenth of Great 
 Britain. A volcanic zone, stretching from Guatemala to Fonseca 
 Bay, and containing peaks rising to upwards of 7000 ft. (San 
 Vicente -Chicon tepee, SE. of Lake Ilopango, 7870 ft.), has 
 built up a plateau (about 1600-3200 ft. high, 30 m. wide) where 
 the system of the riv. Lempa (186 m.) circulates. This river 
 is navigable for a long distance (100 m.) inland. The rocks of 
 Salvador are volcanic (trachytic porphyries and recent lavaj, 
 covered with their decomposed products (yellow and grey clays), 
 ashes, and scoriae. There is still great volcanic activity {ausoles 
 infiernillos , geysers, mud volcanoes, and lakes). Frequent and 
 terrible earthquakes (San Salvador seven times destroyed). The 
 coast is gradually rising. Silver, antimony, mercury, iron, lead, 
 tin, copper, zinc, coal (La Palma, Cabanas) are all worked. 
 Numerous thermal springs. Salvador is between the 79°-82° 
 isotherms. Rains are moderate on the slopes along the Pacific 
 (May-June, and July-Sept. , veranillo de San Juan ; dry season, 
 with N. winds, Oct.-April), N. winds (terrales, Feb. -March) 
 and S. winds (vendavales) are stormy or even cyclonic {chubascos), 
 on the coast. Mean temp, of the volcanic region, 6<)°-j<f N. 
 In the Lempa valley the climate is hotter and unhealthy. Tro- 
 pical forests, rich in timber, resins, gums, and medicinal plants, 
 cover the Pacific lands (with some littoral savannas, sacate). 
 The Balsam tree (Myrospermum salvaiorense, known as the 
 Balsam of Peru, whence it was exported in colonial times) gives 
 name to the coast between Acajutla and Libertad (Costa del 
 Balsamo). [See Cinateniala.] In the i6th century Salvador was 
 peopled by Indians known as the Nahua Pipil ('children'); 
 but almost the entire population is now ladina, that is, Spanish- 
 speaking and partly of Spanish descent, principally settled in the 
 volcanic fertile regions (littoral is very unhealthy). Lands de- 
 rived from volcanic rocks are of exceeding fertility, sugar-cane, 
 coffee, cacao, tropical fruits, agave, being abundantly pro- 
 duced. The feeding plant is the maize. Manufactures of cigars 
 (Cojutepeque) and some domestic industries {rebozos). A railway 
 goes from the port of Acajutla up to the volcanic plateau branch- 
 ing to the principal towns, and is intended to meet the projected 
 Mexico-Panama line. Acajutla (an open roadstead dangerously 
 exposed on the W. and S. ) is the most important port in the N. 
 of Salvador. La Libertad is the central port ; Conendin and 
 La Union, the chief in the S. (in Fonseca Bay, well protected). 
 Exports coffee, tobacco, medicinal plants, rice, beans, silver, 
 gold, rebozos; imports manufactured articles of food, dress, 
 furniture. (See Appendix.) Cap. San Salvador. The Spaniards 
 first entered Salvador in 1524. In 1821 Salvador, united to 
 Guatemala, became independent of Spain, and from 1824 to 1853 
 was one of the five federated republics of Central America. P. 
 (1778)117,400; (1886)650,000; (1892)800,000. [J. B. R.] 
 
 Salvages, or Selvagens, group of rocky islets in the Atlantic 
 Ocean, 171-178 m. S. Madeira, of which island they are depen- 
 dencies, in 3o°-30° 9' W., 15° 59'-i6° 6' W. 
 
 Salvagnac, vil., France, on the W. border of dep. Aveyron, 
 arr. Villefranche, on the Lot, 42 m. NNW. Albi, 13 m. SW. 
 Figeac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Salvaleon, comm., Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 26 m. 
 SSE. Badajoz, dist. Jerez de los Caballeros. P. <;40oo. 
 
 Salvaleon de Higney, Salva Leon de Hlguei, or Hlgney, 
 tn. , Haiti, republic of Santo Domingo, 20 m. from the E. ex- 
 tremity of the island ; silver is mined here. Resort of pilgrims. 
 P. 8000. 
 
 Salvan, vil., Switzd., cant. Valais, 3 m. NW. by W. 
 Martigny. P. < 2000. 
 
 Salvatl, isls.. New Guinea. See Salawatl. 
 
 Salvatierra, tn. , Mexico, state of and 60 m. SSE. Guanajuato. 
 P. 10,300. 
 
 Salvatierra, comm. , Spain, prov. Alava, 15 m. E. Vitoria. 
 P. 2000. 
 
 Salvatierra, comm., Spain, prov. Pontevedra, on the Mino, 
 15 m. SE. Vigo. P. 9300. 
 
 Salvatierra de los Barros, comm., Spain, Estremadura, 
 prov. and 29 m. SSE. Badajoz, dist. Jerez de los Caballeros. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Salvatierra de Tormes, vil., Spain, prov. and 25 m. S. by 
 E. Salamanca. 
 
 Salvetat, La, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. Rodez, 21 m. 
 N. by E. Albi. P. < 2000. 
 
 Salvetat-d'Angl^s, La, vil. , France, dep. H^rault, 23 m. E. 
 Castres, arr. and 9 m. NNW. St. Pons ; i m. W. is the thermal 
 establishment of Rienmajou. P. <20oo. 
 
S AL V 
 
 S A M A 
 
 Salvlac, vil. , France, dep. Lot, 45 m. SE. by S. P^rigueux, 
 arr. Gourdon, 19 m. NW. by N. Cahors. P. <2cxx3. 
 
 Salvliigton, P.O., Eiig. , Sussex, Lewes div. , 7^ m. E. byS. 
 Arundel, ij m. NW. Worthing stn. 
 
 Salvore, vil., Austria, Istria, 17 m. SW. Trieste, on the 
 Adriatic, at S. entrance to Gulf of Pirano. 
 
 Salwarpe, par., Eng. , Worcestershire, div. and i m. S. 
 Droitwich, 5^ m. NNE. Worcester. P. -csoo. 
 
 Salwattl, isls.. New Guinea. See Salawatl. 
 
 Salway Ash, P.O., Eng., Dorsetshire, 3 m. from Bridport. 
 
 8al>veen, riv. , Indo-China. See Salwln. 
 
 Salwlck, part of par., Eng., Lancashire, Blackpool div., 
 on the L. & Y. and L. & NW. Joint Rly. , 4 m. WN W. 
 Preston. See Clifton and Sal wick. 
 
 Sal^vin, riv., Indo-China, the source of which is unknown ; it 
 is generally, and with great probability, identified with the Lu- 
 kiang, which is crossed in about 25° N. , 99° E. , by the road 
 from Tali-fu (Yunnan) to Bhdmo ; and this again is identified 
 by some with the Giama-nu-chu, which issues from two lakes in 
 E. Tibet, S. of 32° N., in 96° i5'-3o' E.; others again believing 
 that this may be the headwater of the Irdwadi. After leaving 
 China it flows S. through the Burmese Shan states, and then 
 forms the E. boundary of Karennee and Lower Burma to its 
 confluence with the Thaung-yin (17° 50' N.). It is here a broad 
 rapid stream, between high mountains, which southward ap- 
 proach, forming narrow gorges. Below the mouth of the 
 Thaung-yin, and 100 m. from the sea, are the great rapids, where 
 during the rains the violence of the current is so great that logs 
 of timber are dashed to pieces. Other rapids occur lower, and 
 numerous islands. Below the confluence of the Yunz-a-lin, on 
 r. bk., it traverses a more open country. At Maulmain the 
 Salwi'n divides into two branches, one N. the other E. of 
 Bilu-Gywon I. The N. branch is now unnavigable by reason 
 of sandbanks, but the E. or S. branch, which enters the sea at 
 Amherst, where it is 7 m. wide, is navigable, though with diffi- 
 culty, for the largest vessels to Maulmain. Immense quantities 
 of teak are floated down by the Salwin from the forests of the 
 interior. See map, Geog. Jour. , iv. p. 96. 
 
 Salza, riv., Austria, N. Styria, rises at foot of Trasien Berg, 
 and flows W. past Mariazell into the Enns. Length about 
 70 m. 
 
 Salza, vil.. Gen, gd. -duchy Saxe-Weimar, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Ilm R. , 14 m. NE. by E. Weimar. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Salzacta, riv., Austria, rises in the Hohetauern, Salzburg, 
 flows E. along the northern base of those mountains, then N. 
 past Salzburg, to the Inn, forming for the last 33 m. of its course 
 part of the boundary between Bavaria and Upper Austria ; navig- 
 able from Hallein, 45 m. 
 
 Salzano, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 12 m. WNW. 
 Venice. P. <30oo; comm. P. <4000. 
 
 Salzbraiin, Ober-, vil., Prussia, Silesia, circle Waldenburg, 
 45 m. SW. by W. Breslau ; much frequented mineral baths 
 (water bottled for export) ; coal-mines, and manufactures of 
 porcelain and glass. Alt. 1290 ft. P. <40oo. Nea-Salzbmnn, 
 a vil. to the S. , P. <:20oo. Nleder-Salzbrnnu, a vil. to the N. , 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Salzburg, crownland, Austria, surrounded by Lower Austria, 
 Styria, Carinthia, Tirol, and Bavaria. Except a small portion 
 in the extreme N., next Bavaria, it is a mountainous region, 
 made up for the most part of the Salzburg Alps (Hochkonig, 
 9640 ft.), Tannengebirge (7966 ft.), Dachstein (9830 ft.), and 
 Tauern (Grossvenediger, 12,050 ft.; Wiesbachhorn, 11,740 ft.). 
 The principal stream is the Salzach (its upper valley known as 
 the Pintzgau), which flows E. and N. The climate is conti- 
 nental, and subject to great alternations [see Austria]. Nearly 
 40 per cent, of the surface is given over to pasturage, and nearly 
 as much is covered with forests. Oats, rye, clover, and hay 
 are the chief crops ; cattle-breeding the chief occupation. Horses 
 are also reared. Salt, gold, iron, and copper are extracted ; the 
 duchy is also rich in marble, peat, and gypsum. The little 
 industry there is is mostly concentrated at Salzburg (q.v.), the 
 cap. Other towns, Hallein, St. Johann, Zell, and the famous 
 spas of Gastein and St. Wolfgang. The crownland formed till 
 1849 a duchy, carved in 1803 out of the territories of the former 
 powerful elector-archbishop of Salzburg. Area, 2761 sq. m. 
 P. (1890) 174,000, nearly all of German race, and Roman 
 Catholics by religion. 
 
 Salzburg, tn. , Austria, cap. crownland Salzburg, on the 
 Salzach, 73 m. ESE. Munich, 85 m. ENE. Innsbruck ; has a 
 cathedral, a lyceum with library, and an episcopal seminary. 
 The Mirabell Palace was an episcopal residence until 1864. 
 Birthplace of Mozart. Alt. 1378 ft. Mean annual temp. (15 
 yrs.), yr. 46.8° P., Jan. 28.3°, July 65.2° ; mean annual rfall. (30 
 yrs.), 45.59 in. P. 27,200. 
 
 Salzburg, Hungary. See Ylzakna. 
 
 Salzderheldeu, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle and 2J m. 
 SE. Einbeck ; has salt-works. P. <2000. 
 
 Salzdetfurt, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, 7 m. SSE. Hildes- 
 heim ; has salt-works and a bathing establishment. P. <20oo. 
 
 Salze, Gross-, vil., Prussia, govt, and 9 m. SSE. Magdeburg, 
 
 circle Kalbe, with the frequented brine baths of Elmen, and the 
 brine springs supplying the salt-works of Schonebeck. Bed of 
 rock-salt at a depth of 1525 ft. 
 
 Salzgltter, tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 20 m. ESE. Hildes- 
 heim ; has salt-works at Liebenhalle. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Salzhenimendorf, or Henimcndorr, tn. , Prussia, prov. 
 Hanover, circle and loj m. ESE. Hameln ; mineral springs and 
 bathing establishment. P. <:2oco. 
 
 Salzlger See, former lake, Prussia, prov. Saxony, with slightly 
 salt water, 10 m. W. Halle, 4 m. long by i m. across ; had an 
 underground connection with the Mansfeld copper-mines, in 
 consequence of which it was, in 1894, drained dry by the mine- 
 pumping works. 
 
 Salzkaniniergut ('salt domain'), one of the most beautiful 
 regions of the Austrian Alps, comprising the whole of the lake 
 region of the Traun basin, in the SW. of the crownland of Upper 
 Austria, along with small adjacent parts of Salzburg and Styria, 
 though the name is sometimes applied in a more restricted sense 
 to the salt-yielding portion of this area, namely, the dist. lying 
 N. of the Dachstein, embraced by the SW. loop of the frontier 
 of Upper Austria, along with a small portion of Styria (Alt- 
 Aussee, Grundel-see). The lakes in the N. are Irr- or Zeller-see, 
 Mond-see, Atter- or Kanimer-see (the largest, 15.9 sq. m.), 
 Gmunden- (or Traun) see ; further S. Fuschel-see and Aber- (or 
 St. Wolfgang) see ; and still further S. Hallstatter-see, and to 
 the E. of it Alt-Aussee (the highest, alt. 2325 ft.), and Grundel- 
 see. The three salt-deposits now worked, all of which belong, like 
 the other salt-deposits of the Austrian Alps, to the Upper Trias, 
 are at Hallstatt (worked even by the Celts), Aussee, and Ischl. 
 The salt is produced mainly from brine, partly (at Hallstatt and 
 Aussee) in the form of rock-salt. A large part of the brine is 
 pumped down the Traun valley to Ebensee, where is the largest 
 salt-boiling establishment. Total annual production of salt 
 about 80,000 tons. See Alps, Subdivisions, III. B. 1. 
 
 Salzkotteu, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 46 m. N W. by W. 
 Kassel, 7J m. WSW. Paderborn ; has salt-works. P. <30og. 
 
 Salzselillrf, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle and 9^ 
 m. NW. Fulda ; salt-baths. P. < 2000. 
 
 Salzullen, tn. , Ger. , princip. Lippe (Detmold), 17 m. SSW. 
 Minden, 5^ m. SE. Herford ; salt-baths. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Salzungeu, tn., Ger., duchy Saxe-Meiningen, on the Werra 
 R., 12 m. S. by W. Eisenach ; has salt-mines, and is the centre 
 of the salt trade in Thuringia ; salt-baths. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Salzwedel, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, 48 m. NE. by N. 
 Brunswick, on the (navigable) Jeetze, where it is joined by the 
 Dumme, cap. circle Salzwedel ; manufactures damask cloth and 
 chemicals, and has bleachworks ; hops are cultivated here. P. 
 (1816) 5600 ; (1890) 8900 (including Perver). 
 
 Saina, vil. , on the N. frontier of Chile, prov. Tacna, on the 
 riv. Sama, 120 m. ESE. Mollendo. 
 
 Sania, Pan de, penin. , N. ct. of Cuba, in 75° 35'-75'' 50' W. 
 
 Saniaden, tn. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 3 m. NNE. St. Moritz, 
 in the Upper Engadine. Alt. 5670 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sama de Langreo, vil. , Spain. See Langreo. 
 
 Sainadun, tn. , Egypt, Lower Egypt, prov. Menufiye, dist. 
 and 3 m. NNW. Akhmun. P. 5200. 
 
 Saniadu's Empire^ W. Africa. See Wasulu. 
 
 Samagnting, frontier outpost stn., Brit. India, Assam, former 
 cap. , dist. Nagd^ Hills, 70 m. N. by W, Manipur ; abandoned 
 in favour of Kohima, 1878. 
 
 Samalklno, vil., Russia, govt. Simbirsk, 90 m, W. Samara; 
 woollen cloth mills. P. 5000. 
 
 Samakov, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. and 27 m. SSE. Sofia, on one 
 of the headwaters of the Isker ; iron-mines here ; formerly im- 
 portant. Alt. 3075 ft. P. 9700. 
 
 SamakoT, tn., Turkey in Asia, prov. Kirk-Kilise, 50 m. SSE. 
 Burgas (Bulgaria). 
 
 Samal, tn., Philippine Is., Luzon I., 30 m. WNW. and on 
 Bay of Manila. P. <40oo. 
 
 Samal, isl., Philippine Is., crossed by 7° N., in the Gulf of 
 Davao, SE. of Mindanao, inhabited by a small Malayan tribe. 
 Area, 70 sq. m. 
 
 Samalalset, people, N. Europe. See Lapps. 
 
 Samalut, vil. , Middle Egypt, prov. and 14 m. N. Minie, i m. 
 from the 1. bk. of the Nile. P. <4000. 
 
 Samana, mt. range, in the NE. of Afghanistan, in about 
 332° N. , 70° 4o'-7i° E., between the Hangu valley (Miranzai 
 country) on the S. , and the Kohat on the N. , the latter sepa- 
 rating it from the Safid Koh ; now crowned with British forti- 
 fied posts. 
 
 Samana, or Atwoods Cay, small isl., Bahamas, W. Indies, 
 25 m. NNE. Acklin I., in 23° 9' N., 73° 54' W., about 12^ m. 
 long by 3 or 3^ m. broad. Area about 20 sq. m. 
 
 Samana, tiT. , Haiti. See Sta. Barbara de Samana. 
 
 Samiina, tn., India, Punjab, in the native state of Patidla. 
 P. 10,000 ; Hindus, 2800 ; Moham. 6900. 
 
 Samana, Bahla de, bay, 40 m. long, 10-12 m. wide, in the 
 E. of the isl. of Haiti. 
 
 Samana, Cape, at the mouth of the Bay of Samana, in 19' 
 IS'N.,69°5'W. 
 
 4R 
 
S A M A 
 
 SAME 
 
 Saniana, Pnnta, cape, Turkey in Europe, on the Adriatic, 
 in 40° 48' N. , with a Ughthouse. 
 
 Saniauco, bay, Peru, dep. Ancachs, on the coast, in about 
 9° 15' S. 
 
 Saniaiinnd, tn. , Lower Egypt. See Seniennd. 
 
 Samar, one of the Philippine Is. (the most NE. of the 
 Visayas), formed by a mountainous insular connection (with 
 the ranges of Curao, Matuginao, Palapa), between the Surigao 
 highlands (Dinagat, Siargao, Mindanao Is.) and the SE. ex- 
 tremity of Luzon (Albay-Buensan) ; cap. Catbalogan. 
 
 Samara, riv. See Sonima. 
 
 Samara, govt., SE. Russia, on 1. bk. of lower Volga, has 
 Kazan on N., Simbirsk and Saratov on W. , Ufa and Orenburg 
 on E. , and Astrakhan on S. Deeply cut plateaux in the N. , 
 which take the aspect of ranges of hills (Kinel, Sokolii, Sok, 
 Zhegulevy Mts. ), reach 1000 ft. and compel the Volga to make 
 its characteristic bend to the E. (Samarskaya Luka). Low and 
 flat steppes in the S. Carboniferous, Zechstein, Triassic, and 
 Cretaceous limestones and marls in N.; Tertiary in S. , covered 
 with Post-Tertiary loess, black earth, and lacustrine deposits. 
 The Volga flows for 550 m. along its W. border, receiving the 
 Great Cheremshan, Sok, and Samara, as well as many smaller 
 tribs. Altogether, rapidly desiccating. Forests in N., and fertile 
 prairies in S. CUmate severe. Average temp, at Samara, yr. 
 39°, Jan. 9.3°, July 70.4°; yearly rfall. (18 yrs. ), 15.6 in., May- 
 Nov. II in. The population, rapidly increased during this 
 century by immigration, consists chiefly of Great Russians, Mord- 
 vinians (10 per cent.), Chuvashes (75,000), Tatars (120,000), and 
 Bashkirs (85,000). German colonists — Anabaptists, Moravians, 
 Mennonites, &c. — especially in dists. Novo-Uzeii and Nikola- 
 yevsk. Agriculture carried on everywhere, and grain exported 
 in large quantities. It suffers, however, periodically from draughts, 
 which have lately several times resulted in famines ; has oil-yield- 
 ing plants, tobacco ; mustard also cultivated ; considerable cattle- 
 breeding. Manufactures on increase — flour-mills, woollen cloth, 
 distilleries. Very active trade, and shipping. Divided into seven 
 •dists.: Samara, Bugulma, Buguruslan, Buzuluk, Nikolayevsk, 
 Novo-Uzeii, and Stavropol. Several villages, Pokrovskaya 
 Sloboda, Ekaterinenstadt, Glushitsa and Alexandrov Gai are 
 populous towns. Area, 58,321 sq. m. P. (1853) 1,388,500; 
 (1882) 2,224,100 ; (1890) 2,6(55,300. 
 
 Samara, city, Russia, cap. of above govt. , on 1. bk. of Volga, 
 at the mouth of Samara R. , 560 m. by rail SE. of Moscow 
 {via Ryazhsk, on Ryazan Rly.). The Trans-Siberian Rly. to 
 Chelyabinsk and Omsk, and a railway to Orenburg, radiate 
 from Samara, near which the Volga is spanned by a grand iron 
 bridge. Samara is a great centre for trade with the Kirghiz 
 Steppe and lower Volga, and is rapidly increasing. P. (1869) 
 34,500; (1879)63,400; (1891)100,300. 
 
 Samara, rivs. , Russia. 1. Govts. Kharkov and Ekaterinoslav, 
 1. bk. trib. Dnieper; length, 150 m. ; very populous valley. 
 H. Left bank trib. middle Volga, rises in S. Urals, flows WNW., 
 receiving Tok and Kinel from right, Bazuluk from left ; waters 
 ^ovt. Samara ; length, 340 m. 
 
 Samara, or Imam-Samara, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet, 
 sanjak, and 65 m. NW, by N. Bagdad, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Tigris. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 38.3° F., Jan. 6.9°, July 68.2°. 
 P. (Moham.) 2500. 
 
 Samarahaii, riv., Sardwak, in the residency of Sarawak, con- 
 nected by a navigable arm with the riv. Sarawak to the W. 
 Proc. R. G. S., i88i, p. 195. 
 
 Samaral, native name of Dinner I., Brit. New Guinea ; centre 
 of a growing trade with Cooktown, Queensland. 
 
 Samarang, tn., Java, on the N. ct., in about 110° 28° E., 
 55 m. N. Jokjokarta ; is one of the trading centres of the island. 
 Exports sugar, coffee, tobacco, and indigo. Has no port ; vessels 
 anchor i m. from the shore. During the W. monsoons the sea 
 here is almost impassable. P. 69,000. 
 
 Samaras, stn. and bay, Eng. , Channel Is. , on S. ct. of Jersey, 
 ■on the Jersey Eastern Rly., 2 m. SE. St. Helier, PMT.O. 
 
 Samaria, place named in O. and N. T. See Sebnstleh. 
 
 Samartnda, tn. , near the E. ct. Dutch Borneo, in the kgd. 
 •of Kutei, on the Mahakkam, a little above the head of the delta 
 ■of that river. Samarinda is the chief commercial emporium of 
 the kingdom. Coal is mined at Pelarang, $\ m. distant. The 
 population consists mostly of Bugis from Celebes, the remainder 
 .are Chinese and Malays. P. io,ooo. 
 
 Samarkand, prov., Russian Turkistan, has the Russian 
 provs. Syr-daria and Fergana on the N., Bukhara on the W., 
 the independent Afghan khanates, as also Karategin and 
 Darwaz in the S. , the Pamirs on the E. ; includes the terr. which 
 formerly was known as Zerafshan dist., i.e., the rich valley of 
 the Zerafshan, which flows W. from the Alai snow-clad peaks in 
 a wide, well-watered, and irrigated valley, thickly peopled by 
 Sarts and Tajiks, with about 15,000 Russians. From 1,800,000 
 to 2,300,000 quarters of various cereals are grown every year. 
 Extensive vineyards yield about 60,000 tons of grapes, one- 
 tenth of which is used for wine. The cotton plantations yield 
 no less than 520,000 cwts. of raw cotton, to a great extent of 
 American sorts, of which part is cleaned in sixteen factories, 
 1362 
 
 and over 80,000 cwt. exported to Russia. The gardens are a 
 special featiu-e of the region, which exports to Russia over 
 100,000 cwt. of dry fruit ; silkworm culture, yielding about 
 5200 cwt. of silk cocoons. All sorts of domestic industries 
 (cottons, silks, leather, saddlery, &c.) are carried on in the 
 villages and towns. The cap. of the prov. is now connected 
 by a railway with Bukhara, Merv, and the Caspian Sea, and 
 the railway is being continued to Tashkent and Andijan. 
 Divided into four dists. : Samarkand, Jizak, Katta-kurgan, 
 and Khojent. Area, 26,627 sq. m. P. (1892) about 750,000. 
 
 Samarkand, tn. , Russian Turkistan, cap. of above prov., 
 near the 1. bk. of the Zerafshan, 230 m. SW. Tashkend, con- 
 nected by railway with Bukhara (155 m.) and Uzun-ada, on the 
 Caspian Sea (891 m.). Occupies the seat of Mazkanda, a city 
 of the times of Alexander the Great. Taken by the Arabs in 
 643, it became the residence of the Samanides in the 9th to the 
 nth century, and when Jengiz-khan besieged it in 1219 it is 
 said to have had 110,000 armed men to defend it. Later on, 
 residence of Timur ; ruined afterwards by subsequent invasions. 
 The old citadel of Timur and a number of remarkable mosques 
 and medresse, as well as the tomb of Timur, still testify to the 
 past glory of Samarkand. It is now a very animated city, where 
 a brisk trade is carried on with Bukhara, Russia, and other 
 parts of Turkistan. The Russians have built in the W. of the 
 old city their own town, with broad regular streets, adorned 
 with trees, and well irrigated. P. (1834) 8-9000; (1890)33,900. 
 
 Siimarlakota, tn. , Brit. India. See Cltdmarlak6ta. 
 
 Samarovo, or Samarovskoye, vil., W. Siberia, govt, and 
 355 m. NNE. Tobolsk, on r. bk. Irtysh, near its junction with 
 Ob ; inundated by the river in summer ; fishing ; trade in cedar 
 nuts. P. <20oo. 
 
 Samasata, vil. with rly. stn., India, Bahiwalpur, 60 m. S. 
 Multan. 
 
 Samassl, comm., Italy, Sardinia, on the Samassi, prov. and 
 21 m. NW. by N. Cagliari. P. <3000. The Samassi K. flows 
 S. into a lagoon N. of the Gulf of Cagliari. 
 
 Saman, mountainous isl., E. Indies, off the SW. ct. of Timor, 
 cut on the E. ct. by a deep bay which divides it into two portions 
 joined by an isthmus ; chief village Kurong, on the N. ct. Area 
 about 160 sq, m. P. 2-3000. 
 
 Samava, or Semava, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 145 m. 
 SSE. Bagdad, sanjak Hille. P. 4000 (mainly Shiahs). 
 
 Samavodenl, market- tn. , Bulgaria, circle Trnova. P. <30oo. 
 
 Sambalpnr, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., cap. dist. 
 Sambalpur, on the 1. bk. of the Mahanadi, 140 m. NW. by W. 
 Cuttack, The town has been much improved ; has ruins of a 
 fort to the NW. Alt. 451 ft. Mean rfall., yr. 61.7 in., June- 
 Sept. 54.6 in. P. 14,600; Hindus, 12,200. 
 
 Sambar, Cape, Dutch Borneo, in the extreme SW. 
 
 Sambas, tn., Dutch Borneo, 70 m. W. by S. Kuching; trade 
 in opium. P. 10,000. 
 
 Sambas, riv., E. Indies, on the W. ct. of Borneo, flows into 
 the China Sea by a wide mouth, blocked in part by a bar, 
 between 1° 8' and 1° 12' N. Length, 90 m. 
 
 Sambatlklla, tn., French Sudan, Samory states, about 540 
 m. SSE. Bakel, and no m. SE. Kankan. 
 
 Sambhal, municip., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Mora- 
 dabad, 60 m. SE. by E. Meerut, in a cultivated and well-wooded 
 plain ; chief manufacture, refined sugar. P. 37,200 ; Moham. 
 23,500; Hindus, 13,300. 
 
 Sdmbhar, large salt lake, India, Rdjputdna, in states of 
 Jaipur and Jodhpur, between 26° 52' and 27° 2' N., and 74° 57' 
 and 75" 16' E. ; is shallow, with no outlet. Supplies nearly all 
 the chief salt marts of Punjab, NW. Provs., and Central India. 
 It was owned and worked jointly by the Jaipur and Jodhpur 
 governments until 1870, when the British Government took it over. 
 When full it is 20 m. long, 3 to 10 m. broad, and from i to 4 ft. 
 deep. The waters evaporate from October to June ; in very hot 
 summers the water is only i m. long by \ m. broad. 
 
 Silmbhar, tn., India, Rdjputana, 37 m. W. Jaipur, at the E. 
 end of Lake Sdmbhar. P. (1881) 5600. 
 
 Samblase, comm. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 18 m. W. by N. 
 Catanzaro ; has sulphur springs. P. 8600. 
 
 SambilinnK, tn., E. Indies, Borneo, SE. Prov., cap. sultanate 
 Sambiliung, 185 m. NNE. Samarinda, 28 m. from the E. ct. of 
 the island. P. <:4000. 
 
 Sambo, terr., Portuguese W. Africa, SW. of Bihe. 
 
 SamboAn, comm., Philippine Is., Cebu I., on the W. ct. 
 P. 7100. 
 
 Saniboanga, prov., Philippine Is. See Zamboanga. 
 
 Sanibok, tn. , Cambodia, on the Mekong, 128 m. NNW. 
 Saigon. 
 
 Sambontake, or Rcdfleld Rocks, group of islets, Japan, in 
 33° 57' N. , 138° 48' E. 
 
 Sambor, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 17 m. NW. by W, 
 Drohobycz ; with salt-works, weaving of damask, cultivation of 
 rhubarb. P. 14,300. 
 
 Sambor, tn., Cambodia, on the Mekong, 103 m. NNW. 
 Saigon. 
 
 Saniborombon, Ensenada de, bay, Argentine Republic, on 
 
S A M B 
 
 S A M P 
 
 the E. ct. of Buenos Aires prov. , is a large lateral opening of 
 the Rio de la Plata running inland for a distance of 27 m. 
 
 t^ainbonrn, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon 
 div., 8^ m. SE. Bromsgrove, i m. NW. Coughton stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sanibov, Creat and Small, vils. , Russia, govt, and 80 m. 
 SE. Chernigov, dist. and 13 m. from Konotop. P. 5000. 
 
 Sanibre, ancient Sails, riv. of France and Belgium, rises in 
 the French dep. Aisne, SW. Avesnes, flows ENE. between the 
 basins of the Scheldt and Oise, and through the Belgian provs. 
 Hainaut and Namur, and joins the Maas at Namur ; total 
 course, 100 m. Affluents, the Helpe, Heure, and Orneau. It 
 is navigable for barges the greater part of its course. In 
 Belgium the Sambre communicates by canals with the Senne 
 and Scheldt, and in France with the Oise. Under Napoleon I. 
 Sambre-et-Meuse was a dep. watered by those rivers, and now 
 forming the prov. Namur, with a part of Belgian Luxembourg. 
 Length 118 m. , of which 53 m. are in France; area of basin, 
 1028 sq. m. ; discharge, 460 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Saiiibro, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax co. , on the S. 
 ct. , 10 m. S. Halifax, 4 m. NW. Cape Sambro. P. <'i5oo. 
 
 Sanibrook, eccles. par., Eng., Salop, div. and 4 m. NW. by 
 N. Newport, 15^ m. ENE. Shrewsbury, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 i^ainbn, small riv., Colombia, dep. Panama, flows NNE. 
 then W. to the Pacific. Length about 90 m. 
 
 8anibn, vil., W. Africa, Upper Guinea, in about 9° 28' N., 
 £)° 22' E. 
 
 ii^anibuca, comm. , Sicily, prov. Girgenti, 35 m. SSW. 
 Palermo. P. 9400. 
 
 Sanibnca Pistojese, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Florence, 
 -circle and 13I m. NNE. Pistoja. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sanibue, vil. , Ger. E. Africa, Usaramo, 67 m. SW. by W. 
 Dar-es-Salaam. 
 
 Sambnrn, or Sambnnl, co. , in the Galla region , E. Africa, 
 in about 2° 5o'-3° 45' N. , 37°-38° E. Lake Sauibam, or 
 i^haiubara, which is marked conjecturally in Joseph Thomson's 
 Through Masai-land , is a lake about 100 m. long, crossed in 
 the S. by 3° N. , and in the E. by 37° E. 
 
 Sam-cliao, tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, on the 1. bk. of 
 ,Si-kiang, 25 m. SW. by W. Canton. 
 
 SanMleii-kanHa, Banityii-kaiiHyr, or ^In-ftaeii-Tangla, 
 chain of mts. , Tibet, S. and E. Lake Tengri-Nor, in about 
 30°-3i° N. , 90°-92° E. , trending NE. Two passes have been 
 traversed by travellers, the Dam-Margan-la from Lhasa to 
 Lake Tengri, and the Shangshung-la (E. of Tengri-Nor), on 
 the highroad by which the Mongol pilgrim caravans go to the 
 holy city. 
 
 Samer, vil., France, dep. Pas- de- Calais, arr. and 9 m. SE. 
 Boulogne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sanieswari, riv., Brit. India, Assam, in the Giro Hills, 
 rises near Turd, flows E. then S. into the Kanks R. ; has 
 extensive coal-beds on both banks. 
 
 Sanifara, Sudan. See Zanifara. 
 
 Sainbar, or Mudiin, coast dist. of Africa, on the Red Sea, 
 between Massaua and the coast ranges of Abyssinia. 
 
 Samland, dist., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, between the 
 Baltic and Kurisches Haff on the N. , and the Frisches Haffand 
 riv. Pregel on the S. ; rich in amber. 
 
 Samlesbury (samz'berl), par., Eng., Lancashire, included in 
 the pari. bor. and 3^ m. E. Preston ; 4379 ac. P. < 1000. 
 i^amuan, Persia. See Semiiaii. 
 
 Samo, dist., French Senegal, Rivieres du Sud, forms the 
 peninsula which closes the estuary of the Melakore on the S. , and 
 bounds the English possessions of Sierra Leone on the S. 
 
 Samoa, group of volcanic islands in the middle of the Pacific, 
 stretch from NW. to SE. , between 13^° and 14!° S. , and 
 between 168° and 173° W. , about 400 m. NE. of Fiji, and 2600 
 m. from Sydney, in Australia. They number 10 islands besides 
 rocks and islets, four of which — Savaii, Upolu, Tutuila, and 
 Manua — are of considerable size. The area of the g^oup is 
 about 9150 sq. m. The principal islands are, for the most part, 
 surrounded by barrier reefs ; but there is a splendid harbour at 
 Pangopango (Tutuila), and good anchorage at Apia (Upolu). 
 The surface is mountainous, reaching 4300 ft. , and forming in 
 many places steep descents to the sea. The mountains are well 
 timbered, and the islands well watered. The climate is fairly 
 good, ranging (daily) between 80° and 93° F. , the heat being 
 greatly tempered by trade-winds. Between November and 
 April is the rainy season, when hurricanes of destructive violence 
 sometimes occur {e.g., March 1889). There are several extinct 
 volcanoes, and volcanic activity has not yet died out. Earth- 
 quake tremors are frequent. Fruits (coco-nut, banana, pine- 
 apple, guava, mango, lime, orange, &c.), sugar, cotton, coffee, 
 yams, bread-fruit, sweet potatoes, maize, melons, &c. , are the 
 principal vegetable products. The exports consist almost 
 entirely of copra, but amount to less than ^^40,000 annually. 
 The imports about double the exports in value. The people, 
 who are Christians, number about 35,000 in all. There is the 
 keenest rivalry between the Germans, the British, and the 
 Americans ; but nominally the supreme authority is vested in 
 a native king. The Samoans are of the Polynesian race, 
 
 this group being regarded as the focus whence that race has 
 spread over the Pacific. The Samoa Is. were first described 
 by Bougainville, who visited them in 1768, and gave them the 
 name of Navigators Is., which is now but little used. The 
 English novelist R. L. Stevenson lived on Upolu, and died 
 there in 1894. See G. A. Turner in Scot. Geog. Mag., 1889, pp. 
 235, &c. , with map (i : 840,000). 
 
 Samoa Hafeu, port, Ger. New Guinea, in 7°©' S., 147° 4' E. 
 
 Samobor, comm. , Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. and 15 m. 
 W. Agram ; copper is mined here. P. <40co. 
 
 Samoeus, vil., France, dep. Haute-Savoie, arr. Bonneville, 
 30 m. ESE. Geneva ; has mineral springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Samollovka, vil., Russia, govt, and 105 m. WSW. Saratov, 
 on Tersa R. ; entrep6t for corn trade. P. 11,300. 
 
 Samorl's (or Samory's) Empire, W. Africa. See Wasuln. 
 
 Samos, tn. , Greece, on the E. ct. of Cephalonia I. P. 
 (comm. )<500o. 
 
 Samoa, isl. , Greek Archipelago, about two-thirds the size of 
 Anglesey, off the W. ct. of Asia Minor, on the S. side of the 
 Gulf of Scala-Nuova, 45 m. W. Smyrna. The valleys between 
 the mountains are exceedingly fertile, and produce wood, carob- 
 beans, cereals, mastic, olive-oil, &c. , and good wine is made in 
 the neighbourhood of Vathy. The island abounds in mines of 
 zinc and argentiferous lead, and has also ochre, iron ore, load- 
 stone, emery, and fine white marble. The ports are Vathy, 
 Tigani, and Karlovasi. Exports amount approximately to 
 ;^2oo,ooo. Samos is a self-governing principality, under the suze- 
 rainty of the Porte, and administered by a prince of the Sultan's 
 nomination, assisted by four elective senators. Peopled by the 
 lonians, and forming part of the Ionian confederation, Samos 
 passed successively into the power of the Persians, Athenians, 
 Lacedaemonians, and Romans. The ancient town of Samos, 
 now Tigani, on SE. ct. , was famous for its wealth in all the 
 neighbouring dists. The existing ruins consist of part of 
 the walls, the theatre, aqueduct, and the foundations of the 
 Temple of Juno. Later, Samos passed into the hands of the 
 Turks, and was one of the first to take part in the War of 
 Independence, 1821 ; self-government was granted to the island, 
 1832. Climate dry and bracing. Length, E. to W., 27 m. ; 
 greatest breadth, 10 m. ; estimated area about 190 sq. m. P. 
 (1828) 27,100; (1879) 37,700; (about 1890) 48,500; nearly all 
 Orthodox Greeks (Cuinet). 
 
 Samos, comm. , Spain, Galicia^ prov. and 24 m. SSE. Lugo, 
 dist. Sarria. P. 6900. 
 
 Safitosata, Turkey in Asia. See Samsat. 
 
 Samotlirace (properly Samotlirakl), isl. belonging to Tur- 
 key, vilayet Jezairi-Bahri-Sefid, in the NE. of the JEgean Sea, 
 24 m. from the coast of Macedonia, about one-fourth of the 
 size of Anglesey. The main part of the island is formed by 
 Mount Phengari (alt. 5400 ft. ) ; no port or landing-place. The 
 cap., Khora, is in the middle of the island. At the ancient 
 town of Samothrace, on the N. ct. , ancient monuments and 
 the famous Nik6 Apteros have been discovered. The island 
 was celebrated in early times as being the seat of the mysterious 
 cult of the Kabeiri. In the 14th and isth centuries it was held 
 by the Genoese, and was taken by Mohammed II., 1462; was 
 devastated by the Turks in the War of Independence, 1821. 
 Length, i8| m.; breadth, 8| m.; area, 68 sq. m. P. 4600, 
 almost entirely Greeks (Cuinet). 
 
 Samotschln, tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, 37 m. W. by S. 
 Bromberg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Samovodenl, tn. , Bulgaria, on the 1. bk. of the Jantra, prov. 
 and 5 m. NW. by N. Trnova. P. <:3000. 
 
 Samoyedes, Ural-Altaic tribe, occupying a wide terr. in 
 Siberia, on the Ob, Yenisei, and their tribs. , from the Altais to 
 Arctic Ocean. Since they have been driven by Turkish immi- 
 grants from the S. from their former abodes in the Altai they 
 are dying out. Divided into two branches — one in N. Siberia 
 (Yurak, Tavgi, and Ostyak Samoyedes) who may number about 
 11,000; and the southern Somoyedes (including the Kamasins, 
 Kaibals, Motors, Beltires, Karagases, and Ob Samoyedes), 
 who represent now but very small stems (150 to 700 souls), living 
 on the tribs. of the upper Yenisei, the Beltires and the Ob 
 Samoyedes only attaining respectively 3100 and 6500 souls. 
 Their total numbers are estimated at 22,000. 
 
 Sampanmauglo, the northernmost point of Brit. N. Borneo, 
 in 116° 45' E. 
 
 Sampeyre, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, on the Varaita, 
 15 m. W. by S. Saluzzo ; white marble is quarried here. P. <3000. 
 
 Sampford, dreat and Uttle, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Essex ; Great Sampford, div. and 6\ m. ESE. Saffron Walden, 
 6 m. SW. Birdbrook stn., P.O. P. (of each)<50G; eccles. 
 par. (Great Sampford wltb Hempstead) P. < 1500. 
 
 Sampford Arniidel, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div,, 
 9 m. WSW. Taunton, 2 m. SW. Wellington stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sampford Brett, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 2 
 m. from the N. ct., 13 m. NW. Taunton, ij m. S. Williton 
 stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Sampford Courteiiay, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock 
 div., 18 m. W. by N. Exeter, 2 m. N. of its stn. on the L. & 
 
 1363 
 
SAMP 
 
 SANA 
 
 SW. R., P.O.; 7884 ac. P. < 1000; eccles. par. (Saiupfortl 
 Conrteiiay with Sticklepatli) P. < 1000. 
 
 Samp ford Peverell, par., Eng. , Devonshire, div. and 4 J 
 m. ENE. Tiverton, on the Great Western Canal, 2 m. NNW. 
 Tiverton Junction, PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Sampford Spluey, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 
 12 m. N. by E. Plymouth. P. <5oo. 
 
 Samphire, isl. , Ire., off W. ct. co. Kerry, in Tralee Bay, 
 ■yvith a lighthouse. 
 
 Samplerdarena, or Sau Pier d' Arena, comm., Italy, 
 Liguria, prov. , circle, and 2 m. W. Genoa, of which it is a 
 suburb ; manufactures locomotives and machinery for steamers, 
 ropes, soap, bricks, &c. , and has foundries. P. 23,000. 
 
 Sauiplla, oasis. Eastern Turkistan. See Sampula. 
 
 Saniplt, tn., in S. of Borneo, 115 m. WNW. Banjermasin, 
 20 m, from mouth of Sampit or Mentaya R., which flows S. 
 into Sampit Bay ; cap. dist. Sampit. 
 
 Sampson, co. , U.S., N. Carolina, in the SE. , crossed by 35° 
 N., W. of78° W. 
 
 Sampnla, or Samplla, oasis. Eastern Turkistan, Chinese 
 Empire, about 12 m. E. the town of Khotan, 90 m. W. the 
 town of Keria; watered by canals fed by the Yurin-kash, E. 
 branch of the Khotan-daria. P., about 25,000, are Machins, 
 a tribe of Turkish race. 
 
 Samre, tn., Abyssinia, Tigre, 123 m. ENE. Gondar. 
 
 Samsah Bay, China Sea. See Feliaan>ta. 
 
 Samga Parvat, mt., Brit. India, Madras, on the frontiers of 
 S. Kanara and Kadur (Mysore), in 13° 8' N., 75° 18' E., 56 m. 
 by road ENE. Mangalore ; is a summit of the Western Ghdts ; 
 used as a sanitarium. Alt. 6300 ft. 
 
 Samsat, or Somelsat, the ancient Samosata, tn. , Asiatic 
 Turkey, on the r. bk. of the Euphrates, 27 m. NW. by N. 
 Urfa ; was an important fortress at the mouth of the gorges of 
 the Euphrates. Birthplace of Lucian, and of the heretic Paul, 
 bishop of Antioch. 
 
 Samshni ('three rivers'), tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, at 
 the confluence of the Pe-kiang, Si-kiang, and Pearl R. , 25 m. 
 W. Canton. 
 
 Samso, isl., Denmark, separated by the Samso Belt from 
 the NW. ct. of Seeland. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 45.6° F., 
 Jan. 33.1°, July 61.6°. P. (1880) 6599 (increase jjer cent, per 
 annum, 1870-80, 0.41); (1890) 6475 (decrease per cent, per 
 annum, 1880-90, 0.19). 
 
 SAmson, comm., Hungary, co. B6k6s, dist. Oroshaza. P, 
 <4ooo. 
 
 SAmson, comm., Hungary, co. Hajduken, 8 m, NE. 
 Debreczen. P. < 5000. 
 
 Samson Island, one of the Scilly Is., Eng., to the S. of 
 Bryher. 
 
 Samson's Lane, P.O., Scot., Orkney Is., 2 m. from Stronsay. 
 
 Sam-sn, tn. , Korea, on the N. frontier, 150 m. N. Won-san. 
 
 Samsnn, tn. and seapt. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet Trebizond, 
 on the Black Sea, 80 m. SE. Sinope, about midway between the 
 deltas of the Yeshil-Irmak and the Kizil-Irmak, on the slop)e of 
 a hill stretching to the sea and along a sandy shore ; chief Black 
 Sea port for the interior of Asia Minor. Climate warm and 
 moist. The marshes on the coast induce marsh fever. The site of 
 the ancient Amissus lies 2 m. SE. Mean temp, (ij yrs., 1880- 
 1882), yr. 57.8° P., Feb. 43.9°, Aug. 73.4° P. 11,000; Moham. 
 3000 ; Orthodox Greeks, 5000 ; Armenians, 2000 (Cuinet). See 
 Slvas. 
 
 Samsun-dagh, range of mts. in the W. of Asia Minor, to the 
 N. of the mouth of the Menderez, in about 37° 40' N., ending 
 in Cape Konopitsa. 
 
 Samter, tn., Prussia, prov. and 20 m. NW. Posen, circle 
 Samter. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Samthar, tn., Central India, cap. Samthar state, 55 m. SE. 
 by E. Gwalior. P. 7900 ; Hindus, 6800 ; Moham. 900. 
 
 Samtyn-kausyr, mts. , Tibet. See Samden-kausa. 
 
 Samuelston, vil., Scot., Haddingtonshire, Gladsmuir par., 
 on the Tyne, 3I m. SW. Haddington. 
 
 Samngheo, tn., Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, circle and 18^ m. 
 E. Oristano ; has salt-mines and green porphyry. P. (comm. ) 
 <3000. 
 
 Samagl, tn., Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 175 m. ENE. 
 Ispahan. 
 
 Samnrzakaii, formerly a military div, of Caucasia, now part 
 of the Sukhum div. of Kutais. 
 
 San, Chinese, often means ' three ; ' sometimes shan, ' moun- 
 tain ; ■ Japanese ' mountain,' in composition zan. 
 
 San, riv., Austria, Galicia, rises in the Beskid Mts., flows 
 NW. to Sanok, turns N. then E. ; shortly after passing Przemysl 
 it again flows NW. to its confluence with the Vistula, below 
 Sandomir. Receives the Wislok on the left. Length, about 
 280 m. ; area of basin, 5930 sq. m. Navigable for nearly 75 m. 
 from Jaroslau. 
 
 San, riv., Austria, Styria, rises in the Steiner Alps, on the 
 
 borders of Carinthia and Carniola, and after having formed a 
 
 fine fall of 395 ft. on Mount Rinka or Grintove, flows under- 
 
 groimd, and reappears near Logarbauer, flows ESE. and SSW. , 
 
 1364 
 
 and enters the Save a little below Steinbriick, after a course of 55 
 or 60 m. 
 
 San, mt. -knot, Kaflristan. See Kamkand. 
 
 .Sana, riv. , Bosnia, rises in the Crna-Gora Mts. , and flows N, 
 to Priedor, then turns WNW. , and enters the Una, an affluent 
 of the Sa^'e, at Novi, after a course of about 87 m. 
 
 Sana, vil., Peru, dep. Lambayeque, 330 m. S. Guayaquil. 
 P. <;3000. 
 
 Sana'a, or Sana, tn. , S. Arabia, cap. Yemen, 88 m. ENE. of 
 the Red Sea port of Hodaida, in a wide valley, but at the base 
 of a mountain, the Jibel (Jebel) Negum, which rises abruptly in 
 the E. , and bears the old fortress on one of its spurs, 15° 22' N. , 
 44° 12' E. (Glaser), is surrounded by a wall 4I m. long. The 
 town consists of three distinct quarters, one inhabited by Jews. 
 As a strategic point Sana'a commands the whole of the SW. of 
 Arabia. The town is subject to malignant fevers. Alt. 7250 ft. 
 (Glaser); 7650 ft. (Deflers) ; 7700 ft. (Haig). P. 40-50,000, of 
 whom 20,000 said to be Jews (Harris); a century ago about 
 100,000. 
 
 Sauabrla, dist. , in the NW. of Spain, in the ancient kingdom 
 of Leon, on the frontiers of Galicia and Portugal. 
 
 Sanafln, tn. , Lower Egypt, prov. Sharkiye, dist. and 5 m. 
 SSW. Miniet el Gamkh. P. 5200. 
 
 San Agostlno, isl. , Pacific. See Nanomea. 
 
 San Agastin, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 100 m. 
 NE. by E. San Juan. P. <2ooo. 
 
 San Agnstln, vil. , Colombia, dep. Tolima, in a valley con- 
 taining ruins of temples and stone idols, and in which was 
 formerly the holy city of the Andaquian Indians. San Agustin 
 is the highest village on the Rio Magdalena. P. <2ooo. 
 
 San Alessandro, isl. , Pacific, Volcano group. 
 
 San Alfonso, settlement, Argentine Republic, prov. and 
 164 m. ESE. Corrientes. 
 
 San Amaro, comm., Spain, Galicia, in the NW. of prov, 
 Orense, dist. Carballino. P. <;4000. 
 
 San Ambrosio y San Felix, small group of islets in the 
 Pacific, nearly 600 m. from the coast of Chile, to which they 
 belong (prov. Atacama), in 26° 15' S. , 80" 4' W. , consisting of 
 San Ambrosio, San Felix, Cathedral of Peterborough, &c. 
 
 S&nand, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 14 m. W. by S. 
 Ahmadabdd. P. 7800; Hindus, 6100. 
 
 San Andreas, vil., U.S., California, cap. Calaveras co. , 51 
 m. SE. by E. Sacramento. P. < 1500. 
 
 San Andres, isl., Caribbean Sea, belonging to Colombia, 
 dep. Panama, in 12° 31' N., 81° 42' W. , 250 m. NNW. Colon. 
 Till 1787 it was under the British governor of Jamaica, but in 
 that year was evacuated by the British under a convention with 
 Spain, whereupon the inhabitants, by their own desire, were 
 transferred to the isl. of Andros, in the Bahamas. 
 
 San Andres, lake, Guatemala. See Itsuil. 
 
 San Andres de Giles, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. Buenos 
 Aires, cap. dist. , in 34° 27' N. , 59° 26' W\ P. 2000. 
 
 San Andres de Palomar, comm., Spain, Catalonia, prov. „ 
 dist., and 3J m. NNE. Barcelona. P. 15,000. 
 
 San Andres Tuxtla, tn., Mexico, Vera Cruz, 85 m. SE. 
 Vera Cruz. P. 13,100. 
 
 San Andres y Sances, tn. , Canary Is. , in the E. of Teneriffe, 
 near the coast. P. <4000. 
 
 San Angel, tn., state, federal dist., and 6 m. SSW. Mexico. 
 P. (comm.) 10,700. 
 
 San Angelo, tn. , U.S., Texas, Tom Green co, 175 m. NW. 
 San Antonio. P. <300o. 
 
 San Antonio, tn. , Argentine Republic, 174 m. N. Tucuman, 
 prov. and 10 m. SW. by S. Jujuy. P. <20oo. 
 
 San Antonio, cape, Argentine Republic, prov. Buenos Aires, 
 at the mouth of the La Plata. Rfall. (27 yrs.), 32.26 in. 
 
 San Antonio, falls, Brazil, Matto Grosso, on the Madeira 
 (q.v.), 475 m. SW. by S. Manaos. 
 
 San Antonio, small seapt. , Chile, prov. Santiago, 40 m. S. 
 Valparaiso, in 33° 35' S. ; anchorage exposed to S. winds. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 San Antonio, cape, the westernmost point of the isl. of Cuba. 
 
 San Antonio, vil., Mexico, Lower California, 35 m. NW. 
 La Paz, with gold, silver, and copper mines. P. (comm.) 6600. 
 
 San Antonio, cape, Spain, between Alicante and Valencia, 
 N. of Cabo de la Nao ; has a lighthouse. 
 
 San Antonio, comm., Philippine Is., Luzon I., prov. Nueva 
 Ecija, 55 m. N. Manila, P. 8300. 
 
 San Antonio, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Socorro co., 
 135 m. S. by W. Santa ¥€. 
 
 San Antonio, city, U.S., Texas, Bexar co. , 75 m. SW. by S. 
 Austin. San Antonio is the chief city of W. Texas, and has an 
 extensive trade ; it consists of three parts, the old town or San 
 Antonio proper. Alamo, to the E., and Chihuahua in the W. 
 The old town is the business quarter, and has been almost 
 entirely rebuilt since i860. Chihuahua is Mexix»n in character,, 
 and Alamo, the largest quarter, is inhabited by Germans. San 
 Antonio was founded by the Spaniards 1714, and was the cap., 
 of Texas under the Spanish and Mexican governments. Alt. 
 (signal stn.) 676 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). Mean temp. (15 yrs..)+. 
 
SANA — SANC 
 
 yr. 69.0° F., Jan. 51.0°, July 83.3°. P. (1850) 3500; (1870) 
 12,300; (1880)20,600; (1890)37,700. 
 
 San Antonio, riv. , U.S., Texas, rises in Bexar cc, and 
 flows SE. into San Antonio Bay, 130 m. SW. Galveston. 
 Length about 200 m. 
 
 San Antonio, vil., Venezuela, Bolivar, 255 m. SSW. Caracas. 
 
 San Antonio Abad, comm., Spain, Isle of and 10 m. NW. 
 Iviza; the port is large, but open to the N. and NW. winds. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 San Antonio de Areca, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. 
 Buenos Aires. Mean annual temp. (3 yrs. , 1879-82), yr. 61.7° 
 F., Feb. Ti.7° , July 48.9°. P. <3000. 
 
 San Antonio «le las Yneltas, comm., Cuba, prov. Santa 
 Clara. P. 15,700. 
 
 San Antonio del llato, tn. , Colombia. See Hato. 
 
 San Antonio de los Banos, comm., Cuba, 18 m. SSW. 
 Havana. P. 12,400. 
 
 San Antonio «le los €ol»res, settlement, Argentine Republic, 
 Salta, 192 m. N. by W. Tucuman, 60 m. W. Jujuy. 
 
 San Antonio del Rio Blanco, comm., Cuba, prov. Havana, 
 arr. and 5 m. NE. Jaruco. P. 5500. 
 
 San Antonio de Marapy, vil., Brazil, Amazonas, 330 m. 
 WNW. Manaos. 
 
 San Antonio Cinlf, another name of San Natias Onlf, 
 Argentine Republic. 
 - Saiiary, tn. , France. See St. Nazalre. 
 
 San Angnstln, isl. , Pacific. See Oralnk. 
 
 San Augnstln, Ca1>o, cape, Philippine Is. , in the SE. of Min- 
 danao, in 6° 15' N. 
 
 San Augustine, vil., U.S., Texas, cap. San Augustine co. , 
 70 m. SSW. Shreveport (La.). P. < 1500. 
 
 San Augustlno, isl. , one of the Volcano group. Pacific. 
 
 San^war, tn. , India, Punjab, state of Patiala. P. 8700 ; 
 Hindus, 3600 ; Moham. 5000. 
 
 San BurtlKtlonie de Xava, tn. , Spain. See Nava. 
 
 San Bartolonie, vil. , Colombia, Antioquia, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Magdalena, 92 m. ENE. Medellin. P. <:20oo. 
 
 San Bartolonie, comm. , Mexico, Chiapas, 30 m. S. by W. 
 San Cristobal. P. 5500. 
 
 San Bartolonie, Balila, bay, Mexico, Lower California, on 
 the W. ct. , in 27° 40' N. 
 
 San Bartolonie de la Torre, comm., Spain, prov. and 16 m. 
 NW. by N. Huelva. P. <2ooo. 
 
 San Bartolonie de Tirajana, tn. , Canary Is. , Grand Canary, 
 in the deep hollow of Tirajana, one of the immense erosion circles 
 formed at the foot of the central peak of the island. P. <40oo. 
 
 San Bartolonieo, cape, Argentine Repnblic, on the W. of 
 Staten I. , Tierra del Fuego Archipelago. 
 
 San Bartolonieo, isl.. Pacific, in about 15° 20' N., 164^° E. 
 
 San Bartoloiiinieo in Galdo, comm., Italy, Campania, 
 prov. Benevento, 27 m. W. by S. Foggia ; has a thermal sulphur 
 spring. P. 7700. 
 
 San Baiidlllo de Llobregat, San Boy, or Semboy, comm. , 
 Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 6 m. WSW. Barcelona, dist. San 
 Felio de Llobregat. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Sanbaiva, vil.. Upper Egypt, prov. Siut. P. (1882) 5500. 
 
 San Benedetto «lel Tronto, seapt. comm., Italy, The 
 Marches, prov. and 17 m. ENE. Ascoli, on the coast, 44 m. 
 NNW. Chieti ; has sea-bathing. P. 6900. 
 
 San Beneiletto Po, formerly Pollrone, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, 
 prov. and 1 1 m. SE. Mantua ; noted for its Benedictine abbey, 
 founded 1004. P. 6700. 
 
 San Benigno, comm. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 13 m. NNE. 
 Turin. P. <40oo. 
 
 San Benito, co. , U.S., California, crossed by 121° W. and 
 S. of 39° N . , traversed by San Benito R. 
 
 San Benito, or Eyo, riv. , W. ct. of Africa, in French terr. , 
 in about 1° 30' N. Its mouth is i m. broad, but the rocky banks 
 form a bar, passable for vessels drawing only 6\ ft. 
 
 San Benito Peak, mt. , U.S., California, Fresno co. , 155 m. 
 SE. San Francisco. 
 
 San Bernardino, colony, Paraguay, on the Laguna Ipacaray, 
 20 m. E. Asuncion. 
 
 San Bernardino, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. Ravenna, 7 m. 
 N. Lugo. P. <4ooo. 
 
 San Bernardino, strait, Philippine Is., between Luzon and 
 Mintoro Is., is 12 m. broad in the narrowest part, and is strewn 
 with islands ; navigation at times very dangerous. 
 
 San Bernardino, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 14 m. NW. 
 Chiavenna. 
 
 San Bernardino, pass, Switzd., in 46° 30' N., 9° 13' E. 
 Mean rfall. (9 yrs.), 85.9 in. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 
 3 ; Passes, III. (7). 
 
 San Bernardino, city, U.S., California, cap. co. , 53 m. E. 
 by N. Los Angeles ; one of the most productive fruit-growing 
 dists. of the state. Alt. 950 ft. (Wheeler). Annual rfall. , yr. 17. 16 
 in., May-Oct. 1.26 in. P. <5ooo. 
 
 San Bernardino, co. , U.S., California, S. of 36° N., and 
 extending from the E. frontier to about the middle line of the 
 state ; has tin-mines. 
 
 San Bernardino Mountains, U.S., California, the most 
 SE. of the coast ranges of the state. 
 
 San Bernardo, tn., Chile, prov. and 10 m. S. Santiago. 
 P. 5200. 
 
 San Bernardo de Diaz, tn,, Argentine Republic, prov. Salta. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 San Bernardo de Tari.ja, tn., Bolivia. See Tarija. 
 
 San Bias, gulf, Colombia, on the N. ct. of the Isthmus of 
 Panama, in 79° W. ; now a port, opened to foreign trade, ex- 
 porting coco-nuts. Inhabitants in the neighbourhood chiefly 
 uncivilised Indians, 
 
 San Bias, seapt. tn. , Mexico, Jalisco, on the W. ct. , in the 
 terr. of Tepic, 150 m. W. by N. Guadalajara, in 21° 32' N. 
 The port has suffered through the extension of the railway 
 system of Mexico to neighbouring ports, but not to San Bias. 
 A short railway runs about 10 m. inland. Highly malarious. 
 About ;^5o,ooo worth of silver is exported annually. P. <4000. 
 
 San Bias, bay. See Mandinga. 
 
 San Bias, Cape, U.S., Florida, on the Gulf of Mexico, in 
 85° 22' W. 
 
 San Bias €liaiiiiel, Chile, on the SE. of Hanover I., crossed 
 by 51° 20' S. 
 
 Saiibok, group of islands belonging to the Riu-kiu group, 
 Japan, crossed by 28° N. 
 
 San Bonifacio, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 14 m. E. by S. 
 Verona ; 2^ m. to the S. Bonaparte's famous victory over the 
 Austrians was won, 1796. P, <4ooo. 
 
 Sanborn, tn., U.S., Iowa, O'Brien co. , 51 m. ESE. of NW. 
 corner of state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sanborn, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Barnes co. , 67 m. 
 W. Fargo. 
 
 Sanborn, co. , U.S., S. Dakota, crossed by 44° N. and 98° 
 W. ; traversed by the James R. 
 
 Sanbornton, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Belknap co. , 8 m. 
 W. Laconia, on W. side of Lake Winnesquam. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 San Boy, comm., Spain, prov. and 5 m. WSW. Barcelona. 
 P. 4000. 
 
 San BnenaTentnra, Peru. See BenI, riv. 
 
 San Biiona Yentura, city, U.S., California, cap. Ventura 
 CO., at the mouth of Santa Clara R. , 60 m. W. by N. Los 
 Angeles ; has an excellent harbour and hot springs, and is a 
 favourite place of resort. P. < 3000. 
 
 San Bnoiio, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 32 m. 
 SE. by S. Chieti. P. <;300o. 
 
 San Carlos, settlement, Argentine Republic, prov. and 168 
 m. E. by S. Corrientes. 
 
 San Carlos, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 65 m. S. by 
 W. Mendoza. P. < 2000. 
 
 San Carlos, tn. , Argentine Republic, Salta, 81 m. NW. by 
 N. Tucuman. P. < 2000. 
 
 San Carlos, vil. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 24 m. W. by 
 N. Santa F6. P. <2ooo. 
 
 San Carlos, tn. , Chile, Nuble, 58 m. E. by N. Concepcion, 
 on the railway to Santiago. P. 7300. 
 
 San Carlos, comm. , Mexico, Tamaulipas, 125 m. SE. Mon- 
 terey. P. <4ooo. 
 
 San Carlos, comm., Philippine Is., Luzon I., prov. Pan- 
 gasinar, 102 m. NNW. Manila. P. 28,700. 
 
 San Carlos, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Gila co. , 152 m. NW. 
 by N. from the SE. corner of the terr. 
 
 San Carlos, tn. , Venezuela, Zamora, 120 m. SW. by W. 
 Caracas. P. (with dist.) 10,400. 
 
 San Carlos, vil. , Venezuela, Zulia, 270 m. ESE. Cartagena. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 San Carlos, tn. , W. Indies, Haiti, republic of and \ m. W. 
 Santo Domingo, of which it is a suburb. P. 3000. 
 San Carlos de Cblloe. See Aiicud (Puerto de). 
 
 San Carlos de la Kaplta, seapt. tn. , Spain, Catalonia, prov. 
 and 48^ m. SW. Tarragona, on N. bank of the port of Alfaques. 
 Vessels avoid the bar of the Ebro by a canal, 8^ m. long, with 
 three locks, which ends at San Carlos. P. <:4000. 
 
 San Carlos Rio, riv., Central America, republic Costa Rica, 
 r. bk. trib. of the San Juan, which it joins about midway be- 
 tween Lake Nicaragua and the N. coast. Length, 75 m. 
 
 San Carlos SIja, tn. , Guatemala. See Slja. 
 
 San Casdano, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 8i m. SSW. 
 Florence. P. 7000. 
 
 San Casdano de Bagni, vil. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Siena, 
 15 m. SSE. Montepulciano ; mineral springs much frequented. 
 P. <2000. 
 
 San Cataldo, comm., Sicily, prov. and 4 m. W. by S. 
 
 Caltanissetta ; sulphur mined here. P. 15,600. 
 
 Sancergues, vil., France, dep. Cher, on the Vauvaise, arr. 
 Sancerre, 17 m. NW. Nevers. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sancerre, tn. , France, dep. Cher, on the 1. bk. of the Loire, 
 27 m. NE. by E. Bourges, cap. arr. During the Reformation 
 period the Huguenots of Sancerre endured two terrible sieges in 
 1569 and 1573. Alt. 675 ft. P. <30oo. 
 
 San Cesarlo, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 4 m. S. by W, 
 Lecce, 26 m. NW. by W. Otranto. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 1365 
 
SANC — SAND 
 
 j^diichl, India. See Bliilsa. 
 
 San Cblrlco, comm., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 34 m. SSE. 
 Potenza ; has sulphur springs. P. <30<x). 
 
 San €liristovaI, or San Cliristobal, isl., S. Pacific, Solomon 
 group, crossed by 162° E. , ioJ° S. The mountains rise to an 
 alt. of 4100 ft. The bay of Makira, on NW. ct., is one of 
 the best sheltered harbours of the group. Length of island 
 about 75 m. ; breadth, 91-8 m. 
 
 Sauchn, or Sanchan, group of isls. off the SE. ct. of China, 
 6 m. S. the estuary of the Si-kiang, just N. of 22° N., 1134° E.; 
 consists of two large islands and several islets. 
 
 Sanehnrbang, tn., China. See Hulubo. 
 
 San Clpirello, tn., Sicily, prov. and 15 m. SW. Palermo. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 San Clprlano d'Arersa, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. and 
 II m. WSW. Caserta. P. < 4000. 
 
 San Clprlano de Vliias, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 
 dist. Orense. P. <4000. 
 
 San Clprlano Plclntluo, tn., Italy, prov. and 6 m. NE. 
 Salerno. P. <3ooo. 
 
 San Clemen te, tn., Chile, prov. Talca. P. < 2000. 
 
 San Cleniente, tn., Spain, New Castille, prov. and 50 m. 
 SSW. Cuenca, cap. dist. P. < 5000. 
 
 San Cleniente, isl., U.S., California, in 33° N., ii8J° W., 
 56 m. from the coast. 
 
 Sancolns, tn., France, dep. Cher, 37 m. NNE. Montlu9on, 
 arr. St. Amand-Mont-Rond. P. <4000. 
 
 San Colnmbauo, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Milan, on the 
 Lambra, 15^ m. E. Pavia. P. 5900. 
 
 San Cosni^, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 22 m. ENE. 
 Corrientes. P. <20oo. 
 
 San Cosm^, vil. , in the S. of Paraguay, near the Parand, in 
 56° 25' W. 
 
 San Costanzo, vil. , Italy, The Marches, prov. Pesaro e Urbino, 
 12J m. SE. Pesaro, 3 m. from the Adriatic. P. <3000. 
 
 Sancoty Head, cape, U.S., Massachusetts, at SE. end of 
 Nantucket I. 
 
 Sancreed, par. and vil., Eng., Cornwall, St. Ives div., 3 m. 
 W. by S. Penzance ; 4608 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 San Cristobal, tn. and stn., Argentine Republic, Santa F6, 
 100 m. NNW. Santa F6. 
 
 San Cristobal, or Coco, isl., Colombia, on N. side of the 
 Isthmus of Panama, at entrance to the Chiriqui lagoon, is 6 m. 
 N. to S., and 2^3 m. E. to W. 
 
 San Cristobal, vil. , Cuba, 52 m. SW. by W. Havana. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 San Cristobal, tn., Guatemala, 9J m. SSW. Coban. P. 
 <Sooo. 
 
 San Cristobal, tn., Haiti, republic and 17^ m. W. Santo 
 Domingo ; gold, silver, and copper are mined here, and mercury 
 is mined in the vicinity. The town was founded by Christopher 
 Columbus. P. (comm.) 12,000. 
 
 San Cristobal, vil., Mexico, state of and 13 m. NNE. Mexico. 
 
 San Cristobal, one of the six lakes of the ' valley," Mexico, 
 12J m. NNE. Mexico; is dry at nearly all seasons. Area, 4J- 
 7h sq- m- 
 
 San Cristobal, extinct volcano, Philippine Is., in the middle 
 of Luzon I., above Luzon Bay. 
 
 San Cristobal, vil., Venezuela, Los Andes, 240 m. NE. by 
 N. Bogotd. P. <4000. 
 
 San Cristobal, Batala de, bay, Mexico, Lower California, 
 on the W. ct., in 27° 15' N. 
 
 San Cristobal, Cerro de, mt., in the S. of Spain, prov. and 
 50 m. ENE. Cadiz. Alt. 5625 ft. 
 
 San Cristobal de los Llanos, or Cindad <le Las Casas, 
 formerly Cindad Real, tn. , Mexico, cap. state of Chiapas, 65 
 m. SSE. San Juan Bautista, 485 m. ESE. Mexico ; seat of a 
 Bishop of Chiapas. The first bishop was the celebrated Barthol. 
 de las Casas, after whom the town has recently been named. 
 P. (comm.) 16,100. 
 
 San Crlstoval, tn., Bolivia, dep. and 140 m. SW. Potosi. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Sanrta Maria de Hachede, vil. , Portugal. See Macbede. 
 
 SanrtI Splrltns, tn. , Cuba, 210 m. ESE. Havana. P. 29,300. 
 
 Sancton and Houghton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Howdenshire div., 13^ m. NE. Goole, 2^ m. SE. by S. Market 
 Weighton stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Sancy, Puy de, mt. , France, in the Dore Mts. , dep. Puy-de- 
 D6me, 21 m. SSW. Clermont ; this mountain is the highest in 
 Auvergne. Alt. 6190 ft. 
 
 Sanda, tn., China, cap. of the Shan state, in the SW. of 
 Yunnan, to the W. of the Taping R., 72 m. ENE. Bhamo. 
 Alt. 2600 ft. P. about 6000. 
 
 Sanda, small isl. , Scot. , in W. of entrance to Firth of Clyde, 
 S m. E. the Mull of Kintyre, in 55" 16' 30" N. , 5° 34' 55" W. , 
 about 3 m. in circumference. Alt. 165 ft. 
 
 Sandakan, or Elopnra, tn. and port, cap. of Brit. N. Borneo, 
 
 at the mouth of Sandakan Bay, on the E. ct., in about 5° 51' 
 
 N. ; the bay has 25 ft. of water over sill at low tide. Is i m. 
 
 wide at entrance, 5^ m. wide N. to S. higher up; i8j^ m. 
 
 1366 
 
 long, and is accessible to the largest vessels. P. 7000, one-half 
 being Chinese. 
 
 Sandall, Long, Eng., Yorkshire. See Kirk Sandall. 
 
 Sandal Magna, small tn. and par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Normanton div., 2 m. S. by E. Wakefield, with a stn. 
 (Sandal) on the G. N. R. and M. S. & L. R. , and i m. N. by 
 W. of its stn. (Sandal and Walton) on the M. R., P.O. 
 (Sandal). P. 5100. 
 
 Sanilalo, Capo, cape, Sardinia, in the W. of the Isola di San 
 Pietro, in 39° 8' N. 
 
 Sandalwood, or Mbna Bay, W. ct. of Vanua Levu, Fiji Is. 
 
 Sandalwood Island, Suniba, or Chendana, Dutch E. 
 Indies, one of the Lesser Sunda Is., S. of the W. end of Flores, 
 crossed by 10° S. , 120° E. ; more than half the size of Wales. 
 Noted for its horses. Area, including the smaller isl. of Savu 
 to the E., about midway between it and Rotti, 4464 sq. m., of 
 which about nine-tenths belongs to Sandalwood I. P. of both 
 vaguely estimated at 200,000. 
 
 Sandania, vil. , on the W. ct. of Asia Minor, 92 m. S. by E. 
 Smyrna, in 37° 6' N. 
 
 San Danilano, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, 24 
 m. SE. Turin, 9 m. SW. by W. Asti. P. <30oo. 
 
 San Daniele, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 13 m. NW. by 
 W. Udine ; noted for its hams. Here Massena conquered the 
 Austrians, 1797. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sandata, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, govt, and 85 ni. NNW. 
 of Stavropol, on 1. bk. Yegorlyk. P. 7100. 
 
 Sandau, or Sandan an der Elbe, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, 
 on the r. bk. of the Elbe, 33 m. NW. Brandenburg, and 4 m. 
 SSW. Havelburg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sandava, vil. , S. Africa, Gaza-land, on the 1. bk. of the Sabi, 
 about 90 m. SW. by S. Sofala, in about 21° 17' S., 33° 55' E. 
 
 San«lay, small isl. , Scot. , Argyllshire, in the Sound of Canna, 
 in 57° 3' N. , separated from Canna I. only by a very narrow 
 strait. P. 62. 
 
 Sanday, isl., Scot., one of the largest of the North Isles of 
 Orkney, comprising the pars, of Lady and Cross and Burness, 
 PMT.O. P. 1929. 
 
 Sandbach, par. and market-tn., Eng., Cheshire, div. and 4^ 
 m. NE. Crewe, on riv. Wheelock, i m. E. by S. of its junction 
 stn. on the L. & NW. R.; a branch of the N. Staffordshire 
 Rly. goes to Sandbach ; extensive manufacture of salt from 
 brine, and chemical works in neighbourhood ; has also manu- 
 factures of boots, shoes, and fustian, and iron-works. Market- 
 day, Th. P. 5800; eccles. par. (Sandbach Heath) P. < 1000. 
 
 Sandbank, vil., Scot., Argyllshire, on Holy Loch, 2 m. 
 NNW. Dunoon; is a summer resort. PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Sandbank, vil., U.S., New York, co. and 26 m. E. Oswego, 
 on Salmon R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sand Bay, bay, Eng. , Somerset, N. of Weston-super-Mare. 
 
 Sand Beach, vil., U.S., Michigan, Huron co., on Lake 
 Huron, 62 m. ENE. Bay City ; harbour of refuge. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sandbore Cay, islet in the Gulf of Honduras, off the coast of 
 Belize, forming part of the Lighthouse Reef, which is composed 
 of several keys. Half Moon and Sandbore Cay have each a 
 lighthouse. 
 
 Sande, vil., Norway, prov. Christiania, 23 m. N. Tonsberg. 
 P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Sande, vil., Norway, prov. Christiansand, 38 m. N. Kragero. 
 P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Sand Coulee, vil., U.S., Montana, Cascade co. , 112 m. 
 NE. by N. Butte City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sandec, Alt (' Old Sandec '), or Stary-Sacz, comm. , Austria, 
 crownland Galicia, on the Poprad, 46 m. SE. Cracow. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 Sandec, Sen (' New'), or Jfowy-Sacz, tn. , on the Dunajec, 
 5 m. NNE.; important trade with Hungary; iron-mines near. 
 P. 12,700. 
 
 Sandefjortl, comm., Norway, prov. Christiania, dist. Jarls- 
 berg and Laurvig; has a harbour, with two floating-docks, 
 21-62 ft. deep at high water, 19-60 ft. at low water ; depth at 
 quays, at high water 15 ft., at low water 12 ft. Has mineral 
 springs and sea-bathing. P. <4000. 
 
 Sandeherred, comm., Norway, prov. Christiania, ^ m. NE. 
 Sandefjord. P. 5900. 
 
 Sandeld, vil., Norway, prov. Christiansand, 40 m. NNE. 
 Stavanger, at the extremity of the principal branch of the 
 Sandeidsfjord, which is in the N. of the Bukken Fjord, and is 
 one of the most picturesque fjords of the dist. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Samlel Heath, P.O., Eng., Hampshire, 2 m. N. Fording- 
 bridge. 
 
 San Demetrlo, or Demetrlo, comm. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, 
 prov. and 10 m. SE. Aquila, 31 m. W. by S. Chieti. P. <3ooo. 
 
 San Demetrlo Corone, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 
 47 m. N. by W. Catanzaro. P. <:4000. 
 
 Sandend, fishing vil., Scot., Banffshire, Fordyce par., on 
 Sandend Bay, 2^ m. W. Portsoy. 
 
 Sanderay, or Sandray, isl. , Scot. , off the W. ct. of Inverness- 
 shire, Outer Hebrides, in 56° 53i'-54i' N., separated from 
 Vatersay by the Sound of Sanderay. P. 4. 
 
SAND — SAND 
 
 Sandergrove, postal-centre, S. Australia, Hindmarsh co., 
 30 m. SSE. Adelaide. P. <i500. 
 
 Sauder«4dorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle and 3 ra. W. 
 Bitterfeld ; lignite is mined here. P. <20oo. 
 
 Saiidersle1>en, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, 20 m. SE. Halber- 
 stadt. P. <:400o. 
 
 Saiiderstead, par., Eng., Surrey, Wimbledon div., 3 m. 
 SSE. Croydon, on the SE. R. , i m. E. of its stn. on the 
 L. B. & S. C. R., P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 SandersTille, city, U.S., Georgia, Washington co., 63 m. 
 SW. by W. Augusta. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Sandford, vil., Eng., Berkshire, Sonning par., 3 m. E. 
 Reading. 
 
 Sandford, par., Eng., Devonshire, Moltondiv., 9 m. NW. 
 Exeter, 2^ m. N. by W. Crediton stn., PM.O.; 7820 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Saudford, vil., Eng., Dorsetshire, Morden par., 4J m, N. 
 Wareham. 
 
 Saiidford, vil., Eng., Isle of Wight, Godshill par., 5^ m. SE. 
 Newport. 
 
 ^iidford, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury div., on the 
 Dome, 6J m. N. by W. Woodstock, 4^ m. W. Somerton stn., 
 P.O. (Saiidford St. Martin). P. <5oo. 
 
 Saiidford, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Thames, 3I m. SSE. Oxford, PT.O. (Sandford-oii- 
 Tbames). P. <5oo. 
 
 Sandford, vil., Eng., Shropshire, Prees par., 5 m. W. 
 Market-Drayton. 
 
 Sandford, vil., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 6 m. E. by S. 
 Weston-super-Mare, with stn. (Saiidford and Banwell) on 
 the G. W. R., P.O. See Wlusconibe. 
 
 Sandford, vil., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, on Avon Water, ij m. 
 SE. Strathaven. 
 
 Sandford, postal-tp. , Victoria, Normanby co. , 53 ra. N. by 
 W. Portland. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Saudfonl and Woodley, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 2 
 m. NW. Abingdon. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sandford Hill, PM.O., Eng., i m. from Longton, near 
 Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire. 
 
 Sandford JLake, picturesque lake, U.S., New York, Essex 
 CO., in the Adirondack Mts. , from which rises riv. Hudson. 
 Length 8 or 9 m. , by about i m. wide. 
 
 Sandford Orcas, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 5 m. NE. 
 by E. Yeovil, i^ m. SE. Marston stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Sandford St. Martin, P.O., Eng., Oxfordshire. See 
 Sandford. 
 
 , Saudgate, eccles. par. and tn. , Eng., Kent, i^ m. SW. 
 Folkestone, on the SE. R. (Main Line). Resorted to as a 
 watering-place. Connected by the Royal Military Canal with 
 Cliffend in Sussex. Suffered severely by a landslip, March 4, 
 1893. Sandgate Castle, erected 1539, forms one of the defences 
 of the coast. Shorncliffe Camp occupies heights to the N. 
 PMT.O. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Sandgate, mun. post-tn. and watering-place, Queensland, 
 Stanley co. , 10 m. N. by E. Brisbane, on shore of Moreton 
 Bay. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Sandhanimaren, cape, Sweden, on the S. ct. , about 14° 
 12' E. 
 
 Sandhnnin, custom-house and pilot station, Sweden, on an 
 island at entrance to the archipelago of and 29 m. E. Stock- 
 holm. 
 
 Sandhansen, vil., Ger. , gd. -duchy Baden, circle, dist., and 5 
 m. SSW. Heidelberg, on riv. Leim. P. <;30oo. 
 
 Sandhaven, vil., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, PT.O. See 
 Pltnllle. 
 
 Sand Head, Nortb, N. end of Goodwin Sands, Eng. , off E. 
 ct. of Kent, 7 m. E. Ramsgate. 
 
 Sandbead, vil., Scot., Wigtownshire, on the W. shore of 
 Luce Bay, 7 m. SSE. Stranraer, and 4J m. SE. Colfin stn., 
 PT.O. 
 
 Sandhills, stn. , Liverpool, Eng. , on the L. & Y. R. (stn. for 
 N. Docks), i^ m. N. Exchange stn. 
 
 Sandiioe, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 2J m. 
 ENE. Hexham. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sandliofen, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle, dist., and 4 J 
 m. NXW. Mannheim. P. <300o. 
 
 Sandlioles, electoral div., Ire., E. co. Tyrone, bar. Upper 
 Dungannon, 3^ m. SSW. Cookstown, P.O. 
 
 Santlliolme, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., on the Hull, Barnsley, & W.Riding June. Rly.,5jm. NE. 
 by E. Goole. See StorkbUl and Sandholnie. 
 
 Sandborn, isl., Norway, W. ct. prov. Tromso ; the N. 
 point, opposite and 9J m. from Bodo, marks the entrance to 
 the Saltenfjord. Length, 12^ m.; breadth, 7 m. Area, 40 sq.m. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Sandhurst, vil., Canada, Ontario, Lennox co. , 9 m. from 
 Ernestown, 12 m. from Napanee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sandhurst, par., Eng., Berkshire, 4^ m. SE. Wokingham. 
 Sandhurst royal military college, erected 1812, to which is at- 
 tached an observatory, is 2 m. E. the village ; the par. contains 
 
 also Wellington College. Near Camberly and York Town, stn. 
 on the L. & SW. R. 4536 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Sandhurst, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 
 on the 1. bk. of the Severn, 3 m. N. Gloucester. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sandhurst, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., git m. NW. by 
 W. Rye, 4I m. NE. by E. Robertsbridge stn., PMT.O.; 4421 
 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sandhurst, formerly, and now again officially, called Ben» 
 dlgo, city, Victoria, Bendigo co., 60 m. NNE. Ballarat. Sand- 
 hurst is the centre of a large gold-mining, wine-making, and 
 agricultural district, and an important railway centre, with 
 railway workshops. At Lansell Mine is the deepest shaft in 
 the colony, over 2840 ft. in depth. Sandhurst was proclaimed 
 a municipality in 1855, a borough in 1863, and a city in 1871. 
 It contains many fine buildings, three public recreation grounds, 
 and botanical gardens ; excellent water - supply. Alt. 758 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 58.7° F. , Jan. 72.3°, July 46.1° ; rfall. (16 yrs.), 
 23.85 in. 
 
 Sand Hutton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 8 m. NE. by N. Ripon, ij m. W. by N. Thirsk 
 Junction, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Sand Hutton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 7I m. NE. by E. York, 2 m. N. Holtby stn., P.O. 
 P. <:250. 
 
 SAndl, municip. , Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Hardoi, 58 m. 
 NNW. Cawnpur ; manufacture cotton carpets {kalin). P. 
 9600; Hindus, 6500; Moham. 3100. 
 
 Sandia, gold-mining dist., Peru, near the source of the 
 Madre de Dios, in about 14° S. , 70° W. 
 
 Sandlacre, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Ilkeston div., 8 m. E. 
 Derby, on the Erewash Canal, with a stn. (Stapleford and 
 Sandlacre) on the M. R., PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 San Diego, cape, Argentine Republic, at the extreme SE. of 
 the mainland of Tierra del Fuego, in 54° 40' S. 
 
 San Diego, city, U.S., California, cap. co., on SW, ct. , 15 
 m. N. of the SW. corner of the state. The harbour, discovered 
 in 1602 by Vizcaino, 5^ m. long, is completely land locked. 
 San Diego exports agricultural produce, and is a rapidly rising 
 port as well as a popular resort for invalids on account of the 
 mildness of its climate. Mean temp. (39 yrs.), yr. 61.5° F. , Jan. 
 53.6°, Aug. 70.8°; rfall., yr. 9.86 in. P. (1870) 2300; (1880) 
 <;30oo; (1890)16,200. 
 
 San Diego, co., U.S., California, in the extreme S. 
 
 San Diego, tn. , U.S., Texas, cap. Duval co., 147 m. NNW., 
 on the mouth of the Rio Grande. P. <2ooo. 
 
 San Diego, vil., Venezuela, Bermudez, 200 m. SE.' Caracas. 
 
 San Diego de la Union, or San Diego del Bezcocho, vil. , 
 Mexico, state of Guanajuato, 3 m. SSW. AUende. P. (comm.) 
 13,000. 
 
 San Diego de los Baftos, comm., Cuba, prov. and 28 m. 
 ENE. Pinar del Rio ; has mineral springs. P. 6300. 
 
 San Diego del Valle, comm. , Cuba, prov. , dist. , and 12^ m. 
 NNW. Santa Clara. P. 9800. 
 
 Sandila, municip., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Hardoi, 30 m. 
 NW. by W. Lucknow. P. 16,800; Moham. 8500; Hindus, 8300. 
 
 Sandllands, stn. , Scot. , S. Lanarkshire, on the C. R. and G. 
 & SW. R., 3 m. S. Lanark, P.O. 
 
 San Dlnias, mining vil., Mexico, in the Sierra Madre, state 
 of and 50 m. WNW. Durango. P. <2C)oo. 
 
 Sandlsfleld, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co. , 28 m. 
 W.Springfield. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Sand Island, one of the Apostle Is., U.S., Wisconsin. 
 
 San«llway, vil. , Eng., Cheshire, 3m. W. Northwich, PMT.O. 
 
 Sand Knoll Point, cape. Cape Colony, on the S. ct., in 
 about 19° 53' E. 
 
 Sand Lake, vil., U.S., Michigan, Kent co. , 26 m. by rail N. 
 by E. Grand Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sand Lake, vil., U.S., New York, Rensselaer co. , 11 m. ESE. 
 Albany. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sandleford, par., Eng., Berks, 2 m. S. Newbury. P. <25o. 
 
 Sandley, PT.O., Eng., near Bath, Somerset. 
 
 Sandllng, junc. stn. , Eng. , Kent, on the SE. R. , i J m. N W. 
 Hythe, P.O. 
 
 SandnH'S, Sandniis, or Saudnes, comm. , Norway, Christian- 
 sand, dist. and 9 m. S. Stavanger. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Saudness, P.O., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Walls par., 
 on the N. ct., 20 m. WNW. Lerwick. 
 
 San<Io ('sandy island '), name of several Norwegian islands. 
 
 Snndo, one of the Faroe Is., 3 m. S. Stromo. 
 
 Sando, isl., Norway, prov. Bergen, at S. of the entrance of 
 the Sogne Fjord ; at its N. extremity is the port of Skarjehavn. 
 Length, N. to S. , 7 m.; breadth, 2\ m. 
 
 Sando, isl., Norway, one of the Lofoten Is., 73 m. SW. 
 Tromso, at entrance of the Vaagsfjord. Area about 5 sq. m. 
 
 Sando, isl., Norway, off the NE. of the penin. of Stad, on 
 coast of Romsdal, contains the port Sandshavn. Length, 3 m.; 
 breadth, 2 m. 
 
 Sandonilerz (Russian Sandonilr), dist. tn., Russian Poland, 
 govt, and 57 m. SE. Radom, on 1. bk. Vistula, on Galician 
 frontier. P. 6500. 
 
 1367 
 
SAND 
 
 SAND 
 
 San Domingo, vil. , Costa Rica, 3^ m. N. by W. San Jos^. 
 
 San Domino, isl., off the SE. ct. of Italy, in the small archi- 
 pelago of Tremiti, Adriatic Sea, in 42° 6' N. ; is the Insula 
 Dioniedia of the ancients, called by Tacitus Trimerus. P. 25. 
 
 Sancton, par. , Eng. , Essex, div. and 2.\ m. SE. by E. Chelms- 
 ford stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sancton, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 14 m. N. 
 Hertford, 5 m. E. Baldock stn., P.O.; 4061 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Sandon, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 4 m. NNE. 
 Stafford, on the N. Staffordshire Rly., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sandon, co. , New South Wales, to the N. of 31° S., and 
 crossed in the extreme E. by 152° E. 
 
 San Dond, comm. , Italy, Venetia, prov. Venice, on the Piave, 
 17 m. ESE. Treviso. P. 8500. 
 
 San Donato Tat di Comino, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. 
 Caserta, 105 m. E. Sora, in the Apennines ; has mineral springs. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sandonuino, tn. , Italy. See Borgo San Donnino. 
 
 S&ndorfalva, coram., Hungary, co. Csongrad, 6 m. N. 
 Dorozsma. P. < 4000. 
 
 Sandiisund, place with meteorological stn. on an inlet on W. 
 side of Christiania Fjord, Norway, in 59° 5' N. , 10° 28' E. Mean 
 temp., yr. 43.5°F., Feb. 27.8°, July 62.1°; rfall. (2oyrs.), 22.48 in. 
 
 Sandoval, vil., U.S., Illinois, Marion co., 61 m. E. St. Louis, 
 at junction of I. C. and O. M. Rlys. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sandow, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, adjoining Kottbus 
 on the E. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Sandoway (native name Than-dwe), tn., Burma, cap. dist. 
 Sandoway, 62 m. WSW. Prome, in a basin about 12 m. long 
 by I m. broad, surrounded by hills ; has a small coasting trade. 
 Owing to numerous creeks, boats can get up as far as Akyab 
 without entering open sea. Rfall. (24 yrs.), 213.92 in. P. < 3000. 
 
 Sandoivitz, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and 10 m. ENE. 
 Gross-Strehlitz, on riv. Malapane. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Sandown and Lower Sandown, two eccles. pars, and tn. , 
 Eng., Isle of Wight, the former on Sandown Bay, on the E. ct. , 
 4^ m. NE. by N. Ventnor, with a stn. (SandoMV Jane.) on the 
 Isle of Wight Central, and Isle of Wight and L. B. & S. C, and 
 Ryde Pier Rlys., PMT.O. Sandown, P. <35oo; Lower San- 
 down, P. < 1500; tn. P. <:4000. 
 
 SandoM-n Bay, Cape Colony, on the S. ct. , in about 19° E. 
 
 Sando-wn Park, fashionable race-ground, Eng., Surrey, near 
 Esher stn. 
 
 Sandptaee, vil. , Eng. , Cornw^all, on the Liskeard and Caradon 
 Rly., 2im. N. Lool, P.O. 
 
 Sand Point, vil., Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co., 45 m. from 
 Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sandray, isl. , Scot. See Sanderay. 
 
 Sanctridge, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, div. and 2J m. NNE, 
 St. Albans, P.O.; 5753 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sandridge, seapt. , Victoria. See Port Meltionrne. 
 
 Sandrigo, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 10 m. NE. Vicenza. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Saudringltam, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 2J m. from 
 the W. ct., 7^ m. NE. King's Lynn, 2 m. E. Wolferton stn.; 
 has the country seat of the Prince of Wales. PMT.O. P. < 
 250 ; eccles. par. (Sandringliam witli Babingley and West 
 Newton) P. <75o. 
 
 Sandringliam, watering-place, New South Wales. See 
 West Botany. 
 
 Sandringham, stn., Victoria, Bourke co. , 12 m. S. Mel- 
 bourne by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sands, or Hnll Islands, isls., Pacific, in NW. of Tubuai 
 group. 
 
 Sandsend, ct. vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 2^ 
 m. WNW. Whitby, on NE. R.; jet is obtained here. PMT.O. 
 
 SandsQord, picturesque and much visited fjord, Norway, 
 prov. Christiansand, one of the ramifications of Bukken, or Bukke 
 Fjord, opens NNW. of Stavanger. Length about 25 m. 
 
 Sandside, stn., Eng., Westmorland, on the Furness Rly., 
 9 m. S. Kendal. 
 
 Sandside Head, cape, Scot., Caithness, on the N. ct., in 3° 
 48' W. , on the W. of Sandside Bay. 
 
 Sandsjo, vil. , Sweden, prov. and 30 m. SE. Jonkoping, P. 
 (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Sandsjo, tn., Sweden, prov. Kronoberg, 28 m. SE. Vexio. 
 P. (comm.)<4000. 
 
 Sandsonnd, hamlet, Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Sands- 
 ting par. , on the E. shore of Sand Voe, 8^ m. N W. by W. 
 Lerwick. 
 
 Sandsting, par., Scot., Shetland Is., in the W. of the 
 Mainland, the church 10 m. NW. by W. Lerwick ; 39,870 ac. 
 P. -c 3000. 
 
 Sandsyar, vil., Norway, prov. Christiania, 10 m. SSE. 
 Kongsberg. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Sandtoft, P.O., Eng., Lincolnshire, 4 m. from Epworth. 
 
 Sandusky, city, U.S., Ohio, cap. Erie co., on Sandusky Bay, 
 
 45 m. ESE. Toledo ; has a busy lake trade by steamers. The 
 
 city is built on a bed of limestone, extensively employed for 
 
 building and manufacturing purposes. It is one of the largest 
 
 1368 
 
 fresh fish markets in the world, and has great trade in ice, wine, 
 and fruit, and is also celebrated for its manufacture of wood 
 ware. Large deposits of lime and gypsum occur in the vicinity, 
 and are extensively worked. Alt. 640 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), 
 yr. 51.0° F., Jan. 28.0°, July 72.0° ; mean annual rfall. (5 yrs.), 
 41.78 in. P. (1870) 13,000; (1880) 15,800; (1890) 18,500. 
 
 Sandnsky, co. , U.S., Ohio, in the NW., touching Lake 
 Erie at the head of Sandusky Bay. 
 
 Sandusky, riv., U.S., Ohio, rises in Richland and Crawford 
 COS. , flows W. then N. into Sandusky Bay. A portage of 4 m. 
 connects it with Sciota R. Length about 430 m. 
 
 Sandnsky, Upper, vil., U.S., Ohio, Wyandot co. , on San- 
 dusky R. , 63 m. NNW. Columbus. P. <4000. 
 
 Sandusky Bay, U.S., Ohio, in the SW. of Lake Erie, in 
 82° 45-83° o' W. 
 
 Sandvlg, seapt. tn., Denmark. See Allluge. 
 
 Sandviken, vil., Norway, prov. and 8J m. W. Christiania, 
 on N. shore of Christiania Fjord, in a picturesque situation ; 
 frequented by tourists. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Sandvlken, vil., Sweden, prov. Gefleborg, 13 m. W. Gefle, 
 on the N. shore of the Storsjo ; manufactures Bessemer steel. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Sand Voe, inlet, Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, in the W., 
 in 60° iii'-i2i' N., 1° i2'-i3' W. 
 
 Sandway, P.O., Eng., Kent, 9 m. E. Maidstone. 
 
 SandM-lch, tn. , Canada, Ontario, Essex co., on the 1. bk. of 
 the riv. Detroit, 3 m. SW. Windsor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sandwich, mun. bor. (since time of Edward III.), till 1885 
 also a pari, bor.. Cinque port, market-tn. , and decayed seapt., 
 Eng., Kent, Thanet div., 4 m. N. Deal, in the diocese of 
 Canterbury, near the mouth of the Stour, with stn. on branch 
 of SE. R. Anciently a most important port ; from the time of 
 William I. to that of Richard II. the chief naval port ; has 
 declined in consequence of the silting up of its harbour. The 
 town quay can still be reached, however, at high water ordinary 
 springs by vessels drawing 12 ft. Exports hops, malt, timber, 
 and corn. The town has many curious remains of the Middle 
 Ages. Considerable portions of its ancient walls still survive, 
 now forming a promenade. A short distance off are the ruins 
 of the old Roman fortress of RutupicB, now Richborough. 
 Market-days, W. and each alternate M. P. (i89i)<300o. 
 
 Sandwieb, manufacturing city, U.S., Illinois, Dekalb co. , 
 55 m. W. byS. Chicago. P. <3000. 
 
 Sandwieb, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Barnstable co., 24 m. 
 ENE. New Bedford; manufactures glass. Alt. 13ft. (R.R.). 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Sandwieb, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Carroll co., 45 m. 
 N.Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sandwieb Harbour, called by the Portuguese Porto 
 d'llbeo, by the natives Anlxab, inlet, W. Africa, Great 
 Namaqua-land, just S. of the Tropic of Capricorn. Fisheries. 
 Formerly termination of the Khuisib Wadi, which is now sepa- 
 rated from the coast here by sand-dunes 150 ft. high. 
 
 Sandwieb Island, New Hebrides. See Vate. 
 
 SandM'icb Island, Bismarck Archipelago, crossed by 3° o' 
 S. , 150° 50' E. 
 
 Sandwieb Islands, or HawaUan Arcbipelago, a group in 
 the E. Pacific, consisting of eight larger — Hawaii, Maui, Oahu, 
 Kauai, Molokai, Lauai, Kahulaui, and Niihau— and four smaller 
 ones, stretches NW. to SE. between i8J°-22^° N. and 154!°- 
 i6oJ° W. , a little more than 2000 m. from the W. ct. of Mexico. 
 The islands are of volcanic origin, and contain volcanoes, active 
 and extinct, of gigantic size (see Hawaii, Haul, &c.). Nearly 
 all the islands are in part surrounded by reefs, and all are moun- 
 tainous. The climate is agreeable, the average yearly temp, 
 being 74.5° F., with summer mean of 78°, and winter mean of 
 72.5°. Rainfall about 50 in., but the E. islands get less than 
 those in the W. During nine months of the year the NE. trade- 
 winds blow. Leprosy is the most notorious of the native diseases 
 (see Molokai) ; but smallpox, measles, and other diseases intro- 
 duced by white visitors have at times scourged the islands. The 
 higher slopes of the mountains are generally wooded, the lower 
 afford grass for cattle. Chief industries, growing sugar, rice, 
 and coffee, besides bananas, and other tropical fruit and vege- 
 tables (taro, &c.). Commerce is almost confined to the one 
 good port of the group, Honolulu {q.v.), and amounts to nearly 
 four millions sterling, the exports, chiefly sugar, to the United 
 States, with rice, hides, wool, tallow, &c., constituting about 
 two-thirds of the total The imports consist of textiles, pro- 
 visions, timber, machinery, metals, spirits, &c. The islands are 
 touched at by vessels plying between America and Australia, 
 and were formerly much resorted to by whalers. Of the popu- 
 lation only 40,000 in all are of Polynesian descent, with Tahitian 
 affinities in speech and former religion. The largest sections of 
 the remainder of the population are of Chinese, Japanese, and 
 Portuguese descent. The Chinese in 1866 nuriibered 1200, and 
 by July 1893 had increased to upwards of 15,500. Their occu- 
 pations are various, but they are not generally found as planta- 
 tion labourers. Portuguese from Madeira and the Azores have 
 immigrated into the islands since 1878 and worked on the 
 
SAND — SANF 
 
 I 
 
 plantations, and now they number above 12,000 ; but latterly 
 they have been declining, being ousted by the still cheaper 
 labour of the Japanese, whose numbers have increased from 116 
 in 1884, to nearly 21,000 in July 1893. The more influential 
 positions are held in a large measure by Americans, English, 
 and Germans. The islands were ruled by a king or queen, 
 assisted by two representative houses ; but in 1893 the sovereign 
 was deposed and a republic constituted. The group, of which 
 the native name is Hawaii, was rediscovered by Captain Cook 
 in 1778, and he was killed by the natives in the year following. 
 At the present time the foreign influence of greatest weight in 
 the Sandwich Islands is that of the United States, which indeed 
 exercises a virtual, though not an actual, protectorate over them. 
 Total area, 6600 sq. m. P. of entire group 90,000. See Scot. 
 Geog. Mag., 1893, pp. 8, &c. 
 
 Samlirlck, par., Scot., Orkney Is., on W. ct. of Pomona, 5 m. 
 N. Stromness, P.O. Alt. 80 ft. Mean annual rfall. (1866-80), 
 37.79 in. 11,827 3^c. P. (including part of Mainland I.)<:i5oo. 
 
 Saiidwlck, vil. , Scot., Ross-shire, Lewis I., i^ m. SE. 
 Stornoway. P. < 500. 
 
 Sand Wick, small bay, Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, on 
 the W. ct., in 60° 29' N. 
 
 Saiidwlck, eccles. par. , Scot. , Shetland Is. , Mainland, Dun- 
 rossness par., E. ct., 10 m. N. by E. Sumburgh Head, PMT.O. 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Saiidwlck, West, PT.O., Scot., Shetland Is., Yell I., Mid 
 and S. Yell par., 6 m. SE. of the N. end of the Mainland. 
 
 Sandwlp, isl. , Brit. India, in the Bay of Bengal, on the riv. 
 Meghna, forms the Sadar subdivision of Noakhali dist. Sand- 
 wip is peculiarly exposed to storm waves, and suffered severely 
 by the cyclones of 1864 and 1876. In the latter year the number 
 of deaths was estimated at 40,000 out of 87,000 ; for weeks after 
 the land was covered with dead bodies of men and cattle. P. 
 (1881) 72,500; (1891) 101,000. 
 
 Saiid^vlth, par., Eng. , Cumberland, Egremont div. , 2| m. 
 S. Whitehaven, i m. WSW. Moor Row June, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Snnd>vood Bay, inlet, Scot., on the NW. ct. of Sutherland, 
 in 58° 32^' N. 
 
 Sandy, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., on the 
 Ivel, 7^ m. E. Bedford, on the G. N. R., and with a stn. (Sandy 
 Jnnctlon) on the L. & NW. R. ; phosphate of lime worked on 
 Sandy Heath. 4276 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Sandy, isl.. Pacific, N. of New Caledonia, in about 19° 25' 
 S., i63°s8'E. 
 
 Sandy, settlement, U.S., Utah, Salt Lake co. , 12 m. S. Salt 
 Lake City. 
 
 Sandy Bay, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Rimouski co. , on riv. St. 
 Lawrence, 9 m. from Metis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sandy Bay, Ire. , SW. of co. Antrim, SE. of Lough Neagh. 
 
 Sandy Bay, post-tn., Tasmania. See Qneenborough. 
 
 Sandy Beacli, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Gasp6 co. , 4 m. from 
 Gasp6 Basin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sandy Cape, Queensland, the N. extremity of Great Sandy I. , 
 in 24° 43' S. 
 
 Sandycove (Glasthule), stn.. Ire., co. and 6J m. SE. Dublin, 
 on the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Rly. 
 
 Sandy Creek, vil., Queensland, Merivale co., about 7 m. 
 from Warwick by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sandy Creek, postal-centre, S. Australia, Gawler co. , in 29° 
 29' S. , 139° 45' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sandy Creek, vil., U.S., New York, co. and 25 m. NE. by 
 E. Oswego. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sandy Creek, postal-tp. , Victoria, Gladstone co. , 24 m. W. 
 Sandhurst. P. <ci5oo. 
 
 Sandycroft, stn., Wales, Flintshire, on the L. & NW. R., 
 4I m. \N. Chester, P. O. 
 
 Sandyford, vil., Eng., Staffordshire, Wolstanton par., 2 m. 
 N. Newcastle-under-Lyme. 
 
 Sandyford, P.O., Ire., co. Dublin, 2 m. SE. Dundrum, i m. 
 from Stillorgan stn. 
 
 Sandyford, eccles. par., in Barony par., Glasgow, Scot. 
 P. 9900. 
 
 Sandy Heath, Eng. , Bedfordshire. See Sandy. 
 
 Sandy Hill, vil., U.S., New York, Washington co., on 1. bk. 
 of the Hudson, 40 m. N. Troy ; trade in lumber. P. <30oo. 
 
 Sandy Hook, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co., 173 m. 
 N. by W. Bridgeport. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sandy Hook, sandy penin. , U.S., New Jersey, Monmouth 
 CO., jutting 5 m. N. at the mouth of the Lower Bay of New 
 York Harbour, the main channel entering which is immediately 
 to the N. of its N. end. Sandy Hook Bay lies to the W. 
 Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 52.2° F., Jan. 31.2°, July 73.8°; annual 
 rfall. (10 yrs.), 51.26 in. See Xew York. 
 
 Sandy Island, Great. See Great Sandy Island. 
 
 Sandyknowe Crags, hill, Scot. See Sniallbolni. 
 
 Sandyk-tas, peak of Tarbagatai Mts. , Russian Central Asia, 
 on the frontier, between provs. Semipalatinskand Semiryechensk. 
 Over 9000 ft. 
 
 Sandy Lake, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Mercer co., 54 m. S. 
 Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sanily Lane, P. O. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Chippenham and Devizes 
 divs. , 10 m. NE. Trowbridge, 3 m. SW. Calne. 
 
 Sandy Lane, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, 2 m. from Allerton. 
 
 Sandymonnt, tnld., Ire., E. co. and bar., suburb of and 
 2J m. ESE. Dublin, on a branch of the Dublin, Wicklow, and 
 Wexford Rly. 
 
 Sandy Point, cape and tn., Magellan Straits. See Pnnta 
 Arenas. 
 
 Saiuly Point, cape, W. Indies, the NW. point of St. Chris- 
 topher I. 
 
 Sandy Klrer, U.S., rises in Virginia, flows N. along the 
 boundary between that state and Kentucky, and joins the Ohio 
 at Catlettsburg (Ky. ). Length 130 m., for 50 m. of which it 
 is navigable by boats. 
 
 Sandy Run, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne 
 CO., 32 m. S. Wilkesbarre. P. < 1500. 
 
 San Elena, Punta, cape, Ecuador, on the W. ct. , about 
 2° 13' S. 
 
 San-el-Hager, Egypt. See Zan-el-Hager, 
 
 San Ellzarlo, tn., U.S., Texas, El Paso co., on Rio Grande, 
 8 m. by rail NE. Ysleta. P. <;i500. 
 
 San Enrique, comm., Philippine Is., Negros I., in the 
 Bisayas or Visayas group. P. 13,100. 
 
 San Estanlslao, vil., Paraguay, 100 m. ENE. Asuncion, an 
 old Jesuit mission station, founded 1749. 
 
 San Estevan, large gulf, Chile, in 47° S. 
 
 Sanetscb, or Senln, pass, Switzd. , in the Bernese Alps, con- 
 necting the cantons Freiburg and Bern with Valais, between 
 the Oldenhorn and Arbelhorn. Alt. 7370 ft. 
 
 San Eugenlo, cape, Mexico, Lower California, on W. ct. 
 of the penin. , S. of the entrance of the bay of Sebastian Vizcaino, 
 in 27° 50' N. , 
 
 San Engenlo del Cnareim, vil., Uruguay, on the NE. 
 frontier, dep. Artigas, no m. NE. Salto. 
 
 San Fcle, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 18 m. NW, Potenza. 
 P. 6900. 
 
 San Felice, coram., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 17 m. NE. 
 Modena. P. 8600. 
 
 San Felice, isl., Italy, in the lagoons of and 8J m. NE. 
 Venice ; salt obtained here. 
 
 San Felice a Cancello, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov., circle, 
 and 8^ m. ESE. Caserta ; warm mineral spring. P. 5400. 
 
 San Felice Clrceo, . vil. , Italy, prov. Rome, 37 m. SSE. 
 Velletri, at foot of Mount Circeo; noted for its aromatic and 
 medicinal herbs. Near are the remains of the ancient city 
 Circceum, or Circei, where the triumvir Lepidus died, and 
 where Odoacer banished Romulus Augustulus, the last Roman 
 emperor of the West. Pope Celestin II. was born here, 1143. 
 P. (coram. )< 2000. 
 
 San Fello de Llobregat, coram., Spain, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Ebro, prov. and 5 m. W. Barcelona ; manufactures lace. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 San Felipe, tn. , Chile, cap. prov. Aconcagua, 65 m. ENE. 
 Valparaiso. P. 11,800. 
 
 San Felipe, tn., Mexico, state of and 30 m. N. Guanajuato. 
 P. 6700. 
 
 San Felipe, coal-mining vil., Mexico, Coahuila, 17 m. SE. 
 Sabinas. 
 
 San Felipe, tn., Philippine Is., Luzon I., 67 m. NW. Manila, 
 near the W. ct. P. <4ooo. 
 
 San Felipe, mt., Spain, on border of provs. Cuenca and 
 Teruel, 97 m. E. Madrid, its E. base washed by the head- 
 waters of the Tagus. 
 
 San Felipe, vil. , Venezuela, Lara, 130 m. W. Caracas. 
 
 San Felipe de Bacnlar, tn. , Yucatan. See Bacalar. 
 
 San Felipe de J&tlva, tn., Spain. See Jiitlva. 
 
 San Felipe del Obraje, or Obraje, vil., Mexico, state of 
 Mexico, 18^ m. NW. Ixtlahuaca. P. (comm.) 15,700. 
 
 San Felipe Sink. See Colorado Desert. 
 
 San Fellu de Galxols, seapt. comra. , Spain, Catalonia, 
 prov. and 18 m. SE. Gerona. P. 8900. 
 
 San Felix, isl., Pacific, off ct. of Chile. See San Ambroslo. 
 
 San Felix, Puerto, riv. port, Venezuela, Bolivar, on ther. bk. 
 of the Orinoco, at the confluence of the Caroni, 150 m. SW. by 
 S. of the SW. point of the Isle of Trinidad, 55 m. E. Ciudad 
 Bolivar. 
 
 San Fernando, tn., Argentine Republic, prov. and 22 m. 
 NNW. Buenos Aires, on the Rio de la Plata ; is a country 
 resort for the people of Buenos Aires. P. 4000. 
 
 San Fernando, tn. , Chile, Colchagua, 75 m. S. by W. San- 
 tiago. P. 7000. 
 
 San Fernando, vil., Mexico, Tamaulipas, 140 m. ESE. 
 Monterey. P. <2ooo. 
 
 San Fernando, tn. and cape, Philippine Is. , on the W. ct. 
 of Luzon, prov. La Union, in 16° 32' N. P. 12,100. 
 
 San Fernando, coram., Philippine Is., Luzon, prov. Pam- 
 panga (NW. of Bay of Manila). P. 16,300, of which the 
 greater number are Chinese. 
 
 San Fernando, comra. , Philippine Is. , N. Cebii I. P. 12,900. 
 
 San Fernando, formerly La Isla de Leon, fortified tn. and 
 
 1369 
 
SANF — SANG 
 
 seapt. comm., Spain, prov. and 8 m. SE. Cadiz, on the Isla de 
 Leon, in the Bay of Cadiz ; forms part of the arsenal of La 
 Carraca. Mean temp. (15 yrs. ), yr. 62.9° F., Jan. 52.5'', Aug. 
 75.2°; annual rfall. (14 yrs.), 31.61 in. P. 29,300. See Cadiz, 
 bay. 
 
 San Feriiaiido, tn. , Uruguay. See Florida. 
 San Fernando, vil. , U.S., California, Los Angeles co., on 
 the Southern Pacific Rly. , which has, near this, a tunnel 6960 
 ft. long. P. <i5oo. 
 
 San Fernando, seapt., W. Indies, on the W. ct. of Trinidad ; 
 harbour available for largest vessels ; quays have only 4 ft. of 
 water alongside at high water. P. <2ooo. 
 
 San Fernando de Apure, tn. , Venezuela, Amazonas terr. , 
 190 m. S. by W. Cardcas. P. <4ooo. 
 
 San Fernando de Atabapo, tn., Venezuela, Bolivar, 460 m. 
 SSW. Caracas. P. <20oo. 
 
 San Fernando de Masaya, tn. , central Asia. See Hasaya. 
 San Fernando de Rosas, vil. , Mexico, Coahuila, 190 m. N. 
 by W. Monterey. P. <20oo. 
 
 San Fernando dl PngUa, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 
 22 m. SW. Foggia. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 San Fill, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 7 J m. NW. by W. 
 Cosenza, 38 m. NW. by N. Catanzaro. P. <;3000. 
 
 San Flllppo del Mela, or San Flllppo d'Arglro, tn., Sicily, 
 prov. and 13J m. W. Messina ; occupies the site of the ancient 
 Sicanian city ^/^>a, birthplace of the historian Diodorus Siculus. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Sanford, city, U.S., Florida, Orange co., on Lake Monroe, 
 120 m. SE. Palatka. P. < 3000. 
 
 Sanford, tn., U.S., Maine, York co., on Mousam R., 36 m. 
 W. Portland. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sanford, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Moore co., 33 m. SW. 
 Raleigh. P. < 1500. 
 
 San Francesco d'Albaro, comm., Italy, Liguria, prov. and 
 I m. E. Genoa, from which it is separated by the Bisagno. 
 P. 11,900. 
 
 San Francisco, settlement, Argentine Republic, on Rio 
 Segundo, prov. and 59 m. E. C6rdoba. 
 
 San Francisco, settlement, Argentine Republic, prov. and 
 118 m. N. by E. C6rdoba. 
 
 San Francisco, in full, San Francisco del Monte de Oro 
 ('of the gold mountain'), tn., Argentine Republic, San Luis, 
 142 m. SW. C6rdoba ; gold-mines near. P. 2000. 
 San Francisco, riv. , Brazil. See Sfto Francisco. 
 San Francisco, isl., Pacific. See Manrelle. 
 San Francisco, city and seapt., U.S., California, situated 
 at the NE. end of a f)enin. 6-7 m. wide separating San F. 
 Bay from the Pacific Ocean ; connected by ferry-boat with Oak- 
 land, on E. side of the bay. The city is regularly laid out, 
 with broad streets which cross each other at right angles. In 
 the residential portion the buildings are of wood ; in the busi- 
 ness portion, of stone and brick. San F. is the terminus of the 
 S. Pacific Rly. Regular lines of ocean steamers run to Japan, 
 Australia, Panama, Mexico, Victoria, and ports in Oregon and 
 California, and light steamers to various ports in the bay. Its 
 harbour has 4500 ft. of sea-wall, with a depth alongside of 22-28 
 ft,, besides numerous piers ; average fall and rise of tide, 5^ ft. 
 There is a dry dock 483 ft. long, with a depth on sill of 22. 8 ft. , 
 besides two floating docks and a hydraulic dock. San F. was 
 settled in 1776 as a Spanish military station and a Franciscan 
 mission. It made little progress until the gold discoveries of 1848. 
 Since then its growth has been most rapid. Manufactures in- 
 clude iron, glass, woollen goods, cable and wire, flour, mining 
 machinery, cordage, sugar, &c. Besides its vast mining interests, 
 a great traffic has g^own up in grain and fruit. San F. ranks 
 third among all the ports of the Union in the total value of its 
 foreign commerce, which amounts to about ;^so,ooo,ooo. The 
 principal exports are wheat and flour, tinned salmon and fruits, 
 barley, timber, wine and brandy, quicksilver, &c. Many mines of 
 gold, silver, quicksilver, coal, and various other mineral deposits, 
 as well as vineyards, farms, and ranches throughout the whole 
 of the western region of the U.S., are owned here. The most 
 important educational institutions near San F. are the univer- 
 sity of California at Berkeley {g.v.), and the Leland Stanford 
 university at Palo Alto. In the city are numerous public and 
 special schools, various medical colleges, charitable institutions 
 and hospitals, and several libraries. The Golden Gate Park, 
 W. of the city, covers more than 1000 ac. The Laurel Hill 
 and Odd Fellows cemeteries are fine. The inhabitants of San 
 F. include many nationalities, amongst which are about 18,000 
 Chinese, who occupy a separate quarter. Mean temp. (29 yrs.), 
 yr. 55.6° F., Jan. 49.7°, Aug. 58.5°; annual rfall. 24.08 in. P. 
 (1846) 600; (1848) 1000; (1852) 34,900; (1870) 149,500; (1880) 
 234,000; (1890)299,000. 
 
 San Francisco, bay, U.S., California, is the finest bay on 
 the Pacific coast, between 37° 48' and 38° 10' N., 122° and 122° 
 30' W. , connected with the Pacific Ocean by a strait, the Golden 
 Gate, I m. wide. It extends SSW. for about 40 m. , and is 12 m. 
 across in its widest part, separated from the Pacific by a p>enin. 
 6-15 m. wide, on the N. extremity of which is the city of San 
 1370 
 
 F. The shores of the Golden Gate are bold and rocky, rising 
 on the N. to nearly 200 ft. ; on the S. the hills are sand-covered, 
 300-400 ft. high. The bar has a depth of 30 ft. of water at low 
 tide ; within it is much deeper. There are several islands, 
 including Alcatraz, 4 m. from the entrance. Angel, and Yerba 
 Buena, or Goat I. The entrance is defended by fortifications 
 on Alcatraz I. and Fort Point, S. of the Golden Gate. The 
 bay is connected N. by a strait, 3 m. wide, with San Pablo Bay, 
 about 10 m. across, and nearly circular, and this again is con- 
 nected E. by Carquinez Strait, i m. wide, with Suisun Bay, 8 m. 
 long, and 4 m. wide. Both these bays are deep, but Carquinez 
 Strait has only 16 ft. of water at low tide. 
 
 San Francisco de la Agnada, vil. , isl. Porto Rico, W. ct. , 
 68 m. W. by S. San Juan. P. <2ooo. 
 
 San Francisco de Llniaclte, vil., Chile, prov. Valparaiso. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 San Francisco del Rlncon. See Rlncon. 
 
 San Francisco de Macorls, vil. , isl. of Haiti, republic and 
 68 m. NNW. Santo Domingo. 
 
 San Franclscode Tlsnados, tn. , Venezuela, state of Miranda, 
 44 m. S. Cura. P. 9600. 
 
 San Francisco el Alto, vil. , Guatemala, dep. Totonicapam. 
 P. (comm.) 26,300. 
 
 San Francisco Mountains, U.S., Arizona, Zavapai co., 
 164 m. SE. from the NW. corner of the terr. Alt. 12,052 ft. 
 (R.R.); 12,562 ft. (Wheeler); timber line, 11,468ft. (Wheeler) ; 
 12,794 ft. (Col.). 
 
 San Fratello, comm., Sicily, prov. Messina, 47 m. NE. by 
 N. Caltanissetta. P. 7900. 
 
 San Fmctnoso, tn., Uruguay, cap. dep. Tacuarembo, 106 
 m. E. by S. Salto. P. <300o. 
 
 Sanga, or Sangha, riv. , W. Africa, flows S. into the Congo, 
 which it enters in about 16° 50' E. , a little to the E. of the 
 Likwala; navigable to N. of Sanga stn. in 4" N. Forms from 
 about 2°-2° 20' N. the frontier between the French and German 
 spheres of influence. 
 
 San Gabriel, vil., Mexico, state of Galisco, 28 m. ENE. 
 Tuscacuesco. P. (comm.) 10,300. 
 
 San Ciabrlel, vil., U.S., California, co. and 8 m. E. Los 
 Angeles ; is an ancient Jesuit mission ; celebrated for its fniits. 
 P. <:i500. 
 
 San Gabriel, mt. range, U.S., California, one of the coast 
 ranges, extending from Cajou Pass SE. to Los Angeles R. 
 
 Sangal, volcano, on the plateau of Ecuador, 125 m. SSE. 
 Quito, in about 2° S. Alt. 17,380 ft. (Wolf). 
 
 S^ngala, ruins, Brit. India, Punjab, Jhang dist. ; identified 
 by General Cunningham with the Sangala of Alexander's 
 historians. 
 
 Sangala, or Sangara, country, French Sudan, W. of the 
 upjjer Faleme, in about 12° io'-i2° 20' N., E. of 12° W. 
 
 San Gallan, small isl. , Peru, in about 13° 50' S. 
 
 Sanganiner, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 49 m. NW. 
 Ahmadnagar. P. 9700 ; Hindus, 7600. 
 
 Sangamon, co. , U.S., Illinois, touching in extreme N. 40° 
 N., and partly bounded in the W. by 90° W. 
 
 Sangamon, riv., U.S., Illinois, rises in Vermilion co. , flows 
 SW. to Decatur city, then NW. and W. to the Illinois R. , 
 between Cass and Mason cos. Length about 225 m. 
 
 Sanganer, tn. , India, Rd-jputana, 9 m. SSW. Jaipur. 
 
 Sangar, tn.. Eastern Archipelago, on a bay on the N. ct. of 
 Sumbawa I. 
 
 Sangara, country, W. Africa, to the NE. of Sierra Leone, 
 in about 10° N. , 9°-ii° W. See also Sangala. 
 
 Sangara, country, French Sudan. See Sangala. 
 
 Saugareata, bay, or estuary, W. ct. of Africa, in the French 
 possessions of the Rivers of the South, in 9° 45'-9° 29' N. ; is 
 the common estuary of the Bramaya and Dubreka Rivs. 
 
 Sangarb, vil., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Dera Ismdil Khdn, 
 70 m. NW. Miiltan. 
 
 S&ngarbl, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , dist. and 24 m. 
 SE. Bhand4ri ; manufactures cotton cloth ; has a ruined 
 Afghan fort. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sangarius, riv. , Asia Minor. See Sakarla. 
 
 San Gaylno, comm., Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 22 m. NE. 
 Iglesias. P. < 3000. 
 
 San Ciemlnl, tn. , Italy, Umbria, prov. Perugia, 6 m. NW. 
 Terni ; has mineral springs. P. < 3000. 
 
 San Geneslo, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 8^ m. NE. 
 Turin ; has mineral springs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sangenjo, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 8 m. WSW. 
 Pontevedra. P. 7200. 
 
 Sanger, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Oliver co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Missouri R. , 27 m. NNW. Bismarck. 
 
 Sangerberg, dross, tn. and health resort, Austria, Bohemia, 
 16 m. E. Eger ; has mineral springs. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sangertaansen, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 12 m. WSW. 
 Eisleben ; manufactures agricultural machinery, &c. P. (1816) 
 4000; (1890) 10,200; (comm.) P. 10,700. 
 
 San German, comm., Porto Rico I., 66 m. WSW. San 
 Juan. P. 30,100. 
 
SANG — SAN J 
 
 San Gerniano, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 8 m. W. 
 by N. Vercelli. P. <sooo. 
 
 San Gerunlnio, small seapt. , Mexico, Guerrero, on the S. ct. , 
 45 m. WNW. Acapulco. 
 
 San deronlnio, tn. , state of and 43 m. NNE. Guatemala; 
 makes excellent sugar. P. < 2000. 
 
 San Gervasio de Cassolas, comm., Spain, Catalonia, prov. 
 and dist. Barcelona, at foot of Mount Tibidabo. P. 8200. 
 
 Sangervllle, tn. U.S., Maine, Piscataquis co., on riv. Pis- 
 cataquis, 37 m. NW. Bangor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sangesl, vil. , in the S. of German E. Africa, in 11° 15' S., 
 36° 4' E. 
 
 Sangba, riv., W. Africa. See Sanga. 
 
 Sangliar Pass, the most important route across the Sulaiman 
 Mts. , to the S. of the Gumal Pass, which is about 100 m. to the 
 N, ' It is broad, practicable for light artillery, and is the best 
 and most direct road from Multan to Kandahar ' {Proc. 
 R. G. 5., 1879, p. 55). 
 
 Sanghl, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Rohtak, 48 m. NW. 
 Delhi. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sanglilr, isls. See Sanglr. 
 
 San Glacunio di Luslana, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 17 
 m. N. Vicenza ; marble quarried here. P. < 4000. 
 
 San Gil, tn., Colombia. See Sanjll. 
 
 San Gimlgnano, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov., circle, and i8j 
 m. NW. Siena ; is surrounded by a partly ruined wall, and has 
 thirteen ancient towers in the interior ; was a flourishing 
 republic until its annexation to Florence in 1353. P. < 5000; 
 (comm.) P. 8500. 
 
 Sangln-Dalal, lake, Mongolia, in the NW., 100 m. SSW. 
 Lake Kosso-gol. Alt. 6290 ft. 
 
 San Glneslo, tn., Italy, The Marches, prov. Macerata, 36 m. 
 S. by W. Ancona. P. < 2000. 
 
 San Giorgio, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, j\ m. E. 
 by S. Taranto. P. <3ooo. 
 
 San Giorgio, tn., Italy, prov. Ascoli. See Porto San 
 Giorgio. 
 
 San Giorgio, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 17 m. W. 
 Pavia. P. <4oc>o. 
 
 San Gloi^lo, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 20 m. N. by E. 
 Turin ; birthplace of Carlo Botta, died 1837. P. <4000. 
 
 San Giorgio a Creniano, comm., Italy, Campania, prov., 
 circle, and 3 m. ESE. Naples ; was almost entirely destroyed by 
 the eruption of Vesuvius, 1631. P. <5ooo. 
 
 San Giorgio di Piano, or San Giorgio in Piano, tn., Italy, 
 Emilia, prov. and 10 m. N. Bologna. P. <3ooo. 
 
 San Giorgio In Bosro, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. Padua, 
 dist. and 3^ m. S. Cittadella. P. <4000. 
 
 San Giorgio la Molara, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. 
 Benevento, circle and 11 m. SSW. San Bartolomeo in Galdo; 
 has a mineral spring. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 San Giorgio Morgeto, tn. , Italy, prov. Reggio, circle and 14 
 m. ENE. Palmi. P. 5000. 
 
 San Giorgio Pracintlno, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 6 
 m. SSE. Piacenza. P. < 3000; comm. P. < 5000. 
 
 San Giovanni, comm. , .Austria, crownland Dalmatia, Brazza 
 I., on the N. ct., towards the W. P. <;3oco. 
 
 San Giovanni a Plro, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, 
 2^ m. from theGulf of Pblicastro ; the small port of Scario forms 
 part of the comm. P. <3oc)o ; (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 San Giovanni a Tednceio, tn., Italy, Campania, prov., 
 circle, and 2 m. ESE. Naples, in NE. of Gulf of Naples. P. 
 5400. 
 
 San Giovanni di Medna. See Medna. 
 
 San Giovanni Gemini, tn., Sicily, prov. and 24 m. N. 
 Girgenti ; has salt-mines and cold mineral springs. P. <4000. 
 
 San Giovanni Incariro, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 
 circle and 20 m. N. Gaeta ; has petroleum springs. P. <30oo. 
 
 San Giovanni in Flore, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. Co- 
 senza, on the Neto, 25 m. N. by E. Catanzaro. P. 10,700. 
 
 San Giovanni in Marlgnano, vil. , Italy, Emilia, prov. Forli, 
 10 m. SE. Rimini. P. < 3000; comm. P. 5900. 
 
 San Giovanni in Perslceto, ancient Forum Marcelli, tn., 
 Italy, Emilia, prov. Bologna, 14 m. E. by S. Modena ; has two 
 mineral springs. P. <4ooo. 
 
 San Giovanni Lnpatoto, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 3J 
 m. SSE. Verona, near r. bk. of the Adige. P. < 3000; comm. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 San Giovanni Rotoudo, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 
 20 m. NE. by N. Foggia. P. 8100. 
 
 San Giovanni faldarno, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov., circle, 
 and i8§ m. WNW. Arezzo. P. 5200. 
 
 Sanglr, isl., E. Archipelago, about midway between Min- 
 danao and the NE. end of Celebes ; the name is also applied to 
 the whole group of islands which here form a string (to the E. 
 of Celebes Sea). Destructive volcanic outbursts of Gunong Abu 
 on this island have occurred repeatedly (1711, 1812, 1856, 1883, 
 1892). Area of group, 350 sq. m. P. 45,000. 
 
 San Giullano, comm. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 8 
 m. S. Campobasso, 46 ra. W. Foggia, P. <3000. 
 
 San Ginliano, .Monte, mt. , Sicily, near the N W. extremity, 
 i,\ m. E. Trapani ; is the ancient mountain Eryx, consecrated 
 to Venus. Alt. 2460 ft. 
 
 San Giuseppe, vil., Italy, Campania, prov. Naples, 9^ m. 
 NNE. Castellamare, at foot of the E. slope of Mount Vesuvius. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 San Giuseppe Jato, the ancient Greek Jato, or Jeta, comm. , 
 Sicily, prov. and 14 m. SW. Palermo ; destroyed by the Emperor 
 Frederick II. about 1224. P. 6600. 
 
 Sang-Ju, or Saug-cliu, tn. , Korea, 92 m. N W. by N. Fusan. 
 
 Skngll, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, cap. Sangli state, on Kistna 
 R., jj m. W. by N. Bijdpur ; has a fort. P. (1881) 13,300. 
 
 Sangod, tn., India, Rajputdna, 140 m. S. by E. Jaipur. P. 
 (1881) 5000. 
 
 Stlngola, tn. and fort, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Sholapur, 
 56 m. NW. by N. Bijapur. P. 5700; Hindus, 5300. 
 
 Sangoniar, Polute de, tongue of land, W. ct. Africa, S. of 
 Cape Verde, extending N. and S. for 15I m., forms the r. bk. 
 of the Salum R., which it separates from the Atlantic Ocean, in 
 
 13° 49' 30" N- 
 
 Sangone, bay, E. Africa, 75 m. N. Mozambique, in 13° 57'- 
 13° S8' S. 
 
 Sangonera, riv. , in the SE. of Spain, formed by the union of 
 the Chirivel and Caramel, flows E. past Lorca, then NE. to the 
 Segura, which it joins just below Murcia ; in 1802 a large reser- 
 voir for irrigating the dists. around Lorca burst, and destroyed 
 part of the town of Lorca. In 1879 it overflowed, and caused 
 much damage in the plains of Murcia and Orihuela. Length, 
 90-100 m. 
 
 Sangpo, or Sangpu, Tibetan, 'river.' See Braliniapntra. 
 
 Sangre de Crlsto, range of mts. , U.S., Colorado, in the S., 
 trending for about 70 m. from NW. to SE., between about 37J" 
 and 385° N. , and 105 J° and 106° W. ; some of its peaks are over 
 14,000 Tt. high. 
 
 San Gregorio, vil., Italy, Calabrie, on the Straits of Messina, 
 prov. and 4 m. S. Reggio. P. < 2000. 
 
 San Gregorio, vil., Uruguay, dep. Tacuarembo, on the r. bk. 
 of the Rio Negro, 117 m. E. by S. Paysandu. 
 
 San Gregorio Magiio, comm. , Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, 
 circle and 15 m. E. Campania. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sangro, riv., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, flows ENE. and enters 
 the Adriatic in 42° 15' N. Length, 59 m. ; area of basin, 641 
 sq. m. ; mean discharge 700 cubic ft. per second, highest dis- 
 charge 52,300 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Sangterre, dist., France. See Santerre. 
 
 Saugu, small riv., India, flowing W. into the Bay of Bengal, 
 through the Chittagong div. of Bengal. 
 
 Sangiiesa, tn., Spain, prov. Navarra, 25 m. SE. by E. Pamp- 
 lona, on the Aragon R. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Saugnil, Saraugani, or Butnlan, volcano, S. Mindanao I., 
 Philippine Is., in 5° 43' N., 125° 20' E. 
 
 Sangulnaires, lies, islets, off W. ct. of Corsica, in extreme 
 W. of Gulf of Ajaccio ; they owe their name to the red granite 
 rocks of which they are formed ; lighthouse. 
 
 Sangninetto, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. Verona, 18 m. E. 
 Mantua. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sanliaja, or Senaja, in Berber Zauaga, or Zenaga, two 
 small tribes of Berbers, Algeria, formerly the most numerous 
 and powerful of the Berber tribes. 
 
 Sanliat, tn. , India, Bengal, ChutiA NA^gpur Hill states, 115 
 m. S. Mfrzapur. P. < 5000. 
 
 San-Iio, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, 45 m. E. Peking. 
 
 Sanlio'i Cliuic, group of isls. , off the SE. ct. of China, prov. 
 Kwangtung, S. of the Si-kiang delta, between 21° 57'-22° 4' N. 
 and 113° 7'-ii3° 18' E. 
 
 Sanliur, Upper Egypt. See Senlinr. 
 
 San Ignacio, tn., Bolivia, dep. Santa Cruz, no m. SW. by 
 S. Matto Grosso. 
 
 San Ignaelo, vil. , Paraguay, 109 m. SSE. Asuncion. 
 
 San Ignacio, vil., Peru, dep. Cajamarca, 40 m. NNE. Jaen ; 
 has gold-mines. P. (dist.)<20oo. 
 
 Sanilac, co., U.S., Michigan, on Lake Huron, S. of 44° N. 
 
 San Ildefonso, tn. , Spain, Old Castille, prov. and 7 m. ESE. 
 Segovia. Here is the fine royal palace popularly called La 
 Granja, ' the farm-house,' alt. 3910 ft., built in 1724-27 by Philip 
 V. on the model of Louis XIV. 's castles, on the site of an old farm- 
 house. It contains pictures and antique sculptures, also the 
 tomb of Philip V., but is esf)ecially remarkable for its gardens, 
 with running water, fountains, cascades, &c. P. (comm. ) <4000. 
 
 San Isidro, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. Buenos Aires, cap. 
 dist. ; is a country resort of the inhabitants of Buenos Aires. 
 P. 2000. 
 
 Sanlndo, one of the nine great divs. into which the old provs. 
 of Japan were grouped, consisting of eight provs., in the SW. 
 of Honshiu, on the Sea of Japan. 
 
 San Jacinto, mts., U.S., CaUfornia, San Diego co., 75 m. 
 NE. of SW. corner of state, at N. extremity of Sierra Nevada 
 Range. Alt. 10,987 ft. 
 
 San Jacinto, co., U.S., Texas, S. of 31° N., bounded on the 
 E. by Trinity R. 
 
 1371 
 
SANJ — SANJ 
 
 San Jacinto, vil. , U.S., Texas, Harris co., on Galveston Bay, 
 at mouth of San Jacinto R. , i8 m. E. by S. Houston ; scene of the 
 battle which won the independence of Texas, 1836. P. <i5oo. 
 
 San Jacinto, riv. , U.S., Te.xas, rises in Walker co., and 
 flows SE. to San Jacinto Bay, an arm of Galveston Bay ; 
 navigable for about 45 m. Length, 120 m. 
 
 Sanjak, the name given to subdivisions of Turkish vilayets. 
 
 San JaTler, tn., Chile, prov. Linaj-es. P. < 3000. 
 
 San Javier, tn., Spain, prov. and 21 m. SE. Murcia, 2 m. 
 from the Mar Menor lagoon. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 San Javier de Lonconillla. See Lonconillla. 
 
 San Jeronlnio, vil. , Peru, dep. Apurimac, 80 m. W. Cuzco. 
 P. (with dist.) 8100. 
 
 Sanjll, or San Gil, tn., Colombia, Santander, 150 m. NNE. 
 Bogota. Alt. 3605 ft. P. (with dist. ) 14,000. 
 
 San Joaqalni, riv. , eastern Bolivia, flows N. to the Rio 
 Guapore, which it joins in about 64° 25' W. ; easily navigable for 
 70 m. up. 
 
 San Joaquin, vil., Paraguay, no m. E. by N. Asuncion, at 
 the eastern base of the Cordillera de Caa-Guazu. 
 ■ San Joaquin, comm. , Philippine Is., Panay I., Ilo Ilo prov., 
 on the S. ct. P. 12,400. 
 
 San Joaquin, co., U.S., California, intersected by 38° N. 
 and 121" W. , traversed by San Joaquin R. 
 
 San Joaquin, riv., U.S., California, rises in Fresno co. , 
 flows SW. to the Tulare Slough, then NW. through the San 
 Joaquin valley to the Sacramento ; navigable to Stockton during 
 part of the year for large steamers, and for small steamers 275 
 m. higher. Length about 350 m. 
 
 San Jorge, or St. George, large bay, Argentine Republic, 
 crossed in the middle by 46" S. , mouth 140 m. wide. 
 
 San Jorge, riv. , Colombia, rises in the N W. comer of dep. 
 Antioquia, and flows NE. across dep. Bolivar to the Cauca. 
 Length about 250 m. 
 
 San Jorg^, vil., Uruguay, dep. Durazno, 140 m. N. Monte- 
 video. Alt. 400 ft. Mean temp. (8 yrs. , 1880-87), yr. 61.0° P., 
 Jan. 73.2°, July 48.4°. 
 
 San Jos^, volcano, Andes, on the Chilean- Argentine frontier, 
 in 33° 40' S. ; active in 1889-90. 
 
 San Jos^, settlement; Argentine Republic, Salta, 91 m. N. 
 by E. Tucuman. 
 
 San Jos^, settlement, Argentine Republic, San Luis, 150 m. 
 SW. by S. Cordoba. 
 
 San Jos^, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 12J m. NE. 
 Santa F6. P. < 2000. 
 
 San Jos^, tn., Bolivia, dep. Santa Cruz, 200 m. S. by W. 
 Matto Grosso. 
 
 San Jos^, settlement, Brazil, Amazonas, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Negro, 485 m. WNW. Manaos. 
 
 San Jose, tn., Chile, prov. and 22 m. NNE. Valdivia. P. <: 
 2000. 
 
 San J086, isl., Columbia, Pearl Is, group, in the Gulf of 
 Panama, 9J m. WSW. San Miguel I. Area about 25 sq. m. 
 
 San Jos^, tn.. Central America, cap. since 1823 of republic 
 of Costa Rica and of dep. San Jos6, in 9° 57' N., 84° 8' W. 
 Seat of a university, and an observatory. An earthquake de- 
 stroyed the cathedral in 1879, and a similar one occurred 30th 
 Dec. 1888 ; slight shocks are frequent. The town was founded 
 1738-51 on the site of La Villita ; climate moist, but free from 
 malaria. Alt. 3757 ft. Mean temp. (11 yrs., 1868-78), yr. 71.1° 
 P.; annual rfall. (14 yrs.), 60.62 in. P. 39,000. 
 
 San Jos^, vil. , Paraguay, 60 m. E. by S. Asuncion. 
 
 San Jo8^, cape, Portuguese W. Africa, 15 m. W, by S. 
 Benguella, in 12 36' S. 
 
 San Jo8^, vil., Spain, sub-port of Almeria, on the part of the 
 coast of the prov. of Almeria, facing E. 
 
 San Jose, tn., Spain, Balearic Is., dist. Iviza, on the coast. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 San Jo8^, vil, Uruguay, cap. dep. San Jos6, 45 m. NNW. 
 Montevideo, on the Rio de San Jos6. P. about 7000. 
 
 San Jose, city, U.S., Calfornia, cap. Santa Clara co. , 42 m. 
 SE. San Francisco ; situated in the Santa Clara valley, famed 
 for its magnificent scenery. Six miles from the city is a beautiful 
 public park of 400 ac. containing numerous mineral springs, 
 connected with it by a magnificent avenue of trees ; the climate 
 is delightful. Trade in wheat, wine, dried and canned fruits, &c. 
 Mean temp. (16 yrs.), yr. 57.9° F., Jan. 47.8°, July 66.4° ; mean 
 rfall., yr. 14.52 in., May-Sept. 0.78 in. P. (1870) 9000; (1880) 
 12,600; (1890)18,100. 
 
 San Jose, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Valencia co., 85 m. 
 SW. Sante ¥€. 
 
 San JoB^ de Acajutla, seapt., Salvador. See Acajntla. 
 
 San Jose de Bueuavlsta, comm., Philippine Is., on the W. 
 ct. of Panay, in 10° 45' N. P. 6700. 
 
 San Jose de Cncuta, or Cncata, tn. , Colombia, Santander, 
 240 m. NNE. Bogota. The town was destroyed by an earth- 
 quake, 1875. Alt. 965 ft. P. (with dist.) 13,000. 
 
 San Jos^, Rio de, riv. , Uruguay, flows SSE. through the dep. 
 San Jos6, and enteft the Rio de la Plata, between deps. San 
 Jos6 and Montevideo. 
 1372 
 
 San Jose de Guatemala, seapt. vil. , Central America, state 
 of and 58 m. SSW. Guatemala, in about 13° 55' N.; open road- 
 stead ; vessels loaded and discharged by hghters. P. <20oo. 
 
 San Jose de la Esqulua, vil. , Argentine Republic, Santa F6, 
 65 m. W. by S. Rosario. P. < 2000. 
 
 San Jos^ de las Klutas, tn. , Haiti, republic of Santo 
 Domingo, 154 m. WSW. Santiago ; has a gold-mine. P. 3000. 
 
 San Jos^ del C'abo, comm. , Mexico, Lower California, on 
 the S. ct. , 85 m. SSE. La Paz, in about 23° 2' N. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 San Jos^ de los Kamos, comm., Cuba, prov. and 56 m. 
 ESE. Matanzas. P. 9000. 
 
 San Jos^ Ignaclo, cape, Uruguay, on the Atlantic, in 34° 
 51' S. , 54° 38' W. ; has a lighthouse. 
 
 San Jos6 Peninsula, another name of Valdes Penin., Argen- 
 tine Republic. 
 
 S&nJA, tn.. Eastern Turkistan, 103 m. SE. Yarkand, on the 
 Sanju or Sarikia R., which flows N. from the S&nJ<i Pass, the 
 route of the Indian caravans, Kuenluen Mts. Sanju in 37° 13' 
 N., 78° 27' E. ; Sdnju Pass in about 36° 42' N., 78° 21' E. Alt. 
 of Sanju, 6070 ft.; of the Pass, 16,700 ft. {Jour. R. G. S., 1878, 
 pp. 180-81, map, p. 173). P. (with oasis) 35,000. 
 
 San Juan, cape, W. ct. of Africa, to the N. of Bay of Corisco, 
 in 1° 10' N. 
 
 San Juan, tn. , .Argentine Republic, cap. prov. San Juan, 95 
 m. N. Mendoza ; residence of the Bishop of Cuyo. Alt. 2172 ft. 
 Mean annual rfall. (6 yrs.), 2.85 in., April-Sept. 0.4 in. 
 
 San Juan, prov., Argentine Republic, nearly three-fourths 
 of the size of England, separated from Chile on the W. by the 
 Andes, from the Cerro del Cobre in the N. to Aconcagua in 
 the S. (about 28^°-32i° S. ). [Andes, E.] The country is partly 
 mountainous and partly covered by waterless, frequently sandy, 
 plains. Besides the main -chain of the Andes, the sub- Andean 
 chains of the Sierra del Tontal, Sierra de la Huerta (6600 ft.), 
 and others diversify the surface. In the extreme SE. sandy 
 plains occupy an area of 965 sq. m. , and here also lies the large 
 lagoon of Huanacache. The principal rivers are the San Juan, 
 the Jachal, and the Bermejo, all flowing S. or SE. The country 
 is rich in minerals, but mining industry is not greatly developed ; 
 gold, silver, and copper are mined, and deposits of coal have 
 been found. The mineral springs, chiefly sulphureous, are used 
 in the baths at Laja, at Pismanta, and at Florida, near San 
 Juan. The dry climate is against the cultivation of the soil, e.\- 
 cepting near the rivers, where artificial irrigation is used, and 
 where maize, wheat, lucerne, fruits, and grapes are grown. 
 The wine of this prov. is esteemed. Agriculture is the chief 
 industry. The prov. has only one railway, from San Juan to 
 Mendoza, 45 m. long. Length of prov., N. to S. , 370 m. ; area, 
 36,649 sq. m. Estimated P. (1889) 102,400. 
 
 San Juan, riv., Central America, republic Nicaragua, form- 
 ing the outlet of the Lake of Nicaragua into the Caribbean Sea, 
 which it enters at the port of San Juan, in 10° 54' N. Course 
 eastward. Length about 100 m. Its current is gentle, but in 
 its lower course impeded by short rapids. Near the coast • it 
 sends off" several branches, the chief being the Colorado, which 
 is of importance in connection with the scheme for uniting the 
 Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by a ship-canal. See Nicaragua. 
 
 San Juan, riv. , Colombia, Cauca, flows W. , S. , and again 
 W. , entering the Pacific by a delta just N. of 4° N. 
 
 San Juan, vil., Colombia, terr. Caqueta, on the Atabapo, 
 440 m. E. by S. Bogota. 
 
 San Juan, vil., in the S. of Paragfuay, on the Panama, in 
 
 55° 57' W. 
 
 San Juan, fortified tn. , cap. isl. of Porto Rico, N. ct. , in 66° 
 4' W.; lighthouse. San Juan is the chief port of the island, and 
 one of the best in the W. Indies, but its only communication 
 with the sea is by a winding and difficult channel. The basin 
 of the port is prolonged W. by a long natural dike, at the end of 
 which is the town. Anchorage very good. Mean temp. (12 
 yrs., 1874-85), yr. 80.7° F., Feb. 76.3°, Aug. 83.5°; annual rfall. 
 (9 yrs.), 56 in. P. 26,400. 
 
 San Juan, vil., Spain, Murcia, prov. and in the vicinity of 
 Alicante. P. (comm.).<400o. 
 
 San Juan, co., U.S., Colorado, S. of 38° N. , and E. of 108° 
 W., traversed by the San Juan Mts., which extend E. into 
 Hinsdale and Rio Grande cos. 
 
 San Juan, co., U.S., New Mexico, in NW. corner of the terr. 
 . San Juan, vil., U.S., New Mexico, Rio Arriba ca, 28 m. N. 
 by W. Santa F6. P. < 1500. 
 
 San .luan, vil., Uruguay, dep. and 18 m. NNW. Colonia. 
 
 San Juan, vil., U.S., California, co. and on San Benito R. , 
 45 m. S. San Jos6. P. < 1500. 
 
 San Juan, co., U.S., Utah, in SE. corner of the terr., 
 bounded on the W. by Colorado R. 
 
 San Juan, co., U.S., Washington, embracing the islands of 
 San Juan, Orcas, Lopez, Blakely, Decatur, Shaw, Waldron, 
 Henry, Spiedau, Stuart, and Sucia, and several islets, all lying 
 in Puget's Sound, between the mainland and Vancouver I. 
 
 San Juan, isl., U.S., Washington, opposite the S. of Van- 
 couver I. , 14 m. by 6 or 7 m. ; contains vast deposits of limestone. 
 Rfall. (9 yrs.), 28.34 in. , 
 
SANJ — SANK 
 
 Sail Juan, tn. , Venezuela, Miranda, 55 m. SW. Caracas, to 
 the SE. of Lake Valencia. P. 8800. 
 
 Sau Juan, Ensenada de, bay, Venezuela, Falcon, on the 
 coast, in about 68" 25' W. 
 
 San Juan, North, mining vil., U.S., California, Nevada co. , 
 57 m. NNE. Sacramento. 
 
 San Juan, I'uerto, bay, Peru, in 15" 22' S. 
 
 San Juan Kaiitista, bay. See Juan Fernandez. 
 
 San Juan Kauti»«ta, tn., Mexico, Tabasco, 65 m. NNW. 
 San Cristobal. P. (comm. ) 8000. 
 
 Sau Juan Bautlsta, isL, Pacific, in the S. of the Tuamotu 
 group, in about 23° 48' S. , 139° W. 
 
 San Juan Bantlsta, vil., Paraguay, 65 ra. NE. of the con- 
 fluence of the Paraguay and Parana. 
 
 San Juan Itautista, seapt. , Peru, dep. lea, on the SW. ct., 
 in about 15" 25' S. P. (with dist. ) 6600. 
 
 Sau Juan Bautlsta, tn., cap. and in the N. of the isl. of 
 Porto Rico, Great Antilles, on a lagoon (24-29 ft. deep) on a 
 coral reef, having a good harbour. Mean temp. (12 yrs.), yr. 
 80.7° F., Jan. 76.5°, July 83.2°. P. 23,400. 
 
 San Juan Bautlsta, comm., Balearic Is., Spain, on Iviza I. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 San Juan de Cl^naga, Colombia. See Cl^iiaga. 
 
 San .luan de Fuca, strait. See Juan de Fuca. 
 
 San Juan del Norte, tn. , Central America, Nicaragua, cap. 
 dist. (comarca) San Juan del Norte. See Greytown. 
 
 San Juan de lo.s Llanos, tn. , Mexico, state of and 43 m. 
 NE. Puebla. P. 7800. 
 
 San Juan de los Yeras (or Lleras), comm., Cuba, prov. 
 and 9 m. SW. Santa Clara. P. 7700. 
 
 San Juan del Puerto, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 4J 
 m. NE. Huelva; trade in fruit, especially oranges. P. < 4000. 
 
 San Juan del Klo, tn. , Mexico, state of and 50 m. N. by E. 
 Durango ; silver mined. P. 8500. 
 
 San Juan del Rio, tn. , Mexico, state of and 28 m. ESE. 
 Queretaro. P. 8500. 
 
 San Juan del Salvanieuto, bay, Argentine Republic, on N. ct. 
 . San Juan del Sur, seapt. vil. , Central America, Nicaragua, 
 65 m. SSE. Managua, in 10° 15' N. 
 
 San Juan «le Nicaragua, tn. , Central America. See Grey" 
 town. 
 
 San Juan de Teotlhuacan, vil., Mexico, state of and 29 
 m. NE. Mexico. Here are extensive ruins of the ancient, 
 probably Toltec, city of Teotihuacan ('city of the Gods'), a 
 city described by Torquemada as of great beauty and magnifi- 
 cence, and estimated to have been about 23 m. in circumference ; 
 ruins explored by Desir6 Charnay in 1880. 
 
 Sau Juan Loreto, vil., Mexico, Lower California, on the E. 
 ct., 120 m. SSW. Guaymas, in 26° 10' N. 
 
 San Juan Mesqultal, tn., Mexico, Zacatecas, 93 m. E. by 
 N. Durango. 
 
 San Juan Neponiuceno, vil. , Paraguay, 87 m. ESE. Asun- 
 cion, 15 m. S. by W. Villa Rica. P. (with dist.)<3ooo. 
 
 San Juan y Martinez, comm., Cuba, prov., dist., and 12^ 
 m. WSW. Pinar del Rio. P. 18,000. 
 
 Sankan-Iio, the southern headwater of the Hun-ho, northern 
 China. 
 
 Sankaranalndrkoll, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 35 
 m. N. by W. Tinnevelli. P. 8600 ; Hindus, 8000. 
 
 Sankarldr<ig, vil., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 21 m. SW. 
 Salem ; situated at the foot of the Durgam or Drug (alt. 2345 
 ft.); completely terraced with fortifications. See Salem. 
 
 Sankaty Head, cape, U.S., Massachusetts, in the SE. of 
 Nantucket I., in 69° 57' W. 
 
 Sankes'war, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 17 m, N. by 
 W. Belgaum. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sankey, Great, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Newton div. , '2\ m. 
 W. by N. Warrington, with a stn. (Sankey for Penketii) on 
 the Cheshire Lines Rly., another (Sankey) on the Southport 
 and Cheshire Lines Extension, and another (Sankey Bridges) 
 on the L. & NW. R. , which here crosses the Sankey Canal 
 and valley by a viaduct of nine arches. This canal was the first 
 for which an act of Parliament was obtained, 1775. P. <75o. 
 
 Sankhatrla, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist, Sialkot, 45 
 m. N. Amritsar. P. <5coo. 
 
 Sanklsa, vil. and ruins, Brit. India, NW. Provs., FarukhAbad 
 dist. , site of the great city of the same name, cap. of a consider- 
 able kingdom in the 5th century A.D., when it was a celebrated 
 place of Buddhist pilgrimage. 
 Sankt, German, 'saint.' 
 
 Sankt Albreclit, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, suburb of 
 and 4 m. S. Danzig. 
 
 Sankt Aniarln and Sankt Avoid, German comms. See 
 under St. Aniarln and St. Avoid. 
 
 Sankt Andra, tn., Austria, Carinthja, 28 m. ENE. Klagen- 
 furt. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sankt Andreasberg. See Andrea.sberg. 
 Sankt Anton an der Jessultz, vil., Lower Austria, circle 
 Ober- Wiener wald, 26 m. SW. St. Polten ; lignite mined. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Sankt Arnanl, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and i m, 
 SE. Saarbriicken, on riv. Saar ; copper mined. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sankt Beatenberg, vil., Switzd. , cant. Bern, 3 m. WNW. 
 Interlaken. The village owes its name to a saint said to have 
 lived in a grotto here, formerly resorted to by pilgrims ; the 
 gi-otto was walled up in 1556 ; a winter resort, ascended by a 
 cog-wheel railway from the shore of Lake Thun. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sankt Blaslen, tn., Ger. , gd. -duchy Baden, circle and 10^ 
 m. NNW. Waldshut, in a valley of the Black Forest ; resorted 
 to by visitors in summer. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sankt C'lirlstof toel Tiiffer, vil. , Austria, near the S. frontier 
 of Styria, 37 m. E. by N. Laibach, on r. bk. of the San ; coal 
 mined; mineral spring and bathing establishment. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sankt Egldlen, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 7 m. NE. by E, 
 Zwickau ; porphyry quarried. P. <3000. 
 
 Sankt Florlan, vil. , Upper Austria, 8 m. SE. by S, Linz ; 
 seat of one of the oldest abbeys in Austria, with a remarkable 
 library. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sankt-Gallen, cant. , Switzd. See St. Gall. 
 
 Sankt Georgen, vil., Austria, Carinthia, 28 m. E. by N. 
 Klagenfurt ; lignite mined. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Sankt Georgen, vil., Austria, Carniola, 15 m. N. by W, 
 Laibach. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sankt Georgen, Austria, Croatia. See GJurgJevac. 
 
 Sankt Georgen, .vil. , Austria, Styria, 17 m. SSE. Graz. P, 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Sankt Georgen, or Sankt Georgen an der Sttdbalin, vil. , 
 Austria, Styria, 45 m. E. by N. Laibach. P. <20oo. 
 Sankt Geoi^en, or Sankt Georgen Im Schwarzivald, 
 
 comm., Ger. , gd. -duchy of Baden, 24 m. ENE. Freiburg, 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Sankt Georgeutlial, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Warnsdorf. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Sankt Goar, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on the 1. bk. of the 
 Rhine, 15 m. SSE. Koblenz, cap. circle Sankt Goar ; arose 
 round the chapel of St. Goar of Guienne, built about 570. Has 
 ruins of the castle of Rheinfels (built 1245, and fortified 1568), 
 which affords a fine view over the Rhine valley. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sankt Goarshansen, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, on 
 the r. bk. of the Rhine, 15^ m. SSE. Koblenz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sankt Gottliard, Switzd, See St. Gotliard. 
 
 Sankt Ingbert, tn. , Ger. , Bavarian Palatinate, 44 m. E. by 
 N. Metz, 1 1 m. W. by N. Zweibriicken ; extensive coal-mining, 
 as well as iron-mining. Manufactures of iron, machinery, glass, 
 &c. In the neighbourhood is a burning coal-seam, P, (1840) 
 4000; (1890)8900. 
 
 Sankt Johanu, tn., Austria, Tirol, 34 m. SW. by W. 
 Salzburg. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Sankt Johanu, or Sankt Johanu an der Saar, tn. , 
 Prussia, in the extreme S. of the Rhine Prov., 40 m. SSE. 
 Treves, on the r. bk. of the Saar, opposite Saarbriicken [q.v.), 
 with which it is connected by two long bridges ; manufacture of 
 machinery, &c. ; trade in coal. P. 14,100; comm. P. 14,600. 
 
 Sankt Johanu, another name of Wonneram I., Ger. New 
 Guinea. 
 
 Sankt Joliann, Alt-, vil., Switzd., St. Gall, in Upper 
 Toggenburg, 16 m. SSW. St. Gall. P. <2ooo. Sankt Johanu, 
 Neu-. vil., Switzd., in Upper Toggenburg, a few miles below 
 Alt-Sankt Johann. 
 
 Sankt Kreuz Ini Leberthal, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, 
 circle Rappoltsweiler, on riv. Leber. P,<4ooo. 
 
 Sankt Lars, vil., Sweden, prov. Ostergotland, suburb of 
 Linkoping. P. (comm. ) 3000. 
 
 Sankt Lazarus, vil., Prussia, prov., circle, and dist. Posen. 
 
 Sankt Leouhard, comm. and watering - place, Austria, 
 Carinthia, 32 m. W. by S. Graz. Alt. 2360 ft. P. <:400o. 
 
 Sankt Leonhanl, tn., Austria, Tirol, io| m. NNE. Meran ; 
 mineral spring and bathing establishment at Zog or Fallenbach. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Sankt Ludivlg, vil., Ger., on the S. frontier Alsace-Lorraine, 
 2 m. N. by W. Basel (Switzd.). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sankt Mareln, vil., Austria, Styria, 14 m. ESE. Graz. P. 
 (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Sankt Marlen, or Sniarje, vil., Austria, Carniola, 8 m. SE. 
 Laibach; lead mined. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sankt Martin, vil., Austria, Styria, 3 m. SE. Windischgraz ; 
 zinc mined. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Sankt Martin, tn., Austria, Tirol, 8 m. NNE. Meran, in 
 the valley of Passeier. Birthplace of tlie Tirolean patriot, 
 Andreas Hofer (died 1810). P. <:20oo. 
 
 Sankt Maurltz, comm., Prussia, Westphalia, circle Miinster, 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sankt Michael-Staple, comm., Austria, Carniola, S. of 
 Rudolfswerth. P. 8000. 
 
 Sankt Morltz, tn. , Switzd. See St. Morltz. 
 
 Sankt Peter, vil. , Austria, Styria, i^ m. SE, Graz ; lignite 
 mined. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sankt Pilt, tn., Ger., Alsace, 11 m. N. by W. Kolmar, near 
 a small detached coalfield. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sankt Polten, tn,, Lower Austria, 34 m, W, Vienna ; manu 
 
 1373 
 
S AN.K — S A N M 
 
 factures iron implements. Seat of a bishop. The cathedral, 
 founded 1030, was rebuilt, 1266. P. 10,900. 
 
 Sankt Tonls, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Kempen am 
 Rhein, 3 m. WSW. Krefeld; manufactures silk goods. P. 6300. 
 
 Sankt Ulrlch, tn., Austria, Tirol, 17 m. ENE. Bozen, in the 
 Val Gardona; centre of manufacture of toys and articles of 
 carved wood. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Sankt Ursitz, comm. , Switzd. See St. Trsaune. 
 
 Sankt Valentin, tn., Lower Austria, 13 m. NE. by N. 
 Steyr. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sankt Velt, tn., Austria, Carinthia, n|m. N. by E. Klagen- 
 furt; manufactures white lead and chemicals. Centre of the 
 mineral trade of Carinthia. Important horse-market. Until 
 1619 the residence of the dukes of Carinthia. P. <4000. 
 
 Sankt Velt, comm., Austria, Carniola, 4 m. NW. by N. 
 Laibach. P. < 3000. 
 
 Sankt Velt, tn. , Austria, Salzburg, 34 m. S. by E. Salzburg. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Sankt Velt, or Sankt Velt an der Trlestlng, tn. , Lower 
 Austria, 11 m. NNW. Wiener Neustadt. P. <:3000. 
 
 Sankt Wendel, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on the riv. Blies, 
 31 m. SE. Treves, circle Sankt Wendel ; manufactures railway 
 requisites. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sankt Wolfgang, or Aber-See, lake, Austria, crownland 
 and 18 m. E. by S. Salzburg, 6 m. long E. to W., drained E. 
 into the Traun near Ischl. Alt. 1775 ft. 
 
 Sankn'rn, or Sanknlln, riv. , Congo Free State, flows first 
 N. in about 24° E., then in about 5° S. turns NW., and finally 
 W., and in about 4° 18' S., 20° 5' E., joins the Kassai, of which 
 it is regarded by some as the true headstream. It is a fine 
 navigable river from the confluence of its 1. bk. trib. the Lubi, 
 in about 23° 40' E. Above that it is known as the Lnbllasb, 
 and its navigation there becomes interrupted by numerous rapids, 
 and finally ends just below the Wolf Falls in 5° 30' S. Petermann's 
 MitteiL, 1888, pp. 195-69, map, plate 12 (i : 600,000). 
 
 San Lazwiro degll Arnienl, isl., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 
 li m. SSE. Venice, inhabited by Armenian Mechitorist monks, 
 who, after the conquest of the Morea by the Turks, removed here 
 1717. They publish Armenian editions of standard books for 
 the education of the young. 
 
 San Lazzaro dl Savena, comm. , Italy, Emilia, prov. , circle, 
 and 3i m. ESE. Bologna. P. 5400. 
 
 San Lazzaro Parmense, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov., circle, 
 and 4,\ m. E. Parma. P. 7700. 
 
 San Leandro, tn., U.S., California, Alameda co., 14 m. E. 
 by S. San Francisco. P. <:20oo. 
 
 San Leo, tn., Italy, The Marches, prov. Pesaro e Urbino, 18 
 m. NW.|Urbino ; has an old fortified castle, where Cagliostro was 
 iniprisoned, and a cathedral of the 12th century. P. <20oo. 
 
 San Lorenzo, settlement, Argentine Republic, Jujuy, 221 m. 
 N. by E. Tucuman. 
 
 San Lorenzo, tn. and river-port, Argentine Republic, prov. 
 Santa F6, 15^ m. N. Rosario, on the r. bk. Parana. P. <2ooo. 
 
 San Lorenzo, tn., Bolivia, dep. Tarija. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 San Lorenzo, tn., Canary Is., Gran Canada, 4^ m. WSW. 
 Las Palmas. P. <4000. 
 
 San Lorenzo, vil. , Corsica, arr. Corte, 23 m. SSW. Bastia. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 San Lorenzo, cape, Ecuador, in i° 3' S. 
 
 San Lorenzo, small port, Honduras. See Puerto San L. 
 
 San Lorenzo, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 13 m. ESE. 
 Reggio. P. <30oo. 
 
 San Lorenzo, vil. , Paraguay, 8 m. SE. by E. Asuncion. 
 
 San Lorenzo, isl. , Peru, SW. of Callao. 
 
 San Lorenzo, isl. , Peru, 5^ m. long, opposite the point of 
 Callao, whose roadstead it shelters. 
 
 San Lorenzo, tn., Porto Rico. See Hato tininde. 
 
 San Lorenzo, palace, Spain. See Escorlal. 
 
 San Lorenzo, Bahla de, inlet, Brit. America. See Nootka 
 Sound . 
 
 San Lorenzo «le Gnayubln, tn., Haiti, republic of Santo 
 Domingo, 47 m. WNW. Santiago. P. 4000. 
 
 San Lorenzo de la DInga, or Muga, tn., Spain, Catalonia, 
 prov. and 24 m. N. Gerona ; is an important strategic point, 
 the scene of several battles during the wars of the Revolution. 
 The old walls are in a good state of preservation. P. <:20oo. 
 
 SanKloar, comm., Spain, prov. and 11 m. W. Seville. The 
 neighbouring dist. , the Arabian Aljarafe, produces olives, fruit, 
 and the vine. P. <5ooo. 
 
 SanlAear de Barranieda, the Roman Rbora, seapt., Spam, 
 prov. Cadiz, at the mouth of the Guadalquivir, 1. bk.; has salt- 
 works; exports wine, salt, oranges. Sanliicar de Barrameda 
 is a summer residence and sea-bathing resort of the inhabitants 
 of Seville, Xeres, and Cadiz. Under the Arabs it was the 
 shipping TX)rt for the valley of the Guadalquivir. Magellan 
 set out from here on his voyage round the world, 1519. 
 P. 22,700. . 
 
 Sanldcar de Gnadlana, comm., Spam, prov. and 33 m. 
 NW. by W. Huelva, on the 1. bk. of the Guadiana; has a 
 ferruginous mineral spring and baths. P. <2ooo. 
 1374 
 
 San Lncas Cabo, cape, Mexico, Lower California, on the S. 
 ct. , in about 22° 52' N. 
 
 San Lucldo, tn. and small port, Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cozenza, 
 4^ m. S. Paola, on the Tyrrhenian Sea. P. < 3000. 
 
 San Lnls, prov., in the middle of the Argentine Republic, 
 between Mendoza (W. ) and the S. half of Cordoba (E. ), about 
 three-fifths of the size of England. The country is mountainous 
 (Sierra de San Luis up to 6500 ft.) in the N., and flat and arid 
 in the S. , where are pampas. The principal streams are the 
 Rio Quinto (see €6rdoba) and the Desaguadero, which sepa- 
 rates the provs. San Luis and Mendoza. Agriculture is carried 
 on by the aid of irrigation ; chief products, maize, lucerne, and 
 wheat. The chief industry is the working of gold and copper 
 mines, which abound in the sierra. There exist also plumbago, 
 sulphur, iron pyrites, lead, copper, salt, porcelain clay, and 
 galena. Gold-washings exist, notably at Carolina, Los Cerritos, 
 Blancos, Canada Honda, Tierras Negjras, Arenilla, Paso del 
 Rey, and Carpa. In the vicinity of San Francisco and Rincon 
 gold is found among the copper deposits. The prov. is traversed 
 by the Andean and the Pacific Rlys. The two towns are San 
 Luis (the cap.) and Villa Mercedes. . Length, N. to S., 95 m. ; 
 breadth, 102-134 m.; area, 29,313 sq. m. P. (1888) 76,500. 
 
 San Luis, tn. , Argentine Republic, cap. state San Luis, 145 
 m. E. by S. Mendoza, founded 1597. Alt. 2490 ft. Mean 
 annual temp. (3I yrs., 1874-77), y- 61.7° F., Jan. 76.5°, July 
 48.6°; mean rfall. , yr. 22.9 in., April-Sept. 3.5 in. 
 
 San Lnls, tn. , Bolivia, dep. Tarija. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 San Lnls, vil., Colombia, dep. Tolima, i2| m. WSW. 
 Espinal ; lead and copper mined. P. <4ooo. 
 
 San Lnls, vil., U.S., Colorado, cap. Costilla co., 185 m. W. 
 of the SE. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 San Lnls, comm., Cuba, prov., dist., and 6 m. Pinar del Rio. 
 P. 7300. 
 
 San Lnls Aplzaco, tn., Mexico, Tlaxcala, 27 m. NNE. 
 Puebla. 
 
 San Lnls Cionzaga, tn., Chile, prov. Concepcion, dep. Rere. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 San Luis de la Paz, tn., Mexico, Guanajuato, 30 m. NE. 
 San Miguel de Allenda, to which a railway is projected. P. 
 7500. 
 
 San Luis «lel Palmar, tn. Argentine Republic, prov. Cor- 
 rientes, cap. dep. P. < 2000. 
 
 San Luis Obispo, city, U.S., California, San Luis Obispo 
 CO., 166 m. NW. by W. Los Angeles. P. <3ooo. 
 
 San Luis Park, U.S. See Colorado, state. 
 
 San Luis Potosl, one of the central states of Mexico, with 
 some of the most important silver (Catorce, Charcas, San Pedro, 
 Bernalejo), gold, iron, lead, and mercury mines, hence its name 
 (see Bolivia). Important salt deposits (tequesquites). Part of 
 the state is on the central Sierra Madre (Tepe Suenne), drained 
 by riv. Panuco-Tampico ; part on the plains towards the Bolson. 
 Prosperous agricultural centre. See Mexico, table. 
 
 San Luis Potosl, tn., Mexico, San Luis Potosi, 80 ni. N. 
 Guanajuato ; cultivates textile fibres ; seat of a university, a 
 school of engineers, and a bishopric ; silver-mines in the neigh- 
 bourhood formerly much more important. Alt. 6201 ft. Annual 
 rfall. (7 yrs.), 15.68 in. P. 62,600. 
 
 San Luis Key, vil., U.S., California, near the coast of San 
 Diego CO., 37 m. N. by W. San Diego. P. <i5C)o. 
 
 Sanlurl, locally called Seddorl, comm., Sardinia, prov., 
 circle, and 26 m. NNW. Cagliari. The lake of Sanluri, 
 formerly a hotbed of malaria, was drained (1838 and 1840), and 
 is now under cultivation. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 San Manuel, comm. , Philippine Is. , Luzon I. , prov. Panja- 
 sinan. P. 10,400. 
 
 San Marcello, the ancient Frcedium Marcelli, tn., Italy, 
 Tuscany, prov. Florence, 20 m. NE. Lucca ; is a summer 
 resort and centre for excursions ; has an important paper-mill. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 San Marclal, extensive coalfield, Mexico, Sonora, 60 m. 
 NE. by E. the port of Guaymas, on the Gulf of California. 
 
 San Marclal, vil., U.S., New Mexico, Socorro co., 150 m. 
 SSW. Santa ¥€. P. < 1500. 
 
 San Marco, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 20 m. NNW. 
 Cosenza, 51 m. NW. lay N. Catanzaro. P. <5ooo. 
 
 San Marco, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. Benevento, 35 
 m. WSW. Foggia ; has a sulphur mineral spring. P. < 5000. 
 
 San Marco, Capo dl, cape, Sardinia, in the W. , on the N. of 
 the Gulf of Oristano, in 39° 52' N. 
 
 San Marco In Lamls, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 18 
 m. N. by E. Foggia. P. 15,400. 
 
 San Marco la Catola, comm. , Italy, prov. and 28 m. W. by 
 N. Foggia. P. 5000. 
 
 San Marcos, tn.. Central America, state of and 100 m. 
 WNW. Guatemala, cap. dep. ; has mineral spring. This town 
 is commonly called El Bnrrlo, 'the suburb,' because at first it 
 was merely a suburb of San Pedro Sacatepequez. P. (including 
 dist.) 16,000. 
 
 San Marcos, comm., Mexico, Guerrero, 40 m. E. by S. 
 .'^capulco. P. 6500. 
 
SANM — SANN 
 
 San Marcos, vil. , U.S., Texas, cap. Hays co., on San 
 Marcos R., 32 m. SSW. Austin ; has boiling springs, which 
 afford fine water-power. P. < 3000. 
 
 San Marino, small tn. , Italy, cap. of the republic of San 
 Marino, 10 m. SW. by S. Rimini, io| m. from the Adriatic, at 
 summit of Mount Titano. San Marino is surrounded by walls 
 and towers, and a fortress overlooks the town. P. <20oo. 
 
 San Marino, or Saniniarlno, one of the smallest and most 
 ancient states in Europe, enclosed by the provs. Forli and 
 Pesano and Urbino, of the kingdom of Italy, situated 9 m. 
 SW. Rimini. Area, 23 sq. m. The state consists of a craggy 
 mountain 2420 ft. in height, on which is the town, and some cir- 
 cumjacent terrs. , with four or five villages. Climate severe in 
 winter, but healthy. Population 8oco, chiefly occupied in agri- 
 culture and cattle trading. The legislature of the republic is a 
 senate of sixty members, elected for life equally from the ranks 
 of nobles, citizens, and peasants. Two presidents are chosen 
 by the senate every six months. From the loth to the 13th 
 centuries the inhabitants of San Marino succeeded in maintaining 
 their independence, which was recognised by the Church, 1291. 
 San Martin, settlement, Argentine Republic, prov. and 9 m. 
 NNE. San Juan. 
 
 San Martin, lake, Argentine Republic, govt. Santa Cruz, a 
 little S. of 49° S., at E. foot of the Andes. Length 9^12^ m., 
 by an equal breadth. 
 
 San Martin, vil., Argentine Republic, prov. and 23 m. SE. 
 by E, Mendoza. P. < 2000. 
 
 San Martin, vil., Argentine Republic, prov. and 115 m. SW. 
 by W. Cdrdoba, cap. dep. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 San Martin, formerly Santos Lngares, tn. , Argentine Re- 
 public, prov. Buenos Aires. P. 2000. 
 
 Sanmartln, vil., Colombia, Cundinamarca, 100 m. SE. by 
 S. Bogotd. P. < 2000. 
 
 San Martin Acayucam, vil., Mexico, state of and 118 m. 
 SE. Vera Cruz, on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. P. 5200. 
 
 San Martin del Il«y Anrello, comm., Spain, Asturias, 
 prov. and 13^ m. SE. Oviedo, dist. Labiana, on r. bk. of riv. 
 Nalon ; coal mined. P. 6100. 
 
 San Martin de Provensals, tn. , Spain, Catalonia, prov. 
 and 3 m. NNE. Barcelona, of which it is an industrial suburb; 
 manufactures printed calicoes and chemicals. P. 32,700. 
 
 San Martin de Valdelgleslas, comm., Spain, prov. and 36 
 m. W. Madrid. P. <5000. 
 
 San Martino, comm. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 6 m. SSW. 
 Ferrara. P. 6600. 
 
 San Martino d'Albaro, comm., Italy, Liguria, prov. and 2 
 m. E. Genoa. P. < 5000. 
 
 San Martino della Poutanara, comm. , Italy, Emilia, prov. 
 and 4^ m. S. Ferrara. P. 6600. 
 
 San Martino de Lota, vil. , Corsica, on the E. ct. , arr. and 
 2 m. N. Bastia. P. < 2000. 
 
 San Martino dl Castrozza, hamlet, Austria, Tirol, circle 
 and 25 m. ENE. Trent ; much frequented as a summer resort ; 
 centre for splendid excursions. Alt. 5240 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sau Martino dl Lnparl, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. Padua, 
 3^ m. ESE. Cittadella. P. < 5000. 
 
 San Martino dl Venezze, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 6 
 m. NE. Rovigo, onr. bk. of Adige. P. <300o; comm. P. 4000. 
 San Martino in Rio, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. and io| m. 
 ENE. Reggio. P. <:40oo. 
 
 San Martino Yalle Candlna, tn., Italy, prov. and 10 m. 
 NW. Avellino. P. 3000 ; comm. P. 5100. 
 
 San Marzano sal Sarno, tn., Italy, prov. and 11 m. NW. 
 Salerno. P. <4000j 
 
 San Mateo, tn.,' Canary Is., Gran Canada I., 10^ m. SW. 
 Las Palmas. P. <4000. 
 San Mateo, vil., Costa Rica, 25 m. W. San Josd P. <:2ooo. 
 San Mateo, tn., Philippine Is., Luzon I., 13J m. NE. Manila. 
 In the neighbourhood is a famous stalactite cavern. P. 6500. 
 
 San Mateo, tn. , Spain, Valencia, prov. and 29 m. NNE. 
 Castellon de la Plana. P. < 5000. 
 
 San Mateo, co., U.S., Cahfornia, W. of 122° W., between 
 the Pacific and San Francisco Bay. 
 
 San Mateo, vil., U.S., California, San Mateo co., 16 m. SE. 
 by E. San Francisco. P. <;isoo. 
 
 San Matlas, or San Antonio, large gulf, Argentine Republic, 
 crossed by 41° and 42° S. , between the mouth of the Rio Negro 
 on the N. and the penin. San Jos6 or Vaidas on the S. Length, 
 112 m.; breadth, 62-87 m. 
 
 San Matlas, vil. , Bolivia, near the frontier of Brazil and the 
 source of one of the headwaters of the Paraguay, in 16° 21' 12" 
 S., 58° 17' o" W. Alt. 485 ft. [bp.), Proc. R. G. S., p. 417. 
 
 San Matteo della Decinia, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 15^ 
 m. NNW. Bologna. P. <:4000. 
 
 San Maurlzio, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 10 m. NNW. 
 Turin ; summer resort for the people of Turin. Mean temp. 
 (15 yrs.), yr. 60.1° F., Jan. 47.8°, July 74.8°. P. < 2000; comm. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 San Manro, comm. , Sicily, prov. Palermo, 29 m. N. by E. 
 Caltanissetta. P. 5600. 
 
 San Manro Forte, tn. , Italy, prov. Potenza, 24 m. WSW. 
 Matera. P. <4ooo. 
 
 San Mlchele, mt. , Italy, Tuscany, in the Monti Chianti, 15 
 m. SSE. Florence. 
 
 San Mlchele dl Bari, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 17 
 m. SSE. Bari. P. < 5000. 
 
 San Miciieie dl Oanzarla, tn., Sicily, prov. Catania, 5 m. 
 WNW. Caltagirone. P. <4ooo. 
 
 San Mlchele Extra, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 2 m. 
 E. Verona. P. < 5000. 
 
 San Miguel, isl. , Azores. See St. Michael. 
 San Miguel, or Itonamas, riv., BoUvia, in the E. plains, 
 flows NW. and N. , and enters the Guapore in 64° 35' W. 
 Length about 500 m. 
 
 San Miguel, formerly Isla del Rey, isl., Colombia, in the 
 Gulf of Panama, is 12J-15J m. long and 6-9^ m. broad, opposite 
 the mouth of the Gulf of San Miguel ; the chief island of the 
 Archipelago de las Perlas. 
 
 San Miguel, small port, Cuba, 107 m. NW. Santiago de 
 Cuba, near the head of an inlet on the N. ct. , in 77° 18' W. 
 San Miguel, vil. , Paraguay, 88 m. SSE. Asuncion. 
 San Miguel, vil., Paraguay, 75 m. ENE. Asuncion ; mercury 
 mined. P. < 2000. 
 
 San Miguel, tn., Peru, dep. and 40 m. E. by S. Ayacucho, 
 240 m. ESE. Lima ; lead, gold, silver. P. <2ooo. 
 
 San Miguel, tn. , Salvador, Central America, 70 m. E. by S. 
 San Salvador ; here are held the most important fairs of 
 Salvador. P. 12,000. 
 
 San Miguel, one of the most conspicuous volcanoes of 
 Salvador, 9I m. SW. San Miguel town. The crater is 2 m. in 
 circumference, and 490 ft. deep ; it often ejects great quantities 
 of lava. Alt. 5945-7060 ft. 
 
 San Miguel, isl., U.S., California, in 34° o' N. , 119° 30' W. , 
 29 m. S. of the coast of Santa Barbara co. 
 
 San Miguel, settlement, U.S., Colorado, cap. San Miguel 
 CO. , 94 m. NE. of the SW. corner of the state. 
 
 San Miguel, mt. range, U.S., Colorado, running E. and W,, 
 crossed by 108^ W. ; highest summit Mount Wilson, 14,280 ft. 
 
 San Miguel, co. , U.S., New Mexico, on the E. frontier, 
 crossed by 35° N. 
 
 San Miguel, Balila de, bay, on N, ct. of Camarines Penin., 
 Luzon, Philippine Is. , between 123° o' and 123° 15' E. 
 
 San Miguel, Ciulf of, bay, Colombia, in the Gulf of Panama, 
 E. side. It is 16 m. wide at its mouth in the Pacific, but 
 narrows to 8 m. ; it penetrates 16 m. NE. , then turns SE. for 18^ 
 m., forming an inner gulf or basin, called Darlen Harbour. 
 
 San Miguel AUende, tn., Mexico, state of and 25 m. E. by 
 S. Guanajuato. P. 15,000. 
 
 San Miguel CblcaJ, vil., Guatemala, dep. Baja Vera Paz. 
 P. <:40oo ; comm. P. <:5ooo. 
 San Miguel de €albuco, tn. , Chile. See Calbnco. 
 San Miguel de I'aniiling, tn., Philippine Is., Luzon I., 84 
 m. NNW. Manila. P. (comm.) 17,400. 
 
 San Miguel de Mayumo, comm. , Philippine Is. , Luzon I. , 
 prov. Bulacan, 40 m. N. Manila ;i. iron and coal mined; gold 
 nuggets found. P. 19,700. 
 
 San Mlnlato, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 21 m. W. by S. 
 Florence ; the cathedral dates from the loth century. Alt. 
 385-510 ft. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Sanniun Bay, large bay, China, E. ct. , prov. Chekiang, 
 crossed by 29° N.; contains several islands, the largest of which 
 is Niuteushan, at its mouth, N. side. 
 
 Sauna Bay, Scot., Argyllshire, 2 m. NE. Ardnamurchan 
 Point. 
 
 Sannaga, Idla, or Edea, riv. , German W. Africa, flows SW. 
 into the Bight of Biafra, to the S. of the estuary of the Kamerun ; 
 navigable 40 m. up to the Devoa or Idia Falls. 
 
 Sannalt, or Sannagh (formerly Halibut) Island, N. Pacific 
 Ocean, near the SW. point of the penin. of Alaska, in 54° 27' 
 N. , 162° 50' W. , 22 m. in circumference ; it was first named by 
 Cook from the large number of halibut taken there. 
 
 Sannan, the southernmost group of the Riu-kiu Is. , Japan. 
 San Xarclso, comm., Philippine Is., Luzon I., prov. Zam- 
 bales, 65 m. WNW. Manila. P. 7300. 
 
 San Narclsso, isl. , Pacific. See Tatakoto. 
 Sannazaro, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 14 m. WSW. 
 Pavia. P. <4ooo. 
 
 San \icandro, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 9 m. SSW. 
 Bari. P. 5900. 
 
 San Nlcandro, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 26 m. N. 
 Foggia. P. 8300. 
 
 San Nicola, small isl. , Austria, in the Adriatic, off" the W. ct. 
 of Istria, in 45° 13' N. , contains the port of Parenzo ; lighthouse. 
 San Nicola, isl., Italy, off the E. ct. , one of the Tremiti 
 group, in the Adriatic Sea, in 42° 7' N. ; scene of a volcanic 
 eruption, 1816. In 1657 it successfully resisted the Turkish 
 fleet ; here Paulus Diaconus, the historian of the Lombards, 
 was exiled by Charlemagne. P. <:20oo. 
 
 San Nicola, Punta, cape, Italy, on the S. ct., in 13° 51' E., 
 3i m. W. Licata. 
 
 1375 
 
SANN — SANR 
 
 San Nicola la Strada, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and J m. 
 S. Caserta. P. <40oo. 
 
 San Nlcolao, vil. , Corsica, on the E. ct. , arr. and 23 m. S. 
 Bastia. P. <20oo. 
 
 San Nicolas, tn. , Argentine Republic, Buenos Aires, 36 m. 
 SE. Rosario, on the r. bk. of the Rio Parana ; trade in frozen 
 meat ; has a cathedral and meteorological station. P. 14,000. 
 
 San Nicolas, comm., Cuba, prov. and 40 m. ESE. Havana. 
 P. 6700. ■< 
 
 San Nicolas, tn. , Mexico, Coahuila, 170 m. NE. Durango. 
 
 San Nicolas, comm., Philippine Is., Luzon I., prov. Ilocos 
 Norte, 252 m. NNW. Manila. P. 12,800. 
 . San Nicolas, comm., Philippine Is., Luzon I., prov. Panga- 
 sinan, 109 m. NNW. Manila. P. 12,700. 
 
 San Nicolas, isl. , U.S., California, in 33° 15' N. , 119° 30' W., 
 68 m. from the coast. 
 
 San Nicolas, Puerto, bay, Peru, in about 15° 18' S. 
 
 San Nicolas de €ebd, fishing comm. , Philippine Is. , cap. Cebu 
 I., 360 m. SSE. Manila, on E. ct. This town, dating from 1574, 
 is one of the oldest Spanish towns in the islands. P. 21,600. 
 
 San Nlcoliis del Puerto, comm., Spain,yprov. and 45 m. 
 NNE. Seville. In the vicinity is the Cerro de Hierro (' hill of 
 iron'). P. < 2000. 
 
 San Nicolas Toleutlno, vil., Mexico, state of San Luis 
 Potosi, 22 m. SW. Cerritos. P. (comm.) 12,700. 
 
 San Nlcolo, vil. , Austria, Istria, on the Gulf of Trieste, 5 m. 
 SW. Trieste. 
 
 San Nlcolo, Italian name of Haglos NIkolaos, Greece. 
 
 San Nlcolo, port, Montenegro, at the mouth of the Boyana, 
 14^ m. SSW. Scutari. 
 
 Snnnln. See Lebanon. 
 
 San Nlnfa, comm., Sicily, prov. Trapani, 24 m. E. Marsala. 
 P. 7400. 
 
 Sannols, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Versailles, 2 m. 
 N. Argenteuil ; has redoubts for the defence of Paris. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sannthal, Alps of. See Stelner Alps. 
 
 Sano, tn. , Japan, S. Honshiu, prov. Izumi. P. 6100. 
 
 Sanok, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, on riv. San, 60 m. 
 W. by N. Drohobycz. P. 5600. 
 
 Sanon, tn., China, prov. Kwangtung, on the SE. ct., on 
 the Canton R., 20 m. NW. Victoria (Hong-kong). 
 
 San Pablo, settlement, Argentine Republic, San Luis, mm. 
 SW. by S. C6rdoba. 
 
 San Pablo, tn., Bolivia, dep. Potosi. P. <20oo. 
 
 San Pablo, vil., Colombia, Bolivar, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Magdalena, 160 m. NE. Medellin. 
 
 San Pablo, riv. , Colombia, rises in the middle of the Isthmus 
 of Panama, and flows S., 53-56 m., into the Gulf of Montijo. 
 
 San Pablo, comm., Mexico, Tlaxcala, 20 m. N. Puebla. 
 P. 6800. 
 
 San Pablo, ct. riv., Mexico, rises by two branches in the 
 NE. of the state of Puebla, and passing through the state of 
 Vera Cruz, flows into the Gulf of Mexico by a coast lagoon, 
 above Tecolutla. Length, 102 m. 
 
 Sau Pablo, isls. , Pacific. See Herelieretue. 
 
 San Pablo, tn., Philippine Is., Luzon I., prov. La Laguna, 
 59 m. SE. Manila. P. (comm.) 19,500. 
 
 San Pablo, vil., U.S., California, Contra Costa co. , near 
 San Pablo Bay, 15 m. SW. Martinez. P. < 1500. 
 
 San Pablo, bay, U.S. , California. See San Francisco Bay. 
 
 San Pnncrazlo Parmense, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 
 2 m. W. Parma. P. < 5000. 
 
 San Paolo, Isola, islet, Italy, in the N. of the Gulf of Taranto, 
 in 40° 27' N. 
 
 San Pascnal, tn., NW. end Burias I., Philippine Is., in 
 13° 8' N., 122° 57' E. P. <20oo. 
 
 San Patricio, co., U.S., Texas, on the Gulf of Mexico, 
 crossed by 28° N. 
 
 San Paulo «le Ollvenca, Brazil, Amazonas, on the r. bk. of 
 the Amazon, 620 m. W. Manaos. 
 
 San Pedro, riv., W. Africa, Ivory Coast, 80 m. E. cape 
 Palmas. Above 5° 15' N., about 50 m. from its mouth, its 
 course is unknown. 
 
 San Pedro, tn. , Argentine Republic, Buenos Aires, 71 m. SE. 
 Rosario, near the r. bk. of the riv. Parand. P. 5700. 
 
 San Pedro, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 70 m. WSW. 
 C6rdoba. P. <:20oo. 
 
 San Pedro, tn. , Argentine Republic, on riv. Grande de Jujuy, 
 185 m. N. Tucuman, prov. and 28 m. E. Jujuy. P. <:20oo. 
 
 San Pedro, isl. , Bismarck Archipelago. See Fischer Island. 
 
 San Pedro, riv. , Central America, in the NW. of Guatemala, 
 NW. Lake Peten, flows W. into Mexico, state of Tabasco, 
 where it turns N., then flows W. again to the r. bk. of the 
 Usumacinta, after a course of about 185 m., half of which is 
 in Guatemala. Its waters are saturated with carbonate of lime. 
 
 San Pedro, bay, Chile. See Hneyelhue. 
 
 San Pedro, isl., Chile, off the S. of Chilo6 I., from which it 
 is separated by the passage of Huamlad. 
 
 Salt Pe4lro, riv. , Ecuador. See Esmeraldas. 
 
 Sau Pedro, riv. , Me.xico. See Nesqnltal. 
 1376 
 
 San Pedro, isl.. Pacific, Marquesas group. See Motane. 
 
 San Pedro, tn. , Paraguay, about 5 m. from the riv. Paraguay, 
 90 m. N. by E. Asuncion. P. 5600. 
 
 Sau Pedro, comm., Philippine Is., W. ct. Panay I., prov. 
 Antique, in 10° 48' N. , 45 m. W. Ilo-Ilo ; has salt-works. P. 6800. 
 
 Sau Peilro, or Hneyelhue, small bay, S. Chile, in 41° S. 
 
 San Pedro, sub-port of Almeria, Spain, on the part of prov. 
 Alnieria facing SE. 
 
 San Pe<lro, city, U.S., California, co. and 25 m. S. by W. 
 Los Angeles, on the coast. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Saupedro, vil, Venezuela, Zulia, 330 m. WSW. Caracas. 
 
 Sau Pedro Carcha, vil, Guatemala, 44 m. E. Coban. P. 
 <:3000. 
 
 Sau Pedro de Bande, tn., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 21 m. 
 S. Orense. 
 
 San Pedro de Lloc, tn., Peru, dep. Libertad, prov. Pacas- 
 mayo, 57 m. NNW. Trujillo. P. <5ooo. 
 
 San Pedro del Parana, vil. , Paraguay, 134 m. SE. Asuncion. 
 
 San Pedro de Macorls, comm., isl. of Haiti, republic and 
 39 m. E. Santo Domingo, S. ct., in 69° 17' W. P. 7000. 
 
 Sau Pedro de Tarrasa, tn., Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 
 12^ m. NW. Barcelona. P. < 4000. 
 
 Sau Pedro Macatl, tn., Philippine Is., Luzon I., in vicinity 
 of Manila. P. 5400. 
 
 San Pedro y Chocoyos, tn., Nicaragua. See Metapa. 
 
 Sau Pedro y Sau Pablo, Balila, bay, S. ct. Samar I., 
 Philippine Is., in 11° 5'-i8' N., i25°-i25° 10' E. 
 
 Sau Pellegrino, vil., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 9^ m. N. 
 Bergamo; has celebrated baths. P. < 2000. 
 
 San Pete, valley, U.S., Utah, SE. of Salt Lake, called the 
 'Granary of Utah.' 
 
 San Pete, co., U.S., Utah, between 39° and 40° N. and 111° 
 and 112° W. 
 
 San Pier d' Arena, western suburb of Genoa, Italy. See 
 Sauiplerdareua. 
 
 Sau Pier Nlceto, comm., Sicily, prov. and lo^ m. SW 
 Messina. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sau Pierre, vil., U.S., Indiana, Starke co., 56 m. SE. 
 Chicago (111. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 San Pletro, vil., Corsica, arr. and 12 m. SW. by W. Bastia. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 San Pletro, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 13^ m. ENE. 
 Udine. P. <:3000. 
 
 San Pletro, isl., Sardinia, near the SW. point, cap. Carlo- 
 forte, on the E. ct. ; has tunny and coral fishing. Its culmina- 
 ting point reaches 702 ft. Breadth, 8 m. P. 6300. 
 
 San Pletro, Isola, islet, Italy, in the N. of the Gulf of 
 Taranto, in 40° 28' N. 
 
 San Pletro a Patlerno, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Naples, 
 4 m. S. Casoria. P. <400o. 
 
 Sau Pletro dl Monterosso, coram. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. 
 and 12^ m. W. Coni, in a valley of the Cottian Alps ; lignite and 
 pyrites mined. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sau Pletro e Bonifacio, vil. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and ^7 m- 
 ESE. Bari. P. <40oo. 
 
 San Pletro In Cassale, tn., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 14 m. 
 NNE. Bologna ; has a ferruginous mineral spring. P. (comm.) 
 8600. 
 
 San Pletro In Cinarano, vil., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 5 m. 
 NE. Cosenza. P. 2000; comm. P. < 4000. 
 
 San Pletro In Kouiagua, vil. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Florence, 
 15^ m. SSE. Rocca San Casciano. P. <4000. 
 
 San Pletro In Sala, vil., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 2 m. 
 W. Milan. P. <40oo. 
 
 San Pletro sopra Pattl, comm., Sicily, prov. Messina, "6 m. 
 S. Patti. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sau Pletro Vernotlco, tn., Italy, prov. and 13 ni. NW. 
 Lecce. P. <400o. 
 
 San Polo, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 10 ni. WSW. 
 Reggio. P. < 3000. 
 
 San Prlsco, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. and 2J m. NW. 
 Caserta. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sanquhar (sang'kar, from Gaelic Seann-Catkair, 'the old 
 fortress'), pari, and royal burgh and par., Scot., in the NW. 
 of Dumfriesshire, on the 1. bk. of the Nith, 19 m. W. by N. 
 Moffat, on the G. & SW. R. ; manufactures carpets. Coal is 
 mined in the vicinity. PMT.O. P, <i5oo; par. 40,486 ac, 
 P. <300o. See Buniftles. 
 
 San Qnentln, vil., U.S., California, Marin co., on W. shore 
 of Bay and 11 m. N. San Francisco by rail; contains the state 
 prison. P. < 1500. 
 
 San Rafael, settlement, Argentine Republic, Mendoza, on 
 Rio Diamante, 119 m. S. Mendoza. 
 
 Sau Ramel, vil. , Costa Rica, 4 m. N W. San ]os6. 
 
 Sau Kamel, cape, isl. of Haiti, in the E., on the N. ct., in 
 68° 53' W. 
 
 San Rafael, riv., Nicaragua, flows into Lake Managua in 
 the N. after a course of 93 m. 
 
 San Rafael, comm., Philippine Is., Luzon I., prov. BulacAn, 
 28 m. N. Manila. P. 10,100. 
 
SANK 
 
 S A N T 
 
 , Sail Rafael, tn. , U.S., California, cap. Marin co. , on San 
 Francisco Bay, 13 m. N. by W. San Francisco ; is a resort for 
 patients suffering from chest diseases. P. <40co. 
 
 Sail Rafael, vil. , Venezuela, Zulia, on the coast, in about 
 71° 50' W. 
 
 Sau Ramon, isl. , Chile. See Palnqiil. 
 
 San Rani6n, vil., Costa Rica, 25 m. NW. by W. San Jos6. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 San Raphael, isl. , Pacific, near middle of Caroline group. 
 
 San Renio, seapt. and health resort, Italy, Liguria, prov. 
 Porto Maurizio, 14 m. E. by N. Mentone (France) ; trade in 
 olive-oil. The town is built on the slope of a hill covered with 
 vines, and olive, orange, fig, and palm trees. The main street 
 sweeps round the foot of this hill, dividing the upper town 
 from the maritime quarter. Its climate, which is one of the 
 mildest and most pleasant on the Ligurian coast, makes San 
 Remo a favourite winter resort ; principally visited by English 
 and Germans. The prevailing winds are E. and W. P. (1881) 
 16,000 ; now estimated at about 20,000. 
 
 San Remo, post-tn., Victoria, Mornington co. , in 39° 8' S., 
 145° 29' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 San Remo, watering-place, Victoria. See Griffith's Point. 
 
 San Roman, cape, Venezuela, in about 70° 8' W. 
 
 San Roque, vil., Argentine Republic, prov. and 17 m. W. 
 by N. Cordoba. P. <20oo. 
 
 San Roqne, tn., Argentine Republic, prov. and 73 m. S. by 
 E. Corrientes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 San Roque, cape, Brazil. See Sfto Roqae. 
 
 San Roque, comm. , Spain, prov. Cadiz, 6 m. N. by W. 
 Gibraltar ; separated from the rock of Gibraltar by a sandy 
 tongue of land. San Roque is a summer residence of English 
 families. P. 8800. 
 
 Sans, comm., Spain, Catalonia, prov., dist. , and 2 m. W. 
 Barcelona ; manufactures cotton, paper, and chemicals. P. 
 19,100. 
 
 San Saba, co. , U.S., Texas, in the W., bounded E. and N. 
 by the Colorado R. , and intersected by the San Saba R. 
 
 San Saba, vil., U.S., Texas, cap. San Saba co. , 87 m. NW. 
 Austin. P. < 1500. 
 
 San Salvador, erroneously so called. See Salvador, republic. 
 
 San Salvador, isl., Bahamas. See Gnanahaiil. 
 
 San Salvador, tn. , Central America, cap. republic Salvador, 
 no m. W. by S. Tegucigalpa, 36 m. by carriage road (railway 
 contemplated) from its port of Libertad on the Pacific. Origi- 
 nally founded on a site about 20 m. to the N. by Jorge Alvarado 
 in 1528 ; transferred to another site in 1539. This city having 
 been reduced to a heap of ruins by an earthquake on the 26th 
 April 1854, it was rebuilt on its present site, 7 m. SW. of the 
 previous one, in the same year. The new city is sometimes 
 distinguished as Xueva San Salvador. Alt. 2900 ft. P. 16,300. 
 
 San Salvador, tn. , Portuguese Lower Guinea. See Sfto 
 Salvador. 
 
 San Salvador, or Dolores, tn. and seapt., Uruguay, dep. 
 and 12 m. SE. Soriano, on the riv. Salvador ; accessible to 
 vessels drawing 6-7 ft. P. 3000. 
 
 San Salvador da Bahla, tn. See Rahla. 
 
 San Salvador del Valle, comm., Spain, prov. Vizcaya, 
 dist. Valmaseda. P. 5100. 
 
 San Salvador el Verde, comm., Mexico, state of and 26 m. 
 NW. Puebla. P. 13,200. 
 
 San Salvatore, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 7 m. NW. 
 by N. Alessandria. P. 5000. 
 
 Sansandlg, tn., French Sudan, on 1. bk. of the Niger, 138 
 m. ENE. Bamako, in 13° 47' 16" S. , 5° 38' 30" W. P. 10,000 (?). 
 
 Sansaudo, vil., French Sudan, states of Samory, 55 m. N. 
 Kankan. P. 2000. 
 
 San Satnrnino, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 20 m. 
 ENE. Corunna. P. 5400. 
 
 San Satnrnino de Xoya, comm., Spain, prov. Barcelona, 
 dist. Villafranca del Panades. P. <4ooo. 
 
 San Sebastian, bay, Argentine Republic, Tierra del Fuego, 
 between Punta Arenas and San Sebastian Cape ; the shores 
 contain gold. Length, N. to S. , 9J m. 
 
 Sau Sebastian, comm. , Mexico, state of Jalisco, dist. Zapot- 
 lan. P. 14,100. 
 
 San Sebastian, Nicaragua. See Acoyapo. 
 
 San Sebastian, comm., isl. Porto Rico. P. 14,000. 
 
 San Sebastian, fishing tn. and port, Spain, Basque Provs., 
 cap. Guipiizcoa, 48 m. E. by N. Bilbao, and ii| m. from the 
 French frontier ; exportsiron, lead, copper, asphalt, and cement. 
 Seat of the captain-general of the Basque Provs.; also of a 
 bishop. San Sebastian has sustained two sieges : in 1813, when 
 the Anglo- Portuguese army took it from France, entirely destroy- 
 ing it ; and in 1836, when it successfully resisted the Carlists. 
 Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 57.2° F., Jan. 46.8°, .A.ug. 68.7°. 
 P. 29,000. 
 
 San Sebastian, tn., Venezuela, Miranda, 50 ni. SW. by S. 
 Caracas. P. 7800. 
 
 San Sebastian Bay, Argentine Republic, on E. ct. of the 
 mainland of Tierra del Fuego, crossed by 53° S. 
 1377 
 
 San Secondo, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 10 m. NNW. 
 Parma. P. 5100. 
 
 San Sepolcro, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 16 m. NE. by 
 E. Arezzo; seat of a bishop. The Duomo dates from the nth 
 century. Birthplace of Pietro della Francesca, painter of the 
 15th century. P. <:400o. 
 
 San Severlno, tn. , Italy, The Marches, prov. Macerata, 32 
 m. SW. by S. Ancona. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sau Severo, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 18 m. NW. by 
 N. Foggia ; sacked by the French, 1799. P. 20,400. 
 
 Sanshul, tn. , China. See Sauwul. 
 
 San Simon, comm., Philippine Is., Luzon I., prov. Pam- 
 panga, 31 m. NNW. Manila. P. 6800. 
 
 Sauslng, tn. , Manchuria, on the r. bk. of the Sungari and 
 of the Mutan-kiang, 140 m. N. Ninguta ; a centre of the grain 
 trade with Khabarovka ; government gold-mine near ; subject to 
 frequent inundations. Sansing is a point of strategic importance, 
 being at the junction of several roads from China to Siberia. 
 Proc. K. G. S., 1887, p. 554. P. 15,000. 
 
 Sanskl Most, tn., Bosnia, prov. Bihac, on riv. Sana, 69 m. 
 WSW. Brod. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sanson, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Manawatu co. , 
 82 m. NNE. Wellington. P. < 1500. 
 
 San Sostl, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 29 m. NNW. 
 Cosenza, 60 m. NW. by N. Catanzaro. P. <4000. 
 
 Sans Soucl, watering-place. New South Wales. See West 
 Botany. 
 
 Sans Soucl, tn. , Prussia. See Potsdam. 
 
 San Stefano, Italy, Tuscany. See Porto San Stefano. 
 
 San-Stefano, vil., Turkey in Europe, on the Sea of Marmora, 
 vilayet and 7 m. SW. by W. Constantinople ; holiday resort of 
 the population of Constantinople. The preliminaries of the 
 treaty of peace between Russia and Turkey and the Powers 
 (3rd March 1878) were signed here ; afterwards modified by the 
 Treaty of Berlin. P. <2oco. 
 
 San Stefano al Mare, coast vil. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Porto- 
 Maurizio, 8 m. E. by N. San Remo. 
 
 Santa Agata Feltrla, comm., Italy, The Marches, prov. 
 Pesaro, 21 m. SW. Rimini. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Santa Ana, tn., Bolivia, dep. El Beni, 250 m. NE. La Paz. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Santa Ana, vil., Bolivia, Santa Cruz, 120 m. SSW. Matto- 
 Grosso. P. < 2000. 
 
 Santa Ana, tn. , Central America, republic of Salvador, 35 
 m. NW. by W. San Salvador ; centre of the sugar-growing 
 dist. of Salvador ; iron, copper, silver, and zinc are mined in 
 the vicinity. P. 25,000. 
 
 Santa Ana, or Santana, vil., Colombia, dep. Tolima, 14 m. 
 W. Honda; silver mined. P. < 3000. 
 
 Santa Ana, comm., Cuba, prov. and 6 m. SSW. Matanzas. 
 P. 6200. 
 
 Santa Ana, vil. , Paraguay, 90 m. SE. Asuncion, 30 m. S. by 
 W. Villa Rica. 
 
 Santa Ana, city, U.S., California, co. and 32 m. SE. Los 
 Angeles. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Santa Anastasla, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 7^ m. E. 
 by N. Naples, on the N. slope of Mount Vesuvius. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Santa Anna, isl. , off N. ct. of Brazil, state of Maranhac ; 
 has a lighthouse. 
 
 Santa Anna, tn., Madeira I., on the NE. ct. P. <4000. 
 
 Santa Anna, Cnchllla de, range of hills on the NE. frontier 
 of Uruguay, stretching from about 54° 40' to 56° VV. 
 
 Santa Anna de Cambas, tn., Portugal, Alemtejo, 34 m. 
 SSE. Beja, near the Spanish frontier. P. <40oo. 
 
 Santa Anna de Uvramento, tn., Brazil, Rio Grande do 
 Sul. P. 5000. 
 
 Santa Anna dos Ferros, tn., Brazil, state of Minas Geraes, 
 87 m. NNE. Ouro Preto, on r. bk. of the Santo Antonio ; iron 
 mined. P. (comm.)<:400o. 
 
 Santa Barbara, settlement, Argentine Republic, Jujuy, 192 
 m. NNE. Tucuman. 
 
 Santa Barbara, isl. , Brazil. See Abrolhos. 
 
 Santa Barbara, tn. , Brazil, Minas Geraes, in 19° 54' S. , 43" 
 32' W. , 30 m. N. Ouro Preto. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Santa Barbara, vil., Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, 68 m. NW. 
 Porto Alegre. 
 
 Santa Barbara, tn.. Central America, Honduras, 107 m. 
 NE. by N. San Salvador. P. 5000. 
 
 Santa Barbara, tn. , Chile, prov. and on N. bank of riv. 
 Bio-Bio, 34 m. SE. Los Anjeles. P. <20oo. 
 
 Santa Barbara, riv. , one of the mouths of the Niger, enter- 
 ing the Gulf of Guinea in about 4° 23' N., 6° 37' E. 
 
 Santa Barbara, comm., Philippine Is., Panay I., prov. 
 Iloilo. P. 15,400. 
 
 Santa Barbara, city, U.S., California, cap. Santa Barbara 
 CO. , on the Pacific Ocean, 90 m. W. by N. Los Angeles, with 
 which it has steamboat communication ; has hot springs, re- 
 sorted to by invalids. Mean temp. (6 yrs.), yr. 60.1° F., Jan. 
 52.°, Aug. 67.2°; mean rfall., yr. 18. 19 in., May-Oct. 1.28 in. 
 P. 5900. 
 
 4S 
 
S AN T 
 
 S AN T 
 
 Santa Barbara, isl., U.S., California, 33° 30' N., 40 m. off 
 the coast of Los Angeles co. 
 
 Santa Barbara, group of isls., U.S., California, off that part 
 of the coast (in the E. ) that looks S W. , between 32!° and 34 10' 
 N. , separated from the mainland on the N. by Santa Barbara 
 Channel; chief islands, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz (in the N.), San 
 Nicolas, Santa Catalina, and San Clemente (in the S. ). Santa 
 Barbara is a small island in the middle. 
 
 Santa Barbara de Nexe, tn. , Portugal, dist. Faro. P. <4000. 
 
 Santa Barbara de SamanA, seapt. tn. and port, isl. of 
 Haiti, republic and 64 m. NE. by N. Santo Domingo, on the 
 N. shore of the Bay of Samand, in 69° 18' W. ; exp)orts coco- 
 nuts, bananas, and cacao. P. 5000. 
 
 Santa Brlglda, tn. , Canary Is., Gran Canaria, 7^ m. W. 
 Las Palmas, in the middle of the island. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Santa Catalina, tn. , close to the N. frontier of the Argentine 
 Republic, Jujuy, 337 m. N. by W. Tucuman. P. <20oo. 
 
 Santa Catalina, or Calamahne, the highest summit of the 
 Californian penin. , or Lower California, Mexico, in 31° N. 
 Alt. 10,140 ft. 
 
 Santa Catalina, isl., U.S., California, in 33° 20' N., 33 m. 
 from the coast. Length about 20 m. ; alt. 3000 ft. 
 
 Santa Caterlna, comm., Sicily, prov. and 7J m. N. by W. 
 Caltanissetta. P. 7200. 
 
 Santa Catharlna, one of the southern littoral states ot 
 Brazil, between the Atlantic (E. , 250 m. of coast), the parallel 
 rivs. Yguassu - Negro, Uruguay- Pelotas (S. ), and their afflu- 
 ents, rivs. Santo Antonio, Pepirigua9u, W. of the long-contested 
 terr. of Misiones. The slopes of the Serra do Mar-Geral, 
 Ararangfua (5000-6500 ft.), andt he littoral lands are covered 
 with forests, or with very productive cultures (sugar-cane, coffee, 
 cotton, vanilla, vine, silk). The plateau is an inclined plane to 
 W. {campos, pastures). Cattle very numerous. Iron, manga- 
 nese (Cariguaba), coal (very abundant : riv. Tubarao, Bom 
 Retiro ; riv. Ararangua), lime (from the immense deposits of 
 shells, sambaquis, casqueiros). German and Italian colonies : 
 Blumenau, Santa Izabel, Dona Francisca, Joinville, Grao Pari, 
 Ports : Desterro (Santa Catharina Is.), Laguna, Tijucas, Porto 
 Bello. See Brazil. 
 
 Santa Clara, settlement, Argentine Republic, Jujuy, 185 m. 
 N. by E. Tucuman. 
 
 Santa Clara, vil. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 37 m. W. 
 by N. Santa F6. P. <20oo. 
 
 Santa Clara, comm. , Cuba, 170 m. ESE. Havana. P. 32,500. 
 
 Santa Clara, or El Mnerto, islet, Ecuador, in the Gulf of 
 and 75 m. SW. Guayaquil ; has a lighthouse. 
 
 Santa Clara, isl.. Pacific. See Goat Island. 
 
 Santa Clara, or JolUTllle, cape, W. Africa, at the N. of the 
 entrance of the Gabun, in 0° 30' 2 N. 
 
 Santa Clara, tn. , U.S., California, Santa Clara co. , 38 m. 
 SE. by S. San Francisco. P. <;3000. 
 
 Santa Clara, settlement, U.S., New York, Franklin co., on 
 the r. bk. of St. Regis R. , 62 m. W. Burlington (Vt. ). 
 
 Santa Clara, Sierra de, range of mts. , Mexico, extending 
 for 50 m. NW. and SE. in the state of Sonora, 20-30 m. from 
 the head of the Gulf of California, cut by several canons, at the 
 base of which are auriferous placers, the hills containing auri- 
 ferous quartz. Mean alt. 4430 ft. 
 
 Santa Clara del Cobre, vil. , Mexico, state of Michoacan, 5 
 m. SSE. Patzcuaro ; copper mined. P. (comm. ) 9600. 
 
 Santa Coloma de Fam^, comm. , Spain, prov. and 12 m. 
 SW. Gerona. P. 5200. 
 
 Santa Comba, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 31 m. SW. 
 Corunna, dist. Negreira. P. 8600. 
 
 Santa Combadfto, tn., Portugal, Beira, dist. Vizeu, 21 m. 
 NE. Coimbra; mineral springs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Santa Crlstlua, isl., Italy, Venetia, prov. Venice, 3 m. NE. 
 Burano, in the lagoon ; cultivated for kitchen gardens and 
 •orchards. 
 
 Santa Crlstlna, isl.. Pacific. See Tatanata. 
 
 Santa Crlstlua e Blssone, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. 
 and 13J m. ESE. Pavia. P. <40oo. 
 
 Santa Croce, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Campo- 
 basso, 33 m. NW. by W. Foggia. P. <sooo. 
 
 Santa €*oce, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. Benevento, 42 
 m. W. by S. Foggia. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Santa Croce, lake, Italy, prov. Venice, 6 m. SW. Belluno, 
 communicates N. with the Piave ; it was formed about 365, 
 after an eruption of Mount Pineto. Alt. 1289 ft.; 7 m. in 
 circumference. 
 
 Santa Croce Camerlna, comm., Sicily, prov. and 45 m. 
 WSW. Syracuse. P. 5100. 
 
 Santa Croce snll' Amo, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Florence, 
 4^ m. WSW. San Miniato, on r. bk. of the Arno. P. < 5000. 
 
 Santa Cruz, tn. , Argentine Republic, in govt, and on riv. 
 Santa Cruz ; the govt, is the most southerly part of Pata- 
 gonia {q.v.). 
 
 Santa Cmz, riv. , Argentine Republic, govt. Santa Cruz, flows 
 E. and enters the Atlantic in 50° 5' S. Length about 250 m. 
 
 Santa Cmz, tn., Bolivia, cap. dep. Santa Cruz, 160 m. NE. by 
 1378 
 
 E. Sucre ; seat of a bishop. Santa Cruz was founded in 1575 by the 
 name of San Lorenzo de la Frontera. Alt. 1450 ft. P. 10,300. 
 
 Santa Cruz, seapt., on the E. ct. of Brazil, Espirito Santo, 
 in 19° 55' S. 
 
 Santa Cmz, vil. and rly. stn. , Brazil, prov. and 31 m. W. 
 Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 Santa Cruz, colony, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, 75 m. W. 
 by N. Porto Alegre. P. 18,000. 
 
 Santa Cmz, tn., Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul. P. 6000. 
 
 Santa Cmz, vil., Costa Rica, 98 m. W. by N. San Jos6. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Santa Cruz, seapt., Cuba, S. ct., 151 m. WNW. Santiago 
 de Cuba, in 78° 5' W. 
 
 Santa Cmz, tn., Madeira I., on the E. ct. P. <4000. 
 
 Santa Cruz, or Queen Cbarlotte Islands, group of isls., 
 Melanesia, stretching SSE. and NNW., in the outer part of 
 the New Hebrides, as far N. as the Solomon Is., between 8° 32' 
 and 11° 40' S. , and 165° 38'-i68'' o' E. The group is of volcanic 
 formation, one of the islets, Tinakula or Tenakoro, is always 
 in eruption. The group contains seven principal islands : 
 Motuiti or Kennedy, Duff or Wilson, Tenakoro or Tinakula, 
 Indeni or Santa Cruz, Lord Howe, Tapua, and Vanikoro or 
 La P^rouse, all mountainous, reaching 3300 ft. Round the 
 islands in the SE. , besides the coast reefs, are large barrier reefs, 
 but near other islands the reefs are rare ; climate moist. The 
 NW. monsoons, which prevail from November to April, bring 
 rain and storms. The Melanesian is the prevailing type, but 
 is largely mixed with the Polynesian race. Mendana discovered 
 the Santa Cruz group in 1595, and died here ; it was visited 
 about two centuries later by Carteret, who called it the Queen 
 Charlotte Is. ; in 1788 La P^rouse was wrecked off Vanikoro. On 
 islands of this group Bishop Patteson and Commodore Good- 
 enough were murdered, the former in 1871, the latter in 1875. 
 Total area, 360 sq. m. Estimated P. 5000. 
 
 Santa Cruz, vil., Mexico, state of Guanajuato, 12^ m. WNW. 
 Celaya. P. 7200. 
 
 Santa Cmz, comm., Mexico, Lower California, 120 m. NW. 
 by N. La Paz. P. 7200. 
 
 Santa Cruz, comm., Philippine Is., Luzon I., prov. Ilocos 
 Sur, 171 m. NNW. Manila. P. 7700. 
 
 Santa Cruz, comm., Philippine Is., Luzon I., prov. La 
 Laguna, 40 m. SE. Manila. P. 13,500. 
 
 Santa Cruz, comm., Spain, prov. Alava, 20 m. SE. Vitoria. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Santa Cruz, city and port, U.S., California, cap. co., on 
 Monterey Bay, 60 m. S. by E. San Francisco ; is a summer 
 resort. P. 5600. 
 
 Santa Cruz, isl., U.S., California, 34° N., 18 m. off the coast. 
 
 Santa Cruz, or Ste. Croix, Danish isl., W. Indies, off the 
 SE. of Porto Rico, crossed by 65° W. The principal ports are 
 Frederikstadt (P. <40oo) and Christianstad, the cap. (P. <sooo). 
 The highest point is loio ft. high. Discovered by Columbus on 
 his second voyage, Santa Cruz was first occupied by the Spanish, 
 then by English adventurers and French buccaneers. The island 
 was ceded by France to the Danish West India Company by 
 the treaty of 1733, but was occupied by the English from 1807 
 to 1815 ; English is the language still used here. Length 
 23 to 25 m. , by 6 m. across the widest part ; area, 84 sq. m. 
 Mean temp. (9 yrs. , 1877-85), yr. 80.9° F., Feb. 77.9°, Aug. 
 83.8°; mean annual rfall. (22 yrs.), 44.60 in. P. (1880) 18,400. 
 
 Santa Cmz de Hiiatulco, seapt. , Mexico. See Hnatulco. 
 
 Santa Cruz de la I'alnia, comm., Canary Is. See Palnia. 
 
 Santa Cruz de la Zarza, comm., Spain, prov. and 44 m. E. 
 by N. Toledo. P. <4000. 
 
 Santa Cruz del Quiche, tn.. Central America, Guatemala, 
 cap. dep. Quiche, 63 m. NW. Guatemala, in a plain measuring 
 45 m. E. to W. by 12 m. N. to S. ; founded by Barthol. de las 
 Casas. P. 10,500. 
 
 Santa Cmz de Mar Peqnefta, port, Africa. See Mar 
 Pequeiia. 
 
 Santa Cruz de Mudela, comm., Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, 
 36 m. N. by E. Linares; manufactures knives, daggers, &c. ; 
 antimony mined in the vicinity. P. < 5000. 
 
 Santa Cruz de Xapo, comm., Philippine Is., Mindoro I. 
 P. 15,400. 
 
 Santa Cmz de Rosales, vil. , Mexico, state of and 45 m. SE. 
 Chihuahua. P. < 2000. 
 
 Santa Cmz de TenerlflTe, tn., cap., Canary Is., on £. ct. 
 of Teneriffe I.; important coaling-jxsrt ; connected by sub- 
 marine cable with Europe, W. Africa, and S. America. The 
 ' Castillo ' of San Cristobal sustained the assault of the English 
 fleet under Nelson, whose arm was torn off by a ball during the 
 engagement. P. (comm.) 18,800. 
 
 Santa Cmz (or Nltendl) Island, isl., in the Pacific, E. of 
 Solomon Is. , crossed by 166° E., 10° 45' S. 
 
 Santadl, vil. , Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 17 m. SSE. Iglesias ; 
 has deposits of metallic ores. P. < 2000; comm. P. <: 4000. 
 
 Santa Elena, vil. , Ecuador, 67 m. W. Guayaquil ; govt, 
 salt-works and workable deposits of petroleum near. Pnnta 
 Santa Elena, cape, about 10 m. W., in 2° 11' S. 
 
SAN T — SAN T 
 
 ^iita Elenn, comm., Spain, prov. Jaen, 13 m. N. by E. 
 Linares. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Santa Elenn, C'abo tie, cape, W. ct. of Costa Rica, 156 m. 
 WNW. San Jos6, between the Bay of Santa Elena on the N., 
 and the Bay of Murcielagos on the S. The Bay of Santa Elena 
 is 7^ m. wide, by 5 m. long. 
 
 Santaelln, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 23 m. SSW. 
 C6rdoba ; sulphur spring. P. <4000. 
 
 . Santa Eiif^nila, comm., Spain, prov. and 50 m. N. by W. 
 C6rdoba. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sauta Enlalla, vil., Guatemala, 50 m. NNW. Chiantla. 
 P. (comm.) 16,100. 
 
 Santa Eulalia, vil. , Mexico, state of and 9^ m. SE. Chihua- 
 hua ; famous silver-mines. P. < 2000. 
 
 Santa Enlalla, tn., Spain, Balearic Is., isl. and 7^ m. NNE. 
 Iviza, on the E. ct. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Santa F^, prov., Argentine Republic, about the size of 
 England, bounded N. by govt, of Chaco, S. by Buenos 
 Aires, E. by the Parana R., cap. Santa F6. This prov., which 
 is an extension of the Gran Chaco, is flat, and has several 
 brackish lagoons, and a few rivers (Salado, Carcaraiia, &c.) 
 rising in the mountains to the W. ; soil very fertile, generally 
 composed of a rich black earth i to 4 ft. in depth ; chief 
 industries, agriculture and cattle-breeding ; principal vege- 
 table products, wheat, maize, and flax. It is to this prov. that 
 the immense increase of the wheat area of the Republic since 
 about 1880 chiefly belongs ; no minerals. Rosario is the chiet 
 port ; of less importance are Santa F6, San Lorenzo, San 
 Geronimo, and Helvecia. The prov. has a good network ot 
 railways ; immigration is active, especially of Italians. In 
 this. prov. are settled (10 m. from Palacios, between Rosario 
 and Buenos Aires) the Jews whom Baron Hirsch brought from 
 Russia in 1893-94. See Argentine KepnMlc, table. 
 
 Santa F^, tn. , Argentine Republic, cap. state Santa F6, on 
 the r. bk. of the Parana, 255 m. NW. by N. Buenos Aires. 
 Principal industries, cultivation of fruit-trees, cattle-breeding, 
 and wood-clearing ; seat of a Jesuit college ; the principal 
 edifice, the Cabildo, served for the reunion of the Constitu- 
 tional Congress of 1852, and the Convention of i860; its port 
 is Colastin6. P. 15,100. 
 
 Santa F^, comm. , Mexico, state of and 10 m. WSW. Mexico. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Santa Fe, city, U.S., cap. of New Mexico and of Santa Fe 
 CO. , 196 m. SE. by E. from the NW. corner of the terr. Santa 
 Fe is a Roman Catholic archiepiscopal see, and the headquarters 
 of the military dist. Within the town is Fort Marcy. Santa Fe 
 was formerly a populous Indian pueblo ; has been the cap. of 
 New Mexico since 1640, and its trade is now promoted by rail- 
 way connection with the E. and S. by means of the Atchison, 
 Topeka, and Santa Fe Rivs., and with the N. by the Denver 
 and Rio Grande Rivs. Alt. 6937 ft. (R.R.); alt. signal station, 
 6862 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). Mean temp. (33 yrs.), yr. 49.6° F., 
 Jan. 28.3°, July 70.4°; rfalL, yr. 14.69 in., July-Aug. 5.58 in. 
 P. 6200. 
 
 Santa F^, comm., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 6 m. W. 
 Granada. The town was built in 80 days by the army of Queen 
 Isabella, after the famous siege of Granada, 1491. Was partly 
 destroyed by an earthquake, 1806. P. 5100. 
 
 Santa F^ de Autloquia, tn. , Colombia. See Antloqnla. 
 
 Santa F^ <le Bogota, tn. , Colombia. See Bogota. 
 
 Santa Flora, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 24 m. ENE. 
 Grosseto, 40 m. NW. Viterbo. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sant' Agata, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. Foggia, 30 m. E. 
 Benevento. P. 5600. 
 
 Sant' .4gata «le' Goti, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 14 m. 
 W. by S. Benevento ; seat of a bishop. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sant' Agata <I1 Esaro, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 
 17 m. SW. Castrovillari. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sant' Agata «11 >lllltello, comm. , on the N. ct. of Sicily, 
 prov. and 50 m. W. by S. Messina. P. 5900. 
 
 Santa Glnstlna, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. Forli, 4J m. W. 
 Rimini. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Santa filnstlna In €olle, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. 
 Padua, 2 m. W. Campo San Piero. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Santagny, or Santaiuy, tn., Spain, Balearic Is., Majorca I., 
 29 m. ESE. Palma, 2 m. from SE. ct. P. 5900. 
 
 Santa Ines, bay, Mexico, Lower California, on the E. ct. , in 
 26° 57' N. 
 
 Santa Inez, cape, Argentine Republic, E. ct. of Tierra del 
 Fuego, in about 54° 10' S. 
 
 Santa Inez, isl., Chile, bounding the Strait of Magellan on 
 the SW. Length about 90 m. ; breadth about 36 m. 
 
 Santa Inez Range, U.S. See Santa Ynez. 
 
 Santa Isabel, or Clarence To-wn, seapt. tn. and cap. of 
 Fernando Po (g.v.), in Gulf of Guinea, on N. ct. of the island. 
 The English traveller Lander is buried here. P. <20oo. 
 
 Santa Isabel, comm. , Philippine Is. , Luzon I. , prov. Bulacan. 
 P. 6500. ■ 
 
 Santa Isabel, isl. , Solomon Is. See Isabel. 
 
 Santa Isla, isl. , Peru, in about 9° 3' S. 
 
 Santa Izabel, vil. and rly. stn., Brazil, state and 69 m. NW. 
 Rio de Janeiro. Alt. 1800 ft. 
 
 Santa Izabel, tn., Brazil, state and 33 m. NE. by E. Sao 
 Paulo ; cultivation of sugar-cane. P. Boco. 
 
 Santa Jnana, tn., Chile, prov. Concepcion, dep. Lantaro. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Santals, The, aboriginal Kolarian tribe, India, Bengal. 
 
 Santa Lncla, comm., Sicily, prov. and 15 m. W. by S. 
 Messina. P. 700c. 
 
 Santa Lneia, coast vil., Uruguay, dep. and 12 m. WNW. 
 Montevideo ; a great summer resort of the Montevideans. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Santa Lncla, riv., Uruguay, flows SW. to the Rio de San 
 Jos^, forming the NW. and W. frontier of dep. Canelones. 
 
 Santa Lncla, vil., Venezuela, Miranda, 25 m. SE. by S. 
 Caracas. P. < 2000. 
 
 Santa Lncla, bay, Zulu-land. See St. Lncla. 
 
 Santa Lncla Bay, Madagascar, in the SE. , in about 24° 40' S. 
 
 Santa Lncla dl Tallano, or Salnte Lncle, vil., Corsica, 
 arr. Sartene, 24 m. SE. Ajaccio ; globular amphibolite is found ; 
 sulphur mineral spring and bath. Alt. 1310 ft. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Santa Lncla do Norte, vil., Brazil, Alagoas, 130 m. SW. by 
 S. Pernambuco, 50 m. W. Macei6. 
 
 Santa Lucia Range, mt. range trending NNW. and SSE 
 along the coast of California from Monterey Bay for more than 
 100 m. 
 
 Santa Lncla Zacatecolnca, tn., Salvador, 26 m. ESE. San 
 Salvador, on the S. slope of the San Vicente volcano. P. 5200. 
 
 Santa Lnsla, tn. , Brazil. See Manbes. 
 
 Santa Lnssurgln, or Lnssurgln, comm., Italy, Sardinia, 
 prov. Cagliari, 41 m. S. Sassari. P. < 5000. 
 
 Santa Lnzla, tn., Brazil, Minas Geraes, in 19° 45' S. , 44° 3' 
 W. , S3 m. NW. by N. Ouro Preto. P. < 3000. 
 
 Santa Lnzla, vil., Brazil, on the Rio Apody, state of Rio 
 Grande do Norte, 122 m. SE. by S. Ceari. 
 
 Santa Lnzla, isl., Portuguese Cape Verde Is., in the W. 
 group ; 7 m. long, by 2^ m. broad ; area, 12J sq. m. 
 
 Santa Margarita, tn., Spain, IBalearic Is., Majorca, 26 m. 
 ENE. Palma. P. <4000. 
 
 Santa Marglierlta, tn. , Italy, Liguria, prov. and 15 ni. 
 ESE. Genoa, on the Gulf of Rapallo ; frequented for sea- 
 bathing. P. <4000. 
 
 Santa Margberlta, comm., Sicily, prov. Girgenti, 33 m. E. 
 by S. Marsala. P. 7500. 
 
 Santa Maria, tn., Argentine Republic, prov. Santa F^, dep. 
 Las Colonias. P. <20oo. 
 
 Santa Maria, isl. , Azores, in the extreme SE. of the group. 
 
 Santa Maria, isl. , Chile, prov. Arauco, in 36° 59' S. ; has a 
 lighthouse. Length, 7^ m. by 4J m. broad ; area, 12 sq. m. 
 
 Santa Maria, volcano, Guatemala, the highest cone of the 
 Quezaltenango group. Alt. 11,780 ft. Its last great eruption 
 was in 1785. 
 
 Santa Maria, lake, or rather lagoon, Mexico, state of Chi- 
 huahua, 68 m. SW. Paso del Norte, receives S. the riv. Santa 
 Maria. Length, 18 J m. 
 
 Santa Maria, isl., New Hebrides, Banks Is., in 167° 30' E. , 
 14° 15' S. Highest alt. 1102 ft. ; area, 130 sq. m. Estimated 
 population, 20,000. 
 
 Santa Maria, vil., Paraguay, 110 m. SSE. Asuncion. 
 
 Santa Maria, comm. , Philippine I. , Luzon I. , prov. Ilocos Sur, 
 186 m. NNW. Manila, with two ports; gold mined. P. 12,500. 
 
 Santa Maria, cape, in the SE. of Uruguay, 34° 41' S. , 54° 10' 
 W. , 53 m. ENE. Maldonado ; lighthouse. 
 
 Santa Maria, Puerto de, comm. , Spain. See Puerto de 
 Sta. Maria. 
 
 Santa Maria a Vlco, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 9^ m. 
 ESE. Caserta. P. < 5000. 
 
 Santa Maria dell* Imperlale, vil., Italy, The Marches, 
 prov. Pesaro e Urbino, 2 m. W. Pesaro. P. <C4000. 
 
 Santa Maria del Mar, vil., Spain, Asturias, prov. and 14m. 
 N. by W. Oviedo, on the Atlantic coast ; coal mined. P. <20oo. 
 
 Santa Maria del Monte, vil., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Como, 
 3 m. NNW. Varesa, at summit of Mount Sacro (2845 ft.) ; has 
 a celebrated sanctuary of the Virgin, dating from before the 
 loth century ; one of the most frequented shrines in Italy. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Santa Maria de los Remedios, former Spanish name of 
 Yucatan (g'.v.). 
 
 Santa Maria del Bio, vil., Mexico, state of and 37 m. SE. 
 San Luis Potosi. P. (comm.) 24,200. 
 
 Santa Maria flel Rosario, tn. , Cuba, 10 m. SE. Havana. 
 
 Santa Maria de Macbede, vil., Portugal. See Machede. 
 
 Santa Maria dl Capna Vetere, Italy. See Capua. 
 
 Santa Maria dl Leuca, the ancient Promontorium lapygium, 
 or Salentiniiim, cape, Italy, in the E. , at the extreme S. of the 
 Apulian Penin.,in 39° 47' N., on E. sideof theGulf of Taranto. 
 
 Santa Maria dlLlcodla, tn., Sicily, prov. and lojm. NNW. 
 Catania, W. of Etna. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Santa Maria In Monte, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Florence, 
 74 m. W. San Miniato. P. < 5000. 
 
 1379 
 
SANT — SANT 
 
 Santa Maria la Keal, coram., Spain, prov. and 17 m. NW. 
 by W. Segovia. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Santa Maria Magdalena, vil., Brazil, state and 97 m. NE. 
 by E. Rio de Janeiro ; cultivation of coffee ; climate suitable 
 for invalids. 
 
 Santa Maria Magglore, vil. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 
 36 m. NW. Como, 9 m. E. Domo d' Ossola. 
 
 Santa Maria Slch^, tn. , Corsica, arr. and 13 m. ESE. 
 Ajaccio. To the N. is the small bathing establishment of 
 Altaccia. Alt. 1575 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Santa Marta, seapt. tn. , Colombia, Magdalena, iiom. NE. 
 by E. Cartagena, on the coast, in about 74° 10' W. ; has a fine 
 cathedral. The Morro fortress has a small fixed light. Santa 
 Marta is called ' the pearl of America,' from the beauty of its 
 surroundings ; but its climate is very hot, and unhealthy during 
 part of the year. Suffered from an earthquake, 1834. An old 
 Spanish colony, founded in 1525, it was frequently besieged, 
 pillaged, and destroyed by the buccaneers and by Indians 
 during the i6th and 17th centuries ; e.g. , by Drake in 1596. 
 P. 2000; (including dist. ) 8000. 
 
 Santa Marta, tn., Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 26 m. SE. 
 Badajoz. P. <4C)oo. 
 
 Santa Marta, Clenaga de, lagoon, Colombia, on E. shore 
 of the delta of the Magdalena, with which it is connected by 
 several bayous or caftos. The Boca de Cienaga connects the 
 brackish warm waters of the lagoon with the Caribbean Sea. 
 The lagoon, dotted with islets, is 22 m. long, by 15 m. broad ; 
 area, 309 sq. m. 
 
 Santa Marta, Sierra Nevada de, mt. group, Colombia, 
 state of Magdalena, near the Caribbean Sea, which washes its 
 N. cliffs. Almost entirely isolated from the Colombian Andes, 
 it is surrounded by the delta and marshy plains of the lower 
 Magdalena on the W. and S. , and separated on the E, from 
 the Sierra de Perija (on the W. of Lake Maracaibo) by the 
 valleys of the Rio Cesar and Rio Hacha. Its crest is in two 
 ridges enclosing an almond-shaped valley, at the height of about 
 14,000 ft. Alt. 17,400 ft. (Simons). The group extends N. and 
 S. about no m., and E. and W. 120 m. See Proc. R. G. S. 
 (1879), p. 689, with map; and (1881) pp. 705-723, with map; 
 W. Sievers, Reise in der Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 
 Leipzig (1887). 
 
 Santa Maura, isl. , Greece. See LenKas. 
 
 Sant' Ambroglo dl Valpollcella, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. 
 and 2 m. NW. Verona, on 1. bk. of the Adige ; red and white 
 marble quarried. P. < 2000; comm. P. < 5000. 
 
 Santa Monica, city and watering-place, U.S., California, on 
 a beautiful sea-beach, in 34° N., co. and 14 m. W. by S. Los 
 Angeles. The harbour is entirely unprotected from the sea ; 28 ft. 
 deep alongside at low water ; is a tourist resort. Mean temp. 
 (6 yrs.), yr. 63.5°?., Jan. 53.6°, July 71.7°; rfall. (8 yrs.), 15.47 
 in., May-Oct. only 1.36 in. P. <20oo. 
 
 Santa Monica, range of mts. , U.S., California, E. and W. , 
 N. of Santa Monica Bay. 
 
 Sant' Ampogllo, Capo dl, cap>e, Italy, in the NW., about 
 8 m. E. of the French frontier. 
 
 Santana, vil. , Colombia. See Santa Ana. 
 
 Santander, dep., Colombia, NE. frontier, cap. Bucara- 
 manga. 
 
 Santander, or Rio de Jimenez, riv., Mexico, state of 
 Tamaulipas, is formed by several streams from the E. slope of 
 the Sierra Madre, and flows E. with a N. loop and enters the 
 Gulf of Mexico, at the Barra de Santander or Soto la Marina, a 
 little S. of 24° N. 
 
 Santander, the Roman Partus Blendium, city, Spain, Old 
 Castille, cap. prov. Santander, 47 m. WNW. Bilbao ; seat of an 
 archbishop. The city is divided into two parts, the upper and 
 the lower town. In the former is the cathedral, in the Pointed 
 Style. The lower town is more modern, and contains the 
 principal streets and port. A new quay has been constructed 
 in deep water, so that vessels of any tonnage can load and 
 unload ; also a dry dock, 434^ ft. long, and 57^ ft. wide at 
 entrance. Moreover, a morass beside the estuary has been 
 drained and laid out with harbour works and warehouse sites ; 
 34.4 ft. deep in passage to piers at ordinary spring tides high 
 water, 18 ft. low water. Depth of water alongside piers at low 
 water ordinary spring tides, nil to 9.8 ft. Manufactures tobacco, 
 cigars, paper, &c. Imports amount to two and a half milUons 
 sterling. The exports — flour, wine, and food stuffs — amount to 
 about one and a half million sterUng. Nearly one-half of the 
 aggregate trade is carried on with the Spanish colonies and S. 
 America. England has one-sixth, and France about the same. 
 The climate is a sort of perpetual spring. One mile away, on the 
 
 N. ct. , is Sardinero, frequented in the summer by the people of 
 Madrid for sea-bathing. Mean I ' 
 
 Jan. 48.4°, Aug. 67.4°. P. 41,800. 
 
 ly the 
 ). yr- 
 
 57-2° F., 
 
 Sant' Andrea Apostolo del Jonlo, tn., Italy, Calabrie, 
 prov. and 21 m. SSW. Catanzaro. P. <4000. 
 
 Sant' Andrea Isola, small isl. , Italy. See GalUpoll. 
 
 Sant' Angelo, Monte, mt. , Italy, Naples, S. of Castellam- 
 mare. Alt. 3705 ft. 
 1380 
 
 Sant' Angelo del Lonibardl, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. 
 and 20 m. E. AveUino, 25 m. SE. by E. Benevento ; seat of a 
 bishop ; has a cold sulphur spring. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sant' Angelo dl Brolo, comm., Sicily, prov. and 36 m. W. 
 by S. Messina. P. 5400. 
 
 Sant' Angelo Fasanella, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. 
 and 34 m. SE. by E. Salerno. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sant* Angelo In Vado, the ancient Tiphernum Metaurense, 
 tn. , Italy, The Marches, prov. Pesaro, 29 m. NE. by E. 
 Arezzo ; has a cathedral. P. < 3000. 
 
 Sant' Anglolo, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Milan, 12 m. E. 
 by N. Pavia ; manufactures cheeses (Parmesan and Stacchini) 
 and butter. P. 6600. 
 
 Sant' Anna de C'anibas, tn., Portugal, Alemtejo, dist. Beja. 
 P. <c4ooo. 
 
 Sant' Antlnio, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. Naples, 3^ m. 
 NW. Casoria. P. 9300. 
 
 Sant' Autloco, tn. , Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 17 m. S. by W. 
 Iglesias, near NE. point of the isl. Sant' Antloco (11 m. by 
 2^6 m.), connected on the E. with Sardinia by a bridge. P. 
 (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Sant' Antonio, tn. , Brazil, Matto Grosso, at foot of rapids of 
 Madeira {q.v.). P. 4000. 
 
 Sant' Antonio, vil. , Costa Rica, 5 J m. W. San Jos6. 
 
 Sant' Antonio a Treblila, vil. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 2 m. 
 W. Piacenza. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Sanlaiiy, comm., Spain. See Santagny. 
 
 Santaohotsn, tn. , China, in NE. of Kansu, on 1. bk. Hwang- 
 ho, in about 40° 20' N., 107° / E.; has a flourishing Christian 
 community. 
 
 Santa Olalla, comm., Spain, prov. and 24 m. NW. by 
 N.Toledo. P. < 3000. 
 
 Santa Panla, tn. , U.S., CaUfornia, Ventura co., 10 m. ENE. 
 San Buenaventura. P. < 1500. 
 
 Santapllll, India. See Cltantapllll. 
 
 Santa Pola, the ancient Partus Illicitanus, near Illici, seapt. 
 comm., Spain, Valencia, prov. and 11 m. SSW. Alicante; has 
 sea-bathing and fishing. P. < 5000. 
 
 Santaquln, vil., U.S., Utah, Utah co., 55 m. S. Salt Lake 
 City. Alt. 4813 ft. (R.R.); 4884 ft. (R.R.). P.<i5oo. 
 
 Sant' Arcangelo, comm. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 37 m. 
 SE. Potenza. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sant' Arcangelo dl Romagna, tn., Italy, Emilia, prov. 
 Forli, 8^ m. NW. Rimini, on the Rubicon ; has a triumphal 
 arch to Pope Clement XIV., who was born here, 1705. P. < 
 3000 ; comm. P. 8400. 
 
 Santarem, channel, separating the Bahamas and Cuba, 
 opens N. into the Strait of Florida. Length about 155 m. , by 
 30 m. wide. 
 
 Santarem, tn. , near the E. ct. of Brazil, Bahia, 72 m. SW. 
 by S. Sao Salvador. 
 
 Santarem, tn., Brazil, GrSo Pard, on the r. bk. of the 
 Amazon, and of the Tapajoz, in 54° 42' W.; exports cacao, 
 indiarubber, copaiba, and sarsaparilla. P. < 5000. 
 
 Santarem (corruption of Santa Irene), the Roman Scalabis, 
 or Presidium Julium, tn., Portugal, cap. prov. Santarem, on 
 the r. bk. of the Tagus, 44 m. NE. by N. Lisbon ; cultivates 
 olives for oil, vegetables, and iruits ; has a bridge, 3940 ft. long, 
 over the Tagus. In the convent of Da Gra9a are the remains of 
 Alvarez Cabral, the discoverer of Brazil. Santarem played an 
 important part in Portuguese history; it was taken from the 
 Moors, first by Alfonso V. of Castille in 1093, ^^^^ ^X Alfonso 
 Henriquez in 1147, and by Don Pedro from the Miguelists in 
 1833. In the vicinity is a saline spring, the only one in Portugal. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Santa Rosa, tn. and stn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 57 
 m. ENE. C6rdoba. P.<4000. 
 
 Santa Rosa, vil. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 44 ra. SE. 
 by E. Mendoza. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Santa Ro»a, vil. , Argentine Republic, San Luis, 90 m. SW. 
 C6rdoba. P. < 2000. 
 
 Santa Rosa, vil. , Bolivia, dep. and 150 m. NNE. Santa Cruz, 
 near the San Miguel R. ; has rich gold-mines. P. <2000. 
 
 Santa Rosa, tn. , Central America, Honduras, 80 m. NNE. San 
 Salvador ; cultivation of tobacco. P. 5000. 
 
 Santa Rosa, tn. , Colombia. See Santa Rosa de Osos. 
 
 Santa Rosa, tn., Ecuador, prov. El Oro, 88 m. S. Guayaquil, 
 on the Santa Rosa R. , which flows N W. in the Gulf of Guaya- 
 quil, and is navigable by small steamers. P. <3000. 
 
 Santa Rosa, Ecuador. See Santa Rosa de Otas. 
 
 Santa Rosa, dep. , Guatemala, on the Pacific Ocean, crossed 
 by9oJ° W.; cap. Cuajiniquilapa. 
 
 Santa Rosa, isl. , Pacific. See Revllla Glgedo, Mexico. 
 
 Santa Rosa, reef. Pacific, in the S. of the Ladrone Is. 
 
 Santa Rosa, vil., Paraguay, 115 m. SSE. Asuncion. 
 
 Santa Rosa, city, U.S., California, cap. Sonoma co., 67 m. 
 W. by S. Sacramento, in a wine-growing region ; has an 
 extensive trade. P. 5200. 
 
 Santa Rosa, isl, U.S., California, 34° N., 120° W., 30 m. S. 
 of coast of Santa Barbara co. 
 
S AN T 
 
 SAN T 
 
 Santa Rosa, co., U.S., Florida, in the NW., between N. 
 frontier and the Gulf of Mexico, crossed by 87° W. 
 
 .Santa Kosa, U.S. , Florida, a long narrow island separated by 
 a narrow channel from the mainland of Santa Rosa co. , between 
 Pensacola Bay and Santa Kosa Bay, in the S. of Walton co. 
 
 Santa Kosa, vil., Uruguay, dep. Artigas, on theriv. Uruguay, 
 84 m. N. by E. Salto. 
 
 Santa Kosa de los Andes, or Los Andes, tn., Chile, 65 m. 
 ENE. Valparaiso, at the base of the Uspallata Pass (q.v.), con- 
 nected with Valparaiso and Santiago by rail. Alt. 2600 ft. P. 
 <:4000. 
 
 Santa Rosa de Osos, tn., Colombia, 268 m. S. Cartagena, 
 dep. and 25 m. ENE. Antioquia ; noted for the wealth of its 
 alluvial gold-mines. Near it are the falls of the Guadelupe 
 (850 ft. ), the highest in the republic, on an affluent of the Nechi. 
 Alt. 11,850 ft. P. (including dist.) 11,000. 
 
 Santa Rosa de Otas, vil. , Ecuador, at the head of navigation 
 for shallow-draught steamers on the Rio NapK), 170 m. ESE. 
 Quito. 
 
 Santa Rosa de Vlterbo, tn., Colombia, dep. Boyaca, 116 
 m. NE. by N. Bogota ; noted for its aerolite, weighing upwards 
 of 1500 lbs. P. (including dist. ) 9000. 
 
 Santa Rosalia, tn. and port, Me.xico, state of and 90 m. SE. 
 by S. Chihuahua. P. 8000. 
 
 Sant' Arsenlo, tn., Italy, prov. Salerno, 23 m. SE. Cam- 
 pagna. P. < 4000. 
 
 Santa Teresa, vil. and col., Argentine Republic, prov. Santa 
 F6, cap. dist., dep. Iriondo. P. < 2000. 
 
 Santa Tlieresa, vil. , Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, 80 m. W. 
 by N. Porto Alegre. 
 
 Santa Victoria, tn. , Argentine Republic, Salta, 317 m. N. 
 Tucuman. P. < 2000. 
 
 Santa Vlttorla In Materano, tn. , Italy, The Marches, prov. 
 Ascoli, 42 m. S. Ancona. P. < 2000. 
 
 Santa Ynez (or Inez), range of mts., U.S., California, 
 trending E. and W. , N. of Santa Barbara, near 34° 30' N. 
 
 Santee, riv. , U.S., S. Carolina, formed by the union of the 
 Catawba and Congaree, flows SE. into the Atlantic in 33° 10' N. ; 
 navigable for steamboats to Columbia on the Congaree, and to 
 Camden on the Wateree. 
 
 Santee Canal, U.S., S. Carolina, Berkeley co., connecting 
 the Santee with the Cooper R. , and hence with Charleston. 
 
 Sant' Ella, comm. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 13 m. 
 E. by N. Campobasso, 35 m. W. by N. Foggia. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sant' Ella, Capodl, cape, Sardinia, in the S., near Cagliari. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sant' Ella Flume Rapldo, tn., Italy, prov. Caserta, 18^ m. 
 SE. Sora. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Santelmo, isL, Colombia, Pearl Is., in the Gulf of Panama. 
 
 Sant' Elpldlo, the ancient Cluana, tn. , Italy, The Marches, 
 prov. Ascoli, 28 m. SSE. Ancona. P. 5100. Porto Sant' 
 Elpldlo, village on the coast, 4 J m. ENE. 
 
 Santena, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 6 m. W. 
 Turin. Here are the remains of Cavour, died 1862. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Santenay, tn. , France, dep. Cote d'Or, arr. and 10 m. SW. 
 Beaune, at foot of the Cote d'Or; has mineral springs, made 
 use of since the i6th century. P. <:2oco. 
 
 Santengs, tribe, Assam. See Kliasl an<l Jalntla Hills. 
 
 San Teodo, bay, Dalmatia. See Cattaro. 
 
 Santeranio In Colle, comm. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 23 m. 
 S. by W. Bari. P. 11,200. 
 
 Santerno, riv., Italy, in the E. ; it rises in the Etruscan 
 Apennines, and flows NE. past Imola to the Reno. 
 
 Sant' Enfemla, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 16 m. 
 NE. Reggio. P. 5900. 
 
 Sant' Enfemla, the ancient TerincBi/s Sinus, gulf, Italy, in 
 the Tyrrhenian Sea, on W. ct. of Calabrie, in 38° 45'-57' N. ; 
 takes its name from a small village on its N. side, not from the 
 important comm. further S. 
 
 Santhla, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 14 m. WNW. 
 Vercelli. P. <4000. 
 
 Santbn, tn., India, Rdjputana, 82 m. SSW. Jodhpur. 
 
 Santiago, tn., Argentine Republic, cap. prov. Santiago, 
 nearly 600 m. NW. Buenos Aires. P. 10,000. 
 
 Santiago, tn., Bolivia, dep. Santa Cruz, 230 m. S. by E. 
 Matto Grosso (Brazil). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Santiago (in proper Portuguese spelling Sfto Thlago), the 
 most important of the Cape Verde Is., in SE. of the group. 
 Contains the cap. , Villa Praia. Area, 49 sq. m. 
 
 Santiago, or Santiago de Chile, the cap. city of Chile, and 
 cap. prov. Santiago, on the Mapocho, an affluent of the Maipo, 
 60 m. ESE. Valparaiso, with which it has been connected by 
 rail since 1863 ; lat. of new observatory 33° 26' 42" S. , long. 
 70° 41' 34" W. It is situated amidst a group of hills in a large 
 and fertile plain, the rock of Santa Lucia, which rises up in 
 the middle of the town, now forming a charming park. The 
 Mapocho, which traverses the town from E. to W. , though an 
 insignificant stream in summer, was formerly turbulent and at 
 times even dangerous in winter, but its canahsation was taken 
 in hand some years ago. Houses mostly of one storey, but 
 
 substantially built, in wide streets, on account of the frequency 
 of earthquakes, from which nearly all the public buildings bear 
 marks of injury. In the central square (Plaza Mayor) are the 
 cathedral (archiepiscopal see), the palace of government, prison, 
 court-house, and a large fountain, whence the city is mostly 
 supplied with water. Santiago is also the seat of a university, 
 a special school of medicine, military school, institute of agri- 
 culture, and national institute, a mint, &c. Convents are 
 numerous and splendid ; but one Jesuits' college has been con- 
 verted into a national college, and another is used for the public 
 printing-office and library, the latter comprising many thousand 
 volumes and curious MSS. On Dec. 8, 1883, the church of La 
 Compania was burned by accident, when 2000 persons, mostly 
 females, perished. Santiago was founded in 1541 by Pedro de 
 Valdivia, and first named Santiago de la Nueva Estremadura, 
 in honour of the patron saint of Spain and the prov. that gave 
 birth to the founder. Alt. (principal square), 1840 ft. Mean 
 temp. (21 yrs., 1860-81), yr. 58.1° F., Jan. 68.7°, July 47.8°; 
 rfall. (19 yrs.), 14. i in. P. (1874) 148,000; (1885) 189,300. 
 
 Santiago, or Santiago de Cuba, seapt. , Cuba, S. ct. , in 75° 
 52' W. The port is in a bay 7^-8 m. long, a splendid basin, 
 with many creeks, connected with the sea by a narrow (525 ft.) 
 but deep channel. The town, at its NE. extremity built on 
 mountainous slopes, is one of the finest W. Indian cities, but is 
 extremely hot. Exports sugar, cacao, coffee, bananas and other 
 fruits, &c. , tobacco and cigars, and rapidly increasing quantities 
 of excellent iron ore, as well as manganese, from neighbouring 
 mines in the Sierra Maestra ; all shipped mainly to the United 
 States. Mean temp. (3 yrs., 1881-83), y- 79- 1° F.. Feb. 74.1°, 
 Aug. 83.1°. P. 59,600. 
 
 Santiago, or Veragua, tn. , Colombia, state of and 102 m. 
 SW. by W. Panama ; mineral springs and baths ; gold-mines. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Santiago, riv. , in the N. of Ecuador, flows NW. then N. by 
 a wide estuary into the Pacific Ocean, in 79° W. At its mouth 
 the port of Bolivar, with 18 ft. of water on bar, and 20 m. of 
 deep water above. Rich deposits of gold in the valleys of its 
 tribs. , the Cachabi, Cayapas, &c. 
 
 Santiago, riv. , in the S. of Ecuador and N. of Peru, formed 
 by the union of the rivs. Zamora and Bomboiza, flows SE. and 
 enters the Amazon a little above the Pongo de Manseriche. 
 
 Santiago, tn. , isl. of Haiti, on the Rio Yaqui, republic and 
 85 m. NW. by N. town of Santo Domingo. P. 8000. 
 
 Santiago, tn., Mexico, state of and 11 m. ESE. Mexico. 
 
 Santiago, vil. , Paraguay, 135 m. SSE. Asuncion. 
 
 Santiago, vil., Peru, dep. Libertad, on the coast, in about 
 7° 58' S. P. 5000. 
 
 Santiago, tn. and port, Philippine Is., Luzon, 185 m. NNW. 
 Manila, near the W. ct. P. 5100. 
 
 Santiago, in full Santiago de Compostela, city, Spain, 
 Galicia, prov. and 33 m. S. by W. Corunna ; seat of an arch- 
 bishop, and of the university of Santiago, founded 1532. The 
 cathedral, begun 1082, is in the form of a Latin cross ; near it 
 are the cloisters of the old Benedictine convent of St. Martin, 
 and a large hostel, founded for pilgrims. The town has been 
 built around a chajjel, afterwards made the cathedral, on the 
 site popularly believed to be the grave of the apostle St. James. 
 For several centuries it was the most frequented place of pilgrim- 
 age of W. Europe. Manufactures rosaries and medallions, &c., 
 of silver. Alt. 863 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 55.3° F., Jan. 
 46.2°, Aug. 67.1°; mean annual rfall. (14 yrs.), 67.5 in. P. 
 24,300. 
 
 Santiago de Atltlan, tn. , Guatemala. See Atltlan. 
 
 Santiago de la Espada, comm., Spain, Andalusia, prov. 
 and 73 m. NE. Jaen ; iron, copper, lead, lignite, &c. , mined. 
 P. 5500. 
 
 Santiago de las Vegas, tn. , Cuba, 12 m. S. Havana. P. 
 12,100. 
 
 Santiago del Estero, prov., Argentine Republic, between 
 26° i5'-3o° 12' S. and 61° 4o'~65° 10' W. , bounded NE. and E. 
 by the terr. of Chaco, SE. and E. by Santa F6. The prov. forms 
 a plain gently inclining NW. to SE. , following the course of its 
 two rivers, the Juramento or Salado, and the Saladillo or 
 Dulce, and of which the SW. part is occupied by a marshy 
 depression, called the Salinas Grandes. Chief crops grown are 
 lucerne, sugar-cane, vine, wheat, maize, cotton, and tobacco, 
 with fruits (oranges and carob beans) ; but cattle-breeding is the 
 principal employment. Climate hot and dry. Area, 39,521 sq. 
 m. The population is officially estimated at (1889) 209,000. 
 
 Santiago del Estero, tn. and stn. , Argentine Republic, cap. 
 prov. Santiago del Estero, 88 m. SE. by S. Tucuman ; seat of a 
 national college, founded 1553, and of a cathedral. Alt. 702 ft. 
 Annual rfall. 19.2 in., April-Sept. 3.5 in. P. 10,000. 
 
 Santiago de Puentedeume, tn. , Spain. See Puentedenme. 
 
 Santiago de Kedondela, tn. , Spain. See Redondela. 
 
 Santiago Cuajuco, tn. , Mexico, state of Nuevo Leon, 20 m. 
 S. by E. Monterey. P. (comm.) 9300. 
 
 Santiago Tuxtla, vil., Mexico, state of Vera Cruz, 125 m. 
 ESE. Orizaba. P. (comm. ) 9900. 
 
 Santl Cosmo e Damlauo, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. 
 
 1381 
 
SANT — SANV 
 
 Caserta, 28 m. ENE. Gaeta ; has cold mineral springs. P. < 
 3000 ; comm. P. <4(X>o. 
 
 Santlllana, tn. , Spain, Leon, prov. and 15^ m. WSW. 
 Santander, 4 m. from the coast. The place that gives his title 
 to the hero of Le Sage's Gil Bias. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Santlponce, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and in the vicinity 
 of Seville ; ruins of Italica, a Roman city. Birthplace of the 
 poet Silius Italicus, and the three Roman emperors, Trajan, 
 Hadrian, and Theodosius. P. <20oo. 
 
 Stintlpur, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Nadiya, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Hiiglf, 45 m. N. Calcutta. The Rds-jdird festival in 
 honour of Krishna, held in October or November, is visited by 
 25,000 persons. P. 30,400; Hindus, 21,200; Moham. 9200. 
 
 Santl Qnaranta, small seapt., Turkey in Europe, one of the 
 fx)rts of Yanina, about 8 m. NE. of the coast of Corfu. 
 
 Santis, or Mentis, mt. , Switzd., in the NE., overlooking 
 Lake Constance, on the borders of cants. St. Gall and Appen- 
 zell, with a double summit. The Santis, properly so called, is 
 8215 ft. high ; the Gyrenspitz reaches 7765 ft. ; has meteoro- 
 logical observatory, alt. 8094 ft. Mean temp. (4^ yrs. , 1882-86), 
 yr. 28.9° F., Jan. 16.9°, July 42.0°. 
 
 Santiso, coram., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 40 m. SSE, 
 Corunna, dist. Arziia. P. < 5000. 
 
 Santlstebait del Puerto, comm., Spain, Andalusia, prov. 
 and 44 m. NE. Jaen. P. 6000. 
 
 Sant Hnrezzan, tn. , Switzd. See St. Morltz. 
 
 8anto, isl. , New Hebrides. See E»plrltu Santo. 
 
 Santo Adrlano, comm., Spain, Asturias, prov. and 11 m. 
 SW. Oviedo ; has a rich iron-mine. P. <:2000. 
 
 Santo Amaro, tn. , Brazil, state of and 30 m. N W. Bahia, 
 on the riv. Santo Amaro ; connected by rail with Bom Jardin. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Santo Andr^ de Polares, tn. , Portugal, dist. Coimbra. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Santo Antao, isl. , Cape Verde Is. , in the W. ; cap. Ribiera 
 Grande. Has a lighthouse. Culminating point Tope de Coroa, 
 alt. 7390 ft. Length, 23 m. ; breadth, 16 m. ; area, 245 sq. m. 
 P. 20,500. 
 
 Santo AntSo, tn. , Madeira I., dist. Funchal. P. 5500. 
 
 Santo AntSlo dos Ollvaes, or Santo Antonio, tn., Portugal, 
 dist. Coimbra. P. <40oo. 
 
 Santo Antonio, vil., Brazil, Amazonas, on the 1. bk. of the 
 19a, 550 m. N. Manaos. P. <20oo. 
 
 Santo Antonio, falls, Brazil. See Madeira, riv. 
 
 Santo Doudngo, tn. , isl. of Haiti, cap. and chief seaport 
 republic Santo Domingo, on the S. ct., in 69° 51' W. The town 
 is surrounded by fortifications, and has a cathedral and uni- 
 versity, founded 1730. Seat of an archbishop. The roadstead, 
 exposed to S. winds, is visited by hurricanes ; steam-packets 
 anchor \ m. down the bay. Gold is mined in the vicinity. 
 Santo Domingo, founded by the Spaniards in 1496, was the first 
 town built by Europeans in America. P. 13,700. 
 
 Santo Domingo, vil. , Paraguay, 73 m. E. by N. Asuncion. 
 
 Santo Domingo, or Dominican Republic, republic, W. 
 Indies, embracing the greater (E.) portion of the isl. of Haiti 
 {q.v.), under which name a sufficient account will be found of 
 its physical features and history. Coffee, cacao, and sugar, with 
 some tobacco, are the principal products ; the cultivation of 
 these, with sugar-factories, cattle-rearing, and timber-cutting, 
 constitute the chief occupations. The imports (cottons, hard- 
 ware, pottery, foods, &c. ) and the exports (coffee, sugar, cacao, 
 rum, honey, mahogany, lance-wood, tobacco) together amount 
 to but little more than one million sterling annually — three-fifths 
 for exports. A short railway connects Samana with La Vega. 
 The cap. is Santo Domingo ; other towns are Santiago, La Vega, 
 and the seaports Puerto Plata and Samana. The metrical system 
 of weights and measures is supplanting the native measures. 
 The money in use is mostly that of Spain, U.S., Mexico, and 
 France. The government is vested in a president, chosen for 
 four years by universal suffrage, and in a national assembly of 
 twenty-two members, chosen by direct vote, each for two years. 
 The president appoints a cabinet of (usually six) ministers. The 
 republic, which is divided into six provs. and five maritime 
 dists., has an area of some 20,000 sq. m., and a papulation 
 (1888) of 610,000. The people are descended from Spanish 
 and Negro immigrants, and are mostly Roman Catholics. 
 Primary education is gratuitous and compulsory. 
 
 Santo Domingo de la C^lzada, tn. , Spain, Old Castille, 
 prov. and 26 m. W. Logrono; manufactures fine cloth and 
 woollen goods. P. <4000. 
 
 Sant' Olcese, comm. , Italy, Liguria, prov. and 4J m. NNE. 
 Genoa, in the mountains. P. <4000. 
 
 Santomischel, tn., Prussia, prov. and 22 m. SSE. Posen, 
 circle Schroda. P. < 2000. 
 
 Santon, vil., Eng., Cumberland, P.O. (Santou Bridge). 
 See Irton. 
 
 Santon, par., Eng., on the border of Norfolk, SW. div. , 19 
 m. E. by N. Ely, 4 m. NNW. Thetford, 3 m. E. Brandon stn. 
 P. <25o ; eccles. par. (Santon, or Santon House) P. <25o. 
 
 Santon, stn. , Isle of Man Riv. ,5 m. SW. Douglas. 
 1382 
 
 Santofta, seapt. comm., N. ct. Spain, prov. and 18 m. E. 
 Santander, with a magnificent and well sheltered natural har- 
 bour at the base of a hill 1320 ft. high. It occupies a naturally 
 strong position, now further strengthened by artificial defences, 
 but is little frequented. P. 5400. 
 
 Santon Downltani, par., Eng., Suffolk, on the Ouse, 2 m. 
 SW. Brandon. P. <25o. 
 
 Santones, tn. and ancient tribe, France. See Saintes. 
 
 Sant' Onoft-io, comm. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 28 m. SW. 
 by W. Catanzaro. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Santoriu (corruption of Italian Sant' Irene, the patron saint 
 of Thessalonica), since the Middle Ages the usual name of the 
 Greek island, called in ancient times and now again officially 
 Tliera, volcanic isl. , in the .<Egean Sea, one of the Cyclades, in 
 36° 20' -28' N. , just W. of 251° E. , forming, with the isl. of 
 Therasia and the islet of Aspronesi, to the W. , an interrupted 
 ring, the crater of the volcano, in the middle of which have 
 arisen, through eruptions within historic times, the three Kai- 
 mene islets (Palara-, Nea-, and Mekra-Kaimene), which have 
 been enlarged by eruptions since 1866. Alt. (Mount Saint Elias), 
 1915 ft. Area, 29 sq. m. (Wisotzki) ; 32 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). 
 
 Santos, seapt., Brazil, prov. and 35 m. SE. Sao Paulo, with 
 which it is connected by a line of railway ascending the Sierra 
 do Mar to the height of 2500 ft. with the assistance of a cable. 
 The town is very pretty, but yellow fever and smallpox are 
 chronic, in spite of recent sanitary improvements. Santos is the 
 chief outlet of the southern part of the coffee region of Brazil, 
 and has developed of late years with great rapidity, coffee being 
 now exported, mainly to the United States, to the annual value 
 oi £^if,yx>,ccio. In 1887 there used to be only 15 to 20 vessels 
 alongside the wharves at once ; in 1893 there were 150 to 200 
 generally in port together. A second railway to Sao Paulo was 
 in process of construction in 1893, and a proposal was under 
 consideration for extensively enlarging the wharf accommoda- 
 tion, besides the main channel to the ocean. After Rio de 
 Janeiro, Santos receives the most European immigrants, chiefly 
 Portuguese, Galicians (GaUegos), Italians, and Russian Jews. 
 The official name, Cidade Andradina, has never been used. 
 Mean rfall. (15 yrs.), 98.5 in. P. 15,000. The Mangues de 
 Santos, a marshy dist., covered with water at high tide, is 15 
 sq. m. in extent. 
 
 Saiitos, Los, tn. , Colombia, dep. and 95 m. SW. by W. 
 Panama, on the W. side of the Gulf of Panama. P. 5000. 
 
 Santos, Los, comm., Spain, prov. Badajoz, 31 m. S. Merida ; 
 manufactures cloth ; copper mined. P. 6500. 
 
 Santos Lugares, tn. , Argentine Republic. See San Martin. 
 
 Santo Stefauo, Italy, prov. Leghorn. See Porto Snnto 
 Stefano. 
 
 Santo Stefano di Camastra, comm. , on the N. ct. of Sicily, 
 prov. Messina, 39 m. NNE. Caltanissetta. P. 5100. 
 
 Santo Stefano Quisquina, comm., Sicily, prov. Girgenti, 3 
 m. ENE. Bivona. P. 6300. 
 
 Santo Tomas, vil.. Central America, republic and 140 m. 
 NE. by E. Guatemala ; the port of the valley of the Motagua, 
 on a bay forming one of the best harbours on the Atlantic coast 
 of Central America, affording a sheltered anchorage in 15-30 ft. 
 of water. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Santo Tomas, vil., Mexico, Lower California, on the W. 
 slope and 25 m. S. the root of the penin. ; has sulphur and salt- 
 petre. P. (comm.) 5900. 
 
 Santo Tomas, comm., Philippine Is., Luzon I., prov. 
 Batangas. P. 11,000. 
 
 Santo Tomas, tn. and port, Philippine Is., Luzon I., 125 m. 
 NNW. Manila, near the Gulf of Lingayen ; gold-washings in 
 the mountains. P. <4000. 
 
 Santo Tom^, tn. , Argentine Republic, 182 m. SE. by E. Cor- 
 rientes, on the r. bk. of Rio Uruguay. P. 2000. 
 
 Santry, par. and tn. , Ire., E. co. Dublin, bar. Coolock, 3^ 
 m. NNE. Dublin, i m. from Raheny stn., P.O. Par. 4710 ac, 
 P. < 1000; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Santurce, coram., Spain, prov. Vizcaya, dist. Valmaseda. 
 P. 5400. 
 
 Santvllet, tn., Belgium, prov., arr., and ii m. NNW. Ant- 
 werp, 2 m. from r. bk. of the Scheldt ; chicory grown and pre- 
 pared. Surrounded by fortifications, 1622. P. (comm.) < 3000. 
 
 Sanul, China, Kwangtung. See Sanwnl. 
 
 Sanuki, kuni or old prov., now included in Ehime ken, 
 Japan. 
 
 Sanup Peak, mt. , U.S., Arizona, Mohave co., 68 m. SSE. 
 from the NW. corner of the terr. 
 
 Sannres, Upper Egypt. See Senures. 
 
 San Valentino, comm., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 
 12^ m. SW. Chieti ; asphalt mines. P. <4000. 
 
 San Valentino Torlo, coram., Italy, prov. and 11 ra. NNW. 
 Salerno. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 San Vicente, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 39 m. S. 
 Buenos Aires. P. 2000. 
 
 San Vicente, vil., Argentine Republic, prov. and 2J m. E. 
 Cordoba, on r. bk. of Rio Primero ; is a country resort for the 
 people of Cordoba. P. 5800. 
 
SANV — SAOM 
 
 San Vicente, tn. , Central America, Salvador, 30 m. E. by S. 
 San Salvador ; its port is La Concordia, at mouth of the Jiboa ; 
 founded, 1638, on the site of the Aztec city of Tehuacan. P. 
 6300. 
 
 San Vicente, comm. , Spain, prov. and 35 m. N. by W. 
 Badajoz. P. 7500. 
 
 San Vicente de la Barqnera, seapt. comm., N. ct. Spain, 
 prov. and 28 m. W. Santander. P. <2ooo. 
 
 San Vicente del Raspelg, tn. , Spain, Valencia, prov. and 
 4^ m. NNW. Alicante. P. < 5000. 
 
 San Vicente Ferrer, tn. , Philippine Is. , Luzon, 210 m. NNW. 
 Manila, near the W. ct. P. 5900. 
 
 Sanvlgnes, vil. , France, dap. Saone-et- Loire, arr. CharoUes, 
 13 m. SW. Le Creuzot ; coal mined. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 San Vlncente, vil., Venezuela, Bolivar, on the r. bk. of the 
 Apure, 280 m. SW. by S. Cardcas. P. <2ooo. 
 
 San Vlto, tn. , Italy; Venetia, prov. and 20 m. SW. by W. 
 Udine ; has a cathedral of the 15th century. P. 5100. 
 
 San Vlto, tn., Sardinia, prov. and 31 m. NNE. Cagliari. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 San Vlto, Capo, cape, Italy, in the SE., in the N. of the 
 Gulf of Taranto, in 40° 24' N. 
 
 San Vlto, Capo, cape, in the NW. of Sicily, i8 m. NE. 
 Trapani, with a lighthouse. 
 
 San Vlto Cbletlno, tn. , on the E. ct. of Italy, Abruzzi e 
 Molise, prov. and 14 m. ESE. Chieti. P. < 2000. 
 
 San Vlto de* Norniannl, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 
 13 m. W. Brindisi. P. 8500. 
 
 San Vlto Romano, comm., Italy, prov. Rome, 11 m. SE. 
 by E. Tivoli. Alt. 2275 ft. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sanwul, Sanul, or Sauslinl, tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, 
 37 m. NW. by W. Macao ; centre of fan trade ; large China 
 grass manufacture. P. 250,000. 
 
 San Xavler, vil., Bolivia, dep. Santa Cruz, 260 m. NE. 
 Sucre ; gold mined. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sauya'tl, riv., Brit. S. Africa, flows WNW. and joins the 
 Zambezi on the r. bk. in about 28^° E. 
 
 Sanyodo, one of the nine great divs. into which the old provs. 
 of Japan were grouped ; it comprised eight provs. in SW. of 
 Honshiu, on the Inland Sea. 
 
 Sanza, comm. , Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, 30 m. SSW. 
 Potenza ; marble quarried. P. < 3000. 
 
 San Zenone degll Ezzellnl, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. 
 Treviso, 4^ m. WSW. Asolo. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sauzo, tn. , Japan, Honshiu, ken and 22 m. S. Niigata. P. 
 14,900. 
 
 Sao, tribe, E. Africa. See Shoho. 
 
 Sao, Portuguese, 'saint.' 
 
 Sao AntSo, another form of Santo Antonio in Portuguese 
 names. 
 
 Sao Bartholmen de llles.slnes, or Messlnes, comm. , Portu- 
 gal, prov. Algarve (dist. Faro), 42 m. ENE. Cape St. Vincent. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Sao Bento das Lagas, tn. , Brazil, state of Bahia, W. of All 
 Saints Bay, in 12° 37' S. , 38° 40' W. Mean temp. (10 yrs. , 
 1872-81), yr. 76.6° F. , Feb. 80. 1°, July 72.3° ; mean rfall. (5 yrs. ), 
 86.93 '"• 
 
 Sao Braz de Alportel, tn. , Portugal, dist. and 10 m. N. by 
 E. Faro (old prov. Algarve). P. 7700. 
 
 Sao Carlos de Plnbal, vil. and rly. stn. , Brazil, Sao Paulo, 
 175 m. NW. Santos. P. <20oo. 
 
 SSo Chrlstovfto, tn. , Brazil, state of Sergipe, near the E. ct. 
 (mouth of Rio Vasa Barris Irapiranga), in 11° 5' S. P. 5000. 
 
 Sao Cosnie de Ciondomar, tn. , Portugal, dist. and 4 m. 
 ESE. Oporto. P. <4000. 
 
 Sao Donilngos, tn. , Brazil, state of Minas Geraes, 210 m. 
 NNE. Ouro Preto. P. (comm.) 9000. 
 
 Sao Donilngos, tn., Portugal, Alemtejo, 32 m. SE. Beja, 
 9 m. E. by N. Mertola, close to the Spanish frontier ; has the 
 most important mines of copper and other minerals of Portugal. 
 Very rich in sulphur, from which sulphuric acid is manufactured. 
 The minerals are shipped at Pomarao, on the Guadiana. P. < 
 20CC. 
 
 Sao Ednardo, vil. and rly. stn. , Brazil, state of and 165 m. 
 NE. Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 Sao Felix, Brazil, Bahia. See Cachoelra. 
 
 Sao Fidells, city and rly. stn., Brazil, on the r. bk. of the 
 Rio Parahiba, state of and 123 m. NE. by E. Rio de Janeiro. 
 P. 14,400. 
 
 Sao Francisco, seapt. vil., Brazil, at the N. end of All Saints 
 Bay, Bahia, 25 m. NW. by N. Sao Salvador. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sao Francisco, formerly Stlo Romtio, or Manga, tn. , Brazil, 
 state of Minas Geraes, 295 m. NNW. Ouro Preto, on 1. bk. of 
 Sao Francisco R. , in 16° 20' S. P. (municip. ) 10,000. 
 
 Sao Francisco (so called because discovered on that saint's 
 day in 1501), riv., Brazil, rises in the Sierra da Canastra, in 
 20" 20' S. , in S. of state Minas Geraes, and flows N. with a 
 slight inclination E. to 10° S. , then turns ENE., curves again, 
 and enters the Atlantic in 11° 30' S. Its principal tribs. are, on 
 the r. bk. the Velhas, Verde Grande, and Remedios or Verde ; 
 
 1. bk., the Paracatu, Urucupa, Carunhanha, Correntes, Grande 
 (^.v.), Flores, and Moxoto. Has nearly 200 m. of cataracts and 
 rapids between the magnificent falls of Paulo Affonso (two leaps, 
 respectively 6 and 5 ft.), about 190 m. from the coast, and the 
 town of Joazeiro. Above this latter point the only serious 
 impediment to navigation up to the rapids of Pirapora, in 17" 20' 
 S. , occurs at the rapids of Santa Anna or Sobradinho, in 11° 35' 
 S. Large boats 50 ft. long and 9 ft. beam ascend as high as 
 Januaria in 15^° S. Total length, i8oc m. ; basin 710 m. long, 
 by 560 m. broad. 
 
 Sao Francisco, seapt., on the E. ct. of Brazil, Santa Cathar 
 rina, at the N. end of the isl. of SSo Francisco, in 26° 18' S. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Sao <>abrlel, vil., Brazil, Amazonas, on 1. bk. Rio Negro, 
 about 55 m. WNW. Manaos. 
 
 S5o <)labrlel, colony, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, on the r. bk, 
 of the riv. Taquary, 60 m. NW. by W. Porto Alegre. 
 
 SSo Cieraldo, tn. with rly. stn., Brazil, Minas Geraes, 140 m. 
 NNE. Rio de Janeiro. Alt. 1250ft. 
 
 Sao Januarlo, Boer colony, Africa. See Hnnipata. 
 
 Sao Joiio, Barra do, or SSlo JoSio do Parahiba, tn. and 
 port, Brazil, state of and 82 m. ENE. Rio de Janeiro, on r. bk. 
 of mouth of the Parahiba do Sul. P. 5000. 
 
 Sao Jo£o Baptlsta de Camacaani, tn., Brazil, state of and 
 80 m. N. Rio Grande do Sul, 26 m. W. of the Lagoa dos Patos. 
 
 SSo JoSio d' El Bel, tn. with rly. stn., Brazil, Minas Geraes, 
 154 m. NW. by N. Rio de Janeiro ; exports cattle and pigs, 
 lard, and excellent cheese. P. 8000. 
 
 SSo JoSo do Foz, watering-place, Portugal, at the mouth of 
 the Douro, N. bank, a few miles below Oporto. 
 
 Sao Jorge (St. ticorge), isl., Azores, almost in the middle of 
 the NW. group, 31 m. E. Fayal. Highest point is the Pico da 
 Esperanza, alt. 3120 ft. Cap. As Vellas, or Vellas. Lengtlj 
 30 m. , by 2j-4^ m. wide; area, 94 sq. m. P. 16,600, of Por- 
 tuguese origin. 
 
 Sfto Jos^, riv., Brazil, Espirito Santo, flows E. then SSE., 
 traversing the Lagoa Juparana, and enters the Rio Doce at 
 Linhares, in 19° 22' S. , 40° 2' W. ; navigable by canoe to the 
 Leila Fall, in 40° 24' W. Proc. R. G. S., 1888, p. 69, map, p. 
 116 (about I '.700,000). 
 
 Sao Jos^, tn., Brazil, Minas Geraes. See Tlradentes. 
 
 Sao Jos6 da Parabyba, tn., Brazil. See SSo Jos^ dos 
 Campos. 
 
 Sfio Jos^ de Mlplbn, vil., about 13 m. from the E. ct. of 
 Brazil, in 6° 9' S., state of Rio Grande do Norte, 140 m. N. by 
 W. Pernambuco, connected by i-ail with the seaport of Natal. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Sao Jos^ de Porto Alegre, seapt. tn., Brazil, on S. frontier 
 of state of Bahia, in 18° 6' S. , on 1. bk. of mouth of the Mucury. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Sao Jos^ do Norte, tn. , Brazil, state of and opposite the town 
 of Rio Grande do Sul, at the entrance to the Lagoa dos Patos. 
 P. 2000. 
 
 Sao Jos6 dos Campos, formerly Sfto Jos^ da Parabyba, 
 tn. and rly. stn. , Brazil, Sao Paulo, 58 m. NNE. Santos. P. 
 14,000. 
 
 Sao Leopoldo, tn. , Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, 35 m. N. by 
 W. Porto Alegre ; has saw-mills, oil-works, brass foundries, tan- 
 yards, and manufactures sugar, hats, firearms, and salt. Sao 
 Leopoldo was the first German colony in Brazil, founded 1824. 
 Alt. 361ft. Mean temp. (5 yrs., 1869-73), yr. 66.7° F., Feb. 
 77-5°. July 54- 7°- P- 8000. 
 
 Sao Lonrenco Cangncn, tn. , Brazil. See Cangncn. 
 
 Sao Lulz, or Sao Lulz de MaraubSlo, tn., Brazil. See 
 Maranbam. 
 
 Sao Lnlz da Parabytlnga, tn. , Brazil, Sao Paulo, on the 
 upper Parahiba, 90 m. NE. Santos; climate pleasant and 
 healthy. P. 11,00c. 
 
 Sao Lulz de C&ceres, tn. , Brazil, state of and about 44 m. 
 SSW. Matto Grosso. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sao Mamede, Serra de, chain of mts., Portugal, Alemtejo, 
 on the frontier of Estremadura, Spain, crossed by 39° 20' N. 
 Highest point, 3360 ft. Length, NW. to SE., about 25 m. 
 
 Sao Marcos, Babla de, bay, on the N. ct. of Brazil, at the 
 mouth of the Guajahu, in 44^° W. 
 
 Sao Martlnbo, tn., S. ct. of Madeira I. P. (comm.)<500o. 
 
 Sao Martlnho, tn. , on the W. ct. of Portugal, prov. Leiria, 
 29 m. NW. Santarem. Sao Martinho is the shipping port for 
 the large glass-works of Marinha Grande, with which it is con- 
 nected by a tramway 23 m. long ; also exports pine wood, &c. 
 The estuary has a bar 100 yards wide. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sao Martlnbo do Blspo, tn. , Portugal, dist. Coimbra. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Sao Matbens, tn. , Azores, on SE. ct. of Pico I. P. (comm.) 
 <4ooo. 
 
 Sao Matbens, tn. , Brazil, Espirito Santo, in 18° 45' S. , 39" 
 52' W. 
 
 Sao Miguel, isl. , Azores. See St. Mlcbael. 
 
 Sao Miguel, seapt. and fishing port, on the E. ct. of Brazil, 
 Santa Catharina, in 27"^ 26' S. P. <2ooo. 
 
 1383 
 
S AO M 
 
 S AOT 
 
 Sao Miguel e Almas, tn., Brazil, state of Minas Geraes, 
 124 m. NNE. Ouro Preto, on 1. bk. of the Ocanhas. P. 
 {comm.) 6800. 
 
 Saona, isl., 13 m. long by 3 m. broad, to the S. of the E. end 
 of the republic of Santo Domingo, W. Indies. 
 
 Saone, the ancient Arar, riv. , France, rises in dep. Vosges, 
 flows S. to Corre, where navigation begins, and receives the 
 Canal de I'Est, which connects it with the Meuse and Moselle ; 
 then it flows SSW. , passes Gray, and at Heuilly receives the 
 Marne Canal, and enters the plain of Burgundy, where it is 
 connected with the Rhone and Rhine Canal and the Burgundy 
 Canal. At Verdun it is joined by the Doubs (which is rather 
 more than 100 in. longer than the portion of the Saone above 
 the confluence), and then again turns due S. , flows past Ch&lon, 
 where the Canal du Centre branches off" uniting it to the Loire, 
 crosses the wide plains of Macon, and finally enters the Rhone 
 at Lyons. Total length 300 m. , of which 232 m. are navigable ; 
 area of basin, 8295 sq. m.; discharge, at low water 780 cubic 
 ft. per second, at normal height 8830 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Sa6ne, Hante-, dep., E. France, traversed N. to SW. by 
 Saone R. , formed in 1790 out of Franche-Comt^ (chiefly the 
 Baillage d'Amont, with a small part of Montb^liard), divided 
 into three arrs. : Vesoul (cap.). Gray, and Lure. Surface mainly 
 a plateau intersected by valleys, lowest (605 ft.) in the SW. , at 
 the confluence of the Saone with the Ognon, rising gently to- 
 wards the E. and NE. to about Lure and Luxeuil, then more 
 tapidly to the Vosges on the NE. frontier, highest point Ballon 
 de Servance (3970 ft.), NNE. Champagfney; the plateau region, 
 of which the mean elevation is 820-985 ft. , is characterised by 
 numerous depressions or 'sinks,' and the general absence of 
 surface streams, the water sinking through and forming sub- 
 terranean streams, which issue as springs in the valleys. The 
 dep. belongs to the basin of the Rhone, by the Saone {q.v.), of 
 which the principal tribs. in the dep. are (1. bk. ) Coney, Lanterne, 
 Durgeon, and Ognon, the last forming part of the southern 
 boundary ; a small dist. around H6ricourt, in the SE. , is drained 
 to the Doubs. As regards geological structure, granite pre- 
 dominates in the Vosges, flanked by Lower Carboniferous beds, 
 while the plateau consists chiefly of Jurassic limestone, but all 
 periods are represented. Forests cover about one-third of the 
 surface. Climate mild throughout the greater part, more 
 severe in the NE. The principal cereals are wheat and oats, 
 then rye ; less than 2 f)er cent, of the surface is under the vine 
 (Chariez, Gy, &c.), and the production per acre is only about 
 half the average for France ; tobacco is cultivated around 
 Vesoul ; market-gardens are numerous about Navenne. Coal 
 is the principal mineral (Ronchamps, Gouhenans, &c.) ; argenti- 
 ferous copp>er (Passavant), manganese (Faucogney ), a little iron. 
 Textile manufactures take the lead ; cotton spinning (Fougerolles, 
 H^ricourt, &c.), weaving (Faucogney, Fresse, &c.), druggets 
 (Saint-Loup, &c.) ; metallurgical industries include blast-furnaces 
 (Saveux, Loulans-les-Forges, &c. ), the manufacture of steel and 
 various kinds of hardware. Area, 177S sq. m. P. (1891) 
 268,300. See France, table. 
 
 Sadiie-et-Lotre, dep., E. France, traversed N. to S. by the 
 Saone (partly on frontier of Ain), and S. to NW. by the 
 Loire (chiefly on frontier of Allier) ; formed in 1790 out of parts 
 of Burgundy (Autunois, Brionnais, Charolais, Chilonnais, and 
 MAconnais), divided into five arrs.: Macon (cap.), Charolles, 
 Autun, ChS,lon-sur-S&one, Louhans. Surface generally moun- 
 tainous or hilly, with the exception of the plain of Sa6ne in the 
 E. The Morvan dist. in the NW., with well- wooded hills, 
 separated by winding gorges, and interspersed with meadows, 
 rises on the frontier of Nifevre, to the culminating point of the 
 dep. , Haut Folin (2960 ft. ) ; in the SW. are the mountains of 
 Charolais, with rich pasture-lands, rising in Mont de la Chapelle 
 St. Cyr to 2540 ft. , and SE. the M^connais Mts. (a continuation 
 of the Beaujolais Mts. of Rhone), with M^re Bottler (2495 ft.) 
 on the S. frontier. The plain of the S3.one attains its greatest 
 width about Chilon ; the N. part is known as the Bresse Chdlon- 
 naise, and the central as the Bresse Louhannaise. The dep. is 
 divided almost equally between the basins of the S^one and 
 Loire, a very small dist. in the extreme NW. being drained to 
 the Seine ; the Saone receives on r. bk. Dheune and Grosne, 1. bk. 
 Doubs and Seille ; the Loire receives, r. bk. , Arconne and Arroux. 
 The- Sa6ne and Loire are navigable ; the Canal du Centre 
 connects the Loire and its lateral canal with the Sa6ne. Jurassic 
 and Lias formations predominate in the centre, Tertiary in 
 the E., granitic rocks in the W. and NW., with outcrops in 
 the SE.; Permian strata cross the dep. NE. and SW., and 
 Carboniferous occur towards the W. Forests cover nearly one- 
 fifth of the surface (Charolles, Autun, Louhan). Climate sub- 
 ject to extremes ; healthy, except in the Bresse. The principal 
 cereal is wheat, then oats and maize ; the vine occupies about 
 3^ per cent, of the area (Ch^lon, Macon), and the production 
 per acre is above the average. Coal is extensively worked 
 (Creuzot, St. Berain, Montceaux-les-Mines, &c.), iron (Epinac, 
 &c. ) ; other minerals are lead, slates, asphalt. Metallurgical 
 industries, of which Creuzot is the chief centre, are exceedingly 
 important, including sheet-iron, rails, locomotives, &c.; iron- 
 1384 
 
 foundries (Chalon, Autun, Macon, &c.); textile manufactures are 
 limited. Area, 3331 sq. m. P. (1891)619,500. See France, table. 
 
 S&oner, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , dist. and 22 m. NW. 
 Nagpur ; manufactures cotton-cloth ; has a large ruined fort. 
 P. 5600 ; Hindus, 5200. 
 
 Sao Xlcolfio, or Sao Nlcolan, one of the Cape Verde Is. , in 
 16° 35' N. , 24° 15' W. ; dry and sterile, and said to be unhealthy. 
 
 Sao Xlcolfto, riv., Portuguese W. Africa, Angola, rises on the 
 W. slope of the Serra Tama, and flows W. to the coast, into 
 the Atlantic in about 14° 20' S. , after a course of about 80 m. 
 
 Sao Paulo, one of the S. littoral states of Brazil, between the 
 upper Parana (N. and W. ), riv. Paranapanema-Itarary (S. ), 
 and the sea (E. , 300 m. of coast). A narrow zone [Beira Mar) 
 between the edge of the plateau (Serras do Mar - Paranapia- 
 caba) and the sea. From the coast highlands (2000 ft. NE.- 
 4000 ft. SW. ) to the interior (Serra Acima) the plateau forms 
 an inclined plane (3000-2000 ft. high) through which run, NW. , 
 many parallel rivers (Ti6t6, the principal and most central). 
 The W. half of the plateau is almost unknown. The NE. is 
 mountainous, with branches of Serra Mantiqueira (S. Occi- 
 dental), Morro do Lopo (the highest point, 5460 ft.). All the 
 sea slopes and littoral islands are covered with forests ; on the 
 plateau, forests {Araucaria) and campos. Coffee is the im- 
 portant culture (one to two millions of bags of i cwt. per year ; 
 1887, three millions), sugar-cane, cotton, tobacco, wine (Sao 
 Paulo, Ti6t6, Mogy, Sorocaba, Cunha), gold and silver (Soro- 
 caba, Apiahy), lead (Iporanga, Apiahy), iron (Ipanema, Pau- 
 bat6, Caqapava, Tatuhy, Itapetininga, Barreiros), coal (Tatuhy, 
 upper Ti6t6). Great industrial activity. The Paulistas were 
 the most energetic explorers of the interior, traversing during 
 the i6th and 17th centuries the whole continent to the 
 Amazon and the Andes. Sao Paulo is still the most pro- 
 gressive of all Brazilian states. The climate is temperate and 
 very healthy for S. Europeans. Three important colonial 
 centres : Cannas, Cascalho, Ribeirao Preto (great Italian im- 
 migration). Santos is a very good port. Harbours between 
 the islands (Sao Sebastiao, Victoria, &c.) and the mainland. 
 See BrazU. [J. B. R.] 
 
 S5o Paulo, the largest and, commercially and industrially, the 
 most active and enterprising town in Brazil, cap. of state Sao 
 Paulo, 35 m. NW. Santos, situated on a high but not altogether 
 healthy plain, being too near the marshes of the Ti6t6, which 
 flows past the town on the N. Owes its origin to a Jesuit 
 college, founded here about 1560, and now constituting the 
 government buildings. Alt. 2393 ft. Mean temp. (5 yrs. , 
 1879-83), yr. 64.0° F., Jan. 70.9°, July 56.7°; mean annual 
 rfall. (5 yrs.), 58.8 in. P. 100,000 (Reclus). 
 
 Sfio Paulo de Assumpcfto de Loanda, W. Aftica. See 
 Lonnda. 
 
 Sao Paulo do Mnrlahe, tn. , Brazil, Minas Geraes, 130 m. 
 NNE. Rio de Janeiro. 
 
 Sao Pedro d'AIdela, tn., Brazil, state Rio de Janeiro. P. 
 12,000. 
 
 Sao Pedro <lo Sul, tn., Portugal, prov. Beira, 11 m. NW. 
 Vizeu ; tin mined ; mineral springs. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sao KomSo, tn. , Brazil. See 880 Francisco. 
 
 Sao Koque, cape, Brazil, easternmost point of S. America, 
 in 5° 28' 17" S. , 35° 17' 26" W. ; lighthouse of La Parahyba in 
 34° 49' 5" W. 
 
 Saorta, tribe, E. Africa. See Asaorta. 
 
 Sao Salvador, the ancient Ambassi, tn., W. Africa, Angola, 
 cap. Congo dist., in 6° 17' S. , 14° 53' E. , 180 m. E. by S. of the 
 mouth of the Congo. Destroyed in 1550 by the savage Ajak- 
 hos or Yakkos ; it was again flourishing in the 17th century. 
 English Baptist Society station. Alt. 1840 ft. Mean temp. (3^ 
 yrs., 1883-86), yr. 72.9° F., Feb. 75.9°, July 67.8°. P. <:20oo. 
 
 SSo Salvador da Bahla, tn. , Brazil. See Balila. 
 
 Sao SebastlAo, or Tljncas, seapt. and fishing port, on the 
 E. ct. of Brazil, Santa Catharina, in 27° 13' S. P. <20oo. 
 
 SSo SebastlSlo, Cabo do, promontory, Portuguese E. Africa, 
 Mozambique, in 22° 6' S. 
 
 Sao SebastlSo da Cahy, vil. , Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, on 
 the Rio Cahy, 34 m. NW. by N. Porto Alegre. 
 
 S£o Sebastlfio de Rio de Janeiro, official name of Rio de 
 Janeiro [q.tJ.). 
 
 Silo Sebastl3o do Paralso, tn., Brazil, state of Minas Geraes, 
 205 m. W. Ouro Preto. P. <:40oo; municip. P. 24,000. 
 
 SSo SebastlAo dos Aflllctos, tn., Brazil, state of Minas 
 Geraes, 60 m. SE. Ouro Preto. P. (comm.) 11,000. 
 
 Silo SlmSo, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, state Sao Paulo, 186 m. 
 NW. by N. Santos. P. 10,000. 
 
 Saosnols, or Sonnols, small dist., ancient France, included 
 in N. of Maine, on the frontiers of Normandy. 
 
 SSo Tbeotonlo, tn., Portugal, dist. Beja, near the W. ct. , 
 38 m. NE. by N. Cape St. Vincent. P. <:4000. 
 
 Sfto Thlago, Portuguese spelling of Santiago. See Cape 
 de Verde Islands. 
 
 Silo Thlago «le Cacem, tn., Portugal, dist. and 55 m. SSE. 
 Lisbon. Cultivation of fruit ; has an aqueduct, and remains of 
 Moorish fortifications. Site of the Roman J/eWi5/-?^a. P. < 4000. 
 
S AOT 
 
 SARA 
 
 SSo Thoni^, isl., Gulf of Guinea. See St. Thomas. 
 Sfto Thoni^, Cabo <le, cape, Brazil, E. ct. , in 22° 2' S. 
 sa© Vicente, tn. , Madeira, 11 m. NW. Funchal, on N. ct. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 S&o Vicente, Portugal and Cape Verde Is. See St. Vincent. 
 
 SapSo, riv. , Brazil. See Grande, Rlu. 
 
 Sapapalll, vil. and bay on the E. ct. of Savaii I., Samoan 
 group, S. Pacific, in about 13° 42' S. 
 
 Saparna, isl., E. Indies, Moluccas, E. of Amboina. Area, 
 63 sq. m. P. 14,400. 
 
 Sapcute, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 8 m. SE. by S. 
 Bosworth, on the Soar, 2 m. SSE. Elmsthorpe stn., P.O. P. 
 <75o- 
 
 Sapcio Island, isl., U.S., Georgia, forming part of Macintosh 
 CO. , 38 m. S. Savannah. 
 
 Sapelo Sonnd, bay, U.S., Georgia, on coast of Macintosh 
 CO. , 36 m. S. Savannah. 
 
 Sapeton, par. , Eng. , Somerset. See Shepton Mallet. 
 
 Sapey, Lower, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 10 
 m. WNW. Worcester, 3^ m. NW. Knightwick stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Sapey, Upper, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 12^ m. E. 
 by N. Leominster, 4 m. SE. by S. Knighton stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Saphir, vil. , Palestine. See Es SMftr. 
 
 Sapl, tn. and small port, E. Indies, E. ct. of Sumbava, 
 Celebes, at head of Bay of Sapi. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Saplan, Batala de, bay, N. ct. of Panay I., Philippine Is., 
 in ii" 32' N., 122° 35' E. 
 
 Sapienza, small isl. off the SW. ct. of Greece, prov. Messenia, 
 8 m. S. Navarino. 
 
 -Sapiston, par., Eng., Suffolk, 3 m. NW. Ixworth. P. <250. 
 
 Sapley, part of par. , Eng. , Huntingdonshire. See Hartford 
 and Sapley. 
 
 Sapoa, small stream, Costa Rica, lower course on frontier of 
 Nicaragua, enters W. side of Lake Nicaragua. Its valley was 
 at one time recommended by some as the route for the W. end 
 of the Nicaragua Canal. 
 
 Saponara, comm., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 24 m. S. by 
 E. Potenza; ruins of the ancient (7rww««/a;«. P. < 3000. 
 
 Sapone, Pnnta del, cape, Italy, in the E. , in 40° 23' N., 
 with a lighthouse. 
 
 Saposoa, tn. , Peru, dep. Loreto, cap. prov. Huallaga, 86 m. 
 SSE. Moyobamba. P. <40oo. 
 
 Sapozhok, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 85 m. SE. Ryazan ; 
 surrounded by populous villages; woollen cloth mills. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sappemeer, colony, Netherlands, prov. and 10 m. ESE. 
 Groningen. 
 
 Sapperton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 4^ m. W. 
 by N. Cirencester, PM.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Sapperton 
 with Frampton) P. <:75o. 
 
 Sapperton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 6J m. 
 E. by S. Grantham, 5^ m. ENE. Great Ponton stn. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (Sapperton with Braceby) P. -^250. 
 
 Sap'poro, tn. , Japan, Yezo, 95 m. NNE. Hakodate; has 
 saw-mills and brass foundries. Sapporo is connected with its 
 port, Otaru, by a railway which extends to the coal-mines of 
 Poronai. The town is built on the American plan, with wide 
 streets ; it possesses a school of agriculture with a model farm, 
 and a zoological museum. Climate cold. Mean temp. (6 yrs., 
 1881-86), yr. 43.8° F., Jan. 20.5°, Aug. 69.9°; annual rfall. 
 (4 yrs.), 40.63 in. P. (1887) 13,800. 
 
 Saprl, comm. and small port on the SW. ct. of Italy, Cam- 
 pania, prov. Salerno, 40 m. S. by W. Potenza. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 SapncAhl, riv. , Brazil, in S. of state Minas Geraes, flows N. 
 and NNW. from the Sierra da Mantiqueira to the Rio Grande, 
 which it enters (1. bk. ) a little W. of 46° W. Length about 200 m. 
 
 Sapncala, tn., Brazil, state of and 70 m. NNE. Rio de 
 Janeiro. P. (with dist. ) 14,000. 
 
 Sapncalarocca, tn. , Brazil, Amazonas, on the Madeira, 112 
 m. S. Manaos. 
 
 Sapntan, mt. , in the NE. penin. of Celebes. Alt. 5880 ft. 
 
 Saqnarema, ct. tn., Brazil, state and 43 m. E. Rio de 
 Janeiro. P. 16,000. 
 
 Sara, riv. , Bolivia. See Plray. 
 
 Sarabat, riv. , Asia Minor. See Gedlz-chal. 
 
 Sarabl, tn. , Upper Egypt, prov. Siut. P. 6000. 
 
 Sarabla, comm. , Philippine Is. , Negros I. P. 10,000. 
 
 Sarabnrl, tn. , Siam, at the head of navigation on the Nam- 
 Sak (1. bk. trib. Menam), 62 m. NNE. Bangkok. 
 
 Saracena, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, q.\ m. SW. 
 Castro villari. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Saracen's Head, P.O., Eng., Lincolnshire, 3 m. from Hol- 
 beach. 
 
 Sarae, plateau, N. Abyssinia, prov. Tigre. Mean alt. 6230 ft. 
 
 SArafalva, comm., Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. Perjamos. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Saragossa, in Spanish Zaragoza, the ancient Ccesarea 
 Augusta, tn. , Spain, cap. prov. Saragossa and of the old kgd. 
 of Aragon, on r. bk. of the Ebro, at the confluence of the small 
 Huerva, 160 m. W. Barcelona. The cathedral is celebrated all 
 over Spain for its sanctuary, which attracts numerous pilgrims. 
 
 The university was founded, 1474. Saragossa has a leaning clock 
 tower, 275 ft. high, and a bridge of 7 arches, 820 ft. long, dating 
 from the 15th century, which connects the suburb Altabas, on 
 opposite bank of the Ebro, with the city. Among its other edu- 
 cational establishments are an episcopal seminary, academy 
 of the fine arts, with a museum containing pictures by Titian, 
 Dominican, and Salvator Rosa; an economical society; a 
 considerable public library and a botanic garden. Its manu- 
 factures of silks, woollens, and leather have greatly declined, 
 but it has still a considerable trade in agricultural produce by 
 the Ebro. Saragossa is very ancient, and numerous vestiges of 
 Roman remains attest its former importance. Scene of an ever 
 memorable siege sustained 1808-1809 against the French under 
 Marshal Lannes; the heroism of the defenders being greatly 
 fired by the ' Maid of Saragossa,' sung of by Southey and Byron. 
 Saragossa, the Saldubde of the Cantabrians, was destroyed in 
 45 B.C. by Julius Caesar ; was taken by the Vandals, 409 ; in 
 475 by the Visigoths ; and in 715 by the Moors, who in 1017 
 made it the cap. of the kingdom Sara^ostha. Conquered by 
 Alfonso I., 1118, it became one of the principal towns of 
 Christian Spain. In 1317 the ancient bishopric of Saragossa 
 was made an archbishopric. After the union of Aragon and 
 Castille, Saragossa rapidly declined. Alt. 655 ft. Mean temp. 
 (15 yrs.), yr. 59.1° F., Jan. 42.2°, July 77.8°. P. (1860)67,400 ; 
 (1887) 92,400. 
 
 Saral, tn. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet Adrianople, sanjak 
 Kirk-Kilise, 60 m. WNW. Constantinople. 
 
 Sariilkalii, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Singhbhum, 150 
 m. W. Calcutta. 
 
 Saral Kala, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 20 m, WNW. 
 Rawalpindi. P. < 5000. 
 
 Saral-kiil, tn., Turkey in Asia, in the W. of Asia Minor, 
 vilayet and 105 m. ESE. Smyrna, sanjak Denizlii. P. 4900 ; 
 Moham. 4400. 
 
 Sarsil Mir, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Azamgarh, 
 50 m. N. by W. Benares. P. (1881) 5200. 
 
 Sardl Sdleh, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, Haz4ra dist., centre of 
 the Haripur plain; goldsmiths from here visit Afghanistan and 
 central Asia. P. 5000. 
 
 Sarajevo, or Serajevo, Turkish Bosna-Seral, fortified tn. , 
 cap. Bosnia, on the Miljacka, a r. bk. trib. of the Bosna ; seat 
 of a Roman Catholic bishop, and of a metropolitan of the 
 Orthodox Greek Church ; also seat of a college. Manufactures, 
 iron, copper, and brass wares, cotton goods, tobacco, &c. A 
 citadel overlooks the town. The quarter on r. bk. of the river 
 is the commercial town, that on 1. bk. is the administrative town. 
 Alt. 1740 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 46.2° F., Jan. 27.1°, 
 July 65.3°. P. 26,300. 
 
 Sara-kaniysh. See Transcasplan Territory. 
 
 Sarakhs, fort in the extreme NE. of Persia, 90 m. E. by N. 
 Meshed, on the 1. bk. of theTejend R. (Heri-Rud), the point of 
 defence for the NE. of Persia, and the key to the valley of 
 Herat. Alt. 860 ft. 
 
 Sarakl, tn. , W. Africa, central Sudan, 28 m. SSW. Rabba, 
 27 m. from 1. bk. of the Niger, in 4° 56' E. P. 40,000. 
 
 Saraklnada, vil. , Greece, prov. Messenia, 23 m. N. by E. 
 Navarino. 
 
 Saraklno, isl. , Greece, one of the Sporades, 31 m. off the 
 NE. ct. of Euboea I. 
 
 Saraniacca, riv., Dutch Guiana, flows on the whole N. , but 
 with a great bend to the E. , finally entering the Atlantic from 
 the SE. in 55° 43' W. 
 
 Sarana, or Segala, tn. , French Sudan, in Beledugu country 
 W. of the upper Niger, in about 14° N. , 6° 40' W. P. 12,000. 
 
 Saranac, vil., U.S., Michigan, Ionia co. , on the Grand R. , 
 80 m. SW. by W. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Saranac, riv., U.S., New York, in the NE. , issues from 
 lower Saranac Lake and flows NE. then E. into Lake Cham 
 plain at Plattsburg. Length about 100 m. 
 
 Saranac Lake, vil., U.S., New York, Franklin co. , on 
 Saranac R. , 4 m. from Keeseville. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Saranac Lake, Lower and Tpper, U.S., New York, Franklin 
 CO., 48 m. W. by S. Burlington (Vt. ) ; the former 3 or 4 m., the 
 latter 10 m. long. Alt. 1557 ft. (Geol. Survey of N. Y.). 
 
 Saranda, or Zaranda, tn. , central Sudan, Sokoto, 22 m. 
 WSW. Yakubu, in 10° 16' N., 9° 11' E. In the NE. rises the 
 isolated mountain of Saranda, 7000 ft. high. 
 
 Sarandl, vil. , Uruguay, dep. Florida, 70 m. N. Montevideo. 
 P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Saranganl, volcano. See Sangnll. 
 
 Silrangarh, tn. , India, Central Provs. , cap. Sdrangarh state, 
 10 m. S. of the riv. Mahanadi, and in about 83° 5' E. P. (1881) 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Sarangpnr, tn. , Central India Agency, Dewds state, on 
 r. bk. of Kali Sind R. P. (1881) 13,500. 
 
 Saransk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 88 m. N. Penza, on 
 railway Ryazan-Kazan ; brisk trade in corn, hemp, tallow, 
 spirits, leather, and hempseed oil ; large fair. P. 13,700. 
 
 Saraorcl, vil. , Servia, on the Jesava, prov. and 15 m. SSE. 
 Semendria. P. < 2000. 
 
 1385 
 
SARA — SARD 
 
 Sarapsap, tn. , Philippine Is., Luzon, 127 m. NNW. Manila. 
 P. 6200. 
 
 Sarapal, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 388 m. SE. Vyatka, on 
 r. bk. of Kama ; large manufacture of boots, shoes, and gloves, 
 exported chiefly to Nizhniy and Siberia; port on Kama. P. 
 15.850. 
 
 Sara-sn, riv. , Asia Minor. See Selhnn. 
 
 Saraswati, sacred riv. , Brit. India, Punjab, rises in 30° 23' 
 N. , 77° 19' E. ; in its upper portion a mere succession of ponds ; 
 flows SW. into the Ghaggar, in 29° 51' N., 76° 5' E. 
 
 Saraswati, silted up channel, Brit. India, Bengal, formerly 
 the main stream of the Ganges. 
 
 Saras-wAtl, riv. , W. India, rises in Mount Abu, Rajputana, 
 and flows SW. to the Rann of Cutch. Length, 100 m. 
 
 Saras watpnr, tn., India. See Sidior. 
 
 Siirathii, port, India, Orissa, Balasor dist., in 21° 35' N. , 
 87° 8' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Saratoga, vil., U.S., California, Santa Clara co., 12 m. SW. 
 San Jos6 ; is a great resort for invalids on account of its mineral 
 springs. P. < 1500. 
 
 Saratoga, co. , U. S. , New York, bounded on the E. and partly 
 on the N. by the Hudson R. , partly bounded on the S. by the 
 Mohawk R. 
 
 Saratoga, lake, U.S., New York, in Saratoga co., 4 m. SE. 
 Saratoga Springs. Length 9 m. , by 2 m. wide. 
 
 Saratoga Spit, Japan. See Kwaiinoii-zakl. 
 
 Saratoga Springs, vil. , U.S. , New York, Saratoga co. , 26 m. 
 N. by W. Troy. Saratoga is a noted watering-place, containing 
 28 mineral springs within an area of about ^ m. , and is visited 
 in the summer months by many thousands of persons. Large 
 quantities of the water are exported. Near it the British troops, 
 under General Burgoyne, surrendered to the American General 
 Gates, 1777. P. (1850) 4700; (1870) 8500; (1880) 8400; {1890) 
 12,000. 
 
 Saratov, govt, of SE. Rtissia, on r. bk. of lower Volga, 
 has Penza and Simbirsk on N. , Samara and Astrakhaii on E. , 
 and Don Cossacks, Voronezh, and Tambov on W. It occupies 
 the E. part of the central plateau of Russia, 700-900 ft. high, 
 which slopes gently towards the steppe region in the S. , and 
 falls abruptly towards the Volga, where it is much cut by 
 ravines. AH formations, from the Carboniferous in the N. to 
 the Miocene in the S. , are represented ; well watered, especially 
 in N. The Volga flows along its E. border for 500 m. , receiving, 
 besides the Sura, but small tribs.; the Medvyeditsa, Khoper, 
 and Ilovlya, tribs. of the Don, in the W. Good forests in 
 the N. , but great want of them in the S. Climate severe, the 
 average temps, being : Saratov, yr. 41.5° F., Jan. 12°, July 72° ; 
 Tsaritsyn, yr. 44.4° F. , Jan. 13°, July 75°. Soil very fertile, but 
 the crops occasionally suffer from droughts. Population chiefly 
 Great Russians (75 per cent.). Little Russians (7 per cent.), 
 Germans (7 per cent.), Mordvinians (6 per cent.), and Tatars 
 (3 per cent.); also about 11,000 Chuvashes, some Meshcher- 
 yaks and Poles. Corn grown extensively for export ; oil-yielding 
 plants, including mustard, sunflower, and linseed. Good 
 gardening. Manufactures only now beginning to be developed ; 
 flour-mills, woollen cloth, tanneries, oils, machinery, and iron. 
 Brisk trade in agricultural produce, and active navigation. 
 Divided into ten dists. : Saratov, Atkarsk, Balashov, Kamyshin, 
 Khvalynsk, Kuznetsk, Petrovsk, Serdobsk, Tsaritsyn, and 
 Volsk. Many large villages, Sarepta, Dubovka, Samoilovka, 
 Koloyar, &c. Area, 32,624 sq. m. P. (1882) 2,113,100; (1890) 
 2,427,600. 
 
 Saratov, city, SE. Russia, cap. of above govt. , on r. bk. of 
 Volga, 532 m. by rail SE. of Moscow, picturesquely and well 
 built on high hills which slope to the Volga ; has a museum, 
 a fine-art gallery, and more than the usual educational institu- 
 tions. A large village, Pokrovskaya, 25,000 inhabitants, situ- 
 ated on the opposite side of the river, forms its suburb. Saratov 
 is becoming an important centre for flour-mills, distilleries, oil- 
 works, and tobacco factories. Considerable trade in corn, oil, 
 hides, wool, woollen cloth, fruit, fish, kerosene-oil, &c. , coming 
 from the S. and shipped up the Volga or sent westwards, as 
 well as in manufactured goods imported from central Russia. 
 P. (1830) 49,660; (1859) 69,660; (1882) 112,430; (1893) 123,230. 
 
 Sar^wali, terr. , in the W. of Borneo, extending from about 
 lat. 0° So'-3° 40' N. Subject to a rdjah of British family, and 
 now under British protection. It is largely mountainous or hilly, 
 but has extensive level tracts on and near the coast. Principal 
 rivers in the order from NE. to SW. , the Bintulu, Oya, Rejang 
 (the largest of all), Batang Lupar, Sadong, Samarahan, and 
 Sardwak. Its principal vegetable products are sago, grown 
 chiefly in the N., gutta-percha and other jungle produce obtained 
 chiefly in the middle section, gambier and pepper, all largely ex- 
 ported, above all sago, Sarawak having the largest export of sago 
 in the world. The southern division, the residency of Sarawak 
 proper, is rich in minerals, exporting a large amount of antimony 
 and quicksilver obtained from the hilly country about the head- 
 waters of the Sarawak R. The climate is said to be healthy for 
 Europeans, notwithstanding a rainfall of 160-200 in. a year. 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1880, pp. 193-205, map, p. 256 (about 
 1386 
 
 1 : 3,650,000), with an inset of the residency of Sarawak (about 
 1 : 940,000). 
 
 Sardwait, tn., cap. of the rajahship. See Knelling. 
 
 Sarilvraii, riv., in the SW. of Sarawak, flows XE. then N. 
 through the residency of Sarawak, with two entrances, the 
 Moratabas entrance having its mouth in 1° 39' N., and 110° 
 30' E. , the safer of the two, and that generally used ; and the 
 Santubong entrance, having its mouth in 1° 42' N. , 110° 19' E. 
 
 SaraM'ali, vil. , Lower Burma, dist. Tharawadi, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Irdwadi, 70 m. NNW. Pegu. 
 
 SaraM'aii, or Presqn' Isle, vil., Canada, Ontario, Grey co. , 
 on Owen Sound, Georgian Bay, 36 m. WNW. Collingwood. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Sarawan, tn. , French Indo-China, 90 m. SW. by W'. Hu6. 
 
 Sarawi, vil. , Lower Egypt. See Sarn^. 
 
 Sara-Yacn, vil., Peru, dep. Loreto, 400 m. NNE. Lima. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Sdrbogl^rd, comm., Hungary, co. Fejer, 45 m. SSW. Buda- 
 pest. P. ^sooo. 
 
 Sarbsker-See, ct. lake, 4J m. long, near the extreme E. of 
 the Prussian prov. of Pomerania, drained "W. into the Leba R. 
 
 Sarca, riv. , Austria, Tirol, traverses the Val Rendena de Pin- 
 zolo, and flows into Lake Garda at the N. end. 
 
 Sarcella Passage, channel. Pacific, between New Caledonia 
 and the Isle of Pines, in 22° 25' S. , 167° 15' E. 
 
 Sarcelles, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Pontoise, 9i 
 m. N. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <c20oo. 
 
 Sarcey, vil., France, dep. Rhone, arr. and 16 m. NW. 
 Lyons ; has an establishment for aromatic vapour baths. Alt. 
 1210 ft. P. (comm.)<20oo. 
 
 Sarclet, small fishing vil., Scot., Caithness, 4^ m. SSW. 
 Wick, on the coast. Sarclet Head, a cape adjoining. 
 
 Sarco.vie, tn. , U.S., Missouri, Jasper co., on Centre Creek, 
 12 m. by rail NW. Pierce City. P. < 1500. 
 
 SArda, or Karnlili-S&rda, riv., India, Oudh, rises in the 
 Himalayas, and joins the Gogra on its r. bk. in 27° 9' N., 81° 
 E. It is called Karnali in its upper, and Sarda in its lower 
 course. The Karnali forms the boundary between Kumaun 
 and Nepal. 
 
 Sarddrsliahr, tn., India, Rajputana, 80 m. ENE. Bikaner. 
 P. (1881) 5900. 
 
 Sardegna, Italian name of Sardinia {q.v.). 
 
 SardbAna, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 10 m. 
 NW\ by N. Meerut. P. 12,100; Hindus, 5400; Moham. 5300. 
 
 Sardinia, Italian Sar«legna, next to Sicily the largest and 
 most important island of the Mediterranean, about one-fifth 
 larger than Wales, situated S. of Corsica, from which it is 
 separated by the Strait of Bonifacio, 115 m. SW. the nearest 
 point of the Italian Penin. , between 38° 51' 50" and 41° 15' 42" 
 N. , 8° 3' 39" and 9° 50' 30" E. Length, 164 m. ; average breadth, 
 61 ni. Divided into two provs. , Cagliari (S. half) and Sassari 
 (N. half) ; cap. Cagliari. Surface generally mountainous ; 
 Mount Gennargentu, near its centre, is 6365 ft. above the sea. 
 Chief rivers the Tirso, Coghinas or Mannu, Flumendosa, and 
 Samassi. The finest and most fertile valley is that of Campi- 
 dano, stretching from the Gulf of Cagliari in the S. , NW. to the 
 Gulf of Oristano. Coast much indented, and forms excellent 
 harbours ; that of Cagliari is one of the best in the Mediterranean. 
 There are numerous small islands near its shores ; the chief are 
 Asinara off the NW., St. Pietro and Sant' Antioco otTthe SW., 
 Maddalena, Caprera, and Razzoli off the NE. points. Climate 
 very variable [Cagliari, Sassari] ; snow lies on the highest 
 mountain for six or seven months in the year ; long droughts 
 frequently occur in summer, when many districts are rendered 
 extremely unhealthy on account of malaria. On the average of 
 the three years 1890-92, about half the area (mainly in the S. 
 half of the island) showed a death-rate due to malaria of more 
 than 4 f)er 1000. Under the amelioration laws of 1882 and 
 1886, upwards of 7000 ac. have been drained in the marshes of 
 Sanluri (about the middle of the Campidano). One-third of the 
 superficies is occupied by barren and stony deserts. There are 
 extensive forests of the oak, pine, cork, and chestnut trees. 
 Wheat is by far the most important cereal, occupying four times 
 the area of barley, the next ; but agricultural operations are 
 conducted in the rudest manner, although in ancient times the 
 island was considered one of the granaries of Rome. The 
 cultivation of the vine is increasing in importance, now extend- 
 ing over about three times the area occupied by it on the average 
 of the five years 1870-74 ; olive-oil is of inferior quality. Near 
 Mills, 12 m. NNE. Oristano, excellent oranges grow, and cotton 
 thrives near Cagliari in the S. Tobacco and salt are a royal 
 monopoly ; the salt-pans of the prov. of Cagliari (near the towns 
 of Cagliari and Carloforte) being the most valuable in the king- 
 dom. Domestic animals are small, and of inferior breeds ; the 
 moufflon, a species of sheep, is supposed to be indigenous. 
 Deer, wild boars, and foxes abound, and the skins of hares, 
 rabbits, martens, and foxes are exported. Tunny, anchovy, 
 and coral fisheries are important, but conducted chiefly by 
 foreigners. The island has been celebrated since ancient times 
 for its wealth in minerals. Zinc, lead, silver, manganese, 
 
SARD — SARN 
 
 antimony, and iron ore are all mined to a considerable extent, 
 and to a smaller extent coal. The mines are nearly all in the 
 S. of the island (S. of 39° 30'). The chief mining centre is 
 Iglesias, amongst the mountains, W. of the Campidano. Others 
 (Villacidro, Fluminimaggiore, Gonnesa, &c. ) occur in the neigh- 
 bourhood ; others NE. of Cagliari (Sinnai) ; others in the E. in 
 the lower valley of the Flumendosa (Muravera, &c.). The only 
 important mining centre in the N. is at Sassari, where zinc ore 
 is largely produced. Granite is quarried near Sassari and 
 Alghero. The mines of Sardinia were first worked in the time 
 of the Phcenicians, and their working was continued by the 
 Carthaginians and Romans. After the fall of the Western 
 Roman Empire they were abandoned till the nth century, from 
 which time till about the close of the 15th century they were 
 worked by the Pisans, Genoese, and Aragonese. After the dis- 
 covery of America their production declined, and they fell into 
 complete neglect, which continued till the union of the island 
 with Piedmont, and their working was not carried on actively 
 till after the introduction of railways. A railway starting from 
 Cagliari runs first NW. through the Campidano, with a branch 
 to Iglesias, then N. to near Ozieri, whence one branch runs 
 NW. to Sassari and Porto Torres, another NE. to Terranova, 
 Pausania, and Cape Figari. Sardinia was colonised by the 
 Carthaginians, from whom it was taken by the Romans after 
 the third Punic war (146 B.C.). On the fall of the Western 
 Empire, it came successively under the power of the Vandals, 
 Goths, and Moors. In the nth century it came into the pos- 
 session of Pisa, and at the end of the 12th century it was held 
 by the Genoese, and afterwards by the kings of Aragon till 1713. 
 In 1720 it was acquired by Savoy in exchange for Sicily. It 
 was the only portion of the Sardinian dominions which was left 
 in the power of the sovereign during the usurpation of the French 
 from 1798 to 1814. See Italy, table. 
 
 Sardinia, Kingdom of. See Italy, History. 
 
 Sardinia, Sea of, part of the W. Mediterranean, between 
 Sardinia on the E. and the Balearic Is. on the W. 
 
 Sardis, vil. , Asia Minor. See Sart. 
 
 Sardl.s, tn. , U.S., Mississippi, cap. Panola co. , 50 m. S. by 
 E. Memphis (Tenn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Sardis, vil., U.S., Ohio, Monroe co. , on the Ohio, 32 m. S. 
 by W. Wheeling (W. Va. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Sard Kuh, or ZanI Kiili (' cold mountain '), range of mts., 
 with NW. to SE. trend, W. Persia, between 32° 15' and 32° 
 35' N., crossed in the N. by 50° E. , W. of the upper Karun, 
 with peaks reaching 13,000 ft. ; covered with snow until late in 
 the year. Chief passes, Pambakal, Gil-i-Shah, Gurab. 
 
 Sardoal, tn. , Portugal, dist. and 36 m. NE. Santarem. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 Sare, vil. , France, dep. Basses- Pyr^ntes, arr. and 11 m. S. 
 by W. Bayonne ; gypsum and chalk quarried ; has a mineral 
 spring. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sare, tn. , Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 47 m. E. by N. Hamadan. 
 
 Saredon, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , 7^ m. NW. by 
 N. Walsall, 2 m. W. by N. Wyrley and Church Bridge stn. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Saremoneng, settlement. Cape Colony, Griqua-land West, 
 dist. Hay, 85 m. SW. Kuruman. 
 
 Sarengrad, tn. , Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, on the Danube, 
 27 m. W. Neusatz. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Sarepta, or Frledslinrg, vil., Canada, Ontario, Huron co., 
 20 m. from Seaforth. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Sarepta, Ger. colony, Russia, govt. Saratov, 18 m. SSE. 
 Tsaritsyn, on highway to Astrakhafi, on r. bk. ofVolga, at its 
 sharp bend to SE. ; cotton and woollen cloth -mills, tobacco 
 factories ; renowned in Russia for its mustard. Mineral waters 
 close by. P. 5650. 
 
 Sarepta, site of ruins, Syria, 8^ m. SSW. Saida (Sidon), 
 extending along the beach near the modern isl. of Sarfend ; 
 celebrated in the Bible for the miracles of Elijah. Here the 
 Sidonians manufactured glass. 
 
 Sarfnltz Pass. See Alps, Passes, IV. (4). 
 
 Sargans, tn. , Switzd. , cant. St. Gall, 5 m. N W. Ragaz ; has a 
 cold sulphureous spring. The town was burned down in 181 1. 
 Alt. 1675 ft. Mean annual rfall. (15 yrs.), 53.38 in. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Sargasso Sea, part of the N. Atlantic Ocean, remarkable for 
 its abundance of floating plants, chiefly species, or, according 
 to some botanists, varieties of Sargassiim, or gulf-weed. The 
 occurrence of this weed was first noticed by Columbus on his 
 first voyage of discovery (1492), who records that his whole 
 course was through masses of these weeds from the i6th of 
 September to the discovery of Guanahani on October 12th. 
 The area within which its occurrence is most frequent, and to 
 which accordingly the name Sargasso Sea may be confined, is 
 an ellipse with its long axis E. and W. , about 40°-75° W^ , its 
 short axis about 2o°-35° N., the area round which the current 
 of the N. Atlantic rotates. See Petermann s Mitteil. , 1891, pp. 
 129, &c. , and plate 10. 
 
 Sargent, co., U.S., N. Dakota, on the S. frontier, bounded 
 on the W. by 98° W. 
 
 Sarliad, Persia. See Serliad. 
 
 Sarhall Kalan, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 20 m. S. 
 by E. Amritsar. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sarhlud, tn. , India. See Slrlilud. 
 
 Sari, isl., Caspian Sea. See Sara. 
 
 Sari, vil., Corsica, arr. and 12 m. NE. by N. Ajaccio. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Sari, tn., Persia, prov. Mazanderan, 17 m. E. Barfarush. 
 Almost the entire population was destroyed by the Plague, 1836. 
 Sari has some prehistoric monuments in the neighbourhood ; 
 and here Feridun, the legendary hero of Persia, is said to be 
 buried. P. 8000. 
 
 Sari, Bay of, Japan, on N. ct. of Yezo, opens into the Sea 
 of Okhotsk. 
 
 Sarla, small isl., Asiatic Turkey, close to the N. end of 
 Kerpe (Scarpanto), 29 m. W. of the S. end of Rhodes I. 
 
 Sarl-asla, tn. , Bukhara, 105 m. SE. by S. Samarkand. 
 
 Sarlba, native name of Hayter I. [q.v.), Brit. New Guinea. 
 
 Sarid, place named in O, T. See Tell SIiadAd. 
 
 Sarl-dagli, mt., Caucasus, main ridge, 40° 52' N., 46° 46' E. 
 Alt. 12,008 ft. 
 
 Sarl-Julf tn. , Bukhara, 96 m. SSE. Samarkand. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sarlkol, line of valleys, central Asia. See Pamirs. 
 
 Sarlne, riv. , Switzd. See Saane. 
 
 Sarlnena, comm. , Spain, Aragon, prov. and 26 m. SE. by 
 S. Huesca. P. <4000. 
 
 Sarlpul, vil. , Afghanistan. See Slr-1-pnl. 
 
 Sarlpnl, or Serlpnl, tn., Persia, prov. Ardilan, no m. NE. 
 Bagdad. 
 
 Sarlsap, vil., Hungary, co. and 7^ m. SSW. Esztergom 
 (Gran) ; coal mined. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sarlsbnry (sarz'berl), eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Fare- 
 ham div., on the Hamble, 4^ m. ESE. Southampton, close to 
 Swanwick stn.; noted for its fine strawberries. PMT.O. (Sarls- 
 bnry Green). P. < 1500. 
 
 SarjektJAkko, group of mts., N. Sweden, in N. of prov. 
 Norrbotten, in 67° 25' N., 17° 45' E., N. of the Sulitelma. 
 Alt. 6970 ft. 
 
 Sark, or Serq, one of the Channel Is., Eng., consisting of 
 two high penins. , Great Sark and Little Sark, united by a narrow 
 and precipitous isthmus, 8 J m. NE. Guernsey ; many sea- fowl 
 and fish are taken around the coast. The inhabitants manu- 
 facture stockings, gloves, and Guernsey jackets. PM.O. 
 
 Sarkd, Tibetan, ' a gold-field." 
 
 Sarkad, tn., Hungary, co. Bihar, 33 m. SW. by W. Gross- 
 wardein. P. 8200. 
 
 Sarkar Agrahdra Vellaltkr, tn., Brit. India, Madras, Coim- 
 batore dist. P. (1881) 5300. 
 
 SAr-KeresztOir, tn. , Hungary, co. and 14 m. SE. by S. 
 Stuhlweissenburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Sarlat, or Sarlattl Mountains, a range of mts. running 
 from NE. to SW., between the Shorud and Shorawak valleys, 
 on the frontier of Afghanistan and Baluchistan. 
 
 Sarlat, tn., France, dep. Dordogne, 33 m. SE. P^rigueux, 
 cap. arr. ; coal, lithographic stone, and iron are found here ; 
 trade in truffles. Has a cathedral, and a tower said to be of 
 Moorish origin. The bishopric was suppressed in 1790. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Sarmlento Channel, strait, S. Chile, crossed by 51° 20' S. , 
 in about 74° 10' W. 
 
 Sarn, vil., Wales, Carnarvonshire, 9 m. W. Pwllheli, 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Sam, eccles. par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 6 m. E. New- 
 town, P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Sarna, tn., Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 102 m. NE. Dizful. 
 
 Sarua, Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, on Oster Dal Elf, 113 m. 
 NW. Falun. 
 
 Sarnache, tn., Portugal. See Sernache do Bomjardln. 
 
 Silrniith, Buddhist ruins, Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 
 3J m. N. Benares ; some of the ruins probably date from 543 
 B.C. See Benares. 
 
 Sarnan, PM.O., Wales, Cardiganshire, 9 m. NE. Cardigan. 
 
 Sarnan, stn., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., on the 
 G. W. R. , 5 m. W. by S. Carmarthen. 
 
 Sarnau, P.O., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 4^ m. SW. Llan- 
 ymynech stn. 
 
 Sarn Badrlg, narrow rock ridge, Wales, Merionethshire, 
 extending 21 m. into the sea, at a point 5^ m. SW. Harlech ; 
 is 24 ft. wide, and is dry for 9 m. at ebb tide. 
 
 Sarnen, tn. , Switzd. , cant. Unterwalden, 6J m. SW. by W. 
 Stanz, a little below the extremity of Lake Sarnen. Alt. 1545 ft. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sarnesfleld, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, div. and 9^ m. SW. 
 by W. Leominster, 2 m. NE. Kinnersley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Sarnla, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, cap. Lariib- 
 ton CO., on the riv. St Clair, 58 m. W. London, opposite Port 
 Huron, U.S. P. (1881)4000; (1891)6693. 
 
 Sarnia, Channel Is. See Guernsey. 
 
 Sarnlco, comm., Italy, Lombardy, at the end of Lake d' Iseo, 
 prov. and 14 m. E. by S. Bergamo. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Saruo, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, 13 m. N. Amalfi ; 
 
 ]3<»7 
 
SARN — SARY 
 
 centre of trade in cereals, the vine, olives, silk, and cotton. P. 
 11,700. 
 
 Sariithal Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 4. 
 
 Sarnthelu, vil. , Tirol, 10 m. W. Botzen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sarny-bwch, cape, Wales, Merionethshire, in 52° 37' N. 
 
 Saroa, dist. , on the S. ct. of Brit. New Guinea, in about 
 I47i°-M7r E. 
 
 Sarou, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. Tulbagh, 63 m. NE. by W. 
 Cape Town ; magnesian limestone near, suitable for hydraulic 
 cement. Alt. 590 ft. Annual rfall. (6 yrs. ), 22. 17 in. P. < 1500. 
 
 Saron, plain, Palestine. See Sharon. 
 
 Saron, P.O., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 3 m. SW. Llandyssil. 
 
 S&rona, vil., Palestine, Lasharoti in the O. T. , 32° 43' N., 
 35° 28' E. , 7 m. SW. Tiberias. 
 
 Saronno, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Como, 14 m. NW. 
 by N. Milan ; manufactures maccaroons, supplied to all parts 
 of Italy. P. 5900. 
 
 S&ros, CO. , Hungary, N. frontier, Galicia, crossed by 17° E. ; 
 cap. Eperjes. 
 
 Saros, or Xeros, Gnlf of, bay in the .^gean Sea, Turkey in 
 Europe, between Thrace and the penin. of Gallipoli, opposite 
 the isl. of Samothrace ; is i8| m. wide at mouth, 37 m. long. 
 
 8^ros Patak, tn., Hungary, co. Zemplen, 32 m. SE. by S. 
 Kaschau ; produces Tokay wine. P. 6400. 
 
 Sarpan, isl. , Pacific. See Rota. 
 
 Sarpsborg, tn. and port, Norway, prov. Smaalenene, on the 
 Glommen R. , 17 m. NW. Fredrikshald ; can be reached by 
 vessels drawing nearly 21 ft. of water. P. <4000. 
 
 Sarpsfos, waterfall, Norway. See dlomineu, riv. 
 
 Sarpy, co., U.S., Nebraska, in the E., between the Missouri 
 on the E. , and the Plotte on the W. and S. 
 
 Sarrabns, dist. , in the SE. of Sardinia ; rich in silver, which 
 is mined in a zone about 20 m. in length running W. from Mura- 
 vera ; malarious. 
 
 Sarrance, vil. , France, dep. Basses-Pyr6n^es, arr. and 9 m. 
 S. Oloron. To the N. is a thermal establishment called Bains 
 d'Escot ; has an old church, frequented by pilgrims. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sarrat, or Sarratt, par. Eng. , Hertfordshire, Watford div. , 
 8§ m. SW. by W. St. Albans, 2^ m. NNW. Rickmansworth 
 stn., PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Sarraz, La, small tn., Switzd. , cant. Vaud, 10 m. SW. by S. 
 Yverdun. Alt. 1675 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sarre, par., Eng., Kent, Isle of Thanet div., 6^ m. WSW. 
 Margate, 2 m. NE. Grove Ferry stn. P. <C250. See St. 
 Nicholas at IVade. 
 
 Sarre, riv. , Ger. See Saar. 
 
 Sarreans, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 18^ m. SE. 
 Orense. P. <4oco. 
 
 Sarregnemlnes. See Saargeniiind. 
 
 Sarrla, comm., Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 2J m. NNW. 
 Barcelona, of which it is a suburb. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sarrla, comm., Spain, prov. and 19 m. S.SE. Lugo. P. 
 11,500. 
 
 Sarroch, comm., Sardinia, on the Gulf of Cagliari, prov. and 
 12 m. SSW. Cagliari. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sarrola, vil. , Corsica, arr. and 10 m. NE. by N. Ajaccio. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Sarrns, vil., France, dep. Cantal, arr. and 7 m. S. St. Flour ; 
 has a small thermal establishment. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sdrsa, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 28 m. E. by S. 
 Kaira. P. (1872) 5200. 
 
 SarsaganJ, vil., Brit. India, NW. Provs., Mainpuri dist., 6 
 m. N. Bhadan stn. P. (1881) 5800. 
 
 Sarsana, vil.. Lower Egypt, prov. Menufiye, 2 m. from 
 1. bk. of the Bayuriye Canal. P. < 4000. 
 
 Sars&wa, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 10 m. 
 WNW. Saharanpur, 47 m. SE. by E. Ambdla. P. <:4000. 
 
 Sarsden, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury div., lo^ m. 
 WNW. Woodstock, 3 m. SW. by S. Chipping Norton. "P. < 
 250; eccles. par. (Sarsden ftlth Chnrchlll) P. <75o. 
 
 SarsBeld, post-tn., Victoria, Dargo co. , 43 m. NE. by E. 
 Sale ; has large quarries. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sarslna, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. Forli, 15 J m. SSW. Cesena; 
 has sulphureous and saline mineral springs. "Seat of a bishopric 
 created in the 4th century ; the cathedral dates from the 7th cen- 
 tury. Birthplace of the Latin comic poet Plautus. P. < 2000; 
 comm. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sars-la-Bulssl^re, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. 
 Thuin, 11^ m. WSW. Charleroi. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sars-Poterles, tn. , France, dep. Nord, 21 m. S. by E. Mens, 
 arr. and 5 m. NE. by E. Avesnes. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Sarstedt, tn., Prussia, prov. and 10 m. SSE. Hanover. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Sarstoon, small riv., Central America, flowing E. into the 
 Caribbean Sea, forming S. frontier of Brit. Honduras (q.v.). 
 
 Sart, the ancient Sardis, vil. and ruins, Asia Minor, vilayet 
 Aidin, 35 m. ESE. Manissa. The temple of Cybele is the finest 
 ruin. To the N. , near Lake Gyges, are several ancient tombs, 
 one said to be that of Alyattes, king of Lydia. 
 
 Sarteano, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Siena, 5 m. WSW. 
 1388 
 
 Chiusi ; has an acidulated mineral spring. In the vicinity is an 
 Etruscan necropolis. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sart^ne, tn. , Corsica, 25 m. SSE. Ajaccio, cap. arr.; manu- 
 factures good wine. This comm. is the richest in the island in 
 megalithic monuments. P. <4000. 
 
 Sart Fell, hill. Isle of Man, in the W., 6 m. N. Peel. Alt. 
 1560 ft. 
 
 Sarthe, dep. , NW. France, traversed N. to SW. by Sarthe 
 R. , formed in 1790 out of parts of Maine and Anjou, with a 
 small dist. of Perche ; divided into four arrs. : Le Mans (cap.), 
 Mamers, La Fleche, and St. Calais. Surface diversified, and 
 picturesque ; highest in N., Foret de Perseigne (1115 ft.), lowest 
 (65 ft. ) in SW. , at the points of e.xit of the Sarthe and the Loir. 
 In the NW. the Coevrons, locally known as the Alpes Man- 
 celles, a rugged forest-covered range, formed of granite and 
 ■allied rocks, rise to 985 ft. in the forest of Sill6 ; the Loir valley 
 is in some places bordered by steep cliffs of tuff, but in general 
 the surface is undulating, and the geological formations are 
 mainly Mesozoic and Tertiary. The dep. belongs entirely to the 
 basin of the Loire by the Maine, which receives the Sarthe and 
 Loir outside the dep.; principal affluents of Sarthe, r. bk. Orthe 
 and Vegre, 1. bk. Brienne, Orne, and Huisne ; the Loir flows 
 E. to W. in the S. , receiving the Aune and other small tribs. ; 
 both the Sarthe and Loir are navigable, the former to Le Mans, 
 the latter to La Chartre. The soil is in general exceedingly 
 fertile, the least fertile portion being a tract between the Loir 
 and Sarthe. Forests cover about one-eighth of the dep. (Berc6, 
 Perseigne, Vibraye, Sill6-le-Guillaume, &c. ). Climate mild and 
 humid, healthy [Le Mans]. Agriculture is the leading indus- 
 try ; wheat is the principal cereal, then barley ; the vine occupies 
 nearly i^ per cent, of the surface (Bazouges, Chateau-du-Loir, 
 Homme, &c. ), but the production per acre is only about two- 
 thirds the average for France ; hemp covers here one-eighth of 
 the total area under this crop in France. Fowls and geese are 
 reared in large numbers, especially about La Fleche. Coal is 
 mined to a limited extent (Sabl6, Solesmes, &c.). Metallurgical 
 industries include copper and bell-founding (Le Mans), metallic 
 plates (Connerr^), machinery ; the hemp and linen manufactures 
 for which the dep. was formerly noted have declined, but are 
 still carried on in many communes. Area, 2412 sq. m. P. (1891) 
 429,700. See France, table. 
 
 Sarthe, riv., France, rises 8 m. NNW, Mortagne, at an 
 alt. of 820-1010 ft. , and flows SSW. past Alen^on and Le Mans, 
 and after meeting the Loir and the Mayenne enters the Loire 
 below Angers. Length, 175 m. ; area of basin, 5020 sq. m. ; 
 discharge, 1800-32,000 cubic ft. per second. Navigable to Le 
 Mans, 82 m. 
 
 Sarthol ('gold country'), mountainous region, Tibet, E. of 
 prov. Khorsum, and NE. of the upper valley of the Indus ; rich 
 in gold. 
 
 Sartllly, vil., France, dep. Manche, arr. Avranches, 9 m. SE. 
 Granville. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sarttraua, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Pavia, 18 m. SE. 
 by S. Vercelli. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sart-lez-Spa, vil., Belgium, prov. Li^ge, arr. Verviers, 3^ m. 
 NE. Spa; has mineral springs. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Sartorii, group of isls., Norway, off the W^ ct. , 10 m. W. 
 Bergen, 20 m. long N. to S., consists of Store (' great') Sartoro, 
 14 m. long by 5 m. wide, area 69 sq. m. ; and Lille (' little ' ) 
 Sartoro, 3 m. long by 2^ m. broad, area 6 sq. m. 
 
 SartrouTllle, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Versailles, 
 on the r. bk. of the Seine, loj m. NW. Notre Dame, Paris. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Sarn^, or Saraivi, vil., Lower Egypt, prov. Dakahliye, on r. 
 bk. of the Nile. P. < 3000. 
 
 Sarnm, New, Eng. See Salisbury. 
 
 Sarum, Old, an extinct city and bor. , now a par. , Eng. , the 
 Sorbiodunum of the Romans, Wiltshire, the site of which was on 
 a hill 2 m. N. Salisbury. Under the Saxons it was still of im- 
 portance. It was a bishop's see from 1072 to 1220. A few traces 
 of walls, ramparts, and of its castle and cathedral remain. The 
 inhabitants of Old Sarum deserted it for New Sarum (Salisbury) 
 in consequence of the scarcity of water. They began to remove 
 in the time of Richard I., and the old town was totally deserted 
 in the time of Henry VII. P. <25o. 
 
 Samr, group of vils. , E. Africa, country of the Somalis, about 
 18 m. from the E. ct. , in about 4° 57' N. , 47° 50' E. 
 
 Sarnrpur, tn. , Brit. India, N W. Provs. , dist. Meerut, 30 m. 
 N. Delhi. P. 5300; Hindus, 4800. 
 
 Sams, riv. , Asia Minor. See Selhnn. , 
 
 SarTasld<lhl, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 34 m. WSW. 
 Vizagapatam. 
 
 Sarvlstan, tn., Persia, prov. Fars, 55 m. SE. by E. Shiraz. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Sarvtz, riv. , Hungary, rises in the Bakony forest, flows S. and 
 joins an arm of the Danube at Baja. Its uf>per part forms a 
 portion of the Sarviz Canal, which is 37 m. long. Length, 60 m. 
 
 Sarwdr, tn., India, Rdjputana, 38 m. SE. Ajmere. P. (1881) 
 5400. 
 
 Sarya, vil., Turkey in Europe. See Litokhoron. 
 
S A R Y 
 
 SAT I 
 
 Sarykol, line of high valleys, Pamirs (i}'.v.). 
 Sary-knl, a name sometimes given improperly to Lake Zor- 
 kul, Pamirs. See Victoria Lake. 
 
 Sary-pnl, vil. , Afghanistan. See Sli'-l-pul. 
 
 Sary-sn, riv. , Russian Central Asia, in E. part of Akmolinsk ; 
 rises in hills NW. of Lake Balkhash, flows SW. , and is lost in 
 Famine Steppe before reaching Lake Aral. Length about 500 m. 
 
 Sary-yassy Mountains, Turkistan, being the S. ridge of E. 
 Tian Shan system, run SW. to NE. for about 150 m., contain- 
 ing Khan Tengri (24,000 ft. ) and the Muz-art Pass, and are con- 
 tinued under different names for another 250 m. NE. , between 
 the Tekes and Kunges (tribs. of Hi) and the tribs. of Tarim. 
 
 Sarzana, tn., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, 7^ m. WNW. 
 Carrara ; seat of a bishop. The cathedral dates from the 14th 
 century. Birthplace of Pope Nicholas V. P. 5700. 
 
 Sarzean, tn., France, dep. Morbihan, arr. and 8^ m. S. 
 Vannes ; has a small port on the bay of Sucinio ; salt-works and 
 oyster-beds. Two miles SE. are ruins of the castle of Sucinio, 
 one of the principal feudal fortresses of Brittany, founded 1250. 
 Birthplace of Le Sage, author of Gil Bias. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sarzedas, tn. , Portugal, dist. Castello Branco. P. <400o. 
 
 Sasaram, tn. , Brit. India. See Silsserdin. 
 
 Sasau, riv., Austria. See Sazawa. 
 
 Sasau, or Sazawa, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. and i8i^ m. 
 NSW. Kuttenberg ; has a mineral spring and baths. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sasayaiua, tn., Japan, isl. Honshiu, prov. Tamba, 31 m. W. 
 Kyoto. P. 5900. 
 
 Sasbacli, vil., Ger. , gd. -duchy and 17 m. SW. Baden. 
 Turenne was killed here, 1675. P- ^soco. 
 
 Sascut, vil. , Roumania, prov. Putna, 70 m. SSW. Yassy, with 
 large sugar- factory. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Saselio, tn., Japan, Kiushiu, 25 m. N. by W. Nagasaki. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Saseiio, isl., Greece, in the Adriatic, to the N. of the Bay of 
 Valona, in 40 J° N. 
 
 Saser Pass, pass across the Himalayas, about 65 m. N. Leh, 
 on the winter route to the Karakoram Pass. Alt. 17,820 ft. 
 {/our. R. G. S., 1878, p. 177). 
 
 Saskat'chewan, provincial dist. , in the N W. Terrs, of Canada, 
 about twice the size of England and Wales, lying N. of Assini- 
 boia and western Manitoba, and-E. of Alberta, bounded on the 
 E. by Lake Winnipeg (N. end) and the Nelson R. (the W. 
 branch of that river to the W. of Ross I.), traversed from W. 
 to E. by the N. Saskatchewan R. , which unites about the middle 
 of the dist. with the S. Saskatchewan, the whole of the remain- 
 ing course of the combined river being included in the dist. In 
 the W. the N. Saskatchewan R. is joined by the Battle R. 
 Surface hilly in places in the S. (Pasquia Hills in the E., Eagle, 
 Thickwood, and Blackfoot Hills in the W.), in the N. generally 
 low and studded with numerous lakes (Herb, Reed, Pine Island, 
 Montreal, Dore, Waterhen Lakes, and on N. frontier Lac la 
 Ronge and Lac la Plonge). At present very sparsely settled. 
 Chief settlements, Prince Albert, on the N. Saskatchewan, about 
 35 m. above its confluence with the S. Saskatchewan, and Battle- 
 ford, at the confluence of the N. Saskatchewan and Battle R. 
 A branch of the C. P. R. already runs N. to Prince Albert, and 
 a branch from this is being made from Saskatoon, on the S. 
 Saskatchewan, to Battleford. P. (1891) 11,200. See North- 
 West Territories. 
 
 BaskatclieTvan, settlement, Canada, dist. Saskatchewan, on 
 the S. Saskatchewan R. , 69 m. SW. by S. Prince Albert. 
 
 Saskatchewan ('swift current'), riv., Canada, NW. Terr., 
 rises in the Rocky Mts. , near 115° W. , by two principal heads, 
 one in 49° N. , the other in 53° 30' N. These branches flow 
 generally E. to their junction in about 53° 20' N., 105° W. , 
 whence the river has a tortuous course to its mouth in Lake 
 Winnipeg. It is navigable thence and along its N. branch to 
 Fort Edmonton. It gives name to a wide dist. The climate of 
 the valley of the Saskatchewan is very healthy, though the cold 
 is severe in winter. Coal and iron of the best quality exist in 
 several places, the former discovered by Dr. Hector in i860. 
 Total length, 1660 m. ; area of basin, 131,810 sq. m. 
 
 Saskatchewan, Little, riv. , Canada, Manitoba, issues from 
 Portage Bay (Lake Manitoba), traverses Lake St. Martin, and 
 flows into the middle of Lake Winnipeg (W. side). 
 
 Saskatoon, settlement, Canada, dist. Saskatchewan, on the 
 S. Saskatchewan R. , 78 m. SW. by S. Prince Albert. 
 
 Sa-song-sao, tn., Siam, on the Bangpakong, 40 m. E. by S. 
 Bangkok. 
 
 Sasovo, vil. , Russia, govt, and 108 m. N. Tambov, on Tsna 
 R. , 10 m. above its junction with Oka. P. 5900. 
 
 Sassa, coram., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 5^ m. W. 
 Aquila, 36 m. ESE. Terni. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sassaft-as, post-tn. , Tasmania, Devon co. , in 41° 14' S. , 146° 
 32' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sassak, inhabitants of Lombok I. , E. Indies. 
 
 Sassano, comm., Italy, prov. Salerno, 3 m. SE. Diano. P. 
 <Sooo. 
 
 Sassarl, tn., in the NW. of Sardinia, cap. prov. Sassari 
 8 m. S. of the Gulf of Asinara ; seat of a university ; has a 
 
 cathedral. From 1294 to 1323 Sassari was an independent 
 republic, but had at last to submit to the Pisans. Pillaged by 
 the French, 1527. Alt. 718 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 60.9° 
 F., Jan. 49.4°, July 77.0°; mean rfall. (1876-80, 1883-91), yr. 
 24.0 in., June-Aug. 1.5 in. P. 36,300. See Italy, table, and 
 Sardinia. 
 
 Sassella, vil., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 2 m. W.'Sondrio ; 
 its vines are renowned. The chapel is resorted to by pilgrims. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Sassello, tn., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, i2i m. N. Savona. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Sassen, dist., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, in the SW., stretch- 
 ing from W. to E. for about 35 m. 
 
 Sasseuage, tn. , France, dep. Isere, on the Isfere, arr. and 4 
 m. WNW. Grenoble ; manufactures cheeses ; has curious gorges 
 and cascades, called the ' Cuves de Sassenage. ' Tourist resort 
 for Dauphin^. P. <2ooo. 
 
 SAsserdni, or SassarAm (census), tn., Brit. India, Bengal, 
 dist. Shahibad, 88 m. SW. by W. Patna, 10 m. from the Son. 
 P. 22,700; Hindus, 13,100; Moham. 9600. 
 
 Sasslerges-St.-Martln, or Saclerges, vil. , France, dep. Indre, 
 arr. and 18 m. SE. Blanc, 3J m. NNW. St. Benoit-du-Sault ; 
 iron-mines and deposits of manganese in the vicinity. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sasslu, tn., Hungary. See Sasvar. 
 
 Sass Maor, mt. , Austria, Tirol, 35 m. NE. Trent. Alt. 9225 ft. 
 
 Sassnltz, vil. and small port, Prussia, Pomerania, on E. ct. 
 of Riigen I., 11 m. NE. Bergen ; has fisheries ; much frequented 
 for sea-bathing. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Sasso, name in Italian geographical nomenclature signifying 
 'rock' [saxuin) ; e.g.. Gran Sasso d' Italia. 
 
 Sasso dl Canipo, or Clma Rosella, Alpine mt. , on the 
 Italian frontier of the Tirol, 16 m. N W. Belluno. Alt. 10,035 ft. 
 
 Sassoferrato, tn. , Italy, The Marches, prov. Ancona, 32 m. 
 NE. Perugia. In the vicinity are the remains of the ancient 
 Umbrian town Sentinum, where the Romans defeated the united 
 forces of the Samnites, Etruscans, and Umbrians, 295 B.C. 
 P. <300o. Birthplace of the painter Sassoferrato (1685). 
 
 Sasso Morelll, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. Bologna, circle 
 and 7^ m. SSW. Imola, on the Senio. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sasson, tn., Switzd. See Saxon. 
 
 Sassorosso, vil., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Massa e Carrara, 5 
 m. N. Castelnuovo; has red marble quarries and stalactite 
 caves. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sassdw, comm., Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Zloczow ; 
 sanitarium. P. <4000. 
 
 Sassnolo, tn., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 10 m. SW. Modena ; 
 has salso-iodide mineral springs and baths ; petroleum is found 
 here. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sastago, tn., Spain, Aragon, prov. and 36 m. SE. Saragossa ; 
 saline spring. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Sasnn, or Sassnu, vil. , Asia Minor, vilayet and 35 m. WNW. 
 Bitlis, 17 m. SSW. Mush ; notorious on account of the massacre 
 of Armenians by Kurds in 1894. P. (of kaza or dist.) before the 
 massacres, 3238 ; Moham. 1921 ; others, 1317. 
 
 Sas Tan Gent, tn. , Holland, prov. Zeeland, 12 m. N. by E. 
 Ghent ; takes its name from a sluice (sas) at the end of a 
 canal dug by the people of Ghent in the i6th century to make 
 a shorter connection with the W. Scheldt. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sasv&r, or Sassln, German Schossherg, tn., Hungary, co. 
 Nyitra or Neutra, loj m. WSW. Szenicz, on 1. bk. of the 
 Miava ; has a statue of the Virgin ; much resorted to by pilgrims. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 S4swar, or Sasvad (census), tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. 
 and 17 m. SE. by S. Poona. P. 6400 ; Hindus, 6000. 
 
 Sasyk-kul, brackish lake, Russian Central Asia, in NE. 
 part of prov. Semiryechensk, 13 m. from Ala-kul. Length, 30 
 m. ; width, 5-10 m. 
 
 Satalla, seapt. , Turkey in Asia. See Adalla. 
 
 Satauo-.nisakl, promontory, Japan, isl. of Kiushiu, at end 
 of Van Diemen Strait. 
 
 Satanwitri, fort. Central India, state and 30 m. NW. Bhopal. 
 
 S&tdra, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, cap. dist. Sdtara, 58 m. S. 
 Poona ; has a fort on a rocky hill ; manufactures brass ware. 
 Alt. 2320 ft. Municip. P. 25,800; Hindus, 22,200. Total, Sdtira 
 and cantonment, P. 29,600. 
 
 Satawal, isl. , Pacific, near middle of Caroline group. 
 
 Sitter, comm., Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, 22 m. S. by E. 
 Falun; iron mined. P. <2000. 
 
 Saterland, dist., Ger., gd. -duchy Oldenburg, in the W. 
 
 Satersdal, valley, Norway, prov. Christiansand, traversed by 
 the Otter R. Length, 69 m. 
 
 SdtgAou, ruined tn., Brit. India, Bengal, Hiiglf dist. The 
 decay of this port dates from the silting up of the Saraswati, 
 after which time Kasimbdzar became the great emporium of 
 trade. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Satilla, riv., U.S., Georgia, rises in Irwin co. , flows E. , then 
 S. , then E. again to St. Andrew's Sound, 15 m. S. Brunswick. 
 Length about 200 m. 
 
 Satllllen, tn. , France, dep. Ardeche, arr. Tournon, 23 m. 
 SE. by S. St. Etienne. P. <20oo. 
 
 1389 
 
SATK — SAUM 
 
 S&tkblrA, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Khulna, 48 m. E. 
 by N. Calcutta; has a canal to the Ichdmati R. P. 8600; 
 Hindus, 4300; Moham. 4300. 
 
 Satkiuskly (Satka), iron-works, Russia, govt. Ufa, dist. 
 and 28 m. SW. Zlatoust, on Satka R. , 137 m. SW. Ekaterin- 
 burg. P. 6330. 
 
 SatlAslia, native state, India, Palanpur, 73 m. N. by E. 
 Ahmadabad. 
 
 Satley, par., Eng. , Durham, NW. div. , 9^ m. W. Durham, 
 3 m. N. Towlaw stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sator, Veliki, mt. peak, Bosnia, in 44° 9' N. , 34° 15' E. Alt. 
 6140 ft. 
 
 Sdtoralja I'jliely, tn., Hungary, co. Zemplen, 29 m. SE. 
 Kaschau ; granite quarries ; famous vineyards ; important fairs. 
 P. 13,000. 
 
 SUtp^ti, port, Brit. India, Bombay, Thdna dist., 6 m. N. 
 Mdhim. P. -csooo. 
 
 S^tpnra, hill range or tableland, India, Central Pro vs. , 
 running E. and W. 600 m. ; the greatest breadth is 100 m. 
 The hills form a triangle ; one ridge runs SW. for about 100 m. , 
 and is known as the IMalkal range, forming the base ; two 
 ridges run W. on each side of the Tdpti R. to Asirgarh, the 
 highest point being Dhupgarh, alt. 4454 ft. W. of Asirgarh, 
 the hills forms a broad belt on the N. bank of the Tdpti. The 
 Sitpura hills are forest-clad. 
 
 Satraiija-Pataua, tn., Brit. India. See Sadrag. 
 
 Satrod, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 10 m. SE. Hissar, 
 90 m. WNW. Delhi. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Satsnnia, kuni or old prov. , now included in Kagoshima 
 ken, Japan. It forms a mountainous peninsula attached to the 
 island by an isthmus 31m. broad to the SW. of the island of 
 Kiushiu ; noted for its beautifully decorated earthenware. 
 
 Sattanknlani, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 15 m. S. 
 by E. Tinnevelli. P. 5400 ; Hindus, 4200. 
 
 Satterleigh, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 9^ m. 
 SE. Barnstaple. P. <25o. See Warkleigli. 
 
 Sattertliwaite, par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 
 11^ m. W. Kendal, 4 m. NNW. Lake Side stn. (Windermere), 
 P.O.; 7322 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Satnr, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Tinnevelli, 42 m. SSW. 
 Madura. P. < 5000. 
 
 Satyamaiigalam, tn., Brit. India, Madras, on Bhavani R. , 
 dist. and 40 m. NE. by N. Coimbatore ; its fort was formerly 
 of strategic importance. P. < 5000. 
 
 8au, riv. , Austria. See Save. 
 
 Saubsdorf, vil. , Austria, Silesia, dist. and 6 m. NNE. 
 Freiwaldau ; fine white marble quarried ; famous for its stalactite 
 grotto. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sauce, Spanish for ' willow," used in South American names. 
 
 Sancejo, El, or Puebla del Saiicejo, comm. , Spain, prov. 
 and 55 m. ESE. Seville. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Saucelito, tn., U.S. See Saasallto. 
 
 Sauces, vil., Argentine Republic, Rioja, 159 m. SW. by W. 
 Tucuman. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sances, tn. , Bolivia, dep. and 94 m. ESE. Chuquisaca. 
 
 P. <:2000. 
 
 Sauces, vil., Chile, Malleco. , 86 m. S. by E. Concepcion. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Sauclien, vil., Scot., Aberdeenshire, Cluny par., 2 m. S. 
 Monymusk stn., PT.O. 
 
 Saucliie, suburb, Scot. , Clackmannanshire, 2 m. NNE. and 
 part of Alloa, on the N. B. R. , PMT. O. P. < 1000. See Fish- 
 cross and Sanctale. 
 
 Sauchie, New, i m. SSW. Sauchie. P. <: 1000. 
 
 Sauclitie, or Saucbleburn, Scot., co. and 3 m. SW. 
 Stirling; was the scene of a battle in which James III. was 
 defeated, 1488. 
 
 Saner, riv., trib. of the Moselle, rises in the E. of Belgian 
 Luxemburg, flows E. through the gd. -duchy of Luxemburg, 
 then along the E. frontier of the gd. -duchy till it joins the 
 Moselle on the 1. bk. 
 
 Sauerland, Prussia. See Westphalia. 
 
 Saugatuck, vil., U.S., Michigan, Allegan co., on Lake 
 Michigan, at the mouth of the Kalamazoo R. , 71 m. NNE. of 
 the SW. corner of the state ; has a good harbour. P. < 1500. 
 
 Saugeen, or Southampton, vil. and port of entry, Canada, 
 Ontario, Bruce co., at mouth of Saugeen R., 24 m. from Owen 
 Sound. Alt. 656 ft. Mean temp., yr. 42.6° P., Jan. 20.3'', 
 Aug. 65.2°. P. < 1500. 
 
 Saugeen, Big, riv., Canada, Ontario, Grey co. , rises in the 
 Blue Mts., and flows on the whole W., joining Saugeen R. in 
 about 44° 10' N. 
 
 Saugeen Birer, riv. , Canada, Ontario, flows N W. into Lake 
 Huron, in 44° 30' N. 
 
 Sangerties, vil., U.S., New York, Ulster co. , 25 m. N. 
 Poughkeepsie ; manufactures quicklime and cement. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Saughall, Great, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 4 m. 
 NW. Chester, with a stn. (Saughall) on the Cheshire Lines 
 and M. S. & L. Rlys., PMT.O. P. <750- 
 
 Saughall, Little, par. , i m. SE. P. < 250. 
 1390 
 
 Saughall Massle, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 4I m. 
 W. Birkenhead, i| m. SE. Meols stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Saughtree, stn., Scot., Roxburghshire, on the N. B. R., 3 m. 
 E. Riccarton Junction. 
 
 Saugor, isl. and tn. , Brit. India. See Siigar, 
 
 Sa,ugues, tn. , France, dep. Haute- Loire, 53 m. SW. by W. 
 St. Etienne, arr. and 18 m. WSW. Le Puy. P. <20co. 
 
 Saugns, tn.,U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., 7^ m. SW. by W. 
 Salem. P. < 4000. 
 
 Saujon, tn. , France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, on the Seudre, 
 arr. Saintes, 19 m. S. Rochefort ; its port is Rib6rou, on the 
 Seudre ; trade in shell-work and salt-fish. Birthplace of the 
 novelist Gaboriau (died 1873) and of the statesman Dufaure 
 (died 1881). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sauk, riv., U.S., Minnesota, rises in Osakis Lake, flows SE. 
 to the Mississippi, near St. Cloud, Stearns co. Length about 
 125 m. 
 
 Sank, CO., U.S., Wisconsin, in the S. , bounded on the S. and 
 the NE. (but not on the E.) by the Wisconsin R. 
 
 Sauk Centre, city, U.S., Minnesota, Stearns co. , 100 m. 
 NW. by W. Minneapolis. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sauk City, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Sauk co. , on the r. bk. of 
 the Wisconsin, 92 m. W. by N. Milwaukee, and 21 m. NW. by 
 W. Madison. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sauk Bapids, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Benton co., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Mississippi, 61 m. NW. Minneapolis; has fine granite 
 quarries. P. < 1500. 
 
 SaukvlUe, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Ozaukee co. , on river and 
 9 m. by rail N. Milwaukee. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Saul, vil., Eng., Gloucestershire, PMT.O. See Fretherne. 
 
 Saul, par., Ire., SE. co. Down, bar. Lower Lecale, 2m. NE. 
 by E. Downpatrick ; 4261 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Sauldre, Canal de la. See Blancafort. 
 
 Saulgau, tn., Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Danube, 40 m. 
 SE. by S. Tiibingen. P. <4ooo. 
 
 SauUeu, the ancient Sidolocum, tn. , France, dep. Cote d'Or, 
 arr. Semur, 23 m. N. by W. Autun. P. <4000. 
 
 Saulnols, ancient dist., France, now in Alsace-Lorraine 
 (Ger.), circle Metz, watered by the upper Seille. 
 
 Sauluot, vil., France, dep. Haute-Saone, arr. Lure, 13 m. 
 SW. Belfort ; has salt-works and iron-mines. P. (comm. ) <;2ooo, 
 
 Sault, tn. , France, dep. Vaucluse, arr. Carpentras, 32 m. E. 
 Orange ; manufactures cheese ; has a magnesian sulphureous 
 spring and bathing establishment. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sault an Cochon, river-port, Canada, Quebec, Saguenay co. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, in 69° 5' W. , near the 
 mouth of the river of the same name. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sault Ste. Marie, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, in 
 the E. div. of Algoma dist., on the short river (Ste. Marie or St. 
 Mary's) connecting Lake Superior with Lake Huron, at the foot 
 of the rapids (French sault), to which the town owes its name, 
 622 m. by rail W. Montreal, by a branch line of the C. P. R. , 
 forming the shortest route between Montreal and Minneapolis 
 and St. Paul, U.S.A., now connected with Sault Ste. Marie in 
 Michigan, U.S., by a railway bridge connecting the C. P. R. 
 with the so-called ' Soo line. ' P. <3000. See Snult Ste. Marie, 
 rapid. 
 
 Sault Ste. Marie (su sent ma'rl), rapid, N. America, at the 
 upper end of the river between Lakes Superior and Huron, the 
 fall of water being 22 ft. in | m. ; a ship canal around the 
 rapids on the U.S. side, with a depth of 17 ft. (now being in- 
 creased to 21 ft.), was completed in 1855. In the year of its 
 opening the total amount of registered tonnage that passed 
 through it was little over 100,000 tons ; in twenty years this had 
 increased to upwards of i, 000,000 tons, and in 1890 to above 
 9,000,000 tons. A canal on the Canadian side, 22 ft. deep, with 
 one lock, 900 ft. long by 90 ft. wide, was opened in 1895. 
 
 Sault Ste. Marie, city, U.S., Michigan, cap. Chippewa co. ; 
 summer resort. P. 5800. See Sault Ste. Marie (Canada) and 
 Sault Ste. Marie, rapid. 
 
 Sault St. Louis, vil. , Canada. See Caughnawaga. 
 
 Saulx, riv., France, rises at Germay, dep. Haute-Marne, 
 flows NW. , and joins the Ornain some 10 m. NW. Bar-le-Duc, 
 and enters the Marne below Vitry-le-Fran9ois after a course of 
 78-79 m. Area of basin, 920 sq. m. 
 
 Saulx, vil., France, dep. Haute-Saone, arr. Lnre, 35 m. NNE. 
 Besan9on, 8 m. NE. Vesoul. P. <20oo. 
 
 Saulxures, tn. , France, dep. Vosges, on the Moselotte, 23 
 m. N. by W. Belfort, arr. and 10 m. SE. by E. Remiremont ; 
 manufactures cheese ; iron mined. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sanlzais-le-Potier, vil. , France, dep. Cher, arr. St. Amand- 
 Mont-Rond, 19 m. N. by W. Montlupon. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sanlzoir, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. Cambrai, 9 m. SSW. 
 Valenciennes. P. <:3000. 
 
 Saumur, tn. , France, dep. Maine-et- Loire, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Loire, cap. arr., 27 m. SE. by E. Angers; seat of a cele- 
 brated cavalry school, founded 1768. Manufactures tin-plates, 
 tin-ware, &c. Saumur has given its name to a white wine pro- 
 duced in the vicinity, on the 1. bk. slopes of the Loire. The 
 parish church of Notre Dame de Nantilly is a pilgrim resort, 
 
SAUM — SAVI 
 
 and has some splendid tapestry. Saumur was the centre of the 
 Reformation in Anjou ; its governor, Duplessis-Mornay, here 
 founded an academy in 1593, which was for a century the 
 intellectual centre of French Protestantism. The revocation 
 of the Edict of Nantes reduced the population by one-half, 
 and the commerce to almost nothing. Birthplace of Madame 
 Dacier (died 1720). P. 14,900. 
 
 Sanniurols, ancient div. of Anjou, France, now included in 
 dep. Maine-et-Loire. 
 
 Sanndattl, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Belgaum, 23 m. 
 NNE. Dhdrwdr ; about 2 m. S. are ruins of the hill fort Paras- 
 garh. A large Hindu fair in honour of the goddess Yellamma 
 is held twice a year 5 J m. to the N W. P. 8900 ; Hindus, 7800. 
 
 Saniidby, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 2 m. 
 WSW. Gainsborough, i m. S. Beckingham stn. P. <25o. 
 See Bole. 
 
 Saunders, isl. , S. Atlantic Ocean, near Sandwich Is., in 57° 
 52' S. and 26° 24' W. ; was discovered and named by Cook, 1775. 
 
 Saunders, isl. , Canada. See Magdalen Is. 
 
 Saunders, cape, Georgia I., at NE. point, in 45° 53' S. and 
 170° 56' E. 
 
 Saunders, cape. New Zealand, South I., on the E. ct., a few 
 miles W. Dunedin, in 45° 52' S. 
 
 Saunders, isl. , Pacific. See Tapamanoa. 
 
 Saunders, co. , U.S., Nebraska, in the E. , bounded on the 
 N. by the Platte R. , E. of 97° W. 
 
 Sanndersfoot, vil. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, on Saundersfoot 
 Bay, 3 m. wide at entrance, on the E. ct., 3 m. N. Tenby, ij 
 m. ENE. of its stn. on the Pembroke and Tenby Rly. ; has a 
 harbour for coal vessels ; coal mined in the neighbourhood is 
 exported. There are fine sands, and excellent facilities for sea- 
 bathing. PMT.O. 
 
 Saunderton, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 7^ m. 
 S. by W. Aylesbury, close to Princes Risborough stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sauquolt, vil., U.S., New York, Oneida co. , 9 m. by rail S. 
 Utica. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sausallto, or Saucellto, tn. , U.S., California, Marin co. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sansar, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Chhindwari, 
 42 m. NW. by N. Ndgpur. P. <45oo. 
 
 Saustliorpe, par., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 12 m. S. 
 by E. Louth, 2^ m. NNW. Spilsbystn., P.O. P.<25o. See 
 Asurardby. 
 
 Sauterues, vil., France, dep. Gironde, arr. and 6 m. NW. 
 Bazas, 27 m. SE. Bordeaux ; manufactures white wine, of which 
 the best variety is produced at Chateau-Yquem, i m. from the 
 village. P. (comm. ) <20oo. 
 
 Sauvage (or Savage) Island. See Nine. 
 
 Sauve, tn. , France, dep. Gard, on the Vidourle, arr. Vigan, 
 22 m. WNW. Nimes ; manufactures forks, splints, and handles 
 for scythes of nettle-tree wood. About two miles above are the 
 baths of Fonsange. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Saureterre, tn., France, dep. Basses- Pyr^n^es, on the Gave 
 d'Oloron, arr. and 11 m. SW. by W. Orthez. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Sauveterre, Cansse de, France. See Cansses. 
 
 Sauveterre d'Aveyron, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. 
 Rodez, 23 m. NNE. Albi. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Sauveterre-de-Guyenne, vil., France, dep. Gironde, arr. 
 R^ole, 25 m. ESE. Bordeaux. P. <20oo. 
 
 SauTles, vil., U.S., Oregon, co. and on the 1. bk. of the 
 Columbia R. , 17 m. N. by W. Portland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sauz^ Vaussais, vil., France, dep. Deux-Sevres, 31 m. ESE. 
 Niort, 9 m. W. Civray, arr. Melle. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sava, riv. , Austria. See Save. 
 
 Sava, vil., Austria, Carniola, 8J m. NW. Radmannsdorf, 
 near Assling ; iron mined. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sava, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 17J m. ESE. 
 Taranto. P. 5900. 
 
 Savaal, tn. , Eastern Archipelago, in the N. of Ceram I., 
 on the coast. P. <:2O0O. 
 
 Savage Island. See Nine. 
 
 Savage Island, Burma, Bay of Bengal, at the entrance to 
 Akyab Harbour, with a light, in 20° 5' N. , 92° 54' E. , visible 17 m. 
 
 Savage Islands, several groups of islets, Brit. N. America, 
 on N. side of Hudson Strait. 
 
 Savage Islands, a group in the Pacific Ocean, in 19° S. and 
 169° W. The principal, 30 m. in circuit, is densely wooded. 
 Discovered by Cook, 1774. 
 
 Savall, the westernmost and largest isl. of the Samoan group, 
 crossed by 13^° S. , 172^° W., has two high chains of mountains 
 of volcanic origin, trending E. and W. , and covered with fine 
 forests. Mean alt. 3940-4260 ft. The island is well watered ; 
 coasts generally rocky, and little indented ; no port. Length, 45 
 m. ; breadth, 30 m. ; area, 659 sq. m. 
 
 Savalan-dagli, range of mts. stretching E. and W. in the 
 NW. of Persia, N. of 38° N. ; Savalan-dagh peak (extinct 
 volcano), 15,792 ft. ; Kosha-dagh, 10,332 ft. (Curzon). 
 
 S&vtlll, tn. , India, Bombay Presidency, state of and 20 m. 
 N. by E. Baroda. P. (1881) 6300. 
 Savandrdg, fort, India, Mysore, Bangalore dist. , in 12° 55' 
 
 I 
 
 N. , 77° 21' E. Savandrug is a precipitous isolated rocky hill, 
 with a base 8 m. in circuit. The fort was captured by a British 
 army under Lord Cornwallis, 1791. Alt. 4024 ft. 
 
 Savanna, city, U.S., Illinois, Carroll co. , on 1. bk. of 
 Mississippi R. , 38 m. SE. Dubuque (Iowa). P. <40oo. 
 
 Savanuab, city, U.S., Georgia, cap. Chatham co., on S. 
 shore of estuary of Savannah R. , no m. SSE. Augusta. It is 
 built on a sandy plain 40 ft. above the river, its streets cross at 
 right angles, and at every second street there is a public square, 
 generally ornamented with trees. The entrance to the harbour 
 over the bar is i m. wide. Depth on bar (Tybee Roads) at 
 ordinary high water 26 ft. , at low water 19 ft. ; length of quayage 
 and wharfage, 6 m. Vessels drawing 24 ft. can reach the quay. 
 The adjacent marshy lands, formerly rice-fields, have been 
 drained. The chief defences of the river are Fort Pulaski, on 
 Cockspur I., at the mouth, and Fort Oglethorpe (formerly Fort 
 Jackson), on the r. bk. of the river. The chief business is in 
 cotton, Savannah ranking as the second cotton port in the 
 U.S. The trade in turpentine and lumber is also considerable. 
 Near to the town is the beautiful cemetery of Bonaventure. 
 Mean temp. (24 yrs.), yr. 66.5° F., Jan. 51.0°, July 82.0° ; annual 
 rfall. (24yrs.), si.7Sin. P. (1850) 15,300 ; (1870)28,200; (1880) 
 30,700; (1890)43,200. 
 
 Savannah, riv. , U.S., between Georgia and S. Carolina, is 
 formed by the confluence of the Tugalo and Kiowee, 100 m. 
 above Augusta, flows SE. to the Atlantic at Tybee Sound, in 
 32° N.; navigable to Augusta for steamers. Length, 450 m. 
 
 Savannah, tn., U.S., Missouri, Andrew co. , 15 m. N. St. 
 Joseph. P. < 1000. 
 
 Savannah, tn., U.S., Tennessee, cap. Hardin co. , on the r. 
 bk. of the Tennessee R. , 100 m. E. Memphis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Savanna la Mar, coast tn. , Jamaica, Cornwall co. , on SW. 
 ct. , 23 m. SW. by S. Montego Bay, in 78° 8' W. P. <20oo. 
 
 Savanne, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 1070 
 m. by rail W. Montreal, 354 m. E. Winnipeg. Alt. 750 ft. 
 Mean temp. (4 yrs., 1885-89), yr. 31.0° F. , Feb. 9.8°, July 64.5°. 
 
 Savanne, Mauritius. See Port Soulllac. 
 
 Savauue, Polnte de la Grande, cape, W. Indies, Dominica, 
 on the W. ct. 
 
 Savannes, Polnte des, cape, W. Indies, on the SE. ct. of 
 St. Lucia I. 
 
 Savannes, Rlvl^re de, Quebec. See Yamaska. 
 
 Savantkr, tn., India, Bombay, cap. Savanur state, 42 m. SE. 
 by S. Dharwar. P. (1881) 7600. 
 
 Savara, tn. , Japan, Honshiu, prov. Shimosa, on S. bank of 
 the Nisi-Ura coast lagoon. P. 6400. 
 
 Savari, riv. , Brit. India. See Sabarl. 
 
 SAvda, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khandesh, 107 m. S. 
 Indore. P. 7100 ; Hindus, 6000. 
 
 Save, lake. See Hanz-1-Sultan. 
 
 Save, Slavonic Sava, German San, riv., Austria, one of 
 the chief tribs. of the Danube, rises in the Julian Alps, in the 
 extreme NW. of Carniola, flows SE. through Carniola and 
 Austrian Croatia, then E. , dividing Bosnia and Servia from 
 Austria, and joins the Danube at Belgrade. Chief affluents, all 
 from the S. , are the Kulpa, Unna, Vrbas, Bosna, and Drina. 
 Length, 660 m. ; area of basin, 34,000 sq. m. Said to be navi- 
 gable for 430 m. Steamers can ascend to the confluence of 
 the Kulpa at Sissek, but navigation is greatly hindered by 
 numerous shifting sandbanks. Mean discharge below the 
 confluence of the Drina, 39,500 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Save, riv. , France, rises on the plateau of Lannemezan, flows 
 NE. and falls into the Garonne at Granade, 15 m. N. by W. 
 Toulouse. Length, 93 m. ; area of basin, 445 sq. m. 
 
 Save, tn., Persia, Irak-Ajemi, 78 m. SW. by W. Teheran. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Savelll, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 29 m. NNE. 
 Catanzaro. P. < 5000. 
 
 Savenay, tn. , France, dep. Loire-Inf6rieure, arr. and 14 m. 
 ENE. St. Nazaire, 7 m. NE. Paimboeuf ; the scene of the defeat 
 of the Vendeans, 1793. P. <20oo. 
 
 Saventheni, vil., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. and 6 m. 
 ENE. Brussels. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Saverdnn, tn. , France, dep. Ari^ge, on the Arifege, 26 m. S. 
 by E. Toulouse, arr. and 8 m. N. by W. Pamiers. P. <20oo. 
 
 Savernake, eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire, on the M. & 
 SW. June. Rly., 5 m. SE. Marlborough, on the G. W. & M. 
 and SW. June. Rly., including the pars, of North Savernake 
 (P. <25o) and South Savernake with Brlnislade and 
 Cadley (P. <:25o). P. <:5oo. Savernake Forest, adjoining 
 eccles. par., P. <5oo. 
 
 Saverne, tn., Ger. See Zabern. 
 
 Sav^s, small dist. , France, dep. Gers. 
 
 Savl, vil., W. Africa, Dahomey, about 8 m. NNE. Whydah ; 
 is all that remains of Savi, the cap. of the former kingdom of 
 Juda or Juida. 
 
 Savlano, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, i m. SSW. 
 Nola. P. 3000 ; comm. P. 690c. 
 
 Savlen, or Saflen, valley, Switzd., cant. Grisons, extends 
 N. and S. from the Rhine, about 17 m. WSW. Chur. To the 
 
 1391 
 
S A VI 
 
 S A WL 
 
 right is the point of the Pizzo Beverino, of which the other slope 
 
 overlooks the Via Mala ; to the left is the Weissenstein. 
 
 SaTlgllano, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, on the Maira, 
 
 9 m. E. Saluzzo ; manufactures cloth, linen, silk, and carriages. 
 
 P. 9700. 
 SaTignac-les-i^llses, vil. , France, dep. Dordogne, on the 
 
 Isle, arr. and 11 m. NE. by E. P^rigueux. P. <20oo. 
 
 Savlgnano, tn. , Italy, Emilia, on the Emilian Way, prov. 
 
 Forli, 7 m. WNW. Rimini. P. <4ooo. 
 
 SaTlgny, tn. , France, on the NW. border of dep. Loir-et- 
 
 Cher, on the Brave, arr. Vendome, 30 m. ESE. Le Mans, 5 m. 
 
 SE. St. Calais. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Savlgiiy, vil., Switzd. , cant. Vaud, 5 m. E. by N. Lausanne. 
 
 Alt. 2620 ft. P. <2000. 
 Savigny-snr-Beanne, tn. , France, dep. Cote d' Or, 21 m. 
 
 SW. by S. Dijon, arr. and 3 m. NNW. Beaune. P. <2ooo. 
 SaTiflao, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 31 m. SSW. 
 
 Lugo, dist. Monforte, on 1. bk. of riv. Minho. P. 10,300. 
 SavLnes, vil., France, dep. Hautes-Alpes, on the Durance, 
 
 57 m. SE. by S. Grenoble, arr. and 6 m. SW. by W. Embrun ; 
 
 lead mined. P. <20oo. 
 
 SaTlo, riv., Italy, in the E., rises in the Etruscan Apennines, 
 
 and flows N. , past Cesena, into the Adriatic Sea, which it enters 
 
 about 10 m. SE. of Ravenna. 
 
 S&Tltrl, riv. , Brit. India, Bombay, rises on the W. declivity 
 
 of the Mahabaleshwar Range, flows into the Arabian Sea at 
 
 Bdnkot ; navigable for craft drawing 7 ft. to Mhar, 36 m. 
 
 Length, 50 m. 
 SaTO, isL, Oceania, Solomon group, E. of Florida, and N. of 
 
 Guadalcanar ; has an area of 23 sq. m. Highest point, 1970 ft. 
 Savocb, eccles. par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, Ellon, New and 
 
 Old Deer, and Tarves pars. P. <20oo. 
 
 Savognln, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 17^ m. S. by E. Chur 
 
 in Ober-Halbstein. Alt. (Schweiningen) 3980 ft. P. <2oc>o. 
 
 Savole, dep., E. France, formed in i860 out of the old Italian 
 duchy of Savoy (Savoie, Haute-Savoie, La Tarentaise, and Le 
 
 Maurienne) ; divided into four arrs. (corresponding generally to 
 the old provs.) : Chamb^ry (cap.), Albertville, Moutiers, and St. 
 Jean-de-Maurienne. The dep. belongs to the region of the Alps, 
 and is highly mountainous. It is divided into two unequal parts, 
 NW. and S. , by the Is^re ; in the former, the geological forma- 
 tions are similar to those of the Jura ; in the latter, calcareous 
 formations alternate with granite, gneiss, schists, &c. The S. 
 div. contains the great Vanoise g^oup on the line of water-parting 
 between the Isere and Arc, with several summits rising to over 
 9845 ft., culminating in Point Aiguille (12,670 ft.), and with 
 numerous glaciers ; connected mountain groups are the Grand 
 Pelvoz, N. of Modane, also with glaciers, and the Mont Pourri 
 (12,430 ft.), to the N. The summits of the main water-parting, 
 forming the frontier with Italy, are here slightly lower (see Alp.s). 
 NW. of the Isere the mountains are of less elevation ; highest 
 point (8745 ft- ) ^" ^h^ Aravis Range, between the Arly and Fier ; 
 in this div. are Lakes Bourget and Aiguebelette ; lowest point 
 in dep. at confluence of Guiers with Rhone. The dep. is drained 
 entirely to the Rhone, which forms the W. boundary for about 
 30 m. (between the confluence of the Fier and of the Guiers), 
 mainly by the Isere, which traverses the dep. from E. to W., 
 receiving r. bk. Arly, 1. bk. Doron (' torrent ') of Bozel, and Arc. 
 Below Albertville the Isere is confined within artificial banks to 
 protect the surrounding country from inundation. Climate on 
 the whole cold, but varying much owing to differences of elevation. 
 Wheat is the leading cereal, then rye and maize ; the vine covers 
 about 2 per cent, of the surface (chiefly on the southern slopes in 
 Maurienne to a height of 2600 ft.), but the production per acre 
 is less than half the average for France ; tobacco (Aiguebelle, 
 Chamoux, &c.); mulberry and cider apples, limited; the dep. 
 is noted for cheese. Coal is mined in small quantity. Area, 
 2389 sq. m. P. (1891) 263,300. See France, table. 
 
 SaTOle, Haute-, dep., E. France, on the frontier of Italy and 
 Switzd., S. of Lake Leman, formed in i860 out of three provs. of 
 the ancient duchy of Savoy (Genevois, Chablais, and Faucigny) ; 
 divided into four arrs. : Annecy (cap.), Bonneville, Thonon, and 
 St. Julien. Surface exceedingly mountainous, the dep. including 
 Mont Blanc (15,780 ft.), with several other mountains in the 
 same group rising to over 13,125 ft., elsewhere few summits 
 exceed 9845 ft. ; lowest point (820 ft.) at the confluence of the 
 Fier with the Rhone. In the W. and NW. the general eleva- 
 tion is under 1640 ft., and this is the most fertile region ; in the 
 central (N. and S. ) belt the altitude is between 1640-4920 ft. ; 
 here cereals are cultivated, orchard fruits flourish up to 3610 ft. , 
 and there is excellent pasture ; in the higher eastern part the 
 pastoral industry predominates, but the hardier cereals and root- 
 crops are grown. The dep. is drained entirely to the Rhone, 
 which winds round the northern half from E. to W. , but only 
 touches the dep. on the W. , where it forms the frontier for about 
 20 m. with Ain ; its principal tribs. are the Arve, Dranse, Usses, 
 and Fier ; to the basin of the last belongs Lake Annecy. As 
 regards geological structure, Cretaceous and Jurassic formations 
 predominate throughout the greater part ; granite, gneiss, &c., 
 in the Mont Blanc group. Forests cover about one-fourth of the 
 1392 
 
 surface (Sapennais, Combe- Noir, Tronc, Samsens, &c. ). Climate 
 varies with alt. , rigorous in the higher parts. The principal cereal 
 is wheat, grown chiefly in the N. and W. , then oats ; the vine 
 occupies nearly 2 per cent, of the surface (W. and NW. ), pro- 
 duction per acre slightly above the average ; tobacco (Annecy, 
 Alby), apples for cider. Manufactures very limited, chiefly 
 textile ; watch and clock-making is carried on in various places. 
 Area, 1775 sq. m. P. (1891) 268,300. See France, table. 
 
 Savona, seapt. city, Italy, Liguria, prov. and 22 m. W. by 
 S. Genoa ; manufactures machinery, cloth, firearms, pottery, 
 chemicals, and has iron and steel foundries. The port has 
 16-26 ft. of water at quays, new harbour, 25 ft. at entrance 
 to new harbour. Its cathedral dates from the 17th century. 
 Savona was for a long time a rival of Genoa, and the Genoese 
 having seized it, destroyed the port. The King of Sardinia took 
 it in 1746. Birthplace of the popes Si.xtus IV. (died 1484) and 
 Julius II. (died 1515). P. 23,500. 
 
 Savonas, stn. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. P. R. , 
 about 121° W. , 1256 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, 226 m. E. Vancouver. 
 SaToy, terr., Europe, on the W. or French side of the Alps, 
 S. of the Lake of Geneva, forming, since i860, the two Frencii 
 deps. Savoie and Haute-Savoie. In the Roman era Savoy 
 formed part of the vast terr. of the Allobroges ; the greater part 
 of the country was ceded to Burgundy in 470. At the beginning 
 of the i2th century the local counts of Maurienne became counts 
 of Savoy, and gradually increased their power until they had 
 built up a powerful state. Soon after the middle of the i6th 
 century the sovereigns of Savoy transferred their seat of govern- 
 ment to Turin. In 1713 Victor Amadeus II. obtained Sicily also, 
 with a royal title, by the treaty of Utrecht. Having exchanged 
 Sicily for Sardinia, he was recognised by Europe as king of 
 Sardinia. At the French Revolution, Savoy was declared to 
 be the French dep. of Mont Blanc, but the Congress of Vienna 
 (1815) restored it to Sardinia. In i860 Victor Emmanuel, then 
 king of Italy, ceded Savoy, the cradle of his dynasty, to France 
 in recompense for the assistance afforded by Napoleon III. to 
 the Italians in recovering Lombardy from the Austrians. 
 
 Savoy, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co. , 17^ m. SE. 
 of the N W. comer of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Savoy Precinct, par., Eng., co. London, in Strand union. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Savraft, tn. , Russia, govt. Podolia, 30 m. ENE. Balta, on 
 Bug R. ; many archaeological discoveries. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Savu, isl. , Eastern Archipelago, to the S. of Flores, and SE. 
 of Sumba. P. 35,000. 
 
 Savnr, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 40 m. SE. Diarbekir, 
 sanjak Mardin. P. 3900 ; Moham. 2000 ; Christians, 1600. 
 
 Savu-Savn, bay, on the S. ct. of Vanua Levu, Fiji Is. , affords 
 good anchorage in the E. part. Width at mouth, 13J m. ; 
 greatest length, 8J m. 
 
 Savvln Storozhevskly, monastery, Russia, govt, and 33 m. 
 W. of Moscow, on 1. bk. Moscow R. 
 
 Savvo-Vlstaerskly, monastery, Russia, govt, and 7 m. NE. 
 Novgorod. 
 
 Sawaal, tn. , E. Indies, on N. ct. of Ceram I., cap. of a small 
 native principality. 
 
 Sawad, dist., Asiatic Turkey. See Irak Arabl. 
 Sawadl, vil. , Upper Burma, on the 1. bk. of the Irawadi, 9 m. 
 SSW. Bhamo, in 24" 9' N. 
 
 Sawa'kln, Sua'kln, or Sna'klni, seapt. tn. belonging to 
 Egypt, on the W. shore of the Red Sea, in 19° 7' N. ; situated 
 partly on an island (Sawakin proper) connected with the main- 
 land (the quarter of the town known as El Kef) by a bridge. 
 Has the best harbour on the Red Sea, though its entrance is 
 difficult on account of the numerous coral reefs. Starting- 
 point of caravan routes for Berber, Kassala, and Khartum ; now 
 connected by rail with Handub. Exports gum, senna, ivory, 
 mother-of-pearl, cotton. Purchased by Egypt from Turkey in 
 1865 ; occupied in 1882 during the Madhi rebellion by the 
 British, who have fortified it on the land side. P. about 12,000. 
 SawAn, tns. , Brit. India, Punjab. See SewAn. 
 Savrankalok, tn. , Siam, 52 m. NE. by E. Rahang. 
 SAivant-warl, tn. , India. See Warl. 
 Satrara, tn. , Japan, 45 m. ENE. Tokyo. P. 9100. 
 Siiwatch, mts. , U.S., Colorado. See Saguache Mts. 
 Sawbridgeworth (colloquially saps'worth), par., Eng., on 
 the E. border of Hertfordshire, div. and 10 m. E. Hertford, on 
 the G. E. R. ; has trade in malt. PMT.O. 6639 ac. P. < 3500. 
 Sawdou, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 7 m. 
 W. by S. Scarborough, i| m. N. of its stn. on the NE. R. 
 
 Sawel, Mount, mt. , Ire. , in the SW. of co. Londonderry, 16 
 m. E. Strabane, highest summit of Sperrin Mts. Alt. 2240 ft. 
 
 Savrley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 4^ m. 
 SW. by W. Ripon, PM.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Sawley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Ribble, 9^ m. NNW. Burnley, i^ m. W. 
 Rimington stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Sawley and Wllsthorpe, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, in Shard- 
 low union, with two stns. (Sawley and Sawley Junction) on the 
 M. R., PM.O. (Sawley), and P.O. (New Sawley). P. <i5oo. 
 
SAWR — SAXO 
 
 Sawrey, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div. , 
 9^ m. W. by N. Kendal, i^ m. W. Windermere, PMT.O. P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 Sawrey, Far, Eng. See Far Sawrey. 
 
 Sawston, par., Eng., Cambridge, Newmarket div., 6 m. S. 
 by E. Cambridge, 2 m. W. by N. Pampisford stn. , PMT.O. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Sawtooth, settlement, U.S., Idaho, Alturas co. , 62 m. E. by 
 N. Boise. 
 
 Sawtry all Saints and St. Andrew and Sawtry St. 
 Jndltli, two adjoining pars., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey 
 div., 8^ m. NW. by N. Huntingdon, 3 m. SW. Holme stn. 
 PMT.O. (Sawtry). Sawtry All Saints and St. Andrew, P. 
 <iooo; Sawtry St. Judith, P. <;25o. 
 
 Sawyer, co. , U.S., Wisconsin, in the NW., crossed in the N. 
 by 46° N. , and in the E. by 91° W. 
 
 Sawyer City, oil vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, McKean co. , 76 
 m. E. by S. Erie. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sax, Teutonic, ' knife,' ' short sword.' See Saxon. 
 
 Sax, comm., Spain, prov. Alicante, dist. Villena. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Saxby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 4J m. E. by 
 N. Melton Mowbray, on the M. R. and M. & G. N. 'joint Rly. 
 P. <2so ; eccles. par. (Saxby with Stapleford) P. <Soo. 
 
 Saxby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 10 m. N. 
 by E. Lincoln, 5^ m. WNW. Wickenby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Saxby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., i6| m. 
 ESE. Goole, 18 m. WNW. Great Grimsby, 4 m. SW. Barton- 
 upon-Humber, 3I m. NE. Appleby stn., P.O. (Saxby All 
 Saints). P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Saxby and East Flrsby) 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Saxe, La, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, i8| m. WNW. 
 Aosta ; has a bicarbonated ferruginous mineral spring, and 
 baths of sulphuretted soda. P. <20oo. 
 
 Saxe-.41tenbnrg, Dachy of, state of central Germany, in 
 the old dist. of Saxony, separated into two nearly equal portions 
 by the princip. of Gera, situated between 50° 42' and 51° 6' N., 
 11° 20' and 12° 40' E. , and enclosed by the terrs. of Prussia, the 
 kgd. of Saxony, and the states of Saxe- Weimar, Saxe-Meiningen, 
 and Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt ; surface covered by ramifications 
 of the Erzgebirge Mts. in the W., and watered by the Saale, 
 Roda, and Orla. Area 511 sq. m. P. (1890) 171,000. See 
 Ciernian Empire, table. 
 
 Saxe-Kobnrg-Ciotha, Dnchy of, state of central Germany, 
 in the old dist. of Saxony, cap. Gotha. It is divided into the 
 two provs. of Koburg, situated between Bavaria and Saxe- 
 Meiningen, and Gotha, surrounded by Prussian Saxony, Schwarz- 
 burg, Saxe-Weimar, and a detached piece of Hesse-Nassau. 
 Surface mountainous, with fertile valleys. Principal rivers, the 
 Nessa, Gera, Saale, and Itz. Chief industries, agriculture and 
 cattle-rearing. The manufactures of Gotha are very varied. 
 Education is in an advanced state. Prince Albert of England 
 (Prince Consort) was born near Koburg, August 26, 1819. 
 Total area, 756 sq. m. P. (1890) 207,000. See Cierman 
 Empire, table. 
 
 Saxclby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, 4 m. NW. Melton 
 Mowbray. P. <25o. 
 
 Saxe-Melnlngen, Dnt'liy of, state of central Germany, cap. 
 Meiningen, chiefly situated between 50° 10' and 50° 50' N., 10° 
 10' and 11° 40' E., having on the S. Bavaria; elsewhere sur- 
 rounded by the dominion of Saxe-Weimar, Koburg-Gotha, 
 Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Saxe-Altenburg, and Reuss, ex- 
 cept some detached dists. amongst the other Saxon duchies. 
 The surface is covered with the Thuringian Forest mountains. 
 The riv. Werra traverses the duchy, which is fertile ; but very 
 little corn is raised. Mining is actively pursued ; iron, copper, 
 coal, alum, vitriol, marble, and salt are obtained. Manufactures 
 comprise hardwares, linen and woollen fabrics. Area 953 sq. m. 
 P. (1890) 224,000. See German Empire, table. 
 
 Saxe->Velmar, Grand Duchy of, state of central Germany, 
 and the largest of the Saxon princips. , consisting of three 
 principal detached portions of terr. : (i) the princip. of Weimar ; 
 (2) that of Eisenach ; (3) the circle of Neustadt, and several 
 small terrs. included in other states, enclosed by the states 
 of Bavaria, the other Saxon duchies, Reuss and Schwarzburg- 
 Rudolstadt, and the provs. of Prussian Saxony and Hesse- 
 Nassau. Surface mountainous in the W., watered by the 
 Werra and its affluents ; more level in the centre and E. , and 
 traversed by the Ilm, Saale, and affluents of the Elster. Corn, 
 flax, hemp, hops, wine, timber, iron, salt, coal, and fullers' earth 
 ' are the principal products, with fine wool, which is exported 
 to England. Cattle and swine are numerous, and in the W. 
 especially form the principal sources of wealth. Manufactures 
 comprise linen and woollen fabrics, glass and earthenwares ; 
 and the transit trade is important. Jena is the seat of a 
 university, and public schools are numerous ; Weimar is cele- 
 brated for its literary and scientific institutions. Principal towns, 
 Weimar, Eisenach, Apolda, Jena, Neustadt, and Weida. Area 
 1388 sq. m. P. (1890) 326,000. See German Empire, table. 
 Saxham, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Suff"olk, the former 5 m. SW. Bury St. Edmunds, with a stn. 
 1393 
 
 (Saxham) on the G. E. R., P.O. (Great Saxham). P. (ot 
 
 each) < 250. 
 
 SaxUby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 6 m. 
 NW. by W. Lincoln, on the M. S. & L., G. N., G. E. & 
 G. N. Joint Rlys. , PMT.O.; 4432 ac. P. < 1500; eccles. par. 
 (SaxUby with Ingleby) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Saxkjoblng, or Sakskjoblng, seapt. tn., Denmark, on the 
 N. ct. of Laaland, prov. Maribo, 10 m. WNW. Nykjobing, at 
 head of a bay on the N. ct. ; vessels drawing 8 ft. only can enter 
 the port. P. (comm.) < 3000. 
 
 SaxUngham, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 13 m. W. Cromer, 
 3i m. W. by N. Holt stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 SaxUngham Nethergate and Saxllngham Thorpe, two 
 adjoining pars., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 7^ m. S. Norwich, the 
 former 2 m. E. Flordon stn. Saxlingham Nethergate, P. <7S0; 
 Saxlingham Thorpe, P. <25o. 
 
 Saxmnndham, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Suffolk, 11 m. S. 
 Halesworth, on the G. E. R. ; trade in corn. Market-day, W. 
 Alt. 50 ft. Mean annual rfall. , 26.06 in. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Saxon, or Sasson, tn. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, 6 m. NE. by 
 E. Martigny, to the S. of the Rhone ; has an iodide thermal 
 spring and baths. Alt. 1770 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Saxon bnry Hill, hill, Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 4 m. S. Tun- 
 bridge Wells. 
 
 Saxondale, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 6^ 
 m. S. Nottingham, i m. W. Bingham Road stn. P. <:2So. 
 
 Saxon, Eng.; Ger. , Sachsen, a name derived by some from 
 the Teutonic Sax, or Sahs, ' a short sword. ' 
 
 Saxon Street, vil., Eng., Cambridgeshire, div. and 3 m. SE. 
 by S. Newmarket, P.O. See Wood Dltton. 
 
 Saxon Switzerland, the name applied to the mountainous 
 part of the kgd. Saxony, SE. Dresden ; it is very picturesque, 
 but nowhere exceeds 2000 ft. alt. 
 
 Saxony, German Sachsen, a kgd. of the German Empire 
 extending from the NW. frontier of Bohemia to the Prussian 
 provs. of Silesia and Saxony and the Thuringian states ; divided 
 into the four dists. {Kreishauptmannschafteti) of Zwickau, Dres- 
 den, Leipzig, and Bautzen ; cap. Dresden. Total area about 
 three-fourths of that of Wales, but with a good deal more than 
 twice the population, this kingdom being one of the most 
 populous regions in the world, and the part of the German 
 Empire that for more than half a century has exhibited the 
 most rapid rate of increase. 
 
 Population in thousands, and mean increase per cent. 
 
 per annum. 
 
 1815. 1830. 1840. 1875. 1890. 
 
 Population . 1178 1402 171 1 2760 3503 
 
 Increase 1.17 2.01 1.38 1.60 
 
 By far the greater part of the surface consists of mountains or 
 highlands, which merge so gradually in the plains that no precise 
 boundary-line can be drawn, though the towns of Zwickau and 
 Chemnitz, and a line curving gently northward, drawn from 
 Chemnitz to Dresden, may be held as marking the limit fairly 
 well W. of the Elbe, which divides the country into two unequal 
 sections, while Dresden, Konigsbriick, Kamenz, and Bautzen 
 may be taken as marking a similar limit E. of the Elbe. The 
 tract E. of the Elbe forms the Saxon portion of Lusatia, the 
 highland section of which consists mainly of a granite plateau 
 with basalts, on which rise, between Bischofswerda and Lobau, 
 two not inconsiderable mountain ridges (highest point the Falken- 
 berg near Neukirch, 1990 ft. in the southern ridge). W. of the 
 Elbe the chief mountains are the frontier range of the Erzgebirge 
 {q.v.; highest point in Saxony the Fichtelberg, 3980 ft.), at the 
 W. end of which, on the Saxon side, Hes the bleak Voigtland, 
 while at its E. end the Elbe breaks through the remarkable 
 sandstone mountains known as the Saxon Switzerland (.q.v.). 
 The chief river is the Elbe [q.v.), an important waterway, 
 and most of the other rivers belong to this basin ; chief trib. in 
 S. the Mulde ; in the W. , formed by the union of the Zu ickauer 
 and Freiberger Mulde, the latter receiving the Zschopau or 
 Zschopauer Mulde. Among other rivers of the same basin are 
 the Schwarze and Weisse Elster, the latter a trib. of the Saale, 
 and the Spree, a trib. of the Havel. The Neisse, a trib. of the 
 Oder, also has its origin in Saxony. The cUmate is generally- 
 severe in the mountains, but milder in the valleys. 
 
 Notwithstanding the extent of the highlands, the proportion 
 of arable and garden land in the kingdom amounts to nearly 
 55 per cent. , being highest in the dists. round Leipzig, Bautzen, 
 and Zittau, where it amounts to about 75 per cent. , least round 
 Auerbach in the Voigtland (less than 25 per cent. ). The chief 
 cereals are oats and rye. Beetroot and flax are also cultivated. 
 Horse-rearing is an important industry. Excellent wool is 
 obtained from the Saxon sheep. In the i8th century ' electoral ' 
 wool (from the present kingdom) had a reputation surpassmg 
 all others. The forests of Saxony, which cover about 28 per 
 cent, of the surface, chiefly on the higher slopes of the Erzgebirge 
 and throughout Lusatia, both on the hills and in the plains, 
 have a European reputation. They consist chiefly of pines and 
 firs, but include also foliage trees in the NW. Woodcocks and 
 
 4T 
 
S AXO 
 
 SAY A 
 
 bustards are occasionally to be met with. Fish abound in the 
 rivers, and a pearl-fishery is still carried on in the Weisse Elster. 
 
 The mineral wealtb of Saxony, however, is what has long 
 given this region its chief economic importance, in the present 
 century through the stimulus which its mineral fuel gives to 
 manufactures. The mining industries of Saxony have been 
 vigorous since the 12th century, since which time silver-lead has 
 been extracted at Freiberg. Tin is mined at Altenberg (near the 
 frontier due S. of Dresden), and it is from Saxony that the art 
 of tin-plating was originally introduced into the United Kingdom 
 (S. Wales). Iron is mined at Scharzenberg, cobalt at Marien- 
 berg. The principal coalfields are that between Zwickau and 
 Chemnitz in the W. (chief mining centres Zwickau and Lugau), 
 and that of the Plauenscher Grund, near Dresden. Lignite is 
 mined at Grimma, near Leipzig, as well as at Bautzen and 
 Zittau, in Lusatia. Peat is worked in the Erzgebirge. Fine 
 clay is obtained near Meissen, the place where porcelain was 
 first manufactured in Europe. Topazes are found in the Erzge- 
 birge. Mineral springs are numerous — at Elster, Berggiesshiibel, 
 Augustusbad, Schandau, Tharandt, Hohenstein, Wolkenstein 
 (86° F.), Lausigk, Grunthal, &c. 
 
 The manufactures of Sa.xony are among the most important 
 in the world. They are chiefly pursued in the W., in the 
 neighbourhood of the principal coalfield, the chief centres being 
 Chemnitz and Zwickau. The most important branch is the 
 textile industry, especially the manufacture of cottons at Chem- 
 nitz ; but linens, woollens (including flannel), hosiery, and jute 
 (at Zittau, &c. ) manufactures are all carried on to a large extent. 
 Hosiery is made in all the towns along the base of the Erzge- 
 birge, still to a large extent domestically, though factories are 
 more and more gaining the upper hand. Machinery is largely 
 made at Zwickau and Chemnitz ; stone- and earthenware at the 
 same places, as well as at Bautzen and Meissen, the last of 
 which has the Royal ' Dresden ' porcelain factory. Among 
 other manufactures are those of glass (Dresden, Radeberg, 
 Bischofswerda, and Karlsfeld), toys, and other wooden wares 
 in the Erzgebirge, and musical instruments in the Voigtland. 
 
 The people are chiefly Germans and Germanised Slavonians, 
 but there are still about 50,000 Slavonic-speaking Wends in 
 Upf)er Lusatia. Education is as widely diffused and as 
 advanced as in any part of Germany. The university of Leipzig 
 is the second largest in the empire. At Dresden there is an 
 important polytechnical institute, at Freiberg a mining academy, 
 and at Tharandt a school of forestry. 
 
 The history of the various regions bearing the name of 
 Saxony, or a cognate name, is too complicated to be briefly 
 summarised. The margraviate qf Meissen was acquired in 
 1 127 by Konrad of Wettin, the ancestor of the still reigning 
 house, and may be looked upon as the nucleus of the kingdom. 
 In the 15th century the present prov. of Saxony belonged in 
 the N. (Altmark) to Brandenburg, the remainder chiefly to the 
 archbishopric of Magdeburg, the bishopric of Halberstadt, the 
 county of Mansfeld, and in the S. to the duchy of Saxony, 
 which then included not only the margraviate of Meissen but 
 also a large part of Thuringia. In 1485 two duchies were 
 created by a partition of the terrs. between two brothers, Albert 
 and Ernest, the founders of the Albertine and Ernestine lines ; 
 the former receiving the margraviate of Meissen, with the duchy 
 of Saxony proper to the N. (including Wittenberg), and a tract 
 to the N. of Thuringia, W. of the Saale, the latter the Thuringian 
 states. The Albertine branch retained the electoral dignity, and 
 afterwards acquired the title of king, when one of the electors 
 was chosen king of Poland. By the arrangements of the Con- 
 gress of Vienna (1814-15), after the fall of Napoleon, the 
 Albertine branch lost to Prussia its N. terr. , including Witten- 
 berg, as well as the terr. W. of the Saale, but retained the kingly 
 title. See German Empire, table. 
 
 Saxony, prov. , Prussia, the least compact of all the provs. 
 It lies between Hanover on the W. and Brandenburg on the 
 E. and N. of the Thuringian states and the kingdom of Saxony, 
 but is nearly bisected by the duchy of Anhalt and part of 
 Brunswick, the N. section, moreover, surrounding detached 
 portions of Brunswick and Anhalt, the S. section the lower 
 lordships of the two Schwarzburg principalities, while outlying 
 portions of the prov. lie further S., and circles Schleussingen 
 and Ziegenriick in the Thuringian Forest. Total area more than 
 a fourth larger than Wales. The whole prov. is traversed by 
 the Elbe, which forms part of the NE. frontier, and is there 
 joined by the Havel, which forms part of the E. frontier, and 
 in the latitude of the town of Brandenburg is connected with 
 the Elbe by the Plaue Canal. The S. section is also traversed 
 by several important tribs. of the Elbe — the Saale (with its tribs. 
 the Unstrut, Pleisse, and Weisse Elster), the Mulde, and the 
 Schwarze Elster. The Werra partly traverses, partly bounds, 
 the SW. corner of the prov., and the N. section contains the 
 upper part of the Aller, also belonging to the Weser basin. 
 The cap. is Magdeburg, on the Elbe ; the prov. is divided into 
 the three govts. {Regiernngsbezirke) of Magdeburg, Merseburg, 
 and Erfurt. The larger half of the prov. belongs to the German 
 lowland, and is well known for its extensive moors — on the left 
 1394 
 
 of the Elbe the Dromling, on the Aller, and the Halberstadter 
 Bruch (moor), and on the right the Zeiner Bruch. The Harz 
 Mts. enter on the SW. side ; to these belong the highest 
 mountain, the Brocken (3745 ft.), the Rosstrappe, the Auer Mt., 
 with the Joseph's cave (1900 ft.), and the Mansfeld. South 
 of the Harz is the broad valley of the Helme (the Goldene 
 Aue or 'golden meadow'). A part of the Thuringian Forest 
 with the Finster Mt. (3040 ft.) also belongs to the prov. 
 The lakes are the small Arend-see in the N. and the still 
 smaller Siisser-see in the S. See also Salzlger See. The 
 average annual temp, is about 40° F. Annual rfall. on the 
 Harz 56 in. , in the lowland 15-20 in. Apart from the moorlands, 
 the soil is very fertile, especially between Magdeburg and 
 Erfurt ; about 60 per cent, of the prov. is arable land. The 
 prov. is the chief seat of the cultivation of sugar-beet, and the 
 manufacture of sugar in the German Empire. Other products 
 are cereals, hops, chicory, vines, tobacco. In the mountainous 
 parts there are large forests with plenty of game. On the Elbe 
 there are still, here and there, some beavers to be found. Cattle 
 and sheep rearing are of considerable importance in the prov. 
 The N. portion of the prov. is mainly covered by Quaternary 
 drift, succeeded on the S. by small patches of Tertiary and 
 larger areas of Cretaceous age. The geology of the S. portion is 
 too complicated for description ; the Trias is the series most 
 largely developed. At the foot of the Harz there is Zechstein. 
 The mineral treasures are of the greatest importance. Brown 
 coal (Ugnite) is mined at Weissenfels, Kalbe, Aschersleben, true 
 coal at Wettin, rock-salt and other salts in enormous quantity 
 at Stassfurt {q.v.), Erfurt, Schonebeck, Diirrenberg, Halle. At 
 Mansfeld there are also argentiferous copper ores. Iron ores, 
 nickel, alum, marble, clay, and sulphur also occur. Metal and 
 other industries are consequently extensive, especially the manu- 
 facture of woollen cloth, chemicals (Stassfurt), cigars, earthen- 
 ware, manufacture of guns (Suhl), linen, starch, leather, corn- 
 brandy (Nordhausen), machines, besides sugar as already 
 mentioned. There is a dockyard at Buckau (Magdeburg). 
 There is a university at Halle. Since the migration of nations 
 the prov. has been inhabited by Saxons, who were Christianised 
 by Charlemagne and Henry I. The northern part of the 
 prov., 'Altmark,' already belonged to Brandenburg in 1415; 
 in 1648 Magdeburg, Halberstadt, and Mansfeld were added. 
 In 1803 Erfurt, Eichsfeld, and Miihlhausen were added to 
 the Brandenburg (now Prussian) terr. , and the prov. attained its 
 present dimensions in 1815. See dernian Empire, table, and 
 Saxony, kingdom (History). 
 
 Saxstead, par., Eng. , Suffolk, 2 m. NW. Framlingham, P.O. 
 (Saxtead). P. <5oo. See Framllngbam. 
 
 Saxtliorpe, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div. , 10 m. SW. Cromer, 
 with a stn. (Corpnsty and Saxtliorpe) on the M. & G. N. Joint 
 Rly., PM.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Saxton, vil. , U.S., Missouri, Buchanan co., 4 m. ESE. St. 
 Joseph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Saxton with Scartblngwell, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W, 
 Riding, Barkston Ash div. ,11 m. E. by N. Leeds, 2jm. NNW. 
 Sherburn stn. , P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Saxtou's River, vil., U.S., Vermont, Windham co., on 
 Saxton' s R., 3 m. W. Bellows Falls. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Say ('river'), tn., central Sudan, on r. bk. of the Niger, in 
 about 13° 5' N. Caravans cross the Niger here, where the river 
 is only 3610 ft. or 3940 ft. wide, and where the banks are not 
 steep. P. 8000. 
 
 Sayada, small seapt., Turkey in Europe, one of the ports of 
 Yanina. 
 
 Sayang, or Shayang, tn. , China, Hupe, 120 m. W. by N. 
 Hankow. P. 50,000-60,000 (Michaelis). P. 5000. 
 
 Sayang, tn., China, Yiinnan, 60 m. SW. Tali-fu. 
 
 Sayan Mountains, an extensive system of mountains on the 
 frontier between E. Siberia and NW. Mongolia, 9o°-io6° E. 
 Great confusion prevails still as to the structure of the whole 
 system, and many different mountain ridges are comprised 
 under this general denomination. As a rule, the name of 
 Sayans is applied to the border ridge of the High Plateau of 
 E. Asia in NW. Mongolia, i.e., W. of the Yenisei, where it 
 appears as a continuation of the Sailughem ridge of the Altai. 
 The name of Erghik-Targak Taiga is given both to its further 
 continuation in a NE. direction between the Us and the upper 
 Yenisei (Bei-khem), and to the slopes of the High Plateau 
 towards the Uda, lya, and Oka Rivs. ; while the name of 
 Sayan reappears again in the border ridge of the High Plateau 
 from Lake Kosogol to Lake Baikal, which might be considered 
 as the Sayan projjer until it receives a separate name. In this 
 last part, which is best known, the Sayan Mts. rise gently above 
 the plateau and slope abruptly northwards ; their peaks, consist- 
 ing of granites and metamorphic slates, are generally rounded, 
 and attain 11,450 ft. in the snow-clad Munku-Sardyk, and from 
 7000-9000 ft. elsewhere, joining the 9000 ft. high Khamar- 
 aban at the SW. extremity of Lake Baikal. A wide belt of 
 alpine regions, consisting of several parallel, yet unnamed, 
 ridges fringes the Sayans on the N., the Oya ridge in the 
 basin of the Yenisei, and the Tunka, Kitoi, and Byelaya Alps 
 
S A Y A 
 
 SCAN 
 
 in the basin of the Angara. Volcanic rocks and ejections of 
 lava are widely spread in the Sayan border ridge. 
 
 Sayauskaya, vil. , E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, dist. and 67 
 m. S. Minusinsk, on r. bk. Yenisei, where it issues from the 
 mountains into the plains. P. <iooo. 
 
 Sayayo, dist. , Spain, prov. Zamora, between the Douro and 
 its 1. bk. trib. the Tormes, which latter separates it from the 
 prov. Salamanca, and the former from the Portuguese prov. 
 Traz OS Montes. 
 
 Saybrook, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Middlesex co. , on the 
 coast, 15 m. WSW. New London ; is a summer resort. P. < 
 1500. Old Saybrouk, adjoining town, P. <i5oo. 
 
 Saybrook, vil., U.S., Illinois, McLean co. , 59 m. ESE. 
 Peoria. P. < 1500. 
 
 Saybnsch, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 42 m. SW. Cracow. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Sayda, or Sayda In Sacltsen, tn. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, 13I 
 m. S. by E. Freiberg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sayer, group of islets, Indian Ocean, S. of Mergui Is., 44 m. 
 from the Malay Penin. 
 
 Sayers Common, eccles. par., Eng. , Sussex, in ancient par. 
 of Hurstpierpoint. P. <5oo. 
 
 S4yla, tn., India, Gujarat, cap. Sayla state, 70 m. W. by N. 
 Cambay. P. (1881) 6500. 
 
 Sayn, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 5I m. NNE. 
 Koblenz, on riv. Sayn ; iron mined. P. (comm. )<3000. 
 
 ^aypau, isl. , Pacific. See 8eypan. 
 
 Sayre, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Bradford co. , on the W. 
 Branch of the Susquehanna R., 59 m. NW. Scranton ; has 
 locomotive and car repair shops. P. <i5oo. 
 
 SayrevUle, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Middlesex co. , at the 
 head of the estuary of Raritan R. , 22 m. SSW. Newark ; trade 
 in fire-bricks and fire-clay. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Saynla, tn. , Mexico, Jalisco, 70 m. SSW. Guadaljara. P. 
 12,000. 
 
 Sayville, vil., U.S., New York, Suffolk co.. Long I., 48 m. 
 E. Brooklyn. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sayyldwala, vil., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Montgomery, 57 
 m. S W. by W. Lahore. P. < 3000. 
 
 Saza'wa, tn. , Austria. See Sasan. 
 
 Sazawa, or 8asau, riv. , Austria, Bohemia ; has its source in 
 a small lake on the Moravian frontier, flows 6 m. SSE. , thereafter 
 WNW. , passing Deutsch-Brod, and enters the Moldau opposite 
 Dawle, 12 m. S. Prague, after a tortuous course of more than 
 115 m. Area of basin, 1682 sq. m. 
 
 Sba, or Sebali, oasis, French Sahara, about 30 m. N. Tamentit ; 
 saltpetre extracted. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sbeitla, the ancient Sufetula, or Suffetula, site of ruins, 
 Tunis, on riv. Menasser, 64 m. SW. by W. Kairwan ; con- 
 tains the greatest number of Roman ruins in Tunis ; has several 
 springs. 
 
 Sblba, the ancient Sufes, or Colonia SufetancB, site of Roman 
 ruins, in the S. of Tunis, 62 m. WSW. Kairwan, and iSj m. 
 N. Sbeitla. 
 
 Scackletou, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div. , 14 m. N. by E. York, 2^ m. SW. by S. Hovingham 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Scaddy, P.O., Ire., co. Down, 3 m. from Downpatrick stn. 
 
 Scaer, tn., France, dep. Finistere, arr. Quimperl6, 25 m. 
 NW. Lorient. P. < 2000. 
 
 Scafatl, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, on the Sarno, 6 
 ni. W. Nocera ; manufactures powder, and cotton and linen 
 textiles ; dyeing and printing of cotton goods. P. 820c. 
 
 Sea Fell, mt. , Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., ii| m. 
 SSW. Keswick, E. of the upper end of Wast Water ; having 
 two summits, respectively 3210 and 3162 ft. in height. Scafell 
 Pike lies NE. , separated from Scafell by a deep chasm called 
 the Mickledore, is the highest point in England, and is an Ord- 
 nance trigonometrical stn. 
 
 Seafell, stn. , Wales, Montgomeryshire, 2 m. W. Newtown. 
 
 Scaftworth, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 9I 
 m. SE. by S. Doncaster, i m. SE. Bawtry stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Scagglettaorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div. , 16 m. SW. by W. Scarborough, 3 m. E. Malton, 2 m. N. 
 Settrington stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Scala, Italian, 'landing-place.' 
 
 Scala, comm., Italy, Campania, prov. and 8 m. W. Salerno; 
 has a cathedral. An important fortress in the Middle Ages. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Scalabis, tn., Portugal. See Santarem. 
 
 Scala NnoTa, seapt. , Asia Minor. See Knsli Adas!. 
 
 Sealby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 2 m, 
 NW. Scarborough, on the NE. R., PM.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Sealby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div., 
 ■6 m. E. Howden. P. <25o. 
 
 Scald Hill, mt. , Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div. , 14 m. SE. by E. Kelso. Height, 2676 ft. 
 
 Scaldis, riv. , France. See Scheldt. 
 
 Scald Law, hill, Scot. , Midlothian. See Pentland Hills. 
 
 Scaldwell, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 8J m. 
 
 WNW. Wellingborough, 2 m. ENE. Brixworth stn., P.O. 
 P. <Soo. 
 
 Scale, or skali, Scandinavian ; Scotch, sheal, shealing, shell, 
 or shelling, 'a hut,' or 'shed'; e.g., Sealby, 'hut town'; Scallo- 
 way, ' the huts on the bay ' ; Galashiels, ' the huts on the river 
 Gala.' 
 
 Scalea, comm., on the W. ct. of Italy, Calabrie, prov. Co- 
 senza, 57 m. S. Potenza. P. <20oo. 
 
 Scaleby, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 5^ m. NE. 
 by N. Carhsle, 4 m. E. by S. Lyneside stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Scale Force, waterfall, Eng., Cumberland, on W. side of 
 Crummock Water, 9 m. SW. Keswick ; makes a sheer leap of 
 over 100 ft. 
 
 Scales, Eng. See Newton with Scales. 
 
 Scales, vil., Eng., Lancashire, Aldingham par., 4 m. SW. 
 Ulverston ; iron-works in vicinity. 
 
 Scales Tarn, lake, Eng., Cumberland, on N. side of Saddle- 
 back, 6 m. NE. Keswick. 
 
 Scaletta, mt. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, about 20 m. SE. Chur. 
 Alt. 9310 ft. 
 
 Scaletta Pass. See Apeitnlnes, €. 
 
 Scalford, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 3^ m. N. 
 by E. Melton Mowbray, on the G. N. & L. & N W. Joint Rly. , 
 P.O. P.-C750. 
 
 Scalluo Plzzo, mt. , Italy, Lombardy, in the Rhaetian Alps, 
 prov. Sondrio or Valteline, 9^ m. NNE. Sondrio. Alt. 10,925 ft. 
 
 Scallcastle Bay, Scot., Argyllshire, in the E. of Mull I., in 
 56° 29-30' N. 
 
 Scalloway, vil., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Tingwall par. , 
 on the W. ct. , at the head of Scalloway Bay, 5 m. W. by S. 
 Lerwick ; has a good harbour and important fisheries. PMT.O. 
 P. <750. 
 
 Scalp, The, sandbank, in the Wash, Eng. , at the mouth of 
 the Witham. 
 
 Scalpa, isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, Outer Hebrides, Harris 
 par. , at entrance of E. Loch Tarbert. Length i^ m. , by 2J m. 
 broad. P. 517. 
 
 Scalpa Flow, Scot. See Scapa Flo'w. 
 
 Scalpay, isl. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, Inner Hebrides, separated 
 from the E. ct. of Skye I. by Scalpay Sound, PMT.O. Length 
 4 m. , by 3 m. broad. P. 49. 
 
 Scalpay Sonnd, or Loch na Calridh, Scot. , Inner Hebrides, 
 between Skye and Scalpay Is. ; abounds in oysters. 
 
 Scalp Mountain, Ire., in the NE. of co. Donegal, 7 m. N. 
 by W. Londonderry. Height, 1589 ft. 
 
 Scalthwalterlgg, Hay, and Hntton In the Hay, par. , Eng. , 
 Westmorland, 4 m. E. Kendal. P. <75o. 
 
 Scamadale, Loch, lake, Scot., Argyllshire, in the W. , drained 
 W. by riv. Euchar into Loch Feochan. Alt. 221 ft. 
 
 Scamander, small riv. , on the E. ct. of Tasmania, in about 
 40° 25' S. ; silver mined in its valley. 
 
 Scamblesby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 7 m. 
 SW. by S. Louth, 3 m. SE. Donington on Bain stn., PM.O. 
 P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (Scamblesby with Cawkwell) P. <5oo. 
 
 Scamiiium, seapt., Syria. See Haifa. 
 
 Scammonden, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 6 
 m. W. Huddersfield. P. <5oo. 
 
 Scampston, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 14 m. SW. by W. Scarborough, 5 m. ENE. Malton, i m. E. 
 by N. RilUngton Junction. P. <25o. 
 
 Scampton, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div. , 5I m. 
 N. by W. Lincoln, 4^ m. NE. Saxilby stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Scandale, glen, Eng. , Westmorland, between Stock Gill 
 Valley and Rydal. 
 
 Scandale Fell, hill, Eng., Westmorland, 3^ m. N. Amble- 
 side. Alt. 2155 ft. 
 
 Scaudla, vil., U.S., Kansas, Republic co. , 126 m. WNW. 
 Topeka, on the Republican R. P. <i500. 
 
 Scandlano, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 8 m. SSE. Reggio ; 
 has sulphurous springs, and deposits of sulphur. Birthplace of 
 Matteo Bojardo, author of Orlando hmamorato, died 1494, and 
 of the naturalist Spallanzani, died 1799. P. < 2000. 
 
 Scandlcci, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 2>k '^- ^• 
 Florence. P. < 200c. 
 
 Scandinavia, a geographical, or rather an ethnographical 
 term, comprehending in the wide sense Sweden, Norway, 
 Denmark, and Iceland. In the narrower sense it is confined 
 to the peninsula of Norway and Sweden. 
 
 Scanf«, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 10 m. NE. by N. St. 
 Moritz, on 1. bk. Inn in the Upper Engadine. Alt. 5415 ft. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Scania, or Sk&ue, the S. part of Sweden, equivalent to the 
 two provs. of Malmo and Christianstad. From the earliest 
 times down to 1658 it was alternately in the possession of 
 Sweden and Denmark. 
 
 Scanlport, P.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, 4 m. from Inverness. 
 
 Scano dl Montlferro, comm., Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 36 m. 
 S. Sassari. P. <30oo. 
 
 Scanno, comm., Italv, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, 34 m 
 SSW. Chieti. P. <3ooo. 
 
 1395 
 
SCAN — SCHA 
 
 Scaiisauo, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Grosseto, 43 m. S. 
 Siena. P. < 2000. 
 
 Scapa, or ^alpa Flow, sea basin, Scot., Orkney Is., nearly 
 enclosed by Pomona, Burray, S. Ronaldshay, Walls, and Hoy, 
 and containing many small islands. Length, 15 m. ; breadth, 
 8 m. 
 
 Scapa Bay, Scot. , Orkney, a NE. inlet of Scapa Flow, i^ 
 m. broad at entrance, 2J m. long. 
 
 Scar, The, sandbank, Scot., Wigtownshire, in the W. of 
 Loch Ryan, in 54° S7'~S9' '^• 
 
 ^arabeii, mt., Scot., Caithness, in the S. , 23 m. SW. Wick. 
 Alt. 2054 ft. 
 
 Scarawalsli, bar. , Ire. , in the N W. of co. Wexford. 
 
 ^arba, isl., Scot., Argyllshire, off the W. ct., N. of Jura, in 
 56° 9'-i2' N. Scarba Sound separates Scarba on the NE. from 
 Luing I. Length and breadth 3 m. each. Alt. 1500 ft. P. 9. 
 
 Scarboro', tn. , U.S., Maine, Cumberland co. , 6 m. SW. Port- 
 land. Scarboro' Beach is a favourite bathing place. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Scarborough, vil. , Canada, Ontario, York co. , 9^ m. NE. by 
 E. Toronto. P. < 1500. Scarborough Jniictlon, 4 ni. to the 
 SW. by W. 
 
 Scarborough, pari, and mun. bor. , par. and market-tn., 
 Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 37 m. NE. York, in the diocese of 
 York, on the coast, with terminal station of three branches of 
 NE. R. Built on a fine bay with castle-rock on N. and ' Oliver's 
 Mount ' behind, and a bridge 75 ft. high over a picturesque gorge, 
 this ' Queen of the Watering-Places ' has long been favoured 
 by tourists, attracted by its sands as well as by the scenery. The 
 castle, once a Norman keep, then a royal fortress, gave name to 
 the town. Scaur-burg, 'fort on the rock.' The tidal harbour 
 (1732-1850), with lighthouse and floating dock, is enclosed by 
 three piers. There is besides 'a promenade pier,' quayage of 
 harbour 4050 ft. ; depth 13 ft. at high water ordinary springs, at 
 low water dry ; floating-dock 90 ft. long. Besides the cliff bridge 
 (414 ft. long), there is a viaduct spanning the ravine. There 
 are a market-hall, an extensive aquarium, a museum, &c. 
 Industries, fisheries, coasting-trade, jet-manufacture. About 2i 
 m. SE. of the town is Cornelian Bay, so called on account of the 
 cornelians found here along with jaspers, moss-agates, &c. , on the 
 beach. P. mun. bor. (1801)6700; (1851) 12,900; (1871)24,300; 
 (1891) 33,800. 
 
 Scarborough, seapt. tn. , W. Indies, on the SE. ct. of 
 Tobago I. No bar, but in a bay well sheltered from prevailing 
 winds ; depth available in port, 6-10 fathoms. P. <20oo. 
 
 Scarcles, two rivs. , W. ct. of Africa, rise near the S. frontier 
 of Futa Jallon, and flow SW. , almost parallel to each other, 
 into the Atlantic by a common estuary, in 8° 50-56' N. The 
 Great Scarcies, the most northerly, is 155 m. long ; the Little 
 Scarcies, in spite of its name, is much longer. 
 
 ScarcUflT, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Chesterfield div., 5I m. 
 NNW. Mansfield, 2^ m. WNW. Shirebrook stn., P.O. (Scar- 
 cllflTe). P. < 1500. 
 
 Scarcroft, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div. , 6 m. N E. Leeds, i| m. W. by N. of its stn. (Thorner and 
 Scarcroft) on the NE. R., PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Scardana, tn., Austria, crownland Dalmatia, 33 m. NW. 
 Spalato ; seat of a bishop. P. < 2000. 
 
 Scardaune, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 3 m. from Ballindine, 5 
 m. from Claremorris stn. 
 
 Scarffskerry Polut, cape, Scot., Caithness, on the N. ct., 
 3° 17' W., PMT.O. (Scarfskerry). 
 
 Scarf dap, mountain pass, Eng., Cumberland, from head of 
 Ennerdale to head of Buttermere. 
 
 ScarglU, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and g\ m. 
 NW. Richmond, on the Greta, 4 m. S. Barnard Castle stn.; 
 has a lead-mine. 5170 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 ScarUr, or Scarrlff, isl. Ire., off SW. ct. co. Kerry, in 10° 
 is' W. 
 
 Scarlo, port, Italy. See San Ciiovannl a Plro. 
 
 ScarlHbrick, par., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. NW. Ormskirk, 
 P.O.; 8397 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Scarle, North, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 
 8 m. W. by S. Lincoln, 2^ m. NNW. Swinderby stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Scarle, South, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 7 m. 
 NNE. Newark, i m. W. Swinderby stn., P.O. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (S. Scarle with Glrton and Besthorpe) P. <75o. 
 
 Scarlet Point, cape, on the S. ct. of the Isle of Man, i| m. 
 SW. Castletown. 
 
 Seaming, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 18 m. W. by N. 
 Norwich, 2^ m. WSW. E. Dereham, i^ m. ESE. Wendling 
 stn., P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Scar Nose, cape, Scot., Banffshire, on the N. ct., in 2° 51' W. 
 
 Scarp, or Scarpa, isl., Scot., Outer Hebrides, Inverness- 
 shire, par. and \ m. NW. Harris ; is a rocky mountain of gneiss. 
 Length, 3 m.; alt. 1000 ft. P. 143. 
 
 Scarpanto, isl. , Asiatic Turkey. See Kerpe. 
 
 Scarpe, riv. , France, deps. Pas-de-Calais and Nord, rises on 
 the plateau of Artois, flows ESE. past Arras ; canalised here, 
 it turns NE. past Douai, and finally joins the Scheldt near 
 1396 
 
 the Belgian frontier. Length, 62 m.; area of basin, 420 sq. m. 
 
 Scarperla, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 17 m. N. by E. 
 Florence. P. < 5000, 
 
 Scarrlff, tn. , Ire., NE. co. Clare, bar. Upper Tulla, 8 m. 
 NNW. Killaloe, PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Scarrlff, isl. , Ire. See Scarlff. 
 
 Scarrlngton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 10 
 m. E. by N. Nottingham, it^ m. NNW. Aslockton stn. P. < 
 250; eccles. par. (Scarrlngton M'lth Aslocton) P. <75o. 
 
 Scarsdale, mun. tn., Victoria, Grenville co. , 16 m. SW. 
 Ballarat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Scart, electoral div. , Ire. , Cork, dist. Bantry. 
 
 Scartaglln, tnld., Ire., N. co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy, 
 135 m. ESE. "Tralee, 4 m. from Castleisland stn., P.O. (Scarta- 
 glen). P. <:25o. 
 
 Scarthlngwell, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Saxton 
 par., 4 m. S. Tadcaster. See Saxton with Scarthlngwell. 
 
 Scartho, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 3 ra. S. by W. and in- 
 cluded in the pari. bor. of Grimsby, i j m. NW. Waltham stn. , 
 P.O. P. <2SO. 
 
 Scarty Head, cape, Scot. , Wigtownshire, on the W. ct. , in 
 54° 47i' N. 
 
 Scarva, electoral div.. Ire., Down, dist. Loughbrickland, P.O. 
 
 Scarva Junction, rly. stn.. Ire., co. Armagh, bar. Lower 
 Orior, 7 m. SSE. Portadown, on the G. N. (Ire.) R. 
 
 Scarweather Sands. See Skerrweather Sands. 
 
 Scatarl Island, isl., Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I. 
 and CO. off the E. ct. , in 46° N. 
 
 Scatterbreak Channel, NE. of Vanua Levu, Fiji Is. 
 
 Scattery Islanil, Ire., off S. ct. co. Clare, in riv. Shannon, 
 in 9° 31' W. 
 
 Scavalg, Loch, inlet, Scot., in the S. of the isl. of Skye, in 
 6° 8'-ii' W. 
 
 Scaven, Loch, or Loch Sgamhaln, lake, Scot., Ross-shire, 
 in the middle, drained WSW. by riv. Carron. Alt. 491 ft. 
 
 Sca^wby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 14 m. 
 NE. Gainsborough, 2^ m. WSW. Brigg, i m. N. by W. of its 
 stn. (Scawby and Hlbaldston) on the M. S. & L. R., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Scawton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the SW. of 
 the Whitby div., 17 m. ENE. Ripon, 4 m. N. by E. Coxwold 
 stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. (Scawton with Cold Hlrby) P. <soo. 
 
 Scaynes Hill, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Lindfield, Sussex. 
 
 Sceanx, tn. , France, dep. Seine, cap. arr. , 6 m. SSW. Notre 
 Dame, Paris ; seat of the Lakanal lyceum ; has a large park, 
 the only remains of the celebrated castle built by Perrault for 
 Colbert. The poet Florian died here, 1794. P. <400o. 
 
 Scernl, comm., Italy, prov. Chieti, 8 m. W. Vasto. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Scesaplana. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 3 (a). 
 
 Scethrog, P.O., Wales, Brecknockshire, 4^ m. SE. by E. 
 Brecknock, ij m. NW. Talybont stn. 
 
 Scey-sur-8a6ne et St. Albln, tn. , France, dep. Haute- 
 Saone, 31 m. N. Besan9on, arr. and 10 m. WNW. Vesoul. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Schaakswltte, vil., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, on the 
 Kurisches Haff, 17 m. NNE. Konigsberg. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Schaal See, lake, Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 3^ m. 
 SSE. Ratzeburg, on borders of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Length, 
 9|m. 
 
 Schttchen-thal, narrow and fertile valley, Switzd. , cant. Uri, 
 through which passes the Schachenbach, trib. of the Reuss, 
 forming here the Staubi waterfall. 
 
 Schaefferstown, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and 8 m. 
 ESE. Lebanon, 20 m. W. by S. Reading. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Schaerbeefc, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, N. suburb of 
 Brussels {q.v.). P. 50,500. 
 
 Schafberg, isolated mt. , Austria, Salzburg, between Lake 
 Atter on the N., Lake Safikt Wolfgang on the S., and the 
 Mond-see on the NW. Alt. 5845 ft. 
 
 Schafberg, mt. , Ger. , Wiirtemberg, circle Schwarzwald, 
 near Rosswangen, connected by a natural bridge with the 
 Wentzelstein. 
 
 Schaffen, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. and 19 m. 
 ENE. Louvain. P. <3000. 
 
 Schaflhausen, in French Schaff house, cant., Switzd., in 
 the N., on r. bk. of the Rhine, surrounded by the gd. -duchy of 
 Baden, excepting a portion of the S. frontier, is divided into 
 three parts, one principal part, and two isolated portions, one 
 to the E. facing Thurgau on the opposite bank of the Rhine, 
 the other to the SW. , nearly surrounded by Zurich. The canton 
 is traversed SW. to NE. by the Jura Mts. The fertile dist., 
 called the Klettgau, 1300-1650 ft. in alt. , lies to the SW. ; highest 
 point, the Hohe Randen, is 3000 ft. in alt. Forests, vineyards, 
 orchards, and corn-fields occupy most of the surface. Cattle- 
 breeding is a principal industry ; important fisheries in the Rhine, 
 especially of salmon. The water of the Rhine is used as a motive 
 power ; manufactures of machinery, agricultural implements, 
 iron-founding, household utensils, surgical instruments, ribbons, 
 cotton and woollen goods, chemicals, carriages, and guns. The 
 
SCHA — SCHI 
 
 inhabitants spsak German, and are mostly Protestants. The 
 government is a representative democracy ; legislative power is 
 confided to a council, with direct referendum, elected by the 
 people, one member for every 500 persons; executive power is 
 in the hands of a council of five. Public education is very 
 advanced ; it is obligatory and gratuitous. The Roman road 
 to Ratisbon passed through the Klettgau to Schaffhausen 
 (Scaphusa), which derives its name from the vessels which landed 
 here. In 1501 Schaffhausen was admitted into the Swiss Con- 
 federation, and made a canton in 1798. During the Thirty 
 Years' War the Imperial and Protestant troops did an immense 
 amount of damage here. See S-wltzerland, table. 
 
 Scliuffhauseii, tn. , Switzd. , cap. cant. Schaffhausen, 14 m. 
 NNW. Winterthur ; manufactures silk and cotton goods, 
 wrought steel wares, files, iron wire, railway requisites, furniture, 
 earthenware, tiles, and tobacco. The famous falls of the Rhine, 
 
 I m. above, are used for industrial purposes. The town, which 
 preserves the characteristics of the Middle Ages, is overlooked by 
 the curious fortress of Unoth, or Munoth, dating from the 15th 
 and i6th centuries. Schaffhausen was made an imperial free 
 city in the 12th century ; it has a cathedral, the oldest church in 
 Switzd., built 1104. Birthplace of the historian Johannes von 
 Miiller (1752-1809). Alt. 1330 ft. Annual rfall. (12 yrs.), 39.96 
 in. P. 12,400. 
 
 Schafstedt, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, 11 m. SW. Halle, 
 circle Merseburg. P. <:3oco. 
 
 Scbageii, comm. , Holland, prov. N. Holland, 12 m. S. 
 Helder. P. <4ooo. 
 
 ^hagbticoke, vil. , U.S., New York, Rensselaer co. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Sclialdt, vil. , Ger. , Bavaria, Palatinate of the Rhine, 17^ m. 
 SW. Germersheim ; iron mined. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Hchaltick, valley, Switzd. See Scliaiiflgg. 
 
 Scliaike, manufacturing tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle 
 Bochum, 5 m. NNE. Essen ; has manufactures of machinery, 
 wire, iron-wares, chemicals, &c. ; has also coal-mines. P. (1871) 
 <:4000 ; (1890)13,300. 
 
 Scliams, part of the Hinter- Rhine valley, Switzd., cant. 
 Grisons, above the famous pass of the Via Mala ; lead, silver, 
 and iron mined. Alt. 3050-3220 ft. 
 
 ^baiick, cape, Victoria, in Bass's Strait, between Port 
 Phillip and Western Port, in 144° 54' E. 
 
 Schaudau, tn. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, on the r. bk. of the Elbe, 
 circle and 20 m. SE. by E. Dresden, 5 m. from the German 
 frontier. Schandau is the centre of ' Saxon Switzerland.' Has 
 sandstone quarries. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Scliaiiflgg, or Scbalflck, valley, Switzd., cant. Grisons, 
 joining the Rhine valley at Chur, watered by the Plessur, and of 
 a wild aspect. 
 
 ^bantz, isls. , Pacific. See 'Wottbo. 
 
 Scbaraus, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 9 m. SSW. Chur. 
 
 Alt. 2550 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Scbiirdlug, tn., Upper Austria, on the Inn, 49 m. NNE. 
 Salzburg; has granite quarries. P. < 4000. 
 
 Scharley, mining colony, Prussia. See Dentsch-Piekar. 
 ii^cbarinbeck, vil. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Osterholz, 
 
 II m. N. Bremen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Scbariiiiitzel See, lake, Prussia, Brandenburg. See Stor- 
 kuwer €aiial. 
 
 Scbajrultz, pass, Austria, Tirol, NW. Innsbruck, connecting 
 the valleys of the Isar and the Inn. 
 
 ScbJissbnrg (Ger. , in Hungarian Segesvar), tn. , Hungary, 
 cap. CO. Nagy Kiikiillo, 41 m. NE. by E. Hermannstadt ; 
 manufactures linen and woollen goods. Contains a college and 
 collection of antiquities. Scene of the defeat of Hungarian in- 
 surgents, under Bem, by Russian troops, July 31, 1849, when 
 Petbfi, the Hungarian poet, was among the slain. P. 9600. 
 
 Scbattaa, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 4^ m. SSW. Znaim. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Scbatzlar, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 7 m. N. Trautenau. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Scbanenberg, mineral baths, Switzd., cant. Basel, near 
 Liestal. 
 
 Scbanniburg-Llppe, princip. of the German Empire, some- 
 what smaller than the English co. of Rutland, surrounded by 
 territory belonging to the Prussian provs. of Westphalia, 
 Hanover, and Hesse-Nassau ; physically belonging partly to 
 the N. German plain and partly to the highland region, and 
 possessing in the latter region productive coal-mines — near 
 Biickeburg, the cap. P. (1890) 39,200. See dernian Empire, 
 table. 
 
 Scbedewltz, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau. P. 6100. 
 
 Seheemda, comm., Holland, prov. and 17 m. E. by S. 
 Groningen. P. 5300. 
 
 Scbelbb!^, comm.. Lower Austria, 24 m. SW. Sankt Polten, 
 centre of the iron industry of Lower Austria. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Scbelbe, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, i8| m. SW. by S. Gorlitz. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Scbeibenberg, to., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 20 m. S. Chemnitz. 
 P. -C3000. 
 
 Scbebleck, or Scbeldegg, Great (or Hasll-), pass, Switzd., 
 cant. Bern, between the valley of Grindelwald and the Hasli- 
 thal, N. of the Wetterhorn. Alt. 6434 ft. 
 
 Scbeldeek, Little (or Wengeni), important pass (6788 ft. 
 high), between the Grindelwald valley and the valley of Lauter- 
 brunnen, S. of the Wengern Alp. 
 
 Scbeldt, vil., Prussia, in S. of Rhine Prov., govt. Trier 
 (Treves), circle Saarbriicken. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Scbeldt, Flemish Scbelde, French Escaut, ancient Scaldis, 
 riv. , France and Belgium, rises in the French dep. Aisne, flows 
 mostly NE. through the dep. Nord, passing Cambrai and the 
 Belgian provs. Hainaut and E. Flanders, to Antwerp, where it 
 turns NW. and enters the North Sea in the Dutch prov. Zeeland. 
 Formerly it entered the sea by two mouths, the E. and W. 
 Scheldt, which enclosed the two isls. of Beveland and Walcheren, 
 but since these islands have been connected with each other and 
 the mainland by railway embankments, the northern channel, 
 though still bearing the name of East Scheldt (Ooster-Schelde), 
 is no longer a mouth of the river, which enters the sea only by 
 the southern channel or so-called West Scheldt (Wester-Schelde) 
 Hond (Hont, or Honte). Total course 270 m., navigable 210 
 m. (to Cambrai), and for large sea-going ships to Antwerp 
 (q.v.). In its lower part it traverses a flat country, and its banks 
 are fenced by dykes. Aflluents, the Scarpe, Lys, and Durme 
 from the W. , Dender and Rupel from the E. It is connected 
 by canals with the Somme, Seine, Loire, and the principal cities 
 and towns of Belgium. 
 
 Scbeles, vil., Austria, Bohemia, 21 m. N. Pilsen. P. <:2ooo. 
 Scbelklliigeii, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Danube, 
 12 m. W. by S. Ulm. P. <20oo. 
 
 Scbell City, vil., U.S., Missouri, Vernon co., 81 m. S. by E. 
 Kansas City. P. <isoo. 
 
 Scbellebelle, vil., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. Dender- 
 monde, 8 m. ESE. Ghent, on the r. bk. of the Scheldt. P. 
 (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Scbelleiiberg, or ScbeUeiiberg lii Sacbsen, tn. , Ger. , kgd. 
 Saxony, circle Zwickau, 8 m. E. Chemnitz. P. <30oo. 
 Rebelling, tn. , Netherlands. See Ter-Scbellliig. 
 Scbellliigsfelde, suburb of Danzig. P. <3ooo. 
 Scbemnltz, Hungarian Selniecz - ^s - B^labduya (that is, 
 Schemnitz and Dilln, Dilln or B61abdnya lying about 3 m. NE. 
 of Schemnitz proper, but included in same municip.), free city, 
 Hungary, co. Hont, 66 m. N. Budapest, picturesquely situated 
 in a mountain hollow about 10 m. E. and S. of the Gran ; it lies 
 amidst a mass of trachyte — such as ores of the precious metals, 
 as well as of lead and copper, are associated with throughout 
 Hungary — and owes its importance to its having been for cen- 
 turies the chief seat of silver-mining in the region. The town 
 existed as early as the 8th century, and its mining rights are 
 mentioned as already old about the middle of the 13th century. 
 The silver- mines are almost entirely in the hands of the state ; 
 the production has of late years declined. Gold and iron are 
 also mined to a smaller extent. Among its remains of an earlier 
 period are ruins of a 13th century castle. The town now pos- 
 sesses an Academy of Mines, and an Academy of Forestry, as 
 well as a College of Piarists. To the N. are the thermal springs 
 of Vihnye, and still further N. those of Szkleno. Alt. 1959 ft. 
 P. (1869) 14,000; (1890) 15,300. 
 
 Scbeuectady (sken-ek'ta-dl), city, U.S., New York, cap. 
 Schenectady co., on the Mohawk and the Erie Canal, 16 m. 
 WNW. Troy. Seat of Union College, founded 1785, and con- 
 tains a state armoury. Manufactures include large locomotive 
 and agricultural works, the Edison electric works, &c. One of 
 the oldest settlements in the state, founded 1661. The first 
 passenger railway in the U.S. was that between Schenectady 
 and Albany, opened in 1831. P. (1850) 9000; (1870) ji.ooo; 
 (1880) 13,700; (1890) 19,900. 
 
 Scbenevns, vil., U.S., New York, Otsego co. , on Schenevus 
 R. , 67 m. W. by S. Albany by rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Scbeugen, vil., gd. -duchy of Luxemburg, on the Moselle, 14 
 m. SE. Luxemburg. P. <2ooo. 
 Scbeppmaiisdorf, vil. , S. Africa. See Roolbank. 
 Scberpeubenvel, comm. , Belgium. See Hloiitalgn. 
 Seberweller, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle Schlestadt, 
 i$\ m. N. by E. Kolmar ; manufactures pasteboard and packing 
 paper. Petroleum spring. P. <:3000. 
 
 Scberzligen, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, i§ m. S. by E. Than, 
 at the outlet of Lake Thun. 
 
 Scbeveuliigeii, ct. tn. and watering-place, Holland, prov. S. 
 Holland, on W. ct., i m. NW. The Hague. Scheveningen is a 
 country and bathing resort of The Hague, with which it is con- 
 nected by two roads ; one, the ' Oude Weg ' ( ' Old Road ') of the 
 17th century, bordered by fine trees. Both this and the New 
 Road are traversed by tramways. The town is visited during the 
 season by about 20,000 persons ; its beach is one of the finest on 
 the North Sea. In 1570 the W. part of the town was engulfed 
 by an inundation. A naval battle, between the Dutch, under 
 De Ruyter, and the allied fleets of France and England, was 
 fought off Scheveningen, 1673. P. 18,000. 
 
 ScbldUtz, suburb of Danzig, Prussia. P. <30op, 
 
 1897 
 
SCHI — SCHL 
 
 Scliledani, tn., Holland, pro v. S. Holland, on the r. bk. of 
 the Nieuwe Maas, 4 m. W. Rotterdam. Schiedam is the chief 
 centre of the manufacture of ' Hollands ' (gin). Other industries 
 are manufacture of white-lead, rope-walks, and iron-works. 
 Schiedam is an outer port of Rotterdam, and starting-point for 
 the herring fisheries. Imports cereals for distilling ; exports 
 spirits, butter, and cheese. P. 25,500. 
 
 ^blefbabn, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Gladbach, 6 m. 
 NE. Miinchen-Gladbach ; manufactures silk and velvet. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Schlefergebli^e ('slate mountains'), mt. region, W. Ger., 
 covers the S. of Westphalia, a large part of Rhenish Prussia, and 
 joins the Ardennes (Belgium) in the SW. The Rhine, between 
 Bingen and Bonn, divides it into two nearly equal parts ; the E. 
 part contains the Sauerland Mts. , the Westerwald, the Siebenge- 
 birge, and the Taunus ; the W. portion has the Eifel, the Hohe 
 Venn, and the mountains of Saarbriicken. The E. part of the 
 Eifel has numerous volcanic rocks ; the Taunus and the Eifel have 
 important mineral springs, and the Westerwald contains iron. 
 
 ScblehalUon, mt. , Scot., in the N. of W. Perthshire, 9J m. 
 WNW. Aberfeldy. Alt. 3547 ft. 
 
 Scbleranco, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 10 m. SSW. 
 Domodossola, in the Val Antrona ; sulphureous iron and auri- 
 ferous and .argentiferous quartz mined. P. <20oo. 
 
 Scblermounllioog, isl. , Holland, in the North Sea, prov. 
 Friesland, about 8 m. long by 1-3 m. broad ; lighthouse. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Scblers, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 9 m. E. by S. Ragatz, 
 in the Prattigau. Alt. 2210 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 ^blerstelu, vil., Prussia, circle Wiesbaden, on the Rhine. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Schlffbek, vil., Prussia, govt. Schleswig, circle Stormarn, on 
 the Bille. P. < 4000. 
 
 Schlfferstadt, tn., Ger., Bavaria, Palatinate of the Rhine, 
 6 m. NW. Spires, on the Rehbach : railway junction. P. <5ooo. 
 
 SchllTffeller, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle and 2 J m. SW. 
 Ottweiler ; coal and iron mined. P. <^4ooo. 
 
 Scbljndel, vil., Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 7^ m. SE. 
 Bois le Due ; manufactures wooden shoes. P. (comm.) 5500. 
 
 ^bildberg, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 34 m. N W. Olmutz. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Schlldberg, or Schlldberg In Poseu, tn. , Prussia, in the 
 SE. of Posen, 43 m. NE. by E. Breslau (Silesia), circle Schild- 
 berg, the cap. of which is Kempen. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Scblldesche, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 27 m. SE. by 
 S. Osnabriick, circle and 2J m. NNE. Bielefeld. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Schlltag, tn. , Ger. , Bavaria, circle Offenberg, in a valley of 
 the Black Forest. P. <20co. 
 
 Scbiltern, vil., Austria, Moravia, 11 m. WNW. Znaim. 
 
 P. <2C)00. 
 
 Schlltighelm, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle and ij m. 
 N. Strassburg ; scene of the victory of Julian (afterwards the 
 emperor 'Julian the Apostate') over the Alemanni in 357 A.D. 
 P. (i846)<;4ooo; (1890) 7700. 
 
 Scblmltz, tn. , Austria, Moravia, dist. Briinn. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Schinkel, vil., Prussia, govt, and circle Osnabriick. P. 
 <400o. 
 
 Selilnznach, vil., Switzd., cant. Aargau, 3^ m. SW. Brugg, 
 on the Aar ; frequented for its thermal sulphur spring and baths. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Sclilo, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 12 m. NW. by N. 
 Vicenza ; one of the chief manufacturing centres of Italy. Has 
 dyeiiig of woollen textiles. P. 9900. 
 
 Scbippenbeil, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Fried- 
 land, 37 m. SE. by S. Konigsberg. P. <30oo. 
 
 ScUrglswalde, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 7^ m. S. 
 Bautzen. P. <4ooo. 
 
 ^Ulrmeck, tn. , Ger. , Lower Alsace, in the Steinthal (Breusch 
 Valley), circle Molsheim, 26 m. W. by S. Strassburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 ^lilriullng, vil. , Ger. , Bavaria, govt. Upper Franconia, near 
 Wunsiedel; iron mined. P. < 2000. 
 
 Scblvelbeln, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, cap. circle 
 Koslin, 29 m. S. by E. Kolberg ; birthplace of the physiologist 
 and anthropologist Virchow (1821). P. (i8i6)<:20oo; (1890) 
 5900. 
 
 Sclilza, isl. , Greece. See Sklilza. 
 
 Schkendltz, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, on riv. Elster, circle 
 Merseburg, 8 m. WNW. Leipzig. P. 5000. 
 
 Sctakortleben, vil., Prussia, Saxony, govt. Merseburg, circle 
 Weissenfels ; coal mined. P. < 2000. 
 
 Scklarkenwald, tn. , Austria. See Schlaggenwald. 
 
 Sctolackenwerth, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 7 m. NNE. Karls- 
 bad. P. < 3000. 
 
 Schladebaeta, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle and 5^ m. 
 SE. Merseburg ; lignite mines, probably the deepest in the 
 world (5735 ft. in 1890). Observations show that the tem- 
 perature increases 1° to 117. 13 ft. in depth. P. <20oo. 
 
 ScUaden, or ^Iila<Ieii In Hanover, vil., Prussia, prov. 
 Hanover, circle Liebenburg, 9 m. S. Wolfenbiittel. P. < 3000. 
 
 ScUadmtng, vil., Austria, Styria, 10 m. WSW. Grobming, 
 1398 
 
 on r. bk. of the Enns ; manufactures vitriol and saltpetre ; 
 
 copper mined. P. < 2000. 
 
 ^Uaggenwald, or SctalackenM-ald, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 
 
 6 J m. SSW'. Karlsbad ; manufactures porcelain, sulphuric acid, 
 
 and sewing cotton ; coal, iron, lead, and tin mined. P. <5ooo. 
 Schlan, or Slane, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 17 m. N W. by W 
 
 Prague ; coal-mines. The health resort of Sternberg is near. 
 
 P. 9100. 
 ^Iilangenbad (Ger. , ' snake bath '), watering-place, Prussia, 
 
 Hesse-Nassau, circle Untertaunus, govt. Wiesbaden; has eight 
 
 thermal springs of 78° -89° F. P. <20oo. 
 Scklanstedt, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Oschersleben, 
 
 9 m. N. by W. Halberstadt. P. < 3000. 
 
 Schlapanltz, tn. , Austria, Moravia, dist. Briinn. P. < 3000. 
 Schlatre, or SchlaM'e In Pommeni, tn. , Prussia, prov. 
 
 Pomerania, on the Wipper R. , circle Koslin, 46 m. E. by N. 
 
 Kolberg. P. 5300. 
 Schlebusch, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Solingen, 16 
 
 m. S. by W. Elberfeld. P. < 3000. 
 
 ^hlegel, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Neurode, 45 m. 
 
 SSW. Breslau. P. <3000. 
 
 Schlel, Scliley, or Slle, narrow inlet, Prussia, on the E. side 
 
 of Schleswig-Holstein, with the town of Schleswig near its head, 
 
 25 m. long. 
 
 Sctalelden, vil. , Prussia, Rhine P^ov. , circle and 24 m. SE. 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle. P. <20oo. 
 
 SflileldiY'eller, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Trier 
 
 (Treves), near Gerolstein ; iron mined. P. < 2000. 
 
 ScUeithelm, vil., Switzd., cant, and 8 m. WNW. Schaff- 
 
 hausen. Alt. 1570 ft. P. <3000. 
 
 Schlelz, tn., Ger., princip. Reuss, younger line, in the 
 
 Wiesenthal, 58 m. SSW. Leipzig, 16 m. WNW. Plauen 
 
 (Saxony). 
 Sehlesien, prov. , Prussia. See Silesia. 
 Sehlestadt. See ^hlettstadt. 
 
 8cliles'H"lg, tn. and seapt. , Prussia, cap. prov. Schleswig- 
 Holstein, circle and 18 m. S. by E. Flensburg, near the head 
 
 of the Schlei (inlet). An important seat of trade as early as 800. 
 P. 13,900 ; comm. P. 15,000. 
 
 Scbleswlg-Holsteln, prov., in the NW. of Prussia, some- 
 what smaller than Wales, lying S. of the mainland of Denmark, 
 between the North Sea and the Baltic, including, besides the 
 terr. on the mainland, the isls. of Rom, Sylt, Fohr, Amrum, 
 Pellworm, and Nordstrand, the smaller islands, known as the 
 Halligen, between Fohr and Pellworm and Nordstrand, Heli- 
 goland in the North Sea, and the islands of Alsen and Fehmarn 
 in the Baltic. Most of these islands are embanked. The whole 
 terr. belongs to the N. German plain, the western parts lying 
 very low, the tracts along the W. ct. , 4-14 m. wide, being even 
 below sea-level ; originally uninhabitable marsh-lands, protected 
 against the sea, and thus reclaimed for agriculture, like the 
 western provs. of the Netherlands, by embankments or dykes 
 (25 ft. high from the heights of Blankenese, on the Elbe, a little 
 below Hamburg, to Hoyer, in 54° 58' N.). [See the maps 
 indicating the progress of reclamation in the portion between 
 the Eider and Elbe in Petermann's Mitteil., 1891, plate 8.] 
 The E. ct. is indented by long and mostly deep inlets, forming 
 excellent harbours (the shallowest, the Hadersleben Fohrde, less 
 than 16 ft.). The W. ct. is bordered by mud-flats ( H^a^ifw), 
 exposed at low tide, but intersected by deeper channels be- 
 tween the islands. One of these channels, the Lister Tief (33 ft. at 
 low water), lies to the S. of Rom, and another, the Hoyer Tief, 
 branching from this, reaches to about 3 m. from the mainland, 
 E. of the N. part of Sylt. The construction of harbours, con- 
 nected with the mainland by railway embankments at the head 
 of these channels, has accordingly been proposed. The prin- 
 cipal rivers are the Elbe, which bounds the prov. on the SW. 
 for 62 m. (tribs. Stecknitz, Bille, Alster, &c.), and the Eider 
 (tribs. Sorge, Treene, &c.). The Eider Canal and the North 
 Sea and Baltic Canal pass through the prov., which also 
 contains the Stecknitz and other minor canals. In the SE. of 
 the prov. are several considerable lakes (Plon, Selent, Wesek, 
 Witten), and smaller lakes are scattered over other parts. 
 Climate temperate [Kiel]. Special attention is given to cattle- 
 breeding, and large numbers of cattle are exported to England. 
 Here, as elsewhere, the reclaimed marsh-lands form rich cattle- 
 pastures, and yield also great quantities of garden produce. 
 The only minerals of importance are gypsum, rock-salt, and 
 clay. There is a university at Kiel. The prov. is composed of 
 the former duchies of Schleswig (N. of the Eider), Holstein 
 (S. of the Eider), and Lauenburg (SE. of Holstein). The 
 Nordmark was founded in this part of Germany by Henry I. 
 in 934. In 1127 it fell to Denmark, and remained subject to 
 the icings of Denmark till 1544. It then passed into the hands 
 of Danish branch lines till 1773, when it was reunited to Den- 
 mark. A succession dispute having arisen on the extinction 
 of the direct Danish line in 1864, the terr. of Schleswig was 
 taken, along with the duchy of Lauenburg (acquired by Denmark 
 in 1814), by Austria and Prussia after a short war, and for some 
 time the terr. thus acquired was administered partly by the one 
 
SCHL — SCHO 
 
 power, partly by the other ; but a war having broken out be- 
 tween the two, the whole fell in 1866 to Prussia. Under Prussian 
 rule it forms only a single government, Schleswig, which has 
 the town of the same name for its cap. Danish is still the sole 
 or prevailing language as far S. as the lat. of Flensburg, and in 
 the interior even further S. A Frisian dialect is spoken on the 
 W. islands and the SW. ct. , and Platt-Deutsch (Low German) 
 in the remainder of the southern parts. 
 
 Schlettan, or iichlettan In Erzgeblrge, tn. , Ger., kgd. 
 Saxony, circle Zwickau, 18 m. S. Chemnitz. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Scblettstadt (in French Schlestaclt), tn. , Ger., Alsace- 
 Lorraine, on the 111 R. , cap. circle, 13^ m. N. by E. Kol- 
 mar. Schlettstadt was made a free city under the Hohen- 
 staufen. In 1634 it fell into the hands of the French, and was 
 fortified by Vauban, 1676 ; ceded to the Germans, 1870, and the 
 fortress destroyed by them, 1874. Here was discovered, in the 
 13th century, the art of glazing pottery. Birthplace of the re- 
 former Martin Bucer (1491- 1557). P. (1846) 10,400 ; (1890) 8000. 
 
 Schleals, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 15 m. W. by S. Chur. 
 
 Alt. 2500 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Schleuse, Ger. , Dutch Sluys, French Ecluse, ' a sluice ' ; e.g: , 
 Sluys, in Holland ; Helvoetsluis, ' the sluice on the Haringvliet.' 
 
 Schlensliigen, tn. , Prussia, in a detached part of the pro v. 
 Saxony, circle Erfurt, 16 m. E. by S. Meiningen. P. <4000. 
 
 Sctalensstaelm, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 8 m. N. Munich. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Schlewecke, vil. , Ger. See Harzbnrg. 
 
 ScWey, CO., U.S., Georgia, N. of 32° N., and W. of 84° W. 
 
 Schlltz, tn. , Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle Lauterbach, 44 m. 
 S. Kassel, 10 m. NW. by N. Fulda. P. < 3000. 
 
 ScUlocliaa, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, cap. circle Schlo- 
 chau, 70 m. SW. Danzig. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Schloppe, tn. , Prussia, in the SW. of prov. W. Prussia, circle 
 Deutsch- Krone, 76 m. W. Bromberg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Schloss, Ger. , ' a castle ' ; e.g. , Marienschloss, ' the castle of 
 (the Virgin) Mary.' 
 
 Scblotthelm, tn. , Ger. , Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, near Rudol- 
 stadt. P. < 3000. 
 
 Scblncbt, open pass, on the frontier of France and Alsace- 
 Lorraine, Vosges Mts. , between Little Tanneck and Hohneck ; 
 is a centre of excursions in the Vosges Mts. Alt. 3775 ft. 
 
 Scbliicbterii, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 42 m. ESE. 
 Giessen, cap. circle Schliichtern. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Scblnckenan, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 31 m. NW. by W. 
 Reichenberg, 12 m. S. Bautzen (Saxony). P. < 5000. 
 
 Scbliisselbiirg, dist. tn. and fortress, Russia, govt, and 40 
 m. E. St. Petersburg, at the issue of Neva from Lake Ladoga, 
 on a low promontory open to the icy winds from the lake ; 
 surrounded by marshes. The fortress is opposite the town, on 
 an island of the Neva. It was founded by the Novgorodians 
 in 1323 under the name of Oryeshek, and is now a political 
 prison. P. 4000. 
 
 Scbmadrlbacb, waterfall, Switzd. , Bernese Oberland, i m. 
 S. Lauterbrunnen. 
 
 Schmal, Ger. , Scandinavian Smaa, ' little ' ; e.g. , Schmal- 
 kalden, ' the town on the little stream ' ; Smailholm, ' little hill,' 
 a par. in Roxburghshire, Scot. 
 
 Scbmalkalden, tn., Prussia, in a detached part of prov. 
 Hesse-Nassau, 19 m. SSE. Eisenach, cap. circle Schmalkalden ; 
 iron and lignite mines in the vicinity ; manufactures of iron 
 and steel articles (needles, pincers, &c. ), machinery, and toys. 
 Famous in history for the Protestant leagues of 1531, 1537, and 
 1540. P. 7300. 
 
 Schmecks, watering-place, Hungary. See Tatra Fitred. 
 
 Scbnielz, or Koulgllch-Schmelz, vil., Prussia, prov. E. 
 Prussia, 3J m. S. by E. Memel, on the Kurisches Haff. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Hcbniledeberg, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Pressnitz. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 ^cbmledeberg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Wittenberg, 
 15 m. NW. by W. Torgau. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Scbmledeberg, or Schniledebei^ In Scblesleu, tn., 
 Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Hirschberg, 33 m. SW. by S. Lieg- 
 nitz. Alt. 1490 ft. P. < 5000. 
 
 Scbmledefeld, vil., Ger., duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, circle 
 and 10 m. SSW. Saalfeld, in the Thiiringer Wald ; manufac- 
 tures sulphuric acid ; iron mined. P. <20oo. 
 
 Scbmlegel, tn. , Prussia, prov. Posen, 31 m. NE. by N. 
 Glogau, cap. circle. P. <40oo. 
 
 ^cbmlnger, riv. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, flows NE. past 
 Stade into the Elbe ; navigable up to Stade, 3 m. 
 
 ScbnioUn, tn. , Ger. , prov. Saxe-Altenberg, on the Sprolte. 
 P. 8700. 
 
 Scbmtillnltz, Hungarian Szoniolnok, tn. , Hungary, co. 
 
 Zips (Szepes), 24 m. W. Kaschau ; mines of copper, silver, 
 
 and lead, formerly of importance, now of no account. P. <30oo. 
 
 ^bmolz, vil., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Upper Franconia, dist. 
 
 Kronach ; gypsum and rock-salt mined. P. <2oco. 
 
 Scbntottselfen, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Lowenberg, 
 27 m. WSW. Liegnitz. P. 2000. 
 
 Schnaltbelui, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Jagst, 22 
 m. NNE. Ulm. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Scbnapper Point, watering-place, Victoria. See Mor- 
 ntngton. 
 
 Scbnasse, co. , U.S., S. Dakota, on the N. frontier, bounded 
 on the W. by 102° W. , traversed by the Grand R. 
 
 Schneeberg, mt. , Ger. , Bavaria. See Flchtelgeblrge. 
 
 ^chneeberg, tn. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 11 m. SE. by 
 S. Zwickau. P. 8200. 
 
 Scbneeberg ('snow mountain'), mt. , Lower Austria, 20 m. 
 WSW. Wiener-Neustadt, in S. of Wienerwald ; has a statue of 
 the Tsar Alexander I. Alt. 6810 ft. 
 
 Schneeberg, mt. , on the frontiers of Prussian Silesia, Bohemia, 
 and Moravia, at junction of the Riesengebirge and the Sudetes 
 Mts. , 18 m. SSE. Glatz. Alt. 4670 ft. 
 
 ^cbneeberg, Kralner (Carnlolan), mt. , in the extreme E. 
 of Karst, on the borders of Carniola, Croatia, and Istria. To 
 the W. of this mountain the railway from Trieste to Fiume 
 traverses the Porta Hungarorum of the Middle Ages. Alt. 
 5890 ft. 
 
 Scbneekopf, mt. , Ger. , Saxe-Koburg-Gotha, 19 m. S. Gotha, 
 the second in lieight of the Thiiringer Wald. Alt. 3209 ft. 
 
 Scbneekoppe ('snow peak'), or Riesenkoppe ('giant 
 peak'), mt. , Austria, Bohemia, on the N. frontier, in the Riesen- 
 gebirge, 15 m. NW. by N. Trautenau ; has a meteorological 
 station, and is much frequented by German tourists. Alt. 5260 ft. 
 
 Schneldemiibl, tn. , Prussia, circle Kolmar in Posen, 52 m. 
 N. by W. Posen. P. 14,100. 
 
 Schiieldllngen, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Magde- 
 burg, circle and 8 j m. N. Aschersleben ; lignite mined. P. < 
 2000; comm. P. 8700. 
 
 Scbnellewalde, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Neustadt- 
 in-Oberschlesien, 37 m. NW. by W. Ratibor. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Sctaulerlach, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, 10^ m. NW. by 
 W. Kolmar. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Scbnlerlach, or La Pontroye, tn. , Ger., Alsace- I>orraine, 
 Upper Alsace, circle Rappoltsweiler ; has spinning and weaving. 
 P. <3ooc. 
 
 Scbober Pass. See Alps, Passes, IV. (3 c). 
 
 Scboemansdal, tn. , S. African Republic, Zoutpansberg dist. , 
 about 210 m. NNE. Pretoria, with goldfields near. 
 
 ^boliarle, co. , U.S., in E. of New York state, to the S. of 
 43° N., and E. of 75° W. ; traversed from S. to N. by the 
 8cbobarle Creek, which enters the Mohawk R. in Montgomery 
 county. 
 
 Scbobarle, vil., U.S., New York, cap. Schoharie co. , on 
 Schoharie Creek, an affluent of the Mohawk, 30 m. W. Albany. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Srhokland, isl. , Holland, in the Zuider Zee, prov. Overijssel. 
 
 8cbolar Green, PM.O., Eng., Staffordshire, 3 m. from 
 Ridsgrove. 
 
 Scboles, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash div., 
 5^ m. ENE. Leeds, on the NE. R., included in the par. of 
 Barwick-in-Elmet, P.O. 
 
 Scholes, tn. (urban dist.), Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 6 m. 
 S. by E. Huddersfield, i m. E. Holmfirth stn. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sclioles, vil, Eng., Yorkshire, PM.O. See Cleckbealon 
 Whlteebapel. 
 
 Scbollng, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, near Southampton, 
 with a stn. (ShoUng) on the L. & SW. R., PM.O. (Staollng). 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Scliollenen, mt. gorge, Switzd., cant. Uri, traversed by the 
 St. Gothard road and railway. 
 
 ^liomberg, vil. , Canada, Ontario, York co. , 30 m. NW. by 
 N. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Scbomberg, or Scbomberg In Schleslen, vil., Prussia, 
 prov. Silesia, circle Landeshut, 53 m. SW. Breslau, 11 m. NE. 
 Trautenau (Bohemia). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Schon, German, 'beautiful.' 
 
 Schiinacta, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle Villingen, 2 m. 
 NW. Triberg; manufactures watches, and has straw-plaiting. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Scbiinan, watering-place, Austria, Bohemia, dist. Teplitz. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Scbonan, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, near Chemnitz; manufac- 
 tures hosiery, crucibles, &c. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Scbonan, tn. , Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, circle Lorrach, 14 
 m. S. by E. Freiburg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Schonaa, tn., Ger., gd.-duchy of Baden, circle and 4^ m. 
 E. by N. Heidelberg. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Scbiinbaeb, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Wildstein. P. <4000. 
 
 Sctaiinberg, or Schiinberg in Mecklenbnrg, tn., Ger., 
 Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 13 m. E. by S. Liibeck. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sebonbcrg, Moravia. See Mahrlscb-Scbonberg. 
 
 Sctaonberg, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 27 m. SW. by W. 
 Zwickau, 8 m. WNW. Plauen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Schiinborn, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Rumburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Schonbrnnn, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Policka. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 ^hiinbrnnn, royal palace, Austria. See Vienna. 
 
 1399 
 
SCHO — SCHU 
 
 ^hoiiebeck, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Diisseldorf, 
 circle Essen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Scbonebeck, or Scbonelieck au der Elbe, tn. , Prussia, 
 prov. Saxony, circle Kalbe, on the 1. bk. of the Elbe, 8 m. SSE. 
 Magdeburg ; has rock-salt ; manufactures of chemicals, white- 
 lead, &c. P. (1816) 4800 ; (1890) 14,200. 
 
 ^biiuebeck, Gross. See Gross Scbiinebeck. 
 
 ^biineberg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, suburb of 
 Berlin (g.v.). P. 26,500. 
 
 Scboneck ('beautiful nook'), tn., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 
 circle Berent, 21 m. SSW. Danzig. P. <3000. 
 
 Scboneck, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 23 m. S. by W. 
 Zwickau. P. <4000. 
 
 ^bitiiefeld, or Sebonefeld bel Leipzig, vil. , Prussia, prov. 
 Saxony, circle Leipzig, on the Parthe. P. <5oco. 
 
 Scbonfeld, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 8 m. SSW. Karlsbad. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Scbiiufeld, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, 2 m. 
 NE. Leipzig. P. <20oo. 
 
 Scboiiflless, tn. , Prussia, on the N. frontier of prov. Branden- 
 burg, 27 m. N. Kiistrin. P. <20oo. 
 
 Scbiinflless, or Scbonflless lu der Xenniark, tn. , Prussia, 
 prov. Brandenburg, circle Konigsberg in der Neumark, 7 m. 
 NNW. Frankfurt. P. < 3000. 
 
 Scboubansen an der Elbe, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, dist. 
 Magdeburg, circle Jerichow IL , 8 m. E. by S. Stendal, 2 m. 
 from r. bk. of the Elbe. Birthplace of Prince Bismarck (1815), 
 and seat of the Schonhausen Institute for young unemployed 
 professors, and for the widows and children of professors. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 ^bonbelde, or Scbonbelde In Saebsen, vil. , Ger. , kgd. 
 Saxony, circle and 15 m. S. by E. Zwickau. P. 6200. 
 
 Scbonbof, tn. , Austria, Silesia, 12 m. WNW. Teschen. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Scbonbolttaauseu, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle 
 Meschede, 35 m. E. Barmen. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Scbonlngeu, tn. , Ger., duchy and 21 m. ESE. Brunswick, 
 circle Helmstedt. P. 7600. 
 
 Scbonlanke, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 47 m. NNW. Posen, 
 circle Scharnikau, or Czarnikau. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Scboullnde, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 26 m. WNW. Reichen- 
 berg, and 3 m. SW. Rumburg. P. 5200. 
 
 Scbonnebeck, viL, Prussia, govt. Diisseldorf, circle Essen. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 ^bonprleseu, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Aussig. P. <4000. 
 
 Scbiinsteln, tn. , Austria, Styria, 9^ m. SSW. Windischgratz ; 
 argentiferous lead mined. P. <2ooo ; comm. P. <:300o. 
 
 Srbiinwald, or Scbonwald bel Glelwltz, vil. , Prussia, prov. 
 Silesia, 22 m. ENE. Ratibor, circle and 3 m. SSE. Gleiwitz. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 ^biinwalde, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 39 m. SSW. Breslau, 
 circle and 5 m. W. Frankenstein. P. <20oo. 
 
 ^boodle (sku'dlk), riv., U.S. See St. Croix. 
 
 Scboodle Lakes, a group of 12 lakes, U.S., Maine, drained 
 by the Schoodic, or W. branch of the St. Croix R. They are 
 all connected by considerable streams, and afford continuous 
 boat navigation for nearly 100 m. 
 
 Scbool AyclllTe, par. , Eng. , Durham, 6^ m. NW. Darlington. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Schoolcraft, cc, U.S., Michigan, in the NW., bounded on 
 the S. by Lake Michigan, and crossed by 86° W. 
 
 Scboolcraft, vil., U.S., Michigan, Kalamazoo co., 133 m. 
 W. by S. Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Scbooley's Mount, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Morris co. , 20 m. 
 W. Morristown ; has a celebrated chalybeate spring. P. < 1500. 
 
 Scboolblll, stn., Scot., near Aberdeen, on G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Scbool Lane, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, i m. from Bamber 
 Bridge. 
 
 Sehoonboven ('beautiful manor'), fortified tn. , Holland, 
 prov. S. Holland, on the Leek, 15 m. SW. by W. Utrecht ; had 
 flourishing carpet-weaving in the 17th century, but it was suc- 
 ceeded by gold and silver working, which still subsists. P. 
 (comm.) 5000. 
 
 Sctaoorlsse, vil. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. Audenarde, 
 2^ m. S. Hoorebeke-Ste. -Marie. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Scboorl, vil., Holland, prov. N. Holland, 5 m. NNW. 
 Alkmaar. P. <:2000. 
 
 Scbooten, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. Antwerp. P. 
 <;4000. 
 
 Sctaoprbelm, tn. , Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle and 8 m. 
 ENE. Lorrach, on the Wiese ; manufactures cotton, textiles, 
 silk ribbon, iron chains and wire, leather, and wooden shoes ; 
 has bleach- works. P. <30oo. 
 
 Scbopflocb, vil., Bavaria, circle Middle Franconia, 4^ m. 
 NNE. Dinkelsbiihl; nursery for fruit trees. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Scboppenstedt, tn. , Ger., duchy of Brunswick, circle and 
 10 m. E. by S. Wolfenbiittel. P. <40oo. 
 
 Scbopplnltz, vil, Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Kuttowitz, 
 40 m. E. by N. Ratibor ; manufactures machine oil and glass ; 
 coal, zinc, silver, and lead mined. P. 6000. 
 1400 
 
 Scborltz, Gross, Prussia, prov. Pomerania, isl. of Riigen, 12 
 m. E. by S. Stralsund. 
 
 Scborndorf, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, govt, and 29 ni. 
 WSW. Ellwangen, circle Jagst, on the Rems, N. of the Rauhe 
 Alb; manufacture of articles in silver. P. < 5000. 
 Scbossberg, tn. , Austria. See SasTikr. 
 Scboterland, comm., Netherlands, prov. Friesland, 18^ m. 
 SSE. Leeuwarden. P. 14,000 (in many vils.). 
 
 Scbotmar, vil., Ger., princip. Lippe(Detmold), 18 m. SSW. 
 Minden. P. <30C>o. 
 
 Scbotten, tn. , Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, prov. Upper Hesse, 
 on the Nidda, in a valley of the Vogelgebirge, 33 ni. NE. by 
 N. Frankfurt-on-the-Main ; cap. circle Schotten. P. < 3000. 
 
 Scbottwelu, or Scbntzweln, vil. , Lower .■\ustria, dist. and 
 7^ m. SW. Neunkirchen ; marble and gypsum quarried ; iron 
 mined. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Scbonten Island, Tasmania, S. of Freycinet Penin. , in 
 42° 25' S. 
 
 Scbonten Islands, a group of one large and many small isls. , 
 Eastern Archipelago, off the N. ct. of the W. end of New Guinea, 
 at the mouth of Geelvink Bay. 
 
 Scbou'vi'en, a former isl., Holland, prov. Zeeland, between 
 the E. Scheldt and the Brouwerhavensche Gat, now united with 
 Duiveland. 
 
 Scbraalenburg, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Bergen co., 7 m. 
 E. by N. Paterson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Scbramberg, tn., Ger., Wiirtemberg, circle Schwarzwald, 
 12 m. WNW. Rottweil. P. (i86i)<4ooo; (i89o)<5ooo. 
 
 Scbraplau, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Mansfeld, 12 
 m. W. by S. Halle; lignite mined. P. < 3000. 
 
 Scbreckborn Mountain. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. 
 B. 1. 
 
 Scbrelber, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 865 
 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Scbrelberbau, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Hirschberg, 
 33 m. SE. Gorlitz ; celebrated glass-works. Schreiberhau is 
 the highest place in Silesia, alt. 1788 ft. ; and has one of the 
 finest cascades in the Riesengebirge. P. <20oo; comm. P. 4000. 
 Schrelbersdorf, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, 29 m. ESE. Konig- 
 gratz, and 3 m. SW. by S. Senftenberg. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Scbrenis, vil.. Lower Austria, 50 m. NE. Linz. P. <:2ooo. 
 Scbrlesbelm, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle Mannheim. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Scbrlmm, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 22 m. S. by E. Posen, on 
 riv. Warthe ; cap. circle S. P. (i8i6)<:20oo; (1890)6100. 
 
 Scbrobenbausen, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt, and circle 
 Upper Bavaria, 15 m. SW. by S. Ingolstadt P. < 3000. 
 
 Scbro4la, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 19 m. SE. by E. Posen ; 
 cap. circle Schroda. P. < 5000. 
 
 Scliroon Lake, vil., U.S., New York, Essex co., 15 m. from 
 Riverside stn. ; is a favourite summer resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Scbubln, tn. , Prussia, prov. Posen, 13^ m. SW. by W. 
 Bromberg ; cap. circle Schubin. P. <3000. 
 
 Scbuelen, comm., Belgium, prov. Limburg, arr. Hasselt, 
 15 m. NE. Tirlemont. P. <20oo. 
 
 Scbultkllp, Cape Colony, dist. Calvinia, 112 m. ENE. 
 Ookiep. 
 
 Sebnlenbnrg, vil, U.S., Texas, Fayette co., 25 m. by rail, 
 W. Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Scbulitz, tn. , Prussia, prov. Posen, on the 1. bk. of the Vis- 
 tula, circle and 11 m. E. by S. Bromberg. P. <3000. 
 
 Scbnll, or Scull, PMT.O., Ire., co. Cork; has barytes. 
 See Skull. 
 
 Scbuls, or Scnols, tn. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, in the Lower 
 Engadine, on the 1. bk. of the Inn, 30 m. NE. St. Moritz ; 
 saline springs and baths. Alt. 4030 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Schiipfen, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 7 m. N W. by N. Bern. 
 Alt. 175s ft. P. < 3000. 
 
 Scbiipfbelm, vil., Switzd., cant, and 15 m. SW. by W. 
 Lucerne, in the Entlebuch. Alt. 2385 ft. P. «t3ooo. 
 
 Sebilren, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, 5 
 m. SE. Dortmund ; coal and iron mined. P. <:4Coo. 
 
 Schussen, small riv., Ger., in the S. of Wiirtemberg, flows 
 S. into the Lake of Constance. 
 
 Scbnssenrled, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Danube, 
 31 m. SSW. Ulm. P.<:3000. 
 
 Scbtttt, two isls. , in the N W. of Hungary, in the Danube, a 
 little below Pressburg. The Grosse-Schiitt (Magyar, Czallo- 
 Koz) is 50 m. long, by 18^ m. in its widest part ; area, 595 sq. 
 m. ; covered with orchardsr In the extreme E. is the fortress of 
 Komorn. The Kleine-Schiitt (Magyar, Sziget-Koz) is 28 m. 
 long, and 106 sq. m. in area. They are regarded as the granary 
 of Vienna. 
 
 Schttttenbofen, or SuSlce, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 36 m. S. 
 by E. Pilsen ; manufactures cloth, malt, and matches ; deposits 
 of plumbago in the vicinity. P. 6500. 
 
 Scbutterwald, comm., Prussia, govt, and circle Ofifenburg. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Schnttorf, tn. , Prussia, in the SW. of prov. Hanover, circle 
 Lingen, 35 m. W. by N. Osnabriick. P. <4000. 
 
SCHU — SCHW 
 
 Sclintzivelu, vil. , Austria. See Scbottweln. 
 
 Schoyler, co. , U.S., Illinois, crossed in extreme S. by 40° 
 N. and E. of 91° W. 
 
 Schuyler, co., U.S., Missouri, in the NE., on the N. frontier, 
 E. of 93° W, 
 
 Schuyler, city, U.S., Nebraska, cap. Colfax co., 60 m. W. 
 by N. Omaha, near the 1. bk. of the Platte R. P. <:3000. 
 
 Schuyler, co. , U.S., New York, N. of 42° N., crossed by 77° 
 W. ; it contains the head of Seneca Lake. 
 
 Schnylerville, vil. , U.S., New York, Saratoga co. , on the 
 r. bk. of the Hudson R. , 26 m. N. Troy. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Schuylkill, co. , U.S., in the E. of Pennsylvania, S. of 41° 
 N. , crossed in the E. by 76° W. ; it contains the source of the 
 Schuylkill R. 
 
 Schuylkill (skul'kll), riv. , U.S., rises in co. of same name, 
 Pennsylvania, breaks through the Blue Mts. , flows SE. , passing 
 Pottsville, Reading, Pottstown, Norristown, and Philadelphia, 
 and joins Delaware R. 5 m. below the last-named city. Total 
 course 120 m., for 108 of which, or to Port Carbon, it is made 
 " navigable by canals ; vessels of 300 or 400 tons ascend it to 
 Philadelphia, and a large coal trade is conducted on its waters. 
 It is connected by a canal with the Susquehanna. 
 
 Schuylkill Haven, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and on 
 Schuylkill R., 48 m. NE. by E. Harrisburg, 4 m. SSE. Potts- 
 ville ; has coal-mining. P. <4000. 
 
 Schivaau, tn. , Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on riv. Warnow, 
 12 m. S. Rostock. P. <:4000. 
 
 Schivabach, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt, and circle Middle 
 Franconia, 9 m. SSW. Niirnberg ; manufactures needles (formerly 
 very important ; the needle-makers' guild was renewed in 1651), 
 also sheet-metal, gold, silver, brass, and steel wares, &c. Alt. 
 1045 ft. P. (1840)7000; (1890)8000. 
 
 Schwabeu, region, Ger. , called in English Swabia, or Suabia. 
 
 Schwabeiilierg, hill, Hungary. See Budapest. 
 
 Sch'wablng, tn. , Ger., Upper Bavaria, i m. N. Munich, near 
 1. bk. of the Isar; pleasure resort. P. <5ooo; comm. P. 8700. 
 
 Schwabisch-Hall, tn., Ger. See Hall. 
 
 Schwabmiiuchen, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt, and circle 
 Swabia, 14 m. SSW. Augsburg. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Schwaderbach, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Graslitz. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 Schwadowltz, comm. , Austria, Bohemia, circle Gitschin, 5 J 
 m. SE. Trautenau ; coal mined ; bathing establishment ; cele- 
 brated resort of pilgrims. P. <30oo (in two vils. ). 
 
 Schwalgern, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Neckar, 26 
 m. N. by W. Stuttgart. P. <:3000. 
 
 Sch^wakop, riv., SW. Africa. See Swakop. 
 
 Schwalbach, tn. , Ger. See liangenschwalbach. 
 
 Schwaudeu, vil., Switzd., cant, and 3^ m. S. Glarus. Alt. 
 1740 ft. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Schwaudorf, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt, and circle Upper 
 Palatinate, 21 m. N. Regensburg. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Schwanebeck, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Oschers- 
 leben, 5J m. NNE. Halberstadt. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Schwangau, vil., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Swabia, 2 m. ENE. 
 Fiissen, near r. bk. of the Lech. Two miles S. are the royal 
 castles of Hohen-Schwangau (alt. 2935 ft.), built 1832, and 
 Neu-Schwanstein (alt. 3305 ft.). P. <:20oo. 
 
 Schivanhelm, vil., Prussia, govt. Wiesbaden, circle Hochst, 
 on 1. bk. of the Main. P. <:3000. 
 
 Schwartan, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Oldenburg, 4 m. N. by E. 
 Liibeck. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Schwarz, Ger. , 'black;' e.g., Schwarzwald, 'Black Forest' 
 (q.v.). 
 
 Schwarzach, small riv., Ger., in the SE. of Bavaria, flows 
 from the Bohemian Forest into the Naab ; not navigable. 
 
 Sch-warzbnrg, vil. , Ger. , Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt, dist. 
 Konigsee, in a picturesque part of the Thtiringer Wald, on 
 the Schwarza. P. < 2000. 
 
 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, princip., Ger., near its centre, 
 and a state of the German empire, about one-fifth larger than 
 the isl. of Anglesey, consisting chiefly of three detached pieces, 
 one known as the Lower Prov. [Unterherrschafi), immediately 
 to the S. of the Goldene Aue, in the angle between the Helme 
 and Unstrut, surrounded by the Prussian prov. of Saxony except 
 on the W. , where it is contiguous with the Lower Prov. of 
 Schwarzburg-Sondershausen ; the two others forming the Upper 
 Prov. (Oberherrschaft), lying to the S. in the Thuringian Forest, 
 one traversed by the Ilm and Schwarza, in the NE. corner also 
 by the Saale, the other in the N. by the Saale ; aggregate area 
 aiaout one-fifth larger than the isl. of Anglesey. Principal towns, 
 Rudolstadt on the Saale (the cap.) and Frankenhausen. Area, 
 363 sq.m. P. (1875) 76,676; (1890)85,900. See Thurluglaii 
 States and German Empire, table. 
 
 Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, princip. , Ger. , near its centre, 
 and a state of the German Empire, divided like Schwarzburg- 
 Rudolstadt into upper and lower provs. , both lying immediately 
 to the W. of the corresponding sections of Schwarzburg- Rudol- 
 stadt, the upper prov. in several distinct sections; aggregate 
 area about one-tenth larger than the isl. of Anglesey. Principal 
 
 towns, Sondershausen (the cap.) and Arnstadt. P. (1875) 
 67,500; (1890) 75,500. See Thuringian States and German 
 Empire, table. 
 Schwarzeubach, or Schwarzeubach an der Saale, tn. , 
 
 Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt, and circle Upper Franconia, 24 m. N. 
 Bayreuth. P. <:4000. 
 
 Schwarzenberg, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 18 m. 
 SE. by S. Zwickau, cap. circle ; has iron-mines in the vicinity. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Schwarzenberg, vil. , Switzd. See Nolrmont. 
 
 Schwarzenburg, Switzd., cant. Bern, 9 m. E. Freiburg. 
 Alt. 3225 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Schwarz Kosteletz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 20 m. ESE. 
 Prague. P. < 3000. 
 
 Schwarzwald (' black forest '). See Black Forest. 
 
 Schwarzwald, circle, Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, in the SW. 
 See Wurtemberg. 
 
 Schwarz'wasser, tn. , Austria, on the N. frontier of Silesia, 
 38 m. E. Troppau. P. <:2000. 
 
 Schwaz, tn. , Austria, Tirol, 17 m. ENE. Innsbruck. P. 
 <:4ooo. 
 
 Schwechat, tn. , Lower Austria, dist. Schwechat. P. 6000. 
 
 Schwedt, or Schwedt am Oder, tn. , Prussia, prov. Bran- 
 denburg, circle Angermiinde, on the 1. bk. of the Oder, 35 m. 
 NNW. Kustrin. P. 9800. 
 
 Schwelch, or Schwelch an der JNLosel, tn. , Prussia, Rhine 
 Prov., circle and 7^ m. NE. Trier (Treves). P. <3000. 
 
 Schweldnltz, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, on the Weistritz, 
 30 m. SW. Breslau, cap. circle Schweidnitz ; iron-founding, 
 manufactures of machinery, pottery, &c. ; has a sugar refinery in 
 the neighbourhood. Schweidnitz was the cap. of a principality 
 from 1278 to 1368. Scene of the victory of the Swedes, May 
 21, 1642 ; was an important fortress in the Seven Years' War. 
 Alt. 810 ft. P. (1816) 10,000 ; (1890) 24,700. 
 
 Schweinau, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt, and circle Middle 
 Franconia, 2^ m. SW\ by W. Niirnberg. P. <30oo. 
 
 Schivelnfurt, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt, and circle Lower 
 Franconia, on the r. bk. of the Main, 22 m. NE. by N. Wiirz- 
 burg, in a fertile district ; important manufactures of colours, 
 machinery, shoes, &c. Near is the old gymnasium, founded 
 by Gustavus Adolphus ; has a town hall, founded 1570 ; was 
 made a free city in 1130. Schweinfurt was the headquarters of 
 Gustavus Adolphus in the Thirty Years' War. Alt. 740 ft. P. 
 (1840) 7300; (1890) 12,400. 
 
 Schweinltz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 10 m. SE. Budweis. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Schwellbrnnn, vil., Switzd., cant. Appenzell, 3 m. SSW. 
 Herisau. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Schwelm, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Arnsberg, 
 4 J m. E. by N. Barmen ; manufactures of cord, rope, lines, 
 bookbinding, &c. Alt. 920 ft. P. 13,500. 
 
 Schwennlngen, or Schwennlngen am Sieckar, tn. , Ger. , 
 in the SW. of Wurtemberg, circle Black Forest, 39 m. SW. by 
 S. Tubingen. P. 6400. 
 
 Schwerln, or Schwerln In Mecklenburg, city, Ger. , cap. 
 Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 19 m. S. Wismar, beautifully situated 
 between Lakes Schwerin (E. ), Ziegel (N.), and Ostorf (S. ) ; the 
 seat of the grand duke, with magnificent gardens, on an island 
 between Lakes Schwerin and Burg. Has a Roman Catholic 
 cathedral (1365-1430), with large organ. Seat of an arsenal. 
 Trade and industry unimportant. P. (1810) 7700 ; (1890) 33,600. 
 
 Schwerin, or Schwerin an der Warthe, tn., Prussia, in 
 the W. of prov. Posen, on the r. bk. of the Warthe, 37 m. E. 
 Kiistrin, cap. circle Schwerin. P. (i8i6)<4000 ; (1890) 6300. 
 
 Schweriner See, lake, Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, near 
 Schwerin ; contains several islands. Length, 13^ m. 
 
 Schwersenz, tn., Prussia, prov. and 6 m. E. Posen, was 
 founded by Jews expelled from Posen. P. <40oo. 
 
 Schwerte, or Schwerte an der Ruhr, tn. , Prussia, prov. 
 Westphalia, on the Ruhr, circle and 6J m. SE. Dortmund ; 
 manufactures of machinery and iron and steel goods. P. (1816) 
 <2C)oo; (1890)6200. 
 
 Schwesing, vil., Prussia, prov. Schleswig- Holstein, circle 
 Husum, 17 m. W. Schleswig, 3^ m. ENE. Husum. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Schwetz,or Schwetz an der Weichsel (Vistula), tn. , Prussia, 
 prov. W. Prussia, on 1. bk. of the Vistula, 25 m. NE. by N. 
 Bromberg, cap. circle Schwetz. The old town, founded 1308, 
 frequently suffered from inundations, and was raised to the 
 height ofthe river bank, 1875-83. P. (i8i6)<3000; (1890)6600. 
 
 Schwetzlngen, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, circle Mann- 
 heim, 6 m. WSW. Heidelberg ; founded 1656. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Schwetzkau, tn. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. Posen, circle Fraustadt, 
 22 m. NE. by E. Glogau. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Schwiebus, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Ziillichau, 
 42 m. E. by S. Frankfurt ; important linen and woollen manu- 
 factures ; coal mined. P. (1816) 4000; (1890)8200. 
 
 Schwieloch, or Schwlelug, lake, Prussia, prov. Branden- 
 burg, govt. Frankfurt on the Oder, 13 m. NE. Liibben. Length, 
 N. to S. , 8i m. by 2^ m. in its widest part. The Spree enters it 
 in the NW. 
 
 1401 
 
SCHW — SCOT 
 
 Schwlentochlo-wltz, vil. , Prussia, pro v. Silesia, circle Beu- 
 then, 34 m. ENE. Ratibor, and 2 m. WSW. Konigshiitte. 
 P. <5C)oo ; estate P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Schwlz, formerly spelt ScUwyz, or ^b-^-ytz, one of the four 
 forest cants., Switzd. , nearly in the centre of the Confedera- 
 tion, to which it gave name, enclosed by Lucerne, Zug, Zurich, 
 St. Gall, Glarus, Uri, and the Lake of Lucerne. Area, 351 
 sq. m. Population nearly all Roman Catholics, and speaking 
 the German language. Surface mostly mountainous ; highest 
 point the Rosstock, 8080 ft. (See also Rigl.) Principal rivers, 
 the Sihl and the Muotta. The Lake of Zurich forms its N., 
 and that of Zug a portion of its W. boundaries. The climate 
 varies according to altitude ; the upper valley, in which is 
 Einsiedeln, and the mountainous part of the country, have 
 very severe winters, while Gersau, on the Lake of Lucerne, has 
 a mild climate. The S. wind, called 'fohn' {^.v.), often pre- 
 vails in the valley of Schwiz and at Gersau. Wine and fruit 
 are cultivated, but cattle-rearing is the chief branch of industry, 
 and cattle, cheese, and timber are the principal exports. Manu- 
 factures nearly confined to cotton twist. Government a repre- 
 sentative democracy ; legislative power exercised by an elected 
 council, one member for every 600 inhabitants ; executive by 
 a council of seven members, both councils being elected for 
 four years. Principal towns, Schwiz, Einsiedeln, Kiissnach, 
 and Art. The terr. of Schwiz was composed in the Middle 
 Ages of the three free communes of Schwiz, Steinen, and 
 Muottathal. In 1291 it concluded with the terrs. of Uri and 
 Unterwalden the treaty of alliance, which was the origin of 
 the Swiss Confederation. After the victory of Morgarten, over 
 the Austrians, 1315, the influence of Schwiz preponderated over 
 the other allies, so that its name, slightly modified to Schweiz, 
 was given to the entire Confederation. Schwiz heroically 
 resisted the invasion of the French army, 1798. See Switzer- 
 land, table. 
 
 Schwiz, or Schwytz, tn., Switzd., cap. cant., is situated 
 in the Muotta Valley, at the base of the Mythen Mt. , 17 m. 
 E. Lucerne. The town suffered greatly in the Revolutionary 
 wars of 1798-99, when it was alternately occupied by the French 
 and Austrian armies. P. 6700. 
 
 Schyii Pass, gorge, Switzd., Grisons, in the valley of the 
 Albula, a few miles E. of the confluence of the Albula with the 
 Hinter-Rhine. In 1868-69 ^ carriage road was made through 
 this gorge, connecting the Hinter-Rhine valley (Thusis) wdth the 
 foot of the Oberhalbstein (Tiefenkasten). 
 
 Sclacca, tn. and port, on the S. ct. of Sicily, prov. Girgenti, 
 40 m. SE. by E. Marsala ; has coral fisheries. Manufactures 
 pKDttery and saltpetre. Hot springs on the sides of the mountain 
 XThermce Selinuntince), famous since ancient times. P. 22,200. 
 
 Sclcll, tn., Sicily, prov. and 37 m. SW. by W. Syracuse. 
 Alt. 695 ft. P. 12,000. 
 
 Sclencleii, P. O. , Ire. , 3 m. from Fivemiletown (co. Tyrone). 
 
 Sclgllano, comm. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 11 m. SSE. 
 Cosenza ; manufactures woollen counterpanes. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Scllla, tn. and port, Italy, Calabrie, at the entrance of the 
 Straits of Messina, prov. and 11 m. NNE. Reggio ; manufac- 
 tures silk goods. The town has been almost wholly rebuilt since 
 the earthquake of 1785. Here is the famous rock of Scilla, 
 known to ancient mariners. P. 5800. See Messina, Gulf of. 
 
 Scllly, tn.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. and i^ m. SE. Kinsale, on 
 the E. side of Kinsale Harbour, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Scllly Islands, group of isls. forming an eccles. par. , Eng. , in- 
 cluded in the co. of Cornwall, 25-35 m. WSW. Land's End, 
 Cornwall. They consist of about 140 islets and rocks, the prin 
 cipal of the former being St. Mary, Tresco, St. Martin, Bryher, 
 and St. Agnes, all of which, with adjacent smaller islands, now 
 constitute separate civil pars. The climate is mild ; trees are few. 
 High Town, the cap. , on St. Mary, is the seat of a judicial court 
 of twelve members, who have the civil government of the islands. 
 The inhabitants are employed in fishing, and the cultivation of 
 early flowers and vegetables for the London market. There are 
 various Celtic remains, including stone circles, cromlechs, and 
 a ' cliff castle. ' They were long believed to be the Kassiterides , 
 or tin islands of the ancients, though recent investigations 
 have rendered this very doubtful, these islands being now 
 placed on the W. ct. of Galicia, Spain. On St. Mary's I., St. 
 Agnes, and Bishop Rocks are lighthouses. In the loth century 
 the islands were annexed to England, and they now form part 
 of the duchy of Cornwall and the diocese of Truro. PMT.O. 
 (Scllly). Mean temp. (20 yrs.), yr. 57.1° F., Jan. 45.9°, Aug. 
 6i.o° ; mean annual rfall. (20 yrs.), yr. 34.38 in. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Sclnde, Brit. India. See Slnd. 
 
 Sclndla's Dominions, India. See Slndbia's Dominions. 
 
 Scio, isl. , JEgean Sea. See Klilo. 
 
 Scio, vil., U.S., Ohio, Harrison co. , 30 m. NW. Wheeling 
 (W. Va.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Scio, vil. , U.S. , Oregon, Linnco. , 60m. S. Portland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sciolze, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 9 m. E. by N. 
 Turin. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Scioto, CO., U.S., Ohio, on the riv. Ohio, traversed N. to S. 
 by the Scioto R. 
 1402 
 
 Scioto, riv., U.S., flows S. through the middle of Ohio past 
 Columbus and Chillicothe, and joins the Ohio at Portsmouth. 
 Length 280 m., for 130 m. of which it is navigable. 
 
 SclotoTlUe, vil., U.S., Ohio, Sciotoville co. , on the riv. Ohio, 
 85 m. S. by E. Columbus ; manufactures, fire-laricks and retorts. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 Scissett, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 4m. NW. 
 Penistone, PMT.O. P. <35oo. 
 
 Scitnate, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., on the 
 coast, 21 m. SE. by E. Boston. P. <3ooo. Scitnate, Soutli, 
 4 m. to the WSW. 
 
 Scitnate, tn., U.S., Rhode I., co. and 10^ m. W. by S. 
 Providence. P. <40oo. 
 
 Sclafani, vil. , Sicily, prov. Palermo, 15 m. SSE. Termini ; 
 thermal sulphurous iodide spring ; salt-works. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sclattie, tn. , Scot. , co. and near Aberdeen, part of Auchmull. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Sclayn, vil., Belgium, prov., arr., and 11 m. E. Namur ; 
 lead mined. P. (comm. )<: 2000. 
 
 Scobey, co. , U.S., S. Dakota, between 44° and 45° N. , and 
 102° and 103° W. , bounded in the SE. by the Big Cheyenne R. 
 
 Scoding, or Scodliigne, former dist., France, now included 
 in deps. Jura and Doubs. 
 
 Scofton -with Osberton, eccles. par., Eng., Nottingham- 
 shire, Bassetlaw div. , 3 m. E. by N. Worksop, 2 m. NW. 
 Checker House stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Scogllettl, or ScogUttl, name of part of the SW. ct. of 
 Sicily, between the mouths of the Acate or Dirillo and the 
 Camarana. The village Scoglietti, on this coast, is the port of 
 Vittoria, 7 m. to the ENE. Trade in vnne. Three miles S. 
 is the site of the ancient Camarina, founded by the Syracusans, 
 600 B.C., and destroyed by the Saracens, 853. 
 
 Scole, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , on the Waveney, 18^ m. 
 SSW. Norwich, i| m. SE. Diss stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Scone, vil., Canada, Ontario, Bruce co., 44 m. W. by S. 
 Collingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Scone, post-tn. , New South Wales, Brisbane co., 74 m. S. 
 Tamworth ; about 10 m. N., near Wingen, is the burning 
 mountain, supposed to be covered with coal-beds, continually 
 on fire. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Scone (skun), Xew, vil., Scot., E. Perthshire, in the par. of 
 Scone, on the Den of Scone, 2 m. NE. by N. Perth. At Old 
 Scone, of which almost the only remnant is a market-cross, the 
 kings of Scotland were formerly crowned, on a famous stone, now 
 preserved in Westminster Abbey, whither it was brought in 1296. 
 Here was an abbey and royal palace of the Scots kings, on the 
 site of which now stands a modern palace. PMT. O. Vil. P. < 
 1500 ; par. 7815 ac. , P. <:25oo. 
 
 Scouser, P.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, Skye I., 10 m. SE. 
 Portree. 
 
 Scoutlcut Point, cape, U.S., on the S. ct. of Massachusetts, 
 on the W. side of Buzzard Bay, in 70° 51' W. 
 
 Scoouie, par. , Scot. , Fifeshire, on the S. ct. , containing part 
 of Leven ; 4091 ac. P. < 5000. 
 
 Scopwlck, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 10 m. 
 SE. by S. Lincoln, i^ m. W. of its stn. (ScopTticii and 
 Timberland) on the G. N. & G. E. Joint Rly., P.O. P. < 
 500 ; eccles. par. (Scop'wick 'wltli Klrkby Green) P. <5oo. 
 
 Scorbrongb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., 12 m. NNW. Hull, i m. SSW. Lockington stn. P. <25o ; 
 eccles. par. (Scorbrongb wltb Leckonfleld) P. <500. 
 
 Scorcola, suburb of Trieste, Austria. P. <yxx>. 
 
 Scordla, comm. , Sicily, prov. and 20 m. SW. Catania ; its 
 oranges are the most esteemed in Sicily. P. 7700. 
 
 Scoreby, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire. See Stamford 
 Bridge. 
 
 Scorlilll (or Long Stone) Circle, ancient stone circle, Eng. , 
 Devonshire, on Dartmoor, 3 m. W. Chagford; consists of 
 twenty-four upright stones. The Long Stone is 9 ft. high. 
 
 Scorrier, vil. , Eng. , Cornwall, div. and 6 m. W. bv S. Truro, 
 with a stn. (Scorrier Gate) on the G. W. R. , PMT.O. 
 
 Scortani, vil. , Roumania. See Skorteni. 
 
 Scorton, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 8 m. S. by 
 E. Lancaster, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Scorton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 5 m. 
 E. Richmond, i m. S. of its stn. on the NE. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <:750. 
 
 Sco Rnston, or South Rnston, par., Eng., Norfolk, 2 m. 
 NE. Coltishall. P. <25o. 
 
 Scostbrop, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 6 m. SE. 
 Settle. P. <25o. 
 
 Scotasay, isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, Harris par. P. 18. 
 
 Scotby, eccles. par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 2J m. 
 E. Carlisle, on the M. R. and NE. R., PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Scotch Dyke, stn. , Eng. , Cumberland, Eskdale div. , on the 
 N. B. R., 13 m. N. by W. Carlisle. 
 
 Scotch Hill, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Northumberland co. 
 P. <;isoo. 
 
 Scotch Plains, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Union co. , 12 m. W. 
 Elizabeth. P. < 1500. 
 
SCOT —SCOT 
 
 Scotch Street, P.O., Ire., co. Armagh, 3 m. from Portadown. 
 
 Scotforth, par., Eng. , Lancashire, div. and 2 m. S. Lancaster, 
 P.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Seotbern, or Scotboriie, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W, 
 Lindsey div., 5 m. NE. Lincoln, i^ m. NW. Langworth stn. , 
 PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Scotia, vil., U.S., Nebraska, cap. Greeley co. , on N. Loup 
 R. , 142 m. W. by N. Omaha. P. < 1500. 
 
 Scotland, the northern portion of Great Britain, formerly an 
 independent kingdom, since 1603 under the same crown as the 
 other parts of the British Isles ; divided into the thirty-two 
 counties enumerated in the following table : — 
 
 Population in Thousands, with 
 
 INCRKASF 
 
 ( + ) OR 
 
 Decrease (- 
 
 -) PER CeI 
 
 MT. SINCE 
 
 THE PREVIOUS CENSUS. 
 
 County. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 1801. 
 
 1811. Incr. 
 
 1821. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1831. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1841. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1851. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1861. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1871. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1881. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 per 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 144 
 
 Aberdeen . . 
 
 1.955 
 
 121 
 
 134 1 1° 
 
 155 
 
 16 
 
 178 
 
 15 
 
 192 
 
 8 
 
 212 
 
 10 
 
 222 
 
 4.4 
 
 245 
 
 10.40 
 
 268 
 
 9-56 
 
 281 
 
 4-98 
 
 Argyll . . . 
 
 3.213 
 
 81 
 
 87 6 
 
 97 
 
 12 
 
 lOI 
 
 4 
 
 97 
 
 -4 
 
 89 
 
 -9 
 
 80 
 
 -12.0 
 
 76 
 
 -5.07 
 
 76 
 
 1.04 
 
 75 
 
 -1.91 
 
 23 
 
 Ayr .... 
 
 1,128 
 
 84 
 
 104 23 
 
 127 
 
 23 
 
 145 
 
 14 
 
 164 
 
 13 
 
 190 
 
 IS 
 
 199 
 
 4.8 
 
 201 
 
 0.92 
 
 218 
 
 8.32 
 
 226 
 
 4-03 
 
 201 
 
 Banff . . . 
 
 641 
 
 37 
 
 38 3 
 
 44 
 
 14 
 
 48 
 
 II 
 
 SO 
 
 3 
 
 
 9 
 
 S9 
 
 9-3 
 
 62 
 
 4-74 
 
 63 
 
 1-15 
 
 64 
 
 2.25 
 
 100 
 
 Berwick . . 
 
 -. 461 
 
 30 
 
 31 2 
 
 33 
 
 8 
 
 34 
 
 2 
 
 34 
 
 I 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 37 
 
 0.8 
 
 36 
 
 -0-35 
 
 35 
 
 -3.00 
 
 32 
 
 -8-44 
 
 70 
 
 Bute. . . . 
 
 218 
 
 12 
 
 12 ! 2 
 
 14 
 
 IS 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 16 II 
 
 17 
 
 S 
 
 16 
 
 -1.6 
 
 17 
 
 3-96 
 
 18 
 
 4.00 
 
 18 
 
 4-23 
 
 84 
 
 Caithness . . 
 
 686 
 
 as 
 
 23 4 
 
 29 
 
 25 
 
 35 
 
 18 
 
 36; 5 
 
 39 
 
 6 
 
 41 
 
 6.2 
 
 40 
 
 -2.72 
 
 39 
 
 -2.82 
 
 37 1-4-34 
 
 54 
 
 Clackmannan 
 
 48 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 lO 
 
 15 
 
 II 
 
 • 19 
 
 30 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 -7.0 
 
 24 
 
 10.71 
 
 26 
 
 8.14 
 
 28 10.72 
 
 605 
 
 Dumbarton . 
 
 241 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 16 
 
 27 
 
 13 
 
 33 
 
 22 
 
 44 
 
 33 
 
 45 
 
 I 
 
 52 
 
 15-3 
 
 59 
 
 13-11 
 
 75 
 
 27.99 
 
 94 ,25-44 
 
 383 
 
 Dumfries . . 
 
 1,063 
 
 55 
 
 63 
 
 15 
 
 71 
 
 13 
 
 74 
 
 4 
 
 73 
 
 -I 
 
 78 
 
 7 
 
 76 
 
 -2.9 
 
 75 
 
 -1. 41 
 
 76 
 
 1.78 
 
 74 -2-52 
 
 70 
 
 Edinburgh 
 
 362 
 
 123 
 
 149 
 
 21 
 
 192 
 
 29 
 
 219 
 
 15 
 
 225 
 
 2 
 
 259 
 
 16 
 
 274 
 
 5-6 
 
 328 
 
 19-85 
 
 389 
 
 18.51 
 
 434 11-56 
 
 1,199 
 
 Elgin . . . 
 
 476 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 I 
 
 31 
 
 12 
 
 34 
 
 10 
 
 35 
 
 I 
 
 39 
 
 II 
 
 43 
 
 9-5 
 
 43 
 
 -0.45 
 
 44 
 
 1-53 
 
 43 
 
 -0.76 
 
 91 
 
 Fife .... 
 
 492 
 
 94 
 
 lOI 
 
 8 
 
 115 
 
 '1 
 
 129 
 
 12 
 
 140 
 
 9 
 
 154 
 
 ID 
 
 I5S 
 
 0.7 
 
 161 
 
 3.85 
 
 172 
 
 6.96 
 
 187 
 
 8.96 
 
 381 
 
 Forfar . . . 
 
 87s 
 
 99 
 
 107 
 
 8 
 
 "3 
 
 6 
 
 140 
 
 23 
 
 170 
 
 22 
 
 191 
 
 12 
 
 204 
 
 6.8 
 
 238 
 
 i6 21 
 
 266 
 
 12.12 
 
 278 
 
 4.28 
 
 3'Z 
 
 Haddington . 
 
 271 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 3 
 
 35 
 
 ^1 
 
 36 
 
 3 
 
 36 
 
 -I 
 
 36 
 
 I 
 
 li 
 
 3-4 
 
 38 
 
 0.36 
 
 39 
 
 1-94 
 
 37 
 
 -2.64 
 
 138 
 
 Inverness . . 
 
 4,088 
 
 73 
 
 78 
 
 7 
 
 90 
 
 16 
 
 95 
 
 5 
 
 98 
 
 3 
 
 97 
 
 -I 
 
 88 
 
 -8.5 
 
 88 
 
 -0.28 
 
 90 
 
 2.77 
 
 89 
 
 -1.26 
 
 22 
 
 Kincardine . 
 
 383 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 29 
 
 6 
 
 31 
 
 8 
 
 33 
 
 5 
 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 34 
 
 -0.3 
 
 35 
 
 0.48 
 
 34 
 
 -0.48 
 
 36 
 
 3-43 
 
 93 
 
 Kinross . . 
 
 V 73 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 -3 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 -11.8 
 
 7 
 
 -9-77 
 
 7 
 
 -6.96 
 
 6 -6.23 
 
 86 
 
 Kirkcudbright 
 
 898 
 
 29 
 
 34 
 
 IS 
 
 39 
 
 IS 
 
 41 
 
 4 
 
 41 I 
 
 43 
 
 5 
 
 42 
 
 -1.4 
 
 42 
 
 -1-50 
 
 42 
 
 0.64 
 
 40 I-5-08 
 
 45 
 
 Lanark . . . 
 
 882 
 
 148 
 
 191 
 
 29 
 
 244 
 
 28 
 
 317 
 
 30 
 
 427 
 
 34 
 
 530 
 
 24 
 
 632 
 
 19. 1 
 
 765 
 
 21.18 
 
 904 
 
 18.17 
 
 1,046 
 
 15.66 
 
 1,186 
 
 Linlithgow 
 
 120 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 17 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 39 
 
 28.2 
 
 41 
 
 6.00 
 
 44 
 
 6.21 
 
 S3 
 
 21-37 
 
 440 
 
 Nairn . . . 
 
 19s 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 I 
 
 < 9 
 
 -I 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 I.O 
 
 10 
 
 1-59 
 
 10 
 
 2.25 
 
 10 
 
 -4.17 
 
 51 
 
 Orkney and \ 
 Shetland / 
 
 927 
 
 47 
 
 46 
 
 -I 
 
 53 
 
 15 
 
 58 
 
 10 
 
 61 
 
 5 
 
 63 
 
 2 
 
 64 
 
 2.4 
 
 63 
 
 -1.83 
 
 62 
 
 1.78 
 
 59 -2-6 
 
 64 
 
 Peebles . . . 
 
 355 
 
 9 
 
 10 1 13 
 
 lO 
 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 -I 
 
 II 
 
 2 
 
 II 
 
 6.4 
 
 12 
 
 8.08 
 
 14 
 
 12.10 
 
 15 i 6.79 
 
 42 
 
 Perth . . . 
 
 2,528 
 
 126 
 
 134 
 
 7 
 
 138 
 
 3 
 
 142 
 
 3 
 
 137 
 
 -3 
 
 139 
 
 I 
 
 134 
 
 -3.8 
 
 128 i-4.29 
 
 129 
 
 0.97 
 
 126 -2.17 
 
 50 
 
 Renfrew . . 
 
 245 
 
 79 
 
 93 
 
 18 
 
 112 
 
 20 
 
 133 
 
 19 
 
 155 1 16 
 
 161 
 
 3 
 
 178 
 
 10. 2 
 
 217 22.18 
 
 263 
 
 21.40 
 
 291 10.41 
 
 1,187 
 
 Ross and \ 
 Cromarty / 
 
 3.078 
 
 56 
 
 61 
 
 ' 
 
 69 
 
 13 
 
 75 
 
 9 
 
 79 
 
 5 
 
 83 
 
 5 
 
 81 
 
 -i-S 
 
 81 -0.55 
 
 79 
 
 -2.97 
 
 78 -0.94 
 
 25 
 
 Roxburgh . . 
 
 66s 
 
 34 
 
 37 
 
 10 
 
 41 
 
 10 
 
 44 
 
 7 
 
 46 
 
 5 
 
 52 
 
 12 
 
 54 
 
 4-7 
 
 47 i-8-71 
 
 53 
 
 8.17 
 
 54 0.56 
 
 81 
 
 Selkirk . . . 
 
 257 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 6.5 
 
 19 177-74 
 
 26 
 
 37-65 
 
 27 1 7.0 lot) 
 
 Stirling . . . 
 
 447 
 
 51 
 
 S8 
 
 14 
 
 65 
 
 12 
 
 73 
 
 II 
 
 82 
 
 13 
 
 86 
 
 S 
 
 92 
 
 6.5 
 
 98 1 6.84 
 
 112 
 
 14.48 
 
 126 II. 71 ; 281 
 
 Sutherland 
 
 2,028 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 I 
 
 26 
 
 7 
 
 25 
 
 -3 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 
 -2.1 
 
 24 j-3.68 
 
 23 
 
 3.89 
 
 22 ;-6.3i 1 II 
 
 Wigtown . . 
 Total . . 
 
 486 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 17 
 
 33 
 
 24 
 
 36 
 
 6 
 
 39! 8 
 
 43 
 
 II 
 
 42 
 
 -3.0 
 
 39 -7-76 
 
 39 
 
 -0.56 
 
 36^-6.60 74 
 
 29.785 
 
 1,608 
 
 1,806 1 12 
 
 2,092 
 
 16 
 
 2,364 
 
 13 
 
 2,620 ' II 
 
 2,889 
 
 10 
 
 3,062 
 
 6.0 
 
 3,360! 9.72 j 3,736 
 
 II. 18 
 
 4,026 i 7.76 13s 
 
 Surface. — As to the southern frontier, see the beginning of the 
 article on England. Scotland is broadly divisible into three great 
 regions, the Southern Uplands, the Middle Lowlands, and the 
 Highlands. The boundary between the first two regions may 
 be taken as formed by a line,, curving somewhat towards the 
 NW., drawn from near Dunbar on the E. to Ayr on the W. 
 The region to the S. , or rather SE. , of this line comprises con- 
 siderable stretches of populous lowlands bordering the Solway 
 Firth and in the lower part of the basin of the Tweed, but is 
 composed mainly of thinly- peopled hill-country, or rather broad, 
 grassy, steepsided tablelands, the chief features of which are 
 fairly well marked out by the three railway lines from Carlisle 
 to Edinburgh and Glasgow — those of the N. B. R. (Waverley 
 Route), the C. R., and the G. & SW. R. The first ascends 
 Liddesdale, and then passes in a tunnel (alt. about 1000 ft.), 
 between Riccarton Junction and Shankend stns. , through a spur 
 connecting the Cheviots with the central uplands, to descend by 
 the valley of the Slitrig Water to Hawick in Teviotdale. In this 
 section, however, the natural boundary between the Cheviots and 
 the central uplands of the S. of Scotland is better marked by the 
 highroad from Langholm to Hawick up the Ewes Water, and 
 crossing into the Teviot valley at a notch (alt. 800 ft.) on the 
 borders of counties Dumfries and Roxburgh. From Hawick both 
 railway and road pass to the valley of the Tweed and ascend 
 that of the Gala, crossing another summit at the height of 900 
 ft., between the Moorfoot and Lammermuir Hills, before de- 
 scending into the valley of the South Esk not far from Edinburgh. 
 On the other two lines there is only one summit ; that on the 
 C. R., which ascends the valley of the Annan, is situated a few 
 miles N. of Beattock, at the height of 1028 ft., the railway de- 
 scending thence into the valley of the Clyde. Finally, the G. 
 & SW. R. ascends the valley of the Nith, passes New Cumnock 
 at the height of 600 ft. near the head of that valley, and then 
 descending into the Ayrshire lowlands passes round the NW. 
 of the upland area. The highest summit of the Southern Uplands 
 is Mount Merrick (2764 ft.), in a section in the SW., cut off to 
 some extent by the valleys of the Dee and the Doon. 
 
 The Lowlands, or more properly the Middle Lowlands, of 
 Scotland forni the area which has at all times in all probability 
 been the most populous part of the country. Its N., or rather 
 NW. , boundary may be taken as marked by a neariy straight 
 line drawn from Stonehaven or Aberdeen to the mouth of the 
 Clyde. To this section belongs the great bulk of the mineral 
 wealth' of Scotland, the greater part of the fertile soil of the 
 country, and, consequently, most of the chief towns, including 
 the principal seaports. It is not entirely composed of lowlands. 
 
 but embraces three ranges of hills — the Sidlaw Hills, between 
 the lowlands bordering the N. shore of the Firth of Tay and the 
 valley of the Isla (1. bk. trib. Tay) ; the Ochil Hills, between the 
 riv. Earn and the rivs. Teith, Forth, and Devon ; and the Campsie 
 Fells, with their continuation the Kirkpatrick Hills, between the 
 Forth and Clyde. 
 
 The remainder of Scotland, comprising more than half the 
 area, is the least populous part of the whole. It includes 
 considerable lowland areas in the shoulder jutting out to the E. 
 in Aberdeenshire, on the S. shore and near the head of the 
 Moray Firth, and in the penin. of Caithness ; but the great bulk 
 of it is composed of high hills intersected by deep and narrow 
 valleys, the hills on the W. side mostly coming close up to the 
 shore of the numerous inlets which here indent the coast-line, 
 and reappearing in the numerous islands by which that coast is 
 bordered. The Highlands proper are first of all divisible into 
 two great sections, a NW. and a SE. , by what is known as 
 Glenmore or the Great Valley, the straight depression, marking 
 the line of a geological fault running from the Moray Firth to 
 Loch Linnhe, partly occupied by Lochs Ness, Oich, and Lochy, 
 and now traversed by the Caledonian Canal. The section to 
 the SE. of this valley contains the highest peaks in Scotland 
 and, indeed, in the British Isles, and is on the whole more 
 compact than the other, yet it is divisible by natural features 
 into subsections. First, the valley of the Spey, along with that 
 of the Spean (separated by a water-parting 848 ft. high), cuts off 
 to the NW. the subsection known as the Monagh Lea(Monadh 
 Liath) Mts. The remainder, known collectively as the Grampian 
 Mts. , is then divided into two larger subsections by the valleys of 
 the Garry and Truim, the latter a trib. of the Spey, these valleys 
 having formed at all times the main route (now that of the 
 Highland Rly.) across the central Highlands, leading through 
 the Pass of Killicrankie up to that of Drummouchter (the 
 water-parting 1500 ft.), and then down to the valleys of the 
 Spey and Spean. In the NW. of the western of these two 
 subsections, E. of the head of Loch Linnhe, stands Ben Nevis 
 (4406 ft.), the highest mountain in the British Isles. About the 
 middle of the E. subsection, but more towards the N. , on the 
 borders of the cos. of Aberdeen, Banff, and Inverness, rise a 
 group of giants, including the four peaks next in height to 
 Ben Nevis — Ben Macdhui (4296 ft. ), Carntoul (4241 ft. ) Briaeriach 
 (4248 ft.), and Cairngorm (4084 ft.). The W. subsection is 
 again subdivided in a somewhat marked manner by the valleys 
 of the Dochart, Fillan, and Lochy (the two latter separated by 
 a pass near Tyndrum), now followed by the railway to Oban. 
 The West Highland Rly., ascending the W. -shore of Loch 
 
 1403 
 
SCOTLAND 
 
 Lomond and then Glen Falloch and Strath Fillan, and pro- 
 ceeding N. from Tyndrum by Glen Tulla and Strath Ossian 
 into Glen Spean, can hardly be said to mark a natural line of 
 division, the route ascending and descending several times. 
 
 The NW. section of the Highlands is divided into numerous 
 subsections by lines of valleys under looo ft. in height stretching 
 from side to side, the principal being that formed by Strath 
 Bran and Glen Carron, with a water-parting at about 550 ft. , 
 now traversed by the Dingwall and Skye Rly. The highest 
 summits of this section are Carn Eige (3877 ft.) and Mam Soul 
 (3862 ft.), in the SW. of the section, N. of Glen Affric, a few 
 miles from the head of Loch Alsh. Better known summits, on 
 account of their conspicuousness from neighbouring lowlands, 
 are Ben Wyvis (3429 ft.), NW. of Dingwall; Ben Dearg (3547 
 ft.), near the head of Loch Broom; and Canisp (2779 ft.) and 
 Suilven, or the Sugar-loaf (2399 ft.), masses of Torridonian 
 sandstone, which rise abruptly from a bed of ancient gneiss in 
 the SW. of Sutherland. 
 
 The prevailing geological formations are disposed in certain 
 well-marked zones stretching NE. and SW. ; the detailed features 
 are, however, often exceedingly complicated. The Southern 
 Highlands consist mainly of Silurian beds arranged in a series 
 of folds, the anticlinal axes of which are marked by the outcrop 
 of black shale. The Upper Silurians stretch from Berwick and 
 Haddington through the Lammermuir Hills, Peebles, Selkirk, 
 Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, and Wigtown to the Mull of Gallo- 
 way. NW. the Lower Silurian forms a parallel band, widening 
 towards the SW. E. of the Upper Silurian, the Old Red Sand- 
 stone covers nearly the whole of Roxburghshire, and stretches 
 N. and W. through Berwick and Haddington, flanking for a short 
 distance the Lower Silurian. Beds of the Lower Carboniferous 
 series are found in the Tweed valley and in Liddesdale ; Permian 
 deposits cross the Upper Silurian in the valleys of the Nith, 
 Kennet, and Annan ; Triassic beds occur about the head of the 
 Solway Firth, and Alluvial deposits along the coast. The prin- 
 cipal granitic masses occur in Kirkcudbright and Ayr, and in 
 the Cheviots in Roxburghshire. In the Middle Lowlands, Old 
 Red Sandstone forms a large part of the Pentland Hills, and 
 extends SW. through Lanark and Ayrshire ; northward it re- 
 appears over a large area about the Firths of Forth and Tay 
 and the great fault, along which it is bordered by a narrow 
 band of clay slate. The central part of the Lowland region 
 is mainly occupied by numerous formations of the Carboniferous 
 series, the coalfields having the greatest development in Ayr- 
 shire and Lanark; smaller coalfields occur in Clackmannan, 
 Edinburghshire, and on the opposite coast of Fife. Porphyritic 
 rocks predominate in the hilly region and S. of the Tay, inter- 
 mixed, especially in the Ochill Hills, with tuff; porphyritic 
 rocks also form the elevated region on the borders of Renfrew 
 and Ayr. Basaltic masses break through the Carboniferous 
 deposits, chiefly in the W. , and also form numerous dykes 
 (E. and W.). In the Highland region by far the most wide- 
 spread formations are those belonging to the Dalradian series 
 (Metamorphic). S. of the Glenmore depression these forma- 
 tions extend through the greater part of Inverness, Aberdeen, 
 northern Kincardine, and SW. through Forfar, Perth, and 
 Argyll, to the Mull of Kintyre, and the islands of Jura and 
 Islay. In the Monagh Lea section, along the Caledonian Canal 
 to the SW., and in S. Aberdeenshire, the rocks belong mainly 
 to the lower series, gneiss, gneissose, and schistose rocks ; while 
 the upper series, chiefly mica schists, predominate throughout 
 the central region and along the line of the great fault. In the 
 NE. subsection, E. of the Spey, the arrangement of various 
 members of the series is very complex. There also are large 
 tracts of crystalline and semi-crystalline rocks of the Dalradian- 
 Lewiscan series, but there are also considerable deposits of Old 
 Red Sandstone. Extensive granitic areas occur in the Ben Mac- 
 dhui group, and in the mountainous region which extends east- 
 ward on both sides of the Dee and around Peterhead. In the 
 SW. subsection granitic masses occur around the head of 
 Loch Etive, in Ben Nevis, and other parts. Basaltic dykes are 
 exceedingly numerous in the Loch Fyne dist. , running generally 
 NW. and SE. Diorite occupies an extensive area W. of Loch 
 Rannoch. In the northern division of the Highlands, gneissose 
 and schistose rocks stretch from Loch Linnhe northward through 
 the whole central region to the Pentland Firth, including the W. 
 coast (with the exception of Ardnamurchan promontory, which is 
 terminated by a mass of gabbro), from Loch Suna to Loch Alsh. 
 Old Red Sandstone prevails about the Moray and Cromarty Firths, 
 and is continued N. to Caithness, of which it covers the greater 
 part. Granite forms the Morven Hill region on the borders of 
 Caithness and Sutherland, and appears in other parts of these 
 counties. Along the W. coast, from Cape Wrath to the Sound of 
 Sleat, stretch pre-Torridonian gneiss and Torridonian sandstone ; 
 the former, traversed by numerous basaltic dykes, predominates 
 in the N. , and the latter in the S. Torridonian sandstone is note- 
 worthy for the fantastic forms into which it weathers, and also as 
 containing the most ancient traces of organic remains in Britain. 
 The Outer Hebrides consist almost entirely of pre-Torridonian 
 gneiss, forming the largest area of that formation in the United 
 1404 
 
 Kingdom. The Inner Hebrides consist mainly of basalt with 
 masses of gabbro, notably in the Cuillen Hills of Skye. The 
 Orkney Is. are formed of Old Red Sandstone, and the same for- 
 mation appears in the W. of the Shetland Is. , but the greater part 
 of these belong to the Dalradian series. It should be noted that 
 although the above outline indicates the distribution of the princi- 
 pal series of rocks forming the ' crust ' of Scotland, the actual sur- 
 face is covered over large areas, sometimes to a depth of 100 ft. , 
 with boulder-clay of the glacial epoch. The principal rivers of 
 Scotland, in order of drainage area, are the Tay, Tweed (lower 
 course in England), Clyde, Spey, and Forth. Commercially, 
 the Clyde is by far the most important, followed next by the 
 Forth (including its estuary) and the Tay. The Forth and 
 Clyde basins are united by a canal opened in 1790. For fllmate, 
 see United Kingdom. It may, however, here be mentioned 
 that the winter isotherms in Scotland present a striking feature 
 in that they are approximately N. and S. , the highest tempera- 
 ture being then found on the Atlantic sea- board, and the lowest 
 inland, while the temjserature of the E. coast is intermediate. 
 The principal corn crops of Scotland are oats, barley, and 
 wheat, the order of their importance being thus exactly the 
 reverse of that in England ; of the total area under corn crops, 
 oats occupies nearly four-fifths, and wheat only one-thirty-third. 
 Of minor corn crops, the largest is beans ; rye and pease are 
 very limited. The principal green crops are turnips and 
 potatoes ; of minor, the most important is vetches or tares ; 
 mangold is little cultivated. The total area under corn crops is 
 about twice that under green crops. Further facts of interest 
 under this head may be gathered from an inspection of the table 
 on pp. 10-12 of the Appendix. From this it may be seen that 
 a decrease of about 8 per cent, has taken place since 1869 in 
 the total area under corn crops. This decrease is small as com- 
 pared with that in any other section of the United Kingdom, 
 and it is likewise interesting to note that, unlike England, 
 Wales, or Ireland, Scotland has several counties (Orkney, 
 Caithness, Sutherland, Nairn, Aberdeen, Selkirk) showing an 
 increase under this head between 1869 and 1893. The decrease 
 in area under wheat alone has been proportionally greater 
 than in England, but the area under oats remains the same, 
 though the distribution varies. In green crops there has also 
 been a slight decrease, chiefly in potatoes. The only counties 
 showing an increase in green crops are Sutherland, Orkney and 
 Shetland, and Caithness. Cattle and sheep show an increase, 
 the former of 21 per cent., the latter of 5 per cent. Dairy- 
 farming is carried on chiefly in the three SW. counties ; in the 
 five NE. counties cattle are reared in large numbers for beef. 
 The special Scottish breeds of sheep are the Cheviot and the 
 blackfaced ; the former valuable chiefly for its wool, the latter for 
 its mutton. The Clydesdale cart-horses are famous. The sea- 
 fisheries of Scotland constitute an important source of wealth. 
 They are under the control of the Fishery Board, the country 
 being divided into twenty-six fishery dists. , of which the chief 
 centres are Aberdeen, Fraserburgh, Peterhead, Leith, and Wick. 
 The principal fish in order of importance are herring (about half 
 the total), haddock (more than one-fifth), cod, ling, flat-fish of 
 several kinds, halibut, and whiting. A sea-fish hatchery was 
 established at Dunbar in 1893. Shell-fish include lobsters, crabs, 
 and mussels, &'c. Salmon is caught in several rivers. The her- 
 ring fishery has been carried on in Scotland from early times. It 
 is said (Anderson's Hist, of Commerce) that about a.d. 836 the 
 Netherlanders were in the habit of resorting to Scotland to buy 
 salt-fish ; in 1424, mention is made of the custom on pickled 
 herrings exported, and of a duty on red herrings ; and laws to 
 regulate the industry were passed in the reign of James II. and 
 subsequent sovereigns. The total value of the mineral pro- 
 ductions of Scotland is about one-ninth of that for the United 
 Kingdom, the chief being coal, stone, oil-shale, and iron ore. 
 When coal was first worked in Scotland is not known, but Mr. 
 Hull (Coalfields of Great Britain) shows that it was used in the 
 14th century, while certain abandoned surface pits and 'coal- 
 heughs,' existing in Fifeshire in the time of Camden, are sup- 
 posed to belong to the 15th century. Coal is now mined in 
 about twelve counties, but four (Lanark, Fife, Ayr, and Stirling) 
 produce more than five-sixths of the total. Iron ore (chiefly 
 black band ironstone) is worked in connection with the coal- 
 fields, about one-half of the total being obtained in Ayrshire. 
 The production of pig iron is almost confined to Lanarkshire, 
 which (with the Carron Works in Stirlingshire) supplies about 
 three-fourths of the total. Lead, yielding silver, is obtained in 
 small quantities in Lanark (Leadhills) and Dumfries (Queens- 
 berry, &c. ), with a little zinc in the latter county. Oil-shales are 
 now extensively worked in the cos. of Linlithgow and Edinburgh. 
 Fireclay is obtained from the coal-mines, chiefly in Lanark. 
 Hannfactures. — The oldest manufactures in Scotland are 
 those of linen and woollen, both of which were actively carried 
 on in the 16th century. In 1540 an Act was passed to regulate 
 the manufacture of woollens, and towards the end of the same 
 century linen formed the principal export. Its growth in the 
 i8th century is shown by the fact that during the forty years 
 1728-68, the value of stamped linen increased from _|^i03,ooo to 
 
SCOTLAND 
 
 £627,000. Till the close of the last, and even during the first 
 years of the present, century the flax continued to be hand-spun. 
 With the introduction of steam machinery a rapid advance took 
 place, and as early as 1822 the value had risen to ^^i, 396, 000. 
 (For mechanical improvements in textile manufactures, see 
 England, Mauufactares.) In later years the industry has 
 been less widespread, having been in some dists. (Glasgow, 
 Paisley) replaced by cotton. It is now mainly carried on in 
 the E. midland counties (Forfar, Perth, Kinross, and Clack- 
 mannan), the chief centres being Dundee and Dunfermline. 
 Jute has, since i860, become a formidable rival of flax, and 
 now forms a staple industry in Dundee. To the same 
 group of textiles belongs hemp. The cotton manufacture 
 has its centre in Glasgow (f.v.), from which it has spread 
 to the surrounding towns within a radius of 20 or 30 m. 
 The woollen manufacture is more widely distributed, though 
 the greatest number of factories are situated in the east, midland, 
 and southern dists. The chief centres are Galashiels, Selkirk, 
 Dumfries, Hawick, and Innerleithen — famous for ' tweed' cloths ; 
 Inverness, Elgin, and Aberdeen are also noted for plaids, (Src. 
 Wool-spinning is carried on at Kinross and Alloa. Silk is 
 manufactured to a limited extent (Glasgow, Paisley) ; carpets 
 (Kilmarnock, Paisley, Glasgow, Ayr); floor-cloth and linoleum 
 (Kirkcaldy). Paper was first made in Scotland about 1695; 
 the manufacture is now carried on in many counties, most ex- 
 tensively in Edinburgh. The principal centres of the iron 
 industry are Glasgow, noted for locomotives, machinery, and 
 heavy iron goods generally, and Carron, where iron-works have 
 been in operation since 1760, besides other places on the coal- 
 fields. The distillation of mineral oil from shale, introduced in 
 1850, is now an important industry, of which Bathgate is the 
 centre. Minor manufactures are glass and pottery, the former 
 commenced at Wemyss under a patent from James VI., the 
 latter at Glasgow, 1748 ; chemicals, &c. Shipbuilding is exten- 
 sively carried on at Glasgow and other Clyde towns. (For the 
 funuuerce of Scotland, see United Kingdom.) Local Govern- 
 ment. — The most important centres of local administration in 
 the Middle Ages were the ' royal burghs,' originally corporations 
 enjoying a monopoly of trading privileges within a certain dist. 
 Many of these were created by David I. , in whose reign they 
 formed a confederation or 'hanse' (ansa). In 1487 a 'General 
 Convention ' of Royal Burghs was constituted by Act of Parlia- 
 ment to deal with matters relating to merchandise, and to make 
 rules, &c. A Convention of the Burghs still meets annually in 
 Edinburgh. In 1633 Parliament confirmed the monopolies and 
 privileges of the burghs, but in 1672 their exclusive right to 
 buy and sell was limited to certain commodities — a restriction 
 which they strenuously opposed. The Treaty of Union again 
 confirmed their privileges, and though, in later times, these 
 gradually ceased to be claimed, it was not till 1846 that they 
 were formally abolished. The largest administrative div. in 
 Scotland is the civil county or shire (33 ; Ross and Cromarty 
 forming one, and Orkney and Shetland two counties). This 
 div. , which is of ancient origin, appears to have been gradually 
 evolved ; it cannot be assigned to any definite period. The 
 stewartry, a term sometimes used as synonymous with county, 
 was formerly a ' heritable jurisdiction,' not necessarily, or even 
 generally, co-extensive with the county. The jurisdiction was 
 abolished in 1748, though the name still survives as applied to 
 Kirkcudbright. The old sub-divs. of counties have for the 
 most part ceased to be recognised, but the county of Lanark is 
 still divided into three ' wards,' and Ayr retains the names of its 
 three ' bailiaries.' The chief officials of the civil or administra- 
 tive county are the lord-lieutenant (who is also high-sheriff) 
 and the sheriff-principal, both appointed by the Crown. The 
 former represents the sovereign for military purposes, but has 
 little administrative authority; the latter is a salaried official, 
 entrusted with important judicial and administrative authority, 
 and is the special guardian of the peace. From an early period 
 in Scottish history the ' king's sheriff' was required to be present 
 at the courts held by nobles and ecclesiastics, and himself to 
 hold a court ' at the beginning of every forty days,' at which the 
 lower nobility attended in person, and the higher — earls and 
 ecclesiastics — were represented by their Stewarts. The sheriff- 
 do7)t, or jurisdiction of the sheriff, is not confined to one county ; 
 its extent has varied at different periods, but an Act of Parlia- 
 ment passed in 1870 provided that the 33 counties of Scotland 
 should, eventually, be grouped in 8 sheriffdoms, as the older 
 ones fell vacant. The sheriff is represented in the different 
 counties by sheriff-deputes (also appointed by the Crown), who 
 are judges, in first instance, in the sheriffs court ; they are 
 also entrusted with the arrangements for parliamentary elections, 
 the summoning of jurors, &c. The sheriff-principal must hold 
 three (in some cases four) sittings annually in every county 
 within his jurisdiction. Justices of the Peace, nominated by the 
 lord-lieutenant, are appointed in each county by a commission 
 under the Great Seal. The Justices hold the Court of Quarter- 
 Sessions four times yearly. For judicial purposes the county is 
 divided into Petty Sessional Districts. Commissioners of Supply, 
 a body representing the landed interest of the county, origi- 
 
 nally appointed to collect and apportion the land-tax, were 
 incorporated 1867-68. Previous to the passing of the Local 
 Government Act, 1889, the provisions of which are similar to 
 those of the English Act of 1888, they formed the chief county 
 authority for administrative and rating purposes. Their functions 
 are now very limited. The^civil parish, (or par. ' quoad omnia ') 
 is the unit for poor-law administration, and (generally) for the 
 registration of the population. A parish is either ' burghal ' or 
 ' rural ' ; a burghal parish (8) is one wholly within a burgh ; all 
 other parishes are rural. The local authority is the Parochial 
 Board, consisting in burghal parishs of ' managers of the poor,' 
 elected by the ratepayers according to a graduated scale ; in 
 rural parishes of all owners of property of _!^2o ratable value, 
 with representatives elected by the ratepayers, certain members 
 of the kirk-session, and of any royal burgh within the parish. A 
 Poor-house Cotnbination is the union of two or more contiguous 
 parishes for the building and support of a common poor-house 
 (work-house). The ecclesiastical parish (or par. ' quoad sacra '), 
 originally the same as the civil parish, but now in many cases 
 different, is in all extra-burghal dists. the unit for educational 
 purposes. A royal burgh (70) is a municipal corporation, origi- 
 nally created by royal charter, now governed by mag[istrates and 
 councillors, the latter annually elected by the ratepayers, and the 
 former by the coimcillors from among their own body. The chief 
 magistrate is styled provost (in the principal towns, lord- 
 provost), and the other magistrates are called 'bailies.' The 
 burgh of regality and the burgh of barony belong to a lower 
 class of burghs, originally erected by the Crown out of territory 
 belonging to a lord of regality or of barony ; some of these hold 
 of a superior, others are independent. A police burgh is any 
 town of more than 700 inhabitants incorporated under the Police 
 Acts (1850, 1862), or under special Acts; in the police burgh 
 elected police -commissioners (6 to 12) control the watching, 
 lighting, water-providing, &c. A parliamentary btirgh is one 
 which, either separately or in union with other towns, returns a 
 member to Parliament ; it has municipal government similar to 
 that of the royal burgh. A burgh, as defined by the Act of 
 1889, 'is any royal or parliamentary burgh. ' The Education 
 Act, 1872, provides for the election in every parish and burgh of 
 a School Board, the members of which (5 to 15, as the Scotch 
 Education Department may determine) are elected by owners 
 and occupiers of houses rated at £d, and upwards. The School 
 Board is responsible for the management of all burgh and 
 parochial schools within its dist., and for providing sufficient 
 school accommodation. By an Act passed in 1878 the Board is 
 authorised to provide for the examination of higher-class public 
 and of private secondary schools. Elementary education is 
 compulsory. University education is provided for by the uni- 
 versities of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh, 
 of which the three first existed in pre-Reformation times. By 
 the Act of 1858 the management of each university is vested in 
 a Court of 6 to 8 members and a General Council, consisting of 
 all registered graduates. The official head is the Chancellor, 
 elected for life by the Council. Admlnlj<(tratlon of the Law. 
 — The supreme civil tribunal is the Court of Session, instituted 
 by James V. , 1532, on the model of the Parliament of Paris. As 
 reorganised in 1830, it consists of the Lord President, the Lord 
 Justice- Clerk, and eleven ordinary judges. Departments of the 
 Court are the (i) Jury, (2) Tiend, (3) Valuation .Appeal, and (4) 
 Registration Appeal Courts. The High Court of Justiciary is 
 the supreme criminal court, presided over by the Lord Justice- 
 General (or in his absence the Lord Justice-Clerk) and the 
 judges of the Court of Session, all of whom, by Act 1887, are 
 Commissaries of Justiciary. Trials in this court are conducted 
 with a jury of 15, the verdict being given by a majority, the 
 procedure in these respects differing from that in England. 
 The Judges of Justiciary hold circuits twice a year (a third 
 circuit is held at Glasgow), the country being divided into three 
 districts — Southern (courts held at Jedburgh, Ayr, and Dum- 
 fries) ; Western (Glasgow, Inverary, and Stirling) ; Northern 
 (Dundee, Perth, Aberdeen, and Inverness). Inferior courts are 
 the Sheriffs Court, Burgh Courts, Justice of Peace Courts, &c. 
 The ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Scotland stands nearly as 
 constituted, 1592. The unit of authority is the Kirk-Session, 
 consisting of the ministers and elders of the Church ; the Pres- 
 bytery, comprising all the ministers of the parishes within its 
 dist., with an elder from each kirk - session ; the Synod (16), 
 a provincial assembly ; and the General Assembly, the highest 
 ecclesiastical court in Scotland, held annually in Edinburgh, 
 and consisting of representatives from all the presbyteries, royal 
 burghs, and universities in the country. 
 
 Historical Notes. — At the period of the Roman invasion the 
 northern part of Britain was divided amongst three peoples : the 
 Brythons (Britons) mainly in the SE., the Goidels (Gaels) in the 
 SW. , both Celtic, and the Picts, as the aboriginal inhabitants 
 were called, a non-Aryan race, but speaking a Celtic dialect, 
 who occupied the northern part of the country. The Roman 
 dominion was extended, though not steadily maintained, over 
 the southern part as far as the Forth and Clyde. During the 
 4th century the Scots, a Celtic tribe from the N. of Ireland, 
 
 1405 
 
SCOT 
 
 SC R A 
 
 began to make descents on the SW. coast, and in the beginning 
 of the 6th century founded a colony in Argyllshire, from which 
 grew the kingdom of Dalriada, so named after the dist. whence 
 they had migrated. About the 4th century also, Saxons and 
 Angles formed settlements on the E. coast. These were ex- 
 tended after the departure of the Romans, and in 547 a.d. were 
 united by Ida into the kingdom of Bernicia — later included in 
 that of Northumbria. The language of the settlers, which 
 eventually spread over the whole Lowland region, supplanting 
 the earlier Celtic, was one with that of northern England, and 
 continued to be so in the 14th century. It was not till the 15th 
 century that this dialect was called Scotch, that name having 
 previously signified the Gaelic of the northern parts. At the 
 beginning of the 7th century the country was divided into four 
 kingdoms : The Picts, holding the greater part of the country 
 N. of the Forth ; the Scots in Dalriada ; the Britons in the 
 SW. , Strathclyde ; and the Angles of Bernicia in the E. In 
 the 7th century, Oswy, king of Northumbria, conquered Strath- 
 clyde and Dalriada, but the latter passed in the following 
 century under Pictish rule. Jn 842 Kenneth MacAlpin be- 
 came king of Dalriada, and two years later conquered the Pictish 
 country between the Spey and the Forth, afterwards known as 
 the kingdom of Alban, thus laying the foundation of modern 
 Scotland. Moravia or Moray, NW. of the Spey, and the W. 
 coast were independent, while the Scandinavians got possession 
 of the Orkney and Shetland Is. , the Hebrides, and part of the 
 northern mainland. In 945 Strathclyde was ceded to the Alban 
 kingdom by Edmund, king of Wessex, and early in the nth 
 century the Northumbrian dist. between the Forth and the 
 Tweed was added to Scotia, as the kingdom was now called. 
 In 1056 Malcolm Canmore ascended the throne. Hitherto the 
 Celtic race had been dominant, but Malcolm represented in his 
 own person Saxon as well as Scot ; Saxon influences were further 
 strengthened by his marriage with Margaret, sister of Edgar 
 Atheling, and by the many Saxons who sought refuge there 
 after the Norman Conquest. David I. (1124) extended his 
 authority over Moray, and did much to consolidate the kingdom. 
 He introduced Norman feudal institutions, and founded many 
 royal burghs. Caithness was annexed by William the Lion in 
 1196, and in 1266 the defeat of the Norwegians in the battle of 
 Largs added the Hebrides to the kingdom. The only territories 
 still outstanding were the Orkney and Shetland Is. ; these were 
 acquired in 1469 by the marriage of James III. with the daughter 
 of Christian I. of Denmark. [E. J. H.] 
 
 Gotland, vil., Canada, Ontario, Brant co., 11 m. from 
 Brantford, 9 m. from Hawtrey. P. < 1500. 
 
 Scotland, a region in the N W. of Ceres dist. , Cape Colony. 
 
 Scotland, a western div. of the pari. bor. of Liverpool. 
 
 Scotland, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Windham co., 8 m. by 
 rail E. WiUiman tic. P. < 1500. 
 
 Scotland, co., U.S., Missouri, in the NE. , on the N. frontier, 
 crossed in the extreme E. by 92° W. 
 
 Scotland, city, U.S., S. Dakota, Bon Homme co. , 25 m. 
 NW. Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Scotland Gate, P.O., Eng. , i m. from Choppington (North- 
 umberland). 
 
 Scotland Koad, PMT.O. , Eng., Lancashire, near Liverpool. 
 
 ScollaiHlwell, vil., Scot., co. and 4 m. E. Kinross, P.O. 
 
 Scotsborougb, electoral div. , Ire. , Kilkenny, dist. Callan. 
 
 Scotscalder, stn. , Scot. , Caithness, on the H. R. , 8 m. S. by 
 W. Thurso. 
 
 Scots Dyke. See Cumberland. 
 
 Scot« dap Junction, stn. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck 
 div. , on the N. B. R. , 10 m. W. by N. Morpeth. 
 
 Scotshouse, P.O., Ire., W. co. Monaghan, bar. Dartree, 10 
 m. NNE. Cavan, 2 m. from Clones stn. 
 
 Scotstonntalll, stn. , Scot. See Scotstown. 
 
 ScotstoM-n, electoral div. , Ire. , co. , bar. , and 4^ m. WNW. 
 Monaghan, PM.O. 
 
 Scotsto-w-n, viL, Scot., Argyllshire, Sunart dist., 2 m. N. 
 Strontian. 
 
 Scotstown, vil. , Scot. , co. and i m. E. Renfrew, on r. bk. of 
 the Clyde, with a stn. (ScotstonnUll) on the N. B. R. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Scotswood, stn., Eng., Northumberland, Tyneside div., on 
 the Tyne, 3I m. W. Newcastle, on the NE. R. and N. B. R., 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Scott, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Dorchester co. , 24 m. 
 SSE. Quebec, on a railway. 
 
 Scott, CO., U.S., Arkansas, on W. frontier, and crossed in N. 
 by 35° N. 
 
 Scott, CO., U.S., Illinois, in the W., bounded W. by the 
 Illinois R. 
 
 Scott, CO., U.S., Indiana, E. of 86° W., and S. of 39° N. 
 
 Scott, CO. , U.S., Iowa, on E. frontier, S. of 42° N. 
 
 Scott, CO. , U.S., Kansas, in the W. , crossed by 38i° N. and 
 101° W. 
 
 Scott, CO., U.S., Kentucky, N. of 38° N., W. of 84° W. 
 
 Scott, CO., U.S., Minnesota, in the E. , S. of 45° N., and W. 
 of 93° W. , bounded on the NW. by the Minnesota R. 
 1406 
 
 Scott, CO., U.S., Mississippi, N. of 32° N., and W. of 89° W. 
 Scott, CO., U.S., Missouri, in the SE. , on the Mississippi, 
 crossed in the S. by 37° N. 
 
 Scott, mt. , U.S., Oregon, in the W. of Klamath co., in the 
 Cascade Range, 130 m. NE. by E. of the SW. corner of the 
 state. Alt. 9016 ft. (Wheeler, i.). 
 
 Scott, CO., U.S., Tennessee, on the N. frontier, E. of 85° E. 
 Scott, CO., U.S., Virginia, in the SW., on the S. frontier, E'. 
 of 83° W. 
 
 Scottdale, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Westmoreland co. , 35 
 m. SE. Pittsburg; exports coal and iron. P. < 3000. 
 
 Scotter, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 9 m. 
 NE. by N. Gainsborough, 3 m. N. by W. Northorpe stn., 
 PM.O. ; 5365 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Scott Head, cape, W. Indies, the SW. point of Dominica. 
 Scotton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 8^ m. 
 NE. by N. Gainsborough, 2 m. NNW. Northorpe stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o ; eccles. par. (Scotton -with East Ferry) P. <soo. 
 
 Seotton, par., Eng. , -Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 3^ m. 
 SSE. Richmond. P. <25o. 
 
 Scotton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., on 
 the Nidd, 2^ m. NW. Knaresborough, 2 m. E. by S. Nidd 
 Bridge stn. P. <25o. See Faruhaiu. 
 
 Scottow, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 12 m. S. by E. Cromer, 
 2 m. ENE. Buxton Lamas stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Scotts Bluff, CO., U.S., Nebraska, on W. frontier, bounded 
 on the N. by 42° N. ; cap. Gering. 
 
 Scottsboro, vil., U.S., Alabama, cap. Jackson co. , 93 m. 
 NE. by N. of Birmingham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Seottsburg, vil.. Natal, Alexandra dist., 35 m. SW. by S. 
 Durban. 
 
 Scott«dale, or Ellesmere, post-tn., Tasmania, Dorset co. , 
 27 m. NE. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Scotts Mountains, mts. , U.S., California, trending NE. and 
 SW. , dividing Siskiyou co. from Trinity co. 
 
 Scottsville, vil., U.S., New York, Monroe co. , 12 m. SW. 
 Rochester, on the Erie Canal. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Scott Valley, tp. , U.S., N. California. Mean rfall. (32 yrs.), 
 yr. 25.18 in., June-Sept. 1.65 in. 
 
 Scott WUlougbby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven 
 div., 8 J m. E. Grantham, 3 m. SW. Aswarby stn. P. <25o. 
 Scoulag Point, cape, Scot., isl. of Bute, E. ct., in 55° 47^' N. 
 Scoulton, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 17 m. W. by S. 
 Norwich, 3 m. E. Walton stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Scourle, vil., Scot., Sutherland, on the W. ct. , on Scourie 
 Bay, 10 m. NE. by E. Storr Head, PMT.O. 
 Scour Ouran, mt., Scot. See Ben Mbor (Ross). 
 Scoutbead, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, in ancient par. of 
 Rochdale. P. <75o. 
 
 Scrabby, par.. Ire., co. and 11 m. SW. Cavan, bar. Tully- 
 hunco, 3 m. from Drumhowna stn.; 5686 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Scrabo Hill, Ire. , in NE. of co. Down, ^ m. S. Newtown Ards. 
 Scrabster, seapt. vil., Scot., Caithness, on Thurso Bay, ij 
 m. NW. Thurso, of which it is the port, PT.O. 
 
 Scrafield, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 3 m. E. 
 
 Horncastle. P. <c25o. See Hamerlngbam. 
 
 Scrafton, East, part of par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Caldbergta. 
 
 Serafton, West, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 
 
 12^ m. SW. by S. Richmond, on the Cover, 4^ m. S. by W. 
 
 Wensley stn. P. < 250. 
 
 Scramoge, P. O. , Ire. , 3 m. from Strokestown(cOjRoscommon). 
 Scranton, city, U.S., Kansas, Osage co. , 21 m. by rail S. 
 Topeka. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Scranton, tn., U.S., Mississippi, cap. Jackson co. , at the 
 mouth of Pascagoula R., 38 m. SW. by W. Mobile (Ala.); 
 trade in lumber. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Scranton, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, Lackawanna co. , on 
 Lackawanna R., 16 m. NE. Wilkesbarre. Scranton is the 
 largest coal-mining centre in America. It has immense rolling- 
 mills and steel-works, and extensive manufactures of rails, loco- 
 motives, and mining machinery ; other manufactures are brass 
 and iron casting, coal-screens, steam-boilers, stoves, carriages, 
 tools, glass, axles, car-wheels, lace curtains, woollens, and silk 
 spinning and weaving. Alt. 739 ft. (R.R.). P. (i860) 35,100; 
 (1880) 45,900 ; (1890) 75,200. 
 
 Scranton City, vil., U.S., Iowa, Greene co. , 58 m. NW. by 
 W. Des Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Scrape, Tbe, mt. , Scot., Peeblesshire, on border of Manor 
 and Drumelzier pars. Alt. 2345 ft. 
 
 Scraptoft, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 4 m. E. 
 Leicester, i m. N. bv E. Ttaurnby and Scraptoft stn. on the 
 G. N. & L. & NW. Joint Rly. P. <25o. 
 Scratby, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Norfolk. See Orniesby. 
 Scratcbbnry, ancient British camp, Eng., Wiltshire, 3 m. 
 SE. Warminster, surrounded by a ditch and rampart ; 40 ac. ; 
 is more than i m. in circuit. 
 
 Scratchells Bay, Eng. , at the SE. of Isle of Wight ; has a 
 large cave. 
 
 Scrattage, vil. Eng., Middlesex, Heston par., 2 m. W. 
 Brentford. 
 
SCRA — SEAL 
 
 Scraylngham, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., on the Derwent, lo m. NE. by E. York, 3 m. NNE. 
 Stamford Bridge stn., P.O. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (Scraylng- 
 Iiaai ivltb Lepplngtoii and Uowsham) P. <5oo. 
 
 Scredlngton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 
 iij ra. E. by N. Grantham, 4 m. S. by E. Sleaford, with a stn. 
 (Aswarby aud Scredliigtou) on the G. N. R. P. <:5oo. 
 • Screen, P.O., Ire., co. and 6 m. from Wexford. 
 
 Screes, mt. , Eng., Cumberland, on SE. side of Wastwater. 
 Alt. 1983 ft. 
 
 Scregg, electoral div.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Tiaquin, 
 11^ m. E. by N. Tuam. 
 
 Scregg, electoral div., Ire., E. co. and 6 m. SSE. Roscommon, 
 bar. Athlone. 
 
 Screggau, P.O., Ire., King's co. , 4 m. from Tullamore. 
 
 Scremby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 14^ m. 
 SSE. Louth, 2^ m. NE. Halton Holegate stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Scremerston, eccles. par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 
 3^ m. SSE. Berwick-upon-Tweed, on the coast, on the NE. R. , 
 P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Screuwood, par., Eng., Northumberland, 7 m. NW. Roth- 
 bury. P. <250. 
 
 Scresort, Loch, inlet, Scot., Argyllshire, in the E. of Rum I., 
 in 57° i' N. 
 
 Screven, co. , U.S., Georgia, on the Savannah (E. frontier), 
 and crossed in extreme N. by 33° N. 
 
 ScrcTeton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 7J m. SW. 
 by S. Newark, 2^ m. N. Aslockton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Scrldaiu, Loch, inlet, Scot. , Argyllshire, in SW. of Mull I. 
 
 Scrlvelsby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 14 m. 
 SSW. Louth, 2 J m. S. Horncastle. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (Scrlvelsby with Dalderby) P. <25o. 
 
 Scrlven with Tentergate, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Ripon div. , 15 m. N. Knaresborough. P. ^750. 
 
 ScrogglehUl, vil., Scot., Perthshire, Methven par., 4 m. 
 NW. Perth. 
 
 Scrooby, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 8^ m. 
 NE. by N. Worksop, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <25o. See 
 Sutton on Lound. 
 
 Scropton, part of par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., on the 
 riv. Dove, 5^ m. NW. by N. Burton, between Sudbury and 
 Tutbury stns. See Fostou and Scropton. 
 
 Scrothea, tn. , Ire. See Oldbrldge. 
 
 Scrub Island, islet, Brit. W. Indies, off the NE. ct. of 
 Anguilla. 
 
 Scrnton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 10 m. 
 SE. by E. Richmond, on the NE. R., P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Scugdale Beck, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland 
 div., flowing into the Leven, on the 1. bk. , at Hutton. 
 
 Scugog Lake, Canada, Ontario, 38 m. NE. by N. Toronto, 
 forming a ring round Scugog I., and drained by Scugog R., 
 N. then W. into the SE. of Lake Simcoe. 
 
 Scuir, Sgorr, or .S^wrr (pronounced skur), Gaelic, 'a peak," 
 or ' cliff. ' 
 
 Sculr of Elgg, remarkable basaltic hill on the isl. of Eigg, 
 Scot. , Hebrides. Alt. 1289 ft. 
 
 Sculr VulUlu, or Sgurra Mhulllnn, mt. , Scot., Ross and 
 Cromarty, on N. side of Strath Conon. Alt. 2500 ft. 
 
 Scnlcoates, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, in co. bor. of 
 Kingston-upon-HuU, on the NE. R. P. 54,20c. 
 
 Scull, PMT.O., Ire. See Skull. 
 
 Scnllane Point, cape. Ire. , on S. ct. co. Cork, in 9° 12' W. 
 
 Scnlloge Gap, defile. Ire., on border of cos. Carlow and 
 Wexford, between Blackstairs and Mount Leinster. 
 
 Scullogestowu, par., Ire., co. Kildare, bars. Ikeathy and 
 Oughterany, 4 m. SW. Kilcock. P. <:25o. 
 
 Sculthorpe, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 19I m. ENE. 
 King's Lynn, 2 m. NW. Fakenham stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Scunthorpe, par. and tn., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey 
 div., 12 m. SE. Goole, with a stn. (Frodlngham and Scun- 
 thorpe) on the M. S. & L. R. ; has blast-furnaces and steel-works ; 
 iron obtained here from open-works. PMT.O. P. < 3500. 
 
 Scuols, tn. , Switzd. See Schuls. 
 
 Scurcola, vil. , Italy, prov. Aquila, 5 m. N W. Avezzano ; 
 near here Conrad, the last emperor of the Hohenstaufens, was 
 defeated by Charles of Anjou, 26th August 1268. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Scnrlockstown, par., Ire., co. Meath, on riv. Boyne, bar. 
 Lower Deece, 3 m. SE. Trim. P. <:25o. 
 
 Scur Lough, lake. Ire., in the SW. of co. Leitrim, 4 m. NE. 
 Leitrim, belonging to the basin of the Shannon, 220 ft. above 
 sea-level. 
 
 Scurrlval Point, cape, Scot., Inverness-shire, at the N. end 
 of Barra I., in 57° 32' N. 
 
 Scurry, co. , U.S., Texas, N. of 32° N., and crossed in the 
 W. by 101° W. 
 
 Scutari, Turkey. See Skutarl. 
 
 Scybor y Coed, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 4 m. NE. 
 Aberystwith, Machynlleth union ; 10,403 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sczavnlk, or Stavnlk, vil, Hungary, co. and 31 m. NE. 
 Trencsen. P. < 4000. 
 
 Sdobba, riv. , Illyria. See Isonzo. 
 
 Se, 'river,' or 'water-course,' in the nomenclature of Indo- 
 China. 
 
 Se, tn., China, prov. Nganhwei, on Lake Hungtse-hu, 80 m. 
 NNW. Nanking. 
 
 Seaborough, par., Eng., on the S. border of Somerset, S. 
 div., 10 m. SW. by W. Yeovil, 2^ m. SW. Crewkerne stn. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Seabrlght, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Monmouth co. , on the 
 coast, 20 m. S. Brooklyn ; is a summer resort. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Seabrook, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Rockingham co., 13 
 m. by rail S. Portsmouth. P. <20oo. South Seabrook, ad- 
 joining vil., P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Seacash, electoral div. , Ire. , Antrim, dist. Crumlin. 
 
 Seacllff, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I., Waikouaiti co. , 
 24 m. from Dunedin by road and rail. P. <i500. 
 
 Sea Cliff, vil., U.S., New York, Queen's co. , on Long Island 
 Sound, 2 m. from Glen Cove. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Seacomb, part of par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., adjoin- 
 ing Birkenhead on the N. See Poultou with Seacomb. 
 
 Scacon, electoral div.. Ire., Antrim, dist. Ballymoney, P.O. 
 
 Seaconnet Klver, inlet, U.S., Rhode I., in the S. of New 
 Port CO., running 12 m. N., in 71° i2'-i4' W., divided on the 
 N. from Mount Hope Bay only by an isthmus a few hundred 
 yards in width. 
 
 Seacor, electoral div. , Ire. , Donegal, dist. Church-hill. 
 
 Seacourt, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, 3 m. NW. Oxford. P. <25o. 
 
 Seacroft, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., 4 m. ENE. and partly in bor. of Leeds, i m. N. Cross 
 Gates stn. , P. O. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Seafleld, eccles. par., Scot., Banffshire, Rathven par. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Seaford, par., tn., watering-place, and disfranchised bor., 
 Eng., Sussex, div. and 8 m. W. Eastbourne, on the S. ct. , on 
 Seaford Bay, on a branch of the L. B. & S. C. R. ; is a member 
 of the Cinque port of Hastings. PMT.O. Tn. P. <:25oo; par. 
 P. <2ooo. See Sutton with Seaford. 
 
 Seaford, tn., U.S., Delaware, Sussex co., 13J m. NNE. of 
 the SW. corner of the state. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Seaforde, tn. , Ire., SE. co. Down, bar. Kinelarty, 5^ m. 
 W. by S. Downpatrick, 2 m. from Tullymurry stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <C250. 
 
 Seaforth, tn. , Canada, Ontario, Huron co., 39 m. N. by W. 
 London. P. < 3000. 
 
 Seaforth, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., 4 
 m. N. bv W. Liverpool, with a stn. (Seaforth and Lltherland) 
 
 on the L. & Y. R. and the L. & NW. & L. & Y. Joint Rly. 
 P. 8900. 
 
 Seaforth, Loch, an arm of the sea, Scot. , in the Hebrides, 
 between Lewis and Harris. Length 14 m. , by from ^ m. to 3 
 m. wide. 
 
 Seagoe, par.. Ire., NE. co. Armagh, bar. East Oneilland, 7.\ 
 m. E. by S. Portadown ; 9876 ac. P. 8000. 
 
 Seagrave, vil., Canada, prov. and co. Ontario, on the W. 
 side of Lake Scugog, 44 m. NE. by N. Toronto. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Seagrave, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 5 m. E. 
 by S. Loughborough, 3 m. E. Barrow stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Seagry, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 13 m. W. 
 Swindon, 4^ m. S. by E. Malmesbury, 2 m. SSW. Somerford 
 stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Seaham, par., Eng., Durham, Houghton-le-Spring div., on 
 the coast, 5 m. S. by E. Sunderland, with a stn. (Seaham 
 Colliery) on the Londonderry Rly. Alt. 80 ft. Mean annual 
 rfall. 28.05 i"- ^- <5ooo. 
 
 Seaham Harbour, seapt. tn. and eccles. par., Eng., Durham, 
 SE. div., I m. S. Seaham, with stn. (Seaham) on Londonderry 
 Rly. The docks (N. and S.) are 17^ ft. deep over sill at high 
 water ordinary spring tides, 13J ft. at ordinary neap tides. Sea- 
 ham Harbour is identical with the township of Dawdon. It has 
 an extensive coal trade, and is connected by rail with several 
 collieries, for shipping the products of which ample port accom- 
 modation is provided. It has also large bottle manufactures. 
 PMT.O. P. 9000. 
 
 Seaham, Xew, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, in ancient par. 
 of Seaham, PMT.O. P.<5ooo. 
 
 Sea Houses, vil., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div. , on the coast, 12 m. N. by E. Alnwick, 4 m. NE. 
 Newhamstn., PMT.O. 
 
 Sea Islands, U.S., the low isls. (Port Royal, Hilton Head, 
 Cumberland, &c. ) off the coasts of S. Carolina and Georgia, 
 between Charleston and Savannah, famous for their cotton. 
 
 Sea Isle City, vil., U.S., New Jersey, E. ct., 58 m. SE. byS. 
 Philadelphia (Pa.). P. <isoo. 
 
 Seal, riv., Canada, Keewatin, rises in about 58° N., 99° W. , 
 and flows on the whole ENE. into Hudson Bay, which it enters 
 in about 58° 15' N. , 95° 10' W. 
 
 Seal, cape. Cape Colony, on the S. ct., in about 23° 30' E. 
 
 Seal, par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., 6\m. NNW. Tun- 
 bridge, I m. W. by S. Kemsing stn., PMT.O. ; 4445 ac. P. 
 <:20oo. 
 
 1407 
 
SEAL — SEBA 
 
 ^al, par., Eng. , Surrey, Guildford div. , 4 m. E. Farnham, 
 I m. SE. Tongham stn., PMT.O. (Seale). P. <i5oo. 
 
 i^al, Netlier and Over, par., Eng., Leicestershire, the 
 former div. and gh m. NW. Bosworth, the latter with a stn. 
 (Overseal and Moira) on the L. & NW. R. , P. O. (Netlierseal), 
 PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Seale, vil. , U.S., Alabama, cap. Russell co., 66 m. E. byS. of 
 Montgomery. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sealholme Moor, Eng. , Yorkshire. See Cllalsdale Moor. 
 
 Seal Island, a small isl., Canada, Nova Scotia, off the S. ct., 
 18 m. W. Cape Sable. 
 
 Seal Island, isl. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I. , off 
 the W. ct. , in 46° 20' X. 
 
 Seal Islands, English name of the Pribilof group (^.v.), 
 Bering Sea. 
 
 Seal Islands, group of small isls. , Victoria, off E. ct. of 
 Gippsland, E. of Rabbit I., in 146° 28' E. ; discovered and 
 named by Grant. 
 
 Seal Isle, isl., Cape Colony, off the S. ct. , in False Bay, in 
 about 18° 45' E. 
 
 Sealkote, municip. , Brit. India. See SlAlkot. 
 
 Seal River, riv., Canada, Keewatin, flows E. , N., and E. , 
 and enters Hudson Bay in 59° 10', NW. of Fort Churchill. 
 
 Seal Rock, an islet, U.S., Maine, off the S. ct. of Hancock 
 CO. , in 43° 53' N. , 68° 44' W. 
 
 Seanier, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 
 6^ m. S. Middlesbrough, 3 m. NW. Stokesley stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Seanier, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Whitby div., 3^ m. SSW. Scarborough, on the NE. R., P.O. 
 Market-day, M. 4691 ac. P. <7So; eccles. par. (Seamer 
 with East Ayton and Cayton) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Seamill, PMT.O., Scot., Ayrshire, near Ardrossan. 
 
 Sea Mills, stn., Eng., Gloucestershire, on the M. R. and 
 G. W. & M. Joint Rly., 2 m. NW. Clifton. 
 
 Sea fin, Gaelic, 'old'; e.g., Shangarry, the 'old garden'; 
 Shandon, ' old fort. ' 
 
 Seapatrlck, par. and tn. , Ire., co. Down, bars. I./Ower 
 Iveagh, Lower Half, and Upper Iveagh, Upper Half. The 
 town is a suburb of Banbridge, and i m. from Banbridge stn. 
 Par. 7159 ac, P. 7700 ; tn. (Seapatrlck, or Jfewtown) P. <5oo. 
 
 Seapo, vil., U.S., Kansas, Republic co. , 12 m. S. Belleville; 
 has salt springs. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sea Point, municip. , Cape Colony. See dreen Point and 
 Sea Point. 
 
 Seapoint, stn., Ire., co. and 5 m. SE. Dublin, on the Dublin, 
 Wicklow, and Wexford Rly. 
 
 Searby witk Ownil»y, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey 
 div. , 13 m. W. by S. Grimsby, 5 m. E. by S. Brigg, i m. E. by 
 N. Howsham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Searcy, co., U.S., Arkansas, crossed by 36° N., and between 
 92° and 93° W. , traversed by White R. 
 
 Searcy, tn., U.S., Arkansas, White co. , 45 m. NE. Little 
 Rock ; has mineral springs (sulphur, chalybeate, and alum). 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Sea Reach, fairway on riv. Thames, Eng. , from Hope Point 
 to the Nore. Length, 14 m. 
 
 Sea Reach, the W. end of the Strait of Magellan, Chile. 
 
 Sea Reef, Great, N. of Vanua Levu, Fiji Is. 
 
 Searsmont, tn. , U.S., Maine, Waldo co., on St. George R., 
 30 m. SE. Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Searsport, tn. , U.S., Maine, Waldo co., on Penobscot Bay, 
 at mouth of Penobscot R. , 6 m. NE. Belfast, and 27 m. S. by 
 W. Bangor. P. <20oo. 
 
 Seasalter, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., on the N. 
 ct., on Whitstable Bay, si m. ENE. Faversham, i m. SW. 
 Whitstable-on-Sea (L. C. & D. R.) stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Seascale, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., on the 
 SW. ct., 12 m. SSE. Whitehaven, i m. NNE. its stn. on the 
 Furness Rly., PMT.O. 
 
 Sea Side, summer resort, U.S., Oregon, Clatsup co., about 
 25 m. S. Astoria. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Seaside Park, seaside resort, U.S., New Jersey, Ocean co. , 
 on Island Beach, 42 m. ESE. Trenton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Seata, Anglo-Saxon, ' a settlement,' or ' possession.' See Set. 
 
 Seatallan, mt. , Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 12^ m. 
 SE. by E. Whitehaven. Height, 2266 ft. 
 
 Seathwaite, vil., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 3J m. 
 W. by N. Torver stn. , 8 m. SSW. Keswick ; noted for its rain- 
 fall, the highest in Britain. Alt. 422 ft. Mean annual rfall. 
 (1866-80), 139.29 in. P.O. See Dnnnerdaie. 
 
 Seathvraite Tarn, small lake, Eng., in the extreme N. of 
 Lancashire, 17 m. W. by N. Kendal, drained SW. into the 
 Duddon. 
 
 Seaton, par., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., on the 
 Derwent, i| m. NE. Workington, h rn. NW. Workington 
 Bridge stn., on the Workington and Seaton Rly., PM.O. P. 
 <35oo. 
 
 Seatoh, the ancient Moridunum, small seapt. tn., Eng., 
 Devonshire, at the mouth of the Axe, on the L. & SW. R. , si 
 m. SE. Honiton ; has good sands, and is much resorted to for 
 1408 
 
 sea-bathing ; freestone is quarried here. PMT.O. Seaton 
 Junction, 5 m. to the N. , on the L. & SW. R. P. (urban 
 sanitary dist. )<i5oo ; par. (Seaton and Beer) P. <25oo. 
 
 Seaton, par., Eng., Rutland, 7 m. SSE. Oakham, with stns. 
 on the G. N. R. and L. & NW. R., P.O. P. <50o; eccles. 
 par. (Seaton with Thorpe) P. <5oo. 
 
 Seaton, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Sigglesthorne par., 
 2 m. SW. Hornsea. 
 
 Seaton, or Bald Hills, small tp., Victoria, co. Tanjil, 113 m. 
 E. Melbourne, 22 m. NW. Sale. P. < 1500. 
 
 Seaton, North, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck div. , 
 on the coast, 6 m. E. Morpeth, i m. SE. by E. of its stn. on the 
 NE. R., PM.O. (Xorth Seaton Colliery). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Seaton and Slingley, par., Eng., Durham, Houghton-le- 
 Spring div., 5^ m. S. Sunderland, with a stn. (Seaton) on the 
 NE. R. P. <;25o. 
 
 Seaton and M'assand, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Holderness div., \2h m. NNE. Hull, 2 m. NW. Sigglesthorne 
 stn., PMT.O. (Seat«n). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Seaton Burn, vil. , Eng. , Northumberland, Tyneside div. , 
 8 m. S. by E. Morpeth, \\ m. W. Annitsford stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Seaton Care'w, par., Eng., Durham, on the coast, 2^ m. S. 
 and included in the pari. bor. of Hartlepool, on the NE. R. ; is 
 resorted to for sea-bathing, and has a fine stretch of sands. 
 PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Seaton Delaval, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck 
 div., 6 m. NW. by N. North Shields, on the NE. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <45oo. 
 
 Seaton Ross, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., II m. N. by E. Goole, \\ m. NW. by N. Holme stn., 
 P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Seaton Sluice, coal seapt. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck 
 div. , on the coast, 5 m. N. by W. North Shields, \\ m. E. Hart- 
 ley stn. The harbour was formed out of the solid rock. P. O. 
 
 Seaton Terrace, P.O., Eng., i m. from Seaton Delaval, near 
 Nevvcastle-on-Tyne, Northumberland. 
 
 Seatown, fishing vil., Eng., Dorsetshire, 5 m. E. Lyme 
 Regis. 
 
 Seatown, tn. , Scot. , Elginshire, on the coast, 13 m. E. by N. 
 Elgin, near Buckie stn. ; part of Lossiemouth and Branderburgh 
 [q.v.)X.o\sVi. P. <500. 
 
 Seat Sandal, mt. , Eng. , Westmorland, between Fairfield and 
 Dunmail Raise, 3 m. N. Grasmere. Alt. 2415 ft. 
 
 Seattle (si-at'tl), city, U.S., Washington, King co., 48 m. 
 NE. by N. Olympia, 27 m. N. by E. Tacoma, on Elliot Bay, 
 E. side of Puget Sound ; a rapidly rising port, now a stn. on 
 the Northern Pacific and other railways. P. (1870) < 1500; 
 (i88o)<400o; (1890)42,800. 
 
 Sea View, ct. vil. , Eng. , Isle of Wight, on the E. ct. , 2 m. 
 E. by S. Ryde, PMT.O. 
 
 Sea View, mt. , New South Wales, on S. border of Macquarie 
 CO., in 31° 30' S. Alt. 6000 ft. 
 
 Sea View Ranges, Queensland, in about 18° S. , is the name 
 given to a portion of the coast range behind Cardwell. 
 
 Seaville, P.O., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 13 m. NE. 
 by N. Maryport, i| m. NW. by N. Abbey Town stn. 
 
 Seavington, St.'Mary and St. Michael, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Somerset, S. div., 9 m. W. Yeovil, 4 m. E. Ilminster 
 stn., P.O. (Seavington). Seavington St. Mary, P. <:soo; 
 Seavington St. Michael, P. <25o; eccles. par. (Seavington St. 
 Michael with Dinnlngton) P. <soo. 
 
 Scba'a Rns, cape, Algeria. See Bugaroni. 
 
 SelMigo Lake, U.S., Maine, Cumberland co. , 12 m. NW. 
 Portland, drained into Casco Bay. Alt. 247 ft. (Water-power of 
 Maine). 
 
 Sebak, oasis, French Sudan. See SbA. 
 
 Sebakh. See Sebkha. 
 
 Se-bang>hien, or Bang-hien, riv., Indo-China, 1. bk. trib. 
 of the Mekong ; its imperfectly known course is 155 m. long. 
 
 Sebastian, co. , U.S., Arkansas, on W. frontier, bounded on 
 N. by Arkansas R. 
 
 Sebastian Lobos, or Grampus Islands, Pacific, in the E. 
 of Magellan Archipelago. 
 
 Sebastiansberg, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Sebastiansberg, 
 8 m. WNW. Komotau ; tin and silver mined. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sebastian Vlscaiuo, Bay of, on W. ct. of the penin. of 
 Lower California, in 28° N. , is 68-75 m- '" diameter ; open to 
 the NW. 
 
 Sebastopol (Sevastopol), tn. and seapt., Russia, govt. 
 Taurida, in SW. part of Crimea, at Sebastopol Bay, 44° 37' N., 
 33° 31' E., 48 m. SW. Simpheropol, and 947 m. by rail from 
 Moscow. Seat of a Greek colony Khersones, 500 B.C. ; later on, 
 centre of Byzantine administration of Taurida. Place where the 
 Russian Prince Vladimir was baptized. Destroyed by Lithunn- 
 ians in 1363. Annexed by Russia in 1783, and made afterwards 
 an important fortress and naval station. Besieged by the allied 
 armies of France, Great Britain, Turkey, and Sardinia, from 
 Sept. 1854 till Sept. 8, 1855, when it was taken. The great 
 harbour or inlet, on the S. side of which the town is situated, 
 extends 4^ m. W. to E. , with an average width of ^ m. , and 
 
SEBA — SEDG 
 
 is enclosed by calcareous hills. At a right angle to it the 
 South Bay runs li m. N. to E. , and to the W. of it the 
 Artillery Bay runs | m. in the same direction. Between these 
 bays the town rises in the form of an amphitheatre. It is only 
 now beginning to be repeopled. Mean temp. (15 yrs. ), yr. 
 54.4° F., Feb. 34.9°, July 74°; rfall. (33 yrs.), 15.2 in. P. (1842) 
 41,155; (1864)5450; (1891)33,800. 
 
 Sebastopol, mining centre, Victoria, Grenville co. , 2 m. SW. 
 Ballarat. P. <3O0o. 
 
 ^bastopol, PM.O. , Wales, Monmouthshire, i m. from 
 Newport. 
 
 Sebattlk, isl. in Sibuco Bay, in the SE. of Brit. N. Borneo. 
 
 Sebec, vil. , U.S., Maine, Piscataquis co. , on Sebec Lake, 10 
 m. E. Dover. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sebec Lake, U.S., Maine, in the S. of Piscataquis co., 37 m. 
 NW. by N. Bangor, drained E. into the Piscataquis, and by 
 that into the Penobscot R. Alt. 375 ft. (Water-power of Maine). 
 Length about 10 m. 
 
 Sebeulco, or Sibeiilk, seapt. tn. , Austria, crownland Dal- 
 matia, on the W. ct. , 31 m. N W. by W. Spalato ; famous for 
 its liqueur (Maraschino). In the Bay of Sebenico is found a 
 peculiar species of fish, the Dentex gibbosus. This bay forms 
 a small, well-sheltered basin, lying NW. and SE., 2^ m. long, 
 and I m. wide in its widest part ; connected with the sea by a 
 strait of 650 ft. wide. Sebenico is the seat of a Greek and also 
 of a Latin bishop. The town is situated in an amphitheatre, 
 overlooked in the NE. by fortified hills. Some of the narrow 
 streets are united with the two principal thoroughfares by ladders. 
 The cathedral, of the pointed Italian style, built 1443-1556, is 
 the finest sacred building of Dalmatia ; near it is the old palace 
 of the Venetian governors. In 1066 Sebenico was only a forti- 
 fied castle, taken by Koloman, King of Hungary, 1105. The 
 Turks devastated the town in 1538, 1647, and 1648. Birthplace 
 of the painter Schiavone, died 1582. P. 7000. 
 
 Sebennytos, tn., Egypt. See Semennd. 
 
 Sebergbani, par., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., on the 
 Caldew, 9 m. S. by W. Carlisle, 5 m. S. Dalston stn., P.O.; 
 5557 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Seberl, riv. , India. See Sabarl. 
 
 Sebewalng, vil., U.S., Michigan, Huron co. , on Saginaw 
 Bay, 22 m. ENE. Bay City. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sebezh, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 142 m. N. of Vitebsk, 
 near Lake Sebezh. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sebha, oasis, Tripoli, Fezzan, 87 m. NNE. Murzuk. 
 
 Sebkha, plural Sebakk, Algerian, a depression more or less 
 covered with salt water, which dries up in summer. See Shot. 
 
 Sebklia, salt lagoon, Tunis. See Sejaml. 
 
 Sebiiltz, or Sebiiitz lii Sacliseii, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, on 
 the riv. Sebnitz (r. bk. trib. of the Elbe), 17 m. SSW. Bautzen ; 
 manufacture of cotton and linen goods. P. 8000. 
 
 Sebon, isl., E. Indies. See Segnpong. 
 
 Sebonconrt, vil. , France, dep. Aisne, arr. and 11 m. NE. 
 St. Quentin. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Seboosls Lake, U.S., Maine, in the W. of Penobscot co., 38 
 m. N. Bangor. 
 
 SebrliigvUle, vil., Canada, Ontario, Perth co. , 30 m. NNE. 
 London. P. 1500. 
 
 Sebsar, tn. , Afghanistan, 75 m. S. Herat. 
 
 Sebn, Slbn, or Slbns, Wa<ll, riv. , Morocco, flows N. , passing 
 close to Fez, then W^ into the Atlantic, which it enters in about 
 34° 18' N. It is a shallow stream, and its current is so rapid 
 that it is used to turn water-wheels which raise water from the 
 river for irrigation. 
 
 Sebustleh, vil., Palestine, Samaria in the O. T. , 32" 17' N. , 
 35° 11' E. , 5J^ m. NW. by N. Nablus. The ancient church of 
 St. John (now a mosque) was built by the Crusaders between 
 1150-1180 on the supposed site of the tomb of St. John the 
 Baptist. 
 
 Sebzewar, vil. , Afghanistan, 74 m. S. Herat. Alt. 3550 ft. 
 
 Sebze'war, or Sabzaivar, tn. , Persia, Khorassan, no m. W. 
 Meshed ; centre of the wool trade of the prov. ; copper mined in 
 the neighbourhood. P. before 1871 estimated at 30,000 ; now 
 about 18,000 (Curzon). 
 
 Seca, La, tn., Spain, Leon, prov. and 18 m. SSW. Valladolid. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Secacah, place named in O. T. See Sikkeli. 
 
 Seccbla, riv. , Italy, Emilia, rises in the Apennines between 
 the Pizzo Cerreto and the Alpa di Succiso, and flows on the 
 whole NNE. (passing near the Modena) to the Po, which it 
 joins opposite the mouth of the Mincio. Length, 98 m. ; area 
 of basin, 985 sq. m.; discharge, mean 1500 cubic ft. per second, 
 highest 27,900 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Sechele, state belonging to the Bechuana-land Protectorate, 
 S. Africa, extending from the W. frontier of the Transvaal to 
 the deserts of Kalahari, bounded N. by the terr. of the Bamang- 
 wato. Cap. Molopolole. P. 45,000, of the Bakwena tribe. 
 
 Sechelt, inlet, Brit. Columbia, running southwards from Jervis 
 Inlet ; its mouth is in 49° 45' N., 123° 55' W. 
 
 Secben, tn. , Korea. See Socbhon. 
 
 Secbillenne, vil., France, dep. Isere, arr. and 10 m. SSE, 
 1409 
 
 Grenoble ; deposits of anthracite, sulphuretted and argentiferous 
 lead, and zinc and copper pyrites. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sechon-fa, tn., China, prov. Kweichou, 126 m. NE. Kwei- 
 yang-fu, on the Sechou-ho, trib. of Lake Tungting ; mission 
 station. In the dist. are important mines of quicksilver. 
 
 Sechshaas, tn., Lower Austria, SW. suburb of Vienna, on 
 1. bk. of the Wien ; manufactures cotton, linen, silk, and 
 chemicals, and has lanyards. P. 11,700. 
 
 Sechu, place named in O. T. See Sbnwelkeh. 
 
 Sechura, seapt. vil., Peru, dep. Piura, 240 m. S. by W. 
 Guayaquil (Ecuador) ; salt mined. The Arenal Desierto de 
 Sechura, a vast desert, extends over 4000 sq. m. to the S., E. , 
 and NE. of the town. P. (dist.) 9100. 
 
 Sechnra Bay, Peru, on the W. ct. , about 5° 42' S. 
 
 Sechwaii, China. See Snchwaii. 
 
 Seckbach, vil., Prussia, Hesse-Nassau, govt. Wiesbaden, 
 circle Frankfurt, dist. Bockenheim. P. < 3000. 
 
 Seckenhelni, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle Mannheim, 
 on the Neckar, dist. Schwetzingen ; manufactures chemicals, 
 cement, &c. P. <4000. 
 
 Secklngton, par., Eng., Warwickshire, union and 4 m. NE. 
 Tamworth. P. <:25o. 
 
 Seclln, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 6 m. S. by W. 
 Lille ; manufactures woollen goods, oakum, alcohol, oil, and 
 copper wares. P. 5200. 
 
 Seco, settlement, U.S., Utah, Box Elder co. , 90 m. NW. 
 Salt Lake City. 
 
 Second Falls, or Vpper Mills, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, 
 Charlotte co. , 9 m. from St. George. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Secoudlgllano, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. and 3 m. N. 
 Naples. P. 6600. 
 
 Secoiidlgny, tn. , France, dep. Deux-S^vres, 20 m. N. Niort, 
 arr. and 8 m. W. by S. Parthenay. P. «c20oo. 
 
 Second Klver, Argentina. See C<irdoba. 
 
 Second Valley, or Rapid Bay, postal-centre, S. Australia, 
 Hindmarsh co. , 47 m. SSW. Adelaide. The dist. includes the 
 vils. of Randallsea and Finniss Vale. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Secretan, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. 
 R. , 443 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Secretary, isl. , on the W. ct. of the South I. of New Zealand, 
 crossed by 45° 13' S., one of those set apart by the New Zealand 
 government for the preservation of the native fauna and flora. 
 
 SecunderilbAd, military cantonment, India, Haidarabdd, 6 
 m. NNE. Haidardbad. Secunderdbad is the largest military 
 station in India. The cantonment extends to Bolaram, and 
 covers an area of 19 sq. m. It is unhealthy in the rainy season. 
 Alt. 1787 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 78° F. , May 89°, Dec. 69° ; mean 
 rfall., yr. 28.3 in., June-Oct. 23.9 in. P. 74,100. 
 
 Secnndra, or Slkandra. See Agra. 
 
 Sedalla, vil., U.S., Indiana, Clinton co., 28 m. by rail S. by 
 W. Logansport. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sedalla, city, U.S., Missouri, Pettis co., 60 m. W. by N. 
 Jefferson City ; has important railway works, foundries, and 
 manufactures of agricultural implements, carriages, &c. P. 
 (1870) 4600; (1880) 9600; (1890) 14,100. 
 
 Sedan, fortified tn. , France, dep. Ardennes, on the r. bk. of 
 the Meuse, 25 m. SE. Rocroi ; cap. arr. The manufacture of 
 woollen cloth has constituted the chief element of the prosperity 
 of the town for three centuries ; has also manufactures of woollen 
 yarns, machinery, copper wares, swords, &c. , along with dye- 
 works. After their acquisition of the duchy of Bouillon, the 
 Seigneurs de la Marck made Sedan their principal residence. 
 The town became one of the intellectual centres of Protestantism 
 on account of its academy. Here the entire French army sur- 
 rendered to the Germans, 2nd Sept. 1870, and Napoleon III. 
 gave up his sword to the King of Prussia, after the sanguinary 
 battles fought round the town August 30th to September ist. 
 Birthplace of the great Turenne, died 1675, of whom the town 
 contains a statue, and of the Protestant pastor Charles Drelin- 
 court, died 1669. P. (1872) 14,300; (1891) 20,300. 
 
 Sedan, post-tn. , S. Australia, Eyre co. , 47 m. NE. by E. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sedan, vil., U.S., Kansas, cap. Chautauqua co., 135 m. S. 
 by W. Topeka, 73 m. SE. by E. Wichita. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sedbergh (sgd'bgr), par., Eng., Yorkshire, in the extreme 
 NW. of the W. Riding, Skipton div., on the Rawthey, 9 m. E. 
 Kendal, on the L. & NW. R. Sedbergh has a richly endowed 
 grammar-school, founded by Roger Lupton in the time of Edward 
 VI.; manufactures of woollens. PMT.O. Market-day, W. Alt. 
 400 ft. Mean annual rfall. 55.26 in. 19,603 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Seddll-Bahr, vil. , with forts adjacent, at the N. of the W. 
 entrance to the Dardanelles, Turkey in Europe. 
 
 Seddorl, comm. , Italy. See San Lnrl. 
 
 Sedeir, prov. , central Arabia, Nejd, cap. Tueim. P. 140,000. 
 
 S^deron, vil., France, dep. Dr6me, arr. Nyons, 38 m. E. 
 Orange. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sedgeberrow, par., Eng., on the S. border of Worcester- 
 shire, div. and 4 m. S. by W. Evesham, 2 m. S. Hinton stn. 
 P. <Soo. 
 
 Sedgebrook, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 4. 
 
 4U 
 
S ED G,— SEGO 
 
 m. WNW. Grantham, on the G. N. R. and G. N. & L. & NW. 
 Joint Rly., P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Sedgefleld, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Durham, SE. div. , 8 
 m. NW. Stockton, i^ m. E. by N. of its stn. on the NE. R.; 
 cattle fairs are held here. PMT. O. Market-day, F. 5259 ac. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Sedget'ord, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 12 m. NE. by N. 
 King's Lynn, on the G. E. R., PMT.O.; 4217 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Sedgenioor, a wild tract, Eng., Somerset, between King's 
 Weston and Bridgwater ; scene of the defeat of the Duke of 
 Monmouth by the troops of James II., 1685. 
 
 Sedghlll, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 18 m. W. 
 Salisbury, i^ m. N. by W. Semley stn., P.O. (SedgeUlll). 
 P. <2So. See Berwick St. Leonard. 
 
 Sedgley, par. and tn. , suburb of Wolverhampton, Eng., 
 Staffordshire, in the S. div., i^ m. W. by S. Deepfields and 
 Coseley stn., PMT.O. (Sedgeley) ; 7591 ac. Par. P. 36,900; 
 tn. P. 15,000. 
 
 Sedgwick, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, on the Kent, div. and 
 si m. S. Kendal, 2^ m. SSW. Oxenholme Junction, PMT.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Sedgwick, CO., U.S., in extreme NE. of Colorado. 
 
 Sedgwick, CO., U.S., Kansas, crossed by 37^° N., and 
 traversed by the Arkansas R. 
 
 Sedgwick, vil., U.S., Kansas, Harvey co., on Little Ar- 
 kansas R., 125 m. SW. by W. Topeka, 20 m. NNW. Wichita. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Sedgwick, tn., U.S., Maine, Hancock co., on Penobscot 
 Bay, 5 m. SE. Brooksville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sedhlu, French tn., W. Africa, in 12° 41' N., 15° 45' W. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Sedllo, comm. , Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 42 m. SSE. Sassari. 
 P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Sedln, vil. , Siam, Malay Penin. , near W. ct. , in about 5° 15' N. 
 
 Sedka, Benl, or Ait-Sedka, Berber Confederation, Algeria, 
 prov. Algiers. 
 
 Sedlescombe (sed'elz-kum), par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 6 
 m. NW. by N. Hastings, 3 m. NE. by E. Battle stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Sedlltz, comm. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Blatna, 10 m. N W. 
 Pisek ; has a mineral spring. P. < 2000. 
 
 Se-don, riv. , Indo-China, 1. bk. trib. of the Mekong. Length, 
 about 140 m. 
 
 Sedud, vil.. Lower Egypt, prov. Menufiye, 3 m. SSW. 
 Menuf. P. <;4000. 
 
 Sedunum. See Slon, tn. , Switzd. 
 
 Sedzlszdw, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 57 m. E. by N. 
 Bochnia. P. <3000. 
 
 See, German, Dutch Zee, 'a lake,' or 'sea;' e.g., Zuider-zee, 
 ' the Southern Sea ; ' Zeeland, ' land surrounded by the sea.' 
 
 Seeberg, hill, Ger. See Gotha. 
 
 Seebergen, tn., Ger., duchy Saxe-Koburg-Gotha, 4 m. ESE. 
 Gotha. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Seebezlrk, N. part of cant. Freiburg, Switzd., on three shores 
 of Lake Morat, cap. Morat or Murten. P. 15,200. 
 
 Seebnrg, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Rossel, 52 m. 
 S. by E. Konigsberg. P. <:3000. 
 
 Seedlaw Hill, Scot. See Sldlaw Hill. 
 
 Seedley, stn., Eng., in the W. div. of Salford, on L. & 
 NW. R. 
 
 Seefeld, Pass. See Alps, Passes, IT. (2a). 
 
 Seeliu, hill, Ire., co. Limerick, 6 m. S. Kilmallock, is the 
 highest point of the Castle Oliver Hills. Alt. 1736 ft. 
 
 Seefin, electoral div, Ire. , Cork, dist. Durrus and Kilcrohane. 
 
 Seehansen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, on riv. Aland, circle 
 Osterburg, 53 m. S. by E. Schwerin. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Seehansen, or Seehansen In der Altmarkt, Prussia, prov. 
 Saxony, circle Wanzleben, 15 m. W. by S. Magdeburg. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Seeln, or Slon Mills, tn., Ire., NW. co. Tyrone, bar. 
 Lower Strabane, on the 1. bk. of the Mourne, 2^ m. S. Strabane, 
 with a stn. (Slon .Mills) on the G. N. (Ire.) and Donegal Rly., 
 PMT.O. (Slon Mills). P. < 1500. 
 
 Seek, coal-mining viL, U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co., 20 
 m. NE. Pittsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Seeklngton, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, 4 m. NE. Tamworth. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Seekonk, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co., 11 m. NW. 
 by W. Fall R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Seeland, the chief isl. of Denmark (q.v.). This is properly 
 a German spelling, but adopted also in French. The Danish 
 form is SJselland, in documents of the nth century Seland, 
 Selandia, later Sialandia, and without doubt means either 
 ' sea-' or ' lake-land' (Egli). The spelling Zealand is exclusively 
 English, and was probably introduced through the influence of 
 the Dutch Zeeland. 
 
 Seeley's Bay, viL, Canada, Ontario, Leeds co., 22 m. from 
 Kingston. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Seellsbei^, vil., Switzd., cant. Uri, 5 m. SW. by W. Schwiz, 
 on the W. side of the Bay of Uri ; a winter resort. P. <:2ooo. 
 1410 
 
 Seelow, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Lebus, 12 ra. 
 S W. by W. Kiistrin. P. < 3000. 
 
 Seelowltz, Gross, tn., Austria, Moravia, dist. and 8^ m. 
 NNW. Auspitz ; manufactures sugar. P. < 3000. 
 
 Seend, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 6 m. ENE. 
 Trowbridge, with a stn. on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Seer Green, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 2 m. NE. 
 Beaconsfield. P. <;500. 
 
 Seesen, tn., Ger., duchy Brunswick, 24 m. SW. by S. 
 W'olfenbiittel ; has sulphur springs and bath. P. <5ooo. 
 
 S^es, Sei-s, or S^ez, the ancient Saium, or Sagium, tn. , 
 France, dep. Orne, arr. and 13 m. NNE. Alen9on, on the Orne ; 
 seat of a bishop. Manufactures pumps, and has engineers' 
 workshops. Cathedral originally of the 13th century, with 
 windows of the 14th, 15th, and i6th centuries. Birthplace of 
 St. Osmond, Bishop of Salisbury, died 1099. P. <3000. 
 
 Seesker Hiihe, plateau, E. Prussia, extends about 16 m. 
 N W. and SE. , crossed by 22° 20' E. Alt. 1020 ft. 
 
 Seestadtl, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 15J m. SW. by W. Teplitz. 
 P. <:2Coo. 
 
 Seething, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 9 m. SE. by S. 
 Norwich, 4^ m. NNW. Ditchingham stn., P.O. P. <50o. See 
 Mundhani. 
 
 Seewen, %il. , Switzd. , cant, and i m. N W. Schwiz ; fre- 
 quented for its ferruginous baths. P. <20oo. 
 
 Seewls, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 3 m. ENE. Malans ; 
 frequented in summer for its fine climate and beautiful situa- 
 tion. The village was almost entirely burnt down, 1803. Birth- 
 place of the poet Salis-Seewis, died 1834. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Se^z, tn., France. See S^es. 
 
 Sefed, stn. on the J oppa- Jerusalem Rly., 19 m. W. Jeru- 
 salem, close to a farm of the Sultan's. 
 
 Sefla, tribe, Algeria, prov. Constantine, 37 m. S. B6ne. P. 
 8000. 
 
 Sefld Koh. See Safld Koh. 
 
 Sefld Rnd, riv., Persia. See Klzll l^zen. 
 
 Seflrn, or Sfrn, tn. , N. Morocco, 13^ m. SSE. Fez ; manu- 
 factures good wine, and exports fruit. P. 3000, of which loco 
 are Jews. 
 
 Sefton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., 6^ m. N. by 
 E. Liverpool, with a stn. (Sefton and Maghull) on the South- 
 port and Cheshire Lines Extension; the Liverpool racecourse 
 is here. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sefton, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I., Ashley co., 20 m. 
 N. Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sefton Park, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire, on the L. & N W. R. , 
 near Liverpool. 
 
 Sefarlye, or SalTnrlye, the ancient Sephoris, or Dio-Cesarcea, 
 vil., Palestine, 3J m. NW. Nazareth. To the SW., in a pic- 
 turesque valley, is a spring celebrated in history. In the time 
 of the Latin rule, Sefuriye was the headquarters of the army of 
 the kings of Jerusalem. P. <4000. 
 
 Segala, vil. , French Sudan. See Sarana. 
 
 Segama, riv., Brit. N. Borneo, flowing E. into Sulu Sea, 
 which it enters in about 5^° N. ; navigable by boats for the 
 greater part of its course ; near its head goldfields occur. 
 
 Seganli, cantonment, Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Champdran, 
 80 m. NNW. Patnd. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Segeberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, cap. circle 
 Segeberg, 27 m. S. by E. Kiel, and 17 m. W. by N. Liibeck, 
 between the Trave and Lake Segeberg; has salt-mines, the 
 debris from which impedes the course of the river, and fine 
 saline baths. P. < 5000. 
 
 Segen Gottes ('God's Blessing'), vil. , Austria, Moravia, dist. 
 and 12^ m. W. Briinn ; coal mined. P. <20oo. 
 
 SegesTar, Hungary. See Schassbnrg. 
 
 Seghlll, par. and tn., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck 
 div., s\ m- NW. by W. Shields, on the NE. R., PM.O. P. < 
 2500 ; eccles. par. (SeghUl or Slghlll) P. 5800. 
 
 Segl, vil. , Switzd. See Slls. 
 
 Segnl, the ancient Signia, city, Italy, prov. Rome, 22 m. 
 SE. by S. Tivoli ; seat of a bishop. The town is enclosed by 
 a Pelasgic wall. P. 5700. 
 
 Segodunum. See Kodez, tn. , France. 
 
 Segontiacutn. See Sllchester. 
 
 Segonzac, tn., France, dep. Charente, arr. and 8 m. SE. 
 Cognac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Segiir, French spelling Seggnenr, riv. , Algeria, Sahara, prov. 
 Oran, rises in the mountains near Geryville, 4920-6355 ft. high ; 
 flows SW. then SSE. , but dries up before reaching El Golea. 
 Length about 220 m. 
 
 Segorbe, the ancient Segobriga Edetanorum, city, Spain, 
 prov. Castellon de la Plana, 26 m. N. by W. Valencia; seat 
 of a bishop and cathedral ; has mills, oil-works, &c. The old 
 castle and walls still exist. In the vicinity is fine black marble, 
 which the Romans exported to Italy. Segorbe was one of the 
 most important cities of the Celtiberians. P. 7400. 
 
 SegoTla, riv. , Nicaragua. See Coco. 
 
 Segovia, tn., Spain, cap. prov. Segovia, 43 m. NW. by N. 
 Madrid; the manufacture of cloth and glass is dechnmg. 
 
S EGR 
 
 S E I N 
 
 Seat of a suffragan bishop of Toledo with a cathedral, begun 
 1525. A fine Roman aqueduct, partly destroyed by the 
 Moors in 1071, still supplies the town with water from the Rio 
 Frio, loj m. to the SE. The Alcazar, a Moorish fortress, 
 260 ft. high, was repaired about 1450 ; its walls surround the 
 old portion of the town. To the N. , in the valley of Eresma, 
 is the Gothic church Vera Cruz, of 1204 or 1208, which once 
 belonged to the Knights Templars ; near are the fine gardens 
 of Parsal. Segovia was an ancient Celtiberian city, later a 
 Roman town, then Arabic, residence of the Emirs, and finally 
 became Spanish. Alt. 3150 ft. P. 14:400. 
 
 Segre, riv. , chiefly in the Spanish prov. of Catalonia, rises 
 in the French dep. of Pyr^n^es-Orientales, a few miles to the 
 S. of the Col de la Perche, and flows SW. past Puigcerda and 
 Lerida to the Ebro, which it joins about 0° 18' E. Length, 
 160 m. ; area of basin, 8850 sq. m. 
 
 Segr<?, tn., France, dep. Maine-et- Loire, 21 m. NW. Angers; 
 cap. arr. Manufactures agricultural implements ; has engineers' 
 workshops ; iron mined. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Scgii, or Empire of Aliniadn, native state, western Sudan, 
 lying principally between the r. bk. of the upper Niger and 
 Samori's kingdom of Wasulu. Comprised since 1887 in the 
 protectorate of French Sudan. France took Segu-Sekoro in 
 1890. P. (1888) 362,000, in several towns which follow the 
 course of the river for 9 m. , the principal surrounded by walls, 
 with seven gates. 
 
 Segulii, small isl. , U.S., Maine, off the mouth of Kenne- 
 bec R. 
 
 8eguiu, tn. , U.S., Texas, cap. co. and on Guadalupe R. , 
 51 m. S. by W. Austin. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Segnndo, Rio, or Second River. See Cdrdoba. 
 Segnpoiig, Sekoepoiig, Seboii, or Pappaii, isl., E. Indies, 
 Karimon group, off E. ct. of Sumatra, in Strait of Malacca ; 
 15 J m. long by 2-3 m. wide. 
 
 Segiira, riv., in the SE. of Spain, rises on the E. slopes of 
 the Sierra de Segura and winds E. past Archena, Murcia, and 
 Orihuela to the Mediterranean. 
 
 Segnra, Sierras de, chain of mts. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. 
 Jaen, on borders of provs. Granada, Murcia, and Albacete ; 
 highest point, Yelmo. Alt. 5925 ft. 
 
 Segura de la Sierra, comm., Spain, prov. Jaen, 65 m. SW. 
 Albacete. P. < 3000. 
 
 Segura de Leon, tn. , Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 55 m. 
 SSE. Badajoz. P. <4C)oo. 
 
 Segustero. See Slsteron, tn., France. 
 Seliend, mt. , Persia. See Sahend. 
 
 Sehma, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, dist. Annaberg, on riv. 
 Sehma. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Sehora (Seobiira, census), tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. 
 Bijnaur, 52 m. E. by N. Meerut. P. 9500 ; Moham. 6600 ; 
 Hindus, 2700. 
 Sebore, tn., Brit. India. See Slbora. 
 
 Sebore, tn. , Central India, 21 m. WSW. Bhopdl ; has a local 
 cantonment. P. 5100; Hindus, 2900; Moham. 2100; canton- 
 ment, P. 11,100; Hindus, 8400; Moham. 2300. 
 
 Sebtwar, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Ballia, in the 
 angle between junction of Ganges and Gogra. P. 11,500; 
 Hindus, 10,600. 
 
 Sebud, seapt. tn. , S. Arabia, Hadramut, on N. shore of 
 Gulf of Aden. P. 2000. 
 
 Sebwiin, tn. , Brit. India, Sind, dist. Kardchi, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Indus, 120 m. NNE. Karachi ; has remains of a fort 
 ascribed to Alexander the Great ; seal engraving was formerly 
 carried on. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Selbadau, vil. , Siam, on the Nam Sak, 95 m. NNE. Bangkok. 
 Selbo, tn. , W. Indies, Haiti, republic Santo Domingo; 
 silver, iron, and tin mined. P. 12,000. 
 
 Selburl, vil., Siam, Malay Penin. , 5 m. from the W. ct., in 
 about 6° 8' N. 
 
 Selbus, riv. , Algeria. See Seybns. 
 
 Selcbau, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Liegnitz, circle and 
 7 m. WNW. Jauer; iron and copper mined. P. < 2000. 
 Selcbes. See Geneva, lake of. 
 
 Scidau, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, suburb of Bautzen. P. <:3000. 
 
 Seldenberg, or Seldeuberg In der Oberlanzltz, tn. , Prussia, 
 
 prov. Silesia, circle Lauban, 10 m. S. by E. Gorlitz. P. <30oo. 
 
 Selffen, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Dresden, 19 m. SSE. 
 
 Freiberg, in the Erzgebirge ; centre of manufactures of wooden 
 
 tools and toys. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Setfbenuersdorf, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 19 m. 
 SSE. Bautzen ; considerable manufacture of cotton and mixed 
 woollen goods. P. 7000. 
 
 Selgbford, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 2^ m. WNW. 
 Stafford, P.O.; 4741 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Selgnanx, small dist., in the SW. of France, between the 
 r. bk. of the Adour and the Gulf of Gascony, in dep. Landes. 
 Selgne, Col de la. See Alps, Subdivisions, I. A. 3. 
 Selgnelay, tn., France, dep. Yonne, 36 m. SW. Troyes, arr. 
 and 8 m. N. by E. Auxerre. P. <2ooo. 
 Selbuu, or Selban, the ancient Sarus, riv. , -in the SE. of 
 
 Asia Minor, traverses the plain and passes the town of Adana, 
 and flows SW. into the Mediterranean to the E. of Mersina, 
 formed by the union of two streams, the Gok-su or Sara-su, 
 which flows SW. to the E. of the Anti-Taurus, and the Zamanti- 
 chai, which flows in the same direction on the W. of the Anti- 
 Taurus, through the valley separating that range from the Taurus. 
 Length, 280 m. ; area of basin about 8650 sq. m. ; discharge, 
 8800 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Seid, Arabic, ' lord. ' See Sidi. 
 
 Selbnt, improperly Salbnt, coast-tn. , Arabia, at the mouth 
 of the main valley of Hadramut. 
 
 SeU, isl. , Scot. , Argyllshire, off the W. ct. , in the Firth of 
 Lome, in 56° isJ'-igi' N. ; it rises to the height of 800 ft. , but 
 has some low valleys and fertile soil. Length, \\ m. P. 548. 
 Sellan, Ras, cape, in the S. of Arabia, 30 m. NE. Aden. 
 Selland, or Sejland, isl., N. ct. of Norway, 5 m. WSW. 
 Hammerfest ; ^ the interior is mountainous, the highest point 
 reaching 3386 ft. ; 25 m. by 24 m. ; area, 229 sq. m. 
 
 Sellbac, tn. , France, dep. Correze, 73 m. WSW. Clermont- 
 Ferrand, arr. and 8 m. NNW. Tulle. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Seine, riv., France, rises in the Jura Mts., flows SW. across 
 the plain of Bresse, and enters the Saone on the 1. bk. , about 15 
 m. N. Macon. Length, 68 m. , for 24 m. of which it is navig- 
 able ; area of basin, 900 sq. m. 
 
 Sellle, riv. , Ger. , prov. Alsace-Lorraine, a r. bk. trib. of the 
 Moselle ; flows through a dist. rich in salt. 
 
 Sellles (from root occurring in Chaill^, &c. , see CballW-les- 
 Marals), vil., Belgium, prov. Liege, on the 1. bk. of the Meuse, 
 9 m. ENE. Namur ; iron, zinc, and pyrites mined. P. <300o. 
 
 SellAn, ruins, Palestine, Shiloh in the O. T., 32° 3' N., 35° 
 17' E. , ii| m. S. by E. Nablus. 
 
 Selni, riv. , middle Russia, govts. Kursk and Chernigov, 1. bk. 
 trib. of Desna, flows W. past Kursk, Rylsk, Putivlj and many 
 populous villages ; joins Desna 55 m. E. of Chernigov. Length 
 about 400 m. 
 
 Selmeu, vil., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, on the Maritsa, 
 prov. and 29 m. SSE. Eski-Saghra (Stara Zagora), at junction 
 of rly. to Constantinople with the branch to Burgas. P. < 2000. 
 Seln, isl., France. See Selns. 
 
 Seine, dep., N. France, traversed with many windings from 
 S. to NW. by Seine R. , formed in 1790 out of a small portion 
 of Ile-de-France, and completely surrounded by Seine-et-Oise ; 
 divided into three arrs. : Paris (cap.), St. Denis, and Sceaux. 
 The dep. really consists of Paris [q.v.) and a part of its sub- 
 urbs. Only a limited area is available for cultivation. The 
 principal cereals are wheat and oats ; the vine covers nearly 
 i^ per cent, of the surface, and the production per hectare is 
 about twice the average for France. The raising of vegetables 
 for the Paris market is, however, the most important branch of 
 agriculture. In manufactures the dep. is pre-eminent, its pro- 
 ducts being more than three times the value of those of Nord, 
 the second manufacturing dep. in the country. Paris is the 
 great industrial centre, but a very great variety of manufactures 
 are also carried on in the surrounding towns. Amongst these 
 may be noticed the extensive metallurgical and chemical works, 
 tanneries, distilleries, glass-works, &c. , of St. Denis, breweries 
 (St. Ouen), dye-works (Vitry), indiarubber and porcelain (Ivry), 
 besides numerous others. Area, 185 sq. m. P. (1891) 3,141,600. 
 See France, table. 
 
 Seine {Sequana), important riv. of France, rises in Mont 
 Tasselot, 1426 ft. above the sea, near the village of Chanceau, 
 dep. C6te d'Or, flows NNW. past Chdtillon, Bar-sur-Seine, and 
 Troyes, thence W. and NW. by Nogent, Bray, Montereau, 
 Melun, Corbeil, and Paris, where it is 300 to 500 ft. broad, 
 Mantes, Vernon, Pont-de-l'Arche, Elbeuf, Rouen, Caudebec, 
 Honfleur, and Havre, and enters the English Channel by an 
 estuary 7 m. wide. Its waters are sluggish, and its banks are 
 highly picturesque in the lower part of its course. It waters the 
 deps. Cote d'Or, Aube, Marne, Seine-et-Marne, Seine-et-Oise, 
 Seine, Eure, and Seine-Inf^rieure. Chief affluents, on the left 
 the Yonne, Loing, Essonne, Eure, and Rille ; on the right the 
 Aube, Marne, and Oise. At Troyes its bed is 331 ft. above the 
 sea, at the confluence of the Loing 184 ft., at Corbeil 147 ft., 
 and at Rouen iii ft. The Seine is navigable for boats to the 
 confluence of the Aube, 360 m. from the mouth ; for small sea- 
 going vessels to Paris, and for large ships to Rouen (q.v.), 
 below which the course of the river has been regulated and 
 deepened. Between Caudebec and Quillebeuf, that is, in the 
 last loop of the river proper, the river is subject at high water 
 in spring tides to a bore (mascaret), like that of the Severn. At 
 Quillebeuf the river begins to widen out and form an estuary, 
 which tends to become silted up, and in which the channel of 
 the river tends to be gradually displaced. In consequence of 
 this it has been proposed to construct embankments, on the N. 
 side firom Havre, on the S. side from Honfleur, upwards to 
 confine the river within narrower limits, and thus deepen it and 
 increase its scour. On the N. side a ship canal has been con- 
 structed from Havre to Harfleur with a depth of 23 ft. , and 
 thence to Tancarville, opposite Quillebeuf, with a depth of 11. 6 
 ft. The Seine communicates with the Loire by the canals of 
 
 1411 
 
S E I N 
 
 SE LB 
 
 Loing, Orleans, and Briare. The Yonne unites it with the 
 Saone and Rhine by the Burgundy Canal, and the Rhone and 
 Rhine Canal. The Oise connects it with the Somme, Scheldt, 
 and Sambre, by the canals of Crozat, St. Quentin, and the Sambre, 
 and it communicates with the Meuse by the Aisne and the 
 canal of Ardennes ; by the canal from the Marne to the Rhine 
 it communicates with the Meuse, Moselle, and Rhine. Length, 
 425 m. , according to Strelbitsky, whose measurement, however, 
 does not include minor windings ; length, including minor 
 windings, 480 m. ; area of basin, 30,028 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). 
 Minimum discharge at the mouth, 2650 cubic ft. ; maximum, 
 90,000 cubic ft. per second. See also France, rivers. 
 
 Selne-et-Marue, dep. , N. France, traversed E. and W. in 
 the N. by the Marne, and in the S. by the Seine ; formed in 
 1790 out of parts of Champagne, lle-de-France, and Orl^anais 
 (Brie and Gatinais) ; divided into five arrs. , M^lun (cap.), 
 Fontainebleau, Provins, Coulommiers, and Meaux. Surface 
 traversed by low hills, and intersected by vdlleys ; highest 
 point, Butte St. Georges (705 ft.), in NE. on frontier of Aisne; 
 lowest in W. (105 ft.), where the Seine leaves the dep. The 
 Brie is a hilly, well-wooded, and highly fertile plateau between 
 the Seine and Marne ; N. of the Marne are the smaller plateaux 
 of Multein (E.) and Goele (W.). S. of the Seine is a sandy, 
 almost waterless tract, part of which is occupied by the forest 
 of Fontainebleau; between the valleys of the Loing and Essonne 
 is a fertile dist. , chiefly supplied with water from deep wells. 
 The dep. belongs entirely to the basin of the Seine, of which 
 the principal tribs. belonging to the dep. are 1. bk. Yonne and 
 Loing (lower courses only), r. bk. Yeres and Marne, both of 
 which join beyond the dep. ; principal affluents of the Marne 
 are r. bk. Ourcq, 1. bk. Grand Morin. The Seine, classed as 
 navigable throughout the dep. , in which it has a length of 63 m. , 
 is practically so only from the confluence of the Yonne ; the 
 Marne and Loing are canalised and navigable. Geological 
 formations mainly Tertiary, flanked in N. by Upper Cretaceous 
 beds. Forests cover about one-sixth of the surface (Fontaine- 
 bleau, Cr^cy, Jouy). Climate temperate, warmer in S. than 
 N. ; rfall. about the minimum for France. The principal 
 cereals are wheat and oats, cultivated chiefly in the Brie ; the 
 vine (not extensively cultivated N. of the Marne) occupies about 
 I per cent, of the surface, production per acre considerably 
 under the average for France ; sugar-beet is cultivated, and 
 forage root crops have here a larger area than in any other dep. 
 The quarries of Fontainebleau supply paving-stone to Paris ; a 
 little peat is obtained. Flour-milling and sugar manufacturing 
 are the principal industries. Area, 2273 sq. m. P. (1891) 
 356,700. See France, table. 
 
 Selne-et-Olse, dep. , N. France, enclosing dep. Seine, traversed 
 from SE. to NW. by the Seine, which receives the Oise from the 
 NE. , formed in 1790 out of parts of Ile-d^e-France ; divided into 
 six arrs.: Versailles (cap.), Corbeil, Etampes, Rambouillet, 
 Mantes, and Pontoise. Surface diversified, traversed by low 
 hills, highest in the N. near Marines in Vexin dist. ; S. of the 
 Seine are dists. Muntois or Pincerais in centre, Hurepoix in SW. , 
 Beauce S. , and Gatinais SE. The dep. belongs entirely to the 
 basin of the Seine, which has a course in the dep. of about 86 m. 
 (18 m. E. of dep. Seine) ; principal tribs., r. bk. Yeres, Marne, 
 Oise, and Epte ; L bk. Essonne and Orge ; a small area in the 
 W. is drained to the Eure (1. bk. trib. of Seine). The Seine, 
 Oise, and Marne are navigable. Geological formations mainly 
 Tertiary, with Quaternary in the Seine valley, flanked in N. by 
 Cretaceous beds. Forests cover about one-eighth of the surface 
 (Rambouillet, St. Germain, S6nart, Marly, Montmorency, &c. ). 
 Soil fertile ; oats is the chief cereal, then wheat ; little more than 
 I per cent, of the area under the vine, of which the production 
 per acre is considerably above the average ; sugar-beet is an im- 
 portant crop ; forage-roots, apples for cider, and vegetables for 
 the Paris market are largely grown. Manufactures and com- 
 merce employ the majority of the inhabitants, although the dep. 
 possesses no great industrial centres ; silk, wool, and flax-spin- 
 ning; hosiery (Rueil, Etampes, &c.); metallurgical industries 
 include iron and copper- works, locomotives, &c. (Petit-Bourg) ; 
 flour-milling is the leading industry (arrs., Corbeil, Etampes, 
 Pontoise); paper (Argenteuil, Essonne, &c.); sugar refineries, 
 porcelain (Sevres). Area, 2185 sq. m. P. (1891) 628,600. See 
 France, table. 
 
 Selne-Inf^rlenre, maritime dep., N. France, at the mouth 
 of the Seine, formed in 1790 of parts of Normandy (Vexin, 
 Caux, Bray, and Roumois) ; divided into five arrs. : Rouen (cap. ), 
 Neufchatel, Dieppe, Yvetot, and Le Havre. The coast-line, 
 about 75 m. in length, has few indentations; principal ports, 
 Dieppe and Havre. The surface consists mainly of low plateaux, 
 intersected by fertile valleys, highest point (795 ft. ) SW. of Aumale, 
 near the frontier of Oise; the plateau of Caux, which occupies 
 the greater part of the dep. in the centre and W. , terminates 
 along the coast and the Seine valley in abrupt cliffs ; S. of the 
 mouth of the Seine is the small plateau of Roumois, and in the 
 SE. the valley of Bray. The Seine traverses or bounds the dep. 
 in the S. , during an exceedingly tortuous course E. to W. of 90 
 m. ; principal tribs. , Epte and Andelle (upper courses only in 
 1412 
 
 dep.), and several streams from the Caux plateau, affording 
 valuable water-power. The principal coast rivers are, N. to S. , 
 Bresle (mainly frontier), Yeres, Arques, Scie, Saane, Durdent, 
 and the Fecamp R. Geological formations are chiefly Quater- 
 nary and Upper Cretaceous ; Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic in 
 SW. Forests cover nearly one-sixth of the surface (Eu, Bro- 
 tonne, Eawy, Roumare, and Rouvray). Climate mild, equable, 
 and humid (Roneu, Fecamp). Wheat is the principal cereal, 
 then oats ; a little sugar-beet ; colza occupies about one-fifth of 
 the total area under this crop in France ; flax in the S. ct. 
 region ; apples for cider chiefly in the W. The Bray dist. , 
 largely pastoral, is noted for cheese (Gournay). A little peat is 
 obtained. Textile manufactures (cotton and wool) are the most 
 important, and in the production of these the dep. ranks second. 
 Rouen is the great centre of varied cotton manufactures ; also 
 carried on in the surrounding towns (Darn^tal, Deville, 
 Maromme, &c.), and in Montvilliers, Yvetot, and Bolbec ; the 
 woollen industry has Elbeuf as its centre ; flax-spinning is 
 carried on in various places. Metallurgical industries include 
 iron and copper-founding, locomotives, heavy machinery, &c. 
 (Havre and Rouen); shipbuilding (Havre, Rouen, Ft^camp, &c.). 
 Area, 2448 sq. m. P. (1891) 839,900. See France, table. 
 
 Selero, or Sejro, isl. , Denmark, off the NW. ct. of Seeland, 
 to the W. of Selero Bngt (bay). 
 
 Selns, or ^In, isl., France, off" coast of Brittany, dep. 
 Finisiere, in the Atlantic, about 5 m. W. Pointe du Raz, the 
 westernmost point of the penin. Douarnenez. To the E. is the 
 Raz de Seins, a dangerous strait, with a strong current ; to the 
 W. is the Chauss^e de Seins, lighted by the lighthouse of 
 Ar-Men. 
 
 Selny, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 17 m. E. Suwaiki. 
 P. 5100. 
 
 Seir, Mount, Palestine. See Hor, Honut. 
 
 ^irkieran, par.. Ire., King's co., on riv. Little Brosna, bar. 
 Ballybritt, 4 m. SE. Parsonstown ; 5819 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Seistau, or Slstan (from Sagastan, the country of the Sagan 
 or SaccB), a low-lying region in the E. of Persia and the SW. 
 of Afghanistan, containing the lower course of the Helmand 
 and the Hamun lakes. See Haniun and Persia. 
 
 Selsden, P.O., Eng., Staffordshire, Kingswinford div. , 5 m. 
 WSW. Wolverhampton. 
 
 Selsenbei^, tn. , Austria, Carniola, 27 m. SE. by E. Laibach. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 ^Itendorf, or Seitendorf In Scltleslen, vil. , Ger. , prov. 
 Silesia, circle and dist. Waldenburg. P. <3000. 
 
 SeltoTskly (Kargala), tn., Russia, govt, and 14 m. NNE. 
 Orenburg, on Sakmara R. P. 8950. 
 
 Seium, tn., France. See Ponts-de-C^. 
 
 Selx, tn. , France, dep. Ariege, arr. and 8 m. S. by E. St. 
 Girons ; argentiferous lead, copper, and marble mined. Baths 
 where two thermal springs are used. P. <20oo. 
 
 ^iyMeh, site, Palestine, probably the Nekeb of the O. T. , 
 32° 44' N. , 35° 31' E. , 4 m. SSW. Tiberias. 
 
 ^Jland, isl. , Norway. See Zetland. 
 
 Sejro, isl. , Denmark. See Seiero. 
 
 Sejumi, or Sldl-el-Jnml, sebkha or salt lagoon, in N. of 
 prov. , and near the town of Tunis ; 6 m. long. 
 
 Sekoepong, isl. , E. Indies. See Segupong. 
 
 Sekong, or Namkong, riv., Indo-China, 1. bk. affluent of 
 the Mekong, rises SW. Hu6 and flows S., joining the Sesan 
 about 3 m. E. the Mekong. Length, 236 m. 
 
 Seknha, tn., Persia, Seistan, 272 m. E. by N. Kerman. P. 
 5000. 
 
 Selangor. X. Brit, protectorate in the W. of the Malay Penin. , 
 in about 2° 35'-3° 47' N. , and stretching 80-90 m. inland from 
 the Straits of Malacca. It has mountains on its E. frontier with 
 numerous tin-mines, but consists for the most part of lowlands 
 traversed from W. to E. by the Selangor R. in the N. , and the 
 Klangand Langat Rivs. in the S. (Proc. H. G. S., 1882, map, 
 p. 456, scale I : 1,210,000). 8. Town, on the W. ct., at the 
 mouth of the riv. Selangor, 1. bk. ; cap. of the protectorate of 
 Selangor. 
 
 Selangor, riv. , W. ct. of Malay Penin. , rises near the frontier 
 of Perak, and flows SW. to the Strait of Malacca. Length, 
 125 m. 
 
 Selanlk, Turkey in Europe. See Salonica. 
 
 Selaparau. See Lonibok. 
 
 Selattyn, par., Eng., Salop, div. and 3 m. NNW. Oswestry, 
 P. O. ; 5604 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Selb, tn.,Ger.,in the NE. of Bavaria, govt, and circle Upper 
 Franconia, 29 m. NE. by E. Bayreuth ; manufactures cotton, 
 household machinery, paper, and porcelain. P. <:sooo^ 
 
 Selbit, ruins, Palestine, Shaalabbin in the O. T., 31° 52' N., 
 34° 59' E. , 16 m. WNW. Jerusalem. 
 
 SellMi, or SiillMi, vil. , Norway, prov. and 25 m. SE. Trond- 
 hjem ; copper mined. P. (comm. ) 5600. 
 
 Selborue, or Selbonrue, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield 
 div 14 m. SW. by S. Aldershot, 4 m. SSE. Alton stn. Birth- 
 place of Gilbert White (1720-93). PMT.O. (Selborne). 7916 
 ac. P. < 1 500. 
 
SELB — SELM 
 
 Selby, par., market-tn. , and river port, Eng. , Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Barkston Ash div. , on r. bk. of the Ouse, loj m. NW. 
 by W. Goole, on the NE. R. and G. N. R. , connected by canal 
 with the Aire and Calder navigation. It has a church, parts 
 of which are ascribed to the early years of the 12th century. 
 Manufactures rope and Rax, and has foundries, and slips for 
 building river craft. Market-day, M. P. 6000. 
 
 Selbys Forest, par., Eng., Northumberland, 8 m. SW. 
 Wooler; 11,498 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 ^Ican, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Selian, 20 m. NNW. 
 Tabor. P. < 3000. 
 
 Seidell, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Dona Aiia co. , on 
 the Grande Del Norte R., 148 m. NE. by E. from the SW. 
 corner of the terr. 
 
 Sele, par. , Eng. , Sussex. See Beedliig, I'pper. 
 
 Sele, riv. , Italy, in the W. , rises on Monte Cervialto, and 
 flows S. and SW. into the Gulf of Salerno. Length, 70 m. ; 
 area of basin, iioo (?) sq. m. ; discharge in cubit ft. per second, 
 mean 1940 (?), highest 37,100. 
 
 Sele, Cape, the western point of New Guinea. 
 
 Selefke, ancient Seleucia, vil. , Asia Minor, near the S. ct. , 
 vilayet Adana, cap. of sanjak Ich-Ili, 65 m. WSW. Tarsus ; 
 remains of an ancient city founded by Seleucus Nicator. To 
 the S. of the town a large plain, in part marshy. P. 250c ; 
 Moham. 1400 ; Orthodox Greeks, 800. 
 
 Selenga, riv. , Mongolia and E. Siberia, rises on the plateau 
 of N. Mongolia, in the W. of Urga, flows NE. and, after having 
 joined the Orkhon, enters Transbaikalia as a large navigable 
 river, flows past Selenginsk, and enters Lake Baikal, making a 
 wide delta. Steamers ply up to Selenginsk. Receives many 
 tribs. , of which the Jida (200 m. ) from the W. , and the Chikoi 
 (300 m.), Khilok (300 m.), and Uda (150 m.) from the E. , are 
 large rivers. Total length, 750 m. 
 
 Selenginsk, dist. tn. , E. Siberia, Transbaikalia, on 1. bk. 
 of the Selenga, 55 m. SE. of Verkhneudinsk ; has a colony of 
 English missionaries. Alt. 1870 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 31.0° F., 
 Jan. 14.2°, July 71.7°. P. <;5ooo. Old Selenginsk, 2 m. below 
 it. Selenginsk salt-works, 27 m. from it. The Selenginsk 
 Baryats occupy the Selenginsk Steppe in the valley of Selenga 
 and lower parts of Chikoi and Jida. P. about 10,000. 
 
 Selent, Lake of, or Selenter See, lake, Prussia, prov. 
 Schleswig-Holstein, 5 m. from Bay of Kiel, about 5 m. long by 
 3 m. wide. Area, 10 sq. m. 
 
 Selerna, electoral div. , Ire. , Galway, dist. Spiddle. 
 
 Sele-Snnd, or Sola-Snnd, strait separating the isls. Dago 
 and Oesel, Baltic Sea, opposite the W. ct. of Esthonia. 
 
 Seleucia, ancient tn. , Asia Minor. See Selefke. 
 
 Seleucia, ancient tn., Mesopotamia. See Madain, A1-. 
 
 Seleucia, ancient tn., Syria. See Sneldle. 
 
 Selevac, tn. , Servia, circle Podunavlje, 9^ m. NNW. Palanka. 
 P. 5200. 
 
 Selflje, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Serflje. 
 
 Selliani, pan, Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., on the Rother, 
 10 m. NW. by N. Arundel, on the L. B. & S. C. R. P. <:25o. 
 
 Selhnrst, eccles. par., vil., and stn. , Eng., Surrey, Croydon 
 bor., on the L. B. & S. C. R., 8 m. S. St. Paul's, London. 
 P. 5200. 
 
 Selig, Teutonic, ' holy ; ' e.g., Seligenstadt, ' the holy town.' 
 
 Sellgenstadt, tn., Ger. , gd.-duchy Hesse, circle Offenbach, 
 on riv. Main, 14 m. ESE. Frankfurt ; coal mined. The town 
 belonged to Mayence until 1803. P. <400o. 
 
 Sellger, lake, Russia, govts. Tver and Novgorod, 57 m. long, 
 36 m. wide, 115 sq. m. ; gives origin to one of the sources of 
 the Volga. 
 
 Sellnie, oasis, Nubia, about 75 m. W. the 1. bk. of the Nile, 
 in 21" 17' N. 
 
 Sellndl, the ancient Selinos, vil. , Asia Minor, on the Gulf of 
 .■\dalia, 112 m. S. Konia. The town, which is built on a rock 
 almost surrounded by the sea, has remains of ancient monu- 
 ments. Trajan died here in 117. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sellndong Bayn, tn. , near mouth of the Telubin, E. ct. 
 Malay Penin. , in 6° 44' N. ; cap. of state of Telubin. 
 
 Seling'klioto. See Slnnlng-fn. 
 
 Soliiig-Iislen, tn. , China, Kwangsi prov., 23 m. SE. Ning- 
 ming, near the Tongking frontier ; 3 m. SW. of the town is an 
 entrenched Chinese military camp. 
 
 Sellnja, or Slllnja, riv., E. Siberia, rises in Yam-alin Mts. 
 on NE. border of prov. Amur, flows SW., joining the Zeya 150 
 ni. above its junction with Amur, and watering fertile prairies, 
 rapidly colonised; receives the Nara (r. bk.) and Bys (1. bk). 
 Length about 350 m. 
 
 Sellno, tn. , Turkey, on the S. ct. of Crete, 83 m. W. Candia, 
 
 23° 40' E. P. <: 2000. 
 
 Selln's Grove, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Snyder co. , on the 
 r. bk. of the Susquehanna R., 38 m. N. Harrisburg. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Seijanovcl, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. and 4J m. SE. by E. Rahova, 
 42 m. NW. by W. Plevna. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Selje, or Hove, vil., Norway, prov. and 112 m. N. Bergen, 
 on SW. ct. ofStatland. P. (comm.)<:5ooo. 
 
 Selkirk, vil., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R. , 1403 
 m. by rail W. Montreal, 21 m. NE. Winnipeg. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Selkirk, vil., Canada, Ontario, Haldimand co. , 32 m. S. by 
 W. Hamilton, near Lake Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Selkirk, the ancient Sella-chyrche- Regis , ' the seat of the 
 king's church' (originally attached to a royal hunting seat), 
 pari, and royal burgh, par., and market-tn., Scot., in the E. of 
 Selkirkshire, on the r. bk. of the Ettrick, and the N. B. R., 8 
 m. N. by W. Hawick ; manufactures tweeds, shawls, and other 
 woollen goods. Selkirk was formerly noted for the manufacture 
 of shoes, the ' souter ' (shoemaker) burgesses having been famous 
 in border warfare. Near the town is the scene of the defeat of 
 the Marquis of Montrose by General Leslie, 1645. The traveller, 
 Mungo Park, was a native of the vicinity. Selkirk was made a 
 royal burgh in the reign of David I. Market-day, W. Par. 
 (partly in Roxburghshire), 22,559 ^.c. , P. 7300; tn. P. 6400; 
 iDurgh P. 5800 ; pari. dist. of co. (PeelJles and Selkirk) P. 
 19,100. See Hawick. 
 
 Selkirk Island, small isl. , in the N W. of Lake Winnipeg, 
 Canada. 
 
 Selkirk Range, range of the Rocky Mts., Canada, Brit. 
 Columbia, with a nearly N. to S. trend round the N. end of 
 which the Columbia R. describes its great northern curve, after 
 which the river separates this range from the Columbian Gold 
 Range on the W. , crossed by the C. P. R. at Roger's Pass 
 
 (4313 ft. )• 
 
 Selkirkshire, inland co. , Scot., in the Tweed basin, mainly 
 composed of the valleys watered by its tribs. , the Yarrow and 
 Ettrick. The surface rises in a succession of uplands from NE. , 
 at junction of Gala and Tweed (where alt. is 300 ft.), to Dun Rig 
 (2433 ft.), on W. boundary. Excepting the 'haughs' near the 
 rivers, the surface is mountainous, the strata belonging to the 
 Silurian system, which crosses the island from Galloway to St. 
 Abb's Head, with igneous rocks appearing at some points. The 
 chief heights are Ettrick Pen (2269 ft.), Capel Fell (2223 ft.). 
 Deer Law and Herman Law, in the S. , and on N., close to 
 Midlothian, Windlestrae Law (2161 ft.). Minchmoor is a round 
 mass (1856 ft.) to N. of the Vale of Yarrow. About one-seventh 
 of the county is under cultivation. For agricultural statistics, see 
 Appendix, pp. 7-9. Sheep-farming is a staple industry. Im- 
 portant manufactures of ' tweed ' cloths at the county town and 
 Galashiels, the latter being a weaving centre since the beginning 
 of the 17th century. All other towns or villages P. <:50o. 
 When still covered with trees this ' shire of the forest ' was a 
 favourite hunting-ground of the Scottish kings. The whole 
 dist. was sometimes called 'Ettrick Forest.' The Catrail, a 
 trench of British or Saxon times, passes from above Galashiels 
 across the county towards the borders, and near it is the Rink, 
 a circular fort. Near the county town is Philiphaugh, where 
 Montrose was finally defeated by David Leslie ; and further up 
 the Yarrow is Newark Castle, immortalised in Scott's Lay of the 
 Last Minstrel. St. Mary's Loch, Ashestiel, and many other 
 classical spots are in this county. This county unites with 
 Peeblesshire in returning one member to the House of Commons. 
 Area, 166,524 ac. P. (1891) 27,300. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Sella, oasis, Tripoli, 275 m. NE. Murzuk. 
 
 Sellack, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, on the r. bk. of the Wye, 
 div. and 3J m. NW. Ross, i| m. SW. by S. Fawley stn., P.O. 
 (Sellack's Marsh). P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Sellack with 
 King's t'aple) P. <:75o. 
 
 Sellafleld, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., on the 
 SW. ct., 10 m. SSE. Whitehaven, on the L. & NW. and 
 Furness Rlys. 
 
 Sellakh, large bay, Russia, Arctic Ocean, in Yana Gulf. 
 
 Selle, Slonut. See Haiti. 
 
 Selles-sur-Cher, tn. , France, on the S. border of dep. Loir 
 et-Cher, 24 m. SSE. Blois, arr. Romorantin. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Selley Oak, eccles. par., Eng., Worcestershire, N. div., 4 
 m. SW. Birmingham, on the M. R., PMT.O. P. 7500. 
 
 Selllielni, co. , Queensland, crossed by 21° S. , and in the E. 
 by 148° E. 
 
 SelUck's HUl, vil., S. Australia, co. and 28 m. S. by E. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 SelU^res, vil., France, dep. Jura, 36 m. SW. by S. Besanfon, 
 7 m. W. by S. Poligny, arr. Lons-le-Saunier. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Selling, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 3 m. SSE. Faversham, 
 I m. W. by S. of its stn. on the L. C. & D. R. , PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Selllnge, par., Eng., Kent, Augustine div., 4^ m. NW. by 
 W. Hythe, \\ m. E. Smeeth stn., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Selloo, P.O., Ire., co. and 7 m. W. Monaghan. 
 
 Sellraln, or Selraln, vil. , Austria, Tirol, 9^ m. WSW. Inns- 
 brtick ; near is the famous bathing establishment of Rothen- 
 burg. Alt. 2956 ft. P. <:20co. 
 
 Sellye, tn., Hungary, co. and 14 m. SW. Neutra (Nyitra), 
 on r. bk. of the Waag (Vag). P. <;40oo. 
 
 Selly Oak, eccles. par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Northfield par. , 
 SW. suburb of Birmingham, on the M. R., PMT.O. P. 7800. 
 
 Selly Park, PMT.O., Eng., near Birmingham. 
 
 Selnia, fort, Scot., Argyllshire. See Beregonlnm. 
 
 Selnia, city, U.S., Alabama, Dallas co., on the r. bk. of the 
 
 1413 
 
S E L M — S E M I 
 
 Alabama R. , 42 m. W. of Montgomery, on an elevated plateau. 
 It has a large cotton-market, and considerable manufactures. 
 Selma was an important military centre during the Civil War. 
 P. 7600. 
 
 Selma, tn. , U.S., California, Fresno co. P. <i5oo. 
 Selniali, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Hants co., on Cobequid 
 Bay. P. < 1500. 
 Selniecz-^s-B^lab<lnya, tn. , Hungary. See Scheiiinltz. 
 Selniestoii, par., Eng. , Sussex, Eastbourne div., 6h m. ESE. 
 Lewes, i m. \V. Berwick stn. P. <25o; eccles. par." (Selmes- 
 ton yvlttk Alclstoii) P. <5oo. 
 Selo, Servian, 'village.' 
 
 Selonunes, vil., France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, arr. Vendome, 
 13 m. NW. by N. Blois. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Seloncoart, tn., France, dep. Doubs, arr. Montb^liard, 5 m. 
 N. Blamont; manufactures clock works. P. < 3000. 
 
 Selongey, vil, France, dep. C6te d'Or, arr. and 20 m. NNE. 
 Dijon. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Selratn, vil. , Austria. See Sellraln. 
 
 Sel»idon Road, stn. , Eng. , Surrey, Wimbledon div. , on the 
 L. B. & S. C. R. and SE. R., 11 m. S. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Selsea Peninsula, large level tract, Eng., Sussex, between 
 Chichester Harbour and the English Channel, its S. point being 
 called Selsea Bill. 
 
 Selsey, or ^Isea, par. and vil. , Eng. , Sussex, i m. from S. 
 ct., div. and 7 m. S. Chichester. Here, in the 7th century, was 
 established the first Roman Catholic monastery in England, 
 and Selsey was a bishopric until 1075, when the see was removed 
 to Chichester. The site of the cathedral has been washed away. 
 Important crab and lobster fisheries. PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 Selsey Bill, a cape adjoining. 
 
 Selside and WWtwell, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, 4 m. W^. 
 Kendal. P. <:25o. 
 
 Selsley, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 2 m. SW. Stroud, 
 P.O. P.<:7So. 
 
 8elston, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 7 m. SW. 
 Mansfield, with a stn. (Codnor Park and Selston) on the 
 G. N. R., and another stn. (Plnxton and Selstou) on the 
 M. R. ; has large coal-mines. PM. O. P. 5300. 
 Sel-taa, mts. , central Asia. See Pamirs. 
 Sel-tau, peak in Tian Shan system, 50 m. SE. Kaufmann 
 Peak, in Darvaz Range ; gives origin to the immense Fedchenko 
 glacier, 18 m. long, which flows N. towards the Muk-su (trib. 
 of Surkh-ab). Koshil-ayak Pass close by. 
 
 Selters, vil., Ger., Hesse-Nassau, dist. Ober-Hessen, 15 m. 
 N. by E. Hanau ; has a mineral spring. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Selters, Nleder, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse, dist. and 17 m. 
 N. Wiesbaden, on the Ems ; here the spring which yields the 
 well-known ' seltzer " water, exported to the extent of 4,000,000 
 bottles annually. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Seltlce, settlement, U.S., Washington, "WTiitman co., 38 m. 
 SSE. Spokane Falls. 
 
 Selton, or Ostrander, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Bothwell co., 
 5J m. from Thamesville, 20 m. from Chatham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Selva, tn., Spain, Balearic Is., Majorca, i8j m. NE. Palma. 
 P. 5200. 
 
 Selva, La, tn., Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 9I m. NW. 
 Tarragona; famous for its nut-trees. P. < 4000. 
 Selvagens, isl. , Madeira Is. See Salvages. 
 Selve, seapt. tn. , Austria, crownland Dalraatia, on an island 
 of the same name, 32 m. NW. by W. Zara. P. <2ooo. 
 SelTl, Bulgaria. See SeTllJevo. 
 
 Selfrorthy, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., i^ m. 
 from the N. ct., 22 m. N. by W. Tiverton, 3^ m. W. Minehead 
 stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Selwyn, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. and 12 m. from Peterboro, 
 5 m. from Lakefield. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Selwyn, co.. New South Wales, crossed in the middle by 
 36° S. , and in the W. by 148' E. 
 
 Selwyn, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co., 25 m. 
 WSW. Christchurch, on railway to Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Selwyn, co., New Zealand, South I., prov. Canterbury, 
 intersected by 43" S. and 172° E. 
 
 Selwyn, mt. , Victoria, in the Great Dividing Range, between 
 Gippsland and Murray R., in 146" 51' E. Alt. 4000 ft. 
 Selymbria. See Slllrrl, tn., Turkey. 
 
 Selz, tn., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, on the Selz R., 5 m. NW. 
 by N. Rastatt (Baden). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Selzaete, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. Elecloo, 
 10 m. NNE. Ghent. The Leopold Canal, from Selzaete to 
 Heyst, is 30 m. long. P. 5700. 
 
 Selxthal, tn., Austria, Styria, 34 ra. S. by W. Steyr. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Sent', Semi, Russian, 'seven.' 
 
 Sent, vil., France, dep. Ariege, arr. and 14 m. SSW. Foix. 
 SE. are the iron-mines of Rancid, in the mountains of Lercoul 
 and Canchette. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Sem, Ras, or Rasat-al-Rasat, cape, Tripoli, on N. ct. of 
 Barka, in 32° 56' N., 21° 34' E. 
 Semak, ruins, Asiatic Turkey, 40 m. SE. by E. Bagdad. 
 1414 
 
 Semalall, post-stn. , British S. Africa, in 21° 53' 2" S. , 29° o' 
 40" E. Alt. 2080 ft. (Swan, ab.). 
 
 Semangka, or Kelzersplek, volcano, E. Indies, in the 
 extreme S. of Sumatra, between the bays of Lampong and 
 Semangka. Alt. of crater, 7420 ft. The bay of Semangka is 
 the most W. of the bays on the S. ct. of Sumatra, 28 m. wide 
 by 44 m. long. 
 
 Semaphore, tn. and watering-place, S. Australia, co. and 8 
 m. NW. Adelaide, on the Great Northern Line; has a pier 
 1800 ft. long ; the harbour is shallow. P. <i5oo. 
 Semaraug, tn. , Siam , on the Nam-Mun, 1 14 m. NE. Bangkok. 
 Semava, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Samava. 
 Sembrancber, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, 4 m. ESE. Mar- 
 tigny, at the confluence of two headwaters of the Dranse. 
 Alt. 2360 ft. P. (comm.)-<20oo. 
 
 Sembrong Indan, riv. See Johor. 
 
 Semeiidrln (Servian Smederero), tn., Servia, cap. prov. 
 Podunavlje, on the Danube, at the mouth of the Jesava, 25 m. 
 SE. by E. Belgrade. Semendria is second only to Belgrade in 
 commercial importance. The ancient fortress lies to the NE. , 
 and extends along the Danube ; it is a large irregular triangle, 
 and was founded by Prince George Brankovich, 1430. Semendria 
 was cap. of the country in 1430-59. On the neighbouring hills 
 are fine vineyards and orchards. P. 6600. 
 
 SemenoT (Scmyonov), dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 48 m. NE. 
 Nizhniy Novgorod, on highway to Vyatka ; wooden vessels and 
 spoons as house industries. P. <5ooo. 
 
 SemeiiOT Range, central Asia. See Nan-shan. 
 Semenud, or Samannnd, the ancient Thebnutir of the 
 Egyptians, the Greek Sebennytos, tn., Egypt, on 1. bk. of the 
 Damietta arm of the Nile, 19 m. NE. by E. Tanta ; manufac- 
 tures pottery. Birthplace of Manetho, the Egyptian historian. 
 P. 11,600. 
 
 Semer, par., Eng., Suffolk, on riv. Bret, 3m. NW. Hadleigh, 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Semere, tn. , Upper Guinea, Sugfu, in the 'Hinterland' of 
 the German Togo, 22 m. WSW. Sugu-kuna, in 9° 30' N. 
 P. 20,000. 
 
 Semerone, riv. , U.S. See Cimarron. 
 Semern, or Smern, mt. , in the E. of Java, 65 m. S. by E. 
 Surabaya. Alt. 12,030 ft. 
 
 Se7ni, Russian, 'seven.' See Sem'. 
 
 Semlalimoo, vil., U.S., Washington, Whatcom co. , 18 m. 
 S. by W. New Westminster (British Columbia). P. < 1500. 
 Semide, tn., Portugal, dist. Coimbra. P. < 4000. 
 Semldesyatnoye, vil. , Russia, govt, and 35 m. SW. Voronezh. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Semll, or Semllov, tn., Austria, Bohemia, on the Iser, 25 m. 
 W. by N. Trautenau ; manufactures cotton textiles. P. <4000. 
 Semlnara, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 20 m. NE. by N. 
 Reggio. D'Aubigny defeated Gonzalvo de Cordova here, 1495, 
 and was himself defeated by Antoine de Leva, 1503. The town 
 was destroyed by an earthquake, 1783. P. <4000. 
 Semlne, small dist., France, dep. Haute-Savoie. 
 Semlngton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 3 m. NE. 
 by E. Trowbridge, on the Kennet and Avon Canal, P.O. 
 P. <5oo. See Asbton, Steeple. 
 
 Semlnoles, tribe of civilised Creek or Muskogee Indians, 
 formerly in central Florida, now settled on a reservation in 
 Indian Territory. P. <25oo, besides about 150 in Florida. See 
 Indian Territory. 
 
 SemlonoTka, tn. , Russia, govt, and 73 m. NE. Chernigov ; 
 tanneries, sheep-skins. P. 7780. 
 
 Semlpalatlnsk, prov., Russian Central Asia, general 
 governorship of the Steppes; has Tobolsk and Tomsk on N., 
 Akmolinsk on W. , Semiryechensk on S. , and the Chinese prov. 
 Chuguchak on SE. The Tarbagatai Mts. , 9000 - 10,000 ft. 
 high, separate it from China, and the snow-clad ridges (also 
 9000-10,000 ft. high) of Great Altai and Naryn rise in the 
 SE., and are continued westwards by the Kandygatai and Kal- 
 binsk Mts. (5000-6000 ft. ), while many lower spurs of mountains 
 stretch northwards. Wide prairies elsewhere, known as the 
 Zaisan Steppe (1200- 1500 ft.), the Lake Balkhash Steppes (900- 
 1000 ft.), and the Irtysh prairies (500-600 ft.). Watered by the 
 Irtysh, which issues from navigable Lake Zaisan, and flows N. 
 and NW. , piercing the Altai in a wild gorge. The Black Irtysh, 
 which flows into Lake Zaisan from Kulja, is also navigable for 
 some 100 m. Many large tribs. join the Irtysh : the Kurchum, 
 Naryn, and Bukhtarma from the right, and the Bukon and 
 Kizil-su from the left. Lake Balkhash lies on the SW. border, 
 and many small lakes are scattered on the Irtysh plain. Climate 
 severe and most extreme, the average yearly temp, being 43° in 
 the S. , and 34° in the N. Very severe cold in the winter, and 
 scorching heat in the summer. Yearly rainfall very small. 
 Population chiefly Kirghiz-kazaks, who live on their cattle, and 
 about 50,000 Russians, mostly agriculturists. Some g:old (about 
 6400 oz.) is extracted. Divided into four dists. : Semipalatinsk, 
 Pavlodar, Kokbekty, and Karkaralinsk, besides which the towns 
 Bukhtarma and Ust' Kamenogorsk are worthy of note. Area, 
 184,631 sq. m. P. (1890) 576,580. 
 
SEMI — SENE 
 
 Senilpalntinsk, tn., Russian Central Asia, cap. of above 
 prov. , on r. bk. of Irtysh, on highway from central Asia to 
 Omsk; trade with Kirghizes. Alt. 389 ft. Average temp., 
 yr. 36°, Jan. 5.7°, July 73° ; mean rfall. (7 yrs.), 7.3 in. P. (1881) 
 17,820; (1891)16,670. 
 
 Seniiryeclieiisk, prov., Russian Turkistan, has Semipala- 
 tinsk on N. , China (Chuguchak, Kulja, Ak-su, and Kashgaria) 
 on E. and S. , and the Russian provs. Fergana, Syr-daria, and 
 Akmolinsk on W. Owes its names to the rivers which flow 
 from SE. into Lake Balkhash. It includes parts of the Tarba- 
 gatai Mts. (6000-10,000 ft.) in the NE., and the Dzungarian 
 Alatau, which stretches from Kulja towards the Hi R. (6000- 
 12,000 ft.). The Trans-Ili Alatau and the northern parts of the 
 Tian Shan Mts., respectively in the N. and S. of Lake Issyk- 
 kul, both rise to an alt. of from 10,000 to 16,000 ft. (beyond the 
 limits of perpetual snow), while the Alexandrovskiy ridge runs 
 westwards, attaining heights of 10,000 ft. The remainder con- 
 sists of fertile valleys, now colonised by Russians, between the 
 spurs of the Tian Shan ; of deserts in the S. of Lake Balkhash ; 
 and of fertile prairies in the NE. , about Sergiopol. Climate 
 relatively temperate, the average temp, at Vyernyi being, yr. 
 46.6° F. , Jan. 13.4°, July 75.6° ; yearly rfall. 23 in. Watered by 
 the Hi, which flows from Kulja into Lake Balkhash, receiving 
 the Naryn, Chilik, and Kurtu ; the Chu, which flows from the 
 Tian Shan in a NW. direction, to be lost in the sand deserts 
 of the Famine Steppe ; and the Naryn, which flows westwards 
 into the Syr-daria. Several rivers (Lepsa, Ak-su, Karatal) also 
 flow from the mountains into Lake Balkhash. Semiryechensk 
 has several large lakes, namely, Balkhash in N., Ala-kul and 
 Sisyk-kul between the Tarbagatai and the Alatau, and the 
 mountain lakes Issyk-kul, Son-kul, and Chatyr-kul. Population 
 chiefly Kirghizes (about 600,000), Taranchis, Kalmuks, Mongols, 
 and Tatars, and about 50,000 Russians. Cattle-breeding is the 
 chief occupation. Agriculture is carried on with success. 
 Divided into six dists. : Vyernyi, Issyk-kul, Jarkent, Kopal, 
 Prjevalsk (formerly Tokmak), and Sergiopol. Area, 152,280 
 sq. m. P. (1891) 671,880. 
 
 Seiniyarsknya, Cossack vil. , Russia, prov. and 100 m. 
 below Semipalatinsk, on r. bk. Irtysh. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Seniley, pan, Eng. , Wiltshire,' Wilton div. , 16J m. W. by 
 S. Salisbury, li m. E. of its stn. (Seniley for Shaftesbury) 
 on the L. & SW. R., P.O., and PM.O. (Semley Station). 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Seni'likl, Isango, or Itlrl, riv. , central Africa, issues from 
 the N. side of Lake Albert Edward, and enters the S. end of 
 Lake Albert Nyanza, traversing between these lakes a deep level 
 valley about 15-25 m. wide, very level in the N., bounded on 
 both sides by steep highlands, on the E. by the Ruwenzori Mts, 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1889, pp. 721-22. 
 
 Senilln ( Hungarian Zlmony, Slavonic Zeninn) , tn. , Hungary, 
 Croatia-Slavonia, on the 1. bk. of the Danube, 6 m. NW. by W. 
 Belgrade. Hunyady Janos died here in 1456. P. 12,800. 
 
 Senimeriiig, Pass and Railway. See Alps, PASSES, 
 IV. (3^). 
 
 Senman, or Samnan, tn. , Persia, 77 m. SSE. Barfrush. 
 P. 16,000. 
 
 Seninn, oasis, N. Africa, Fezzan, 112 m. NNE. Murzuk. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Semoy, or Semols, riv., Belgium, Ardennes, rises at Arlon, 
 cap. of Luxembourg, and flows WNW. in a very sinuous and 
 picturesque channel ; it leaves Belgium between Sedan and 
 Givet, and falls into the Meuse above Montherm^. Length 
 120 m. , though from source to mouth the straightest line 
 measures only 50 m.; area of basin, 520 sq. m. 
 
 Sempacta, tn. , Switzd. , cant, and 7^ m. NW. Lucerne, at 
 the SE. angle of Lake Sempach. The lake is 4J m. long by 
 1-2 m. broad, and is drained NW. by the Suhr into the Aar ; 
 area, 5 J sq. m. Sempach was the scene of the victory of the 
 Confederates over the Austrians, 9th July 1386, made famous 
 by the legendary heroism of Winkelried. Alt. 1665 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Seniperlngbam, or Seniprlngliani, par., Eng., Lincoln- 
 shire, i^ m. S. Billingborough stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (Seniperingliani with Polnton) P. <75o. 
 
 Seniprerlsa, mt. , Italy. See Leplnl, Monti. 
 
 Sempronlas, vil., U.S., Texas, Austin and Washington cos., 
 88 m. E. by S. Austin. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Se-ninn, riv., Siam. See IMnn. 
 
 Semiftnleli, vil., Palestine, Shimron in the O.T. , 32° 42' N., 
 35° 12' E. , 51 m. W. Nazareth. 
 
 Semur - eu - Anxols, tn. , France, dep. C6te d'Or, pictur- 
 esquely situated on a nearly isolated plateau jutting out into 
 the valley of the Armanqon, 38 m. N. Autun, cap. arr. ; manu- 
 factures spectacles, and has engineers' workshops and saw-mills. 
 Birthplace of St. Hugo, abbot of Cluny, died 1109; and of the 
 scholar Claude de Saumaise (died 1658), better known under 
 the Latinised form of his name, Salmasius, the celebrated 
 antagonist of Milton. Alt. 980 ft. P. <4000. 
 
 Semnr - en • Brlonnals, vil., France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, 
 arr. Charolles, 17 m. N. Roanne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Semyonov, tn. , Russia. See Semenov. 
 
 Sena, tn., Portuguese S. Africa, on the r. bk. of the Zambezi, 
 in about 34° 55' E. ; highly malarial. P. 2000. 
 
 Senafa, tn. , Egypt, 16 m. N W. Zagazig. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Senafe, tn. , Abyssinia, Tigre, 62 m. S. Massaua. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Seuafe Pass, Abyssinia. See Nebhagnddy. 
 
 ;5g«(Z Ga//zVa, seapt., Italy. See Senlgallla. 
 
 Senagras, nomadic tribe, N.Africa, occupying the coast of the 
 Mediterranean N. of the Libyan Desert, between the valley of 
 the Nile and the Barka country ; the Khedive of Egypt exer- 
 cises a merely nominal authority over them. P. about 20,000. 
 
 Seuaja, tribes, Algeria. See Sanbaja. 
 
 Senart, For^t de, a forest, France, dep. Seine -et-Oise, 
 about 12 m. SSE. Notre Dame, Paris. 
 
 Senatobla, tn., U.S., Mississippi, cap. Tate co. , 37 m. by 
 rail S. Memphis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sendabast, tn. , Lower Egypt, prov. Gharbiye, 2 m. SE. 
 Zifte, on 1. bk. of the Nile. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Senda'i, tn. and port, Japan, Kiushiu I., prov. Satsuma, 18^" 
 m. NW. JKagoshima. P. 14,500. 
 
 Sendal, tn., Japan, Honshiu, prov. Rikuzen, no m. ENE. 
 Niigata, \7.\ m. from its port, Shiogama, on Sendai Bay. 
 Sendai is the largest market in the N. of Japan ; chief articles 
 of trade, fish and salt. Seat of a higher middle school. P. 
 77.500. 
 
 Sendai Bay, or Sendal-Ura, large bay, Japan, Honshiu, 
 E. ct. , to the E. of Sendai, in 38° 20' N. 
 
 S^ndaniangalam, tn. , Brit. India. See Shendamangalam. 
 
 Send an«l Ripley, par. , Eng. , Surrey, Chertsey div. , 4 m. 
 NE. by N. Guildford, 2 m. E. by N. Worpleston stn., PMT.O. 
 (Send); 5182 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Sendege, tn. , central Africa, Kavirondo, 8 m. E. of Ugowe, 
 Bay, Lake Victoria Nyanza, in 0° 43' N., 35° 3' E. 
 
 Senden, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Liidinghausen, 
 9 m. SW. Miinster. P. <3000. 
 
 Sendlnn, tn., Lower Egypt, prov. Kalyubiye, 5 m. N. 
 Kalyub. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sendngn, dist. , French Sudan, in the Wasulu or states of' 
 Samori, between the r. bk. of the upper Niger and the 1. bk. of 
 its trib. , the Fie. 
 
 SendArjana, or Shendt^rjana (census), tn. , Brit. India, 
 Berar, dist. and 55 m. NE. Amrdoti. P. 10,000; Hindus, 8800. 
 
 Seneca, vil., Canada. See Caledonia. 
 
 Seneca, vil., U.S., Illinois, La Salle co., on r. bk. of Illinois 
 R. , 64 m. SW. by W. Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Seneca, city, U.S., Kansas, cap. Nemaha co., on riv. Ne- 
 maha, 60 m. NNW. Topeka. P. <300o. 
 
 Seneca, tn. , U.S., Missouri, Newton co. , 31 m. by rail SW.; 
 Pierce City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Seneca, co. , U.S., New York, crossed in the extreme N. by. 
 43° N., partly bounded on the W. by Seneca Lake, and on the 
 E. by Cayuga Lake. 
 
 Seneca, co., U.S., Ohio, in the NW., bounded on the S. by 
 41° N. , crossed in the E. by 83° W. 
 
 Seneca City, vil., U.S., S. Carolina, Oconee co. , 25 m. SSE. 
 of the NE. corner of Georgia. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Seneca Lake, lake, U.S., New York, stretching 35 m. nearly 
 N. and S. , in about 77° W. , with a breadth of 1-3 m. , drained 
 from its N. end by the Seneca R. It is connected by canal with 
 the N. end of Crooked Lake and the Erie Canal. Alt. 370 ft. 
 (Geological Survey of New York). 
 
 Seneca Falls, vil., U.S., New York, Seneca co. , and on- 
 Seneca R. , 35 m. W. by S. Syracuse. The falls in the river 
 afford water-power, utilised in the manufacture of pumps, fire- , 
 engines, &c. P. 6100. 
 
 Seneca River, U.S., New York, flows E. from the N. end of 
 Seneca Lake to the N. end of Lake Caynga, then turns N. and 
 is joined on the left by the outlet of Lake Canandaigua, a lake 
 to the W. of and parallel to Lakes Seneca and Cayuga, then 
 turns again E. and receives in succession the drainage of the 
 other parallel ' finger-lakes ' to the E. (Owasco, Skaneateles, 
 and Onondaga), then turns NW., taking the name of Oswego 
 R. , and enters Lake Ontario at Oswego. Length (including the 
 Oswego) nearly 100 m. 
 
 Senecas, one of the Iroquois tribes, U.S., occupying reserva- 
 tions in New York. P. about 3000, besides about 200 in the 
 Indian Territory. 
 
 Seneffe, comm. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, on the Samme, 
 arr. and 12 m. NW. Charleroi ; manufactures Dutch blue, * 
 soap, and drain-pipes, and has tanyards. Has a fine castle. 
 Scene of a battle, 1674, between the Princes de Cond6 and of' 
 Orange. The French defeated the Austrians here, 1794. P. 
 <400o. 
 
 Senegal (name given to this river by the Portuguese, from 
 Senaga, a Berber tribe), riv., W. Africa. The two source rivers 
 of the Senegal, the Bafing (with trib. Bakoi or Bakhoi) and 
 Faleme, take their rise in the mountains of Futa Jallon {q-v.), 
 both flowing for a long distance N. and NW. parallel to one 
 another, till they converge and finally meet above Bakel. The 
 Senegal then describes a bend, first NW. and W. , and after- 
 wards (parallel to the coast) SW., reaching the ocean near St. 
 
 1415 
 
SENE — SENY 
 
 Louis. The Senegal forms an excellent waterway into the in- 
 terior, it being navigable, even in the dry season, for 430 m. 
 from its mouth. Total length, 890 m. ; area of basin, 170,000 
 sq. m. See Seiieganibla. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Senegambla, French colony, forming part of French West 
 Africa. It is situated between the rivs. Senegal and Gambia, 
 the dist. of Casamance, S. of the Gambia, belonging likewise 
 to Senegambia (the lower Gambia is British). The country 
 is low near the Atlantic, but mountainous in the interior. The 
 climate is very dangerous. Many parts of Bas-Senegal (near 
 the Atlantic) show Sahara features. The chief importance of 
 this low and unhealthy country consists in the fact that the 
 Senegal forms an excellent waterway, connecting the coast with 
 the fertile countries in the interior. Principal towns : St. Louis 
 (cap., P. 20,000), Dakar, Gorte, Carabane, Bakel, Kayes, 
 Bafulabe. Railways connect St. Louis with Dakar, and Kayes 
 with Bafulabe. Senegambia is inhabited by various Negro and 
 Fellatah tribes (Mandingo, Tukulor, Jolofs, Toro). See Freucb 
 West Africa, Senegal, Xlger, Fata Jallou, Rivieres da 
 Sod. [H. «. S.] 
 
 Senegtae, comm., Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 45 m. S. Sassari ; 
 iron mined. P. <300o. 
 
 Seuekal, tn., S. Africa, Orange Free State, 96 m. NE. Bloem- 
 fontein, in Winburg div. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Seuez, vil. , France, dep. Basses- Alpes, 38 m. NNW. Fr^jus, 
 arr. and 8 m. NW. Castellane ; has an old cathedral, built 
 1 130-1242. The diocese of Senez, founded at the end of the 
 4th century, was suppressed during the Revolution. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Senfteuberg, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on riv. Adler, 30 m. E. 
 by S. Koniggratz ; manufactures linen and cloth. P. <:4000. 
 
 Seuftenberg, or Senfteuberg lu der Laasltz, tn. , Prussia, 
 prov. Brandenburg, 34 m. NNE. Dresden; manufactures of 
 glass and tiles ; coal mined. P. <:3000. 
 
 Seiigan, tn., China, Kwangsi, 340 m. W. Canton. 
 
 Seiiger, riv., Argentine Republic, in the S. of Chubut terr. , 
 flows SE. from the Andes, then NE. through Lakes Musters 
 and Colhue into the Chubut. 
 
 Senggora, Malay Penin. See Sluggora. 
 
 Senghenlth, stn. , Wales, near Cardiff, on the Rhymney Rly. , 
 PM.O. 
 
 SengUel, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 38 m. SE. Simbirsk, on 
 I. bk. Volga ; gardening and apiculture. P. 5250. 
 
 Senguel, the same as Senger, riv. , Argentine Republic. 
 
 Sengwe, riv., S. Africa, r. bk. trib. of the middle Zambezi, 
 which it reaches 10 m. NNE. Moemba, in about 17° S. 
 
 Senhlt ('beautiful country'), dist., N. Abyssinia, included in 
 the Italian terr. of Eritrea, WNW. Massaua, with a fortress 
 I m. N. Keren. 
 
 Senhar, or Sauhur, tn., Upper Egypt, 8J m. NW. by N. 
 Medinet-el-Fayum. P. (1882) 6300. 
 
 Seiila-vra, tn. , Austria, Galicia, dist. and 18 m. NNW, Jaros- 
 law, on r. bk. of the San. P. <4000. 
 
 Senlgallla, or Slnlgaglla, the ancient Sena Gallica, seapt. , 
 on the E. ct. of Italy, The Marches, prov. and 16 ra. WNW. 
 Ancona, with a lighthouse; has sugar-refining; seat of a bishop. 
 Its port only admits vessels drawing 6J ft. of water. Birthplace 
 of Pope Pius IX. (died 1878). Sulphureous spring near. During 
 the Middle Ages famous for its great fair. P. 11,400. 
 
 Seiiln, pass, Switzd. See Sanetsch. 
 
 Seulse, comm., Italy, prov. Potenza, 29 m. E. Lago Negro. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 Senje (senye), coal-mining vil., Servia. See Cnprlja. 
 
 Senjeno, isl., off N. ct. of Norway, 25 m. WSW. Tromso. 
 The interior is mountainous, reaching 2950 ft.; has a nickel 
 mine on the W. ct. Length, 45 m. ; breadth, 30 m.; area, 612 
 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Seiijes, or Slnjes, Berber tribe, Algeria, prov. and 95 m. 
 WSW. Algiers. P. about 9000. 
 
 Senji, tn. , Japan. See Senzl. 
 
 ^nlls, the ancient Ratumacos, Sylvanecti, or Sylvanectum, 
 tn., France, dep. Oise, on the Nonette, 19 m. SW, by S. 
 Compi^gne, 27 m. NNE. Paris, cap. arr.; manufactures watch- 
 springs, yard-measures, &c. The remains of its old amphitheatre 
 and Gallo- Roman ramparts are well preserved ; its cathedral, 
 begun 1155, is important in the history of art. P. 5900. 
 
 ^nna, Portuguese S. Africa. See Sena. 
 
 Senna, or SIbnab, tn., Persia, prov. Ardilan, 98 m. WNW, 
 •Hamadan. P. 8000. 
 
 Sennar, or Sennaar, tn., eastern Sudan, on the 1. bk, of 
 the Bahr-el-Azrek, 158 m. SSE. Khartum ; cap. of kgd. of 
 Sennar, founded by the Funj at the beginning of the i6th cen- 
 tury ; conquered by the Egyptians, 1821. It is exposed to 
 floods from the Bahr-el-Azrek (Blue Nile). P. 8430. 
 
 Seunar, Seunaar, or Dar-Sennar, country, eastern Sudan, 
 the greater part of which is contained in the triangle formed by 
 the White Nile and the Blue Nile, and the parallel of 12° N. 
 In the widest application of the name, Sennar extends E. to 
 the Atbara, a r. bk. trib. of the upper Nile, SE. to the W. 
 frontier of Abyssinia, and S. to the mountains of Fazokl. It is 
 mainly a nearly dead level, or a slightly undulating plain, in- 
 1416 
 
 dining W. The river dists. are very fertile ; in the other parts 
 the ground is covered with tall grasses, with a few mimosas 
 interspersed. The principal product of the country is durrha, 
 but maize, tobacco, cotton, sesame, &c. , are also grown. The 
 grain is planted after the first showers of summer, and the 
 cultivator then leaves the country to avoid the fevers of the 
 rainy season, returning after five months to reap his crops. 
 The population contains many different elements ; the main 
 appears to be the Funj. 
 
 Seune, riv., Belgium, rises in prov. Hainaut, flows NNW. 
 past Soignies and Brussels. A little to the NW. of Malines 
 it joins the Dyle and then the Nethe, and forms the Rupel. 
 Length, 64 m. 
 
 Senne, sandy and marshy tract, Prussia, Westphalia, dist. 
 Miinster. 
 
 Sennecey-le-Grand, tn. , France, dep. Saone-et- Loire, arr. 
 Chalon, 11 m. S. Ch41on-sur-Sa6ne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Seniieu, par., Eng. , Cornwall, St. Ives div., i m. E. Land's 
 End, 8 m. WSW. Penzance; visited by artists. PMT.O. 
 P. <;75o. Senneu Cove, \ m. to the NW., with coastguard 
 station. 
 
 Sennbelm, tn., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, on the Thur R., 8 J 
 m. NW, by W. Miilhausen, cap. dist. Sennheim. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Senuorl, comm. , Sardinia, prov. and 5 m. NE, by N. Sassari, 
 P, <4000. 
 
 Sennwald, vil., Switzd., cant, and 12 m. SE. by S, St. Gall, 
 near the 1. bk. of the Rhine. P. <3000. 
 
 Senny, par., Wales, co. and 8 m. SW. Brecknock, PMT.O. 
 (Sennybrldge) ; 7691 ac. P. <:250. 
 
 Senola, vil., U.S., Georgia, Coweta co. , 35 m, S, by W, 
 Atlanta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Senomat, vil., Austria, Bohemia, 27 m. NNE, Pilsen, and 
 3J m. W. by S. Rakonitz. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Senouals, dist. , France, formerly in the old prov. of Cham- 
 pagne, now included in deps. Yonne, Aube, Seine-et-Mame, 
 and Loiret. 
 
 Senoncbes, tn., France, dep. Eure-et-Loir, arr, Dreux, 23 
 m, WNW. Chartres. P. <c20oo. 
 
 Senones, tn., France, dep. Vosges, 27 m. SE. by E. Lun6- 
 ville, arr. St. Di6 ; has cotton spinning. Of the ancient abbey 
 church a Roman cupola still exists, which formed the centre 
 of the large Roman basilica, consecrated 1120, and destroyed 
 1534. Here is the tomb of Dom Calmet, the historian of 
 Lorraine, who was Abb6 of Senones from 1728 to 1757, The 
 abbey was founded, 662. Senones also contains remains of the 
 castle of the Princes of Salm, built in the time of Louis XV. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Senorbl, comm., Sardinia, on the Mannu, prov. and 22 m, 
 N. Cagliari. P. <20oo. 
 
 Senra, tn., Upper Egypt, 6J m. NW, Medinet-el-Fayum., 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sens, Agedincum, or Agendicum, before the 3rd century, 
 later Senones, city, France, dep. Yonne, on the Yonne, 31 m. 
 SE. by E. Fontainebleau, cap. arr. Seat of an archbishop; 
 manufactures chemical manure and agricultural implements, 
 and has tanyards. The white chalk of Sens is noted among 
 geologists as giving name to the Senonian formation of the 
 Cretaceous system. The cathedral, begun 1140, is interesting 
 in the history of art. Before Caesar's time Sens was one of the 
 most important towns of the Gauls. Several councils have been 
 held here, the most memorable being that of 1140. P. 14,000. 
 
 Sensbnrg, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Gumbinnen, 
 66 m. SSE. Konigsberg. P. < 4000. 
 
 Seusantepeqne, tn. , Central America, Salvador, 38 m, E. 
 by N. San Salvador. P. 6300. 
 
 Seusnr, oasis, N. Africa, Tripoli, 12J m. WSW, Tripoli. 
 
 SentapUll, vil, Brit. India, See CbantapUll. 
 
 Senteln, tn. , France, dep. Ari^ge, arr. and 13 m. SW, St. 
 Girons; lead and argentiferous zinc mined ; ferruginous springs. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Seutenac, vil., France, dep. Ari^ge, arr. and 8 m. SSE. St. 
 Girons ; copper mined. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sentler, Le, vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 20 m. W. by N. Lau- 
 sanne, a little above the head of Lake Joux, the chief village of 
 the comm. of Le Chenit. Alt, 3360 ft, P, (comm, Le Chenit) 
 <40oo. 
 
 Sentinels, isls., in the S. of the Andaman group, Indian 
 Ocean. North Sentinel is 8j m. long by 3^ m. in breadth ; 
 South Sentinel is a group of four islets 37 m. S. North Sentinel. 
 
 Sentis, mt,, Switzd. See Siintls. 
 
 Sennres, or Sanares, tn., Upper Egypt, 8 m. N. by E. 
 Medinet-el-Fayum. P. (1882) 10,000. 
 
 Seuassl, or Sennsslya, Mussulman brotherhood, whose 
 central seat is at Jarabub, on the frontier of Egypt and Tripoli, 
 in 29° 47' N., 24° 20' E. Their convents are scattered all over 
 N. Africa. According to Duveyrier, the membership numbers 
 from 1,500,000 to 3,000,000. Jarubub is organised as a small 
 cap., and as a university. 
 
 Senyavln (Seniawin) Strait, Russia, in NW, part of Bering 
 Strait, 64° 33'-64° 55' N,, 172° 17-172° 20' E, 
 
S E N Z — S E R F 
 
 Senzi, or SeiiJI, tn., Japan, prov. Muzashi, a N. suburb of 
 Tokyo. P. 11,400. 
 
 Seo, riv. , India. See Seoutith. 
 
 Seo rte I'rgel, or Ilrgel, comm. , Spain, prov. L^rida, 67 m. 
 NE. L6rida. The former and popular name is due to its being 
 the seat of a bishop who is joint suzerain with France of the 
 repubhc of Andorra. The town is purely mediaeval, walled, 
 and entered by four gates. The citadel played an important 
 part in the Carlist wars of the 19th century. The ancient 
 cathedral has a 13th century cloister. A few miles above Seo 
 de Urgel, on the r. bk. of the Segre, is the warm mineral spring 
 establishment of San Vicente. P. <;40oo. 
 
 Seohiira, tn., Brit. India. See Sehora. 
 
 Seon, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 6 m. SE. by E. Aarau. P. <20oo. 
 
 Seoiiilth, or Seo, riv., Brit. India, Central Provs., rises in 
 the Chdndd dist., flows E., forming the boundary between 
 Rdipur and Bildspur, and joins the Mahdnadi at Devfghdt. 
 
 Seonda, tn., Central India, Datia state. P. 6400; Hindus, 
 5500 ; Moham. 700. 
 
 Seoni, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Chdndi, at the 
 confluence of the Wardha and Waingangd, 115 m. SSE. 
 Ndgpur. P. < 5000. 
 
 Seonl, municip. , Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Hoshan- 
 gabad, 55 m. S. Bhopdl. Seoni is the chief mercantile town in 
 the Narbadd valley, and is a cotton and grain entrepdt. P. 
 6800 ; Hindus, 5300. 
 
 Seonl, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Seonf, 70 m. 
 NNE. Nagpur. Alt. 2030 ft. Mean temp., yr. 74° F. , May 
 87°, Dec. 63° ; mean rfall. , yr. 50.9 in., June-Sept. 44.3 in. P. 
 12,000 ; Hindus, 7700 ; Moham. 3200. 
 
 Seoniband, artificial lake, Brit. India, Central Provs., Bhan- 
 dard dist. , about 8 m. in circuit. 
 
 S^on St. Andr^, important locality, near Marseilles, France, 
 dep. Bouches-du- Rhone; manufactures tiles, bricks, and pottery. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Seopnr, tn.. Central India, Gwalior state. P. 7600; Hindus, 
 5100 ; Moham. 2000. 
 
 Seorha, tn.. Central India Agency, Bundelkhand, Datia 
 state, 36 m. E. Moriir, 40 m. NE. Datia. P. (1881) 8000. 
 
 Seoul, cap. Korea. See Soul. 
 
 Sepe-wesk Lake, an expansion of the Nelson R. , Canada, 
 Keewatin, on the extreme NE. frontier of Saskatchewan. 
 
 Septa, riv., Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, rising in Botton 
 Head, on the N. border of the Whitby div., and flowing S. 
 between the div. of Thirsk and Malton and Whitby, joining the 
 Rye on the 1. bk. 
 
 Sephela, tn., Spain. See Seville. 
 
 Sephoris, vil. , Palestine. See Sefurly*. 
 
 Sepias, comm., Greece. See Lankos. 
 
 Seplno, the ancient Sczpinum, vil., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, 
 prov. and 11 m. SSW. Campobasso, 47 m. W. Foggia ; mineral 
 spring. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Seppenrade, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 17 m. SW. by 
 S. Miinster. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sepros, comm., Hungary, co. Arad, dist. Kis-Jeno. • P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Sepsl-Szent-Glorgy, free tn., Hungary, 19 m. NNE. Kron- 
 stadt, cap. prov. Haromsz^k ; important fairs. Scene of the 
 defeat of the Hungarians, 1849. P. 5700. 
 
 Sepston, vil., Eng., Middlesex, Harmondsworth par., 2 m. 
 NE. Colnbrook. 
 
 Septalne, small dist., France, formerly in prov. Berry, now 
 in dep. Cher. 
 
 Sept lies, small group of isls. , France, in the English 
 Channel, along the coast of dep. Cdtes du Nord, arr. Lannion, 
 in 3° 30' W.; chief islands, the lie aux Moines and lie Plate. 
 
 Septlmer Pass. See Alps, Passes, III. (9). 
 
 Septnioncel, vil., France, dep. Jura, arr. and 2J m. ESE. 
 St. Claude ; centre of manufacture of excellent cheeses ; lapi- 
 dary workshops in neighbourhood. P. (comm.)<20oo, 
 
 Sepnlveda^ comm., Spain, prov. and 33 m. NE. by N. 
 Segovia, on the riv. Duraton. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sequana, riv., France. See Seine. 
 
 Sequatchie, co., U.S., Tennessee, in the S., to the E. of 
 meridian 86°. 
 
 SequlUo, riv., Spain, 1. bk. trib. of the Valderaduey. 
 
 Sequoyah, co., U.S., Kansas, in the SW. , intersected by the 
 Arkansas R. 
 
 Serab, tn. , Persia, prov. Azerbaijan, 70 m. E. Tabriz. 
 
 Seraflnce, tn. , Austria, crownland Gahcia, dist. Horodenka. 
 P. <:40oo. 
 
 Sera'i, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 45 m. E. by N. Van, 
 sanjak Hekkiari. P. 3000 ; Ottoman Turks, 2000 ; Nestorians, 
 1000. 
 
 Seralng, comm., Belgium, prov., arr., and 4 m. SW. Lidge, 
 on the r. bk. of the Meuse. The town owes its importance 
 chiefly to the establishments founded in 1817 by the two brothers 
 Cockerell, Englishmen, consisting of coal-mineg, coke and blast- 
 furnaces, puddling, and every branch of the iron and machine 
 industry on a large scale ; 11,000 men are employed in these 
 
 works. The first locomotive on the Continent was made at 
 Seraing in 1835; glass, including plate-glass, also manufactured. 
 P. 34,200; including Jemeppe, Ougr^e, and TUleux, 57,800. 
 
 Serajeyo, tn. , Bosnia. See Sarajevo. 
 
 SerdJgunJ, tn., Brit. India. See SlriiganJ> 
 
 Seraju, riv., Java. See Serayu. 
 
 Seranipnr, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, Hugh dist. , on r. bk. 
 riv. Hugh, 13 m. N. Fort William, Calcutta ; was a Danish 
 settlement until 1845. Serampur was made famous by the work 
 of the Baptist missionaries Carey, Marshman, and Ward ; it 
 has a college and fine library. P. 36,000 ; Hindus, 30,200. 
 
 S^raii, riv. , France. See Aln. 
 
 Serang, another form of the name of the isl. of Ceram, 
 Eastern Archipelago. 
 
 Serang, tn. , Java, 45 m. W. Batavia, in 6° / S. , io8° 9' E. ; 
 cap. residency Bantam. P. < 2000. 
 
 Serantes, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 10 m. NE. 
 Corunna, dist. Ferrol. P. 7000. 
 
 Seravezza, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 17J m. NW. 
 Lucca ; has marble cutting and workshops ; white marble is 
 quarried in the neighbourhood. P. < 3000; comm. P. 9300. 
 
 Serbal, mt. , Arabia Petraea. See Jebel-Serbal. 
 
 Serbaz, vil., Persia, Mekran, 105 m. N. by W. of the SE. 
 corner of the empire. 
 
 Serbaz, dist., Persia, prov. Mekran, or Persian Baluchistan, 
 on the borders of Baluchistan proper, bounded S. by the Gulf 
 of Oman. The country is rugged, mountainous, and sterile ; 
 cap. Serbaz. The inhabitants are nomadic Baluchis, nearly in- 
 dependent. 
 
 Serchlo, riv., Italy, Tuscany, rises in the Apennines, on the 
 Pizzo Cerreto, and flows SSE. then SW. past Lucca to the 
 Gulf of Genoa, which it enters about 7 m. N. of the mouth of the 
 Arno. Length, 68 m.; area of basin, 450 sq. m. ; discharge, 
 mean 1840 cubic ft. per second, highest 53,700, lowest 570. 
 
 Senleles, oasis, Fezzan, about 70 m. NNE. Rhat (Ghat), and 
 220 m. W. Murzuk. 
 
 Serdobsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 129 m. N W. Saratov. 
 P. 7800. 
 
 Seredina-Buda, tn. , Russia, govt, and 125 m. NE. Chernigov, 
 on boundary of Orel. P. 5000. 
 
 Sereg^lyes, comm., Hungary, co. Fej6r, dist. Szekes-Fej^r. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Seregno, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Como, 15 m. N. 
 Milan. P. 7900. 
 
 Serein, riv., France, rises between the Seine, Saone, and 
 Loire, flows NW. past Noyers, Chablis, and Pontigny to the 
 Yonne. Length, 117 m. ; area of basin, 565 sq. m.; not navig- 
 able. 
 
 Serena, dist., Spain, prov. Badajoz, on N. slope of the 
 Sierra Morena. 
 
 Serena, vil., in the S. of Spain, in E. of prov. Almeria, with 
 important deposits of red hematite. 
 
 Serena, La, tn., Chile, prov. Coquimbo, on the W. ct. , in 
 about 21° 58' S. ; copper mined. Mean temp. (4yrs. , 1869-72), 
 yr. 58.5° F. , Feb. 64.6°, July 52.5°. P. 17,200. 
 
 Serend, tn. , Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 60 m. WSW. Teheran. 
 
 Sereres, negro people, W. Africa, Senegal, between Cape 
 Verde and the ridge separating the basins of the rivs. Salum and 
 Gambia. 
 
 Seres, tn., Turkey in Europe, cap. prov. Seres, 43 m. NE. 
 Salonica, 3 m. to the N. of the NW. end of Takhyno-gol, the 
 largest and most important town in E. Macedonia, lies on the 
 edge of the great plain and at the base of the mountains bound- 
 ing the plain on the N. ; manufactures woollen and cotton goods, 
 and carpets. Value of aggregate trade one quarter to one half 
 a million sterling. Exports tobacco, cotton, wool, and skins. 
 P. 30,000. 
 
 Seres, tribe, eastern Sudan, formerly in the N. of Niam-Niam 
 country, principally on the upper tribs. of the Bahr-el-Ghazal. 
 
 Sereth, tn., Austria, crownland Bukovina, 24 m. S. by E. 
 Czernowitz. Alt. 1247 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 45.8° F. , 
 Jan. 23.9°, July 67.5°. P. 7200. 
 
 Sereth, riv., Austria, Galicia, rises in dist. Brody, flows S. 
 past Tarnopol and Trembowla, and enters the Dniester from the 
 left, 30 m. NW. Chotin. 
 
 Sereth, in Roumanian spelling Seretft, riv. , Roumania, rises 
 in Bukovina by two branches, the Great and Little S. , which rise 
 in the Carpathians. They both flow at first N., but gradually 
 turn round and unite 12-15 ™- from the frontier of Roumania. 
 From their confluence the united stream flows SE. past the 
 town Sereth, then SSE., and enters the Danube a few miles 
 above Galatz. Receives, r. bk. , the Suczawa, Moldova, and 
 Bistrija, Trotus, RimnicQ, and Buz6u, and on its left the Barlad. 
 It carries down so much matter in suspension that on entering 
 the Danube it constantly causes the formation of a shoal known 
 as the Tsiglina shoal, which tends to impede the navigation 
 between Galatz and Braila. 
 
 Serflje, Servlje, or Selflje, called by the Greeks Servla, or 
 Servlya, tn., Turkey in Europe, 42 m. NW. by N. Larissa ; 
 founded by the Servians in 636 under the name of Srbica, con- 
 
 1417 
 
SERG — SERR 
 
 quered by the Byzantines, looi, and retaken by Dusan, king of 
 Servia, 1342. Has ruins of a Byzantine fortress. P. 3500, 
 mainly Moham. 
 
 Sergacb, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 100 m. SW. Nizhniy 
 Novgorod. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sergeant Bin ffH, vil. , U.S., Iowa, Woodbury co. , on the 1. 
 bk. of the Missouri, 7 m. S. Sioux City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Serglevsk, tn. , Russia, govt, and 63 m. NE. Samara, in the 
 valley of the Sok. Sergievsk mineral waters (sulpho-alkaline) 
 
 7 m. from it. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Serglerskly Posad, tn., Russia, govt, and 46 m. by rail 
 NE. Moscow, around the Troltsko-Serglevskly Sloiias'tery ? 
 manufactures on a large scale carved wooden spoons and toys, 
 which are sold in large quantities to the pilgrims. P. 31,400. 
 
 Sergbies, vil., France, dep. Yonne, 27 m. E. by S. Fontaine- 
 bleau, arr. and 11 m. N. by W. Sens. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Serglnskly, Upper and Lower, iron-works, Russia, govt. 
 Perm, 43 m. WSW. Ekaterinburg. P. 5650 and 7950. 
 
 Serglopol (Ayagnz), dist. tn. , Russian Central Asia, prov. 
 Semiryechensk, 115 m. NNE. of NE. extremity of Lake 
 Balkhash, on highway to Vyernyi. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sergipe, one of the littoral states (93 m. of coast) of Brazil, 
 and the smallest of all, on the S. bank and mouth of riv. Sao 
 Francisco, traversed by the Irapiranga or Vasa Barris. Interior 
 very fertile (sugar-cane along the slopes of the Itabaiana) ; 
 further back are large campos, with cattle-rearing. The S. 
 part of the plateau is very good for coffee. Very good timber, 
 along with caoutchouc, medicinal plants, &c., in the forests 
 which cover the S. slopes. Gold in the Itabaiana, also iron. 
 The Cotinguiba forms a very good harbour (5 m. long, 38-58 
 ft. deep at Aracaju) ; other ports at the mouths of Irapiranga 
 and Rio Real. See Brazil. 
 
 Serhad, or Sarkad, dist., Persia, prov. Mekran, or Persian 
 Baluchistan, is a high plateau, almost sterile, in the extreme S. 
 of the plateau of Khorassan. 
 
 Serlakas, tn. , Lower Egypt, prov. Kalyubiye, 7J m. NNE. 
 Shubra, on r. bk. of Ismaflie Canal. P. <:3000. 
 
 Serlana, oasis, Algeria, prov. Constantine, loj m. E. Biskra. 
 
 S^rlgnan, tn., France, dep. H6rault, on the Orb, arr. and 6 
 m. SE. B6ziers; manufactures brandy ; sea-bathing. P. < 4000. 
 
 Serlngapatam, tn. and isl. , India, Mysore, on Cauvery R. , 
 
 8 m. NNE. Mysore, and 75 m. by road SW. Bangalore ; sacred 
 to Vishnu, from one of whose names, Srf Ranga, the name of the 
 town is derived. The town has fortifications erected by Tipii 
 Sultan, who was killed in defending them on the occasion of 
 the last assault by the British, under General Harris, in 1799. 
 After the transference of the seat of government to Mysore it 
 rapidly fell into decay, and is now almost deserted. Its popu- 
 lation in 1881 was under 12,000, and its almost deserted site has 
 a bad reputation for malaria. Fairs three times a year are held 
 in the suburb of Ganjam. Seringapatam contains the ruins of 
 Tipu's palace, and a mausoleum built by him for his father, 
 Haidar Ali. The isl. of Seringapatam is 3 m. long, E. to W., 
 and I m. broad, and has a fort. P. (including Ganjam) 11,700. 
 
 Seringapatam, shoal. Pacific, just N. of 30' S., in about 
 159° E. 
 
 Serlngham, India. See Srlrangam. 
 
 Serlno, comm. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 7 m. SE. Avellino, 
 12 J m. NE. by N. Salerno ; manufactures silk and woollen 
 goods. P. 6400. 
 
 Seriphos, or Llvadlon. 1. Isl. , Greece, one of the Cyclades, 
 50 m. S. of the SE. point of Euboea ; rich deposits of iron ore 
 (hematite and magnetic oxide) worked. Area, 25 sq. m. 
 (Wisotzki) ; 30 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). P. (demos) 2731. 2. A 
 town on the E. ct. 
 
 Seripnl, Persia. See SarlpnI. 
 
 Serle, isl. , Pacific. See Beao. 
 
 Serle Island, low coral isl.. Pacific Ocean, Lower Archi- 
 pelago, WN W. Clermont-Tonnerre, in 18° 21' S. and 137° 2' W. 
 Length, 7 m.; average breadth, i| m. 
 
 Serle, Mount, mt. , S. Australia, in the Flinders Range, in 
 30^° S. Alt. 3000 ft. 
 
 Sermalze, tn., France, dep. Marne, arr. and 15 m. ENE. 
 Vitry, on the Saulx ; manufactures clock-works and wooden 
 articles, and has foundries and blast-furnaces ; ferruginous 
 springs. P. <3000. 
 
 Sennano, vil., Corsica, arr. Corte, 29 m. SSW. Bastia. P. 
 ■czooo. 
 
 Sermlde, tn., Italy, Lombardy, on ther. bk. of the Po, prov. 
 and 27 m. ESE. Mantua. P. <30oo. 
 
 Sermlone, penin. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Brescia, on S. 
 shore of Lake Garda ; in the Roman era a country resort ; 
 Catullus, the poet, built a villa here. In the 14th century the 
 Scaligers, lords of Verona, had a fortified castle built near the 
 town of Sermione. Near the E. ct. is a sulphureous thermal 
 spring. 
 
 Sernache do Bomjardlne, or Sarnactae, tn., Portugal, 
 Beira, 37 m. W. Castello Branco. P. <:400o. 
 
 Sernens, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 16 m. E. by N. Chur ; 
 bathing establishment (alt. 3230 ft.) near. P. <2ooo. 
 1418 
 
 Seron, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 28 m. N. Almeria, dist. 
 Purchena ; has a fortified castle, dating from the time of the 
 Moors. P. (comm.) 7000. 
 
 S«'ron, small dist. of the ancient co. of Foix, France, now in 
 dep. Ariege. 
 
 Serowltz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 27 m. ESE. Tabor, and 5 
 m. SE. by E. Kamenitz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Serpa, tn. , Portugal, Alemtejo, dist. Beja, 45 m. SSE. 
 Evora ; near noted cascades of the Guadiana. Has pig-breed- 
 ing for the Spanish market ; its wines are good. Serpa was 
 conquered by Affonso Henriquez, 1166, retaken by the Moors, 
 again taken by Sancho II., 1230, then by the Castillians, and 
 lastly by King Diniz in 1295. The fortifications were destroyed 
 by Spain, 1708. P. 6100. 
 
 Serpa, tn., Brazil, on the Amazon, no m. E. Manaos. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Serpenlzza, vil., Austria, Gorz and Gradisca, 26 m. N. by 
 W. Gorz. 
 
 Serpentine, post-tn. , W. Australia, Murray co., 25 m. S. 
 Perth. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Serpentine Creek, or Janlember East, post-tn., Victoria, 
 Bendigo co., 31 m. NW. by N. Sandhurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Serpents, Isle of, or Fldonisl, isl. , Roumania, in the Black 
 Sea, 23 m. ENE. the Sulina mouth of Danube. 
 
 Serpent's Blouth, or Bora de la Slerpe, strait, between 
 Trinidad I. and Venezuela. Length 35 m. , by 10 m. in width. 
 Serphoponlon (serfopulo), isl., Greece, one of the Cyclades, 
 46 m. S. of the SE. point of Euboea. 
 
 SerpnkhoT, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 61 m. by rail S. of 
 Moscow, on hills at the Nara R., near its junction with Oka ; 
 was for a long time the stronghold of Moscow against Tatar 
 invasions. Important cotton, woollen cloth, and paper mills ; 
 tanneries, iron and chemical works. Port on Oka. P. 23,200. 
 Serq, one of the Channel Is. See Sark. 
 Serra, Portuguese, ' a mountain chain having a serrated 
 appearance." See Sierra. 
 
 Serra, La, mt., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, between 
 Biella and Iwea, is a detached portion of the Alps, trending 
 SSE. for loj m. Alt. 1585-2800 ft. 
 
 Serra, tn. , Portugal, Estremadura, 30 m. NNE. Santarem. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Serracaprlola, comm., Italy, Apulia, prov. Foggia, 13 m. 
 NW. San Severo. P. 5600. 
 
 Serra da Dlantlqnelra, mt. chain, Brazil. See IHantl- 
 qnelra. 
 
 Serra de' Conti, vil. , Italy, The Marches, prov. and 25 m. 
 WSW. Ancona ; saline and sulphureous mineral springs. P. < 
 2000; comm. P. < 3000. 
 
 SerraMle-Scopaniene, vil. , Corsica, arr. Sartene, 22 m. SE. 
 by E. Ajaccio. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Serradlfalco, comm., Sicily, prov. and 10 m. WSW. Cal- 
 tanissetta ; centre of sulphur mining. P. 7800. 
 
 Serradllla, La, tn. , Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 28 m. 
 NNE. Caceres; has an ancient women's convent, resorted to 
 by pilgrims. P. <:3000. 
 Serraggio, comm., Corsica, 30 m. NE. Ajaccio. P. 2000. 
 Serramanna, tn., Sardinia, on the Samassi, prov. and 17^ 
 m. NW. by N. Cagliari ; cultivates water-melons, artichokes, 
 and figs. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Serra Malta das Canastras, mt. chain, Brazil. See Mata 
 da Corde. 
 
 Serrara Fontana, vil., Italy, Campania, prov. Naples, 13 
 m. WSW. Pozzuoli, Ischia I. ; has an acidulated saline spring, 
 and another famous spring at Olmitello, near the S. ct. of the 
 island. P. <20oo. 
 
 Serra San Bruno, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 26 
 m. SW. by S. Catanzaro. P. <4000 ; including Spinetto, 
 P. 5300. 
 
 Serra San Qnirlco, vil. , Italy, The Marches, prov. and 27 
 m. WSW. Ancona. P. < 3000; comm. P. 4000. 
 
 Serrastretta, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 12 m. NW. 
 Catanzaro. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Serrat, Cap. See Munshlkar, Bas. 
 
 Serravalle, comm. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and i8i m. SE. 
 Alessandria. P. <40C)o. 
 
 Serravalle PIstolese, vil., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Florence, 
 4J m. WSW. Pistoia ; acidulated ferruginous mineral spring. 
 P. <300o; comm. P. 5900. 
 
 Serrawat, region in Algeria, prov. Constantine, traversed 
 by the upper (W. to E.) course of the Wed-er-Rumel ; well 
 adapted for wheat. 
 
 Serre, riv., France, deps. Ardennes and Aisne, rises about 
 
 18 m. W. M^zi^res-Charleville, flows W. by S. to the Oise in 
 
 the prairies of F^re. Length, 70 m.; area of basin, 715 sq. m. 
 
 Serre, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, 7 m. SSE. Cam- 
 
 pagna. P. <3000 ; comm. P. <:40cio. 
 
 Serres, vil, France, dep. Hautes-Alpes. on the Buech, arr. 
 Gap, 50 m. ENE. Orange. P. <20oo. 
 
 Serrl*re», tn., France, dep. Ard^che, on the r. bk. of the 
 Rhone, 20 m. ESE. St. Etienne, arr. Tournon. P. <20oo. 
 
SERR — SERV 
 
 Serro, tn. , Brazil, Minas Geraes, 140 m. NNE. Ouro Preto ; 
 gold mined ; diamond deposits. P. 7000. 
 
 Sersale, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. , circle, and 10 m. NE. 
 Catanzaro; sulphureous ferruginous spring. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ser8>eI>Lynna, or Iiyana, tn. , Lower Egypt, prov. Menu- 
 fiye, 8 m. SSW. Shibin-el-Kum. P. 10,600. 
 
 Sert, Asiatic Turkey. See Sort. 
 
 Serna, two volcanic isls. , E. Indies, in the SW. group, in 
 6° 21' S. , 130° 5' E. The last eruption was in 1844. Alt. 660 ft. 
 
 Serval, or Servols, small dist. , France, dep. Oise. 
 
 Serverette, vil. , France, dep. Lozere, arr. Marvejols, 70 m. 
 SW. St. Etienne, 14 m. NNW. Mende. P. <20oo. 
 
 Servla, Turkey in Europe. See Serllje. 
 
 Servla (Slavonic Srblja), independent kingdom of Europe, 
 less than two-fifths of the size of England, lying between Hun- 
 gary (N.) and Turkey-in- Europe (S.), and between Bulgaria 
 (E. ) and Austria, or rather Bosnia (W.), and divided as shown 
 in the following table :— 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Pop. in 
 
 Thousands. 
 
 1891.I 
 
 Pop. per 
 sq. m. 
 
 Belgrade, city . 
 Crna-Rjeka 
 Danube (Podunavlje) 
 
 5 
 
 556 
 
 1,247 
 
 54 
 
 70 
 
 207 
 
 10,800 
 
 126 
 
 17 
 
 Kragujevac 
 
 Kraina .... 
 
 Krusevac. 
 
 Morava .... 
 
 921 
 1.258 
 1.257 
 1,201 
 
 141 
 
 92 
 
 150 
 
 160 
 
 153 
 
 73 
 
 119 
 
 133 
 
 Nis (Nish), city 
 
 Pirot .... 
 
 4 
 1,214 
 
 20 
 121 
 
 5,000 
 100 
 
 Podrinje .... 
 
 Po2arevac 
 
 Rudnik .... 
 
 1,300 
 1. 405 
 1. 757 
 
 177 
 205 
 152 
 
 136 
 
 146 
 
 86 
 
 Tiniok .... 
 
 808 
 
 93 
 
 "5 
 
 Toplica .... 
 Uiice .... 
 
 1.399 
 1,688 
 
 121 
 
 138 
 
 86 
 82 
 
 Valjevo .... 
 Vranja 
 
 Total 
 
 1,122 
 1,620 
 
 "5 
 149 
 
 102 
 92 
 
 18,762 
 
 2,1622 
 
 "S 
 
 1 Dec. 31, 1890, O.S., Jan. 12, 1891, N.S. 
 
 2 The population at the census of 1879 was 1,669,300, which gives a 
 mean rate of increase of 2.18 per cent, per annum ; but the 1879 census 
 was admittedly less accurate than that of 1891, which affects, of course, 
 the value of the calculated rate of increase. 
 
 The boundaries are formed by the Danube (200 m. ) and the 
 Save (90 m.) on the N., by the Drina (100 m. ) on the W. , by 
 the Timok (25 m. ) on the E. , and in other quarters (E. , SW. , 
 and W. ) by conventional frontiers. The longest line, drawn 
 from NW. to SE. , measures 220 m. The area is 18,750 sq. m. , 
 or only about one-fifth as large as Great Britain. The surface, 
 except in part alongside the Danube, is mountainous. Not that 
 it contains any well-marked independent system ; but the ex- 
 tremities or furthest outliers of the Alps, Carpathians, Balkans, 
 Rhodope Mts. , and Albanian Mts. all meet within its confines. 
 Succinctly stated, the contour shows a number of mountain 
 knots radiating short chains in all directions. As a whole, the 
 surface slopes gradually towards the Danube (N.). Everywhere 
 the mountains are interpenetrated by long, deep, and narrow 
 valleys, mostly traversed by torrents. The longest and widest 
 valley, that of the Morava, the most important of the purely 
 Servian rivers, runs from S. to N., inclining to W. , and roughly 
 divides the country into two portions. The mountain ranges of 
 the W. side of Servia — the Cer Planina and Vlasic (2353 ft.), 
 Jagodina Planina (2500-3000 ft.), §turac (3836 ft.), Maljen 
 (2625 ft.)— meet in the Povlen Planina (4173 ft.); they are 
 generally well-wooded, and rich in pasturage. A still more 
 important orographical feature of the same dist. is the pictur- 
 esque alpine region of Zlatibor (3000 ft.). Along the SW. 
 frontier stretch the Golija Planina (6500 ft.), the Kopaonik (28 
 m.), and the Goljak Planina (3914 ft) ; the culminating point of 
 Kopaonik is Suvo-Rudiste (6900 ft.), which sends off E. the 
 Jastrebac Planina (5138 ft.). The SE. is invaded by offshoots of 
 the Rila (or Rhodope) Mts. , which run up to 6330 ft. in Mount 
 Stresar. Further N. the E. frontier crosses the Stara Planina 
 (6600 ft.), above which towers the loftiest point in all Servia, 
 namely, Mizur (7107 ft.). In the NE. corner of the kingdom 
 the Carpathian outliers radiate from the Pek Planina (3000-3600 
 ft.), the chief ranges being the Miroc Planina (2589 ft. ) and the 
 Biljanica (Mount Lisac, 4767 ft.). The principal rivers are 
 the Danube {Dunav) and its affluents, embracing the Save 
 [Savd) with its tribs. the Drina and Kolubara ; the Morava, 
 with its trib. the Ibar ; and the Mlava, Pek, and Timok. All 
 these flow, generally speaking, from S. to N. ; but the only ones 
 that are navigable are the Danube and the Save, though formerly 
 the Morava was to some extent navigable. There are four 
 geological regions ; the E. side of the Morava is characterised i 
 
 by Cretaceous limestones ; in the S. and SW. , between the two 
 arms of the Morava, crystalline schists predominate ; further W. 
 and N. come Palasozoic and Mesozoic (Triassic, Jurassic, and 
 Cretaceous) schists and limestones, with eruptive rocks of later 
 date ; alongside the Danube and the Save, Quaternary alluvium 
 is the prevailing formation. On the whole, the country enjoys a 
 fairly temperate climate, inclined, however, to continental ex- 
 tremes, partly in consequence of its elevation, and partly because 
 of the valley of the Danube offering an easy ingress to the cold 
 winds of the N. and NE. Warm moist winds from the W. and 
 SW. sometimes get over or round the mountains. The extreme 
 NE. (prov. Kraina) has a precisely similar chmate to Roumania. 
 Yearly mean temp. 55° F., Jan. 49°, July 73^°; but the range, 
 both monthly and yearly, is exceptionally wide, moving between 
 a summer maximum of 113°, and a winter minimum of -13° F. 
 Rfall. 25 in. The fauna includes the bear, wild boar, lynx, 
 wolf, fox, deer, chamois, roebuck ; eagle, vulture, falcon, stork, 
 and various wild-fowl ; salmon, sturgeon, carp, trout, and pike. 
 Servia is emphatically an agricultural country, though agri- 
 culture is in a deplorably backward condition ; and the area 
 tinder grain crops and the vine together does not exceed 2 per 
 cent, of the entire surface. But the principal occupations of the 
 people are keeping swine and cattle, and, in a secondary degree, 
 sheep and goats. The swine are fed chiefly in the oak forests 
 of the W. and SW. borders; and there, too, are the finest 
 pastures. Maize (the food of the people) and wheat are the 
 principal crops grown ; the others are barley, oats, rye, hemp, 
 tobacco (especially in Uzice and Aleksinac), beans, capsicums 
 (red pepper), water-melons, and vegetables (onions and garlic). 
 The vine is extensively grown near Negotin (NE.) and Sme- 
 derevo (on the Danube). Plums are extraordinarily common, 
 and are exported in vast quantities under the name of prunes. 
 Silkworm eggs are produced in the Morava valley, and bees 
 are kept in the E. and middle of the country. Forests cover 
 probably 15 per cent, of the area; they are thickest in the SW. 
 and W., and consist in great part of oaks, though pines and 
 firs predominate in the Morava Valley. The beech, elm, ash, 
 birch, lime, maple, and wild walnut and mulberry also occur. 
 Servia is reputedly very rich in minerals, though as yet they 
 are comparatively little mined, chiefly owing to want of capital. 
 Lead, silver, iron, copper, and gold exist in the Kopaonik Mts., 
 in prov. Rudnik (SW. Kragujevac), in the basin of the Pek 
 (chiefly at Maidanpek and Kucevo or Kucajna), in the SE. 
 dist. between the Morava and the Nisava Rivs. , in prov. Crna- 
 Rjeka (E.), and prov. Podunavlje (N.). Coal is present in great 
 abundance, principally in the NE. (in Timok valley, near 
 Negotin, at Dobra on the Danube, and in Pek valley) and in 
 the valley of the Morava (Senje, Cuprija, Paracin, and at Nis 
 and Aleksinac). Zinc and antimony exist in provs. Podrinje 
 (near Krupanj) and Valjevo, both in the NW.; quicksilver at 
 Avala, S. of Belgrade ; and lithographic stones near Valjevo. 
 Coal is the only mineral extracted to any extent, and in 
 addition thereto a little lead, iron, and copper. Evidences of 
 Roman workings have been found in the Kopaonik Mts., in 
 the Pek valley, and in prov. Podunavlje. Mineral springs are 
 pretty common; those of Josanica (N. of the Kapaonik Mts.), 
 Brestovacka (N. of prov. Crna-Rjeka), Aranjelovac (half way 
 between Belgrade and Kragujevac), and Smrdan (beside the 
 Drina, near Loznica) are probably the best known. Servia has 
 but few manufactures outside of her domestic industries, which 
 embrace the making of clothing, wooden and iron utensils, 
 linens and woollens, and embroidery in gold and silver. There 
 are, however, flour-mills at Belgrade and Pozarevac, carpet- 
 factories at Pirot and Trstenik (W. Krusevac), breweries at 
 Belgrade, Nis, and other towns, brick and tile works at Aran- 
 jelovac, glass-works at Jagodina (in prov. Morava), cloth 
 is manufactured at Paracin, arms at Kragujevac, ropes at 
 Vranja and Leskovac (SE.), silver fiUgree at Belgrade, Nil, 
 Leskovac, and Uzice (near Zlatibor Planina in the W.), baskets 
 at Belgrade, travelling-trunks in various quarters. The country 
 possesses a fairly good network of roads, but they are generally 
 in a very ruinous and neglected condition. The other means of 
 transit are the Danube and Save, and nearly 400 m. of railways. 
 The principal trunk line ascends the Morava valley from Belgrade, 
 and a little beyond Vranja enters the Turkish vilayet of Kossovo, 
 thus forming a portion of the main line that connects Constanti 
 nople with Vienna. Two other important lines have been 
 sanctioned, one from Radujevac, on the Danube, up the Timok 
 valley to Nis, and thence by Prokuplje SW. to join the Turkish 
 Ushkub-Mitrovica line in Kossovo ; the other from Krusevac 
 up the Servian Morava valley to Uzice, in the W. There are 
 approximately 2000 m. of telegraphs. About 75 per cent, of the 
 foreign commerce of Servia is carried on with Austria-Hungary ; 
 Turkey, Germany, and England come next, but at a long 
 interval behind. The imports, consisting chiefly of cottons and 
 linens, sugar, coffee, and other groceries, ready-made clothing, 
 iron and other metals, wool and woollens, hides and leather, oils 
 and fats, timber and wooden goods, fancy goods, drugs and 
 chemicals, glass, &c. , range between i| and 2 millions; the 
 exports, principally live stock (swine and oxen for the most part), 
 
 1419 
 
S E R V — S E T T 
 
 cereals, pranes, &c., and hides and leather, generally exceed the 
 imports by a quarter of a million in annual value. In addition 
 to this there is a transit trade between Austria- Hungary and the 
 Balkan states valued at nearly one million sterling in the aggre- 
 gate. Since 1876 the metric system of weights and niensnres 
 has been in use in Servia. The unit of money is the dinars i 
 franc, and divided into 100 para. The head of the govern- 
 ment is the hereditary, constitutional king. He is assisted by 
 eight ministers of state, and by a state council of sixteen members, 
 elected from persons nominated by himself (8) and by the Skup- 
 china (16). This last is the chief legislative power of the land ; 
 it consists of 130 members, elected directly by the jseople. Every 
 man between the ages of 18 and 48 is liable to military service — 
 10 years with the standing army and its reserve, 10 years with 
 the first militia, and 10 years with the reserve militia. In time 
 of war the Servian forces mount up to 105,000 regulars, with 
 some 141,000 of the militia. The population consists almost 
 wholly (90 per cent. ) of Servians, who belong to the Slav family ; 
 in addition there are about 7 per cent, of Roumanians (in the E. ) 
 and 2 per cent, of Gypsies. Ninety per cent, of the population 
 belong to the peasant class. A peculiar social institution — 
 zadruga — prevails amongst them, by which several blood relatives 
 voluntarily associate themselves together in rural communes, 
 under the rule of a patriarchal elder or family head, and share 
 their property and labour in common. Besides, the bulk of the 
 populations of Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Montenegro are Servian , 
 and there are a large number of Servians in Hungary and in 
 the Turkish vilayet of Kossovo. In all it is estimated that there 
 are close upon 4,000,000 Servians outside of Servia, without count- 
 ing the Slav population of Macedonia (see Tnrkey-ln-Enrope). 
 The established religion is that of the Orthodox Greek Church, 
 at the head of which stands the metropolitan of all Servia, and 
 he is further assisted by bishops. Attendance at school is com- 
 pulsory for 6 years. There is a university at Belgrade, and 
 also a royal academy. The principal towns, including the 
 cap. , Belgrade, have been already mentioned. History. — The 
 Slav tribes, from whom are descended the modern Servians, 
 settled in Servia and Bosnia, and the dists. immediately S. of 
 them, towards the middle of the 7th century ; and although they 
 accepted Christianity from the Byzantine emperors, they refused 
 to give them anything more than a half-hearted political alle- 
 giance. From the middle of the 12th century the Servians 
 began to take the leading position amongst the states of the 
 Balkan Penin. , chiefly under the able leadership of Stephen 
 Dushan, who died in 1356. But in 1389 his people were disas- 
 trously routed by the Turks on the ' Field of Blackbirds,' in 
 Kossovo, and from that time down to 1804 the Servians were 
 crushed under the iron rule of the Turks. During the years 
 1718-39, however, Servia was a prov. of Austria. In 1804, 
 and again in 1815, a revolt broke out against Turkish oppression, 
 and resulted (in 1829) in the concession to the Servians of a large 
 share of self-government. The last Turkish garrisons quitted the 
 country in 1867. After participating in the Russo-Turkish war 
 of 1878-79 against her old enemies, Servia was in 1882 pro- 
 claimed a kingdom. Since then she has fought a short but 
 inglorious war against Bulgaria (1885). See A. Tuma, Serbien 
 (1894), map (since 1887) by Servian military officers. [J. T. B.] 
 Servian, tn., France, dep. H^rault, arr. and 7 m. NE. by N. 
 B6ziers. P. 'Cyxx'- 
 
 Servlceton, junc. stn. , S. Australia, 196 m. from Adelaide, 
 and 312 m. from Melbourne by rail ; site of the junction of the 
 railway systems of Victoria and S. Australia. 
 
 Servlcetou, stn., Victoria, Lowan co., 128 m. NW. by N. 
 Ararat. P. <:c5oo. 
 
 ServUe, tn., Turkey in Europe. See Serflje. 
 SerrlUeta, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Taos co., 70 m. 
 N. Santa F6. 
 Serrlya, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Serflje. 
 Servols, dist., France. See Serval. 
 
 Serrola, seapt. vil., Austria, terr. and 2 m. SSE. Trieste. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Sesan, riv. , Indo-China, rises in prov. Binh-dinh, Annam, 
 flows S. then W. and enters the Mekong at Stung-Treng. 
 Sese, isls. , central Africa. See Sesse. 
 
 Sesenhelm, vil., Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, circle Hagenau, 
 18^ m. NE. by N. Strassburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sesbeke, or Sheslieke, vil. , Brit. S. Africa, Batonga country, 
 on the left or N. bank of the Zambezi, in 24° 40' E. ; station of 
 the Paris Evangelical Mission. 
 
 Sesla, riv., Italy, Piedmont, rises in the Alps, on the slopes of 
 Monte Rosa, and flows ESE. and S. past Vercelli to the Po, 
 which it joins on the 1. bk. Below Vercelli it forms in places 
 the boundary between Lombardy and Piedmont. Length, 86 m. ; 
 area of basin, 1125 sq. m. ; discharge in cubic feet per second, 
 mean 2740, highest 47,700. 
 
 Seslr de Mer and de Terre, two small isls. off the SE. ct. of 
 Annam, the latter close to the land. 
 
 Seskanore, P.O., Ire., co. Tyrone, 3 m. NE. Fintona stn. 
 Seskllgreen, P.O., Ire., co. Tyrone, 3 m. from Ballygawley. 
 Sesklnan, par., Ire., co. Waterford, bars. Decies without 
 1420 
 
 Drum and Glenahiry, on riv. Nier, 8 m. NE. Cappoquin ; 
 16,983 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sesklnore, tnld. , Ire. , S. co. Tyrone, bar. E. Omagh, 6 m. 
 S. by E. Omagh. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sesqulle, vil., Colombia, dep. Cundinamarca ; salt mined. 
 P. (dist. )< 4000. 
 
 Sessa, the ancient 5«£wa, city, Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 
 18 m. E. Gaeta; seat of a bishop. Birthplace of the poet Lucilius. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Sessana, comm. , Austria, Gorz and Gradisca, 7 m. NE. by 
 E.Trieste. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sessay, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton 
 div., 9I m. E. by N. Ripon, on the NE. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sesse, isls., in the NW. of Lake Victoria Nyanza, central 
 Africa, inhabited by a people akin to the Waganda ; the main 
 island very irregular in shape, and nearly divided into two by a 
 depression only 3-6 ft. above the level of the lake, used as a 
 portage for canoes. 
 
 Sessuela, tn. , Italy. See Maddalonl. 
 
 Sesswlck, par., Wales, Denbighshire, 6 m. SE. Wrexham. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Sesta Godano, comm., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, 15 m. 
 NNW. Spezia. P. <:sooo. 
 
 Sestao, comm., Spain, prov. Vizcaya, dist. Valmaseda. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Sesto Cremonese, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 6 m. 
 WNW. Cremona. P. <:300o; comm. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sesto Florentlno, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 5 m. NNW. 
 Florence ; manufactures cloths, hats, and pottery. Has a school 
 of design, partly supported by the government, founded in 1873. 
 P. 5300. 
 
 Sestola, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. Modena, 29 m. NE. by 
 N. Lucca. P. <3000. 
 
 Sestos, riv. , Africa. See Liberia. 
 
 Sesto San Giovanni, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Milan, 
 4^ m. SSW. Monza. P. < 4000; comm. P. 5500. 
 
 Sestrl^res, Col de, pass of the Alps, Italy, Piedmont, be- 
 tween the valley of the Dora Riparia and Chisone or Clusone ; 
 is the route from Brian9on to Pignerolo. Alt. 6660 ft. 
 
 Sestrl Levante, seapt. tn., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on 
 the coast, 24 m. NW. by W. Spezia ; copper mined to the N. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sestrl Ponente, seapt. tn. , Italy, Liguria, prov. and 4J m. 
 W. by N. Genoa ; has naval workshops, tanyards, and brick- 
 kilns, and manufactures tobacco and food-stuffs. P. 10,900. 
 
 Sestroryetsk (Sestrebek), tn., Russia, govt, and 17 m. NW. 
 of St. Petersburg, i m. from shore of Gulf of Finland, on Sestra 
 R. ; great rifle factories of the crown ; branch railway to St. 
 Petersburg, Helsingfors line. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Set, or Seata, Anglo-Saxon, Ger. Siedel or Sitz, Gaelic 
 Stiidfie, 'a settlement' or 'possession,' cognate with the Latin 
 Sedes ; e.g., Settle in Yorkshire, ' the settlement.' In the Lake 
 district this word often takes the form of side ; e.g. , Ambleside ; 
 Holstein, ancient Holtsatia, ' the settlement in the woods ; ' 
 Neusiedel, ' the new settlement ; ' Einsiedeln, ' the settlement of 
 Eina,' in Switzerland ; Seagoe, Irish Suidhe Gobha, ' St. Gobha's 
 Seat." 
 
 Setabis, tn. , Spain. See JdtlTa. 
 
 Setados, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 28 m. SSE. Ponte- 
 vedras, on r. bk. of the Minho. P. 5500. 
 
 Setanket, East, vil., U.S., New York, Suffolk co., on Long 
 Island Sound, 50 m. ENE. Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Setcliey, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, 4 m. S. King's Lynn. P. < 
 250. See Runcton, >'ortli. 
 
 Setchy, riv. , Eng. See Nar. 
 
 Set«nll de las Bodegas, comm., Spain, Andalusia, prov. 
 and 66 m. ENE. Cadiz. P. <40oo. 
 
 8et« Qne<las (' Seven Falls '), cascade in the Parand R. (q.v. ). 
 
 Setlf, the ancient Siti/is, comm., Algeria, 41 m. SSE. Bougie, 
 cap. arr. Important market. Trade in grain, cattle, horses, 
 sheep, wool, leather, and Arabian stuffs and carpets. Setif was 
 the point whence started the highways to all Numidian towns. 
 When Numidia was divided into two provs. , Siti/is was the cap. 
 of the E. prov. Has ruins of a Roman town and ancient citadel. 
 Alt. 3563 ft. Annual rfall. (5 yrs.), 13.11 in. P. 12,100. 
 
 Setlt, riv., eastern Sudan, rises in Abyssinia, flows N. and W., 
 and enters the Atbara from the r. bk. at Tomat, in about 14° 20' 
 N. Setit is really the lower course of the Takazze (q.v.). 
 
 SetlagoU, vil., Brit. Bechuana-land, about 56 m. NNE. Vry- 
 burg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Setmnrtby, par., Eng., Cumberland, near Cockermouth. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Setoma, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. Monastir, 27 m. ESE. 
 Gorcha or Koriza. P. <3000. 
 
 Seton, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on Cayoosch 
 R., 105 m. NE. by N. Vancouver, near the r. bk. of the Eraser 
 R., in 50" 40' N. 
 
 Seto-achl, Japan. See Inland Sea. 
 
 Setta, tn., W. Africa, Upper Guinea, Dahome, 26 ra. NNE. 
 I Abome. P. 9000. 
 
S E T T — S E V I 
 
 Sette-Cania, country, W. Africa, French Congo, between 
 2° is' and 2° 56' 8" S. , bounded by the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Sette Coinuiil (' the seven communes'), dist. , Italy, Venetia, 
 prov. Vicenza, occupying a plateau which overlooks the plain of 
 Vicenza on the S. , and on the N. reaches the frontier of the 
 Trent dist. (Tirol) and Venetia. The seven comms. are Asiago, 
 Enego, Foza, Gallio, Lusiana, Roana, and Rotzo. The in- 
 habitants speak a German patois. 
 
 Settlmn, range of mts. , E. Africa, surmounting the plateau E. 
 of Lake Naivasha, crossed by 36^° E. , S. of 0° 30' S. ; partly 
 corresponding in position to the Aberdare Range of Thomson. 
 
 Settinio, comm. , Sardinia, prov. and 6J m. NE. by N. 
 Cagliari. P. < 2000. 
 
 Settlmo Torlnese, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 6 m. NE. 
 Turin. P. <3ooo ; comm. P. <40oo. 
 
 Settlnio Vlttoiie, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, on 
 the Dora Baltea, 27 m. SE. by E. Aosta. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Setting, lake, Canada, on the N. frontier of Saskatchewan, 
 in 98^° W. ; it receives the Grass R. on its W. side, and is 
 drained by that river NE. into the Nelson. 
 
 Settle, market-tn. and par., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Skipton div. , on the 1. bk. of the Ribble, at the foot of Castleberg 
 cliff, 19J m. N. Burnley, on the M. R. ; has some cotton manu- 
 factures ; cattle fairs. Settle is a convenient tourist centre. 
 About 2 m. NE. Langcliffe Scar is Victoria Cave, in which were 
 discovered bones of the rhinoceros and other prehistoric animals. 
 Market-day, Tu. 4490 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Settrliigtoii, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., i6i m. SW. by W. Scarborough, 3 m. E. by S. Malton, 
 on the NE. R. , P.O. ; 4988 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Settsn, kuni or sub-prefecture of Ozaka-fu, Japan. 
 
 Settsn, kuni or old prov., Japan, now included in Ozaka-fu 
 and Hyogo ken. 
 
 Settlor, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Tinnevelli, in 9°26'N., 
 77° 31' E. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Setn1>al, seapt. , Portugal, known to English sailors as St. 
 Ires, Estremadura, dist. and 20 m. SE. Lisbon ; chief imports, 
 coal, oil, and tin-plate ; exports salt, from the salt-works of 
 Setubal, used by the fishers of Iceland, Norway, and Sweden ; 
 also sardines, oranges, corks, and wine (Malmsey). The port 
 is protected by two forts. Fish are plentiful. Cork and stopper- 
 making occupy nearly all the pop. ; lace-making is also carried 
 on. Birthplace of the poet Bocage. The bay of Setubal, which 
 is entered by the Sado, 3 m. SSW. the town, is 37 m. wide at 
 mouth, and 18 J m. long. P. 14,800. 
 
 Setzdorf, tn. , Austria, Silesia, 43 m. NW. by W. Troppau. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Setzn, maritime prov., Japan, in S. of Honshiu, bounded by 
 the Inland Sea. 
 
 Senl, cap. Korea. See Sonl. 
 
 Seurre, tn. , France, dep. Cote d'Or, on the Saone, 23 m. S. 
 by E. Dijon, arr. Beaune ; manufactures agricultural implements, 
 &c. ; cultivation of hops. P. < 3000. 
 
 Seuve Foutelu, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. and 21 m. 
 SSE. Middelburg. 
 
 Sevanga, Armenian name of Gokcha Lake (^. v. ). 
 
 Sevastopol, tn., Russia. See Sevastopol. 
 
 Sevastopol, vil., U.S., Iowa, Polk co., on Des Moines R., 
 suburb of Des Moines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sevdlltol, tn. , Asia Minor, 7 m. S. Smyrna. 
 
 Sevelen, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Geldern, iii m. 
 NNW. Krefeld. P.<3ooo. 
 
 Seven, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, rising in Westerdale 
 Moor, in the S. of the Cleveland div. , and flowing S. through 
 the Whitby div., joining the Rye on the 1. bk. at Little Habton, 
 4I m. NW. of Malton. 
 
 Seven Acres, uninhabited par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, in Boston 
 union. Parts of Holland div. 
 
 Seven Arches, fine series of sea caverns. Ire., co. Donegal, 
 on Lough Swilly, Clondavaddog par. 
 
 Seven Capes, the ancient Tritum Promontorium , a gfroup of 
 seven headlands in the Mediterranean, near Jebel Gufi, W. of 
 Collo ; lighthouse. 
 
 Sevenbampton, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Cirencester div. , 
 5 m. E. Cheltenham, \\ m. NNE. Andoversford stn. P. <50o. 
 
 Seveiilianipton, part of eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire. See 
 Hlgh^vortb. 
 
 Seven Heads, cape, Ire., on S. ct. of co. Cork, in 8° 42' W. 
 
 Seven Hogs Islands, islets. Ire. See Magliaree. 
 
 Sevenlillls, post-tn. , New South Wales, Cumberland co. , in 
 33° 38' S. , 150° 57' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Seven Hills, post-tn., S. Australia, Stanley co., 73 m. N. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sevenoaks, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 3J m. 
 NNW. Northwich. P. <2So. 
 
 Sevenoaks, par. and market-tn., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks 
 div., 6 m. NW. by N. Tunbridge, amidst beautiful scenery, 
 with a stn. (Sevenoaks and Rlverliead) on the SE. R., and 
 another stn. (Sevenoaks Bat and Ball) on the L. C. & D. R.; 
 has many country residences, and a grammar-school, founded 
 
 1432. Alt. 500-700 ft. Mean annual rfall., 29.84 in. 6805 ac. 
 Par. P. 9300; tn. P. 7600; pari. div. P. 80,100. 
 
 Sevenoaks Meald, eccles. par. , 2^ m. S. of and included in 
 Sevenoaks par. P. < 1000. 
 
 Seven Sisters, stn., Eng., Middlesex, Tottenham div., 5 m. 
 N. by E. St. Paul's, London, on the G. E. R. 
 
 Seven Sisters, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., on 
 the M. & Neath & Brecon Rly., 8 m. NNE. Neath; coal is 
 worked in the neighbourhood. PMT.O. 
 
 Seven Stones, rocks, Eng. , Cornwall, 18 m. W. by S. Land's 
 End ; a light-vessel is stationed about 2 m. ENE. 
 
 Seventeen Mile Rocks, vil., Queensland, on riv. Brisbane, 
 12 m. from Brisbane by road. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Seventon, vil. , Eng. , Wiltshire, 6 m. NW. Chippenham. 
 
 Seven Tors, hill range, Eng., Devonshire, on the N. ct. , to 
 the E. of Ilfracombe. 
 
 Sever, tn. , Portugal, Beira, dist. Aveiro ; silver-lead mined 
 near. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Severa, Monte, mt., Sardinia, in the SW., 20 m. SW. 
 Cagliari. 
 
 Severac, tn. , France, dep. and on riv. Aveyron, arr. Millau, 
 54 m. NE. by E. Albi, 25 m. E. Rodez. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Severek, or Sttverek, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet and sanjak 
 and 25 m. WSW. Diarbekir, on the main road to Urfa and 
 Aleppo ; has ruins of an old citadel on a hill in the middle of 
 the town. P. 10,000 ; Moham. 5250 ; Christians, 4750, of whom 
 Gregorian Armenians 3500. 
 
 Severl, riv., Brit. India. See Sabarl. 
 
 Severn, riv., Canada, Ontario, drains Lake Simcoe into 
 Georgian Bay. 
 
 Severn, riv., Canada, dist. Keewatin, flows N. then NE. , 
 and enters Hudson's Bay just a little below Fort Severn, in 89^° 
 W. Navigation stopped by rapids within 30 m. of its mouth. 
 Length about 350 m. 
 
 Severn, one of the two longest rivs. of England, rises in Mont- 
 gomeryshire, Wales, on the E. side of Plinlimmon, 1500 ft. 
 above the sea, flows at first E. and NE. until it enters England 
 between Welshpool and Shrewsbury, and then successively SE. 
 and S. through Shropshire, Worcestershire, and Gloucestershire, 
 and between Somersetshire and S. Wales, to its expansion into 
 the Bristol Channel. Principal affluents, the Vyrnwy, Stour, 
 Terne, upper and lower Avon, from the E. , and the Teme, 
 Wye, Usk, and Taff, from the W. , some of which pour them- 
 selves into its estuary. Great improvements have recently been 
 made in the river below Worcester, whereby vessels of 400 tons 
 burden (instead of only 100 tons as heretofore) can ascend to 
 that city. Between Worcester and Gloucester the river has 
 been deepened to 10 ft. (minimum), with a minimum bottom 
 width of 40 ft; the two rock barriers of Bunns Hill Ford, i 
 m. below Worcester, and Wainlode Shoal, about 7 m. above 
 Gloucester, have been cut through to 10 ft. deep by 40 ft. 
 wide ; a transhipping dock has been constructed at Diglis, near 
 Worcester; and the lock at Gloucester, which connects the 
 Severn' with the Gloucester and Berkeley Ship Canal, has been 
 deepened to 9 ft. 6 in. Above Worcester also the river has been 
 deepened to a minimum of 7 ft. up to Stourport, where it is 
 joined by the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, which 
 runs into other canals that go to the Mersey. Other canals 
 connect the riv. Severn with the Thames and the Trent ; and 
 the ship canal above referred to (without locks, 16^ m. in 
 length), is available for the navigation of vessels up to 230 ft. 
 long, 33 ft. beam, and drawing 13-16 ft. The tidal wave, here 
 termed the eagre or bore, sometimes rises suddenly 9 ft. at 
 Gloucester, and extensive embankments have been formed below 
 that city to protect it. At its junction with the English Channel 
 the Severn is 8^ m. across. At Sharpness the river is crossed by a 
 railway bridge, 22 spans, and 4162 ft. long. The Severn Tunnel, 
 4J m. long, carries the railway beneath the bed of the river a 
 little below New Passage, at a depth of from 45 to 100 ft.; the 
 tunnel w^as opened for traffic, 1886 ; total cost, including the 
 approaches, _42,ooo,ooo. The Severn yields good salmon and 
 lampreys. Total length, 210 m. ; area of basin, including the 
 Wye, 5960 sq. m.; excluding the Wye, 4350 sq. m. 
 
 Severn Bridge, vil., Canada, Ontario, Muskoka co. , on the 
 riv. Severn, 50 m. ENE. Collingwood. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Severn Bridge, stn. , England, Gloucestershire, on the r. bk. 
 of the Severn, 11 m. NE. Chepstow, and the M. R. (stn. for 
 Blakeney). 
 
 Severn Stoke, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Severn, 7 m. S. Worcester, 3 J m. W. by N. 
 Deffordstn., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Severn Tniuiel Junction, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, 
 Severn div., on the G. W. R., 9 m. E. Newport. 
 
 Sevier, co., U.S., Arkansas, on W. frontier, crossed by 
 34° N. 
 
 Sevier, co., U.S., Tennessee, on the E. frontier, just S. of 
 36° N. 
 
 Sevier, co., U.S., Utah, crossed in the N. by 39° S. and 
 112° W. 
 
 Sevier Lake, salt lake, U.S., Utah, Millard co., 25 m. by 
 
 1421 
 
SEVI — SEYC 
 
 lo m. , loo m. SSW. Great Salt Lake ; it has no outlet, and its 
 sole trib. is Sevier R. , in the N. Alt. 4600 ft. 
 
 Sevlguac, vil. , France, dep. Basses- Pyr^n^es, arr. Oloron, i 
 m. NE. Arudy ; has mineral-water establishments ; grey marble 
 and gypsum quarried. P. <:2oco. 
 
 Sevllla, isl. , Colombia, Isthmus of Panama, in the Pacific, 
 opposite delta of Rio David. Length, 6 m., by 3 m. broad. 
 
 ii^vlUe, one of the three provs. of Spanish or Lower Anda- 
 lusia (the others being Cadiz and Huelva), in which the old 
 Moorish kingdom of Seville (separated from C6rdoba between the 
 nth and 13th centuries) was divided, formed by the lower basin 
 of riv. Guadalquivir, having very fertile plains in the centre (well 
 adapted for the growth of cereals, vine, olives, tobacco, and 
 cotton), and S. swampy and desert lands (Marismas dunas), 
 between two very mountainous dists. N. (slopes of Sierra 
 Morena) and S. (Montanhas del Pinal). The climate is very 
 hot and dry (no summer rains [see Europe, ellniate]) in the 
 valleys of the Guadalquivir and its affluents (Campos de Eciga ; 
 el sarten ['the frying-pan'] de Andalusia). Important rearing 
 of cattle and horses. The minerals include iron (Pedroso), silver 
 <Cagulla, Guadalcanal, Almaden), lead, copper (Sierra Morena), 
 coal (Villanueva del Rio). See Spain. 
 
 ^vllle, Spanish Sevllla, the ancient Phoenician Sephela, 
 spela, ' plain ' ; Greek, Ispola ; Roman, Hispalis, Julia Jiomula, 
 Colonia Romulensis ; Arab, Ishbiliah, Sibilia, tn. , Spain, 
 Andalusia, on the 1. bk. of riv. Guadalquivir, with a suburb on 
 the r. bk. (Triana, the headquarters of Spanish gipsies), 356 m. 
 by rail SW. Madrid, in the middle of a large and very fertile 
 plain ; cap. prov. Seville. Seat of the military Capitania-General 
 of Andalusia (S. Cordoba, Cadiz, Huelva, see (Irauada), of 
 an archbishopric (with Ceuta and the Canary Is. as suffragans), 
 and a university (founded by Alfonso the Wise in 1256). Has 
 famous monuments of ancient times and the Middle Ages (the 
 Torre d'Oro, 'tower of gold,' an octagon tower, probably of 
 Roman construction ; a Roman aqueduct, which still conveys 
 water to the city from Alcala; the cathedral, a building with 
 four aisles, besides the nave, founded in 1401 on the site of a 
 mosque, and still adorned with the beautiful tower of the Giralda, 
 337 ft. high, built by the Arabs about the year 1000 ; the Alcazar, 
 a royal palace, constructed in imitation of the Alhambra at 
 Granada, and containing the ' Court of Lyons,' hall of ambas- 
 sadors, &c. ; a very remarkable gallery of paintings {Museo) ; 
 Libraries (the Bibliotheca Columbina of Fernando Columbus), 
 the Lonja (Archives of the Indies, with most of the Spanish docu- 
 ments on the discovery, conquest, and administration of America). 
 Seat of important manufactures (ordnance foundry, tobacco, 
 silk, dye-works, ceramics, at Triana; perfumery at San Juan 
 d'Alfarrache). A celebrated fair in Easter, when the most cele- 
 brated bull-fights take place. By the deepening of the Guadal- 
 quivir Seville has been restored to the position of a seaport, which 
 it had lost in consequence of the silting up of the river. It has 
 now 6600 ft. of quayage, and a depth at the harbour entrance 
 of 21 ft. at high water, 16 ft. at low water ordinary springs. 
 Seville was the cap. of the Hispania Baetica of the Romans, of 
 the Silingi Vandals (sth century), of the Goths (531-584) ; con- 
 quered by the Arabs (711); by (Saint) Ferdinand III. (1248); 
 cap. of Spain to the time of Charles V. Became the great 
 emporium of American commerce (see Cadiz). Columbus, 
 Cortez, and Pizarro started from Seville in their voyages to 
 America. Silvius Italicus, and the emperors Trajan, Hadrian, 
 and Theodosius, were born near it (Italica, now the village of 
 Santa Ponce) ; Saint Izidor, and the painters Velasquez, Murillo, 
 Zurbaran, and Cano were bom in it. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), 
 yr. 68° F., Jan. 52.2°, Aug. 85.2°; summer, 91°; rfall. 29 m. in 
 34 days. Evening breezes [marea) from W. ; rare falls of snow. 
 P. (i860) 118,000; (1877) 133,000; (1887) 143,000. 
 
 Serllle, vil., U.S., Ohio, Medina co., 35 m. S. by W. Cleve- 
 land. P. < 1 500. 
 
 SeTllle, post-tp. , Victoria, Evelyn co., in 37° 50' S. and 
 145° 31' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 ^Tlngton, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 2 m. SE. by E. Ash- 
 ford. P. <:250. 
 
 Serke, tn., Asia Minor. See ^>ke. 
 
 SevUJevo, or ^IvI, tn. , Bulgaria, cap. prov. Sevlijevo, on 
 the Rusica, 36 m. SE. Plevna. Alt. 655 ft. P. 8900. 
 
 ^vre-Xantalse, riv., France, called Nantaise because it 
 enters the Loire at Nantes. Rises in the Gitine de Poitou, 
 and flows NW. for 85 m. ; navigable, with one lock, 14 m. 
 Area of basin, 920 sq. m. 
 
 S^YTe-Nlortalse, riv., France, called Niortaise from passing 
 Niort ; rises 15-20 m. E. Niort and flows W. to the NE. angle 
 of the Pertius Breton, 12 m. N. La Rochelle. Length, 95 m. 
 Area of basin, 1380 sq. m.; navigable, 45 m.; has seven locks. 
 
 S^rres, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 6^ m. W. by S. 
 Notre Dame, Paris, on the 1. bk. of the Seine, 2 m. from the 
 city wall, arr. Versailles. Seat of the national artistic china 
 works, founded in 1745 at Vincennes and transferred to Sevres 
 eleven years later, to which is attached a museum of ceramic 
 art, the first in Europe ; manufactures sweetmeats, crystals, and 
 carriages ; has also bleach-works. P. 6600. 
 1422 
 
 Sevres, Deux-, dep., W. France, traversed SW. by the 
 Sevre-Niortaise and NW. by the Sevre-Nantaise ; formed in 
 1790 chiefly out of Poitou (Niortais, Thouarsais, and Gatine), 
 with small portions of Saintonge and Aunis ; divided into four 
 arrs : Niort (cap.), Melle, Parthenay, and Bressure. Surface 
 diversified ; highest point, Ferrier de St. Martin, 890 ft. , about 
 23 m. NNE. Niort; lowest, 10 ft., where the S. Niortaise 
 leaves the dep. Comprises three regions, the Gatine in the 
 N. and centre, traversed by low hills (granite and schists) ; 
 the soil, naturally of little fertility, has been improved by the 
 admixture of lime ; the Plain (chiefly oolite and lias) in the 
 SE. slightly undulating, rising from about 25 ft. in the W. 
 to 500 ft. on the frontier of Charente, monotonous, but very 
 fertile ; the Marsh, a limited tract in the SW. , formerly a 
 swam.p, in which the clayey sub-soil is covered with a thick 
 layer of vegetable matter, now reclaimed and comprising the 
 'dry' and 'wet' marsh, the latter periodically submerged, but 
 drained by numerous canals, which also take the place of roads, 
 yields rich crops. The dep. belongs to the basins of the Loire, 
 Sevre-Niortaise, and Charente. The Loire does not touch the 
 dep. but receives more than half the drainage, mainly by the 
 Thouet and S^vre-Nantaise, a small dist. in the W. being 
 drained to indirectly through the Clain ; principal affluents 
 of Thouet, r. bk. Dive (joins outside the dep.), 1. bk. Thouaret 
 and Argenton ; the Sevre-Niortaise, a coast river, receives r. bk. 
 Liguaire or Chambon and Autise, 1. bk. Mignon (beyond the 
 dep. ) ; the Charente receives the Boutonne and other streams 
 from the SW. Climate mild and humid, colder in the Gatine. 
 The principal cereal is wheat, next oats ; the vine covers about 
 two per cent, of the surface (Airvault, St. Varent, Argenton- 
 Chateaux), production per hectare about one-third of the 
 average for France ; a little sugar-beet and flax, apples for 
 cider, nuts and plums. Coal is mined to a limited extent 
 Area, 2338 sq. m. P. (1891) 354,300. See France, table. 
 
 Sevri-hlssar, tns. , Asia Minor. See Sirrl-Hlssar. 
 
 Sewall, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Richland co. , 55 m. 
 S. by E. Fargo. 
 
 SewAn, or AllgaiiJ Sew&n, in census Sawan, tn., Brit. 
 India, NW. Bengal, dist. Saran, 70 m. NW. Patna; noted 
 for its pottery. P. (1881) 13,000; (1891) 17,700; Hindus, 
 11,500; Moham. 6200. 
 
 Sevriiii, or SawAn (census), tn., Brit. India, Punjab, Karnal 
 dist., 41 m. SW. Ambala. P. 5700. 
 
 Se-wanee, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Franklin co. , on Cumber- 
 land plateau ; is a summer resort, and seat of the Episcopal 
 university of the South ; coal mined. Alt. 2000 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Seward, co. , U.S., Kansas, on the S. frontier, crossed in the 
 W. by 101° W. 
 
 Seward, co., U.S., Nebraska, in the SE., crossed by Big 
 Blue R. 
 
 Se'ward, city, U.S., Nebraska, cap. Seward co., 66 m. WSW. 
 Omaha, and 20 m. W. by N. Lincoln. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Seward, Mount, U.S., New York, Franklin co., Adiron- 
 dacks, 54 m. WSW. Burlington (Vt.). Alt. 4319 ft., 4385 ft. 
 (both Adirondack Survey). 
 
 Sewell, vil., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R., 114 
 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sew^erby and Marton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Buckrose div., 16 m. SE. Scarborough, ij m. E. by N. Brid- 
 lington, I m. S. Flamborough stn. , P.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. 
 (Sewerby with Marton and Grindall and Ei^Iiani) P. <75o. 
 
 Sewer's Eud, P.O., Eng., Essex, 2 m. E. Saffron Walden. 
 
 Sewicfeley, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny co. , 13 m. 
 NW. Pittsburg ; chiefly a residential town for the citizens of 
 Pittsburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Sewstern, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 8J m. E. 
 by N. Melton Mowbray, 5 m. ENE. Saxby stn. P. <:25o. See 
 Buckniiuster. 
 
 Sexau, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, circle Friburg in 
 Brisgau, 3 m. ESE. Emmendingen ; silver mined ; ferruginous 
 spring. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sexilriiga, vil., Sweden, prov. Elfsborg, 12J m. SE. Bor&s ; 
 two mineral springs. P. (comm.)<2ooo. 
 
 Sexliow, par., Eng., Yorkshire, Cleveland div., on the NE. 
 R. , 10 m. S. Middlesbrough. P. <25o. 
 
 SexlnoAn, comm., Philippine I., Luzon I., prov. Pampanga, 
 34 m. NW. Manila. P. 6300. 
 
 Seybns, or Seibus, in French spelling Seylwuse (corruption 
 of the ancient Ubus), riv., Algeria, prov. Constantine, rises in 
 the same group of mountains as the Mejerda, flows N. , under 
 the names of Hush, Sherf, and Seybus, into the Mediterranean, 
 I m. S. Bona. Length, 140 m. Area of basin, 4000 sq. m. ; 
 mean discharge, 700 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Seyclielles, group of isls., Indian Ocean, 700 m. NE. Mada- 
 gascar, and 1035 m. NNW. Mauritius, of which it is a depen- 
 dency, between 4°-5° S., 55° io'-56° E. Mah6 is the largest 
 island, area 45 sq. m. Praslin is the second" in size, area 15 
 sq. m. The next largest are Silhouette, Curieuse, Digue, 
 and Frigate; the entire group has an area of 100 sq. m., 
 and is on a bank of sand and coral, 93 m. round, rising at 
 
SEYC — SHAH 
 
 Mah6 to 3240 ft. ; no bar, but good and safe anchorage in all 
 winds. Vessels load and discharge by lighters. The principal 
 products are obtained from the coco-nut palm, though maize, 
 manioc, vanilla, and cloves are also cultivated. Exports 
 are valued at ^40,000 ; imports at ^50,000. On Praslin and 
 Curieuse Is. grow the curious double coco-nuts, derived 
 from the Lodoicea Seychellarum. Cap. of the group, Victoria, 
 on Mah6 ; it is an imperial coaling station. The Seychelles 
 were colonised by the French in 1742, but passed to England 
 in 1794. The temp., by reason of monsoons and winds, is 
 always equal. Mean temp, (i^ yrs., 1883-84), yr. 79.7° F., Feb. 
 80.6°, July 77.4°. The regularity of the winds makes the islands 
 healthy. Rain is frequent. The French language predominates. 
 P. (1890) 16,200, mostly French Creoles. 
 
 Seyches, vil. , France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, 30 m. NW. .by 
 N. Agen, arr. and 18 m. NE. by E. Marmande. P. <20oo. 
 
 Seymour, vil.. Cape Colony, dist Stockenstrom, 44 m. NW. 
 by W. King William's Town. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Seymour, small port, Tasmania, Glamorgan co., on the E. 
 ct. , 60 m. ESE. Launceston, 16 m. S. by E. St. Mary's stn. , 
 in 41° 45' S. P. < 1500. 
 
 Seyuiour, vil., U.S., Arizona, Maricopa co., 160 m. NE. by 
 E. from the SW. corner of the terr. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Seymour, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, co. and 10 m. NW. New 
 Haven, on 1. bk. of Naugatuck R. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Seymour, city, U.S., Indiana, Jackson co. , 54 m. S. by E. 
 Indianapolis ; extensive manufactures. P. 5300. 
 
 Seymour, tn., U.S., Iowa, Wayne co., 68 m. SSE. Des 
 Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Seymour, tn., U.S., Texas, cap. Baylor co. , 9 m. S. Oregon 
 City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Seymour, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Outagamie co., 17 m. W. 
 of the head of Green Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Seymour, tp. , Victoria, Anglesey co. , 53 m. N. by E. Mel- 
 bourne. P. <2000. 
 
 Seymour Xarrows, a strait in Discovery Passage, British 
 Columbia, between Vancouver and Valdez Is. , in 50° 10' N. 
 
 Seyue, vil., France, dep. Basses- Alpes, arr. Digne, 65 m. 
 NW. Nice, 16 m. W. by S. Barcelonnette. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Seyue-sur-Mer, La, seapt. tn., France, dep. Var, on the S. 
 ct. , arr. and 3 m. SW. by W. Toulon ; seat of an ecclesiastical 
 college. Has maritime workshops, and oyster-beds. P. 8800. 
 Seypan, improperly Saypan, one of the Ladrone Is. , Pacific, 
 crossed by 15° 8' N. , 145° 44' E. Area, 72 sq. m. 
 
 Seysscl, vil., France, dep. Ain, on the r. bk. of the Rhone, 
 arr. Belley, 22 m. SW. Geneva ; manufactures Gruy^re cheese 
 and white wine ; deposits of asphalt. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Suzanne, tn., France, dep. Marne, on the Grand Morin, arr. 
 and 25 m. SSW. Epernay ; manufactures glasses for spectacles, 
 porcelain, &c. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sezemltz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, lo m. S. Koniggratz. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Sezliicote, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 12 
 m. SE. Evesham, 3 m. WSW. Moreton in the Marsh stn. P. 
 <25o. See Longborongh. 
 
 Sezze, comm. , Italy, Piedmont, on the Bormida, prov. and 
 10 m. SSW. Alessandria. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sezze, the ancient Sitia, tn., Italy, prov. Rome, 32 ra. NW. 
 Gaeta ; seat of a bishop, with cathedral of the 14th century. 
 Sezze is one of the oldest cities of the Volscians ; taken by the 
 Romans in 383 B.C. P. 6300. 
 
 Sfax, seapt. , Tunis, E. ct. , 74 m. S. Susa, in 34° 44' N. The 
 roadstead is safe, but shallow ; large vessels anchor 2 m. out at 
 sea. Trade in oil (Sfax is famous for its olive gardens), fruits, 
 sponges, wool, leather, dates, alfa, woollen stuffs, and camels. 
 Manufactures cotton, woollen, and silk goods, rope and salt, and 
 has tanyards. Sfax is divided into the upper town (Mussulman) 
 and the lower town, inhabited principally by Jews and mer- 
 chants, and containing the new cathedral ; each town separately 
 walled. Sfax is supposed to be the Taphroura of Ptolemy, the 
 Taparura of the Table of Peutinger. P. 42,500. 
 Sferra Cavallo, Capo, cape, Sardinia, in the E. , in 39° 42' N. 
 Sfrn, tn. , Morocco. See Sefiru. 
 Sgambaln, Loch. See Scaven 
 
 Sgor, or Sgeir, Gaelic, ' a cliff' or ' sharp rock.' See Skdr. 
 Sgor Cholleam, mt., Scot., Inverness-shire, in the SW., 3J 
 m. SW. of the head of Loch Arkaig. Alt. 3164 ft. 
 Sgorr, Gaelic, 'a peak' or 'cliff.' See Scuir. 
 '8 C;ravenliage, Holland. See Hague, Tlie. 
 'S Grarezaude, Holland. See Gravezande, 's. 
 Sgurr, Gaelic, ' a peak ' or ' cliff.' See Scuir. 
 Sgurr A'Cbaoruluu, mt., Scot., Ross-shire, in the S., 13 m. 
 SSE. of the head of Loch Maree. Alt. 3452 ft. 
 
 Sgurra ^Uliulllnn, mt. , Scot. See Scuir Yulllin. 
 Sgurr Fhuaran, mt. , Scot. See Beu Mbor (Ross). 
 Sgurr ua Banachdlch, mt., Scot. See Culllln Hills. 
 Sgurr na Lapalcb, mt. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, 3 m. S. Loch 
 Monar. Alt. 3773 ft. 
 Shaalabbin, place named in O. T. See Selblt. 
 Sba'amba, or Sba'auba, tribe, Africa. See Sbambas. 
 
 Shaaraim, place named in O. T. See S'alreh. 
 
 Sbabats, tn. , Servia. Sec §abac. 
 
 Shabblugton, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, on the Thame, 
 Buckingham div., 11 m. WSW. Aylesbury, i^ m. NE. Tid- 
 dington stn. P. < !;oo. 
 
 Sbabjl-kbaue, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Giimiirjina, 18 
 m. NW. by N. Dede-Agach. 
 
 Sbabkadar, strongly fortified tn. and fort, Brit. India, 
 Punjab, dist. and 17 m. NE. Peshawar. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sbabrol, isl. See Ufu. 
 
 Sbacblao, vil., China, Yunnan, in a well-cultivated valley, 
 67 m. ESE. Tali-fu. 
 
 Sbacbou, or Saltu, tn. , China, Kansu. See Sachu. 
 
 Shacbou, seapt. , China, Kwangtung. See Swatow. 
 
 Sbackelford, co., U.S., Texas, N. of 32° N., and E. of 
 100° W. 
 
 Sbackerstone, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 3 m. 
 NW. Bosworth, with a junction stn. on the L. & NW. R. and 
 M. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sbackleford, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 5 m. SW. 
 by W. Guildford, 2 m. NW. by W. New Godalming stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Sbadfortb, par., Eng., Durham, in the E. of the Mid div., 
 4^ m. E. by S. Durham, 2^ m. ESE. Sherburn Colliery stn. 
 P. <isoo. 
 
 Sbadlugfleld, par., Eng., Suffolk, 5 m. NE, Halesworth 
 P.O. P. <2SO. 
 
 Sbailoxburst, par. , Eng. , Kent, div. and 4 m. SW, Ashford, 
 3 m. NW. by N. Ham Street stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Sbadrinsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 383 m. SE. Perm, 
 on Iset R. ; distilleries; sheep-skins, woollen cloth, tallow 
 exported ; entrepot for trade in corn, cattle, hides. P. 17,050. 
 
 Sliadivell, part of London, Eng., Middlesex, Tower Hamlets 
 bor., on the 1. bk. of the Thames, 2 m. ESE. St. Paul's, London, 
 with stns. on the G. E. R. , and the East London Metropolitan, 
 Metropolitan District, and Metropolitan District & G. W. 
 Joint Rlys. 
 
 Sbadwell, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., 5 m. NE. by N. Leeds, 2 m. W. by S. Thorner and 
 Scarcroft stn. , P. O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sbady Creek, mining dist., Victoria, Buln Buln co., in 37° 
 48' S. and 146° 10' E. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Shaef, Anglo-Saxon, 'sheep.' See Skip. 
 Sbaen, electoral div. , Ire. , Queen's co. , dist. Emo. 
 Sta'afat, vil., Palestine, Mizpeh in the O. T., 31° 49' N., 
 35° 13' E., 3^ m. N. by W. Jerusalem. 
 
 Shaft, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co., 
 13 m. N. Pottsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sbaftesbury, mun. bor. (by prescription) and market-tn. , 
 Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 25 m. NNE. Dorchester, in the 
 diocese of Salisbury, on the border of Wiltshire, near Semley 
 stn. , on the L. & SW. R. ; the only trade is connected with 
 agriculture. Camden assigns the origin of this town to King 
 Alfred. During the reign of William I. there were twelve 
 churches, though now only four. It was disfranchised in 1885, 
 after returning one member to Parliament since 1832, and 
 previously two members. Alt. 722 ft. Mean annual rfall. , 
 35.49 in. Mun. bor. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Sbaftoe, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Nor- 
 thumberland, 10 m. SW. Morpeth. P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Sbafton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 4J m. 
 NE. Barnsley, 2 m. NNE. Cudworth stn., P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Shaftsburg, tn. , U.S., Vermont, co. and 11 m. by rail N. 
 Bennington. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sbaftsbury, vil. , Canada. See Little Current. 
 Sbaga, Has, cape, Brit. E. Africa, in 2° 33' S. 
 SbiibsibAd, tn. andmunicip., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Hardoi, 
 60 m. SE. by S. Bareilly, with a stn. on the Oudh and Rohil- 
 khand Rly. P. 20,200; Hindus, 11,600; Moham. 8600. 
 
 Shsih^biid, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 17 m. S. by E. 
 Ambala. P. 11,500; Hindus, 3800; Moham. 7000. 
 
 SbAbtlbild, tn., India, R4jputana, 90 m. SW. Gwalior. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sbdhiibild, tn., India, in the native state of Rdmpur, NW. 
 Provs. , 30 m. NW. by W. Bareilly. Shdh4bdd is built on rising 
 ground, and is said to be the healthiest place in the state. P. 
 7600 ; Moham. 4700 ; Hindus, 2900. 
 
 Shababad, tn. , Persia, prov. Khuzistan, 12 m. SE. by E. 
 Dizful. 
 
 Sbiibtlbsiz&r, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, DhAwdr dist. P. 
 (1872) 6300. 
 
 Sbab Abdul Azim, ruins, Persia. See Kh^. 
 Sbiibslda, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khandesh, 95 m. 
 E. by S. Broach. P. 5500 ; Hindus, 3800. 
 Sbahahoe, P. O. , Ire. , Queen's co. , 4 m. from Abbeyleix. 
 Shahapur, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Thina, 46 m. NE. 
 Bombay. P. <25oo. 
 
 Sbilbslpur, tn., India, cap. native state Shahapur, Bombay 
 Presidency, 40 m. NW. Dharwar ; has silk dyeing. P. (1881) 
 10,700. 
 
 1423 
 
SHAH — SHAM 
 
 Shahiirai, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs. , dist. Nimar, 67 m. 
 SE. by S. Indore. P. <25oo. 
 
 SliAhbaiidar, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, Sind, Kardchi dist. , 
 formerly on a mouth of the Indus, but now 10 m. distant from 
 the river ; an English factory, removed from Aurangabad, was 
 abandoned, 1775. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Shalibazpar, the name given to the western branch of the 
 Meghna R., Bengal. 
 
 Shah-dagb, mt. , Main Caucasus ridge, govt. Baku, 41° 16' 
 N., 38'' o' E. Alt. 13,951 ft. 
 
 Sbikhdara, vil., Brit. India, Punjab, on W. bank of the Ravi, 
 dist. and nearly opposite Lahore ; contains the mausoleum of 
 the Emperor Jahangfr, in a beautiful garden, which is a resort 
 of the residents of Lahore. P. <50oo. 
 
 8hAlMlara, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Meerut ; has 
 sugar refineries. P. 5300; Hindus, 4000; Moham. iioo. 
 
 ShAligauJt tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Azamgarh, 52 
 m. NNW. Benares. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sb&liganJ» tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Jaunpur; has 
 a large cotton trade. P. 6200 ; Hindus, 4500 ; Moham. 1700. 
 
 ShahlwAl, or SAIilwm (census), tn. and municip. , Brit, 
 India, Punjab, dist. ShAhpur, 120 m. SSW. Rdwal Pindi ; 
 manufactures hardware and articles in wood, ivory, and lacquered 
 ware. P. 9200 ; Hindus, 4400 ; Moham. 4200. 
 
 Sh&bjahilnpnr, or Shtilijeli^npnr (census) , tn. and municip. , 
 Brit. India, NW. Provs., cap. dist. Shdhjahdnpur, 49 m. SE. 
 Bareilly, on 1. bk. of riv. Dehoa, or Garra, near its confluence 
 with the Khanaut, with a station on the Oudh and Rohilkhand 
 Rly. ; has cantonments, a bridge, and an old fort ; manufactures 
 of sugar. The Rosa sugar factory and rum distillery, on Garra 
 R. , is a few miles from the city, with which it is connected by a 
 short railway branch. Length of city, 4 m. ; breadth, i m. P. 
 77,000; Moham. 39,700; Hindus, 38,700; total, including 
 cantonment, 78,500. 
 
 Sh&tajaliilnpar, tn. , Central India, Gwalior, 73 m. W. by 
 N. Bhopal. P. (1881) 9200. 
 
 Shalio, China. See <>obl. 
 
 Shataoara, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Meerut, 8 m. 
 NE. Delhi. P. < 5000. 
 
 Shiitapar, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, cap. dist. Shdhpur, 100 
 m. SSW. Rdwal Pindi, near the 1. bk. of the Jehlam, formerly 
 on the river ; has an annual fair, visited by 20,000 people. P. 
 9200 ; Hindus, 3100 ; Moham. 5800. 
 
 Shahpnr, ruined city, SW. Persia, 56 m. W. by N. Shiraz, 
 formerly residence of the Sassanian king Sapor I. (Shahpur) of 
 the 3rd century A. D. , with bas-reliefs illustrating incidents of his 
 reign. 
 
 ShAtapnra, tn. , India, Rdjputdna, cap. state Shdhpura, 60 m. 
 SSE. Ajmere. P. (1881) 10,700. 
 
 81iillipnrl, small isl., Brit. India, Bengal, on the E. side of 
 the Bay of Bengal, at the S. end of Chittagong dist., 116 m. S. 
 by E. Chittagong; famous as the cause of the first Anglo- 
 Burmese war. 
 
 8hahr Saltan, tn. and municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. 
 Muzaffargarh, 46 m. SW. by S. Miiltdn. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Shahrnd, tn., Persia, 43 m. SE. Astrabad. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sliahwar, mt. range, Persia, to the SE. of the Caspian Sea, 
 Ijetween dists. Astrabad and Shahrud. Alt. 12,550 ft. 
 
 Shaikh Bndiu, hill sanatarium, Brit. India, Punjab, in 32° 
 18' N. , 70° 51' E. , on a bare limestone rock ; heat excessive. 
 Alt. 4516 ft. 
 
 Shalkhpnni, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist Mongh)T, 50 m. 
 SE. Patna. P. (1881) 12,500. 
 
 Shalok, Shyok, or ShAyak, riv., in the NE. of Kashmir 
 (Ladakh), rises by several headwaters on the slopes of the Kara- 
 korum Range, flows first S., then NW. to the Indus, which it 
 joins about 25 m. above Skardo (Iskardo); the summer route 
 from Leh to Eastern Turkistan ascends this valley to the foot of 
 the Karakoram Pass, near its source. 
 
 Shaltansk, iron-works, Russia, govt. Perm. 1. Dist. and 
 30 m. N. Ekaterinburg ; gold-washings close by. P. 5000. 8, 
 Sixty miles NW. Ekaterinburg, on Chusovaya R. P. <5000. 
 
 Shajapnr, tn.. Central India, Gwalior state. P. 11,000; 
 Hindus, 7400 ; Moham. 2800. 
 
 Shakerley, part of par., Eng. , Lancashire. See Tyldesley. 
 
 Shakespeare, vil., Canada, Ontario, Perth co., 32 m. NE. 
 by N. London, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Shakespeare ClUT, chalk cliff, i m. W. of Dover pier, Eng. , 
 Kent, so called from being identified with the cliff referred to in 
 Scene i, Act IV. of Shakespeare's King Lear. Alt. 240 ft. 
 
 Shakh, vil. , Turkey in Asia. See Jezlre-lbn-Oniar. 
 
 Shaklitama, vil., Russia, E. Siberia, prov. Transt^ikalia, 
 dist. Nerchinsk, on Shakhtama R.; gold-washings. P. <;50oo. 
 
 ShakkA, the ancient Sacccsa, viL, Syria, 32° 52' N., 36° 40' 
 E., II m. NE. by N. Kanawat. 
 
 Shakopee, city, U.S. , Minnesota, Scott co. , on the Minnesota 
 R. , 18 m. SW. Minneapolis. P. < 2000. 
 
 Shaksha, lake and viL, Russia, £. Siberia, prov. Trans- 
 baikalia, 30 m. W. Chita, NW. the plateau, near the pass across 
 the Yablonovoi ridge. P. (of vil.)<200b. 
 1424 
 
 iSlinlaKHkly, cape, Russia. See Shclngskly. 
 
 i^liUlaiiiiir, gardens and pleasure-grounds, Brit. India, Punjab, 
 dist. and 4 m. E. Lahore, laid out in 1667 by Shah Jahdn ; it 
 consisted of seven divisions, representing the seven degrees of 
 the Paradise of Isldm, but only three of these are included in 
 the present area of about 80 ac. 
 
 Shala-we, vil. , Portuguese E. Africa, 125 m. W. Mozambique. 
 
 ShaltM>urii (shal'burn), par., Eng., Wiltshire, 17 tn. SE. by 
 by S. Swindon, 2^ m. ESE. Bed win stn., PM.O. ; 5564 ac. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Slialdeii, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., ■j\ m. SE. 
 by S. Basingstoke, 2 m. NW. Alton stn., P.O. P. 'C250. 
 
 Shaldoii (shawl'don), or St. Nicholas, vil. and eccles. par., 
 Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., on the r. bk. of the Teign, 
 opposite Teignmouth. Shaldon is a sea-bathing resort, and 
 has a fine beach ; carries on shipbuilding. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shalfleet ('shallow channel'), par., Eng., Isle of Wight, 5 
 m. W. Newport, with a stn. (Calbonrne and ShalHeet) on the 
 Isle of Wight Central Rly., PM.O.; 5312 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Shalford, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., 4^ m. NW. by N. 
 Braintree, P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Shalford, par. , Eng. , Surrey, div. and \\ m. S. Guildford, 
 with a stn. (Slialford for Godalmlng) on the SE. R., PMT.O. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Shikli, hill, Brit. India, Punjab, Simla dist., in 3i°ii'N. , 
 jj° 20' E. ; has a temple, formerly used for human sacrifices. 
 .Alt. 9623 ft. 
 
 Shall, vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Terek, 55 m. ESE. 
 Vladikavkaz, in Chechnya, dist. Groznyi. P. 6400. 
 
 Shalkot, high plain in Brit. Baluchistan, to the N. of 30° N. , 
 and crossed about the middle by 67° E. , drained N. by the 
 Shalkot Lora. It contains the fortress of Quetta {q.v. ). 
 
 ShAlkot, local name of Quetta [q.v.). 
 
 SlialniHford Street, P.O., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 
 on the Stour, 3J m. WSW. Canterbury, i m. W. by S. Chart- 
 ham stn. 
 
 Shalong, riv., Cambodia, flows W. then NW. into the Mei- 
 kong, in 12° 15' N. , about 20 m. below Kratieh. 
 
 Shalstone, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 4 m. NW. 
 by W. Buckingham, 2 m. NNW. Fulwell and Westburv stn., 
 PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Shalaf, vil., Egypt, on the W. side of the Suez Canal, 10 m. 
 N. Suez. 
 
 Shalvarl, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 32 m. E. by N. 
 Dharwar. P. < 5000. 
 
 Shania^isango, vil., Congo Free State, on the Kwango, in 
 7° 24' S. 
 
 Shaniba, port for coasting craft, Brit. E. Africa, about 23 m. 
 N. Port Dwinford. 
 
 Slianibara, another name of the supposed Lake Samburu 
 ^q.v.). 
 
 Shanibas, Sha'aniba, or Sha'anba, numerous tribe in the 
 SW. of the Algerian Sahara, inhabiting the steppes between 
 Wargla and Tuat. 
 
 Shambles, shoal, Eng., off the coast of Dorsetshire, 3 m. E. 
 Portland. Length, 2 m. 
 
 Shaniburg, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Venango co. , 17 m. 
 NE. Franklin ; has oil wells. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shani-coUao, isl. , in the S. China Sea, off the coast of Annam, 
 to the SE. of the Bay of Turan, in 15° 54' N. 
 
 Shanielskly, asbestos mines and works, Russia, dist. Eka- 
 terinburg, near frontier of Kamyshlov. 
 
 Sbanil, tn. , India, Bombay Presidency, Rddhanpur state, 
 70 m. NW. Ahmaddbdd. P. (1881) 5300. 
 
 Shamlen, suburb of Canton, China. 
 
 Shamir, placed named in O. T. See Sdmerah. 
 
 Shaniley Vreen, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 4* ni. 
 SSE. Guildford, i m. SE. Bramley and Wonersh stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 ShAmll, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Muzaffamagar, 
 38 m. NW. Meerut ; has a considerable trade with the Punjab. 
 P. 6400; Hindus, 4700; Moham. 1500. 
 
 Shanimar (or Sbumniar) Jebel, region in central Arabia, 
 in the N. of Nejd and S. of Nefud, containing two granite ridges 
 with a more or less E. to W. trend, Jebel Aja to the N. (which 
 rises abruptly about 2000 ft. from the plain, about 6000 ft. above 
 sea-level, and terminates just W. of the town of Hail), and Jebel 
 Selma (or Selman) to the S. See Proc. R. G. S. , 1880, p. 86. 
 
 Shamo, China. Seedobi. 
 
 Shaniokln, mining bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Northumber- 
 land CO., 40 m. NNE. Harrisburg. Alt. 738 ft. (R.R.). P. 
 (i87o)<300o; (1880)8200; (1890)14,400. 
 
 Sham Plain, dist. , in the SE. of Brit. Baluchistan. 
 
 Slinmrnn, mts. , Persia. See Shemran. 
 
 SliiiniMiUtii<l, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Farukhdbdd, 
 60 ni. S. Bareilly. P. 7700 ; Hindus, 3900 ; Moham. 3800. 
 
 ShamfMlln, tract of country in eastern Turkey, adjoining the 
 Persian frontier, SE. of Lake Van. It is an extremely moun- 
 tainous region, inhabited principally by Assyrian Christians, 
 mostly shepherds. 
 
SHAM — SHAN 
 
 Shanislia, riv. , India, Mysore state, trib. of the Kaveri, which 
 it joins in 12" 19' N., 'j'f 18' E. 
 
 ShanishergaiiJ, vil. , Brit. India, Assam, dist. and 25 m. 
 WSW. Sylhet, 
 
 Shan, Chinese, 'mountain;' e.g., Shantung, 'east of the 
 mountain.' 
 
 Shaiiagarry, P.O., Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 11 m. 
 E. Queenstown, 7 m. from Mogeely stn. 
 
 Shaiiasolileii, par. and tn. , Ire., NW. co. Limerick, bar. 
 Shanid, 18 in. NE. by E. Listowel, 3 m. from Foynesstn., PM.O. 
 Far. 4183 ac.j P. < 1500; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sliaualica, P.O., Ire., co. Clare, 4 m. from Kildysart. 
 Miaiialioc, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Abbeyleix, Queen's co. 
 81iaii-aliii, name formerly applied on maps to all the moun- 
 tains in the SE. of Manchuria, forming the water-parting on that 
 side of the Sungari basin ; now restricted to the range in which 
 the E. tribs. of the upper Sangari take their rise. 
 
 Sliaiiawaii, tn.. Lower Egypt, prov. Menufiye. P. 6500. 
 Shanballymorc, electoral div. , Ire., NE. co. Cork, bar. and 
 10 m. NW. by W. Fermoy, 8 m. from Castletownroche stn., 
 P.O. 
 
 Slianbosli, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Ida, on riv. Barrow, 
 2 m. SW. New Ross. P. <soo. 
 
 Shaiirongli, par.. Ire., co. Sligo, bar. Tirerrill, 7 m. SE. 
 Collooney ; 5451 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 SliaiMlon, vil., Scot., Dumbartonshire, on the E. shore of 
 Gare Loch, and N. B. R. , 4 m. NW. Helensburgh ; noted 
 hydropathic establishment. PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Sliandruni, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Orrery and Kilmore, 
 4 m. SW. Charleville ; 13,451 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 ^Iiaiidwlck, vil., Scot., Ross and Cromarty, on Moray Firth, 
 par. and 5 m. W. Nigg stn. 
 
 Sliaiigarry, electoral div.. Ire., co. Carlow, dist. Fennagh 
 and Myshall. 
 
 j^haiigcliivan, or ShaiiKcIivi-aii-sliaii, isl. , China, off S. ct. 
 of prov. Kwangtung, in 21° 40' N., 112° 50' E. On its NW. 
 side is the noted harbour of Timao or Tamao, called by the 
 Malays Veniag^ or Beniag^ ('mart'), where the Portuguese 
 received permission to establish a factory in 1518, whence, 
 however, they were soon after expelled on account of their 
 erecting a fort without permission. 
 
 Shanghai, seapt. , China, prov. Kiangsu, on a branch of 
 the Yangtse-kiang, 12 m. from the sea, and 160 m. .SE. of 
 Nanking. The city consists of two distinctive parts, the native 
 Chinese town, surrounded by walls, with narrow, filthy streets, 
 and the European settlement, lyingon the N. , with wide streets and 
 handsome buildings, including a Protestant cathedral designed 
 by Sir Gilbert Scott. The site of Shanghai is low, subject to 
 great heat in summer, and generally visited by fever, dysentery, 
 and cholera. Mean temp. , yr. 62.5 F.; maximum 100. 5°, mini- 
 mum 24°. Shanghai is without a rival among the treaty-ports of 
 China in the volume and value of its trade. This importance it 
 owes to its situation on the seaboard of middle China, beside a 
 deep river accessible to ocean-going vessels, and to its connec- 
 tion by numerous canals with rich tea and silk growing provs. 
 in the interior. Excluding the native junk trade and the foreign 
 transit trade, Shanghai sends out annually about seven andr a 
 half millions sterling worth of native local produce, principally 
 silk and tea, augmented by raw cotton, rice, paper, wheat, 
 native cloth, medicines, sugar, tobacco, wax, wool, and numerous 
 minor commodities ; and receives foreign imports (cottons and 
 cotton yarn, opium, sugar, metals, kerosene oil, woollens, coal, 
 cloth, &c.) to the annual value of ;^i6, 500,000 sterling; and in 
 addition to this, close upon ;^i 1,000, 000 worth of tea, silk, 
 sugar, skins, rice, straw-braid, tobacco, paper, beans and bean- 
 cake, wax, wool, and raw cotton from other Chinese ports. 
 The trade in direct imports and exports increased 64 per cent, 
 between 1884 and 1893. The foreign countries chiefly traded 
 with are Great Britain, Hong-kong, India, Japan, the United 
 States, and the southern countries of Europe. Owing to the 
 depreciation in the value of silver, Shanghai alone exports 
 annually about one and a quarter million sterling of gold, and 
 imports two and a quarter millions sterling of silver — this in 
 addition to the trade statistics given above. Cotton and silk 
 spinning, cotton-weaving, and the manufacture of matches, soap, 
 paper, &c. , are prosecuted on European models. Shanghai was 
 declared a treaty-port, open to foreign trade, in 1842. Between 
 1856 and 1864 the trade increased with extraordinary rapidity. 
 In 1865 the British government established at Shanghai the 
 supreme consular court and court of appeal for all China and 
 Japan. P. 3-400,000, including 3000 foreigners. 
 
 Shaiigton, par., Eng. , Leicestershire, Harborough div., 9^ 
 m. SE. by E. Leicester, 2 m, NE. Kibworth stn. P. <25o. 
 i^hangtn, ruined city, Mongolia. See Dolou-Nor. 
 Shaiihalknan, China. See .\'iiiKhal. 
 
 Shaiild, electoral div.. Ire., NW. co. Limerick, bar. Shanid, 
 17 m. ENE. Listowel. 
 Shankbridge, P.O., Ire., co. Antrim, 2 m. from Kells stn. 
 Shankend, stn., Scot., Roxburghshire, 6 m. S. by E. Hawick, 
 on the N. B. R. 
 1425 
 
 Shaukhonse Colliery, PM.O., Eng., Northumberland, 2 m. 
 from Cramlington. 
 
 8haiiklll, par.. Ire., SE. co. Antrim, bars. Upper and 
 Lower Belfast, i m, W. and partly in city of Belfast ; 19,657 ac. 
 P. 224,700. 
 
 Shaiiklll, par.. Ire., cos. Armagh and Down, bars. E. 
 Oneilland and Lower Iveagh, Upper Half, on Lough Neagh, 
 contains Lurgan town ; 6292 ac. P. 14,100. 
 
 Shauklll, tnld.. Ire., SE. co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown, 2J m. 
 N. Bray, on the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Rly., PMT.O. 
 P. <250. 
 
 Shaiiklll, par., Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Gowran, 3 m. SW. 
 Ba^enalstown ; 6489 ac. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Hhaiiklll, par., Ire., co. and bar. Roscommon, 2 m. NW. 
 Elphin ; 661 1 ac. P. -<iooo. 
 
 iihankllii, par. and tn. , Eng. , Isle of Wight, on the E. ct. , 
 2 J m. NE. by N. Ventnor, on the Isle of Wight and L. B. & 
 S. C. Rlys. Shanklin is a favourite sea-bathing resort. PMT.O. 
 Par. P. < 2500; tn. P. < 3500. Shauklln Chine is a romantic 
 chasm in the cliff, opening to the sea, and covered with vegeta- 
 tion ; it has at its upper end a small cascade. 
 
 Shaiilaragh, P. O. , Ire. , 6 m. from Dunmanway stn. (co. Cork). 
 
 ShaiillK, par.. Ire., SW. co. Louth, bar. Ardee, 11 m. NW. 
 Drogheda. P. <25o. 
 
 Shanniullagh, electoral div., Ire., Monaghan, dist. Aughna- 
 cloy. 
 
 8haiiiiock Mills, vil., U.S., Rhode I,, Washington co., 16 
 m. W. by S. New Port. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Shannon, isl., Greenland, off E. ct. , a little N. of 75° N. 
 Area, 420 sq. m. 
 
 Shannon, the longest riv. of Ire., traverses the centre and 
 W. , dividing Connaught from Leinster, and crossing the N. of 
 Munster, where it separates co. Clare from cos. 'I'ipperary, 
 Limerick, and Kerry. It rises in Cuilcagh Mts., co. Cavan, 
 345 ft. above the sea, flows at first SW., and then generally S. , 
 through Loughs Allen, Boderg, Ree, and Derg to near Lime- 
 rick, where it turns W. and enters the Atlantic by an estuary 
 ro m. in width and 70 m. in length. Total course, 225 m. Its 
 basin is 6060 sq. m. Affluents — W. , the Boyle, Suck, and Fergus ; 
 E. and S. , the Inny, Brosna, Mulkear, Deel, and Maigue. It is 
 navigable for the last third of its course, and may be ascended 
 by vessels of 1000 tons to Limerick. Above Limerick it is 
 canalised so as to be made navigable to the head of Lough 
 Allen, rather more than 141 m.; but the number of locks (18) 
 considerably diminishes the utility of the stream for navigation. 
 All the locks except the highest, that of Drumleague, a few miles 
 below Lough Allen, can be passed by steamers 72 ft. long, 13 ft. 
 4 in. wide, and of 4 ft. 10 in. draught. The Shannon is con- 
 nected with Dublin by the Grand Canal at Shannon Harbour, 
 King's Co. , and the Royal Canal, near Longford. 
 
 Shannon, vil., U.S., Illinois, Carroll co., 53 m. ESE. 
 Dubuque (Iowa). P. <isoo. 
 
 Shannon, co., U.S., Missouri, in the S., W. of 91° W., 
 crossed in the S. by 37° N. 
 
 Shannon, co., U.S., S. Dakota, on the S. frontier, between 
 102° and 103° W. , traversed by the White R. 
 
 Shanuonbrldge, tn. , Ire., NW. King's co. , bar. Garry- 
 castle, on the 1. bk. of the Shannon, there crossed by a bridge, 
 II m. SSW. Athlone, 7 m. from Ballinasloestn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Shanuondale Springs, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Jefferson 
 CO. , on Shenandoah R. , 4^ m. E. Charleston ; has saline 
 chalybeate springs. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shannon Harbour, tn. , Ire. , W. King's co. , bar. Garry- 
 castle, 8 J m. N. by W. Parsonstown, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Shannon, 2 m. from Banagher stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Shannouvllle, vil., Canada, Ontario, Hastings co., on the 
 Bay of Quint6, and a railway, 37 m. W. Kingston ; accessible 
 to large vessels. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Shanognestown, P.O., Ire., 2 m. from Muckamore, co. 
 Antrim. 
 
 Slianrahan, par.. Ire., SW. co. and 14^ m. SSE. Tipperary, 
 bar. Iffa and Offa West ; 24,923 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Shans. See Laos. 
 
 Slianshan, port, Chile. See Malqalllahae. 
 
 Sliansl ('western mountains'), prov., N. China, W. of 
 Pechili, and bounded on the W. and partly on the S. by the 
 Hwang-ho, the prov. occupying the angle to the E. and N. of 
 the great bend of that river, but separated on the SE. from 
 Honan by the Taihang-shan Range (rather the declivity of a 
 tableland than mountains proper) ; cap. Taiyuen-fu. The 
 northern half of the prov. is occupied by ranges of mountains 
 having a SW. to NE. trend, among which is the Wutai-shan 
 (q.v.), noted for its sanctity. The principal river in this section 
 is the Sankan-ho, or upper Hun-ho, which has the same general 
 direction. The southern half of the prov. is occupied by two 
 tablelands, an E. and a W., separated by the valley of the Fon- 
 ho or Fen-ho. The whole prov. belongs to the loess region of 
 China, and on account of the extreme porousness of this soil 
 is capable of bearing large crops only in irrigated areas, which 
 are from 10 to 20 times as valuable as the unirrigated. Such. 
 
 4X 
 
SHAN — SHAR 
 
 tracts occur chiefly at the bottom of narrow river valleys, and 
 are estimated to form in the aggregate scarcely one per cent, of 
 the surface. Hence the prov. does not grow enough grain for 
 its own consumption. On the other hand, it is remarkably 
 rich in minerals. The SW. tableland has vast fields of bitumin- 
 ous coal, and the SE. tableland is occupied between about 35^° 
 and 38° N., and ii2°-ii4° E., by a field of excellent anthracite, 
 estimated by Richthofen at about 13,500 sq. ni. , mostly with 
 seams of from 20 to 30 ft. thick, and in places so situated as to be 
 worked with the greatest ease. Here also are to be found excel- 
 lent iron ore and fireclay in great abundance. (See Richthofen's 
 China, vol. ii., pp. 439-40.) It is an outlier of this field that 
 is worked in the plain of N. Honan round Hwaiking-fu. In 
 the N. of Shansi also there is a detached but important coalfield 
 round Tatung-fu. In the SW. of the prov. are extensive sup- 
 plies of salt, round the lakes of Wusing-hu and Yenchi. The 
 ■development of the mineral resources of the prov. is, however, 
 greatly impeded by the difficulty of the communication with the 
 surrounding provs. N. Shansi communicates with the plain on 
 the E. only by the difficult Nankon Pass, and S. Shansi only 
 by a rocky road, difficult for carts passing by Khavailu (Hwolu- 
 hien). The ravines of the loess make communication equally 
 difficult with the W. See China, table. 
 
 Sbantar Islands, Russia, Maritime Prov., in Gulf of Udskoi, 
 at the extremity of Tugur Bay, of the Sea of Okhotsk ; consist 
 of Great Shantar, Little Shantar, Feklistov, and seven smaller 
 islands. Area, 1102 sq. m. 
 
 Shantonagh, P. O. , Ire. , SE. co. Monaghan, bar. Cremorne, 
 14J m. S. by E. Monaghan, 9 m. from Castleblayney stn. 
 
 Shantung (' eastern mountains '), prov. , N. China, composed 
 of the mountainous penin. jutting out E. to the S. of the Gulf 
 of Pechili, together with the loess plains on the NW. (traversed 
 by the lower course of the Hwang-ho), W. , and SW. ; cap. 
 Tsinan-fu. The mountains afford a valuable shelter from the 
 cold winds blowing from Mongolia and Manchuria across the 
 Gulf of Pechili, and hence enable this prov. to produce some 
 of the products of southern China, such as rice and silk, the 
 latter a product of great importance. The loess plains in the 
 NW. are easily irrigated by means of wells, water being mostly 
 obtained at a depth of 10-20 ft. , and hence produce abundance 
 of grain, cotton, earthnuts, and other crops. The mountains 
 are rich in minerals, including coal in the N W. , lead also in the 
 NW. (at Tsuchuan), gold in the E. (at Pingtu and Chaoyiian) ; 
 but the difficulties of communication hinder their being worked 
 to any great extent. The SW. plains are traversed by the 
 Grand Canal, and recently a navigation canal has been made 
 from Yangkia-kou, a seaport on the part of the coast S. of the 
 mouth of the Hwang-ho, towards Tsinan-fu, which is intended to 
 be the terminus. On the N. ct. is the treaty-port of Chefoo 
 (Chifu), the only safe and convenient harbour on that coast for 
 commerce. Further E. is the naval arsenal of Weihaiwei. On 
 the S. ct. is the harbour of Kiao-chou. See China, table. 
 
 Shaochon, tn., China, in the N. of prov. Kwangtung, on 
 the Pe-kiang, 125 m. N. Canton. 
 
 Shaohlug, tn. , China, prov. Chekiang, 23 m. ESE. Hang- 
 chow. 
 
 Shaoklng, or Shaohlng, tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, 50 
 m. W. Canton, on the 1. bk. of the Si-kiang, which immediately 
 below passes through gorges formed by hills rising to 700 or 
 800 ft. on either side. 
 
 8hao-wn, tn. , China, prov. Fokien, 140 m. NW. by W, 
 Foochow. 
 
 Shap, par. and market-tn., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 8^ 
 m. WSW. Appleby. Near it are the remains of a Druidic 
 temple and of an abbey, founded 1150. Shap Fells, an upland 
 tract to the S. , forming a neck or saddle between the mountains 
 of the Lake District and the Pennine Chain, now crossed by the 
 main line of the L. & NW. R. (on which Shap is a station), at 
 the height of 916 ft. Granite is extensively quarried here ; and 
 Shap wells, resorted to for mineral waters, are in a hollow 
 of these fells, between 3 and 4 m. S. of the village. PMT.O. 
 Par. 27,177 ac, P. <isoo. 
 
 Shaplnshay ('the island of Hjalpand, a Norse Viking'), isl. 
 and par., Scot., Orkney Is., 4 m. NE. Kirkwall. The shores 
 are low and fertile ; the island has many Pictish and Scandi- 
 navian antiquities. Length, 5 m. ; breadth, 4^ m. Alt. 50 ft. 
 Mean annual rfall. 32.27 in. Par. 6733 ac, P. < 1000; isl. 
 P. 900. 
 
 Shapn, tn. , China. See Kanpn. 
 
 Shapwlck, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, E. div. , on the Stour, 8J 
 m. NW. by N. Poole, 2 m. E. SpettislDury stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Shapwlck, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 5 m. W. 
 Glastonbury, with a stn. (Shap^lck for YTesthay and Meare) 
 on the M. R. and L. & SW. R., PM.O. P.<soo; eccles. par. 
 ^Shapwlck with Ashcott) P. < 1500. 
 
 Shara, or Shchara, riv. , W. Russia, govts. Minsk and 
 Grodno, 1. bk. trib. of Niemen ; connected by Oginski Canal 
 with r. bk. tribs. of Dnieper. 
 
 Sharakpnr, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 15 m. WSW. 
 Lahore, surrounded by a high mud wall. P. < 5000. 
 1426 
 
 Sharaldalskaya, vil. , E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, SE. of 
 Verkhneudinsk, on highway to Petrovskiy iron- work. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Shara-mnren, riv., Manchuria. See Llan-ho. 
 
 Shnravati, riv., S. India, rises at Ambu-tirtha, in Shunoga 
 dist. , Mysore, flows N W. through the W. Gh4ts, where are the 
 Falls of Gersoppa (or Gersappa), at an alt. of 960 ft. , with four 
 falls, one of which is 830 ft. The river then flows to the sea at 
 Honawar, in N. Kdnara. 
 
 Sliaravogue, PM.O., Ire., King's co. , 5 m. S. Parsons- 
 town stn. 
 
 Sharbot Lake, vil. and stn., Canada, Ontario, Frontenac 
 CO., 37 m. N. by W. Kingston, on a railway. P. <:25o. 
 
 SUardloiv, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 6 m. SE. Derby, 
 on the Trent, i m. NW. Castle Donington stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Sharef, riv., Morocco. See Za. 
 
 Sharefa, Abyssinia. See Kokfara. 
 
 Shareslilll, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 5 m. NNE. 
 Wolverhampton, 2! m. ESE. Four Ashes stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sharl, riv., central Africa, Sudan, flows NW. , forms the 
 frontier of Bornu and Bagirmi, and falls into Lake Chad by a 
 large delta, 
 
 Sharigh, tn. , Brit. Baluchistan, 45 m. E. Quetta ; colliery 
 op)ened in the neighbourhood, on Sind Pishin Rly. 
 
 Sharkey, co. , U.S., Mississippi, crossed in the N. by 33° N., 
 E. ofgi'^ W. 
 
 Shark Head, cape. Ire., S. Inishshark I., co. Gal way. 
 
 Shar-kol, or in Greek Perlsterl, tn. , Turkey in Europe, on 
 the Sea of Marmora, prov. and 27 m. NE. by E. Gallipoli. 
 
 Shark Point (Congo). See Padron, Pnuta. 
 
 Shark's Bay, post-tn. and pearl-fishing stn., W. Australia, 
 on the bay of the same name, in 25° 15' S., 113° 30' E., near 
 Carnarvon. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shark's Bay, a large bay, W. Australia, on the W. ct., 
 crossed by 25'^ 30' S. 
 
 Sharlstone, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 4 m. SE. 
 Wakefield, with a stn. (Sharlestou) on the L. & Y. R., 
 PM.O. (Sharlston Common). P. <25oo. 
 
 Sharnal Street, stn., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 5 m. NE. 
 Rochester, on the SE. R. 
 
 Sharnbrook, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 
 7 m. NNW. Bedford, on the M. R., PMT.O. P.<iooo. 
 
 Sharnford, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 9 
 m. SSE. Bosworth, 3 m. NW. Ullesthorpestn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Shar-Nor, lake, central Asia, in the N W. of the Chinese prov. 
 of Kansu, crossed by 42'' 15' N., 92° o' E. 
 
 Sharon, Davldtown, or Hope, vil., Canada, Ontario, 
 York CO., 4^ m. from Newmarket. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sharon in the O. T., Saron in the N. T., plain on the coast 
 of Palestine, extending about 40 m. from Joppa (Yifa) to 
 Cagsarea (Kaisarieh). Famous in ancient times for its roses 
 (believed to have been narcissi). 
 
 Sharon, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co., 3 m. E. 
 Sharon stn. (N, Y.). P. < 3000. 
 
 Sharon, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co., 17J m. S. 
 by W. Boston. P. < 2000. 
 "■Sharon, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Mercer co., on Beaver 
 R. , 57 m. NNW. Allegheny, on Shenango R. ; important iron 
 industry. P. 7500. 
 
 Sharon, vil., U.S., Vermont, Windsor co., on the White R., 
 26 m. ENE. Rutland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sharon, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Walworth co., 54 m. SW. 
 Milwaukee. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sharon Hill, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Delaware co., 3 m. 
 WSW. Philadelphia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sharon Springs, vil., U.S., New York, Schoharie co. , 46 
 m. (59 by rail) W. by N. Albany. It has noted mineral springs, 
 called the Baden Baden of America, and is annually visited by 
 above 10,000 persons. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sharow, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and i m. 
 E. by N. Ripon, on the Ure, i m. ESE. Ripon stn., P.O. 
 (Sharro-w). P. <5oo. 
 
 Sharp, CO., U.S., Arkansas, N. frontier, between 91° and 
 92" W. 
 
 Sharperton, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Hexham div. , on 
 the Coquet, 16 m. WSW. Alnwick, 7 m. W. by N. Rothbury 
 stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Sharpies, par., Eng., Lancashire, W. Houghton div., 2 m. 
 N. Bolton, I m. W. The Oaks stn. ; 5051 ac. P. 7000. 
 
 Sharpness, seapt. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the riv. Severn, and on the Severn and Wye and 
 Severn Bridge Rly. , 14 m. SW. Gloucester, of which it is a sub- 
 port ; terminus of the Berkeley Canal ; dock 13J acres in extent, 
 29 ft. deep over sill at mean spring, 16 ft. at mean neap tides. 
 PMT.O. (Sharpness Point). 
 
 Sharpnose Point, Lower, cape, Eng., on the NW. ct. of 
 Cornwall, in 50° 53' N. 
 
 Sharpnose Point, I'pper, cape, Eng. , on the N W. ct. of 
 Cornwall, in 50° 54' N. 
 Sharpsbnrg, tn., U.S., Maryland, Washington co., on 
 
S H AR 
 
 S H EE 
 
 Antietam Creek, 9 m. N. Harper's Ferry ; is a tourist centre. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 8Iiarpsburs, suburban bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny 
 CO. , on the Allegheny R., 5 m. NE. by N. Pittsburg. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sharp's Ii^laud, U.S., Maryland, in Chesapeake Bay, off 
 the entrance to Choptank R. 
 
 SharpsYllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Mercer co. , on 
 Shenango R. , 60 m. NNW. Pittsburg ; has coal-mines and im- 
 portant iron-works. P. <30oo. 
 
 Sharp Tor, hill, Eng. , Devonshire, on Dartmoor Forest, 15 
 m. E. Launceston. 
 
 Sharretalal, tn., India, Travancore, 21 m. S. by E. Cochin. 
 P. 9200. 
 
 Sharriugtoii, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. , 12 m. W. by S. 
 Cromer, 2^ m. N. by W. Melton Constable stn. P. <:2So. 
 
 Shairro'w, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire. See Sharo'«v. 
 
 Sharstoue, vil. , Eng., Cheshire, 4 m. SW. Stockport. 
 
 Sharuhen, place named in O. T. See Tell esh Shert'ah. 
 
 Sharvogel, group of isls. , E. Indies, off SE. ct. of Billiton, 
 between Borneo and Sumatra. 
 
 Sliarvognes, tnld. , Ire., SW. co. Antrim, bar. Upper Toome, 
 6 m. NNW. Antrim, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Shashl, riv. , Brit. S. Africa, flowing ESE. past Tati into the 
 Tuli R. 
 
 Shashi, or Shasze, tn. , China, Hupe, r. bk. Yangtse-kiang, 
 at the nearest point of the river to the angle of the Han-ho, where 
 that river turns E. , and connected with the Han-ho near that 
 point by canal ; an important distributing centre for goods 
 (principally cotton goods for up river- ports) brought from the 
 W. and destined for mid-China. P. about 100,000. 
 
 Shasta, co. , U.S., California, traversed by Sacramento R., 
 and crossed by 41° N. 
 
 Shasta. 1. Mt., U.S., California, Siskiyou co., 115 m. ESE. 
 of NW. corner of state, in a rich gold-mining dist. Alt. 14,442 
 ft. (Whitney, b). 8. A range of mountains on the W. frontier of 
 Shasta co. , California. 
 
 Shat-el-Arab, name -of the river formed by the confluence of 
 the Euphrates and Tigris, near Kurna ; it receives, 1. bk. , the 
 Kerkhah and Karun from the plateau of Iran, Persia, passes 
 Busra, and flows into the Persian Gulf by a delta with several 
 branches. Mean discharge, 295,000 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Shatra-cl-Amara, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet Busrah, 
 sanjak Amara, on Tigris, 27 m. N. by W. of its confluence 
 with Euphrates. P. 2050 ; Moham. 1600. 
 
 Shatra-el-Miinteflk, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet Busrah, 
 sanjak Muntefik, 53 m. WNW. of confluence of Euphrates and 
 Tigris. P. 4000 (Moham.). 
 
 Shatsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 88 m. N. Tambov. P. 
 7800. 
 
 Shattou, part of par., Eng., Derbyshire. See Brongli. 
 
 Shangh Prior, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 7 m. 
 NE. by N. Plymouth, \\ m. NE. Bickleigh stn.; china-clay is 
 worked here. P.O. 8862 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Shavauo, mt. , U.S., Colorado, in the S. of Chaffee co. , 102 
 m. SW. Denver. Alt. 14,239 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 Shave Lane Hill, hill, Eng. , on the border of Somerset and 
 Dorset, 25 m. S. Crewkerne. 
 
 Shavingtou vfith Gresty, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Crewe div. , 
 3 m. E. Nantwich, i^ m. E. by S. Willaston stn., PM.O. 
 (Shavingtou). P. < 2000. 
 
 Shavli (Polish Sza>vli), dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 'j'j m. 
 NNW. Kovno, on railway from Vilna to Libau (105 m.); 
 distilleries, tobacco factories, flour-mills ; trade with Libau in 
 grain and linseed. P. (1861) 5834 ; (1892) 22,300. 
 
 Shaw, Anglo-Saxon, Scandinavian skeg, ' a wood ' or ' grove ; ' 
 e.g. , Pollokshaws, ' the woods near the village of Pollok ' ; Brad- 
 shaw, ' broad wood ' ; Skegness, ' the headland of the wood.' 
 
 Shaw, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, included in the pari, 
 bor. and 2^ m. N. by E. Oldham, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <45oo. 
 
 Shaw, Fort, U.S., Montana. See Fort Sliaw. 
 
 Shaw and Whitley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Cricklade 
 div. , 3 m. NW. by W. Swindon, i m. N W. Rushey Piatt stn. , 
 P.O. (Sliaw). P. <7SO. 
 
 Sltawangunli (shaw'gflm) Slonntalns, range of mts., U.S., 
 New York, in the SE. , stretching for about 45 m. from SW. to 
 NE. , between the Delaware and Hudson Rivs. , to the E. of the 
 Delaware and Hudson Canal. Alt. 1500-2000 ft. 
 
 Sliawano, city, U.S., Wisconsin, cap. co. Shawano, on Wolf 
 R. , 35 m. W. Green Bay. P. <20oo. 
 
 Shawashkong, riv., Canada, Ontario, flows E. then NE. 
 into the Madawaska, which it joins about 77° 33' W, 
 
 Sliawbost, North and South, two adjoining vils., Scot., 
 Ross-shire, on NW. side of Lewis I., 19 m. NW. Stornoway, 
 P.O. (Shawbost). P. (of each)<5oo. 
 
 Shawbridge, vil., Canada, Quebec, Terrebonne co. , 8 m. 
 from Jerome. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shawbnry, settlement. Cape Colony, Pondo-land, 142 m. 
 SW. by S. Pietermaritzburg. 
 
 Shawbnry, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., on the Roden, 
 
 7 m. NE. Shrewsbury, 3 m. ENE. Hadnall stn., PM.O.; 7367 
 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Shawclongh and Healey, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire, in the N. 
 of the pari. bor. of Rochdale, on the L. & Y. R. 
 
 Shawdon, par., Eng., Northumberland, 7 m. W. Alnwick. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Shaivell, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 4 m. 
 NE. Rugby, ij m. NW. by N. Lilbourne stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Shawforil and Twyford, stn., Eng., Hampshire, Andover 
 div., 3i m. S. by W. Winchester, on the L. & SW. R., G. 
 W. R., and L. & SW. R., PM.O. (Shawford). 
 
 Shawforth, vil., Eng., Lancashire, Middleton div., 4 m. N. 
 Rochdale, on the L. & Y. R. ; flags and paving stone are quarried 
 here. PM.O. 
 
 SItawhall, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Rochdale par. 
 
 Shawhead, vil., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 6 m. W. Dum- 
 fries, 4 m. NW. Lochenhead stn., P.O. 
 
 Sliawiands, suburb and tn. , Scot. , Renfrewshire, 2 m. SSW. 
 and now incorporated in burgh of Glasgow, on the C. R. , close 
 to Crossmyloof stn. P. <25oo. 
 
 Shaw Mills, P.O., Eng. , Yorkshire, W, Riding, 2 J m. NW. 
 Ripley. 
 
 Shawnee, co., U.S., Kansas, traversed by the Kansas R. , 
 partly bounded on the W. by 96° W. 
 
 Shawnee, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Grand Forks co., 
 74 m. SSW. Pembina. 
 
 Shawnee, vil., U.S., Ohio, Perry co., 48 m. SE. by E. 
 Columbus ; coal mined. P. <40oo. 
 
 Siui'wuees, tribe of Algonquin Indians, U.S., Wisconsin. 
 They number 1600, some living with the Sacs and Foxes, a few 
 with the Quapaws, and others with the Senecas. They are 
 mostly civilised. 
 
 Shawneetown, vil., U.S., lUinois, cap. Gallatin co., on r. 
 bk. of Ohio R., 129 m. SE. by E. St. Louis (Mo.); has salt- 
 making and coal-mining. P. < 2000. 
 
 Shawville, vil., Canada, Quebec, Pontiac co. , 50 m. from 
 Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shaw with Donnlngton, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and i 
 m. N. Newbury. P. <75o. 
 
 Shayak, or Shayok, riv. , Kashmir. See Shalok. 
 
 Sliayaug, tn. , China. See Sayang. 
 
 Shehara, riv. , Russia. See Sliara. 
 
 Siu-heglovo, vil., Russia, W. Siberia, govt. Tomsk, Altai 
 region, 139 m. N. of Kuznetsk, near Tom R. ; layers of coal. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Shchelkun, vil., Russia, govt. Perm, dist. and 46 m. SSE. 
 Ekaterinburg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Shchigry, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 38 m. by rail ENE. 
 Kursk. P. 5800. 
 
 Sheal, or Shealing, Scotch, ' hut ' or ' shed.' See Scale. 
 
 Sheallag, Loch, lake, Scot., Ross-shire, in the N., drained 
 NW. by riv. Gruinard into Gruinard Bay. Alt. 279 ft. 
 
 Shea Oak Log, vil., S. Australia, Light co., 30 m. NNE. 
 Adelaide, 14 m. SSW. Kapunda. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shear Down, upland tract, Eng. , in the W. of Somerset, 
 and on the SE. of Exmoor Forest. 
 
 Shearsby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 9 m. 
 S. by E. Leicester, 4 m. NW. Theddingworth stn. P, <:25o. 
 See Kuaptoft. 
 
 Sheba, place named in O. T. See Tell es Seb'a, 
 
 Sheba, tn., Arabia. See Marib. 
 
 Shebar Entrance, channel. Sierra Leone. See Hlttani. 
 
 Shebbear, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 11^ m, 
 S. Bideford, 4^ m. NE. by N. Dunsland Cross stn., PM.O.; 
 5758 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Sliebdon, PM.O., Eng., 3 m. from Newport, Shropshire. 
 
 Shebeili, riv. See Webbe Shebeili. 
 
 Shebiu-el-Koni, tn. , Egypt. See Sltibin>el>Kuni. 
 
 Shebll, vil., Algeria, 15 m. SW. Algiers; noted for its tobacco. 
 
 Sheboygan, city, U.S., Wisconsin, cap. Sheboygan co. , on 
 Lake Michigan, 53 m. N. by E. Milwaukee ; has foundries, 
 machine-shops, tanneries, furniture (especially chair), and other 
 manufactures. P. (1870)5300; (1880)7300; (1890) 16,400. 
 
 Sheboygan Falls, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Sheboygan co., 50 
 m. N. Milwaukee ; has tanneries and woollen mills. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shebster, P.O., Scot., Caithness, 6\ m. SW. by W. Thurso. 
 
 Shebu, western Sudan, Sokoto. See Zhibn. 
 
 Skechem, place named in O. T. See Nablus. 
 
 Sheddens, vil. , Scot., Renfrewshire. P. <75o. See Clark- 
 ston Toll and Sheddens. 
 
 Shedlield, eccles. par. , Eng. , Hampshire. See Shidfleld. 
 
 Shedlac, tn. and port of entry, Canada, New Brunswick, 
 Westmorland co., on Sliediac Bay (Northumberland Strait), 
 100 m. NE. St. John. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Sheeiin, Lough, lake. Ire., at the meeting of cos. Meath, 
 Westmeath, and Cavan, 209 ft. above sea-level, drained by the 
 riv. Inuy SW. into Lough Ree. 
 
 Slieen, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 8J m. ENE, 
 Leek, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sheen, East, part of eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, Kingston 
 
 1427 
 
SHEE — SHEF 
 
 div. , on the r. bk. of the Thames, adjoining Mortlake on the S. , 
 
 8 m. WSW. St. Paul's, London, with a stn. (Mortlake and 
 East Sbeen) on the L. & SW. R. See IMortlake. 
 
 Sheep, isl. , Scot. , Argyllshire, Inner Hebrides, Lismore and 
 Appin par., 2 m. S. Kintyre Penin. P. 8. 
 
 Sbeep, uninhabited isl. , Scot. , Argyllshire, Inner Hebrides, 
 Kilbrandon and Kilchattan par. , in Firth of Lome. 
 
 Slieepbrldge, part of eccles. par. and stn. , Eng. , Derbyshire, 
 on the M. R. , and another stn. (Sheepbrldge and Brlnilng- 
 ton) on the M. S. & L. R. , 2 m. N. Chesterfield ; coal is mined 
 in the vicinity. See Wblttlngton. 
 
 Sheep Haven, bay, Ire., on the NW. ct. of Donegal, in 
 7° 54' W. 
 
 Sheep Head, cape. Ire. See Muntervary. 
 
 Sheep Hills, post-tn. , Victoria, Borung co. , 94 m. WNW. 
 Sandhurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sheep Islau«l, islet, Eng., Lancashire, on the E. of Walney I., 
 3 m. S. by E. Banow. 
 
 Sheep Island, small isl., Ire., off the N. ct. of co. Antrim, 
 in 6° 20' W. 
 
 Sheeprldge, vil. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3 m. NE. 
 Huddersfield. 
 
 Sheepscar, two eccles. pars., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 in ancient par. of Leeds (St. Peter). Total P. 17,700. 
 
 Sheepseombe, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 3 m. N. 
 Stroud, P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Sheepsliead, electoral div.. Ire., Cork, dist. Durrus and 
 Kilcrohane. 
 
 Sheepsbed, or Sheepsbead (ship'shed), par. andtn., Eng., 
 Leicestershire, div. and 3 m. W. Loughborough, with a stn. 
 (Shepshed) on the L. & NW. R. ; has framework knitting and 
 glove making. PMT.O. (Shepsbed). 5425 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Sheepstor, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 10 m. 
 NE. by N. Plymouth, 2 m. E. by S. Marsh Mills stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Sheepwash, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 13 m. 
 S. by E. Bideford, 5 m. NE. Halwill Junction, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Sheepwash, vil., Eng., Northumberland. See Asblngtou. 
 
 Sheepy, Creat and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Leicestershire, Bosworth div., the former on riv. Sence, 5 m. 
 WSW. Bosworth, 2^ m. NE. by N. Atherstone stn., PM.O. 
 Great Sheepy, P. <5oo; Little Sheepy, P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (ereat and Little Sheepy yritli RatclUTe Cnley) P. <75o. 
 
 'S Heerenberg, Holland. See Heerenberg, 'S, 
 
 Sheering, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 10 m. E. Ware, 
 i^ m. SE. by E. Sawbridgeworth stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Sheemess, eccles. par. , seapt. tn. , and naval arsenal, Eng. , 
 Kent, Isle of Sheppey, Faversham div., on the Thames, at the 
 mouth of the estuary of the Medway, 11 m. ENE. Chatham, 
 with two stns. (Sheerness-on-Sea and Sheemess Dockyard) 
 on the L. C. & D. R. The SE. R. run a steamboat from 
 Sheemess Pier in connection with their line to Port Victoria, 
 and thence to London via Gravesend. Of its four divs. — 
 Blue-town, Mile-town, Marine-town, and Westminster — the 
 first is enclosed within fortifications. The dockyard, occupying 
 nearly 60 ac. , contains three basins and five docks. The largest 
 of the former has an area of 3^ ac. , with 25.8 ft. of water on sill 
 at spring tides high water. The longest of the latter is 268 ft. 
 
 9 in., with 15 ft. over sill at high water. It also contains exten- 
 sive storehouses, &c. The naval barracks, accommodating 1000 
 seamen, are also within the yard. Near to, but outside, the 
 yard are Garrison Point fort, Admiralty House (the residence 
 of the port admiral), and the military barracks. One and a 
 half miles from Garrison Point another strong fort has recently 
 been erected at Barton's Point. The harbour is sheltered and 
 commodious, with deep water at low tide. The town affords 
 good sea-bathing. Sheemess was taken by the Dutch imder 
 De Ruyter, 1667. The mutiny of the Nore broke out here, 
 1798. P. 14,500. 
 
 Sheet, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 17^ m. NE. 
 by N. Portsmouth, close to Petersfield stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 See Petersfield. 
 
 Shee Water, riv. , Scot. See Blarkwater (Perth and Forfar). 
 
 Shefa 'Aiur, tn., Palestine, 32° 48' N., 35° 10' E. , 10 m. 
 NW. Nazareth. 
 
 Sheffield, vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Sunbury co. , 20 m. 
 E. by S. Fredericton, on the St. John R. Alt. (Broomhall 
 Park Observatory) 330 ft.; (Redmires) iioo ft. Mean annual 
 rfall. (Broomhall Park), 33.03 in.; (Redmires) 43.26 in. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 ShefBeld, market-tn. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, on the Ivel, 5 m. 
 SW. Biggleswade. 
 
 Sheffield, pari, and mun. (since 1843) bor., co. bor. (since 
 1888), and city (since 1893), Yorkshire, W. Riding, on a hilly 
 site at the confluence of the rivs. Don and Sheaf (taking its 
 name from the latter), at the extreme S. of the county, with 
 stns. on the M. R., M. S. & L. R., and L. & NW R., 40 m. SE. 
 Manchester, and 162 m. N. London by rail. Formerly it was 
 the cap. of ' Hallamshire,' a dist. of five pars., dating from 
 the Norman Conquest. It now contains five pari. divs. — the 
 Central, Attercliffe, Brightside, Eccleshall, and Hallam. Since 
 1428 
 
 1875 the general appearance of the town has immensely im- 
 proved, some ;^i,ooo,ooo having been spent in widening the 
 streets, in public buildings, &c. Chief public buildings are the 
 Town Hall (built 1891 ; crowned with statue of Vulcan), Cutlers' 
 Hall, Corn Exchange, Mappin Art Gallery, the Albert Hall, 
 various music-halls and literary or scientific institutions ; a free 
 library with four branches, the Sheffield library (80,000 vols.) ; 
 hospitals, asylums, and other charitable foundations. The im- 
 portant educational institutions include the Firth College, the 
 Royal Grammar-School, Girls High School, the Wesley College, 
 the Technical School, School of Art, &c. In Meersbrook Park, 
 or S. suburb of the town, near Heeley stn. , is the small museum 
 of the Guild of St. George, established by Mr. Ruskin (first in 
 the suburb of Walkley), containing a small but choice collection 
 of paintings, including some by Mr. Ruskin himself, a valuable 
 collection of minerals, a very valuable collection of books and 
 MSS. , a set of Leech's drawings for Punch, &c. The growth 
 of Sheffield in population and wealth was originally due to the 
 manufacture of steel and cutlery. Ironstone and coal have 
 always abounded in the neighbourhood, and the five mountain 
 streams supplied water-power. The original growth of the 
 cutlery trade was no doubt favoured also by the Wickersley 
 grindstone quarries, a few miles to the E. Iron-smelting had 
 begun in the Saxon period, but for centuries Sheffield has made 
 use of Swedish iron for the manufacture of the best steel. 
 Chaucer refers to the knives for which Sheffield was already 
 famous in the 14th century. In 1624, the Cutlers' Company 
 was incorporated ; and in 1650 the Flemish workmen introduced 
 the making of clasp-knives ( —jocktelegs, for ' Jacques de Li^ge '), 
 scythes, and sickles. In 1740 Huntsman of Handsworth, after 
 his invention of cast iron, greatly enlarged the Sheffield trade in 
 various branches. Ever since, this great centre of the cutlery 
 trade has been foremost in the world, notwithstanding the 
 recent competition of Germany and the United States, &c. 
 Besides cutlery, including instruments and tools of every form, 
 the heavier steel goods manufactured at Sheffield include armour- 
 plates, engine-castings, rails, axles, steel shot, &c. There are 
 also large manufactures of machinery, and an important silver- 
 plating industry (introduced 1742). Minor industries are tan- 
 ning, bicycle-making, iron and brass founding, &c. ; manufac- 
 ture of combs, brushes, optical instruments. The connection of 
 Sheffield with Goole by improving the canal service is expected 
 to greatly increase the export and import trade. Sheffield was 
 originally a cluster of houses, homes of iron-workers, round the 
 Castle Hill, when the castle was held by one of the De Love- 
 tots, barons of Huntingdonshire. Cardinal Wolsey was after- 
 wards imprisoned here, and (from 1572 to 1586) Mary Queen of 
 Scots. Standing on N. of the town, between the Sheaf and 
 Don, the castle with its fortifications occupied 4 ac. , and its 
 grounds 14 ac. It was demolished after Marston Moor, 1644. 
 In 1864, 250 persons perished here through the breaking of 
 a new embankment of the Dale Dike Reservoir at Bradfield. 
 There are several excellent recreation grounds — Weston Park 
 (with a museum and valuable picture gallery) on W. , 13 ac. ; 
 the Firth Park on NE. , 36 ac. ; the Meersbrook Park, 3 ac. ; 
 Endcliffe Woods, 33 ac. ; High Hazel's Park and Hillsborough 
 Park ; the Norfolk Park, 60 ac. , granted by the Duke of Nor- 
 folk, lord of the manor, but remaining his property ; the 
 Botanical Gardens, 18 ac. For a great manufacturing town, 
 the surroundings are singularly pleasant, having green wooded 
 hills on every side except towards Doncaster. From 1832 to 
 1885 Sheffield returned two members to Parliament, and since 
 1885 it has returned five, one for each div. Till 1845 it was 
 included in i par. , but now there are 37 eccles. pars. Market- 
 days, Tu. and S. Area, mun. and pari, bor., 19,651 ac. A sur- 
 vey of 1613 assigns 2207 inhabitants to Sheffield. P. (1801) 
 45,800; (1851)135,300; (1871)239,900; (1891)324,200. 
 
 Sheffield, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co., 30 
 m. WNW. Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sheffield, or Kentlsbbnry, tp., Tasmania, Devon co. , 42 
 m. W, Launceston, 30 m. SE. Emu Bay ; tin and silver-lead 
 mines arc worked in the district ; the Middlesex goldfield is 
 23 m. distant. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sheffield, city, U.S., in NW. of Alabama, Colbert co., on a 
 bold bluff of the Tennessee R. opposite Florence; founded 
 1885, to utilise the vast deposits of coal and iron which occur in 
 the adjacent dist. Several blast-furnaces in operation. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sheffiebl, coal-mining vil., U.S., Illinois, Bureau co., 118 m. 
 WSW. Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sheffield, vil., U.S., Indiana, Lake co., 12 m. SSE. Chicago 
 (111.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Sheffield, vil., U.S., Iowa, Franklin co. , 105 m. NW. by W. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sheffield, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co. , 8 m. NE. 
 by E. of the SW. corner of the state. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sheffield, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Warren co. , 60 m. SE. 
 by E. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sheffield Lane, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, near Sheffield. 
 
 Sheffield Park, stn., Eng., Sussex, E. Grinstead div., on 
 the Ouse, 9 m. N. Lewes, with a stn. on the L. B. & S. C. R. 
 
SHEF — SHEL 
 
 ShefHii, pax. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny, bars. Crannagh and Galmoy, 
 2 m. NW. Freshford. P. <25o. 
 
 SheflTord, co. , Canada, Quebec, S. of the St. Lawrence, 
 crossed by 45^° N. and 72^° W. 
 
 ShefTord, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , E5edfordshire, Biggles- 
 wade div. , on the Ivel, 9 m. SE. Bedford, on the M. R., 3^ m. 
 NW. Arlesey and Shefford Road stn. ; manufactures straw-plait. 
 PMT.O. Market-day, F. P. < 1000. See Canipton. 
 
 Shefford, East, par., Eng., Berkshire, 5 m. NE. Hungerford. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Shefford, >Ve8t, par., Eng., Berkshire, 2 m. NE. of Shefford 
 Woodlands, PM.O. (Great Shefford). P. <500. 
 
 Shefford, West, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Shefford co., 42 m. 
 ESE. Montreal, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shefford Hardwlck, par. , Eng. , co. and 9 m. SE. Bedford. 
 P. <:2so. 
 
 Sheffonl Woodlands, P. O. , Eng. , Berkshire, div, and 8 m. 
 NW. by W. Newbury. 
 
 ShegAou, tn. , Brit. India, Berar, dist. Akola, 70 m. W. by 
 S. Amraoti. P. 11,400; Hindus, 10,100; Moham. 1200. 
 
 Shehr, Persian, 'a dwelling'; e.g., Abu-shehr, 'the dwelling 
 of Abu ' ; Yeni-shehr, ' new dwelling. ' 
 
 Shehr-1-Babok, vil, Persia, prov. and no ni. W. by S. 
 Kerman. 
 
 Shehr-1-syabz, tn., Bukhara, 142 m. SE. of it, on highroad 
 to Samarkand. 
 
 Shehy, mt. , Ire., SW. co. Cork, bar. E. Carbery, W. div., 
 13 m. SW. Macroom. Height, 1797 ft. 
 
 Shelhk Mlsklii, vil., Syria, 32° 50' N., 36° 6' E., 28 m, W, 
 t)y N. Kanawat. 
 
 Sheliiton, par., Eng., Salop, in Atcham union. P. <25o. 
 . Shelpu, ct. tn., China, prov. Chekiang, 50 m. SSE. Ningpo, 
 on a strait separating the mainland from the isl. of Niuteushan. 
 • Shelre, stn. , Eng. , Surrey. See Shere. 
 
 Shek-luiig, tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, on the Tung- 
 kiang, 57 m. N. by W. Victoria (Hong-kong). 
 
 Sheksra, riv. , Russia, govts. Novgorod and Yaroslavl, flows 
 from Lake Byelo-ozero S. , W. , and SE. 280 m., joins Volga 
 opposite Rybinsk ; very important artery of inland navigation, 
 being part of Mariinsk system of canals. 
 
 Shelagh Hauinn. See Ood-1-Zirreh. 
 
 Shelagskly, or Shalagskly, cape, Russia, Arctic Ocean, in 
 the E. of Chaun Bay, 70° 3' N. , 171° 24' E. 
 
 Shelalleh, vil., Persia, about 6 m. S. Shushter, the present 
 limit of navigation on the Ab-i-Gargar branch of the Karun R. 
 See Kariin. Proc. R. G. S., 1891, p. 593. 
 
 Shelbliia, tn., U.S., Missouri, Shelby co., 60 m. SW. by S. 
 Keokuk (lo.). P. <20oo. 
 
 Shelbonrue, post-tn. , Victoria, Bendigo co., 18 m. SW. by 
 W.Sandhurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shelbnriie, co. , Canada, Nova Scotia, in the extreme S. 
 
 Shelbnrue, seapt. tn. and port of entry, Canada, Nova Scotia, 
 cap. Shelburne co. , on the W. ct. , 108 m. SW. by W. Halifax ; 
 has a safe and commodious harbour; length, 5 m.; depth at 
 entrance at ordinary spring tides' low water, 36 ft. P. <25oo. 
 
 Shelbnrne, vil., Canada, Ontario, Dufferin co., 56 m. NW. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shelbnrne, bar. , Ire. , in the SW. of co. Wexford, 
 
 Shelbnrne, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co., on Deer- 
 field R., 28 m. N. by W. Holyoke. P. <20oo. 
 
 Shelbnrne, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Chittenden co., 7J m. S, 
 Burlington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shelbnrne Bay, NE. Australia, is an inlet of the Pacific 
 Ocean, in 11° 50' S. , 142° o' E. 
 
 Shelby, co., U.S., Alabama, N. of 33° N., and E. of 87° W, 
 
 Shelby, co., U.S., Illinois, between 39° and 40° N., and 
 crossed by 89° W. 
 
 Shelby, co. , U.S., Indiana, midway between 39° and 40° N. , 
 and E. of 86° W. 
 
 Shelby, co., U.S., Iowa, S. of 42° N., and W. of 95° W. 
 
 Shelby, co., U.S., Kentucky, N. of 38° N., crossed in the 
 E. by 85° W. 
 
 Shelby, vil., U.S., Michigan, Oceana co,, 125 m. W, Bay 
 City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shelby, co., U.S., Missouri, in the NE., to the S. of 40° N., 
 and crossed in the E. by 92° W. 
 
 Shelby, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, cap. Cleveland co. , 165 m. 
 W. by S. Raleigh, and 40 m. W. Charlotte, P. <i5oo. 
 
 Shelby, co., U.S., Ohio, N. of 40° N., W. of 84° W. 
 
 Shelby, vil., U.S., Ohio, Richland co., 67 m. SW. Cleveland. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Shelby, co., U.S., Tennessee, in the extreme SW. 
 
 Shelby, co., U.S., Texas, on the Sabine R. (E. frontier), S. 
 of 32" N. 
 
 Shelby Iron Works, vil., U.S., Alabama, Shelby co., 32 m. 
 SE. by S. of Birmingham. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Shelbyrille, manufacturing and trading city, U.S., Illinois, 
 cap. Shelby co., 74 m. W. Terre Haute (Ind.). P, <:4000. 
 
 Shelbyrille, city, U.S., Indiana, cap. Shelby co., 25 m. SE. 
 Indianapolis. P. 5500. 
 
 Shelbyrille, tn,, U.S., Kentucky, cap. Shelby co., 73 m. 
 SW. by S. Cincinnati. P. <30oo. 
 
 ShelbyvUle, vil., U.S., Missouri, cap. Shelby co., 54 m. 
 SW. Keokuk (lo.). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 ShelbyvUle, tn., U.S., Tennessee, cap. Bedford co., 52 m. 
 SSE. Nashville. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sheldon, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 8 m, ESE. Buxton, 
 2 m. SW. Longstone stn. P, <25o. See Ashford-ln-the« 
 Water. 
 
 Sheldon, par,, Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., loj m, E, 
 by S. Tiverton, 3 J m. S, by E. Culmstock stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Sheldon, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Tamworth div., 5 m. 
 E. by S. Birmingham, ij m. W. Marston Green stn. P. <:soo, 
 Sheldon, vil., U.S., Illinois, Iroquois co., 44 m. NW. 
 Lafayette (Ind.). P, <i5oo, 
 
 Sheldon, tn., U.S., Iowa, O'Brien co., 43 m. ESE. of NW, 
 corner of state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sheldon, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Ransom co., 40 m. 
 SW. by W. Fargo, 
 
 Sheldon, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Franklin co., 31 m, NNE. 
 Burlington. Alkaline-saline springs much resorted to. P. < 
 1500. Sheldon, North, vil., 2 m. to the NNE,, on the 
 Missisquoi R. 
 
 Sheldwlch, par., Eng,, Kent, div. and 2 J m. S, Faversham, 
 P.O. (Sheldwlch Lees). P. <:75o. 
 
 Shelf, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W, Riding, Elland 
 div. , 3i m. SW. Bradford, 2 m. S. Clayton stn, ; manufacture 
 worsted. PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Shelfanger, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 18 m. SW. by S. 
 Norwich, 2 m. WNW. Burston stn., P.O. P,<5oo, 
 
 Shelfleld, P.O., Eng,, i m, from Walsall Wood, Stafford- 
 shire. 
 
 Shelford, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, 3 m. NW. Bingham, 
 P.O. P. <soo ; eccles, par. (Shelford with Newton) P. <50o, 
 Shelford, tp,, Victoria, Grenville co. , 25 m. WNW. Geelong, 
 P, -ciSoo. 
 
 Shelford, Cireat and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng,, 
 Cambridgeshire. Great Shelford, Chesterton div., on the Cam, 
 4 m. S. Cambridj;e, with a stn. (Shelford) on the G. E. R. and 
 G. E, & Colne Valley Joint Rly. ; phosphate of lime is obtained 
 here ; rope works at Little Shelford. Great Shelford, PMT.O., 
 P. < 1500; Little Shelford, P.O., P. <5oo. 
 
 Shellff, the largest and most important river of Algeria, rises 
 in the Angad desert under the name of the Mikrok, and flows 
 N. then WSW. to the Mediterranean, NW. of Mostaganem. 
 Shellya, mt. , Algeria. See Atlas. 
 
 Shell, Loeh, sea-loch, Scot., Outer Hebrides, on E. side of 
 Lewis I. Length, 6^ m. ; breadth at entrance, 3 J m. 
 
 Sheila, petty state, India, Assam, in the Khasi Hills, 30 m. 
 SW. by S. Shillong. 
 
 Shellac Point, or Point Cranstal, headland, Isle of Man, 
 forms the N. boundary of Ramsey Bay. 
 
 Shelland, par., Eng., Suffolk, 3 m. NW. Stowmarket. P. 
 <25o; eccles. par. (Shelland with (iipplng) P. <25b. 
 
 Shell Creek Monuttilns, U.S., Nevada, in the E. , mainly 
 in White Pine co. , partly in Elko co. , trending for about 65 m. 
 from S. by W. to N. by E. Mean height, 8000 ft. (Wheeler), 
 
 Shelley, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 10 m. W. Chelms- 
 ford, I m. N. by E. Ongar stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Shelley, par,, Eng., Suffolk, 2^ m. S. Hadleigh, P.O. 
 (Shelly). P. <25o, 
 
 Shelley, par. and tn,, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Holmfirth 
 
 div., 5 m. SE. Huddersf^eld, with a stn. (Shepley and Shelley) 
 
 on the L, & Y. R. ; has woollen manufacture. PM.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Shellharbonr, bor., New South Wales, Camden co., 52 m. 
 
 SSW. Sydney. P. < 2000. 
 
 Shelllngford, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 12 m. W. by 
 S. Abingdon, 2 m. SE. Faringdon, 2 m. N. by E. Uffington 
 stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Shell Lake, tn. , U.S., Wisconsin, Washburn co. , 67 m, 
 SSE. north-west corner of the state; totally destroyed in a 
 forest fire, September 1894. 
 
 Shellnionth, settlement, Canada, prov. Manitoba, on Assini- 
 boine R. , 139 m. E. by N. Regina. 
 
 Shellness Point, cape, Eng. , Kent, the most easterly point 
 of the isl. of Sheppey. 
 
 Shellow Bowells, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div,, 6 m. W, 
 by N. Chelmsford, 4^ m. NE. by E. Ongar stn. P. <:2So. See 
 WUUngale Doe. 
 
 Shell Rock, vil., U.S., Iowa, Bremer co. , 62 m. NW, Cedar 
 Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shellsbnrg, vil., U.S., Iowa, Benton co., 10 ra. SE. Vinton. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Shell Top, eminence, Eng., Devonshire, on Dartmoor, 3 m, 
 Cornwood stn. Alt. 1550 ft. 
 
 Shelly, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on the C. P. R. , 46 
 m. E. by N. Winnipeg. 
 
 Shelly, P.O., Eng., Suffolk. See Shelley. 
 Shelmaliere, East and West, two bars. , Ire. , in SE. of co. 
 Wexford, on different sides of the Slaney. 
 
 1429 
 
S HEL 
 
 S H ER 
 
 Sheloii, riv. , NW. Russia, govts. Pskov and Novgorod, trib. 
 of Lake Ilmen ; considerable navigation. Length, 145 m. 
 
 ■ Sbelsley Beauchamp, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley 
 div. , on the 1. bk. of the Teme, 9 m. NW. by W. Worcester, 
 P.O. P. <soo. Shelsley Walsh, or Little Shelsley, par., 
 I m. to the W., on the r. bk. of the Teme, 5 m. N. by W. 
 Knightwick stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Shelsley Kings, par., Eng., -Worcestershire, 9 m. SW. Stour- 
 port. P. <25o. 
 
 ■ Siielsfrell, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 6 m. 
 W. by- S. Buckingham, 2| m. S. Fulwell and Westbury stn. 
 P. <25o. See Newton Pnrcell. 
 
 Shelter, isl., U.S., New York, Suffolk co., at the E. end of 
 Long I., in 72° 20' W.; originally the residence of the Man- 
 hassett Indians ; is now a frequented summer resort. 
 
 Shelton, par., Eng., in the extreme N. of Bedfordshire, 
 Biggleswade div., 12 m. N. Bedford, 4 m. WSW. Kimbolton 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Shelton, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., ii^ m. S. by W. 
 Norwich, 3^ m. SE. Forncett stn. P. <2So ; eccles. par. 
 (Shelton with Hardwlck) P. <soo. 
 
 Shelton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 6 m. S. by 
 W. Newark, 3 m. N. by E. Elton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Shelton, vil., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 2 m. NW. by W. 
 Shrewsbury. See Oxon. 
 
 Shelton, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, in ancient par. of 
 Stoke-upon-Trent ; has coal-mines. P. 12,800. 
 
 Shelton, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co. , opposite 
 Birmingham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shel Top, hill, Eng., in the SW. of Devonshire, 9 m. NE. 
 Plymouth. 
 
 Shelve, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 9 m. SE. Welsh- 
 pool, 5 m. N. Lydham Heath stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Shelwlck, vil., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 2^ m. NNE. 
 Hereford. See Holmer. 
 
 Shemakha, dist. tn. , Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 76 
 m. WNW. Baku, on highway to Tiflis, old cap. of Shirvan, 
 Kamahia, founded in the 6th century (probably 33 m. SE. of 
 the present town), flourishing in the 17th century. Notwithstand- 
 ing frequent earthquakes, it has still the palace of the khans ; 
 surrounded by rich gardens. Rearing of silkworms, and manu- 
 facture of silk stuffs ; some tanneries and dyeing works. Con- 
 siderable trade with Russia and Persia. P. 22,140. 
 
 Shemran, Shlniran, or Shamran, range of mts. , Persia, 
 prov. Irak-Ajemi, to the N. of Teheran, a spur of the Elburz 
 Range, with numerous summer residences of rich Persians and 
 European residents of Teheran, 
 
 Shemstn, vil., Palestine, Beth Shemesh in the O. T., 32° 58' 
 N., 35° 26' E. , 14 m. NNW. Tiberias. 
 
 Shen, tn. , China, prov. and 70 m. W. Honan, on the r. bk. 
 of the Hwang-ho, 280 m. N. Ichang. 
 
 Shenandoah, tn. , U.S., Iowa, Page co., 44 m. SE. Omaha 
 (Neb.). P. < 3000. 
 
 Shenandoah, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co., 49 
 m. SW. by S. Scranton, and 10 m. N. by W. Pottsville ; coal- 
 mining is extensively carried on. Alt. 1252 ft. (R.R.). P. 
 (i87o)<30oo; (1880) 10,100; (1890) 15,944. 
 
 Shenandoah, riv., U.S., Virginia, joins the Potomac at its 
 passage through the Blue Ridge, after a NE. course of 200 m., 
 for 100 m. of which it is navigable by light boats. 
 
 Shenandoah, co., U.S., Virginia, in the NW. , on the W. 
 frontier, crossed in the N. by 39 N., traversed by the N. Fork 
 of the Shenandoah R. 
 
 Shenandoah Alum Springs, vil. , U. S. .Virginia, Shenandoah 
 CO., 3 m. N. Orkney Springs ; has mineral springs. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Shenandoah Comers, vil., U.S., New York, Dutchess co. , 
 55 m. NE. New York ; has iron and kaolin mines. P. <i50o. 
 
 Shenango, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Mercer co., on Beaver 
 R. , 54 m. S. by W. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shendamangalam, or S^ndaniangalam (census), tn., Brit. 
 India, Madras, dist. and 3 m. NW. Salem, on the Madras- 
 Calicut Rly.; iron smelted here. P. 13,400; Hindus, 12,500. 
 
 Shendl, tn.. Nubia, on r. bk. of Nile, 95 m. NNE. Khartum. 
 
 ShenddrJ&na, tn. , Brit. India. See SendtkrJAna. 
 
 Shendurnl, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. KhAndesh, 58 
 m. NE. by N. Aurangibdd. P. 5700; Hindus, 4600. 
 
 Shenfleld, par., Eng., Essex, Chelmsford div., 7 m. NE. by 
 E. Romford, i m. W. by S. of its stn. (Shenfleld and Button) 
 on the G. E. R., P.O. P.<2ooo. 
 
 Shenlcks Island, islet. Ire., off the NE. ct. of co. Dublin, 
 2 m. SE. Skerries. 
 
 Shenlngton, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, div. and 5 J m. W. by 
 N. Banbury, P.O. (Shennlngton). P. <5oo. 
 
 Shenkotta, tn., India, Travancore, 37 m. NW. by W. Tinne- 
 velli. There are coffee estates in the neighbourhood. P. (1881) 
 7900. 
 
 Shenknrsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 275 m. SSE. Arkhan- 
 gelsk, on Vaga R., on highway to Moscow. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Shenley, eccles. par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 8 J 
 m. E. by N. Buckingham, 3 m. NW. Bletchley stn. P. <5oo. 
 1430 
 
 Shenley, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, div. and 4^ m. SSE. St. 
 Albans, i^ m. ENE. Radlett stn., PMT.O. ; 4090 ac. P. 
 •<i5oo. 
 
 Shenley Brook End and Shenley Church End, two ad- 
 joining pars., Eng., Rucks, in Winslow and Newport Pagnell 
 unions, P.O. (Shenley Chnrch End). P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Shensl, prov., China, S. of the Great Wall, bounded E. by 
 Shansi and Honan, S. by Hupe and Siichwan, and W. by 
 Kansu. It consists in the S. of two E.-W. longitudinal valleys, 
 the northern that of the Wei, a remarkably fertile wheat-growing 
 region, containing Singan-fu, the cap. of the prov., and at its 
 E. end, on the E. frontier of the prov. , at the point where the 
 Hwang-ho turns suddenly eastwards, the important strategic 
 position of Tungkwan, separated by the Tsinling-shan Range 
 from the southern valley, that of the upper Han-ho (Han-kiang), 
 which in its turn is separated from the prov. of Siichwan by the 
 Tapa-shan Range. These two valleys are virtually shut off from 
 one another except in the E. and W. , where passes lead across 
 the Tsinling-shan {q.v.). The northern part of the prov. is a 
 loess plateau, deeply cut in the usual manner for this formation 
 by precipitous gorges difficult to traverse. Coal is mined in the 
 mountains. The inhabitants rank as the finest race under 
 Chinese rule. See China, table. 
 
 Shenstone, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, 3 m. S. Lichfield, on 
 the L. & NW. R., PMT.O.; 8543 ac. P.<:3ooo. 
 
 Shenstone >Voodend, vil. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Lichfield div. , 
 Sj m. WSW. Tamworth, i m. N. Blake Street stn. 
 
 Shenton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 2 m. SW. by 
 S. Bosworth, on the L. & NW. R. and M. R., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Sheonl, tn., India, Haidardbad, 62 m. E. byS. Aurangdbad. 
 
 Sheopnr, Gwalior. See Seopnr. 
 
 Shephall, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, 2J m. SE. Stevenage. 
 P.<:25o. 
 
 Shepherd Islands, small group. New Hebrides, crossed by 
 17° o' S. , 168° 35' E. 
 
 Shepherd's Bnsh, a suburb of London, Eng., Middlesex, 
 Hammersmith bor., 5 m. W. St. Paul's, London, with stns. on 
 the L. & SW. R., Metropolitan Rly., and the Hammersmith 
 branch of the G. W. R. P. (eccles. par. )< 4000. See also Ux« 
 bridge Road. 
 
 Shepherdstown, tn., U.S., W. Virginia, Jefferson co. , on 
 Potomac R., 14 m. S. by W. Hagerstown ; seat of Shepherd's 
 College. P. < 2000. 
 
 Shepherd's Well, stn., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., on 
 the L. C. & D. R., 5 m. NW. Dover, PMT.O. (Shepherds- 
 well). 
 
 Shepley,- par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Holm- 
 firth div., 5 m. SE. Huddersfield, with a stn. (Shepley and 
 Shelley) on the L. & Y. R.; manufacture woollens. PMT.O. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Shepody Bay, inlet, Canada, New Brunswick, running 
 NNE. from Chignecto Bay, at the head of the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 Sheppardson, vil., S. Africa, Transvaal, Bloemhof div., 120 
 m. NE. Kimberley. P. <:2000. 
 
 Shepparton, postal-tn., Victoria, Moira co., 40 m. ESE. 
 Echuca. P. <4000. 
 
 Shepperton, par., Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge div., on the 
 1. bk. of the Thames, 3^ m. SE. Staines, on a branch of the 
 L. & SW. R. (Shepperton for HalUford), PMT.O. (Shep> 
 perton Halllfonl), and PMT.O. (Cpper Shepperton). P. < 
 1500 ; eccles. par. (Shepperton with Shepperton Green) P, 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Sheppy, Island of, isl., Eng., Kent, Faversham div., sepa- 
 rated from the mainland by the estuary of the Medway and by 
 the Swale, a channel on the W. and S. connecting the estuaries 
 of the Medway and Thames. The surface is low, highest in 
 the W. , where it is 60 to 80 ft. high, sloping towards the S. It 
 was formerly much larger, but has been gradually encroached 
 upon by the sea. On its W. side, bordering the Medway, are 
 Queenborough and Sheerness, and off its S. side the islets of 
 Elmley and Harty. Length, 9 m.; breadth, 4^ m. 
 
 Shepreth, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div., 7^ 
 m. SW. by S. Cambridge, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Shepshed, stn. , Eng. , Leicestershire. See Sheepshed. 
 
 Shepstoue, Natal. See Port Shepstone. 
 
 Shepton Beanchamp, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 10 m. 
 W. Yeovil, P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Shepton Mallet (Saxon Sapeton), par. and market-tn., 
 Eng., Somerset, E. div., 5 m. E. by S. Wells, on the G. W. R. 
 (Town Street stn.), M. R., and the L. & SW. R. (Charlton 
 stn.) ; has manufactures of crape, velvet, and silk ; extensive 
 breweries, and a market-cross, erected 1500. Market-day, F. 
 P. 5500. 
 
 Shepton Montague, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 10^ m. 
 .SW. by S. Frome, i^ m. SE. Cole stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sherahan, tn., Asiatic Turkey, 55 m. NNE. Bagdad, near 
 the 1. bk. of the Diyala. 
 
 Sheraton with Hnlam, par., Eng., Durham, E. div., 5^ m. 
 W. Hartlepool, i^ m. SSE. Hesleden stn., P.O. (Sheraton). 
 
 P. <250. 
 
SHE R — SHE R 
 
 Sherborn, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., i8 m. 
 WSW. Boston. P. < 1 500. 
 Slierborne, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div. , 
 
 17 m. N. by W. Dorchester, on the riv. Ivel, and the L. & SW. R. 
 Sherborne is situated partly on a height. The Abbey church, 
 now the parish church, was originally built about 700 A.D. 
 Here was a bishop's see from the 8th to the nth century ; in 1076 
 it was removed to Old Sarum. Sherborne has a large public 
 school, refounded by Edward VI. in 1550, on the site of the 
 monastic school, which was dissolved, together with the monas- 
 tery, in 1539. The school buildings are of all periods, from the 
 i2th century onward. The main part of the modern castle was 
 built by Sir Walter Raleigh, the old Norman castle by Bishop 
 Roger of Sarum in the 12th century. Manufactures of gloves 
 and silk. Market-days, Th. and S. Par. 6497 ac, P. 5700; 
 tn. P. 5000. 
 
 Sherborne, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 10 
 m. N. by W. Lechlade, 4 J m. S. Bourton on the Water stn. 
 Birthplace of Bradley, the astronomer, 1693. PMT.O. 4567 ac. 
 P. <75o; eccles. par. (Sherborne with Windrnsh) P. <75o. 
 
 Sherborne, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon 
 div., 3 m. SW. Warwick, P.O. (Sherbourne). P. <2So. 
 
 Sherborne St. John, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, div. and 2i m. 
 NNW. Basingstoke, PMT.O. P.<iooo. 
 
 Sherboro, isl. , W. Africa, off the coast of Sierra Leone. 
 
 Sherbrooke, lake, Canada, Nova Scotia, drained by the riv. 
 La Have and the riv. Gold into the Atlantic Ocean. 
 . Sherbrooke, river-port, Canada, Nova Scotia, Guysborough 
 CO. , on the estuary of St. Mary Bay, 55 m. SE. Pictou ; gold- 
 mines are worked in the vicinity. P. <2c>oo. 
 
 Sherbrooke, co. , Canada, Quebec, crossed in the middle by 
 72° W., S. of45i°N. 
 
 Sherbrooke, city, Canada, Quebec, cap. Sherbrooke co., 102 
 m. SSW. Quebec, 80 m. E. Montreal. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), 
 yr. 39.4° F., Jan. 9.6°, July 66.8°. P. (1881) 7200; (1891) 
 10,100. 
 
 Sherbrooke, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Steele co., 58 m. 
 NW. Fargo. 
 
 Sherbnrn, par., Eng., Durham, Mid div., 3 m. E. Durham, 
 with a stn. (Sherbnrn Colliery) on the NE. R., PMT.O. P. 
 <3000. Sherbnrn House, adjoining par., P. <:25o. 
 
 Sherbnrn, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 8^ m. SW. by S. Scarborough, i m. S. by E. Weaverthorpe stn. , 
 PMT.O.; 4738 ac. P.<7So. 
 
 Sherbnrn, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 (Jiv., 11^ m. E. Leeds, with stn. on the NE. R. , and 2 m. from 
 Milford Junction, on the G. N. and M. Rlys. It has a church, 
 partly Norman ; the former grammar-school has been converted 
 into an upper school, and an endowed elementary school. The 
 town had anciently a palace of King Athelstan. In the vicinity 
 teasel is cultivated, and there are several malt-kilns. The 
 parish contains the townships of Barkston Ash, Lotherton with 
 Aberford, Newthorpe, and Huddlestone with Lumby. The 
 townships of Micklefield and S. Milford (PT.O. ), which formerly 
 were also included in it, now form separate ecclesiastical parishes. 
 Market-day, F. 4859 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sherburne, vil. , U.S., Kentucky, Fleming co., on Licking 
 R. , 25 m. SW. Maysville. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sherburne, co. , U.S., Minnesota, bounded on the SW. by 
 the Mississippi, N. of 45° N. 
 
 Sherburne, vil., U.S., New York, Chenango co. , 39 m. SE. 
 by E. Syracuse, on the Chenango Canal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sherbnrn Hill, PM. O. , Eng. , near Durham. 
 
 Sherbnrn House, par., Eng., Durham, Mid div., on the 
 NE. R. , 2 m. E. by S. Durham ; has an almshouse on the site of a 
 fine Norman hospital, portions of which still remain. P. <25o. 
 
 Sherburn-ln-Elmet with Lotherton, eccles. par., Eng., 
 Yorkshire, W. Riding, Sherburn par., PMT.O. (Sherburn-ln- 
 Elmet). P. <3000. 
 
 Shercock, par. and tn., Ire., NE. co. Cavan, bar. Clankee, 
 20 m. W. Dundalk, 7^ m. W. by N. Carrickmacross, PM.O. 
 Par. 8221 ac. , P. <:25oo; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Shere, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 5 m. E. by S. Guildford, 
 I m. W. of its stn. (Gomshall and Shelre) on the SE. R., 
 PMT.O. (Shlere); 6413 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Shereford, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., on the Wensum, 
 
 18 m. E. by N. King's Lynn, 2 m. W. Fakenham stn. P. < 
 250 ; eccles. par. (Shereford with Toft Trees) P. -C250. 
 
 Sherfleld English, par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest 
 div., loj m. ESE. Salisbury, 2^ m. SW. Dunbridge stn., P.O. 
 (Sherfield-ln-Elmet). P. <soc. 
 
 Shertield-upon-Loddon, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 
 4 m. NE. Basingstoke, 3 m. NW. by W. Hook stn,, PMT.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Sherford, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 7^ m. SW. 
 Dartmouth. P. < 500. See Stokenham. 
 
 Shergat. See Kalaat Shergat. 
 
 Shergh&ti, municip., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 20 m. 
 SW. Gaya ; has manufactures of iron, and wood, and brass 
 wares. P. (1881) 5900. 
 
 Sherlat el-Mandhnr, or Sherlat el-Menadlre, riv., Pales- 
 tine. See Yarmnk. 
 
 Sheridan, Fort, U.S., lUinois, at Highwood, N. of Chicago. 
 
 Sheridan, tn., U.S., Indiana, Hamilton co., 13 m. W. 
 Noblesville. . P. < 1500. 
 
 Sheridan, co., U.S., Kansas, in the NW., crossed by 39^° 
 N. and 100^° W. 
 
 Sheridan, vil., U.S., Michigan, Montcalm co., 67 m. WSW. 
 Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sheridan, co. , U.S., Nebraska, N. frontier, W. of 102° W. 
 
 Sheridan, co., U.S., N. Dakota, S. of 48° N., between 100° 
 and 101° W. 
 
 Sheridan, vil., U.S., Oregon, Yam Hill co., 85 m. SSE. of 
 the mouth of the Columbia (Point Adams). P. < 1500. 
 
 Sheridan, vil, U.S., S. Dakota, cap. Pennington co., near 
 Black Hills. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sheridan, mt. , U.S., Wyoming, Uintah co. , 22 m. SSW. 
 from the outlet of Yellowstone Lake. Alt. 10,385 ft. (Hayden), 
 10,150 ft. (Jones), Yellowstone National Park. 
 
 Sheriff Hales, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., and Shrop- 
 shire, 13 m. SW. by W. Stafford, 3^ m. N. by E. Shifnal stn. , 
 P.O.; 5437 ac. P. <75o; eccles. par. (Sheriff Hales with 
 Woodcote) P. < 1000. 
 
 Sheriff Hntton with Cornbrough, par., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton div., 10 m. NNE. York, 2 iji. 
 NNW. Flaxton stn.; has ruins of an ancient castle in the 
 possession of the Nevilles in the 15th and i6th centuries. PM.O. 
 5352 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Sheriflrmulr, battlefield, Scot., Perthshire, par. and 2 m. 
 E. Dunblane ; here was fought a battle, 1715, between the Earl 
 of Mar and th? royalists under the Duke of Argyll. 
 
 Sherlngham, par. and small seaside place, Eng., Norfolk; 
 N. div., 5 m. W. Cromer, with a stn. (Sherrlngham) on the 
 M. & G. N. Joint Rly., P.O. (Upper Sherlngham). P. < 1500. 
 
 Sherlngham, Lower, fishing vil. , Sherlngham par. , PMT. O. 
 
 Sherlngton, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Buckingham div., 
 on the Great Ouse, 10^ m. W. by S. Bedford, 2 m. N. by E. 
 Newport Pagnell, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Sherlngton, P.O., Eng., Wiltshire. See Sherrington. 
 
 Sherln's Cross, P.O., Ire., co. Limerick, 3 m. from Bruff, 
 3 m. from Kilmallock stn. 
 
 Sherkat. See Kalaat Sherkat. 
 
 Sherkin Island, Ire. , off S W. co. Cork, in Baltimore Bay, 
 51° 28' N., 9° 25' W., P.O. 
 
 Sherkot, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Bijnaur, 55 m. 
 ENE. Meerut ; noted for its embroidered carpets. P. 15,600 ; 
 Moham. 11,100; Hindus, 4200. 
 
 Sherlockstown, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Naas, on the 
 Grand Canal, 3 m. SE. Clane. P. <25o. 
 
 ShermAdeTl, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 11 m. WSW. 
 Tinnevelli. P. 9300 ; Hindus, 8900. 
 
 Sherman, fort, U.S., Indiana, N. of Coeur d'Alfene Lake. 
 
 Sherman, co., U.S., Kansas, the W. frontier, N. of 39° N. 
 
 Sherman, co., U.S., Nebraska, N. of 41° N., crossed by 
 99° W. 
 
 Sherman, vil., U.S., New York, Chautauqua co., 62 m. SW. 
 by S. Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sherman, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW., on the N. frontier, 
 crossed in the W. by 102° W. 
 
 Slierman, city, U.S., Texas, cap. Grayson co., 60 m. N. by 
 E. Dallas. Sherman is the centre of a cotton and agricultural 
 dist. P. 7300. 
 
 Sherman, vil., U.S., Wyoming, Albany co., 33 m. W. 
 Cheyenne, at the highest point of the Union Pacific Railroad, 
 Alt. 8257 ft. 
 
 Shenuanbury, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 8 m. SSE. 
 Horsham, 2 m. E. Partridge Green stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sherm Rabegh, tn. , Arabia. See Rabagh. 
 
 Shernborne, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 10 m. NE. by 
 N. King's Lynn, 3 m. ESE. Snettisham stn. P. <25o. See Fring. 
 
 Sherpnr, municip., Brit. India, Bogra dist., in. 24° 40' N., 
 89° 28' E. Sherpur is the site of Salimnagar, built 1595, in 
 honour of Salfm, afterwards Emperor Jahangfr. P. <sooo. 
 
 Sherpur, municip., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Maimansingh, 
 94 m. N. by W. Dacca ; has considerable river trade. P. 
 10,700 ; Hindus, 5000 ; Moham. 5600. 
 
 Sherpur, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Ghdzipur, in 
 an island of the Ganges, 50 m. ENE. Benares. P. 12,200 ; 
 Hindus, 11,800. 
 
 Sherrlngham, stn. , Eng. , Norfolk. See Sherlngham. 
 
 Sherrington, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., on the 
 Wily, 13 m. WNW. Salisbury, close to Codford stn., P.O. 
 (Sherlngton). P. <25o. 
 
 Sherrygroom, P.O., Ire., co. Tyrone, 3 m. from Stewarts- 
 town stn. 
 
 Sher Shah, river-port, Brit. India, Punjab, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Chenab, dist. and 10 m. SW. by W. Multan. Two lines of 
 railway which meet at Sher Shah connect the N. of the Punjab 
 with Karachi ; below Sher Shah is a single railway. P. <sooo. 
 
 Shershel, French spelling Cherchel, the ancient Julia 
 
 1431 
 
SHER — SHIE 
 
 Cmsarea, tn., on the N. ct. of Algeria, 52 m. W. by S. Algiers. 
 P. 8800. 
 
 Sherston, Great (or Magna), par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Chippen- 
 ham div., 15 m. SW. Cirencester, 5 m. W. by S. Malmesbury. 
 PMT.O. (Sherstone). P. < 1500; eccles. par. (Sherston 
 Magna with Slierston Plnkney) P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Slterston Plnkney, par., Eng., Wiltshire, adjacent to 
 Sherstoii Magna (q.v.). P. <25o. 
 
 '^ Hertogenboseb, Holland. See Hertogenbosch, 's. 
 ■ Sherwell, P.O., Eng., Devonshire. See Sherwlll. 
 
 Slierwlll, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 3 m. NE. 
 Barnstaple, P.O. (Sherwell) ; 4759 ac. P. <5oo. ■ 
 
 Sherwood, stn. , Eng. , on the G. N. R. and M. S. & L. R. , 
 near Nottingham, PMT.O. 
 
 Sherwood, vil. , Queensland, 6 m. from Brisbane by rail. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Sherwood Forest, ancient royal forest, Eng., chiefly in 
 Nottinghamshire, of which it covered about one-fifth, Mans- 
 field and Bassetlaw divs. , but extending also into Derbyshire 
 and Yorkshire, to the NE. of Mansfield. Considerable remains 
 still exist near Mansfield, Rotherham, and at other places. It 
 is celebrated in tradition as the retreat of Robin Hood ; it was 
 the scene of several conflicts during the Wars of the Roses. 
 
 Sherwood Tllla, par., Eng., Devonshire, near Crediton. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Shesheke, S. Afi-ica, See Sesheke. 
 
 Sheshnan, or Sheshawen, vil., Morocco, 74 m. NNW. 
 Fez. Alt. 2035 ft. 
 
 Sheskin, electoral div. , Ire. , Mayo, dist. Bangor. 
 
 Sheskln, electoral div.. Ire., Monaghan, dist. Scotstown. 
 
 Shesklnshule, P.O., Ire., co. Tyrone, 14 m. E. Newtown 
 Stewart stn. 
 
 Shestakof, harb. , Korea. See Port Shestakof . 
 
 Shetek, vil., U.S. See Chetek. 
 
 Shetland, South, group of isls. in the Antarctic Ocean, 
 extending NE. and SW., between 61° and 63° 30' S., and 53° 
 and 63° W. The principal islands are Clarence, George I., 
 Livingstone, Deception, and Smith. The islands are moun- 
 tainous, and surrounded by deep water. Estimated area, 850 
 sq. m. 
 
 Shetland (or Zetland) Islands, an archipelago of about 30 
 isls., with numerous smaller islets, in the N. Atlantic Ocean, 
 belonging to Scotland, of which country with the Orkneys, 50 
 m. SSW., it forms a co., mostly between 59° 51' and 60° 50' N., 
 and 0° 44' and 1° 44' W. , 180 m. SE. the Faroe group, and 210 
 m. W. Bergen in Norway. Mainland, in the SW. , comprises 
 about half the area, and more than half the entire population. 
 Highest point of the group, Ronas Hill (1475 ft.), in NW. of 
 this island. Other islands are Yell, Unst, Fetlar, Whalsey, 
 Bressay, E. and W. Burra, Papa Stour, Foula (between 60° 6' 
 and 60° 10' N., and in 2°5'W. , and conjectured to be the 
 Ultima Thule of Tacitus), andFair I. , half way between Shetland 
 and Orkney. The shores are rocky and greatly indented with 
 inlets, especially in Mainland. Climate very damp and variable, 
 but snow or frost seldom lasts long in winter, at which season 
 the aurora borealis is very brilliant ; night is scarcely known 
 during May, June, and July. The principal rocks are meta- 
 morphic and limestone. Surface generally hilly, covered with 
 heath, and destitute of trees ; peat is abundant, and supplies the 
 inhabitants with fuel. Unst is the most fertile island. Agri- 
 culture is backward ; but potatoes, turnips, barley, and oats are 
 raised. Large numbers of cattle, sheep, and ponies are reared, 
 the small, hardy Shetland ponies being famous. The herring, 
 cod, ling, and tusk fisheries are highly important, employing a 
 great proportion of the inhabitants. Manufactures are almost 
 wholly domestic, chiefly hosiery and shawls ; other exp)orts are 
 cattle, fish, &c. , sent South in return for colonial and manufac- 
 tured goods. The people appear to be, as to their condition 
 and education, superior to those of the N. of the mainland of 
 Scotland. They are chiefly of Norwegian descent, and their 
 ancestors are said not to have embraced Christianity until the 
 13th century. The islands, with Orkney, send one member to 
 Parliament. Scandinavian antiquities are numerous on the 
 islands, and on Fetlar are the vestiges of a Roman camp. P. 
 (co.) 28,700; Shetland (main island) 19,741; pari. dist. (Orkney 
 and Shetland). P. 54,800; S. portion, 28,500. 
 
 Shettleston, tn. , Scot. , N W. Lanarkshire, on the N. B. R. , 
 4 m. E. Glasgow ; has coal-mines. PMT. O. P. 5400. 
 
 Shetncket, riv. , U.S. See Thames. 
 
 Shen, tn., China. See Shnehou. 
 
 Shenchan, eccles. par., Scot., Wigtownshire, Leswalt and 
 Portpatrick pars. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shevaroy, hill range and plateaux, Brit. India, Madras. Salem 
 dist., between 11° 43' and 11° 55' N., and 78° 13' and 78° 24' E. 
 The Green Hills in the W. are separated from the eastern (Yer- 
 caud) portion by the valley of the Vanniar. The soil and climate 
 are peculiarly adapted for fruit culture, and there are nearly 300 
 coffee plantations. On the Green Hills is a tableland adapted 
 for a sanitarium. Highest point, 5410 ft. 
 
 Shevela«-h, extinct volcano, Russia. See Shlvelneh. 
 1482 
 
 Shevlngton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., 3^ m. 
 NW. by W. Wigan, i m. NW. Gathurst stn. ; coal is mined 
 here. P. < 2000. Shevlngton Moor, P.O., \\ m. N. by W. 
 
 Shevlock, par., Eng., Cornwall, Bodmin div., 6^ m. W. 
 Plymouth, on one of the arms of Plymouth Sound. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sheyenne, riv., U.S., N. Dakota, rises in Antelope Lake, 
 McHenry co., flows E. then S., then NE. to Red River of the 
 North, in Cess co., in 47° N., 10 m. N. Fargo. Length, 325 m. 
 
 Shi, tn. , China, in the SW. of prov. Shansi, 380 m. SW. 
 Peking, 160 m. NNW. Honan. 
 
 Shian, hamlet, Scot. , W. Perthshire, on the Quaich, 5I m. 
 S. Aberfeldy. 
 
 Shlant Isles, small group of basaltic isls. , Scot. , Ross-shire, 
 Outer Hebrides, on the W. side of Lewis I. P. 8. 
 
 Shl^r, mt. pass, India, Punjab, Bashahr state, over a S. spur 
 of the Himalayas. Alt. 13,720 ft. 
 
 Shlaskotan Island, one of the Kuriles, Japan, in the NE. 
 of the gn'oup ; has active volcanoes at N. and S. ends. Alt. at 
 N. end 330 ft., at S. end 2950 ft. Length, 12J m. ; breadth, 
 2^ m. ; area, 70 sq. m. 
 
 Shiawassee, co. , U. S. , Michigan, crossed by 43° N. and in the 
 E. by 84° W. ; traversed by the Shiawassee R. See Saginaw R. 
 
 Shibata,tn. , Japan, prov. [kuni) Echigo, 25 m. ENE. Niigata. 
 P. 12,700. 
 
 Shlbeniba, tn., Portuguese W. Africa, 138 m. E. by S. 
 Mossamedes. 
 
 Shlbergan, vil. , Afghanistan, 40 m. ESE. Andkhui. 
 
 Shlbln-el-Knni, or Shebln-el-Kom, tn., Egypt, 18 m. S. 
 Tanta. P. 16,300. 
 
 Shlbr Pass. See Hindu Kush. 
 
 Shlbn, western Sudan, Sokato. See Zhlbu. 
 
 Shlbnshl, tn., Japan, on the S. ct. of Kiushiu, no m. SE. 
 Nagasaki. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Shichlto, isls., Japan. See Izu-uu-Shlchlto. 
 
 Shlckshlnny, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co. , on the 
 N. Branch of the Susquehanna, 29 m. SW. by W. Scranton, and 
 13 m. WSW. Wilkesbarrej coal mined. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shlckshoek, or Notre Dame Mountains, range of mts. , 50 
 m. long, Canada, Quebec, Rimouski, and Gasp6 cos., running 
 parallel to the S. shore of the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Sltlde, stn. , Eng. , Hampshire, Isle of Wight, i m. S. New- 
 port, on the Isle of Wight Central Rly., P.O. 
 
 Shldfleld, or Shedfleld, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, 
 Petersfield div., 8i m. E. by N. Southampton, 2 m. E. Botley 
 stn., PMT.O. (Shedfleld). P. < 1500. 
 
 Shldo, seapt. tn., Japan, Shikok, prov. Sanuki, 87 m. NE. 
 Matsuyama. P. 5600. 
 
 Shiel, Scotch, ' a hut' or ' shed.' See Scale. 
 
 Shlel, Loch, lake, Scot. , on the border of Inverness-shire and 
 Argyllshire, drained NW. by the rlr. Shiel (also on the 
 frontier of these two counties) into the Atlantic. It discharges 
 its surplus waters on the W. by the riv. Shiel into the sea at 
 Loch Moidart. At the head of this lake Prince Charles unfurled 
 his standard, 1745. Alt. 16 ft. Length, 17 m. ; breadth, i m. 
 
 Shlelday. 1. Hamlet, Scot. , Ross-shire, at the head of Loch 
 Shielday (a small inlet in the SE. of the Gair Loch), 5 m. SW. 
 of the foot of Loch Maree, PM.O. 2. In the same county on 
 Loch Shlelday (an inlet between Loch Torridon and Upper 
 Loch Torridon), 5 m. W. by S. of the head of Loch Torridon. 
 
 Shleldfleld, eccles. par., Eng., Northumberland, in the 
 ancient par. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, All Saints. P. 12,300. 
 
 Shleldhill, stn., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 3^ m. WNW. Loch- 
 maben, on the C. R. 
 
 Shleldhill, East, vil. , Scot. , Stirlingshire, near Polmont June, 
 P. <75o; eccles. par. (Shleldhill and Blackbraes) P. < 3500. 
 
 Shield Row, stn., Eng., Durham, on the NE. R., between 
 Beamish and Annfield Plain stns. 
 
 Shields and Shields Road, two stns., Scot., Lanarkshire, 
 on the G. & SW. R., in the SW. of Glasgow. 
 
 Shields, North, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the coast, 
 ■j\ m. ENE. Newcastle, in the pari. bor. of Tynemouth, on the 
 >rE. R. ; coal mined. There are also an active fishing, and 
 a little shipbuilding. Market-day, S. Mean temp. (20 yrs.l, 
 yr. 47.1° F., Jan. 38.6°, July 58.2° ; mean annual rfall. (25 yrs.), 
 25.87 in. P. 6000. 
 
 Shields, South, pari. bor. (since 1832, i member), mun. bor. 
 (since 1850), and co. bor. (since 1888), seapt., market-tn., and 
 seaside resort, Eng., Durham, 9 m. E. Newcastle-on-Tyne, in 
 the diocese of Durham, on the S. bank of the Tyne, with stns. 
 (High Shields, South Shields, and Tyne Dock) on the NE. 
 R. The spacious market-place, with town-hall in the centre, 
 forms an interesting architectural feature. The Marine Parks, 
 45 ac. , are the public recreation-grounds; they are divided by 
 the Pier Parade. Some remains of a Roman station have been 
 excavated here, and are now preserved in the free library 
 nmseum. South Shields, one of the Tyne ports, has a harbour 
 admitting vessels of the largest size, and is protected by the 
 South Pier, a huge breakwater about i m. long, built 1854-92, 
 with a lighthouse at the end. Within the bor. are the Tyne 
 Docks (NE. R.). The fifteen docks ofSouth Shields vary from 
 
SHIE— SHIM 
 
 430 to 120 ft. in length, depths from 23^ to 11 ft. at high tide. 
 The principal trade is in coal. Shipbuilding is carried on, and 
 flint-glass made. A monument to Wouldhave, the inventor of 
 the lifeboat, and a native of the town, adorns the entrance to 
 the pier. Steam ferries to North Shields and Tynemouth. 
 There is more than a mile of excellent beach. Market-day, S. 
 Pari, and mun. bor. 1839 ac. , P. (1801) 8100; (1851) 29,000; 
 (1871)45,300; (1891)78,400. 
 
 Shieling, Scotch, 'a hut' or ' shed.' See Scale. 
 
 Shlere, PMT.O., Eng., Surrey. See Sbere. 
 
 Sliiffa, La (French spelling, La Ctalffa), comm., Algeria, arr. 
 and 30 m. SW. Algiers. P. <40oo. 
 
 Slilfford, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div. , on the 
 1. bk. of the Thames, 9 m. W. by S. Oxford, 5 m. SE. Bampton 
 stn. P. <25o. See Bampton Astou. 
 
 Slilfiial, par. and market-tn., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 
 15^ m. E. by S. Shrewsbury, on the G. W. R. ; has blast- 
 furnaces and other iron-works, but is chiefly agricultural. 
 Market-day, Tu. Alt. 353 ft. Mean annual rfall. 29.67 in. 
 1175 ac. P. 6500. 
 
 Shiga, a ken or prefecture, Japan, cap. Otsu. 
 
 Shlgatse, sometimes spelt Jlgatze ( the French pronunciation of 
 
 and the German pronunciation of te being intended), city, Tibet, 
 about 5 m. S. of the Brahmaputra, in 29° 16' N. , 88° 44' E. 
 It stands 11,800 ft. above sea-level. It is ij m. square. To the 
 SW. of the city is the monastery called Tashilumbo, surrounded 
 by a wall i m. in extent, and containing the residence of the 
 Panjan-Ringbo-Che, the right reverend, great, precious teacher. 
 He is one of the two Great Lamas of Tibet, and is in theory 
 equal in rank and in spiritual and temporal power with the 
 Lama Guru, who lives at Lhasa. The latter, however, rules a 
 much more extensive dominion, and is much more powerful. 
 Between the city and the monastery is the bazaar, where a 
 market is held daily. The soil is rich, and fine grain crops are 
 raised. P. 9000, exclusive of priests. 
 
 Sltlbchleii-tn, tn. , China, Kweichou, 113 m. NE. Kwei- 
 yang-fu. 
 
 Shllihnlyao, vil. , China, Hupe, on the Yangtse-kiang, about 
 75 m. below Hankow, with lime-works ; starting-point of a 
 railway, 17 m. long, leading to the iron-mine of Tiehshansu, in a 
 hill of ore 3 m. long by 400 ft. high. 
 
 Shihon, place named in O. T. See 'Ay An esli Sli'atn. 
 
 Shllihslug, tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, 6^ m. E. by N. 
 Pakhoi. 
 
 Shllio, tn. , Brit. Baluchistan, Pishin, 25 m. N. by W. Quetta. 
 
 SliUiplug-lisleu, tn., China, Kweichou, 80 m. ENE. 
 Kweiyang-fu. 
 
 Slilhtsung-hsien, tn., China, Yunnan, 80 m. E. by S. Yiin- 
 nan-fu. 
 
 Sliikauiats, seapt. tn., Japan, Honshiu, prov. Harima, 31 
 m. WNW. Hiogo. P. 7300. 
 
 Slilk&rpur, tn., Brit. India, Sind, cap. dist. Shikarpur, 27m. 
 SSE. Jacobabad, situated on one of the great routes from Sind 
 to Khorasan via the Boldn Pass ; chief manufactures, carpets 
 and coarse cotton cloth. Shikarpur has lost its commercial 
 importance owing to the opening of the Indus Valley Rly. P. 
 42,000; Hindus, 25,800; Moham. 16,100. 
 
 Shik&rpnr, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Bulandshahr, 
 55 m. S. by E. Meerut ; the town is surrounded by the ruins of 
 an old fort. P. 11,600; Hindus, 6400; Moham. 5200. 
 
 Shlklmi, tn., Japan, in W. of Kiushiu I. P. 5400. 
 
 MilkohiibM, tn. , Brit. India, N W. Provs. , dist. Mainpuri ; 
 manufactures sweetmeats and cotton cloth. P. 9700 ; Hindus, 
 5500 ; Moham. 4100. 
 
 Sliikokn, one of the four large isls. , Japan, to the WSW. 
 and S. of Honshiu, and ENE. of Kiushiu, on S. of Inland Sea. 
 See Japait, table. 
 
 SMkotau, one of the Kuriles, Japan, 40 m. NE. from the 
 extreme E. of Yezo I. Area, 150 sq. m. 
 
 Shllbottle, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., 3 m. S. Alnwick, PM.O. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Shlldon, par. and tn., Eng., Durham, div. and 3 m. S. by E. 
 Bishop Auckland, on the NE. R. ; coal is mined here. PMT.O. 
 (New Shlldon). Market-day, S. P. 7900 ; tn. (Slilldon and 
 East Thlckley) P. 9500 ; eccles. par. (Bfew Shildon) P. <45oo. 
 
 SMllng, pass, China, prov. Shansi, 25 m. N. Taiyuen. 
 
 Shilka, riv. , Russia, E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, unites 
 with the Argun at Ust Stryelka to form the Amur. It is itself 
 formed by the confluence of the Ingoda and the Onon, 44 m. 
 above Nerchinsk town, flows NE. and E. on the lower plateau 
 amidst undulating hills richly clothed with prairies and woods, 
 past Nerchinsk, Sryetensk, Shilkinskiy, Zavod, and Ust-Kara. 
 Below Gorbitsa, down to its junction with the Arguii, it pierces 
 a series of chains which fall as steep crags on both sides of 
 the river, leaving no communication besides the river-bed but 
 by a mountain footpath, and thus offering great difficultv for 
 the construction of the Trans-Siberian Rly. Receives from the 
 left the Nercha, Kara, Chornaya, and many small tribs.; rich 
 gold-mines on the first two rivers and their tribs. Length about 
 300 m. 
 
 Shilkinskiy Zavod, vil., Russia, E. Siberia, prov. Trans- 
 baikalia, on 1. bk. Shilka, no m. NE. Nerchinsk; silver-works, 
 now abandoned ; iron- works. P. < 2000. 
 
 Shlllay, small isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, Outer Hebrides, in 
 57° 48' N., 7° 15' W. See Slonach Is. 
 
 Shillelagh (shilay'la), tn., Ire., SW. co. Wicklow, bar. 
 Shillelagh, 16 m. W. by S. Arklow, with which it is connected 
 by rail, PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Shillelagh Junction, rly. stn., Ire., co. Wicklow, 4 m. 
 NW. Arklow, on the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Rly. 
 
 Shlllelogher, bar. , Ire. , in the W. of co. Kilkenny. 
 
 Shlllhope Law, hill, Eng. , in the N. of the Hexham div, of 
 Northumberland, 15 m. ESE. Jedburgh. Height, 1646 ft. 
 
 ShllUngford St. George, par. Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton 
 div., 3 J m, S. by W. Exeter. P. <25o. See Duuchldlock. 
 
 Shilling Okeford, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N, div., on the 
 Stour, i2| m. ESE. Sherborne, 5 m. NW. Blandford, with a 
 stn. (Shllllngstonc) on the L. & SW. R. (stn. for Child Okeford, 
 and Okeford Fitzpaine), PMT.O. (Shllllngstone). P. <:75o. 
 
 ShUllngstone, stn., Eng., Dorset, PMT.O. See ShUltng 
 Okeford. 
 
 Slillllngtou, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, div. and 9 m. NNE. 
 Luton, 3 m. WSW. Henlow stn., PMT.O. (Shllllngston) ; 
 5346 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 .Shlllong, tn. , India, Assam, in the KhAsi Hills, 45 m. S. by 
 E. Gauhiti ; the seat of administration of the prov. , on a table- 
 land of the Khasi Hills, nearly 5000 ft. high. It is now con- 
 nected by a well-made road with Gauhati, on the Brahmaputra, 
 the old cap. of the prov. The climate is mild and equable ; 
 Europeans require but a short period of acclimatisation. P. 
 6700 ; Hindus, 3100 ; Animistic, 2500. 
 
 Shlllnk, negro tribe, Africa, on 1. bk. of the Bahr-el-Abiad 
 (White Nile), and N. of Bahr-el-Ghazal, in about 10° N. 
 
 Shiloh, place named in O. T. See Selltkn. 
 
 Shiloh, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Queenstown, 60 m. 
 NW. by N. King William's Town. 
 
 Shiloh, vil., U.S., Ohio, Richland co., 61 m. SW, Cleveland 
 by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shllton, par. Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 12^ m. WSW, 
 Woodstock, 2| m. NW. Bampton stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Shllton, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., 6 m. 
 NE. by E. Coventry, on the L. & NW. R. P. <5oo. See 
 Anstey. 
 
 Slillvlngton, par., Eng., Northumberland, 4^ m. SW. 
 Morpeth. P. <25o. 
 
 Shllvodau, Grange of, par., Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Upper 
 Toome, 4 m. NE. Randalstovra. P. < 1000. 
 
 Shlma, kuni or old prov., Japan, now included in Mie ken. 
 
 Slilnia, Cape, Japan, on SE. ct. of Honshiu, at S. entrance 
 of Gulf of Owari. 
 
 Shiniahara, seapt. tn. , Japan, on Shimabara penin. and gulf, 
 due E. of Nagasaki. P. 18,000. 
 
 Shimabara Gulf, large and irregular inlet on the W. of 
 Kiushiu, Japan, in 32° 40-35° 12' N., separated from the 
 Chinese Sea by the Shimabara Penln. 
 
 Shlmada, tn., Japan, Honshiu, in Shizuoka ken and near 
 Shizuoka. P. 8600. 
 
 Shlmane, ken or prefecture, Japan, cap. Matsue. 
 
 Shlmers, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Warren co., suburb of 
 Phillipsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Slilmlzn, seapt. tn., Japan, 74 m. WSW. Yokohama, on the 
 SE. ct. of Honshiu. P. < 5000. 
 
 Shlmlzn-toge, pass, Japan, Honshiu, on borders of provs. 
 Echigo and Kozake, in 36° 50' N. Alt. 5180 ft. 
 
 Shlmoda, seapt. tn. , Japan, 65 m. SW. Yokohama, on the 
 SE. ct. of Honshiu, S. point of Izu penin. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Shlmoga, tn. , India, Mysore, cap. dist. Shimoga, on Tunga 
 R., 87 m. NE. by N. Mangalore. P. (1881) 12,000. 
 
 Shlmonosekl, or Akamagasekl, tn. and port, Japan, near 
 SW. end of Honshiu, in the Inland Sea, 4 m. from the W. 
 entrance of the strait separating Honshiu from Kiushiu ; con- 
 siderable shipping centre. The strait, at its narrowest part only 
 \ m. wide, is an important channel of navigation to ships boimd 
 from Yokohama to Nagasaki and China. In August 1863 the 
 allied squadrons of Great Britain, France, the United States, 
 and Holland bombarded the fortifications erected by one of the 
 Japanese nobles opposed to foreigners entering Japan. In 1872 
 the approaches to the strait were provided with four light- 
 houses. Mean temp. (6 yrs. , 1881-86), yr. 58.3° F. , Feb. 40.3°, 
 Aug. 78.8° ; mean annual rfall. (4 yrs.), 68.58 in. Tn. P. 3-1,000. 
 Shlmosa, kuni or old prov., Japan, now included in Saitama, 
 Chiba, and Ibaragi kens. 
 
 Shlmotsnke, kuni or old prov., Japan, now included in 
 Tochigi ken. 
 
 Shlmotsnye, seapt. tn., Japan, Honshiu, on the Inland Sea, 
 95 m. W. by S. Ozaka. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Shlmoyo, or Shmoyo (in Portuguese spelling Chlmolo), vil, 
 Portuguese E. Africa, about no m. WNW. Beira, terminus of 
 the railway from Fontesvilla on the Pungwe, and starting-point 
 of the Selous road to Mashona-land. 
 
 1433 
 
SHIM — SHIR 
 
 ShlmpUns, par., Eng. , Norfolk, S. div., 17 m. SSW. 
 Norwich, i m. ESE. Burton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Sblmpling, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudburv div., 8 m. S. Bury 
 St. Edmunds. 3^ m. SW. by W. Cockfield stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 Shlnipllugthorue, eccles. par., Eng., Suffolk, Shimpling 
 par. P. <5oo. 
 Shimraii, mts., Persia. See Sbemraii. 
 Shimron, place named in O. T. See SemAnleh. 
 Shlmnslr, one of the Kuriles, Japan, NE. of Bussole Strait, 
 which separates Shimusir from Urup I. Its summit, Pic 
 Provost, is 5570 ft. high. Length, 25 m.; breadth, 5 m. ; area, 
 160 sq. m. 
 Sliln, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, 108 m. SW. Tientsin. 
 Shin, Loch, lake, Scot., Sutherlandshire, discharges S. into 
 the Oykill by the riv. Shin. Length about 17 m., by i m. in 
 breadth. 
 
 ShluagaTva, seapt. tn. , Japan, Honshiu, S. suburb of Tokyo, 
 extends along the coast opposite the roadstead of Shinagawa, 
 and containing the ' tea-houses.' P. 13,000. 
 
 Shtnano, or Sinano, kuni or old prov., Japan, now in 
 Nagano ken. 
 
 Shinano-gawa, riv., Japan, Honshiu, is formed on the high 
 plateau of Shinano by two rivers, the Sikuma-gawa and the Sai- 
 gawa, flows NE. then N. through prov. Shinano and Echigo, 
 into the Sea of Japan, at Niigata, forming a delta. 
 
 ShlncUfTe, par., Eng., Durham, Mid div., ij m. SE. Dur- 
 ham, on the NE. R., P.O., and PM.O. (ShincUfTe ColUery). 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Shindllla, or Shlndella Longh, small lake, Ire. , NW. co. 
 and 24 m. NW. by W. Galway. 
 
 Shlney Row, vil., Eng., Durham, Hough ton-le-Spring div., 
 6 m. SW. by W. Sunderland, i m. S. Penshaw stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Shlnfleld, par., Eng.. Berkshire, Newbury div.. 4 m. S. by 
 E. Reading, 2^ m. SSW. Earley stn., P.O.; 4314 ac. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Shingay, par. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire. Chesterton div. , 11 J m. 
 SW. by W. Cambridge, 4^ m. WNW. Meldreth stn. P. <:2So. 
 See Wendy. 
 
 Shlngham, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 13 m. SE. King's 
 Lynn, 4 J m. SW. by W. Swaffham. P. <25o. See Beechani- 
 well. 
 
 Shlnglt, tn. , Africa, western Sahara, Adrar. P. 3-4000. 
 Shingklng, tn. and prov. See Hokden and Mancharla. 
 Shiugle>vell, vil., Eng., Kent, 3 m. S. Gravesend. 
 Shiugnapur, tn. , British India, Bombay, dist. Satara, 70 m. 
 SE. Poona. Shingnapur is a famous place of pilgrimage, and 
 has a great fair in March and April, sometimes attended by 50,000 
 persons. P. < 5000. 
 
 Shingn, tn. , Japan, 65 m. SSE. Ozaka, on the SE. ct. of 
 Honshiu. P. 9600. 
 
 Shlnjo, tn. , Japan, in N. of Honshiu, 37 m. NNW. Yama- 
 gata. P. 10,500. 
 
 Shlnmlnato, maritime tn.. Japan, Honshiu, on SW. of 
 Toyama Bay. P. 19,400. 
 
 ^hlunecock Bay, U.S., New York, Suffolk co., in town of 
 Southampton. Length, 10 m.; width, 3-4 m. 
 
 Shlnrone, par. and tn.. Ire., SW. King's co., bar. Clonlisk, 
 8 m. S. Parsonstown, 4 m. from Cloughjordan stn., PMT.O. 
 Par. 4869 ac, P. <iooo; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Shlogama, or Shlwogama, seapt. vil., Japan, Honshiu, 
 prov. Rikuzen, 12^ m. ENE. Sendai, of which it is the port, 
 on Matsu-shima Bay. P. <:4000. 
 
 Shlogama-no^Matsnshlma, archipelago, Japan. See Mat- 
 sii8hinia. 
 
 Shlojlrl, tn., Japan, 108 m. W. by N. Tokyo. 
 Shlpbonrne, par. , Eng. , Kent, div. and 3 m. N, Tunbridge, 
 PMT.O. P.<;75o. 
 
 Shlpdham, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 17^ m. W. Nor- 
 wich, 5 m. SW. by S. East Dereham, 3^ m. SW. Yaxham stn. ; 
 has a stock fair. PMT.O. (Shlpdam). 4634 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shlphnni, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 8 m. ESE. 
 
 Weston-super-Mare, 2 m. E. Winscombe stn.. P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ship Harbour Lake, Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax co. , 35 
 
 m. ENE. Halifax, drained SE. into the inlet of Ship Harbour. 
 
 Ship Island, U.S., Mississippi, off the S. ct. , in Mississippi 
 
 Sound, in 88° 50-58' W., affording in NW. the best harbour in 
 
 the state. 
 
 Shlpka PaHS, Bulgaria. See Slpka. 
 
 Shlplake, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Thames, 4 m. NE. Reading, on the Henley branch of 
 the G. W. R.. P.O. (Lower Shlplake). P. < 1000. 
 
 Shipley, par.. Eng.. Derbyshire, ij m. NW. Ilkeston, with 
 a stn. (Shipley Gate) on the M. R.; coal is mined here. P.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 Shipley, par., Eng., Northumberland, 4 m. NW. Alnwick. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Shipley, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 5J m. SSW. Horsham, 
 2J m. W. West Grinstead stn., P.O.; 7778 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Shipley, par. and market-tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Shiplev div., on the Aire, 3 m. NNW. Bradford, of which it is 
 1434 
 
 practically a suburb, with stns. on the M. R., NE. R., and G. 
 N. R. ; manufactures woollens. Market-day, F. Par. and tn. 
 (which includes Saltaire) P. 23,400; pari. div. P. 62,200. 
 
 Shipley Bridge, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Horley Station Road 
 (Surrey). 
 
 Shipley Burn, riv. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., trib. of the Aln, which it joins on the 1. bk. , 3 m. 
 NW. Alnwick. 
 
 Shipley date, stn., Eng., Derbyshire, on the M. R. See 
 Shipley. 
 
 Shipnieadow, par., Eng., Suffolk, on the Waveney, div. 
 and II m. W. by S. Lowestoft, 2^ m. W. Beccles, i^ m. SSW. 
 Geldeston stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Shlppegan, seapt. tn. , Canada, in the extreme NE. of the 
 mainland of New Brunswick, Gloucester co. , on a strait sepa- 
 rating Shlppegan Island from the mainland. The harbour is 
 26 ft. deep at entrance and quayside at ordinary spring tides 
 high water, 20 ft. at low water. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sblppensburg, bor. , U.S.. Pennsylvania, Cumberland co., 
 38 m. WSW. Harrisburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Shlppon, eccles. par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and i m. NW. 
 Abingdon. P. <:250. 
 
 Shlpsha, riv. , Canada, Quebec, flows S. into the riv. Saguenay. 
 See Onatchlway, Lake. 
 
 Shlpston on Stour, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham 
 div., 10 m. SSE. Stratford-on-.Avon, 5^ m. NE. by E. Blockley 
 stn., on the G. W. R. Market-day, Sf P. < 2000 ; eccles. par. 
 (Shlpston on Stour with Tldnilugton) P. -<2ooo. 
 
 Shipton, part of par. , Eng. , Bucks. See Winslow. 
 
 Shiptou, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, 7 m. SE. Cheltenham. 
 P.<500. 
 
 Shipton, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 11 m. NE. 
 by N. Salisbury, 3^ m. NW. Grateley stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Shipton, par. . Eng.. Salop, Ludlow div., 14 m. SSE. Shrews- 
 bury, 2i m. E. Rushbury stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Shipton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding. Howdenshire 
 div., 14^ m. NNE. Goole, close to Londesborough stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Shipton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 5^ m. NW. by N. York, on the NE. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <5oo. See Overton. 
 
 Shipton George, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire. W. div. , 10 m. E. 
 Lyme Regis, 2 m. ESE. Bridport stn. P. <:50o. See Burt»n 
 Bradstoek. 
 
 Shipton Moyne, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester 
 div. , 8 m. ESE. Wotton-under-Edge, 2^ m. S. by W. Tetbury, 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Shipton OlifTe with Shipton Sollars, eccles. par. , Eng. , 
 Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., the former 6 m. ESE. Chelten- 
 ham, i^ m. ESE. Andoversford stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Shipton - on • Cherwell, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, on the 
 Cherwell, with stn. (Shipton) on G. W. R., div. and 2 m. E. 
 Woodstock, I m. N. Woodstock Road stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Shipton Sollars, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire. 
 See Shipton Ollffe. 
 
 Shipton Thorpe, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, in ancient 
 pars, of Nunburnholme and Market- Weighton. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sblpton-under- Wychwood, par. , Eng. . Oxfordshire. Ban- 
 bury div. . on the Evenlode, 10^ m. W. Woodstock, i m. SW. 
 Ascott-under- Wychwood stn., with a stn. on the G. W. R., 
 PM.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. (Sblpton-under- Wychwood 
 with Langley) P. < 1000. 
 
 Shlpwash, shoal. Eng., offcoast of Essex, 15 m. E. Harwich, 
 Length, 8 m. 
 
 Shipwright's Point, post-tn., Tasmania, Kent co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Huon, 15 m. SW. by W. Hobart ; exports timber. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Shlra, riv. , Scot. , Argyllshire, flows SSW. into Loch Shira 
 (Loch Fyne), i^ m. NE. Inveraray. 
 
 Shir-abad, tn., Bukhara, 210 m. SE. of it, 17 m. from r. bk. 
 Amur. Alt. 1560 ft. 
 
 Shlragawa, or Shlrakawa, tn., Japan, Honshiu, on the 
 northern railway, 100 m. NNE. Tokyo. P. 9600. 
 
 Sblra-isbl, tn. , Japan, Honshiu, 175 m. NNE. Tokyo, 25 
 m. SW. Sendai, on the northern railway. P. 5300. 
 
 Shirakanii-saki, the extreme S. point of Yezo I. , Japan. 
 
 Sliirtlli, port, Brit. India, Bombay, on SW. ct. of N. Kdnara 
 dist., at mouth of Venktapur R. , 20 m. S. Honawdr. P. <;50oo. 
 
 Shlrane-san, volcano, Japan, in interior of Honshiu, in 36° 
 48' N., on the border of Gumma and Shinano kens ; in eruption 
 in 1872 ; the recently formed cone rises from a crater more than 
 I m. in width. Alt. 7400 ft. (Naumann). There is another 
 volcano of this name further E. in Tochigi ken, alt. 7500 ft. 
 (Naumann) ; and higher than either, the second highest moun- 
 tain in Japan, a peak of Palaeozoic age, in Yamanashi ken (old 
 prov. Kai), in 35° 40' N., alt. 10,150 ft. (Naumann). 
 
 Shlraz, tn. , Persia, cap. prov. Fars, 205 m. S. by E. Ispahan ; 
 famous for its roses, wine, and nightingales, sung by the Persian 
 poets Hafiz and Saadi. One of the chief trading centres in S. 
 Persia. Exports opium, almonds, cotton, woollens, carpets, 
 
SHIR — SHOE 
 
 horses and mules, tobacco, silks, &c., to the annual value of 
 some half a million sterling ; and imports cottons, sugar, tea, 
 copper, indigo, spices, silks, glass and porcelain, to the value 
 of nearly three-quarters of a million sterling. Has manufactures 
 of woollens, glass, rose-water, and inlay fancy articles. Earth- 
 quakes have well-nigh destroyed it on more than one occasion 
 {e.g., 1824). P. 30-40,000. 
 
 Slilrbnrn, par, , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Henley div. , 13^ m. SE. 
 by E. Oxford, i^ m. NNE. Watlington stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Shirdley Hill, stn., Eng., Lancashire, near Southport, on 
 the W. Lancashire, and Liverpool, Southport, and Preston 
 Junction Rly. • 
 
 Slilre, riv. , S. Africa, issues from the SE. end of Lake Nyassa 
 and flows S. and SSE. into the Zambezi, which it enters in about 
 35^° E. , navigable at all seasons of the year for steamers to 
 Chiromo, at the confluence of the Ruo, for boats not drawing 
 more than 18 in. as far as Katunga, the port of Blantyre, in 
 16° 4' S. , and also from Lake Nyassa to Matope, in 15° 25' S. 
 Between Katanga and Matope, where the river makes a bend to 
 the W. round a range of hills, its navigation is interrupted by 
 a series of rapids and falls, the principal being the Murchison 
 Falls, in 15° 40' S. , and the Mamvira Falls, in 15° 55' S. {Proc. 
 R. G. S., 1890, map, p. 256.) 
 
 Sblrebrook, eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire, Chesterfield div., 
 4 m. N. bv W. Mansfield, on the M. R. and M. S. & L. R. , 
 PM.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Stalre Creeii, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ecclesfield 
 par., 4 m. N. Sheffield. 
 
 Shire Hall Yar«l, par., Eng., Suffolk, in Ipswich bor. and 
 union. P. < 500. 
 
 Shlrehaiupton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Thombury div. , 
 on the r. bk. of the Avon, 4^ m. NW. Bristol, on a branch line 
 of the G. W. and M. Rlys., PMT.O. P. <3000. 
 
 Slilreniansto'wn, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Cumberland co. , 
 I3vm. from Carlisle ; limestone quarried here. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shlrencwton, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 4 m. W. 
 Chepstow, PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Shiremoor, PM.O., Eng., i m. from Backworth, near 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 
 Slilreoaks, eccles. par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw 
 div., 2 m. W. by N. Worksop, on the Chesterfield Canal, and 
 the M. S. & L. R. ; partly in Yorkshire ; has coal-mines and 
 lime quarries. PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Sblreshead, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 7 m. 
 S. by E. Lancaster, i m. SE. Bay Horse stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Shire Stones, three stones and a pillar, Eng. , on border of 
 Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire, 5 m. NW. Haw^ks- 
 head. 
 
 Shlritoko, promontory, Japan, in NE. of Yezo L, terminating 
 the long horn of the island, which shoots out towards the 
 Kuriles, opposite Kunashiri L 
 
 Shirland, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div., 6 m. E. by S. 
 Matlock, 2 m. SSE. Stretton stn., PM.O. P. <4000. 
 
 Shirley, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , 9 m. WN W. Derby, 
 4 m. SE. by E. Clifton stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Shirley, eccles. par. and tn., Eng., Hampshire, 2J m. NW. 
 and included in the pari. bor. of Southampton, i m. NNE. 
 Millbrookstn., P.O. (Old Shirley). Par. P. 9600 ; tn. (Shirley 
 and Freeman tie) P. 15,900. 
 
 Shirley, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, Croydon bor., i m. E. 
 by S. Addiscombe stn., 9^ m. S. by E. St. Paul's, London, 
 PM.O. P.<:75o. 
 
 Shirley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, 6 m. SE. Birming- 
 ham, PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shirley, vil., U.S., Alabama, Covington co. P. < 1500. 
 . Shirley, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , 17^ m. W. 
 by S. Lowell. P. < 1500. 
 
 . Shlrleywich, vil. , Eng. , Staffordshire, on riv. Trent, Weston- 
 on-Trent par. , 4 m. NE. Stafford. 
 
 Shirol, tn. , India, Bombay, Kolhapur state, 75 m. W. 
 Bijapur. P. (1881) 6900. 
 
 Shlron, tn. , India, 28 m. S. by E. Baroda, on the r. bk. of 
 the Narbadi. P. (1881) 6000. 
 
 Shirpnr, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khandesh, no m. 
 SW. by S. Indore. P. 10,100; Hindus, 8200. 
 
 Shlrvan, formerly a powerful independent khanate, which in- 
 cluded the present govt. Baku of Caucasia, and had Shemakha 
 for capital. Conquered by Persia in the isth century, and by 
 Russia in the 19th century. 
 
 Shir-^a, lake, Brit. Central Africa. See Chllwa. 
 . Shlrwan, tn,, Persia, 47 m. SW. Askhabad. 
 
 Sliishaldln, volcano. See ITnimak. 
 
 Shishtova, or Shlstora, tn. , Bulgaria. See Svistov. 
 
 Shlskine, PMT.O., Scot., Arran I., 10 m. SW. Brodick. 
 
 Shitllngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 6 m. SW. 
 Wakefield. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sliiuhing, tn. , China, Kwangtung, on Si-kiang, former cap. 
 of prov. , point where first Roman Catholic missionaries Mateo 
 and Ricci gained a foothold in 1582, still one of the strongholds 
 of Romanists in S. of China. 
 
 Shlnrl, or Shnrl, tn. , Japan, Riukiu I. , on the isl. of Okinawa. 
 P. 25,400. 
 
 Shlveluch (Shevelnt'h), extinct volcano, Russia, Kamchatka 
 Penin. , 56° 40' N. Alt. 11,000 ft. 
 
 Shiveu, small riv.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, trib. of riv. Suck. 
 
 Shiverskoye, vil., E. Siberia, govt. Irkutsk, 200 m. W. 
 Kirensk, on 1. bk. Angara, near its rapids. P. < 5000. 
 
 Shlvner, hill fort, Brit. India, Bombay, Poona dist., in 
 Junnar town; during the first three centuries a.d. the hill 
 seems to have been a great Buddhist centre. Buddhist caves 
 pierce the lower portion of the scarp. Alt. 1000 fti 
 
 Sliivra Lake, lake, in the Pamir, Shighnan, 97 m. N. by W. 
 Chitral, to the W. of the Ab-i-Panj. 
 
 Shlwogama, seapt. vil. , Japan. See Shlogama. 
 
 Shlwono-misaki, or Shlwo-saki, cape, Japan, the S. point 
 of Honshiu I. To the E. , and near the coast, is Oshima I. , with 
 one of the principal lighthouses of Japan. 
 
 Shlxeui Point, cape, Cape Colony, on the E. ct., in about 
 32° 26' S. 
 
 ShizHoka, ken, Japan, Honshiu I. 
 
 ShlZHoka, tn. , Japan, 85 m. W. by S. Yokohama. P. 38,000. 
 
 Shkhara, third highest peak, Caucasus, Svanetian Alps, 
 43° 14'- 43° 7' E. , four summits, of which the highest has an ait* 
 of 17,526 ft. 
 
 Shklpetars. See Sklpetars. 
 
 Shkirra (or Shkira), La, Tunis, rapidly rising in importance 
 as a place of export of halfa (alfa). 
 
 ShkluT (Polish Szklow), tn. , Russia, govt, and 21 m. N. 
 Moghilev, on highway to St. Petersburg, andl. bk. Dnieper. P. 
 10,600. 
 
 Shkumhl, riv., Turkey in Europe, rises to the SW. of 
 Lake Okhrida, and flows NNW. then W. into the Adriatic, 
 which it enters in about 41° 3' N. 
 
 Shmoyo, vil. , E. Africa. See Shimoyo. 
 
 Shoa, former kgd. , now dist., S. Abyssinia, partly moun- 
 tainous, with sandy plateaux, and partly flat, watered by the 
 Hawash, which flows into the Red Sea. Oranges, bananas, 
 and citrons are cultivated ; agriculture and cattle-breeding are 
 the chief industries ; gold and iron are found in the mountains. 
 P. about 1,500,000, of- the Mehrzahl tribe, Galla race, and for 
 the most part Christian ; cap. Ankober. See Abyssinia. 
 
 Shoal Bay, Canada, Ontario, on Lake Ontario, in 77° 45' W. 
 
 Shoal Bay, S. Australia, N. Terr., NE. of Port Darwin. 
 
 Shoalhaven, mining dist.. New South Wales, Camden co. , 
 on the ct., 55 m. E. by S. Goulburn, in 34° 50' S. The central 
 town or village is Terrara. P. 7000. 
 
 Shoalharen, riv. , New South Wales, rises in about lat. 35° 
 30' S. , flows N. and E. , separating the co. St. Vincent from 
 the COS. Murray, Argyle, and Camden, and enters the Pacific 
 by a large mouth at the village of Shoalhaven, 80 m. SW. 
 Sydney. Before reaching the sea it throws off an arm called 
 Crookhaven R. Through this arm, which reaches the sea 3 m. 
 S. of the parent stream, the navigation of the Shoalhaven is 
 carried on. 
 
 Shoal Lake, stn. , Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the Manitoba 
 and NW. Rly., 115 m. W. Portage-la-Prairie. 
 
 Shoal Lake, lake, 30 m. long, Canada, Manitoba, to the E. 
 of the S. end of Lake Manitoba. 
 
 Shoal Lake, Canada, in the extreme W. of Ontario, com- 
 municating with the N. part of Lake of the Woods. 
 
 Shoals, vil. , U.S., Indiana, cap. Martin co., on E. Branch of 
 White R., 60 m. SE. by S. Terre Haute. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shoals, Isles of, group of small isls., U.S., New Hampshire, 
 just S. of 43° N. , crossed by 70° 20' W. ; firequented in summer 
 by tourists. 
 
 Shoalwater Bay, inlet, Queensland, on the E. ct., near Port 
 Bowen, crossed by 22° 20' S. 
 
 Shoalwater Bay, U.S. , Washington, is entered by a channel 
 between Toke Point and Ledbetter Point, crossed by 36° 30' N. 
 Length, N. to S., about 30 m. It is shallow, and has valuable 
 oyster fisheries. 
 
 Shobdou, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, div. and 6^ m. WN W. 
 Leominster, 2^ m. WNW. Kingsland stn., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Shobrooke, par., Eng., Devonshire, Molton div., 6\ m. NW. 
 by N. Exeter, 2 m. NE. by E. Crediton stn., P.O.; 4259 ac, 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Shoby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 4J m. W. by 
 N. Melton Mowbray, i^ m. SW. Grimston stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Shocklach Church and Shocklach Oviatt, two adjoining 
 pars. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 6 m. E. by S. Wrexham, 
 4I m. W. Malpas stn. P. (of each) < 250. 
 
 Shoebnry, North, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 2J m. E. by 
 N. Southend, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Shoebnry, South, par., on the Thames, to the S., with 
 a coastguard station i m. S. North Shoebury, with a stn. 
 (Shoeburyness) on the London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly. 
 South Shoebury is the practising ground for heavy ordnance, 
 and has extensive artillery barracks at Shoebury Fort. Has 
 large brickworks. PMT.O. (Shoeburyness). P. <3000. 
 
 Shoebury Ness (corrupted from Sceobirig, ' the cape of the 
 
 1435 
 
SHGH ^ SHOT 
 
 sea -fortress'), cape, adjoining Shoebury. Alt. i8 ft. Mean 
 annual rfall. 21.85 in- 
 
 Staohan, seapt. , Annam. See Tnrau. 
 
 Sbobo, £. Africa. See Salio and Sao. 
 
 Shobos, the African population of NE. Abyssinia, on the 
 shore of the Red Sea, between the slope of the Abyssinian 
 plateau and the coast, 
 
 Staokham Island, small isl., Wales, off the W. ct. of 
 Pembrokeshire, to the S. of Skomer I. , in 51° 41 J' N. 
 
 Sboliigarh, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, Dacca dist. , in 23*34' 
 N., 90° 20' E. P. (1881) 6100. 
 
 Sbol&pnr, tn. and cantonment, Brit. India, Bombay, cap. 
 Sholapur dist. , 60 m. N. by E. Bijipur, in the centre of a wide 
 plain (alt. 1800 ft.); manufactures silk and cotton, and has a 
 steam weaving and spinning mill. Since the opening of the 
 railway in 1859, Sholapur has been the trade centre for a large 
 extent of country ; it has a small fort, built 1345. The city wall 
 was partly pulled down, 1872. The Ekruk Canal supplies water 
 to the town. P. 61,900; Hindus, 45,400 ; Moham. 14,600. 
 
 Sbolden, Kent. See Sbonlden. 
 
 Sbollug, stn. , Eng., Hampshire, PM.O. See Scbolliig. 
 
 Sbollugbar, or Sbdllugbnr, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, North 
 ^cot dist.; the scene of one of Coote's victories over Haidar 
 Ali, 1781. P. 6400 ; Hindus, 6200. 
 
 Sbolon (French spelling Cbolon or Cbolen), tn., Cochin- 
 China, 4 m. W. Saigon. P. 42,000. 
 
 Sbomer, dist. , Arabia. See Sbammar. 
 
 Sboiia, isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, Ardnamurchan par., in 
 J^och Moidart. P. 104. 
 
 Sboncbl, tn., China, prov. Shansi, 235 m. W. by S. Peking. 
 
 siboodic Lake, U.S., Maine, in the SW. of Piscataquis co. , 
 38 m. N. by W. Bangor, drained S. into the Piscataquis R. 
 
 Sbooter's Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Woolwich bor. , i^ 
 m. SSW.Woolwich Arsenal stn., yi^m. ESE. St. Paul's, London; 
 is one of the most conspicuous heights near London, and was 
 at one time a great haunt of footpads. PMT. O. Alt. 446 ft. 
 P. 6400. 
 
 Sbootlng Common, PMT. O. , Eng. , Kent, i m. from Bromley. 
 . Sbopland, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 2 m. NE. by N. 
 Southend, i^ m. NE. Prittlewell stn. P. <2So. 
 
 SAor, or Shur, Persian, ' salt. ' 
 , Sborapnr, tn., India, Haidarabdd, cap. dist. Shorapur, 65 
 m. ESE. Bijapur. 
 
 Sbor&ivak, plain, Afghanistan, close to the British frontier, 
 to theW. of the Sarlatti Hills, traversed by the Lora R., crossed 
 about the middle by lat. 30° N. , long. 66 E. {Proc. R. G. S. , 
 1880, pp. 620-22.) 
 
 Sboredltcb, pari, bor., in the NE. of London, divided into 
 the Haggerston and Hoxton divs. , each returning one member 
 to Parliament. Haggerston, P. 56,400 ; Hoxton, P. 67,700. 
 
 Sboredltcb, par., London, Eng., Tower Hamlets bor., ij 
 pi. NE. St. Paul's, with stns. on the North London, Great 
 Eastern, East London, and Great Northern Rlys. P. 124,000. 
 See Betbnal Green. 
 
 Shoredltcb, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Taunton, Somerset. 
 
 Sborebam, par. , Eng. , Kent, Sevenoaks div. , on the Darenth, 
 JO m. NNW. Tunbridge, on the L. C. & D. R., PMT.O. ; 5599 
 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 - Shorebam, New, par. and tn. , Eng. , Sussex, Lewes div. , on 
 the S. ct. , at the mouth of the Adur, here crossed by a suspension 
 bridge, 5^ m. W. Brighton, with a stn. (Sborebam) on the L. B. 
 & S. C. R. The harbour is indifferent, formed by a narrow lagoon 
 stretching 3 J m. E. (to Portslade), and separated from the sea by 
 a line of low sand-hills, the entrance to the harbour being by a 
 shifting bar about i m. E. of NewShoreham, with a usual depth 
 of 18 ft. at high water springs, 14 ft. high water neaps ; not 
 accessible at low tide ; good anchorage in the roadstead with 
 offshore winds. Considerable coasting trade also with France 
 ^d parts of N. Europe ; has shipbuilding, and important fish- 
 eries. The town, originally situated i m. N. of its present 
 site, had formerly a large continental trade, but early in the 15th 
 Qentury its harbour was silted up. The church of St. Mary is 
 a fine Norman edifice. Shoreham was represented in Parliament 
 vntil 1885. PMT.O. (Sboreham). P. < 3500. 
 , Sborebam, Old, par. , on the Adur, adjoining New Shoreham 
 orttheN.,P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Staorebam, tn., U.S. , Vermont, Addison co. , on Lake Cham- 
 plain, 9 m. by rail E. Ticonderoga. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sboreston, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Xweed div., 12 m. N. Alnwick, 3 m. NE. by N. Newham stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Sboreswood, par., Eng., Northumberland, 5 J m. SW. 
 Berwick-upon-Tweed, 2 m. S. by W. Velvethall stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Sborkot, ancient tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Jhang, 53 m. 
 NE. by N. Miiltan. P. <:25oo. 
 
 , SbomcUfTe Camp, stn., Eng., Kent, on the SE. R., 2 m. 
 SW. Folkestone ; site of a permanent military camp. 
 
 Sbomcote, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade div., 3^^ m. S, 
 Cirencester, 2\ m. E. Kemble June. P. <25o. See Somerford 
 Keynes. 
 
 1486 
 
 Sborue, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 3 m. WNW. 
 Rochester, 2 m. WSW. Higham stn., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Shortflatt, par., Eng., Northumberland, 10 m. SW. Morpeth. 
 P. <;25o. 
 
 Sbortgate, P.O., Eng., Sussex, Eastbourne div., 6 m. NE. 
 by E. Lewes, 4 m. E. Barcombe Mills stn. 
 
 Sbortbampton, or Cbllson, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Ban- 
 bury div., on the Evenlode, 7J m. WNW. Woodstock, 2J m. 
 W. Charlbury stn. P. <25o. See Cbarlbnry. 
 
 Sbort Heatb, eccles. par. and tn. , Eng., Staffordshire, 
 Wolverhampton, in the E. div., with a stn. (Sbort Heatb, 
 Clarks Lane) on the M. R.; coal is mined here. . P.O. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 i^bortland, gold-mining tp. , New Zealand, North I. , Thames 
 CO., 45 m. ESE. Auckland. P. < 1500. See Grabamstown 
 and Tbames. 
 
 Sbortland Island, Ger. Solomon Is., in 7° o' S., 155° 45' E. 
 Area, 58 sq. m. 
 
 Sbortlands, eccles. peir., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., on the 
 L. C. & D. R., 9 m. SE. by S. St. Paul's, London, PMT.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Sbortland Strait. Same as BonrgaluTllle Strait, Ger. 
 New Guinea. 
 
 Sbortsvllle, vil., U.S., New York, Ontario co., 25 m. SE. 
 Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sbortwood, vil., Eng., Gloucestershire, Horsley par., 5 m, 
 S. Stroud. 
 
 Sborud, plain, Brit. Afghanistan, to the W. of Quetta, lying 
 mostly to the N. of 30° N. , and crossed in about the middle by 
 66^° E. Alt. about 4800 ft. {Proc. P. G. S., 1880, p. 233). 
 
 Slior Valley, Brit. Baluchistan, stretching E. and W, in 
 about 30^° N. , 67° 50-68° 20' E. 
 
 Sborirell, par. , Eng. , Isle of Wight, 4^ m. SW. by S. New- 
 port, 4 m. SW. by S. Blackwater stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Sbosbone (sho-sho'ne), riv., U.S. See Snake River. 
 
 Sbosbone, co., U.S., Idaho, in the N. 
 
 Sbosbone, lake, U.S. , in the Yellowstone National Park, W. 
 of Yellowstone Lake, 6 m. long by ^4^,m. wide. Alt. 7830 ft. 
 (Hayden). 
 
 Sbosbone Mountains, long range of mts., U.S., Nevada, 
 trending N. and S. , terminating near the S. bank of the Hum- 
 boldt R. 
 
 Sbosbones, or Snakes, tribe of Indians, U.S., inhabiting a 
 wide terr. W. of the Rocky Mts. ; divided into Shoshones proper, 
 and Utes or Utahs. They are usually dressed in skins, and live 
 in skin tents, and are peaceable and industrious. They number 
 about 5000, chiefly in Utah and Nevada. 
 
 Sbosbong, tn. , Protectorate of Bechuana-land, about 215 m. 
 NW. by N. Pretoria, the former cap. of the Bamangwato. 
 See Palapye. 
 
 Sbosteuskly, gunpowder works of the crown, govt, and no 
 m. NE. Chernigov, 25 m. NW. Glukhov, on highway to Nov- 
 gorod Syeversk. P. < 5000. 
 
 Shot, or Shott, name used in Algeria and Tunis for a perma- 
 nent salt or brackish lake. See Sebkha. 
 
 Sbot el Keblr, Tunis. See J^rld, Sbot el. 
 
 SboteHliniit (sh5t'sam) All Saints and Sbotesbam St. Mary, 
 two adjoining pars., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 6 m. S. Norwich, the 
 latter 2 m. SE. Swainsthorpe stn. , P. O. (Sbottesbam). Shotes- 
 ham All Saints, P. <5oo ; Shotesham St. Mary, P. <250. 
 
 Sbot es Salda, lake, Algeria. See Hodna. 
 
 Sbotliaugli, vil. , Eng. , Northumberland. See Tblrston. 
 
 Sbot Head, cape, Ire., SW. ct. co. Cork, on N. side of 
 Bantry Bay, in 9° 40' W. 
 
 Sbotley, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., at the mouth 
 of the Orwell, 7 m. SE. Ipswich, 3 m. N. Parkeston Quay stn.; 
 has a fort on the Orwell. PMT.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Sbotley Bridge, stn., Eng., Durham, NW. div., on the r. 
 bk. of the Derwent, 12 m. SW. by W. Newcastle, on the NE. 
 R., PMT.O. 
 
 Sbotley Low Quarter, par., Eng., Northumberland, in 
 Hexham union ; 7132 ac. P. <:7S0. 
 
 Sbotover, vil. , Eng. , Oxfordshire. See Forest Hill. 
 
 Sbotswell, P.O., Eng., Warwickshire. See Sbotteswell. 
 
 Shott, salt lake. See Shot. 
 
 SbottermlU, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, Frensham par., i m. 
 N. Haslemere, PMT.O. P.<:iooo. 
 
 Sbottery, part of eccles. par., Eng., Warwickshire, PT.O. 
 See Stratford-on-Avon. 
 
 Sbot'tcsbrook, par., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., 8 
 m. W. Windsor, 3 m. ENE. Twyford stn. P. <:25o; eccles. 
 par. (Sbottesbrook wltb Wblte Waltbam) P. < 1500. 
 
 Sbottesbam, P. O. , Eng. , Norfolk. See Sbotesbam. 
 
 Sbott-es>Salda, salt lake, Algeria. See Hodna. 
 
 SbottesM-ell, or Sbotswell, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Rugby 
 div., 4 m. NW. by N. Banbury, 3 m. W. by S. Cropredy stn. 
 P. < 250. 
 
 Sbottlsbam (shots'am), par., Eng., Suffolk, near the E. bank 
 of the Deben, 10 m. E. Ipswich, div, and 4 m. SE. Wood- 
 bridge , P. O. P. < 500. 
 
SHOT — SHUA 
 
 Shottle and Post«ru, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div. , yi 
 m. NNW. Derby, i m. E. of its stn. (SliotUe) on the M. R. 
 P. <Soo. 
 
 Sbottoit, par. , Eng. , Durham, S. div. , 8 m. NW. byW. Hartle- 
 pool, i| m. SE. Shotton Bridge stn., on the NE. R. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Shottoii, vil., Eng., Durham. See Foxtoii and Shotton. 
 
 ^)llotton, part of par., Eng., Durham. See Langleydale 
 with Shotton. 
 
 Shotton, Connah'8 Qnay and, stn., Wales, Flintshire, on 
 the Cheshire Lines Rly. and M. S. & L. R., P.O. 
 
 Shotton Colliery, vil., Eng., Durham, par. and 2 m. S. 
 Easington, PM.O. 
 
 Shotts, or Kirk of Shotts, par., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, on 
 Shotts Burn, 6 m. E. by S. Airdrie, 2^ m. NW. by N. Shotts 
 stn. , on the C. R. ; has extensive coal-mines and blast-furnaces. 
 PMT.O. 24,944 ac. P. 12,000. 
 
 Shotts Iron-works, vil. , in Shotts and Cambusnethan pars. 
 P. (including Torbothie)< 1500. 
 
 Shotwick and Shotwick Park, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Cheshire, Wirral div., the former 5 m. NW, Chester, ij m. 
 NW. Saughall stn. P. (of each)<2So. 
 
 Shonlden, or Sholden, par. , Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div., 
 ^m. W. Deal, P.O. (Sholden). P. <soo. 
 
 Shoulder of Lune, sandbank, Eng., off the NW. ct. of Lan- 
 cashire, in the SE. of Morecambe Bay. 
 
 Shouldham and Shouldham Thorpe, two adjoining pars. , 
 Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 8 m. SSE. King's Lynn, the former 
 
 41 m. E. by N. Stow stn. Shouldham, PM.O., P. <7So; 
 Shouldham Thorpe, P.O., P. <25o. 
 
 Shonrnagh, riv. , Ire., co. Cork, trib. of riv. Lee, which it 
 joins on the 1. bk. about 4 m. W. Cork. 
 
 Shouten, isl. , off E. ct. of Tasmania, at E. entrance of 
 Oyster Bay. 
 
 Shover's Green, P.O., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 7^ m. SE. by 
 S. Tunbridge Wells, 2^ m. SE. Wadhurst stn. 
 
 Showell, vil. , Eng. , Oxfordshire. See SM'erford. 
 . Shriivan-helgola, vil., Brit. India, Mysore, Hassan dist. On 
 the summit of Chandrabetta Hill is a statue 60 ft. high, erected 
 about 60 B.C. ; it is surrounded by numerous buildings. The 
 hill is 3250 ft. high. P. (i88i)<:2ooo. 
 
 Shra-wardine, par. , Eng. , Salop, Oswestry div. , 6 m. WN W. 
 Shrewsbury, P.O. P. <25o. See Montford. 
 
 Shrawley, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., on the 
 r. bk. of the Severn, 7 m. NNW. Worcester, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Shreelane, electoral div. , Ire. , Cork, dist. Unionhall. 
 
 Shreve, vil., U.S., Ohio, Wayne co. , 60 m. SSW. Cleveland. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Shreveport, city, U.S., Louisiana, Caddo par., on the Red 
 R. , at the E. end of Cross Lake, 170 m. W. Vicksburg (Miss.). 
 Situated in the centre of the finest cotton-growing region in the 
 world, it is one of the most important cotton-markets in the 
 SW. Alt. 198 ft. (R.R.); signal station, 227 ft. (U.S. Signal 
 Office). Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 65.6° F., Jan. 46.0°, July 
 83.3°; mean annual rfall. (13 yrs.), 54.11 in. P. (i87o)<50oo; 
 (1880) 8000; (1890) 12,000. 
 
 Shrewley, par., Eng., co. and 4 m. N. Warwick, P.O. 
 P.<:5oo. 
 
 Shrewsbury (from the Anglo-Saxon Scrobbesburg, that is, 
 'scrub-bury' — referring to the forest surrounding it during the 
 early English period), pari, and (since Richard I.) mun. bor. 
 and market-tn., Eng., Shropshire, 140 m. NW. London, and 
 
 42 m. W. by N. Birmingham, in the diocese of Lichfield, on 
 a penin. of the Severn, with stns. on the G. W. R. and L. & 
 NW. R., and connected with the Welsh lines. Carries on 
 glass-staining, malting, and has also iron-foundries and agricul- 
 tural implement works. The town occupies the site of an earlier 
 Celtic town, and its famous Norman castle stands on site of a 
 Saxon fortress. Just outside the town is the scene of the battle 
 of 1403, when Hotspur was killed ; the field still shown where 
 over 8000 were then buried. The grammar-school (founded 
 1551) ranks as one of the great ' public schools,' and is richly 
 endowed ; the original buildings now form a county museum 
 and free library. The town is very picturesque from its posi- 
 tion, with three handsome bridges, suburbs on S. banks, its fine 
 old timbered houses, and its Quarry promenade. Ruins of the 
 ancient town walls still survive. Large cattle-market. Market- 
 days, Tu., W., and S. Shrewsbury returns one member to 
 Parliament, having, since Edward I. , returned two members till 
 1885. Alt. 287 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), yr. 26.6 in. Pari, 
 and mun. bor. 3470 ac. , P. (1801) 14,700 ; (1851) 19,700; (1871) 
 23,400; (1891) 27,000, nearly. 
 
 , Shrewsbury, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 5 m. ENE. 
 Worcester. P. < 1500. 
 
 . Shrewsbury, vil, U.S., New Jersey, Monmouth co. , on an 
 inlet called Shrewsbury R. , 12 m. NE. Freehold. P. <isoo. 
 
 Shrewsbury, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and 14 m. N. 
 York. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shrewsbury Canal, Eng., Shropshire, extends from the 
 Severn at Shrewsbury, 17 m. E. past Uffington, to Donnington 
 Canal, near Wombridge. 
 
 Shrewton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 10 m. NW. 
 by N. Salisbury, 6 m. N. Wishford stn., PMT.O. P.<75o; 
 eccles. par. (Shrewton with IMaddlngton) P. <ioco. 
 
 Shrlgley, tn. , Ire. See TuUyveery. 
 
 Shrigonda, tn. , Brit. India. See Srigonda. 
 
 Shrivenhaiu, par., Eng., Berkshire, Abingdon div., 6 m. 
 NE. by E. Swindon, i m. NNW. of its stn. on the G. W. R., 
 PMT.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. (Shrivenham with Watch- 
 field) P. < 1500. 
 
 Shronell, par., Ire., co. and 4 m. NW. Tipperary, bar. 
 Clanwilliam, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Shrono'wen, electoral div.. Ire., N. co. Kerry, bar. Iraghti- 
 connor, 5 m. N. by.E. Listowel, P.O. 
 
 Shrophani, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 19 m. SW. by 
 W. Norwich, 2^ m. NW. Eccles Road stn., P.O. P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (Shrophani with Broailcar) P. <5oo. 
 
 Shropshire, or Salop, inland co. , Eng., on the Welsh 
 border, almost entirely in the basin of the Severn, which traverses 
 it from NW. to SE. It has four pari, divs., as in the following 
 table :— 
 
 Pari. Divs. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 W. , or Oswestry 
 
 N. , or Newport .... 
 
 Mid, or Wellington . 
 
 S. , or Ludlow .... 
 
 Pari. bor. of Shrewsbury . 
 
 Total 
 
 233.344 
 
 221,336 
 
 46,631 
 
 354.680 
 
 3.525 
 
 54.192 
 53.035 
 46,225 
 55.920 
 26,967 
 
 859.516 
 
 236,339 1 
 
 1 The administrative county is coextensive with the ancient county. 
 
 Towards Wales it is hilly or even mountainous, the chief 
 heights being the Breidden Range, with Cefn-y-Castell, 1300 ft. ; 
 Clun Forest, in SW. ; Long Mynd, 1674 ft. ; Wenlock Edge, a 
 ridge 20 m. long ; and on SE. the Clee Range, rising to 1805 ft. 
 at Brown Clee, and 1750 ft. at Titterstone Clee. The rest of the 
 county is undulating, well watered, and fertile. Geologically, 
 the N. half of the county belongs mainly to the New Red 
 Sandstone, while in the S. half are Ordovician and Cambrian 
 and Silurian rocks, along with Old Red Sandstone, and several 
 patches belonging to the coal-measures. The former half of 
 the county is tolerably level, excepting the isolated Wrekin, a 
 peak of igneous origin 1320 ft. high. There are five distinct 
 coalfields — the Forest of Wye, Coalbrookdale, Shrewsbury, 
 Clee Hills, and Oswestry; the second containing 28 sq. m., 
 with strata over 1000 ft. thick. Ironbridge is another coal 
 centre. Barytes at Minsterley (silver-mines), Welshpool, &c. ; 
 lead ore at Minsterley and Pontesbury ; stone calcspar at Minster- 
 ley and Chirbury ; limestone at Wellington ; zinc ore at Min- 
 sterley and Worthen ; blast-furnaces at Shifnal. Excepting 
 iron, the manufactures are unimportant. The best soil is near 
 the Severn, including the Vale of Shrewsbury. For agricultural 
 statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. The county has communi- 
 cation by three canals, and by the G. W. R., L. & NW. R., and 
 various local railways, the county town being an important 
 centre of railway traffic. The Romans left important remains 
 in this county after the conquest by Vespasian (51 A.D.); e.g., 
 Wroxeter, the site of Uriconium. ' Offa's Dyke ' is part of the 
 county border. Other antiquities are Wenlock Priory and the 
 abbeys of Lilleshall, Shrewsbury, Buildwas, Haughmond, &c. ; 
 the castles of Bridgnorth, Ludlow, Shrewsbury, and Clun, &c. ; 
 Whiteladies (a Norman building), Boscobel House, &c. The 
 name is from the Saxon Scrobbes-scire, i.e., of the Scrubb 
 ('bush' 'forest'). Salop is in the dioceses of St. Asaph, Here- 
 ford, and Lichfield, and contains 252 pars. There is one pari, 
 bor., the co. tn. , and six mun. bors. — Bishop's Castle, Bridgnorth, 
 Ludlow, Oswestry, Shrewsbury, and Wenlock. See England, 
 table. 
 
 Shroton, P. O. , Eng. See Iwerne Courtnay. 
 
 Shrove, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 7 m. from Moville. 
 
 Shrub End, P. O. , Eng. , Essex, 2 m. from Colchester. 
 
 Shrule, bar.. Ire., in the extreme SE. of co. Longford. 
 
 Shrule, par.. Ire., co. Longford, bar. Rathcline, on riv. 
 Inny and Royal Canal, contains part of Ballymahon town ; 6745 
 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Shrule, par. and tn. , Ire. , SE. co. Mayo, bar. Kilmaine, 26 
 m. SE. Westport, 10 m. from Tuam stn., P.O. Par. 10,862 ac. , 
 P. <20oo ; tn. P. <250. 
 
 Shrule, par.. Ire., Queen's co., on riv. Barrow, bar. Slieve- 
 margy, 3 m. N. Carlow. P. <:25o. 
 
 Shtoolnt, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on Bella 
 Ceola R., 252 m. NW. by N. Vancouver, in 52° 23' N., 126° 
 
 5' W. 
 
 Shu, tn. , China, prov. Honan, 260 m. N. by E. Ichang, 40 
 m. SE. Honan. 
 
 Shua, general appellation of the settled Arabs of Bomu and 
 Bagirmi, in the Sudan. 
 
 Shnan-dal, or Xnan-dai, bay, Annam, in 13° 20' N., 2 m. 
 
 1437 
 
SHUB — SIAM 
 
 N. Phu-yen, 35 m. NW. Cape Varela ; very easy of access, and 
 open to foreign traders. Runs inland 15^ m. 
 
 Slialienacadle, vi\., Canada, Nova Scotia, Colchester co., 
 34 m. N. by E. Halifax, on the riv. Shubenacadie, which flows 
 N. into Cobequid Bay. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Slinbra, tn. , Egypt, on r. bk. of the Nile, 4 m. N. Cairo. 
 P. 6800. 
 
 Sbnbata, vil. , U.S., Mississippi, Clarke co. , on Chickasawha 
 R. , 89 m. NNW. Mobile (Al.); exports cotton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Shnclion, Staen, or Clilclion, tn. , China, Nganhwei, 130 m. 
 W. by N. Nanking, a few miles from the S. bk. of the Hwei-ho. 
 
 Shnckburgb, Lower and Tpper, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Warwickshire, div. and 8 m. S. Rugby, 5 m. W. Daventry. P. 
 (of each) < 250. 
 
 Sbndy Camps, par., Eng., Cambridge, near the borders of 
 Suffolk, div. and 12 m. S. by W. Newmarket, 2^ m. E. by S. 
 Bartlow stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sbuff Fen, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Parts of Holland div. , 
 in Boston union. P. 8. 
 
 Sbngnan, vassal khanate of Afghanistan in SW. Pamirs, on 
 1. bk. of Hunt (or Gunt) Alichur R. ; barley and millet grown 
 with difficulty in mountain slopes, and wheat in the W. Cattle- 
 breeding the chief source of income. A heavy tribute levied by 
 the Afghans since 1882. P. estimated at 2000. 
 
 Sbugr, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet Aleppo ; has gardens ; 
 trade in fruits, cotton goods, silk, &c. P. 4000. 
 
 Sbugra, tn. , on the S. ct. of Arabia, 60 m. NE. Aden. 
 
 Sbulcbeugtlng, tn. , China, Kweichou,86m. W. Kweiyang-fu. 
 
 SbnJAb&d, municip. and fort, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 
 26 m. SW. by S. Miiltan. Shujabdd is a trade centre. P. 6300 ; 
 Hindus, 3900; Moham. 2900. 
 
 Sbiill, tribe, central Africa, in the angle between the Somer- 
 set Nile and White Nile. 
 
 Shnlle, seapt., Canada, Nova Scotia, Cumberland co., on 
 Chignecto Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 SbuUsbiirg, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Lafayette co. , 35 m. by 
 rail W. Monroe ; lead is mined and smelted here. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sbniiiagin Islands, group of isls. , U.S., Alaska, SW. of 
 Alaska Penin., crossed by i&>° W. and 55° N. ; inhabited by 
 seal-hunters and fishermen ; coal is mined on one of the islands. 
 
 Sbnmla (Bulgarian Sumen), fortified tn. , Bulgaria, sur- 
 rounded by numerous forts, cap. pro v. Shumla, 50 m. W. Varna. 
 P. (1881) 23,100; (1888) 23,200; Bulgarians, 12,300; Moham. 
 8500. 
 
 Sbnnimer, Jebel, region, Arabia. See Sbammar, Jebel. 
 
 Sbunisbabart, tn., India. See Sbi^mssibiUl. 
 
 Shnua, isl. , Scot. , Argyllshire, off the W. ct. , in Kilbrandon 
 and Kilchattan par., 13^ m. SSW. Oban, separated from Luing 
 L by Sbnna Sound ; surface well wooded, and generally fertile. 
 The island belongs to the city of Glasgow. Length, 2J m. P. 1 1. 
 
 Sbuna Island, Scot., Argyllshire, off the W. ct., in Loch 
 Linnhe, Lismore and Appin par. , in 56° 35' N. P, 6. 
 
 Shunem, place named in O. T. See Solam. 
 
 Shnnl, tn., China, prov. Pechili, 20 m. NE. by E. Peking. 
 
 Sbunklng-fn, tn. , China, Siichwan, on the Kialing-kiang, 
 93 m. N. by W. Chungking ; centre of a silk-producing dist. 
 
 Sbannlng-fn, tn., China, Yunnan, 78 m. S. Tali-fu. 
 
 Shnnnor Fell, Great, mt., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, at 
 bead of riv. Swale, 4 m. W. Muker. Alt. 2346 ft. 
 
 Sbuntak, tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, 20 m. S. Canton. 
 
 Sbnnto, tn., China, prov. Pechili, 195 m. SW. Tientsin. 
 
 Hbnpanga, vil., Portuguese E. Africa, on the r. bk. of the 
 Zambezi, in 35° 47' E. 
 
 Skur, or Shor, Persian, ' salt.' 
 
 Shurdlngton, Great, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury 
 div., 3 m. SW. by S. Cheltenham, 2 m. SW. Leckhampton stn., 
 P.O. (Sburdlngton). P. <:25o. 
 
 Sbnrl, tn. , Riukiu Is. See Shlarl. 
 
 Staurlock Row, PT.O., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., 
 8 m. E. Reading, 2J m. ESE. Twyford stn. 
 
 Shurrery, Locb, lake, Scot. , Caithness, in the W. , 9 m. SSW. 
 Thurso, drained N. by Forss Water. Alt. 321 ft. 
 
 Sbnsba, dist. tn., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 87 m. 
 SSE. Elisabethpol ; old seat of Karabagh khans. A variety of 
 domestic trades carried on by inhabitants (weaving, tanneries) ; 
 fruit gardens. Alt. 1380 ft. Mean temp., yr. 8.8° F., Jan. 3.3°, 
 July 19.2° ; rfall. 25.9 in. P. (1830) 5080; (1892) 32,000. 
 
 Shnsbal, tn. , Kashmir, 195 m. NNE. Simla. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Stansblnskoye, vil. , Russia, E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, dist. 
 and 36 m. ESE. Minusinsk, on r. bk. Yenisei. P. <20oo. 
 
 Stansbltsa, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. Elbasan, on the 
 Shkumbi, 38 m. ESE. Durazzo. 
 
 Shuster, or Staustater, tn. , Persia, prov. Khuzistan, 30 m. SE. 
 by E. Dizful, at the head of navigation on the Karun. P. 15,000. 
 
 l^bustoke, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 9 m. S. by E. 
 Tamworth, on the M. R., PM.O., and P.O. (Shnstoke Green). 
 P. <Soo; eccles. par. (Stanstoke wltb Bentley) P. <:75o. 
 
 Shuswap, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the 
 C. P. R., about 119° 48' W., 1198 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, 284 
 m. E. Vancouver. 
 1438 
 
 Sbntai^ar«lan, pass, Afghanistan, across the W. end of the 
 Safid Koh, 37 m. SE. by S. Kabul, in 33° 56' 30" N. , 69° 24' 
 50" E. , commanding the road to Kabul. Alt. 10,800 ft. [Proc. 
 R. G. S., 1879, p. 629). 
 
 Sbute, par., Eng., in the SE. of Devonshire, Honiton div., 3 
 m. W. by S. Axminster, close to Seaton June, P.O. P. <50o. 
 Sbutford, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Oxford- 
 shire, div. and 4^ m. W. Banbury, P.O. East Shutford, P. < 
 250 ; West Shutford, P. <:500. See Swalcllffe. 
 
 Sbutbonger, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Tewkesbury, Gloucester- 
 shire. 
 
 Sbntlanger, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 7 m. 
 S. by W. Northampton, 2 m. WSW. Roade stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sbntta, vil., Palestine, Be/A Shitta in the O. T., 32° 33' N., 
 35° 25' E. , 13 m. SE. by S. Nazareth. 
 
 Sbattington, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 3^ - m. 
 ENE. Tamworth, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Sbnttleworth, vil., Eng., Derbyshire, Bolsover par., 6 m. 
 E. Chesterfield. 
 
 Sbnttlewortb, vil., Eng., Lancashire, Hey wood div., 4 m. 
 N. Bury ; has cotton and woollen manufactures, and important 
 stone quarries, which have afforded valuable supplies for the 
 renovation of Manchester cathedral, and in the construction of 
 the Manchester Ship Canal. PM.O. See Walniersley and 
 Sbnttlewortb. 
 
 Shnwelkeb, three sites, Palestine. 1. Sechu in the O. T. , 
 31° 53' N., 35° 12' E., ■]\ m. N. by W. Jerusalem. 8. Socoh 
 (in the valley) in the O. T., 31° 11' N., 34° 58' E., 11 m. ESE. 
 Beersheba. 3. Socoh (in the mountains) in the O. T. , 31° 24' 
 N., 35° o' E., 10 m. SW. by S. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Sbuya, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 68 m. by rail NE. Vladimir 
 {via Novki station), on Teza R.; important centre of cotton 
 industry, the cotton-mills employing nearly 6000 workmen. 
 Sewing of sheep-skins, and locksmiths as domestic trades, as 
 also of earthenware works. River-port on Teza. P. (1870) 
 10,400; (1891)20,500. 
 
 Sbwebo, tn.. Upper Burma, 42 m. NNW. Mandalay, cap, 
 dist. Shwebo, bounded E. by Irdwadi. P. 9400; Buddhists, 6800. 
 Shwedanng, tn., Burma, on the 1. bk. of the Irdwadi, dist. 
 and 10 m. SSW. Prome, on the great road from Rangoon to the 
 N.; has weaving, and trade in rice. P. 12,400; Buddhists, 11,800. 
 Sbwegyln, tn., Burma, cap. dist. Shwegyin, 50 m. NE. by 
 N. Pegu. At the angle of the rivs. Sit-taung and Shwegyin, on 
 low hills, is a small cantonment. The town lies low. P. 8800 ; 
 Buddhists, 7700. 
 Sbwelaung, tn., Burma, dist. Thon-gwa, 36 m. E. Bassein. 
 Sbweniyo, vil., Upper Burma, no m. NE. by N. Prome, 
 246 m. by rail from Rangoon. 
 
 Sbive-nat-tanng, pagoda. Lower Burma, dist. and 16 m. S. 
 Prome, Pegu div. ; has a festival in March, attended by 20,000 
 people. 
 
 Shyane, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Eliogarty, 3 m. NE. 
 Thurles. P. <:25o. 
 
 Sbyok, or Sbayok, riv. , Kashmir. See Sbalok. 
 Siagbab Kas, mt. peak, Syria, Mount Pi'sgah in the O. T. , 
 2 m. W. of Jebel Nete {Mount Nebo of the O. T.), in 31° 46' 
 N. , 35° 43' E. , 6 m. W. by S. of Hesban (ancient Heshbon). 
 
 Slab, site of ruins, Syria, dist. Hauran, i m. SE. Kanawat, 
 at foot of the Jebel-Hauran, with a temple of the Idumeans. 
 
 Slah-kob ('black mountain'), mt. chain, N. Afghanistan, 
 shoots off from the Koh-i-Baba and follows the left or S. bank of 
 the Heri-rud for about 310 m. Alt. about 6500 ft. 
 
 Siab-kob, mt. group, Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 93 m. SE. 
 Teheran. Alt. 4990 ft. 
 Stab Posb, people, Afghanistan. See Kadrlstau. 
 Sratr, vil, Palestine, Zior in the O. T., 31° 35' N., 35° 8' E., 
 4 J m. NNE. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Slak, tn., Sumatra, on the riv. Siak, 155 m. NE. Padang. 
 P. <:20oo. The Siak R. flows E. then N. into Strait of Malacca. 
 SlAlkot, municip. and cantonment, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. 
 SiAlkot, 65 m. N. by E. Lahore, on the Aik stream, which is 
 crossed by a substantial bridge. The town is increasing in im- 
 portance since the opening of the railway to Wazfrdbid. Manu- 
 facture of paper, noted for its excellence under the Mughal 
 empire, when its yearly value was ^^80,000. Susi cloth is also 
 manufactured. The cantonment, about i m. to the N., on an 
 elevated ridge, is 5 m. long E. to W. , by 3 m. N. to S. ; has 
 recreation grounds and a public garden of 27 ac. In the centre 
 of the town are remains of an ancient fort. Alt. 830 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 73° F. , Jan. 52°, June 91°; rfall., yr. 36.8 in., July- 
 Aug. 20.7 in. P. 55,100; Hindus, 18,000; Moham. 31,900. 
 . Slaltekb, tn., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Cachar, 45 m. E. 
 Sylhet P. <5ooo. 
 
 Slam (Siamese Muang Thai, 'land of freemen'), kgd. , SE. 
 Asia, lying E. of Burma, S. of the Chinese prov. of YUnnan, W, 
 of Tongking, Annam, and Cambodia, and N. of the Gulf of 
 Siam. Boundaries. — The E. boundary, though at no time 
 very precisely defined, practically coincided, previous to the 
 Franco-Siamese war of 1893, with the line of the elevated 
 watershed that separates the valley of the Mekong R. from the 
 
S I AM 
 
 declivities of the China Sea ; but in consequence of that war 
 the boundary, between 13^° and 20^° N. , has been removed W. 
 to the riv. Mekong. At the same time, the frontier of Cambodia 
 has been pushed out in the NW. so as to embrace the whole of 
 the large lake of Tonle Sap, which, prior to that war, was 
 divided between Cambodia and Siam. Of the agglomerated 
 terr. styled Siam, little more than the valley of the Menam (up 
 to 17^" N.) and part of the Malay Penin. (above 8° N.) are 
 directly administered by the king of Siam ; the remainder con- 
 sists of tributary and dependent states. Including these, Siam 
 extends down the Malay Penin. as far S. as 4° N. , and embraces 
 the states of Kedah, Patani.Kelantan, Truigganu, and others, 
 which touch the British protected Malay states at the extremity 
 of the penin. On the E. side of the Gulf of Siam a narrow 
 strip extends down the coast as far as about 11° 10' N. The 
 W. boundary runs along the mountains of Tenasserim, and 
 between 16° 20' and 20° o' N. coincides with the Thoungyeen and 
 the Salwfn Rivs. From this N. point on the Salwfn an irregular 
 line to the Mekong, in 20^° N. , forms, along with this last river 
 further to the E. , the N. frontier. The area is not accurately 
 known ; probably it is three times larger than that of Great 
 Britain. Siam proper is estimated at 80,000 sq. m. (Colquhoun 
 and Hallett). To this must be added 60,000 sq. m. in the 
 Malay Penin., and probably about 100,000 sq. m. of tributary 
 states in the Shan (N.) and Laos (NE. ) countries. Previous to 
 the French annexations the Shan states of Siam were estimated 
 at 80,000 sq. m., more than one-third of which the Siamese 
 have since lost. Surface and Rivers. — Excluding the Malay 
 Penin., Siam consists geographically of the valley of the Menam, 
 some 500 m. from N. to S., and 160 m. from E. to W. , and the 
 Korat plateau, with an average elevation of 700 to 1000 ft., 
 between that river and the Mekong (E.). The Shan country 
 around the upper waters of the Menam and its principal trib. , 
 the Meping, is mountainous, being invaded by offshoots and 
 spurs of the Tibetan plateau, which attain an elevation of 6000 
 to 8000 ft ; but wide, shallow, grassy valleys fill in most of the 
 spaces between the rivers. The Menam falls as it goes S. , from 
 1000 ft. in 19° N. and 380 ft. in 17° N., to the sea-level at the 
 head of the Gulf of Siam. The Korat plateau is fringed on the 
 W. by the fairly marked and well wooded range called Pu- 
 Vieng, and on the S. by the similar range of Pnom-Dongrek 
 (lying E. to W. in about 14 J° N.), both ranging up to 5000 ft., 
 and consisting of Primary and Secondary rocks. The plateau, 
 about which very little is known beyond the facts that it is arid 
 and sandy, with thickets of bamboo and resinous shrubs and 
 salt marshes, is a Triassic upheaval of limestones and sand- 
 stones that slopes from the SW. to the NE. and drains by the 
 Nam-Mun and other streams into the Mekong. The E. side 
 of the Gulf of Siam is fringed by a coast range that attains 
 3000 ft. to the SE. of Chantabun. On the W. frontier the 
 mountains of Tenasserim (5000 ft.) run down the length of 
 the Malay Peuln. (^.v.), and terminate in the isl. of Salang 
 or Junkseylon (8° N.). The delta of the Menam, with its W. 
 branch the Tachin, its trib. (1. bk.) the Nam-Sak, and its W. 
 neighbour the Meklong, form a vast riverine tract, closely in- 
 tersected by irrigation canals, on which, after the rains of the 
 SW. monsoon (June-Nov. ), enormous crops of rice are grown. 
 The climate, although hot, is not unhealthy. The mean 
 annual temp, at Bangkok, the cap., in the Menam delta, is 
 80.5° F. (10 yrs.); the average daily range 74.8°-83.5°. The 
 rainfall averages (8 yrs.) 54 in., or about one-fourth only of the 
 quantity that falls on the W. side of the Tenasserim Mts. Out 
 of the total, some 46^ in. fall between May and Oct. inclusive. 
 The NE. monsoon (Nov. -April) is fresh and cool. Leprosy 
 exists ; and a leper village has been established 25 m. below 
 Chieng-mai, on the upper Meping. The flora resembles that 
 of the Malay Penin. of Annam and Cambodia, and of SW. 
 China. On the coasts the most characteristic trees are man- 
 groves, pandanus, areca, coco-nut, and other palms, and 
 rattans. On the fringes of the Korat plateau and in the Laos 
 country are forests of oak, pine, and apple ; with as characteristic 
 forms, the wild vine, saxifrages, anemones, and Violacece. In 
 the Shan dists. (on the upper basin of the Menam and Meping) 
 the most important trees are teak, ebony, rose, sapan, cedar, 
 ironwood, agilla, padoo, resinous shrubs (sticklac, cutch, gum- 
 benjamin), and wild indigo. The faana resembles that of 
 India, Tibet, and China. The elephant, tiger, panther, rhino- 
 ceros, wild boar, buffalo, wild ox, musk-deer, wolf, porcupine, 
 apes, numerous aquatic birds, the sea-swallow, crocodile, python, 
 gecko, and tortoise are some of the most noticeable forms. 
 Trained elephants are to be found in every village. The most 
 important of the cultivated products is rice, the staple of the 
 country ; and of the natural products, teak. The agricultural 
 methods are of a very primitive character. The area of the rice 
 lands is being extended in the Menam delta bv an irrigation 
 company, who by the middle of 1893 had opened out more 
 than 1,000,000 ac. for this purpose. Amongst the remaining 
 cultivated products are hemp, tobacco, maize, cotton, sugar- 
 cane, fruits (mangosteen, mango, durian, lichee, banana, guava, 
 &c.), cardamoms, gamboge, teel-seed (sesamum), tea, indigo. 
 
 sweet potato, yam, sago, bread-fruit, &c. In the Malay Penin. 
 guttapercha, camphor, gums, and resins are collected. Siam 
 is plentifully endowed with minerals, though comparatively 
 few and little are extracted. Gold is, however, mined at Kabin, 
 Batong, and Wattana (all between Bangkok and Lake Tonle- 
 Sap), and in the Malay Penin., and washed from the Mekong 
 at Luang Prabang, Nong-kai, and Lakhon. Tin is mined near 
 the Kanburi and Rajaburi (in the valley of the Meklong), and in 
 the Malay Penin. Iron exists in the mountains on the W. and 
 S. of the Korat plateau, and in the mountains of the N. (W. of 
 Chieng-Sen). Rubies and sapphires occur, and are to some 
 extent extracted in the SE. provs. of Battambang and Chanta- 
 bun, and at Chieng-kong in the Shan states. Coal is found at 
 various places (Bandon, Paklan, &c. ) in the Malay Penin. In 
 addition to these, there are plain evidences of the presence of 
 lead, copper, and antimony in the border ranges of the Korat 
 plateau. A little silver is also extracted near Chieng-mai, in the 
 upper valley of the Meping. Petroleum is abundant at Nuang- 
 Fang (in the Meping valley, N. of Chieng-mai). Industry is 
 but little developed ; nevertheless the people make boats, silk 
 and cotton cloths, shoes, gold and silver work, paper, coloured 
 tiles and earthen jars, mats, arrack, and sugar (at Chieng-mai). 
 At Bangkok there are several rice-scutching mills, steam saw- 
 mills, and shipbuilding yards, conducted on European models. 
 Silkworms (cocoons) are reared at Battambang. The principal 
 means of communication are the rivers, though the Menam is 
 less useful than it might be by reason of a bar at its mouth, 
 which shuts out vessels drawing a deeper draught than 12 ft., 
 and of sandbanks between Paknam-Po (at the confluence of the 
 Menam and Meping) and Raheng (on Meping), and Patnam- 
 Po and Pitsanulok (on Menam), which, during the drier season 
 of the year, prevent the passage of all save native boats. During 
 the flood or rainy season (June- Dec.) steamboats of shallow 
 draught can get up to Raheng, though not beyond because of 
 rapids. In addition, commodities are transported by elephants, 
 oxen, ponies, mules, and even men, along various well estab- 
 lished routes; though, except in the vicinity of such towns as 
 Bangkok, Korat, and Chieng-mai, there are no better roads 
 than mere tracks, passing through forests and over mountains. 
 The more important of these caravan trade routes go W- into 
 Burma (Bangkok to Tavoy, Raheng to Maulmein, Chieng-mai 
 to the Salwin), and N. into China (Chieng-mai to Yunnan). 
 Others connect Bangkok and Chieng-mai respectively with the 
 trading-centres on the Mekong, viz., Bassac, Lakhon, Nong- 
 kai, Luang Prabang, Chieng-Sen, Chieng-Hong, with Muang- 
 Nan on the Menam, and with Korat. Railways are, how- 
 ever, beginning to be constructed. One, connecting Bangkok 
 with Paknam (14 m.), at the mouth of the riv. Menam, was 
 opened in 1892. A line from the cap. to Korat (165 m.) was 
 commenced in 1892. Two others, one from Bangkok to 
 Patrien (50 m. E. ), and the other from Singgora to Kedah 
 and thence to Kulim (136 m.), across the Malay Penin., have 
 been surveyed and resolved upon. Others are advocated and 
 more or less surveyed, especially between Bangkok and Chieng- 
 mai (500 m.), up the Menam Valley, and thence to Chieng- 
 Sen, and eventually Yunnan ; and from Maulmein to Raheng 
 and to Chieng-Sen. Telegraph lines connect Bangkok with 
 Chieng-mai, with Tavoy, with Bassac, with Saigon, and with 
 Luang Prabang, Raheng with the Burmese lines, Chieng-mai 
 with Lakhon, Korat with Nong-Hai, and there are some 
 minor ones, making altogether a total length exceeding 
 2500 m. The commerce is chiefly concentrated at Bangkok, 
 at Chieng-mai in the Shan states, and at the ports of the Malay 
 Penin. The exports from Bangkok consist principally of rice 
 (60 to 80 per cent, of the whole) and teak, with pepper, fish, 
 cattle, other timber than teak, buffalo skins, tin, teel-seed, and 
 cardamoms, and averages annually \\ to 3^ millions sterling. 
 The imports range between z.\ and 3 millions, and embrace 
 cottons, treasure and gold leaf, jewellery, opium, and gumy 
 bags, supplemented by petroleum, silks, cotton yarn, iron and 
 steel, machinery, sugar, coco-nuts, betel-nuts, crockery and 
 glass, and matches. Ninety-eight per cent, of the imports, and 
 90 per cent, of the exports, come from and go to Singapore and 
 Hong-kong. Nine-tenths of the total tonnage is English. The 
 bulk of the trade of Siam, and a large part of the industry of 
 Bangkok, are in Chinese hands. The Malay Penin. trades 
 every year to the extent of ;^6oo,ooo for imports, and ;^7So,ooo 
 for exports, principally tin. Between Maulmein and Bangkok, 
 and Maulmein and Chieng-mai, there is a trade valued in the 
 aggregate at between a quarter and half a million sterling. The 
 Yiinnan caravans bring down to Chieng-mai loads of silk, tea, 
 opium, lacquer-boxes, cottons, betel-nuts, with petroleum, bees- 
 wax, &c. , and take away cottons, salt, iron, cattle, horns, ivory, 
 fish, &c. There exist no statistics of the value of this trade. 
 Chinese merchants trade also with Lakhon, and even go down 
 to Maulmein. The monetary unit is the tical = as. , divided 
 into 4 salung, each salung containing 2 fuang. The unit of 
 bronze is the att, of which 64=1 tical. But the Indian rupee is 
 current both N. and E. of Raheng, and further S. a similar func- 
 tion is performed by the (Mexican) dollar. In some dists. barter 
 
 1439 
 
S I A M — S I B E 
 
 is the principal form of transaction, the recognised media being 
 cowries, iron bars, pieces of ivory, and salt. The unit of length 
 is the va= approximately 6J ft.; 8000 va being equal to i yot or 
 yod ( = 10 m. ). There are divisions and subdivisions of the va 
 down to the niuh ( = 1.2 in.). The unit of area is the rai = i2o 
 sq. ft. The measures of -weight are the chang=^ catty = 2. 66 
 lbs.; ioochang=i hab. But the choi=3^ lbs., the coyan = 26 
 cwts. , and the picul = i33g lbs., are also in use. The govern- 
 nient is concentrated in the hands of an absolute monarch, who 
 delegates part of his authority to his ministers (7), and seeks 
 advice from a council (30-40 members). There existed previous 
 to 1885 the peculiar office of a second king, whose functions, 
 except that he was the commander-in-chief of the army, were 
 not very easy to understand, and depended in great part upon 
 the holder's personal influence. The civil law is based on 
 Chinese originals ; the ecclesiastical and moral law on Hindu 
 models. Siam enjoys the rare fortune of having no national 
 debt {1891). The army consists, on a peace footing, of 4000 to 
 5000 men, chiefly in garrison in the capital, and in time of war 
 of 60,000 men ; but all Siamese are liable to serve. These 
 troops are well armed with modern firearms, and have been 
 drilled by European officers. The navy embraces a few feeble 
 gunboats, and some hundreds of war-canoes. The people, 
 who call themselves Thai (i.e., free men), are of Mongolian 
 origin ; but strong strains of Chinese, Cambodian, and Malay 
 blood are plainly perceptible. The Shans and the Laos 
 (i^.v.) are both closely akin, but individually they are more 
 enterprising and industrious than the Siamese. Population esti- 
 mated differently, from 6,000,000 to 12,000,000 ; probably about 
 9,000,000, of whom some 6,000,000 are in Siam proper, and a 
 little more than half a million in the Malay Penin. There are 
 fully one million Chinese, if not more, in Siam, engaged chiefly 
 in commercial and industrial pursuits, -and as coolies. The 
 language is a monosyllabic-root speech, cognate with Burmese. 
 The religion is Buddhism ; the priests are both numerous and 
 influential. The education of the country is almost entirely in 
 their hands. Not only Bangkok, the cap., but most of the 
 other principal towns, have been already mentioned. It only 
 remains to state that previous to 1770 the cap. was Aynthia, 45 
 m. N, Bangkok ; and that ruins similar to those of Angkor 
 i^.v.), survivals of ancient Cambodian power and enterprise, 
 exist at various places (Korat, Bassak, Kukan) between the 
 Pnom-Dongrek Mts. and the Se-mun R. History. — Some- 
 where about the middle of the 7th century the Siamese, who 
 appear to have come originally from the SE. borders of the 
 Tibetan plateau, were settled in the upper valleys of the Menam, 
 and there they remained about seven hundred years. During 
 this period the dominant power in what is now Siam was Cam- 
 bodia ; but about 1350 the Siamese moved S. and established 
 themselves at Aynthia. During the next centuries they gradu- 
 ally subdued the Cambodians, but have been deprived of these 
 conquests by the French during the 19th century. The Bur- 
 mese, too, on the W. wrested valuable provs. from them 
 between 1750 and 1770 ; in this last year the Burmese burned 
 Aynthia after a siege of two years. The aggressive action of 
 France in 1893, resulting in the loss to Siam of her provs. on 
 the E. side of the Menam, has been already alluded to. See 
 Colquhoun, Ainong the Shans (1885) ; Hallet, A Thousand 
 Miles on an Elephant {1889); M'Carthy, in Proc. R. G. S., 
 1888, p. 117; and John Anderson, English Intercourse with 
 SiaTn in the Seventeenth Century (1890) ; map (i : 4,000,000) in 
 Geog. Jour. (1893). [J. T. B.] 
 
 Slam, dnir of, between the Malay Penin. on the W. and 
 Indo-China on the E., is 140 m. across, and extends NW. for 
 nearly 560 m. 
 
 Slan, city, China. See Slngan-fa. 
 
 glana, tn., Brit. India, dist. Bulandshahr (in the Great Doib, 
 SE. Delhi). P. 6600 ; Hindus, 4300 ; Moham. 2300. 
 
 Slaneh Koh, mts. , Baluchistan and Persian Mekran, in about 
 63° E., 27^° N. Alt. 6500 ft. 
 
 Slang-klang, another name for the Heng-kiang, riv. , China, 
 flowing NE. then N. through prov. Hunan, past Siangtan 
 and Changsha into Lake Tungting. By the terms of the 
 treaty between Japan and China at the close of the war of 
 1894-95, this river is to be open as far as Siangtan to the ships 
 of all nations. 
 
 Slangshan, ct. tn. , China, Chekiang, 20 m. SE. Ningpo, at 
 the head of an inlet running S. from Nimrod Channel. 
 
 Siangtan, tn., China, Hunan, on 1. bk. Siang-kiang [q.v.), 
 210 m. SSW. Hankow, 22 m. S. by W. Changsha ; an entrepdt 
 for goods passing between the provs. of the centre and the S. , 
 and mart for medicines and drugs for the whole of China. Coal 
 deposits exist in the neighbourhood. P. (including suburbs) 
 1,000,000. 
 
 Slangyang, tn. , China, prov. Hupe, on the r. bk. of the 
 Han-kiang, 100 m. NNE. Ichang, at the junction of the roads 
 from the SE. , NE. , and NW. Commercial activity is centred 
 in the suburb Fang-cheng, opposite Siangyang, on 1. bk. of the 
 river. Medicinal herbs are found on the surrounding mountains, 
 and gold exists in the bed of the river. Khubla-Khan, the 
 1440 
 
 founder of the Mongolian dynasty of China, besieged the town 
 for five years, from 1268. P. 40,000. 
 
 Slanslpel, mt. chain, Tibet, in the NE., connecting the 
 Kuenlun with the Kuku-Nor Mts., about 60 m. S. of Lake 
 Kuku-Nor. In the E. of the chain the Hwang-ho passes through 
 a wild gorge ; E. of this gorge the chain enters China under the 
 name of the Jupar. Mean alt. 13,800 ft. 
 
 Slao, isl. , Eastern Archipelago, one of the Sangir Is., NE. of 
 Celebes, in about 2° 40' N. , 125^° E. 
 
 Slargao, Isla, isl., Philippine Is., Mindanao group, N. end 
 in 10° 3' N. , 126° 4' E. P. 4000. 
 
 Slary, vil. , Austria, Galicia, dist. and 3 m. SSE. Gorlitz, 29 
 m. SE. Tarnow ; has a sulphur spring and baths. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Slatlsta (Greek ; Slatylshta, Servian), tn. , Turkey in Europe, 
 23 m. SE. Kesrie. P. 10,000 (G.). 
 
 Slaton, comm., Philippine Is., Negros I., on the S. ct. , 112 
 m. SSE. Bacolot, near Punta Siaton. P. 8200. 
 
 Slaton, Pnnta, the S. point of Negros I., Philippine Is., in 
 9° 4' N. , 122° 59' E. 
 
 Slhalon, comm., Philippine Is., Panay I., prov. Antique, 37 
 m. W. Iloilo. P. 12,300. 
 
 Slbambe, vil., Ecuador, 60 m. E. Guayaquil. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Slbbaldble, vil., Scot. See Applegarth and Slbbaldble. 
 
 Slbbertoft, par., Eng. , Northamptonshire, Mid div., 12^ m. 
 ENE. Rugby, 2J m. ESE. Theddingworth stn., P.O. P. 250. 
 
 Slbdon Carwood, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 20 m. E. 
 by S. Newtown, i| m. W. Craven Arms Junction. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (Slbdon Carwood with Halford) P. <5oo. 
 
 Slbenlk, tn. , Austria. See Sebenlco. 
 
 Siberia, an extensive terr. of the Russian Empire, stretching 
 over the whole of N. Asia, and covering 25 degrees of lat. and 
 120 degrees of. long. , its S. limit formed, roughly speaking, by 
 the soth degree of lat. Administrative Siberia has on the S. the 
 provs. Turgai, Akmolinsk, and Semipalatinsk of the Governor- 
 Generalship of the Steppes, the Chinese provs. of NW. and N. 
 Mongolia and Manchuria (if the Russian provs. of Amur and 
 Maritime be reckoned with Siberia). Within these limits its 
 administrative subdivisions are : — 
 
 
 Area 
 
 Pop. in 
 
 Density 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 1889-92. 
 
 per 
 sq. m. 
 
 Tobolsk (govt.) 
 
 539.659 
 
 1,313,000 
 
 2 
 
 Tomsk (govt.) 
 
 331.159 
 
 1,230,000 
 
 3 
 
 Western Siberia . 
 
 870,818 
 
 2,623,000 
 
 3 
 
 Yeniseisk (govt.) 
 
 987,186 
 
 459,000 
 
 0.4 
 
 Irkutsk (govt. ) . 
 
 287,061 
 
 421,000 
 
 I 
 
 Yakutsk (prov.) 
 
 1. 533. 397 
 
 280,000 
 
 0.2 
 
 Transbaikalia (prov.) 
 
 236.868 
 
 545.000 
 
 2 
 
 Eastern Siberia 
 
 3,044,512 
 
 1,705,000 
 
 o-S 
 
 Amur (prov. ) , . 
 
 172,848 
 
 88,000 
 
 0-3 
 
 Maritime Prov., ) 
 or Primorskaya ) ' 
 
 
 
 
 715,982 
 
 103,000 
 
 0.1 
 
 Sakhalin (otdyei) 
 
 29.336 
 
 20,000 
 
 0.6 
 
 Amur Region 
 Total . 
 
 gi8,i66 
 
 210,000 
 
 0.2 
 
 4,833,496 
 
 4,539,000 
 
 0.9 
 
 The surface and physical features of this immense terr. 
 offer a great diversity. The High Plateau of E. Asia, which 
 stretches as an immense triangle, having its base in the Hima- 
 layas and its extremity at Bering Strait, enters Siberia to E. of 
 Lake Baikal, and continues NE. , with a diminishing height and 
 width, to the land of the Chukchis. Its upper terrace (average 
 height, 3300 ft. ) is separated from the lower terrace (2000-2500 
 ft.) by the Yablonovol, or Stanovol Mts.; the upper terrace is 
 suitable for agriculture only in the broad trenches which rise 
 gently from Lake Baikal to the level of the plateau (valleys of 
 Uda and Selenga) ; while the lower terrace is peopled and culti- 
 vated in E. Transbaikalia. A huge border ridge, pierced by 
 the Selenga near Lake Baikal, fringes the NW. border of the 
 plateau. It attains 6000 to 7000 ft., and assumes various 
 names— Sayan, Barguzin, S. Muya, Aldan Mts. It is flanked, 
 in its turn, on the NW. by alpine regions containing a series 
 of chains shooting NE. and separated by deep valleys — the 
 Altals, the Oya, and other unnamed ridges in Yeniseisk ; the 
 Tunka, Kitoi, and Byelaya Alps in Irkutsk ; the Baikal Mts. 
 on NW. shore of Lake Baikal ; the Olekma and Vitim Mts. ; 
 and a series of unnamed chains further NE. They are thickly 
 clothed with forests {taifd), and contain the rich gold-mines of 
 Siberia. Another huge border ridge fringes the plateau on the 
 SE. It has the name of Great Khingan in N. Manchuria, and this 
 ridge, which is pierced by the Amur 120 m. above Blagovyesh- 
 chensk, joins the Stanovoi Mts., or Jugjur, further to the NE. , 
 on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. It is also flanked on its 
 outer side by a series of alpine parallel ridges. The SE. slopes 
 of this plateau belong to the Amur terr. (y.f.), while the Kam- 
 chatka Penin. {q.v.) forms a region apart. Several chains of 
 mountains run across Siberia proper in the same NE. direction, 
 
SIBE — SIBP 
 
 namely, in the region of the Yeniseisk gold-mines ; while one 
 ridge shoots NW. from the plateau between the Katun and the 
 Irtysh (Kuznetskiy Alatau), and another (Verkhoyanskiy Khre- 
 bet), under the Arctic Circle, has the same direction. A broad 
 belt of high plains (looo to 1800 ft.), forming the best parts 
 of E. Siberia, fringes the NW. borders of the plateau from 
 Minusinsk to the high plains of the Vilui ; while the whole of 
 NW. Siberia is covered with lo'wlaiulg, often marshy and 
 wooded, hardly rising 100 to 350 ft. above the sea. They have 
 the characters of rich fertile prairies in the S. , and of unpracti- 
 cable woody marshes in the N. Along the Arctic coast spread the 
 treeless tundras. All geological forniatioiis are represented. 
 The oldest granites and crystalline slates, as well as Silurian 
 and Devonian rocks, covered with sheets of lava in the neigh- 
 bourhood of the NW. border ridge, and with boulder-clays and 
 Tertiary sands elsewhere, make the backbone of the plateau. 
 Folded Silurian and Devonian rocks form the alpine tracts ; 
 while widely-spread layers of Devonian, Carboniferous, and 
 all younger formations, mostly horizontal, cover the plains. 
 Minerals. — Gold, silver, lead, copper, iron, and coal are found 
 in Siberia, the chief gold-mining regions being the Altai, the 
 Nizhneudinsk, Yeniseisk, Olekma and Vitim, Nerchinsk, and 
 upper Zeya regions ; silver in Altai and Nerchinsk regions. 
 Iron ore is found in many places, but is chiefly extracted on 
 the Siberian slope of the Urals. Coal is only obtained from 
 Jurassic fresh-water deposits. Excellent graphite (Mount Ali- 
 bert) in the Kitoi Alps and in Turckhansk dist. ; rock-salt is 
 met with on the Lena and in Transbaikalia ; salt springs occur 
 on the .Angara (Usoliye) and the Lena (Ust-kut) ; precious 
 stones (jasper, malachite, beryl, dark quartz, &c. ) in the Urals 
 (Ekaterinburg), the Altai (Kolyvan), and Nerchinsk. The three 
 chief rivers of Siberia— Ob', Yenisei, and Lena — flow from the 
 high plateau northwards into the Arctic Ocean. Each of them 
 receives immense tribs. , and each may be considered as com- 
 posed of a pair of equally great rivers — Ob' and Irtysh, Yenisei 
 and Angara, Lena and Vitim. Three smaller rivers — Yana, Indi- 
 girka, and Kolyma — flow also into the Arctic Ocean. The 
 Amur, formed by the Shilka and Argufi, flows into the Pacific. 
 These rivers of Siberia, whose tribs. rise on the same plains and 
 plateaux, often in common marshes, have formed the routes 
 along which Siberia was colonised, and now they are important 
 channels of navigation, not only N. to S. , but also W. and E. 
 Steamers now ply from Tyumen to Tomsk ; and as the Ob' is 
 being connected by a canal with the Yenisei, and the Angara is 
 getting cleared of its rapids, a water communication will soon 
 be established from the Urals to Verkhneudinsk, in Transbai- 
 kalia ; while the Amur is again navigable from Nerchinsk to 
 its mouth. Countless lalies cover Siberia, the chief of them 
 being Lake Baikal (12,430 sq. m.), Oron in Vitim highlands 
 (unexplored), Khangka (1692 sq. m.), and countless lakes in 
 the prairies of W. Siberia, like Chany (1300 sq. m.), all of them 
 rapidly desiccating. Siberia has an extensive coast-line, but in 
 the Arctic Ocean it remains ice-bound for, at least, ten months 
 every year. Still, a regular intercourse has lately been estab- 
 lished between W. Europ)e and the mouths of the Ob' and 
 Yenisei. The Sea of Okhotsk {q.v.) is a good hunting ground, 
 but is surrounded by barren highlands. The Pacific coast is 
 also uninhabited, with the exception of the Gulf of Peter the 
 Great, where Vladivostok is the chief naval station. The 
 climate of Siberia is extremely severe, as seen from the follow- 
 ing table. All over Siberia the winter is very cold, and at 
 Verkhoyansk, under 67° 34' N., 134° 20' E. [q.v.], lies the 
 pole of cold of this part of the N. hemisphere. Even in S. 
 Siberia mercury remains frozen for weeks in Dec, Jan., and 
 even Feb., and over large areas the always-frozen soil thaws 
 but for a few inches below its surface. The summer, on the 
 contrary, is hot as a rule, especially in E. Siberia, and even at 
 Yakutsk barley ripens two months after it has been sown, while 
 water-melons are grown in the open field in S. Siberia. W. 
 Siberia has, as a rule, a much moister and less sunny climate 
 than E. Siberia. 
 
 
 
 
 Height 
 above 
 the sea 
 
 Average Tempera- 
 ture, Fahr. 
 
 Yearly 
 
 
 N. lat. 
 
 E. long. 
 
 
 rfall. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in feet. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 July. 
 
 in ms. 
 
 Ust-Yansk . 
 
 70° 55' 
 
 136° 30' 
 
 3° 
 
 o-5° 
 
 -42.7° 
 
 56.0° 
 
 
 Verkhoyansk. 
 
 67° 34' 
 
 134° 20' 
 
 160 
 
 2.0° 
 
 -S4-o° 
 
 59-5° 
 
 3.91 
 
 Berezov(Ob'). 
 
 63° 56; 
 
 65° 4' 
 
 100 
 
 23-7° 
 
 -8.0° 
 
 62.0° 
 
 
 Yakutsk . . 
 
 62° i' 
 
 129° 43' 
 
 330 
 
 12.0° 
 
 -46.7° 
 
 65.8° 
 
 13-7 
 
 Okhotsk . . 
 
 59° 21' 
 
 143° 17' 
 
 10 
 
 22.8° 
 
 -10.7° 
 
 55-2° 
 
 7-5 
 
 Yeniseisk . . 
 
 58° 27' 
 
 92° 16' 
 
 260 
 
 28.0° 
 
 -12.0° 
 
 66.0° 
 
 15-5 
 
 I'obolsk . . 
 
 58° 12' 
 
 68° 14' 
 
 160 
 
 3^-9° 
 
 -2.2° 
 
 66.7° 
 
 18.6 
 
 Ishim . 
 
 56° 6' 
 
 69° 27' 
 
 330 
 
 31-9° 
 
 -4.1° 
 
 66.0° 
 
 12.61 
 
 Barnaul 
 
 53° 20' 
 
 83° 49' 
 
 460 
 
 32-5° 
 
 -2.8° 
 
 67.5° 
 
 10. 1 
 
 Irkutsk . . 
 
 53° 17' 
 
 104° 19' 
 
 1,486 
 
 32.0° 
 
 -4.1° 
 
 65.6° 
 
 16. s 
 
 Nerchinskiy \ 
 Zavod . / 
 
 51° rg' 
 
 119° 3/ 
 
 2,170 
 
 25-3° 
 
 -21.0° 
 
 65.1° 
 
 16.2 
 
 Khabarovsk . 
 
 48° 28' 
 
 135° 7' 
 
 250 
 
 32 1° 
 
 -12.8° 
 
 67.8° 
 
 20.1 
 
 Vladivostok . 
 
 43° 7' 
 
 131° 56' 
 
 100 
 
 40.1° 
 
 4-5° 
 
 67.3° 
 
 13.2 
 
 1441 
 
 1 One year only (1891). 
 
 As to the main elements of the population of Siberia, see 
 the second table under Knsslan Empire. The indigenous 
 
 population of Siberia consists of (i) Ugrian stock (Voguls, 
 Ostyaks, and Samoyedes) ; (2) Turkish stocks, of whom the 
 Yakuts are the most numerous, while some 15 different stems 
 of Tatars and kindred stems dwell in the outer spurs of the 
 hilly tracts of S. Siberia ; (3) the Mongol stock, represented by 
 the Buryats, some 20,000 Kalmucks in the SW. , the Tunguses, 
 and some 15,000 Chinese Manchurians and Koreans in the 
 basin of the Amur ; and (4) the Hyperborean stock and others 
 yet undetermined as to their origins — Chukchis (13,000), Kor- 
 yaks (about 5000), Kamchadales (about 3000), Gilyaks (nearly 
 5000), and the Ainos (about 3000) on Sakhalin (see Russia). 
 The Russians consist chiefly of free immigrants, of whom 50,000 
 to 100,000 have lately come to settle, to Siberia every year. As 
 to the exiles, of whom over 20,000 are transported to Siberia 
 every year, only one- third of them contribute to the increase of 
 the settled population. Agriculture is carried on everywhere, 
 even under the 62nd degree of lat. It prospers on the wide 
 prairies of southern W. Siberia, in the valleys of the Altai, and 
 the Baraba Steppe, which are the real granaries of Siberia ; in 
 the Angara basin, in govt. Irkutsk ; and on the plains of the 
 Zeya and Selinja, in the Amur prov. Cattle-breeding is carried 
 on everywhere, especially in Transbaikalia, the Baraba Steppe, 
 and partly in Yakutsk. Hunting and fishing are still profitable 
 branches of income, especially in E. Siberia, the Amur, and the 
 Altai. Manufactures are in a very backward state ; so also 
 mining. Nearly 74,000 oz. of gold are extracted in the Altais, 
 and nearly 960,000 oz. in E. Siberia (about 430,000 in Yakutsk, 
 160,000 in Nerchinsk, 160,000 in Amur region, and the re- 
 mainder in upper and lower Yeniseisk regions) ; the Altai 
 mines yielded, moreover, from 208,000 to 267,000 oz. of silver. 
 Lead, copper, iron, and coal are extracted in but small quan- 
 tities. Siberia being still supplied with all manufactured and 
 grocery goods from Russia, this is the chief item of trade. 
 Tea imported from China ; various produce of cattle-breeding 
 and furs are the chief exports. Great fairs are held at Irbit 
 (;^5,ooo,ooo to _^7, 000,000 annual returns), as also at Ishim, 
 Irkutsk, Tomsk, and Verkhneudinsk. Siberia is crossed by 
 a great highway from Ekaterinburg via Tyumen, Tomsk, 
 Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, and Irkutsk ; from this place the high- 
 road goes round the southern extremity of Lake Baikal to 
 Verkhneudinsk, Chita, Nerchinsk, and Sryetensk, whence 
 steamers ply down the Amur to its mouth, and up the Usuri 
 to Lake Khangka, the upper Usuri being now connected by 
 rail with Vladivostok. During the winter a sledge communi- 
 cation is established down the Amur, but in spring and autumn 
 saddle and pack horses must be resorted to over wide areas 
 along the Shilka, the .Amur, and the Usuri. A railway is now 
 being built across Siberia via Samara, Orenburg, and Chel- 
 yabinsk, and in 1895 it had reached Omsk. Another railway 
 line, starting from the Kama at Perm and Berezniki, crosses 
 the Urals via Ekaterinburg, and now reaches Tyumen. The 
 chief towns of Siberia are named in the separate provinces. 
 Tomsk is the commercial and intellectual cap. of W. Siberia, 
 and Irkutsk of E. Siberia, and both (as well as Ekaterinburg) 
 are cities in the European sense of the word. Khabarovsk, at 
 the junction of the .Amur with the Usuri, is the administrative 
 chief town of the Amur region. 
 
 Sibertswold, par., Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div., 5^ m. 
 NW. Dover, close to Shepherd's Well stn. P. <75o; eccles. 
 par. (Slbertswold with Coldred) P. <75o. (For P.O. see 
 Shepherdswell.) 
 
 Sibernt, isl. , Eastern Archipelago, one of the MentAvei Is. , 
 off the E. ct. of Sumatra, crossed in the middle by i J° S. 
 
 Sibesi, a small isl. in Sunda Strait, Eastern Archipelago, just 
 N. of 6° N. , in about 105!° E.- 
 
 Slbford Ferris, par., Eng., O.xfordshire, div. and 6\ m. W. 
 by S. Banbury, P.O. P. <5C)0. Slbford Gower, par., \ m. 
 NW. by N. Sibford Ferris, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sihl, tn., Brit. Baluchistan, 72 m. SE. Quetta, with a stn. on 
 the Sind-Pishin Rly. ; is the headquarters of the Political Agent 
 for the dist of Sibi. 
 
 Slbilllnl Monti. See Apennines, €. 
 
 Sible Hedingham, par., Eng., Essex, Saffron Walden div., 
 ^\ m. N. by E. Braintree, close to Hedingham stn., with a stn. 
 (Slble and Castle Hedingham) on the G. E. & Colne Valley 
 Rly. , PMT.O. ; 5372 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sibley, tn., U.S., Iowa, cap. Osceola co. , 41 m. E. by S. of 
 NW. corner of the state. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Sibley, CO., U.S., Minnesota, bounded on the E. by the 
 Minnesota R. , S. of 45° N. , crossed in the E. by 94° W. 
 
 Sibmah, place named in O. T. See SAmla. 
 
 Slboga, seapt. tn., on bay on W. ct. of Sumatra, in about 
 1° 50' N. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Sibomo, vil., Portuguese S. Africa, Gaza-land, about 190 m. 
 S. by W. Sofala, in about 22° 50' S. , 34° 20' E. 
 
 Sibonga, comm., Philippine Is., Cebu I., 30 m. SW. San 
 Nicolas de Cebu, on the E. ct. P. 22,900. 
 
 Slbpur, India, Bengal. See Calcutta and Howrah. 
 
 4Y 
 
SI BR 
 
 S I D C 
 
 Slbret, comm. , Belgium, prov. and 33 m. N W. Luxembourg. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Slbs&gar, tn. , Brit. India, Assam, cap. dist. Sibsagar, 40 m. 
 SSW. Dibrugarh. Sibsagar was one of the caps, of the Aham 
 dynasty after their conversion to Hinduism. Alt. 333 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 73° F., Jan. 59°, July 84°; rfalL, yr. 93.1 in., April- 
 Sept. 78.3 in. P. 5200; Hindus, 3600; Moham. 1500. 
 
 Slbsey, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 6 m. NNE. 
 Boston, on the G. N. R., PM.O.; 6688 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Slbsou, vil., Eng., Huntingdonshire. See Stlbblngtoii. 
 
 Slbson, or Sibstone, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 3^ 
 m. WSW. Bosworth. P. <5oo. 
 
 Slbtborpe, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 6 m. SSW. 
 Newark, 2| m. WSW. Gotham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Slbton, par., Eng., Suffolk, 4 m. N. Sa.xmundham. P. <soo. 
 
 81bn, riv. , Morocco. See Sebn. 
 
 Slbu, tn., Sarawak (Borneo), about 60 m. from the mouth of 
 the Rejang; trade centre for a very populous region on the 
 banks of the river. P. about 4000, chiefly Dayaks, with Chinese 
 traders and a few Europeans. 
 
 Sibnco, or St. Lucia, large bay between the SE. of British and 
 the NE. of Dutch Borneo; it receives from the W., at its head, 
 the Sibuco R., the lower part of which forms part of the 
 boundary between British and Dutch Borneo. 
 
 Slbngney, gulf, country, and penin. , S. ct. Mindanao L, 
 Philippine Is., the gulf between 122° 20' and 122° 45' E. ; the 
 penin. forms the W. termination of the island. 
 
 Sibun, Rio, riv. , Brit. Honduras, flows N. and falls into the 
 Gulf of Honduras, 6 m. SW. Belize, after a course of about 
 75 m. 
 
 Slbunga, isl. , Philippine Is., 11 m. from the E. ct. of Min- 
 danao. Area, 15 sq. m. 
 
 Slbns, Sebns, or 8ebu, riv. , Morocco. See Sebn. 
 
 Slbnyan, Isla de, isl. , Philippine Is. , Romblon group, S. end 
 in 12° 17' N., 122° 37' E. 
 
 Sibyllates, France. See Sonle. 
 
 Slcamons, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the 
 C. P. R., about 119° 8' W. , 1147 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, 335 
 ra. E. Vancouver. 
 
 Slcaslca, vil. , S. America, Bolivia, dep. and 62 m. SSE. La 
 Paz ; silver mined. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sicca Veneria, tn. , Tunis. See Kef . 
 
 Slchem, tn., Belgium, prov. Brabant, on the Demer, 15 m. 
 NE. by E. Louvain. The town was almost depopulated by the 
 Plague in 1499 and in 1602, was besieged and sacked several 
 times during the i6th century, suffered from an earthquake in 
 1580, and was burnt down in 1826. One mile to the S. is Mon- 
 taigu, a place of pilgrimage. P. <ij,OQo. 
 
 Slclgnano, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, loj m. ESE. 
 Campagna. P. < 3000; comm. P. < 4000. 
 
 Side, Cap, cape, France, S. ct., dep. Var, ■j\ m. SW. Toulon. 
 
 Sicily, Italian Slcllla, the ancient Trinacria or Sicilia, an 
 isl. in the Mediterranean, lat. 36° 38' and 38° 18' N. , long. 12° 25' 
 and 15° 40' E. , separated on the NE. from Naples by the Strait 
 of Messina, and forming, previous to i860, the Dominii al di la 
 di Faro, or the terr. ' beyond the strait,' of the former kingdom 
 of the ' Two Sicilies. ' In shape it is triangular, in size more 
 than one-fourth larger than Wales. Length, E. to W. , 185 m. ; 
 breadth, 120 m. Its old divs., dating from Norman times, into 
 Val Demone, Val di Noto, and Val di Mazzara, being obsolete 
 since 1818, it was subdivided into the seven provs. : Trapani (in 
 the W. angle), Palermo and Messina (in the N.), Catania and 
 Syracuse (in the E. and SE.), Caltanissetta and Girgenti (in the 
 S.). The Madonian Mts. (6480 ft.) and the Monti Nebrodici 
 (Sori, 605s ft.), stretching from E. to W. through the N. part of 
 the island (E. half), consist of granite, quartz, and mica, flanked, 
 as in the Apennines, by limestone and other calcareous forma- 
 tions. In some parts are mountains isolated from the rest, the 
 chief of which is the volcano of Mount Etna, near the E. ct. , 
 10,840 ft. above the sea. Almost the entire island, with the 
 exception of narrow maritime strips (larger in the SE. and in the 
 plain of Simeto, S. of Etna) , is over 1000 ft. in height. The mean 
 alt. of the island has been calculated at 1445 ft. (Marinelli). 
 Rivers all small, and not navigable ; in the summer dry. The 
 chief lakes are Biviere or Lentini, near the E. ct. ; the pool of 
 Enna (Castrogiovanni), near the centre of the island. Soil every- 
 where of high fertility ; in some places it consists of a rich loam 
 from 20 to 30 ft. deep. Climate one of the most delightful in 
 Europe [Palermo, MesHlna, Syracuse, Caltanissetta], but in 
 many places highly malarious. Over large areas, chiefly in the 
 SE. , the death-rate due to malaria on the average of the three 
 years 1890-92 exceeded 4, in some communes 8, per 1000. The 
 summer is almost rainless [Europe, Climate], and in that season 
 the heat is oppressive during the prevalence of the sirocco, which 
 is felt most at Palermo. Snow is never seen, except on Etna 
 and the highest points of the other mountains. The papyrus, 
 sugar-cane, date-palm, and other tropical products ripen at a 
 height of 600 ft.; evergreens flourish at 2000 ft.; oak and 
 chestnut woods cover the mountain sides to the height of 
 4000 ft., wheat thrives at 4500 ft., and beech woods prevail 
 1442 
 
 to 6000 ft. in elevation. Under the Romans, the island 
 of Sicily was considered the granary of Italy, and it still 
 yields grain in abundance ; but there are few countries in 
 which agriculture is so unscientifically conducted, and the 
 plough is a ruder instrument now than that of Virgil's time. 
 There are no proper roads in the island. The Indian fig, a 
 species of cactus, grows wild in profusion. Lands chiefly belong 
 to the nobility, the clergy, or the crown. The chief cereal is 
 wheat (covering five times the area occupied by barley, the next 
 in importance). The most important agricultural export crop is 
 oranges, which are grown on the N. and E. slopes of the island 
 to a greater extent than anywhere else in Europe. Wine also is 
 a product of growing importance, now covering an area fully 
 one-third larger than it did on the average of the five years 1870- 
 1874. Chief crops are beans, pulse, maize, rice, olive-oil (of 
 which the annual crop is estimated at 15,000 tons), oranges, 
 lemons, citrons, almonds, and other fruits ; potatoes, tobacco, 
 flax, hemp, sumach, liquorice, manna, carob, hazel-nuts, and 
 mulberry. Silk is produced chiefly in the NE. part of the island, 
 and woven at Catania. Minerals. — The sulphur beds of Sicily 
 are of great value ; they extend in the centre and the S. in a belt 
 stretching from the prov. Girgenti E. by N. through Caltanissetta 
 into the W. of prov. Catania, to a smaller extent in other provs. , 
 and occupying an area of 2600 sq. m. , in which upwards of 500 
 mines are wrought, which yield from 350,000 to 400,000 tons 
 annually, and employ above 30,000 persons. The sulphur is 
 found in Tertiary formations. The principal comms. in which it 
 is mined are Racalmuto, Favara, Comitini, Cianciana, Aragona 
 (in Girgenti), Caltanissetta, Castrogiovanni, Villarosa, Montedoro 
 (in Caltanissetta), Leonforte (in Catania), and Lercara (in E. of 
 Palermo). Among other minerals worked are rock-salt, in the 
 same provs. that produce sulphur, copper, silver-lead, and 
 antimony, in prov. Messina, and asphalt in Syracuse ; besides 
 jasper, alabaster, agates, amber, &c. Medicinal and sulphureous 
 springs are very numerous. The tunny, sword-fish, and anchovy 
 fisheries are important. The coral fishery on the African coast 
 is frequented by many fishermen from Trapani, where the coral 
 procured is polished. The manufacture of silk was introduced 
 into the island from Greece in 1147. The harbours are — 
 Palermo on the N., Trapani on the W., Messina, Agosta, and 
 Syracuse on the E. The population of Sicily, very mixed in 
 origin in accordance with the chequered history of the island, 
 attains a high density even at considerable elevations. The 
 zone from 1300 to 2300 ft. in alt. has the densest population in 
 the island (according to the census of 1881, the last taken), and 
 even that between 3000 and 3600 ft. is more than twice as 
 densely peopled as the coast-strip below 1300 ft. — a fact ascrib- 
 able, in all probability, partly to physical causes (malaria, &c.), 
 and partly to the historical vicissitudes of the island. 
 
 Sicily was, in ancient times, the seat of many flourishing 
 Greek colonies, of which Syracuse and Agrigentum were the 
 most famous, and boasts of some of the most magnificent re- 
 mains of ancient art in the world. It fell successively under the 
 Carthaginians, Romans, Goths, Greek emperors, Saracens, 
 Normans, French, Swabians, Austrians, Spaniards, &c. It was 
 annexed to Naples in 1736. In 1847, 1848, and 1849, unsuccess- 
 ful attempts were made to shake off the Neapolitan government. 
 Messina was bombarded and taken by the Neapohtan troops, 
 September 7, 1848, and Catania, April 6, 1849. The Sicilians 
 again rose in insurrection in i860, and, with Garibaldi at their 
 head, defeated the Neapolitans at Calatafimi, Palermo, and 
 Milazzo. He then, at Naples, annexed the Two Sicihes to the 
 new kingdom of Italy imder Victor Emmanuel. See Italy, 
 table, and Historical Notes. 
 
 Slcklaii, isl., Sweden, prov. and immediately E. Stockholm. 
 Area, 5 sq. m. 
 
 Slcklesmere, P.O., Eng., Suffolk, 5 m. SE. Bury St. 
 Edmunds. 
 
 Slckllnghall, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston 
 Ash div., 5^ m. S. Knaresborough, i^ m. S. by W. Spofforth 
 stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Slconjan, tn., Portuguese E. Africa, Gaza-land, 146 m. S. 
 by E. Sofala. 
 
 Slcuco, tn. , Portuguese E. Africa, Gaza-land, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Sabi, 57 m. S. by E. Sofala. 
 
 Slcullana, seapt. comm. , on the S. ct. of Sicily, prov. and 
 9 m. W. by N. Girgenti. P. 6200. 
 
 Sid, comm., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Szerem (Sriem), 
 63 m. WNW. Belgrade (Servia). P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sldbury, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. Albany, 48 m. NE. Port 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Sldbury, par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., 13^ m. E. 
 Exeter, 2 m. NNE. Sidmouth stn., PM.O.; 6766 ac. P. <iSoo; 
 eccles. par. (Sldbury with Sldford) P. < 1500. 
 
 Sldbury, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 11 m. NW. by W. 
 Kidderminster, 5 m. SSW. Bridgnorth, 4 m. W. by S. Hampton 
 Loadestn. P. <2So. See Bllllngsley. 
 
 Sldbury Hill, eminence, Eng., Wiltshire, on the E. border, 
 3 J m. W. Ludgershall. 
 
 Sldcnp, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Dartford div., io\ m. SE. 
 
S I D D 
 
 S I EN 
 
 by E. St. Paul's, London, on the SE. R. The village consists 
 mainly of villa residences. The dist. is noted for its straw- 
 berry-beds. PMT.O. P. <45oo. 
 
 Slddaford Tor, hill, Eng. , Devonshire, in the N. of Dart- 
 moor Forest, 20 m. E. Launceston. 
 
 Siddal, P. O. , Eng. , Yorkshire, i m. from Salterhebble. 
 
 Slddaii, par., Ire., co. Meath, bar. Lower Slane, 5 m. SE. 
 Nobber ; 5162 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Slddlck Juiictlou, stn. , Eng. , Cumberland, on the Cocker- 
 mouth, Keswick, and Penrith and L. & NW. R. and Cleator 
 & Workington Joint Rly. , close to Workington. 
 
 Slddliigton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div. , 5 m. 
 WSW. Macclesfield, P.O. P. <:5oo. See Capestliorne. 
 
 Slddliigton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 2 m. SE. 
 Cirencester, P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Side, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 8 m. W. Cirencester. P. 
 
 Sideinoor, P.O. , Eng. , Worcestershire, i m. from Bromsgrove. 
 
 Slderiio, tn. and port, Italy, Calabrie, near the E. ct. , prov. 
 and 36 m. ENE. Reggio. P. 5700. 
 
 Sldero, cape, Turkey, NE. point of isl. of Crete. 
 
 Siderokastroii, vil., Greece, prov. Messenia, 29 m. N. by E. 
 Navarino. P. < 2000. 
 
 Slders, Switzd. , Valais. See Slerre. 
 
 !slde»traiid, par., Eng., Norfolk, N, div., NE. ct. , 3 m. 
 ESE. Cromer ; has a factory for pigments used in colouring 
 indiarubber goods. P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Sldford, vil, Eng., Devonshire, P.O. See Sidbnry. 
 
 Sidh, or Sith, Gaelic, ' a fairy ' or ' a fairy hill,' frequently shee; 
 e.g., Glenshee, in Perthshire. 
 
 Sidhaut, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Cuddapah, on Penner 
 R. , 72 m. W. Nellore. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sidlipar, tn. , India, Baroda, 63 m. N. by W. Ahmadabdd. 
 P. (i872)<40oo. 
 
 Sidi, or Seid, Arabic, ' lord,' applied as a title to the sherifs 
 or descendants of Mohammed, who alone have the right to 
 wear a green turban ; a frequent prefix in place-names along 
 with the name of the patron ' saint ' of the place. 
 
 Sldl-Akkasli, vil., Algeria, on the coast, 28 m. WNW. Bona. 
 
 Sldl All el Slekkl Kas, or Cap Farina, cape, Tunis, at the 
 mouth of the Bay of Tunis, W. side. 
 
 Sldl-Anirau, oasis, Algeria, prov. Constantine, 29 m. N. 
 Tuggurt, 93 m. SSE. Biskra ; artesian wells. 
 
 Shll-bel-Abb<!s, comm. , Algeria, on the Mekerra, 37 m. S. 
 Oran, cap. arr. ; trade in grain, alfa, skins for tanning, coal, 
 thujas, and cattle. The town is quite modern ; its walls have 
 four gates. Alt. 1562 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 59.7° F. , 
 Jan. 45.1°, July 78.4° ; annual rfall. (5 yrs.), 11.76 in. P. 20,000. 
 
 Sldl-el-Haul, salt lake, Tunis, about 10 m. ESE, Kairwan. 
 Length, 31 m. ; breadth, 3-11 m. ; area, 193 sq. m. 
 
 Sldl-el-Jiiml, salt lagoon, Tunis. See Sejnml. 
 
 Sldl-Ferrusli, vil., Algeria, on the N. ct. , 12 m. W. Algiers. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Sldl-Khaled, oasis, Algeria, prov. Constantine, 48 m. SW. 
 Biskra. 
 
 Sldl-Klielll, oasis, Algeria, prov. Constantine, 68 m. SSE. 
 Biskra, on the road from Biskra to Tuggurt ; artesian wells. 
 
 Sldl-Mareb, tn. , in the S. of Arabia, 75 m. E. Sana. 
 
 Sldl-Mussa, vil., Algeria, prov. and 13 m. SSE. Algiers. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Sldl-Kashed, oasis, Algeria, prov. Constantine, in the Wad- 
 Rhirh, 18^ m. NNW. Tuggurt ; artesian wells. 
 
 Sldl-Sllniaii, oasis, Algeria, prov. Constantine, in the Wad- 
 Rhirh, 14^ m. NNW. Tuggurt ; artesian wells. 
 
 Sldi-Yalila, oasis, Algeria, prov. Constantine, in the Wad- 
 Rhirh, 31 m. NNW. Tuggurt ; artesian wells. 
 
 8idlagli^ta, municip. , India, Mysore, 37 m. NE. by N. 
 Bangalore. P. (1881) 5800. 
 
 Sldlaw (Seedlaw, or Sndlow) Hills (' the south hills,' from 
 their forming the S. boundary of Strathmore), mt. range, Scot., 
 extending NE. from the Kinnoul Hill, near Perth, to near 
 Forfar, E. to Redhead, and NE. to Stonehaven. Mainly com- 
 posed of igneous rocks of Lower Old Red Sandstone age, along 
 with intmsive basalt. The most remarkable summit is Dunsi- 
 nane (properly Dunsinnan) of Shakespeare. Kings Seat (1235 
 ft.) is the highest. 
 
 Sidlesliam (sid'lz-am), pan, Eng., Sussex, div. and 4 m. S. 
 by W. Chichester, PMT.O., and P.O. (Sldlesham Common). 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Sldley, P.O., Eng., Sussex, 5 m. S. Battle. 
 
 Sldlow Bridge, eccles. par. , Eng. , Surrey, in ancient pars, of 
 Buckland, Charlwood, Horley, Leigh, and Reigate. P. <750. 
 
 Sldmouth, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Devonshire, Honiton 
 div., on the coast, at the mouth of the Sid, 13 m. E. by S. 
 Exeter, with a lifeboat and coastguard station, i m. S. of its stn. , 
 and with a junction stn. on the L. & SW. R. ; is picturesquely 
 sheltered by hills, and greatly resorted to by visitors. Sid- 
 mouth was formerly an important seaport, but the harbour 
 having silted up, only small craft can now enter. The Duke 
 of Kent died here, 1820. Market-day, S. P. <4000. 
 
 Sldmonth, post-tn. , Tasmania, Devon co. , on the 1. bk. of 
 the Tamar, 22 m. NW. Launceston, 50 m. E. by S. Emu Bay. 
 P. <i5cio. 
 
 Sidney, settlement, Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R. , 
 93 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Sidney, isl., Pacific, in the E. of the Phoenix group, in about 
 4rS..i7i°W. 
 
 Sidney, vil., U.S., Iowa, Fremont co., 37 m. SSE. Omaha 
 (Neb.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Sidney, tn., U.S., Maine, co. and on Kennebec R., 3 m. N. 
 Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sidney, vil. , U.S., Nebraska, cap. Cheyenne co. , on Lodge 
 Pole Creek, 115 m. W. of the confluence of the N. and S. 
 Platte ; has the repair shops of the U. P. R. Alt. 4095 ft. 
 (R.R.). P. -c 1500. 
 
 Sidney, vil., U.S., New York, Delaware co. , on Susque- 
 hanna R. , 23 m. by rail NW. Walton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sidney, vil., U.S., Ohio, Shelby co., 85 m. N. by E. Cincin- 
 nati ; has bell-founding and other manufactures. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sidon, now called locally Salda, ancient tn. and seapt. , 
 mentioned in the O. T. as one of the famous ports of Phoenicia, 
 now in the Tiu-kish vilayet of Beirut, sanjak of Acre (Akka), on 
 the Mediterranean, in 33° 33' N. , on a plain surrounded by 
 steep mountains. Like other Syrian ports, it has only an open 
 roadstead. 
 
 Sldon Hill, Eng., Hampshire, 5 m. SW. Kingsclere ; is the 
 highest point in the county. Alt. 940 ft. 
 
 Sldorovskoye, graphite mines, E. Siberia, on Nizhnyaya 
 Tunguska, 270 m. above its junction with Yenisei. 
 
 Sldra, modern name of the Great Syrtls, gulf, in the Medi- 
 terranean, on the coast of Tripolis, in 21° 39' to 15° 13' E. The 
 whole length of its shore is desolate, and has no port. 
 
 Slebenbiirgeu, German name of Transylvania. See 
 Hungary. 
 
 Slebengeblrge, range of mts. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., 
 stretching along the r. bk. of the Rhine, a N W. extension of the 
 Westerwald, and so called from its seven peaks, of which the 
 Drachenfels (alt. 1065 ft. ) is the highest. 
 
 Sleben Honnscliaften, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. 
 Diisseldorf, circle Essen ; coal mined. P. <:4000. 
 
 Slebenlelin, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, 8 m. N. by W. Freiberg. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Slebleben, vil., Ger., duchy Saxe-Koburg-Gotha, 2 m. E. 
 Gotha. P. <:30co. 
 
 Siedel, Ger., ' a settlement' or ' possession.' See Set. 
 
 Sledlce (Russian Syedlets), govt., Russian Poland, between 
 the Vistula and the Bug, having Lomza and Warsaw on N. and 
 W. , Radom and Lublin on S. , and the Russian govts. Grodno 
 and Volhynia on E. Mostly flat ; marshy in SE. Watered by 
 Vistula and Bug, and their tribs. Wieprz and Liwice. Good 
 forests. Population mixed, Poles (40 per cent.). Little Russians 
 (43 per cent. ), Jews (15 per cent. ), and Germans. Manufactures 
 and trade insignificant. Divided into nine dists. : Siedlce, Biala, 
 Konstantinow, Garwolin, Lukow, Radzyn, Sokolow, W^grdw, 
 and Wl-odawa. Area, 5535 sq. m. P. (1891) 671,598. 
 
 Siedlce, tn. , Russian Poland, cap. of above govt. , 57 m. ESE. 
 Warsaw, on railway to Brest, in valley of Liwica. P. 16,600. 
 
 Sleg, riv. , Prussia, in the S. of the Rhine Prov., flows W. to 
 the Rhine below Bonn ; not navigable. 
 
 Slegburg, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., on the Sieg, 14 m. SE. 
 Cologne, and 6 m. NE. Bonn, cap. circle Sieg (Slegkrels) ; 
 manufactures of firearms and calico ; has tanneries. On the 
 Michaelsburg is a former Benedictine abbey, founded in 1060 by 
 Archbishop Hanno. P. (i8i6)<20oo; (1890)8300. 
 
 Slegen, tn. , Prussia, in the S. of prov. Westphalia, 33 m. W. 
 by N. Marburg, cap. circle Siegen ; important manufactures 
 of leather, and tanneries and iron-works. In the vicinity are 
 mines of iron, copper, and sulphuret of lead and zinc. Siegen 
 was formerly the cap. of a princip. , and was the birthplace of 
 the painter Rubens. P. (i8i6)<40oo; (1890) 12,300; comm. 
 (including Hammerhiitte and Sieghiitte) P. 18,200. 
 
 Slegliiibel, mt. , Austria, Bohemia, in the N., 34 m. NW. by 
 W. Trautenau, in the Isergebirge. 
 
 Sleglar, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Sieg, dist. Siegburg. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Sleker, peasant vil. {Bauerschaft), Prussia, Westphalia, 
 circle and dist. Bielefeld. P. <:3000. 
 
 Slelce, industrial vil. , Russian Poland, govt, and 85 m. SSW. 
 Piotrk6w, near Warsaw-Vienna Rly. ; cotton-mills ; coal-mines. 
 P. 12,000. 
 
 Slemlanowltz, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Kattowitz, 38 
 m. ENE. Ratibor, and 3^ m. E. by N. Konigshiitte. P. 5100. 
 
 Slem-Rap, tn. , Indo-China, 220 m. E. by S. Bangkok, near 
 the N. end of Lake Tale Sap, in the dist. containing the ruins 
 of Angkor Tom. 
 
 Siena, city, Italy, Tuscany, cap. prov. Siena, 31 m. S. Florence; 
 seat of a university, founded about 1240 ; of a school of arts and 
 crafts, founded 1876 ; of the lyceum and college of Tolomei ; 
 and of a small museum, with important state archives. Siena 
 is also the seat of an archbishop. Manufactures cloth, silk, 
 
 1443 
 
S: I E N - S I G G 
 
 velvet, furniture, paper, &c. The ' panforte' of Siena is a kind 
 of cake, sent out to all parts of Italy. Siena is one of the most 
 picturesque towns of the kingdom, having preserved its 
 mediagval aspect. It is built on the plan of a star, with three 
 branches ; its walls date from the 13th century. The cathedral, 
 built between 1125 and 1260, was enlarged in the 14th century ; 
 the pulpit is the work of Nicolas Pisano. The Libreria Piccolo- 
 mini is decorated with frescoes by Pinturicchio, &c. Here is 
 also the fine government palace (formerly Piccolomini palace). 
 Constituted an independent republic after 1125, Siena was for 
 a time the rival of Pisa and Florence. Scene of a memorable 
 siege in 1554, when for six months she held out against the 
 imperial troops under Cosmo I. de Medici. In 1557 Siena was 
 made a fief of the grand-duchy of Tuscany by Philip 11. , King 
 of Spain. Birthplace of St. Bernard (died 1444), Ste. Catherine 
 de Siena (died 1347), Pope Pius II. (.(Eneas Sylvius Piccolomini, 
 died 1458), and several other popes. Alt. 1000-1150 ft. Mean 
 temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 56.4° F., Jan. 40.4°, July 74.7°; mean rfall. 
 (1839-91), yr. 30.5 in., Oct.-Nov. 7.8 in. P. 23,700. 
 
 Slenlaivn, comm., Austria, Galicia, on the San, 12 m. NW. 
 Jaroslau, 120 m. E. Cracow. P. <4ogo. 
 
 Sienitsa, tn. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet Kossovo, 27 m. 
 WNW. Novibazar. P. < 3000. 
 
 Slenpaiig, tn., French Indo-China, on the Nam-kong, 187 
 m. SSW. Hu6. 
 
 Sleradz, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 30 m. ESE. 
 Kalisz, on Warta R. ; manufacture of agricultural implements. 
 P. 15,040. 
 Slerakowo, tn. , Prussia, prov. Posen. See Kawltsch. 
 Slerck, tn. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, on the r. bk. of the 
 Moselle R. , circle Thionville, 23^ m. NNE. Metz ; has estab- 
 lishments with mineral waters. Sierck was formerly a strong 
 fortress. P. < 2000. 
 
 Slernlug, tn. , Upper Austria, 5 m. WNW. Steyr. P. <30oo. 
 Slero, comm., Spain, Asturias, prov., dist., and 8| m. ENE. 
 Oviedo ; has tanyards, and a saline spring ; coal mined. P. 
 22,200. 
 
 Slerpc, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 22 m. N. by W. 
 Pfock ; trade in corn. P. 7100. 
 
 Sierra, Spanish, Portuguese Cerro or Serra, ' a mountain 
 chain, having a serrated appearance,' from the Latin serra. 
 Sierra, co. , U.S., California, on E. frontier, and S. of 40° N. 
 Sierra, co. , U.S. , New Mexico, crossed by 33° N. and 107° W. 
 Sierra Aliiamllla (or AlJaiiiUla). See Aljanillla. 
 Sierra Bernieja, range of mts., Spain, stretching about 25 
 m. SSW. to NNE. in the W. of the prov. of Granada, looking 
 towards the Mediterranean. 
 
 Sierra Blauca, part of the Rocky Mts., U.S., in Colorado 
 and New Mexico, W. of the Sangre de Cristo Range. The 
 highest summit is Blanca Peak, alt. 14,464 ft. 
 
 Sierra Blanca, stn. , U.S., Texas, El Paso co. , 95 m. SE. 
 
 by E. of the W. corner of the state, at junction of the Southern 
 
 Pacific and the Galveston, Houston, and San Antonio Railroads. 
 
 Sierra Carrlso, range of mts., U.S., Arizona, in the NE. 
 
 of state. Alt. over 9000 ft. 
 
 Sierra City, mining vil. , U.S., California, Sierra co. , 90 m. 
 NE. Sacramento. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sierra Contravlesa, range 0/ mts. on the S. ct. of Spain, 
 prov. Granada, stretching 30 m. E. of the riv. Guadalf^o. Alt. 
 6215 ft. 
 
 Sierra de las Estauclas, range of mts. in the S. of Spain, 
 prov. Almeria, 20-60 m. WSW. Lorca. 
 
 Sierra de las Fllabres, range of mts. in the SE. of Spain, 
 prov. Almeria, 50-90 m. E. Granada. 
 
 Sierra de Yeguas ('mares' mountain'), tn., Spain, Anda- 
 lusia, prov. and 37 m. NW. Malaga. P. <3000. 
 
 Sierra la Sal, range of mts. , U.S., Utah, in the E., trending 
 N. and S. , crossed by 36° 31' N. Mount Peale is 13,891 ft. high. 
 Sierra Leone, British colony in W. Africa, situated from 7° 
 to 9° N. lat. , between Liberia and the Rivieres du Sud. Sierra 
 Leone has a coast-line of about 200 m. Principal rivers. Great 
 Skarcies or Kolentang, Little Skarcies or Kabba, Rokelle, 
 Bagru, Jong, Bum, Kittam, Sulyma, Mano — most of them 
 navigable for a distance of from 40 to 50 m. from the coast. 
 The delta of the Bagru, Jong, Bum, and Kittam Rivs. forms 
 the so-called Sherbro R. , and separates the isl. of Sherbro 
 from the mainland. This delta is a vast mangrove swamp. 
 The coast-belt consists of an undulating plain, and at an average 
 distance of from 80 to 100 m. from the coast the plateaux of 
 the interior rise abruptly. The country is inhabited" by various 
 negro tribes (Sherbros, Mendi, Bullom, Krim, Gallinas, Gbemna, 
 &c.). Principal exports, palm-oil and palm-kernels. In the 
 interior rice is prolific, the kola tree abounds, and indigo grows 
 almost wild. Cotton is plentiful, and ivory and gold are brought 
 to the coast from the far interior. Principal places, Freetown 
 (cap., P. about 20,000), Port Lokko, Lavana, Sulyma, Bonthe. 
 Sierra Leone was annexed by England in 1791, and was for 
 some time in the hands of a company ; but in the beginning of 
 this century it was formed into a crown colony, with the object 
 of introducing escaped and freed slaves. Area estimated at 
 1444 
 
 15,000 sq. m. P. estimated at 180,000. (See Garrett, Sierra 
 Leone, Proc. R. G. S., 1892, pp. 433-55). [H. G. S.] 
 Sierra Lenne, Xew, vil., W. Africa. See Flshtoivii. 
 Sierra Mndre, mts., U.S., Colorado. See Sagnaclie, mts. 
 Sierra Madre, mts., U.S. See Znnl. 
 
 Sierra Mojada, range of mts. , stretching about 70 m. NN W. 
 and SSE. in the W. of the state of Coahuila, Mexico. Sierra 
 Mojada, Villa de, tn. , at the N. end of that range, 205 m. 
 ESE. Chihuahua. 
 
 Sierra Mojada, mining camp, Mexico, Coahuila, at the N. 
 end of the mountain range of that name, 220 m. NW. Monterey, 
 in one of the richest silver-lead dists. in the world, now being 
 connected by rail with Monclova, 155 m. distant, on the Inter- 
 national Rly. 
 
 Sierra Morena ('dark Sierra'), one of the chief mt. ranges 
 of Spain, forming the S. edge of the central plateau, stretches 
 from E. to W. between the Guadiana and Guadalquivir. It is 
 lowest in the central parts (2000-2500 ft.), but rises in the E. to 
 7900 ft., and in the W. to 5300 ft. Lead, silver, quicksilver, 
 and coal exist in the middle of the range, and tin ore in the W. 
 (Rio Tinto mines). 
 
 Sierra Nevada (' snowy ridge '), the ancient Oropeda, Moorish 
 Ho Laiz, the highest mountain mass of the Iberian Penin. , at 
 the SE. corner of Andalusia, between the valley of the Guadal- 
 quivir and the Mediterranean, 50 m. long (NW.-SE. ), 20 m. 
 wide ; highest peaks, Mulahacen, more properly Muley Hacen, 
 11,781 ft. (Clemente), 11,660 ft. (Coello), 11,421 ft. (Vogel) ; 
 Picacho de Veleta ('watch summit"), 11,597 ft. (Clemente), 
 11,432 ft. (Boissier), 11,388 ft. (Coello); Alcazaba, 11,356 ft. 
 (Clemente), 10,872 ft. (Coello). The range is exceedingly 
 picturesque (the Alpujarras, ' pasture mountains,' the Lecrin 
 valley, ' valley of joy,' ' paradise of the Alpujarra'j. Persistent 
 snow begins at 10,000 ft. alt. The Ventisquero del Jenil (between 
 9300 and 9600 ft. alt., 1900 ft. long by 800 ft. wide, and 200- 
 400 ft. thick) is the southernmost glacier in Europe (37° N. lat.). 
 Some small lakes, above 9000 ft. alt. , are remains of old glaciers. 
 The sierra is principally formed by schists, gneiss, and crystalline 
 limestone, with some serpentine and porphyries. All vegetable 
 forms are to be seen, from tropical flora at the foot (palms, 
 sugar-cane, pineapple, banana, and cotton), up to the polar 
 lichens. The top commands magnificent views from the Sierra 
 Morena to the Morocco Mts. The Cumbre (summit) de Mula- 
 hacen was used to connect the European geodetical triangulation 
 with the African one in the prov. of Oran, Algeria. 
 
 Sierra NeVAda^ an aggregate of ranges of mts., U.S., Cali- 
 fornia, in the E. The total length from Mount San Ja^ihto to 
 Mount Shasta is 600 m. , but the name is sometimes limited to that 
 part between Tahachapi Pass and Lassens Peak ; length, 430 m. 
 The S. part is separated into two branches by Kern's Canon. 
 The eastern range contains the culminating summit. Mount 
 Whitney, 14,900 ft. high, the highest mountain in the U.S. 
 The range is 70-100 m. wide ; it is broken by numerous canons. 
 Sierra Nevada de Santa DIarta. See Santa DIarta, Sierra 
 Nevada de. 
 
 Sierra Range, mts., Victoria, trending S. from the Gram- 
 pians, crossed by 37° 30' S. 
 
 Slerre, French ; Slders, German, tn. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, 
 9^ m. ENE. Sion, a little to the N. of the Rhone. Alt. 1765 ft. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Slewers Canal, NW. Russia, near Novgorod, connects 
 Msta and Volkhov. 
 
 Slfan, Chinese name meaning western barbarians, equivalent 
 to Mantsfl, but also applied in a more restricted sense to the 
 people inhabiting a part of W. China, E. of Tibet, more par- 
 ticularly in the upper (N. to S.) part of the valley of the Tung 
 or Tatu-ho, and the valley of the Ya-lung, between 29° and 33" 
 N. , and 101° and 103° E. 
 SlfYa, or Slfte, tn. , Lower Egypt. See Zlfte. 
 Slg, riv., in W. of Algeria, prov. Oran, flows NNE. then NE. , 
 generally through narrow gorges, past Sidi-bel-Abb6s, where it 
 is known as the Mekerra, and St. Denis du Sig {q.v.), and after 
 uniting with the Habrd. enters the Mediterranean a little to the 
 W. of the Greenwich meridian. Length, 135 m. 
 Slg, .lebel, mt. , Morocco. See Mlltsln. 
 Slg, Le, tn. , Algeria. See St. Uenls du Slg. 
 Slga, site, Algeria. See Takebrlt. 
 
 Slgal, vil., A^hanistan, in the NE. Kafiristan, 21 m. NNE. 
 Jalalabad. P. 2000. 
 
 Slgdal, vil., Norway, prov. Christiania, 29 m. NW. Dram- 
 men. P. (comm. ) 6300. 
 
 SIgean, tn., France, dep. Aude, arr. and 11 m. S. by W. 
 Narbonne, 2 m. W. of the S. end of the tf:tang de Sigean (a 
 shallow salt lagoon, 15 by ^-3 m. , bordered by salt marshes) ; 
 quarries of white-veined black marble. Near Sigean, Charles 
 Martel defeated the Saracens in 737. P. <40po. 
 
 Slggar Xess, cape, Scot., Shetland Is., in the extreme SW. 
 of the Mainland, in 59° 53' N. 
 
 Slggenthal, valley, Switzd., cant. Aargau, NW. Baden, tra- 
 versed by the riv. Limmat. Length, 3^ m. 
 Slgglestliorue, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 
SIGG — SIKL 
 
 div., II ni. NNE. Hull, 2 m. WNW. of its stn. on the NE. R., 
 P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Slgguedim, oasis, Africa. See El Marra. 
 
 Slgliajlk, tn. , Turkey in Asia, prov. Aidin, 24 m. WSW. 
 Smyrna, on N. shore of Gulf of Scalanova ; i m. S. are the 
 ruins of the ancient Teos, birthplace of the Ionian poet Anacreon. 
 The Gulf of Sighajik is 15 m. wide at mouth. P. 5000. 
 
 Slglilll, eccles. par. , Eng. , Northumberland. See ^glilll. 
 
 81girarl, dist., E. Africa, W. and NW. of Mount Kilima- 
 njaro ; inhabited by Masai. 
 
 Slglrl, or Slgri, in French spelling Slgnlrl, vil. and military 
 station, French W. Africa, on the 1. bk. of the upper Niger, in 
 11° 21' N., 9° 2' W. ; connected by telegraph with St. Louis. 
 
 Slglnfjonlr, inlet, Iceland, 66° 9' N., 18° 57' W. Mean 
 temp. (15 yrs. ), yr. 35.1° F. , Feb. 26.4°, July 47.4°. 
 
 Slginarliigen, tn. , Ger. , princip. HohenzoUern, 32 m. S. by 
 E. Ttibingen. Sigmaringen has a Catholic gymnasium in the 
 former convent of Hedingen ; was formerly an imperial resi- 
 dence. P. <3000. 
 
 81gua, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 7^ m. W. Florence ; has 
 important tile and brick factories. P. <30oo ; comm. P. 7500. 
 
 t^Ignakh (Tatar, 'cave'), dist. tn. , Russia, Transcaucasia, 
 govt, and 68 m. E. by S. of Tiflis, on highway to Baku ; ruins 
 of very old fort. Alt. 2600 ft.; overlooking the Alazan plain. 
 P. 10,070. 
 
 signal Bntte, mt., U.S., Arizona, Apache co., 135 m. SW. 
 from the NE. corner of the terr. 
 
 Siguau, tn. , Switzd. , cant, and 19 m. E. by S. Bern ; trade 
 in linen and cheese. P. <:3000. 
 
 Signet, vil., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 13J m. W. by S. 
 Woodstock. See Upton and Signet. 
 
 Slgny TAbbaye, tn., France, dep. Ardennes, 17 m. SSW. 
 Rocroi, arr. M^zieres. P. <3000. 
 
 Slgny le Petit, vil., France, dep. Ardennes, arr. and 11 m. 
 W. by S. Rocroi. P. <20oo. 
 
 Slgonl^s, vil., France, dep. Dordogne, 33 m. SW. by S. 
 P^rigueux, arr. and 8 m. SW. by S. Bergerac. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 l^lgonrney, city, U.S., Iowa, cap. Keokuk co. , 53 m. SW. 
 by S. Cedar Rapids. P. < 2000. 
 
 Slgrl, French Sudan. See Slglrl. 
 
 Slgrl, or Megnlonlsl, small isl. off the coast of Mitilini {q.v.). 
 
 Slgrl, cape, at the W. end of Mitilini I., in 39" 11' N. 
 
 Slgrlswll, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 5 m. SE. by E. Than. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Slgston, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div., 
 15I m. NNE. Ripon, 3|m. E. by N. Northallerton stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 iilgtnna [Sigge it tuna, ' the dwelling of Odin '), tn. , Sweden, 
 prov. Stockholm, on an arm of Lake Malar, 15 m. S. by E. 
 Upsala. Sigtuna was the ancient cap. of Svearike (ancient 
 Sweden), and became a rich and powerful city, and a famous 
 trading mart. In 1188 the town was taken and burnt by the 
 Esthonians and Karelians of Finland. P. <20oo. 
 
 Slgnanelta, cape, W. Indies. See Pnnta Slgnanelta. 
 
 Slguapa, Eniboradnra de, bay, on the N. ct. of Cuba, 
 having its mouth just W. of 81° W. 
 
 Slgiienza, city, Spain, prov. Guadalajara, on the Henares, 70 
 m. NE. by E. Madrid; manufactures linen and hats. Seat of a 
 bishop ; the cathedral is of the Pointed style. The ancient fortress, 
 surrounded by high walls, and flanked by towers, still remains. 
 
 Slgnlrl, French military station. See Slglrl. 
 
 Slli&naka (Malagasy 'many lakes'), dist., central Mada- 
 gascar, to the W. of Lake Alaotra, crossed about the middle by 
 17° 30' S. and 48° 35' E. Alt. 2700 ft. 
 
 sihl, riv., Switzd., 1. bk. trib. of the Limmat, which it joins 
 in the suburbs of Zurich. Length, 40 m. 
 
 Sllinali, Persia. See Senna. 
 
 Sllior, tn., India, Gujarat, Kdthidwar Penin. , 63 m. W. 
 Broach. 
 
 Slhora, or Seliora (census), municip., Brit. India, Central 
 Provs., dist. and 25 m. NNE. Jabalpur. P. 580c ; Hindus, 4900. 
 
 Slliiiatanejo, port and harb. , Mexico, Guerrero, on the S. 
 ct., 130 m. WNW. Acapulco. 
 
 Slliun, riv. , Asia Minor. See Seltann. 
 
 Slliun, riv. , Russian Turkistan. See Syr-darla. 
 
 Sljn, or San Carlos Slja, vil. , Guatemala, dep. Totonicapam. 
 P. (comm.) 8400. 
 
 Sljenlca, Turkey, sanjak Novibazar. See Syenltsa. 
 
 Slkan, tn., India, Rajputdna, Shaikhawati, 60 m. NW. 
 Jaipur. P. < 5000. 
 
 SlkandarAbitd, or Slkaudrdbiid (census), tn., Brit. India, 
 NW. Provs. , dist. Bulandshahr, 28 m. ESE. Delhi ; manufac- 
 ture of fine muslins. P. 15,200; Hindus, 8900; Moham. 5900. 
 
 Slkandarpnr, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Ballia, 80 
 m. NE. Benares; famous for its manufactures of attar of roses 
 and other essences ; has ruins of a large fort. P. 7400 ; Hindus, 
 4800 ; Moham. 2700. 
 
 Slknndra. See Agra. 
 
 Slkandra, vil. , Brit. India, N W. Provs. , Allahabdd ; has 
 the tomb of Sayyid Salar Masaud, where a fair is held in May, 
 visited by 50,000 persons. P. (i88i)<3000. 
 
 Slkandra KAo, municip., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. 
 Aligarh, 40 m. NE. Agra. P. 13,000; Hindus, 7600; Moham. 
 5200. 
 
 Slkar, fortified tn., India, Rajputana, state of and 60 m. 
 NW. Jaipur, Shaikhd-wati dist. P. (1881) 17,700. 
 
 Slkarani Mountain. See Safed Koh. 
 
 Slkaso, vil., W. Africa, in Tieba's kingdom, in about 11° 12' 
 N., 5° 14' W. Alt. 1770 ft. (Binger). 
 
 Slkaso, western Sudan. P. 92,240. 
 
 Slkawl, China. See Mkawel. 
 
 Slkhota-alln, alpine region, E. Siberia, between the Usuri 
 and the lower Amur and the Pacific coast, from the Gulf of Peter 
 the Great till the mouth of the Amur. Little known ; consists 
 of several ridges trending N E. and attaining an alt. of 3000 to 
 4000 ft., and 5000 ft. in the S. Its steep E. slopes reach the 
 Sea of Japan as high rocky cliffs. Thickly clothed with rich 
 virgin forests, especially on W. slopes. 
 
 Sikhs, people, or rather a religious sect, mostly Jats, of N. 
 India, founded at end of the 15th century, became a powerful 
 military confederacy, which waged two separate wars against 
 the British in 1845-46 and 1848-49, after which their territories 
 in the Punjab were annexed to Brit. India. P. nearly 2,000,000. 
 
 Sl-klang, or Hsl-klang ( ' west river'), the large riv. in the S. 
 of China, in the delta of which Canton stands, and which forms 
 the western waterway for that city. It is formed by headwaters 
 converging at an acute angle, and different views are taken as to 
 which is the main stream. Formerly the Hun-shui (q.v.)yfas 
 represented as the true headstream ; but recent travellers agree 
 in stating that the name Si-kiang is applied to the stream from 
 the confluence of the Yii-kiang or Right R. , and the Tso-kiang 
 or Left R. , which takes place in Kwangtung, in about 22° 42' 
 N. , 108°, 15' E. , making the Hun-shui a trib. of the Si-kiang. 
 Of the two headwaters that meet at this point the Yii-kiang is 
 considerably the longer, rising in Yunnan in about 105'' E. , 
 whereas the Tso-kiang is formed at Lung-chou, near the frontier 
 of Tongking, by two headwaters, the longer of which does not 
 appear to rise much further W. than 106° E. , if, indeed, the 
 source is not further E. Below the confluence the general 
 course of the Si-kiang is easterly, but about 20 m. W. Canton it 
 divides into several branches and turns SE. and S. , forming a 
 wide delta. Vessels of large draught can only reach the head 
 of the delta. Above the delta, according to Agassiz, there is no 
 obstacle to the ascent of steamers of 8 ft. draught to Wu-chou 
 (about 140 m. above the delta, in 111° 15' E. ), and the same 
 authority asserts that, with a little engineering skill, the river 
 might be made navigable to Hsun-chou, at one of the points 
 where the Hun-shui connects with the Si-kiang (about 110° 10' 
 E. ). There are, however, rapids about 12 m. above Wu-chou, 
 also at Hsun-chou ; still worse rapids at the Nganpai gorge, 
 in about 109° 20' E., and others a few miles higher up. Below 
 the confluence of the Hun-shui, the Tan-kiang or Fu-ho and 
 the Pe-kiang are the chief tribs., both from the N., and forming 
 important waterways. See Proc. R. G. S., 1891, pp. 256-60. 
 
 Slklnos. I. Island, Greece, one of the Cyclades, 92 m. S. by 
 E. of the SE. point of Euboea I. 2. A town on the W. ct. P. 
 (demos) 996. 
 
 Slkkeh, or Dlkkeh, ruins, Palestine, perhaps the Secacah in 
 the O. T. , 31° 44' N. , 35° 15' E. , 3 m. SE. by S. Jerusalem. 
 
 Slkklm, native state, India, in the E. Himalayas, bounded 
 N. and NE. by Tibet, SE. by Bhutan, S. by dist. Darjihng, and 
 W. by .Nepal. Sikkim is now under the protection of the 
 British, who, under a convention concluded with China, 1890, 
 have exclusive control of the internal administration and frontier 
 relations of the state. Easy passes lead from Sikkim into Tibet 
 (Jelep-la, 13,000 ft.; Yak-la, 14,000 ft.; Cho-la, 15,000 ft.), with 
 which there might be a large trade but for the opposition of the 
 Tibetan rulers. In the Chola Range, which separates Sikkim 
 from the Chumbi or Chambi Valley on the E. , a number of lakes 
 are found at gjeat elevations. The principal are Cholo, Chok- 
 ham, Bhewsa, Minyetso or Minijo, Bidantso or Blackwater, 
 and several smaller lakes or tarns. The scenery is remarkable 
 for beauty and grandeur. Numerous glaciers occur in the 
 Kanchinjinga regions NW. of the state, the largest being the 
 Zemu glacier, the terminal face of which is 400 or 500 ft. deep 
 (^Proc. R. G. S., 1881, pp. 321-28 ; 1892, pp. 613, et seq.). Sik- 
 kim is drained by the Titsa and affluents. The rivers run in deep 
 ravines, and their banks are precipitous. The valley of the 
 Titsa is not more than 2000 ft. Dense jungle and tropical trees 
 are found in the lower zones, while rhododendron and dwarf 
 bamboo and cane, used in the construction of the cane bridges, 
 grow above the level of 10,000 ft. Leeches abound. There are 
 cane bridges in some places ; but the roads are mere bridle paths, 
 and communication is exceedingly difficult. Copper is found 
 near Mintugong, and Sikkim is still noted to some extent for 
 such industries as flourish in a princely capital— ivory carving, 
 embroidering with gold and silver, and the weaving of fine silks. 
 The chief villages are Tumlong, the cap. of Sikkim, and Gantak, 
 The population, estimated in 1815 at 160,000, consists of Lepchas, 
 Bhutias, and Limbus, and the Buddhist monks are influential. 
 
 Slkl6, comm., Hungary, co. Arad, dist. Elek. P. < 4000. 
 
 1445 
 
SIKL — SILI 
 
 Slklos, tn. , Hungary, co. Baranya, cap. dist., 15 J m. SSE. 
 Pecs. To the SW. are the celebrated baths of Har'kany, with 
 sulphur springs ; and the sanctuary of Maria Gytid, a place of 
 pilgrimage. P. < 5000. 
 
 SLkol^, vil. , Servia, circle Kraina, 12 m. SW. Negotin ; coal 
 mined. P. < 3000. 
 
 Sikrol, W. suburb of Benares, Brit. India, contains canton- 
 ments and a European quarter. 
 
 Slkala, coram. , Hungary, co. Arad, dist. Baros-Jeno. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Slkyon, site of ruins, Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinth. 
 
 Sll, riv., in the NW. of Spain, rises on the Peiia Rubia, 
 Cantabrian Mts. , flows first SSW. through El Vierzo, then W. 
 into Galicia, and joins the Minho (Miiio) above Orense. 
 
 Slla, mt. group, Italy, Calabria, provs. Cosenza and Catan- 
 zaro, E. of the Crati Valley, between the Tyrrhenian Sea and 
 the Gulf of Taranto ; covered with thick forests of pine, fir, and 
 oak. Highest point Botte Donato, 6330 ft. 
 
 Sllani, stn., Brit. N. Borneo, on the N. shore of Darvel Bav 
 (E. ct.), in 5°N. 
 
 Sllanns, tn. , Sardinia, prov. Sassari, 22 m. W. Nuoro. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Sllao, tn., Mexico, prov. and 13^ m. WSW. Guanajuato, 
 cap. dist.; has rich silver-mines and thermal springs. P. 15,000. 
 
 Sllay, coram., Philippine Is., Negros I., 10 m. N. Bacolot. 
 P. 7800. 
 
 Sllay, tn., Philippine Is., on NW. ct. of Negros. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sllay-myo, vil.. Upper Burma, on the 1. bk. of the Irdiwadi, 
 24 m. S. by W. Pagan. 
 
 Sllberbach, comra. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Graslitz ; de- 
 posits of lead. P. <3000. 
 
 Sllberberg, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 29 m. S. by E. Pilsen. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Sllbersta«It, tn. , Austria. See Mies. 
 Sllbary Hill, Eng. See Arebury. 
 
 SUcbAr, municip. and cantonraent, Brit. India, Assam, cap. 
 dist. Cachar, 57 m. E. Sylhet ; has a trading fair in January 
 attended by 20,000 people, at which ponies from Manipur are 
 sold. A railway was commenced in 1893. Alt. 104 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 76° F. , Jan. 64°, July 82° ; rfall. , yr. 120 in., April- 
 Sept. 100.8 in., June-Aug. 57.9 in. P. 7500; Hindus, 5100; 
 Moham. 2200. 
 
 Sllchester, the ancient Segontiacum, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, 
 div. and 6J m. N. Basingstoke, 2 ra. WSW. Mortimer stn. 
 There are the remains of the ancient city, consisting of a flint 
 and brick wall \\ m. in circumference, enclosing a farm, across 
 which the lines of the principal streets are traceable. In 407 
 A. D. the usurper Constantine was here invested with the purple ; 
 the city was destroyed by .(Ella and the South Saxons in 493. 
 Excavations recently made here have led to numerous interesting 
 discoveries, including the site of the civil basilica and forum, 
 and what is believed to be that of the earliest Christian church 
 in Great Britain. PM.O. P. <5oo. See Reading. 
 Slle, tn. , Asia Minor. See Zlle. 
 
 Slleby, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 5 m. SE. by 
 E. Loughborough, on the M. R., PM.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Sllecroft, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 9 J m. 
 NW. by N. Barrow, on the Furness Rly., PM.O. 
 
 Sllenen, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Uri, 6 m. S. by E. Altdorf, on 
 the r. bk. of the Reuss. P. <20C)0. 
 
 Sllenrlenx, coram. , Belgiura, prov. Namur, 13 m. S. Charle- 
 roi. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sties, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 'J^ m, ENE. Jaen, 
 near 1. bk. of the Guadalimar. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Silesia, duchy, now forming a crownland of Austria, and 
 composed of the small portion of the much larger duchy of 
 that name which remained to Austria after the wars between 
 Maria Theresia and Frederick the Great. It lies S. of the Prus- 
 sian prov. of Silesia, and is composed of two sections : one 
 stretching SE. along the Sudetes Mts. (with the Altvater, 4870 
 ft. ) from the Glatz Schneegebirge to the Oder ; the other, which is 
 traversed by spurs of the Carpathians (Jablunka Mts.), sepa- 
 rated from the former by a tongue of Moravia, stretching E. to 
 the Biala, which separates it frora Galicia. Rivers, the Vistula 
 in the E. , the Oder with the Oppa, Olsa, Ostrawitze. The 
 mineral wealth of the terr. is very important, the Ostrau-Karwin 
 coalfield, a portion of the great coalfield of Upper Silesia 
 [Silesia, prov. Prussia], in the NW. of the E. section, covering 
 an area of 54 sq. m. , with 102 workable seams (with a thickness 
 of 20 in. to 13 ft.). Iron ore and lignite also rained. Manu- 
 factures are ako highly developed, particularly raachine-making 
 and textile industry, cloths, fancy-stuffs, linen, cotton-goods, 
 ribbons, hosiery, cheraical drugs, sugar, spirituous liqueurs, 
 glass, articles of raarble, colours, paper, turnery wares. The 
 cap. of the prov. is Troppau, which is also the chief seat of the 
 textile industries. Jagerndorf is also noted for its woollens. The 
 inhabitants are nearly all Roman Catholics. Half are German, 
 half Slavonic, and the population is the most dense in Austria. 
 See Anstrla-HniigaTy, Historical Notes. 
 
 Silesia, the southernmost prov. of Prussia, about twice the 
 1446 
 
 size of Wales. It is mainly composed of lowlands traversed 
 from SE. to NW. by the Oder, but having in its SW. frontier 
 the Sudetes Mts. (including the Isergebirge, Riesengebirge, with 
 the highest peak of the prov. , the Schneekoppe, 5260 ft. ; the 
 Eulengebirge and Reichensteingebirge succeeding one another 
 on different sides of the Neisse in front of the lozenge-shaped 
 portion of the prov. containing the upper valley of the Neisse, 
 and the Habelschweidt, on the W. side, and Glatz Schnee- 
 gebirge on the SE. side of that lozenge. On the right of the 
 Oder, in the S., there lies the plateau of Tarnowitz with the 
 Annaberg (1310 ft. ). The principal river is the Oder. Tribu- 
 taries on the right : the Olsa, Klodnitz, Malapane, Weida ; on 
 the left : the Oppa, Glatzer Neisse, Ohlau, Weistritz, Katz- 
 bach ; the Bober and Lausitzer Neisse join the main stream 
 outside the province. In the SE. the Vistula forms part of the 
 boundary for a tirae, in the W. the Iser, Spree, and Schwarze 
 (Black) Elster flow into the Elbe. The Oder is navigable 
 throughout the province. The only canal is the Klodnitz Canal, a 
 lateral canal of the riv. Klodnitz, 28 ra. long, constructed for the 
 conveyance of coal from Gleiwitz to the Oder, a little above Kosel. 
 The climate is mildest near Griinberg, in the district of Liegnitz ; 
 it is more severe in the higher -lying raountainous districts. The 
 raean temp, is between 4o.6°-47.7'' F. Annual rfall. 20-24 in., 
 among the mountains 46 in. Arable and garden land make 
 about 55 per cent., forests nearly 29 per cent., covering large 
 areas, not only on the raountains, but also in the plains in the 
 NW. (Forests of Schwarzkollra, Hoyerswerda, Muskau, Sagan, 
 Sprattau, Prirakenau, and further S. the Gorlitz Coramunal- 
 heide and the Wehrheide) and E. of the Oder S. of Breslau, as 
 well as W. of the Oder above the lat. of Oppeln. The regjion 
 fronting the raountains is specially noted for its fertility. Besides 
 cereals, flax, beetroot, chicory, potatoes, hops, oil-plants, are 
 all largely cultivated ; araong other crops are tobacco, vines 
 (Griinberg), and fruit. Cattle and sheep breeding are in a very 
 flourishing condition. There is plenty of garae in the large 
 forests ; here and there a wolf raay be seen, coming from the 
 Carpathians. Poultry is also important, and a new method of 
 bee-keeping has taken its rise in the prov. About 51 per 
 cent, of the land is in the hands of large landed-proprietors. 
 Except in the mountains, where the geology is complicated, by 
 far the greater part of Silesia is covered with Quaternary 
 deposits, though in many places Tertiary rocks crop out on the 
 surface, and in the SE. there is a considerable area of Triassic 
 age. The iraportant feature of the geolog;y of the prov. , however, 
 is the sraall area of Carboniferous rocks containing vast wealth 
 in coal. The coal-measures occur both in Upper and Lower 
 Silesia, the former region being by far the richer. The Upper 
 Silesian coalfield extends into neighbouring countries (Austria 
 and Russian Poland), the whole probably covering an area of 
 about 1150 sq. m. The Prussian section alone (in the extreme 
 SE. of the prov. , from Tarnowitz southwards and Gleiwitz and 
 Rybnik eastwards round Konigshiitte and Beuthen) has an 
 area of about 175 sq. ra. , or twice that of the whole area in 
 which coal has been reached by borings. Within this area 
 there are 104 workable seams, with a total thickness of 500 
 ft. The lower Silesian coalfield lies W. of the Oder, near 
 Waldenburg. It is much smaller, and has seams with a rather 
 steep dip (total thickness 90 ft. ), but yields excellent coking-coal. 
 Coal is also found in Cretaceous sandstone on the Queiss. 
 Lignite is also mined in considerable quantity. Next in im- 
 
 f)ortance to coal among the minerals of the prov. are zinc ore 
 calamine ; centre of production Konigshiitte), iron, and silver- 
 lead. The manufacturing industry is considerable, supporting 
 35 per cent, of the population. Linen - manufacture, cotton- 
 weaving, dye-works, and bleaching-fields are flourishing. There 
 are also carpet manufactures, manufactures of woollen goods 
 (including carpets), machines, sugar, starch, paper, cheraicals, 
 clocks, tin, lead, railway-carriages, cement, glass, porcelain, and 
 potterjr. Finally, there are large breweries, distilleries, liqueur- 
 factories, mills, tanneries. The higher education is provided by 
 the university at Breslau, two railitary schools at Glogau and 
 Neisse, &c. Mineral springs, which have given rise to frequented 
 bathing-places, are to be found at Warmbrunn, Saltbrunn, 
 Reinerz, Landeck, Rudowa, Charlottenbrunn. The prov. is 
 divided into the three government dists. (regierungsbezirke) 
 of Breslau, Liegnitz, and Oppeln. The capital is Breslau. 
 Other towns: Ratibor, Beuthen, Glatz, Schweidnitz, Hirsch- 
 berg, Gorlitz, Bunzlau, Glogau. Most of the inhabitants speak 
 German, but there are nearly 1,000,000 Poles E. of the Oder, 
 where Polish is partly spoken ; and in the S. there are about 
 60,000 Chekhs, in the NW. (Lower and Upper Silesia) about 
 32,000 Wends (Slavs), who are, however, rapidly becoming 
 Gerraanised. See derman Empire, table, and Prussia, 
 History. 
 
 Sllfberg, vil., Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, 17 m. SS^y. 
 Falun ; deposits of sulphur. The silver-mines are now quite 
 exhausted. P. (comra. )< 2000. 
 
 Sllgnelros, tn. , Portugal, dist. Vizeu. P. <4000. 
 
 SlUan, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 7.\ m. N. by W. Lam- 
 peter. P. <5oo. Seellanwnen. 
 
S I LI 
 
 S I L V 
 
 Siliana, riv. , central Tunis, r. bk. trib. of the Mejerda, 
 which it joins 2 m. above the town Testur. Length, 90 m. 
 
 Sillplca, tn., Argentine Republic, prov. and 22 m. SSE. 
 Santiago, cap. dep. P. <20oo. 
 
 Slllqua, comm. , Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, on the Siscerri, 15 
 m. E. by S. Iglesias. P. < 3000. 
 
 Sllistria, or Slllstra, the Roman Durostorum, foTtifiedtn., 
 Bulgaria, cap. prov. Silistria, on the Danube, 62 m. ESE. 
 Bukarest ; manufactures cloth, and has mills and lanyards. 
 The old fortress, formerly very important, was dismantled in 
 1878. The town is situated in a marshy region, and is subject 
 to virulent fevers. In the Roman era Silistria was one of the 
 most important cities of Lower Moesia. Frequently besieged 
 and taken during the Middle Ages, and in modern times it was 
 unsuccessfully besieged during the Crimean War by Russia, 
 i2th May to 26th June 1854, when the fortifications had been 
 partly rebuilt from Moltke's plans. P. (1881) 10,600; (1888) 
 11,400; Bulgarians, 4100 ; Moham. 5300. 
 
 Slllvrl, the ancient Selymbria, a Megarian colony, seapt. tn. , 
 Turkey in Europe, prov. Chatalja, on the Sea of Marmora, 36 
 m. W. Constantinople. P. 5700 (mostly Greeks). 
 
 Slljan, lake, Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, 24 m. WNW. 
 Falun, in Dalecarlia, is traversed by the Oester Dal, left branch 
 of the Dal, which enters at the NW. extremity. The water is 
 limpid, hence its epithet, 'the eye of Dalecarlia. ' The people 
 on its shores have best preserved the old costume and habits of 
 Dalecarlia, famous as the centre of Swedish freedom, and closely 
 associated with the history of King Gustavus Vasa. Alt. 738 ft. 
 Length, NW. to SE. , 24 m. ; breadth, 3^-11 m. ; area, 123 sq. m. 
 
 SUJansiiiis, vil. , Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, 29 m. WNW. 
 Falun, on S. shore of Lake Siljan. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 SUkeborg, tn. , Denmark, Jutland, prov. Aarhus, 24 m. NNW. 
 Horsens ; manufactures paper ; important market. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sllkstone, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Holmhrth div. , 
 4 m. W. by S. Barnsley, i m. N. of its stn. on the M. S. & L. 
 R. Here are the Silkstone coal-mines. PMT.O., and PM.O. 
 (SUkstoiie Common). P. <:20oo. 
 
 Silksworth, par., Eng., Durham, Houghton-le-Spring div., 
 3i m. SSW. Sunderland, 2^ m. W. Ryhope stn., P.O., and 
 PMT.O. (XewSllksworlh). P. <5oo. 
 
 811k H'lllongliby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven 
 div., 10 m. ENE. Grantham, 2 m. SSW. Sleaford, i^ m. ESE. 
 Rauceby stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 SlU, riv. , Austria, Tirol, rises at foot of the Wildseespitze, 
 and forms the small Lake Brenner, then turns NNW. , and falls 
 into the Inn at Innsbruck after a course of 25 m. 
 
 Sllla, comm., Spain, prov. and 11 m. S. by W. Valencia. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 SlUa de Carilcas. See Carii<*a$. 
 
 Slllan, Longli, a small lake, Ire., in the NE. of co. Cavan, 
 20 m. W. Dundalk, drained W. into Lough Oughter. 
 
 Sllle, tn., Asia Minor, 6 m. NW. Konia (Konieh). 
 
 SlUeda, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 28 m. NE. Ponte- 
 vedra, dist. Lalin. P. 12,400. 
 
 SlUee, riv. , Ire. , in the middle of co. Fermanagh, flows SE. 
 into upper Lough Erne. 
 
 Slllelit, comm. , Hungary. See Zsoliia. 
 
 8111i'-le-Cialllaume, tn. , France, dep. Sarthe, 20 m. SW. by 
 S. Alen9on, arr. Mans. P. < 3000. 
 
 Siller, riv., Brit. India, Madras, Vizagapatam dist., flows E. , 
 N., W., finally SW. to the Saveri at Moat. Length about 
 150 m. 
 
 Slllerna, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Clifden. 
 
 Slllernp Moor, a moorland tract, Prussia, prov. Schleswig- 
 Holstein, in the middle, about 10-18 m. NW. Schleswig. 
 
 8111ery» vil., France, dep. Marne, on the Vesle, arr. and 7 m. 
 SE. Reims ; its wines are among those of the best quahty of 
 champagne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sllllan, tn. , Austria, Tirol, dist. and 17 m. WSW. Lienz ; in 
 the \dcinity are the baths of Weitlanbrunn, with ferruginous 
 springs. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 SUllgny, vil., France, dep. Haute -Savoie, arr. and 4I m. 
 NW. Annecy. To the E. is the thermal establishment of 
 Bromines, with a cold sulphuretted soda spring known to the 
 Romans. P. <:20oo. 
 
 8111otk, seapt., watering-place, and two eccles. pars., Eng., 
 Cumberland, Eskdale div., on the Solway Firth, 12 m. NNE. 
 Maryport, on the N. B. R. The dock, belonging to the N. B. R. 
 Company, is 24 ft. deep over sill at ordinary spring tides, and 
 18 ft. at neap tides. Has a trade in coal and grain. Steamers 
 ply to Liverpool, Dublin, and the Isle of Man. Since 1855 it 
 has been the port of Carlisle. PMT.O. Sllloth St. Paul, P. 
 <75o ; SlUotli Clirlstcliurcli, P. <:20oo. 
 
 Silly, vil., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 6 m. SW. Enghien. 
 P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Siloah, pool named in O. T. See SllwAn. 
 
 Siloani, place named in N. T. See Sllwftn. 
 
 Sllpho, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 5J 
 m. NW. by W. Scarborough, 3 m. WSW. Cloughton stn.; 
 manufactures worsted. P. <25o. 
 
 SUs, or Segl, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 6 m. SW. St. 
 Moritz, at the foot of a small lake (the Sllser-see; alt. 5890 
 ft.) in the Upper Engadine ; frequented by visitors during the 
 season. The comm. includes the adjoining village of Maria. 
 Mean rfall. (20 yrs.), 38.50 in. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sllsden, par. and tn., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 
 4^ m. SE. Skipton, on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, 12 m. 
 NW. Bradford, i m. NNE. of its stn. (Steeton and SUsden) 
 on the M. R. ; manufactures worsted and cotton goods and 
 nails. PMT.O. 7060 ac. P. < 4000. 
 
 Sllslle ('the chain'), defile in the valley of the Nile, Upper 
 Egypt, 44 m. below Assuan ; immense quarries of limestone. 
 
 Sll» Maria, Switzd. See Slls. 
 
 SUsoe, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, Luton div. , 9 m. S. by E. 
 Bedford, 3 m. E. by N. Flitwick stn., PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Sllton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, in the extreme N. of the N. 
 div., iij m. NE. by E. Sherborne, 3 m. NW. Gillingham stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Sllton, Nether and Over, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , York- 
 shire, N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton div., 15^ m. NE. by N. 
 Ripon. P. (of each) < 250. See Leake. 
 
 Silvan, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet, sanjak, and 40 m. 
 NE. Diarbekir. P. 7000; Moham. 4000, including 2000 Kurds: 
 Christians, 3000. 
 
 Sllvaplana, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 3^ m. SW. St. Moritz, 
 at the NE. end of Lake Sllvapana, on the Inn ; much frequented 
 by visitors. Lake Silvaplana, alt. 5886 ft. , is below Lake Sils 
 (Silser-see). Alt. 5955 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 SllTelra, tn., Brazil, in E. of prov. Sao Paulo, 108 m. W. by 
 N. Rio de Janeiro ; deposits of copper and coal. P. 8000. 
 
 Sllvelra Martins, agricultural colony, Brazil, state of Rio 
 Grande do Sul, 190 m. W. Porto Alegre. P. < 5000, a large 
 majority of whom are Italians and Brazilians. 
 
 Silver, settlement, U.S., Montana, Lewis and Clarke co. , 50 
 m. NNE. Butte City. 
 
 Silver, city, U.S., New Mexico, Grant co., no m. NNE. 
 from the SW. corner of the terr. ; has silver-mines. Alt. 5771 ft. 
 (R.R.); signal station, 5796 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). P. <3000. 
 
 Silverado, vil., U.S., California, Los Angeles co. , 25 m. SE. 
 Santa Ana ; has silver, gold, and tin mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Silver Bank, large shoal studded with many reefs, to the N. 
 of the republic of Santo Domingo, W. Indies, in about 20° 10'- 
 21° N. , 69^°-70° W. 
 
 Sllverbanks, tn. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, part of Cambuslang. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Sllverbow, co., U.S., Montana, crossed by 46 N. and 
 113° W. 
 
 Silver Bridge, P.O., Ire., SE. co. Armagh, bar. Upper 
 Orior, 9 m. SW. Newry, 5 m. from Culloville stn. 
 
 SUverbrook, electoral div. , Ire. , King's co. , dist. TuUamore. 
 
 Sllverburn, vil.. Isle of Man, 3J m. N. Castletown, i^ m. 
 NW. Ballasalla stn. 
 
 Silver City, vil., U.S., Idaho, cap. Owyhee co., 50 m. SW. 
 by S. Boise, in the centre of gold and silver mines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Silver City, tn., U.S., Nevada, Lyon co. , 10 m. NE. Carson 
 City ; has gold and silver mines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Silver City, vil., U.S., Utah, Juab co. ; has gold, silver, and 
 copf)er mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Silver CUir, vil., U.S., Colorado, Custer co. , 115 m. S. by 
 W. Denver ; has rich silver-mines. P. < 5000. 
 
 Silver Creek, vil., U.S., New York, Chautauqua co., 28 m. 
 SW. by S. Buffalo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sllverdale, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div. , 9 m. 
 N. by W. Lancaster, on the Furness Rly., PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Sllverdale, eccles. par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, in ancient pars, 
 of Keele, Trentham, and Wolstanton, on the N. Staffordshire 
 Rly.; coal is mined in the dist. PMT.O. P. 6100. 
 
 Silver How, hill, Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 16 m. 
 S. by W. Keswick. Height, 1602 ft. 
 
 Silver Lake, vil., U.S., Indiana, Kosciusko co. , 100 m. SE. 
 by E. Chicago (111.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sllverley, vil., Eng., co. Cambridge, div. and 4I m. SE. by 
 E. Newmarket. See AsMey wltk Sllverley. 
 
 Sllvermlne Mountains, range of mts. , Ire. , in the W. of 
 CO. Tipperary. 
 
 Sllvermlnes, P.O., Ire., NW. co. Tipperary, bar. Upper 
 Ormond, 5 m. S. by W. Nenagh stn. ; lead was formerly mined 
 here. 
 
 Silver Peak, mt., U.S., Nevada, Esmeralda co., 142 m. 
 SE. Carson City. Alt. of mines, 4257 ft. (Wheeler). 
 
 Silver Pits, a channel in the North Sea, in 54° N. , 2° E. , 
 30-50 fathoms deep, between the Dogger Bank on the N. and 
 the Well Bank on the S. ; so called on account of the great 
 abundance of fish (especially large soles) caught here after its 
 discovery in 1837. 
 
 Silver Plnme, silver-mining vil., U.S., Colorado, Clear 
 Creek co. , 38 m. W. Denver, at foot of Gray's Peak. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Silver Reef, silver-mining vil., U.S., Utah, Washington co., 
 20 m. N. St. George. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sllverstone, par. , Eng. , S. div. of Northamptonshire, 7 ra. 
 
 1447 
 
S I L V 
 
 SIMP 
 
 NNW. Buckingham, zh m. SE. Wappenham stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1500. See Will ttlebury. 
 
 Sllverstreani, P.O., Ire., co. and 3 m. from Monaghan. 
 
 Silver Street, stn. , Eng. , Middlesex. See Edmonton. 
 
 Sllverton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div. , 7 m. NNE. 
 Exeter, i m. NW. of its stn. on the G. W. R., with another 
 stn. (rp Exe and SUrerton) on the G. W. R., PMT.O. ; 
 472930. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Sllverton, tn. , New South Wales, Yancowinna co. , 135 m. 
 W. by S. Wilcannia, in a rich silver dist. ; has silver-mining. 
 Mean rfall. (Mount Gipps, 10 yrs. ), 8.9 in. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Sllverton, tn., U.S., Colorado, cap. San Juan co. , 93 m. 
 NE. by E. of the SW. corner of the state. At foot of Sultan 
 Peak, San Juan Mts. ; silver is mined and smelted here. Alt. 
 9202 ft. (R.R.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sllverton, vil., U.S., Oregon, Marion co. , 36 m. S. Portland. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Sllvertown, a suburb of London, Eng., Kent, Woolwich 
 bor. , on the 1. bk. of the Thames, to the S. of the Victoria 
 Docks, on the G. E. R. 
 
 SUves, tn. , Portugal, prov. Algarve (dist. Faro), 33 m. ENE. 
 Cape St. Vincent. P. 6900. 
 
 SUvl, comm. and small port, Italy, prov. and 22 m. ESE. 
 Teramo, near the Adriatic. P. <4ooo. 
 
 SUvlngton, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 13^ m. W. by 
 N. Kidderminster, 6 m. NW. by W. Cleobury Mortimer stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Sllvretta Mountains and Cilacler. See Alps, Subdivi- 
 sions, II. A. 3 {i). 
 
 Sllw&n, vil., Palestine, the Siloam of the N. T. , in 31° 46J' 
 N. , 35° 14' E. , about I m. SE. of Jerusalem, on the E. side of 
 the valley of Kidron ( Wadi-en-Nar). It contains the well called 
 En Rogel in the O. T. , Bethesda in the N. T. , now 'Aln Hmm 
 e«l DeraJ. The Pool of Siloam. (the Siloah of the O. T.), now 
 Blrket Sllw^n, is on the W. side of the valley of Kidron, oppo- 
 site the S. end of the village. 
 
 Sllz, vil., Austria, Tirol, 23 m. W. Innsbruck. P. < 2000. 
 
 Slnia, stn. , Ger. E. Africa, Uzagara, on the Mukondokwa, 
 123 m. W. by S. Bagamoyo. 
 
 Slnialn, Babl, Varkenselland, or Hog Island, isl. , Eastern 
 Archipelago, off the W. ct. of Sumatra, towards the N. 
 
 Simancas, tn. , Spain, prov. and 6 m. SW. Valladolid, on the 
 Pisuerga. The national archives (Leon and Castille) have been 
 preserved in the old castle here since 1563. 
 
 Slnitlnd, comm., Hungary, co. Arad, dist. Kis-Jeno. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Simav, tn. , Asia Minor, to the S. of Lake Simav, 73 m. S. 
 Brussa. The lake is drained W. by the Simav-su, the main 
 headwater of the Susurlu-Chai. Alt. (tn.) 2550 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Slmaxls, vil., Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, on the Tirso, 44 m. 
 N. by E. Iglesias, 6 m. ENE. Oristano. 
 
 Slniba, vil. , Ger. E. Afi-ica, in 10° 35' S. , 39° 9' E. , with salt- 
 pans. P. < 2000. 
 
 Slmtmch, or Slnibach am Inn, vil., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, 
 govt. Lower Bavaria, on the 1. bk. of the Inn, opposite Braunau 
 (Salzburg), 29 m. SW. Passau ; has railway workshops. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Slmbam Wenl, tn. , Ger. E. Africa, Ukami, 102 m. W. Dar- 
 es-Salaam. P. 5000. 
 
 Simbirsk, prov. of SE. Russia, on r. bk. of middle Volga ; 
 has Kazan on N., Samara on E. , Saratov on S., and Penza and 
 Nizhniy Novgorod on W. Surface a plateau, sloping N. and S. , 
 very much cut by ravines, and of hilly aspect along the Volga 
 (Gorodishchenskiye, Undorskiye, Kremenskiye, Zhegulovy, and 
 Samara Hills, the latter compelling the Volga to make its great 
 Samara bend) ; low in NW. (Za-Suriye). Carboniferous deposits 
 in S. , containing asphalt; Jurassic, Triassic, and Cretaceous fur- 
 ther N. ; boulder-clay all over. Volga flows along E. border, re- 
 ceiving the Syzran in S. ; the Sviyaga flows parallel to Volga, but 
 in the opposite direction, as well as the Sura. Climate extreme, 
 the yearly average temp, being 38.5° at Simbirsk. Popula- 
 tion Great Russians (60 per cent.), Mordves (13 per cent.), 
 Chuvashes (9 per cent.), and Tatars (8 per cent.). Agriculture 
 prosperous ; grain exported, as also linseed, hemp-seed, and 
 kitchen garden produce. Apiculture much spread among 
 Mordves ; extensive timber trade, shipbuilding, and fabrication 
 of all sorts of wooden goods ; various domestic trades in the 
 villages ; active shipping on Volga and Sura. Divided into 
 eight dists.: Simbirsk, Alatyr, Ardatov, Buinsk, Karsun, Kur- 
 mysh, Sengilei, and Syzraii. Alatyr, Syzran, Batraki, Berezniki, 
 and Promzino Gorodishche are important river-ports. Area, 
 19,110 sq. m. P. (1891) 1,655,500. 
 
 Simbirsk, cap. of above govt., 576 m. ESE. Moscow, be- 
 tween the Volga and the Sviaga, which here closely approach 
 each other. Its central part (Vyenets), containing the cathedral, 
 a public garden, a library, and the best houses, stands on a 
 high hill, while the storehouses, many shops, and the poorer 
 suburbs are on the banks of both rivers. Brisk trade, and con- 
 siderable fair. Alt. 476 ft. Mean temp., yr. 38.3° F., Feb. 
 8.6°, July 68.6°. P, (1867) 24,600; (1891) 39.125- 
 1448 
 
 Slnicoe, CO., Canada, Ontario, between Georgian Bay and 
 Lake Simcoe. 
 
 Slmcoe, tn. , Canada, Ontario, Norfolk co. , 39 m. SW. 
 Hamilton(cap.), on a railway. Alt. 700ft. Meantemp. (15 yrs.), 
 yr. 45.6° F. , Jan. 21.1°, July 70.2°. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Slmcoe Lake, Canada, Ontario, between Simcoe and Ontario 
 cos. , drained by the riv. Severn into Georgian Bay. Alt. 704 ft. 
 
 Slmeto, the ancient Adranus, riv., Sicily, in the E. , rises in 
 the NE. of the island, in the Monti Nebrodici, and flows S. along 
 the base of Mount Etna, then ESE. into the middle of the Gulf 
 of Catania. Length, 72 m. ; area of basin, 1695 sq. m. ; mean 
 discharge, 3180 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Simla, Es. See Es Stmla. 
 
 Simltl, vil., Colombia, Bolivar, 175 m. NE. Medellin. P. < 
 20C0. 
 
 Slmln, riv., equatorial Africa, S. trib. of the Victoria Nyanza, 
 flows into the Gulf of Speke, in the S. Length about 150 m. 
 
 Simla, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, cap. Simla dist. , 54 m. 
 NNE. Ambala, occupies a ridge of the Himalayas S. of the 
 Sutlej ; has long been the seat of the supreme government of India 
 during the hot season. Improved water supply and extended 
 drainage systems are in progress. Exports opium, fruits, and 
 shawl-wool. Alt. 7048 ft. Mean temp., yr. 55.0° F. , June-Sept. 
 51.3°, July-Aug. 37.4°; rfall., yr. 70.1 in., June-Sept. 51.3 in., 
 July-Aug. 37.4 in. P. (with Kasumti) 13,800; Hindus, 8500; 
 Moham. 3500. 
 
 Simla Hill States, collection of twenty- three native states, 
 India, Punjab, surrounding the sanitarium of Simla. 
 
 Slmm, Cape, or Kas Tegrlwelt, cape, W. ct. Morocco, 10 
 m. SW. Mogador, in 31° 26' N. 
 
 Slninia, riv. , Ire. , in the S. of co. Down, flows E. into Dun- 
 drum Bay. 
 
 Slmmenthal, dist., Switzd. , cant. Bern, along the valley of 
 the Simme ; the mineral springs of Weissenburg and Lenk 
 attract many invalids annually. 
 
 Simmering, tn.. Lower Austria, circle Unter Wlenerwald, 2 
 m. SE. Vienna, of which it is a suburb ; manufactures electrical 
 cables, sugar, wax candles, and chemicals, and has railway 
 workshops. P. 19,600. 
 
 Slmmeru, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., 17 m. W. Bingen, cap. 
 circle Simmern. Alt. 1080 ft. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Slmoea, vil., Argentine Republic, prov. and 30 m. SSW. 
 Tucuman. P. < 2000. 
 
 Slmojovel, comm. , Mexico, Chiapas, 15 m. N. by E. San 
 Cristobal. P. <4000. 
 
 Slmoubnrn, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 7 m. 
 NW. by N. Hexham, on Crook Burn, 2 m. S. Wark stn. ; 
 has coal-mining. P.O. 930930. P. <5oo. 
 
 Slmonds, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, Carleton co., 
 on the riv. St. John, 50 m. NW. Fredericton. 
 
 Simon Lake, lake, Canada, Quebec, 45 m. W. Quebec, 
 drained by the riv. Ste. Anne into the riv. St. Lawrence. 
 
 Simon Fell, mt. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, between 
 Ingle borough and Park Fell, 5 m. NE. Ingleton. Alt. 2088 ft. 
 
 Slmonsbath, vil., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., on the 
 Barle, 20 m. NW. by N. Tiverton, P.O. 
 
 Simon Seat, hill, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 17 m. WSW. Ripon. Height, 1592 ft. 
 
 Slmonslde Hills, range of hills, Eng., Northumberland, in 
 the NE. of the Hexham div., 14 m. NW. by N. Morjjeth. 
 Height, 1210 ft. 
 
 Slmonstoue, par., Eng., Lancashire, Clitheroe div., 4 m. 
 W. by N. Burnley, on the L. & Y. R. P. <5oo. 
 
 Simons Town, tn. , Caf>e Colony, cap. of dist. Simons Town, 
 20 m. S. Cape Town; naval station. Annual rfall. (to yrs.), 
 28.27 in. P. < 4000. 
 
 Slmonswood, par., Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., 6^ m. 
 NW. by W. St. Helens, i| m. NE. Kirkby stn. P. <500. 
 
 Slmontornya, comm., Hungary, co. Tolna, dist. Simon- 
 tornya. P. <400o. 
 
 Simon Weir, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Parts of Holland div., 
 in Boston union. P. 18. 
 
 Slmopoulon, tn., Greece, Peloponesia, prov. Achaia and 
 Elis, 29 m. SSE. Patras. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Slmpa, tn. and fort, W. Africa. See Winnebali. 
 
 Slmpang, tn., E. Indies, W. ct. of Borneo, 16 m. NE. 
 Sukadana, 83 m. SE. Pontianak, in 1° o' S. , 110° 17' E. P. 
 3000. The principality of Simpang is between Kubu on the 
 W. , Melian on the N. , Sukadana on the S. , and SintAng on the 
 E. ; iron and tin mined. Area, 3860 sq. m. Estimated P. 
 16,000 ; 4000 Malayans and Bughis, and 12,000 Dayaks. 
 
 Slmpeln, pass, Switzd. See Slmplon. 
 
 Slmpelweld, vil. , Holland, prov. Limburg, 6 m. NW. Aix- 
 la-Chapelle. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Slmpberopol, tn. , S. Russia, cap. of govt. Xaurida, in SW. 
 part of Crimea, 900 m. by rail from Moscow, on the N. spurs 
 of the Chatyr-dagh Mt., and on the often drying up stream 
 Salghir. Mean rfall. (23 yrs.), 16.5 in. P. (1866) 16,550; 
 (1891) 42.320. 
 
 Slmplon, French; Slmpeln, German, vil., Switzd., cant. 
 
S I M P — S I N G 
 
 Valais, 8| m. SSE. Brieg ; it gives name to a noted pass, across 
 which a road was constructed under the orders of Napoleon I. 
 This road, extending from Glys (Valais) to Domodossola, a 
 distance of nearly 38 m. , is 6592 ft. above the sea, and from 
 25 to 30 ft. in width. It is carried through several extensive 
 tunnels, passes over 611 bridges, is furnished with 20 station- 
 houses for travellers, and was completed between 1800 and 
 1806. It was greatly injured by storms in 1834, 1839, and 1849, 
 and is now nearly impassable on the Sardinian side. During 
 the French Empire, under Napoleon, the Simplon gave name 
 to a dep. now forming the cant, of Valais. Near its highest 
 point (6640 ft. ) is an hospice, founded by Napoleon, conducted 
 since 1825 by the monks of St. Bernard. In 1799 Simplon was 
 the scene of several sanguinary battles. In 1891 plans were 
 finally agreed upon for boring a tunnel through the mountains 
 underneath the pass, planned to be 12J m. long, and to cost 
 _i^3, 250,000. Alt. (vil.) 4850 ft. ; pass, 6595 ft. ; hospice, 6565 
 ft. P. (vil.) <: 2000. See Alps, Passes AND Railways, III. (4). 
 
 Slmprlni, former par., Scot., Berwickshire, now included 
 in that of Swinton. 
 
 Simpson, par., Eng. , Buckinghamshire, on the Ousel, div. 
 and 11^ m. E. Buckingham, 5 m. E. Newport Pagnell, 2 m. 
 NE. by N. Bletchley stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Simpson, or Apamama, isls., Pacific, Gilbert group, in 
 about 0^° N. , 174° E. 
 
 Simpson, CO., U.S., Kentucky, S. frontier, W. of 86° W. 
 
 Simpson, CO., U.S., Mississippi, crossed in the N. by 32° N., 
 and in the W. by 90° W. 
 
 Simpsoit Coral Islands, another name of the Palowl Is., 
 German New Guinea. 
 
 Simpson's Pass, Canada, Brit. Columbia, across the Rocky 
 Mts. , in about 51° N. 
 
 Slmrikon, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, Champaran dist. , and 
 partly in Nepal ; has a fort, with an outer wall 14 m. in circuit. 
 
 Slmrlsliamn, or Clmbrlshamn, tn., Sweden, prov. and 35 
 m. S. by E. Christianstad, on the S. ct. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Sims, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Morton co. , 32 m. W. 
 Bismarck. 
 
 Slmsbnry, tn., U.S., Connecticut, on Farmington R. , co. 
 and 15 m. by rail NW. Hartford. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Slmskly, iron-works, Russia, govt, and 78 m. ENE. Ufa, on 
 Sim R. , trib. of Byelaya. P. 5000. 
 
 Slmtana, vil. , Sweden, prov. Vestmanland, 16 m. NE. Vester&s. 
 P. (comm.)<30oo. 
 
 Sin, tn. , China, prov. Shansi, 220 m. WSW. Peking. 
 
 Slnal, mt. of Arabia Petraea, famous in Scripture, and gene- 
 rally identified with the Jebel-Musa, or ' Mount of Moses' (alt. 8535 
 ft. ), one of a cluster of mountains of which Mount Horeb forms a 
 part of the N. end, these being two f)eaks of a mountain (in 28° 
 30' N. , 33° 45' E. ) now known as Mount Catherine. Others 
 contend for Mount Serbal (6725 ft.), a mountain to the NW. 
 from Mount Catherine, as the true Mount Sinai of Scripture. 
 On the NE. side of Mount Catherine, at an alt. of 5000 ft. , is the 
 fortified monastery of St. Catherine, founded by the Emperor 
 Justinian in 527, and from this point the mountain is ascended 
 by a rude staircase of 3000 steps, known as ' the Pilgrims' Stairs. ' 
 The Peninsula of Slnal, between the Gulfs of Suez and 
 Akabah, the scene of the Israelite wanderings in the desert, is 
 about 140 m. in length N. to S. , and as much in breadth at its 
 N. extremity, whence it gradually tapers southward to its S. 
 extremity, Ras Mohammed, in the Red Sea, in 27° 43' N., 
 34° 18' E. Surface generally mountainous and rocky ; in 
 different localities of it are hieroglyphic and other ancient in- 
 scriptions. Politically it now belongs to Egypt. 
 
 Slna'ia, tn. , Roumania, Walachia, dep. and on riv. Prahova, 
 37 m. NW. Ployeshti ; hydropathic establishment. Has the 
 country seat of the King of Roumania, and is a summer 
 residence of the Roumanian aristocracy. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Slnaloa, or Clnaloa, one of the states of Mexico, along the 
 SE. ct. of the Gulf of California ; important mines of silver 
 and gold, exported by Culiacan-Mazatlan, the most imf)ortant 
 W. port of Mexico, in connection with San Francisco. 
 
 Slnaloa, tn. , Mexico, Sinaloa, 216 m. SW. by S. Chihuahua. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Slitalunga, comm., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Siena, 18 m. SSW. 
 .■\rezzo ; has glass (including plate-glass) works. P. 9000. 
 
 Sluano, prov., Japan. See Sliinano. 
 
 Slnano-gawa, riv. , Japan. See Slilnano-gaiva. 
 
 Slnann, oasis, TripoU, no m. NE. by E. Ghadames. 
 
 Slnay, comm. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. St. Nicolas. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Slubelawln, tn. , Egypt, 19 m. N. by W. Zagazig. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Slnbongweli, tn. , Upper Burma, on 1. bk. of the Irawadi, 
 64 m. N. by W. Prome. P. 10,300 ; Buddhists, 9600. 
 
 Slncelejo, tn. , Colombia, dep. Bolivar, 78 m. SSE. Carta- 
 gena ; manufactures sugar. P. (dist. ) 9000. 
 
 Slnclieng, tn., Manchuria. See Petuna. 
 
 Slnchlang, prov., China See Sluklang. 
 
 Sinrlalr, vil., U.S., New York, Chautauqua co., 46 m. 
 SSW. Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sinclair's Bay, bay 5 m. wide, Scot. , Caithness, on the E. ct. 
 
 Slnclalrtown, stn., Scot., Fife, i m. NNE. Kirkcaldy, on 
 the N. B. R. 
 
 Sliul, or Scliule, prov. of the Presidency of Bombay, Brit. 
 India, forming a separate commissionership, situated to the N. 
 of the Arabian Gulf and the Rann of Cutch, mainly composed 
 of an alluvial plain, every part of which appears to have been 
 traversed at one time by the Indus or its 'oranches. The eastern 
 part of it is now mainly desert, but vestiges of ancient towns 
 here testify to the former presence of fertilising water. Almost 
 the only exception to the generally level character of the surface 
 is in the wild and rocky tract of Kohistan, between the easterly 
 curve of the Indus and the Pab Hills and Kirthar Mts. , which 
 separate Sind from Baluchistan, the terr. belonging to the 
 nearly rainless region of India [Jacob&bM, Haldar&bM, 
 Karilclil]. Cultivation in the plains mainly depends on irriga- 
 tion from rivers, and that mode of irrigation being favourable to 
 ' wet ' crops, rice is grown more largely than millets of all kinds 
 in some parts of the prov. The domestic and other animals are 
 even more characteristic of the prov. than the agriculture. 
 Immense herds of camels are reared on the salt marshes of the 
 Indus. On the swamps of the delta graze herds of buffaloes, 
 from whose milk ghi (clarified butter) is made in such quantity 
 as to form one of the exports of the prov. Here also are to be 
 seen great numbers of long-legged birds, such as flamingoes, 
 storks, cranes, and the Egyptian ibis, besides pelicans. The 
 chief seaport and the headquarters of the administration is 
 Karachi. Haidardbdd, the old cap. of Sind, and now the second 
 town in population, lying to the E. of the Indus, stands on one 
 of the few insignificant limestone ridges that traverse the Indus 
 valley. A second forms the basis of the towns of Rohri and 
 Sukkur, and the island fort of Bukkur, in the Indus, between 
 these towns, situated where the railway from the Punjab has 
 since 1889 been carried across the Indus. The British terr. 
 surrounds on three sides the native state of Khairpur, which is 
 attached to the commissionership. The language of the prov. 
 is a special Aryan dialect. The prov. , previously tributary to 
 Afghanistan, was annexed by the British in 1843 ^fter the victory 
 of Sir Charles Napier at Miani (Feb. 17th). See Bombay, 
 table. 
 
 Sind, r. bk. trib. of Jehlam, in valley of Kashmir {q.'o.). 
 
 Slndata, in Marco Polo. See €liengtn-fn. 
 
 Slndang-Ijaya, sanitary station, E. Indies, Java, 40 m. SSE. 
 Batavia, 9^ m. SE. Buitenzorg, on the N. slope of the volcano 
 Gede. 
 
 Sludelflugen, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Neckar, 9 
 m. SW. by W. Stuttgart. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sinder, vil. , western Sudan. See Ciarn and Slnder. 
 
 Slnderby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 6\ m. NNE. Ripon, on NE. R., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Slnderliope, P.O., Eng., Northumberland, 2^ m. SE. Allen- 
 dale. 
 
 Slnderland Brook, small riv. , Eng. , in the NE. of Cheshire, 
 flows W. and joins the riv. Mersey on the 1. bk. at Hollinfare. 
 
 Slndhla's (or Sclndla's) Dominions, name given to the 
 Indian principahty of Gwalior, after the founder of the reigning 
 dynasty. 
 
 Slndl, tn. and rly. stn. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , Wardha 
 dist. , 31 m. SW. Nagpur. P. 5500 ; Hindus, 4600. 
 
 Slndlesliam, P.O., Eng., Berks, 2| m. NW. Wokingham. 
 
 SlndM'a, vil., Central India, 85 m. SW. by S. Indore, on 
 the Sindwa ; is a strong fort, and the town inside the walls has 
 a mud fort. 
 
 Slnelrl, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Bushmills (co. Antrim). 
 
 Slnenlioa, tn., China, prov. Pechili, 92 m. NW. by W. 
 Peking. 
 
 Sines, tn. and fishing port, Portugal, dist. and 55 m. SSE. 
 Lisbon ; anchorage is open to the SW.; vessels load and dis- 
 charge by I ton boats. Birthplace of Vasco de Gama. P. <40oo. 
 
 Slneu, tn., Spain, Balearic Is., Majorca, 20 m. ENE. Palma. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Slnfftes, tn., Portugal, dist. Vizeu. P. < 4000. 
 
 Slnlin and Arleston, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 3J 
 m. S. by W. Derby, 2 m. SW. Pear Tree and Normanton stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Slnfin Moor, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Shardlow union, 3 m. 
 SE. Derby. P. <:25o. 
 
 Slnga, mt. pass, India, Punjab, Bashahr state, in 31° 15' N., 
 78° 29' E. , open from May until the middle of August. Alt. 
 between i6,oco and 17,000 ft. 
 
 Slnga, vil., W. Africa, French Congo Terr., on the r. bk. of 
 the Congo, in 4° 52' S. and 14° 53' E. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Slngahl Bhadeora, tn. , Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Kheri. P. 
 5200 ; Hindus, 3600 ; Moham. 1500. 
 
 Slng-alang, mt. , Sumatra, 50 m. N. Padang. 
 
 Slng^nalltir, vil., Brit. India, Madras, Coimbatore dist., 
 with a stn. on the SW. line of the Madras Rly. P. (1881) 7800. 
 
 Slugan-fu (Slan-, Hslan-, or Hslngan-fn), the Chan-gan of 
 Marco Polo, probably the Thinai of Ptolemy, large tn. , China, 
 cap. prov. Shensi, situated int he midst of a vast wheatfield to 
 
 1449 
 
S I N G — SI N K 
 
 the SW. of the confluence of the rivs. Wei-ho and King-ho, 
 and at the convergence of trade-routes in all directions, marked 
 out once for all by nature. The valley of the Wei forms the E. 
 and W. route, continued eastwards through the gate of Tung- 
 kwan to the Hwang-ho valley, with an important branch 
 diverging NE. from this latter point by the valley of the Fen-ho 
 (Fon-ho) through the heart of Shansi. A little' to the SE. the 
 Tsinling Pass (4100 ft. ) forms the sole means of communication 
 with the productive regions of the SE. (by the Tan-ho and Han- 
 kiang valleys). Finally, the valley of the King-ho is the prin- 
 cipal route to tiie NW. and central Asia. It was founded in 
 the i2th century B.C., and was for 2000 years (1122 B.C. to 1127 
 A.D.) the cap. of eastern China. It still remains necessarily an 
 important centre of trade, and has a prosperous appearance, 
 with clean straight streets, some of them broad, and fine shops. 
 It is 8-10 m. in circuit, but includes within its lofty walls con- 
 siderable tracts of cultivated fields. It now has a large arsenal, 
 where cannons and rifles are manufactured ; also a rich archaeo- 
 logical museum. The environs are the richest in China in all 
 sorts of antiquities. Here is the celebrated bi-lingual inscription 
 of the 8th century, in Chinese and Syrian. Alt. 1000 ft. 
 (Michaelis) ; 1513 ft. (Richthofen) ; 1700 ft. (Col. Bell) ; 1800 
 ft. (Rockhill, Land of the Lamas, p. 25). P. about 500,000 
 (Michaelis); 1,000,000 [Bevolkerung der Erde, No. ix. ). See 
 Richthofen's China, vol. ii., pp. 681-82, and pp. 541, &c.; Proc. 
 R. G. S., 1890, pp. 61-63. 
 
 Sl-ngan-klang, riv. , China, enters Chekiang from Ngan- 
 hwei, then flows E. to the Tsientang-kiang, which it joins at 
 Yan-chou (85 m. SW. Hangchow) ; navigable for the greater 
 part of its course. 
 
 Singapore {Singapura, ' City of the Lion '), one of the Straits 
 Settlements belonging to Great Britain, in SE. Asia, consisting 
 of an island off the S. extremity of the Malay Penin. , separated 
 from the mainland by the Old Strait, in one part only ^ m. 
 across, and having on its S. side a town of same name, and 
 having Singapore Strait to the S. , in 1° 17' o" N. , 103° 50' 47" 
 E. Length of island, 27 m.; breadth, 11 m. ; area, 224 sq. m. 
 Surface generally low, undulating, and densely wooded ; a 
 chain of hills traverses the island W. to E. , highest point 560 
 ft. Soil mostly clay, resting on sandstone and granite ; not 
 particularly fertile, the luxuriant vegetation of the island being 
 due to its hot damp climate ; climate healthy. Iron is mined, 
 and there are small deposits of tin and steatite. Chief products, 
 coco-nut oil, gambler, pears, tapioca, indigo, cacao, and aloes, 
 and a great variety of fruits. Around the town of Singapore 
 nutmegs and vegetables are cultivated. The flora and fauna are 
 the same as in the Malay Penin. The island is chiefly valuable 
 as a depot for the British and Indian trade with the islands 
 of the eastern seas ; trade is also carried on with the Dutch 
 East Indies, United States, Siam, France, China, &c. The 
 annual value of the trade has increased from ;^2,ooo,ooo in 
 1823 to ;^40,ooo,ooo in 1891, the imports exceeding the ex- 
 ports by about ^^5, 000, 000. The principal imports are cotton, 
 textiles, rice, tin, opium, gambler, pepper, coal, fish, gutta- 
 p)ercha, copra, skins, tobacco, spices, coffee, sugar, silk, and 
 rattans. The exports are pretty nearly the same things. Manu- 
 facturing industry is limited to the preparation of tapioca, 
 sago, gambler, white pepper, the making of tools, implements, 
 vehicles, and furniture, with shipbuilding. There are, however, 
 important machine shops and engineering works connected with 
 the docks. The island is administered by a governor, who is 
 also governor-general of the Straits Settlements ; he is assisted 
 by a local council. Singapore was purchased from the Sultan 
 of Johore (Malay Penin.), and settled by the English in 1819. 
 Since then it has rapidly risen into importance. The cap. town 
 on the SE. ct. , the most S. point of Asia, in 1° yy 22 N. , is 
 on a small river in an open bay, with an anchorage 2 m. from 
 the shore; is regularly laid out, well built, and divided into 
 Malay, Chinese, Kling, Malabar, and European quarters. 
 Excepting in the Chinese and Malay quarters the streets are 
 wide, and have fine houses surrounded with verdure. The 
 public institutions include the Raffles museum, the botanical 
 gardens, the Protestant and Roman Catholic cathedrals, the 
 Straits branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Singapore is the 
 residence of the Roman Catholic archbishop of the penin. 
 The chief residence of the Europeans is on a series of almost 
 parallel ridges and hillocks, 50 to 120 ft. high, behind the native 
 tovm. Two hills overlook the city on the N. , the nearest having 
 ' Fort Canning' at its summit, while the other, further NE., has 
 the fine palace and gardens of the governor-general of the 
 colony. It has two ports, the New and the Old, the former 
 being a channel between the island of Singapore and the islands 
 Blakan-Mati and Pulo Brani to the S. The old port is a creek 
 opposite the E. part of the town; its situation on the direct 
 route from Europe to the E. of Asia, and its being the only port 
 on that route, make it a coaling station and centre of transit 
 trade. It has convenient quays, available for the largest vessels. 
 The harbour is defended by several forts armed with armour- 
 piercing and medium guns, and by a system of submarine 
 mines. Shortest sea-route to Liverpool, 12,000 m. Mean 
 1450 
 
 temp. (Singapore, 15 yrs.), yr. 82° F., Jan. 80.1°, July 81.6°; at 
 Raffles lighthouse, in 1° 9' N., 103° 44' E. (2 yrs., 1866-1867), 
 yr. 80° F. , the daily range being from 73.3° to 86.7°, Feb. 
 78.7°, July 80.4°; mean annual rfall. (18 yrs.), 92.9 in. But 
 in spite of the great heat, the proximity to the sea and fre- 
 quent breezes keep the city very healthy. P. (1891) 186,600, 
 of whom 122,000 were Chinese, 36,000 Malays, 16,000 natives 
 of India, and only 1200 Europeans ; four-fifths of the total are 
 males. See Straits Settlenieuts. 
 
 Slngareul, tn. , India, Haidarabad, 108 m. NW. by N. 
 Masulipatam ; important coal-mines ; connected by a branch 
 line with the railway from Bombay to Madras. P. < 5000. 
 
 Slngay, or Sagay, tn. , Philippine Is. , on S. ct. of Mindanao. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Slngeii, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle Constance, dist. 
 and 6 m. WNW. Radolfzell, on the Aach. Near it is the former 
 mountain fortress of Hohentwiel {g'-v.). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Slnggora, Siugora, Songklira, or Songkla, tn., E. ct. of 
 the Siamese portion of the Malay Penin. , in about 7° 10' N. , at 
 the point where a large lake communicates with the sea. Rail- 
 way projected thence to a tin-producing dist. in S. of Kedah. 
 Cap. principahty of Singgora. 
 
 Slngliilna, tn., India, Rajputana, 92 m. WSW. Delhi. P. 
 (1880) 5300. 
 
 Slnglinra Bnznrg, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Muzaffarpur, 
 on the Gundak, 40 m. N. by E. Patna. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Slng-ho, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, 40 m. E. by S. Peking. 
 
 Slngknraii, lake, E. Indies, Sumatra, prov. Padang, 18^ m. 
 SSE. Fort de Kock, at foot of S. slope of Merapi volcano. 
 Alt. 1188 ft.; length, 13 m.; breadth, 2-5 m. ; area, 43 sq. m. 
 
 Slngkel, tn. , W. ct. Sumatra, in about 2° 20' N. , on an island 
 enclosed by the two mouths of the small riv. Slngkel. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Slngkep, isl. , Eastern Archipelago, off the E. ct. of Sumatra, 
 to the S. of the equator. 
 
 Singleton, par. , Eng. , Sussex, on the Lavant, div. and 5 m. 
 N. by E. Chichester, on the L. B. & S. C. R.; contains the 
 Goodwood racecourse. PMT.O. 4063 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Singleton, tn.. New South Wales, Northumberland co. , 35 
 m. NW. by W. Newcastle, in an agricultural and wine-growing 
 dist. ; bituminous coal is worked in the vicinity, and copper also 
 occurs. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Singleton and Singleton Great, par. and eccles. par., 
 Eng., Lancashire, the latter div. and 5 m. ENE. Blackpool, 
 with a stn. (Singleton) on the L. & Y. & L. & NW. Joint 
 Rly., P.O. P. (of each) < 500. 
 
 Slnglewell, P.O., Eng., Kent, 2 m. S. Gravesend. 
 
 Singora, tn. , Siam. See Singgora. 
 
 Slngpho Hills, tract of country, India, bordering on the E. 
 frontier of Assam, occupied by the Singpho tribe, who carry 
 on agriculture, iron smelting, and weaving cotton into plaid 
 checks. 
 
 Sing Sing, vil., U.S., New York, W. Chester co., 33 m. N. 
 by E. New York, on the 1. bk. of the Hudson R. ; situated on 
 rising ground, and affording a fine view of the surrounding 
 country. Seat of a New York state prison. P. (1880) 6600; 
 (1890) 9400. 
 
 Slngn, vil.. Upper Burma, on the 1. bk. of the Irawadi, 37 
 m. N. by W. Mandalay. 
 
 Slngn, vil.. Upper Burma, on the 1. bk. of the Irawadi, 16 m. 
 S. by W. Pagan. 
 
 Slngnrelgnl, vil., Portuguese S. Africa, Gaza-land, on the 
 r. bk. of the Sabi, about no m. SW. Sofala, in about 21° 23' S., 
 33° 30' E. 
 
 Slnlial, lake, Manchuria. See Hangka. 
 
 Slnligarh, hill-fort, Brit. India, Bombay, Poona dist. , in 18° 
 22' N., 73° 48' E. ; is a health resort of the European residents 
 of Poona. Alt. 4322 ft. , and 2300 ft. above the plain. 
 
 Slnb'wei-hslen, tn., China, Kwangtung. Same as Sanvrnl. 
 
 Slnlgaglla, tn. , Italy. See Senlgallla. 
 
 Slnlloan, comm., Philippine Is., Luzon I., prov. La Laguna, 
 37 m. WSW. Manila. P. 5400. 
 
 Slnlng-fn, Slnnlng-fti, or Hslnlng-fta, called by the Tibetans 
 Zlling, or Jlllng (? Zhiling), by the Mongols Sellng-khoto, 
 tn., China, western Kansu, on the Si-ho (Hsi-ho), a 1. bk. trib. 
 of Hwang-ho, N. of the Nan-shan Range, about 35 m. E. Lake 
 Kuku-Nor, in about 36° 45' N., 114° 15' E., in a fertile and 
 populous dist.; centre of a caravan trade with Lhassa. Alt. 
 7500 ft. (Przhevalsky) ; 7608 ft. (Rockhill). P. 60,000. 
 
 Slnlscola, comm. and port, Sardinia, prov. and 60 m. E. by 
 S. Sassari ; sahne spring. P. <:2coo. 
 
 SlnJ, tn. , Austria, crownland Dalmatia, 17 m. NE. Spalato ; 
 scene of the victory of the Dalmatians over the Turks, 1815. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 SInJes, Berber tribe, Algeria. See Senjes. 
 
 Slnjo ('half-caste'), term employed by the Malays to desig- 
 nate the issue of Europeans and Malay, Dayak, and Ja\'anese 
 women. 
 
 SInklang, Slnclilang, Slntslang, or Slntslen, Chinese 
 frontier prov., formed to include Eastern Turkistan, Outer 
 
SINK 
 
 S I R H 
 
 Kansu, Hi, and Dzungaria. Area about 548,500 sq. m. P. 
 about 1,000,000. 
 
 Sinking Springs, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Berks co. , 5 m. 
 W. by S. Reading. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sinmlntun, tn. , Manchuria, prov. Liautung, 40 m. NW. by 
 W. Mukden. P. 30,000. 
 
 Siniia, tn. , Persia. See Senna. 
 
 Slnnaliard, PM.O. , Scot., Aberdeenshire, on riv. Don, 7 m. 
 W. Alford. 
 
 Sinnai, comm., Sardinia, prov. and 7 J m. NE. Cagliari. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 Slnnaniari, riv., French Guiana, flows NNE. and enters 
 the Atlantic in about 52° 50' W. Length about 180 m. 
 
 Sinnar, municip. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Nasik, 87 m. W. 
 Aurangabdd ; carries on weaving. P. 10,000 ; Hindus, 9400. 
 
 Sinni, riv., Italy, rises near the W. ct. , and flows E. into the 
 Gulf of Taranto, which it enters in 40° 8' N. Length, 63 m. ; 
 area of basin, 500 sq. m. ; highest discharge, 38,850 cubic ft. 
 per second. 
 
 Slnnlng-fn. See Slning-fu. 
 
 Sinnington, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the SW. 
 of the Whitby div. , on the Seven, 19 m. W. Scarborough, on 
 the NE. R., PM.O. P.<soo. 
 Sinob, Asia Minor. See Sliiope. 
 
 Sinodnu Hill, Eng., Berkshire, div. and 6 m. SE. by E. 
 Abingdon, 3 m. NW. Wallingford. 
 
 Sinope, or Slnob, seapt. tn. , possessing the only good natural 
 harbour on the N. ct. of Asia Minor, 185 m. NE. Angora. The 
 town is divided into two parts, the Turkish quarter, surrounded 
 by walls, and the Greek quarter, on the heights of the penin. 
 Has an arsenal, dockyard, and prison. Roads into the interior 
 were constructed in 1882-85. Sinope was a Milesian colony, and 
 in ancient times the centre of Greek trade on the Black Sea. 
 Birthplace of Diogenes the Cynic, and cap. of Mithridates the 
 Great, king of Pontus. P. 9000. 
 
 Sinopoll, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 17 m. NE. Reggio. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sins, vil., Switzd., cant. Aargau, 6 m. WNW. Zug. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Sinslielm, or Sliislielm an der Elsenz, tn. , Ger. , Baden, 
 circle and 13^ m. SE. by S. Heidelberg. P. <3ooo. 
 Sint, in Dutch names, ' saint.' 
 
 Siiitang, tn. , Dutch Borneo, on riv. Kapuas, 140 m. E. 
 Pontianak. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sint Jan Steeu, comm. , Holland, prov. S. Flanders, 14 m. 
 W. by N. Antwerp. P. < 3000. 
 
 Sint Micliielsgestel, vil. , Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 4J 
 m. SSE. Bois-le-Duc. P. (tomm. )<:4000. 
 
 Sint Oedenrode, comm., Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 11 
 m. SE. Bois-ie-Duc. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sint Pliilipsland, isl. , Netherlands, prov. Zeeland, between 
 isls. Overflakkee, Duiveland, and Tholen. Area, 9^ sq. m. P. 500. 
 Sintslang, or Siutsieii, prov. , China. See Sinkiang. 
 Sint Trnyden, comm. , Belgium. See St. Trond. 
 Sinn, or Zinu, riv., Colombia, mainly in Bolivar, though it 
 rises on a high plateau in the NW. of Antioquia, flows N., be- 
 tween Monteria (8° 45' N.) and Lorica (9° 15' N.), divides into 
 two arms enclosing avast marsh or lagoon, and finally enters 
 the Gulf of Darien, E. side, in 9° 38' N.; has deposits of coal 
 and gold in its valley. Length, 286 m. 
 
 Sinn, terr. , W. Africa, Liberia, with town (seat of an American 
 mission) of same name on the coast, in 9° W. , near mouth of 
 riv. Sinu. 
 
 Sinus Barbaricus, country, Africa. See Somali-land. 
 Sinyang, tn. , China, prov. Honan, 115 m. N. by W. Hankow. 
 Sinzlieini, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy, circle, and dist. Baden. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sinzig, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on riv. Ahr, circle Ahrweiler, 
 I m. from the 1. bk. of the Rhine, 15 m. SSE. Bonn ; manu- 
 factures of mosaics and pottery. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Sloii^ira, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 28 m. SE. 
 Bijnaur. P. (1881) 9000. 
 
 Slon, French ; in German Sltten, the ancient Sedunum, tn. , 
 Switzd., cant. Valais, 17 m. E. St. Maurice, to the N. of the 
 Rhone. The town, picturesquely situated in the valley of the 
 Rhone, and surrounded by ramparts, partly destroyed, contains 
 the ancient castle of Valeria, now made into a seminary, a 
 cathedral, bishop's palace, and ancient Jesuit college. Sion has 
 been frequently besieged and burnt — by Rudolf I., king of Bur- 
 gundy, the counts of Savoy, the Bernese, and the French in 
 1798. From 1810 to 1814 it was the cap. of the French dep. 
 Simplon. Alt. 1680-1740 ft. P. 5500. 
 Sion Mills, tn. , Ire. See Seeln. 
 
 Sionx, or Dakota^, a collection of various tribes of Indians, 
 U.S., who inhabit Nebraska, Wyoming, Dakota, &c. They 
 formerly occupied the country as far E. as the Mississippi, which 
 they ceded to the U.S. in 1851. In 1890 a tract of 11,000,000 
 ac, W. of the Missouri, in S. Dakota, forming part of the Sioux 
 Reservation, was purchased by the U.S. government and thrown 
 open to settlement. See Dakota. 
 
 Sionx, CO., U.S., Iowa, on W. frontier, crossed by 43° N. 
 Sioux, CO., U.S., Nebraska, in the extreme NW. 
 Sionx City, U.S., Iowa, Woodbury co. , just below the con- 
 fluence of the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivs. , 71 m. S. by E. of 
 NW. corner of state. N. and W. of the city proper rise low 
 bluffs, on which are suburban residences. Various manufactures. 
 Alt. 1122ft. (R.R.). P. (i87o)<40oo; (1880)7400; (1890)37,800. 
 Sionx Falls, city, U.S., S. Dakota, cap. Minnehaha co. , 57 
 m. NE. by N. Yankton. The river falls 90 ft. in \ m. here, 
 affording fine water-power. Seat of a Baptist university, founded 
 1883, a Norwegian college, and the state penitentiary and deaf 
 and dumb institutions. The town occupies the site of Fort 
 Dakota, 1865-67 ; in the neighbourhood are extensive granite 
 works. Alt. 1411 ft. and 1638 ft. (R.R.). P. (i88o)<300o; 
 (1890) 10,177. 
 
 Sionx Rapids, vil., U.S., Iowa, cap. Buena Vista co. , on 
 Little Sioux R. , 71 m. ENE. Sioux City. P. < 1500. 
 Sionx River, U.S., S. Dakota. See Big Sioux. 
 Sipan Dagh. See Snpkhan Dagli. 
 
 Siphnos, isl., Greece, one of the Cyclades, 62 m. S. of the 
 SE. point of Euboea. P. (1889, demos) 3851. 
 
 Sipitong, riv., Borneo, entering Brunei Bay on the SW. 
 frontier of Brit. N. Borneo. 
 
 iSipka (shipka), vil., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. and 
 24 m. NW. by N. Eski Saghra (Stara Zagora), 8 m. NW. by 
 N. Kezanlyk. Alt. 2080 ft. §ipka Pass, which leads across 
 the Balkans, immediately to the N. , connecting the valleys of 
 the Tundza (Tunja) and Jantra (Yantra), is 4370 ft. high. Scene 
 of severe fighting in the Russo-Turkish war of 1878. 
 
 Sipra, riv.. Central India, rises in Malwd, on N. side of 
 Vindhyan Range, flows NW. to the Chambal, in 23° 54' N., 
 75° 29' E. Length, 120 m. 
 
 Sipsey, riv., U.S., Alabama, rises in Marion co., flows S. to 
 the Tombigbee R. , 12 m. N. Gainesville, Sumpter co. Length, 
 140 m. 
 
 Sipson, PT.O., Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge div., 4J m. NE. 
 by N. Staines, 2 m. SSE. West Drayton stn. 
 
 Sipsongclintliai ('country of the twelve chus'), mt. dist., 
 W. Tongking, between the rivs. He-ho (Song-bo) and Songma ; 
 cap. Song-la. Area nearly 580 sq. m. 
 
 Sipsong Pana, a region, held to be the richest and most 
 fertile in the N. of Indo-China, between the rivs. Mekong and 
 Namu, extending from about 2i°-22° N. and ioi°-io2° 20' E. 
 (Proc. R. G. S., 1891, p. 709). 
 Siqnia, dist.. Central America, Nicaragua, cap. Rama. 
 Siqnijor, Isla de, isl., Philippine Is., Bohol group, N. end 
 in 123° 35' E., 9° 18' N. P. (comm.) 9200. 
 
 Siqnisiqne, vil. , Venezuela, Lara, 210 m. W. Cardcas. P. 
 
 •<2000. 
 
 Sira, tn. , India, Mysore, 72 m. NW. by N. Bangalore. 
 P. < 3500. 
 
 Siracnsa, Sicily. See Syracuse. 
 
 Siradan, vil., France, dep. Hautes-Pyr^n^es, arr. Bagneres- 
 de-Bigorre, 2J m. ENE. MauMon-Barousse ; thermal establish- 
 ment, with mineral waters. Alt. 1585 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Siraf, former city, Arabia. See Tahiti. 
 
 Siragnppa (Sirugnppa, census), tn. , Brit. India, Madras, 
 on r. bk. Tungabhadra, dist. and 38 m. N. Bellary. P. 5500 ; 
 Hindus, 3600. 
 
 Sirah, well, place named in O. T. See 'Aln S&rali. 
 
 Sir&JganJ, or SersljgunJ (census), tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, 
 dist. Pabna, on the 1. bk. of the Brahmaputra, 70 m. NW. 
 Dacca. Sirdjganj is the most important river-mart in the 
 prov. In 1848 the town was washed away by a flood, when 
 the traders retreated 5 m. backward. P. 23,300 ; Hindus, 
 10,700 ; Moham. 12,300. 
 
 Slrakot, ruined fort and temple, Brit. India, N W. Provs. , 
 Kumaun dist., 9 m. NW. the confluence of the Gori and E. 
 Kdli Rivs. , on a rocky ridge, with two sides 2000 ft. sheer. Alt. 
 6924 ft. 
 
 Sira-niuren, or Sliara-ninren ('yellow river'), riv., Man- 
 churia. See Liau-Iio. 
 
 Sirasgstoii, tn. , Brit. India, Berar, Ellichpur dist. P. 5800 ; 
 Hindus, 4800. 
 
 Sirauli, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 22 m. 
 WNW. Bareilly. P. 6400 ; Moham. 3400 ; Hindus, 3000. 
 
 Siranlt, vil. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 8 m. WNW. Mons. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Sirbon, Lake, the ancient Sirbonis, lagoon, Egypt, on the 
 Mediterranean coast, 31 m. SE. Port Said, and apparently subject 
 to periods of drought. Length about 50 m. ; breadth, 2-6 m. 
 
 Sir Charles Hardy Islands. See Nissan. 
 
 Sir EdMard Pellew Islands, Gulf of Carpentaria. 
 
 Sir George Rook, isl. See llmboi. 
 
 Slrhan, Wadi, a long depression in the NW. of Arabia, 
 extending from Ezrak, SE. , to Meskake, with a uniform level of 
 about 1850 ft. above the sea, or about 500 ft. below the general 
 level of the adjacent plain {Proc. P. G. S., 1880, p. 93, map, 
 p. 144). 
 
 Sirheu, oasis, N. Africa, in the Kufra (q.v.) group. 
 
 1451 
 
S I R H — S ITT 
 
 Slrblnd, or Sarhliid (census), tn., Patiala, 30 in. NW. by 
 W. AmMla. P. 5300; Hindus, 2300; Moham. 2800. 
 
 SlrMnd Canal, India, Punjab, in Ambala and Ludhiana 
 dists. , and Patiala, Nabha, and Jind states ; it is supplied from 
 the Sutlej. 
 
 Slrbowy (sirhau'l), vil. , Eng. , on the N. border of Mon- 
 mouthshire, W. div. , 10 m. W. by S. Abergavenny, in urban 
 dist. of Tredegar, on the L. & NW. and Rhymney Rlys. Coal 
 mined in the village and near. Formerly there were iron-works. 
 
 Slrik, Cape, Borneo, Sarawak, W. ct. , in about 2° 40' N. 
 
 Slr-i-pul, Sari-pnl, or Sary-pnl, vil., N. Afghanistan, 220 
 m. NW. Kabul. Alt. 2040 ft. 
 
 Sir James Hall Group, group of isls. , Korea, lying off the 
 W. ct. , in 37° 45'-38° o' N. 
 
 Slrjan, plain, Persia, in the W. of the prov. Kerman, just to 
 the S. of 32° N. 
 
 Sir Josepb Banks Islands, group of small isls. , S. Australia, 
 in the SW. of Spencer's Gulf, in about 136° 30' E. 
 
 SlrkoTO, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. (vilayet) and tj m. 
 NW. Salonica, 20 m. SSE. Kopriilii, in the Tikvesh, on r. bk. 
 of the Crna-Rjeka. P. 2-4000. 
 
 Slrmnr, or \ataan, state, India, Punjab, bounded N. by the 
 hill states of Balsan and Jabbal, E. by the Brit. dist. Dehra 
 Dun, SW. by Ambdla dist. and parts of the native state of 
 Kalsia, and NW. by the native states of Patiala and Keunthal. 
 
 Slrnach, vil., Switzd., cant. Thurgau, 8 m. SSE. Frauenfeld. 
 P. (comm. )<:40oo. 
 
 Sirocco, wind. See Mediterranean. 
 
 Slrobl, tn., India, Rajputdna, 98 m. S. by W. Jodhpvu" ; 
 manufactures sword blades and daggers. P. (1881) 5700. 
 
 Slroka-Luka, tn., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. 
 Philippopolis. P. < 3000. 
 
 Slroncta^i, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. ChAndA, 165 
 m. S. by E. Nagpur, near the confluence of the Godavari and 
 Pranhita. P. < 5000. 
 
 SlronJ, tn., Central India, state Tonk (Rajput4na), 60 m. N. 
 by E. Bhopal. P. 11,700; Hindus, 7700; Moham. 3900. 
 
 Slros, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Seres, 
 
 Slro-yama, mt. , Japan. See Hakn-yama. 
 
 Sirpur, tn. , Brit. India, Berar, dist. Basim, in 20° 10' N., 
 77° i' E. ; here is the shrine of Antariksh Parasnath, sacred 
 resort of the Jains. P. <sooo. 
 
 Slrsi^, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Hissar (formerly cap. of a 
 separate dist. Sirsa), 120 m. SW. by W. AmMla; has consider- 
 able trade ; a cattle fair is held in August and September. The 
 modem town, founded 1837, has a mud wall ; the ruins of old 
 Sirsa lie to the SW. Alt. 662 ft. Mean temp., yr. 76° P., 
 Jan. 56°, June 93°; rfalL, yr. 14.7 in., June-Sept. 11. 6 in. P. 
 16,400; Hindus, 11,200; Moham. 4700. 
 
 Slrsala, tn., India, Haidarabad, 90 m. SE. Aurangabad. 
 
 Slrsl, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. N. Kdnara, 60 m. 
 SSW. Dharwar ; every alternate year a fair, in honour of Mari, 
 is held, attended by 10,000 Hindus. Alt. 2500 ft. P. 6600; 
 Hindus, 5100. 
 
 Slrsl, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Moradabad, 50 m. 
 WNW. Bareilly. P. 6100 ; Moham. 4300 ; Hindus, 1800. 
 
 Slrnela, tn. , Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 105 m. E. 
 Badajoz. P. (comm.)<:400o. 
 
 Slrngnppa, tn. , Brit. India. See Slraguppa. 
 
 Slr(^, tn. and cantonment, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 
 35 m. NE. Poona, 100 m. E. by S. Bombay. Alt. 1750 ft. 
 P. 7700 ; Hindus, 4200. 
 
 SlmtandanalKiir, trading tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 
 
 32 m. E. by S. Tinnevelli, at the mouth of the Tambraparni R. 
 P. 5900 ; Hindus, 4100. 
 
 Sis, tn. , Turkey in .Asia, vilayet and 44 m. NE. Adana, 
 sanjak Khozan. Sis is the religious cap. of the Turkish Ar- 
 menians. A vast monastery, like a fortress, replaces the royal 
 palace on the summit of a hill. Here the kings of Armenia 
 resided from 1182 to 1374. On site of ancient Flaviopolis. P. 
 -<4000. 
 
 Sisal, or Slzal, seapt. tn. , Mexico, state of Yucatan, 31 m. 
 NW. Merida, on the long tongue of sand which lines the 
 N. ct. of Yucatan. Its roadstead is open to N. winds. Being 
 the former place of export of the henequen of Yucatan (before 
 Merida was connected by rail with Progreso), that fibre was long 
 known as ' Sisal hemp.' P. (comm.) 2000. 
 
 Slsante, tn. , Spain, New Castille, prov. and 48 m. S. Cuenca. 
 P. ^Sooo. 
 
 Slsanll, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Muzaflfarnagar, 
 
 33 m. NNW. Meerut. P. 5100; Hindus, 4500. 
 
 Slsek, or Slssek, tn. , Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, at the con- 
 fluence of the Save and Kulpa, 30 m. SE. Agram. Alt 325 ft. 
 P. 6100. 
 
 Slslkon, vil., Switzd., cant. Uri, 5 m. SSW. Schwiz, on the 
 E. side of the Bay of Uri. Near here is William Tell's chapel, 
 on the Tellsplatte, on the spot to which the hero is said to 
 have leaped from the vessel in which Gessler was carrying 
 him away as prisoner. P. <20oo. 
 
 Slsklyon, CO. , U.S., California, on N. frontier, and crossed 
 1452 
 
 by 122° W. The Slsklyon Mountains lie on the NW., partly 
 in Oregon. 
 
 Slsland, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 9J m. SE. Norwich, 4 
 m. SW. Cantley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 SlsotAr, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Ballia, 2 m. N. 
 Sikandarpur. P. (1881) 6000. 
 
 Slssacli, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Basel, 3J m. ESE. Liestal ; near 
 here are the baths of In der .Alp. Alt. 1230 ft. P. (comm.) 
 <30oo. 
 Slssek, tn. , Hungary. See Slsek. 
 
 Slsseton, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Roberts co., 184 m. 
 NE. by E. Pierre. 
 
 Slsslnghurst, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div. , 12 m. 
 S. Maidstone, \\ m. S. Staplehurst stn. ; in the vicinity are ruins 
 of Sissinghurst Castle. PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Slssoune, tn., France, dep. Aisne, arr. and 13 m. E. Laon. 
 P. <: 2000. 
 Slstan, region, Persia and Afghanistan. See Selstan. 
 Slsteron, the ancient Segustero, tn., France, dep. Basses- 
 Alpes, on the Durance, 68 m. NNE. Marseilles, 17 ni. NW. 
 by W. Digne ; cap. arr. Sisteron is a military camp, and has 
 a citadel which was used as a state prison. The church of 
 Notre Dame, formerly the cathedral, a Romanesque building, 
 is in almost perfect preservation ; was the seat of a bishop 
 from the middle of the 4th century to 1790. Alt. 1575 ft. P. 
 <4ooo. 
 
 Sisters, Ttae, group of small isls. to the N. of Grenada, 
 British W. Indies. 
 
 Slston, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Thornbury div., 6 J m. 
 ENE. Bristol, i^ m. SE. Mangotsfield stn. P. < 1500. 
 Sistoya, tn. , Bulgaria. See SvlStov. 
 
 SlsM-all, tn. , India, Rajputana, 113 m. SSE. Jaipur. P. 
 (1881) 5000. 
 
 SltabiUdi, European suburb within the municipal limits of 
 Nagpur city, Brit. India, with hill of same name crowned by 
 a fort. 
 
 Sttilkund, sacred hill, Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Chittagong. 
 Alt. 1155 ft. 
 
 Sltiikund, or Cliandranilth, sacred spring on SftAkund Mt. ; 
 the spot is a revered place of pilgrimage for Hindus. The Siva 
 Chaturdasi festival, usually in February, is attended by from 
 10,000 to 20,000 devotees. 
 
 Sltalpur, vil. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Purniah, 52 m. NE. 
 by E. Bhagalpur. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sltamarhl, municip., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Muzaffarpur, 
 70 m. N. by E. Patna ; manufactures saltpetre ; has large 
 annual fair, to which great numbers of bullocks are brought. 
 P. 8700 ; Hindus, 7100 ; Moham. i'6oo. 
 
 SltAmau, walled tn.. Central India, 95 m. NNW. Indore; 
 cap. native state Sitdmau. P. 5900; Hindus, 4700; Moham. 
 1000. 
 
 Sltiimpetta, pass, Brit. India, Madras, one of the principal 
 roads from Vizagapatam to Ganjam ; the usual route to Jaipur, 
 practicable for wheeled traffic, in 18° 40' N., 83° 55' E. 
 Sltanos, vil. , Turkey. See Hato Zakro. 
 Sltikpnr, municip. and cant., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Sita- 
 pur, 52 m. N. by W. Lucknow ; has a suburb, Thomsonganj. 
 P. 17,100 ; Hindus, 10,400; Moham. 6500; total including cant. 
 21,400. 
 
 Sltarani Mountain. See Safed Kob. 
 Sltges, tn. , Spain. See Sltjes. 
 Slih, Gaelic, ' a fairy ' or ' fairy hill.' See Sidh. 
 Sltbney, par., Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., 10 m. E. 
 Penzance, i^ m. WNW. Helston ; 5826 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Sltla, seapt. tn. , Turkey, on the N. ct. of the isl. of Crete, 
 57 m. E. by S. Candia, in 26° 8' E. The Bay of Sitia is the 
 most easterly on the N. ct. of Crete. P. <3000. 
 
 Sltjes, or Sltges, seapt. and fishing tn., Spain, Catalonia, 
 prov. and 21 m. WSW. Barcelona, on the Mediterranean coast ; 
 manufactures and exports Malmsey wine. P. <4000. 
 
 Sitka, vil., U.S., Alaska, cap. tern, on W. ct. of Baranof I., 
 in 57° o' N. , 135° 1/ W., is situated on a low strip of land, the 
 governor's house rising on a rocky height above the general 
 level. Snow-capped mountain peaks surround it. Mount 
 Edgcumbe, an extinct volcano of 8000 fL , on Crooze I., opposite 
 the town, is the landmark of the port. Salmon fishing and 
 curing is the chief industry. Sitka has an industrial school. 
 Steamers ply once a month between Sitka and Portland 
 (Oregon). It has a small but commodious harbour, and was 
 formerly the headquarters of the Russian- American Fur Co. 
 Mean temp. (43 yrs., 1832-45, 47-76). yr. 43-3° F-. J*"- 3i-4°. 
 Aug. 55.9° ; annual rfall. (30 yrs.), 84.06 in. 
 
 Sltpur, vil. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Muzaffargarh, 78 m. 
 SW. by S. Miiltdn. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sltsang, or West Tsang, the Chinese name of Tibet. 
 Slttaford Tor, eminence, Eng., Devonshire, on Dartmoor, 
 6 m. SW. Chagford, with logan stone. Alt. 1764 ft. 
 
 Slttanl, tn., Holland, prov. Limburg, 14m. SSW. Roermond; 
 manufactures tobacco and chicory, and has tanyards. The 
 town was known in the 9th century ; it was conquered by the 
 
SITT — SKAL 
 
 Dutch in 1632, by the French in 1794, and again by the Dutch 
 in 1815. P. 5700. 
 
 Slt-taung, tn., Burma, dist. Shwegyin, 28 m. ENE. Pegu. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Slt-tanng, riv., Burma, rises in the westernmost chain of the 
 Shan Yoma, in about 20° 31' 25" N. , and descends SSE. through 
 the dists. of Yamethin, Pyinmana, Taungugu, and Shwegyin, and 
 enters the Gulf of Martaban by a wide estuary, at the same time 
 forming a delta 40 m. long from NNW. to SSE. Remarkable 
 for the tidal bore, which rushes up with great violence. The 
 river carries a great deal of silt in suspension. The middle 
 course, above Shwegyin, is narrow and unnavigable ; below this 
 point it widens, but the strength of the current impedes upward 
 navigation. Boats rarely pass below Kayasu, which, previous 
 to the opening of the Nyit-kyo Canal, was the chief line of 
 communication with the Pegu R. and Rangoon. Length, 350 
 m. ; area of basin, about 22,000 sq. m. 
 
 Sitteii, Switzd. See ^lon. 
 
 SIttlngbourne, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Kent, div. and 
 7 m. WNW. Faversham, on the L. C. & D. R. Sittingbourne 
 was a famous place of call for pilgrims to Canterbury ; centre 
 of an important fruit-growing dist., and has oyster fisheries, 
 paper-mills, cement works, &c. Market-days, W. and F. 
 P. 8300. 
 
 Slttiug-CiOinba, large Buddhist Llama monastery, Tibet, pro v. 
 Nari, a few miles W. the fortress of Taklakar, in about 81° E. , 
 in the valley and near the source of the Yaru-Tsangbo. 
 
 Slttra, Lake, oasis, W. Africa, in N. of the desert of Libya, 
 102 m. ESE. the oasis of Siwah, below the level of the Medi- 
 terranean. 
 
 Sitz, Ger. , ' a settlement ' or ' possession. ' See Set. 
 
 Slu, or Siyn, tn., in the centre of Pata L, on the coast of 
 Brit. E. Africa, in 2° S. P. 5000. 
 
 Sinclion, tn., China, prov. Kiangsu, 175 m. NW. by N. 
 Nanking. 
 
 Slnclioa, or Hsttclioii-fn, tn. , China, Suchwan. See Snl-fn. 
 
 Sinn, group of isls. , Japan, immediately S. of Kiushiu I. 
 
 Slurl ('chief town'), tn., Japan, on S. side of Okinava L, 
 Luchu group, in about 26° 13' N. P. 24,500. 
 
 Slut, tn.. Upper Egypt, cap. prov. Siut, between 1. bk. Nile 
 and Bahr Yusuf, in 27° 10' N. Alt. 150 ft. P. (1882) 31,400. 
 
 Slnyangchlng, tn., China, Manchuria, prov. Liautung, 85 
 m. SE. by E. Newchwang. 
 
 SIvagangii, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 25 m. E. by 
 S. Madura. P. 8800 ; Hindus, 8000. 
 
 Sivagangsi, hill, India, Mysore, in 13° 10' N., j-f 1/ E. ; 
 covered with sacred buildings and inscriptions. The ascent is 
 held to answer for a pilgrimage to Benares. Alt. 4559 ft. 
 
 Slvagirl, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 44 m. NNW. 
 Tinnevelli. P. 9000 ; Hindus, 8200. 
 
 SlvakHsl, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Tinnevelli, 40 m. 
 SW. Madura. P. 12,200; Hindus, 10,700. 
 
 Slyas, tn. , Asia Minor, on the Kizil-Irmak, 108 m. NE. by E. 
 Kaisarie, cap. vilayet Sivas ; important centre of caravan routes, 
 connected since 1883 by carriage-road by way of Tokat and 
 Amasia with the seaport of Samsun. P. 43,100; Moham. 
 32,500 (Sunnites, 22,000 ; Shiahs, 10,500) ; Gregorian Ar- 
 menians, 8800 ; Orthodox Greeks, 1500 (Cuinet). 
 
 Slvasanitidram, properly Heggnra. See Canvery. 
 
 Sivash, or Putrid Sea. See Azov, Sea of. 
 
 Slverek, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Severek. 
 
 Slverly, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Venango co., on Allegheny 
 R., 53 m. SSE. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Slverma, or Syerernyle Kaninl, mts., Arctic E. Siberia, 
 govt. Yeniseisk, dist. Turukhansk ; runs NE. under different 
 names of Bolshoi Kamen, Lyetniy Kamen, Putorama and 
 Byelyi Kamefi ; do not rise over 3000 ft. 
 
 Slvrl-lilssar, tn., Asia Minor, 80 m. WSW. Angora. P. 
 11,500. 
 
 Slvrl-lilssar, tn., in the W. of Asia Minor, vilayet, sanjak, 
 and 22 m. SW. Smyrna. P. 3600; Moham. 2000; Orthodox 
 Greeks, 1500. 
 
 Slwa, tn. , Upper Egypt. 
 
 Slwali ('oasis of Jupiter Ammon"), the Ammonium of the 
 ancients, oasis, Egypt, 340 m. WSW. Cairo, in 29° 12' N. , 
 25° 42' E. , 160 m. from the Mediterranean, occupying the low- 
 lands between the plateau of Libya on the N. , and the desert 
 of Libya on the S. ; it is irrigated by numerous canals, covered 
 with beautiful forests of date and olive trees, yields annually 
 three harvests, and has large quantities of rock-salt. Mineral 
 springs occur in the neighbourhood. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Slivali, Little, oasis, same as El Gara. See Gara, El. 
 Sliviillk Hills, a name applied in a special sense to a mt. 
 range, Brit. India, NW. Provs. and Punjab, running parallel 
 with the Himalayas from Hardwar to the banks of the Beas near 
 Ditarpur ; after leaving the Sutlej, the range becomes more and 
 more a mere broad tableland. There are abundant remains of 
 large vertebrates, including the sivatherium, a gigantic ruminant 
 larger than the rhinoceros. Sometimes the name is applied to 
 the whole range of hills, or rather relatively low mountains, 
 
 parallel to the S. range of the Himalayas, W. of the break in 
 this range in N. Bengal. Length, 200 m. ; highest alt. 3500 ft. 
 
 Slwantse, vil. and Roman Catholic mission station, China, 
 in NW. of prov. Pechili, in 40° 58' N., 115° 18' E. , 25 m. ENE. 
 Kalgan. Alt. 3900 ft. Mean temp. (2 yrs. , 1873-75), yr. 37.5° 
 F. , Jan. 2.5°, July 65.2°. 
 
 Slwenlioa-fn, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, 8 m. WNW. Peking, 
 about 9 m. from the Great Wall, on the Yang-ho, at the entrance 
 of a gorge traversed by the road from Peking to Kalgan ; is an 
 important market. Siwenhoa-fu was the summer residence of the 
 Mongol emperors in the 13th and 14th centuries. P. 90,000. 
 
 Six Ashes, vil., Eng., Staffordshire, 6 m. SE. Bridgnorth,. 
 P.O. 
 
 Six Bells, P.O., Wales, near Aberbeg (Monmouthshire), 
 I m. from Abertillery. 
 
 Slxerrla, small riv., Sardinia, in the SW., flows E. to the 
 Samassi, which it joins a little above its mouth. 
 
 SlxblUs, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 10 m. 
 W. Louth, 3 m. N. by W. South Willingham stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Six Dllle, small tp. , S. Australia, N, Terr., 6 m. from South- 
 port by road. P. < 1500. 
 
 Six Mile Bottom, vil., Eng., Cambridgeshire, on the G. E. 
 R., 6 m. E. Cambridge, PMT.O. 
 
 Six 9Ille Brl«lge, vil., Eng., Northumberland, Longbenton 
 par., 6 m. N. Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 
 Slxmllebrldge, tn. , Ire., SE. co. Clare, bar. Lower Bunratty, 
 8^ m. NW. Limerick, on the Waterford and Limerick Rly. , 
 PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Six Mile Creek, stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the 
 C. P. R. , about 117° 4S' W., 1042 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, 
 440 m. E. Vancouver. 
 
 Six Mile Cross, tn. , Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. E. Omagh, 8J m. 
 SE. by E. Omagh, on the Portadown, Dungannon, and Omagh 
 Rly., PMT.O. Market-day, M. P. <soo. 
 
 Six Biatlons, Indian tribes. See Iroqnols. 
 
 Six Towns, The, electoral div.. Ire., S. co. Londonderry, 
 bar. Loughinsholin, 9 m. NW. by N. Cookstown, 5 m. from 
 Draperstown stn., P.O. 
 
 Slyiiua, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Bulandshahr, 33 
 m. SE. by S. Meerut. P. (1881) 6500. 
 
 Slyn, tn. , Brit. E. Africa. See Sin. 
 
 Slzal, tn. , Mexico. See Sisal. 
 
 Slzeboln, Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia. See Sozopolls. 
 
 Slzewell, vil. , Eng. , Suffolk. See Lelstou. 
 
 Slzun, tn. , France, dep. Finist^re, arr. Morlaix, 19 m. E. 
 Brest. P. <20oo. 
 
 SJalevad, vil, Sweden, prov. Vesternorrland, on the Mo- 
 Elf, near its mouth, in a creek of the Gulf of Bothnia. P. 
 (comm. ) 5500. 
 
 SJenlca, Turkey. See Syeiiltsa. 
 
 SJon, vil. , Sweden. See Skiin. 
 
 Sk, Slavonic topographical affix signifying ' a town.' See Ski. 
 
 Skaato, isl., Norway, off the S. ct. , in the fjord of and 3 m. 
 E. Kragero. Length, 5 m.; breadth, 3 m. 
 
 Skadar, Turkey in Europe. See Skntarl. 
 
 Skaer, Swedish, ' cliff' or ' sharp rock.' See Skdr. 
 
 Skagastolstlndene, mt. peaks, Norway, in the S. , belonging 
 to the Jotun Fjeld group. Alt. Store-Skagastolstind, 7870 ft. 
 
 Skagen, cape, Denmark, forming the N. end of Jutland ; 
 called in England the Skaw. 
 
 Skagen, seapt. tn., Denmark, Jutland, prov. Hjorring, on 
 the Kattegat, 19 m. N. by E. Frederikshavn. Skagen is one 
 of the wildest and most desolate spots on the earth, but it is 
 the most important fishing station of Denmark. Mean temp. 
 (15 yrs.), yr. 45.8° F., Feb. 30.9°, July 62.6°; annual rfall. 
 21.97 in. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Skager, lake, Sweden, on borders of provs. Vermland, Orebro, 
 and Skaraborg. Length, 14 m. ; breadth, 5^ m. ; area, 51 sq. m. 
 
 Skager-Kak, or Skugerack, arm of the sea, between the N. 
 point of Jutland (Denmark) and the S. of Norway, connects the 
 North Sea and the Kattegat, and thence communicates with 
 the Baltic. The S. ct. is low and sandy, but the Scandinavian 
 shores rocky, much indented, and have many islands and islets. 
 The S. half is under 100 fathoms, the portion near the coast of 
 Jutland (at a distance of 2 to 25 m.) under 20 fathoms in depth ; 
 but the N. half belongs to the ' Norwegian deep ' [North Sea], 
 and attains at its junction with the Kattegat a depth of 440 
 fathoms. A current, moving at a maximum rate of 3 m. per 
 hour, flows E. near the Jutland coast, turns N. along the W. 
 coast of Sweden, and then W. along the coast of Norway. 
 Length, SW. to NE. , 155 m. ; breadth varies from 70 to 90 m. 
 
 Skagg's Springs, vil., U.S., California, Sonoma co., 30 m. 
 NW. Santa Rosa ; is resorted to for its hot springs. P. < 1500. 
 
 Skagh, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cork, dist. Cullen. 
 
 Skagi, Scandinavian, 'isthmus' or ' promontory.' See Skaw. 
 
 Skagit, settlement, U.S., Washington, Skagit co., 46 m. E. 
 byS. Victoria (V. I.). 
 
 Skahanagh, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Doneraile. 
 
 Skala, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Borszcz6w. P. 
 5200. 
 
 1453 
 
SKAL — SKEL 
 
 Skalat, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia. dist. Skalat. P. 5900. I Skeagh, Longb, small lake, Ire., in the NE of co Cavan 
 Skalltolt, tn., Iceland, in the SW., 21 m. E. Reykjavik, on | 14J m. E. by S. Cavan, drained SE. to the Boyne 
 r. bk. of HvitaR.; till 1752 cap. of the island. P.<2ooo. Skeaii, Lough, lake. Ire., N. co. Roscommon 
 
 Skali, Georgian, ' stream. 
 
 Skali, Scandinavian, ' a hut ' or ' shed. ' See Scale. 
 
 Skallce, £eskA, comm., Austria. See BoIinilscIi-SkaUtz. 
 
 Skalltz, Hungary. See Szakolcza. 
 
 Skalltz ■ Bolunlscb, comm., Austria. See Bohnilsch- 
 SkaUtz. 
 
 Skalkajanr, lake, Sweden, in centre of prov. Norrbotten, 
 extending 23 m. WNW. and ESE. along the course of the 
 Little Lulea R. Its breadth varies from ^ to 3^ m. 
 
 Skallingen, penin., Denmark, on the SW. of Jutland. 
 
 SkiillTik, vil., Sweden, prov. Ostergotland, 37 m. E. Lin- 
 kbping ; iron mined. P. (comm. )< 2000. 
 
 Skamander, riv. , Asia Minor. See Menderez. 
 
 Skantanla, co., U.S., Washington terr. , traversed N. to S. 
 by the Cascade Mts. 
 
 Skanderboig, tn., Denmark, in the SE. of Jutland, prov. 
 and 13 m. SW. by W. Aarhus. P. <30oc. 
 
 Skauderoon, tn. , Syria. See Alexandretta. 
 
 SkSne, Swedish name for the old prov. Scaula {q.v.). 
 
 Skaneat'eles, vil., U.S., New York, Onondaga co., on 
 Skaneateles Lake, 15 m. WSW. Syracuse ; has various manu- 
 factures, and is a favourite summer resort. P. < 1500. Skanea- 
 teles Lake is 16 m. long, and 1-2 m. broad, and is drained N. 
 into the Seneca R. Alt. 932 ft. (Toner). 
 
 SkanniTe, electoral div.. Ire., Galway, dist. Roundstone 
 No. 2. 
 
 Skanor, tn., Sweden, prov. Malmohus, on The Sound. 14 
 m. SW. by W. Malmo, now, with the adjacent towfl of 
 Falsterbo, forming a commune. Skanor is one of the oldest 
 towns of Sweden, and as early as 879 the town is mentioned 
 as a place of considerable trade ; the ' fair of Scania ' from June 
 to November was famous in the Middle Ages. In 1631 the 
 sands, raised by a great storm, obstructed the port and partly 
 buried the town ; the church of Falsterbo is still partly covered. 
 The scene of several battles, Skanor was in 1312 burnt down by 
 the Hanseatic League, and it was again burnt down in 1885. 
 P. <20oo (mostly fishermen and pilots). 
 
 Skauzonra, isl. , Greece, one of the Sporades, 26 m. NNE. 
 of the E. ct. of Euboea I., midway between Skopelos and 
 Skyros. 
 
 Skapta, riv., Iceland, in the S., rises in the SE. of Lake 
 Langi-Sjor, flows SW. and SE., and joins the Asar by a channel 
 on r. bk. of the Holmsa, an arm of Kadarfljot Fjord. 
 
 Skdr, Skaer, Swedish; Dutch, Skjaer; Gaelic, SgoroxiA Sgeir, 
 'a cliff' or ' skerry; ' allied to the Welsh skerid, cleft asunder. 
 Esgair, another word from the same root, is applied to a long 
 ridge. Scarborough, 'the town on the rock or cliff;' Skerry- 
 ford ; Sheerness, ' the sharp headland ; ' Scuir, ' a sharp rock ; ' 
 Scordale, in Westmorland ; Scarba, ' the island of the sharp 
 rock ; ' Skerryvore, ' the great rock. ' 
 
 Skara, tn., Sweden, prov. Skaraborg, 59 m. W. by S. Motala ; 
 seat of a bishop, college, observatory, and a famous veterinary 
 school, founded 1774. The cathedral was consecrated in 1151. 
 Near the town is the fortified castle of Skaraborg; another 
 castle, the Jarlaqvist, was a royal residence. At Husaby, near 
 Skara, King Olaf Skotkonung was baptized, and built the first 
 Swedish cathedral, afterwards moved to Skara. The town 
 suffered from fires in 1678, 1827, and 1859. P. <40oo. 
 Skardo, tn. , India. See Iskardo. 
 
 Skarg&rd, or Skjsvrgaard (' skerry fence '), the general name 
 for the island belts which stretch along the W. ct. of Norway 
 and the E. of Sweden. 
 
 Skarhamn, fishing vil., SW. Sweden, near Marstrand. 
 Skarpanto, or Scarpanto, isl. , Turkey. See Kerpe. 
 Skatarlon (skatari), vil., Greece, prov. Laconia, on the W. 
 shore of the Gulf of Laconia, 20 m. N. of Cape Matapan. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Skateliir, vil., Sweden, prov. Kronoberg, 13 m. SW. Vexio. 
 The famous singer Christine Nilsson was born at Huseby, 2J 
 m. NNE., in 1843. P. (comm. )<4ooo. 
 
 Skateraw, vil., Scot., Haddingtonshire, on the NE. ct.,4 m. 
 SE. by E. Dunbar, close to Innerwick stn. 
 
 Skate Road, anchorage, Eng. , Northumberland, inside Holy I. 
 
 Skaterow, or Skateraw, viL , Scot. , Kincardineshire, on the 
 E. ct., on Skaterow Harbour, 8 m. S. by W. Aberdeen, close 
 to Newtonhill stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Skaw, or Skagi, Scandinavian, 'isthmus' or 'promontory;' 
 e.g., the Skaw or Skagen, cape on the coast of Denmark; 
 Skagerack or Skagen-rack, ' the strait near the promontory,' 
 
 Skaw, The. See Skagen, Cape. 
 
 Skawina, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 8 m. SW. Cracow. 
 P. <: 200C. 
 
 SkeabOHt Bridge, PMT.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, Skye I., 
 8 m. NW. Portree. 
 
 Skeagh, electoral div.. Ire., Cavan, dist. Bailieborough. 
 
 Skeagh, electoral div.. Ire., Down, dist. Dromore. 
 
 Skeagh, electoral div.. Ire., Westmeath, dist. Ballynacarrigy. 
 1454 
 
 ^ . . . _ . . , 7 m. NW. 
 
 Leitrim, 169 ft. above sea-level, drained into the Shannon. 
 SkeckUng, part of par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Bnrstwlck. 
 SkedCTl, vil., Sweden, prov. Ostergotland, 39 m. NNE. 
 Linkoping. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Skedsmo, \'il. , Norway, prov. and 18 m. EN E. Christiania, 
 on the Glommen. P. (comm.) < 5000. 
 
 Skedvl, Stora, vil. , Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, 15J m. SSE. 
 Falun, on 1. bk. of the Dal-Elf ; iron, silver, and copper mined. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Skee, or Skede, vil., Sweden, prov. Goteborg and Bohus, 3* 
 m. E. Stromstad, at head of a small bay on the Skager-Rak ; 
 several mineral springs near, and numerous tumuli. P. (comm i 
 5200. 
 
 Skeehy, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 2 m. 
 NE. Richmond, P.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 Skeen, Loch, small lake, Scot., Dumfriesshire, 8i m. NE. 
 Moffat, I m. long, drained SE. by the Tail Burn into The Moffat 
 Water. See Crey Mare's Tall. 
 
 Skeena, the largest riv. in Brit. Columbia, N. of the Eraser, 
 flows SW. then WSW. , and enters the Pacific in the lat. of the 
 N. point of the Queen Charlotte Is. ; important for its salmon 
 fisheries, canneries dotting its shores for 20 m. ; navigable by 
 small steamers 60 m. up, by canoes 200 m. 
 
 Skefflngton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 10 m. E. 
 by S. Leicester, 2 m. SW. by S. Tilton stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Skeffllng, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div. , on the N. shore of the estuary of the Humber, 18 m. ESE. 
 Hull, 4^ m. SE. by E. Patr'ington stn. P. <;25o. See 
 Easlngton. 
 
 Skeg, Scandinavian, ' wood ' or ' grove.' See Skaw. 
 Skegby, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 3 m. W. 
 Mansfield, li m. S. Teversall stn. , P.O. P. <:35oo. 
 
 Skegness ( ' the cape near the wood ' ), par. and small tn. , Eng. , 
 Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., on the E. ct., 20 m. NE. Boston' 
 on the G. N. R. Skegness is much resorted to for sea-bathino-.' 
 PMT.O. Market-day. Th. P.<:i5oo. 
 
 Skehanagh, electoral div.. Ire., S. co. Galway, bar. 
 Kiltartan, 9^ m. SW. by W. Loughrea. 
 
 Skela, vil. , Servia, prov. Valjevo, on the Save, 22 m. WSW. 
 Belgrade. P. < 2000. 
 
 Skelbrooke, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div. , 7 m. NW. by N. Doncaster, li m. N. Hampole stn. , P.O. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Skelden, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 6 m. SW. 
 Ripon. P. <;25o. 
 
 Skeleton Lake, Canada, Ontario, Muskoka co. , 63 m. NE. 
 Collingwood, drained into Lake Rosseau. 
 
 SkellefteA, riv., Sweden, rises in Lappmark, and flows SE. 
 through several lakes, and enters the Gulf of Bothnia after a 
 course of 324 m. Area of basin, 4764 sq. m. It forms two 
 beautiful cascades, the Ramansfors (330 ft. high) and the 
 Finnfors. 
 
 SkeUefted, tn., Sweden, prov. Norrland, 68 m. NNE. 
 Ume&, on Skelleftei-Elf ; has 18 ft. of water in harbour. 
 Exports wood and tar. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Skelllg Roeks, Cireat and Little, small isls. , Ire. , off SW. 
 ct. CO. Kerry. The Great Skellig rises abruptly to 714 ft. 
 alt., and has two lighthouses, 372 ft. high, in 51° 46' N. and 
 10° 32' W. On Great Skellig are the ruins of a monastery, 
 which was for centuries the resort of pilgrims. 
 
 Skelllngthorpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 
 3 m. W. by N. Lincoln, P.O. ; 5946 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Skellow, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., i\ m. NNW. Doncaster, close to Carcroft and Adwick-le- 
 Street stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Skelnianthorpe, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Holmfirth div. , 6i m. SE. by E. Huddersfield, 2 m. E. of its 
 stn. on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Skelmersdale, par. and tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, Ormskirk div., 
 7 m. W. Wigan, on the L. & NW. R. and L. & Y. R. ; coal is 
 mined here. PMT.O. P. 6600. 
 
 Skelmorlle, vil. and watering-place, Scot., N. Ayrshire, on 
 the E. shore of the Firth of Clyde, 8 m. SW. by S. Greenock, 
 and 1^ m. S. Wemyss Bay stn., PMT.O. P. <iooo (partly in 
 Renfrewshire). 
 
 Skelsmergh (skelz'mer), par., Eng. , Westmorland, 2 m. NE. 
 Kendal. P. <500. 
 
 Skelton, par., Eng., Cumberland, div. and 5J m. NW. by 
 W. Penrith, on the Petterill, 4 m. NNW. Blencowstn., PM.O. ; 
 7147 ac. P. <:750. 
 
 Skelton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the Ouse, opposite Hook, 2 m. NE. by N. 
 Goole, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Skelton, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland 
 div., 10 m. E. by S. Middlesbrough, \\ m. NNW. Boosbeck 
 stn. It contains Skelton Castle, which belonged to the ancient 
 family of the Barons de Brus, or Bruis (Bruce), from whom 
 
S K E L 
 
 SKIP 
 
 sprang the royal line of Scotland. PMT. O. (Skelton lu Cleve- 
 land), and PM.O. (Skelton High <ilreen). 4309 ac. Par. P. 
 6400; tn. (Skelton and Brottou) P. 11,800. 
 
 Skelton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and Mal- 
 ton div. , on the Ouse, 3^ m. NNW. York, 2 m. SE. by S. 
 Shipton stn. P. < 500. 
 
 Skelton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 3J m. 
 SE. by E. Ripon, 2^ m. W. by N. Boroughbridge stn., P.O. 
 (Skelton-on-iJrej. P. -csoo; eccles. par. (Skeltou with 
 Newby) P. < 500. 
 
 Skelton, J^fortli, PM.O., Eng., Yorkshire, 2 m. from Skelton- 
 in-Cleveland. 
 
 Skelton Pike, hill, Eng. , Cumberland, in the N. of the Esk- 
 dale div., 20 m. NNE. Carlisle. 
 
 Skelwitli, part of par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Hawksiiead. 
 
 Skelwith Bridge, PM.O., Eng., Westmorland, Appleby 
 div., on the Duddon, 12^ m. NW. by W. Kendal, 5^ m. NW. 
 by W. Windermere stn. 
 
 Skendleby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 13 m. 
 SE. by S. Louth, 2^ m. SW. by W. Willoughby stn., PM.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Skene, par., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 9 m. W. by N. Aber- 
 deen, 5 m. N. Drum stn., P.O. ; 10,246 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 i^kenfl-itli, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, N. div., on the 
 Monnow, 6 m. NW. by N. Monmouth, PMT.O. ; 4885 ac. P. 
 
 Skeninge, tn. , Sweden, prov. Gotarike. P. < 2000. 
 Skenninge, tn. , Sweden, prov. Ostergotland, i8j m. W. 
 Linkoping; for a long time was one of the most important 
 markets of Sweden, but the town began to decline when Stock- 
 holm was founded. P. <2ocio. 
 
 Skeogh, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Goresbridge (co. Kilkenny). 
 Skeppsiiolm ('ship island'), isl. , Sweden, in Lake Saltsjo, 
 forming part of the group on which Stockholm {^.v.) is built. 
 
 Skeppsvik, port, Sweden, prov. Vesterbotten, on the Gulf 
 of Bothnia, gj m. ENE. Umea. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sker, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, 11^ m. S. by E. Neath, 
 included in the pari. bor. of Kenfig. P. <25o. 
 
 Skerdniore, islets. Ire. , off the W. ct. of co. Galway, 8 m. 
 from the entrance to Kilkieran Bay. 
 
 Skernagban Point, cape. Ire., on the E. ct. of co. Antrim, 
 in 54° 54' N. 
 
 ^kerne, riv. , Eng., Durham, rising in and flowing S. through 
 the SE. div., it passes Darlington (q.v.) and joins the 1. bk. of 
 the Tees 3 m. S. of Darlington. 
 
 Skerne, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 17 
 m. N. by W. Hull, 2 m. NE. by N. Hutton Cranswick stn., 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Skerray, P.O., Scot., Sutherland, N. ct., 15I m. N. of the 
 foot of Loch Naver. 
 
 Skerries, fishing tn., Ire., NE. ct. co. Dublin, bar. E. 
 Balrothery, 13^ m. SE. Drogheda, on the G. N. (Ire.) R.; has 
 a good pier, roadstead, and sea-bathing. PMT.O. P. <2000. 
 Skerries, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Kildare, dist. Fontstown. 
 Skerries, Out, four islets, Scot. , in the extreme E. of Shet- 
 land, 10 m. SE. Fetlar, each about i m. long ; the population 
 is mostly engaged in ling fishing. They form part of an eccles. 
 par. P.O. See ^Vlialsay and Skerries. 
 
 Skerries, Tlie, group of small isls. off the NW. point of 
 Anglesey, with a lighthouse. 
 
 Skerries, Tlie, islets. Ire. , off the N W. ct. of co. Antrim, 2 
 m. N. by W. Portrush. 
 
 Skerroiy, Locb, small lake, Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, 6 m. 
 SSW. New Galloway, drained N. into the riv. Dee. 
 
 Skerrweatber Sands, Wales, sandbank off the S. ct. of 
 Glamorganshire, 12 m. SSE. Swansea. 
 
 Skerry, par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Antrim, 15 m. 
 WNW. Larne, 6^ m. NE. by E. Ballymena; 26,175 ^-C. P. 
 <:45oo. 
 
 Skerryrore Ligbtboase, Scot., Hebrides, 12 m. SW. Tiree 
 I., in 56° 19' N., 7° 7' W. Alt. 150 ft. P. (isl.) 3. 
 
 Skertou, par., Eng., Lancashire, on riv. Lune, arr. and 1 
 m. N. Lancaster. P. <5oo. 
 
 Skervulle, isl., Scot., Argyllshire, Inner Hebrides, Jura par., 
 near S. entrance to Sound of Jura. P. 2. 
 
 Sketbiog, vil. , Wales, co. and 6 m. SE. Brecknock, Llan- 
 saintfraed par. 
 
 Sketty, eccles. par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., 3 
 m. W. by S. Swansea, with a stn. (Sketty Road) on the Swan- 
 sea and Mumbles Rly., PMT.O. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Skew Bridge, P. O. , Eng. , Wiltshire, 2 m. from Salisbury. 
 Skewen, eccles. par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div., i^ 
 m. W. by S. Neath, PMT.O. P.<:sooo. 
 
 Skewsby, part of par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div., 12J m. N. by E. York, 4 m. S. by E. Gilling 
 stn. See Dalby. 
 
 Skeyton, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 10 m. S. Cromer, 2 
 m. SSW. Felmingham stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Skbirra, La, vil., Tunis, on the E. ct., 25 m. N. Cabes. 
 Skbiza, isl. , Greece. See Kabrera. 
 
 Skboinonsa, isl. , Greece, Cyclades, S. of Naxos. Area, 3J 
 sq. m. P. (1889) no. 
 
 SH, Sk, or Skta, an affix in Slavonic topography, signifying 
 a town, often annexed to the name of the river near the town, 
 or to the name of its founder, e.g. , Tobolsk, on the riv. Tobol. 
 In German names sometimes changed into zig, as Walsk or 
 Walzig. 
 
 Skiacli, Locb, lake, Scot., in the E. of W. Perthshire, 5^ m. 
 NW. by W. Dunkeld. 
 
 Skiatbos. 1. Island, Greece, one of the Sporades, 7 m. off 
 the NE. ct. of Euboea I. Area, 16 sq. m. (Wisotzki) ; 24 sq. 
 m. (Strelbitsky). 2. Town on the S. ct. P. (demos) 2800. 
 
 Skibbereen, civic, market, and seapt. tn., Ire., SW. co. 
 Cork, bar. W. Carbery, E. div. , on the lien, 12 m. SE. Bantry, 
 on the C. B. & S. C. R. ; has a thriving trade. The port is at 
 OldiCourt, 3 m. lower down the river, where vessels of 200 tons 
 load and unload. Market-days, W. and S. P. <35oo. 
 
 Skibnseso, isl. , Norway. See Skipneso. 
 
 Skidbrooke, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., i 
 m. from the E. ct., 8 m. ENE. Louth, 2 m. N. Saltfleetby stn. 
 P. <:5oo; eccles. par. (Skidbrooke witb Saltfleet Haveu) P. 
 <:5oo. Skidbrooke, North End, i m. to the N. 
 
 Skidby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div., 
 6 m. NW. by W. Hull, 2 m. E. Little Weighton stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Skiddaw, mt., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 3 m. N. 
 Keswick. Height, 3054 ft. Skiddaw Forest, wide moorland, 
 on the E. slope of Skiddaw. 
 
 Skiddaw, par., Eng., Cumberland, near Cockermouth. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Sl^degate, inlet, Brit. Columbia, in the middle of Queen 
 Charlotte Is. (53° 15' N.), communicating with Skidegate Channel, 
 the two separating Graham I. from Moresby I. At the village of 
 Skidegate there are large works for extracting from the livers of 
 dog-fish an oil much valued by tanners. 
 
 Skien, seapt. tn., Norway, prov. Bratsberg, 30 m. W. by S. 
 Tonsberg. Since 1889 the port has been kept open all the year 
 round by an ice-breaker ; has 18 ft. of water in harbour and 14 
 ft. at quays. On a steep rock are the ruins of Bratsberg Chapel, 
 which gives its name to the dist., and whence magnificent views 
 are obtained. Birthplace of Ibsen, 1828. P. 8900. 
 
 Skieuselv, or Skien River, riv. , S. Norway, has its source 
 in the Norsjo, flows SSE., and falls into the Frierfjord at 
 Porsgrund. 
 
 Skiernewice, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 45 m. by 
 rail SW. Warsaw. A branch of Warsaw-Vienna Rly. runs from 
 Skiernewice to Thorn, in Prussia ; imperial palace. P. 5940. 
 
 Skllgate, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 9^ m. N. 
 by E. Tiverton, 2 m. N. by E. Morebath stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Skilllngton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 7 
 m. S. by W. Grantham, 3^ m. SW. Great Ponton stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Skllllon, Port, bathing resort, Isle of Man, on E. ct. , below 
 Douglas Head. 
 
 Skinburness, vil., Eng., Cumberland, Holme Cultram par., 
 i^ m. NE. Silloth stn.; is a sea-bathing resort, and has herring 
 fishery. 
 
 Skluflatts, vil. , Scot., Stirlingshire, Bothkennar par., 2 m. 
 NE. Larbert stn. P. <:50o. 
 
 Sklnnand, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., on 
 the Brant, 9 m. E. by N. Newark, 2 m. W. Navenby stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Skinnlngrove, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland 
 div. , on the coast, 13J m. E. Middlesbrough, J m. NE. Carlin 
 How stn. , PM.O. P.""<:20oo. 
 
 Sklnskatteberg, vil., Sweden, prov. Vestmanland, 34 m. 
 WNW. Vesteris. P. (comm. )<4ooo. 
 
 Skip, Scandinavian ; Anglo-Saxon Schaef, ' sheep ; ' e.g. , 
 Skipton, Sheppey, ' sheep island.' 
 
 Skipetars, or Slikipetars. See Albania. 
 
 Sklplam, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 4 m. NE. 
 Helmsley. P. <25o. 
 
 Skipneso, or Skibna^so, isl., off W. ct. of Norway, 54 m. 
 W. Trondhjem, dist. Romsdal. Length 6 m., by 3^ m. broad ; 
 area, 17 sq. m. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Skipness, part of par., Scot., Argyllshire, on the Sound of 
 Bute, PMT.O. See Sadden and Skipness. 
 
 Sklport, Loch, inlet, .Scot., Inverness-shire, in the NE. of 
 S. Uist. 
 
 Sklppool, small seapt., Eng., Lancashire, par. and i m. 
 NE. Poulton-le-Fylde, at confluence of rivs. Wyre and Skippool. 
 
 Sklpsea, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 
 i7i m. N. by E. Hull, 5 m. NNW. Hornsea stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Skipton, par. and market-tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Craven dist. , Skipton div. , on the Aire and the Leeds and Liver- 
 pool Canal, 15 m. NE. Burnley, on the M. R. Manufactured 
 cotton and woollen goods, and sewing cotton ; centre of a large 
 grazing district ; large fair for cattle and sheep held here every 
 Monday. The older part of Skipton Castle dates from the 
 reign of William I., the inhabited portion, now the residence 
 
 1455 
 
SKIP — SKUT 
 
 of Lord Hothfield, from that of Henry VIII. Market-day, S. 
 Alt. 362 ft. 4245 ac. P. 10,400 ; pari. div. P. 58,200. 
 
 Sklptoii, post-tn. , Victoria, Ripon co. , 28 m. WSW. Ballarat. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sklptou Briflge, eccles. par., Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 ancient par. Topcliffe, P.O. P. <;25o. 
 
 Sklpton-npon-S-wale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Thirsk and Malton div., on the Swale, 6h m. NE. by N. Ripon, 
 I m. WNW. Topcliffe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Skipvrltli, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 9 m. SSE. York, 2 m. ENE. Riccall stn., P.O. P. <:500. 
 
 Skirbeck, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, i m. E. and included in 
 the pari. bor. of Boston, P.O. P. <;3500. 
 
 Sklrcoat, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, partly in co. 
 bor. of Halifax. P. 13,100. 
 
 Skirk, par.. Ire., Queen's co. , bar. Clandonagh, 2J m. NW. 
 Ballybophry stn. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Sklrlangli (-law), North and South, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 7J m. NNE. 
 HuU, ih m. NNW. of Sklrlaugh stn. on the NE. R., PMT.O. 
 (Sklriangh). P. (of each) < 500. 
 
 Skirling, par., Scot., Peeblesshire, 12 m. E. by S. Lanark, 2^ 
 m. NE. by E. Biggar stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Sklrmett, P.O., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div., 14 
 m. NW. by W. Windsor, 5 m. WNW. Great Marlow. 
 
 Sklrpenbeck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 7 m. NW. 
 Pocklington, P.O. P. <;25o. 
 
 Sklrsa Head, cape, Scot., Caithness, 11 m. N. Wick. 
 
 Sklrwlth, par., Eng., Cumberland, div. and 7 m. E. by N. 
 Penrith, zh m. E. by S. Langwathby stn. ; 5249 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Skive, t'n., Denmark, Jutland, 17 m. NW. Viborg; manu- 
 factures cotton goods and tobacco. P. <40oo. 
 
 Skjaer, Danish, ' cliff' or ' sharp rock.' See SMr. 
 
 Skjiei^aard, isls., Scandinavia. See Skargard. 
 
 Skjiiggedalfos, cascade, Norway, prov. Bergen, in extreme 
 E. of the Ringedalsvand, which, by means of the Tysaa, com- 
 municates with the S. part of the Sorfjord, a S. arm of the 
 Hardanger Fjord ; is one of the most picturesque cascades in 
 Norway. Alt. 525 ft. 
 
 Skjalfaudafljot, riv., Iceland, rises in the NW. of the Vatna 
 Jokull, and flows N. across a plain strewn with flints, where 
 there is no valley properly so called. 
 
 Skjalskor, or Skjeelskor, seapt. tn., Denmark, on the W. 
 ct. of Seeland, prov. Soro, 58 m. SW. by W. Copenhagen. The 
 channel leading to harbour is about 13^ ft. deep ; no tides. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Skjeherg, vil., Norway, prov. Christiania, 10 m. NW. 
 Frederikshald. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Skjeme, vil. , Denmark, in the W. of Jutland, prov. and 14 
 m. SE. Ringkjobing, near r. bk. of Skjerne R. P. <20oo. 
 
 Skjerstad, vil., Norway, prov. Tromso, dist. Nordland, 17^ 
 m. ESE. Bodo; rich deposits of iron. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Skjerstadfjord, an E. prolongation of the Salteufjord, 
 Norway, with which it communicates by narrow passages, made 
 dangerous by the terrible Saltstroni. Length, 28 m. 
 
 Skjold, vil., Norway, prov. and 127 m. NW. Christiansand, 
 37 m. N. Stavanger. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Sko, Slavonic termination. See Sk. 
 
 Skoheltsyna, vil., E. Siberia, prov. Amur, on 1. bk. Amur, 
 at its junction with Bureya. P. <2oco. 
 
 Skodra, Turkey in Europe. See Skutarl. 
 
 Skodsborg, sea-bathing and country resort, Denmark, on 
 E. ct. of Seeland I., 8J m. N. Copenhagen. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Skofde, tn. , Sweden, prov. Skaraborg, 45 m. W. by S. Motala ; 
 has a cold mineral spring. Half a mile W. is the church of 
 Varnhem, built in 1150, the burial-place of several kings of olden 
 times. P. < 5000. 
 
 Skoger, vil. , Norway, prov. Christiania, 5 m. SSE. Drammen, 
 on the Draniselv. P. (comni.)<40oo. 
 
 Skogero, isl. , off N. ct. of Norway, prov. Tromso, in a bay 
 on the S. ct. of Varanger Fjord. Length, 12^ m.; mean breadth, 
 6 m.; area, 51 sq. m. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Skogn, vil., Norway, prov. and 35 m. ENE. Trondhjem, on 
 NE. shore of Trondhjem Fjord. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Skogso, isl., off W. ct. of Norway, one of the Vesteraalen. 
 Area, 14 sq. m. P. <20oo. 
 
 Skokloster (' the sheltered convent '), vil. , Sweden, prov. and 
 10 m. S. Upsala ; was the seat of a convent of Dominicans, later 
 Cistercians. Secularised by Gustavus Vasa, who gave it to 
 Field-Marshal Wrangel, whose son filled it with treasures and 
 artistic objects taken from Germany in the Thirty Years' War, Its 
 library has the richest collection of MSS. in Sweden. 
 
 Skole, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 22 m. S. Drohobycz, 
 on the railway across the Carpathians from Stryi to Munkacs ; 
 iron mined. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Skomer Island, Wales, off the W. ct. of Pembrokeshire, on 
 the S. of St. Bride Bay. 
 
 Skon, or SJiin, vil. , Sweden, prov. Vestemorrland, 24 m. SW. 
 Hernosand. P. (comm.) 6900. 
 
 Skopeles, isL, Greece, one of the Sporades, 14 m. off the NE. 
 1456 
 
 ct. of Euboea I. Area, 33 sq. m. (Wizotski) ; 47 sq. m. (Strel- 
 bitsky). 
 
 Skopelos, seapt. tn. , Greece, on Skop)elos I. and Bay (NE. 
 ct. ). P. <4000. 
 
 Skoplu, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 58 m. SSW. Ryazaii, 
 on railway from Tula to Ryazhsk (23 m. ) ; considerable trade in 
 grain, hemp, oil, swine meat, cattle, and salt, exported mostly 
 to Moscow, as also in hardware goods imported from Nizhniy, 
 Tubla, and Bolkhov. Considerable gardening ; flour-mills, oil- 
 mills, tanneries, soap-works. Two large fairs. P. 11,025. 
 
 Skoplje, Turkey in Europe. See t^skub. 
 
 SkopoH, mt. , in the SE. of the Greek isl. of Zante. 
 
 Skotschan, tn. , Austria, Silesia, 41 m. ESE. Troppau, 7 m. 
 ENE. Teschen. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Skonllkarla, comm., Greece, prov. Arta, 57 m. N. by W. 
 Mesolonggi. P. < 3000. 
 
 Skoivhegan, tn. , U.S., Maine, cap. Somerset co. , on the 1. 
 bk. of the Kennebec R. , 45 m. W. Bangor. P. 5100. 
 
 Skraayeu, islet, Norway, Lofoten Is., 5^ m. SE. Vaagen ; 
 one of the busiest fishing-places of Norway. 
 
 Skreeu, par.. Ire., SE. co. Meath, bar. Skreen, 7 m. SE. 
 Navan ; 4520 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Skreeii, par., Ire., N. co. Sligo, bar. Tireragh, 10 m. W. by 
 S. Sligo, PM.O. ; 13,240 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Skreen, par.. Ire., co. and 6 m. NE. Wexford, bars. Skreen, 
 Ballaghkeen, and E. Shelmaliere. P. <25o. 
 
 Skrevena, vil., Bulgaria, circle Vratca. P. <3000. 
 
 Skrlpou, vil., Greece, prov. Bceotia and Attica, 34 m. W. 
 Chalkis, on the site of the ancient Orkhomenos ; formerly on 
 the borders of Lake Kopais (now drained). 
 
 Skr6pha, Cape, Greece, on the W. ct., in 38° 17' N., at the 
 mouth of the Gulf of Patras. 
 
 Sknc, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 27 m. S. by E. Koniggratz. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Skudesuashavn, tn. and port, Norway, Karmo I., 24 m. 
 NW. Stavanger ; has a naval dockyard. The outer harbour is 
 37-44 ft. deep. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 44.7" F. , Feb. 34.2°, 
 July 58.2° ; annual rfall. (20 yrs.), 42.64 in. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Skudevlgtsbugten, harb. , Norway. See Bergen. 
 
 Skull, or Schnll, par. and tn. , Ire., SW. co. Cork, bar. W. 
 Carbery, W. div., 12^ m. W. by S. Skibbereen ; barytes is 
 obtained here. Par. 37,923 ac, P. 7200; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sknlyany (Sknlenl), tn., Russia, prov. Bessarabia, 57 m. 
 N W. Kishinev, on Pruth R. , on Roumanian frontier ; custom- 
 house. P. < 5000. 
 
 Skunk, riv., U.S., Iowa, rises in Hamilton co. , flows S. 
 then SE. into the Mississippi in Henry co. , 10 m. below Bur- 
 lington. Length about 250 m. 
 
 Skno, isl., in the central group of the Danish Is. Highest 
 point, 1480 ft. ; length, 3J m. ; breadth, 2 m. 
 
 Skurup, vil. , Sweden, prov. Malmohus, 24 m. ESE. Malmo. 
 P. (comm. ) 4000. 
 
 Skurz, vil. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 38 m. S. by \\'. Danzig. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Skutarl, tn. , Asia Minor, the Asiatic suburb of Constanti- 
 nople, built in an amphitheatre at the mouth of the Bosporus ; the 
 roads are crooked, and very muddy or dusty ; manufactures, 
 silks, cottons, and leather. Besides the mosque, the town has 
 theological colleges, schools, baths, &c., and the large Turkish 
 printing-press, founded 1723. On the plateau overlooking the 
 town is the large Turkish cemetery. Here, during the Crimean 
 War, the English troops had their barracks and hospital, and 
 here is their burial-ground, marked by a marble obelisk. Near 
 the shore is the Tower of Leander, the lover of Hero, now 
 used as a lighthouse. Here Xenophon stopped with the Ten 
 Thousand before proceeding into Europe. On the plains of 
 Skutari were gained the last victories of Constantine the Great 
 over Lucinius. In 1689 Skutari was the centre of the revolt 
 against Solyman (Suleiman) II. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 58.6° 
 F. , Jan. 41.9°, Aug. 76.0°. P. 45-50,000. 
 
 Skutari, Turkish tiskttdar, Albanian Skodra, Slavonic 
 Skadar, tn., Turkey in Europe, cap. vilayet Skutari, on the 
 Boyana, about i\ m. from the foot of Lake Skutari, from which 
 it is separated by a marshy plain, the town itself being subject 
 to inundations. W. of the town, on the top of a hill about 500 
 ft. high, is the old Servian fortress of Bosapha, now in ruins. 
 The town has been in Turkish hands since 1477. P. 36,000 ; 
 Moham. 27,500; Christians, 8000. 
 
 Skutari, Lake of, partly in Montenegro, partly in Albania, 
 in 42° 3' 33"-42° 20' 10 N. Its length (about 27 m.) is parallel 
 with the shore of the Adriatic, 10 m. distant, with a gulf 10 m. 
 N. from its E. shore. Its W. ct. is rocky and indented, while 
 the E. ct. is low and strewn with islets. All navigation centres at 
 the two ends ; in the S, round the town of Skutari, and in the 
 N W. round Vir- Bazar town, and in the N. round the small town 
 of Prieka. Its principal trib. is the Moraca ; its sole exit by the 
 Boyana, which flows into the Adriatic. Breadth, 8 m.; area, 
 144 sq. m. 
 
 Sknttenkeir, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 3 m. SW. 
 Stokesley. P. <25o. 
 
S K VI 
 
 S LE A 
 
 Skvlra, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 78 m. SW. of Kiev. 
 P. 12,200. 
 
 Skye, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Glengarry co. , 32 m. from Corn- 
 wall. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Skye, the largest isl. of the Inner Hebrides, Scot. , co. Inver- 
 ness, from the mainland of which county it is separated N. by 
 Loch Alsh, and E. by Sound of Sleat. It extends for 48 J m. in 
 a NW. direction ; it being indented NW. and W. by numerous 
 deep lochs. Surface mountainous, rising 2000 to upwards of 
 3000 ft. above the sea, in the Cuillin or CuchuUin Hills to above 
 3200 ft. ; N. part bold and strikingly picturesque. It is com- 
 posed chiefly of trap rocks, quartz, limestone, sandstone, and lias. 
 Climate very moist and variable [Portree]. Little of the land 
 is suited for agriculture ; such as there is is mainly near the sea- 
 coast, and even the pastures are chiefly in heath and coarse grass. 
 Cattle, fish, and kelp are the chief exports. The island contains 
 many Danish antiquities. Portree is the cap. ; other villages are 
 Stein, Kyle-Akin, Broadford, Oronsay, Armadale, and Uig. 
 Alt. 165 ft. Mean annual rfall. 81.75 in. P- I5i700- 
 
 Skyrebnrii, P.O., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 4 m. SW. 
 Gatehouse. 
 
 Skyreholnie, vil., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Burnsall 
 par., 3 m. NE. Skipton. 
 
 Skyrtng Water, a sheet of water in the S. of Chile, crossed 
 in the middle by 72° W. , communicating with Otway Water on 
 the E. by the Fitzroy Canal. It is not known whether it has 
 any communication with the W. ct. , but the set of currents 
 that have sometimes been observed in its eastern outlet seems 
 to prove that there is. Coal occurs on its shores. See Proc. K. 
 G. S., 1880, p. 553. 
 
 Skyros. 1. An isl., Greece, one of the Sporades, to the E. of 
 the middle of Euboea. Area, 79 sq. m. (Wisotzki). 2. A town 
 on the E. ct. P. <:4000. 
 
 Slack Side, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, i m. from Wibsey. 
 
 Slad, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 2 m. NE. Stroud, 
 P.O. (The Slad). P. < 2000. 
 
 Slade Koad, PM.O. , Eng., 2 m. from Erdington, near 
 Birmingham. 
 
 Sladesbrldge, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 2 m. from Wadebridge. 
 
 Slagelse, tn. , Denmark, 'Seeland, prov. Soro, 50 m. WSW. 
 Copenhagen; divers industries; has a church of the nth 
 century. P. 6800. 
 
 Slaggyford, stn. , Eng., Northumberland, on the 1. bk. of 
 the South Tyne, div. and 18 m. WSW, Hexham, on the NE. 
 R., P.O. 
 
 Siaght, electoral div., Ire., Londonderry, dist. Garvagh. 
 
 Slaldbnrn, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the SW. 
 of the Skipton div. , on the Hodder, 15 m. NW. by N. Burnley, 
 6 m. NNW. Chatburn stn., PMT.O.; 5182 ac. P.<soo. 
 
 Sialns, ct. par., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 12 m. SW. Peterhead, 
 6 m. E. by S. Ellon stn. ; 9124 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Slaith'ivaite, par. and tn. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Colne Valley div., on the Colne and Huddersfield Canal, 4^ m. 
 SW. by W. Huddersfield, on the L. & NW. R. ; manufac- 
 tures woollen and cotton goods ; its mineral spring, with the 
 same properties as that of Harrogate, is much frequented. 
 PMT.O. Par. P. <35oo; tn. P. <5ooo; eccles. par. (Slalth- 
 walte -with liiiiganls) P. <:5000. 
 
 Slaley, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 4^ m. SSE. 
 Hexham, 3^ m. SW. Riding Mill stn., P.O.; 7518" ac. P. < 
 500. 
 
 Slanianuau, par., Scot., Stirlingshire, on the Avon, 4^ m. 
 SSW. Falkirk, on the N. B. R. ; has extensive coal-mines in 
 the vicinity. PMT.O. Par. (including Blinkbonny) 7062 ac. 
 P. 6700. 
 
 Slamat, mt. , Java, 85 m. NW. by W. Jokjokarta. Alt. 
 11,240 ft. 
 
 Slaue, tn. , Bohemia. See Schlau. 
 
 Slaiie, par. and tn.. Ire., NE. co. Meath, bar. Upper Slane, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Boyne, 8 m. W. Drogheda, 2 m. from 
 Beauparc stn. ; has remains of the hermitage of St. Ere, who 
 founded the see of Slane. PMT.O. Par. 5869 ac, P. <i5oo; 
 tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Slaue, liOMcr and Tpper, two bars.. Ire., in the NE, of co. 
 Meath, Upper Slane bounded by the Boyne in the S. 
 
 Slanemore, PM.O., Ire., W. co. Westmeath, bar. Moyashel 
 and Magheradernon, 3^ m. WNW. Mullingar. 
 
 Slanes, par. , Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Ards, 4 m. NE. 
 Portaferry. P. <5oo. 
 
 Slauey, riv. , Ire. , rises in the SW. of co. Wicklow, flows S. 
 and SE. through cos. Carlow and Wexford, and enters the sea 
 through Wexford Harbour after a course of about 60 m. 
 
 Slang Bay, bay, Cape Colony, on S. ct. , in about 24° 37' E. 
 
 Sljinicji (slanik), tn. , Roumania, prov. Prahova, 21 m. N. by 
 W. Ployeshti ; much frequented for its carbonated mineral 
 springs. P. (comm.)<;5ooc. 
 
 Slaukanien l!j, or Slankamen-Xovi, comm., Hungary, 
 Croatia, co. Szerem, or Syrmia, 34 m. NE. Mitrovica. Scene of 
 the victory of the Margrave Louis of Baden over the Turks in 
 i6gi. P. <:400o. 
 1457 
 
 Slano, seapt. vil., Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on the W. 
 ct. , 15 m. NW. Ragusa. P. < 2000. 
 
 Slauotrii, vil., Bulgaria, on the Danube, prov. and 8 m. 
 ENE. Viddin. P. < 3000. 
 
 Slaplii, liOch, inlet, Scot., in the S. of the isl. of Skye, in 6" 
 W. , stretching 4 m. N. from its mouth. 
 
 Slapton, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 3 m. S. Leighton 
 Buzzard, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Slapton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 5 m. SW. by 
 S. Dartmouth, on Start Bay, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Slapton, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 9 m. 
 NNW. Buckingham, close to Wappenham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Slatbaken, an inlet from the Baltic, Sweden, in about 58" 
 25' N., into which opens the E. end of the Gota Canal. 
 
 Slateford and Ingllsgreen, vil. , Scot., Midlothian, on the 
 Water of Leith, 3 m. SW. by W. Edinburgh, with stn. (Slate- 
 ford) on the C. R., PMT.O. (Slateford). P. <75o. 
 
 Slate Islands, group of isls. , Scot. , Argyllshire ; includes 
 Luing, Shuna, Torsay, Sell, and Easdale. 
 
 Slatenlce Velk^l, vil., Austria. See dross Lateln. 
 
 Slater, tn., U.S., Missouri, Saline co., 99 m. E. Leavenworth 
 (Kansas). P. < 3000. 
 
 SlatersTllle, vil., U.S., Rhode Island, on Branch R. , co. 
 and i6'm. NW. by N. Providence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Slatina, vil., Bosnia, 10 m. NE. Banialuka ; hot mineral 
 springs ; deposits of gold, silver, and lead. P. < 2000. 
 
 Slatina, comm., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, 36 m. SW. 
 Fiinfkirchen. P. <:3000. 
 
 Slatina, vil, Montenegro, 20 m. NE, by N. Cetinje. 
 
 Slatina, tn., Roumania, prov. Oltfi, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Aluta, 29 m. ENE. Craiova. P. 5300. 
 
 Slatina, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Prishtina, on the Ibar, 
 16 m. ESE. Novibazar. 
 
 Slatington, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and on Lehigh R.,. 
 60 m. NNW. Philadelphia ; extensive slate manufacture. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Slattocks, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m, from Castleton. 
 
 Slangbani (slafam), par., Eng., Sussex, E. Grinstead div. , 
 6| m. ESE. Horsham, 4^ m. W. by S. Balcombe stn., P.O. ; 
 5482 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Slaughter, lower and Upper, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Gloucestershire, Cirencester div. ; Lower Slaughter, 13^ m. E. 
 Cheltenham, on the Wold, 2^ m. W. Stow stn. Lower Slaughter, 
 PM.O., P. <:5oo; Upper Slaughter, P. < 500, See Bourton ou 
 tlie Water. 
 
 Slaugliterford, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 8 
 m. NE. Bath, 4 m. NW. by N. Corsham stn. P. <25o. See 
 Blddestoue. 
 
 Slanghtmauns, P.O., Ire., co. Londonderry, 7 m. from 
 Clady. 
 
 Slave Coast, or Benin Coast, coast region in W. Africa, form- 
 ing part of Upper Guinea. The Slave Coast extends from the 
 Volta R. to the Benin R. It is a flat and monotonous tract of 
 land. The climate is oppressively hot, and very unhealthy to 
 Europeans. The slave-trade, which was in former times flourish- 
 ing on this coast, has now been completely suppressed. For 
 exports and imports, see Lagos. Dahome [q.v.) is situated in- 
 land behind the Slave Coast. The Slave Coast belongs to the 
 British, German, and French spheres of influence. Chief towns: 
 Whydah, Badagry, Lagos, Lekke, Mahin. See Lagos, Dahome. 
 
 [H. e. s.] 
 
 Slave Lake, Great. See Great Slave Lake. 
 
 SlavitescI (-eshti), vil., Roumania, prov. Valcea, on the r. 
 bk. of the Aluta, 48 m. NNE. Craiova. P. (comm. )< 2000, 
 
 Slavonia, territory of Austria-Hungary, now forming with 
 Croatia the kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia {q.v.). It corresponds 
 to the three eastern counties of Pozsega, Verocs, and Szerem 
 (Syrmia), occupying the whole of the angle between the rivs. 
 Drave and Save so far as the latter river forms the N. boundary 
 of Servia. 
 
 Slavnta (Slanta), tn. , Russia, govt. Volhynia, 80 m. W. by 
 N. Zhitomir ; mechanical and paper works, woollen cloth mills. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Slavyauoserbsk, tn. , Russia, govt, and 220 m. E. Ekate- 
 rinoslav, on N. Donets R. P. 5050. 
 
 Slavyausk (old Tor), tn. , Russia, govt, and no m. by rail 
 SE. Kharkov, near Donets R. Owing to the proximity of the 
 Slavyausk salt lakes it has several salt-works ; also tallow 
 melting works and soap works. The Slavyausk mineral 
 waters and mud attract many patients. P. 15,600. 
 
 Slavyauskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov, 
 Kubafi, 38 m. WNW. Ekaterinodar, on r. bk. Kubaii R. 
 P. 8800. 
 
 Slawstou, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Harborough div. , loj 
 m. SW. by S. Oakham, 2 m. SW. by S. Hallaton stn., P.O. 
 P. < 250. 
 
 Sleaford, pari, div., Eng., Lincolnshire. P. 45,500. 
 
 Sleaford, 01«1 and Xew, two adjoining pars, and market-tn. , 
 Eng., Lincolnshfre, N. Kesteven div., on the Bain R., the latter 
 iii m. NE. by E. Grantham, with a stn. (Sleaford) on the 
 
 4 2 
 
SLEA — SLIG 
 
 G. N. R. , and G. N. & G. E. Joint Rly. The grammar-school 
 at New Sleaford was founded, 1624. Market-day, M. Par. 
 New Sleaford, P. <4ooo; tn. P. <:sooo ; Old Sleaford, P. <7So. 
 See Quarrlngton. 
 
 Sleaford Bay, large inlet, S. Australia, in S. of Eyre's Penin., 
 W. of Spencer's Gulf, in 135° 40' E. 
 
 Sleaglll, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 6 m, W. by S. 
 Appleby, 3^ m. NE. Shap stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Slea Head, cape. Ire., W. ct. co. Kerry, at the N. of the 
 entrance to Dingle Bay. 
 
 Sleat, par., Scot., Inverness-shire, isl. of Skye, on the W. 
 shore of the Sound of Sleat, 7^ m. NE. Point of Sleat ; 39,959 
 ac. P. (including Ornsay I. and part of Skye I.) < 2000. 
 
 Sleat, penin. , Scot. , in the SE. of the isl. of Skye, 13 m. long 
 by 5 m. wide. 
 
 Sleat, Point of, cape, Scot., in the extreme SE. of the isl. of 
 Skye, in 6° i' W. 
 
 Sleat, Sound of, channel, Scot., between Skye and the 
 mainland of Inverness-shire. 
 
 Sleaty, par. , Ire. , Queen's co. , on riv. Barrow, bar. Slieve- 
 margy, 2 m. NW. Carlow. P. <25o. 
 
 Slebecta, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on an arm of Milford 
 Haven, 5 m. E. by S. Haverfordwest. P. <5oo; eccles. par. 
 (Slebecli with Mlnwere and Ne>rton) 4474 ac, P. <5oo. 
 
 Sleddale, valley, Eng. , Yorkshire, in the extreme W. of the 
 Richmond div. of the N. Riding, opens into that of the Swale, 
 about 3^ m. W. of Muker. 
 
 SlecMale, Long, par., Eng., Westmorland, 7 m. N. Kendal ; 
 6735 ac. P. <;25o. 
 
 Sledmere wltli Croom, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Buckrose div., 16 m. SSW. Scarborough, 3 m. NE. of its stn. 
 (Sledmere and Flmber) on the NE. R., PM.O. (Sledmere) ; 
 7043 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Sleekbnrn CoUlery, P.O., Eng., Northumberland, ^ m. 
 NW. Blyth. 
 
 Sleepy Eye, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Brown co., 14 m. by rail 
 W. New Ulm. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sleights, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the Esk, div. 
 and 3 m. SW. Whitby, on the NE. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Sleuil»h Mountain, Ire., in the E. of co. Antrim, 9 m. W. 
 by N. Lame. 
 
 Sleiiliigford, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Stalnley, North. 
 
 Sieswlck, an English sp)elling of the German Schleswlg 
 (g.v.). 
 
 Sleydlnge, coram. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. Ghent ; 
 manufactures sail-cloth and linen goods. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sliabii, Gaelic, 'mountain' or 'heath.' See Slieve. 
 
 Sllddery Point, cape, Scot., Wigtownshire, on Wigtown 
 Bay, 7^ m. SSE. Wigtown. 
 
 Slide Mountain, U.S. See CatskUl Mountains. 
 
 Slle, gulf, Ger. See Schlel. 
 
 SUedrecht, comm. , Holland, prov. S. Holland, on the Maas, 
 5 m. E. by N. Dordrecht ; has dockyards. P. 9900. 
 
 Sllevardagh, bar. , Ire. , in the SE. of co. Tipperary. 
 
 Slieve, or Sliabii, Gaelic, ' mountain ' or ' heath.' 
 
 Slleveaneena, electoral div. , Ire. , Galway, dist. Moycullen. 
 
 Slieve Aulerln, mt.. Ire., in the S. of co. Leitrim, 9 m. N. 
 by E Leitrim. Alt. 1922 ft. 
 
 Slieve Aughty, range of mts., Ire., in the extreme SE. of co. 
 Galway. 
 
 Slieve Bane, mt. , Ire. , co. Dublin, 5 m. S. Tallaght. Alt. 
 2128 ft. 
 
 Slieve Beg, summit of the Mourne Mts., Ire., co. Down, 
 2 m. W. Newcastle. Alt. 2384 ft. 
 
 Slieve Blnglan, mt., Ire., in the SE. of co. Down, 14 m. E. 
 by S. Newry. Alt. 2449 ft. 
 
 Slieve Bloom, range of mts.. Ire., in the S. of King's co. 
 and in the NW. of Queen's co., trending SSW. and NNE. 
 Highest summit, 1733 ft. 
 
 Slieve Boy, mt.. Ire., in the N. of co. Wexford, 11 m. NNE. 
 Enniscorthy. Alt. 1385 ft. 
 
 SUeve I'allan, mt.. Ire., W. co. Clare, i2i m. W. Ennis. 
 Alt. 1282 ft. 
 
 Slieve Car, mt.. Ire., NW. co. Mayo, 20 m. W. Ballina. 
 Alt. 2369 ft. 
 
 Slieve Donard, mt., Ire., in the S. of co. Down, 13 m. SW. 
 Downpatrick. Alt. 2796 ft. The highest of the mountains 
 of Mourne. 
 
 Slieve Oalllon, mt. , Ire. , in the S. of co. Londonderry, 7 m. 
 N. Cookstown. Alt. 1623 ft. 
 
 Slieve Ciamph Mountains, or Lurgan Hills, mts. , Ire. , on 
 border of cos. Sligo and Mayo, a continuation of the Ox Mts. 
 Greatest alt. 1321 ft. 
 
 SUeve Gulllon, mt.. Ire., in the S. of co. -Armagh, 6 m. SW. 
 Newry. Alt. 1893 ft. 
 
 SUeve League, mt. , Ire., in the e.ttrcme SW. of co. Donegal, 
 23 m. W. Donegal. Alt. 1972 ft. 
 
 SUevemahanagh, electoral div.. Ire., Mayo, dist. Westport 
 No. I. • 
 
 SUevemargy, bar. , Ire. , SE. Queen's co. 
 1458 
 
 SUeve MIsh, range of hills. Ire., in the NW. co. Kerry, N. 
 of Castlemaine Harbour. 
 
 SUeve Mlsklsh, range of hills, Ire. , extreme SW. co. Cork. 
 
 Sllevemore, mt. , Ire., N. Achill I., co. Mayo. Alt. 
 2204 ft. 
 
 SUeve More, a summit of the Mourne Mts., Ire., co. Down, 
 ■2\ m. SW. Newcastle. Alt. 2443 ft. . 
 
 SUeveniore Point, cape, Ire., N. Achill I., co. Mayo. 
 
 SUeve Muck, a summit of the Mourne Mts., Ire., co. Down, 
 6 m. SW. Newcastle. Alt. 2198 ft. 
 
 SUevenaniau, mt. , Ire., in the SE. of co. Tipperary, 7 ni. 
 NE. Clonmel. Alt. 2364 ft. 
 
 Slleve-na-Muck, or Tipperary HlUs, hill range, Ire., co. 
 and 3^ m. SE. Tipperary. Length, 6 m. ; greatest alt. 1215 ft. 
 
 SUeveuanee, mt. , Ire., in the NE. of co. Antrim, 19 m. NW. 
 Larne. Alt. 1782 ft. 
 
 SUeve Phellni Mountains, Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Owney- 
 beg. Greatest alt. 1523 ft. 
 
 Sllevereagh, electoral div. , Ire., Cork, dist. Inchigeelagh. 
 
 SUeve Snaght ('snow mountain'), mt.. Ire., in the NW. of 
 CO. Donegal, 24 m. N. Donegal. Alt. 2240 ft. 
 
 SUglchan, PT.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, Skye I., 9 m. S. 
 Portree, at head of SUglchan Loch, sea loch, which extends 3 
 m. to the NE. 
 
 SUgo, vil., Canada, Ontario, Peel co. , 31 m. WNW. Toronto, 
 on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sllgo, maritime co. , Ire. , prov. Connaught, with a \ery irregular 
 coast ; divided as shown in the following table : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1 89 1. 
 
 Carbury 
 
 Coolavin 
 
 Corran 
 
 Leyny 
 
 Tireragh 
 
 Tirerrill 
 
 Total, Sligo 
 
 76,603 
 
 26,707 
 
 25.814 
 
 7.055 
 
 45.376 
 
 10,198 
 
 121,543 
 
 21,628 
 
 106,673 
 
 18,616 
 
 75.807 
 
 13,809 
 
 451.815' 
 
 ,013 
 
 1 Exclusive of 10,330 ac. under the larger rivers, lakes, and tideways. 
 
 Surface well wooded and sometimes picturesque, with some fine 
 ranges of hills. The geological floor is Carboniferous Limestone, 
 with black shale strata and Upper Carboniferous Limestone, 
 the latter forming plateaux. There are two masses of Old Red 
 Sandstone near Loch Arrow. Ironstone, though plentiful, is 
 not worked ; copper and its sulphate are also found. Silver, 
 though not in paying quantity, is met with near Ballysodare. 
 Barytes is dug at Bundoran ; coal at Bally nashee. In tlie N. the 
 gneiss mountains rise to 1950 ft. at King's Mt., and the limestone 
 range to 1722 ft. , Benbulbin ; in the W. Ox Mts. , 1778 ft. ; and a 
 smaller range, the Curlew Mts. (under 900 ft.), are on the Ros- 
 common border. Chief rivers, the Moy, flowing into Killala 
 Bay, the Easky, from a loch of the same name, the Owenmore, 
 and the Garvogue. The sea and salmon fisheries are important. 
 Manufactures some coarse woollens and linens, leather. Soil 
 is in some parts ligHt, in others deep and fertile, with many 
 patches of bog land. Agriculture has declined as to tillage ; 
 cattle-feeding is a main industry. For agricultural statistics, see 
 Appendix, pp. 10-12. Before Henry II. the dist. belonged to 
 the O'Connors, and then came under the De Burgos. The 
 antiquities are Druidical cairns and cromlechs, a round tower at 
 Drumcliffe, a fine Celtic cross, two ruined abbeys, &c. Com- 
 munication by the M. G. W. R. , passing from the S. border to 
 the county town, with a branch on the Sligo, Leitrim, and N. 
 Counties Rly. The chief towns are Sligo, Ballymote, and 
 Tobercurry. See Ireland, table. 
 
 SUgo, civic tn. , Ire. , cap. co. Sligo, bar. Carbury, 34 m. W. 
 by S. Enniskillen, picturesquely situated near the mouth of the 
 Garvogue, the short stream draining Lough Gill into Sligo Bay, 
 in the angle at the E. end of the N. ct. of prov. Connaught, on 
 the M. G. W. R. and Sligo, Leitrim, and N. Counties Rly. It 
 is the chief town and seaport in the N W. of Ire. , exporting large 
 numbers of cattle and great quantities of agricultural produce. 
 The harbour has a depth of 27J ft. high water, 16 ft. low water 
 on the bar at ordinary spring tides. At Oyster I. moorings 
 (close to Rosse, 4 m. from the town) the depth is 19 ft. at low 
 water ordinary springs. Sligo has a large town-hall, including 
 an exchange, free library, assembly room, &c. , a Roman 
 Catholic cathedral (diocese of Elphin), and ruins of an old 
 abbey, originally dating from the 13th century, but rebuilt after 
 its destruction by fire in 1414, though the chancel appears to 
 have escaped, and to belong to the original edifice. Its cloisters 
 are noted for their beauty. Sligo returned one member to Par- 
 liament till 1870, when it was disfranchised. Market-days, Tu. 
 and F. P. (1841) 12,300; (1851) 11,100; (1871) 10,700; (1891) 
 10,300; pari, divs., X. Sllgo, P. 48,700; S. SUgo, P. 49,300. 
 
 Sllgo, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Clarion co. , 51 m. NE. by 
 N.Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
SLIG — SMEA 
 
 Sllgo Bay, the inlet on which the town of Sligo, Ire. , stands, 
 lies immediately S. Donegal Bay; extends inland for 12 m., 
 dividing at its upper part into three arms, Drumcliffe Bay in the 
 N. , the upper part of Sligo Bay in the middle (nearly shut off 
 from the outer part by Coney I.), and Ballysodare Bay in the S. 
 Breadth at entrance, 6 m. In 1588 three ships of the Spanish 
 armada were stranded here. 
 
 Sllguflf, par. , Ire. , S. co. and 12 m. S. Carlow, bar. E. Idrone, 
 3 m. SSE. Bagenalstown ; 6758 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 oilman, Arab tribe, Algeria, 40 m. S. Algiers. 
 
 Sllmbrldge, par., Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div. , 
 6^ m. N. by W. Wotton-under-Edge, 2^ m. W. Frocester stn., 
 P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Sllmmlngc, vil. , Sweden, prov. Malmohus, 24 m. ESE. 
 Malmo. P. (comm. )<3ooo. 
 
 SUndon, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 3^ m. WNW. 
 Arundel, 2^ m. N. Barnham Junction, PMT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Sllnfold, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 4 m. W. by N. Hors- 
 ham, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O.; 4432 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Sliiigley, part of par. , Eng. , Durham. See Seaton. 
 
 Slliigsby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 16 m. NNE. York, on the NE. R., PM.O. P. 
 
 <7So- 
 Slip End, PM.O., Eng., Bedfordshire, 2 m. from Luton. 
 Sliptou, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 8 m. 
 NNE. Wellingborough, i m. NNW. Twywell stn. P. <25o. 
 See liowlck. 
 
 SUteu, or Zllteii, coast vil., N. Africa, Tripoli, 90 m. E. by 
 S. of town of Tripoli. 
 
 Slitrig Water, riv. , Scot., Roxburghshire, flows N. into the 
 riv. Teviot, which it joins at Hawick ; its valley is traversed by 
 the Waverley line of the N. B. R. 
 
 Slitting 91111, P.O., Eng., Staffordshire, 2 m. from Rugeley. 
 SUven, or Slivno (Turkish Isllnlye), tn. , Bulgaria, Eastern 
 Roumelia, cap. prov. Sliven, 39 m. ENE. Stara Zagora (Eski 
 Saghra). Manufactures cloth ; cultivation of the mulberry ; its 
 vines are famous. The town is frequently visited by earthquakes. 
 Sliven was celebrated during the Byzantine era under the name 
 of Stlifanos, and for a long time its possession was disputed 
 between Bulgaria and Byzantium. In 1388 the Turks obtained 
 possession of it. Alt. 935 ft. P. (1888) 20,900; Bulgarians, 
 16,400 ; Moham. 2300. 
 
 Slivnica (slivnitsa), vil. , Bulgaria, prov. and 18 m. NW. by W. 
 Sofia. Scene of several battles between Servia and Bulgaria 
 in 1885, at the end of which the Servians were driven back into 
 their own land. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sllvno, tn. , Eastern Roumelia. See Sliven. 
 Sloane Square, stn. , London, Eng. , on the Metropolitan Rly. 
 (Inner Circle), G. W. R., and Metropolitan District & G. W. 
 Joint Rly., 3 m. SW. by W. St. Paul's. 
 
 Sloans Station, vil., U.S., Ohio, Jefferson co., on Ohio R., 
 8 m. N. Steuben ville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sloboda, Slobodka, &c. , Slavonic, 'town,' 'suburb,' or 'large 
 village. ' 
 
 Slobodslcol, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 20 m. NE. Vyatka, 
 on Vyatka R. ; |tanneries, glue-works, distilleries ; domestic 
 industries in wood. P. 7600. 
 
 Slocan, lake, Canada, Brit. Columbia, stretching about 12 m. 
 N. to S. , just S. of 50° N. , in about 117° 35' W. , drained S. by 
 the Slocan R. into the Kootenay, about midway between the 
 Kootenay and Lower Arrow Lakes ; surrounded by high moun- 
 tains, with numerous silver-lead mines on their slopes. 
 
 Slocliteren, comm., Netherlands, prov. and 10 m. ESE. 
 Groningen. P. 10,300. 
 
 Slocl£-ua-9Iarra Kace, channel, Ire. , between Rathlin I. and 
 CO. Antrim, 5 m. wide. 
 
 Slocumvllle, vil., U.S., Rhode Island, Washington co. , 10 J 
 m. WNW. New Port. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sloe, an arm of the Scheldt, Netherlands, separating Walcheren 
 and S. Beveland Is. , prov. Zeeland. 
 
 Sloley, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 11 m. NNE. Norwich, 
 ih m. S. Worstead stn. P. <:5oo. 
 Sloley Hill, vil., Eng., Warwickshire, 6 m. W. Nuneaton. 
 Slonlm, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 105 m. SE. Grodno, on 
 navigable Shchara R. , near Oginski Canal. Old town annexed 
 to Russia in 1795 '• trade in corn and wood produce, exported. 
 P. 23,400. 
 
 Slootliby, part of eccles. par., Eng., Lincolnshire. See 
 Wlllongbby. 
 
 Sloteu, tn. , Holland, prov. Friesland, on Sloter Meer, 22 m. 
 SSW. Leuwarden. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sloten, comm., Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, 7 m. ESE. 
 Haarlem. P. 7300. 
 
 Slough (slau), market-tn., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe 
 div., I J m. N. by E. Windsor, on the G. W. R. and Metro- 
 politan District & G. W. J«int Rly. ; has an astronomical obser- 
 vatory, where was erected the great telescope of the elder 
 Herschel ; fireclay is obtained here. Market-day, Tu. P. 5400. 
 Slonp, vil. , Austria, Moravia, circle Briinn, 7 m. SSE. Bosko- 
 witz ; famous for its immense labyrinth of caves. P. <20oo. 
 
 Slovaks, Slavonic people, in the N. of Hungary, inhabiting 
 the valleys of the Waag, Gran, Taracz, and Topla. They are 
 also met with round Budapest, and in the cos. Borsod, Szabolcz, 
 Abauj-Torna, and Szilagy, and in the E. of Moravia. They 
 speak the Slovak language, a Czech dialect. 
 
 Slovenes, or Slovenians, Slavonic people, Austria, in the 
 provs. of Istria and Carniola, and in the dists. around Styria and 
 Carinthia. There are also a smaU number of Slovenes in the 
 Hungarian cos. of Zala and Vas. Their language is a Serbo- 
 Croatian dialect. 
 
 Sluagh, Gaelic, 'a multitude,' or 'host;' e.g., Ballinasloe, 
 ' the fordmouth of the hosts. ' 
 
 Sluis, or Sluys, fortified tn. , Holland, prov. Zeeland, 12 m. 
 SW. Flushing. Sluis was formerly a fortress of the first order, 
 but is now merely a small port without importance. Here the 
 French fleet was defeated by the English, 1340. P. (comm.) 
 <3000. 
 
 Slutsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 60 m. S. Minsk, on Sluch 
 R., trib. of the Pripet. Old town, annexed to Russia in 1795; 
 tobacco fabrication. P. 17,830. 
 
 Sluys, Dutch, 'sluice.' ^ee Schleuse. 
 
 Slyne Head, cape, Ire., on a small islet off W. ct. co. 
 
 Galway, with two hghthouses on Illaunamid I., off Slyne Head. 
 
 Slyne •with Hest, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 2^ m. 
 
 N. Lancaster, i m. E. Hest Bank stn., P.O. (Slyne). P. <5oo. 
 
 Smaalenenc, prov. [atnt), Norway, diocese (sti/i) Christiania, 
 
 cap. Frederikshald. See Norway, table. 
 
 Smailholm, par., Scot., Roxburghshire, 5 m. WNW. Kelso. 
 Smailholm Tower, on Sandyknowe Crags, is i^ m. SW. the 
 village, P.O.; 4194 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 SmAland, old prov., S. Sweden, now forming the provs. 
 Jonkoping, Kronoberg, and Kalmar. 
 
 Smalesmontta, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 19 m. 
 NW. He.xham, on the r. bk. of the North Tyne, i m. SE. 
 Falstone stn. ; 13,459 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Sniallbridge with Dearnley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, 
 included in the pari. bor. of and i m. NE. Rochdale. P. 5100. 
 Smallbnrgli, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 13 m. SE. by S. 
 Cromer, 2^ m. WSW. Stalham stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 Smallcounty, bar. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Limerick. 
 Small Dole, P. O. , Eng. , Sussex, 2 m. from Henfield. 
 Smalley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Ilkestone div. , 6 m. NE. 
 by N. Derby, 2 m. E. by N. Coxbench stn., PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 Smallfleld, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 7 m. NW. 
 Sheffield. 
 
 Smallford, stn., Eng., Hertfordshire, on a branch of the 
 G. N. R. , 2 m. E. St. Albans. 
 
 Small Cilen, narrow valley, Scot., in the E. of W. Perthshire, 
 stretching about 2\ m. along the course of the Almond, about 
 S m. NNE. Crieff". 
 
 Small Heath and Sparkbrook, stn., Eng., on the G. W. 
 R. , in the Bordesley (SE. ) div. of the pari. bor. of Birmingham. 
 Smailholm, vil., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 3^ m. SSE. Loch- 
 maben {q.v.), on the r. bk. of the Annan. 
 
 Smallliythe, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, in ancient par. of 
 Tenterden. P. <25o. 
 
 Smalllngerland, comm., Netherlands, prov. Friesland, 12J 
 m. NE. Heerenveen. P. 10,300. 
 
 Small Isles, insular par. , Scot. , Argyllshire and Inverness- 
 shire, comprising Canna, Muck, Rum, Sandy, and Eigg Is.; 
 37,752 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Smallrldge, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Axminster, Devonshire. 
 Smalls, a number of rocks, Ire. , about 45 m. SE. of Carnsore 
 Point, CO. Wexford, with a Ughthouse. 
 
 Smalls Lighthouse, in St. George's Channel, off the W. 
 
 ct. of Pembrokeshire, 15 m. W. Skomer I., 51° 43' N., 5° 41' W. 
 
 Smalltliorne, eccles. par. and tn. , Eng., Staffordshire, 2 m. 
 
 NE. Burslem, with a stn. (Ford Green and Smallthorne) on 
 
 the N. Staffordshire Rly.; has iron- works. PM.O. P. S300. 
 
 Smallwood, par., Eng., Cheshire, 3 m. SE. Sandbach, P.O. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Smannell, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Hampshire, P. O. See 
 Enham, Knights, with Smannell. 
 
 Smardale, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 9 m. SSE. 
 Appleby, on the NE. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Smarden, par., Eng., Kent, on the Beult, div. and 8i m. 
 W. Ashford, 3 m. ESE. Headcorn stn., PMT.O.; 5387 ac.^ P. 
 <i500. 
 Smarje, vil. , Austria. See Sankt Harien. 
 Smarmore, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. and 3 m, SW. Ardee, 
 
 P.O. P. <2SO. 
 
 Smarts Hill, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Penshurst, Kent. 
 
 Smartville, gold-mining vil. , U.S., California, Yuba co. , 17 
 m. E. Marysville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Smeafleld, stn., Eng., Northumberland, on the NE. R.. 
 between Belford and Beal srtns. 
 
 Smeaton, stn., Scot., Midlothian, on the Esk, 2 m. S. by E. 
 Musselburgh, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Smeaton, tp., Victoria, Talbot co., in 37° 21' S. and 144° 3' 
 E. P. < 1500. 
 
 1459 
 
SMEA — SMOL 
 
 Smeatoii, Great, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Rich- 
 mond div. , 7^ m. SE. by S. Darlington, 2 m. E. Cowton stn. , 
 PMT.O. P. <;25o; eccles. par. (Great Smeaton wltli Apple- 
 ton-npon-Wlske) P. <750. 
 
 Smeatou, Little, par., Eng., Yorkshire, adjoining Great 
 Smeaton. P. <:25o. 
 
 SniedercTO, Servia. See ^meudrla. 
 
 Sniedjebackeu, tn. , Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, 34 m. S. 
 by W. Falun ; iron mined. P. (including Norrbarke) 7600. 
 
 Smeetli, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 4^ m. SE. by E. Ashford, 
 I m. NNE. of its stn. on the SE. R., PT.O. P. <:7So. 
 
 Smeeth Road, stn., Eng., Norfolk, on the G. E. R., 4^m. E. 
 Wisbech. 
 
 Siueeton Westerby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough 
 div. , 9^ m. SE. by S. Leicester, i m. W. by S. Kibworth stn. , 
 P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Smela, tribe, Algeria, prov. and in vicinity of Oran. P. 8500. 
 
 Smerdesb, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Monastir, 17 m. E. 
 Koritsa. P, 2000 or 4000. 
 
 Smendn, officially Cond^, comm. , Algeria, 14 m. NNE. 
 Constantine ; lignite deposits. P. 12,300. 
 
 Smeru, Moiuit, Java. See Semem. 
 
 Siuerw'lck Harbour, well sheltered bay. Ire. , in the W. of 
 CO. Kerry, 4 m. NW. Dingle. 
 
 Smetbcott, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 9 m. SSW. 
 Shrewsbury. P. <5oo. 
 
 Smethport, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, cap. McKean co. , 85 
 m. E. by S. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 SmetbTvIck, part of par. , Eng. , Cheshire. See Brereton. 
 
 Smeth'vrlck (smgth'ik), tn. and eccles. par., Eng., S. 
 Staffordshire, Handsworth div., 3 m. WNW. Birmingham, 
 with two stns. (Smeth-n'lck and Smettawlck Junction) on the 
 L. & NW. R., and another (Handsworth and Smethwick) 
 on the G. W. R. ; has extensive engineering, iron, and glass 
 manufactures, chemical works, &c. PMT.O. P. 25,000; tn. 
 P. 36,200; eccles. par. (Snietlfwlck or 9f. Harborne) P. 11,200. 
 
 8niethwick, stn. , Eng. , Staffordshire. See HaudsM'ortta. 
 
 Smichow, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Smichow ; has brass 
 foundries and mills. P. 32,600. See Prague. 
 
 Smldar, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 16^ m. WNW. Koniggratz. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Smilde, comm. , Holland, prov. Drenthe, 19 m. S. by W. 
 Groningen. P. 5000. 
 
 Smlleswortb Moor, upland tract, Eng. , on the N. border of 
 the Thirsk and Malton div. of the N. Riding of Yorkshire, about 
 15 m. S. Middlesbrough. Alt. 1326 ft. 
 
 Snilfitz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Jaromgf. P. <:3000. 
 
 Smisby, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 6^ m. ESE. Burton, 
 i| m. N. Ashby stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Smite, small riv. , Eng., Nottinghamshire, in the SE., flows 
 N. to the Trent, which it joins on the r. bk. at Newark. 
 
 Smith, CO., U.S., Kansas, on the N. frontier, crossed in the 
 W. by 99° W. 
 
 Smith, CO., U.S., Mississippi, W. of 89° W., crossed by 
 32° N. 
 
 Smith, CO., U.S., Tennessee, N. of 36° N., and crossed by 
 87° W. 
 
 Smith, CO., U.S., Texas, in the NE., to the N. of 32° N., 
 crossed in the E. by 95° W. 
 
 Sniltham Bottom, PT. O. , Eng. , Surrey, 2 m. from Purley. 
 
 Smittaborongh, tn.. Ire., NW. co., bar. and 5§ m. WSW. 
 Monaghan, on the Ulster Canal and the G. N. (Ire.) R., PM.O. 
 (Smithboro'). P. <25o. 
 
 Smlthfleld, post-tn., New South Wales, Cumberland co. , 
 18 m. WNW. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Smlthfleld, tn. , Orange Free State, cap. Caledon River dist., 
 35 m. N. by E. Aliwal North. P. <2ooo. 
 
 SBilttafleld, tp., S. Australia, co. and 17 m. N. by E. Ade- 
 laide, on the Great Northern Line. P. < 1500. 
 
 Smlthfleld, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, cap. Johnston co., 25 
 m. SE. Raleigh. P. < 1500. 
 
 Smlthfleld, vil., U.S., Ohio, Jefferson co., 20 m. N. Wheel- 
 ing (W. Va.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Smlthfleld, tn., U.S., Rhode I., Providence co. P. <3ooo. 
 North Smlthfleld, adjoining tn., P. <4ooo. 
 
 Smlthfleld, city, U.S., Utah, Cache co., 75 m. N. Salt 
 Lake City. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Smlthfleld, vil., U.S., Virginia, Isle of Wight co. , 60 m. 
 SE. Richmond. P. <i500. 
 
 Smlthhllls, vil, Eng., Lancashire, par. and 2 m. NW. 
 Bolton. 
 
 Smlthic Shoal, shallow, Burlington Bay, S. of Flamborough 
 Head, E. ct Eng. 
 
 Smithies, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. NE. 
 Bamsley, P.O. 
 
 Smith Island, one of the S. Shetland Is., Antarctic Ocean, 
 crossed by 63° S. Mount Foster is 6595 ft. high. 
 
 Smlthland, vil., U.S., Kentucky, cap. Livingstone co., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Ohio and Cumberland Rivs., n6 m. NW. by 
 W. Nashville (Tenn.). P. < 1500, 
 1460 
 
 Smith Keef, in Lau or E. group, Fiji Is., in 17° 48' S. , 178° 
 50' W. 
 
 Smith's Falls, vil., Canada, Ontario, Lanark co., on Rideau 
 Canal, 39 m. SW. by S. Ottawa. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Smith's Hill, vil. , Canada. See Carlow. 
 
 Smith's Island, U.S., Maryland, in Chesapeake Bay, in 38° 
 
 Smith's Island, isl., U.S., N. Carolina, New Hanover co. , 
 at the mouth of Cape Fear R. A lighthouse stands on its W. 
 end ; Cape Fear is its S. end. 
 
 Smith's liandlng, vil, U.S., New Jersey, Atlantic co. , 50 
 m. SE. Philadelphia (Penn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Smith Sound, inlet, Newfoundland, on the E. ct., opening 
 on the W. side of Trinity Bay. 
 
 Smith Sound, strait, forming an extension of Baffin's Strait, 
 Arctic Region ; it gradually narrows between the NW. ct. of 
 Greenland on the E. , and N. Lincoln, Ellesmere, &c. , on the 
 W. The S. entrance to the strait was discovered by Baffin in 
 1616. 
 
 Smithsonian Institute, U.S. See ^Tashlngton. 
 
 Smith's Point, cape, U.S., Virginia, Northumberland co., 
 at the mouth of the Potomac. 
 
 Smithsto-wii, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Clare, dist. Roadford. 
 
 Smltliton, vil. , Scot. , Dumbartonshire, par. and 2^ m. SW. 
 Cumbernauld. P. <5oo. 
 
 Smithton, post-tn. , Tasmania, Wellington co. See Duck K. 
 
 Smlthton, tn. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Westmoreland co. , on 
 Youghiogheny R. , 16 m. SW. Greensbury ; coal is mined here. 
 P. <i50o. 
 
 Smithtown, post-tn., New South Wales, Dudley co., on 
 Macleay R. , 85 m. SE. Armidale. P. < 1500. 
 
 Smithto'n'n, vil., U.S., New York, Suffolk co. , on Long 
 Island Sound, 43 m. E. New York. P. < 1500. 
 
 SmlthtoMU Branch, vil., U.S., New York, co. and 6 m. N. 
 by E. Suffolk. P. < 1500. 
 
 SmlthTlUe, vil., Canada, Ontario, Lincoln co., 21 m. SE. by 
 E. Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 SnnithTlUe, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Burlington co., on Ran- 
 cocas Creek, 2 m. E. Mount Holly. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Smlthvllle, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, cap. Brunswick co. , 22 
 m. S. by W. Wilmington ; has a good harbour. Mean temp. 
 (15 yrs. ), yr. 63. 1° F. , Jan. 46.6°, July 81.0° ; mean annual rfall. 
 ( 9 yrs. ), 50. 99 in. P. < 1 500. 
 
 SmlthvlUe, vil., U.S., Ohio, Wayne co., 45 m. S. by W. 
 Cleveland. P. < 1500. 
 
 SiuithvlUe, vil, U.S., Tennessee, cap. Dekalb co. , 65 m. 
 E.Nashville. P. < 1500. 
 
 SmlthTlUe, vil., U.S., Virginia, cap. Charlotte co. , 72 m. 
 SW. by W. Richmond. P. < 1500. 
 
 Smithy Bridge, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Middleton div., on 
 the L. & Y. R., 2 m. ENE. Rochdale, PMT.O. 
 
 Smithy Houses, P.O., Eng., Derbyshire, 2 m. from Kilburn. 
 
 Smitsdorp, vil., S. African Repubhc, Zoutpansberg dist., 
 about 135 m. NE. by N. Pretoria; gold-mining centre ; healthy. 
 
 SmJedoTO, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. and 15 m. SSE. Shumla 
 (§umen). P. <3000. 
 
 Smoky Cape, New South Wales, on the Pacific coast, 
 between Trial Bay and Korogoro Point, in 30° 5/ S. 
 
 Smoky Hill, riv., U.S., rises in the extreme E. of Colorado, 
 and flows E. through Kansas till it unites with the Republican 
 R. to form the Kansas, in 96" 54' W. 
 
 Smoky Mountains, Gt . See Appalachian Mountains, B.I. 
 
 Smoky River, Canada, Alberta and Athabasca, flows NE. 
 into the Peace R. about 70 m. below Dunvegan, close to the 
 Peace R. Landing, the terminus of the waggon road from the 
 Lesser Slave Lake. 
 
 Smolen, isl., Norway, W. ct., 13 m. NE. Christiansund, 
 in 8° E. 
 
 Smolensk, govt, of middle Russia, has Tver on N. , Moscow 
 and Kaluga on E. , Chernigov on S. , Moghilev and Vitebsk on 
 W. Covers the W. part of the central plateau, extending in N. 
 towards the 1000 ft. high Valdai Hills ; deeply cut by ravines, 
 and of hilly aspect in the W. Carboniferous limestones covered 
 with chalk in S. , and Tertiary sands, marls, and clays in W. , 
 the whole being clothed with boulder-clay. Soil on the whole 
 not fertile. The Dnieper, as well as several rivers belonging 
 to the basins of the Volga, the W. Diina, and the Dnieper, take 
 origin in Smolensk (Vazuza, Gzhat, Moskva, Ugra, Sozh, 
 Desna), but none is navigable; timber floated on some. Climate 
 more wet than in central Russia, the average temp, at Smolensk 
 being, yr. 45.5° F., Jan. 13.4°, July 67°. Population White 
 Russians in W. (47 per cent.), and Great Russians in E. (43 
 per cent.); nearly 1000 of Poles and Jews each. Crops in- 
 sufficient for population, and the peasants often suffer from 
 scarcities of grain. Timber trade ; manufactures in infancy. 
 Divided into twelve dists. : Smolensk, Byelyi, Dorogobuzh, 
 Dukhovshina, Elnya, (Yelnya), Gzhatsk, Krasnyi, Poryechiye, 
 Roslavl, Sychevka, Vyazma, and Yukhnov. Area, 21,386 
 sq. m. P. (1882) 1,191,170; (1893) 1,469,760. 
 
 Smolensk, cap. of above govt., on both banks of upper 
 
S M O L 
 
 S N I B 
 
 Dnieper, at junction of railways Warsaw to Moscow and Riga 
 to Orel, 262 m. by rail WSW. of Moscow. It is a very old 
 Russian city, mentioned in 862, and in the nth century was 
 chief town of a large principality. From 1404 to 1654 it alter- 
 nately belonged to Lithuania, Poland, and Russia. Taken by 
 the French in 1812, and burnt. P. (1882) 35,830; (1891) 38,035. 
 
 Snioljluac, vil. , Servia, circle and 9^ m. E. Pozarevac. P. 
 <30oo. 
 
 Smoo Cave, limestone cavern, Scot. , Sutherland, at the head 
 of a small sea inlet, 8 m. N. by E. of the head of Loch Eriboll. 
 
 Smorgone, tn. , Russia, govt, and 50 m. by rail SE. Vilno. 
 P. 7500. 
 
 Smorodliinoye, vil. , Russia, govt, and 35 m. by rail NE. of 
 Kursk. P. 7000. 
 
 Sniyela, tn. , Russia, govt, and 102 m. SE. Kiev ; railway 
 junction; sugar and mechanical works ; brisk trade. P. 12,600. 
 
 8iuygehnk, cape, Sweden, on S. ct. prov. Malmohus, in 
 13° 18' E. 
 
 Smyrna, or Aldln, Turkish Izmir, tn. , Turkey in Asia, W. 
 ct. Asia Minor, near the head of the Gulf of Smyrna, in 38° 
 25' N., cap. vilayet and sanjak Smyrna. This is the most 
 important town of Asia Minor, its natural and principal sea- 
 port being connected with the interior by three lines of railway. 
 The town, famous for its beauty, has four quarters — the Euro- 
 pean, Turkish, Jewish, and Armenian quarters. The European 
 quarter has a quay 2 J m. long on the Mediterranean coast, 
 where are the principal hotels, caf^s, &c. Smyrna is the seat 
 of archbishops of the Greek Orthodox, the Roman Catholic, 
 and the Armenian churches, and has a Greek Church cathedral ; 
 has also a large Greek college. The chief exports are valonia, 
 sponges, raisins, figs, cereals, oil, cotton, tobacco, opium, raw 
 and tanned hides, carpets, and mats. The imports consist of 
 cotton and linen goods from England, woollen cloth from Ger- 
 many, Lyons silks, and all kinds of manufactured goods, valued 
 at _;^3,ooo,ooo per annum. ' Smyrna carpets ' are made in the 
 interior. Smyrna existed before the Greek era. Conquered 
 and colonised by the Ephesians, it formed part of the .^olian 
 Confederation, and resisted Gyges, King of Lydia, and was 
 taken by Alyattes in the 7th century B.C. Rebuilt by Lysi- 
 machus, it was made the cap. of Antigonus ; and falling later 
 into the hands of the Romans, figures in the Apocalypse among 
 the number of the Seven Churches. During the persecutions of 
 Marcus Aurelius in 166, St. Polycarp was martyred here. The 
 town was taken by the Seljuks in 1084, and in 1402 by Tamerlane; 
 finally conquered by the Osmanli in 1419. It suffered from 
 terrible earthquakes in 1688, 1768, and 1880. Mean temp. 
 (7 yrs., 1864-70), yr. 63.3° F. , Jan. 47.4", July 79.9°; mean 
 annual rfall. (2oyrs. ), 25.63 in. P. 200,000; Moham. 89,000; 
 Orthodox Greeks, 59,000; Jews, 16,000; Armenians, 5600; 
 beside 36,300 foreigners, of whom 25,000 Greeks. 
 
 !smyriia, tn. , U.S., Delaware, Kent co. , 30 m. S. by W. Wil- 
 mington ; has shipyards and iron-foundries. P. <;3000. 
 
 Smyrna, Gulf of, gulf in the -3igean Sea, on the coast of 
 Asia Minor, extends NW. and SE. in two arms between three 
 penins. It is 13J m. wide at mouth, and nearly 18^ m. at the 
 head ; length, 40 m. The Bay of Smyrna, properly so called, is 
 3J m. wide, and 2-5^ m. long. Formerly this bay was in danger 
 of being silted up by the deposits of the Gediz-chai (q.f.). 
 
 Smyth, CO., U.S., Virginia, in the SW., to the E. of 82° W., 
 crossed in the N. by 37° N. 
 
 Smyth Bay, Canada, Ontario, Grand Mantoulin I. , an inlet 
 of Georgian Bay, in 45° 45'-5o' N. 
 
 Smyth Channel, Chile, between the SE. of Queen Adelaide 
 I. and the mainland, crossed by 52° 20' S. 
 
 Smythesdale, gold-mining bor. , Victoria, Grenville co. , 15 
 m. SW. Ballarat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Snaaseu, lake, Norway, prov. and 60 m. NE. Trondhjem. 
 .•\lt. 62 ft. ; length, ENE. to WSW., 24 m. ; mean breadth, 
 2 m. ; area, 40 sq. m. 
 
 Snab Point, cape, Eng. , on coast of the co. of Northumber- 
 land, 8 m. ENE. Morpeth. 
 
 Snaefell ('snow mountain'), mt., in SE. of Iceland, N. of 
 the E. end of Vatna Jokull. Alt. 5964 ft. 
 
 Snaefell, mt. , Isle of Man, 5 m. SW. Ramsey, is the highest 
 mountain in the island. Eng. , Scot. , and Ire. are visible from it. 
 Lead is mined on the mountain. See Man, Isle of. 
 
 Sna-hiitten (' the snow cap'), the second highest mountain in 
 Norway, 73 m. SE. Christiansund. Alt. 7566 ft. 
 
 Snailwell, par., Eng., Cambridge, div. and 2J m. N. New- 
 market, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Snainton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div. , 
 8J m. WSW. Scarborough, on the NE. R., PM.O. ; 4836 ac. 
 P. <;75o. See Brompton. 
 
 Snaisgill, place, Eng., Durham; lead and barytes are 
 worked here. 
 
 Snaltli and Cowick, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding; 
 Snaith, on the Aire, Osgoldcross div., 7 m. W. by S. Goole, 
 with a stn. (Snaith) on the L. & Y. R. ; has agricultural trade, 
 and cattle fairs. PMT.O. (Snaith). Market-day, Th. 6018 
 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Snake, Le-wis Fork, or Shoshone, riv. , U.S., the largest 
 trib. of the Columbia, issues from a lake 7790 ft. high in the 
 Yellowstone Park, Wyoming, flows S. to Idaho, then SW. and 
 NW., describing a curve of more than 350 m. , flowing in S. 
 Idaho through a caiion of loo-iooo ft. deep ; here occur the 
 American, Shoshone, and Salmon Falls. It then flows N. and 
 NW. to near Fort Boise, where it bends N., forming the 
 boundary between Idaho and Oregon, and afterwards between 
 Idaho and Washington to Lewiston, where it turns W. to its 
 junction with the Columbia, in about 46° 15' N. , 119° o' W. The 
 .Shoshone Falls, in 42° 33' N. , 114° 22' W. , are surpassed in 
 America only by Niagara and Yosemite. In the main fall the 
 water descends in an unbroken sheet for 200 ft. Length more 
 than 900 m. Steamers ascend to Lewiston, and it is again 
 navigable above the rapids for 150 or 200 m. 
 
 Snake Island, Victoria, at the mouth of Corner Inlet, Buln 
 Buln CO. , crossed by 146!° E. 
 
 Snake River, riv. , U.S., Minnesota, rises in S. of Aitkin co. , 
 flows S. to Brunswick, and E. into St. Croix R. , in Pine co. 
 Length about 135 m. 
 
 Snake River, riv., U.S., Nebraska, rises in W. of Sioux co. , 
 flows ENE. into Niobrara R. Length about 100 m. 
 
 Snake River, stn., Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co. , close 
 to Lake Muskrat, 61 m. WNW. Ottawa. 
 
 Snakes, tribe of Indians, U.S. See Shoshones. 
 
 Snake Valley, post-tn. , Victoria, Grenville co. , in 37" 36' S. , 
 144° 31' E. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Snape, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 17J m. NE. by E. 
 Ipswich, ij m. NE. its stn. on the G. E. R., PT.O. P. <7So. 
 See Frlston. 
 
 Snape, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div., 
 8J m. N. by W. Ripon, 3 m. S. Bedale stn., P.O. ; 4791 ac. 
 P. <Soo. 
 
 Snarehill, Great and Little, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, i m. E. 
 Thetford. P. < 250. 
 
 Snares, islets, Oceania, New Zealand, about 50 m. SSW. 
 Stewart I., in 48° 6' S., 166° 29' E. 
 
 Snaresbrook (for Wanstead Park), stn., Eng., Essex, 
 Romford div., 7 m. NE. St. Paul's, London, on the G. E. R. 
 and N. London Rly. 
 
 Snareston, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 5J m. NW. 
 Bosworth, oh the L. & NW. R. and M. R., P.O. (Snarestone). 
 P. <5oo. See Swepstone. 
 
 Snarford, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 9 m. 
 NE. by N. Lincoln, 2 m. NE. by N. Snelland stn. P. <25o. 
 See Friesthorpe. 
 
 Snargate, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 6J m. NE. Rye, 
 I m. SE. Appledore stn. P. <:25o ; eccles. par. (Snai^ate 
 with Snave) P. <25o. 
 
 Snave, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 8 m. NE. Rye, 2| 
 m. S. by E. Ham Street stn. P. <25o. See Snargate. 
 
 Snead, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 2 m. NW. Bishops 
 Castle. P. <:25o. See Hyssington. 
 
 Sneaton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 2 
 m. S. Whitby, i m. S. Ruswarp stn., P.O. ; 4851 ac. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Sneek, tn., Holland, prov. Friesland, 12 m. SW. by S. 
 Leeuwarden ; manufactures linen, earthenware, and wooden 
 clocks, and has tanyards. P. (comm.) 11,500. 
 
 Sueem, tn.. Ire., S. co. Kerry, bar. S. Dunkerron, on riv. 
 Ardsheelhane, at mouth of Sneem rivulet, 14 m. W. by S. 
 Kenmare, PMT.O. P. <5oo. Sneem Harbour is an inlet on 
 N. side of Kenmare R. 
 
 Sneeu"wbei^en ('snowy mountains'), chain of mts. , Cape 
 Colony, in 22° 5o'-25° E. , forming the watershed between the 
 rivers flowing N. to the Orange, and those flowing S. to the 
 Indian Ocean by the Buffalo. The culminating point. Compass- 
 berg (8000 ft.). 
 
 Snehatten, mt. , Norway. See Snsehatten. 
 
 Sneinton (sngn'ton), par., suburb of Nottingham, Eng., in 
 the S. div., i m. ENE. Nottingham (Loudon Road) stn. 
 Market-days, M. and S. P. 17,400. 
 
 Snelland, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 8| m. 
 NE. Lincoln, on the M. S. & L. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Snelsou, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 7J m. W. 
 Macclesfield, i m. SW. Chelford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Suelston, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 13J m. WNW. 
 Derby, near the riv. Dove, between Clifton and Norbury stns. , 
 P.O. (Snelstone). P. <5oo. 
 
 Snetterton, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 19 m. SW. by 
 W. Norwich, li m. WNW. Eccles Road stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Snettisham "(snet'sham), par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 10 
 m. NE. by N. King's Lynn, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. ; 5828 ac. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Sneyd, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, in ancient par. of 
 Burslem. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sniatyn, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, 20 m. NW. by W. 
 Czernowitz. P. 10,900. 
 
 Snibston, vil., Eng., Leicestershire, Bosworth div. See 
 Ravenstone and Packlngton. 
 
 1461 
 
SNIL — SOCO 
 
 Snllesworth, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 6| m. NW. 
 Helmsley ; 5152 ac. P. <;25o. 
 
 Snltter, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div. , 12 m. 
 WSW. Alnwick, 2^ m. WNW. Rothbury stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Snltterby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 11 m. 
 E. by N. Gainsborough, 4^ m. SE. Kirton Lindsey stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Sultterfleld, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 3 J m. 
 N. by E. Stratford-on-Avon, 2^ m. E. Bearley stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Snltterton, part o£ par., Eng., Derbyshire. See "Wensley 
 and Siiltterton. 
 
 Snittlegartk, part of par. , Eng. , Cumberland. See Bewal- 
 detli. 
 
 Snl'zort ('Sney's firth'), par., Scot., Inverness-shire, in the 
 N. of Skye I., 7 m. NW. Portree, on Locli Sulzort, a deep 
 inlet of the sea, extending inland 12 m., P.O. ; 53,280 ac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Snoddy's Mill, coal-mining vil. , U.S., Indiana, Fountain co., 
 on Coal R. , 8 m. S. Covington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Snodland, par. and vil., Eng., Kent, Med way div., on the 
 Medway, 5 m. SW. Chatham, on the SE. R. ; has paper-works. 
 PMT.O. P. < 3500. 
 
 Snobomlsh, city, U.S., Washington, cap. co., 70 m. SE. by 
 E. Victoria (V. I.). P..<20oo. 
 
 Suobomlsli, riv., U.S., Washington, rises in the Cascade 
 Mts. , King CO. , by two branches, which unite in Snohomish co. , 
 and flows W. then N. into the Port Gardner section of Admiralty 
 Inlet. Length, about 65 m. 
 
 Snoanalmle, vil., U.S., Washington, King co., 62 m. NE. 
 by E. Olympia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Suoreliani, vil., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 4^ m. SSE. Maldon. 
 See Latcliliigdou. 
 
 Snoring, Great, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 18 m. W. by 
 S. Cromer. Snoring, Little, par. , i m. to the S. , in the N W. 
 div., 2 m. S. by E. Walsingham stn. Great Snoring, P.O., P. 
 <75o; Little Snoring, P.O., P. <:soo; eccles. par. (Great 
 Snoring with Tbnrsfford) P. < 1000. See East Barsliam. 
 
 Sno'vrdon, stn., Wales, near Beddgelert, on the N. Wales 
 Narrow Gauge Rly. 
 
 Snowdon, mt. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 10 m. 
 SE. Carnarvon, is the highest mountain of Wales and S. 
 Britain. It has five distinct peaks, of which Y-Wyddfa, the 
 central and highest, rises 3571 ft. Its W. side is very precipitous, 
 and partly formed of basalt. Its summit, to which a railway is 
 now (1895) being made, commands magnificent views. 
 
 Snowdon Ranger, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 
 on the N. Wales Narrow Gauge Rly. , 7I m. SE. Carnarvon. 
 Snow Hill, central stn. of the G. W. R. , Eng. , Birmingham. 
 Snow HIU, stn., Eng., London, on the L. C. & D. R., near 
 St. Paul's Cathedral. 
 
 Snow mil, tn., U.S., Maryland, cap. Worcester co., 97 m. 
 SE. by E. Washington (D. C). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Snowmass Mountain, mt., U.S., Colorado, a peak of the 
 Elk Range, in about 107° N. and 39° W. Alt. 13,970 ft. 
 
 Snowslilll, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 7 J 
 m. SE. by S. Evesham. P. <25o. See Stanton. 
 
 Snow Shoe, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Centre co., 79 m. NW. 
 Harrisburg, 26 m. W. by S. Lock Haven. P. < 1500. 
 
 Snowtown, tn., S. Australia, Daly co., 83 m. NNW. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Snowy Rlrer, riv., Gippsland, Victoria, Australia, and 
 the longest of the streams that water Gippsland, rises in New 
 South Wales, near Mount Table Top, in the N. ranges of the 
 Australian Alps, flows S. through Wallace co. (New South 
 Wales), crosses the supposed line from Forest Hill to Cape 
 Howe that separates the colonies, traverses Gippsland North, 
 and falls into the sea. Its course and its mouth are very nearly 
 in the same meridian. Its upper course is among rugged and 
 barren mountains ; lower it passes through a sandy soil, timbered 
 with mahogany. Length 240 m. , 160 m. of its course being in 
 New South Wales, and 80 m. in Victoria. 
 
 Snug River, post-tn. , Tasmania, Buckingham co. , 13 m. 
 SSW. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Snydale, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 4 m. W. Ponte- 
 fract. P. < 1500. 
 
 Snyder, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, bounded on the E. by the 
 Susquehanna, just below the confluence of the W. Branch of the 
 Susquehanna. 
 So, Chinese, ' a small fortress.' 
 Soa, salt-pan, S. Africa. See Kalahari. 
 Soa, islet, Scot. , Argyllshire, to the W. of Mull, in 56° 1/ N. , 
 li m. SW. lona. 
 
 Soana, valley, Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, W. of Ivr^, 
 traversed throughout its whole length by the Soana, 1. bk. trib. 
 of the Oreo. 
 Soane, riv. , India. Same as Son. 
 
 Soar, riv., Eng., Leicestershire, flows N. past Leicester and 
 Loughborough to the Trent ; navigable for barges to Leicester 
 
 1462 
 
 Soata, tn. , Colombia, dep. Boyaca, cap. North prov., 75 m. 
 NE. Tunja ; has large trade in sugar. P. 7200. 
 
 Soare, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. Verona, 3 m. NNW. San 
 Bonifacio ; the ' vino santo ' of Soave is a much appreciated 
 sweet wine. P. <4000. 
 
 Soay, isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, divided from the S. ct. of 
 the isl. of Skye by Soay Sound, in 6° 10^-15' W., P.O. P. 78. 
 Soay, isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, Harris par. P. 15. 
 Soba, Valle de, comm. and valley, Spain, prov. and 25 m. 
 SE. Santander, dist. Ramales. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sobaire, tn., Arabia, Hadramut, 65 m. SW. Terim. P. 
 4000 (Werde). 
 
 Sobat, riv. , Africa, eastern Sudan, r. bk. trib. of the Bahr-el- 
 Abiad or White Nile, into which it flows in 9° 24' N. , 31° 46' 
 E. ; its source is not yet exactly known. 
 
 Sober, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 40 m. S. Lugo, dist. 
 Monforte. P. 8500. 
 
 Sobernhelni, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Kreuznach, 
 on riv. Nahe, 17 m. SW. Bingen. P. <3000. 
 
 Soberton, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., on the 
 Titchfield, io| m. N. Portsmouth, 4 m. E. by S. Bishop's 
 Waltham stn., P.O., and P.O. (Soberton New Town); 5885 
 ac. P. < 1500. See Meon Stoke. 
 
 Sobeslan, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on riv. Luznitz, 11 m. S. 
 by E. Tabor. P. <:40oo. 
 
 SobntiU, riv., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Khulna, rises in 
 Bayrd marsh, near fealtia, and flows SE. into the Kholpetua ; 
 it forms one of the principal boat-routes between Calcutta and 
 the eastern dists. It is also known as the Kundria and Beng- 
 daha, and in its lower reaches as the Guntiakhalf. 
 
 Sobonor, Sogoknor, or Gaslian-Nor, salt lake, central 
 Mongolia, said to lie in about 42° 30' N. and 98° 50' E. , and 
 to receive the main stream of the Edzin R. , a branch of which 
 enters the much smaller lake of Sogok to the W. 
 
 Sobotka, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 22 m. S. by E. Reichenberg. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Sobrado, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 29 m. SSE. 
 Corunna, dist. Arzua. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sobral, vil., Brazil, on the Rio Acarafu, state and 145 m. W. 
 Ceara, connected by rail with the seaport of Camocim. P. 10,500. 
 
 Sobr^on, vil., Brit. India, Punjab, Lahore dist., on W. bank 
 of the Sutlej, in 31° 7' N., 74° 54' E.; opposite the village is the 
 battlefield where Sir Hugh (afterwards Lord) Gough gained, in 
 1846, the decisive victory which closed the first Sikh war. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Sobrelra Formosa, tn., Portugal, dist. and 18 m. WSW. 
 Castello Branco. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Socapa, La, vil. , Cuba, S. ct. , 8 m. SW. by W. Santiago de 
 Cuba, in 75° 58' W. 
 
 Soccla, vil. , Corsica, arr. and 20 m. NNE. Ajaccio. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sochaczew, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 23 m. W. 
 Warsaw Lake, on Bzura R. P. 6500. 
 
 Soche, vil., Portuguese S. Africa, about 100 m. W. Blantyre, 
 in about 15° 52' S., 33° 35' E. 
 
 Sochhon, or Secheu, tn., Korea, 95 m. S. by W. Soul, on 
 the W. ct. , in 36° 3' N. 
 
 SochU-chou. See Sokll-chon. 
 
 So-chon, tn. , China, prov. Shansi, 220 m. W. by S. Peking. 
 
 Sochwan, prov. , China. See Sttchwan. 
 
 Social Circle, settlement, U.S., Georgia, Walton co., 40 m. 
 E. by S. Atlanta. 
 
 Society Bay, E. side of Gulf of Liautung, Manchuria, in 
 
 39°~39° 2°' ^• 
 
 Society HIU, settlement, U.S., S. Carolina, Darlington co., 
 on the Great Pee Dee R., 75 m. ENE. Columbia. 
 
 Society Islands, archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, since 
 1842 under the protection of France, between 16° and 18° S., 
 148° and 155° W.; comprising two groups, the Windward and 
 the Leeward, the former annexed in 1880, the latter in 1885. 
 The largest of the Windward Is. are Tahiti and Moorea or 
 Eimeo, and of the Leeward Raiatea, Tahaa, Huahine, Tubwai, 
 Bora-bora, and Lord Howe's I. They are mountainous, of 
 volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs, and watered by 
 numerous streams ; the highest peak on Tahiti is 8500 ft. 
 above the sea. Climate mild and healthy. Many of the in- 
 habitants have been converted to Christianity by the missionaries, 
 who have also introduced the arts of civilised life. Chief exports, 
 copra and mother-of-pearl. Area, 630 sq. m. P. (1878) 16,300. 
 [Polynesia.] 
 
 Sockbrldge and Tlrrll, par., Eng., Westmorland, 2 m. 
 SW. Penrith. P. <2So. 
 
 Sockbarn, par., Eng., Durham, 6 m. E. Darhngton. P. < 
 250 ; eccles. par. is partly in Yorkshire. ■ 
 
 Sock Dennis, par., Eng., Somerset, i m. SW. Ilchester. 
 P. <25o. See Ilchester. 
 
 Soco, vil., isl. of Haiti, republic Santo Domingo, S. ct., 49 m. 
 E. Santo Domingo, in 69° 9' W. 
 
 Socok, places named in the O. T. See Shnwelkeh. 
 
 Socomba, or Soconipa, volcano in the Andes, Chile, in 24 
 22' S. Alt. 19,620 ft. 
 
SOCO — SOKE 
 
 Soconnsco, maritime tn. , Mexico, Chiapas state, 25 m. SSW. 
 Tapachula; exports native cacao. P. < 5000. 
 
 Socorro, isl. , Chile. See Hnaniblln. 
 
 Socorro, tn., Colombia, dep. Santander, 140 m. NNE. 
 Bogota. One of the first towns to throw off the Spanish yoke. 
 Alt. 4100 ft. P. (with dist. ) 20,000. 
 
 Socorro, city, U.S., New Mexico, cap. Socorro co. , 122 m. 
 SSW. Santa F6, in a silver-mining region. Alt. 4565 ft. (R. R.); 
 signal stn. , 4565 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). P. < 3000. 
 
 Socorro, isl. , Pacific. See RcTllla Cilgedo, Mexico. 
 
 Socotrn, isl. See Sokotra. 
 
 Socuellaiuoi^, tn. , Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, dist. Alcazar 
 de San Juan, 52 m. WNW. Albacete. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Soda Creek, post-tn. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the 
 1. bk. of Fraser R. , in 52° 20' N. Alt. 1430 ft. Mean temp, 
 (siyrs., 1882-85), yr. 41.4° F., Feb. 11.3°, July 70.8°. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Soda Lake, a low-lying saline flat, U.S., California, forming 
 an arid desert, which is nearly always dry, 70 ft. below sea- 
 level ; lat. 35° 10' N., long. 116'^ W. 
 
 Soda Lake, U.S., Louisiana, Caddo. See Cross Lake. 
 
 Soda Lake, U.S., Nevada. See Great Itaslu. 
 
 Sodaiikylii, vil., Finland, prov. and 160 m. NNE. Ule&- 
 borg, in 67° 22' N., 26° 40' E. Alt. 594 ft. Mean temp., yr. 
 29.5° F., Feb. 4.8°, July 60.8°. 
 
 Soda Springs, vil., U.S., Idaho, Oneida co., on Bear R.; 
 has carbonic acid gas and iron springs. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Soda Springs, settlement, W. Australia, E. div., 217 m. SSE. 
 Derby. 
 
 Sodbnry, Chipping, par., Eng. , Gloucestershire. See 
 Chipping Sodbnry. 
 
 Sodbnry, Little and Old, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Glou- 
 cestershire. Little Sodbury, Thornbury div., 6 m. S. Wotton- 
 under-Edge, 3^ m. E. Yak Junction, P. <25o; Old Sodbury 
 has freestone quarries, P.O., P. <75o. 
 
 Soddy, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Hamilton co. , 20 m. N. Chat- 
 tanooga. P. < 1500. 
 
 Soden, small crater-lake, on NW. side of Mount Kamerun, 
 Ger. W. Africa. Alt. about 2300 ft. 
 
 Soden, baths, Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle and dist. 
 Hochst am Main, with acidulated iron and saline springs. P. 
 
 <20C)0. 
 
 Soden, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Schlfichtern, 
 32 m. ENE. Frankfurt. P. <200o. 
 
 Siiderakra, vil, Sweden, prov. and 2 m. SSW. Kalmar; on 
 the terr. at Bromsebro, Sweden and Denmark concluded a 
 peace in 1645. 
 
 Soderala, vil., Sweden, prov. Gefleborg, 42 m. NNW. Gefle; 
 has important salmon fisheries, flax cultivation, and manufacture 
 of charcoal. 
 
 Soderfors, vil., Sweden, prov. Upsala, pn the Dal Elf, 24 m. 
 S. by E. Gefle, with anchor foundry. 
 
 Stiderhanin, seapt. tn. , Sweden, prov. Gefleborg, on the 
 E. ct. , 43 m. N. Gefle ; exports wood, wood-pulp, and iron. 
 Vessels drawing 10 ft. can reach the town, but larger ships 
 must discharge at Stugsund, where there is a depth of 16-20 ft. 
 alongside of quays at high water. P. 10,100. 
 
 Siiderkoplng, tn. , Sweden, prov. Ostergotland, 11 m. SE. 
 by S. Norrkoping, on the Gota Canal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Smleruianland, prov. (Ian), Sweden (q.v.), cap. Nykoping. 
 
 Soderschltz, vil., Austria, Carniola, 22 m. SSE. Laibach. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Sodertelge, tn. , Sweden, prov. and 16 m. WSW. Stockholm, 
 on an arm of Lake Malar. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sodom and Gomorrah, two cities of the O. T. , said to have 
 been overthrown by some terrible natural disaster ; site un- 
 certain, placed by some near S, end of Dead Sea, by others in 
 Moab. 
 
 Sodor and Man, the title of a bishopric. See Man, Isle of. 
 
 Smlra-Mockelby, vil., Sweden, prov. and 21 m. SSE. Kal- 
 mar ; has large alum-works. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sodus, vil., U.S., New York, Wayne co. , 87 m. E. by N. 
 Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sodns Bay, Great, U.S., New York, Lake Ontario, in 77° 
 W. Sodus Bay, Little, 13 m. to the E. Sodns Point, cape, 
 at the W. of the mouth of Great Sodus Bay ; summer resort. 
 
 Soekadana, tn. , Borneo. See Sukadana. 
 
 Soerabaja, Soerakarta. See under Surabaya, Snrakarta. 
 
 Soest (sost), tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, cap. circle Soest, 
 28 m. E. by N. Dortmund ; with a winter agricultural school, 
 puddling-furnaces, rolling-mills, tanning, &c. Formerly cap. of 
 Engern, and a Hanse town, Soest fell in 1449 to the dominion of 
 Cleves and Brandenburg. In its prime it had a population of 
 30,000. P. (1816)6700; (1890) 13,300; comm. P. 15,100. 
 
 Sa'nl, Korea. See Soul. 
 
 Sofahnn, small tn. , Kashmir, at SE. extremity of the valley ; 
 with iron-mines, the works of which have greatly fallen off, the 
 iron being inferior to that of Bajour and Chinese Tartary. Lat. 
 37° 3' N. , long. 71° 31' E. 
 
 Sofala, goldfields tp. , New South Wales, Roxburgh co., 25 
 m. NNE. Bathurst. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sofala, seapt. , the oldest tn. in Portuguese S. Africa, on the 
 E. ct. , in about 20° 10' S. ; now in ruins. See Ophlr. 
 
 Sofas, marauding tribe inhabiting the country on r. bk. of 
 upper Niger, western Sudan. 
 
 Sofejln, Wadl", valley and, at times, riv. , Africa, Tripoli, 
 containing sometimes more water than most streams of that 
 country ; flows on the whole E. into the Wadi-Merdum (Gerat 
 Syrtis). 
 
 Sofia, cap. of Bulgaria and of prov. Sofia, situated to the S. 
 of the Balkans, in a considerable plain (about 35 m. NW. to 
 SE. , by about 12 m.), traversed by numerous headwaters of the 
 Isker, 80 m. WNW. Philippopolis, 48 m. SE. Pirot (Servia). 
 Founded by the emperor Trajan under the name of Serdica 
 Ulpia (the first part of the name referring to the Thracian tribe 
 of the Serdes, the second from the gentile name of Trajan), later 
 known as Sardica. The most notable monument of the Middle 
 Ages is the church (now a ruin), on a hill on the E. Suffered 
 greatly from pestilence in 1811 and 1837, and from two severe 
 earthquake shocks in 1818. Alt. 1800 ft. Mean temp., yr. 
 50.8° F., Jan. 28.8°, July 73.0°. P. (1881) 20,500; (1888)30,400; 
 Bulgarians, 20,300 ; Spanish Jews, 5100 ; Gypsies, 1200. 
 
 Soflysk, dist. tn., Russia, E. Siberia, Maritime Prov., on 
 r. bk. Amur, 300 m. NE. Khabarovsk. P. <iooo. 
 
 Sofllngen, vil., Ger,, kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle of the Danube, 
 dist. and 2 m. W. Ulm. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Soft-o, or Soforo, walled tn., Africa, Morocco, 18 m. SSE. 
 Fez. In its vicinity are productive salt-mines. 
 
 Softly, part of par. , Eng. , Durham. See Lynesack. 
 
 Sogamoso, or Chlcamocha, riv., Colombia, rises in dep. 
 Boyaca, flows NE. then NW. , enters dep. Santander, where it 
 falls into the Magdalena in 7° 15' N. ; receives from the S. the 
 Suarez, about the middle of its course through Santander. 
 
 Sogamoso, tn. , Colombia, dep. Boyaca, no m. NE. Bogota; 
 has important trade in cattle and cereals, and various manufac- 
 tures. Alt. 8320 ft. P. 14,000. 
 
 Soganly, mt., Transcaucasia, govt. Erivan, dist. Novo 
 Bayazed. Alt. 10,986 ft. 
 
 Sogconiet Point, cape, U.S., Rhode Island, in the SE. of 
 New Port co. , in 71° 12' W. 
 
 Sogel, vil., Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Meppen, 45 m. 
 NW. by N. Osnabriick. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Soghalr, isl. , Red Sea. See Jebel Soghalr. 
 
 Soghanlii (or Soghanll)-sn, riv., Asia Minor. See Flllos. 
 
 Soghd, valley of the Zarafshan, or riv. of Samarkand, Buk- 
 hara. It is one of the ' four paradises ' of the Persian poets, and 
 in antiquity it gave name to the region known as Sogdiana. 
 
 Soghlrnia, tn., Africa, central Sudan, 52 m. WSW. Gando, 
 with well-kept clay walls. P. 7500. 
 
 Soglah, Lake, Asia Minor, pash. and 63 m. W. Karaman. 
 Length, 11 m. ; breadth, 7 m. 
 
 SogUano al Kublcone, vil. , Italy, Emilia, prov. Forli, 13 m. 
 W. by S. Rimini. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sogndal, vil. , Norway, prov. and 83 m. NE. Bergen, on a 
 N. arm of the Sogne Fjord. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sognefjeld, mt. chain, S. Norway, prov. Bergen. 
 
 Sogne Fjord, inlet, Norway, on the W. ct., prov. N. Bergen- 
 hus, running inland E. for about 115 m. , in about 61° N. , with 
 branches running off" to N. and S. 
 
 Sogod, Ensenada de, bay, on N. ct. of Camarines Penin. , 
 Luzon, Philippine Is., in 122° 12' E. long. 
 
 Sogoknor, lake, China. See Sobonor. 
 
 Sogiid, tn. , Asia Minor, 57 m. E. by S. Brussa. P. 2000. 
 
 Sohag, Upper Egypt. See Snhag. 
 
 Sohdg, Upper, canal, Brit. India, Punjab, dists. Lahore and 
 Montgomery, in 30° 28'-30°46' N. , 73° 33'-74° 21' E.; it is dry 
 during the cold weather ; usually flows from April to October ; 
 irrigates a large area. The Lower Sohdg canal is in Mont- 
 gomery dist. 
 
 Sohigpur, municip. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , dist. Hos- 
 hangabad, 60 m. SE. by E. Bhopal ; its fort is now dismantled ; 
 has manufactures, silk-weaving, and lac-melting. P. 7300 ; 
 Hindus, 4700 ; Moham. 2200. 
 
 Sohani, par. and market-tn., Eng., Cambridgeshire, New- 
 market div. , 5 m. SE. by S. Ely, on the G. E. R. In the neighbour- 
 hood are extensive market-gardens. Market-day, F. 12,999 ^c. 
 P. <45oo; eccles. par. (Sohani with Barway) P. <:45oo. 
 
 SohAni, maritime vil., SE. Arabia, Oman, 12 m. SE. Sohar. 
 
 Sohikn, riv., Brit. India, Punjab, rises in the Murree (Marri) 
 Hills a few miles from Murree sanitarium, flows into the plains 
 near the ruined Ghakkar fortress at Pharwala, then SW. into 
 the Indus 10 m. below Mokhad ; there are dangerous quicksands 
 in the lower river-bed. 
 
 Sohar, maritime tn., SE. Arabia, on Gulf of Oman, 117 m. 
 WNW. Muscat; surrounded by fortifications; industries in- 
 clude weaving and working in gold and silver ; safe roadstead ; 
 formerly belonged to Persia under name of Mazun ; long a place 
 of considerable trade. P. < 5000. 
 
 Soh&wal, tn. , Central India, 88 m. SW. Allahdbdd. 
 
 Sohela, tn., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. and 40 m. W. 
 by S. Sambalpur. P. < ,ooo. 
 
 1463 
 
SOHL — SOLF 
 
 Sohl, CO. , Hungary. See Zolyom. 
 
 Sotaland, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 9^ m. S. Bautzen. 
 P. 5200. 
 
 Solile, tn., Austria, Moravia, dist. Neutitschein. P. < 3000. 
 
 Sohna, municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gurgaon, 28 m. 
 SSW. Delhi ; manufactures glass bangles ; has a hot sulphureous 
 spring, ii5°-i25° F., which possesses remarkable curative pro- 
 perties. P. 6000; Hindus, 3800; Moham. 2200. 
 
 Soho, stn. , Eng., Staffordshire, Handsworth div., a suburb of 
 Birmingham, on the NW., with two stns. on the L. & NW. and 
 G. W. Rlys., and a third stn. (Soho Road) on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Sohos, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Snho. 
 
 SoUran, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Rybnik, 21 m. E. 
 by S. Ratibor. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Solgnles, tn., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, cap. arr. Soignies, 
 on the Senne, 10 m. NE. by N. Mons ; has flax-spinning and 
 bleach-works. P. (comm.) 9200. 
 
 So-i-llng, pass, China, prov. Siichwan, on the road from 
 Kiating-fu to Tatsienlu, N. of the Tung, in about 29° 25' N. , 
 103° 20' E. Alt. 8780 ft. 
 
 Solssous (Roman Suessiones), tn. , France, dep. Aisne, cap. 
 arr. Soissons, on the Aisne, 18 m. SW. Laon ; seat of a 
 bishopric; has iron-founding and copper-smelting. At Soissons, 
 Clovis defeated the Romans A.D. 486. P. 9000. 
 
 Sojat, tn. , India, Rdjputana, 48 m. SE. by E. Jodhpur. 
 
 Sojltra, tn., India, Gujarat, 17 m. NNE. Cambay. P. (1881) 
 10,300. 
 
 Siok, or Sokpa ( ' prairie folk '), name given by the inhabitants 
 of Tibet to the nomadic Mongols in NE. of the plateau of N. 
 Tibet, in contrast to the settled population, Hor or Horpa, of 
 the Turkish race who inhabit the NW. of the same plateau. 
 
 Sokal, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 45 m. N. by E. Lem- 
 berg. P. 8000. 
 
 Sok-ctaon, riv., SE. Tibet, 1. bk. trib. of the Sokoir-chou or 
 LuR. 
 
 Soke, ^Tke, or Sokla, tn. , in the W. of Asia Minor, vilayet 
 and 38 m. S. by E. Smyrna, sanjak Aidin, 2 m. from the r. bk. 
 of the Menderez. P. 12,000 ; Moham. 8000 ; Orthodox Greeks, 
 4000. 
 
 Sokeliolme, also spelt and always pronounced Sookbolnie, 
 par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 3^ m. N. by E. 
 Mansfield, i m. SSE. Shirebrook stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Soken, The, dist., Eng., NE. Essex, comprising the pars, of 
 Thorpe-le-Soken, Kirby-le-Soken, and Walton-le-Soken. 
 
 Sokll- (or •eliil) choa, Chinese official name of Kashgar. 
 
 Sokna, oasis, Tripoli, 243 m. NNE. Murzuk ; cereals, toma- 
 toes, and other vegetables are produced in abundance. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sokolka, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 25 m. by rail SW. 
 Grodno. P. 5500. 
 
 Sokolo, tn., Africa, French Sudan, in Bambara terr., about 
 205 m. NE. Bamako ; great commercial centre. P. <:3000. 
 
 Sokol6w, tn., Austria, Galicia, 98 m. E. by N. Cracow. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Soko'ta, tn., Abyssinia, Amhara, 87 m. NE. Samara (Debra 
 Tabor) ; chief centre of salt trade in the country. Alt. about 
 7000ft. P. (1868) about 5000; in 1881 (according to Rohlfs)<20oo. 
 
 Sokoto, Sakkatu, central African sultanate, situated between 
 Bornu (q.v.) and the Niger [q.v.). The southern parts are 
 mountainous, the northern consists of undulating plains and 
 plateaux. Rivers : Benue {q.v.), Kaduna, and Sokoto (all tribs. 
 of the Niger). The reigfning race are the Fellata {q.v.), but the 
 majority of the population of Sokoto consists of Haussa {q.v.). 
 Tributary states are Gando, Bautshi, Nupe, and Adamawa. 
 Principal towns: Wurno (cap.), Sokoto, Kano, Katsena, Jakubu, 
 Gombe. Clapperton was the first Eurofsean who reached 
 Sokoto in 1824. Sokoto belongs to the British sphere of influ- 
 ence. Area estimated at 125,000 sq. m. P. estimated at 
 10,000,000. See Niger Territories and French West Africa. 
 
 [H. e. s.] 
 
 Sokoto, tn., Sudan, former cap. of the empire of Sokoto, on 
 the Sokoto R., 20 m. SW. of Wurno, the present cap., in 13° 5' 
 N., 5° 10' E. , about 140 m. in a direct line NE. of the nearest 
 point of the Niger. Alt. 750 ft. P. about 20,000. 
 
 Sokoto, or C>nlbl-n-Sokoto, riv., Sudan, flows SW. past 
 Wurno and town of Sokoto, and enters the Niger opposite 
 Gomba in ii^° N. and about 4° E. 
 
 Sokotra, the ancient Dioscoridis Insula, isl., in the Indian 
 Ocean, about the size of the co. of Cumberland, about 150 m. 
 ENE. Cape Guardafui, in the E. extremity of Africa, between 
 which and the main island on the same submerged bank lie 
 the dependencies of Abd-el-Kuri and the Brothers, annexed 
 along with Sokotra in Oct. 1886 by the British, under whose 
 influence they had already stood in a certain measure since 1876 
 by a treaty with the Sheikh of Keshin. Tamarida, its cap. and 
 chief port, lies about the middle of its N. ct. Length, E. to W. , 
 70 m. ; greatest breadth, 20 m. Its centre is a chain of granite 
 and limestone mountains, rising to above 4000 ft. in elevation, 
 around which a belt of low land, fi-om 2 to 4 m. across, skirts the 
 sea ; in its fertility it presents in some parts a favourable con- 
 trast to the adjacent mainland. Climate more temperate than 
 1464 
 
 on the African continent. Period of fine weather Feb.-May, 
 when the northern anchorages are regarded as safe ; chief rainy 
 season Nov. -Jan.; rains also occur in June-Aug. , when violent 
 valley-winds are also frequent. Fever prevails at the time of the 
 change of the monsoons. Vegetation mostly of the African 
 type in its general aspect, showing a predom'inance of 'stem,' 
 with scanty foliage. Above 3300 ft. forests suddenly cease. 
 Products comprise aloes of the finest quality (not derived, how- 
 ever, from Aloe socotrina, but probably from Aloe vulgaris), 
 dragon's blood and other gums, tamarinds, tobacco, dates, a 
 kind of millet, and ghee. Domestic animals — oxen, sheep, 
 goats, camels, and civet cats. Trade mostly with Maskat, 
 whence provisions are imported. The island was captured by 
 the Portuguese under T. da Cunha and Albuquerque in 1507, 
 at which time it was mainly inhabited by Christians, but the 
 Portuguese soon abandoned it. Christianity gave place to 
 Mohammedanism only in the 17th century. Area, 1520 sq. m. 
 P. about 2000, ' Arabs ' (a mixed race) and Beduins. 
 
 Sokpa, Mongols. See Sok, 
 
 Soktraug, tn.. Lower Cochin-China, 93 m. SW. Saigon, on 
 an arroyo or river-arm of the Mekong delta, 10 m. from the r. 
 bk. of the Bassak arm. 
 
 Solah Sar^l, tn., Brit. India, in NW. of NW. Provs., E. 
 of the Ganges, dist. Moradabdd. P, 10,300 ; Moham. 6600 ; 
 Hindus, 3700. 
 
 Solani, vil., Palestine, Shunem in the O. T. , 32° 36' N. , 
 35° 20' E. , 7 m. S. by E. Nazareth. 
 
 Solan, small cant, and hill sanitarium, India, 12 m. S. by W. 
 Simla. P. < 5000. 
 
 Solana, tn. , Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, dist. Manzanares, 73 
 m. W. Albacete. P. (comm. ) 7500. 
 
 Solnnder, Cape, E. Australia, S. entrance to Botany Bay, 
 named after the naturalist who accompanied Captain Cook 
 (1718-71). 
 
 Solander Island, islet off SW. extremity of New Zealand, in 
 166° 56' E. 
 
 Solano, wind. See Mediterranean. 
 
 Solano, CO. , U.S., California, bounded on the S. by the estuary 
 of the Sacramento R. 
 
 Solares, small tn. , N. Spain, prov. and 7 m. SE. Santander, with 
 which it is connected by rail (part of projected railway to Bilbao). 
 
 Solarino, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 10 m. WN W. Syracuse. P. 
 <30oo. 
 
 Swla-Snud, strait, Baltic Sea. See Sele-Sand. 
 
 Solcano, Austria. See Solkan. 
 
 Soldan, tn. , Prussia, in the SW. of prov. E. Prussia, circle 
 Niedenburg, 68 m. E. by N. Thorn. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Solde, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, circle 
 Horde, 5 m. E. Dortmund. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Soldlersto-wn, P.O., Ire., SE. co. Antrim, bar. Upper Mas- 
 sereene, 5 m. NE. Lurgan, 1 m. NW. Moira stn. 
 
 Soldln, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, cap. circle Soldin, 
 27 m. NNE. Kiistrin, with manufacture of machinery. Soldin 
 became in course of time cap. of Neumark. The Soldin group 
 of lakes, between Soldin and LipjDehne, and in the basin of the 
 Mietzel, includes the Soldin, Libbe, Bandin, and Klopp Lakes, 
 the latter noted for its lampreys. P. 5800. 
 
 Sole, Val dl, Ger. Snlzbergthal, valley, Austria, Tirol, in 
 the Trentin dist. and W. of Cles, traversed throughout its length 
 by the Vermiglio and the Noce. 
 
 Sole Bay, Eng., Suffolk. See South >f old. 
 
 Soledad, tn. and stn., Argentine Republic, Santa F6, 65 m. 
 N. by W. Santa Y€. 
 
 Soiedad, tn., Mexico, Coahuila, 150 m. NNW. Monterey, on 
 the International Rly. 
 
 Soledad, tn. , Mexico, Coahuila, 150 m. NE. Durango. 
 
 Soledad, vil., U.S., California, Monterey co. , on r. bk. of 
 Salinas, 115 m. SE. by S. San Francisco. P. <;isoo. 
 
 Soledad, vil., Venezuela, Bermudez, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Orinoco, opposite Ciudad Bolivar, 190 m. SW. of the SW. end 
 of the isl. of Trinidad. 
 
 Solent, The, channel between NW. Isle of Wight and the 
 mainland, between the Needles and W. Cowes ; affords safe 
 anchorage. Width, 2-5 m. 
 
 Solero, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 5 m. W. Alessandria. 
 P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Soles, ruins, Turkey in Asia. See Merslna. 
 
 Solesmes, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 12 m. E. Cambrai ; 
 manufactures cambric and merinoes. P. 5800. 
 
 Sole Street, stn., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 4 m. S. Graves- 
 end, on the L. C. & D. R., P.O. 
 
 Soleto, tn. , Italy, prov. and 12 m. SSE. Lecce ; has a cam- 
 panile of remarkable architecture. P. <30oo. 
 
 Solenre, tn. , Switzd. See Solothnrn. 
 
 Solfach, port, Wales, Pembrokeshire. See Solva. 
 
 Solfatara, vast crater, Italy, prov. Naples, ^ m. E. Pozzuoli, 
 in the volcanic region known as the Phlegrean Fields. Its last 
 great eruption took place in 1198, but it still emits large volumes 
 of sulphureous hydrogen. Baths in its neighbourhood are used 
 for cutaneous diseases. 
 
SOLF — SOLO 
 
 Solferluo, vil. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 19 m. NW. by 
 N. Mantua, 8 m. SW. of the fortress of Peschiera, on Lake 
 Garda ; scene of the defeat of the Austrians by the Franco- 
 Sardinian army in 1859. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Solferliio, or Llonsvllle, post-tn., New South Wales, Drake 
 CO., 45 m. NW. by N. Grafton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sollera, vil. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 6 m. N. Modena. P. 
 (comm. ) 5000. 
 
 SoUgalich, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 144 m. NE. Kostroma, 
 on Kostroma R. ; old town, and salt-works now abandoned ; 
 mineral waters. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Sollguac-sur>Loire, tn. , France, dep. Haute- Loire, 41 m. 
 SW. by S. St. Etienne, arr. and 6 m. S. Le Puy. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sollgnauo, tn. , Italy, prov. and 21 m. SW. Parma, on a 
 height on the 1. bk. of the Taro ; has millstone quarries. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Sollbnll, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Tamworth div. , 7 m. 
 SE. Birmingham, on the G. W. R. ; has an endowed grammar- 
 school. PMT.O. Market-day, W. 12,468 ac. P. 6200. 
 
 Solikamsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 137 m. NNE. Perm, 
 on Usolka R. , 5 m. above its junction with Kama, 15 m. from 
 Berezniki railway terminus ; 160,000 to 350,000 cwt. of salt ex- 
 tracted. P. < 5000. 
 
 SoUnian, tn. , Tunis, 19 m. ESE. Tunis ; olives are grown 
 extensively in the neighbourhood. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Soliniana, mt. chain, S. Peru, belonging to the transverse 
 Cordillera which forms the watershed between the Pacific slope 
 and the sources of the Apurimac. 
 
 Sollui3es. See AmaaEon. 
 
 Solingeii, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., cap. circle Solingen, 6 
 m. SSW. Elberfeld ; centre of manufacture of iron and steel 
 wares, swords, knives, shears, and surgical instruments. Alt. 
 216 ft. P. (i8i6) 3000; (1890) 16,100; comm. P. 36,500. 
 
 Solitaire Bntte, mt., U.S., Arizona, Mohave co., 48 m. SE. 
 by E. from the NW. corner of the terr. 
 
 Solitary Island, S. Pacific Ocean, in 14° 21' S., 176° 35' W.; 
 discovered by Mendaiia in 1595. 
 
 Solknii (Italian Solcaiio), vil., Austria, Gorz and Gradisca, 
 4 m. NNE. Gorz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sollas, P.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, on the N. ct. of North 
 Uist, in 7° 22' W. 
 
 Sollefte^, vil., Sweden, prov. W. Norrland, on the Anger- 
 man Elf, 44 m. NNW. Hernosand. P. (comm.)<:3ooo. 
 
 Solleiituiia, vil., Svveden, prov. and 11 m. NNW. Stock- 
 holm. P. (comm.) < 2000. 
 
 SoUer, tn. , isl. of Marjorca, dist. and 13 m. N. by E. Palma. 
 The port of Soller, 4 m. to N W. , has a safe but shallow harbour, 
 only available for vessels of 100 to 150 tons. Two lighthouses. 
 P. (comm.) 8100. 
 
 Sollero, isl., Sweden, NW. Lake Siljan, prov. Kopparberg. 
 Length, 4 m. ; breadth, 2 m. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Solleriid, vil., Denmark, Seeland I., dist. and 10 m. WNW. 
 Copenhagen. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Sollershope, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 6 m. N. by 
 E. Ross. P. <25o. See Hov Caple. 
 
 SOlli^.s-Poiit, tn. , France, dep. Var, on the Gapeau, arr. and 
 9 m. NE. Toulon ; its orchards supply early peaches and other 
 fruits to northern markets. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sollogliodbeg, par.. Ire., co. and 3 m. NW. Tipperary, bar. 
 Clanwilliam. P. <75o. 
 
 Sollogliodniore, par.. Ire., co. and 4 m. NW. Tipperary, 
 bar. Clanwilliam; 6657 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sollont, vil., Eng., N. Lancashire, Tarleton par., 7 m. NE. 
 Ormskirk. 
 
 Sollsteiii, mt., Austria, Tirol, NW. Innsbruck. Alt. 8710 ft. 
 
 Solmona, ancient Sulmo, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. 
 .Aquila, 24 m. SSW. Chieti ; birthplace of Ovid. Alt. 1320 ft. 
 P. 14,600. 
 
 Solnis, an old princip. of Ger., situated on the Lahn, now 
 subdivided into several small mediatised princips. belonging to 
 the different branches of the House of Solms, the chief of which 
 are (i) Braunfels, with possessions in Prussia, Wiirtemberg, and 
 Hesse, cap. Braunfels ; (2) Lich and Hohen-Solms, cap. Lich ; 
 (3) Solms -Laubach, in Hesse; (4) Solms -Laubach-Baruth- 
 Rodelheim and Arnheim, in Hesse ; (5) Solms-Baruth-Wilden- 
 fels, in Hesse. 
 
 Solna, a northern suburb of Stockholm, Sweden. 
 
 Solnliofen, vil., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, Middle Franconia, dist. 
 Pappenheim, on the Altmiihl; noted quarry of lithographic 
 stone, discovered 1739, in which was found the remarkable 
 fossil bird known as Archasopteryx. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Solo, riv. , in the E. of Java, flowing ENE. into Surabaya 
 Strait. 
 
 Soloco, vil. , Peru, dep. Amazonas, 320 m. SE. by S. Guaya- 
 quil. P. <2300. 
 
 Solofra, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 22 m. S. by E. 
 Benevento. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Sologue, plateau, about 1850 sq. m. in extent, in central 
 France, in deps. Cher, Loiret, and Loir-et-Cher, bounded N. 
 by the bend of the Loire, a flat region consisting of Tertiary 
 
 (Miocene) formations, of compact clayey soil, unhealthy and 
 barren, but now in part planted with fir-trees ; formerly, when 
 its plains were covered with vast forests, the ground was healthier 
 and the atmosphere less impure. Improvements are being 
 effected by means of marl brought from Blancafort by the 
 Sauldre Canal. To hasten the reclamation of the Sologne, a 
 canal running from E. to W. , from Chatillon-sur-Loire to Selles- 
 sur-Cher, has long been proposed, but not yet carried out. The 
 area under cultivation and the population are nevertheless 
 steadily increasing. In 1830 the field and garden land of the 
 region occupied 49.3 per cent, of the surface, heath 24.7 per 
 cent., and the population was about 103,000; in 1889 the field 
 and garden land had risen to 65. 8 per cent. , the population to 
 nearly 150,000, and the heath had declined to 6.6 per cent. 
 
 Solola, tn. , Guatemala, 50 m. WNW. Guatemala, cap. Solola 
 dep. ; situated on a promontory rising precipitously to a height 
 of nearly 2000 ft. above Lake Atitlan. P. <sooo. 
 
 Solombala, suburb of Archangel, and port of the city. 
 P. 11,700. 
 
 Soloinbo, Great and Little, two small isls. , in the Java Sea ; 
 Great Solombo in 5° 33' S. , 1 14° 24' E. 
 
 Solomon, riv., U.S., Kansas, in the N., trib. of Smoky Hill 
 R. , which it joins on the 1. bk. at Solomon City; it is joined 
 on the r. bk. by the S. Fork of the Solomon R. , in about 98° 
 26' W. 
 
 Solomon City, vil., U.S., Kansas, Dickinson co. , on riv. 
 Solomon, 94 m. W. Topeka ; has salt springs. P. < 1500. 
 
 Solomon Islands, archipelago, Melanesia, SE. of the Bis- 
 marck Archipelago and NW. of the New Hebrides, extending 
 NW. and SE., tetween 2°-i3° 30' S. and 154° 5'-i64° E. The 
 isls. Bougainville, Choiseul, Isabel, New Georgia, Malaita, 
 Guadalcanar, San Christoval, Eddystone, Savo (the former 
 Sesarga), and Murray are of volcanic formation, but there is 
 now only one active crater, Mount Bagana, in the interior of 
 Bougainville ; earthquakes are still frequent. The smaller 
 islands of the group are coral islands, and the larger islands 
 have fringing and barrier coral reefs. The whole group is for 
 the most part covered with thick forests, and the fauna is 
 similar to that of Papua and Melanesia. The climate is 
 generally unhealthy by reason of its moisture, and enervating 
 on account of the N W. monsoon. The annual rainfall is approxi- 
 mately five times greater than that of England. Trade consists 
 in bartering copra and vegetable ivory in exchange for tobacco, 
 stuffs, beads, knives, &c. The inhabitants are Melanesian ; 
 cannibalism is rife among them. The group is divided between 
 Germany and England, the former having the large islands 
 Bougainville, Choiseul, Isabel, and their dependencies in the 
 N., while England has the S. portion, consisting of Vella- 
 Lavella, New Georgia, Russell, Guadalcanar, San Christoval, 
 and Rennell. Mendana landed on Isabel I. in 1568, and named 
 the group Solomon, and Bougainville rediscovered the islands 
 in 1768. Area estimated at 16,950 sq. m. See H. B. Guppy, 
 The Solomon Islands and their Natives, London, 1887 ; also 
 C. M. Woodford in Proc. R. G. S., 1888, pp. 351-76, and 
 1890, pp. 393-418, with map (p. 444) on which are given the 
 original Spanish as well as the modern names of the islands. 
 
 Soloues (or Solons) The, a people of Manchuria belonging 
 to the western division of the Tungus stock. According to 
 Schrenck, their original home was in the upper valley of the 
 Argun, where a considerable number are still to be found, and 
 it is thought they may even be identical with the Niuchiu of the 
 same region. The Solones as a separate people are now found 
 chiefly in the upper Noni valley. They were formerly noted as 
 brave hunters, but only a few nomadic tribes still follow the 
 chase. Many serve in the Chinese army, and some thousands 
 were settled as military colonists in the IH basin. 
 
 Solopaca, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 12^ m. WNW. 
 Benevento ; in the neighbourhood are ferruginous and sulphureous 
 springs. P. < 5000. 
 
 Solor, isl. of Malay Archipelago, off the E. extremity of 
 Flores, separated from it by the Strait of Flores and by another 
 strait from Adenara in the N.; S. point in 8° 47' S. , 123° 8' E. 
 Length, E. to W. , 30 m.; breadth, 15 m. P. (variously esti- 
 mated) 10-30,000. 
 
 Soliir, the part of the valley of the Glommen, Norway, 
 between about 60° 30' and 60° 50' N. ; traversed (since 1893) by 
 a railway. 
 
 Solotlinrn, French Solenre, irregularly shaped cant, in 
 NW. of Switzd., between the Jura portion of cant. Bern and 
 cant. Basel-land, mainly occupied by ranges of the Jura, but 
 containing also in the E. and SE. portions of the valley of 
 the Aar; somewhat smaller than the isl. of Angleesy. See 
 Switzerland. 
 
 Solotlinrn, French Solenre, tn. , Switzd., cap. cant. Solo- 
 thurn, 18 m. N. by E. Bern ; watchmaking. P. (comm.) 8500. 
 
 Solot-wina, tn., Austria, Galicia, dist. S. ; has salt-mines. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 Solovetskiye Islands, Russia, govt. Archangel, White Sea ; 
 six islands surrounded by several small ones, Solovetskiy being 
 the largest ( 102 sq. m. ) ; considerable fishing of herrings. The 
 
 1465 
 
SOLP — SOME 
 
 Solovetskiy monastery (Solovkl) stands on Solovetskiy I. It 
 was founded in 1429, and is one of the most venerated monas- 
 teries of Russia, visited yearly by thousands of pilgrims, a great 
 number of whom live in the monastery, and work for it, on its 
 steamers and fishing-boats. A biological station has lately been 
 opened at the monastery. 
 Solport, par., Eng. , Cumberland, 7 m. NW. Brampton. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Solrc-le-thftteau, tn. , France, dep. Nord, 21 m. S. by E. 
 Mens, arr. and 8 m. ENE. Avesnes. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Solre-sur-Sainbre, vil. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Thuin, 
 on the Sambre, 14^ m. WSW. Charleroi. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Solsgirth, stn. , Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R., 
 130 m. W. Portage-la-Prairie. 
 
 Solsoiia (the Setelsis oi Ptolemy), walled tn., Spain, prov. 
 and .S2 m. NE. by E. Lerida, cap. dist. Solsona. P. (comm.) 
 <3000. 
 
 Sou, comm., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, dist. 
 Solt-felso. P. 6500. 
 
 Solta, isl. of Austria, prov. Dalmatia in the Adriatic, W. 
 Brazza. On its N. shore is a village of same name. Length, 
 NW. to SE. 10 m. ; breadth, 2 m. P. (comm. )<400o. 
 
 Soltau, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, 42 m. E. by S. Bremen ; 
 cap. circle Soltau. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Soltepec, vil. , Mexico, Tlaxcala, 38 m. N. by W. Puebla. 
 P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Soltsy, tn., Russia, govt, and 115 m. NE. Pskov, on Shelon 
 R. ; flax-combing mills. P. 5510. 
 
 Soluk, the ancient Hadrianopolis, tn. , Tripoli, Barka, on the 
 N. ct., 25 m. NE. by N. Bengazi. 
 
 Solum, vil., Norway, prov. Christiansand, 4 m. SSW. Skien ; 
 iron-mines and blast-furnaces at Blovig. P. (comm.) 5100. 
 
 Solva, or Solfach, small port, Wales, Pembrokeshire, on St. 
 Bride Bay, 11 m. NW. by W. Haverfordwest, with a lifeboat, 
 PMT.O. 
 
 SolTCsborg, maritime tn., Sweden, prov. Blekinge, on the S. 
 ct. , 15 m. E. Christianstad. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Solvychegodsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 360 m. NE. 
 Vologda, on Vychegda R. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Solway Ash, part of eccles. par., Eng., Dorsetshire, P.O. 
 (Solway Asli). See Sfetlierbury. 
 
 Solway Firth, large inlet, stretching from the Irish Sea NE. 
 between Eng. and Scot. , having S. and E. the co. Cumberland, 
 and N. the cos. Kirkcudbright and Dumfries. Breadth at 
 entrance between St. Bees Head and Balcurry Point, 24 m. It 
 extends inland for about 38 m., diminishing in breadth to i| m. 
 At its head it receives the Esk ; the Annan, Nith, Dee, and Urr 
 join it from the Scotch, and Derwent and Ellen from the English 
 side. During ebb tide much of the firth is a naked flat, but the 
 tide returns very suddenly, and many accidents have been thereby 
 caused. Its fisheries, chiefly salmon, are extensive and valu- 
 able. The railway viaduct which crosses the head of the firth 
 between Bowness and Annan is i960 yds. long. 
 
 Solway Light Yessel, Solway Firth, Robin Rigg Channel, 
 7^ m. SW. Silloth ; has fixed light seen 6 m. 
 
 Solway Moss, tract, Eng. , on the NW. border of the Eskdale 
 div. of Cumberland, between the Sark and the Esk, about 10 
 m. N. by W. Carlisle. It was formerly a bog, but has been 
 reclaimed. In 1542 it was the scene of a battle in which the 
 Scottish army of James V. was routed by a small body of 
 English. 
 
 Solyma, mt. , Lycia. See Takhtalu. 
 
 Syderii, one of the Faroe Is., 20 m. S. Stromo. 
 
 Soma, tn. , Asia Minor, vilayet Smyrna, sanjak Sarukhan, 
 54 m. NNE. Smyrna ; coal-mine worked near. P. 6000 ; 
 Moham. 4000 ; Orthodox Greeks, 2000. 
 
 Soma, vil. , Tunis, 37 m. ESE. Tunis. 
 
 Somalii, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 9 m. E. by S. 
 Douai ; has coal-mines. P. 5300. 
 
 Somali (native name, ' dark, black'), important E. African 
 tribe of Hamitic-Semitic origin inhabiting Somali-land (q.v.). 
 Chief occupation, pastoral pursuits. In the interior, the Somali 
 border upon the Gallas (q.v.), the boundary line between the 
 two tribes running from Harrar to the Lower Jub R., and from 
 there to the Lower Tana R. The principal subdivisions of the 
 Somali, according to Guillain and R6voil, are the following : 
 Eyssa, Gadabursi, Aji, Mejertin, Hawia, Abgal, Ranu, Rami, 
 Rahanwir. P. unknown. [H. <i. S.] 
 
 Somall-lantl, the most eastern country of Africa, forming 
 the huge penin. between the Gulf of Aden and the equatorial 
 coast of the Indian Ocean (the Sinus Barbaricus of the ancients). 
 The country consists of savannahs and deserts, the former pre- 
 vailing in the SW., the latter in the NE. A mountain range, 
 rising near Harrar to 7400 ft. , runs from Kaffa to Cape Guarda- 
 fui, and from this range the country slopes gradually towards 
 the S. Somali-land is a country of few rivers. The largest, 
 the Webi Doboi, takes its rise in the mountains S. of Shoa, and 
 traverses the whole of Somali-land, but it is a characteristic 
 sign of the topographical and meteorological peculiarities of the 
 country, that the Webi Doboi is unable to reach the sea, but 
 1466 
 
 finds its termination in a small lake close to the Indian Ocean. 
 Another river, the Jub (Juba, Webi Giwena), belongs only in its 
 lower course to the Somali country. In the NE. parts of Somali- 
 land numerous periodical rivers (wadis) are met with, the largest 
 being the Wadi Nogal, Tug Dehr, and Tug Daror. The only 
 towns of importance are the Arabian settlements on the sea- 
 coast, Zeyla, Berbera, Mogdishu. Among places in the interior 
 the principal are Harrar, Faf, Barri, Mudug, Shidle, Gelidi, 
 and Bardera. Somali-land belongs to the British and Italian 
 spheres of influence. British Somali-land includes an area of 
 75,000 sq. m. , and extends from Ras Jebuli (W. of Zeyla) to 
 the 49th degree of E. lat. , and in the interior from Jildesa to 
 Milmil, and thence along the 8th degree of N. lat. , the boundary 
 line ultimately reaching the coast near Bandar Ziyada. The 
 Italian sphere of influence extends S. of British Somali-land. 
 About the southern boundary line of the former, see British E. 
 Africa. The interior of Somali-land remained unexplored till 
 1885, when James reached Barri on the Webi Doboi. The first 
 who crossed the whole of the Somali Penin. (from Obbia to 
 Berbera) was Robecchi (1891). See Somali. [H. G, S.] 
 
 Somatlno, vil., Sicily, prov. and ii^m. S. by W. Caltanissetta. 
 
 Somhernon^ vil., France, dep. Cote d'Or, arr. and 16 m. W. 
 Dijon ; has manufacture of pottery, dating from 14th century. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Somboriie, Little, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 6§ 
 m. WNW. Winchester. P. <25o. See King's Somhorne. 
 
 Sombra, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Lambton co. , on the riv. 
 St. Clair, 64 m. W. by S. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sombreffe, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. Namur, i^ m. 
 ENE. Ligny. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sombrerete, tn., Mexico, state of and 100 m. NW. Zaca- 
 tecas ; celebrated for its rich silver-mines. P. (comm.) 18,100. 
 
 Sombrero, small isl. , Brit. W. Indies, in 18° 36' N. , 63° 28' W. ; 
 on which phosphate beds were formerly worked (now exhausted). 
 
 Sombrero, strait, Indian Ocean, separating the southern and 
 central group of the Nicobar Archipelago. 
 
 Sombrero, riv. mouth, Niger delta, enters the Gulf of Guinea 
 in 6° 53' E. 
 
 Sombrero, tn. , Venezuela, Miranda, 80 m. S. by W. Caracas. 
 P. 2000. 
 
 Sombwe, mt. range, Garenganze country, central S. Africa, in 
 about 10° 15' S. , 26° 20' E. ; containing extensive inhabited caves. 
 
 Somelsat, tn. , Asiatic Turkey. Same as Samsat. 
 
 Someiios, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, Van- 
 couver I., 36 m. NW. by N. Victoria. 
 
 Somerah, ruins, Palestine, probably the Shamir of the O. T., 
 31° 25' N., 34° 55' E., 13 m. SW. by W. El Khulil (ancient 
 Hebron). 
 
 Somerby (the first two syllables pronounced like the word 
 'summer' in all English place-names), par., Eng., Leicester- 
 shire, Melton div., 5 m. W by N. Oakham, 3 m. E. John o' 
 Gaunt stn. , PMT. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Somerby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 3 m. 
 ESE. Grantham, 2^ m. NE. by N. Great Ponton stn., P.O. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Somerby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 13J m. 
 W. by S. Grimsby, 4 m. E. by S. Brigg, i m. N. by E. Howsham 
 stn- P. <25o ; eccles. par. (Somerby with Hnmby) P. <20oo. 
 
 Somercotes, part of eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire, PMT.O. 
 See Rlddliigs. 
 
 Somercotes, North and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., the former 2 m. from the NE. ct., 
 
 8 m. NE. Louth, 4 m. N. Saltfleetby stn. N. Somercotes, 
 PMT.O., 6005 ac. , P. <i5oo; S. Somercotes, P.O., P. <5oo. 
 
 Somerford and Somerford Booths, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Cheshire, the former 3 m. NW. Congleton. P. (of each) 
 
 <250. 
 
 Somerfonl, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Wiltshire. Little Somerford, Chippenham div., 12 m. SSW. 
 Cirencester, 3 m. SE. Malmesbury, with a stn. (Somerford) on 
 a branch of the G. W. R., P.O. P. <:5oo. Great Somerford, 
 PMT.O., P. <75o; eccles. par. (Broad Somerford) P. <75o. 
 
 SomerfonI Keynes (kenz), par., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade 
 div., 4^ m. S. Cirencester, 2^ m. SE. by E. Kemble Junction, 
 P.O. P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (Somerford Keynes with Shorn- 
 cote) P. <5oo. 
 
 Somerghem, comm. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. and 
 
 9 m. NW. by W. Ghent. P. 5600. 
 
 Somerleyton, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 4^ m. NW. by 
 W. Lowestoft, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P.<75o; eccles. 
 par. (Somerleyton with Asliby) P. <75o. See Lowestoft. 
 
 Somers, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Tolland co., 10 m. SE. 
 Thompsonville. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Somersall Herbert, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., lo^ 
 m. NW. by N. Buxton, 3 m. ENE. Uttoxeter stn., P.O. 
 (Somershall Herbert). P. <25o. 
 
 Somersby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 9 m. 
 S. Louth, 5i m. NW. by N. Spilsby stn. Birthplace of the 
 poet Tennyson (1809-1892). P. <25o; eccles. par. (Somersby 
 with Bag Enderby) P. <35o. 
 
SOME — SOMM 
 
 Somerset, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on the N. Pacific and 
 Manitoba Rly., 75 m. SW. by W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Somerset, post-vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Kings, 2 m. 
 from Berwick. P. < 1500. 
 
 Somerset, vil. , Canada, Quebec, co. Megantic, 49 m. SW. 
 Quebec by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Somerset (' seat orabodeof theSumars'), maritime co., Eng., 
 bounded N. and NE. by the estuary of the Severn and Bristol 
 Channel ; divided into the following pari. divs. : — 
 
 Northern . 
 
 Wells 
 
 Frome 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Southern . 
 
 Bridgwater 
 
 Western, or Wellington 
 
 Pari. bors. 
 
 Total . 
 
 Acres. 
 
 1,043,4851 
 
 P. 18 
 
 53.412 
 55.581 
 53.552 
 50.151 
 51.300 
 48,226 
 48,122 
 123.993 
 
 484.337 
 
 1 The administrative county excludes the co. bors. of Bristol and 
 Bath. Area, 1,040,106 ac, P. 386,866 ; or including co. bors,, 1,042,488 
 ac , P. 438,710. 
 
 There are three natural dists. — the N., between the Mendip 
 range and Bristol ; the Sedgmoor plain, mostly alluvial but 
 interrupted by ridges and heights like Brent Knoll, Glaston- 
 bury Tor, and the Poldens ; and in the S. , a mountainous 
 region with Blackdown on the Devonshire border, Quantock 
 (1262 ft.) extending to Exmoor and the sea. The highest 
 point of this S. dist. is Dunkery (1709 ft.), and in it rise the 
 upper streams of the Exe which flow to the English Channel. 
 Geologically this county is chiefly Carboniferous, with some 
 traces of Old Red Sandstone in the Mendip Range, though the 
 steep crags and picturesque lines are due to limestone, with 
 caves and gullies hollowed out by the streams and weathering. 
 The coal-measures, 7000 ft. thick, include an upper and a lower 
 series ; chief workings at Bristol, Radstock, Bath Paulton, &c. , 
 in the Bristol coalfield. After coal, freestone is the most im- 
 portant mineral ; lead has been dug in the Mendips from early 
 times, but that industry has recently been unimportant ; fire- 
 clay is worked at Combe Hay (Lower and Upper), S. Stoke, 
 Bath, &c. ; iron ore near Wells, Winford, &c. ; lead ore at Win- 
 ford and Cuthberts ; manganese ore at Higher Pitts ; ochre at 
 Flax Bourton and Winford ; slate at Wiveliscombe and Wash- 
 ford ; and stone at Limpley Stoke, Freshford, &c. Much of 
 the surface of this county is alluvial ; and amongst the most 
 famous caves are Banwell (bones), Cheddar (stalactites), and 
 Wookey (hyaena remains, &c. ). The chief rivers are the lower 
 Avon from the moors of Wiltshire, navigable to Bath, and the 
 Parret from Dorsetshire, a tidal stream to Bridgwater. The 
 Devonshire Exe has its rise in Exmoor Forest in this county. 
 The whole county is intersected by the G. W. R. and L. & 
 SW. R. and their numerous branches. Manufactures, woollen 
 and worsted in many towns ; silk at Frome, Taunton, and 
 Shepton-Mallet ; shirts and collars at Taunton ; lace at Chard ; 
 gloves, crape ; some large potteries and breweries ; and at 
 Frome large printing works. The Vale of Taunton produces 
 good wheat, and the rivers are generally rich in meadow land. 
 The county is noted for its orchards, its cider, and its Cheddar 
 cheese. From the agricultural statistics in Appendix, pp. 7-9, 
 it may be seen that in 1893 the percentage of area under orchards 
 exceeded even that of Kent, and that the county ranks high in 
 cattle-rearing. The ' shire ' was formed by the early English by 
 gradual conquest from the Welsh. The Romans had a great 
 town at Bath called Aquce Sulis, as the remains of their baths 
 still show, and in many other places there are traces of their 
 rule. Other antiquities refer to King Arthur, Glastonbury mona- 
 stery in the Vale of Avalon, and Alfred the Great's struggle with 
 the Danes, &c. This county is in the diocese of Bath and Wells 
 and parts of that of Gloucester and Bristol. It has two cities, 
 Bath and Wells ; two pari. bors. , Bath and Taunton. Besides 
 those three, four other towns are mun. bors. , Bridgwater, Chard, 
 Glastonbury, and Yeovil ; Weston-super-Mare, a favourite 
 watering-place ; Bridgwater, an important harbour. See 
 England, table. 
 
 Somerset, electoral div. , Ire. , Londonderjy, dist. Aghadowey. 
 
 Somerset, co. , Queensland, in the angle in the extreme N. 
 
 Somerset, settlement, Queensland, N. Cook co. , in 10° 45' S. , 
 142° 40' E. , the most northerly settlement on mainland ; pearl- 
 fishing stn. .Mean temp. (2^ yrs. , 1865-67), yr. 79.3° F., Feb. 
 80.9°, Aug. 76.2°. 
 
 Somerset, co. , Tasmania, crossed by 42° S. , between 147° 
 and 148° E. 
 
 Somerset, tp. , Tasmania, Wellington co. , on the N. ct. , 
 73 m. WNW. Launceston, 7 m. WNW. Emu Bay, 145° 48' E. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Somerset, city, U.S., Kentucky, Pulaski co. , 102 m. SE. 
 Louisville, in an iron and coal-mining dist. P. <3000. 
 
 Somerset, co. , U.S., Maine, in the NW. 
 
 Somerset, co. , U.S., Maryland, in the SE., bounded on the 
 W. by Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Somerset, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co. , on the W. 
 bank of Taunton R. , 4 m. NNE. Fall R. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Somerset, co., U.S., New Jersey, crossed by 40^° N., and in 
 the E. by 74^° W. 
 
 Somerset," vil., U.S., Ohio, cap. Perry co., 38 m. E. by S. 
 Columbus ; coal, iron ore, and potter's clay are abundant. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Somerset, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, cap. Somerset co. , 58 m. 
 SE. by E. Pittsburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Somerset, East, municip. , Cape Colony, cap. of dist. E. 
 Somerset, 65 m. ESE. Graaff Reinet. Alt. 2400 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 62.3° F., Jan. 71.5°, July 53.0°; rfall. (13 yrs.), 17.52 
 in. P. < 3000. 
 
 Somerset, North, isl., Arctic Regions, N. of Boothia Penin., 
 crossed by 95° W. 
 
 Somerset, West, vil. , Cape Colony, dist. Stellenbosch, 25 m. 
 ESE. Cape Town. Mean temp. (4 yrs., 1861-64), yr. 62.3 F. , 
 Feb. 71.9°, July 54.3°; rfall. (8 yrs.), 24.17 in. P. (including 
 Somerset Strand) < 3000. 
 
 Somerset Xlle. See Nile. 
 
 Somerset Road, stn., Eng., Birmingham, Edgbaston div., 
 on the M. R. 
 
 Somersliam (sfim'ar-sham), par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, 
 Ramsey div., 8^ m. ENE. Huntingdon, on the G. E. R. ; 
 formerly noted for chalybeate springs. PMT. O. 4356 ac. P. 
 <i5oo; eccles. par. (Somersliam with Colne, Pldley, and 
 Fenton) P. <25oo. 
 
 Somersham, par., Eng., Suffolk, 6 m. NW. by W. Ipswich, 
 P.O. (Lower Somersliam). P. <5oo. 
 
 Sonier's Point, vil. , U.S. , New Jersey, Atlantic co. , on Great 
 Egg Harbour, 52 m. SE. by S. Philadelphia (Penn.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Somers Town, two eccles. pars., Eng., co. London, in 
 ancient par. of St. Pancras. Total P. 14,900. 
 
 SomersvUle, coal-mining vil. , U.S. , California, Contra Costa 
 CO., 6 m. from Antioch, on San Joaquin R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Somers'worth, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Strafford co. , 
 33 m. E. by N. Concord. P. 6200. 
 
 Somierton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, on the Cherwell, div. 
 and 8 m. NNE. Woodstock, on the G. W. R., PM.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Somerton, par. , Eng. , Somerset, E. div. , 6 m. S. Glastonbury, 
 on the Cary R. , 5 m. E. by N. Langport stn. ; has important 
 stock fairs. During the Heptarchy it was fortified, and a resi- 
 dence of the W. Saxon kings. Its ancient royal castle is now a 
 county gaol. PMT.O. 6620 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Somerton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 7J m. SW. by 
 S. Bury St. Edmunds, 4 m. N. Cavendish stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Somerton, post-tn., New South Wales, on riv. Peel, Parry 
 CO., 70 m. SW. by W. Armidale. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Somerton, vil. , Victoria, Bourke co. , in 37° 36' S. , and 144° 
 58' E. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Somerton, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Nor- 
 folk. W. Somerton, E. div. , 2 m. from the E. ct. , 8| m. NNW. 
 Yarmouth, 2 m. NNE. Martham stn. E. Somerton, P. <25o; 
 W. Somerton, P.O., P. <5oo. See Wlnterton. 
 
 Somervell, co. , U.S., Texas, in the N. , traversed by the 
 Brazos R., E. of 98° W., N. of 32° N. 
 
 SomervlUe, residential city, U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex 
 CO., 3 m. NW. Boston. P. (1880) 24,900; (1890) 40,200. 
 
 SomervlUe, residential bor. , U.S. , New Jersey, Somerset co. , 
 25 m. NNE. Trenton. P. <:4000. 
 
 SomervlUe, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Fayette co. , 41 m. E. by 
 N. Memphis. P. < 1500. 
 
 SomervlUe, post-tn. , Victoria, Mornington co. , 29 m. SSE. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Someshwar, hill range, Himalayas. Same as Snmesar. 
 
 Somledo, comm., Spain, Asturias, prov. and 29 m. SW. 
 Oviedo, dist. Belmonte. P. 5300. 
 
 Somly6-VAsilrUely, comm., Hungary, co. Vesz-Pr(^m, 48 m. 
 W. Stuhlweissenburg, on the W. slopes of the Bakony Forest ; 
 noted for its wine. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sommacampagna, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 7 m. W. 
 by S. Verona. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sonima liOmbardo, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Milan, 20 
 m. WSW. Como. P. <4000. 
 
 Sommarlva del Bosco, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, 
 21 m. S. by E. Turin. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sommatlno, tn., Sicily, prov. and 11 m. S. Caltanissetta, on 
 a high hill. P. 5400. 
 
 Somma Vesnvlana, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. and 10 m. 
 E. by N. Naples. P. < 5000. 
 
 Somme (Samara), riv., France, rises NE. of St. Quentin, dep. 
 Aisne, flows W. past Ham, Pf^ronne, Amiens, and Abbeville, 
 and enters the English Channel between Crotoy and St. Valery. 
 Chief affluent, the Arve, on the left. It has been canalised to 
 Amiens, and is connected with the Oise and Scheldt by the 
 canal of the Somme. Length, 147 m. 
 
 Somme, maritime dep., N. France, traversed from SE. to 
 
 1407 
 
S O M M 
 
 S O N E 
 
 NW. by Somme R. , formed in 1790 of parts of Picardy (Ver- 
 mandois, Santerre, Ami^nois, Ponthieu, Vimeu, and Marquen- 
 terre), with a small dist. from Artois ; divided into five arrs. : 
 Amiens, Montdidier, P^ronne, Doullens, and Abbeville. Coast- 
 line almost unbroken, except by the wide and shallow estuary of 
 the Somme in the centre, the Bay of Authie on N. , and mouth 
 of Bresle on S. frontier — is bordered N. of the Somme by sand- 
 dunes, S. of that river to near Ault by great banks of shingle, 
 and further S. by chalk cliffs. Along the coast various tracts 
 have been reclaimed, and afford good pasturage, as the Mar- 
 quenterre, between the Somme and the Bay of Authie, the Cayeux 
 low-lands, and the salt-meadows on the shores of the Somme 
 and Bay of Authie. Surface consists mainly of undulating 
 plains, highest point (690 ft. ) in SW. near Bresle R. The dep. 
 is drained chiefly to the Somme, partly also to the Authie and 
 the Bresle. The Somme, of which the length in the dep. is 
 about 125 m. , flows through a flat, marshy valley, principal 
 tribs., r. bk. Ancre ; 1. bk. Avre, Noye, and Celle ; the Bresle 
 receives r. bk. the Liger. The Somme {g-v.) is now an artificial 
 waterway. Climate [Amiens]. Principal cereals, wheat and 
 oats ; sugar-beet is a very important culture (Santerre, P^ronne); 
 flax and hemp are grown in the centre; apples for cider in 
 various parts (best in W. ) ; potatoes on the coast for export. 
 In the production of peat the dep. ranks first, producing more 
 than ^ of the total for France (Longpr6, Long, Fontaine, &c.) ; 
 phosphates of lime (Hallencourt, Beauval). Textile industries 
 are the most important ; linen and hemp (arrs. Amiens, Abbe- 
 ville, Doullens) ; cashmeres, fancy wool, and silk stuff's (Amiens); 
 hosiery (Santerre); gauzes, &c. (P^ronne) ; carpets (Abbeville); 
 with upholstery, and cotton goods, and the allied industries 
 of bleaching, printing, and dyeing. The sugar manufacture is 
 next in importance ; metallurgical and chemical works, &c. 
 Area, 2423 sq. m. P. (1891) 546,500. See France, table. 
 
 Sonimen, lake, Sweden, prov. Ostergotland, 30 m. SSW. 
 Linkoping, 15 m. E. Lake Wetter; it discharges its surplus 
 waters by the Savarta northward into Lake Roxen and the 
 Baltic Sea. Length, 25 m. ; breadth, 8 m. 
 
 Soninierda, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Weissensee, 
 13 m. NNE. Erfurt, with manufacture of arms and ammunition. 
 P. (i8i6)<:20oo; (i89o)<5ooo. 
 
 Sommereln, Hungary. See Soniorja. 
 Soninierfeld, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Krossen, 
 27 m. E. Kottbus. P. <40co. 
 
 Soniniervlller, vil., France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, arr. 
 Nord, 6 m. WNW. Lun^ville ; has rock-salt and salt-springs. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 SoniiuR-res, tn. , France, on the SW. border of dep. Gard, on 
 the Vidourle, arr. and 10 m. WSW. Nimes. P. <4000. 
 
 Sommogang, riv. , Korea, prov. Tsienlato, flows S. to Strait 
 of Korea. 
 
 Somn^tli (Pattan), tn., India, on the SW. ct. of Kathidwar 
 Penin., 38 m. WNW. Diu, in 20° 57' N., 70° 26' E. ; a city of 
 ruins and graves, with Mussulman and Hindu tombs ; protected 
 on the S. by a fort ; manufactures door-locks. Opposite, on the 
 W. headland, is Port Verdwal, which gives to the locality the 
 name of Verawal Pattan ; between the two is a large temple 
 dedicated to Siva. 
 
 Soniu&tbipiu*, vil., India, Mysore state and dist. ; celebrated 
 for the temple of Prasanna Chenna Kesava, completed in 1270. 
 Somuo, riv. , Brazil. See drande, Klo. 
 Somogy (Hungarian, in German Siinieg), tn., Hungary, prov. 
 Zala, 55 m. W. by S. Stuhlweissenburg. P. (comm. ) 5400. 
 
 Somonauk, vil. , U.S., Illinois, Dekalb co. , 57 m. W. by S. 
 Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Somondoco, vil. , Colombia, dep. Boyaca ; has celebrated 
 emerald mine, discovered in 1537. P. (dist.) 7800. 
 
 Somorja, Ger., Sommereln, market-tn. with magistracy, 
 Hungary, 10 m. SE. Pressburg. P. <30oo. 
 
 Soniorrostro, comm., Spain, Basque Provs., Biscay, dist. 
 Valmaseda, 12 m. WNW. Bilbao. In the vicinity are the rich 
 and extensive mines of Mount Triano, the iron obtained from 
 which is remarkable for its malleability. P. <:4000. 
 
 Somoslerra, Col de, pass, Spain, Sierra de Guadarrama, 
 in 3° 36' W. Scene of the victory gained by the French, 
 1808, which opened to Napoleon the route to Madrid. Alt. 
 4690 ft. 
 
 Somosonio, strait, Fiji Archipelago, separating Vanua Levu 
 from Taviuni. Length, 32 m. ; breadth at narrowest part, 4 m. 
 Iiioniozas, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 27 m. ENE. 
 Corunna, dist. Ferrol. P. <4O0o. 
 Soniport, Col de. See Aspe, Gave d% and Canfranc. 
 Soniptlng, par., Eng. , Sussex, Lewes div., 9^ m. W. 
 Brighton, i^ m. NW. Lancing stn., PM.O. P. <75o; eccles. 
 par. (i^omptlng wltli Cokeliam) P. <75o. 
 
 Souipnls, tn. , France, dep. Marne, 19 m. S. Chalons-sur- 
 Marne, arr. and 10 m. WSW. Vitry-le- Francois. P. < 2000. 
 
 Somral, small native state, Africa, central Sudan, in S. of 
 Bagirmi, occupying a superior rank amongst the minor states, 
 several of which are tributary to it ; cap. Gubugu. 
 Somsa Parwat, peak, Brit. India, Madras, S. Kanara dist., 
 1468 
 
 in W. Ghats, in 13° 8' N., 75° 18' E. ; used as a sanitarium by 
 the European residents in S. Kanara. Alt. 6300 ft. 
 
 Sonivlx, German Snnivlgt, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, on 
 the Vorder-Rhine, 4^ m. ENE. Dissentis. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Son, probably identical with the Erannoboas of Greek geo- 
 graphers, riv. , Central India, rises in the Amarkantak highlands, 
 flows generally N. to Kaimur Range, then E. into the Ganges, 
 about 10 m. above Dinapur ; its upper course, of about 300 m., 
 lies in wild hilly country imperfectly explored. Principal trib. , 
 the Koel, r. bk. There are no towns on its banks. It is used 
 chiefly for floating down timber and large rafts of bamboos ; 
 navigable in the rainy season for a short distance by native boats. 
 Height of source, 3300 ft. ; length, 425 m. ; area of basin, 
 21,300 sq. m. ; flood discharge 830,000 cubic ft. per second, low 
 discharge 620 cubic ft. 
 
 Son, vil. , French Indo-China, 89 m. ENE. Luang Prabang. 
 
 Son, small seapt. , Norway, prov. and 27 m. S. Christiania, 
 on Christiania Fjord ; e.\;ports wood and ice. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Son, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. and 54 m. SW. Corunna, 
 dist. Noya. P. 8500. 
 
 Sona, riv. , E. Africa. See Gash. 
 
 Son&g&on, vil., Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Wardhd, 48 
 m. SW. Nagpur. P. < 5000. 
 
 Soniil, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Cachar, on Sonai stream, 
 63 m. E. by S. Sylhet. 
 
 Son41, navigable channel, Brit. India, Assam, flows SW. 
 from the Brahmaputra into the Kalang, a sluggish current, 
 6 ft. deep. 
 
 SoniU, market-tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 24 m. 
 NNE. Ahmadnagar. P. 5300; Hindus, 4700. 
 
 Sonaniarg, vil., in the Sind valley, Kashmfr, 32 m. ENE. 
 Srfnagar ; formerly frequented in summer by the European 
 residents of that town. Alt. 8650 ft. 
 
 Soniiniganj, vil., with river trade, Brit. India, Assam, dist. 
 and 32 m. WNW. Sylhet, on S. bank of Surmd. P. -csooo. 
 
 Son&mnkhl, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, Bdnkurd dist., 78 m. 
 NW. by W. Calcutta. P. (i88i)<50oo; (1891) 13,500; Hindus, 
 
 13.300- 
 
 Souamnra, vil., India, Bengal, Hill Tipperah, 55 m. ESE. 
 Dacca. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sonapet, small riv., Brit. India, W. Bengal, in E. of Lohar- 
 daga dist., flows E. to Subarnarekha ; alluvial gold in its 
 valley. 
 
 SonApnr, market-vil., Brit. India, Assam, Kdmrup dist., 
 in 26° 16' N., 91° 40' E. , police outpost station. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Soniipur, decaying seapt., Brit. India, Madras, on the Bay 
 of Bengal, dist. and 26 m. SW. by S. Ganjam ; has govt, salt 
 factory at Surla, 3 m. distant. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Somirgdon, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, Dacca dist., 2 m. from 
 the Brahmaputra ; formerly famous for the manufacture of fine 
 muslin. The ancient Mohammedan cap. of E. Bengal, now an 
 insignificant village called Painam. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sonbarsil, vil., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 22 m. from 
 Ballia. P. (1881) 8700. 
 
 Son Canali;, a grand system of irrigation canals, India, 
 Behar prov., all branching from an anicut or dam, consisting of 
 a mass of masonry 12,500 ft. long by 120 ft. broad, across the 
 Son at Dehri. The plan comprises the Dehri anicut, a Main 
 W. Canal with Arrah and Baxar canals, and Main E. Canal 
 with Patna branch ; the two main canals are unfinished. 
 
 Sonclno, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, on the Oglio, prov. and 20 
 m. NNW. Cremona. P. 5600. 
 
 Sonda, tn. and ruined fort, Brit. India, Bombay, N. Kanara 
 dist., 10 m. N. Sirsi; a religious festival is held here in April- 
 May. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sondanals, or Snndanatit, people of Java I., forming the 
 greater part of the population of the W. provs., numbering 
 about 5 millions. 
 
 Sondeled, vil., Norway, prov. Christiansand, on Sondeled 
 Fjord ; has fisheries, and trade in wood. P. <4000. 
 
 Sonderbnrg, tn., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 16 m. 
 NE. by E. Flensburg, on Alsen I. and the Alsener Sund (Sound), 
 cap. Sonderburg circle ; united by a pontoon bridge to the 
 mainland ; steamboat communication with Flensburg, Kiel, and 
 Apenrade. P. (i8o3)<300o; (i89o)<:sooo. 
 
 Sondershansen, tn., Ger., cap. princip. Schwarzburg-Son- 
 dershausen, 29 m. NNW. Erfurt, at the confluence of the 
 Wipper and Bebra ; manufacture of woollen goods, tapestry, 
 and needles. P. 6600. 
 
 Sondfjonl, inlet, Norway, W. ct., prov. N. Bergenhus, in 
 about 61° 30' N. , 40-50 m. long. 
 
 5o«rfr<', Norwegian, 'southern.' 
 
 Sondre-Annlal, vil. , Norway, prov. and 52 m. W. Hamar ; 
 has cattle and horse raising, and trade in wood. P. (comm. ) 5500. 
 
 Sondreland, vil., Norway, prov. and 28 m. W. Hamar, on 
 the Randsfjord. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Sondrlo, tn., Italy, Lombardy, cap. prov. Sondrio, on the 
 Adda, 34 m. N. by E. Bergamo. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sone, riv., India. Same as Son. 
 
 Sonepat, municip. , Brit. India. See Sonpat. 
 
SONG — SORA 
 
 6'£i«/, Tongkinese, 'river.' 
 
 Songa, vil. , W. Africa, Congo Free State, 98 m. S. by W. 
 Leopoldville. 
 
 Soiigarli, vil. and fort, India, Kdthiawdr Penin. , 60 m. SW. 
 Cambay. P. < 5000. 
 
 Soiig-bo (' black river '). See He>bo. 
 
 Soug-Diuh, maritime tn. , Tongking, prov. and 21 m. ENE. 
 Kwang-yen, on Hongai Bay, in 21° 5' N. 
 
 Soiigeous, tn., France, dep. Oise, arr. and 13 m. NW. 
 Beauvais. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Soiigfan (' wild men '), collective name given by the Chinese 
 to the indigenous tribes in Formosa I.; they resemble the 
 Malays, and are usually connected with this race. 
 
 Soiighal, or Sourliai, tribe, Africa, western Sudan, on both 
 shores of the middle Niger, from S. of Timbuctu to its con- 
 fluence with the Sokoto R. , and in the interior of the large bend 
 of the Niger. They were formerly very powerful, but are now 
 subjected, except in some isolated dists., as the mountains of 
 Hombori. 
 
 Songjn, tn., Korea, 65 m. NW. Fusan. 
 
 8oiigka, or Xganka, riv., in the N. of Annam, prov. Ngean, 
 flows on the whole SE. , receiving about the middle of its course 
 the Nam-mo from the S. , and lower down the Song-kon from 
 the N. , near its mouth unites with the Ngan-sau from the S. , 
 and finally enters the Gulf of Tongking by an estuary called 
 Kwa-hoi in 18° 50' N.; said to be navigable nearly to its source. 
 
 Songkan, riv. , Tongking, flows from the N. , and joins an 
 arm of the Songkoi delta, about 15 m. N. by E. Hanoi. 
 
 Songkhra, or Soiigkla, tn., Malay Penin. See Slnggora. 
 
 Soiigklkoiig, riv. , Tongking. See Ll>kiang. 
 
 Songkoi, or Songka, Annamite name of the l!»ongtao of 
 Tongking, also known in Europe as the Keel R., the prin- 
 cipal riv. of Tongking, rises in the SE. of Yunnan, China, and 
 flows SE. past Manhao, in about 105° 20' E. , receives from 
 the S. the He-ho, or Black R., and soon after breaks up into 
 numerous arms, traversing a delta filling the triangle between 
 the mts. of Tongking. On the main stream stands Hanoi, 
 cap. of Tongking ; and on the Kwa-kam, one of the northern 
 arms, Haifong, the chief seapt. of Tongking; navigable by boats, 
 though with difficulty on account of rapids, to Manhao, in 
 about 103° 10' E. In the Tongking portion of the river the 
 chief obstructions to navigation have been partially removed, so 
 that stern-wheel steamers of not more than 2-3 ft. draught, and 
 with a speed of 9 knots, can ascend as far as Laokai, on the 
 Tongkinese frontier. 
 
 Songkon, riv., Annam. See Songka. 
 
 Song-lo (' clear river '), Tongking. See Tsln>lio. 
 
 Soiigma, riv. , Tongking, flows SE. into the Gulf of Tongking. 
 Length, 280 to 310 m. 
 
 §oiigo, country, equatorial W. Africa, in the interior of the 
 Portuguese possessions of Angola, bounded N. by the Quize 
 and S. by the Luvoe, r. bk. tribs. of the Quanza. 
 
 Soiigo Slanara, isl. , Ger. E. Africa, to the S. of Kilwa 
 Kisiwani, in 9° 5' S. 
 
 i^ong-tubou, riv., Annam, flows E. and then N. into the 
 Bay of Turan by several mouths. In its upper basin are the 
 rich coal-mines of Nong-son. 
 
 Sougwe, riv., equatorial E. Africa, flowing E. into the N. 
 end of Lake Nyassa, which it enters in 9° 41' S. It forms part 
 of the frontier between the British and German spheres of 
 influence. Another Songwe flows NW. into the SE. end of Lake 
 Hikwa, or Kukwa. 
 
 8onklar Spltze, summit of the Alps, Tirol, second highest 
 point of the Stubai group. Alt. 11,410 ft. 
 
 Sonniiiiul, vil., Baluchistan, on Sonmiani Bay, in the SE. 
 of the country, 49 m. NW. by N. Karachi. 
 
 Souna, electoral div. , Ire. ,W. co.Westmeath, bar. Moygoish, 
 6 m. NW. Mullingar. 
 
 Sounagli, electoral div.. Ire., Longford, dist. BaUinalee. 
 
 Sonuagh, electoral div.. Ire., Mayo, dist. Lowpark. 
 
 I^ouubllck, mt., Austria, Salzburg, in the Hohe Tauern 
 group ; on its summit is the highest meteorological station in 
 Europe, founded 1886. Alt. 10,170ft. Mean temp., yr. 19.6° 
 F., Feb. (the coldest month) 8.6°, two warmest months 33.3°; 
 average total period above freezing-point, 66 days. 
 
 Soiiiiboru, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Mettmann, 2^ 
 m. SW. Elberfeld. P. <20oo. 
 
 Souuebei^, tn. , Ger., duchy Saxe-Meiningen, cap. circle 
 Sonneberg, 11^ m. NE. by E. Koburg ; very important manu- 
 facture of toys and articles of lu.xury. P. (i834)<400o; (1890) 
 11,500. 
 
 Soniieuberg, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 28 m. WSW. Teplitz, 
 and 5 m. E. Pressnitz. P. <20oo. 
 
 8ou]ienberg> vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, govt., circle, 
 and 4 m. ENE. Wiesbaden. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Soiiiienbnrg, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Ost- 
 sternberg, 8 m. ESE. Kiistrin ; silk- weaving. P. < 5000. 
 
 Conning, par., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., on the r. 
 bk. of the Thames, 4 m. ENE. Reading, 2 m. W. Twyford 
 stn., PMT.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. is partly in Oxfordshire. 
 
 Soniiliio, tn. , Italy, prov. Rome, 17 m. SSW. Frosinone. 
 At the beginning of the 19th century the forests in the neigh- 
 bourhood were much infested by brigands. P. <4000. 
 
 i^oiiiiols, dist., France. See SaoHiiols. 
 
 Souobe, tn., Japan, 22 m. NW. Kyoto. P. < 3000. 
 
 8oiiokl, tn. , japan, Kiushiu, 22 m. N. Nagasaki. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Sonoma, tn., U.S., California, Sonoma co. , 30 m. N. San 
 Francisco. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sonora, mining city, U.S., California, Tuolumne co. , 112 m. 
 E. by N. San Francisco. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sonera, one of the states of Mexico, stretching along two- 
 thirds of the NE. ct. of the Gulf of Cahfornia, between the 
 mouths of rivs. Colorado and del Fuerte ; very dry region. 
 Culture and pastures along the river valleys. Important silver- 
 mines (Hermosillo, Alamos). Guaymas is one of the best 
 harbours. See Mexico, table. 
 
 Sonpat, Sonepat (census), municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, 
 dist. and 30 m. NNW. Delhi. In the neighbourhood are some 
 ancient Pathan tombs. P. 12,600 ; Hindus, 5300 ; Moham. 
 6500. 
 
 Sonpnr, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Saran, in 25 42' N., 
 85° 13' E., at confluence of the Gandak and Ganges; famous 
 for its great fair, probably one of the oldest melds in India, and 
 its annual race meeting frequented by Europeans. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sonpnr Blnk^, tn. , India, Central Provs. , on the r. bk. of 
 the Mahanadi, 33 m. SSW. Sambalpur. P. (i88i)<5ooo. 
 
 Soiirlial, tribe, Africa. See Songhal. 
 
 Sonseca, tn. , Spain, New Castille, prov. and 10 m. SSE. 
 Toledo, dist. Orgaz. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sonsiiu, vil., Colombia, Antioquia, 30 m. S. by E. Medellin. 
 Alt. 8285 ft. P. 15,000. 
 
 Sonsonate, tn. , Central America, San Salvador, 36 m. W. 
 San Salvador. P. 5100. 
 
 Son-tal, tn. , Tongking, r. bk. Songkoi, 20 m. WNW. Hanoi, 
 cap. of prov. of same name. P. 4000 (Bonnal). 
 
 Sontbofen, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, circle 
 Sonthofen, 62 m. S. by E. Ulm, 24 m. E. Bregenz ; mines of 
 iron ore in vicinity. Alt. 2430 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sontias, riv. , Illyria. See Lsonzo. 
 
 Sontra, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Rotenburg, 
 26 m. SE. Kassel. P. ■<20oo. 
 
 Sonvlller, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 7 m. ENE. La Chaux 
 de Fonds. P. (comm. )<30oo. 
 
 SonM-end, mt. group, N. Tirol, bounded S. by the Inn. 
 
 Sonya, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, prov. and 46 m. NE. by 
 N. Toronto, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sooke, lake, in the S. of Vancouver I., drained S. into Juan 
 de Fuca Strait. 
 
 Sookholnie, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire. See Sokeholme. 
 
 Sootlilll, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in Dewsbury 
 union. P. 11,500; tn. (\ether Sootblll) P. 5600; tn. (Upper 
 Sootlilll) P. 5800. 
 
 Sooty Hill, vil., Scot., Stirlingshire. See Maddlston and 
 Sooty Hill. 
 
 So6var, salt-springs. See Eperles. 
 
 Sop^ra, ancient tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, Thana dist. , said 
 to have been the cap. of the Konkan from 1500 B.C. to 1300 
 A.D. ; by some writers supposed to be Solomon's Ophir. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Sopetran, tn., S. America, Colombia, dep. and 5 m. ESE. 
 Antioquia. 
 
 Sophia, or Rocky Independence, isl.. Pacific, in Ellice 
 group, in about 11° S., 179^° E. 
 
 Soplng-fu, tn., China, prov. Shansi, 220 m. W. Peking, 50 
 m. W. by N. Tatung. 
 
 Sop Island, isl., Newfoundland, in White Bay, at the mouth 
 of Sops Arm. 
 
 Sopka, Siberian Russian for 'volcano'; frequently used for 
 'mountain' or 'peak'; golets if rising above limits of forest 
 vegetation. 
 
 Sopley, par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., on the 
 Avon, 5 J m. NE. by E. Bournemouth, i\ m. E. by S. Heme 
 stn., PM.O. ; 4779 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Sopot, vil., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. and 35 m. N. 
 Philippopolis. P. <40O0. 
 
 Sopron, Hungary. See ddenbni^. 
 
 Sops Arm, Newfoundland, inlet of White Bay, in 49° 46' N. 
 
 Sopworth, par., Eng., on the W. border of Wiltshire, 
 Chippenham div., 16 m. SW. Cirencester, 7 m. W. by S. 
 Malmesbury, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Sora, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, on the Liri, 36 m. 
 N. Gaeta. P. 7300. 
 
 Sorab, municip., vil., India, Mysore, dist. and 46 m. NW. 
 Shimoga, on r. bk. of Dandavati R. ; centre of sandal-wood 
 carving of the finest workmanship. P. (i88i)<:sooo. 
 
 Slorachl, important coal-mine, Japan, Yezo, NE. of Sapporo, 
 now being connected by a railway, 143 m. long, with the port 
 of Maroran. 
 
 Soracoya, vil., Bolivia, dep. Potosi, 12 m. S. Portugalete, 
 in the Sierra de Chichas, at a great altitude ; has silver-mines. 
 
 1469 
 
SOR A 
 
 S OTT 
 
 Soragna, tn., Italy, Emilia, prov. Parma, 5 m. NNE. Borgo 
 San Donnino. P. <:3000. 
 
 Soraplss, mt. group on the frontier of Venetia and Tirol, in a 
 very picturesque region between the rivs. Anzice, Piave, and 
 Boito ; highest point Punda di Sorapiss, alt. 10,795 ft. 
 
 Sorata, mt. , Andes. See Illampu. 
 
 Sorilth, one of the four administrative divisions of the Political 
 Agency of Kdthiawar, India, Bombay Presidency, in the S. of 
 the Kathiawar Penin. 
 
 Soratt«, or Soracte (also called Monte Sant' Oreste and 
 Moute San SllTestro), isolated mt. , Italy, 3 m. from the r. bk. 
 of the Tiber, 23 m. NNE. Rome ; mentioned by Virgil and 
 Horace. On its summit wsls a temple dedicated to Apollo. In 
 746 Carloman, brother of Pepin the Short, founded here the 
 convent of St. Silvestre. Alt. 2265 ft. 
 
 Soran, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 55 m. SSE. Frank- 
 furt, cap. circle Sorau; carries on wool-spinning, and manu- 
 facture of woollen cloth, wax-lights, drain-pipes, and cigars. 
 P. 14,100; comm. P. 14,500. 
 
 Sor1>as, tn. , Spain, prov. and 27 m. NE. by E. Almeria, cap. 
 dist. Sorbas. P. 7500. 
 
 Sorbatle, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, 95 m. E. by S. Bagdad. 
 
 Sorbie, par., Scot., Wigtownshire, sh ^- •^- Wigtown, on the 
 Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Joint Rly.; 961 1 ac. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Sordl, or Petalidha, isl., off W. ct. of Crete, 8 m. W'SW. 
 Fort Grabusa. 
 
 S»ordwaua Point, cape, S. Africa, Zulu-land, E. of N. end of 
 St. Lucia Lake, in about 27° 37' S. 
 
 Sore, tn. , France, dep. Landes, arr. Mont-de-Marsan, on the 
 Petite Leyre, 36 m. S. Bordeaux. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sorek, valley, place named in O. T. See Sur&r, W&dl. 
 
 Sorel, tn. , Canada, Quebec, Richelieu co. , at the mouth of 
 Richelieu R. , 36 m. SW. by W. Three Rivers ; once the summer 
 residence of the governors-general. P. (1881) 5800 ; (1891)6700. 
 
 Sorell, or Pittwater, tn., Tasmania, Pembroke co., 13 m. 
 NE. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sorell, Cape, W. ct. Tasmania, in 42° 10' S. 
 
 Sorell, Lake, Tasmania, in centre of island, N. of 'Table 
 Mts. , W. of Miller's Bluff. Area, 12,300 ac. Alt. 3000 ft. 
 
 Sorell, Port, inlet, N. ct. Tasmania, in 146^° E. 
 
 Sorel Point, prominent headland, Channel Is., N. ct. Jersey, 
 3 m. E. Plemont Point. 
 
 Soreslua, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 14 m. NW. by 
 N. Cremona; silk-mills. P. 8600. 
 
 Sor^ze, tn., France, dep. Tarn, arr. and 14 m. SW. Castres. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 SorQord, a southern arm of the upper part of the Hardanger 
 Fjord, Norway. 
 
 Sorgak, mining vil., E. Turkistan. Same as Sni^ak. 
 
 Sorge, riv. , Prussia, provs. E. and W. Prussia, partly on the 
 frontier of both, 1. bk. trib. of the Elbing ; navigable for 9 m. 
 
 Sorgues, small riv. , France, rises in a fountain, dep. Vaucluse, 
 flows W. and joins the Rhone 5 m. N. Avignon. Length, 22 m. 
 
 Sorgnes, tn., France, dep. Vaucluse, arr. Avignon, 2 m. 
 SSW. B^darrides, on 1. bk. of the Sorgues ; has good wines, 
 silk spinning, and manufactures of artificial stone, &c. The 
 ruins of the old papal castle, built in the 14th and dismantled 
 in the 15th century, disappeared at the beginning of the 19th 
 century. P. < 4000. 
 
 Sorl, coast vil., Italy, Liguria, prov. and 9^ m. ESE. Genoa. 
 P. <300o. 
 
 Sorla, tn., Spain, on the Douro, cap. prov. Soria, 48 m. S. 
 Logrono. Alt. 3504 ft. Rfall. (14 yrs.), 24.09 in. P. (comm.) 
 7800. 
 
 Soriano, tn., Uruguay, dep. Soriano [Mercedes], on the 
 Uruguay R., at the confluence of the Rio Negro, 19 m. S. 
 Fray Bentos ; the oldest settled place in the republic, founded 
 in 1624 (102 years before Montevideo). 
 
 Soriano dl Calabria, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 29 m. 
 SW. Catanzaro. P. ■<4ooo. 
 
 Soriano nel Clmlno, tn. , Italy, prov. Rome, 7 m. E. Viterbo. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sor-knl, improper spelling of Zor-knl, lake, Pamirs. See 
 Victoria Lake. 
 
 Som, small riv., Scot., Argyllshire, rises in Islay, and flows 
 SW. into the head of Loch Indaal. 
 
 Som, par., Scot., S. Ayrshire, on the Ayr, \o\ m. SE. 
 Kilmarnock, 3^ m. E. Mauchline stn., P.O.; 19,195 ac. P. 
 (including Catrlne town) < 4000. 
 
 Sornac, tn. , France, dep. Corr^ze, 44 m. W. by S. Clermont- 
 Ferrand, arr. and 10 m. NW. by N. Ussel. P. <20oo. 
 
 Some Point, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, on the NW. ct. of 
 Mull I., in 6° 12' W. 
 
 Soro, tn. , Denmark, in the W. of Seeland, prov. Soro, 42 m. 
 WSW. Cojienhagen ; seat of an academy for higher education. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 SSro, large isl. off N. ct. of Finmark, Norway, in 70° 40' N., 
 22°-24° o' E. , separated by Soro Sound from the isl. Seiland. 
 
 Sorocaba, vil. , Brazil, prov. and 50 m. W. by N. Sao Paulo ; 
 great annual fair for horses and mules. P. 4000. 
 1470 
 
 Soroka (Soro tskoye), vil., Russia, govt. Archangel, 64° 32' 
 N. , 34° 47' E. , at entrance of Vyg into the S. bay of Gulf of 
 Onega ; fishing grounds. P. < 1000. 
 
 Sorokl, dist. tn., Russia, prov. Bessarabia, 117 m. NNW. 
 Kishinev, on r. bk. Dniester ; vineyards ; river-port for export 
 of corn and tobacco. P. 12,040. 
 
 Soroks^r, comm., Hungary, 7 m. S. by E. Budapest, on 
 the E. side of the arm of the Danube flowing to the E. of Csepel 
 I. P. 12,100. 
 
 Sorol, or PIilllp, isls.. Pacific, in the W. of the Caroline 
 group, SSE. of Yap. 
 
 Soroniandl (Dutch Vader Smlt), active volcano, in E. of 
 Sumbawa I. Alt. 4555 ft. 
 
 Soron, municip., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Etah, 53 m. 
 SW. by W. Bareilly ; scene of frequent pilgrim fairs. Hindus, 
 after visiting Muttra (Mathura), come to bathe in the Burh- 
 ganga, which here forms a considerable pool ; has 60 temples. 
 A fine masonry bridge and a screw-pile bridge connects Soron 
 with the opposite village of Badariya. Population half Brah- 
 mans. P. 11,300; Hindus, 9600; Moham. 1600. 
 
 Sorrala, or Zatas, riv., Portugal, Alemtejo, formed of two 
 branches, the Sor and the Raia, flows W. and joins the left 
 branch of the Tagus near the head of the expansion above 
 Lisbon. Length (to source of longer branch), 109-112 m. ; area 
 of basin, 2826 sq. m. 
 
 Sorrento, maritime tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, 11 
 m. W'. Amalfi, on the S. shore of the Bay of Naples ; noted for 
 the salubrity of its climate. Birthplace of Tasso, 1544. P. 6100. 
 
 Sorrento, watering-place, Victoria, Mornington co. , 23 m. 
 SE. by E. Geelong. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sorsele, vil., Sweden, prov. Vesterbotten, on Lake Stor 
 Vindel, 206 m. N. Hernosand. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Sorso, tn. , Sardinia, prov. and 6 m. NNE. Sassari. P. 5800. 
 
 Sort, or Sert, improperly Salrt, the ancient Tigranocertes , 
 tn., Asiatic Turkey, 92 m. E. by N. Diarbekir. Alt. 2745 ft- 
 P. 5-6000. 
 
 Sortlno, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 16 m. WNW. Syracuse. P. 
 9000. 
 
 Soranda, vil., Sweden, prov. and 23 m. SSW. Stockholm ; 
 has ancient burial mounds, runic stones, and cromlechs. The 
 population is distinguished from its neighbours by pronunciation , 
 manners, and costume. P. (comm.)<:400o. 
 
 Sos, tn., Spain, Aragon, prov. and 61 m. NNW. Saragossa, 
 cap. dist. Sos. P. <4000. 
 
 Sosnltsa, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 58 m. E. Chernigov. 
 P. 6800. 
 
 Sosnowlec, industrial vil., Russian Poland, govt. Piotrk6w, 
 193 m. SW. Warsaw, on Austrian frontier ; mines of zinc, iron- 
 works, fabrication of iron goods, cement, candles ; cotton 
 mills, chemical works. P. 12,000. 
 
 Soson-camblng, extinct volcano, Luzon I., Philippine Is. 
 
 Sospel, tn. , France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, near the frontier 
 of Italy, arr. Nice, 10 m. N. by E. Monaco. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Sossenlielm, vil. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, govt, and 15 
 m. E. Wiesbaden, circle Hochst. P. < 3000. 
 
 Sosva, riv., Siberia. See Tavda. 
 
 Sotara, extinct volcano, Colombia, S. of dep. Cauca, forming 
 part of the great knot whence proceed the three Cordilleras of 
 the Colombian Andes. 
 
 SotaTCnto ('under the wind'), dist., on the gulf coast of 
 Mexico, in SE. of state of Vera Cruz. 
 
 Sotby, par., Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 9 m. SW. 
 by W. Louth, 2^ m. SE. E. Barkwith stn. P. <:250. 
 
 Sotherton, par., Eng., Suffolk, 4 m. NE. Halesworth. P. 
 <25o. See rggeshall. 
 
 Sotlk, dist. of Kavirondo, equatorial Africa, in 0° 30-45' S. , 
 35° 10'- 35° 30' E. ; the country, bristling with mountains and 
 furrowed by water-courses, was formerly covered with forests, 
 which have in great part disappeared. 
 
 Sotnlkovo, vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. and 92 m. E. by 
 S. Stavropol, on Buivola, 1. bk. trib. of Kuma. P. 6500. 
 
 Soto, settlement, Argentine Republic, prov. and 58 m. NW. 
 Cdrdoba. 
 
 Sotoan, or Hortlock, isls. , Pacific, middle of Caroline group. 
 
 Soto del Barco, comm., Spain, Asturias, prov. and 16 m. 
 NW. Oviedo, dist. Aviles. P. <4000. 
 
 Soto la Marina, vil., Mexico, Tamaulipas, on the San- 
 tander, 190 m. NE. by E. San Luis Potosi. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Sotomayor, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 9 m. SSE. 
 Pontevedra, dist. Redondela. P. <:4000. 
 
 So>ton, maritime tn., Siam, 230 m. SE. Bangkok. 
 
 Sottegem, tn. and comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. 
 Alost. P. <:4000. 
 
 Sotterley, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 7^ m. SW. by W. 
 Lowestoft, 3 m. ENE. Brampton stn. P. <25o. See 1*11- 
 llnghani. 
 
 SottevlUe-K's-Ronen, tn., France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, 
 arr. and i m. S. Rouen, of which it is in some sort a continua- 
 tion, on 1. bk. of the Seine; has divers industries. P. 14,500. 
 
 Sotto Marina, the most southerly of the islands in the 
 
SOTU — SOUT 
 
 Venetian lagoon, N. Italy, 15 m. S. Venice. The town 
 Chioggia is at its N. extremity. 
 
 8otuta, vil., Mexico, Yucatan, 50 m. SE. by E. M^rida. P. 
 (comm. ) 5400. 
 
 Sot-well, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 7^ m. SE. by E. 
 Abingdon, i^ m. NW. Wallingford. P. <:25o. See Bright- 
 well. 
 
 Son, tn. , Korea, on the principal island at mouth of the 
 Han R., 35 m. W. by N. Soul; a royal town, and the burial- 
 place of the sovereigns of Korea. 
 
 Soubestre, country of ancient B^arn, France, now in dep. 
 Basses- Pyr^ntes, on the border of dep. Landes, watered by the 
 two branches of the Luy, 1. bk. trib. of the Adour, and still 
 partially retaining the woods on account of which it acquired 
 the name of Pagus silvestris. 
 
 »»onblse, vil., France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, arr. Mar- 
 ennes, on the 1. bk. of the Charente, 3 m. W. by S. Rochefort. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Soubarb, vil., Holland, prov. Zeeland, 3 m. SSW. Middel- 
 burg, in S. of Walcheren I. ; here Charles V. abdicated, 1556. 
 
 Sondan. See Sudan. 
 
 Soudley, P.O., Eng., 3m. from Church Stretton, Shropshire. 
 
 Sonfrl^re, La, a volcano of Guadeloupe, W. Indies. Alt. 
 4868 ft. 
 
 Soufri^re, vil., W. Indies, on the W. ct. of St. Lucia. 
 
 Sonillac, tn., France, dep. Lot, on the r. bk. of the Dor- 
 dogne, arr. Gourdon, 43 m. SE. by E. P^rigueux, 31 m. N. 
 Cahors. P. ■<3ooo. 
 
 Sonllly, vil., France, dep. Meuse, arr. and 10 m. SSW. 
 Verdun-sur-Meuse. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Soul (so-ul), or Seal, Seoul, and sometimes Syool, city, 
 cap. of Korea, 25 m. E. by N. Chemulpo, a few miles to the 
 N. of the Han R. ; situated in a hollow surrounded by rocky 
 hills up and down which run the city walls, enclosing an area 
 of 10 sq. m. The interior has three streets 60 yards wide and 
 well kept, but the remainder is a labyrinth of narrow, filthy, 
 uneven lanes. Founded 1397. Population within, the walls 
 about 200,000, in addition to which there are about 50,000 
 inhabitants in the suburbs outside. 
 
 Soulac-sur-Mer, vil., France, dep. Gironde, arr. Lesparre, 
 27 m. NW. by N. Pauillac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sonlalnes, vil. , France, on the E. border of dep. Aube, arr. 
 Bar-sur-Aube, 31 m. E. by N. Troyes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Soulauges, CO. , Canada, occupying the S. part of the angle 
 belonging to Quebec, between the rivs. St. Lawrence and 
 Ottawa. 
 
 Sonlby (sol'bl), par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 7 m. SE. 
 by S. Appleby, 2 m. NE. Crosby Garrett stn. , PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Soulbury (sol'be-rl), par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 
 9^ m. NNE. Aylesbury, 2 m. NW. Leighton Junction, P.O. ; 
 4226 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Sonldern (s51'dern), par. , Eng. , on the NE. border of Oxford- 
 shire, Woodstock div., 7J m. SE. by S. Banbury, 2 m. SE. 
 Aynho stn., PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Sonldrop (sol'driip), par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade 
 div., 8i m. NNW. Bedford, i^ m. NW. by N. Sharnbrook 
 stn., P.O. P. <25o. See Knotting. 
 
 Sonle, Basque Znberoa, former country of France, Gascony, 
 now in dep. Basses- Pyr^n^es, bounded S. by the Pyrenees ; an 
 independent viscounty till 1306 ; it was joined to the crown by 
 Philip the Fair. It is generally thought to be the ancient 
 Sibyllates mentioned by Pliny. 
 
 Soulsbyvllle, gold-mining vil. , U.S., California, Tuolumne 
 CO., 13 m. E. Sonora. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Sonlscat Loch, small lake, Scot., Wigtownshire, in the W. , 
 about 2 m. SE. of the head of Loch Ryan, drained into 
 Luce Bay. 
 
 Soultz-sons-Toikts. See Sulz-nuterm-Walde. 
 
 Sonniagiie, comm. , Belgium, prov. and arr Liege ; coal- 
 mining. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sound, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 3 m. SW. by 
 S. Nantwich, i^ m. ENE. Wrenbury stn. , P.O.- P. <250. 
 
 Sound, The, Danish Ore Suud, channel between Sweden 
 and the Danish isl. of Seeland, connecting the Baltic with the 
 Kattegat and North Sea. Length N. to S. 30 m. ; breadth at 
 its narrowest point, between Helsingor (Elsinore) and Helsing- 
 borg, 3 m. ; depth 4-20 fathoms. The Danish sovereigns 
 formerly possessed the terr. on both sides of the strait, and 
 they long continued to exact toll from all foreign vessels passing 
 through it at Elsinore, the average annual amount of which was 
 j^i53,644, and the number of ships passing the Sound about 
 20,000 annually. In 1857 the Sound dues were abolished by 
 ■treaty with the commercial nations of Europe on the payment 
 of ;^3.50o,ooo, of which one-third was paid by England. The 
 Sound is seldom closed by ice. In the period 1871-91, this 
 happened only in the winters 1878-79 and i38o-8i. 
 
 Sounds, CO., New Zealand, South I., on the NE. ct., crossed 
 by 41° S. 
 
 Soundwell, P.O., Eng., i m. from Staple Hill, near Kings- 
 wood (Gloucestershire). 
 
 Sonplet, tn. , France. See St. Souplet. 
 
 Sourdeval, tn. , France, dep. Manche, arr. Mortain, 9 m. W. 
 by S. Tinchebrai ; important metallurgical industries. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Soure, tn. , Portugal, prov. and 13 m. SW. Coimbra. P. 6100. 
 
 Sonrln, P.O., Scot.,Orkney Is. .Rousay I.,i5m. N. Kirkwall. 
 
 Sourlo, tn. , Canada, Manitoba, on the Sourio R. and a 
 branch of the C. P. R. , 142 m. W. by S. Winnipeg. 
 
 Sonris, seapt. tn., Canada, Prince Edward I., King's co. , on 
 Sourl» Harbour, 41 m. E. by N. Charlottetown. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Sourlsford, settlement, Canada, prov. Manitoba, on Souris 
 R. , 175 m. W. by S. Winnipeg. 
 
 Sour Lake, vil., U.S., Texas, Hardin co., near a small lake 
 with medicinal properties, whose waters contain sulphur, alum, 
 andiron. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sournla, vil., France, dep. Pyr^n^es-Orientales, arr. Prades, 
 23 m. W. Perpignan. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sonrton, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock div. , 13^ m. ENE. 
 Launceston, 2 m. N. by E. Bridestow stn. ; 5046 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Soustons, tn. , France, dep. Landes, arr. Dax, 20 m. NNE. 
 Bayonne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sonter Point, cape, Eng., on the coast of the co. of Durham, 
 4 m. SE. of the mouth of the Tyne. 
 
 Souterralue, La, tn., France, dep. Creuse, arr. Gu^ret, 31 m. 
 NNE. Limoges ; manufactures coarse cloth, hempen goods, and 
 sabots. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Southacre, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, 3 m. N. Swaffham. P. <25o. 
 
 South African Republic, popularly known as the Trans- 
 vaal, republic, S. Africa, about one-third larger than Great 
 Britain, lying between about 25° and 32° long. E., and 22° 
 and 28° lat. S. ; bounded on the N. and NW. mainly by the 
 Limpopo, separating it from Brit. South Africa and Bechuana- 
 land, E. by the Lobombo and Longwe Mts. , separating it from 
 Portuguese E. Africa, further S. by an arbitrary line separating 
 it from Swazi-land and Zulu-land, and S. by the Orange Free 
 State (from which it is separated mainly by the Vaal), Natal, 
 and Zulu-land ; divided into dists. ; cap. Pretoria. Surface. — 
 The country is mainly a plateau, from 3000 to upwards of 4000 
 ft. in alt. , studded with isolated mountains and longer or shorter 
 mountain ranges running in various directions. Some of the 
 more important have an approximately E. to W. trend, such 
 as the Magaliesberg chain, extending from Rustenberg to near 
 Pretoria slightly N. of the latter town ; the well-known Wit- 
 watersrand ridge to the S. of Pretoria ; and the Zoutpansberg, 
 Murchison, and Drakensberg Ranges in the NE. of the country. 
 The tops of the mountains are generally flat, and their denuded 
 sides lay bare the rocky under-features. The highest parts 
 of the plateau are in the region round Pretoria, whence the 
 rivers radiate in all directions to the frontier rivers or across 
 the frontier. The principal tribs. of the Vaal are the Gansvlei, 
 Sand and Kaffir Spruits, Likwa, Krom, Waterval, Klip, 
 Mooi, and Hartz Rivs. ; those of the Limpopo, the Jokesky, 
 Hennops, Sandaapies, Pienaars, Pongola, Nylstroom, Sand, 
 Zehlaba, and Olifant's Rivs. With the exception of the two 
 main rivers and their most important affluents, the streams 
 have but little water in winter. In summer (the wet season), 
 on the contrary, they are transformed into roaring torrents. 
 The rivers running into the Indian Ocean S. of the Lim- 
 popo are the Crocodile and Komati, which unite to form a 
 single stream that enters the ocean on the N. side of Delagoa 
 Bay under the several names of Manisa, M'Komoyas, or St. 
 George's ; the Maputa, formed by the union of the Usuta 
 and Pongola, also discharging itself into Delagoa Bay (S. side) ; 
 the White and the Black Umvolosi and the Buffalo, the latter 
 a trib. of the Tugela. The only lake of any importance is 
 Lake Chrissie, 36 m. in circumference. There are numerous 
 salt-pans throughout this large area ; also some mineral 
 springs (sulphur), the most renowned being that at Warmbad, 
 near Nylstroom, in the Zoutpansberg dist., which is said to 
 be particularly efficacious for rheumatism, its kindred diseases, 
 and for scrofulous eruptions. Advancing from S. to N., the 
 climate varies from temperate through semi-tropical to tro- 
 pical ; and consequently the flora partakes, according to lati- 
 tude, of the peculiarities of these regions. The shrubs and 
 trees of the Transvaal are those of S. Africa in general, though 
 the northern dist. exhibits some essentially tropical trees, 
 such as ebony. The animal kingdom has here more repre- 
 sentatives than in p.ny other part of S. Africa, From a climatic 
 point of view, the country is divided into two regions — the High 
 Veld between the Vaal and the Magaliesbergen, and the ' Bosch 
 Veld ' beyond. In summer the northern region is the warmer, 
 and in winter colder than the High Veld. Winter is here the 
 dry season. The country is admirably suited for raising all 
 kinds of grain and agricultural produce, as well as for cattle, 
 sheep, and goat breeding. Certain industries (strongly ' pro- 
 tected ' under the disguise of 'concessions,' &c. ) have beea 
 started in a few towns ; such as iron-foundries, distilleries, 
 breweries, sugar-boiling houses, tanneries, tobacco factories, 
 potteries, steam, corn, and saw mills ; dynamite and gunpowder 
 factories. Transvaal tobacco is much esteemed throughout S. 
 Africa. Mineral Products. — The S. African Republic is with- 
 
 1471 
 
SOUT — SOUT 
 
 out exception the richest in minerals of all the settled states of 
 southern Africa. Gold is found in the districts of Pretoria, 
 Heidelberg, Potchefstroom, Lydenburg, Rustenburg, Marico, 
 Zoutpansberg ; silver in Pretoria, Middelburg, Rustenburg ; 
 copper in the same dist. , as well as in Zoutpansberg ; lead 
 and plumbago principally in Marico ; cobalt in Middelburg ; 
 iron everywhere, particularly in Rustenburg, Zoutpansberg, and 
 Waterberg, where there are entire mountains of it ; zinc in 
 Middelburg; tin, bismuth, and platinum in Rustenburg; cin- 
 nabar in Lydenburg. Limestone is everywhere abundant, and 
 a natiu-al cement is dug in many places. The eastern frontier 
 of the state furnishes coal, met with almost on the surface. 
 There are coalfields about 40 m. from Pretoria, near Heidel- 
 berg ; and excellent coal is now mined in increasing quantity at 
 Boksburg, E. of Johannesburg, which is now connected with 
 the coalfield by rail. Of all the minerals mentioned, by far the 
 most important is gold, and by far the most productive gold- 
 field is that of Wltwatersrand, popularly known simply as the 
 Rand, a ridge more than 60 m. long, about 30 m. due S. of Pre- 
 toria, on the borders of dists. Pretoria and Heidelberg, extend- 
 ing also W. into Potchefstroom. Here promising indications 
 of the occurrence of gold were first discovered in March 1885, 
 and now the Rand produces more than eleven-twelfths of the 
 gold produced in the country. Before the close of the year 
 mining had been started, and in July 1886 a portion of the 
 region was proclaimed a public goldfield. The town of Johan- 
 nesburg speedily grew up as the mining centre of the region, 
 and the yield of gold has since grown year by year with extra- 
 ordinary rapidity. Regular returns of the output have been 
 made since the beginning of 1888, and the results are as 
 follows : — 
 
 Year. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Gold. 
 Oz. 
 
 
 Oz. 
 
 
 1888 
 
 229,320 
 
 1892 . 
 
 1,293,803 
 
 1889 
 
 382,364 
 
 1893 . 
 
 1,478,477 1 
 
 1890 . 
 
 494.393 
 
 1894 . 
 
 2,024,162 
 
 1891 
 
 729,213 
 
 
 
 Of the minor goldfields of S. African Republic, the most pro- 
 ductive at present, the Kaap (De Kaap) fields, in the E. of the 
 country, in Lydenburg dist. (centre Barberton), in a beautiful but 
 lonhealthy valley, where gold was first found in 1870, and has been 
 actively mined since 1882 ; the Lydenburg field, near the cap. 
 of the same dist. , where gold has been minedsince 1869 (the oldest 
 goldfield in the country) ; the Komati goldfield, in the S. of the 
 same dist. (round Steynsdorp) ; the Zoutpansberg fields, in the 
 NE. of the republic, scattered over various parts of the dist. — 
 at Marabastad and Eersteling in the SW. , and in the Klein 
 Letaba Valley N. , and the Selati Valley (with Leydsdorp and 
 Spitzkop) S. of the Murchison Range, in the SE. of the dist.; 
 the Klerksdorp fields, near the S. fi-ontier, in Potchefstroom 
 and the Malmani goldfield in the W. , in Marico dist. Till 
 recently, waggons formed the only means of transjxirt in the 
 South African Republic, and the government of the country was 
 long adverse to the introduction of railways, but the rapid 
 development of these goldfields has at last caused the govern- 
 ment to yield. Since the ist of Jan. 1893 Pretoria has been 
 connected by rail with Cape Town, and since the 8th of July 
 189s with Delagoa Bay ; the latter line, with branches running 
 N. to the Selati goldfield and S. to the Kaap field, Pretoria, 
 is also being (in 1895) connected with the railway system of 
 Natal at Charlestown. The monetary system is the same as 
 the English, except that the sovereign is slightly finer. Under 
 the present constitution, as last modified in 1890, the legislative 
 authority is essentially vested in the first chamber of the Volks- 
 raad, a body consisting of 24 members elected solely by burghers 
 who acquired burgher rights before 1890. All members of this 
 chamber must be 30 years of age, and born in the country, or 
 must have been qualified voters for 15 consecutive years, and 
 must be members of a Protestant church, and possess fixed 
 property in the country. Owing to the large influx of foreigners 
 (chiefly British subjects) into the country through the develop- 
 ment of the goldfields, an act was passed in 1890 creating a 
 seconti chamber to have a voice on such subjects as most closely 
 concerned the mining industry, and to be corpposed of members 
 elected by voters qualified by residence for two years in the 
 country, naturalisation, and the taking of an oath of allegiance. 
 The first chamber, however, has the right of veto on all 
 measures passed by the second chamber, and it is left to the 
 discretion of the President to determine what measures passed 
 by the second chamber shall be sent up to the first chamber 
 for approval or rejection. The executive authority is vested 
 in the President, elected for five years by all voters in the 
 country qualified to vote for members of the first chamber ; a 
 state secretary, elected by the Volksraad for four years ; a com- 
 mandant-general, elected for ten years by general election 
 throughout the state ; a secretary for native affairs, and two 
 non-official members, elected for three years by the Volksraad. 
 1472 
 
 Each dist. is presided over by a ' landdrost,' who acts as 
 magistrate and civil commissioner. Public education is 
 subsidised by the state, but in all subsidised schools instruction 
 must be given in the Dutch language. English is, nevertheless, 
 the language chiefly spoken in the towns and business places. 
 The South African Republic owes its origin to a number of 
 Dutch farmers (' Boers'), who in 1840 left the Cape Colony in 
 consequence of their discontent with British rule and settled first 
 in Natal, but being expelled from thence, withdrew to the region 
 N. of the Vaal, and established a republic, which in 1854 was 
 recognised by the British. Troubles arose with the natives 
 around them, and during one of these disturbances the British 
 intervened in 1877 and annexed the territory. The Boers, 
 however, rose in rebellion in 1880, and after a short war, in 
 which the British were worsted, the independence of the country, 
 subject to the 'suzerainty' of the British crown, was again 
 recognised. In 1895 the South African Republic took over the 
 administration of Swazi-land (^.z'.). Area, 119,139 sq. m. P., 
 whites, ' according to the rather incomplete census of April i, 
 1890,' 119,000 ; natives estimated in 1894 at about 370,000. 
 
 Soutliall, eccles. par. and tn., Eng., Middlesex, div. and 4 
 m. WNW. Brentford, on the G. W. R. Market-day, W. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Southam {Sucham in Domesday Book), par., Eng., Warwick- 
 shire, Rugby div., 7 m. ESE. Leamington, 3 m. E. Sontham 
 Road and Harbury stn. on G. W. R.; it has an ancient Gothic 
 church and a mineral spring. Fairs are held. PMT.O. 
 Market-day, M. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Southam and Bruckhampton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 Tewkesbury div., 2| m. NE. by N. Cheltenham. P. <500. 
 
 Southampton, vil. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Bruce 
 CO., on Lake Huron, 56 m. W. Collingwood, on a lailway at 
 the mouth of the Saugeen R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Southampton, pari, and (since Henry L) mun. bor. and 
 CO. bor. , and seapt. , Eng. , Hampshire, 12 m. SSW. and in the 
 diocese of Winchester, on a p)enin. between the Test and Itchen 
 Rivs. , with terminal stn. on SW. R. The remains of its town 
 walls, with a fine arcade on the W. shore, and four out of seven 
 gates, with ancient Norman house, old prison, &c. , show its 
 ancient importance, still largely maintained and growing by the 
 traffic of its harbour, the annual revenue of the Dock Company 
 in 1890 being _|^i, 113,000. In 1891 the docks were acquired by 
 L. & SW. R. Company. Besides considerable trading with the 
 French coast and the Channel Is., it has large imports of cattle 
 from Spain and Portugal, and is the mail steam-packet station for 
 West Indies, Brazil, and South Africa, and a place of call for 
 several lines of Atlantic steamers. The docks can float the largest 
 steamers. A new tidal dock, costing _^300,ooo, was opened in 
 1890. Total length of the dry docks, including new graving 
 dock (opened in 1895), 2350 ft. ; depths of the five docks, at high 
 water, respectively 21, 15, 25, 25, and 28^ ft. The Town Quay 
 is 6072 ft. long, and the quays of the four docks belonging to 
 the L. & SW. R. 3000, 2580, 1792, and 3735 ft. respectively. 
 An extension adding 3550 ft. of quayage is nearly completed, 
 and further additions are proposed. The united area of the 
 three largest docks is 44^ ac. , and their depth at low water 18 
 ft. (Open Dock) to 26 ft. (Empress Dock), at high water 28 ft. 
 (Close Dock) to 38 ft. (Empress Dock). The depth alongside 
 the new quay walls is at low water 28 ft. , at high water 40 ft. 
 For shipping statistics, see Appendix, p. 13. There is a steam 
 floating bridge over the Itchen. Suth Hamtun is mentioned in 
 the Saxon Chronicle ; its prosperity began under the Normans, 
 from the ready transit to Normandy. Richard II. enlarged the 
 castle and fortifications. Among the chief antiquities are the 
 ruins of Netley Abbey and others. The conmion has been 
 transformed into beautifully wooded pleasure grounds of 430 ac. 
 area. The present area of the municipal borough is 2004 ac. 
 In May 1895 it was arranged that the existing borough be ex- 
 tended to include the Shirley and Freemantle district, part of 
 Millbrook par. , and jDarts of Bitterne and South Stoneham pars. , 
 the whole extended area amounting to 4357 ac. Market-day, 
 F. Mean rfall; (1866-80), Cadland (alt. 52 ft.) 35.5 in.; Ord- 
 nance Survey Office (alt. 75 ft.) 33.1 in. Mun. and co. bor. P. 
 (i8oi]790o; (1851)35,300; (1871)53,700; (1891)65,300; pari, 
 bor. (two members) P. 93,600. 
 
 Southampton, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Hamp>shire co. , 7 
 m. W. by N. Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Southampton, vil., U.S., New York, Suft"6lk co., on Long 
 I., 86 m. E. by N. Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Southampton, co., U.S., Virginia, in the SE. , on the S. 
 frontier, crossed in the E. by ']^'' W., traversed by the Notto- 
 way R. 
 
 Southampton, County of. See Hampshire. 
 
 Sonlhampton island, Canada, N. of Hudson Bay, in about 
 62° so'-66' N. and 80° 87' W. ; coasts rugged and mountainous. 
 
 Southampton, South, isl. , Canada, S. of Hudson Bay, S. 
 of Southampton I., of which it was formerly supposed to be the 
 S. extremity ; its SW. point is about 61° 58' N. 
 
 Southampton Water, fine inlet, Eng., Hampshire, stretching 
 from the Solent and Spithead NW. into the interior of Hamp- 
 
SOUT — SOUT 
 
 shire, forms one of the safest harbours on the English coast. 
 Length, ii ni. ; greatest breadth, about 2 m. 
 
 i^outli Australia, colony, Australia, comprised between 129° 
 and 141° E. , from the Southern Ocean to 26'^ S. , and N. of that 
 parallel between 129° and 138° E. to the Sea of Arafura and the 
 Gulf of Carpentaria. The latter region (N. of 26" S. ), known as 
 the Northern Territory, was incorporated with the colony in 
 1863 ; its northern part forms the penin. of Arnhem Land. An 
 error having been detected in the position of the Victorian frontier 
 line. South Australia now claims from Victoria a strip of land 
 along the 141st meridian i^ m. wide and 142 m. in length. 
 The name, South Australia, which is inappropriate, was selected 
 owing to the belief that it would ultimately embrace the terr. 
 now belonging to Victoria. The S. ct. is penetrated by deep 
 arms of the sea ; Eyre's Penin. juts S. between the Great 
 Australian Bight and Spencer Gulf, while Yorke's Penin. sepa- 
 rates the latter from St. Vincent Gulf. Off the coast are 
 Kangaroo I. and several groups of small islands (Nuyt's Archi- 
 pelago, Investigator group, Sir Joseph Bank's group, Whidby 
 Is., (ice). The N. ct. is indented, besides the Gulf of Carpen- 
 taria, by Arnhem Bay, Van Diemen's Gulf, Port Darwin, and 
 Queen's Channel ; off the coast are Melville, Bathurst, and the 
 Wessel Is., Groote Eylandt, and Sir Edward Pellew's group. 
 Surface. — The principal mountains are the Mount Lofty Range, 
 S. and E. of Adelaide, highest point 2234 ft.; the Flinders 
 Range, parallel with the NE. part of Spencer Gulf, and stretch- 
 ing N. to Lake Blanche, highest points Mount Remarkable and 
 Mount Brown, each 3100 ft. ; the Gawler Range, mainly E. and 
 W. , in Eyre's Penin. , S. of Lake Gairdner, highest point about 
 2000 ft.; the Macdonnell and Musgrave (4500 and 4000 ft.), 
 with the Stuart and other ranges (E. and W.) in the centre, and 
 the Ashburton Range (N. and S.) in the Northern Terr. A 
 large tract in the interior, S. of the tropic, forms a basin under 
 600 ft. in alt., and of which Lake Eyre occupies the lowest 
 depression ; in the W. the low land is continued S. to Spencer 
 Gulf and the Gawler Range, and in the E. to the Mount Gambier 
 region, on the Victorian frontier, in the SE., where are several 
 extinct volcanoes. Along the SW. ct. , between Fowler Bay and 
 Port Eucla, are the Nullarbor Plains, extending inland for about 
 100 m., and with precipitous seaward cliffs 250-300 ft. in height. 
 The principal rivers are the Murray (lower course), the only 
 important river in the S. ; in the N., the Roper (navigable for 
 nearly 100 m. by sea-going steamers). Alligator Rivs. , E. and S. , 
 Adelaide, Daly, and Victoria, all navigable to a greater or less ex- 
 tent ; the principal river in the interior is the Finke, flowing S. to 
 Lake Eyre, which, however, it only reaches in times of flood, 
 as do also other tribs. of the same basin. Cooper Creek or 
 Barcoo, Diamantina, Warburton, &c. The colony contains all 
 the largest lakes in Australia — Gairdner, Torrens, Frome, with 
 many intervening lagoons, N. of Eyre's Penin. and Spencer 
 Gulf, Eyre further N. , with Gregory, Blanche, and Blanchwater 
 to the NE. , and Amadeus, on the W. Australian frontier, all 
 salt ; several fresh-water lakes occur about the mouth of the 
 Murray (Alexandrina, &c. ), and in extinct craters in the SE. (Blue 
 Lake, &c. ). The Coorong, an arm of the sea, ^ to 2 m. in 
 width, stretches SE. of Encounter Bay for about 100 m. As 
 regards geological structure, Paloeozoic formations, with out- 
 crops of granite and other igneous rocks, predominate in the 
 higher parts ; the great basin is formed of Cretaceous rocks, 
 overlaid in parts with Tertiary deposits, forming table-topped 
 hills ; Tertiary and Post-Tertiary deposits elsewhere cover a large 
 part of the country ; the Nullarbor Plains are formed of crystal- 
 line limestone. A great sandy desert stretches N. from Lake 
 Eyre to near the tropic, and smaller desert tracts occur further 
 S. ; mallee (Eucalyptus dumosa) scrub, with occasional grassy 
 plains, covers a considerable area on both sides of the Murray, 
 but large tracts of this land are now being reclaimed for agri- 
 culture. Spinifex scrub and forests cover a wide belt in the 
 interior along the Overland Telegraph route ; the northern 
 region is well wooded, especially near the coast. The climate 
 in the N. , except on the interior tablelands, is tropical, with 
 two seasons, the dry and the wet [Port Darwin, Daly Waters]; 
 in the S. it resembles that of S. Italy ; the coldest months are 
 June, July, and August, when frosts occasionally occur ; the 
 heat in summer is sometimes very great, but the temperature 
 decreases southward from the mean annual of 70.6° F. near 
 the tropic, to 57.6° F. near 38° S. [Alice Springs, Port 
 Augusta, Adelaide, Mount Gambler]. The dryness of 
 the air renders the heat less oppressive, and the climate 
 in the S. is very healthy, though ophthalmic affections 
 are caused in summer by the glare and dust ; in the N. , 
 especially near the coast, intermittent fevers are common. 
 Throughout the greater part of the colony, from about 20° in 
 the W. and 23° in the E. to ' Goyder's Line ' (see below) in 
 the S. , the mean annual rainfall is less than 10 in., in some 
 places and in some years less than i in.; from about 23° the 
 rainfall increases northward, and in Arnhem Land exceeds 
 40 in. Water conservation is, consequently, a matter of prime 
 importance over large areas ; and a royal commission has been 
 appointed to deal with it, as also with projects for irrigation 
 1473 
 
 by the Murray R. , on the plan of the Renmark colony. The 
 sinking of artesian wells, especially around Lake Eyre, has 
 revealed the existence of vast subterranean reservoirs, which 
 will doubtless prove important auxiliaries in this work. Agri- 
 culture. — South Australia is the great wheat-producing colony 
 of Australia, but the wheat area on unirrigated land is com- 
 prised within 'Goyder's Line of Rainfall," which embraces the 
 hilly region E. of Spencer and St. Vincent Gulfs, and the W. 
 coast of Eyre's Penin. between Franklin Harbour and Streaky 
 Bay, while of this area little more than one-third, or about 
 14,000 sq. m., is actually suited to wheat. The vine flourishes, 
 yielding excellent wines ; the olive occupies a considerable area, 
 and the oil is the finest in Australia ; the cultivation of fruit is 
 rapidly extending ; and sericulture on a limited scale has proved 
 successful. The Northern Terr, seems well adapted for the 
 culture of the sugar-cane. Sheep-rearing is an important source 
 of wealth, and about one-seventh of the country is occupied for 
 pastoral purposes ; camels are used for transport in the interior. 
 Minerals include copper, iron, gold, silver, lead, &c. ; copper 
 ores, by far the most important, have served to promote the 
 prosperity of the colony, as gold has done in the eastern 
 colonies ; the Kapunda mine was discovered in 1843, and two 
 years later the Burra-Burra, since eclipsed by the Moonta and 
 Wallaroo mines ; gold has been obtained at Echunga and 
 other places ; but the most important goldfields are the Tee- 
 tulpa, about 230 m. NE. Adelaide, discovered in 1886, and 
 the Wadnamuga, SE. of Teetulpa. The principal mining 
 region in the N. is inland from Port Darwin ; gold, copper, 
 tin, iron, and other minerals occur, but owing to the cost of 
 labour and difficulties of transit their development has made 
 little progress ; the Daly R. copper-mine is important, and the 
 tin lodes of Mount Wells are said to be very rich. Manufac- 
 tures, with the exception of wine, are mainly for use in the 
 colony. The chief exports are wool, wheat and flour, copper, 
 skins and hides, wine, &c. Trade is carried on chiefly with the 
 neighbouring colonies and with Britain. Railways have made 
 great advance since their first opening in 1856 ; the Southern, 
 or Intercolonial Rly. , connects with the Victorian system at 
 Serviceton; and the Northern Rly., of which the present 
 terminus is at Oodnadata, 688 m. N. of Adelaide, has an im- 
 portant branch line from Petersburg to Cockburn, on the New 
 South Wales frontier, near the Barrier Ranges. The great 
 Overland Telegraph from Adelaide to Port Darwin (1975 m. ) 
 was completed in 1872, the work involving the clearing of a 
 50-ft. track through about 500 m. of forest and scrub. As to 
 gOTcrnment, see British Empire, The. Elementary educa- 
 tion, provided for by the government, is compulsory for children 
 within reach of a school between the ages of seven and thirteen, 
 unless exempted as efficient ; higher education is afforded by a 
 university and a technical school. South Australia was founded 
 by an Act of the British Parliament in 1834, and the first settlers 
 arrived in 1836. Area, 903,690 sq. m. P. (1891) 320,400 (ex- 
 clusive of Aborigines, estimated at 5000). See Australasian 
 Colonies, table, Australia, and British Empire, The. 
 
 Southaurs, vil. , Eng., Lancashire, N. Meols par., 8 m, NW. 
 Ormskirk. 
 
 Southbank, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the NE. 
 R. , in the E. of the pari. bor. of Middlesbrough ; has iron and 
 steel manufactures. PMT.O. (South Bank). 
 
 South Bay, post-settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape 
 Breton I., Victoria co. , on the E. ct. , 38 m. N. by W. Sydney. 
 
 South Bay, Canada, Ontario, on the S. of Grand Mantoulin 
 I. , at the E. end. 
 
 Sonth Bay, Canada, Ontario, on the E. side of Prince 
 Edward co. , Lake Ontario, in 77° W. 
 
 South Beach, stn., Scot., in Ardrossan, Ayrshire, and Bute, 
 on G. & SW. R. 
 
 South Bend, city, U.S., Indiana, St. Joseph co., 70 m. E. 
 by S. Chicago (111.); contains Notre Dame University, chief 
 Catholic school in the W. , founded 1842 ; has extensive waggon 
 and carriage works, manufactures of agricultural implements, 
 iron-works, and various mills. P. (1870) 7200; (1880) 13,300; 
 (1890) 21,800. 
 
 Sonthboro, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 14 m. E. by N. 
 Worcester. P. < 3000. 
 
 Southborough, two eccles. pars, and tn. , Eng., Kent, Tun- 
 bridge div., 2 J m. NW. by N. Tunbridge Wells, on the SE. Ii. , 
 PMT. O. Eccles. pars. P. 5500 ; tn. P. 5400. 
 
 Sonthbourne, eccles. par. , Eng. , Sussex, 2 J m. E. Havant. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Sonthbourne on Sea, eccles. par., Eng., Hants, in ancient 
 par. of Christchurch, PMT.O. (Sonthbourne). P. <75o. 
 
 Sonthbridge, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co. , 
 30 m. SW. Christchurch. P. <isoo. 
 
 Sonthbridge, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 17 m, SW. 
 Worcester. P. 7700. 
 
 Southbrook, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co., 
 in 43° 16' S. , 172° 42' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Southbroom, eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire, Bishops Can- 
 nings par, P. < 3000. 
 
 5 A 
 
SOUT — SOUT 
 
 Sonth Bruni, the S. part of Bruni I., Tasmania, with 
 meteorological station in 43° 30' S. , 147° 22' E. Mean temp. 
 (S yrs., 1861-66), yr. 53.1° F., Feb. 59.1°, July 46.8°. 
 
 Sonth Bnrgh, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div. , 15 m. W. 
 Norwich, 2| m. W. by S. Thuxton stn., P.O. (Sonthbnrgh). 
 P. <;25o. See Cran worth. 
 
 Sonthbnru, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 17^ m. NNW. 
 Hull, on the NE. R. P.<25o. 
 Sonthbnry,tn., U.S., Connecticut, New Haven co. P. <i5oo. 
 Soutb Cape, the extreme S. point of New Guinea I. 
 South Cape, headland, New Zealand, S. of Stewart Is., in 
 167° 38' E. 
 
 South Cape, S. ct. Tasmania, a few miles W. of South- 
 East Cape. 
 
 South Cape Bay, inlet, S. Tasmania, in 146° 51' E. South 
 Cape and South-East Cape are respectively on its W. and E. 
 sides. 
 
 South Church, PM.O. , Eng., 2 m. from Bishop Auckland, 
 Durham. 
 
 Southchurch, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., ij m. ENE. 
 Southend, P. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Sonthcoates, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, in co. bor. 
 of Kingston-upon-Hull, on the NE. R. P. 22,600. 
 
 South Common, P.O., Eng., near Cooksbridge, Sussex, 2 m. 
 from Chailey. 
 
 Southdean, par. , Scot. , Roxburghshire, on Jed Water, 7 m. 
 S. by W. Jedburgh, P.O.; 27,929 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Sonthease, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 3^ m. S. Lewes, on 
 the Ouse. P. <25o. 
 
 South -East Cape, S. Tasmania, W. of D'Entrecasteaux 
 Channel. 
 
 Southea vrlth IMurro-w, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire, 
 in ancient pars, of Leverington and St. Mary Wisbech. P. < 1000. 
 
 Southend, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Rradfield, near Reading, 
 Berkshire. 
 
 Southend, par., Scot., Argyllshire, in S. of Kintyre Penin., 
 9I m. SW. Campbeltown, PMT.O. ; 30,801 ac. P. (including 
 Sanda Island) < 1000. 
 
 Southend-on-Sea, mun. bor. (since 1892), Eng., Essex, SE. 
 div. , 3i m. SSE. Rochford, in the diocese of St. Albans, looking 
 on the Thames estuary, on the Tilbury and Southend Rly. and 
 G. E. R. Trade mainly due to tourists and summer residents, 
 Southend-on-Sea having for more than a century been a bathing- 
 place for Londoners ; noted for its pier, over ij m. long, and 
 'pavilion.' Mun. bor. P. (1871) 4600; (1891) 12,300. 
 
 Southern Alps. See New Zealand. 
 
 Southern Cross, PM.O., Eng., i m. from Portslade, Sussex. 
 
 Southern Cross, tp., W. Australia, 195 m. ENE. Perth. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Southerndo'wn, watering-place, Wales, Glamorganshire, S. 
 div., on the S. ct., 17^ m. SE. by S. Neath, 4^ m. SSW. 
 Bridgend stn. ; the cliffs have caves. PMT.O. 
 
 Southemess and Southemess Point (cape), vil., Scot., 
 Kirkcudbrightshire, on the Solway Firth, 14 m. ESE. Castle 
 Douglas, with a lighthouse. 
 
 Southern Ocean, a name applied by Murray and others to 
 the sea area between 40° S. and the Antarctic Circle. 
 
 Southern Unlrerslty, U.S., Alabama. See Greensboro. 
 
 Southery, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 16 m. S. King's 
 Lynn, PMT.O. P. < 1500. Southery Ferry, i m. to the 
 SW., 2-m. ESE. Hilgay Fen. 
 
 Southey, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ecclesfield par. , 
 4 m. N. Sheffield. 
 
 Southeyrllle, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Tembu-land, 
 75 m. N. King William's Town. 
 
 Sonthfield, tn. , Scot., Stirlingshire, part of Binniehill (g.v.). 
 P. (including Loanhead)<: 500. 
 
 Southfleld and Blackwood, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, par. 
 and 3 m. NW. Lesmahagow, with a stn. (Blackwood) on the 
 C. R. P.<75o. 
 
 Sonthflelds, stn., Eng., Surrey, Wandsworth bor., 7 m. 
 SW. St. Paul's, London, on the Wimbledon branch of the 
 District Rly. 
 
 Sonthfleet, par., Eng., Kent, on the E. border of the Dart- 
 ford div., 3 m. SW. Gravesend, on the L. C. & D. R., PM.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 South Fork, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Cambria co., 26 m. 
 S. Ebensburg ; centre of great coal dist. P. <i5oo. 
 
 South Fork of the Platte, riv., U.S., rising in Park co., 
 flows NE. into the N. Fork in Lincoln co. , Nebraska ; un- 
 navigable. length about 525 m. 
 
 Southgate, tn. , Eng., Middlesex, Enfield div., 4 m. ESE. 
 Barnet, with stns. (Palmer's Green and Southgate and New 
 Southgate for Colney Hatch) on the G. N. R. P. 11,000; 
 eccles. par. (New Southgate) P. < 5000. 
 
 South Georgia, isl. See Georgia, South. 
 
 South Glen Cove, vil., U.S., New York, Queens co. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 South Hamlet, par., Eng., co. and in the co. bor. of 
 Gloucester. P. 5300. 
 1474 
 
 South Haven, vil., U.S., Michigan, Van Buren co. , 52 m. 
 NE. by N. of the SW. corner of the state. P. <:20oo. 
 
 South Head, hill, Eng., in the NW. of Derbyshire, 7 m. N. 
 by E. Buxton. Height, 1683 ft. 
 
 South Hill, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 7J m. S. Laun- 
 ceston. P. <75o; eccles. par. (South Hill with Calllngton) 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Southhook, vil. , Scot. , Ayrshire, Dreghorn par. P. (includ- 
 ing Hay side Ko'w)<5oo. 
 
 Southlll, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 8 m. 
 SE. by E. Bedford, i^ m. E. by S. of its stn. on the M. R. , 
 P.O.; 5734 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Southlngton, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, co. and 16 m. SW. 
 Hartford. Alt. 152 ft. (R.R.). P. 5500. 
 
 South Island, coast isl., U.S., S. Carolina, Georgetown co. , 
 between the mouth of the Pedee and that of the Santee, in 
 33° 8'-i2' N. 
 
 Southland, co. , New Zealand, South L , on the S. ct. , crossed 
 by 169° E. Formerly Southland was name of a separate 
 prov., which now, however, forms part of the provincial dist. 
 of Otago. Mean temp. (stn. in 46° 17' S. , 168° 20' E. ), yr. 
 50.1° F., Jan. 57.3°, July 41.0°. 
 
 Sonthlelgh, par., Eng., Devonshire, 3m. SW. Colyton, P.O. 
 (South Leigh). P. <;5oo. 
 
 South Leigh, stn., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 6 m. SW. 
 by S. Woodstock, 2J m. ESE. Witney, on the G. W. R. 
 
 South Lincoln, vil., U.S., Vermont, Addison co. P. < 
 1500. 
 South Lodge, P. O. , Ire. ,7 m. from Carrick-on-Suir, Tipperary. 
 Southmead, P.O., Eng., i m. from Westbury-on-Trym, 
 Gloucestershire. 
 
 Southntlnster, par. , Eng. , Essex, SE. div. , 8 m. SE. by E. 
 Maiden, with a stn. on the coast, 4 m. to the E., belonging 
 to the G. E. R., PMT.O.; 6507 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 South Mountain, range of mts. , Canada, Nova Scotia, on 
 the SE. side of the Annapolis valley. 
 
 South Mountain, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Dundas, 
 15 m. from Iroquois. P. < 1500. 
 
 South Mountains, U.S., the name in Pennsylvania of the 
 SE. div. of the Appalachian Mts. 
 
 Southmulr, tn. , Scot. , Forfarshire, 5 m. WNW. Forfar, i m. 
 WSW. and part of Kirriemuir (g.v.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Southoe, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and 6 m. SW. 
 by S. Huntingdon, 2| m. NNW. St. Neots stn., P.O. P.<: 
 250 ; eccles. par. (Southoe with Hall Weston) P. -cjso. 
 
 Sonthold, vil., U.S., New York, Suffolk co. , on Long Island, 
 87 m. ENE. Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Southolt, par., Eng., Suffolk, 4 m. SE. Eye. P. <25o. See 
 Worllngworth . 
 
 Sonthorpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 7 m. NE. Gains- 
 borough. P. <:25o. 
 
 Sonthorpe, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, Soke and 8 m. 
 WNW. Peterborough. P. <25o. 
 
 Southover, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, in S. Lewes bor. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Southowram, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 partly in bor. of Halifax ; has stone quarries. PMT.O. Par. 
 P. 9400; tn. P. < 3500. 
 South Park, PMT.O., Eng., Surrey, 2 m. S. Reigate. 
 South Park, U.S. See Colorado. 
 South Pass, vil., U.S., Illinois, Union co. P. <i5oo. 
 South Pass, U.S., Wyoming, pass between headwaters of 
 Green and Yellowstone Rivs. , about 109° W. Alt. 7425 ft. 
 
 South Petherton, postal-tp. , S. Australia, Sturt co. , 27 m. 
 E. by N. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 South Platte Klver, U.S. See Platte. 
 Southport, mun. bor. (since 1867) and parL div., Eng., 
 Lancashire, 15 m. SW. Preston, 18 m. N. and in the diocese of 
 Liverpool, on a flat sandy coast, with stns. on the L. & Y. R. 
 and W. Lancashire and Cheshire Lines Rlys. Southport has 
 grown entirely within the 19th century, and is a rapidly rising 
 residential town, especially for people having their business in 
 Liverpool or Manchester. It is also a favourite winter and spring 
 resort, on account of the dryness of its soil and climate. It has 
 sea-water baths, but no sea-bathing on account of the flatness 
 of its sandy beach, which necessitates the steamboat pier being 
 carried out to a length of about f m. Has an art gallery and 
 free library, schools of science and art, &c. , winter garden, 
 marine lake, a public park of 30 ac. P. (1851) 4800; (1871) 
 18,100; (1891) 41,400; pari. div. P. (1891)76,600. 
 
 Southport, favourite watering-place, Queensland, Ward co. , 
 on the E. ct. , 35 m. SE. by S. Brisbane, in 27° 57' S. P. <i500. 
 Southport, tn., S. Australia, N. Terr., co. and 8 m. S. by E. 
 Palmerston ; formerly a landing-place for mining supplies, but 
 abandoned since the opening of the railway to Palmerston. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Southport, vil., Tasmania, Kent co., 43 ra. SW. by S. 
 Hobart ; fine limestone caves near. P. < 1500. 
 
 Southport, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co., on the 
 coast, 4 m. SW. Bridgeport. P. < 1500. 
 
SOUT — SPAI 
 
 Soatliport, vil. , U.S., Maine, Lincoln co. , on an island at 
 the mouth of Kennebec R. , 36 m. S. Augusta. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sontliport, city, U.S., N. Carolina. P. <i5oo. 
 
 8ontlirepps, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. , 4 m. SSE. Cromer, 
 I m. N. by E. Gunton stn., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Sonthrey, stn. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , on the 
 Witham, 11 m. ESE. Lincoln, on the G. N. R., P.O. 
 
 South Klver, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Middlesex co. , on South 
 R. , 4 m. SE. New Brunswick. P. <:20oo. 
 
 South River Peak, mt. , U.S., Colorado, in the S. of Hins- 
 dale CO., no m. ENE. of the SW. corner of the state. Alt. 
 13,160 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 Southrop, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Cirencester div. , 2| m. 
 N. by W. Lechlade, P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Sonthsea, par. and watering-place, suburb and included in 
 the pari. bor. of Portsmouth (^.v.), Eng., Hampshire, on the 
 S. ct. of Portsea L , on the L. & SW. R. and L. B. & S. C. R. 
 P. 39,900. See Laudport. 
 
 Southsea, P.O., Wales, Denbighshire, 2 m. from Brymbo. 
 
 Southshore (Blackpool), eccles. par., Eng., W. ct. Lanca- 
 shire, div. and i m. S. Blackpool, with stn. (South Shore) on 
 the L. & Y. R. P. 6400. 
 
 South Sound, channel, Ire. , at the entrance to Galway Bay, 
 between Inisheer I. and co. Clare. 
 
 South Street, P.O., Eng., Kent, near Favershani, i m. from 
 Tillington. 
 
 Southwalte, stn. , Eng. , Cumberland, Penrith div. , on the 
 Petterill, 7 m. SSE. Carlisle, on the L. & NW. R., PM.O. 
 
 Southwark, par., Eng., co. London. P. 89,800. 
 
 Southwark, pari. bor. in the SE. of London, Eng. , Surrey, 
 divided into the W. Southwark, Rotherhithe, and Bermondsey 
 divs. P. 223,500. 
 
 Southwaniboro*, P. O. , Eng. , Hampshire, 6 m. SW. Winch- 
 field. See >Variiborough, South. 
 
 Sonth'ivater, eccles. par. , Eng. , Sussex, div. and 2^ m. SSW. 
 Horsham, on the L. B. & S. C. R., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 SonthM'eald, PMT.O. , Eng., Essex, Chelmsford div., 4J m. 
 NE. by E. Romford, i^ m. WNW. Brentwood stn. 
 
 Soulh'vi'ell, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 6^ m. W. 
 Newark, on the M. R. ; has silk manufactures. Made a bishop's 
 see, 1884 ; remains of tfie palace of the archbishops of York. 
 Parts of the cathedral date from the 12th century. Market-day, 
 S. 4936 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 South-West Cape, the most SW. point of Tasmania, in 
 about 146° E. 
 
 South-West Harbour, summer resort on the Atlantic, U. S. , 
 Maine, Hancock co. , 3 m. NE. Fremont. P. < 1500. 
 
 SoiithM'lck, par. and tn., Eng., Durham, i m. W. by N. 
 and included in the pari. bor. of Sunderland, near Monk Wear- 
 mouth stn. ; manufactures of glass and earthenware, shipbuilding. 
 P. 10,200. 
 
 South'vrick, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Fareham div. , 5^ m. N. 
 Portsmouth, 2 m. N. by E. Porchester stn., P.O. P. <75o. See 
 Boarhunt. 
 
 Southwlck, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 10 m. 
 S. Stamford, 2| m. NW. Oundle stn. ; 4625 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 South-wick, par., Eng., Sussex, Lewes div., on the S. ct., 4^ 
 m. W. by N. Brighton, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O. P. 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Southwich, par., Eng., Wiltshire, 2 m. SW. Trowbridge, 
 P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Southwlck, stn., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, on the G. & 
 SW. R., sh m. E. by N. Castle Douglas, P.O. 
 
 Southwold, mun. bor.- (since Henry VH.) and seapt., 
 Eng., Suffolk, Lowestoft div., 11 m. SSW. Lowestoft, in the 
 diocese of Norwich, on an eminence between the Blythe and the 
 Buss Creek, overlooking Southwold or Sole Bay, connected by 
 a railway of 3 ft. gauge with Halesworth on Southwold Rly. ; 
 has herring, cod, and sole fisheries. Southwold rose on the decay 
 of Dunwich (q.v.). Southwold Bay was the scene of the naval 
 engagement between the Dutch, under De Ruyter, and the Eng- 
 lish, under James, Duke of York, in 1672. PMT.O. Market- 
 day (during season), Th. Mun. bor. P. (i89i)<25oo. 
 
 Southwood, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., loi m. E. by S. 
 Norwich, i m. NNE. Cantley stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (Soutliwood with Llmpenhoe) P. <Soo. 
 
 Southworth >vlth Croft, par., Eng., Lancashire, 4 m. NE. 
 Warrington. P. <ciooo. 
 
 Souto da Carpalhosa, tn. , Portugal, dist. Leiria. P. <40oo. 
 
 Soutra, vil., Scot., Haddingtonshire, 8i m. SSW. Hadding- 
 ton, 4 m. E. by N. Tynehead stn. See Fala and Soutra. 
 
 Souvlgny, tn., France, dep. Allier, 31 m. ENE. Montlu9on, 
 arr. and 7 m. WSW. Moulins; has glass-works. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sonza, riv. , Portugal, prov. Minho, joins the Douro 8 m. 
 ESE. Oporto. 
 
 Souzel, tn. , Brazil, Para, on r. bk. Xingu, in 2° 35' S. 
 
 86var, salt-springs. See Eperles. 
 
 Sovek, isl. group, Shuten Archipelago, New Guinea ; chief 
 isl. Sovek, with vil. Sovek on its W. ct. ; a centre of consider- 
 able population. 
 
 Sov«^nyhtiza, comm. , Hungary, co. Csongrdd, dist. Tisza- 
 ninnen. P. 5300. 
 
 Soverato, small coasting port, Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 14 
 m. SSW. Catanzaro. P. < 2000. 
 
 Soverla, vil., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 5I m. NE. by E. 
 Catanzaro. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sow, small riv., Eng., Warwickshire, flows SE. to the Avon, 
 forming in part of its course the E. boundary of the pari. bor. 
 of Coventry. 
 
 Sowe, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., on the Sow, 
 3J m. ENE. Coventry, P.O. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (Sowe, or 
 M'aLsgrave on Sowe) P. < 1500. 
 
 Sowerby, part of par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Insklp with 
 Sowerby. 
 
 Sowerby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., on the Cod Beck, 9J m. NE. by E. Ripon, i m. S. 
 Thirsk. P. <2c>oo. 
 
 Sowerby, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Sowerby 
 div., on the Calder, 2 m. WSW. Halifax, P.O. (Sowerby 
 Town); 6894 ac. Par. P. 9300; tn. P. <45oo; pari. div. 
 P. (1891) 63,200. 
 
 Sowerby Bridge, adjoining tn. , on L. & Y. R. ; has extensive 
 wharves. Its industries include worsted and cotton spinning, 
 blankets, army-cloth, spring mattresses, leather, oilcloth, chemi- 
 cal and iron works. P. 10,400. 
 
 Sowerby Castle, Eng. , Cumberland. See Castle Sowerby. 
 
 Sowerby Row, P.O., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 9^ m. 
 S. Carlisle, 4^ m. SW. Southwaite stn. 
 
 Sowerby under Cotcllffe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 in Northallerton union. P. <250. 
 
 Sowton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., 3J m. E. 
 Exeter, i m. SE. Pinhoe stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Soya, or Soya*sakl, cape, Japan, forming the N. extremity 
 of Yezo I., with lighthouse, in" 141° 54' E. , visible 17 m. 
 
 Soyea, isl. , Scot. , off the W. ct. of Sutherland, at the mouth 
 of Loch Inver, in 58° 8^' N. 
 
 Soylaud, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 4J m. 
 SW. Halifax ; has cotton and silk manufactures. Par. 4270 ac. , 
 P. < 3500. 
 
 Soyu Islands, cluster of coral isls., in Lau or E. group, Fiji 
 Is., in NE. of Exploring Is., in 17° 5' S. , 178^ 40' W. 
 
 Soza, tn. , Portugal, Beira, dist. and 6 m. S. Aveiro. P. 
 (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Sozopolls, or Slzebolu, seapt. , Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, 
 prov. and 12 m. ESE. Burgas ; good anchorage, sheltered from 
 every wind but N. P. <:3000. 
 
 Spa, tn. , Belgium, prov. Liege, arr. and 8 m. S. Verviers ; it 
 has long been famous for its mineral springs — chalybeate, sul- 
 phureous, and acidulated. Peter the Great of Russia built the 
 pump-room over its principal spring, the Ponhon, in 1717. 
 Since that time Spa has been one of the most frequented of 
 mineral watering-places, and has given its name as a generic 
 term for mineral springs everywhere. About 20,000 persons 
 annually visit it. Noted for fancy wooden toys. P. (comm.) 
 7100. 
 
 Spa, P.O., Ire., co. Down, 3 m. S. Ballynahinch ; has chaly- 
 beate spring near. 
 
 Spa, stn. , Ire. , N W. ct. co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy, on 
 E. shore of Tralee Bay, 3 m. W. Tralee, on the Waterford and 
 Limerick Rly., P.O. 
 
 Spaccaforno, tn., Sicily, prov. and 28 m. SW. Syracuse. 
 Alt. 560 ft. P. 8700. 
 
 Spacious Bay, bay on the E. , between the main portion of 
 Neu-Pommern (New Britain) and the Gazelle Penin. 
 
 Spa Common, P.O., Eng., i m. from North Walsham, 
 Norfolk. 
 
 Spadafora San Martino, vil. , on the N. ct. of Sicily, prov. 
 and 10 m. W. by N. Messina. P. <3000. 
 
 Spadha, cape, Turkey, N. ct. of Crete, in 23° 44' E. 
 
 Spalchlngen, tn., Ger., in the SW. of Wiirtemberg, Black 
 Forest circle, cap. dist. Spaichingen, 34 m. SSW. Tubingen. P. 
 (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Spain, Spanish Espafta (from span, sapan, Phoenician for 
 'rabbit,' or Ezpana, Euskarian for 'margin'), ancient Greek 
 Hesperia (' most western country ') and Iberia, Latin Hispania, 
 a state occupying about five-sixths of the south-westernmost 
 (Iberian) penin. of Europe, between 36°-44° N. , 10° W.-4° E. , 
 12 m. (Tarifa) N. of Africa, naturally bounded by the Pyrenees 
 (separating it from France for a distance of 268 m. ), the Atlantic 
 (NW., 607 m.), the Mediterranean (E., SE., 715 m.). From 
 Portugal also, with which it has a common frontier of 495 m. , 
 Spain is mostly naturally separated by rivers and mountains. 
 Spain is the fifth European nation in area ; twice as large as 
 Great Britain. At the extreme S. point of a narrow penin., 
 Punta de Europa, at the entrance of the Mediterranean, the 
 fortress of Gibraltar belongs to England (since the i8th cen- 
 tury). The country is now divided into 49 provs. (including the 
 Balearic and Canary Is.), which in the table below are enume- 
 rated under the old divisions or provinces still familiarly 
 known : — 
 
 1475 
 
SPAIN 
 
 Table showing the Provs. and Old Divs. of Spain, with their Area 
 in Square Miles, their Population in Thousands (poootnitted) 
 at three successive Censuses, the Population per Square Mile, 
 and the Mean Rate of Increase per Cent, per Annum between 
 the successive Censuses for which particulars are given : — 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Area in 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Pop. S.g"^ 
 
 Old Divisions. 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 i860. 
 
 1877. 
 
 1887. |d.S 
 
 Corunna 
 
 3.079 
 
 557 
 
 596 
 
 614 199 , 
 
 Lugo . . . . 
 
 3.787 
 
 433 
 
 1 4" 
 
 432 113 
 
 Orense 
 
 2.739 
 
 369 
 
 389 
 
 4051 147 1 
 
 Pontevedra . 
 
 1.739 
 
 440 
 
 452 
 
 443 254 i 
 
 Ciallcla . 
 
 11,344 
 
 1,799 
 
 1,848 
 
 1,894, 1 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 0-26 1 
 
 Asturlas (Oviedo) . 
 
 4,091 
 
 641 
 
 676 
 
 696 
 
 146 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 0-38 
 
 0-32 
 
 
 Vizcaya 
 
 849 
 
 169 
 
 190 
 
 236 
 
 277 
 
 Guipiizcoa . 
 
 728 
 
 163 
 
 167 
 
 182 
 
 249 
 
 Alava . . . . 
 
 1.205 
 
 98 
 
 94 
 
 93 
 
 78 
 
 Basque Proyluces . 
 
 2,782 
 
 429 
 
 ! 461 
 
 610 
 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 1-26 
 
 
 Salamanca . 
 
 4,940 
 
 262 
 
 286 
 
 314 
 
 63 
 
 Zamora 
 
 4.135 
 
 249 
 
 250 
 
 270 
 
 65 
 
 Le6n . . . . 
 
 6,167 
 
 340 
 
 350 
 
 380 
 
 61 
 
 Le6n 
 
 16,242 
 
 861 
 
 886 
 
 964 
 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 0-23 
 
 0-86 i 
 
 Badajoz 
 
 8,687 
 
 404 
 
 433 
 
 480 1 55 
 
 Ciceres 
 
 8,013 
 
 294 
 
 307 
 
 340 42 
 
 Estremadnra . 
 
 16,700 
 
 697 
 
 739 
 
 820 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 0-34 
 
 1-64 
 
 
 Burgos 
 
 5.650 
 
 337 
 
 333 
 
 338 
 
 59 
 
 Logrono 
 
 
 1.945 
 
 175 
 
 174 
 
 181 
 
 93 
 
 Santander 
 
 
 2. 113 
 
 220 
 
 235 
 
 243 
 
 114 
 
 Avila . 
 
 
 2,981 
 
 169 
 
 180 
 
 193 
 
 64 
 
 Segovia 
 
 
 2.714 
 
 146 
 
 150 
 
 154 
 
 56 
 
 Soria . 
 
 
 3.836 
 
 150 
 
 154 
 
 151 
 
 39 
 
 Palencia 
 
 
 3,126 
 
 186 
 
 181 
 
 189 
 
 60 
 
 Valladolid 
 
 
 3.043 
 
 247 
 
 247 
 
 267 
 
 87 
 
 Old CastlUe . 
 
 25,408 
 
 1,630 
 
 1,666 
 
 1,717 
 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 09 
 
 37 
 
 
 Madrid 
 
 2,997 
 
 489 
 
 594 
 
 685 
 
 228 
 
 Guadalajara 
 
 4,870 
 
 205 
 
 201 
 
 201 
 
 41 
 
 Toledo 
 
 5.586 
 
 324 
 
 335 
 
 360 
 
 64 ' 
 
 Cuenca 
 
 6,725 
 
 230 
 
 236 
 
 242 
 
 35 
 
 Ciudad Real 
 
 7,840 
 
 248 
 
 260 
 
 292 
 
 37 
 
 New CastlUe . 
 
 28,018 
 
 1,496 
 
 1,627 
 
 1,780 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 
 0-60 
 
 90 
 
 
 Navarre . 
 
 6,046 
 
 300 
 
 304 
 
 304 
 
 60 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 09 
 
 -0-04 
 
 
 Huesca 
 
 5.878 
 
 263 
 
 252 
 
 255 
 
 43 
 
 Saragossa . 
 
 6,607 
 
 391 
 
 401 
 
 414 
 
 62 
 
 Teruel. 
 
 S.491 
 
 237 
 
 242 
 
 242 
 
 44 
 
 Aragon . 
 
 17,976 
 
 891 
 
 896 
 
 911 
 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 02 
 
 18 
 
 
 L^rida 
 
 4.775 
 
 315 
 
 285 
 
 285 
 
 59 
 
 Gerona 
 
 2,272 
 
 3" 
 
 300 
 
 306 
 
 134 
 
 Barcelona . 
 
 2.985 
 
 726 
 
 837 
 
 899 
 
 301 
 
 Tarragona . 
 
 2.451 
 
 322 
 
 330 
 
 349 
 
 142 
 
 Catalonia 
 
 12,483 
 
 1,674 
 
 1.762 
 
 1,839 
 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 ... 
 
 0-27 
 
 49 
 
 
 Castellon de la Plana . 
 
 2,446 
 
 267 
 
 284 
 
 292 
 
 no 
 
 Valencia 
 
 4.352 
 
 618 
 
 679 
 
 734 
 
 168 
 
 Alicante 
 
 2,098 
 
 391 
 
 412 
 
 432 
 
 206 
 
 Valencia 
 
 8,896 
 
 1.276 
 
 1,376 ' 
 
 1,469 
 
 
 Increase . 
 
 ... 
 
 
 0-45 
 
 0-60 
 
 
 Albacete . . . 
 
 5.972 
 
 206 
 
 219 
 
 229 
 
 39 
 
 Murcia 
 
 4.478 
 
 383 
 
 452 
 
 491 
 
 109 
 
 Hnrcla . 
 
 10,460 
 
 689 
 
 671 
 
 721 
 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 0-77 
 
 0-72 
 
 
 Almeria 
 
 3,302 
 
 315 
 
 349 
 
 339 
 
 102 
 
 Granada 
 
 4,937 
 
 441 
 
 479 
 
 484 
 
 98 
 
 Mdlaga 
 
 2,824 
 
 447 
 
 500 
 
 519 
 
 183 
 
 C6rdoba 
 
 S.190 
 
 359 
 
 385 
 
 421 
 
 81 
 
 Jaen .... 
 
 5.184 
 
 362 
 
 423 
 
 438 
 
 84 
 
 C^diz (with Ceuta) 
 
 2,809 
 
 402 
 
 429 
 
 429 
 
 152 
 
 SeviUe. 
 
 5.29s 
 
 474 
 
 507 
 
 544 
 
 102 
 
 Huelva 
 
 4,122 
 
 177 
 
 210 
 
 255 
 
 61 
 
 Andalnsla 
 
 33,663 
 
 2,977 
 
 3,283 i 
 
 3,430 
 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 0-44 
 
 
 Balearic Islands . 
 
 1,860 
 
 270 
 
 289 
 
 313 
 
 168 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 
 0-40 
 
 0-79 
 
 
 Canary Islands 
 
 2,808 
 
 287 
 
 281 
 
 288 
 
 102 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 1-01 ! 
 
 0-24 
 
 
 N. and W. Coast ) 
 of .4frlca . . i 
 
 Grand Total 1 . 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 391 
 
 197,670 
 
 16,666 
 
 16,634 1 
 
 17,660 
 
 88 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 0-452 
 
 0-36 1 
 
 0-66 1 1 
 
 » Total (1787) 
 aer annum. 0.60 
 
 , 10.41 millic 
 
 ns ; (1857) 
 
 15,46 mi 
 a Sin 
 
 lions ; in 
 :e i8";7. 
 
 crease p« 
 
 r cent. 
 
 Orograpliy and Hydrography. — Spain is the highest country 
 (after Switzerland) in Europe (2200 ft. mean alt., with four-fifths 
 of the whole area above 1500 ft. ), being almost entirely composed 
 of a central plateau (Meseta, 2000 ft. mean alt.) with a N.-S. 
 and NE.-SW. general inclination (Douro valley, 2700 ft. ; Tagus 
 valley, 1630 ft.; Guadiana valley, 1400 ft.), surroimded by 
 high moimtainous ridges ; bounded on the N, by the Pyrenees 
 and Cantabrian Mts. , continued W. and SW. along Portugal 
 (Medulios and Cabreira ridges, the former with Teleno peak, 
 7180 ft.); on the S. by the Sierra Morena, continued E. and 
 then N. by the highlands of S. and E. New Castille (the 
 Idubedas, with Oca-Madera, 7600 ft. ; Albarracin, general 
 alt. 5000-7500 ft.), which are separated ifrom the Pyrenees by 
 the large basin of the Ebro (N., 1200 ft.; S. , 450 ft. mean 
 alt.). This plateau is traversed by two NE.-SW. parallel 
 central ridges, detached from the Idubedas border masses 
 (Moncayo - San Felipe) and connected among themselves 
 towards the Portuguese border, to terminate on the Atlantic 
 coast of Portugal, thus forming three parallel fluvial basins 
 {Cuencas, once enclosed lakes), viz., that of the Douro in the 
 N. (with 1.68 per cent, gradient), between the Medulios 
 (Vindicos) - Cantabrian - Pyrenees series, and the (Serratica) 
 Barahona - Guadarrama - Gredos - Gata ridge (5000-6000 ft. 
 general alt.; Almanzor, 8500 ft.); that of the Tagus in the 
 middle (the longest of all, with 1.3 per cent, gradient), between 
 the latter series of mountains and the Albarracin-Bascunana 
 highlands, the Toledo-Consuegra (4654 ft. )-Guadalupe (4725 
 ft. )-Montanches ridge (ancient Carpetanos f) ; and that of the 
 Guadiana in the S. (with 1.36 per cent, gradient), between 
 this last series and Sierra Morena-Aroche (the ancient 
 Oretana, Marianica), 3630 ft,, continued E, to Cape San 
 Antonio (Aitana) and the Balearic Is. The rivs. Sil-Mino, UUa, 
 Tambre, drain the Galician NW. corner; the Guadalqui\ir- 
 Guadalimar-Jenil (400-160 ft. mean alt.) in the W. , and the 
 Segura in the E., drain the extreme S. The San Felipe-Muela 
 de San Juan-Albarracin mountain mass, from which waters run 
 N. to the Ebro, NW. to the Tagus, SW. to the Guadiana, also 
 contain the upper sources of the Jucar-Cabriel, and the Guadala- 
 viar, which flow through ramifications of the Idubedas-Univer- 
 sales-Ares-Espina, which are more or less distinctly connected 
 with the Alcaraz range (ancient Orospedanos) , 5900 ft. ; the Sagra, 
 7860 ft.; the Maria- Filabres, 6820 ft.; the Sierra Nevada, 
 11,400 ft.; and the Sierra de Ronda, 6300 ft. (Tarifa). In 
 the extreme NE. comer the Llobregat and Ter principally 
 drain (with a rapid gradient) the last expansion of the 
 Pyrenees (ancient Laletanos), with the Cadi (8316 ft.) and the 
 Llaveria, between the Segre, Ebro, and the Mediterranean. 
 The principal hydrographic features of Spain depend on the 
 orographic treble cross made by the N.-S. Idubedas ranges 
 (from the Cantabrian Pyrenees to Cape Oropesa), with the 
 parallel NE.-SW, Serratica, Carpetana, Oretana ridges. At 
 the headwaters of the great rivers, or connecting the more con- 
 spicuous parts of the mountain ridges, there are some peculiar 
 isolated plateaux called paramos, parameras (Lora, Soria, 
 Siguenza, Molina, Avila). The N. coast has many harbours 
 (Bilbao, Santoiia, Santander, Avilez, Ribadeo). The NW. 
 littoral is indented by a quantity of f]ord-like Rias, with some 
 very good ports (Ferrol-Betanzos-Corunna, Muros-Noya, Ponte- 
 vedra, Vigo). On the S. coast Spain has two of the best ports 
 of Europe (Cadiz, Algeciras). 
 
 Geology. — The whole middle of the Spanish plateaux is 
 fundamentally Archaean (gneiss, schists : Guadarrama-Gredos, 
 Morena ; connected, towards Portugal, by Cambrian) and 
 Palaeozoic (Silurian and Devonian : Leon, S. of Salamanca, 
 from Gata and San Mamede to Morena ; Carboniferous : 
 Morena, Guadarrama, Burgos, Cuenca). Mesozoic formations 
 appear all along the E. (Triassic : Burgos, Riojas, Siguenza, 
 Molina, Cuenca, Morena, N. ; Jurassic and Cretaceous from 
 Burgos to Teruel and Valencia), surrounded by extensive 
 Tertiary zones (the Miocene lakes of the Douro, Tagus, and 
 Guadiana basins) extending as far as the Pyrenees chain. The 
 present Archaean and Palaeozoic rocks of the Iberian plateau 
 are, it seems, the mere basis of an old mountain fold. A 
 Pyrenean-Catalonian system (Archsean, Palaeozoic, Mesozoic 
 up to Eocene) in the N. and an Andalusian one (Archaean, 
 Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, Tertiary) were added later on (the valley 
 of the Ebro having been, like those of the other great rivers, a 
 Miocene lake). Volcanic rocks are to be seen at Olot (Cata- 
 lonia, biifadores), Calatrava (Ciudad Real), Tremedal (Teruel), 
 Gata-Mujacar, Almanzora, (Almeria), Columbretes Is. (off 
 Valencia). The S. of Spain belongs to the present Mediter- 
 ranean volcanic region. Africa (at the Pliocene epoch), and 
 Ireland, are supposed to have been once united to Spain, 
 Economic minerals are exceedingly varied and abundant. 
 The mines, all on the slopes of the plateau or of the coast moun- 
 tains, have been worked since Phoenician times. In many points 
 the old refuse products are now profitably worked. The mines 
 were, up to 1820, a state monopoly. The annual production, 
 amounting to from ^^5,000,000 to ;^6,ooo,ooo, is largely exported 
 to Great Britain; the chief products being iron at Somorrostro, 
 
 1476 
 
SPAIN 
 
 in prov. Biscay ; in provs. Guipuzcoa, Santander ; at Mieres, 
 in prov. Oviedo ; at Sabero, in prov. Le6n ; in prov. Navarre ; 
 at Albarracin, in prov. Teruel ; at Herrerias, near Cartagena ; 
 and in provs. Malaga (at Marbella, Estepona, &c. ) and Almeria ; 
 mercury at Almaden (prov. Ciudad Real) and in prov. Oviedo ; 
 gold at Cartagena (worked by Hannibal) ; tin in provs. Asturias, 
 Orense, at Verin and Monterey ; zinc in provs. Santander, 
 Murcia ; silver at Hiendelaencina, prov. Guadalajara, and Gata, 
 prov. Almeria ; argentiferous lead at Lindres (prov. Jaen) and 
 Herrerias (prov. Murcia) ; lead at Gador (prov. Almeria) and 
 in provs. Jaen and Murcia ; argentiferous pyrites (Madrid) ; 
 copper in prov. Oviedo and at Tharsis, Buitron, Rio Tinto, 
 prov. Huelva, also in provs. Seville, Cdrdoba, Alicante ; 
 sulphur in prov. Teruel ; at Hellin, in prov. Albacete ; at 
 Mundo, prov. Murcia ; and in prov. Cadiz ; antimony (prov. 
 Zamora and in Mancha at Alcudia) ; manganese (provs. 
 Oviedo, Huelva, Seville) ; cobalt (prov. Oviedo) ; coal (from 
 Oviedo and Ledn to Santander ; also at Orbo, prov. Palencia ; 
 at Demanda, prov. Burgos ; at Arnedillo, dist. Rioja ; at 
 Belmez and Espiel, prov. C6rdoba, as well as in provs. 
 Soria, Cuenca, Seville, and Gerona) ; lignite (provs. Guipuz- 
 coa, Santander, Teruel, Barcelona) ; peat (prov. Oviedo) ; as- 
 phalt (prov. Alava) ; bituminous schists at Puerto del Escudo, 
 Barbayon, prov. Santander; alum (Murcia); rock-salt at Min- 
 glanilla, prov. Cuenca ; in Murcia, and at Cardona, in Catalonia ; 
 barilla (provs. Burgos, Madrid, Toledo) ; phosphate of lime at 
 Logrosan, prov. Caceres ; marbles in the Pyrenees, and in provs. 
 Granada and Almeria (Macael) ; mineral waters very abundant 
 (more than 2000 springs : Pyrenees, Sierra Nevada). 
 
 Climate. — The N. regions of Spain facing the Atlantic winds 
 are among the dampest in Europe (Santiago, Oviedo, Bilbao ; 
 rfall. from 39 in. up to 158 in.; mean temp. 59° F., max. 86°, min. 
 26°). The climate of the high central plateau is very peculiar, 
 and characterised by great extremes (Valladolid, Salamanca, 
 Madrid ; rfall. from 20 in. to 10 in. ; summer, 4 in. to 2 in. ); very 
 dry ; very hot in summer (Madrid, max. 104°) ; very cold in 
 winter (Madrid, min. 14°). The Ebro valley is also subject to 
 extremes of temperature, and very dry (Saragossa, max. temp. 
 105° F., min. 21°; rfall. 14 in.). Catalonia is more temperate 
 (Barcelona, max. temp. 87° F., min. 32°). The NE.-SW. 
 mountains (Guadarrama-Gredos and Nevada) condense some of 
 the N. wind's humidity (Granada, rfall. 48.5 in. ). The SE. littoral 
 chmate (Andalusia to Valencia) is one of the hottest and dryest 
 in Europe (summer rain, 8 in.), with a dry season of 4 to 5 
 months, humidity decreasing from W, to E. , and a very mild 
 winter. On the highest points of the Cantabrian and E. 
 Pyrenees, Guadarrama-Gredos, Sierra Nevada, there is snow 
 the greater part of the year. Spain is between the isotherms 
 of 55° and 68°; 72° represents the mean summer, and 50° 
 the mean winter temp.; but the variety of latitudinal and 
 altitudinal local climates is immense. W. Atlantic winds 
 are the dominant winds ; but E. and S. winds {leveche-sirocco, 
 solano) are frequent on the Mediterranean zones. Rains are 
 particularly abundant (NW.) in winter and autumn, scarce in 
 summer. For those needing a dry, warm, temperate climate, 
 many parts of Spain are the best sanatorium in Europe. 
 Spain has the most varied and the richest endemic flora of all 
 Europe. The N. and NW. present the typical plants of N. and 
 central Europe. Some oaks, Quercus lusiianica, Q. alpestris, 
 Q. Cerris, form a sort of transition to the southern evergreens. 
 The birch [Betula alba) and the beech tree have their southern 
 limit. In the S. the flora is characteristic of sub-tropical regions 
 (with forms belonging to Africa, to the Atlantic islands, and to 
 Asia). The nature of the climate of the central plateau and the 
 S. causes the vegetation to consist mostly of evergreens {Quercus 
 Ilex, Q. Suber, Q. hispanica, Q. Ballota, Q. cocctfera ; the Olea, 
 Laurus, Nerium, Ceratonia sili^ua), with tough incrusted leaves, 
 sometimes resinous (Cistinece, C. ladaniferus , Neritim), some- 
 times woolly (Cistinese, Quercus Suber, Q. Tozza), frequently 
 small (Thymeleae, Myrtus, Cupressus, Juniperus, Tamarix), 
 even acicular (Ericeae, Coniferae), and sometimes almost totally 
 absent (Genisteae, Ephedra), with mucronate, thorny branches 
 and leaves (Genisteag, Carduineas), or with a fleshy texture 
 (Salsola, Mesembryanthemum, Apteranthes, Agave, Opuntia, 
 Yucca, introduced from America, Aloe from Africa). Most 
 plants are very dark green and aromatic. Ligneous vegetation 
 (shrubby or arboreal) greatly predominates. The forests are 
 composed of Coniferas — Juniperus thurifera, Abies Pinsapo (on 
 the Sierra de Ronda), Pinus sylvestris, P. Laricio, P. pyrenaica, 
 P. Pinaster, P. Pinea on the N., and on some of the moun- 
 tainous, littoral dists. ; of evergreen oaks in the centre and S. 
 One extensive plantation of date palms {Phosnix dactylifera) is 
 to be met with in Valencia (Elche). Large areas are thickly 
 covered with shrubs [Monies bajos, ' low forests '), where Cistineae 
 [Jarales), Ericeae, Genisteae [Ulex, Retama, Genista, Spartium, 
 Pterospartuin) or Labiatse (tomillares. Thymus, Lavandula, 
 Mentha, Rosmarimis, Origanum) predominate, or, on the 
 poorest lands, ferns {Pteris aquilina). In some parts (Valla- 
 dolid, Madrid to Cuenca, Albacete, Mancha, middle of Ebro 
 basin, NE. of Andalusia, lower Jenil, Almeria and Murcia) the 
 
 excess of gypsum and salt produces a special steppe-like flora 
 (Lygeum., Artemisia, Helianthem-um squamatum, Gypsophila, 
 Zollikoferia, Sideritis, Astragalus, ChanopodiacecB) ; some of 
 the arid high lands in the S. are clad with the Esparto or Alfa 
 [Macrochloa tenacissima). In all the S. littoral (from Algarve 
 to Catalonia up to 3000 ft. ) the dwarf palm {Chamcerops humilis) 
 grows spontaneously. Fig, orange, lemon, almond, pome- 
 granate, mulberry, now grow wild in the S. , and are generally 
 cultivated. Fauua. — Spain forms a special dist. in the Medi- 
 terranean section of the Palsearctic zoological region. As well 
 for animals as for plants Spain is a transitional ground for the 
 meeting of N. European, N. African, and even Asiatic forms. 
 Wolves, hares, rabbits (supposed to be originally from Spain), 
 otters, we:isels, badgers, lynxes, wild cat, foxes, wild boars, Sus 
 scrofa, fallow-deers (Sierra de Alcudia, and round Madrid), red 
 deer, roebuck, are very abundant. Squirrel and bears (Canta- 
 brian Mts. , Sanabria, Pyrenees) are still to be met with. The 
 only European monkey [Innuus, or Macacus, ecaudatus, also 
 commoner in the N. of Africa, but of an eastern type) still exists 
 in the S. of Spain (Gibraltar) as well as camels (now wild, in the 
 marismas, though originally introduced by man). The porcu- 
 pine (very rare), some Viverridae (the genette and Civet-cat ?), 
 Ovis Musim-on (SE. mountains), Capra pyrenaica (Gerez in 
 Portugal, Morena, Gredos, Sierra Nevada, Ronda), Rupicapra 
 tragus (Pyrenees), are met with. Spain is on the migration route, 
 and, in some cases, the hibernating place for N. European and 
 African birds (flamingo). Many species of sea birds at the littoral 
 lakes (Albufera, Mar Menor). Some birds are endemic Iberian 
 forms [Aquila adalberti. Gyps occidentalis). Among the reptilia, 
 which also comprise some endemic species [Lacerta ocellata, a 
 lizard about 4 ft. long), are tortoises and terrapins, and the asp 
 (the only poisonous one). The coasts are very rich in different 
 species of fish. Tunnies, sardines, anchovies, abound along the 
 coasts ; the Cyprinidae (carp, barbels) and the Salmonidae 
 (salmon, trout) are plentiful in the rivers and in some lakes. 
 Coral occurs on the Andalusian coast. The entomological faima 
 is very rich (a very poisonous scorpion, the musical cicada, the 
 Marismas Ichneumon). Locusts are naturalised in Spain (Sierra 
 Morena, Despoblados of Andalusia and Estremadura), and come 
 over from Africa in immense quantities to destroy all cultivated 
 plants. The fossil hyaena, elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, 
 tapir, have been found in gpain. 
 
 Etlinograpliy. — Numerous prehistorical monuments are 
 met with. So-called Iberian and Celtic tribes are the first 
 historical inhabitants of Spain. Greek, Phoenician, and Car- 
 thaginian colonies were established in many points of the 
 littoral (Betica). The Romans conquered a great part of the 
 Iberian Penin., afterwards invaded by Alani, Suevi, Vandals, 
 Goths, and then by African Berbers and Arabs. Jews were 
 very numerous at all historical epochs from tbe Middle Ages 
 (about one million in the 15th century). So were gypsies 
 {gitanos), some of whom are now settled in villages or towns. 
 Negroes were at one time largely imported. The inhabitants 
 of the old provs. (the Basco-Navarrese, Aragonese, Asturians, 
 Gallegos or Galicians, Castillians, Estremenos, Manchegos, 
 Andalusians, Valencians, and Catalans) still form distinct types. 
 The Euskaldima- Basques (speaking the only agglutinative 
 language in W. Europe) are by some considered the representa- 
 tives of the primitive Iberians. In some parts of the S. people 
 still live in caves ; in other parts there are tribes that keep 
 almost entirely apart from any intercourse with the civilised 
 world (Batuecas, in the Pena de Francia ; Hurdes, in the Sierra 
 de Gata), or remain in a very primitive condition (Charros, near 
 Salamanca ; Maragatos, near Astorga). All the large Spanish 
 towns (with the Exception of Madrid) are on the littoral zones, 
 where live 66 per cent, of the total population. The upper 
 parts of the basins of all important rivers, and the central 
 parts of those of rivs. Tagus and Guadiana, are almost 
 deserts [deJiesas, despoblados). There is an important emigra- 
 tion to S. America (Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil). Agrlcnl- 
 ture is very varied and prosperous wherever there is water, 
 whether naturally (N. , NW., Granada) or by artificial irriga- 
 tion (Alicante, Murcia, Valencia, Aragon, Catalonia). Many 
 of the trees that furnish timber and fuel also yield indus- 
 trial products and fruits : chestnut, walnut, almond, oak, 
 mulberry, olive, orange, pomegranate, carob-tree, Pinus Pinea, 
 &c. In some cases (in the N. ) they give support to the climb- 
 ing vines. Artificial irrigation {acequias, pantanos) dates at 
 least from the Arabs, and is still very well conducted [huertas, 
 vegas). Irrigated area about 4500 sq. m. The plains of the 
 central plateau and of Aragon (principally where ground water 
 is near the surface) are the principal regions of wheat production 
 ( Tierras de campos, Tierras de barros). Maize is largely pro- 
 duced in the moister dists.; rice only in the swampy part of 
 the S. littoral (Valencia) ; barley, rye, oats, buckwheat, in the 
 poorest high regions. Sorghum and a Penicillaria are also 
 cultivated. Chick-peas form an important food element, as 
 well as other Leguminosas (lentils, horse-beans). Onions, garlic, 
 and tomatoes are largely consumed and exported. Vines are 
 abundant throughout the country. Grapes and raisins are 
 
 1477 
 
SPAI — SPAN 
 
 extensively produced and exported. The centre and N. dists. 
 produce many table wines (Asturias, Jacoli, Rioja, Val de Penas, 
 Saragossa, Catalonia), the S. the famous sherries and Amon- 
 tillados (Malaga, Rota, &c.). Cider is made in the N. dists. 
 Silk is produced principally in the S. The principal dye-plants 
 are saffron, madder, woad, cochineal (since 1820). Among 
 other products are liquorice, aniseed (to flavour brandy, anisado, 
 largely consumed), cummin, ground-nuts, hemp, flax (N.), 
 esparto (S. ). Sweet potatoes (Batatas edulis), chirimoyo, sugar- 
 cane (since the 12th century), bananas, and cotton are all pro- 
 duced in the S. Numerous herds of sheep are reared (trans- 
 humantes — winter in Estremadura, Mancha, Andalusia; summer 
 in Plasencia, Avila, Segovia, Cuenca), once noted as producing 
 the best wool in the world (merino). The domestic animals 
 include oxen (many employed as draught animals in agricul- 
 ture ; some kept for the bull-fights), very good breeds of strong 
 horses (Navarre, Andalusia), the bestassesand mules in the world. 
 Industry. — Catalonia (Barcelona) is the great industrial pro- 
 gressing centre: cotton, wool, linen, spinning and weaving 
 (linen also in Asturias and Galicia). Catalonia is now also the 
 centre of the old leather (cordowan, cordwain) production. 
 Corks are largely produced ; so are esparto products (Murcia, 
 Alicante), paper (Catalonia, Valencia), silks (Valencia, Murcia, 
 Seville), tobacco (Seville, Madrid, Santander, Gijon, Corunna, 
 Valencia, Alicante), soap, chocolate (largely consumed), brandy, 
 sugar (Barcelona, Malaga, Almeria, Granada), porcelain (Mon- 
 cloa, Madrid) ; foundry products, artillery (Trubia), steel, and 
 swords (Toledo) ; charcoal is extensively produced (from the 
 wild shrubs) all over Spain. Fisheries very important : princi- 
 pally sardines in the N. , and tunnies in the S. Large prepara- 
 tion of fish preserves. Means of Communication. — Not all 
 districts have good roads. The principal railway net (begun in 
 1848) is now almost complete. The chief lines may be classed 
 under two centres of radiation near the middle of the plateau — 
 I. Medina del Campo (in Old Castille, SW. of Valladolid) ; 
 branches (a) SW., Salamanca-Zamora-Portugal ; {b) NW., 
 Leon-Tuy-Portugal ; Corunna, Oviedo, Valladolid (Pajares), 
 Gijon; (c) NE. , Valladolid - Palencia (Reinosa), Santander, 
 Burgos-Bilbao (Idiazabal), Irun-France, Miranda, Pamplona ; 
 Ebro valley ; [d] Madrid (Sierra MinistraL Saragossa. 2. 
 Madrid [a) SW., Tagus valley- Portugal ; (b) SW., Guadiana 
 valley-Portugal ; (c) S., Manzanares (Despeiia Perros), Guadal- 
 quivir, Huelva-Cadiz, Algeciras, Malaga; (d) SE., Albacete, 
 Murcia, Cartagena, Alicante, Valencia ; (e) NE. , Barcelona- 
 Fran9a. Spanish gauge different from that of France, but the 
 same as the Portuguese. Among the canals are Canal de Castilla, 
 between Valladolid, Medina, Valencia, Alar del Rev. In the 
 Ebro valley : {a) Canal de Tauste (Tudela-Tauste), on the left 
 bank ; [b) Imperial Canal, up to Saragossa and El Burgo (81 m.), 
 and to Escatron (70 m. ), on the right bank ; (c) San Carlos de la 
 Rapita-Puerto de los Alfaques, on the delta. See Appendix, p. 5. 
 Commerce. — The exports are principally natural products: 
 wine, minerals, fruits, olive-oil, cork-wood, silks, wool, preserves, 
 cereals (in some years). The imports are raw materials (cotton, 
 &c. ), articles of food (sugar, cod fish, cacao, &c.), machinery, 
 tobacco, coal, mineral oil (import duties from 5 to 30 ad val.). 
 For the value, see Appendix, p. 3. Commerce chiefly with 
 France, then Great Britain, Portugal, U.S., Belgium, Germany. 
 Public Institutions. — Spain is a monarchy (constitution of 
 1876). The legislative assembly, called the Cortes, is composed 
 of a Senate (with hereditary, life, and elected members) and a 
 Congress (one deputy for every 50,000 inhabitants ; for 40,000 in 
 Cuba ; arid representatives of minorities). State religion, Roman 
 Catholic ; all others tolerated. Nine archbishoprics. Ten univer- 
 sities (the oldest in Palencia, 1208, removed to Salamanca 
 in 1239). Special schools of civil engineering, mines (Madrid, 
 Almaden), medicine, agriculture, forestry, veterinary, navy, 
 army, &c. For military organisation the country is divided into 
 12 capitanias generates. One battle-ship, 2 port-defence ships, 
 65 cruisers (10 of the ist class), 40 torpedo-boats ; 30,000 men. 
 Measures. — Metric system adopted in 1859. Old measures 
 still used (libra, 1.014 lbs.; quintal, 101.4 lbs.; arro^a (wine), 
 2,\ gallons ; (oil), 2| gallons ; vara, i yard ; fanega, i| bushel. 
 Money. — The unit is the real de vellon, 2^d, (nearly). The 
 peseta is the practical unit and money of account. It is a coin 
 of the same weight and fineness as the franc, but circulates at a 
 lower rate of exchange ; average value about 9^d. Peso duro— 
 e, pesetas or 20 reales ; onza=-2>^o reales. Bimetallic standard — 
 gold : silver : : 1 : 15^. History. — Under this head there is 
 space only for the briefest notes of the main epochs in the long 
 and eventful history of Spain, The Greeks had very rich 
 colonies in Spain (Emporion, Rhodon, Sagonton). Phoenicians 
 and Carthaginians established themselves on the littoral (Cadiz, 
 Malaga, Cartagena) and in some mines (Betica). The Romans 
 conquered Spain (149-25 B.C.). Christianity was preached in 
 the ist century (Sant 'lago ?). Visigothic Empire (6th to 8th 
 centuries). Arab conquest (711-713). Spanish Mohammedan 
 civilisation. C6rdoba califate (8th to nth centuries). Christian 
 reaction : kingdoms of Asturias and Le6n (8th to loth centuries) ; 
 kingdoms of Sobrarbe, Ribagorza, Aragon (7th to 8th century); 
 1478 
 
 county, afterwards kingdom of Navarre, cap. Pamplona ; counties 
 of Barcelona, Catalonia (8th century) ; kingdom of Castille (nth 
 century). The Arab Almuhades or Almoravides succeeded to 
 the Ommaiades (end of nth century). Toledo became (1085) 
 the cap. of Castille and Le6n. Saragossa (1118) became cap. of 
 Aragon. Battle of Navas de Tolosa (Guadalquivir valley), fought 
 against the Mohammedans by the kings of Castille, Aiagon, 
 Navarre, Portugal (1212). Conquest of Cordoba. Union of 
 the kingdoms of Aragon, Castille, Le6n, with which Catalonia 
 was afterwards incorporated (12th century). All Spain united 
 under Isabel of Castille and Ferdinand of Axagon (1479). Con- 
 quest of Granada, expulsion of the Moors (1469-92). Voyages 
 of Columbus to America (1492-1503). Nationalisation of the In- 
 quisition (15th to i6th centuries). Conquest of Navarre (1511). 
 Charles I. of Spain, Emperor (Charles V.) of Germany (1519-56). 
 Conquest of Mexico by Cortes (1519). Voyage from the Atlantic 
 to the Pacific, by S. America, by Magellan (Femao de Maga- 
 Ihaes, 1519-20). Conquest of Peru by Pizarro and Almagro. 
 Foundation of the Society of Jesus (1534). Conquest of Florida by 
 Soto (1539). Union of Portugal to Spain under Philip II. (1580). 
 Great Spanish Empire : the Iberian Renin., the Low Countries, 
 Milan, the Two Sicilies, Charolais, Franche-Comt6, Artois-Bur- 
 gundy, India, Malacca, Philippine Is., Moluccas, Ceuta, Tan- 
 gier, Oran, Atlantic islands, W. and E. coasts of Africa, Mexico, 
 Central and S. America (i6th century). Portugal separated 
 from Spain (1640). Philip (the Fifth) of Bourbon becomes 
 king of Spain (1700). War of Succession (1700-13). England 
 takes possession of Gibraltar (1704). French invasion (1808- 
 1813). Independence of the Spanish American colonies (1810- 
 1823). First Constitution proclaimed (Cadiz, 1812). Revolution 
 of 1868. Amadeus of Savoy becomes king of Spain in 1871. 
 Republic in 1873. Restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in 
 1874. [J. B. R.J 
 Spalathra, comm. , Greece, prov. Larisa. P. <400o. 
 Spalato (' Palatium," the ancient Salona), tn., Austria, crown- 
 land Dalmatia, 74 m. SE. Zara, now being connected by rail with 
 the valley of the Bosna. It is the most commercial town in 
 Dalmatia, with manufactures of wool and silk ; exports olive-oil, 
 wine, fruits, &c. Harbour, protected by a mole, about 2180 
 ft. in length. Spalato was founded in the 7th century on the site 
 of a palace built in the 3rd century by Diocletian, the walls of 
 which, still standing, enclose the old town, which has a temple of 
 Jupiter or Diana, now converted into a cathedral. P. 15,700. 
 
 Spalding, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Barkly West, 65 m. 
 N. by W. Kimberley. 
 
 Spalding (spa wl'ding), par. and tn., Eng., Lincolnshire, Hol- 
 land div., on the Welland, on the G. N. R., G. E. & G. N. 
 Joint Rly., and M. R., 14 m. SW. Boston, of which port it is a 
 member. It has various mills and breweries, and warehouses, 
 at which vessels of 60 tons load and discharge. Remains of a 
 priory of 1 501. Market-day, Tu. 10,752 ac. P. 9000. Spald- 
 ing Marsh, P.O., adjoining Spalding. 
 Spalding, pari, div., in SE. of Lincolnshire (g.v.). 
 Spalding, co. , U.S., Georgia, N. of 33° N. , and W. of 84° W. 
 Spalding, vil. , U.S., Michigan, Menominee co. , 60 m. S. by 
 W.Marquette. P. < 1500. 
 
 Spaldingtou, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howden- 
 shire div., 6 m. N. by E. Goole, zh m. NNE. Howden stn. 
 (NE. R.), P.O. P.<:25o. 
 
 Spald'wick, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and 7 m. W. 
 by N. Huntingdon, 3 m. ENE. Kimbolton stn., PM.O. P. < 
 500; eccles. par. (Spaldwick with Barliam) P. <5oo. 
 
 Spalford, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 8 m. 
 W. by S. Lincoln, 4 m. E. by N. Crow Park stn. P. <250. 
 
 Spalmadorl, isl., Austria, archipelago of Dalmatia, in the 
 Adriatic Sea, at the W. extremity of the S. ct. of Lesina I. , from 
 which it is separated by the Spalmadori Channel, 1-2 m. wide 
 and 3I m. long, E. to W. 
 
 Spalmatorl, group of small isls. , Asiatic Turkey, in N. of 
 channel between Khio (Chios) I. and the mainland of Asia Minor. 
 Spalt, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle Franconia, circle 
 Schwabach, 20 m. SSW. Niirnberg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Spamount, P.O., Ire., NW. co. Tyrone, bar. West Omagh, 
 12 m. NW. Omagh. 
 
 Spanby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven, n m. E. 
 Grantham, 5 m. S. by E. Sleaford, 2 m. S. by E. Aswarby stn. 
 P. <25o. See Swaton. 
 
 Spancelblll, electoral div.. Ire., N. co. Clare, bar. Upper 
 Bunratty, 4 m. ENE. Ennis. 
 
 Spandau, fortified tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle 
 Spandau, at the confluence of the Havel and Spree, SJ m. W. 
 by N. Berlin, with ordnance foundry and manufacture of arms, 
 ammunition, and powder. P. (1871) 20,400; (1890) 45,200; 
 comm. P. 45,400. 
 
 Spangenberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Mel- 
 sungen, 16 m. SSE. Kassel. P. < 2000. 
 
 Spaniard's Bay, fishing settlement and bay, Newfoundland, 
 E. side of Conception Bay, 6 m. from Harbour Grace. 
 
 Spanish Fork, city, U.S., Utah, Utah co., 52 m. SSE. Salt 
 Lake City. P. < 3000. 
 
SPAN 
 
 S PEN 
 
 Spanish Head, cape, Isle of Man, in the SW. , i m. E. of the 
 Calf of Man. 
 
 Spanish Main, a name formerly applied to the N. ct. of S. 
 America, between the Orinoco and the Isthmus of Darien. 
 
 Spanish Peak, mt. , U.S., California, Plumas co., 220 m. 
 SE. of NVV. corner of state. 
 
 Spanish Peaks, mt. , U.S., Colorado, 160 m. S. Denver. 
 Alt. 12,720 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 Spanlshpolnt, P.O., Ire., Clare, 2 m. SW. Milltown Malbay. 
 
 Spanish River, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the Sault St. 
 Mary line of the C. P. R., 515 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Spanish Town, tn. , Jamaica, Middlesex co. , 11 m. W. by N. 
 Kingston, in 79° 56' W. P. 5700. 
 
 Sparanlse, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. and 14 m. NW. 
 Caserta ; has pozzolana (sand) pits and tile kilns. P. <4000. 
 
 Sparbn, vil., Norway, prov. and 47 m. NE. Trondhjem, on 
 Lake Bergen. P. (comm. )<5ooo. 
 
 Sparhani, par., Eng. , Norfolk, N. div., 12 m. NW. by W. 
 Norwich, i^ m. SW. Whitwell stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Sparkbrook, eccles. par., Eng., Warwickshire, in ancient 
 par. of Aston, with stn. (Smallheath and Sparkbrook) on 
 G. W. R. P. 16,200. 
 
 Sparkford, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 7 m. NE. by N. 
 Yeovil, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 SparkM'ell, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire, 4 m. from 
 Plympton, PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Sparlnnd, vil. , U.S., Illinois, Marshall co., 27 m. NE. Peoria 
 by rail ; has coal-mines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Spa Roa«l and Bermondsey, stn., Eng., London, Surrey, 
 on L. B. & S. C. R. and SE. R., i m. SE. London Bridge stn. 
 
 Sparrow Lake, Canada, Ontario, traversed by the riv. 
 Severn, a few miles N. of Lake Simcoe. 
 
 Sparrow Point, tn., U.S., Maryland, Baltimore co. , 9 m. 
 from Baltimore ; has extensive iron and Bessemer steel manu- 
 factures, and shipbuilding. P. <30oo. 
 
 Sparsholt, par., Eng., Berkshire, Abingdon div., 12 m. E. 
 by N. Swindon, 3^ m. W. Wantage, 2 m. SSW. Challow stn., 
 P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Sparsholt with Kingston Lisle) 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Sparsholt, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 3I m. 
 WNW, Winchester, P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Sparta, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Elgin co., 20 m. SSE. 
 London. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Sparta (Greek form Sparte), tn., Greece, prov. Laconia, 30 
 m. S. Tripolis, near to the site of ancient Sparta, of which some 
 ruins remain N. of the present town. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sparta, tn. , U.S., Georgia, Hancock co. , 62 m. W. by S. 
 Augusta. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sparta, city, U.S., Illinois, Randolph co. , 97 m. NW. Cairo 
 by rail. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sparta, vil., U.S., Michigan, Kent co. , 14 m. NW. Grand 
 Rapids by rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Sparta, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Sussex co., 25 m. W. by N. 
 Paterson, at the head of Wallkill valley ; the surrounding 
 mountains are rich in iron ore, zinc, and other mineral deposits. 
 
 Sparta, vil., U.S., Tennessee, cap. White co. , 85 m. SE. 
 Nashville ; in the neighbourhood are coal-mines. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Sparta, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Monroe co. , 102 m. N. 
 Dubuque (Iowa) ; picturesquely situated in a valley surrounded 
 by rocky elevations. It is a popular resort owing to the superior 
 quality of its mineral waters. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Spartanburg, city, U.S., S. Carolina, cap. Spartanburg co. , 
 83 m. NW. by N. Columbia; contains Wofford College, Metho- 
 dist Episcopal institution. Alt. 7-900 ft. (R.R.). P. 5500. 
 
 Sparte, tn. , Greece. See Sparta. 
 
 Spartel, cape, in the extreme NW. of Morocco, with a 
 lighthouse, in 5° 56' W., visible 20 m. 
 
 Spartlvento, Capo, cape, in the S. of the ' toe' of Italy, 27 
 m. ESE. Reggio, with a lighthouse, visible 18 m. Faro, alt. 165 
 ft.; Torre Galati, alt. 395 ft. 
 
 Spartlvento, Capo, cape, in the extreme S. of Sardinia, with 
 a lighthouse, visible 21 m. 
 
 Sparto, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 13 m. W. by N. 
 Constantinople. 
 
 Sparty Lee, P.O., Eng., Northumberland, 5 m. S. Allendale. 
 
 Sparvlere, Monte, mt. , Italy, in the Apennines, in the 
 extreme N. of Calabrie, 59 m. SW. Taranto. Alt. 6520 ft. 
 
 Spash, tn. , Turkey, Albania, prov. and 27 m. ESE. Skutari. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Spassk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 79 m. SSE. Kazan, near 
 junction of Bezdna with Volga ; exports of corn and flour. P. <: 
 5000. 
 
 Spassk, dist. tn. , iRussia, govt, and 32 m. SE. Ryazaii, on 
 Spassk Lake, in valley of Oka. P. < 5000. 
 
 Spassk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 178 m. NE. Tambov ; 
 trade in corn, linseed, potash, sheep-skins. P. 7300. 
 
 Spasskaya, vil. and cotton-mills, Russia, govt, and 6 m. E. 
 St. Petersburg. 
 
 Spasskoye, vil., Russia. See Tovarhovo. 
 
 Spatsnm, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the 
 
 C. P. R. and the Fraser R., 1292 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 
 190 m. from Vancouver. 
 
 Spannton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 17I 
 m. SW. Whitby, 3 m. NE. Kirby Moorside stn. P. <:250. 
 Spaunton Moor, an upland tract about 3 m. to the N.; 7561 ac. 
 Spaxton, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 4J m. W. Bridg- 
 water. P. < 1000. 
 
 Spean Bridge, PMT. O. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, on riv. Spean 
 and N. B. R. , 3 m. ESE. of the foot of Loch Lochy. 
 
 Spearflsh, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Lawrence co. , 98 m, S. by 
 E. from the NW. corner of the state. P. <isoo. 
 
 Speechla, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 19 m. ESE. Galli- 
 poli. P. <30oo. 
 Spectacle Island, U.S., New York. See Hart's Island. 
 Speech House Road, stn., Eng., Gloucestershire, on the 
 M. & SW. Joint Rly. , 2^ m. S. Coleford. 
 
 Speedwell Mine, Eng., Derbyshire, near Castleton, an arti- 
 ficial excavation (length, 750 yards) leading into a deep natural 
 cave, into which a stream falls. 
 
 Speen, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and i m. N. Newbury, 
 PMT.O. P.<4000. 
 
 Speen, P.O., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 8^ m. S. by 
 E. Aylesbury, 3 m. SE. by E. Princes Risborough stn. 
 
 Speenhaniland, eccles. par., Eng., Berkshire, in ancient 
 par. of Speen. P. < 2500. 
 
 Speenoge, tnld. , Ire., E. co. Donegal, bar. W. Inishowen, 
 5I m. NW. by W. Londonderry, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Speeton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 on the coast, 11 m. SE. Scarborough, 4J m. N. by W. Brid- 
 lington, on the NE. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Spelcher, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Bitburg, 12 m. N. 
 Treves. P. <30oo. 
 
 Spelcher, tn. , Switzd. , cant. Appenzell, Ausser Rhoden ; a 
 very flourishing town. Fine schools, and manufactures ; em- 
 broidery work. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 Spelden, isl. , Pacific. See Nlutao. 
 Speler, Ger. See Spires. 
 
 Spelghtstown(spaitstaun), tn. , W. Indies, W. ct. of Barbados. 
 Speke, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Widnes div. , 7J m. SE. Liver- 
 pool, on the L. & NW. R., PM.O. P. <500. 
 
 Speke Gulf, gulf, in the SE. of Lake Victoria Nyanza, 
 central Africa, about 50 m. long from E. to W. 
 
 Speldhnrst, par. , Eng. , Kent, Tunbridge div. , 2i m. WNW. 
 Tunbridge Wells, PMT.O. P. 5600; eccles. par. (Speldhnrst 
 with Groonibrldge) P. < 1500. 
 
 Speldorf, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Miilheim an der 
 Ruhr, 7^ m. W. by S. Essen. P. 5300. 
 
 Spellen, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Diisseldorf, circle 
 Ruhrort, 16 m. NNW. Miilheim an der Ruhr. P. <3oco. 
 
 Spello, tn. , Italy, Umbria, prov. and 17 m. SE. by E. Peru- 
 gia. P. < 5000. 
 
 Spellow, stn., Eng., in the NE. of Liverpool, on the Edge 
 Hill and Bootle branch of the L. & NW. R. 
 
 Spelouken, mountainous canton, S. African Republic, crossed 
 by 23° 20' S. , 30° 20' E. , dist. Zoutpansberg. The Spelonken 
 Mts. stretch SW. and NE. for about 19 m.; the valleys contain 
 a rich alluvial soil, said to be admirably adapted for coffee, sugar, 
 and other tropical products. 
 
 Spelsbnry, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury div., 7 m. NW. 
 by W. Woodstock, 4 m. SSE. Chipping Norton stn., P.O.; 
 4304 ac. P. 500. 
 
 Spelter Works, PM.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, 9 m. NW. 
 Bridgend. 
 
 Spelve, Loch, inlet, Scot., Argyllshire, in the SE. of Mull I., 
 with an entrance less than J m. wide. 
 
 Spen, High, PM.O., Eng., Durham, Chester-le-Street div., 
 7i m. WSW. Newcastle. 
 
 Spencer, cape, Canada, New Brunswick, on Bay of Fundy, 
 in 45° 15' N. 
 
 Spencer, city, U.S., Indiana, Owen co. , on 1. bk. of W. 
 Branch of White R., 34 m. ESE. Terre Haute. P. < 2000. 
 
 Spencer, co. , U.S., Indiana, on S. frontier, intersected by 
 87° W. and 38° N. 
 
 Spencer, tn., U.S., Iowa, Clay co., 77 m. ESE. of NW. 
 corner of state. P. <20oo. 
 
 Spencer, co. , U.S. , Kentucky, crossed by parallel 38° N. , and 
 E. of 86° W. 
 
 Spencer, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 10 m. W. by S. 
 Worcester; manufactures boots and shoes. P. (1880) 7500; 
 (1890) 8700. 
 
 Spencer, vil., U.S., New York, Tioga co., 61 m. SSW. Syra- 
 cuse, and 17 m. S. Ithaca. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Spencer, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, McCook co., 60 m. 
 N. by W. Yankton. 
 
 Spencer, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Marathon co., 40 m. NW. 
 Stevens Point by rail. P. <:i500. 
 
 Spencer, Cape, S. Australia, in 136° 51' E. 
 Spencer, Mount, U.S., Maine, Piscataquis co., 72 m. NW. 
 by N. Bangor. 
 Spencer Harbour, P. O. , Ire. , 3 m. from Drumkeerin , Leitrim. 
 
 1479 
 
SPEN — SPIT 
 
 Spencerport, vil., U.S., New York, Monroe cc, lo m. W. 
 by N. Rochester. P. <i50o. 
 
 Spencer's Golf, inlet, S. Australia, between Eyre's and Yorke 
 Penins. ; the N. part is shallow, with many sandy flats; it con- 
 tains many secondary bays, including Hardwicke Bay, Port 
 Lincoln, and Franklin Harbour ; and, near the mouth, several 
 islands. It receives no important rivers ; the largest is the 
 Broughton, from the E. The gulf was named by Flinders after 
 Earl Spencer. About 200 m. long, and at its widest 80 m. wide, 
 45 m. wide at entrance. 
 
 Spencer Springs, vil., U.S., New York, Tioga co., 7 m. W. 
 Candor ; resorted to for its chalybeate and sulphur springs. 
 P. <iSoo. 
 
 Spencer's Wood, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Swallowfield, Berks. 
 
 Spencerrille, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Grenville cc, 41 
 m. S. Ottawa, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 SpencerrlUe, vil., U.S., Ohio, Allen cc, 80 m. SW. by S. 
 Toledo. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Spence'8 Bridge, post-tn., Canada, prov, Brit. Columbia, 
 on the C. P. R., about 121° 30' W., 1304 m. by rail from Winni- 
 peg, 178 m. from Vancouver. Alt. 760 ft. Mean temp. {9 yrs. , 
 1872-79, 1883-84), yr. 47.7°F., Jan. 20.1°, July 70.7°. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Spendmore Iiane, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Birkacre, near 
 Chorley, Lancashire. 
 
 Spenge, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Herford, 21 m. 
 ESE. Osnabriick, 9 m. NNW. Bielefeld. P. (comm. )<:3000. 
 
 Spenntlhorne, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 8 
 m. S. by W. Richmond, i m, SSW. of its stn. on the NE. R., 
 P.O. P.<250. 
 
 Spennymoor, eccles. par. and tn. , Eng. , Dvirham , Mid div. , 
 4 m. NE. Bishop Auckland, on the NE. R.; has collieries and 
 blast-furnaces. P.O. Eccles. par. P. 5500; tn. P. 6000. 
 
 Spen Valley, pari, div., Eng., Yorkshire, W, Riding, includ- 
 ing the towns of Cleckheaton and Heckmondwike. P. 57,400. 
 
 Sperkhelos, or Hellada, riv., Greece, Phthiotis and Phocis, 
 flows ESE. into the Gulf of Lamia or Zeitoun. 
 
 Sperllnga, tn., Sicily, prov. and 43 m. WNW. Catania; over- 
 looking the town is an ancient citadel, where 300 Frenchmen 
 escaped at the massacre of the Sicilian Vespers (1282). P. <30oo. 
 
 Sperlonga, tn., on the SW. ct. of Italy, Campania, prov. 
 Caserta, 8 m. WNW. Gaeta. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Spermonde Islands, E. Archipelago, Celebes, numerous 
 small islands and coral reefs, extending N. and S. along the 
 Spermonde Penin., where they form a natural breakwater. 
 
 Spernall, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 8^ m. NW. 
 by W. Stratford-on-Avon, on the Arrow, 2 m. NE. Coughton 
 stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Sperone, Capo dello, Sardinia, in the SW. of the I sola di 
 San Antioco, in 38° 57' N. 
 
 Sperrin Mountains, range of mts., Ire., in the NE. of co. 
 Tyrone. Highest summit Mount Sawell, 2240 ft. 
 
 Spessart, forest-clad group of mts. , filling a square, washed 
 on three sides by a great bend of the Main, in the extreme NW. 
 of Bavaria. 
 
 Spetchley, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 3 m. 
 E. Worcester, P.O. P. <25o; eccles. par. (Spetcbley with 
 Wamdon) P. <5oo. 
 
 Spetsal (Italian form Spezzla). 1. Isl. , Greece, prov. Argolis 
 and Corinthia, in the mouth of the Gulf of Nauplia ; remarkable 
 for the salubrity of its climate, and the beauty of its women. 
 Area, 26 sq. m. 2. Town on the N. ct. P. 5200. 
 
 Spettlsbnry (spets'be-rT), par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 
 on the Stour, 9^ m. NW. Poole, with a stn. (Spetlsbory) on 
 the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. (Spettls- 
 bnry wltb Charlton Marshall) P. < 1500. 
 
 Spexhall, par., Eng., Suffolk, 2 m. NW. Halesworth. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Spey, riv., Scot., cos. Inverness, Banff, and Moray, the most 
 rapid in Britain, rises in the hills between Badenoch and 
 Lochaber, expands into the small Loch Spey, about 6 m. N. 
 Loch Laggan, and 1200 ft. above the sea, flows NE. and enters 
 Moray Firth 2^ m. W. Port Gordon. At Kingussie it is from 
 80 to 100 ft,, and at Alvie 150 ft. across ; but it is not navigable. 
 Affluents, all rapid mountain torrents, frequently cause sudden 
 and destructive inundations in Strathspey. Its banks are in 
 many parts richly wooded ; and it affords valuable salmon 
 fisheries. Length, no m. 
 
 Speyer, Ger. See Spires. 
 
 Speymonth, par., Scot., Elginshire, 7^ m. E. Elgin, and 2J 
 m. NE. by E. Fochabers stn.; 6025 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Spezla, tn., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, 38 m. WNW. Lucca, 
 on Gulf of Spezia, whose E. shore is bristling with forts and 
 covered with arsenals ; on the other side also defensive works 
 have been, or are being, constructed, thus making it a fortified 
 place of the first rank. Its port, under the name of Partus Luna, 
 was renowned, even in the time of Strabo and Ptolemy, as one 
 of the largest and safest, though it has but little trade now. It 
 is the principal station of the Italian fleet, and chief Italian 
 arsenal. P. 21,000. . 
 
 Spezzano .Ubanese, comm. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 
 1480 
 
 dist. Castrovillari, 55 m. N. by W. Catanzaro. P. (of Albanian 
 origin) <:4000. 
 
 Spezzano Cirande, comm., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 5 m. 
 E. by N. Cosenza, 30 m. NNW. Catanzaro. P. <300o. 
 
 Spezzla, isl. , Greece. See Spetsal. 
 
 Sphagla, small isl. , close to the SW. ct. of Greece, prov. Mes- 
 senia, at the mouth of Navarino Bay. 
 
 Sphakla, tn. , Turkey, S. ct. Crete, 57 m. W. by S. Candia, 
 in 24° 9' E. 
 
 Spice Islands. See Moluccas. 
 
 Splceland, vil., U.S., Indiana, Henry cc, 37 m, E. by N. 
 Indianapolis. P. <:i500. 
 
 Splcherer Hoheu, hill, Ger., on the borders of Prussian 
 Rhine Prov. and Lorraine, to the S. of Saarbriicken ; scene of 
 a victory of the Germans over the French in 1870. Alt. 1015 ft. 
 
 Splddle, fishing tn. , Ire., N. co. and 10 m. W. by S. Galway, 
 bar. Moycullen, on N, side of Galway Bay, PMT.O. (Splddal). 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Splekeroog, isl., Prussia, prov. Hanover, crossed by 7° 45' 
 E. ; 5 m. long, by 1-2 m. broad. 
 
 Spielberg, Austria, Briinn (q.v.). Alt. 945 ft. 
 
 Splesen, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Ottweiler, 40 m. 
 SE. by S. Treves, 10 m. NE. by E. Saarbriick. P. <4000. 
 
 Splez, vil., Switzd. , cant. Bern, on the S. side of Lake Thun, 
 6 m. SSE. Thun. P. (comm. )<3000. 
 
 Splgno Monferrato, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 30 m. 
 SW. by S. Alessandria, on riv. Bormida. P. <2ooo. 
 
 SplJhenlsse, vil., Holland, prov. S. Holland, 9 m. WSW. 
 Rotterdam. 
 
 Spike Inland, Ire. , in Cork Harbour, to S. of Haulbowline I. 
 
 SplUuibergo, tn. , Italy, Venetia, on the r. bk. of the Taglia- 
 mento, prov. and 16 m. W. by N. Udine ; the inhabitants are 
 noted for their skill in mosaic work. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Spllney, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 24 m. SSE. 
 Skutari. 
 
 Spllsby, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey 
 div. , 14^ m. S. by E. Louth, on G. N. R. ; has trade in agricul- 
 tural produce. Native place of Sir J. Franklin, the Arctic voyager 
 (1786-1847), to whom there is here a monument. Market-day, 
 M. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (Spllsby with Eresby) P. < 1500. 
 
 Splnazzola, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Bari, 27 m. NE. by N. 
 Potenza. Alt. 1425 ft. P. 16,000. 
 
 Splnconrt, vil., France, dep. Meuse, arr. Montm^dy, on the 
 Othain, 18 m. NE. Verdun. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Splndleston, par., Eng., Northumberland, 2^ m. E. Belford. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Splnetto, vil. , Italy. See Serra San Bruno. 
 
 Spink, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, crossed by 45° N. and 98° W., 
 and traversed by the James R. 
 
 Splnkhlll, P.O., Eng., Derbyshire, 7 m. SE. Sheffield. 
 
 Splnnlngdale, P.O., Scot., Sutherland, on the N. shore of 
 Dornoch Firth, 7I m. W. Dornoch, 3^ m. NW. Edderton stn. 
 
 Splnone, or Endlne, lake, Italy, Lombardy, prov. Bergamo, 
 between two mountain chains ; it is fed by subterranean springs, 
 and gives rise to the Cherio. Length, about 18,045 ft- '• breadth, 
 2460 ft. 
 
 Splnoso, tn. , Italy, prov. and 27 m. SSE. Potenza. P. <30oo, 
 
 Splrano, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Bergamo, 6 m. NE. 
 Treviglio. P. <:3000. 
 
 Splrdlng, the largest lake of E. Prussia, govt. Gumbinnen, 
 circle Johannesburg. Length, 11 m. 
 
 Spires, in Ger. Speler, or Speyer, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, 
 cap. govt. Palatinate of the Rhine, 11^ m. S. Mannheim, a 
 free port on riv. Rhine (here crossed by a bridge of boats) ; has 
 a town museum, picture-gallery, and botanical garden ; manu- 
 factures of iron, machinery, coloured papers, &c. Spires is 
 an ancient town, the Nemetium of the Romans, celebrated in 
 the Middle Ages, and a place of importance down to the 17th 
 century. Seat of a bishop in 610, and soon after that an im- 
 perial residence. In the cathedral (begun in 1030, destroyed by 
 the French in 1689 and 1794, consecrated anew in 1822) Bernard 
 of Clairvaux preached a crusade before Conrad III. in 1146. 
 From 1513 to 1689 it was seat of the Imperial Chamber, and 29 
 imperial diets were held here (in the Retscher). One of these is 
 rendered celebrated by the delivery of the protest (19th April 
 1529) to which the Protestants owe their name. A Protestant 
 church (the Retscher church) in memory of this event has re- 
 cently been erected. P. (1840) 11,100; (1890) 17,400; comm. 
 P. 17,600. 
 
 Splrlllen, lake, Norway, prov. Christiania, trib. by the 
 Baegnalv of Lake Tyrifjord ; the name is derived from its strong 
 current. Area, 18 sq. m. 
 
 Spirit Lake, vil. , U.S. , Iowa, Dickihson co. , 76 m. E. of NW. 
 corner of state, 6 m. S. of state frontier, between Okoboji Lake 
 on N. and Spirit Lake on S. ; popular summer resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Spital, Spiital, Spittle, old forms for ' hospital ' ; frequent in 
 place-names. 
 
 Spital, stn., Eng., Cheshire. See Spittle. 
 
 Spital, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 9 m. E. 
 by N. Hexham, 3 m. NW. Wylam stn. P. <2So. 
 
SPIT — SPRE 
 
 Spltal-ani-Semmerliig, vil., Austria, Styria, 35 m. ENE. 
 Leoben. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Spitalfields, par. , Eng.,co. London, in Whitechapel union. 
 P. 22,900. 
 
 8pltal mil, par., Eng., Northumberland, ij m. NW. Mor- 
 peth. P. <250. 
 
 Spltal (or Splttal) of Glenninlck, hamlet, Scot., W. Aber- 
 deenshire, on the Muick, 6^ m. SSE. Crathie. 
 
 Spltal (or Splttal) of'Glenshee, hamlet, Scot. , W. Perthshire, 
 near the head of the Blackwater or Shee Water, 14^ m. E. by N. 
 Blair Athole. Alt. 1125 ft. See Blackwater and Gleushee. 
 
 Spltliead, a celebrated roadstead, off the S. ct. of Eng., 
 Hampshire, between Portsea I. and the Isle of Wight. It 
 communicates westward with the Solent and Southampton 
 Water. It is so secure from all winds, except the SE. , as to 
 have been termed by sailors ' the king's bedchamber, ' and it is a 
 principal rendezvous of the British navy. There are circular 
 forts, on Horse, Norman, and Sturbridge shoals. Portsmouth 
 and Ryde are on its opposite sides. Length, NW. and SE., 
 2 m. ; average breadth, i^ m. 
 
 Splti, riv. , Brit. India, Punjab, Kdngra dist. and Bashahr 
 state, rises at the base of a peak, at the converging angle of the 
 Kanzam and Outer Himalayan ranges, flows on the whole SE. 
 to the Sutlej, in 31° 42' N., 78° 39' E. Length, 120 m. 
 
 Spitsbergen, group of isls. in the Arctic Ocean, midway 
 between Greenland and Novaya Zemlya, mainly in 76° 26'-8o° 
 50' N. and 10° 20'- 32° 40' E. , comprising six large (Western 
 Spitsbergen or New Friesland, Prince Charles Land, Stans 
 Foreland or Edge Land, Barents Land, North-East Land, 
 and King Charles or Wiche Land) and numerous smaller isls. 
 (including the group of Seven Sisters N. of North-East Land), 
 separated by many straits, amongst which are Hinlopen, be- 
 tween Western Spitsbergen and North-East Land, Walter 
 Thymen, between Stans Foreland and Barents Land, and Olga 
 Strait, more than 50 m. wide, between the Spitsbergen group 
 proper and King Charles group. Western Spitsbergen, the 
 most important of the archipelago, is triangular in form, with 
 apex pointing S. , indented by numerous deep fiords, of which 
 the largest, Isfjord, is 17 to 27 m. in breadth, with arms stretch- 
 ing far inland; Smeerenberg Bay, in the NW. , said to afford 
 the best anchorage, is much frequented by whalers, and on its 
 shores the Dutch have formed a station. The interior of the 
 island is mountainous, but traversed by at least three great lines 
 of depression ; highest point known, Hornsound Peak, 3300 ft. 
 The islands are covered with perpetual snow and glaciers. 
 During the ten winter months mercury freezes, and from Octo- 
 ber 22 to February 22 the sun never rises above the horizon. 
 According to Ch. Martens, the mean annual temp., in 77° 30' 
 N., is about - 14.8° F.; Nordenskiold found at Mossel Bay, 79° 
 53' N. (1872-78), a maximum July temp, of 39.3° F. , and a 
 minimum Feb. temp, of - 40. 86° F. The flora is richer than in 
 any other country in the same latitude, and comprises more 
 than 120 species, belonging chiefly to the Natural Orders, 
 Graminese, Cyperacese, Cruciferse, Confervas, and Caryophyl- 
 laceje. The islands are visited by English, Danish, and Nor- 
 wegian whalers for the numerous whales, white bears, and seals 
 on the coasts. Reindeer are found in some parts, and there 
 are several species of migratory birds. This archipelago, 
 formerly considered as belonging to America, is now usually 
 classed among European groups, and claimed by Russia as a 
 dependency of its empire. Was discovered by Hugh Willoughby 
 in 1553. Area (exclusive of King Charles group) estimated at 
 about 24,000 sq. m.; Western Spitsbergen, 14,700 sq.m. (Reclus). 
 
 Spittal, tn. , Austria, Carinthia, on the Drave, 42 m. WNW. 
 Klagenfurt. P. <3000. 
 
 Spittal, eccles. par., coast tn., and watering-place, Eng., in 
 the N. of the Berwick-upon-Tweed div. of Northumberland, on 
 the coast, on the estuary of the Tweed, -j m. ESE. Tweedmouth 
 stn. , PMT.O. P. <:20oo. See Berwick and 5/?V(z/. 
 
 Splttal, P.O., Scot., Caithness, 14 m. NW. Wick. 
 
 Spittal, vil. and former par. , Scot. , Roxburghshire, 3^ m. 
 W. by S. Jedburgh, 2^ m. E. by S. Hassendean stn.; now in- 
 cluded in Crailing par. 
 
 Spittal, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 5 m. N. by E. Haver- 
 fordwest, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 . Spittal, North, or Uttle Port of, vil., Scot., Wigtown- 
 shire, 2| m. E. by S. Portpatrick, i^ m. S. by W. Colfin stn. 
 
 Splttal Colliery Rows, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, Cambuslang 
 par. P. < 500. 
 
 SpittalfleM, PMT. O. , Scot. , Perthshire, 3 m. from Murthly. 
 
 Spittle, vil., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 4 m. S. by E. 
 Birkenhead, with a stn. (Spital) on the L. & NW. R. See 
 Ponlton wltb Spittle ; also Spital. 
 
 Spittle, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Fangfoss with Spittle. 
 
 Splttlegate, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, suburb of and included 
 in the pari. bor. of Grantham. P. 6200. 
 
 Spitz, tn. , Lower Austria, on the 1. bk. of the Danube, 45 m. 
 W. by N. Vienna. P. <20oo. 
 
 Spitzberg, mt. , on the borders of Austrian and Prussian 
 Silesia, 17 m. SE. by E. Glatz. 
 
 Spitzcnniiersdorf, vil., Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Bautzen, 
 dist. and 6 m. WNW. Zittau. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Spltzkop, vil., S. African Republic, Zoutpansberg dist., 
 about 115 m. N. Barberton, in the Salati R. goldfield. 
 
 Spixworth, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 5 m. N. by E. 
 Norwich, 3 J m. SW. Coltishall stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Split Cape, cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, Kings co. , on 
 Minas Basin, in 64° 30' W. 
 
 Splnga, mt. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 16 m. W. Sondrio. 
 Alt. 9350 ft. 
 
 Spliigen, Pa.s8. See Alps, Passes, III. (8). 
 
 SpofTortta, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., 3^ m. S. Knaresborough, on the NE. R., PMT.O.; 5466 
 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Spokane, co. , U.S., Washington, on the E. frontier, crossed 
 in the N. by 48° N. 
 
 Spokane, formerly Spokane Falls, city, U.S., Washington, 
 cap. Spokane co. , 118 m. NNE. Wallawalla; first settled in 
 1878, now an important commercial town. The adjacent falls 
 on the Spokane R. , 65 ft. high, afford water-power estimated at 
 216,000 horse-power, which is largely utilised in flour-mills, saw- 
 mills, &c. Alt. 1910 ft. (R.R.). Rfall. (6 yrs.}, 20.78 in. P. 
 (i88o)<i5oo; (1890) 19,900. 
 
 Spokane Klver, U.S. , Idaho and Washington, flows WNW. 
 from Coeur d'Alene Lake into Columbia R. , in Spokane co. 
 Length about 125 m. 
 
 Spoleto, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Perugia, 12^ m. NNE. 
 Terni ; has important trade in grain and oil. Spoleto was a 
 Roman colony about 242 B.C. P. 9000. 
 
 Spoltore, tn. , Italy, prov. Teramo, 11 m. E. Penne. P. <4000. 
 
 Spondon, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 3 m. E. Derby, 
 on the M. R., PMT.O. P. <2Soo. 
 
 Spon Lane, stn. , Eng. , S. Staffordshire, on the L. & NW. R. , 
 4 m. WNW. New Street stn. , Birmingham ; glass factory here. 
 
 Spooner, tn. , U.S., Wisconsin, Washburn co. , on the Yellow 
 R., 67 m. S. Duluth (Minn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Spooner Row, stn., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., xx\ m. SW. 
 by W. Norwich, on the G. E. R., P.O. 
 
 Spoon Kiver, U.S., Illinois, flows S. out of Bureau co. 
 through Peoria, Knox, and Fulton cos. into Illinois R. , nearly 
 opposite Havana. Length about 140 m. 
 
 Sporades, or Scattered Islands, a subdivision of the Grecian 
 Archipelago, consisting of the islands surrounding the central 
 group, or Cyclades, forming two groups, a northern and a 
 southern, the former belonging to Greece, the latter to Turkey. 
 The Greek Sporades, on the W. , consist of Skiathos, Skopelos, 
 Khiliodromia, Skyro,^gina, Salamis, Hydra, Spetsai,&c. , com- 
 prised in the Greek prov. of Euboea. The Turkish Sporades 
 comprise Scarpanto, Rhodes, Kos, Kalimno, Patmos, Nicaria, 
 Samos, Khios, Mitilini, Lemnos, Imbros, Samothraki, Thasos, 
 and other islands along the coasts of Asiatic and European 
 Turkey, and are attached to the prov. of Jezairi-Bahri-Sefid 
 (Islands of the White Sea). 
 
 Sporades, Polynesian, small isls. , in the equatorial region 
 of Polynesia, including Palmyra, Fanning, Christmas, Maiden, 
 Starbuck, and Howland, islands in possession of England. 
 
 Sporle with Palgrave, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 16 
 m. ESE. King's Lynn, 2 m. NE. by E. Swaffham, x\ m. WSW. 
 Dunham stn. , P.O. (Sporle); 4255 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Spotlaud, par., Eng., Lancashire, i m. W. and partly 
 included in the pari. bor. of Rochdale ; 14,174 ac. P. 37,800. 
 
 Spotoruo, vil. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the coast, 6J 
 m. SW. by S. Savona. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Spott, par., Scot., Haddingtonshire, on Spott Burn, 2 m. S. 
 by W. Dunbar ; 7583 ac. P. <:soo. 
 
 Spottsville, vil. , U.S. , Kentucky, co. and 10 m. E. Henderson, 
 on Green R. ; has coal-mines. P. <i500. 
 
 Spottsylvania, co. , U.S., Virginia, in the E. , to the N. of 38° 
 N. , and E. of 78° W. , bounded on NE. by the Rappahannock. 
 
 Spragne, tn., U.S., Connecticut, New London co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sprague, tn. , U.S., Washington, Lincoln co., 37 m. SW. 
 Spokane Falls. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Spragne's Mill, vil, U.S., Maine, Aroostook co., 3 m. W. 
 Easton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sprattou, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 6^ m. 
 N. by W. Northampton, on the L. & NW. R. , PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Spray Down, upland tract, Eng., in the SE. of the Tiverton 
 div. of Devonshire, about 7 m. NE. Exeter. 
 
 Spreca, riv. , Bosnia, one of the principal r. bk. tribs. of the 
 Bosna, which it joins opposite Doboi after a W. and NW. course 
 of 56 m. 
 
 Spree, riv. , Ger. , rises in the E. of the kgd. of Saxony, close 
 to the Bohemian frontier, flows N. , passing Bautzen in Saxony, 
 Spremberg and Kottbus in the Prussian prov. of Brandenburg, 
 and then winds on the whole NW., passing Liibben and 
 traversing Berlin, finally entering the Havel opposite Spandau, 
 about 6 m. W. of Berlin ; navigable from Leibsch ; connected 
 by the Friedrich Wilhelm Canal with the Oder at Brieskow. 
 Above Liibben it divides into several small arms, traversing the 
 marshy tract called the Spreewald, which has a length of 27 
 
 1481 
 
SPRE — SPRI 
 
 m. , and width of i to 7 m. This tract is divided into the Upper 
 and Lower Spreewald ; the W. part of the former and whole of 
 the latter are well wooded. The woods of the Upper Spreewald 
 or Spreewald proper are mostly of alder, and furrowed with in- 
 numerable natural and artificial canals, which the inhabitants 
 traverse in boats. 
 
 Spremberg, tn. , Prussia, in the S. of prov. Brandenburg, 14 
 m. S. Kottbus, cap. circle Spremberg, with wool spinning and 
 weaving, and noted cloth manufacture. P. (i8i6) <:30oo ; (1890) 
 10,400 ; comm. P. 10,600. 
 
 Spreudllngen, market-tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle 
 Alzey, 17 m. SW. by W. Mainz. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Sprendllngen, vil, Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, prov. Starken- 
 burg, circle and 7 m. SSW. Offenbach. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Spresiano, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 8 m. N. by E. 
 Treviso. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Spreyton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 14I m. 
 W. by N. Exeter, 3 m. SE. North Tawton stn., P.O. P. <;5oo. 
 Spreyton, post-tn. , Tasmania, Devon co. , 26 m. W. Beacons- 
 field. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sprldlington, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 9 
 
 m. N. by E. Lincoln, 5 m. NW. Snelland stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sprlmont, comm. , Belgium, prov. and arr. Li^ge. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Spring, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Chester co. , on Schuylkill 
 
 R., 20 m. N. West Chester. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Spring, city, U.S., Utah, San Pete co., 10 m. NE. Manti, 
 at foot of the Wahsatch Mts. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sprlngbokfonteln, vil., Cape Colony, dist. Namaqua-land, 5 
 m. S. by E. Ookiep. Alt. 3200 ft. Mean temp. (4 yrs. , 1882-86), 
 yr. 60.5° F., Jan. 69.5°, July 49.6°; rfall. (6 yrs.), 8.03 in. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Springt>oro, vil., U.S., Ohio, Warren co., 35 m. NNE. 
 Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sprlngbnru, NE. suburb of Glasgow, Scot., on N. B. R. ; 
 has coal-mines. P. 8700. 
 
 Spring City, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Chester co. , on 
 Schuylkill R. , 21 m. SE. by E. Reading. P. <20oo. 
 
 Spring City, silver-mining vil., U.S., Nevada, Humboldt co. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Spring Creek, postal-stn. , New Zealand, South L, Marl- 
 borough CO., 4 m. from Blenheim by road and rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 Spring Creek, vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Warren co., 34 m. 
 SE. by E. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 Spring Creek, post-tn. , Victoria. See Woolsthorpe. 
 Sprlngdale, settlement, U.S., Montana, Park co. , no m. 
 E. by S. Butte City. 
 
 Sprlngdale, settlement, U.S., Washington, Stevens co. , 30 
 m. NNW. Spokane Falls. 
 
 Springe, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 13 m. SW. by S. Hanover, 
 cap. circle Springe. P. <3000. 
 
 Springer, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Colfax co. , 90 m. 
 NE. by E. Santa F6. Alt. 5766 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 Sprlngerrllle, vil., U.S., Arizona, Apache co. , 200 m. S. by 
 W. from the NE. corner of the terr. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Springfield, post-vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Kings co., 
 32 m. NNE. St. John. P. <isoo. 
 
 Springfield, post-settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, co. 
 Annapolis, 29 m. from Lawrencetown. 
 
 Springfield, or CInnas, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, co. 
 Elgin, 13 m. from St. Thomas. P. < 1500. 
 
 Springfield, par., Eng., Essex, div. and i^m. ENE. Chelms- 
 ford, PT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Springfield, PMT.O., Eng., near Dudley (Worcestershire). 
 Springfield, tn.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Upper Belfast, 4 m. 
 from and included in bor. of Belfast. 
 
 Springfield, electoral div. , Ire., Cavan, dist. Killashandra. 
 Springfield, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co., 
 35 ni. WNW. Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Springfield, P.O., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 8^ m. E. by N. 
 Annan, close to Gretna Green and Gretna Junction stns., and 
 to the English border. 
 
 Springfield, vil., Scot., E. Fife, 2^ m. SW. by W. Cupar, 
 on the N. B. R., PM.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Springfield, post-tn., Tasmania, Dorset co., 23 m. NE. 
 Launceston. P. <ci5oo. 
 
 Springfield, city, U.S. , cap. of state of Illinois, Sangamon co., 
 85 m. NNE. St. Louis(Mo.). The principal manufactures include 
 woollens, paper and pulp, watches, and iron and steel goods. 
 Coal is extensively mined in the vicinity. Oak Ridge, a pictur- 
 esque cemetery ij m. N. of the city, is the burial-place of Lincoln. 
 Near Springfield is Camp Lincoln, the state camp of military 
 instruction. Alt. 644 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). Rfall. (5 yrs.), 
 47.42 in. P. (1870) 17,400; (1880) 19,700; (1890) 25,000. 
 
 Springfield, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Washington co., 50 m. 
 SE. by S. Louisville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Springfield, city, U.S., Massachusetts, Hampden co. , on 
 the 1. bk. of the Connecticut R., 8 m. S. Holyoke, opposite W. 
 Springfield, with which it is connected by three bridges ; an 
 important railroad centre. Has several fine public buildings, 
 including the city library of 90,000 volumes. Forest Park (425 
 1482 
 
 ac.) and Hampden Park (about 60 ac.) are public recreation 
 grounds. Manufactures include the United States armoury on 
 Armoury Hill, the principal arsenal of construction in the 
 country, occupying a park of 72 ac. Various other manufactures 
 carried on. Mean temp., yr. 49.8° F. , Jan. 26.9°, July 74.0°. 
 P. (1850) 11,800; (1870) 26,700; (1880) 33,300; (1890) 44,200. 
 
 Springfield, city, U.S., Missouri, Greene co., 185 m. SW. 
 by W. St. Louis, and 57 m. E. Carthage ; the business 
 centre for an extensive dist. ; has various manufactures. Alt. 
 1352 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 6500; (1890) 21,900. North Spring- 
 field, adjoining vil., P. <i500. 
 
 Springfield, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Union co. , 7 m. WSW. 
 Newark. P. < 1500. 
 
 Springfield, city, U.S., Ohio, Clarke co., 45 m. W. by S. 
 Columbus ; has a large trade in wheat, maize, and other 
 agricultural produce, and cattle. The manufactures, which are 
 very extensive, include agricultural implements. P. (1850) 5100; 
 (1870) 12,700; (1880) 20,700; (1890) 31,900. 
 
 Springfield, vil, U.S., Pennsylvania, Northumberland co. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Springfield, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Bon Homme co. , 27 m. 
 W. by S. Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Springfield, tn. , U.S., Tennessee, Robertson co. , 24 m. N. 
 by W. Nashville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Springfield, tn., U.S., Vermont, Windsor co., on the Black 
 R., 32 m. SE. Rutland. P. < 3000. 
 
 Springfield, mun. tp. , Victoria, Bourke co. , 57 m. N. Mel- 
 bourne by road and rail. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Springfield, North, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Erie co. , close 
 to Lake Erie, 19 m. SW. by W. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Springfield, West, tn. (tp.), U.S., Massachusetts, on r. bk. 
 Connecticut, a little above Springfield. P. 5100. 
 
 Sprlngford, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Oxford, 30 m. 
 from London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sprlngfort, electoral div. , Ire. . co. Cork, dist. Charleville. 
 
 Spring Garden, or Sprlngvllle, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 CO. and 13 m. N. Lancaster. P. 1500. 
 
 Spring Gardens, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Frome, Somerset. 
 
 Spring Grove, eccles. par., Eng., Middlesex, in ancient 
 pars, of Heston and Isleworth, with stn. (Spring Grove and 
 Isleworth) on L. & SW. R. P. <2ooo. See Osterley. 
 
 Spring Grove, post-tn. , New South Wales. See Mlllthorpe. 
 
 Spring Grove, vil., U.S., Illinois, Warren co., 105 m. S. 
 Dubuque (Iowa). P. < 1500. 
 
 Springhead, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Rochdale par. 
 
 Springlilll, tn. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cumberland co. , 
 71 m. W. Pictou. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Springhill, elect, div.. Ire., Londonderry, dist. Moneymore. 
 
 Spring Hill, stn., New South Wales, co. and 23 m. W. by 
 N. Bathurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Spring Hill, vil., U.S., Kansas, Johnson co., 28 m. SW. by 
 S. Kansas City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sprlngliolm, vil. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, on border of Urr 
 and Kirkpatrick Durham pars., 6 m. NE. Castle Douglas, P.O. 
 
 Sprlnghnrst, small post-tn., Victoria, Bogong co., 18 m. 
 NW. Beechworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Spring Lake, vil., U.S., Michigan, Ottawa co., on the r. bk. 
 of the Grand R., a little above Grand Haven, 121 m. WSW. 
 Bay City, in the centre of ' peach belt.' P. <isoo. 
 
 Spring Lake Beach, sea-bathing resort, U.S., New Jersey, 
 Monmouth co. , on the coast, 40 m. E. by S. Trenton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Spring Mill, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery co., on 
 Schuylkill R., 13 m. NNW. Philadelphia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Spring River, stream, U.S., flows from Lawrence co., 
 Missouri, in a SW. course into Neosho R., in Indian Terr. 
 Length about 140 m. 
 
 Sprlngslde, Paisley water-works. See Paisley. 
 
 Sprlngslde Colliery, vil., Scot., N. Ayrshire, 3 m. E. by N. 
 Irvine, with stn. (S.) on G. & SW. R., P.O. See Bankhead. 
 
 Sprlngsnre, stn., Queensland, Denison co., 165 m. W. by 
 S. Rockhampton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sprlngthorpe, pan, Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div. , 
 4 m. E. Gainsborough, 3^ m. SSE. Blyton stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Sprlngton, post-tn., S. Australia, Sturt co., 31 m. NE. by 
 E.Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sprlngtown, electoral div., Ire., Fermanagh, dist. Derrylin. 
 
 Springto>vn, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Warren co., 37 m. 
 NW. by N. Trenton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Spring Vale, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Darwen div., on the 
 L. & Y. R. , 4 m. S. by E. Blackburn. 
 
 Spring Vale, PM.O., Eng., near Sheffield, Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, i m. from Penistone. 
 
 Sprlngvale, vil. , NE. ct. Isle of Wight, 2 m. SE. Ryde. 
 
 Sprlngvale, settlement. Natal, Ixopo dist., 35 m. S. by W. 
 Pieterm ari tzburg. 
 
 Sprlngvale, vil., U.S., Maine, York co., 36 fn. SW. Portland 
 by rail. P. <isoo. 
 
 Spring Valley, city, U.S., Illinois, Bureau co. P. <4000. 
 Spring Valley, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Fillmore co., 90 m. 
 SSE. St. Paul. Alt. 1266 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
SPRI — STAB 
 
 Spring Valley, vil. , U.S., New York, Rockland co. , 15 m. 
 NE. Piermont. P. < 1500. 
 
 Springrllle, post-vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Pictou, 10 
 m. from New Glasgow. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sprlngvllle, vil. , U.S. See Spring Garden. 
 
 SpringTlUe, vil., U.S., Iowa, Linn co., 11 m. NE. by E. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 SprlngTllle, manufacturing vil., U.S., New York, Erie co. , 
 28 m. SSE. Buffalo ; dairy-farming is extensively carried on in 
 the surrounding dist. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sprlngvllle, city, U.S., Utah, Utah co., 43 m. SSE, Salt 
 Lake City ; saltpetre is found in the vicinity. P. <30oo. 
 
 Sprlngwell, PM.O. , Eng., Durham, 3 m. SE. Gateshead. 
 
 Sprlngwell, tn. , Scot., Lanarkshire, part of Stonefieldf^.w.). 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Spring-wood, stn.. New South Wales, Cook co., 44 m. 
 WNW. Sydney ; a favourite resort in the Blue Mts. Alt. 
 1216 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sproatley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holdemess 
 div., 7 m. ENE. Hull, 3 m. SE. by E. Skirlaugh stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Sprogi), small isl., Denmark, in the Great Belt, half way 
 between Nyborg and Korsor. 
 
 Sproston, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 6^ m. SE. 
 Northwich, 2 m. E. Middlewich stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Sprotttrongb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 
 2^ m. W. by S. Doncaster, on the Don, with stn. (Sprotboro') 
 on S. Yorkshire Rly., P.O. (Sprotboroagli). P. <soo; eccles. 
 par. (Sprotbrougb wltb Cadeby) P. <75o. 
 
 Sprottan, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 25 m. W. by S. Glogau, 
 at the confluence of the Bober and Sprotte, cap. circle Sprottau ; 
 manufactures of hosiery and matches. P. (i8i6)<3000 ; (1890) 
 7600. 
 
 Sprotte, riv. , Prussian Silesia. See Bober. 
 
 Sprongbton, par., Eng., Suffolk, partly in the co. bor. of 
 Ipswich, P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Spronston, par., Scot., Roxburghshire, 2 m. ENE. Kelso, 
 on the r. bk. of the Tweed and on the N. B. R., PT.O.; 8635 
 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sprowston, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 3 m. NE. by N. 
 Norwich, PM.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Sproxton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 7 m. 
 ENE. Melton Mowbray, 3^ m. NE. by N. Saxby stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Sproxton wltb Saltby) P. <75o. 
 
 Sproxton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 
 19 m. N. York, i^ m. S. Helmsley stn. P. <25o. See 
 Helmsley, I'pper. 
 
 Spruce, mt., U.S., Nevada, Elko co., 108 m. SSW. of the 
 NE. corner of the state. Alt. 11,041 ft. (King, d.). 
 
 Spry Bay, seapt., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. and 66 m. NE. 
 Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Spry Cape, Canada, Nova Scotia, on SE. ct., in 44° 46' N. 
 
 Spnrness, Holms of, three islets, Scot., in Spurness Sound, 
 Orkney, between Sanday and Stronsay Is. 
 
 Spnrn Point, cape, Eng. , on the coast of the E. Riding of 
 Yorkshire, at the N. extremity of the estuary of the Humber, 
 PT.O. (Spnrn Head). 
 
 Spnrr's Cove, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, co. and 3 m. 
 from St. John. P. < 1500. 
 
 Spnrstow, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 7 m. NW. 
 by W. Nantwich, 2 m. S. Beeston and Tarporley stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Spay ten DnyvU Creek, narrow channel, U.S., New York, 
 connecting Hudson R. with Harlem R., and thence with East 
 R. on Long Island Sound ; too shallow for navigation. 
 
 Spnz (spuzh), vil., Montenegro, on the Zeta, 17 m. NE. by 
 E. Cetinje. 
 
 Spy, comm. , Belgium, prov. and arr. Namur ; a cave in the 
 vicinity has yielded interesting prehistoric remains. P. <40co. 
 
 Spynle, Xew, par., Scot., Elginshire, 2 m. NNE. Elgin; 
 5946 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Spy Klgg, hill, Eng., in Hexham div. of Northumberland, 
 i6i m. WNW. Hexham. 
 
 Sqonatonk Lake, lake, Canada, Quebec, Temiscouata co. , 
 near the NW. frontier of New Brunswick, drained circuitously 
 into Lake Temiscouata. 
 
 Sqnally, or Tencb Island, one of the islands of the Bismarck 
 Archipelago, NNE. of Neu-Hannover, crossed by 1° 40' S. , 
 150° 30' E. 
 
 Sqnani Lake, U.S., New Hampshire, sheet of water in 
 Grafton and Carroll cos. , NW. Lake Winnipeseogee. Length, 
 6 m. ; width, 3 m. 
 
 Sqnan Beacb, part of the coast of New Jersey, U.S. , 39° 57'- 
 40° 5' N. 
 
 Sqnaw Mountain, U.S., Maine, Piscataquis co. , 65 m. NW. 
 by W. Bangor, on the SW. shore of Moosehead Lake. 
 
 SqnlUace, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 10 m. SSW. Catan- 
 zaro, 35 m. W. of the middle of the large gulf or bay to which 
 it gives name, on the site of an ancient Greek settlement. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Sqnlnzano, tn., Italy, prov. and 9 m. NW. Lecce ; has 
 cotton cultivation. P. < 5000, 
 
 Squire's Cairn, mt. , Ire., in the NE. of co. Donegal, 2 m. 
 NW. Moville. Alt. 1058 ft. 
 
 Squlrrell Island, isl., U.S., Maine, near coast of Lincoln 
 CO. , about 15 m. S. Wiscasset ; a summer resort. 
 
 Squirrel's Heatb, P.O., Eng., Essex, i m. from Victoria 
 Road, near Romford. 
 
 Srab, electoral div.. Ire., NW. King's co., bar. Garrycastle, 
 io| m. W. TuUamore. 
 
 Sraheen, electoral div.. Ire, co. Mayo, dist. Ballina. 
 
 Srabniore, electoral div., Ire., co. Mayo, dist. Newport. 
 
 Sramore, electoral div.. Ire., co. Leitrim, dist. Lurganboy. 
 
 Srednekolymsk, dist. tn. , Russia, E. Siberia, prov. and 
 1660 m. NE. of Yakutsk, on 1. bk. Kolyma R., 67° 10' N. , 157° 
 10' E. Mean temp. (4^ yrs. , 1862, 1875-77, 1886-87), yr- 12.5° 
 P., Feb. 28.3", July 55.2°. P. 500. 
 
 Srleni, CO. , Croatia-Slavonia. See Syrmla. 
 
 Srlgonda, Shrlgonda (census), tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, 
 dist. Ahmadnagar, on Bhlma R. , 55 m. E. by N. Poona. P. 
 6400 ; Hindus, 5600. 
 
 Sri-dovindpur, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gurdds- 
 pur, 38 m. E. by N. Amritsar, on the r. bk. of the Beas ; place 
 of great sanctity amongst the Sikhs. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sriharlkot, isl., Brit. India, off the E. ct., stretching about 
 30 m. in front of the Pulicat lagoon ; contains a dense jungle 
 which supplies firewood to Madras city. 
 
 Srl-Madbopur, tn., India, Rajputdna, 75 m. SE. by S. 
 Jaipur. P. (1881) 6800. 
 
 Srl-DIentanl, or Menantl, state, Malay Penin. , one of the 
 Negri-Sembilan group {^.v.) ; it has rich tin-mines. 
 
 Srinagar, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Garhwdl, 100 
 m. NE. by N. Meerut. P. 2400 ; Hindus, 2200. 
 
 Srinagar, decayed tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. and 
 63 m. S. Hamirpur, founded by Mohan Singh about 1710 A.D.; 
 he also built a fort and established the mint for Srinagari 
 rupees, still the commonest throughout S. Bundelkhand ; manu- 
 factures brass idols. P. (i88i)<5ooo. 
 
 Srinagar ( ' the city of fortune '), cap. Kashmir, extends about 
 2 m. on both sides of the Jehlam, here 90 to 150 yards in width, 
 crossed by seven roughly-made wooden bridges, and lined with 
 numerous bathing-places. The city is picturesquely situated 
 in an exceedingly fertile and healthful valley, but surrounded 
 by swampy tracts ; near to it are the Takht-i-Sulaiman (alt. 
 6950 ft.), crowned by an old stone temple; the Hari-Parbat, 
 an isolated hill on the N. outskirts, about 250 ft. high, crowned 
 by the fort. The British Residency is outside the native town, 
 and adjoining it is the Munshi Bagh, or European quarter. 
 Behind the city is the Dal Lake — on which the best of cucumbers 
 and melons are grown on a soil of fine mud, spread over floating 
 beds of matted reeds — surrounded by the pleasure-grounds of the 
 Mughal sovereigns. The leading manufactures are silk and wine. 
 Artistic industries, for which the city has long been noted, appear 
 to have declined, though fine cashmere shawls are still made. 
 The natives make use of the filthy canal water, and suffer 
 terribly from cholera. The Europeans send for water to Lake 
 Dal. Alt. 5276 ft. P. 119,000 (of which about 10,000 live in 
 boats on the river). 
 
 Srlngerl, sacred vil. , India, Mysore, KAdiir dist. , on 1. bk. 
 of Tunga R., in 13° 25' N., 75° 18' E. P. (i88i)<sooo. 
 
 SriperambAdiir, SrlpernnibAdlSir (census), tn., Brit. India, 
 Madras, Chengalpat dist., 35 m. from Madras; birthplace of 
 the Hindu reformer Ramanuja (1016 .A..D.), who founded no less 
 than 700 colleges. P. 6000 ; Hindus, 5800. 
 
 Srirangamj municip., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 3 m. 
 N. Trichinopoli, on Coleroon R. ; has a great temple to Vishnu, 
 the largest in S. India. P. 21,600; Hindus, 21,400. 
 
 Srirangavarapnkot, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, Vizagapatam 
 dist., in 18° 7' N., 83° 11' E. P. <:sooo. 
 
 Srivalkuntbani, Srlvaiknntani (census), tn. , Brit. India, 
 Madras, dist. and 18 m. ESE. Tinnevelli. P. 7200; Hindus, 6500. 
 
 Srlvllllpatur, SrivUllputtiir (census), tn. , Brit. India, 
 Madras, dist. Tinnevelli, 44 m. SW. by W. Madura; has an 
 annual car procession attended by about 10,000 people. P. 
 21,400; Hindus, 20,500. 
 
 SrlwardbAn, tn. , India, Janjira state, on the W. ct. , 68 m. 
 WSW. Poona; has trade in areca-nuts. P. (1881) 7400. 
 
 Srok-ne, vil., Annam, 77 m. N. by E. Saigon. 
 
 Sryetensk, or Stryetensk, dist. tn., Russia, E. Siberia, prov. 
 Transbaikalia, 238 m. E. of Chita, on r. bk. Shilka ; machinery 
 works ; head of regular navigation down the Amur. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ssechwan, or Ssnclivran, prov. , China. See Sttcbwan. 
 
 Ssnniao, tn. , China. See Snmao. 
 
 Staab, tn., Austria, Bohemia, on riv. Radbusa, 12 m. SW. 
 Pilsen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Staad, vil., Switzd., cant, and 7 m. NE. by E. St. Gall, on 
 the S. side of Lake Constance. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Stabannan, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. Ardee, 9^ m. S. by 
 W. Dundalk, 3 m. S. by W. Castlebellingham stn., P.O. 
 (Stabannon) ; 4382 ac. P. <:750- 
 
 1483 
 
STAB — STAF 
 
 Stabio, or Stabblo, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Ticino, dist. and 3 m. 
 WSW. Mendrisio ; has sulphur springs and baths. 
 
 Stabroeck, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. Antwerp ; manu- 
 facture of chicory. P. <:4C)00. 
 
 Stabroek, Brit. Guiana. See George Town. 
 Stacey, isl.. New Guinea. See S»nan. 
 
 Stachelberg, mt. , Switzd. , cant. Glarus, at the base of which, 
 in the Linth valley, is a fashionable bathing establishment. 
 
 Stack, Loch, Scot., Sutherlandshire, Eddrachillis par., on 
 E. side of Ben Stack ; receives the water of Loch More from 
 the S. , and discharges N W. the riv. Laxford. 
 
 Stack, The, two great rocks off W. side of Calf of Man, 
 about 100 ft. high. 
 
 Stackallait, par.. Ire., N. co. Meath, bar. Upper Slane, 4^ 
 m. NE. Navan, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Stack of Scarlett, The, large rock, S. ct. Isle of Man, at 
 Scarlett Point, the SW. extremity of Castletown Bay ; insulated 
 at high water ; 40 ft. high. 
 
 Stackpole Elidor, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3^ m. S. 
 Pembroke, P.O. (Stackpole). P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Stack- 
 pole Elirtor with St. Petrox) P. <5oo. 
 
 Stackpole Hea<l, cape, Wales, on the S. ct. of Pembroke- 
 shire, 5 m. S. by E. Pembroke. 
 
 Stack Rock, South, Wales, off NW. of Holyhead I., 
 Anglesey ; has a lighthouse. 
 
 Stack Rocks (also known as the Eligng Stacks, from the 
 sea-birds which frequent them), a rocky islet, Wales, Pem- 
 brokeshire, in the S. of St. Bride Bay. 
 
 Stack's Moautalus, range of hills. Ire., in the N. of co. 
 Kerry, 5 m. NE. Tralee. Greatest alt. 1170 ft. 
 
 Stacksteads, vil., Eng., Lancashire, Middleton div., on the 
 L. & Y. R. , 2 m. SE. Bacup ; has coal-mining and cotton 
 manufactures. PMT.O. 
 
 Stacnmny, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. S. Salt, on riv. 
 Liffey, 2 m. S. Leixlip. P. <25o. 
 
 8ta«l, or Stadtlandet, cape, W. ct. Norway, in 62° 15' N., 
 130 m. N. Bergen, at the end of a penin. jutting NW. , the 
 only point between Bergen and Trondhjem that is fully exposed 
 to the Atlantic. 
 
 Stad, vil., Switzd., cant. Unterwalden, 7 m. S. by W. 
 Lucerne, at the head of an arm of the Lake of Lucerne and the 
 foot of Mount Pilatus. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Staddlscombe, P.O., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 3^ m. 
 SE. Plymouth. 
 
 Staddle Bridge, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 3 m. 
 from Osmotherley. 
 
 Staddlethorpe, stn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howden- 
 shire div., on the NE. R., 6| m. ENE. Goole. 
 
 Staddon Hill, Eng., Somerset, 15 m. NNW. Tiverton. 
 Staddou Point, promontory, Eng., Devonshire, 2^ m. S. 
 Plymouth, on E. side Plymouth Sound. 
 
 Stade, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, cap. circle Stade, 20 m. 
 W. by N. Altona, on the edge of ' the marsh ; ' iron-smelting, 
 shipbuilding, and manufacture of machinery carried on. Stade 
 had its own counts until 1145, when it was attached to the 
 Archbishopric of Bremen. After the Thirty Years' War it fell 
 to Sweden, and in 1715 to the Electorate of Brunswick. P. 
 (1821) 5400; (1890) 9700. 
 
 Staden, comm. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. Roulers, 
 10 m. NE. by N. Ypres ; has print and bleach works. P. 5300. 
 Staden, vil., Ger., gd.-duchy Hesse, is| m. ENE. Hom- 
 burg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Stadhnnipton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 7^ m. 
 SE. Oxford, 5 m. E. Radley stn., PMT.O. P.<soo. See 
 Chislehanipton. 
 
 Stadsbygden, vil. , Norway, prov. and 12 m. NW. Trondhjem, 
 on Trondhjem Fjord. P. (comm.)<20oo. 
 
 Stadtamhof, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, 
 cap. circle Stadtamhof, on the 1. bk. of the Danube, opposite 
 Ratisbon. P. <:40oo. 
 Stiidterdorf, comm. , Hungary. See ResinAr. 
 Stadtgeblet, suburb of Danzig, W. Prussia. P. <:3000. 
 Stadthagen, tn. , Ger., princip. Schaumburg-Lippe, circle 
 Stadthagen, 23 m. W. by S. Hanover. P. (i86i)<300o; 
 (1890) 5100. 
 
 Stadtilm, tn. , Ger., princip. Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, 12 m. 
 WNW. Rudolstadt. P.<40oo. 
 
 Sta4ltlohn, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Miinster, 
 circle and 7 m. SSW. Ahaus. P. <:3000. 
 
 Stadtoidendorf, tn., Ger., duchy Brunswick, circle Holz- 
 minden, 28 m. NW. by N. Gottingen. P. <3000. 
 
 Stadt Steinach, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Franconia, cap. dist. Stadt Steinach, 24 m. ESE. Koburg. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Stadtsulza, tn., Ger., gd.-duchy Saxe- Weimar, circle 
 Weimar, 7 m. NE. Apolda. P. < 3000. 
 
 Stafa, comm., Switzd., cant. Zurich, 11 m. ENE. Zug, on 
 the N. shore of Lake Zurich. P. <4000. 
 
 StaOTa (from Norse stafa ey, 'Staff island'), islet, Scot., 
 Argyllshire, to the W. of Mull, in 56° 25' N., 6 20^' W., 6 m. 
 1484 
 
 NNE. lona ; except on the NE. shore, it is almost everywhere 
 surrounded by cliffs hollowed with caverns (seven in all), the 
 principal of which are Fingal' s Cave , M ' Kinnon's or Cormorant's 
 Cave, and Boat Cave on the side facing lona, and Clamshell 
 Cave facing the E. The largest and most celebrated of all is 
 Fingal's Cave, bordered by columnar basalt, with a floor of tuff 
 and a vaulted roof of amorphous basalt ; breadth of mouth at 
 the water-line 33 ft., length 288 ft., of which 212 ft. are under 
 cover; height of arch at mouth 117^ ft., at the end 70 ft. 
 M' Kinnon's Cave is in tuff and columnar basalt ; Boat Cave in 
 tuff; Clamshell Cave owes its name to being in curved columnar 
 basalt. 
 
 Staffel, Lake, Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 34 
 m. SW. by S. Munich. 
 
 Staffleld, par., Eng., Cumberland, div. and 8 m. N. by E. 
 Penrith, on Croghn Water, 2 m. N. by W. Lazonby stn. ; 
 5636 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Staffln, PM.O. , Scot., Inverness-shire, Skye I., 18 m. N. 
 Portree. See Stenscholl. 
 
 Staflford, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co., 63 m. 
 WNW. Ottawa. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Stafford, P. O. , Eng. , 3 m. from Dorchester, Dorsetshire. 
 Stafford, pari, and (by prescription) mun. bor. and market-tn. , 
 Eng., Staffordshire, 25 m. NNW Birmingham, in the diocese 
 of Lichfield, on the Sow, a trib. of the Trent, with stns. on 
 L. & NW. R., N. Staffordshire Rly., and (Stafford and Staf- 
 ford Common) on G. N. R. The staple industry is boot and 
 shoe manufactures ; there are also iron, engineering, and salt 
 works. Stafford Castle, on a fine commanding eminence, is 
 on the site of a Norman stronghold overthrown in 1643 ; there 
 are some traces of ancient town walls. There is a large county 
 council hall, a technical school, and school of arts, &c. Market- 
 days, M. , F., and S. Pari, and mun. bor. P. (i8oi)<40oo; 
 (1851)11,800; (1871)15,900; (1891)20,300. 
 
 Stafford, post-tn., New Zealand, South I., Westland co., 8 
 m. NE. .Hokitika. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Stafford, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Tolland co., 50 m. N. by 
 W. New London by rail. P. < 5000. 
 
 Stafford, co., U.S., Kansas, crossed by 38° N., and in the 
 SW. by 99° W. 
 
 Stafford, CO. , U.S. , Virginia, in the E. , N. of 38° N. , between 
 the Rappahannock R. and the estuary of the Potomac. 
 
 Stafford, West, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., on the 
 Frome, 2^ m. E. by S. Dorchester, P.O. (Stafford). P. <25o; 
 eccles. pa'r. (West Stafford with Frome Billet) P. <250. 
 
 Staffordshire, midland co. in the W. of Eng. , divided into 
 the following pari. divs. : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1 891. 
 
 Leek 
 
 Burton .... 
 
 Western .... 
 
 North-Western . 
 
 Lichfield .... 
 
 Kingswinford 
 
 Handsworth 
 
 Pari, bors 
 
 Total 
 
 156.323 
 77,084 
 158,310 
 113,650 
 97,732 
 64,250 
 21,928 
 60,324 
 
 56.7" 
 58,640 
 56.546 
 63.164 
 52,020 
 47.636 
 84,782 
 663,909 
 
 749,601^ 1,083,408^ 
 
 1 The administrative county includes also the part of Burton-upon- 
 Trent urban sanitary dist. in the ancient county of Derby, and the part 
 of Tamworth dist. in that of Warwick, but excludes part of Birmingham 
 county borough. Area, 749,713 ac. P. 1,087,161. 
 
 Staffordshire consists mainly of the upper part of the basin of 
 the Trent, which has its source in the NW. of the county, and 
 is joined on the borders of the county by two important tribs. , 
 the Dove firom the N. forming the greater part of the frontier on 
 the E. , separating Staffordshire from Derbyshire, and the Tame 
 from the SW. , also forming a part of the Derbyshire frontier. In 
 the SW. , where the county is traversed by the Stour, it belongs to 
 the Severn basin. The surface consists mainly of gently 
 undulating lowlands, the higher parts being mainly on the NE., 
 where the county is entered by spurs of the Pennine Chain. 
 This dist. belongs mainly to the Lower Carboniferous series, and 
 is composed largely of the so-called mountain limestone, but 
 the remainder of the county belongs chiefly to the New Red 
 Sandstone, except in two important dists. , one in the N., 
 and one in the S., where the coal-measures crop out on the 
 surface, and along with other local advantages have given rise 
 to two important industries. The county as a whole is one of 
 the most productive coal-mining counties in the country, pro- 
 ducing annually above 13,000,000 tons of coal. The great 
 bulk of this quantity is produced in the southern coalfield, in 
 the dist. known as the Black Country, which stretches into 
 the adjacent cos. of Warwick and Worcester, but within Staf- 
 fordshire itself covers an area measuring about 15 by 10-13 m., 
 mainly occupied by the contiguous pari. bors. of Wolverhamp- 
 
ST AF 
 
 ST A I 
 
 ton, Walsall, Wednesbury, and West Bromwich. This region 
 has long been noted for carrying on all branches of the iron 
 industry, an industry that flourished here long before coal was 
 used in the smelting of iron, and no doubt owed its origin to 
 the abundance of iron ore in the neighbourhood, the former 
 abundance of forests that supplied charcoal fuel for smelting, 
 and the facility with which iron could be sent up the Severn 
 from the Forest of Dean, and the products of the iron industry 
 distributed by the same route. Among the specialties of the 
 different places in this dist. are locks at Wolverhampton and 
 Walsall, nails and chain cables at Cradley Heath, spurs and 
 saddlery at Walsall, bits at Bloxwich, anchors at Tipton, steam- 
 engines at Soho, glass at Smethwick, railway carriages and 
 aluminium at Oldbury, keys at Wednesfield, tinplate at Bilston. 
 Iron ore is still largely produced in the county, but mainly in 
 the N. of the county, and of late years the production has 
 decreased (a few years ago upwards of a million tons annually, 
 now about three-quarters of a million). The N. coalfield forms 
 the dist. known as ' the Potteries,' from the industry which 
 has long had its chief seat here [Bnrglem]. It is occupied 
 by the three contiguous pari. bors. of Hanley, Longton, 
 and Newcastle - under - Lyme. Next in importance to coal 
 among minerals is iron. Besides coal and iron, the principal 
 minerals are gypsum at Hanbury, and salt, which is extracted 
 from brine, at Stafford. Zinc ore is mined to a small extent 
 at Warslow, and copper ore at Ecton, near Warslow. Apart 
 from agriculture, the most important industries of the county, 
 in addition to those mentioned in connection with the two 
 coalfields, are the brewing of ale at Burton, and the dyeing 
 and spinning of silk at Leek. The middle parts of the county 
 are entirely agricultural and pastoral, and from pp. 7-9 of the 
 Appendix it may be seen that the county takes a high place as 
 regards the extent of permanent pasture and the number of cattle 
 reared relatively to area. The county is well provided with the 
 means of communication. There is a close network of railways, 
 chiefly belonging to the L. & NW. R. and G. W. R., but in- 
 cluding in the N. the North Staffordshire Rly., the lines of which 
 connect the Potteries and Leek with the L. & NW. R. system 
 at Crewe, Sandbach, and Macclesfield. The Trent and Mersey 
 Canal traverses the N. of the county, the Stafford and Worcester 
 Canal the S. , and the Birmingham canals circulate in the Black 
 Country. Staffordshire is in the diocese of Lichfield. It has thirteen 
 mun. bors.: Burslem, Burton, Hanley, Lichfield (also a city), 
 Longton, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Stafford, Stoke-upon-Trent, 
 Tamworth, Wolverhampton, West Bromwich, Wallsall, and 
 Wednesbury. Under the early English this county was part 
 of the kingdom of Mercia ; in 1016 the inhabitants were as 
 much Danish as Saxon. At Bloreheath, 1459, occurred one of 
 the Yorkist victories ; and at Tutbury Castle Mary Queen of 
 Scots was imprisoned, 1579-72. See England, table. 
 
 Stafford Springs, bor., U.S., Connecticut, Tolland co. , 22 
 m. NE. by E. Hartford ; greatly resorted to by summer visitors ; 
 has chalybeate springs. P. <;isoo. 
 
 Staffordstoivn, tnld. , Ire., W. co. Antrim, bar. Upper 
 Toome, 6^ m. W. Antrim, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Staffordstown, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Skreen, 4 m. SE. 
 Navan. P. <25o. 
 
 StaffordvUle, vil. , U.S., Connecticut, Tolland co. , 26 m. 
 NE. by E. Hartford. P. <i500. 
 
 Stafniis, vil., Sweden, prov. (Ian) Vermland, 30 m. WNW. 
 Karlstad, in a region of lakes and mountains. P. (comm.) 
 <4000. 
 
 Staggla, vil., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 11 m. NW. Siena. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Staglleno, tn., Italy, Liguria, prov. and 2 m. NE. Genoa. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Stagiio, comm., Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on the E. ct. 
 of the penin. of Sabbioncello, 25 m. NW. by W. Ragusa. 
 P. 5800. 
 
 Stagno Lombardo, vil., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 6 m. 
 SE. Cremona. P. <:3000. 
 
 Stagnoue, Isola dello, one of the Egadi Is., Italy, 3 m. N. 
 by E. Marsala. 
 
 Stagsdeu, par., Eng. , Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 4 m. 
 W. Bedford, 2^ m. SE. by S. Turvey stn. , P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Stags of Broad Haven, islets, Ire. See Broad Haren, 
 Stags of. 
 
 Stablbroda, vil. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, 10 m. SE. by E. 
 Stralsund, on the Strela Sund. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Stabolmog, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Lower Kells, 4 m. 
 SW. Nobber. P. <25o. 
 
 Stalden, vil.. Isle of Man, on the E. ct. , 3J m, SW. 
 Douglas. 
 
 Stain, vils. , Eng., Lincolnshire. See MaMethorpe and 
 Wlthern. 
 
 Stalnall, vil., Eng., Lancashire, Lancaster div., on the r. bk. 
 of the Wyre, 3 m. SE. by S. Fleetwood. See Stalmlne. 
 
 Stalnbrougli, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Holmfirth 
 div., 2^ m. SW. Barnsley, i^ m. SSE. Dodworth stn., P.O. 
 (Stalnboro'). P. <5oo. 
 
 Stalnburu, par., Eng., Cumberland, i m. E. Workington, 
 P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Stalnbnrn, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., 
 4^ m. SSW. Harrogate, 2 m. WNW. Weeton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stalnby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 8^ m. 
 S. by W. Grantham, 5 m. WSW. Corby stn., P.O. P. <25o ; 
 eccles. par. (Stalnby -wltb <>>unby) P. <25o. 
 
 Stalncllffe, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in 
 ancient par. of Batley, with a stn. (Stalncllffe and Batley Carr) 
 on the L. & NW. R. P. <45oo. 
 
 Stalncross, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. N. 
 Barnsley, on the M. S. & L. R. 
 
 Stalndrop, par., Eng., Durham, in the S. of the Barnard 
 Castle div. , on Langley Beck, 8 m. SW. Bishop Auckland, 2 m. 
 NNW. Winston stn., PMT.O. P. < 1500. See Cockfleld. 
 
 Staines (Saxon Stane), par. and market-tn. , Eng., in the 
 SW. of Middlesex, Uxbridge div., on the 1. bk. of the Thames, 
 here crossed by a bridge, 6 m. SE. Windsor, on the G. W. and 
 L. & SW. Rlys. , and another stn. (Staines Jnnc.) on the L. & 
 S W. R. ; said to derive its name from an ancient stone marking 
 the limit of the jurisdiction of the Corporation of London on the 
 Thames. Market-day, F. P. 5100. 
 
 Stalnfleld, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 9 m. 
 E. Lincoln, i^ m. SW. Kingthorpe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stalnforth^ par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 7 m. NE. 
 Doncaster, on the Don, with a stn. (Stalnfortb and Hatfield) 
 on the M. S. & L. R., PM.O. P. <750. 
 
 Stalnfortb, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 on the 1. bk. of the Ribble, 24 m. SE. Kendal, 2^ m. N. Settle, 
 PM.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Stalnlngball, vil., Eng., Norfolk. See Horstead wltb 
 Stalnlnghall. 
 
 Staluland, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Elland div., 
 3I m. S. by W. Halifax, with a stn. (Stalnland and Holywell 
 Green) on the L. & Y. R. ; has manufactures of woollen, wor- 
 sted, and cotton goods. P. 5000 ; tn. (Stalnland ivlth Old 
 Lludley) P. 5000. 
 
 Stalnley, Nortb, with Slenlngford, par., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, on the Ure, div. and 3^ m. NNW. Ripon, 2 m. SE. 
 Tanfield stn. ; 4244 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stalnley, Soutb, with Cayton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, 9 m. S. of N. Stainley, i m. S. by E. Wormald 
 Green stn., P.O. (South Stalnley). P. <2So. 
 
 Stalnmore, par*? Eng., Westmorland, 3 m. SE. Brough. 
 P. <:750 ; eccles. par. (Sonth Stalnmore) P. <soo. 
 
 Stalnmore Forest, upland tract, Eng. , Yorkshire (N. Riding) 
 and Westmorland, 13 m. NW. by W. Richmond, 12 m. ESE. 
 Appleby. ' 
 
 Stains, tn., France, dep. Seine, arr. St. Denis, 7 m. N. by 
 E. Notre Dame, Paris; manufacture of celluloid. P. < 2000. 
 Stalnsacre, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding. See Hawsker. 
 Stalnton, P.O., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on the 
 r. bk. of the Eden, 2 m. NW. Carlisle. 
 
 Stalnton, vil., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div. See 
 Streatlam. 
 
 Stalnton (by Langworth), par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. 
 Lindsey div., on the Withim, 7 m. NE. by E. Lincoln, i m. S. 
 by W. Snelland stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Stalnton, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 4^ m. S. 
 Kendal, on St. Sunday Beck, 7.\ m. S. Oxenholme June, P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Stalnton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 
 4^ m. S. by W. Middlesbrough, 3J m. SE. by S. Stockton 
 South stn. , P.p. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Stalnton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 5 m. 
 
 SW. by W. Richmond, 4 m. N. by W. Leyburn stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stalnton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 6 m. 
 
 S. by W. Doncaster, 4^ m. SE. by S. Conisbrough stn. P. < 
 
 250; eccles. par. (Stalnton with Hellaby) P. < 250. 
 
 Stalnton, Cireat and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Durham, Great Stainton, SE. div., 5^ m. NE. by N. Darling- 
 ton, 2 m. SW. by W. Stillington stn.' P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Stalnton, Market, par., Eng., Lincolnshire. See Market 
 Stalnton. 
 
 Stalnton Dale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, Whitby div., on the 
 NE. R., 7 m. NNW. Scarborough, P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Stalnton-le-Vale, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 
 12 m. SW. by S. Grimsby, 5 m. NE. by E. Market Rasen, 4J 
 m. E. by N. Usselby stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. (Stalnton-le- 
 Tale with Klrmond-le«Mlre) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Stair, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R. , 
 668 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Stair, P.O., Eng., Cumberland, in the SW. of the Penrith 
 div., 2| m. SW. by W. Keswick, 2 m. SW. Braithwaite stn. 
 
 Stair, par., Scot., S. Ayrshire, on the 1. bk. of the riv. Ayr, 
 6 m. E. by N. Ayr, i m. S. Tarbolton stn., P.O.; 5376 ac. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Stalrfoot, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, x\ m. SE. 
 Barnsley, with a stn. (Stalrfoot for Ardsley) on the M. S. & 
 L. R., PMT.O. 
 
 1485 
 
STAI — STAN 
 
 StalrhaTen, fishing harbour, Scot., Wigtownshire, on Luce 
 Bay, Old Luce par. , 3 m. S. Glenluce. 
 
 Staithes, fishing tn., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 8i 
 m. XW. by W. Whitby, on the NE. R. , with a coastguard 
 station. James Cook (1728-79), the navigator, was apprenticed 
 here. PMT.O. 
 
 Staltl, vil., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 23 m. ESE. Reggio. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Stake, viL, Sweden, prov. Sodermanland, on the NE. side of 
 Lake Malar, 14 m. NW. Stockholm. 
 
 Stake, Hill of, Scot., on the border of Renfrewshire and 
 Ayrshire, in the NW. , 8h m. S. Greenock. Alt. 1711 ft. 
 
 Staked Plain, U.S., Texas. See Llano Estacado. 
 
 Stake House Fell, upland tract, Eng., in the NW. of 
 Lancashire, about 9 m. SE. Lancaster. 
 
 Stake Pass, mt. pass, Eng. , on borders of Cumberland and 
 Westmorland, between Stickle Pike and Rossett Crag. Alt. 
 1576 ft. 
 
 Stakes Hill, P.O., Eng., Hampshire, 4 m. NW. Havant. 
 
 Stalbrldge, ancient Staplebridge, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, 
 N. div., 6 m. E. Sherborne, on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O.; 
 5882 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Stalden, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, 8 m. SW. by W. Brieg, 
 at meeting-place of the Niklaus-thal and Saas-thal. P. <20oo. 
 
 Staley and Mlllbrook, stn. , Eng. , Cheshire. See Stayley. 
 
 Stale.vbrldge, tn. , Eng. See Stalybrldge. 
 
 Stalbani, par. and small tn., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 14 m. 
 SE. by S. Cromer, on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly., PMT.O. 
 Market-day, Tu. P. < 1000. 
 
 Sta-Llmene, isl., Turkey in Europe. See Leiunls. 
 
 Stalisfield, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 6 m. SW. by S. 
 Faversham, 2| m. NE. by N. Charing stn., P.O. (Stalisfleld 
 Green). P. <;5oo. 
 
 Stalla, or Blvlo, vil. , E. Switzd. , cant Grisons, 10 m. NE. 
 Chiavenna, at the base of the Julier Pass, 5774 ft. above the sea. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Stalllngborongh, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div. , 
 4^ m. W. by N. Grimsby, on the M. S. & L. R., P.O. (Stal- 
 llngboro*) ; 4517 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Stalling Bnsk, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 div. and 19 m. SW. by W. Richmond, 3^ m. SW. by S. Askrigg 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stallupiinen, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, cap. circle 
 Stalluponen, 40 m. SE. Tilsit. P. < 5000. • 
 
 Stalmlne with Stalnall, par., Eng., Lancashire, Lancaster 
 div., 3 m. SE. by E. Fleetwood, 3 m. WSW. Pilling stn., 
 PMT.O. (Stalmlne). P.<:75o. 
 
 Stalybrldge, or Staleybrldge, pari, and (since 1857) mun. 
 bor. and market-tn. , Eng., Cheshire, 7 m. E. Manchester, in 
 the dioceses of Manchester and Chester, on the Tame and the 
 Huddersfield Canal, with stns. on the L. & NW. R. and L. & Y. 
 R. ; staple industry, cotton spinning and weaving ; has also 
 iron-works and manufactures of machinery. Enfranchised in 
 1867, Stalybridge has since returned one member to Parliament. 
 It took its name from an ancient lord of the manor called 
 Staveley, but the present town dates from 1776. Market-day, 
 S. Mun. bor. (1871) 21,100; (1891) 26,800; pari. bor. P. 
 44,100; eccles. pars, in Lancashire (New Stalybridge) P. < 
 4000; (Old Stalybrldge) P. < 3000. 
 
 Stanibangta, vil., U.S., Michigan, Marquette co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stamber Mill, eccles. par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, in ancient 
 par. of Old Swinford. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Stambonl, French spelling of the Turkish name of €on> 
 stantlnople. 
 
 Stanibonrne, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 11 m. E. Saffron 
 Walden, tM m. W. by N. Yeldham stn., P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Stambrldge, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Essex. Great Stam bridge, SE. div., on the N. bank of the 
 estuary of the Roach, i\ m. N. by E. Southend, li m. ENE. 
 Rochford stn. , P.O., P. <;soo; Little Stam bridge, P'<2So. 
 
 Stambnl. See Constantinople. 
 
 Stamford (Anglo-Sa.xon Steanford (' stone-ford '), so called 
 because the Roman paved road known as Ermine Street here 
 crossed the Welland by a ford), mun. bor. (since the year 972), 
 par., and market-tn., Eng., Lincolnshire and Northampton- 
 shire, Stamford div. of the former, and Northampton div. of the 
 latter, in the diocese of Lincoln, on the Welland, on branches 
 of the G. N. R., L. & NW. R., and M. R. The chief trade 
 is agricultural Of very ancient origin ; here was fought the 
 first battle in repelling the Picts and Scots (a.D. 449) ; became 
 one of the five Danish towns. From Edward IV. till 1867 it 
 returned two members to Parliament, then one till 1885, when 
 it was merged in the pari. div. of Stamford. Adjoining on the 
 S. are Burghley House and Park (200 ac. ), the former begun by 
 Lord Treasurer Cecil in 1577. Market-day, F.; cattle-market, 
 M. Mun. bor. P. (1801)4000; (1851) 8900; (1891) 8400; pari, 
 div. P. 47,700. 
 
 Stamford, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., i\ m. NE. by N. Alnwick, i m. N. by W. Little Mill stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 148G 
 
 Stamford, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co., 20 m. WSW. 
 Bridgeport, the residence of many New York business men ; 
 has a small harbour, accessible to steamboats by a canal. There 
 are various manufactures. P. (1850) 5000 ; (1870) 9700 ; (1880) 
 11,300; (1890)15,700. 
 
 Stamford, vil. , U. S. , New York, Delaware co. , 50 m. WSW. 
 Albany. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stamford Bridge, small tn., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Howdenshire div., on the Derwent, 8 m. ENE. York, on the 
 NE. R. ; scene of battle, 1066, in which the Norwegian king 
 Harold Hardrada was slain. PMT.O. Pars. , East Stamford 
 Bridge, P. <5oo ; Stamford Bridge with Scoreby, P. <:25o. 
 See Catton. 
 
 Stamford Brook, eccles. par., Eng., co. London, in ancient 
 par. Hammersmith. P. 5400. 
 
 Stamfordham, eccles. ptu". , Eng., Northumberland, on the 
 Pont, div. and 10 m. ENE. Hexham, 5J m. N. by W. Prudhoe 
 stn., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Stamford Hill, eminence, Eng., Cornwall, NW. of Stratton; 
 scene of a Royalist victory, 1643. 
 
 Stamford Hill, suburb of London, Eng., Middlesex, Totten- 
 ham div. , 4^ m. N. by E. St. Paul's, London, on the G. E. R. 
 
 Stampalla Island, Asiatic Turkey. See Astypalaea. 
 
 Stampede Pass, U.S., Washington, place where the N. P. R. 
 crosses the Cascade Range through a tunnel 9850 ft. in length. 
 
 Stampfen, comm. , Hungary. See Stomfa. 
 
 Stamphaue Islands. See Strirall Islands. 
 
 Staius, vil., Austria, Tirol, dist. and 12 m. ENE. Imst, at 
 foot of the Hocheder Spitze. Near it is a monastery, founded 
 in 1271 by Elizabeth of Swabia, containing a rich collection of 
 MSS. , &c. P. < 2000. 
 
 Stamallln, par. and tn., Ire., E. co. Meath, bar. Upper 
 Duleek, 7 m. SSE. Drogheda, 2 m. from Gormanstown stn., 
 P.O. (Stamnllen). Par. 5144 ac, P. <:75o; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stauage, par., Wales, Radnorshire, in Knighton union. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Stanalees, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 3 m. from St. Austell. 
 
 Stanberry, city, U.S., Missouri, Gentry co., 36 m. NNE. 
 St. Joseph. P. < 3000. 
 
 Stanbrldge, post-vil., Canada, Quebec, Missisquoi co., 40 
 m. SE. by S. Montreal; a railway junction. P. -C1500. 
 
 Stanbrldge, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, div. and 8^ m. W. by 
 N. Luton, close to Stanbrldge Ford stn., on the L. & NW. R.; 
 has manufactures of straw-plait. P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Stanbrldge, vil., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., on the Allen, 8 
 m. N. Poole, 3 m. N. by W. Wimborne stn. See Hintou Parva. 
 
 Stanbrldge Ford, stn., Eng. See Stanbrldge. 
 
 Stanbnry, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Keighley div., 
 c,\ m. NW. by N. Halifax, \\ m. W. Haworth stn. 
 
 Stanchlo, isl. , Asiatic Turkey. See Ko. 
 
 Standard Hill, par., Eng., in co. and co. bor. of Notting- 
 ham. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Standbrldge, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. S. 
 Wakefield. 
 
 Staudertou, tn. , South African Republic, cap. of Standerton 
 dist., no m. SE. Pretoria. 
 
 Standerwlck, vil. , Eng. , Somerset. See Beckiugton. 
 
 Standfast Point, cape, Eng., on the E. ct. of Dorsetshire, 
 2^ m. S. of the entrance to Poole Harbour. 
 
 Standford, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 2J m. NW. 
 Hy the , close to Westenhanger stn. , PT. O. (Stanford). P. < 500. 
 
 Standground, par. , Eng. , Huntingdonshire and Cambridge- 
 shire, Isle of Ely, \\ m. S. and included in the parL bor. of 
 Peterborough, P.O. (Stangronnd). P. < 1500. 
 
 Standla, isL , Turkey. See Dhla. 
 
 Standlsh, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 6^ 
 m. SSW. Gloucester, i m. S. by W. Haresfield stn. P. < 500 ; 
 eccles. par. (Standlsh with Hardwicke) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Standlsh, tn., U.S., Maine, Cumberland co., 15 m. NW. 
 Portland. P. -c 2000. 
 
 Standlsh with Langtree, par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, 
 Chorley div., 3 m. NW. by N. Wigan, i m. W. of its stn. 
 (Standlsh) on the L. & NW. R. ; coal-mining. P. 5400. 
 
 Standlake, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 7^ m. 
 W. by S. Oxford, P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Standllnch, par., Eng., Wiltshire, on riv. Avon, 5 m. SE. 
 Salisbury. P. <250. 
 
 Standon, vil., Canada. See St. Leon. 
 
 Standon, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and 8 m. NE. 
 Hertford, on the Rib, on a branch of the G. E. R., P.O.; 7745 
 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Standon, par., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., •j\ m. SW. 
 by S. Stoke-upon-Trent, i m. W. Standon Bridge stn., on the 
 L. & NW. R., PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Standrigg, vil. , Scot. , Stirlingshire. See Wallacetown and 
 Standrlgg. 
 
 Stane, part of par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Stain. 
 
 Stane, par., Eng., Middlesex. See Staines. 
 
 Stane, vil., Scot., Mid Lanarkshire, 6 m. ENE. Wishaw, 
 \ m. SE. Shotts stn. P. (including Bambrae)<i50o. 
 
STAN — STAN 
 
 Stane«lge Tnnuel, the longest tunnel in England next to the 
 Severn tunnel, on L. & NW. R., in W. Riding, Yorkshire, 
 between Hudderfield and Manchester (Colne and Tame valleys). 
 Length, 3 m. 62 yds.; alt. of summit, loio ft.; depth below 
 surface, 580 ft. 
 
 Staueshaw Klg, hill, Eng., Cumberland, in the E. of the 
 Penrith div. , 13 m. ENE. Penrith. Alt. 1940 ft. 
 
 Stanfleld, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 20 m. E. King's 
 Lynn, 3 m. W. North Elmham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stanfold, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Athabaska co., 53 m. SW. 
 by W. Quebec, on a railway. P. <i5co. 
 
 j^tauford and Hermannspetrusfoiitein, rural vils., Cape 
 Colony, dist. Caledon, the former 65 m. ESE. Cape Town. 
 P. (joint) < 2000. 
 
 Stanford, P.O., Eng., Hampshire, 2 m. from Headley. 
 
 Stanford, PT.O., Eng., Kent. See Staudfonl. 
 
 Stanford, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 22 m. SE. by S. 
 King's Lynn, 5 m. W. by S. Stow Bedon stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stanford, or Stanford-on-ATon, par., Eng., Mid div. of 
 Northamptonshire, on the Avon, 6 m. ENE. Rugby, with a 
 stn. (Yelvertoft and Stanford Park) on the L. & NW. R. 
 P. <:25o; eccles. par. (Stanford-on-ATon with Swlnford, 
 partly in Leicestershire) P. <5oo. 
 
 Stanford, tn. , U.S., Kentucky, Linch co. , 74 m. SE. by E. 
 Louisville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stanford Bishop, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 3 m. 
 ESE. Leominster, 2 m. W. Suckley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stanford Bridge, PM.O., Eng., Worcestershire. See 
 Stanford-oii-Tenie. 
 
 Stanford Dlngley, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 7 m. 
 ENE. Newbury, 3^ m. N. Midgham stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Stauford-ln-the*Vale, par., Eng., Berkshire, on the Ock, 
 div. and 10 m. W. by S. Abingdon, 4 m. ESE. Faringdon, 2 
 m. NNW. Challow stn., PMT.O. P. < 1000; eccles. par. 
 (Stanford-ln-the-Vale with Goosey) P. < 1500. 
 
 Stanford-le-Hope, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., ii| m. 
 ESE. Romford, on the London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly. , 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stanford-on-Avon. See Stanford, Northamptonshire. 
 
 Stanford-on-Teme, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley 
 div., on the r. bk. of the Teme, 11 m. SW. Kidderminster, 5 
 m. SE. by E. Newnham Bridge stn., PM.O. (Stanford 
 Bridge). P. <:25o. 
 
 Stanford Rivers, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 7^ m. N. 
 by E. Romford, 2 m. SW. by S. Ongar stn., P.O.; 4414 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Stanford University, California. See Palo Alto. 
 
 Stanford-npon-Soar, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rush- 
 cliffe div., on the Soar, 2 m. N. Loughborough. P. <:25o. 
 
 Stanga, riv. , Sweden, prov. (Ian) Ostergotland, trib. of Lake 
 Roxen. At Stangebro, on its lower banks, was fought in 1598 
 the decisive battle between King Sigismond and his uncle, 
 afterwards Charles IX. 
 
 Stange, vil., Norway, prov. and 6 m. SSE. Hamar, in a 
 mountainous region. P. (comm.) 6200. 
 
 Stanger, vil. , Natal, on the E. ct. , Lower Tugela div. , 40 m. 
 NNE. Durban. 
 
 Stanghella, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. Padua, 7 m. SSW. 
 Monselice. P. <400o. 
 
 Stanghow, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 
 ii| m. ESE. Middlesbrough, ij m. SE. Boosbeck stn. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Stangronnd, P.O., Eng., Huntingdonshire. See Stand- 
 gronnd. 
 
 Stangvlk, vil., Norway, prov. and 68 m. WSW. Trondhjem, 
 on the SE. ct. of Halse Fjord. P. (comm. )<:4ooo. 
 
 Stanhoe, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 16 m. NE. by E. 
 King's Lynn, i m. SSE. of its stn. on the G. E. R. , PM.O. 
 P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Stanhoe with Barwlck) P. <75o. 
 
 Stanhope, riv. , Brit. New Guinea, flowing S. into the Gulf 
 of Papua, which it enters in about 1445° E. , navigable to 7° 15' S. 
 
 Stanhope, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Durham, Barnard 
 Castle div., on the 1. bk. of the Wear, 14^ m. WNW. Bishop 
 Auckland, on the NE. R., PMT.O. Market-day, F. Par. 
 60,834 ac. , P. 8100; tn. P. < 2000. Stanhope Common, an 
 upland tract to the W. 
 
 Stanhope, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Sussex co. , 28 m. W. 
 Paterson ; has manufactures of pig iron and mineral wool. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Staulmaka, tn. , Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. and 12 
 m. SE. by S. Philippopolis ; in the centre of a rich wine-growing 
 dist. P. (1888) 12,200; Bulgarians, 4600; Greeks, 6800. 
 
 Stanlon, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 12 m. 
 N. by E. Wellingborough, 2 m. SE. Corby stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 See Brlgstock. 
 
 Stanlslcs Bajmok, comm., Hungary, prov. Bacs-Bodrog, 
 15 m. SW. by W. Maria Theresiopel. P. 7200. 
 
 Stanislas, settlement, Canada, Quebec, Champlain co. , on 
 the riv. Batiscan, 60 m. W. by S. Quebec. 
 
 Stanlslau, or Stanlslawoiv, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 
 
 58 m. SW. Tarnopol, situated at the junction of principal com- 
 mercial routes from SE. of prov. ; grain trade, and manufacture 
 of agricultural machinery. P. (1869) 14,500 ; (1890)22,400. 
 
 Stanislaus, co. , U.S., California, crossed in N. by38°N., 
 and traversed by San Joaquin R. 
 
 Stanko, isl. , .^Egean Sea. See Ko. 
 
 Stanley, post-vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, York co. , on the 
 riv. Nashwaak, 25 m. N. by W. Fredericton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stanley, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the Sault St. 
 Mary line of the C. P. R. , 483 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Stanley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Ilkeston div., 5 m. NE. by 
 E. Derby, i m. W. West Hallam stn., P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stanley, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 7 
 m. W. by S. Durham, 2^ m. E. by N. Towlaw stn. ; has coal- 
 mines. PMT.O. P. <:45oo. 
 
 Stanley, tn., Eng., Durham, dist. and 4 ni. NE. Lanchester. 
 P. 7600. 
 
 Stanley, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, in the E. of Liver- 
 pool, on the Edge Hill and Bootle branch of the L. & NW. R. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 Stanley, P.O., Eng., Staffordshire. See Endon. 
 
 Stanley, a co. in the SE. of Queensland, on Moreton Bay. 
 
 Stanley, vil., Scot., E. Perthshire, on the r. bk. of the Tay, 
 6 m. N. by W. Perth, with a junction stn. on the C. R. ; has 
 cotton factories. PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stanley, co. , S. Australia, crossed in the S. by 34° S. , between 
 138° and 139° E. 
 
 Stanley, or Circular Head, seaport tn. and port of entry, 
 Tasmania, Wellington co. , 89 m. ENE. Beaconsfield, on Bass's 
 Strait, in 145° 17' E. It is the nearest Tasmanian port to Mel- 
 bourne, with which and also with Launceston and Macquarie 
 Harbour (W. ct.) it has regular steam communication. The 
 harbour, safe and deep, is sheltered by Circular Head. The town 
 was founded in 1827. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stanley, co., U.S., N. Carolina, N. of 35° N., and E. of 81° 
 W. , bounded on the NE. by the Yadkin R. , and on the S. by 
 the Rocky R. 
 
 Stanley, co. , U.S., S. Dakota, between 44° and 45° N., and 
 bounded on the E. by the Missouri R. 
 
 Stanley, post-tn., Victoria, Bogong co., on Nine Mile 
 Creek, in 36° 29' S., 146" 45' E. ; owing to its height snow- 
 storms are not infrequent during winter. Mount Stanley, 5 m. 
 SE., commands a magnificent view. Alt. 3444 ft.; alt. of town, 
 2400 ft. 
 
 Stanley Conunon, P.O., Eng., Derbyshire, 2 m. SW. West 
 Hallam. 
 
 Stanley Falls, stn., Congo Free State, on the r. bk. of the 
 Congo, just below the falls of the same name, in 0° 24' N. , 
 25° 27' E. , founded on its present site in 1888. The original 
 settlement founded by Stanley, 1883, occupied the W. extremity 
 of Wana Russari I. See Congo, riv. 
 
 Stanley Pontlarge, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury 
 div., 5^ ra. NE. by N. Cheltenham. P. <25o. See Tod- 
 dlngton. 
 
 Stanley Pool, an expansion of the Congo just above the 
 rapids to the S. of 4° S. Alt. 920 ft. See Chart, Proc. R. G. S. , 
 1885, map, p. 416. 
 
 Stanley Range of Hills, New South Wales. See Barrier 
 Range. 
 
 Stanley with Wrenthorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Normanton div., on the Calder, 2^ m. NNE. Wake- 
 field, with stn. (Stanley) on the G. N. R., PMT.O. (Stanley) ; 
 4674 ac. P. 15,600. 
 
 Stanlow, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., at junction of 
 rivs. Gowy and Mersey, 7 m. N. by E. Chester. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Stannier, par., Eng., Sussex, Lewes div., 3^ m. NE. by N, 
 Brighton, li m. NW. Falmer stn., P.O. P. <25o ; eccles. par. 
 (Stannier with Falmer) P. <750. 
 
 Stanmore, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Middlesex, div. and 4 m. N. by E. Harrow, 2^ m. SW, Elstree 
 stn., with a stn. (Stanmore) on the L. & NW. R. Great 
 Stanmore, P. <i5oo; Little Stanmore, P. <iooo. 
 
 Stanner, stn. , Wales, Radnorshire, on the G. W. R. , 3^ m. 
 SE. New Radnor. 
 
 Stanner Point, headland, Eng., Lancashire, N. side of 
 mouth of Ribble R. ; has lighthouse. 
 
 Stanney, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Cheshire, I^ittle Stanner, Wirral div., 4^ m. N. by E. Chester, 
 2 m. SE. Ellesmere Port stn. P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Stannlfer, post-tn. , New South Wales, Gough co. , 85 m. N. 
 by E. Tamworth ; centre of a rich tin-mining dist. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stannlngfield, par., Eng., Suffolk, 5^ m. SE. Bury St. 
 Edmunds, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Stannlnghall, part of eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk. See 
 Fretteuham. 
 
 Stannlngley, eccles. par, and tn. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, Leeds St. Peter par., with a stn. on the L. & Y. R., 
 and another stn. (Stannlngley for Parsley) on the G. N. R. , 
 PMT.O. P. 5600. 
 
 Stannlngton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 
 
 1487 
 
STAN — STAP 
 
 on the Blythe, 4 m. S. by E. Morpeth, with stn. (Stannlngton, 
 formerly Netberton) on the NE. R., P.O.; io,3i6ac. P. <i5oo. 
 Staniitiiston, eccles. par., Eng. , Yorkshire, Hallamshire div. , 
 3§ m. W. by N. Sheffield, PM.O. P.<35oo. 
 
 StsnoTOl Khrebet, Russia, E. Siberia, the watershed be- 
 tween the rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific. 
 According to old conceptions, an uninterrupted chain of moun- 
 tains was traced, and is traced still, on obsolete maps, along this 
 water-parting from the sources of the Selenga, in the S. of 
 Urga, along the Yablouovol, or Stanovol Mountains in 
 middle Transbaikalia, then eastward across the lower terrace of 
 the High Plateau (see Siberia), to join the Stanovoi ridge, or 
 Jugjur, on the coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk. The non-existence 
 of a chain of mountains in the middle parts of this stretch was 
 already proved by the Siberian expedition (Schwarz, Memoirs oj 
 Siberian Expedition, 1864), and subsequently it was shown 
 [Memoirs Russian Geog. Soc, General Geography, v., V.) that 
 the Yablonovoi ridge projects north-eastwards from Urga to 
 Chita and the upper Nercha, as a border ridge of the upper 
 terrace of the plateau, separating it from the lower terrace, 
 while the Stanovoi, or Jugjur, runs NE. to SW. to join the 
 Great Khingan, and is the SE. border ridge of the lower terrace 
 of the plateau, and must be pierced by the Amur about Kumara. 
 The passes across it, easily reached from the plateau, lie almost 
 in the level of the latter (2000-3500 ft.), while the mountains 
 rise to 5000-7000 ft., and have a very steep slope towards the 
 E. , sharply separating the Siberian flora from the Manchurian. 
 
 Stanplt, PM.O., Eng., i m. from Christchurch, Hampshire. 
 
 Stans, tn. , Switzd. , cant. Unterwalden, 7 m. SSE. Lucerne, at 
 N. side of Stanserharn. P. (comm. ) < 3000. 
 
 gtansbnry, post-tn., S. Australia, Fergusson co., 47 m. W. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stansbnry, isl. , U.S., Utah, in Great Salt Lake; about 20 
 m. in length ; elevation about 3000 ft. 
 
 Stansfleld, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Sudbury div. , 8J m. SW. by S. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, 4^ m. N. by E. Clare stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Stansfleld, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Sowerby div., 
 with stn. (Stansfield Hall) on the L. & Y. R. , on the N. side 
 of Todmorden (Lancashire) ; 6331 ac. P. 11,300. 
 
 Stansgate, vil., Eng., Essex, E. div. See Steeple. 
 
 Stansstad, vil., Switzd., cant. Unterwalden (Nid dem Wald), 
 on the Lake of Lucerne, 6 m. SSE. Lucerne, 2 m. NW, Stans. 
 P. <:200o. 
 
 Stanstead, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Quebec, cap. 
 Stanstead co., 80 m. ESE. Montreal, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Stanstead, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., SJ m. S. by W. 
 Gravesend, 3 m. N. Wrotham and Borough Green stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Stanstead, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Sudbury div. , 9 m. S. by W. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, 2 m. NNE. Glemsford stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stanstead, vil., Eng., Sussex, div. and 7 m. NW. by W. 
 Chichester, 2 m. E. Rowlands Castle stn. See Forest Side. 
 
 Stanstead Abbots, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, div. and 4 m. 
 E. Hertford, on the Lee, PMT.O. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Stanstead St. Margaret, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, on the 
 Lee, I m. W. by S. Stanstead Abbots, with a stn. (St. 
 Margaret's) on the G. E. R. P. <:2so. 
 
 Stansted Monntfltcbet, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 9^ m. 
 S. by W. Saffron Walden, close to Stanstead stn. on G. E. R., 
 PMT.O. (Stansted) ; 4224 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Stansty, par., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., 2 m. NW. by 
 N. Wrexham, i m. S. Giversyllt stn. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Stanswood Bay, bay, Eng., Hampshire, to the SW. of the 
 entrance to Southampton Water. 
 
 Stanthorne, par., Eng., Cheshire, i m. NW. Middlewrich. 
 
 P. ■<250. 
 
 Stanttaorpe, tp., Queensland, Bentinck co., 100 m. SW. 
 Brisbane; has important tin-mines. Climate invigorating; suited 
 to culture of European fruits and vegetables. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stanton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 10 ni. WSW. 
 Chesterfield, 2 m. SW. Rowsley stn. ; coal is mined here. PM.O. 
 (Stanton Hill). P. < 1000 ; eccles. par. (Stanton in Peak 
 •wMk Kowton, or Blrcbover) P. < 1000. 
 
 Stanton, P. O. , Eng. , Derbyshire. See Stanton and Newball. 
 
 Stanton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 6| 
 m. S. by E. Evesham. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Stanton wltb 
 SnowshUl) P.<750- 
 
 Stanton, par., Eng., Northumberland, 5 m. NW. Morpeth. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Stanton, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 11 m. SE. by E. 
 Leek, 2^ m. WNW. Clifton stn. P. <soo. See Ellastone. 
 
 Stanton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stown»arket div., 9 m. NE. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Stanton, PM.O., Eng., Worcestershire, 2 m. from Stanway. 
 
 Stanton, vil., U.S., Delaware, New Castle co., 7 m. SW. 
 Wilmington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stanton, co., U.S., Kansas, on W. frontier, crossed by 37*° N. 
 
 Stanton, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Powell co., 36 m. SW. Paris, 
 on Red R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stanton, city, U.S., Michigan, Montcalm co., 64 m. WSW. 
 Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 1488 
 
 Stanton, or Stanton Copper Mines, vil., U.S., Missouri, 
 Franklin co., 65 m. SW. St. Louis by rail, on Maramee R. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Stanton, co., U.S., Nebraska, in the NE., W. of 97° W., 
 crossed in the N. by 42° N. 
 
 Stanton, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Mercer co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Missouri R. , 44 m. NW. by N. Bismarck. 
 
 Stanton, Long, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 16 m. SSE. 
 Shrewsbury, 3^ m. ESE. Rushbury stn., PM.O. P. <500 ; 
 eccles. par. (Long Stanton with Brockton) P. <500. 
 
 Stanton, Long, All Saints, and Stanton, Long, St. Mlcbael, 
 two pars. , Eng. , Cambridge. Long Stanton All Saints, Chester- 
 ton div., 6 m. NW. Cambridge, i\ m. NW. Oakington stn., 
 P.O., P. <5oo; Long Stanton St. Michael, P. <25o. 
 
 .Stanton and Newball, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, S. div. , 2 m. 
 SE. Burton-on-Trent, P.O. (Stanton). P. < 5000. 
 
 Stantonbnry, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, i^ m. NE. 
 Wolverton, PMT.O. P. <;250 ; eccles. par. (Stantonbnry 
 yrittk Xew Bradwell) P. <25oo. 
 
 Stanton by Bridge, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 6 m. 
 S. by E. Derby, 2 m. SSW. Chellaston and Swarkestone stn., 
 P.O. P. <;25o ; eccles. par. (Stanton by Bridge Mitta Swar- 
 keston) P. <5oo. 
 
 Stanton by Dale, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, Ilkeston div. , 7 m. 
 E. by N. Derby, i m. WSW. Stanton Gate stn. on the M. R., 
 PM.O. P. <:75o; eccles. par. (Stanton by Dale witb Dale 
 Abbey) P. <isoo. 
 
 Stanton Drew, par. , Eng. , Somerset, N. div. , 6 m. S. by E. 
 Bristol, i^ m. W. Pensford stn.; coal mined. P.O. P. <7So; 
 eccles. par. (Stanton Drew witb Pensford) P. <75o. 
 
 Stanton Fltzwarren, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade div., 
 4^ m. N. by E. Swindon, with a stn. (Stanton) on a branch 
 of the G. W. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Stanton Gate, stn. , Eng. , Derbyshire. See Stanton by Dale. 
 
 Stanton Harconrt, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Woodstock div. , 
 6 m. W. Oxford, 2 m. S. Southleigh stn., P.O. P. <:750. 
 
 Stanton Hill. See Stanton, Eng. , Derbyshire. 
 
 Stanton in Peak. See Stanton, Eng. , Derbyshire. 
 
 Stanton Lacy, par., Eng., Salop, div. and 3 m. NNW. 
 Ludlow, 12^ m. N. Leominster, P.O. (Stanton Lacey) ; 5745 
 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Stanton Moor, Eng. , Derbyshire, Youlgreave par. ; has a 
 stone circle. 
 
 Stanton on tbe Wold, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rush- 
 cliffe div., 6i m. SE. by S. Nottingham, i m. SE. Plumtree 
 and Keywort'h stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Stanton Prior, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 5 m. W. by S. 
 Bath. P. <25o. 
 
 Stanton St. Bernard, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, 6 m. E. Devizes, 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stanton St. Gabriel, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., on 
 Lyme Bay, with a coastguard station 4 m. E. Lyme Regis, 
 5 m. W. by S. Bridport stn. P. <:25o. See Wtaltchnrcb 
 Canonlcornni. 
 
 Stanton St. John, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 
 4J m. ENE. Oxford, 3 m. NNW. Wheatley stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stanton St. Qnintln, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham 
 div., 15 m. NNE. Trowbridge, 4 m. N. by W. Chippenham stn. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Stanton-nnder-Bardon, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Bosworth 
 div., 8 m. WNW. Leicester, 2 m. NE. Bardon Hill stn. P. < 
 500. See Thornton. 
 
 Stanton-npon-Hlne-Heath, par., Eng., Salop, Newport 
 div., on the Roden, 9 m. NE. by N. Shrewsbury, 3J m. W. by 
 N. Peplowstn., P.O. (Stanton); 5662 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Stanway, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 4^ m. W. Colchester, 
 on Roman R. , iJ^ m. E. by N. Marks Tey sui., P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stanway, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 7^ 
 m. S. by E. Evesham, PT.O. P.<50o. 
 
 Stanway, vil. , Eng., Herefordshire. See Adforton. 
 
 Stan well, par., Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge div., 2 m. NE. 
 by N. Staines, PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Stanwlck, par., Eng., E. div. of Northamptonshire, 6 m. 
 ENE. Wellingborough, i^ m. ENE. Higham Ferrers and 
 Irthlingborough stn., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Stanwlck St. John, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. 
 and 6^ m. N. Richmond, 3^ m. SW. Piercebridge stn. P. < 
 250 ; eccles. par. (Stanwlck St. John with Caldwell and 
 Aldbrongh) P. <75o. 
 
 Stau'wlx, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on the r. 
 bk. of the Eden, ij m. N. Carlisle; 6646 ac. P. <350o. 
 
 Stanz, vil. , Austria, Tirol, 46 m. W. by S. Innsbruck, i m. 
 from the 1. bk. of the Inn. P. <20oo. 
 
 Stanzstad, vil., Switzd., on the Lake of Lucerne. See 
 Stansstad. 
 
 Staosunaig Loch, bay, Scot., Argyllshire, in the E. of 
 Colonsay I. 
 
 Staoii^ll, Algeria. See Staweli. 
 
 Stapeley, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Crewe div. , 2 m. SE. Nant- 
 wich. P. <7SO. 
 
S TAP — STAR 
 
 Stapeulilll, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire and Derbyshire, S. div. , 
 I m. SE. Burton. P. < 5000; eccles. par. (StapenMll with 
 Canldwell) P. 5200. 
 
 Stapliorst, comm. , Holland, Overijssel, 10 m. NNE. Zwolle. 
 P. 5300. 
 
 Staplebrldge, Eng. , Dorsetshire. See Stalbrldge. 
 
 Staplecros»4, PMT.O., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 8 m. NNW. 
 Hastings, 3 ni. ESE. Robertsbridge stn. 
 
 Staplefleld Coniinon, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, E. Grin- 
 stead div., 7 m. ESE. Horsham, 2 m. WSW. Balcombe stn., 
 P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Staple Fltzpalne, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 
 
 5 m. SSE. Taunton. P. <25o; eccles. par. (Staple Fltzpalne 
 with Blckeiihall) P. <soo. 
 
 Stapleforfl, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, on the border of 
 the Chesterton div., 4^ m. S. by E. Cambridge, i m. SSE. 
 Shelford stn. , P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Stapleford, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, div. and 2^ m. N. by 
 W. Hertford, on the Beane, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Stapleford, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 3^ m. E. 
 by S. Melton Mowbray, i m. S. Saxby stn. P. <25o. See 
 Saxhy. 
 
 Stapleford, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., on 
 the Witham, 6 m. ENE. Newark, 4 m. SSE. Swinderby stn. 
 P. <25o. See Carlton-le-Moorland. 
 
 Stapleford, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div. , 
 
 6 m. W. by S. Nottingham, with a stn. (Stapleford and 
 Sandlacre) on the M. R. ; has silk and lace manufactures. 
 PMT.O. P. < 4500. 
 
 Stapleford, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., on the Wily, 
 
 7 m. N\V. Salisbury, 2 m. N. Wishford stn., P.O. P. 250. 
 Stapleford Abbots, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 4^ m. 
 
 N. Romford, 3J m. SE. by E. Theydon Bois stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Stapleford Tawney, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 6^ m. 
 N. Romford, 3 ni. E. Theydon Bois stn. P. <25o ; eccles. par. 
 (Stapleford Tawney with Theydon Mount) P. <5oo. 
 
 Staplegate, par., Eng., Kent, in co. bor. of Canterbury. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Staplegrove, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., i^ m. 
 NW. Taunton, PT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Staple Hill, stn. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, on the M. R. , 2 m. 
 from Fishponds, PMT.O. 
 
 Staplehnrst, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 9 m. S. Maid- 
 stone, on the SE. R. ; 5897 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Staple Inn, par. , Eng. , in co. and partly in city of London. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Staple-next- Wlnghani, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine 
 div., 4 m. W. by S. Sandwich, 3 m. ENE. Adisham stn., P.O. 
 (.Staple). P. <75o. 
 
 Stapie.s, The, islets. See Fam Islands. 
 
 Stapleton, par., Eng., Cumberland, 9 m. NE. Longtown ; 
 4744 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stapleton, par. and tn., Eng., suburb of Bristol, Gloucester- 
 shire, in the N. div., with a stn. (Stapleton Road) on the 
 G. W. R. P. 14,600. 
 
 Stapleton, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 12 m. WNW. 
 Leominster, i m. NE. Presteigne stn. P. <250. 
 
 Stapleton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 4 m. SE. by 
 S. Bosworth, 3 m. E. by N. Stoke Golding stn., P.O. P. <;25o. 
 
 Stapleton, par., Eng.; Salop, Oswestry div., 5^ m. S. by W. 
 Shrewsbury, I5 m. N. by W. Dorrington stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Stapleton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div. , 
 on the r. bk. of the Tees, 2 m. SW. by W. Darlington, P.O. 
 P. < 250. 
 
 Stapleton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3 m. SE. 
 Pontefract. P. < 250. 
 
 Stapleton, vil. , U.S., New York, Richmond co., NE. ct. 
 Stat en L, 6 m. S. by W. New York by steamboat. Here is the 
 Kentgen observatory. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stapleton Island, isl. of the middle cluster of the Arzobispo 
 Archipelago, N. Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Staple Tor, hill, Eng., Devonshire, on Dartmoor Forest, 15 
 m. ESE. Launceston. 
 
 Stapyltou, CO., New South Wales, on the N. frontier, and 
 crossed by 150° E. 
 
 Star, Staryi, Staraya, Staroye, Staro, Stara, Slavonic, 'old.' 
 
 Star, P.O., Scot., E. Fife, 4^ m. SE. by E. Falkland, i^ m. 
 NE. ^larkinch stn. 
 
 Stara, Slavonic, 'old.' See Star. 
 
 Stara Planina (Slavonic, 'old mountains'). See Balkan 
 .llountalns. 
 
 Starasol, tn. , Austria, Galicia, 4 m. NNW. Staremiasto ; salt 
 mine and petroleum spring. P. <20oo. 
 
 Staraya, Slavonic, 'old.' See Star. 
 
 Staraya Unsa, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 61 m. S. Nov- 
 gorod, on Polist R. ; salt springs, salt extracted ; mineral 
 waters much visited in summer ; town well built. P. 15,400. 
 
 Stara Zagora (Turkish Eshl-Saghra), tn., Bulgaria, Eastern 
 Roumelia, cap. prov. Stara Zagora, 45 m. S. Tirnovo. Situated 
 in an exceedingly fertile dist., producing cereals, wine, and fruit ; 
 1489 
 
 silk and wool of excellent quality. P. (1888) 16,000 ; Bulgarians, 
 13,100; Moham. 2100. 
 
 Starbeck, stn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. E. Harro- 
 gate, on the NE. R. ; sulphur springs near. PMT.O. 
 
 Starbotton, P.O., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 on the Wharfe, 23 m. W. Ripon, 9 m. E. by N. Horton stn. 
 
 Starbuck, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of the 
 C. P. R., 24 m. WSW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Starbuck, British isl.. Pacific, in about 5^° S., 156° W.; has 
 guano deposits. 
 
 Starbuck, settlement, U.S., Washington, Columbia co., 22 
 m. N. by E. Walla walla. 
 
 Starcross, eccles. par. and watering-place, Eng. , Devonshire, 
 Tiverton div., ferry stn. for and 2 m. W. by N. Exmouth, on 
 theG. W. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Starcsova, comm., Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. Pancsova. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Starenijasto, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, 23 m. W. by 
 N. Drohobycz. P. <4000. 
 
 Stargard, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Strelitz, circle and 15 m. 
 NE. Neustrehtz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Stargard, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, cap. circle Saatzig, 
 on the Ihna R., 22 m. E. by S. Stettin ; has railway workshops 
 and various manufactures. P. (1871) 17,300; (1890) 23,700; 
 comm. P. 23,800. 
 
 Start, Slavonic, ' old.' See Star. 
 
 Starl Ad£begovac, tn., NE. Servia, circle Podunavlje. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Starltsa, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 48 m. SW. Tver, on steep 
 banks of Volga. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Stark, CO. , U. S. , Illinois, crossed in S. by 41° N. , and bounded 
 on W. by 90° W. 
 
 Stark, CO., U.S., N. Dakota, partly bounded on the N. by 
 47° N., and crossed in the W. by 103° W. 
 
 Stark, CO. , U.S. , Ohio, W. of 8i° W. , bounded on N. by 41° N. 
 Starke, co., U.S., Indiana, N. of 41'' N., and E. of 87° W. 
 Starkenbach, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 18 m. W. by N. Trau- 
 tenau. P. <3000. 
 
 Starkenburg ('strong castle'), the prov. of gd. -duchy Hesse, 
 Ger., S. of the Main, and E. of the Rhine; named after the 
 castle of Starkenburg (above Heppenheim, in the Odenwald), 
 built in 1064, now in ruins. 
 
 Starkholmes, P. O. , Eng. , Derbyshire, i m. from Matlock 
 Bath. 
 Starksboro, tn., U.S., Vermont, Addison co. P. <i500. 
 StArkvllle, tn. , U.S., Mississippi, Oktibbeha co. , no m. 
 NE. Jackson. P. <20oo. 
 Stamiore, vil., Eng., Leicestershire. See Westrlll. 
 Starnberg, vil., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 circle and 15 m. SW. Munich, at the foot of the Wiirm-See 
 (lake). P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Starobyelsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 140 m. ESE. 
 Kharkov ; fabrication of sheep-skin (Astrakhaii) caps. P. 
 11,900. 
 
 Starodub, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 116 m. NE. Chernigov, 
 26 m. SE. Klintsy railway stn.; extensive orchards; trade in 
 corn and hemp. P. 24,800. 
 
 StArokonstantlnov, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Volhynia, 120 
 
 m. WSW. Zhitomir, on Sluch R. ; trade with Austria and 
 
 Odessa in corn, salt, cattle, and swine. Alt. 900 ft. P. 19,400. 
 
 Staro-Korsunskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, 
 
 prov. Kuban, about 50 m. NNE. Ekaterinodar. P. 7100. 
 
 Staro-Mlnskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, 42 m. 
 E. by S. Yeisk, on Sasyka R. P. 9900. 
 
 Staro-Mzhe'stebllerskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Cau- 
 casia, prov. Kubaii, 55 m. NW. Ekaterinodar. P. 7000. 
 
 Staro Xovoselo ('old new town'), vil., Bulgaria and Eastern 
 Roumelia, prov. and 25 m. NNW. Philippopolis. P."<2ooo. 
 
 Staro-ShcherblnoTskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Cau- 
 casia, prov. Kuban, 22 m. ESE. Yeisk, near mouth of Yeya. 
 P. 9800. 
 
 Staro-Tatarovskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, 
 prov. Kuban, dist. Temryuk. P. 6100. 
 
 Staro- Vellchkovskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, 
 prov. Kubaii, 32 m. NW. Ekaterinodar, on Ponura R. P. 6500. 
 Staroye, Slavonic, 'o}<t.* See Star. 
 
 Star Peak, or Meralaba Island, isl. , New Hebrides, Banks 
 Is., in 14° 30' S. , 168° o' E. 
 
 Star Peak, culminating peak of W. Humboldt Range, U.S., 
 Nevada. Alt. 9925 ft. 
 
 Starr, co., U.S., Texas, in the SE., on the Rio Grande (S. 
 frontier), crossed in the extreme NE. by 98° W. 
 
 Starrncca, or Starucca, vil. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, Wayne co. , 
 10 m. SE. Susquehanna. P. < 1500. 
 
 Starston, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., isi m. S. Norwich, 
 4 m. N. Harleston stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 " Start Bay, Eng. , in the S. of Devonshire, N. of Start Point. 
 Startforth, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 12^ m. 
 NW. Richmond, on the r. bk. of the Tees, opposite Barnard 
 Castle. P. <75o. 
 
 5B 
 
STAR — STAY 
 
 Startou, vil. , Eng., Warwickshire, Stoneleigh par., 4 m. S. 
 Coventry. 
 
 Start Point, cape, Eng., in the SE. of Devonshire, in 3° 38' 
 W. , with a lighthouse in 50° 13' N. 
 
 Start Point, headland, Scot., Orkney Is., E. extremity of 
 Sanday I. ; has a lighthouse. 
 
 Staryl Bykhov, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 36 m. S. 
 Moghilev, on r. bk. Dnieper. P. 5700. 
 
 Staryl Oskol, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 92 m. ESE. 
 Kursk, on Oskol R. ; entrep6t for corn. P. 9860; over 15,000 
 with adjoining suburbs. 
 
 Stary-Sacz, coram. , Austria. See Sandec, Alt. 
 
 Starilca, tn. , Bulgaria, N. of the Balkans, prov. Tirnovo. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Stassfnrt, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Kalbe, 19 m. S. 
 by W. Magdeburg, on the r. bk. of the Bode. Along with the 
 neighbouring town of Leopoldshall, in Anhalt, Stassfurt owes its 
 importance to its deposits of potash salts and (below these) rock- 
 salt, first mined in 1839, and rendered much more productive by 
 a deep boring since 1851. The bed of rock-salt has a thickness 
 of upwards of 750 ft. The potash salts (kainite) have given rise 
 to large numbers of chemical works producing potassium, chloride 
 of potassium, glauber salts, saltpetre, magnesia, &c. P. (1816) 
 <2oop; (1871) 10,300; (1890) 19,100. 
 
 Staszdw, tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 60 m. S. by E. 
 Radom. P. 7750. 
 
 Stat« Centre, vil, U.S., Iowa, Marshall co. , 83 m. W. Cedar 
 Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 State College, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Centre co., 11 m. S. 
 by W. Bellefonte ; the seat of Pennsylvania state college. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Staten Island, off the SE. of the mainland of Tierra del 
 Fuego, -^gentine Republic, crossed by 54° 40' S. , and in the E. 
 by 64° W. 
 
 Staten Island, Kurile Is. See Itarnp. 
 
 Staten Island, isl., U.S., in New York Harbour, forming 
 Richmond co.. New York coast, separated from New Jersey on 
 the N. by the Kill von Kull, and on the W. by Arthur Kill or 
 Staten I. Sound, across which there is a drawbridge belonging 
 to the Baltimore and Ohio Rly., which has its terminus on 
 the island. Surface productive and hilly in the N. ; and Grimes 
 Hill (alt. 307 ft.) commands a fine view of New York bay and 
 city. It has several villages and many country residences, as 
 well as thriving fisheries. On the E. shore, opposite Long 
 Island, several forts and water-batteries command the Narrows, 
 entrance to New York Harbour. Clifton, on Staten I., is 
 the quarantine station for New York. At Stapleton is the 
 U.S. Marine Hospital. The Sailors' Snug Harbour for super- 
 annuated seamen is on N. shore. Length, 14 m. ; breadth, 4-8 
 m. ; area, 63 sq. m. 
 
 States of the Church, the papal terrs. in Italy. See Italy, 
 Historical Notes. 
 
 StatesTllle, city, U.S., N. Carolina, Iredell co., 25 m. W. 
 by N. Salisbury by rail. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Statfold, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Lichfield div. , 3 J m. NE. 
 by E. Tamworth. P. <25o. 
 
 Stathelle, coast vil. , Norway, prov. Bratsberg, on S. side of 
 Brevik Fjord, 12 m. S. by E. Skien. P. < 2000. 
 
 Stathern, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 9^ m. 
 WSW. Grantham, with a stn. (Harby and Stathern) on the 
 G. N. R., PM.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Station Peak, hill, Victoria, on N, shore of Geelong Harbour, 
 Port Phillip Bay. 
 
 Statland, penin., W. ct. Norway, prov. Bergen, terminated 
 by Cape Stat or Stadt ; celebrated as the m.eeting-place of 
 aerial currents, resulting in formidable tempests. It is con- 
 sidered by Broch to be the limit of the coast-line of the North 
 Sea. 
 
 Staubbach, cascade, Switzd. See Lanterbmnnen. 
 
 Staufen, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, circle and 9 m. SW. 
 by S. Freiburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Stanghton, (;reat, par. , Eng. , Huntingdonshire, div. and 9 m. 
 SW. by W. Huntingdon, 5 m. WNW. St. Neots stn., PMT.O.; 
 6407 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Stanghton, Little, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, 2 m. SW. Great 
 Staughton (Huntingdonshire), P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stannton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div., 3 
 m. E. Monmouth, ij m. S. Symonds Yat stn., PT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Staunton, Herefordshire. See Stannton on Arrow and 
 Staunton on Wye. 
 
 Staunton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 6^ m. S. 
 Newark, 2^ m. S. Cotham stn., PT.O. (Staunton>ln-the-Vale). 
 P. <25o; eccles. par. (Staunton with Flawborough) P. <25o. 
 
 Staunton, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham div., 8 m. 
 WSW. Tewkesbury, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Stannton, city, U.S., Illinois, Macoupin co., 34 m, NE, St. 
 Louis (Mo.) ; coal is mined here. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Staunton, vil., U.S., Indiana, Clay co., 4 m. SW. Brazil by 
 rail; has extensive coal-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Staunton, city, U.S., Virginia, Augusta co., on Central Rly., 
 1490 
 
 96 m. WNW. Richmond, in centre of Shenandoah Valley, 
 with abundant water-supply ; noted for its excellent schools, 
 which are largely attended. Alt. 1379 ft. (R.R.). P. 7000. 
 
 Staunton, riv., U.S., Virginia, rises in Alleghany Mts., 
 Montgomery co. , flows E. , and unites with Dan R. to form the 
 Roanoke R. Length about 200 m. 
 
 Staunton Harold, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Bosworth div., 
 10 m. W. Loughborough, 2 m. W. Worthington stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Stannton on Arrow, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 7 
 m. W. by N. Leominster, 2 m. NW, Pembridge stn., PT.O. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Staunton on Wye, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster 
 div., 9^ m. WNW. Hereford, 2A m. W. Moorhampton stn., 
 PMT.O. P.<750. 
 
 Stavanger, seapt. tn. , Norway, prov. Stavanger, on the W. 
 ct., 100 m. S. Bergen. It has two harbours, the Vaagen and 
 Ostervaagen, separated by small peninsula. Exports large 
 quantities of herrings and lobsters ; also sheep, minerals, &c. ; 
 shipbuilding. Important deposits of apatite on isl. of Hille, 
 near Stavanger. Has an ancient cathedral. Much resorted to 
 of late years by tourists. P. (1865) 16,600 ; (1891) 22,500. 
 
 Stavanger Fjord, fiord, SW. ct. Norway, a S. branch of 
 Bukke {g.v.) Fjord, and itself dividing into Lyse, Hole, and 
 Gans Fjords. 
 
 Staveley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, NE. div., 4 m. ENE. 
 Chesterfield, on the Chesterfield Canal and the M. R. , and with 
 stns. (Staveley Town and Staveley Works for Barrow Hill) 
 on M. S. & L. R. ; has extensive collieries. PMT. O. 6872 ac. 
 P. 9400. 
 
 Staveley, par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 10 m. 
 WSW. Kendal, at the foot of Windermere, i^ m. from Lake 
 Side stn. , PMT.O. ; 4199 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Staveley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., 3 J 
 m. N. Knaresborough, close to Copgrove stn., PM.O. P. <soor 
 
 Staveley, Over and Nether, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , West- 
 morland, on the Kent, div. and 4^ m. NW. Kendal, with a stn. 
 (Staveley) on the L. & NW. R. Market-day, W. Over 
 Staveley, P. < 1000; Nether Staveley, P. <5oo. 
 
 Staveley Works, stn., Eng., Derbyshire. See Staveley. 
 
 Stavelot, comm., Belgium, prov. Liege, arr. Verviers, on the 
 Amel, 7 m. SSE. Spa ; has ferruginous springs, and manufacture 
 of cheese. P. < 5000. 
 
 Stavenhagen, tn. , Ger. , Mecklenburg-Schwerin , circle Malchin , 
 
 24 m. N. by W. Neustrelitz ; birthplace (' Stemhagen ') of the 
 humourist Fritz Reuter (1810-24). P. <4000. 
 
 Staverton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 8J m. 
 W. Torquay, on riv. Dart, here crossed by a bridge, and on the 
 G. W. R. , P. O. ; 5204 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Staverton, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div. , 3^ 
 m. W. by N. Cheltenham, P.O. P. <50o; eccles. par. (Staver- 
 ton with Boddlngton) P. <:75o. 
 
 Staverton, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 9 m. S. 
 by E. Rugby, 2 m. W. by S. Daventry, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Staverton, eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire, West bury div., 2^ 
 m. N. Trowbridge. P. < 500. 
 
 Stavulk, vil., Hungary. See Srzavnlk. 
 
 Stavnlng Fjord. See Rlngkjoblng. 
 
 Stavoren, tn., Holland, prov. Friesland, on the Zuider Zee, 
 
 25 m. E. by S. Helder. 
 
 Stavropol, govt., Russia, N. Caucasia, bounded by Don 
 Cossacks and Astrakhafi on N., Kuban on W. , Terek on S. , 
 and Caspian Sea on E. It covers the E. part of the undulating 
 high plains (1500-2000 ft.) which spread out at the foot of the 
 main chain of the Caucasus, and are diversified about Pyatigorsk 
 by a group of several mountains (2800-4600 ft. high), the Besh- 
 tau, while on N. and E. they are enclosed by prairies 200-400 ft. 
 above the sea-level. Poorly watered by the Kuma, which is 
 lost in the steppes before reaching the Caspian, and the Pod- 
 kumok, Karamyk, Buivola, tribs. of the Kuma. The Manych 
 chain of lakes (which receives the two Yegorbyks and the Kalaus) 
 separates it from Eurojjean Russia. Forests scarce, even in the 
 S. Climate severe, the average temp, at Pyatigorsk being, yr. 48°, 
 Jan. 25°, July 71°. Population mixed, there being in the steppes 
 about 10,000 Lamaite Kalmyks, nearly 18,000 Turkomans, 
 and over 17,000 Nogais. The remainder (over 650,000) are Great 
 and Little Russians, whose numbers rapidly increase. Together 
 with Terek and Kubaii, Stavropol is now becoming a granary 
 for Russia, the crops of 1892 having attained 3,400,000 quarters 
 of various grains (2,040,000 of wheat). Vine culture much 
 spread in the basin of middle Kuma ; flax is also grown. Cattle- 
 breeding is very important, there being 125,000 horses, 653,000 
 horned cattle, and over 2,600,000 sheep kept. Manufactures 
 (chiefly flour-mills, distilleries, and tanneries) are only beginning 
 to develop. Divided into four dists. : Stavropol, Alexandrovsk, 
 Medvyezhinsk, and Novogrigorievsk. The terr. occupied by 
 the nomads is divided into three dists. {prisiavstoo) : Bolshe- 
 Derbetovskiy, Turkoman, and Achikulak. Alt. 1919 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 47.5° F. , Jan. 25.2°, July 68.8°. Area, 23,398 sq. m. 
 P. (1892) 695,366. 
 
 Stavropol, tn. , Russia, cap. of above govt. , 360 m. N W. Tiflis, 
 
STAY — STEI 
 
 and 30 m. from Kavkazskaya railway stn., with which it is 
 going to be connected by rail ; brisk trade in corn, cattle, and 
 sheep-skins, exported. P. 35,960. 
 
 Stavropol, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 97 m. NW. Samara, 
 on 1. bk. Volga. P. 5380. 
 
 Stavros, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Salonica, ii| m. SW. 
 of the mouth of the Struma. 
 
 Stavros, Cape, Turkey, N. ct. Crete, in 24° 59' E. 
 Stavrotas, mt., Greece, culminating point of isl. Leukas. 
 Alt. 3745 ft. 
 
 Staward, stn. , Eng. , Northumberland, Hexham div. , 9 m. 
 WSW. Hexham, on the NE. R. In vicinity are the ruins of an 
 ancient border stronghold, StawartI Peel. 
 
 Staweli (French spelling 8taon<^li), vil., Algeria, near the N. 
 ct., arr. and 8 m. W. Algiers, in 36° 44' N., 2° 55' E. Alt. 
 377 ft. Rfall. (s yrs.), 20.02 in. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Stawell, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 4J m. E. by N. 
 Bridgwater. P. <25o. See Moorlliich. 
 
 Stawell, bor., Victoria, Borung co., 20 m. NNW. Ararat; 
 important agricultural centre in the Pleasant Creek goldfield. 
 The quartz-mines are worked at great depths, the Magdala 
 mine having a depth of over 2400 ft. The freestone quarries at 
 the Grampians, employing about 900 miners, are connected with 
 the town by a tramway. Stawell is at the junction of the Mel- 
 bourne and Adelaide railways. P. 5200. 
 
 Stawley, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 9 m. NE. 
 Tiverton, 2 m. SE. Venn Cross stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stayley, par., Eng., Cheshire (partly also in Lancashire), 
 partly in mun. bor. of Stalybridge, with a stn. (Staley and 
 Millbrook) on a branch of the L. & NW. R. P. 9000. 
 
 Stayner, vil., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., 69 m. NW. by 
 N.Toronto. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Staythorpe, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, div. and 3 m. W. 
 Newark, i^ m. ENE. Rolleston Junction. P. <25o. 
 
 Stazzema, vil., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 12 m. NNW. 
 Lucca, in a dist. noted for the beauty of its marbles. 
 
 Steamboat Rock, vil., U.S., Iowa, Hardin co. , on Iowa R. , 
 III m. NE. Des Moines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Steamboat Springs, a group of eighty hot springs, U.S., 
 Colorado, Routt co. , about 115 m. WNW. Denver, at foot of 
 Park Range ; hot sulphur springs. 
 Steamer Point. See Aden. 
 
 Steane, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 10 m. 
 WNW. Buckingham, 2^ m. NW. by N. Brackley stn. P. 
 <25o. See Hlnton In the Hedges. 
 
 Stearns, co., U.S., Minnesota, S. of 46° N., and crossed in 
 the W. by 95° W. 
 
 Stebblng, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., 6 m. W. by N. 
 Braintree, 2 m. N. Felstead stn. , PM.O. ; 4382 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Stebliievo, vil. , Turkey in Europe, Macedonia, prov. Bitolia, 
 12 m. S. Dibra. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Stebnlk, vil. , Austria, Galicia, dist. and 4 m. SE. Drohobycz ; 
 has rock-salt or brine springs. 
 
 Stecliford and Stechfonl Yardley, stn., Eng., on the L. 
 & NW. R., in the extreme NE. of Worcestershire, PM.O. (S.). 
 Steckborn, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Thurgau, 8 m. NNE. Frauen- 
 feld, on the S. side of the Untersee arm of the Lake of Con- 
 stance. P. <2000. 
 Stecknltz (or Steckenltz) Canal. See Liibeck, Ger. 
 Stedtaani, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., on the Rother, 
 loi m. N. Chichester, 2 m. NW. Midhurst stn., P.O. P. 
 
 Steel, P.O., Eng., 5 m. S. Hexham, Northumberland. 
 
 Steel, settlement, U.S., Washington, King co., 43 m. NE. 
 Olympia. 
 
 Steel Cross, P.O., Eng, Sussex, 2 m. from Crowborough. 
 
 Steele, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., on riv. Ruhr, circle and 2 
 m. ESE. Essen ; with iron and steel works, and manufacture 
 of fireproof stoneware. P. (i8i6)<:2ooo ; (1890)7600. 
 
 Steele, co. , U. S. , Minnesota, in the SE. , to the W. of 93° W. , 
 and crossed by 44° N. 
 
 Steele, CO., U.S., N. Dakota, between 47° and 48° N.,just 
 E. of 98° W. 
 
 Steele, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Kidder co., 40 m. E. Bismarck. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Steele Road, stn., Scot., Roxburghshire, on the N. B. R. , 3 
 m. S. Riccarton Junction. 
 
 Steel River, Canadian NW. Terrs. See Hayes River. 
 
 Steelton, postal- vil. , S. Australia, Light co. , 62 m. N. by E. 
 Adelaide. P. < 150c. 
 
 Steelton, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Dauphin co., on the 1. 
 bk. of Susquehanna R. , 3 m. SE. Harrisburg ; has extensive 
 steel-works of the Pennsylvania Steel Co.; other industries. 
 P. (i88o)<300o; (1890)9300. 
 
 Steelville, vil. , U.S., Missouri, Crawford co., on the Mera- 
 mee R., 75 m. SW. by W. St. Louis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Steenbergen, fort and tn., Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 19 m. 
 W. Breda ; cultivation of madder. P. (comm. ) 6900. 
 
 Steenderen, coram., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 13m. ENE. 
 Arnhem. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Steenkerqne, or Stelnkerk, vil., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 
 on the Senne, 11 m. NW. Seneffe, 19 m. SW. Brussels. Here 
 William III. was defeated by the French in 1692. 
 
 Steens Bridge, stn., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div. , on 
 a branch of the G. W. R. , 3 m. SE. by E. Leominster. 
 
 Steenvoorde, vil., France, dep. Nord, arr. Hazebrouck, 18 
 m. SE. by S. Dunkirk ; great hop trade. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Steenwljk, tn., Netherlands, prov. Overijssel, 19 m. N. 
 Zwolle. NE. and NW. of the town are the free agricultural 
 colonies founded during the years of famine, 1816 and 1817. 
 Formerly fortified, and an object of contention in the Spanish 
 wars. P. (comm. ) 5400. 
 
 SteenwIJkerwold, comm., Netherlands, Overijssel, NW. of 
 Steenwijk. P. 6100. 
 
 Steep, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and i| m. NW. by N. 
 Petersfield stn. , 16^ m. E. by S. Winchester. " P. <750. 
 
 Steep Holme Island, rocky isl, Eng., Somerset, 5^ m. W. 
 by S. Weston-super-Mare ; had formerly a priory, founded 1320. 
 
 P. 9. 
 
 Steeping, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., Lin- 
 colnshire. Great Steeping, S. Lindsey div., 15 m. NE. by N. 
 Boston, ijm. W. Firsbystn., P.O.; Little Steeping, onG. N. R. 
 P. (of each) < 250. See Firs by. 
 
 Steeple, mt., Eng., Cumberland, between Wast Water and 
 Ennerdale Water. Alt. 2746 ft. 
 
 Steeple, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., Isle of Purbeck, 9 
 m. SW. Poole, 4 m. W. Corfe Castle stn. P. <5oo; eccles. 
 par. (Steeple with Tyneham) P. <75o. 
 
 Steeple, par., Eng., Essex, E. div., 5^ m. SE. by E. Maldon, 
 3 m. NE. by N. Althorne stn. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Steeple 
 with Stansgate) P. <5oo. 
 
 Steeple Aslitou, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire. See Ashton, Steeple. 
 
 Steeple Aston, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Banbury div. , 6 m. 
 NNE. Woodstock, i m. NW. Heyford stn., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Steeple Barton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury div., 5 m. 
 N. Woodstock, 2 m. W. by S. Heyford stn. P. <iooo. 
 
 Steeple Bnmpstead, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 9 m. E. 
 Saffron Walden, 2 m. WSW. Birdbrook stn., PM.O. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Steeple Claydon, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 4 
 m. S. Buckingham, i m. NW. of its stn. (Claydon) on the 
 L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Steeple Giddlng, par., Eng., co. and 10 m. NW. Hunting- 
 don. P. <:25o. 
 
 Steeple Langfonl, par., Eng., Wiltshire, div. and 5^ m. 
 NW. Wilton, 8 m. NW. by W. Salisbury, 2 m. E. Wily "stn., 
 P.O.; 4018 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Steeple Maldon, P.O., Eng., Essex, div. and 6 m, SE. 
 Maldon. 
 
 Steeple Morden, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton 
 div., 14^ m. SW. Cambridge, 3 m. NNW, Ashwell stn., P.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Steepletou, Wlnterborne, par., Eng. See Wlnterborne 
 Steepleton. 
 
 Steepleton Iwerne (i-wern), par., Eng., Dorsetshire, div. and 
 3^ m. N. by W. Blandford, 17 m. NE. Dorchester. P. <25o. 
 
 Steeton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Keighley div. , on 
 the Aire, 11 m. NW. Bradford, with a stn. (Steeton and Slls- 
 den) on the M. R. ; manufactures worsted and ribbons. PMT.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Steeton ivlth Eastbnrn, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 3 m. NW. Keighley. P. < 2000. 
 
 Steevensweert, fort, Holland, prov. Limburg, on the Maas, 
 7 m. SW. by W. Roermond. 
 
 Stefanan, tn!, Austria, Moravia, 6J m. NNW. Olmtitz. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Stefaneset, tn., Roumania, Moldavia, prov. Botosani, near 
 the Prut, 46 m. NNW. Ia§I. P. <20oo. 
 
 Stefanle, lake, E. Africa, about 30 m. E. of N. end of Lake 
 Rudolf ; discovered and named by Count Teleki ; called by the 
 natives Basso Ebor (' white lake '). Surrounded on three sides 
 by mountains, but shores low and shelving. Water salt and 
 bitter. Alt. 1900 ft. Length, 37 m. ; average breadth about 
 12 m. 
 
 Stefflsbnis, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Bern, i^ m. N. Thun ; manu- 
 factures cigars, earthenware, condensed milk, &c. P. (comm.) 
 <4000. 
 
 Stege, tn., Denmark, NW. ct. Moen I., on Stege Bay ; one of 
 the oldest towns in Denmark. P. <2000. 
 
 Stegen, isl. , Norway, prov. Nordland, in 68° N. , 14° 30' E. 
 
 Steglitz, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt. Potsdam, 
 circle and 4 m. NNE. Teltow. P. 12,500. 
 
 Steigerwald, mt. group. Bavarian Franconia, on 1. bk. of 
 the Main, almost entirely covered with fine forests, oaks, beeches, 
 poplars, and limes predominating ; in the E. region coniferous 
 trees abound. Soil fertile, especially in the Prolsdorfer Grund. 
 The inhabitants are occupied with agriculture, cattle-raising, 
 manufacture of charcoal, and various wood industries. 
 
 Stelglitz, mun. and mining tp., Victoria, Grant co., 20 m. 
 NW. by N. Geelong. P. < 1500. 
 
 1491 
 
ST EI — STEP 
 
 Stelii, comm. , Austria, Carniola, 14 m. NNE. Laibach. The 
 name of Stelner-Alpen is given to a section of the Alps to 
 the NE., in Carniola and Styria, immediately SE. of the Kara- 
 wanken. P. < 3000. 
 
 Stein, comm., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle Franconia, 
 circle and 4 m. SW. by W. Numberg. P. <30oo. 
 
 Stelu, tn., Lower Austria, on the 1. bk. of the Danube, 
 opposite Mautern, 39 m. W. by N. Vienna. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Stein, vil., Switzd., cant. Aargau, 11 J m. NNW. Aarau. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Stein, tn., Switzd., cant. Schaffhausen, 8 m. NNW. Frauen- 
 feld, on the N. bank of the Rhine, at its issue from the Untersee 
 arm- of the Lake of Constance, an ancient town, situated at one 
 of the most frequented of the Rhine crossings ; manufactures 
 watches, articles of furniture, &c. P. < 2000. 
 
 Stelnacta, comm., Ger., duchy Saxe-Meiningen, circle Sonne- 
 berg, 15 m. NE. by N. Koburg. P. <5ooo. 
 
 . Stelnanianger (German, in Hungarian Szoinbatliely), tn. 
 with magistracy, Hungary, 30 m. S. Odenburg, cap. co. Eisen- 
 burg, on site of ancient Roman city Sabaria or Savaria. P. 
 16,100. 
 
 Stelnan, vil., Austria, Silesia, 30 m. ESE. Troppau, 6 m. 
 NW. Teschen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Stelnan, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Schliichtem, 
 on the Kinzig, 36 m. ENE. Frankfurt. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Steinan, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, on the 1. bk. of the Oder, 
 23 m. SE. Glogau, cap. circle Steinau. P. <:4000. 
 
 Stelnbach, urban comm., Ger., gd. -duchy of, circle, and 4 
 m. SW. by W. Baden. P. <20oo. 
 
 Stelnbacb, vil., Ger., kgd. Wurtemberg, circle Jagst, on the 
 Kocher, 34 m. NE. Stuttgart. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Stelnbach>Hallen1)erg, market-vil., Prussia, in a detached 
 part of prov. Hesse-Nassau, 22 m. SSE. Eisenach, circle and 5 
 m. E. by S. Schmalkalden ; with manufactures of nails, locks, 
 and other iron wares. P. <:4000. 
 
 Stelnbnrg, circle, Prussia, prov. Schleswig, on the Elbe, 
 crossed in the middle by 9^° E. 
 
 Steluer-AIpen. See Stein, Austria, Carniola. 
 
 Stelnbelm, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Hoxter, 30 
 m. SSE. Minden. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Stelnbelm, Cross- and Klein-, two adjoining tns. , Ger., 
 gd. -duchy of Hesse, circle Offenbach, on the Main, 10 m. E. 
 Frankfurt. Gross - Steinheim, P. <300o; Klein -Steinheim, P. 
 
 <20C0. 
 
 Stelnbelm am Albncb, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Wurtemberg, Jagst 
 circle, dist. Heidenheim, 20 m. N. by E. Ulm. P. (comm.) < 3000. 
 
 Stelnbnde, Lake of, N. Ger. , between Hanover and Lippe- 
 Schaumburg, 17 m. NW. Hanover ; has valuable fisheries. In 
 it is an island, with the fortress Wilhelmstein and the village 
 Steinhude. Length, 5 m.; breadth, 3 m. 
 
 ^telnlgtwoliusdorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 9 m. 
 SSW. Bautzen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Stelnltz, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 20 m. ESE. Briinn. P. <3000. 
 
 Stelnkerk, vil., Belgium. See Steenkerqne. 
 
 Stelnkopf, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Namaqua-land, 25 
 m. NNW. Ookiep. 
 
 Stelnplels, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 3 m. W. by S. 
 Zwickau. P. <400o. 
 
 Stelnsburg, Steynsdorp, South Africa. See. Steynsbnrg, 
 Steynsdorp. 
 
 Stelnscboll, eccles. par., Scot. See StenscboII. 
 
 Stelnscbonan, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Bohm-Kamnitz ; 
 centre of the glass-cutting industry. P. 5000. 
 
 Steln'8 Pass, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Grant co. , 63 
 m. N. by E. from the SW. comer of the terr. 
 
 Stelntbal, vil. , in SW. of Cape Colony, Tulbagh dist. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Stelnwiirder, subiurb of Hamburg, Ger., in the terr. of the 
 free harbour, on the 1. bk. of the N. Elbe. P. <20oo. 
 
 Stelnifeg, comm., Ger., Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, 
 circle and N. of Stadtamhof, on the Regan. P. <3000. 
 
 Stekeue, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. St. Nicolas; 
 has manufactures of china and earthenware; bleach-works. 
 P. 7500. 
 
 Stella, par., Eng., Durham, Chester-le-Street div., on the r. 
 bk. of the Tyne, 5 m. W. Newcastle, i m. WNW. Blaydon 
 stn., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Stella, Monte, mt., Italy, near the W. ct., 35 m. SSE. 
 Salerno. Alt. 3705 ft. 
 
 Stella-land, terr., S. Africa, in Bechuana-land, on the SW. 
 frontier of the Transvaal. This dist. was proclaimed a Boer 
 republic in 1882, but the measure was disallowed by Britain, 
 which claimed the whole terr. In 1884 a treaty was signed in 
 London by which it was agreed to divide the country between 
 British Bechuana-land and the S. African Republic, the boundary 
 between the two sections being the great waggon-route from 
 Cape Colony to Lake Ngami and the middle Zambezi. The 
 country is of little fertility, but well suited for cattle-raising. 
 Vryburg is the chief town. Total area nearly 6000 sq. rn. , of 
 which 4775 sq. m. are British terr. 
 1492 
 
 Stellarton, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Pictou co., on East 
 R. , 3 m. from New Glasgow by rail. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Stellenboscb, municip. , Cape Colony, cap. dist. Stellenbosch, 
 25 m. E. Cape Town, on the railway to Kimberley ; in a fertile 
 fruit and wine-growing valley W. of the Drakenstein Mts. ; seat 
 of Victoria College, affiliated to Cape Town University. P. 
 <:40oo. 
 
 Stellendam, maritime vil., Holland, Over Flakkee I., prov. 
 S. Holland, 21 m. WSW. Rotterdam. P. <2oc)o. 
 
 StelUng, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 5J m. S. 
 Canterbury, 4 m. W. by S. Barham stn. P. <5oo. See 
 Hardres, Upper. Stelllng Mlnnls, par., i m. S., P.O., 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Stelllng, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 8 m. NE. 
 Hexham. P. <2So. 
 
 Stelllngen, vil., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle 
 Pinneberg, 4^ m. NW. by N. Hamburg. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Stelvio, Pass. See Alps, Passes, III. (11). 
 
 Stembrldge, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, in ancient par. of 
 Bridgend. P. <25o. 
 
 Stemnltsa, tn., Greece, prov. Arcadia, in Trikolonoi comm., 
 
 18 m. W. Tripolis. P. <300o; comm. (Trikolonoi) P. <5ooo. 
 Stenalees, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 3 m. from St. Austell. 
 Stenay, tn., France, dep. Meuse, on the r. bk. of the Meuse, 
 
 19 m. SE. by S. Sedan, arr. and 8 m. W. by S. Montm^dy ; 
 forges. P. <3000. 
 
 Stenbrobult, vil., Sweden, prov. (Ian) Kronoberg, 29 m. 
 WSW. Vexio. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Stendal, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, cap. circle Stendal, 35 
 m. N. by E. Magdeburg ; has important railway workshops ; 
 fine pleasure-ground on the site of the old fortress ; was the 
 cap. of Altmark, and is birthplace of the archeeologist Winckel- 
 mann (1717-68). P. (1816) 5300; (1890) 18,400; comm. P. 
 18,500. 
 
 Stenbonsemolr, tn., Scot., Stirlingshire, 2 m. NW. by N. 
 Falkirk, \ m. NE. Larbert stn., PMT.O. P. <40oo. 
 
 Stent, vil., Greece, Euboea I., 15 m. NE. Chalcis. P. 
 (comm.) 6000. 
 
 Stenla, vil. , Turkey in Europe, on the Bosporus, prov. and 
 8 m. NE. by N. Constantinople. 
 
 Stenlgot, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 6 m. 
 SW. by W. Louth, i m. E. Donington on Bain. P. <250. 
 
 Stenkjar, tn. , Norway, prov. N. Trondhjem, on Beitstad 
 Fjord, 56 m. NE. Trondhjem. P. <20oo. 
 
 Stenkyrka, vil., Sweden, prov. (Ian) Goteborg and Bohus, in 
 centre of Tjom I. P. (comm. )<4ooo. 
 
 Stennes, vil., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Northmavine 
 par., W. ct., 15I m. SW. of the N. end of Mainland. The 
 ' Standing Stones of Stenness ' form a remarkable megalithic 
 monument. P.O. (Stenness). See Flrtb. 
 
 Stenscboll, Stelnscboll, or Staflln, eccles. par., Scot., 
 Inverness-shire, Skye I., Kilmuir and Snizort pars., near head 
 of Staffin Bay, PM.O. (Staffln). P. < 1500. 
 
 Stensele, vil., Sweden, prov. (Ian) Vesterbotten, on SE. shore 
 of Stor-Uman (lake), 122 m. NW. Umei, 65° 5' N., 170° E. 
 Alt. 1 106 ft. Mean temp., yr. 32.3° F. , Feb. 10.7°, July 59.1°. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Stenso, small promontory, SE. ct. Sweden, 3 m. S. Kalmar. 
 A Latin inscription on the rock commemorates the landing of 
 Gustavus Vasa, May 30, 1520. 
 
 Stenson, part of par. , Eng. , Derbyshire. See Twyford. 
 
 Stenton, par., Scot., Haddingtonshire, 4^ m. SW. by W. 
 Dunbar, 2J m. SE. of E. Linton stn. , PT.O. ; 7676 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 StennngsJi, isl. , in the Kattegat, near W. ct. of Sweden; 
 much frequented for sea-bathing. 
 
 Step [Steppe], Russian for treeless prairies; is used regardless 
 of altitude. Kovylnaya step prairies covered with Stipa pinnata. 
 Is also used for clayey, salty, or sandy deserts. 
 
 Stepaslde, tn. , Ire., co. and 6 m. SE. Dublin, bar. Rath- 
 down, Kilgobbin par., 2 m. from Stillorgan stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stepaslde, PM.O., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 2 m. from 
 Saundersfoot. 
 
 Stepenltz, riv. , Prussia. See Stepnltz. 
 
 Stepbanle, lake, E. Africa. See Stefhnle. 
 
 StephaulevlUe, tn., W. Africa, French Congo Terr., on the 
 1. bk. of the Niari (Niadi), 109 m. N, Boma, in about 4° lo' S., 
 13° 12' E. 
 
 Stepbansort, settlement, Ger. New Guinea, on the S. of 
 Astrolalje Bay, in about 5° 32' S., 145° 43' E., with tobacco, 
 cotton, and other plantations. 
 
 Stephan Strait, Ger. New Guinea, separating Manumudar 
 I. from the mainland, crossed by 145° E., 4° 20' S. 
 
 Stephen, settlement, Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R. , 
 963 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Stepben Islands, Pacific, on the equator, in 138° E. 
 
 Stephens, co., U.S., Texas, N. of 32° N., and crossed in the 
 W. by 99° W. 
 
 Stephenson, co. , U.S., Illinois, on N. frontier, and E. of 
 91° W. 
 
 Stephenson's Road. See Nyassa, lake. 
 
STEP — ST EV 
 
 Steplienvllle, vil. , U.S., Texas, Erath co. , 90 m. WSW. 
 Dallas. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stepney, part of London, Eng., Middlesex, one of the pari, 
 divs. of Tower Hamlets bor., 2 m. St. Paul's, London, on the 
 G. E. R. Pari. div. P. (1891) 58,700. 
 
 . Stepney, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 2 m. NE. Paragon 
 stn., Hull, on NE. R. 
 
 Stepnltz, or Stepenltz, riv. , Prussia, in the NW. of prov. 
 Brandenburg, flows SW. into the Elbe just above Wittenberge ; 
 not navigable. 
 
 Stepper Point, cape, Eng., on the NW. ct. of Cornwall, at 
 the mouth of the Camel, on the r. bk. 
 
 Steppes, the plains of S. Russia and the W. provs. of the 
 Asiatic dominions of the Russian Empire. 
 
 Steppes, Governor • Generalship of the (Stepiioye 
 General Gnbernatorstvo), div. of the Russian Empire, placed 
 under a separate governor-general, and including the terr. of 
 what was formerly known as the Kirghiz Steppe, as well as 
 part of what might properly belong to southern West Siberia ; 
 consists of the following provs. : — 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Area 
 .sq. m. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 (1889). 
 
 Density! 
 
 per 
 sq. m. 
 
 Akmolinsk .... 
 Semipalatinsk .... 
 Turgai ..... 
 
 Uralsk 
 
 Lake Aral 
 
 229,609 
 184.631 
 176,219 
 139,168 
 26.166 
 
 500,180 
 576,578 
 364,660 
 559.552 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 General Governorship ) 
 of the Steppes J * 
 
 755.793 
 
 2,000,970 2' 
 
 It is bounded by the Ural R. and the Caspian Sea on the W. , 
 the Transcaspian terr. and Russian Turkistan on S. , the Chinese 
 prov. Chuguchak and Russian govt. Tomsk on the E. , and 
 Tobolsk and Ufa on the N. With the exception of the Tarba- 
 gatai Mts. and their spurs on the Chinese frontier, and the spurs 
 of the Urals in the W. , it consists of plains rising but a few 
 hundred feet above the sea, and going beneath the sea-level on 
 approaching the Caspian Sea. The Mugojar Hills separate the 
 Steppe rivers from the tribs. of the Caspian. Though watered 
 by many rivers, the terr. generally suffers from want of irrigation. 
 The upper Ishim and Tobol in the N. , the upper Ural with its 
 tribs., the Emba in the W. , and the Irtysh in the E., are its 
 chief rivers. Many Steppe rivers — Irgiz, Turgai, Sary-su, Nura 
 — are lost in the Steppes, or in rapidly desiccating lakes which 
 have no outlet. Sandy deserts in the S. Climate extremely 
 dry, very hot in summer and rough in winter, the average temp, 
 being: Omsk, yr. 32.5°, Jan. -2°, July 67° ; Uralsk (alt. 367 ft.), 
 yr. 39°, Jan. 8°, July 67° ; yearly rfall. , 6.7 in. For the popula- 
 tion and its occupations, see the above-named provs. The cap. 
 of the terr. is at Omsk. 
 
 Stepplngley, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Luton div., 9 m. S. 
 -by W. Bedford, i^ m. SW. Ampthill stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Steps, vil., Scot., NW. Lanarkshire, 4^ m. NE. by E. Glas- 
 jgow, with stn. (Steps Road) on the C. R., PT.O. (Stepps). 
 P. <50o. 
 
 Steptoe Valley, U.S., Nevada, White Pine co. , 240 m. E. 
 by N. Carson City. 
 
 Sterkra«le, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov.,. circle Ruhrort, 8 m. 
 NW. by W. Essen ; has large iron-works and manufacture of 
 machinery. P. 8700. 
 
 Sterkstroni, vil. , Cape Colony, dist. Queenstown, 60 m. S. 
 Aliwal North. Alt. 4405 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sterling, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, Windham co. , 7 m. E. 
 Plainfield by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sterling, city, U.S., Illinois, Whiteside co., on Rock R. , no 
 m. W. Chicago. The town is supplied with water by artesian 
 wells, one of which is 1650 ft. deep. The river is here crossed 
 by a dam of solid masonry, iioo ft. long and 7 ft. high, which 
 affords an immense water-power with the 9 ft. fall of the rapids. 
 Manufactures include articles of wood, agricultural implements, 
 machinery, &c. P. 5800. 
 
 Sterling, city, U.S. , Kansas, Rice co. , 17 m. NW. Hutchinson, 
 on Arkansas R. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sterling, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 13 m. N. by E. 
 Worcester. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sterling, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Johnson co. , 60 m. S. by 
 W. Omaha. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sterling, vil., U.S., New York, Cayuga co. , 12 m. SW. 
 Oswego. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sterling, vil., U.S.. N. Dakota, Burleigh co. , 22 m. E. 
 Bismarck. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sterling, vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Clearfield co. . 90 m. ENE. 
 Pittsburg, 23 m. N. by E. Altoona. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sterling, co. , U.S., S. Dakota, between 44° and 45° N., and 
 101° and 102° W. , traversed by the Big Cheyenne R. 
 
 Sterlltamak, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 82 m. S. Ufa, on 
 
 1. bk. Byelaya, and on highway to Orenburg ; tanneries, trade 
 in cattle, horses, furs, hides, &c., imported from the Kirghiz 
 Steppe. P. 10,820. 
 
 Sternberg, tn., Austria, Moravia, 9 m. N. by E. Olmiitz ; 
 manufactures cotton and linen thread. P. (comm.) 15,400. 
 
 Sternberg, tn. , Ger. , Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle Wismar, 
 18 m. ENE. Schwerin. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sternfield, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 18 m. NE. by E. 
 Ipswich. I m. S. by E. Saxmundham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stert, small isl. , Eng. , Somerset, in Bridgwater Bay. 
 
 Stert, par., Eng., Wiltshire, div. and 2^ m. SE. Devizes, 11.^ 
 m. E. by N. Trowbridge. P. <:25o. See Trchfont. 
 
 Stert Flats, sandbank, Eng., Somerset, at the mouth of the 
 Parret. in Bridgwater Bay. 
 
 Sterzlng, tn., Austria, Tirol, 27 m. $. Innsbruck; iron-mines 
 and marble-quarries. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Stetchworth (colloquially stfich'er), par.. Eng., Cambridge, 
 div. and 3 m. S. by W. Newmarket, i^ m. E. Dullingham stn., 
 PMT.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Stetteu, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle and 2 m. S. 
 Lorrach. P. <3000. 
 
 Stetten in Reiusthal, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg. Neckar 
 circle, dist. and 6 m. ESE. Kannstatt. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Stettin, tn. , Prussia, cap. prov. Pomerania, cap. circle Stettin, 
 on the Oder R. , 37 m. SSE. Swinemtinde ; has royal palace 
 (1575), and two gates, formerly in the town walls (dismantled in 
 1873). Stettin is a busy seaport (the nearest to Berlin) and 
 industrial centre, the principal industries being shipbuilding 
 (ironclads, &c. ), iron-foundries, machine shops, chemical pro- 
 ducts, cement, flour-mills, and sugar-refineries ; there are also 
 manufactures of sugar, chicory, cigars, oils, perfumery, soap, 
 fire -proof safes, and distilleries. At present the depth of 
 water alongside the quays is only 18 ft., but great harbour 
 improvements are now (1-95) about to be made, and projects 
 are entertained for deepening the Swine Channel, by which the 
 port is approached [Stettiner HafTl, for greatly improving the 
 navigable connections with Berlin (by the Oder, Finow Canal, 
 and Havel), and for the establishment of a free port at Stettin. 
 Stettin exports cereals and flour, wine and spirits, sugar, 
 timber, oleaginous fruits, chemicals, iron, zinc, &c. , to the 
 annual value of ^^7-8,000,000 ; and imports iron and other 
 mineral ores, coal, petroleum, oil-seeds and oil-cake, timber, 
 wine, herrings, and groceries to the annual value of ;^7-8,ooo,ooo. 
 Stettin dates from the 9th century ; was occupied by Sweden 
 from 1637 to 1713, and by the French from 1806 to 1813, and 
 given up to Prussia in 1720. P. (1816) 24,500; (1871) 76,000; 
 (1890) 116,000. But the town virtually makes one with the 
 town of Grabow and the villages of Bredow, Ziillchow, and 
 Frauendorf, which stretch N. alongside the Oder. Mean 
 temp., yr. 46.9° F.. Jan. 31.0°. July 65.7°. P. 116,000; 
 comm. P. 116,200. 
 
 Stettiner HafT, coast lake or lagoon, in the N. of Prussia, 
 prov. Pomerania, separated from the Baltic by the islands of 
 Usedom and Wollin, receiving at its SE. end the Oder (Papen 
 Wasser), and at its W. end the Peene. It is divided into the 
 Grosses Haff in the E. , and the Kleines Haff in the W. It is 
 for the most part shallow, especially near its shores, with only a 
 few channels navigable by large vessels. It is connected with 
 the Baltic by the Peene to the W. of Usedom I., navigable by 
 vessels of about 8 ft. draught ; the Swine, below Usedom and 
 Wollin, navigable by vessels of about 18 ft. draught; and the 
 Diepenow, E. of Wollin I., navigable by vessels of about 4J ft. 
 draught. See Anklani. 
 
 Stenben, co. . U.S.. Indiana, in extreme NE. 
 
 Stenben, co. , U.S., New York, on the S. frontier, partly 
 bounded on the E. by 77° W. 
 
 StenbenvlUe, city, U.S., Ohio, Jefferson co., on the Ohio, 
 22 m. N. by E. Wheeling ( W. Va. ) ; coal abounds ; there are 
 shafts in the city ; extensive manufactures, foundries, boiler, 
 machine, and glass works. Alt. 679 ft. (R.R.). P. (1850) 6100 ; 
 (1870) 8100; (1880) 12,100; (1890) 13,400. 
 
 Stevenage, par. , Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 9J m. E. 
 by N. Luton, on the G. N. R. ; manufactures straw-plait. Former 
 market now transferred to Hitchin. 4545 ac. P. <:35oo. 
 
 Stevens, co. , U.S., Kansas, on the S. frontier, W. of 101° W. 
 
 Stevens, co. , U.S., Minnesota, in the W., to the N. of45°N. , 
 and crossed by 96° W. 
 
 Stevens, co. , U.S., N. Dakota, partly bounded in the S.by 
 riv. Missouri, crossed in the E. by 101° W. 
 
 Stevens, co. , U.S., Washington, in the NE. corner of the 
 state, traversed by Columbia R. 
 
 Stevens Point, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Portage co., on the 
 1. bk. of the Wisconsin, 78 m. W. of the head of Green Bay. 
 Alt. 1090ft. (R.R.). P. (i88o)<5ooo; (1890)7900. 
 
 Stevenston, par. and tn. , Scot., N. Ayrshire, 2 m. E. 
 Ardrossan, on the G. & SW. R. ; in the neighbourhood are 
 coal-mines, blast-furnaces, iron-works, large explosive works, 
 &c. PMT.O. Par. (including Salteoats) P. 6200; tn. P. < 
 4500. 
 
 Stevenston, New, part of Holytown, Scot., NE. Lanark- 
 . 1493 
 
STE V 
 
 STI L 
 
 shire, 2 ni. NNE. Motherwell, ^ m. NW. Holytown Junction, 
 P.O. P. < 1500. See Holytown. 
 
 Stevensvllle, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Welland co. , 12 m. 
 NW. by W. Buffalo, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Steventon, par., Eng. , Berkshire, div. and 4 m. SSW. 
 Abingdon, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Steventon, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Andover div. , 6 m. WSW. 
 Basingstoke, 2^ m. SW. by S. Oakley stn. , P.O. P. <2so. 
 St4;veiitou, postal-stn. , S. Australia. See Teatree Gnlly. 
 Stevlngtoii, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 4^ 
 m. NW. by W. Bedford, li m. W. by S. Oakley stn. P. <75or 
 Stewart, co., U.S., Georgia, on W. frontier, crossed in S. by 
 32° N. 
 
 Ste^wart, co. , U.S., Tennessee, on the N. frontier, crossed in 
 the W. by 88° W. , bounded on the W. by the Tennessee R. 
 8te-»vart, Xewton, tn. , Scot. See Newton Stewart. 
 Stewartfleld, vil., Scot., Aberdeenshire, Old Deer par., 2^ 
 m. SW. Mintlaw, P.O. (StuartfleW). P. (including Qnartale- 
 honse)<75o. 
 
 Stewart Island, Chile, in the archipelago of Tierra del 
 Fuego, crossed by 55° S. , and in the E. by 71° W. 
 
 Stewart Island, Maori name Rakinra, isl. , New Zealand, 
 off the S. ct. of South I. , crossed by 47° S. The coast has several 
 deep indentations, including the line harbours of Paterson Inlet 
 and Port Pegasus. It is occupied by a few whalers and half- 
 caste natives. 
 
 Ste'warton, par. and market-tn. , Scot. , N. Ayrshire, the latter 
 on the Glasgow, Barrhead, and Kilmarnock Joint Rly., 12 m. 
 SSW. Paisley ; has dye-works and manufactures of hosiery, 
 bonnets, regimental caps, carpets, &c. PMT.O. Market-day, 
 Th. Par. 13,626 ac, P. <4ooo; tn. P. <3000. 
 
 Stewarton, vil. , Scot. , Wigtownshire, in Kirkcolm par. P, 
 <Soo. 
 
 Stewartsdale, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Burleigh co., 22 
 m. ESE. Bismarck. 
 
 Stewart's Sound, strait between the Middle and North 
 Andaman Is. 
 
 Stewartstown, market-tn.. Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. Middle 
 Dungannon, 7 m. NE. Dungannon, on the G. N. (Ire.) R. ; 
 bleaching and flax-spinning are carried on. PMT.O. Market- 
 day, W. P. < 1000. 
 
 Stewarts Town, vil., Jamaica, Cornwall co., 15^ m. ESE. 
 Falmouth. 
 
 Stewartstown, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Coos co. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Stewartsvllle, vil., U.S., Missouri, Dekalb co., 18 m. E. 
 St. Joseph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stewartsvllle, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Warren co., 5 m. E. 
 Philli psburg. P. <: 1 500. 
 
 Stewlacke, post-vil., Canada, No\'a Scotia, Colchester co., 
 on the riv. Stewiacke, 43 m. SW. by S. Pictou. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Stewlacke River, riv., Canada, Nova Scotia, flows SW. into 
 the Shutienacadie. 
 
 Stewkley, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 8 m. N. 
 by E. Aylesbury, 3^ m. W. by N. Leighton Junction, PMT.O. 
 P. <isoo. 
 
 Stewton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsay div., 2 m. E. 
 Louth, i| m. N. by E. Legboume Road stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Steyerlak-Anlna, comm., Hungary, co. Krasso-Szoreny, 
 dist. Oravicza ; centre of a rich mining dist. P. 12,100. 
 
 Steynlng, the ancient Partus Cathmanni, par., Eng., Sussex, 
 Lewes div., 9^ m. NW. by W. Brighton, on the L. B. & S. C. 
 R. , now 5 m. from the coast; grammar-school founded 1614 ; 
 cattle fairs. Till 1832 it returned two members to Parliament. 
 PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Steyusbnrg, or Stelnsbnrg, tn. , Cape Colony, cap. of dist. 
 Steynsburg, 45 m. E. by N. Middelburg, on the railway con- 
 necting Middleburg Road (Port Elizaheth-De Aar Junction 
 line) with the E. London-Aliwal North line. P. <i5oo. 
 
 SteynMlorp, tn.. South African Republic, S. div., 30 m. S. by 
 W. Barberton ; centre of a goldfield. 
 
 Steynton, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, x\ m. NE. Milford ; 
 6801 ac. P. <4000. See Joknston. 
 
 Steyr, tn.. Upper Austria, on the 1. bk. of the Enns, 20 m. S. 
 by E. Linz ; an important centre of manufactures of iron and 
 steel and arms. P. (1869) 13,400 ; (1890) 21,500. 
 
 Steyregg, vil. , Upper Austria, on the 1. bk. of the Danube, 4 
 m. E. Linz. P. <20oo. 
 Steytlervllle, vil.. Cape Colony, Willowmore div. 
 Stla, tn., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 26 m. NNW. Arezzo, in 
 the upper Amo valley ; has wool spinning and weaving. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Stlswan, place with coffee and pepper plantations, established 
 in 1887, in the Brit. terr. on the mainland of the Malay Penin., 
 opposite the Dindings. 
 
 Stlbbanl, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 17^ m. WSW. 
 Cromer, i^ m. ENE. Roxburgh stn., P.O. P. "=500. 
 
 Stlbblngton, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 7 
 m. SE. by S. Stamford, near Wansford stn. P. <soo; eccles. 
 par. (Stlbblngton wltb Sibson) P. <5oo. 
 1494 
 
 Stlchell, or Stltcliel, vil. , Scot. , Roxburghshire, 3 m. N. by 
 W. Kelso, PT.O. (StlcblU). See Hume. 
 Stickeen, riv. , Brit. Columbia. See Stlklne. 
 
 Stlckford, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 11 hi. 
 N. by E. Boston, 4 m. NW. Eastville stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stlekllllu, par., Ire., co. Louth, on riv. Dee, bar. and 2 m, 
 E. Ardee. P. <25o. 
 
 Sttcklne, Stlckln, or Stickeen, the first being the spelling 
 of the U.S. Board on Geographic Names (from native Sta-klna, 
 'great river'), riv., N. America, mainly in Brit. Columbia, but 
 having its mouth in the U.S. terr. of Alaska, rises near the 
 source of the riv. Aux Liards, and flows W., SW. , S. , and 
 finally W. , entering the sea between Wrangell and Mitkof Is., 
 in 56° 35' N. It flows through magnificent fiord or cafion 
 scenery, receiving the direct drainage of about 300 glaciers. 
 Very shallow at the mouth, where it has a speed of 5 knots, but 
 in its upper reaches its current is so swift that the steamers which 
 used to navigate it for 150 m. up had to reverse the machinery 
 for large stretches of the down journey to prevent themselves from 
 being carried down headlong. Important gold-mines worked 
 on the river banks from 1873 to 1887, yielding, however, in the 
 last few years only scanty returns. Total length about 500 m. 
 
 Stlckland, P.O., Eng., Dorsetshire. See Wlnterlwrne 
 Stlckland. 
 
 Stlcklepatli, vil. , Eng. , Devonshire ; in the vicinity are two 
 ancient carved stones. PM.O. See Sampford €onrtenay. 
 
 Stickle Tarn, small mt. lake, Eng., Westmorland, under 
 Langdale Pikes, 3 m. W. Grasmere. Alt. 1540 ft. 
 
 Stlckney, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsev div., 9 m. N. 
 by E. Boston, 3§ m. NW. Old Leake stn., PM.O. P. <7SO. 
 
 Sticks Pass, mt. pass, Eng., on border of Westmorland and 
 Cumberland, between Patterdale and Keswick. Alt. 2490 ft. 
 Stldd, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Klbcliester. 
 Stleldorf, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Sieg, 5 m. E. by 
 S. Bonn. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Stleng, rude tribe, Indo-China, inhabiting the S. of the 
 plateau stretching from Laos to Annam. 
 
 Stlepel, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, circle 
 Hattingen, 4 m. SSE. Bochum. P. < 5000. 
 
 Stlerlngen-Wendel, vil., Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, 35 m. E. 
 by N. Metz, circle and 2 m. NE. Forbach, with mines of iron 
 ore and large iron-smelting works. P. < 3000. 
 
 Stlcrn Islands, SW. Norway, diocese Christiansand, at the 
 mouth of the Bukke Fjord. 
 
 Stierno, or Stjernii, isl. , Nor%vay, diocese Christiansand, in the 
 North Sea, at the entrance of the Skager-Rak, 5 m. SE. Mandal. 
 Stierno, or Stjerno, isl. , Norway, prov. Tromso, 29 m. SW. 
 Hammerfest. Length, 17 m.; greatest breadth, 11 m. 
 
 Stlffkey, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., i m. from the N. ct., 
 16 m. W. Cromer, 3i m. E. Wells, P.O. P. <:soo; eccles. par. 
 (Stlllkey an«l Morston) P. <75o. 
 
 StlflTonl, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 8 m. SE. Romford, 2 m. 
 NNW. Grays stn., P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 StllTord's Bridge, PM.O., Eng., Worcestershire, 5 m. from 
 Malvern. 
 
 Stift, literally ' diocese,' the name given to the six main ad- 
 ministrative divisions of Norway ; subdivided into amter. 
 
 Stlgllauo, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 28 m. SE. by E. 
 Potenza ; trade in wine and oil. Alt. 2980 ft. P. 6400. 
 
 Stlgllano, the ancient Aquce Apollinares, small vil., Italy, 
 prov. and 25 m. NW. Rome, with warm springs. 
 Stllfs, vil. , Austria, Tirol, 40 m. W. by N. Botzen. P. <20oo. 
 StlUfrled, vil. Lower Austria, on the March, 24 m. NE. by 
 E. Vienna. 
 
 StllUngfleet with Moreby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Howdenshire div. , 6^ m. S. York, i J m. WSW. Escrick stn. , 
 P.O. (StllUngfleet). P.<soo. 
 
 StilUngton, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 5^ m. WNW. 
 Stockton, on the NE. R. P. <:25o. 
 
 Stllllngtou, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., xo\ m. N. York, 4^ m. ENE. Tollerton stn., PM.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Stlllorgan, par. and tn.. Ire., SE. co. Dublin, bar. Rath- 
 down, 3 m. W. Kingstown, on the Dublin, Wicklow, and 
 Wexford Rly., PMT.O. Par. P. <20oo; tn. P. <500. 
 
 Stillwater, city, U.S., Minnesota, Washington co., on the r. 
 bk. of the St. Croix R., 16 m. ENE. St. Paul ; centre of lumber 
 trade, the river being navigable for large boats to this point. 
 P. (1870) 4100 ; (1880)9100; (1890)11,300. South Stillwater, 
 adjoining vil., P. <i5oo. 
 
 StlUwnter, vil., U.S., New York, Saratoga co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Hudson R., 15 m. N. by W. Troy. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stillwater, settlement, U.S., Oklahoma terr., 245 m. SW. 
 by S. Kansas City. 
 
 Stillwater, vil., U.S., Rhode Island, Providence co.,9m. 
 NW. Providence. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Stillwater Creek, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Grey co. , 
 9 m. from Greymouth by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stillwater Creek, riv., U.S., Ohio, in the SW., trib. of 
 Great Miami, which it joins on the r. bk. at Dayton. 
 
STIL — STOB 
 
 Stllo, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. Reggio, 30 m. S. by W. 
 Catanzaro ; has iron-mine. P. <3000. 
 
 i^tllton, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 7 m. S. 
 by W. Peterborough, 2^ m. WNW. Holme stn. Stilton gives 
 name to a well-known cheese, originally and still made in 
 Leicestershire. In the middle of the i8th century the cheese 
 made by a Mrs. Paulet of Melton Mowbray was sold by her 
 relative Thornhill, the jockey, at the Bell Inn, Stilton, and the 
 position of the village on the Great North Road (Roman Ermine 
 Street) extended the reputation which the quality of the cheese 
 deserved. Formerly a market-town. PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Stliicliar, riv. , Scot., S. Ayrshire, rises near the source of 
 the Water of Girvan, flows W. then SW. into the North 
 Channel. 
 
 Stlucliconibe, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Stroud div. , 4 m. 
 NNW. Wotton-under-Edge, i^ m. SE. Berkeley Road stn., 
 P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Stlu)«fonl, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., on the Frome, ij 
 m. E. by N. Dorchester. P. <;soo. 
 
 Stinted Pasture IMoor Land, tract of uninhabited common 
 attached to the High, Middle, and West Quarters of Hexham, 
 Northumberland, Eng. 
 
 Htlper Stune)«, range of hills, Eng., Salop, 9-15 m. SW. of 
 Shrewsbury. 
 
 Stlplje, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Islitlp. 
 
 Stirbei, vil., Roumania, Walachia, 93 m. NW. Caracal. 
 P. (comm. )<:4000. 
 
 Stlrchley, par., Eng., Salop, Wellington div., 13^ m. E. 
 by S. Shrewsbury, 3 m. W. Shifnal, with stn. (Stlrcliley for 
 Dawley) on the L. & NW. R. branch to Coalport. P. <25o. 
 
 Stlrcliley Street, stn., Eng., Worcestershire, PMT.O. 
 (StlrcUley). See Bournville. 
 
 Stirling, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Hastings co., 54 m. W. by 
 N. Kingston, on a railway. P. <i500. 
 
 StlrllnK, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I., Bruce co., 42 m. 
 SW. by W. Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stirling (formerly Stryvelyrie, Strewelin, or Estrivelin , and 
 in Celtic times designated Strila), royal pari, burgh, river-port, 
 tn., and par., Scot., cap. co., on the r. bk. of the Forth, 
 where it first becomes fordable, here crossed by two bridges, 
 6 m. W. Alloa, 31 m. WNW. Edinburgh, and 26 m. NE. 
 Glasgow. The town stands on the SE. declivity of an abrupt 
 basaltic hill, crowned by the ancient castle, whence a magnificent 
 view is obtained of the windings of the Forth and the surrounding 
 scenery. The oldest existing charter of the burgh is dated 1360, 
 but it professes to be a confirmation of one granted by Alexander 
 II., 1226. The castle, the origin of which is not known, was a 
 favourite residence of James V. (popularly known as the 'gude- 
 man of Ballengeich,' from a steep pass behind the castle), and 
 contains the Chapel Royal (originally founded by Alexander I. 
 and rebuilt by James VI.), the Parliament House (built by 
 James III.), the Palace (by James V.), and other portions, which 
 now serve as barracks for a battalion depot of Highland regi- 
 ments. Amongst the principal public buildings are the old 
 Greyfriars church, in which Mary and James VI. were crowned ; 
 Cowan's Hospital, founded 1639, as an almhouse, now the 
 Guildhall ; the Spittal Hospital, erected about 1530, by a tailor 
 of James VI., the oldest charitable institution in the town; 
 Allan's Hospital, founded 1724, for the education of boys ; other 
 objects of interest are the King's Knot, the King's Park, and 
 the Mote Hill. Stirling communicates by railway with Edin- 
 burgh, Glasgow, and the Highlands. Steamers ply to and 
 from Granton pier, near Edinburgh. The burgh unites with 
 Dunfermline, Culross, Inverkeithing, and S. Queensferry (form- 
 ing the Stirling dist. of burghs) in sending one member to the 
 House of Commons. Near to the town were fought in 1297 
 the battle of Stirling Bridge, in 1314 the famous battle of 
 Bannockburn, in 1488 that of Sauchieburn, and in 1788 Sheriff- 
 muir. The whole dist. is full of interest and historical associa- 
 tions. Sno^vdon was another name for Stirling Castle, where 
 it gives title to a herald in the Lyon Court of Arms, ' And 
 Snowdon's knight is Scotland's king ! ' The manufacture of 
 cotton was actively carried on at the end of last and beginning 
 of present century. In the 16th century shalloons were manu- 
 factured, chiefly for the Netherlands ; these were replaced in the 
 beginning of last century by tartans and carpets ; the former, 
 after undergoing various vicissitudes, is now a leading branch 
 of the woollen industry, which includes shawls, tweeds, carpets, 
 and yarn-spinning. At the ruins of Cambuskenneth Abbey 
 (Augustinian, founded by David I.), ^ m. from Stirling, are to 
 be seen the tombs of James III. and his queen. About 2 m. 
 off is the Abbey Craig, surmounted by the Wallace monument 
 (220 ft. high). Market-day, F. Par. (partly in Clackmannan- 
 shire) P. 14,400 ; royal burgh (which was extended in 1888, and 
 is partly in the par. of St. Ninians) P. (1841) 8300; (1871) 
 10,900; (1891) 17,000; pari, burgh and tn. P. 16,800; pari, 
 dist. P. (1891) 40,000. 
 
 Stirling, CO., W. Australia, on the S. ct. , crossed by 117° E. 
 
 Stirling, North, post-tn. , S. Australia, Frome co. , 4 m. SE. 
 Port Augusta. The overland telegraph from Port Darwin here 
 
 joins the line to Adelaide. In the neighbourhood are rich copper- 
 mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stirling Bri«lge, vil. , Scot. , Lanarkshire. See Chapel and 
 Stirling Bridge. 
 
 Stirling Kange, mt. range, W. Australia, stretching E. and 
 W. , N. of Albany, rising to over 3000 ft. 
 
 Stirlingshire, midland co. , Scot. , entirely in the Forth basin, 
 except in W. , where the Endrick flows to Loch Lomond, and 
 SW. , where the Kelvin valley slopes to the Clyde. Geologically, 
 the broad strath between the Grampians in the W. , with their 
 crystalline schists, and the Ochil Range in the E. , with their 
 igneous rocks, is composed of Old Red Sandstone, overlaid in 
 the valleys of the Forth and Teith by fresh-water and marine 
 alluvium. A minor range are the Lennox Hills, composed 
 mainly of porphyrite and other crystaUine rocks of the age, the 
 Calciferous Sandstone series of the Carboniferous system, to the 
 E. of which are masses of intrusive basalt, one of which is the 
 rock on which stands Stirling Castle. S. and E. of these occur 
 members of the Carboniferous Limestone series, followed in the 
 E. of the county by the coal-measures. The chief coal-mining 
 centres are Denny, Kilsyth, Bannockburn, Larbert, Falkirk, Sla- 
 mannan, Bonnybridge, and Polmont. Ironstone was formerly 
 mined at Kilsyth. The Grampian spur, NW. of the county, 
 culminates in Ben Lomond, 3192 ft. In the Forth valley are 
 many glacial drifts, and some terraces indicating ancient sea- 
 margins. The Forth forms the chief boundary on N., receiving 
 the Teith and Allan (1. bk.), and the Bannock (r. bk.). The 
 Forth and Clyde Canal traverses the SE. to join the riv. Carron 
 at Grangemouth. The chief manufactures are connected with 
 the iron industry. Carron iron-works, formerly the most impor- 
 tant in Scotland, are still extensive, and Falkirk is one of the chief 
 centres in the country for all kinds of domestic iron- work. Manu- 
 factures of wool are important ; especially carpets, shawls, and 
 tweeds at Bannockburn, Cambusbarron, and Stirling; calico- 
 printing in W. ; shipbuilding at Grangemouth. The ' Carse ' of 
 Stirling is one of the most fertile parts of the kingdom, 28 m. 
 long, with breadth of from i to 4 m. ; the ' dryfield,' on he hill 
 slopes, is valuable for potatoes and turnips ; and the Lennox 
 Hills are of importance as pasture-land. For agricultural statis- 
 tics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. Roman remains of the Great 
 Wall at Castlecary ; feudal castles are Sir John Graham's (killed, 
 1298, in the battle of Falkirk), Herbertshire, with fine battle- 
 ments, &c. Battlefields at Falkirk, Bannockburn (1314), Sauchie- 
 burn (1488), Kilsyth (1645). Railway communication with 
 Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Perth, with branches to Dumbarton, 
 Alloa, Dunblane, Callander, &c. This county returns one mem- 
 ber to Parliament. Chief towns : Stirling (the only royal burgh), 
 Falkirk, Kilsyth, Grangemouth. Area, 286,338 ac. P. (1891) 
 125,600. See Scotland, table. 
 
 Stlrrnp, tireat, low isl. of the Bahama group, with light- 
 house, visible 15 m., 600 yards from E. end, in 25° 50' N. , 
 77° 54' W. 
 
 Stlrton vlth Thorlby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, ij 
 m. NW. Skipton. P. <:2So. 
 
 Stlsted, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., on the Blackwater, 
 2^ m. E. by N. Braintree, P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Stltcliel, vil., Scot., Roxburghshire. See Stlchell. 
 
 Stlthlans, par., Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., 5^ m. NW. by 
 W. Falmouth, 3J m. SE. by S. Redruth stn., P".0. ; 4361 ac. 
 P. < 2000 ; eccles. par. (Stlthiaus with Perranarworthal) P. 
 <30oo. 
 
 Stlttenhani, par. , Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 11^ m. NNE. York, 2^ m. NW. by N. Barton 
 Hill stn. Birthplace of Gower, 1320. P. <25o. 
 
 Stlvlchall, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., on the 
 Sow, 2 m. S. Coventry. P. <:25o. 
 
 StlxM'ould, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 13 
 m. ESE. Lincoln, i^ m. NE. of its stn. on the G. N. R., P.O. 
 (Stixwold). P. <2So. 
 
 Stjerno, isls. , Norway. See Stlerno. 
 
 Stjordal, vil., Norway, prov. and 23 m. ENE. Trondhjem. 
 P. (comm.) 7000. 
 
 Stoak, par., Eng., Cheshire. See Stoke. 
 
 Stob a Choln, mt., Scot., Perthshire, on N. border of 
 Callander par. Alt. 2839 ft. 
 
 Stober, riv. , Prussia, Silesia, r. bk. trib. of the Oder, watering 
 a country of forests ; rafting carried on. Length, 61 m. 
 
 Stob Garbh, mt., Scot., Perthshire, on S. border of Killin 
 par. Alt. 3148 ft. 
 
 Stoblilll, eccles. par., Scot., Midlothian, 3|m. SSE. Dalkeith, 
 close to Gorebridge stn. P. <4000. Stobgreen, adjoining on 
 theE. 
 
 Stoble, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the Sault St. Mary 
 line of the C. P. R. , 593 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Stobo, par., Scot., Peeblesshire, on riv. Tweed, 6\ m. SW. 
 Peebles, on the C. R., P.O. ; 10,302 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 St4>1>orongh, P.O., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div.. Isle of Pur- 
 beck, 6\ m. WSW. Poole, ih m. S. Wareham stn. 
 
 Stol>s, stn., Scot., Roxburghshire, on the N. B. R., 3 m. S. 
 Hawick, P.O. 
 
 1495 
 
STOB — STOC 
 
 Stoby, vil. , Sweden, prov. (iSn) and i6 m. NW. Christian- 
 stad. P. (conini.)<400o. 
 
 Stock, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 5 m. SSW. Chelmsford, 
 2^ m. E. Ingatestone stn. , PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Stockach, urban comm. , Ger. , Baden, circle and 15 m. NW. 
 by N. Constance (Switzd.). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Stock and Bradley, par., Eng., Worcestershire, 6 ra. SE. 
 Droitwich. P. < 500. 
 
 Stock bridge, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., on the 
 Anton, 8 m. WNW. Winchester, on the L. & SW. R.; has a 
 racecourse, and is a resort of anglers. An ancient town, dis- 
 franchised in 1832. PMT.O. Market-day, Th. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Stockbrldge, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co. , on the 
 Housatonic, 37 m. W. Holyoke ; summer resort and country 
 residence of many Boston citizens. P. <30C)0. Stockbrldge 
 West, adjoining tn., P. <i500. 
 
 Stockbrldge, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Calumet co., on the E. 
 shore of Lake Winnebago, 38 m. SSW. of the head of Green 
 Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stockbnry, par. , Eng. , Kent, on the E. border of the Med way 
 div., 6 m. SE. by E. Chatham, 2 m. SW. by S. Newington stn., 
 P.O. P.<:7So. 
 
 Stockcross, eccles. par. , Eng. , Berkshire, div. and 2 m. N W. 
 Newbury, P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Stockeli^dorr, vil. , Ger. , gd.-duchyOldenburg, dist. Schwartau, 
 3 m. W. Liibeck. P. <20oo. 
 
 Stockerau, tn., Lower Austria, 14 m. NW. by N. Vienna; 
 large grain trade. P. 6500. 
 
 Stockerston, par., Eng., Leicestershire, M-elton div., 7 m. 
 S. by W. Oakham, 3 m. E. by N. Hallaton stn. P. <:250. 
 
 Stock Ciaylard, eccles. par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 6 m. 
 ESE. Sherborne, 4J m. W. by S. Sturminster stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Stockham, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Northwich div. , 6 m. SW. 
 by S. Warrington, and 2 m. SE. Runcorn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stock Harward with Ranisden Bellhonse, eccles. par., 
 Eng. , Essex, 5 m. S. Chelmsford. P. < 1000. 
 
 Stockholm, cap. of Sweden, forms an administrative dist. 
 by itself, separate from the prov. (Ian) of Stockholm, and occu- 
 pies a picturesque site amongst wooded heights, between Lake 
 Malar and an inlet of the Baltic, 40 m. from the open sea, in 
 (observatory) 59° 20' 33" N. , 18° 3' 42" E. The oldest pulDlic 
 buildings — e.g^., the massive Renaissance i8th century royal 
 palace ; the Great Church, in which the kings of Sweden are 
 crowned ; the Ridderholm church, in which kings and great men 
 are buried ; the Houses of Parliament and the Nobles' Palace ; 
 and the chief naval establishments — are sitiiated on islands 
 between the lake and the inlet (Saltsjo). N. of them is the 
 handsome quarter of Norrmalm, containing the National and 
 the Northern Museums, with extremely valuable antiquarian and 
 other collections; the Academies of Science (1739) and the 
 Fine Arts (1735); the National Library (250,000 vols.), observa- 
 tory. Technological Institute, industrial (slojd), mining, and 
 other special schools, hotels, theatres, &c. The quarter of Soder- 
 malm climbs up the heights on the S. of the islands ; and E. 
 of them is the picturesque island park of DjurgArd (Deer Park). 
 Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish Academy (1786), a high 
 school of medicine, a conservatory of music, and numerous 
 learned societies. Sea-going vessels penetrate to a magnificent 
 granite pier in the heart of the city. The aggregate quayage of 
 the port is nearly 5 m. ; the greatest depth alongside, 19. 3 ft. The 
 port is, however, closed for about three months in the year by ice ; 
 but access is being facilitated by the construction of a harbour at 
 Nynas, 30 m. S. , on the Baltic, and by the cutting of a canal 
 (1300 yards long, 21^ ft. deep) between the Baggensfjord (10 m. 
 E. Stockholm) and the Lannersta Sound, which will shorten the 
 passage by 22 m. Stockholm has iron and steel furnaces, forges, 
 &c., sugar-refineries, and manufactures of tobacco, silks, linens, 
 cottons, candles, &c.; imports wheat, rye, and flour, wine and 
 spirits, coffee and sugar, iron, coal, salt, herrings, oils, manure, 
 seeds, &c. ; and exports iron and steel, oats, wood wares, 
 machinery, zinc, &c. Though founded in the middle of the 
 13th century, Stockholm only supplanted Upsala as the official 
 cap. of Sweden in the i6th century. The city was besieged and 
 taken by the Danes in 1389 and 1-520; in this latter year Christian 
 n. of Denmark massacred many of the Swedish' nobles (Blood 
 Bath of Stockholm) in the market-place. Near the city the 
 Danes were defeated in 1471 and 1497. Temp., yr. 41.4° P., 
 Jan. 26.1°, July 61.4°; mean rfall. 16.4 in. P. (1800) 75,500; 
 (1850)93,000; (1880)168,800; (1890)246,500. 
 
 Stockholni, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Sussex co., 19 m. E. 
 Newton. P. < 1500. . . 
 
 Stockholt, vil. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire. See Akeley. 
 Stockhorn, mt., Switzd., cant, and 18 m. S. Bern; it has 
 two conical peaks, one of which rises to 721 1 ft. above the sea. 
 
 Stocklngford, eccles. par., Eng., Warwickshire, in ancient 
 par. of Nuneaton, on the M. R., PMT.O. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Stocking Pelham, par. , Eng. , on the E. border of Hertford- 
 shire, Hitchin div., 13^ m. NE. Hertford, 5^ m. E. Buntingford 
 stn. P. <25o. . , 
 
 Stockland, par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., 19 m. 
 1496 
 
 ESE. Tiverton, 5^ m. ENE. Honiton stn., PM.O. ; 5918 ac. 
 P. < 1000; eccles. par. (Stockland vlth l>al>t-ood) P. < 1500. 
 
 Stockland Bristol, par., Eng., Somerset, i m. from the N. 
 ct. , div. and 5I m. NW. by N. Bridgwater. P. <25o. 
 
 Stocklelgh English, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 
 8 m. SW. by W. Tiverton, 4^ m. N. Crediton stn. P. <:i50. 
 
 Stocklelgh Ponieroy, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, div. and 8 m. 
 SW. by S. Tiverton, 3 m. WNW. Thorverton stn., P.O. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Stockley, par., Eng., co. and 4 m. SW. Durham. P. <30oo. 
 
 Stocklinch, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 11 m. W. Yeovil, 
 2J m. NE. Ilminster stn. P. <2So; eccles. par. (Stocklinch 
 Ottersey with Stocklinch Magdalen) P. <:25o. 
 
 Stockport, pari., mun. (by prescription), and (since 1888) 
 CO. bor. , and market-tn. , Eng., principally in Cheshire but 
 partly in Lancashire, 6^ m. SSE. Manchester, in the diocese of 
 Chester, on the Mersey, with stns. on L. & NW. R., M. R., M. 
 S. & L. R., and the Stockport and Timperley Rly. It occupies 
 an irregular site at the junction of the two streams which form 
 the Mersey ; has high banks on both sides of the river joined by 
 bridges, one of which has eleven arches. There was a Roman 
 station here, and afterwards a Norman castle, demolished in 
 1644. Its modem importance is due to the enormous growth of 
 its cotton industry, whether spinning, weaving, bleaching, or 
 printing; also large felt hat manufactures, iron and brass foundries, 
 &c. Stockport, made a pari. bor. in 1832, has since returned two 
 members to Parliament. Market-days, F. and S. Pari., mun., 
 and CO. bor. P. (1851) 53,800; (1871) 53,000; (1891) 70,300; 
 eccles. par. (Stockport with Brlnksway) P. 10,700. 
 
 Stockport, tp., S. Australia, Light co. , 40 m. N. by E. 
 Adelaide, on the railway, 11 m. W. Kapunda. P. <i500. 
 
 Stockport Etchells, par., Eng., Cheshire, 4 m. SW. Stock- 
 port. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Stocksbrldge, tn. (urban sanitary dist.), Eng., Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, Holmfirth and Hallamshire divs., in the valley of 
 Little Don, 10 m. NW. Sheffield, 2 m. from Deepcar stn.; has 
 steel wire- works, coal-mines, and manufacture of fire-brick. 
 PM.O. P. 5700. See Bolsterstone. 
 
 Stocksfleld, stn. , Eng. , Northumberland, div. and 7^ m. E. 
 by S. Hexham, on the NE. R. ; has coal-mines. PMT.O. 
 
 Stocksmoor, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the L. & 
 Y. R., 7 m. NW. Penistone. 
 
 Stockton, par., Eng., Cheshire, 2 m. NW. Malpas. P. <25o. 
 
 Stockton, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., i2i m. SW. Yar- 
 mouth, ij m. N. Geldeston stn. P. <:250. 
 
 Stockton, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 16 m. NNW 
 Kidderminster, 4 m. N. by E. Bridgnorth. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stockton, vil., Eng., on the W. border of Salop, Oswestry 
 div., 5 m. SE. by S. Welshpool, 3 m. E. by N. Forden stn. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Stockton, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 7^ m. E. 
 by S. Leamington, 4^ m. ENE. Southam Road stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <:75o. 
 
 Stockton, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Westbury div. , on the Wily, 
 12 m. NW. by W. Salisbury, 2 m. WNW. Wylye stn. P. 
 <50o. 
 
 Stockton, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 9^ m. 
 SW. bv W. Kidderminster, 5 m. ESE. Newnham Bridge stn., 
 P.O. 'p. <25o. 
 
 Stockton, post-tn.. New South Wales, Gloucester co., on the 
 coast, 5 m. N. by E. Newcastle, in 32° 53' S. ; has extensive ship»- 
 building yards. The Stockton colliery employs over 300 men. 
 P. <25oo. 
 
 Stockton, city, U.S., California, San Joaquin co. , 45 m. S. 
 by E. Sacramento, at the head of navigation of Stockton 
 channel. The agricultural, manufacturing, and business centre 
 of the great San Joaquin valley, the most important interior 
 "wheat market in California, and the principal flour centre of 
 the Pacific coast. Has tanneries, manufactures of agricultural 
 implements, waggons, &c., and the largest pottery in the state. 
 Mean temp. (20 yrs.), 60.5° F. , Jan. 46.6^, July 73.4° ; rfall., yr. 
 13.18 in., June-Sept. 0.20 in. P. (i860) 3700; (1870) 10,100; 
 (1880) 10,300; (1890) 14,400; (1892) 20,200. 
 
 Stockton, vil., U.S., Kansas, Rooks co. , on the S. Fork of 
 the Solomon R., 200 m. W. by N. Topeka, and 38 m. W. by S. 
 Downs. P. <:i500. 
 
 Stockton, U.S., Texas. See Fort Stockton. 
 
 Stockton, South, tn. , Eng. , Durham and Yorkshire, on Te^s 
 R. , opposite Stockton and within its parliamentary limits. See 
 Thornaby>on-Tees. 
 
 ■ Stockton Heath, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cheshire, in ancient pars, 
 of Budworth and Runcorn; manufactures spades. PMT.O. 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 Stockton-on-Tees, pari, bor., mun. bor. (of ancient incorpwa- 
 tion), seapt., and market-tn., Eng., Durham (with jDart of 
 the pari. bor. in Yorkshire), 11 m. ENE. Darlington, in the 
 diocese of Durham, on the Tees, with stns. on the NE. R. 
 The Stockton and Darlington Rly. was the first to begin pas- 
 senger traffic. Stockton is connected with Thornaby , on the York- 
 shire side of the river, by a fine stone and iron bridge. Chief 
 
STOC — STOK 
 
 industries are shipbuilding (especially iron), with blast-furnaces, 
 foundries, engine-works, large potteries, and iron-works. (See 
 Cleveland.) The river is here available for large vessels, the 
 navigation having been much improved. The two chief wharves 
 are the corporation wharf, 604 ft. , and the railway wharf, 450 ft. 
 long, which accommodate vessels drawing2i ft. water, while deeper 
 draughted vessels moor below the town in 24 ft. low water ; the 
 other wharves belong to private firms. The corporation wharf 
 is provided with large grain warehouses and elevators. There 
 is a well-known racecourse in the neighbourhood. At the 
 Restoration, Stockton had only 120 houses. Stockton has returned 
 one member to Parliament since 1867. Market-days, W. and S. 
 Mean rfall. (Egglescliffe, alt. 80 ft., 1866-80), yr. 26.7 in. Mun. 
 bor. P. (1801) 4000; (1871) 27,700; (1891) 49,700; pari. bor. 
 P. (1891) 68,900. 
 
 Stocktou-on-tbe-Forest, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Thirskand Malton div., 4^ m. NE. by E. York, h m. SSW. 
 Warthillstn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 l^tocktoii Springs, tn., U.S., Maine, Waldo co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stockaui, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, 
 circle and 6 m. E. Bochum. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Stockuiii, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Diisseldorf, circle 
 Ruhrort, dist. Bochum. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Stockvlk, fishing vil., Sweden, on the Kattegat, near Mar- 
 strand, prov. (Ian) Gothenburg. 
 
 StockM-ell, suburb of London, Eng., Surrey, on City and S. 
 London Rly. , and with stns. (\orth and Sontli Stockwell) on 
 L. C. & D. R. See Brixton. 
 
 Stockwell, postal-centre, S. Australia, Light co., 45 m. NE. 
 Adelaide. P. <ci5oo. 
 
 Stockwlth, East, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 
 on the r. bk. of the riv. Trent, 4 m. NNW. Gainsborough, i 
 m. E. by .S. Misterton stn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (East 
 Stockwlth with Walkerlth) P. <5oo. 
 
 i^tockwltli. West, par. and river-port, Eng., Nottingham- 
 shire, Bassetlaw div., 4^ m. NNW. Gainsborough, li m. ENE. 
 Misterton stn. ; has annual stock fair. PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Stockwood, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, 6^ m. SW. Sherborne. 
 P. <25o; eccles. par. (Stockwood with Melbnry Osmond 
 and .Helbury Sampford) P. <5oo. 
 
 StiNldart, CO., U.S., Missouri, in the SE., crossed by 90° W., 
 and in the N. by 37° N. 
 
 Stodday, part of par. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Asliton with 
 Stodday. 
 
 Sttide, vil., Sweden, prov. (Ian) Vesternorrland, 44 m. WSW. 
 Hernosand. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Sto4lmarsh, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 4J m. 
 ENE. Canterbury, 2 ni. SW. by S. Grove Ferry stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Sto«ly, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 12 m. WSW. Cromer, 
 li m. NE. Melton Constable stn. P. <25o. See Hunworth. 
 
 Stccchades, isl. See Hy^res. 
 
 StoenwUk, comm. , Holland. See Steenwljk. 
 
 Stoer, eccles. par., Scot., Sutherland, on the W. ct. , on the 
 Bay of Stoer, i,\ m. SSE. Stoer Head, P T.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stoford, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Yeovil, Somerset. 
 
 Stogiiniber, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Somerset, Wellington 
 div., II m. NW. Taunton, on the G. W. R. ; has a medicinal 
 springused in the manufacture of ale. PMT.O. Market-day, S. 
 5349 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Stognrsey, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 7 m. NW. 
 by W. Bridgwater, PMT.O. ; 5061 ac. P. < 1500; eccles. par. 
 (Stogursey, or Stoke Ooiircy) P. < 1500. 
 
 8tolluvo, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Kirk-Kilise, 32 m. S. 
 Burgas. 
 
 Stojanow, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 28 m. NW. 
 Brody. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Stoke, riv. , Eng. See Wlssey. 
 
 Stoke, par., Eng., Cheshire, 3 m. NW. Nantwich, P. <:25o. 
 
 Stoke, or Stoak, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 4 m. N. 
 by E. Chester, on the Ellesmere Canal, 3 m. SE. EUesmere Port 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stoke, par., Eng., Derbyshire, 5 m. NE. Bakewell. P. <;250. 
 
 Stoke, vil. , Eng. , Devonshire, 2 m. W. Hartland. 
 
 Stoke, P.O., Eng., Hampshire, 3 m. from Havant. 
 
 Stoke, par., Eng., Kent, in the Medwaydiv., on the N. shore 
 of the estuary of the Medway, 6 m. NE. Chatham, 2 m. E. by 
 N. Sharnel Street stn., PMT.O. (Lower Stoke). P. <75o. 
 
 Stoke, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and \ m. N. Guildford. 
 P. 9900. 
 
 Stoke, par., Eng., Warwickshire, 2 m. E. and included in 
 the pari. bor. of Coventry, PM.O. (Stoke <;reeu). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Stoke, PM.O., Eng., Worcestershire, near Stoke Works stn. 
 
 Stoke, Earl, par., Eng., Wiltshire. See Earl Stoke. 
 
 Stoke, East, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., on the Frome, 
 9i m. W. by S. Poole, i^ m. E. Wool stn., P.O. ; 4631 ac. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Stoke, East, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 4 m. 
 SW. Newark, on the r. bk. of the Trent, 3 m. WNW. Cotham 
 stn. , P.O. P. <250 ; eccles. par. (East Stoke with Syerstou) 
 P.<;5oo. 
 
 Stoke, East and West, two vils., Eng., Somerset, East 
 Stoke 5 m. NW. Yeovil. 
 
 Stoke, North, par., Eng., Somerset, 4 m. NW. Bath. 
 
 P.-C250. 
 
 Stoke, Bforth and Sonth, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., the former 5 m. S. Grantham, 
 \\ m. SSW. Great Ponton stn. P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Stoke, North and Sonth, two adjoining pars., Eng., Oxford- 
 shire. North Stoke, Henley div. , on the 1. bk. of the Thames, 
 io| m. NW. Reading, 2 m. S. WalHngford, P.O., P. <25o; 
 South Stoke, i^ m. N. Goring stn., P.O., P. <75o ; eccles. 
 pars. (North Stoke with Ipsden and Newnham IMurren) 
 P. <750 ; (Sonth Stoke with Woodcote) P. <750. 
 
 Stoke, North and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., Sussex, 
 North Stoke, Chichester div., on the 1. bk. of the Arun, 2 m. N. 
 by E. Arundel, i m. S. Amberley stn. P. (of each)<250. 
 
 Stoke, Sonth, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., 2.\ m. S. 
 Bath; fullers' earth is obtained here. P. <:soo. 
 
 Stoke, West, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 3i m. NW. 
 Chichester, ■2.\ m. WNW. Lavant stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stoke Abbot, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 9 m. NE. by 
 E. Lyme Regis, 5 m. S. Crewkerne stn., P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Stoke Albany, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 
 13 m. NNW. Wellingborough, 2| m. SSE. Ashley and Weston 
 stn., P.O. P. <:5po; eccles. par. (Stoke Albany with WU- 
 barston) P. < 1000. 
 
 Stoke Ash, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 3 m. SW. Eye. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Stoke Banlolph, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe 
 div., 4I m. E. by N. Nottingham, on the 1. bk. of the Trent, i 
 m. S. Burton Joyce stn. P. <25o. See Gedllng. 
 
 Stoke Bishop, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Westbury 
 on Trym par. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Stoke Bliss, par., Eng., on the N, border of Herefordshire, 
 II m. E. by N. Leominster, 4^ m. S. Knighton stn. P. <25o ; 
 eccles. par. partly in Worcestershire^ 
 
 Stoke Brnern, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 7 
 m. S. Northampton, i m. SW. Roade stn. ; manufactures 
 pillow lace. P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stoke by Clare, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., on the 
 Stour, 13^^ m. SE. by S. Newmarket, with a stn. (Stoke) 
 on the G.'E. & Colne Valley Rly., P.O. (Stoke). P. <7So. 
 
 Stoke by Nayland, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 12 m. 
 WSW. Ipswich, 5 m. SW. Hadleigh, PM.O. ; 5433 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Stoke Canon, par. , Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div., 4 m. 
 NNE. Exeter, on the G. W. R., PT.O. P.<5oo. 
 • Stoke Charity, par., Eng., Hampshire, .Andover div., 5^ m. 
 N. Winchester, i^ m. E. by S. Sutton Scotney stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Stoke CUnisland, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 7 m.. S. 
 by E. Launceston, P.O. ; 8856 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Stoke Conrcy, eccles. par. , Eng. , Somerset. See Stognrsey. 
 
 Stoke D'Abernon, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 5 m. W. by 
 S. Epsom, with a stn. (Cobhani and Stoke D'Abernon) on 
 the L. & SW. R., P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Stoke Danierel, par., Eng., Devonshire, conterminous with 
 the mun. bor. of Devonport. P. 54,800 ; eccles. par. (Stoke 
 Danierel or Devonport) P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Stoke Doyle, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, on 
 the Nen, 13 m. SW. by W. Peterborough, 2 m. SW, by-S. 
 Oundle, \\ m. NW. Barnwell stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Stoke Dry, par., Eng., Rutland, 7J m. S. Oakham, 7.\ m. 
 N. by W. Rockingham stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. partly in 
 Leicestershire. 
 
 Stoke Edith, par. , Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 6 m. E. 
 bv N. Hereford, on the G. W. R. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (Stoke E4llth with Westhlde) P. <5oo. 
 
 Stoke Ferry, par. and market-tn., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 
 on the Wissey, 14 m. SSE. King's Lynn, on the G. E. R. , 
 PMT.O. Market-day, F. P. <75o. 
 
 Stoke Fleming, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 2 m. 
 SSW. Dartmouth, on Start Bay, PMT.O. P. <7SO. 
 
 Stoke dabrlel, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, div. and 7 m. SW. 
 Torquay, on the 1. bk. of the Dart, P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Stoke tilflTord, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Thornbury div., 
 5 m. N. Bristol, with a stn. (Patcliway an«l Stoke Glfford) 
 on the G. W. R., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Stoke Goldlng, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 4 m. S. 
 Bosworth, on the L. & NW. R., PM.O. P. <:75o; eccles. par. 
 (Stoke Ooldlng with Dadllngton) P. < 1000. 
 
 Stoke Cioldlngton, par., Eng., in the N. of Buckingham- 
 shire, div. and 13 m. NE. Buckingham, 4 m. WSW. Olney 
 stn., P.O. P. < 1000. SeeGayhnrst. 
 
 Stokeliam, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 
 8 m. SSW. Gainsborough, 5 m. ESE. Retford stn. P. <25o. 
 See Drayton, East. 
 
 Stoke Hammond, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire div., on 
 the Ousel, 11 m. NNE. Aylesbury, 3 m. S. Fenny Stratford 
 stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 1497 
 
STOK — STON 
 
 stoke Holy Cross, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 5 m. S. 
 Norwich, i m. E. by S. Swainsthorpe stn. , P.O. P. <;500. 
 
 Stoke • lu - TelKithead, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton 
 div., 2^ m. SW. Teignmouth, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Stoke Lacy, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div., on 
 the Leddon, g\ m. NE. Hereford, 5 m. SW. by S. Bromyard 
 stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stoke Laiie, par. , Eng. , Somerset, div. and 6h ra. W. Frome. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Stoke Lyne, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 9 m. 
 WSW. Buckingham, 4 m. N. by W. Bicester, P.O. P. <7So ; 
 eccles. par. (Stoke Lyne with Caversfleld and Fewcott) P. 
 
 <750- 
 
 Stoke Mandevllle, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 
 2 m. SSE. Aylesbury, on the Metropolitan Rly. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stokenchurcli, par., Eng., O.xfordshire, Henley div., 14 m. 
 N. by E. Reading, 2^ m. ESE. Aston Rowant stn., PMT.O.; 
 5920 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Stoke Newlngton, suburb of London, Eng., Middlesex, 
 Hackney div., 3^ m. N. by E. St. Paul's, London, on the 
 G. E. R. 
 
 Stokeuhani, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 8 m. SW. 
 by S. Dartmouth, i^ m. from Start Bay, P.O. ; 5942 ac. P. 
 <20oo ; eccles. par. (Stokenhani wltli Clilvelstoiie and 
 Sherford) P. < 2500. 
 
 Stoke Orchard, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 3^ m. 
 SSE. Tewkesbury, close to Cleeve stn. P. <25o. See Bishop's 
 Cleeve. 
 
 Stoke Pero, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 3^ m. 
 from the N. ct. , 20 m. N. by W. Tiverton. P. <25o. 
 
 Stoke Poges (p6gz), par., Eng. , Buckinghamshire, Wycombe 
 div., 3i m. N. by E. Windsor, 2 m. N. Slough stn. The poet 
 Gray is buried in the churchyard, which is the supposed scene 
 of his immortal elegy. PMT.O. P. <2500. 
 
 Stoke Point, cape, Eng., in the SW. of Devonshire, yh m. 
 SE. Plymouth, in 4° 2^' W. 
 
 Stoke Prior, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 2 m. SE. 
 Leominster, PM.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Stoke Prior >vlth 
 OockloTv) P. <75o. 
 
 Stoke Prior, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Droitwich div., 2 
 m. S. by W. Bromsgrove, with a stn. (Stoke Works) on the 
 M. R. Three-fifths of the salt produced in the county extracted 
 from brine-springs here. P.O. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Stoke Rivers, par., Eng., Devonshire, 5 m. E. Barnstaple. 
 P.<:25o. 
 
 Stoke Uochford, P.O., Eng., Lincolnshire, 6 m. S. Gran- 
 tham. 
 
 Stoke Rodney, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 5 m. NW. 
 by W. Wells, close to Draycott stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Stoke Ro>v, eccles. par., Eng., Oxfordshire, 5J m. NW. 
 Henley-on-Thames, PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Stokes, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, on N. frontier, W. of 80° W. 
 
 Stokes, Mount, summit of the Andes, in 50° 29' S. , between 
 Magellan terr. and Argentine Patagonia. Alt. 6400 ft. 
 
 Stoke St. dregory, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 7 m. SSE. 
 Bridgwater, i.^ m. S. Athelney stn. , P.O.; 4129 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stoke St. Mary, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 3 m. 
 SE. Taunton, P.O. P. <2So. See Orchard Portnian. 
 
 Stoke St. MllboroHgh, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 17 
 m. W. by N. Kidderminster, 6J m. NE. Ludlow, P.O.; 4990 
 ac. P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (Stoke St. Mllborongh ivlth Heath) 
 P.<:Soo. 
 
 Stokesay, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., on the Ony, 20 
 m. S. by W. Shrewsbury, with a stn. (Craven Arms and 
 Stokesay) on the G. W. R. P. < 1000. 
 
 Stokes Bay, Canada, Ontario, on Lake Huron, in 44° 57' N. 
 
 Stokes Bay, S. Chile, in 54° 10' S., on S. of Santa Inez I. 
 
 Stokes Bay, bay and rly. stn. , Eng. , on the coast of Hamp- 
 shire, Fareham div., 2^ m. WSW. Portsmouth, on the L. & 
 SW. R., P.O. (Stoke). 
 
 Stokes Bay, W. Australia, Kimberley div., in the SE. of 
 King Sound. 
 
 Stokesby with Herrlngby, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., on 
 the Bure, 6 m. WNW. Yarmouth, 2 m. E. by N. Acle stn., 
 P.O. (Stokesby). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Stokesley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 
 on the Leven, 7^ m. S. by E. Middlesbrough, on the NE. R.; 
 has manufactures of linen and gunpowder. PMT.O. Market- 
 day, S. P. <2000. 
 
 Stoke Talmage, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 11^ m. 
 ESE. Oxford, 3 m. N. by W. Watlington stn. P. <;2So. 
 
 Stoke Trlster, par. , Eng. , Somerset, E. div. , 12^ m. S. by W. 
 Frome, 2 m. E. Wincanton stn. P. <soo. See Cackllngton. 
 
 Stoke-nnder-Hamdon, par., Eng., Somerset, 6 m. NW. 
 Yeovil, PMT.O. P.<2ooo. 
 
 Stoke-apon> Tern, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 13^ m. 
 NE. Shrewsbury, i m. E. Hodnetstn.; 5683 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Stoke-npon-Trent, pari, and (since 1874) mun. bor., par., 
 and market-tn., Eng., Staffordshire, i m. E. Newcastle-under- 
 Lyme, in the diocese of Lichfield, on the Trent, and on the Mersey 
 1498 
 
 and Trent Canal, with stn. on the N. Staffordshire Rly. Now a 
 seat of the pottery and porcelain manufacture, with world-wide 
 fame, it was a mere village before Wedgwood, in 1759, began 
 business as a potter ; in 1763, taking out a patent for a cream- 
 coloured porcelain, and in 1775 employing Flaxman to invent 
 designs for his 'Wedgwood ware.' In Stoke are also large 
 factories of encaustic tiles and tesselated pavements. Other 
 industries are coal-mining, iron and machine manufactures. 
 The pari. bor. (created 1832) comprised all the ' Potteries ' (in- 
 cluding Burslem, Hanley, &c.) till 1885, when Hanley obtained 
 separate representation. Market-day, S. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 
 Barlaston (alt. 520 ft.), yr. 34.4 in.; Stanley Reservoir (alt. 550 
 ft.) 32.7 in. Mun. bor. and par. P. (1871) 15,300; (1891) 
 24,000; pari. bor. P. (1851)84,000; (1891)75,400. 
 
 Stoke Wake, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 10^ m. SE. 
 Sherborne, 5^ m. SW. Shillingstone stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stoke Works, stn. , Eng. , Worcestershire. See Stoke Prior. 
 
 Stokke, vil. , Sweden, prov. Christiania, near the W. shore of 
 Tonsberg Fjord. P. 5100. 
 
 Stolac, tn. , Herzegovina, 20 m. S. by E. Mostar, in a wine- 
 producing dist. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Stolberg, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 7 m. E. by S. 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, with extensive coal-mines, as well as mines of 
 lead, zinc (calamine), and silver ore ; manufactures of lead, zinc, 
 besides important glass-works (mirrors, &c.). The industries of 
 Stolberg were founded in the i6th and 17th centuries by Protes- 
 tants expelled from France and Aix-la-Chapelle. P. (1819) 4400 ; 
 (1890) 12,800. 
 
 Stolberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Sangerhausen, 8 
 m. NE. Nordhausen, in the Harz Mts. P. <3000. 
 
 Stolbovyl. 1. Promontory, Russia, on E. ct. of Kamchatka, 
 56° 40' N. , 178° 59' E. 3. At S. extremity of Matochkin Shar, 
 Novaya Zemlya. 3. Island, Russia, Arctic Ocean, off Siberia, 
 its SW extremity being in 73° 55' N. , 131° 36' E. 
 
 StoUberg, tn. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 13 m. E. 
 Zwickau; considerable manufacture of hosiery. P. (1834) < 
 4000 ; (1890) 6900. 
 
 Stolp, tn., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, cap. circle Stolp, on the 
 Stolpe R. , 61 m. ENE. Kolberg ; has manufactures of starch 
 and amber -wares, and various other industries. P. (1871) 
 16,300; (1890)23,700; comm. P. 23,900. 
 
 Stolpe, riv. , Prussia, flows W. from the prov. of W. Prussia, 
 then NW. through Pomerania, past Stolp into the Baltic at 
 Stolpmiinde ; used for floating timber from Sullenschien, 77 m. 
 
 Stolpeu, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, on the Wossnitz, circle and 
 15 m. E. Dresden. P. <20oo. 
 
 Stolpmttude, vil., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Stolp, on 
 the coast, at the mouth of the Stolpe R., 58 m. NE. by E. 
 Kolberg. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Stolptsy, tn., Russia, govt, and 51 m. WSW. Minsk, port 
 on Niemen ; corn and linseed exported, and salt imported. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Stolzenan, circle, Prussia, in the S. of the prov. Hanover, 
 crossed in the S. by 52^° N. , and in the middle by 9° E. ; cap. 
 Stolzenau (a small village). 
 
 Stolzenfels, vil. , in Ger. SW. Africa, on r. bk. of the Orange 
 R. ; an agricultural colony of recent date. 
 
 Stolzenhagen, vil, Prussia, prov. Pomerania, govt, and 5 m. 
 NNE. Stettin, circle Randow. P. <30oo. 
 
 Stonifa (Ger. Stauipfen, Slovac Stnpawa), tn., Hungary, 
 CO. and 9 m. NNW. Pressburg. P. < 4000. 
 
 Stonimeln, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 11 m. NW. 
 by W. Cologne. P, (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Stonar, par., Eng., Kent, i m. NE. Sandwich. P. <25o. 
 
 Stondon, Upper, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div. , 
 10 m. NNE. Luton, i m. W. Henlow stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Stondon Massey, par. , Eng. , Essex, Epping div. , 8 m. NNE. 
 Romford, 2 m. SE. Ongar stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Stone, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and zh m. W. by 
 S. Aylesbury, PMT.O. P. <i50o; eccles. par. (Stone with 
 Blshopstone) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Stone, part of par., Eng., Gloucestershire, P.O. See Ham 
 and Stone. 
 
 Stone, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 4 m. N. by E. Rye, 
 3 m. SW. by W. Appledore stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Stone, par., Eng., Kent, Dartford div., on the Thames, 4^ 
 m. W. Gravesend, close to Greenhithe stn. The City of London 
 lunatic asylum is here. P. <4000. 
 
 Stone, par. and market-tn., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., on 
 riv. Trent, 7 m. S. by E. Stoke-upon-Trent, a junction stn. on 
 the N. Staffordshire Rly.; free school, founded 1558; extensive 
 manufactures of shoes, tanning, brewing, earthenware, &c. 
 PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. 20,509 ac. P. 14,100; tn. P. 5800. 
 
 Stone, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Droitwich div. , 2 m. ESE. 
 Kidderminster, P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Stone, CO., U.S., Arkansas, crossed by 92'' W. and 36° N., 
 bounded on NE. by White R. 
 
 Stone, CO., U.S., Missouri, on the S. frontier, E. of 94° S. 
 
 Stonea, stn. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire, Wisbech div. , 2^ m. SE. 
 March, on the G. E. R. 
 
STON — STOO 
 
 Stoiien»«toii, P.O., Eng. , Somerset. See Stone Easton. 
 
 Stoiiebeck, Dom'ii and tpper, two pars., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, the former 3 m. NW. Pateley Bridge, 12,516 ac. ; 
 the latter 8 m. NW. Pateley Bridge, 12,505 ac. P. (of each) 
 <500. 
 
 Stoiieboro, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Mercer co. , 54 m. S. 
 Erie, is a summer resort ; has extensive coal-mines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Stoiiebrldge, P.O., Ire., W. co. Monaghan, bar. Dartree, 
 9 m. WSW. Monaghan, 3 m. from Clones stn. 
 
 !!»toiicbrl4lge Park (for W. Willesden and Harlesden), stn., 
 Eng. , Middlesex, on the M. R. , near Willesden Junction stn. 
 
 Stoiiebrooin, PM.O. , Eng., Derbyshire, i m. from Doehill. 
 
 Stoiiebyres Linn, waterfall, Scot. See t'lyde. 
 
 Stonecarthy, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bars. Kells, Knock- 
 topher, and Shillelogher, 6 m. W. Thomastown. P. <25o. 
 
 i^stoueclon;;]!, stn., Eng., Lancashire, PMT.O. SeeKearsley 
 and ijtoneclongb. 
 
 Stone Ea.ston, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div. , 6h m. NE. 
 Wells, 2 m. WNW. Chilcompton stn., P.O. (Stoneaston). P. 
 <5oo; eccles. par. (Stone Easton 'n'lth Farrlngton Gurney) 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Stoiieferry, part of par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, PT. O. See Sutton. 
 
 Stonefleltl, post-vil., Canada, Quebec, Argenteuil co., on the 
 1. bk. of the riv. Ottawa, 50 m. W. by N. Montreal. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Stonefleld, vil. , Eng., Staffordshire, 4 m. NW. Newcastle- 
 under-Lyme. 
 
 Stone field, electoral div.. Ire., Meath, dist. Oldcastle. 
 
 Stonefleld, tn. , Scot. , Mid Lanarkshire, 2^ m. NW. by W. 
 Hamilton, | m. WSW. Blantyre (Works) stn. P. (including 
 Balrd's Koivs, Dixon's Rotvti, and Sprlngifell) 5600. 
 
 Stonegate, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 8^ m. SE. by 
 S. Tunbridge Wells, i m. N. Ticehurst stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stonegrave, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 
 17 m. N. by E. York, i m. SE. Nunnington stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stoneliall, par., Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Corkaree, on 
 Lough Deveragh, 6 m. N. Mullingar. P. <25o. 
 
 Stoneliani, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , 9 m. 
 N. by W. Boston. P. 6200. 
 
 St^nehani, North and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Hampshire. South Stoneham, Fareham div., 3 m. NNE. and 
 partly in the co. bor. of Southampton, 8737 ac. , P. 18,700; 
 North Stoneham, P.O., 5056 ac, P. <2ooo. 
 
 Stonehaven, settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, Victoria 
 CO., 67 m. NW. by N. Fredericton. 
 
 Stonehaven, locally called Stanehlve, market-tn. , Scot., 
 cap. Kincardineshire, on Stonehaven Bay, at the mouth of 
 the Carron and Cowie, 8^ m. N. by E. Bervie, on the C. R. 
 It consists of an old and a new town, connected by a bridge 
 across the Carron ; has small harbour, and important fisheries. 
 About 2 m. S. are the remains of Dunnottar Castle, the deposi- 
 tory of the Scottish regalia during the Commonwealth, and after 
 the Restoration a place of imprisonment of the Covenanters. 
 Market-day, Th. P. (including Dunnottar and Fetteresso) 4500. 
 
 Stouehenge, the remains of a gigantic Druidic temple in 
 Eng. , Wiltshire, par. and 2J m. WNW. Amesbury, on Salisbury 
 Plain, 8^ m. NNW. Salisbury. It consists of two circles of vast 
 stones, some upright, and others fallen, and which average 14 
 ft. in height, 7 ft. in breadth, and 3 ft. in thickness. The 
 outer circle is surrounded by a trench, and separated by an 
 interval, 8 ft., from an inner circle of smaller stones, in the 
 centre of which are two groups supporting a large flat stone 
 termed the altar. 
 
 Stonehonse, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Stroud div., 8| m. 
 NNE. Wotton-under-Edge, with a stn. on the G. W. R. and 
 another on the M. R., PMT.O. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Stonehouse, par. and tn., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, the latter 
 on Avon Water, 5J m. SSW. Wishaw, on the C. R. ; coal-mining 
 and weaving are the principal industries. PMT.O. Par. 6241 
 ac. , P. < 3500; tn. P. < 3000. 
 
 Stonehouse, East, par. and tn. , Eng. , Devonshire, between 
 Plymouth and Devonport, with stn. (Devonport and Stone- 
 house) on L. & SW. R. It contains the Royal William vic- 
 tualling yard, naval hospital, and marine barracks for 700 men. 
 Devil's Point, the high ground at the back of the victualling- 
 yard, commands a fine view of the Sound, the Hamoaze, and the 
 shipping. P. 15,400. 
 
 Stonelelgh, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., on the 
 Sow, 4 in. S. by W. Coventry, 3 m. E. by N. Kenilworth stn., 
 P.O.; 10,031 ac. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Stonely, vil., Eng., par. and i m. SE. Kimbolton, Hunting- 
 donshire, P.O. 
 
 Stone Mountains, range of mts. , U.S., between the N. of 
 Tennessee and of N. Carolina ; tourist resort. 
 
 Stone next Favershani, par., Eng., Kent, 2 m. W. Favers- 
 ham. P. <:25o. See Ln«ldenliani. 
 
 Stone Point, cape, Eng., Hampshire, on the Solent, 3 m. 
 SW. of the entrance to Southampton Water. 
 
 Stonesby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 6 m. NE. 
 Melton Mowbray, ij m. E. Waltham on the Wold stn. P. 
 <25o. 
 
 Stonesfleld, par. , Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 3 m. W. by N. 
 Woodstock, 3 m. SE. by E. Charlbury stn. , P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Stone's Green, P.O., Eng., EsSex, 2 m. from Great Oakley. 
 
 Stone Street, PM.O., Eng., Kent, 2 m. from Seal. 
 
 Stonetoii, par. , Eng. , Northamptonshire, 9 m. SW. Daventry. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Stonewall, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, 18 m. NNW. 
 Winnipeg, on a branch of the C. P. R. 
 
 Stonewall, co. , U.S., Texas, crossed by 33° N., bounded on 
 the E. by 100° W. 
 
 Stoneycroft, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, in ancient par. 
 of West Derby. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Stoneyford, P.O. , Ire. , S. co. Antrim, bar. Upper Massereene, 
 8 m. WSW. Belfast, 3 m. from Ballinderry stn. 
 
 Stoneyford, P.O., Ire., co. Kilkenny. See Stonyford. 
 
 Stoneyklrk, par., Scot., Wigtownshire, 5 m. SSE. Stranraer, 
 and 3J m. E. by S. Colfin stn., P.O.; 19,481 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Stoney IMlddleton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 11 m. 
 E. by N. Buxton, 3 m. NNE. Hassop stn. ; has lead-smelt- 
 ing works. P.O. Alt. 692 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 37.6 in. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Stoney Point, or >Vlndorah, postal-tp., Queensland, Grey 
 CO. , in 25° 50' S. , 142° 45' E. ; opals are found in the neighbour- 
 hood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stoney Stanton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 6h m. 
 SE. Bosworth, 4 m. ESE. Elmsthorpe stn., PMT.O. P. <f50o. 
 
 Stoney Stratton, vil., Eng., Somerset, Evercreech par., 3 m. 
 NW. Bruton. 
 
 Stoneywood, stn., Scot., Aberdeenshire, i m. from Auchmill, 
 on the G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Stongtreng. See Stnngtreng. 
 
 Stonliani, Earl, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 9 m. 
 NNW. Ipswich, 3 m. NE. Needham Market stn., PMT.O. 
 (Stonhani). P. <:75o. Stonhani, Little, par. adjoining on 
 the N., P.O., P. <5oo. 
 
 Stonhani Aspall, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , 10 m. 
 N. by W. Ipswich, 4 m. ENE. Needham Market stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Stonlngton, tn. , U.S., near the SE. corner of Connecticut, 
 CO. and 10 m. E. by S. New London, on the coast, on a rocky 
 point ; favourite summer resort ; has a good harbour, with three 
 breakwaters ; considerable coasting trade ; daily steam com- 
 munication with New York ; manufactures silk, machinery, and 
 velvets. P. 7200. Stonlngton Point, cape, i m. S. North 
 Stonlngton, adjoining town, P. <i5oo. 
 
 Stonnall, eccles. par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Lichfield div. ,5 m. 
 NE. Walsall, zh m. WSW. Shenstone stn., P.O. P.<:750. 
 
 Stonnls, gritstone rock, Eng. , Derbyshire, on Cromford Moor, 
 2 m. N. Wirksworth ; commands one of the best views in the dist. 
 
 Stontou WyvlUe, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough 
 div., II m. SW. Oakham, 2 m. NE. by N. Langton stn. P. < 
 250. 
 
 Stony Brook, vil., U.S., New York, Suffolk co., Long 
 Island, on Long Island Sound, 49 m. ENE. Brooklyn ; has 
 good harbour. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Stony Creek, vil., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 9 m. ESE. 
 New Haven, on the coast. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Stonydelph, vil., Eng., Warwickshire. See Amlngton. 
 
 Stonyford, tn.. Ire., W. co. Kilkenny, bars. Knocktopher 
 and Shillelogher, 9 m. S. Kilkenny, 5 m. from Thomastown 
 stn., PMT.O. (Stoneyford). P. <250. 
 
 Stony Gap, pass, U.S., across the Cumberland Mts. , between 
 Virginia and Kentucky, in 37° 5' N. 
 
 Stony Head, cape. Cape Colony, on the W. ct. , in about 33° S. 
 
 Stony Hill, vil, Jamaica, Surrey co., yh m. N. Kingston. 
 
 Stonyhurst, PMT.O., Eng., Lancashire, near Blackburn. 
 Stonyhurst College, founded in 1794 by Jesuits, has a noted 
 observatory. Alt. 376 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 49.5 in. 
 
 Stony Island, U.S., New York, Jefferson co. , in the E. of 
 Lake Ontario, in 43° 50' N. , 76° 25' W. 
 
 Stony Lake, Canada, Ontario, Peterborough co., 80 m. NE. 
 Toronto, drained W. into Pigeon Lake. See Sturgeon Lake. 
 
 Stony Mlddleton, Eng. See Stoney Mlddleton. 
 
 Stony Monntaln, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of 
 the C. P. R., 13 m. NW. Winnipeg, 50° 22' N., 91° 40' W. 
 Alt. 740 ft. Mean temp. (10 yrs., 1879-88), yr. 32.8° F., Jan. 
 7.3°, July 66.0°. 
 
 Stony Rlgg, mt., Eng., Cumberland, in the E. of the Penrith 
 div., II m. ENE. Penrith. Alt. 2429 ft. 
 
 Stony Stratford, tn. , Eng. , on the N. border of Buckingham- 
 shire, div. and 7^ m. NE. by E. Buckingham, 2 m. W. by S. 
 Wolverton stn.; "has lace-making. Pars., Stony Stratford, 
 East, P. <iooo ; Stony Stratford, West, P. < 1500. 
 
 Stoodley, or Stoodlelgh, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 
 4^ m. NW. by N. Tiverton, 3 m. SW. Bampton stn., P.O.; 
 4473 ac. P. <Soo. Stoodley Beacon, a hill to the N. 
 
 Stoodley Pike, hill, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Sowerby 
 div. , 7 m. W. Halifax. Alt. 1312 ft. 
 
 Stoop, vil. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, par. and i m. NE. Dumfries. 
 P. (including Greenbrae)<75o. 
 
 1499 
 
STOP^STOU 
 
 Stophnm, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 7^ m. N. 
 Arundel, ij m. W. Pulborough stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Stopka, estate, Prussia, prov. Posen, circle and dist. Bromberg, 
 with important lignite-mines. 
 
 Stopnlca, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 33 m. SSE. 
 Kielce. P. < 5000. 
 
 Stoppeiiberg, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Diisseldorf, 
 circle and 3 m. NE. Essen. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Stopper Lane, P.O., Eng., near Clitheroe, Lancashire, 3 m. 
 from Gisburn. 
 
 Stopsley, eccles. par., Eng., Bedfordshh-e, div. and 2 m. NE. 
 Luton, P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Stor, navigable outlet of Lake Schwerin, Ger., which it drains 
 into the Elbe, r. bk. 
 
 Star, riv. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, r. bk. trib. of 
 the Elbe, navigable for 25 m. (from Kellinghausen). 
 
 Stora, port, Algeria, prov. Constantine, arr. adjoining and 
 NW. of Philippeville; well sheltered e.xcept from E. winds, but 
 only suitable for small craft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Storafven, lake, N. Sweden, prov. (Ian) Norbotten, loi m. 
 W. Lule&. Length, 28 m. ; greatest breadth, 9 m. 
 
 Stora Kopparberg (' great copper mine'), another name for 
 the Swedish prov. of Kopparberg. 
 
 Stora-Lulea, riv. , and Stora-LnleA Janr (lake). See LaleA. 
 
 Stora-Malni, vil., Sweden, prov. (Ian) and 27 m. NW. 
 Nykoping. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 .. Stora-Mellosa, vil., Sweden, prov. (Ian) and 11 m. ESE. 
 Orebro. P. (comm. )<4ooo. 
 
 Stora Tuna, vil. and rly. stn., Sweden, prov. Kopp)arberg, 
 on r. bk. Dal-Elf, 14 m. S. by W. Falun. 
 
 Storchiiest, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 37 m. S. by W. Posen, 
 circle Fraustadt. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Stord, isl. , S. of the W. ct. of Norway, prov. and 28 m. S. 
 Bergen. Area, 92 sq. m. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Store Hedlnge, tn., Denmark, in the SE. of Seeland, prov. 
 Prasto, 27 m. SSW. Copenhagen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Storelvedalen, vil., Norway, prov. and 49 m. N. Hamar, 
 on the Glommen ; great trade in wood. P. (comm. )<4ooo. 
 
 Storetoii, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 3^ m. SSW. 
 Birkenhead. P. <5oo. 
 
 Storey, cc, U.S., Nevada, in the W., S. of 40° N., W. of 
 119° W. 
 
 Storey's, rly. stn., Canada, Ontario, Leeds co., 41 m. SSW. 
 Ottawa. 
 
 StorQord, fjord, W. ct. Norway, cut by 62^° N. It has 
 several branches, one of which, the jorundfjord, is one of the 
 grandest fjords of Norway. 
 
 Storltbs, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley div., 13^ m. 
 W. Harrogate, i^ m. WNW. Bolton Abbey stn. See Hazle- 
 wood. 
 
 Storkhlll and Sandholme, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 in Beverley union, with a stn. (Sandholme) on the Hull, 
 Barnsley, and W. Riding Junction Rly. P. <250. 
 
 Storkow, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Beeskow- 
 Storkow, 27 m. SE. Berlin. P. (comm. )■< 3000. 
 
 Storkower Canal, navigable canal, Prussia, Brandenburg, 
 connecting the Dahme with the Scharmiitzel-See (lake, 20 m. 
 W. by S. Frankfurt), 21 m. long. 
 
 Storm Bay, on SE. side of Tasmania, S. of lat. 43° S., long. 
 147*° E- 
 
 Stormbergen, mt. chain, Cape Colony, W. prolongation of 
 the Drakensbergen, in about 31° 20' S., between 26° 10' and 
 27° 30' E. Coal abounds both in the E. (Indwe) and W. (Cyp- 
 hergat, Molteno) of the range. 
 
 Storm Lake, city, U.S., Iowa, Buena Vista co., on Storm 
 Lake, 61 m. E. by N. Sioux City. P. <2000. 
 
 Storniont, co. , Canada, Ontario, on the St. Lawrence, 
 crossed in the middle by 75° W. 
 
 Stormont, one of the ancient divs. of Perthshire, Scot., 
 between the Tay and the Ericht. Length, 14 m. ; mean breadth, 
 7 m. 
 
 Stormontfleld, vil., Scot., co. and 5 m. N. Perth, Scone 
 par. , on Tay R. ; has salmon-breeding ponds. 
 
 Stor'noway (from Norse Stjama vdgr, ' St jama's Bay'), 
 par. and seapt. tn., Scot., Ross-shire, Lewis I., Outer Hebrides, 
 the largest town in the Western Is. , on Stomoway Harbour, a 
 deep hay sheltered by two headlands, on the S. of which is a 
 lighthouse. It is the centre of the Outer Hebrides fishery 
 dist. , and exports large qimntities of fish to home and Baltic 
 ports. Made a burgh of barony by James VI. The harbour 
 (area over 1 sq. m.) has depth at entrance of 38 ft. low water 
 ordinary springs ; depth alongside quays at high water ordinary 
 springs 14 ft., at wharves 28 ft., at low water respectively 4 and 
 IS ft. Steamers of 3000 tons have used the wharf. Mean temp. 
 (20 yrs.), yr. 45.5° F., Jan. 38.9°, July 54.6°; rfall. (36 yrs.), 47.2 
 in. Par. 63,224 ac, P. 11,800; tn. P. <35oo (increased in 
 M ay and June to about 8000, exclusive of fishermen). 
 
 Stomoway, Locli, small inlet, Scot., ^Argyllshire, on the 
 SW. of Knapdale, in 55° 48' N. 
 Storo, tn. , Austria, Tirol, dist. and 14^ m. SSW. Tione, on 
 1500 
 
 r. bk. of Palvico ; station of Garibaldi during the campaign of 
 1866. P. < 2000. 
 
 Storii, isl. of Norway, diocese and 30 m. S. Bergen. Length, 
 N. to S. , 15 ni. ; breadth, 7 m. 
 
 Storozynec, tn. , Austria, crownland Bukovina, 13 m. SW. 
 Czernowitz. P. 5700. 
 
 Storr, The, mt. , Scot., Inverness-shire, Skye I., Snizort par., 
 7 ni. N. Portree. Alt. 2341 ft. On a lower slope of the moun- 
 tain is the Old Man of Storr, a natural obelisk of rock 160 ft. 
 high. 
 
 Storr IIea«l, cape, Scot. , W. ct. Sutherland, 58° 16' N. See 
 Stoer. 
 
 Storrldge, eccles. par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster 
 div., i6| m. ENE. Hereford, 2 m. WNW. Malvern Link stn. 
 P.<;5oo. 
 
 Storrlngton, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 6 m. NE. 
 Arundel, PMT.O. P.<isoo. 
 
 Storsjo, lake, Sweden, prov. Jemtland. The town of Oster- 
 sund is on its E. bank. 
 
 Stor-rman, lake, Sweden, prov. Westerbotten, in 65° o' N. , 
 16° 30' E. , traversed from NW. to SE. by the Ume3, R. 
 Length, 25 m.; greatest breadth, 6 m. 
 
 Storivood, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 8 ni. SW. 
 Pocklington. P. <25o. 
 
 Story, CO., U.S., Iowa, crossed by 42° N., and between 93° 
 and 94° W. 
 
 Story City, vil., U.S., Iowa, Story co., 40 m. N. Des 
 Moines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stotfleld, vil. , Scot. , Elginshire, 4J m. N. Elgin, near Lossie- 
 mouth stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stotfold, par. , Eng. , on the E. border of Bedfordshire, div. 
 and 9 ni. SSE. Biggleswade, 13^ m. SE. by E. Bedford, 2 m. E. 
 by S. Arlesey and ShefTord Road stn., PM.O. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Stotfold, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 7 m. NW. 
 Doncaster. P. 4. 
 
 Stiitterltz, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 2 m. SE. 
 Leipzig. P. 5900. 
 
 Stot'tesden, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div. , 11 m. WNW. 
 Kidderminster, 4^ m. W. Highley stn., P.O. (Stottesdon) ; 
 9486 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 StottvlUe, vil., U.S., New York, Columbia co., 27 m. S. 
 Albany. P. < 1500. 
 
 StoafTvllle, vil., Canada, Ontario, York co., 23J m. NNE. 
 Toronto ; a railway junction. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stonght«n (sto'ton), par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 
 4 m. ESE. Leicester, i| m. S. by W. Thurnby stn. P. <2So. 
 See Tlinriiby. 
 
 Stoughton, PMT.O., Eng., near Guildford, Surrey. 
 
 Stonghton, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 5^ m. NW. Chi- 
 chester ; 5374 ac. P. <750. • 
 
 Stonghton, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co., 16 m. N. 
 Taunton. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Stonghton, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Dane co. , 66 m. W. by S. 
 Milwaukee, and 14 m. SE. Madison. P. <3000. 
 
 Stoul, Easter, vil., Scot., Inverness-shire, on the S. shore of 
 Loch Nevis, i2i m. E. by S. of Point of Sleat. Stoul, Wester, 
 vil., ^m. to the" WNW. 
 
 Stonlt^n, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Bewdley div. , 5 m. SE. 
 Worcester, i m. ENE. Wadborough stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Stonmont, vil., Belgium, prov. Liege, arr. Verviers, on the 
 Ambleve, 6 m. SSW. Spa. P. <20oo. 
 
 Stonr, riv., Eng., Dorsetshire and Hampshire, rises just 
 within the border of Somerset, flows SE. and E. through Dorset- 
 shire, passing Sturminster Newton, Blandford, and W'imbome 
 Minster, enters Hampshire, and joins the Avon at Christchurch. 
 
 Stour, riv., Eng., Kent, rises in the SE. of the Medway div. 
 and flows SE. to Ashford, then NE. past Canterbury, and finally, 
 after describing a southerly loop, passing Sandwich, enters Peg- 
 well Bay. 
 
 Stonr, riv., Eng., in the W. of Staffordshire and NW. of 
 Worcestershire, trib. of the Severn, which it joins on the 1. bk. 
 at Stourport. 
 
 Stour, riv., Eng., flows E. between Suffolk and Essex, and 
 enters the estuary of the Orwell at Harwich ; navigable to 
 Sudbury. 
 
 Stour, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Dorsetshire. 
 E. Stour, N. div., lo^ m. ENE. Sherborne, 2^ ni. SSE. Gilling- 
 ham stn., P.O., P. <5oo; W. Stour, P. <250. 
 
 8t«ur, Little, trib. of the Stour (Kent), rises near Hythe and 
 flows NNE. 
 
 Stourbridge (staur'brij), the ancient Bedcote, par. and tn., 
 Eng., on the N. border of Worcestershire, Droitwich div., on 
 the Stour, 5 m. SW. by S. Dudley, 12 m. by road W. Bir- 
 mingham, with a junction stn. on the G. W. R. ; it has a 
 grammar-school, founded 1553 ; coal-mining, iron-works, and 
 manufactures of glass and fire-bricks. The glass-works were 
 established by refugees from the Continent in the i6th century. 
 Market-davs, F. and S. P. (1891, within the extended boun- 
 daries of 1894) 14,900. 
 
 Stonrmouth, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., on the 
 
S T O U — S T R A 
 
 Little Stour, 6 m. NW. by W. Sandwich, 2 m. ESE. Grove 
 Ferry stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stonrpaliic, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, N. div. , on the Stour, 
 14I m. ESE. Sherborne, 2^ m. NW. by N. Blandford, P.O. 
 P.<:5oo. 
 
 . Stourport (stur'port), market-tn. , Eng., Worcestershire, 
 Droitwich div., on the 1. bk. of the Severn, here crossed by an 
 iron bridge, 4 m. SSW. Kidderminster, on the G. W. R. ; seat 
 of a busy transit trade; manufactures carpets; other industries 
 are iron-founding, tin-stamping, enamelling, and tanning. 
 Extensive tin-plate works close by. Market-days, W. and S. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Stour Provost, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, N. div. , on the Stour, 
 I m. S. East Stour, 10 m. E. by N. Sherborne. P. <75o ; eccles. 
 par. (sitour Provost wltli Todber) P. < 1000. 
 
 Stonrtou (stor'ton), vil. , Eng., Staffordshire, Kingswinford 
 div., on the r. bk. of the Stour, 6^ m. SW. by W. Dudley, 3 m. 
 W. by N. Stourbridge stn., P.O. 
 
 Stonrton, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, on the Stour, 4 m. SE. 
 Shipston. P. <25o. See IVhicliford. 
 
 Stonrton (stflr'ton), par., Eng., Wiltshire (Wilton div.) and 
 Somerset (E. div.), 16 m. SSW. Trowbridge, 6 m. NNW. 
 Gillingham stn. I'he par. is to be confined to Wiltshire after 
 SeptemVjer 30, 1895. The old cross of Birstal city now stands 
 in Stourhead gardens. P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stonrtoii, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. from 
 Hunslet. 
 
 Stonrton €auu<lle, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 5 m. E. 
 by S. Sherborne, 2^ m. SW. Stalbridge stn., P.O. P. <;50o. 
 Stonrtou-ln-tlie-Clay, par. , Eng. See Stnrtou. 
 Stoveii, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 10 m. SW. Lowestoft, 
 4^ m. NE. Halesworth, 2^ m. ESE. Brampton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stow, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and 8 m. W. Hun- 
 tingdon, I m. E. by N. Kimbolton stn. P. <:25o; eccles. par. 
 (Stow M'ltli Easton) P. <500. 
 
 Stow, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 6 m. SE. 
 by S. Gainsborough, 2 m. E. by N. Stow Park stn.; the village 
 had a minster in early Saxon times. P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (Stow 
 in Lliulsey 'wltli Stnrtoii) P. < 1000. 
 
 Stow, par. , Scot. , Midlothian and Selkirkshire, on Gala Water, 
 4J m. WSW. Lauder, with stn. (Stow for Iiauder) on the N. B. 
 R. ; has woollen mills. PMT.O. 36,843 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Stow, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , 19 m. NE. 
 Worcester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stow, Long, Eng. See Longstowe. 
 
 Stow, West, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., on the 
 Lark, 5 m. NW. by N. Bury St. Edmunds, sh m. W. Ingham stn. 
 P. <25o ; eccles. par. (W. Stow with Wordwell) P. <25o. 
 
 Stow Bardolpb, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 9 m. S. 
 King's Lynn, ij.m. SE. of its stn. (Stow) on the G. E. R., P.O. 
 (Stow and E. Stow) ; 6399 ac. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (stow^ 
 Bardolpli with Wlmljotsliani) P. <20oo. 
 
 Stow Bedon, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 19 m. WSW.' 
 Norwich, i| m. ESE. of its stn. on the G. E. R., P.O., and P.O. 
 (Lower Sto^v Bedon). P. <5oo. 
 
 Stowe, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 2| m. NNW. 
 Buckingham. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stowe, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , 5^ m. 
 ENE. Stamford, 2 m. NNE. Tallington stn. P. <2So. See 
 Barholni. 
 
 Stowe, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div. , 17 m. SE. Newtown, 
 2 m. ENE. Knighton stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stowe, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 5J m. ENE. Staf- 
 ford, close to Chatley stn.; 5363 ac. P. < 1000; eccles. par. 
 (Stowe by €bartley) P. < 500. 
 
 Stowe, tn., U.S., Vermont, Lamoille co. , on the Waterbury 
 R. , 15 m. NNW. Montpelier; a favourite summer resort in the 
 Green Mts. , nearest point to Mount Mansfield. P. <2ooo. 
 Stowe, Long, par. , Eng. , co. Cambridge. See Longstowe. 
 Stowell, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 7 J m. NE. by 
 N. Cirencester, 6 m. SE. Andoversford stn. P. ^250. See 
 Hanipnett. 
 
 StoM'ell, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 8^ m. ENE. Yeovil, 
 ij m. W. Templecombe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stowe Xlne Churches, par. , Eng. , S. div. of Northampton- 
 shire, 8 m. W. by S. Northampton. P. <25o. Stowe, Upper, 
 I m. to the SE. , ij m. SSE. Weedon stn. 
 Stower, Dorset. See Stour and Stour Provost. 
 Stowey, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 8 m. S. Bristol, 2 m. 
 W. Glutton stn. P. <25o. See Bishop's Sutton. 
 
 Stowey, Xetber and Over, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Somerset. Nether Stowey, Wellington div., 7 m. WNW. 
 Bridgwater, PMT.O., P. <75o; Over Stowey, P. <5oo. 
 
 Stowfowl, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tavistock div. , 6J m. E. 
 by N. Launceston. P. <5oo. 
 Stowlangtoft, par., Eng., Suffolk, 2 m. SE. Ixworth, PT.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Stow Maries, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div. , 5. m. SSW. 
 Maldon, i m. SW. by W. Cold Norton stn., PM.O. (Stow-St.- 
 Mary's). P. <250. 
 
 Stowmarket, par. and market-tn., Eng., Suffolk, on riv. 
 Gipping, 12J m. NW. Ipswich, on the G. E. R.; manufactures 
 gun-cotton, iron and bricks, &c. ; has considerable transit trade. 
 Market-day, Th. P. <45oo; pari. div. P. (1891) 55,600. 
 
 Stovi' on the Wold, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Gloucester- 
 shire, Cirencester div. , on a height on the Roman Fossway, 15 
 m. SE. by S. Evesham, with a stn. on the G. W. R., PMT.O. 
 Market-day, Th. Par. P. <i5oo; tn. P. < 2000. 
 
 Stow Park, stn., Eng., Lincolnshire, on the G. E. & G. N. 
 Joint Rly. , 6^ m. SE. Gainsborough. 
 
 Stow-St.-Mary's, PM.O., Eng., Essex. See Stow Maries. 
 
 Stowtlng, par. , Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div. , 4I m. NNW. 
 Hythe, 2J m. W. by N. Lyminge stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stow Upland, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, adjoining Stowmarket, P. O. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Stow with Quy, par., Eng., co. and 4 J m. NE. Cambridge. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Stow Wood, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, in Headington union. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Stoy, mt. , NE. Hungary, the highest point of the E. Beskides. 
 Alt. 5510 ft. 
 
 Strabanc, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Wentworth co. , 11 m. 
 NW. Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Strabane, civic tn. , Ire. , N. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower Strabane, 
 I m. ESE. Lifford, on the r. bk. of the Mourne, near its con- 
 fluence with the Finn, the united streams forming the Foyle, 
 which here becomes navigable, and with which the town is con- 
 nected by a canal 4 m. long, on the G. N. (Ire.) & Donegal Rly. 
 Shirt-making is the principal industry, and the town has great 
 trade in grain and fruit. Market-days, Tu. , W._, and S. P. 5000. 
 
 Strabane, Lower, bar.. Ire., in the NW. of co. Tyrone. 
 
 Strabane, Upper, bar.. Ire., co. Tyrone, SE. of Lower 
 Strabane bar. 
 
 Straboe, par.. Ire., co. Carlow, bar. Rathvilly, 4 m. NW. 
 Tullow. P. < 250. 
 
 Strabre, par.. Ire., Queen's co., bar. E. Maryborough, 3 m. 
 NE. Maryborough; 5743 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Strabreaga, tey. Ire. , co. Donegal. See Trawbreaga. 
 
 Stracathro, par., Scot., Forfarshire, on West Water, 3^ m. 
 NNE. Brechin ; 5239 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Strachan, par., Scot., Kincardineshire, on the Water of 
 Feugh, i8| m. WSW. Aberdeen, 2^ m. SW. Banchory stn., 
 P.O.; 41,672 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Strachnr and Stralachlan, par., Scot., Argyllshire, on the 
 E. side of Loch Fyne, 4 m. S. Inveraray, PMT.O. (Straehor) ; 
 38,277 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Strada dl C'lugoll, vil. , Italy, The Marches, prov. and 14 m. 
 NW. Macerata. P. <;3000. 
 
 Strada dl Greve, vil. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 7 m. SSE. 
 Florence. P. < 3000. 
 
 Stradbally, par.. Ire., SE. ct. co. Galway, bar. Dunkellin, 
 on Dunbuleaun Bay, 13 m. W. by N. Loughrea ; 4168 ac. P. 
 <Soo. 
 
 Stra«lbally, par.. Ire., NW. co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 15 
 m. W. by S. Tralee; 4021 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Stradbally, par., Ire., cos. Limerick and Tipperary, bars. 
 Clanwilliam and Owney and Arra, contains Castleconnell town ; 
 7973 ac. P.- < 3000. 
 
 Stradbally, par. and tn., Ire., NE. Queen's co., bar. Strad- 
 bally, 6 m. E. by S. Maryborough, PMT.O. Par. P. < 1500; 
 tn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Stradbally, par. and tn. , Ire., i m. from the coast of co. 
 Waterford, bar. Decies without Drum, 7 m. ENE. Dungarvan, 
 I m. from Durrow stn., PM.O. Par. 10,917 ac, P. <2ooo; 
 tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stradbroke, par. and small market-tn. , Eng. , Suffolk, Eye 
 div., 19 m. N. by E. Ipswich, 5^ m. E. Eye stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Stradbrooke Island, Queensland, one of two principal 
 islands sheltering Moreton Bay on the E. Length, 33 m.; 
 breadth, 6 m. 
 
 Strade, tn. , Ire. , co. Antrim. See Strald. 
 
 Strade, electoral div. , Ire., E. co. Mayo, bar. Gallen, 7 m. 
 NE. Castlebar. 
 
 Stradella, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 11 m. SE. Pa via ; 
 manufactures cotton and silk goods. P. 6500. 
 
 Stradlshall, par., Eng. .Suffolk, 5 m. N. Clare. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Stra«lone, tn. , Ire., N. co. Cavan, bar. Upper Loughtee, 5 J 
 m. E. by S. Cavan, PMT.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Stradsett, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 10 m. S. by E. 
 King's Lynn, 4 m. ESE. Stow stn., P.O. P. <250. See 
 Crlnipleshaiu. 
 
 Strae, riv., Scot., Argyllshire, flows into the NE. end of 
 Loch Awe. 
 
 Straelen, market-tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Geldern, 
 15 m. WNW. Krefeld. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Straffan, par.. Ire., NE. co. Kildare, bar. North Salt, 5 m. 
 S. Maynooth, on the G. S. & W. R.. P.O., and PM.O. 
 (StraflTan Station). P. <:500. 
 
 Strafford, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Strafford co., which 
 
 1501 
 
STRA — STRA 
 
 is bounded on the E. by the Salmon Falls R. (E. frontier). 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Strafford, vil., U.S., Vermont, Orange co., 30 m. S. by E. 
 Montpelier, with mines of iron pyrites. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Stragarl, vil. , Servia, prov. and 15 m. NW. by W. Kragu- 
 jevac ; has the only powder manufactory in the country. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Straggletliorpe, par., Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , 
 7^ m. E. by S. Newark, 2J m. W. Leadenham stn. P. <:25o. 
 See BeckliigUani. 
 
 Strahan, Port, Tasmania. See Macqnarle Harbour. 
 
 Straliart, tnld. , Ire., W. co. Wexford, bar. Scarawalsh, 8 m. 
 N. by W. Enniscorthy, on the 1. bk. of the Slaney, 4 m. from 
 Ferns stn. , P. O. P. <25o. 
 
 Stralilborn. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. I. 
 
 I^trald, P.O., Ire., co. Antrim, 5 m. from Bushmills. 
 
 Strald, or Strade, tn. , Ire., E. co. Antrim, bar. Lower 
 Belfast, 5^ m. NW. by W. Carrickfergus, 2 m. from Ballynure 
 stn., P.O. P. <:2So. 
 
 Straid, tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. E. Inishowen, 16 
 m. WNW. Moville. P. <soo. 
 
 Strald, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 6 m. from Foxford. See 
 Templemore. 
 
 Stratd-Arran, P.O., Ire., co. Londonderry, 3 m. SE. Clady. 
 
 Straldbllly, tnld. , Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Dunluce, 2 
 m. SE. Bushmills. P. <25o. 
 
 Sitralgbt Lake, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 489 ni. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Sitraltou, part of vil., Scot., Midlothian, P.O. See Meadow- 
 bauk. 
 
 8tratton« par., Scot., S. Ayrshire, on the Water of Girvan, 6 
 m. SE. by E. Maybole, 4 m. SW. by W. Waterside stn., PT.O.; 
 49,801 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Straits Settlements, Brit, colony in the Malay Penin. , com- 
 posed of the detached sections of Singapore, Malacca, the 
 Bindings, and Penang (including prov. Wellesley), together 
 with Christmas I. in the Indian Ocean, which was placed under 
 the administration of the governor of the colony in January 1889. 
 Connected with the colony are the protected states of Perak, 
 Selangor, Sungei Ujong, Negri Sembilan, and Pahang, occupy- 
 ing all the remainder of the penin. between Johor and Siamese 
 terr. , and which are remarkably rich in tin, yielding about half 
 the entire produce of the world. Johor also is under British 
 influence as regards its foreign relations. Besides tin the prin- 
 cipal products are rice, pepper, gambler, copra, gutta-percha, 
 and rattans. Coffee, sugar, and other plantations are also 
 successful. The total value of the imports and exports com- 
 bined is upwards of ^^40,000, 000. By an order in council dated 
 October 21, 1890, the standard coin of the colony is the 
 Mexican silver dollar ; but the American trade dollar, the 
 Jap)anese yen, and the Hong-kong dollar are also legal tender if 
 they comply with stated conditions as to weight and fineness. 
 Till April i, 1867, these settlements were under the government 
 of India, but they were then placed under the control of the 
 Secretary for the Colonies. Total area (Brit, terr.), 1542 sq. m. 
 (somewhat more than the county of Cumberland). P. (1866) 
 273,000; (1871)308,000; (1881)423,000; (1891)512,000. 
 
 Strakoiiltz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 36 m. WSW. Tabor. 
 P. 5400. 
 
 Stralaeblnn, vil. , Scot. See Strathlachlaii. 
 
 Strale, isl. , Prussia. See Danholm. 
 
 Stralongford, electoral div., Ire., Leitrim, dist. Ballinamore. 
 
 Stralsund, tn. and seapt., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, cap. 
 circle Stralsund, on the W. shore of Strela Sund, 19 m, NW. by 
 N. Greifswald. Depth at harbour entrance and quayside, 15 ft. 
 Stralsund was founded in 1209 by Prince Jaromar I., of Riigen, 
 and became an important Hanse town ; was besieged by 
 Walenstein in 1628. From 1648 to 1815 belonged to Sweden. 
 P. (1871) 26,700 ; (1890) 27,800. 
 
 Stramberg, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 26 m. SSE. Troppau, and 
 5 m. NW. Frankstadt. P. < 3000. 
 
 Stramblno, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 24 m. NNE. 
 Turin. P. < 3000. 
 
 Stramshall, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Burton div., 
 12^ m. NE. by E. Stafford, 2 m. N. by W. Uttoxeter stn., P.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Stranagalwilly, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower 
 Strabane, 12 m. E. by N. Strabane, P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Stranathrow, fishing vil., Scot., Kincardineshire, Fetteresso 
 par., 5 m. NE. Stonehaven. 
 
 Strand, pari, bor., Eng., London, immediately to the W. of 
 the city. P. 64,700. 
 
 Strandburgh Ness, cape, Scot., Shetland Is., in the E. of 
 Fetlar I., in 60° 37' N. 
 
 Strandliill, P.O., Ire., co. Sligo, on Sligo Bay, bar. Carbury, 
 4^ m. W. Sligo. 
 
 Strands, vil., Eng., Cumberland, on Irt R., 7 m. NE. 
 Ravenglass. 
 
 Strandtown, tn.. Ire., N. co. Down, bar. Lower Castlereagh, 
 2i m. E. and included in pari. bor. of Belfast, PMT.O. P. <:soo. 
 1502 
 
 Strang, vil. Isle of Man, 2| m. NW. by N. Douglas, close 
 to Union Mills stn. 
 
 Straiigeways, vil. , Eng. , Lancashire, 4 m. E. Wigan, with 
 stn. (Hlndley and Piatt Bridge, formerly Strangeways and 
 
 Hludley) on Wigan Junction Rly. 
 
 Strangfurd, seapt. and fishing tn. , Ire., E. co. Down, bar. 
 Lower Lecale, 7 m. ENE. Downpatrick, on the W. side of the 
 entrance to Strangford Lough, PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Strangford Lough, inlet. Ire., in the E. of co. Down, about 
 19 m. long, including its narrow entrance, and 3-4 m. wide. 
 
 Strangways Range, small mt. chain, S. Australia, Alex- 
 andra Land, stretching E. to W., a little N. of the Tropic of 
 Capricorn ; it is a centre whence several streams diverge. 
 
 Strangways Springs, stn. on Overland Telegraph Line, S. 
 Australia, 545 m. from Adelaide. Rfall. (9 yrs.), 5.24 in. 
 
 Stranocum, tn.. Ire., NW. co. Antrim, bar. Upper Dunluce, 
 10 m. E. by S. Coleraine, on the Ballycastle Rly., PM.O. P. 
 <25o. 
 
 Stranoodan, tnld.. Ire., co., bar., and 4J m. S. by W. 
 Monaghan, P.O. (Strauooilen). P. <25o. 
 
 Stranorlar, par. and tn. , Ire., SE. co. Donegal, bar. S. 
 Raphoe, 11 m. W. by S. Lifford, on the 1. bk. of the Finn, and 
 on the G. N. (Ire.) & Donegal Rly., PMT.O. Market-days, 
 F. and S. Par. 15,512 ac, P. <35oo; tn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stranraer (stran-rar'), par., royal burgh, and seapt. tn., 
 Scot., Wigtownshire, at the head of Loch Ryan, 5^ m. NE. by 
 N. Portpatrick, with a stn. on the G. & SW. R. and Port- 
 patrick & Wigtownshire Joint Rly. , and another stn. (Stranraer 
 Harbour) on the same railway. In the centre of the town are 
 the ruins of Stranraer or Kennedy's Castle (15th century). 
 Steamers ply daily between Stranraer and Larne, in Ireland (39 
 m. ), in connection with express railway trains for Belfast and 
 other places in the N. of Ireland. The tidal harbour has a 
 depth at high water ordinary spring tides of i2| ft., ordinary 
 neap tides 8^ ft. Market-day, F. Par. and royal burgh P. < 
 3500 ; tn. P. 6200. 
 
 Stranton, par., Eng., Durham, in pari. bor. of Hartlepool. 
 P. 41,800. 
 
 Strasbnrg, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Prenzlau, 
 34 m. W. by N. Stettin. P. 5700. 
 
 Strasbnrg, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, on the Drewenz, 
 37 m. NE. by E. Thorn, cap. circle Strasburg. Founded in 
 1285, and in 1628 taken by Gustavus Adolphus. P. (1816) 
 <:2ooo ; (1890) 5700. 
 
 Strasburg, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Lancaster co. , 29 m. 
 SSW. Reading. P. < 1500. 
 
 Strasburg, vil., U.S., Virginia, Shenandoah co., 72 m. W. 
 by N. Washington ; has earthenware manufacture. Alt. 637 ft. 
 (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Strassburg, tn., Austria, Carinthia, 20 m. N. Klagenfurt. 
 P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Strassburg, cap. of Alsace-Lorraine, Ger. , a fortress of the first- 
 class, and seat of a Roman Catholic bishop, is built on the riv. 
 Ill, 1-2 m. W. of the Rhine, with which it further communicates 
 by the Rhine and Marne Canal. Its finest buildings are the 
 celebrated mediaeval cathedral (1015 onwards), with a magnifi- 
 cent fapade, one tower (of two) incomplete, and an ingenious 
 astronomical clock ; the imperial palace ; the library (700,000 
 vols.); the House of the Provincial Assembly ; the new buildings 
 of the university, which was refounded in 1872; the observatory; 
 the academy, containing antiquarian and art collections. There 
 are monuments to Gutenberg (the inventor of printing), to 
 Marshal Maurice de Saxe, and to General KWber. Strassburg 
 is the seat of considerable industry, especially in machinery, 
 hardware, pianos and organs, tobacco, beer, tanning, dyeing, 
 printing, flour, pdti-de-foie-gras , jewellery and ornaments, 
 chemicals, hats, and numerous other articles. Moreover, it 
 carries on a very active trade in coal, groceries, leather, iron, wine, 
 cereals, timber, hops, vegetables, tobacco, &c. Strassburg was 
 the Roman Argentoratum. In the vicinity the Emperor Julian 
 in 357 defeated the Alemanni. During the later middle ages 
 Strassburg was one of the most influential cities in the empire, 
 and it won additional renown through the poet Gottfried von 
 Strassburg, and the preachers Meister Eckart and Johann 
 Tauler. In the 15th century Gutenberg set up here his printing- 
 presses (1439-44), and the satiric poets Sebastian Brant and 
 Thomas Murner resided within its walls. In 1520 it gave refuge 
 to the Reformer Bucer. From 1529 to 168 1 it was a Protestant 
 stronghold, but in the latter year the city was seized in time of 
 peace by Louis XIV. of France. Vauban fortified the city in 
 1682-84 with walls and a citadel. It passed to the German 
 Empire in 1871, and since then the fortifications have been 
 extended and strengthened. Alt. 492 ft. P. (1827) 49,700; 
 (1866) 84,200; (1890) 123,500, including a garrison of nearly 
 11,000 men, and several suburban quarters. Population of city 
 proper (1890) 95,000. 
 
 Strassnltz, tn., Austria, Moravia, 31 m. E. by N. Nikolsburg, 
 9 m. ENE. Coding. P. 5200. 
 
 Strat, in English place-names, Anglo-Saxon strtete, German 
 strasse, from Latin strata (via), ' paved way,' 'road.' 
 
STRA — STRA 
 
 titrata Florida, or Caroii i;wcli Clawild, par., Wales, 
 Cardiganshire, on the Manchester and Milford Rly. , 12 m. SE. 
 Aberystwith ; zinc and lead are mined. Ruins of an abbey said 
 to be Cistercian and founded by a Welsh prince. Area, 25,098 
 ac. P. <75o. See Mynaclilogfawr. 
 
 Stratfleld Mortimer, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, on the S. frontier 
 of Newbury div. , 6| m. SSW. Reading, with a stn. (Mortimer) on 
 the G. W. R. Eccles. par. is partly in Hampshire. P. <i5oo. 
 Stratfleld.saye, or Strathfleldsaye, par., Eng., Hampshire, 
 on the Loddon, div. and 6^ m. NE. by N. Basingstoke, 2 m. 
 SE. Mortimer stn. In this par. is the estate conferred by 
 Parliament on the late Duke of Wellington for his services in 
 the Peninsular War ; it formerly belonged to the great Earl of 
 Chatham and his son, William Pitt. PT.O. P. <:75o. »itrat- 
 fleld Tnrgl8, par., on the Loddon, i m. SW. by S. Stratfield- 
 saye. Alt. 200 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 26.8 in. P. <:25o. 
 
 sitratronl, city and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Perth co. , 
 on the Avon, 29 m. NNE. London ; important railway centre on 
 main line Grand Trunk Rly. midway between Sarnia tunnel and 
 Toronto at intersection of several branches. U.S. consulate. 
 Alt. 1182 ft. Mean temp., yr. 46.0° F., Jan. 16.6°, July 68.0°. 
 P. (1881)8200; (1891)9500. 
 
 i^tratford, suburb of London, Eng., Essex, West Ham bor. , 
 4 m. ENE. St. Paul's, London, with two stns. (Stratford and 
 Stratford Market) on the G. E. R. ; has chemical works and 
 various other industries; depot of the G. E. R., in connection 
 with which are extensive works. 
 
 Stratford, tn. , Ire., W. co. Wicklow, bar. Upper Talbots- 
 town, 13 m. E. Athy, on the Slaney, 3 m. from Grange Con 
 stn., P.O. (Stratfor«l»on-Slaiiey). P. <:250. 
 
 Stratford, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., Stratford co., 20 
 m. SSE. New Plymouth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stratford, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co., 3^ ni. ENE. 
 Bridgeport. P. <30oo. 
 
 Stratford, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Coos co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Connecticut, 50 m. SSW. of the NE. corner of the state. 
 P. <:i500. 
 
 Stratford, tp. , Victoria, Tanjil co., 10 m. N. Sale. Mean 
 temp., yr. 56.5° F., Jan. 66.0°, July 45.3°. P. <isoo. 
 
 Stratford, Old, par., Eng., Warwickshire, in Stratford-on- 
 Avon union ; 6682 ac. P. < 5000. 
 
 Stratford-le-Bow (or Bow), par., Eng., co. London, in 
 ancient par. of Bow, Poplar union. P. 40,400. 
 
 Stratfonl Market, stn., Eng., Essex. See Stratford. 
 Stratford Point, cape, U.S., Connecticut, on the SE. ct. of 
 Fairfield co. , in 73° 6' W. 
 
 Stratford St. Andrew, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 15 m. 
 NE. Ipswich, 3 m. SW. Saxmundham. P. <25o, 
 
 Stratford St. Mary, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 
 9^ m. SW. by W. Ipswich, 3 m. NW. by W. Manningtree stn., 
 PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Stratford Tony, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 4 m. 
 WSW. Salisbury. P. <250. 
 
 Stratford under the Castle, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton 
 div., on the Avon, 2 m. NW. by N. Salisbury, P.O. (Stratford- 
 snb-Castle). P. <5oo. 
 
 Stratford-apon-.4^von, mun. bor. (since 1553) and market- 
 tn., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-upon-Avon div., 8 m. SW. 
 Warwick, diocese of Worcester, on r. bk. of Avon, with stn. on 
 branch of G. W. R. , and connected with E. & W. Junction Rly. , 
 L. «& N W. R. , and M. R. The river is here crossed by a fine bridge 
 of fourteen pointed arches, now nearly 400 years old, still known 
 as Clopton Bridge, after its builder Sir Hugh Clopton, an alder- 
 man of London, but born in the neighbourhood of Stratford, who 
 is also interesting as the builder of the house called The New 
 Place, which was the property of Shakespeare in his later years, 
 and the house in which he died, but was destroyed by the owner 
 in 1759. The grounds are now open free. ' Shakespeare's 
 House,' that is, the house in which he was born, having been 
 purchased by subscription and dedicated to the public in 
 1847, was restored in 1859, and now contains the Shakespeare 
 library and museum, the Stratford portrait, &c. In the 
 cruciform parish church are his grave and portrait bust, also 
 the font in which he was baptized. The old parish register, 
 with the entry of Shakespeare's baptism and burial, is shown 
 near the N. door of the church. The central tower of the church 
 dates from the 13th century. Other monuments are the Shake- 
 speare Memorial Theatre, built in 1879 at a cost of over ;^4o,ooo, 
 intended for occasional Shakespearian celebrations, and possibly 
 as a dramatic college, and having attached to it a Shakespeare 
 library and museum ; the Shakespeare fountain, built by an 
 American, and the Shakespeare monument. Anne Hathaway's 
 cottage, in the neighbouring hamlet of Shottery, in the par. of 
 Stratford, was acquired in the public interest in 1892. Among 
 other interesting remains of Shakespeare's time or memorials of 
 Shakespeare are the grammar-school in which he was educated 
 (originally endowed in 1482, refounded under Edward VI.), the 
 adjoining Guildhall, in which strolling players used to perform 
 in Shakespeare's time (both buildings restored since 1891), the 
 town-hall (rebuilt in 1768 on the site of an older structure of 1633), 
 
 containing in a niche on its N. side the statue of Shakespeare 
 presented by David Garrick. Apart from Shakespeare, the 
 town is interesting as containing the early home of the mother 
 of John Harvard, founder of America's oldest university. There 
 are several interesting places besides those in and about Strat- 
 ford, among these the cottage of Mary Arden (the poet's mother), 
 at V^ilmcote. The town owes its name to the old ford of the 
 Avon parallel to the bridge on the road from London to the 
 NW. Market-day, F. Mun. bor. P. (i8oi)<25oo; (i85i)< 
 3500; (1871) 7200; (1891) 8300; pari. div. P. (1891) 46,500; 
 eccles. par. (Stratford-npon-.lvon with Shottery and Lud> 
 dlngtou) P. 8600. 
 
 Strath, Gaelic, ' a valley.' 
 
 Strath, par., Scot., Inverness-shire, isl. of Skye, comprising 
 Pabbay and Scalpay Is.; 71,411 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Strathaird Point, cape, Scot., in the S. of the isl. of Skye, 
 in 6° 5i' W. 
 
 Strathalbyn, mun. tp. , S. Australia, Hindmarsh co. , 28 m. 
 SE. by S. Adelaide, on the railway to Port Elliot ; one of the 
 most picturesque towns in S. Australia. Has a productive gold- 
 mine ; silver and copper also occur. Mean temp., yr. 61.3^ F. , 
 Jan. 71.0°, July 51.5°. P. < 1500. 
 
 Strathaven, or Strathavon (locally strgvn), market-tn. , 
 Scot. , S. I>anarkshire, on Avon Water, t\ m. S. by W. Hamil- 
 ton, on the C. R., PMT.O. Market-day, Th. P. <35oo. 
 
 Strath Beg, narrow valley, Scot., Sutherland, in the E. , 
 opening SSW. It is traversed by the riv. Helmsdale, the short 
 river that drains Loch Ruathair, and the H. R. passes through it. 
 
 Strathbeg, Loch of, Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 6 m. SE. 
 Fraserburgh. 
 
 Strathblane, par., Scot., Stirlingshire, 9 m. N. by W. 
 Glasgow, on the N. B. R. The Strathblane Hills have an 
 alt. of 1624 ft. Mean rfall. (Mugdock Reservoir, alt. 320 ft., 
 1866-80), 42.2 in. PT.O. 9068 ac. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Strath Bogle, large dist. , Scot. , in the W. of Aberdeenshire, 
 in a more special sense the valley of the Bogie, which flows N. 
 through that dist. past Huntly to the Deveron. 
 
 Strathbnngo, suburb, Scot., Renfrewshire, on the C. R. , \\ 
 m. SSW. and now incorporated in burgh of Glasgow. P. 8200. 
 
 Strathcarron, stn., Scot., Ross-shire, on the Dingwall and 
 Skye Rly., 7 m. NE. Strome Ferry, PT.O. 
 
 Strathclalr, stn. , Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the Manitoba 
 and NW. Rly., 106 m. W. Portage-la- Prairie. 
 
 Strathclyde, kgd. , anciently extending from the Clyde to the 
 Solway, formed by the most northerly of the Romanised Britons 
 after the conquest by the Anglo-Saxons ; later it formed part of 
 Cumbria, and was absorbed into the Scottish kingdom early in 
 the nth century. 
 
 Strathcounan Forest, highland dist., Scot., Ross-shire, 10 
 m. S. Loch Fannich. 
 
 Strathconon, P.O., Scot., Ross-shire, on riv. Conon, 5 m. 
 from Lochluichart. 
 
 Strath Dearn, valley of the Findhorn, Scot. 
 
 Strathdon, par. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, on Ernan Water, 
 24 m. S. by W. Keith, PMT.O.; 47,728 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Strathearn, valley of the Earn, Scot. 
 
 Stratherne, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, in the angle 
 between the Souris and Assiniboine Rivs. , near their confluence. 
 
 Strath Errlck, meteorological stn. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, in 
 57° 14' N. , 4° 24' W. Alt. 700 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 39.9 in. 
 
 Strathfarrar, meteorological stn., Scot., Inverness-shire, in 
 57° 24' N. , 5° o' W. Alt. 461 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 58.7 in. 
 See Farrar, riv. 
 
 Strathfleld (formerly Kedmyre), stn., New South Wales, 
 Cumberland co. , in 33° 51' S. , 151° 7' E. ; has extensive recreation 
 grounds. P. <20oo. 
 
 Strathfleldsaye, par. , Eng. , Hampshire. See Stratfleldsaye. 
 
 Strathfieldsaye (now Emu Creek), post-tn., Victoria, 
 Bendigo co. , on Emu Creek, 5 m. SE. Sandhurst. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Strathfleld Turglss, Eng., Hants. See Stratfleld Turgls. 
 
 Strathtillan, eccles. par. , Scot. , Argyllshire and Perthshire, 
 Glenorchy and Inishail and Killin pars. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Strath Free, narrow valley, Scot., Sutherland, in the E. , 
 stretching E. and opening on the valley of the UUie. 
 
 Strath Ciarve, narrow valley, Scot., Ross-shire, stretching 
 about 5 m. N. from the W. end of Loch Garve. 
 
 Strathklnues, vil. , Scot., Fifeshire, par. and 3 m. W. St. 
 Andrews, PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Strathlachlan, or Stralachlan, vil. , Scot. , Argyllshire, on E. 
 side of Loch Fyne, 12 m. NE. by E. Ardrishaig. See Strachur. 
 
 Strathmartlne, part of par., Scot., Forfarshire, P.O. See 
 Mains and Strathmartlne. 
 
 Strathniiglo, par. and vil. , Scot. , E. Fife, the latter on the 
 Eden, 3 m. NW. by W. Falkland, on the N. B. R.; manu- 
 factures damasks and other linens. PMT.O. 9024 ac. P. < 
 2000 ; vil. (including Cash Fens) P. < 1500. 
 
 Strathmore, stn., Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R. , 
 801 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Strathmore, narrow valley, Scot., Caithness, in the SW. , 
 stretching NE., part of the va'lley of the riv. Thurso. 
 
 1503 
 
STRA — STRE 
 
 Strathniore ('the Great Valley'), an extensive lowland tract, 
 Scot. , in the widest sense the region stretching from Dumbarton- 
 shire (NE. ) to the sea in Kincardineshire, bounded N. by the 
 Grampians, and S. by the Lennox, Ochil, and Sidlaw Hills. 
 Length, lOo m. ; breadth, from 5 to 10 m. In a more limited 
 sense it comprises the tract from Methven (Perthshire) to Brechin 
 (Forfai-shire) ; length, 40 m. It is the greatest plain in Scotland. 
 
 Strathniore, postal-tp. , Victoria, Villiersco. , on Nine Mile 
 Creek, in yj" 47' S. , 142° 8' E. P. <i5oc. 
 
 Stratli More, valley, Scot., Ross-shire, stretching 4 m. SSE. 
 from the head of Loch Broom. 
 
 Stratli Mulzle, narrow valley, Scot., Ross-shire, in the N., on 
 the E. border of a part of Cromarty. 
 
 Stratliord, stn., Scot., E. Perthshire, on the C. R. , 5 m. 
 NNW. Perth. 
 
 Strattapeffer, vil. , Scot., Cromartyshire, 4 m. W. Dingwall, 
 on the H. R. ; favourite watering-place ; noted for its mineral 
 springs, which resemble those of Harrogate. PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Strath Point, cape, Scot. , Sutherland, on the N. ct. , in 4° i' W. 
 
 Strath Raiuioch, narrow valley, Scot., Ross-shire, stretching 
 SSE. , 9 m. ENE. of the foot of Loch Fannich. 
 
 Strathroy, tn. , Canada, Ontario, Middlesex co. , 20 m. W. by 
 S. London, on a railway. P. <4C)oo. 
 
 Strathsbriflge, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Cardonagh, co. 
 Londonderry. 
 
 Strathspey, valley of the Spey, Scot. 
 
 Strath Snardel, valley, Scot. , in the SE. of the isl. of Skye, 
 stretching ENE. from Loch Slapinto Broadford Bay. 
 
 Strathtay, PMT.O., Scot., Perthshire, Logierait par. 
 
 Strath Tumniel, PT.O., Scot., Perthshire, 9 m. NE. 
 Pitlochry. 
 
 Strath Valch, narrow valley, Scot., Ross-shire, stretching 
 SSE. , 7 m. NE. of the foot of Lake Fannich. 
 
 Strathy, eccles. par., Scot., Sutherlandshire, Farr and Reay 
 pars., P.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Strathy, Loch, lake (alt. 646 ft.), Scot., Sutherland, 25 m. 
 SW. by W. Thurso, drained NNE. by the Strathy Water 
 into Strathy Bay, at the village of Strathy (17 m. W. by S. 
 Thurso). 
 
 Strathy re ('grassy strath'), stn., Scot., W. Perthshire, on the 
 Balvag, 7 m. NW. by N. Callander, on the C. R., PM.O. 
 
 Strattoii, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Cornwall, div. and 15 
 m. NNW. Launceston, i^ m. from the NW. ct. ; a summer 
 resort in a sheltered position. PMT.O. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Strattoii, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, S. div. , on the Frome, 3 m. 
 NW. Dorchester, close to Grimston and Frampton stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. See Charmluster. 
 
 Stratton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and i m. NW. 
 Cirencester, PM.O. P. < 1000; eccles. par. (Stratton with 
 Banntou) P. <iooo. 
 
 Stratton, Audley, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Woodstock div. , 
 7I m. SW. by W. Buckingham, 2^ m. NE. by N. Bicester, 
 PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stratton, East, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Andover div. , 7^ m. 
 NE. by N. Winchester, P.O. P. <5oo. See Mlcheldever. 
 
 Stratton Hall, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, 3 m. NE. Harwich. P. 16. 
 
 Stratton on the Fosse, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 7^ m. 
 WNW. Frome, i m. SE. Chilcompton stn., PMT.O. P.< 
 Soo. 
 
 Stratton St. Margaret, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade 
 div., 3 m. NE. Swindon, with a stn. (Stratton) on a branch of 
 theG. W. R., PMT.O., and P.O. (Upper Stratton). Market- 
 day, Tu. P. < 3500. 
 
 Stratton St. Mary, par., Eng., Norfolk, 10 m. SE. Norwich. 
 P. <7SO. 
 
 Stratton St. Michael, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 10 m. S. 
 by W. Norwich, 2 m. E. Forncett stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stratton Strawless, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 8 m. N. 
 Norwich, \\ m. SW. Buxton Lamas stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Stratum, vil., Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 3 m. SE. 
 Eindhoven. P. (comm. )<4ooo. 
 
 Stranblng, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, in a plain on the r. bk. 
 of the Danube, govt. Lower Bavaria, cap. circle Straubing, 
 24 m. SE. Ratisbon (Regensburg) ; has considerable manufac- 
 tures of brick, lime, and cement. Birthplace of Fraunhofer, the 
 optician (1787-1826). P. (1840) 8800; (1890) 13,900. 
 
 Stransberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Ober- 
 barnim, 20 m. E. by N. Berlin. P. 5700. 
 
 Stravlthle, stn., Scot., E. Fife, 3^ m. SE. by S. St. Andrews, 
 on the N. B. R., P.O. 
 
 Straw, electoral div., Ire., Londonderry, dist. Ballykelly. 
 
 Strawberry Beds, P. O. , Ire. , co. and 4 m. W. Dublin. 
 
 Strawberry Hill, stn., Eng., Middlesex, Brentford div., on 
 the L. & SW. R., 12 m. WSW. St. Paul's. London. 
 
 Strawberry Plains, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Jefferson co. , on 
 Holston R., 17 m. NE. Knoxville by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Strawberry Point, vil., U.S., Iowa, Clayton co., 16 m. SW. 
 Elkader. P. < 1500. 
 
 Strawberry Valley, gold-mining vil., U.S., California, 
 Yuba CO., 40 m. NE, Marysville. P. < 1500. 
 1604 
 
 Straw Island, one of the Aran Is., Ire., SW. co. Galway, 
 par. and on NE. side of Inishmore I., in Killeany Bay. 
 
 Streaky Bay, or Flinders Town, post-tn., S. Australia, 
 Flinders co. , in 32° 37' S. , 134° o' E., on a landlocked bay 18 to 
 24 ft. deep, \ m. from the shore. Fine oysters are obtained 
 here. P. < 1500. 
 
 Streaniliill, electoral div. , Ire. , Cork, dist. Doneraile. 
 
 Streanistown, electoral div., Ire., Sligo, dist. Tobercurry. 
 
 Streauistown, electoral div.. Ire., S. co. Westmeath, bar. 
 Moycashel, iii m. SW. by W. Mullingar, on the M. G. W. 
 R., P.O. 
 
 Streat, P. O. , Eng. , Sussex. See Street. 
 
 Streathani (strfit'am), suburb of London, Eng., Surrey, 
 Wandsworth bor., 6 m. S. by W. St. Paul's, on the L. & SW. 
 R. and L. B. & S. C. R. , with two other stns. , Streathani HUl 
 (to the N., in Upper Streathani) and Streathani Common 
 (to the S., in Lower Streathani), on different lines of the L. 
 B. & S. C. R. 
 
 Streathani, tp., Victoria, Ripon co. , 28 m. S. by E. Ararat. 
 In the neighbourhood are salt lakes, yielding large quantities of 
 salt. P. < 1500. 
 
 Streatlam aiul Staliiton, par., Eng., Durham, Barnard 
 Castle div., 10 m. SW. Bishop Auckland, 2J m. NE. Barnard 
 Castle stn. , P. O. (Streatlam). P. <50o. 
 
 Streatley, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, div. and 4J m. N. by W. 
 Luton, 7.\ m. ESE. Harlington stn., P.O. P. <5oo. See 
 Snndon. 
 
 Streatley, par., Eng., Berkshire, on the Thames, div. and 
 II m. NE. Newbury, close to Goring stn., PT.O. P. <7SO. 
 
 Streator, city, U.S., Illinois, La Salle co. , 82 m. SW. 
 Chicago ; headquarters of Vermilion coalfields. P. (1880) 
 5200; (1890)11,400. 
 
 Stree, vil., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Thuin, 11 m. SW. 
 by S. Charleroi. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Streedagh Point, cape, Ire., on NE. ct. of co. Sligo, in 
 8° 34' W. 
 
 Streens, part of the valley of the Findhorn, Scot. , Nairnshire, 
 in the extreme SW. 
 
 Street, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 4 m. 
 SW. by S. Dartmouth, on Start Bay, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Street, vil., Eng., Herefordshire, Kingsland par., 2 m. NE. 
 Pembridge. 
 
 Street, par. and tn. , Eng., Somerset, E. div., \\ m. SSW. 
 Glastonbury, with a stn. (Glastonbury and Street) on the 
 M. R. and L. & SW. R. ; manufactures boots and shoes. 
 PMT.O. P. <:4000. 
 
 Street, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 5^ m. NW. by W. Lewes, 
 2 m. W. by S. Plumpton stn., P.O. (Streat). P. <2So. 
 
 Street, par.. Ire., NW. cos. Longford and Westmeath, bars. 
 Ardagh and Moygoish, 12 m. NW. by N. Mullingar, on the 
 M. G. W. R., PMT.O.; 16,329 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Streethay, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and \\ m. ENE. 
 Lichfield, close to Lichfield (Trent Valley) stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Streethonse, PM.O., Eng., Yorkshire, 3 m. from Purston. 
 
 Streetly, stn., Eng., Warwickshire, on the M. R. , 5 m. E. 
 Walsall. 
 
 Streetsvllle, vil., Canada, Ontario, Peel co., 17 m. W. by 
 S.Toronto; a railway junction. P. < 1500. 
 
 Strehale, vil. , Roumania, Walachia, 27 m. E. Turnu-SeverinC. 
 P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Strehla, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Leipzig, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Elbe, 164 m. NW. by N. Meissen. P. <30oo. 
 
 Strehlen, vfl. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle, dist., and 2 m. 
 SSE. Dresden. P. <3000. 
 
 Strehlen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 23 m. S. Breslau, cap. 
 circle Strehlen. P. 9000. 
 
 Strelltz, sometimes known as Altstrelltz, to distinguish it 
 from Neustrelitz, 2^ m. to the NW. , tn., Ger., gd. -duchy 
 Mecklenburg-Strelitz, circle Neustrelitz, 53 m. NNW. Berlin. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Strelley, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Roshcliflfe div., 5 m. 
 WNW. Nottingham, 2 m. E. by S. Ilkeston Junction. P. <250. 
 See Bllborough. 
 
 Strelno, tn. , Prussia, prov. Posen, 32 m. SW. by S. Thorn, 
 cap. circle Strelno. P. <40oo. 
 
 Strengberg, comm. , Lower Austria, 15 m. N. by E. Steyr. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Strengnas, tn., Sweden, prov. Sodermanland, on the S. side 
 of Lake Malar, 35 m. W. Stockholm. Here was held, in 1523, 
 the diet which declared Gustavus Vasa king of Sweden. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Strensall, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., on the Foss, 6^ m. NNE. York, on the NE, R., 
 PMT.O. P. <500. 
 
 Strensham (stren'sam), par,, Eng., Worcestershire, Evesham 
 div., on r. bk. of the Avon, 5 m. N. by E. Tewkesbury, i m. 
 W. by S. Eckington stn.; noted as the birthplace (1612) of 
 Samuel Butler, the author of Hudibras. The ruins of cottage 
 in which he lived were removed only a few years ago. P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
STRE — STRO 
 
 Strepy, comm. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Soignies, 15 m. 
 VV. by N. Charleroi ; coal-mining. P. 5000. 
 
 Strete, P.O., Eng. , Devonshire, 3 m. from Stoke Fleming. 
 
 Stretford, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 4 m. SW. by 
 W. Leominster. P. <25o. 
 
 Stretford, par. and tn. , Eng., Lancashire, S. div., 3J m. SW. 
 Manchester, on the L. & NW. R, P. 21,800; pari. div. P. 
 (1891) 67,000. 
 
 Stretford Bridge Junction, stn. , Eng. , Salop, div. and 8^ m. 
 NW. Ludlow, where the Bishops Castle Rly. joins the G. W. R. 
 
 Stretball, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 3^ m. WNW. Saffron 
 Walden, 2 m. SW. Great Chesterford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stretlinni (str6t'am) par. , Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton 
 div.. Isle of Ely, 4 m. SW. by S. Ely, i^ m. S. by W. of its 
 stn. on the G. E. R. , PMT.O.; 4019 ac. P. <i5oo; eccles. par. 
 (Strethaiu witii Thetford) P. <isoo. 
 
 Stretto, tn., Austria, Dalmatia, on Morter L, dist. and 13 m. 
 WNW. Sebenico. P. < 2000. 
 
 Stretton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 7 m. E. by 
 N. Wrexham, 2 m. WSW. Broxton stn. P. <250. 
 
 Strettou, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 3J m. S. by 
 E. Warrington, PMT.O. P.<soo. 
 
 8trettou, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div., 6 m. E. by N. 
 Matlock, with a stn. (Strettou for Ashover) on the M. R. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Strettun, par., Eng., Rutland, 7 m. NE. Oakham, 5 m. W. 
 by S. Little Bytham stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Strettou, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Burton div., 2J m. N. by 
 E. Burton-upon-Trent, PM.O. P. < 1000; eccles. par. (Stretton 
 wltu Wetmoor) P. < 1500. 
 
 8trettou, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 8 m. SSW. 
 Stafford, ih m. WNW. Gailey stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Stretton, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Leicestershire, Melton div., the former 5 m. SE. by E. Leicester, 
 22 m. NE. by N. Glen stn. P. (of each)<250. See Gleu 
 JMagna and King's Norton. 
 
 Stretton, Little, P.O., Eng., Shropshire, 2 m. S. Church 
 Stretton. 
 
 Stretton Baskervllle, par., Eng., Warwickshire, i^m. SW. 
 Hinckley. P. <25o. 
 
 Strettou>en-le-FleId, par., Eng., in a detached part of 
 Derbyshire, S. div., 8 m. NE. Tamworth, 2 m. W. Measham 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Stretton Graudlson, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 
 8J m. ENE. Hereford, 2^ m. NW. by N. Ashperton stn. P. 
 <25o; eccles. par. (Stretton Grandlson with Ashperton 
 and Eggleton) P. <75o. 
 
 Stretton Magna and Stretton Parva, Eng. , Leicestershire. 
 See Stretton, Great and Little. 
 
 Stretton>on-Dunsniore, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 
 6 m. W. by S. Rugby, 3 m. SSE. Brandon and Wolsion stn., 
 PM.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Stretton>on-the-Foss, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 
 io| m. S. Stratford-on-Avon, with a stn. on the G. W. R. , P.O. 
 P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Stretton-on-the-Foss with Dltchford) 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Stretton Sugwas, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , 3I m. 
 NW. by W. Hereford, ij m. E. Credenhill stn., P.O. P. <:soo. 
 Strewelin, tn., Scot. See Stirling. 
 
 Stretton-nnder-Fosse, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 
 si m. NW. by N. Rugby, i m. NE. Brinklow stn., PT.O. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Strib, vil. , Denmark, on the N. ct. of Fyen L, prov. Odense, 
 opposite Fredericia, 26 m. NW. by W. Odense. 
 ._ Striberg, mining dist., Sweden, prov. (Ian) and 20 ra. NNW. 
 Orebro, on a 1. bk. affluent of the Sete-Elf ; contains several 
 important mines ; connected by branch line to Pershyttan with 
 Nora and Degerfors Rly. 
 
 Strichen, par., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on Strichen or N. 
 Ugie Water, 8 m. SSW. Fraserburgh, on the G. N. of S. R., 
 PMT.O.; 10,183 ac. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Strlcliland, isl. , Brit. New Guinea, crossed by 7° 55' S., 
 145° 15' E. 
 
 Strlcliland, riv., Brit. New Guinea, 1. bk. trib. of Fly R., 
 which it enters in about 141° 20' E. , 7^° S. 
 
 Strickland, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Westmorland, Great Strickland, Appleby div., 5^ m. SE. by S. 
 Penrith, 2 m. SE. Clifton and Lowther stn., P.O. P. (of each) 
 <25o. See Thrlniby. 
 
 Strickland Kettle and Strickland Koger, two adjoining 
 pars., Eng., Westmorland, 3 m. NW. Kendal. Strickland 
 Kettle, P. <;75o; Strickland Roger, P. <soo. 
 
 Strld, The, chasm in the channel of riv. Wharfe [q.v.), Eng. 
 
 Strldd, The, hill, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the E. 
 border of the Skipton div., 16 m. NNW. Bradford. 
 
 Striding Edge, E. spur of Helvellyn, Eng., W. border of 
 Westmorland. Alt. 2500 ft. 
 
 Striegan, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 18 m. SSE. Liegnitz, 
 cap. circle Striegau. P. (i8i6)<3ooo; (1890) 12,300; comm. 
 P. 12,400. 
 
 1505 
 
 Strlesen, vil., Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Dresden, dist. 
 Dresden-Neustadt. P. 10,800. 
 
 Strigonium, city, Hungary. See Gran. 
 Strijen, comm., Holland, isl. of Hoeksche Waard, prov. S. 
 Holland, 6^ m. SW. by W. Dordrecht. P. <sooo. 
 Strila, tn. , Scot. See Stirling. 
 
 Strines, stn. , Eng. , Derbyshire, High Peak div. , on the M. R. , 
 6 m. ESE. Stockport, P.O. 
 
 Stringston, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., i^ m. 
 from N. ct. , 9 m. WNW. Bridgwater. P. -c2so. See Kilve. 
 Strlngtown, vil., U.S., Indiana, Fountain co. P. <i5oo. 
 Strino, vil. , Austria, Tirol, 38 m. WSW. Botzen. 
 Strivali, or Stainpliane Islands, group of four Ionian 
 islets, 28 m. S. Zante. Harpy and Convent Is. are the largest. 
 Striven, Loch, inlet, Scot., Argyllshire, running 10 m. N. to 
 S. , and opening on the Firth of Clyde, opposite Rothesay. 
 
 Strixton, par., Eng., E. div. of Northamptonshire, 4^ m. S. 
 Wellingborough, 3 m. E. Castle Ashby and Earls Barton stn. 
 P. <250. See Bozeat. 
 
 Stroan Locli, small lake, Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 4^ m. 
 S. by E. New Galloway, traversed by the riv. Dee. 
 
 Strogonov Bay, an inlet of the isl. of Japan, on W. ct. of 
 Yezo, in 43° 30' N., 141° o' E. 
 
 Strogue Cross, P. O. , Ire. , Tipperary, 3 m. E, Templemore. 
 Strokestown, tn. , Ire., N. co. , bar., and lo^ m. NNE. 
 Roscommon, 8 m. from Drumsna stn., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Stroma, isl., Scot., Caithness, in the Pentland Firth, in 3° 
 6'-8' W. ; shores rocky and precipitous. Length, 2^ m. ; 
 breadth, ij m. P.O. P. 327. 
 
 Stromboll, one of the Lipari Is., Italy, 24 m. NE. by N. of 
 the middle of Lipari ; the ancient crater occupies the centre of the 
 island ; the existing one, more to the N., constantly emits flames, 
 or rather illuminated vapour, but no lava ; sometimes called the 
 ' lighthouse of the Mediterranean. ' Alt. 3035 ft. P. 600. 
 
 Stronie Ferry, the W. terminus of the Dingwall and Skye 
 Rly., Scot., Ross-shire, on the S. shore of Loch Carron, 13 m. 
 S. by W. of the head of Loch Torridon ; tourist resort. PMT.O. 
 Stromness, par. and seapt. vil. , Scot. , Orkney Is. , in SW. 
 of Pomona I. , 14 m. W. Kirkwall ; its harbour is excellent, 
 and admits vessels of all sizes ; fishing and shipbuilding are carried 
 on. The public pier has a depth at high water spring tides 
 10-12 ft. , neap tides 6-8 ft. PMT.O. Par. (including Holm I. 
 and part of Mainland) 7618 ac. , P. <25oo ; vil. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Striimo, the largest of the Faroe Is. {q.v.), in the middle of 
 the group. Length, 28 m.; breadth, 2-7 m. 
 
 Striimo, isl., W. ct. Norway, prov. Tromso, at the entrance 
 and near S. shore of Saltenfjord. Area, 16 sq. m. P. 4180. 
 
 Stromsbnrg, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Polk co., 86 m. W. by 
 S. Omaha. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stromsholm, royal castle, Sweden, prov. Vestmanland, on 
 the N. side of Lake Malar, 12 m. WSW. Vesteris. 
 
 Stromsholm Canal, Sweden, extends from Sodra Barken 
 Lake to Lake Malar, near Stromsholm Castle. Originally con- 
 structed 1775-95, and renewed 1842-60, it serves as the outlet 
 of a mining and industrial region, and is, next to the Gota, the 
 most important canal in Sweden. It is noted for picturesque 
 scenery. Length 60 m. , with 25 locks. 
 
 Stromstad, maritime tn., Sweden, prov. Gothenburg (Gbte- 
 borg), on the W. ct. , 17 m. SW. by S. Fredrikshald (Norway) ; 
 exports fresh herrings. Railway to Mon, on the Gothenburg- 
 Christiania line, projected. The depth at steamboat pier in the 
 inner harbour is 13 ft. 9 in. ; anchorage in inner harbour, 36 ft. 
 Rfall. 25.21 in. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Stronach, vil., U.S., Michigan, Manistee co., on the Little 
 Manistee R., 128 m. WNW. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stronachlach'er ('the mason's point'), PT.O., Scot., in the 
 N. of Stirlingshire, on the NW. shore of Loch Katrine, 6 m. 
 SE. by E. of the head of Loch Lomond. 
 
 Strone, watering-place, Scot., Argyllshire, on the W. side 
 of Loch Long, 6| m. W. by S. Helensburgh, PMT.O. See 
 Blalruiorc and Strone. 
 
 Strouend, peak, Scot. See Flntry Hills. 
 Srtoue Point, cape, Scot., Argyllshire, on S. ct., in 5° 5' W. 
 Strong, isl.. Pacific. See Ualan. 
 
 Strongoli, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 34 m. NE. Catan- 
 zaro. P. <4000. 
 
 Strongylo, islet of the Grecian Archipelago, govt, and 8 m. 
 SW. Paros. 
 
 Stronsay and Eday, par., Scot., Orkney Is., 12 m. NE. 
 Kirkwall, comprising Auskerry, Eday, Papa Stronsay, Pharay, 
 and Stronsay Is. Length of Stronsay I., 7I m.; breadth, 6| m.; 
 area about 14 sq. m. PMT.O. (Stronsay). 16,404 ac. P, 
 <25oo; Stronsay I. P. 1275. 
 
 Strontl'an, eccles. par., Scot., Argyllshire, on the N. shore 
 of Loch Sunart, near its head ; in 1790 strontianite was dis- 
 covered here, and named from the parish. PMT.O, P. <7So. 
 Strood, par., Eng., Kent, adjoining Rochester on the N., 
 and included in the pari. bor. of Rochester, with a stn. on the 
 SE. R. , and another (Rociiester and Strood) on the L. C. & 
 D. R. P. 8000. 
 
 5C 
 
STRO — STUL 
 
 Stropplana, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 17 m. SSW. 
 Novara, 7^ m. S. Vercelli. P. <;4000. 
 
 Strond, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Simcoe, 6 m. from 
 Barrie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stroud (straud), par. and market-tn., Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 Stroud div. , 8^ m. S. by E. Gloucester, on the riv. Frome, and 
 the G. W. R. and M. R. The town, situated on an eminence 
 at the confluence of the Frome and Slade Rivs. , is the centre of 
 the Gloucestershire woollen manufactures, and has woollen and 
 frilling mills and dyeing establishments ; and extensive clothing 
 factories and (walking and umbrella) stick-mills. A pari. bor. 
 from 1832 till 1885. Market-day, F. Par. P. 11,500; tn. P. 
 9800; pari. div. P. (1891) 56,500. 
 
 Stroud, vil. , New South Wales, Gloucester co. , 40 m. NNE. 
 Newcastle; goldfield near. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stroud Green, eccles. par., Eng., Middlesex, N. Islington 
 ■div., on the G. N. R., 4 m. N. by W. St. Paul's, London. 
 P. 8600. 
 
 Strondsbnrg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Monroe co. , 40 m. 
 SE. Scranton. P. <3000. East Stroudsbui^, adjoining bor., 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Stroud Valley, Eng. See (iloucestcrslilre. 
 
 Stroudwater Canal, Eng., Gloucestershire, from Stroud to 
 Severn R. at Framilode. Length, 8 m. 
 
 Stroul Bay, Scot., Dumbartonshire, in the SW. of the Gare 
 Loch, 3 m. WNW. Helensburgh. 
 
 Strowan, part of par. , Scot. , Perthshire. See HonzieTalrd. 
 
 Stroxton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 3^ m. 
 S. Grantham, 2 m. W. by N. Great Ponton stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Strnan, stn., Scot., W. Perthshire, on the Garry, 4 m. W. 
 Blair Athole, on the H. R., PM.O. 
 
 Strubby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 9 m. 
 ESE. Louth, 3 m. NE. Aby stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Struden, vil. , Upper Austria, on the 1. bk. of the Danube, 28 
 m. NE. by E. Steyr. 
 
 Strudshavn, port, Norway, on S. ct. Asko I,, prov. and 4m. 
 W. Bergen. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Struer, port, Denmark, in the W. of Jutland, on Veno Bay, 
 prov. and 31 m. NNE. Ringkjobing ; oyster fisheries. 
 
 Struga, tn. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet and 36 m. WNW. 
 Monastir, at the foot of Lake Okhrida. P. 5800; Christians, 
 3200. 
 
 Strnle, riv.. Ire., co. Tyrone, formed by two streams joining 
 near Omagh, flows NW. about 12 m. to its confluence with the 
 Derg and formation of the Mourne, 2 m. N W. Newtown-Stewart. 
 
 Struma, or K.ara-su, ancient Sirymon, riv., Balkan Penin. , 
 rises on the S. slopes of Mount Vitosa (S. of Sofia), Bulgaria, 
 and flows first W, then S. , passing near Kostendil, after which 
 it enters the Turkish vilayet of Salonica, finally turns SE. , and 
 after traversing the Takhino-gol (S. of Seres) enters the Gulf of 
 Rendina or Orfani in the NW. of the JEgea.n Sea, between the 
 two towns from which the gulf is named. 
 
 Struma, another name of Jnma, Turkey, prov. Seres. 
 
 Strumble Head, cape, Wales, on the NW. ct. of Pembroke- 
 shire, in 52° 2' N. , 5° 5 W. 
 
 Strumja, or Strumitsa (Strumica), tn., Turkey in Europe, 
 vilayet and 58 m. NNW. Salonica, on the Strumja R. (r. bk. trib. 
 Struma) ; manufactures tobacco and cotton goods. Alt. 860 ft. 
 
 Strunipshaw, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 7J m. E. by S. 
 Norwich, i m. SW. Lingwood stn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par, 
 {Strumpshaw with Bradeston) P. <750. 
 
 Strusdiv, tn. , Austria, Galicia, dist. Trembowla. P. <4000. 
 
 Struy Forest, dist., Scot., Inverness-shire, in angle between 
 the rivs. Glass and Farrar, PT.O. (Struy), 10 m. SW. Beauly. 
 
 Stmys Bay, bay. Cape Colony, on S. ct., in about 20° 8' E. 
 
 Struys Point, cape. Cape Colony, on the S. ct., in about 
 20° 14' E. 
 
 Stry, riv., Austria, Galicia, rises in the Carpathians, flows N. 
 and NE. into the Dniester, 4 m. NE. Zydaczow. Length, no m. 
 
 Stryetensk. See Sryetensk. 
 
 Stryelna, tn. , Russia, govt, and 10 m. WSW. St. Petersburg, 
 near Peterhof Rly. ; imp)erial palaces, with extensive gardens. 
 
 Stryl, or StryJ, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 17 m. ESE. 
 Drohobycz; important saw-mills. Alt. 990 ft. P. 16,500. 
 
 Stryker, vil, U.S., Ohio, Williams co., 47 m. W. by S. 
 Toledo. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Strykersrllle, vil., U.S., New York, Wyoming co., 11 m. 
 SE. East Aurora. P. < 1500. 
 
 Strymon, riv., Turkey. See Struma. 
 
 Stryno, group of islets, Denmark, between the isls. Lange- 
 land, Taasinge, and I^x'6. 
 
 Stryszawa, comm. , Austria, Galicia, dist. Slemien. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Stryvelyne, tn. , Scot. See Stirling. 
 
 Strzelecki Creek, occasional riv. , in the E. of S. Australia, 
 a brands of Cooper's Creek. 
 
 Strzelecki Range, range of hills, SE. Victoria, cos. Bass and 
 Mornington, in a WSW. direction ; the ranges are rugged and 
 intricate, covered with thick forests. The chain is called by the 
 name of its first explorer. Count Strzelecki. 
 
 Stuart, or Alice Springs, post-tn., S. Australia, N. Terr., 
 1506 
 
 790 m. SSE. Palmerston. The ruby fields of central Australia 
 are 80 to 100 m. distant. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stuart, tn., U.S., Iowa, Guthrie co. , 41 m. S. by W. Des 
 Moines by rail ; centre of large grain trade. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Stuart, vil., U.S., Virginia, Patrick co., 165 m. WSW. Rich- 
 mond, 80 m. SW. Lynchburg. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Stuart, Central Mount, S. Australia, in 21° 50' S. , 133° 30' 
 E. , within 2 m. of the exact centre of the continent. 
 
 Stnartfleld, P.O. , Scot. See Stewartfleld. 
 
 Stuart Mill, post-tn., Victoria, Kara Kara co. , 40 m. NE. 
 by N. Ararat. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Stnartowu, vil., Scot., Inverness-shire, part of Campbel- 
 town [q.v.]. 
 
 Stuart Range, double chain of hills, S. Australia, running 
 from N W. to SE. , SW. of Lake Eyre, to which it sends some 
 small streams. This chain was named after Stuart, who crossed 
 it in 1858. Total length, 217 m. 
 
 Stuart Toivn (late Ironbarks), gold-mining tp. , New South 
 Wales, Wellington co. , 45 m. N W. by N. Bathurst ; has 
 numerous quartz reefs, which are being successfully worked. 
 Alt. 1780 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stubal Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 4. 
 
 Stnbbekjdblng, maritime tn. , Denmark, on the NE. ct. of 
 Falster, 11 m. NE. Nykjobing; depth at entrance to harbour, 
 14 ft. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Stubben-kammer, cliffs, Riigen I. See Jasmund. 
 
 Stubblngs, eccles. par. , Eng. , Berkshire, 6 m. E. Henley-on- 
 Thames. P. < 500. 
 
 Stubbington, PMT.O., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 2 m. 
 SSW. Fareham stn., i m. from coast, 5 m. NW. by W. 
 Portsmouth. 
 
 Stubblns, vil. , Eng. , Lancashire, Heywood div. , on the L. 
 & Y. R., 5 m. N. Bury, PM.O. 
 
 Stnben, vil., Austria, Tirol, on the Inn, 46 m. WSW. 
 Innsbruck. 
 
 Stubnya-Furdo, Ger. Bad-Stuben, vil., NW. Hungary, 
 CO. and in valley of Turocz, 28 m. N. Schemnitz ; noted for its 
 warm mineral springs, one of the oldest establishments in the 
 country. P. < 2000. 
 
 Stubshaiv Cross, PM.O., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. from 
 Ashton-in-Makerfield. 
 
 Stubton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 6 m. 
 SE. by E. Newark, i m. E. Claypole stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Stuc a Cltroin, mt., Scot., Perthshire, 6 m. N. Callander. 
 Alt. 3189 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 26 in. 
 
 Stnclibury, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, 5 m. N. Brackley. 
 P. <;25o. 
 
 Stndenetz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. and 5 m. SSE. 
 Starkenbach. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Stndliam, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, div. and 5^ m. SW. by 
 W. Luton, 4 m. S. Dunstable, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Studbam, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, adjoining Studham in 
 Bedfordshire. P. <25o. 
 
 Studholme Junction, post-tn., New Zealand, South I., 
 Waimate co. , on the coast, 24 m. S. by W. Timaru. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Studland, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., on the SE. ct. , 
 on Studland Bay, 5 m. S. by E. Poole, 2^ m. N. Swanage, 
 P.O.; 4633 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Studley, par. , Eng. , on the E. border of Oxfordshire, Wood- 
 stock div., (i\ m. NE. by E. Oxford. P. <25o. See Horton. 
 
 Studley, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon div., 
 9 m. SE. by E. Bromsgrove, with a stn. (Studley and Astwood 
 Bank) on the M. R.; manufactures needles and fish-hooks. 
 PMT.O. 4305 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Studley, eccles. par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., ii^ 
 m. NE. Trowbridge, 2 m. WNW. Calne. P. <5oo. 
 
 Studley Roger, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 
 x\ m. SW. by W. Ripon. P. <:25o. See Aldlleld. 
 "stugsund, port, Sweden. See Soderhamn. 
 
 Stuhlbezirk, literally 'diocese,' administrative subdivision of 
 the comitat (county, province), Hungary. 
 
 Stttlillngen, tn. , Ger., gd.-duchy of Baden, circle Waldshut, 
 33 m. SE. by E. Freiburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Stutalweissenburg, Ger., in Hungarian Sz^kes FeJ^rvAr, 
 municip., Hungary, cap. co. Stuhlweissenburg (Sz^kes Fejer), 
 35 m. SW. by W. Budapest, surrounded by vine-clad hills ; has 
 manufactures of woollens ; seat of a Roman Catholic bishop. The 
 ancient place of coronation and burial-place of the Hungarian 
 kings of the Arpad dynasty, whose tombs were, however, destroyed 
 in the Turkish wars. P. (1850) 15,000; (1869) 22,700; (1890) 
 27,500. 
 
 Stuiim, tn., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 21 m. SW. Elbing, 
 cap. circle Stuhm. P. <3000. 
 
 Stukeley, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , co. , 
 div., and the former i^ m. NW. Huntingdon, P.O. at each. 
 P. (of each) < 500. 
 
 Stnkenbrock, tn., Prussia, govt. Minden, circle Paderborn. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Stnlpicanl, vil., Austria, crownland Bukovina, 57 m. S, by 
 W. Czernowitz. P. <2ooo. 
 
STUM 
 
 ST YR 
 
 Stnmpcross, P.O., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. NW. 
 Halifax. 
 HtnngtreitK, i^tongtreng, Clieiigtaiig, or Clileiigtang, tn. , 
 
 French Indo-China, on 1. bk. Mekong, in 13^° N. , at confluence 
 of Se-san, 200 m. NNW. Saigon. 
 
 Stontney, eccles. par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Newmarket 
 div. , 2 m. SSE. Ely. P. < 500. 
 
 §tnpa'vra, tn. , Hungary. See ^tonifa. 
 
 i^tnra, riv. , Italy, Piedmont, rises in the Alps, near the CoUe 
 della Maddalena, and flows E. and NE. past Cuneo to the 
 Tanaro, which it joins on the 1. bk. at Cherasco. Length, 44 
 m. ; area of basin, 370 sq. m. ; discharge in cubic ft. per second, 
 mean 1410, highest 14,100. 
 
 Stiirbridge, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 17 m. SW. by 
 W. Worcester. P. < 3000. 
 
 Stnrcomlie, small stream, Eng., in the N. of Devonshire, 
 affluent of riv. Little Dart, which it joins on the r. bk. 
 
 Sturgeon, lake, Canada, Saskatchewan, to the N. of the 
 Saskatchewan R. , just E. of 102° W. , communicating in the S. 
 with Pine Island Lake, and in the N. with Rat R. , belonging to 
 the Churchill R. basin. 
 
 Stnrseoii Lake, Canada, Ontario, Victoria co. , 60 m. NE. 
 by N. Toronto. It forms one of a group including Balsam, 
 Pigeon, Chemong, and Stony Lakes, which communicate with 
 one another, and the surplus waters of which pass into the 
 Scugog R. from the SW. end of Lake Sturgeon. 
 
 I^tnrgeou, vil. , U.S., Missouri, Boone co. , 45 m. N. Jefferson 
 City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sturgeon Bay, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Door co. , on the E. 
 shore of Green Bay, 38 m. NE. of the head of the bay, communi- 
 cating by a canal with Lake Michigan ; has excellent harbour, 
 and lumber mills. Summer resort. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Sturgeon Falls, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 387 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Stui^ls, vil., U.S., Michigan, St. Joseph co., 74 m. E. of the 
 SW. corner of the state. P. <3000. 
 
 Sturgls City, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Meade co. , 100 
 m. NNE. from the SW. corner of the state. 
 
 Stnrla, ct. vil., Italy, Liguria, prov. and 2 m. ESE. Genoa. 
 
 Sturnier, par., Eng., Essex, on the Stour, div. and 10 J m. 
 ENE. Saffron Walden, on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sturnilnster Ularsliall, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., on 
 the Stour, 7 J m. NW. by N. Poole, close to Bailey Gate stn. 
 The village had formerly a market. PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Stnrmlnster Newton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., on 
 the Stour, 9I m. E. by S. Sherborne, with a stn. on the M. R. 
 and L. & SW. R. ; manufactures baize. PMT.O. Market- 
 day, Th. 4546 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sturm Island, isl., S. China Sea, between Indo-China and 
 Borneo, 298 m. SE. Binhtwan. 
 
 Sturno, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 7 m. NNW. 
 Sant' Angelo dei Lombardi. P. (comm. )<4ooo. 
 
 Sturry, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., on the Stour, 
 2| m. NE. Canterbury, on the SE. R., PMT.O. P. <isoo. 
 
 Sturston, par., Eng., Derbyshire, partly in town of Ash- 
 bourne. P. < 1000. 
 
 Sturston, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 23 m. SE. King's 
 Lynn, 4 m. WSW. Stow Bedon stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Stnrt, CO., New South Wales, bounded on the S. by the 
 Murrumbidgee R., crossed in the E. by 146° E. 
 
 Stnrt, CO., S. Australia, crossed by 35° S., and bounded on 
 the E. by Murray R. 
 
 Stnrt, post-tn., S. Australia, co. and 6 m. SSW. Adelaide. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Sturton, Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey. See Sturton-by- 
 Sca'wby. 
 
 Stnrton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 7 m. 
 SE. by S. Gainsborough, 2^ m. ESE. Stow Park stn., PM.O. 
 (Sturton-by-Stow). P. <75o. See Stow. 
 
 Sturton, or Stourton-ln-the-Clay, par. , Eng. , Nottingham- 
 shire, Bassetlaw div., 3^ m. SW. by S. Gainsborough, on the 
 M. S. & L. R., PMT.O. (Stnrton-le-Steeple); 4034ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Sturton, Great, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 9J 
 m. SW. Louth, 3^ m. SSW. Donington-on-Bain stn. P. <25o. 
 See Baumber. 
 
 Sturton-by-Scawby, vil., Eng., Lincolnshire, 14 m. NE. 
 ■Gainsborough, 3 m. SW. Brigg, close to Scawby and Hibaldstow 
 stn., P.O. 
 
 Stnrton-by-Stow. See Sturton, Eng., Lincolnshire, W. 
 Lindsey. 
 
 Sturton Grange, par., Eng., Northumberland, 5 m. SE. 
 Alnwick. P. <25o. 
 
 Sturton Grange, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 7J m. 
 SW. Tadcaster. P. <25o. 
 
 Stnrton-le-Steeple. See Sturton, Nottinghamshire. 
 
 Stuston, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., on the Waveney, 
 19 m. NE. by E. Bury St. Edmunds, 3 m. N. by W, Eye, i m. 
 SSE. Diss stn., P.O. P. <:2So. 
 
 Stutsman, co., U.S., N. Dakota, crossed in the middle by 
 47° N. and 99° W. 
 
 Stntterlielm, municip.. Cape Colony, cap. of Stutterheim 
 div., 25 m. N. King William's Town, on the railway to Aliwal 
 North. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stuttgart, vil., U.S., state and co. Arkansas. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stuttgart, cap. , Wiirtemberg, stands in an oval-shaped valley, 
 on the Nesenbach, a trib. of the Neckar, surrounded by hills 
 clad with forests and vines. The most noticeable public build- 
 ings and institutions are the new royal palace, in the Renaissance 
 style (1746-1807) ; the old castle, with statue of Duke Eberhart 
 im Bart ; the Academy, formerly the Carl's School, in which 
 Schiller was educated, now a library (with a famous collection 
 of Bibles), guard-house, &c. ; the Museum of Fine Arts (1838- 
 1843), with picture gallery; the Konigsbau (1856-60), contain- 
 ing shops, concert-halls, &c. ; the railway station, one of the 
 finest in Germany; the Polytechnic (1860-65); three churches 
 dating from the 15th and i6th centuries, one of them (Hospital 
 Church) containing Reuchlin's tomb ; the conservatory of music ; 
 the royal library of 400,000 vols. ; collections of pictures, anti- 
 quities, coins, &c. ; the statue of Schiller by Thorwaldsen. 
 Numerous parks (the Palace park contains statuary by Dan- 
 necker, Miiller, and Hofer), royal castles, and picturesque 
 heights add to the charm of the town. Stuttgart is the seat 
 of considerable industry, being the principal publishing and 
 printing centre in S. Germany, and manufacturing pianos, 
 parquet flooring, cigars, furniture, chocolate, chemicals, jewellery, 
 carriages, bells, beer, portmanteaux, &c. ; it has special trade 
 in hops, cloth, and horses. Here were born the philosopher 
 Hegel (1770), the poets Schwab (1792) and Hauff (1802) ; and 
 with the town Schiller and Uhland were more or less closely 
 associated. Although the virtual cap. of Wiirtemberg since 
 1316 (the official cap. since 1482), it only became a place of 
 importance in the 19th century, after the Dukes (formerly 
 Counts) were elevated to the dignity of King. Alt. 880 ft. 
 Mean temp. (15 yrs. ), yr. 49.2° F., Jan. 32.5°, July 66.9°; 
 mean rfall. (45 yrs.), 24.1 in. P. (1818) 26,300; (1871) 84,500 ; 
 tn. (1890) P. 125,200; comm. P. 139,800. 
 
 Stutttaof, vil., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, govt., circle, and 
 21 m. E. Danzig. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Stntton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., on the N. 
 bank of the riv. Stour, 6i m. S. by W. Ipswich, 3 m. SE. 
 Bentley stn., PT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Stntton with Hazlewood, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Barkston Ash div., on the Cock, 10 m. SW. York, with stn. 
 (Stutton) on the NE. R. P. <5oo. 
 
 Stutzaltza, or Caratova, tn. , European Turkey, Macedonia, 
 sanjak and 23 m. SSW. Ghiustendil, on the Egridere. P. 4000. 
 
 Stuyvesant Falls, vil., U.S., New York, Columbia co., on 
 Kinderhook R. , 22 m. S. Albany. P. < 1500. 
 
 Stvolny, comm. , Austria. See Zwollen. 
 
 Styal, P. O. , Eng. , Cheshire. See Wllmslow. 
 
 Sty^vnik, comm., Hungary, co. Trencs^n, dist. Bittse. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 Styford, par., Eng., Northumberland, 6 m. E. Hexham. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Styhead Pass, mt. pass, Eng., SW. Cumberland, between 
 Seathwaite of Borrowdale and Wasdale. Alt. 1600 ft. 
 
 Stykklsliolm, place, Iceland, W. ct., in 65° 5' N., 22° 46' W. 
 Mean rfall. (10 yrs.), 26.32 in. 
 
 Stymphalos, lake without visible outlet in the N. of the 
 Peloponnesus, Greece, nomos Argolis and Corinthia, 20 m. 
 NW. Argos. Alt. 1930 ft. Present area about f sq. m. 
 
 Styr', riv., W. Russia, govts. Volhyniaand Minsk, r. bk. trib. 
 of Pripet, rises in Gahcia, flows NE., joins Pripet near Pinsk. 
 Length, 318 m. 
 
 Styrla (German Stelermark), duchy of Austria, situated be- 
 tween Upper and Lower Austria (N.), Hungary (E.), Croatia, 
 Carniola, and Carinthia (S. ), and Salzburg (W. ). It is essen- 
 tially a mountainous region, falling almost entirely amongst the 
 ranges and outliers of the E. Alps. For instance, it embraces 
 the Dachstein (9825 ft.), Kammer (8970ft.) and Todtes Gebirge 
 (8250 ft.), the Styrian or Noric Alps (Hochthor, 7780 ft.), 
 the Niedere Tauern (9400 ft.), the Karawanken (8400 ft.), and 
 others. The principal streams are the Enns in the NW. , the 
 Mur (with the Mtirz) and the Raab, draining the middle and 
 going out E., and the Drave and the Save (with the Sann) 
 crossing the S. parts in an ESE. direction. The Save, indeed, 
 forms the SW. boundary. The climate is severe in the moun- 
 tainous regions (e.g. , annual mean temp, at Aussee, 42.8° F. ), but 
 is milder in the valleys (Cilli, 50° F.). [Compare also Graz.] 
 More than one-half of the area is covered with forests, more 
 than one-quarter with meadows and pastiu-es, and only about 
 one-fifth is cultivated, the principal crops being oats, maize, 
 rye, roots, potatoes, and wheat, with some buckwheat, flax, 
 hemp, hops, teazle. Cattle and swine are reared in large 
 numbers, and horses are bred in certain localities. But one 
 of the chief occupations of the country is mining. Iron is the 
 mineral extracted in largest quantity, chiefly at Elsenerz (q.v.)\ 
 and the smelting of iron ore, and the manufacture of various 
 articles of iron, including machinery and sickles, constitute the 
 principal manufacturing industries. In addition to iron, salt 
 
 1507 
 
ST YR 
 
 SUCH 
 
 (at Aussee), anthracite coal (at Leoben, Koflach, and Trifail), 
 graphite and zinc are extracted in considerable quantities, 
 together with a little silver and lead. There are numerous 
 mineral springs, such as Aussee, Tiiffer, Romerbad, Gleichen- 
 berg, Rohitsch, Neuhaus, Tobelbad, Einod. Chemicals, glass, 
 paper, cement, and beer are manufactured on a large scale. 
 There is a university at Graz (the cap.), also a technical high 
 school ; at Leoben is a mining academy. Other towns are 
 Marburg and Cilli. The people are two-thirds of German 
 descent ; the rest, dwelling for the most part in the S., are 
 Slovenians. All, with but few excepted, are Roman Catholics. 
 Styria, comprised anciently in Pannonia and Noricum, was 
 carved out of Carinthia and made a separate duchy in the end 
 of the nth century. For area and population, see Austria- 
 Hungary, table. 
 
 Styrlau Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions, III. A. 3. 
 
 Styrrup, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 7 m. 
 N. by E. Worksop, 3 m. W. Scrooby stn. P. <:soo. 
 
 Styrnni, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Miilheim an der 
 Ruhr, 7 m. W. Essen. P. 10,700. 
 
 Styx, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Selwyn co. , 6 m. from 
 Christ church by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Styx River, riv., Tasmania, falls into the Derwent, on r. bk. , 
 a few miles above New Norfolk. 
 
 Su, tn., China, prov. Nganhwei, 150 m. NW. Nanking. 
 
 Sikflfir, Es. See Es Sftafir. 
 
 Snai, lakej E. Africa, Galla-land, in about 8° o' N., 38° 20' E., 
 at the SE. edge of the Abyssinian highlands. Seen by Cecchi 
 in 1883, but first visited by a European in 1886, when Dr. 
 Traversi reached its N. shore. According to his inquiries the 
 lake, which receives two streams on the N. , is drained into a 
 second basin, and this again into a third. Whether this last has 
 any outlet is still uncertain. Length about 31m.; width, 12-16 m. 
 
 Sn&klm, or Snakln, Africa, Red Sea. See Sawdkln. 
 
 Snal, port, Philippine Is., Luzon L, near the SW. shore 
 of Lingayen Gulf, 115 m. NNW. Manila. Vessels anchor in 
 5 fathoms, and load and discharge by lighters. 
 
 Suaukalok, tn., Siam, 52 m. NE. by E. Raheng. 
 . Suarez, riv. , Colombia. See Sogamoso. 
 
 Suau, or Stacey, small isl., off the S. ct. of Brit. New Guinea, 
 E. end, in 10° 43' S. , 150° 15' E., separated from the mainland 
 by Mairi Pass. On its NW. side is Erskine Harbour, with 
 10-13 fathoms. 
 
 Subaug, cape, Timor L See IMauatutu. 
 
 Snbauos, Malay tribe, Mindanao L, Philippine Is., number- 
 ing about 70,000 persons. 
 
 Subauslri, riv., Brit. India, NE. Assam, supposed to rise in 
 the mountains of Tibet, flows E. then S. into dist. Lakhimpur, 
 and joins the Brahmaputra in Sibsdgar dist. ; navigable in the 
 plains by small steamers to Pdtilipdim. Liable to sudden floods. 
 
 Subarnareklid, or Subanrlka ( ' river of golden sand ' ), riv. , 
 Brit. India, Bengal, rises in Lohirdagd dist., and enters the 
 Bay of Bengal in 21° 34' N., between the delta of the Ganges 
 and that of the Mahdnadf ; it is used for the flotation of timber 
 from the Chiitid Nagpur Hills, but not for navigation. Elevation 
 of source, 2150 ft.; length, 240 m.; drainage area, 9400 sq. m. 
 
 Snbaruareklid, port, Brit. India, Bengal, in 21° 35' N., 
 87° 22' E. , site of first maritime English settlement in Bengal, 
 founded on the ruins of the Portuguese Pippli, of which no 
 traces are now left. The port, unsafe during the SW. monsoon, 
 is principally visited by fishing boats. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Sub&tbn, fort and cantonment, India, 15 m. SW. Simla. 
 Alt. 4500 ft. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Subberthwalt«, par., Eng., Lancashire, 6 m. NW. Ulver- 
 ston. P. <25o. 
 
 Sub'h, mt. , Arabia. See Jebel Sub'h. 
 
 Snblaco, ancient Sublaqueum, tn. , Italy, prov. Rome, 16 m. 
 E. by S. Tivoli. A cave near Subiaco is the site of one of the 
 earliest monastic institutions of western Europe, founded by St. 
 Benedict. Alt. 1340 ft. P. 7300. 
 
 Snblg, tn., Philippine Is., Luzon I., near the head of Subig 
 Bay, 51 m. WNW. Manila. P. <30oo. 
 
 Sablrats, comm., Spain, prov. Barcelona, dist. Villafranca 
 del Panad6s. P. <4000. 
 
 Subnlter, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 4 m. NE. 
 Kanturk. P. <25o. 
 
 Succadaua, or Soekadaua, maritime tn., W. ct. of Borneo, 
 near the mouth of Simpang R. , in 1° 20' S. 
 
 Snccasuuny, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Morris co., 24 m. W. 
 by S. Paterson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sncciso, group of the Tuscan Apennines, bounded W. by the 
 Magra. Alt. 6620 ft. 
 
 Succoth, place named in O. T. See Tell Der'ala. 
 
 Suc^, tn. , France, dep. Loire-Inf^rieure, on the Erdre, arr. 
 and 10 m. N. by E. Nantes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sncha, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, on the Skawa, 26 m. 
 SW. by S. Cracow. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sucham, par. , Eng. See Southam. 
 
 Snchlt<^peqnez, dep. , Central America, Guatemala, on the 
 .Pacific coast, cap. Mazatenango. 
 1508 
 
 Sncliltoto, tn. , Central America, Salvador republic, 7 m. 
 NNW. Cojutepeque ; was an important centre of the Aztecs. 
 P. (1887) 14,300. 
 
 Snchou-fu, formerly Tsurtsuantsluu, tn. , China, Kansu, 
 near the W. end of the Great Wall, 482 m. by road NW. Lan- 
 chou-fu, situated in an extensive oasis, a good deal of which is 
 fallow, and much under grass. Alt. 4800 ft. (1542, Michaelis). 
 P. about 10,000. See Proc. R. G. S., 1890, pp. 70 and 74. 
 
 Suchou-fn, tn., China, Kweichou, 122m. ENE. Kweiyang-fu. 
 
 Snctaou, fortified tn. , China, prov. Kiangsu, on the Grand 
 Canal, 57 m. W. by N. Shanghai. P. estimated at 500,000. 
 
 Siicliou-fu, China. See Snlfu. 
 
 Su'cliwaii, Soch'waii, or Sechivau. [An explanation is re- 
 quired of the addition of two new forms to the numerous forms 
 already in use for the name of this prov. , which is also spelt 
 Sechuan, Suchuan, Ssechuan, Ssuchuan, Szechuan, Sz'chuan, and 
 in other ways, with or without hyphens and diacritic marks, all 
 these forms being subject to further variation, even in English 
 books, through the interpolation, owing to French influence, of a ;^ 
 before the ch, and an o before the u. All those forms are intended 
 to indicate the same pronunciation, about which there seems to be 
 no doubt. The name is dissyllabic, and the accent on the first 
 syllable. The first vowel sound is peculiar, being intermediate 
 between the German u and 0, but apparently nearer the former. It 
 is sufficiently open, however, to make Sechwan (with the Italian 
 sound of (?) the nearest approximation to a spelling representing 
 the true sound when no diacritic marks are used. The u and ou, 
 frequently found in place of w, are respectively German and 
 French modes of indicating the sound of w. The substitution of e 
 for a is due to the obscurity of the vowel in the unaccented syllable. 
 The ss is merely a mode of representing the sound of simple s, 
 adopted in consequence of the frequent confusion, especially in 
 Germany, between the sounds of s and z, and the sz is another 
 combination adopted for the same purpose, one must suppose 
 from Hungary, though why from Hungary it is difficult to guess. 
 In the system of Chinese spefling adopted by Sir T. Wade, the 
 object of employing the ss, which he uses only in the combination 
 ssH, is stated to be ' to fix attention on the peculiar vowel sound 
 a,' which is described as being ' between the i in hita.x\A the u in 
 shut.''\ The largest prov. of China, and that with the greatest 
 absolute population, with an area, exclusive of Tibetan de- 
 pendencies in the W., equal to three-fourths of, and with an 
 estimated population about one-eighth larger than that of 
 France. It is the middle prov. on the W. frontier, situated 
 roughly between 26° and 33° N. , and extending from about 110° 
 E. to a doubtful limit in the W. If the upper course of the 
 Yalung-kiang is taken as its W. boundary, it extends nearly to 
 101° E. According to Baber, both an administrative and a 
 physical boundary is marked N. of 29° by the upper valley of 
 the Tatu-ho, which runs from N. to S. in about 102^° E. But 
 even to the W. of the Yalung-kiang there are certain portions of 
 Tibet (Litang, Batang, Meli) which are sometimes reckoned to 
 this prov. The Chinese population, however, is found almost 
 entirely to the E. of 102^° E. , and even that part of the prov. 
 includes a large area inhabited by non-Chinese, the mountains 
 in the SW. of the prov. , between the Yangtse-kiang on the E. 
 and that of the Anning-ho on the W. , being inhabited by in- 
 dependent Lolos (q.v.). The upper Yangtse-kiang (Kinsha- 
 kiang) forms for the most part the S. boundary of the prov. 
 from about 102° E. to about 104° 40' E. (a few miles above 
 Sui-fu), and below that point traverses the prov. in a NE. then 
 (below 109° E.) in an E. direction. It receives within the prov., 
 on the 1. bk., the Yalung-kiang, and then much further E. the 
 Min-kiang, To-kiang, and Kialing-kiang, all flowing more or 
 less N. to S., and on the opposite bank the Nankuang-ho, 
 Yungning-ho, Sungkan-ho, and Wu-kiang, all flowing more or 
 less from S. to N. The prov. is one of the richest in China, 
 both in respect of its agriculture and mineral resources, and the 
 richest part of it is the portion chiefly on the N. of the Yangtse- 
 kiang and S. of 31° N., extending from the valley of the Min 
 eastwards, a region covered with a rich red soil, probably,, 
 according to Richthofen, belonging, geologically, to the lower 
 Jura, divided into an upper clayey portion comprising by far the 
 greater part, and a lower sandy section forming a strip on the 
 N. This is what is known as the Red Basin, and contains, 
 towards the NW., in its richest part, the cap. of the prov. 
 Chengtu-fu. It is in a large measure traversed by ranges of 
 mountains and hills with a N. to. S. trend. These ridges pre- 
 sent considerable obstacles to communication ; but the soil is so 
 rich and easily cultivated, as to reward the extraordinary labour 
 that has been expended in levelling the hill-sides into terraces 
 for cultivation. In places the unterraced hill-sides are cultivated, 
 according to Captain Gill, on slopes with an angle of about 30°, 
 which, he adds, is about as steep as a man can walk up 
 unaided by his hands (fotir. P. G. S., 1878, p. 81). Larger 
 and smaller plains are scattered over this basin, the largest being 
 that of Chengtu-fu, about 2400 sq. m. in extent, watered by 
 streams derived from the Min [KM'auhslen], a plain which, as 
 seen from the last ridge to the E. (about 15 m. from Chengtu-fu), 
 ' stretches like a smooth lake, and is everywhere covered with a 
 
SUCH 
 
 S UD E 
 
 verdure which would be monotonous were it not for the variety 
 of shades ' (Baber). This basin is bounded on the N. , W. , and S. 
 by lofty mountains, which, it has been suggested, may perhaps 
 account for its anomalous climate — ' scorchingly hot for a short 
 time in summer, warm in winter, and covered from Nov. to April 
 by clouds and mists' (Bourne, Report of a Journey in S W. China, 
 Parliamentary Paper, C. S371, 1888, p. 2). The difficulty of 
 comnianlcatlous with the external world makes this basin 
 peculiarly isolated. Eastwards, though the mountains are not 
 so lofty, the whole face of the country is ' corduroyed ' — ribbed 
 with mountains, which cause the road to be a continual ascent 
 and descent, so that traffic is confined to the Yangtse-kiang 
 route, which is obstructed by the rapids of that river. Towards 
 the N. the only practicable passes are those reached by ascending 
 the valley of the Kialing, leading to the valley of the Han 
 [Chlua, Means of Communication]. The pass leading NW. from 
 Chengtu-fu (to Kansu and the Kuku-Nor region) is upwards of 
 13,000 ft. in height, and the road very difficult. The W. road, 
 to Tibet, from Chengtu-fu leads first SW. , crossing the Great 
 Hsiangling Pass (9370 ft.), in about 29° 35' N., then NW. to 
 Tachien-lu (N. of 30° N.), to the W. of which it crosses in 
 succession two passes more than 14,500 ft. high ; that to western 
 Yunnan follows the same route as far as the Great Hsiangling, 
 and afterwards crosses the Little Hsiangling (9710 ft.) to reach 
 the Anning-ho Valley (the Caindu of Marco Polo). The roads 
 to eastern Yunnan through Kweichou (from Chungking, Nachi- 
 hsien, and Sui-fu) all present a series of difficult ascents and 
 descents. Chungking, at the head of the Yangtse-kiang rapids, 
 is the great seat of commerce of the prov. Sui-fu, at the con- 
 fluence of the Min, is the river- port ne.xt in importance, and 
 practically the terminus of navigation on the Yangtse-kiang. 
 The total value of the eastward exports of Siichwan is roughly 
 estimated at about ^^5, 000, 000. Besides the ordinary cereals, 
 pulse, oil-seeds, and fruits, the chief agricultural products, 
 or products connected with agriculture, are silk, sugar, and tea, 
 western Siichwan (round Yachou-fu) being the source of the 
 brick-tea exported to Tibet and central Asia generally ; cotton is 
 grown only to a relatively small extent. The white wax insect 
 is found in the SW. of the prov. The chief minerals are salt 
 (in the middle of the prov., between the Min-kiang and the 
 To-kiang, especially round Tsiiliu-ching, and in the extreme 
 SW. ) ; coal (both N. and S. of Chungking to the W. of the 
 lower Min, and elsewhere) ; iron (near the coal in the valley 
 S. of Chungking) ; copper and zinc in the SW. of the prov. 
 [Hulll-cliou]. See Chlua, table. 
 
 Siiclitelu, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Kempen, 10 m. 
 WSW. Krefeld. P.<4ooo. 
 
 Suck, riv. , Ire. , flows S. and SE. , separating cos. Galway and 
 Roscommon, and enters the Shannon (r. bk. ) 8 m. SE. Ballinasloe. 
 
 Buckley, par., Eng. , Worcestershire, Bewdley div. , on the 
 Cradley, 8^ m. W. by S. Worcester, 2 m. ESE. of its stn. on a 
 branch of the G. W. R. , P.O. P. <:75o; eccles. par. (Snckley 
 with Alfrlck and Lulsley) P. < 1500. 
 
 Suckling, cape, on the S. ct. of Brit. New Guinea, in about 
 146° 35' E. 
 
 Suckling Range, mt. range, Brit. New Guinea, in about 148° 
 40-149° 30' E. ; highest peak. Mount Suckling, above 11,000 ft. 
 
 Sucre, tn. , Bolivia, of which it is at times the seat of govern- 
 ment, cap. dep. Chuquisaca, 50 m. NE. Potosi ; platinum 
 mines to N. Alt. 9200 ft. P. 19,00c. 
 
 Sucza'wa, tn. , Austria, crownland Bukovina, 47 m. S. by E. 
 Czernowitz ; formerly a centre of commerce between Poland and 
 the East ; manufactures morocco leather. In the neighbourhood 
 are vineyards. P. 10,200. 
 
 Suczawa, riv., SE. Europe, Bukovina and Moldavia, flows E. 
 and SE. into the Sereth ; not navigable. Length about 100 m. 
 
 Suda Bay, Turkey, in the N. of the isl. of Crete, in 24° 4'-i5' 
 E. , with best anchorage in the island. 
 
 Sudak, seapt. , Russia, govt. Taurida, on SE. ct. of Crimea, 
 near Cape Choban-basty, or Meganom, 45 m. E. by S. Sim- 
 pheropol. P. < 1000. 
 
 SudAn, Belcd-es-SudAn (country of the Black, from Arab 
 aswad, plural sud, ' black '), vast terrs. in central Africa, between 
 3° and 16° N. lat. , extending from Senegambia to the Nile. The 
 Sudan consists of three parts, the western being formed by the 
 basin of the Niger {^.v.), the central by the Chad depression, 
 and the eastern by the upper Nile basin. Orographically, the 
 Sudin consists on the whole of hilly country, isolated moun- 
 tain masses occurring, however, in many different quarters, the 
 principal being the volcanic group of the Jebel Marrah (6050 
 ft.) in Darfur, the Alantika Mts. (8800 ft.) and Tadim Mts. 
 (6500 ft.) of Adamawa, the Kamerun Mts. (13,000 ft.), near the 
 W. ct.. Mount Mendif (6500 ft.) S. of Lake Chad, and the 
 Saranda Mts. (6900 ft.) near Yakubu. By Binger's explora- 
 tions it has been proved that the so-called Kong Mts. do 
 not exist, extensive plateaux, studded in places with isolated 
 peaks (Mount Kapuri, 5900 ft., near Wagadugu) characterising 
 the country S. of the great Niger bend. The lowest depression 
 of the central Sudin is not Lake Chad (alt. 800 ft. ) itself, but 
 the Bodele dist. (alt. 550 ft. ) NE. of it, a very interesting region, 
 
 which was in former times covered by a large lake, connected 
 with Lake Chad by the Bahr-el-Ghazal, an ancient outflow of 
 the latter lake. Geologically, granite, gneiss, crystalline schists, 
 porphyry, and diorite prevail in many parts of the SudAn ; but 
 sedimentary rocks also occur, especially in the central parts. 
 The climate of the Sudin is unhealthy to Europeans, and 
 oppressively hot, the whole region from the upper Niger to the 
 upper Nile having a mean annual temperature of more than 
 80° F. The distribution and quantity of the rainfall differ 
 greatly in various parts of the Sudan, but on the whole the fall is 
 much more copious in the southern than in the northern terrs. 
 The mean annual rainfall of the latter is from 10 to 25 in., 
 whilst the rainfall of the central belt in the lat. of Lake Chad 
 is from 25 to 50 in., and still further S. it rises to 75 in. The 
 time and duration of the rainy season seem to vary considerably ; 
 but our information is at present too fragmentary to allow of 
 any definite conclusions. According to Barth and Rohlfs it 
 commences in April, but Nachtigal states that the rainy season 
 (Ningeh) is from June to September. Barth is, however, of 
 opinion that no general data can be given, as the local varia- 
 tions are too great. As regards ethnology and subdivisions of 
 the western and central Sudan regions, see Sokoto, Haussa, 
 Adamawa, Bornn, Baglrml, and Wadal, the last-named 
 being the most powerful of the states in the central Sudin. 
 The terrs. between the upper Gambia and the upper Niger 
 are known as the French Sudan (see Senegal, Xlgcr, Futii 
 Jallou, Fellata, and Maudlngo). The eastern SndAu com- 
 prises the Nile basin from Khartum to the great equatorial 
 lakes. About physical features, see Xlle, Darfur, and Kordo- 
 fan. From 1870 to 1882 the eastern SudAn was occupied by 
 Egypt, but it was lost again through the Mahdi rebellion 
 (1882-86). It now forms part of the dominions of the Mahdi ; 
 and it is estimated that since 1885 more than three-fifths of the 
 population have perished through war, famine, and slave-trading. 
 The terrs. between the Nile lakes, viz., Uganda (^.v.), Unyoro 
 {gf.v.), &c., remained independent, until they were incorporated 
 with British East Africa {g.v.). [H. G. S.] 
 
 Sndborough, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 10^ 
 m. NNE. Wellingborough, 2^ m. N. by E. Twywell stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Sndbonrne, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 16^ m. 
 ENE. Ipswich, 4 m. SSE. Shape stn., P.O.; 4906 ac. P. < 
 750; eccles. par. (Sndbourne with Orford) P. < 2000. 
 
 Sudbrook, vil. , Eng., Monmouthshire, PMT.O. See Port- 
 skewett. 
 
 Sndbrooke, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 5 m. 
 NE. Lincoln, i| m. W. Langworth stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Sudbury, tn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, dist. Nipissing, on the 
 C. P. R. , 443 m. by rail W. Montreal, the junction for Sault 
 St. Mary, 180 m. by rail ; important deposits of nickel and 
 copper ores. P. (i89i)<:i5oo. 
 
 Sudbury, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., near the Dove, 
 8 m. NW. Burton, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Sudbury, vil., Eng., Middlesex, div. and ^ m. S. by E. 
 Harrow, i m. W. Sudbury and Wembley stn. , on the L. & 
 NW. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Sudbury, mun. bor. (since the time of Queen Elizabeth) and 
 market-tn. , Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 19 m. W. Ipswich, in 
 the diocese of Ely, on the Stour, which has been made navigable 
 to this point for barges, with a stn. on branch of G. E. R. ; 
 formerly a town of great importance from its woollen industry 
 introduced by Flemings, but now it only produces a little silk 
 and velvet, malting, &c. Named Suth-burgh (or South town), to 
 distingtiish it from North-burgh or Norwich. It returned two 
 members to Parliament till 1843, when it was disfranchised. 
 Market-days, Th. and S. P. (i8oi)<35oo; (1851)6000; (1891) 
 7100 ; pari. div. P. (1891) 55,600 ; eccles. par. partly in Essex 
 (Sudbury with BalUngdon) P. <20oo. 
 
 Sudbury, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 18 m. 
 W. by N. Boston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sudbury, tn., U.S., Vermont, Rutland co., 18 m. NW. 
 Rutland, with marble quarries. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sndeley Manor, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury 
 div., 6 m. NE. by E. Cheltenham. P. <;25o. 
 
 Sudenburg, SW. suburb of Magdeburg, Prussia. P. (1890) 
 25,700. 
 
 Siidenfeldmark, suburb of Hamm, Prussia, prov. West- 
 phalia, circle Hamm. P. < 5000. 
 
 Slide rdlthmarschen, circle, Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Hol- 
 stein, cap. Meldorf. See Dlthmarschen. 
 
 Siiderhastedt, par., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle 
 Siiderdithmarschen. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sudermanla, or Siklermanland, an old prov. of Sweden, 
 now forming the modern prov. Sodermanland, with a part of 
 that of Stockholm. 
 
 Siidermeldorf-Cieest, par., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 
 circle Siiderdithmarschen. P. <:4000. 
 
 Sudero, isl. belonging to Denmark, the most S. of the Faroe 
 Is. Area about 85 sq. m. P. 1500. 
 
 Sudest, isl. , Pacific. See Lonlslade Archipelago. 
 
 1509 
 
SUDE — SUHO 
 
 Sndetes, name variously applied to a mountainous region in 
 Germany and Austria. In the narrowest sense restricted to the 
 Silesian-Moravian ( Altvater) Mts. , entirely beyond the borders of 
 the German Empire ; in the widest sense including also the whole of 
 the Silesian mountain region to the Riesengebirge and Isergebirge. 
 
 Sndli^r^ni, municip. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. NoakhaH, 55m. 
 N W. Chittagong, once on sea-coast, now 10 m. inland. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sndkujavieii, circle, Prussia, in the E. of the prov. Posen, 
 N. of 52^° N., crossed in the E. by i8^° E. 
 
 Sttd-Laglewnlk, quarter of Konigshutte, Prussia, prov. 
 Silesia, govt. Oppeln, circle Beuthen. P. 5700. 
 
 Sttdlohu, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Miinster 
 circle and 11 m. SSW. Ahaus. P. (comm.)<3000. 
 
 Sndlow HUl8, Scot. See Sidlaw HUls. 
 
 Sadogda, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 25 m. SE. Vladimir, on 
 Sudogda R. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Sndreys, The, isls. See Hebrides. 
 
 Sndnd (the Z^^a^ of Scripture), vil., Syria, vilayet and 65 m. 
 NE. by N. Damascus, and E. of the route from that city to 
 Homs, cocupied by Jacobite Christians. 
 
 Sneca, tn., Spain, prov. and 20 m. S. Valencia, cap. dist. 
 Sueca. P. (comm.) 13,600. 
 
 Sneidle, on site of port of Seleucia, Turkey in Asia, at mouth 
 of Orontes, vilayet and sanjak Aleppo, on the coast, 14 m. W. 
 by S. Antioch. P. (with 16 dependent villages) 10,500. 
 
 Snesca, vil., Colombia, dep. Cundinamarca, 25 m. NNE. 
 Bogotd,; before the conquest it was a large and wealthy city, 
 known as Suesnsa. Alt. 8715 ft. P. (dist.) < 4000. 
 
 Suessiones, tn., France. See Solssons. 
 
 Suez, seapt. tn. , Egypt, on the Gulf of Suez, at the W. of the 
 mouth of the Suez Canal, 46 m. SSE. Ismail!^ ; ague and 
 remittent fever prevalent in autumn. Port Ibrahim (or Port 
 Tewfik), 2 m. S. of the town, is available for the largest vessels. 
 Mean temp. (5^^ yrs., 1880-85), yr. 67.7° F., Jan. 53.1°, July 
 80.6". P. 10,600. 
 
 Suez, Gulf of (the Arabian Gulf of the Greeks), the W. arm 
 of the Red Sea, after its bifurcation in 28° N., whence it extends 
 NW. to 30° N.; shores desert, and alternately present arid plains 
 and rocky headlands. Length, 200 m. ;■ average breadth, 30 m. 
 
 Suez, Istbmns of, the neck of land oonnecting Asia and 
 Africa, having S. the Gulf of Suez, and N. the Mediterranean. 
 Surface mostly moving sands, interspersed with rocky elevations, 
 salt marshes (the ancient crocodile lakes). A ship canal across 
 the isthmus, 100 m. long, with a minimum depth of 26 ft., and 
 a minimum bottom width of 72 ft., was opened in 1869. Since 
 March i, 1887, night navigation has been allowed through the 
 whole extent of the canal for all vessels provided with the 
 necessary electric-lighting apparatus. Before that date the maxi- 
 mum net tonnage passing through the canal in a single year was 
 under 6,400,000 tons ; since then it has exceeded 8,500,000 tons. 
 
 Snf (Berber for 'river'), or Wad Suf, properly Wad Iznf 
 ('murmuring river'), oasis, forming the E. extremity of the 
 Algerian Sahara, in 33°-34° N., and about 6|°-7^° E. 
 
 84f, vil. , Palestine, probably the Mizpah (or Galeed) of O. T. , 
 32° 19' N., 35° 52' E. , 36 m. N. by E. of the ancient Heshbon. 
 
 SAf<^ Koh, mt. range, Afghanistan. See Safed Kob. 
 
 Snfelii, tn., Egypt, 14 m. W. Zagazig, on the r. bk. of the 
 Damietta arm of the Nile. 
 Sufetula,\.vi.,'Y\i.vi\s,. See Sbeltla. 
 
 Suflleld, par., Eng. , Norfolk, N. div. , 7 m. S. Cromer, ij m. 
 NNW. Felmingham stn. , P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Snflield, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, co. and 15 m. N. Hartford. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 SnfUeld wltb Everley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Whitby div., 3^ m. WNW. Scarborough, 2 m. W. Scalby stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Suflleiibelm, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle Hagenau, 11 J 
 m. W. by S. Rastatt (Bad.). P. <4000. 
 
 SnflTolk, maritime co. , Eng., on the German Ocean, with a 
 coast of 52 m., containing 5 pari. divs. , as in the following table : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1891. 1 
 
 Northern, or Lowestoft 
 North- Eastern, or Eye 
 North- Western, or S'towmarket 
 South, or Sudbury . . . 
 South-Eastern, or Woodbridge . 
 Pari. bors. . . . 
 
 Total 
 
 103,602 
 218,194 
 
 250,434 
 
 162,021 
 
 205,264 
 
 13.194 
 
 61,654 
 54,826 1 
 55.593 : 
 55.638 
 56.543 
 86,981 
 
 952,7091 
 
 371.235^ 1 
 
 ^ The administrative counties of E. and W. Suffolk include also the 
 part of Sudbury dist. and the part of Haverhill dist. in the ancient 
 county of Essex, and the part of Newmarket dist. in that of Cambridge, 
 but exclude the part of Thetford dist. and part of Great Yarmouth 
 county borough in ihe administrative county of Norfolk. Joint area 
 (including county borough of Ipswich), 947,724 ac. P. 361,790 ; of 
 ■which 549,744 ac, with a pop. of 183,478, belong to E. Suffolk, 389,870 
 ac, with a pop. of 120,952, to W. Suffolk, and 8100 ac, with a pop. of 
 57,360, to the county borough of Ipswich. 
 1510 
 
 The sea has made considerable encroachments on the ancient 
 coast-line, especially near Dunwich, where the original town has 
 disappeared, Aldeburgh, Corton, &c. Geologically, the floor is 
 chalk and Tertiary strata, covered in some parts by drift, the fen 
 country in NW. being skirted by a low chalk range. The chalk 
 further to E. is at length covered, towards the estuaries of the 
 rivers to S. , by London clay and crag. Stone and gun flints are 
 worked at Brandon. The coast is low, skirted by shingle, ex- 
 cept where there are sandstone crags ; and inland there is much 
 undulating land, well wooded, and sometimes picturesque. Com- 
 munication is by G. E. R. and its branches, and most of the 
 towns have also river communication. There is also the Stow- 
 market Canal intersecting the county, besides the Lowestoft and 
 Norwich Navigation. Farming is the staple industry. From 
 the agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9, it may be 
 seen that this is still one of the chief wheat-growing counties in 
 England, and that it is the rival of its northern neighbour for 
 the leading place in the cultivation of barley. In respect of the 
 relative extent of corn-crops generally, it ranks next to Cambridge- 
 shire among the counties of England. This county is noted for its 
 breed of cart-horses. Manufactures, see Ipswich, Beccles, Stow- 
 market, and Sudbury. In early times, as part of E. Anglia, Suf- 
 folk (= ' South Folk," as distinguished from Norfolk) was isolated 
 on W. by broad fens. The Iceni of the Roman period had their 
 cap. at Icklingham in NW. There are many antiquities, as the 
 castles of Burgh, Framlingham, Orford, &c., the old halls (some 
 moated) of Helmingham, Parham, Hengrave, Ickworth, &c. 
 Suffolk has two pari, bors.. Bury St. Edmunds and Ipswich; 
 eight mun. bors. (including those two), Aldeburgh, Beccles, Eye, 
 Lowestoft, Southwold, and Sudbury. This county is in the 
 dioceses of Norwich and Ely. See England, table. 
 Suffolk, CO., U.S., Massachusetts, on Massachusetts Bay. 
 Suffolk, CO. , U.S. , New York, made up of the greater part of 
 Long I. (E. portion). 
 
 Suffolk, tn. , U.S., Virginia, Nansemond co., 75 m. SE. by 
 S. Richmond. P. <\ooo. 
 
 Snflet, bay, isl. of Haiti, republic Santo Domingo, N. ct. , 
 117 m. NW. by N. Santo Domingo, in 70° 48' W. 
 
 Sufli, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. (sanjak) Dede-Agach, on 
 the Maritsa, 37 m. SSW. Adrianople ; has silk industry. 
 
 Sugar Iioaf, hill, Eng. , Monmouthshire, N. div. , 3^ m. NNW. 
 Abergavenny. Alt. 1954 ft. 
 
 Sugarloaf, mt. , Ire., extreme SW. co. Cork, 7J m. WNW. 
 Bantry. Alt. 1881 ft. 
 
 Sugar Loaf, threat, mt. , Ire. , in the NE. of co. Wicklow, 4 
 m. SW. by S. Bray. Alt. 1659 ft. Little Sugar Loaf, 2^ m. 
 to the E. Alt. 1 120 ft. 
 Sugar Loaf, Tlie, mt. , Scot. See Sullven. 
 Sugarloaf Island, New Hebrides. See Mota. 
 Sugar Loaf Mountain, called by the Portuguese Pfto de 
 Assucar, by the natives Makua-HItlpa, hill, Portuguese E. 
 Africa, 26 m. WNW. Mozambique, a conspicuous landmark seen 
 from the sea ; composed of coarse granite. Alt. 1050 ft. {ab.). 
 
 Sugar Loaf Peak, mt. , U.S. , Oregon, in the N. of Grant co. , 
 130 m. SW. by W. of the NE. corner of the state. Alt. 8415 
 ft. (Wheeler,^.). 
 
 Sugarloaf Point, cap>e. New South Wales, in 32° 28' S. 
 Sugar Biotch, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co., 19 m. 
 SW. Scranton, 4 m. SW. Wilkesbarre ; coal is extensively 
 mined. P. < 3000. 
 
 Sugartotvn, vil. , U.S. , Louisiana, Calcasieu par. , 125 m. SSE. 
 Shreveport, 95 m. NE. by N. of SW. corner of state. P. <i5oo. 
 SugaSlnia, small isl., Japan, nearSE. ct. of Honshiu, opposite 
 Toba port, with lighthouse visible 15 m. 
 
 Sugatovskiy, rich silver-mines, Russia, W. Siberia, Altai 
 region, 253 m. SW. Biysk. P. <20oo. 
 
 Suglira, small seapt. tn., SE. Arabia, with a fort, in 13° 22' 
 N. , 45° 46' E. 
 
 Sugl, isl., E. Archipelago, between the S. end of the Malay 
 Penin. and the E. ct. of Sumatra, 26 m. SSE. Singapore. 
 
 Sugley, par., Eng., Northumberland, 4 m. W. Newcastle-on- 
 Tyne. P. <:25o. 
 
 Sngnall, P.O., Eng., Staffordshire, 3 m. NW. Eccleshall. 
 Sugny, vil., Belgium, prov. Luxembourg, arr. Neufch&teau, 
 8 m. N. by W. Sedan. P. <2ooo. 
 Suguli Falls. See Kufljl River. 
 
 Sugut, riv., Brit. N. Borneo, flows NE. from Mount Kinibalu 
 into the sea S. of Marchesa Bay, between 6° 24' and 6° 28' N. ; 
 has rich Dutch plantations. On the N. arm of the delta is the 
 station of the N. Borneo Company. 
 Sugut, volcano, Philippine Is., near the centre of Mindanao I. 
 Subag, or Sotaag, tn.. Upper Egypt, 1. bk. Nile, in 26° 30' N. 
 P. (1882) 8800. 
 Subell, southern atoll of the Laccadive Is. 
 Subl, tn., Prussia, in a detached part of the prov. of Saxony, 
 circle Schleusingen, 12J m. E. by N. Meinihgen ; numerous 
 manufactures of arms. P. (1816) 5800; (1890) 11,300; comm. 
 P. 11,500. 
 
 Subo, Servian ; Greek, Sobos, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. 
 and 22 m. NE. by E, Salonica. P. 6500 ; Servians, 5500 (G. 161). 
 
SUHO — SULA 
 
 Snlio Rndlslite, mt. group, in S. of central Servia. 
 
 Snhr, riv. , Switzd. , flows N. out of the Lake of Sempach into 
 the Aar, below Aarau. 
 
 Sula Bay, Turkey, in the SW. of the isl. of Crete, in 23° 48' E. 
 
 Sul>chon, tn. , China, prov. Honan, 280 m. N. by E. Hankow, 
 50 m. ESE. Kaifung-fu. 
 
 »ialchou-fn, tn. , China, prov. Kiangsi, on the Sho-kiang, 162 
 m. SSE. Hankow ; lapis-lazuli and silver are mined in the dist. 
 
 Suidhe, Gaelic, ' a settlement ' or ' possession.' See Set. 
 
 Snl-fta, Hsiicliou-fii, or Sttchou-rn, tn., China, Siichwan, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Yangtse-kiang, at the confluence of the Min, 
 130 ni. WSW. Chungking, the great centre of trade in southern 
 Siichwan with Yunnan ; outside the town are large suburbs. 
 Salt and coal are mined, and gold washed. Population largely 
 composed of Mohammedans ; 64,000 registered houses (Pratt). 
 See also Proc. J?. G. S., 1891, p. 331. 
 
 Salfnii, riv. , China and Russian Manchuria, S. part of Mari- 
 time Prov. , rises in China, flows E. and SE. , enters Amurskiy 
 Bay, Gulf of Peter the Great. 
 
 Snlgsim, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, Gujardt, cap. Suigam 
 state, in 24° 9' N., 71° 21' E.; in 1819 it suffered from earth- 
 quakes, and the whole tract subsequently became salt. 
 
 Snijo, tn., Japan, 150 m. W. by S. Kobe. P. 5600. 
 
 i^alkal-hsleu, tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, 71 m. E. Pakhoi. 
 
 Sulla, oasis, Tripoli, Fezzan, 95 m. ENE. Murzuk. 
 
 8allal-i«len. See Manas. 
 
 Snllveii ( ' the Sugar-Loaf '), mt. , Scot. , Sutherland, 13 m. SE. 
 Storr Head. Alt. 2399 ft. 
 
 Snlpacha, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 72 m. by rail 
 W. Buenos Aires. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sulpaclia, riv. , Bolivia. See Pllaya. 
 
 Sulppes, tn. , France, dep. Marne, on the Suippe, arr. and 14 
 m. NE. by N. Chalons-sur-Marne. P. <3000. 
 
 Snlr, riv. , Ire. , rises in NW. of co. Tipperary, flows at first 
 mainly S. past Thurles and Caher, and then mainly E. past 
 Clonmel (the head of navigation for the boats, 30-55 tons, of the 
 River Suir Navigation Company), Carrick-on-Suir, and Water- 
 ford, forming the boundary between cos. Tipperary and Kil- 
 kenny on the N. and Waterford on the S. , finally unites with 
 the Barrow to form Waterford Harbour. Length about 100 m. 
 
 Snlra, seapt. , Morocco. See MoKador. 
 
 Sul.«nu Bay, U.S. See San Francisco Bay. 
 
 Snlsnn City, vil., U.S., California, Solano co., 38 m. SW. 
 by W. Sacramento ; has an excellent harbour. P. < 1500. 
 
 Snlte-clion, tn. , China, in the E. of prov. Shensi, 390 m. 
 WSW. Peking, 240 m. NNW. Honan. 
 
 Snltiug-fn, tn., China, Siichwan, 120 m. NE. by N. Chung- 
 king ; important trade in oil. 
 
 Salyang-lislen, tn., China, Kweichou, 100 m. NNE. Kwei- 
 yang-fu. 
 
 Snja, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 67 m. SW. Kursk ; trade 
 in corn. P. 5660 ; 11,200 with suburbs. 
 
 Sujnlpnr, tn. , Central India, Gwalior state. P. 6700 ; Hindus, 
 4000 ; Mohani. 1900. 
 
 Sujdngarli, tn., India, Rdjputina, 79 m. E. by S. Bfkaner. 
 P. (1881) 5200. 
 
 Sujiinpur, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gurdaspur, 66 m. 
 NE. by N. Amritsar. P. 5800 ; Hindus, 2000 ; Moham. 3700. 
 
 Saj&npnr Tlra, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Kangra, 
 on the Beas, 65 m. NW. Simla ; has a colony of jewellers. 
 Tira, the palace of the Katoch dynasty, stands on a height 
 overlooking the town, P. <:5ooo. 
 
 SuJ^wal, tn. , Central India, Malwa, Gwalior terr., 44 m. 
 NW. Bhopal. P. (1881) 7100. 
 
 Snjbnlak, vil., Persia, Azerbaijan, about 20 m. S. of the S. 
 end of Lake Urmia, capital of Northern Persian Kurdistan. 
 Alt. 4770 ft. P. about 5000. 
 
 Snk, equatorial Africa. See Snknta. 
 
 Snk, es-8iik, Arabic (' the market"), locality on the N. ct. of 
 the isl. of Jerbi, N. Africa. 
 
 8uka1»aul, coalfield 42 sq. m. in extent, in western Java, 
 in S. div. of Preanger regency ; quality of coal said to be superior 
 even to that of Cardiff. 
 
 Sakadilna, tn., Dutch Borneo, on the W. ct., 95 m. SE. by 
 S. Pontianak. 
 
 Sukarras, tn. , Algeria, arr. Guelma, on the Mejerda Valley 
 Rly. , 45 m. S. by E. Bona ; great trade in grain and cattle ; the 
 vine is extensively cultivated in the neighbourhood. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Snk«el-Artoa, tn., Africa, N. Tunis, headquarters of civil 
 and military jurisdiction, 81 m. WSW. Tunis; the chief grain 
 market in Tunis. 
 
 Snke Point, W. end of Vanua Levu, Fiji Is. 
 
 Suk-esli-Shelynk, tn., Asiatic Turkey, vilayet and 90 m. W. 
 by N. Busra (Bussora), sanjak Muntefik, on r. bk. of Euphrates ; 
 exports wool of fine quality, used in France in the manufacture 
 of carpets. P. 12,000; Moham. 11,000 (mainly Shiah). 
 
 Snket, spur, Himalayas. See Jalorl. 
 
 Suket, hill state under the political superintendence of Punjab 
 government, India, between 31° 14' and 31° 35' N., and 76°,49' 
 and J7° 26' E. 
 
 Snkhlu Dol, tn., Bulgaria, prov. Sevlijevo, 31 m. SE. by E. 
 Plevna. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Snkliliilctal, tn. , Russia, govt, and 64 m. SW. Kaluga ; 
 entrepot for hemp, hempseed-oil, and partly corn ; tanneries. 
 P. 6560. 
 
 Sukhoi, Sukhaya, Sukhoye, Russian, 'dry.' 
 
 Snkhona, riv., NE. Russia, govt. Vologda, by its junction 
 with Yug makes N. Dvina ; rises from Lake Kubenskoye, N. 
 of Vologda town, flows NE. , past Kadnikov and Totma, for 356 
 m. , joins Yug at Velikiy Ustyug. Considerable shipping on 
 Sukhona and its upper trib. , the Vologda. 
 
 Snkliro €reek, an inlet or channel, Brit. India, Sind, 15 m. 
 SSE. Karachi. 
 
 Sukhncliak, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gurdaspur, 60 m. 
 NNE. Amritsar. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Snkiiani-kale, seapt. and dist. tn., Russia, Caucasia, govt. 
 Kutais, on E. ct. of Black Sea, 70 m. NW. Poti, 42° 59' N., 
 41° o' E. ; the best roadstead of the E. ct.; sheltered, and never 
 closed by ice ; but the marshes surrounding it render it highly 
 malarial, and the communication with the interior is difiicult. 
 Seat of ancient Dioskuria and of a Turkish fortress, now falling 
 into ruins. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sakkertbppen, vil. and Danish post, W. ct. Greenland, cap. 
 dist. Sukkertoppen, 93 m. NNW. Godthaab, on the islet of 
 Manitsok. Mean temp. (11 yrs.), yr. 30.5° F., Feb. 12.6°, 
 July 49.3°. 
 
 Sukkot, Dar-, or Dar-Sokkot, dist., Lower Nubia, on 
 both banks of the Nile, between 20° io'-20° 50' N. ; the fertile 
 plains on both banks furnish the best supply of dates in Nubia. 
 There are ruins of two old towns. 
 
 Sukknr,Sakkar (census), tn., Brit. India, Sind, dist. Shikdr- 
 pur, on the r. bk. of the Indus, 48 m. SE. by S. Jacobabad, on an 
 insignificant limestone ridge ; has considerable local and river 
 transit trade. The important route from Sukkur through the 
 Bolan and Nari passes is now traversed by the railway to 
 Quetta and Pishin. P. 29,300; Hindus, 16,400; Moham. 
 11,900. See Kohrl and Bnkknr. 
 
 Snkmauovka, vil., Russia, SE. part of govt. Tambov, 40 
 m. by rail NW. Borisoglyebsk. P. 5550. 
 
 Sttkosd, comm., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, dist. 
 Solt als6. P. <4000. 
 
 Snkravarpet, India. See C'hannapata. 
 
 Saknmo, vil., Japan, Shikoku, 190 m. SW. Kobe. 
 
 Sn'knta, or Snk, large salt steppe, E. Africa, about midway 
 between Lakes Rudolf and Baringo, inhabited by nomadic tribes 
 (Kibakau, Ngaboto, &c.). 
 
 Snl, tn. , Portugal, Beira, in the Serra Gralheira, dist. and 14 
 m. NW. Vizeu. Alt. 3680 ft. P. ^3000. 
 
 Sola, seapt., Italian E. Africa, on Annesley Bay, 30 m. SSE. 
 Massaua. 
 
 Sula, riv., S. Russia, govt. Poltava, 1. bk. trib. of Dnieper, 
 which it joins at Chigirin-Dubrova. Length, 240 m. 
 
 SnMlnian, range of mts. on the borders of India and 
 Afghanistan, running parallel to the Indus from about 28^° 
 N. , and connected at the N. end with the Safid Koh Range ; 
 highest peaks the Takht-i-Suldiman, or Throne of Solomon, and 
 the adjacent peak of Kaisarghar (11,300 ft.), in 31° 33'-36° N. 
 Near the summit of the Takht-i-Suldiman, which is about 200 
 ft. lower than its sister peak, is a shrine visited by Hindus and 
 Mohammedan pilgrims. The passes through these mountains 
 mostly follow the routes of rivers, which either empty themselves 
 into the Indus, or dry up in the plains before reaching that river. 
 Four towns, on or near the Indus, situated at the distance of 
 about two degrees of latitude, or 140 m. from each other, mark 
 the points towards which the four of the chief passes lead. 
 These towns, in the order from N. to S., are Attock, Dera 
 Ismail Khan, Dera Ghazi Khdn, and Sukkur. A fifth town, 
 Edwardesdbdd or Bannu, was founded near the frontier to 
 defend two other passes which enter the Indian plain about 
 midway between Attock and Dera Ismdil Khan. Attock, situated 
 opposite the place where the Kabul R. enters the Indus, marks 
 the route of the most important of all these passes, the Khaibar 
 Pass, which leads from Jaldldbdd in Afghanistan, but diverges 
 from the river at Lalpura, the point where the pass proper 
 begins. The passes which meet at Edwardesdbad are those 
 which follow the Kuram (Kurrum) R. southwards and the Tochi 
 R. eastwards across the Suldiman Mts. Dera Ismail Khan 
 marks the route of the Giimal (Gomul) R., and the Gflmal or 
 Ghwaldri Pass, which, on the Afghan side of the mountains, 
 leads north-westwards to Ghaznf, and in a more westerly, slightly 
 southerly direction to Kandahar. The Giimal R. is entered on 
 the S. by the Zhob, whose valley forms a natural route south- 
 westwards to Pishin and the British fortress of Quetta. From 
 Dera Ghdzi Khdn an excellent military road leads westwards to 
 the same fortress across the Suldiman Mts., and then through 
 the Tdl Pass. See Proc. R. G. S., 1879, pp. 38, &c., and map, 
 p. 80 (i : 1,500,000). 
 
 Snla Islands, a group of three larger and several smaller 
 isls.. Eastern Archipelago, between the NW. of Celebes and 
 Buru, on the S. of Molucca Strait. 
 
 1511 
 
SULB — SULZ 
 
 Sniby, eccles. par. and vil. , Eng. , Isle of Man, Lezayre par. , 4 
 m. W. Ramsey, on the S. , with two stns. (Salby Bridge and 
 Snlby Crlen) on the Manx Northern Rly., P.O. 
 
 Salby (sai'bl), par., Eng., Northamptonshire, 6 m. SW. 
 Market Harborough. P. <:25o. 
 
 Snlebtailve, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 33 m. SSE. 
 Bijapur. P. < 5000. 
 
 Saledal, lake, Norway, diocese Christiansand ; village at W. 
 extremity of lake, 48 m. NE. Stavanger. 
 
 Sulelma'nla, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, vilayet and 137 m. ESE. 
 Mosul, cap. sanjak Suleimania; composed mainly of single 
 storied, flat-roofed huts, inhabited almost exclusively by Kurds. 
 Chief manufactures, saddles and horse furniture, shoes and 
 leather-work generally. P, (with environs) 15,000; Moham. 
 13,800; Jews, 1000. 
 
 Snlen Islands, group of isls. , Norway, W. ct. , at the mouth 
 of the Sogne Fjord. 
 
 Sole Skerry, rocky islet off the N. ct. of Scot., in 59° 4' 45" 
 N. , 4° 24' W. , now being provided %vith a lighthouse, the light 
 in which will be 112J ft. above high water, visible 16^ nautical 
 m.; lighthouse expected to be ready in the spring of 1B95. 
 
 Sulfa, tn. , Arabia. See Zalfar. 
 
 Sulgen, vil., Switzd. , cant. Thurgau, 8 m. S. Constance. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 SnlgraTe, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, S. div. , ii^ m. 
 NW. Buckingham, 2 m. NW. Helmdon stn., PM.O. 'The 
 church contains monuments and brasses of the Washington 
 family. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Snlham, par., Eng., Berkshire, Newbury div., 4 m. W. by 
 N. Reading, 2 m. WSW. Tilehurst stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Sullianipstead Abbote, par., i m. E. by S. Sulhampstead 
 Banister. P. <5oo. 
 
 Snlhampstead Banister, par., Eng., Berkshire, Newbury 
 div., on the Kennet, 5 m. SW. by W. Reading, i^ m. SSW. 
 Theale stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 Sulhampstead Banister Lower End, par. P. < 250. 
 Sullnia, riv. , W. Africa, in the SE. of the Brit, colony of 
 Sierra Leone, flows on the whole SW. through a rich oil-palm 
 country, and enters the Atlantic at the village of Sulima in 6° 58' 
 N. Navigable 20 m. up to the Falls of Wedaro ; above that 
 its bed full of boulders, over which the river rushes imp>etuously 
 during the rains. See Geog. Jour., iv. p. 125. 
 
 Sullna, tn., Roumania, Dobruja, prov. Tulcea, at the mouth 
 of the S. branch of the Danube, 41 m. ESE. Ismail. No dock, 
 but quays on both sides the river ; depth of water on bar, 20^ 
 ft. Mean temp., yr. 52° F. , Jan. 29 , July 73°. P. < 5000. 
 See Danube. 
 
 Snllngen, market-vil. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, 27 m. S. 
 Bremen, cap. circle Sulingen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Sultta, vil. , Roumania, Moldavia, 13 m. SE. Botosanl. P. 
 (coram. )< 5000. 
 
 Sulltjelma, mt. , Norway, in about 67° 8' N., 16^° E.; con- 
 tains a rich copper-mine. Highest point estimated at 6178 ft. 
 
 SuUam, P.O., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Northmaven 
 par. , 13^ m. S. of the N. end of the Mainland, on the W. side 
 of S. Voe, an inlet stretching 9 m. from SSW. to NNE. 
 
 Snllaua, tn., NW. Peru, dep. and 18 m. N. Piura, on the 
 railway connecting Piura with the seaport of Payta. P. <4O0o. 
 SuUane, riv.. Ire., in the W. of co. Cork, flows WSW, to 
 the 1. bk. of the Lee, which it joins a little below Macroom. 
 
 Sullen Islands, group off the W. ct. of Norway, diocese and 
 45 m. NNW. Bergen. 
 
 SuUlas, country of the former Orl^anais, France, now in 
 the dep. Loiret, between the Sologne and the 1. bk. of the Loire. 
 SulUngton, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div. , 6§ m. NE. 
 by E. Arundel. P. <25o. 
 
 SuUlTan, city, U.S., Illinois, Moultrie co., 65 m. W. by N. 
 Terre Haute (Ind.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sullivan, tn., U.S., Indiana, Sullivan co., 23 m. S. Terre 
 Haute ; has coal deposits; and manufactures woollen goods and 
 carriages. P. <3000. 
 
 Sullivan, tn., U.S., Maine, Hancock co., 12 m. E. Ells- 
 worth, on Frenchman Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sullivan, CO., U.S., Missouri, N. of 40° N. , crossed in the 
 E. by 93° W. 
 
 SulUvan, co. , U.S., New Hampshire, bounded on the W. 
 by the Connecticut, crossed in the N. by 43^° N. 
 
 Sullivan, co., U.S., New York, in the SE., on the S. frontier 
 (Delaware R.), crossed in the W. by 75° W. 
 
 Sullivan, CO., U.S., Pennsylvania, crossed by 41 J° N. and 
 76^° W. 
 
 Sullivan, CO. , U.S., Tennessee, in the NE. , on the N. frontier. 
 Sullivan's Island, isl. , Brit. India, Lower Burma, in Mergui 
 Archipelago, in 10° 40' to 11° N. , 97° 58' to 98° E. Length, 17 
 m.; breadth, 6 m. 
 
 Sullivan's Island, isl., U.S., S. Carolina, co. and 6 m. from 
 Charleston ; fashionable sea-bathing resort and summer resi- 
 dence. Length, 6 m. 
 
 Sully, CO. , U.S., S. Dakota, S. of 45° N. , and bounded on 
 the W. by the Missouri R. 
 1512 
 
 Sully, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., S. ct., 5 m. 
 SSW. Cardiff, on the Taff" Vale Rly. ; includes Sully I. as well 
 as Barry I. P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Snlly-sur-Loire, tn. , France, dep. Loiret, arr. Gien, on the 
 1. bk. of the Loire, 25 m. ESE. Orleans. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Sulniierscbtitz, Polish Snlnilerzyce, tn. , Prussia, prov. 
 Posen, circle Adelnau, 41 m. NE. by N. Breslau. P. <:3000. 
 
 Snlniona. See Solniona. 
 
 Sulphur Island, Eastern Sea, N. of Loo-chou Is. , in 27° 56' 
 N., 128° 30' E. Length, i m. 
 
 Sulphur Islands, a group of three small islands belonging to 
 Japan, between 24° and 25^° N. and 141° and 141^° E. ; the 
 middle island known in Japanese as Iwo-to ('sulphur island'), 
 the northern as Minami Iwo-to, the southern as Kita Iwo-to. 
 
 Sulphur Springs, tn. , U.S., Texas, Hopkins co., 79 m. 
 ENE. Dallas. P. <4000. 
 
 Sulphur Spring Valley, U.S., Arizona, between Chiricahua 
 and Dragoon Ranges ; noted for its artesian wells. 
 
 Sultanabad, tn., Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 100 m. SE. by 
 E. Hamadan. 
 
 Sultanabad, tn. , Persia, prov. Khorassan, 95 m. SW. Meshed. 
 
 Snltauabad, tn. , Persia, prov. Khuzistan, near the Jerahi, 
 65 m. ENE. Dorak. 
 
 Snltan-Chlftlili, vil. , Turkey in Europe, sanjak Tekirdagh, 
 on the Sea of Marmora, 50 m. W. Constantinople. 
 
 SnltAn Dagh, range of mts. , Asia Minor, trending NW. and 
 SE. between the Akshehr-gol and the Eyerdir-gol. 
 
 Snlt&nganJ, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, Bhagalpur dist., close 
 to the banks of the Ganges, in 25° 15' N., 86 47' E. ; has river 
 and railway trade. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sultan Hissar, vil. , Asia Minor, Anatolia, near the Mendereh, 
 48 m. E. Aais-aluk ; has remains of a temple and theatre. 
 
 Snltanla, vil., Asia Minor, Anatolia, on a bay of the Bos- 
 porus, 9 m. NNE. Constantinople, i m. SE. Unkiar-Iskelessi. 
 
 8ultanle,tn. .Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 69 m. W. by N. Kazvin. 
 
 Sultau IMIountain, U.S., SW. Colorado, near 108° W. Alt. 
 13,366 ft. 
 
 Sultiinpnr, vil. , India, Punjab, Gurgdon dist. , 30 m. SE. by 
 S. Amritsar. Salt is manufactured by evaporation from brine 
 in wells ; the works could turn out 50,000 tons annually, but the 
 trade has been affected by Sambhar Lake salt. 
 
 Snltanpur, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Darbhangah, 35 
 m. NE. by E. Patna. 
 
 Snlt^nptkr, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, Kapurthala state. P. 
 gooo ; Hindus, 2900 ; Moham. 5800. 
 
 Sult^npur, tn. , Brit. India, Oudh, Sultanpur dist., 58 m. N. 
 by E. Allahabad. P. 8800 ; Hindus, 5500 ; Moham. 3300. 
 
 Sultdnpnr, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Kangra, 60 m. N. 
 by W. Simla. Alt. 4092 ft. P. <:50oo. 
 
 Sultepec, tn., Mexico, state of and 60 m. SW. Mexico; im- 
 portant mulberry cultivation. P. (comm.) 13,500. 
 
 Sulu Islands, group of isls.. Eastern ArchijDelago, between 
 4° 4o'-6° 52' N. , and 119° 28'-i22° 42' E., having the Sulu Sea 
 on'.the N. and the Celebes Sea on the S. , separated from Min- 
 danao on the NE. by the Strait of Basilan, and from Borneo 
 in the SW. by the Strait of Sibutu. The archipelago, which 
 comprises several large and numerous small islands, is divided 
 into five groups : Basilan, Sulu proper or Jolo, Pangutarang, 
 Tapul, and Tawi-Tawi. The islands are volcanic and coralline ; 
 the larger generally mountainous, the smaller low. Highest 
 known point Bahu (Sulu I.), 2765 ft. Forests of teak, ironwood, 
 and other valuable timber, cover a great part of the surface. 
 The climate, similar to that of the neighbouring islands, is not 
 generally unhealthy, but bilious fevers prevail during the SW. 
 monsoon. The soil is very fertile. Sugar-cane and rice are 
 cultivated, and tobacco has been introduced ; coco-palms abound 
 on the coast. Pearl-oyster and trepang fisheries are important 
 industries. The inhabitants are mainly Sameacas and Guimbas 
 (Indonesian) in the interior, and Maros (of mixed Malay and 
 Arab descent) on the coasts. Since 1876 the islands have been 
 under Spanish protection ; they are attached to the Philippine Is. , 
 but the internal administration is still in the hands of various 
 native rulers, sultans, and 'datos' (nobles), all owning the 
 supremacy of the Sultan of Sulu. The islands were first visited 
 by the Spaniard Figueroa in 1578. Area about 1550 sq. m. 
 P. supposed to exceed 100,000, of whom 4000 inhabit the coast 
 region. 
 
 Sulu, or Jolo, tn. , cap. of Sulu I. , on N. ct. , at head of Sulu 
 Bay, 570 m. SSW. Manila. The town was rebuilt in 1876, in 
 European style ; it has a wall on the land side, and is defended 
 by two forts. 
 
 Sttlz, col. , Prussia, Rhine Prov, , govt. , circle, and 2 m. SW. 
 Cologne. P. <4000. 
 
 Sulxbach, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, 
 cap. circle Sulzbach, 30 m. S. by E. Bayreuth. In the vicinity 
 are iron-mines and blast-furnaces. Sulzbach was formerly the 
 cap. of a county, and after 1656 of a duchy. In 1799 it became 
 part of Bavaria. P. 5000. 
 
 Sulzbach, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, Neckar circle, 22 m, 
 NE. Stuttgart. P. < 3000. 
 
S U L Z — S U M I 
 
 Snlzbacb, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Trier, circle and 
 5 m. NE. Saarbriicken. P. 5800. 
 Snizbergthal, valley, Tirol. See Sole, Val dl. 
 
 Salzburg, tn. , Ger. , gd. -duchy of Baden, circle Lorrach, 12 
 m. SW. by S. Freiburg. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Sillze, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle Ribnitz, on 
 riv. Trebel, 19 m. E. Rostock. P. <300o. 
 
 Snlzer Belclien, mt. , Ger. See Vosges. 
 
 Snlzfelfl, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle Heidelberg, 
 dist. and 3 m. SW. Eppingen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Sulzfeld, vil., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Franconia, 
 circle Kitzingen, on the r. bk. of the Main, 10 m. SE. by E. 
 Wiirzburg. P. <2000. 
 
 Snlziiiatt, vil. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, circle Gebweiler, 10 m. 
 SW. by S. Kolmar. P. <3000. 
 
 Snlz-unterm- Walde, French Soultz-sons-For^ts, tn. , Ger. , 
 Alsace-Lorraine, circle Gebweiler, 10 m. NW. by N. Miil- 
 hausen ; from 1079-1789 a possession of the bishops of Strass- 
 burg. Petroleum refinery connected by rail with the petroleum 
 well of Pechelbronn, 3 m. distant. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Suiuampa, vil., Argentine Republic, Santiago del Estero, 
 152 m. NNE. Cbrdoba. P. < 2000. 
 
 Snniao, Seniao, Ssnniao, or Ssemao, tn., China, in the S. 
 of the prov. Yunnan, 185 m. SW. by S. Yunnan-fu, in a healthy 
 plain nearly equi-distant from Tali-fu, Yiinnan-fu, and the 
 Franco-Chinese treaty-post of Meng-tsu, 11 m. S. by W. Puerh, 
 the centre of trade in Puerh tea. See Paerb. 
 
 Snma Paz, riv. , Colombia. See Bogota. 
 
 Snmata, tn. , W. Africa, Sierra Leone, on the great caravan 
 route to the Niger valley. 
 
 Sumatra, the most westerly of the Sunda Is. , Malay Archi- 
 pelago, and, next to Borneo and New Guinea, the largest in the 
 E. Seas, between 5° 40' N. and 6° o' S. , 95° 20' and 106° o' E. , 
 separated NE. from the Malay Penin. by the Strait of Malacca, 
 having E. the Java Sea, S. the Strait of Sunda, separating it 
 from the isl. of Java, and W. the Indian Ocean. Sumatra, re- 
 garded as an outpost of the Dutch E. Indies, is divided for 
 administrative purposes into eight divs. : govts, of Achin, and of 
 the W. ct.; residencies (provs.) of Benkulen, Lampong, Palem- 
 bang, and E. ct. ; dist. of Indragiri and Kuan tan (attached to 
 Rio), and the country of the Battas (independent). The in- 
 habitants are mostly Malays, but partly of the Papuan negro 
 race, with Moors in the NW., Tamils, Chinese, and people 
 from the neighbouring islands, Dutch and other foreigners. 
 The Bukit-Barisan, a mountain chain of primitive formation, 
 containing eight active and numerous extinct volcanoes, extends 
 from Point Achin to Sunda Strait, keeping near to the W. ct. 
 It consists in some places of a single chain, in others of two or 
 even three parallel ranges, connected by transverse ridges, 
 enclosing fertile plateaux and valleys. The culminating points 
 of this great system are, in the N., Luseh and Abong-Abong, 
 respectively about 12,100 and 11,150 ft.; Mount Ophir, or 
 Passaman, 9600 ft., a few miles S. of the equator, the most 
 conspicuous point as seen from the sea, and formerly supposed 
 to be the highest in the island ; Korinchi or Indrapura, about 
 12,100 ft., now regarded as the culminating point, in 1° 36' S. ; 
 Dempo, an active volcano, over 10,000 ft., besides many other 
 summits between 6000 and 10,000 ft. In the N. part of the 
 island spurs extend from W. to E. to within a few miles of the 
 coast, but S. of this dist. the E. half of the island is mostly 
 level or undulating, and along the coasts there are many sandy 
 and marshy plains traversed by the Rohan, Simpang, Siak, 
 Indragiri, Jambi, Musi or Palembang, and other rivers of large 
 size, which are navigable far into the interior, and would be 
 still more important commercial highways, but for the sand- 
 banks obstructing their mouths. The rivers of the W. are short 
 and for the most part unnavigable. In the mountainous region 
 are numerous lakes, of which the principal are Toba, at an alt. 
 of over 3000 ft., and Maninju and Sinkarah, in the high plateau 
 of Padang, a little S. of the equator. The coasts are rocky in 
 the W., low and flat in the E., except towards the N. There 
 are few well-sheltered bays ; the principal are Semanka and 
 Lampong on the S. ct. , Amphitrite and Langsar on the E. Off 
 the coasts are numerous islands. Climate in the plains not 
 oppressive. The mean monthly temp, varies little, being from 
 about 79° to 81° F. , but the average daily range is 9° or 10° ; at 
 a height of about 3000 ft., the mean annual temp, is under 75°, 
 and the diurnal range over 28°. The rainfall is everywhere 
 abundant. Thunderstorms and waterspouts off the coast are 
 frequent. Much of the island is occupied by dense forests. The 
 flora presents close affinity with that of the Malay Penin. , and 
 of Borneo ; amongst characteristic forms may be mentioned the 
 remarkable parasitic flower Rafflesia Arnoldi, and some gigantic 
 species oi Arum. Products consist of rice, maize, millet, sago, 
 coco-nuts, betel, sugar-cane, camphor, guttapercha, benzoin, 
 various gums and resins, an abundance of tropical fruits, turmeric, 
 ginger, coffee, rattans, scented wood, teak, and other timber; 
 pepper is extensively cultivated, especially in the N., and 
 tobacco in the Deli dist. Buffaloes are the most important live 
 stock ; the breed of horses is small, but hardy ; swine and goats 
 
 are both domestic and wild ; the elephant, rhinoceros, tiger, 
 bear, deer, orangoutang, &c. , roam in the forest, and the hippo- 
 potamus and crocodile are met with in the rivers. The principal 
 minerals are gold and coal ; auriferous deposits are known to 
 exist in various parts of the W. mountains, especially in the 
 Mandeling and Supagang dists. ; the richest coalfield is that of 
 the Ombilin Valley, discovered in 1870, but coal occurs also in 
 other parts ; tin is found in the Siak Valley ; lead in Kota ; copper 
 in Padang ; a mountain N. of Sinkarah Lake contains a large 
 deposit of magnetic iron ore ; titanic iron occurs in various parts ; 
 sulphur, saltpetre, alum, &c. , in the volcanic dists.; petroleum in 
 Palembang prov. , in Siak, and in Langkat ; salt in the marshes of 
 Achin and on the E. ct. The inhabitants manufacture gold and 
 silver filagree work with great skill, also silk and cotton fabrics, 
 earthenwares, arms, rattan mats, and domestic goods generally. 
 The principal exports are pepper, maize, sago, coco-nuts, 
 camphor, tobacco, guttapercha, gum damar, &c. Imports 
 include manufactured goods, rice, opium and salt from India, 
 coarse porcelain, iron and copper wares, salt-fish, &c. The 
 chief ports are Padang, Palembang, Benkulen, Serdang, Deli, 
 Muntok, Telok-Betong, Bangkalis, and Achin. Railways are 
 being constructed ; an important line starting from Padang was 
 opened in 1892, with branches to Koek and Ombilin. Sumatra 
 is mentioned by Ptolemy under the name of Jabadiu ; Marco 
 Polo visited it in 1292. In the i6th century the Portug^^ese 
 formed settlements on the island, soon, however, destroyed ; in 
 1529 the French traveller Parmentier visited the island, and in 
 1599 the Dutch navigator Houtman. In 1616 the Dutch 
 founded a factory at Jambi, and in 1662 made a treaty with the 
 Sultan of Palembang. Length, NW. to SE., 1050 m. ; breadth, 
 90-240 m. ; area, estimated at 163,000 sq. m. P. (estimated) 
 3,572,000 (Wagner and Supan). 
 
 Suniava, name given by the Chekhs to the Bohemian Forest 
 [q.v.), but more particularly to its southern portion. 
 Sumba, native name of Sandalwood I., Dutch E. Indies. 
 Sumbawa, one of the Sunda Is. , Malay Archipelago, between 
 8° and 9° S. , 116° 50' and 119° xo' E., separated westward from 
 Lombok by the Strait of Allass, and E. from Komodo by Sapi 
 Strait. The island comprises four states (Sumbawa, Dompo, 
 Sangar, and Bima), all, nominally, under Dutch protection. 
 It is nearly divided into two portions by a deep bay off its N. 
 ct. , having at E. side of entrance the culminating point of the 
 island, the volcano of Tomboro, 9000 ft. high, the eruptions of 
 which have been most violent and destructive. The surface 
 generally is mountainous, and there are numerous volcanic cones. 
 There are no large rivers, and none navigable, even by small 
 boats, except during the rainy season. Soil of great fertility. 
 Products, generally similar to those of Java, comprise rice, which 
 is exported in large quantities, tobacco, sapan, teak and other 
 timber, wax, edible birds' nests, &c. ; excellent ponies, for which 
 the island is noted, are exported in large numbers ; minerals 
 include sulphur, arsenic, asphalt, and petroleum. Imports, 
 opium, Indian piece goods, and European manufactures, chiefly 
 brought to it by the Dutch, who have a small establishment at 
 Bima, on a noble bay of the N. ct. Length, 160 m. ; breadth, 
 20-60 m.; area, 5362 sq. m. 
 
 Sunibaiva, tn., on the N. ct. of Sumbawa I., 100 m. W. 
 Bima, in 8° 30' S. , 117° 30' E. ; it has a good harbour, and is the 
 residence of a chief, subject to the Sultan of Bima. 
 
 Sttmbegi, or Syml, Turkish isl., on the SW. of Asia Minor, 
 at the mouth of the Gulf of Doris, to the N. of Rhodes, vilayet 
 Jezairi-Bahri-Safid. Bay in the N. can accommodate large 
 vessels. P. (kaza) 9000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Sumblng (' riven mountain'), volcano, central Java, 40 m. 
 SW. Samarang, forming with the volcano Sindoro the group of 
 the ' Two Brothers.' Alt. 10,945 ft. 
 
 Sumburgb Head, cape, Scot., Shetland Is., the southernmost 
 point of the Mainland, PT.O. (Sumburgb). Mean temp. (20 
 yrs.), yr. 44.6° F., Feb. 38.5°, Aug. 53.1° ; rfall. (20 yrs.), 36.9 in. 
 Sumdo, Tibetan, ' river confluence. ' 
 Siimeg, Hungary. See Somogy. 
 Sumen, Bulgaria. See Shnnila. 
 
 Sum^^ne, tn. , France, on the S. border of dep. Gard, 27 m. 
 N. by W. Montpellier, arr. and 6 m. E. by S. Le Vigan ; coal 
 and iron mining, and manufacture of silk. P. <20oo. 
 
 Suniepep, tn. , Eastern Archipelago, on SE. ct. of Madura I. 
 .Sunterpur, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 8 m. S. 
 Hamfrpur, 47 m. SSW. Cawnpur ; has two ruined forts. P. 
 5300 ; Hindus, 4900. 
 
 Snmesar, hill range, Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Champdran, 
 stretching along the frontier of Nepdl, almost inaccessible in 
 some places; at the E. extremity the range is divided by the 
 Kudf nadi, forming a pass. Length, 46 m.; greatest height, 
 2270 ft.; average height, 1500 ft. 
 
 S^kmla, site, Palestine, Sibmah in the O. T., 31° 49' N., 35° 
 46' E., 7j m. W. by N. Hesban (Heshbon). 
 
 Snmida-Gawa, riv., Japan, middle region of Honshiu I., 
 flows N. , E. , and SE. , and empties itself into the Bay of Tokyo, 
 after passing through the most populous quarters of the capital. 
 Length, 190 m. ; navigable for 50 m. 
 
 1513 
 
SUMI — SUND 
 
 Snmiduuro, tn. , Brazil, prov. Rio de Janeiro ; mining. P. 
 (including dist. ) 10,600. 
 
 Sumiswald, tn. , Switzd., cant, and 15 m. ENE. Bern; 
 manufactures linen and cheese. P. 5700. 
 
 Snmnierberry, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the 
 C. P. R. , 287 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Summer Bridge, PMT.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Ripon div. , on the Nidd, 7^ m. NW. by W. Harrogate, ^ m. 
 NE. Dacre stn. 
 
 Sunimerconrt, PM.O. , Eng., Cornwall, 6 m. SW. St. 
 Columb Major. 
 
 Snmiuercove, PMT.O., Ire., co. Cork, 2 m. SE. Kinsale. 
 
 Snmmerflekl, vil. , U.S., Illinois, St. Clair co., 27 m. E. St. 
 Louis by rail. P. <i500. 
 
 Snmmerlilll, tn.. Ire., S. co. Meath, bar. Lower Moyf en- 
 rath, 9 m. NW. Maynooth, 5 m. from Kilcock stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 ■ Summerlilll, SW. suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Snmmerlilll, PM.O., Scot., Aberdeenshire, i m. from New 
 Machar. 
 
 Snmnier Hill, PM.O., Wales, Denbighshire, i m. from 
 Wreicham. 
 
 Snmmerlilll Creek, New South Wales. See Ophlr. 
 
 Snmmerlionse, par., Eng., Durham, SW. of the SE. div., 
 6 m. NW. by W. Darlington, 2| m. NE. Gainford stn. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Summer Isles, group of isls. , Scot. , Ross and Cromarty, at 
 entrance of Loch Broom ; the only inhabited one is Tanera. 
 
 Summer Lake, lake with no outlet, U.S., Oregon, Lake co., 
 S. of Sage Desert, 180 m. ENE. of the SW. comer of the state. 
 Length, 15 m.; width, 5 m. 
 
 Snmimer Lane, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the 
 M. S. & L. R. , in vicinity of Barnsley. 
 
 Summers, co., U.S., W. Virginia, S. of 38° N., and crossed 
 by 81° W. , traversed from S. to N. by the Great Kanawha R. 
 
 Snmnierseat, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Heywood div., on the 
 L. & Y. R., 3 m. NNW. Bury, PM.O. 
 
 Snmmerslde, seapt. tn., Canada, Prince Edward I., Princes 
 CO., on Bedeque Harbour, 33 m. W. by N. Charlottetown. 
 Depth on bar at ordinary springs high water 25 ft. , low water 
 19 ft. P. <30oo. 
 
 Snmmerstou, stn., Scot., Stirlingshire, on the Kelvin, 4 J m. 
 N. by W. Glasgow, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Snmmerstowu, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Glengarry co., 
 on the 1. bk. of St. Lawrence, 58 m. WSW. Montreal. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Summers Town, suburb of London, Eng., Surrey, Wands- 
 worth bor. , on the Wandle, 7 m. SW. by S. St. Paul's, London, 
 close to Haydon's Road stn. , i m. S. Earlsfleld and Summers 
 Town stn. , on the L. & SW. R. 
 
 Summersvllle, vil., U.S., S. Carolina, Colleton co. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Summerton, post-tn., S. Australia, co. and 7 m. ESE. Ade- 
 laide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Summertown, eccles. par., Eng., Oxfordshire, 2 m. N. 
 and included in the pari. bor. of Oxford, on the Cherwell, 
 PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Snmmervllle, post-vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Hants, 12 
 m. from Newport. P.<igtx3. 
 
 Snmmervllle, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Peel, 5 m. from 
 Mimico. P. <:i500. 
 
 Summervllle, fishing stn., Ire., co. and 7 m. S. Waterford, 
 bar. Gaultiere, E. side of Tramore Bay. P. <25o. 
 
 Summervllle, settlement, U.S., Georgia, Richmond co. , 3 
 m. NW. Augusta. 
 
 Summervllle, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, Berkeley co. , 22 m. 
 NW. by N. Charlestown ; important experiments in tea-cultiva- 
 tion being made here. .Alt. 68 ft. (R. R. ). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Snmmervllle, vil. , U.S. , Vermont, Caledonia co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Summit, stn., Canada, prov. and co. Ontario, 34 m. NE. 
 Toronto, on a railway. 
 
 Summit, vil., U.S., California, Plumas co., at highest point 
 where C. P. R. crosses the Sierra Nevada ; Summit stn. , 6983 
 ft. high. P. < 1500. 
 
 Summit, CO., U.S., Colorado, crossed by 106° W., S. of 
 40° N. 
 
 Summit, tn. , U.S. , Mississippi, Pike co. , 56 m. ESE. Natchez. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Summit, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Union co. , 11 m. W. by S. 
 Newark. P. < 1500. 
 
 Summit, CO., U.S., Ohio, E. of 82° W., crossed in the S. 
 by 41° N. 
 
 Summit, vil., U.S., Rhode Island, Kent co., 17J m. SW. by 
 W. Providence. P. < 1500. 
 
 Summit, CO., U.S., Utah, on the N. frontier, bounded on the 
 E. by 110° W. 
 
 Summit City, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, McKean co., 80 m. 
 E. by S. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Summit Hill, chief anthracite mining tn. and bor. in the 
 1514 
 
 Lehigh region. Carbon co. , Pennsylvania, U.S., 77 m. NW. by 
 N. Philadelphia, 8 m. (direct) W. by S. Mauchchunk (g.v.). 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Sumner, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co., 7J m. 
 from Christchurch by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sumner, city, U.S., Illinois, Lawrence co. , 126 m. E. St. 
 Louis (Mo.), 55 m. SSW. Terre Haute (Ind.). P. <isoo. 
 Sumner, co. , U.S., Kansas, on S. frontier, W. of 97° E. 
 Sumner, co., U.S., Mississippi, drained by Big Black R. 
 Sumner, coal-mining vil., U.S., Oregon, Coos co., 12 m. 
 SE. Empire City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sumner, co. , U.S., Tennessee, on N. frontier, E. of 87° W. 
 Sumner Strait, Alaska, extending 80 m. westward, in about 
 56° 25' N. , from the mouth of the Stikine R. 
 
 Sumoto, maritime tn. , Japan, 33 m. SW. by S. Kobe, on the 
 E. ct. of Shikoku ; has various industries. P. 8900. 
 
 Sumskly Posad (Suma), tn., Russia, govt, and 407 m. W. 
 Arkhangelsk, 64° 16' N., 35° 28' E. , 7 m. from entrance of 
 Suma R. into Onega Bay of White Sea. P. <20oo. 
 
 Sumter, co., U.S., Alabama, on W. frontier, bounded on N. 
 by 33° N., and on E. by Tombigbv R. 
 
 Sumter, co. , U.S., Florida, S. of 29° N., crossed by 82° W. 
 Snmler, co., U.S., Georgia, intersected by 32° N., and in E. 
 by 84° W. 
 
 Sumter, city, U.S., S. Carolina, cap. Sumter co. , 40 m. E. 
 by S. Columbia ; has large exports of cotton. Sumter County 
 is bounded on the W. by the Catawba R. P. (city)<4000. 
 
 Sumy, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 124 m. NW. Kharkov, 
 on a branch railway, 107 m. by rail NW. Lubotin. One of the 
 chief trade centres of Little Russia, especially for export of 
 horses and import of manufactured goods ; technical school. 
 P. 21,700. 
 
 Suna Bay, bay, on the W. ct. of Asia Minor, and on the E. 
 side of Mytilene Channel, in 39° 15' N. 
 
 Sunilm, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, Patidla state. P. 10,900; 
 Hindus, 5500 ; Moham. 4700. 
 Sunan-fn, tn., China, Kweichou, 142 m. NE. Kweiyang-fu. 
 Sunapee Lake, U.S., New Hampshire, between Merrimack 
 CO. and Sullivan co. , 25 m. W. by N. Concord. 
 
 Sunart, Loch, inlet, Scot., Argyllshire, in the W. , between 
 Ardnamurchan and Morven Penins. ; about 19 m. long, i m. 
 wide. See Laudale. 
 
 Sunbury, co. , Canada, New Brunswick, crossed in the middle 
 by 46° N. , and in the E. by 66° W. 
 
 Sunbury, par., Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge div., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Thames, 5 m. ESE. Staines, on the L. & SW. R. , PMT.O. , 
 and PMT.O. (Sunbury Common). P. <45oo ; eccles. par. 
 (Upper Sunbury) P. <i50o. 
 
 Sunbury, thriving bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Northumber- 
 land CO., 41 m. N. Harrisburg, on the 1. bk. of the Susquehanna, 
 opposite the confluence of the W. branch of the river, at the 
 junction of several lines of railway; chief industry and export, 
 lumber. P. 5900. 
 
 Sunbury, post-tn., Victoria, Bourke co., 20 m. NW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sunchales, tn. and stn., Argentine Republic, Santa F^, 75 
 m. NW. Santa F6. P. <20oo. 
 
 Suncook, vil, U.S., New Hampshire, Merrimack co., in 
 Allenstown town. P. < 1500. 
 
 Suncook, riv., U.S., New Hampshire, in the SE., rises near 
 the S. shore of Winnipiscogee Lake, flows SSW. to the Merri- 
 mack, which it joins on the 1. bk. a few miles below Concord. 
 
 Suncook, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, Merrimack co., at the 
 confluence of the rivs. Suncook and Merrimack, 7 m. SE. by S. 
 Concord. P. < 1500. 
 
 Snncroft, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Kildare, bar. E. Offaly, 4 m. 
 SSE. Kildare, P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Sund, vil, Norway, prov. Christiansand, 14 m. SW. Bergen. 
 P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 Sunda Islands. See Malay Archipelago. 
 Sundalsoren, vil., Norway, prov. Romsdal, on the Driva, 
 41 m. SE. by S. Christiansund. 
 
 Snn Dance, vil., U.S., Wyoming, Crook co., 43 m. S. by 
 W. from the XE. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sundarbans, or Sunderbunds, more properly Suudarban 
 (that is ' sundri forest"), maritime tract of British India, form- 
 ing a cluster of small marshy islands, separated mostly by 
 narrow, but in some cases wide, channels, having in the E. fresh, 
 and in the W. brackish, water, Bengal, extending from the 
 mouth of the Hiiglf, in 21° 40' N., 88° 3' E., to Rabanabad I., 
 in 22° N., 90° 30' E. Length, 170 m. ; breadth, 60-80 m.; 
 area, 5341 sq. m. These islands have been formed by the 
 deposition of earth washed down by the Ganges during its 
 periodical inundations. The waters of the Ganges enter the 
 Bay of Bengal by fourteen principal channels, which are suflS- 
 ciently deep to admit the largest coasting vessels, but so narrow 
 that their rigging frequently becomes entangled with the trees 
 on their banks. These islands, covered with forests inter- 
 mingled with impenetrable underwood, the principal timber-tree 
 being the sundri {Heretiera littoralis), which gives name to the 
 
SUND — SUNK 
 
 tract, are harbours for tigers and other ferocious animals, while 
 the rivers are infested by two species of daring and destructive 
 crocodiles {C. porosus and C. palustris). The whole region is 
 highly malarious, but being contiguous to Calcutta govt., for- 
 merly held out great inducements for settlers. The settled 
 portions contains the finest rice-fields in India, as well as 
 plantations of other kinds ; but the area has now been placed 
 under the Forest Department, and the progress of settlement 
 has been arrested. Over the whole area are scattered ruins 
 (some at least 400 years old) of brick-built houses and temples, 
 as well as extensive tanks, bearing witness to a much wider 
 extent of cultivation at some earlier date, the decline of which 
 has been attributed to the change in the direction of the main 
 current of the Ganges, which formerly entered the sea by more 
 westerly channels than it now does. It is in consequence of 
 this change that the western channels of the Sundarbans contain 
 only brackish water unfit to drink. Wherever fresh water is 
 found, the land is still cultivated almost, if not quite, down to 
 the seaboard. The total area of the Sundarbans is 7530 sq. m. 
 (nearly as large as that of Wales), that of the still uncultivated 
 and uninhabited tract about 5500 sq. m. See Proc. R. G. S., 
 1891, p. 273, 
 
 Suiidarwarl, tn., India. See WArt. 
 
 8ii]ula 8trnlt, Eastern Archipelago, between the SE. end of 
 Sumatra and the W. ct. of Java ; narrowest in NE. , where it 
 has a breadth of about 16 m. 
 
 !!innday, isl. , Pacific. See Kaoiil. 
 
 Sniiday Inland. See Keriuadek iHlaiids. 
 
 l!»iiiiday Inland, Victoria, on the S. of Port Albert, Buln 
 Buln CO. , crossed by 146° 40' E. 
 
 j^uiiday Island, China, in the Yangtse-kiang, just above 
 Shishou-hien, in about 112" 22' E. The shallows here at low 
 water (winter and spring) constitute the chief difficulty in navi- 
 gating the river below Ichang. 
 
 .Sunday River, S. Africa, Cape Colony, divs. Graaff Reinet 
 and Uitenhage, rises in the Sneeuwbergen, flows SE., and enters 
 Algoa Bay 18 m. NE. Port Elizabeth. It receives numerous 
 small afHuents, and the tide ascends to 15 m. from the sea ; but 
 it has a rapid current, and a bar at its mouth impedes navigation. 
 Length, 200 m. 
 
 Siiiiderlaiid, post-vil. , Canada, prov. and co. Ontario, 47^ 
 m. NNE. Toronto, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sunderland, par., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div. , 
 10 m. E. Maryport, 3 m. NNW. Bassenthwaite Lake stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Sunderland, pari. bor. , mun. bor. (since 1834), and co. bor. 
 (since 1888), par., seapt. , and market-tn., Eng., Durham, 13 
 m. NE. and in the diocese of Durham, at the mouth of the 
 Wear, with stn. on the NE. R. It is one of the chief coal- 
 shipping ports in the kingdom ; it vies with the Clyde in iron 
 shipbuilding ; it has extensive iron-works, &c. The township, 
 r. bk. of the river, is but a small portion of the mun. bor. , which 
 includes three other townships ; one of them, Monkwearmouth, 
 on 1. bk. , named from that monastery of the 7th century in 
 which the Venerable Bede spent most of his life, and another, 
 Bishopwearmouth, on S. , conveyed in 930 to the monks of 
 Lindisfarne, but now noted for its coal-pit 381 fathoms deep. 
 Sunderland proper only dates from the 14th century, and only 
 became important in the present century by the growth of the 
 coal trade and the river improvements. The harbour, 78 ac. 
 area, is chiefly made by two stone piers, 617 and 650 ft. long, 
 with a lighthouse on the N. pier, 64 ft. high. Protecting piers on 
 the N. and S. sides were commenced in 1885 and 1891 respec- 
 tively, total lengths of each to be nearly 2900 ft. The six docks 
 have a total length of 2127 ft. , with depths at high water varying 
 from 15 to 19^ ft. The wet docks and tidal basins have an 
 area of 84 ac. , the quayage of the Hudson and Hendons, which 
 are connected, being 8710 and 2800 ft. The former is named 
 from Hudson, 'the Railway King,' who did much to improve 
 the bor. when he was its member of Parliament. The sanitary 
 system here is an example to other large towns. There are 
 several fine public buildings, two single-arch iron bridges over 
 the Wear, and four public parks — two at Roker, a favourite 
 watering-place. Pari. bor. has returned two members to Parlia- 
 ment since 1832. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 26.4 in. Mun. bor. 
 P. (1801) 12,400; (1851) 63,900; (1871) 98,200; (1891) 131,000; 
 pari. bor. P. (1891) 142,200. 
 
 Sunderland, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co., on Con- 
 necticut R., 2 m. from S. Deerfield ; noted for beautiful scenery. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sunderland, vil., U.S., Vermont, co. and 19 m. NE. Ben- 
 nington, on Battenkill R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sunderland, North, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick- 
 upon-Tweed div., on the coast, 11^ m. N, by E. Alnwick, 3 m. 
 NE. Newham stn., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Sunderland Bridge, par., Eng., Durham, Mid div., on the 
 Wear, 4^ m. SSW. Durham, near Croxdale stn. , P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sunderlandwlck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., 18 m. N. by W. Hull, near Driffield stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Sundgau, or 'South Country,' in contradistinction to Nord* 
 
 gau, or ' North Country,' one of the former divisions of Alsace, 
 separated from the Nordgau in several places by the Thur. 
 
 Sundon, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, div. and 5 m. NW. by 
 N. Luton, 2 m. NNW. Leagrave stn. P. <50o; eccles. par. 
 (Sundon with Streatley) P. <750. 
 
 Snndrabonl, state, Celebes I., Malay Archipelago, with a 
 town on a small island in Sundraboni R. 
 
 Sundrldge, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Parry Sound dist., 96 
 m. NE. by N. Collingwood, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sundrldge, par., Eng., Kent, S. div., on the Darenth, 8^ 
 m. NW. Tunbridge, with a stn. (Sundrldge Park, formerly 
 Plalstow) on SE. R., PMT.O.; 4141 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sundsvall, tn., Sweden, prov. Vestnorrland, on the E. ct., 
 28 m. SW. by W. Hernosand ; important steel-works ; ship- 
 building; exports iron, steel, and timber. Harbour sheltered 
 by Alno 1. from E. winds. The public quay has 9-21 ft. along- 
 side. There is good anchorage, with a depth of 23-40 ft. 
 P. 13,200. 
 
 Sundwlg, vil., Prussia, govt. Arnsberg, circle and dist. Iser- 
 lohn ; has manufacture of brass wares (that of brass thimbles 
 introduced in 1760). P. < 2000. 
 
 Sunel, tn. , Central India, Indore state. P. 5100; Hindus, 
 2800; Moham. 1000; Aboriginal, iioo. 
 
 Sunflower, co. , U.S., Mississippi, in the W. , crossed by 
 33i° N. , 90^° W. 
 
 Sungachl, or Sungacha, riv. , Russian Manchuria, 1. bk. 
 trib. of upper Usuri, bringing to it the waters of Lake Khangka ; 
 rises on E. shore of the lake, flows with great windings in low 
 banks, often inundated, for 120 m. (60 m. in straight line) ; 
 navigable throughout. Its valley is being peopled by Russian 
 settlers. 
 
 Sungarl, or Sunghwa-klang, the most important river of 
 Manchuria, and the chief affluent of the Amur, rises on the 
 NW. slopes of the central section of the Shan-alin Mts., flows 
 NW. to its junction with the Naun, in about 45° 30' N., after 
 which it flows in an ENE. direction to its junction with the 
 Amur, in about 47° 38' N. In some parts it spreads out to over 
 a mile, with a depth of from 3 to 4 ft.; in other parts it is com- 
 pressed into a much narrower channel, with a depth varying 
 from 12 to 20 ft. It is navigable up to Kirin and even above 
 that city, and except for its shallows would be a very serviceable 
 river when not frozen over. 
 
 Sungclil-klang, Soiigklkong, or Ll-klang, riv. , China and 
 Tongking, rises in the S. of China, flows W. and S. into Tong- 
 king, then WNW. through Tongking past Langson, and finally 
 turns eastwards and re-enters China. At Lung-chou, in 22° 20' 
 N., 106° 45' E. , it unites with the Kaoping-ho to form the Tso- 
 kiang, one of the headwaters of the Si-kiang. Navigable to 
 Namshan, in about 22° N., io6J^° E. , about 20 m. below Lang- 
 son, between which and Namshan bad rapids occur. 
 
 Sungel IJjong, Brit, protected state, about the size of Hamp- 
 shire, in the Malay Penin. , between about 2° 30' and 2° 55' N. , 
 with a short coast-line on the Strait of Malacca, just N. of the 
 British terr. of Malacca ; principal rivers, the Linggi and Lukut. 
 A British resident was appointed in 1874, and under him the 
 small state of Jelebu was placed in 1885. The Malay popula- 
 tion is almost entirely agricultural, but there are tin-mines 
 worked by Chinese. Coffee and tapioca plantations have been 
 established. The British residency is at Serenban, a place about 
 30 m. N. of the point where the Malacca frontier touches the 
 straits, already connected with Port Dickson by a railway, which 
 it is proposed to continue through Negri Sembilan into Pahang. 
 Area, i860 sq. m. P. (1891) 23,600. 
 
 Sunghwa-klang, riv. , Manchuria. See Sungarl. 
 
 Sungi, Malay, 'river.' 
 
 Suiigl, Punta, the southern point of a small island off Samar 
 I., Philippine Is., in 10° 55' N., 125° 50' E. 
 
 Sungklang-fu, tn. , China, prov. Kiangsu, 22 m. SW. 
 Shanghai. 
 
 Sungnilng, lake, China, Yiinnan. See YangUn. 
 
 Sungora, Siam, Malay Penin. See Slnggora. 
 
 Sungpan-tlng, tn. , western China, Siichwan, in 32° 42' N., 
 103° 36' E. , 140 m. N. by W. Chengtu-fu. Alt. 9470 ft. Jour. 
 R. G. S., 1878, p. 78, map, p. 57 (Gill). 
 
 Sungnigu, riv., W. Africa, trib. Kazamanza (q.v.). 
 
 Sung-shan, mt. group, China, prov. Honan, the most E. 
 branch of the E. Kuenluen system, culminating in the granitic 
 mountain Yutsai-shan (alt. 8040 ft. ). 
 
 Suiilon, or Kolonnaes, cape, Greece, in the extreme SE. 
 of the prov. Boeotia and Attica, in 24° 2' E.; has ruins at its 
 extremity. Alt. 1265 ft. 
 
 Sunlon, Cape, Italy. See Colonne, Capo. 
 
 Snnltes, Mongol tribe, S. Mongolia, wandering in the N. and 
 NW. of dists. Kalgan and Jehol ; divided into two clans, the 
 Baru-Sunites and the Dzun-Sunites. 
 
 Sunkani, vil., India, in the SE. of the native state of Bastdr, 
 160 m. W. Kalingapatam. 
 
 Sunk Island, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., 12^ m. SE. by E. Hull, 4I m. SW. Patrington stn.; 7332 
 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 1515 
 
SUNK — SURI 
 
 Sank Ughl- Vessel, off mouth of Thames R. , Eng., 13 m. 
 SE. Harwich, Essex, in fairway of E. Swin. 
 
 Sonne, vil., Sweden, prov. (Ian) Vermland, 35 m. NNW. 
 Karlstad. P. (comm.) 11,700. 
 
 SnnnllaM'S, stn., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div. , on the NE. R. , 6 m. ENE. Kelso. 
 
 Snnnln. See Lebanon. 
 
 Snnnlngdale, eccles. par., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham 
 div., 5§ m. S. Windsor, on the L. & SW. R., partly in Surrey, 
 PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Snnnlnghill, par., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., 5^ 
 m. SSW. Windsor, with a stn. (Ascot and Sunnlnghlll) on 
 the L. & SW. R., PMT.O., and PMT.O. (SnnnlngliUl 
 Village). P. <4ooo. 
 
 Snunlngwell, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 2J m. N. 
 Abingdon, 2 m. WNW. Radley stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Snunlside, P.O., Eng., near Gateshead, Durham, 2m. from 
 Whickham. 
 
 Snnnybro-w^, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, in ancient par. of 
 Brancepeth, P.O. P. < 3500. 
 
 Sunny Corner, silver-mining tp. , New South Wales, Rox- 
 burgh CO., 124 m. W. Sydney by road and rail. There are 
 several mines, of which the Sunny Corner mine is the largest ; 
 gold and copper are also obtained. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Snnnyside, PM.O., Eng., 2 m. from Tow Law, Durham. 
 
 Snnnyslde, settlement, U.S., Utah, Emery co., 115 m. SE. 
 Salt Lake City. 
 
 Sun Prairie, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Dane co., 65 m. W. by 
 N. Milwaukee, and 12 m. NE. Madison. P. < 1500. 
 
 Snnsblne, gold-mining vil., U.S., Colorado, Boulder co. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Snntar, Yakut settlement, E. Siberia, govt. Yakutsk, on 1. 
 bk. Vilui, 312 m. above Viluisk, and 500 m. W. Yakutsk, the 
 head of navigation by steamers. P. < 1000. 
 
 Sunth, tn., India, cap. Sunth state, jj m. E. by N. 
 Ahmadabad. 
 
 Sue, kuni or old prov. , Japan, now included in Yamaguchi ken. 
 
 Snomalaiset. See Lapps. 
 
 Suo-nada, wide channel, Japan, between the N. of Kiushiu 
 and the SW. of Honshiu. 
 
 Snpan, tn. , Siam, on the Tachin, 60 m. NW. by N. Bangkok. 
 
 Supe, maritime vil., S. America, Peru, dep. and 100 m. 
 NNW. Lima. P. < 2000. 
 
 Snperga, hill, situated 4 m. E. of Turin, Italy ; on its summit 
 is the celebrated basilica, constructed 1717-31. Alt. 2140 ft. 
 
 Superior, city, U.S., Nebraska, Nuckolls co., 20 m. E. Red 
 Cloud. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Superior, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Douglas co. , near the W. 
 end of Lake Superior, 6 m. S. Duluth (Minn.); has good 
 harbour. P. 12,000. 
 
 Superior, Lake, the largest and most westerly of the five 
 great lakes of North America, and the largest body of fresh water 
 on the glotse. The waters abound in fish, notably large trout. 
 Shores greatly indented, and almost uniformly abrupt and sterile, 
 presenting several natural curiosities, including the so-called 
 ' Picture Rocks,' towards the E. It has numerous islands, the 
 principal of which are Isle Royal and Michipicoten. It receives 
 about 200 streams, and discharges its surplus waters south-west- 
 ward by the riv. St. Mary into Lake Huron. There are several 
 good harbours. Rich deposits of iron, silver ore, and native 
 copjDer occur on the S. shores, and are extensively worked. For 
 area, &c., see America, North, and Canada, Internal Com- 
 munication. 
 
 Suplno, tn., Italy, prov. Rome, 7 m. WSW. Frosinone. 
 P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Supkhan (or Sipan) Dagh, extinct volcano, Tiu-kish 
 Armenia, on N. shore of Lake Van. Alt. about 12,500 ft. 
 
 Suq Abu Sin, tn., eastern Sudan, 113 m. SW. by S. Kassala. 
 
 Sur, Syria. See Tyre, 
 
 Sura, riv., Russia, r. bk. trib. of Volga, rises in Simbirsk 
 govt., flows N. for 527 m. , past Penza and Alatyr, and joins 
 Volga at Vasilsursk ; has many populous villages on its banks, 
 and is an important artery for shipping corn, hemp seed, hemp, 
 tallow, potash, &c. 
 
 Surabaya, or Sourabaya, Dutch spelling Soerabaja, tn., 
 Java, cap. residency Surabaya, on the NE. ct., in 112° 44' E. , 
 at the mouth of the Kali-Mas, at the S. end of Surabaya 
 Strait, separating Java from Madura, a narrow strait, which is 
 getting gradually silted up by the deposits of the Solo R. ; an 
 important entrepSt of trade, and the principal naval arsenal of 
 Java. The town is divided into two parts, Kotta and Jobo- 
 kotta, the former comprising the town proper and native 
 suburbs to the W.; the latter, the native suburbs, to the S. 
 and E. P. (1888) 133,300. 
 
 Snrafend, vil., Palestine, Misrephoth Maim and Zarephath 
 in the O. T., Sarepta in the N. T., 33° 27' N., 35° 16' E., 7^ 
 m. SW. by S. Sidon. 
 
 Surah, vil., Palestine, Zorah in the O. T., 31° 47' N., 34° 59' 
 E. , 14^ m. W. Jerusalem. 
 Surajgarh, tn., India, RdjputAna, 95 m. W. by S. Delhi. 
 1.516 
 
 Snrakarta (Dutch spelling Soer — ), tn. , Java, on the Solo, 
 33 m. NE. by E. Jokjokarta, cap. of native empire of Sura- 
 karta, now under Dutch contr^. The town, which is next in 
 importance to Batavia, covers an immense area, and comprises 
 several distinct quarters — Native, Chinese, and European. The 
 centre is occupied by the Kraton, or palace of the ' Susuhunan ' 
 (emperor), a vast walled enclosure, containing about 10,000 
 persons ; its approach is commanded by a Dutch fort. Sura- 
 karta is an active commercial emporium, and the centre of the 
 Java railway system. P. 130,000. 
 
 SDirandal, tn. , Brit. India, in S. of Madras Presidency, dist, 
 Tinnevelli. P. (1891) 7500 ; Hindus, 6700. 
 
 Stkrangavarapukot, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 30 
 m. NNW. Vizagapatam. P. 5700; Hindus, 5600. 
 
 SurAr, Wmll, water-course, Palestine, the Sorek valley of 
 the O. T. , having its mouth on the Mediterranean, in 31° 56' 
 N. , 34° 42' E. , 34 m. S. by W. Joppa. 
 
 Sural, municip., Brit. India, Bombay, cap. dist. Surat, 33 
 m. S. by W. Broach, on the 1. bk. of the Taptl, on a bend of 
 the river, about 15 m. from the mouth. In the centre, facing 
 the river, is the castle, built 1540, utilised since 1862 as public 
 offices ; landward the old moat encloses the city proper. Has 
 Parsi fire-temples, besides some interesting tombs of the early 
 European settlers. An English factory was established in 
 Surat, 1612, but in 1687 the East India Company transferred 
 the seat of their operations to Bombay. During the 17th and 
 i8th centuries Surat was ' the chief export and import centre 
 of India,' and had a very large population. With the gradual 
 transfer of trade to Bombay its prosperity declined, and during 
 the first half of this century it had fallen to its lowest point. 
 In 1837 two-thirds, or more, of the city were destroyed, first 
 by fire and later by flood. From about 1840, however, the 
 city began to revive, and its growing prosperity was greatly 
 stimulated by the opening of the Gujarat railway system in 1858, 
 and the development of commerce caused by the American 
 War (1860-64). Surat is noted for its numerous trade-guilds. 
 Suwali (Swally), at the mouth of the Taptl, formerly the port 
 of Surat, is now quite deserted. The Surat roadstead affords 
 safe anchorage from October to beginning of April, after which 
 it is considered dangerous for large ships. Alt. 36 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 79° F. , Jan. 70°, May 86°; rfall., yr. 42.1 in., June- 
 Sept. 40.3 in. P. (1797) estimated at 800,000 ; (1811) 250,000; 
 (1816)124,400; (1847) 80,000; (1851) 89,500; (1872) 107,100; 
 (1891)108,700; Hindus, 77,800; Moham. 20,400 ; Jains, 4300; 
 cantonment, 500. See Tkptl. 
 
 Surat, post-tn. , Queensland, Elgin co., 240 m. W. Brisbane. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Surava, vil., Switzd., cant. Orisons, on the Albula, 13 m. S. 
 by E. Chur. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Snrazh, tn. , Russia, govt, and 28 m. N W. Vitebsk, on both 
 banks of W. Diina. P. 5100. 
 
 Surazh, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 178 ra. NNE. Chernigov, 
 P. 5300. 
 
 Surblton, eccles. par. and tn., Eng., Surreyy Kingston div., 
 on the Thames, i m. S. Kingston, on the L. & SW. R. On 
 Surblton Common the last struggle of the Royalists in favour 
 of Charles I. took place. Alt. 25 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 
 26.5 in. Eccles. pars. P. 11,000; tn. P. 10,100. See Kingston- 
 upon- Thames. 
 
 Surbo, tn. , Italy, prov. and 4 m. NNW. Lecce. P><3000. 
 
 Surdah, vil., Palestine, Zeredah in the O. T. , 3i°^7' N. , 
 35° 12' E., 12 m. N. by W. Jerusalem. 
 
 Sure, riv. , Prussia. See Sauer. 
 
 Snrendalen, vil., Norway, prov. Trondhjem, 32 m. ESE. 
 Christiansund. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Snrendalsoren, vil., Norway, prov. Romsdal, on an inlet 
 on the NW. ct. , 34 m. ESE. Chu-istiansund. 
 
 Suresnes, manufacturing tn., France, dep. Seine, arr. St. 
 Denis, 3 m. SSW. Courbevoie, i m. from the fortifications of 
 Paris, opposite the Bois de Boulogne. Celebrated conferences 
 were held here between Catholics and Protestants in 1593. 
 P. 7800. 
 
 Suretta, peak of the Rhaetian Alps, E. of SplUgen Pass. 
 Alt. 9925 ft. 
 
 Surfleet, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Holland div. , 3^ ra. N. 
 Spalding, i m. WSW. of its stn. on the G. N. R., P.O.; 
 4082 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Surgak, gold-mines. Eastern Turkistan, S. of Nia, in 36° 40' 
 N., 82i° o' E. ; worked by 3000 families living in caves (in 
 loess arTd conglomerate). 
 
 SurgAna, vil., India, cap. state Surgina, 68 m. SE. Surat. 
 
 Surg^res, tn. , France, dep. Charenle-Inf^rieure, arr. Roche- 
 fort, 20 m. E. by S. La Rochelle. P. <3000. 
 
 Surges Bay, post-tn., Tasmania, Kent co. , 44 m. SW. 
 Hobart by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Surgut, dist. tn., Russia, W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, on r. bk. 
 Ob, 200 m. above its junction with Irtysh. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Suri, municip., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Bfrbhum, 50 m. 
 WSW. Murshidibid. P. 7500 ; Hindus, 5400. 
 
 Snrla, tn., near the S. ct. of Arabia, 77 m. NE. Aden. 
 
SURI — SUSS 
 
 Snrlgao, tn. , Philippine Is., Mindanao I., on NE. ct., on 
 Surigao Strait, 430 m. SE. Manila ; alluvial gold-mining. P. 
 6000. 
 
 Surinam, terr. See dnlaua, Dntcli. 
 
 Surinam, riy., Dutch Guiana, flows N. into the Atlantic, 
 which it enters in 55° 10' W. It passes Paramaribo near its 
 mouth. 
 
 Snrir, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Muttra, on the 
 1. bk. of the Jumna, 40 m. NNE. Bhartpur. P. (1881) 5200. 
 
 Snrlrpnr, vil. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. and 28 m. W. 
 Meerut. P. (1881) 5400. 
 
 Surlte, vil., Peru, dep. Cuzco, 8 m, WNW. Anta. P. 
 (dist. ) 6400. 
 
 Snrjnal), site of ruins, Algeria, prov. and 45 m. SSE. 
 Algiers. Under the Romans it was a station of the Thracian 
 auxiliary cavalry. 
 
 Snrkli-ab, riv., Turkistan, rises in the Trans-Alai Mts. , in 
 39° 40' N. , 73° 50' E., under the name of Kizil-su, flows WSW. 
 through the wide Alai valley at a height of over 8500 ft. , then 
 pierces high mountains and, after having received the Muk-su, 
 flows at the NW. foot of Peter the Great Range, past Harm, in 
 a broad valley 4200 to 7000 ft. high, then, after having received 
 the Obi-khingon (r. bk.), again pierces the mountains, and, in 
 issuing from them, assumes the name of Vakhsh. Joins the 
 Amu from right in 37° 10' N., 68° 22' E. Length, 400 m. 
 
 Surllugham, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div. , 5^ m. E. by S. 
 Norwich, i^ m. S. Brundall stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Surly Hall, PT. O. , Eng. , near Windsor, Berkshire. 
 
 Suruid, name of main branch of Barak R. , Brit. India, 
 Assam, dist. Sylhet; the Barak divides into two, the Surmd 
 and the Kusiyara ; the former navigable during the rains by 
 steamers to Chhatak, with towns Sylhet, Chhatdk, and Sondm- 
 ganj on its banks. The name Surma Valley is sometimes given 
 to the dists. of Sylhet and Cachar. 
 
 Siirmene, vil., Asia Minor, on the N. ct., 20 m. E. by S. 
 Trebizond. 
 
 Surprise Valley, valley, U.S., California, along E. base of 
 Warner Range. It contains three bitter alkaline lakes, and 
 wide plains of sage brush, with tracts of fertile land. Length 
 about 60 m. ; width, 30 m. 
 
 Surrey, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Albert co. , 90 m. 
 from St. John. P. < 1500. 
 
 Surrey, inland co. , Eng. , mainly in the Thames valley, r. bk. , 
 consisting (outside of the Metropolitan Area) of six pari, divs., 
 as in the following table : — 
 
 
 Acres. i Pop. 1891. 
 
 North- Western, or Chertsey 
 South- Western, or Guildford 
 South-Eastern, or Reigate . 
 Mid, or Epsom .... 
 
 Kingston 
 
 North- Eastern , or Wimbledon . 
 Pari. bors. (including London bors. ) 
 
 Total . 
 
 97, 120 
 112,765 
 126,670 
 66,482 
 11,720 
 37.461 
 32,910 
 
 61,970 
 67,722 
 
 64.455 
 70, 103 
 
 85.367 
 
 69,239 
 
 1,312,487 
 
 485, 128' 
 
 1.731.343^ 
 
 1 The administrative county excludes the parishes now in county of 
 London. Area, 461,230 ac. P. 521,551. 
 
 A leading geological feature of Surrey is the N. Downs chalk range, 
 extending E. and W. through the middle of the county from Farn- 
 ham, near Aldershot, to Westerham, within the Kentish border. 
 The W. part, between Farnham and Guildford, forms a straight 
 narrow ridge, 7^ m. long, called ' the Hog's Back,' reaching 505 
 ft. alt. E. of Guildford and the Wey R. , which intersects the 
 N. Downs, the outcrop widens, and the chalk range extends 
 through Kent to Dover. All the county N. of the Downs 
 belongs to the Thames basin, of Eocene formation, the lower 
 ground chiefly London clay, fringed higher up by Woolwich 
 beds and Thanet sands. To the S. of the Downs we find Upper 
 Greensand with the grey marl called ' firestone," and Gault. 
 This slope is wilder in character than that of the Thames basin, 
 and at last becomes part of the great 'Weald.' The chief 
 heights are Leith Hill, 993 ft. , commanding excellent views ; 
 Hindhead Hill, 903 ft., in the extreme SW., and Holmbury 
 Hill ; Boxhill, near Dorking, above the r. bk. of the Mole, which 
 there intersects the N. Downs (like the Wey) to flow N. to the 
 Thames. A third trib. of the Thames is the Wandle, at Wands- 
 worth ; in SE. of the county is the Eden, trib. of the Medway. 
 The varied scenery of Surrey in the London basin is famous, 
 being much enhanced by the heaths and common lands which 
 still remain. Cooper's Hill, Richmond Park, and Wimbledon 
 Common, Virginia Water, &c., are noted resorts. The soil is 
 fertile towards the Thames, but generally thin and poor over the 
 chalk. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. 
 From p. 8 it will be seen that the county takes a very high 
 place as regards the relative extent of surface imder woods. 
 Farnham is noted for hops ; Mitcham, for plants to distil scents 
 
 and medicines ; in the N. much land is rented by market- 
 gardeners. Railway communication by the SW. , SE. , L. & B. , 
 L, C. & D. Rlys., and their many branches. Much of Surrey 
 is now part of London [q.v. under County Council), and the 
 chief manufactures belong to that belt. In the Wandle valley 
 are tobacco, drug, and copper mills, also some calico works. 
 Fireclay is worked at Redhill and Nutfield ; stone and white 
 sand at Godstone ; hearth and firestones at Caterham. Besides 
 some traces of the Roman occupation, the historical remains are 
 few : Antiquities, abbeys of Newark and Waverley, castles of 
 Farnham and Guildford, palaces of Richmond and Sheen, &c. 
 The name is Saxon, Suth-rice, 'southern kingdom,' as distin- 
 guished from Middlesex and the Saxon kingdom proper. 
 Croydon is the only pari. bor. , and there are five other mun. 
 bors. — Godalming, Guildford, Kingston, Reigate, and Rich- 
 mond. Surrey is in the dioceses of Winchester, Rochester, and 
 Canterbury. See England, table. 
 
 Surrey Hills, stn. , Victoria, Bourke co. , 8 m. E. Melbourne 
 by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Surry, co. , U.S., N. Carolina, N. frontier, E. of 81° W. 
 
 Surry, co., U.S., Virginia, in the SE., crossed by77°W., 
 and bounded on the N. by the estuary of the James R. 
 
 Surry Side, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Lincoln co. , 
 132 m. SE. Santa Y€. 
 
 Snrsand, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Muzaffarpur, 77 m. 
 NNE. Patna. P. < 5000. 
 
 Snrsee, tn., Switzd. , cant, and 12 m. NW. Lucerne, about 
 I m. to the NW. of Lake Sempach. P. (comm.)<30co. 
 
 Sur-Selssa, valley, Switzd. See Oberhalbsteln. 
 
 SAr Singh, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 25 m. ESE. 
 Lahore ; noted for its chintz manufacture. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Snrublu, riv., Brazil, state Para, joins the Amazon opposite 
 Santarem. 
 
 Suruga, a kuni or old prov., now in Shizuoka ken, Japan. 
 
 Suruga, gulf, Japan, Honshiu, E. ct., in 34°4o'-35° 10' N. 
 
 Snrul, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Bfrbhiim, 5 m. N. 
 Ajai R. ; site of an old Commercial Residency. 
 
 Snry-le-Comtal, tn. , France, dep. Loire, arr. Montbrison, 
 4 m. NW. St. Rambert. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Stis, or Snscli, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Rhine, in the Lower Engadine, 20 m. NE. by N. St. Moritz. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Sus, Wadl, riv., Morocco, flows WSW. to the S. of the High 
 Atlas, entering the Atlantic in 30° 21' N. ; gives name to the 
 southernmost prov. of Morocco. 
 
 Su.sa, tn,, Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 32 m. W. by N. 
 Turin, on riv. Dora Riparia. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Susa, the Shushan of the O. T. , site of ruins, Persia, prov. 
 Khuzistan, 21 m. SW. Dizful, one of the caps, of ancient 
 Persia. 
 
 Snsa, the anct. Hadrumettum, seapt. tn., Tunis, on the 
 S. shore of the Gulf of Hammamet, 32 m. ENE. Kairwan, in 
 35" 48' N. , with 400 ft. of quayage, depth alongside 4 ft. ; no tides ; 
 open anchorage. P. 13,000. 
 
 Susakl, maritime tn. , Japan, on the SE. ct. of Shikoku, 145 m, 
 SW. Kobe. 
 
 Susamyr-tau, mts., Russian Turkistan, stretch NW. to SE., 
 between Susamyr and upper Naryn Rivs. , making a continua- 
 tion of the Talas Mts. 
 
 Su.sanvllle, vil., U.S., California, Lassen co. , in Honey 
 Lake Valley, 150 m. NNE. Sacramento. P. < 1500. 
 
 Suscli, vil., Switzd. See Stis. 
 
 Susiana, prov., Persia. See Kbnzistan. 
 
 SuSlca (sushitsa), tn., Bulgaria, prov. and 15 m. NE. by N. 
 Tirnova. P. <:3000. 
 
 SnSlce, tn., Austria. See Scbttttenbafen. 
 
 Susin, vil., Palestine, Hazar Susah in the O. T. , 31° 23' N., 
 34° 20' E. , 12 m. SW. Ghuzzeh (ancient Gaza). 
 
 Snslaw River, U.S., Oregon, flows W. into the Pacific at 
 Florence, in 43° 57° N. 
 
 Suso, vil., Italy, prov. Rome, 23 m. SE. Velletri. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Suspen.sion Bridge, port of entry, Canada. See Clifton. 
 
 Suspension Bridge, port of entry, U.S., now included in 
 Niagara Falls city. See Niagara. 
 
 Susquebanna, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, in the NE. , on the 
 N. frontier, crossed in the W. by 76° W. 
 
 Susquehanna, riv. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, rises in Otsego Lake, 
 New York, flows S. and SE. , and falls into Chesapeake Bay ; 
 the canals constructed along its banks have been mostly 
 superseded by railways. It is wide and shallow ; unnavig- 
 able for steamers, but much used for floating timber. Length, 
 400 m. 
 
 Susquehanna Depdt, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Susque- 
 hanna CO., on the N. Branch of the Susquehanna R. , 39 m. N. 
 Scran ton ; has extensive industries. P. <40oo. 
 
 Siisser See, lake in Prussian prov. Saxony, 3J m. long, 
 near Eisleben, formerly drained S. into the neighbouring 
 Salziger See (now dry), now drained into the Salza, 
 
 Sussex, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, King's co., on the 
 Kennebecasis R., 40 m. NE. St. John. P. < 1500. 
 
 1517 
 
SUSS — SUTT 
 
 Sussex, maritime co., Eng., with coast of 91 m. on the 
 English Channel, containing six pari, divs., as in the following 
 table:— 
 
 North- Western, or Horsham 
 South- Western, or Chichester 
 Northern, or East Grinstead 
 Mid, or Lewes . 
 Southern, or Eastbourne . 
 Eastern, or Rye. 
 Pari. bors. 
 
 Total 
 
 Acres. 
 
 933,269! 
 
 Pop. 1 891. 
 
 206,919 
 
 52,978 
 
 155.652 
 
 54.360 
 
 145.591 
 
 52,525 
 
 111,929 
 
 64,026 
 
 123.139 
 
 66,460 
 
 182,720 
 
 57,090 
 
 7.319 
 
 203,007 
 
 550,446^ 
 
 1 The administrative county excludes part of Tunbridge Wells urban 
 sanitary dist. in the administrative county of Kent. Area (including 
 the CO. bors. of Brighton and Hastings), 932,733 ac P. 548,979. 
 
 Geologically, this county consists of chalk, with the S. Downs 
 range separating the Weald on N. from the lower dist. along 
 the coast. Greensand and gault crop out to N. of the Downs ; 
 generally the rest shows Wealden clay and Hastings sand, with 
 London clay near Chichester. From the ironstone of the 
 Wealden or inland dist. Sussex became the chief seat of English 
 iron manufacture, diminishing from forty-two forges in Crom- 
 well's time to one in 1809. On the coast dist. occurs a level 
 tract of Tertiary formation. The S. Downs reach a height of 
 813 ft. at Ditchling Beacon, and 783 ft. at Chanctonbury, while 
 the Forest Ridge in N. has Crowborough Beacon, 796 ft. , and 
 Brightling Hill, 647 ft. In the reigns of Edward L and H. over 
 5500 ac. in this county became submerged, and the site of Selsey 
 Cathedral is about a mile out at sea. Much of the coast-line has 
 a higher level than during the early English times. The riv. 
 Rother, now entering the sea near Rye, had its mouth before 
 1250 beyond the Dungeness, 12 m. further E. The Weald, N. 
 of the Sussex Downs, is part of the grez.1 forest ' Andredsweald ' 
 (120 m. by 30 m.). Since the Roman period the coast dist. has 
 been noted for its fertility. The Downs, with a fine turf, support 
 more than 500,000 sheep and an excellent breed of oxen. For 
 agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9 ; p. 8 proves 
 that Sussex is the foremost county for woods. Manufactures 
 and industries unimportant. Gypsum is worked at Roberts- 
 bridge station. There are many Roman remains. Under the 
 Saxons this county was a distinct kingdom (that of the SuiA 
 Saxons), and is still considered ' most thoroughly Saxon.' Two 
 important battlefields are Senlac (1066), with the Abbey of 
 Battle to commemorate the Norman victory, and Lewes (1264). 
 Other antiquities are mediaeval castles and religious houses. 
 Communication by Guildford and Chichester Canal, and 
 branches of the L. B. & S. C. (with daily steamers from 
 Newhaven to Dieppe), SE. , and L. & SW. Rlys. Sussex is 
 in the diocese of Chichester. It has one city, Chichester, 
 and seven other mun. bors. — Arundel, Brighton, Eastbourne, 
 Hastings, Lewes, Rye, and Worthing. Most of the towns and 
 villages on this coast are favourite watering-places. 
 
 Sussex, CO., U.S., Delaware, in the S. 
 
 Sussex, CO., U.S., New Jersey, in the extreme N. 
 
 Sussex, CO., U.S., Virginia, in the SE., crossed in the N. by 
 37° N. , and in the E. by 77° W. 
 
 Sussex, CO. , W. Australia, on the W. ct. , crossed about the 
 middle by 34° S. 
 
 Sussex Haven, harb.. New South Wales, on the Pacific, 
 120 m. S. Sydney, a few miles S. of St. George's Head. 
 
 Sussex Lake, Brit. N. America, N. Lake Aylmer, is the 
 source of Back or Great Fish R. 
 
 Sustead, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 4 m. SW. Cromer. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Susten, vil., Switzd., cant. Valais, on the S. bank of the 
 Rhone, i m. S. by E. Leuk. P. <20oo. 
 
 Snsnl, small isl. , in Lau or E. group, Fiji Is. , S. of Exploring 
 Is., 17° 20' S., 178° 56' W. 
 
 Su8urlu«clial, the ancient Makestos (Macestus), riv., in the 
 NW. of Asia Minor, issues from Lake Simav, and flows W. 
 then N. into the Sea of Marmora. It receives the drainage of 
 Manias-gbl from the W. , and Abulonia-gol from the E. 
 
 Suswa, volcanic mt. , Brit. E. Africa, about 20 m. S. Lake 
 Naivasha. 
 
 Sutatausa, vil., Colombia, dep. Cundinamarca ; scene of an 
 obstinate but unsuccessful resistance by the natives against the 
 Spanish conquerors. P. (dist.) < 4000. 
 
 Snteombe, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 12 m. 
 SW. by S. Bideford, 5 m. N. Holsworthy stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sutherland, vil., Cape Colony, S. div., 80 m. SE. by S. 
 Calvinia, in 32° 24' S., 20*40' E. Alt. 4780 ft. Mean temp., 
 yr. 53-6° F., Jan. 66.0°, July 40.7°. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Sutherland, maritime co. , Scot. , between the Moray Firth 
 
 and the Atlantic, the SE. ct. being comparatively flat, and that 
 
 on W. and NW. deeply indented, with bold and precipitous 
 
 rocks, rising at Cape Wrath to 523 ft. Two narrow deep inlets 
 
 1518 
 
 of the sea on the N. and one on the W. are called Kyles. The 
 surface inland is mostly a succession of irregular ridges, from 
 500 to 3000 ft. high. Benmore Assynt (3273 ft.) is the highest 
 mountain, SE. of Loch Assynt ; and in SW. are two interesting 
 heights — Canisp (2779 ft. ) and Suilven (2399 ft.) ; and near Loch 
 Hope the precipitous Ben Hope (3040 ft. ) ; and near Loch 
 Naver, Ben CUbreg (3154 ft.). Geologically, the surface is 
 mainly composed of gneiss or gneissose and schistose meta- 
 morphic rocks, with masses of granite here and there (on both 
 sides of Loch Loyal and E. of the S. end of Loch Shin) ; and 
 in the W. patches of Upper and Lower Cambrian (the Upper 
 Cambrian represented by the Durness-Eriboll limestone) and 
 Torridonian Sandstones (geologically below the Cambrian). In 
 the western gneiss are large numbers of dykes of pre-Torridonian 
 age. Coal is mined at Brora, where there is a wool-mill. Much 
 of the mountainous country forming the main portion of the 
 county is simply bleak and sterile moorland, though beautiful in 
 autumn from the purple heather. The county abounds in lakes 
 — Assynt (10 m. long); Shin (17 m. ), Merkland and Griam, in 
 the valley of the Shin ; More and Stack, in that of the Lax- 
 ford. The Oykell (35 m.), falling into Dornoch Firth, is the 
 longest river. Less than one-fortieth of the surface is under 
 cultivation, the best land being on the Moray Firth. For agri- 
 cultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. Communication by 
 good roads ; the H. R. passes from Invershin to Lairg, Helms- 
 dale, and Caithness. There are important herring and salmon 
 fisheries. There are some Pictish remains, but since 1034, when 
 (under Thorfinn) this country became Scandinavian, it remained 
 Norse till its annexation by the Scottish kings. The Norsemen 
 named it Southern-land, as distinguished from Caithness and 
 the Orkney and Shetland Is. , which also belonged to them. In 
 1228 William Freskin was created Earl of Sutherland, and in 1833 
 the 19th earl became a duke. Till 181 1-20, when thousands of 
 natives, it is alleged, were ejected from their holdings, nearly all 
 the cultivable land throughout the county was held by crofters. 
 The census, however, shows a continuous, though small, increase 
 from 1801 to 1831. Between 1873 and 1878 the Duke of Suther- 
 land increased the arable area by large ' reclamations ' at Lairg 
 and Kildonan. More than ^^250, 000 was spent in such improve- 
 ments. The county returns one member to Parliament. Dor- 
 noch (q.v.) is the county town and only royal burgh ; only two 
 others, Golspie and Helmsdale, have over 1000 population. 
 Area, 1,360,459 ac. (over 47,600 being water). P. (1891) 21,900. 
 See Scotland, table. 
 
 Sutherland Falls, vil., U.S., Vermont, Rutland co., on 
 Otter Creek, 5J m. NW. by N. Rutland ; has a quarry of fine 
 marble. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sutherland Hills, in the NE. of the South African Republic, 
 just N. of the Tropic of Capricorn, in 30° 2o'-5o' E. ; belong to 
 the Klein Letaba goldfield. 
 
 Siltke, mt. , Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, in the SW. , 40 m. 
 WSW. Philippopolis. Alt. 7175 ft. 
 
 SutleJ, riv., India, largest trib. of the Indus, rises in the 
 twin lakes Manasarowar and Rakas-tal, at an alt. of 15,200 ft., 
 crosses the alluvial plain of Goge near Shipki, turns S. and 
 breaks through a gorge in the Himalayas, E. of Kashmir. 
 •After entering British tern, for 200 m. it runs through a wild 
 mountainous country on to the plains near Rupar, and flows 
 W. through a fertile lowland valley till it receives the Beas, then 
 turns SW. (continuing the general direction of the Beas) to its 
 junction with the Chenab, this latter river having first received 
 on different banks the Jehlam, from Kashmir, and the Rdvi. 
 These five rivers, the Sutlej, Beas, Rdvi, Chenab, and Jehlam, 
 forming when united the Panjndd, are those which give name 
 to the Punjab, or ' land of the five rivers. ' Before the influx of 
 the Sutlej, the Indus receives no trib. of any consequence on its 
 1. bk. , and but scanty supplies of water on its r. bk. Navigable 
 for steamers as far as Firozpur. Length, 600 m. 
 
 Sutna, tn. and cantonment. Central India, Rewd state, no 
 m. by rail from Allahdbad. .Alt. 1040 ft. Mean temp., yr. 76° 
 F. , May 90°, Dec. 60°; rfall., yr. 42.2 in., June-Sept. 37.7 in. 
 P. 6800; Hindus, 5300; Moham. iioo. 
 
 Sutor, North, hill, Scot. , Ross-shire, at the N. of the entrance 
 to Cromarty Firth. Sul4>r, South, hill, at the S. of the entrance, 
 in Cromartyshire. 
 
 Sutrl, tn. , Italy, prov. Rome, 13 m. SSE. Viterbo. P. <3000. 
 
 Sutro, vil., U.S., Nevada, Lyon co. , 8 m. S. Virginia city, 
 at entrance of the Sutro tunnel, 4 m. long, which reaches to the 
 Comstock silver lode. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sntsntsu, vil., Japan, Yezo, 70 m. NNW. Hakodate. 
 
 Sutter, CO., U.S., California, crossed by 39° N., and bounded 
 on the W. by the Sacramento R. 
 
 Sutterby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 4 m. SW. Alford. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Sutter Creek, tn. , U.S., California, Amador co., 40 m. E. 
 by S. Sacramento ; in the vicinity are gold-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sutterton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland div., 5 m. SW. 
 by S. Boston, li m. NNW. of its stn. ( Alsarklrk and Sutter« 
 ton) on the G. N. R., PMT.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Sutton, vil. , Canada, Ontario. See C;eorglna. 
 
SUTT — SUTT 
 
 Sutton, post-vil. , Canada, Quebec, Brome co, , 55 m. SE. by 
 E. Montreal. P. < 1500. Snttou Jnuctlon, stn. , 2 m. NNE. 
 
 Sutton, numerous towns and pars., Eng. , ' south-town." 
 
 Sutton, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, div. and 3 m. NE. by E. 
 Biggleswade, 11^ m. E. Bedford, i m. S. by E. Potton stn. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Sutton, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, Chesterton div. , Isle of Ely, 
 6 m. W. Ely, on the G. E. R., PMT.O.; 7145 ac. P. <isoo. 
 
 Sutton, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Northwich div. , 7 m. SW. by 
 S. Warrington, and 2| m. SSE. Runcorn, with a stn. (Sutton 
 Weaver) on the L. & NW. R., P.O. P. <5oo.' 
 
 Sutton, par., Eng., Cheshire, partly in mun. bor. of Maccles- 
 field ; 5456 ac. P. 6400. 
 
 Sutton, stn. , Eng. , Derbyshire. See Patterton. 
 
 Sutton, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 2 m. N. by E. South- 
 end, 1^ m. SE. Rochford stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Sutton, pan, Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 4 m. NNE. 
 Hereford, i m. E. Moreton stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sutton, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, included in the pari. bor. of 
 and 2 m. S. by W. St. Helens, with a stn. (Sutton Oak) on the 
 L. & NW. & L. & Y. Joint Rly. P. 15,700. 
 
 Sutton, Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Sutton-in-the-Narsh. 
 
 Sutton, vil. , Eng. , Middlesex, Heston par. , 2 ni. N. Hounslow. 
 
 Sutton, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 13 m. NW. by N. 
 Yarmouth, i m. N. Catfield stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sutton, eccles. par., Eng., Northamptonshire, N. div., 7 m. 
 SE. Stamford, i m. SE. Wansford Road stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Sutton, par. , Eng. , Northamptonshire, 6 m. W. Peterborough. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Sutton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 7 m. 
 NE. by E. Worksop, on the G. N. R., PMT.O. Market-day, 
 S. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Sutton on Lound with Scrooby) 
 
 P. <IOOC. 
 
 Sutton, part of eccles. par., Eng., Nottinghamshire. See 
 Vranby. 
 
 Sutton, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., on the r. bk. of the 
 Severn, 2\ m. SE. Shrewsbury. P. <25o. 
 
 Sutton, vil., Eng., co. and 10 m. W. by S. Stafford (NW. 
 div.), 2^ m. NE. Newport (Shropshire), P.O. 
 
 Sutton, par., Eng., Suffolk, near the E. bank of the Deben, 
 9 m. E. Ipswich, div. and 2| m. SE. Woodbridge, P.O.; 5448 
 ac. P. 500. 
 
 Sutton, par. and tn., Eng., Surrey, div. and 4 m. NE. by E. 
 Epsom, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O. P. 14,000. 
 
 Sutton, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., si m. NNW. 
 Arundel, 3 m. NW. Amberley stn., PM.O. P. <5oo; eccles. 
 par. (Sutton with Blgnor) P. <:500. 
 
 Sutton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Keighley div., 
 12^ m. NE. by E. Burnley, 5 m. S. Skipton, i m. SSW. 
 Kildwick and Cross Hills stn. ; has manufactures of worsted and 
 cotton. P. < 2000; eccles. par. (Sutton In Craven) P. < 3000. 
 
 Sutton, part of par. , Eng., Yorkshire. See Byrani. 
 
 Sutton, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire. See Healey with 
 Sutton. 
 
 Sutton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 6 m. NW. Don- 
 caster. P. <25o. 
 
 Sutton, place. Ire., co. Dublin, near Baldoyle stn. 
 
 Sutton, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 8 m. S. by E. 
 Worcester. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sutton, city, U.S., Nebraska, Clay co. , 68 m. W. by S. 
 Lincoln by rail. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Sutton, par., Wales, Denbighshire, E. div., 4^ m. E. by S. 
 Wrexham. P. <25o. 
 
 Sutton, Full, Yorkshire. See Full Sutton. 
 
 Sutton, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Cheshire. Great Sutton, Wirral div. , 6 m. N. by W. Chester, 
 P. <5oo ; Little Sutton, with a stn. (Sutton) on the L. & NW. 
 R., PMT.O., P. < 1500. 
 
 Sutton, Long, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 7 m. ESE. 
 Basingstoke, 4 m. NW. Bentleystn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sutton, Long, Little Sutton, and Sutton Bridge {q.v.), 
 three adjoining pars., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland div., formed 
 since the census out of the former par. of Sutton St. Mary, the first 
 12 m. E. Spalding, on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly. ; Long Sutton 
 with PMT.O. Long Sutton, P. <300o; Little Sutton, P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Sutton, Long, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 8 J m. NW. 
 Yeovil, 4 m. E. Langport stn., PM.O. P. <:ioco. 
 
 Sutton at Hone, par., Eng., Kent, Dartford div., on the 
 Darenth, 6^ m. WSW. Gravesend, with a stn. (Famlnghani 
 Koa4l and Sutton at Hone) on the L. C. & D. R., PM.O. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Sutton Bassett, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, Mid div., 
 iSl m. NW. by N. Wellingborough, \\ m. SW. Ashley and 
 Weston stn. P. <25o. See Weston by Wetland. 
 
 Sutton Benger, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 14 
 m. W. by S. Swindon, 3i m. NE. by N. Chippenham stn., 
 PMT.O. P.<soc. 
 
 Sutton Bingham, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 3 m. S. by 
 W. Yeovil, on the L. & SW. R. P. <2So. 
 
 Sutton Bonnlngton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rush- 
 cliffe div., 4 m. NNW. Loughborough, i m. S. Kegworth stn., 
 PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Sutton Bridge, par., tn., and river-port, on the Nene, 2^ m. 
 ESE. Long Sutton, on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly. Most of the 
 land on which the town stands has been reclaimed from the 
 Wash. Trade in corn, coal, &c. Vessels discharge in the river, 
 in which there is a depth available of 25 ft. high water ordinary 
 springs, 17-18 ordinary neaps. PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Sutton by Dover, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., j,\ 
 m. SW. Deal, li m. NNW. Martin Mill stn. P. <25o. See 
 Mongehani, Little. 
 
 Sutton Cheney, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 2 m. 
 SSE. Bosworth, i^ m. E. Shenton stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Sutton Coldfleld, mun. bor. (since Henry VIII.), par., and 
 market-tn. , Eng., Warwickshire, N. or Tamworth div., 7 m. 
 NNE. Birmingham, in the diocese of Worcester, on a bleak 
 acclivity (whence the name), with stn. on branch of the L. & 
 N W. R. , and another stn. (Sutton Park) on the M. R. The 
 industries are those arising from agriculture. Sutton Coldfield 
 is becoming a residential suburb for Birmingham. Sutton 
 Park, traversed by the Roman Icknield Street, was granted to 
 the town by Bishop Vesey (Henry VIII.), with 3500 ac. The 
 town-hall is a handsome Gothic building. Good grammar- 
 school, founded 1543 ; ancient church with square tower ; chief 
 hotel on a knoll commanding fine views. Mun. bor. and par. 
 12,828 ac, P. (i8oi)<300o; (1871) 5900; (1891) 8700. 
 
 Sutton Courtney, par., Eng., Berkshire, on the Thames, 
 div. and 2 m. SSE. Abingdon, P.O. P. < 1000; eccles. par. 
 (Sutton Courtney with Appleford and Sutton Wick) P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Sutton Forest, post-tn., New South Wales, Camden co., 
 38 m. ENE. Goulburn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sutton Grange, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 
 2^ m. NW. Ripon. P. <25o. 
 
 Sutton Green, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from May ford, near Guild- 
 ford, Surrey. 
 
 Sutton Howgrave, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div., 5 m. N. Ripon, 2 m. NNW. Melmerby stn. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Sutton In Ashileld, par. and tn., Eng., Nottinghamshire, 
 div. and 3 m. SW. by W. Mansfield, on the M. R. ; manufac- 
 tures hosiery ; has important stock fairs. 4879 ac. P. io,6co ; 
 eccles. par. (Sutton In Ashfleld with Hucknall Huthwalte) 
 P. 13,600. 
 
 Sntton-ln-Craven. See Sutton, Yorkshire, Keighley div. 
 
 Sutton In the Marsh, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey 
 div., on the P^. ct., 13 m. ESE. Louth, with a stn. (Sutton on 
 Sea) on the G. N. R., PMT.O. (Sutton). P.<5oo. See 
 Lincolnshire. 
 
 Sutton Junction, stn., Eng., Derbyshire, on the M. R. , 
 near Mansfield. 
 
 Sutton Sladdock, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 16 
 m. ESE. Shrewsbury, i^ m. SE. Coalport. P. <:5oo. See 
 Keniberton. 
 
 Sutton Mallett, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 5 m. E. 
 Bridgwater. P. <:25o. See Moorllnch. 
 
 Sutton Mandevllle, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Wilton div. , 10^ 
 m. W. Salisbury, 2J m. E. Tisbury stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Sutton Mill, PM.O., Eng., i m. from Cross Hills, near 
 Keighley, Yorkshire. 
 
 Sutton Mill, lake, Canada, NW. Terr., S. of Hudson Bay, 
 into which it is drained by a small river a little E. of Cape 
 Lookout, crossed in E. by 85° W. 
 
 Sutton Montis, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 6^ m. NE. 
 by N. Yeovil, \\ m. SE. Sparkford stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Sutton Oak, stn. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Sutton. 
 
 Sutton-on-HuU and Stone Ferry, par., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 E. Riding, Holderness div., 2J m. NE. by N. Hull (part of 
 which is within the par.), with a stn. (Sutton-on-Hnll) on the 
 NE. R., PMT.O. (Sutton); 4741 ac. P. 13,300. 
 
 Sutton - on - Plyni, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire, within 
 Plymouth bor. P. 7200. 
 
 Sutton-on-Sea, Eng., Lincolnshire. See Sutton-ln-the> 
 Marsh. 
 
 Sutton-on-the-Forest, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Thirsk and Malton div., 8 m. N. York, 4 m. NW. by W. 
 Strensall stn. , PM.O. ; 6006 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Sutton-on-the-HIll, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 7^ m. 
 W. by S. Derby, 2| m. NW. by W. Etwall stn., P.O. P. 
 <25o. 
 
 Sntton-on> Trent, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Trent, div. and 7J m. N. Newark, ij m. NE. by N. 
 Carlton-on-Trent stn. , PMT. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Sutton Park, stn. , Eng. , Warwickshire, on the M. R. , i m. 
 NW. Sutton Coldfield {q.v.). 
 
 Sutton Polntz, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire. See 
 Preston. 
 
 Sutton St. Edmund's and St. James, and Sutton St. 
 Nicholas, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Holland div. , 
 
 1519 
 
S U T T — S W A B 
 
 in the part of the county adjoining the NE. of Cambridgeshire, 
 SW. of Long Sutton ; P.O. at Sutton St. Edmunds, PM.O. at 
 Sutton St. James. P. (of each)<75o. 
 
 Sntton St. Mary, former par., Eng. , Lincolnshire. See 
 Sutton, Long. 
 
 Snttou, St. Nicbolas, or Lntton, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, 
 adjoining Long Sutton on the N. , P.O. (Luttoii). P. <75o. 
 
 Snttou Scarsdale, P.O., Eng., Derbyshire. See Sutton 
 with Duckmauton. 
 
 Sutton Scotney, vil. , Eng., Hampshire, Andover div. , 6^ 
 m. N. by W. Winchester, on the G. W. R., PM.O. 
 
 Sutton under Brailei;, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, 3 m. SE. 
 Shipston-on-Stour. P. <;25o. 
 
 Sutton under M'hltestone Cllffe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton div., 13^ ra. NE. by E. Ripen, 
 3i m. E. Thirsk, P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Sutton upon l>erwent, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Howdenshire div., on the Derwent, 7J m. ESE. York, 4 m. 
 SW. by S. Fangfoss stn. , P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Sutton Valence, par., Eng., Kent, Medwav div., 5^ m. SE. 
 by S. Maidstone, 3^ m. NNW. Headcorn stn., PMT.O. P. < 
 1000. Sutton, East, par. , i m. E. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sutton Veney, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 11 m. 
 S. by E. Trowbridge, i^ m. W. Heytesbury stn., P.O.; 4111 
 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Sutton Wal«lrou, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, N. div. , 14 m. E. 
 Sherborne, 5 m. E. by N. Sturminster stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Sutton Weaver, stn. , Eng. , Cheshire. See Sutton. 
 
 Sutton Wlch, par., Eng., Berkshire, 2 m. S. Abingdon. 
 P. < 500. See Sutton Courtney. 
 
 Sutton -with Duckmaiiton, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, div. and 
 4 m. ESE. Chesterfield, P.O. (Sutton Scarsdale) ; 4369 ac. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Sutton -wltli Seaford, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, m the 
 ancient par. of Seaford. P. <20oo. 
 
 Suttor, riv. , Queensland, flows W. then N. into the Burdekin, 
 at its southernmost point. 
 
 Suva, tn., cap. and chief port of the Fiji Is., on the SW. ct. 
 of Viti Levu, 1100 m. from Auckland, 1540 m. from Brisbane, 
 1872 m. from Sydney. Ample water for vessels using port at 
 all tides. Good anchorage ; no bar, wharf with 20 ft. at low 
 water. P. (whites) 800. 
 
 SuvaroflT, Brit. isls. (annexed 1889), Pacific, in SE. of Union 
 group, in about 13^° S. , 163° W. 
 
 SilTerek, Turkey in Asia. See Severek. 
 
 SuTla-Burun, cape, Turkey in Europe, on the NE. of the 
 JEgean Sea, in 40° 19' N. 
 
 Snvo KudlSte, mt. group, S. of central Servia. 
 
 Suwdll, vil., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 11 m. W. 
 Surat (^.v.). 
 
 Su\«'a4'kl, govt., Russian Poland, protrudes from Poland 
 NE., between E. Prussia and the Russian govts. Kovno, Vilno, 
 and Grodno. Covers the E. parts of the flat swelling, covered 
 with lakes, which runs along the Baltic, attaining 800 to 1000 ft. 
 above the sea. It slopes N. to the Niemen, and S. to the marshy 
 tracts of the Bebrz (trib. of Vistula), the Hancza, trib. of the 
 former, being connected by Augustowo Canal with a trib. of 
 the Bebrz. Soil mostly unfertile. Population Lithuanians and 
 Zhmuds (42 per cent.), Poles (28 per cent.), Jews (17 per cent.), 
 Germans (7 per cent.), and White Russians. Potatoes largely 
 grown, both for spirits and exportation. Divided into seven 
 dists. : Suwaiki, Augustowo, Kalwarya, Mariampol, Seiny, 
 Wilkowiszki, and Wiadislawow. Wierzboiowo is an important 
 custom-house of Russia, on main line to Berlin. Area, 4846 sq. 
 m. P. (1890) 656,930. 
 
 SuM-atkl, cap. of above govt. , is situated 75 m. NW. Grodno, 
 on upper Hancza. P. 23,850. 
 
 Suwanee, co. , U.S. , Florida, crossed in the middle by 83° W. , 
 and in the S. by 30° N. Su'wanee, settlement in above co. , has 
 a sulphur spring, much resorted to. 
 
 Suwanee Rlyer, stream, U.S., Georgia, flows S. through 
 Florida into the Gulf of Mexico, about 10 m. N. of Cedar Keys ; 
 has been made navigable to White Springs. 
 
 Snwanee Shoals, vil., U.S., Florida, Columbia co. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Suwaraima, isl. of Guiana, formed by the Rio Cuyuni (37 
 m. above its confluence with the Essequibo) ; contested ground 
 between Venezuela and England. 
 
 Suwedie, tn. , Syria. See Sueidle. 
 
 Suya, Kio de, riv. , Ecuador. See Xaranjal. 
 
 Snzannet, isl. , Bismarck Archipelago. See Fischer I. 
 
 Suzdal, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 22 m. N. Vladimir ; very 
 old town, containing monasteries and churches dating from 
 the 13th century; considerable kitchen gardening for export; 
 cotton-mills. P. 7120. 
 
 Suze, La, tn., France, dep. Sarthe, on the Sarthe, arr. and 
 12 m. SW. Le Mans. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Suzunskly, copper-works, Russia, W. Siberia, govt Tomsk, 
 Altai region, 85 m. NW. Barnaul. P. 5500. 
 
 Svai, Swal, or K,oinpong*Sval, in Cambodian Puoiu«dek 
 1520 
 
 (' iron mountains'), range of hills, Cambodia, about 90 m. N. 
 Pnompenh, 20 m. N. Kompong-Tom ; abounding in iron ore. 
 
 STaneke, tn. , Denmark, on the E. ct. of Bornholm ; the 
 harbour has depth of 12 ft. at entrance. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Svargsjo, vil. , Sweden, prov. (Ian) Kopparberg, 14 m. NE. 
 Falun. In 1523 Gustavus Vasa worked here on a farm, dis- 
 guised as a peasant, when pursued by the Danes. P. (coram.) 
 <5000. 
 
 Svartenliuk, penin.,.W. ct. Greenland, crossed in the centre 
 by 71° 50' X. , 54° 20' W. 
 
 Svartlsen, glacier, W. ct. of N. Norway, prov. Tromso, 
 between Sjonafjord on the S. and Bejerfjord on the N. Length, 
 
 Svartsjo, isl., Sweden, in Lake Malar. 
 
 Srartvlk, vil., Sweden, prov. Vestnorrland, on the K. ct. , 
 3 m. SSE. Sundsvall {g.v.). Alt. 1050 ft. Mean temp., yr. 
 33.8° F. , Feb. 12.0°, July 57.9°. 
 
 Sveaborg, fortress, Finland, adjoining Helsingfors. 
 
 Svedala, vil., Sweden, prov. (Ian) Malmohus, 11 m. ESE. 
 Malmo. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Sveen, vil., Norway, prov. and 59 m. S. Bergen. P. (comm. ) 
 <4ooo. 
 
 Svelvlk, or SvelTlg, vil., Norway, prov. Jarlsberg and 
 Laurvik, on the Drammen Elf, 11 m. SSE. Drammen, of which 
 it is the winter port ; completely sheltered harbour deep enough 
 for largest vessels. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Svendborg, tn., Denmark, on the S. ct. of Fyen I., prov. 
 Svendborg, 24 m. S. by E. Odense ; has boat-building and dis- 
 tilleries, and manufactures of tobacco and earthenware. It is 
 one of the oldest towns in Denmark. The harbour has two 
 entrances, depths respectively 16^ ft. and 17^ ft. ; depth at quay- 
 side, 11-13^ ft. P. 8900. 
 
 Svenneby, vil., Sweden, prov. (Ian) Gothenburg (Goteborg) 
 and Bohus, 59 m. NNW. Gothenburg. P. (comm.) 6600. 
 
 Svennevad, vil., Sweden, prov. (Ian) and 18 m. SSE. Orebro. 
 P. <:30oo. 
 
 Sverbyeeva, vil., E. Siberia, prov. Amur, on 1. bk. Amur, 
 80 m. from Ust Stryelka. P. <20C)0. 
 
 Sveta Jana, comm., Austria, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Zagjeb, 
 dist. Jaska. P. <4C)oo. 
 
 Sveti, Servian, and Bulgarian, ' saint." 
 
 Sretl Jural, comm., Austria, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Lika- 
 Krbava, dist. Zengg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Svetl Stefan, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Kirk-Kilise, on 
 the Black Sea, 45 m. SE. by S. Burgas. 
 
 SvikoTO, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Salonica, on riv. Tsrna, 
 42 m. NE. Monastir. 
 
 Svllajnac, tn., Servia, prov. Cuprija, 21 m. NE. by N. 
 Kragujevac (Kraguyevatz). P. 5100. 
 
 Sviuesund, deep and narrow bay, NE. ct. of Skager Rak, 
 mouth in about 59° 6' N. , 11° 14' E. 
 
 Svlnii, isl., in NE. of the Faroe group. 
 
 StIt', riv., NW. Russia, govts. Olonets and St. Petersburg, 
 takes origin in the SW. extremity of Lake Onega, and flows 135 
 m. into Lake Ladoga ; important artery of navigation, making 
 part of Mariinsk system of rivers and canals. 
 
 StItou, vil., Greece, prov. Elis and Achaia, 35 m. WNW. 
 Corinth. P. <20oo. 
 
 Svlsloch, riv., Russia, govt. Grodno, 1. bk. trib. of Niemen. 
 Length, 80 m. 
 
 Svlsloch, tn., Russia, on the Svisloch R. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Svlsloch, riv., Russia, govt. Minsk, r. bk. trib. of Berezina, 
 system of Dnieper. 
 
 Svlstov (svishtov), frequently called in western Europe 
 ShlshtOTa, or Slshtova, fortified tn. and river-port, Bulgaria, 
 cap. prov. Svistov, on the Danube, 34 m. SW. by W. Rushchuk ; 
 has active trade in grain and wine. P. (1881) 11,500; (1888) 
 12,500; Bulgarians, 8700 ; Moham. 3000. 
 
 Svlyaga, riv., E. Russia, govts. Simbirsk and Kazafi, r. bk. 
 trib. of Volga, flows N. 250 m. , approaching the Volga at 
 Simbirsk so near as to leave an isthmus only 4 m. wide. 
 
 Svlyazhsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 16 m. WNW. Kazan, 
 on r. bk. Sviyaga, near its junction with Volga. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Svlyazhsk (Sobolevskaya), vil., 7 m. above it, is an im- 
 portant river-port on Sviyaga. 
 
 Svyatoi, Svyataya, Svyatoye, Russian; Swiaty,Swiata, Polish, 
 for ' holy. ' 
 
 Svyatoi Mys, or Svyatoi Nos, promontory, Russia. I. Arctic 
 Ocean, 72° 57' N., 141° o' E., 155 m. NE. of the mouth of Yana. 
 8. Arctic Ocean, in Chesskaya Bay, 67° 55' N. , 49° 8' E. 3. 
 (Svyatoi Nos) E. shore of Lake Baikal. 
 
 Svyeutslany (Polish S-wlenclany), dist. tn., Russia, govt, 
 and 51 m. NE. Vilno, 12 m. from railway from St. Petersburg 
 to Warsaw. One of the oldest Lithuanian towns ; annexed to 
 Russia in 1795. P. 8100. 
 
 S^f-abla, govt.. Gen, kgd. Bavaria, in the SW. During the 
 Middle Ages Swabia was the name of one of the great circles of the 
 Empire, in the S. of modern Wiirtemberg, Baden, and Bavaria. 
 
 Swaby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 7 m. SSE. 
 Louth, 2 m. WSW. Aby stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
S W AD 
 
 SWAN 
 
 Swadlincote, par. and tn., Eng. , Derbyshire, S. div., 4 m. 
 ESE. Burton-on-Trent, on the M. R. ; it has collieries and manu- 
 factures of earthenware (including art-ware, coarse earthenware, 
 and sanitary ware). PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 S-waffliam, par. and tn. , Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 14^ m. 
 SE. by E. King's Lynn, on the G. E. R. ; formerly noted for its 
 butter-market. Three cattle fairs held here annually — in May, 
 July, and November. Alt. 239 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 28.3 
 in. 7550 ac. P. <4000. 
 
 S'wafriiam Bnlbeck, par. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire, div. and 5^ 
 m. W. Newmarket, ij m. E. by S. Bottisham stn., P.O. (SwalT- 
 hani Bnlbeck, or Little S>¥airiiani) ; 4iioac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Swaffliani Prior, or Cireat ^'waflTliani, par. , Eng. , Cam- 
 bridge, div. and 5 m. W. by N. Newmarket, with a stn. (S>vaff- 
 buin Prior) on the G. E. R. ; extensive remains of Roman build- 
 ings were discovered here in 1892. PMT.O. 5587 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 S>¥allel«l, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 7 m. SE. by S. 
 Cromer, 2i m. SE. Gunton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Swahlll (name derived from Arabian Sahil, plur. Sawahil, 
 = ' coast '), inhabitants of the Zanzibar coast and of the neigh- 
 bouring islands, E. Africa. They are a mixed race (Arabs and 
 Bantu) ; their language, Kiswahili, is spoken throughout central 
 Africa. Commerce is the principal occupation of the Swahili. 
 [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Stvalu, isl. , Pacific. See Olo.seuga. 
 
 Swain, CO. , U.S. , N. Carolina, in W. , N. frontier, E. of 84° W. 
 
 Swalubost (Cross to Port of Ness), vil. , Scot., Ross-shire, 
 Lewis L, Barvas par., 2^ m. S. Butt of Lewis. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Swaluby with Allerthorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. 
 Riding, Cleveland div., 12 m. S. by W. Middlesbrough, 2 m. S. 
 Potto stn., PM.O. (Swalnby). P. <25o. 
 
 Swalne's Island, Newfoundland, off E. ct. , N. of Bonavista 
 Bay. 
 
 8walnshlll, P.O., Eng., Herefordshire, 3 m. from Hereford. 
 
 Swalnsthorpe, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 5 m. S. by W. 
 Norwich, on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <:5oo ; eccles. par. (Swains- 
 thorpe Willi Xewton Flotnian) P. <750. 
 
 Swalni^wlck, par., Eng., Somerset, B'rome div., 2 m. N. by 
 
 E. Bath, P.O. P.<:75o. 
 
 Swjikop, riv. , SW. Africa. Same as Scliwakop (q.v.). 
 
 SwalcllflTe, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 5 m. W. by S. 
 Banbury, 32 m. NW. Bloxham stn. , PMT.O. P. <5oo; eccles. 
 par. (SwalcllfTe with Epwell and Shntford) P. < 1000. 
 
 Swale, riv., Eng., N. Riding of Yorkshire, rises near the 
 border of Westmorland, and flows first E. through the picturesque 
 valley of Swaledale to Richmond, then SE., and finally; SSE. 
 in a more open basin, till it unites with the Ure near Borough- 
 bridge, 14 m. NW. York, to form the Ouse ; not navigable. 
 Lead mined in Swaledale. 
 
 Swale, Tlie, channel, Eng. See Sheppey, Island of. 
 
 Swalecllff, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., N. ct., 6 m. 
 N. Canterbury, 2 m. E. Whitstable (SE. R. ) stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Swallow, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 7J ni. 
 SW. by W. Great Grimsby, 5^ m. SW. Healing stn., P.O. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Swallow Breakers, group of dangerous reefs, W. ct. of S. 
 Africa, between Fort Rock and Palgrave Points, in 20° 5' S. ; 
 discovered in 1879 by the ship Swallow. 
 
 SwallowcUffe, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 12 m. W. 
 by S. Salisbury, 2^ m. SE. Tisbury stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Swallowfleld, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Berkshire, Wokingham div., 6 m. S. by E. Reading, 3^ m. E. 
 by N. Mortimer stn., PMT.O. East Swallowfleld, P. <5oo; 
 West Swallowfleld, P. <i5oo. 
 
 Swallow Group, isls. , Santa Cruz Is. , in 10° S. , 165° 35' E. 
 
 Swallow Xest, PM.O., Eng., 2 m. from Aston, near Rother- 
 ham, Yorkshire. 
 
 Swalwell, vil. , Eng. , Durham, Chester-le-Street div. , on r. bk. 
 Derwent, just above its confluence with the Tyne, 3 m. W. by S. 
 Newcastle, on NE. R.; has coal-mines and iron-works. PM.O. 
 
 Swamp Oak, gold-mining tp. , New South Wales, Inglis co. , 
 3^ m. from Moonbi stn. by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Swampscott, tn. and fashionable watering-place, U.S. , Massa- 
 chusetts, Essex CO., on the coast, 2 m. ENE. Lynn. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Swan, vil., U.S., Iowa, Marion co., 19 m. SE. Des Moines. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Swan, Upper, post-tn., S. Australia, co. and 19 m. from 
 Perth by road and rail. P. <isoo. 
 
 Swanage, par. and market-tn., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., 
 at the S. extremity of Swanage Bay, 7^ m. S. Poole, on the 
 L. & SW. R. ; sea-bathing resort. It has in the vicinity 
 numerous quarries of Purbeck stone. PMT.O. Market-day, 
 
 F. P. <;3ooo ; eccles. par. (Swanage with Herston) P. <3ooo. 
 Swananoa Gap. See Appalachian Mountains, C. 
 Swanbach, vil., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 6 m. S. 
 
 Nantwich, close to Audlem stn. 
 
 Swan Bay, inlet, within the entrance of Port Phillip Bay, 
 Victoria, formed by the isthmus and penin. of QueenscHff, is 6 
 m. long and 2 m. broad ; it is usually shallow, and is left nearly 
 dry when the S. winds prevail. 
 1521 
 
 Swanbonrne, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 8 m. 
 SE. by E. Buckingham, i m. S. of its stn. on the L. & NW. 
 R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Swang, m Yorkshire names, ' a marsh.' 
 
 Swan Hill, or €astle Donnington, post-tn., Victoria, Tat- 
 chera co. , 107 m. NNW. Sandhurst, and 214 m. by rail NNW^ 
 Melbourne, on the Murray ; is the terminal stn. on the railway 
 from Sandhurst. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Swan Island, small isl. to the S. of Bank Strait, in NE. of 
 Tasmania, in 40° 44' S. , 148° 10' E. Mean temp, (siyrs. , i86i-66), 
 yr. 55.0° F. , Jan. 62.1°, Aug. 48.0°. 
 
 Swan Island, small isl., U.S., Maine, off the S. ct. of 
 Hancock co. , in about 44° 9' N. , 68° 26' W. ; has good harbour 
 and lighthouse, visible 14 m. P. 632. 
 
 Swan Lake, Canada, in the S. of Manitoba, to the E. of 99** 
 W. , traversed by the Pembina R. 
 
 Swan Lake, Canada, NW. Terr., Keewatin dist. , N. of Lake 
 Seul, between 92° and 93° W. 
 
 Swanland, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div.,6|m. W. Hull, i^m. NE. by N.Ferribystn.,P.O. P. <5co. 
 
 S'wanley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Kent, Dartford div. , 8^ m. W. by 
 S. Gravesend, i m. NE. by E. Swanley Junction, on L. C. & 
 D. R., PM.O., and PMT.O. (Swanley Junction). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Swanllnbar, tn., Ire., N. co. Cavan, bar. TuUyhaw, 11 m. 
 S. by W. Enniskillen, on riv. Claddagh, PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Swanllnbar River, Ire., co. Fermanagh. See Claddagh. 
 
 S'wanlo'w Lane, P.O., Eng., near Middlewich, Cheshire, i 
 m. from Over. 
 
 Sivanmore, eccles. pan, Eng., Hampshire, Petersfleld div., 
 10 m. ENE. Southampton, 2 m. ESE. Bishop's Waltham stn., 
 PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Swannay, P. O. , Scot. , Orkney Is. , Harray and Birsay par. , 
 on Loch Swannay, 14 m. NW. Finstown. 
 
 Swannlngtou, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, div. and 8 m. N. 
 Bosworth, on the M. R., P.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Swannlngton, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., on the W^ensum, 
 9 m. NW. Norwich, i m. NE. Attlebridge stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Swan Pool, rockbound haven, Eng., on coast of Cornwall, 
 near Falmouth. 
 
 Swanport, Little, tn. , Tasmania, Pembroke co. , 50 ni. from 
 Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Swan Klver, riv. of Western Australia, rises under the name 
 of Avon, near 32° 30' S. , 117° o' E., flows successively N. and 
 W. , and enters the Indian Ocean in 32° o' S., 115° 42' E. 
 It is liable to sudden and violent floods, which inundate the 
 surrounding country. It gave name to the flrst colonial settle- 
 ment in W. Australia, founded in 1829. Perth, the cap. of W. 
 -Austraha, is situated 60 m. from the mouth of the river, where 
 its port (Fremantle) is placed. The entrance is difficult. 
 
 Swau River Barracks, Canada, in 51° 52' N., 101° 57' W. 
 Alt. 2160 ft. Mean temp. (2 yrs. , 1875-77), yr. 27.5° F., Jan. 
 -10.5°, July 62.1°. 
 
 Swanscombe, par., Eng., Kent, Dartford div., a^ m. W. 
 Gravesend, i m. WSW. Northfleet stn., PMT.O. P. 6600. 
 
 Swan's Cross Roads, P.O., Ire., co. Monaghan, 2 m. from 
 Rockcorry. 
 
 Swansea, pari. bor. , mun. bor. (since Henry III.), co. bor. 
 (since 1888), par., seapt., and market-tn., Wales, in W. Gla- 
 morganshire, 203 m. by rail W. London, in the diocese of St. 
 David's, on the Tawe (r. bk. ), between lofty heights overlooking 
 the bay, with stns. on G. W. R. , L. & N W. R. , M. R. , and 
 the Rhondda and Swansea Bay Rly. Now one of the two chief 
 towns of S. Wales, it owes its growth to its collieries, its spacious 
 and sheltered bay, its harbour and docks, admitting the largest 
 vessels afloat, and its tin-plate manufacture, amounting to nearly 
 80 per cent, of that of the whole kingdom. Copper smelting 
 and refining is also a great industry, and has lasted since the 
 time of Queen Elizabeth ; owing to this industry Swansea has 
 been termed ' the metallurgical centre of the world. ' Chief 
 imports are : copper, silver, lead, tin, and nickel, with their ores, 
 &c. , iron and iron ore, &c. Exports : tin, terne, and black plates 
 (nearly ;^3, 500,000 annually), coal and coke (over ;^i, 000,000), 
 iron and steel, &c. The eight dry docks have a total length of 
 2377 ft., with depths at high water varying from 15 to 24 ft. 
 The wet docks are the Prince of Wales Dock, area 23 ac. , 
 quayage 6130 ft. , ordinary depth 24^-32 ft.; North Dock, 15 ac. , 
 quayage 5400 ft., depth 15^-23 ft. ; Duke's Dock, 275 ft. long 
 (entered from North Dock)^ South Dock, 17 ac, quayage 4800 
 ft., depth 14^-24^ ft. The North and South Docks have basins 
 500 by 220 ft. and 380 by 445 ft. The castle, whose tower is a 
 picturesque feature of Swansea, is said to have been originally 
 built about 1120, but was rebuilt about 1330. Camden spells 
 Swelnsey, as if derived from the sea-swine (porpoises) anciently 
 seen in the bay ; or, according to others, from Sweyn, a Danish 
 pirate. The Welsh name is Abertawc, from the river. The 
 chief pubhc buildings are the Guildhall; the Royal Institu- 
 tion (established 1835), with a hbrary and museum; the free 
 library, 30,000 vols.; a hospital, &c. There are excellent 
 recreation grounds: Park Llewellyn, 40 ac; Vieton's Park, 20 
 ac; Cwmdonkin Park, 13 ac; Brynpiill Grounds, 9 ac; and 
 
 5D 
 
SWAN — S WED 
 
 others. Part of the co. bor. of Swansea is associated with the 
 bors. of Loughor, Kenfig, Neath, and Aberavon to form the 
 Swansea dist. of pari, bors., Swansea town returning one 
 member to the House of Commons, Swansea dist. another. 
 Mun. bor. P. (1801)6100; (1851)31,500; (1871)51,700; (1891) 
 90,300; pari. bor. P. 57,500; pari. dist. of bors. P. 117,400. 
 
 SM-ansea, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co., 3 m. NW. 
 Fall River. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Swansea, tp., sanatorium, and small port, Tasmania, Gla- 
 morgan CO., on the E. ct. , 67 m. SE. Launceston, in 42° 7' S.; 
 has a beach 9 m. in length, and very fine climate. Mean temp. 
 (5 yrs., 1861-66), yr. 54.4° P., Feb. 60.8°, July 47.4°; rfall. 
 (3 yrs.), 26.97 in. 
 
 Swansea and Humbles Railway, a short rly. , Wales, 
 along W. side of Swansea Bay, from Swansea to Oystermouth 
 (about I m. short of Mumbles Head). 
 
 Swansea Bay, Wales, Glamorganshire, entering from Bristol 
 Channel, penetrates NE. to the mouth of Neath R., 5I m.; 
 width between Scar Point and Mumbles Head, 9J m. 
 
 Swans Island, U.S., Maine. See Swan Island. 
 
 Swanton, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Franklin co., on the Missisquoi 
 R. , 31 m. N. by E. Burlington, with quarries of dove-coloured 
 marble. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Swanton Abbott, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 10 m. S. by 
 E. Cromer, ij m. W. by N. Worstead stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Swanton Morley, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 15 m. 
 WNW. Norwich, 3 m. NE. East Dereham, 2^ m. SSE. North 
 Elmham stn., PM.O. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (Swanton IWorley 
 with Worthing) P. < 1000. 
 
 Swanton Xorers, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div. , 14^ m. WSW. 
 Cromer, ij m. WSW. Melton Constable stn. , PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Swan VUlage, stn., Eng., S. Staffordshire, on the G. W. R., 
 I J m. NW. of West Bromwich. 
 
 Swan wick, eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div. ,7jm. 
 SE. by E. Matlock, i m. N. Butterley stn., PMT.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Swan wick, stn., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., 5 J m. E. 
 by S. Southampton, on the L. & SW. R., P.O. 
 
 Swanzey, tn. , U.S. , New Hampshire, Cheshire co. P. <20oo. 
 
 Swarby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 8^ m. 
 E. by N. Grantham, 2^ m. W. by S. Aswarby stn. P. <25o. 
 See Aswarby. 
 
 Swardeston (swawrdz'ton), par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 4J 
 m. SSW. Norwich, 2^ m. SE. by E. Hethersett stn., P.O. 
 (Swardestone). P. <5oo. 
 
 Swarkeston (swawrks'ton), par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 
 on the 1. bk. of the Trent, here crossed by Swarkeston Bridge, 
 nearly 4000 ft. long, 5 m. S. by E. Derby, i m. S. of its stn. 
 (Chellaston and Swarkestone) on the M. R., P.O. (Swarke- 
 stone). P. <25o. See Stanton by Bridge. 
 
 Swarland, par., Eng., Northumberland, on the S. border of 
 the Berwick-upon-Tweed div. , 7 m. S. by W. Alnwick, 4 m. W. 
 Acklington (for Felton) stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Swarraton, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 7 m. 
 NE. by E. Winchester, 3 m. NNW. Alresford stn. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (Swarraton with Northlngton) P. <soo. 
 
 Swarth FeU, mt., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 14 m. E. by N. Kendal. Alt. 2235 ft. 
 
 Swarthmoor, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, 2 m. from Ulverston. 
 
 SMurthmore, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Delaware co., 11 m. 
 W. Philadelphia; seat of a Friends' college. P. < 1500. 
 
 Swilt, the Suastos of Greek geographers, riv. , whose head- 
 water flows SW. through a mountain valley to the NW. of Brit. 
 India, and which afterwards turns SE. , enters British terr. at Fort 
 Abdzai (Punjab), and finally joins the Kabul R. at Nisatha, NE. 
 of Peshiwar. The head-works of the Swit R. irrigation canal 
 are above the Abazai Fort. 
 
 Swatch of No Ground, natural depression in the Bay of 
 Bengal, India, attributed to the action of rotatory tides in the 
 bay, extends NE. from 20° 30' to 21° 22' N. ; the interior of basin 
 has not been sounded ; depth on N. edge about 13 fathoms, on W. 
 face, 200 and even 300 fathoms no ground. Breadth, 3 leagues. 
 
 Swathllng, stn., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., on the 
 Itchen, 3 m. NNE. Southampton, on the L. & SW. R., P.O. 
 
 Swaton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div!, 12 m. 
 NW. by N. Spalding, 2 m. S. Helpringham stn., P.O. P. < 
 500 ; eccles. par. (Swaton with Spanby) P. <5oo. 
 
 Swatow, Chinese Shachou, seapt tn. , E. ct. of China, prov. 
 Kwangtung, on 1. bk. of the Han, 5 m. from its mouth, 220 m. 
 ENE. Canton. It is one of the open ports under the treaty of 
 Tientsin, and has a considerable foreign trade. The material of 
 all buildings is a sort of concrete, made from disintegrated felspar 
 rock mixed with lime from calcined oyster-shells, and rammed 
 between boards placed parallel to each other at a distance of 18 
 in. The walls are carried up entire, and openings are then cut 
 for doors, windows, and spaces for beams and rafters. Climate 
 healthy. The harbour bar has a depth at ordinary springs of 
 23 ft. high water, 16 ft. low water ; depth alongside quays 7 ft. 
 high water, nil low water. It has a British consul. P. about 
 30,000. 
 
 Swatragh, tn,, Ire., E. co. Londonderry, bar. Loughinsholin. 
 1522 
 
 18J m. N. by E. Cookstown, 3 m. N. Maghera stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Swavesey, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, Chesterton div. , 8 m. N W. 
 Cambridge, on the M. R. and G. E. R., PMT.O. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 S'way, par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., 11^ m. 
 ENE. Bournemouth, 4 m. NW. Lvmington, on the L. & SW. 
 R.,PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Swayfleld, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , 10 m. 
 N. by W. Stamford, i m. S. Corby stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 S'wazl-Iand, country inhabited by the Swazis, a warlike Kaffir 
 race, in the SE. of Africa, bounded on the E. by the Lobombo 
 Mts. , which separate it from Tonga-land and the S. of Portu- 
 guese East Africa, on the other sides surrounded by the South 
 African Republic, of which it is now a dependency. The country 
 is a tableland, healthy and well watered, drained wholly into 
 Delagoa Bay, the N. part by the Komati, the S. by several 
 feeders of the Maputa. The whole land of the country had 
 been granted in concession for grazing, farming, mining, and 
 other purposes to citizens of the South African Republic and 
 others, and the Republic itself had acquired from the chief so 
 many rights to land and other sources of revenue in the state, 
 that in 1895 the independence of the chief had become only 
 nominal, and in that year the administration of the country was 
 taken over by the Republic, though the country was not formally' 
 ' annexed. ' The country has long been known to be rich in 
 minerals, the most celebrated mines being the Piggs Peak and 
 Forbes Reef gold-mines. Area about 8000 sq. m. Estimated 
 P. 60,000. 
 
 Swede, isls. , Pacific. See Lamotrek. 
 
 Swedeland, settlement, U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery 
 CO. , on Schuylkill R. , 14 m. NW. by N. Philadelphia. 
 
 S^weden, the kingdom which forms the E. portion of the 
 Scandinavian Penin., stretches from 69° 3' to 55° 20' N. , a 
 distance of nearly 1000 m. , though the breadth nowhere reaches 
 200 m., and is bounded N. by Norway, E. by Finland, the Gulf 
 of Bothnia, and the Baltic Sea, S. by the last-named, and W. 
 by the Kattegat, Skager-Rak, and Norway, E. and W. limits 
 24° 13' and 11° 10' E. The area is nearly double that of Great 
 Britain. It is divided as shown in the following table :— 
 
 Area of the Provinces of Sweden, with the Population in Thou- 
 sands, and the rate of Increase per Cent, per Annum of the 
 Population of the Great Divisions between the successive 
 Censuses for which particulars are here given : — 
 
 
 
 Population in Thousands. 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Province^ 
 
 Area in 
 
 
 
 
 per 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 
 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 
 
 1870. 
 
 1 880. 
 
 1890. 
 143 
 
 1890. 
 
 Blekinge . 
 
 1. 163 
 
 126 
 
 137 
 
 123 
 
 Christianstad . 
 
 2-514 
 
 222 
 
 231 
 
 222 
 
 41 
 
 Elpborg . 
 
 4.952 
 
 279 
 
 289 
 
 276 
 
 56 
 
 Goteborg and Bohus 
 
 1,970 
 
 232 
 
 261 
 
 298 
 
 151 
 
 Gotland (isl.) . 
 
 1,217 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 51 
 
 42 
 
 Halland . 
 
 1,897 
 
 127 
 
 135 
 
 136 
 
 72 
 
 Jonkoping 
 
 4.469 
 
 180 
 
 196 
 
 194 
 
 43 
 
 Kalmar . 
 
 4.437 
 
 233 
 
 245 
 
 233 
 
 53 
 
 Kronoberg 
 
 3.860 
 
 159 
 
 170 
 
 161 
 
 88 
 
 Malmohus 
 
 1,851 
 
 316 
 
 349 
 
 369 
 
 199 
 
 Ostergottland . 
 
 4.238 
 
 254 
 
 267 
 
 267 
 
 63 
 
 Skaraborg 
 
 3.305 
 
 244 
 
 258 
 
 247 
 
 75 
 
 Gotland 
 
 38,923 > 
 
 2,427 
 
 2,694 
 
 2,697 
 
 67 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 0-68 
 
 0-01 
 
 
 Gefleborg 
 
 7.651 
 
 147 
 
 179 
 
 207 
 
 27 
 
 Kopparberg . 1 
 Malar Lake . J 
 
 ".599 
 
 176 
 
 190 
 
 197 
 
 17 
 
 Orebro . 
 
 3.521 
 
 168 
 
 182 
 
 183 
 
 52 
 
 Sodermanland 
 
 2,641 
 
 136 
 
 147 
 
 155 
 
 59 
 
 Stockholm (tn.) ( 
 
 2.951 
 
 i 136 
 ( 131 
 
 169 
 
 246 
 
 83 
 
 Stockholm (prov.) ( 
 
 147 
 
 153 
 
 135 
 
 Upsala . 
 
 2,052 
 
 lOI 
 
 III 
 
 121 
 
 59 
 
 Vermland 
 
 7.457 
 
 260 
 
 268 
 
 253 
 
 34 
 
 Vestmanland . 
 
 2,631 
 
 114 
 
 128 
 
 137 
 
 52 
 
 Svearike 
 
 41,161 2 
 
 1,369 
 
 1,622 
 
 1,662 
 
 40 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 1-06 
 
 0-83 
 
 
 Jemtland . . 
 
 20,163 
 
 70 
 
 84 
 
 100 
 
 5 
 
 Norrbotten 
 
 41,242 
 
 76 
 
 91 
 
 105 
 
 3 
 
 Vesterbotten . 
 
 22,819 
 
 92 
 
 106 
 
 123 
 
 5 
 
 Vesternorrland 
 
 9.670 
 
 135 
 
 169 
 
 209 
 
 22 
 
 Norrland 
 
 93,893 » 
 
 373 
 
 460 
 
 637 
 
 6 
 
 Increase . 
 Sweden (total) . 
 
 
 
 1-90 
 
 1-78 
 4,786 
 
 
 173,968* 
 
 4,169 
 
 4,666 
 
 28 
 
 Increase . 
 
 
 
 0-78 
 
 0-47 
 
 
 1 Including 5106 sq. m. of inland waters, of which' 2307 sq. m. belong 
 to Lake Wener, 742 sq. m. to Lake Wetter. 
 
 2 Including 3346 sq. m. of inland waters, of which 451 sq. m. belong 
 to Lake Malar, 197 sq. m. toLake Hjelinar. 
 
 3 Including 5519 sq. m. of inland waters. 
 
 * Including 13,970 sq. m. of inland waters. 
 
SWED — S WEE 
 
 The surface constitutes an inclined plain, sloping from the 
 main range of the Kjolen Mts. , from alts, of 700c ft. in the N. 
 and 3500 ft. in the S. , SE. towards the level of the Baltic Sea. 
 The S. portion of the kingdom is, however, in great part occu- 
 pied by a plateau of 700-900 ft. average elevation. The inclined 
 plain of the N. is trenched by numerous narrow valleys, all run- 
 ning SE. , and in many places almost wholly occupied by ribbon- 
 like lakes (Torne&, Luled, Stor-Afvan, Stor-Uman, Storsjo, 
 Siljan, &c. ). S. Sweden is also studded with lakes, some of 
 them [e.g. , Wener, Wetter, Malar, and Hjelmar) being of great 
 size. Altogether, lakes constitute more than 8 per cent, of the 
 total area. The entire coast, nearly 1600 m. long, is every- 
 where very ragged, affording a great number of harbours and 
 ports. It is fringed in many parts with small bare rocky islands — 
 the Skargard or ' skerry-fence. ' The coast of the Gulf of Bothnia 
 is gradually rising ; on the contrary, the coast of the extreme S. 
 is rapidly sinking. The large Baltic isls. of Gothland and 
 Oland belong to Sweden. The rivers are all short, none 
 reaching 300 m. in length. In many cases they are merely 
 torrents, descending the valleys, flowing through the lakes, 
 and forming several waterfalls (Niaumelsaska, Edfors, Tannfors, 
 TroUhatta). The more important, going from N. to S. , are the 
 TorneA (or Muonio), Kalix, LuleA, Pitea, Byske, Skelleftea, 
 Umed, Angerman, Indal, Ljusna, Dal, Em, Helge, Nissa, and 
 Gota. Geology. — The vast bulk of Sweden consists of crystal- 
 line granite and gneiss of the oldest ages ; over these are spread, 
 more particularly in the S. , thin layers of Silurian rocks. The 
 surface is in many parts thickly strewn with erratic boulders and 
 with long narrow ridges of smooth stones (dsar), relics of the 
 Glacial age, when Sweden was hidden under a vast ice-sheet. 
 Except on the coasts, the clliuate is continental ; but it is sub- 
 ject to great yearly fluctuations, and to a wide range between 
 summer and winter. S. of 6c° N. the yearly mean temp, is 
 40.4°-44.9° F. , Jan. 24.5°-3i.3°, July 6o.3°-63.9°. N. of that 
 parallel, on the coast, the yearly mean temp, is 31. 9° -40° F. , 
 Jan. io.i°-24.5°, J"ly 56.4-61°; but inland the yearly mean 
 temp, falls to 29.1° F., Jan. 3.1°, July 57.7°. The rfall. is 
 heaviest in the S. , next the Kattegat, where it averages 28-32^ 
 in. Thence it decreases N. to 15^ in. in Lapland, and to 
 12| in. in the extreme SE. The vegetation consists principally 
 of forest-trees, low scrub, arctic forms of low growth, and culti- 
 vated crops. The fanna includes the bear, wolf, lynx, glutton, 
 fox, lemming, wild reindeer, a few elk, hare, several birds of prey 
 (hawks, falcons, eagles, owls), most of the European game birds, as 
 the ptarmigan, blackcock, heath-cock, hazel-grouse, partridge, 
 and snipe, and swarms of aquatic birds. Foxes are extremely 
 common, and in certain seasons lemmings also. Singing-birds 
 frequent S. Sweden in the warm months ; and during the same 
 period gnats are a great plague in Lapland (extreme N. of 
 Sweden). Agriculture, mining, forestry work, and manufactur- 
 ing are the principal occupations. Although fully one-half of 
 the people are dependent upon agrlcnltnre, less than 8 per 
 cent, of the area, and that principally in the S., in the division 
 of Gotland, is cultivated. Potatoes, oats, and rye are the 
 chief crops ; barley, wheat, and fodder are also grown. 
 Pasturage is found over about 4 per cent, of the area. Forests 
 cover two-fifths of the area ; N. Sweden, or Norrland, i's in fact 
 little else than one gigantic expanse of pine, fir, larch, and wild 
 berry and other scrub. In middle and southern Sweden the 
 predominating forest trees are oak, ash, alder, and Coni- 
 fercB. The country is everywhere rich in minerals, more 
 particularly in iron and copper. These, as well as silver, man- 
 ganese, zinc, nickel, and cobalt, are all extracted, principally in 
 central Sweden and in the extreme N. (Gellivara). Coal is 
 mined near the S. end of the country. Turf moors abound 
 nearly everywhere. Fisheries. — The coasts are lined with a 
 thin sprinkling of fisher folk, who catch herrings, sprats, 
 flounders, mackerel, haddock, and cod. The busiest In- 
 dustries are connected with iron, timber, sugar, and cotton. 
 Next in order come breweries, and manufactures of tobacco, 
 paper, cloth, furniture, matches, leather, papier-mach6, bricks, 
 glass, chemicals, and woollens. Conimnnlcatlons. — All the 
 middle parts of the country, corresponding to the great division 
 of Svealand, or Sweden proper, are admirably equipped with 
 waterways for inland navigation, not only in the great lakes, but 
 in the numerous canals which connect them one with the other 
 and with the sea on both E. and W. The rivers are, as a rule, 
 too torrential, except in their lower courses, to be serviceable for 
 much else except floating down timber and turning saw and 
 other mills. The lakes are ice-bound for periods varying from 
 three to seven months in the year. Sweden possesses, moreover, 
 a railway system of nearly 1800 m. in length. There is unbroken 
 railway communication between Malmo on the Sound and Gelli- 
 vara in the far N. ; indeed, the line is being extended from Gellivara 
 still further to the N W. , namely, to Ofoten Fjord on the W. ct. 
 of Norway. Other lines connect Stockholm with Christiania, 
 the cap. of Norway, and with Trondhjem, near the middle of 
 the W. ct. of the same country. Commerce. — All round the 
 coasts of Sweden there are a great number of little seaports, 
 generally accessible to large vessels. The foreign commerce 
 
 reaches an aggregate of more than thirty-two millions sterling, 
 the imports exceeding the exports by about four millions. 
 The imports consist principally of textiles (nearly one-third of 
 the total), groceries (more than one-sixth), minerals (less than 
 one-sixth), with machinery, cereals and flour, wine and spirits, 
 fish, manure, oils, paper, and coals. More than one-half of 
 the exports consists of timber and wood-pulps ; the remaining 
 objects are minerals (one-sixth of the total), butter and bacon 
 (one-sixth), cereals and flour, matches, paper, and textiles. 
 Nearly half the minerals, more than half the timber, and nearly 
 all the butter (exceeding one million sterling), are sent to Great 
 Britain. The weights, measures, and money are identical 
 with those of Norway {q.v.). The head of the government is 
 a hereditary constitutional monarch. The responsible execu- 
 tive is vested in a council of seven ministers. The legislative 
 functions are entrusted to a parliament of two chambers, one 
 (nearly 150 members) elected for nine years by the provincial 
 councils and the municipal councils of certain large towns ; the 
 other consists of close upon 230 members, who are elected 
 directly or indirectly by the rural districts and the towns. The 
 standing army embraces two classes of men — one class are 
 enlisted, and serve from two to six years ; the other class are 
 given a cottage and a fixed annual pay, but only serve about 
 one month in the year with the colours. In addition there is a 
 militia, embracing all males between 21 and 33 years of age. 
 The navy is composed of nearly 20 large armoured vessels and 
 nearly 50 unarmoured boats of smaller size. The population 
 are almost entirely pure Swedes, descended from an old Teu- 
 tonic stock, which is believed to have crossed over into Sweden 
 before 1500 B.C. (Montelius). The tribe in the extreme S. were 
 however called Goths, though very closely akin to their N. 
 neighbours, the Svea. In the N. forests there are some 17,000 
 Finns and 6000 Lapps ; the latter, and many of the former, 
 are nomads, owning large herds of reindeer. The language is a 
 development of the ancient Scandinavian or Norrcenian tongue. 
 Between 20,000 and 50,000 Swedes emigrate every year, the 
 greater proportion of them going to the United States. The state 
 religion, professed by nearly the whole of the people, is Luther- 
 anism ; but all creeds are tolerated. Primary education, which 
 is free and compulsory, is imparted in excellent schools. The 
 illiteracy of the country barely exceeds \ per cent, of the popu- 
 lation. There are two universities, Upsala and Lund, and a 
 medical school at Stockholm, besides several schools of naviga- 
 tion and technical sciences. Of the towns, Stockholm (the 
 cap. ) and Gothenburg each has a population exceeding 100,000 ; 
 there are 17 others with more than 10,000 inhabitants each; and 
 of these again Malmo, Norrkoping, Gefle, Upsala, Karlskrona, 
 and Helsingborg have between 20,000 and 50,000 each. History. 
 — Down to past the middle of the 13th century the Svea and the 
 Goths existed side by side as separate states, the former being 
 heathens down to the middle of the 12th century, the latter 
 Christians from the 9th century. In this same century the S. 
 part of Gotland, known as Scania, was conquered by Denmark, 
 and was held by her (with interruptions) down to the 17th 
 century. On the other hand Finland was added to the lands of 
 the Swedish crown in 1155-60. For about 120 years after the 
 opening of the 17th century Sweden, under Gustavus Adolphus 
 and Charles XII., played a conspicuous part in the politics of 
 Europe, and possessed Livonia, Esthonia, and part of Pomerania 
 on the E. and S. coasts of the Baltic ; but since the loss of Fin- 
 land in 1809 her territory has been confined to the Scandinavian 
 penin. [J. T. B.] 
 
 Swedesboro, tn. , U.S., New Jersey, Gloucester co. , 13 m. 
 SW. by S. Philadelphia (Penn.), at head of sloop navigation. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Sween Loch, inlet, Scot., Argyllshire, on the NW. of Knap- 
 dale (55° 56'-56° 3' N. ). 
 
 Sweer's Islan«I. small isl. , Queensland, in SE. of Gulf of 
 Carpentaria, in 17° 10' S. , 139° 45' E. Mean temp. (2 J yrs. , 
 1868-71), yr. 79.0° F., Jan. 83.5°, July 70.2°. 
 
 Sweet Air Hill, U.S., Maryland, Baltimore co. 
 
 Sweet Chalybeate, vil. , U.S., Virginia, Alleghany co. ; a 
 summer resort, so named from its mineral springs. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 S-weet Grass Hills, or Three Bnttes, U.S., Montana, in 
 extreme N. , between 111° and 112° W. ; contain coal and other 
 valuable mineral deposits ; highest point, 6700 ft. 
 
 Sweethope, par., Eng., Northumberland, 7^ m. E. BeUing- 
 ham. P. <25o. 
 
 Sweetland, gold-mining vil., U.S., California, co. and 10 m. 
 NW. Nevada. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sweetsburg, post-vil. , Canada, Quebec, Missisquoi co. , 50 
 m. SE. by E. Montreal, on a railway. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Sweet Springs, city, U.S., Missouri, near Blackwater R.; 
 is much resorted to for its valuable saline and sulphur springs. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Sweet Water, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Monroe co., 62 m. 
 NE. Chattanooga. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sweet Water, vil., U.S., Texas, Nolan co., 218 m. W. by 
 S. Dallas. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sweet Water Klver, riv., U.S., Wyoming, rises in SE. of 
 
 1523 
 
SWEF — SWIT 
 
 Wind River Mts. , flows through Rocky Mts. into N. Fork of 
 Platte R. , after an E. course of about i6o m. 
 
 Swefllng, par., Eng. , Suffolk, Eye div. , on the Aide, 17 m. 
 NE. Ipswich, 2J m. W. by N. Saxmundham stn. , P.O. 
 (Swefillng). P. < 500. 
 
 Swell, par. , Eng. , Somerset, S. div. , 9 m. E. by S. Taunton. 
 P. <25o. See FiTehead. 
 
 Swell, Lower and Upper, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 14^ m. E. by N. Cheltenham, 
 3^ m. W. Addlestrop stn. Lower Swell, P. <soo ; Upper Swell, 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 S'wellendam, municip. , Cape Colony, cap. of Swellendam 
 div., 115 m. E. Cape Town. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Swepstonc, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, div. and 5 m. NNW. 
 Bosworth, 2 m. W. Heather stn., P.O. P. <:75o; eccles. par. 
 {Swep8tone with Siiareston) P. < 1000. 
 
 Severe, riv. , Eng., O.xfordshire, rises in the extreme W. 
 of the Banbury div. , and flows E. into the Cherwell, on the r. 
 bk. , about 3 m. below Adderbury. 
 
 Swerford, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, on the Swere, div. and 
 8 m. SW. Banbury, 4^ m. NE. by E. Chipping Norton, P.O. 
 P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (Swerford wltli Showell) P. <50o. 
 
 Sivettenbani, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 8^ m. 
 SW. by W. Macclesfield, on the riv. Dane, 2 m. E. Hoknes 
 Chapel stn. , P. O. P. < 250. 
 
 SweTeghem, comm. , Belgium, pro v. W. Flanders, arr. 
 Court rai. P. < 5000. 
 
 Swerezeele, comra., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. 
 Thielt. P. 5500. 
 
 Swift, CO., U.S., Minnesota, in the W., to the N. of 45° N., 
 and crossed in the W. by 96° W. , bounded for a short distance 
 on the SW. by the Minnesota R. 
 
 Swift Current, stn. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. 
 R. , 511 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 S'wlUand, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , 54 m. N. 
 by E. Ipswich, 4 m. NNE. Westerfield stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Swllltugton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston 
 Ash div., 5^ m. ESE. Leeds, 2 m. SW. Garforth stn. P. 
 
 <IOOO. 
 
 Swllly, riv., Ire., in the middle of co. Donegal, flows E. 
 into the head of Lough Swilly. 
 
 Swllly, Longh, inlet, Ire. , in the N. of co. Donegal, about 
 24 m. long, with an average breadth of about 2^ m. On 
 Tannet Point, at W. side of its entrance, is a lighthouse, in 
 55° 16' 33" N., 7° 38' W. , and it is there 3! m. across. 
 
 Swlmbrldge, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, div. and 4 m. ESE. 
 Barnstaple, on the G. W. R., P.O. ; 7146 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Swln, East. See Sauk Light-Vessel. 
 
 Swln, Loch, sea-loch, Scot., Argyllshire, opposite Jural., 
 extends NE. from the Sound of Jura gi m. 
 
 Swlnbrook, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and loj m. W. 
 by S. Woodstock, on the Windrush, 4 m. S. Ascott-under- 
 Wychwood stn., P.O. P. <25o. See Wldford. 
 
 Swln Channel, in mouth of Thames R. , Eng. , the main 
 channel from the Nore to the N. , divided into West, Middle, 
 and East ; the first separated by Maplin Sands from the Essex 
 coast S. of the Crouch ; the second between Foulness Sand (N. 
 of the Maplin Sand) and Barrow Sand ; and the third between 
 Gunfleet and the Sunk. There are light-vessels at the Nore, in 
 the middle of the W. Swin (each visible 10 m.), and at the N. 
 end of the E. Swin. 
 
 Swlndale, eccles. par., Eng., Westmorland, in ancient par. 
 of Shap. P. <:25o. 
 
 Swlndale Bum, riv., Eng., Westmorland, flowing N. 
 through the Appleby div., and joining the Lowther at Rosgill. 
 
 Swluden, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 on the Ribble, 13^ m. N. Burnley, 2 m. SSE. Hellifield stn. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Swinderby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 8^ 
 m. SW. Lincoln, on the M. R., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Swindle Island, Canada, Brit. Columbia, S. of Princess 
 Royal I. 
 
 Swindon, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., li 
 m. NNW. Cheltenham, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Swindon, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, in ancient par. 
 of Wombom, adjoining Wolverhampton on the W., PM.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Swindon, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade div., 33 m. N. 
 Salisbury, 28 m. (29;^ m. by rail) ENE. Bath, 77 m. by rail 
 W. London. The par. is made up of the towns (urban sanitary 
 dists.) of Old and New Swindon, together with the outlying 
 dists. of Gorse Hill and Even Swindon. The original nucleus 
 of the population belonged to the present Old Swindon, and 
 the growth of New Swindon (N. of Old Swindon), till 1840 a 
 marsh, is due to the establishment there in 1841 of the loco- 
 motive department, workshops, and central office of the 
 G. W. R., which here has its junctoin station of Swindon ; 
 men employed, in all upwards of 10,000. The station, called 
 Swindon Town, on the M. & SW. Joint Rly., is in Old 
 Swindon, which still has the characteristics of an agricultural 
 1524 
 
 centre, corn -markets being held here every Monday, cattle- 
 markets on the second and last Mondays in the month, and 
 fairs four times a year. Par. 4265 ac. , P. 33,000; tn., Old 
 Swindon, P. (1881) 4700; (1891) 5500 ; Xew Swindon (1871) 
 P. 7600; (1881) 17,700; (1891)27,300. 
 Swine, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div. , 
 
 5 m. NNE. Hull, on the NE. R., P.O. P. <25o. 
 Swine, channel, Prussia. See Stettlner HaflT. 
 Swlnetleet and Reeduess, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 
 Osgoldcross div., on the Ouse, 2 m. E. by S. Goole, PM.O. 
 (Swlnefleet) ; 5555 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Swlneford, tn. , Ire., E. co. Mayo, bar. Gallen, 13 m. SE. 
 Ballina, 7 m. from Foxford stn. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Swlneniiinde, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, isl. of Usedom, 
 cap. circle Usedom-Wollin, 37 m. NNW. Stettin. Depth at 
 mouth of riv. Swine, 22-23 ft- '< alongside quays, 20 ft. 
 P. 8400. 
 
 SM'lnesliead (swainz'hfid), par., Eng., in a detached part of 
 Huntingdonshire, Huntingdon div., 11 m. E. by S. Welling- 
 borough, 3^ m. SSW. Kimbolton stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Swlneshead (swainz'hgd), par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Parts of 
 Holland div., in the Fens, 6 m. WSW. Boston, 2 m. SSE. of 
 its stn. on the G. N. R. The sea formerly reached this town, 
 which had a harbour near the market-place, in which are still 
 to be seen remains of the old stocks. No market now held. 
 Near the village are remains of an abbey, and close by those of 
 a Danish encampment. PMT.O. 7108 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Swluesnnd, an inlet of the Skager-Rak, between Norway 
 and Sweden. 
 
 Swlnetborpe, part of eccles. par., Eng., Lincolnshire. See 
 Harby. 
 
 Swlnfen and Packlngton, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. 
 and 2| ni. SE. by S. Lichfield. P. <2So. 
 
 Swinford, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Harborough div. , 5 m. 
 NE. by E. Rugby, i m. NE. Lilbourne stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 See Stanford-ou-Avou. 
 
 Swinford, Ire. See Swlneford. 
 
 Swinford, Old, eccles. par., Eng., N. Worcestershire, Droit- 
 wich div., adjoining Stourbridge on the S. P. <:3000. 
 
 Swinford, Upper, par., Eng., Worcestershire, a suburb of 
 Stourbridge. P. < 3500. 
 
 SM'ingflelfl, par., Eng., Kent, St, Augustine div., 4I m. N. 
 Folkestone, 3^ m. W. Kearsney stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Swlnhlll, vil. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, in Dalserf par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Swlnhoe, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., gh m. N. by E. Alnwick, i m. from Beadnell Bay, ij m. 
 ENE. ChathiUstn., P.O. P.<:2So. 
 
 Swluhope, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 9 m. 
 NW. Louth, 6 m. W. Ludborough stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Swluuerton, P.O., Eng., Staffordshire. See Swynnerton. 
 
 Swlnney Beck, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond 
 div. , trib. of the Ure, which it joins on the r. bk. at Masham. 
 
 Swlnong-tlao, isl. group, Gulf of Tongking. See Norway 
 Islands. 
 
 Swlnscoe, part of par., Eng., Staffordshire. See Blore. 
 
 Swlnstead, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , 10 m. 
 N. Stamford, 2^ m. SE. Corby stn., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Swlnthorpe^ par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 6 
 m. W. Lincoln, 3 m. NNW. Thorpe-on-the-Hill stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Swlnton, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Eccles div., 5 m. 
 NW. by W. Manchester, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. P. 
 12,800; tn. (Swlnton and Pendlebury) P. 21,600. 
 
 Swlnton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 17 m. NE. by N. York, 2 m. WNW. Malton, 
 ^ m. SE. Amotherby stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Swlnton, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 
 4 m. NNE. Rotherham, with stns. on the M. R. and the M. S. 
 
 6 L. R. ; manufactures earthenware, glass, and iron ; has loco- 
 motive repairing works. PMT.O. P. 9700. 
 
 Swlnton, par., Scot., Berwickshire, 4^ m. N. Coldstream, 
 3 J m. NW. by W. Twizel stn., PMT.O.; 5561 ac. P.< 
 1 000. 
 
 Swlnton, vil. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, Old Monkland par. , 5 m. 
 E. Glasgow. 
 
 Swlnton with "Watermarske, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. 
 Riding, Richmond div., 8 m. NW. Ripon, i^ m. WSW. 
 Masham stn., P.O. (Swlnton). P. <2SO. 
 
 Swisher, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW., to the S. of 35° N., 
 and E. of 102° W. 
 
 Swiss Cottage, stn., Eng., London, on the Aylesbury branch 
 of the Metropolitan Rly., 4 m. NW. by W. St. Paul's. 
 
 Swlthland, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Loughborough div., 
 6 m. NNW. Leicester, 4 m. WSW. Sileby stn., P.O. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Switzerland, or more correctly The Swiss Confederation, 
 a small republic surrounded by Italy, France,^ Germany, ^and 
 Austria, and extending between the hmits of 45° 48' and 47° 48' 
 N., and 5° 57' and 10° 29' E. The area, nearly 16,000 sq. m. , 
 amounts to less than one-fifth the size of Great Britain. It is 
 divided into cantons, as shown in the following table : — 
 
SWITZERLAND 
 
 
 Census, December i, i 
 
 888. Thousands (000) 
 
 omitted. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Year of 
 
 Area in 
 
 Popula- 
 
 Number of 
 
 
 Number speaking 
 
 
 Pop. 
 
 
 sion. 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 tion. 
 
 Protestants. 
 
 Catholics. 
 
 German. 1 
 
 French. 1 
 
 Italian. 1 
 
 Romonshl 
 
 per 
 sq. m. 
 
 Aargau 
 
 1803 
 
 542 
 
 194 
 
 106 
 
 86 
 
 193 
 
 o-S 
 
 0.2 
 
 — 
 
 357 
 
 Appenzell, Outer Rhodes 
 
 1573 
 
 lOI 
 
 54 
 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 54 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 
 536 
 
 ,, Inner Rhodes 
 
 1573 
 
 61 
 
 13 
 
 0.7 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 211 
 
 Basel (B41e) .... 
 
 1501 
 
 14 
 
 74 
 
 SO 
 
 22 
 
 71 
 
 2.0 
 
 0-3 
 
 — 
 
 5268 
 
 Basel-land (Bale-Campagne) . 
 
 1 501 
 
 163 
 
 62 
 
 49 
 
 13 
 
 62 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.1 
 
 — 
 
 380 
 
 Bern (Berne) .... 
 
 1353 
 
 2,657 
 
 539 
 
 467 
 
 67 
 
 449-7 
 
 85.3 
 
 1.2 
 
 — 
 
 202 
 
 Freiburg (Fribourg) 
 
 1481 
 
 644 
 
 120 
 
 19 
 
 100 
 
 37 
 
 81.3 
 
 0.3 
 
 — 
 
 185 
 
 Geneva 
 
 1815 
 
 108 
 
 107 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 33 
 
 — 
 
 0.2 
 
 — 
 
 977 
 
 Glarus 
 
 1352 
 
 267 
 
 34 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 89.1 
 
 2.6 
 
 — 
 
 127 
 
 Orisons 
 
 1803 
 
 2.773 
 
 96 
 
 52 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 0.2 
 
 ^2,-7 
 
 3-7 
 
 34 
 
 Lucerne 
 
 1332 
 
 579 
 
 136 
 
 8 
 
 127 
 
 134 
 
 0.4 
 
 o-S 
 
 — 
 
 234 
 
 Neuchatel .... 
 
 1815 
 
 312 
 
 109 
 
 94 
 
 12 
 
 23 
 
 83.8 
 
 i-S 
 
 — 
 
 347 
 
 St. Oall 
 
 1803 
 
 779 
 
 229 
 
 92 
 
 135 
 
 226 
 
 O-S 
 
 1-5 
 
 0.4 
 
 293 
 
 
 1501 
 
 114 
 
 38 
 
 33 
 
 5 
 
 38 ■ 
 
 0.1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 331 
 
 Schwiz 
 
 1291 
 
 351 
 
 50 
 
 I 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.6 
 
 — 
 
 143 
 
 Solothurn (Soleure) 
 
 148 1 
 
 302 
 
 86 
 
 22 
 
 64 
 
 84 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.1 
 
 — 
 
 284 
 
 Ticino (Tessin) 
 
 1803 
 
 1,088 
 
 127 
 
 1 
 
 125 
 
 2 
 
 0.2 
 
 124-5 
 
 — 
 
 n6 
 
 Thurgau ' . 
 
 1803 
 
 381 
 
 105 
 
 74 
 
 30 
 
 104 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 — 
 
 275 
 
 Unterwald, Ob dem Wald . 
 
 1291 
 
 183 
 
 15 
 
 0.3 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 — 
 
 0.3 
 
 — 
 
 82 
 
 NiddemWald . 
 
 1291 
 
 112 
 
 13 
 
 o.t 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 — 
 
 0.4 
 
 . — 
 
 112 
 
 Uri 
 
 1291 
 
 415 
 
 17 
 
 0.4 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 — 
 
 0.2 
 
 — 
 
 42 
 
 Valais 
 
 1815 
 
 2,027 
 
 102 
 
 0.8 
 
 10 1 
 
 32.5 
 
 69.0 
 
 0.9 
 
 — 
 
 SO 
 
 Vaud 
 
 1803 
 
 1,244 
 
 251 
 
 225 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 218.4 
 
 3-4 
 
 — 
 
 199 
 
 Zug (Zoug) .... 
 
 1352 
 
 92 
 
 23 
 
 I 
 
 22 
 
 28 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.1 
 
 — 
 
 250 
 
 Zurich 
 
 Total 
 
 1351 
 
 666 
 
 34 
 
 294 
 
 40 
 
 332 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.1 
 
 0.2 
 
 506 
 
 
 15.976 
 
 2.933 
 
 1,717 1,184 
 
 2,083 
 
 635 
 
 15s 
 
 4-9 
 
 183 
 
 1 A dash ( — ) indicates that the number is less than 100 (o.i of a thousand). 
 
 Total population of Switzerland in thousands, and average in- 
 crease per cent, per annum between the successive censuses : — 
 
 Population 
 Increase 
 
 i860. 
 2510.5 
 
 1870. 
 2655.0 
 
 2831.8 
 0.65 
 
 2917.8 
 0.37 
 
 The conflgnratlon of the surface is essentially determined by 
 the great mountainous masses of the Alps (q.v.) and by the 
 Jura {q.v.) Mts. Between these two systems extends a greatly 
 broken upland region of 1200 to 2500 ft. in average elevation, 
 diversified by several lakes and deep valleys, and by the northern 
 spurs and outliers of the Alps, e.g., Schafberg (7290 ft.). Roth- 
 horn (7714 ft), Pilatus (6999 ft.), Albis (2864 ft.), Irchel (2284 
 ft.), Santis (4935 ft.), Glarnisch (9535 ft.). The lowest elevation 
 of Switzerland is the basin (646 ft. ) of the Lago Maggiore, on 
 the Italian side of the Alps ; the lowest point N. of the Alps is at 
 Basel (912 ft.). About 70^ per cent, of the surface is drained 
 by the riv. Rhine and its afifluents (Thur, Aar, Kander, Saane, 
 Zihl, Emme, Reuss, Linth, Limmat) ; 16^ per cent, by the 
 Rhone (fed by the Visp, Lonza, Drance, Borgne, &c.) ; 8^ per 
 cent, by the Ticino, Maggia, Moesa, and other streams belong- 
 ing to the basin of the Po ; and 4^ per cent, by the Inn (trib. 
 of Danube). The lakes occupy 520 sq. m. of the surface ; the 
 more important are those of Geneva, Neuchatel, Murten 
 (Morat), Biel (Bienne), Thun, Brienz, Lucerne, Zug, Sempach, 
 Hallwyler, Zurich, Walenstadt, Constance (Bodensee) — all these 
 on the N. side of the Alps ; on the S. side are portions of Lago 
 Maggiore and Lugano. But the glaciers of the Alps occupy 
 a still larger area, viz. , 710 sq. m. , or nearly 4^ per cent, of the 
 total area. The climate necessarily presents great contrasts 
 in different dists. , chiefly owing to the wide range of elevation, 
 "but partly also to the confined character of many of the valleys. 
 In the lower region the temp, varies between the limits for Bern 
 •(alt. 1880 ft.) on the N. side of the Alps, and Lugano (900 ft.) 
 on the S. side: thus — yr. (15 yrs.) 46.8° F. (Bern) — 53° (Lugano) ; 
 Jan. 29.4°-35.6°, July 64.8°-7i.6°. The averages on the Great 
 St. Bernard (8130 ft. ) will illustrate the variations on the highest 
 inhabited Alpine tracts — yr. (15 yrs.) 29.7°, Jan. 17.4°, July 
 45.3°. The rainfall is heaviest amongst the spurs and outliers 
 of the Alps, viz. , 65 to 100 in. ; in the broad plain of the Aar 
 it is only 35 in. The heavy rain in the uplands sometimes 
 causes serious landslips {e.g., at Goldau, E. of the Rigi, in 1806; 
 at Zug in 1887). A characteristic feature during the summer 
 months is the occurrence of the fiilin {q.v.), a hot dry wind 
 which is frequently the occasion of serious fires {e.g. , Meiringen 
 in 1891). The healthiness of Switzerland is attested by the 
 number of summer, and even winter, resorts which in recent 
 years have been established on the slopes and in the valleys 
 of the Alps : Davos-Platz, St. Moritz, Samaden, Pontresina, 
 Sils Maria, Tarasp, Bergiin, St. Beatenberg, Urseren, Heiden, 
 Engelberg, Seelisberg, Miirren, and Grindelwald, all at alts. 
 between 3000 and 6000 ft., may be named as being the most 
 frequented. The shores of the Lake of Geneva (Montreux, 
 Vevey, Lausanne, Bex, &c.), Interlaken, Gersau, and Lu- 
 
 gano, at lower alts., are also frequented in the spring and 
 autumn. Flora. — Below 2500 ft. the oak, beech, fir, and 
 larch grow generally everywhere ; the pine, yew, and chestnut 
 in places. The vine flourishes up to 1800 ft., but to 2500 ft. in 
 cant. Vaud. Deciduous trees (including fruit-trees) do not 
 ascend above 2500 ft. ; at those alts, the forests are principally 
 [ Coni/ercB. At 5900 ft. the forests cease, their place being taken 
 entirely by the Alpine pastures, adorned with the Alpine rose. 
 The only forms of plant-life that penetrate to the region of 
 perpetual snow (above 8500 ft.) are saxifrages, the gentian, 
 dwarf willow, mosses, and lichens. Fanua. — In the lower 
 regions the hare and fox, buzzard, hawk, wild-duck, spoonbilled 
 i duck, and snipe are the commonest wild creatures ; in the 
 Alpine tracts the marmot and mountain hare abound, also the 
 ptarmigan and mountain finch. The chamois and roebuck are 
 becoming rare. The bear, wolf, and lynx are met with some- 
 times in the Engadine, in cant. Valais, and in the Jura Mts. 
 ! The eagle and lammergeier (vulture) frequent the Alps. The pre- 
 ■ valent occupations are agriculture, pastoral pursuits, industry, 
 j and ministering to the needs of tourists. Only 16 per cent, of 
 ! the area is, however, devoted to arable cultivation, 28 per cent. 
 [ is barren ; and not more than three or four cantons grow suffi- 
 \ cient cereals for their own consumption. The chief crops are 
 fodder, potatoes, spelt, wheat, oats, rye, the vine, vegetables, 
 j and fruit (apples and pears). Wine is made in largest quantity 
 and best quality in the W. , especially in cant. Vaud. Cattle, 
 sheep, and goats are bred and fattened in large numbers ; during 
 ' the summer they are generally fed on the Alpine pastures. 
 Meadows and grass cover 19J per cent, of the total area. Swine 
 and bees are also kept. Forests still cover about 19 per cent, 
 of the surface, in spite of excessive felling, the effects of which 
 the authorities are striving to repair. Switzerland is relatively 
 poor in minerals. Salt (plentiful in the Rhine valley), iron (in 
 the Jura), lignite, peat, and asphalt (Val de Travers) alone are 
 extracted. The country is, however, richly endowed with mineral 
 waters, the best known spas being Ragatz, Pfaffers, Schweizer- 
 hall, Rheinfelden, St. Moritz, Fideris, Leuk, Gurnigel, Schinz- 
 nacht, Baden, Stachelberg, Birmensdorf, Wildegg, Saxon. 
 The lakes were formerly well stocked with salmon, trout, and 
 gwyniad ; but these Hsli, as well as grayling, are now reared 
 in fish-hatcheries in order to stock the waters. Despite her 
 inland situation, Switzerland is the seat of very large manu- 
 factnrlng Industries, including every branch of the cotton 
 industry (cants. Ziirich, Glarus, Appenzell, St. Gall, Thurgau), 
 the manufactures of silks (Zurich and Basel), clocks and watches 
 (Geneva, Val de Joux, Chaux-de-Fonds, Locle, and other places 
 in cants. Neuchatel and Bern, and at Schaffhausen), woollens 
 (cant. Aargau), jewellery and ornaments (Geneva), embroidery 
 (cants. St. Gall, Appenzell, Thurgau), with straw - plaiting 
 (Aargau, Ticino, Freiburg), cheese-making {e.g., Emmenthal, 
 Gruyfere , Schabzieger ) , condensed milk , beer , chemicals , machinery 
 (Olten and Winterthur), and wood-carving (Bernese Oberland). 
 In these pursuits the people derive very great assistance from 
 the copious water-supplies. It is calculated that Switzerland 
 
 1525 
 
SWIT — SYDE 
 
 possesses in her rivers an aggregate of nearly one million horse- 
 power of motive force available for manufacturing purposes. 
 Switzerland lies in the most direct line of coniniuulcatlou 
 between Italy (and also formerly of the Orient) and central and 
 N. Europe, especially by the Rhine valley route. Accordingly, 
 from very early times there have been passes kept open (at all 
 events in summer) across the Alps. The Romans used the St. 
 Gothard, Julien, and St. Bernard passes. During the Middle 
 Ages these three, as well as the Simplon, Spliigen, Septimer, 
 Bemardin, and Lukmanier, were also used. At the present 
 day there are many others (see Alps, Passes). The first 
 carriage-road across the Alps was that of the Simplon, made 
 by Napoleon in 1800-1806. The first railway to climb and 
 pierce the system was that of Mont Cenis (1871). Although 
 the first railway in Switzerland was not built until 1847, the 
 country is now liberally equipped, and possesses in the St. 
 Gothard (q.v.) line over the Alps not only one of the grandest 
 pieces of railway engineering work in Europe, but also a route 
 of the first importance. [See Italy, Commerce.] Cog railways, 
 ascending the steepest mountain slopes, are a pretty common 
 feature in certain parts of Switzerland. Excellent carriage-roads 
 exist in all parts. The lakes are traversed by numerous steam- 
 boats. The postal nuloii, which was originated in Switzer- 
 land in 1874, has its headquarters at Bern. Despite the paucity 
 of her natural resources, and the obstacles arising out of the 
 configuration of her surface, Switzerland carries on a surpris- 
 ingly large, and rapidly increasing, commerce, valued in 
 1890, in the aggregate, at about seventy millions sterling (52 J 
 millions sterling in 1885). See also Appeuillx, pp. 4-5. 
 The imports, amounting to an annual value of forty million 
 pounds, consist chiefly of raw silk, cotton, wool, &c. (nearly 
 j^i2, 000,000), provisions and groceries, i.e., cereals and flotir, 
 wine, coffee, tobacco, sugar, eggs, &c. (;^io,ooo,ooo), minerals 
 (7^ millions), animals (af millions), chemicals (ij million), 
 confectionery (i million), machinery, leather, and timber; 
 the exports (^^30, 000,000), of manufactured silks, cottons, 
 and woollens (15^ millions), watches and clocks (4 millions), 
 provisions, i.e., meat, cheese, fruits, chocolate, sugar, flour, 
 wine and spirits (3 millions), gold and silver wares (nearly i^ 
 million), live stock (i million), with machinery, chemicals, 
 &c. The metrical system of M'elgiits and measures has 
 been in vogue since 1877. Money reckonings are made in 
 francs and centimes. Administration. — The legislative power 
 of the Confederation rests with the Federal Assembly, which 
 consists of two chambers : (i) the Council of States, embracing 
 two representatives chosen, variously and for one, two, or three 
 years, by each canton — 44 in all ; and (2) the National Council, 
 consisting of deputies (140 to 150) elected by the people for 
 three years at a time, in the proportion of one deputy for every 
 20,000 of the population. The executive is a body of seven 
 members, elected for three years by the Federal Assembly, and 
 styled the Federal Council. The chairman of the Federal 
 Council, who with the vice-president is elected afresh every year 
 by the Federal Assembly out of the Federal Council, acts at the 
 same time as president of the Swiss Confederation. The people 
 can, however, exercise a direct control over the acts of the 
 Federal Assembly by means of the referendum and the ' initia- 
 tive." On the demand either of 30,000 Swiss electors, or of 8 
 cantons, any proposed legislative measure must be submitted to 
 direct popular vote. The people may also propose, absolve, 
 and alter legislative measures, provided 50,000 electors demand 
 it. The cantons are self-governing communities, not in any 
 sense provs. ; the legislative machinery of the canton generally 
 consists of an elected popular assembly and a small executive, 
 the latter chosen by the former. But in a few cantons [e.g. , 
 Glarus, Uri, Appenzell) the old open-air gathering of all the 
 men still survives. The proceedings of the cantonal rulers are 
 equally subject to the referendum and the initiative ; but the 
 former is of two kinds — optional and compulsory. The optional 
 referendum exists where usually 5000 voters can require the 
 popular opinion to be taken upon any proposed measure ; the 
 compulsory, where all laws must be submitted for the people's 
 approval. Freiburg is the only canton which has not the 
 referendum. The initiative rests with, as a rule, 5000 electors. 
 The national defence devolves upon the militia, which em- 
 braces every citizen between the ages of 20 and 44 ; they are 
 divided into two categories, those under and those over 32 years 
 of age. The popalatlon belong to the German and the Latin 
 races. They speak one or more of the three official languages, 
 German, French, Italian, or else the Romonsch tongue, which 
 is used chiefly in the Grisons. Compare the table above for 
 statistics both of race and of religion. All creeds are free, 
 though the majority of the people belong either to the Reformed 
 Protestant or to the Roman Catholic churches. Jews number 
 between 7000 and 8000. Switzerland sends every year 7000 
 to 10,000 of her children abroad as emigrants, mostly to the 
 United States. Primary education is free, compulsory, and 
 unsectarian. There are four universities, at Zurich, Bern, 
 Basel, and Geneva, a Roman Catholic university at Freiburg, 
 an academy at Neuch^tel, a federal polytechnic at Zurich, 
 1526 
 
 a superior technical college at Winterthur, and various other 
 special schools. Towns. — The Federal cap. is Bern ; but the 
 three largest cities are Zurich, Geneva, and Basel, each be- 
 tween 70,000 and 100,000 inhabitants. There are twelve others 
 whose population exceeds 10,000 — Bern, Lausanne, St. Gall, 
 Chaux-de-Fonds, Lucerne, Neuchatel, Winterthur, Bienne, 
 H^risau, Schaffhausen , Freiburg, Locle. History. — The earliest 
 inhabitants were the lake-dwellers. They were succeeded by 
 the Celtic Helvetii and the Rhaetii, conquered by the Romans 
 in the first century. Then came the Burgundians and the 
 Alemanni, who settled in Switzerland in the 5th century a.d. 
 In the early Middle Ages the monasteries of St. Gall and Ein- 
 siedeln were celebrated centres of monkish learning. Early in 
 the 14th century the nucleus of the present confederation was 
 formed by the subsequent cantons of Uri, Schwiz, and Unter- 
 walden banding themselves together to resist the tyranny of the 
 Austrian rulers, for from the time of Charlemagne down to the 
 end of the 14th century the greater part of the country belonged 
 to the Empire. During the 14th century the Swiss in several 
 heroic battles shook oft" the rule of Austria, and in the 15th de- 
 feated Charles the Bold of Burgundy at Grandson, Morat, and 
 Nancy. At the period of the Reformation the league embraced 
 thirteen cantons, bound together simply by alliances. In 1798 
 the French framed the federal organisation known as the Helvetic 
 Republic, which embraced 19 cantons. The remaining three 
 were added after the treaty of Vienna (1815). Once again 
 Switzerland formed merely a union of loosely bound independent 
 states, until the existing federal constitution was called into life 
 in 1848 ; it was further amended in 1874. Topographical map 
 I : 100,000, 25 pts., 1846-65. [J. T. B.] 
 Switzerland, co., U.S., Indiana, in the extreme SE. 
 Switzers, or Waikaia, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., 
 Southland co., 57 m. NNE. Invercargill. P. < 1500. 
 
 S>vitzerTilie, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Lennox co. , 6 m. 
 from Napanee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Swona, isl. , Scot. , Orkney Is. , S. Ronaldshay par. , in Pent- 
 land Firth. P. 42. 
 Swordle and Knock, vil. , Scot. See Knock. 
 Swords, par. and tn. , Ire., NE. co. Dublin, bars. Coolock 
 and Nethercross, 8 m. N. by E. Dublin, 2^ m. W. Malahide 
 stn. ; has an ancient round tower ascribed to St. Columb, and 
 the ruins of a castle and an abbey. PMT.O. Par. P. <20oo ; 
 tn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Swormville, vil, U.S., New York, Erie co. , 4 m. E. Getz- 
 ville. P. < 1500. 
 
 SwoszoM'ice, vil. and health resort, Austria, Galicia, dist. 
 Skawina; sulphur. P. < 2000. 
 
 Swydd, vil., Wales, Cardiganshire, in Llanfihangel Lledrod 
 par., 4 m. NE. Tregaron. 
 
 8wyncomt>e, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Henley div., loj m. N. 
 
 by W. Reading, 3 m. S. by W. Watlington stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Swynnerton, par., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 6^ m. S. 
 
 by W. Stoke-upon-Trent, ij m. E. Standon Bridge stn., P.O. 
 
 (Swinnerton) ; 6481 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Swyre, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., \o\ m. W. by S. 
 Dorchester, 5 m. SE. Bridport stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Sy&mbi^z&r, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Hiiglf, 52 m. 
 WNW. Calcutta. P. (1881) 12,500. 
 
 Syas', riv., NW. Russia, govts. Novgorod and St. Petersburg, 
 flows NNW. 150 m., enters Lake Ladoga ; connected by Syas 
 Canal with Volkhov. Part of Tikhvinsk system of canals for 
 connecting Neva with Volga. 
 Sybee, isl. , Brit. New Guinea. See Saibai. 
 Sybil Head, cape, Ire., W. ct. co. Kerry, in 52° 11' N. 
 Sycamore, city, U.S., Illinois, Dekalb co., 56 m. W. by N. 
 Chicago ; manufactures agricultural machines. P. <30oo. 
 
 SycbeTka, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 153 m. NE. Smolensk, 
 near Vazuza R. P. 5300. 
 
 Sychtyn, par., Eng., Salop, 4 m. SW. Oswestry. P. <250. 
 Sydapet, tn., Brit. India. See Saidapet. 
 Sydeiiliam, vil. , Canada. See Catlicart. 
 Sydenham, riv., Canada, Ontario, flows SW. through 
 Lambton and Kent cos. into Lake St. Clair. Length, 100 m. 
 
 Sydenliam (sid'nam), suburb of London, Eng., Kent, 
 Lewisham bor. (partly in Camberwell bor., Surrey), 5^ m. 
 SSE. St. Paul's, on the L. B. & S. C. R. and the SE. R. , with 
 two other stns. (Fpper Sydenham and Sydenliam Hill) on 
 different lines of the L. C. & D. R. , and a fourth stn. (Lower 
 Sydenham) on the Mid Kent line of the SE. R. 
 
 Sydenham, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 14^ m. E. 
 by S. Oxford, 2^ m. W. Chinnor stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Sydenham, stn.. Ire., NE. co. Down, bar. Lower Castle- 
 reagh, 3^ m. ENE. Belfast, on Belfast Lough and the Belfast 
 and Bangor Rly. 
 
 Sydenham, bor.. New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co., suburb 
 of Christchurch, on the S. P. 9700. 
 Sydenham, isl. See Nonntl. 
 
 Sydenham Damerel, or South Sydenham, par., Eng., 
 Devonshire, Tavistock div., 7^ m. SE. Launceston, 4^ m. 
 WNW. Tavistock stn., P.O. (South Sydenham). P. <soo. 
 
S Y D E 
 
 SYR A 
 
 Syderstone, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div. , i6 m. ENE. 
 King's Lynn, 4 J m. SSE. Stanhoe stn., P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Sydllng 8t. Nicholas, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 6J 
 m. NW. by N. Dorchester, 2^ m. ENE. Maiden Newton stn., 
 PMT.O. (Sydlliig); 5i3oac. P. <75o. 
 
 Sydniontoii, par. , Eng. , Hants, 3 m. W. Kingsclere. P. < 
 250. See Itchlngswell. 
 
 Sydney, seapt. tn. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I. and 
 CO. , on the E. arm of Sydney Harbour. The tidal harbour has 
 depth at entrance low water of 44 ft.; alongside wharves at 
 ordinary springs high water 22 ft., low water 18 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 40.9" P., Feb. 20.3°, Aug. 62.8°. P. <30co. North 
 Sydney, on the W. arm of Sydney Harbour, 7^ m. WNW. 
 
 8y«lney, cap. and seapt. tn.. New South Wales, is situated 
 on the southern shore of Port Jackson, 4 m. from the entrance 
 to the harbour, lat. 33° 52' S. , 151° 12' E. The city proper 
 has a length N. to S. of 3^ m. and a breadth of 2^ m. , but the 
 suburbs cover a much larger area. The principal streets inter- 
 sect each other at right angles, and are lined with handsome and 
 commodious business establishments. Numerous fine public 
 buildings adorn the city, of which the more noteworthy are the 
 university, founded in 1858 (with three colleges, 44 professors 
 and lecturers, and between 400 and 500 students), the Protestant 
 and Catholic cathedrals, post-office, town-hall. Parliament 
 Houses, Treasury, museum, and observatory, besides many 
 others. The free public library contains about 100,000 volumes. 
 There are several public parks and recreation grounds, of which 
 the largest are the adjoining Centennial and Moore Parks (768 
 and 600 ac. ) in the SE.; the Domain around Government 
 House (including the Botanic Gardens, 38 ac), Hyde, Phillip, 
 and Cook in the centre of the city. The suburbs adjacent to 
 the city, and in most cases connected with it by steam tramways 
 or steam ferries, are Balmain in the W., separated from the city 
 by Johnstone's Bay and Darling Harbour; Newtown, Redfern, 
 Marrickville, and Waterlow in the S.; Paddingt on. Rand wick, 
 Waverley, and Woolahara in the E. On the N. shore of the 
 harbour are N. Sydney, Mosman's Bay, Manly, &c. , and there 
 are many other suburban places within a radius of 10 m. The 
 harbour is one of the finest in the world, quite landlocked, 
 broken by promontories into numerous bays forming separate 
 sub-harbours with deep water close to shore. Circular quay at 
 the head of Sydney Cove has a length of 4765 ft. wharfage, 
 depth alongside 28 ft. low water, affording accommodation for the 
 largest ocean vessels ; at Co wper Wharf, Wooloomooloo Bay, the 
 depth is 26 ft., but at an adjoining wharf the depth is to be 
 increased to 30 ft. The E. side of Darling Harbour, on the W. 
 of the city, is also lined with wharves and large warehouses. The 
 Pyrmont Wharves have a frontage of 3660 ft. , depth alongside 
 28 ft. low water. The government docks at Cockatoo I. include 
 the Fitzroy dry dock, 506 ft. in length, with 2o| ft. on sill, and a 
 graving dock excavated out of the sandstone rock, 638 ft. in 
 length depth on sill ordinary high springs, 32 ft. There are also 
 large private docks, including Morts, length 418 ft. , depth on sill 
 20J ft. The approaches to the city are defended by extensive 
 fortifications, including those on Pinchgut I. (a rock cut nearly 
 level with the sea), and mounted with heavy guns. The Sand- 
 stone formation on which the city stands affords an abundant 
 supply of durable building stone. On the N. side of the harbour 
 coal has been discovered at a depth of 3000 ft. , and preparations 
 have been made for working it. Sydney, the oldest city in 
 Australia, was founded in 1788 by Captain L. Phillip, who had 
 been despatched by the Imperial government to establish a 
 penal settlement in this region, and named after Viscount 
 Sydney, Secretary of State for the Colonies. Mean temp. , yr. 
 63.0° F., Jan. 71.5°, July 52.5° ; rfall. (46 yrs.), 49.86 in.; (7 yrs.), 
 54.01 in. P. city proper (1891) 112,000; with suburbs, P. 
 380,000. 
 
 Sydney Mines, seapt. tn. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton 
 I. and CO., on Sydney Harbour, 10 m. N. Sydney; in the neigh- 
 bourhood are important coal-mines. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Sydney Parade, stn.. Ire., co. and 2 m. SE. Dublin, on the 
 Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Rly. 
 
 Syd-Varanger, Norway. See Varanger Fjord. 
 
 Syene, Egypt. See Assnau. 
 
 Syenltsa, in Slavonic spelling SJenica, Turkish Yenlje, tn. , 
 Turkey in Europe, prov. (sanjak) and 26 m. WNW. Novibazar, 
 on an undulating treeless plain stretching N. to the Servian 
 frontier ; now seat of administration of the sanjak. Alt. 3500 ft. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Syenno (Slenno), dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 97 m. NNE. 
 Moghilev, on Lake Syenno. P. <5000. 
 
 Syerogozy, Upper and Lower, two vils., Russia, govt. 
 Taurida, 85 m. ENE. Kherson. P. 5000. 
 
 Syerscote, par., Eng., Staffordshire, 2J m. NE. Tamworth. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Syerston, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and s| m. SW. 
 Newark, 3 m. W. Cotham stn., P.O. P. <;25o. See Stoke, 
 East. 
 
 Syevernaya Dvina, riv. , Russia. See Drlna, Northern. 
 
 Syevernyi Okean, Russian for ' Arctic Ocean.' 
 
 Syevero-Vostochnyl (North-Eastern), cape, Russia, Arctic 
 Ocean, yj" 34' N., 105° 10' E. , the N. extremity of Taimyr 
 Penin. , and the farthest spot on the N. of the mainland of Siberia. 
 
 Syevero-Zapadnyl (North- IVestern), cape, Russia, Arctic 
 Ocean, 76° 40' N. , 95° o' E., another promontory of the Taimyr 
 Penin. , in the W. of the Taimyr Bay. 
 
 Syevsh, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 100 m. SW. Orel, 60 m. 
 N. of Korenevo stn. of Kiev-Kursk Rly.; hemp-combing; trade 
 in corn and hemp. P. 8600. 
 
 Syke, in Yorkshire names, ' a slow or boggy brook. ' 
 
 Syhe, market vil. and colony, Prussia, prov. Hanover, 12 m, 
 S. Bremen, cap. circle Syke. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Sykehonse, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Doncaster 
 div., 9 m. WSW. Goole, 2^ m. E. by S. Balne stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Sykeslde, vil., Eng., Lancashire, Whalley par., 5 m. W. 
 Burnley. 
 
 Sykeston, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Wells co., 77 m. 
 NE. by E. Bismarck. 
 
 Syleham, par. , Eng., Suffolk, div. and 5 m. NE. Eye, on 
 the Waveney, 22 m. N. by E. Ipswich, 4 m. SW. Harleston 
 stn., P.O. P. <:2So. 
 
 Syl FJel, mt., Sweden, 74 m. ESE. Trondhjem. 
 
 Sylhet, tn., Brit. India, Assam, cap. dist. Sylhet, Surma 
 valley, 50 m. S. Shillong ; centre of river trade. European 
 residences are scattered along the river banks and on the 
 neighbouring hillocks. In 1869 suffered from a violent earthquake. 
 P. 14,000 ; Hindus, 6900 ; Moham. 7000. 
 
 Sylt, irregularly shaped isL, Ger. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig- 
 Holstein, off the W. ct. , in 54° 4o'-55° 3' N., 22 m. long by 
 ^ m.-8 m. wide. 
 
 Sylva, riv. , E. Russia, govt. Perm, 1. bk. trib. of Chusovaya, 
 rises in S. Urals, dist. Krasnoufimsk, flows 300 m. NW. and 
 N. past Kungur, joins Chusovaya 20 m. before its junction vnth 
 Kama ; several iron-works on its banks. 
 
 Sylvanla, vil. , U.S., Georgia, Screven co., 56 m. S. by E, 
 Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 SylTanla, vil., U.S., Ohio, Lucas co., 10 m. NW. by W. 
 Toledo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Sylvenskly, iron-works, E. Russia, govt, and 105 m. SE. 
 Perm, on upper Sylva. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Sylves, tn., Portugal, Algarve, dist. and 31 m. WNW. Faro, 
 an old forsaken city, with a cathedral dating from the 12th 
 century. Under the Moors it was the cap. of Algarve ; it 
 surrendered to Sancho I. in 1189, after a terrible siege. P. 
 (comm. ) 7000. 
 
 Sylvestre Mount, mt., Newfoundland, 48° 15' N., 55° 12' W, 
 
 Sylvia, mt. , in N. of Formosa I., one of the highest summits. 
 Alt. 11,810 ft. 
 
 Syni, or Sim, riv. , E. Siberia, 1. bk. trib. of Yenisei, which it 
 joins 150 m. below Yeniseisk. Length, 270 m. 
 
 Symblster, place, Scot., Shetland Is., Whalsey I., W. ct., 
 on Symbister Bay, 14 m. NNE. Lerwick. 
 
 Syml, isl. , Turkey in Asia. See Sumbegl. 
 
 Symington (sai'ming-ton), par., Scot., S. Ayrshire, 4 m. E. 
 by N. Troon, PT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Symington, par., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, 9 m. SE. by E. 
 Lanark, on the C. R., PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Symondsbnry, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 6^ m. E. 
 by N. Lyme Regis, 2 m. W. Bridport stn. P. < 1500; eccles. 
 par. (Symondsbnry with Eype and Broad Oak) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Symonds Hill, hill, Eng., Gloucestershire, between Wotton- 
 under-Edge and Dursley. 
 
 Symonds Street, Upper, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I. , 
 Eden co. , i^ m. from Auckland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Symoud's (slm'ondz) Yat, stn., Eng., Herefordshire, 4 m. 
 NE. Monmouth, on G. W. R., P.O. 
 
 Syntengs, tribe, Assam. See Kh&sl and Jalntla Hills. 
 
 Syra, seapt. , Greece. See HermonpoUs. 
 
 Syracuse, Italian Slracnsa, fortified city, on the E. ct. of 
 Sicily, cap. prov. Syracuse, 33 m. SSE. Catania, in modem 
 times occupying only the site of the original and smallest quarter 
 of the famous city of antiquity, viz. , the isl. of Ortygia, between 
 the sea and the great harbour, 30 m. SSE. Catania ; lat. of 
 lighthouse, 37° 3' N. , long. 15° 17' 5" E. The Doric cathedral, 
 formerly the temple of Minerva, which was renowned for the 
 splendour of its decorations, has been a place of worship con- 
 tinuously for 2500 years. The church of St. Marcian claims to 
 have been the earliest in Europe for Christian worship. The 
 chief vestiges of antiquity are the catacombs and the latomice, or 
 ancient prisons, open to the sky, in the quarries from which the 
 materials of Syracuse were taken; the 'ear of Dionysius,' a 
 remarkable resonating cavity connected with the latomics ; the 
 famous fountain of Arethusa, the remains of the strong fortress 
 Hexapylon, of a temple of Diana, and a Roman amphitheatre. 
 The port, enclosed between points Plemmirio and Massa Oliveri, 
 is sheltered from all winds, and admirably adapted for a harbour 
 of refuge and for a commercial emporium ; the principal exports 
 are wine, oranges and lemons, oil, cheese, &c. Syracuse was 
 founded, B.C. 735, by acolonyfrom Corinth, governed alternately 
 
SYRA — SYRI 
 
 as a republic or under kings; unsuccessfully besieged by the 
 Athenians B.C. 415, and by the Carthaginians B.C. 396; taken 
 by the Romans B.C. 212 ; and again, after a lengthened siege, 
 in 878 by the Saracens, who partially destroyed it ; but it was 
 chiefly ruined by the earthquake of 1693. It was the residence 
 at different periods of Plato, Simonides, Zeno, and Cicero, the 
 place where Hicetas first propounded the true revolution of the 
 earth, and the birthplace of the poets Theocritus and Moschus, 
 and the philosopher Archimedes, who lost his life at the capture 
 of the city by the Romans. The climate is mild in winter, but 
 unhealthy from miasma in summer. Mean temp., yr. 64.8° F. , 
 Jan. 52.7°, Aug. 79.8°; rfall. (1869-91), yr. 21. i in., June-Aug. 
 0.41 in., May-Aug. 0.85 in. Coram. P. (1871)20,000; (1881) 
 25,300. 
 
 Syracuse, vil., U.S., Nebraska, Otoe co., 45 m. S. by W. 
 Omaha, and 30 m. ESE. Lincoln, with limestone quarries. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Syracuse, city, U.S., New York, Onondaga co., 35 m. SE. 
 by S. Oswego, on the Erie Canal, at the confluence of the Oswego 
 Canal, and at the head of Onondaga Lake. It contains the state 
 armoury ; is noted for its extensive salt-works, which manufac- 
 ture both by solar and artificial heat. Educational institutions 
 include the Syracuse University, established by the Methodists 
 in 1870, and consisting of an assemblage of colleges, con- 
 nected with which are the Holden Observatory and Leopold 
 von Ranke's historical library, and the John Crosse Memorial 
 Building for the College of Fine Arts. P. (1850) 22,300 ; (1870) 
 43,100; (1880)51,800; (1890)88,100. 
 
 Syracuse, vil., U.S. , Ohio, Meigs co., on r. bk. of Ohio, 87 m. 
 SE. Columbus ; coal is extensively mined, and salt manufactured. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Syracuse, settlement, U.S., Utah, Davis co., 25 m. NNW. 
 Salt Lake City. 
 
 Syracuse, East, vil., U.S., New York, 4 m. E. Syracuse. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Syracuse Beach, a frequented summer resort, U.S., Utah, 
 on Great Salt Lake. 
 
 Syr-darla (ancient Yaxartes, Arab SihUn), riv. , central Asia, 
 Russian Turkistan, trib. of Lake Aral, rises on the high plateaux 
 (Syrts), 11,500 or 12,000 ft. high, of the Tian Shan, to the S. 
 of Lake Issyk-kul, partly from the Akshiriyak glaciers, by the 
 junction of the Jaak-tas and the Barskaun streams. After 
 having pierced a wild gorge it takes the name of Naryn 
 and flows SW., receiving the Little Naryn at Fort Naryn- 
 skoye (6800 ft.), near which the first Kirghiz fields begin to 
 appear, the Atpasha, the Alabuga, and the Jumgal. It then 
 enters at Ketmen-tube into the former khanate of Kokan, and 
 at Uchkurgan into the broad and fertile valley of Fergana. It 
 receives the name of SjT-daria near Namangan, after a course of 
 465 m. From Uch to Khojent the Syr-daria continues to flow 
 SW., watering the Fergana valley, and only after Khojent it 
 bends to NNW. and NW. , which course it maintains for 360 m. 
 till its mouth. From this bend to Turkestan town it receives 
 from the right several large tribs. (Chotkal, Chirchik, Arys), on 
 which the chief towns of the terr. stand (Tashkent, Chimkent, 
 Chinaz), and is a large river, which at Fort Perovskiy (44° 50' N. ) 
 has a width of 300 jrards, and carries at low water 312,500 cubic 
 ft. per second, and much more at inundation time. In its lower 
 course the Syr-daria, having the Kizil-kum desert on the left, 
 and the Moyun-kum desert on the right, receives no tribs. , and 
 loses much of its water by evapwration. Its delta begins at Fort 
 Perovskiy ; a branch, Jany-daria, which is sent off south-west- 
 wards, becomes eventually lost in the sands. The main river 
 also divides into two branches, Kara-uzyak and Jaman-daria, 
 and the last of these gives origin to Kuvan-daria. It enters 
 the N. part of Lake Aral. The river is navigable throughout, 
 and freezes but for three months every year. During the early 
 Post-Pliocene period, when the Caspian Sea spread much to the 
 eastward, and perhaps joined Lake Aral, the Syr-daria flowed 
 into the Caspian. 
 
 Syr-darlinskaya, prov., Russian Turkistan, has Turgai and 
 Akmolinsk on the N. , Lake Aral on the W. , Khiva, Bukhara, 
 and the Russian provs. Samarkand and Fergana on the S. , and 
 Semiryechensk on the E. ; includes parts of the Tian Shan high- 
 lands in the SE. , as well as the Karatau chain, which shoots N W. 
 from the above, along the r. bk. of the Syr. The valleys of the 
 two, irrigated by tribs. of the Syr on their S. slope, and by 
 several mountain streams on the N. slojae, are the best parts of 
 the prov. The Chu flows along its NE. border, and the Talas 
 flows from the Tian Shan into Lake Kara-kul. Large parts of 
 the prov. are occupied by the deserts Kizil-kum in the W. , Moyun- 
 kum or Ak-kum in the E. , and Kara-kum in the N. Population 
 mixed : Sarts, Tajiks, Kirghizes, and a few Russians. Divided 
 into six dists.: Tashkent, cap. of Russian Turkistan, Aulie-ata, 
 Chimkent, Kazalinsk, Perovsk, and Amu-daria forming a 
 separate otdyel under a military governor. Area, 194,853 sq. m. 
 P. (1889) 1,214,300. 
 
 Syresham, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 6J m. 
 NW. Buckingham, 3 m. ESE. Helmdon stn.; has manufac- 
 tures of lace and boots and shoes. P.O. P. < 1000. 
 1628 
 
 Syria, ivlth Palestine, the region lying between the E. end 
 of the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian Desert. Syria in 
 the wider sense (that is, including Palestine) extends from 
 about 37° N. to about 31° N.; the penin. of Sinai, and the 
 desert of Et-Tih to the N. of it, being usually (as in this work) 
 treated of separately. More precisely defined, the N. boundary 
 of Syria is marked by the Ahmar (Musa), the Alma or Akma 
 {Auranus), and the Kurd Dagh, all outliers of the Taurus 
 Range, and all less than 6000 ft. in average elevation. The 
 NE. boundary as far E. as about 38° E. is the Euphrates. On 
 the E. and S. there are no other limits save those set by the 
 broad expanse of the Arabian deserts. Of course the Mediter- 
 ranean washes the whole of the W. side of Syria. The country 
 thus circumscribed measures 450-500 m. from N. to S. , but is 
 only 140 m. at its widest (about 36° N.), and contracts further S. 
 to 90 m. Its area probably exceeds 55,000 sq. m. , or is but 
 little less than the area of England and Wales. The ancient 
 Semitic name given to this region was Aram {Aramcza), mean- 
 ing ' the High Country.' The name Syria is derived from the 
 Greeks, who adopted this contracted form for what they first 
 knew as a prov. of the empire of Assyria. To the Arabs it is 
 known as Bahr-es-Sham, ' the Country on the Left Hand,' in 
 contradistinction to Yemen , ' the Country on the Right Hand,' 
 i.e., of Mecca. For long p>eriods the coast-belt in the N. was 
 known as Phcenicia, whilst further S. the dists. next the sea 
 were called Philistia and also Palestine. But it is customary to 
 extend the name Palestine so as to include along with Philistia 
 also the hilly country behind it, which has borne, and still 
 bears, the various designations of the Land of Canaan, Land 
 of Israel, Land of Judaea, and the Holy Land. At and after 
 the time when those events happened which entitle it to the 
 last-quoted appellation this S. portion of Syria was divided 
 into the several states, dists., or provs. of Galilee, Samaria, 
 Judaea, Idumaea, Peraea, Gaulanitis, Iturea, Auranitis, and 
 Trachonitis. On the whole the coast is tolerably regular and 
 uniform, there being no deep indentations and no pienins. , only 
 shallow bays and short capes. The most notable of these, going 
 from N. to S. , are the Gulf of Alexandretta, Ras (cape) el- 
 Khanzir, Ras el-Basit, Ras ibn-Han, Bay of Tripoli, Bay el- 
 Herah, Bay of June or Kesruan, St. George's Bay, Ras Beirut, 
 Bay of Akka (Acre), and Cape Carmel. The physical features 
 are esentially determined by the mountains, which stretch N.- 
 S. , parallel to the coast, and send off bold spurs towards it, in 
 places almost coming to the water's edge ; in fact, the coast- 
 plains nowhere exceed a breadth of 15 m. The most outstand- 
 ing orographical features are the lofty parallel chains of Lebanon 
 (6000-10,000 ft.) and Anti- Lebanon (8000-9000 ft.), which lie 
 close together between 33° 15' and 34° 30' N. ; they are separated 
 by the deep depression of El-Bekaa (Ccele-Syria), along which 
 flow in opposite directions the rivs. El-Asi (Orontes) to the N. 
 and the Litani to the S. , both streams eventually piercing the 
 mountains to get to the sea. The Lebanon (q.v.) Range is 
 continued N. by the Jebel el-Ansariye and the Jebel Akrad (6000- 
 8000 ft. ), and S. by the hills and rolling uplands of Palestine — 
 as the mountains of Galilee, Carmel, Gilboa, Samaria, Judaea, 
 ranging in elevation between 1500 and 3500 ft. These short chains 
 inclose several fertile valleys, and between them and the sea 
 stretch the plains of Acre, drained by the Naman (Belus); 
 Esdraelon (Jezreel), watered by the El-Mukatta (Kishon) ; 
 Sharon, drained by the Akhdar, Abu Zabura, and Falaik ; and 
 Sephela, between Jaffa and Gaza, the ancient Philistia, 
 through which flow the rivs. El-Aujeh, Rubin, Faranj, Esneid, 
 and Ghazzeh (Gaza). On the W. side of Mount Hermon the 
 most conspicuous as well as the highest and southernmost part 
 of the Anti-Lebanon begins, not far from the bed of the Litani, 
 though quite separate from it, the river Jordan [q.v.), which 
 courses S. , descending from an elevation of 1830 ft. above \o 
 1290 ft. below the level of the Mediterranean. The gigantic 
 fissiu-e (about 135 m. long) along which the river flows from 
 Lake Huleh (which is practically at sea-level), and through the 
 Lake of Tiberias (Sea of Galilee), is a great geological fault, 
 formed along the line of a natural river valley, which at one 
 period extended to the Gulf of Akabah, at the head of the Red 
 Sea, but is now cut off from it by a subsequently elevated 
 watershed (600 ft.) some 60 or 70 m. S. of the Dead Sea (q.v.). 
 The mountains of Anti-Lebanon rise up out of the elevated 
 plains (1250 ft.) of Aleppo (Halab) on the N., and sink down 
 on the SE. and S. into the plateau land of Hauran (q.v.), the 
 principal subdivisions of which are the plain or depression of 
 Damascus (2280 ft. ), drained by the rivs. Barada (ancient Abana), 
 Awaj (Pharpar), Luva, and Khanafis, all rising into shallow 
 basins or lakes — Bahr-el-Ateibeh, El-Hijane, and others ; the 
 lava plateaux of Es-Safa and El-Lejah ( Trachonitis) ; the Jebel 
 Hauran, rising to 5850 ft. ; the plain of El-Nukrah ; the basalt 
 plateau of Jolan or Jaulan, close to the Jordan,; and, further 
 S. , the mountains of Gilead and the mountains of Moab (Jebel 
 Misme and Jebel Gueile). Several streams, in part intermittent, 
 traverse the volcanic plateaux of the Hauran, and enter the 
 Jordan and the Dead Sea, frequently at the bottom of ravines 
 2000 ft. in depth ; the principal are the Yarmuk or Menadire, 
 
S YRI 
 
 S Y SO 
 
 Jabis, Zerka, Zerka Main (Callirhoe), Mojib (Arnon), and 
 Kerak. In the dist. of Aleppo the drainage is carried in part 
 into the lakes or shallow basins of Baluk-gol (Ak-Deniz), El- 
 Makh, and El-Sabbakah. Geologically, the Hauran is built 
 up of basalts and lavas, and shows besides, in isolated cones 
 and other features, unmistakable proofs of volcanic activity ; 
 indeed, it has been the scene of two earthquakes in the 19th 
 century, in the years 1822 and 1837. Cretaceous limestones, 
 predominantly of Jurassic age in Lebanon, form the geological 
 substance of the greater part of the rest of Syria. Owing to the 
 range of elevation, and to the direction of the mountain chains, 
 the climate differs greatly in different dists. The prevailing 
 winds, being W. , strike against the mountains, and so dis- 
 charge their moisture over the maritime region W. of the 
 Jordan and Lebanon, tempering the heat of summer and 
 the coolness of winter. On the E. side of the mountains, 
 that is in Damascus (^.v.), Hauran, and the plain of 
 Aleppo, which lie open to the dry winds of the N. and NE. , 
 the heat is very great in summer, but the winters are mild, 
 though snow and ice are not infrequent. The valley of the 
 Jordan (the Ghor) is intensely hot in summer. The higher 
 mountainous parts are sometimes subject to severe cold, being 
 invariably covered with snow during the winter. (Compare 
 Belrnt and Jernsalem.) Fauna. — The jackal, lynx, panther, 
 wild boar, bear, and numerous varieties of birds, with swarms 
 of scorpions, mosquitoes, and bugs, and at times locusts, as 
 well as many snakes, are the most characteristic forms of animal 
 life. The lion is not now present in Syria. The buffalo and 
 camel are kept in domesticity, in addition to the flocks of sheep 
 and goats, and excellent breeds of horses, asses, and mules. 
 Good pasturage is found in Hauran and on the hills of Judasa. 
 Natural prmlncts. — The soil is in general fertile ; and if only 
 irrigation were practised to the extent it evidently was in an- 
 tiquity, when the hill-sides were everywhere admirably terraced 
 (as indeed they still are in the Lebanon dist.), it would produce 
 crops very greatly in excess of what it now yields. Hauran is 
 especially famous as a com -growing country, Damascus is 
 equally celebrated for its fruits, and the whole of Syria for the 
 olive and the vine. The commonest crops are wheat, rye, barley, 
 beans and pease, lentils, cotton, and millets. Excellent tobacco 
 is cultivated along the coast to the N. (Latakia or Ladakie) ; 
 maize in El-Bekaa ; rice near Lake Huleh ; indigo in Hauran ; 
 madder, flax, and saffron in the coast plains ; the mulberry in 
 Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon. Fruits — the date, orange, fig, 
 pomegranate, almond, peach, apricot, and pistachio nut — grow 
 all along the coast, in the plain of Damascus, and on the hills 
 of JudEea. The slop>es of Lebanon, the mountains of Galilee and 
 of Gilead, and the outliers of the Taurus (in the N. ) are all fairly 
 well wooded, the principal trees being oaks and pines, syca- 
 mores and oleanders. The famous cedars of Lebanon are now 
 confined to a single grove of small extent. This part of the 
 world is poor in minerals. Iron occurs in Lebanon (mined at 
 Mesra, just S. of 34° N.) and in Judaea ; copper, coal, chrome 
 (mined), antimony, lead, borax, bitumen, and marble in the 
 neighbourhood of Aleppo and Antioch. Lignite is extracted 
 in Lebanon, and salt and asphalt beside the Dead Sea. The 
 principal Industry is the manufacture of silk in Lebanon, also 
 at Damascus. Other pursuits, such as the manufacture of 
 cottons, leather, gold thread, metal-work, soap, glass, &c. , are 
 carried on for the most part in Damascus, Aleppo, and Beirut. 
 The forging of sword-blades (damascene work), once famous 
 at Damascus, is now a thing of the past. Sponge-fishing is 
 pursued at Latakia, in the neighbourhood of Tripoli, and at 
 other places along the coast. The means of communication 
 chiefly in use for centuries have been mere caravan tracks and 
 mountain paths. The most important routes between the great 
 empires of the Euphrates valley and the Iranian tableland 
 on the one side, and of Egypt on the other, have always 
 passed this way. At the present time one of the chief pilgrim- 
 age routes to Mecca goes through Damascus and traverses 
 the elevated region of Hauran. Several mountain passes give 
 access from the sea to the E. side of the Lebanon and its 
 continuations, and in the N. establish connection with the routes 
 across the desert to Mesopotamia and the Euphrates. In addi- 
 tion to the various roads or tracts of antiquity, there are now 
 good carriage roads from Damascus to Beirut and to Saida 
 (Sidon) on the coast, and to Homs (making) further N., and 
 between Jaffa and Jerusalem. Between these two places there 
 is also a railway (54 m. long). Another line runs S. from 
 Damascus to Mzerib (70 m.), in Hauran. A third, to connect 
 Damascus with Haifa and Acre, has been commenced ; and 
 a fourth is planned to unite Beirut with Damascus. Apart 
 from the caravan-borne trade across the desert with Meso- 
 potamia, Arabia, and Egypt, the foreign commerce of Syria 
 mostly passes through the two ports of Alexandretta (for 
 Aleppo) and Beirut (Damascus), though Jaffa (for Jerusalem), 
 Haifa, and Tripoli have each of them a little trade. The 
 annual trade of Alexandretta is valued at 2^ millions sterling, 
 that of Beirut at about 2 millions, that of Jaffa at approxi- 
 mately one-half a million. The imports consist principally of I 
 
 cottons and other textiles, supplemented by ironmongery, 
 groceries, paper, glass, &c. The most important of the exports 
 are silks, wheat and sesamum, fruits, wool, olive-oil, sponges, 
 soap, hides, gold and silver thread stuffs. The country is 
 divided for administrative purposes into the vilayets of Haleb 
 (Aleppo), Soristan (Syria), and Beirut, and the mutessarifliks 
 of Lebanon and Kuds-i-Sherif (Jerusalem), each ruled by a 
 Turkish governor. The ruler of Lebanon is, in contradistinction 
 to all the rest, a Christian. The population is estimated to 
 number (1888) 2,185,000. The bulk of the peasantry are, no 
 doubt, of Aramaean descent, or, in other words, the original native 
 (Semitic) race. But there is, besides them, a great variety of 
 peoples — Arabs in the villages, Turks around Antioch and in 
 the large towns, Kurds in the Kurd-Dagh, Bedouin (nomad 
 Arabs) in the deserts, and Maronites and Druses in Lebanon 
 and El-Bekaa. Arabic is the language commonly spoken. 
 Ancient Syriac is only used litiu-gically by certain sects, e.£^., 
 Moronites and Jacobites. The prevailing religions are Moham- 
 medanism and various sects of Christianity, as the Greek 
 Orthodox and the Maronites, Greek United, Syrian United, 
 and Jacobites, the first four recognising the Pope at Rome. 
 The Christians are estimated to number about 900,000 in all. 
 In addition there are 80,000-120,000 Druses {g.v.), the Metawile 
 (Mohammedan Shiites), the Ansariye, who profess a corrupt 
 Christianity, some Protestants, and some Jews. Several of 
 the cUef towns have been already mentioned ; others, mostly 
 possessing historical or antiquarian interest, are Hama, Baalbek, 
 Zahleh, Sur (Tyre), Safed, Tabarijeh (Tiberias), En-Nasirah 
 (Nazareth), Sebastijeh (Samaria), Nabulus (Shechem), Ludd 
 (Lydda), Ramleh, Er-Riha (Jericho), Bethlehem, El-Khulil 
 (Hebron), Askulan (Askalon) ; and the sites of ruined or 
 decayed places are truly innumerable, embracing Membij 
 (Hierapolis), Jerabis, Kyrrhos, Palmyra, Hamath, Apamea, 
 Capernaum, Endor, Nain, Jabesh, Gilead, Gerasa, Ramoth- 
 Gilead, Rabbat-.'\mman, Shiloh, Arimathea, Emmaus, Beer- 
 sheba, and many others. Nor is this surprising, considering 
 the centuries of time through which Syria plays a part in 
 history. Situated between two of the most highly civilised 
 regions of the ancient world, Egypt and Babylonia (Assyria), 
 the people of Syria borrowed from both, though they were not 
 without original initiative, as the nautical enterprise and the 
 commercial and industrial skill of the Phoenicians testify. The 
 N. parts of Syria probably belonged to the empire of the 
 Cheta or Hittites prior to the decay of their power in the 
 i2th century B.C. But from the 8th centiu-y B.C. onwards, 
 Syria was generally subject to one or other of the great empires 
 on either side of it ; first it was to the Ass)Tians (8th century 
 B.C.), then to the Greek Seleucides (4th century onwards), 
 after them to the Romans (ist century B.C. to 7th century A. D.), 
 and the Arabs (7th century to 12th century). For some time it 
 was in part divided amongst the crusading principalities (Latin 
 kingdom of Jerusalem, &c. ), until they were overthrown by 
 the Mongols, who struck (1260) the first real blow at the pros- 
 perity of the country. The next came when Syria was wrested 
 by the Turks, its modern lords, from the hands of the Egyptian 
 Mamelukes in 1516. The history of Palestine agrees in the 
 main with that of Syria proper, except during the long period 
 when it was occupied by the Israelites (13th century to 6th 
 century B.C.). See Baedeker's Syria, by Dr. A. Socin, and the 
 nine volumes of the Palestine Exploration Fund. [J. T. B.] 
 
 Syrlam, old tn., Brit. India, Lower Burma, Hanthawadi 
 dist., 3 m. from mouth, and on 1. bk. of Pegu R., founded, 
 according to Burmese traditions, in 587 B.C. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Syrian Gate, or Jonah's Pillar Pass, pass, on the E. side 
 of the Gulf of Alexandretta, 5 m. N. Alexandretta, on the road 
 to Piyas. 
 
 Syrlna, small Turkish isl. , on the SW. of Asia Minor, 26 m. 
 SW. by S. of the SW. end of Kos I. 
 
 Syrml, tn. , central Sudan. See Zyrml. 
 
 Syrmla, Hungarian Szerem, Slavonic Srlem, co., Croatia- 
 Slavonia, the angle between the Danube and the Save. 
 
 Syros, or Syra, isl. , Greece, one of the Cyclades, 37 m. SE. 
 by S. of the SE. point of Euboea. The name is sometimes 
 applied also to its cap., Hermoupolis (g.v.), on the E. ct. Area, 
 31 sq.m. P. (1889), exclusive of Hermoupolis, 9500 ; total, 31,600. 
 
 Syrovatka, Upper and Lower, two tns. , Russia, govt, and 
 75 m. NW. Kharkov. P. 2300 and 5000. 
 
 Syri, name given in Turkish languages to high level plains in 
 the midst of the mountains, corresponding to Alp in Switzer- 
 land. Of frequent use in Turkistan, also in the N. Urals. 
 
 Syrtis Major, or Great Syrtis. See Sldra. 
 
 Syrtis Minor, or Lesser Syrtis. See Cabes. 
 
 Sysertskly, iron-works, Russia, govt. Perm, dist. and 31 m. 
 S. Ekaterinburg, on Sysert R. ; gold-washings near to it. P. 
 6000. Upper Sysertskly, iron-works, 7 m. above it. P. 2000, 
 Lower Sysertskly, or Illynskly, 2 m. from above. 
 
 Sysola, riv. , NE. Russia, govts. Vyatka and Vologda, 1. bk. 
 trib. of Vychegda. Length, 350 m. 
 
 Sysonby, par., Eng. , Leicestershire, div. and i m. W. 
 Melton Mowbray, on the Wreak. P. <250. 
 
 1529 
 
SYSS — SZIL 
 
 Sysseele, vil. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 4 m. E. by S. 
 Bruges. P. (comm.)<3<x)o. 
 
 8yston, par., Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div., 5 m. NE. by 
 N. Leicester, with a junction stn. on the M. R.; has framework 
 knitting. PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Syston, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 3^ m. N. 
 by E. Grantham, ij m. ESE. Barkstone stn. P. <:25o. 
 Synt, Egypt. See Slut. 
 
 Sywell, par., Eng., E. div. of Northamptonshire, 4^ m. W. 
 Wellingborough, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 SyzraA, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 88 m. S. Simbirsk, near 
 r. bk. Volga, on highway to Saratov ; tanneries, flour-mills, shoe 
 and harness making, and fabrication of hardware for e.xport. 
 Considerable trade in corn, exported ; and salt, fish, and grocery 
 goods, imported. P. (1867) 19,300; (1891) 32,800. 
 Sz in Hungarian = Eng. S, in Polish = Sh. 
 Szabadka, tn. , Hungary. See Maria Ttaiereslopel. 
 Szabad Ssiilllds, comm. , Hungary, co. Pest, 22 m. W. by S. 
 Kecskemet. P. 7200. 
 
 Szabolcs, comm., Hungary, co. Baranya, dist. P6cs. P. 
 <400o. 
 
 Szabolcs, comitat, NE. Hungary, crossed by 48° N., 22° E. , 
 partly bounded on NW. and NE. by an angle of the Theiss ; 
 cap. Nyiregyhaza. 
 
 Szakdlh&za, comm., Hungary, co. Temes, dist. Kozpont. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Szakcs, comm., Hungary, co. Tolna, dist. Dombovir. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 Szakolcza (Hungarian, in German Skalitz), tn. with magis- 
 tracy, Hungary, co. Nyitra (Neutra), 38 m. SE. by E. Briinn. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Szalacs, comm., Hungary, co. Bihar, dist. Er-Mihalyfalva. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Szalk-8zent*9I^rton, comm., Hungary, co. Pest, dist. Solt- 
 felso. P. <40oo. 
 
 Szikmos, riv., Hungary, formed by the union of the Great 
 and Little Szamos, 10 m. N. Szamos-Ujvdr, flows NW. and 
 joins the Theiss at Olcsva, in 22° 20' E. Length, 200 m. ; 
 navigable from Szatmdr, 60 m. 
 
 Sziinios-IJjTilr ('Szdmos upper town'), tn. with magistracy, 
 Hungary, co. Szolnok- Doboka, on the Szamos, 23 m. NE. 
 Klausenburg; sometimes called in German Armenlerstadt, 
 from the large number of Armenians among its inhabitants. 
 Alt. 825-845 ft. P 5800. 
 
 Szaulszld, comm., Hungary, co. Szatmdr, dist. Nagy Kdroly. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Szantora, comm., Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. Baja. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Szany, comm., Hungary, co. Sopron, dist. Csorna. P. 
 <400o. 
 
 Szanras, tn., Hungary, co. B6k6s, 40 m. E. Kecskemet; 
 trade in cattle. P. (1866) 22,400; (1890) 24,400. 
 
 Szaszl, ' Saxons,' name given by the Magyars to a group of 
 Germans settled on the S. side of the Transylvanian highlands, 
 the greater part originally from Rhenish Franconia, numbering 
 about 200,000. 
 
 SzAsz - R<^geii, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. Maros 
 Torda, 52 m. E. Klausenburg. P. 6100. 
 Szasz t^ebes, Hungary. See IMtthlbach. 
 SzaszT^lros {'Saxon town'), tn., Hungary. See Broos. 
 Szatm&r, comitat, E. Hungary, S. of the Theiss, crossed by 
 23° E., and in the N. by 48° N., traversed by the Szamos ; cap. 
 Nagy Kdroly. See Hungary, table. 
 
 SzatniAr-N^metl, municip., Hungary, co. Szatmdr, 61 m. 
 ENE. Debreczen, at the head of navigation on the Szamos; 
 has manufactures of linen and earthenware. P, (1850) 12,900 ; 
 (1869) 18,400; (1890) 20,700. 
 
 Szawll, tn., Russia. See Shavll. 
 
 Szczakowa, comm., Austria, crownland Galicia, 32 m. 
 WNW. Cracow. P. <3ooo. 
 Szczara, riv. , Russia. See Meinel. 
 
 Szczoczyn, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 28 m. N. of 
 iiomza, 10 m. from Grajewo railway stn. , and 3 m. from Prussian 
 frontier. P. 5250. 
 Szeben, co. , Himgary. See Henuannstailt. 
 8zechenyl, bill, Hungary. See Budapest. 
 Sz^cs^ny, comm., Hungary, co. N6grad, 48 m. NNE, Buda- 
 pest, cap. dist. Sz6cs6ny. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Szegedln (Ger., in Hungarian Szeged), municip., Hungary, 
 25 m. ENE. Maria Theresiopel, on the r. bk. of the Theiss, 
 a little below the confluence of the Maros, cap. co. Csongrid. 
 The town has at various times suffered severely from the 
 inundations of the Theiss, the most destructive being that of 
 1879, when nearly the whole city was submerged ; it has since 
 been rebuilt in modern style. Szegedin is an important com- 
 mercial centre, with g^eat trade in grain, salt, wood, and wooden 
 ware. Boat-building is extensively carried on, and there are 
 various manufactures. Alt. 270-280 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 51. 1° F. , 
 Jan. 29.0°, July 72.1° ; rfall. (20 yrs.), 20.28 in. P. (1850) 50,200 ; 
 (1869) 70,200 ; (1890) 85,600. 
 1530 
 
 Szeghalom, comm., Hungary, co. B^k^s, 35 m. W^. Gross- 
 wardein. P. 9000. 
 
 Szeghegy, comm., Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. Topolya. 
 P. <5oc)o. 
 
 Szegsz&rd, tn. , SW. Hungary, 30 m. NE. byE. Fiinfkirchen, 
 cap. CO. Tolna ; centre of a dist. producing a strong red wine. 
 P. (comm.) 14,300. 
 
 Szegrikr, vil., Hungary, co. Csongrad, 23 m. N. by E. 
 Szegedin. P. (comm. ) 6800. 
 
 Sz^k, comm., Hungary, co. Szolnok-Doboka, dist. Szamos- 
 Ujvar. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Sz^kelyhld, comm., Hungary, co. Bihar, 22 m. NNE. 
 Grosswardein ; railway junction. P. < 5000. 
 
 Sz^kely - Kereszt^r, comm., Hungary, Transylvania, co. 
 Udvarhely, on the Nagy Kukiillb, 52 m. NW. by N. Kron- 
 stadt, dist. Sz^kely-Keresztur. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Sz^kely-l'drarhely, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, Tran- 
 sylvania, 47 m. NNW. Kronstadt, cap. co. Udvarhely. Alt. 
 1665 ft. P. 5400. 
 
 Sz^ke»-Fej<'r (or Feher) and Sz^kes-FeJ^rrAr. See Stnhl- 
 wels.seiibnrg. 
 
 Szekler (' people of the frontier'), the oldest present inhabi- 
 tants of Transylvania ; descended from the ancient Magyars. 
 
 Sz^kndTar, comm., Hungary, co. Arad, dist. Kis-Jeno. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Szellstye, comm. , Hungary, Transylvania, co. and 12 m. W. 
 Hermannstadt (Szeben), cap. dist. Szelistye. P. <400o. 
 
 Szemlak, comm. , Hungary, co. Arad, dist. P^cska. P. 6300. 
 
 Szempcz, comm. , Hungary, co. and 40 m. N. by E. Press- 
 burg (Pozsony), cap. dist. Szempcz. P. < 4000. 
 
 Szent, Hungarian, identical in pronunciation and meaning 
 with English saint. 
 
 Szent- .igota, comm., SE. Hungary, Transylvania, co. Nagy 
 Kiikiillo (Gross-Kokel). P. <4000. 
 
 Szent-Andras, isl. in the Danube, Hungary, above Budapest ; 
 16 m. long. P. (comm. ) 6700. 
 
 Szent- Andres, comm. , Hungary, co. Temes, dist. Kozpont. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Szent-Endre, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, on the r. bk. of 
 the Danube, 10 ni. N. Budapest. P. <:50oo. 
 
 Szeutes, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. Csongrad, 28 m. 
 N. by E. Szegedin, on a 1. bk. arm of the Theiss ; protected by 
 immense dykes from the frequent inundations of the river. P. 
 (1850)22,100; (1869)27,700; (1890)30,800. 
 
 Szent«Gal, comm., Hungary, co. , dist., and 9 m. W. Vesz- 
 pr6m. P. < 4000. 
 
 Szent-Gyorgy (German St, Georgen), tn. with magistracy, 
 Hungary, co. and 9 m. NNE. Pressburg (Pozsony). P. <4000. 
 
 Szent-Istvikn, comm., Hungary, co. Borsod, dist. Eger. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Szent-IstTtIn, comm., Hungary, co. Pest, dist. Solt-als6. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 Szent-LAsId, watering-place. Same as Piispokftirdo. 
 
 Szent-Mlhiily, comm., Hungary, co. Szabolcs, dist. Dada- 
 als6. P. 6900. 
 
 Szent Nlklos, tn. , Hungary, 80 m. WNW. Kaschau, on the 
 Waag, cap. co. Lipt6 (Liptau). P. <20oo. 
 
 Szent-IMlklos, Gyergyd-. See Gyergy6-8zent-Mikl08. 
 
 Szent-Taniiis, comm., Hungary, co. Bdcs-Bodrog, 20 m. N. 
 Neusatz, on the Canal Bacs, which unites the Theiss with the 
 Danube. P. 11,700. 
 
 Szepes (Ger. Zips), co. , Hungary, N. frontier, between 20° 
 and 21° E. , contains the highest peaks of the Tatra, traversed by 
 the Poprdd, cap. Locse (Leutschau). 
 
 Szepes-01a.szl, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. Szepes, on 
 the Hernad, r. bk. affluent of Theiss, 10 m. SE. Locse. P. <30oo. 
 
 Szepes-V&ralja (in Ger. Kirchdranf), tn. with magistracy, 
 Hungary, co. Szepes (Zips), 30 m. NW. Kaschau. P. <4000. 
 
 Szerb, Hungarian, 'Servian.' 
 
 Szerb-Csaniid, comm., Hungary, co. Torontdl, dist. Nagy- 
 Szent-Mikl6s. P. 5600. 
 
 Szerb-Elem^r, comm., Hungary, co. Torontdl, dist. Nagy 
 Becskerek. P. <40oo. 
 
 Szerb-Ittebe, comm., Hvmgary, co. Torontil, dist. PArdiny. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Szerb-Nagy-Szent-Mlklds, comm., Hungary, co. Torontdl, 
 dist. Nagy-Szent-Miklos. P. 10,300. 
 
 Szere«i, comm. , Hungary, co. Pozsony, dist. Nagy Szombat. 
 P. 5200. 
 
 Szerem. See Syrmla. 
 
 Szerencs, comm. , Hungary, co. Zemplen, 38 m. S. Kaschau, 
 between the Theiss and the Hegyalja. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ssiget, Hungarian, 'island.' 
 
 Szlget, tn. , Hungary. See Mikramaros Szlget. 
 
 SzlgetvAr, comm. , Hungary, co. Somogy, 30 m. W. Fiinf- 
 kirchen. P. 5100, one-third Polish Jews. 
 
 Szikszd, comm., N. Hungary, in the S. of co. Abauj-Torna, 45 
 m. N W. Debreczen, cap. dist. Sziksz6 ; has vineyards. P. <400o. 
 
 SzllAgy (pronounced nearly like silaj), co. , E. Hungary, crossed 
 by 23° E. , and in the S. by 47° N. ; cap. Zilah. 
 
SZIL — TABO 
 
 SzlUgy Soinly6, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. Szilagy, 
 45 m. ENE. Grosswardein. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Szllas-Balli&s, comm. , Hungary, co. Veszpr^m, dist. Enying. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Szllbds, comm., Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. N^met- 
 Palanka. P. <;4C)oo. • 
 
 Szlllcz, plateau, N. Hungary, between the 1. bk. of the Sajo 
 and the r. bk. of the Bodva ; the celebrated grotto of Aggtelek 
 is in the S. of this plateau. 
 
 Szluy^r-Ydralja, comm. , Hungary, co. Szatmdr, near r. bk. 
 Szdmos, 80 m. E. by N. Debreczen. P. <50oo. 
 
 Szkeri8«ira, comm. , Hungary, co. Torda - Aranyos, dist. 
 Topdnfalva, 32 m. SW. Klausenburg. P. 5300. 
 
 Szklow, tn. , Russia. See ShkloT. 
 
 Szlldcs, watering-place, N. Hungary, co. and a few miles 
 NE. Zoly6m (Altsohl) ; noted for its warm ferruginous springs 
 (77°~93° f". ), highly charged with carbonic acid. P. <2O0o. 
 
 Szob, comm., Hungary, co. Hont, 11 m. W. by N. Waitzen, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Danube. P. <3000. 
 
 Szoboszlo, Hungary. See Hajdu-Szoboszlo. 
 
 Szubr&iicz, noted watering-place, NE. Hungary, co. Ung, 
 42 m. E. Kaschau, with saline sulphur springs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Szohodol, comm. , Hungary, co. Also-Feh^r, dist. Verespatak. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Szolnok, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, 30 m. NE. by E. 
 
 Kecskemet, on the r. bk. of the Theiss, cap. co. Jasz-Nagy- 
 Kun-Szolnok ; manufactures machinery and linen thread ; has 
 great trade in wood. P. (1850) io,6co; (1869) 15,800; (1890) 
 20,700. 
 
 Szolnok-Doboka, comitat, Hungary, Transylvania, crossed 
 by 24° E. , and in S. by 47" N. ; contains confluence of Great 
 and Little Szamos ; cap. Des. 
 
 Szolyva, comm., Hungary, co. Bereg, 84 m. E. by S. 
 Kaschau ; has frequented mineral baths. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Szombatliely. See Stelnamaiiger. 
 
 Szomolnok, Hungary. Same as Schmcillnitz. 
 
 Szonta, comm., Hungary, co. Bdcs-Bodrog, dist. Apatin. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Szoreg, comm., Hungary, co. Torontdl, dist. Torok-Kanizsa. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 SzoT^t, comm. , Hungary, co. Hajdu, dist. Nddudvar. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Sztanlslcs, comm. , Hungary, co. Bdcs-Bodrog, dist. Zombor. 
 P. 7200. 
 
 Sztapar, O, comm. , Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, 25 m. E. by 
 N. Eszek. P. 5500. 
 
 Sztoj, mt., Carpathians, E. Hungary, 48° 37' N. , 23° 11' E. 
 Alt. 5505 ft. 
 
 Szydlowlec, tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 17 m. SW. 
 Radom, on highway to Kielce ; stone quarries. P. 6300. 
 
 T 
 
 7", Chinese prefix, ' great.' 
 
 Ta, or Tah, Chinese, 'pagoda.' 
 
 Taal, lake, Luzon. See Boiiibon. 
 
 Taal, maritime tn. , Philippine Is. , Luzon I. , on Balayan Bay. 
 P. (comm.) 22,000. 
 
 Taanach, place named in O. T. See T'aitnnk. 
 
 Taanalh Shiloh, place named in O. T. See T'aiia. 
 
 Taarabt, tn., .Africa, French Sahara, Tuat proper, about 102 
 m. SSE. Tamentit. P. < 2000. 
 
 Taarnby, vil. , Denmark, Amager I. , dist. and 4 m. S. Copen- 
 hagen. P. (comm.) 13,100. 
 
 Taas, tn. , Arabia. See Ta'iz. 
 
 Taaslnge, or Tbaa.slnge, originally Thorseng, isl. , S. ct. 
 Fyen, Denmark \ its X. part is hilly, the S. flat, fertile, and 
 wooded. Area, 27 sq. m. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tab, riv. , Persia, flows between provs. Fars and Khuzistan, 
 and enters Persian Gulf on the N. Length, 150 m. 
 
 Tabaco, Sierra, small mt. chain, Haiti L, on left side of 
 the valley of the N. Rio Yaqui ; the cultivation of tobacco has 
 greatly developed during the last few years. 
 
 Tabapy, vil. , Paraguay, 42 m. SSE. Asuncion. 
 
 Tabarca, tn., Tunis, on the coast, 55 m. E. Bona; sardine 
 fishery. The Bay of T. affords safe shelter only during W. 
 winds. P. <:20oo. Tabarca, islet, is near the coast, opposite 
 T. town. 
 
 Tabarie, Lake of. See Tiberias. 
 
 Tabasarans, tribe of Caucasian mountaineers, Russia, prov. 
 Daghestan, dists. Tabasaran and Kyurinsk. P. about 15,000. 
 
 Tabasco, one of the gulf littoral states of Mexico, E. of the 
 Tehuantepec depression on the marshy lands of the delta of rivs. 
 Tabasco, Grijalva, Chillapa, Usumacinta; very good coffee 
 (Huimanquillo). Teapa is a very important market. See 
 Mexico, table. 
 
 Tabasco, Barra de, mouth of the Rio de Grijalva, in the 
 Gulf of Campeachy, Mexico. 
 
 Tabatlnga, tn. and fort, Brazil, state Amazonas, terminal 
 port of entry for steamboats on the Amazon, and Brazilian 
 custom-house on the Peruvian frontier. 
 
 Tabatlry, riv. , Paraguay, flows WNW. to the Paraguay, 
 which it enters in 25° S. 
 
 Tabbas, tn. , Persia, Khorassan, 187 m. NE. by E. Yezd. 
 P. about 5000 within the fortifications, the bulk of the inhabi- 
 tants, however, living outside {Proc. R. G. S., 1881, p. 522). 
 
 Tabelkosa, oasis, Africa, Tuat, Gurara, about 149 m. SW. 
 El-Golea. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tabeniie (' island of palm-trees'), isl.. Upper Egypt, formed 
 by a small left arm of the Nile below Dendera. 
 
 Tal>erg, mt., Sweden, prov. (Ian) and 8 m. SSW. Jonkoping ; 
 almost entirely composed of magnetic iron. Alt. 1025 ft. 
 
 Taberg, vil., U.S., New York, Oneida co. , 10 m. NW. 
 Rome by rail. P <i5oo. 
 
 Tabernas, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 14 m. NNE. 
 Almeria, dist. Gergal. P. (comm.) 6600. 
 
 Tabernes de Valldigna, tn., Spain, prov. and 28 m. SSE. 
 Valencia, dist. Sueca. P. (comm.) 6500. 
 
 Tabla, tn. , Africa, Morocco, Sus, 62 m. S. Morocco. 
 
 Tabla, La, tn., Africa, Algeria, prov. and 45 m. S. Oran; 
 
 very well supplied with water ; dates from 1877. P. <;20oo (250 
 French). 
 
 Tabia-Akka-Iren, oasis of Morocco, Africa, W. of Tissint. 
 P. 2500-3000. 
 
 Tablaiio, vil. , Italy, Emilia, prov. Parma, 4 m. SSW. Borgo 
 San Donnino ; has celebrated sulphureous springs, and remains 
 of an old fortified castle of the Pallavicini. P. <3000. 
 
 Tabllk, stn., Victoria, Moira co., 74 m. NE. Melbourne by 
 rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Tablu, Afghanistan. See Toba Plateau. 
 
 Tabis-tskhnrl, lake, Caucasia, govt. Tiflis, dist. Akhaltsykh, 
 Alt. 6670 ft. 
 
 Tablas, Isia de, isl., Philippine Is., Romblon group, S. end 
 crossed by 12° 5' N., 122° o' E. 
 
 Tablas, Las, tn., Colombia, dep. and 100 m. SW. by W. 
 Panama, near the W. side of the Gulf of Panama ; has an 
 unworked gold-mine. P. 6500. 
 
 Table Bay, on the S. ct. of Brit. New Guinea, in 149° E. 
 Table Point, cape at the W. end of the Bay. 
 
 Table Bay, inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, SW. Africa, Cape 
 Colony and dist. , Green Point being in lat. 33° 53' 2" S. , long. 
 18° 24' 5" E. Breadth of entrance about 6 m. Cape Town is 
 on its S. shore, at the back of which is the conspicuous Table 
 Monutalii, 3540 ft. above the sea, which owes its name to its 
 peculiar shape and flattened summit, and is often seen covered 
 with a white cloud named the ' Tablecloth.' The bay is capable 
 of sheltering the largest fleet, and, since the construction of the 
 great breakwater, always affords secure anchorage. It is de- 
 fended by several forts, and has lighthouses at different points. 
 
 Table Cape, NE. point of Mahia Renin., New Zealand, 
 North I., E. ct., 64 m. ENE. Napier. 
 
 Table Mountain, peak, Tasmania, S. of Lake Sorell. Alt. 
 3596 ft. 
 
 Table Rock, mt. , U. S. , on border of N. and S. Carolina, 20 m. 
 E. of NE. corner of Georgia. Alt. 3124 ft. (U. S. P. and G. S.). 
 
 Tabletop, mining-tp. , Queensland, Clermont co. , in 23° 16' 
 S. , 147° 30' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tabley Inferior and Superior, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Cheshire, Knutsford div. , 5^ m. NE. Northwich, 2 m. NW. by 
 W. Knutsford stn. T. Inferior, P. <25o ; T. Superior, P. <5oo ; 
 eccles. par. (T. Over) P. <75o. 
 
 Taboada, comm., Spain, Gahcia, prov. and 24 m. SSW. 
 Lugo, dist. Chantada. P. 8200. 
 
 Tabo Cape, Eastern Archipelago, in the E. of Halmahera 
 I., a httle to the N. of the equator. 
 
 Taboga, islet, Colombia, in the gulf and 10 m. S. Panama ; 
 formerly the headquarters in this region of the Pacific Steam 
 Navigation Company. 
 
 Tabolelro, vil., Brazil, Minas Geraes, 268 m. NNW. Rio 
 de Janeiro, 90 m. NW. by N. Ouro Preto. 
 
 Tabong, vil, Malacca (Straits Settlements), 25 m. NNE. 
 Malacca. 
 
 Tabor, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on riv. Lusnitz, 32 m. N. by 
 E. Budweis ; silver-mining, and manufactures of cloth and 
 tobacco. Alt. 1475 ft. P. 8400. 
 
 Tabor, mt., Palestine. See Jebel-et-Tor. 
 
 Tabdra, or Kaze, tn. , Ger. E. Africa, in about 5° i' S. , 32° 52' 
 
 1531 
 
TABR — TAFI 
 
 E. , the principal trading-station of the Arab merchants of 
 Zanzibar in this part of the continent. 
 
 Tabriz (said to be from Aryan roots meaning ' warm spring ' 
 — referring to warm springs near), the ancient Tauris, the most 
 important city in NW. Persia, cap. prov. Azerbaijan, 35 m. E. 
 Lake Urumia, in 38° 4' N. , a little to the S. of the Aji-chai ; 
 great commercial centre, important from its situation on the 
 route from Trebizond to Teheran. Contains the Kabud Masjid 
 or Blue Mosque, one of the finest specimens of Persian archi- 
 tecture (middle of 15th century), so called on account of the 
 magnificent blue faience with which it is encrusted, and a 
 citadel (now also an arsenal). Residence of the heir-apparent 
 since 1805. Seat of Turkish, Russian, and British consul- 
 generals. Sacked by Timiar in 1392 ; in great part destroyed 
 by an earthquake in 1721 (when 80,000 people are said to have 
 perished) and in 1780. Alt. 4950 ft. P. (1671, according to 
 Chardin) 550,000 ; (about 1810) 30-50,000 ; now 170-200,000. 
 
 Tabn, vil., Malacca (Straits Settlements), 23 m. N. by 
 W. Malacca. 
 
 Tabubeklrt, small oasis, Africa, Sahara, Tafilet, one of the 
 most important in the dist. 
 
 Tabalam, postal-tp. , New South Wales, Drake co. , 55 m. 
 NNW. Grafton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tabnsintac, post-settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, Nor- 
 thumberland CO. , on the Tabusintac R. , 100 m. ESE. of the W. 
 end of Chaleiur Bay. The Tabusintac R. flows E. into the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 Tabynobo, oasis, China, Mongolia, on the route from Kobdo 
 to Barkul, 112 m. NNE. Barkul. 
 
 Tacabaniba, vil., Peru, dep. Cajamarca, 11 m. NNE. Chota. 
 P. (dist.) 8100. 
 
 Tacajo, tn. , Cuba, 57 m. N. by W. Santiago de Cuba. 
 
 Tacalaya, vole. , S. Peru, in about 17° S. , always snow-capped. 
 
 Tacaloa, vil. , Colombia, Bolivar, on the 1. bk. of the Magda- 
 lena, 90 m. SE. Cartagena. 
 
 Tac4mbaro, tn. , Mexico, state Michoacan, 140 m. WSW. 
 Mexico city. P. 10,000. 
 
 Tacarlgaa, Lake, Venezuela. See Valencia. 
 
 Tachan, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 22 m. SE. by S. Eger ; iron 
 mining and works. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tache, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Colvunbia, on the N. 
 side of Stewart Lake, in 54° 22' N. , 124° 41' W. 
 
 Taclie, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 1174 m. 
 by rail W. Montreal, 250 m. E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Taebleula, Tatslenla, or Tatbslanla, tn. , China, Siichwan, 
 120 m. WSW. Chengtu-fu, an important centre of trade with 
 Tibet ; thronged with all sorts of Asiatics, and swarming with 
 Lamas. Alt. 8400 ft. (Proc. R. G. S., 1891, pp. 329, 335-36; 
 Jour. R. G. S., 1878, p. 87). 
 
 Tacbln, tn. , Siam, at the mouth of the T. , 24 m. SW. by 
 W. Bangkok. The Tactaln R. is an arm of the Menam, 
 leaving the main river in about 15° 20' N. 
 
 Tachlng-bo, tn. , China, prov. Pechih, on the Gulf of Pechili, 
 90 m. E. Tientsin. 
 
 Taclilra, riv. , S. America, flows N. into the Zulia. From 
 its source to the Quebrada de Don Pedro it forms the boundary 
 between the republics of Colombia and Venezuela, in pursuance 
 of the arbitration act of the Spanish court, March 16, 1891. 
 
 Tachoma, mt., U.S. See Rainier. 
 
 Tacker, Iiongli, small lake. Ire., in the NE. of co. Cavan, 15 
 m. S. Monaghan, drained W. to Lough Oughter. 
 
 Tackley, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 3 m. NE. Wood- 
 stock, i^m. NNW. Kirtlington stn. , P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Tacna, tn. , Chile, cap. prov. and dep. T., 140 m. SE. by E. 
 MoUendo ; an entrepot of trade between Bolivia and the Port of 
 Arica. Alt. 1816 ft. P. 14,200. 
 
 Tacna River, riv., Chile, rises in the Andes, flows on the 
 whole SW., and enters the Pacific Ocean in about 18° 15' S. 
 
 Tacolneston, or Tacolston, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 10 
 m. SW. by S. Norwich, i m. SSW. Fomcett stn., P.O. (Tacol- 
 nestone). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Tacoma, city, U.S., Washington, Pierce co;, 25 m. NE. by 
 E. Olympia ; a rapidly rising timber port at the head of Puget 
 Sound. Water area of port, 500 ac; depth at entrance, 28 
 fathoms ; anchorage in front of city in 28-40 fathoms. Well 
 equipped for grain trade, with elevators, &c. Has large lumber 
 mills, and various manufactures of wooder^ articles ; carries on 
 fish-canning, &c. Terminus of N. P. R. and of steamship lines 
 to San Francisco, Alaska, and Asiatic ports. P. (1880) -c 1500 ; 
 (1890) 36,000. See Rainier, Moant. 
 
 Taconic, or Taghanic, mt. range, U.S., Massachusetts, 
 uniting the Green Mts. of W. Massachusetts with the highlands 
 of the Hudson. 
 
 Tacora, volcanic summit, Peru, dep. Tacna, in 17° 47' S. 
 T. Pass (alt. 13,715 ft.) connects the high Bohvian plateau with 
 the Peruvian coast. Alt. 19,740 ft. 
 
 Tacoronte ('the garden of the Guanchos"), tn. , Canary Is., 
 Tenerife. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Tacotalpa, vil. , Mexico, state Tabasco, 30 m. SSE. San Juan 
 Bautista. P. (comm.)<30oo. 
 1532 
 
 Tacriflt, oasis, Tripoli, 290 in. NE. Murzuk. 
 
 Tacnaral, vil. , Paraguay, 27 m. E. by S. Asuncion, on the 
 railway to Villa Rica. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tacaaras, vil., Paraguay, 89 m. S. Asuncion. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tacnarembo, dep. , Uruguay, crossed by 32° S. and 56° W. ; 
 cap. T., or S^an Fructnoso. P. (tn. ) 3000. 
 
 Tacnarembo, riv. , Uruguay. See Negro, Rio. 
 
 Tacnatl, vil., Paraguay, 146 m. NNE. Asuncion, 54 m. E. 
 Villa Concepcion. 
 
 Tacnba, vil., 3 m. NW. Mexico, formerly one of the three 
 towns of the Mahwa confederation , under the name of Tlaco- 
 pam. P. (comm.)<3ooo. _, 
 
 Tacubaya, tn., Mexico, state of and 5 m. SW. by W, 
 Mexico ; seat of the National Observatory. P. 12,000. 
 
 Tacumshin, par., Ire., SE. co. and 9 m. S. by E. Wexford, 
 bar. Forth, on the inlet of T. Lough, P.O. (Tacnmshane). 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Tacuuas, Indians. See Ticnuas. 
 
 Tacnnga, La, tn. , Ecuador. See Latacnnga. 
 
 Tacnrn Puca, vil., in the E. of Paraguay, on the Parand, in 
 25° 22' S., 18 m. N. of the confluence of the Yguazu ; proposed 
 terminus of a branch railway from the trans-continental line 
 from Asuncion to Santos (Brazil). 
 
 Tadcaster, the Roman Calcaria, market-tn., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, Barkston Ash div. , 9 m. SW. by W. York, at the 
 head of navigation on the Wharfe, on the NE. R. One mile S. is 
 a bridge said to be Roman ; many Roman coins have been dug 
 up. The town has several historical associations. Market-day, 
 alternate Mondays. Pars., East T. P. < 1500; West T. P. 
 <;20oo. 
 
 Taddart, or Taddert (Berber ' town ' ), vil. , Algeria, prov. and 
 129 m. SSE. Constantine ; has Roman ruins. P. <2000. 
 
 Taddlngton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 5 m. E. by 
 S. Buxton, \\ m. S. Millersdale stn. The village is one of the 
 highest in Eng. (1093 ft.) ; in the churchyard is an ancient cross, 
 said to be the work of the monks of Lindisfarne, who introduced 
 Christianity into the dist. PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tademait, or Tlgmi, plateau, Africa, western Sahara, crossed 
 by 28°N., 4° E. 
 
 Tadernslit, oasis, Africa, Sahara, Morocco, comprising eight 
 villages. P. from 2500 to 3000. 
 
 Tadldndanioi, highest peak in W. Ghats, India, Coorg terr., 
 30 m. from Merkara, in 12° 13' N., 75° 40' E. Alt. 5729 ft. 
 
 Tadia, tn. , Africa, central Morocco, 128 m. SW. Fez ; salt 
 is abundant. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tadley, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 5J m. NNW. 
 Basingstoke, 4^ m. S. Aldermaston stn., PMT.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tadlow, par. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div. , 13 m. 
 SW. by W. Cambridge. P. <25o. 
 
 Tadniarton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 4 m. V/SW. 
 Banbury, P.O. (rpperT.). P. <5oo. 
 
 Tadnior, ruined city of Syria. See Palmyra. 
 
 Tadotsn, maritime vil., Japan, on the NW. ct. of Shikoku, 
 85 m. WSW. Kobe. P. 6200. 
 
 Tadonssac (tad'u-sak), tn., Canada, Quebec, Sagfuenay co. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the St. Lawrence and Saguenay Rivs. , near the 
 mouth of the latter. P. < 1500. 
 
 T&dpatrl, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Anantipur, on 
 Penner R. ,76 m. E. by S. Bellary ; has trade in silk, cotton, 
 and indigo. P. 10,300; Hindus, 6800. 
 
 Tikdrl, port, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. N. Kdnara, at mouth 
 of Agnashino R. , has good anchorage. The salt manufactured 
 2 m. inland at Sanikata is shipjjed here. P. <5000. 
 
 TadM'ortli, PT.O., Eng., Surrey, 3 m. SE. Epsom. 
 
 Twuaron (Talnaron), cape, Greece. See JMatapan. 
 
 Taenga, or Holt, isl., Pacific, in the E. of the Tuamotu 
 group, in about 16° 15' S. , 143° o' W. 
 
 Tafa, or Wadi Tafa, site of the ancient Taphis, vil.. Upper 
 Egypt, prov. Esne, 32 m. SSW. Assuan. 
 
 Tafahua-ei-Azab, tn.. Lower Egypt, prov. Gharbiye, 9 m. 
 S. Zifte. P. <4000. 
 
 TaflAlla, tn., Spain, prov. Navarra, 20 m. S. by W. Pam- 
 plona, cap. dist. T. P. (comm.) 6500. 
 
 Tafassasset, riv., Africa, Sahara, on the S. slojje of the 
 desert ; its valley, about which little is known, runs through the 
 country of the Aulimmidens ; its point of confluence with the 
 Niger is unknown. 
 
 Tafelflclite, highest point of the Isergebirge, Sudetic Mts., 
 on the confines of Bohemia, Silesia, and Lusatia ; source of the 
 Iser. Alt. 3690 ft. 
 
 Tafelne, tn. , Morocco. See Tefelne. 
 
 Tair, riv., Wales, rises in Brecknockshire, on the Brecknock 
 Beacon, and flows S. through Glamorganshire, past Merthyr- 
 Tydfil, into the Bristol Channel at Cardiff; the Taff Vale Rly. 
 accompanies it throughout. The valley is entirely occupied with 
 the coal and iron industries. 
 
 Tairs Well, PMT.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, 8 m. NW. 
 Cardiff; coal mined. 
 
 Tafilet, oasis, Morocco, S. of the E. end of the Jebel Hani, 
 irrigated by the Wadis Gheriz, Tizimi, and Ziz ; chief villages, 
 
T AFN 
 
 T AH I 
 
 Abuam and Risani, the former in 31° o' N. , 4° 15' W. Visited 
 by R6n6 Caill6 in 1828, by Rohlfs in 1864, and not again by 
 Europeans till 1894, when it was reached by Delbrel, and also 
 by Harris. 
 
 Tafna, riv., Africa, Algeria, prov. Oran, with part of its 
 basin in Morocco, flows NE. into the Mediterranean. Length, 
 80-90 m. 
 
 Tafrata, large desert plain, Africa, in E. of Morocco. 
 
 Tafrent, mt. group, Africa, Algeria, prov. and 68 m. SE. 
 Constantine. Alt. 4200-4580 ft. 
 
 Tafsah, site, Palestine, probably the Tiphsah of 2 Kings xv. 
 16, 32° 10' N., 35° 10' E. , 6 m. SW. by W. Nablus. 
 
 Taft, tn. , Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 13 m. SW. Yezd ; noted 
 for fine felt carpets ; lapis-lazuli is found in the vicinity. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 TaftTlUe, vil., U.S., Connecticut, New London co. , 3 m. 
 NNE. East Norwich; has large cotton-mills. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tafana's, vil., near the S. end of Lake Tanganyika, in Ger. 
 E. Africa, in 8° 29' S. 
 
 Tagal, cap. of T. residency, N. ct, of Java L, in 6° 51' S. , 
 109° 8' E. ; good port. P. 16,000. 
 
 Tagal, important tribe of the Spanish Philippines, inhabiting 
 Luzon I.; the language of this tribe is gradually spreading. 
 P. 1,500,000. 
 
 Tagaiiclia, tn., Russia, govt, and 66 m. SE. Kiev; sugar- 
 works, woollen cloth-mills. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Taganrog, tn. and seapt., Russia, at the head of a bay of 
 Sea of Azov, 75 m. long and 28 m. wide, formed by two sandy 
 penins. which approach each other for 15 m., the bay receiving 
 the Don, Kalmius, Mius, and Yeya Rivs. ; situated, 47° 12' 21" 
 N., 38° 56' 31" E. , on a promontory near to the site of the old 
 Italian colony Partus Pisatius, and later on the Turkish town 
 Azov ; taken by Peter I. in 1698 ; fiinally annexed to Russia in 
 1796. Owing to the proximity of the fertile wheat-lands of S. 
 Russia, it is one of the chief ports of the empire. Well built, 
 with a good quay. Roadstead too shallow for large ships, which 
 stop at a distance of 8 to 13 m. , the W. and E. winds modifying 
 the depth of water. Connected by railways with Rostov, on the 
 Moscow- Ryazan- Voronezh Rly. (45 m.), which is the head of 
 the N. Caucasian Rlys. , and with Yasinovataya junction, whence 
 railways radiate W. and NW. Tobacco and Italian paste 
 factories ; tanneries ; fishing. Brisk export trade, the port 
 being visited by about 1000 vessels, over 300,000 tons, and the 
 value of exports exceeding ^^5, 000, 000. Imports vary from 
 £yK>,Qoo to ;^i, 000,000. T. , with surrounding villages (Niko- 
 laevka, Troitskoye, Pokrovskoye), forms a township under a 
 separate governor. Alexander I. died here. Mean temp., yr. 
 480° F. , Jan. 20.6°, July 73.0°. P. (1870) 38,036 ; (1891) 47,310. 
 
 Tagant, region of W. Sahara, in i8°-20° N. , io°-i2° W. 
 
 Tagarlgna, large coast lake, Venezuela, 68 m. ESE. Cardicas. 
 
 Tagbllaram, tn. , Philippine Is., SW. ct. Bohol I. P. 7600. 
 
 Tage, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet, sanjak, and 40 m. S. by 
 W. Van. P. 2400 ; Christians, 1500 ; Moham. 900. 
 
 Taggla, tn. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Porto Maurizio, on the 
 Argentina, 5 m. NE. by E. San Remo. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tagh, Turkish, 'mountain.' See Dagh. 
 
 Tagbadoe, par.. Ire., NE. co. Kildare, bar. N. Salt, 2 m. S. 
 by W. Maynooth ; 4133 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Taghanic, mt. range, U.S., Massachusetts. See Tacoiilc. 
 
 Tagliaruia, peak in the Kashgar Mts. , in 38° 20' N., 75° 16' 
 E. , S. of the Little Kara-kul Lake, sometimes confounded with 
 the Mustagh-ata, but, according to Captain Younghusband, 
 about 20 m. SW. of the latter peak. Gives origin to many 
 large glaciers, of which Prjevalsky's is best known. Alt. about 
 25,800 ft. See Proc. R. G. S., 1892, p. 230. 
 
 Tagliarot, pass. See Tizl Tagherat. 
 
 Tagliart, electoral div. , Ire., co. Cavan, dist. Shercock. 
 
 Tagbboy, par.. Ire., cos. Galway and Roscommon, bars. 
 Killian and N. Athlone, on riv. Suck, 12 m. N. Ballinasloe ; 
 13,996 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Taghdnmbash ('supreme head of mountains'), one of the 
 Pamirs, central Asia, Pamir, S. of Sarikol, N. of the Mustagh 
 or Karakorum Range, which separates it from the Hunza-Nagar 
 valley, in 36§°-37° 40' N., 74^°-7S° 40' E. ; in its upper part 
 forks into two branches, one rising S. the other SW. Alt. 
 10,300 to 15,500 ft.; inhabited by Kirghiz and Sarikolis. 
 
 Tagheeii, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Clanmorris, 3 m. W. 
 Claremorris; 6837 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tagblt, vil, Africa, Algeria, prov. and 82 m. SSW. Constan- 
 tine ; has rich lead and mercury mines. 
 
 Tagtamaconnell, par., Ire., SW. co. Roscommon, bar. S. 
 Athlone, 7^ m. WSW. Athlone, P.O. (Taaghniacounell) ; 
 18,827 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Taghnion, par.. Ire., NE. co. Westmeath, bar. Corkaree, 
 6J m. NNE. Mullingar. P. <500. 
 
 Taghmoii, par. and tn., Ire., S. co. and 8 m. W. Wexford, 
 bars. Bargy and W. Shelmaliere, PMT.O. ; 10,125 ac. P. < 
 2000; tn. P. <;75o. 
 
 Taghsheeiiod, par., Ire., SE. co. and 8i m. SSE. Longford, 
 bars. Moydow and Shrule ; 571 1 ac. P. <:'iooo. 
 
 Taghshinny, par.. Ire., SE. co. and 10 m. SSE. Longford, 
 bars. Rathcline and Shrule, P.O. (Taslilnuy) ; 4884 ac. P. < 
 1000. 
 
 Tagllskly Zavod, I'pper, or Tagil, iron-works and gold- 
 washings, Russia, govt. Perm, 63 m. N. Ekaterinburg, on 
 Tagil R. P. <5ooo. Tagllskly Zarod, Lower. See Nlzline- 
 tagllsk. 
 
 Tagllacozzo, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, 24 m. 
 E. by N. Tivoli. Near it, in 1268, Charles of Anjou defeated 
 Conradin, and overthrew the Hohenstaufen dynasty in Italy. 
 P. 8600. 
 
 Tagllamento, riv., Italy, Venetia, rises in the Alps (Monte 
 Cridola), and flows E. then S. into the head of the Adriatic. 
 Length, 106 m. ; area of basin, 1000 sq. m. ; mean discharge 
 2800 cubic ft. per second, highest discharge 53,000 cubic ft. per 
 second. 
 
 Tagllo dl Po, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. Rovigo, 6 m. NNE. 
 Ariano. P. (comm.)<50oo. 
 
 Tago, Rio, riv., Luzon I. See draiide, Cagayau. 
 
 Tagoat, P.O., Ire., SE. co. and 7 m. SSE. Wexford, bar. 
 Forth. 
 
 Tagodast, tn. , Africa, Morocco, on W. border of Mount 
 Atlas, 98 m. NE. Morocco. P. 7000. 
 
 Tagolanda, small isl. of Malay Archipelago, about 50 m. 
 from NE. extremity of Celebes. 
 
 Tagolo, Puiita, cape, N. ct. Mindanao I., Philippine Is., in 
 123° 23' E. 
 
 Tagoniago, islet, Spain, Balearic group, immediately E. of 
 Iviza I. 
 
 Tagreniaret, Arab vil. , Africa, Algeria, prov. and 87 m. ESE. 
 Oran ; a projected colony. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Tagrlrt, tn., Africa, Moroccan Sahara, on 1. bk. of the 
 upper Wad Guir ; has palm-trees. P. (Berbers) < 2000. 
 
 Taguaralzliilio, vil, Brazil, Matto Grosso, on 1. bk. of the 
 Tapajoz, in 9° S. , 430 m. SSE. Manaos. 
 
 Tagudin, tn. , Philippine Is., Luzon I., i^ m. NNW. 
 Manila. P. 13,800. 
 
 Tagulg, tn., Philippine Is., Luzon I., on Bay Lake, 8 m. SE. 
 Manila ; active fisheries. P. 9900. 
 
 Tagnlns, oasis, Africa, S. Tunis, 10 m. E. Tozer, on N. 
 shore of the Shot el Jerid ; renowned for the excellence of its 
 fruits. P. 5800. 
 
 Tagnla, isl.. Pacific. See Lonlslade Archipelago. 
 
 Tagns, Spanish Tajo, Portuguese Tejo, principal river of the 
 Iberian Renin. , through the centre of which it flows from E. to 
 W., between the basins of the Ebro and Douro on the N., and 
 the Guadiana on the S. It rises in the Sierra Albarracin, on the 
 borders of Aragon and New Castille, in 40° 38' N. , 1° 35' W. , 
 at an alt. of about 5720 ft.; it flows WSW. in Spain, through 
 New Castille and Estremadura, and in Portugal between the 
 provs. Beira and Alemtejo, and through Estremadura to the 
 Atlantic, which it enters at Belem, 2 m. below Lisbon. Chief 
 affluents, r. bk. , Guadiela, Jarama, Alberche, Alagon, and 
 Zezere ; 1. bk. , Almonte, Sever, Sorraia, and Solor. In its 
 upper course the river flows through defiles between pine-clad 
 mountains, and then across the central plateau, with steep 
 descent, forming, especially in the higher parts, numerous 
 waterfalls and rapids, passing Aranjuez, Toledo, and Talavera. 
 In Estremadura its course again lies through narrow gorges, 
 sometimes not more than 50 or 60 ft. in breadth. After passing 
 Alcantara, and finally entering Portuguese terr., it gradually 
 flows more quietly. Above Lisbon it widens into a lake-like 
 expansion, 20 m. in length, and 3 to 8 m. in width, narrowing 
 again to about 2 m. opposite that city. Its uses for commerce 
 are at present much restricted, navigation being mainly con- 
 fined to the part below the confluence of the Zezere, though 
 it is classed as navigable to Alcantara. Length, 566 m. ; area 
 of basin, 31,864 sq. m. (Strelbitsky). 
 Tah, Chinese, 'pagoda.' See Ta. 
 
 Taliaa, isl., Pacific, Society group, in 16° 35' S., 151^° W. 
 
 Talia-el-9Iarg, tn.. Lower Egypt, prov. Dakahlie, 50 m. N. 
 by E. Cairo. P. <4000. 
 
 Taliaii, dniioiig, mt., Malay Penin. , Pahang, in about 4° o' 
 N., 102° 20' E. Alt. estimated by report at about 12,000 ft. 
 
 Talianla, or Cltlchagof, isls. , Pacific, Tuamotu group, 
 crossed in extreme W. by 145° W. , in about i6^° S. 
 
 Taha-Nnb, vil.. Lower Egypt, prov. Kalyubie (the prov. in 
 upper angle of delta). P. <5ooo. 
 
 Taliara, post-tn., Victoria, Normanby co., 45 m. N. by W. 
 Portland. P. < 1500. ^ 
 
 Taliatee, lake, Canada, Brit. Columbia, crossed by 52° 15' 
 N. , dramed N. to Black Road R. (r. bk. trib. of Fraser). 
 
 Taliia-ho, or Tasla-lio, riv. , China, prov. Kansu, flows NE, 
 into the Hwang-ho 47 m. above Lanchou-fu. Length, 137 m. 
 
 Tahiclilpl (or Teliachapl) Pass, U.S., at one end of Sierra 
 Nevada, traversed by S. Pacific Rly. Alt. 3832 ft. (Gannett). 
 
 TahlUa, tnld. , Ire., S. ct. co. Kerry, bar. S. Dunkerron, on 
 the N. side of Kenmare R. , 11 m. W. by S. Kenmare, P.O. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Tatadri, small vil., Persia, Laristan, on Persian Gulf, 120 m. 
 
 1533 
 
TAHI — TAIT 
 
 SE. Bushire, in 27° 40' N. , 52° 21' E., inhabited chiefly by 
 peaxl-fishers. Close by are the ruins of Siraf, a mercantile 
 city of wealth and importance in the Middle Ages down to 
 about the middle of the nth century. 
 
 Tahiti, or Talti, called by Cook, its discoverer (1774), 
 Otabelte (the first syllable meaning 'it is,' the whole name 
 being the answer to Cook's question, ' What is the name of the 
 island?'), isL, Pacific, the most important of the Society 
 group, in 17° 29'-52' S. , 149° 7-38' W. It is about one-third 
 larger than the isl. of Anglesey, and consists of two some- 
 what oval-shaped volcanic penins. connected by an isthmus, 
 submerged at high water, and the whole surrounded by coral 
 reefs, the smaller penin. , distinguished by the name of Taiarabu, 
 comprising less than one-fourth of the whole area. Circum- 
 ference 164 m. , of which 119 m. belongs to the main penin., 
 which contains near the middle the culminating point of the 
 whole island, Mount Orohena, 7340 ft. The island contains 
 other rugged high lands, with many fertile valleys, and a 
 belt of rich land along the coast, on which are numerous 
 small harbours. The total cultivable area is estimated to form 
 one-third of the whole. The natives have mostly been con- 
 verted to Christianity by Protestant missionaries. Principal 
 town and port, Papiti (NW. ct. ), frequently known even to 
 the French under the English spelling of Papeete. Sugar-cane, 
 cotton, coffee (said to be specially well suited to the island), 
 maize, tobacco, fruits, and vegetables are cultivated in small 
 quantities ; bread-fruit, yams, plantains, arrowroot, vanilla, 
 coco-nuts, oranges (introduced by Cook), and limes grow 
 spontaneously. Besides natural and plantation vegetable pro- 
 ducts, wax, wool, beche-de-mer (trepang), and pearl-shell are 
 exported. Oxen and hogs are reared, and horses are numerous. 
 Tahiti was taken under the protection of the French in 1842, 
 and was formally annexed, along with the neighbouring isl. 
 of Moorea or Eimeo, to the NW. , in 1880. Mean temp. (5 yrs. , 
 1855-60), yr. 77.3° F. , Feb. 79.1°, Aug. 74.5°. Area, 400 sq. m. 
 P. estimated'by Cook at 150-200,000, an estimate probably 
 much too large, though it is certain that the population has 
 since his time greatly declined through epidemics and other 
 causes. It is now about 9000; including Moorea, 10,000, of 
 whom about 1500 are Europeans. 
 
 Tableqaata, vil., U.S., Indian Terr., cap. of Cherokee 
 Nation ; has two good schools, and various public buildings. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Ta-ho, or Foa*klang, riv., China, prov. Siichwan, flows 
 SE. into the Kia-ling near Ho-chou. Length about 300 m. 
 
 Taboe, lake, U.S., California and Nevada states, intersected 
 by 120° W. and 39° N., surrounded by high peaks. It is 
 drained N. by the Truckee into Pyramid Lake, Alt. 6247 ft. 
 (R. R.). Length, 20 m. ; width, 10 m. 
 
 Tahshish, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, Van- 
 couver I., 211 m. NW. by W. Victoria. 
 
 Tahsoo Harbour, inlet, Canada, Brit. Columbia, on the W. 
 ct. of Moresby I. 
 
 Tahta, Upper Egypt. See Takhta. 
 
 Tahtajl, sect, Anatolia, prov. Adana ; workers in wood, of 
 whose rites, worship, and beliefs very little is known. 
 
 Ta-bn, or Tal-hn ('large lake'), lake, E. China, provs. 
 Kiangsu and Chekiang, 57 m. W. Shanghai, of almost circular 
 form, filling up an old depression ; situated in a charming 
 country ; it contains a large number of islands and islets, and 
 has numerous villages on its shores. Length, 44 m. ; breadth, 
 
 Tahnamann, Datlmann ('turtle river'), or Orton, riv., 
 Peru, winds tortuously through low plains, flowing ENE. , and 
 joins the Beni below the mouth of the Madre de Dios, in 12° 48' 
 S. ; not fully explored. Length about 400 m. 
 
 Tatanata, or Santa CrlsUna, isl. , Pacific, Marquesas group, 
 in about 139° 5' W. , crossed in the S. by 10° S. 
 
 Tai, Chinese, 'a tower or terrace.' 
 
 Tal, large Arab tribe of the Kahtanide family, emigrants 
 from Yemen, forming the chief population of Jebel-Shomer. 
 
 Tal, states, SE. Asia. See Laos. 
 
 Talara, or King, isl., Pacific, Tuamotu group, in about 
 i44rW.,i5i°S. 
 
 Talbach, vil. , Wales, Glamorganshire, 6 m. S. by E. Neath, 
 belonging to the Swansea dist. of pari, bors,, close to Port 
 Talbot stn. See Margam. 
 
 Talbetlsm, large oasis, central Arabia, Shomer, 45 m. 
 ENE. Hail. ' 
 
 Tal-chon, bay, E. ct. China, prov. Chekiang, entered by 
 river of same name ; has good anchorage. 
 
 Tal-chon, tn., China, prov. Chekiang, 70 m. SSW. Ningpo; 
 has trade in tea and salt. 
 
 Tnl-<>hon, tn., China, prov. Kiangsu, 65 m. ENE. Nanking. 
 
 Tal-chon, tn., China, prov. Shansi, 190 m. WSW. Peking. 
 
 Taidong, or Teltong, riv. , Korea, flows SW. past Phyong- 
 yang (q.v.), and enters Korea Bay by a wide estuary, in 
 39° 15' N. 
 
 "Salcrl, CO., New Zealand, South I., between 45 and 46° S., 
 and crossed by 170° E. 
 1534 
 
 Taif (E'Ta'if). See Tayif. 
 
 Talglnni, vil., Scot., S. Ayrshire, 7 m. ESE. Ayr, close to 
 Drongan stn. P. <:5oo. 
 Talhohslen, tn. , China. See Tali-fu. 
 Tal-hu, lake, China. See Ta-hn. 
 
 Talk-gyl, or Talk-kyl, vil, Bvirma, dist. Hanthawadi, 36 
 m. W. Pegu, 41 m. by rail from Rangoon. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Talla, CO. , New South Wales, bounded on the SE. by the 
 Murray R., and crossed in extreme W. by 142° E. 
 
 Tallao, isl., S. ct. of China, in the entrance of Macao 
 roadstead. 
 
 Talllat, Cap, cape, France, dap. Var, on the S. ct. , 19 m. 
 S. by W. Frejus. 
 
 Talllebonrg, tn. , France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, arr. St. 
 Jean-d'Ang61y, on r. bk. of Charente, 4 m. SSE. St. Savinien ; 
 scene of the victory gained by the French over Henry III. of 
 England in 1242. 
 
 Talmoro, Moham. tribe, SE. ct. Madagascar, occupying 
 the shore of Masindrano to Faranfagana. 
 
 Taimyr, large penin., Russia, Arctic Ocean, eastern Siberia, 
 govt. Yeniseisk ; protrudes in two parts as far as 'j'f 30' N. 
 (Cape Syevero-Vostochnyi), between the Gulfs of Taimyr and 
 Khatanga ; covered in middle by Byrranga Mts. , 1000 ft. high. 
 The Taimyr Bay receives the Taimyr K., which rises in 73° 
 N. , flows through large Lake Taimyr, and enters Taim3rr Bay 
 under 75° 35' N. 
 
 Tain, tn. , France, dep. Drome, arr. Valence, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Rhone, opposite Tournon, 33 m. S. Vienne. P. <3000. 
 
 Tain, royal and pari, burgh and par., Scot., in the NE. of 
 Ross-shire, on the S. shore of Dornoch Firth, 4^ m. S. by W. 
 Dornoch, on the H. R. ; has the collegiate church of St. Duthus, 
 founded 1360, restored 1871-76. Par. 16,668 ac, P. <300o; 
 royal burgh, P. <;25oo; pari, burgh, P. <:20oo. See Wick. 
 
 Talnan-fu, formerly Talwan-fh, treaty-port (since 1858), 
 Formosa I. , W. ct. , in 22° 59' N. ; its harbour, at Anping, 
 to the NW. , has a bar with only 6 ft. of water at high water 
 ordinary springs, but there is good anchorage, though not safe 
 in the SW. monsoon, in 51^ fathoms outside. P. 50-60,000. See 
 Takow. 
 
 Talnaron, cape, Greece. See Matapan. 
 
 Talngau-fu, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, 200 m. S. Tientsin, 
 36 m. SE. by S. Tsinan ; at the foot of the Tashan, a sacred 
 mountain much resorted to by pilgrims. A great ladder leads 
 from the town to the summit. P. 45,000 (Markham). 
 
 Talnlnh, tn. , Lower Cochin-China, 55 m. NW. Saigon. 
 
 Tal Nol, states, SE. Asia. See Laos. 
 
 Talntlgnles, comm. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Tournai. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Talpas, Cal«las de, place with hot mineral springs, Portugal, 
 prov. Minho, 26 m. NE. Oporto, 6 m. SE. Braga. 
 
 Talpel-fta, or Thalpe-fn, chief tn. in the N. of isl. of Formosa, 
 25° 4' N., a little to the E. of Twatutia [Tamsnl, riv.] ; tea, 
 rice, and jute grown near. 
 
 Talpeng, Talplng, Thalpeng, or Thalplng, tn. , Malay 
 Penin., cap. Perak, 13 m. WNW. Kwala-Kangsa, a few miles 
 from W. ct., in about 4° 48' N.; connected by railway with Port 
 Weld. Residence of a British agent. 
 
 Talpe-shan, mt. chain, China, prov. Shansi, between the 
 town of Soping and the Hwang-ho. 
 
 Talplng, tn., China, prov. Kwangsi, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Tso-kiang, in 22° 19' N., 107° 19' E. (Proc. J?. G. S., 1891, p. 
 
 254- ) 
 
 Talplng, tn., China, prov. Kwangtung, on Canton R., 37 
 m. SE. Canton. 
 
 Talplng, tn. , China, prov. Shansi, 24 m. SW. Pingyang-fu ; 
 anthracite coal is worked in the vicinity. 
 
 Talping-fn, tn. , China, on r. bk. of Yangtse-kiang, prov. 
 Nganhwei, 37 m. SSW. Nanking. 
 
 Talpnng, tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, on the E. ct. , 30 m. 
 NE. Victoria. 
 
 Talr, volcanic islet, Red Sea, 47 m. WNW. Kamaran I. , in 
 15° 38' N.; the only active Arabian volcano. 
 
 Talma, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Thames co., 60 m. 
 E. by S. Auckland. P. <:i500. 
 
 Talshakl, riv. , China, prov. Fokien, r. bk. trib. of the Niau- 
 tung-kiang ; the lower valley of this river belongs to the large 
 black tea region of Fokien. 
 
 Talsklrchen, comm. , Upper ^Austria, 42 m. WNW. Steyr, 
 33 m. W. Linz. P. <3000. 
 
 TalsnU'res, vil., France, dep. Nord, arr. Avesnes, 14 m. E. 
 by S. Valenciennes. P. <20oo. 
 
 Talta, less properly Telta, group of isolated mts. , or high- 
 land areas, rising somewhat abruptly from the Nyika or desert 
 
 Only three of these areas, Bura, Ndara, and Kadiaro, have 
 sufficient water to maintain a tolerably dense population. Other 
 mountains are Ndi, Mlaleni, and Maungu. 
 Taltl, isl. , Pacific. See Tahiti. 
 
T A I T 
 
 T A K W 
 
 Taltok, tribe, Sahara, the most powerful of the confedera- 
 tion of the W. Tuaregs. 
 
 Taltse-bo, riv. , China, prov. Liautung, trib. of the Liao-ho 
 by the Hun-ho. Length, 155 m. 
 Talifvaii, Chinese name of Formosa Island. 
 Talivait-fn, inland tn. , Formosa, 82 m. NNE. Tainan-fu 
 (q.v.). 
 Tal Yal, states, SE. Asia. See Laos. 
 Talya Inlet. See Lynn Canal. 
 
 Talyaug-clion, highest mt. group of the mountainous region 
 stretching between the Kinsha-kiang and the Kien-kiang, trib. 
 of the Yalung, China. Alt. 19,500 ft. 
 
 Taiynen-fu, walled city, China, cap. prov. Shansi, on the 
 main road leading from central China northwards to Tatung, 
 Kalgan, and Kweihuacheng ; government arsenal, powder-mills, 
 and cannon-foundry. P. 50,000. /oi^r. R. G. S., 1877, p. 173; 
 Proc. R. G. S. , 1890, p. 60. 
 
 Ta'iz, or Taas, fortified tn. , Arabia, Yemen, 55 m. ENE. 
 Mokha, on a spur of the mountains overlooking the southern 
 plains. 
 
 Talzerbo, oasis, Africa, the most N. of the Kufra group, 
 Libyan desert. 
 Tajado, cape, Haiti. See Punta Sabaneta. 
 Tajett-erat, frequented wells, Africa, Sahara, 215 m. SW. 
 Ghat (Rhat), on the route to Air. 
 
 Tajik, name given to the Iranians of E. Persia, N. Afghan- 
 istan, and Russian Turkistan. 
 
 Tajlma, kuni or old prov. , Japan, now included in Hyogo ken. 
 Tajo, riv. See Tagus. 
 
 TaJuJia, riv., Spain, New Castille, flows SW. to the Jarama, 
 which it joins about 20 m. SSE. Madrid. 
 
 Tajnrra, tn. , E. ct. Africa, in French colony of Obok, on N. 
 shore of the Gulf of T., 31 m. WSW. Obok, in 11° 47' N.; the 
 roadstead is exposed. The inhabitants, of the Afar or Dankali 
 race, trade with Ankober (Shoa) and Harrar. P. <2ooo. 
 Taka, isl. , Pacific, Marshall Archipelago, Ratak group. 
 Takacbibo, the most southerly cone of the volcanic group of 
 Kirishima, Kiushiu, Japan, culminating point of the island. Alt. 
 5480 ft. 
 
 Takaka, post-tn., New Zealand, South L, Collingwood co., 
 34 m. NW. Nelson. P. 1500. 
 
 Takallk, mt. pass, China, East Turkistan, Tian Shan system, 
 in about 42° 20' N. , 83° 40' E., 47 m. N. Kucha. 
 
 Takamatsu, maritime tn., Japan, Shikoku, 68 m. WSW. 
 Kobe. P. (1890) 34,600. 
 
 Takaoka, tn. , Japan, 148 m. NE. by N. Kyoto ; cotton and 
 silk goods are manufactured in the environs. P. (1887) 19,900. 
 Takapaa, post-tn., New Zealand, North L, Waipawa co., 
 50 m. SW. Napier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Takarl, E. chain of the Brahui or Hala Mts. , Baluchistan, 
 running N. to S. from Bolan Pass to Mula Pass, actually the 
 slightly elevated margin of the Kheldt plateau. Alt. 7000 ft. 
 
 Takasakl, tn. , Japan, 62 m. NW. Tokyo ; has cotton manu- 
 factures and sericulture. P. (1887) 18,800. 
 
 Takase, maritime vil., Japan, Kiushiu, 48 m. E. by N. Naga- 
 saki. P. < 3000. 
 
 Takasblnia, islet, near W. ct. of Kiushiu, Japan, 10 m. W. 
 of the entrance to the roadstead of Nagasaki ; has very im- 
 portant coal beds, which in 1888 produced over 350,000 tons. 
 
 Takata, tn. , Japan, 64 m. SSW. Niigata ; one of the chief 
 industrial centres of the W. ; manufactures cotton. P. (1886) 
 24.500. 
 
 Takatu, range of mts., Brit. Afghanistan, stretching NNE. 
 from the Shalkot valley to the S. of 30^° N. , and E. of 67° E. 
 See map, Proc. JR. G. S. , 1880, p. 272. 
 
 Takayama, tn. , Japan, 94 m. ENE. Kyoto. P. (1887) 13,600. 
 Takazze, or Setlt, r. bk. affluent of Atbara (Nile basin), rises 
 in the Abwia-Meder Mts., Abyssinia, E. of Lake Tana, and 
 describes a circuitous course mainly N. and NW. to its junction 
 with the Atbara. In its upper course it flows through deep 
 gorges, and separates the provs. of Goudar and Tigre ; in its 
 lower course through the plain it is called the Setit. Length 
 about 500 m. 
 
 Takdemit, tn. , Algeria, prov. and 107 m. ESE. Oran, arr. 
 Mostaganem ; has Roman remains. It was founded about 671, 
 and became an important town, destroyed in the beginning of 
 the 13th century, and again by the French in 1841. 
 
 Takebrlt, the ancient Siga, ruined site, Algeria, 54 m. WSW. 
 Oran. 
 
 Takefn, tn., Japan, 68 m. NNE. Kyoto. P. (1887) 12,000. 
 Takeley, par. , Eng. , Essex, Epping div. , loj m. S. Saffron 
 Walden, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Takbl, or Ngen-klang, riv. , China, S. Chekiang, flows on 
 the whole E. , and at Wenchou, in 28° N. , forms an estuary ; 
 about 150 m. long. 
 
 Takblno-gol, Lake, lake, European Turkey, Macedonia, 
 S m. S. Seres, and N. the Gulf of Rendina (Orfoni), receives 
 the riv. Angista, and is traversed throughout by the Struma, 
 ancient Strytnon. Shores abrupt, except in the N. Length, 
 15 m. ; greatest breadth, 5 m. 
 
 Taklila Makan, desert, Chinese Empire, E. Turkistan, 
 bounded W. by the valley of Yarkand-daria, N. by Tarim valley, 
 E. by the lower Tarim and Lake Lobnor, S. by the oases stretch- 
 ing to the base of the mountains bordering the great plateau of 
 Tibet. 
 
 Takbta, or Tabta, tn.. Upper Egypt, prov. Girge (between 
 provs. Keneh and Siut). P. (1882) 13,800. 
 
 Takbta Bazar, vil., Russian Transcaspian Terr., on the 
 Murghab, 13 m. NW. by W. Maruchak. 
 
 Takbtakorum ('the throne of stone'), the most W. chain 
 of the Kuenlun Mts. , which it connects with the Muztagh-ata 
 group. Alt. estimated at from 14,700 to 15,700 ft. 
 
 Takbtala, mt. , Armenia, belonging to the Sinek chain ; 
 marked on Russian maps as Perlidagh. 
 
 Takbtala, or Takbtalydagb, the ancient Solyma, mt. , 
 Lycia, Taurus Mts., 31 m. SSW. Adalia, 4 m. W. of Gulf 
 Adalia. Alt. 7810 ft. 
 
 Takbt-1-Jamsbld, Persia. See Persefiolis. 
 
 Takbt-l-SaUlni4n ('Solomon's throne'), mt., with two 
 separate summits, Brit. Baluchistan, the highest mountain of 
 the Suliiman Range, 140 m. NW. Miiltan, thickly covered with 
 pines; the higher peak is called locally ' Abashta chuka,' or 
 sometimes ' Kaisargarh." Alt. 11,317 ft. ; the lower peak, 
 11,076 ft. * 
 
 Taklit>i-Sal&lni&u, mt. peak, Kashmir (q.v.). 
 
 Takbt-l-Snlalnian, mt. , Persia, in the Elburz Range, 35 ra. 
 N. by E. Kazvin. Alt. 14,400 ft. 
 
 Ta-klang ('great river'), Chinese name of the Yangtse-kiang. 
 
 Ta-klang, riv., China, rises in Yunnan and traverses the 
 prov. Kwangsi in the centre from W. to E. , enters the prov. 
 Kwangtung, and a httle above Canton joins the Pe-kiang to 
 form the Canton R. It receives several large affluents. Length 
 about 950 m. 
 
 Takllunt, vil. , Algeria, 28 m. SE. by S. Bougie. 
 
 Takla-kbar, large Tibetan town in Hundes (SW. Tibet), 
 in about 30° 18' N., 81° 10' E. ; carries on a trade with India 
 across the Lipu-lek pass. 
 
 Takniak, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet Smyrna, sanjak Saru- 
 khan, 32 m. E. by N. Alashehr. P. 4000; Moham. 3900. 
 
 Takow (sub-port of Talnan-fn), treaty-port, in the S. of 
 Formosa I. , on the W. ct. , in 22° 36' N, , at the N. end of a 
 long spit of land. The three acres of harbour have a depth of 
 12 ft. on bar ordinary springs, high water 14^ ft., low water 
 ii| ft. Outside the bar the anchorage (in 5I fathoms) is good, 
 but not safe during the SW. monsoons. In the vicinity are 
 extensive plantations of sugar-cane. 
 
 Takrur, name applied by early Arab writers to certain 
 recently converted negro populations in the W. Sudan, but 
 given also to others in Bornu, Wadai, &c. At the present day 
 the name is given to Mohammedan negroes on the Atbara and 
 Blue Nile, who seem originally to have come from the W. on 
 the pilgrimage to Mecca. 
 
 Taksa<lonisa, mt. , Tibet, NW. of Lake Dangrayum, in 
 about 86° 25' E. Alt. 20,000 ft. 
 
 Taksnn, tn. and fort. Eastern Turkistan, 33 m. SSW. Turfan, 
 in a rich cotton-growing country. 
 
 Takt-1-Bostan, celebrated grottoes of Persian Kurdistan, 
 near Kermanshah. The walls of the grottoes are covered with 
 sculptures representing hunting-scenes, &c. , some of which date 
 from the 6th or 7th centuries, and are said to be finer than those 
 of any other Persian monuments. 
 
 Takn, tn., China, prov. Pechili, on the E. ct. , at the mouth 
 of the Pei-ho, 27 m. ESE. Tientsin. There are 12 ft. of water 
 on bar at spring tides, and 10 ft. at neaps. The forts were- 
 captured by the allied English and French in i860. Mean 
 temp., yr. 53.4° F., Jan.- 23. 4°, July 77.4°. 
 
 Takn-bo, riv., China, prov. Shantung, flows SSW. to Kiao- 
 chou Bay. Length more than 90 m. 
 
 Takn Inlet, fjord stretching 18 m. NE. from the N. end of 
 Stephen's Passage, Alaska, its mouth in 58° 10' N. ; at its head 
 a large glacier. 
 
 Taknrea, or Volkousky, isl., Pacific, in the E. of the 
 Tuamotu group, in about 15° 45' S. , 142° o' W. 
 
 Taknsli, cape, Algeria, in 7° 23' E. , 24 m. WNW. Bona. 
 
 Takutn, riv., forming the boundary between Brit. Guiana 
 and the Brazilian terr. of Amazonas, rises near 1° 30' N. , flows 
 N. to its junction with the Mahu, which thenceforth takes its 
 name, and then bends SW. and joins the Rio Branco at Fort 
 San Joachim, in 3° 2' N.; chief affluents the Mahu and Zuruma. 
 Length estimated at 170 m. 
 
 Takn-wa-pa, tn., Siam, Malay Penin., near the W. ct., in 
 about 8° 51' N. 
 
 Taknwa-tang, tn. , Siam, Malay Penin., 15 m. from the 
 W. ct. , in about 8° 27' N. 
 
 Tak-vva, tn. , in the W. of Gold Coast Colony (Wawsaw dist.), 
 W. Africa, near 2° W. , 38 m. N. Dixcove ; gold mined near 
 since ancient times, now on a somewhat extensive scale. 
 
 TakYran, riv. , China. See Heng-klang. 
 
 Tak-vvnntlng, tn., China, in the NE. of prov. Yiinnan, 208 m. 
 NNE, Yiinnan-fu. 
 
 1535 
 
TAL — TALK 
 
 Tal, Welsh, 'headland,' 'promontory.' 
 
 Tain, tn. and stn., Argentine Republic, Entre Rios, 88 m. 
 SE. by E. Parand.. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tala, tn. , Lower Egypt, prov. Menufiye, 10 m. NNW. 
 Shibin-el-Kom. P. 9700. 
 
 Tala, vil. , Uruguay, dep. Canelones, 46 m. NNE. Montevideo. 
 
 Talaat Mnsa, highest point of the northern part of the Anti- 
 Libanus Range, Syria, in 34° 7' N. Alt. 8720-8760 ft. 
 
 Talabo, Cape, Eastern Archipelago, in the E. of Celebes I., 
 in about 0° 40' S. , 123" 30' E. 
 
 TalachfldA, par. , Wales, Brecknockshire, 4 m. NE. by N. 
 Brecknock. P. <:25o. 
 
 Talacre, seapt. vil. , Wales, Flintshire, 8 m. N W, Holywell ; 
 has coal-mines and freestone quarries. 
 
 Tal^ang, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Jehlam, 60 
 m. SW. by S. Rawal Pindi ; manufactures cotton cloths, shoes 
 worked with tinsel. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Talahat, tn. , Upper Egypt, prov. Girge, dist. Tata. P. <4000. 
 
 Talaliigs, tribe. See Burma. 
 
 Talamba, municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 50 m. 
 ENE. Multan. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Talamona, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 12 m. WSW. 
 Sondrio. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Talanione, the ancient Telamon, seapt., on the W. ct. of 
 Italy, Tuscany, prov. Grosseto, 45 m. NW. Civita Vecchia, 9 
 m. NNW. Orbetello; fortress in course of erection. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Talang, active volcano, Sumatra, 17 m. E. Padang. Alt. 
 
 834s ft. 
 
 TalantC, N, part of the arm of the sea separating Euboea 
 from the mainland of Greece. 
 
 Talar, pass of the Andes, in 24° 55' S. , connecting the provs. 
 of Antofagasta and Atacama in Chile with the Argentine prov. 
 of Salta. Alt. 14,175 ft. 
 
 Talara, Pniita, cape, NW. Peru, dep. Piura, in 4° 29' S. ; 
 petroleum occurs in the dist. over an area of 1000 sq. m. 
 
 TalargocliLeadMliie,Wales, Flintshire, 3 m. NE. Rhuddlan. 
 
 Talas, tn. , Asia Minor. See Tallas. 
 
 Talas, riv. , Russian Turkistan, prov. Syr-daria; rises on 
 snow-clad peaks of Alexandrovskiy Mts. (W. part of Tian 
 Shan), from confluence of two streams, pierces to Cha-archa 
 Mts., flows NW. past Aulie-ata, and enters brackish Lake 
 Kara-kul before having reached the Chu R. Receives many 
 1. bk. tribs. , chief of which is Boroldai, utilised for irrigation, 
 length about 170 m. 
 
 Talas Mountains, Russian Turkistan, part of Tian Shan 
 highlands, stretch WNW. to ESE. , connect Nuratyn-tau with 
 Chotkal Range. Talas R. at their N E. foot. 
 
 Talat (' well," ' spring '), Berber name of numerous villages in 
 Morocco. 
 
 Tal'at e«l Dnmm, site, Palestine, Adummim in the O. T., 
 31° 49' N. , 35° 21' E., 8 m. ENE. Jerusalem. 
 
 Tal'at es Safa, site, Palestine, Zophim (Field of) in the O. T., 
 31° 4S' N., 35° 46' E., 3^ m. SW. of the ancient Heshbon. 
 
 Talaton, par., Eng. , Devonshire, Honiton div., 10 m. ENE. 
 Exeter, 2 m. W. Sidmouth Junction, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Talan<U^re, La, tn., France, dep. Loire, arr. and 4 m. 
 NNE. St. Etienne. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Talant Islands, group of Dutch isls.. Eastern Archipelago, 
 SE. of Mindanao. 
 
 Talavera de la Relna, tn. , Spain, prov. and 40 m. W. by 
 N. Toledo, cap. dist. T., on the r. bk. of the Tagus ; manu- 
 factures of silk (formerly more important) and earthenware. 
 In the neighbourhood are abandoned gold-mines. Scene of a 
 sanguinary battle in which the French under Joseph Bona- 
 parte were defeated by the allied British and Spanish forces 
 under Sir A. Wellesley, July 27, 1809. P. (comm.) 10,500. 
 
 Talaya, small riv. , Russia, E. Siberia, govt. Irkutsk, enters 
 SW. extremity of Lake Baikal ; mines of lapis-lazuli. 
 
 TAlbehat, tn. , Brit. India, N W. Provs. , dist. Lalitpur, 90 m. 
 S. by E. Gwalior. P. 5800 ; Hindus, 5400. 
 
 Talbenny, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on the S. of St. 
 Bride Bay, 6 m. NW. Milford. P. <25o. See Walton, West. 
 
 Talbot, CO., Queensland, crossed by 25° S., and in the W. 
 by 148° E. 
 
 Talbot, isl., U.S., Florida, off the coast of Nassau co., 
 separated by Nassau Sound from Amelia I. Length, 10 m. ; 
 width, 2.\ m. 
 
 Talbot, CO., U.S., Georgia, S. of 33° S., and between 84° 
 and 85° W. 
 
 Talbot, CO., U.S., Maryland, bounded on the W. by Chesa- 
 peake Bay, S. of 39° N. 
 
 Talbot, formerly Back Creek, tp., Victoria, T. co., 42 m. 
 SW. Sandhurst; has gold-mining. P. < 1500. 
 
 Talbotstourn, electoral div. , Ire. , Wicklow, dist. Kiltegan. 
 
 Talbotstown, Lower and I'pper, two bars.. Ire., in the 
 NW. of CO. Wicklow, Upper T. to the S. of Lower T. 
 
 Talbotton, tn., U.S., Georgia, Talbot co. , 55 m. W. by S. 
 Macon. P. < 1500. 
 
 Talbot Village, vil. , Eng. , Dorsetshire. See Klnson. 
 
 Talbragar, tn. , New South Wales. See Denlson Town. 
 1536 
 
 Talca, tn., Chile, cap. prov. and dep. T. The principal in- 
 dustry is the manufacture of woollen ' ponchos,' noted through- 
 out the country for their durability and handsome colovu^s. Alt. 
 344 ft. Mean temp. (2 yrs., 1871-72), yr. 56.5° F., Jan. 70.2°, 
 July 43.3°. P. (1865) 17.900; (1885) 23,400. 
 
 Talcaliuano, seapt. , Chile, in 36^ 42' S. , prov. and 10 m. by 
 rail N. Concepcion (420 m. by rail from Santiago), at the root 
 of a narrow penin. jutting N. and sheltering the port from the 
 W. There are no docks. The port stands on a bay looking 
 N. , with two entrances divided by Quiriquina I. Vessels 
 anchor near the shore in 4-6 fathoms, and load and discharge 
 by lighters. A breakwater, a dock, and quays are now being 
 constructed ; the dock to be 594 ft. long, 120 ft. wide, and 82 
 ft. deep. Founded as a military post in 1780. Mean temp. 
 (3 yrs., 1883-86), yr. 58.5° F., Jan. 67.1°, July 49.6°. P. (1885) 
 5000. 
 
 TalcottTllle, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Tolland co., 9 m. EXE. 
 Hartford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Talegilon, or TalegAou Dashasabasra (census), tn., Brit. 
 India, Berar, dist. and 30 m. SE. Amraoti. P. (1891) 6400 ; 
 Hindus, 5200. 
 
 Talence, tn., France, dep. Gironde, arr. and 3 m. SW. by 
 S. Bordeaux ; produces excellent wine ; manufactures oil-cloth. 
 P. 7600. 
 
 Tale (or Tonle) Sap (Sab or Seb), literally ' inland lake,' 
 large lake in the NW. of Cambodia {q.v.), fed during the 
 summer monsoon by a branch from the Mekong, which brings 
 it to a length of 120 m. and a depth (in places) of 50 ft. , and 
 drained in the dry season SE. by the same arm to a length of 
 70 m. and a depth of 2-4 ft. Divided by narrows into two 
 sections, the NW. called Caman Dai, the SE. Caman Tieu. 
 
 Talgareg, PM.O. , Wales, 4 m. from Llanarth (Cardiganshire). 
 
 Talgartb, par. and market-tn. , Wales, Brecknockshire, 8 m. 
 ENE. Brecknock, on the Cambrian and M. Rlys. , PMT.O. 
 Market-day, F. 12,294 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Talgrani (census). See T&Ugram. 
 
 Talla, tn. , Egypt, 8 m. SW. by S. Tanta. P. 9700. 
 
 Talla, post-tn., S. Australia, Robinson co., in 33° 19' S., 
 134° 53' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Taliabo, isL, Eastern Archipelago, one of the Sulu Is., to 
 the E. of Celebes, just N. of 2° S. , crossed by 125° E. 
 
 Taliaferro, co. , U.S., Georgia, between 33° and 34° N. , and 
 touching in W. 83° W. 
 
 Tallang-shan, mts., SW. China. See Lolos. 
 
 Tallen'wan, or Talleiili'wang, bay, on E. side of the narrow 
 isthmus connecting a minor penin. (on which stands Port 
 Arthur) with the main penin. of Manchuria, between the Gulf 
 of Liautung and the Yellow Sea. Free from ice all the year. 
 Coalfield near its shores. 
 
 Tallesln, Tre*TaUesl]i, hamlet, Wales. Cardiganshire, j\ m. 
 NE. by N. Aberystwith, 3 m. E. by N. Borth stn. About li 
 m. from T. is Bedd T. , said to be the true burial-place of the 
 bard Taliesin (6th century). PM.O. 
 
 Tali-fu, or Talbo-hslen, tn., in the SW. of China, prov. 
 Yunnan, on the W. side of Erh-hai Lake, in 25° 42' N. , 168 m. 
 WNW. Yiinnan-fu ; the Carajan of Marco Polo. T. occupies 
 an important strategic position, the plain on which it stands 
 being reached by two narrow defiles between the lake and sur- 
 rounding mountains, one N. , the other S. of the town. It is 
 the entrepot of trade between Suchwan and Burma. The opium 
 poppy is cultivated in the environs, and there are salt and other 
 mines and marble quarries. P. (1877) 23,000 (Gill). 
 
 T&Ugram, or Talgrani (census), tn., Brit. India, NW. 
 Provs., dist. Farukhabdd, 60 m. NW. Cawnpur. P. 5300; 
 Hindus, 3600 ; Moham. 1700. 
 
 TAllkot, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 43 m. SE. by 
 E. Bijapur. P. 6700 ; Hindus, 4800. 
 
 Tallsay, tn., Philippine Is., Cebu I., 5 m. SW. Cebu. P. 
 (comm.) 16,100. 
 
 Tallsh, plain bordering the SW. of the Caspian Sea, partly 
 in Persia, partly in Transcaucasia. 
 
 Tallsker, settlement, S. Australia, Hindmarsh co. , 55 m. 
 SSW. Adelaide, 
 
 Tallsker Head and Tallsker Bay, headland and bay, Scot. , 
 Inverness-shire, at S. entrance of Loch Bracadale, on W, side 
 of Skve I. 
 
 Talk and Alsager Road, stn., Eng., Staffordshire. See 
 Talk o' tb' Ulll. 
 
 Talke, St. Martin, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, in 
 Newcastle-under-Lyme union. P. <500o. 
 
 Talkha, tn. , Lower Egypt, on 1. bk. Damietta mouth of the 
 Nile, opposite Mansura, 70 m. N. by E. Cairo. P. (1882) 5200. 
 
 Talkl, pass, central Asia. See Boro-Horo Mts. 
 
 Talkin (taw'kin), vil., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 10 
 m. E. Carlisle, 2 m. S. Brampton stn. See Hayton. 
 
 Talkln Tarn, a small lake f m. to the N. 
 
 Talk o' tb' Hill, or Talke (tawk), eccles. par., Eng., Staf- 
 fordshire, NW. div., 3 m. NW. Burslem, with a stn. (Talk and 
 .llsager Koad) on the N. Staffordshire Rly. ; coal is mined. 
 PMT.O. (Talke). P. < 5000, 
 
TALL — TAMA 
 
 Talla, mountainous country, Africa, dependent on the colony 
 of Sierra Leone ; assigned to England by the Anglo-French 
 convention of 1889. 
 
 Tallaile'gn, city, U.S., Alabama, cap. T. co., 43 m. E. by 
 S. of Birmingham ; seat of T. Missionary College, and the state 
 institutions for blind and deaf and dumb. Has trade in cotton ; 
 extensive deposits of marble occur in the vicinity. P. <3000. 
 
 Tallaglit, par. and tn.. Ire., SW. co. Dublin, bar. Upper- 
 cross, 5 m. SW. by W. Dublin, PMT.O. Par. 21,869 ac, P. 
 <35oo ; tn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Tallahassee, city, U.S., cap. Florida, Leon co., 477 m. E. 
 Pensacola ; beautifully situated on high ground, overlooking 
 pine forests. Seat of the state normal college for coloured 
 students. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tallabatclile, co., U.S., Mississippi, in the NW., crossed 
 by 34° N. , and in the E. by 90° W. 
 
 Tallaliatchle, riv. , U.S., Mississippi, in the NW. , trib. of 
 the Yazoo R. , which it joins on the 1. bk, in 34° 12' N.; navi- 
 gable to Hill's Place. 
 
 Talla-IMagoiigo, mt. chain, W. Africa, Angola, separating 
 the basins of the Kwango and Kwanza, just N. of 10° S., 
 between 17° and 18° E. Also the name of a Portuguese post, 
 long the most advanced in this part of Africa. 
 
 Talland, par., Eng. , Cornwall, div. and 13J m. SE. Bodmin, 
 on the S. ct. , 2 m. WSW. Looe. P. < 1000 ; eccles. par. 
 (T. with Polperro) P. < 1500. 
 
 Tallaiigatta, post-tn. , Victoria, Benambra co. , 20 m. E. by 
 S. Albury. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tallaiistown, par.. Ire., co. Louth, bar. Ardee, on riv. 
 Glyde, 5 m. W. Castlebellingham, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tallaiitire, P.O., Eng., Cumberland. See Tallentire. 
 Tallapoosa, co., U.S., Alabama, E. of 86° W., crossed in 
 N. by 33° N. 
 
 Tallapoosa, city, U.S., Georgia, Haralson co. , on W. edge 
 of Piedmont plateau, in a rich mineral dist. ; has large glass- 
 works and furnaces. The vine and southern fruits largely culti- 
 vated in neighbourhood. Alt. 1157 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Tallapoosa Klver, riv., U.S., Georgia and Alabama, flows 
 SW. and W. , uniting with the Coosa to form the Alabama 
 about 10 m. N.' of Montgomery ; navigable for steamers more 
 than 40 m. above the Coosa. 
 
 Tallard, tn. , France, on the S. border of dep. Hautes-Alpes, 
 arr. Gap, on the Durance, 53 m. SSE. Grenoble. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Tallani Ctreeii, vil. , Wales, in a detached part of Flintshire, 
 8 m. SE. by E. Wrexham, 5 m. SW. Malpas stn., P.O. See 
 Haiiiuer. 
 
 Tallarook, vil., Victoria, Anglesey co. , 50 m. N. by E, 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tallas, or Talas, tn. , Asia Minor, vilayet Angora, sanjak 
 and 6 m. SSE. Kaisariye, at N. base of Erjias Dagh ; birthplace 
 of St. Sabas (sth century). P. <4ooo (Cuinet). 
 
 Tallassee, tn., U.S., Alabama, Elmore co. , 26 m, ENE. 
 Montgomery. P. < 1500. 
 . Tallaton, P.O., Eng. , Devonshire. See Talaton. 
 
 Tallent, or Zavviya, tn. , SW. Morocco, on an affluent of 
 the Wad-Ghaz, which flows between the Wad-Sus and Wad- 
 Draa. P. <4000. 
 
 Tallentire, par., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., 5 
 m. E. by S. Maryport, 2 m. ESE. Dearham stn., P.O. (Tallan- 
 tire). P. <2So. 
 
 Talley, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., 11 m. SSE. 
 Lampeter, 4^ m. WNW. Llandvirda stn. ; has remains of a 
 priory said to have been founded in 12th century. PM.O. 
 7198 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Talley Road, stn., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., on the 
 G. W. R. and the riv. Towy, 14 m. E. by N. Carmarthen. 
 TalUna, seapt. , Russia. See Revel. 
 
 Talllitgtou, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , on the 
 Welland, 4 m. E. Stamford, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tallmadge, coal-mining vil., U.S., Ohio, Summit co., 5 m. 
 NE. Akron. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tallow, par. and tn. , Ire., W. co. Waterford, bar. Cosh- 
 more and Coshbride, on the Bride R. , 4^ m. SW. by S. Lismore, 
 with a stn. (T. Road) on the Waterford, Dungarvan, and 
 Lismore, and Fermoy and Lismore Rly. , PMT.O, Market- 
 day, S. Par. 5015 ac. , P. <20oo; tn. P. <isoo. 
 
 Tallula, vil., U.S., Illinois, Menard co., 71 m. SW. Bloom- 
 ington by rail ; has a mineral spring and coal-mine. P. < 1500. 
 Tallnlah, vil., U.S., Louisiana, Madison par. (co.), 20 m. 
 W. by N. Vicksburg (Miss.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Tally-Ho, postal -centre, Victoria, 11 m. E. Melbourne. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Tal Maiidawal, tn. , Central India, Jaora state. P. 5100; 
 Hindus, 3300 ; Moham. 1200. 
 
 Talmassons, vil. , Italy, Venetia, prov. Udine, 7 m. ESE. 
 Codroipo. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Talniliie, hamlet, Scot., Sutherland, par. and 7 m. NW. 
 Tongue, P.O. 
 
 Tfl/ww, vil.. Nubia. See Kalabsheh, El. 
 Talmont, tn., France, dep. Vendue, 31 m. NW. La Rochelle, 
 1537 
 
 arr. and 8 m. E. by S. Les Sables d'Olonne ; salt marshes near. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Talnoye, vil. , Russia, govt, and 107 m. due S. Kiev ; sugar- 
 works. P. 5300. 
 
 Taloda, municip. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khandesh, 77 
 m. E. by S. Broach ; manufactures wooden carts. P. 8100 ; 
 Hindus, 7500. 
 
 Talog, PM.O., Wales, Carmarthenshire, 8 m. NW. Car- 
 marthen. 
 
 Talotse, lake, China, prov. Pechili, 120-150 m. SW. Tientsin, 
 drained NF2. by the Huto-ho. 
 
 Talovskaya ^opka, peak, Russia, Altai, govt. Tomsk, in 
 the N. of Riddersk ; copper-mines. Alt. 5065 ft. 
 
 Talpa, vil. and mining centre, Mexico, Jalisco state, 14 m. 
 SSE. Mascota. P. (comm.) 5000. 
 
 Talsarii, summit of the Black Mts. , Wales, Brecknockshire, 
 near Brecknock Van. Alt. 2596 ft. 
 Talsarii, PM.O. , Wales, Cardiganshire, 6m. NW. Lampeter. 
 Talsarnan, stn., Wales, Merionethshire, on the Cambrian 
 Rly., 3 m. SE. Portmadoc, PxM.O. 
 
 Taltal, tribe, NE. Africa, of the Afar or Danakil race ; the 
 name is also applied by the inhabitants of Tigre to the whole of 
 this race. 
 
 Taltal, maritime tn. , Chile, prov. Atacama, on the coast, in 
 about 25° 25' S. ; with good anchorage, well sheltered from S. 
 winds, and safe to enter ; vessels loaded and discharged by 
 launches ; exports large quantities of nitrate, besides silver and 
 other metals. P. < 5000. 
 
 Taltslnskoye, vil., Russia, E. Siberia, govt, and 27 m. SE. 
 Irkutsk, on r. bk. Angara ; china and glass works. P. <:20oo. 
 Talworth, hamlet, Eng., Surrey, Long Ditton par., 3 m. 
 SE. Kingston-upon-Thames ; has an ancient manor-house of the 
 Earl of Kent, uncle of Edward III., now a farm-house. 
 Talwrii, P.O., Wales, 3 m. from Llangefni, Anglesey. 
 Taly, vil., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 95 m. ESE. 
 Tiflis, 6 m. SE. Novo-Zakataly. P. 6300. 
 
 Tillya, comm., Hungary, co. Zemplen, dist. Szerencs, at 
 the S. end of the Heg^Alja ; produces Tokay wine. P. <4000. 
 Talyboiit, vil., Wales, Brecknockshire, on riv. Usk, 5J m. 
 SE. by E. Brecknock, on the Brecon and Merthyr Rly., 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Talyboiit, vil, Wales, Cardiganshire. 6| m. NE. Aberyst- 
 with, 3 m. E. Borth stn.; zinc and lead mined in the neighbour- 
 hood. PMT.O. 
 
 Talybont, P.O., Wales, Carnarvonshire, 3 m. SE. Bangor. 
 Tal-y-Bont, PM.O., N. Wales, Carnarvonshire, 3 m. from 
 Talycafn. 
 
 Tal-y-Cafti and Eglwyshach, stn., Wales, Denbighshire, 
 W. div., on the Bettws-y-Coed branch of the L. & NW R. , 4 
 m. SE. Conway. 
 
 Talyllyn, junction, Wales, Brecknockshire. See Llaitfl- 
 hangel Talyllyn. 
 
 Talyllyn, par., Wales, Merionethshire, 5J m. S. by W. 
 Dolgelly, 2^ m. NE. Abergwynolwyn stn.; on a picturesque 
 lake. P.O. 15,936 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tal-y-llyn Railway, short rly., Wales, in the SW. of 
 Merionethshire, from Towyn to Abergwynolwyn. 
 
 Talysam, PMT.O., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 6 
 m. S. by E. Carnarvon, 2 m. E. by N. Penygroes stn. 
 
 Talyshln Mountains, Russia, Transcaucasia, govt. Baku, 
 border ridge of Iran plateau; reach over 8000 ft. (Kemur-kul, 
 8221 ft.), slope abruptly to Caspian, leaving but a .very narrow 
 ledge at the sea-shore. 
 
 Talyshlns, Iranian stem, Russia, Transcaucasia, govt. Baku, 
 dist. Lenkoran. P. about 35,000. 
 
 Talywaln, stn. , Eng. , Monmouthshire ; coal is mined near. 
 PMT.O. See Abersychan. 
 
 Tama, tn. , U.S., Iowa, T. co. , on Iowa R., 50 m. W. Cedar 
 Rapids. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tama, or Teme, tn. , Upper Egypt, prov. Girge, in 26° 45' N. 
 P. (1882) 7900. 
 
 Tamagamlngne, Lake, Canada, Ontario, crossed by 47° N., 
 drained SE. to Lake Nipissing by the Sturgeon R. 
 
 Tama-gawa, riv. , Japan, flows ESE. to Gulf of Tokyo, which 
 it enters about 6 m. S. of the cap., forming a delta ; it suppUes 
 water to Tokyo and Yokohama. 
 Tamagrnt, oasis, Morocco. See Tamgrnt. 
 Tamal, important wells. Nubia, on the route from Berber to 
 Suakim, often disputed during the Sudan war. 
 
 Tamakl Strait, narrow sheet of water. New Zealand, con- 
 necting Auckland Harbour with the Firth of Thames, and 
 separating Waiheke I. from the mainland. 
 
 Tamalameque, vil., Colombia, Magdalena, 170 m. SE. 
 Cartagena ; founded in the i6th century by Lorenzo Martin. 
 P. (dist. )< 2000. 
 
 Tamaik tn. and fort, Russia, N. Caucasia, govt. Kubaii, 
 92 m. W. Ekaterinodar, on a bay of Taman Renin. , of Sea of 
 Azov ; naphtha wells close by. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tamaua, isl.. Pacific, in the S. of the Gilbert group, in about 
 2i°S., 176° E. 
 
 5E 
 
TAMA — TAMH 
 
 Taniandna, tn., Brazil, Minas Geraes, 208 m. NW. Rio de 
 Janeiro ; formerly yielded alluvial gold, now exhausted ; cotton 
 is cultivated in the vicinity, and woven into coarse fabrics. P. 
 7000. 
 
 Taniao, port, China. See Staangcliwan. 
 
 Taniaqaa, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co. , 44 m. 
 SSW. Scranton, 13 m. NE. by E. Pottsville ; has several 
 manufactories, and extensive coal-mines. P. 6100. 
 
 Taniar, riv. , Eng. , Cornwall and Devon ; rises in the 
 extreme N. of Cornwall, and flows SSE. , for the most part 
 on the boundary between these two counties, into the English 
 Channel, which it enters by a much-branched estuary called the 
 Hamoaze [Plymouth], terminating in Plymouth Sound. Its 
 lower course is navigable to the neighbourhood of Launceston, 
 and the Bude and Launceston Canal, now in part abandoned, is 
 lor many miles parallel to its upper course. The canal connect- 
 ing it with Tavistock is now used as an aqueduct. At its mouth 
 it is crossed by the Albert Rly. viaduct. Lengjth, 60 m. 
 
 Taniar, reef, Pacific, W. of the middle of New Caledonia, in 
 about 21° 40' S., 161° 40' E. 
 
 Taniar, principal riv. of Tasmania, formed by the union of 
 the N. and S. Esk at Launceston, whence it has a tortuous 
 course of 30 m. N., and enters Bass Strait at Port Dalrymple, 
 4 m. from Georgetown, which is on its E. bank ; its valley is 
 narrow and wooded. It was discovered by Bass and Flinders 
 in 1798. 
 
 Taniara, the largest of the Los Is. , NW. Sierra Leone. 
 
 Tamarasserl, pass leading from Calicut to the Wainad and 
 Mysore, Brit. India, Madras, Western Ghdts, in 11° 30' N. , and 
 76° 5' E. 
 
 Taniarlda, chief tn. of Sokotra I., middle of N. ct. 
 
 Tamarlte «le Lltera, tn., Spain, Aragon, prov. and 48 m. 
 ESE. Huesca, cap. dist. T. ; salt is mined in the vicinity. P. 
 {comm. )<:4ooo. 
 
 Taniaroa, coal-mining vil. , U.S., Illinois, Perry co., 63 m. 
 SE. by E. St. Louis (Mo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Tamamgal, Panipa del, plain, N. Chile, bordering the 
 desert of Atacama on the S. ; the immense prehistoric forest 
 which covered it is now almost reduced to a fossil state. Thou- 
 sands of tombs of the ancient inhabitants are found here, and 
 also rocks covered with Indian hieroglyphics. On the W. or 
 seaboard edge of the pampa are immense deposits of nitrate of 
 soda (cubic nitre) , now extensively worked by English companies ; 
 port, Iquique. Alt. 2950-3940 ft. 
 
 Tamastalma, tn., Japan, 90 m. W. Kobe. P. 16,300. 
 
 Tanidsl, comm., Hungary, co. Tolna, dist. Dombovir. P. 
 <;5ooo. 
 
 Tamatam, isL , Pacific, near middle of Caroline group. 
 
 Tamatave, a French spelling, current, however, in Eng., 
 properly Tamatav, maritime tn. , E. ct. Madagascar, in about 
 18° 10' S. ; the roadstead is one of the few accessible points on 
 the E. ct. , and it is the chief port of the cap. of the island. P. 
 about 7000. 
 
 Tamaallpas, one of the states of Mexico, on the NE. slopes 
 of the E. Sierra Madre to lower Rio Grande del Norte and 
 along the Gulf of Mexico as far as Tampico {q.v.), with extensive 
 lagoons (De la Madre, Soto de la Marina, Morales). The 
 principal riversareSan Fernando del Tigre, Purificacion, Tamesi, 
 and Tampico. Cattle are reared on the N. desert part. See 
 Mexico, table. 
 
 Tamaya, Rio, riv., E. Peru, r. bk. trib. of the Ucayali, which 
 may become of importance as a means of communication owing 
 to the probable proximity of its sources to those of the Jurua. 
 
 Tamba, kuni or old prov., Japan, now included in Kyoto-fu 
 and Hyogo ken. 
 
 Tamba, vil., French W. Africa, in 11° 51' N., 10° 32' W. 
 
 Tambacli, market- tn.', Ger. , duchy Saxe-Koburg-Gotha, circle 
 Ohrdruf, 11 J m. SSW. Gotha. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tambaroora, gold-mining tp. , New South Wales, Wellington 
 CO. , 30 m. N. by W. Bathurst. Including Hill End, about 3 
 m. distant, it was formerly one of the richest gold-reefing dists. 
 in Australia ; there are still several gold-mines. P. <isoo. 
 
 Tambelan Islands, a group of numerous small isls. , Eastern 
 Archipelago, off the W. ct. of Borneo, N. of the equator. 
 
 Tamber Springs, post-tn. , New South Wales, Pottinger co. , 
 60 m. WSW. Tam worth. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tambo, riv., Peru, Amazon basin, formed by the union of 
 the Ene and Perene, flows E. then N., and unites with the 
 Urobamba to form the Ucayali. 
 
 Tambo, vil. , Peru, dep. Arequipa, 29 m. ESE. Islay, distri- 
 buting centre for Arequipa, Islay, and Moquegua. P. (dist.) 
 5800. 
 
 Tambo, post-tn., Queensland, T. co., 285 m. WSW. Rock- 
 hampton ; has an artesian well, 1000 ft. deep, capable of yielding 
 200,000 gallons per day. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tambo, co. , Victoria, on the SE. ct. , crossed in the N. by 
 37° S. 
 
 Tambo, riv. , Victoria, Australia, rises N. of Mount Leinster, in 
 the Dividing Range, flows S. through a rugged country. It is 
 very liable to floods, owing to the melting of the snows on the 
 1538 
 
 mountains. It falls into the lagoon called Lake King, after a 
 course (exclusive of winding) of 76 m. 
 
 Taniboboii, tn. , Philippine Is., Luzon I., N. suburb of 
 Manila. P. 21,800. 
 
 Tambora, mt. , Eastern Archipelago, in the N. of Sumbawa I. 
 
 Tambourine, post-tn., Queensland, Ward co. , in 27° 58' S., 
 
 153° 5' t:- P. < 1500- 
 
 Tambov, govt. , central Russia^, extends N. to S. between the 
 basins of Oka and Don ; has Vladimir and Nizhniy Novgorod on 
 N. , Penza and Saratov on E. , Don Cossacks and Voronezh on 
 S. , Tula and Ryazan on W. ; an undulating and deeply cut plain, 
 450-800 ft. of alt. , covered with fertile ' black earth ' and boulder- 
 clay, overlying Chalk and Jurassic deposits, from under which 
 occasionally crop up Carboniferous and Devonian limestones. 
 Iron ore ; some seams of coal in deep ravines. Mineral waters 
 at Lipetsk. Watered by Oka in NW. corner, and its navigable 
 tribs. , Moksha and Tsna, as also by Don, which touches the 
 boundary in SE. , and its tribs. Climate continental and dry. 
 Average temp, at Tambov, yr. 42°, Jan. 13°, July 68°. Forests 
 few, chiefly in N. Very fertile, black earth soil throughout, 
 especially in the wide steepjes of Borisoglyebsk in SE. Densely 
 peopled. Population Great Russian throughout, with Mord- 
 vinians in W. and NW. , and some 20,000 Tatars and 4000 
 Mescheryaks. Peasants mostly settled in large villages. Agri- 
 culture is chief occupation, wheat being largely exported, as also 
 hempseed, linseed, and tobacco. Extensive cattle-breeding ; 
 good breeds of horses. Brisk commerce, especially in corn, 
 horses, and cattle. Distilleries and flour-mills begin to extend. 
 Divided into twelve dists. : Tambov, Borisoglyebsk, Elatma, 
 Kirsanov, Kozlov, Lebedyan, Lipetsk, Morshansk, Shatsk, 
 Spassk, Temnikov, and Usman. Several villages : Raskazovo, 
 Alabukhi, .Sasovo, Izberdei, Arkhangelskoye, Ternovka, are 
 important commercial centres. Alt. 388 ft. Mean temp., yr. 
 40.3° F., Jan. 10.5°, July 69.8°. Area, 25,710 sq. m. P. (1846) 
 1,649,690; (1872)2,189,180; (1890)2,850,800. 
 
 TamboT, cap. of above govt. , 299 m. by rail SE. of Moscow 
 {via Ryazan and Kozlov), on Tsna R. ; mostly built of wood ; 
 considerable trade in cereals. P. (1872) 25,340; (1891)40,980. 
 
 T^mbraparnl, riv., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Tinnevelli, 
 rising in Western Ghats; of exceptional value for irrigation, as 
 it flows across that part of India where the differences in the 
 amount of the rainfall are most remarkable, in the mountains 
 between 200 and 300 in. , in the plains only 18 in. Seven of the 
 eight dams which have been made across it are old works due to 
 native rulers ; only the last and lowest of the eight, that of 
 Srivaikantham, has been added under British rule. Length, 80 
 m. Area irrigated with its feeders, 65,000 ac. 
 
 Tambre, or Crordon Reef, in Lau group, Fiji Is., SE. of 
 Exploring Is. , in 17° 40' S. , 178° 32' W. 
 
 Tambre, small riv., in the NW. of Spain, prov. Corunna, 
 flowing W. into the Atlantic (into the Ria de Muros e Noya). 
 
 Tambulam, vil. , New South Wales, on Clarence R. , 40 m. 
 W. Casino, and 530 m. N. Sydney. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tambnra, La, mt. , Italy, Tuscany, central Apennines. Alt. 
 6150 ft. 
 
 Tamda, vil., Algeria, prov. and 65 m. E. Algiers, arr. Tizi- 
 Uzu ; a recent colony employed in vine cultivation. 
 
 Tame, riv. , Eng. , Staffordshire and Warwickshire, rises near 
 Walsall, flows E. and N., and joins the Trent 7 m. N. Tam- 
 worth. Affluents, Rea and Anker, from S. and W. It supplies 
 water to the Birmingham and other canals. Length, 38 m. 
 
 Tamega, riv., Spain and Portugal, trib. of the Douro, which 
 it enters on the r. bk. about 18 m. above Oporto. 
 
 Tamentlt, the chief town of Tuat, Sahara, about 300 ra. 
 SSW. Golea, surrounded by a wall ; a considerable centre of 
 commerce. P. 8000. 
 
 Tamerna, oasis, Algeria, in the hollow of Wad-Rir, 27 m. 
 NNW. Tuggurt ; here the first artesian wells in the Sahara were 
 bored in 1856. 
 
 Tamerton, Xorth, par. , Eng. , Cornwall, div. and 7J m. N. 
 by W. Launceston, 5 m. W. by N. Ashwater, P.O. ; 5302 ac. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Tamerton Follott, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 
 4^ m. N. Plymouth, on a branch of the estuary of the Tavy, i^ 
 m. N. St. Budeaux stn., PMT.O. (Tamerton FoUot) ; 4775 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Tamesi, riv., Mexico, flows E. through states Zacatecas, 
 San Luis Potosi, and Tamaulipas, and joins the Panuco at 
 Tampico. 
 
 Tamesis, riv., Eng. See Thames. 
 
 Tamesmlda, site of ruins, S. Tunis, 165 m. SW. Tunis ; has 
 remains of an important Roman military establishment. 
 
 Tamest, group of oases, Africa, Sahara, Tuat, about 19 m. 
 SSW. Tamentit. 
 
 Tamgmt, or Tamagrut, oasis, in the W. of the Sahara, to 
 the S. of Morocco, in about 30° 15' N., 5° 30' W. 
 
 Tamgwe, mt. chain, Africa, French Sudan, NE. of Futa 
 Jallon. 
 
 Tamhom, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Lichfield union, 2 m. 
 NW. Tam worth. P. <2SO. 
 
TAMI — TAND 
 
 Tamlahna, Lake of, E. ct. Mexico, from Tuxpan to 
 Tampico, which places are being united by a navigation canal 
 in connection with the lagoon. 
 
 Tamle, small tn., Egypt, prov. Fayum, 15 m. NE. Medinet- 
 el-Fayum, and on a canal 20 m. W. of the Nile. 
 
 Tamlnes, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. Namur, on the 
 Sambre, 4J m. SE. Fleurus. P. <40oo. 
 
 Tamliig, tn., China, in the S. of prov. Pechili, 215 m. SSW. 
 Tientsin. 
 
 Tainlns, Ger. Tumeln, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 6 m. W. 
 by S. Chur, a little to the N. of the confluence of the Vorder- 
 and Hinter-Rhein. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Tanilscamlnqne, or Temlj^camlugne, lake, Canada, 
 Ontario, N. of 47° N. , drained S. to the Ottawa R. 
 
 Tamise, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. St. Nicolas, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Scheldt, 8 m. NE. by N. Dendermonde ; 
 manufactures include cotton and woollen fabrics, boat-building, 
 and various industries. P. 10,900. 
 
 Tamjnrt, mt. , Morocco, See Atlas. 
 
 Tamkala, tn. , western Sudan, in NW. of Gando, 30 m. E. 
 by S. Say (on the Niger), in about 13° o' N. , 2° 50' E. 
 
 Tamlaght, tnld.. Ire., co. Fermanagh, bar. Tirkennedy, 3 
 m. SE. Enniskillen, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Tamlaglit, par., Ire., cos. Londonderry and Tyrone, bars. 
 Loughinsholin and Upper Dungannon, on riv. Ballinderry, 3 m. 
 SE. Moneymore ; 4954 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Taiiilaglit-ard, par. , Ire. , co. Londonderry. See Masllllgan. 
 
 Tanilaglit-FIulagaii, par.. Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. 
 Keenaght, on riv. Roe and Lough Foyle, 2 m. W. Limavady ; 
 16,467 ac. P. <35oc. 
 
 Tamlaght 0'€i-illy, par.. Ire., E. co. Londonderry, bars. 
 Coleraine and Loughinsholin, 18J m. NNE. Cookstown, 2 m. 
 from Upperlands stn., P.O.; 16,787 ac. P. 5400. 
 
 Tamlliik, tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Midnapur, 33 m. 
 SW. by W. Calcutta, on the r. bk. of the Riipnarayan ; has a 
 temple to the goddess K41i ; it was a famous city in ancient 
 times. P. 6600 ; Hindus, 5700. 
 
 Taiuiiierrors, tn. , Finland, govt. Tavastehus, in 61° 30' N. , 
 23° 25' E. , on rapids connecting Lakes Nasiff and Pyha-jarvi ; 
 has large cotton, linen, and paper mills, and other industries. 
 Mean temp., yr. 38.7° F., Feb. 18.7°, July 62.8°. P. 22,200. 
 
 TamniAn, vil., Palestine, 32° 17' N., 35° 23' E., 9 m. NE. 
 by E. Nablus. 
 
 Tamnalieriu, electoral div., Ire., Londonderry, dist. 
 Eglinton. 
 
 Taniiiey, PMT.O., Ire., N. co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, 
 20 m. NW. Londonderry. 
 
 Tampa, city, U.S., Florida, cap. Hillsboro co., at the head 
 of T. Bay, W. ct. of state, in 27° 57' N., 82° 28' W. The bay, 
 the upper part of which forms the harbour of T. , is the largest 
 on the Gulf of Mexico, and affords excellent anchorage ; at its 
 entrance are many islands. Depth available from port to sea, 
 summer 29 ft., winter 19^ ft. Length, 40 ra. ; mean breadth, 
 about 15 m. The town has manufactures of cigars, and being 
 connected by rail with Barton, is one of the places of export of the 
 Florida phosphates. De Soto landed near T. in 1539. P. 5500. 
 
 Tanipakwang, Buddhist cave, Indo-China, in the valley of 
 the Nam-u, NE. of Luang Prabang. 
 
 Tampassne Point, cape on the E. ct. of Brit. N. Borneo in 
 6° 4' N., 117° 58' E. 
 
 Tampico, maritime tn. , Mexico, Tamaulipas, on the Gulf of 
 Mexico and S. bank of the Panuco, in 22° 51' N. , 190 m. (270 
 •m. by rail) E. San Luis Potosi ; built on a low hill surrounded 
 on three sides by water. Inside the bar a general depth of 25 
 ft. , depth on bar 22J ft. Good anchorage in any part of the 
 river ; loading and discharging by lighters. P.' 8000. See 
 Tamlahna, Lake. 
 
 Tamsnl, treaty-port, Formosa. See Tamsnl, riv. 
 
 Tamsnl, riv. , in the N. of the isl. of Formosa, formed by the 
 union of the Kelung from the E. , the Sanquai or Sintiam from 
 the SE. , and the Tokaham from the SW. , forms an estuary 
 entering the Fokien Channel in 25° 10' N. At its mouth is the 
 treaty-porty of T.; bar 5-6^ ft. deep at low water, 14^-15^ ft. 
 at high water ordinary springs ; vessels load and discharge by 
 lighters ; navigable at high water for junks and light-draught 
 steamers to Twatutia, 10 m. up, the chief tea-mart of the 
 island. 
 
 Tarn Tlnh, tn. , French Indo-China, 48 m. W. Hue. 
 
 Tamnra, Korea. See Qnelpart. 
 
 Tamworth, vil., Canada, Ontario, Addington co., 30 m. 
 NW. Kingston, on a railway. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Tamwortli, mun. bor. (since Queen Elizabeth), par., and 
 market-tn., Eng., Staffordshire, T. div. (till 1890 partly in 
 Warwickshire), 13 m. NE. Birmingham, in the diocese of Lich- 
 field, at junction of the Tame and Anker, with a stn. on the 
 L. & NW. R. and M. R.; manufactures of elastic webbing, 
 tape, paper ; some wool-stapling and dyeing ;, coal-mining. The 
 castle, on a knoll 130 ft. high, replaces one famous in the 
 Saxon times, a royal stronghold given by William I. to the 
 Marmion family. The church dates from the nth century 
 
 There are two large recreation grounds, ' The Moors.' Market- 
 day, S. Mun. bor. P. 6600; pari. div. (in Warwickshire) P, 
 (1891) 154,0c; eccles. par. (T.wlth Amlngton, <aascote, and 
 Hop was) P. 10,700. 
 
 Tamwortb, tp. , New South Wales, Parry co. , 155 m. SW. 
 Grafton; various manufactures. The first town lighted by 
 electricity in Australia ; has gold and diamond fields near, the 
 principal goldfields being at Bowling Alley Point, Nundle, and 
 Hanging Rock, 20, 37, and 40 m. distant. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tamwortli, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Carroll co., 20 m, 
 NE. Meredith. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tamwortli Castle, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire and Warwick- 
 shire, 6^ m. SE. Lichfield. P. <;5oo. 
 Tamyras, riv. , Syria. See Xalir-Kadl. 
 Tan, or T/ian, Chinese, 'rapid.' 
 Tana, lake, Abyssinia. See Tsana. 
 
 Tana ('river' in the language of the Pokomo), riv., Brit. E. 
 Africa. The source is not known, but, according to Gregory, 
 it is probably formed to the S. of Mount Kenia by two head- 
 streams, one, the Kiroruma or Kiloluma, rising on the W. side 
 of Kenia itself, the other, the Thikathika (called Krapf and 
 Peters Dika), probably issuing from the forests of Kikuyu. The 
 river flows first E. then on the whole SSE. into the Indian Ocean, 
 which it enters in 2° 38' S.; navigable for stern-wheel steamers 
 up to Hameye, in 0° 7' S. , 139° 9' E. About 15 m. higher up 
 occur the Hargazo Falls (20 ft.). As to the source, see Geog. 
 Jour., iv. pp. 505-9; navigation, Proc. R. G. S., 1892, p. 513. 
 Tana, riv. , Norway, Finmark, formed by the junction of two 
 rivers, the Anarjokk and the Karasjokk, flows tortuously NE., 
 through an almost desert country, into the T. Fjord, inlet of the 
 Arctic Ocean ; navigation very difficult. Length about 205 m. 
 
 T'ana, ruins, Palestine, Taanath Shiloh in the O. T., 32° 11' 
 N. , 35° 22' E. , 7 m. ESE. Nablus. 
 
 Tana Fjord, fjord, Arctic Ocean, N. ct. Finmark, Norway, 
 running NNE. and SSW., with high mountains on its shores. 
 Total length about 30 m. 
 
 Tanaga, one of the Aleutian Is. , N. Pacific Ocean, Andreanov 
 group, W. Kanaga; surface mountainous. It contains an 
 active volcano. Alt. 6975 ft. 
 
 Tanala (' people of the woods '), Malagasy tribe, Madagascar, 
 inhabiting the belt of forests stretching E. from Betsileo and 
 Bara, 124 m. to the S. of Antananarivo, partly subject to the 
 Hovas, and partly independent ; the chief lives on an almost 
 inaccessible stronghold on Mount Ikongo. 
 
 Tanamera, dist., on N. ct. of Dutch New Guinea, E. of 
 Geelvink Bay. 
 
 Tanan, tn. , Lower Cochin-China, 28 m. WSW. Saigon, on 
 the railway to Mitho. 
 TananarlTO. See Antananarivo. 
 
 Tanargne, mt. range, France, in SW. of dep. Ardeche, 
 trending E. to W^., between the Lignon, Baume, and Borne 
 (tribs. of the Ardeche) ; summits exceed 4900 ft. 
 
 Tanaro, riv., Italy, rises in the S. Alps, near the Col de 
 Tenda, flows N. and NE. past Garessio, Ceva, Alba, Asti, and 
 Alessandria, 10 m. NE. of which city it joins the Po ; navigable 
 for barges to Asti. Principal affluents, the Stura, Pesio, Ellero, 
 and Corsaglia from the W. ; the Belbo and Bormida from the 
 SE. Length, 171 m.; area of basin, 3083 sq. m. ; mean dis- 
 charge 4700 cubic ft. per second, highest discharge 60,000 cubic 
 ft. per second. 
 
 Tanat, small riv., Wales, Montgomeryshire and Denbigh- 
 shire, partly in the English county of Salop, flows E. to the 
 Vyrnwy. 
 
 Tananan, tn. , Philippine Is. , Luzon I. , 3 or 4 m. from NE. 
 shore of Bombon Lake. P. 20,300. 
 
 Tancauhnlty, vil., Mexico, state of and 125 m. E. by S. San 
 Luis Potosi. P. (comm.) 3000. 
 
 Tanclilioii, or Tancben, tn. , Korea, 140 m. NE. by N. Won- 
 san, near the E. ct, in 40° 45' N., with deposits of iron ore. 
 
 Tancook, Great and Little, two isls.. Nova Scotia, in 
 Mahone Bay, 45 m. SW. Halifax. 
 
 Tiinda, municip. , Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Faizabad, on the 
 1. bk. of the Gogra, 86 m. N. by W. Benares ; celebrated for its 
 cotton goods. P. 19,700; Moham. 10,600; Hindus, 9200. 
 Tslnda, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab. See Urmar. 
 T&nda BMrlddn, tn. , India, native state of and 14 m. from 
 Rampur, 50 m. NW. by N. Bareilly ; centre of rice trade. P. 
 8800 ; Moham. 6600 ; Hindus, 2100. 
 
 Tanderagee, municip. and market-tn.. Ire., NE. co. Armagh, 
 bar. Lower Orior, 5 m. S. by E. Portadown, ij m. W. Gilford 
 stn. , on the G. N. (Ire. ) R. ; manufactures linen ; has brisk trade 
 in flax. PMT.O. (Tandragee). Market-day, W. P. < 1500. 
 Tandl, vil. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Kangra, 104 m. N. by 
 W. Simla. 
 
 Tandll, tn. and stn., Argentine Republic, prov. and 180 m. 
 (233 m. by rail) SSW. Buenos Aires, in the midst of picturesque 
 hills of blue granite, which furnish paving-stones for the cap. 
 On one of these hills is a curious rocking-stone. Alt. 650 ft. 
 Mean temp. (6 yrs., 1876-82), yr. 58.1° F., Jan. 70.2°£J[uly 46.6°. 
 P. 6000. '^L 
 
TAND — TANK 
 
 Taudo Adam, or Adani-Jo-Taiido, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, 
 dist. and 32 m. NE. Haidarabad. P. 5000 ; Hindus, 3300 ; 
 Moham. 17C30. 
 
 Tandora, co. , New South Wales, bounded on the SE. by the 
 Darling R. , and crossed by 32° S. 
 
 Tandora, lake or marshy tract, Portuguese E. Africa, to the 
 N. of 19° S., and W. of 35° E. 
 
 Tandrldge, par. , Eng. , Surrey, div. and 8 m. E. Reigate, i J 
 m. SW. Oxted stn., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Taudtjesberg, mt. range, Cape Colony, trending E. and W. 
 between about 25° and 25^° E. , in about 32° 20' S. 
 
 Taudni, riv. , Java, flowing E. then SE. into the Indian 
 Ocean, which it enters to the W. of 109° E. 
 
 Tandnrek, volcano, Armenian Alps, or Anti-Caucasus, 12 m. 
 SW. Bayazid, the nucleus of diverging chains, retaining numerous 
 traces of its former activity. Alt. 11,640-11,700 ft. 
 
 Tauega-shlma, isl., Japan, S. Kiushiu. Length, N. toS., 
 25 m.; average breadth, 12 m. 
 
 Tanela, Tauera, or Rio Darlen, short riv. , Colombia, dep. 
 Cauca, enters the Gulf of Uraba immediately W. of the Atrato 
 delta. Its valley was at one time suggested as suitable for an 
 inter-oceanic canal, communicating on the Pacific side with the 
 Tuyra, but a subsequent survey has shown that the difficulties 
 of the route are too great. 
 
 Tauentaouglil, great chain of mts. , Indo-China, runs on the 
 whole from NNE. to SSW., dividing the basin of the Salwin 
 from the basins of the Mekong and Meping. Length, 930 m. 
 
 Tauera, or Tauera More, isl., Scot., Ross and Cromarty, 
 Lochbroom par. P. 95. 
 
 Taney, par.. Ire., co. and 4 m. S. Dublin, on riv. Dodder, 
 bars. Dublin and Rathdown ; 4570 ac. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Taney, co., U.S., Missouri, S. frontier, crossed by 93° W. 
 
 Taney toivn, vil. , U.S., Maryland, Carroll co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tanfleld, par., Eng., Durham, NW. div., 6| m. SW. by S. 
 Newcastle, 2 m. SE. by S. Rowlands Gill stn., P.O., and 
 PM.O. (Tanfleld Lea) ; 6636 ac. P. 12,000. 
 
 Tanfleld, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., York- 
 shire, West T. , N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton div., on the Ure, 
 si m. NNW. Ripon, with a stn. (Tanfleld) on the NE. R.; 
 the church contains effigies of the Marmions of the time of 
 Edward III. PMT.O. P. <7So ; East T. , P. <25o. 
 
 Tang, P.O., Ire., near Mullingar, co. Westmeath, 3 m. from 
 Ballymahon, 12 m. from Mullingar stn. 
 
 Tanga, bay and seapt. , on the coast of E. Africa, Zanzibar 
 terr. , in 5° 6' S. ; a rising port of entry for German E. Africa ; 
 starting-point of a railway now being made into the interior. 
 The German E. Africa mission has a station on Tanga I., in 
 the bay. P. (tn. ) 3-4000. 
 
 Taugall, tn., Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Maimansingh, 50 m. 
 NW. Dacca. P. 18,000 ; Hindus, 12,200 ; Moham. 5800. 
 
 Tanganyika, Tanganlka (according to Stanley probably 
 meaning 'large lake,' from the Kijiji words tanga, 'lake,' and 
 nika, 'plain'), Klmana, Yemba, Msaga, large fresh- water lake 
 of equatorial Africa, situated between 3° and 9° S. lat. , in the 
 central and southern parts of the gigantic trough which runs W. 
 of the Victoria Nyanza from N. to S. The T. is long, narrow, 
 and of considerable depth (980 ft. in the S. , more than 1300 
 ft. in the N. parts). The shores are characterised by a great 
 number of small bays and gulfs : Burton Gulf (formed by the 
 peculiar penin. of Ubwari), Cameron, Hore, Rhodes Bays. 
 The lake is surrounded by high and picturesque mountains, 
 mostly densely wooded. Numerous small rivers flow into the 
 T. (Ruzizi, Malagarazi, Lofu), and on its W. side it has a 
 peculiar outlet, the Lukuga, which at certain periods, when the 
 level of the lake is high, connects the T. with the upper Congo, 
 whilst at other times it is merely a creek with pools of water 
 and full of papyrus. The countries surrounding the lake are 
 densely peopled by various Bantu tribes. Principal places on 
 the lake : Ujiji, Kavala, Mpala, Karema, Pambere, Niamkolo. 
 The W. shore of the lake belongs to the Congo Free State, 
 the S. to British Central Africa, and the E. to German E. 
 Africa. Alt. 2670 ft. Area estimated at 14,000 sq. m. Length 
 estimated at 400 m.; width varying from 10 to 45 m. The 
 T. was discovered in 1858 by Burton and Speke, and first 
 circumnavigated by Stanley in 1876. Mean temp. (2 yrs. , 
 1880-82), yr. 76.6° F. See Stanley, Through the Dark Conti- 
 nent, vol. ii., 1878; Here, Lake Tanganyika, Proc. R. G. S., 
 
 1889, pp. 581-94. [H. e. 8.] 
 
 TaugaraTa, tn. , Peru, dep. Piura, 190 m. SSW. Guayaquil. 
 
 Tangasl, vil., equatorial Africa, in the Mangbattu country, 
 in about 3° 15' N., 28° o' E., the most S. establishment of the 
 Nubian slave-dealers. 
 
 Tangaunkn, or Tanganylko, tn., E. ct. Africa, 25 m. NNE. 
 Mombasa ; in the i8th century it was still a large city. 
 
 Tangerniilnde, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Stendal, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Elbe, 32 m. NNE. Magdeburg. P. 6900. 
 
 Tangl, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. PeshAwar. P. 9900; 
 Moham. 9400. 
 
 Tangier, seapt. and post-vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, on the 
 SE, ct., 44 m. ENE, Halifax; in gold-mining dist. P. <i5oo. 
 1540 
 
 Tangier, improperly Tanglers, locally Tanja, seapt. tn., 
 Morocco, at W. entrance to Strait of Gibraltar, 35 m. SW, 
 Gibraltar, 8 m. E. Cape Spartel ; seat of a British minister- 
 plenipotentiary and consul-general, and of other Eurojsean 
 consuls and ministers ; of Protestant and Roman Catholic mis- 
 sions. Principal sights, the Kasbah or citadel, and the Soko 
 (El Suk) or market-place. Climate agreeable, temperature in 
 winter hardly ever falling to 50° F., in summer moderated by 
 Atlantic breezes, so that it is at that season frequently visited 
 by residents of Gibraltar, with which it is in daily steamer com- 
 munication in fine weather. No docks. Value of imports about 
 _^i,ooo,ooo annually; exports about ^400,000. T. was taken 
 by the Portuguese in 1471 ; it was ceded to the English as a part 
 of the dowry of the queen of Charles II. in 1662, but retained 
 only till February 1684. Outside of the town are the ruins of 
 a Roman bridge. About 3 m. SE. are the remains of ancient 
 Tingis (Byzantine) or Old T. ( Tanjabalia). Mean temp. (6 yrs. , 
 1879-85), yr. 64.1° F., Jan. 55.4°, Aug. 75.6; mean rfall. about 
 30 in., June to August nearly rainless. P. 25,000 (including 
 many Jews and Spaniards), 
 
 Tanglers, P.O., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3 m. from Haver- 
 fordwest. 
 
 Tangier Sound, U.S., Maryland, in Chesapeake Bay, off 
 coast of Somerset co. , NW. from Pocomoke Bay ; contains a 
 number of islands. 
 
 Tangipahoa, par., U.S., Louisiana, stretching from Lake 
 Pontchartrain to the Mississippi frontier. 
 
 Tangley, par., Eng., on the W. border of Hampshire, div. 
 and 5 m. NNW. Andover, 12^ m. SW. Newbury, 4 m. NNE. 
 Weyhill stn. P. <25o. See Facconibe. 
 
 Tanglo, Korea. See Auelpart. 
 
 Tangmere, par., Eng., Sussex, div, and 2^ m, E. by N. 
 Chichester. P, <25o. 
 
 Tango, a kuni or old prov. , Japan, now included in Kyoto-fu. 
 
 Tang-slian, hills, China. See Kalplng. 
 
 Tangthau, tn. , on coast of Lower Cochin-China, near Cape 
 St. Jacques, 40 m. SE. Saigon. 
 
 Tanguts, tribe allied to the inhabitants of Tibet, living 
 in W, of prov. Kansu, China, in Kuku-Nor region and NE. 
 Tibet. 
 
 Tan-lte, mts. , Russian Manchuria, S. part of Maritime Prov. , 
 parallel to Sikhota-alin, between it and the upper Usuri, Alt. 
 1000-1500 ft. 
 
 Tan Hills, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Sacristan, Durham. 
 
 Tan-lio, or Tau-klang, riv., China, Shensi and Hupe, flows 
 SE. then S. , entering the Han-kiang about 210 m. NW. 
 Hankau, navigable in high water to Lunyutsa, about 33° 37' 
 N, , 110° 35' E. ; forms part of the great trade route from Hankau 
 to Singan-fu. 
 
 Tankonse Lane, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the Cheshire 
 Lines Rly. , i m. from Widnes. 
 
 Tanlchl, Yackl, or Yatsl, tn., Japan, in N, of Honshiu, 
 Yamagata ken, NE. of Niigata. P. 7900. 
 
 Tanlnges, tn., France. See Tanuluges. 
 
 Tanis, ruined city, Egypt. See Zan-el-Hager. 
 
 Taniticus, lake, Egypt. See Menwile. 
 
 Tanja, tn. , Morocco. See Tangier. 
 
 Tanjll, postal-tp., Victoria, co. and on riv. Tanjil, 72 m. 
 ESE. Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tanjong, Malay, ' cape. ' 
 
 Tanjong Prlok, seapt. See Batavla. 
 
 Tanjore, municip., Brit. India, Madras, cap. dist. T., 31 m. 
 E. by S. Trichinopoli ; has an ancient Hindu temple and 
 many other interesting monuments of Hindu art and early 
 civilisation, a dismantled fort, enclosing the chief part of the 
 native town , and a palace containing a valuable library. Famous 
 for its artistic manufactures, silk carpets, jewellery, repoussi 
 work, copper ware, and pith models. P. (1872) 52,200; (1890) 
 54,400 ; Hindus, 46,400. 
 
 Tankardstown, tnld., Ire., co. Carlow, bar. Rathvilly, 
 TuUowphelim par. P.<25o. 
 
 Tankanlsto-wn, par.. Ire., cos. Kildare and Queen's, bars. 
 Kilkea and Moone, and Narragh and E. Reban, and Bally- 
 adams, 3 m. SE. Athy ; 8383 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tankardstowu, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Coshma, 2 m, 
 NW. Kilmallock. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tankllrl, small port, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Broach, 7 
 m. from mouth of Dhddhar R. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tankerness, PT.O., Scot., Orkney Is., 6 m. SE. Kirkwall. 
 
 Tankersley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Hallamshire 
 div., 4j m. S. Bamsley, close to Birdwell and Hoyland stn. 
 P. -c 2500. 
 
 Tankerton Bay, bay, Eng., N. ct. Kent, at Whitstable. 
 
 Tau-kiaug, or Fu-ho, riv., China, prov. Kwangsi, flows S. 
 to the Si-kiang, which it joins in 111° 12' E., 2 or 3 m. above 
 Wu-chou ; it forms the main channel of communication between 
 prov. Hunan and the E. of prov. Kwangsi. See also Tau-ho. 
 
 Tanklsso, or Tlnklsso, riv., W. Africa, flows NE. then E., 
 entering the upper Niger above Siguiri in 11° 17' N.; recognised 
 in 1887 as the S, boundary of the French protectorate. 
 
TANK — T A P P 
 
 Taiikse, tn. , Ladakh, 35 m. E. by S. Leh. Alt. 12,900 ft. 
 (/o«r. le. G. S., 1878, p. 181). 
 
 Tanla, mt. chain, Tibet, on the border between N. and S. 
 Tibet. This chain, explored only in the vicinity of Tanla Pass 
 (about 32° 40' N. and 92° 20' E.) by Hue, Prjevalsky, and A. 
 K. , extends E. and W., with summits rising to 18,000 ft., many 
 covered with perpetual snow. Towards the W. the elevation 
 appears to increase, and, according to native accounts, the 
 range extends in that direction for about 85 m. , and then 
 terminates abruptly. It seems probable, however, that the 
 Dupleix Range, which was crossed near the point thus indicated 
 (about 33° 45' N. and 89° 40' E. ) by Bonvalot and Prince Henri of 
 Orleans, is really a continuation of the T. , with summits rising 
 to about 25,000 ft. The chain is prolonged E. of the T. Pass, 
 probably to the borders of the Kinsha-kiang, thus forming the 
 water-parting between the Yangtse-kiang and the rivers of Indo- 
 China. The range consists mainly of rocky debris, worn by 
 water and ice. The ascent to the pass is gradual ; on the N. 
 by a slope of about 85 m. , and on the S. of 50 m. Alt. 16,367 
 ft. (A. K.); 16,695 ft. (Prjevalsky). 
 
 Tan-niyo, tn., Burma. See Kanirl. 
 
 Taiiiia, isl. , S. of New Hebrides, in 19° 30' S. , 169° 25' E. 
 
 Taiiiiadlce, par., Scot., Forfarshire, on the 1. bk. of the S. 
 Esk, 4^ m. N. by E. Forfar, P.O.; 21,328 ac. P. <:i50o. 
 
 Taiinay, tn. , France, dep. Nievre, on the Yonne, 33 m. NE. 
 by N. Nevers, arr. and 7 m. SE. by S. Clamecy. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tanner, Water of, small riv. , Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 
 flowing NE. into the Dee about i^ m. above Aboyne. 
 
 Tannery, West, and Tanneries ties Rolands, tn. , Canada. 
 See at. Henri. 
 
 Tiinnfors, cascade, N. Sweden, prov. Jemtland, draining 
 Lakes Arm and Gelf into Lake Nor. Height, 100 ft.; breadth, 
 40 ft. 
 
 Taniilnges, or Tanlnges, tn., France, dep. Haute-Savoie, 
 23 m. ESE. Geneva, arr. and 9 m. E. by N. Bonneville. P. 
 <:2ooo. 
 
 Tannlngton, par., Eng. , Suffolk, Eye div. , 15 m. NNE. 
 Ipswich, 4 m. NW. by N. Framlingham. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (Tannlngton with Brnndlsh) P. <75o. 
 
 Tanuoclislde, vil. , Scot., l^narkshire, par. and 2 m. N. 
 Bothwell. P. < 1000. 
 
 Taunroda, tn. , Ger. , gd. -duchy Saxe- Weimar, on the Ilm R. , 
 circle and 8 ni. SSW. Weimar. P. <20oo. 
 
 T'annnk, vil., Palestine, Taanach in the O. T., 32° 31' N., 
 35° 13' E. , 13 m. S. by W. Nazareth. 
 
 Tannn-ola, mts. , NW. Mongolia, running NW. to SE. , 
 between Tes and Khua-kem Rivs. , from the lower Ulu-khem 
 to Lake Sangin-dalai (6390 ft. alt. ). The foot-path from Lake 
 Kosogol to Kobdo crosses them in SE. Height of pass, 7000 ft. 
 
 Tann>vald, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. T. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Tanoe, riv., Africa, Upper Guinea, flows SSW. into the E. 
 part of the Assini lagoon (Lake Tendo). In accordance with 
 the convention of 1889, its lower course forms the frontier 
 between English and French possessions. Length probably 
 310 m. 
 
 Taiiqna Valley, a dist. in the W. of Sutherland dist. , Cape 
 Colony, to the S. of the Roggeveld Mts. , traversed by Tanqua 
 R. , which flows WN W. into the Doom. 
 
 Tansa, reservoir. See Boni1>ay, city. 
 
 Tanslieir, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Pontefract 
 union, on the L. & Y. R. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tanslklit, tn. , Morocco, prov. Draa, on r. bk. of the Wad- 
 Draa ; the dist. is covered by a forest of date-jxilms. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tansley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., i^ m. E. Matlock, 
 P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Tansor, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, N. div., on the Nen, 
 10 m. WSW. Peterborough, i| m. NNW. Oundlestn. P. <25o. 
 
 Tanta, tn., Abyssinia, in the N. of Shoa, 97 m. ESE. Debra 
 Tabor. 
 
 Tanta, tn., Egypt, 55 m. N. by W. Cairo; situated nearly 
 in the centre of the delta, of which it is the most important 
 town. A gfreat religious fair (sometimes attended by as many as 
 200,000 pilgrims) is held three times a year. P. (1872) 60,000; 
 (1882) 33,800. 
 
 Tantafara, tn., French Sudan, 81 m. SSE. Falaba, cap. of a 
 small state at the sources of the Niger. 
 
 Tantallon Castle, ruin, Scot., on the N. ct. of Haddington- 
 shire, 3 m. E. North Berwick. 
 
 Tantanoola, post-tn., S. Australia, co. Grey, 308 m. from 
 Adelaide by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 TantoMe, PM.O., Eng., Durham, NW. div., 8 m. SW. 
 Newcastle, 2 m. SE. by E. Lintz Green stn. 
 
 Tantoyaca, tn., Mexico, Vera Cruz, 175 m. ESE. San Luis 
 Potosi. P. (comm.) 12,400. 
 
 Tantsyrel, vil., Russia, govt. Voronezh, 10 m. from Bori- 
 soglyebsk railway stn. P. 5000. 
 
 Tantftra, coast vil., Palestine, possibly the Dor of the O. T., 
 32° 36' N., 34° 55' E. , 7|jn. N. by E. the ancient Casarea. 
 
 Tanuni, vil., S. Sweden, prov. Goteborg and Bohus, 74 m. 
 NNW. Goteborg. P. (comm. ) 7600. 
 
 Tannuda, tp. , S. Australia, Light co. , 34 ni. NE. by N. 
 x\delaide, 15 m. S. by E. Kapunda. P. < 1500. 
 
 T^nlkr tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Malabar, on the W, ct. , 
 23 m. S. by E. Calicut. P. 6800 ; Moham. 6500. 
 
 Tanwortli, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Stratford - on - Avon 
 div., 10 m. E. Bromsgrove, 5 m. W. by S. Kingswood stn.; 
 here is a large reservoir of the Birmingham and Stratford 
 Canal. PM.O. 9808 ac. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Tan, Welsh, 'under.' 
 
 Tan-y-bwlch, stn. , Wales, Merionethshire, on the Festiniog 
 Rly. , 6 m. E. by N. Portmadoc ; tourist resort. PMT.O. 
 
 Tan-y-Crlslan, stn., Wales, Merionethshire, 11 m. NE. by 
 N. Harlech, on the Festiniog Rly., PMT.O. (Tanygrlslan). 
 
 Tanygroes, P.O., Wales, 8 m. from Cardigan. 
 
 Tao, or Tau, Chinese, ' island ' or ' mountain.' 
 
 Tao, valley, Sahara, Tibesti, on SW. slopes of Tarso Mts.; 
 the least barren region in the dist. 
 
 Taodenl, another spelling of Tan<lenl. 
 
 Tao-lio, riv. , China, prov. Kansu, rises in the SW. corner of 
 that prov. in the Min-shan Range, and flows first E. then N, 
 into the Hwang-ho. Length more than 370 m. 
 
 Taongl, or Gaspar Rico, isl., Pacific, in the NE. of Marshall 
 Archipelago (Ratak group). 
 
 Taonnlna, tn. , on the E. ct. of Sicily, prov. and 25 m. SW, 
 by S. Messina. On site of Greek city Tauromenium, founded 
 403 B.C. Ruins of Greek theatre, rebuilt by the Romans, and 
 capable of containing 40,000 persons. Timoleon landed here 
 when he came to deliver Sicily from her tyrants. P. <40oo. 
 
 Taos, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, T. co. , 56 m. NNE, 
 Santa F6. Alt. 6983 ft. (Wheeler). 
 
 Taos Peak, mt. , U.S., New Mexico, Taos co., 70 m. NNE, 
 Santa F6, in Sangre de Cristo Range. Alt. 13,145 ft. (Wheeler). 
 
 Tapacarl, vil. , Bolivia, dep.Cochabamba, no m. SE. La Paz, 
 
 Tapachnla, tn. , Mexico, Chiapas, 130 m. S. by E. San 
 Cristobal ; in the vicinity are important coffee plantations. 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Tapajoz, or Tapajos, riv., Brazil, Para state, after a N. 
 course, joins the Amazon near Santarem, its basin lying between 
 those of the Madeira and Xingu. It is formed by the junction 
 of the Arinos and Juruena, and is navigable to within a short 
 distance of the source ; but the navigation is so greatly impeded 
 by two groups of rapids, one about 4^° S. and the other be- 
 tween 8° and 9° S. , as well as by less serious rapids between 
 these two and above the latter, as to be of very little value. 
 Total length about 1200 m. 
 
 Tapalqne, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 160 m. SSW. 
 Buenos Aires. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tapamanoa, Tobaal - Mann, or Saunders Island, isl. , 
 Pacific, Society group, in about 17° 30' S. , 150^° W. 
 
 Tapanahonl, riv., Dutch Guiana, 1. bk. trib. of Maroni R. , 
 joining the main stream in about 4° 25' N. , claimed as the 
 boundary of French Guiana until 1891, when the award of the 
 Emperor of Russia fixed the right branch, or Awa, as the limit. 
 Length, 155 m. 
 
 Tapannl, bor. , New Zealand, South I., Tuapeka co. , 55 m. 
 NE. by E. Invercargill, on the railway to Invercargill. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tapaunll, tn. , near the W. ct. of Sumatra, in 1° 50' N. 
 
 Taparntowoot, vil., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on Bella 
 Ceola R. , 250 m. NW. by N. Vancouver. 
 
 Taparo Point, cape, W. Indies, on the S. ct. of Trinidad. 
 
 Tapel-slian ('long white mountain'), mt., China, prov. 
 Shensi, in Tsingling chain, its summit covered with perpetual 
 snow. Alt. 11,485 ft. 
 
 Taperoa, maritime tn. , Brazil, prov. Bahia, 56 m. SW. Sao 
 Salvador ; has foundry, saw-mill, and weaving by steam. 
 
 T aphis, vil.. Upper Egypt. See Tafali. 
 
 Taplionse, East, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 5 m. W. Liskeard. 
 
 Tapla, tn., Argentine Republic, prov. and 14 m. WNW. 
 Tucuman. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tapla, comm., Spain, Asturias, prov. and 56 m. WNW. 
 Oviedo, dist. Castropol. P. 5000. 
 
 Taplan, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Wehlau, on the 
 r. bk. of the Pregel, 24 m. E. by S. Konigsberg. P. < 4000. 
 
 Taping, or Tapeng, riv. , Upper Burma and China, prov. 
 Yunnan, rises in about 26° 10' N., and flows S. and SW. into 
 the upper Irawadi at Bhdmo. Its valley affords access to the 
 lower levels of the Yunnan plateaux in the SW. Length, 200 m. 
 
 Tdplii-Gyorgye, comm. , Hungary, co. Pest, dist. Kecskem^t- 
 also. P. < 5000. 
 
 T;ipl«i-Szele, comm., Hungary, co. Pest, dist. Kecskem^t- 
 als6. P. 5600. 
 
 TsipM-Szeiit-Miirton, comm. , Hungary, co. Pest, dist. Kec- 
 skemet- felso. P. <40oo. 
 
 Taplow, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div., on 
 the Thames, 4J m. NW. Windsor, on the G. W. R. ; important 
 deposits of phosphatic chalk, a valuable fertiliser, now worked 
 near. PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tapolcza, tn. , Hungary, prov. Zala, 49 m. WSW. Stuhl- 
 weissenburg ; has mineral springs. P. 5800. 
 Tappataannoi'k, vil., U.S. , Virginia, Essex co., on the r. bk. 
 
 1541 
 
TAPP — TARA 
 
 of the estuary of the Rappahannock, 40 m. NE. by E. Rich- 
 mond ; has a good harbour and a custom-house. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tappeu, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Kidder co., 53 m. E. Bis- 
 marck. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tappuah, place named in O. T. See Tnfllftli. 
 
 Taps, vil., Russia, govt. Esthonia, 182 m. by rail W. St. 
 Petersburg ; branch railway to Walk and Riga. P. <5ooo. 
 
 TAptl, lighthouse, Bdt. India, Bombay, dist. and 13 m. W. 
 Surat, at mouth of Tdpti R. 
 
 TAptl, riv. , W, India, rises in about 21° 6' N. and 78° 21' E. , 
 at an elevation of 2500 ft. ; it flows W. through the SAtpura 
 highlands for about 150 m., its current here so violent that 
 timber floated down is often dashed to pieces. The river then 
 descends to the Khandesh plateau (700 to 750 ft. at its E. 
 extremity), which it traverses for 180 m. , receiving several 
 tribs., chiefly on the 1. bk., with smaller streams from the 
 Sdtpura hills, which bound its valley on the r. bk. From the 
 Khandesh plateau it descends through the wild region of the 
 Dang Forests to the Surat plains, through which it winds for 
 70 m. The lower course (about 30 m. ) is tidal, and here the 
 banks are in some places so low that disastrous floods have 
 occurred (as in 1837, when nearly 70 villages were destroyed). 
 In the lower course are several low islands, and numerous sand- 
 banks obstruct navigation, of which Surat is at present the 
 ordinary limit, though boats sometimes ascend to Amroli, 10 
 m. higher (by river). 'I'he depth of water on the bar at the 
 mouth of the river varies from 12 to 22 ft. at neap to 27 ft. at 
 spring tides. Length, 410 m. ; drainage area, 26,173 sq. m. 
 
 Tapton, par., Eng. , Derbyshire, union and iJ^ m. NE. 
 Chesterfield. P. < 250. 
 
 Tapn, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., co. and 12 m. from 
 Thames by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tapul, Isla, isl., Sulu group, in 5° 45' N., 120° 55' E. 
 
 Ta-piiu, tn. , Burma, dist. Tharawadi, 33 m. SSE. Prome. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Tapntenwea, or Drnnunoud, isls.. Pacific, Gilbert group, 
 in about i^° S. , 175° E. 
 
 Taqnarl, riv., Brazil, flows W. then SW. through a marshy 
 region of the state of Matto Grosso, and enters the Paraguay 
 just S. of 20° S. , a few miles above Puerto Pacheco. Length 
 about 450 m. 
 
 Taqnarl, tn., Brazil, state Rio Grande do Sul, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Rio Taquari, 43 m. WNW. Porto Alegre, at the terminus 
 of the railway toUruguayana, and centre of the German colonies 
 in the dist. The rlr. Taquari flows E. then SE. into the 
 Jacuhi, which it joins in 29° 56' 38" S. , 51° 38' 55" W. Depth 
 available on bars with NE. wind 12 ft., with SW. wind 9 ft. 
 See Klo Grande do Snl. 
 
 Tar, riv., U.S., N. Carolina, rises in the extreme N., in the 
 E. of Person co. , and flows on the whole ESE. Pamlico R. , 
 an inlet off" Pamlico Sound, forming the estuary of the Tar. 
 
 Tar, JTebel. See Jebel Ter. 
 
 Tara, vil., Canada, Ontario, Bruce co. , 46 m. W. CoUing- 
 wood. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Tara, par.. Ire., SE. co. Meath, bar. Skreen, 6 m. SSE. 
 Navan, 2 m. NE. by E. Kilmessan stn. The Hill of Tara was 
 anciently a chief seat of the Irish monarchs, where they held 
 their assemblies ; has mounds said to mark the site of former 
 buildings, and an ancient stone. P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Tara, riv., Montenegro and Turkey in Europe, flows N. and 
 NW. until, by its junction with the Piva, it forms the Drina, r. 
 bk. affluent of the Save. Length about 75 m. 
 
 Tara, co.. New South Wales, in the SW. corner. 
 
 Tara, dist. tn., Russia, W. Siberia, govt, and 380 m. SE. 
 Tobolsk, on Irtysh R., 35 m. below its junction with Tara R., 
 a trib. of the Irtysh, into which it drains the immense marshy 
 forests of Vasyugan ; trade in furs and produce of cattle-breeding. 
 P. 6500. 
 
 Tarabba, riv., central Sudan, flows on the whole NW., 
 and joins the Benue on its 1. bk. in about the centre of its 
 course. Length more than 186 m. 
 
 TaraboloH, or Tnrabltts-l>Ciharb, tn. ,Tripoli. See Tripoli. 
 
 Tarabulus, seapt., Asia Minor. See TlreboU. 
 
 Tarabulns, tn. , Syria. See Tripoli. 
 
 Taradale, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I. , Hawkes Bay co. , 
 4 m. SW. by W. Napier. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Taradale, postal-tp., Victoria, Talbot co., 29 m. S. by E. 
 Sandhurst; has gold-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 TArasarh, hill fortress, India. See AJmere. 
 
 Tarahnmares, or Tarnmares, Indians of Mexico, living on 
 the borders of the states of Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, and 
 Durango, in the valleys of the Sierra Madre ; remarkable for 
 the constancy with which they have preserved their ancient 
 customs. 
 
 Taral, or Teral. See India, Vegetation. 
 
 T&rakeswar, vil. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist Huglf, in 22° 53' 
 N. , 88° 4' E. , famous for its shrine to Siva ; two large gatherings 
 are annually held, the first in February, when the shrine is visited 
 by about 20,000 people. P. <50oo. 
 
 Taralga, tp.. New South Wales, Argyle co., 23 m. N, by E. 
 1542 
 
 Goulburn. The Wombeyan limestone caves are 12 m. distant. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Tarakan, volcano, N. of Gilolo I., Molucca Is. ; its eruptions 
 appear to have been numerous. 
 
 Taraniundl, comm., Spain, Asturias, prov. and 63 m. W. 
 Oviedo, dist. Castropol. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Tarakl, Bay of, on N. part of Japan Sea, dividing Sakhalin 
 I., or Taraki, from Manchuria. Length, 400 m. ; breadth, 
 from 50 m. to 200 m. 
 
 Tarana, tn. , Central India, Indore state. P. 5800 ; Hindus, 
 4700 ; Moham. 1000. 
 
 Tarana, stn.. New South Wales, Roxburgh co., 80 m. 
 WNW. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Taranakl, co.. New Zealand, W. ct. of North I., just S. of 
 39° S. Mean temp., yr. 57.4° F. , Feb. 64.7°, July 50.2°. 
 
 Taranchls, Turkish stem, settled by the Chinese government 
 on Hi R. , Russian Turkistan, prov. Semiryechensk ; carry on 
 agriculture and cattle-breeding. P. about 40,000. 
 
 Tarancon, tn., Spain, New Castille, prov. and 48 m. WSW. 
 Cuenca, cap. dist. T. P. (comm.) 5100. 
 
 Tarang, vil., Siam, Malay Penin., near the W. ct., in about 
 7° 32' N. 
 
 Tarangan Island, Eastern Archipelago, one of the largest 
 islands forming the Aru gjroup. * 
 
 Taraiuia, or Xorfolk Bay, coasting-place, Tasmania, on 
 Tasman's Penin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Taranto {Tarentum), comm., fortified city, and seapt., 
 South Italy, prov. Lecce, cap. circle, on an island, formerly 
 a penin., separating the Mare Piccolo, its inner harbour, 
 from the Mare Grande, in the Gulf of Taranto, 39 m. 
 WSW. Brindisi. The city, on the site of the ancient citadel, 
 has a cathedral, and trade in olive-oil, grain, and shell-fish. The 
 last (oysters and mussels) are found in abundance in the 
 inner harbour. The outer harbour, or Mare Grande, is pro- 
 tected by the isls. St. Peter and St. Paul, each having a light- 
 house. The channel between them is crossed by a bridge 160 
 yards in length, over which is an aqueduct conveying water to 
 the city from Mutina, 12 m. distant. The castle, flanked on 
 one side by enormous towers, commands both seas, ."^rea of 
 mercantile port (Mare Grande) 25 ac; depth, 18 ft. Vessels 
 load and discharge by small boats. A channel available for 
 vessels drawing 33 ft., but narrow enough to be spanned by 
 a revolving bridge, runs from the Mare Grande to the Mare 
 Piccolo, a basin of about 1000 acres, affording anchorage for 
 the largest ironclads, where there is a government arsenal and 
 dockyard. T. , reputed to have been founded by colonists from 
 Sparta about 700 B.C., was long a healthy seat of commerce, 
 literature, and science. It was also one of the chosen seats of 
 the Pythagorean philosophy, and the residence of its founder ; 
 but it was taken by the Romans 272 B.C. and despoiled. At the 
 end of the loth century A.D. it was rebuilt by the Eastern 
 emperor Nicephorus, and again became a Greek town. Since 
 the i6th century its fortunes have followed those of the king- 
 dom of Naples. Comm. P. (1881) 35,600. 
 
 Taranto, Gnlf of, a large inlet of the Mediterranean Sea, 
 bounded, except on the SE. , by the provs. Cosenza, Potenza, 
 and Lecce. Length, 70 m. ; breadth of entrance between Capes 
 Nau and Santa Maria de Leuca, 70 m. ; average breadth, 
 60 m. 
 
 TarapacA, prov. and dep., Chile, in the N.; cap. Iquique. 
 The prov. contains in the coast region deposits of guano, 
 sulphate of soda and salt, with mines of copper and silver in 
 the mountains, nickel in the hills of Huantacaya, and gold near 
 the riv. Loa ; to the E. of this zone a strip 3 m. wide, but over 
 250 m. long, containing deposits of nitrate of soda, and E. of 
 that again the Pampa of Tamarugal {q.v.), extending to the 
 foot-hills of the Andes. The only cultivation in the prov. is 
 at the base of the Andes, but the pampas are said to be capable 
 of irrigation. 
 
 Tarapacii, tn., Chile, prov. T. , 40 m. ENE. Iquique. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Tarapoto, tn. , Peru, dep. Loreto, 50 m. SE. by E. Moyo- 
 bamba, on a small feeder of the Mayo, 1. bk. trib. Huallaga, 
 in 6° 35' S. P. 9000. 
 
 T&rApnr, port, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Thdna, on the W. 
 ct. , 65 m. N. Bombay. P. < 5000. 
 
 TiirApnr, tn. , India, Gujarat, 10 m. N. by W. Cambay. 
 P. (1881) 5600. 
 
 Tarare, tn., France, dep. Rh6ne, arr. Villefranche, 22 m. 
 WNW. Lyons ; a great centre of muslin manufacture, intro- 
 duced soon after the middle of last century ; silk, plush, and 
 velvet fabrics are also extensively produced. P. 11,500. 
 
 Tarashcba, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 80 m. S. of Kiev. 
 P. 14,700. 
 
 Tarascon, tn., France, dep. Ari^ge, on the Ariege, 53 m. S. 
 by E. Toulouse, arr. and 8 m. S. Foix. P. <2obo. 
 
 Tarascon, tn. , France, Bouches-du-Rh6ne, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Rhone, opposite Beaucaire, arr. and 10 m. N. by E. Aries ; 
 silk-spinning and other industries. Famous through Daudet's 
 Tartarin de Tarascon. P. 5700. 
 
TARA — TARN 
 
 Tarasp, vil., Switzd., cant. Orisons, in the Lower Engadine, 
 28 m. NE. St. Moritz ; frequented mineral baths. 
 
 Tarastines, Indians of Mexico, natives of Michoacan state, 
 and the founders of the former kingdom of that name. P. 
 (estimated) 230,000-275,000. 
 
 Tarata, tn. , Bolivia, dep. and 23 m. SE. Cochabamba. 
 P. 4000. 
 
 Tarata, tn. , S. America, Chile, prov. Tacna, 140 m. E. by S. 
 Mollendo. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Tarawa, or Kiio.v, isls. , Pacific, Gilbert group, in about 1° 20' 
 N., 173° o' E. 
 
 Tarawcra, postal-tp. , New Zealand, North I., Wairoa co. , 
 40 m. NNW. Napier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tarawera, Mount, volcano. New Zealand, North I., Auck- 
 land, 90 m. NNW. Napier ; an eruption of this mount on June 
 10, 1886, destroyed the sinter terraces of Rotomahana, the 
 village of Wairoa, and about 120 lives. 
 
 Tarawera Lake, lake. New Zealand, North I., S. of the Bay 
 of Plenty, crossed by 38° 13' S. , drained NE. by Tarawera R. 
 
 Tarazoiia, tn., Spain, Murcia, prov. and 19 m. WNW. 
 Albacete, dist. Roda. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Tarazoiia, tn., Spain, prov. Saragossa, cap. dist. T. , 40 m. 
 E. by N. Soria. P. (comm.) 8500. 
 
 Tarbaga, Tarbagan, Kirghiz and Mongolian for 'marmot.' 
 
 Tarbagatai, prov. of Chinese Turkistan, in NW. part of 
 Dzungaria. 
 
 Tarbagatiil, mts. , Russian and Chinese Turkistan, 47° N., 
 79°-82° E. , in NE. part of Tian Shan system; begin in the 
 SE. of Sergiopol town and stretch E. for about 170 m. , with 
 a width of about 30 m. ; may be considered as an offshoot of 
 the border ridge of the High Plateau, bordering in its E. part 
 the deep and broad trench made by the valley of the upper 
 Irtysh, while in its W. extension it has on the S. the depression 
 of Lakes Ala and Sasyk-kul. Highest summit Tas-tau, 9700 ft. 
 Patches of perpetual snow on N. slope. Best pass Say-assu, 
 leading to Chuguchak. 
 
 Tarbat, par. , Scot. , in the extreme NE. of Ross-shire, on the 
 E. ct. , 8i m. E. by N. Tain ; 6787 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tarbat Xess, cape, Scot., in a detached part of Cromarty- 
 shire, on the E. ct. , between Moray and Dornoch Firths, in 
 57° 52' N. 
 
 Tarbert, tn.. Ire., N. co. Kerry, bar. Iraghticonnor, on the 
 riv. Shannon, 6 J m. SE. Kilrush. Tarbert I., opposite the 
 town, has a safe harbour, and a tower and battery. PMT.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Tarbert, hamlet, Scot., Argyllshire, on the E. ct. of Jura, on 
 T. Bay, in 55° 58' N. 
 
 Tarbert, vil. with steamboat pier, Scot., Argyllshire, on 
 E. Loch T. , lo^ m. S. by E. Ardrishaig, at the head of 
 Kintyre Penin.; has a good harbour, and extensive herring- 
 fishery. In the vicinity are the ruins of the ancient castle of the 
 Bruces. PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tarbert (East and West) Locli, two inlets, Scot., Argyll- 
 shire, between Kintyre and Knapdale, on opposite sides of S. 
 penin. of .-Argyllshire, approaching each other within i m. 
 
 Tarbert Loch, inlet, Scot., Argyllshire, on the W. of Jura; 
 this loch and T. Bay divide the island into two equal portions. 
 
 Tarbert Lochs, East and West, two inlets on opposite coasts 
 of Harris I. , Scot. , approaching each other to within about \ m. , 
 in 57° 52' N. PMT.O. at head of E. Loch. 
 
 Tarbes, cap. dep. Hautes-Pyr^n^es, France, cap. arr. T., 
 12 m. NNW. Bagneres-de-Bigorre ; metal-founding ; manu- 
 factures of machinery, felt, and coarse woollen fabrics. The 
 dist. is noted for its fine horses. Alt. 1015 ft. P. (1872) 16,600; 
 (1891) 25,100. 
 
 Tarbet, place with steamboat pier, Scot., Dumbartonshire, 
 on W. shore of Loch Lomond, i^ m. E. Arrochar (head of Loch 
 Long), with stn. (Arrochar and T.) on N. B. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Tarbock, par., Eng. , Lancashire, Widnes div. , 6^ m. SW. 
 by S. St. Helens, i^ m. N. by E. Halewood stn., P.O. (T. Green). 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Tarbolton, par. and vil., Scot., S. Ayrshire, 6^ m. S. Kil- 
 marnock, i^ m. N. by W. of its stn. on the G. & SW. R. , 
 PMT.O.; 12,059 ac. P. <:4ooo ; vil. P. <iooo. 
 
 Tarboro, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, Edgecombe co. , on Tar R. , 
 63 m. E. by N. Raleigh. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tarbrax, vil, Scot., Lanarkshire, Carnwath par.; has coal- 
 mining. P. <75o. 
 
 Tarcento, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 11 m. N. Udine. 
 P. <:40oo. 
 
 Tarcowle, post-tn. , S. Australia, Dalhousie co., 54 m. SE. 
 by E. Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tarciitta, postal-tp. , New South Wales, Wynyard co. , 122 m. 
 WSW. Goulburn ; has gold-mining. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tarczal, coram., N. Hungary, co. Zemplen, dist. Tokaj ; 
 noted for its wine. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Tardeblgg wltli Webhcath, eccles. par. , Eng. , Worcester- 
 shire, E. div., 3 m. ESE. Bromsgrove, P.O. (Tardeblgge). 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tardenols, dist. , France. See Alsne, dep. 
 
 Tardes, vil. , France, dep. Creuse, 1. bk. trib. of the upper Cher. 
 
 Tardets, tn. , France, dep. Basses-Pyr6n6es, arr. Maul6on, 
 27 m. S. by W. Orthez. P. <:2C)oo. 
 
 Tnrdolre, or Tardon^re, riv., France, deps. Haute- Vienne 
 and Charente, joins the Bandiat 3 m. NW. La Rochefoucauld. 
 Length, 62 m. ^ 
 
 Tardoskedd, comm., Hungary, co. Nyitra, dist. Ersek- 
 Ujvdr. P. < 5000. 
 
 Tairee, postal-tp. , New South Wales, Macquarie co. , 83 m. 
 NE. by N. Newcastle, on the main road from Maitland to Port 
 Macquarie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tarelton, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 8 m. from Macroom. 
 
 Taren, large tribe, Afghanistan, mostly nomadic. The reign- 
 ing family belongs to one section of it. 
 
 Tarentum, city, Italy. See Taranto. 
 
 Tarentuni, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny co. , 21 m. 
 NE. Pittsburg by rail ; has glass manufactures. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Tarfala, name given by the natives to the region of Cape 
 Juby, W. Africa. 
 
 Tarfe Waidl, riv. , Egypt, joins the Nile on the E., a little 
 below Minie. 
 
 TarflT, stn., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, on the G. & SW. R., 
 3J m. N. Kirkcudbright. 
 
 Tarff, Loch, small lake, Scot. , Inverness-shire, about i m. 
 E. of the SE. end of Loch Ness. Alt. 956 ft. 
 
 Tarff Water, small riv., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, flows S. 
 into the riv. Dee, which it joins about 3 m. above Kirkcudbright. 
 
 Tarff Water, small riv., Scot., Wigtownshire, flows SSE. 
 then ENE. to the riv. Bladenoch, which it joins on the r. bk. 
 near Kirkcowan. 
 
 Tarfslde, P.O., Scot., Forfarshire, on the Water of Tarf, 
 12^ m. SE. by S. Ballater. 
 
 Targoii, tn., France, dep. Gironde, arr. La R^ole, 16 m. 
 ESE. Bordeaux. P. < 2000. 
 
 Targot-Ia, lofty mt. group, central Tibet, S. of Lake Dangra- 
 Yum. 
 
 TArgikl (or Tdrgu) Frunios, tn., Roumania, prov. and 26 
 m. W. lajl. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tarlfa, vil. , Mexico, state Oaxaca, 35 m. NE. Tehuantepec. 
 Portillo de T. (alt. 755 ft. ) is the lowest pass across the highlands 
 of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. 
 
 Tarlfa, maritime tn. , in the extreme S. of Spain, prov. Cadiz, 
 dist. Algeciras, 15 m. WSW. Gibraltar, with open roadstead. 
 Mean temp., yr. 63.1° F., Jan. 53.6°, Aug. 74.1°. P. (comm.) 
 13,200. 
 
 Tarlfa, Cape, Spain, extreme S. , in 36° o' N., 5° 35' W. 
 
 Tarlja, or San Bernardo de Tarlja, tn., Bolivia, cap. dep. 
 T. , 175 m. SE. Potosi ; situated on a plain, where are found in 
 abundance the fossil remains of the mastodon and other extinct 
 animals. Seat of a university. The town belonged to the 
 Argentine Republic till 1826. P. 8400. 
 
 Tarikere, tn. , India, Mysore, on a trib. of the Bhadra R. , 
 86 m. NE. by E. Mangalore ; has a fort, erected in 1569. 
 P. (1881) 5300. 
 
 Tarlnt, riv. , Eastern Turkistan. See Turkistan, Eastern, 
 and Lob-nor. 
 
 Tarkastad, municip. , Cape Colony, cap. dist. T. , 82 m. ESE. 
 Middleburg ; health resort five hours by cart from Cradock. 
 Alt. 300 ft. Rfall. (6 yrs.), 17.09 in. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tarkhankut, group of crown salt-lakes, Russia, W. ct. of 
 Crimea, dist. Eupatoria. Mean temp., yr. 53.1° F., Feb. 33.4°, 
 July 74.2°. 
 
 Tarkhanovskaya, vil., Russia, W. Siberia, Altais, govt. 
 Tomsk, 307 m. from Biisk, on Ulba R. Alt. 1350 ft. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Tarklo, vil., U.S., Missouri, Atchison co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tarklo River, U.S. , rises in Montgomery co. , Iowa, flows S. 
 into Missouri R. , in Holt co. , Missouri. Length about 125 m. 
 
 Tarland, vil., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on T. Burn, 8^ m. 
 NE. Ballater, 4 m. NNE. Dinnet stn., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tarland-lllgvle, par. , Scot. , Aberdeenshire, contains village 
 of Tarland ; 17,353 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tarlee, post-tn., S. Australia, Light co. , 46 m. N. by E. 
 Adelaide, on the Great Northern Line. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tarleton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., 7 m. E. by 
 N. Southport, 2 m. S. Hesketh Bank stn., PMT.O.; 5553 ac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Tarleton, settlement, Tasmania, Devon co. , 42 m. WNW. 
 Launceston, 26 m. ESE. Emu Bay. 
 
 Tarnia, tn., Peru, cap. dep. Junin, 100 m. ENE. Lima, in 
 direct communication with Jauja, Oroya, Cerro de Pasco, and 
 the Chanchamayo valley. The inhabitants are noted for their 
 skill in weaving. Alt. 10,000 ft. P. 6000. 
 
 Tarmon, electoral div. , Ire. , Kerry, dist. Tarbert No. i. 
 
 Tarn, dep. , S. France, traversed E. to W. by Tarn R. , formed 
 in 1790 out of parts of Languedoc (Albi, Castres, and Lavaur, 
 the two first forming the country of the Albigeois) ; divided into 
 four arrs. : Albi (cap.), Castres, Gaillac, and Lavaur. Surface 
 very varied, mountainous in S. and E., hilly in N. and centre, 
 plains chiefly in W. The Lacaune Mts. in the E. , a bare and 
 
 1543 
 
TARN — TARR 
 
 sterile group, contain the culminating point of the dep. , Pic de 
 Montalet, 4155 ft. ; several other summits rise from 3300 to 3600 
 ft., with intervening plateaux (2000-3000 ft.), swept in winter 
 by icy winds, and marshy meadows locally known as ' sagnes.' 
 To the SW. the Sidobre plateau (13 10-2295 ft.), bounded by 
 the gorges of the Agout, connects the mountains of Lacaune 
 with the hills of Castres and Brassac, a wild and picturesque 
 region, strewn over with immense blocks of granite, &c. Further 
 S. the Montague Noir, richly wooded on the T. side, forms 
 part of the frontier with Aude. The plains are of remarkable 
 fertility, and the lower slopes of the hills in the N. and centre 
 are planted with vines and fruit-trees. The dep. is drained 
 almost entirely to the Garonne, chiefly by the T. , of which the 
 principal trib. in the dep. is the Agout (1. bk.), with its (r. bk.) 
 affluent the Dadou. Above the Saut de Sabo the T. winds 
 through deep and sombre gorges, but lower, traverses the fertile 
 plain of the Albigeois, where it is confined by natural dykes. 
 it is almost useless for navigation. Granite, gneiss, and schists 
 predominate in the mountains; limestone, sandstone, &c. , in 
 the hilly regions ; and alluvium in the plains. Forests consider- 
 able (Gr^signe, Cayroulet, &c. ). Climate temperate but variable 
 [Albl], the E. part on the whole rather cold and damp. The 
 principal cereal is wheat, then maize ; the vine (Gaillac, Cunac, 
 Cahusaquet, &c. ) occupies ^h P^*" cent, of the surface, but the 
 production per acre is only about a quarter of the average for 
 France ; a little flax, hemp (Gaillac), and cider-apples are grown. 
 The principal mineral is coal (Carmaux, La Bruguifere, Montre- 
 don, &c.); manganese (R6almont) and other minerals are 
 obtained in small quantity. Manufactures limited, woollen 
 goods (Mazamet, Lacaune, &c.), hosiery (Castres, Mazamet). 
 Area, 2232 sq. m. P. (1891) 346,700. See France, table. 
 
 Tairit, riv. , France, rises in Mount Lozere, flows W. through 
 the deps. Aveyron, Tarn, Tarn -et- Garonne, and joins the 
 Garonne, on r. bk. , 3 m. W. Moissac ; affluents, on 1. bk. the 
 Agout, on r. bk. the Aveyron. Length, 233 m. See Cnasi^es. 
 
 Tarna, riv., Hungary, flows S. into the Thiess (Tisza) at 
 Szolnok. 
 
 Tamac, vil. , France, on the N. border of dep. Corr^ze, arr. 
 Ussel, 35 m. ESE. Limoges. P. <20oo. 
 
 Taruagulla, mun. tn. , Victoria, Gladstone co. , 27 m. W. 
 Sandhurst; has mining. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tarnak, or Taruuk, riv., Afghanistan, flows SW. and 
 afterwards W. till it joins the Dori. The road from Ghazni 
 to Kandahar passes down its valley. 
 
 Taruauca, vil., Roumania, Moldavia, 14 m. NNW. Doro- 
 hoiu. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Tarn Bay, Chile, in 47^° S. , at N. end Messiere Channel. 
 
 Tarn Bay, Eng., on the SW. ct. of the co. of Cumberland, 
 17 m. SSE. St. Bees Head. 
 
 Tarnbrook, Eng. , Lancashire, div. and 8 m. ESE. Lancaster, 
 on riv. Wyre. 
 
 Tarn-et-Garonne, dep. , S. France, traversed from S. to W. 
 by Garonne and Tarn Rivs. , formed in 1808 out of terr. taken 
 from the deps. Lot (Montauban), Lot-et-Garonne (Moissac), 
 Haute-Garonne (Castelsarrasin), Tarn, Aveyron, and Gers. ; the 
 terr. belonged originally to Guienne and Gascogne, chiefly the 
 former ; divided into three arrs. : Montauban (cap.), Castel- 
 sarrasin, and Moissac. Surface of very moderate elevation, 
 650-1000 ft., comprises two distinct regions, the NE. and the 
 SW., separated by the plains and valleys of the Garonne, Tarn, 
 and Lower Aveyron. The NE. region is the more elevated, 
 hills and plateaux rising gradually to the frontiers of Lot and 
 Aveyron ; highest point 1635 ft. , a little S. of Castanet. The 
 E;, chiefly N. of the Aveyron, belongs to the region of the 
 Causses (^.v.), here lower and less sterile than in neighbouring 
 deps. The principal Causse in the dep. is that of St. Antonin. 
 The hills in the SW. , continuations of the Lannemezan plateau, 
 are intersected by gently sloping valleys. Lowest point 165 ft. , 
 where the Garonne leaves the dep. The dep. is drained entirely 
 to the Garonne, which traverses it for about 47 m. from S. to 
 W., forming a sharp bend in the centre, where it is joined 
 by its principal trib. the Tarn, with its affluent the Aveyron, 
 which joins the Tarn below Montauban. Climate mild, but 
 variable. Prevailing winds E. and W., the former known 
 locally as 'autan,' the latter as 'cers.' The principal cereal is 
 wheat, then maize ; the vine covers nearly 10 per cent, of the 
 surface (GrisoUes, Villebrumier, Auvillas, Campsas, &c.), but 
 the production per acre is only about half the average for 
 France. Fruits, especially plums, are abundant (St. Antonin, 
 Moissac, &c. ) ; mulberry and sericulture (Castelsarrasin, Grisolles, 
 &c.). Minerals of little importance, except phosphate (Puy-la- 
 Roque, Caylus, &c. ). Manufactures very limited ; blast-furnaces, 
 forges, &c. (Brunquil, Montauban). Area, 1440 sq. m. P. 
 (1891) 206,600. See France, table. 
 
 Tarn Hows, tarn, Eng., N. Lancashire, 3 m. NE. Coniston. 
 
 Tamlcar, vil. , Eng. , Lancashire. See RawclIITe, Tpper. 
 
 Tarnnionath Fell, hill, Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., 
 about 12 m. E. Carlisle. 
 
 Tamobrzeg, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, on the r. bk. 
 of the Vistula, 60 m. SW. Lublin. P. <40oo. 
 1544 
 
 Tarnogr5d, tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 63 m, SSE. 
 Lublin, near Austrian frontier. P. 5440. 
 
 Tarnopol, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 42 m. SSE. 
 Brody ; has tanneries ; manufacture of sugar ; great trade in 
 honey and wax. Alt. 1040 ft. Mean temp., yr. 44.4° F., Jan, 
 22.9°, July 66.7°. P. (1869) 20,100; (1890) 27,400. 
 
 Tarn5w, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, 25 m. E. by N. 
 Bochnia ; manufactures linen ; great trade in grain. Alt. 1100 
 ft. P. (1869) 21,800; (1890) 27,600. 
 
 Tarno'witz, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. circle T. , 36 m, 
 NE. Ratibor. P. 10,000. 
 
 Tarn Rig, hill, Eng., in the N. of Lancashire, i m. W. of 
 the foot of Coniston Water. 
 
 Tarn-Tiiran, municip., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 10 m. 
 SSE. Amritsar ; one of the suburbs is inhabited by lepers. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Taro, riv., N. Italy, Emilia, prov. Parva, flows NNE., and 
 joins the Po N. of the city of Parma, 7 m. W. of Casal- 
 Maggiore. Length, 93 m. ; area of basin, 804 sq. m. ; mean 
 discharge 1500 cubic ft. per second, highest discharge 42,400 
 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Tarob, extinct volcano, Java, immediately NE. of Lamongan 
 volcano. Alt. 5475 ft. 
 
 Tarooni, postal-stn. , Queensland, Fortescue co. , 160 m. SSW. 
 Rockhampton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tarouca, tn. , Portugal, Beira Alta, dist. and 25 m. NNE. 
 of Vizeu. The convent of Sao Joao dates from the 12th century. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Tarpa, comm. , Hungary, co. Bereg, dist. Tiszahdt. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 Tarpaulin Cove, harb. of Naushon I., U.S., Massachusetts, 
 Dukes CO. , on Vineyard Sound. 
 
 Tarpeena, settlement, S. Australia, Grey co. , 14 m. N. 
 Mount Gambier. 
 
 Tarpenla Bay (Terpyenlya Guba). See Patience Bay. 
 
 Tarporley, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury 
 div., 10 m. E. by S. Chester, 2 m. N. of its stn. (Beeston 
 Castle and T.) on the L. & NW. R. ; has manufactures of 
 stockings and leather breeches. Market-day, Th. Par. P. 
 <:i5oo; tn. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tarqnino, possibly Pico Turqulno (' blue mt.'), peak and 
 culminating point of Cuba I., on the SE. ct., in the Sierra 
 Maestra, half way between Santiago and Cape Cruz. Alt. esti- 
 mated from 6855 ft. to 8400 ft. 
 
 Tarragona, ancient Tarraco, tn. , on the E. ct. of Spain, 
 at mouth of Francoli R., cap. prov. T. , 50 m. WSW. Bar- 
 celona. It was a great commercial centre, first under the 
 Phoenicians, and afterwards under the Carthaginians and 
 Romans, and surrounded by a wall about 35 m. in circuit. 
 The town, which now occupies only a small portion of its ancient 
 site, consists of upper and lower divisions, many of the houses 
 in the former being built out of the ruins of Roman palaces and 
 temples, and containing numerous ancient inscriptions. Re- 
 mains of an amphitheatre and other Roman edifices, and in the 
 environs the magnificent aqueduct of the Ferreras. Great trade 
 in Barcelona nuts, almonds, wine, brandy, &c. The port has a 
 depth of 19I-30I ft. ; vessels discharge by planks or lighters. P. 
 (1860)18,400; (1877)23,000; (1887)27,200. 
 
 Tarrangole, old military station, Egyptian Sudan, in the 
 Latuka country, 84 m. ESE. Lado. In 1850 the Khartum 
 merchants settled their Danagla troops here. 
 
 Tarrango'wer, Victoria. See IMaldon. 
 
 Tarrant, small riv., Eng., in the E. of Dorsetshire, trib. 
 of the Stour, which it joins on the 1. bk. about 3^ m. SE. 
 Blandford, 
 
 Tarrant, co., U.S., Texas, in the N., to the S. of 33° N., 
 W. of 97° W. 
 
 Tarrant Crawford, par, , Eng. , Dorsetshire, E. div. , on the 
 Tarrant, 9J ni. NW. by N. Poole, i m. NE. Spettisbury stn. 
 P, <:25o. 
 
 Tarrant Ciunvllle, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, N. div. , on the 
 Tarrant, 15 m. NNW. Poole, 4i m. NE. by N. Blandford, 
 PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Tarrant Ilinton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., on the 
 Tarrant, 13^ m. NNW. Poole, 4 m. NE. by E. Blandford, 
 P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Tarrant Keynston, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., on the 
 Tarrant, 10 m. NW. by N. Poole, \\ m. NE. Spettisbury stn., 
 P.O. (T. Keyncston). P. <soo. 
 
 Tarrant Laiinceston, Tarrant Rawston, and Tarrant 
 Rushton, three adjoining pars., Eng., Dorsetshire, 3^ m. N. 
 or NE. Blandford, the first two in the N., the latter in the E. 
 div. of county. P. (of each) < 250. 
 
 Tarrant Monkton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., on the 
 Tarrant, 12 m. NNW. Poole, 4 m. E. by N. Blandford, P.O. 
 P. <25o ; eccles. par. (T. M. with T. Launceston) P. <50o. 
 
 Tarrasa, tn., Spain, prov. and 15 m. NNW. Barcelona, cap. 
 dist. T. ; manufactures cloth and various woollen fabrics. P. 
 (comm.) 13,200. 
 
 Tarrasfoot, hamlet, Scot., Dumfriesshire, 2J m. SSE. Lang- 
 
T A RR 
 
 T AS M 
 
 holm, 2 m. NW. by N. Gilnockie stn., at the mouth of the 
 Tarras Water, which enters the Esk from the NE. 
 
 TarravUle, post-tn. , Victoria, Buln Buln co. , 42 m. SSW. 
 Sale, on the coast. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tarrawliigee, post-tn., Victoria, Bogong co. , 12 m. W. 
 Beechworth, on Ovens R. P. <i500. 
 
 Tarrega, tn. , Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 26 m, E. Lerida, 
 dist. Cervera. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Tarrensay, isl., Scot., Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire, Harris 
 par. , off the entrance of W. Loch Tarbert. Length, 4^ m. P. 56. 
 Tarring, West, par., Eng. , Susse.x, Lewes div. , 7^ m. ESE. 
 Arundel, close to W. Worthing stn. ; the archbishops of Canter- 
 bury formerly had a palace here. P. <i5oo; eccles. par. (West 
 T. with Durrlngton) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tarring Neville, par., Eng., Sussex, Eastbourne div., on 
 the Ouse, 5 m. SSE. Lewes, i^ m. NW. Newhaven. P. <25o. 
 See Hcightoii, South. 
 
 Tarrington, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 7J m. E. 
 by N. Hereford, close to Stoke Edith stn., PM.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Tarrytown, vil., U.S., New York, West Chester co., on the 
 1. bk. of the Hudson R., 28 m. N. by E. New York ; residential 
 town and burial-place of Washington Irving. Its precincts 
 include Sleepy Hollow. P. <4ooo. North Tarrytown, vil., 2 
 m. to the N., P. <4ooo. 
 
 Tarsa, tn. , Middle Egypt, Fayum, 4 m. from S. shore of Lake 
 Birket-el-Kerun. P. <40oo. 
 
 Tarset, West, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 16 m. 
 NW. by N. Hexham, with a stn. (T.) on the N. B. R. ; 
 18,786 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 Tarset Barn, riv. , Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., 
 trib. of the N. Tyne, which it joins on the 1. bk. about 4 m. W. 
 by N. of Bellingham, 15 m. NW. Hexham. 
 
 Tarsia, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. Cosenza, 14 m. SSE. Castro- 
 villari. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tarso, mt. group, Sahara, N. Tibesti, of volcanic origin. 
 The highest point is Tusside (probable alt. about 7200 ft.) ; at 
 its base is the curiously formed crater, 165 ft. deep and several 
 miles round, called the ' soda bowl.' 
 
 , Tarsus, or Tersus, tn., vilayet, and sanjak, Asia Minor, 18 
 m. WSW. Adana, on the rlv. Tarsus (the ancient Cydnus) ; 
 birthplace of St. Paul. To the SW. of the town is a large 
 marsh, which in summer produces severe malaria, |in consequence 
 of which large numbers of the inhabitants take refuge on the 
 neighbouring mountains. Mean temp. (4 yrs. , 1841-42, 1849, 
 1854-55), y- 70.0° F., Jan. 52.9°, July 84.7°. P. (winter) 
 16-18,000; Moham. 8-10,000. 
 
 Tartagal, settlement, Argentine Republic, Salta, near the N. 
 frontier, 357 m. NE. by N. Tucuman. 
 
 Tartaraghau, par., Ire., N. co. Armagh, bar. W. Oneilland, 
 5 m. NW. Portadown, P.O.; 9843 ac. P. 5300. 
 Tartars. See Tatars. 
 
 Tartas, tn. , France, dep. Landes, arr. St. Sever, on the 
 Midouze, 24 m. N. Orthez. P. <4000. 
 
 Tartas, vil., Russia, W. Siberia, govt. Tomsk, 165 m. E. 
 Omsk, on Siberian highway and Tartas R. , trib. of Om. P. 
 <:2ooo. 
 
 Tartlau (German, in Hungarian Pr&sniiir), comm. , Hungary, 
 prov. and 10 m. NE. Kronstadt. P. < 4000. 
 
 Tartonia, tn. , Russia. See Dorpat. 
 . Tartus, the ancient Tortosa, Syria, on the ct. , 32 m. N. Tripoli. 
 Tarndant, or Ter<Mlaut, tn. , Morocco, cap. prov. Sus, at 
 the foot of the .-Xtlas Range, about 5 m. from the r. bk. of the 
 riv. Sus, and 105 m. SW. Morocco ; it has lofty walls. The 
 town covers an area as great as Morocco, but most of this space 
 consists of gardens. It is noted for its leather and dye-works. 
 Its chief industry is the manufacture of copper articles for the 
 interior of Africa. The mines in the vicinity produce copper, 
 gold, silver, iron, and magnetic iron ores. P. 30,000. 
 Taruniares, natives of Mexico. See Taralinniares. 
 Tarnn, tn. , Persia, prov. Kerman, 90 m. NW. by N. Bender 
 Abbas. 
 
 Tarusa, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 53 m. NE. Kaluga, on 
 1. bk. Oka. P. < 5000. 
 
 Tarut, or Tlrhoot, isl., in the Bay of Bahrein, Persian Gulf, 
 opposite El Khatif. 
 
 Tarutlna, vil., Russia, E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, 73 m. W. 
 Krasnoyarsk, on Siberian highway. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Tarutino, vil, Russia, govt, and 30 m. NE. Kaluga, on old 
 highway from Moscow to Kaluga. Great battle of Napoleon I. , 
 who was compelled there to make his retreat by the already 
 desolated route via Smolensk. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tarves, par., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 8 m. NE. Inverurie, 
 4i m. NE. by E. Old Meldrum stn., PMT.O.; 16,303 ac. P. 
 
 <2500. 
 
 Tarvin, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 5^^ m. E. 
 Chester, 2 m. SE. Barrow stn., PMT.O. P. < 1500; eccles. 
 par. (T. with Duddon and Kelsall) P. <:300o. 
 
 Tarvls, Ober and IJnter, two adjacent vils., Austria, Car- 
 inthia, 37 m. W. by S. Klagenfurt ; iron and copper foundries. 
 P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Tarvisium, tn,, Italy. See Treviso. 
 
 Tasbui^h, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 9 m. S. by W. 
 Norwich, i^ m. SE. Flordon stn., PM.O. P. <soo.' 
 
 Tiisch, vil., Switzd., cant. Valais, in the Niklaus-thal, 3^ m. 
 NNE. Zermatt. 
 Taschhorn, mt. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 1. 
 Tasco, tn., Mexico, Guerrero, 100 m. SSW. Mexico. P. 
 (comm.) 14,000. 
 
 Tasfaut, group of oases, Sahara, Tuat proper, W. and S. of 
 Tamentit. 
 
 TAsg&on, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Sitdra, 74 m. W. 
 by N. Bijapur. P. 11,300; Hindus, 9900. 
 Task, Turkish, 'stony.' 
 
 Tash, vil., Russian Turkistan, prov. Syr-daria, dist, Kura- 
 linsk. P. <5000. 
 
 Tashakulskoye, vil. , Russia, govt. Perm, 96 m. ESE. Ekate- 
 rinburg, on a trib. of Isset R. P. <:500o. 
 
 Ta-shan, mt. chain, China, prov. Shantung, between about 
 117° and 118° E.; the highest peak, T., is in WSW. of chain. 
 According to Chinese mythology, it is the holiest of the five 
 sacred mountains of the empire. Alt. 3330-4900 ft. 
 
 Ta-shan, name of the axial mountain chain, Formosa I.; 
 highest point Mount Morrison, alt. 12,860 ft. 
 
 Tash Dawan, pass across the Altyn Tagh Range, in about 
 89° E. Alt. about 13,000 ft. 
 
 Tashinny, P.O., Ire., co. Longford. See Taglishlnuy. 
 Tashkend, or Tashkent, one of the largest cities of central 
 Asia, cap. Russian Turkistan and of the Syr-daria prov., situ- 
 ated in the valley of Chirchik, 50 m. above its junction with Syr, 
 41" 20' N. ,69° 18' E., alt. 1480 ft., 180 m. NE. Samarkand 
 railway terminus, with which it is about to be connected by a 
 branch railway to Andijan, in Fergana. The population of the 
 city consists chiefly of Sarts, with a few Uzbegs, Tajiks, Kir- 
 ghizes, Jews, Russians, and Germans. The old walls of the city 
 are now in ruins, and the houses are buried amidst gardens. A 
 great variety of domestic trades (cottons, boots, brass and iron 
 goods, harness, &c.) is carried on by the inhabitants. Con- 
 siderable trade with Bukhara, Kashgaria, Persia, Kashmir, 
 India, and Russia. The Russian town, on the SE. of the 
 Asiatic city, has clean broad streets bordered by trees, and 
 contains an observatory, a museum, a library, two gymnasia, a 
 hospital, and a branch of the Russian Geographical Society, as 
 well as the houses and buildings of the administration and the 
 military. Its population is about 10,000. The city is often 
 visited by earthquakes. Mean temp., yr. 58.3° F. , Jan. 29.0°, 
 July 77.5°; yearly rfall. 11.3 in. Total P. (1892) 121,510. 
 
 Tash-Kopri, tn. , Asia Minor, Anatolia, on the Gok-Irmak, 
 52 m. SW. Sinope. It has remains of the ancient Pompeiopolis, 
 Tash-kulak, vil., Russian Turkistan, prov. Syr-daria, dist. 
 Kuralinsk. P. < 5000. 
 
 Tash-kurgan, fort in Chinese Turkistan, in SE. part of Pamirs, 
 Sarikol, in 37° 45' N., 75° 20' E. Alt. 10,400 ft. 
 
 Tash-kurgan (' stone fort'), fort, N. Afghanistan, 65 m. W. 
 Kunduz, about 4 m. S. of the ruins of Khulm. Alt. 1490 ft. 
 (Curzon). 
 
 Tash-kurgan, small fort of Roshan, on the Pamirs, at the 
 junction of Kudara with Murghab, 38° 18' N. , 70° 20' E. Alt. 
 about 10,000 ft. 
 
 Tashla, two vils., Russia, govt. Simbirsk, 25-31 m. from chief 
 town. P. (of both) 5000. 
 
 Tashlija, Slavonic Plevlje, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. 
 (vilayet) Kossovo, sanjak and 57 m. W. by N. Novibazar. Here 
 is the monastery of Troitsa, which for a long time served as 
 residence to the bishops of Herzegovina ; in the library are 
 valuable Servian manuscripts ; it is a place of pilgrimage for the 
 inhabitants of all the neighbouring countries. Alt. 2850 ft. 
 
 Tasht, lake, Persia, prov. Fars, directly N. of the NW. part 
 of Lake Niriz, with which it communicates by two arms. 
 
 Tnshtyhskaya, vil., Russia, E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, dist. 
 and 146 m. NW. Minusinsk. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tash-tyube, vil., Russian Turkistan, prov. Syr-daria, dist. 
 Kuralinsk. P. <250o. 
 
 Tashuu,tn. , Persia, prov. Khuzistan, 18 m. NNW. Behbehan. 
 It was of importance, but is now almost wholly in ruins. 
 Tasia-ho, riv. , China. See Tahia-ho. 
 
 Tasiast, region of W. Sahara, E. of Arguin Bay ; the in- 
 habitants are nomadic Marabouts. 
 
 Tasicliozong, tn. , Bhutan, 13 m. SW. by W. Punakha. 
 Taslko, or Apl, isl.. New Hebrides, SE. of Mallikollo, crossed 
 by 16° 45' S., 168° 20' E. 
 
 Tasiusak, isl. and hamlet, W. ct. Greenland, dist. Uper- 
 navik, in 73° 22' N. ; it is the nearest point to the Pole per- 
 manently inhabited by Europeans and Eskimos. 
 
 Tasley, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 15 m. NW. by N. 
 Kidderminster, i| m. NW. IBridgnorth. P. <2So. 
 Tasnian, another name of the Palowi Is. , Ger. New Guinea. 
 Tasman Bay, or Blind Bay, large bay. New Zealand, N. 
 ct. of South I.; at its head is Nelson city. 
 
 Tasnian <;iacler. Great, largest glacier of the Southern 
 Alps, New Zealand, descends SSW. from Hochstetter Dome 
 
 1545 
 
T ASM 
 
 TATA 
 
 and Mount Delabeche, receives on the W. the Haast glacier 
 from Mount Haast, and the Hochstetter and Ball glaciers from 
 different sides of Mount Aorangi (Cook), terminates in a long 
 and broad moraine, from the lower end of which issues the 
 Tasman R., which flows into Lake Pukaki (Waitaki basin). 
 Length of glacier, i8 m. ; greatest breadth, more than 2 m. ; area, 
 13,664 ac. Mean daily rate of motion in middle of glacier near 
 the lower end, 18 in. 
 
 Tasman Head, the most S. point of Bruni I. , Tasmania, in 
 147° 20' E. 
 
 Tasmania, isl. , and one of the Australasian colonies, S. of 
 Australia, from which it is separated by Bass Strait ; area (in- 
 cluding islands) less than one-third that of Great Britain. 
 Coasts generally bold and rocky, with many deep inlets forming 
 good harbours — N., Stanley, Emu Bay, Ports Frederick, 
 Sorrell, and Dalrymple, Anderson and Ringarooma Bays ; E. , 
 George's, Oyster, and Prosser Bays ; S. , Port .Arthur, Norfolk, 
 Frederick Henry, and Storm Bays, D'Entrecasteaux Channel, 
 with several secondary bays. South Cape Bay and Cox Bight ; 
 W. , Port Davey, Macquarie Harbour, mouths of Pieman and 
 Arthur Rivs. Peninsulas — Freycinet in E. , and Forestier and 
 Tasman's in SE. Off the coast are several islands — Flinders, 
 Cape Barren, &c. , NE. ; Schouten and Maria, E.; Bruni Is., 
 SE. ; King and Hunter Is. , NW. , with several smaller islands. 
 The surface is generally undulating, and in the W., centre, 
 and NE. more or less mountainous. Communication between 
 the N. and S. of the island is facilitated by the valleys and low 
 tablelands, which extend from the estuary of the Tamar to that 
 of the Derwent. The eastern mountains run nearly N. and S. 
 parallel to the coast, at a distance of about 40 m. ; highest Ben 
 Lomond, 5010 ft. , with several other mountains rising to about 
 4000 ft. A tableland, about 3000 ft. in elevation, occupies the 
 middle of the island, stretching westwards, and bearing the 
 culminating summit of the island. Cradle Mt., 5069 ft., and 
 several other peaks rising to between 4000 ft. and 5000 ft. ; other 
 ranges connected with the central plateau are the Norfolk, 
 West Coast, D'Aguilar, Wilmot, and Arthur, which trend 
 successively N. to SE., parallel to the W. ct. , and Perouse and 
 Bathurst Ranges in the S. On the central plateau several large 
 fresh-water lakes — Great Lake, Sorrell, St. Clair, Echo, Woods, 
 Arthur, &c. — form the head reservoirs of some of the larger rivers. 
 Principal rivers — S. , Coal, Derwent, and Huon, all debouching 
 intheSE.; W., Gordon, Pieman, and Arthur; N. , Forth, Mersey, 
 Tamar, and Ringarooma. The rivers of the E. ct. are short. As 
 regards geological strnctnre, the central and connected moun- 
 tain ranges are mainly of trap or greenstone, while the interme- 
 diate valleys and plains are occupied by Palaeozoic formations ; 
 granite and metamorphic rocks predominate in the NE. and SW. , 
 and occur in several other parts. There are numerous traces 
 of volcanic action. The soil varies much ; in some places it is 
 poor, but throughout the greater part fertile, sometimes exceed- 
 ingly so. The central plateau has few trees, but affords good 
 pasturage. Large areas in the NE., W. , and SW. are covered 
 with forest. The vegetation closely resembles that of the 
 neighbouring parts of Australia, one proof of the connection 
 which formerly existed between the two. The principal trees 
 are eucalypts, but T. has some forms peculiar to itself, including 
 the Huon pine {Dacrydiiim Franklinii), abundant in the SW. 
 The native mammals are marsupials, generally similar to those 
 of Australia ; but two species, both predaceous, are peculiar to 
 the island, the native tiger or hyaena and the native devil, the 
 former being the largest of all carnivorous marsupials. The 
 climate, owing to the more southerly position of the island, is 
 cooler than that of Australia, and, in consequence of its smaller 
 size and mountainous character, no part is subject to extreme 
 drought. The air is particularly invigorating, and the alterna- 
 tion of land and sea-breezes moderate the heat of summer. The 
 leading cereals are oats and barley ; the cultivation of wheat 
 has declined in recent years, but there has been a steady increase 
 in the area under root-crops ; all kinds of fruits belonging to the 
 warm temperate zones grow luxuriantly, and their cultivation 
 is extending ; hops form an important crop. Exports include 
 wool, sheep, gold, silver, tin, timber, &c. The mineral re- 
 sources of the island are very important; they include tin 
 (Bischoff, Ben Lomond, Blue Tier, Cox Bight) ; gold, found 
 in various parts (Beaconsfield and Lefroy, N., Mathinna, E. , 
 Pieman's R. , W. , &c.); galena and other silver ores (Zeehan 
 and Dundas) ; valuable deposits of copper associated with silver 
 were discovered in 1892-93 at Mount Lyell ; coal is found in 
 several dists. , the most important deposits being those of Corn- 
 wall CO. (Fingal, Mount Nicholas, &c.), which furnish an ex- 
 cellent steam coal entirely used on the railways of T. ; other 
 coal-mining dists. are Hamilton, Mersey R. , Gardiner's Bay, 
 Colebrook (Jerusalem), Port Seymour (bituminous), Newtown, 
 and Port Arthur (anthracite) ; other minerals are wolfram (Mount 
 Lyell), nickel (Heazlewood), plumbago (Cape Barrier). Indus- 
 tries include brewing, fruit-preserving, silver-smelting (Strachan 
 and Zeehan), and the manufacture of Portland cement, agri- 
 cultural implements, flour, cotton goods, &c. The N. and S. 
 of the island are connected by a main line of railway, and there 
 1546 
 
 are several branch and other lines connecting the mining centres 
 with ports. Elementary education is under the control of the 
 state, and is compulsory for children between the ages of seven 
 and thirteen. Higher education is now (since 1890) under the 
 superintendence of the Council of the ' University of Tasmania,' 
 an institution, however, not yet fully organised. Technical 
 schools have been established at several places. The military 
 forces include a small permanent staff and an auxiliary force. 
 For government, see British Empire, The. T. was dis- 
 covered in 1642 by the Dutch navigator Tasman, who named 
 it Van Diemen's Land, in honour of the governor of the Dutch 
 East Indies, and this name it continued to bear till 1856, when, 
 after the cessation of transportation and the institution of re- 
 presentative government, the name was changed to T. The 
 first settlement in the island was established by the governor of 
 New South Wales at Risdon, on the Derwent, in 1803, but it 
 was soon after removed to Hobart. Free settlers, also from 
 Sydney, followed, and in 1825 it was made an independent 
 colony. The aboriginal inhabitants, against whom relentless 
 war was waged by the early settlers, are now quite extinct, the 
 last representative having died in 1876. Area, 26,215 sq. m. 
 P. (1891) 146,700. See Australia, Australasian Colonies, 
 British Empire, The. 
 
 Tasman Peninsula, SE. Tasmania, connected N. by a 
 narrow stretch of land with Forestier's Penin. , which in turn is 
 similarly connected with the mainland. Site of the penal settle- 
 ment of Port Arthur. 
 
 Tasman Sea, name given on the proposal of the Australasian 
 Association for the Advancement of Science to the sea between 
 New Zealand and the islands to the NW. of New Zealand on 
 the one hand, and Australia and Tasmania on the other hand. 
 
 Tasman's Island, isl., Tasmania, off Cape Pillar, in about 
 148° E. 
 
 Tasman Strait, between Taviuni and Ngamia Is., Fiji Is., 
 in 16° 48' S. , 180° 10' E. 
 
 Tasnild, comm., Hungary, co. SzilAgy, 45 m. E. Debreczen, 
 cap. dist. T. P. < 4000. 
 
 Tass, comm., Hungary, co. Pest, dist. Solt-felso. P. < 4000. 
 
 Tassagh, tnld. , Ire., co., bar., and 6 m. S. Armagh, P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Tasslding, vil., India, Sikkim, 20 m. N. by E. Darjfling. 
 
 Tasslll ('rocky plateau' in Berber), name specially applied 
 to the two great rocky plateaux of the Sahara, Tassili of Azjer 
 to the NE. , and Tassili- wan- Ahaggar to the SW. of the Jebel 
 Ahaggar. 
 
 Tassin, tn. , France, dep. Rhone, arr. and 3 m. W. Lyons; 
 has nurseries and manufactures. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Tasslsndon, tn., Bhutan. See Tasichozong (of which T. 
 is apparently an improper form). 
 
 Tas-tau, mt. , Russian Turkistan, prov. Semipalatinsk, highest 
 peak of Tarbagatai Mts. Alt. 9700 ft. 
 
 Tastuba, vil. , Russia, govt. Ufa, dist. and 105 m. E. Zlatoust, 
 on Siberian highway. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tasyeyeva. See IJda (Chuna). 
 
 Tata, comm., Hungary, co. and 11 m. SE. Komorn ; has 
 mineral springs, vineyards, and various manufactures. P. 6900. 
 
 Tatakoto, or San Narclsso, isl.. Pacific, in the E. of the 
 Tuamotu group, in about 17^° S., 138^° W. 
 
 Tatamagouche, seapt. tn., Canada, Nova Scotia, Colchester 
 CO. , on T. Bay, 32 m. W. Pictou ; copper is found in the vicinity. 
 P. <:i500. 
 
 Tatar-bunar, tn., SW. Russia, prov. Bessarabia, 70 m. SW. 
 Odessa. P. <:5000. 
 
 Tatar-Pazardzlk (-jik), tn., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, 
 cap. prov. T.-P., on the Maritsa, 22 m. W. by N. Philippopolis. 
 Alt. 680 ft. P. (1888) 15,700; Bulgarians, 11,500; Moham. 
 1600. 
 
 Tatars, or Tartars, name given to over four million inhabi- 
 tants of the Russian Empire, who belong mostly to the Turkish 
 branch of the Ural-Altaic stem, but are mixed to some extent 
 with Finnish and Samoyedic stems, as also with Mongols. 
 Derive their generic name from the Tata Mongols, who migrated 
 in the 9th century from the NE. Gobi southward, and under 
 Batu-khan (Batyi) invaded Russia, driving with them many 
 Turkish stems. Consist in Russia of three large groups: (i) 
 The Hazaft Tatars, in Kazan, Ufa, Simbirsk, and partly Vyatka, 
 Perm, Orenburg, and the middle Volga provs. They number 
 about 1,000,000, speak a pure Turkish dialect, and are Mussul- 
 mans. The Bashkirs ought to be reckoned with them. (2) The 
 Astrakhaii Tatars, nearly 25,000 ; (3) the Crimean Tatars, 
 about 100,000. The Caucasus Tatars are estimated at over 
 2,000,000. They are (4) the ^'oKais, mostly nomade, mixed with 
 Mongolian Kalmucks ; (5) the Karachais ; (6) the .fountain 
 Tatars, scattered in Transcaucasia. The Siberian Tatars 
 are mostly mixed with Finnish stems : (7) the Itaraba Tatars, 
 in Tobolsk and Tomsk (about 55,000) ; (8) the Clinlym Tatiirs, 
 much mixed with Mongols; (9) the Minusinsk Tatars, and 
 (10) the Altai Tatars. There are, moreover, about 30,000 
 Tatars properly (not including the Sarts) in Russian Turkistan. 
 
 Tatar Strait, or Strait of Manila Rlnso, Russia, N. Pacific, 
 
TATA — TAUN 
 
 separates Sakhalin I. from mainland. Fomerly taken for a gulf, it 
 was found to be a strait by Mamia Rinso in 1808. Its narrowest 
 part, 5 m. , is under 52° N., between Cape Lazarevon mainland 
 and village Pogobi on Sakhalin. The estuary of the Amur is 
 in its N. part. De Castries Bay, under 51° 28' N. Further S. 
 comes the Haji Bay, or Imperatorskaya Bay. Experiences the 
 cooling influence of the Sea of Okhotsk, and its bays freeze for 
 4 to 4^ months ; the average temp, of winter at Imperator- 
 skaya Bay is 0.4° F. 
 
 Tatay, vil. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 95 m. WNW. 
 Buenos Aires, in 34° 16' N., 59° 54' W. Alt. 367 ft. Rfall. 
 (6yrs.), 33-79 in- 
 
 Tatchera, co., Victoria, on the N. frontier, between 143° and 
 144° E. , traversed in the N. by the riv. Murray. 
 
 Tate, vil., U.S., Georgia, Pickens co. ; has extensive marble 
 quarries, steam and other works belonging to the Georgia 
 Marble Company, which here owns more than 6000 ac. of marble 
 beds. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tate, CO., U.S., Mississippi, in the NW. , to the S. of 35° N. , 
 crossed by 90° W. 
 
 Tatenhlll, par., Eng. , Staffordshire, Burton div, , 2J m. W. 
 by S. Burton-upon-Trent, P.O. P. <:7So. 
 
 Tates, an Iranian stem, Russia, Caucasia, chiefly in govt. 
 Baku. Estimated at about 140,000. 
 
 Tatesliiuo, summit of Japan, in central Honshiu, prov. 
 Sinano, separating the basins of the Tenriu Gawa and Shinano 
 Gawa, flowing respectively to the Pacific Ocean and Sea of 
 Japan. Alt. 7875 ft. 
 
 Tate Springs, or Tate Epsom Springs, vil., U.S., in NE. 
 Tennessee, Grainger co. , near the Clinch Mts. ; has a valuable 
 mineral spring, much resorted to. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Tateyama, one of the principal summits of Japan, in centre 
 of Honshiu Is. , in 36° 35' N. , with a sharp cuneiform point. Alt. 
 9250-9500 ft. 
 
 Tatliani, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, 4J m. E. Hornby ; 8547 ac. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Tatliam Fells, eccles. par. and upland tract, Eng., in the 
 E. of the Lancaster div. of Lancashire, about 12 m. E. by N. 
 Lancaster. P. <:25o. 
 
 Tatlislaulu, tn. , China. See Taciilenlu. 
 
 Tatli'well, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 3 m. 
 S. by W. Louth, 2 m. SE. Hallington stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Tati, tn. , Portuguese E. Africa, on the Shashi, 108 m. SW. 
 by S. Buluvvayo, in 21° 27' S. , 27° 35' E. ; formerly an important 
 gold-mining centre. 
 
 Tatliig-fn, tn. , China, Kweichou, 62 m. WNW. Kweiyang-fu. 
 
 Tatlpnr, tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 15 m. E. by N. 
 Miiltan. P. <5000. 
 
 Tatonie, tn. , French Indo-China, on the Chan, 138 m. SE. 
 by E. Luang Prabang. 
 
 Tatoosli Island, U.S., Washington, near Cape Flattery, 
 in 48° 23' N. , 124° 44' W. Mean temp. (15 yrs. ), yr. 48.6° F. , 
 Jan. 41.0°, July 56.0°; rfall., yr. 89 in., April-Aug. 17.2 in. 
 
 Tatra, mt. range, Hungary. See Carpathians (central 
 groups), also Geog. Jour., ii. pp. 255-58. 
 
 Tatra Fiireil, in Ger. Sclimecks, hot springs with bathing 
 establishment in the E. of the Tatra Range, N. Hungary, co. 
 Szepes (Zips), 55 m. NW. by W. Kaschau. 
 
 Tatrang, comm., Hungary, co. Brasso, dist. H^tfalus. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Tatros, riv., SE. Europe, rises on the W. side of the E. 
 Carpathians, and after traversing the range by a circuitous 
 course flows SE. to join the Sereth. 
 
 Tatsfleld, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 11 m. ENE. Reigate, 
 2^ m. NW. by W. Westerham stn., P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Tatsien-ln, tn., China. See Tachlen-lu. 
 
 Tatsn-lislen, tn., China, Siichwan, 55 m. WNW^ Chungking. 
 
 Tatta, tn., Brit. India, Sind, dist. and 58 m. E. by S. Karachi, 
 at foot of Makli Hills; the stagnant pools around produce a 
 bad form of fever. Formerly seat of the court of the King of 
 Sind, and an important city, with extensive industries. Pottinger 
 states that in 1742 there were 40,000 weavers and 20,000 other 
 artisans. Chief modern industry, silk and cotton shawls ; the 
 finest building is the Jama Masjid mosque. P. 9000 ; Hindus, 
 4000 ; Moham. 4800. 
 
 TattcBiis, Palus, lake, Asia. Minor. See Tnz-gol. 
 
 Tattenliall, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 8 m. SE. 
 Chester, with stns. (T. and T. Koad) on the L. & NW. R., 
 PMT.O. Market-day, F. P. < 1000. 
 
 Tattenlioe, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 8^ m. 
 E. Buckingham, 2^ m. W. Bletchley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Tatterford, part, Eng., Norfolk.NW. div., 16^ m. E. by N. 
 King's Lynn, i m. N. Raynham Park stn. P. <25o. See 
 Tattersett. 
 
 Tattersett, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 16 m. ENE. 
 King's Lynn, 2 m. NW. Raynham Park stn., P.O. P. <250 ; 
 eccles. par. (T. Mltli Tatterford) P. <soo. 
 
 Tatterstaall (tat'er-shal), or Tatters-shall, and Tattershall 
 Thorpe, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey 
 div., on the Bain R., the former 12 m. NW. by N. Boston, 
 
 1 m. NE. of its stn. on the G. N. R. ; has remains of T. Castle, 
 rebuilt by the Cromwells in the isth century. Has a fair, 
 September 25, for foals, sheep, &c. PM.O., and PT.O. (T. 
 Bridge and C'onlngsby). P. (of each) < 500. 
 
 Tattlngstone, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 5 m. 
 SSW. Ipswich, I m. E. Bentley stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Tattnall, co. , U.S., Georgia, intersected by 32° N. and 82° 
 W. , bounded on S. by Altamaha R. 
 
 Tatton, par., Eng., Cheshire, 2 m. N. Knutsford. P. <25o. 
 
 Tattynioyle, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, dist. Fintona. 
 
 Tatn-ho, riv. , China. See Tung-ho. 
 
 Tatuhy, tn. , Brazil, state and 80 m. WNW. Sao Paulo ; very 
 fertile dist. , favourable to tobacco and cotton. 
 
 Tatung-fn, tn. , China, in the N. of prov. Shansi, 170 m. W. 
 Peking. It stands on a coalfield containing thick seams of 
 excellent coal, but in too isolated a situation to acquire more 
 than local importance. See Richthofen, China, ii. p. 789. 
 
 Tatung>ho, Tetnng-ho, riv. , China. Same as Datnng*gol. 
 
 Tatung-kon, tn. , Manchuria, on estuary of Yalu, just S. 
 of 40° N. , opposite Korean port of Wiju. 
 
 Tatura, post-tn. , Victoria, Rodney co. , on riv. Goulburn, 
 36 m. SE. Echuca ; agricultural centre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tat'worth, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 13^ m. SSE. 
 Taunton, 2 m. S. Chard stn., i m. NW. Chard Road stn. P. < 
 1000. 
 
 Tau, or Tao, Chinese, 'island.' 
 
 Tan, isl. , Samoan Is. See Manna. 
 
 Tanarga, tn. , N. Africa, Tripoli, 130 m. ESE. Tripoli. 
 
 Tanbate, tn. , Brazil, state of and 78 m. ENE. Sao Paulo; 
 bituminous schists, yielding mineral oil, occur in the neighbour- 
 hood. P. 15,000. 
 
 Tanbenhelni, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Bautzen, dist. 
 and 9 m. WSW. Lobau. P. <:300o. 
 
 Tauber, riv., Ger., Wiirtemberg and Bavaria, winds NW. 
 into the Main at Wertheim, opposite the SE. of the Spessart. 
 
 Tanberblschofshelni, urban comm. , Ger., gd. -duchy of 
 Baden, circle Mosbach, 14 m. SSW. Wiirzburg, Bavaria ; 
 formerly belonging to the electorate of Mainz (Mayence). P. <: 
 4000. 
 
 Taucha, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, on riv. Parthe, circle and 
 6 m. NE. by E. Leipzig. P. <4000. 
 
 Tandenl, or Taodenl, oasis, western Sahara, about 360 m. 
 N. by W. Timbuktu, in about 22° N., 4^° W.; has large salt- 
 mines which, since 1596, have been the chief source of salt for 
 the western Sudan. Previously the salt was obtained at Tighasa 
 (Trasa), further N. Alt. about 730 ft. 
 
 Tanern, Hohe, mt. range. See Alps, Subdivisions, 
 III. A. I. 
 
 Taulikya, former post of Egyptian Sudan, on r. bk. of 
 White Nile, 3 or 4 m. above the confluence of the Sobat. 
 Founded in 1870 by Sir S. Baker. 
 
 Tanghannock Falls, vil., U.S., New York, Tompkins co. , 
 
 2 m. from Cayuga Lake ; here the riv. Taughannock falls 210 
 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tangliboyne, par. , Ire. , co. Donegal, on riv. Foyle, bar. N. 
 Raphoe, contains St. Johnstown ; 15,847 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Taughniaconnell, P. O. , Ire. , co. Roscommon. See Tagh- 
 niafonnell. 
 
 Tanl, isl., Ger. New Guinea, in the Admiralty group, crossed 
 by 2° S. , 147° E. 
 
 Taulskaya Bay, Russia, Sea of Okhotsk, 200 m. E. of 
 Okhotsk town, nearly 135 m. wide, and 40 m. long; receives 
 the Tanl, 130 m. long, and three other rivers ; contains several 
 hilly islands. Taulsk village, at the mouth of Taui R. 
 
 Tanl4anl, isl., Sulu group, crossed by 5'^ 15' N. , 120° E. 
 
 TanW, tn. , France, dep. Finistere, 31 m. ENE. Brest, arr. 
 and 3 m. NW. Morlaix. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tanngbaln, Shan state. Upper Burma, crossed in N. by 23° 
 N., in W. by 97° E. ; contains the Bawdwin silver-mines. 
 
 Tanng-giip, vil. , Burma, dist. Sandoway, 63 m. W. Prome ; 
 an important road runs across the Yoma Mts. to Pegu. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Tanng-ngu, or Kantha, riv., Lower Burma, joins Salwin, 
 r. bk. , at T. 
 
 Tanng-ngn, or Tonngoo, tn. and cant., Burma, dist. T., 74 
 m. E. by N. Prome, 166 m. by rail from Rangoon ; has large 
 suburbs ; inside the old wall is a sheet of water li m. long. 
 Formerly seat of an independent king. Alt. 181 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 78° F. , Jan. 70°, April 85°; rfall., yr. 78.1 in., May- 
 Oct. 74.8 in. P. 17,500; Buddhists, 13,700; cant. P. 1700; 
 Buddhists, 58. 
 
 Tanngs, tn., S. Africa, Brit. Bechuana, 41 m. S. Vryburg, 
 chief residence of the tribe of Batlapins ; small European town, 
 with fortress and station on railway from Kimberley to Vryburg. 
 
 Taunton, pari, and mun. bor. (first charter granted 1627, 
 lost in 1660 ; second charter granted 1677, lost 1792 ; present 
 charter gianted 1877) and cap. of co., Eng., Somerset, 45 m. 
 SW. Bristol, in the diocese of Bath and Wells, on the Tone, 
 with stn. on the G. W. R. , and junction for local lines. The 
 castle, built in 1135, on the site of the early Saxon foundation, 
 
 1547 
 
TAUN — TAVO 
 
 and held by Blake in the defence, 1644-45, is now utilised 
 for a museum. In its hall were held the ' Bloody Assizes ' of 
 Judge Jeffreys, 1685. The church of St. Mary Magdalene has 
 a fine tower 153 ft. high. In T. are several important colleges — 
 King's, Queen's (Wesleyan), and the Independent College. 
 Formerly one of the ' clothier towns ' of the W. , T. now de- 
 pends on agriculture, with manufactures of silk, collars, and 
 gloves. There is an admirable arrangement for sewage, by pre- 
 cipitation. First town in England lighted by electricity. Birth- 
 place of Kinglake, the historian of the Crimean War (1802-91). 
 Returned two members to Parliament till 1885, and since only 
 one. Market-days, W. and S. Mean rfall. (1866-80), yr. 29.8 
 in. P. (1801)5800; (1851)14,200; (1871) 15,500; (1891) 18,000. 
 
 Taunton, co., S. Australia, on the N. frontier, and bounded 
 on the W. by Lake Torrens. 
 
 Tnnuton, city, U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co. , on Taunton 
 R. , 14 m. N. by E. Fall R. ; noted for its locomotive works and 
 manufactures of iron and brick, furnaces and stoves, cotton 
 machinery, nail and cotton factories, &c. The oldest copper 
 company in the U.S. is here, manufacturing on a large scale 
 copper, sheet zinc, and yellow metal sheathing. P. (1850) 
 10,400; (1870)18,600; (1880)21,200; (1890)25,400. 
 
 Tannton, riv., U.S., Massachusetts, in the SE., rises in the 
 NW. of Plymouth co., and flows SW. and then S. past T. 
 into the Atlantic through Mount Hope Bay, a branch of Narra- 
 gansett Bay, Rhode Island. 
 
 Tanuus, the part of the Schiefergebirge, W. Ger. , extending 
 for about 40 m. ENE. from the Rhine, near Kaub, and con- 
 tinuous on the NE. with the Vogelsgebirge, separating the basin 
 of the Main on the S. from that of the Lahn on the N. 
 Highest summit, Gross-Feldberg, alt. 2885 ft. , is accessible for 
 carriages. Has ancient German stone ramparts and remains of 
 Roman fortifications and trench. Rocks of the Devonian for- 
 mation predominate. On the S. side is the finest wine-growing 
 dist. in Germany (Rudesheim, Johannisberg, Schloss VoUraths, 
 Markobrunnen, &c. ). 
 
 Tanplri, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I. , Waikato co. , 69 
 m. SE. Auckland by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Taupo, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., E. Taupo co., 72 
 m. NNW. Napier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tanpo, Lake, lake. New Zealand, prov. Auckland, in centre 
 of North I. , crossed by 39° S. and 176° E. The Waikato issues 
 from NE. corner and flows NW. To the S. are the mountains 
 of Tongarira and Ngaurahoe. Length, 30 m. 
 
 Tanra, vil. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Leipzig, dist. and 9 m. 
 SSE. Rochlitz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Taaranga, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., T. co. , 95 m. 
 SE. by E. Auckland, on T. Harbour, which is extensive and 
 safe, and available for the largest vessels ; port for Hot Lakes 
 dist.; has large chemical works for utilising the deposits of 
 sulphur which abound in the neighbourhood. P. <25oo. 
 
 Taaranga Bay, excellent harbour, New Zealand, North I,, 
 in about 37° 30' S. Depth, 6 fathoms. 
 
 Tanrasl, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 13 m. SSW. 
 Ariano di Puglia. P. <3000. 
 
 Tanrida, govt., S. Russia, including the penin. of Crimea, 
 and part of mainland in the N. of it, on the banks of the Black 
 Sea and the Sea of Azov, between this last and the lower course 
 of the Dnieper ; has Kherson in W. , Ekaterinoslav in N., 
 and the Sea of Azov and Black Sea on E. and S. In ancient 
 times occupied by the Scythians, later on (13th century) by the 
 Nogai Hordes, conquered by Russia by the end of last century. 
 Mostly low steppes, waterless and encroached upon by sands, 
 reaching the low shores of both seas. The best port of the Sea 
 of Azov, Berdyansk, belongs to the Taurida government. So 
 also the seaports Melitopol and Genichesk. For climate, see 
 Crimea. Out of a total population of 1,167,600, nearly 400,000 
 live on the mainland. They are chiefly Russians (Great, Little, 
 and White), with an admixture of nearly 45,000 Germans, 
 20,000 Bulgarians, and 5000 Jews. They live in large villages, 
 often having 4000 to 8000 inhabitants. Chief occupations cattle- 
 breeding, agriculture, gardening, and vine culture, wine being 
 obtained to the amount of nearly 2,000,000 gallons in Crimea. 
 Salt extracted from lakes. Fishing in the Sea of Azov. Manu- 
 factures insignificant. Active shipping on lower Dnieper, and 
 active export trade from the Crimean ports of Eupatoria, 
 Sebastopol, Sudak, and Theodosia. Crossed by railway from 
 Kharkov to Sebastopol, with branches to Theodosia and Geni- 
 chesk. Divided into eight dists. : Simpheropol (cap. of govern- 
 ment), Eupatoria, Theodosia, and Yalta in Crimea; Berdyansk, 
 Dnieper, Melitopol, and Perekop on mainland. Several villages 
 of importance : Great Tokmak (8000 inhabitants), Andreyevka 
 (7300), Mikhailovka (7600), Great Byelozerka (6520), and others 
 on N. ct. of Sea of Azov. Area, 24,539 sq. m. P. with 
 Crimea (1872) 709,900; (1890) 1,167,600. 
 Tauris, city, Persia. See Tabriz. 
 
 Tanrlsana, tn. , S. Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 14 m. ESE. 
 Gallipoli ; birthplace of the philosopher Vannini (died 1619). 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Tanrogen, tn. and important custom-house, Russia, govt. 
 1548 
 
 and 70 m. WNW. Kovno, on highway from Riga to Tilsit, on 
 Jura R. , 15 m. above its junction with Niemen. P. 5800. 
 
 Tanrns, ancient name still used by geographers for the mts. 
 running parallel to the sea-coast in the SE. of Asia Minor, on 
 the borders of the ancient Cilicia and Pamphylia. The most 
 continuous and loftiest range in this region, the range called by 
 the Turks Bulgar Dagh, and further N. where it trends N. 
 (away from the coast), Ala Dagh, now forms the N. and NW. 
 frontier of the vilayet of Adana, and towards the NE. is separated 
 by the valley of the Zamanti-chai (right headwater of Seihun) 
 from the parallel and more easterly range of the Anti-Taurus. 
 Highest peak, the Medehs Dagh (WNW. of Adana), has an 
 alt. of about 11,500 ft. The Cilician Gates [q.v.), the only pass 
 across the range, has at all times been of the highest importance 
 as a means of communication between the tableland of Asia 
 Minor and the plains in the SE. 
 
 Tanrvlt, oasis, Sahara, in the S. of Tuat, 103 m. SSE. 
 Tamentit. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Tans, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 30 m. SW. Pilsen. P. 7700. 
 
 Tanstaanjyk, vil., Asia Minor, on the N. side of the Gulf of 
 Ismid, 37 m. ESE. Constantinople. 
 
 Tiinste, tn., Spain, prov. and 27 m. NW. Saragossa, dist. 
 Ejea de los Caballeros. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 T&iiste Canal, lateral canal of the Ebro, Spain, 1. bk. , be- 
 ginning a little below Tudela, and rejoining the Ebro above the 
 confluence of the Jalon, passes a little to the S. of the town of 
 T^uste ; used solely for irrigation. Length, 25 m. 
 
 Tanves, tn., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Issoire, 27 m. 
 SW. byW. Clermont-Ferrand. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Tanwara, native name of Milne Bay, Brit. New Guinea. 
 
 Tavall, isl. , Eastern Archipelago, one of the Molucca Is. , 
 SW. of Halmah^ra I., and W. of the N. end of Bachian I. 
 
 Tavar, city. Western India, pleasantly situated on a hill over- 
 looking an extensive plain ; burnt by the Portuguese in 1582. 
 
 Tavarres, tn., U.S., Florida, no m. S. by W. of mouth of St. 
 John's R., cap. I>ake co.; important railway centre. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tavastelius, a govt, of Finland, in SW. part of lake- plateau ; 
 surface flat, with a few hills (700 ft. ) along Lake Pajane. Lakes 
 Nasi-jarvi in W., Pajane in NE., and many small ones. Soil 
 fertile, well cultivated. Chief town Tavastehus, 71 m. by rail 
 NNW. of Helsingfors, with the castle Kronoborg, founded in 
 1249 ; now a penitentiary. P. 5110. 
 
 Tavate, or Tavan, vil. , Switzd. See Davo.««. 
 
 Tavda, riv., Russia, western Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, formed 
 by the junction of Lozva and Sosva, which both rise in Perm, 
 on E. slope of Urals, flows E., SE., and joins Tobol 65 m. 
 above Tobolsk. Length, 650 m. 
 
 Tavelta, tn., Africa. See Taveta. 
 
 Tavenua, tn., Italy, Molise, prov. Campobasso, 10 m. 
 NNW. Larino; has sulphureous spring. P. <300o. 
 
 Taverliani, par., Eng. , Norfolk, E. div., 5^ m. NW. Nor- 
 wich, I m. W. Drayton stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Taverna, tn., Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 8 m. N. Catanzaro, 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Taverna, or Taverne, vil., Switzd., cant. Ticino, 4J m. 
 NNW. Lugano ; stn. on St. Gothard Rly. 
 
 Tavemce, Alsace-Lorraine. See Zabem. 
 
 Tavernelle, vil., Italy, prov. and 14 m. SSW. Florence, P. 
 (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Tavernes, tn., France, dep. Var., arr. Brignoles, 39 m. NE. 
 by E. Marseilles. P. <200o. 
 
 Tavernsplte, P.O., Wales, on the W. border of Carmarthen- 
 shire, W. div., 8 m. NNE. Tenby, 3 m. SSW. Whitland stn. 
 
 Tave'ta, or Tavelta, tn. , on the W. frontier of Brit. E. Africa, 
 at the foot of Mount Kilima-njaro, in 3° 24' S. , 37° 35' E.; 
 remarkably fertile oasis irrigated by the Lumi, a stream flowing 
 from the SE. of Kilima-njaro into Lake Jipe. Since 1889 T. is a 
 British military station. 
 
 Tavignatno, principal riv. of Corsica, enters the sea on E. ct. 
 Length, 45 m. 
 
 Tavila, isl., Persia. See Kishni. 
 
 Tavira, tn., S. ct. Portugal, prov. Algarve, dist. Faro, 39 m. 
 W. by S. Huelva. P. 11,500. 
 
 Tavistock, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Perth co. , on a railway, 
 31 m. NE. London. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tavistock, par. and market-tn., Eng., Devonshire, T. div., 
 11^ m. SE. by E. Launceston, on riv. Tavy, and the G. W. 
 and L. & SW. Rlys. ; beautifully situated half a mile from 
 Dartmoor, and surrounded by many places of interest. Sonie 
 remains of ancient Benedictine abbey, founded 961. Public 
 school, ' Kelly College,' founded by|Admiral Kelly in 1877; New 
 Grammar School, endowed by Hastings, ninth Duke of Bedford. 
 Copper ore, arsenic and arsenical pyrites mined, and arsenic 
 refined. Market-day, F. Mean rfall. (Mount Tavy, alt. 316 ft,, 
 1866-80), yr. 54.2 in. 11,539 ^^- ^- 63°°; paH. div. P. (1891) 
 50,600. 
 
 Tavlnnl, isl, SE. of Vanua Levu, Fiji Is., crossed by 180°, 
 and in the extreme S. by 17" S. 
 
 Tavolara, Isola dl, isl., Italy, off the NE. ct. of Sardinia, 
 in 40° 55' N., with a lighthouse near the E. end. 
 
TAVO — TEAN 
 
 Tavollere dl Puglia. See Apulia. 
 
 Tavoy, tn., Lower Burma, cap. T. dist., in 14° 5' N., 98° 13' 
 E. , 30 m. from mouth of Tavoy R. , whose middle course is 
 navigable for small boats, and whose mouth, about 15 m. wide, 
 affords safe anchorage ; the town lies low, with houses of timber 
 or bamboo. Three miles NW. of T. is a small hill of magnetic 
 iron ore. P. 15,100; Buddhists, 14,200. 
 
 Tavoy Island, isl. , off coast of Tenasserim, Lower Burma, in 
 12° 55'-i3° 13' N., 98° i7'-98° 23' E. Port Owen, an excellent 
 harbour, is on the E. The edible nests collected here are ex- 
 ported to China. Length, 18 m. ; breadth, 2 m. 
 
 Tav.sliaii-dagli, S. ramification of the Pontic Alps, Anatolia, 
 between the Kizil-Irniak and the Yeshil-Irmak. Alt. more than 
 6500 ft. 
 
 Taviia, is)., off W. ct. of Viti Levu L, Fiji Is., in 17° 35' S. , 
 177° 5' E. 
 
 Tavy, St. Mary and St. Peter, two pars. , Eng. , Devonshire. 
 See St. .Mary Tavy and St. Peter Tavy. 
 
 Tawa, tn., Burma, dist. and 10 m. S. by W. Pegu, 38 m. by 
 il from Rangoon. P. <5ooo. 
 r3.Taii.<an, in central -Asia ' a pass.' See Daban. 
 
 TtlM'dng, tn., Tibet, in 27° 33' N. , 91" 52' E. Jour. R. G. S., 
 1877, map, p. 87. 
 
 Tavi'arglia, large lagoon, Africa, Tripoli, runs SSE. from near 
 Cape Misrata more than 90 m. ; only separated from the sea by 
 a sandbank ; four wadis fall into it from the W. and S. 
 
 Tawas, vil., U.S., Michigan, Iosco co. , on T. Bay, Lake 
 Huron, 54 m. NNE. Bay City ; has one of the finest harbours 
 on the lake, and salt deposits. P. <:20oo. Ea.st Tawas, adjoin- 
 ing vil., P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tawe, riv., Eng., Devonshire, rises on Okement Hill, about 6 
 
 m. S. Okehampton, flowsNE. then NW. till it reaches Barnstaple, 
 
 where it forms an estuary and flows W. into Barnstaple Bay. 
 
 Ta^elk (ToM-elk, or Tuelk), Jebel. See Jebel Towelk. 
 
 Tawere, or Resolntlou, isl.. Pacific, in the E. of the Tua- 
 
 motu group, in about 17!:° S. , 142° W. 
 
 TaMlii Island, Ire., off coast co. Galway, in the extreme E. 
 of Gal way Bay, 53° 13' N., 9" i' W. 
 
 Taivnagli, par.. Ire., co. Sligo, bar. Tirerrill, on riv. Arrow, 
 6 m. SE. Collooney. P. <750. 
 
 Tawiiawnlly, electoral div. , Ire. , co. and dist. Donegal. 
 Tawny brack, P.O., Ire., co. Antrim, 4 m. SE. Ballymena, 
 2 m. from Kells stn. 
 
 Tawnyleai, P.O., Ire., co. Leitrim, 4 m. from Drumkeerin. 
 Tawnynagry, elect, div.. Ire., Mayo, dist. Castlebar No. i. 
 Taw.stock, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 3 m. S. Barn- 
 staple, P.O. ; 6597 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tatvtou, North and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Devonshire. North T. , S. Molton div., 17 m. WNW. Exeter, 
 I m. N. of its stn. on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. Market- 
 day, Th. 5967 ac. P. < 2000. South T. , Ashburton div., 3 J 
 m. E. by N. Okehampton stn.; 10,988 ac. P, <i5oo; eccles. 
 par. (South T. with South Zeal) P. < 1500. 
 
 Taxal, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 6 m. NE. by 
 E. Macclesfield, i m. S. Whaley Bridge stn. P. <5oo. 
 Taxila, ancient city, India. See Dehrl Shah^n. 
 Tay, riv., Scot., draining nearly the whole of co. Perth, with 
 parts of the cos. Forfar, Argyll, and Inverness, rises in Bread- 
 albane, on the borders of Argyllshire, as the Dochart, and 
 flows to Loch Tay, issuing from which as the Tay it flows E. 
 and S. past Aberfeldy, Dunkeld, and Perth ; after which it 
 expands into an estuary from i to j,h t*- in greatest width, 
 called the Firth of Tay, separates Perth and Forfar on the N. 
 from Fife on the S. , and joins the North Sea between Ferryport- 
 on-Craig on the S. and Button Ness on the N. Total course 
 about 120 m. It receives the Tummel and Isla on 1. bk. , and 
 the Bran, Almond, and Earn on r. bk. Mean discharge of water 
 per minute is estimated at 273,000 cubic ft., being more than 
 any other river in Britain, and its basin comprises 2400 sq. m. 
 Navigable to Newburgh (20 m. ) for vessels of 500 tons burden, 
 and sometimes to Perth for vessels drawing 9 ft. of water. 
 There are artificial ponds for the propagation of salmon at 
 Stormontfield, 4 m. above Perth. Loch Tay, Breadalbane, is 
 surrounded by mountains, Ben Lawers, 3945 ft. in height, being 
 on its W. side. It receives the Dochart and Lochy Rivs. at the 
 SW. , and discharges itself by the Tay at Kenmore, its NE. 
 extremity; 15 m. in length, \ to over i m. in breadth, and 
 100 to 6go ft. in depth (soundings, Scot. Geo^. Mag., 1888, p. 
 288). Alt. 355 ft. 
 
 Tayan,tn. , Dutch Borneo, on the Kapuas, 55 m. E. Pontidnak. 
 Tayao-hslen, tn. , China, Yunnan, 70 m. E. Tali-fu, 
 Tay Bridge, Scot. See Dundee. 
 
 Tay Cleave, riv. , Eng. , in the W. of Devonshire, trib. of the 
 riv. Tavy, which it joins on the 1. bk. at Tavistock. 
 Taygetos. See Greece, Surface. 
 
 Tayir, or Taif, tn., Arabia, Hejaz, 65 m. ESE. Mecca. It 
 is defended by several forts, and has a celebrated mosque. In 
 the time of Mohammed it was a famous stronghold ; now a 
 favourite residence of rich Arab merchants of Mecca. Alt. 
 6170 ft. P. 8000. 
 
 Taylug, mt. , China, prov. Chekiang, 16 m. N W. Ningpo-fu ; 
 here are enormous quarries, the blocks from which are sent as far 
 as Siam. 
 
 Taylnloan, vil., Scot., Argyllshire, 26 m. SSW, Ardrishaig, 
 on the W. ct. of Kintyre, PMT.O. 
 
 Taylor, co., U.S., Florida, on the Gulf of Mexico, just E. of 
 84° W. 
 
 Taylor, co., U.S., Georgia, between 32° and 33° N., and W. 
 of 84° W. 
 
 Taylor, co. , U.S., Iowa, on S. frontier, and E. of 95° W. 
 Taylor, co., U.S., Kentucky, N. of 37° N., W. of 85° W, 
 Taylor, vil., U.S., Oregon, Multnomah co, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Columbia R., 20 m. E. Portland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Taylor, co. , U.S., Texas, N. of 32° N., crossed by 100° W. 
 Taylor, tn., U.S., Texas, Williamson co. , 24 m. SE. George- 
 town. P. <300o. 
 
 Taylor, co., U.S., W. Virginia, in the N., N. of 39° N., and 
 crossed by 80" W., traversed by the Monongahela R.; has coal- 
 mines. 
 
 Taylor, co., U.S. , Wisconsin, N. of 45° N., bounded on the 
 E. by 90° W. 
 Taylor, Fort, U.S., Florida. See Key, West. 
 Taylor's Bay, post-tn. , Tasmania, Buckingham co. , on the 
 W. side of S. Bruni, 35 m. S. Hobart. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Taylor's Falls, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Chicago co. , at head 
 of steam navigation on St. Croix R., 38 m. NE. St. Paul. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Taylor's Island, isl. , S. Australia, near mouth of Spencer's 
 Gulf, NW. of Thistle I. 
 
 Taylor's Island, vil. , U.S., Maryland, Dorchester co., on 
 an island formed by Slaughters Creek and Chesapeake Bay, 18 
 m. SW. Cambridge. P. < 1500. 
 
 TaylorsvlUe, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Spencer co. , 28 m. ESE. 
 Louisville. P. < 1500. 
 
 TaylorsvlUe, vil., U.S., Ohio, Muskingum co. , on Muskin- 
 gum R. , 10 m. below Zanesville, opposite Duncan's Falls. P. 
 <;i5oo. 
 
 Taylorvllle, city, U.S., Illinois, Christian co. , 27 m. SE. 
 Springfield. P. <3000. 
 
 Taynln, Lower Cochin-China. See Talnlnh. 
 Taynton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div. , 
 6^ m. WNW. Gloucester. P. <5oo. 
 
 Taynton, par., Eng., near the W. border of Oxfordshire, 
 div. and 13^ m. W. Woodstock, 4^ m. SW. Ascott-under- 
 Wychwood stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Taynnllt (locally pronounced tai'nTIt or tai'niilt), vil., Scot., 
 Argyllshire, on Aird's Bay, Loch Etive, 9 m. E. Oban, on the 
 C. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Tayport, par. and tn., Scot., E. Fife, on N. B. R., PMT.O. 
 See Ferry Port on Craig. 
 
 Taytao, cape, Chile, in about 45° 50' S. , on the NW. of T. 
 Penln., a large irregular penin. between the Gulf of Penas and 
 the Chonos Archipelago. 
 
 Taytay, Bahla, bay, E. ct. Palawan I., Philippine Is., 
 between 10° 50' and 11° o' N. 
 
 Taynllng, mt. chain, China, between provs. Fukien and 
 Kiangsi. 
 Tayvalllch, P.O., Scot., Argyllshire, 7 m. W. Ardrishaig. 
 Tazenakht, tn. , Africa, Morocco, 75 m. SSE. Morocco, 
 cap. of a dist. almost independent of the Sultan ; its market is 
 famous in all the Sahara of Morocco. 
 
 Tazewell, co. , U.S., Illinois, between 40° and 41° N. and 
 89° and 90° W. 
 
 Tazewell, co. , U.S. , Virginia, in the SW. , on the N. frontier, 
 just E. of 82° W. 
 
 Tazovskaya Bay, Russia, Arctic Ocean, govt. Yeniseisk, E. 
 part of the great Gulf of Ob' ; hilly on W. shore, low on E. 
 Length about 230 m. ; width up to 35 m. ; depth, 8 to 14 ft. in 
 middle. Some Samoyedes and Ostyaks on its shores and 
 islands. Receives Taz R., which rises in 62° N. , 85° E. ; 
 flows about 600 m. W. and N. (825 m. with bay), enters head 
 of above bay. Freezes from October till June. Tazovskoye 
 encampment at its mouth. About 300 Yuraks camp N. of it. 
 Teachmolaga, tn.. Ire., co. Cork. See Tlnioleague. 
 Teacnls, Loch, inlet, Scot., Argyllshire, in the N. of the 
 Morven Penin. 
 
 Teadles, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Murragh. 
 Tealhy, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 11 m. 
 W. by N. Louth, 3 m. ENE. Market Rasen, P.O. P. <:7So. 
 
 Teallug, par., Scot., Forfarshire, 5 m. N. Dundee, 2^ mi 
 NE. Baldragon stn., P.O. ; 7227 ac. P. <:75o. 
 
 Teallach, mt. , Scot. , Ross and Cromarty, Lochbroom par. 
 Alt. 3483 ft. 
 
 Team, riv., Eng., Durham, rising in the NE. of the NW. 
 div. , flowing NW. through the Chester-le-Street div. , trib. of 
 the Tyne, which it joins on the r. bk. i^ m. above Gateshead. 
 
 Tean, small riv., Eng., Staffordshire, in the NE., trib. of the 
 riv. Dove, which it joins on the r. bk. to the N. of Uttoxeter. 
 Tean, one of the Scilly Is., between St. Martin and St. Helen. 
 Tean, Upper, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Leek div., 
 
 1549 
 
TEAN — TEGU 
 
 on riv. Tean, 9 m. ESE. Stoke-upon-Trent, 3 m. N. Leigh 
 stn., PMT.O. (T.). P. <isoo. 
 
 Te Anan, lake, New Zealand, South I., prov. Otago, near 
 W. ct. , surrounded by lofty mountains from 5000 to 7000 ft. 
 high, while the E. shore runs almost directly NNE. andSSW., 
 several long narrow bays project on the W. ; its waters flow 
 by the Waiau into Lake Manipori, thence into Tewaewae Bay. 
 Length, 38 m. ; breadth, 1-6 m. 
 
 Teaiio, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Caserta, 13 m. NW. by 
 N. Capua; has trade in corn and oil, and manufacture of 
 copf)er utensils ; residence of a bishop. P. 5300. 
 
 Teapa, tn. , Mexico, Tabasco, 30 m. S. San Juan Bautista ; 
 one of the chief markets of Tabasco. P. (comm.) 6200. 
 
 Tearaglit, isl. , Ire., off W. ct. co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 
 at the entrance to Dingle Bay. P. 10. 
 
 Te Arolia, gold-mining and agricultural locality. New 
 Zealand, North I., Piako co. , 70 m. SE. Auckland, at foot of 
 T. A. Mt. (alt. 3200 ft.) ; has hot medicinal springs. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Teatlnos, riv., Colombia, 1. bk. trib. of the Upia, SE. 
 boundary of the state of Boyaca. On it was fought the battle 
 of August 7, 1819, in the War of Independence. 
 
 Tea Tree, post-tn. , Tasmania, Pembroke co., 21 m. from 
 Hobart by road and rail. P. < 1500. , 
 
 Teatree Gully, or Steventon, postal-stn., S. Australia, 
 Adelaide co. , in 34" 48' S. , 138° 44' E. ; pipe-clay abounds in 
 the neighbourhood. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Te-Ante, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Hawke's Bay 
 CO., 23 m. SW. by S. Napier ; has a Maori college. P. <isoo. 
 
 Te Awalte, settlement. New Zealand, North I. , Wairarapa 
 East CO. , 40 m. ESE. Wellington. 
 
 Te Awanintu, tp. , New Zealand, North I. , Waipa co. , 80 
 m. SSE. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Teb, gruop of wells on the road from Sawakin (Suakim) to 
 Tokar, 6 m. NE. Tokar ; scene of the rout of Baker Pasha's 
 army, and the subsequent victory of the English in 1884. 
 
 Teba, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 32 m. WNW. 
 Malaga, dist. Campillos; has salt springs, and mill-stone 
 quarries. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Tebay (ti'be), eccles. par., Eng. , Westmorland, Appleby 
 div., on the Lune, 9^ m. NE. Kendal, i m. NE. of its stn. on 
 the L. & NW. and NE. Rlys., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tebbes, tn., Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 243 m. ENE. Ispa- 
 han, starting point of caravans crossing the plains in the 
 direction of Ispahan, Yezd, and Kerman. The town is sur- 
 rounded by an enormous earthwork, surmounted by towers, 
 and protected by a trench. Exports tobacco, opium, asafoetida, 
 and silk. 
 
 Tebernuk, or Tebnriiok, site of Roman, Byzantine, and 
 Mussulman ruins, 22 m. SE. Tunis. 
 
 Tebessa, the ancient Thebeste or Theveste, tn., Algeria, arr. 
 and 106 m. SE. Constantine ; has trade in Algerian produce ; 
 argentiferous lead-mines in the neighbourhood. The modern 
 town, comprised within the citadel of Solomon, 1300 years old, 
 contains a triumphal arch, built in 213, and other interesting 
 remains. Alt. 2890 ft. Mean temp., yr. 59.6° F., Jan. 44.3°, 
 July 79.5°. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tebnk, oasis, in the NW. of Arabia, about 290 m. NW. by 
 N. Medina. 
 
 Tebulos-mta, peak, Russia, Caucasia, on N. slope of main 
 Caucasus ridge, on boundary between govts. Tiflis and prov. 
 Terek, 42° 35 N., 45° 19' E. Alt. 14,781 ft. 
 
 Tebnrba, tn. , Tunis, on the Mejerda, 20 m. W. Tunis ; has 
 market-gardens ; important manufactures of oil, tobacco, and 
 fezes. Its bridge dates from the Spanish occupation. 
 
 Tebarsnk, the ancient Thibursicum Btire, tn., Tunis, 56 
 m. WSW. Tunis. 
 
 Tebworth, P.O., Eng., Bedfordshire, div. and 7^ m. NW. 
 by W. Luton, 2 J m. NE. by N. Stanbridgeford stn. 
 
 Tech, small riv., France, dep. Pyr6n6es-Orientales, flows NE. 
 into the Mediterranean. Length, 49 m. 
 
 Tech, Le, vil., France, dep. Pyr6n6es-Orientales, arr. C^ret, 
 4 m. ENE. Prats-de-Mollo ; has quarry of old green marble and 
 gypsum. P. < 2000. 
 
 Teche Bayou, riv. arm, U.S., Louisiana. Same as Bayou 
 Bceuf. 
 
 Tecklenburg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, cap. circle T. , 
 20 m. NNE. Miinster, formerly cap. of county T. ; ceded to 
 Prussia in 1707. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tecoauapa, vil. , Mexico, Guerrero, on the S. ct. , 85 m. ESE. 
 Acapulco. 
 
 Tecolm, par.. Ire., Queen's co. , bar. Ballyadams, 5 m. SW. 
 Athy. P. <25o. 
 
 Tecolote, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, San Miguel co. , 40 
 m. ESE. Santa F6. 
 
 Tecolutla, vil., Mexico, Vera Cruz, on the E. ct., 120 m. 
 NE. Puebla, in 18° 25' N. 
 
 Tecoma, vil., U.S., Nevada, Elko co., near the E. frontier, 
 43 m. S. of the NE. corner of the state, on the Central Pacific 
 Railroad. P, < 1 500. 
 
 Tecpam, vil., Central America, Guatemala, 16 m. NNW. 
 1550 
 
 Chimaltenango ; about i m. from the village, on an isolated 
 rock, stood the ancient Iximchc, destroyed by the Spaniards. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 T^cso, comm., NE. Hungary, co. Maramaros, cap. dist. T. , 
 92 m. ENE. Debreczen. P. < 4000. 
 
 TecHcl, or Tecucln, tn. , Roumania, cap. prov. T. , 44 m. 
 NW. Galatz. P. 9300. 
 
 Tecumseh, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Essex co. , near Lake 
 St. Clair, 8 m. E. Windsor, on a railway. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Tecumseh, vil. , U.S., Michigan, Lenawee co. , 53 m. SW. 
 by W. Detroit. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tecumseh, city, U.S., Nebraska, Johnson co. , 63 m. S. by 
 W. Omaha. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tedavnet, par. , Ire., NW. co. , bar., and 3^ m. N. by W. 
 Monaghan, P.O. (Tyrtavnet) ; 26,503 ac. P. 5400. 
 
 Tedburn St. Mary, par., Eng., Devonshire, St. Thomas 
 union, 4 m. SW. Crediton, P.O. ; 4527 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Teddesley Hay, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Cannock union, 
 2 m. NE. Penkridge. P. <25o. 
 
 Teddiugtou, par. and tn., Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge div. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the Thames, limit of tidal flow 7.\ m. SSW. 
 Richmond, on the L. & SW. R. ; here is the first lock on 
 the Thames. PMT.O., and PM.O. (I'pper T.). P. 10,100; 
 eccles. par. (Upper T.) P. 6200. 
 
 Teddliigtoii, par. , Eng. , on the S. border of Worcestershire, 
 Evesham div., 5 m. E. Tewkesbury, 3 m. E. Ashchurch stn. 
 P. <:25o. See Overbury. 
 
 Tedham Moss, an upland tract in the S. of the Hexham div. 
 of Northumberland, Eng., about 11 m. SSW. Hexham. 
 Height, 1586 ft. 
 
 Tedstoiie Delamere and Tedstoiie Wafer, two adjoining 
 pars., Eng., Hereford. T. Delamere, div. and 12J m. E. 
 Leominster, 4 m. NE. Bromyard stn., P. <25o ; T. Wafer, P.O. 
 (T. Wafre), P. <25o. See Ildvlu Loach. 
 
 Teebane, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cavan, dist. Holly well. 
 
 Teellu, P.O., Ire., SW. ct. co. Donegal, bar. Banagh, on T. 
 Bay, 20 m. W. by S. Donegal. 
 
 Teelln Head, cape. Ire. See Mallumore Head. 
 
 Teerauearagh, electoral div.. Ire., co. Kerry, dist. Emlagh. 
 
 Teereltoii, tnld. , Ire. , W. co. Cork, bar. W. Muskerry, 5 m. 
 S. Macroom. P. <25o. 
 
 Tees, riv., Eng., rises in Cross Fell, in the SE. of Cumber- 
 land, flows SE. and then NE. through Teesdale, between 
 Durham on the N. , and Westmorland and Yorkshire on the S. , 
 into the North Sea. It passes Barnard Castle, forms the S. 
 boundary of tlie pari. bor. of Darlington, passes Stockton, and 
 below that town forms an estuary, on the S. side of which 
 stands Middlesbrough ; it is tidal to Yarm, navigable to Stock- 
 ton for vessels of 60 tons. On the 1. bk. it receives Langley 
 Beck and the Skerne, on the r. bk. the Greta and the Leven. Has 
 a bar at its mouth with 12 ft. water at low, 26-28 ft. at high 
 tide. Area of basin, 708 sq. m. 
 
 Teesdale, post-tn., Victoria, Grant co. , 20 m. WNW. Gee 
 long. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tees-water, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Bruce co. , on a trib. of 
 the riv. Saugeen, 64 m. SW. by W. Collingwood. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Teeton, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, Mid div., 7^ m. 
 NW. by N. Northampton, 2\ m. W. Spralton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Teetulpa, goldfields tp. , S. Australia, Lytton co. , 120 m. E. 
 by N. Port Augusta ; gold was discovered in 1886. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tee worker, P.O., Ire., co. Cavan, 3 m. from Bailieborough, 
 9 m. from Kingscourt stn. 
 
 Tefelne, cape and tn. , Morocco. See Tufelne. 
 
 Tefenl, the ancient Themisonion, tn., Asiatic Turkey, Ana- 
 tolia, dist. and 32 m. SSW. Buldur ; barley and other cereals 
 grown ; fine pastures ; town is surrounded by plane and other 
 trees. 
 
 TeflTe, tn., Brazil, Amazonas, 325 m. W. Manaos ; natural 
 mart for the products of the dist. ; formerly a Jesuit mission stn. 
 
 Teffont Evlas and TefTont Magua, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Wiltshire, Teffont Magna, Wilton div., 10^ m. W. by 
 N. Salisbury, 2 m. NW. Dinton stn., P.O. (TeflTont). P. (of 
 each)<2SO. See Dinton. 
 
 Tegal, tn. , Java, on the N. ct., in about 109° 8' E., 103 m. 
 NW. by W. Jokjokarta. 
 
 Tegea, ancient tn. , Greece. See Trlpolls. 
 
 Tegel, comm., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt. Potsdam, 
 circle Niederbarnim, 6 m. NW. Berlin. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tegernsee, alpine lake, Ger. , Upper Bavaria, 27 m. S. by E. 
 Munich, beautifully situated between the Isar and Inn, drained 
 by the Mangfall into the Inn. Length, 4 m. ; breadth, i m. ; 
 depth, 235 ft.; alt. 2400 ft. 
 
 Teggiano, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, 22 m. SW. 
 by S. Potenza. P. 6100. 
 
 Tegllo, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 10 m. E. Sondrio, 
 near the r. bk. of the Adda ; has blast-furnaces and forges. 
 Formerly Tellio, whence Val Tellina. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tegrlwelt, Has, cape, Morocco. See Sim. 
 
 Tegucigalpa, tn., Central America, cap. Honduras, 125 m. 
 E. by N. San Salvador ; centre of a region very rich in gold 
 
TEG U 
 
 T E K O 
 
 and silver ore ; has a cathedral and university ; since 1880, 
 chosen as the seat of Congress. 
 
 Tegnlse, comm. , Canary Is. , dist. Arrecife. P. <4000. 
 Tegalet, vil. , S. Abyssinia, 31 m. N W. Ankober, the cap. of 
 Ethiopia after Axum, abandoned last century for Ankober. 
 
 Tegur, vil., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 15 m. NW. 
 Dharwdr ; iron ore smelted. P. < 5000. 
 Tehacliapl Pass, U.S. See Tahiclilpl. 
 Teliallan, par., Ire., NE. co. and 3 m. NE. Monaghan, 
 bars. Cremorne and Monaghan ; 5948 ac. P. <20oo. 
 Tebania, or Tlhania. See Arabia. 
 
 Tehama, co. , U.S., California, crossed by 40° N., and 
 traversed by Sacramento R. 
 
 Teheran', or Tehran' (the latter being the true Persian pro- 
 nunciation, the trisyllabic form due to Turkish influence), cap., 
 Persia, about 70 m. due S. of the middle point of the S. shore 
 of the Caspian, situated at the S. base of the Shemran range of 
 the Elburz system, at the E. end of a plain measuring about 
 90 by 40 m., naturally desert, but now in a large measure 
 irrigated and cultivated. It is about 5 m. in circuit, and en- 
 closed by an earthen wall flanked with towers, a glacis, and a 
 dry trench. Its mosques, colleges, and caravanserais are in 
 good repair ; and it has well-furnished shops and bazaars, with 
 palaces of the Persian nobility ; but its dwellings are mostly of 
 earth ; and in summer it is so unhealthy, that the Shah and the 
 upper classes leave it to encamp on the plains of Sultanieh, 
 about 150 miles NW. The Ark, or royal citadel, is extensive, 
 and comprises, besides the royal harem and apartments, a 
 grand saloon, the public offices, quarters for the royal guards, 
 numerous baths and gardens. On a height near the city is 
 another royal palace, with fine grounds. Manufactures of 
 carpets and iron goods. Its vicinity is fertile, and covered with 
 villages. It became the Persian cap. instead of Ispahan 
 towards the end of last century. On its S. side, and about 25 
 m. E. , are extensive ruins, and one of these localities marks 
 the site of the ancient Khages. Alt. 3800 ft. (Curzon), 4030 ft. 
 (Stebnitzky); meteorological stn. (? at Gulahek), 4739 ft. Mean 
 temp. (3 yrs. , 1884-86), Jan. 36.0° F. , July 74.5°. P. at the 
 end of the 18th century scarcely 15,000, now (1890) estimated 
 at 60,000 to 160,000, diminished by one-third in summer. 
 
 Tehichipa, vil., U.S., California, Kern co. , 3 m. from 
 T. summit ; gold and marble found here. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Tehre, vil., Persia, prov. Mekran, 12 m. N. Bampur, identi- 
 fied with the ancient Pura, cap. of Gedrosia. 
 
 Tehri, tn.. Central India, 115 m. SSE. Gwalior ; within the 
 town is the large fort of Tfkamgarh. P. (1881) 18,300. 
 
 Tehnacan, tn., Mexico, state of and 65 m. SE. Puebla; has 
 a mineral spring ; had formerly magnificent temples. P. 8000. 
 Tehuacana, vil., U.S., Texas, Limstone co. , seat of Trinity 
 (Presbyterian) University. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tehnaiitepec ('tiger mountain'), tn., Mexico, Oaxaca, 200 
 m. S. by E. Vera Cruz ; has a cathedral of date 1530 ; trade in 
 leather, cotton, silk, cochineal, and indigo. The inhabitants 
 are a mixed race, mostly descendants of Zapatecos, once a 
 powerful tribe of Indians. The old port of Tehuantepec, Puerto 
 Ventosa, is only a bay, affording less shelter than does the bay 
 of Salina Cruz behind its pier. P. 8000. 
 
 Tehnantepec, Isthmus of, separating the Gulf of Mexico 
 from the Pacific, has two lagoons in the S. , named Upper 
 and Lower Lake. The largest river is the Coatzacoalcos, 
 which flows in a NE. direction to Campeachy Bay ; length, 221 
 m. The S. ct. encloses the Bay of Tehuantepec ; width about 
 130 m. The greatest alt. on the lowest line across the isthmus 
 is about 390 ft. A railway 205 m. long, connecting the opposite 
 sides, has been in progress from both ends for some years ; and 
 this is one of the parts of the world where it has been proposed 
 to build a railway for the transport of laden ships. By this 
 route the distance between San Francisco and New York would 
 be rather more than 1000 miles shorter than by the Isthmus of 
 Panama, and more than 700 miles shorter than by the Nicaragua 
 Canal route. 
 
 Tehada, vil., Algeria, prov. and 115 m. SSW. Constantine, 
 spoken of by El-Bekri, in the nth century, as an opulent and 
 populous place of ancient origin, identified with the Roman 
 station Thabudeos. 
 
 Tel&str, vil., Palestine, Tirzah in the O. T., 32° 20' N., 
 35° 23' E., II J m. NE. Nablus. 
 
 Telfl, riv. , Wales, rises in the E. of Cardiganshire, flows 
 SW. then W. , separating that county partly from Carmarthen- 
 shire and wholly from Pembrokeshire, falls into Cardigan Bay. 
 It passes Lampeter, Newcastle-Emlyn, and Cardigan. 
 
 Telgh, par., Eng., Rutland, 4I m. N. Oakham, 2 m. ESE. 
 Whissendine stn., on the Oakham Canal. P. <25o. 
 
 Telgii, riv. , Eng. , Devonshire, rises on Dartmoor Forest near 
 the source of the Dart, flows E. then S. to Newton Abbot, 
 where it forms an estuary and flows E. into the Enghsh Channel 
 at Teignmouth. 
 
 Telgiigrace, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Ashburton div. , 6 m. W. 
 Teignmouth, on the G. W. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Teignmouth (ten'muth), tn. , Eng., Devon, Ashburton div., 
 
 at mouth of Teign (1. bk. ), 6 m. N. by E. Torquay, on the G. 
 W. R. It communicates with the village of Shaldon, on the 
 opposite side, by a wooden bridge of 34 arches with a swing, 
 one of the longest wooden bridges in England. The tidal 
 harbour has a depth available at entrance and quayside of 17 
 to 20 ft. high water, 3 ft. low water. Resort for sea-bathing ; 
 has quay, a fine promenade called the Den, and a sea-wall 2 
 m. in length. P. 8300; pars.. East T, P. <:250o; West T. 
 P. <5oc)o. 
 
 Teil, tn. , France, dep. Ardfeche, arr. Privas, 4 m. N. 
 Viviers ; has limestone quarries, from which the hydraulic lime 
 of T. is manufactured and exported to all parts of the world ; 
 average annual production, 100,000 tons. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Teilleul, Le, tn., France, dep. Manche, 17 m. SSW. 
 Tinchebrai, arr. and 8 m. SSE. Mortain. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Teima, tn. , central Arabia, Shomer, SW. of Nefud, 
 about 220 m. N. by W. Medina, and about 210 m. W. Hail ; 
 the dates of T. are among the best in all N. Arabia. 
 T. has a reservoir, 65 ft. square, where the water is at all 
 seasons at the same level. It is a town of great antiquity, 
 known in the Bible as Thetiia, with riiins i m. SW. of the 
 present town. Alt. 3410 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Teinach, vil. , Ger. , Wiirtemberg, Black Forest circle, dist. 
 Kalvf ; has hot and cold water-cure establishment ; chalybeate 
 springs. P. < 2000. 
 
 Teise, small stream, Eng., Kent, flows N. to the Medway, 
 which it joins at Yalding. 
 
 Teiseudorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 dist. Laufen, 10 m. WNW. Salzburg ; has saltpetre refinery, 
 iron-works, brewery. P. < 2000. 
 
 Telssiires-Ies-Bouli^s, vil., France, dep. Cantal, arr. 
 Aurillac, 8 m. NNE. Montsalvy ; has an iron sulphate spring. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 Teita, mts. , Africa. See Talta. 
 
 Teiteiiii, lake, apparently occupying an ancient crater on 
 Mount Peiktusan, or Changpai-shan, on the frontiers of Corea 
 and Manchuria, 12 m. in circumference. One of the branches 
 of the Sungari is said to issue from the lake, which is regarded 
 with superstitious veneration by the Koreans. 
 
 Teltli, riv. , Scot. , Perthshire, is formed of two headstreams 
 which, after draining Lochs Katrine, Achray, and Vennachar, 
 and Lochs Voil and Lubnaig resjjectively, unite near Callander 
 and flow SSE. to enter the Tay 2^ m. NW. Stirling. 
 Teltong, riv. , Korea. See Taidong. 
 
 Teixoso, tn. , Portugal, Beira, dist. and 32 m. N. Castello 
 Branco. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tejcda, Circus of, or The Caldera (' boiler'), Canary Is., 
 17 in. SW. Las Palmas ; has a circumference of 22 m. 
 
 Tejeda, Sierra, mt. chain, Spain, Andalusia, prov. Granada, 
 NE. of Malaga. Highest point, 7005 ft. 
 Tejefi. See Transcaspian. 
 
 Tejend, the stn. for Karibent, on the Transcaspian Rly,, 
 Transcaspian, 94 m. NE. by N. Meshed. 
 Tejend, riv. , Turkistan. See Heri-Kud. 
 Tejo, riv. See Tagns. 
 
 Telcamah, tn., U.S., Nebraska, Burt co., 38 m, NNW. 
 Omaha. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Teliapo, lake, New Zealand, South I., prov. Canterbury, in 
 
 the region of the upper Alps. Length, 11 m.; maximum 
 
 breadth, 6 m. 
 
 Teliax, tn., Mexico, Yucatan, 50 m. SSE. Merida. P. 6000. 
 
 Tetteli, vil. , .Asia Minor, prov. Smyrna, 19 m. W. Aidin, site 
 
 of the ancient Magnesia ad Meandrum. 
 
 Telielii, vil. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet and 9 m. W. by N. 
 Salonica. 
 
 Tekendorf, or Telce, comm. , Hungary, prov. and 45 m. E. 
 by N. Klausenburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Teltes, riv., Russian Turkistan, prov. Semiryechensk, rises 
 in the Khan-Tengri group of peaks of Tian Shan, at an alt. of 
 10,000 ft., and forms the upper part of Hi R. It flows in its 
 upper part NNW. for 160 m. in a high valley, and, turning N., 
 pierces the mountains, and next joins the Kunges to form the 
 Hi R. 
 
 Teliliing, tn., China, prov. Kwangtung, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Si-kiang, 95 m. W. Canton. 
 
 Teliirdagh, Turkey in Europe. See Rodosto. 
 Teliirova, vil., .Asia Minor, on the Gulf of Adalia, 130 m. E. 
 Rhodes. NE. of the village are the ruins of Phaselis. 
 
 TeliliaU, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 80 m. SW. 
 Ganjam. P. 7100 ; Hindus, 7100. 
 
 Telcke, dist., Asia Minor, on the Gulf of Adalia. It is 
 traversed by various branches of the Taurus system, corre- 
 sponding to the ancient Pamphylia and part of Lycia. 
 
 Teluia, region, W. Africa, extending S. from Morocco (the 
 Wadi Draa) to Cape Bojador. Coast generally inaccessible ; 
 only natural harbour Tarfaya. 
 
 Tekoa, place named in O. T. See Telift'a. 
 Tekoa, settlement, U.S., Washington, Whitman CO., 35 m. 
 SSE. Spokane Falls. 
 
 Tekonda Point, Abyssinia. See Hadas. 
 
 1551 
 
TE KO 
 
 TELL 
 
 Tekouslia, vil. , U.S., Michigan, Calhoun co. , loo m. W. by 
 S.Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tekopurn, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I., Hobson CO., 
 94 ni. from Auckland by road and rail. P. <isoo. 
 
 Tekotota, or Doubtful Island, isl. , Pacific, Tuamotu group, 
 in about 17° S. , 142^° W. 
 
 Tekrlt, the ancient Birtha, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, Mesopotamia, 
 dist. and 118 m. NNW, Bagdad; of great importance in the 
 time of the Caliphs of Bagdad. Saladin, the hero of the third 
 Crusade, was born in the citadel. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tek^'a, ruins, Palestine, Tekoa in the O. T. , 31° 36' N. , 
 35° 12' E. , 10^ m. S. by W. Jerusalem. 
 
 Teknsta, country, Turkey in Europe. See Tlkyecta. 
 
 Tel, or Tell, Arabic, 'mound,' 'hill.' 
 
 Telaghiua, large tribe of Berbers, Algeria, prov. and 22 m. 
 SW. Constantine, inhabiting a region of high plateaux, number- 
 ing more than 5000. 
 
 Telamon. See Talanioue. 
 
 Telar, dist. tn., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 105 m. 
 ENE. Tiflis, by highway to Signakh in Kahetia, and 40 m. in 
 a straight line. Founded in 893 ; cap. of Kahetia till 1797. 
 Ruins of old forts. Alt. 2420 ft. P. 11,214 (Armenians and 
 Georgians). 
 
 Telde, tn. , Canary Is. , on a terrace on the E. ct. , 7 m. S, 
 Las Palmas. P. (comm. ) 9400. 
 
 Telega-de-Grossn, vil., Roumania, Walachia, 19 m. NW. 
 Ploiesti ; i m. SE. are mines of rock-salt. P. (comm. ) < 5000. 
 
 Telek, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, Kurdistan, 23 m. WNW. Arghana, 
 on 1. bk. of the Euphrates, here 655 ft. broad, with formidable 
 rapids. 
 
 Teleknl-tata, or Tlll-knl, group of lakes, Russian Turkistan, 
 prov. of and on r. bk. of Syr-daria, 45° N., 65" E., receives the 
 Sary-su from the N. , but their outflow reaches to Syr-daria 
 no more. The Ulun-kul, Ashin-kul, and Sauman-kul, which 
 formerly made one lacustrine basin with T. , are close by — this 
 last group receiving the Chu from the E. 
 
 Teleniark, mountainous dist., S. Norway, cos. (amter) 
 Bratsberg and Sondre-Bergenhus. 
 
 Telembinskoye, vil. , E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, 60 m. 
 N.Chita. P. < 1000. 
 
 Telescope Mountains, mts., U.S., California, Ingo co., in 
 about 36° 30' N. , 117° 30' W. 
 
 Telesc, vil, S. Italy, 4 m. SSE. Cerreto Sannita, much- 
 frequented bathing-station ; has hot sulphureous springs. 
 
 Teletskoye (Altyn-twr, 'Golden Lake'), lake, Russia, W. 
 Siberia, govt. Tomsk, Altai region, between the snow-clad 
 Teletsklya Mts. and the Abakan Mts. Most picturesquely 
 situated in a deep valley. Receives the Chulyshman, its outflow 
 being the Biya. Frozen from December to end of March, but 
 the ice always thin. A few settlements on N. shore. Alt. 1600 
 ft. ; 42 m. long ; 950 yds. to 4 m. wide ; max. depth, 135 fathoms ; 
 area, no sq. m. . 
 
 Telfair, co. , U.S. , Georgia, intersected by 32° N. and 83° W. 
 
 Telford, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 1333 m. 
 by rail W. Montreal, 91 m. E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Telford, post-tn., Victoria, Moira co., 46 m. NW. by W. 
 Beechworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Telfs, tn., Austria, Tirol, on the 1. bk. of the Inn, 21 m. W. 
 by N. Innsbruck. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Telgte, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle and 8 m. E. by 
 N. Miinster ; place of pilgrimage, with a miracle-working image 
 of the Virgin Mary. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Telibon, isl. , Siam. See Pulo Tellbon. 
 
 Tellca, volcano. Central America, republic of Nicaragua, in 
 the Marrabios Range. Alt. 4190 ft. 
 
 Telisarhe, valley, Tripoli, W. Fezzan, about 124 m. W. 
 Murzuk ; has remarkable sculptures, including representations 
 of oxen now unknown in the country. 
 
 Telkef, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet, sanjak, and 11 m. 
 NNW. Mosul. P. 5000. 
 
 Tell, or Tel, Arabic, 'mound,' ' hill.' 
 
 Tell, rainy, well-watered, fertile dist. of Barbary, Africa, as 
 distinguished from the upper plateaux ; a country of undulating 
 mountains. Once the granary of Rome ; wheat and barley are 
 still the chief products. 
 
 Tell, city, U.S., Indiana, Perry co., on the r. bk. of the Ohio, 
 57 m. WSW. Louisville (Ken.). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tell-Abu-Tumeis, volcanic cone, N. of Hauran, Palestine, 
 beyond Jordan. Alt. 5250 ft. 
 
 Tell, Et-, vil. , Syria. 56 m. SW. Dama.scus, a mile or two to the 
 N. of ruins supposed to be those of Bethsaida. See Ed Dikkeh. 
 
 Tell Amania, mound on the site of the ancient Arsinoe, 
 Egypt, about 180 m. by river above Cairo. Tablets containing 
 important cuneiform inscriptions discovered here in 1887. See 
 The Tell Amama Tablets, by Major C. R. Conder, R.E. , 
 London, 1893. 
 
 Tell 'Arftd, hill, Palestine, Arad in the O. T., 31° 17' N., 
 35° 7' E., 20 m. E. Beersheba. 
 
 Tellarouglit, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Shelburne, 4 m. 
 SE, New Ross. P. <2SO. 
 1552 
 
 Tell Ashterah, vil., Palestine, Ashteroth Karnaim in the 
 O. T., 32° 49' N., 36° o' E., 28 m. E. Tiberias ; has remains of 
 a thick wall. 
 
 Tell 'AsAr, mt., Palestine, Baal Hazor in the O. T., 31° 59' 
 N., 35° 16' E., 14 m. N. by E. Jerusalem. Alt. 3315-3340 ft. 
 
 Tell Beni Anirau, tn., Upper Egypt, prov. Siut, or Assiut, 
 on r. bk. of the Nile, 6 m. SSE. Mallawi ; has ruins of an 
 ancient Egyptian town. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Tell D'a'^kk, site, Palestine, Beth Dagon in the O. T. , 32° 42' 
 ■N-> 35° 7' E-i 16 m. S. by E. Acre. 
 
 Tell Der'ala, site, Palestine, Succoth in the O. T. , 32° 5' N., 
 35° 34' E., 22 m. ESE. Nablus. 
 
 Tell DdtliAu, ruins, Palestine, Dolhan in the O. T. , 32° 25' N. , 
 35° 17' E. , 13^ m. N. by W. Nablus. 
 
 Tell-el-Amarna. See Tell Amama. 
 
 Tell-el-Barnd, vil., Egypt, 20 m. WNW. Tanta ; near the 
 village is the site of the ancient city of Naucratis. 
 
 Tell-el-Hesy, ruins of an old Canaanitish stronghold, Palestine, 
 perhaps the Lachish of the O. T. , 31° 32' N. , 34° 43' E. , t6 m. 
 E. by N. Ghuzzeh (ancient Gaza). Among the ruins have been 
 found evidences of a long and varied history, from rude palaeo- 
 lithic implements and relics of pre-Israelitish or Amorite times 
 down to the sth century B.C. ; various sorts of pottery, &c. 
 
 Tell-el-JeUul, Palestine. Same as JllJ^kUeli. 
 
 Tell-el-KAfly, ruins, Palestine, Dan in the O. T., Lais in 
 classical writers, 33° 15' N., 35° 39' E. , 27 m. E. Tyre. 
 
 Tell-el-Kebir, vil., Egypt, 18 m. E. by S. Zagazig; scene of 
 the victory of Sir G. Wolseley over the forces of Arabi Pasha. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Tell-el-mim ('salt hill'). City of Salt in the O. T., ruins, 
 Palestine, 31° 13' N., 35° i' E. , 14 m. E. by S, Beersheba. 
 
 Tell Erfad, tn. , Syria, prov. and 19 m. N. Aleppo; the 
 Arpad of Assyrian inscriptions and of the Books of Kings. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Tell-er-Rakkelt, ruins, Palestine, Rakkon in the O. T., 32° 
 
 8' N., 34° 47' E. , on the coast, 5 m. NNE. Jaffa (ancient Joppa). 
 
 Tell-esh-Sliagur, site, Palestine, the 'Zoar of the O. T. , 31° 
 49' N., 35° 40' E., 7^ ni. W. by N. HesbAn (Heshbon). 
 
 Tell-esh-Sheri'ali, ruins, Palestine, Sharuhen in the O. T. , 
 31° 23' N. , 34° 41' E. , 13 m. N W. by N, Beersheba. 
 
 Tell-es-S&fl (or Saflyeh), vil, Palestine, probably Gath in 
 the O. T. , 31° 42' N. , 34° 50' E. , 23 m. W. by S. Jerusalem ; the 
 Mizpah of Joshua, and probably the frontier fort of Philistia, 
 called the ' tower of the watchmen ' in 2 Kings. 
 
 Tell-es-Seb'a, ruins, Palestine, perhaps the Sheba of the O. T. , 
 31° 14' N., 34° 50' E. , 2^ m. E. by N. Beersheba. 
 
 Tell-et-Thniel, vil., Lower Egypt, 9 m. SE. Mansurah, with 
 ruins of the ancient Thfnuis or Tmai. 
 
 Tell-ez-Ztf, site, Palestine, 7Aph in the O. T., 31° 29' N., 
 35° 8' E., 4 m. S. by E. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 TellicUerri (Telliclierry, census), municip. and seapt., Brit. 
 India, Madras, dist. Malabar, on the W. ct., 38 m. NNW. 
 Calicut, 6 m. NNW. Mahe; in a healthy dist., built on wooded 
 hills, protected by a natural breakwater of rock. The citadel, 
 in excellent preservation, is now used as a jail. Open roadstead. 
 Exports coffee, cardamoms, and sandalwood. In 1683 the East 
 India Company established a factory here. P. 27,200; Hindus, 
 15,200; Moham. 10,300. 
 
 Telli Kaleiidar, tn., Persia, prov, Kerman, 80 m. NE. by 
 N. Kerman. 
 
 Telllngstedt, comm., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 
 circle Norderdithmarschen, 24 ni. SSW. Schleswig. P. 5500. 
 
 Telli Nor, lake, China, Dzungaria, 186 m, NW. Urumtsi ; 
 receives the Manas R. on the S. Length, 31 m.; breadth about 
 12 m. 
 
 Tellisford, par., Eng., Somerset, on riv, Frome, union and 
 5 m. NE. Frome, P. <25o. 
 
 Telliskof, tn., Asiatic Turkey, 17 m. N. Mosul. 
 
 Tell Jefat, rocky plateau, Palestine, 14 m. ESE. Acre ; the 
 site of the ancient Jotapata, defended by Josephus against 
 Vespasian in a celebrated siege. 
 
 Tell Jeineta, volcanic cone and highest summit of Hauran 
 group, Palestine beyond Jordan, 57 m. SSE. Damascus. Alt. 
 6035 ft. 
 
 Tell Jezer, site, Palestine, Gezer in the O. T., 31° 51' N., 
 34° 55' E., 17* ni. WNW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Tell Keimnn, ruins, Palestine, Jokneam in the O. T. , 32" 40' 
 N,, 35° 6' E., ii| m. W. by S. Nazareth. 
 
 Tell 91'atn, ruins, Palestine, Baal Meon or Beth Aleon in the 
 O. T. , 31° 40' N., 35° 44' E., 9 m. SW. by S. of the ancient 
 Heshbon. 
 
 Tell Mar Hanna, hill, Palestine, 12 ni. WNW. El Khulil 
 or Hebron ; contains large caverns ; base surrounded with hewn 
 stone foundations. 
 
 Tell Nebl Dllndau, hill, Syria, prov, Damascus, 17 m. SSW. 
 Homs ; has vast ruins which early travellers identified with 
 Laodicea ad Libaniim, and which Thomson and Conder regard 
 as the ancient Kedes. 
 
 Tell Nlmrtn, ruins, Palestine, Beth Niinrah in the O. T., 31 
 54' N., 35° 3/ E., 12 m. NW. by W, of the ancient Heshbon. 
 
TELL 
 
 TEMP 
 
 Tello, site of ruins, Asiatic Turkey, Mesopotamia, i6i m. SE. 
 Bagdad. The recent examination of these ruins, by De Sarzec, 
 has revealed a remarkable period of art anterior to the epochs 
 of Babylon and Nineveh ; the remains have been transferred to 
 the Louvre. 
 
 Tell RAineli, ruins, Palestine, Beth Aram in the O. T. , 31° 
 49' N., 35° 38' E. , 10 m. W. by N. of the ancient Heshbon. 
 
 Tell Klfa, ruins, Palestine, 31° 17' N., 34° 14' E. , 21 m. SW. 
 Ghuzzeh (ancient Gaza) ; site of the ancient Raphia. 
 
 Tell Shailftd, site, Palestine, probably the Sarid of the O. T. , 
 32° 40' N. , 35° 14' E. , d,\ m. SW. Nazareth. 
 
 Tell Sbellian, volcanic cone, Hauron group, Palestine, 
 beyond Jordan, 3 m. NNW. Shubba. Alt. 3755 ft. 
 
 Telmessus, ancient site, Asia Minor. See Makrl. 
 
 Telmlnskaya, vil., E. Siberia, govt, and 38 m. WNW. 
 Irkutsk, on Telma R., trib. of Angara ; woollen clothing factory 
 of the Crown, employing about 3000 workers. 
 
 Telok Betong, seapt. , at the head of a bay in the SE. of 
 Sumatra ; a port of some commercial importance. 
 
 Telok Lliichn, bay, New Guinea. See Humboldt Bay. 
 
 Teloloapan, tn. , Mexico, Guerrero, 88 m. SSW. Mexico. 
 P. (comm. ) 11,200. 
 
 Telos, isl. , Turkey in Asia. See lUaki. 
 
 Telowle, post-stn. , S. Australia, Frome cc, 38 m. SSE. 
 Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tel-pos, peak, Russia, N. Urals, 63° 54' N., 53° 15' E. Alt. 
 5540 ft. 
 
 Telscombe, par., Eng. , Sussex, div. and 4^ m. S. by W. 
 Lewes, 3 m. WNW. Newhaven stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (T. with Plddliighoe) P. <5oo. 
 
 Telslil (Lithuanian Telszel), dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 178 
 m. NW. Kovno, on Lake Matis. P. ii,oco. 
 
 Teltow, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt, and 7 m. E. 
 Potsdam, cap. circle T. , between the Spree and the Havel on 
 the N. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Teltown, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Kells, 2 m. SE. 
 Kells, on riv. Blackwater; 4267 ac. P. <7SO. 
 
 Teltscli, tn., Austria, Moravia, 15 m. SSW. Iglau. P. < 5000. 
 
 Telnbln, or Sal, riv., in Siamese portion of Malay Penin., 
 flows N. then NE. , and enters the Gulf of Siam in 6° 45' N. 
 Gold occurs in its upper valley ; gives name to a state on its 
 1. bk. , at the mouth. 
 
 Telntl,tn. , Eastern Archipelago, in S. of Ceram L , on the coast. 
 
 Tema, reef, Pacific, in the E. of the Union Is., in about 11° 
 S., 165° W. 
 
 Teinaparlie, vil., Mexico, Vera Cruz, 150 m. NE. Mexico. 
 P. (comm.) 5100. 
 
 Temascaltepec, vil., Mexico, 22 m. NE. Tejupilco ; has 
 important culture of mulberry trees ; mines formerly worked. 
 P. (comm. ) 9600. 
 
 Temasln, oasis, Algeria, 233 m. S. by W. Constantine, in 
 the Wed Rhir (Ghir) dist. of Tugwit. 
 
 Temasslnln, oasis, Sahara, in the Wadi Igharghar, in the 
 NE. of Hogar, in about 28° N. , 7° E. 
 
 Teuiatangl, or Bllgh Lagoon, isls. , Pacific, in the S. of the 
 Tuamotu group, in about 21^° S. , 140! ° W. 
 
 Teiiiax, tn. , Mexico, Yucatan, 55 m. ENE. M^rida. P. 
 (comm.) 9600. 
 
 Tenibleqne, tn. , Spain, New Castille, prov. and 30 m. SE. 
 Toledo, dist. Lillo. P. <4000. 
 
 Tembo Alnma, vil. , Portuguese West Africa, to the W. of 
 the Kwango, in 7° 43' S. , 17° 20' E. 
 
 Teuiby, riv., in the SE. of Portuguese East Africa, flows 
 NE. into Delagoa Bay ; navigable for boats of 4-5 ft. draught. 
 
 Tenie, Upper Egypt. See Tama. 
 
 Teme, riv., Wales, rises near Newtown, Montgomeryshire, 
 flows SSE. , and enters the Severn (r. bk. ) about 3 m. S. Wor- 
 cester. Length about 60 m. 
 
 Temerln, comm., Hungary, prov. Bics-Bodrog, 12 m. N. 
 by E. Neusatz. P. 8500. 
 
 Temes, co. , Hungary [q.v.), cap. Temesvar. 
 
 Temes, riv., SE. Hungary, Banat, rises in the Carpathian 
 Mts. , flows NW. and S. and joins the Danube 6 m. E. Belgrade. 
 Total length 270 m. , though only 71 m. from its source to its 
 confluence ; area drained, 3817 sq. m. 
 
 Temescal, tn., U.S., California, San Bernardino co. , 45 m. 
 SE. Los Angeles. P. <300o. 
 
 Temese, riv., Eng. See Thames. 
 
 Teiiies-Knblii, comm., Hungary, co. Temes, dist. Kubin. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Teiues-B^kAs, comm., Hungary, co. Temes, dist. R^kds. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 TemesvAr, municip. and fortified tn. , Hungary, cap. co. 
 Temes, former cap. of the Banat, 62 m. SE. by E. Szegedin ; 
 has silk-spinning, manufactures of cloth, paper, oil. Seat of 
 two bishoprics (Roman Catholic and non-united Greek). In 
 1551 the town was taken by Soliman II.; in 1716 by Prince 
 Eugene of Savoy ; in 1849 it was bombarded by the Hungarian 
 insurgents. Alt. 338 ft. Mean temp., yr. 51.7° F. , Jan. 28.8°, 
 July 73.6°. P. (1850)17,700; (1869)32,200; (1890)39,900. 
 1553 
 
 Teniirgoevskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kuban, 136 m. W. Stavropol, on Laba R. P. 7800. 
 
 TemlP-khan-8hHra(' lake of Khan Temir'), tn. and fortress, 
 Russia, Caucasia, cap. of prov. Daghestan, 418 m. by road 
 NE. Tiflis, in the valley of Erpili-Ozen, 1510 ft. high ; notoriously 
 unhealthy, subject to fevers. P. (1866) 7100; (i89i)<3ooo. 
 
 Temlrsyaiiy, three vils. , Russia, govt, and 30-38 m. WNW. 
 Simbirsk. Aggregate P. 5000. 
 
 Teinlscamliigne, lake, Canada. See Tamiscamliiqne. 
 
 Temlsconata, co. , Canada, Quebec, between the St. Law- 
 rence on the NW. , and the prov. of New Brunswick and the 
 state of Maine (U.S.) on the SE. 
 
 Temlsconata Lake, Canada, Quebec, Temiscouata co. , 24 
 m. long, drained SE. by riv. Madawaska into the riv. St. John. 
 
 TeniLssa, oasis, Tripoli, Fezzan, 127 m. ENE. Murzuk. 
 
 Temnlkov, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 218 m. NNE. Tambov, 
 on Moksha R. P. 7000. 
 
 Tcmoe inland. Low Archipelago. See Crescent I. 
 
 Temora, tp. , New South Wales, Bland co. , 125 m. WSW. 
 Bathurst ; has gold-mines and agricultural industry. P. <2oc)0. 
 
 Tempe, lake, in the middle of the SW. penin. of Celebes I. , 
 Eastern Archipelago, drained SE. into the Gulf of Boni by the 
 Tleiirana. 
 
 Tempe, S. suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Tempe, Vale of, now Lykostomo, a cleft through thick 
 marble, celebrated in antiquity, by which the Peneios (Salamvria) 
 breaks through the mountains in the NE. of Thessaly, Greece. 
 
 Tempelburg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Neustettin, 
 50 m. SE. by S. Kolberg; founded by the Knights Templars, 
 1291. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tempelhof, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt. Potsdam, 
 circle and 7 m. NNE. Teltow. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Temperley, settlement, Argentine Republic, prov. and 13 m. 
 SSW. Buenos Aires. 
 
 Templo Pausanla, tn., Sardinia, prov. and 30 m. ENE. 
 Sassari. P. 5800. 
 
 Templsqae, riv., Central America, Costa Rica, flows S. and 
 SE. into the Gulf of Nicoya by the Boca del Toro. Length, 
 60-70 m. 
 
 Templsque, vil., Central America, Nicaragua, 75 m. NW. 
 Managua. 
 
 Templand, P.O., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 3 m. N. Lochmaben. 
 
 Temple, par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 6 m. NE. 
 Bodmin. P. <2So. 
 
 Temple, stn., Eng., London, on the Metropolitan Rly. (Inner 
 Circle), \ m. WSW. St. Paul's. 
 
 Temple, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Sligo, dist. Coolaney. 
 
 Temple, vil. , Scot. , Fifeshire. See Largo, Lower. 
 
 Temple, par. , Scot. , Midlothian, 5^ m. S. by W. Dalkeith, 
 on the South Esk, 2\ m. SW. Gorebridge stn., P.O.; 14,479 ^^■ 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Temple, city, US., Texas, Bell co. P. < 500c. 
 
 Templeachally, par. , Ire. , co. Tipperary, bar. Owney and 
 Arra, on riv. Shannon and Lough Derg, opposite Killaloe ; 
 8942 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Temple Bay, inlet, Queensland, E. ct., in about 12° 15' S. 
 
 Templebeg, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Upper Kilna- 
 managh, 7 m. W. Thurles. P. <75o. 
 
 Templebodan, par., Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 
 loi m. NNE. Queenstown ; 4736 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 fempleboy, par. , Ire. , co. Sligo, on Sligo Bay, bar. Tireragh, 
 13 m. NE. Ballysodare stn. , P.O.; 9106 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Templebredon, par.. Ire., cos. Limerick and Tipperary, 
 bars. Coonagh and Clanwilliam, 3 m. SE. Pallas stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Templebreedy, par., Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Kerrycurrihy, 
 
 4 m. S. Queenstown. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Temple Bruer, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 
 ii| m. S. by E. Lincoln, 3^ m. ENE. Leadenham stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Templebryan, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. E. Carbery, E. div., 
 2 m. N. Clonakilty. P. <:25o. 
 
 Templecarn, par. , Ire. , cos. Donegal and Fermanagh, bars. 
 Tirhiigh and Lurg, on riv. Termon and Lough Erne, contain- 
 ing Pettigoe town ; 39,419 ac. P. 3000. 
 
 Temple Cloud, PMT.O., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 9 m. 
 WSW. Bath, I m. W. Glutton stn. 
 
 Temple Combe, vil., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 10 m. ENE. 
 Yeovil, an important junction on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. 
 Along with Abbas Combe it forms a single par. Joint P. <75o. 
 
 Templecorran, par. , Ire. , E. co. Antrim, bar. Lower Belfast, 
 
 5 m. NE. by E. Carrickfergus ; 4753 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 Templecrone, par.. Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Boylagh, con- 
 taining Dunglow town ; 51,942 ac. P. 10,700. 
 
 Temple Ilera, vil., Brit. Baluchistan, 20 m. NW. Jacobdbdd. 
 
 Templederry, par.. Ire., NW. co. Tipperary, bar. Upper 
 Ormond, 8 m. SE. Nenagh, P.O.; 6998 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Templedouglas, electoral div.. Ire., co. Donegal, dist. 
 Churchhill. 
 
 Templedowney, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Upper 
 Ormond, near Toomyvara. P. <25o. 
 
 5 F 
 
TEMP — TENA 
 
 Temple-etney, par., Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. E. Iffa and 
 Offa, 6 m. NE. Clonmel ; 6677 ac. P. -cj^o. 
 
 Temple Ewell, eccles. par. , Eng. , Kent. See E-well. 
 
 Tenipleglautine, P.O., Ire., 7 m. from Newcastle, co. 
 Limerick, 2 m. from Bamagh stn. 
 
 Templeglentau, electoral div. , Ire., co. Limerick, dist. 
 Abbeyfeale. 
 
 Temple drafton, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 5 m. 
 W. Stratford-on-Avon , 3 m. E. by S. Alcester stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Temple Uniting, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, union and 4^ 
 m. E. Winchcomb ; 6004 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Templeharry, par.. Ire., S. King's co. , bar. Clonlisk, 14 m. 
 S. by W. Parsonstown ; 4591 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Temple Hirst, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston 
 Ash div., on the Aire, and the G. N. R., 9J m. W. Goole. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Tenipletaonse Longli, lake, Ire., in the SE. of co. Sligo, on 
 the riv. Owenmore, 12 m. S. by W. Sligo. 
 
 Templekeeran, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Skreen, 3m. SE. 
 Navan. P. <:25o. 
 
 Templeludlgan, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bar. Bantry, on 
 riv. Barrow, 8 m. NE. New Ross; 8177 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Templemaley, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Upper Bunratty, 
 on riv. Fergus, 3 m. NE. Ennis ; 4642 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Templemartiu, par.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Kinalmeaky, 4J 
 m. N. by W. Bandon, P.O.; 7515 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Templemary, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork, dist. Ballyclogh. 
 
 Templemicliael, par. , Ire. , S. co. Cork, bar. Kinalea, sh m. 
 NNW. Kinsale. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Templemicliael, par., Ire., co. and containing town of 
 Longford, bars. Ardagh and Longford ; 9122 ac. P. 5500. 
 
 Templemlchael, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Slievardagh, 
 on riv. Lingan, 7 m. N. Carrick-on-Suir. P. <5oo. 
 
 Templemicliael, par., Ire., SW. co. Waterford, bar. Cosh- 
 more and Coshbride, on the r. bk. of the Blackwater, 2| m. N. 
 by W. Youghal; 8216 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Templemolaga, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Condons and 
 Clangibbon, 5 m. NW. Mitchelstown ; 4396 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Teniplemore, par. , Ire. , co. and containing part of city of 
 Londonderry, bar. NW. Liberties of Londonderry, on riv. 
 Foyle ; 12,773 ac. P. 30,400. 
 
 Templemore, or Straid, par., Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Gallen, 
 on riv. Moy, 4 m. SW. Foxford ; 9225 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Templemore, par. and civic tn. , Ire. , NE. co. Tipperary, bars. 
 Eliogarty and Ikerrin, 8 m. N. Thurles, on the G. S. & W. R. 
 Market-day, W. 8471 ac. Par. P. < 3000; tn. P. < 2500. 
 
 Templemarry, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Tirawley, on 
 Rathfean Bay, 2 m. NW. Killala. P. <5oo. 
 
 Templenacarrlga, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, 4 
 m. N. Middleton ; 5208 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Templenelry, par. , Ire. , co. and 5 m. SE. Tipperary, bar. 
 Clanwilliam ; 12,840 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Templenewsam, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, partly 
 in bor. of Leeds ; 4086 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Templenoe, pan. Ire., co. Kerry, bars. N. and S. Dun- 
 kerron, on riv. and i m. SW. Kenmare ; 32,428 ac.^ P. <:25oo. 
 
 Templenoe, par.. Ire., co. and 3 m. NE. Tipperary, bar. 
 Clanwilliam. P. <5oo. 
 
 Temple Normanton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, div. and 3A m. 
 SE. Chesterfield, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Templeogne, P.O., Ire., S. co. Dublin, bar. Upper Cross, 
 4 m. SSW. Dublin. 
 
 Templeomalns, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bars. Ibane and Barry- 
 roe, 2 m. SE. and on bay of Clonakilty. P. <:7So. 
 
 Templeorau, par., Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Moygoish, on 
 Royal Canal, 4 m. NW. MuUingar ; 5180 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Templeomm, tnld.. Ire., SW. co. Kilkenny, bar. Iverk, sh 
 m. ENE. Carrick-on-Suir, P.O. P. <2S0. 
 
 Tcmplepatrlck, par. and tn.. Ire., S. co. Antrim, bars. 
 Upper and Lower Belfast, 5 m. E. by S. Antrim, on the Bel- 
 fast and Northern Counties Rly., PMT.O.; 13,807 ac. Par. 
 P. <3Soo ; tn. P. <2so. 
 
 Templepatrtek, par. , Ire. , W. co. Westmeath, bar. Rath- 
 conrath, iiA m. W. MuUingar. P. <:25o. 
 
 Templepeter, par., Ire., co. Carlow, bar. Forth, on riv. 
 Burren, 5 m. SW. Tullow. P. <25o. 
 
 Templeplace, tn., Ire., NE. co. Kildare, bar. S. Salt, 4 m. 
 SSE. Maynooth, on the r. bk. of the Liffey, i m. NW. Celbridge 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Templeport, par.. Ire., co. Cavan, bar. Tullybaw, 5 m. SW. 
 Ballyconnell ; 42,169 ac. P. 7400. 
 
 Templeqainlan, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bars. E. Carbery, E. 
 div., and Ibane and Barryroe, on riv. Arigadeen, 4 m. NE. 
 Clonakilty. P. <7So. 
 
 Templeree, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Ikerrin, 2 m. E. 
 Templemore ; 4241 ac. P. -<75o, 
 
 Templeroan, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Fermoy, on riv. 
 Awbey, 4 m. E. Doneraile. P. <750. 
 
 Templerobln, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. Barrymore, contain- 
 ing part of Queenstown town. P. 9600. 
 1554 
 
 Templers, post-vil. , S. Australia, Gawler co. , 33 m. N. by E. 
 Adelaide, 12 m. SW. by W. Kapunda; wheat-growing dist. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Templescoby, par.. Ire., W. co. Wexford, bar. Bantry, 4 m. 
 W^SW. Enniscorthy. P. <25o. 
 
 TempleslianlM), par.. Ire., W. co. Wexford, bar. Scara- 
 walsh, 7 m. NW. Enniscorthy, P.O. (Templeshambo) ; 19,516 
 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Templeshanuon, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bars. S. Ballagh- 
 keen and Scarawalsh, on riv. Slaney, containing part of Ennis- 
 corthy town ; 4983 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Temple Sowerby, par., Eng., Westmorland, Appleby div., 
 6i m. ESE. Penrith, i m. N. of its stn. on the NE. R.; gypsum 
 is obtained here. PMT. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Templesto-we, post-vil. , Victoria, Bourke co. , on Yarra R. , 
 in 37° 46' S. , 145° 12' E. ; dairying and fruit-growing dist. 
 Quartz mine in vicinity. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Templetenny, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. W. Iffa and 
 Offa, on rivs. Tar and Araglin, 11 m. SW. Caher ; 18,182 ac. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Templetogher, par. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. and 7 m. SW. 
 Ballymoe ; 13,706 ac. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Templetoii, East, post-vil., Canada, Quebec, co. and 8 m. 
 from Ottawa ; has phosphate mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Templetou, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 4J m. W. by 
 N. Tiverton, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Templeton, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co., in 
 43° 36' S. , 172° 32' E.; has chicory works. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Templetou, vil. , U.S., Indiana, Benton co. , 90 m. S. by E. 
 Chicago (111. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Templeton, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., 36 m. 
 NE. Holyoke. P. <300o. 
 
 Templeton, eccles. par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 11 m. E. by 
 S. Haversfordwest, 2 m. S. Narberth stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Templetonhy, par. , Ire. , NE. co. Tipperary, bars. Eliogarty 
 and Ikerrin, 8 m. NNE. Thiu-les, 6 m. from Templemore stn., 
 P.O. (Templetuoliy) ; 8461 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Templetown, par.. Ire., SW. co. Wexford, bar. Shelburne, 
 10 m. ESE. Waterford, on the E. side of Waterford Harbour ; 
 4157 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Templetrlne, par.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bars. E. Carbery, E. 
 div., and Courceys, sh ™- SW. Kinsale; 4875 ac. P. <7S0. 
 
 Templensque, par., Ire., co. and 5 m. NE. Cork, bar. 
 Barrymore; 4602 ac. P. <;75o. 
 
 Templeuve, comm. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Tournai ; 
 noted for its butter. P. <40oo. 
 
 Templeranny, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Sligo, dist. Boyle. 
 
 Templiu, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, cap. circle T. , 
 43 m. N. Berlin, between several lakes which communicate with 
 the Havel by means of the navigable canal T. , length 7 m.; 
 has manufactiu"es of agricultural machinery, and an old wall 
 with three gates. P. < 5000. 
 
 Tempo, tn.. Ire., E. co. Fermanagh, bar. Tirkennedv, 8 m. 
 ENE. Enniskillen, PMT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Temposan, fort, Japan, Honshiu I.; the lighthouse of Osaka 
 is situated in 34" 40' N. , 137° 26' E. 
 
 Tempsfortl, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., on 
 the Ivel, jh m. E. bv N. Bedford, i m. NW. by W. of its stn. 
 on the G. N. R. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Temrynk, dist. tn. and growing seaport, Russia, N. 
 Caucasia, govt. Kuban, on N. ct. of Tamaii Penin., 98 m. 
 WNW. Ekaterinodar, 45° 17' N. , 37° 22' E. ; seat of Turkish 
 fortress Adass until 1774; mineral mines close by. P. (1865) 
 6610 ; (1892) 15,420. 
 
 Temuco, tn. , Chile, cap. prov. Cautin, 77 m. NNE. Valdivia. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Temuka, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Geraldine co., 10 
 m. NNE. Timaru. P. <i500. 
 
 Temnlga, vil. , Algeria, prov. and 92 m. WSW. Algiers, arr. 
 Orl^ansville ; rich iron mine worked. P. < 2000. 
 
 Temurt, Moorish word, in Senegal signifying ' marsh.' 
 
 Tenafly, tn. , U.S., New Jersey, Bergen co. , 11 m. E. by N. 
 Paterson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tenanipna, ruined tn., Central America, Honduras, 19 m. 
 SE. Comayagua. 
 
 Teuan, tn., Portuguese E. Africa, Gaza-land, 182 m. S. by W. 
 Sofala. 
 
 Teiiaiiciiigo, tn. , Mexico, cap. dist. T. , 14 m. S. Toluca ; 
 has mulberry trees. Alt. 6030 ft. P. 8500. 
 
 Tenandry, eccles. par., Scot., Perthshire, Blair Athole, Dull 
 and Moulin pars., on riv. Garry, i m. S. Killiecrankie stn. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Tenant's Harbour, vil., U.S., Maine, Knox co., on Penob- 
 scot Bay, 15 m. SW. Rockland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Teuasserim, tn. , Lower Burma, T. div., 40 m. SE. Mergui, 
 and 33 m. from the mouth of the Tenasserim R. ; once an im- 
 portant city, founded by the Siamese in 1373. There is a floating 
 pontoon jetty for coasting steamers. P. < 5000. See Burma. 
 
 Tenasserim, riv. , Lower Burma, formed by the junction of 
 the Great and Little T. , flows S. between the Yoma Range and 
 
TENA — TENN 
 
 the Myin-molek-kat Mts. It has several mouths ; the two prin- 
 cipal ones are separated by Mergui I. Large boats ascend as far 
 as the town of T. 
 
 Tenanii, tn. , Chile, prov. Chiloe. P. <20oo. 
 Tenay, tn. , France, dep. Ain, arr. Belley, 4 m. ESE. St. 
 Rambert ; has manufactures of imitation Portland cement, and 
 wire gauze. P. <4000. 
 
 Teiibnry, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Worcestershire, on the 
 r. bk. of the Teme, Bewdley div. , 16 m. WSW. Kidderminster, 
 on the G. W. R. and L. & NW. & G. W. Joint Rly.; has trade 
 in hops and cider, and malting. Market-day, Tu. Mean rfall. 
 (Orleton, alt. 200 ft., 1866-80), yr. 33.1 in. 5582 ac. P. <25oo. 
 Tenby, mun. bor. (since Edward III.), contributory pari, 
 bor. [Pembroke], seapt. , and market-tn., Wales, 9 m. E. Pem- 
 broke, in the diocese of St. Davids, on a headland overlooking 
 Carmarthen Bay, on branch of S. Wales R. (G. W. R. ). Some 
 fishing trade, but traffic in the port is unimportant. The port 
 has a depth at high water ordinary springs of 20 ft., ordinary 
 neaps of 10 ft. Coal mined. Ruins of ancient walls and castle ; 
 it is a favourite bathing-place, owing to its fine sands, climate, 
 and scenery. Market-days, W. and S. Mun. bor. P. (i8oi)< 
 1000; (i89i)<:5ooo. 
 
 Teuce, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Loire, arr. and 9 m. E. by S. 
 Yssingeaux, 23 m. S. by W. St. Etienne ; has extensive manu- 
 factures of lace, ribbon, and velvet. P. <2ooo. 
 Teui*h Island. See Squally Island. 
 
 Tencin, vil. , France, dep. Isere, on the Is^re, arr. and 15 m. 
 NE. by E. Grenoble. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tenila, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, 21 m. NNW. 
 San Remo. The pass across the Maritime Alps, known as the 
 Col dl Tenda, is a few miles to the N. Alt. 2570-2885 ft. 
 P. < 2000. See Alps, Passes and Railways, I. (2). 
 Tenda, riv. , S. Africa. See Loange. 
 
 Tendo, lagoon, Africa, Ivory Coast, E. branch of Aby or Ahy 
 lagoon; has outlet on the E. by the Tanoe. Length, 37 m.; 
 average breadth, 6-9 m. 
 
 Tendre, Mount. See Jura. 
 
 Tendrlng, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 8J m. E. Colchester, 
 i| m. N. Weeley stn. , P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Tenduf, tn. , Africa, W. Sahara, about 295 m. SSE. Mogador; 
 an increasing town, founded in 1852. Settled population from 
 600 to 1000. 
 
 Tendnkhera, tn. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , dist. and 27 m. 
 NW. Narsinghpur ; has smelting industry ; the iron-mines 2 m. 
 SW. of the town yield excellent ore. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tenedos, isl. , W. ct. Asia Minor, 5 m. NW. Alexandria 
 Troas. On its NE. side is the town T. , vilayet Jezairi-Bahri- 
 Sefid, sanjak Lemni. The soil is stony ; no pastures or fruit- 
 trees except figs and almonds ; good wine, climate healthy and 
 temperate. Exports annually about 4,114,000 gallons of wine 
 to the European ports on the Mediterranean ; inhabitants 
 vine-dressers, sailors, or fishermen. Length, 5 m. ; breadth, 
 2 m. ; area, 16 sq. m. P. 4100 ; Orthodox Greeks, 2800 ; 
 Moham. 1300 (Cuinet). 
 
 Tenenku, tn. , .-Africa, W. Sudan, Massina, 87 m. NE. 
 Sansandig ; important market. 
 
 Tenerlfe, or Tenerlffe, the largest of the Canary Is. , in the 
 Atlantic, 37 m. W. the Great Canary ; surface mountainous, 
 soil mostly volcanic, producing maize, wheat, sweet potatoes, 
 and the fruits of S. Europe. It is the principal seat of the vine 
 culture in the Canaries ; orchil, barilla, and silk are also pro- 
 ducts. Principal towns, Santa Cruz (the cap. ), Orotava, Laguna, 
 Icod, and Guiamar. Length, 53 m. ; breadth, 28 m. Alt. 
 1867 ft. Rfall. (10 yrs. ), 33.30 in. The Peak of T., or Plco- 
 de-Teyde, is a famous volcanic mountain, on NW. of island, in 
 28° 16' N., 16° 39' W. Alt. 12,190 ft. 
 
 Tenes, tn. and artificial port, Algeria, arr. Orl^ansville, on 
 the N. ct. , 103 m. W. by S. Algiers. P. <2ooo. Cape Tenes, 
 3^ m. to the NE. , with a lighthouse. 
 
 Teuetn, vil., W. Africa, Wasulu, in about 11° 10' N., 7° 19' 
 W. ; important market. Alt. 1245 ft. (Binger). 
 
 Tengan-fu, tn. , China, prov. Hupe, 130 m. ENE. Ichang. 
 Tengcbou-fn, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, on the Strait 
 of Pechili, 40 m. NW. Chi-fu ; one of the ports designed for 
 foreign trade by the treaty of Tientsin, but owing to its 
 shallowness at the present day its place has been taken by 
 Chi-fu. 
 
 Tengeszem ('eyes of the sea'), name given to a number of 
 small lakes in the Tatra, N. Hungary, about the source of the 
 Feher-Vag (Weisser Waag). 
 
 Tengrela, walled tn. , W. Africa, in the Mandingo country, 
 in about 10° 12' N., 5° 57' W. ; inhabitants trading and agri- 
 cultural. Alt. 1435 ^^- (Binger). 
 
 Tengrl Xor (or Xur), Mongol, Tibetan \ani-tso, or Si'ani- 
 cho, fresh-water lake, Tibet, to the S. of 31° N. , and W. of 
 91° E. , about 80 m. N. Lhassa ; as its names signify, it is the 
 ' Celestial lake ' which every year thousands of pilgrims visit, on 
 account of the convent of Dorkia, on the W. shore of the lake, 
 and other monasteries. The outlet of the lake, at its NW. 
 corner, was said by the Pandit Nain Singh to join the riv. 
 
 Nakchu, supposed to be the upper course of the Salwin, but 
 this is now considered doubtful. Length, 50 m. ; greatest 
 breadth, 29 m. ; drained W. from its NW. extremity, /our. 
 R. G. S., 1877, p. no. 
 
 Tengure, riv., Africa. See Kagera. 
 
 TengTvan, tn. , China. See Sachn. 
 
 Teugyueh-ting, tn. , China. See Momeln. 
 
 Tenlet-el-Had, tn. , Algeria, prov. and 86 m. SW. Algiers, 
 arr. Miliana ; in the neighbourhood are superb cedar forests 
 {Cedrus atlantica with others) celebrated in all Algeria. Alt. 
 3750 ft. Rfall. (5 yrs.), 20.05 'f^- P- <2ooo. 
 
 Teulniber. See Tlnior-Laut. 
 
 Tenlno, vil., U.S., Washington, Thurston co. , 13 m. SSE. 
 Olympia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Teuje, comm. , Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Virovitica, 
 dist. Osjek. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Tenkaral, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 28 m. ESE. 
 Tinnevelli. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tenk^sl, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 30 m. NW. by 
 W. Tinnevelli, on Chittar R. ; is a centre of trade ; possesses a 
 temple of great sanctity. P. 12,900; Hindus, 8900. 
 
 Tenke, comm. and health resort, Hungary, co. Bihar, dist. 
 T. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Ten MUe Bank, P.O., Eng., Norfolk, 4 m. SW. Downham 
 Market. 
 
 Ten Mile Bottom, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 Venango co., 7 m. SE. Oil City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tennant's Creek, stn. on Overland Telegraph, S. Australia, 
 N. Terr., 1354 m. from Adelaide. 
 
 Tennessee, riv., U.S., N. America, the largest affluent of the 
 Ohio, formed by the union of the Holston and Clinch, two rivers 
 from Virginia, near Knoxville ; flows SW. then NW. through 
 E. Tennessee, Alabama, W. Tennessee, and Kentucky, joins 
 the Ohio at Paducah by a mouth 600 yards across, 12 m. below 
 the mouth of the Cumberland. Total course to the head of the 
 Holston 1 100 m. , and it is navigable for steamers from the Ohio 
 for 300 m. to the Muscle Shoal Rapids, when a railway supplies 
 the missing link to Knoxville, above which it is navigable for 500 m. 
 more, to the Suck, a mountain gap, in 34° 50' N.,- through 
 which it breaks with a magnificent fall. Chief affluents, the 
 Hiawassee, Hatchee, and Duck Rivs. The whole river has a 
 mean fall of 2 ft. per mile. Length, 1200 m. ; area of basin, 
 41,600 sq. m. 
 
 Tennessee, vil., U.S., Illinois, McDonough co. , 8 m. SW. 
 Macomb by rail ; has coal-mines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tennessee, one of the states of the United States of America, 
 lying between the Mississippi R. and the Great Smoky range 
 of the Appalachians, S. of Kentucky, and W. of N. Carolina. 
 Extending thus from E. to W. , its surface is exceedingly varied : 
 first, the range of the Great Smoky Mts., with peaks 6600 ft. 
 high (Cambrian) ; then the Valley of East T. (Knoxville, 
 980 ft.), which is part of the Great Valley of the Alleghanies, 
 here occupied by the headstreams of the Tennessee R. (Silurian) ; 
 thirdly, the Cumberland Plateau (Carboniferous), about 2000 ft. 
 high (with Mr. Hughes' Rugby). W. of the plateau is the very 
 fertile valley of middle T. (Silurian), through which flows the 
 Cumberland R. ; to the W. of the lower T. a fertile plain 
 (Cretaceous and Eocene) descends to the bluffs that overlook 
 the bottom lands of the Mississippi (Pleistocene). Along the 
 Mississippi R. the state lias water front for about 150 m. The 
 climate is mild [Memphis, Knoxville, Nashville], and though 
 unhealthful in the bottom lands, everywhere else very salubrious. 
 W. of the Cumberland Plateau the state is essentially agri- 
 cultural, producing maize, wheat, oats, tobacco, and cotton. 
 Swine constitute over one-half the live stock. In the E. minerals 
 abound ; 5000 sq. m. of the Appalachian coalfield lie upon the 
 Cumberland plateau. Iron-making has advanced rapidly in 
 late years, though not equalling Alabama's rate of output. 
 T. marble is extensively used, especially in interiors of buildings 
 and furniture, very fine qualities of many different colours being 
 quarried in Hawkins, Knox, and Loudon counties. Upon the 
 mountains are forests of pine, hemlock, chestnut, and walnut, 
 yielding tan bark, lumber, tar, &c. Common school education 
 suffers from lack of efficient superintendence and multiplicity of 
 weak schools. A larger proportion of the white children are 
 enrolled than of negroes, and they attend more regularly. The 
 University of T. is at Knoxville. Nashville is the seat of four 
 universities, two for negroes exclusively. Nashville, the capital 
 and largest city, Memphis, Chattanooga, Knoxville, and Jackson 
 are the chief towns. The Spanish under De Soto crossed the 
 Mississippi at the site of Memphis in 1541. By the charter of 
 Charles II., N. Carolina included the land now T. , which was 
 ceded by N. Carolina to the general government, 1784. It 
 became a terr. in 1794, and a state in 1796. Area, 42,050 sq. m. 
 P. 1,767,500. See I'nlted iitates, table. [C. if. L.] 
 
 Tennessee, Little, riv., U.S., rises in N. Carolina, and 
 flows W. into Tennessee, joining the Holston in about 35° 47' 
 N. Length about 150 m. 
 
 Tenningerlng, postal-centre, Queensland. See .Mount 
 Perry. 
 
 1555 
 
TENN — TERE 
 
 Tenustedt, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Langensalza, 
 14 m. NNW. Erfurt. P. <300o. 
 
 Tenochtitlan, Aztec name of Mexico. 
 
 Tenoes, vil. , Portugal, Entre Douro e Minho, dist. Braga ; 
 the most frequented place of pilgrimage in the N. of Portugal. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Tcnos (tinos), isl. , Greece, one of the Cyclades, separated 
 from Andros I. by Steno Passage, 32 m. SE. of the SE. point 
 ofEuboea. Area, 79 sq. m. (Wisotzki). P. (1889) 11,442. 
 
 Tcnos, small port, SW. ct. Tenos I., Greece. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Teiiryu Ga'vva, one of the largest rivs. in Japan, rises in the 
 centre of the isl. of Honshiu, its headstreams forming the lake 
 of Suva, and flows SSW. into the Pacific Ocean. Length over 
 160 m. 
 
 Tensas, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, on the Mississippi, 
 crossed by 32° N. 
 
 Ten'sa>v, or Tensas, bayou, U.S. See Alabama, riv. 
 
 Tenslft, Wadl, riv. , Morocco, flows W. a few miles to the 
 N. of Morocco, and enters the Atlantic just N. of 32° N. 
 Length, 124 m. 
 
 Tenterden, mun. bor. (since Henry VL), par., and market- 
 tn., Eng. , Kent, Ashford div. , 17 m. SE. Maidstone, in the 
 diocese of Canterbury, on an eminence, the nearest stns. (SE. R. ) 
 being Appledore and Headcorn. The trade is local and un- 
 important. Handsome church, with ' perpendicular ' tower. 
 Anciently the sea came near T. , and it was united to the 
 Cinque Port of Rye (8| m. S. by E.). Market-day, F.- Alt. 
 190 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), yr. 29.7 in. Mun. bor. and par., 
 8948 ac, P. (i8oi)<:2ooo ; (i89i)<35oo. 
 
 Tenterfleld, border tn. , New South Wales, Clive co. , 70 m. 
 NW. Grafton ; important deposits of gold, silver, and tin 
 occur in the dist. , and other minerals have been found. Alt. 
 2800 ft. Mean temp., yr. 58.7° jF., Jan. 70.2°, July 46.6°; 
 rfall. (16 yrs. ), 29.71 in. 
 
 Tentergate, part of par. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding. See 
 Scriven yfitb. Tentergate and Knaresborough. 
 
 Tentngal, tn., Portugal, Beira, dist. and 9 m. WNW. 
 Coimbra. P. <3000. 
 
 Tennl, post-tn.. New Zealand, North L, Wairarapa, North 
 CO., loom. SSW. Napier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Teny Cape, post-vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Hants, 24 
 m. from Newport. P. < 1500. 
 
 Teo, comm. , Spain, Gahcia, prov. and 42 m. SSW. Corunna, 
 dist. Padron. P. 7000. 
 
 Teodorano, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 11 m. SSE. Forli ; 
 has sulphur-mine ; manufacture of gunpowder ; flour-mill. 
 P. (comm.)<4000. 
 
 Teolo, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 11 m. SW. Padua; 
 has hot sulphureous spring. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Teora, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 28 m. ENE. 
 Salerno. P. 6000. 
 
 Teotlhuacan. See San Jnan de Teotltanaean. 
 
 TepAgarh, hill range, Brit. India, Central Provs. , in 20° 29' 
 N. , 80° 34' E. , crowned by the old fortress of T. Alt. 2000 ft. 
 
 Tepe, Turkish, ' hill,' ' mountain.' 
 
 Tepeaca, tn. , Mexico, state of and 22 m. E. by S. Puebla, 
 situated near the outer slope of the plateau. T. has important 
 strategic value, and was, after Vera Cruz, the first town founded 
 in Mexico by the Spaniards. P. (comm. ) 7300. 
 
 Tepehnanes, Indians, Mexico, inhabiting valleys in W. of 
 Sierra Madre ; now Christianised, retaining their own language 
 in some dists. 
 
 Tepelenl, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Ergeri, on the 
 Viosa, 75 m. SSE. Durazzo. 
 
 Tepexpan, tn. , Mexico, state of and 18 m. NE. Mexico. 
 
 Tepeyacac, rock, in Mexican valley, 3 m. NNE. Mexico, on 
 which is the church of Guadalupe, formerly one of the richest 
 in the world, the Virgin of Guadalupe being the patron saint of 
 the Indians. 
 
 Teple, tn., Mexico, Jalisco, 30 m. W. by N. Guadalajara; 
 has manufactures of cotton stuffs, cloth, and cigars ; its pros- 
 perity has been due to its salubrity. It is the residence, during 
 the rainy season, of most of the wealthy inhabitants of San Bias. 
 Alt. 3460 ft. Mean rfall. (7 yrs.), 42.9 in. P. 14,000. 
 
 Teplc, one of the two terrs. of Mexico, on the lower course 
 of Rio Grande de Santiago-Lerma, around T. town, the latter 
 being a high place (about 3000 ft.) ; considered as a sanitarium 
 for the swampy littoral. See Mexico, table. 
 
 Tepl, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 16 m. S. Karlsbad ; health 
 resort. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tepll, peak, Russia, Caucasia, prov. Terek, dist. Vladikav- 
 kaz, on boundary of govt. Kutais, main Caucasus range, 42° 
 44' N., 43° 38' E. Alt. 14,510 ft. 
 
 Teplltz, tn. and health resort, Austria, Bohemia, 30 m. S. 
 Dresden, 15^ m. NW. by W. Leitmeritz; its bathing establish- 
 ment is annually frequented by 11,000 to 12,000 invalids; has 
 hot sodium carbonate springs, 77°-83° F. Here the first treaty 
 of the Holy Alliance was signed in 1813 by the Emperors of 
 Russia and Austria and the King of Prussia. Alt. 750 ft. P. 
 17,500; including Sclidnan, P. 20,300. 
 1656 
 
 Tepong, tn. , Cambodia, 220 m. WNW. Saigon. 
 TeporopoTO, cape. New Zealand. See Tnruagaln. 
 
 Teposcolnla, tn., Mexico, state of and 63 m. NW. by W. 
 Oaxaca. 
 
 Tepoto, tn. , French W. Africa, on the coast, in 2° i' N. 
 
 Te Puke, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Tauranga co. , 
 108 m. SE. by S. Auckland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Teqnendama, cataract. See Bogotd. 
 
 Tequila, tn. , Mexico, Jalisco, 47 m. WNW. Guadalajara; 
 noted for the brandy named after the town. P. (comm.) 6800. 
 
 Ter, riv., Eng., Essex, flowing SE. and S. through the 
 Chelmsford and Maldon div., trib. of the Chelmer, which it 
 joins on the 1. bk. 5^ m. E. by N. Chelmsford. 
 
 Ter, riv., in the NE. of Spain, provs. Barcelona and Gerona, 
 flows first S. from the Pyrenees (Puigmal), then E. past Gerona 
 into the Mediterranean ; the T. serves a large number of water- 
 mills and factories of all sorts. Not navigable for ships or rafts. 
 Length, 109 m. 
 
 Ter, isl. , Red Sea. See Jebel Ter. 
 
 Tera, riv., Spain, Leon, prov. Zamora, r. bk. trib. of the 
 Esla, flows on the whole E. ; not navigable for ships or rafts. 
 Length, 93 m. 
 
 Teral. See India, Vegetation. 
 
 Tera-kako, penin. , E. ct. New Zealand, North I., bounding 
 the entrance to Hawke Bay on the NE. 
 
 Teramne, tn. , Abyssinia, Tigre, 50 m. N. Adowa, formerly 
 an important town. 
 
 Teranio, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, cap. prov. T., on the 
 Tordino, 32 m. NW. Chieti ; has silk-spinning. Alt. 870 ft. 
 P. 9700. 
 
 Terang, post-tn. , Victoria, Hampden co. , 25 m. NW. Warra- 
 nambool; dairying is e.xtensively carried on. P. < 1500. 
 
 Terapse, islet. See Plane. 
 
 Terara, vil.. New South Wales, included in dist. of Shoal- 
 haven (q.v.). 
 
 TerawWtl, former gold-mining locality. New Zealand, North 
 I., Hutt CO., in 41° 17' S. , 174° 38' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 TeraM^hltl, Cape, New Zealand, SW. ct. of North I., in 
 about 41° 17' S. 
 
 Tercelra, one of the Azores Is. , in the Atlantic Ocean, central 
 group, NE. of Fayal and San Jorge ; volcanic, though for the 
 time extinct. The last eruption took place in 1761. Surface 
 mountainous, soil highly fertile. Highest point Caldeira de 
 Santa Barbara, alt. 3500 ft. On its S. side is the town Angra, 
 formerly cap. of the Azores, in 38° 38' N. , 27° 13' W. Estimated 
 area, 222 sq. m. 
 
 Tercero, riv., Argentine Republic, provs. C6rdoba and Santa 
 F6, after an E. course joins the Parand 68 m. below the influx 
 of the Salado, whence it is navigable for barges to the pass of 
 Fereira, 100 m. SE. C6rdoba. 
 
 Tercls, vil., France, dep. Landes, arr. and 4 m. SW. Dax ; 
 has an establishment using hot mineral spring. P. <20oo. 
 
 Terd&l, tn., India, Bombay, 50 m. WSW. Bijdpur. P. (1881) 
 5800. 
 
 Terek (Terek Daban', Davan', or Dawan'), pass across the 
 Tian Shan Mts. , 52 m. NNE. the Kara-kul (lake, Pamirs), in 
 about 39° 55' N. , 73° 40' E. , on the route from Kashgar to Gulcha 
 (Fergana). Alt. estimated at from about 12,200 to 13,100 ft. 
 
 Terek, Armenian Terkli, Georgian Terclil, or Lomekhl, 
 riv. , Russia, N. Caucasia ; rises in the Main Caucasus Range 
 at Zilga-khokh Mt. , and is joined by the Little T. at Kobi. It 
 then pierces the main range in the renowned Darial gorge at 
 the foot of Kazbek, falling from an alt. of 7010 ft. to 2063 ft. , 
 and, issuing from it at Vladikavkaz, on the high plains which 
 border the Caucasus on the N. , it makes a great bend to NW. 
 before assuming its E. course, past Mozdok (441 ft.) and 
 Kizlyar (29 ft. below the sea-level), towards the Caspian Sea, 
 which it enters by several branches : Prorva, Talovka, Old 
 T. , and New T., thus forming a delta 60 m. wide. In its 
 lower course it flows at a higher level than the surrounding plains 
 and is kept by dams, but often makes inundations. It does 
 not freeze every year, only carrying floating ice in the winter. 
 Part of its water is utilised for irrigation, by means of the 146 
 m. long canal of Eristov. Chief tribs. Kambilei and Sunzha, 
 r.bk. ; Ardon, Baksan, and Malka, 1. bk.. Length, 382 m. 
 
 Terek, Russian Terskaya Oblast, a prov. of Russia, N. 
 Caucasia, bound by Stavropol on N., Caspian Sea on E. , 
 Daghestan, Tiflis, and Kutais on S. , Kuban on W. It 
 has on its S. boundary the main Caucasus range, from Mount 
 Elbrus to Kazbek, and nearly one-third of its area is occupied 
 by high mountains, the remainder being high plains gently 
 sloping N., and the depression of the Terek, which mostly is 
 a sandy desert on the 1. bk. of this river. Mineral springs at 
 and about Pyatigorsk (Essentuki, Kislovodsk). Climate severe, 
 the average temp, being : at Pyatigorsk (1850 ft. above the sea), 
 yr. 49.6°, Jan. 39°, July 70°; Vladikavkaz (2230 ft.), yr. 47.7°, 
 Jan. 23°, July 69°. Yearly rfall., 30 in. on mountain slopes, 
 and 10 to 20 in. on the Steppes. Watered by Terek (q.v.) and 
 tribs. Population very mixed : Great and Little Russians 275,000, 
 Caucasians (Cherkeses, Kabardians, and various mountaineers) 
 
TERE 
 
 TERR 
 
 368,000, Osses 88,000, Tatars 60,000, and Armenians 8000. 
 Part of the terr. belongs to the Terek Cossacks, who have their 
 own separate organisation. Agriculture extensively carried on, 
 so that the prov. becomes a granary for Russia. Vineyards 
 and tobacco plantations. Considerable cattle-breeding. Fishing 
 on lower Terek. Manufactures in infancy. Naphtha wells 
 begin to be worked, and are very promising at Grozny! ; 
 silver is extracted at Sadonsk. Trade suffers from want of roads. 
 The railway from Russia (Rostov) does not go beyond Vladi- 
 kavkaz, at the foot of the Caucasus, but has a branch to the 
 mineral waters of Pyatigorsk ( Essen tuki and Kislovodsk), and 
 a main line running E. from Beslan junction to Petrovsk, on 
 Caspian Sea. Divided into seven dists. : Vladikavkaz (cap. of 
 prov.), Groznyi, Kizlyar, Nalchik, Pyatigorsk, Sunzhenskiy, and 
 Khasav-yurt division of nomads. Area, 23,548. P. (1884) 
 615,660 ; (1892) 798,900. 
 
 Terektyiitan, mt. chain, central Asia, stretching from Turu- 
 gart Pass to the valley of the Aksai ; many of its summits are 
 over 16,400 ft. high. Principal passes, Turugart (11,485 ft.) 
 and Terekti (12,600 ft.). 
 
 Tereiiure, tn. , Ire. , co. Dublin. See Ronudtovfu. 
 
 Terespol, tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 58 m. ESE. Siedlce, 
 on 1. bk. Bug, opposite Brest- Lite vsk. P. < 5000. 
 Tergesle, city, Austria. See Trieste. 
 
 Terglon, Moaitt. See Triglav. 
 
 Tergnler, tn., France, dep. Aisne, arr. Laon, 13 ni. S. St. 
 Quentin. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Ter-gouw, comm. , Holland. See Gonda. 
 
 Tergoviste, Roumania. See Tirgovlste. 
 
 T^rgu-Frnnios, Roumania. See Ti^rgul-Frnmos. 
 
 Tergii-Jla, Roumania. See Tirgn-Jinlin. 
 
 Tergn-Ocua, Roumania. See Ocua. 
 
 Terlieideu, comm., Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 4 m. N. 
 Breda. 
 
 Terlm, tn., Arabia, 112 m. N. Makalla, one of the caps, of 
 Hadramut. P. 20-25,000. 
 
 Terjan, mts. , Asiatic Turkey, Armenia, prov. and WSW. 
 Erzerum ; covered with magnificent forests, chiefly oak. In the 
 region of T. are excellent pastures ; also manufactures of carpets. 
 
 Terkh, riv. , Russia. See Terek. 
 
 Terkos, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Chatalja, 24 m. NW. 
 by N. Constantinople. 
 
 Terlesh, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Seres, 73 m. SW. 
 PhiHppopolis. 
 
 Terllng, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., 5 J m. S. by E. 
 Braintree, 2 m. NW. by N. Hatfield Peverel stn. T. Place, the 
 seat of Lord Rayleigh, was once a palace of the bishops of 
 Norwich. PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Terllzzl, tn.,Italy, Apulia, prov. and 17m. W. Bari. P. 21,200. 
 
 Terme, tn., Asia Minor, near theN. ct. , iiom. ESE. Sinope. 
 P. < 1000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Terme>chal, the ancient Thermodon, ct. riv., Asia Minor, 
 enters the Black Sea a little E. of the Jeshil Irmak ; its upper 
 valley was famous in antiquity as the abode of the Amazons. 
 
 Ternilgiion, tn. , France, dep. Savoie, arr. St. Jean-de-Mauri- 
 enne, 3 m. W. Lanslebourg ; has iron, copper, and lead mines, 
 and cold mineral springs. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Termini Imerese, tn. , on the N. ct. of Sicily, prov. and 20 
 m. SE. by E. Palermo; has trade in cereals, oil, &c.; hot 
 mineral springs and bath. The harbour has a depth at entrance 
 of 24 ft. , at quayside 12-22 ft. P. 25,000. 
 
 Terminos, Lagnua de, inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, in the 
 SW. of the state of Campeche, Mexico, nearly cut off from the 
 sea by the isls. of El Carmen and Aguada, with only one outlet, 
 at the W. end of El Carmen, practicable for shipping. Length, 
 70 m. ; breadth, 40 m. 
 
 Termoli, tn., on the E. ct. of Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. 
 Campobasso, 46 m. NW. by N. Foggia ; the only port in the 
 prov. of Campobasso. Seat of a bishopric. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Termon, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cavan, dist. T., Bailie- 
 borough union. 
 
 Termon, P. O. , Ire. , co. Donegal, 8 m. from Millford. 
 
 Termon, tnld. and fishing harbour. Ire. , W. co. Mayo, bar. 
 Erris, 38 m. W. Ballina. P. <:25o. 
 
 Termouamongan, par., Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. W. Omagh, 
 on riv. Derg, 3 m. SW. Castlederg ; 45,401 ac. P. <yxx>. 
 
 Termonbarry, par., Ire., E. co. Roscommon, bar. N. 
 Ballintober, 5^ m. W. by N. Longford, on the r. bk. of the 
 Shannon; 8540 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Termoncarragli, tnld.. Ire., NW. ct. co. Mayo, bar. Erris, 
 37 m. W. by N. Ballina, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Termonde, comm. , Belgium. See Dendermoiide. 
 
 Termoneeny, par., Ire., co. Londonderry, bar. Loughin- 
 sholin, on riv. Moyola, 3 m. SE. Maghera ; 4801 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Termonfeckin, par. and tn. , Ire. , S. co. Louth, bar. Ferrard, 
 4 m. NE. Drogheda, PM.O. Par. 6307 ac. , P. <2ooo; tn. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Termonmagnlrk, par. , Ire., co. Tyrone, bars. E. Omagh 
 and Upper Strabane, contains Six Mile Cross town ; 41,077 ac. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Termon Rock, Ire. See Carrlckmore. 
 
 Tern, riv. , Eng., in N. Staffordshire and Shropshire, flows 
 W. then S. to the Severn, which it joins 4 m. SE. of Shrews- 
 bury. 
 
 Tern, or Ton, tn. , Siam, on the Menam-wang, 50 m. N. by 
 E. Rahang. 
 
 Ternantenll, vil., France, dep. Deux-S6vres, arr. and 6 m. 
 NNE. Niort ; has magnificent ruins of the feudal fortress of 
 Coudray-Salbart. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ternata, important dist., Africa, Morocco, 124 m. SE. 
 Morocco ; has five markets ; trade chiefly in the hands of Jews. 
 Ternate, isl.. Eastern Archipelago, one of the Molucca Is., 
 W. of Halmahera I., in 0° 50' N.; created entirely by a still 
 active volcano, with alt. of 5410 ft. ; fifteen great eruptions have 
 occurred during three centuries. Climate healthy. The prov. 
 of T. includes the N. isls. of the Moluccas, a part of E. ct. of 
 the Celebes Is., and the Dutch possessions in New Guinea. 
 The town of T. stretches along the E. ct. of the island ; it is the 
 cap. of sultanate, and prov. of T. The harbour has no bar ; 
 vessels load and discharge by longboats and native boats. There 
 is a government quay, and a private pier. Area, 25 sq. m. 
 
 Terneuzen, comm. , Holland, prov. Zeeland, on the 1. bk. 
 of the W. Scheldt, at the mouth of the ship-canal to Ghent, 
 13 m. SE. by E. Flushing. Depth of 18 ft. over sill at ordinary 
 tides. P. 6300. 
 
 Teml, tn. , Italy, Umbria, prov. Perugia, on the Nera, 29 m. 
 ENE. Viterbo ; has large iron and steel works, the most im- 
 portant in central Italy. Birthplace of the Emperor Claudius ; 
 also the supposed birthplace of the historian Tacitus. In the 
 neighbourhood are the celebrated Cascade delle Marmore 
 (' marble falls '), on the riv. Velino (560 ft. , upwards of 300 ft. in 
 one leap), at its confluence with the Nera, and hence frequently 
 called the falls of the Nera. The enormous water-power afforded 
 by these falls is now utilised in the iron-works. P. 10,000. 
 
 Ternois, country in Artois, France, now in dep. Pas-de- 
 Calais, a part of the ancient Pagus Tarvannensis. 
 
 Ternovka, vil. , Russia. See NoTo-Georgievskoye. 
 
 Ternovo, tn. , Turkey in Europe, Macedonia, vilayet and 
 4 m. W. Monastir. P. about 5000. 
 
 Terny, vil., Russia, govt, and 80 m. NW. Kharkov, 12 m. 
 from Kursk- Kiev Rly. ; large tobacco plantations. P. 9400. 
 
 Terodant, tn. , Morocco. See Tarndant. 
 
 Teror, tn., Canary Is., 15 m. SW. Las Palmas, in a delight- 
 ful valley, but threatened by the instability of the easily de- 
 composed soil. P. (comm.) < 5000. 
 
 Terowle, post-tn. , S. Australia, Kimberley co., 80 m. SE. 
 by E. Port Augusta. Alt. 1632 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Terpyenlya Guba, bay. See Patience Bay. 
 
 Terraba, riv. , Central America, Costa Rica, flows W. from 
 the central range into the Pacific. Little known until explored 
 by H. Pittier in 1891. 
 
 Terraba, tn. , Costa Rica, 68 m. SE. San Jos6. 
 
 Terraclna, the ancient Anxur, later Trachinia (Greek, 
 ' rough '), maritime tn. , Italy, on the S. ct. of prov. Rome, 17 m. 
 WNW. Gaeta; trade in wood and cereals. P. (comm.) 9100. 
 
 Terra del Sole, tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Florence, 11 m. 
 NNE. Rocca San Casciano, founded by the Grand- Duke Cosmo 
 I. of Medici. In the neighbourhood are springs rich in sodium 
 chlorides, iodides, and bromides ; much frequented. P. (comm. ) 
 <5000. 
 
 Terra de Lavradores, penin., Brit. N. America. See 
 Labrador. 
 
 Terralba, tn. , Sardinia, prov. and 28 m. N. by E. Iglesias. 
 P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Terramlasti, riv., Sardinia, in the W. , rises on Monte 
 Linas, and flows NE. then N. through the northern part of the 
 Campidano into a lagoon to the E. of the Gulf of Oristano. 
 
 Terranova di Pollino, tn. , Italy, prov. Potenza or Basili- 
 cata, 30 m. ESE. Lagonegro. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Terranova di Slbarl, tn. , Italy, prov. Cosenza, 14 m. SSE. 
 Castrovillari. P. < 3000. 
 
 Terranova di Slcllla, seapt. , Sicily, S. ct. , at the mouth of 
 the Gela, prov. and 30 m. SSE. Caltanissetta ; has a college. 
 Coarse cotton cloth is manufactured h^re, and finds a good 
 market at the annual fair in August. Exports wine, sulphur, 
 soda, grain ; has fisheries of tunny and sardines. The town 
 was founded at the end of the 13th century on the site of Gela. 
 
 Terranova Pansania, tn. , Sardinia, at the head of the Gulf 
 of T. , prov. and 49 m. E. by N. Sassari ; has brisk trade. 
 Large vessels should anchor at Isola Bianca. P. <:4000. 
 
 Terrara, vil. , New South Wales. See Shoalhaveu. 
 
 Terrasini Favarotta, tn. , on the N. ct. of Sicily, prov. and 
 15 m. W. Palermo. P. 7000. 
 
 Terrasse, La, vil., France, dep. Isere, arr. Grenoble, 3 m. S. 
 Touvet ; has a sulphureous spring. P. <: 2000. 
 
 Terrasson, tn. , France, on E. border of dep. Dordogne, arr. 
 Sarlat, 30 m. E. by S. P6rigueux ; has great trade in timber. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Terrazzo, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. Verona, 5 m. ESE. 
 Legnago. P. (comm. )<40oo. 
 
 1557 
 
TERR 
 
 T E T S 
 
 Terrel>oniie. 1. County, Canada, Quebec, bounded SE. by 
 the riv. Jesus, a branch of the riv. Ottawa. i8. A town in that 
 county, on the riv. Jesus, and a railway, 9 m. N. by W. 
 Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Terre Boune, par., U.S., Louisiana, on the Gulf of Mexico, 
 crossed in the W. by 91° W. 
 
 Terre-de-Hante and Terre-de-Bas, two islets of French 
 W. Indies, together forming the group Petit-Terre, 26 m. E. 
 Guadeloupe. 
 
 Terre ties Et«t4, French name for Staaten I. 
 Terregles, par., Scot., Kircudbrightshire, on riv. Nith, con- 
 taining part of Dumfries burgh ; the town is included in the 
 burgh of Dumfries. The par. contains fine ruins of Lincluden 
 House, a convent of Benedictine nuns originally founded in the 
 i2th century by Uchtred, Lord of Galloway. P. <5oo. 
 
 Terre Haute, city, U.S., Indiana, Vigo co. , on 1. bk. of 
 Wabash R. , 68 m. WSW. Indianapolis ; has important manu- 
 factures, iron, nail, and car works, the Hudnut hominy mills, 
 capable of grinding 1000 barrels per day, foundries, and various 
 other industries. The state normal school, and the Rose 
 polytechnic institute for instruction in the higher branches of 
 engineering, are situated here. Its magnetic artesian well is 
 noted for the curative qualities of its waters. The city has 
 grown rapidly, owing to its proximity to rich coalfields. Alt. 
 492 ft. (R.R.). P. (i85o)<5ooo; {1870) i6,too; (1880) 26,000; 
 (1890) 30,200. 
 
 Terrell, co., U.S., Georgia, S. of 32° N., and between 84° 
 and 85° W. 
 
 Terrell, city, U.S., Texas, Kaufman co. , 30 m. E. Dallas; 
 exports cotton. P. <300o. 
 
 Te,rre-Nolre, tn. , France, dep. Loire, arr. and i m. E. by N. 
 St. Etienne; has very important steel-works. P. < 3000. 
 
 Terrlck Terrlck, post-tn., Victoria, Gunbower co. , 28 m. 
 W. Echuca. P. < 1500. 
 
 Terrlde, name of three old castles in S. of France, deps. Gers, 
 Tarn-et-Garonne, and Arifege ; they belonged to a branch of the 
 powerful house of Lomagne. 
 
 Terrington St. Clement and St. John, two adjoining 
 pars., Eng. , Norfolk, NW. div. , the former 4 m. W. King's 
 Lynn, i m. N. of its stn. (Terrington) on the M. & G. N. 
 Joint Rly. T. St. Clement, PMT.O., 9902 ac, P. <250o; 
 T. St. John, PM.O., P.<75o. 
 
 Terrington ivltli Wlganthorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. 
 Riding, Thirsk and Malton div., 12 m. NNE. York, 35^ m. S. 
 Hovingham stn. , PM.O. (Terrington). P. <75o. 
 
 Terry, co. , U.S., Texas, in the NW. , crossed by 33° N., 
 bounded on the E. by 102° W. 
 
 Terryglass, par. , Ire. , N. co. Tipperary, bar. Lower Ormond, 
 12^ m. W. by S. Parsonstown, on the E. shore of Lough Derg, 
 P.O. ; 7772 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Terryvllle, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co., 18 m. 
 WSW. Hartford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ters-Akhau-Su, riv., Anatolia; its headstream, known as 
 the Ladik, flows through the lake of the same name. Length 
 about 95 m. 
 
 TerHchelllng, isl., Netherlands, North Sea, prov. N. Holland, 
 between Vlieland and Ameland ; low-lying and sandy. Lengfth, 
 SW. to NE., 16 m. ; breadth, 3 m. P. 3750. 
 Terskaya Oblast, prov. , Russia. See Terek. 
 Terskly Bereg. See White Sea. 
 Tersus, tn., Asia Minor. See Tarsns. 
 
 TerHyntskaya, vil., Russia, W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, 74 
 m. WSW. Yalutorovsk, on S. highway to Siberia {vid Shad- 
 rinsk). P. < 5000. 
 
 Terael, tn., Spain, cap. of prov. T. (area, 5720 sq. m.), which 
 is one of the most mountainous in Spain, abounding in torrents 
 72 m. NW. by N. Valencia. The Tierra Alta, or highlands, is 
 a region of woods and forests and pastures ; the Tierra Baja, or 
 lowlands, produces vines, olive and mulberry trees, hemp and 
 flax. Climate continental ; has but little commerce and industry. 
 Seat of a bishopric. Its aqueduct, bringing water from a distance 
 of 2 m. , crosses a valley on 140 stone arches, and stands at a 
 height of 5100 to 5120 ft. P. (comm.) 9500. 
 
 Terwlck, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 11^ m. N. by 
 W. Chichester, 2 m. N. Listed stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Terzlgno, vil. , Italy, prov. Naples, 9 m. N. Castellammare 
 
 di Stabia. P. <3000. 
 
 TesanJ, tn. , Bosnia, prov. Banjaluka, 36 m. S. Brod. P. 5800. 
 
 Teschen, tn., Austria, Silesia, 35 m. ESE. Troppau, i8| m. 
 
 W. by S. Bielitz ; has manufacture of cloth, tanneries. Here 
 
 peace was made between Austria and Prussia in 1779. P. 15,200. 
 
 Tese, riv., Eng., trib. of the Yare, which it joins on the r. bk. 
 
 just below Norwich. 
 
 Tesero, tn., Austria, Tirol, dist. Cavalese. P. <:3ooo. 
 Teslno, Castello, tn. , Austria, Tirol, 23 m. E. Trent. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Te»8, riv. , Mongolia, govt. Kobdo, flows on the whole WNW. 
 into Lake Ubsa Nor. 
 
 Tesftaaa, tn. and oasis, Tripoli, Fezzan, 31 m. W. Murzuk ; 
 formerly a centre of negro civilisation, now scarcely more 
 1668 
 
 than a large village, though its towers and walls of clay still 
 remain. 
 
 Tessana, tn. , central Sudan, Hussa, cap. of a terr. dependent 
 on Gober, 62 m. NNE. Katsena. P. 10,000. 
 
 Tessele, name given by the Moors of N. Senegal to heights. 
 
 Tessenderloo, comm. , Belgium, prov. Limburg, arr. Hasselt, 
 21 m. NE. by E. Louvain. P. <\ooo. 
 
 Tessln, French name for the Swiss cant. Ticino. 
 
 Tessln, tn. , Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle Ribnitz, on 
 riv. Recknitz, 13 m. E. by S. Rostock. P. <300o. 
 
 Tessy-sur-Vlre, tn. , France, dep. Manche, 22 m, NW. 
 Tinchebrai, arr. and lo^ m. S. St. L6. P. <20oo. 
 
 Test, riv. , Eng. See Anton. 
 
 Testa, Capo della, cape, on the N. ct. of Sardinia, in 9° 8' E. , 
 with a lighthouse. 
 
 Teste de Buch, La, tn. , France, dep. Gironde, on the S. 
 shore of the Bassin d'Arcachon, arr. and 32 m. WSW. Bordeaux, 
 on the site of the ancient Testa, cap. of the Boii, who have left 
 the name of Buch to the region ; has oyster beds. Iron worked. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Testelt, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Louvain, on 
 the Demer, 27 m. ENE. Brussels. P. <2oc>o. 
 
 Testerton, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 20 m. WSW. 
 Cromer, i| m. W. Ryburgh stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Testlgos, group of small isls. belonging to Venezuela, in the 
 Caribbean Sea, in 11° 25' N., 63° 10' W. 
 
 Teston, par. , Eng. , Kent, Medway div. , on the Medway, 4 m. 
 WSW. Maidstone, i m. ENE. Wateringbury stn. , P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Testnr, tn. , Tunis, on the riv. Mejerda, 45 m. WSW. Tunis ; 
 has market-gardens and a crowded market. 
 
 Tet, riv., France, dep. Pyr6n6es-Orientales, after an ENE. 
 course enters the Mediterranean 7 m. E. Perpignan ; not 
 navigable for ships or rafts. Length, 75 m. ; area of basin, 379 
 sq. m. ; ordinary flow leaving the mountains, 1650 gallons. 
 
 Tethnry, par. and tn. , Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 10 
 m. SW. Cirencester, 8 m. SSE. Stroud, on the supposed site of a 
 British stronghold, and on a branch of the G. W. R. ; has trade 
 in agricultural produce. Par. 4627 ac. , P. <:35oo ; tn. P. <25oo. 
 
 Tetcott, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 7J m. N. 
 Launceston. P. <2so. 
 
 Tete, or Nynngwe, decayed tn. , Portuguese E. Africa, 
 Batoka-land, on the r. bk. of the Zambezi, in 33° 27' E., no m. 
 W. by S. Blantyre, built on a fairly healthy site, on rocky hills 
 overlooking the river, below the Kebrabasa rapids. It is the 
 most advanced post on the river since the abandonment of Zumbo, 
 124 m. above, by the Portuguese, but the houses are now mostly 
 in ruins, and the slave trade has destroyed its commerce. The 
 opening of the Brit, terrs. on the Zambezi may, however, restore 
 some of its lost importance, as it lies on the route of the tele- 
 graph line connecting Salisbury with Blantyre. Coal occurs on 
 the river banks about 20 m. above. Seat of a Jesuit mission. 
 Mean temp, (i yr.), yr. 80° F. , Jan. 85°, July 73°. 
 
 T^te A Ganche, post-settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, 
 CO. Gloucester, 3 m. from Bathurst. 
 
 T^te Blanche, Mount. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 1. 
 
 Tete Janne Cache, settlement, Canada, prov. Brit. Colum- 
 bia, on Grand Fork of Eraser R., 286 m. NE. by N. Vancouver. 
 
 Tfete Xolre, mt. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, overlooking a gorge 
 beneath the Col de Balme, on the route from Chamonix to 
 Martigny. Also a small mountain in French dep. Haute-Savoie 
 S. of the Arve, between Sallanches and Chamonix. 
 
 Tetepango, tn. , Mexico, Hidalgo, 25 m. W. Pachuca. 
 
 Teterow, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle Malchin, 
 27 m. SE. Rostock, on Lake T. P. (i8io)<2ooo; (1890) 6200. 
 
 Teteven, tn., Bulgaria, prov. Lovec, 38 m. SSW. Plevna. 
 Alt. 1305 ft. P. 6000. 
 
 Tetford, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindseydiv., 8 m. S. 
 Louth, 5im. NE. Horncastle stn. , PMT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Tetliuaroa, isl. , Pacific. See Tetuaroa. 
 
 Tetney, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 6 m. 
 SSE. Grimsby, i^ m. E. by S. Holton-le-Clay stn., PM.O.; 
 5441 ac. P. <iooo. T. Haven, i m. from the NE. ct. , on the 
 Louth navigation, 7 m. SE. Grimsby, 3 m. E. by N. Holton-le- 
 Clay stn. ; has coal wharves. 
 
 Tetnnld, mt., in the Caucasus, 36 m. ESE. Elburz, in form 
 a three-sided pyramid, first ascended by Freshfield and Dechy 
 in 1887. Alt. 15,950 ft. 
 
 Teton, Grand, mts. See Haydeu Mountain. 
 
 Teton Mountains, lofty range, U.S., Idaho, Oneida CO., 
 stretching S. from Mount Madison. Highest peaks. Mount 
 Hayden and Grand Teton, 13,691 ft. in alt. 
 
 Tetovo, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. and 16 m. E. by S. RuscSuk 
 (Rushchuk). P. <30oo. 
 
 Tetovo, tn., Turkey. See Kalkandele. 
 
 Tetschen, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on the r. bk. of the Elbe, 
 20 m. ENE. Teplitz. Alt. 430 ft. P. 6800. 
 
 Tetsworth, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 11^ m. E. 
 by S. Oxford, 2^ m. SSW. Thame stn. P. <500. 
 
 T^t'SzentkAt, comm., Hungary, co. Gyor, dist. Sokor6 alja. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
TETT — TEY 
 
 Tettenhall, par. and tn. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Seisdon union, 
 2 m. NW. Wolverhampton. Contains the Wolverhampton 
 water-works. PMT.O. 8306 ac. Par. P. 6oco ; tn. P. 5100; 
 eccles. pars. (T. Regis) P. <35oo, (T. Wood) P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tettnang, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle of the Danube, 
 54 m. S. by W. Ulm, 5 m. ENE. Friedrichshafen. P. <30co. 
 
 Tettoii, par., Eng., Cheshire, Congleton union, 4 m. NW. 
 Sandbach. P. <2So. 
 
 Tetnait, seapt. , Morocco, on the Wadi T., about 10 m. 
 from its mouth on the Mediterranean, 31 m. SE. by E. Tan- 
 gier ; well fortified, defended by high, thick walls and by a 
 citadel; the houses are well built ; exports fruit and grain, some 
 going to supply Gibraltar. Its port is i m. below. No docks 
 or quays. 
 
 Tetnaroa, or Tetliuaroa, isl.. Pacific, Society group, in 
 about 149^° W. , 17° 10' S. 
 
 Tetalla, riv. , India, one of the mouths of .the Meghna, 
 entering the Bay of Bengal about 90° 40' E. 
 
 Tetuiig-gol, riv. , China. Same as Datnug-gol. 
 
 Tetworth, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, union and 5 m. 
 SE. St. Neots. P. <25o. See Everl«ii. 
 
 Tetyaslii, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 86 m. S. Kazan, on 
 r. bk. Volga; river- port. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Teucheira, tn., Tripoli. See Tokra. 
 
 Teuclieru, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Weissenfels, i 
 m. SSW. Liitzen, 22 m. SW. Leipzig, in coal-mining dist. P. 
 <Sooo. 
 
 Teuco, riv. , Argentine Republic. See Berniejo, Rio. 
 
 Teafelsbrttcke, bridge, Switzd. See Devil's Bridge. 
 
 Teufeii, tn. , Switzd., cant. Appenzell, Outer Rhodes, 3 m. 
 S. by E. St. Gall. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Teal, tn. , Mexico, state Zacatecas, 17 m. SSW. Tlaltenango, 
 formerly cap. of the confederation of the Nayarit tribes. P. 
 (comm.) 9000. 
 
 Tenlada, tn. , Sardinia, prov. and 25 m. SW. Cagliari. 
 P. <4ooo. Capo T., the southernmost point of Sardinia, 10 m. 
 to the SW. 
 
 Teuscliultz, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Franconia, 
 dist. Kronach, 20 m. NE. by E. Koburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Teutobnrger - Wald, range of hills, Ger., stretching about 
 70 m. WNW. to ESE. in the NE. of Westphaha, the S. of 
 Hanover (circle Osnabriick), and the SW. of Lippe, dividing, 
 more especially in the middle, into three parallel ranges. These 
 hills consist of Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous rocks. Alt. 
 highest peak Barnackow, in Lippe, 1490 ft. 
 
 TentopoUs, vil. , U.S., Illinois, Effingham co., 62 m. WSW. 
 Terre Haute (Ind.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tentsdieiitlial, Uiiter-, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, Mansfeld 
 lake-circle, 7 m. W. by S. Halle ; has lignite mines and sugar 
 refineries. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Teval Island, isl., Santa Cruz Is., E. of Vanikoro I. 
 
 Tevere, riv., Italy. See Tiber. 
 
 Teve^a, comm., Spain, Asturias, prov. and 19 m. SSW. 
 Oviedo, dist. Belmonte. P. < 5000. 
 
 Teverliia, vil. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 16 m. SE. Arezzo. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Teveroiie, or Aiilo, riv. , central Italy, rises on the Neapolitan 
 frontier, flows NW. and W. past Subiaco and Tivofi, and joins 
 the Tiber 4 m. N. Rome. It course is very winding, and is 
 interrupted by sandbanks ; it is used as a motive-power. In 
 ancient times it supplied water to Rome by two aqueducts, one 
 43 m. long. Length, 73 m. ; average flow, 1410 cubic ft. 
 
 Teversall, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 4 m. W. 
 by N. Mansfield, on the M. R., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Tevershani, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Newmarket div., 
 24 m. E. Cambridge. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tevlot, riv., Scot., Roxburghshire, rises in the SW. of the 
 CO. , and flows NE. past Hawick to the Tweed, which it joins at 
 Kelso. Tevlotdale is a name applied to part of Roxburghshire. 
 
 Tevlot, tp. , New Zealand. See Roxbnrgli. 
 
 Teviothead, par., Scot., Roxburghshire, 8 m. SW. by W. 
 Hawick, 6| m. WSW. Stobo stn., P.O.; 31,458 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Tc'w, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Oxford- 
 shire, div. and 8 m. SW. by S. Banbury, 3J m. SE. Hook 
 Norton. Great T., P.O., P. < 500 ; Little T., P.O., P. < 500. 
 
 Tewantlii, seapt. and post-tn. , Queensland, March co., 80 
 m. N. Brisbane, 3 m. from Laguna Bay; a favourite seaside 
 resort. Great trade in timber, including the kauri pine, cedar, 
 and many other woods. 
 
 Tewiik, tn., Lower Egypt, port and 2 m. S. Suez, owes its 
 origin to the canal at the head of which it stands on the Red Sea. 
 Its inhabitants, mostly Europeans, are employed on or in con- 
 nection with the canal. P. <3ooo. 
 
 TevKln, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, on the Maran, div. and 4 m. 
 WNW. Hertford, 2 m. NN W. Cole Green stn. , P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Tewkesbury, mun. bor. (since 1574) and market-tn., Eng., 
 Gloucestershire, T. div., 10 m. NNE. and in the diocese of 
 Gloucester, at the confluence of the Avon and Severn, on M. R. , 
 communicating with Birmingham by rail and water. Norman 
 abbey church (built 1123) with massive tower 132 ft. high, and 
 
 other remains of the monastery which existed here till 1539. 
 The church has in recent years been carefully restored. Trade 
 mainly agricultural ; once a considerable trade in woollen cloth, 
 and mustard. The Lancastrians were defeated here in 1471 by 
 Edward IV. T. returned two members to Parliament till 1867, 
 then one till 1885, when it was merged in the div. Market-days, 
 W. andS. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 4200; (1851)5900; (1891)5300; 
 pari. div. P. (1891) 50,300. 
 
 Tewksbury, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , 5 m. 
 SE. by E. Lowell. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Texada, isl., Canada, Brit. Columbia, in Strait of Georgia, 
 N. of 49° N. , separated from mainland by Malaspina Strait ; 
 21 m. long ; iron occurs in great masses. 
 
 Texa Island, isl., Scot., Argyllshire, off SE. ct. of Islay I., 
 2 m. SE. Port Ellen. 
 
 Texarkana, city, U.S., Arkansas and Texas, Miller and 
 Bowie COS. , 145 m. SW. Little Rock. P. 6400. 
 
 Texas, one of the United States, the greatest in area, extend- 
 ing along the Gulf of Mexico some 370 m. from Louisiana to 
 Mexico. Cap. Austin ; other chief towns, Dallas, San Antonio, 
 Galveston, the chief seaport, Houston, Fort Worth, Laredo, 
 Denison, Paris, Sherman. The surface slopes from NW. to 
 SE., all rivers entering the gulf directly or as tribs. In the 
 NW. the Llano, Estacado a desert plateau 3000-5000 ft. high 
 (mainly Cretaceous), is part of the great highland region of the 
 western United States. From this the slope to SE. is first 
 rapid, the lines of 2000 and 1000 ft. elevation crossing the state 
 from N. to S. , only from 25 to 200 m. apart. The succeeding 
 belt of rolling prairie land and hills reaches to the flat alluvial 
 coast region, which is fringed by the characteristic swamps and 
 lagoons of the gulf border. Sand bars obstruct the entrances 
 of all harbours, or are cut by jetties to afford navigable channels. 
 The geological formations E. of the Llano Estacado embrace 
 Carboniferous, Cretaceous, Eocene, and Neocene. E) Paso, in 
 the extreme W. , is about 3700 ft. elevation, Austin 500 ft. The 
 chief streams are the Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, and Nueces. 
 The Red separates Indian Territory, the Sabine, Louisiana, the 
 Rio Grande del Norte, Mexico, and is therefore an international 
 boundary. The navigability of all the streams is much reduced in 
 dry weather. The climate, generally mild, is extremely dry in the 
 W. , but near the coast the rainfall, mostly of summer, is sufficient. 
 [El Paso, Fort Stockton, Concho, Jacksboro, Palestine, 
 Brownsville, Bio Grande City, Eagle Pass, San Antonio, 
 Denison, Corsicana, Galveston, Indlanola.] Sudden cold 
 storms, similar to the mistral of SE. France, and called Northers, 
 descend at times from the tableland, and are destructive of 
 animal life, and a cause of consumption. Otherwise the climate 
 is healthful, except in the lowlands of the coast, where fevers, at 
 times the yellow fever, prevail. The industries are pre-eminently 
 grazing and agriculture, the former leading in the western half 
 of the state ; the crops of the cotton-belt flourish in the eastern 
 lowlands, grain-growing and grazing share the intermediate 
 region. The wool-clip and the cotton-crop are the largest of 
 all the states. Pine and oak forests exist E. of the Trinity R. 
 A limited area of bituminous coal yields small quantities at high 
 cost. Gold, silver, copper, lead, gypsum, salt, and petroleum 
 are found. Building stones include granite (pink granite in 
 Burnet co. ), marbles, and sandstones in great variety. Large 
 areas of land have been devoted to school purposes, and there is a 
 state university at Austin. Illiterates, however, equal 25 per cent, 
 of the population. The first settlement in T. was at San Antonio 
 by Spaniards in 1694. T. declared itself free from Mexico in 
 1836, was admitted to the Union as a state in 1845. As 
 admitted, it included land now forming parts of New Me.xico, 
 Colorado, Kansas, and Oklahoma. Area, 265,780 sq. m. 
 P. 2,235,500. See United States, table. [C. H. L.] 
 
 Texas, vil., U.S., Maryland, co. and 12 m. N. by W. Balti- 
 more. P. < 1500. 
 
 Texas, CO., U.S., Missouri, N. of 37° N. , crossed by 92° W. 
 
 Texcoco, or Tezcuco, vil., Mexico, state of and 18 m. 
 ENE. Mexico. During the Aztec rule it was a place of import- 
 ance, and near it are ruins of ancient edifices. Lake T. is the 
 largest body of water in the valley of Mexico, which city is on 
 its W. side. Length, 40 m. ; breadth, 10 m. P. (comm. ) 15,900. 
 
 Texel, isl., Holland, prov. N. Holland, at the mouth of the 
 Zuider Zee, to the N. of Helder, from which it is separated by 
 a channel 2 m. wide. The inhabitants are engaged in agricul- 
 ture, fishing, boat-building, and as pilots. Surface low and 
 chiefly in pasturage, on which fine breeds of cattle and sheep 
 are reared. Its N. part is termed Eyerand, from the great 
 abundance of eggs deposited there by wild-fowl. Its W. ct. 
 is sheltered by dykes, which were broken through, with great 
 damage to the island, by a storm in Feb. 1825. It contains a 
 town and several villages. Off the Texel, on July 31, 1653, the 
 English fleet under Monk defeated the Dutch under Van Tromp, 
 who was killed during the action. A lighthouse was erected on 
 the N. island in 1864. P. 5900. 
 
 Tey, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., Essex, 
 Maldon div., 7 m. W. Colchester. Great T., P.O., P. <75o ; 
 Little T., P. <250. 
 
 1659 
 
TEYD — THAN 
 
 Teyde, mt. See Orotava. 
 
 Teyma, an oasis, Arabia. See Telma. 
 
 Teyntaam, par., Eng. , Kent, div. and 3^ m. NW, by W. 
 Faversham, on the L. C. & D. R. ; the dist. is famous for 
 its orchards. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Teza, vil. , Morocco, 68 m. E. by N. Fez. Alt. 2035 ft. 
 
 Teza, mt., Morocco, in Atlas Mts. , about 50 m. SSW. 
 Morocco. Hooker and Ball were the first Europeans who 
 ascended it. Alt. 10,990 ft. 
 
 Tezcaco, Mexico. See Texcoco. 
 
 Tezintlan, tn., Mexico, state of and 74 m. NE. Puebla. Alt. 
 6503 ft. Rfall. (s yrs.), 60.28 in. P. 7500. 
 
 Tezpnr, tn., Brit. India, Assam, cap. dist. Darrang, on the 
 1. bk. of the Brahmaputra, 92 m. NE. Shillong ; important seat 
 of trade for the neighbouring tea-gardens. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tfaii-dagh, peak, Russia. See Thfan-dagb. 
 
 Thaaslnge, isl., Denmark. See Taaslnge. 
 
 Thaba Boslgo, dist. stretching from W. to E. across Basuto- 
 land about the middle ; cap. of same name 67 m. E. by S. 
 Bloemfontein (Orange Free State). 
 
 Thaba Nehu, tn. , Orange Free State, in Baralong Location, 
 32 m. E. Bloemfontein. This town was formerly the cap. of 
 the small native republic of Baralong, and numbered more than 
 7000 inhabitants, but since the annexation of the country by the 
 ^ree State, the natives have left in large numbers. 
 
 Thabeltkyin, or Thabyetkin, vil. , Upper Burma, on 1. bk. 
 of the Irdwadi, about 60 m. N. Mandalay ; starting-point of a 
 road to the ruby mines dist. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Thabudeos, vil. , Algeria. See Tehuda. 
 
 Thackarlnga, tp. , New South Wales, Yalcowinna co. , 975 
 m. from Sydney by road and rail. P. <i500. 
 
 Thackley, stn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the G. N. R. , 
 3 m. N. Bradford, P.O. 
 
 Thai, one of the large ethnic divs. of the penin. of Further 
 India, comprising the Siamese, Laotians, and other allied races 
 of S\V. China, Assam, and Tongking. According to Terrien de 
 Lacouperie, the cradle of this race is in central China. 
 
 Thaiblnta, riv. belonging to Songkoi delta, Tongking ; passes 
 Haidzuong. 
 
 Thailflngen, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, Black Forest 
 circle, dist. and 8 m. E. Balingen. P. <30oo. 
 
 Ttaaluguyen, tn., Tongking, 45 m. N. Hanoi, cap. of prov. 
 of same name, which is almost covered with mountains con- 
 taining considerable mineral resources of gold, silver, and iron. 
 
 Thalpe, tn. , Formosa I., 10 m. SE. Tamsui. 
 
 Thalpe-fa, tn. , Formosa. See Taipei-fa. 
 
 Thalplug, or Tlialpeng, tn. , Malay Penin. , cap. Perak. See 
 Talpeng. 
 
 Tliaitlisang-clioii, tn., China, prov. Kiangsu, 27 m. NW. 
 by W. Shanghai. 
 
 Thak, Tongkinese, 'rapid.' 
 
 Tiiakebtam, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 8^ m. NE. 
 Arundel, 4 m. ESE. Pulborough stn. , P.O. P. <:500. 
 
 Tli&kardwAr^, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Morada- 
 bad, 70 m. E. by N. Meerut ; manufactures cotton cloth. P. 
 6700 ; Moham. 4200 ; Hindus, 2400. 
 
 Tha-knt-pin, tidal creek, Lower Burma, dist. Hanthawadi, 
 between the Rangoon and China Bakir or To Rivs., between 
 Rangoon and the Iriwadi ; the only practicable creek for 
 steamers in the dry season. 
 
 Tlial, vil., Brit. Baluchistan, 105 m. E. by S. Quetta. Alt. 
 3060 ft. 
 
 Tiial, fishing stn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Kolaba, 3 m. 
 N. Alfbdgh. P. < 5000. 
 
 Thai, vil., on the W. frontier of Brit. India, Punjab, dist. 
 Kohat, 73 m. SW. by W. Peshiwar. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tkal, vil. , Switzd. , cant. St. Gall, i m. W. Rheineck ; has 
 vineyards, and manufactures embroidery. P. (comm. )<4000. 
 
 Tltala, tn. , Tunis, 82 m. W. Kairwan ; has considerable 
 Roman remains. 
 
 Tiialdat, halting station, Tibet, 134 m. NE. Leh. 
 
 Thale, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Magdeburg, circle 
 and 18 m. WSW. Aschersleben ; has cement works and iron- 
 foundries. P. 5200. 
 
 Tii&lgiiAt, a pass of the Western Ghdts, Brit. India, about 70 
 m. NE. Bombay, ascended by the NE. line of the Great India 
 Penin. Rly. Alt. 191 2 ft, 
 
 Tliallieim, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, 9 m. 
 SSW. Chemnitz. P. 5300. 
 
 Tlialhelin, tn.. Upper Austria, dist. Wels. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tlialwil, vil., Switzd., cant, and 6 m. S. Ztirich, on the W. 
 shore of Lake Zurich. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tliame, riv. , Eng. , rises in Buckinghamshire, about 10 m. 
 SE. Buckingham, and flows, on the NW. and W. of the Chiltern 
 Hills, SW. through Buckinghamshire and the S. of Oxfordshire 
 to the 1. bk. of the Thames, which it joins 6 m. ESE. Abingdon. 
 Length, 40 m. 
 
 Tliame, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Henley div. , 
 on the riv. Thame, 12^ m. E. Oxford, on the G. W. R. ; has 
 remains of an abbey, founded 1138. John Hampden died here, 
 1560 
 
 1643. Market-day, Tu. Mean rfall. (Aston Rowant, alt. 395 
 ft., 1 866- 80), yr. 27 in. 5229 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 Thames, riv., Canada, Ontario, rises in Perth co. , and flows 
 S. then SW. past London and Chatham into Lake St. Clair. 
 
 Thames, ancient Tamesis, Saxon Teviese, the principal and 
 one of the two longest rivers of England, through the S. part 
 of which it flows mostly in an E. direction. It rises about 2 m. 
 S. Cirencester, 376 ft. above the sea, flows at first S. to near 
 Cricklade, then ENE. past Lechlade to near Oxford, and SE. 
 (curving round the SW. end of the Chiltern Hills) past Oxford, 
 Abingdon, and Wallingford to Reading, after which its course 
 is mostly E. It separates the cos. of Oxford, Bucks, Middlesex, 
 and Essex on the N. from Berks, Surrey, and Kent on the S. 
 A few miles beyond Gravesend it expands into an estuary, which, 
 at its junction with the North Sea at the Nore, between the 
 Isle of Sheppey and the Essex coast, is 7 m. across. Principal 
 affluents, the Thame, Churn, Coin, Windrush, Evenlode, Cher- 
 well, Colne, Brent, Lea, and Roding from the N. , and the Cole, 
 Ock, Kennet, Loddon, Wey, Mole, and Darent from the S. 
 The Medway joins its estuary at Sheerness. It is of vast com- 
 mercial importance. The tide flows up to Teddington, 66 m. 
 above the Nore. Constant dredging is required to preserve a 
 navigable channel for large ships to the port of London, and 
 complaints having been made of the inadequacy of this channel, 
 a commission of inquiry has been appointed. This commission 
 has not yet (July 1895) reported, but a navigable channel of 25- 
 26 ft. at low water ordinary spring tides has been ascertained to 
 exist as high as Tilbury Docks. Vessels of 4000 tons can reach 
 Blackwall, 800 tons to St. Katherine's Docks, and barges to 
 Lechlade, the E. terminus of the Thames and Severn Canal (30 
 m. long, 42 locks), by which the river was united in 1783-92 
 through the Stroudwater Canal with the Severn, below Glou- 
 cester. The canal was formerly navigable throughout by barges 
 drawing 3J ft. Recently, however, it has fallen into disrepair 
 and disuse, but a movement is on foot for having it restored. 
 The T. is also connected with the Midlands by the Oxford and 
 Warwick and Grand Junction Canals, and by other canals with 
 Bristol, Basingstoke, Arundel, &c. Under the Romans it formed 
 the N. boundary of the province Britannia Prima. During the 
 Saxon Heptarchy it divided the kingdoms of Wessex, Sussex, and 
 Kent from those of Mercia and Essex. The name Isis, though 
 used at least as early as the time of Camden (1607), who speaks 
 as if it were the proper name of the upper part of the river, is, in 
 fact, only a fancy name of Oxford origin ; and the belief long 
 current, that the name below the confluence of the Thame was 
 derived from the composition of Thame and Isis, is erroneous. 
 Total course to the Nore, 210 m. ; area of basin, including that 
 of Medway, 6010 sq. m. ; excluding that of Medway, 5334 sq. 
 m. ; mean discharge per second at Teddington Weir (for an 
 area of 3766 sq. m. ), 2220 cubic ft. , or including the water with- 
 drawn by the water companies, 2375 cubic ft. 
 
 Thames, co., New Zealand, North I., on the NE. ct., crossed 
 in the N. by 37° S. 
 
 Thames, tp. , New Zealand, North I., an important goldfield 
 on Cape Cotville Penin., about 40 m. SE. Auckland. See 
 Grahams town. 
 
 Thames, riv., U.S., in the E. of Connecticut, formed by the 
 union of the Quinebaug (which previously receives on the right 
 the Shetucket), and the Yantic at Norwich, enters the Atlantic 
 at New London, 14 m. S. of Norwich, fi-om which it is navigable. 
 
 Thames, Firth of, estuary. New Zealand, prov. Auckland, 
 forms part of Hauraki Gulf, and receives the Thames or Waiho 
 R. , which flows N. into Hauraki Gulf. 
 
 Thames and Severn Canal, Eng. See Thames. 
 
 Thames Dltton, par., Eng., Surrey, Epsom div., on the r. 
 bk. of the Thames, and the L. & SW. R., 2 m. SW. by W. 
 Kingston, PMT.O. P. < 4000. 
 
 Thames Embankment, The, Eng., includes the Albert 
 Embankment (opened 1869), on Surrey side of Thames R., from 
 Westminster Bridge to Vauxhall ; the Victoria Embankment 
 (1870), on Middlesex side, from Westminster Bridge to Black- 
 friars ; and the Chelsea Embankment (1874), on same side, from 
 Chelsea Bridge to Battersea Bridge. 
 
 Thamesvllle, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Kent co. , on riv. 
 Thames and a railway, 50 m. SW. by W. London. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Tliammapattl, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Salem, at the 
 foot of KoUamalai Hills, on the Swathanati R. ; has iron-smelt- 
 ing industry. P. <:5000. 
 
 Thamugas, colony, Algeria. See Tlmgad. 
 
 Than, or Tan, Chinese, 'rapids.' 
 
 Th&n, vil., India, Bombay, Lakhtar state, 22 m. WSW. 
 Muli, surrounded by a fort ; one of the most ancient places in 
 India, hallowed by famous shrines. The central fortress was 
 called Kandola ; the celebrated temple of the Sun was here. P. 
 (i88i)<20oo. 
 
 ThAna, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, on the E. ct. of Salsette I., 
 22 m. NE. by N. Bombay ; has a fort and Portuguese cathedral ; 
 place of residence of Bombay officials. Under Portuguese rule 
 a place of great commercial importance. P. 17,500; Hindus, 
 13,900. 
 
THAN — THED 
 
 Thana, ruins, Tunis. See Tina. 
 
 ThAn^ Bhavrdii, tn., NW. Provs., dist. Muzaffarnagar, 45 
 m. WNW. Meerut. P. 8400 ; Hindus, 4300 ; Moham. 4100. 
 
 Thdna Klver, Brit. India, the name given to the S. part of the 
 channel separating Salsette and Trombay Is. , in the N. of Bom- 
 bay Harbour, from the mainland. 
 
 Thandayarpeti, a N. suburb of Madras, Brit. India. 
 
 Tliaudliiiif, small hill sanitarium, Brit. India, Punjab, dist. 
 Hazara, in 34° 15' N. , 73° 18' E. 
 
 Than-dwe, native name of Sandoway {q.v.), Burma. 
 
 Thiineswar, or Tlitinesar (census), tn. , Brit. India, Punjab, 
 dist. and 30 m. S. Ambala ; place of Hindu pilgrimage in centre 
 of the holy tract of Kurukshetra ; has a sacred pool and an old 
 ruined fort. The attendance at the religious gatherings, which 
 in former years numbered half a million persons, has now 
 dwindled down to less than 50,000. P. 6100; Hindus, 4000; 
 Moham. 1800. 
 
 Tliaiiet, Isle of, the NE. extremity of the co. Kent, Eng., 
 surrounded N. and E. by the sea, S. and W. by the riv. Stour 
 and its branch the Nethergong, both formerly navigable for 
 ships of large burden. Its NE. point, the North Foreland, in 
 51° 22' 29" N. , 1° 26' 47" E. , has a lighthouse, 340 ft. above the 
 sea, and visible for 22 m. Near it are two large tumuli, said to 
 mark the place of a battle between the Saxons and Danes in 
 853. Reculvers, on the NW., marks the site of the ancient 
 Regulbitcm ; and Richborough, on its S. side, was the ancient 
 RutupicE. Thanet was the first possession of the Saxons in 
 Britain. On it are the favourite watering-places, Ramsgate, 
 Margate, and Broadstairs. Length, 10 m.; breadth, 5 m. 
 26,886 ac. It now forms a pari. div. P. 60,600. 
 
 Thanh, Tongkinese, 'fort.' 
 
 Thanlilioa, tn., Tongking, near the coast, 85 m. S. Hanoi, 
 cap. of prov. of same name. 
 
 Thanhmol, tn. and fortified post, Tongking, cap. dist. T., 19 
 m. SW. Langson. 
 
 Thanlngton, par., Eng., Kent, partly in co. bor. of Canter- 
 bury. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (T. with .Hilton) P. <75o. 
 
 Thankerton, vil., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, 6^ ni. SE. by E. 
 Lanark, on the C. R., PM.O. See Covington and Thank- 
 erton. 
 
 Thann, tn., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, cap. circle T., on the 
 Thur R. , where it leaves the Vosges Mts. , 12 m. WNW. Miil- 
 hausen ; has cotton and silk spinning, and manufactures of 
 cotton and silk goods, machinery, &c. P. 7400. 
 
 Thano Bula Khan, vil., Brit. India, Sind, dist. and 60 ni. 
 NE. by E. Karachi. 
 
 T'taan Shaft, mt. system. See Tlan Shan. 
 
 Thaolotsl, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, on the coast, 180 m. 
 SW. by S. Chifu. 
 
 Thaon-les- Vosges, tn., France, dep. Vosges, arr. Epinal, 4 
 m. SSE. Chatel, on 1. bk. of the Moselle ; has bleaching and 
 dye works. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Thar, or Thur, the desert, or area including large tracts of 
 desert, in the NW. of India, in the W. of Rajputdna (Bikaner, 
 Jaisalmer, and the Mallani dist. of Jodhpur) and the E. of Sind 
 (Thar and Parkar dist. and native state of Khairpur). 
 
 Thar and Parkar, dist., Brit. India, in SE. of Sind ; cap. 
 Umarkoh. See Bombay, table. 
 
 Tharandt, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, on the Wilde Weisseritz, 
 circle and 8 m. SW. Dresden. P. <3oc)o. 
 
 Thar&iradl, or Tharrawaddy, vil., Burma, dist. T., 52 m. 
 WNW. Pegu, 68 ni. by rail N. Rangoon. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Thargonilndah, post-tn., Queensland, Wellington co. , 525 
 m. SW. by W. Rockhampton, in 28° S., 142° 30' E.; opals have 
 been found in the dist. Alt. 450 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 70. 8° F. , 
 Jan. 85.3°, July 52.6°. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tharsls, tn., Spain, prov. and 26 m. N. by W. Huelva, in 
 the comm. of Alosno \q.v.)\ has very rich mines of iron and 
 sulphureous copper, celebrated even in ancient times, having 
 been worked by the Carthaginians. 
 
 Tharston, par., Eng., Norfolk, Depwade union, 9^ m. SW. 
 Norwich. P. <5oo. 
 
 Thasos, isl. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet Jezairi-Bahri-Sefid, 
 off the S. ct. , in the N. of the archipelago, in about 40° 45' N. , 
 24° 40' E. (middle of island). Siu-face fertile and well wooded. 
 Products, corn, fruits, oil, wine, honey, marble, and timber. 
 The island has two chief ports, Pyrgo in the NE. , near the 
 ruins of former T. , and Mories, in a bay on the SW. side. Its 
 mines, celebrated in antiquity, are now exhausted, but though 
 not at present worked, its quarries could still supply marble. In 
 1841 it was given to Mehemet Ali, viceroy of Egypt ; it is now 
 administered by an Egyptian governor. P. 12,000, entirely 
 Greeks (Cuinet). 
 
 Thatcham, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, div. and 3 m. E. Newbury, 
 on the G. W. R., PMT.O.; 7865 ac. P. <;3oco. 
 
 Thatcher, settlement, U.S., Idaho, Cassia co., 140 m. SE. 
 by E. Boise U. P. City. 
 
 Thatcher's Island, islet, U.S., Massachusetts, S. of Cape 
 Ann, in 42° 36° N., 70° 34' W. Mean temp., yr. 47.4° F., Jan. 
 28.4°, July 66.8°; rfall. (8 yrs.), 48.81 in. 
 
 Thathayangarpet, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Salem, 28 
 m. NW. by N. Trichinopoli. P. <5ooo. 
 
 ThatlA, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., W. of the upper 
 Ganges, 36 m. from Fatehgarh, dist. Farukhabad ; noted for 
 its tanneries and large cattle-market. P. 6500 ; Hindus, 5800 ; 
 Moham. 600. 
 
 Thaton, Shan state, Upper Burma, crossed in S. by 20° N., 
 E. of 97° E. 
 
 Thatto Heath, stn. , Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & NW. R., 
 2 m. SW. St. Helens, PMT.O. 
 
 Tha-tnu (Thatdn, census), tn. , Lower Burma, dist. Amherst ; 
 it was the cap. of an independent kingdom some centuries before 
 Christ. P. 9700 ; Buddhists, 8500. 
 
 Thau, i;tang de, lagoon, S. France, dep. H6rault, separated 
 from the Mediterranean by the narrow tongue of land on which 
 is the town of Cette. Length, 13 m. ; breadth, 3 m. 
 
 Thaung-yln, riv. , separating Siam from Lower Burma, dist. 
 Amherst, flows NNW. into the Salwin, 98 m. N. by E. Maul- 
 mein ; has numerous rapids and falls. Length, 197 m. 
 
 Thaxted, par., Eng., Essex, on the Chelmer, div. and 6^ m. 
 SE. Saffron Walden, 5^ m. ESE. Newport stn., PMT.O.; 6252 
 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Thaya, mt., Algeria, prov. and 28 m. ENE. Constantine ; 
 on its S. slope are fine forests of olive trees ; has a curious grotto, 
 and beds of copper, antimony, and mercury not worked. Alt. 
 3935 ft. 
 
 Thayer, vil., U.S., Kansas, Neosho co. , 108 m. S. Topeka, 
 and 12 m. WSW. Erie. Alt. 1445 ft. (R.R.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Thayer, vil., U.S., Missouri, Oregon co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Thayer, co. , U.S., Nebraska, on the S. frontier, E. of 
 98° W. 
 
 Thayet-myo, tn. , Burma, cap. dist. T. , on the r. bk. of the 
 Irawadi, 38 tn. N. by W. Prome ; a frontier military station, 
 with a small fort. Alt. 134 ft. Mean temp., yr. 79 F. , Jan. 
 68°, April 87° ; rfall., yv. 45.5 in., May-Sept. 37.5 in. P. 12,900 ; 
 Buddhists, 10,600; cantonment P. 4200; Buddhists, 1500. 
 
 Thaa», vil., Algeria, .prov. and 75 m. SW. Algiers; colony 
 founded in 1888 ; site of a Roman then of a Mussulman town, 
 of which few traces remain. P. < 2000. 
 
 Thazl, vil.. Upper Burma, on the 1. bk. of the Iriwadi, 80 m. 
 N. Prome. P. < 5000. 
 
 Theakston, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 9 m. N. Ripon, 2^ m. SE. Bedale stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Theale, eccles. par., Eng., Berkshire, Newbury div., 4 m. W. 
 by S. Reading, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Theale, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 5 m. W. 
 W^ells, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Thearne (thi'arn), par., Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holder- 
 ness div., on the Hull, sj m. NNW. Hull, 3 m. SE. Beverley 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Thebarton, tn., S. Australia, a W. suburb of Adelaide. 
 P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Theberton, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Eye div. , 19 m. SW. by S. 
 Lowestoft, 2 m. from the coast, 2 m. N. Leiston stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Thebes (Greek Diospolis Magna), a famous city of antiquity, 
 long the cap. of Egypt, the stupendous remains of which, in 
 Upper Egypt, extend for 7 m. along both banks of the Nile, in 
 about 25° 41' N. , 32° 38' E. Among its temples are those of 
 Karnak and Luxor, on the E. bank of the river ; the former, 
 the temple of Jupiter Ammon, occupies nine acres, and is in 
 many parts comparatively perfect. The temple of Luxor, i^ 
 m. S. Karnak, is of a less size, and in front of it were formerly 
 two monolith obelisks, 80 ft. in height, one of which has been 
 conveyed to Paris, where it is erected in the Place de la Con- 
 corde. W. of the Nile are the famous temple of Medinet-Abu, 
 the Rhameseian, and two sitting colossi, one being the cele- 
 brated Memnon ; and in the mountains on the same side are 
 the tombs of most of the earlier Pharaohs. Several villages are 
 scattered over the site of T. , which declined after the removal 
 of the seat of govt, to Memphis. Its importance was finally 
 destroyed through its capture, after a three years' siege, by 
 Ptolemy Lathyrus in the ist century B.C. 
 
 Thebes, Greece, Bceotia. See Thlval. 
 
 Thebes, site of ruins, Greece, prov. Larissa, 9 m. NNW. 
 Halmyros, the ancient T. of Phthia, conquered by Philip, and 
 named by him Philippopolis. 
 
 Thebeste, tn. , Algeria. See Tebessa. 
 
 Thebez, place named in O. T. See Tnb&s. 
 
 Thedden, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Hampshire. See Alton. 
 
 Theddlngworth, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough 
 div., 12 m. NE. by E. Rugby, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <2So. The eccles. par. is partly in Northamptonshire. 
 
 Theddlethorpe, All Saints and St. Helen, two adjoining 
 pars., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., on the E. ct., the 
 former 10 m. E. Louth, with a stn. (Theddlethorpe) on the 
 G. N. R., P.O. P. (of each)<5oo ; eccles. par. (T. St. Helen 
 with Mablethorpe) P. <:soo. 
 
 Tliedfonl, settlement, Canada, Ontario, Lambton co., 32 
 m. WNW. London, on a railway. 
 
 1561 
 
THEG — THIE 
 
 Thegou, tn. , Burma, dist. and 14 m. SE. by E. Prome, 141 
 m. by rail from Rangoon stn. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Thell, Le, vil. , France, dep. Orne, on the Huisne, arr. 
 Mortagne, 29 m. NE. by E. Le Mans, 7 m. SW. by W. 
 Nogent-le-Rotrou. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 TlielUay, tn. , France, dep. Loir -et- Cher, 24 m. NW. 
 Bourges. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tbeliinl, Shan state. Upper Burma, crossed in SW. by 22° 
 N. , 98° W. 
 
 Tliel!48, Hungarian Tlsza, the ancient Tibiscus, riv. , Hun- 
 gary, all the E. part of which, and most of Transylvania, is 
 drained by it and its tribs. , rises in the Carpathian Mts. , on 
 the borders of Galicia, and is formed by the union of the Black 
 and White Theiss (Czarna Tisza and Bilu Tisza), 20 m. ENE. 
 Sziget. Its course is then W. to Tokay, whence it has a S. 
 course to the Danube, which it joins on the left, 22 m. E. Peter- 
 wardein. In its lower half it flows parallel to the Danube, 
 through a marshy plain, and with many windings. The chief 
 traffic on it is the downward conveyance of salt, timber, and 
 rural produce. It has sturgeon and other fisheries. The T. 
 gives name to two great divisions of Hungary. Alt. at mouth, 
 255 ft. Total length 500 m. , for the greater part of which it 
 is navigable. 
 
 Tbeissholz, Hungary. See Tlszolcz. 
 
 Tbelx, vil., France, dep. Morbihan, arr. and 5 m. ESE. 
 Vannes ; has numerous megalithic monuments. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Thekkay-thanng, vil., Burma, dist. and 60 m. S. by W. 
 Bassein. P. < 5000. 
 
 Tlielbridge, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, S. Molton div. , 10^ m. 
 W. Tiverton, 5 m. NE. Lapford stn.; 4006 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Tlielle, country, France, in Ile-de-France, now dep. Oise, 
 between the Oise, the Th^rain, and the Esches, occupying a 
 plateau of moderate height, fairly well cultivated. 
 
 Thelnetham, par., Eng., Suffolk, on the Little Ouse, union 
 and 10 m. ESE. Thetford, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Thelsea, vil. , Turkey in Asia. See Maksnrab. 
 
 Ttaelveton, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 18^ m. SSW. 
 Norwich, 2 m. NE. Diss stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Tbelivall, par., Eng., Cheshire, Altrincham div., 3 m. E. by 
 S. Warrington, on the Mersey, and the L. & NW. R., PM.O. 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Thema, tn. , Arabia. See Telma. 
 
 Theniar, tn. , Ger. , duchy Saxe-Meiningen, circle Hildburg- 
 hausen, on the Werra R. , 9 m. ESE. Meiningen. P. <2oao. 
 
 Themelthorpe, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 15 m. NW. 
 Norwich, i m. S. Guestwick stn. P. <:25o. See Blutree. 
 
 Themisonion, tn. , Anatolia. See Tefenl. 
 
 Themyelat, Shan state. Upper Burma, crossed by 20° and 
 21° N. , E. of 96° E. 
 
 Tbenford, par. , Eng. , S. div. of Northamptonshire, 4^ m. 
 E. by N. Banbury, i m. N. Farthinghoe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Theiig, fortified post, Tongking. See Dlenblenfu. 
 
 Tlienon, tn. , France, dep. Dordogne, arr. and 18 m. E. by S. 
 P^rigueux. P. < 2000. 
 
 Theobald's Grove, stn., Eng., Hertfordshire, 2 m. SW. 
 Cheshunt, on G. E. R. 
 
 Theodla, cape, Turkey. See Llthlnos. 
 
 Theo<loretopoUs, vil. , Brazil, Amazonas, on the Yauapery, 
 205 m. NW. Manaos. 
 
 Theodoros, highest mt. in Crete, 5 m. N. of the S. ct., near 
 its W. end. Alt. 8105 ft. 
 
 Theodosla (formerly KaflTa), seapt., Russia, on SE. ct. of 
 Crimea, 70 m. E. Simpheropol ; has a wide and deep roadstead, 
 sheltered from all winds except those from E. and ESE. , never 
 frozen over, and with good anchorage in from 7 to 14 fathoms. 
 Exports cereals, leather, wool, and salt. Connected by rail 
 (72 ra.) with Jankoi Junction Rly. to Sebastopol. Mean temp., 
 yr- 53-7° F., Feb. 31.5°, July 76.0°. P. (1867)9880; (1891) 17,030. 
 
 Theodulhom, mt., on the frontier of Switzd. (cant. Valais) 
 and Italy, SE. of the Matterhorn, at the head of the Val Tour- 
 nanche (prov. Turin), whence a glacier-pass (alt. 10,900 ft. ) leads 
 to the Gorner glacier. Alt. 11,390 ft. 
 
 Theorascia, dist., France. See Thi^rache. 
 
 TliCra, isl., Greece. See Santorlii. 
 
 Tlt^raln, riv., France, flows SE. through dep. Oise, and joins 
 the riv. Oise at Montataire. 
 
 Therapla, tn., Turkey in Europe, on the Bosporus, 9 m. 
 NNE. Constantinople. 
 
 Tlifrasia, isl., Greece. See Santorlii. 
 
 Thereita, vil., U.S., New York, Jefferson co., on Indian R. , 
 63 m. NE. by N, Oswego. P. < 1500. 
 
 Thereslenstadt, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, near the confluence 
 of the riv. Eger with the Elbe, 17 m. SE. by E. Teplitz. P. 
 7200. 
 
 Thereslopolis, tn. , Hungary. See Vlnga. 
 
 TheresopoUs, Ger. colony, Brazil, state Santa Catharina, 34 
 m. SW. Desterro. P. <20oo. 
 
 ThereHopollH, tn. , S. Brazil, cap, since 1892 of state Rio de 
 Janeiro, 37 m. N. Nictheroy. 
 
 Ttaerezliia, tn. , Brazil, cap. state Piauhy, on the r. bk. of the 
 1562 
 
 Parnahiba, in 5° 48' S. , 240 m. SSE. Maranham ; as capital 
 it has replaced the ancient town of Oeiras, being more central 
 in respect of the population. P. 10,000 (Reclus). 
 
 Tlierlteid, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 15 m. N. 
 Hertford, 2^ m. SE. by E. Ashwell stn., PMT.O.; 4833 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Therikou, vil., Greece, prov. Boeotia and Attica, 25 m. SE. 
 Athens. P. < 2000. 
 
 Therma. See Salonlca, tn. , Turkey. 
 
 Therma, vil. , Greece. See liontraklou. 
 
 Thermes, vil., France, on the NE. border of dep. Hautes- 
 Pyr6n6es, arr. and 29 m. NE. by E. Bagneres-de-Bigorre. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Tbernila, or Kythiios, isl. , Greece, one of the Cyclades, 31 
 m. S. of the S. ct. of Eubcea, on the Bay of Hagia Irini ; flat 
 and well cultivated ; has mineral springs and bath frequented 
 in summer. The cap. of the island, Kythnos or Messaria, is 
 inland. 
 
 Thermida, vil., Spain. See Isabela, La. 
 
 Thermodon, riv., Asia Minor. See Ternie-ctaai. 
 
 ThermopylcB, Greece. See Lanila. 
 
 Th^rouaune, tn. , France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. and 18 m. 
 S. St. Omer ; it was formerly a fortress, taken by the English in 
 1380 and 1513, and in 1553 by the Emperor Charles V. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Therwll, vil., Switzd., cant. Basel-land, 4 m. S. Basel. P. 
 (comm. )<2ooo. 
 
 Tliessalou, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the Sault St. 
 Mary line of the C. P. R. , 576 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Thessalonica. See Salonlca, tn. , Turkey. 
 
 Thessaly, a region of Greece, between 39° and 40° 30' N., 
 21° 30' and 23° 25' E. , ceded by Turkey in 1881. It is a plain 
 almost entirely surrounded by mountains, forms the basin of a 
 single river, the Peneus, and is divided into two parts by a series 
 of transverse chains: W. , Upper T. , prov. of Trikkala ; E. , 
 Lower T. , prov. of Larissa. Area of the two provs. , 4790 sq. m. 
 
 Tliet, riv. , Eng. , Norfolk, Mid div. , trib. of the Little Ouse, 
 which it joins on the r. bk. at Thetford. 
 
 Thetford, tp., Canada, Quebec, Wolfe co. , about 65 m. S. 
 by W. Quebec city ; important asbestos mines. 
 
 Thetford, par. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire, Isle of Ely, Chesterton 
 div., 2i m. S. by W. Ely, i^ m. E. by S. Stretham stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. See Stretham. 
 
 Thetford, mun. bor. (since 1573) and market-tn., Eng. 
 Norfolk and Suffolk cos., being mainly in SW. div. of the 
 former, and partly in NW. div. of the latter, 30 m. WSW. and 
 in diocese of Norwich, at confluence of the Thet and the Little 
 Ouse, with stns. (T. and T. Bridge) on the G. E. R.; the main 
 trade is connected with agriculture. It was once cap. of East 
 Anglia, and seat of a bishopric. The Castle Hill is a huge 
 earthwork 100 ft. high. Thetford returned two members to 
 Parliament from the time of Edward VI. till 1867, when it was 
 disfranchised. Market-day, S. Mun. bor. P. (i8oi)<25oo; 
 (1851)4100; (i89i)<45oo. 
 
 Thetford, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Orange co., 35 m. SSE. 
 Montpelier, with slate quarries. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Theuslug, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 12 m. SSE. Karlsbad. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Theax, comm., Belgium, prov. Liege, arr. and 6 m. SW. by 
 S. Verviers. P. 5000. 
 
 Thevenard, small isl. , on the NW. of W. Australia, to the 
 NE. of Exmouth Gulf. 
 
 Theveste, tn. , Algeria. See Tebessa. 
 
 Theydon Bols, Theydon darnoii, and Theydou Mount, 
 three adjoining pars., Eng., Essex, Epping div., the first 6^ m. 
 NW. by N. Romford, the others to the E. and NE. T. Bois (on 
 the G. E. R.), PMT.O., P. < 1500; T. Garnon (has a church of 
 the 13th century), P. < 1500; T. Mount, P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (T. Coopersale) P. <7So. See i^tapleford Tawney. 
 
 Th^ze, vil., France, dep. Basses- Pyr6n6es, arr. and 13 m. N. 
 Pau. P. < 2000. 
 
 T*hfan-dagh, or Tfan-dagh, peak, Russia, main Caucasus 
 range, at boundary of govts. Elisabethpol and Baku, 41° 10' 
 N. , 38° 59' E. ; emanations of inflammable gas. Alt. 13,764 ft. 
 
 Thiakl, isl. , Greece. See Ithaca. 
 
 Thiaii-Hhan. See Tlau i^hau. 
 
 Thianconrt, tn., France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, arr. Toul, 
 19 m. SW. by W. Metz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Thlbaw, Shan state. Upper Burma, crossed by 97° E. , and in 
 extreme S. by 22° N., traversed by the Doktawaddi Namtu, on 
 the route of the projected railway from Mandalay to the Salwin. 
 
 Thlbervllle, tn., France, dep. Eure, arr. Bemay, 11 m. E. 
 by S. Lisieux. P. <20oo. 
 
 Thlbodeanx, tn., U.S., Louisiana, La Fourche par. (co.), 
 47 m. W. by S. New Orleans. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Thibursicuni Bure, tn. , Tunis. See Tebanuk. 
 
 Thlckley, East, par., Eng., Durham, Auckland union, 3J 
 m. SE. Bishop Auckland. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Thl^blemont-Far^mont, vil., France, dep. Marne, arr. 
 Vitry-le-Fran9ois, 21 m. W. by S. Bar-le-Duc. P. <20oo. 
 
 Thl^le, riv. , Switzd. , the lower course of the Orbe, cants. 
 
THIE — THOL 
 
 Vaud and Bern, traverses Lake Neiichatel and Bienne, between 
 which lakes it is navigable for steamboats, and joins the Aar 5 
 m. E. Bienne. The village T. is situated on the river between 
 the lakes. Length to the first source of the Orbe, 87 m. See 
 Or be. 
 
 Thlelt, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. T., 12 m. 
 N. by E. Courtrai ; has linen-bleaching, and manufactures of 
 linen, cotton, wool, &c. The town and its industries are very 
 old, but it has never completely recovered from its destruction 
 by fire in 1383. P. 9800. 
 
 Thlelt - Notre - Dame, vil., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. 
 Louvain, 5 m. SE. Aerschot. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Tlilene, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 11 m. N. by W. 
 Vicenza ; manufactures cloth. P. 6800. 
 
 Tlilengen, urban comm., Ger., gd-duchy of Baden, circle 
 Waldshut, 32^ m. E. by N. Basel, Switzd. ; has cotton spinning 
 and weaving. P. <:3000. 
 
 Thleii-ho, vil., Tongking, 75 m. NE. Hanoi. 
 
 Tlil^rache, dist., France, formerly in Picardy, now mainly in 
 dep. Aisne ; it included five or six comms. now in Belgium ; 
 watered by the Oise and its 1. bk. tribs. the Ton and the Serre. 
 It was known during the Merovingian epoch as Theorascia, and 
 was then covered with an immense forest, of which important 
 parts still remain. 
 
 Tlileracliem, vil, Switzd., cant. Bern, 3 m. W. Thun. 
 
 P. ■<2000. 
 
 Tillers, vil., France, dep. Oise, 23 m. NNE. Paris, arr. and 
 4 m. S. Senlis. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tillers, tn. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, 23 m. E. by N. 
 Clermont-Ferrand, cap. arr., consists of an upper and a lower 
 town, the latter in a nearly sunless gorge ; one of the chief seats 
 of French cutlery (the Ville Noire of George Sand's novel 
 so called) ; manufactures also bank-note paper. Alt. 1300 ft. 
 P. 11,800. 
 
 Tlilessow, vil. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, isl. of Riigen, on 
 the SE. ct. , 26 m. E. Stralsund. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tlil«^zac, vil., France, dep. Cantal, 57 m. SSW. Clermont- 
 Ferrand, arr. and 12 m. ENE. Aurillac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Thignica, ruins, Tunis. See Tuiiga. 
 
 Tliikoiiibla, isl., in Lau or E. group, Fiji Is,, in E. of 
 Exploring Is. 
 
 Tlilkonibia, isl., N. of Vanua Levu, Fiji Is., in 179° 55' W. 
 
 Tlilllot, Le, tn., France, near the S. border of dep. Vosges, 
 arr. Remiremont, on the Moselle, 18 m. NNW. Belfort ; has 
 cotton and wool weaving. P. <20oo. 
 
 Thlmbleby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 12 m. 
 SW. by S. Louth, i^ m. W. Horncastle. P. <:2So. 
 
 Thlmbleby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond 
 div., 16 m. SE. Darlington, 4J m. E. by S. Brompton stn. 
 
 P.<2SO. 
 
 Tlilnierals, country, France; formerly in Perche, now in 
 NW. of dep. Eure-et- Loire, of which it is the highest and most 
 wooded part. 
 
 Thliies, vil. , France, dep. Ardeche, 48 m. NNW. Nimes, 
 arr. and 13 m. W. by S. Larg^nti^re. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tlilngrallavatn, lake, SW. Iceland, one of the largest lakes 
 in the island, 21 m. E. Reykjavik. Length, it m.; greatest 
 breadth, exclusive of the long branch to the SE. by which it 
 discharges to the Krita, 6 m. 
 
 Thliigwall, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 4 m. SW. 
 Birkenhead. P. <25o. 
 
 Thlo, vil. , on the E. ct. of New Caledonia, in 21° 36' S. ; seat 
 of important nickel-mines. 
 
 Thloiivllle. See Dledeiiliofen. 
 
 Thlra, isl. , Greece. See ThSra. 
 
 Thlrkleby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E, Riding, union and 9 
 m. E. Malton. P. <25o. 
 
 Thlrkleby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 11 m. ENE. Ripon, 3^ m. SE. by E. Thirsk, 
 2^ m. NE. Sessay stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Thlrlby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 14 m. NE. by E. Ripon, 4 m. E. by N. Thirsk. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Thlrlmere, or Leathes Water, lake, Eng., in the SW. of 
 the CO. of Cumberland, Penrith div. , 3^ m. SE. Keswick. It 
 belongs to the basin of the Derwent, and flows northwards into 
 the Greta. The lake has been utilised (1894) to supply Man- 
 chester with water. The natural level of its surface above the 
 sea is 533 ft. ; its area is 330 ac. , and its drainage area 7400 ac. 
 By an embankment at the natural outlet its level has been raised 
 to 554 ft. and its area extended to 565 ac. , the water-supply to 
 Manchester being 10,000,000 gallons daily. The complete 
 scheme requires the level to be raised to 584 ft. , the lake area to 
 be extended to 793 ac. , and the drainage area to 11,000 ac. 
 The aqueduct is constructed to convey 50,000,000 gallons a day. 
 See Manchester. 
 
 Tliirl Moor, an upland tract, Eng., in the N. of the Hexham 
 div. of Northumberland, about 14 m. SE. by E. Jedburgh. 
 
 Thlrl-wall, par., Eng., Northumberland, union and 4 m. 
 NW. Haltwhistle; has ruins of T. Castle. 8016 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Thlrl-wall Common, an upland tract on the W. border of 
 the Hexham div. of Northumberland, Eng., about 15 m. W. 
 by N. Hexham. 
 
 Thlrn, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 9J m. S. 
 by E. Richmond, 2 m. S. Jervaulx stn. P. <250. 
 
 Thlmtoft, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 10^ 
 m. SE. by E. Richmond, 3 m. W. Northallerton, | m. NNW. 
 Ainderby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Thlron Ciardals, vil., France, dep. Eure-et-Loir, 25 m. 
 WSW. Chartres, arr. and 8 m. E. by S. Nogent-le-Rotrou. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Thirsk, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, T. and Malton 
 div. , 22 m. NW. by N. York, on the NE. R. The town, on both 
 banks of the Codbeck, an affluent of the Swale, has a fine old 
 church. Manufactures agricultural implements and saddlery. 
 Market-day, M. P. <35oo. 
 
 Thirsk and Malton, pari. div. , in the S. of the N. Riding of 
 Yorkshire, Eng. P. 57,200. 
 
 Thlrston, East and West, with ghothangh, par., Eng., 
 Northumberland, Wansbeck div., on the Coquet, 8^ m. S. 
 Alnwick, 2^ m. WSW. Acklington (for Felton) stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Thirsty Sound, Queensland, on Pacific coast, between Shoal- 
 water Bay and Broad Sound, in about 22° 15' S. ; one of the 
 places at which Cook landed. 
 
 Thlrtleby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., 6 m. NE. Hull, i^ m. E. by S. Swine stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Thirty Mile, stn. , Queensland. See Watawa. 
 
 Tlilsted, tn. and commercial port, Denmark, in the N. of 
 Jutland, on the Liim Fjord, prov. T., 47 m. W. Aalborg ; 
 exports corn and brandy. The inner basin has a depth of 9-10 
 ft. P. 5400. 
 
 Tlilstle, small isl. , S. Australia, at the mouth of Spencer's 
 Gulf, near its W. side. 
 
 Thlstleton, vil, Eng., Lancashire, div. and 6 m. E. by N. 
 Blackpool, 2^ m. E. Singleton stn., P.O. See Greenhalgh. 
 
 Thlstleton, par., Eng., Rutland, 6^ m. NE. by N. Oakham, 
 4^ m. NE. by E. Ashwell stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Thlthla, isl. , Fiji Is. , Lau group, in Goro Sea, in 179° 20' W. , 
 
 17° 45' S. 
 
 Thlval, the ancient Thebes of Boeotia, tn., Greece, prov. 
 Boeotia and Attica, 19 m. SW. by W. Chalkis, and 6^ m. NE. 
 by E. of the site of the ancient Leuktra, on a height occupied 
 in ancient times by its Cadmeian capital. Founded by Cadmus 
 in the 14th century B.C. Some of the most famous legends of 
 Greece were connected with it. It was the birthplace of Hesiod, 
 Pindar, Pelopidas, and Epaminondas, and was anciently a city 
 of great wealth and importance ; but few traces of its grandeur 
 remain. The town suffered greatly by an earthquake in April 
 1894. P. <4000. 
 
 Thlvlers, tn., France, dep. Dordogne, arr. Nontron, 19 m. 
 NE. by N. P^rigueux ; has foundry and manganese mine. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Thlxendale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, on the N. 
 border of the Howdenshire div., 16^ m. ENE. York, 3^ m. W. 
 Sledmere and Fimber stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Thlzy, tn. , France, dep. Rhdne, arr. Villefranche, 12 m. E. 
 Roanne ; has manufactures of cotton stuffs, flannel, &c. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Thjorsa, riv. , Iceland, rises in almost the centre of the island, 
 and flows SW. into the Atlantic. Length about 102 m. 
 
 Thlliikets, or Thlliiklts. See TUnglt. 
 
 Thlotsl, vil. with British residency in NW. of Basuto-land, 
 S. Africa, close to the frontier, and just N. of 29° S. 
 
 Thmuis, vil, Egypt. See Tell-et-Tlimel. 
 
 Thoekrlugton, pan, Eng., Northumberland, div. and 9^ m. 
 N. Hexham, 4 m. NNE. Barrasford stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Thogliret-ed-Debr, Palestine, probably Z)^^?> in the O. T., 
 31° 49' N. , 35° 23' E. , 7^ m. ENE. Jerusalem. 
 
 Tholras, vil, France, dep. Gard, arr. Le Vigan, 4 m. ENE. 
 La Salle ; has quarries of yellow ochre. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tholry, vil, France, dep. Ain, arr. Gex, 6 m. WSW. 
 Ferney ; has stone quarry. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tholssey, tn., France, dep. Ain, arr. Tr6voux, on the Sa6ne, 
 28 m. N. Lyons, 10 m. S. by W. Micon ; has stone quarries, 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Tholssla, vil. , France, dep. Jura, arr. Lons-le-Saunier, 3 m. 
 E. St. Amour ; has stone and marble quarries. P. <20oo. 
 
 Thok, Tibetan, ' a gold-field.' 
 
 Thokdanrakpa, vil. , Tibet, 385 m. NW. Lhassa ; in the 
 neighbourhood are gold-washings. 
 
 Thok-Jalnng, the principal gold-field in an extensive gold- 
 washing dist. in Tibet, 84 m. NE. Gartok, on a desolate plain. 
 The chief work is carried on in the winter, when the number of 
 tents (300 in summer) rises to 6000. It is said to be the highest 
 permanently inhabited spot on the globe. Alt. 16,330 ft. 
 
 Tholen, isl, Holland, prov. Zeeland, on the N. of the E. 
 Scheldt. 2. A fortified town on the E. ct. of the isl, 22 m. 
 NNW. Antwerp, 4 m. NW. Bergen-op-Zoom. P. (comm.)< 
 3000. 
 
 Tholthorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 
T H O M 
 
 T H OR 
 
 Malton div., loj m. ESE. Ripon, 2 m. W. Alne (for Easing- 
 wold ) stn . , P. O. P. < 250. 
 
 Thorn, Locb, small lake, Scot., W. Renfrewshire, in the 
 NW., 2i m. SSW. Greenock. 
 
 Thomar, tn., Portugal, dist. Santarem, 15 m. NW. by W. 
 Abrantes ; has manufactures of cotton goods, paper, and cele- 
 brated wine. Here is an old convent founded in 1320. P. 5100. 
 
 Thomas, co. , U.S., Georgia, on S. frontier, and crossed by 
 84° W. 
 
 Thomas, co. , U.S., Kansas, on the NW., crossed by 39^° 
 N. and 101° W. 
 
 Thomas, co. , U.S., Nebraska, crossed by 42° N., iooj° W. 
 
 Thomasdorf, vil. , Austria, Silesia, 36 m. WNW, Troppau, 
 and 4 m. S. by W. Freiwaldau. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Thomas Plaius, or IVeldborongh, post-tn. , Tasmania, 
 Dorset co. , 36 m. NE. by E. Launceston ; has tin-mining. 
 Valuable gems have also been found. P. < 1500. 
 
 Thomas Point, U.S., Maryland, S. of entrance to Anna- 
 polis, Chesapeake Bay ; has a fixed light in 38° 54' N. , 76° 28' W. 
 
 Thomasset, or Ariadne, rock. Pacific, Marquesas Is., in 
 about 10° 20' S. , 138° 20' W. 
 
 Thomastou, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co. , 9 m. N. 
 Waterbury. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Thomaston, tn. , U.S., Georgia, Upson co., 40 m. W. by 
 N.Macon. P. < 1500, 
 
 Thomaston, tn. , U.S., Maine, Knox co. , on the coast, 36 m. 
 SE. by E. Augusta ; exports lime. Here is Maine state prison. 
 P. <;4ooo. South Thomaston, adjoining town, P. <;20oo. 
 
 Thomastown, par.. Ire., NW. co. and 4 m. NW. Kildare, 
 bar. E. Offaly. P. <:25o. 
 
 Thomastoivn, par. and tn. , Ire., E. co. Kilkenny, bar. 
 Gowran, on riv. Nore, 10 m. SSE, Kilkenny, on the Waterford 
 and Kilkenny Rly. ; has flour-mills. Par. P. <25oo; tn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Thomastown, P.O., Ire., 8m. SW. Athlone, co. Roscommon. 
 
 Thomastown, electoral div. , Ire. , co. and 6 m. ENE. 
 Tipperary, bar. Clanwilliam. 
 
 Thomastown, tnld. , Ire., SE. co. Westmeath, bar. Farbill, 9 
 m. E. by S. Mullingar, i m. from Killucan stn. , on the Royal 
 Canal. P. <25o. 
 
 Thomastown, P. O. , Ire. , co. Wicklow, 4 m. W. Arklow. 
 
 Thomastown, coal-mining vil. , U.S., Ohio, Summit co. , 4 
 m. SE. Akron. P. < 1500. 
 
 Thomastown, stn. , Victoria, Bourke co. , 13 m. N. Melbourne 
 by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 ThomasTllle, tn. , U.S., Georgia, Thomas co., 34 m. NE. 
 by N. Tallahassee (Flor.); a winter health resort amidst fine 
 woods. P. 5500. 
 
 Thombla, isl. , in S. of Ringgold Is. , Fiji Is. , in 16° 25' S. , 
 179° 40' W. 
 
 Thomley, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, union and 5 m. NW. 
 Thame. P. <250. 
 
 Thommen, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., arr. Malmedy, 39 m. 
 S. Aix-la-Chapelle. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Thompson, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cumberland 
 CO. , 55 m. W. Pictou. 
 
 Thompson, settlement. Cape Colony, Griqua-land West, dist. 
 Darkly West, 50 m. NNW. Kimberley. 
 
 Thompson, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 21 m. WSW. 
 Norwich, i m. NW. Stow Bedon stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Thompson, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Windham co., 4 m. 
 NE. Putnam by rail. P. 5600. 
 
 Thompson, vil., U.S., Delaware, Newcastle co. , 12J m. W. 
 Wilmington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Thompson, vil., U.S., Montana, Missoula co. , 100 m. SSE. 
 from the NW. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Thompsons Walls, part of par., Eng., Northumberland. 
 See Coldsmoath and Thompsons Walls. 
 
 Thompsontown, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Juniata co. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Thompsonvllle, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., on 
 the riv. Nottawasaga and a railway, 40 m. NW. by N, Toronto. 
 P. -CI 500. 
 
 ThompsonTllle, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Hartford co., on 
 L bk. of the Connecticut, i6j m. N. by E. Hartford. P. < 1500. 
 Thomson, the more northerly headwater of Cooper's Creek, 
 Queensland. 
 
 Thomson, vil., U.S., Georgia, McDuffie co., 32 m. W. 
 Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Thomson, vil. , U.S., Minnesota, Carlton co., St. Louis R., 
 13 m. WSW. Duluth. Ah. 1038 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Thomsonganj, vil. , Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Sitdpur, 50 m. 
 N. by W. Lucknow, adjoining Sftdpur on the SE. 
 
 Thomson River, riv., Victoria, rises in Wonnangatta co., 
 flows S. to about 38° S., then E, and SE. to the Latrobe, in 
 
 147° 45' E. 
 
 Thonberg, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and SE. Leipzig ; 
 manufactures pottery, &c. P. <:4000. 
 
 Thdnes, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Savoie, arr. Annecy, 25 m. 
 SSE. Geneva ; has cotton-spinning and dyeing ; stone quarries 
 and iron mine worked. P. <2ooo. 
 1564 
 
 Thong, P.Q., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 3 m. SSE. Graves- 
 end, 2i m. NE. by N. Sole Street stn. 
 
 Thong, \ether, par. , Eng. See \etherthong and Thongs- 
 bridge, stn. 
 
 Thon-gwa, tn. , Lower Burma, dist. T. or Nyaungdun, 23 
 m. W. by S. Rangoon. P. 20,200; Buddhists, 18,000. 
 
 Thonlagee, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Arklow, co. Wicklow. 
 
 Thouon-les-Balus, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Savoie, cap. 
 arr. T.-les-B. , on the S. shore of the Lake of Geneva, 20 m. 
 NE. by E. Geneva ; has biscuit manufacture and plaster works. 
 One mile S. are the mineral baths of La Versoye. P. <4000. 
 
 Thor, tn. , France, dep. Vaucluse, arr. and 10 m. E. by S. 
 Avignon ; manufactures ochre and sumach. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Thoralby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in Bishop Dale, 
 div. and 14^ m. SW. by W. Richmond, 2 m. SW. Aysgarth 
 stn., P.O. 'p. <:250. 
 
 Thorame, Haute-, vil. , France, dep. Basses- Alpes, arr. Cas- 
 tellane,7m. SSW. Colmars; argentiferous lead mined. P. < 2000. 
 
 Thor^, riv., France, 1. bk. trib. of the Agout, itself a trib. of 
 the Tarn. 
 
 Thorens, tn., France, dep. Haute-Savoie, 16 m. SSE. 
 Geneva, arr. and 9 m. NE. Annecy. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Thoresby, North and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Lincolnshire. North T. , E. Lindsey div., 7^ m. S. by E. 
 Grimsby, on the G. N. R., PM.O., P.<75o. South T., S. 
 Lindsey div., 8 m. SE. by S. Louth, i^ m. SSW. Aby stn., 
 P.O. P.<250. 
 
 Thoresby, part of par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Carperby. 
 
 Thoresway, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 11 m. 
 SW. Great Grimsby, 4^ m. ENE. Usselby stn. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Thorganby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 9 m. 
 SW. by S. Great Grimsby, 5| m. W. by S. North Thoresby stn. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Thorganby with West Cottlngham, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, 
 E. Riding, Howdenshire div. , on the Derwent, 8^ m. SE. York, 
 4 m. NNW. Babwith stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Thorlgny, tn., France, dep. La Manche, arr. and 7 m. SE. 
 St. L6, onthe Vire; has wool-spinning. P. <20oo. 
 
 Thorlngton, Eng., Essex. See Thorrlngtou. 
 
 Thorlngton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 15 m. SW. 
 Lowestoft, 3 m. SE. Halesworth, i m. SW. Wenhaston stn. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Thorlon, riv., SW. France, r. bk. trib. of the Vienne, basin 
 of the Loire. Length, 78 m. ; area of basin, 425 sq. m. 
 
 ThorlsTatn, lake, S. of Iceland, discharging into the Kalda- 
 kvist, 1. bk. trib. of the Thjorsa. Length, 9 m. ; greatest 
 breadth, 3 m. 
 
 Thorlby, Eng. , Yorkshire. See Stlrton with Thorlby. 
 
 Thorley, par., Eng., Isle of Wight, 8^ m. W. Newport. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Thorley, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and loj m. ENE. 
 Hertford, 2 m. SSW. Bishop Stortford, P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Thormanby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div. , 12 m. E. by N. Ripon, i m. W. Husthwaite Gate 
 stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Thorn, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, cap. circle T. , on the 
 r. bk. of the Vistula, here crossed by a railway bridge and a 
 bridge of boats, 26 m. ESE. Bromberg ; has a fortress, cathedral, 
 and old castle, large market-place with a bronze statue of the 
 astronomer Copernicus (born here in 1473). Manufactures 
 machinery and boilers ; has active rail and river trade in timber, 
 grain, coal, iron, &c. River closed by ice 1883-87 for 84 to 113 
 days annually. The fortifications are strengthened by seven 
 detached forts. T. was founded in 1232, ceded to Poland 1454, 
 to Prussia in 1793, and belonged 1807-13 to the gd. -duchy of 
 Warsaw. Alt. (river) no ft. P. (1816) 7900; (1871) 16,600; 
 (1890) 27,000. 
 
 Thornaby-on-Tees, mun. bor. (since 1892, previously known 
 as South Stockton), Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland 
 div. , I m. S. Stockton, in the diocese of York, on the Tees, r. bk. 
 (here crossed by a handsome bridge, connecting it with Stockton), 
 with stn. (Thornaby) on the NE. R. This town has recently 
 become important through the extension of works similar to 
 those of Stockton-on-Tees, on the opposite side of the river, and 
 is included in that pari. bor. The staple industries are ship- 
 building and ironworlcing, some of the yards and foundries being 
 very extensive. There are also flour and oilcake mills, potteries, 
 and timber yards. The name, originally Thormodby, occurs in 
 Domesday Book. Par. (Thornaby) P. (1863) 3000; (1871) 
 7000; mun. bor. P. (as at census, 1891) 15,600. 
 
 Thomage, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 12 m. W. by S. 
 Cromer, 2 m. NNE. Melton Constable stn., P.O. P. <50o; 
 eccles. par. (T. with Brinton) P. <5oo. 
 
 Thoruapple River, U.S., Michigan, rises in Eaton co., flows 
 W. and joins Grand R. in Kent co. Length about 100 m. 
 
 Thorn borough, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div, and 2^ 
 m. E. Buckingham, P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Thoruborongh, tn., Queensland, Chelmsford co., no m. S. 
 by W. Cooktown ; is the centre of the Hodgklnson goldfield. 
 P. <:iSoo. 
 
THOR — THOR 
 
 Thorn brongli, par., Eng. , Northumberland, union and 6 m. 
 E. Hexham. P. <25o. 
 
 Thorubrongh, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 5^ m. N. by W. Ripon, i^ m. E. by N. Tanfield 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Tliornbnry, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Grey co. , on Notta- 
 wasaga Bay, 12 m. WNW. CoUingwood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Thornbnry, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 12^ m. 
 S. by W. Bideford, 3^ m. N. Dunsland Cross stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Thornbnry, par. and nominal bor. , Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 T. div., 12 m. N. by E. Bristol, on a branch of the M. R. , 
 PMT.O. Market-day, S. 10,928 ac. P. <400o; pari. div. 
 P. (1891) 63,000. 
 
 Thornbnry, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 8 m. E. 
 Leominster, 3^ m. NW. by N. Bromyard stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Thornbnry, post-tn. , Nevv^ Zealand, South I., Wallace co. , 
 18 m. NW. by N. Invercargill. P. <isoo. 
 
 Thornby, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 11 m. 
 E. Rugby, 5i m. W. by N. Lamport stn., PT.O. P. <2So. 
 
 ThorncUife, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 358 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Thorncllft'e, stn. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Chapelto-wu with 
 ^lortoiuley. 
 
 Thorncombe, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 7 m. NNE. 
 Lyme Regis, 2 m. SE. Chard Junction stn., on L. & SW. R. , 
 PM.O.; 5416 ac. P.<iooo. 
 
 Thorndon, par., Eng., Suffolk, 15^ m. N. Ipswich, div. and 
 2.^ m. SSW. Eye, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Thorne, par., Eng., Somerset, Yeovil union. P. <2So. 
 
 Thorne, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Doncaster div., on the Don {g.v.), jh m. SW. by S. Goole, with 
 a stn. (T. for Newbridge) on the I«f E. R. and M. S. & L. R. ; 
 its industries include barge-building, rope-making, manufacture 
 of agricultural implements and oilcake, and brewing. PMT.O. 
 Market-day, W. 13,047 ac. P. <4ooo. Thorne Level, level 
 tract to the SE. , containing excellent peat, extensively dug for 
 use as litter. 
 
 Thorner, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., 6i m. NE. Leeds, with a stn. (T. and Scarcrofl) on the 
 NE. R'., PMT.O. P.<iooo. 
 
 Thornes, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding. See 
 Alverthorpe and Thorues. 
 
 Thorne St. Margaret, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington 
 div., 9 m. WSW. Taunton, 2 m. W. Wellington stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Thorney, par. and market-tn., Eng., Cambridge, Isle of Ely, 
 Wisbech div., 6^ m. NE. by E. Peterborough, on the M. & G. 
 N. Joint Rly. The church includes portions of the ancient abbey 
 church, rebuilt in 1128. PMT.O. Market-day, F. 17,842 
 ac. P. (a few descendants of French Protestants) < 2000; 
 eccles. par. (T. Abbey) P. <2ooo. 
 
 Thorney, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 7 m. 
 W. by N. Lincoln, 3 m. SW. Saxilby stn., P.O. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (T. with Broadholme and Wlgsley) P. < 500. 
 
 Thorney, West, par., Eng., Sussex, Thorney I., div. and 6^ 
 m. W. by S. Chichester. P. <25o. 
 
 Thorneyburn, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, on the N. B. R. , 
 div. and 17 m. NW. by N. Hexham. P. <25o. 
 
 Thorney Island, isl. , Eng., Sussex, in Chichester Harbour. 
 
 Thorneywood, stn. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, on the G. N. 
 and M. S. & L. R. , near Nottingham. 
 
 Thorn Falcon, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 3J m. 
 E. by S. Taunton, with a stn. (Thorne) on the G. W. R. P, 
 
 <250. 
 
 Thornford, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, N. div. , 3 m. SW. by 
 S. Sherborne, 2 m. NNE. Yetminster stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Thorngraflon, par., Eng., Northumberland, div, and 9^ m. 
 W. by N. Hexham, ^ m. N. by E. Bardon Mill stn.; 4524 ac. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Thorngnmbauld, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Hol- 
 derness div., 7 m. E. by S. Hull, ih m. W. Ryhill stn., P.O. 
 (Thorngnmbald). P. <:5oo. See Panll. 
 
 Thornham, par., Eng., Kent, Med way div., 2J m. E. by 
 N. Maidstone, i m. NNE. Bearsted stn. On an adjacent hill 
 are the ruins of T. Tower, standing on the supposed site of a 
 Roman watch-tower. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (T. with Aldlng- 
 ham) P. <7So. 
 
 Thornham, par., Eng., Lancashire, Middleton div., 3 m. S. 
 Rochdale, i^ m. NW. Royton stn. P. < 2000. 
 
 Thornham, par. , Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., | m. from the 
 N. ct. , 17 m. NE. by N. King's Lynn, 4 m. NNW. Docking 
 stn., PMT.O. P. <:7So. 
 
 Thornham, (ireat and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Suffolk, Great T. div., 3 m. SW. Eye, P.O. (T. Magna). 
 Great T. P. <soo ; Little T. P. <2So. 
 
 Thornhangli, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 5 m. 
 SSE. Stamford, included in the administrative co. of the Soke of 
 Peterborough, 2 m. NW. Wansford Road stn. P. <5oo ; eccles. 
 par. (T. with Wansford) P. <5oo. 
 
 Thoruhlll, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of the 
 C. P. R., 67 m. SW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Thornhlll, vil., Canada, Ontario, York co. , on a railway, 13 
 m. NW. by N. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Thornhlll, par., Eng., Derbyshire, High Peak div., 11 m. 
 NE. by E. Buxton. P.<25o. 
 
 Thornhlll, par. andtn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Morley 
 div. , ih m. S. Dewsbury, with stns. on the L. & Y. R. (Ravens- 
 thorpe and T.) and L. & NW. R., PM.O. Par. P. 8700; tn. 
 P. 9600 ; eccles. par. (T. Lees) P. 5300. 
 
 Thornhlll, vil., Scot., Dumfriesshire, loj m. SE. by S. San- 
 quhar, on the G. & SW. R.; several fairs are held here. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Thornhlll, vil., Scot., W. Perthshire, si m. SSE. Callander, 
 3i m. WSW. Doune stn., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Thornholm, par., Eng,, Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., 16 m. S. by E. Scarborough, 4^ m. SW. by W. BridUng- 
 ton, I m. NE. by N. Bvirton Agnes sin. P. <25o. 
 
 Thornhope Fell, hill, Eng. , on the SW. border of the 
 Hexham div. of Northumberland, 21m. SW. by W. Hexham. 
 
 Thornlce, Scot. , Lanarkshire. See Braldwood. 
 
 Thornlelee, vil., Scot., Selkirkshire, Innerleithen par., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Tweed. 4^ m. W. Galashiels, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Thornley, par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 7^ m. 
 NW. by W. Bishop Auckland, i^ m. SW. Towlaw stn. P. 
 <;iSoo. 
 
 Thornley, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 6 m. ESE. 
 Durham, 2 m. W. by N. its stn. on the NE. R. ; has collieries. 
 PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Thornley with Wheatley, par., Eng., Lancashire, Darwen 
 div., 6^ m. W. Clitheroe, 3 m. NE. Longridge stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Thornllebaiik, tn. , Scot. , E. Renfrewshire, 4 m. SW. by S. 
 Glasgow, on the C. R. ; has cotton-spinning and calico-printing 
 works. PMT.O. P. < 2500. 
 
 Thornrow, tn., Scot., Stirlingshire. See Blnnlehlll and 
 Southfleld. 
 
 Thornthwalte with Bralthwalte, eccles. par., Eng., 
 Cumberland, in the SW. of the Penrith div., 2^ m. WNW. 
 Keswick, i m. from the head of Bassenthwaite Lake, i m. 
 NW. Braithwaite stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Thornthwalte with Padslde, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W: 
 Riding union, 4 m. S. Pateley Bridge. P. <2So. 
 
 Thornton, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co. , 45 m. 
 NNW. Toronto, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Thornton, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 3^ m. 
 ENE. Buckingham. P. <2So; eccles. par. (T. with Nash) 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Thornton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Blackpool div., 4^ m. 
 S. by E. Fleetwood, on the 1. bk. of the Wyre, i m. N. Poulton 
 stn., P.O. ; 6387 ac. P. 10,300; eccles. par. (T. le Fylde) 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Thornton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Southport div., 6| m. N. 
 Liverpool, 2 m. E. Hall Road stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Thornton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Bosworth div., 8 m. 
 W. by N. Leicester, 2 m. SE. Bagworth stn., P.O. Mean 
 rfall. (Reservoir, alt. 420 ft., 1866-80), yr. 27.7 in. P. 500; 
 eccles. par. (T. with Bagworth and Stanton-nnder-Bardon) 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Thornton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 13^ 
 m. SSW. Louth, 2 m. SW. by W. Horncastle. P. <25o. See 
 Martin. 
 
 Thornton, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 4^ m. SW. 
 Berwick-upon-Tweed, i m. S. Velvethall stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Thornton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., II m. ESE. York, on the Pocklington Canal, 3^ m. SW. 
 by W. Pocklington stn. P. <2So; eccles. par. (T. with 
 AUerthorp) P. < 1000. 
 
 Thornton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Keighley div. , 
 4 m. W. Bradford, composed of the two urban sanitary dists. 
 of T. (stn. on G. N. R.) and Denholme. Par. 4785 ac, P. 
 8900 ; urban saijitary dist. P. 5700. 
 
 Thornton, or Thornton In Craven, par., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, Skipton div., 11 m. NNE. Burnley (Lancashire), 
 on the M. R., P.O. Alt. 456 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), yr. 
 41. 1 in. 5434 ac. P. <:300o. 
 
 Thornton, vil. , Scot. , W. Fife, 6J m. SSE. Falkland, with a 
 stn. (T. Junction) on the N. B. R., P.O. P. <:750. 
 
 Thornton, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co., on 
 Pemigewassett R. , 49 m. N. Concord. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Thornton, Chllder, par., Eng., Cheshire. See Chllder 
 Thornton. 
 
 Thornton, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Northumberland, 7 m. W. Morpeth. P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Thornton Abbey, stn., Eng., Lincolnshire, on the M. S. & 
 L. R. , 4 m. SE. New Holland ; the ruins of T. Abbey, founded 
 in 1139, are adjacent. 
 
 Thornton Bridge, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, on riv. 
 Swale, 4 m. NE. Boroughbridge. P. <25o. 
 
 Thornton Curtis, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div. , 
 12 m. WNW. Grimsby, 4J m. SE. by E. Barton-upon-Humber, 
 i^ m. W. by S. Thornton Abbey stn. . P.O. ; 4934 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Thornton Dale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitbv 
 
 1565 
 
THOR — THOR 
 
 div., 13 m. W. by S. Scarborough, 3 m. E. Pickering, on the 
 NE. R., PMT.O. (Tliomton-le-Dale) ; gestae. P. < 1500. 
 Thornton Hall, stn. , Scot. , S. Lanarkshire, on the C. R. , 
 
 6 m. S. Glasgow, P.O. (Thorutonliall Station). 
 Thornton Haven, bay, on W. side of isl. of Haiyiintau, 
 
 Yellow Sea, China, in 39° 5' N., 123° 10' E. 
 Thornton Heath, eccles. par. , Eng. , Surrey, Croydon bor. , 
 
 7 m. S. St. Paul's, London, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PiMT.O. 
 P. 8200. 
 
 Thornton Hongh, par., Cheshire, Wirral div., 5^ m. S. by 
 W. Birkenhead, PM.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Thornton-ln-€raven. See Thornton, Yorkshire, Skipton 
 div. 
 
 Thornton-ln-Iionsdlale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Skipton div., 10 m. NW. Settle, i m. NW. Ingleton stn.; near 
 is Thornton Force, a cascade of about 90 ft. in fall. 7482 ac. 
 P. <5oo. The eccles. par. is partly in Lancashire. 
 
 Thornton-le-Beans, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Richmond div., 13 m. NNE. Ripon, 2 m. NE. Otterington stn. 
 P. <;25o. See Otterington, North. 
 
 Thornton>le-Clay, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk 
 and Malton div., 10 m. NE. by N. York, i m. WNW. Barton 
 Hill stn., P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Thornton-le-Dale, PMT.O., Eng., Yorkshire. See Thorn- 
 ton Dale. 
 
 Thornton-le-Fen, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 
 7J m. NW. by N. Boston, 3 m. SE. Dogdyke stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Thornton-le-Moor, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey 
 div., 15J m. E. by N. Gainsborough, 3 m. WSW. Holton stn. 
 P. <:2so. 
 
 Thornton-le-Hoor, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Thirsk and Malton div., 11^ m. NNE. "Ripon, ^ m. E. by N. 
 Otterington stn. , PM. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Thornton-le-SIoors, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 
 Sl m. NNE. Chester, 2^ m. W. Bromborough stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Thornton-le-Street, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Thirsk and Malton div., iij m. NE. by N. Ripon, 3 m. NNW. 
 Thirsk, 2 m. ESE. Otterington stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Thoruton-on-the-HlIl, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 union and 3 m. N. Easingwold. P. <25o. 
 
 Thornton Rlt^ebrough, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Kirkby Moorside union, 3 m. SW. Pickering. P. <:25o. 
 
 Thornton Knst, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 
 15 m. SW. by W. Richmond, 2^ m. SE. Askrigg stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Thornton Ste'ward, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on 
 the Ure, div. and 8^ m. S. Richmond, 2 m. S. by W. Finghall 
 Lane stn., P.O. P. <:2So. 
 
 Thornton Watla.«s, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. 
 and 10^ m. SSE. Richmond, 3 m. N. Masham stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Thorntown, tn., U.S., Indiana, Boone co., 10 m. NW. 
 Lebanon. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Thornvllle, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Great Ouse- 
 burn union, 5 m. S. Boroughbridge. P. •C250. 
 
 Thornwood, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, Bothwell par., 4 m. N. 
 Hamilton. P. <75o. 
 
 Thorold, tn., Canada, Ontario, Welland co., 26 m. NW. 
 Buffalo (N. Y.). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Thorold Station, vil. , Canada. See Merrltton. 
 
 Thoronet, Le, vil., France, dep. Var, arr. Draguignan, 4 m. 
 SW. Lorgues ; 2 m. WNW. is a well preserved Cistercian abbey 
 of the 1 2th century. P. <20oo. 
 
 Thoroton, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, div. and 8 m. SSW. 
 Newark, li m. N. by W. Elton stn. P. <;25o. See Orston. 
 
 Thorpacre, vil. , Eng. , Leicestershire. See Dlshley. 
 
 Thorp Arch, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div. , on the Wharfe, 8J m. SE. by S. Knaresborough, 
 with stn. (T. A. for Boston Spa and Bramham) on the NE. R., 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Thorpdale, stn. , Victoria, Buln Buln co. , 49 m. W. by S. 
 Sale. P. < 1500. 
 
 Thorpe, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div. , 1 1 m. SW. by W, 
 Matlock, in Dove Dale, 3 m. NW. by N. Ashbourne stn. T. 
 Cloud, a conical hill 900 ft. high, is at S. extremity of Dove 
 Dale, P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Thorpe, Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Thorpe St. Peter. 
 
 Thorpe, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 3^ m. SW. 
 by S. Newark, 2 m. NW. Cotham stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Thorpe, vil., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., on the coast, 21 m. 
 ENE. Ipswich, 2 m. NE. Aldeburgh stn., P.O. P. <2So. See 
 Aldrtngham and Ashfleld. 
 
 Thorpe, par., Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div. , 10 m. W. Kings- 
 ton, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Thorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howden union, 
 I m. SE. Patrington. P. <25o. 
 
 Thorpe, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 2 m. W. Robin 
 Hood's Bay. 
 
 Thorpe, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding. See 
 WycUlTe >vlth Thorpe. 
 156« 
 
 Thorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 20 
 m. W. by S. Ripon, 5 m. N. Embsay stn. P. <25o. 
 Thorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Wakefield union. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Thorpe, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding. See 
 M'hltillflTe with Thorpe. 
 
 Tliorpe, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Langh> 
 ton en le JMorthen. 
 
 Thorpe, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Waimea co., 32 
 m. from Nelson by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Thorpe, Long, Eng. , Peterborough. See Lougthorpe. 
 
 Thorpe, We8t, vil. , Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Alsthorpe. 
 
 Thorpe Abbots, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 19 m. S. by 
 W. Norwich, 4 m. E. by S. Diss stn., P.O. (T. Abbotts). 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Thorpe Achnrch, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 on the Nen, 13 m. NE. Wellingborough, r m. N. Thorpe stn. 
 (on L. & NW. R.). P.<25o; eccles. par. (T. A. with Ml- 
 ford) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Thorpe Acre, P.O., Eng. See Dlshley. 
 
 Thorpe Arnold, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., i^ 
 m. ENE. Melton Mowbray. P. <25o; eccles. par. (T. A^ 
 with Brentlugby) P. <2so. 
 
 Thorpe Audlln, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgold- 
 cross div., 9 m. ESE. Wakefield, 2 m. SE. Ackworth stn. P. 
 -csoo. 
 
 Thorpe Bassett, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., 14! m. SW. by W. Scarborough, 2 m. SE. Rillington 
 Junction. P. <25o. 
 
 Thorpe Itnlnier, par., Eng., Durham, union and 4 m. 
 NW. Hartlepool. P. <25o. 
 
 Thorpe-by-Ixworth, or Ixworth Thorpe, par., Eng., 
 Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 6 m. NE. Bury St. Edmunds, 4 m. 
 E. by N. Ingham stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Thorpe by Water, par., Eng., Rutland, 3 m. SE. Upping- 
 ham. P. < 250. See Seaton. 
 
 Thorpe Cloud, hill, Eng., Derbyshire, to the N. of Thorpe, 
 in Dove Dale. 
 
 Thorpe Constautine, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Lichfield 
 div., 5 m. NE. by E. Tamworth. P. <:25o. 
 
 Thorpe Culvert, stn., Eng., Lincolnshire. See Thorpe St. 
 Peter. 
 
 Thorpe Hesley, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Hallamshire div., 4 m. NW. Rotherham, i^ m. ESE. Chapel- 
 town and Thorn cliffe stn., PM.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Thorpe-in-Balne, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. 
 and 5 ni. NNE. Doncaster, i m. NE. Askern Junction. P. 
 <25o. 
 
 Thorpe-ln-the-Fallow8, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, W. Lind- 
 sey div., 7 m. NW. by N. Lincoln, 3J m. NNE. Saxilby stn. 
 P.<:25o. 
 
 Thorpe-ln-the-C<lebe, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, 6 m. 
 NE. Loughborough. P. <25o. 
 
 Thorpe Langton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough 
 div., 12^ m. SE. Leicester, i^ m. E. Langton stn. P. <25o. 
 See Church Langton. 
 
 Thorpe-le-Soken, par., Eng., Essex, Colchester div., 8 m. 
 SW. Harwich, with a stn. (T.) on the G. E. R., PMT.O. 
 Market-day, W. P. < 1500. 
 
 Thorpe-le- Willows, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Helmsley union, 5 m. NE. Easingwold. P. <25o. 
 
 Thorpe Lubenhani, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, union 
 and 2 m. W. Market Harborough. P. 7. 
 
 Thorpe Malsor, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, Mid div., 7^ 
 m. NNW. Wellingborough, 2 m. W. by N. Kettering stn. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Thorpe INlaudevllle, par. , Eng. , Northamptonshire, S. div. , 
 6 m. ENE. Banbury, 3 m. NNE. Farthinghoe stn., PT.O. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Thorpe Market, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 5 m. S. by 
 E. Cromer, J m.. NW. Gunton stn., P.O. P. <2SO. See 
 Antlngham. 
 
 Thorpe Morleux, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 9 m. 
 SE. Bury St. Edmunds, 2^ m. ESE. Cockfield stn., P.O. P. 
 -C500. 
 
 Thorpe-next-Haddlscoe, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 8 
 m. SW. Yarmouth, i^ m. SW. Haddiscoe stn. P. <250. 
 
 Thorpe-ne.vt-Norwlch, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 2 m. 
 E. Norwich, close to Whitlingham Junction, PMT.O. (T.). 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Thorpe-on-the-HlU, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven 
 div., 5^ m. SW. Lincoln, on the M. R., P.O. P. <:500. 
 
 Thorpe Parva, vil. , Eng. , Norfolk. See BllUngford. 
 
 Thorpe St. Peter, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 
 15 m. NE. Boston, i m. E. Thorpe Culvert stn. on G. N. R. 
 P.<7So. 
 
 Thorpe Salvln, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Doncaster 
 div., 9^ m. SE. by S. Rotherham, on the Chesterfield Canal, i 
 m. SE. Kiveton Park stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Thorpe Satchvllle, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div.. 
 
THOR — I'HRO 
 
 4^ m. S. by W. Melton Mowbray, 2 m. S. Great Dalby stn. 
 P. <:25o. See Hiingerton. 
 
 Thorpe Stapleton, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Bark- 
 ston Ash div. , on the Aire, 3 m. SE. by E. Leeds, ij m. NW. 
 by W. Woodlesford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Thorpe Thewles, stn., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 4 m. NW. 
 Stockton, on the NE. R. 
 
 Thorpe Tllney, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 
 13 m. SE. Lincoln. P. <:25o. 
 
 Thorpe Underwoods, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Great Ouseburn union, on riv. Ure, 9 m. NW. York. P. ■<25o. 
 
 Thorpe Willonghhy, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Barkston Ash div., 12 m. WNW. Goole, i^ m. E, Hambleton 
 stn. P. <250. 
 
 Thorp-lu-the-Street, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Pocklington union. P. <25o. 
 
 Thorpland, vil., Eng., Norfolk. See Walllugtou and 
 Kuiicton, South. 
 
 Thorpiiess, cape, Eng., Suffolk, in tlie E. of the Eye div. 
 
 Thorrlugtoii, or Thorlugton, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 
 6J m. SE. by E. Colchester, i m. SSE. of its stn. on the G. E. 
 R., PM.O., and P.O. (T. Street). P. <5oo. See Fratlng. 
 
 Thors-aa, tn., Scot. See Thnrso. 
 
 Thor's Cave, cavity, Eng., Staftbrdshire, overlooking Many- 
 fold R. , near Wetton. 
 
 Thorseng, isl., Denmark. See Taasinge. 
 
 Thorshlilla, tn. , Sweden, prov. Sodermanland, on the S. 
 side of Lake Malar, 15 m. S. VesterAs. P. <20oo. 
 
 Thorshavit, tn. , on the SE. ct. of Stromo, Faroe Is. ; a collec- 
 tion of wooden huts, the inhabitants of which only live by fishing. 
 Though on the 62nd parallel, the average temp, of the year is 
 43°, there being a small yearly range. The port has a depth 
 of 34 ft. at high water ordinary springs ; vessels load and dis- 
 charge by lighters. Mean temp., yr. 43.6° F., Jan. 38.0°, Aug. 
 51.8°. P. <2000. 
 
 Thorso, isl., Sweden, in the E. of Lake Wener ; shape very 
 irregular. 
 
 Thorns, archaeological site, with burial mounds and cromlechs, 
 France, dep. Vienne, 2 m. W. Vivonne. 
 
 Thorvertoii, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div., 6 m. N. 
 Exeter, on the G. W. R., PMT.O.; 4104 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 ThotapalU, vil., Brit. India, NE. Madras, Godavari dist. , 
 with coal-mine. 
 
 Thouarc*', tn. , France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, on the Lys, arr. 
 and 15 m. S. by E. Angers ; mineral springs and bath. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Thonars, tn. , France, dep. Deux-Sevres, arr. Bressuire, on 
 the Thouel, 38 m. SSE. Angers ; has mineral springs ; trade in 
 cattle, mules, and wine from Saumur. P. <:4000. 
 
 Thonarsals, dist., France, formerly in Poitou, now in dep. 
 Deux-Sevres. 
 
 Thonarsais • Bouildroax, vil., France, dep. Vendte, arr. 
 Fontenay-le-Comte, 28 m. NW. Niort. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Thoulcaniia, co. , New South Wales, on the N. frontier, 
 crossed by 144° E. 
 
 Thourout, comm. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 12 
 m. SSW. Bruges ; has manufactures of woollen and cotton 
 goods, and hats ; in the Middle Ages it was one of the first 
 commercial towns in Flanders. P. 9500. 
 
 Thousand Islands, Lake of the. See St. Lawrence River. 
 
 Thrace, a geographical term employed by the ancients to 
 designate the country lying between the Danube and the ^^gean 
 and the Black Sea and the Adriatic. The later Roman prov. 
 Thracia was restricted to the region between the Balkans and 
 jEgean and the Black Sea and riv. Kara-su. 
 
 Thracian Chersonesus, penin. See Galllpoll. 
 
 Thrandar Jokull, glacier, E. Iceland, stretches for about 
 12 m. inland from the Alsta Fiord. Greatest alt. 3610 ft. Area, 
 27 sq. m. 
 
 Thrandeston, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 2\ m. NW. Eye, 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Thrapston, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, on the 
 Nen, 10 m. NE. Wellingborough, on the L. & NW. R. and 
 M. R. ; it has blast-furnaces ; iron ore is obtained here. Market- 
 day, Tu. P. < 2000. 
 
 Threapland, part of par. , Eng., Cumberland. See Bothel. 
 
 Threapwood, par., Eng. and Wales, Cheshire and Flint, 
 Eddisbury div., 7^ m. ESE. Wrexham, 4 m. WSW. Malpas 
 stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Threcklngham, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 
 II m. E. Grantham, 2 m. NW. Billingborough stn., P.O. 
 (ThreektiiiEhani). P. <25o. 
 
 Tlirec Ashes, P.O., Eng., 6 m. from Ross, Herefordshire. 
 
 Three Barro'w Down, hill, Eng. , Kent, near Wootton ; has 
 a deep fosse and three large tumuli. 
 
 Three Barrows Tor, Eng., Devonshire, Dartmoor, 4 m. N. 
 Ivybridge. Alt. 1524 ft. 
 
 Three Bridges, an important junc. stn. on the L. B. & S. C. 
 R., Eng., Sussex, 8^ m. ENE. Horsham, PM.O. 
 
 Three Bridges, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Hunterdon co., 21 
 in. N. Trenton. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Three Buttes, U.S., Montana. See Sweet Grass HlUs. 
 
 Threecastles, tnld. , Ire., N. co. Kilkenny, bar. Crannagh, 
 on riv. Nore, 44 m. NNW. Kilkenny, P.O. P. <:250. 
 
 Three Cocks Junction, stn., Wales, Brecknockshire, on 
 the Cambrian and M. Rlys. , 10 m. NE. by E. Brecknock, P.O. 
 
 Three Counties, stn. , Eng. , on borders of Bedfordshire, 
 Cambridgeshire, and Hertfordshire, on the G. N. R. , between 
 Biggleswade and Hitchin. 
 
 Three Hills Islan«I, isl.. New Hebrides, in 168° 20' E., 
 17° 5' S. 
 
 Tliree Holes Bridge, P.O., Eng., on the border of Norfolk, 
 SW. div., 13^ m. N. by W. Ely. 
 
 Three Hut Point, or Gordon, vil., Tasmania, Buckingham 
 CO., 27 m. S. by W. Hobart ; coal has been found in the neigh- 
 bourhood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tlireekingliam, P. O. , Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Threcklng- 
 ham. 
 
 Tliree Kings Islands, or Manawa-tawhi, group of three 
 small isls. , 38 m. NW. of the NW. point of the North L of 
 New Zealand. 
 
 Three Mile Bay, vil., U.S., New York, Jefferson co. ,on 
 Lake Ontario, 47 m. NNE. Oswego. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Three Mile Cross, P.O., Eng., Berkshire, 3 m. S. Reading. 
 
 Tliree Mile House, P. O. , Ire. , co. and 4 m. from Monaghan. 
 
 Three Mile Plains, post-vil. , Nova Scotia, co. Hants, 42 m. 
 from Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Three Pikes, mt. , Eng., Durham, in the W. of the Barnard 
 Castle div., 13 m. NE. by E. Appleby. Alt. 2133 ft. 
 
 Three Points, cape, on the S. ct. of W. Africa, Upper 
 Guinea, in about 2° 7' W. 
 
 Three Points, cape, Portuguese W. Africa, Lower Guinea, 
 in about 10° 25' S. 
 
 Three Rivers, or Trols Rivieres, city, Canada, Quebec, St. 
 Maurice co. , on the 1. bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, 78 m. (86 m. 
 by river) NE. Montreal. P. (1881) 8700; (1891) 8300. 
 
 Three Rivers, manufacturing vil. , U.S. , Michigan, St. Joseph 
 CO., on St. Joseph R. , 12 m. N. Indiana state, midway between 
 Detroit and Chicago ; has large manufactures of light cars and 
 carriage trimmings. P. <40qo. 
 
 Three Sisters, cape. Ire., co. Kerry, W. of Smerwick 
 Harbour. 
 
 Three Springs, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and 30 m. S. 
 Huntingdon; has medicinal mineral springs. P. <I500. 
 
 Threestone Hill, mt. , Scot. , Aberdeenshire, on the W. 
 border, 17J m. S. by W. Keith. Alt. 2065 ft. 
 
 Three Trees, tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. W. Inish- 
 owen, 8^ m. SW. Moville, on Lough Foyle. P. <250. 
 
 Threlkeld, par., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 3^ m. 
 ENE. Keswick, J m. N. of its stn. on the L. & NW. R., 
 PM.O.; 5956 ac. P. <:soo. 
 
 Threshfleld, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 
 21 m. W. by S. Ripon, 6i m. NNW. Embsay stn., P.O. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Thresthwalte Glen, Eng., Westmorland, leads from Low 
 Hartsop to Troutbeck. 
 
 Threxton, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 21 m. SE. King's 
 Lynn, 2i m. W. Walton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Tlirlgtoy, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, E. div. , 5 m. NW. by W. 
 Yarmouth, 4 m. W. Caister stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Thrlniby, par., Eng., Westmprland, Appleby div., 7 m. 
 SSE. Penrith, 3 m. S. by E. Clifton and Lowther stn. P. 
 <2So ; eccles. par. (T. with Great Strickland) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Thrlngstone, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, div. and 7 m. W. 
 by S. Loughborough, i m. NNW. Whitwick stn., P.O. P. 
 <iooo. 
 
 ThriploTV, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div., 7 
 m. S. by W. Cambridge, 2\ m. W. Whittlesford stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Thrisllngton, par., Eng., Durham, Mid div., 6^ m. ENE. 
 Bishop Auckland. P. <25o. 
 
 Thrithing, ' the three things. ' See Riding. 
 
 Throaphani, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Doncaster 
 div., 7 m. SE. by E. Rotherham, 3 m. NNE. Kiveton Park 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Throckenholt, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Murrow, Cambridge- 
 shire. 
 
 Throcking, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., xx\ m. 
 N. Hertford, 2 m. WNW. Buntingford stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Throckley, par., Eng., Northumberland, Castle Ward 
 union, 6 m. NW. Newcastle-on-Tyne, PM.O. (Xew T.). P. 
 <:i5oo. 
 
 Throckmorton, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, div. and 5^ m. 
 NW. Evesham, 2 m. NE. Pershore stn. P. <2SO. See Flad- 
 bury. 
 
 Throckmorton, co. , U.S., Texas, E. of 100° W., crossed 
 
 by 33° ><^ 
 
 Throgs Neck, cape, U.S., New York, Westchester co. , 16 
 m. NE. New York, on Long Island Sound ; has a lighthouse, 
 with fixed light, in 40° 48' N. , 73° 48' W. 
 
 Tliroop, vil., Eng., Hampshire, on the Stour, 3^ m. NNE. 
 
 1567 
 
THRO-THUR 
 
 Bournemouth, included in the pari. bor. of Christchurch, 2 m. 
 SW. by W. Heme stn., P.O. 
 
 TtaropUII, par., Eng. , Northumberland, 5 m. W. Morpeth. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Throptoii, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div. , on 
 the Coquet, laj m. SW. by W. Alnwick, 2^ m. W. by N. 
 Rothbury stn. , PM.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Tbrosk Platform, stn. , Scot. , on the C. R. , between Larbert 
 and Alloa. 
 
 Throston, par., Eng., Durham, in pari. bor. of Hartlepool. 
 P. 6100. 
 
 Tlirowlelgli, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Ashburton div. , 16 m. 
 W. by S. Exeter, 5 m. ESE. Okehampton stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Throwley, par. , Eng. , Kent, div. and 3^ m. SSW. Favers- 
 ham, P.O. (T. Forstal). P. <75o. 
 
 Throxenby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the SE. 
 of the Whitby div., ij m. W. Scarborough. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Tbrmnpton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div., 
 7^ m. N. by W. Loughborough, on the Trent, i m. E. Trent 
 Junction, PT.O. P. <;250. 
 
 Tbrumster, P.O., Scot., 4 m. SW. Wick, Caithness. 
 
 Thmnscoe, tn. , Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Cleetborpe. 
 
 Thrap, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, 2 m. SE. Woodstock. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Tlimscross, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley div., 
 9^ m. W. by N. Harrogate, 3^ m. W. by S. Darley stn. ; 6529 
 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Tliraslielton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 7^ m. 
 ENE. Launceston, 5 m. W. Bridestow stn.; 4378 ac. P. <5oo. 
 See Marysto'w. 
 
 Thriissliigton, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 7 m. 
 W. by S. Melton Mowbray, on the r. bk. of the Wreak, close 
 to Rearsby stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Tbruxtou, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 4J m. W. 
 Andover, 131^ m. NE. Salisbury, i^ m. WSW. Weyhill stn., 
 P.O. P. <:500. 
 
 Tlira.vton, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , 6 m. SW. by 
 W. Hereford, 2 m. W. Tram Inn stn. P. <:25o; eccles. par. 
 (T. with Kiiigstone) P. <5oo. 
 
 Thrybergta, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 3 
 m. NE. by E. Rotherham, i m. E. Aldwark stn., P.O. (Tliry- 
 burgh). P. <25o. 
 
 Thuan Blen, tn. , on the SE. ct. of Lower Cochin-China, 
 near frontier of Annam, 56 m. ESE. Saigon. 
 
 Thndauniot, or Thuglamot, tn. , on the Saigon R. , Lower 
 Cochin-China, 17 m. NNW. Saigon ; a road is being made 
 from there to Kratie. 
 
 Thn-Dnc, tn. , Lower Cochin-China, 8 m. NE. Saigon ; con- 
 tains tombs of the former royal family of Cochin-China. 
 
 Tha^s-entre-VaUs, vil. , France, dep. Pyr6n6es-Orientales, 
 arr. Prades, 3 m. SW. Olette; i ni. below is a hot mineral bath. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 , Thaeyts, tn. , France, dep. Ardeche, 53 m. S. by W. St. 
 Etienne, arr. and 10 m. NNW. Larg^ntifere. P. <20oo. 
 
 Thuglamot. See Thndanmot. 
 
 Thuln, comm. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. T. , on the 
 Sambre, 8^ ni. SW. by W. Charleroi ; has quarries of paving 
 stone, blast-furnaces, and shipbuilding. P. < 5000. 
 
 Thulr, tn. , France, dep. Pyr6n6es-Orientales, arr. and 8 m. 
 SW. by W. Perpigfnan. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Thule Ultima, the northernmost region in Europe known to the 
 ancients, an island discovered by Pytheas of Marseilles six days' 
 sail beyond the Orcades. It cannot be identified with certainty. 
 
 Thnlston, P.O., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 4^ ni. SE. Derby, 
 2 m. WSW. Draycott stn. 
 
 Thnm, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, 10 m. S. 
 Chemnitz. Alt. 1685 ft. P. < 5000. 
 
 Thun, tn., Switzd., cant, and 15 m. SE. Bern, charmingly 
 situated on the Aar less than a mile below its exit from Lake 
 Thun ; has slate, majolica, and brick works ; is centre of trade 
 for the Bernese Oberland ; seat of the Federal Military School. 
 In the chief street the foot-pavement, bordered by the shops, 
 runs along the roof of a row of warehouses and cellars which 
 border the carriage-way. The church has an octagonal tower 
 of the nth century. P. 5500. 
 
 Thun, lake, Switzd., cant. Bern, above the town of Thun, 
 traversed by the Aar, separated only by a low tract of land 
 (the Bodeli), about 3 m. wide, from Lake Brienz ; seldom frozen 
 over. Length, 10^ m.; width, 2^ m.; depth, 710ft.; alt. 1837ft. 
 
 Thunder Bay, or Hntll Bay, now called Le Conte Bay, on 
 the W. ct. of Alaska, in 56° 45' N.; at its head, 56" 50' N., is 
 the most southerly tide-water glacier of the coast. 
 
 Thunder Bay, Canada, prov. Ontario, the inlet at the head 
 of Lake Superior on which Port Arthiu- stands. 
 
 Thunder Bay River, U.S., Michigan, in the NE., flows E. 
 into Thunder Bay, Lake Huron, at Alpena, a little to the N. of 
 45° N. 
 
 Thunderley, vil. , Eng. , Essex. See Wlmblsh. 
 
 Thundenley, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 6J m. WNW. 
 Southend, li m. SW. Rayleigh stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 1568 
 
 Thnndridge, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, on the Rib, div. and 
 NE. Hertford, 2 m. N. by E. Ware stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Thuong, port, Tongking. See Laugglang. 
 
 Thur, riv., Switzd., cants. St. Gall, Thurgau, and Zurich, 
 joins the Rhine 7J 111. SSW^ Schaffhausen, after a N. and W. 
 course. Affluents, the Sitter and Murg. Length, 81 m.; area 
 of basin, 695 sq. m. 
 
 Thnrcaston, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Loughborough div. , 
 4 m. NNW. Leicester, 3 m. W. Syston Junction. P. <25o. 
 
 Thnrgarton, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 5 m. SW. by S. 
 Cromer. P. <: 250. 
 
 Thnrgarton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 7 m. 
 WSW. Newark, on the M. R. ; the church belonged to the 
 priory, founded in 1 130. P.O. P. <5oo. See HoTerlngham. 
 
 Thurgau, or Tburgorla, cant., NE. Switzd., having N. and 
 E. Lake Constance, Untersee, and the Rhine, separating it 
 from Baden and the cant, of Schaffhausen, and on other sides 
 the cants. St. Gall and Zurich. Surface undulating, and soil 
 fertile. Principal rivers the Thur, Sitter, and Murg. Agri- 
 culture, embroidery, cotton and linen spinning and weaving 
 are the chief occupations of the inhabitants. Principal towns, 
 Frauenfeld (the cap.), W^einfelden, Arbon, and Steckborn. It 
 is the seventeenth canton in order of admission (1803). Area, 
 380 sq. m. See Switzerland, table. 
 
 Thurgoland, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W, Riding, Holmfirth 
 div., 4 J m. SW. Barnsley, x\ m. E. by S. Oxspring stn., PM.O. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Thnrgoona, postal-centre. New South Wales, Goulbum co. , 
 •ii 35° 56' S., 147° o' E. ; wine-growing dist. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tbnrlnglan Forest, German Thiirlngerwald, mt. range, 
 central Ger. , in the Saxon duchies, extends from the Franken- 
 wald NW. for 50 m. The summits are covered with pine woods, 
 and the hill-sides with other timber trees. In spite of its slight 
 elevation it forms an important line of demarcation for central 
 Germany. The highest points are the Beerberg (3225 ft.) and 
 the Schneekopf (3210 ft.), but these are little above the general 
 elevation of the chain. The valley of the Gera (trib. Unstrut, 
 Elbe basin) with that of the Hasel (trib. Main), those of the 
 Saale and its trib. the Loquitz with that of the Hasslach (trib. 
 Rodach, Main basin), and the valley of the Weisse Elster 
 afford routes for three railways crossing the range from N. to S. 
 
 Tbnrlnglan States, a general name for the minor states of 
 the German Empire, traversed by the Thuringfian Forest, and 
 surrounded by the kgd. of Saxony, the Prussian provs. of 
 Saxony and Hesse-Nassau, and the kgd. of Bavaria. They 
 consist of the gd. -duchy of Saxe- Wei mar- Eisenach, the duchies 
 of Sa.xe-Koburg-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, and Saxe-Altenburg, 
 and the two Schwarzburg and two Reuss principalities. The 
 region occupied by these states, a region comprising also the 
 Prussian circles of Schmalkalden, Schleusingen, and Ziegenriick, 
 which are included for the purposes of judicial administration 
 along with the T. States (except Schwarzburg-Sondershausen) 
 in the sphere of the upper land-court of Jena, is frequently 
 known as Thnrlngla. See Cierman Empire, table, and the 
 articles on the different states. 
 
 TAurititn, tn., Italy. See Tlrlolo. 
 
 Tbnrlaston, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 6J m. ESE. 
 Bosworth, 2 m. N. by W. Croft stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Tburlaston, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 3^ m. SW. 
 Rugby, I m. S. Dunchurch stn., P.O. P. <:500. See Dun- 
 church. 
 
 Tlinrlbear, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 3 J m. 
 SE. by S. Taunton, 2i m. W. Hatch stn. P. <2So. See 
 Orchard Portman. 
 
 Thnrlby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div. , on the 
 Witham, 7 m. SW. by S. Lincoln, 3 m. ESE. Swinderby stn. 
 P. < 250. 
 
 Thnrlby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., yh m. 
 NE. Stamford, on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Thnrleigh (thdr-lai'), par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade 
 div., 5^ m. N. Bedford, 3^ m. ESE. Sharnbrook stn., P.O. P. 
 
 <75o"' 
 
 Thnrles, par., civic and market tn. , Ire., NE. co. Tipjjerary, 
 bar. Eliogarty, ii^ m. N. by E. Cashel, on the G. S. & W. R.; 
 it has Roman Catholic cathedral of the archbishopric of Cashel. 
 Coal is worked here. Market-days, Tu. and S. Par. 8269 ac. , 
 P. 5400; tn. P. < 5000. 
 
 Thurlestone, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., on Big- 
 bury Bay, 14 111. WSW. Dartmouth. P. -csoo. 
 
 Thuriow, dreat and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Suffolk, Risbridge union. Great T. 3J m. N. Haverhill, 
 PMT.O. (T.). P. (of each) < 500. 
 
 Thnrloxton, par., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 4 ni. 
 NE. Taunton, P.O. (T.Cross). P.<25o. 
 
 Thnrlston, part of par. , Eng., Suffolk. See Whltton. 
 
 Thurlstone, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding. 
 Holmfirth div., 10 m. SE. by S. Huddersfield ; manufactures 
 woollen cloth. PM.O. 8ii7ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Thurlton, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , 9J m. SW. by W. 
 Yarmouth, 2^ m. W. Haddiscoe stn. P. <5oo. 
 
THUR — TIBA 
 
 Thnrmau, vil., U.S., New York, Warren co. , 36 m. N. 
 Saratoga Springs by rail ; tourist centre for the Adirondacks. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Tbarniastou, tn. , Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div. , 3 m. 
 NE. by N. Leicester ; framework-knitting carried on. PM.O. 
 P. <2ooo ; pars. , North T. P. <5oo ; Sontli T. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tliarnby, pan, Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 4 m. E. 
 by S. Leicester, with stn. (T. and Scraptoft) on the G. N. R. , 
 P.O. P. <;25o ; eccles. par. (T. >vltli Btongliton) P. <soo. 
 
 Tlinrne, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 9^ m. NW. by W. 
 Yarmouth, 2^ m. SW. Potter Heigham stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 See Ashljy with Oby. 
 
 Thnriiham, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, div. and 4^ m. S. by W. 
 Lancaster, i^ m. W. Galgate stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Thnrnliig, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire and Northampton- 
 shire, 12 m. SW. by S. Peterborough, 3 m. SE. by E. Barnwell 
 stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Thnrnliig, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 12 m. SW. by W. 
 Cromer, 2^ m. W, by S. Corpusty and Saxthorpe stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Thnruscoe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Doncaster 
 div., 7 m. E. Barnsley, i m. SSW. Frickley stn., PM.O. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Thnrrock, Little and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Essex. Little T., SE. div., 10 m. SE. Romford, close to Grays 
 stn., PM.O., P. <iooo; West T., PMT.O., P. <300o; eccles. 
 par. (West T. with Pnrfleet) P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Thursby, par., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., 5I m. SW. 
 by W. Carlisle, i m. N. Curthwaite stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Thursday Island, isl., Queensland, off the NE. ct. of Prince 
 of Wales group, in Normanby Sound, Torres Strait, in 10° 33' S. , 
 142° 10' E. , about 400 m. NNW. Cooktown; has pearl fisheries. 
 It has an excellent harbour, known as Port Kennedy, which 
 is also the name of the town ; an important shipping centre, 
 coaling station, and port of call for the mail steamers ; fortified. 
 Vessels drawing 22^ ft. can come up to the hulks of the town 
 with perfect safety. A quay is (1894) under construction; rise 
 and fall of spring-tides, 8J ft. Centre of the b^che-de-mer and 
 valuable pearl-fishing industries ; contains considerable govern- 
 ment establishment. Close by is Friday I. , the quarantine stn. , 
 and a small island (Dayman, 18 m. from Thursday I.) has been 
 set apart for lepers from Queensland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Thnrsford, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 16 m. WSW. 
 Cromer, on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly., P.O. P. <25o. See 
 Great Snoring. 
 
 Thnrsley, par., Eng., Surrey, Guildford div., 5J m. SSE. 
 Farnham, PM.O.; 4378 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Thurso, river-port, Canada, Quebec, co. and 28 m. below 
 Ottawa, on Ottawa R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Thurso, riv. , Scot., Caithness, rises in the extreme W., flows 
 E. , then NE. , then N. to Thurso Bay (Atlantic Ocean). 
 
 Thurso (Norse Thors-aa, 'Thor's River"), par., seapt., and 
 market-tn., Scot., Caithness, on Thurso Bay, at the mouth of 
 the riv. Thurso, 184 m. NW. by W. Wick, with a stn. on the 
 H. R. ; has extensive exports of large Caithness flagstones ; 
 formerly a centre of trade between Scotland and Scandinavia. 
 Its harbour is safe for small vessels, but is obstructed by a bar ; 
 there is a good roadstead, with a pier at Scrabster, within the 
 bay. Quays are (1894) in course of construction. The town- 
 hall contains a museum, in which are preserved the fossils 
 collected by Robert Dick (i8u-66), a local baker, celebrated 
 in his time as a geologist and botanist. Market-day, F. Par. 
 28,049 ac, P- 5800; tn. P. < 4000. 
 
 Thurstaston, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Wirral div. , 5J m. SW. 
 by W. Birkenhead, i m. from the Dee, on the L. & NW. R. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Thurston, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 4 m. E. Bury St. 
 Edmunds, on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Thurston, co. , U.S., Washington, crossed by 47° N. and 
 123° W. 
 
 Thnrstonland, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Holmfirth div., 4 m. SSE. Huddersfield, i m. SE. Brockholes 
 stn. P. <; 1000. 
 
 Tliurton, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 8 m. SE. Norwich, 
 3i m. SW. Buckenham stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Thnrvaston, part of par., Eng., Derbyshire. See Osleston. 
 
 Thnry-Harcourt, tn. , France, dep. Calvados, on the Orne, 
 arr. and 14 m. WNW. Falaise. P. <20oo. 
 
 Thusls, Tusann, or Tosana, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 
 iii m. SSW. Chur, in the Domleschg, near the S. entrance 
 to the Via Mala. Alt. 2445 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Thusurus, tn. , Tunis. See Tnzor. 
 
 Thuxton, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, Mid div. , 13 m. W. Norwich, 
 3 m. SSE. East Dereham, on the G. E. R., PM.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Tliwalte, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 11 m. SE. by S. 
 Norwich, 2\ m. NW. Ellingham stn. P. <2so. 
 
 Thwalte, part of par. , Eng. , Norfolk. See Alby with T. 
 
 Thwalte, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 4^ m. SW. Eye, P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Thwaltes, eccles. par., Eng. , Cumberland, in Millom ancient 
 par. P. <5oo. 
 15(39 
 
 Thwaltes, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, on the M. R., near 
 Keighley. 
 
 Thwlng, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 11^ m. S. Scarborough, 5 m. SW. Hunmanby stn., P.O.; 4026 
 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Thyholm, penin. , Denmark, in the W. of Jutland, in tiie 
 Liimfjord. 
 
 Thysdrus, vil. , Tunis. See Jena, El. 
 
 Tlabaya, tn., Peru, dep. Arequipa, 50 m. NNE. Mollendo, 
 12 m. W. Arequipa. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Tlagane, dist. , W. Sahara, about 370 m. NE. St. Louis. 
 
 Tldgar, vil. and old fort, Brit. India, Madras, S. Arcot dist. , 
 30 m. S. Trinomalai ; scene of much fighting in the Karndtik 
 wars. P. < 5000. 
 
 Tlahuanaco, site of ruins, Bolivia, 27-37 m. W. La Paz, on 
 the high plateau of Vilque ; it is a vast quadrilateral, consisting 
 of megalithic blocks, and ruins described by many historians and 
 travellers. 
 
 Tlall, region, French Sudan, on 1. bk. of the Faleme, E. part 
 mountainous, W. part low and marshy. 
 
 Tlamat, or Chalmat, tn., Siam, on the Menam, a little 
 below the point where the Tachin arm breaks off, 103 m, N. 
 by W. Bangkok. 
 
 Tlan Shan (prop)erly T'han Shaft, Chinese, ' celestial moun- 
 tains '), an extensive mountain system, Russian Turkistan, 
 attaining a length of nearly 1600 m. from WSW. to ENE. , 
 and a width of from 100 to 330 m. May be considered on the 
 whole as the border ridge of the High Plateau of E. Asia (from 
 the Iranian plateau to the Altai), fringed on its outer slojje by 
 a series of shorter chains, running parallel to the border ridge, 
 separated by deep valleys, and pierced by the gorges of several 
 rivers. According to this view the ranges of Peter the Great, 
 Trans-Alai, Kokshal-tau, and Sary-yassy, which all have behind 
 them (on the SE. slope) high plateaux, but fall abruptly to low 
 valleys on the N W. , would be defined as the border ridges of the 
 High Plateau (Pamirs and plateaux of Turfan and Ak-su, sloping 
 to the E. Turkistan depression). They contain also most of the 
 highest peaks and largest glaciers of the region ; e.g. , Kaufmann 
 Peak (22,500 ft.), Seltau, Khan-Tengri (24,00c ft.), and the 
 passes across it are 10,000-14,000 ft. high. The series of chains 
 form a wide alpine region, in the midst of which are the Kokan 
 or Fergana, Issyk-kul, Kulja, and Ebi-nor depressions. The 
 chief chains of this alpine region, most of them attaining heights 
 of from 10,000-19,000 ft., and snow-clad for large distances, are 
 (beginning from the SW.) the Baisun-tau, Hissar, and Alai 
 Ranges ; Bish-ilik, Chotkal, Talas, Ala-tau, and Alexandrovskiy 
 Range in the N. of the Fergana depression ; the Trans-Ili and 
 Kunghei Ala-taus in the N. of, and the Terskei Ala-tau in the S. 
 of, Lake Issyk-kul ; the Dzungarian Ala-tau in the N. of, and the 
 Narat-tau in the S. and SE. of, Kulja — all having, generally 
 speaking, a direction towards the NE. ; while five ridges of later 
 upheaval — Nura-tau, Kara-tau, the Chu-Ili Mts. , Uch-kara, 
 and Chingiz-tau— project from the alpine belt to the NW. , their 
 continuations being traced within the alpine belt as well, as is 
 the case with the Fergana range by which the Kara-tau seems 
 to be continued towards Kashgar. The Tian Shan highlands 
 are built up of Azoic and Primary rocks, with Secondary and 
 Tertiary deposits in some valleys and on the edges of the high- 
 lands. Some of the outer valleys are very fertile, and a fringe 
 of fertile loess lies all round at the foot of the highlands ; its 
 terraces, irrigated by the numerous rivers and streams that 
 issue from the highlands, and the canals drawn from them, 
 have been from a remote antiquity the seat of a now decaying 
 civilisation (see also Turkistan). The Eastern Tlan Shan 
 is a system of mountains stretching eastwards for 700 m. , 
 from 84° E. (Khan-tengri group) to 92° E., with a width of 
 about 120 m. in the W. and only 50 m. in the E. , between the 
 depression of Dzungaria in the N. (a deep trench, opening to 
 the NW. , in the High Plateau, alt. 2100-3500 ft.), and the 
 Tarim depression and Ha-shufi Gobi on the S. The orography 
 of these mountains is not yet fully known. They attain an 
 altitude of 9000 to lo.occ ft. and have the oases of Karashar^ 
 Urumchi, Turfan, Barkul, and Hami at their N. and S. foot. 
 See Turkistan, Eastern. 
 
 Tlaqnln, bar. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Galway. 
 
 Tlaret, walled tn. , Algeria, arr. and 112 m. E. by S. Oran ; 
 has a trade in wool, grain, and cattle with caravans from the S. 
 Founded in 1843 on Roman ruins. P. <4000. 
 
 Tlaro, post-tn. , Queensland, March co. , 125 m. N. by W. 
 Brisbane ; excellent coal seams in the neighbourhood ; plum- 
 bago is also found, and antimony is worked at Neardie, 25 m. 
 distant. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tlassale, tn., French Guinea, Ivory Coast, 75 m. WNW. 
 Great Bassam, at the point where navigation begins on the 
 Lahu ; an important centre of commerce. 
 
 Tlbagy, vil. , Brazil, Parand, on the riv.Tibagy, in about 24° 40"" 
 S. , 50° 40' W. The riv. Tibagy flows N. to the Paranapan^ma, 
 which it enters in about 20° 56' S. , 51° 28' W. Jour. A. G. S. „ 
 1876, map, p. 263. 
 
 Tlbatl, tn., central Sudan, Adamawa, about 146 m. S. Yola, 
 
 5G 
 
TI B B — TI B O 
 
 the cap. of a small state trib. to Adamawa. The population 
 consists of Mussulman negroes, with a considerable number 
 of Fellata. 
 
 Tibberaghny, par. , Ire. , co. Kilkenny, bar. Iverk. P. <25o. 
 
 Tlbberniore, par., Scot., E. Perthshire, iij m. E. Crieft", 2 
 m. SE. by E. Methven stn., with a stn. (Tlbberniuir Crossing) 
 on the C. R. , P.O. ; 6140 ac. P. (including part of Perth burgh) 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Tlbberton, par., Eng. , Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div. , 
 5 m. WNW. Gloucester, P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Tlbberton, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 13 m. ENE. 
 Shrewsbury, 4^ m. W. by N. Newport, PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tlbberton, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div. , 4 m. 
 NE. by E. Worcester, on the Worcester and Birmingham Canal, 
 P.O. P. <;5oo. See Bredlcot. 
 
 Tlbbu, a Berber or Negroid Berber race in the E. Sr^hara, 
 ranging from Tripoli to Kanem and Wadai. They are L .latical 
 Moslems, and are divided into two groups, the Teda and the Dasa. 
 
 Tll)enliam, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 14 m. SW. by S. 
 Norwich, 2 m. NW. Tivetshall stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Tiber, Italian Tevere, ancient Tiberis, riv. , central Italy, 
 rises in the Tuscan Apennines, 5 m. N. Pieve San-Stefano, and 
 flows SSE. as far as Barberini, within 20 m. of Rome, where it 
 turns SW. and enters the Mediterranean, 17 m. below Rome, 
 by two mouths, which enclose a small delta, the ancient Isola 
 Sacra. It is navigable at certain seasons as far as the conflu- 
 ence of the Nera, 30 m. N. Rome. Principal tribs. , the Topino, 
 Nera (ancient Nar), and Teverone (ancient Anio) from the E. ; 
 the Nestore, Chiana, and Nepi from the W. Its banks are not 
 picturesque ; and the stream, usually sluggish, is rapid in spring, 
 and brings down with it a coloured muddy deposit, which caused 
 it anciently to be termed the 'Yellow Tiber.' At Rome it is 
 about 300 ft. broad. Length, 244 m. ; area of basin, 6456 sq. m. ; 
 discharge, mean 9400 cubic ft. per second, highest 158,900 cubic 
 ft. per second, lowest 5700 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Tlbergent, vil. , Algeria, prov. , arr. , and 34 m. W. Constan- 
 tine ; a prosperous colony, founded in 1881. 
 
 Tiberias, Sea of. Lake of Galilee, or Sea of Gennesaret, 
 now called by the Arabs Balir-et-Tnbartya (Tabariya), lake, 
 Palestine, the second of those traversed by the Jordan, oval in 
 shape, 14 m. long, 75 m. in extreme width, and 683 ft. below the 
 level of the sea ; greatest depth about 156 ft. The lake occupies 
 the bottom of a great basin ; it is bounded on the E. by the 
 mountains of Bashan, 2000 ft. high, barren, and furrowed by 
 ravines. On the SW. the shores rise abruptly, and the NW. is 
 occupied by the plain of Gennesaret. From its great depression 
 the climate is hot, and the vegetation tropical. The water of the 
 lake is sweet and clear, and it abounds in fish. On its shores 
 were nine cities and many villages, among them Capernaum, 
 Magdala, and Tiberias, of which the last only remains, under 
 the name of Tnbariya (Tabariya), about the middle of its W. 
 shore, in 32° 47' N. 
 
 Tlberton, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 8^ m. W. 
 Hereford, 3 m. ENE. Peterchurch stn. P. <250. See Nadley. 
 
 Tlbestl, so called by Arab travellers, native name Tn ( ' rocks ' ) , 
 dist. , Sahara, between 22°-i8° N. lat. , composed of a large 
 mountain group exhibiting an inextricable choas of stones, with- 
 out a tree ; the mountains are intersected by ravines, where 
 water flows during the rains, which fall in the summer only, when 
 the trade-wind from the E. prevails ; the floods are rapid, and 
 sometimes dangerous. The climate is hot and dry, but liable to 
 sudden variations of temperature. Vegetation scanty ; date 
 palms only grow in certain valleys in the E. , and the inhabitants 
 depend mainly on their flocks. The camels of T. are the most 
 valued in E. Sahara ; other domestic animals are donkeys (of a 
 small but sturdy breed), goats, and sheep. The inhabitants 
 (Tubu) are a well proportioned, hardy, but cruel race. Except 
 Nachtigal, no European has yet visited the country. 
 
 Tibet, extensive region of central Asia, included in the 
 Chinese Empire, stretching from 79° to 103° E. , and from the 
 great chain of the Himalayas to nearly 40° N., being separated 
 on the N. by the Altyn lagh Range from Eastern Turkistan, 
 and on the NE. by the Nan-shan Range from the Chinese prov. 
 of Kansu. Boundaries, N., Chinese Turkistan, the desert 
 Gobi, and the Kuku-Nor territory ; W. , Ladakh, Leh, and the 
 other countries of ' Little Tibet '; E. , China proper ; and S. , the 
 territories of Burmah, British India, Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepil, 
 and the Punjab. Length from E. to W., 1400 m. ; breadth, 
 600 m. It is traversed from W. to E. , between about 36° 
 and 37° N., by the Kuenlun Mts. In the E. the Dangla 
 Range, stretching from about 90° to 97° E., in about lat. 33°, 
 with an average elevation estimated at about 20,000 ft. , forms 
 an important climatic barrier, intercepting the moisture-carrying 
 monsoon winds from the SW. , and the same effect is exercised 
 by the rugged range further E. , in a somewhat more northerly 
 lat. (about 34° in the NW. to 33° in the SE.), to the S. of the 
 upper Hwang-ho. The W. part is a lofty tableland, with a very 
 dry climate, cold, but not severe ; and the lower limit of the snow- 
 line is higher on the N. than on the S. slope of the Himalayas. 
 The highest plains are more than 15,000 ft. above the sea. 
 1570 
 
 Captain Bower, in his journey across Tibet in 1891-92, from 
 Ladakh to Batang and Tachien-lu (W. to E. ), never recorded 
 an alt. below 16,000 from the Lanak Pass in about 79^° E. to 
 86° E., none below 15,000 between 86° and 87° E., and as far 
 as 95° E. the alts, recorded by him are mainly from 14,000 to 
 16,000 ft. The N. to S. routes across middle Tibet generally 
 show alts, of from 13,000 to 20,000 ft. In the NE. , between 
 the Kuenlun Mts. and S. Kuku-Nor Range, there is a vast 
 region known as the Tsaidam (though the name is specially 
 applied to a great marsh in the S. of the region), where the alt. 
 is about 9000 ft., but beyond that, between the S. Kuku-Nor 
 Range and the Nan-shan (in the area containing the Kuku-Nor 
 lake), it rises to nearly 11,000 ft. In the SE. , E. of 96° E. , and 
 S. of 32° N. , the surface is deeply cut by the upper valleys of 
 the Indo-Chinese and some Chinese rivers (including the 
 Yangtse-kiang), all running more or less S. Besides these 
 rivers the Hwang-ho, the Indus, Sutlej, and Brahmaputra all 
 rise in Tibet. Tibet contains many lakes, some of which are 
 of great size. Besides Kuku-Nor, the principal are Tengri-Nor, 
 Palti, Motel-thung, Kyaring Cho, Pangong, Oring-Nor, Jaring- 
 (Charing or Zharing) Nor, &c. The land in W. Tibet, so far as 
 has been discovered, is very bare of trees, or large vegetable 
 products ; yet it abounds with game and other wild animals, 
 and numerous flocks of sheep and goats, the hairy wool of 
 which is used for the manufacture of shawls and other fine 
 fabrics in Kashmir. The yak [Po'cphagus grunniens) and 
 several other kinds of cattle are reared ; horses, mules, and 
 sheep are used as beasts of burden. A fine race of dogs, and 
 the musk deer, a small species, are natives of Tibet. Barley, 
 peas, and wheat are the chief crops raised ; garden vegetables 
 and fruits are in little variety, and the inhabitants live more by 
 pastoral than agricultural pursuits. Clay-slate, granite, quartz, 
 and limestone are constituents of the mountain ranges ; borax 
 in great quantity, nitre, rock-salt, lead, silver, copper, gold, 
 turquoise, and lapis-lazuli are among the mineral products ; 
 but the great scarcity of fuel forms a serious obstacle to mining 
 and the reduction of metals. Near Gartok there are extensive 
 gold-fields. Mannfactnres of woollens, sacking, and other 
 woven fabrics are pretty general, and much cloth is sent from 
 Lhasa into China. The trafllc through Tibet is extensive, and 
 mostly monopolised by the government and officers of state. 
 The trade with N W. China is conducted at Lhasa and Sinning, 
 a town of the Chinese province Kansu, where the Tibetan 
 caravans exchange the native produce and Indian goods for 
 tea, silver, bullion, brocades, fruits, tobacco, quicksilver, 
 cinnabar, furs, porcelain, musical instruments, pearls, and 
 corals. A large tea trade with Tibet is carried on from Yachon- 
 fu, in western Siichwan, by way of Tachien-lu. Nepal and 
 Bhutan derive all their Chinese goods through Tibet ; and from 
 the former and Bengal, English and Indian piece goods, sugar, 
 tobacco, indigo, paper, rice, spices, sandal-wood, and gums 
 are received ; from Assam, silk, iron, and stick lac ; from 
 Chinese Turkistan, horses and camels ; from Ladakh, dried 
 fruits, shawls, gamboge, saffron, copper, tobacco, and timber. 
 Trade with British India is carried on by a series of passes through 
 Sikkim, by the Lipu Lek pass leading to the NW. Provs., and 
 by other routes ; but till lately British subjects were not allowed 
 to enter Tibet, and trade was greatly restricted. By a special 
 convention, however, the customs station of Yatung, near the 
 Sikkim frontier, was opened on ist May 1894 to British subjects, 
 who are to be allowed to reside there and carry on trade with- 
 out other restriction than the payment of customs duties. The 
 roads and bridges are far inferior to those of China. Tibet, 
 which became subordinate to China in 1648, is politically 
 divided into E. , or Hither, and W., or Ulterior Tibet, each 
 ruled by a minister from Peking, in conjunction with the 
 ecclesiastical heads of the country, the Dalai-lama, at Lhasa, 
 the E. capital, and the Teshu-lama, at Shigatse, the W. capital. 
 Tibet is the headquarters of Lamaism or northern Buddhism. 
 The country abounds with temples and monasteries. 
 
 Tlbl, maritime tn., Philippine Is., Luzon I., 134 m. SE. 
 Manila; has hot springs. P. 13,400. 
 
 Tlbl, tn., Spain, Valencia, prov. and 12 m. NNW. Alicante, 
 dist. Jijona ; about 6 m. below, at the mouth of a gorge, is 
 Pantano de T. , a vast reservoir confined by a dike. 
 
 Tlblcnary, riv., Paraguay, formed by several headwaters, 
 flows W. , with a very winding course, to the Paraguay, which 
 it enters in 26° 35' S. 
 
 Tibiscus, riv., Hungary. See Thelss. 
 
 Tlbna, ruins, Palestine, Titnah (of Judah) in the O. T., 
 31° 42' N., 35° 3' E., 12 m. NNW. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Tlbneh, vil., Palestine, Timnah in the O. T., 31° 44' N., 
 34° 56' E., 17 m. W. by S. Jerusalem ; according to tradition it 
 is the ancient Timnath, connected with the exploits of Samson. 
 
 Tlbnln (the Toron of the Crusades), vil. , Palestine, 33° 12' N. , 
 35° 24' E. , 14 m. ESE. Tyre. 
 
 Tlbohlne, par.. Ire., co. and 22 m. NW. Roscommon, bar. 
 Frenchpark, 5 m. from Castlerea stn. , P.O. ; 44,093 ac. P. 12,000. 
 
 Tlboobnrra, mining tp.. New South Wales, 892 m. W. 
 Sydney by road and rail, in dist. Wilcannia. P. <i5oo. 
 
TIER 
 
 TIEN 
 
 Tlbradden Nonntalu, Ire., in the S. of co. Dublin, 8 in. 
 WNW. Bray. Alt. 1540 ft. 
 
 Tlbsheir, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, Mid div. , 6^ m. W. Mans- 
 field, with stns. (T. and Newton) on the M. R. and (T. Town) 
 
 on the M. S. & L. R., PMT.O. ' P. <3000. 
 
 Tlbthorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., 19 m. NNW. Hull, 2 m. WNW. Southburn stn., P.O. 
 P. -tSoo. 
 
 Tlburon, maritime tn., isl. and republic Haiti, SW. ct. , 
 142 m. W. Port au Prince, in 18° 22' N. , 74° 28' W. Cape 
 Tlbnron is a headland adjacent to Cayes. 
 
 Tlbnron, isl., Mexico, in Gulf of California, crossed by 29° 
 N. Length, 30 m. ; breadth, 20 m. 
 
 Ticao Island, isl., Philippine Is., Masbate gfroup, crossed by 
 12° 30' N., 123° 40' E. Area, 139 sq. m. 
 
 Ticehnrst, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Rye div. , 8^ m. SE. Tunbridge 
 Wells, 3 m. NE. of its stn. (T. Koad) on the SE. R., PMT.O.; 
 8265 ac. P. <3000. 
 
 Tlcban, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Pless, 34 m. E. 
 Ratibor. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tlchborne, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 5J m. 
 E. Winchester, ij m. SW. Alresford stn., P.O. P. <soo. See 
 Cherlton. 
 
 Tlclno (in Ger. and French Tessln), cant., Switzd. , on the 
 Italian slopes of the .Alps, which separate it on the N. from the 
 cants. Valais, Uri, and Grisons, having S. and E. Lombardy 
 and Grisons, and W. Piedmont. It originally belonged to 
 Italy, but was taken by the Swiss in 1512. It is almost entirely 
 mountainous, and is wholly drained by the T. and its tribs. , the 
 largest of which is La Maggia. Its S. part comprises the larger 
 portion of the Lake of Lugano, with the N. extremity of Lago 
 Maggiore. Climate very various, according to elevation. Prin- 
 cipal crops, wheat, maize, rye, tobacco, chestnuts, wine, and silk. 
 The transit trade between Italy and Switzerland is considerable. 
 The inhabitants emigrate to neighbouring countries, to the 
 number of about 10,000 annually. Principal towns, Bellinzona 
 (the cap.), Lugano, Locarno (both of which, till the decree of 
 Feb. 10, 1878, had the right to the position of cap. alternately 
 with Bellinzona), and Faido. T. holds the eighteenth place in 
 the Swiss Confederation. It has recently made progress, to 
 which the opening of the St. Gothard Rly. has contributed. 
 Area, 1088 sq. m. P. (1870) 119,600; (1888) 127,000. See 
 Switzerland, table. 
 
 Tlflno, riv. , Switzd. and Italy, rises near the Nufenen Pass, 
 in the Swiss cant, of T. , and winds E. and SE. to the head of 
 Lago Maggiore, traverses that lake, and after issuing from it in 
 the S. , forms part of the boundary between Piedmont and Lom- 
 bardy, flows past Pavia, and finally enters the Po a few miles 
 below that town. It is far the largest of the tribs. of this river, 
 and without it, say the boatmen, ' il Po non sarebbe Po.' In 
 its lower part it forms many islands, and supplies the canal 
 Naviglio Grande. Length, 154 m. ; area of basin, 2791 sq. m. ; 
 discharge, mean 14,500 cubic ft. per second, high estimated at 
 190,700 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Ticinum, city, Italy. See Parla. 
 
 Tlckencote, par., Eng., Rutland, 8 m. E. Oakham, 3 m. 
 NW. Stamford stn. P. <250. 
 
 Tlckenliani, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 8 m. W. Bristol, 
 3 m. E. Clevedon stn. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Tlckhlll, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 
 6^ m. S. by E. Doncaster, 3I m. SW. by S. Rossington stn. 
 Remains exist of the old castle besieged in the reign of John. 
 PMT.O. Par. 5579 ac, P. <:2ooo; tn. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Tlckniacrevan, par.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Glenarm, 
 on Glenarm Bay ; 20,511 ac. P. <:45oo. 
 
 Tlcknall, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, S. div. , 6\ m. E. Burton, 
 3I m. WSW. Melbourne stn. , P.O. P. <iooor 
 
 "Tlckton with Hnll Bridge, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. 
 Riding, Holderness div., 8J m. N. by W. Hull, 2 m. NE. 
 Beverley [q.v.), PT.O. (Tlckton). P.<5oo. 
 
 Tleoarl, Goa isl. See Tlswtkdi. 
 
 Tlcondero'ga, vil., U.S., New York, Essex co. , on a lofty 
 promontory at the foot of Lake George, 44 m. S. by W. Bur- 
 lington (Vt. ) ; graphite and iron ore mined. Its celebrated 
 fortress, built by the French in 1755, was originally named 
 Carrillon, from the music of the neighbouring Lower and Upper 
 Falls. It was the headquarters of Montcalm, 1757, and was 
 subsequently taken and retaken several times; after the war 
 it fell into ruins. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tlcul, vil., Mexico, Yucatan, 30 m. S. M^rida, with ancient 
 ruins and burial monuments. P. (comm. )<3ooo. 
 
 Tlcnnas, or Tacunas, Indians, in NE. of Peru. 
 
 Tld, P.O., Eng., Lincolnshire. See Tydd St. Mary. 
 
 Tldaliolni, seapt., Sweden, prov. Skaraborg, 26 m. N. by 
 W. Jonkoping. 
 
 Tldcombe, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 9J m. NW. 
 by N. Andover, 3 m. ESE. Grafton stn. P. <;25o; eccles. par. 
 (T. with Hlppenscombe) P. <:25o. 
 
 Tlddington, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, on the G. W. R., 4 m. 
 W. Thame, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Tlddlngton, vil., Eng., Warwickshire, on the Avon, div. 
 and i^ m. NE. by E. Stratford-on-Avon, P.O. 
 
 Tldebrook, eccles. par., Eng., Sussex, Wadhurst and May- 
 field pars. , P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Tldeford, eccles. par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Germans par., 
 PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Tldenhani, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div. , 
 2 J m. NE. Chepstow, on the G. W. R. , PM.O. ; 6376 ac. P. < 
 2000 ; eccles. par. (T. with Tntshlll and Chase) P. < 2000. 
 
 Tldeswell, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 6 m. ENE. 
 Buxton, i| m. NE. by N. Millersdale stn., PMT.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tldlkelt, dist. , Africa, western Sahara, E. of Tuat, con- 
 taining a group of oases, the chief of which is Ain Salah ; it 
 constitutes a depression stretching W. to E. between the neigh- 
 bouring plateaux. The climate is excessively hot, and very 
 little rain falls, but there is a good supply of subterranean water. 
 The oases stretch from ENE. to WSW, the rest of the country 
 being either scrub (unusually luxuriant for the Sahara) or low 
 plateaux and valleys. Important transit-trade, centred chiefly 
 at Ksar-el-Arab, the central settlement of Ain Salah. The 
 population is composed of two elements, Arab nomads and 
 the settled of mixed race. 
 
 Tldlll, Jebel, mt. , Morocco. See Mlltsln. 
 
 Tldlonte, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Warren co. , on .-Mle- 
 gheny R. , 46 m. SE. Erie ; has large trade in petroleum. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tldniarsh, par., Eng., Berkshire, Newbury div., 5 m. W, 
 by N. Reading, li m. S. Pangbourne stn. P. <2SO. 
 
 Tidnilngton, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Evesham div. , on 
 the Stour, 11 m. SSE. Stratford-on-Avon. P. <25o. See 
 Shlpstoii-on-Stour. 
 
 Tldnlsh, seapt. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Cumberland co. , on 
 Baie Verte, 21 m. from Amherst. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tldong, country, Borneo, divided into eight principalities, 
 tributary to the Sultan of Bulungan, who recognises the pro- 
 tectorate of Holland. The N. boundary was defined by the 
 agreement of 1892 between Great Britain and Holland. The 
 flatness of most of the dist. allows of communication between 
 the deltas of the various rivers, the chief of which are Sibuku 
 and the Sebawang. 
 
 Tldore, isl. , Eastern Archipelago, one of the Molucca Is. , 
 W. of Halmahera I. and S. of Ternate, from which it is separated 
 by a channel affording good anchorage, in 0° 41' N.; belonging 
 to the Dutch. It consists, in the S. part, of a cone of perfect 
 regularity, the highest volcano of the Moluccas, from which 
 vapour still occasionally rises. In the SE. various fruit-trees, 
 cotton, tobacco, nutmeg, coffee, and maize are cultivated. 
 
 Tldworth, North, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Devizes div. , 13J m. 
 NNE. Salisbury, 2 m. SW. Ludgershall stn., P.O. (Tldworth). 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Tldworth, South, par. , i m. S. by E. , in the Andover div. 
 of Hampshire. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tle-chon, site of ruins, China, prov. Kansu, 99 m. SW. 
 Kwangchang-fu. 
 
 Tief, ' deep.' See Dlep. 
 
 Tlefenkastel, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 13 m. S. by E. 
 Chur, on the Albula. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tlegeuhof, tn., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle Marien- 
 burg, 20 m. SE. by E. Danzig. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tlehllng, tn. , Manchuria, prov. Liautung, 45 m. NE. by N. 
 Mukden. 
 
 Tlehshanpu, iron-mines, China, prov. Hupe. The mines 
 are in a hill 390 ft. high and 3 m. in circumference, consisting 
 almost entirely of iron ore. See Shlhhnlyao. 
 
 Tlel, tn. and river-port, Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the 
 r. bk. of the Waal, 14 m. NNE. Bois-le-Duc ; trade in grain. 
 It was a considerable port in the Middle Ages. P. (comm. ) 9900. 
 
 Tien, Chinese, 'shop,' 'inn,' 'tea-house;' also 'small lake' 
 or ' swamp. ' 
 
 Tlenehlli (locally Kunming), large lake, China, Yunnan, 
 to the S. of Yiinnan-fu, drained through an artificial channel W. 
 then N. into the Yangtse. 
 
 Tlenen, Belgium. See Tlrleniont. 
 
 Tien-Gemeten, small isl. in the Haringvliet, Holland, prov. 
 S. Holland. 
 
 Tlenpal, tn., on the S. ct. of China, prov. Kwangtung, in 
 111° 17' E. 
 
 Tlenrana, riv. , Celebes. See Tempe. 
 
 Tlenshu-shan, mts., China, prov. Pechili, 25 m. NW. 
 Peking ; celebrated for the royal necropolis of Shisanling 
 (thirteen graves), or ' tombs of the Ming." Alt. 2625-3280 ft. 
 
 Tlentsln-fn, city and treaty-port, China, prov. Pechili, on 
 the Pei-ho, 70 m. SE. by S. the port of Peking ; the city stands 
 on a mound, and has been open to foreign trade since the treaty 
 of i860, the plain around being often submerged during the 
 rainy season. It is unpaved and dirty, and liable to outbreaks 
 of cholera, typhus, and smallpox. Two miles below the city is 
 the ' concession,' or quarter for foreigners, which is now of quite 
 a western aspect ; almost every European nation, as well as the 
 United States, is here represented by a consul. Tientsin-fu 
 
 1571 
 
TIEN 
 
 T I GR 
 
 victuals the greater part of the provs. of Pechili and Shansi ; it 
 is the general salt depot and centre of the most active relations 
 with a considerable part of Mongolia and Russian Baikal. Chief 
 imports, rice, stuffs, opium, metals, European ironmongery in 
 exchange for raw wool and cotton, skins, furs, and camels' hair. 
 It shows more signs of progress than perhaps any other city of 
 China ; a cotton-spinning factory has recently been founded ; 
 since 1886 a railway connects T. with Taku and Kaiping, coal 
 centre, 62 m. NE. ; and one is projected to unite T. with Tung- 
 chou, 12 m. E. Peking. There are no docks or quays. Mean 
 temp., yr. 55.2° F. , Jan. 26.9°, July 81.2°. 
 Tlentslu-bo, riv. , China. See Pel-ho. 
 Tlenyen, maritime vil., NE. Tongking, 47 m. NE. Kwang- 
 yen. The depth of the roadstead, sheltered on the E. by the 
 large isl. of Kebao, has given rise to projects for the establish- 
 ment of a port. 
 
 Tiered, tn., France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, arr. and 11 m, 
 NNE. Angers. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ttermaclane, PM.O. , Ire., co. Clare, 6 m. from Ennis, 3 m. 
 from Clare Castle stn. 
 
 Tlernias, tn. , Spain, prov. Saragossa, dist. Sos, 30 m. ESE. 
 Pamplona. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tlerra Amarllla, vil. , U.S., New Mexico, Rio Arriba co., 
 80 m. NW. by N. Santa F6. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tierra de Campos, natural region in N. and NW. Spain, 
 forming a slightly undulating plateau ; soil fertile, but depending 
 for its productiveness on the abundance and duration of the rains. 
 Tlerra del Fnego ('the Land of Fire'), the most southerly 
 region of S. America, consisting of five large islands — King 
 Charles' South Land, Clarence I., Desolation, Hoste, and 
 Navarin, and numerous smaller islands. It is separated from S. 
 Patagonia by the Strait of Magellan, the whole between 52° 30' 
 and 56° o' S. , 65" and 75° W. Its E. part is level, and in some 
 places pretty well wooded ; its W. is rugged, and some peaks 
 rise to 4000 ft. , comprising several volcanoes (whence the name). 
 Birch and evergreens are the chief trees. The inhabitants, who 
 live by fishing and hunting, are among the lowest in the scale 
 of human beings. The climate is moist and cold. As a terr. 
 or government of the Argentine Republic, formed as a result of 
 the treaty of delimitation between that country and Chili in 1881, 
 it embraces that part of the island situated E. of 68° 52' W. 
 Area, 8126 sq. m. 
 
 "nerra Flrme, name given by the discoverers to the N. shore of 
 the S. American continent, as distinguished from the islands ; in 
 a more restricted sense, the name is still sometimes applied to the 
 extremity of the American isthmus, where S. America begins. 
 
 Tiesl, tn. , Sardinia, prov. Sassari, 17 m. ESE. Alghero. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 Tletar, riv., Spain, New Castille, flows WSW. at the S. base 
 of the Sierra de Gredos to the Tagus, which it joins to the W. 
 of 6° W. ; current undisturbed ; water not abundant in summer. 
 Alt. at source, 2430 ft. ; length, 109 m. 
 
 Tlete, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, Sao Paulo, on the Rio T. 
 (length, 745 m.), no m. WNW. Santos. 
 
 Tletjerksteradeel, comm., Netherlands, prov. Friesland. 
 P. 14,000. 
 TleTcmore, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 5 m. from Pettigoe. 
 Tlevenane.ss, P.O., Ire., 7 m. from Cootehill (co. Cavan). 
 Tleveskeelta,electoraldiv.,Ire. , co. Donegal, dist. Killybegs. 
 "nira, tribe, central Morocco, about 45 m. E. Morocco, on a 
 terr. about 35 m. in length E. to W., and 30 m. N. to S. ; this 
 tribe consists of five portions, with distinct names. 
 
 Tlffleld, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 7 m. SW. 
 
 by S. Northampton, i^ m. NNW. Towcester stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Tlffln, city, U.S., Ohio, Seneca co., on Sandusky R. , 42 m. 
 
 SSE. Toledo ; manufactures agricultural implements, &c. Seat 
 
 of Heidelberg College. P. (1880)7900; (1890) 10,800. 
 
 Tlflls, govt., Russia, Transcaucasia, has Kutais on W. , 
 Terek and Daghestan on NE. , Elisabethpol on E. and S. , and 
 Kars on SW. Its NE. boundary is the part of the main 
 Caucasus range which contains the highest peaks [Cancasusl. 
 In the NW. it has the Mesques Mts. , and in the SW. the Anti- 
 Caucasus, part of the govt. (dist. Akhaltsykh) extending over 
 the plateau, where it embraces the high valley of the upper 
 Kura, bounded in the N. by the Wakhan Mts. and parts of the 
 Ami - Caucasus, 5000-10,000 ft. high. The slopes of these 
 mountains cover most of the terr., while the waterless Shirak 
 and Kara-ez steppes extend along the 1. bk. of the Kura below 
 T. The govt, is rich in minerals ; gold has been found and ex- 
 tracted in small quantities near T. , as has also some silver ore ; 
 iron is obtained at Chatakh, and copper at Alaverd-Shamblug 
 and Akhtal ; naphtha is extracted in dist. Signakh ; rock-salt 
 has been discovered in several spots. Watered by the Kura 
 and its tribs. , Liakhva, Aragva, lora, and Alazaii, the water of 
 which is much used for irrigation. Forests in the mountains. 
 The climate may be characterised by the following for T. ; yr. 
 34.6° F., Jan. 31.5°, July 76°; while for the hilly tracts Kvinam 
 is typical : yr. 33° F. , Jan. 5°, August 35°. The population con- 
 sists chiefly of Georgians (345,500), Imeretians (6300), Armenians 
 (156,200), Tatars (72,400), Ossetes (72,000), Greeks (21,900), 
 1572 
 
 Russians (21,500), and some Kurds, Tushins, and Jews. The 
 soil on the mountain slopes is very well cultivated, even in the 
 high valleys. Cereals are grown everywhere, sometimes up to 
 a level of 7000-8000 ft.; vineyards and gardens are kept in a 
 beautiful state in Kahetia and Akhaltsykh. Some silk-worm 
 culture ; cattle-breeding on the Steppes. A great variety of 
 domestic trades in towns and villages. Divided into nine dists. : 
 Tiflis, Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsykh, Borchala, Dusheti, Gori, Sig- 
 nakh, Telav, and Tioneti. Area, 15,306 sq. m. P. (1869) 
 599,300; (1892) 911,640. 
 
 Tlflls, cap. of the above govt. , and cap. of the lieutenancy of 
 Caucasia, is situated 41° 42' N., 44° 50' E. , 1979 m. SE. of St. 
 Petersburg, on both banks of Kura R. , in a picturesque depres- 
 sion surrounded on all sides except the N. by mountains 2100- 
 2400 ft. high, the alt. of the bridge over the Kura being 1350 ft. 
 The vil. Tpilisi ('warm waters'), situated on this spot, became 
 the cap. of Georgia in 455, under the Christian King Vakhtang 
 Guroslan. It was for many centuries the stronghold of Eastern 
 Christianity, against the Persians first, and later on against the 
 Moslem invasion altogether ; but was many times taken by the 
 invaders, and kept by them for numbers of years in succession. 
 From the i8th century the Lezghins, too, began to make raids 
 upon it, the more so as it had been taken by the Turks in 1724. 
 This was the beginning of Russian intervention, especially after 
 the Persians had taken T. in 1795. A Russian garrison has 
 occupied it since 1799, and Georgia was incorporated with the 
 Russian Empire by a special treaty of union. The population 
 of T. consists now chiefly of Armenians, Georgians, Russians, 
 and Persians. The Sion cathedral of T. , founded by King 
 Vakhtang Guroslan, contains several relics of the past, as "also 
 St. David's church, founded in 1318. Four bridges span the 
 Kura. The city is well built in its central parts, and is con- 
 tinually embellished, but is crowded in its poorer parts. It has 
 a great variety of educational institutions, an observatory, a rich 
 museum, and several scientific societies. Manufactures are in 
 their infancy, but a great variety of petty industries are carried 
 on. Considerable trade with Russia, Asia, and W. Europe. 
 P. (1830) 25,290 ; (1850) 34,890 ; (1864-65) 60,100 in winter, and 
 71,050 in summer ; (1892) 146,790. 
 
 Tlfra, div., Algeria, prov. Constantine, arr. and 22 m. SW. 
 Bougie ; has sulphureous spring 185° F. 
 
 Tig, Water of, small riv., Scot., S. Ayrshire, flows first N. 
 then W. through Glen T. to the riv. Stinchar, which it joins 
 about 3 m. above its mouth. 
 
 Tlganl (' frying-pan'), small seapt. , Turkey, on S. side of isl. 
 of Samos, towards E. end, so called from the shape of its har- 
 bour ; built on the site of the commercial quarter of the ancient 
 Samos. 
 
 Tiger Bay, small bay, Portuguese W. Africa, in 14° 11' S. 
 Tlgeretsklya .41pg. See Altai. 
 
 Tiger Lsland, small isl., to the N. of Ger. New Guinea, in 
 about 1° 45' S. , 142° 47' E. 
 
 Tlgervllle, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Pennington co., about 20 
 m. NE. Custer, in the Black Hills. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Tlggl, oasis, E. Sahara, Borku, the most N. in the region of 
 Bodele ; has many date-palms. 
 
 Tlgharry, PM. O. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, North Uist I. , Outer 
 Hebrides, 8 m. from Loch Eport. 
 
 Tlglie's Hill, postal-tp. , New South Wales, Cumberland co. , 
 in 33° 45' S. , 151° 40' E. ; a suburb of Newcastle, included in 
 the municip. of Wickham. Has soap and candle and copper- 
 smelting works. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tlglmabrnalcb, vil. , Scot. , Argyllshire, on the W, shore of 
 the Kyles of Bute, 11 m. SE. Ardrishaig, PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 TlgU, riv. , Russia, E. Siberia, Kamchatka Penin. , flows 120 
 m. W. and NW. into the Sea of Okhotsk ; navigable. Tlgllsk 
 village on it, 20 m. above its mouth. 
 Tigml, plateau, Sahara. See Tadenialt. 
 Tlgnes, vil. , France, dep. Savoie, arr. Moutiers, 12 m. SSE. 
 Bourg-St. -Maurice ; tourist centre for the neighbouring mountain 
 region. P. <:2000. 
 
 Tigranocertes, ancient tn. See Sort. 
 Tlgranogtrd, tn. , Asiatic Turkey. See Dlarbeklr. 
 Tlgre, large natural dist., Abyssinia, occupying all the N. 
 region of the Abyssinian plateau N. of the deep defile of the 
 Takazze. At one time the political centre of the Abyssinian 
 kingdom, and subsequently independent, it is now nominally 
 subject to King Menelik of Shoa ; the N. portion, however, has 
 been attached more or less effectually by the Italians to their 
 colony of Eritrea. Atsaga (9310 ft. ), in the N. prov. of Hamasen, 
 is now the cap. of T. , and other chief towns are Senafe, Adigerat, 
 Adua, and Antalo ; at Axum are ruins of a former important 
 town. Its surface is composed in great part of trachytic or 
 basaltic lavas, with an ochreous layer, no doubt formed by their 
 decomposition. All the waters of T. flow to the Atbara by the 
 Mareb and Takazze, which flow in deep and narrow fissures. 
 Average height of plateau over 6560 ft. 
 
 Tlgre, or El Tlgre, vil., Argentine Republic, on an island 
 in the delta of the Parand, 19 m. NW. Buenos Aires ; much 
 frequented in summer by the inhabitants of Buenos Aires. 
 
T I G R 
 
 T I L L 
 
 Tlgre, or Plguena, riv. , S. America, Ecuador, joins the 
 Amazon, 40 m. W. the influx of the Ucayali, after a SE. course 
 of 350 m. 
 
 Tlgrl, salt lake or sebkha, E. Morocco, about 15 m. W. 
 Algerian frontier. 
 
 Tigris, riv. , Asiatic Turkey, vilayets of Diarbekir, Mosul, and 
 Bagdad. Its principal or western headwater rises, under the 
 name of Shat (Turkish Dijle, Armenian Dikla), in the extreme 
 NW. of the vilayet of Diarbekir, a little to the N. of that point 
 in the Euphrates, where it abruptly changes its course from ESE. 
 to SW. , flows first E. , passing S. of Lake Geljik, SE. and S. to 
 the city of Diarbekir, where it is 220 yards wide during flood ; 
 here it turns to the E. , and flows in this direction 100 m. to Til, 
 in 37° 43' N. , 41° 46' E. , where it receives the eastern headwater, 
 the Bohtan Su (or Chai), a shorter but more abundant stream 
 flowing W. from a point about 20 m. S. of Van. It then turns 
 S. , and about 30 m. lower down it enters the plains at Jezire. 
 Its course is then generally SE. till it joins the Euphrates. In 
 36° N. it receives the Zab-el-Kebir, or Great Zab, and 60 m. 
 lower the Zab-el-Asfal, or Little Zab, both from the E. ; at this 
 place it forces its way through the Hamrin Hills. Below Bagdad 
 it is joined by the Diala or Shirwan, which rises in the moun- 
 tains of Hamadan, about 35" N. , 48° E. The T. has now a very 
 winding course for 98 m. to Kut-el-Amara, where it bifur- 
 cates : the smaller branch, Shat-el-Hai, flows S. , and joins the 
 Euphrates; while the main branch flows first NE. for 25 m. , 
 and then resumes its general SE. direction to Korna, where it 
 unites with the Euphrates to form the Shat-el-Arab. Total 
 course estimated at 1150 m.; its distance from the Euphrates 
 varies from 23 to 178 m. , the region between them being the 
 ancient Mesopotamia. The ruins of ancient Nineveh, Seleucia, 
 Ctesiphon, &c. , are on its banks. The stream brings down vast 
 quantities of mud deposit, and in the upper part of its course 
 especially it is very rapid, but it is stated to be navigable for 
 vessels drawing 4 ft. of water from the Shat-el-Arab to the ruins 
 of Opis, 50 ni. N. of Bagdad. Regular communication is main- 
 tained by steamers of 3-4 ft. draught to Bagdad, 4-6 days being 
 required for the journey up-stream from Busrah, 3-5 for that 
 down-stream. The discharge of the T. at Bagdad has been 
 estimated at upwards of 160,000 cubic ft. per second, or more 
 than twice that of the Euphrates in the same latitude, that of 
 the Shat-el-Arab at 295,000 cubic ft. The area of the joint basin 
 is estimated at 266,000 sq. m. 
 
 Tlgnabo, vil. , Cuba, about 30 m. ENE. Santiago de Cuba ; 
 in the neighbourhood some of the Indians of Cuba still survive. 
 Tlgntso, lake, Tibet, 75 m. SE. Lhasa, between the two 
 chains of the Himalayas. Alt. 15,500 ft. 
 Tlh, region, Sinai. See El Tyh. 
 TUiama. See Arabia. 
 
 Tlhany, vil., Hungary, co. Zala, 21 m. E. Tapolcza; has 
 an ancient abbey, founded 1054, which possesses a vast library. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Tlhnle, pass. Isthmus of Panama, pointed out as a favour- 
 able route for a canal between the two oceans. Alt. only 
 465 ft. 
 
 THi-fva-clion, Chinese name for ITranitsl [q.v.). 
 TUAra, tn., India, Rajputana, 50 m. SSW. Delhi. P. (1881) 
 7700. 
 
 Tljucas, seapt. , Brazil. See Sfto Sebastlfto. 
 Tlkal, site of ruins, Central America, Guatemala, 44 m. 
 ENE. Sacluc or Libertad. 
 
 Tlkamgarh, tn. , Central India, Orchha state. P. 17,600; 
 Hindus, 12,400 ; Moham. 3700. 
 
 Tlkilrl, municip. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 17 m. NW. 
 Gaya. P. 11,500; Hindus, 8900; Moham. 2600. 
 
 Tike, or RomaiizofT, isl. , Pacific, in the N. of the Tuamotu 
 group, in about 15° S. , 144!° W. 
 
 Tlkehan, or Kruseiisterii, isl. , Pacific, in the W. of the 
 Tuamotu group, in about 148° 15' W., crossed by 15° S. 
 
 Tlkhoryetskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kuban, 125 m. NW. Stavropol, on Tikhaya R. P. 8670. 
 
 Tlklivln, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 134m. NE. Novgorod, 
 on Tikhvinka R. ; flour-mills, distilleries ; considerable navi- 
 gation. P. 6600. 
 
 Tlkhvlnskaya 81st«nia, one of the three systems of canals 
 and rivs. , Russia, by which the upper Volga is connected with 
 the Gulf of Finland. It begins on the Volga, at its junction with 
 the Mologa, at Rybinsk ; then follows up the Mologa and its 
 trib. Chagodoshcha, which is connected by the Tlkhvlnskly 
 Canal with the Tlkbvlnka, a trib. of Lake Ladoga. The 
 Ladoga Canal, along the S. ct. of the lake, connects the 
 Tikhvinka with the Neva. Total length of the system 442 m. , 
 or 551 m. from Volga to St. Petersburg. Over 11,000 vessels, 
 transporting goods to the value of nearly ^^5, 000, 000, traverse 
 this system every year. 
 
 TlklUln, par.. Ire., co. and 3 m. NW. Wexford, bar. E. 
 Shelmaliere. P. <75o. 
 
 Tlkjob, vil., Denmark, Seeland, 8 m. NE. Frederiksborg. 
 P. with Hornbak and Hellebak, 6600. 
 Tlkkl>Tlkkl. See Akka. 
 
 Tlklat, the ancient Tubusuptus , site of ruins, Algeria, prov. 
 Constantine, 19 m. SW. Bougie. 
 Tlkuock, tnld. , Ire., co. Carlow, bar. and par. Rathvilly. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Tlkorangl, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., Clifton co., 15 
 m. from New Plymouth by road and rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Tlkota, tn., India, Bombay, in native state Jath, 10 m. W. 
 Bijapur. P. (1881) 5900. 
 
 Tlkrl, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 26 m. NW. by 
 W. Meerut. P. 6700; Hindus, 5200; Moham. 900. 
 
 Tlkvesh, or Teknsli, country, Turkey in Europe, NW. 
 vilayet Salonica, on r. bk. of the Vardar ; the principal localities 
 are Negotin and Kavadar ; noted for its wine. 
 
 TUala, mt. pass, E. Tibet, in Zayul or Dzayul Mts., which 
 separate the basin of the Lutse-kiang from that of the Brahma- 
 putra. Alt. 16,110 ft. (according to the Pundit A. K.). 
 
 Tllberthwalte, mt. vale, Eng. , N. Lancashire, 3 m. N. 
 Coniston ; has slate quarries. 
 
 Tllbrook, par., Eng., on the E. border of Bedfordshire, 
 Biggleswade div. , 12 m. N. by E. Bedford, i m. SW. by S. 
 Kimbolton stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tllbnrg, tn. , Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 14 m. SW. Bois-le- 
 Duc ; has manufactures of cloth and woollens. P. (comm. ) 
 34,000. 
 
 Tllbnry, rly. stn. , Canada, Ontario, Kent co. , 32 m. E. by S. 
 Windsor. Tilbury, East, post-vil. , 4 m. E. by S. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tllbnry, vil. , Eng. , Essex, Saffron Walden div. , 10^ m. N. 
 Braintree, i^ m. N. by E. Yeldham stn. See Ovlngton. 
 
 Tllbnry, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Essex. 
 East T. , SE. div., on the Thames, 13 m. SE. by E. Romford, 
 PMT.O. (T.), and P.O. (East T.). P. 500. West T., on the 
 London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly., with a stn. (Low Street), 
 PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Tilbury Fort and Docks, on 1. bk. of the Thames, opposite 
 Gravesend, i^ m. SW. of West T., with a stn. (T.) on the 
 London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly. , strongly fortified, enclosed 
 by a moat in a marshy tract, which may be wholly laid under 
 water. It was originally erected during the reign of Henry VIII. 
 The tidal basin (17^ ac.) is available at all states of the tide, and 
 has a depth of 45 ft. at ordinary springs, and 40 ft. at ordinary 
 tides. The four docks offer a joint area of 54 ac, and a joint 
 length of 12,984 ft. of quayage ; the main dock has an area of 
 25 ac. T. Docks stn. is i m. NW. , on the same railway. 
 Tllbnry Jnxta Clare, par., Eng., Essex, 3 m. S. Clare. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Tllcara, vil., Argentine Republic, Jujuy, on riv. Grande de 
 Jujuy, 232 m. N. Tucuman. P. <2ooo. 
 
 TUe mil, stn., Eng., Warwickshire, on the L. & NW. R., 
 3^ m. W. Coventry stn. 
 
 Tllelinrst, par., Eng., Berkshire, Newbury div., 2 m. W. 
 Reading, \\ m. SSW. of its stn. on the G. W. R., PMT.O.; 
 4930 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 TUema, coast lagoon, S. Mexico, at the head of the Gulf of 
 Tehuantepec, ramifying into several basins. Length, 37 m.; 
 greatest breadth, 16 m. 
 
 Tllford, eccles. par. , Eng. , Surrey, Guildford div. , 3J m. SE. 
 Farnham, PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Tllhar, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 12 m. W. 
 ShdhjahAnpur ; has trade in unrefined sugar (^lir). P. 17,300 ; 
 Hindus, 8800 ; Moham. 8400. 
 
 Tlll-knl, lakes, Russian Turkistan. See Teleknl-tata. 
 
 Tiling, tn. and port on the Liao-ho, NE. China, 39 m. 
 NNE. Mukden, built at the foot of a range called the 'iron 
 mountain ' ; it is the great iron-working centre of Manchuria ; 
 has numerous silver-mines, formerly worked. 
 
 Till, riv., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed div., 
 trib. of the Tweed, which it joins on the r. bk. 4 m. in a direct 
 line above Norham. 
 
 Tillamook, vil., U.S., Oregon, cap. T. co., on T. Bay, 52 
 m. S. of the mouth of the Columbia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tlllenias, Arab word applied in the Sahara to low-lying 
 ground, or a group of shallow wells. 
 
 Tlllenberg, mt. , Austria, Bohemian Forest, 9J m. SE. Eger. 
 
 Tlllendorf, vil., Prussia, Silesia, govt. Liegnitz, circle and 
 I m. W. Bunzlau ; manufactures pottery. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tlllenr, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. Liege. P. 5900. 
 
 TlUey, stn., Canada, dist. Alberta, on the C. P. R. , 713 m. 
 W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Tllley, post-settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, co. Victoria, 
 5 m. from Aroostook. 
 
 TllU, tn. , central Sudan, 50 m. from Gando. P. 6000. 
 
 Tillicoultry, par. and tn. , Scot. , Clackmannanshire, on the 
 Devon, 3 m. W. by S. Dollar, on the N. B. R. ; manufactures 
 shawls, shirtings, and other woollen goods; coal is worked. 
 Par. 6946 ac. , P. 5700 ; tn. P. <4000. 
 
 Tillietudlein, stn., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, 5 m. WNW. 
 Lanark, on the C. R. See Cralgnethan Castle. 
 
 Tllllngliam, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 9 m. ESE. Maldon, 
 3 m. NW. by N. Southminster stn., PMT.O.; 4666 ac. P. 
 <:iooo. 
 
 1573 
 
TILL 
 
 T I M O 
 
 TlUlngton, par., Eng., Staffordshire, union and i| m. NW. 
 Stafford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tlllliigtoii, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div. , 10 m. NNW. 
 Arundel, 2 m. N. by W. Petworth stn., P.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Tlllowitz, vil. , Prussia, Silesia, govt. Oppeln, circle and 4 m. 
 SSE. Falkenberg ; manufactures agricultural machinery. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 TlUyfonrle, stn. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, on the G. N. of 
 S. R. , 10 m. SW. by W. Inverurie. 
 
 Tlllyiianght, junc. stn., Scot., Banffshire, 3 m. S. by E. 
 Portsoy, on the G. N. of S. R. 
 
 Tlllysburn, stn., Ire., co. Down, on the Belfast and County 
 Down Rly. , 2^ m. NE. Belfast. 
 
 Tilly-gur-Senlles, vil., France, dep. Calvados, arr. Caen, 8 
 m. SSE. Bayeux. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Tllmanstone, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 4^ m. 
 W. byS. Deal, 3^ m. NE. by E. Shepherd's Well stn. , P.O. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Tllney all Saints, Tiliiey St. Lawrence, and Tllney wltli 
 Islington, three adjoining pars., Eng., Norfolk. T. all Saints, 
 NW. div., 3^ m. WSW. King's Lynn, J m. SW. Clenchwarton 
 stn., P.O., P. <7So; T. St. Lawrence, P.O., P. <:7So; T. with 
 Islington, P. <:500. 
 
 TII08, isl. , Asiatic Turkey, Area about 40 sq. m. See 
 lUakl. 
 
 Tllremt, a reservoir in Algeria, 62 m. SE. Laghuat. At this 
 and similar places, called daias, rain-water collects and is stored ; 
 the water containing vegetable mould gradually deposits a soil 
 capable of supporting large trees. 
 
 Tllsbead, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 13 m. SE. by 
 E. Trowbridge, 7 m. NE. by N. Wylye stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tilsit, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, cap. circle T. , on the 
 riv. Memel, 54 m. SE. by S. Memel ; has iron-foundry, large 
 flour-mills, and manufactures of machinery, glass, soap, cloth, 
 carriages, &c. ; active trade in wood, grain, coal, flax, linen, oil, 
 cattle, &c. There is a regular service of steamers to Konigsberg. 
 River closed by ice in the period 1883-88 for 92 to 121 days in 
 each year. The castle was of importance in 1288. Here peace 
 was declared between France and Russia, 7th July, and between 
 France and Prussia, 9th July 1807. P. (1816) 10,500; (1871) 
 20,300; (1890) 23,700; comm. P. 24,500. 
 
 Tllsonburg, tn., Canada, Ontario, Oxford co. , on Otter 
 Creek, and a railway, 26 m. ESE. London. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tllstock, eccles. par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 11 J m. 
 SW. by S. Nantwich, 2^ m. S. Whitchurch stn., P.O. P. <750. 
 
 TUston, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., j\ m. E. 
 Wrexham, 3 m. WNW. Malpasstn., PM.O. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Tllstone Feamall, par. , Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 9 
 m. WNW. Crewe, i m. NE. Beeston and Tarporley stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Tllsworth, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, div. and 7 m. WNW. 
 Luton, I m. NE. by N. Stanbridgeford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 TUt, Bridge of, vil., Scot., Perthshire. See Blair Athole. 
 
 Tilt, Lower, P.O., Eng. , i m. from Stoke D'Abernon, Surrey. 
 
 Tilt Cove, mining vil. and port of entry, Newfoundland, dist. 
 Twillingate and Fogo, 230 m. NW. St. John's by water. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Tlltou, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 7 J m. W. by 
 S. Oakham, on the G. N. R., P.O. (T. on the Hill). P. < 
 250 ; eccles. par. (T. on the Hill) P. <50o. 
 
 Tllton, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Belknap co., 17 m. N. 
 Concord. P. < 2000. 
 
 TUton Harbour, fishing settlement, Newfoundland, 4 m. 
 from Fogo. 
 
 Tllty, par., Eng., Essex, Epping div., on theChelmer, 8^ m. 
 SSE. Saffron Walden, 3^ m. NNW. Dunmow stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Tim, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 45 m. SSE. Kursk. 
 P. 5400. 
 
 Tlmadanln, tn., Sahara, dist. Reggan, 332 m. SW. El 
 Golea ; one of the most important markets of Tuat. Breeding 
 of camels and sheep. 
 
 Titnah (of Judah), place named in O. T. See Tlbna. 
 
 Tlmahoe, par., Ire., P.O. See Fossy. 
 
 Tlmahoe, par. , Ire. , co. Kildare, bar. Clane, on the Grand 
 Canal, 2 m. NW. Robertstown ; 9896 ac. P. <7SO. 
 
 Tlmakova, Dutch New Guinea. See Tlmoraka. 
 
 Tlnianskiy Kryazh, range of mts. , NE. Russia, watershed 
 between Pechora and Dvina. The Tlmanskiy Bereg is the 
 name given to the coast of Arctic Ocean from Svyatoi Nos to 
 the estuary of Pechora, and the tundras inland are known as 
 Tlmanskaya Tundra. 
 
 Tlmao, port, China. See Shangchwan. 
 
 Tlntam, seapt., New Zealand, South I., Geraldine co., on 
 the E. ct., 50 m. N. by E. Oamaru, in 44° 23' S. ; manufactures 
 agricultural implements. The tidal harbour (area, 50 ac.) has a 
 depth at entrance at low water ordinary springs of 22 ft. , along- 
 side ord nary springs, high water 19-27 ft., low water 13-21 ft. 
 The harbour, which is formed by a mole (2350 ft. long) on the 
 N. , and a concrete breakwater on the S. , has no bar. Dredging 
 is being carried on (1894). P. < 4000. 
 1574 
 
 TlniasslH and Tlnia.sslulu, oases, Sahara. See Temassin 
 and Teniasslnln. 
 
 Tlniavo, riv. , Carniola. See Reka. 
 
 Tlniballer, a long low isl., U.S., Louisiana, in the N. of the 
 Gulf of Mexico, off the S. of Terre Bonne co., at the mouth of 
 T. Bay, in about 90° i7'-26' W. 
 
 Tlmbang, isl., Brit. N. Borneo, in Sandakan Harbour, E. ct. 
 
 Tlnibarra, goldfields tp.. New South Wales, Drake co., in 
 28° 58' S., 152° 30' E. ; tin has also been found. P. <:i500. 
 
 Tlnibebas, Recife, a group of coral reefs on the E. ct. of 
 Brazil, in 17° 25' S. 
 
 Tlniberlaud, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 
 i2i m. SE. Lincoln, 2 m. E. of its stn. (Scopwlck and T.) on 
 the G. E. & G. N. Joint Rly., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tlmbersconibe, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 18 
 m. N. Tiverton, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tlnible, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., York- 
 shire, W. Riding, Otley div. , 7J m. W. by S. Harrogate, 4.J m. 
 NE. Ben Rhydding stn. P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Tlmbo, colony, Argentine Republic, Santa F6, 115 m. SW. ' 
 by S. Corrientes. 
 
 Tlmbo, cap. of Futa Jallon, French W. Africa, in 10° 40' N., 
 11° 43' W.; has a large mosque. First visited by Watt and 
 Winterbottom in 1794. 
 
 Tlmboro, volcano, Sumbawa I., E. Archipelago ; great erup- 
 tion in 1815, before which date it is said to have been very much 
 higher. Alt. 9040 ft. 
 
 Tlmbnctoo, gold-mining vil., U.S., California, Yuba co., 
 18 m. E. Maryville, near Yuba R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Timbuktu, or Tlmbnctoo, in French spelling Tomboucton, 
 tn. , W. Africa, in the Sahara, on the border of the slightly 
 elevated tableland to the N. of the swamps and channels con- 
 nected with the Niger, about 9 m. N. of the main stream, in 
 16° 49' N. , 2° 52' W. (Caron, 1887), near the point where the 
 river changes its course from NE. to E. To this situation the 
 town owes all its importance. The neighbourhood is almost 
 entirely unproductive, and the town is dependent for all neces- 
 saries on imports (mainly from Massina), but its position makes 
 it a focus of caravan routes (from Algeria and Morocco to 
 Tuat and thence SSW.), as well as of the Niger traffic in two 
 directions. Riverports, Kabara, 6 m. , and Koriume, 9 ni. distant). 
 Manufactures are of little importance, but there is a large trade 
 in salt (from Taudeni, about 350 m. due N. ), kola-nuts, gums, 
 ostrich feathers, and manufactured articles ; the total amount 
 roughly estimated at upwards of 50,000 tons. Trade chiefly by 
 barter ; small bags of gold-dust (each about 60 grains) and 
 cowries being used, however, to some extent as money. The 
 town is naturally a dependency of Massina, but its possession is 
 constantly disputed by the plundering Tuareg of the Sahara. 
 It is now in the French sphere of influence. Alt. 800 ft. (Lenz). 
 P. estimated by Lenz (1880) at less than 20,000 (including 
 environs) ; estimated by Caron (1887) at less than 5000. 
 
 Tlmdnln, tn. , S. Morocco, prov. Sus. P. 2000. 
 
 Time, tn., Wasulu, western Sudan, 9° 15' N. , 7° o' W. 
 
 Tlmeue, country, E. Africa, inhabited by a tribe of the same 
 name, who, to some extent, cultivate the soil. Length E. to 
 W. 90 m.; N. to S., 50 m. 
 
 Tlmgad, site in Algeria, prov. and about 65 m. S. by W. 
 Constantine, on one of the spurs of Aures, with numerous 
 ruins of the ancient Roman Thamugas , a colony of veterans 
 formed after the victories of Trajan over the Parthians. It has 
 paved streets, a forum ornamented with statues, temples, 
 fountains, &c. 
 
 Tlmlmun, tn., French Sahara, cap. dist. T., 224 m. SW. 
 El Golea, surrounded by a vast battlemented wall ; cultivation 
 of fruit-trees, cereals, and vegetables. The inhabitants work the 
 salt, alum, and saltpetre found in the dist. P. 6600. 
 
 Tlmle, vil., Asia Minor, on the N. ct., 97 m. W. Sinope. 
 
 Tliuml, the most prosperous dist. of Tuat, French Sahara, 
 about 300 m. SW. El Golea ; has numerous troops of camels ; 
 date-palms, vegetables, fruits, tobacco, &c.; active trade. 
 
 TlmmonsTlUe, vil., U..S., S. Carolina, Darlington co., 68 
 m. E. by N. Columbia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Timnah, place named in O. T. See TIbneh. 
 
 Timnath Heres, vil. , Palestine. See Keft- HArls. 
 
 Tlmogne, par, , Ire. , Queen's co. , bar. and 2 m. SW. Strad- 
 bally, on riv. Straid. P. <25o. 
 
 Tlmok, riv. , Balkan Penin. , formed by the union of the Ter- 
 govishki T. and the Sverlishki T. , forms part of the boundary 
 between Bulgaria and Servia, and joins the Danube after a NE. 
 course, 18 m. NNW. Widin. Length, 84 m. from the source 
 of the Sverlishki T.; area of basin, 1830 sq. m. 
 
 Tlmok, circle, Servia, covered with mountain ranges ; con- 
 siderably enlarged in 1890. Area, 808 sq. m. 
 
 Timoleagne, anciently Teachmolaga, after an abbot who 
 died here about 660 A.D., par, and tn.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bars. 
 E. Carbery, E. div., Iblane and Barryroe, 11 m. WSW. Kinsale, 
 at the head of Courtmacsherry Bay ; has remains of a Franciscan 
 abbey (14th and 15th centuries). PMT.O. Par. P. < 1000 ; tn, 
 P. <Soo. 
 
T I M O 
 
 T I N O 
 
 Tlniollii, par., Ire., SE. co. Kildare, bars. Narragh and 
 Reban E., 7 m. E. Athy, 3 m. from Grange Con stn. P. <7So. 
 
 Tlnioiiey, electoral di v. , Ire., NE. co. Tipperary, bar. Ikerrin, 
 14 m. SE. by S. Parsonstown. 
 
 Tlnioole, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Skreen, on Nanny 
 Water, 3 m. SW. Duleek. P. <25o. 
 
 Timor, or Timur, isl. , Malay Archipelago, the most easterly 
 of the Sunda chain, between 8° o' and 10° 20' S. , 123° 30' and 127° 
 o' E. , separated from Australia by the Timor Sea. The SW. 
 part of the island belongs to the Dutch (cap. Kupang), the NE. 
 part to the Portuguese (cap. Deli, on the N. ct. , the best port). 
 Itis traversed by ranges of mountains (up to 11,500 ft.), showing 
 few traces of volcanic activity. The N. side is the better watered, 
 and has the richer vegetation ; but as a whole, both flora and 
 fauna are poor compared with other islands of the archipelago. 
 The S. side shows affinities with Australia. The soil is not very 
 fertile, and the dryness during half the year is unfavourable to 
 cultivation. Principal exports are sandal-wood, bees'-wax, cattle, 
 horses, maize, and sago, in return for muskets, gunpowder, 
 hardwares, calicoes, and other British manufactures, besides rice, 
 arrack, and native produce from Java and Macassar. Sago is the 
 chief article of food ; millet, maize, yams, sweet potatoes, and 
 cotton are grown ; iron, gold, copper, and rock-salt are met with, 
 but no mines are wrought. Pearls are fished off" the SW. ex- 
 tremity of the island. The population is composed of three 
 native groups, and in the ports are Malays, Bughis, Chinese, 
 some Dutch, and the mixed race called ' black Portuguese.' 
 There is no black or Papuan population at Timor as was 
 formerly believed, but negroid characteristics appear amongst 
 the Timorians. Length, 340 m. ; breadth, 40-60 m. ; area, 
 11,696 sq. m. Dutch possessions 5190 sq. m., the rest Portu- 
 guese. P. estimated at 600,000 (Wagner and Supah) ; 786,100 
 (Reclus). 
 
 Timor, mining vil., Victoria, Talbot co., on T. Creek, 35 m. 
 SW. Sandhurst. Here is the Duke and T. mine, with the most 
 extensive pumping machinery in Victoria. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tlmoraka, or Tlninkova, dist., on S. ct. of Dutch New 
 Guinea, in about i37°-i39° E. 
 
 Tlmor-Laat, or Tenlmber, isl. , Malay Archipelago, between 
 7° 10' and 8° 30' S. , I3i°-i3i'' 40' E. , 250 m. NE. Timor. Sur- 
 face mountainous and wooded. The natives give the name of 
 T.-L. to two large islands only, Yamdena and Selaru ; they call 
 the rest Tenimber. These islands generally have an alt. of only 
 a few feet. Owing to the calcareous nature of the soil there are 
 few running streams, and much of the surface is barren and 
 uninhabited. The natives, who are almost independent, re- 
 semble the Malays rather than the Papuans. Exports trepang 
 and pearl oysters ; imports woollen goods, iron and copper 
 articles, and pottery. Area, 2124 sq. m. P. 19,300. 
 
 Tlmotes, vil., Venezuela, Los Andes, 290 m. WSW. Caracas. 
 
 Tlmperley, par., Eng. , Cheshire, Altrincham div. , 7 m. 
 W. by S. Stockport, on the L. & NW. R. and (West T.) on 
 Cheshire Lines Rly., PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Tlmsbury, par., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., on the 
 Anton, 9 m. WSW. Winchester, i^ m. SE. Mottisfont stn. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Tlm.sbury, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 6^ m. SW. by W. 
 Bath, I m. W. Camerton stn., PMT.O. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Tlmtelas, dist. , Algeria, prov. , arr. , and 34 m. SW. Constan- 
 tine ; has Roman remains. 
 
 Timnr, isl. See Timor. 
 
 Timwortli, pan, Eng., Suffolk, div. and 3 m. N. Bury St. 
 Edmunds. P. <25o. See Ingham. 
 
 Tina, the ancient Thana, site of ruins, S. Tunis, about 7 m. 
 SW. Sfax. 
 
 Tlnaca (or Pangnltan), Pnnta, the S. point of Mindanao I. , 
 Philippine Is., in 125° 15' E. 
 
 Tlnacula, or Volcano Island, isl. , Pacific, Santa Cruz group, 
 in 165° 45' E. , 10° 20' S. 
 
 Tlnahely, market-tn. , Ire. , SW. co. Wicklow, bar. S. Bal- 
 linacor, 13 m. W. Arklow, with which it is connected by the 
 Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Rly., PMT.O. Market-day, 
 W. P. <75o. 
 
 Tlnamayor, small estuary, N. Spain, separating provs. San- 
 tander and Oviedo, forms the mouth of the Rio Deva, where 
 the calamine and blende ores from the mines of Picos de Europa 
 are shipped. 
 
 Tlnamuck, electoral div. , Ire. , King's co. , dist. Clara. 
 
 Tlnana, S. suburb of Maryborough, Queensland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tlnaroo, tin-mining locality, Queensland, Cardwell co., in 
 17° 30' S., 145° 29' E.; a portion of Herberton tin-field. "The 
 first discovery of tin was made here. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Tlncliebral, tn., France, dep. Orne, arr. Domfront, 26 m. 
 WSW. Falaise ; manufactiu-es combs, ironmongery, and locks. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Tlucleton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., on the Frome, 5 
 m. E. by N. Dorchester, 2 m. NNW. Moreton stn. P. <:25o. 
 See Woodsford. 
 
 Tlncoora, electoral div., Ire., N. co. Cork, bar. Duhallow, 
 10 m. W. by S. Mallow. 
 
 Tlndal and Watts, another name of Krusenstern Is. [q.v.). 
 Pacific. 
 
 Tlndale Crescent, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from W. Auckland, 
 Durham. 
 
 Tlndale Fell, P.O., Eng., Cumberland, 3 m. from Hall- 
 bankgate. 
 
 Tlndale Tarn, lake, Eng., in the E. of the Eskdale div. of 
 the CO. of Cumberland, 12^ m. E. by N. Carlisle. 
 
 Tlndlvaram, tn. , India. See Dlndlvaram. 
 
 Tln<'e, riv. , France. See Alpes-Marltimes. 
 
 Tlneo, comm. , Spain, Asturias, prov. and 34 m. WSW. 
 Oviedo, dist. Cangas de T. P. 22,000. 
 
 Tlnerknk, dist., Sahara, Gurara, situated in the midst of 
 sandhills ; has dates and other fruits, camels, sheep, and goats. 
 
 Ting, tn., China, prov. Pechili, 115 m. SW. Peking. 
 
 Tinga, tribe, W. Africa. See Kamernn. 
 
 Tlnga Maria, tn. , Peru, dep. Loreto, on r. bk. Huallaga, in 
 9° 3' S. , 76° ss' W. ; reputed head of boat navigation. Alt. 
 1970 ft. 
 
 Tlngchon-fn, tn., China, prov. Fokien, 130 m. NW. Amoy ; 
 has mines of gold, silver, and tin, all of which metals are 
 exported, as well as quantities of tea. 
 
 Tingewlck, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 2^ m. 
 W. by S. Buckingham, i m. S. Fulwell and Westbury stn., 
 PMT.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Tlngfan-cliou, tn., China, Kweichou, 32 m. SSW. Kwei- 
 yang-fu. 
 
 Tlngha, tp.. New South Wales, Hardinge co. , 80 m. N. by 
 E. Tamworth ; centre of the rich tin-fields of New England. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Tlngtaalehllltlng, tn., China, cap. Shusan Archipelago, 
 37 m. ENE. Ningpo-fu ; industrial centre. 
 
 Tlnghe, tn., central Sudan, Songhai or Sonrhai land, 192 m. 
 SW. Gogo. 
 
 Tlughert, plateau, Algerian Sahara, extending from Tade- 
 mait on the W. to Ghadames on the E. 
 
 Tlngley, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, on the G. N. R. , 
 5 m. NW. Wakefield, PM.O. 
 
 Tlngo, suburb and 2 m. S. Arequipa, Peru ; frequented by 
 the rich inhabitants during the summer. 
 
 Tlngrlth, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Luton div., n^ m. S. 
 by W. Bedford, 2 m. NW. Harlington stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Tlngtsekwan, tn., China. See Klngtsekwan. 
 
 Tlnguindln, vil., Mexico, state Michoacan, 34 m. SSE. 
 Jiquilpan ; an ancient town, was conquered by Nuno de 
 Guzman. P. 3000. 
 
 Tlng-vvall, par., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, the church 
 situated 4 m. WNW. Lerwick, P.O.; 29,206 ac. P. (including 
 Hildesay, Langa, Llnga, Oxna, Tlngwall, WUteness, 
 Welsdale, Trondra Is.)<25oo. 
 
 Tlngyiian-hslen, tn. , China, Yunnan, 87 m. ESE. Tali-fu. 
 
 Tlnliare Island, isl. , on E. ct. of Brazil, Bahia, in 13^° S. 
 
 Tlnh-yu, tn. , Annam, 146 m. NE. by N. Saigon. 
 
 Tlnlan, one of the Ladrone Is., Pacific, crossed by 15° N., 
 E. of 145-' 35' E. ; the inhabitants are agglomerated in a single 
 village. 
 
 Tlnlbras, mt., Italy, in the NW., in the Maritime Alps, 30 
 m. W. by S. Cuneo. 
 
 Tlnlcnm, settlement, U.S., Pennsylvania, Bucks co., on site 
 of New Gottenburg ; first permanent European settlement, 
 founded by Swedes, 1641. 
 
 Tlnlznng, vil. , Switzd. See Tlnzen. 
 
 Tlnjal, isl. , Eastern Archipelago, off the S. ct. of Java, W. 
 end, in 105° 48' E. 
 
 Tinkers, or Tinker's Gnlly, goldfield. New Zealand, South 
 I., Vincent co., in 45° 2' S. , 169° 29' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tlnklsso, riv., Africa. See Tanklsso. 
 
 Tlnmonth, tn. , U.S. , Vermont, co. and 12 m. SSW. Rutland, 
 with marble quarries. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tlnnacross, electoral div.. Ire., co. Wexford, dist. Ennis- 
 corthy No. 1. 
 
 Tlunahlnchi, tn., Ire., S. co. Carlow, bar. St. Mullins Lower, 
 14^ m. SE. by E. West Kilkenny, on the 1. bk. of the Barrow, 
 opposite Graiguenamanagh, 11 m. from Thomastown stn. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 TlnnaMnch, bar. , Ire. , in the NW. of Queen's co. 
 
 Tlnnasaggart, electoral div.. Ire., co. Waterford, dist. 
 Kilmacthomas. 
 
 Tlnneh, name given by Dr. Dall to the Athabaskan or 
 Chippewayan Indians of Alaska. 
 
 TlnnevelU (Tlnnevelly, census), municip., Brit. India, 
 Madras, cap. dist. T., 53 m. E. by N. Trivandrum ; terminus 
 of the S. Indian Rly. from Madras; notable active centre of 
 Protestant missions. The great Siva temple gives a good idea 
 of Dravidian architecture. P. 24,800 ; Hindus, 22,900. 
 
 Tinnlat, tn., eastern Sudan, Darfur, cap. prov. Fea, 150 m. 
 W. El Fasher, on the only road connecting Darfur with Wadai. 
 
 Tlnnycross, electoral div. , Ire. , King's co. , dist. TuUamore. 
 
 Tlnode, P.O., Ire., co. Wicklow, 4 m. from Blessington, 8 
 m. from Naas stn. 
 
 1575 
 
T I N O 
 
 T I P P 
 
 Tluogasta, tn., Argentine Republic, Catamarca, 170 m. SW. 
 by W. Tucuman. P. 2000. 
 
 Tinonn, post-tn. , New South Wales, Gloucester co. , 85 m. 
 NE. by N. Newcastle. P. < 1500. 
 Ttnos, isl. , Greece. See T€nos. 
 
 Ti&oso, cape, Spain, SE. ct. , 8 m. SW. by W. Cartagena. 
 Tlnrlr, tn., Sahara, oasis Todra, 150 m. from Morocco; an 
 important centre. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tlushaman, vil., Sahara, oasis of Air, of which it was the 
 cap. in the Middle Ages. 
 
 Tlnskoye, vil., E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, 52 m. E. of 
 Kansk, on Siberian highway. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tlnsley, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 2^ m. 
 SW. Rotherham, on the M. S. & L. R., P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tintagel, par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., on the 
 NW. ct. , 13^ m. N. Bodmin; has slate quarries. PMT.O. 
 4422 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Tlntagel Head, a nearly insulated cape to the W. , on which 
 
 are the ruins of T. Castle, the reputed birthplace of King Arthur. 
 
 Tlntaldra, tp. , Victoria, Benambra co. , on riv. Murray, 52 
 
 in. E. by N. Albury, at the junction of six main roads. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Tlnt^nlac, tn., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, arr. St. Malo, 
 
 17 m. NNW. Rennes. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Tlnteragb, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Moneymore, co. London- 
 derry. 
 
 Tlntem, par.. Ire., SW. co. Wexford, bar. Shelburne, 12 
 m. E. Waterford, i m. from Bannow Harbour ; has remains of 
 T. Abbey, founded in 13th century by the Earl of Pembroke. 
 6863 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tintem, Little, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., on the 
 Wye, 4 m. N. Chepstow, with a stn. (Tinterii) on the G. W. 
 R. , PMT.O. (Tlntem). Here the picturesque ruins of Tlntern 
 Abbey, founded for Cistercians in 1131, and rebuilt in 13th 
 century. P. <:50o. 
 
 Tlntlc, vil., U.S., Utah, Juab co., 65 m. SSW. Salt Lake 
 City, in a dist. rich in minerals ; copper is mined here. P. < 1500. 
 Tintlnhall, par. , Eng. , Somerset, S. div. , 4 m. NW. by W. 
 Yeovil, 2 m. E. Martock stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Unto, small riv., Honduras, flows into the Caribbean Sea 
 immediately E. of Cape Cameron ; site of attempted English 
 settlement in the first half of the 19th century. 
 
 Tlnto ('hill of fire'), mt., Scot., Lanarkshire, at head of 
 Clydesdale, between pars. Carmichael, Wiston, and Syming- 
 ton ; commands an extensive view. Alt. 2316 ft. 
 
 Tlnto, ct. riv. , SW. Spain, prov. Huelva. Length about 60 m. 
 Tlntwlstle, par., Eng., Lancashire and Cheshire, Hyde 
 div., 3 m. E. by S. Stalybridge, close to Hadfield stn., PM.O. 
 Mean rfall. (Arnfield Reservoir, alt. 575 ft., 1866-80), yr. 41.6 in. 
 14,410 ac. P. <4ooo ; eccles. par. (T. with HoUlngs worth) 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Tlnwald, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Ashburton co. , 
 50 m. SW. Christchurch. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Tlnwald, par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 3^ m. NE. by N. 
 Dumfries, between Locharbriggs and Amisfield stns.; 10,283 
 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Tin well, par., Eng., Rutland, 9 m. E. by S. Rutland, i^ m. 
 W. Stamford. P. <25o. 
 
 Tlnzen, or Tlnlznng, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 12 m. 
 NW. by W. St. Moritz, in Ober-Halbstein. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tlnznlln, oasis, Sahara, 120 m. SW. Morocco, on r. bk. of 
 the Wed Draa. 
 
 Tioga, railway stn., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., 50 m. 
 NW. by N. Toronto. 
 
 Tioga, riv., U.S., rises in the N. of Pennsylvania, and flows 
 SW. then N. into New York, in which state it joins the Chemung 
 above Corning, about 16 m. WNW. Elmira. 
 
 Tioga, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, T. co., on Tioga R., 84 m. 
 NW. by N. Scranton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tloge, name given to the river which enters Lake Ngami, 
 central S. Africa, and which is either the lower course or a 
 branch of the Kubango or Okavango ; its course is exceedingly 
 tortuous. In the dry season its bed is quite empty, except 
 where stagnant pools are formed. 
 
 ' Tlokea, isl.. Pacific, in the N. of the Tuaraotu group, in 
 about 14° 15' S.,-crossed by 145° W. 
 
 Tlonesta, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Forest co., on Allegheny 
 R. , 55 m. SE. by S. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tlong, tn., French Sudan, Niene or Niendugu, 68 m. SW. 
 Sikasso, surrounded by large earth walls, but now contains only 
 500 inhabitants. 
 
 Tlonghnloga, riv., U.S., New York, flows S. to the Susque- 
 hanna, which it joins on the r. bk. at Binghamton. Length 
 about 80 m. 
 
 Tlpaza, vil. and small port, Algeria, on the N. ct., arr. and 
 36 m. WSW. Algiers ; has splendid vines. The port, open to 
 NE. and NW. , offers anchorage in about 6 fathoms ; not safe ; 
 lighthouse. Site of Roman colony, IV. Tipasa. P. < 2000. 
 Tiphsah, place named in O. T. See Taftah. 
 Tlpltapa, tn.. Central America, Nicaragua, 15 m. ENE. 
 Managua. 
 
 1576 
 
 Tippah, CO., U.S., Mississippi, in the NE., on the N. frontier, 
 crossed in the W. by 89° W. 
 
 Tippecanoe, co. , U.S., Indiana, between 41° and 40° N., 
 crossed in the W. by 87° W. , traversed by Wabash R. 
 
 Tippecanoe, vil, U.S., Ohio, Miami co. , on Great Miami 
 R. , 65 m. NNE. Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tippecanoe Klver, U.S., Indiana, issues from T. Lake in 
 E. of Kosciusko co. , flows SW. into Wabash R. in White co. 
 Length about 200 m. 
 
 Tipper, par. , Ire. , co. Kildare, bar. N. Naas, 2 m. SE. and 
 containing part of town of Naas. P. <50o. 
 
 Tlpperah, dist., Brit. India, in the SE. of Bengal (q.v.), 
 Chittagong div. 
 
 Tlpperary, inland co.. Ire., prov. Munster, partly in the 
 Shannon basin, on W. and N. , but mostly on S. and E. , sloping 
 to St. George's Channel, and contains 4 pari. divs. , as in the 
 following table : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 Eliogarty 
 
 Ikerrin 
 
 Kilnamanagh, Upper. 
 Ormond, Lower. 
 Ormond, Upper .... 
 Owney and Arra 
 
 Total of North Riding . 
 
 Clanwilliam .... 
 
 Iffa and Ofifa, East . 
 
 Iffa and Offa, West . 
 1 Kilnamanagh, Lower. 
 
 Middlethird .... 
 : Slievardagh .... 
 
 Total of South Riding . 
 
 Total, Tipperary . 
 
 90,258 
 69,805 
 
 59.990 
 127,223 
 
 79.472 
 
 85.495 
 
 17,023 
 10,840 
 
 9.542 
 17.496 
 
 9.594 
 ".725 
 
 512,243 
 
 76,220 
 
 115,960 
 
 57.134 
 117,176 
 
 42,042 
 113,642 
 
 90,773 
 
 24.139 
 21,340 
 16,986 
 5.637 
 15.971 
 12,895 
 
 536.727 
 
 96,968 
 
 1,048,970 1 
 
 173,188 
 
 1 Exclusive of 12,762 ac under the larger rivers and lakes. 
 
 The watershed between is a continuation of the Slieve Bloom 
 Range to NE. The surface is mainly an undulating plain, part 
 of the great central Carboniferous system, of limestone forma- 
 tion, and presents much fine scenery, particularly in the valley 
 of the Suir. On the Kilkenny border the hills are coalstone 
 shales and sandstones, while the Knockmealdown Mts. , S. 
 border reaching 2609 ft. , consist of clay slate ; the Galtees, 
 SW. , reach 3008 ft.; NW. is a range of Silurian and sand- 
 stone, with Keeper's Hill, 2265 ft. The chief river, watering 
 the southern slope of the county, is the Suir, rising in Devil's 
 Bit Mt. near Templemore, where the Nore also rises to flow 
 SE. through Kilkenny. The coal-measures in this county, 
 about 20 m. long, are part of the Leinster coalfield, anthracite 
 with thin seams, worked to a small extent at Thurles, Lisnam- 
 rock. Slate is worked at Carrick-on-Suir and Nenagh. As 
 a natural curiosity the stalactite caves at Mitchelstown are 
 much visited. The staple occupation is in tillage, pasturage, 
 and dairy-farming, this county being one of the most fertile 
 dists. in Ireland owing to the rich calcareous loam — e.g.. 'the 
 Golden Vale,' the dist. in which the county town stands. It has 
 a larger percentage of area under cultivation than any county 
 except Down. Milk-condensing is now carried on on a large 
 scale at Clonmel. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, 
 pp. 10-12. The railway communication is excellent ; G. S. & 
 W. , with branch of the Limerick and Waterford Rly. , besides 
 other branches. Henry II., in 1172, received at Cashel the 
 homage of O'Brien, King of Thomond ; and in 1210 King John 
 converted the dist. into a county, which in the 14th century and 
 afterwards was held as a county palatine by the earls and dukes 
 of Ormonde. Two round towers, at Roscreaand on the notable 
 rock of Cashel, an abrupt mass of limestone ; some important 
 old castles and ecclesiastical ruins, especially Holy Cross. The 
 county is divided for parliamentary purposes into 4 divisions 
 (East T., P. 44,700 ; Mid T., P. 43,900 ; North T., P. 43,400 ; 
 South T. , P. 41,000), each returning i member. It contains 
 the towns Clonmel (partly in Waterford), Tipperary, Carrick- 
 on-Suir, Nenagh, and Thurles. See Ireland, table. 
 
 Tipperary, par. , civic and market tn.. Ire., SW. co. T. , 
 bar. Clanwill am, 11 m. W. by S. Cashel, on the Waterford 
 and Limerick Rly. Its only relic of antiquity is the gateway 
 of the Austin Friary, founded in the reign of Henry III. 
 Market-days, Th. and S. Par. 4363 ac, P. <sooo; tn. P. 
 6400. 
 
 Tipperary Hills, Ire. See SUere-na^Mnck. 
 
 Tipperkevln, par.. Ire., E. co. Kildare, bar. S. Naas, 4 m. 
 SE. Naas. P. -^500. 
 
 Tlppermnlr, battlefield, Scot., 5 m. W. Perth, where the 
 Covenanters were defeated by Montrose in 1644. 
 
TIPP — TIRO 
 
 Tlpperue, dist., Denmark, prov. Ringkjobing, on the S. of 
 the Lonborg Aa Fjord. 
 
 Tlpta-la, pass, in the E. of Nep41, the Wallangchoon of Dr. 
 Hooker, in about 27° 48' N. , 87° 43' E. Alt. 15,620 ft. 
 
 Tipton, eccles. par., Eng. , Devonshire, Honiton div. , 11 m. 
 E. Exeter, with a stn. (T. St. John's) on the L. & SW. R. , 
 PM.O. (T. St. John). P. <500. 
 
 Tipton, par. and tn. , Eng. , S. Staffordshire, 2^ m. SW. and 
 included in the pari. bor. of Wednesbury, with stns. on the G. 
 W. R. and L. & NW. R. ; has coal-mines, blast-fiu-naces, and 
 manufactures of heavy iron work, boilers, &c. P. 29,300. 
 
 Tipton, city, U.S., Indiana, T. co., 36 m. N. by E. Indiana- 
 polis. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Tipton, tn., U.S., Iowa, Cedar co., 30 m. ESE. Cedar 
 Rapids. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tipton, tn. , U.S., Missouri, Moniteau co. , 34 m. W. by N. 
 Jefferson City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tipton, CO. , U.S. , Tennessee, in the SW. , on the Mississippi, 
 N. of 35° N. 
 
 Tlptonvllle, vil. , U.S., New Mexico, Mora co., 68 m. E. by 
 N. Santa F6. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tlptonvllle, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Lake co. , on the Missis- 
 sippi, 7 m. SSE. of the NW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tlptree Heath, eccles. par., Eng., Essex, Messing, Great 
 Wigborough and Tollesbury, Tolleshunt d'Arcy, and ToUe- 
 shunt Knights pars. , PMT. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Tlpnanl, vil. , Bolivia, dep. and 62 m. N. La Paz ; has very 
 productive gold-washings, worked before the arrival of the 
 Spaniards. 
 
 Tlpnanl, riv. , Bolivia, Beni basin, flows E. from the N. 
 base of Illampu (Sorata) ; noted in the time of the Incas for its 
 gold-washings, which were worked even in the 19th century. 
 
 Tlqnlsh, settlement, Canada, Prince Edward Island, Princes 
 CO., on the E. ct, 64 m. NW. by N. Charlottetown. 
 
 Tlra, valley, Afghanistan, to the N. of the Safed Koh range, 
 stretching E. and W., in about lat. 33° 50' N. 
 
 Tlra, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Tire. 
 
 Tirabzon, Turkish name of Treblzond [q.v.). 
 
 Tlrach Mir, highest mt. of the Hindu Kush, 23 m. NNE. 
 Chitral. Alt. 25,400 ft. 
 
 Tlradente!^, formerly Sfto Jose del Rel, tn. , Brazil, Minas 
 Geraes, 140 m. NW. by N. Rio de Janeiro, adjoining Sao Joao 
 del Rei (rly. stn.) on the NE. P. 5000 (Reclus). 
 
 Tlran, isL, Red Sea, at the entrance to the Gulf of Akabah. 
 Length, 7 m. 
 
 Tirana, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 18 m. E. Durazzo. 
 
 Tlranascragh, par.. Ire., SE. co. Galway, bar. Longford, 
 II m. WNW. Parsonstown. P. <500. 
 
 Tlranny, bar.. Ire., W. co. Armagh. 
 
 Tlrano, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov, Sondrio, on the Adda, 
 43 m. NE. by N. Bergamo ; \ m. W. is the church of the 
 Madonna of T. , much frequented place of pilgrimage. P. 6100. 
 
 Tiraspol, dist. tn. , Russia, govt. Kherson, 73 m. by rail 
 NW. Odessa, on 1. bk. Dniester ; good gardens ; flour-mills, 
 tobacco factories ; considerable trade. P. 22,300. 
 
 Tlrawley, bar., Ire., in the N. of co. Mayo. 
 
 Tlrband-1-Tnrklstan, mt. chain, Afghanistan, running 
 mainly E. and W. between the Murghab and the Balkh R. , in 
 about 35° 20' N. lat. 
 
 Tlrcahan, electoral div.. Ire., Cavan, dist. Swanlinbar. 
 
 Tire, tn. , Asia Minor, at the N. foot of the Juma Dagh, 39 
 m. SE. by E. Smyrna, terminus of a branch railway. 
 
 Tire, or Tlra, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet and sanjak 
 Smyrna. P. 14,500; Moham. 8200; Orthodox Greeks, 6000. 
 
 Tlreboll, the ancient Tarabulus, seapt. , Asia Minor, on the 
 N. ct., vilayet and 48 m. W. Trebizond. The dist. abounds in 
 copper, silver, and other ores, which were worked in ancient 
 times, but are now neglected. P. 8000; Moham. 5600; 
 Orthodox Greeks, 2000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Tlree, or Tyree, one of the Inner Hebrides, Scot., co. 
 Argyll, of which it is the most W. portion, 20 m. WNW. 
 Zona. Length, 13 m. ; breadth varies to 6J m. Shores greatly 
 indented ; surface low, having a mean height of 20 ft. above 
 the sea ; and it is destitute of wood. It contains numerous 
 small lakes, is generally fertile, and has a plain of 1560 ac. of 
 rich pasture land in its centre. Barley, oats, and potatoes are 
 grown. Cattle-rearing, fishing, and the export of poultry and 
 eggs are the chief resources of the population. The village 
 of Hynish, at its S. end, is a station of the Northern Lights, 
 and has quarries from which Skerryvore lighthouse (10 m. SW.) 
 was built. T., with the islet Skerryvore, forms a par. PMT.O. 
 (Tlree). 18,942 ac. P. <25oo; (isl. )2449. 
 
 Tlreh, tn. , Asia Minor, 39 m. ESE. Smyrna, divided into 
 quarters separated by wooded ravines, and surrounded by 
 orchards and vineyards. 
 
 Tlreragh, bar.. Ire., in the NW. of cc. Sligo. 
 
 Tlrerrlll, bar. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Sligo. 
 
 Tlr Evan, par., Wales, Denbighshire, union and 8J m. SE. 
 Llanwrst, on riv. Conway ; 8937 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 TtrgoTl^te, tn. , Roumania, prov. Prahova, on the lalomifa, 27 
 
 m. W. PloescT (Ployeshti) ; has important arsenal and historic 
 ruins. P. 8300. 
 
 Tirgu Frnnios, tn. , Roumania. See T&rsnl-Frnnios. 
 
 Tfrgu Jlnlnl, tn. , Roumania, cap. prov. Gorjiu, on theJiulQ, 
 47 m. ENE. Orsova. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tirgn-Ocna, tn. , Roumania. See Ocna. 
 
 Tlrhoot, isl. , Persian Gulf. See Tarnt. 
 
 TirliHgh, bar.. Ire., co. Donegal. 
 
 Tlrlberskaya Bay, Russia, Arctic Ocean, on the coast of 
 Lapland, 69° 11' N. , 35° 9' E. , 12 m. ESE. from Kildin I. 
 
 Tlrlolo, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 5 m. NW. Catanzaro ; 
 has silk-culture, and coal and iron mines. T. stands on the 
 s\\.& of a.nc\enx. Thurium. P. <40oo. 
 
 Tlrls, maritime terr. , W. Sahara, N. of Arguin Bay. 
 There are no streams, and no settled inhabitants, but from 
 October to May it is covered with pasturage, to which the 
 tribes for long distances round bring their flocks. 
 
 Tlrkane, P. O. , Ire. , 3 m. from Maghera (co. Londonderry). 
 
 Tlrkeeran, bar. , Ire. , in the W. of co. Londonderry. 
 
 Tlrkelly, tnld. , Ire., co. Down, bar. Upper Iveagh, Lower 
 Half, Drumballyroney par. P. <25o. 
 
 Tlrkennedy, bar. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Fermanagh. 
 
 Tlrlemont, Flemish Tlenen, tn. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, 
 on the Great Greete, arr. and 12 m. ESE. Louvain, 25 m. E. by 
 S. Brussels ; has cotton and wool spinning ; trade in beer, 
 grain, wool, and cattle ; formerly of greater importance than 
 at present, but suffered much in various wars. P. (comm. ) 
 16,000. 
 
 Tlrley, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, div. and 3^ m. SW. by 
 W. Tewkesbury, on the r. bk. of the Severn, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tlrmacsplrd, electoral div., Ire., Fermanagh, dist. Ederny. 
 
 TlrnoTO, Bulgarian spelling Trnovo, improperly Tlrnora, 
 tn. , Bulgaria, cap. prov. T. , at N. base of Balkans, 45 m. N. 
 Stara Zagora (Eski-Saghra), situated on a group of rock terraces 
 washed at their base by the Jantra. It is divided into a Christian 
 quarter on a hill, and a Mussulman quarter in the valley ; an 
 important market. Population almost entirely Bulgarian, the 
 Turks, formerly equal in number to the Bulgarians, having been 
 reduced in 1888 to 688. P. 11,300. 
 
 Tlrnovo, tn. , Turkey in Europe, sanjak Kirk-Kilise, 36 m. 
 S. Burgas. 
 
 Tirol (or Tyrol) and Vorarlberg (ancient Rhcetia, and a 
 part of Noricum), a crownland of the Austrian Empire, with 
 the title of county, about one-half larger than Wales, between 
 45° 39' 30" and 47° 45' 15" N. , 9° 35' and 12° 55' E. , comprising 
 all the Austrian Alps W. of Salzburg and Carinthia, only about 
 one-tenth of the country being level. The Oetzthal, Stubai, and 
 Zillerthal Alps, which connect the Rhsetian Alps of Switzerland 
 with the Hohe Tauern in the E. of T. , where they attain their 
 culminating point (Gross-Glockner, 12,455 ft.), on the frontiers of 
 T. , Salzburg, and Styria, and separate the valley of the Inn in the 
 N. from the valleys of the Drave and Adige in the S. , are the 
 principal series of mountains, rising far above the snow-line ; 
 but the highest of the crownland, the Ortlerspitze (12,810 ft.) 
 belongs to a group lying SW. of the Adige, on the frontier of 
 Lombardy. Probably one-tenth of the surface of T. is always 
 covered with snow. Besides the Inn, Drave, and Adige, with 
 their affluents, the NW. part, Vorarlberg, is watered by the 111 
 and Bregenz, flowing into the Lake of Constance, which forms 
 the NW. boundary. Small lakes are numerous, and the N. 
 part of the Lake of Garda is in the T. Climate severe in the 
 uplands ; mean temp, of year at Innsbruck 48.8° F. , and at Bot- 
 zen 55.4°; the narrow valleys of the S. , however, have a warm 
 climate, similar to that of the adjacent part of Lombardy. Some 
 maize, wheat, and pulse are grown in the lower valleys, and 
 buckwheat, rye, and oats on the mountain-sides ; but the corn 
 raised is not sufficient for home consumption, and the chief 
 wealth of the rural population is in their cattle and other live 
 stock. Wine and silk are the products of the southern provinces. 
 The rearing of canary birds is pursued on a large scale in the 
 valley of the Inn, and most parts of Europe are supplied with 
 singing-birds from the T. The wolf, bear, wild boar, marmot, 
 and chamois inhabit the mountain dists. The mining industry 
 has long been important, chiefly in the basin of the Inn below 
 Innsbruck (the NE. of the crownland). In the'i5th and i6th 
 centuries silver and copper mines attained such importance in 
 the dist. (especially round Schwaz, Rattenberg, and Kitzbtihel), 
 that T. was regarded as the richest of the Austrian crownlands ; 
 but now the only minerals of any importance are iron, zinc, 
 salt, lignite, lead, and sulphur. The beds of iron ore are con- 
 tinuations of the much more productive beds occuring in gray- 
 wackes in Lower Austria and Upper Styria, whence they extend 
 W. into the T. as far as Schwaz (Inn valley, NE. of Innsbruck), 
 in the neighbourhood of which iron ore is smelted (at Jenbach 
 and Pillersee). Lignite (Eocene) occurs chiefly in the Haring 
 field (lower Inn valley). Hall, a few miles below Innsbruck, is 
 one of the chief salt-producing centres of the Austrian dominions. 
 Zinc is obtained principally in the Passeier-thal, SE. of the 
 Oetzthal Alps. There are numerous mineral springs. Silks are 
 manufactured in the S. (Rovereto) ; iron goods, cottons, linens, 
 
 1577 
 
TIRO 
 
 T I T I 
 
 leather, and wooden articles are made at Innsbruck, &c. ; glass 
 and paper are other manufactured products. The transit trade 
 between Germany and Italy is important, occupying many of 
 the population ; the principal routes from N. to S. are by the 
 Reschenscheideck (in the W.) and the Brenner (in the middle), 
 from SW. to NE. by the Stelvio Pass (in the SW. ), and from 
 E. to W. by the Arlberg (in the NW. ) and the Puster-thal (in 
 theSE.). [Alps, Passes, III.(ii),IV.(ia), (2), and(3).] Many 
 of the inhabitants emigrate annually as labourers into the neigh- 
 bouring countries. Nearly all are Roman Catholics, under ten 
 bishops, suffragans of the Archbishop of Salzburg. T. has its 
 own diet of one chamber. The population are mainly German- 
 speaking ; but in the S. , in the valley of the lower Adige and 
 its tribs. (Sulzberg and Fleims valleys), Italian is spoken ; and 
 in a small tract E. of the lower Eisack, between the German and 
 Italian dists., the so-called Ladini speak a dialect allied to the 
 Romansh of the Grisons. Cap. Innsbruck ; the only other 
 towns of importance are Trient and Botzen. T. was originally 
 the name of a castle above Meran, which is mentioned about 
 400 A. D. under the Latin form Teriolis, and became the seat of 
 counts. The terr. passed into the possession of the house of 
 Habsburg in the 13th century, and its inhabitants are among 
 the most attached to the Imperial rule in the Austrian Empire. 
 Area, 11,308 sq. m. P. (1890) 929,000. See Austria, table. 
 
 Tlroran, P.O., Scot., near Oban, Argyllshire, 8 m. from 
 Pennyghael. 
 
 Tlr Phil, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, on the L. & NW. R., 
 adjoining New Tredegar, 6 m. ESE. Merthyr-Tydfil. 
 
 Tlrril, vil. , Eng. , Westmorland, Appleby div. , 2^ m. S. by 
 W. Penrith, P.O. See Rockbridge. 
 
 Tlrsctaeiirenth, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Pala- 
 tinate, cap. circle T. , 34 m. E. by 8. Bayreuth ; has iron-mine, 
 and manufacture of cloth. P. <40oo. 
 
 Tlrschtlegel, tn. , Prussia, prov. , govt. , and 44 m. W. former 
 circle and 14 m. ESE. Meseritz ; composed of the Posen, 
 vils. of Alt and Neu. T. united in 1888. 
 
 Tlrso, riv. , Sardinia, rises in the E. of the island, and flows 
 SW. past Oristano into the Gulf of Oristano. Length, 83 m.; 
 area of basin, 1197 sq. m. ; mean discharge, 700 cubic ft. per 
 second. 
 
 Tlructaend<ir, tn., Brit. India, Madras, on the Gulf of 
 Manar, dist. and 37 m. ESE. Tinnevelli. P. 8300 ; Hindus, 6900. 
 Tlmclieugod, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 25 m. SW. 
 by W. Salem ; chief industries, weaving and making sandal- 
 wood balls. P. 7500 ; Hindus, 7200. 
 
 TlmkdvlKkr, tn., Brit. India, Madras, South Arcot, 40 m. 
 W. Pondicherri, on S. bank of Ponniar R. P. 5700 ; Hindus, 
 5100. 
 
 Tlrnmaiigalam, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 11 m. 
 SW. by W. Madura. P. 7600 ; Hindus, 6700. 
 
 Tlron, tn., Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 30 m. W. by N. 
 Ispahan. 
 
 Tlrtknilgeswarani, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 25 m. 
 NE. by E. Tanjore; weaving industry. P. 5000; Hindus, 4500. 
 Tlmpatl, municip. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. North Arcot, 
 70 m. N W. Madras ; celebrated for its hill pagoda, said to have 
 been built B.C. 3100, so holy that no Christian or Mussulman 
 has until lately been allowed to pass the outer walls ; the hill 
 (alt. 2500 ft. ) has seven peaks ; has a very large annual festival. 
 P. 14,200; Hindus, 13,500. 
 
 Tlrnpat<kr, or Tiruppatttir (census), municip. , Brit. India, 
 Madras, dist. Salem, 48 m. SW. by W. Vellore ; an important 
 centre of roads; does a brisk trade in grain and hides. P. 
 16,500; Hindus, 10,200; Moham. 6200. 
 
 Tlrnvikdl, sacred tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 8 m. N. 
 by W. Tanjore. P. 7900 ; Hindus, 7700. 
 
 TlruTAldr, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 35 m. E. 
 Tanjore. P. 12,900; Hindus, 11,000. 
 
 Tlmvikltkr, or TlrnTalUkr (census), tn., Brit. India, Madras, 
 Chengalpat dist., 26 m. W. Madras. P. 5000; Hindus, 4600. 
 
 TlrnTannanialal, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. South 
 Arcot, 50 m. S. Vellore ; the first town on the road from Bira- 
 mahAl, through Chengama Pass ; an entrep6t of trade ; has an 
 annual festival in November, the largest in the dist. lis fortified 
 hill has an alt. of 2668 ft. P. 12,200 ; Hindus, 10,600. 
 
 Tlrnvatlytkr, or Tlruvottlytir (census), tn., Brit. India, 
 Madras, dist. Chengalpat, on the E. ct., 8 m. N. by E. Madras. 
 P. 7400 ; Hindus, 7000. 
 
 Tlrnvidamanidar, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Tanjore. 
 P. 5300 ; Hindus, 5100. 
 
 TlrwA, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Farukhdbad, 48 
 m. N W. Cawnpur ; conuins the fort of the Rija. P. 6700 ; 
 Hindus, 5600; Moham. iioo. 
 
 Tlrydall, stn., Wales, Carmarthenshire, E. div., on the 
 G. W. R., II m. NE. Llanelly. 
 
 Tiryns, ruins of ancient city, Greece. See Nanplla. 
 Tirzah, place named in O. T. See TelAstr. 
 Tlsaram, par., Ire., King's co., bar. Garry castle, on the 
 Grand Canal and riv. Shannon, 4 m. NE. Banagher ; 7222 ac. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 1578 
 
 Tlsaxou, par., Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. and i^ m. W. by S. 
 Kinsale, on the 1. bk. of the Bandon. P. <:250. 
 
 Tlsbury, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Wilt- 
 shire, Wilton div. , on the Nadder, 13 m. W. Salisbury, with a stn. 
 (Tlsbury) on the L. & SW. R. main line, PMT.O. (Tlsbury). 
 East T., P. < 1000 ; West T., P. <;75o. 
 
 Tlsbary, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Dukes co. , on Marthas 
 Vineyard I., 21 m. SE. by S. New Bedford. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tlschan, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Teplitz. P. <3000. 
 
 Tlschnowltz, tn. , Austria, Moravia, on riv. Schwarzawa, 13^ 
 m. NW. by N. Briinn. P. <3000. 
 
 Tlscoffln, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. and 4 m. NW. 
 Gowran ; 4709 ac. P. < 750. 
 
 Tlsens, the ancient Castel Tesonna (destroyed by the Franks, 
 590), vil., Austria, Tirol, 10 m. NW. by W. Botzen. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tlshlt, oasis of Taganet, W. Sahara, in about 19° 10' N.; 
 one of the largest markets of W. Sahara. Its inhabitants 
 exploit greatly valued salt from the great Sebkha of Ighil, about 
 373 m. NW. 
 
 Tishomingo, cap. of the Chickasaw Reserve, on Washita R., 
 Indian Terr. , U.S. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tishomingo, co. , U.S., Mississippi, in the extreme NE. 
 
 Tlslmova, Greece. See Areopolls. 
 
 Tlslnt, oasis, in the W. of the Sahara, to the S. of Morocco, 
 in about 29° 55' N., 7° 8' W. ; has date-palms. 
 
 Tlsklliva, coal-mining vil., U.S., Illinois, Bureau co. , 107 m. 
 WSW. Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tlsrara, par.. Ire., W. co. and 7m. SW. by S. Roscommon, 
 bar. N. Athlone ; 8482 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tlsslngtou, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 9^ m. SW. by 
 W. Matlock, 4 m. N. Ashbourne stn.; noted for its rustic 
 beauty and for its five wells, and the custom of well-dressing 
 (decoration oflhe wells with flowers and Scripture texts and 
 practice of religious observances) on Holy Thursday. PM.O. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 TisUl, riv., Brit. India, N. Bengal, debouches on the plains 
 through the Sivak Goli Pass ; in its lower part it is also called 
 Pagld. It is noted for frequent and violent changes in its 
 course ; in 1787 were destructive floods ; navigation difficult. 
 
 Tlsted, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Hamp- 
 shire. East T. , Petersfield div. , 13 m. E. by N. Winchester, 3 
 m. SE. Medstead stn., P.O., P. <25o; West T., 2^ m. SSE. 
 Ropley stn., P. <250. 
 
 TisM'ildl, or Tlsw&rl, in Portugjjese spelling Tlcoarl (' 30 
 hamlets '), former name of the isl. of Goa, India. 
 
 Tlsza, riv. , Hungary. See Thelss. 
 
 Tlsza-Dob, comm. , Hungary, co. Szabolcs, dist. Dada-als6. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Tlsza-Foldv^r, comm., Hungary, co. B4cs-Bodrog, dist. O- 
 Becse. P. 5700. 
 
 Tlsza-FoldT^r, comm., Hungary, co. Jasz-Nagy-Kis-Szol- 
 nok, dist. Tisza-als6. P. 7800. 
 
 Tlsza-Fiired, comm., Hungary, prov. Heves, 27 ra. SE. 
 Erlau, on the 1. bk. of the Theiss (Tisza). P. 8000. 
 
 Tlsza-Lok, comm., Hungary, co. Szabolcs, dist. Dada-als6. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Tlsza-\&ua, comm. , Hungary, co. Heves, dist. Tisza-Fiired. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Tlsza-Polg&r, comm., Hungary, co. Szabolcs, dist. Dada- 
 als6. P. 9400. 
 
 Tlsza-Roff, comm., Hungary, co. Jasz-Nagy-Kis-Szolnok, 
 dist. Tisza-kos^p. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Tl8za-Szal6k, comm., Hungary, co. JAsz-Nagy-Kis-Sj»l- 
 nok, dist. Tisza-felso. P. <4000. 
 
 Tlsza-Szent-Imre, comm., Hungary, co. J4sz-Nagy-Kis- 
 Szolnok, dist. Tisza-felso. P. <:4000. 
 
 Tlsza*Szent-Mlkl6s, comm., Hungary, co. Torontdl, dist. 
 Torok-Kanizsa. P. <40oo. 
 
 Tlszolcz (Hungarian, in German Thelssholz), comm., 
 Hungary, co. Gomor-Kis-Hont, 60 m. W. Kaschau. P. <4000. 
 
 Tltaf, tn. , French Sahara, Tuat, dist. Tamest; surrounded 
 by a wall. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tltanlon, comm. , Greece. See Palamas. 
 
 TltchHeld, par., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., on the 
 Titchfield R. (which flows SSW. into Spithead), 6^ m. NW. by 
 W. Portsmouth, 2 m. W. Fareham Junction. The ruins of 
 T. House stand on the site of an abbey of the time of Henry 
 III.; it was built bv Wriothesley, Chancellor to Henry VIII. 
 PMT.O. , and P.O. (T. Common). 15,784 ac. P. 5400. 
 
 Tltchmarsh, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 11 
 m. NE. by E. Wellingborough, i^ m. S. Thorpe stn., PM.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Tltchwell, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., i m. from the 
 N. ct., 18 m. NE. by N. King's Lynn, 4 m. NNW. Stanhoe 
 stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Tltel, comm., Hungary, co. Bdcs-Bodrog, dist. T. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tlteskln, par., Ire., co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 3 m. SW, 
 Cloyne. P. <;25o. 
 
 TItlcaca, Lake, the most elevated and one of the largest 
 lakes of S. America, on the boundary between Peru and Bolivia, 
 
TI TI 
 
 T I U M 
 
 in a wide valley of the Andes, between 15° 12' and 16° 20' S. , 
 68° 35' and 70° 2' W. Celebrated as the cradle of Peruvian 
 civilisation. Elevation of surface above the ocean variously 
 estimated from 12,500 to 12,800 ft.; greatest depth according to 
 Agassiz, 925 ft. Shape very irregular ; it has several extensive 
 bays, enclosed by projecting penins. To the N. the shores are 
 flat, but to the E. the mountains rise abruptly from the coast. 
 It receives several small rivers, and discharges its surplus waters 
 southward by the riv. Desaguadero. The water is fresh, but of 
 bad taste. Several species of fish abound. Steamers ply on it. 
 The railway from La Paz to Cuzco passes along its W. shore. 
 It contains many small mountainous islands, on one of which, 
 named Titicaca, towards its S. extremity, the last Inca dynasty 
 is said to have had its origin. Steam navigation introduced in 
 1893. Estimated area, 3261 sq. m. ; length, 120 m.; average 
 breadth, 40 m. 
 
 Tltlciis, settlement, U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co., 18 m. 
 WNW. Bridgeford. 
 
 Tltlrlbl, vil. , Colombia, dep. Antioquia, 21 m. SW. 
 Medellin ; gold-mines worked ; deposits of coal. Alt. 5180 ft. 
 P. (dist.) 10,000. 
 
 Titius, riv. , Dalmatia. See Kerka. 
 
 Tltley, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, div. and loi m. W. Leo- 
 minster, 2 m. N. of its stn. on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 TitUngton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., 6 m. W. by N. Alnwick, 2 m. NE. by N. Whit- 
 tingham stn. P. <:2So. 
 
 TItlls, Mount. See Alpg, Subdivisions, II. B. 2. 
 
 Tito, tn. , Italy, prov. and 6 m. SW. Potenza. P. <500o. 
 
 Tltsey, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 10 m. E. by N. Reigate, 
 2 m. NE. by N. Oxted stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Tlttenley, par., Eng., Cheshire, 7 m. S. Nantwich. P. <:25o. 
 
 Tltteiisor, eccles. par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , 5 m. S. 
 Stoke-upon-Trent, i m. W. by S. Barlaston stn. , PT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Tlttcs worth, par., Eng.,' Staffordshire, div. and 2 m. NE. 
 Leek. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tlttlbawassee, riv., U.S., Michigan, in the E., flows S. then 
 SE. to the Saginaw R. 
 
 Tlttleshall, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 18 m. E. King's 
 Lynn, 4 m. SSE. Raynham Park stn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. 
 par. (T. with Ciodwick and Wellingliam) P. <750. 
 
 Tlttmoning, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 circle Laufen, on the 1. bk. of the Salzach, 22 m. NW. by N. 
 Salzburg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Titus, CO., U.S., Texas, in the NE., N. of 33° N., and E. 
 of 95° W. 
 
 TltusYlUe, seapt. vil., U.S., Florida, Brevard co., E. ct. , on 
 Indian R. , in 28° 35' N. P. < 1500. 
 
 TltnsvlUe, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, Crawford co., on Oil 
 Creek R., 39 m. SE. by S. Erie. It owes its prosperity to the 
 extensive oil wells in the vicinity. Alt. 1194 ft. (R.R.). P. 
 (1880) 9000; (1890) 8100. 
 
 Tltz, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Jiilich, 23 m. SW. 
 Diisseldorf. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Tlugetau, litde known mt. chain, Chinese Empire, E. 
 Turkistan, N. of the Lob-nor steppe, forming part of the Tian 
 Shan system. 
 
 Tlnngu, vil., equatorial Africa, 22 m. SW. of S. extremity 
 of Lake Tanganyika, the centre of T. dist. 
 
 Tlvannagh, electoral div. , Ire. , Roscommon, dist. Boyle. 
 
 Tiverton, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 10 m. ESE. 
 Chester, close to Beeston Castle and Tarporley stn., P.O. 
 P.<7So- 
 
 Tiverton, mun. bor. (of ancient incorporation) and market- 
 tn. , Eng., Devonshire, NE. or Tiverton div., 13^ m. NNE. 
 and in diocese of Exeter, at confluence of the Exe and Loman, 
 with stns. on a branch of the G. W. R. Staple trade is 
 manufacture of lace, and formerly a great centre of woollen 
 trade. Anciently called Twyford-town on account of two fords, 
 one over each river. T. has a charter dated from James I. ; it 
 was disfranchised in 1885. Market-days, Tu. and S. Mean 
 rfall. (Cove, alt. 450 ft., 1866-80), yr. 44.4 in. Mun. bor. 
 P. (1801) 6500; (1851) 11,100; (1891) 10,900; pari. div. P. 
 (1891) 52,800. 
 
 Tiverton, tn., U.S., Rhode Island, Newport co., 6 m. SSW. 
 Fall R. (Mass.), at the narrow isthmus between Mount Hope 
 Bay and Seaconnet R. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tlvetsliall St. margaret and St. Mary, two adjoining pars. , 
 Eng., Norfolk, S. div., the former 14I m. SSW. Norwich, i m. 
 S. of its stn. (TlvetshaU) on the G. E. R., P.O. (T. St. Mary). 
 P. (of each) < 500. 
 
 Tlvldale, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Rowley Regis 
 and Tipton pars.; has blast-furnaces. P. < 5000. 
 
 Tlvlsa, tn. , Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 28 m. WSW. Tarra- 
 gona, dist. Falset. P. (comm. )<5ooo. 
 
 Tlvoll, stn. , Ire. , co. and i^ m. E. Cork, on the G. S. & W. R. 
 
 Tlvoll, tn., Italy, on the Aniene, prov. and 17^ m. E. by N. 
 Rome, situated on the slope of Monte Ripoli. On a rock 
 overhanging the river are the remains of a circular temple, 
 erroneously said to be that of the Tibertine sibyl. Around T. 
 
 are the remains of several aqueducts, and of numerous Roman 
 villas, amongst which are those of Cassius and Mecsenas ; and 
 adjacent to the town are the vestiges of a villa built by Hadrian, 
 and adorned with objects of art which have enriched the museums 
 of Europe. Alt. 825 ft. P. 11,000. 
 
 Tlvoll, vil., U.S., New York, Dutchess co. , on the 1. bk. of 
 Hudson R., 45 m. S. by W. Albany. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tlvot Hill, PM.O., Eng., 3 m. from Witton Park, Durham. 
 
 Tlxall, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 3I m. ESE. 
 Stafford, 25 m. S. Ingestre stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Tlxkokob, vil., Mexico, Yucatan, 20 m. E. by N. M^rida. 
 P. (comm.) 11,000. 
 
 Tlxover, par. , Eng., Rutland, 7 m. E. Uppingham. P. < 
 250. See Kettou. 
 
 Tlxtla, tn., Mexico, cap. Guerrero, 56 m. NE. Acapulco. 
 Alt. 4545 ft. P. 6000. 
 
 Tlzgul, tn., S. Morocco, prov. Nun, among the mountains 
 which form the N. watershed of the Wed Draa. 
 
 Tlzl, tn., Algeria, prov. Oran, arr. and 7 m. SW. Mascara, 
 surrounded by fine vineyards ; founded, 1879. 
 
 Tisi, in Morocco, 'pass,' 'peak.' 
 
 Tlzlmln, vil., Mexico, Yucatan, 102 m. E. by N. M6rida. 
 P. (comm.) 6300. 
 
 Tlzl-n-Telglieint, pass, Morocco. See Atlas. 
 
 Tlzlo, riv. , Dalmatia. See Kerka. 
 
 Tlzl Taglierat, or Tagharot, pass across the High Atlas Mts. , 
 38 m. S. by E. Morocco, 31° 6' N., 7° 30' W. Alt. 11,745 ft. 
 (Von Fritsch, 1872). 
 
 Tlzl Tanijurt, mt. , Morocco. See Atlas. 
 
 Tlzluzu, tn., Algeria, cap. arr. T. , 55 m. W. Bougie; has 
 vines, olives, &c. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tlznaf, riv., E. Turkistan, rises in the W. Kuenlun, and 
 flows parallel to the Yarkand-daria on the E. , but only reaches 
 the latter at the time of flood. Length about 155 m. 
 
 Tj-. Most places beginning with this combination are Dutch. 
 If they belong to the Dutch colonial possessions, see under Ck. 
 
 Tjallmo, vil., Sweden, prov. Ostergottland, 23 m. NNW. 
 Linkoping. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 TJernial, or Tyerlnial, volcano, Java I. , 10 m. SW. Cheribon. 
 Alt. 10,070 ft. 
 
 Tjerp, vil., Sweden, prov. and 30 m. N. Upsala. P. (comm.) 
 6200. 
 
 TJiilllng, vil., Norway, prov. Christiania, 4 m. E. Laurvik. 
 P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Tjonger, riv. , Holland. See Kulnder. 
 
 TJorn, isl. , W. ct. of S. Sweden, cut by 58° N. lat. Area, 
 51 sq. m. P. 9328. 
 
 Tkvlbnll, vil. , Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 27 m. NE. 
 Kutais ; coal-mines. P. < 1000. 
 
 Tlacotalpam, maritime vil., E. Mexico, state and 50 m. SE. 
 Vera Cruz, on r. bk. of the Papaloapan ; its favourable position 
 points to a prosperous future. P. 10,000. 
 
 Tlalpan, tn., Mexico, state of and 11 m. S. by W. Mexico; 
 has important cotton factories. P. (comm.) 6500. 
 
 Tlal-pujaliua-de-Bayon, vil., SW. Mexico, state Michoa- 
 can, 16 m. ESE. Maravatio. P. (comm.) 8400. 
 
 Tlapa, tn. , Mexico, Guerrero, 100 m. S. by W. Puebla. 
 P. (comm.) 5400. 
 
 Tlatelulco, one of the two towns of which the city of Mexico 
 consisted before the Spanish conquest. 
 
 Tlaxcala, one of the central states of Mexico, between the 
 federal district of Mexico and Puebla. 
 
 Tlaxcala, tn., Mexico, state T., 18 m. N. Puebla. It has 
 a cathedral, and a magnificent Franciscan convent ; and was 
 the cap. of the republic allied with Cortes against Montezuma, 
 and then contained 300,000 inhabitants. P. 7000. 
 
 Tlaxco, tn. , Mexico, Tlaxcala, 39 m. N. Puebla. P. 8000. 
 
 Tlaxlaco, tn. , Mexico, state of Oaxaca. P. (comm.) 7000. 
 
 Tlemsen, French spelling Tlemceu, tn. , Algeria, cap. arr. 
 T. , 70 m. SW. by S. Oran. Its gardens abound in fig and 
 other fruit trees, the plain yields rich harvests of cereals, and 
 the vine is grown. The ancient walls, now in ruins, once 
 enclosed a much larger area. European merchants are said 
 to have been formerly settled here in large numbers, and to 
 have carried on an extensive commerce with the interior. Its 
 numerous mosques have now fallen into decay. Various anti- 
 quarian remains have been collected in a museum. Suburbs 
 of T. are Sidi-bu-Medin and Mansura, places of note in Algerian 
 history. Alt. 2703 ft. Mean temp., yr. 60.2° F., Jan. 47.6°, 
 July 77.3° ; rfall. (5 yrs.), 18.98 in. P. 19,700. 
 
 Tlets, ruins of the Roman settlement of Seriana, Algeria, 
 prov. Constantine, 12 m. N. Batna ; French colony. 
 
 Tllnglts, or Thllnkets, also called Koloslies, Kolnlsltes, 
 or Kolulsks, the name of the native tribes of south-eastern 
 Alaska; totemists. Estimated in 1869 at 12,000-15,000; in 
 1880 numbered 6437 ; in 1890, 4457. 
 
 Tlumacz, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 54 m. SW. by S. 
 Tarnopol. P. < 5000. 
 
 Tluniatscliau, tn. , Austria, Moravia, dist. Napagedl. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 1579 
 
T M AI 
 
 TO C E 
 
 Tmal, vil. , Egypt. See Tell-et-Thniel. 
 
 Tmolos, ancient name of the Boz-dagh, mt. chain, Asia 
 Minor, E. of Smyrna. 
 
 To, or Tu, tn., China, prov. Shantung, 120 m. SSW. 
 Tientsin , on the Grand Canal. 
 
 To, a mouth of the Irawadi, Lower Burma, also known as 
 China Bakir. 
 
 Td, Hungarian, 'lake.' 
 
 ToacU, riv. , Ecuador. See Esmeraldas. 
 
 Toad Monutaln. See Nelson, Brit. Columbia. 
 
 Toad's Cove, fishing settlement, Newfoundland, 26 m. from 
 St. John's. 
 
 Toames, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 5 m. fi-om Macroom. 
 
 Toauo, vil., U.S., Nevada, Elko co. , 65 m. SSW. of the 
 NE. corner of the state, on the Central Pacific Railroad. Alt. 
 5973 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Toatutla, tn. , Formosa, residence of foreign merchants trad- 
 ing in the port of Tamsui. 
 
 Toan, or Elizabeth, isls. , Pacific, Tuamotu group, in 16° S. , 
 146° W. Area, 5 sq. m. 
 
 Toba, maritime tn. and excellent small port, Japan, 70 m. 
 ESE. Kyoto. P. <:50C)0. 
 
 Toba, lake, about 50 m. long, in the N. of the isl. of Sumatra, 
 crossed by 2^° N. , drained E. by one of the headstreams of the 
 Assahan. It is divided into two basins by a penin. , 25 ni. long, 
 stretching from the W. shore. The mountains surrounding the 
 lake are very abrupt. Cultivation of rice, maize, pepper, cotton, 
 tobacco, &c. Greatest depth found by Modigliani. Alt. 1475 
 ft. ; average breadth, 16 m. 
 
 Tobago, picturesque British isl., W. Indies, to the NE. of 
 Trinidad, to which it has been joined since 1889. T. has no 
 docks. Man-o'-War Bay forms a good harbour. Sugar is the 
 staple crop. Alt. 1900 ft.; length, 26 m.; greatest width, 7^ 
 m.; area about 115 sq. m. P. (1891) 18,400. 
 
 Tobago Islands, a group of islets, W. Indies, Virgin Is., 
 in 64° 50' W., to the NE. of St. Thomas. 
 
 Toba Inlet, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, stretches NE. 
 from Desolation Sound. 
 
 Toba Plateau, an elevated region, Afghanistan, to the N. of 
 the British dist. of Pishin, in about 31° N. , 66^° -67^ E., more 
 prof)erly the eastern portion of this region (alt. about 7800 ft.), 
 separated from Tabln, the western portion (alt. about 7200 ft.), 
 by a narrow line of hills. Proc. E. G. S., 1880, pp. 623-24, 
 map, p. 272. 
 
 Tobarra, tn. , Spain, prov. and 30 m. SSE. Albacete, dist. 
 Hellin. P. 7600. 
 
 Tobas, wild Indians, Bolivia and Paraguay, in Gran Chaco, 
 N. of Pilcomayo. In their dist. Dr. Crevaux and his com- 
 panions were murdered in 1882. 
 
 Tobaty, vil. , Paraguay, 36 m. E. by N. Asuncion. 
 
 Tobelbad, health resort, Austria, Styria, 7 m. SSW. Graz. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Tober, par.. Ire., co. Wicklow, bar. Lower Talbotstown, 2 
 m. NE. Dunlavin. P. <25o. 
 
 Toberadosta, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Galway, dist. Dunmore. 
 
 Toberbreeda, electoral div., Ire., co. Clare, dist. Quin. 
 
 Tober«"urry, tn., Ire., S. co. and 18 m. SW. by S. Sligo, 
 bar. Leyny, 10 ni. from Ballymote stn,, PMT.O. (Tubber- 
 carry). P. < 1000. 
 
 Tobermoney, P.O., Ire., co. Down, 3 m. from Dovra- 
 patrick. 
 
 Tobermore, tn. , Ire. , SE. co. Londonderry, bar. Loughins- 
 holin, 12 m. N. Cookstown, 3 m. ENE. Draperstown, PMT.O. 
 (Tubbermore). P, <5oo. 
 
 Tobermory, vil. , Scot. , Argyllshire, at the head of T. Bay, 
 in the NE. of Mull; has a landlocked harbour; regular com- 
 munication with Skye, Lewis, and the Clyde, and daily mail- 
 boat to Oban. PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tobernea, electoral div., Ire., Limerick, dist. Kilmallock. 
 
 Toberonochy, vil., Scot., Argyllshire, on E. ct. of Luing I., 
 15 m. SSW. Oban. 
 
 Toberpa trick, East and West, two electoral divs.. Ire., 
 Sligo, dist. Skreen. 
 
 Toberroe, tnld. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. Dunmore, Kilconla 
 par. P. <2So. 
 
 Tobhar, tn., Middle Egypt, prov. Fayum, 9 m. W. Medinet- 
 el-Fayum. P. < 5000. 
 
 Tobl, isl. , Pacific. See Lord North. 
 
 Tobinstown, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from TuUow (co. Carlow). 
 
 Toblque KlTer, riv., Canada, in the NW., New Brunswick, 
 flows SW. into the riv. St. John, which it enters a little below 
 the mouth of the Aroostook. 
 
 Tobitschan, tn., Austria, Moravia, on riv. March, 11 m. S. 
 by E. Olmiitz. A battle was fought here between the Prussians 
 and Austrians, July 15, 1866. P. <3000. 
 
 Toblach, vil. , Austria, Tirol, in the Paster-thai, 46 m. ENE. 
 Botzen ; much frequented summer resort, with bathing establish- 
 ment. P. < 2000. 
 
 Toblluo, small lake, Tirol, 7 m. W. Trent, in the valley of 
 the Sarca, of which its outlet is a 1. bk. branch. 
 1580 
 
 Toboall, tn. , Eastern Archipelago, in the S. of Banka Is. , on 
 the coast. 
 
 Tobol, riv., Russia, provs. Turgai, Orenburg, and Tobolsk, 
 rises in S. Urals, at an alt. of 1070 ft., flows NE. , joins Irtysh 
 opposite Tobolsk. Its 1. bk. tribs., Ayat, Ui, Iset with Miyas, 
 Tura (450 m.), upon which stands Tyumeii and Tavda (650 m. ), 
 are large rivers. Length, 805 m. 
 
 Tobolsk, govt., Russia, W. Siberia, extends from Akmolinsk 
 and Semipalatinsk in S. to Arctic Ocean in N., having Oren- 
 burg, Perm, Vologda, and Archangel on W., and Tomsk 
 and Yeniseisk on E., and thus occupying an area four and a 
 half times as large as the United Kingdom. It touches the 
 Arctic Ocean from Kara R. to Taz Bay, including the large 
 Yalmal Penin. between the Kara Sea and the Bay of the Ob', 
 which penetrates for 550 m. into the mainland, and receives 
 another long outlet, the Tazovskaya (or Taz) Bay. The N. 
 Urals, 3000 to 5540 ft. high, separate 'I'obolsk from European 
 Russia, N. of 61° 30', while further S. their E. slop>es are in- 
 cluded in Perm. The remainder of Tobolsk are lowlands, only 
 a few hundred feet above the sea-level — fertile prairies in S. , 
 including the Tobol and Ishim steppes in SW., and the 
 Baraba steppes in SE. ; marshy forests in middle and N. , and 
 treeless tundras near the Arctic coast. Owing to the warm 
 summer, and the fertility of the stepp>es, the S. parts of govt. 
 Tobolsk are getting rapidly colonised by Russian immigrants, 
 and now have more than 1,000,000 Russians, as against less than 
 20,000 aborigines. The middle parts of Tobolsk are covered 
 with forests (taiga), often marshy (urmans), and are only in- 
 habited along the courses of the rivers (about 450,000 inhabitants, 
 32,000 aborigines). The tundras beyond the Arctic Circle are 
 only visited by nomadic Hyperborean and Finnish stems. The 
 climate is very severe and wet, the average temps, at Ishim, 
 Tobolsk, Narym, and Berezov being: yr. 32°, 31.8°, 28°, and 
 24°; Jan. -4°, -2°, -8°, -8.3°; July 68° to 62°. In the 
 tundras the average yearly temps, sink to 15°, and even 7°. 
 Tobolsk is watered by the Ob' and its numerous tribs. , navigated 
 for six months. Many lakes in S. rapidly desiccating. Popula- 
 tion chiefly Russian (over 94 per cent. ), the remainder being about 
 24,000 Ostyaks, 7000 Samoyedes, 6000 Voguls, and about 40,000 
 Tatars and Turkish stems in S. Agriculture is largely carried on 
 in S. ; extensive cattle-breeding (frequent murrains). Considerable 
 fishing, hunting ; industries insignificant ; brisk trade. Divided 
 into ten dists. : Tobolsk, Berezov, Ishim, Kurgan, Surgut, Tara, 
 Turinsk, Tyukalinsk, Tyumen, and Yalutorovsk. Apart from 
 Tyumeii (36,800 inhabitants) and Tobolsk (22,600), all towns 
 have less than 10,000 inhabitants. Area, 539,660. P. (1870) 
 1,086,850, ; (1889) 1,313,400; (1894) estimated at 1,500,000. 
 
 Tobolsk, cap. of above govt., on r. bk. of Irtysh, nearly 
 opposite its junction with Tobol R. , 1535 m. E. of Moscow. 
 Formerly cap. of W. Siberia, is now an out-of-the-way town, 
 visited only by steamers plying from Tyumeii to Tomsk. It 
 has a ' kreml,' an imitation of the ' kreml' of Moscow, built by 
 Swedish prisoners under Peter I. , and several educational institu- 
 tions. The lower p)art of the town is unhealthy ; brisk trade in 
 com, salt, and fish. Alt. 355 ft. Mean temp., yr. 33.3° F. , 
 Jan. 1.9°, July 67.8°. P. (1880)20,130; (1891)22,650. 
 
 Toboso, El, tn. , Spain, New Castille, prov. and 60 m. SE. 
 Toledo, dist. Quintanar de la Orden ; immortalised in Don 
 Quixote. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tobosos, tribe, N. Mexico, in part of Coahuila state. 
 
 Tobruk, port, Tripoli, prov. Barca, 236 m. E. Benghazi ; 
 the largest vessels can anchor here, and a breakwater at the 
 entrance of the bay would make it an excellent port. 
 
 TobiiHl-Mnuu, isl. , Pacific. See Tapamanoa. 
 
 Tobylinuua, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Monroe co. , 21 m. SE. 
 by S. Scranton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tocalma, vil., Colombia, Cundinamarca, 40 m. W. by S. 
 Bogotd ; has very rich copper and gold mines, formerly worked ; 
 in the neighbourhood are hot springs. 
 
 Tocantlns, riv., Brazil, states Goyaz and Para; rises by 
 many heads near Goyaz, in 16° S. , 47° to 50° W. , flows N. , and 
 near 6° S. it is joined by the Araguaya, a river of superior size 
 and greater length, the united stream, however, retaining the 
 name Tocantins until a little N. of 2° S., when, after joining a 
 channel by which communication with the Amazon is main- 
 tained, it takes the name Para, and flows, by a wide estuary, 
 near the town of the same name into the Atlantic. An inter- 
 change of commodities between Para and Goyaz is effected by 
 means of boats, but navigation is rendered difficult by the 
 numerous rapids and narrows, and the upward voyage from 
 Para to Porto Imperial (10° S.) occupies four to five months. 
 One of the principal rapids is that of Itaboca, in about 3° 16' S. 
 lat. Length, from source of T. to the sea, 2283 m. 
 
 Toccoa, tn. , U.S., Georgia, Habersham co., 67 m. SW. 
 Greenville by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tocco da Casanrln, tn., Italy, prov. and 19 m. SW. Chieti. 
 P. 5400. 
 
 Toce, Toccia, or Tosa, riv., N. Italy, rises in the Alps, near 
 the Simplon, and after a S. and W. course of 50 m. enters Lake 
 Maggiore on its W. side, 3 m. E. Gravellona, where it receives 
 
TO C H — T O K A 
 
 the surplus waters of Lake Orta. In its upper valley, known as 
 the Val Formazza, is the waterfall known as the cascade of 
 Frua or Delia Tosa, the most powerful cataract of the Alps. 
 Lower down the valley widens and takes the name Val d' Ossola 
 (chief town Domo d' Ossola). 
 
 Tochl, riv. , Afghanistan. See Oamblla. 
 
 Tochieneal, stn. , Scot., Banffshire, 2 m. SE. Cullen, on G. 
 N. of S. R. 
 
 Toclilgl, a ken or prefecture, Japan, cap. Utsu-no-miya. 
 
 Tockeiiham, par., Eng. , Wiltshire, Cricklade div. , 8 m. 
 WSW. Swindon, 3 m. ESE. Dauntsey stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Tocketts, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, union and ij m. 
 NE. Guisborough. P. <25o. 
 
 Tocklioles, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Darwen div. , 3J m. SSW. 
 Blackburn, i m. SE. Feniscowles stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tocklngtoii, PMT.O., Eng., Gloucestershire, 3 J m. SE. 
 Thornbury. 
 
 Tockwith, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 7^ m. ESE. Knaresborough, 2 m. SW. by S. Wil- 
 strop stn., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Toco, mining-dist. , Chile, prov. Antofagasta, 46 m. ENE. 
 Tocopilla ; has nitrate beds. 
 
 Toco, small seapt. , W. Indies, on N. ct. of Trinidad, near the 
 extreme NE. of the island. 
 
 Tocol, vil. , U.S., Florida, St. John's co. , on r. bk. of St. 
 John's R. , 40 m. S. by W. of the mouth of the river. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Toconado, volcano, in the Andes, Chile, in 23° 21' S. Alt. 
 
 19.350 ft- 
 
 Tocopilla, tn. , Chile, prov. Antofagasta, on the coast, in 
 about 22° 10' S. ; has copper-foundries. Algodon Bay, on which 
 the town stands, can accommodate vessels of any size near the 
 piers at all times ; they load and discharge by means of lighters. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Tocnnivrall, post-tn. , New South Wales, Denison co. , 38 m. 
 SE. by E. Deniliquin, on riv. Murray. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tocuyo, vil., Venezuela, Falcon, in about 68° 20' W. , on the 
 riv. Tocuyo, which flows N. and NE. , and enters the Caribbean 
 Sea N. the Gulf of Triste. Total course 200 m. , for the latter 
 half of which it is navigable. 
 
 Tocnyo, tn., Venezuela, Lara, 205 m. WSW. Caracas; has 
 wool-spinning and tannery. P. 13,500. 
 
 Toda BIiliii, tn. , India, Rdjputana, 50 m. WSW. Bhartpur. 
 Toda-gawa, riv. , Japan, Honshiu, flowing into Tokyo Bay 
 at Tokyo. 
 
 Todber, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., loj m. E. Sher- 
 borne, 4^ m. E. by N. Stalbridge stn. P. <25o. See Stonr 
 Provost. 
 
 Todbnrn, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck div. , 8^ m. 
 NW. by N. Morpeth, 2J m. SE. Brinkburn stn. P. <25o. 
 Todd, CO., U.S., Kentucky, on the S. frontier, W. of 87° W, 
 Todd, CO., U.S., Minnesota, crossed by 46° N. and 95° W. 
 Todd, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Huntingdon co. P. <i5oo. 
 Todd, small co., U.S., S. Dakota, on S. frontier, r. bk. Mis- 
 souri ; cap. Fort Randall. 
 
 Toddlngton, par., Eng--, Bedfordshire, div. and 7 m. NW. 
 Luton, 2 m. WSW. Harlington stn. ; manufactures straw-plait. 
 PMT.O. 5535 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 To<l«lliigton, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div. , 
 7 m. S. Evesham, 4 m. SE. by E. Beckford stn., P.O. P. < 
 250 ; eccles. par. (T. ■with Stanley Pontlai^e) P. <5oo. 
 
 Todeuham, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 
 12J m. S. by E. Stratford-on-Avon, 3 m. ESE. Blockley stn. , 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Todl, tn. , Italy, Umbria, prov. Perugia, 19 m. NW. Terni ; 
 one of the oldest cities in Italy. It has an inner circuit of 
 Etruscan walls, as well as outer ones of later date. P. <4000. 
 Todl, Mount. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. B. 3. 
 Todmorden, market-tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, Middleton div. , 
 6J m. NNE. Rochdale, on the Rochdale Canal and the L. & 
 Y. R. It is beautifully situated, and has cotton-mills, foundries, 
 and machine works. Coal is abundant in vicinity. Market- 
 day, S. P. (urban sanitary dist.) 24,700. 
 
 Todmorden an<l Walsden, par., included in the urban 
 sanitary dist. of Todmorden, Yorkshire ; 7007 ac. P. 8900. 
 
 Todos los Santos ('AH Saints'), irregularly shaped lake, S. 
 Chile, prov. Llanquihue, crossed by 41° 5' S. , j2°-j2° 20' W. , 
 separated by the volcano of Osorno from Lake Llanquihue on 
 the W. , drained from its W. end by the Rio Petrohue into the 
 head of the Boca de Reloncavi. Outlet unnavigable in conse- 
 quence of rapids. Alt. 375 ft. ; area, 50 sq. m. 
 
 Todos Santos, bay, in the penin. of Lower California, on W. 
 ct. , 50 m. SE. of the U.S. frontier ; affords excellent shelter to 
 coasting vessels. 
 
 Todra, large and well-peopled oasis, Sahara, 140 m. E. 
 Morocco, occupies a ravine traversed by Wed Todra. 
 
 Todrldge, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 18 m. W. 
 Morpeth. P. 5. 
 
 Todtenkopf, mt., Ger. , Baden. See Kalserstubl. 
 Todtnau, urban comm., Ger., gd.-duchy of Baden, circle 
 Lorrach, 12J m. SSE. Freiburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Todwlck, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Doncaster div. , 
 7 m. SE. by S. Rotherham, ij m. NW. by N. Kiveton Park 
 stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Toe Head, cape. Ire. , on the S. ct. of co. Cork, in 19! 30' W. , 
 with coastguard station. 
 
 Toeni, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bars. Upper Kilnamanagh 
 and Clanwilliam, 5 m. W. Dundrum stn.; 12,277 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Toen, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov., dist., and 6 m. SW. 
 Orense. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Tcenarium Promontorium, cape, Greece. See Hatapau. 
 
 Toft, par. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div. , 6 m. W. by 
 S. Cambridge, P.O. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (T. with Caldecot) 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Toft, par., Eng., Cheshire, 2 m. S. Knutsford. P. <25o. 
 
 Toft, par., Eng., co. and 12 m. NNE. Lincoln, E. Lindsey 
 div., 4 m. W. Market Rasen. P. <25o. 
 
 Toft an«l lionnd, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 
 6i m. NNE. Stamford, i^ m. W. by N. Thurlby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Toft Hill, vil., Eng., Durham, 3 m. from Witton Park ; has 
 coal-mines. PM. O. 
 
 Toftlngale, Loch, lake, Scot., Caithness, loj m. W. Wick, 
 drained E. into Wick Water. Alt. 235 ft. 
 
 Toft Monks, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., loi m. SW. 
 Yarmouth, 2 m. W. by N. Aldeby stn., PM.O. (Toft). P. 
 <5oo. See Haddlscoe. 
 
 Toft next Newton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey 
 div. , 14J m. E. Gainsborough, 4 m. W. Market Rasen. P. < 
 250; eccles. par. (Toft next Newton with Newton by Toft) 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Toft Trees, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., i8i m. E. by N. 
 
 King's Lynn, 2 m. E. Raynham Park stn. P. <250. See 
 Sherefor*!. 
 
 Tofts, West, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 21 m. ENE. 
 Ely, 5 m. NE. Brandon stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Toftwooil, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Dereham, Norfolk. 
 
 Togean Islands, group of islets, Malay Archipelago, in the 
 Gulf of Tomini, E. ct. Celebes. 
 
 Toggenbnrg, dist., Switzd. , cant. St. Gall, in the upper 
 valley of the Thur ; ruled till 1436 by its own counts. 
 
 Toghblane, P.O., Ire., 3 m. SW. Hillsborough, co. Down. 
 
 Togher, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Wicklow, dist. Annamoe. 
 
 Togher, electoral div., Ire., NW. co. Wicklow, bar. Lower 
 Talbotstown, 11 m. SE. Naas. 
 
 Togo, tn. , Ger. W. Africa, Togo-land, on the E. shore of 
 Lake Togo, 38 m. W. by S. Whydah. 
 
 Togo-land, Ger. colony in W. Africa, between the British 
 Gold Coast possessions (q.v.) and Dahome [q.v.). The coast- 
 belt is low and unhealthy (Togo lagoon), but in the interior 
 the country rises, reaching in the Akposso or Obuso Mts. an alt. 
 of 2600 ft. Rivers: Oti, Asukoko (both tribs. of Volta), Sio, 
 Haho, and upper Mono. The country is fertile, and inhabited 
 by various negro tribes engaged in agriculture (maize, ground- 
 nuts) and commerce. The chief exports are palm-oil and palm- 
 kernels. Principal trading stations : Lome, Bagida, Little Popo, 
 Togo, Bey, Porto Seguro. Area estimated at 19,000 sq. m. P. 
 I at 300,000. [H. C. 8.] 
 
 Togstone, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Wansbeck div. , 7J m. 
 SE. byS. Alnwick, 2 m. ENE. Acklington (for Felton) stn. P. 500. 
 
 Togas, U.S. reservation, in state of Maine, Kennebec co., 
 5 m. SE. Augusta ; contains the E. branch of the National 
 Home for Disabled Soldiers, accommodating 2500 on an estate 
 of 1700 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Toguz (or Tokus) Daban Monntalns, range of the Kuenlun 
 system, trending from WSW. to ENE., in about lat. 37°- 37" 
 40' N., and long. 85^''-88° E. It has several high passes, from 
 14,760 to 15,250 ft. in height ; highest point ' Pic du Kremlin,' 
 alt. 19,600 ft. 
 
 Tohiina, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Hissar, 70 m. 
 SW. Ambala. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Tokaclil, or Tokatsl, riv. , Japan, Yezo, flows SE. , and enters 
 the Pacific by two mouths in 42° 4o'-43' N. 
 
 Tokaldo, one of the nine great divs. of old Japan, comprising 
 the S. central old provs. (kuni) of Honshiu, mainly on the Pacific. 
 
 Tokaj, tn., Hungary. See Tokay. 
 
 Tokajlk, pass, leading across the Rhodope Mts., Turkey, 
 from Giimiirjina to the valley of the Sogiidlii (trib. Arda), in 
 41° 16' N., 25° 26' E. 
 
 Tokar, small fortified city in upper Ethiopia, about 70 m. S. 
 Sawkin (Suakim), on the way to Kassala, on r. bk. of the Khor 
 Baraka, where the riv. Barka breaks up into a number of irriga- 
 tion canals. P. 4000 ; increased at the seasons of sowing and 
 reaping to about 20,000. 
 
 Tokarlmol, tn. , Japan. See Mororan. 
 
 Tokat, tn., Asia Minor, 125 m. NNE. Kaisarieh, vilayet 
 Sivas ; it is surrounded on three sides by hills, and built amid 
 trees and orchards. It has manufactures of calico, dyeing works, 
 tanneries, and large government foundry for copper, now, after 
 an existence of thirty years, disused on account of the cost of 
 carriage from the mines of Armenia and Kurdistan. It was 
 a great commercial centre in the Middle Ages. T. , formerly 
 
 1581 
 
T O K A 
 
 TOLL 
 
 called Phazemon, succeeded the ancient Cotnana Pontica, which 
 stood 6 m. to the NE. P. 29,900; Sunnite Moham. 17,500; 
 Gregorian Armenians, 9000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Tokata, cape, New Zealand. See Kngget Polut. 
 
 Tokatsl, riv. , Japan. See Tokachl. 
 
 Tokatei-dake, mt. , Japan, in extreme N. of prov. T. Alt. 
 8200 ft. 
 
 Tokay, Hungarian spelling TokaJ, tn., Hungary, prov. 
 Zemplen, on the Theiss, 40 m. S. by E. Kaschau ; has famous 
 wines, the produce of Mount T. Alt. 370 ft. P. (comm. ) <5ooo. 
 
 Tokela, or Tokelan. See Union Islands. 
 
 Tokelau Keef, off S. ct. of Vanua Levu I., Fiji Is., with 
 lagoons ; the soil has little fertility ; fauna and flora are very 
 limited. The natives are fishers and sailors, but do not culti- 
 vate the soil. 
 
 Toke-Teretoes, comm., Hungary, co. Zemplen, dist. Galsz6cs. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Tokmak, dist. tn., Russian Turkistan, prov. Semiryechensk, 
 on r. bk. of the Chu, 170 m. WSW. Vyernyi. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tokmak, Great, vil. , Russia, govt. Taurida, 73 m. NW. 
 Berdyansk, on Molochnaya R. P. 8000. 
 
 Tokmasn, riv. , Asia Minor, flows SE. and E. , and joins the 
 Euphrates at the great bend below the junction of its two 
 branches. 
 
 Tokonialrlro, large agricultural plain, New Zealand, South 
 I. See Milton. 
 
 Tokosha, vil., E. Africa, Somali-land, 4 m. WSW. Zeila. 
 
 Tokra, ancient Teucheira, later Arsinoe, then Ckopatris, tn. 
 and archaeological site, Tripoli, Barka, on the N. ct., 40 m. 
 NE. Bengazi. 
 
 Toktokoto, tn. , China. See Hokoa. 
 
 Toktoualnlanniuren, riv. , Tibet, 1. bk. trib. of the Murusso 
 or upper Yangtse-kiang, which it joins in about 93° E. 
 
 Toku, isl.. Pacific, in the N. of the Vavau group, in about 
 18° 6' S., 174° 10' W. 
 
 Toknno, one of the Luchu or Riukiu Is., Japan, N. group. 
 Area, 93 sq. m. 
 
 Tokns Dabnn Mountains. See Togaz Daban Mountains. 
 
 Tokuslilma, tn. , Japan, Shikoku, 60 m. SW. by S. Kobe. 
 P. (1890) 61,200. 
 
 Toknyania, tn. , Japan, 150 m. NE. by E. Nagasaki. P, 
 (1887) 11,500. 
 
 Tokyo, cap., Japan, SE. ct. of Honshiu, on T. Bay. The 
 town is of great extent, the oldest part being occupied by the 
 Shiro, or ancient fortress, where a semi- European palace has been 
 built for the emperor, and near which stand the new official 
 residences apart from the bulk of the dwelling-houses. Its rapid 
 development is explained by the fact that it is the natural outlet 
 of all the N. routes. It is a centre of considerable trade and 
 industry ; manufactures silk goods, lacquered ware, delft ware. 
 pKjrcelain, and enamelled goods ; has machine factories and 
 dockyards, the Ishi Kawajinna dock having a length of 220 ft., 
 breadth at entrance of 42 ft. , and depth on sill at high water 
 ordinary springs of 14 ft. Its university is the highest seat of 
 learning in the empire. T. was founded in the i6th century, on 
 the site of a small fishing village, Yedo, and kept this name till 
 1868. Its name signifies ' capital of the East. ' The/w or govt. 
 (Tokyo-fn) embraces an area of 310 sq. m. Mean temp. 
 (6 yrs., 1881-86), yr. 55.9° F., Jan. 36.7°, Aug. 77.4°; rfall. 
 (loyrs.), 60.43 in- P- (1879) 595. 900; (1890) 1,155,300. 
 
 Tokyo Bay, gulf, Japan, SE. ct. of Honshiu, running 50 m. 
 into the land, the city of Tokyo being situated at its NW. 
 extremity. 
 
 Tola, riv., N. Mongolia, flows first SW. past the town of 
 Urga, and afterwards N. and NE. by the Orkhon into the 
 Selenga. 
 
 Tolaga Bay, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Cook co., 35 
 m. from Gisborne by road and rail. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Tolai, riv., S. Mongolia, left branch of the Edzin-gol, trib. 
 of Lake Sobonor. 
 
 Tolbooth, eccles. par., Scot., Midlothian, Edinburgh, City 
 par. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tolchester Beach, popular summer resort, U.S., Maryland, 
 Kent CO., on E. shore of Chesapeake Bay, 22 m. N. Baltimore. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tole, country, E. Africa, Shoa, forming a kind of elevated 
 plateau (average alt. 7875 ft. ) ; near T. , the chief locality, an 
 imjxjrtant market is held. 
 
 Toledo, tn., Spain, 41 m. SSW. Madrid, cap. prov. T., 
 is situated on a rocky height overhanging the Tagus, and 
 has an excessive climate, very cold in winter, and hot in 
 summer. It is surrounded by a Moorish wall, flanked by 
 numerous towers. Streets and squares are narrow, irregular, 
 ill-paved, and dull. It is the seat of a university, and its 
 cathedral, founded in 587, is the metropolitan church of Spain. 
 The Alcazar, the former residence both of Moorish and Castilian 
 monarchs, was burned by the French in 1808. T. was long 
 famous for its sword blades, but the industry has now fallen 
 into decay, and a modern manufactory of arms has taken its place. 
 Its chief importance now is as an agricultural centre. Its fruits, 
 1582 
 
 especially apricots, are celebrated. An amphitheatre and some 
 walls of the ancient Toletum still attest its importance under the 
 Romans. It was taken by the Goths in 467, and by the Moors 
 in 714, and retained by the last till 1085, when it was per- 
 manently annexed to the crown of Castille. Between the 5th 
 and 9th centuries it was the seat of several general ecclesiastical 
 councils. P. (i860) 17,600; (1887) 20,800. 
 
 Toledo, vil., U.S., Arkansas, Dorsey co., 57 m. S. by E. 
 Little Rock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Toledo, tn., U.S., Iowa, Tama co., 51 m. W. Cedar Rapids. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Toledo, city and port of entry, U.S., Ohio, Lucas co. , at 
 mouth of Maumee R. , on both sides, at the W. end of Lake 
 Erie ; important railway and shipping centre, with large trade 
 in grain and lumber ; has a fine harbour. Extensive manu- 
 factures, waggon, locomotive, furniture, and iron works. 
 Natural gas, obtained from a point about 55 m. S. , is supplied 
 for manufacturing and other purposes. Alt. 651 ft. Mean temp. 
 (24 yrs.), yr. 50.0° F., Jan. 26.0°, July 74.8°; rfall. (24 yrs.), 
 31.14 in. P. (1850) <; 4000; (1870)31,600; (1880)50,100; (1890) 
 81,400. 
 
 Toledo, vil., U.S., Washington, Lewis co., 40 m. S. Olympia. 
 P. <i50o. 
 
 Toledo, vil. .Uruguay, dep. Canelones, 12 m. NE. Montevideo. 
 
 Toledo, Huaca de, celebrated funeral pyramid, N. Peru, 3 
 m. SW. Truxillo ; in it a vast treasure was discovered in the 
 i6th century by the Spaniard whose name it now bears. 
 
 Toledo, South, vil., U.S. See Maumee. 
 
 Tolentlno, tn. , Italy, The Marches, prov. and 11 m. SW. by 
 W. Macerata, 30 m. SSW. .A.ncona. Feb. 1797, treaty con- 
 cluded between Bonaparte and the Pop>e. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tolfa, tn. , Italy, prov. Rome, 20 m. SSW. Viterbo. P. <:4000. 
 
 Tolfa Monntiilns, isolated mt. range, Italy, prov. Rome, 
 between the r. bk. of the Tiber and the Tyrrhenian Sea ; highest 
 points. Mount Urbano (alt. 2040 ft.) and Mount delle Grazie 
 (alt. 2020 ft. ). 
 
 Tolgen, vil., S. Norway, prov. Hamar, 160 m. NNW. 
 Kongsvinger. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Tolgye.s Pass, pass across E. Carpathians, leading from the 
 valley of the upper Maros (Gyergy6), in Transylvania, to that 
 of the Goldene Bistritz, Moldavia, in 46° 57' N. Alt. 2115 ft. 
 
 Tollma, dep. , Colombia, formed by the upper valley of the 
 Magdalena, and owes its name to the Nevado de Tolima, a 
 majestic peak of the central Cordilleras ; cap. Ibague. 
 
 Tolka River, small riv.. Ire., in the W. of co. Dublin, joins 
 the 1. bk. of the Lififey at Dublin. 
 
 Tolkemlt, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, on the Frisches 
 Haff", circle and 26 m. NNE. Elbing; has sturgeon-fishing and 
 preparation of caviar. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Tolklsh, Xew and Old, two vils. , Russia, govt, and 75 m. 
 WNW. Penza. P. < 5000. 
 
 Tolland, par., Eng. , Somerset, Wellington div., 9J m. NW. 
 by W. Taunton, 3^ ni. NNE. Wiveliscombe stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Tolland, tn., U.S., Connecticut, cap. T. co. , 50 m. NW. 
 New London by rail. P. <:i500. 
 
 ToUard Royal, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., in Cran- 
 borne Chace, 15 m. SW. by W. Salisbury, 7 m. SE. by S. 
 Semley stn., PT.O. P. <250. The eccles. par. is partly in 
 Dorsetshire. 
 
 Tollcross, tn. , Scot. , N W. Lanarkshire, 3^ m. E. Glasgow, 
 1 m. SSW. Shettleston stn.; coal-mines. PMT.O. P. (in- 
 cluding Fnllarton)<:4ooo. 
 
 Tollen, lake and riv., Ger. , Mecklenburg-Strelitz ; the river 
 leaves the lake at Neu-Brandenburg, and joins the Peene at 
 Demmin, after a N W. course of 45 m. Length of lake, 6 m. 
 
 Toller Fratrum and Toller Porcorum, two adjoining 
 pars., Eng., Dorsetshire, T. Porcorum W. div., 9 m. NW. by 
 W. Dorchester, with a stn. (Toller) on a branch of the G. W. 
 R. T. F., P. <25o; T. P., P.O., P. <50o; eccles. par. (T. F. 
 with Wynford Eagle) P. <25o. 
 
 Tollerton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 3J m. 
 SE. by S. Nottingham, i^ m. E. by S. Edwalton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Tollerton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 10 m. NW. by N. York, on the NE. R., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Toller >Vhelme, eccles. par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, Corscombe 
 par. P. <25o. 
 
 ToUesbury, pan, Eng., Essex, 7 m. NE. Maldon, PMT.O.; 
 5029 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tolleshunt D*.4rcy, Tolleshnnt Knights, and Tolleshnnt 
 Major, three adjoining pars. , Eng. , Essex. T. D'Arcy div. and 5^ 
 m. ENE. Maldon, PMT.O., P. < 1000; T. Knights, 5 m. SET 
 Kelvedon stn., P. <50o; T. Major, 4 m. NE. by E. Maldon 
 (East) stn., 4446 ac. , P. <5oo. 
 
 Tollle, Loch, small lake, Scot., Ross-shire, - in the NW., 
 drained E. into the riv. Ewe. Alt. 388 ft. 
 
 TolUngton Park, two eccles. pars., Eng., London, Islington 
 par. Total P. 17,800. 
 
 Tollo, vil., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 8 m. E Chieti. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
TOLL 
 
 TOMS 
 
 Tollomulck Forest, dist. , Scot., in a detached part of 
 Cromarty, lo m. ESE. of the head of Loch Broom. 
 
 Tolly's N41il, canal, Brit. India, Bengal, dist. Twenty-four 
 Pargands, running from Kidderpur, about i m. S. of Calcutta, 
 toTardaha, connecting the Hugh with the Bidyadharl. Length, 
 18 m. 
 
 Tolniein, tn., Austria, Gorz and Gradisca, on the Isonzo, 18 
 m. N. by E. Gorz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Toliuers, P.O., Eng. , 2 m. from Little Berkhamsted, Hert- 
 fordshire. 
 
 Tolniezzo, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 25 m. NNW. Udine. 
 P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Twlmlta, tn., Tripoli, Barka, on the N. ct. , 67 m. NE. 
 Bengazi ; has ruins of an ancient fort, known under the 
 Ptolemys as Ptolemais, and one of the most flourishing towns 
 of Cyrenaica under the Romans. 
 
 Toliia, comm. , Hungary, co. T. , on the r. bk. of the Danube, 
 35 m. NE. Funfkirchen. P. 8000. 
 
 Tolonibou, settlement, Argentine Republic, Salta, 63 m. 
 NW. Tucuman. 
 
 Tolon, vil., Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinthia, 4 m. SE. 
 Nauplia, on the site of the ancient Asine. 
 
 Tolono, vil., U.S., Illinois, Champaign co., 58 m. NW. by 
 W. Terre Haute (Ind.). P. <isoo. 
 
 Tolosa, city, France. See Toiiloase. 
 
 Tolosa, tn., Portugal, Alemtejo, dist. and 17 m. NW. Port- 
 alegre ; has mineral waters. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tolosa, tn. , Spain, prov. Guipuzc6a, 31 m. NW. Pamplona ; 
 manufactures woollen cloth and paper ; has iron-foundries. P. 
 7300. 
 
 Tolox, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 26 m. WSW. Malaga, 
 dist. Coin; has mineral waters. The highest point of the Sierra 
 de Tolox is 6400 ft. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Tolpuddle, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., on the Puddle, 
 ^\ m. ENE. Dorchester, 4 m. N. by E. Moreton stn., P.O. 
 (Tolplddle). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Tolsta, vil., Scot., Ross-shire, Lewis I., 13 m. NE. Storno- 
 way, P.O. (XortU T.). P. <75o. 
 
 Tolstoitosovskoye, vil. , Russia, E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, 
 480 m. N. of Turukhansk, 72° N. , on r. bk. Yenisei. P. < 1000. 
 
 Tolstrnp, vil. , Denmark, in the SE. of Jutland, prov. Aarhus, 
 4^ m. N. by E. Horsens. P. < 2000. 
 
 Toltecs, people. See Mexico. 
 
 Tolten, Klo, riv. , Chile, flows W. from the Andes, on the 
 border of provs. Cautin and Valdivia, traversing Lake Villarica, 
 and entering the Pacific in 39° 17' S. Length 78 m., or to the 
 extreme source of Lake Villarica 155 m.; area of basin, 1544 
 sq. m. ; with Lake Villarica, 2005 sq. m. ; discharge, 3500 
 cubic ft. 
 
 Toltl, former cap. of Biltistdn, NW. of India, larger than 
 Iskardo {q.v.) ; has stone walls in very good condition, and an 
 aqueduct. 
 
 Tola, vil. , Colombia, Bolivar, 65 m. S. Cartagena ; founded 
 by Don Alonso de Heredia, 1535. Gives name to a kind of 
 balsam, derived from the bark of a tree {Myroxylon toluiferum) 
 found growing in the neighbourhood as well as elsewhere in 
 Colombia. 
 
 Tolnca, tn., Mexico, state of and 34 m. WSW. Mexico. 
 P. 17,000. 
 
 Toluca, Nevado de, one of the highest volcanic peaks in 
 Mexico, 60-70 m. WNW. Popocatepetl, and almost due S. of 
 the town of the same name. Alt. variously estimated between 
 14,600 and 15,090 ft. 
 
 Tiilz, market-tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 cap. circle T. , on the riv. Isar, 26 m. S. Munich ; has coal- 
 mines. In the neighbourhood is the bath Krankenheil, with 
 mineral springs. P. < 5000. 
 
 Tom', riv. , W. Siberia, 1. bk. trib. of Ob', rises in Abakan Mts. , 
 flows W. , N., and NW. , joins the Ob' 27 m. below Tomsk. 
 Length, 525 m. 
 
 Toniago, postal-vil. , New South Wales, Gloucester co. , on 
 Hunter R. , in 32° 40' S. , 151° 41' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tomali, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Monroe co., 105 m. N. by E. 
 Dubuque (Iowa). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tomahawk, small riv., U.S., Wisconsin, in the N. ; it has 
 its source in a small lake in the W. of Oneida co., and flows S. 
 to the Wisconsin, which it joins on the r. bk. in 45^° N. 
 
 Tomahawk, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Lincoln co., at the 
 mouth of the Tomahawk R. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Tomakomal, vil., Japan, Yezo, 65 m. NE. by N. Hakodate. 
 
 Tonialasta, highest point of the Sierra de San Luis, Argen- 
 tine Republic. Alt. 6675 ft. 
 
 Tomales, vil. , U.S., CaUfornia, Marion co., on T. Bay, 31 
 m. NW. San Rafael. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tomallll, roadstead, Ger. New Guinea, on the NE. of Neu- 
 Pommern I. , Bismarck Archipelago, in about 4° 18' S. , 132° 25' E. 
 
 Tomanlat, tn., eastern Sudan, on 1. bk. of the Nile, 27 m. 
 NNE. Khartum. 
 
 Tomarovka, vil, Russia, govt, and about 80 m. SSE. of 
 Kursk, dist. Byelgorod. P. 10,000. 
 
 Tomaszdw, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 66 ni. SSE. 
 Lublin, on Austrian frontier; trade in honey; custom-house. 
 P. 7400. 
 
 Tomasz6w Mazowleckl, or Tomasz6w Fabryczny, tn., 
 Russian Poland, govt, and 11 m. NE. Piotrk6w ; large woollen 
 cloth mills, steam flour-mills, mechanical works. P. 16,350 
 (5500 Germans). 
 
 Tomat, tn. , eastern Sudan, on the r. bk. of the Atbara, 85 
 m. SSW. Kassala ; a centre for trade in gum, skins, sesame, 
 coffee, &c. 
 
 Toiuatin, PT.O. , Scot., Inverness-shire, 16 m. SE. Inverness. 
 
 Tomba, tribe, Africa, in independent Congo, at the con- 
 fluence of the Lukenye and Mini, in 2^° S. , i8f E. 
 
 Tombe, vil., French Sudan, cap. Konkadugu, 75 m. S. 
 Bafulabe. 
 
 Tomblgbee, riv., U.S., Mississippi and Alabama, rises in 
 Prentiss co., flows S. by E., receives at Demopolis the Black 
 Warrior, and enters the Alabama R. 45 m. above Mobile ; 
 navigable to Aberdeen, 410 m. from Mobile Bay. Length, 
 450 m. 
 
 Tomboncton, usual French spelling of Timbuktu {q.v.). 
 
 Tombrack, electoral div.. Ire., co. Wexford, dist. Ferns. 
 
 Tombstone, city, U.S., Arizona, Cochise co. , 62 m. WNW. 
 from the SE. corner of the terr. ; centre of an important silver- 
 mining dist. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tomdeely, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Lower Connello, 
 on the Shannon, 2 m. NW. Askeaton. P. <;25o. 
 
 Tom^, seapt. , Chile, Concepcion Bay, one of the ports of 
 the town of Concepcion. P. 5500. 
 
 Tomelloso, tn. , Spain, prov. Cuidad Real, dist. Alcazar 
 San Juan, 63 m. W. by N. Albacete ; agricultural centre. 
 P. 10,000. 
 
 Tomepeiida, vil., Peru, dep. Cajamarca, on r. bk. of riv. 
 Maranon, which here forms a cascade in 5° 31' S. 
 
 Tomflulough, par.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Lower Bunratty, 
 containing Newmarket-on-Fergus town ; 6736 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tomgraney, par. and tn.. Ire., co. Clare, bar. Upper Tulla, 
 6 m. from Killaloe stn. Par. (containing Scarriff" town), P.O., 
 14,159 ac. , P. <25oo; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Tom Green, co. , U.S., Texas, in the W. , crossed in the N. 
 by 32° N. , and in the W. by 101° W. 
 
 Toniliaggard, par. , Ire. , SE. co. and 9 m. S. by W. Wex- 
 ford, bar. Bargy, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tomlch, PT.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, on riv. Glass, 24 m. 
 S. by E. of the E. end of Loch Fannich. 
 
 Tomles, mt., Ire., middle co. Kerry, near W. shore of 
 Lough Leane, 6 m. WSW. Killarney. Alt. 2413 ft. 
 
 Tomlls, vil., Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 7 m. SW. Chur, in the 
 Domleschg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tomlnl, tn. , Eastern Archipelago, Celebes I. , at the NW. 
 corner of the Gulf of T., the large gulf between the two penins. 
 stretching eastwards. T. was formerly the cap. of a kingdom, 
 but is now only a hamlet. 
 
 Tomlno, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 31 m. SW. 
 Pontevedra, dist. Tuy. P. 10,700. 
 
 Tomlntonl, vil. , Scot. , Banffshire, 25 m. SW. by S. Keith, 
 and 8 m. SE. Cromdale stn., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Tomloka, tn. , Japan, Honshiu I. , 62 m. N W. by W. Tokyo ; 
 has silk-spinning, established 1873 by Paul Brunat. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tomloka, coast tn., Japan, in E. of Shikoku I., 63 m. SW. 
 by S. Kobe. P. <3000. 
 
 Tomnavonlln, P.O., Scot., Banffshire, on Livet Water, 20 
 m. SW. Keith, and 7 m. SSE. BaUindalloch stn. 
 
 Tomohon, large trading vil., NE. Celebes I., 7 m. NW. 
 Tondano. 
 
 Tomor, tn. , Turkey in Europe, sanjak Berat, 54 m. SE. by 
 S. Durazzo, at the foot of Mount T. (alt. 7915 ft.). 
 
 ToHKirl, princip. , Celebes I., on W. ct. ; the interior is 
 covered with wooded mountains; the population consists of 
 Alfurus (or Arafuras). 
 
 Tomdrl, Gulf or, large bay. Eastern Archipelago, between 
 the middle and SE. penins. of Celebes. 
 
 Tiimos Pass, SE. Hungafy, 9 m. S. Kronstadt ; the railway 
 from Kronstadt to Ployeshti (PloescI) traverses it by a series of 
 tunnels. Height at frontier, 3445 ft. 
 
 Tompkins, co., U.S., New York, E. of Tf W., and S. of 
 43° N. ; it contains the upper end of Cayuga Lake. 
 
 Tompklusvllle, vil., U.S., New York, Richmond co., on 
 NE. shore of Staten I., 6 m. S. by W. New York by steamboat. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Tomregan, par.. Ire., cos. Cavan and Fermanagh, bars. 
 Lower Loughtee, Tullyhaw, and Knockninny, on riv. Wood- 
 ford, containing Ballyconnell town ; 10,677 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Tom Shot Point, cape, Brit. W. Africa, at the mouth of the 
 Old Calabar R. , W. side, in 4° 35' N. , 8° 22' E. 
 
 Tom Shot Town, vil., Brit. W. Africa, on W. shore of the 
 mouth of Old Calabar R. , in 4° 40' N. , 8° 18' E. 
 
 Tomsk, govt. , Russia, W. Siberia, extending from the frontier 
 of the Chinese prov. Khobdo to the 60th degree of lat., and 
 having Semipalatinsk on SW^ , Tobolsk on NW. , and Yeniseisk 
 
 1583 
 
TOMS — TONG 
 
 on NE. Includes the Altai region (53,000 sq. m.) in S. , which 
 offers the same diversity of mountains (up to 10,000 ft.), alpine 
 regions, and fertile valleys as Switzd. , on a much greater scale. 
 A strip of elevated plains and prairies, 700 to 1000 ft. of alt., 
 girdles the Altais on N W. , offering excellent ground for agri- 
 culture, and gettingrapidly occupied by immigrants from Russia. 
 A line running SW. to NE., from Lake Gor'koye to Tomsk, 
 separates these plains from the lowlands (300 to 500 ft.), which 
 includes the Baraba steppe in SW. , and the marshy urmans of 
 the Vasyugan and Narym regions, inhabited chiefly by Ostyaks. 
 Watered by the Ob', formed by Biya and Katuii, and its tribs. , 
 Tom' (450 m.), Chulym, Vasyugan (530 m.), Ket, now connected 
 by canal with the Yenisei, Tym, &c., and the tribs. of the Irtysh, 
 Bukhtarma, Om, Uba, and Tara — all of them important 
 channels of navigation (see Siberia). The climate is very cold 
 and very moist, the average temps, at Tomsk, Kainsk, and 
 Barnaul being : yr. 30.2°, 31°, 32.7°; Jan. 4°, 6°, 3.7°; July 65.5°, 
 68.5°, 62°. The Russian population is rapidly increasing, the 
 indigenes (Altaian and Tomsk Tatars, Telleutes, Mountain Kal- 
 mucks, and a few Samoyedes and Ostyaks) only making up 6 
 per cent, of the total. Agriculture is very productive, especially 
 on the plains and in the Altai region ; cattle-breeding, hunting, 
 and fishing ; mining, especially in Altais. Considerable trade, 
 especially at T. , Barnaul, and Biisk. Divided into six dists. : 
 Tomsk, Barnaul, Biisk (sub-dist. Zmeinogorsk), Kainsk, Kuz- 
 netsk, and Mariinsk. Area, 331,159 sq. m. P. (1882) 1,134,750; 
 (1889) 1,299,730. 
 
 Tomsk, cap. of above govt., on the Tom', 27 m. above its 
 junction with Ob', 2377 m. E. Moscow. It has lately grown 
 an important city, chiefly in consequence of its being the E. 
 terminus of navigation across Siberia, and a grand entrepot for 
 goods exported from and imported into Siberia, as well as the 
 seat of the chief proprietors of gold-diggings. It has a university, 
 which contains a good library and museum, and is the seat of a 
 geographical society. Tanneries and manufactures of carriages. 
 P. (1884) 31,380; (1891) 41,630. 
 
 Tomskly, iron- works, Russia, W. Siberia, govt. Tomsk, 
 Altai region, 113 m. E. Barnaul. P. < 5000. 
 
 Toms Klver, tn. , U.S., New Jersey, Ocean co. , 35 m. SE. 
 by E. Trenton, on an inlet (estuary of Toms R.) opening off' 
 Barnegat Bay ; noted pleasure resort. P. <i5oo. 
 Ton, tn. , Siam. See Tern. 
 
 Ton, a people in S. of western Sudan, forming the chief 
 population of the kingdom of Bonduku, N W. of the Ashantis, of 
 whom they seem to be a branch. 
 
 Tonala, maritime tn. , Mexico, Chiapas, 80 rn. E. Tehuantepec, 
 in about 16° 15' N. P. 7000. 
 Tonale Pass. See Alps, Passes and Railways, III. (12). 
 Tonall. See Tonolal. 
 
 Tonaro, vil. , Tunis, on the NE. shore of the Bay of Tunis, 
 42 111. ENE. Tunis. 
 
 Tonawanda, vil, U.S., New York, Erie co. , on the Niagara 
 R. and the S. bank of the Tonawanda Creek, 10 m. N. Buffalo. 
 P. 7100. 
 
 TonaM'auda, North, vil. opposite, on the N. bank of the T. 
 Creek. P. < 5000. 
 
 Tona-wanda Creek, riv. , U.S., New York, in the W. , trib. 
 of the Niagara, which it joins on the 1. bk. at Tonawanda. 
 Toubrldge, Eng. See Tnnbrldge. 
 
 Tonco, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, 23 m. SW. 
 by S. Vercelli. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tondano, tn. , Celebes I. , near the N. extremity of Lake T. 
 (7 ni. by 3 m.) ; formerly a lacustrine town, built on piles. 
 
 Tondern, tn. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, cap. circle 
 T. , 25 m. WNW. Flensburg ; has iron-foundries, cattle-markets, 
 and lace-making in the neighbourhood ; next to Schleswig it is 
 the oldest town in the prov. P. <4ooo. 
 Tondl, riv., E. Sudan. See TonJ. 
 
 Tondl, dist. , French Sudan, occupied partly by a plain, 
 partly by the Hombari Mts. 
 
 Tondlarpet, suburb of Madras, Brit. India. 
 Tondo, tn. and suburb of Manila, Luzon I., Philippine Is., 
 one of the oldest cities of Luzon, on the riv. Tondo. 
 
 Tondn, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div., 12 m. SE. 
 Neath, with a junction stn. on the G. W. R.; coal is mined 
 here. PM.O. (TondA). See Ne-vrcastle. 
 
 Tone, riv., Eng., rising in the S. of Somerset, and flowing E. 
 past Taunton to the 1. bk. of the Parret. 
 
 Tone-gawa, riv., Japan, Honshiu, flowing ESE. into the 
 Pacific, in 35° 43' N. ; it has a wide basin, and numerous tribs. 
 In the lower part of its course, flat-bottomed junks of consider- 
 able tonnage can ascend for nearly 100 m., but the coast is 
 treacherous at its mouth, which is often closed by an impassable 
 bar. Length of chief branch, 210-230 m. 
 
 Toney KlTer, seapt., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. and 11 m. 
 from Pictou. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tong, or Tonge (t6ng), par., Eng., Kent, div. and 5J m. 
 WNW. Faversham, ij^ ni. E. Sittingbourne stn.; near toll is 
 the site of a Saxon stronghold, Tong Castle, now marked by 
 a moated mound. P. <5oo. 
 1584 
 
 Toug, or Tonge, stn., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 7J m. 
 WNW. Loughborough, on the M. R. 
 
 Toug, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 19 m. E. by S. 
 Shrewsbury, 3 m. E. Shifnal, PM.O. P. <5oo. Tong Norton 
 i^ m. to the NW. 
 
 Tong, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Pudsey 
 div., 3^ m. ESE. Bradford, i^ m. NE. of its stn. (Blrkensliaw 
 and T.) on the G. N. R., PM.O. (T. Street). P. 6900. 
 
 Tong, vil., Scot., Ross-shire, 4 m. NE. Stornoway. P. <750. 
 
 Tonga Gronp, Pacific, formerly known as the Friendly 
 Islands, to the S. section of which the name was then applied, 
 traversed by lat. 20° S. , long. 175° W. The principal islands 
 or subsidiary groups are Tongatabu, Boscawen, Keppel, Vavao, 
 Hapai, Namuka, and Eua Is. , with a variously estimated popu- 
 lation, governed by independent chiefs. The islands were dis- 
 covered by Tasman in 1643, and visited by Cook in 1777, who 
 on account of the disposition of the natives called them the 
 'Friendly Islands.' Tongatabu, or Tonga I., is the largest of 
 the most southerly of these islands, and the residence of their 
 sovereign ; lat. 21° 4' S. , long. 175° 28' W. ; circuit upwards of 
 50 m. Surface low ; soil very fertile. Products comprise yams, 
 plantains, bananas, coffee, copra, coco-nuts, arrow-root. The 
 inhabitants have been mostly converted to Christianity by 
 English missionaries, who have important depots in the island. 
 Principal towns, Moa and Nukualofa. 
 
 Tonga-land, small coast dist. in SE. Africa, situated E. of 
 Swazi-land, and between Zulu-land and Delagoa Bay. It is a 
 low tract of land, inhabited by a Kafir tribe, the Amatonga. 
 The greater part of its coast is taken up by the Kozi lagoon. 
 [H. G. S.] 
 
 Tonganoxll, vil., U.S., Kansas, co. and 16 m. SW. by S. 
 Leavenworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tongarewa, or Penrhyn, isl. , Pacific, in the Manihiki 
 group, in about 9° 10' S. , 158° 40' W. , consisting of a reef and 
 lagoon about 37 m. in circumference. 
 
 Tongarlro, active volcano, New Zealand, North I., Well- 
 ington prov. , 25 m. SSW. of Lake Taupo. Alt. (rim of crater 
 of Ngauruhoe) 7375 ft. 
 
 Tongatabn, isl.. Pacific, in the Tonga group, in 21° 8' S. , 
 crossed in the E. by 175° o' W. 
 
 Tonge (t6ng), par., Eng., Lancashire, on SE. side of Middle- 
 ton. P. 8100 ; eccles. par. (T. ■with Alkrlngton) P. 6200. 
 
 Tonge Moor, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Bolton par., 
 PMT.O. (Tong Moor). P. < 5000. 
 
 Tongeru, Belgium. See Tongres. 
 
 Tonge with Haulgh, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, partly in bor. 
 of Bolton, PM.O. (Tong Fold). P. 10,700; eccles. par. (T. 
 with Brelghtmet) P. <25oo. 
 
 Tonghani, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, Guildford div., 3J m. 
 ENE. Farnham, on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tongklng, or in French spelling Tonqnlu or Tonkin, the 
 N. division of the kingdom of Annam, forming an integral part 
 of French Indo-China, stretches 250 m. from N. to S., between 
 20° and 23° 20' N. , and 400 m. E. and W. between 102° and 
 108° E. The W. and SW. frontiers are not yet definitely laid 
 down, but the SW. border line may be regarded as traversing 
 the watershed between the rivs. Song-bo and Song-ma. The 
 Chinese provs. of Kwangsi and Yunnan lie on the N., the 
 Shan states of Burma on the W., the Laos state of Luang 
 Prabang on the SW. , and Annam proper on the S. France 
 claims that all the terr. W. and SW. of the Song-bo, as far as 
 the Mekong and the borders of Luang Prabang, belong to the 
 French 'sphere of influence.' The area is estimated at 40,000 
 to 50,000 sq. m. , or something like England without Yorkshire. 
 Physical Features. — The bulk of the population are gathered 
 in the delta formed by the principal rivers of the country, the 
 Red R. (Songkoi) and its affluents, the Black R. (Song-bo or 
 Ho-he) and the Clear R. (Song-lo or Tsin-ho), and the Thaibinh. 
 This deltaic region measures 80 m. from SW. to NE. along its 
 sea-front 90 m. deep, going NW. from the sea, and 45 m. 
 wide along its NW. boundary, and has an area of nearly 6000 
 sq. m. ; inhabited by, approximately, 5,000,000 people, or 800 to 
 850 persons to the sq. m. , a density fully equal to that of Bra- 
 bant in Belgium, the most densely populated dist. in Europe. 
 The low flat region of this delta, cut up by numerous anasto- 
 mosing river channels and canals, and covered with rice-fields 
 and bamboo-groves, has been formed out of the alluvium brought 
 down by the rivers. The Red R. alone deposits annually a 
 mass equal to seventy thousand million cubic ft. , and the land 
 encroaches upon the sea at the average rate of 250 ft. in the 
 year. The rapid increase of the delta is well illustrated by the 
 fact that the cap. city of Hanoi, which is now in a direct line 
 60 m. from the sea, stood in the 7th century on the coast ; and 
 Hongyen, a coast port frequented by the Dutch in the 17th 
 century, is now 35 m. inland. The coast is, of course, flat along 
 the front of the delta; but further NE., up to the Chinese 
 frontier (riv. Mongkai, about 108° E.), it is precipitous and much 
 indented, and fringed, moreover, by a string of fantastically 
 shaped, deeply caverned islands, of which the principal are 
 Kakba (12 m. long, 6-9 m. broad, with mountains iioo ft. 
 
TO NG 
 
 TON K 
 
 high), the archipelago of Faitsilong, the Bote Is., and Kebao 
 (20 m. long, 10 m. wide, with mountains reaching 1300 ft.). 
 Behind these islands, and on the coast, are several bays and good 
 anchorages, as Along, Hongai (Port Courbet), Tienyen, Port 
 Parseval and Port Bayard (both in Kakba Is.), and the Bay of 
 Faitsilong. On both N. and SW. the delta is replaced abruptly 
 by mountainous country. On the E. , or more correctly NE. , 
 side of the Red R. ranges breaking off from the highlands of 
 the Chinese prov. Kwangsi converge S. and SW. upon the 
 delta. They nowhere exceed 7000 ft. in alt., their general 
 height being 3000-4000 ft. On the W. or SW. side of the 
 Red R. the mountains, ramifying extremities of the chains that 
 strike off from the Tibetan plateau, run SE. in two principal 
 lines, between the Red and the Black Rivs. and between this 
 last and the Song-ma R. respectively. These mountains fall 
 from an alt. of 7000 ft. in the NW. to about 1200-1300 ft. 
 in the SE. So far as the geology has been investigated, 
 T. appears to be built up of Carboniferous limestones, Devonian 
 sandstones, and schists of a still more ancient date, the strata 
 being deposited from the first-named downwards in the order 
 given. The country is rich in coal-measures ; they stretch 120 
 m. E. and W. between the isl. Kebao and the riv. Thaibinh, in 
 about lat. 21° N., and occur also in the valley of the Red R. 
 (e.g:, at Yenbai and Laokai), and in the valley of the Black R. 
 Coal is extracted in the isl. of Kebao and in the vicinity of the 
 Bay of Hongai on the mainland. In addition to this, her most 
 important mineral ivealtli, T. possesses gold, silver, copper, 
 iron, zinc, lead, saltpetre, sulphur, and a little tin and cinnabar; 
 but of these gold and iron alone are worked to any extent, 
 though nearly all are mined. These minerals are found chiefly 
 in the provs. N. of the delta, towards the Chinese prov. of 
 Kwangsi. The climate is characterised by two plainly marked 
 seasons, determined by the monsoons, winter (Oct. - March) 
 being the period when the NE. monsoon prevails, and summer 
 the season of the SW. monsoon. During winter the thermo- 
 meter falls in the delta to 50° F. , scarcely ever lower ; but in 
 the upland regions to 43° F. , and thin ice is sometimes formed. 
 See further, Halfong and Hanoi. The rainfall averages 65-72 
 in. annually, of which 46-56 in. fall between May and Sept. Fogs 
 are frequent during the winter months, and destructive typhoons 
 are common both in winter and in summer. The wooded 
 mountainous regions are in general unhealthier than the low- 
 lands, fever and dysentery being endemic in the former, but 
 only occasional in the latter. The flora resembles that of S. 
 China, India, and the penin. of Siam and Annam. Mangroves, 
 rattans, areca, and other palms and bamboos are the prevailing 
 forms in the low country. The uplands are in part covered 
 with grass, in part planted with forests, which yield iron-wood, 
 pine- wood, and several varieties of hard timber suitable for 
 cabinet-work, as well as dye-woods, gums, oils (lacquer), and 
 camphor. The fauna, like the flora, has closest affinities with 
 that of India and S. China. The elephant is, however, wanting. 
 The domestic animals embrace some oxen, ponies, and buffaloes, 
 these last the common beasts of burden. Industry is not very 
 greatly developed. Apart from minerals, the principal products 
 are silks, sugar, paper, oils (castor-oil, sesamum, ground-nut, 
 lacquer), spirits (from rice), pottery, bricks and tiles, iron, 
 copper, and bronze wares, ivory and gold ornaments, and lime. 
 The French have established foundries, shipbuilding yards, 
 breweries, and a few factories for producing common and useful 
 commodities. The rivers form the chief routes of communica- 
 tion. But there are a few roads, foremost amongst them the 
 Mandarins' Road, connecting Hue (cap. Annam) with Hanoi, 
 and continued thence NNE. via Langson to the Chinese frontier. 
 In addition there are 600-700 m. of paths made on the top 
 of the riverine embankments. The only railway (60 m. long) 
 between Phulangthuong (12 m. NE. Bacninh) and Langson was 
 fully opened in 1895. Others are, however, in contemplation, 
 especially a series radiating from Bacninh, e.g. , up the valley of the 
 Songkoi to Laokai, to Hanoi, and to Haifong. There are some 
 2500 m. of telegraph. The sea-going commerce, principally 
 with China (Hong-kong), Cambodia, and Singapore, averages 
 ;^i, 200,000 for imports (cotton and hemp yarn to the extent of 
 20 per cent, of the total, wheat and flour, drugs, opium, tea, 
 machinery, boats, petroleum, pottery, paper, &c.), but fluctuates 
 between ^300,000 and _^8oo,ooo for exports (silks to the extent 
 of 25 per cent. , rice in greatly varying quantities, gambler, oils, 
 and vegetable essences). In this trade France participates to 
 the extent of about 20 per cent, in all. In addition to the sea- 
 going trade, caravans of pack-animals go to and fro between 
 T. and the Chinese prov. of Yunnan, carrying cottons and 
 woollens, salt, tobacco, paper, wood for coffins, sandalwood, 
 areca-nuts, candles, fruits and drugs, and bringing down tin, 
 tea, and opium. This trade is, however, only valued at about 
 ^300,000 per annum. Thus the entire commerce of T., includ- 
 ing a coasting trade valued at ^280,000, barely exceeds 2J 
 milUons sterling. The chief trading towns are Hanoi (cap.), 
 Namdinh, Ninhbinh, Bacninh, Haizung, and Haifong. In 
 addition to the first two and the last, the ports of Kwangyen, 
 Laokai, Monkai, Thankwan, Kakba, and Hongai are ' open ' to 
 1585 
 
 foreign trade. The cap. has a population exceeding 50,000 ; 
 of the rest, only Namdinh, Haifong, and Bacninh exceed 10,000 
 inhabitants each. The supreme government is in the hands 
 of the Governor-General of French Indo-China, assisted by 
 the Superior Resident of T. and various administrative 
 officers. Concomitantly with them the Annamese maintain, 
 though strictly subjected to French control, a native administra- 
 tion, at the head of which is the Viceroy of T. The popnla> 
 tlon (7 to 7^ millions) consists for the most part of Annamese, 
 who practice the religions (ancestor- worship, Buddhism, and 
 Confucianism), speak the language, and observe the customs 
 (including the use of the same weights, measures, and money), 
 of their compatriots further S. [Annam]. The inhabitants 
 of the mountainous dists. (probably less than half a million 
 in all) are mostly Laos, with a few Chinese and Mois. History. 
 — The French first interfered in the affairs of T. in 1873. They 
 definitely established themselves in the country from 1882, 
 proclaiming T. a French protectorate in the following year. In 
 1887 they declared T. to be ' an integral part of French Indo- 
 China.' Between 1883 and 1887 they were engaged in fighting 
 the Black Flag dacoits, who were aided by the Chinese. Dacoity 
 on land and piracy at sea, the pirates' haunts being chiefly in 
 the Faitsilong Archipelago, still (1895) cause disquietude. In 
 June 1895 a convention was concluded settling the Franco- 
 Chinese frontier, and the towns of Meng (? Mengtsu-hsien) and 
 Wuto are said to have been ceded to France, which is at the 
 same time stated to have received permission for the unlimited 
 extension of railways from T. into Chinese terr. There are 
 a great number of recent French books on T. , including the 
 Annvaire de t Indo-Chine Fran^aise. See map (i : 4,000,000) in 
 Geog. Jour., 1893. [J. T. B.] 
 
 Tonglal, tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, on the SE. ct. , 30 m. 
 SW. by S. Swatow. 
 
 Tongland, par., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, 2 m. NNE. 
 Kirkcudbright, on the r. bk. of the Dee, P.O. (Tongueland) ; 
 9738 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Tongngau, tn. , China, prov. Fokien, on the E. ct. , 20 m. N. 
 by E. Amoy. 
 
 Tong Norton, Salop, Eng. See Tong. 
 
 Tougol, maritime vil. , Chile, prov. and 25 m. SSE. Coquimbo ; 
 anchorage in 2 fathoms close in shore ; open harbour. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tongonl, maritime vil. , equatorial Africa, in German sphere 
 of influence, 9 m. S. Tanga, the residence of the Arab governor 
 of Mtangata dist. 
 
 Tongowoko, co., New South Wales, on the N. frontier, 
 crossed by 142° E. 
 
 Tong Park, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Baildon, Yorkshire. 
 
 Tougres, Flemish Tongern, the Aduatica Tongri of the 
 Romans, tn. , Belgium, prov. Limbourg, arr. T. , 11 m. WSW. 
 Maastricht ; has mineral waters, distilleries, tanneries, manu- 
 facture of hats. It was pillaged and burnt by successive in- 
 vaders, including Attila. P. (comm. ) 8500. 
 
 Toiig>rl-tso-nak, lake, Tibet. See Tosu-Nor. 
 
 Tongsu, tn., Bhutan, 40 m. E. by S. Punakha. 
 
 Tongue, par., Scot., Sutherland, on the N. ct., on the E. 
 shore of the inlet called the Kyle of T., 12J m. E. by N. of the 
 head of Loch Eriboll. The mouth of the Kyle of T. is known 
 as T. Bay ; a tourist centre. PM.O. 81,037 ac. P. (including 
 Koan I.) < 2000. 
 
 Tongue Gill Force, small waterfall, Eng. , 2 m. N. Grasmere, 
 Westmorland. 
 
 Tongueland, P.O., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire. See Tong- 
 land. 
 
 Tongue of Ocean, gulf, Bahama I. See Providence 
 Channel. 
 
 Tongue River, U.S., rises in Big Horn Mts., on NE. 
 Wyoming, flows NE. into Yellowstone R. , in Montana, at Fort 
 Keogh. Length, 200 m. 
 
 Tongue San«l, shoal, Eng. , in mouth of Thames R. , between 
 Queen's Channel and Prince's Channel, 8 m. NW. Margate. 
 
 Tongwe, bay, central Africa, E. ct. of Tanganyika, between 
 5^° and 6° S. lat. 
 
 "Tongwynlals, PM.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, i m. from 
 Taffs Well. 
 
 Tongyl, tn. , Burma, dist. and 20 m. S. by W. Pegu, 30 m. 
 by rail from Rangoon. P. < 5000. 
 
 Toulca, vil., U.S., Illinois, La Salle co., 88 m. SW. by W. 
 Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tonlla, remains of a town, S. Mexico, 5 m. E. Ococingo. 
 
 TonJ, or Tondi, riv., eastern Sudan, one of the chief r. bk. 
 tribs. of the Bahr-el-Ghazal, flows S. to N. 
 
 Tonk, tn., India, Rajputana, 55 m. S. Jaipur, i m. S. of the 
 r. bk. of Banis R. , here crossed by a ford ; the town is sur- 
 rounded by a wall, and has a mud fort. P. (1881) 40,700 ; (1891) 
 46,100. 
 
 Tonkin. See Tongklng. 
 
 Tonkir, or Donklr, tn., China, prov. Kansu, 30 m. W. 
 Sining-fu, and 30 m. E. Lake Kuku-Nor ; an important market, 
 which since the Dungan insurrection has succeeded to almost all 
 the commerce of Sining. 
 
 5 H 
 
TONK — TOR 
 
 TonkoshnroTa, or Harleutlial, German colony, Russia, 
 govt. Samara, on Great Karaman R., 20 m. SE. Saratov. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Tonle Sap, lake and riv. See Tale Sap and Cambodia. 
 
 Tonna, P. O. , Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. from Neath. 
 Tonnay-Bontonne, tn. , France, dep. Charente-Inf6rieure, 
 arr. St. Jean d'Ang^ly, on the Boutonne, 13 m. E. Rochefort. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Tonnay-Charente, tn. and commercial port, France, dep. 
 Charente-Inf6rieure, on the r. bk. of the Charente, arr. and 4 
 m. E. by N. Rochefort ; exports brandy from Angoumois and 
 Saintonge ; salt mart. The harbour has a depth of 2qJ ft. 
 spring tide, 16J ft. neap. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tonnelns, tn. , France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, arr. Marmande, 
 on the r. bk. of the Garonne, 21 m. NW. Agen ; has distilleries, 
 and manufactures of tobacco and rope. P. < 5000. 
 
 Tonnerre, tn. , France, dep. Yonne, cap. arr. T. , on the 
 Arman9on, 31 m. S. by W. Troyes ; has celebrated vineyards 
 producing red wine, and quarries of excellent oolitic limestone. 
 Its hospital was founded in 1293 by Margaret of Burgundy. P. 
 <Sooo. 
 
 Tonnlng, tn. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle Eider- 
 stedt, on the r. bk. of the Eider, which here widens, 28 m. SW. 
 by W. Schleswig ; exports cattle to, and imports coal from, Eng- 
 land. Its fortifications, formerly of importance, were rased in 
 1714. The tidal harbour has a depth of 11 ft. high water, 2 ft. 
 low water. P. <4000. 
 
 Tonoa, isl. , New Hebrides, SE. of Tasiko. 
 
 Toiiolal, or Tonall, long inlet at S. end of Bougainville I. , 
 Solomon Is., crossed by 6° 43' S., 155° 54' E. 
 
 Ton Pentre, PM.O. , Wales, near Pentre (Glamorganshire). 
 
 TonqnMec, vil. , France, dep. C6tes du Nord, arr. Lannion, 
 
 5 m. NNE. Plouaret ; nearly i m. NW. are the magnificent 
 ruins of T. Castle. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tonqnln, French spelling of Tongklng {q.v. ). 
 
 Tonragee, P.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 4 m. from Achill Sound. 
 
 Tons, riv. , India, NW. Provs. , in Garhwdl state and Dehra 
 Diin dist. , rises on N. side of Jamnotri, flows W. then S. to the 
 Jumna, in 30° 30' N. , 77° 53' E. ; its volume here is greater than 
 that of the Jumna. Length about 100 m. 
 
 Tons, South- Western, riv., India, NW. Provs., rises in 
 Maihar state, flows NE. to the Ganges in Allahdbdd dist. The 
 road from Jabalpur to AUahdbid runs from its source for 26 m. 
 along its 1. bk. ; navigable in summer in the lower reaches. 
 Length, 165 m. 
 
 Tonsberg, tn. and commercial and fishing port, Norway, prov. 
 Jarlsberg and Laurvik, on the W. side of Christiania Fjord, 32 
 m. S. by E. Drammen ; a large number of whaling and seal- 
 catching vessels are equipped here. The harbour is deep enough 
 for the largest vessels. Depth at quayside, 12-16 ft. P. 6800. 
 
 Tonset, vil., Norway, prov. Hedemarken, on the Glommen, 
 30 m. SW. by W. Roros. Alt. 1617 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 33. 8° F. , 
 Jan. 8.8°, July 55.0°. P. < 4000. 
 
 TontoU, tn. , Eastern Archipelago, Celebes I., on the W. ct. 
 of the NE. penin. , in very mountainous country, in about 1° N., 
 120° 50' E. P. estimated at 14,000. 
 
 Tonyglasken, P.O. , Ire. , 4 m. from Tempo (co. Fermanagh). 
 
 Ton-y-pandy, PMT. O. , Wales, Glamorganshire, near Ponty- 
 pridd ; coal mined. 
 
 Ton-yr-efall, PMT.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., on 
 the Ely, 12 m. S. by W. Merthyr-Tydfil, 2 m. SE. by E. Gil- 
 fach stn. ; coal mined. 
 
 Tooan, post-tn., Victoria, Horsham co., on St. Mary's Lake, 
 in 36° 50' S., 141° 50' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Toocananagh, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Mayo, dist. Kiltamagh. 
 
 Toodyay, settlement, W. Australia, Victoria co., 48 m. NE. 
 Perth. 
 
 Tooele, vil., U.S., Utah, T. co., 27 m, SW. by W. Salt Lake 
 City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Toolamba, post-tn. , Victoria, Rodney co. , on Goulbum R. , 
 42 m. SE. Echuca; irrigation channels in dist. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tooloom, post-tn., New South Wales, BuUer co., 80 m. 
 NNW. Grafton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Toom, P.O., Ire., 7 m. from Cappamore, co. Limerick. 
 
 Toomard, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Mount Bellew Bridge, co. 
 Galway, 8 m. from Woodlawn stn. 
 
 Toombeola, tnld. , Ire., NW. co. Galway, bar. Ballynahinch, 
 on the N. shore of Roundstone Bay, 28 m. SSW. Westport, 
 PMT.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Toomcall, settlement, Queensland, Fitzroy co., 95 m. NW. 
 by N. Brisbane. 
 
 Toome, tn. , Ire., W. co. and 10 m. WNW. Antrim, bar. 
 Upper Toome, on the Bann, where it issues from Lough Neagh, 
 with a stn. (T. Bridge) on the Belfast and Northern Counties 
 Rly., PMT.O. (Toomebrldge). P. <2so. 
 
 Toome, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bars. Gorey and Scarawalsh, 
 
 6 m. SW. Gorey ; 5979 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Toome, Iiower and Upper, two adjoining bars., Ire., Lower 
 T. in the W. of co. Antrim, Upper T. on Lough Neagh. 
 Toomevara, PM.O., Ire. See Toomyrara. 
 1586 
 
 Toomore, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Gallen, on riv. Moy, 
 containing Foxford town ; 6787 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Toomour, par. , Ire. , co. Sligo, bar. Corran, i m. SE. Bally- 
 mote ; 10,822 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Toomyvara, tn., Ire., N. co. Tipperary, bar. Upper Ormond, 
 7 m. E. by S. Xenagh, PM.O. (Toonievara). P. <500. 
 
 Toon, riv. , Ire. , in W. co. Cork, joins the 1. bk. of the Lee 3 
 m. WSW. Ikiacroom. 
 
 Toongabble, stn.. New South Wales, Cumberland co., in 
 33" 40' S. , 150° 59' E. ; formerly a penal stockade. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Toongabble, post-tn., Victoria, Tanjil co., 18 m. W. by N. 
 Sale ; has timber trade. In the neighbourhood kerosene and 
 marble are found. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tooradln, tp., Victoria, Mornington co., 35 m. SE. by S. 
 Melbovu-ne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Toorak, post-tn., Victoria, Bourke co. , in 37° 51' S. , 145° 2 
 E. , fashionable residential suburb 4 m. E. Melbourne. P. 6000. 
 
 Toormore, electoral div. , Ire. , SW. coast co. Cork, bar. W. 
 Carberry, W. div., on T. Bay, i6i m. W. by S. Skibbereen. 
 PM.O. 
 
 Toot mil, P.O., Eng., Essex, 2^ m. W. Ongar. 
 
 Tooting, Lower, or Tooting Graveney, suburb of London, 
 Eng. , Surrey, Wandsworth bor. , 7 m. SSW. St. Paul's, London, 
 with one joint stn. (T. June.) on the L. B. & S. C. R. and 
 L. & SW\ R. Tooting, Upper, vil., i m. NNE. Lower T, 
 See Balham and London (parks and open spaces). 
 
 TooTfong, suburb of Brisbane, Queensland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Toowooniba, tn. , Queensland, Aubigny co. , 60 m. W. Bris- 
 bane, chief town of the Darling Downs dist. ; has several educa- 
 tional institutions, including a fine grammar-school ; various 
 industries. In the vicinity are numerous vineyards, and wine is 
 extensively produced. Alt. i960 ft. Mean temp., yr. 61.0° F. , 
 Jan. 71.6°, July 48.2° ; rfall. (12 yrs.), 45.63 in. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Topantnuwasn ('dog eaters'), wild tribe and independent 
 dist. in the centre of Celebes I. ; cannibalism is practised sup>er- 
 stitiously. P., speaking different dialects, estimated at about 
 2000. 
 
 Topare, ruins, Ceylon. See Pollanarna. 
 
 Topclder, summer residence of the court, Servia, prov. and 
 2^ m. SW. Belgrade. P. <2ooo. 
 
 TopcUffe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., on the Swale, 6^ m. ENE. Ripon, 2^ m. SSE. of 
 its stn. on the NE. R. , PMT.O.; 4204 ac. P. <7So; eccles. 
 par. (T. with Dalton) P. < 1500. 
 
 TopcrofI, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 10 m. S. by E. Nor- 
 wich, 4 m. NW. Earsham stn., P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Tope'ka, city, U.S. , Kansas, Shawnee co. , on the r. bk. of the 
 Kansas R. , both sides, here spanned by a fine iron railway bridge, 
 43 m. WSW. Leavenworth. A well built town, containing 
 Washburne College and other important educational institutes, 
 and the Kansas library, of 40,000 volumes. An important rail- 
 way centre, with extensive manufactures, including flour-mills, 
 breweries, and iron-foundries. In the neighbourhood are coal 
 deposits. Alt. 884 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 15,500; (1890)31,000. 
 
 'Top-hane, suburb of Constantinople {q.v.). 
 
 Topllea, prov. , on SW. frontier of Servia, crossed by 43° N. , 
 one of the most mountainous in Servia, with forests ; mineral 
 riches not yet worked. Cattle are raised. Area, 1402 sq. m. 
 
 TopUca (-tsa), vil., Servia, prov. Valjevo, 45 m. SSW. Bel- 
 grade. P. < 2000. 
 
 Topolias, former lake, Greece. See Kopals. 
 
 Topolya, comm. , Hungary, prov. Bdcs-Bodrog, 20 m. S. 
 Maria Theresiopel ; great cattle-market. P. 10,800. 
 
 Toporontz, tn., Austria, Bukovina, dist. Sadag6ra. P. 5100. 
 
 Topor6w, tn. , Austria, Galicia, dist. Lopatyn. P. <40oo. 
 
 Toppenlsh, settlement, U.S., Washington, Yakima co., 98 
 m. W. by N. Wallawalla. 
 
 Toppesfleld, par.,. Eng. , Essex, Saffron Walden div., 9 m. 
 N. Braintree, i^ m. W^. by S. Yeldham stn., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Topping, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Perth co. , 10 m. from 
 Stratford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Toprak-kale, large vil. , Asiatic Turkey, vilayet and 82 m. E. 
 Erzerum, cap. kaza Alashkert. 
 
 Topsfleld, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co., 8 m. NNW. 
 Salem. P. < 1500. 
 
 Topsham, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton 
 div., 4^ m. SE. Exeter [q.v.), at the head of estuary of Exe, 
 on the L. & SW. R. The dry dock has a length of 175 ft. (170 
 ft. on bottom) ; breadth at entrance, 31 J ft. ; depth on sill at high 
 water ordinary springs, 9i ft. PMT.O. Market-day, S. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Topsham, tn., U.S., Maine, co. Sagadahoc, opposite Bruns- 
 wick, with which it is connected by a bridge ; has shipbuilding 
 docks. P. < 1500. 
 
 Topsham, tn., U.S., Vermont, Orange co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Topton, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Berks co., 16 m. NE. 
 Reading ; iron ore mined and manufactured here. P. <isoo. 
 
 Tor, or El Tor, vil., on SW. of the penin. of Sinai, in 28° 
 35' N. , in the Middle Ages and down to the i6th century an 
 important landing-place of Indian produce for conveyance by 
 
TO R A 
 
 TO R O 
 
 caravan to Damascus and Aleppo. Its port, with the exception 
 of Suez, offers the only secure anchorage in the gulf. 
 
 Torah, vil. , Lower Egypt, prov. Ghize, lo m. S. Cairo, on 
 r. bk. of the Nile ; its quarries supplied the materials for the 
 Pyramids. P. < 2000. 
 
 Toral de los tinsnianes, vil. , Spain, prov. and 26 m. S. 
 Le6n, dist. Valencia de Don Juan ; has fine horses. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Torbalii, tn. , Asia Minor, vilayet Kastamuni, 95 m. E. by 
 N. Brussa. 
 
 Torbalii, tn. , Asia Minor, 21 m. SE. by S. Smyrna ; manu- 
 factures torba or leather bags. 
 
 Tor Bay, inlet, Canada, Nova Scotia, on SE. ct., its mouth 
 in 45° 10' N. 
 
 Tor Bay, inlet, Eng. , in the E. of Devonshire, between Hope's 
 Nose (Torquay) and Berry Head, near Brixham. It forms a 
 semicircular sweep ; in the cliffs are some curious caves ; it is a 
 rendezvous for vessels during W. winds. Here William III. 
 landed, November 5, 1688. Breadth about 4 m. ; depth, 3J m. 
 
 Torbay, fishing settlement, Newfoundland, 7 m. from St. 
 John's. 
 
 Tor Bay, W. Australia, S. ct., crossed by 117° 45' E.; the 
 bay next to the W. of King George's Sound. 
 
 Torbcc, maritime vil., isl. and republic Haiti, S. ct. , 102 m. 
 W. by S. Port au Prince, in 73° 48' W. 
 
 Torbet-el-Molnk ( ' the kings' tombs '), ruins, Arabia, Hadra- 
 mut, 56 m. SSW. Terim. 
 
 Torbothle, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire. See Shotts Iron- 
 works. 
 
 Torbryan, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 7 m. W. 
 by N. Torquay, 2J m. NE. Staverton stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Torbnsli, vil. , Scot. , Lanarkshire. See Moriiiugslde. 
 
 Torcal de Antequera, mt. chain, S. Spain, prov. and directly 
 N. of Malaga. Alt. estimated at 4215 ft. 
 
 Torcello, isl, Italy, in the Lagoon of Venice, 5J m. N. of 
 the city, with the 7th century cathedral and a few other remains 
 of the former important city of T. See Venice. 
 
 Torchlara, vil., Italy, Campania, prov. and 29 m. SSE. 
 Salerno. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Torch Light I-ake, lake, U.S., in the NW. of Michigan, 
 Antrim co. , crossed in middle by 45° N. , separated from E. side 
 of Grand Traverse Bay by a narrow strip of land. Length 
 nearly 20 m. 
 
 Torcross, bathing resort, Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., on 
 Start Bay, 6 m. SSW. Dartmouth, PMT.O. 
 
 Torda, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, 15 m. SSE. Klausen- 
 burg, cap. co. Torda- Aranyos ; has salt-mines, supplying an 
 average of 20,000 tons of rock-salt annually. The bed contains 
 28 , 230 million cubic ft. of salt. There are remains of the Roman 
 colony of Saltnie or Pofaissa. P. 11,100. 
 
 Tonla, comm., Hungary, co. Torontdl, dist. Torok-Becse. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Torda- Aranyos, co. , SE. Hungary, Transylvania, a moun- 
 tainous dist. with mining industry. Area, 1428 sq. m. 
 
 Tordera, small riv., in the NE. of Spain, flows from the 
 Sierra de Monseny E. into the Mediterranean. 
 
 TordesUlas, m., Spain, prov. Valladolid, dist. Mota del 
 Marques, on the r. bk. of the Douro, 16 m. SW. by W. Valla- 
 dolid ; its old walls have been destroyed, but the four gates still 
 stand. Here was signed the famous treaty of 1494, ratified in 
 1506, between Spain and Portugal, delimiting their possessions 
 in the New World. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Tordillo, dist., Argentine Republic, prov. and 124 m. SE. 
 Buenos Aires ; has great cattle-ranches. 
 
 TordoflT Point, cape, Scot., Dumfriesshire, in 3° 8h' W. 
 
 Tore, P.O., Scot., Ross-shire, 5 m. SE. Dingwall." 
 
 Torella de' Lombardl, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 
 4 m. W. Sant' Angelo de' Lombardi. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Torellas, Sllia de, highest peak in Majorca I., Spain, NNE. 
 of Palma. Alt. 4730 ft. 
 
 Torfa Jokull, mt. range, S. Iceland, about 9 m. ESE. 
 Mount Hecla. Average alt. 4590 ft. 
 
 Torgan, fortified tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, cap. circle T. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the Elbe, 26 m. SE. by S. Wittenberg ; has a 
 castle (Hartenfels) used as barracks, military prison; manufac- 
 ture of gloves, pottery, and mineral waters. Taken by Frederick 
 the Great after a victory over the Austrians in 1760. P. (1816) 
 5600; (1890) 10,700; comm. P. 10,900. 
 
 Torgelow, vil., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Ucker- 
 miinde, on the Uker R., 23 m. SSW. Swinemiinde. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Torgny, comm., Belgium, prov. Luxembourg, arr. Virton, 
 on the French frontier, 28 m. ESE. Sedan. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Torgots, one of the four branches of the Kalmuck tribe or 
 W. Mongols. Their migrations have been numerous, and their 
 clans are to be met with in various localities of S. and W. Mon- 
 golia ; the greater part now inhabit the S. slope of the Tarba- 
 gatai Mts. 
 
 Torigni-snr-Vlre, tn., France, dep. Manche, 22 m. SW. 
 Bayeux, arr. and 8 m. SE. St. L6 ; has wool-spinning. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Torino, Italy. See Turin. 
 
 Torino di l^aiigro, tn. , Italy, prov. Chieti or Abruzzo Citeriore, 
 II m. NW. Vasto. P. < 5000. 
 Torlno-IIniiyama, volcano, Japan. See Chokaizau. 
 
 Torltto, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 12^ m. SW. Bari. P. 
 7100. 
 
 Torklugton, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, 3 m. SE. Stockport, P. 
 <Soo. 
 
 Torksey, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., on the 
 r. bk. of the riv. Trent, 7 m. S. by E. Gainsborough, on the 
 M. S. & L. R. ; has ruins of a castle on a Roman site. P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Torlak, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. Razgrad, 21 m. SE. Rustchuk. 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Torniarton, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , 8 J 
 m. N. by E. Bath, 6 m. ENE. Mangotsfield stn., P.O. P. < 
 500 ; eccles. par. (T. with W. Littleton) P. <5oo. 
 
 Toruientine, Cape, Canada, 'on Northumberland Strait, the 
 most easterly point of New Brunswick. 
 
 Tormes, riv., Spain, Leon, rises on the N. of the Sierra de 
 Gredos, near the source of the Alberche, winds through gorges, 
 first W. then N. past Alba de Tormes, then W. to Sala- 
 manca, and finally NW. to the Douro, which it joins on the 
 frontier of Portugal. Length, 176 m.; average discharge, 262 
 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Torniohani, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, identical with the mun. 
 bor. of Torquay. P. 25,500. 
 
 Torna, vil., Hungary, co. Abauj-Torna, cap. dist. T. , 19 m. 
 WSW. Kassa; has timber trade. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tornavcen, P.O., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 3 m. N.Torphins stn. 
 
 Torne&, tn. , Finland, govt. Ule&borg, on Gulf of Bothnia, at 
 mouth of Torne& R., which flows from N. to S. , forming the 
 greater part of the Norwegian-Finnish frontier. Mean temp., 
 yr. 33.4'' F. , Feb. 10.9°, July 60.6°. 
 
 Torue&-Trask (' lake of 'Tornea, '), lake, N. Sweden, near the 
 Norwegian frontier, surrounded by high mountains. Area, 139 
 sq. m. 
 
 Torness, P.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, 14 m. SW. Inverness. 
 
 Toro, salt lake, Argentine Republic. See Jnjny. 
 
 Toro, dist., E. Sahara, 16° N. and between 14° 40' and 15° 
 40' W. , with oasis and numerous wells. 
 
 Toro, tn. and fort, Spain, prov. Zamora, cap. dist. T., on the 
 r. bk. of the Douro, 35 m. W. by S. Valladolid ; has vineyards 
 and woollen manufactures. P. (comm. ) 8700. 
 
 Torii, tn. and isl., Sweden, prov. and 36 m. S. by W. Stock- 
 holm. 
 
 Toro, Point, Panama. See Llmon, bay. 
 
 Toroczko, vil. , Hungary, co. Torda- Aranyos, cap. dist. T. , 
 13 m. SW. Torda ; has iron-mines now unworked, and fruit 
 cultivation. P. <20oo. 
 
 Torok-Becse, comm., Hungary, co. Torontdl, dist. T.-B, 
 P. 7300. 
 
 Turok-Kanizsa, comm., Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. T.-K. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Tor6k-Szeut-Mlkl6s, comm., Hungary, co. Jasz-Nagy-Kun- 
 Szolnok, 40 m. ENE. Kecskemet. P. 18,800. 
 
 Toron, vil., Palestine. See Tibnin. 
 
 Torong, dist., French Sudan, formerly in Samory states; 
 chief place is Bissandugu, former cap. of Samory. 
 
 Torontiil, co. , S. Hungary, forming part of the great 
 Hungarian plain, remarkably continuous and level ; its streams 
 are numerous and important, many being navigable and com- 
 pleted by several canals. The soil is very fertile, producing 
 wheat, maize, oats, and good pasture. 
 
 Torontsil-VJksArhely, comm., Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. 
 Antalfalva. P. <:5000. 
 
 Toronto ('place of meeting,' which it was two centuries 
 ago for Indians and fur-traders between Lakes Ontario and 
 Huron), city, Canada, cap. Ontario, York co. , on the N. side 
 of Lake Ontario, 39 m. NE. of the W. end of the lake. Im- 
 portant educational centre ; seat of a university,' to which are 
 affiliated various colleges, medical and other ; also of a Wes- 
 leyan college (removed from Cobourg^, Knox College (Presby- 
 terian), M'Master University (Baptist), St. Michael's (Roman 
 Catholic), including a school of science (largely technical), and 
 St. Hilda's College for female art students. Chief seat of whole- 
 sale trade of the prov. (exports nearly ^^30, 000, 000 ; imports 
 about _^4,ooo,ooo). Manufactures rising since the adoption of 
 a protective policy by the Dominion in 1878. Extensive parks 
 and gardens ; Rosedale drives noted in America. In September 
 the seat of great fair of the Industrial Association, attended by 
 many thousands, at which field and factory products are ex- 
 hibited from every part of the Dominion. The dry dock is 
 198 ft. long, 43 ft. wide at entrance, and has 12 ft. depth on sill 
 at high water ordinary springs. Between 1870-71 and 1892-93 
 inclusive the closing of the port by ice was never later than Jan. 
 8th, its opening never earlier than Feb. 13th. In the i8th 
 century the French had a fort (Fort Rouill6) on the site of T. 
 In 1788 the place was known as Fort T. , but in 1793 the present 
 town was founded under the name of York (in honour of 
 Frederick, Duke of York, son of George III.). In 1834 it was 
 
 1587 
 
TORO — TORR 
 
 incorpMDrated under the name of T. , its population being then 
 9000. Alt. 350 ft. Mean temp., yr. 43.8° F., Jan. 21.6°, July 
 68.2°; mean rfall. (48 yrs.), 27.5 in.; snowfall, 69.0 in. 
 P. (1847) 21,000; (1871) 56,100; (1881, within the hmits of 
 1891, when the city area was nearly twice as great as in 1881) 
 96,200; (1891) 181,200; (1895, local census) 188,900. 
 
 Toronto, vil., U.S., Kansas, Woodson co. , 116 m. SSW. 
 Kansas City. P. < 1500. 
 Toronto, vil, U.S., Ohio, Jefferson co. P. < 3000. 
 Toronto, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Deuel co. , 123 m. 
 NNE. Yankton, 
 
 Toropets, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 237 m. SE. Pskov, on 
 
 Toropa R. ; one of the oldest towns of Russia, which has 
 
 suffered much from wars and conflagrations ; tanneries. P. 6900. 
 
 Toros, tn., Bulgaria, prov. and 27 m. SW. Plevna. P. < 
 
 3000. 
 
 Torosay, par., Scot., Argyllshire, Mull I., on the Sound 
 of Mull and Firth of Lome; 90,594 ac. P. (including part of 
 Mull I.)<iooo. 
 
 Torp, vil., Sweden, prov. W. Norrland, 36 m. W. by N. 
 Sundsvall. P. (comm.) 7300. 
 
 Torpantan, stn. , Wales, Brecknockshire, on the Brecon and 
 Merthyr Rly., 74 m. S. Brecknock. 
 
 Torpenhow and Wliltrlgg, par., Eng. , Cumberland, Pen- 
 rith div. , II m. E. by N. Maryport, 2 m. S. Mealsgate stn., 
 P.O. (T.). P. <soo. 
 
 Torphlelieu (tor-fikh'en), par., Scot., Linlithgowshire, 3J m. 
 SW. by S. Linlithgow, i^ m. E. Westfield stn. ; formerly a 
 place of importance, having the remains of a preceptory of 
 Knights of St. John. P.O. 9939 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Torphlus, eccles. par., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 16 m. E. 
 by N. Ballater,. on the G. N. of S. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Torpolnt, eccles. par. and tn. , Eng. , Cornwall, Bodmin div. , 
 on the estuary of the Tamar (the Hamoaze), opposite Devonport, 
 PMT.O. P.<25oo. 
 
 Torquay, mun. bor. (since 1892), seapt.,and health-resort, 
 ■Eng., Devonshire, Torquay div., 18^ m. S. and in the diocese 
 of Exeter, in a cove, on the N. side of Tor Bay, with stn. on 
 the G. W. R. Till the 19th century it was a small fishing 
 hamlet ; but its mild and equable climate, due partly to its 
 sheltered position, has gained it great reputation for the cure of 
 consumption ; enhanced as a seaside resort by most picturesque 
 surroundings. The rocks and valleys are covered with terraces 
 and luxuriant gardens ; and there are special geological attrac- 
 tions, e.g., Kent's Cavern. Torquay is an important yachting 
 station ; the new harbour has an area of 36 ac. , and Torbay 
 furnishes anchorage for the largest ships of war. Several marble 
 and terra-cotta works. Mean rfall. (Lamorna, alt. 200 ft., 
 1866-80), 39 in. ; (Babbacombe, alt. 294 ft., 1877-92) 35.49 in. 
 P. (1801)838; (1851)7900; (1871)21,700; (1891)25,500; pari, 
 div. P. (1891) 57,500. 
 
 Torquay, or East Devonport, tp. , Tasmania, Devon co. , 
 on the N. ct., 43 m. WNW. Launceston, 25 m. ESE. Emu 
 Bay, in 146° 17' E. ; copper, iron, and coal occur. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Torqnay-by-the-Sea, tp. and watering-place, Queensland, 
 March co. , on Pialba Bay (S. part of Hervey Bay), which affords 
 excellent anchorage, 17 m. N. Maryborough. P. < 1500. 
 
 Torra, tn., Sudan, Darfur, 87 m. SW. El-Fasher ; it is 
 regarded as the second cap. of the country, and here the kings 
 of Darfur are buried. 
 
 Torralba, tn., Spain, New Castille, prov., dist., and 9 m. 
 ENE. Ciudad Real. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Torrance, vil. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, 2 m. SE. East Kilbride ; 
 coal mined. 
 
 Torrance and Wester Balgrochan, vil. , Scot. , Stirlingshire, 
 on the Kelvin, 6 m. NNE. Glasgow, with a stn. (Torrance) on 
 the N. B. R., P.O. (Torrance). P. <5oo. 
 
 Torran Rocks, group of islets, Scot. , Argyllshire, in 56° 13'- 
 15' N. , to the SW. of Mull. 
 
 Torre, Italian and Spanish, 'tower.' 
 
 Torre, suburb of Torquay, Eng. , Devonshire, on the G. W. R. 
 Torre Annnnzlata, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 12 m. 
 SE. by E. Naples, on the Bay of Naples. Its port (formed by 
 two moles) has been improved since 1887 ; has a royal manu- 
 factory of arms, and manufactures meat pies. P. 23,200. 
 
 Torrebelrlclno, tn. , Italy, prov. Vicenza, 4 m. W. Schio. 
 P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Torreblanca, tn., Spain, prov. Castellon de la Plana, dist. 
 Albocacer, 48 m. SSW. Tortosa. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 TorreclUa en Cameros, tn., Spain, prov. and 15 m. SW. 
 by S. Logroiio, cap. dist. T. P. <20oo. 
 
 Torre de Ceredo, mt. , N. Spain, highest peak of the Penas 
 or Picos de Europa. Alt. 8785 ft. 
 
 Torre del Passerl, tn. , central Italy, prov. Teramo, 14 m. 
 S. Penne; the celebrated abbey of San Clemente di Casauria 
 is in the vicinity. P. < 3000. 
 
 Torre del Campo, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov., dist., and 
 6 m. W. Jaen. P. (comm. ) 5400. 
 
 Torre del Greco, tn. and seapt., Italy, on the Bay of Naples, 
 prov. and 7 m. SE. Naples ; has fishing and working of coral. 
 1588 
 
 The town has been destroyed several times by the eruptions of 
 Vesuvius. P. (1870)23,600; (1890)29,700. 
 
 Torre del Alar, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 16 m. E, 
 Malaga, in comm. of Velez Malaga, of which it is the port ; 
 has cultivation and manufacture of cane sugar. 
 
 Torre de Moncorvo or Bfoncorvo, tn., Portugal, Traz-os- 
 Montes, dist. Bragan9a, near r. bk. Douro, 82 m. E. Oporto ; 
 important deposits of iron. Alt. 1362 ft. Mean temp., yr. 
 57.7° F., Jan. 42.0°, Aug. 75.8°. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Torre don Jlnieno, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 9 m. 
 WSW. Jaen, dist. Martos. P. 8600 ; comm. P. 9400. 
 
 Torre Jonclllo, comm. , Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 31 m. 
 N. Caceres. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Torrelagnna, tn., Spain, prov. Madrid, cap. dist. T., 25 m. 
 NNW. Alcala. P. <3000. 
 
 Torrelavega, tn. , Spain, Old Castille, prov. and 15 m. SW, 
 Santander, cap. dist. T. P. (comm. ) 7500. 
 
 Torrelodones, tn. , Spain, New Castille, prov. and 16 m. N W. 
 Madrid, dist. Colmenar Viejo. P. (comm. )<4000. 
 
 Torre Magglore, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Foggia ; has an 
 old celebrated Benedictine abbey. P. 9100. 
 
 Torrenillano, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 40 m. N. 
 Cordoba, dist. Pozoblanco. P. (conim.)<:4ooo. 
 
 Torrens, Lake, large salt lake, S. Australia, between 30° 10' 
 and 32° S. , 137° 30' E. , the S. extremity being about 90 m. N. 
 of Port Augfusta ; discovered by Eyre. Length, N. to S. , 130 m. ; 
 breadth, 18-20 m. 
 
 Torrens River, small stream, S. Australia, rises near Gume- 
 racha, flows past Adelaide into the Reed Beds. 
 
 Torrens Yale, Dairy Flat, or Parklield, tp. , S. Australia, 
 Hindmarsh co. , 42 m. S. by W. Adelaide, 12 m. W. by N. Port 
 Victor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Torrente, tn. , Spain, prov. and 8 m. SW. Valencia, cap. 
 dist. T. P. (comm. ) 7600. 
 
 Torrent River, Ire., in the SE. of co. Tyrone, trib. of the 
 riv. Blackwater. 
 
 Torre Orsaja, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. Salerno, 38 m. 
 SSW. Potenza. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Torre Pacheco, tn., Spain, prov. and dist. Murcia, 10 m. N. 
 by E. Cartagena. P. (comm. ) 8100. 
 
 Torre Pelllce, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, 17 m. NW. 
 Saluzzo, the cap. of the Vaudois valleys ; has silk-spinning, 
 cotton- weaving, and dye-works ; one of the most frequented 
 summer resorts of Piedmont. P. < 3000. 
 
 Torre Pero Gil, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 31 m. NE. 
 Jaen, dist. Ubeda. P. (comm. ) 5700. 
 
 Torres, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 12 m. E. Jaen, dist. 
 Mancha Real. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Torre .Santa Susanna, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 15 m. 
 SW. Brindisi. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Torres Islands, group in N. of New Hebrides, forming a 
 chain of five islands, in 166° 30' E. , i3°-i3° 30' S. Area of 
 group, 51 sq. m. 
 
 Torres Novas, tn. , Portugal, prov. Estremadura, dist. San- 
 tarem, 20 m. W. Abrantes ; has cotton spinning and weaving, 
 and numbers of olive trees. P. 8100. 
 
 Torres Strait, in S. Pacific Ocean, between New Guinea I. 
 and Cape York, the N. extremity of Australia, in 9° 20-10° 40' 
 N. , 142° 30' E. ; is one maze of shoals, reefs, and islands, the 
 principal of which are Prince of Wales and Clarence Is. Torres 
 discovered it in 1606, and Cook sailed through it in 1770. Its 
 navigation, always thought difficult, has, from the survey of 
 Captain King, been ascertained to be quite practicable. In its 
 narrowest part it has seldom more than 12 or 14 fathoms water, 
 and the bottom in clear weather is everywhere visible. The 
 navigation channel mostly used is that lying immediately to the 
 N. of the Prince of Wales group, just N. of the mainland of 
 Queensland (separated therefrom by Endeavour Strait). To 
 this group belongs Thursday I. , with Port Kennedy. All the 
 islands in the strait belong to Queensland. Width, 80 m. 
 
 Torres Vedras, tn., Portugal, prov. and 26 m. N. by W. 
 Lisbon ; celebrated for the lines of fortification constructed by 
 Wellington in 1810. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Torretta, tn., Sicily, prov. and 7 m. W. by N. Palermo. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Torrevleja de la Mata, tn., E. ct. Spain, prov. Alicante, 
 dist. Orihuela, 24 m. E. Murcia ; roadstead dangerous, but 
 frequented by coasters carrying salt from the mines of Orihuela. 
 P. (comm. ) 7700. 
 Torr Head, caf)e, Ire. , on NE. ct. of co. Antrim, in 55° 12' N. 
 Torrlce, vil., Italy, prov. Rome, 3 m. E. Frosinone. P. 
 (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Torrlcella Pellgna, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 
 23 m. S. by E. Chieti. P. <5000. 
 
 Torrlcella Slcnra, vil. , Italy, prov. and 3 m. W. Teramo 
 or.\bruzzo Ulteriore. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Torrldge, riv., Eng., in the NW. of Devonshire, rises on the 
 border of Cornwall, about 3 m. from the coast, flows E., SE. ,. 
 E., and finally NNW., and, passing Torrington and Bideford,. 
 enters the estuary of the Tawe near its mouth. 
 
T O R R 
 
 TOS C 
 
 Torrldon, hamlet, Scot., Ross-shire, on the W. ct. , near the 
 mouth of the short riv. Torridon, and at the head of the inlet of 
 Loch T. (length, 13 m. ; breadth, 3 m. ), which is divided by a 
 narrow strait into two, Upper Loch T. , stretching E. and W. , 
 and Lower Loch T. (the upper part of which is known as Loch 
 Shieldaig), opening to the NW. PM.O. 
 
 Torrlglia, tn. , Italy, Liguria, prov. and 14 m. NE. Genoa, 
 near the sources of the Scrivia and Trebbia. P. <20cio. 
 
 Torrljos rte los Ollvares, tn., Spain, New Castille, prov. 
 and 16 m. NW. Toledo, formerly a residence of the kings of 
 Castille. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Torrlle, comm. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 9 m. N. Parma. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Torrlucit, islet, Scot., in Loch Lomond, 4J m. N. by E. of 
 the foot of the loch. 
 
 Torrlngtoii, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co. , 23 m. 
 W. Hartford. P. 6000. 
 
 Torrlngtou, Black, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div. , 
 16 m. NE. by N. Launceston, 3^ m. NE. by N. Halwill 
 Junction, PM.O.; 5681 ac. P.^y^o' 
 
 Torrlngtoii, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., the former 11 m. W. by S. Louth, 
 5 m. SE. by S. Market Rasen, 2J m. NW. East Barkwith stn. , 
 P.O. (West T.). P. (of each) < 250. 
 
 Torrlngton, Cireat, mun. bor. (since Queen Mary I.) and 
 market-tn., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 5 J m. SSE. 
 Bideford, in the diocese of Exeter, on the Torridge, with 
 terminal stn. (T.) on L. & SW. R. ; glove manufacture, but 
 trade is principally agricultural. There is a large common, 
 now preserved to the public. Market-day, S. Mun. bor. P. 
 (1851)3300; (i89i)<3Soo. 
 Torrlngton, Little, par., 2 m. SSE., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 Torrlsdalselv, riv., Norway. See Otter, 
 Torrlsliolnie, vil., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 2 m. 
 NW. Lancaster. See Ponlton Bare. 
 
 Tor Rock, hill, Eng., in the W. of Derbyshire, 3I m. S. by 
 E. Buxton. 
 
 Tor Rocks, islets. Ire., off the NE. ct. of co. Donegal, 55° 
 26' N. , 7° 15' W. 
 
 Torroella lie Montgrl, tn. , Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 17 
 m. ENE. Gerona, dist. Bisbal. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Torrox, tn. , S. ct. Spain, prov. and 25 m. E. Malaga, cap. 
 dist. T. ; cultivates the sugar-cane. P. (comm. ) 7000. 
 
 Torrslde Reservoir, meteorological station, Eng., Cheshire, 
 in Longden Dale, in 53° 29' N., 1° 55' W. Alt. 600 ft. Mean 
 rfall. (1866-80), yr. 47.6 in. 
 
 Torrs Point, cape, Scot. , on the S. ct. of Kirkcudbrightshire, 
 3^ m. S. by W. Kirkcudbright. 
 
 Torrnm, vil. , Sweden, prov. and 11 m. ESE. Karlskrona, 
 P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Torry, former fishing vil., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on the 
 E. ct. , at the mouth of the Dee, opposite Aberdeen, in which it 
 is now included and with which it is connected by Victoria 
 Bridge. 
 
 Torry, Low, vil. , Scot. , Fife, on the S. ct. , on Torry Bay, at 
 the mouth of Bluther Burn, 5 m. W. by S. Dunfermline, 2 m. 
 SSE. East Grange stn., part of Torry burn (q.v.). 
 
 Torrybnrn, par. and vil. , Scot. , Fife, on S. ct. , on Torry Bay, 
 4 m. W. by S. Dunfermline, 2 m. S. Oakley stn., PM.O. Par. 
 P. <iooo ; vil. (including Low Torry) P. <750. 
 
 Torsaker, vil., N. Sweden, prov. Gefleborg, 26 m. WSW. 
 Gefle ; has iron-mines. P. (comm. ) 6700. 
 
 . Torsay, isL, Scot., Argyllshire, off the W. ct. , N. of Luing 
 I., in Seil Sound, in 56° i5'-i6' N. P. 7. 
 
 Torshiilla, tn. , central Sweden, prov. and 51 m. NNW. 
 Nykoping ; formerly more important as the port of the iron 
 centre of Eskilstuna. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tortefontalne, vil. , France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. Mon- 
 treuil, 6 m. SW. Hesdin ; i m. SW. are the fine ruins of the 
 abbey of Dommartin. P. < 2000. 
 
 Torteval, par., in SW. of isl. of Guernsey. P. <500. 
 Tortliorwald, par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 4 m. ENE. Dum- 
 fries, 3 m. ESE. Locharbriggs stn. , P.O.; 6831 ac. P. < 1000. 
 Tortlngton, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Chichester div. , 2 m. SW. 
 by S. Arundel, i m. NW. Ford Junction stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tortola, largest isl. of the British Virgin Is. , W. Indies, in 
 18° 25' N. , 64° 29'-4o' W. The principal bay is on the SE. ct. 
 On this side a double curve of islets and reefs encloses a vast 
 roadstead with calm water. Virgin's Causeway (no docks or 
 quays). T. is traversed from end to end by a range of hills, of 
 which the highest peak. Sage Mt. , has an alt. of 1770 ft. Since 
 1666 the island has belonged to Great Britain. Cap. Road 
 Town, on a creek of Virgin's Causeway. Length, 11 m. ; 
 greatest breadth, 4 m.; area, 24 sq. m. 
 
 Tortolas, Cerro de las, peak of the Andes, between Chile 
 and Argentine Republic, in 29° 52' S. Alt. 19,415 ft. 
 
 Tortoll, tn., Sardinia, 2^ m. from the E. ct. , prov. and 56 m. 
 NE. by N. Cagliari. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tortona, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 11 m. E. by S. 
 Alessandria ; has silk manufactures. Its cathedral, dating from 
 
 the 9th century, contains remarkable pictures. It was one of 
 the towns of the Lombard league, and has had a chequered 
 history. P. 7000. 
 
 Tortoral, small seapt., Chile, prov. Atacama, on the coast, 
 55 m. SW. by W. Copiapo. 
 
 Tortoreto, vil., Italy, prov. and 14 m. NE. Terarao or 
 Abruzzo Ulteriore. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Tortorlcl, tn., Sicily, prov. and 41 m. W. by S. Messina. 
 P. (comm.) 10,700. 
 
 Tortosa, tn. , Spain, prov. and 43 m. SW. by W. Tarragona, 
 cap. dist. T. , on the 1. bk. of the Ebro, here crossed by a bridge 
 of boats. It is strongly fortified by walls and several outworks, 
 and is entered by seven gates ; its cathedral is one of the oldest 
 in Spain. Has manufactures of soap, paper, porcelain; em- 
 porium of agricultural produce, of which it exports large 
 quantities, but the bad state of the river hinders the develop- 
 ment of its commerce. P. (1872) 24,700; (1887)25,200. 
 
 Tortosa, Syria. See Tartns. 
 
 Tortosa, €abo ile, cape, Spain, on the delta of the Ebro, 
 20 m. ESE. Tortosa. 
 
 Tortue, isl, off NW. ct. of Haiti I.; rich in guano ; one of 
 the possessions of the French buccaneers. Length, 25 m.; 
 greatest breadth, 6 m. ; area, 116 sq. m. 
 
 Tortne Lake, Canada, Quebec, Champlain co., 70 m. W. 
 by S. Quebec, drained E. into the riv. Des Envies, and by that 
 into the riv. Batiscan. 
 
 Tortnga, vil. , Costa Rica, 123 m. NW. San Jos6. 
 
 Tortuga, isl. , 25 m. long by 3-7 m. broad, off the middle of 
 the N. ct. of the republic of Haiti. 
 
 Tortuga, isl., Venezuela, in about 65° 18' N. Length, 15 m.; 
 greatest breadth, 5-6 m. ; area, 85 sq. m. 
 
 Tortngas, tn. and stn., Argentine Republic, Santa F6, 70 m. 
 W. by N. Rosario. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tortngas, isl. group, U.S., Florida, Gulf of Mexico, 100 m. 
 WSW. Cape Sable, Florida. 
 
 Tortun, officially Mkhagh, tn. , Armenia, prov., dist., and 
 41 m. NNE. Erzerum, on 1. bk. of r. branch of Tortun R. 
 (length), 62 m. T. is the name of its fortress, now in ruins ; 
 famous in the wars of the loth century. 
 
 Tortworth, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Stroud div. , 3 m. W. 
 Wotton-under-Edge, ij m. NW. Charfield stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Torn, dist. , equatorial Africa, on the SE. slope of the Ruwen- 
 zori group. The S. part is a level turf plain ; half way it rises 
 in gentle undulations, and thick acacia forests cover the slopes. 
 It formed part of Unyoro, but was occupied by Captain Lugard 
 for the British East Africa Company. 
 
 Torver, par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 15 m. W. 
 Kendal, i m. W. Coniston Water, on the Furness Rly., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Torwood, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire, Tormoham par. 
 P. <:25oo. 
 
 Torwortli, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, E. Retford union, 
 2 m. E. Blyth. P. <25o. 
 
 Tory Island, Ire., off NW. ct. of co. Donegal, 37 m. from 
 Letterkenny stn., with a lighthouse on NW. side, 55° i6h' N., 
 8°i5|' W., PM.O. 
 
 Tory Sound, channel. Ire. , in the N. of co. Donegal, between 
 Tory I. and mainland. 
 
 Tiirzburg, vil., Hungary, co. and 30 m. SSE. Fogaras, cap. 
 dist. T. ; an important fortified place in the Middle Ages. 
 P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Torzburger Pass, pass across Carpathians, on frontier of 
 Hungary and Roumania, SW. of Kronstadt. Alt. 4065 ft. 
 
 Torztaok, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 47 m. by rail vid 
 Ostashkov, N W. of Tver, on Tvertsa R. , and on old highway 
 from Moscow to St. Petersburg. Old town, already mentioned 
 in 1015. Has two old monasteries. Renowned for its em- 
 broidered morocco goods. Tanneries, flour-mills, brick-works, 
 distilleries. Considerable trade in grain, and important river- 
 port. P. 14,700. 
 
 Torzsa, comm., Hungary, co. Bdcs-Bodrog, dist. Kiila. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 Tosa, riv. , Italy. See Toce. 
 
 Tosa, kuni or old prov. of Japan, now in the prefecture of 
 Kochi. 
 
 Tosa, tn. and small port, Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 19 m. 
 SSE. Gerona, dist. Santa Colona de Fames. P. (comm.)<3000. 
 
 Tosana, vil. , Switzd. See Thusls. 
 
 Tosando, one of the nine great divs. of old Japan, composed 
 of the N., Central, and Northern kuni (old provs.) of the isl. of 
 Honshiu. 
 
 Tosnnll>8n, riv., Asia Minor, prov. Sivas, one of the left 
 branches of the Yeshil, joining the other (the Chekerek) a little 
 above the town of Amasia after a W. course of 155 m. 
 
 Toscana, Italy. See Tuscany. 
 
 Toscanella, tn., Italy, prov. Rome, on the Marta, 12 m. W. 
 Viterbo ; contains the church of Sta. Maria- Maggiore, of 9th 
 century. P. < 5000. 
 
 Toscas, Las, colony, Argentine Republic, Santa F6, r, bk. 
 Parani, 6, m. SW. by S. Corrientes. 
 
 1589 
 
TOSE — TOUL 
 
 Toseland, par., Eng. , Huntingdonshire, div. and 6 m. S. 
 Huntingdon, 3 m. SSE. Offord and Buckden stn. P. <:25o. 
 See Paxtoii, direat. 
 
 Toskl, vil. , Nubia, 31 m. WSW. Korosko, on r. bk. of the 
 Nile ; English victory over the Arabs in 1889. 
 
 Tosna, tn. , Russia, govt, and 33 m. by rail SE. St. Peters- 
 burg, on Tosna R. , trib. of Neva ; head of a branch railway 
 connecting the tvt'o railways to Moscow and to Riga. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Toso«3foT, or To8so-Nor, lakes, Tibet. See Tosn-Xor. 
 
 Toss, riv. , Switzd., rises in cant. St. Gall, near the frontier of 
 Zurich, and flows NW. through Zurich to the Rhine, which it 
 joins about 6 m. below the confluence of the Thur. Length, 
 40 m. ; area of basin, 158 sq. m. 
 
 Toss, vil., Switzd., cant. Zurich, on the T., ij m. WSW. 
 Winterthur. 
 
 Tossla, tn. , Asia Minor, vilayet, sanjak, and 30 m. SSE. 
 Kastamuni ; has manufactures of woollen and Angora goat hair 
 stuffs. P. 10,000. 
 
 Tosslcla, vil. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Teramo, 29 m. 
 WNW. Chieti. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tosside, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div., 15 
 m. N. by W. Burnley, 4 m. W. by S. Long Preston stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. See Houghton. 
 
 Tossoii, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, in the NE. of Hexham 
 div. , 12^ m. SW. by W. Alnwick, 2^ m. WSW. Rothbury stn. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Tossoii null, hill, Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., 
 14^ m. SW. by W. Alnwick. Height, 1447 ft. 
 
 Tost, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Tost-Gleiwitz, 29 m. 
 NNE. Ratibor. P. <3000. 
 
 Tostado, El, agricultural colony, Argentine Republic, on 
 the Rio Salado, prov. and 175 m. NNW. Santa F6. 
 
 Tostock, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Stowmarket div. , 6 m. E. Bury 
 St. Edmunds, 2 m. W. by S. Elmswell stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 To8n>Nor ('butter lake'), Tibetan Tong-rl-tso-Nak ('lake 
 of a myriad hills'), lake, Tibet, crossed by 35° 20' N., 98^° E. 
 Alt. 13,179 ft. (Rockhill, bp.). Length, E. to W., about 40 m. ; 
 breadth about 2 m. 
 
 Tosn-\or, salt lake, Tibet, about 155 m. W. Kuku-Nor, in 
 37° 10' N., 12 m. by 2-9 m. Alt. 8860 ft. 
 
 Tdszeg, comm. , Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, dist. 
 Kecskem6t-als6. P. <40oo. 
 
 Totana, agricultural tn., Spain, prov. and 25 m. SW. by W. 
 Murcia, cap. dist. T., 13 m. NE. by E. Lorca ; has flax-weaving 
 and manufactures of pottery. P. (comm. ) 9700. 
 
 Totarannl, post-tn.. New Zealand, South L, CoUingwood 
 CO. , 32 m. from Nelson by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 T5t-Bilnliegyes, comm. , Hungary, co. Csanad, dist. Kovac- 
 shaza. P. <5000. 
 
 Tdtes, tn. , France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, arr. Dieppe, 17 m. 
 N. by W. Rouen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Totkam, Creat and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , Essex. 
 Great T., div. and 4^ m. NNE. Maldon, 3 m. ENE. Wickham 
 stn. The church is 2 m. SSW. PM.O. P.<7So. Little T., 
 P.O. P. <5oo. See Goldhanger. 
 
 TothlU, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsay div., 7 m. SE. 
 Louth, i^ m. E. by N. Authorpe stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 T4it-Koinlds, comm., Hungary, co. B6k6s, dist. OroshAza. 
 P. 9600. 
 
 Totlaiid Bay, bay, eccles. par., and watering-place, on the 
 W. ct. of the Isle of Wight, i^ m. ENE. of the Needles, 
 PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Totley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, NE. div., 6 m. SW. by S. 
 Sheffield, i^ m. SW. Dove and T. stn. (M. R.) ; a little to the 
 W. the Dore and Chinley branch of the M. R. passes under 
 Edge Moor, in a tunnel, 6200 yards long, connecting the valleys 
 of the Sheaf and Derwent (completed Oct. 1892). PMT.O., and 
 P.O. (T. Klse). P.<i50o. 
 
 Tot'ma, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 136 m. NE. Vologda, on 
 highroad to Ustyug, on 1. bk. Sukhona ; centre of trade in 
 i6th and 17th century ; trade in grain, flax, and linseed, 
 shipped to Archangel. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tetmonslow, stn. , Eng. , Staffordshire, on the N. Stafford- 
 shire Rly., 2 m. SW. Cheadle. 
 
 Totnes, mun. bor. (since King John) till 1885, also a pari, 
 bor., and market-tn. , Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 22 m. 
 SSW. and in the diocese of Exeter, 8 m. WSW. Torquay, 
 on the Dart (r. bk.), with stn. on G. W. R. Some ancient 
 remains, as gateways and other ruins of the town walls, a 
 curious guildhall, quaint gables and projecting stories, &c. The 
 staple trade is cider manufacture ; slate quarried. Market-day, 
 S. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 2500; (i89i)<:4Soo ; pari. div. P. 
 (1891) 49,600. 
 
 Totnor, P.O., Eng., Herefordshire, 2 m. from How Caple. 
 
 Totoml, kuni, or old prov., or sub- prefecture, now included 
 in Shizuoka ken, Japan. 
 
 Totoml Bay, large open bay on the S. of Honshiu, Japan, 
 in 136° io'-i38° 40' E. 
 
 Toton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushchffe div., 6 m. 
 1590 
 
 SW. by W. Nottingham, on the riv. Erewash, i m. W. Atten- 
 borough stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Totonacs, Indians, Mexico, now inhabiting the Sierra de 
 Huauchinango, in N. of Pueblo state ; they were settled on the 
 plateau of Anahuac before the Shishimecs and Aztecs. 
 
 Totonlcapam, tn.. Central America, republic and 65 m. 
 NW. by W. Guatemala, cap. dep. T. (area, 552 sq. m.) ; has 
 an agreeable and very healthy climate ; manufactures cloth, 
 pottery, &c. ; market held twice a week. Alt. 8150 ft. P. 20,000. 
 
 Totora, tn., Bolivia, dep. Cochabamba, 90 m. N. Sucre. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Totoral, vil. , Argentine Republic, C6rdoba, 50 m. N. by E. 
 Cordoba. P. < 2000. 
 
 Totoya, horse-shoe shaped isl. , with opening to S. , Fiji Is. , in 
 Goro Sea, in 19° S. , 179° 50' W.; has a well-protected port to 
 theS. 
 
 T6t-Pelsocz, comm., Hungary, co. and dist. Zolyom. P. 
 <4ooo. 
 
 Totrldge Fell, upland tract, Eng. , on the S. border of the 
 Skipton div. of the W. Riding of Yorkshire, about 16 m. NW. 
 Burnley. 
 
 Totteu Fort, U.S., N. Dakota, near the S. shore of Devil's 
 Lake. 
 
 Totteuham, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., 35 m. 
 on a railway NW. by N. Toronto. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Tottenham, par. and tn. , Eng., Middlesex, T. div., 6 m. 
 N. by E. London Bridge, continuous with the metropolis ; has 
 several charities. Near it is the site of Bruce Castle, in which 
 Robert, father of ' the Bruce,' died in 1303 ; the grounds of the 
 castle are now a public park. The riv. Lee, which bounds 
 the parish on the E. , affords good boating and bathing. T. 
 High Cross occupies the site of an ancient cross. T. is served 
 by the G. E. R. , having stns. (Park and T. Hale) on the main 
 line, and (Seven Sisters, West Green, Brnce Grove, South T., 
 and White Hart Lane) in the Enfield and other branches, and 
 (South T.) on the M. R. Par. 4642 ac, P. 97,200; tn. P. 
 71,300; pari. div. P. 97,200. 
 
 TottenhlU, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 6 m. S. by E. 
 King's Lynn, 2 m. E. Magdalen Road stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 See Wormegay. 
 
 Tottenvllle, vil., U.S., New York, near the SW. end of 
 Staten I., 19 m. SW. Brooklyn. P. < 1500. 
 
 TotterdoMTi, a N. suburb of Bristol, Eng. 
 
 Totterldge, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, St. Alban's div., \\ 
 m. S. Barnet, with a stn. T. (for Whetstone) on the G. N. R. 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Totternhoe, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, div. and 7 m. W. 
 Luton, \\ m. SW. by W. Dunstable stn., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Tottlngton, par., Eng., Lancashire, He)rwood div., 2 m. 
 NW. and partly in bor. of Bury, on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. 
 T. Higher End, P. <4oco ; T. l^ower End, 5271 ac, P. 
 16,800. 
 
 Tottlngton, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 23 m. WSW. 
 Norwich, 2i m. W. by S. Stow Bedon stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Totton, vil., Eng., Hampshire, New Forest div., at the head 
 of the estuary of the Test, i,\ m. WNW. Southampton, with a 
 stn. T. (for Ealing) on the L! & SW. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Tottorl, tn., Japan, Honshiu, 70 m. NW. Kobe. P. (1887) 
 25,900. 
 
 Touaghty, par.. Ire., co. Mayo, bar. Carra, 8 m. SE. Castle- 
 bar. P. <750. 
 
 Touchenend, vil., Eng., Berkshire, P.O. See Bray. 
 
 TouchM'ood Hills, Big and Little, hills, Canada, in the N. 
 of Assiniboia, in about 104° W. 
 
 Toucy, tn. , France, dep. Yonne, 52 m. N. by E. Nevers, arr. 
 and 14 m. WSW. Auxerre. P. <3O0o. 
 
 Tougnloo, vil., U.S., Mississippi, Hinds co. , 7 m. NE. 
 Jackson by rail ; seat of T. University (coloured). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tough, former spelling of Tuogh, Ire. 
 
 Tough (locally pronounced tukh), par., Scot., W. Aberdeen- 
 shire, II m. SW. by W. Inverurie, i^ m. S. by W. Whitehouse 
 stn.; 7108 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Toughcluggtn, former spelling of Tnoghclnggln, Ire. 
 
 Tongourt, tn. , Algeria. See Tugurt. 
 
 Tongues, bathing resort, France, dep. Haute-Savoie, arr. 
 Thonon, 3 m. NW. Douvaine; has carbonate and alkaline 
 springs. 
 
 ToulUon, vil., France, dep. C6te d'Or, arr. Semur, 4 m. 
 ENE. Montbard; has paper-mill. P. < 2000. 
 
 Toul, tn. , France, dep. .Meurthe-et-Moselle, cap. arr. T., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Moselle. 14 m. W. Nancy ; a first-class military 
 post ; centre of a vast intrenched camp ; has manufactures of 
 earthenware ; was for a long time the seat of an important 
 bishopric. Alt. 670 ft. P. 12,100. 
 
 Toullngnet, Newfoundland. See TM'iUlngate. 
 
 Toulols, name applied sometimes to the whole of the diocese 
 of Toul, France, but more strictly only to the territorial domains 
 of the bishops of Toul. 
 
 Toulon, in full Toulon-sur-Mer, military and naval port of 
 France, and a fortified town of the first class, dep. Var, cap. arr. 
 
TOUL — TOWE 
 
 T. , on a bay of the Mediterranean, 40 m. SW. Draguignan ; 
 lat. of observatory 43° 7' 5" N., long. 5° 56' o" E. It is de- 
 fended by numerous powerful forts and batteries along the 
 shores and on the adjacent heights. The port has an easy 
 entrance, and is well sheltered ; the quay has 14-16 ft. of water. 
 Around the harbour are immense magazines and arsenals, ship- 
 building docks, rope and sail-works, and the convict prison, 
 usually occupied by 4000-5000 culprits. The town possesses a 
 cathedral, naval hospital and schools, museums, &c. ; has iron 
 and copper foundries and workshops ; exports wine, brandy, oil, 
 fruit, &c. ; imports wood, coal, hemp, salt. T. was originally a 
 Roman colony {Telo Martius), where the Romans established a 
 trade in purple dye, hence the name Martins. It was taken 
 by the Constable of Bourbon in 1524, and by the Emperor 
 Charles V. in 1536. It was given up to the English in August 
 1793 ; in December of the same year it was taken by the 
 French republicans after a memorable siege, during which 
 Napoleon I. commenced his military career. Mean temp. , Jan. 
 46.4°F. , July 77.0°. Comm. P. (1872) 69,127; tn. P. 59,808; 
 (1891) 77,700. 
 
 Toulon, vil., U.S., Illinois, Stark co., 30 m. NW. by N. 
 Peoria. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tonlon-sur-Arronx, tn., France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, arr. 
 Charolles, 15 m. SW. by W. Le Creuzot. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Toulouse, ancient Tolosa, city, France, cap. dep. Haute- 
 Garonne, cap. arr. T., on the Garonne, on the Canal-du-Midi, 
 and on the railway to Cette, 130 m. SE. Bordeaux, 29 m. S. 
 by E. Montauban. Lat. of new observatory 43° 36' 45.3" N., 
 long. 1° 27' 24" E. The town is subject to serious inundations 
 (e.g., 1855, 1875). The most celebrated edifice is the capitol, 
 said to have been founded in the time of Galba, but much of 
 it is comparatively modern. T. has a cathedral, a university 
 academy, school of artillery, an academy of 'floral games,' 
 national academy of sciences, older than that of Paris, and 
 many important monuments and works of art, particularly the 
 church of St. Sernin, one of the most beautiful Roman basilicas 
 in existence, and a library of 65,000 volumes. It is the entre- 
 pot for the commerce between the interior of France and 
 Spain, and has a national manufacture of tobacco, a cannon 
 foundry, iron and copper foundries, carriage factories, and 
 manufactures paper, stained glass, and many other articles ; 
 has brandy distilleries, and great trade in grain and wine. It is 
 one of the most ancient cities of Gaul, and was for some time 
 cap. of the Visigoths. In 1732 it was taken by the Saracens. 
 The battle of Toulouse, in which Wellington defeated the 
 French under Soult, was fought on April 10, 1814. Alt. 636 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 54.8° F. , Jan. 41.0°, July 71.2° ; rfall. 23.62 in. 
 Comm. P. (1872) 124,852; city P. 114,025; (1891) 149,800. 
 
 Toulouse, vil. , France, dep. Jura, arr. Lons-le-Saunier, i m. 
 ESE. Sellieres ; iron-mine worked. P. <20cio. 
 
 Toungoo, tn. , Burma. See Taung-ngu. 
 
 Touques, vil., France, dep. Calvados, arr, Pont-l'Evgque, i 
 m. SSE. Trouville ; fairly busy port ; formerly one of the chief 
 ports of shipment for England. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Touques, coast riv. , France, Normandy, flows nearly N. into 
 the estuary of the Seine; scarcely navigable. Length, 67 m.; 
 area of basin, 520 sq. m.; ordinary discharge, 189 cubic ft. 
 
 Tour, P.O., Ire., co. Limerick, 5 m. from Newport. 
 
 Tour, AlguUle du, mt., France, dep. Haute-Savoie, close 
 to the frontier of Swiss cant. Valais, 13 m. NE. Mont Blanc. 
 Alt. 11,580 ft. 
 
 Touraine, former prov. of France, now embraced chiefly in 
 dep. Indre-et-Loire ; cap. >Tours. 
 
 Touran, seapt. , Annam. See Turau. 
 
 Tourcolng, tn. , France, dep. Nord, 2 m. NW. Roubaix, arr. 
 and 7^ m. NE. by N. Lille ; important woollen and cotton 
 manufactures, for the former of which, called parmes, serges, 
 camelots, &c. , the town was already famous in the Middle Ages. 
 Comm. P. (1872) 43,300; tn. P. 30,300; (1891) 65,500. 
 
 Tour>d'Algues, La, tn. , France, dep. Vaucluse, arr. Apt, 3 
 m. NE. Pertuis ; has silk spinning and throwing. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tour-d'Auvergue, La, vil., France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. 
 Issoire, 26 m. SW. Clermont-Ferrand; has auriferous and 
 argentiferous strata. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tour-de-Carol, La, vil., France, dep. Pyr^n^es-Orien tales, 
 arr. Prades, 10 m. W. Saillagouse ; has mineral spring. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Tour-de-Fraiice, La, tn. , France, dep. Pyr6n6es-Orientales, 
 arr. and 13 m. WNW. Perpignan. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Tour-du-Pln, La, tn. , France, dep. Isere, cap. aiT. La 
 Tour-du-Pin, on the Bourbre, 23 m. W. Chamb^ry; lignite 
 worked. Alt. 1045 ft. P. <4000. 
 
 Tonrello, post-tn., Victoria, Talbot co., 49 m. SW. by S. 
 Sandhurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 TourGarnier, La, tn., France, dep. Charente, | m. SSE. 
 Angouleme ; has paper-mills. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tonrlayllle, tn. , France, dep. Manche, arr. and 2^ m. E. Cher- 
 bourg ; has quarries, and iron and copper foundries. P. < 4000. 
 
 Tourlestraue, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Aclare, co. Sligo, 16 m. 
 from Ballymote stn. 
 
 Tourniakeady, PM.O., Ire., co. Mayo, 13 m. from Ballin- 
 robe. 
 
 Tourmeiit, Cape, Canada, Quebec, on the 1. bk. of the riv. 
 St. Lawrence, in 7° 50' W. 
 
 Tournafulla, P.O., Ire. , 7m. from Abbeyfeale, co. Limerick. 
 
 Tournan, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, arr. Melun, 21 
 ra. ESE. Paris. P. < 2000. 
 
 Toumay (Flemish Doornlk), tn. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 
 cap. arr. T., on the Scheldt, 11 m. SE. by E. Roubaix ; see of a 
 bishopric founded 484 ; is noted for tapestry ; has wool and 
 cotton spinning. P. (1866) 31,500; comm. P. (1890) 35,200. 
 
 Tournay, tn. , France, dep. Hautes-Pyr^n^es, arr. Tarbes, 10 
 m. NE. by N. Bagn6res-de-Bigorre. P. <:2ooo, 
 
 Tournebem, tn., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, on the Hem, 
 arr. and 10 m. WNW. St, Omer. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tourneppe, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Brussels. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Tournon, tn. , France, dep. Ardeche, cap. arr. T. , on the r. 
 bk. of the Rh6ne, 33 m. S. Vienne, 10 m, NNW. Valence. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 Tournon d'Ageuais, vil., France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, arr. 
 Villeneuve-sur-Lot, 23 m. NE. by E. Agen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Touriion-St.-Martin, tn., France, on the border of dep. 
 Indre, arr. Le Blanc, on the Suin, 31 m. E. by N. Poitiers. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Tournus, tn., France, dep. Saone-et-Loire, arr. Macon, on 
 the Saone, 16 m. S. by E. Chilon-sur-Saone ; has an ancient 
 and curious church. P. <40oo. 
 
 Touro, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov, and 31 m. S. Corunna, 
 dist. Arzua. P. 6300. 
 
 Touros, vil. and small seapt., about the NE. comer of 
 Brazil, prov. Rio Grande do Norte. 
 
 Tourouvre, tn. , France, dep. Orne, 28 m. ENE. Alen9on, 
 arr. and 7 m. NE. Mortagne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tours, tn., France, dep. Indre-et-Loire, cap. arr. T., on the 
 1. bk. of the Loire, 33 m. WSW, Blois ; archbishopric; manu- 
 factures earthenware and stained glass. It has a Gothic 
 cathedral, with a turreted front, built by Henry V. of England, 
 and numerous schools, museums, learned societies, and a library 
 of 60,000 volumes. It was first called Altionos, then CcBsaro- 
 dunum, then Turones or Turoni, after the people whose chief 
 centre it was. Near T. , Charles Martel gained his great victory 
 over the Saracens in 732 A.D. P. (1872) 43,400 ; (1891) 60,300. 
 
 Tourtemagne, vil. , Switzd. See Turtmann. 
 
 Tourteron, vil., France, dep. Ardennes, arr. Vouziers, 18 
 m. SW. by W. Sedan. P. < 2000. 
 
 TourTllle, cape, Tasmania, on E. ct. , in about 42° 10' S. 
 
 Touvet, Le, tn., France, dep. Isere, in the Isere valley, arr. 
 and 15 m. NE. Grenoble. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tourre, riv. , France, dep. Charente, joins the Charente \ m. 
 above Angouleme. It is supplied by undergfround passages, 
 still unexplored, from the Tardoire and Bandiat. 
 
 Touzas, baths and springs, Spain, Le6n, prov. Zamora, 
 near the town of Ribadelago. 
 
 Touzeur, tn. , Tunis. See Tuzor. 
 
 Tova, or Na Vatu, reef, in Goro Sea, E. of Moala I., Fiji Is., 
 in 18° 40' S., 179° 33' W. 
 
 Tovar, tn. , Venezuela, Los Andes, 305 m. NE. by N. 
 Bogota. Alt. 5650 ft. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tovarlsova, comm., Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. 
 N^met-Palanka. P. <c4ooo. 
 
 Tovarkovo (Spasskoye), vil., Russia, govt, and 45 m. SE. 
 Tula ; coal-mines. P. < 5000. 
 
 TdT^ros, comm., Hungary, co. Komarom, dist. Tata. P, 
 <:5ooG. 
 
 Tove, riv. , Eng. , rising in the S. of Northamptonshire, and 
 flowing SE. between that county and the county of Buckingham, 
 trib. of the Great Ouse, which it joins on the 1. bk. a httle 
 below Stony Stratford. 
 
 TovU, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, on the Medway, ij m. 
 SSW. Maidstone, included in the pari. bor. of Maidstone, on 
 the SE. R. , PMT. O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Towalla, gold-mining locality, Queensland, Naresco., 27 m. 
 WNW. Geraldton by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tofvanda, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Bradford co. , on the 
 N. Branch of the Susquehanna, 48 ra. NW. by W. Scranton ; 
 manufactures nails, furniture, and toys. P. <500o. 
 
 Towangurr, settlement, Victoria. See Durliani Ox. 
 
 Towan Head, cape, Eng., on the NW. ct. of Cornwall, in 
 50° 26' N. 
 
 Toward Point (tau'ard), cape, Scot., Argyllshire, in the 
 extreme SE. , opposite Rothesay, in 4° 58^' W. ; steamboat 
 pier. PT.O., and PMT. O. (Toward). 
 
 Towcester (tos'ter), par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 8| m. SW. by S. Northampton, on the Northampton & Banbury 
 Junction Rly. ; manufactures shoes and bobbin-lace. Market- 
 day, Tu. P. < 3000. 
 
 Towednack, par., Eng., Cornwall, div, and 2J m. SW. St. 
 Ives. P. <:5oo. See liny Lelant. 
 
 Toweik, Jebel. See Jel»el Towelk. 
 
 1591 
 
T O W E — T R A i:" 
 
 Tower, city, U.S., Minnesota, St. Louis co. , on Lake Ver- 
 million, 72 m. N. by W. Duluth ; in the vicinity are rich iron- 
 mines, first worked in 1884, with an output of about 500,000 
 tons annually. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tower, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co. , 26 m. SW. 
 Pottsville. P. <30oo. 
 
 Tower City, vil. , U.S., N. Dakota, Cass co. , 42 m. W. 
 Fargo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tower Hamlets, pari. bor. in the E. of London, Eng. , 
 comprising 7 divs. ; namely, Whitechapel, St. George, Lime- 
 house, Poplar, Bow and Bromley, Mile End, and Stepney. 
 P. 451.900. 
 
 Tower Hill,, post-settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, co. 
 Charlotte, 10 m. from St. Stephen. 
 
 Tower Hill, stn. , Eng. , Devonshire, on the L. & SW. R. , 
 4 m. NNE. Launceston. 
 
 Towersey, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 7 m. SW. 
 Aylesbury, i^ m. E. Thame stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Toweyk, plateau, Arabia. See Jebel Towelk. 
 
 Tow^le, par. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, on the r. bk. of the 
 Don, 17J m. SSW. Huntly, 9 m. W. by S. Alford stn. ; 12,150 
 ac. P. < 750. 
 
 Towltta, vil, S. Australia, Eyre co., 40 m. NE. by E. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tow Law, tn., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 8 m. 
 NW. Bishop Auckland, on the NE. R. ; has iron-works and 
 coal-mines. PMT.O. P. < 5000. 
 
 Towneley, stn., Eng., Lancashire, near Burnley, on 
 L. & Y. R. 
 
 To-wner, CO. , U.S., N. Dakota, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 in the E. by 99° W. 
 
 Towner, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, McHenryco., 108 m. 
 N. by E. Bismarck. 
 
 Town Green and Anghtou, stn., Eng., Lancashire, div. 
 and 2 m. SW. Ormskirk, on the L. & Y. R. 
 
 To-wnliead, eccles. par., Scot., Glasgow. P. 13,800. 
 
 Townhead, P.O., Scot, Kirkcudbrightshire, 2 m. NW. 
 Castle Douglas. 
 
 Townhead Reservoir, Scot. , Stirlingshire, 8 m. N. by W. 
 Airdrie. 
 
 Townhlll, vil. , Scot. , Fife, i| m. NE. by N. Dunfermline ; 
 has coal-mines. PMT.O. P. <200o. 
 
 Townley Hall, P.O., Ire., co. Louth, 5 m. NW. Drogheda. 
 , Town R4)w, P.O., Eng., i m. from Rotherfield, Sussex. 
 ( Towns, CO., U.S., Georgia, on N. frontier, E. of 84° W. 
 
 Townsend, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Norfolk co. , on a 
 railway, 31 m. SW. Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 ToTvusend, co. , New South Wales, bounded on the S. by 
 the Murray R. , and crossed by 145° E. 
 
 Townsend, vil., U.S., Delaware, Newcastle co., 30 m. 
 SSW. Wilmington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Townsend, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 20 m. 
 W. by N. Lowell. P. < 2000. 
 
 Townsend, Cape, Queensland, NE. part of Shoalwater Bay, 
 in about 22° 15' S. 
 
 Townsend, Monnt. See Australian Alps and Kosciusko. 
 
 Townsend Inlet, gulf, U.S., New Jersey, Cape May co., on 
 the E. ct. , in 39° 7' N. 
 
 Townshend, P. O. , Eng. , Cornwall, 4 m. from Hayle. 
 
 Townstall, vil., Eng., Devonshire. See Dartmontli. 
 
 TownsTlUe, fortified tn. and port, Queensland, Elphinstone 
 CO. , on the E. ct. , on Cleveland Bay at mouth of Ross Creek, 
 which is spanned by a swing bridge 550 ft. in length, 100 m. 
 NW. by W. Bowen, in 19° 10' S. The principal city in N. 
 Queensland ; see of an Anglican bishop ; terminus of railway 
 which extends SW. to Hughenden, 236 m. Meat export and 
 other industries. Several public buildings ; large immigration 
 barracks on Ross I. Has large shipping trade, although vessels 
 have at present to lie nearly 3 ni. from shore. Extensive im- 
 provements are in progress ; two large breakwaters have been 
 constructed, of which the eastern one, 4088 ft. in length, was 
 completed in 1889. P. 8600. 
 
 Townrllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Crawford co.; manu- 
 factures wooden ware. P. -cisoo. 
 
 Town Yetbolm, Scot. See Yetholm. 
 
 Towong, post-tn. , Victoria, Benarabra co., on riv. Murray, 
 in 36° 10' S. , 148° i' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Towson, tn. , U.S., Maryland, co. and 7 m. N. Baltimore. 
 P. -CI 500. 
 
 Towttaorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., 18^ m. SW. by S. Scarborough, ij m. N. Sledmere and 
 Timber stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Towthorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div. , on the Foss, 5 m. NNE. York, ^ m. ENE. Haxby 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Towton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., loi m. SW. York, i^ m. S. by E. Stutton stn.; here was 
 fought a great battle between the Houses of York and Lancaster 
 in 1461. P. <25o. 
 
 Towy, riv., Wales, rises in the E. of Cardiganshire, flows S. 
 1592 
 
 along the E. border of that county, then SW. through Car- 
 marthenshire, passing Llandovery and Carmarthen, and enters 
 Carmarthen Bay by a small estuary. 
 
 Towyn, eccles. par., Wales, Denbighshire, Abergele and St. 
 George pars. , P. O. P; <5oo. 
 
 Towyn, par. , market-tn. , and watering-place, Wales, Merio- 
 nethshire, 14 m. SW. by S. Dolgelly, on the Cambrian Rly. ; its 
 fine beach affords excellent bathing ; slate and stone quarries. 
 Here is a large secondary school for boys and girls. The church, 
 founded by St. Cadfan in the 6th century, contains St. Cadfan's 
 stone. PMT.O. Market-day, F. 22,932 ac. P. < 3500. 
 
 Towyn Point, cape, Wales, Carmarthenshire, 9 m. W. by N. 
 Llanelly. 
 
 Toxteth, East and West, two divs. in the S. of the pari. bor. 
 of Liverpool. East T., P. 63,700; West T., P. 64,700; tn. (T. 
 Park) P. 21,000; par. P. 128,400. 
 
 Toy, P.O., Ire., 2 m. from Killyleigh, co. Down, 5 m. from 
 Crossgar stn. 
 
 Toyabe Kange, meridional mt. range, U.S., in middle of 
 Nevada, Nye and Lander cos. , withformerly famous Austin mines. 
 
 Toyama, tn. , Japan, Honshiu, near the N. ct. , 126 m. SW. 
 Niigata. The centre of commerce in this dist. ; has a great 
 number of Chinese traders, manufacturers, and doctors. P. 
 (1890) 58,600. 
 
 Toyd Farm with Alleiiford, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, 8^ ra. 
 SW. Salisbury. P. <25o. 
 
 Toyiitou, All Saints and St. Peter, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., the former 13 m. NNE. 
 Boston, i^ m. SSW. Spilsby stn., P.O. (T. All Saints). P. 
 (of each) < 500. 
 
 Toyuton, High and Low, two adjacent pars. , Eng. , Lincoln- 
 shire, S. Lindsey div., the former 11 J m. SSW. Louth, ij m, 
 E. Horncastle. P. (of each)<25o; eccles. par. (High T.) P. < 
 250. See Mare-hamon-the-Hill. 
 
 Toyohashl, tn., Japan, Honshiu, 95 m. E. Kyoto. P. 11,500. 
 
 Toyo-oka, tn. , Japan, Honshiu, 65 m. NNW. Kobe. P. 6300. 
 
 Toza, one of the six provs. of Nankaido, Japan, Sikok I. 
 
 Tozer, tn. and oasis, S. Tunis, 113 m. W. Gabes, near the N. 
 shore of the great Shott. P. (with villages of the oasis) 7000. 
 
 Tozograne, vil., Tunis, 38 m. E. by N. Tunis. 
 
 Trabada, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. and 40 m. NNE. 
 Lugo, dist. Rivadeo. P. <4000. 
 
 Trabezon, Turkish Armenia. See Treblzond. 
 
 Trabla, tn. , on the N. ct. of Sicily, prov. and 18 m. SE. by 
 E. Palermo. P. (comm.) 5800. 
 
 Trabolgan, par., Ire., SE. ct. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 4J m. 
 SE. Queenstown. P. <25o. 
 
 Traboujy, tn. , Madagascar, 190 ni. NW. by W. Tamatave. 
 
 Tracadle, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Gloucester co., on 
 the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 99 m. ESE. of the W. end of Chaleur 
 Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tracadle, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Antigonish co. , on St. 
 George's Bay, 50 m. E. by S. Pictou. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Trachenberg, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Militsch, 25 
 m. N. by W. Breslau. P. <4000. 
 
 Trachinia, tn. , Italy. See Terraclua. 
 
 Trachselwald, vil., Switzd. , cant, and 14 m. ENE. Bern. 
 
 Tractou, par.. Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Kinalea, 7 m. SSW. 
 Queenstown ; 5862 ac. P. <: 1000. 
 
 Tracy, isl. , Pacific. See Taltnpu. 
 
 Tracy, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Lyon co., 106 m. W. Mankato 
 by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tracy, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Grundy co., 30 m. NW. by W. 
 Chattanooga ; coal-mining and coke-burning carried on. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Tra«late, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 11 m. WSW. Como. 
 P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Tradouws Pass, pass across the Lange Bergen, Cape Colony, 
 about 130 m. E. Cape Town. 
 
 Traer, tn. , U.S., Iowa, Tama co. , 47 m. WNW. Cedar 
 Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Traetto, tn. , Italy. See Nlnturno. 
 
 Trafalgar, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Halton co. , 19 m. NE. 
 by N. Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Trafalgar, cape, S. ct. Spain, 27 m. SSE. Cadiz. In the 
 memorable engagement off Cape T., Oct. 21, 1805, the English, 
 under Lord Nelson, who was killed in the action, gained a 
 complete victory over the combined French and Spanish fieets. 
 
 Trafford, Old. See Old TralTord. 
 
 Tragbal Pass, Kashmir, overlooking the vale of Kashmir 
 from the NW. on the road to Gilgit. 
 
 Traghcn, oasis, Tripoli, Fezzan, 40 m. E. by N. Murzuk, 
 before which it was the cap. of Fezzan. 
 
 Tralanglas, par. , Wales, Brecknockshire, union and 10 m. 
 W. Brecknock; 16,231 ac. P. <50o. 
 
 Tralaiimawr, par. , Wales, Brecknockshire, union and 10 m. 
 W. Brecknock; 5890 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tralguen, tn., S. Chile, prov. Malleco, 45 m. S. Angol, 
 no m. S. by E. Concepcion, with which it is connected by rail. 
 P. <3000. 
 
TRAI — TRAN 
 
 Traill, CO., U.S., N. Dakota, on the E. frontier, between 47° 
 and 48° N. , and bounded on the E. by the Red R. 
 
 Tralsklrchen, vil., Lower Austria, 15 m. S. by W. Vienna. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Tralsmaner, vil. , Lower Austria, 30 m. W. by N. Vienna, 
 on the Traisen R. , 2 m. S. of the Danube. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Trajan, Val de, old entrenchments in Roumania and 
 Bessarabia ; the best known are those of the Dobruja. 
 
 Trajanopolis , site of ruins, Asia Minor, 31- m. W. Afium 
 Karahissar. 
 
 Trajectus ad Mosam, ancient name of Maastricht {q.v. ). 
 
 Trakatla, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. (sanjak) and 15 m. 
 W. by S. Constantinople. 
 
 Tralee, par. , civic, market, and seapt. tn. , Ire. , chief business 
 centre of co. Kerry, bar. Trughanacmy, at the head of T. 
 Bay (length, 15 m.; breadth at entrance, 7 m. ), 15 m. SW. by 
 S. Listowel, 16 m. NNW. Killarney, on the G. S. & W. and 
 Waterford & Limerick Rlys. ; has large infantry barracks ; chief 
 exports, grain and butter. Vessels of 300 tons can discharge 
 at the town by means of a ship-canal ; large vessels anchor at 
 Blennerville, i\ m. below, and at Samphire Is. , 6 m. westward. 
 Market-days, Tu. and S. Par. 4605 ac. , P. 8700 ; tn. P. 9300. 
 
 Trallong, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, on riv. Usk, 5 m. 
 W. by N. Brecknock, ij m. W. Aberbran stn., P.O. (Tralong). 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Tramaycs, tn. , France, on the S. border of dep. Saone-et- 
 Loire, 32 m. NE. by E. Roanne, arr. and 11 m. W. Macon. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Tramelaui, Tpper, vil., Switzd. , cant. Bern, 3 m. NE. 
 Courtelary. P. <:4ooo. Lower Tramelan, J m. to the E. 
 
 Trainlu, tn. , Austria, Tirol, 13 m. SW. by S. Botzen. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Tram Inn, stn. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , on the G. 
 W. R., 5 m. SW. by S. Hereford, PMT.O. 
 
 Traniore, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co., on Round 
 Lake, 88 m. W. by N. Ottawa. P. < 150c. 
 
 Traiuore, tn.. Ire., SE. ct. co. Waterford, bar. Middlethird, 
 bathing-place on NW. side of T. Bay (an inlet between two 
 bold headlands, 4 m. by 3 m. ), 7 m. S. Waterford ; connected 
 by rail with Waterford. PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tramntola, tn. , Italy, prov. and 24 m. SSW. Potenza. P. 
 (comm.)<400o. 
 
 TrancaH, vil., Argentine Republic, Tucuman, 40 m. N. by 
 W. Tucuman. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tranent', par. and tn. , Scot., Haddingtonshire, 3J m. E. 
 Musselburgh, close to Prestonpans stn.; an iron-foundry, manu- 
 facture of agricultural implements, and collieries in vicinity. 
 P.O. Par. 5919 ac, P. 5500; tn. P. <:25oo. 
 
 Trangan, isl., Eastern Archipelago, one of the Aru Is., SW. 
 of Kobrur I. 
 
 Trangte, post-tn. , New South Wales, co. Narromine, 321 m. 
 NW. Sydney by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 TrangiSTaag, port, E. ct. of Sudero I., Faroe Is.; coal-mines 
 in the neighbourhood. 
 
 Trani, maritime tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. Bari, on the coast, 
 47 m. E. by S. Foggia ; has trade in wine and olive-oil. Its 
 port, very important in the time of the Crusades, is now silted 
 up. P. (1871)24,400; (1881) 27,200. 
 
 Tranmere, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, included in the pari. bor. 
 of and i^ m. S. Birkenhead. P. 30,700. 
 
 Tranninh, mountainous region, Indo-China penin. , Laos 
 country, very undulating, including some fertile plateaux, be- 
 tween 18° 3o'-2o° 20' N. Approximate area, 5800 sq. m. 
 
 Tranqnebar, seapt. tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Tanjore, 
 on the E. ct., 22 m. N. Negapatam. The S. Indian Rly. has 
 diverted trade from T. to Negapatam. It has a curious old fort 
 enclosing all the European houses ; the first Protestant mission 
 settlement in India. The Danish Company obtained T. in 
 1616. P. <50oo. 
 
 TranqnlUe, stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the 
 C. P. R. , about 120° 40' W. , 1240 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, 242 
 m. E. Vancouver. 
 
 Trans-Alal Mountains. See Alal and Pamirs. 
 
 Trans-Andlne Railway. See Uspallata. 
 
 Transbaikalia (Zabalkalskaya Oblast), prov. of Russia, 
 E. Siberia, to the E. of Lake Baikal, has Irkutsk on W. , 
 Yakutsk on N. , Amur on E. , and Mongolia on S. The Yablono- 
 voi Mts. , which run NE. from the sources of the Kerulen to 
 the bend of Olekma, in 56° N. , separating the higher terrace of 
 the High Plateau from the lower terrace, divide it into two parts. 
 The higher terrace is fringed on the NW. by a high border ridge, 
 which reaches 6900 ft. in Khamardaban (in the S. of Lake 
 Baikal), and is pierced by the broad valley of the Selenga, which 
 bifurcates and makes two broad trenches, leading from Lake 
 Baikal to Urga on the S., and to Verkhneudinsk on the E. 
 Further NE. the north-western border ridge of the higher terrace 
 appears as the Barguzin Mts. , 7000-8000 ft. high (on 1. bk. of 
 Barguzin R.), and the South Muya and Chara Mts. (6000-7000 
 ft.). Apart from the first-named bifurcated trench and the 
 valleys of the Chikoi and Khilok which join it, the higher 
 
 terrace of the plateau is quite unsuitable for agricultural settle- 
 ments. It attains a level of 3000-3500 ft. , and the low ranges 
 of hills which intersect it rise 1500-2000 ft. above the plateau. 
 It is partly covered with forests, marshes, and prairies. The 
 Yablonovoi Khrebet, 5000-6000 ft. high (8250 ft. in Sokhondo 
 Mt.), separates this upper terrace from the lower terrace, which 
 has an alt. of 2000-2500 ft. , and both for its climate and vege- 
 tation (Daurian flora) is an intermediate link between Siberia 
 and the Amur region. It is intersected by several parallel ridges 
 of mountains, running SW. to NE. (Nerchinsk Mts., Arguii 
 Mts.), containing the silver and lead mines of Nerchinsk, as 
 well as rich deposits of auriferous alluvium and diluvium, and 
 representing folds of Devonian and perhaps Silurian deposits, 
 with Jurassic fresh-water, and occasionally coal-bearing deposits, 
 in their valleys. Transbaikalia is watered by the affluents of 
 Lake Baikal: the Selenga, which receives the Chikoi, Khilok, 
 and Uda, the Barguzin and the upper Angara, the Vitim (an 
 affluent of the Lena), and its tribs., the Karenga, Tsipa (rich 
 gold-diggings), Muya, Kalar, and Kalakan ; and the affluents 
 of the Amur, .Shilka (formed by Onon and Chita), and Argun, on 
 the frontier with Mongolia. Of lakes, it has Lake Baikal on its 
 W. boundary, Gusinoye on SW., Baunt in N., and very many 
 small lakes. The climate of Transbaikalia is best characterised 
 by the following average temps. : Kultuk, yr. 33°, Jan. - 1°, 
 July 62° ; Selenginsk, yr. 35°, Jan. — 10°, July 76° ; yearly rfall. 
 4.6 in.; Barguzin, yr. 32.5°, Jan. -22°, July 72°; Chita, yr. 32°, 
 Jan. -15°, July 75 ; yearly rfall. 12.6 in. ; Nerchinskiy Zavod 
 (53 yrs.), yr. 31°, Jan. - 17°, July 72°; yearly rfall. 12.2 in. 
 (summer and autumn, 10.9 in.). Population very sparse, but 
 pretty dense in certain valleys, and increasing on the lower ter- 
 race (Nerchinsk). Russians mixed with nearly 150,000 Buryats 
 and Tung^ses. Agriculture very insufficient, except among 
 the Nonconformists in SW. Cattle-breeding everywhere, the 
 horses grazing on the prairies all the winter through, but suffer- 
 ing much from snowstorms in spring. Hunting and considerable 
 fishing in Lake Baikal (value ;^20,ooo). Gold-digging in the 
 dist. of Nerchinsk, on the upper Tsipa, and in SW. A few 
 silver-mines of the crown. Almost no manufactures. Active 
 trade with Mongolia. Tea trade at Kyatkhta, and transport of 
 tea. Only two main roads cross Transbaikalia ; one goes from 
 Irkutsk round the S. ct. of Lake Baikal, where it has been 
 cut through the mountains, to the mouth of the Selenga, and 
 thence S. to Kyakhta and E. to Chita. From Chita it is con- 
 tinued on to Nerchinsk and Sryetensk, whence navigation begins 
 to the Amur. Another road leads from Chita to the Argun 
 prairies and Nerchinskiy Zavod. The remainder are mere 
 bridle paths. The Baikal is crossed by sledge in winter, and by 
 steamer in summer, to avoid the great bend of the highroad 
 around the lake. The Siberian Rly. meets accordingly with 
 great difficulties around Lake Baikal and on the lower Shilka. 
 Divided into five dists. : Chita (cap. of prov.), Barguzin, Ner- 
 chinsk, Selenginsk, and Verkhneudinsk, all merely large villages. 
 Kyakhta, Nerchinskiy Zavod, and Sryetensk are next in impor- 
 tance. Large convict prison at Kara. Area, 236,868 sq. m. P. 
 (1882)497,760; (1890)545,340. 
 
 Transcasplau Territory (Zakasplyskaya Oblast), terr. 
 recently annexed by Russia, in the E. of the Caspian Sea, is 
 bounded on the N. by prov. Uralsk, on NE. by Khiva and 
 Bukhara, on SE. by Afghan Turkistan, and on S. by the high- 
 lands of Afghanistan and Khorassan. The Kopet-dagh (or 
 Kopepet-dagh), a chain 600 m. long and 2000 to 5000 ft. high, 
 bearing the names of Kuryanin-kara and Great Balkans in the 
 vicinity of the Caspian, and of Little Balkans, Kyuren-dagh, 
 Kopepet-dagh, Kosty-dagh, Asilma, and Zaryn-kul Mts. 
 further SE. , separates it from the highlands of Khorassan, with 
 a broad valley between this chain and the border ridge of the 
 Iranian plateau (Altah-dagh and Binahend, 9000 to 11,000 ft.), 
 two rivers flowing in opposite directions in this valley, the 
 Atrek into the Caspian, and the Keshef-rud into the Murgh-ab. 
 This outer wall of the Khorassan plateau, similar in structure to 
 the Caucasus chain, of which it also maintains the direction, 
 rises steeply above the T. deserts to 6000 and 9000 ft. in the SE. 
 (with passes 5000 to 8500 ft., and seldom only 3500 ft.), and 
 from 2000 to 6000 ft. towards the Caspian. A loess terrace, 
 Atok ('mountain base'), ranging 10 to 20 m. in width, borders 
 it, and is very fertile when it is irrigated by water drawn from 
 the streams flowing from the mountains. Along this strip of 
 land the oases of the terr. are disposed (Kizil-arvat, Akhal, Ask- 
 abad, Lutfabad, Kaakhka, and Sarakhs). Another oasis occurs 
 at Merv, on the area watered by canals drawn from the Murgh-ab, 
 and in the W. of it the small oasis of Tejefi, watered by Tejen 
 R. , or Heri-Rud. Apart from these narrow strips of irrigated 
 land, the T. terr. is a desert, covered with shifting sands in 
 the W. , with barkhans or dunes, now mostly motionless and 
 covered with vegetation, elsewhere, and with takyrs, or surface 
 covered with clay, hard in dry weather, and often impassable 
 after heavy rains. In these takyrs wells are sunk along the 
 caravan routes, while their outer borders are diversified by 
 copses of tamarisk. Very numerous shors, or elongated depres- 
 sions, their bottom covered with sand impregnated with brackish 
 
 1593 
 
TRAN — TRAV 
 
 water, intersect the desert, appearing like old beds of rivers, 
 but they are in reality the remains of elongated brackish lakes. 
 The chief of them is the Uzboi, which runs S. from the delta of 
 the Amu to the Igdy well, and thence westwards to the Caspian, 
 and was once considered as an old bed of the Amu (Oxus), 
 which was supposed to have flowed into the Caspian at a time 
 when this sea had already been reduced to its present narrow 
 limits. Countless other shors intersecting the Transcaspian 
 desert were also taken for old beds of rivers. It is now known 
 that the supposed old bed of the Oxus, as far as the Sary- 
 kamysU lakes (a depression 130 m. long, 70 m. wide, and 280 
 ft. below the level of Lake Aral at its bottom ; filled with Aral- 
 Caspian shells), which is only 135 m. from Lake Aral, was 
 formerly occupied by the Caspian, and at a later epoch by elon- 
 gated brackish lakes, which continued to subsist at the foot of 
 the Ust'-Urt plateau (the Chink), while the Caspian was slowly 
 retreating to its present limits. Numerous traces of the Caspian 
 having formerly penetrated far to the E. so as to receive the Syr 
 and the Amu are found also in other parts of T. Terr. The Kelif- 
 Uzboi in the S. is a survival of that period as regards the Amu, 
 at a period when it joined the Murgh-ab and the Tejeia before 
 entering the Caspian, which then extended eastwards to about 
 60° E. Population consists of 255,000 Turkomans, 44,400 Kirg- 
 hizes mostly on the Ust'-Urt, 9400 Persians (at Luftabad and 
 Shilgyan) and Caucasian Tatars, about 3400 Armenians and 
 some 2200 other indigenes, and 22,000 Russian peasants, settled 
 in the villages Hermab, Kozelnoye, Kul-kulab, and Skobelevka. 
 Until lately the chief occupation of the Turkomans was cattle- 
 breeding, with some agriculture, and robbery. Their bands 
 ravaged the villages of Afghan Turkistan. Since the Russian 
 conquest in 1887 they have settled down to agriculture in 
 the oases and cattle-breeding. The Akhal and Arakadzh oases 
 (Atok) have nearly 42,000 Tekke-Turkomans, who grow wheat, 
 barley, lucerne, and some cotton, and have begun sericulture. 
 The oasis of Merv is inhabited by nearly 160,000 Akhal-Tekkes, 
 and the Tejeii oasis has about 7500 inhabitants. The terr. 
 about Sarakhs (Badghiz, SW. Turkomania), a plateau about 
 2000 ft. high, intersected by hills rising 500 to 600 ft. above it, 
 and fertile on the slopes of the Borkhut Mts. , and along the 
 courses of the rivers, is occupied by some 60,000 Saryks in the 
 oases Yol-otun and Penjdeh, while nearly 5000 tents of Salors 
 are the population of the Sarakhs oasis. On the Caspian littoral 
 the dist. of Krasnovodsk has nearly 15,500 settled inhabitants, 
 and about 3050 tents of nomad Turkomans, the chief settlements 
 being Krasnovodsk, Fort Mikhailovsk, and Chikishlyar, close to 
 mouth of Atrek. The other dist. of the Caspian littoral, Man- 
 gishlak, includes the Ust'-Urt plateau ; chief town, Alexandrovsk. 
 The oases are divided into three dists. : Ashkabad, Merv, and 
 Tejeii. A railway has lately been built from Uzun-ada, on the 
 Caspian (regular steam communication with Baku), via Kizil- 
 arvat, Ashkabad, and Kaakhka, to Merv, and thence to Charjui 
 on the Amu, Bukhara, and Samarkand, whence the line is con- 
 tinued to Andijan, in Fergana, and Tashkend. Area, 214,237 
 sc}. m. P. (1889) exclusive of military, 276,710. 
 
 Transcaucasia. See Caucasus, deneral Lieutenancy of. 
 Transkel, name of all the dists. of Kaffraria between the 
 Kei R. and Natal, one of the most productive regions in this 
 part of Africa ; mostly annexed to Cape Colony in and after 
 1877. 
 Transvaal. See South African RepnMlc. 
 Transylvania, in Ger. SlebenbUrgen, Hungarian Erdely, 
 grand principality. See Hungary. 
 
 Transylvania, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the W., on the S. 
 frontier, crossed in the extreme W. by 83° W. 
 
 Tranwell and High Church, par., Eng., Northumberland, 
 I m. SW. by S. Morpeth, included in the pari. bor. of Morpeth. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Trapanl, the ancient Drepanum, tn. , Sicily, cap. prov. T., 
 on the W. ct. , 16 m. N. by E. Marsala-; manufactures articles 
 of alabaster, mother-of-pearl, and coral. Wine-growing industry 
 at Marsala and neighbourhood. Its port is the fourth in Sicily. 
 Mean temp., yr. 65.9° F. , Jan. 56.0°, Aug. 78.1°. P. (1871) 
 26,900 ; (1886) 33,000. See Sicily and Italy, table. 
 
 Trapezuntum, or Trapezus, seapt. , Asia Minor. See Trebl- 
 zond. 
 
 Traplche, settlement, Argentine Republic, San Luis, 157 m. 
 E. by S. Mendoza, 20 m. NE. San Luis. 
 
 Trapp, P. O. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, 3 m. from Llandilo. 
 
 Trappe, La, celebrated monastery, France, dep. Orne, arr. 
 Mortagne, 7 m. NE. Bazoches-sur-Hoene ; founded in 1140. 
 
 Trappes, vil., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. and 7 m. W. 
 by S. Versailles. P. < 2000. 
 
 Trapraln Law, isolated hill of volcanic origin, Scot., Had- 
 dingtonshire, 4 m. E. Haddington. Alt. 724 ft. 
 
 Traqualr, par., Scot., Peeblesshire, on Quair Water, 6 m. 
 SE. by E. Peebles, i m. S. Innerleithen stn. , PT.O.; 15,327 ac. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Trara, tribe, in W. of Gran, Algeria. 
 
 Traralgon, tp. , Victoria, Buln Buln co., 30 m. W. by S. 
 Sale. P. < 1500. 
 1594 
 
 Trarzas, large Moorish tribe, W. Sahara, on r. (or N.) bk. of 
 the Senegal. 
 
 Trasacco, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Aquila, 38 m. E. 
 Tivoli, formerly on the S. shore of Lake Fucino (q.v. ). P. <30oo. 
 Trasaghis, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. Udine, 4 m. W. 
 Gemona. P. < 4000. 
 
 Traslmeiio, lake, central Italy, Umbria, 10 m. W. Perugia. 
 Great victory of Hannibal over the Romans under Flaminius in 
 the vicinity in 217 B.C. Alt. 845 ft.; length, 11 m.; breadth, 8 
 m. ; greatest depth, 25 ft. 
 
 Trasparga, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 19 m. NW. 
 Lugo, dist. Villalba. P. 9400. 
 
 Trad, tn. , Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on the coast, 9 m. 
 W. Spalato. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Trauu, riv., Austria, rises on the Gross-Hochkasten, in NW. 
 of Styria, flows first WSW. through the Grundel-see and the 
 Koppen-thal into the head of Lake Hallstadt (Upper Austria), 
 then N. through that lake and Lake Traun (Traun-see or 
 Gmunder-see, 8 m. long ; depth, 623 ft.; alt. 1385 ft.), and finally 
 into the Danube a few miles below Linz ; celebrated for its trout. 
 Length, 100 m. 
 
 Traunklrchen, vil.. Upper Austria, 32 m. WSW. Steyr, on 
 the W. side of Lake Traun. P. <20oo. 
 
 Trannsteln, tn., Ger., in the SE. of Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Bavaria, cap. circle T. , 19 m. W. by N. Salzburg; has salt 
 springs and baths supplied with salt water by an aqueduct from 
 Reichenhall. Alt. 1940 ft. P. 5300. 
 
 Trantenau, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 40 m. ESE. Reichenberg; 
 has flax-spinning and weaving. Victory of Prussians over 
 Austrians, June 27 and 28, 1866. Alt. 1400 ft. P. 11,200. 
 
 Travancore, native state in extreme SW. of India, somewhat 
 smaller than Wales, associated with the presidency of Madras, 
 extending from Cape Comorin to 10° 22' N. (on the coast 9° 
 48' N.), where it borders on the state of Cochin, 175 m. N. to S. 
 by 20-70 m. E. to W. Surface mainly mountainous. A strip 
 of flat country, covered with coco-nut and areca-nut palms, and 
 in great part traversed close to the coast (especially in the N.) 
 by a line of navigable lagoons, extends about 10 m. inland, and 
 is succeeded eastwards by the forest-clad Anamalai and Car- 
 damom Hills (so-called), rising in the NE. of the state to the 
 peak of Anamudi or Anaimudi (8850 ft.), and containing cool, 
 healthy, and fertile plateaux, some at the height of more than 
 7000 ft. The climate is that of the Western Ghdts generally, 
 characterised by abundant rains in the summer monsoon. (See 
 India, Climate, more particularly the close of this section on p. 
 716. ) All the products of S. Madras are grown here, and car- 
 damoms may be specially mentioned as an important product 
 of the hills to which they give name. Cap. Trivandrum ; chief 
 seaports, AUeppi, Quilon, and Kolachel. The state has long 
 been noted for the high character of its administration. 
 Education is at a far higher level than anywhere else in India, 
 and is rising year by year. Particular attention is paid to 
 female education, which is now superintended by an English 
 lady-graduate. A large part of the revenue is derived from 
 government forests and tobacco. There is a large expenditure 
 on public works, and schemes are now in hand for the reclama- 
 tion of salt lands in the NW. Area, 6730 sq. m. P. (1891) 
 2,558,000. See Madras, table. 
 
 Trave, riv., N. Germany, Holstein and Liibeck terr., flows E. 
 and enters the Gulf of Liibeck (Baltic) at Travemiinde, forming 
 the lagoon Binnensee. Length, 70 m. 
 
 Travemiinde, tn. and watering-place, Ger., outport of 
 Liibeck, at the mouth of the Trave ; has a harbour of refuge, 
 and herring fishing. P. <20oo. 
 
 Travers, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and i2| m. W. by S. Neuch^tel. 
 The dist. yields the well-known Val de Travers cement. 
 
 Traverse, vil., U.S., Michigan, Grand Traverse co., at the 
 head of the W. Branch of Grand Traverse Bay, 82 m. SW. by 
 S. of the Strait of Mackinac. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Traverse, co. , U.S., Minnesota, on the W. frontier, crossed 
 in the extreme N. by 46° N. 
 
 Traverse Bay, Grand, U.S., Michigan, in the NE. of Lake 
 Michigan, between the cos. Leelanaw and Antrim, in 45° N. 
 
 Traverse Bay, Little, U.S., Michigan, in the NE. of Lake 
 Michigan, in 45° 25' N. 
 
 Traverse Cape, Canada, Prince Edward Island, on the S. 
 ct. , in 63° 36' W. 
 
 Traverse Lake, U.S., Minnesota, 175 m. WNW. Minnea- 
 polis, stretching 30 m. on the boundary between S. Dakota and 
 Minnesota, drained N. by the Sioux Wood R. into the Red 
 River of the North. Alt. 950 ft. (U.S. Engineer Corps). See 
 Big Stone Lake. 
 
 Traversette, Col de la. See Alps, Passes and Railways, 
 I. (6). 
 
 Travers Lake, lake, Canada, Ontario, Nipissing dist., 117 
 m. WNW. Ottawa, drained E. by the riv. Petewawa into the 
 riv. Ottawa. 
 
 Travlnh, tn.. Lower Cochin-China, 58 m. SSW. Saigon. 
 
 Travis, co., U.S., Texas, just N. of 30° N., traversed by the 
 Colorado R. Austin, the cap. of the co. , is also cap. of the state. 
 
TRAV — TREF 
 
 Trnviilk, tn., Bosnia, on the Lasva, cap. prov. T. (area, 4804 
 sq. m.), 47 m. NW. by W. Sarajevo, on a greatly undulating 
 plateau, crossed by parallel chains of the Dinaric Alps. Has 
 a government horse-breeding establishment. Alt. 1655 ft. 
 P. 5900. 
 
 Trawbreaga, or Stratvbreaga Bay, inlet, Ire., on the NE. 
 ct. of CO. Donegal, between Malin Head and Dunaff Head, 
 running SE. from about 7° 21' W. 
 
 Trawden, par. and tn. , Eng., Lancashire, Clitheroe div. , 6 
 m. NE. Burnley, 2I m. ESE. Colne stn., PMT.O. (T. Forest); 
 6808 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Trawenagli Bay, Ire. , in the W. of co. Donegal, in 54° 53' N. 
 
 Trawmore Bay, Ire., NW. co. Mayo, off the NE. of Black- 
 sod Bay. 
 
 Traw.scoe<l, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 5 m. NE. by N. 
 Brecknock. P. <2So. 
 
 Trawscoed, stn. , Wales, Cardiganshire, on the Manchester 
 and Milford Rly. , 7^ m. SE. Aberystwith. 
 
 Trawsfyuydd, par., Wales, Merionethshire, 9 m. ENE. 
 Harlech, on the G. W. R., PM.O.; 31,618 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Trawsmawr, P.O., Wales, 5 m. from Carmarthen. 
 
 Tray town River, riv., Newfoundland, flows NE. into Bona- 
 vista Bay. 
 
 Trazegules, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Charleroi. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Trazo, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 25 m. SSW. Cor- 
 unna, dist. Ordenes. P. <4000. 
 
 Traz-os-Moiites ('behind the mountains'), old prov. and 
 natural region of Portugal, divided ( W. ) from the littoral Entre 
 Douro e Minho by the mountains of Peneda, Gerez-Cabreira, 
 Marao, and (S.) from the Beira by the Douro, and principally 
 drained by affluents of the Douro (Tamega, Corgo, Tua-Sabor). 
 Surface very mountainous, forming, in the whole, a plateau some 
 1500 ft. high. Cattle are reared there to be fattened in Minho. 
 Some of the best Douro (port) vineyards are in this prov. (be- 
 tween rivs. Corgo and Tua). Iron is exceedingly abundant 
 (Moncorvo, 7 m. x ij, Quadramil) ; among other minerals are 
 lead (Sabrozo, Marao), copper (Vimioso), tin (Bragan9a, Code90, 
 Villa Real). See Portugal. 
 
 Treacher Passage. See Knli Babaiig. 
 
 Treadlngstown, par.. Ire., co. and 5 m. SE. Kilkenny, on 
 riv. Nore, bars. Gowran and Shillelogher. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Treadwell, important gold-mining vil. , on the SE. of Douglas 
 I., Alaska, in 58° 14' N., opposite Juneau. 
 
 Trealaw, PM.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. from Porth 
 stn. 
 
 Treales, Roseacre and Wharles, par., Eng., Lancashire, 
 Blackpool div., 6 m. WNW. Preston, i^ m. E. Kirkham stn.; 
 4100 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Treaii, tnld. , Ire. , co. Galway, bar. Ross, on the W. shore 
 of Lough Mask, 13 m. SSE. Westport. P. <25o. 
 
 Treantagh, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Donegal, bar. N. Raphoe, 21 
 m. W. Londonderry, P.O. (Treiitagh). P. <:25o. 
 
 Treantaglimucklagli, electoral div.. Ire., Donegal, dist. 
 Raphoe. 
 
 Treasury, or Mono Island, Brit. Solomon Is. , Pacific, crossed 
 by 7° 22' S. , 155° 35' E. 
 
 Treaty Point, point, W. shore of Tokyo Bay, Japan, 2 m. 
 SE. Yokohama. 
 
 Trebanos, P.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. from Pont- 
 ardawe. 
 
 Trebaseleglie, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. Padua, 6 m. ENE. 
 Campo San Piero. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Trebbla, or Trebla, riv., Italy, rises in the Apennines in 
 Liguria, and flows NNE. and N. through Emilia to the Po, 
 which it joins on the r. bk. just above Piacenza ; celebrated for 
 the victory of Hannibal over the Romans, B.C. 218. Length, 
 71 m. ; area of basin, 392 sq. m.; discharge, mean 900 cubic ft. 
 per second, highest 35,300 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Trebbln, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Teltow, 23 
 m. SSW. Berlin. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Trebecliovlce, tn. , Austria. See Holienbrnck. 
 
 Treblnjt'Ica, riv., Herzegovina, flows mainly NW. (partly 
 underground), and joins the Narenta i m. above Metkovid ; its 
 valley forms the principal line of communication between Monte- 
 negro and Herzegovina. Length, 58 m. 
 
 Trebinje, the ancient Tribulium, fortified tn., Herzegovina, 
 23 m. ENE. Ragusa; has an important strategic position as 
 key to the valley of the TrebinCica. Alt. 900 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Trebltsch, tn., Austria, Moravia, on riv. Iglawa, i8j m. SE. 
 Iglaw ; has horse fair, and manufacture of cloth. P. 10,800. 
 
 Trebizond, or Trabezon, Turkish Tlrabzon, the ancient 
 Trapezuntum or Trapezus, seapt. , in the NE. of Asia Minor, 
 cap. vilayet T. , on the Black Sea, no m. NW. of Erzerum, in 
 39 41' E. It stands on the slope of a hill facing the sea, 
 enclosed by castellated ramparts which still show the trapezoid 
 form whence the city derived its name ; the houses are mostly 
 of one storey, roofed with red tiles, and surrounded by the 
 foliage of gardens and plantations ; outside the walls are several 
 suburbs. The mosque of St. Sophia, about i m. distant, is a 
 
 handsome edifice. Its position has in past time given T. great 
 importance as the entrepot of the trade between Europe and 
 the countries between India and the Black Sea, though this has 
 been at times interrupted, and of late years has declined owing 
 to the opening of other routes. The Persian colony is consider- 
 able, and furnishes almost all the workmen who produce the 
 renowned silver filigree work. At this city Xenophon and the 
 Ten Thousand Greeks reached the sea in their memorable 
 retreat. From 1203 until the subversion of the Eastern Empire, 
 T. was the cap. of an independent dominion, extending from 
 the Phasis to the Halys. No port. Mean temp., yr. 58.3° F. , 
 Jan. 41.4°, July 74.8". P. 35,000; Moham. 19,500; Orthodox 
 Greeks, 8200 ; Armenians, 6000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Trebnltz, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. circle T. , 13 m. N. 
 Breslau. P. 5200. 
 
 Treboetli, P.O. , Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. from Landore. 
 
 Trebon, tn. , Austria. See Wlttlngau. 
 
 Treborongli, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 15 m. 
 N. by E. Tiverton, i^ m. WNW. Combe Row stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Treborth, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., on the 
 L. & NW. R. , 2 m. WSW. Bangor. 
 
 Trebova, ^eskA, comm. , Austria. See Bohmlseh-Truban. 
 
 Trebrys, par., Wales, Denbighshire, union and 9J m. SE. 
 Llanwrst. P. <25o. 
 
 Trebsen, tn., Ger. , kgd. Saxony, on riv. Mulde, circle and 
 17 m. E. by S. Leipzig. P. < 2000. 
 
 Trebujena del Canipo, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 24 m. 
 NNE. Cadiz, dist. Sanlucar de Barrameda. P. (comm. )<40oo. 
 
 Trebnllet, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 5 m. from Launceston. 
 
 Trecasall, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. Parma, 11 m. NE. Borgo 
 San Donnino. P. (comm. ) <4ooo. 
 
 TrecastAgne, tn., Sicily, prov. and 7 m. N. Catania, at S. 
 base of Mount Etna. P. <40oo. 
 
 Trecastle, PM.O., Wales, Brecknockshire, on riv. Usk, 10 
 m. W. Brecknock, 2^ m. WNW. Devynock stn. Trecastle 
 Beacon is 2594 ft. high. 
 
 Trecate, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 5J m. E. Novara ; 
 fine bridge over the Tessin. P. 8300. 
 
 Trecoed, vil. , Wales, Radnorshire. See Dlssertb and T. 
 
 Trecwn, PM.O., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 4 m. from Letter- 
 ston. 
 
 Trede'gar, market-tn. , Eng., Monmouthshire, W. div., 6 m. 
 E. by N. Merthyr-Tydfil, on the L. & NW. and Rhymney Rlys.; 
 has coal-mines. Market-day, S. P. 17,300. 
 
 Tredegar, New, stn. , 4 m. S. , on the Brecon and Merthyr 
 Rly., PMT.O. 
 
 Tredegar Junction, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., on 
 the L. & NW. R. , 7^ m. WSW. Pontypool. 
 
 Tredlngton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 2 m. S. by 
 E. Tewkesbury. P. < 250. 
 
 Tredlngton, par., Eng., in a detached part of Worcester- 
 shire, Evesham div., on the 1. bk. of the Stour, 8 m. SSE. 
 Stratford-on-Avon, P.O. ; 5347 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Tredunnock, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., on the 
 r. bk. of the Usk, 7 m. NE. Newport. P. <25o. 
 
 Treen, PM.O., Eng., Cornwall, 7 m. SW. Penzance. 
 
 Treeton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 3J m. 
 S. by E. Rotherham, on the M. R., PM.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Trefdraetli, par., Wales, Anglesey, 7 m. NW. Carnarvon, 
 I m. ENE. Bodorgan stn. P. < 1000; eccles. par. (T. wltb 
 Llangwyfan) P. < 1000. 
 
 Tref Eglwys, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 9 m. W. 
 Newtown, 3 m. SW. by W. Pontdolgoch stn., PM.O.; 18,547 
 ac. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Trefelnon, stn., Wales, Brecknockshire, on the Cambrian 
 and Merthyr Rlys. , 6| m. ENE. Brecknock. 
 
 Trefelrlg, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, union and near 
 Aberystwith ; 9488 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Treffen, vil. , Austria, Camiola, 27 m. ESE. Laibach. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Trefforest, hamlet, Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., on the 
 Taff, 10 m. NW. by N. Cardiff, with a stn. (Treforest) on the 
 Taff Vale Rly. ; has blast-furnaces. 
 
 Treflfort, vil. , France, dep. Ain, arr. Bourg, 44 m. NE. by 
 N. Lyons, 9 m. NE. by E. Bourg-en-Bresse. P. < 2000. 
 
 Trefgarn, par. , Wales, Pembrokeshire, 5 m. N. Haverford- 
 west, P.O. (Treffgarne). P. <25o. 
 
 Trelilan, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 6 m. NNW. Lam- 
 peter. P. <:25o. 
 
 Treflls, par. , Wales, Brecknockshire, union and 8 ra. SW. 
 Builth ; 7090 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Treflys, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., on the S. 
 ct., 2j m. WSW. Portmadoc. P. <25o. See Crlccletb. 
 
 Trefnant, eccles. par. and stn., Wales, Denbighshire, W. 
 div., on L. & NW. R., 2^ m. N. Denbigh, PMT.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Trefonen, eccles. par. , Eng. , Salop, div. and 2| m. SW. by 
 W. Oswestry, P.O. (Trefonnen). P. < 1500. 
 
 Treforest, stn. , Wales, Glamorganshire. See TreflTorest. 
 
 Trefrlw, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., on the 
 Conway, 9 m. S. Conway, with a stn. (Llanrwst and T.) on 
 
 1595 
 
TREF — TREN 
 
 the L. & NW. R. ; iron pyrites is worked here. PMT.O. P. 
 <.7S°; eccles. par. (T. wltli ManrliychwyBi) P. <iooo. 
 
 Tref«y-Clawdd, tn. , Wales, Radnorshire. See Knighton. 
 
 Trefynant, PM.O. , Wales, i m. from Acrefair, near Ruabon, 
 Denbighshire. 
 
 Tregalau, par., Wales, Anglesey, 8J m. S. Amlwch, i m. 
 ENE. Llangwyllog stn. P. <:25o. See Llaugefiil. 
 
 Tregamlnlon, vil. , Eng. , Cornwall, div. and lo m. S. by E. 
 Bodmin, on the S. ct. , 2 m. WSW. Fowey stn. See Tyward- 
 reatb. 
 
 Tregare, par. , Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 6 m. W. by 
 S. Monmouth, i^ m. N. Raglan stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tregar'on, or Caron ys Claivdd, par. and market-tn. , Wales, 
 Cardiganshire, on the Teifi, 10 m. NE. by N. Lampeter, on the 
 Manchester and Milford Rly., PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. 
 14,142 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tregartta, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Arfon div., on the 
 Llanberis branch of the L. & NW. R. , 3 m. SE. by S. Bangor, 
 P.O. 
 
 Tregaretlian, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 2^ m. NW. 
 by W. Truro. P. <:25o. 
 
 Tregeare, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 6 m. NW. Launceston. 
 
 Tregeirlog, P.O., Wales, Denbighshire, W. div., on the 
 Ceiriog, 6 m. SSW. Llangollen. 
 
 Treguago, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 10 m. NE. Verona. 
 P. (comm. )<4ooo. 
 
 Trego, CO., U.S., Kansas, crossed by 39° N. and 100° W. 
 
 Tiwgonlssey Lane End, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, i m. from 
 St. Austell. 
 
 Tregony, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., on the riv. 
 Fal, 5J^ m. E. Truro, 2J m. S. Grampound Road stn. ; has ruins 
 of the moated castle of the Pomeroys (time of Richard I.). 
 PMT.O. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (T. with Cnhy) P. <75o. 
 
 Tregoyd and Vellndre, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, iij 
 m. NE. by E. Brecknock, close to Glasbury stn. ; 4999 ac. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Tregreham (tre-grem'), or Tregrea, vil., Eng., Cornwall, 
 3 m. NE. St. Austell. 
 
 Tregua, riv., Spain, Old Castille, flows NNE. to the Ebro, 
 which it joins just below Logrono. 
 
 Tr^gnler, tn., France, dep. C6tes du Nord, arr. Lannion, on 
 the Jaudy, 56 m. W. by N. St. Malo, 28 m. NW. St. Brieuc ; 
 a port for vessels of 800 tons, and those preparing for the 
 Iceland cod fishing. P. <3000. 
 
 Tr^nler, dist. , France. See Flnlst^re. 
 
 Tr^gnnc, vil., France, dep. Finistere, arr. Quimper, 3 m. 
 ESE. Concarneau ; has megalithic monuments. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tregwydlr, par. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Llanwrst union ; 
 8609 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 iSregynon, par. , Wales, Montgomeryshire, 4J m. N. by W. 
 Newtown, PM.O. ; 7021 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Treharrls, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, on the G. W. R. 
 and G. W. & Rhymney Joint Rly. , near Pontypridd ; coal 
 mined. PMT.O. 
 
 Treherbert, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, on the Rhondda 
 branch of the Taff Vale Rly. . 8^ m. SW. by W, Merthvr-Tydfil ; 
 coal mined. PMT.O. 
 
 Treheme, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of the 
 C. P. R., 73 m. W. by S. Winnipeg. 
 
 Trelg, Iioch, lake, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the S. , in 4° 
 42^'-45|' W. , drained N. by the riv. Treig into riv. Spean. 
 
 Trelgnar, tn., France, dep. Correze, arr. Tulle, on the 
 V^z^re, 32 m. SE. by E. Limoges ; has pisciculture establish- 
 ment. P. < 2000. 
 
 Trelnta y Tre» ('Thirty-Three'), vil., Uruguay, cap. dep. 
 T. y T. (formed in 1884 out of those of Minas and Cerro 
 Largo; area, 3687 sq. m.), 146 m. NE. Montevideo. 
 
 Treja, tn. , Italy, The Marches, prov. and 7 m. W. Macerata, 
 24 m. SSW. Ancona. P. < 3000. 
 
 Trelawney (or Maroon) Town, par., Jamaica, formerly a 
 small negro republic of the Maroons, between whom and the 
 English a conflict took place in 1795. 
 
 Tr^laz^, tn., France, dep. Maine-et- Loire, on the Authion, 
 arr. and 5 m. ESE. Angers; centre of Angers slate quarries. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Treleach ar Bettws, par., Wales, Carmarthenshire, W. div., 
 8 m. NW. by W. Carmarthen; 11,580 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Trelech, P.O., Wales, near Cardigan, 3 m. from Newcastle 
 Emlyn. 
 
 Trelelgh, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cornwall, Redruth par. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 TrellghtH, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Port Isaac (Cornwall). 
 
 Trellll, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 6i m. N. by 
 W. Bodmin, 5 m. NE. by E. Wadebridge stn. 
 
 Trelleborg, tn. , Sweden, prov. Malmohus, on the S. ct., 15 
 m. S. by E. Malmo; shipping port for cereals. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Trelleck, Trelleck Grange, and Trelleck Township, three 
 adjoining pars. , Eng. , Monmouthshire. T. , S. div. , 4J m. S. 
 Monmouth, 2^ m. W. Bigsweir stn., PM.O., 5001 ac, P. < 
 1000; T. Grange, P. <25o; T. Township, P. <25o. 
 1696 
 
 Tri'lon, tn. , France, dep. Nord, 21 m. WNW. Rocroi, arr. 
 and 9 m. SE. by E. Avesnes. P.<4000. 
 
 Trelystan, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, 3 m. SE. Welsh- 
 pool. P. <25o; eccles. par. (T. with Lelghton) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Tremad'oc, vil. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div. , adjoining 
 Portmadoc on the N. , PM.O. See Ynyscynhalarn. 
 
 Treniadoc Bay, Wales, between Carnarvonshire and Merion- 
 ethshire. 
 
 Tremain, par. , Wales, Cardiganshire, 4 m. ENE. Cardigan. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Tremalne, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 6| m. WNW. 
 Launceston. P. <25o. See Egloskerry. 
 
 Treniblade, La, tn. , France, dep. Charente-Inf^rieure, 14 
 m. SW. by S. Rochefort, arr. and 4 m. SSW. Marennes. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Treniblay-sur-Manldre, Le, vil. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 
 arr. Rainbouillet, 12^™. NE. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <2oc)o. 
 
 Trembles, Les, vil., Algeria, prov. and 28 m. SSE. Oran, 
 arr. Sidi-bel-Abbes. P. <3000 (about iioo Europeans). 
 
 Trembling Lake, Canada, Quebec, drained S. by the riv. 
 Devil into the riv. Rouge. 
 
 Trembowla, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, on riv. Gniezna, 
 17 m. S. by E. Tarnopol. P. 7300. 
 
 Tremelrchlon, P.O., Wales, Flintshire, 3 m. SE. St. Asaph. 
 
 Treme.ssen, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 38 m. E. by N. Posen, 
 circle Mogilno. P. < 5000. 
 
 Treniltl, Isole dl, the ancient Insula DioimdcB, group of 
 islets, Italy, off the E. ct. , in 42° 6'-8' N.; the largest is San 
 Domino. There is a lighthouse on the N. point of the northern- 
 most island. .Area, i| sq. m. 
 
 Tremles, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 30 m. SE. Tabor. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tremone Bay, Ire. , on the NE. ct. of co. Donegal, in 7° 4' W. 
 
 Tremont, tn. , U.S., Maine, Hancock co. , on SE. ct. of Mount 
 Desert I., 20 m. SE. Ellsworth. P. <30oo. 
 
 Tremont, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co. , 35 m. 
 NE. Harrisburg, and 12 m. WSW. Pottsville ; situated in an 
 anthracite coal-mining dist. P. <yyx>. 
 
 Tremp, tn. , Spain, prov. and 40 m. NNE. Lerida, cap. dist. 
 T. ; noted for its wine. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Trempealeau, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, T. co. , on 1. bk. of the 
 Mississippi, 108 m. SE. St. Paul (Minn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Tremworth Bowus, Eng., Kent, 5 m. NE. Ashford ; site 
 of a Roman cemetery. 
 
 Trenance Point, cape, Eng., on the NW. ct. of Cornwall, 
 in 50° 28' N. 
 
 Trench Crossing, stn., Eng., Salop, Wellington div., on the 
 L. & NW. R. , 3 in. ENE. Wellington. 
 
 Trench Lane, P.O., Eng., Shropshire, i m. from Hadley. 
 
 Trencs<^n, spelt by the Germans Trencsln, tn. with magis- 
 tracy, Hungary, on the VAg, cap. co. T. , 68 m. ESE. Briinn. 
 The county is mountainous, traversed by different ranges of the 
 W. Beskids ; soil very fertile, and well cultivated in the valleys ; 
 the heights are covered with forests ; trade in timber. P. 5100. 
 
 Trendelbnrg, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle 
 Hofgeismar, 19 m. N. by W. Kassel. P. <20oo. 
 
 Trenear, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Helston, Cornwall. 
 
 Treneglos, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 8 m. W. by N. 
 Launceston. P. <25o; eccles. par. (T. with Warbstow) 
 P. <:75o. 
 
 Trenewydd, tn., Wales. See Newtown. 
 
 Trenholme Bar, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, on the 
 NE. R., g\ m. S. Stockton. 
 
 Trent, German Trlent, Italian Trento, ancient Tridentum, 
 city, Austria, prov. Tirol, cap. dist. T. , on 1. bk. of the Adige, 
 13 m. NNE. Roveredo, 32 m. SSW. Botzen, 44 m. N. by E. 
 Verona. It is enclosed by high walls, and has an old castle, the 
 residence of its former prince-bishops, a cathedral, the church 
 of Santa Maria Maggiore, in which the Council of Trent met 
 from 1545 to 1563 ; manufactures of silks, leather, sugar, glass ; 
 traffic in corn, wine, iron, and other produce. Southward of T. 
 the German language gives place to the Italian. T. is an essen- 
 tially Italian town, said to have been founded by the Etruscans; 
 it became a Roman colony, and has since passed through a great 
 number of hands. It was taken by the French in 1796 and 1797, 
 and was afterwards cap. of the dep. Adige. Alt. 746 ft. Mean 
 temp, of year 54.3° F. ; summer 69.6°, winter 35.8°. P. (1869) 
 17,073; (1890)21,500. 
 
 Trent, riv. , Canada, Ontario, issues from the NE. of Lake 
 Rice, and winds into the W. end of the Bay of Quints. 
 
 Trent, riv., Eng., through the centre of which it flows, 
 rises on Biddulph Moor, Staffordshire, N. from Burslem, about 
 600 ft. above the sea, flows at first SE. through the centre of 
 the CO. Stafford to its E. border, and thence mostly NE. and 
 N. through the cos. Derby, Nottingham, and Lincoln, and a 
 little N. Burton-on-Stather joins the Ouse to form the estuary of 
 the Humber. Affluents, the Dove, Derwent, Idle, and Tarn 
 from the N. and W. ; Sow, Tame, and Soar from the S. ; 
 navigable to Gainsborough for vessels of 200 tons burden, and 
 for barges as high as Burton, 117 m. It is connected with all 
 the rivers of central England by canals, the principal of which 
 
TRE N 
 
 TRE V 
 
 is the Trent and Mersey Canal. The eager or tidal bore is 
 particularly strong even as high as Gainsborough, and sometimes 
 beyond. Total course, 170 m. ; its basin has an area of 4082 
 sq. m. 
 
 Trent, stn. , Eng. , Derbyshire, on the M. R. , 9^ m. SE. Derby. 
 
 Trent, riv. , Eng. , Dorsetshire. See Paddle. 
 
 Trent, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Nether Compton, Dorsetshire. 
 
 Trent, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 2^ m. NE. by E. 
 Yeovil. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Trent, riv., Tasmania, running into Anderson Bay or Bass's 
 Strait near 147° 30' E. 
 
 Trentagh, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 21 m. W. Londonderry. 
 
 Trent and Mersey NaTlgntlon. See Grand Trunk Canal. 
 
 Trentliani, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Stone union, 3 m. Stoke- 
 upon-Trent, on the N. Staffordshire Rly., PMT.O. ; 7445 ac. 
 P. 10,200. 
 
 Trentliani, tp. .Victoria, Dalhousie co. ,30 m. ENE. Ballarat ; 
 has several mineral springs. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Trentin, part of Tirol, Austria, touching Venetia and Lom- 
 bardy on the S. , E. , and W. ; very fertile, well cultivated, and 
 abounding in mineral springs. Area, 2430 sq. m. 
 
 Trentlshoe, par., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., on 
 the coast, 8 m, E. Ilfracombe. T. Barrow is 1500 ft. high. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Trentola, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. and 11 m. SW. 
 Caserte. P. < 3000. 
 
 Trenton, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Hastings 
 CO., at the mouth of the riv, Trent, 54 m. W. by S. Kingston. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Trenton, vil., U.S., Georgia, Dade co., 13 m. SSE. of NW. 
 corner of state. Alt. 739 ft. (R. R.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Trenton, tn., U.S., Illinois, Clinton co., 30 m. E, St. Louis 
 (Mo.); has coal-mines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Trenton, vil., U.S., Louisiana, Ouachita par., on Red R. , 
 75 m. W. by N. Vicksburg (Miss.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Trenton, vil., U.S., Michigan, Wayne co., on Detroit R., 
 15 m. SSW. Detroit, P. < 1500. 
 
 Trenton, city, U.S., Missouri, Grundy co,, 70m. ENE, St, 
 Joseph. P. 5000. 
 
 Trenton, city, U.S., New Jersey, Mercer co., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Delaware R. , at the head of steamboat navigation, 30 
 m. NE. Philadelphia (Penn.), divided by Assunpink R, into T. 
 and South T. It has picturesque suburbs, a public and state 
 library (45,000 vols. ). It is intersected by Delaware and Raritan 
 Canal, which affords continuous inland navigation to New York, 
 Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Its manufactures are very im- 
 portant ; e.xtensive rolling, wire, woollen, and other large mills, 
 iron-works, tool and railroad-joints works, and chain factories. 
 The pottery, tile, and terra-cotta manufactures constitute the 
 most important industry. First settled in 1680. Here Wash- 
 ington defeated the united British and Hessian forces, 1776. 
 Alt. (lock on Delaware and Raritan Canal) 50 ft. P. (1870) 
 22,900; (1880)29,900; (1890)57,500. 
 
 Trenton, city, U.S., Tennessee, Gibson co., 81 m. NE. by 
 E. Memphis. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Trenton Falls, summer resort, U.S., Oneida co. , 16 m. 
 NE. Utica ; named from the falls, which consist of six cataracts, 
 with a total descent of 312 ft. within 2 m. , amidst grand scenery. 
 
 Trent Vale, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Stoke-upon- 
 Trent par., PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Treorcby, vil. and stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, on the 
 Rhondda branch of the Taff Vale Rly. , 8 m. SW. Merthyr- 
 Tydfil; has coal-mines. PMT.O. 
 
 Trepassey Harbour, inlet, Newfoundland, on the S, ct,, 
 in 53° 20-30' W, T. town and port of entry is 81 m. SW. 
 St. John's. 
 
 Tr^port, Le, tn. and trading and fishing port, France, on the 
 borders of dep. Somme and Seine-Inf^rieure, on the NW. ct. , 
 arr. and 17 m. NE. by E. Dieppe ; frequented for sea-bathing. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Treptow an Rega, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle 
 Greifenberg, on the Rega R., 16 m. SW. by W. Kolberg, P. 
 6300. 
 
 Treptow an Tollense, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle 
 Demmin, 29 m. S. by W. Greifswald. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Trepuzzi, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 8 m. NW. Lecce. 
 P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Tre'r €elrl, Wales, Carnarvonshire. See The Itlvals. 
 
 Trereen Dlnas, or Trereen Castle, promontory, Eng., 
 Cornwall, 7 m. W. Penzance ; formerly a cliff castle, the site 
 of which is marked by mounds. 
 
 Tres Alamos, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Cochise co. , 90 m. 
 NW. from the SE. corner of the state. 
 
 Tres Arroyos, tn. and stn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 
 272 m. SSW. Buenos Aires, cap. dist. T. A. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tresckow, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Carbon co,, 
 37 m. SSW. Scranton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Treseo, or Trescaw, par. and isl., Eng., Cornwall, one of 
 the Scilly Is., PMT.O. P. 315. 
 
 Tres Cocotlers, isl. , Pacific. See Pukararo. 
 
 Trescowe, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 5 m. from Goldsithney. 
 Tres Forcas, cape, Morocco. See Ras-ed-Delr. 
 
 Tres Forqullkas, Ger. colony, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, 
 80 m. NE. by E. Porto Alegre. 
 
 Tresham, vil., Eng., Gloucestershire. See Hawkesbury. 
 
 Treshnlsh Isles, group of basaltic islets, Scot., Argyllshire, 
 to the W. of Mull, in 56° 27'-3i' N. 
 
 TresllUan, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 3 m. NE. Truro. 
 
 Treslotlian, eccles. par., Eng., Cornwall, Camborne div., 
 9 m. E. by S. St. Ives, 2^ m. ESE. Gwinear Road stn. P. <25oo. 
 
 Tres Marias, Las, insular mountain chain parallel to the 
 coast of Jalisco, Mexico. Length, SE. to NW. , 44 m. 
 
 Tresmeer, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 6J m. W. by N. 
 Launceston, on the L, & SW. R. P, <25o. 
 
 Tres Montes, penin. in the SW. of Taytao Penin. , Chile, 
 terminating S. in Cape T. M., and forming the W. side of the 
 Gult'of T. M., in 46^°- 47° S. 
 
 Trespen, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 4 m. from Truro. 
 
 Tres Pletlras, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Taos co. , 62 m. 
 N. Santa F6. 
 
 Tres Plnos, vil., U.S., California, San Benito co., on r. bk. 
 of San Benito, 93 m. SE. San Francisco. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tres Pontas, tn., Brazil, state Minas Geraes, 50 m. NE. 
 Puzo Alegre ; cultivation of cereals, sugar-cane, tobacco, and 
 cotton. P. 4000. 
 
 Tres Puntas, cape, Argentine Republic, in 47° 5' S. 
 
 Tres Pnntas, cape, Venezuela, in about 62° 40' W. 
 
 Tresta, P.O., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Sandsting par., 
 on T. Voe, 9J m. NW. Lerwick. 
 
 Tresta, Wick of, bay, Scot. , Shetland Is. , in the S. of Fetlar I. 
 
 Treswell, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 6^ m. 
 SSW'. Gainsborough, 2 m. WSW. Cottam stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Tre-Tallesln, Wales, Cardiganshire. See Tallesln. 
 
 Tretlre with IMlchaelchurch, par., Eng., Herefordshire, 
 div. and 5^ m. W. Ross, P.O. (Tretlre). P. <25o. 
 
 Treto-wer, eccles. par. , Wales, Brecknockshire, Llanfihangel 
 Cwmdii par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Trets, tn. , France, on the E. border of dep. Bouches-du-Rh6ne, 
 arr. Aix, 20 m. NE. by E. Marseilles ; lignite-mine worked. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Treuchtlingen, market-tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle 
 Franconia, dist. Weissenburg, 20 m. ENE. Nordlingen, on the 
 Altmiihl. Birthplace of Pappenheim, the cavalry leader of the 
 Thirty Years' War. P. < 3000. 
 
 Treuen, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 15 m. SW. by S. 
 Zwickau, dist. Auerbach ; has important manufactures of cotton 
 and woollen goods. Alt. 1545 ft. P. 6500. 
 
 Trenenbrletzen, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle 
 Zauch-Belzig, 25 m. SE. by S. Brandenburg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Trevalga, par., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., on the 
 NW. ct. , 14^ m. N. Bodmin. P. <25o. 
 
 Trevallyn, suburb of Launceston, Tasmania. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Trevenson, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Cornwall. See Illogan. 
 
 Treverbyn, eccles. par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell par. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Treves, vil., France, dep. Gard, arr. Le Vigan, 41 m. NW. 
 by N. Montpellier. P. < 2000. 
 
 Treves (Ger. Trier), city, Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle T., built 
 on the Moselle, in a highly picturesque spot, 60 m. SW. Koblenz, 
 and 48 m. NNE. Metz. Its principal buildings are the cathedral, 
 founded in the 6th century, and containing Christ's reputed 
 coat ; the Chiurch of Our Lady, a round Early Gothic structure 
 of date 1227-43 ; the Provincial Museum (1885-89), with anti- 
 quarian and art collections ; and the Palace barracks (the arch- 
 bishop's palace down to 1786). Moreover, there are important 
 survivals of Roman civilisation, as the Imperial Palace ; the 
 Porta Nigra or Roman gate, part of the ancient defences of 
 the town ; the basilica or Palace of Constantine, now an Evan- 
 gelical church ; baths, and an amphitheatre. There is a town 
 library with valuable MSS. T, claims to be the oldest town in 
 the German Empire. It has tanning and a few other industries, 
 and some trade in fruit and wine. In the first century of the 
 Christian era it was an important place, and during the 3rd 
 and 4th centuries frequently the residence [Augusta Trevirorum) 
 of the Roman emperors. From the 9th century to 1786 it was 
 the seat of an archbishop, who, from the 13th century, was also 
 one of the seven Electors of the Empire. During the second 
 half of the 17th century it was several times taken by the French, 
 and they kept possession of it from 1794 to 1814. From 1473 
 to 1797 T. was the seat of a university. Alt. 420 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 49.8" F., Jan. 34.7°, July 66.6°. P. (1816) 10,000; 
 (1871)21,400; (1890)31,600; comm. P. 36,200. 
 
 Tr^ves-Cnnanlt, vil., France, dep. Maine-et-Loire, arr. 
 Saumur, 3 m. SE. Gennes ; i m. NW. at the village of Cunault 
 are remains of a large Romanesque church and priory founded 
 in the 8th century. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Trevet, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bars. Ratoath and Skreen, 2 
 m. N. Dunshaughlin ; 4140 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Trevethln with Pontypool, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, 
 N. div., I m. N. by E. Pontypool; 11,060 ac. P. 22,700. 
 
 1597 
 
TREV — TRIF 
 
 Trerl, tn., Italy, Umbria, prov. Perugia, 9 m. N. Spoleto. 
 P. (comm. ) 5400. 
 
 Tr^vlires, viL, France, dep. Calvados, on the Aure, arr. 
 and 10 m. W. by N. Bayeux. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Trerlgllo, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 13 m. S. by W. 
 Bergamo. P. (comm.) 14,200. 
 
 Trerignano, vil. , Italy, Venetia, prov. Treviso, 4 m. SSE. 
 Montebelluna. P. (comm.)<:400o. 
 
 Trerll, stn. , Wales, Brecknockshire, on the L. & NW. and 
 Rhymney Rlys., 7 m. ENE. Merthyr- Tydfil. 
 
 Trevllle, par., Eng. , Herefordshire, div. and 6 m. NW. 
 Ross. P. <25o. 
 
 TreTlne, P.O., Wales, Pembrokeshire, on the NW. ct., 8 J 
 m. WSW. Fishguard. 
 
 Treviso, the ancient Tarvisium, tn. , Italy, Venetia, cap. 
 prov. T. (area, 941 sq. m. ), on the Sile, 17 m. N. by W. 
 Venice. Its cathedral is adorned with fine paintings, including 
 the celebrated ' Annunciation ' of Titian. It was formerly the 
 seat of a celebrated university, afterwards transferred to Padua. 
 Under the Lombards it was cap. of a duchy. The prov. is 
 traversed in the NW. by some spurs of the Cadoric Alps, but 
 the whole S. part consists of plains ; climate mild ; soil very 
 fertile. Comm. P. (1871) 28,300; (1881) 31,300. 
 
 Trevor, P.O., Wales, Anglesey, 3 m. from Bodedern. 
 
 Trevor, PM.O., Wales, Carnarvonshire, 6 m. from Four 
 Crosses. 
 
 Trevor, stn. , Wales, Denbighshire, W. div. , on the G. W. R. , 
 3 m. E. Llangollen. 
 
 Trevortou, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Northumberland co., 
 7 m. W. Shamokin by rail ; in the vicinity are productive coal- 
 mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Trevose Head, cape, Eng. , on the N W. ct. of Cornwall, in 
 50° 33' N. 
 
 Tr6vonx,tn. , France, dep. Ain, cap. arr. T. , on the 1. bk. of 
 the Saone, 13 m. N. by W. Lyons. Alt. 820 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Trewalcbmal, par., Wales, Anglesey, 10 m. NW. by N. 
 Carnarvon, 3 J m. SW. by W. Llangwyllog stn. P. <75o. 
 See HeneglM-ys. 
 
 Trew and Moy, stn. , Ire. , E. co. Tyrone, bar. Middle Dun- 
 gannon, 5 m. ESE. Dungannon, on the Blackwater, and the 
 G. N. (Ire.) R. 
 
 Trewavjis Head, cape, Eng., on the S. ct. of Cornwall, 8 m. 
 E. by S. Penzance. 
 
 Trewen, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and i,\ m. W. by S. 
 Launceston. P. <25o. See Petherwln, South. 
 
 Trewem and Gwltbla, par., Wales, Radnorshire, 4^ m. 
 W. by N. New Radnor, 3^ m. SE. by E. Penybont'stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Trewhitt, High and Low, par., Eng., Northumberland, 4 
 m. NW. Rothbury. P. <:25o. 
 Trewlch, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 7 m. SW. Morpeth. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Trewlthlan, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., on 
 Gerrans Bay, 5^ m. SE. by S. Truro. 
 
 Trexlertown, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lehigh co., 8 m. 
 SW. Allentown ; iron ore mined. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Treyford, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Horsham div. , 9 m. N. by W. 
 Chichester, I J m. S. Elsted stn. P. <25o. See Elsted. 
 
 Treysa, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, govt. Kassel, 
 circle and 3 m. W. Ziegenhain. P. <: 3000. 
 
 Trezzo snll' Adda, comm. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 19 
 m. NE. Milan. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Trgovlstye, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. (sanjak) and 8 m. 
 SW. Novi bazar. 
 
 Trhov Hamenltz, tn., Atistria, Bohemia, 29 m. S. Konig- 
 gratz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Trlabanna, tp., Tasmania, Pembroke co., 55 m. NE. 
 Hobart ; safe harbour ; freestone quarried ; coal is found ; 
 oyster cultivation carried on. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Trladelphla, vil, U.S., W. Virginia, Ohio co., 6 m. E. by 
 W. Wheeling. P. < 1500. 
 
 Trial Bay, commodious harbour of New South Wales, 5 m. 
 S. of the mouth of Macleay R. A semicircular breakwater 
 running out from the N. point of the promontory that forms 
 the harbour ensures protection against gales from all quarters. 
 
 Trial Harbour, or Kemlne, post-tn., Tasmania, Montagu 
 CO., 42 m. SSW. Waratah, on the coast, at foot of Heems- 
 kirk Range ; has silver-mines, and is dep6t for mining dist. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Trlaua, suburb of Seville, Spain. See Seville. 
 
 Triangle, stn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, Sowerby div. , on the L. & 
 Y. R., 4 m. SW. Halifax, PMT.O. 
 
 Trlauconrt, vil., France, dep. Meuse, arr. and 15 m. N. by 
 W. Bar-le-Dua P. <2ooo. 
 
 Trlbano, vil. , Italy, Venetia, prov. Padua, 3 m. SW. Con- 
 selve. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Trlbenl, vil., Brit. India, Bengal, Hiiglf dist., in 22° 59' 
 N., 88° 27' E., at the junction of the Ganges or Hiiglf, the 
 Saraswati, and Jamund; formerly famous for Hindu learning. 
 Several Hindu festivals are held during the year. P. <5ooo. 
 1598 
 
 Trlberg, urban comm., Ger. , gd. -duchy of Baden, circle 
 Villingen, 20 m. ENE. Freiburg, on one of the most pictur- 
 esque railways in Europe ; a centre of the Black Forest clock 
 manufacture ; has straw-plaiting, and manufacture of bronze 
 ware ; is also a frequented health resort. P. <:3000. 
 
 Trlbsees, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Grimmen, on 
 the 'I'rebel R., 20 m. SW. Stralsund. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tribulation, Cape, headland, Queensland, on Pacific coast, 
 in 16° S. 
 
 Tribulium, tn. , Bosnia. See Treblnje. 
 
 Trlcala, comm. , Sicily. See Caltabellotta. 
 
 Trlcarlco, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 17^ m. E. Potenza. 
 P. (comm.) 8000. 
 
 Trlease, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 16 m. SSW. Otranto. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Trlceglnio, comm., Italy, Venetia, prov. Udine, 4 m. SSW. 
 Tarcento. P. < 5000. 
 
 Trlchlnopoll (Trlucbinopoly, census), municip. , Brit. India, 
 Madras, dist. T. , 30 m. W. by N. Tanjore, on r. bk. of the 
 Cauvery. It consists of a fort, military cantonment, and seven- 
 teen villages, the best known of which is Uraiyiir, at one time 
 the cap. of the Chola kingdom ; it has been identified with 
 Ophthoura. Its ramparts and ditch have been levelled. Inside 
 the fort is T. Rock, which rises abruptly to a height of 273 ft. 
 above the street at its foot ; at the top is a small temple. The 
 annual festival attracts a crowd of pilgrims. Noted for its 
 cigars and beautiful gold jewellery. Has a Roman Catholic 
 college, called St. Joseph's, affiliated with Madras University. 
 Bishop Heber died at T. in 1826. Alt. 275 ft. Mean temp., 
 yr. 82° F., Jan. 76°, May 88°; rfall., yr. 37.1 in., Aug. -Dec. 
 25.8 in. P. (1881) 84,400; (1891) 90,600; Hindus, 67,200; 
 Moham. 11,000; Christians, 12,300. 
 
 Trlcblkr, tn., India, Cochin, 40 m. N. Cochin. P. (1881) 
 10, 100. 
 
 Trldentine Alps. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. C. 2. 
 
 Tridentuvi, city, Austria. See Trent. 
 
 Trie, tn. , France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n6es, arr. Tarbes, 21 m, 
 •NE: by N. Bagneres-de-Bigorre. P. < 2000. 
 
 Trlebes, \-il. , Ger. , princip. Reuss, circle Gera, dist. and 1 1 
 m. NE. Schleiz. P. < 4000. 
 
 Trlenearagb, electoral div., Ire., co. Kerry, dist. Listowel. 
 
 Trlent, German name for Trent {q.v.). 
 
 Trier, tn. , Ger. See Treves. 
 
 Trlesch, tn. , Moravia, 8 m. SW. by S. Iglau. P. < 5000. 
 
 Trieste, or Trlest [Tergeste], the principal seapt. city of the 
 Austrian Empire, prov. Kiistenland, cap. govt, and circle, on 
 the Gulf of Trieste, at the NE. extremity of the Adriatic Sea, 
 70 m. ENE. Venice; lat. of lighthouse 45° 38' 34" N., long. 
 13° 45' 5" E. It consists of an old town built on the declivity 
 of a steep hill, and the well built new town, bordering the sea, 
 on a plain at its base. Between the old and new town winds 
 the Corso, a spacious thoroughfare, opening successively into 
 several squares. The chief edifices are the new exchange, &c., 
 or Tergesteo, the oflfices of the Austrian Lloyd's, and the old 
 exchange, adorned with statues and columns in the new town, 
 the Byzantine cathedral and the castle in the old town, and 
 in the suburbs, to the SW. , the Revoltella Palace, containing 
 fine paintings and statues. The harbour, formed by a series of 
 moles and breakwaters, lately completed, is secure and con- 
 venient ; it is bordered by a wide stone quay, close to which 
 vessels of 300 tons burden can anchor. The city is partially 
 intersected by the Maria Theresia Canal, by means of which 
 vessels can load and unload at the doors of the warehouses. 
 T. is the great emporium for the trade of the Austrian Empire 
 by the Adriatic. Until the year 1891 it was a free port, since 
 which date its trade has shown a diminution. Principal exports 
 are corn, rice, wine, oil, sumach, tobacco, wax, hemp, wool, 
 skins, furs, metals, timber, and other produce, but the greater 
 part of its trade is that of transit. It is a depot for warehous- 
 ing goods from the Black Sea, Turkey, and Egypt, and has a 
 large mercantile navy. The steamers of the Austrian Lloyd 
 put it in communication with the Levant, the Black Sea, India, 
 and China, and steamships of other nations also make it a port 
 of call. It is a bishop's see, the seat of an imperial academy, 
 &c. Manufactures of liquors, wax-lights, leather, soap, &c. ; 
 shipbuilding yards and iron-foundries. Although of importance 
 under the Romans, its modern prosperity dates from its declara- 
 tion as a free port in 1719. The prov. of T. consists only of 
 the city itself and the surrounding suburbs and villages. Mean 
 temp., yr. 57.1° F., Jan. 40.5°, July 76.3°; rfall. (38 yrs.), 43.86 
 in. P. (1869) 109,324; (1890) 120,300. 
 
 Trlestlng, riv.. Lower Austria, flows E., separating the 
 Wienerwald from the Alps, then N. into the Schwechat. 
 
 Trleux, coast riv. , France, dep. Cotes du Nord, flows N. into 
 the English Channel. Length, 40 m. 
 
 Trlenx-de-Vlllers, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. Avesnes, 4 
 m. SSW. Trelon. P. <4000. 
 
 Trlfell, viL , Austria, Styria, 28 m. E. by N. Laibach. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 T'rt//, 'meadow.' ^ses. DrechU 
 
TRIG — TRIN 
 
 Trigs, CO., U.S., Kentucky, on the S. frontier, crossed in the 
 W. by 88° W. 
 
 Triglav, or Terglon, Mount. See Alps, Subdivisions, 
 III. C. 4. 
 
 Triglyphon, tn. , Burma. See Mrohaniig. 
 
 Trlgno, the ancient Trinum Portuosum, riv. , S. Italy, rises 
 in the Apennines, about 9 m. W. Campobasso, flows NW. and 
 NE., past Trivento and Celenza, into the Adriatic Sea 5 m. SE. 
 II Vasto. Length, 50 m. 
 
 Trlgn^res, vil. , France, dep. Loiret, arr. Montargis, 3 m. E. 
 Chateaurenard ; has Roman remains. P. < 2000. 
 Trik, in Morocco, 'pass.' 
 
 Trlkala, vil., Greece, prov. Argolis and Corinthia, 25 ni. W. 
 by N. Corinth. P. (comm. ) 5600. 
 
 Trlkardo Kastro, site of ruins of Qiniadm, Greece, prov. 
 Acarnania and Aetolia, 37 m. SSE. Voniza. 
 
 Trlkerl, maritime vil., Greece, prov. Larissa, at the E. of 
 entrance to the Gulf of Volo, 23 m. S. by E. Volos ; it gives 
 name to the strait that separates Eubcea from the penin. in the 
 SE. of the Gulf of Volo. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Trlkliouls, Lake, also Lake Vrakhorl, or Apakyro, lake, 
 Greece, prov. Acarnania and Aetolia, flows into the smaller Lake 
 Angelo Kastro, which discharges into the Aspropotamo or 
 Achelous. Length, 12 m. ; greatest breadth, 3 m. 
 
 Trikkala, tn. , Greece, cap. prov. T. , 38 m. W. Larissa, and 
 after that town the largest in Thessaly ; it still keeps the aspect 
 of a Mussulman town, having 7 or 8 mosques ; centre of trade 
 in wheat, maize, tobacco, and cotton. P. (composed of Greeks, 
 Walachians, and Jews) 14,800. 
 
 Trikoloiiol, comm. , Greece. See Stemultsa. 
 Trlllick, market-tn.. Ire., SW. co. Tyrone, bar. E. Omagh, 
 9^ m. NE. Enniskillen, on the G. N. (Ire.) and Donegal Rlys. , 
 PMT.O. Market-day, S. P.<2So. 
 
 Trlllo, vil., Spain, prov. Guadalajara, on the Tagus, dist. 
 Cifuentes, 44 m. ENE. Alcala. P. <20oo. 
 
 Trim, par. and mun. tn. , Ire., SW. co. Meath, bars. Lower 
 Moyfenrath and Upper Navan, 7^ m. SW. by S. Navan, no 
 the Boyne, on the M. G. W. R. It has remains of a castle 
 founded in 1173, and rebuilt soon after 1220; a steeple, said to 
 have been built in the 15th century by Richard Duke of York, 
 on the site of an abbey, founded by St. Patrick. Several Irish 
 parliaments were held in this town. It was the early home of 
 the Duke of Wellington. PMT.O. Market-day, S. Far. 
 13,425 ac, P. <:35oo; tn. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Trlmbak, tn. and municip., India, 98 m. N. by W. Poona, 
 dist. and 19 m. W. by S. Nasik ; noted as a place of Hindu 
 pilgrimage, and as having the source of the Godavari close to it ; 
 has a special fair every 12 years. The adjacent impregnable 
 fort of T. stands on a rock 1800 ft. above the town, and 4248 ft. 
 above the sea. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Trimble, co., U.S., Kentucky, on the Ohio, W. of 85° W. 
 Trimdoii, par., Eng. , Durham, SE. div., 8 m. SE. Durham, 
 on the NE. R.; coal mined. P.O., PM.O. (T. Colliery), and 
 PMT.O. (T. Grange). P. <45oo. 
 
 Trlmingliam, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., on the N. ct. , 5 
 ra. SE. by E. Cromer, 3 m. NE. Guntonstn. , PM.O. P. <25o. 
 Trlmley St. Martin and St. Mary, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 8 m. SE. by E. Ipswich, 2i m. 
 NNW. Felixstowe, with a stn. (T.) on the G. E. R., PM.O. 
 T. St. Martin, P. <;7So; T. St. Mary, P. <soo. 
 
 TrimmLs, Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 4 m. NNE. Chun 
 Trimpley, part of eccles. par., Eng., Worcestershire, P.O. 
 See Klddermlniiter. 
 
 Trimsaran, P.O., Wales, 4 m. E. Kidwelly, Carmarthen- 
 shire. 
 
 Trinacria, isl. See Sicily. 
 
 Trinamadan, electoral div.. Ire., N. co. Tyrone, bar. Upper 
 Strabane, 10 m. NNE. Omagh. 
 
 Trlnctaliiopoly, municip., Brit. India. See Triclilnopoli. 
 Trincomalee, tn. , Ceylon. See Trlukomali. 
 Trlng, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , in the W. of Hertfordshire, 
 Watford div. , 6i m. E. by S. Aylesbury, 2 m. WSW. of its stn. 
 T. (for Wendover) on the L. & N W. R. ; has a good natural 
 history museum (private) ; carries on silk-throwing, and manu- 
 factures of canvas and straw-plait ; the par. is intersected by the 
 Grand Junction Canal. Market-day, F. Mean rfall. (Cowroast, 
 alt. 345 ft., 1866-80), yr. 30.9 in. Par. 7991 ac. , P. 5400; tn. 
 P. < 5000; eccles. par. (T. with Wllstone) P. < 5000. 
 
 Trlngano, tn., Siam, Malay Penin., E. ct. , in about 
 5° 23' N. 
 
 Trinidad, tn., Bolivia, dep. El Beni, 220 m. NE. by E. 
 La Paz. P. < 5000. 
 
 Trinidad, tn. , Cuba, S. ct., 192 m. SE. by E. Havana, in 
 79° 48' W. ; has three ports, and an excellent roadstead. P. 
 (1861)14,400; (1887)29,400. 
 
 Trinidad, small rocky volcanic isl. in the S. Atlantic, in 
 20° 30' 32" S. , 29° 28' 42" W. , 700 m. E. of the Brazilian state 
 Espirito Santo ; taken possession of by the astronomer Halley 
 in the name of England in 1700 ; about 100 years later claimed 
 by Brazil, but occupied in 1895 t>y the British. 
 
 Trinidad, vil. , in the S. of Paraguay, near the Parana, in 
 60° 25' W. P. < 2000. 
 
 Trinidad, vil., U.S., California, Humboldt co., on Pacific 
 Ocean, 20 m. N. Eureka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Trinidad, agricultural city, U.S., Colorado, Las Animas 
 CO., on riv. Las Animas, 135 m. W. of the SE. corner of the 
 state ; great wool and hide market, with coal-mines and smelt- 
 ing works, flour-mills, and railway workshops. Alt. 5965 ft. 
 (R.R.). P. 5500. 
 
 Trinidad, tn., Uruguay. See Porongos. 
 Trinidad, the most southerly of the British W. India Is., 
 Windward group, immediately off the coast of S. America, 13 
 m. E. of the penin. of Paria, Venezuela, and bounding the Gulf 
 of Paria on the E. ; lat. of Port Galera 10° 50' N. , long. 60° 
 54' W. Shape oblong, with promontories extending from three 
 of its corners. Length, 50 m. ; breadth, 30 m. ; area, 1754 sq. 
 m. Its mountain chains run W. to E. continuous with those 
 of the mainland, those along the N. ct. rising to 3000 ft. in 
 elevation, and the central range is flanked on each side by the 
 extensive valleys of the Carony and Ortoire. On the W. ct. 
 are numerous bays, but the N. and E. shores are destitute of 
 harbours. Soil extremely fertile, and the elevated parts are 
 mostly covered with dense forests. The island is seldom sub- 
 ject to drought, and is apparently less unhealthy than many 
 other W. India islands. There are several active mud volcanoes, 
 and a large pitch lake (La Brea). Exports sugar, cacao (the 
 staple productions), molasses, coffee, fruit, and asphalt. A 
 railway and a telegraph line connect Port of Spain and San 
 Fernando, the two largest towns, both on the W. ct. The Port 
 of Spain has the only harbour of commercial importance, but 
 it is one of the best in the W. Indies. The European population 
 consists of English, Germans, French, and Spaniards, but about 
 one-third of the inhabitants are now Indian coolie immigrants, 
 who are introduced at the rate of about 3000 annually. Educa- 
 tion is progressing, and is well attended to. Government of the 
 colony (which since the ist of January 1889 includes the isl. of 
 Tobago) vested in a governor and two councils of four and 
 twelve members. The island was discovered by Columbus in 
 1498. It belonged for three centuries to Spain, but capitulated 
 to the British under Abercrombie in 1797. Mean temp., Jan. 
 80.0° F., July 81.0°. P. isl. (1871) 109,600; (1881) 153,100; 
 (1891) 200,000, of whom 70,000 were of East Indian origin; 
 colony P. (1891) 218,400. 
 
 Trlniti^, La, vil. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 14 m. NE. by 
 E. Cuneo. P. (comm. )<40oo. 
 
 Trinitad, La, tn. , Paraguay, 6^ m. NE. by E. Asuncion. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Trinltapoli, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and 29 m. E. by S. 
 Foggia ; the salt-mines of Salpi are in the vicinity. P. 8600. 
 
 Trinity, maritime tn., W. Indies, on the E. ct. of Mar- 
 tinique I. 
 
 Trlnit^-Porlioet, La, tn. , France, dep. Morbihan, arr. 
 Ploermel, on Le Niniain, 40 m. W. Rennes. P. <2C)oo. 
 Trinity, riv. , Canada, Quebec. See Wasliamekwln. 
 Trinity, P.O., Eng., Channel Is., Jersey, 3 m. from St. 
 John's Church. 
 
 Trinity, tn. and port of entry, Newfoundland, on T. Bay, 
 61 m. NW. by N. St. John's. P. <5oo. 
 
 Trinity, N. suburb of Edinburgh, Scot. , on the S. shore of 
 the Firth of Forth, 2| m. NNW. Edinburgh, included in the 
 Leith dist. of pari, burghs, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Trinity, riv., U.S., California, rises in the Coast Range, 
 flows SW. then NW. through 't. co. into Klamath R., in 
 Humboldt co. Length about 125 m. 
 
 Trinity, co. , U.S., California, crossed by 123° W. , and 
 bounded on S. by 40° N. 
 
 Trinity, riv., U.S., Texas, in the E. ; it rises in the N. of 
 the state, and flows SE. past Dallas to the Gulf of Mexico, 
 emptying itself into Galveston Bay at Wallisville ; navigable 
 for steamboats to Liberty, 90 m. Length, 550 m. 
 
 Trinity, vil., U.S., Texas, T. co. , 80 m. N. Houston. T. 
 CO. is bounded on the SW. by Trinity R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Trinity Bay, Canada, Quebec, on the Saguenay R., in 
 70° 25' W. 
 
 Trinity Bay. I. Large bay in the E. of Newfoundland, on 
 
 the NW. of the Avalon Penin. 2. A dist. surrounding the bay. 
 
 Trinity Bay, large inlet, Queensland, in about 16° 40' S. 
 
 Trinity College, vil. , U.S., N. Carolina, Randolph co. , 23 m. 
 
 NW. Ashboro ; seat of a Methodist Episcopal college. P. < 1500. 
 
 Trinity Gaj^k, par. , Scot. , W. Perthshire, 6\ m. ESE. Crieff, 
 
 3^ m. NNE. Auchterarder, 2J m. S. by E. Madderty stn.; 
 
 5689 ac. P. < 500. 
 
 Trinity Springs, Vil., U.S., Indiana, Martin co., about 70 
 m. SW. by S. Indianapolis; has sulphur springs. P. < 1500. 
 Trinity University. See Tehaacana. 
 Trlnltyvllle, vil, Jamaica, Surrey co., 18 m. E. Kingston. 
 Trinkltat, anchorage, Red Sea, 50 m. SE. Suakim ; defeat 
 of the Mahdists, 1891. 
 
 Trlnkomali, tn., Ceylon, Eastern prov., on the E. ct., 99 
 m. NE. by N. Kandy, on an inlet forming the best natural 
 
 1599 
 
TRIN — TROI 
 
 harbour in the island, now used as a coaling station for the 
 British navy. Vessels loaded and discharged by 8-10 ton cargo- 
 boats. Mean temp., yr. 82° F. , Jan. 78°, April-July, each 
 month, 85°; mean rfall., yr. 61.8 in., Oct.-Jan. 41.4 in., 
 Nov.-Dec. 26.3 in. P. (exclusive of military and shipping) 
 11,600. 
 
 Triiio, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 10 m. SW. by S. 
 Vercelli. P. (comm.) 11,700. 
 
 Trliis, vil. , Switzd., cant. Grisons, 8J m. W. by S. Chur. 
 Alt. 2920 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Trinum Portuosuvi, riv. , Italy. See Trlgno. 
 
 Trlon Factory, vil. , U.S., Georgia, Chattooga co. , 36 m. SE. 
 by S. of NW. corner of state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Triopion, Asia Minor. See Krio. 
 
 Triora, vil. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Porto Maurizio, 14 m. N. 
 San Remo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Trlpasdr, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Chengalpat, in 13° 
 8' N., 79° 55' E.; pensioned European soldiers reside in cottage- 
 quarters here. P. < 5000. 
 
 Trlpitl, Cape, N. ct. of the isl. of Crete, in 24° 8|' E. 
 
 Tripoli, Asia Minor. See TireboU. 
 
 Tripoli, Trlpolis, country in N. Africa, situated between 
 Barka and Tunis. The Turkish vilayet of T. comprises not only 
 the Mediterranean coast-belt, but also the oases of Ghadames, 
 Fezzan, Tiimmo, and Gatron. The principal parts of this terr. 
 belong to the Sahara desert {q.v.), and the Turkish rule is in 
 most of them merely nominal. The desert plateau of the 
 Hammada-el-Homra in the W. , and the mountain ranges 
 Jebel-es-Soda, Jebel Shergija, and Haruj-es-Sod in the E. , 
 separate the Mediterranean coast-belt from Fezzan and the 
 other central parts. Chief productions, dates, esparto grass, 
 and salt. Area of the whole vilayet estimated at 350,000 sq. m. 
 P. estimated at 700,000. [H. C S.] 
 
 Tripoli, Tarabolos, Tarabltts-l-Gliarb, African town, on 
 the Mediterranean, cap. of the Turkish vilayet of Tripoli [g.v.]. 
 It is a picturesque town, well known as the starting-point of the 
 shortest and best caravan route to the central Sudan, which 
 has been used by many European explorers. Mean temp. (4 yrs. , 
 1819-21, 1855), yr. 69.1° F. , Jan. 57.6°, Aug. 80.8°. P. esti- 
 mated at 40,000. [H. G. 8.] 
 
 Tripoli (Italian form), or Tarabnlns (Turkish form), tn., 
 Syria, about 2^ m. from its port El Mina, with which it is 
 connected by canal, 40 m. NNE. Beirut. It is surrounded by 
 fine gardens, but the marshy character of its vicinity renders 
 it unhealthy. Houses chiefly of stone, and the town has many 
 remains of antiquity and of Middle Age architecture. T. doubt- 
 less owed its name to its consisting of three distinct quarters, 
 which were distinguishable as far back as the Phoenician epoch. 
 Of these the Marina or El Mina, on a projecting point of land 
 bordering the port, is the principal seat of trade. It has been 
 suggested as the future terminus of a railway from Aleppo by 
 Homs and Hamah, with which towns it at present carries on 
 trade by means of camels. Sugar-cane is cultivated in the 
 vicinity. Exports, Spanish grass, ostrich feathers, sponges, 
 ivory, and wool ; imports, English goods and colonial produce. 
 It was taken by the Crusaders in 1108, at which time a large and 
 valuable library was consigned to the flames. P. 22-24,000. 
 
 Trlpolls, or Trlpolitsa, tn. , Greece, prov. Arcadia, 23 m. W. 
 by S. Nauplia; taken by the Greeks in 1821, but retaken and 
 destroyed in 1828 by Ibrahim Pasha. It is the modern repre- 
 sentative of the three cities, Mantinea, Tegea, and Pallantium, 
 traces of all which are found in its vicinity — Mantinea about 6 m. 
 N. by E. , Tegea about the same distance, respectively SSE. and 
 due S. P. 10,700. 
 
 Triponiium. See Lllbourue. 
 
 Tripp, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, on the S. frontier, crossed by 
 100° W. 
 
 Tripp, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Hutchinson co., 36 m. 
 NW. by W. Yankton. 
 
 Triptls, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Saxe- Weimar, circle Neustadt, 
 26 m. W. Zwickau (kgd. Saxony). P. <20oo. 
 
 Trlpnnatltorai, tn. and fort, India, Cochin, 7 m. E. by S. 
 Cochin. 
 
 Tristan da Cnnba (named after the Portuguese navigator 
 Tristao da Cunha, commander of the expedition that discovered 
 them in 1506), the principal of a group of islets in the S. 
 .Atlantic Ocean, claimed as British, in 37° 3' S., 12° 19' W. 
 Other islands. Potatoes are grown ; a few hundred cattle and 
 sheep are reared, and poultry are numerous. A British garrison 
 was formerly maintained here. Alt. 8264 ft. ; area, 45 sq. m. 
 P. (1890, when the island was visited by a man-of-war) 84. 
 
 TriHtao, two isls., French Upper Guinea, at the mouth of the 
 Rio Komponi, in about 10° 50' N,, 15° o' W. 
 
 Trlfite, Gulf of, Caribbean Sea, in S. America, on N. ct. of 
 Venezuela, between 67° 30' and 68" 30' W. , 10° 30' N. 
 
 Trith-Saliit-Leger, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 3 m. 
 SSW. Valenciennes. P. <3000. 
 
 Trltlingtou, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div. , 
 on the Lyne, 4 m. N. Morpeth, 3 m. NW. Longhirst stn. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 1600 
 
 Triton, Tunis. See J^rid, Shot el. 
 
 Triton Is^land, off N. ct. of Newfoundland, 60 m. W. Fogo I. 
 
 Trltriva, small crater lake, Madagascar, about 80 m. SSW. 
 Tananarivo. 
 
 Trinmfo, vil., Brazil, state of and 245 m. W. Pernambuco. 
 Alt. 3370 ft. 
 
 Trlnnifo, tn., Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Jacuhy, at the mouth of the Taquary, 30 m. W. by N Porto 
 Alegre. 
 
 Trlunifo, mines. See La Paz, Mexico. 
 
 Trivandrum, tn. , India, Madras, Travancore state, about 
 2 m. from the sea, 53 m. W. by S. Tinnevelli. Several public 
 buildings and the best houses are built on isolated hills ; the 
 lower parts of the town are unhealthy ; within the fort are the 
 palaces of the Maharaja and ruling family, the great temple of 
 Vishnu, and a copper mint. The Mahdrdja's college is con- 
 ducted by a European principal, and ranks high among the 
 educational institutions of S. India ; the observatory was built 
 in 1836 ; the Napier museum is in the public gardens. The 
 military cantonment lies N. of the town. There is no regular 
 port ; canals along the coast connect the town with the great 
 backwater system. P. (1881) 37,700 ; including the fort, 41,200 ; 
 (1891) 27,900. 
 
 Trlvento, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 16 m. 
 NNW. Campobasso, 45 m. SSE. Chieti. P. <scoo. 
 
 Trivero, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 9 m. NE. 
 Biella. P. <sooo. 
 
 Trividlii, cape, S. ct. isl. of Crete, in 23° 55' E. 
 
 Trlvigno, tn., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 10 m. ESE, 
 Potenza. P. <3000. 
 
 Trjerna, or TrJ^vna, vil.,. Bulgaria, prov. and 17 m. SSW. 
 Tirnovo ; coal mined. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tru, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. T. , 22 m. S. by E. Pirot (Servia). 
 P. <;3C)oo. 
 
 Trnovaz, vil., Turkey in Europe, vilayet Kossovo, 35 m. 
 ENE. Ushkub or Skoplie. P. <:3000. 
 
 Triiovo, Bulgaria. See Tirnovo. 
 
 Trnovo, tn. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet and 3J m. W. by 
 N. Monastir. 
 
 Troad, name which has come down from antiquity as the 
 designation of the dist. containing the ruins of Troy, but of 
 which the limits cannot be precisely defined. 
 
 Troarn, vil., France, dep. Calvados, on the Dives, arr. and 
 8 m. E. Caen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Trobriand Islands, called by the natives Klri'wlnl, group 
 of small isls. in the Pacific Ocean, in 8° 35' S., 150° 50' E., con- 
 sisting of a large island, T. proper, and several small islands ; 
 soil fertile. The inhabitants are Papuans ; peaceful traders. 
 United area, 170 sq. m. Length of Trobriand I., 27 m. 
 
 Troca<lero, fort, Spain. See Cadiz, bay. 
 
 Trochrle, or Trocliry, vil. , Scot. , W. Perthshire, 3^ m. SW. 
 by W. Dunkeld, PT.O. 
 
 Trochtelflngeu, vil., Ger., princip. HohenzoUern, dist. 
 Gammertingen, 18 m. SE. by S. 'I'iibingen. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Trodday, isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, off N. extremity of 
 Skye I., Kilmuir par. 
 
 TroedrhlwfiiM'cli, P.O., Wales, near Cardiff, Glamorgan- 
 shire, 2 m. from Pontlottyn. 
 
 Troedyraur, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, on the Ceri, 9 J m. 
 E. Cardigan ; 4583 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Troedyrliiew, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, in the pari. bor. 
 of Merthyr-Tydfil, on the Taff Vale Rly. , 3 m. SSE. Merthyr- 
 Tydfil, PMT.O. (Troedyrbiw). T. Garth, stn. in the same 
 CO., Mid div., on the G. W. R., 8^ m. SE. by E. Neath. 
 
 Trofarth, eccles. par., Wales, Denbighshire, Beltwsyn Rhos, 
 Llangermieu, and Llansaintffraid Glanconway pars. P. <soo. 
 
 Trogen, vil., Switzd., cant. Appenzell, 4 m. E. byS. St. Gall. 
 Alt. 2874 ft. Rfall. (20 yrs.), 55.67 in. P. (comm. )<3000. 
 
 Troglav, Mount, Dalmatia. See Dluaric Alps. 
 
 Trohanny, electoral div.. Ire., co. Meath, dist. Moynalty. 
 
 Troina, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 33 m. NW. by W. Catania. 
 P. (comm.) 10,700. 
 
 Troisdorf, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Cologne, circle 
 Sieg, 3 m. WNW. Siegburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Trois tvech^s, Les, former secondary govt. , France, consist- 
 ing of the countries of Messin, Toulois, and Verdunois, con- 
 quered by Henry II. 1552. 
 
 Trois-Montlern, Les, tn. , France, dep. Vienne, 39 m. SW. 
 by W. Tours, arr. and 5 m. NW. Loudun. P. <20oo. 
 
 Trois Pistoles. 1. Vil. , Canada, Quebec, Temiscouata co. , on 
 the r. bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence and a railway, in 69° 10' W. P. 
 <i5oo. 2. River, in the same county, enters the St. Lawrence 
 3 or 4 m. above T. P. 
 
 Trois Kivi^res, city, Canada. See Three Rivers. 
 
 Trols-Kivl^res, Les, maritime vil., W. Indies, Guadeloupe, 
 6 m. ESE. Basse-Terre. P. (comm.) 5100. 
 
 Trois Torrents, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, 5 m. W. by N. 
 St. Maurice. P. < 2000. 
 
 Troisvllles, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 12 m. ESE. 
 Cambria. P. <2ooo. 
 
T R O I ~ T R U 
 
 Troitsa, Russian, ' Trinity,' the names of many places. 
 
 Troltse-Sergleva Pnstyil, monastery, Russia, govt, and 13 
 m. W. of St. Petersburg, near to Peterhof Rly. 
 
 Troitsk, tn., Russia, govt, and 96 m. NW. Penza, on Moksha 
 R. P. 6350. 
 
 Troitsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 392 m. NE. Orenburg, 
 80 m. S. of Chelyabinsk railway stn., on Ui R. Owing to its 
 position on highway to the Kirghiz steppes, has an active trade. 
 P. 17,000. 
 
 Troltskly, salt works, Russia, E, Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, 200 
 m. NE. Krasnoyarsk, near junction of Usolka with Biryusa. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Troltskosavsk, tn., Russia, E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, 
 2\ m. from Chinese frontier, and 2 m. from Kyakhta town, to the 
 township of which it belongs ; till 1861 was the centre of trade 
 with China in tea, and custom station, the latter being now- 
 transferred to Kyakhta. Tanneries, tobacco works. P. 7840. 
 
 Troltsko>$»erglev8kaya Lavra (Troitsa), a much venerated 
 monastery of middle Russia, govt, and 44 m. NE. of Moscow ; 
 has played a very important part in the making of the Moscow 
 Tsardom. Was the stronghold of the Russians during the Polish 
 invasion and the uprisings of the Cossacks in 1612, when the 
 monks defended the thick walls and strong towers of the 
 monastery against the enemy. Contains a great number of 
 relics of antiquity, as well as great riches, in its cathedrals and 
 churches, and is visited every year by thousands of pilgjrims. 
 Serglevskly posad close by. 
 
 Troltskoye is the name of many large vils. in Russia, mostly 
 having other names. 
 
 Trolzen, comm., Greece. See Pores. 
 
 Troja, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 13 m. SW. by W. 
 Foggia. P. 7500. 
 
 Trojan, tn. , Bulgaria, prov, Lovei?, on riv. Osma, 36 m. S. 
 by E. Plevna. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Trojaiiowltz, tn., Austria, Moravia, dist. Frankstadt. P. 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Trojaii Pass. See Balkan Mountains. 
 
 Trokl, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 17 m. WSW. Vilno, 5 m. 
 from St. Petersburg- Warsaw Rly. ; surrounded by Lake Trok- 
 skoye. Ruins of two old castles, which were strongholds of 
 Lithuania in the 14th century. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Trollhiittan, tn. , Sweden, prov. Elfsborg, 7 m. S. Veners- 
 borg. The T. Canal forms part of the Gota system of canals, 
 and here pours down the celebrated falls of T. , used as motive 
 power in factories. P. (comm. )<4000. 
 
 Trombay Island, isl. , Brit. India, off the W. ct. , in Bombay 
 Harbour, to the S. of Salsette I.; has a port of same name. 
 
 Tronibetas River, riv., Brazil, Grao Pard, origin unknown, 
 flows in its lower course ESE. into the Amazon, which it enters 
 above Obidos, in 55° 38' W. 
 
 Trontelln, isl. , Pacific. See Fals. 
 
 Troniello, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Pavia, 7 m. ESE. 
 Mortara. P. (comm. ) 5500. 
 
 Tromeii, volcano, Argentine Republic, in the Neuquen 
 Cordilleras, in 37° 7' S. Alt. 12,575 ft. 
 
 Tromo, isl., Norway, close to S. ct. , opposite Arendal. 
 Length, 8 m. 
 
 Troniper Wlek, large bay in the NE. of Riigen I., Prussia. 
 
 Tronipla, valley, Italy, Lombardy, prov. Brescia, traversed 
 by the riv. Mella. Its iron-mines were known in the time of 
 the Romans. 
 
 Troniso, tn. , commercial and fishing port, N. Norway, E. 
 ct. of Tromso I. , cap. dist. T. , which is one of the most moun- 
 tainous dists. of N. Norway. The coast is indented by many 
 deep and picturesque fjords. The town, though of wood, is 
 well built. Fishing plays an important part ; whaling expedi- 
 tions set out from T. annually. Mean temp., yr. 36.0° F. , Feb. 
 24.9°, July 51.8°; rfall. (loyrs.), 35.91 in. P. 6100. 
 
 Tron, or St. Mary, eccles. par., Scot., Glasgow. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tron, eccles. par., Scot., Midlothian, Edinburgh City par. 
 
 P. <2C>00. 
 
 Tronche, La, tn., France, dep. Is^re, on the Is^re, arr. and 
 2 m. NE. Grenoble. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tronclileunes, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, on the 
 Scheldt, aiT. and 2J m. W. Ghent. P. <5000. 
 
 Trondhjem, fortified seapt. city, Norway, prov. T. , 84 m. 
 E. by N. Kristiansund, on T. Fjord, which extends from the 
 Atlantic inland for 80 m. , and at its N. extremity communicates 
 with Beitstad Fjord ; receives the Orkel, Guul, Nid, Siaker, 
 and Stordal Rivs. T. is the third commercial port in Norway. 
 Principal imports, three-quarters of which are English, com, 
 coal, and machinery; exports, deals, dried fish, sulphur, and 
 copper. It has the Royal Scientific Society of Norway, founded 
 1760, with a library of 50,000 vols.; famous cathedral, founded 
 1093, in which the Norwegian kings are crowned. T. was 
 founded in 996, and till the i6th century was called Nidaros. 
 The S. region of North T. dist. is fertile and well cultivated in 
 the N. and E. The E. is mountainous, covered with forests of 
 conifers, pasture land, and marshes ; it occupies a high place 
 for agricultural produce ; area, 8791 sq. m. South T. dist. is 
 1601 
 
 generally mountainous, the E. part being formed by the plateau 
 of T., while the S. is occupied by spurs of the Dovrefjeld. The 
 N. lower part is the more fertile. The coast s much indented 
 and flanked by numerous islands and islets. Tn. P. (1870) 
 20,900 ; (1891) 24,700. 
 
 Trondra, isl., Scot., Shetland Is., Tingwall par., divided 
 from the W. ct. of the Mainland by Clift Sound, in 60° 6'-8' 
 N. Length, 2^ m.; breadth, i m. P. 154. 
 
 Tronqnl^re, La, vil. , France, dep. Lot, arr, Figeac, 61 m. 
 N. Albi. P. <20oo. 
 
 Trouto, riv. , Italy, in the S. of The Marches, partly on the 
 frontier, flows N. and ENE. into the Adriatic. Length, 71 m.; 
 area of basin, 441 sq. m. ; discharge, mean 500 cubic ft. per 
 second, highest 39,500 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Tronzano Verceliese, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, 
 II m. W. Vercelli. P. (comm.) 5100. 
 
 Trool, Loch, lake, Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, in the W., 8^ 
 m. N. Newton Stewart, drained SW. by the Water of Trool 
 into the Water of Minnoch. 
 
 Troon, P.O., Eng. , Cornwall, 2 m. from Camborne. 
 
 Troon, seapt. tn. , Scot. , S. Ayrshire, 5 m. S. Irvine, on the 
 G. & SW. R. , at the S. end of T. Bay, which extends to Salt- 
 coats (7 m. ). It is much frequented for sea-bathing ; has a 
 good harbour and shipbuilding. P. <35oo. 
 
 Trooper's Lane, stn.. Ire., E. co. Antrim, bar. and ij m. 
 W. Carrickfergus, on the Belfast and Northern Counties Rly. 
 
 Trooperstown Hill, Ire., co. Wicklow, 8 m. W. Wicklow. 
 Alt. 1408 ft. 
 
 Tropea, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, on the W. ct., prov. and 41 m. 
 WSW. Catanzaro, in 38° 13' N., 15° 54' E. Mean temp., yr. 
 64.1° F., Jan. 52.8°, Aug. 78.1°. P. (comm.) 6100. 
 
 Troppan, tn. , Austria, Silesia, on riv. Oppa, 37 m. NE. 
 Olmiitz ; has manufactures of woollen and linen fabrics, sugar 
 and liqueurs. A European congress, afterwards removed to 
 Laibach, was held here from Oct. 20 to Nov. 20, 1820. Alt. 
 855 ft. P. (1869) 20,300 ; (1890) 22,900. 
 
 Troqueer, par. , Scot. , on the E. border of Kirkcudbright- 
 shire, I m. S. by E. Dumfries, including the burgh of Maxwell- 
 town. Alt. 85 ft. Mean temp. (1866-80), yr. 48.7° F., Jan. 
 38.4°, July 39.9°. 11,675 ac. P. (including part of Dumfries 
 burgh) 5900. 
 
 Trory, par. , Ire. , co. Fermanagh, bars. Lurg and Tirkennedy, 
 on riv. Erne, 2 m. N. Enniskillen ; 4222 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Trosa, tn. , Sweden, prov. Sodermanland, on the E. ct., 35 
 m. SW. by S. Stockholm. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Trossacbs, eccles. par., Scot., Perthshire, Aberfoyle, Cal- 
 lander, and Port of Menteith pars., 8 m. W. Callander, in a 
 picturesque valley extending for a mile between Lochs Achray 
 and Katrine, closely associated with the memory of Rob Roy 
 and Scott's Lady of the Lake, PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Trosslugen, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, Black Forest circle, 
 36 m. SW. by S. Tubingen. P. <:3000. 
 
 Trostan, Mount, Ire., in the NE. of co. Antrim, 19 m. 
 NW. Larne. Height, 1817 ft. 
 
 Troston, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 5 m. NE. Bury St. 
 Edmunds, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Trostrey, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 6 m. ENE. 
 Pontypool, 2^ m. NNW. Usk stn. P. <:25o; eccles. par. (T. 
 wltli Bettws'Newydd) P. <25o. 
 
 Trotha, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Saal, on the r. bk. 
 of the Saale, 2^ m. N. Halle. P. <4000. 
 
 TrottlscIllTe, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 8 m. SW. 
 Rochester, 2 m. NE. by E. Wrotham and Borough Green stn., 
 P.O. (TrottersclllTe). P. <soo. 
 
 Trotto, isl. , Siam. See Pulo Trotto. 
 
 Trotton, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., on the Rother, 
 II m. N. Chichester, ij m. N. by E. Elsted stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tronbrldge Shoal, dangerous shoal, S. Australia, in St. 
 Vincent's Gulf, in 137° 55' E. 
 
 Trough, par., Eng., Cumberland, 9^ m. NE. Longtown. 
 P.<25o. 
 
 Trough, bar. , Ire. , in the N. of co. Monaghan. 
 
 Troughend, par., Eng., Northumberland, union and 7^ m. 
 NE. Bellingdon ; 26,477 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Troup, CO. , U. S. , Georgia, on W. frontier, intersected by 33° N. 
 
 Troup Head, cape, Scot. , Banffshire, on the N. ct. , in2° 17^' W. 
 
 Trousdale, co. , U.S. , Tennessee, in the N. , crossed by 86'" W. 
 
 Troutbeck, vil., Eng., Cumberland, in the S. of the Penrith 
 div., 7J m. E. by N. Keswick, i m. SSW. of its stn. on the 
 L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 
 Troutbeck, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, Appleby div. , on Trout 
 Beck, 9i m. NW. Kendal, 2^ m. N. Windermere stn. ; slates 
 are quarried here. Troutbeck Valley is cut in two by a long 
 hill, called T. Tongue. The river flows from the N. into Winder- 
 mere. P.O., and P.O. (T. Bridge). 5807 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Trout Lake, Canada, Keewatin, in 54° 5' N. and 96° 40' W. 
 Another Trout Lake in same dist., 51° N. and 93° W. 
 
 Trout Lake, lake, Canada, Ontario, Nipissing dist., 125 m. 
 WNW. Ottawa, drained E. by the riv. Petewawa into the riv. 
 Ottawa. 
 
TROU — TRUR 
 
 Trout River, Canada, Keewatin, the outlet of Oxford Lake, 
 on the boat-route to York Factory. 
 
 Trontsdale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 
 7 m. W. Scarborough. P. <:25o. 
 
 TronviUe, tn. and trading port, France, dep. Calvados, arr. 
 Pont I'Eveque, on the S. shore of the estuary of the Seine, at 
 the mouth of the Touques, 8 m. S. by W. Havre ; best sea- 
 bathing place on the English Channel. P. 5600. 
 
 TroTlgglauo, vil. , Italy, The Marches, prov. and 11 m. 
 NW. Macerata. P. <:3000. 
 
 Troffbrldge (tro'brij), par. and market-tn. , Eng., Wilt- 
 shire, W. div., 8 m. SE. by E. Bath, on the G. W. R., i m. S. 
 of the Kennet and Avon Canal. The woollen manufactures, 
 established here from a very early period, include kerseys, 
 tweeds, and broadcloth. In the parish church the poet Crabbe 
 is interred. Market-days, Tu. and S. Par. P. 11,900; tn. P. 
 11,700. 
 
 Trowell, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div. , 6 m. W. 
 Nottingham, on the Erewash R. and the M. K., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Trow dill, narrow cleft in the limestone rock, with sheer 
 walls 508 ft. high, traversed by a streamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, W. div. 
 
 Trowse witli NcTrton, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 2 m. 
 SE. Norwich, with a stn. (Trowse) on the G. E. R., PMT.O. 
 (T.) P. < 1000; eccles. par. (T. with Lakenbani) P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Troy, ruined city, Asia Minor, rendered famous by the ' Iliad ' 
 of Homer, supposed to have stood on a height at the S. extremity 
 of the Plain of Troy, 9 m. SSE. the entrance of the Hellespont 
 from the ^gean Sea. On that height are still some vestiges of 
 ancient walls and cisterns, and around it are numerous artificial 
 mounds. The area has yielded numerous antique remains to 
 the investigations of ' Professor Schliemann. The Plain of 
 Troy, between this and the Hellespont, about 10 m. in length 
 by 3 m. in width, is watered by three rivers, two of which are 
 the Simois and Scamander of antiquity. 
 
 Troy, stn. , Eng. See Monmoatli. 
 
 Troy, city, U.S., Alabama, Pike co., 42 m. SSE. of Mont- 
 gomery ; has large cotton trade. P. <4c>oo. 
 
 Troy, vil., U.S., lUinois, Madison co., 29 m. E. by N. St. 
 Louis (Mo.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Troy, vil., U.S., Indiana, Perry co., on the r. bk. of the 
 Ohio, 58 m. W. byS. Louisville (Ken.); coal mined. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Troy, vil., U.S., Kansas, Doniphan co. , 17 m. N. Atchison. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Troy, vil., U.S., Missouri, Lincoln co., 48 m. NW. by W. 
 St. Louis; rich in mineral depxDsits, coal, iron, glass-sand. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Troy, city, U.S., New York, Rensselaer co., extends for 3 
 m. on the 1. bk. of Hudson R., 4 m. NE. by N. Albany, con- 
 nected with West T. , on opposite side of the river by an iron 
 bridge 1600 ft. long. It is built on a plain backed by a range 
 of hills 300-400 ft. high. It contains the Rensselaer Polytechnic 
 Institute, is a great railway centre, and has an active trade 
 with New York, to which steamers ply daily. Abundant water- 
 power is afforded by the Hudson, Mohawk, Wynantskill, and 
 Poestenkill streams emptying themselves into the Hudson within 
 the city limits, and along with steam-power is employed in the 
 maintenance of extensive manufactures. There are also large 
 rolling-mills, foundries, and blast-furnaces. The first Bessemer 
 steel-works in America were established here. The shirt and 
 collar business is one of the most extensive in the U.S., em- 
 ploying 1000-6000 hands. T. has also one of the largest manu- 
 factures of mathematical instruments. Alt. 16 ft. ; 30 ft. ( R. R. ). 
 P. (1840)16,300; (1870)46,500; (1880)56,700; (1890)61,000. 
 
 Troy, West, vil. opposite, on the r. bk. of the Hudson. P. 
 (1880) 8800; (1890) 13,000. 
 
 Troy, vil., U.S., Ohio, Miami co., 69 m. N. by E. Cincinnati. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Troy, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Bradford co., 53 m. NE. 
 Williamsport. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Troy, tn., U.S., Vermont, Orleans co., 8 m. W. by N. 
 Newport. P. < 2000. 
 
 Troyes, tn., France, dep. Aube, cap. arr. T., on the Seine, 
 48 m. SSW. Chaions-sur-Marne ; has a cathedral and churches 
 of a style not seen elsewhere, and a library of 85,000 vols. ; is 
 the centre of important manufactures of hosiery, which have 
 replaced the ancient cloth - weaving industry. T. was cap. 
 of the old prov. Champagne. A treaty was concluded here in 
 1420, conferring the crown of France on Henry V. of England. 
 Alt. 350 ft. Mean temp., yr. 51.9° F., Jan. 36.0°, July 68.4°. 
 P. (1872) 38,100; (1891) 50,300. 
 
 Troyon, vil., France, dep. Meuse, arr. Commercy, 12 m. SSE. 
 Verdun-sur-Meuse. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Troza, mt. , central Tunis, 30 m. WSW. Kairwan ; noted for 
 its hot bath — not a spring, but a perpetual jet of hot vapour. 
 
 TrtMit, comm., Hungary, Croatia - Slavonia, co. Modrus- 
 Rieka, dist. Susak. P. <4000. 
 
 Trstenlk, Bulgaria. See Ufaralkl-Trstenlk. 
 
 Trstenlk, tn., Servia, prov. Krusevac, on the Golijska 
 Morava, 28 m. S. by E. Kragujevac. P. <20oo. 
 1602 
 
 Triiban, Botamlscli, comm., Austria. See Boliniiiicli- 
 Trttban. 
 
 Trilbb, vil., Switzd., cant. St. Gall, 5 m. N. by W. Ragatz, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Rhine. 
 
 Trubchevsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 152 m. WSW. Orel, 
 on r. bk. of Desna ; old town of the 12th century, which often 
 has changed hands between Russia and Lithuania. P. 5450. 
 
 Trabla, I.a, vil., Spain, prov., dist., and a few miles W. of 
 Oviedo, with government factory of artillery, &c. P. <20oo. 
 
 Trubley, par.. Ire., S. co. Meath, bar. Lower Deece, 3I m. 
 ENE. Trim, on the r. bk. of the Boyne. P. <25o. 
 
 Trnbschaolieu, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 19 m. E. Bern. Alt. 
 2420 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Trnccazzaiio, vil., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 13 m. E. 
 Milan. P. (comm. ) <4ooo. 
 
 Trnckee, tn. , U.S., California, Nevada co., 90 m. NE. by E. 
 Sacramento ; tourist centre with picturesque surroundings for 
 Lakes Tahoe and Donner. Near it the Central Pacific Railroad 
 crosses the Sierra Nevada by the T. Pass (alt. 7200 ft.). P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Trnckee Klver, U. S. , rises in Placer co. , California, in the 
 Sierra Nevada, flows E. through Washoe and Storey cos., 
 Nevada, then NNW. into Pyramid Lake. Length about 120 m. 
 
 Trndean, stn. , Canada, prov, Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 776 
 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Tmffhlll, vil., Scot., Ayrshire, part of Waterside (^.v.). 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Tmghanacniy, bar. , Ire. , co. Kerry, extending from Tralee 
 Bay to CO. Cork. 
 
 Trnjlllo, maritime vil.. Central America, Honduras, 58 m. 
 .\E. by N. Tegucigalpa, in about 15° 55' N. ; exports sarsa- 
 parilla, cattle, hides, and metals. 
 
 Trnjlllo, tn. , Peru, cap. prov. T. , 300 m. NNW. Lima ; 3 
 m. NW. are the ruins of the ancient town Great Chimu, of 
 which the walls remain. T. was founded by Pizarro in 1535. 
 P. 11,000. 
 
 Trnjlllo, tn., Spain, prov. Caceres, cap. dist. T. , 46 m. NE. 
 by N. Merida ; manufactures pottery. Birthplace of Pizarro, 
 1475. P. (comm.) 11,000. 
 
 Trnjlllo, tn., Venezuela, Los Andes, 260 m. WSW. Caracas. 
 
 Trnk, islets, Caroline Is. See Hogoln. 
 
 Trnklinient«y,orTrnkhmeny, Russian form of Turkomans. 
 
 Trnll, par., Eng., Somerset, WeUington div., 2 m. SSW. 
 Taunton, PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Tmniansbnrg, vil., U.S., New York, Tompkins co. , 42 m. 
 SW. by S. Syracuse, 10 m. N W. Ithaca. P. < 1500. 
 
 Truman, tn. , Lower Austria, dist. Ebreichsdorf. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 TrnmbanrsTllle, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Bucks co. , 18 m. 
 NW. Doylestown. P. < 1500. 
 
 Trnnibnll, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Trnmbnll, co., U.S., Ohio, in the NE., on the E. frontier. 
 
 Trnnilsgarry, eccles. par., Scot., Inverness-shire, on the N. 
 ct. of N. Uist, in 7° 15' W. P. < 1000. 
 
 Trumpet, P.O., Eng., Herefordshire, 4 m. from Ledbury. 
 
 Trnniplngton, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, Chesterton div. , near 
 the Gogmagog Hills, 2 m. S. by W. Cambridge, P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Trump Island, off E. ct. of Newfoundland, in dist. Twillin- 
 gate and Fogo. 
 
 Trnmra, electoral div. , Ire. , Queen's co. , dist. Mountrath. 
 
 Tmn, tn. , France, dep. Orne, arr. Argentan, on the Dives, 
 II m. ESE. Falaise. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tmncli, par., Eng., Norfolk, 3 m. N. North Walsham, 
 PM.O. P. <:50o. 
 
 Trunkey Creek, telegraph stn. , New South Wales, Georgiana 
 CO. , in 33" 45' S. , 149° 28' E. ; is in a goldfield. Copper and 
 silver are abundant. P. < 1500. 
 
 Trnns, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, on the 1. bk. of the Vorder- 
 Rhine, 7 m. ENE. Dissentis. Alt. 2840 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tmolias Cone, mt., U.S., New Mexico, Santa F6 co. , 26 m. 
 NE. Santa F6. 
 
 Trnong-Tlen, riv., Annam. See Hn<^. 
 
 Truro, tn. , Canada, Nova Scotia, on Cobequid Bay, Col- 
 chester CO., 41 m. SW. by W. Pictou. Mean temp., yr. 41.3° 
 F., Jan. 18.0°, July 63.4°. P. (i88i)<:400o; (1891) 5100. 
 
 Truro, episcopal city, mun. bor. (by prescription), par., 
 seapt., and market-tn., Eng., Cornwall, T. div., 8 m. N. Fal- 
 mouth, in the diocese of T. , on a penin. at the junction of the 
 Allen and Kenwyn (the tidal inlet being called the Truro R.), 
 in the upper part of Falmouth harbour, with a junction-stn. on 
 the Cornwall Rly. T. was formerly an important mining 
 centre, with large exports of tin and copper. The harbour 
 admits ships of 100 tons to the quays. T. is one of the oldest 
 towns in England. The streets are wide and well paved. 
 Cathedral (begun 1880), incorporating the ancient church, of 
 300 ft. by 109 ft., with central tower 250 ft. high. T. became 
 a city in 1877, when the ancient Cornish bishopric was revived. 
 The present diocese includes the whole of Cornwall and part of 
 Devon. P. (1891) 325,000; revenue, ;£^3i09. T. returned two 
 members to Parliament from 1239 till 1885, when it was merged 
 in the co. div. Market-days, W. and S. Mun. bor. and city. 
 
TRUR — TSIN 
 
 p. (i8oi)<250o; (1851) 10,700; (1871) 11,000; (1891)11,100; 
 pari. div. P. 50,700. 
 
 Truro, tn. , S. Australia, Eyre co. , 47 m. NE. by N. Adelaide ; 
 the Wheal Barton copper-mine is near. P. < 1500. 
 
 Trnro, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Barnstable co. , near the 
 E. side of Cape Cod Bay, 50 m. NE. by E. New Bedford. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Trusliam (trtis'am), par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 
 8 m. SW. by S. Exeter, on the G. W. R. P. <2So. 
 
 Trnskniore, nit. , Ire. , in the extreme NE. of co. Sligo, 8 m. 
 NNE. Sligo. Alt. 2113 ft. 
 
 Trusley, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, partly in W. div. , partly in 
 S. div. , 6^ m. W. Derby, 2^ m. NW. by N. Etwall stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Trnstliorpe, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , on 
 the E. ct. , 12 m. E. by S. Louth, i m. SSE. Mablethorpe stn., 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Trwyn-<lu Point, extremity of Anglesey, Wales, 4 m. NE. 
 Beaumaris; bears the Menai lighthouse, 53° 18' 50" N., 4° 2' 
 20" W. ; visible 13 m. 
 
 Trwyn-y-Miyiiydil, cape, Wales, Carnarvonshire, on the 
 SE. ct., 16 m. WSW. Portmadoc. 
 
 Trwyu-y-tal, cape, Wales, on the W. ct. of Carnarvonshire, 
 in 53° N. 
 
 Trybucliowce, tn. , Austria, Galicia, dist. Buczacz. P. <4000. 
 
 Tryddyn, par., Wales, Flintshire, 4 m. S. by E. Mold, 
 PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tryfen Junction, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., 
 on the N. Wales Narrow Gauge Rly. , 3 m. SE. by S. Carnarvon. 
 
 Trygstad, vil., Norway, dist. Smaalenene, 35 m. N. 
 Frederikshald. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Trynek, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Oppeln, circle and 
 2 m. SE. Gleiwitz. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Tryssll, vil. , Norway, prov. Hamar, 76 m. N. Kongsvinger. 
 P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Trysnll, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Kingswinford div. , 5 m. 
 SW. by W. Wolverhampton, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Tryweryn River, small riv. , Wales,- Merionethshire, flows 
 E. then SE. to the Dee, which it joins at Bala. 
 
 Trzynletz, tn. , Austria, Silesia, dist. Teschen. P. <300o. 
 
 Tsablt, dist., French Sahara, Twat, 186 m. SW. El Golea; 
 has great numbers of palm trees. 
 
 Tsad, lake. See Chad. 
 
 Tsagan, Mongol prefix, 'white.' 
 
 Tsagan Balgassnn, site of ruined tn., China, Mongolia, 34 
 m. NW. Kalgan ; begun in 1310 as a dynastic cap. 
 
 Tsagkarades, or Paraskevl, vil., Greece, Thessaly, near 
 the .iEgean Sea, 15 m. ESE. Volo. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tsaldam, region, Tibet. See Chaldam. 
 
 T»«allakles, Indian tribe, U.S. See C'herokees. 
 
 Ti^alnf, tn. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet and 23 m. SE. by S. 
 Adrianople. 
 
 Tsana, lake, Abyssinia. See Tana. 
 
 Tsang, prov., Tibet, between prov. Wi on the E. and Gnari 
 Khorsum on the W. ; the greater part of the population is con- 
 centrated in the S., which comprises the valley of the Yarn 
 Tsanpu. 
 
 Tsang-cbou, tn., China, prov. Pechili, on r. bk. of the 
 Hwei-ho, 50 m. S. by W, Tientsin, to which town there is a 
 telegraph line. 
 
 Tsanpu, riv., India. See Brahmapntra. 
 
 Tsaobls, vil. and fortified post, Ger. SW. Africa, 24 m. SW. 
 Otjimbingwe. 
 
 Tsaochon-fu, tn. , China, in the SW. of prov. Shantung, near 
 the frontier, 280 m. S. by W. Tientsin. 
 
 Ti«ao-hn, lake, China. See Chao-hn. 
 
 Tsaprang, tn., Tibet, prov. Gnari Khorsum, 55 m. SW. 
 Gartok ; abandoned during the winter. 
 
 Tsarekonstautinovka, vil., Russia. See Kamenka. 
 
 Tsarcv, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 319 m. NW. Astrakhaii, on 
 1. bk. Akhtuba, a branch of lower Volga, in a locality covered by 
 mounds of the Golden Horde of Tatars. P. 5800. 
 
 Tsarevokoksbalsk, or Tsarev, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 
 87 m. NW. Kazan. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tsarlbrod, Bulgaria. See Carlbrod. 
 
 Tsarltsyn, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 244 m. SSW. Saratov, 
 on r. bk. Volga, near where it suddenly changes its SW. course 
 to SE. ; connected by rail with the railway net of middle Russia, 
 with a branch to Kalach, one of the chief ports on the Don, and 
 itself one of the chief ports on the Volga. No less than 9,000,000 
 tons of goods (corn, fish, cotton, metals, salt, naphtha, wine, &c.) 
 reach Tsaritsyn, and are either shipped to Astrakhan or unloaded 
 to be sent by rail to middle Russia and Kalach. Vineyards 
 around the town, which has also mechanical works, flour-mills, 
 and tanneries, and a number of educational institutions. Con- 
 siderable trade. P. (1861) 6750; (1881)29,750; (1891)40,580. 
 
 Tsarskoye Selo, dist. tn. and imperial residence, Russia, govt, 
 and 15 m. by rail S. of St. Petersburg; surrounded by several 
 villages, which, like the town itself, are summer resorts for the 
 population of the capital. Imperial palaces surrounded by 
 beautiful parks and gardens, P. 15,850. 
 
 Tscherbenel, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Breslau, circle 
 and 17 m. W. Glatz. P. <3ooo. 
 Tsclilngelhorn, mt. See Alps, Subdivision.s, II. B. 1, 
 Tsclilrnau, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Guhrau, 23 m. 
 E. by N. Glogau. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tse, or tso, Chinese, ' small lake,' ' swamp.' 
 Tsebelds, stem of Abkasians, N. Caucasia, prov. Kuban, in 
 the main Caucasus range. P. about 9000. 
 
 Tsechul-ho, or €hechul-bo, riv. , SW. China, r. bk. trib. of 
 the Yangtse-kiang, which it joins about 70 m. above Chungking. 
 Length about 280 m. 
 
 Tsektaanovets (Polish Clechanowlec), tn. , Russia, govt, and 
 88 m. SW. Grodno, on frontier of Poland. P. 6000. 
 
 Tselaora, tn. , Turkey in Europe, sanjak Seres, 15 m. N. of 
 the mouth of the Struma, 
 
 Tsellucliliig, tn. , centre of a large salt dist. , W. China, prov. 
 and 25 m. S. Ise-chou ; the annual production of salt is about 
 600,000 tons. 
 Tsesarevlch, Gulf, Caspian Sea. See Mcrtvyl Knltnk. 
 Tsetsefiy [Glossina morsitans, Westw.), poisonous insect, S. 
 Africa, ^^ in. long. The tsetse-fly occurs in many territories 
 between the Limpopo R. and the Tanganyika Lake, but it is 
 impossible to define exactly the boundary lines of its occurrence, 
 as they seem to vary considerably. The tsetse-fly kills cattle 
 and horses, but does not affect men, wild animals, goats, and 
 donkeys. It is still uncertain whether the bite itself or a 
 leucomaine poison in connection therewith is the toxic sub- 
 stance. [H. G. S.] 
 
 Tsen'-klang, riv., China, prov. Hunan, rises in the Nanshan 
 Mts., flows NE., NW., then NE. into Lake Tungting-hu. 
 Length, 340 m, 
 Tsla, isl. , Greece. See KeSs. 
 
 Tslafajavona, highest mt. in Madagascar, 37 m. SW. 
 Tananarivo. Alt. 8500-8950 ft. 
 
 Tslani, race, formerly inhabiting all the E. and SE. of 
 Farther India, now only found in some dists. in Annam. 
 Tslanido, Tibet. See Chamdo. 
 
 Tslclieug, tn. , Manchuria, on the r. bk. of the Sungari, at 
 the confluence of the Wukung, 138 m. N. Ninguta. 
 
 Tslentang-klang, riv., China, Chekiang, flows E. then on 
 the whole NE. into the head of Hangchow Bay ; navigable for 
 the greater part of its course. See Hangchow Bay. 
 Tslgllna, shoal in Danube. See ^reth, riv. 
 Tslho>hslen, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Hwang-ho, 170 m. S. by W. Tientsin. 
 
 Tsime-bslen, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, dep. and 70 m. 
 SE. Laichou-fu ; a market for agricultural produce. 
 
 Tslnislans, or Chlmslans, Indian tribe, occupying a f)enin. 
 in the W. of Brit. Columbia, crossed by 54° 15' N., 130° o' W. 
 See Metlakahtla. 
 
 Tslnau-chon, tn., China, prov. Fokien, on the E. ct. , 45 m. 
 NE. Amoy. 
 
 Tsinan-fu, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, 175 m. S. Tientsin ; 
 has a wall and three circuits of ramparts ; manufactures of silk, 
 and trade in imitation precious stones. 
 
 Tsin-chou, tn., China, prov. Kansu, 180 m. SE. Lanchou; 
 has silk-weaving and embroidery ; trade in tea, tobacco, indigo, 
 and cereals. 
 
 Tsln-chon, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, 123 m. SW. by W. 
 Tientsin. 
 
 Tsln-chou, tn. , China, prov. Shansi, 290 m. SW. Tientsin, 
 135 m. N. by E. Honan. 
 
 Tsln-chou, tn. , China, near the W. or upper end of the Wei 
 valley, in Kansu, connected by cart and mule road with Lan- 
 chou-fu. See Proc. R. G. S., 1890, p. 64. 
 
 Tslngchou-fO, tn., China, prov. Shantung, 160 m. WSW. 
 Chifu ; former cap. of prov. ; has large silk industry. 
 
 Tslng-hslen, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Huto-ho, where it is joined by the Grand Canal, 32 m. SSW. 
 Tientsin. 
 
 Tslngl-hn, tn., China, prov, Kiangsu, 175 m. N. by E, 
 Nanking. 
 
 Tslngphuhlan, tn. , China, prov, Kiangsu, 24 m, W. by S, 
 Shanghai. 
 
 T.slngshulpu, vil. , China, in the SE. of Hunan, on the Lei- 
 kiang, in about 26° o' N. , 112° 55' E. ; the centre of the coal-trade 
 of the dist. There are iron- works to the S. (Proc, P. G. S., 
 1880, pp. 160-61). 
 
 Tsln-ho, or Clear River, riv. , Tongking, flows S. then SE. 
 into the Songkoi, which it enters 30 m. above Hanoi. 
 
 Tsln-Ung-shan, or Pe-shan, range of mts. , China, in S. of 
 prov. Kansu, part of the E. Kuenlun, trending E. and W., 
 between the Wei and Hwang-ho on the N. and the Han-kiang 
 on the S. , and thus separating the basins of the Hwang-ho and 
 Yangtse-kiang ; the two slopes enclose a narrow plateau, with 
 an average alt. of 8200 ft. The Tsln-llng Pass (alt. 4100 ft.), 
 47 m. ESE. Si-ngan-fu, leads across these mountains to the Tan- 
 ho valley (leading to Hankow), and an artificial road leads over 
 the Chaikwan-ling Pass (alt. 6035 ft.), about 120 m. W. Singan- 
 fu, connecting the Wei valley with that of the Han-kiang, and 
 
 1603 
 
TS I O 
 
 TUBA 
 
 forming the only practicable road from N. China to the prov. of 
 Siichwan. Both only mule-roads. Highest peak Tapei-shan, 
 alt 11,000-12,140 ft. 
 
 Tslougyangsan, mt., E. ct,, Korea, in about 37° N. 
 
 Tslpa, riv. , E. Siberia, govt. Transtaikalia, rises on E. slope 
 of Barguzin Mts. , flows E. , over 200 m., on the Vitim plateau 
 at alt. of 3000 to 3500 ft. in a broad marshy valley, piercing a 
 chain of hills in its lower course. Lake Baunt near to it, in its 
 upper course. Gold diggings on its tribs. Chief trib. Tsijjakan. 
 
 Tslpiaiia, vil., Greece, prov. Arcadia, 14 m. W. Argos, in the 
 coram, of Mautiiiela, and 4J m. E. of the site of the ancient 
 Mantineia. P. <2000. 
 
 Tslrecbkol, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Palzaiiovo. 
 
 Tslrlblliliia, riv. , W. Madagascar, flows W. , and debouches 
 by five branches in 19° 47' S. ; navigable to the escarpment of 
 the central plateau. 
 
 Tsitelhar, or Pukwel, tn., Manchuria, about 350 m. NNW. 
 Kirin, at the head of navigation on the Nonni ; in a well- 
 cultivated plain ; cap. prov. Helung-kiang, a miserable town, 
 surrounded by an earthen wall, also the administrative centre 
 for all the Manchu tribes ; chief penal settlement for the worst 
 kind of criminals. Alt. 512 ft. P. (1884) 30,000. 
 
 Tslifvauchon-fii, maritime tn., China, prov. Fukien, dep. 
 T. , 93 m. S W. Foochow-fu ; formerly cap. of Fukien. Identified 
 with the city of Zayton of Ibu Batuta, Marco Polo, &c. , then a 
 very important port. 
 
 Tsirllsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 120 m. W. Kazaii. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Tskheuls-tskhall (Georgian 'horse-river'), riv., Russia, 
 Caucasia, govt. Kutais, r. bk. trib. of Rion, ancient Hippus ; 
 some lead ores on its banks. 
 
 Tsniiakom-kkokli, mt., Russia, N. Caucasia, dist. Vladi- 
 kavkaz, in N. of main range. Alt. 13,567 ft. 
 
 Tsna, several rivs. of middle Russia. 1. Left bank trib. of 
 Pripet, govt. Minsk, 70 m. 2. Left bank trib. of Oka, govt. 
 Ryazan, 53 m. 3. Left bank trib. of Moksha, which it joins 30 
 m. above its junction with Oka, govt. Tambov ; rises in SE. 
 part of this govt. , flows N. 295 m. At Morshansk it becomes 
 navigable, but navigation is impeded to a certain extent by 
 shoals, and several windings have been rectified by canals. 
 Very important artery for shipping corn, hempseed, linseed, 
 hemp, tallow, and potash, 100,000 to 150,000 tons every year. 
 Receives several small tribs. 4. Trib. of Lake Mstino, govt. 
 Tver, rises in same marshes with Volga and W. Diina, flows E. 
 93 m. , forms part of the Vyshnevolotskiy system of canals con- 
 necting Volga with Neva. 
 
 Tso, ' water. ' See C/to. 
 
 Tsd, tse, Chinese, 'small lake,' 'swamp. 
 
 Tso-cbon, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, 30 m. SW. Peking. 
 
 Tsd-cliou, tn. , China, prov. Shansi, 350 m. SW, Tientsin, 57 
 m. NNE. Honan. 
 
 T8olo,vil. , Cape Colony, dist. Griqua-land East, 127 m. NNE. 
 East London. 
 
 Tsomo, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. Transkei, 65 m. NNE. King 
 William's Town. 
 
 Tsonongbo, Tibetan name of Lake Kuku-itor. 
 
 Tsoplin, tn., China, prov. Kiangsu, 10 m. SSE. Shanghai. 
 
 Tsouuouthonaii, mt. , Canada, prov. and 24 m. N W. Quebec. 
 Alt. 2000 ft. 
 
 Tsu, tn., Japan, 45 m. ESE. Kyoto, on a bay on the SE. ct. 
 of Honshiu, P. 15,600. 
 
 Tsn-chon, tn. , China, Siichwan, 76 m. SE. Chengtu-fu. 
 
 THugar, or Matsmal, strait separating Honshiu L from Yezo 
 L, Japan. 
 
 Tsn-lio, navigable riv., China, PechiU, flows ESE. then NE., 
 and enters the Hun-ho about 30 m. above Tientsin. 
 
 Tsaknbasan, isolated volcanic height, Honshiu L, Japan, 
 44 m. NNE. Tokyo; its name, 'petrified wave,' is due to its 
 striking outline. Alt. variously given between 2700 and 3610 ft. 
 
 Tsuliachlng, tn., China, Siichwan, 95 m. SSE. Chengtu-fu, 
 with brine-wells {Jour. R. G. S^, 1878, pp. 64-66; Proc. R. G. S. , 
 1886, p. 376). 
 
 Tsnngmlng, isl. , China, Kiangsu, in the mouth of the Yang- 
 tse-kiang, opposite the mouth of the Wusung ; also a town on 
 its S. shore ; low lying. Length, 44 m.; average breadth, 7 m. 
 
 Tsniig-ngaii-bslen, tn., China, prov. Fukien, 53 m. NW. 
 Kienning-fu ; a large tea-market for ' bohea.' P. 100,000. 
 
 Tsunboa-cbon, tn., China, prov. Pechili, 88 m. E. by N. 
 Peking. 
 
 Tsnul-fn, tn., China, Kweichou, 80 ra. NNE. Kweiyang-fu, 
 with coal and iron ores to the S. 
 
 Tsnuo-sbinia, small isl. lying off the SW. of Honshiu L , 
 Japan. 
 
 Tsnrtsnantelun, tn. , China. See Sacbon-fta. 
 
 Tsuraga, tn. , Japan, 55 m. NNE. Kyoto; terminus of a 
 branch of the Tokyo-Ozaka Rly. T. Bay affords complete 
 shelter to vessels. P. (1887) 11,600. 
 
 Tsumgaoka, tn., Japan, Honshiu, 75 m. NE. by N. Niigata. 
 P. 19,600. 
 
 Tsurugl>Hakl, cape, Japan. See Sagaml. 
 1604 
 
 Tsurakbaltnl, Old and New, two Cossack vils. , Russia, E. 
 Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, on Chinese frontier, on upper course 
 of Argun R. , 150 and 175 m. SE. Nerchinsk; trade in brick- 
 tea and cattle with Mongolia. P. (of each) < 1000. 
 
 Tsiiru-shlnia, isl. , in inner Japan sea ; has a lighthouse at its 
 NW. point in 33° 45' N., 132° 37' E. 
 
 Tsiisbima, or Tsusima, two lofty, wooded, volcanic isls., 
 Japan, in strait of Korea, about midway between Korea and 
 Kiushiu, about 35 m. long, united at low water ; cap. Izuno- 
 hara near its S. end, now included in Nagasaki ken. On the W. 
 side, in 34° 20' N., is a magnificent inlet, nearly landlocked,, 
 with several minor inlets, each capable of sheltering whole fleets 
 in deep water close to the shore, and communicating by a narrow 
 channel at high water with the E. ct. Area about 270 sq. m. 
 P. 31,000. See chart, /our. R. G. S., 1863, p. 178. 
 
 TsutatI, tn. , China, Siichwan, on the r. bk. of the Tatu-ho,. 
 137 m. SW. Chengtu-fu. Alt 2465 ft. 
 
 Tsayama, tn., Japan, Honshiu, 75 m. WNW. Kobe. P. 
 15,200. 
 
 Tsyetsyn, Korea. See Qnelpart. 
 
 Tsylma, riv., N. Russia, 1. bk. trib. of Pechora, govt. Arch- 
 angel ; rises in the tundras, pierces spurs of the "Timan ridge, 
 flows E. about 270 m. 
 
 Tsymlyanskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, prov. of Don Cossacks,. 
 69 m. SW. of Nizhne-Chirskaya, 100 m. ENE. Novocherkask, 
 on r. bk. Don ; surrounded by vineyards ; wine exported. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Tsyp Navolok, penin. , Russia. See Kybacbly. 
 
 Tsynsaii, group of isls. belonging to the Riukiu group, Japan,. 
 N. of 26° N. 
 
 Tu, tn. , China. See To. 
 
 Ta, dist. , Sahara. See Tlbestl. 
 . Tua, volcano, Andes, on the frontier between Chile and 
 Bolivia, in 20° 35' S. Alt. 15,980 ft. 
 
 Tu^, riv. , Portugal, r. bk. trib. of the Douro ; not navigable. 
 Length more than 124 m. 
 
 Tiia, Locb, inlet, Scot. , Argyllshire, in the W. of Mull I. , com- 
 municating at its head with Loch na Keal by the Sound of Ulva. 
 
 Tnakan, post-tn. , New Zealand, North L, Manukau co. , 36 
 m. from Auckland by road and rail. P. <isoo. 
 
 Taam. See Killala. 
 
 Tnam, electoral div. , Ire., Cavan, dist. Hollywell. 
 
 Tiiam, par. and civic and market-tn., Ire., NE. co. and 17^ 
 m. NNE. Galway, bars. Ballymoe, Clare, and Dunmore, ij m. 
 from the 1. bk. of the riv. Clare, a stn. on the Athenry and 
 Claremorris Rly. ; has Roman Catholic and Protestant cathedrals. 
 The latter, rebuilt during the 19th century, includes the chancel 
 of the old church, erected before 1150, Market-days, W. and S. 
 Par. 25,016 ac. , P. 6700 ; tn. P. <35oo. 
 
 Tuamarlua, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Marlborough^ 
 CO., 35 m. ESE. Nelson; scene of the massacre of Captain 
 Wakefield and party, 1843. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tnamotn, in French spelling Tonamoton (' extended isls.'), 
 a group of low coral isls. in the S. Pacific, between 14° and 24° 
 S. and 135° and 150° W. , forming a dependency of the French, 
 possession of Tahiti ; about 80 in number (exclusive of innumer- 
 able rocks), all atolls except three (Makareka, Tikei, and Reka- 
 reka), the largest, Rairoa and Fakarava, with a length of no- 
 and 100 m. respectively, but with so narrow land surfaces that 
 the whole group has an area of only about 330 sq. m. (not much 
 larger than the isl. of Anglesey). The French resident has his 
 seat at Rotoana on the isl. of Fakarava, one of the nearest to- 
 Tahiti. The group was discovered by Bougainville, who called 
 them the Low Is. Cook afterwards named them the Dangerous 
 Is. The original native name was Pomotu Is. (' islands of the 
 night'), which the people of Tahiti, after bringing them into 
 subjection, changed to Paumotu ('subjugated islands ') ; which 
 again was officially changed by the French to Tuamotu. P. 
 7-8000, of whom about 50 Europeans. 
 
 Tuan, Tongkinese, 'custom-house.' 
 
 Taanae, or Maurua, isl., Pacific, Society group, in about 
 152° 10' W. and 16° 25' S. 
 
 Tnanakai, isl. , Pacific, in the S. of Cook group. 
 
 Tuan-aii, bay, Annam. See Hu^. 
 
 Tnapeka, co. , New Zealand, South I., crossed in the S. by 
 46° S. , between 169° and 170° E. See Lawrence. 
 
 Tuareg, sometimes spelt Tawarlk and in other ways, in the 
 singular Targi, Arab name of the Berber people inhabiting a- 
 large portion of the western Sahara, grouped into four con- 
 federacies, one, the Azjer, inhabiting the oases in the NE. on 
 the plateau of Tassili immediately to the W. of Fezzan ; a 
 second, the Ahaggar, inhabiting the Hogar plateau to the W. 
 of the former and S. of Algeria ; a third inhabiting the oases 
 of Air, further S.; and the fourth in the SW., inhabiting the 
 highland region of Adrar (Aderar) and the plains of Asa wad N. 
 of the great bend of the Niger. 
 
 Tnat, Sahara. See Twat. 
 
 Taba, tn., French W. Africa, Futa Jallon, in 11° 30' N., 12° 
 30' W. ; an important centre of Islamism. 
 
 Tnba, tn., French Sudan, cap. of Markadugu, 84 m, NE.. 
 
TUBA — TU F-F 
 
 Bammako, centre of a group of seven villages, each of which is 
 an important commercial centre ; principal trade is in horses. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Tuba, riv. , Russia, E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, Minusinsk 
 region ; rises from confluence of gold-bearing Amyl and Kizir, 
 both rising in Sayans, flows W. and joins Yenisei from right, 
 after having watered the Tiibn Mts., covered with rich meadows, 
 and inhabited by the Turkish stem of Tnblntseg. Uigur in- 
 scriptions from Jenghiz Khan's times on crags on its banks ; 
 iron ores on its trib. Irba. Length, 170 m. 
 
 Tnbai, or Mutn-Itl, isl., Pacific, Society group, in about 
 16° 17' S. , 151° 50' W. 
 
 Tnbaii, tn., Java, on the N. ct. , in about 112° 7' E. , 65 m. 
 NW. by N. Surabaya ; an important port, already famous in 
 the time of the Hindu dominion. 
 
 Tabarfio, vil. , Brazil, Santa Catharina, on the riv. T., 178 
 m. NE. Porto Alegre. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tabartya, or Et Tiibartya, vil. , Palestine, on the W. shore 
 ■of the Bahr-et-Tubariya, or Sea of Tiberias, Tiberias in the 
 N. T. , 32° 47' N., 35° 32' E. , 15I m. ENE. Nazareth. 
 
 Tnbarn, tn. and commercial port, Molucca Is., Halmahera 
 I., 37 m. NNE. Gamukunora. P. (i885)<5ooo. 
 
 TiibAs, vil., Palestine, Thebez in the O. T., 32° 19' N., 35° 
 22' E. , 10 m. NE. Nablus. 
 
 Tab Bataha, reefs in Sulu Sea, between the Philippine Is. 
 and Borneo, in 8° 50' N., 120° E. 
 
 Tabber, stn., Ire., co. Gal way, on the Wat^ford and 
 Limerick Rly., 5^ m. S. Gort, P.O. 
 
 Tnbber, P.O., Ire., 3 m. from Moate, co. Westmeath. 
 
 Tnbbercurry, PMT.O. , Ire., co. Sligo. See Tobercurry. 
 
 Tnbbergeii, comm. , Holland, prov. Overijssel, 14 m. NNW. 
 Enschede. P. 6300. 
 
 Tubberniore, PMT.O., Ire., co. Londonderry. See 
 Tol»eriiiore. 
 
 Tubbrld, pan, Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Iverk, 3 m. SE. 
 Pilltown. P. <25o. 
 
 Tubbrld, par.,, Ire., S. co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa 
 West, II m. W. by S. Clonmel ; 12,573 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Tubbrldbrltaln, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Crannagh, 
 5 m. SW. Freshford ; 4140 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tnbbrit, electoral div. , Ire., Westmeath, dist. Athlone No. i. 
 
 Tiiblngen, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wtirtemberg, Black Forest circle, 
 beautifully situated on a ridge between the Neckar and Ammer 
 valleys, on the 1. bk. of the Neckar, which receives the Stein- 
 lach, 18 m. SSW. Stuttgart. Has a university founded, 1477, 
 by Duke Eberhard im Bart, chairs for Protestant and Roman 
 Catholic theology, the former of which became celebrated under 
 Baur (1826), the founder of the so-called T. school of theology. 
 Its castle, Hohentiibingen, contains the university library of 
 300,000 vols. , and an observatory ; manufactures physical and 
 surgical instruments, chemical apparatus, &c. Ceded to 
 Wtirtemberg, 1342. Birthplace of the poet Uhland (1787-1862). 
 P. 13,200; comm. P. 13,300. 
 
 Tublze, comm. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Nivelles, on the 
 Senne, 12 m. SW. by S. Brussels. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tubiiey, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, 4 m. W. Abingdon. P. <:25o. 
 
 Tubrld, electoral div., Ire., Kerry, dist. Ardfert. 
 
 Tubnal, or Austral Islands, group of seven isls.. Pacific, 
 crossed by 150° W. , 25° S.; Tubuai I. is in about i49j° W., 23° 
 25' S. ; all except one are of volcanic formation. Principal pro- 
 ducts, the banana, orange, manioc, cotton, tobacco, sugar-cane, 
 and taro. Some of the islands became French along with the 
 Society Is. , but others were not formally annexed till 1889. Area 
 of group, no sq. m. 
 
 Tu'burl, or Tn'furl, country, central Africa, E. of Adamawa, 
 S. of 10° N., W. of 15° E. The T. swamp in the E. of the 
 country, in 15° E. , becomes in the rainy season, according to 
 Barth, a lake 60 m. long, connecting the Benue with the Serbe- 
 vuel. Its discoverer, Vogel, considered that it discharged both 
 to the Logone and to the Benue by the Mayo-Kebbi, but the 
 exploration of the latter by Macdonald in 1890 seems to prove that 
 it has no connection with the marsh. 
 
 Tubusuptus, ruins, Algeria. See Tlklat. 
 
 Tucacas, seapt., Venezuela, Lara, in about 68° 20' W. ; port 
 of the Aroa copper-mines, with which it is connected by rail. 
 
 Tuclian, tn. , France, dep. Aude, arr. Carcassonne, 16 m. 
 NW. by N. Perpignan. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tucliel, tn. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, cap. circle T. , 32 m. 
 N. by W. Bromberg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tuclila, vil. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 30 m. S. Drohobycz, 
 on the Trans-Carpathian Rly. , connecting Stryi with Munkacs. 
 
 Tuckaboe, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Cape Mayo co. , on 
 Tuckahoe R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tuckaboe, vil., U.S., New York, W. Chester co. , on the 1. 
 bk. of Hudson R., 20 m. NNE. New York. P. <T.yx). 
 
 Tuckahoe Creek, riv., U.S., Maryland, flows S. into the 
 head of Choptank R. , an eastern inlet of Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Tuckenliay, P.O., Eng., Devonshire, 4 m. SW. Totnes. 
 
 Tucker, co., U.S., W. Virginia, in the NE., to the E. of 80° 
 W. , and crossed in the S. by 39° N. ; with coal-mines. 
 
 Tucker Beach, seaside resort, below Barnegat Inlet, U.S., 
 New Jersey. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tuckeruuck Island, U.S., Massachusetts, Nantucket co., 
 N. of the W. end of Nantucket I. 
 
 Tnckerton, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Burlington co. , 47 m. 
 SE. by E. Philadelphia (Penn.) ; has large trade in fish. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Tuck Hill, eccles. par. , Eng. , Shropshire and Staffordshire, 
 Alveley and Glaverley and Bobbington and Enville pars. P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 Tucking Mill, eccles. par., Eng., Cornwall, Illogan and 
 Camborne pars. P. <45oo. 
 
 Tucknilll, electoral div.. Ire., Wicklow, dist. Baltinglass. 
 
 Tucopla, isl.. Pacific, in about i2i° S., 168° 40' E. 
 
 Tucson, city, U.S., Arizona, Pima co. , 128 m. NW. by W. 
 from the SE. corner of the terr. ; seat of the Territorial Uni- 
 versity, founded by the Jesuits in 1560. Chief business, mining 
 and farming. Alt. 2370 ft. Mean temp. ( 14 yrs. ) , yr. 69. 5° F. , Jan. 
 49.9°, July 88.4°; rfall.,yr. 12.11 in., July-Aug. 5.24in. P. 5200. 
 
 Tucuche, highest point in Trinidad, in the centre of the N. 
 range. Alt. 2990 ft. 
 
 Tucumau, tn. and stn., Argentine Republic, cap. prov. T., 
 320 m. N. by W. C;6rdoba, in 26° 50' S. ; the busiest and most 
 populous town in the N. of the republic. It has a cathedral, 
 Jesuits' college, and trade in oxen and mules sent into Bolivia. 
 Here the independence of the provs. of La Plata basin was first 
 proclaimed, and the first congress of the republic was held in 
 1816. Alt. 1475 ft. Mean temp. (7 yrs., 1873-85), yr. 66.9° F., 
 Jan. 77.7°, July 54.0°; mean rfall. (16 yrs., 1873-88), yr. 38.2 
 in., April-Sept. 4.8 in. P. (1869) 17,400; (1889) 25,000. 
 
 Tucumau, prov. in the NW. of the Argentine Republic, the 
 smallest, but relatively the most populous of all the provs., 
 rather more than one-fourth of the size of Eng. , cap. T. Sur- 
 face, mountainous to the W. , where it is separated from the 
 neighbouring prov. of Catamarca by the perennially snow-clad 
 range of Aconquija, rising to upwards of 15,000 ft., more or less 
 level in the E. , with the prevailing slope of the republic from 
 NW. to SE. , the plains and lower grounds occupying nearly 
 three-fourths of the entire area. The influence of the Sierra 
 Aconquija in promoting condensation of moisture is shown in 
 the relatively large rainfall (at the town of Tucuman 38 in. 
 annually), which, with the facilities afforded for irrigation by 
 the mountain streams, makes the agriculture of the prov., in 
 particular the cultivation of sugar-cane, of high importance. 
 Next in importance is maize ; and rice, tobacco, wheat, lucerne, 
 and the vine are also cultivated. Mining industry is insignificant. 
 The name is said to be derived from Tucma, meaning ' land 
 without end,' applied by the Incas to the Gran Chaco. See 
 Argentine Kepubllc, table. 
 
 Tucunibu, vil. , Paraguay, on the Paraguay, 2 m. S. Asuncion. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 TucuyAs, isl., Brazil, in the mouth of the Amazon, crossed 
 in the extreme W. by 52° W. 
 
 Tuddenbaui, par., Eng., Suffolk, Mildenhall union, 3 m. 
 NE. by N. Ipswich, div. and 5 m. W. Woodbridge, ij m. 
 ENE. Westerfieldstn., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Tuddenham, East and North, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Norfolk, Mid div., the latter 11^ m. W. by N. Norwich, 4 m, 
 E. East Dereham. East T., P.O., P.<Soo; North T. P.< 
 500. See Honlngbani. 
 
 Tudela, tn., Spain, prov. Navarra, cap. dist. T., 60 m. W. 
 Huesca, on the r. bk. of the Ebro, here crossed by a stone bridge 
 of 17 arches. Has trade in alfa, gathered in the neighbouring 
 mountains, and oil from the numerous olive-trees in the vicinity ; 
 has a cathedral, and Latin and medical schools. Some miles 
 above, a resounding fall is formed by a dam across the Ebro, 
 built to store up the water for the famous imperial canal. Birth- 
 place of the celebrated traveller Ben j ami n of Tudela, 1 2th century. 
 P. (comm.) 9200. 
 
 Tudela, tn. , Spain, prov., dist., and 10 m. ESE. Valladolid, 
 on the Douro. P. (comm.)<:3ooo. 
 
 Tudeley with Capel, eccles. par. , Eng. , Kent, div. and 2^ m. 
 SE. by E. Tunbridge ; has mineral springs. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tudhoe, par. , Eng. , Durham, in the S. of the Mid div. , 4J m. 
 S. Durham, i| m. SW. by S. Croxdale stn. ; has blast-furnaces. 
 P. 7700 ; eccles. par. (T. Grange) P. 6000. 
 
 Tudhope Hill, Scot. , on the borders of Roxburghshire and 
 Dumfriesshire, 9J m. NE. by N. Langholm. Alt. 1961 ft. 
 
 Tue Brook, eccles. par., Eng., in the E. of Liverpool, on the 
 Edge Hill and Bootle branch of the L. & NW. R. P. 7700. 
 
 Tuelk, Jebel-, mt. chain, Arabia. See Tawelk, Jebel-. 
 
 Tnelm, tn., central Arabia, Nejd, cap. prov. Sedeir, 109 m. 
 NNW. Riad ; its gates are of extreme thickness. P. 15,000. 
 
 Tuena, postal-stn.. New South Wales, Georgiana co. , 45 m. 
 SSW. Bathurst ; has gold, silver, and copper mines, quartz and 
 iron ore abound. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Tue Point, mouth of York R., U.S., Virginia. 
 
 Tufelne, or Tefelne, cape, W. ct. Morocco, in 31° 6' N. 
 
 Tuflni', tn., France, dep. Sarthe, 17 m. ENE. Le Mans, arr. 
 Mamers. P. <2ooo. 
 
 1605 
 
TUFF — TULL 
 
 Taffley, par., Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div. , i^ m. 
 S. Gloucester. P. < looo. 
 
 Tnffiili, vil. , Palestine, Beth Tappuah in the O. T. , 31° 33' N. , 
 35° 2' E. , 3I m. W. by N. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Tufiiiell Park, eccles. par., Eng., London, Ishngton par. 
 P. 11,200. 
 
 Tafo, comm. , Italy, Campania, prov. and dist. Avellino ; 
 produces much sulphur. P. <2000. 
 
 Tnftoii, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 11 m. W. by 
 S. Basingstoke, close to Whitechurch (G. W. R. ) stn. P. <25o. 
 See Bnllliigton. 
 
 Tufiirl, central Africa. See Tabnrl. 
 
 Tng1>y, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 8 m. SW. by 
 W. Oakham, 2 m. WNW. East Norton stn. , PM.O. P. <5oo ; 
 eccles. par. (T. ivlth East Norton) P. <500. 
 
 Tug Delir, water-course, E. Africa, Somali-land, dry except 
 after rain ; has its source in the mountains S. of Berbera, and is 
 supposed by some to join the Wadi Nogal. 
 
 Tugela, riv. , S. Africa, Natal, fiows E. and then, after its 
 union with the Buffalo, SE. along the frontier into the Indian 
 Ocean. 
 Tngela, Lower, the div. in the eastern angle of Natal. 
 Tugela, Upper, the div. in the angle in the extreme W. of 
 Natal, containing the headwaters of the Tugela R. 
 
 Tug Far, riv., E. Africa, Somali-land, flows NNW. to SSE. 
 through Ogaden, losing itself in the marshes before reaching 
 the Webi Shebeli. 
 
 Tngford, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 16J m. S. by E. 
 Shrewsbury, 5 m. E. by S. Harton Road stn. P. <2So. 
 
 TngliaU, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., 8 m. N. by E. Alnwick, i^ m. ESE. Chathill stn. P. <250. 
 Tughere, tribe of Papuas, inhabiting the S. ct. of New Guinea, 
 immediately to the E. of Frederick Henry I. 
 
 Tnghraja, riv. , Persia, flows S. on to the plateau, and waters 
 Rizu and Khoramabad, then NW. into the plain of Zarand ; it 
 becomes very salt and disappears after a course of about 44 m. 
 Tugium. See Zug, tn. , Switzd. 
 
 Tugnrt (in French spelling Tongonrt), tn. , Algeria, 228 m. 
 S. by W. Constantine, cap. Wad Rhirh dist., fed by the subter- 
 ranean waters of the Wad Mia and the Wad Irharrhar, giving 
 it a position of great commercial value. Alt. 20b ft. P. <20oo. 
 Tulina, isl. , New Zealand. See Mayor, 
 Tnl, Bio, riv. , Venezuela, flows mainly E. , mouth in about 
 66° 7' W. Length, 155 m. 
 
 Tuiuake, or Keld, isl., Pacific, in the Tuamotu group, in 
 about i6^° o' S. , 144° 20' W. 
 Tnl Pass. See €hltral, riv. 
 
 Tnjn (Dutch spelling Toedjoe), mt., Sumatra, 90 m. SE. by 
 E. Padang. 
 
 Tnjuk, or Ak-Baital, pass in the Pamir, central Asia, 25 m. 
 S. of Lake Kara-kul. 
 
 Tnka, tn. , E. Africa, Galla-land, 34 m. SSW. Antotto. Alt. 
 7875-8200 ft. 
 
 Tnkabor, the ancient Thuccabor, Berber vil. and site of 
 ruins, N. Tunis, 32 m. WSW. Tunis. 
 
 Tnkaug Bessl, isl., Eastern Archipelago, in Banda Sea, SE. 
 of Celebes I. 
 
 Tukh, tn.. Lower Eg[ypt, prov. Kalyubiye, cap. dist., 12 m. 
 N. Kalyub. P. <40oo. 
 
 Tukh Delkah, vil.. Lower Egypt, prov. Menufiye, 3 m. 
 SSW. Tala. P. <sooo. 
 
 Tnkknni, dist. tn. , Russia, govt. Courland, 12 m. from the 
 Gulf of Riga, 40 m. by rail W. of Riga. Old town of the 
 Livonian Knights ; mineral springs. P. 7250. 
 
 Tnkopla, group of three isls. , Pacific, lying E. and W. of 
 170° E. and in about 12° S. They are T., Anuda or Cherry, and 
 Fataka or Mitre. Total area, 25 sq. m. 
 
 Tnkria, or Aln Tukria, vil. , Algeria, arr. Miliana, 100 m. 
 
 SW. Algiers ; has vast Roman ruins of Columnata. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tula, the ancient Tollan, tn., Mexico, Hidalgo, 35 m. W. by 
 
 S. Pachuca ; formerly a powerful city of the Toltecs. P. 14,000. 
 
 Tula, tn. , Mexico, Tamaulipas, 65 m. SSW. Ciudad Victoria. 
 
 P. (comm.) 14,000. 
 
 Tula, govt, of central Russia, has Moscow on N., Ryazaii 
 on E. , Tambov and Orel on S. , and Kaluga on W. Surface 
 a plateau, 800 ft. alt. , gently rising to 950-1000 ft. in middle, 
 and much cut by ravines, so as to assume a hilly aspect be- 
 side the river valleys. The backbone of the rocks consists of 
 Devonian and Carboniferous limestones and sandstones, covered 
 with patches of Jurassic clays and boulder-clay ; coal-mines 
 (Malevka), iron ore, fireclay, pottery clay. Watered by Oka and 
 its tribs. : Upa, Zusha, Osetr, and Pronya. The Don takes origin 
 in Lake Ivan-Ozero. Average temp, at Tula, yr. 40.2°, Jan. 14°, 
 July 68°. T. belongs to the borderknd between the SE. steppes 
 and the forest regions of the NW. Population Great Russian, 
 engaged chiefly in agriculture ; beet-root for sugar, and tobacco 
 are grown. There is a great development of petty trades (tea- 
 urns, small brass goods, harmoniums, and weaving). Manu- 
 factures on the increase : flour-mills, sugar-works, distilleries, 
 and hardware. Divided into twelve dists. : Tula, Alexin, Bogoro- 
 1606 
 
 ditsk, Byelev, Chern, Epifan, Efremov, Kashira, Krapivna, 
 Novosil, Odoyev, and Venev. Area, 11,954 sq. m. P. (1870) 
 1,154,300; (1890)1,492,300. 
 
 Tula, cap. of above govt., is situated 120 m. by rail S. of 
 Moscow, on both banks of Upa R. ; large imperial gun factory, 
 and about 130 small factories and workshops for the manufacture 
 of rifles, tea-urns, harmoniums, and all sorts of cutlery and iron- 
 mongery, for which purpose nearly 10,000 tons of iron, steel, and 
 brass are imported annually. P. (1882) 63,500; (1891)85,250. 
 
 Tnlaiiclugo, tn. , Mexico, Hidalgo, 25 m. E. Pachuca ; a 
 Toltec city said to be even more ancient than Tula. P. 6000. 
 
 Tulane University. See New Orleans. 
 
 Tulang - Bavang, riv., Sumatra, flows E. into the Sea of 
 Java. Length, 100 m. 
 
 Tulare, city, U.S., California, T. co. (which is crossed in S. 
 by 36° S. , midway between the E. and W. frontiers of state),. 
 165 m. NNW. Los Angeles ; noted for its irrigated fruit farms. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Tulare, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Spink co., 85 m. E. by 
 N. Pierre. 
 
 Tularosa, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Dona Ana co. 
 
 Tnlasco, settlement, U.S., Nevada, Elko co. , 75 m. SW. of 
 the NE. corner of the state, on the Central Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Tnlbagli, municip.. Cape Colony, cap. dist. T., 60 m. NE. 
 Cape Town. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tnlcan, tn., Ecuador, 90 m. NE. Quito, cap. prov. Carchi. 
 P. 4000. 
 
 Tnlcea, tn. and commercial centre, Roumania, Dobruja, cap. 
 prov. T. , on the S. bank of that arm of the Danube which lower 
 down breaks up into the Sulina and St. George mouths. The 
 prov. is undulating, in parts mountainous ; in the interior is a 
 plateau, average alt. 660 ft. Has mineral riches not yet worked. 
 Lakes are numerous along the course of the Danube. P. of tn. 
 (very mixed) 17,300. 
 
 Tnlcliln, tn. , Russia, govt. Podolia, 103 m. E. by S. of 
 Kamenets- Podolsk ; centre of Nonconformists. P. 11,500. 
 
 Tull, riv., Brit. S. Africa, Matabili-land, flowing S., then 
 SE. past Fort T. into the Crocodile R. 
 
 Tulja, another spelling of Tnlcea {q.v.), tn., Roumania. 
 
 Tuljapnr, tn., India, Haidardbad, 87 m. NNE. Bijdpur 
 (Bombay). 
 
 Tnlla, par. and tn. , Ire., N. co. Clare, bar. Upper T., 14 m, 
 W. by N. Killaloe, 2 m. from Crusheen stn., PMT.O. Par. 
 24,384 ac. , P. <;4ooo; tn. P. <75o. 
 
 TuUa, electoral div., Ire., King's co. , dist. Kinnitty. 
 
 Tnlla, Locli, lake, Scot. , Argyllshire, 10^ m. E. by S. of the 
 head of Loch Etive, drained SW. by the riv. Orchy into Loch 
 Awe. 
 
 TuUa, Lower and Upper, two bars. , Ire. , Lower T. in the 
 SE. of CO. Clare, Upper T. in the NE. 
 
 Tnllabracky, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bars. Coshma and 
 Smallcounty, 2 m. NE. Bruff. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tnllagh, par.. Ire., co. Cork, bar. W. Carbery, E. div., 4 
 m. SW. Skibbereen ; 5349 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 TuUaglian, PT.O., Ire., on the coast of co. Leitrim, bar. 
 Rosclogher, 6 m. SW. by W. Ballyshannon, 3 m. from Bun- 
 doran stn. 
 
 TuUaglian, electoral div.. Ire., W. co. Westmeath, bar. 
 Moyashel and Magheradernon, 2^ m. NW. by N. Mullingar. 
 
 TuUaglianbrogne, par.. Ire., co. and 4 m. SW. Kilkenny, 
 bars. Crannagh and Shillelogher. P. <5oo. 
 
 TuUagliauoge, par.. Ire., co. Meath, bar. Upper Navan, 
 3 m. SE. Athboy. P. <25o. 
 
 Tnllaglinielan, par.. Ire., S. co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and 
 Offa West, 5 m. SW. Clonmel. P. <5oo. 
 
 TuUaghobegly, ct. par. , Ire. , co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan,. 
 between Ballyness and Gweedore Bays, 10 m. SW. Dunfanaghy ; 
 68,542 ac. P. 9200. 
 
 TuUaglioge, electoral div.. Ire., E. co. Tyrone, bar. Upper 
 Dungannon, 3 m. S. by E. Cookstown. 
 
 Tullagliort4»n, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa 
 West, on riv. Tar, containing part of Clogheen town ; 6889 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 TuUaberln, par., Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. and 4 m. SW. 
 Gowran ; 5052 ac. P. <500. 
 
 TuUahonia, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Moore and Coffee cos., 
 55 m. WNW. Chattanooga ; 5 m. SW. are Hurricane Springs. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 TuUahouglit, par.. Ire., SW. co. Kilkenny, bar. Kells, 5^ 
 m. NNE. Carrick-on-Suir, P.O.; 4602 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Tnllaninin, par.. Ire., SE. co. Tipperary, bar. Middlethird, 
 6 m. SE. Cashel. P. <25o. 
 
 TuUanialne, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Shillelogher, 2 m. 
 NE. Callan. P. <25o. 
 
 Tnllaniore, civic and market tn. , Ire. , King's co. , bar. Bally- 
 cowan, 14^ m. NW. by W. Portarlington, in the centre of the 
 Bog of Allen, on the riv. TuUaniore, the Grand Canal (on which 
 it is the principal shipping station), and the G. S. & W. R. 
 Market-days, Tu. and S. Alt. 235 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), 
 yr. 30.2 in. P. <5ooo. 
 
TULL — TUME 
 
 Tnllaroau, par., Ire., NW. co. and 8 m. W. Kilkenny, 
 bar. Crannagh, P.O. ; 12,360 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tnlle, the ancient Tutela Lemovicum, cap., dep. Correze, 
 France, cap, arr. T. , on the Correze, 51 m. E. P^rigueux ; has 
 a bishopric, college, and public library, iron-works, and manu- 
 factures of druggets, paper, and a national factory of firearms. 
 P. (comm.) 19,000. 
 
 Tullear, tn. , Madagascar, on the W. ct., a little to the N. of 
 the Tropic of Capricorn, the best port on that part of the coast. 
 
 TulUallaii, par., Scot., Perthshire, i,\ m. SE. Alloa, 2^ m. S. 
 Kincardine stn. P. (including Kincardine town) < 2500. 
 
 TuUlbanllne, vil, Scot., W. Perthshire, 6 m. SE. by S. 
 Crieff, 2 ni. W. by N. Auchterarder, on the C. R. 
 
 TnlUlMMly, vil. , Scot. , Clackmannanshire, 2\ m. N W. Alloa, 
 ^ m. N. Cambusstn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Tulllcli, part of par., Scot., Aberdeenshire. See Glen- 
 mulck. 
 
 Tnlliebole, part of par. , Scot. , Kinross-shire and Perthshire. 
 See Fossoway. 
 
 Tnllls* electoral div., Ire., co. Clare, dist. Carrigaholt. 
 
 Tnlllns, tn., France, dep. Isere, arr. St. Marcellin, in the 
 I sere valley, 15 m. NW. by W. Grenoble ; has steel and copper 
 works. P. < 4000. 
 
 TnlUntraln, P.O., Ire., 2 m. from Claudy, co. Londonderry. 
 
 Tnlln, tn., Lower Austria, dist. T. P. <3oco. 
 
 Tulloch, an upland tract, Scot., Inverness-shire, to the S. of 
 Abernethy Forest, 27 m. SE. Inverness. 
 
 Tulloch, stn., Scot., Inverness-shire (formerly Inverlair), on 
 N. B. R. (for Loch Laggan and Kingussie), near Fort William. 
 
 Tnllogher, P.O., Ire., co. Wexford, 5 m. from Inistioge, 6 
 m. from New Ross stn. 
 
 Tullokyne, electoral div.. Ire., N. co. Galway, bar. Moy- 
 cullen, on the W. shore of Lough Corrib, 8 m. NNW. Galway. 
 
 Tnllonioy, par.. Ire., Queen's co., bars. Ballyadams and 
 Stradbally, on riv. Straid, 4 m. SE. Stradbally ; 6012 ac. P. 
 <Soo. 
 
 Tnllo-w, market-tn.. Ire., NE. co. Carlow, bar. Rathvilly, 8 
 m. ESE. Carlow, connected by rail with Naas and the main 
 line of the G. S. & W. R., PMT.O. Market-day, S. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tullowbeg, tnld. , Ire. , co. Carlow, bar. Rathvilly, Fennagh 
 par. P. <25o. 
 
 Tullowcreen, par.. Ire., co. Carlow, on riv. Barrow, bar. W. 
 Idrone, 3 m. N. Leighlinbridge ; 5905 ac. P. <7So. 
 
 Tallowmaglninia, par. , Ire. , co. and 4 m. SE. Carlow, bars. 
 Carlow and Forth ; 4070 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Tnllowphellni, par.. Ire., co. Carlow, bar. Rathvilly, con- 
 tains part of Tullow town ; 7990 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Tally, electoral div.. Ire., SW. co, Clare, bar. Moyarta, 12 
 m. W. Kilrush. 
 
 Tally, par.. Ire., co. Dublin, bar, Rathdown, 3 m. S. Kings- 
 town. P. < 1000. 
 
 Tally, par.. Ire., co. and 6 m. SE. Kildare, bars. KilcuUen 
 and Offaly East ; 5168 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Tally, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Strokestown, co. Roscommon. 
 
 TuUyallen, par. and tn. , Ire., cos. Louth and Meath, bars. 
 Ferrard and Upper Slane, 3 m. NW. by W. Drogheda. Par. 
 8213 ac, P.<25oo; tn. P.<25o. 
 
 Tullyoanna, tn. , Ire. , S. co. and 10 m. SW. by W. Wex- 
 ford, bar. Bargy. P. <250. 
 
 Tnllyclanagli, electoral div., Ire., Tyrone, dist. Droraore. 
 
 TuUycoe, tnld., Ire., NE. co. and 7 m. ENE. Cavan, bar. 
 TuUygarvey, P.O. (Tallyco). P. <250. 
 
 Tnllycorbet, par.. Ire., NE. co. and 5 m. SE. by S. Mona- 
 ghan, bars. Cremorne and Monaghan ; 7912 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Talljcreen, electoral div.. Ire., Clare, dist. Kilmihil, 7 m. 
 NE. Kilrush, P.O. (TuUycrlne). 
 
 TuUyfern, par., Ire., co. Donegal, bar. Kilmacrenan, on 
 riv. Lennan, between Lough Swilly and Mulroy Bay, containing 
 Millford town ; 16,612 ac. P. <35oo. 
 
 TuUygarvey, bar.. Ire., in the NE. of co. Cavan. 
 
 Tullyliappy, tnld.. Ire., co. Armagh, bar. Lower Orior, 
 Killevy par. P. <25o. 
 
 Tallyliaw, bar.. Ire., in the N. of co. Cavan. 
 
 Tullyliogue, P.O., Ire., 4 m. from Stewartstown, co. Tyrone. 
 
 Tullyhnnco, bar. , Ire. , in the W. of co. Cavan. 
 
 Tallykeeran, electoral div., Ire., Londonderry, dist. 
 Maghera. 
 
 Tallylease, par., Ire., N. co. Cork, bars. Orrery and Kilmore, 
 and Duhallow, 17I m. NW. Mallow, 14 m. from Buttevant stn., 
 P.O.; 8292 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tullyllsh, par.. Ire., co. Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, Upper 
 Half, on riv. Bann, and Newry Canal, 4 m. NW. Banbridge ; 
 12,131 ac. P. 8200. 
 
 TuUyniet, P.O., Scot., Perthshire, 2^ m. NE. Ballinluig June. 
 
 TuIIyninrry, tnld.. Ire., co. and par. Down, bar. Upper 
 Lecale, on the Belfast and County Down Rly. P. <:25o. 
 
 Tnllynalilnera, P.O., Ire., co. Monaghan, 5 m. from 
 Castleblaney. 
 
 TnllynaklU, par.. Ire., E. co. Down, bar. Lower Castle- 
 reagh, 6 m. S. Newtown Ards, on Strangford Lough. P. <75o. 
 
 Tullynauglit, electoral div. , Ire., Donegal, dist. Laghy. 
 
 Tallyna'wood, Lougli, a small lake. Ire. , in the SW. of co. 
 and 10 m. S. Armagli, drained N. into the Blackwater. 
 
 Tnllynessle and Forbes, par., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 12^ 
 m. S. by E. Huntly, 2\ m. NW. by N. Alford stn.; 11,279 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Tnllynlskan, par.. Ire., co. Tyrone, bar. Middle Dungannon, 
 3 m. NE. Dungannon ; 4461 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 TuUyroan, tnld.. Ire., NW. co. Armagh, bar. W. Oneilland, 
 6J m. SE. by E. Dungannon, 2 m. W. Annaghmore stn., P.O. 
 (Tullyrone). P. <5oo. 
 
 Tullyrosniearn, P.O., Ire., co. Fermanagh, 3 m. from 
 Kiltycloglier. 
 
 TuUyrusk, par., Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Upper Massereene, 
 3 m. SE. Crumlin ; 4789 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 TuUytown, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Bucks co. , on the r. bk. 
 of Delaware R. , 25 m. NE. Philadelphia. P. < 1500. 
 
 TuUyvar, electoral div.. Ire., Tyrone, dist. Aughnacloy. 
 
 Tally veery, or Slirlgley, tn.. Ire., E. co. Down, bar. Duf- 
 ferin, 6 m. N. by E. Downpatrick. P. <iooo. 
 
 Tull.vveragli, place, Ire. , SE. co. Monaghan, bar. Farney, 
 12 m. W. by N. Dundalk, with agricultural model school. 
 
 TuUyvin, tnld.. Ire., N. co. Cavan, bar. TuUygarvey, 9^ m. 
 ENE. Cavan, 4 m. from Cootehill stn., P.O. P. <250. 
 
 Taluacro)48, tnld.. Ire., E. co. Tyrone, bar. Upper Dungan- 
 non, 6| m. W. Cookstown, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Tnlov8ko>PolJe, the upper part of the valley of the Tunja, 
 Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, between the Balkan Mts. and the 
 Cerna Gora or Karaja Dagh. 
 
 Talralian, P.O., Ire., 6 m. from Ballyhaunis, co. Mayo. 
 
 Tulse Hill, eccles. par., Eng. , London, Lambeth par., with 
 junction stn. on the L. B. & S. C. R. and on the L. and SW. 
 R., T. H. (for Lower Norwood), 5 m. S. Ludgate Hill stn. 
 P. 7800. 
 
 Tulsk, electoral div. , Ire. , N. co. , bar. and 10 m. N. by W. 
 Roscommon, P.O. 
 
 Tulna, tn. , Colombia, Cauca, 150 m. SSW. Medellin. 
 
 Taluja, peak, Russia, Caucasia, prov. Erivan, dist. Novo 
 Bayazet. Alt. 11,432 ft. 
 
 TuKkl-el-Safa, volcanic region with numerous craters, Syria, 
 E. of Damascus, explored by Captain, afterwards Sir Richard, 
 Burton in 1871. 
 
 Tulam, vil. , Yucatan, near the E. ct. , 44 m. ESE. Valladolid ; 
 an ancient Indian town. 
 
 Talumba, settlement, Argentine Republic, Cordoba, 70 m. 
 N. C6rdoba. 
 
 Talung, riv., Tibet, flowing southwards into a trib. of the 
 Brahmaputra, which it enters a few miles to the W. of Lhassa ; 
 it waters a fine valley. Jour. R. G. S., 1877, p. 112. 
 
 Tnluva, ancient kgd. , S. India, between the W. Ghats and 
 the sea, in 12° 27'-i3° 15' N. and 74° 45'-7S° 30' E. Tlje lan- 
 guage called T. or Tuli is considered one of the six cultivated 
 Dravidian languages. 
 
 Tuuiac Huniac, mts. See Tuniuc Humuc. 
 
 Tnniaco, vil. , Colombia, Cauca, on the coast, in about 1° 45' 
 N. ; port for the trade of Pasto and other inland towns. 
 
 Tuniau, riv. , Korea. See Tamen. 
 
 Tamat, riv., central Africa, Galla-land, joins the Bahr-el- 
 Azrek, or Blue R. , near 11° 20' N. , 34° 45' E. 
 
 Tnmba Clilnibarl, vil., equatorial Africa, on 1. bk. of the 
 Luleo, r. bk. trib. of the Kassai, 62 m. W. Luluaburg ; much 
 visited by caravans. 
 
 Tunibatu, small isl. , E. Africa, off the N. ct. of Zanzibar I. 
 
 Tunibaya, vil., Argentine Republic, 34 m. NNW. Jujuy, 
 214 m. N. Tucuman. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tamberumba, post-tn. in good agricultural dist.. New 
 South Wales, Selwyn co. , 67 m. ENE. Albury ; has productive 
 gold-mines. Alt. 2000 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tambez, tn. , Peru, dep. Piura, cap. prov. T., which is 
 watered in the N. by the Rio de Tumbez, all the rest of the 
 prov. being a desert of arid sand, 100 m. SSW. Guayaquil 
 (Ecuador) ; large deposits of petroleum and sulphur near. The 
 first Spaniards landed at this port in 1528 ; the town then 
 possessed a powerful fortress. P. <30oo. 
 
 Tumble, PM.O., Wales, 2 m. from Cross Hands, near 
 Llanelly, Carmarthenshire. 
 
 Tumbo Island, one of the Isles de Los, NW. of coast of 
 Sierra Leone, W. Africa. 
 
 Tumbalgum, post-tn.. New South Wales, Rous co., on riv. 
 Tweed, 421 m. N. Sydney by road and rail. P. <isoo. 
 
 Tanibull, vil., central Africa, Unyamwezi, in 4° 32' S., 33" 
 22' E. 
 
 Tuniby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., on the 
 Bain R., 12 m. NNW. Boston, 3I m. SE. Woodhall Spa stn. 
 P. < 500. See Klrkby-super-Baln. 
 
 Tnmby Bay, vil. , S. Australia, on the E. ct. of Eyre's Penin. , 
 Flinders co., 147 m. W. by N. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tnnieln, vil. , Switzd. See Tamlns. 
 
 Tnmen, Tuman, or Kaull-klang, riv., on N. frontier of 
 Korea, flowing finally S. into the Sea of Japan ; shallow and 
 
 1607 
 
TUMG--TUNG 
 
 sandy. Navigable to Kyongheung, about 30 ni. from the sea, 
 only by flat-bottomed boats of 5-6 tons. - 
 
 Tnmgesh, electoral div. , Ire., Mayo, dist. Swineford. 
 Tnmtlat, >l'adl, valley. Lower Egypt, stretching from Abu 
 Hamed to Ismailia, connecting the delta with the Suez Canal. 
 
 Ttkmkdr, tn., India, Mysore state, cap. dist. T. , 43 m. NW. 
 Bangalore. P. (1881) 9900. 
 
 Tmnlong, tn. , India, cap. of the state of Sikkim, 32 m. NE. 
 by N. Darjfling. 
 
 Tamln-kale, ruins in the SE. of Asia Minor, 24 m. N. by E. 
 Adana. 
 
 Tnmmel, riv. , Scot. , Perthshire, 1. bk. trib. of the Tay, which 
 it joins near Logierait, rises near Glencoe, in Argyllshire, flows 
 through Lochs Luydan, Rannoch, and Tummel, and receives 
 from the N. the Ericht and Garry ; above the latter are the 
 Falls of Tummel (15 ft.). Length of Loch Tummel, 2^ m.; 
 length of river, 58 m. 
 
 Tammel Bridge, P.O., Scot., Perthshire, on riv. Tummel, 
 14 m. W. Pitlochry. 
 Tammery, P. O. , Ire. , co. Tyrone, 5 m. from Dromore. 
 TuniniiiikattI, tn., Brit. India, in the S. of Bombay Pre- 
 sidency, dist. Dharwdr. P. 5700. 
 
 Taiuna, par.. Ire., co. Roscommon, bar. Boyle, on the 
 Shannon, 2 m. N. Carrick-on-Shannon ; 8295 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tamp, vil., Baluchistan, 85 m. NE. of the SW. corner of the 
 country. 
 
 Tamsar, municip., Brit. India, Central Provs. , dist. Bhan- 
 ddra, 40 m. ENE. Nagpur ; manufactures coarse cotton cloth. 
 P. 7600 ; Hindus, 7000. 
 
 Tumnc Hamac, mt. chains, Guiana, separating the basins of 
 the Maroni and Oyapock from that of the Amazon, and Dutch 
 and French Guiana from Brazil ; explored by Henri Coudreau 
 in 1888. Highest point Timotakem, alt. 2620 ft. 
 
 Tnmnt, tn. in rich agricultural dist.. New South Wales, 
 Wynyard co. , 100 m. WSW. Goulburn, on riv, Tumut, which 
 flows into the Murrumbidgee near Gundagai, in 148° 6' E. , after 
 a course of 80 m. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tun, Chinese, ' military station.' 
 
 Tnn, tn. , Persia, prov. Khorassan, 73 m. -ENE. Tebbes; 
 exports silk, tobacco, and opium. At the present day it falls 
 far short of the glowing accounts of former times. 
 
 Tana, insignificant port, Brit. India, Bombay, Cutch state, 
 in 23° 2' N. , 70° 10' E. 
 
 Tana, vil., Sweden, prov. and 62 m. N. Kalmar; trade in 
 wood planks. P. (comm. )<4000. 
 
 Tana, Stora, vil., Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, 11 m. SSW. 
 Falun. P. (comm.) 10,400. 
 
 Tanaberg, vil. , Sweden, prov. and 9 m. SSW. Nykoping ; 
 has mines of copper, iron, lead, and cobalt. P. (comm.) <300o. 
 Tanas, vil., Cuba, S. ct. , 218 m. SE. by E. Havana, in 79° 
 28' W, 
 
 Tanbrldge, or Tonbrldge, par. and tn., Eng., Kent, 
 T. div. , on the Medway, 5 m. N. Tunbridge Wells, with a stn. 
 (Tonbridge Janctlon) on the SE. R.; it is a quiet old town, 
 with five stone bridges over as many arms of the Medway ; has 
 a richly endowed grammar-school with a commercial school 
 attached, and was long noted for manufacture of toys and turned 
 wares. Par. 14,611 ac, P. 41,800; tn. P. 10,100; pari. div. 
 P. 72,400. 
 
 Tanbridge, post-tn., Tasmania, Somerset co., 51 m. S. by 
 E. Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tanbrldge, tn., U.S., Vermont, Orange co., 25 m. S. Mont- 
 pelier, on White R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tanbrldge Wells, mun. bor. (since 1889) and market-tn., 
 Eng., Kent (Tunbridge div.) and Sussex, 5 m. SSW. Tun- 
 bridge, in the diocese of Canterbury, on SE. R. and S. Coast 
 Rly. ; occupying a valley of the Weald, with a breezy common 
 behind of 170 ac. The S. and SW. aspect, commanding 
 pleasant prospects and a healthy climate, combined with the 
 natural wells of chalybeate water, here rendered the place a 
 fashionable resort, especially during the i8th century. Since 
 1835 T. W. has steadily grown, partly because it has been 
 chosen by many gentlemen from London and elsewhere as a 
 country residence. The 'season' is from July to September. 
 The local industry is in ' Tunbridge ware,' viz., work-boxes and 
 toys, &c., made of beech, holly, &c. , and inlaid. Market-days, 
 Tu., F., and S. Tn. P. (1801) 3000 ; (1871) 19,400; mun. bor. 
 P, (1891) 27,900. 
 
 Tandergarth, par. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, 6 m. E. by S. Loch- 
 maben, 2^ m. E. by S. Lockerbie stn.; 10,482 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tandras, vast regions of a marshy character, with a most 
 inhospitable climate, in the N. of Siberia [q.v.). 
 Tandia, riv. See Tanja. 
 
 Tane, vil. , Norway, prov. Christiania, 16 m. N W. Frederik- 
 shald ; has antiquarian remains. P. (comm.) 7000. 
 Tung, Chinese, 'east.' 
 
 Tanga, or Aln Tanga, vast ruins of the ancient Thignica, 
 N. Africa, 50 m. WSW. of Tunis. 
 Tanga, riv., S. India. See Bhadra. 
 
 Tangamata, post-tn. , Victoria, Moira co. , 61 m. W. by S. 
 1608 
 
 Alburj' ; in grain-growing dist. ; gold has been found in vicinity. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Tangao, tn., China, prov. Kwangtung, on the SE. ct., 40 m. 
 SW. Swatow. 
 
 Tangchaug-fa, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, 190 m. SSW. 
 Tientsin, on the Grand Canal ; important mart for merchandise. 
 One of the oldest cities in China. 
 
 Tang Chleng Kuni, tn., French Indo-China, 85 m. E. by S. 
 Luang Prabang. .Alt. 2593 ft. 
 
 Tungc-hlngchang, tn. , Manchuria, 23 m. SSW. Ninguta. 
 
 Tung-cliou, tn., China, Pechili, on the r. bk. of the Sha-ho, 
 at its confluence with the Pei-ho, 20 m. E. Peking ; important 
 entrepot in the tea-trade between Tientsin and Kalgan. A canal 
 connects the Sha-ho with Peking, of which T. is the port. There 
 is great traffic by boats both on the river and the canal, but the 
 canal navigation is very difficult ; much merchandise is also sent 
 to the interior by land, but the town is falling into decay. 
 
 TangchM-ait, city, China, Yunnan, 105 m. NE. by N. Yiin- 
 nan-fu, in a fertile plain bounded on the W. by hills containing 
 the most celebrated copjDer-mines in China. 
 
 Tunglial (' Eastern sea'), Chinese name of that part of the 
 China Sea between China and the Riukiu Is. 
 
 Tanglil, bay, Portuguese E. Africa, in 10° 45' S., 20 m. S. 
 of the mouth of the Ro\Tima. The bay was, in 1886-88, a 
 subject of contest between the sultan of Zanzibar and the Portu- 
 guese government, but on Germany taking over the terr. of the 
 former on the mainland, the rights of the Portuguese were 
 recognised. The maritime town of T. on this bay was bombarded 
 in 1886 by the Portuguese, who have built a new town (Palma) 
 further W. 
 
 Tung-tao, or Tatu-ho, riv. , rises in the E. of Tibet, flows S. 
 into the Chinese prov. of Siichwan, and then E. to the Min, 
 which it joins at Kiating-fu, in 29° 33' N., 104° o' E. ; navigable 
 from Tsutati, where it turns eastwards, but having its na\'igation 
 obstructed by many rapids and other obstructions below that 
 point. Siipp. Papers R. G. S. , i. p. 45. 
 
 TanghM'B-hslen, coal-mines. See Manchuria. 
 
 Tungli-n'nng-lislen, tn. , China. See Saclia. 
 
 Tnngjen*fu, tn. , China, in the E. of Kweichou, 160 m. 
 NE. by E. Kweiyang-fu ; has gold and iron mines. 
 
 Tang-klaug, riv., China, prov. Kwangtung, flows S. and 
 SW. to the Pei-kiang ; a much frequented route for the transport 
 of sugar, rice, &c. ; navigable to Hoyuan for large junks. Length 
 about 280 m. 
 
 Tangklatsnn, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, on the E. ct. , 
 108 m. SSW. Chifu. 
 
 Taugkun, tn., China, prov. Kwangtung, 40 m. E. by S. 
 Canton. 
 
 Tangkwan-fa,tn.,China, Siichwan, 67m. ENE. Chengtu-fu. 
 
 Tangkwau-fa, tn. , China, Yunnan, 105 m. NNE. Yiinnan- 
 fu ; a dist. rich in copper lies to the W. 
 
 Tangkwang, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, on the Grand Canal, 
 90 m. S. by W. Tientsin. 
 
 Tangk'M'antlug, tn. , China, prov. Shensi, on the r. bk. of 
 the Hwang-ho, at the point where that river changes its course 
 from S. to E. , on the border of the provs. of Shansi and Ho- 
 nan. It occupies an important strategic position, and is therefore 
 fortified. 
 
 Tnngllang-lislen, tn., China, Siichwan, 35 m. NW. Chung- 
 king. 
 
 Tang-ngan, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, 40 m. SSE. Peking. 
 
 Tangsauslieug, country, Asia. See IMnncharla. 
 
 Tangtlng-tan, largest lake in China, prov. Hunan, contains 
 several islands, one of which is floating, and formed of trees and 
 drift. The lake supports many fishermen. It receives several 
 large rivers, and communicates at its N. extremity with the 
 Yangtse-kiang. It serves as a reservoir for the drainage of 
 almost all the prov. of Hunan, and its area and form vary much 
 according to the amount of water in the rivers. Area about 
 1930 sq. m. ; 250 m. in circuit. Length, 75 m.; breadth varies 
 from 20-37 m. 
 
 Tungtea-bsien, tn. , China, Kweichou, 113 m. S. by E. 
 Chungking. 
 
 Tnngurahaa, prov., Ecuador, between provs. Chiniborazo 
 and Leon ; owes its name to the snow-clad volcano T. , of 
 which the height is variously estimated between 16,270 and 
 16,770 ft.; its section is perfect to the truncation of the summit. 
 In 1886 it shot out ashes. 
 
 Tangara, former Egyptian station, on W. shore of Lake 
 Albert Nyanza, 16 m. from the place where the Nile issues from 
 the lake. 
 
 Tungases, a Manchurian stem occuping a terr. of no less than 
 1,900,000 sq. m. in E. Siberia, on the High Plateau and its 
 Pacific slope, i.e., from the Yenisei to the Sea of Okhotsk, and 
 from the Chinese frontier to the Arctic Ocean, as well as on 
 Sakhalin I. They came originally from Manchuria, whence they 
 were repulsed W. and N. by the Mongols under Jenghiz Khan. 
 They are a very intelligent, lively, and staunch race of men, living 
 a nomad life in the forests of the highlands, and finding their 
 living chiefly in hunting and fishing. For transporting their 
 
TUNG — TUOL 
 
 tents and furniture they mostly keep reindeer and a few horses. 
 About 2500 of them are christened, and are settled agriculturists 
 in E. Transbaikalia ; a few work for the gold-diggings. P. 
 estimated at about 20,000. 
 
 Tunguska, Middle, or Podkaiiieiinaya, riv., E. Siberia, 
 govt. Yeniseisk, r. bk. trib. of Yenisei, which it joins half way 
 between the Upper Tunguska (Angara) and the Nizhnyaya 
 Tunguska, under 61° 35' N. ; rises in 56° N., flows N. and W, 
 about 820 m. Ice-bound in beginning of October, remains 
 frozen till end of May. 
 
 Tunguska, Nlzlinyaya (Lower), riv., E. Siberia, govts. 
 Irkutsk, Yakutsk, and Yeniseisk, large r. bk. trib. of Yenisei, 
 rises very near to the middle Lena, from which it is only 20 m. 
 distant, near Kirensk, flows NNW., and after junction with 
 Ilimpeya, towards the W., joining Yenisei under 65° 47' N. , at 
 Monastyrskoye village, near Turukhansk ; graphite mines 300 m. 
 above its mouth. Navigation meets with some obstacles from 
 rapids ; freezes in beginning of October. Length about 1680 m. 
 
 Tunguska, Upper, name assumed by Angara (g.v.) in its 
 lower course. 
 
 Tuiiguzskly, range of mts., E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, runs 
 SE. to NW. , between dists. Yeniseisk and Turukhansk, and 
 is continued further N. under the name of Syverma ; granite, 
 syenites, crystalline, slates, and eruptive rocks. Average alt. 
 2500 ft. 
 
 Tungwa, tn. , W. Africa, Congo Free State, 92 m. S. by W. 
 Leopoldville. 
 
 Tuul, tn., Brit. India, Madras, Godavari dist., 55 m. SW. 
 by W. Vizagapatam. P. 7700 ; Hindus, 7500. 
 
 Tunica, co., U.S., Mississippi, in the extreme NW., bounded 
 on the W. by the Mississippi. 
 
 Tunis, Tunisia, Jezlrat-el-.Magbreb (' Isle of the West,' 
 or Afrlkla of the Arabs), one of the old Barbary states, 
 corresponding to the Roman province of Africa, since 1881 
 a protectorate of France, the Resident-general of which exer- 
 cises all real authority in the Bey's name. Its boundaries on 
 the W. are Algeria, on the N. the Mediterranean, on the E. the 
 eastern part of same sea, on SE. Tripoli, and on S. the Sahara, 
 its extension on the S. direction being indefinite. T. is an E. 
 prolongation of Algeria (^.v.), and in its physical features re- 
 sembles that colony. The Atlas valleys are fertile and well 
 watered, with extensive cork woods, the N. and S. ranges being 
 separated by the rich basin of the Mejerda (ancient Bagradas), 
 the most important river of N. Africa. Through the extensive 
 valley (ancient Zeugitand) runs the railway from Algeria to Tunis, 
 which is dotted with Roman ruins like the rest of the country. 
 Other regions are also fertile, but where streams from the 
 plateau enter between two branches of Jebel Aures do not reach 
 the sea they form permanent ' shotts ' (brackish lakes) and 
 marshy ' sinks,' or ' sebkas,' dried up in summer. The Tunisian 
 Sahara also abounds in rich well-populated oases. The ther- 
 mometer at Tunis city rarely rises to 92°, the mean temp, of 
 winter or the rainy season (Jan. -March) being 60°. The chief 
 towns are all of great antiquity, mostly Berber or Arab, founded 
 on those of the Roman colonists. Tunis is the largest. In the 
 N. the other towns of importance are Susa (ancient Hadru- 
 metum), Sfax (ancient Tapliroura), and Bizerta (ancient Hippo 
 Zarytus), a naval arsenal. On E. coast are Hammamet, 
 Monastir (ancient Ruspina), Mahadia (ancient Turris Hanni- 
 balis) (the old cap. of the Fatamite dynasty), and Gabes 
 (ancient Tapace). Inland are Kairwan, a holy city, until 
 recently tabu to Christians and Jews. Sbeitla (ancient Sufetula), 
 ' remarkable for Roman remains, Beja (ancient Vaga), great 
 corn-market of El Kef [Sicca Veneria, later Colonia Jiilia 
 Coita Nova), a ' castle in the air,' perched on the side of a lofty 
 volcanic rock. Of Carthage nothing now remains above ground 
 except fragments of cisterns and an aqueduct. The commerce of 
 T. is chiefly in ohve-oil, esparto grass, wheat, sponges, barley, 
 and fruit, more esf)ecially dates. Exports above ,^1,000,000, 
 imports about ^Ti, 500, 000 ; from Great Britain ;^i4,ooo, to 
 Great Britain _^85,ooo. After many vicissitudes, the office of 
 Bey (under the Turkish Sultan) became hereditary in the 
 family of Murad, a Corsican renegade, who governed from 
 1631 to 1702. From 1702 to 1705 Ibrahim, last of the Beys 
 chosen by the Janisaries, held power. He was succeeded by 
 Hosain bien Ali, son of a Greek renegade, in whose descendants 
 the beylik continues. But for many years the suzerainty of the 
 Bey to the Ottoman Sultan was only nominal, and in 1881 the 
 French, under the pretence of the Algerian frontier being raided 
 by the Krumir, a Berber tribe, virtually annexed, or ' pro- 
 tected,' the regency, without regarding Turkey's shadowy claim 
 to it. Area about 44,920 sq. m. P. 1,500,000, mostly Arabs 
 and Berbers, the 45,000 Europeans comprising many French, 
 Italians, and Maltese. 
 
 Tunis, city, cap. of the regency of T. , situated on an isthmus 
 between the Lake (Bahira or Baheira) of Tunis on the E., and 
 the shallow, generally in great part dry, salt lagoon known as 
 the Sebkha-el-Sejumi (Sedjoumi) on the W., in 36° 48' N., 10° 
 10' E. The Bahira, about 23 m. in extent, in ancient times an 
 excellent natural harbour, is now extremely shallow, mostly 
 
 only 12-18 in., at its deepest perhaps 6 ft. in depth, but is now 
 traversed by a canal, with a total length of rather more than 
 7 m. , and a depth of 22-23 ft. , connecting T. with its port of 
 Goletta, and continued seawards between breakwaters. The 
 ancient city of T. , distinguished as the Medina (' city '), contains 
 the Kasba, an old Arab building enlarged in the time of the 
 Spaniards, a large quadrangular castle formerly used as a prison 
 for Christian slaves and now occupied by the French garrison, 
 a palace of the Bey, and other buildings of an Arab character, 
 and is separated by the Sea -Gate (Bab-el- Bahar) from the 
 European quarter, called by the French La Marine, where a 
 Roman Catholic cathedral has been in progress since 1881. T. 
 long enjoyed a reputation for salubrity, but, as might be ex- 
 pected from the situation, this reputation has been belied by 
 French experience. Dysentery is endemic ; diseases of the liver 
 are common, and the French garrison suffers heavily every year 
 from typhoid fever and diphtheria. Mean rfall. (46 yrs.), 12.2 
 in. P. 145,000; Jews, 45,000; French, 11,000; Maltese and 
 Italians, 8000. 
 
 Tnuja, ancient Hunza, tn. , Colombia, Boyaca, 80 m. NE. 
 by N. Bogota ; it contains the University of Boyaca, normal 
 schools, and colleges. In the neighbourhood is a copper-mine, 
 and in the town are hot springs celebrated in Colombia. 
 T. was the cap. of a powerful kingdom before the Spanish con- 
 quest. P. 8000. 
 
 Tunja (Slavonic spelling Tundia), riv., Balkan Penin., rises 
 in Eastern Roumelia, in the Balkan Mts., and flows E. and 
 S. to the Maritsa, which it joins on the 1. bk. at Adrianople. 
 Length, 161 m.; area of basin, 3255 sq. m. See ferna Gora 
 and TuloTSko-PolJe. 
 
 Tuiijer, powerful Arab tribe, Sudan, in Darfur and Wadai. 
 
 Tunka Mountains, or Tunka Alps, Russia, E. Siberia, 
 govt. Irkutsk, a range of mountains rising above the limits of 
 tree vegetation (5000-7000 ft.), which runs parallel to the Sayans, 
 being separated from the border ridge of the High Plateau by the 
 valley of the Irkut. They have an abrupt slope towards this 
 valley, while in the N. the Kitoi Alps run parallel to the Tunka 
 Alps. Snow-clad for ten months, and intersected by but a very 
 few passes. The middle parts of the valley of the Irkut are 
 known as the Tunka depression, which is covered with rich 
 prairies (eruptions of lava), and has Tunklnskoye or Tunka, 
 Cossack vil., on the 1. bk. of Irkut, at an alt. of 2300 ft. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Tuukhannock, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Wyoming co., on 
 the N. Branch of the Susquehanna R., 18 m. NW. by W. 
 Scranton ; shipping point for the dist. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tunnack, post-tn., Tasmania, Monmouth co., 30 m. NNE. 
 Hobart. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tunnelton, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Preston co., 19 m. 
 NW. of the SW. corner of Maryland. Alt. 1280 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Tunnyduir, P.O., Ire., 6 m. from Bailieborough, co. Cavan. 
 
 Tunstall, par., Eng., Durham, Houghton-le-Spring div., 3 
 m. S. Sunderland, ij m. W. by N. Ryhopestn. P. <sooo. 
 
 Tunstall, par. , Eng. , Kent, div. and 7^ m. W. by N. Favers- 
 ham, T.\ m. SW. Sittingbourn stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Tunstall, par., Eng., Lancashire, near the 1. bk. of the 
 Lune, div. and ii^ m. NE. Lancaster, i^ m. NE. Arkholme 
 stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Tunstall, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 7 m. W. Yarmouth, 
 ij m. SSE. Acle stn. P. <25o. See Halvergate. 
 
 Tunstall, market-tn., Eng., Staffordshire, included in the 
 pari. bor. of and 4 m. NNE. Newcastle-under-Lyme, on the 
 N. Staffordshire Rly.; in the town or its vicinity are collieries, 
 potteries, oil and chemical works, and blast-furnaces. Market- 
 days, M. and S. P. 15,700. 
 
 Tunstall, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div. , 14 m. ENE. 
 Ipswich, 2 m. ESE. Wickham Market stn., PMT.O. P.<7So; 
 eccles. par. (T. with Uunnlngworth) P. <75o. 
 
 Tunstall, or Tunstall In Holderness, par., Eng., York- 
 shire, E. Riding, Holderness div., on the coast, 13^ m. E. Hull, 
 3 m. NW. by N. Withernsea stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Tunstall, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 4^ m. 
 SE. Richmond, 3 m. SSW. Catterick Bridge stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Tunstend, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Middleton div., 
 6 m. NNW. Rochdale. P. 7000. 
 
 Tunstend, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., loj m. NE. by N. 
 Norwich, li m. S. by E. Worstead stn. P. <5oo; eccles. par. 
 (T. -wltU S.'Ruston)<75o. 
 
 Tunwell, P.O., Eng., Hertfordshire, 2i m. from Ware. 
 
 Tunwortli, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 3^ m. SE. 
 Basingstoke. P. <25o. 
 
 Tuogli, par., Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Owneybeg, on riv. 
 Mulkear, 3 m. N. Pallas stn.; 6519 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tuoglicluggln, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bar. Coonagh, 2 m. 
 NE. Pallas stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Tuolumne, riv. , U.S., California, trib. of San Joaquin, which 
 it joins on the r. bk. in about 37° 35' N. 
 
 Tuolumne, co., U.S., California, intersected by 38° N. and 
 120° W. 
 
 1609 
 
TUON — TURI 
 
 Tnong, riv. , Tongking, 1. bk. trib. of the Thaibinh, rises in 
 the mountains near Langson, and flows S. into the Thaibinh 
 opfHDsite the Seven Pagodas ; navigable for flat-bottomed boats 
 to Phu Langthuong, at the head of the railway to Langson. 
 Length about 75 m. 
 
 Tnoro, vil., Italy, prov. and 17 m. WNW. Perugia, on N. 
 shore of Lake Trasimeno. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Taoslst, par., Ire., S. co. Kerry, bar. Glanarought, on Kil- 
 makilloge Harbour, 11 m. SW. Kenmare, P.O. ; 39,341 ac. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Tapelo, tn., U.S., Mississippi, Lee co., 100 m. SE. Memphis 
 (Tenn.). Alt. 280 ft. (R.R.). P.<i5oo. 
 
 Tapliolnie, par., Eng. , Lincolnshire, Lindsey div., 7^ m. W. 
 Horncastle. P. <2cp. 
 
 Tnplza, tn. , Bolivia, dep. and 140 m. S. Potosi ; chief com- 
 mercial centre with the Argentine Republic ; halting-place 
 between Potosi and Jujuy. To the SW. are the important 
 gold-washings of Estarca. P. 3000. 
 
 Tnpsley, par., Eng., Herefordshire, 2 m. E. by N. Hereford, 
 included in the pari. bor. of Hereford. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Tnpton, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, div. and 4 m. S. Chesterfield, 
 I ra. W. Clay Cross stn., P.O., and PM.O. (Xew Tnpton). P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Tupniignto, one of the Andes of Chile, between provs. San- 
 tiago and Mendoza, 45 m. E. Santiago, in 33° 25' S. Alt. 
 20,270-21,110 ft. 
 
 Tnpuselel, vil. , on S. ct. of Brit. New Guinea, in about 147° 
 20' E. 
 
 Taqnerres, tn., Colombia, Cauca, no m. NE. by N. Quito ; 
 the volcano of T. or Azufral (alt. 13,355 ^^•)> 7 ™- W. of the 
 town, has a cupola of almost pure sulphur. Alt. 10,030 ft. P. 
 (dist. ) 8500. 
 
 Tura, vil., central Africa, Unyamwezi, in 5° 25' S. , 33° 
 35' E. 
 
 Tnra, comm., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, dist. 
 V4cz-als6. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tura, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Garo Hills, 73 m. SE. 
 Kuch Behar. Alt. 1300 ft. 
 
 Tura, riv. , Russia, W. Siberia, govts. Perm and Tobolsk ; 
 rises in middle Urals, flows NW., E., and SE., joins Tobol 65 
 m. below Tyumen, which is the head of navigation to Tomsk, 
 Omsk, and the Altais. 
 
 Tnralydr, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 27 m. N. by 
 W. Trichinopoli. P. 7500; Hindus, 7000. 
 
 Turaklna, tp.. New Zealand, North I., Rangitikei co., 90 
 m. SE. New Plymouth, 10 m. SE. Wanganui. P. < 1500. 
 
 Turan, or Staohan (the name Turan being unknown to the 
 natives), in French spelling Tonraue, seapt., Annam, 54 m. 
 SE. by E. Hu6, in 16° 4' N., 108° 12' E., on the S. side of a 
 fine bay, bounded on the N. and E. by two rocky penins. ; 
 mouth of bay 5 m. wide. Formerly a busy commercial place, 
 where several European nations established factories in the 17th 
 century. Occupied by France in 1888. Coal-beds of Nongson 
 in the neighbourhood. 
 
 Turan, an ancient expression applied vaguely to the countries 
 of central Asia beyond the Oxus, as opposed to Iran, the 
 corresponding term for the regions SW. of that river (Persia, 
 &'c. ). Hence the name Turanian has been given generally to 
 the Turkish or Tatar races which inhabit the former region. 
 
 Turan, viL and mineral spring, Russia, E. Siberia, govt, and 
 170 m. W. Irkutsk, in the valley of Irkut. P. <iooo. 
 
 Turanga, native name of Poverty Bay, New Zealand, North 
 Is. , now entirely disused. 
 
 Tnrate, vil., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 11 m. S. Come. 
 P. •<3000. 
 
 Turavandr, tn., India, Mysore. 60 m. SW. by S. Bellary. 
 P. (i88i)<400o. 
 
 Tnrbaco, vil., Colombia, dep. Bolivar, 17 m. ESE. Carta- 
 gena. The famous volcanoes of T., sources of gas and mud, 
 have been described by Humboldt, and visited by a number of 
 learned travellers. P. <4cioo. 
 
 Turballe, La, tn. and fishing-port, France, dep. Loire- 
 Inf^rieure, arr. and 16 m. WNW. St. Nazaire, on Croisic Bay; 
 has sardine fisheries. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tnrbat-I-Haldarl, tn., Persia, Khorassan, 80 m. SSW. 
 Meshed ; fairly important commercial centre. 
 
 TurtmM-Shelkh Jam, tn., Persia, Khorassan, 90 m. SE. 
 by S. Meshed. Alt. 3135 ft. 
 
 Turbenthal, vil., Switzd. , cant. Zurich, 7J m. SE. by E. 
 Winterthur. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Turbo, maritime vil., Colombia, Cauca, 115 m. NNW. 
 Antioquia. 
 
 Turbot, isl., Ire., off W. ct co. Galway, bar. Ballynahinch. 
 P. 115. 
 
 Turchino, Plzzo, mt., Italy, Liguria, near the coast, in the 
 Ajjennines, 14 m. WNW. Genoa. 
 
 Turcomans, or Turkomans. See TranscaHpian Terr. 
 
 Tnrcz, comm., Hungary, co. Ugocsa, dist. Tiszdntiili. 
 P. <:40oo. 
 
 Ture, tnld., Ire., NE. co. Donegal, bar. W. Inishowen, 10 
 1610 
 
 m. SW. Moville, on Lough Foyle, 9 m. from Londonderry stn. , 
 P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Tnrela, or Carysfort, isls. , Pacific, in the Tuamotu group, 
 in about 20!" S., 138" 15' W. 
 
 Turek, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 24 m. NE. 
 Kalisz ; weaving as domestic trade ; oil-works. P. 7700. 
 
 Tnrfan, tn. , Eastern Turkistan, 87 m. SE. Urumtsi ; called 
 Kunia T. to distinguish it from Uch T. , not far from Kashgar. 
 The neighbourhood produces rice, sesame, millet, excellent 
 fruit, and sup)erior cotton, which is exported in great quantities. 
 The present town is only about 120 years old ; old T. , destroyed 
 four centuries ago, was 30 m. to the W. P. 10,000. 
 
 Tnrgal, prov. of Russian Central Asia, General-Governorship 
 of the Steppes, formerly a part of the Kirghiz Steppe, has Uralsk 
 and Orenburg on W. and N. , Akmolinsk on E. , and S)T-dariinsk 
 and Sea of Aral on S. This immense terr. includes in its N. 
 corner the low watershed between the rivers flowing into Lake 
 Aral and those flowing N. into the Arctic Ocean. In the W. it 
 covers part of the slopes of the Urals and the Mugojar Hills, 
 nearly 1000 ft. high, which continue the Urals towards the S. 
 and join the Ust-Urt, marking by their steep E. slope the former 
 limits of the Aral basin. In the E. it has the hills running 
 between the Turgai R. and the Sary-su (Akmolinsk). The re- 
 mainder are steppes and deserts about 300 ft. above the sea, 
 dotted with lakes. Only small relics of old rivers are now seen 
 in this rapidly desiccating terr., namely, the Kara-Turgai, which 
 flows SW. , and after having received the Irgiz from the Mugo- 
 jars is lost in Lake Cholgar-dengiz (Chalkar-dengiz). The former 
 tribs. of the Kara-Turgai (Sary Turgai, Jilanchik) no longer 
 reach it, but are lost in the steppes. The soil is covered with 
 Aral-Caspian sea deposits. Climate very dry and continental ; 
 cold winters and very hot summers, the average temp, being, 
 at Irghiz, yr. 41° F., Jan. 7°, July 77" ; and at Orsk (govt. Oren- 
 burg, near NW. border of Turgai), yr. 39°, Jan. 4°, July 73° ; 
 while the yearly rfall. is only 12 in. (3 in. in summer) and 10 in. 
 respectively. Forests occur only on the Mugojar Hills and in 
 the N. , while elsewhere only shrubs of the wild cherry and dwarf 
 almond grow on the hill slopes. In the spring the steppes are 
 covered with grass, which is burnt up in summer, while the 
 clayey steppes are clothed with wormwood, and large tracts are 
 covered with shifting sands and salt clays. Population consists 
 of nomadic Kirghizes, with but a few thousands of Russian im- 
 migrants. Cattle-breeding is the chief occupation, the Kirghizes 
 retiring in winter to better sheltered places on the Syr, while 
 some 100,000 Kirghizes come in the summer from Turkistan to 
 graze their cattle and horses. Divided into four dists.: Turgai, 
 Iletsk, Irghiz, and Nikolayevsk, the chief towns of which are mere 
 villages, with less than 1000 inhabitants. .\rea, 176,219 sq. m. P. 
 (1889) 364,660. 
 
 Turgai, formerly Fort Orenburgskoye, cap. of above prov. , 
 49° 38' N., 63° 35' E., 450 m. ESE. Orenburg, on caravan 
 route from this town to Tashkend, and on Kara-Turgai R. 
 P. <; 1000. 
 
 Turgeau, residential suburb of Port au Prince, Haiti. 
 
 Turgi, vil., Switzd., cant. Aargau, on the Limmat, 12 m. 
 NE. by E. Aarau, at the confluence of the Reuss and Limmat. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Turl, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. and i6i m. SE. by S. Bari. 
 P. 6300. 
 
 Tnrla, comm., Hungary, co. Bacs-Bodrog, dist. O-Becse. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 TArla, riv. , Spain. See Gnadalavlar. 
 
 Turlalba, volcano, Costa Rica, 24 m. E. by N. San Jos^. 
 
 Turlcato tie Munlz, \\\., Mexico, state Michoacan, 70 m. S. 
 by W. Morelia. P. (comm.) 7700. 
 
 Turicum. See Zttrich, tn. , Switzd. 
 
 Tnrlgunno, islet, NE. Cuba, W. of N. extremity of Cayo 
 Romano. Length about 16 m., NW. to SE. ; breadth, 6 m. 
 
 Turllnsk, copper-works and important gold-diggings, Russia, 
 govt. Perm, on Turiya R., near Bogoslovsk mining town. P. 
 11,000. 
 
 Turin, Italian Torino, city, N. Italy, on 1. bk. of the Po, 
 at the junction of the Dora Riparia, 76 m. WSW. Milan ; lat. 
 45° 4' N. , long. 7° 48' E. Though formerly fortified and pos- 
 sessing a fine citadel, it is now an open city, one of the most 
 flourishing and beautiful towns in Italy, in a rich and well- 
 watered plain studded with villas. Near the middle of the 
 city is the Piazza Reale, and from it several fine broad and 
 well-paved streets run at right angles ; the Strada del Po, with 
 many lofty palaces, leads to a bridge of five arches over the Po. 
 In the centre of the Piazza del Castello is the ancient castle, the 
 only remaining edifice of the Middle Ages, flanked with towers, 
 and containing the hall of assembly and offices of the senate, 
 royal gallery of pictures, and the astronomical observatory. 
 The finest square is that of Piazza di San Carlo. There 
 are several handsome modern palaces, the Royal Palace 
 and gardens. Palace Carignano, the old palace of the 
 Dukes of Savoy, now converted into the house of assembly 
 for the senate. The cathedral, a Gothic structure of the 15th 
 century, was formerly very wealthy in plate and jewels, which 
 
TURI — TURK 
 
 Napoleon I. sold, and applied the proceeds to embank and 
 build the bridge over the Po. The interior is decorated with 
 frescoes, and contains the tombs of some princes of the 
 house of Savoy. Amongst the monuments erected in honour 
 of celebrated Italians are those of Charles- Albert, Victor- 
 Emmanuel II., Prince Eugene, Gioberti, Balbo, Count Cavour, 
 Garibaldi, and Massimo d'Azeglio, &c. On a hill near the 
 town stands the splendid mausoleum of the house of Savoy. 
 The university, the most frequented in Italy after that 
 of Naples, is attended by more than 2000 students ; its 
 ancient library, now the National Library, possesses more than 
 200,000 volumes and about 3000 manuscripts. The palace of 
 the Academy of Sciences encloses another library, numismatic 
 and zoological collections, picture-gallery, and a valuable 
 museum of Egyptian, Greek, and Roman antiquities. The 
 Academy of Fine Arts also possesses interesting collections. 
 The Royal Museum of Arms is one of the most important in 
 Europe ; the Royal Palace has a library of 60,000 volumes. 
 In addition to these, T. has various museums, and several mili- 
 tary and technical schools. Owing to its situation, which com- 
 mands the passes of the W. Alps, T. has always been a place of 
 considerable strategic importance. Its manufactures are chiefly 
 of silks, velvets, ribbons, lace, hosiery, woollen and cotton fabrics, 
 matches, steel and iron wares, stained paper, glass and porce- 
 lain, liqueurs, gunpowder, and leather. Taurasia, the Celtic 
 predecessor of T., was burnt by Hannibal in 218 B.C. Caesar 
 made a Roman colony of it, and gave it the name of Colonia 
 Julia, changed under Augustus to Augusta Taurinorum. After 
 the fall of the Roman Empire it belonged successively to the 
 Heruli, Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Franks. The town rose to 
 importance when the Duke of Savoy, Amadeus V. , made it the 
 cap. of his states, 1418. In 1506 the French took it and held 
 it until 1562. In 1640 they captured it again, and in 1706 the 
 same enemy was defeated by Prince Eugene whilst laying siege 
 to its walls. Occupied a third time by the French, under 
 Joubert, in 1798, the city was delivered by the Russians and 
 Austrians under Suwaroff. But after the battle of Marengo, 
 Piedmont was annexed to France and T. dismantled. During 
 the French Empire under Napoleon I., T. was cap. of the dep. 
 Po. In 1814 Victor Emmanuel I. made it the cap. of the 
 kgd. of Sardinia, and from 1861-65 it was cap. of the kgd. of 
 Italy. Birthplace of G. Baretti, philologist and critic, 1716- 
 1789 ; Princess of Lamballe, 1749-1792 ; the mathematician 
 Lagrange, 1736-1813 ; V. Gioberti, philosopher and statesman, 
 1801-1852 ; Count Cavour, minister of Victor Emmanuel II., 
 1810-1861 ; and D'Azeglio, writer and statesman, 1798-1866. 
 Alt. 906 ft. Mean temp., yr. 54.0° F., Jan. 33.6°, July 73.8°; 
 rfall. {17 yrs.), 32.52 in. P. (1871) 212,644; (1891, estimated) 
 329,800. 
 
 Turin Hill, Scot., co. and 5 m. NE. Forfar ; has remains of 
 a stronghold believed to have been one of the oldest stone forts 
 in Scotland. Alt. 814 ft. 
 
 Tarinsk, dist. tn., Russia, E. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, 90 m. 
 NW. Tyumen, on r. bk. Tura R. ; small iron goods and travel- 
 ling boxes as domestic industries. P. <5000. 
 
 Tnrinskaya, vil. , Russia, E. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, 30 m. 
 NW. Tyumen, on Tura R.; brisk trade in agricultural produce, 
 hides, &c. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tariiiskiy, Upper and Loifrer, crown iron-works, Russia, 
 govt. Perm, 6 m. and 27 m. N. of Kushva stn. of Perm- 
 Ekaterinburg Rly. , on Tura R. ; gun factory in former. P. 5500 
 and 5350. 
 
 Tnrls, tn., Spain, prov. and 20 m. WSW. Valencia, dist. 
 Chiva. P. (comm. ) < 5000. 
 
 Tnrka, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 26 m. SW. by W. 
 Drohobycz. P. 5100. 
 
 Tnrkn, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Gwozdziec, 
 7 m. NE. Kolomea. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Tnrka, Siberia. See Tnrklnskiya. 
 
 Tnrkana, or Elgnme, nomadic tribe of the Galla family, 
 settled on the W. shore of Lake Rudolph, E. Africa. 
 
 Tiirk-Avnantliar, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. and 31 m. WNW. 
 Varna. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tnrkrtean, par., Eng. , Gloucestershire, Cirencester div. , 10 
 m. ESE. Cheltenham, 3m. S. Notgrove and Westfield stn., P.O. 
 P. < 250. 
 
 Tnrkestan, terr. See Tnrki»»tan. 
 
 Tnrkestan, dist. tn., Russian Central Asia, prov. Syr-daria, 
 176 ni. N. Tashkend, on highway to Orenburg ; much venerated 
 mosque of Azret and his tomb. Annexed in 1864. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Tlkrkeve, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, Jasz-Nagy-Kun- 
 Szolnok CO., 50 m. E. by N. Kecskemet. P. 13,100. 
 
 Turkey, or Ottoman Knipire, a number of countries, races, 
 states, and provs. governed by the Turks [q.v.), or more cor- 
 rectly the Osmanlis or Ottoman Turks, partly in Europe, partly 
 in Asia, and partly in Africa. The subjoined table gives par- 
 ticulars of the several territorial divs. , together with areas and 
 populations, though it is to be distinctly understood that all 
 statistics relating to the Ottoman Empire are scarcely even 
 approximate : — 
 
 Vilayets, &c. 
 
 Area in ( 
 sq. m. 
 
 Estimated 
 
 Pop. in 
 
 thousands. 
 
 Pop. per 
 sq. m. 
 
 Constantinople ) 
 (European portion)! ) 
 
 1.1.S8 
 
 700 
 
 
 
 Adrianople- . . . . 
 
 15.019 
 
 1,000 
 
 72 
 
 Salonica^ . . . . 
 
 13.687 
 
 1,200 
 
 88 
 
 Monastir* . . . . 
 
 10,541 
 
 750 
 
 70 
 
 KossovqS . . . . 
 
 9,266 
 
 750 
 
 80 
 
 Skutari^ 
 
 4.S17 
 
 225 
 
 54 
 
 Yanina^ 
 
 7.027 
 
 650 
 
 85 
 
 Crete 
 
 3.328 
 
 280 
 
 83 
 
 Island of Thasos 8 . 
 
 152 
 
 10 
 
 65 
 
 Turkey in Etirope ) 
 
 (in round numbers) . J 
 
 64,700 
 
 5,600 
 
 83 
 
 Constantinople \ 
 (Asiatic portion)! . | 
 
 4,710 
 
 400 
 
 85 
 
 Khodavendikiar - . 
 
 28,49-S 
 
 1.340 
 
 47 
 
 Bigas 
 
 2,626 
 
 100 
 
 38 
 
 Jezairi-Bahr-i-Sefid ^ 
 
 3. "9 
 
 350 
 
 "5 
 
 Samos' 
 
 181 
 
 45 
 
 249 
 
 Ai'din (Smyrna) ^ . . . 
 
 20,850 
 
 1.350 
 
 65 
 
 Kastamuni'' . . . . 
 
 19,189 
 
 1,120 
 
 58 
 
 Angora ^ 
 
 26,063 
 
 775 
 
 30 
 
 KoniaO 
 
 39.691 
 
 840 
 
 21 
 
 Adana i" 
 
 14.363 
 
 400 
 
 28 
 
 Sivasii 
 
 24,248 
 
 740 
 
 31 
 
 Trebizondi- . . . . 
 
 11,100 
 
 870 
 
 88 
 
 Asia Minor .... 
 
 194,635 
 
 8,330 
 
 43 
 
 Erzerumi . . . • 
 
 20,565 
 
 550 
 
 27 
 
 Mamuret-el-Aziz2 . 
 
 13.240 
 
 490 
 
 37 
 
 ' Diarbekir^ . . . . 
 
 13.707 
 
 550 
 
 40 
 
 Bitlis'* 
 
 10,348 
 
 325 
 
 31 
 
 iVan 
 
 6,870 
 
 200 
 
 29 
 
 ' Hakkiari' . . . . 
 
 7.950 
 
 250 
 
 31 
 
 Armenia and Kurdistan . 
 
 72,680 
 
 2,365 
 
 32 
 
 Mosul! 
 
 32,433 
 
 600 
 
 18 
 
 Bagdad 2 . . . . 
 
 99.074 
 
 1,050 
 
 II 
 
 Mesopotamia ) 
 (with El Haza) j 
 
 131,506 
 
 1,650 
 
 13 
 
 Aleppo 1 
 
 63,205 
 
 900 
 
 14 
 
 Damascus- . . . . 
 
 23,820 
 
 350 
 
 14 
 
 Beirut 3 
 
 5.140 
 
 400 
 
 78 
 
 Jerusalem* . . . . 
 
 20,460 
 
 300 
 
 15 
 
 Lebanon •• . . . . 
 
 1. 545 
 
 200 
 
 130 
 
 Ssrria 
 
 114,170 
 
 2,150 
 
 19 
 
 Hejaz 
 
 96,500 
 
 300 
 
 
 Yemen 
 
 77.200 
 
 750 
 
 
 Arabia (W. Maritime) 
 
 173,700 
 
 1,050 
 
 
 Tripoli and Barka . 
 
 398,000 
 
 750 
 
 
 Egypt (under Turkish suze- 1 
 rainty) . . . ! 
 
 39S.OOO 
 
 6.800 
 
 ... 
 
 Turkish Empire 1 
 
 (in round numbers) . ; 
 
 1,544,400 
 
 28,700 
 
 Turkey in Europe.—' Sanjaks Constantinople and Chatalja. 2 San- 
 jaks Adrianople, Kirk-Kilise, Rodosto, Gallipoli, Dede-Agach, Gumur- 
 jina. 3 Sanjaks Drama, Seres, Salonica. *■ Sanjaks Monastir (Bitolia), 
 Koritsa, Dibra, Eibasan, Servije. 5 Sanjaks Skoplye and Malesh, 
 Prishtina, Fech, Prizren. 6 Sanjaks Skutari (with Gusinye, which is 
 claimed also by Montenegro), Durazzo (Drach). "> Sanjaks Berat (with 
 .\vlona), Argyrokastron, Liaskovik, Yanina, Preveza. <* Under Egyptian 
 administration. 
 
 Asia Minor.— t Sanjaks Skutari and Ismid. 2 Sanjaks Brusa, 
 Kutaia (Kyutahiya), .\fiun-Kara-Hissar. 3 Sanjaks Biga, Balikesri. 
 ■* Sanjaks Lemni, Mitilini (Midiillu), Khio (Sakiz), Rhodes. *_A 
 tributary principality, l" Sanjaks Smyrna (Izmir), Sarukhan, Aidin, 
 Denizlu, Menteshe. 7 Sanjaks Sinope, Kastamuni, Kiangri, Boli. 
 » Sanjaks Angora, Kishehr, Yozgad, Kasarie. » Sanjaks Tekke, 
 Burdur, Hamid (cap. Izbarta), Konia, Nigde. 1» Sanjaks Ich-Ili (cap. 
 Selefke), Adana, Kozan, Jebel Bereket. '1 Sanjaks Sivas, Tokat, 
 Amasia, Kara-Hissar. 12 Sanjaks Janik (cap. Samsun), Trebizond, 
 Giimushkhane, Lazistan (cap. Riza). 
 
 Armenia and Kurdistan.— 1 Sanjaks Bayezid, Erzerum, Erzinggan, 
 Baiburt. 2 Sanjaks Khozat, Mazgird, Kharput, Malatia. » Sanjaks 
 Arghana, Diarbekir, Mardin. ■» Sanjaks Sort (Sert), Ginj, Bulls, Mush. 
 5 Sanjaks Hakkiari, Albak, Giavar. 
 
 Mesopotamia (with El Haza).— 1 Sanjaks Mosul, Sherizor (cap. 
 Kerkuk), Suleimania. 2 Sanjaks Bagdad, Kerbela, Hille, Muntefik 
 (cap. Suk-esh-Sheiyuk), Amara, Busra (Bussora), El Haza or Nejer. 
 
 Syria.-' Sanjaks Aleppo, Ufra, Zor (cap. Deir). 2 Sanjaks Damas; 
 cus, Hauran, and mutessariflik Hama. 3 Sanjaks Latakia, Tnpoh 
 (larabolus), Beirut, Acre (Akka). * Independent mutessarifliks. 
 
 The present article is confined to Turkey in Europe, geo- 
 graphically, not politically, regarded. Crete, and the isl. of 
 Thasos, as well as certain maritime tracts in the NW. of Asia 
 Minor, are all reckoned politically to Turkey in Europe ; but 
 the last really belong to Asia, and the first two are treated of 
 separately. Geographically, Turkey in Europe contains about 
 65,000 sq. m., approximately only three-fourths of the area of 
 Great Britain. The boundaries are the Black Sea (for 120 
 
 1611 
 
TUR KEY 
 
 m.) on the E., the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmora, and the 
 Dardanelles (the three for 200 m. ) on the SE. , the ^gean Sea 
 (750 m.) and Greece (180 m.) on the S. , the Adriatic (350 m.) 
 and Montenegro (180 m.) on the W., Bosnia (70 m.) on the 
 NW. , and Servia (290 m.) and E. Roumelia {i.e., S. Bulgaria, 
 450 m.) on the N. The Black Sea coast is uniform and un- 
 broken. The S. ct. (.lEgean) is indented by the Gulfs of Xeros, 
 Enos, Kara-Agach, Kavala, Rendina(Orphani), Hierisos, Hagion 
 Oros, Kassandra, and Salonica — the last five penetrating into 
 the great penin. of Chalcidice. The Adriatic coast presents the 
 Gulf of Arta, the sheltered channel between the mainland and 
 the isl. of Corfu, the bays of Valona and Durazzo, and the Gulf of 
 Drin. The complex and manifold features of the orography 
 have not yet, from want of precise and detailed observations, 
 been reduced to an organic system. It is barely possible to do 
 more than enumerate the principal outstanding characters. In 
 the W. numerous short chains (general elevation 7500 ft.) run 
 nearly parallel to the Adriatic coast, i.e., from N\V. to SE. , 
 the loftiest and steepest lying immediately W. and E. (Peristeri, 
 7740 ft.) of Lake Okhrida, and being continued S. in the Pindus 
 chain (8450 ft. in Smolika). Further E., between E. Roumelia 
 and Macedonia, the main range of the Rhodope (the Dospad- 
 Dagh, 7550 ft.) has a more W. to E. direction; but there are 
 prominent chains running SE. , e.g., Perim^Dagh (8800 ft.), 
 between Macedonia and Thrace. The Istranzha-Dagh (3400 
 ft.), in the extreme E. of Thrace, has the same direction, viz., 
 parallel to the coast of the Black Sea. But there is yet another 
 class of mountain chains, very closely intermingled with the 
 above, generally trending from SW. to NE. Of these the 
 more noteworthy are the N. Albanian Alps (7530 ft.), cross- 
 ing from N. Albania into Kossovo, the Shar-Dagh (9800 ft.) 
 and Kara-Dagh (5090 ft.) further S., between 41 J° and 42^° 
 N. , and several short ranges (Titarion, 6160 ft.; Nije-Kosliuf 
 Planina, 7270 ft.; Boz-Dagh, 2620 ft.; Kara- Balkan, 6550 ft., 
 &c. ) round the Gulf of Salonica and the root of the Chalcidice 
 Penin. Others, but of lower elevation, occur parallel to the 
 Sea of Marmora (Kuru-Dagh, 2380 ft.; and Tekir-Dagh, 3020 
 ft.). Mount Olympus (4485 ft.) is shared between T. and 
 Greece. With one exception the rivers are either' torrential, 
 or their channels are choked with sand or mud ; the only 
 stream that is navigable is the Maritsa, and that only in 
 its lower course. Besides this river, the Kara-su, Struma 
 (Mesta), and Vardar flow S. or SE. into the Mgtz.n Sea. 
 The Inje Kara-su has a general E. direction into the Gulf 
 of Salonica. Several short streams reach the Adriatic, mostly 
 by W. courses, as the Arta (Arakhthos), Kalamas, Viosa, 
 Semeni, Shkumbi, Arzen, Mat, and Drin. The Lim and the 
 Tara (the frontier stream with Montenegro) go NW. to the 
 Drina, and so to the Danube. The Sitnisa or lipjjer Ibar 
 rises on Shar-Dagh, drains Kossovo, and contributes its waters 
 to the Morava, which also has other head-streams on the Kara- 
 Dagh. These remotest arteries of the Balkan Penin. inter- 
 penetrate one another in a most bewildering way, so that the 
 watershed between the .^gean and the Black Sea basins is 
 formed by a very low ridge lying between the Shar-Planina and 
 the Kara-Dagh. T. has several mountain lakes and coast 
 lagoons— of the former, Scutari (in part) , Okhrida, Prespa, Svirina, 
 Kastoria, Kotorsko (or Ostrovo), all in Albania ; Yania (Yanina) 
 in Epiriis; and Doriyan in Macedonia: — of the latter, Terkos, 
 beside the Black Sea ; Enos, Yala, Buru, Takhyno, Beshik, 
 Aivasil, Yenizhe, near or alongside the ^gean shores ; and 
 Logalu and Tsukaria (N. of Gulf of Arta), Vivari, Avlona 
 (Valona), Kavarsta, Drach (Durazzo), on the Adriatic coast. 
 The geology is but imperfectly known. The Albanian Alps, 
 Shar-Dagh, and others of the Albanian high ranges, resemble 
 the sterile, bare, rugged limestone region of the Karnt [q.v.). 
 The Rhodojje and Perim-Dagh are principally of Secondary 
 and Tertiary age, with indications of volcanic activity. The 
 Pindus ranges are mostly composed of sandstones of the same 
 periods. T. is on the whole greatly favoured in the matter of 
 climate. She is in great part sheltered by the Balkans against 
 the cold NE. winds from Russia, and her valleys and plateaux 
 are open to the sunny south. The mountainous regions have, 
 of course, a rigorous winter, and in summer their confined 
 valleys become heated like furnaces. But the plains and up- 
 lands of Macedonia and Thrace are genial and delightful, the 
 intense heat of summer being for the most part tempered by sea- 
 breezes. Nevertheless the neighbourhood of the coast lagoons 
 is considered unhealthy. S. of the Balkans the thermometer 
 seldom falls below 31° F. The winter range is 32° to 48° F., 
 the summer range 71^° to 82^°. Rainfall in Macedonia and 
 Thrace 28 in. , but less in the Maritsa valley ; in the W. moun- 
 tains, 40 in. The prodocto differ according to elevation and 
 situation. The high plateaux and mountains are in part (e.g., 
 Albania, Rhodope Mts., and Perim-Dagh) covered with forests, 
 chiefly of oak, pine, fir, beech, chestnut, and walnut, and in 
 part supply excellent pasture (especially on the Pindus ranges, 
 the Thracian uplands, and the plateaux of Kossovo), on which 
 large flocks of goats and sheep are fed. The lower hills, the 
 higher valleys, and the uplands yield cereals (wheat, oats, 
 1612 
 
 barley, rye, and sesamuni), oleaginous plants, fruits (apple, 
 pear, apricot, peach, chestnut, walnut), the vine, and other 
 products of a temperate clime. In the coast and river plains 
 of Thrace, Macedonia, and W. Albania, wheat, barley, rye, 
 maize, tobacco (exported Macedonia), roses, opium, mul- 
 berry, cotton (exported Macedonia), fruits (fig, almond, orange, 
 lemon), olive, vine (valley of Inje Kara-su), and madder 
 grow with little trouble. Agriculture is, however, in a deplor- 
 ably backward condition, chiefly because of fiscal extortion, ill- 
 government, primitive implements, and the ignorance and rooted 
 conservatism of the people. Buffaloes are the ordinary beasts 
 of burden. Wax and honey are collected in large quantities 
 in the more genial dists. T. is believed to be very wealthy in 
 minerals, but next to nothing is done to extract them. A 
 little chrome and antimony are exported from Salonica. How- 
 ever, iron, argentiferous lead, copper, manganese, cinnabar, 
 arsenic, sulphur, and lignite are known to exist, chiefly in the 
 Rhodope Mts. and Perim-Dagh, and on the boundaries of 
 Macedonia and Thrace. Coal occurs in the Shar-Dagh. There is 
 but little manufacturing Industry on the W. European systems. 
 The most important are flour-mills, machine-shops, govern- 
 ment tobacco factories, silk, cotton, and wool spinning mills, 
 soap-works, tanneries, and hosiery factories, confined almost 
 entirely to Constantinople, Adrianople, and Salonica. But there 
 are several flourishing native and domestic industries, as the 
 making of laces and trimmings (Salonica, Seres, <S:c. ), gold and 
 silver filigree work (exported Ushkub, also Prizren), and copper- 
 smith's work in Macedonia; coarse cloth at Adrianople; fire- 
 arms in Kossovo (Prishtina, Prizren, Jakova, Ushkub) ; saddlery 
 and leather goods in Albania (Scutari and Dibra), and at Jania. 
 The principal means of communication are roads and rail- 
 ways ; but neither are anything like adequate to the needs of 
 the country. Some 800-900 m. of roads, not always passable, 
 connect the chief towns together, e.g., Constantinople and 
 Adrianople ; Adrianople and the .^Egean coast down the Maritsa 
 valley ; Constantinople and Salonica via Rodosto and the ^gean 
 seaboard ; Salonica and Prishtina ; Salonica and Monastir, and 
 thence to Drach via Okhrida ; Salonica and Larissa in Greece ; 
 Kopriilii and Preveza via Monastir and Yania ; Yania and Scutari 
 via Berat, Elbasan, and Tirana ; Scutari and Prizren, and thence 
 toYenipazar; Yenipazar and Prishtina. The natural difficulties 
 caused by the mountain ranges are overcome by passes, the more 
 important of which are the valley of the Struma (1086 ft., little 
 used), and the route Ushkub-Kumanovo-Kostendil, over a pass 
 of 2238 ft. , between Macedonia and W. Bulgaria ; the valleys 
 of the Vardar and (Servian) Morava over a pass of 1302 ft. ; the 
 plains of Ushkub and Kossovo by the pass of Kachanik (1558 
 ft. ), between the Shar-Dagh and Kara-Dagh ; the pass of 
 Radohoja (3496 ft.), connecting Okhrida with the valley of the 
 Shkumbi in Albania ; the valley of the Drin, communicating by 
 a pass of 800 ft. between Scutari and Prizren (difficult) ; and the 
 pass of Metsovon (3757 ft.) in Epirus, over which go the routes 
 connecting Yania with Monastir, and with Trikkala in Greece. 
 T. possesses, moreover, three trunk-lines of railway — one from 
 Constantinople via Adrianople to the Bulgarian frontier (220 
 m.), which is connected through Servia and Hungary with the 
 Austrian, German, and French systems. A branch leaves this 
 line at Kulelii-Burgas (22 m. S. Adrianople) and descends the 
 valley of the Maritsa to Dede-Agach (70 m. ). The other two 
 lines start from Salonica. One (205 m.) goes up the Vardar 
 valleyas far as Ushkub, and thence connects via Kumanovo and 
 Vranja (in Servia) with the Servian main line at Xish. From 
 Ushkub a branch penetrates NW. into Kossovo as far as Mitro- 
 vitsa (75 m. ). The other line connects Salonica with Monastir 
 (13s m.) via Karaferie (Verria) and Vodena. In 1893 a fourth 
 important line was commenced to connect Constantinople (or 
 rather Ferejik, some 18 m. NE. Dede-Agach) with Salonica 
 by way of the JEge&n seaboard, branch lines being run down 
 to the larger seaports. In addition to a regular Turkish post 
 system, there is also an Austrian service between the principal 
 towns ; and in both Constantinople and Salonica special services 
 are maintained by and for certain of the foreign colonies. 
 The commerce of the country is concentrated for the 
 most part in Constantinople and Salonica. The seaports of 
 secondary importance are Rodosto on the Sea of Marmora, 
 Gallipoli on tlie Dardanelles, Dede-Agach (total trade about 
 ^ million sterling), Porto-Lagos, and Kavala (trade ^-J million 
 sterling) on the Mgez-w, Salakhora and Preveza on the Gulf of 
 Arta, Hagioi Saranta (Santi Quaranta), Avlona, Drach (Durazzo), 
 and San Giovanni di Medua on the Adriatic coast. The aggre- 
 gate trade of the entire Turkish Empire ^ is put down at 18^22^ 
 millions sterling for imports, and at 11^-14 millions for exports. 
 In this England shares to the extent of 41-45 P^r cent, of the 
 imports and 37-45 per cent, of the exports, Austria 19 and 8 
 per cent., France 12J and 29 per cent., and Russia 7^ and 2 per 
 cent, respectively. Constantinople may probably claim one- 
 quarter of the imports and the same proportion of the exports. 
 The principal non-European ports are Trebizond, Samsun, 
 Ismid, Smyrna, Messina, Alexandretta, Beirut, Haifa, the ports 
 1 For Turkey in Europe separately no trustworthy estimate exists. 
 
T U R K — T U R K 
 
 of Crete, Benghazi, Jaffa, Suez, Alexandria, Tripolis, Jeddah, 
 and Busra (see these several articles ; also Egypt). The imports 
 into European Turkey consist principally of cottons and other 
 textiles, wheat and flour, iron and steel goods, machinery, sugar, 
 petroleum, glass, dyes and drugs, paper, skins, chemicals, rice, 
 coffee, spirits, &c. ; and the exports of cereals, fruits, tobacco, 
 silk and silkworm cocoons, wool, skins, wine and raisins, olive- 
 oil, gall-nuts, and carpets. The unit of money is the piaster 
 (=2d.), loo piasters = I lira, 40 para = i piaster, and 18^ 
 piasters = i silver mejidye. The silver beshlik (= 2^ piasters) and 
 altilik (= 5 piasters) are also in use. The metrical system of 
 ■weights and measures has been employed since 1871, but the 
 former standards are still in use, viz., the oka = 2i lbs. avoir.; 
 the kile = 5-1 bushel ; and the pik Halebi (Aleppo ell) = 2^ ft. 
 The head of the government is the hereditary and absolute 
 sultan or padishah, who is also at the same time the supreme 
 authority in the religious system of Islam, the prevaling creed 
 of the empire. In civil affairs he is assisted by the grand-vizier 
 and by a privy council of ministers, who preside each over some 
 important department of state ; and in matters ecclesiastical 
 by the Sheikh-ul-Islam. The army of the empire, reorganised 
 by German officers since 1878, comprises on a peace-footing 
 more than 180,000 men. In addition to these, there is a 
 large militia and a corps of gendarmerie. Service is com- 
 pulsory upon all Mohammedans, three or four years in the 
 active list, with three or two in the reserve ; for the militia 
 the term is eight years, and six more in the reserve. Service 
 in the navy is compulsory for twelve years in all, including 
 the reserve. The fleet embraces thirty or forty vessels, none 
 of great weight or power, and a small fleet of torpedo boats. 
 The population is extremely heterogeneous. The ruling race 
 are the Osmanlis or Ottoman Turks, who probably number 
 nearly 2,000,000 in all. They live chiefly in the large towns. Next 
 to them in point of numbers come the Slavs (nearly 2,000,000), 
 who in Kossovo, Yenipazar, and N. Macedonia are mostly pure 
 Servians, in other parts of Macedonia and in Thrace either 
 Bulgarians or Bulgarised Servians (Gopcevic) ; these people are 
 agriculturists and live-stock breeders. Large number of Greeks 
 (merchants, bankers, statesmen, restaurant -keepers, and so 
 forth) live in the large towns and along the shores of the ^gean. 
 Albania is inhabited by half a million to a million Albanians 
 (Arnauts), who follow pastoral and agricultural pursuits. About 
 180,000 Zinzars (pastoral Walachians), dwell in the mountains 
 between Macedonia and Epirus. The residue consists of 150,000 
 Jews, principally settled in Salonica, and 50,000 to 100,000 Gipsies. 
 All the Turks, 370,000 Albanians, and 530,000 Bulgarians and 
 Servians are professors of Islam. The rest of the Slavs, the 
 Greeks, and some 110,000 Albanians are members of the 
 Orthodox Greek Church, under the rule of the patriarch and 
 synod of Constantinople. There are also more than 200,000 
 Albanian Catholics. The education is not of a very high 
 character, despite the fact that all Moslem children above six 
 years of age are obliged to attend school. The Greeks and the 
 Bulgarians maintain numerous schools, frequently of a propa- 
 gandist type. There are several higher technical and special 
 schools in Constantinople and elsewhere. Most of the large and 
 more important towns have been already mentioned. So far 
 as the statistics can be trusted, T. may claim to have one city 
 (the cap., Constantinople) with a population of between one-half 
 to three-quarters of a million inhabitants, one (Salonica) exceed- 
 ing 125,000, and one (Adrianople) between 50,000 and 100,000 ; 
 there are twelve others between 10,000 and 50,000. Space will 
 only admit of the merest outline of the history. At the period 
 of its widest extent, Turkey in Europe embraced those dists. of 
 the ancient world which were known as Thracia, Macedonia, 
 Epirus, Moesia, Dacia, and lUyria. The earliest inhabitants 
 S. of the Danube of which we have knowledge were various 
 related tribes of the Aryan stock, as the Thracians, lUyrians, 
 Pelasgi, Leleges, and others. About five hundred years before 
 the birth of Christ the Persian monarch Darius conquered Thrace 
 and Macedonia, but left untouched the uncivilised Illyrian 
 mountaineers on the W. During the first half of the following 
 century the Persian armies traversed these countries more than 
 once in their unsuccessful attempts to subjugate Greece. In 
 the 4th century B.C. Macedonia became, under Philip, and his 
 greater son Alexander, the predominant power N. of Greece ; 
 but early in the next century Epirus, under the rule of Pyrrhus, 
 shared the supremacy (on the W. side) of the penin. with the 
 Macedonian king. Philip II. of Macedonia aUied himself with 
 Hannibal, the great enemy of Rome (216 B.C.), and eventually 
 (142 B.C.) his kingdom was made a Roman prov. Epirus and 
 lUyria had already fallen under the dominion of Rome in con- 
 sequence of a war which broke out in 168 B.C. Moesia, which 
 was originally occupied by Thracian tribes, was invaded and 
 settled by Gauls in the 4th and 3rd centuries, and conquered by 
 Rome in the ist century B.C. At Philippi, in Macedonia, the 
 republican chiefs of ancient Rome were overthrown by the 
 first of the long line of emperors. Dacia, a Thracian country 
 like Moesia, was made a Roman prov. early in the 2nd century, 
 but was abandoned by the Emperor Aurelian in the middle of 
 
 the succeeding century. About the same period the barbarians 
 began to show themselves in this part of the world, by invading 
 Mcesia in 253. On the division of the Roman world in 364, 
 the Balkan Penin. became the centre of the Byzantine or Eastern 
 Empire, Constantinople having been founded some thirty years 
 previously. Shortly afterwards the Goths, who had already 
 established themselves in Moesia and Dacia, were allowed to 
 settle in Thrace. But already a new enemy had appeared in 
 the terrible Huns, whose king, Attila, ravaged the empire in the 
 middle of the 5th century. Other barbarian invasions followed 
 in quick succession — by the Ostrogoths in the end of the sth 
 century, by the Huns and Slavs in the middle of the 6th cen- 
 tury, by the Avars and Bulgarians in the 7th. In the 7th 
 century, too, the Mohammedan califs first appeared before the 
 walls of Constantinople ; and in the 9th came the Varangians 
 (Vikings) from Russia. The Bulgarians, after maintaining their 
 independence for three centuries, submitted to the Eastern em- 
 peror in 1017. Thirty years later the Turks — not the Ottomans 
 (Osmanlis), but their predecessors, the Seljuks — invaded the 
 Byzantine Empire for the first time. The second half of the 
 nth century is marked by the inroads of the Sicilian Normans 
 under Robert Guiscard, and the marches of the Crusaders' 
 armies through the territories of the empire. The power of the 
 Ottoman Turks, who estabUshed themselves in Asia Minor, in 
 the 13th century, dates from the first half of the 14th century. 
 Before its close they had made themselves masters of the Balkan 
 Penin. , though they did not win possession of Constantinople 
 until 1453. In 1828 the Ottoman race began to lose its hold 
 upon the penin., in that Greece succeeded in asserting her 
 independence. Roumania followed suit in 1866, and her ex- 
 ample was quickly copied by Servia. The treaty of Berhn in 
 1878 made Servia definitively independent, put Bosnia and 
 Herzegovina under Austrian rule, enlarged the territory of 
 Montenegro, and made Bulgaria semi-independent. Eastern 
 Roumelia was wrested from the Turks in 1885, and joined to 
 Bulgaria. At the present time the Bulgarians are actively fos- 
 tering a movement for the ultimate annexation of Macedonia. 
 Map of the Balkan Penin. (i : 300,000) by the Austrian Military 
 Topographical Institute (1876, onwards). [J, T. B.] 
 
 Turkey Cove, vil. , U.S., Virginia, Lee co. , 43 m. ENE. of 
 the SW. corner of the state. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Turkey Islands. See Halkun. 
 
 Turkhal, tn., Asia Minor, vilayet and 65 m. NW. Sivas ^ 
 ruins of an ancient fortress crowning neighbouring heights. P. 
 3000. 
 
 Tiirkhelm, tn., Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, circle and 4 m. W, 
 by N. Kolmar, at the entrance to the Miinsterthal ; has cotton- 
 spinning, and celebrated red wine. Here the German troops 
 were defeated by Turenne, Jan. 5, 1675. P. < 3000. 
 
 Turkinskiya, or Tnrka, sulphureous mineral waters, E. 
 Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, on E. shore of Lake Baikal, 6 m. 
 from the mouth of Turka R. , 75 m. SW. Barguzin. Temp. 
 127°. Much visited in summer. 
 
 Tiirklscli-Becse, vil. , Hungary. See Becse, Tiirok. 
 
 Tnrklstau. Much confusion prevails as to what part of the 
 immense terr. of central Asia has to be comprised under this 
 name. It would be in accordance with modern geographical 
 research [Encyclopcedia Britannica, ninth edition, vol. xxiii., 
 p. 631, seq.), to apply the name of Central Asia to the im- 
 mense terr. which lies to the E. of the Caspian Sea and the 
 Ust'-urt plateau, and limited on the N. by the water-parting 
 between the Irtysh and Lake Aral, continued E. by the Great 
 or Ektagh Altai, on the E. by eastern Gobi, and on the S. by the 
 northern border of the Khor plateau (Altyn-tagh and Kuenlun), 
 the Hindu Kush and the Kopet-dagh. This territory would in- 
 clude W. Turkistan, E. Turkistan, Dzungaria, and E. Gobi. 
 Under this view. West Turkistan includes an immense trapezoi- 
 dal depression, iioom. longSW. to NE. , and 900m. from NW. 
 to SE. , lying at the angle where the High Plateau of E. Asia 
 meets the Iranian plateau, as also the girdle of alpine tracts 
 which fringe the NW. borders of the High Plateau, and in the 
 valleys and along the base of which, bordered by a gfirdle of fer- 
 tile loess, the Turkish and partly Iranian populations of Turkistan 
 find a fertile soil, and the water necessary for irrigation. It has. 
 the Pamirs in the SE. and the Transcaspian Terr, in the SW. , 
 both of these having their own physical features. Most of this, 
 terr. belongs to Russia,, namely, the Governor-Generalship of 
 Turkistan, the Aral-Caspian slope of the Governor-Generalship 
 of the Steppes and the Transcaspian Terr. ; while Khiva and 
 Bukhara, with its vassal khanates, are in reality vassal states 
 to Russia. The remainder of the terr. is occupied by khanates 
 vassal to Afghanistan, and by the Chinese prov. of Kulja. East 
 Turkistan appears under this view as the depression in the 
 high plateau which has the high eastern (unnamed) border-range 
 of the Pamirs on the W., eastern Tian Shan on the N., the 
 western Gobi on the E., and the border-ridges of the Tibet 
 plateau (Kuenlun and Altyn-tagh) on the S. Finally the 
 name of Dzungaria must be applied to the terr. , limited by the 
 Tarbagatai, Altai-nauru, Irdyn-ula, and Artsa-bogdo Mts., and 
 opening NW. to the plains and lowlands of the Kirghiz Steppe. 
 
 1613 
 
TURK — TURK 
 
 West Turklstan, taken in the above limits, covers nearly 
 1,680,000 sq. m. , and has a population of nearly 8,500,000. 
 Sarfaee. — It is sharply divided into two parts : the highlnud 
 region, which covers an area nearly 1000 m. long from SW. 
 to NE. , and nearly 270 m. wide. It is bordered by the Hindu 
 Kush, which runs SW. to NE. from at least the latitude of Kabul 
 to Tash-kurgan (37° 45' N., 75° o' E.); the plateaux of the 
 Pamirs, bordered by the Trans- Alai Mts. on the NW. , and 
 attaining 23,000 ft. in Kaufmann Peak ; and the Chinghiz-tau 
 Mts. on the NE. It includes the broad Alai valley which lies 
 at (northern) slope of the Trans-Alai, and is fringed on the N. 
 by the Alai-tagh ; and a girdle, 150-180 m. in width, of Alpine 
 tracts flanking the Pamirs on the NW., consisting of shorter 
 chains of mountains, reaching 11,000 to 20, 000 ft. , snow clad, feed- 
 ing large glaciers, and separated from each other by deep valleys, 
 which may be described as the Tlan ^han Highlands. Most 
 of these chains run SW. to NE., or WSW. to ENE., but 
 several chains and upheavals of more recent origin cross them 
 in a nearly perpendicular direction, and project from the Alpine 
 belt towards the NW. (Nura-tau, Kara-tau, Chu-and-Ili Mts., 
 Tarbagatai and Chingiz-tau). A series of depressions — Balkh, 
 Fergana, Issyk-kul, and Kulja — appear in the Alpine belt, 
 following each other in a NE. direction. The plains of West 
 T. cover nearly 650,000 sq. m. , and consist of two terraces : 
 the 1000 to 1500 ft. high plains, and the lowlands which skirt 
 them on the NW. , and are only 400 to 150 ft. high, or sink below 
 the level of the sea. These plains may be divided in another 
 way into two sections — those of Lake Balkhash and Ala-kul, 
 over 1000 ft. of altitude, and the much lower plains and deserts 
 of the Aral-Caspian depression, which mostly have been sub- 
 merged during Post-Pliocene times. The whole of the plains' 
 region is rapidly desiccating, and the rapidity of desiccation is 
 especially marked in the Aral-Caspian region. Cieology. — The 
 highlands of West T. are built up of granites, syenites, and 
 p>orphyries, covered with Azoic gneisses and metamorphic slates. 
 The chief valleys have been excavated during the Silurian, 
 Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian f)eriods, when the 
 plateaux were surrounded by the sea, whose deposits now fringe 
 the plateaux. Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary deposits fill 
 the lower parts of these valleys. Towards the end of the 
 Tertiary period a vast sea covered the lowlands, and during the 
 Post-Pliocene period it broke up into several parts. The Aral- 
 Caspian depression remained under the sea during the Quater- 
 nary period, and its deposits are now found 200 m. N. and 90 m. 
 E. of Lake Aral, till finally it broke up into a series of separate 
 lakes, now rapidly desiccating. The climate of West T. is very 
 severe, January being as cold as in S. Norway, and the summer 
 as hot as in Persia. Snow falls over the lowlands of the Syr 
 for several months, and for two months at Tashkend. The 
 average temperatures are as follows : — 
 
 
 Lati- 
 tude. 
 
 Alti- 
 tude. 
 
 Average Temp. 
 
 Rain 
 
 in 
 Inches. 
 
 9.2 
 
 7-7 
 6.1 
 
 2.9 
 "•3 
 
 Year. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 0° 
 -1° 
 11° 
 14° 
 19° 
 29° 
 36° 
 
 July. 
 
 Akmolinsk . . 
 Semipalatinsk . 
 KazaJa . . . 
 Kulja . . . 
 Nukus . . . 
 Tashkend . . 
 Krasnovodsk . 
 
 51° 12' 
 50 24' 
 45° 45' 
 43° 51' 
 42° 27' 
 41° 19' 
 40 00' 
 
 Feet. 
 
 1020 
 590 
 160 
 
 2100 
 
 215 
 1480 
 -70 
 
 27 
 
 < 
 49 
 
 58° 
 60° 
 
 69° 
 72° 
 78° 
 76° 
 80° 
 77° 
 83° 
 
 The population of West T. is very mixed. The Ural-Altaians, 
 or Turanians, are the dominant element [Knssla], and consist 
 ofTurcomans in the Transcaspian region, Bukharians, Kirghizes, 
 Uzbegs, and Sarts. The Kara-kalpaks (about 50,000 in West 
 T. ) have mostly been driven out to the Steppes of Astrakhan. 
 The Klrgblzes (K. Kazaks, Kara-K., and Burutes) occupy the 
 Steppes. The Turco-Tatar Uzbegs, who speak a pure Jagatai 
 dialect, but are mixed with Persians, as well as the Kirghizes 
 and the Mongols, lead a semi-nomadic life — those of them who 
 live in towns being known as Sarts, and containing a great 
 admixture of Persian blood ; while those Sarts who were settled 
 in the Kulja region are better known as Taranchi. Some 20,000 
 Dzungans live in the Hi valley. The Mongolian branch is 
 represented by Kalmuks and 'I'urguts in the NE. and Kulja. 
 The Aryans are represented by the Tajiks (Tajak), who are 
 Sunnite Mussulmans, live in towns, and form the intellectual 
 element in the country. The Russians (apart from the military) 
 number about 90,000, and consist of Cossacks and of a number 
 of lately immigrated peasants. Agricnltnre is the general 
 occupation of the settled population. Wheat, barley, millet, 
 peas, lentils, rice, sorghum, and lucerne are the chief crops; 
 rye and oats in the N. The loess forms a fertile soil, and the 
 fields are well irrigated. Cotton, especially American, has lately 
 been largely grown for export, and over 1,000,000 cwt. of 
 raw cotton is exported every year. The kitchen and fruit 
 gardens of the Mussulmans are admirably kept. Sericulture 
 1614 
 
 chiefly in Fergana. Cattle-breeding is extensively carried on, 
 especially by the Kirghizes. Cattle and its produce is largely 
 exported. West T. possesses a considerable mineral -vrealtli : 
 silver, lead, and iron ores are known, but are not worked on 
 account of want of fuel. Several inferior coal-beds are known. 
 There are many salt lakes, but salt is imported. Industry, 
 carried on by means of machinery, is limited to a few factories 
 for dressing raw cotton, and a few distilleries ; but a great 
 variety of industries are carried on as domestic trades. There 
 is an active export trade in raw cotton and silk, especially at 
 Tashkend and Bukhara, and in cattle and their produce, in 
 the Steppes manufactured goods being imported. Some trade 
 is also carried on with China. For the cities see the different 
 above-mentioned subdivisions. 
 
 Turklstan, Eastern, called also Cbluese Turklstan, and 
 formerly Kasligarla, is a shallow depression (4500-2500 ft. ) of 
 the liigh lands of central Asia, occupied for the most part by the 
 basin of the riv. Tarim, which flows into Lob-nor (g.v.), and by 
 the W. portion of the great desert of Gobi {g.v.). It is sur- 
 rounded by the Kuenlun, Altyn-tagh, and Nan Shan Mts. on 
 the S. , by the Pamir plateau on the W. , and by the Tian Shan 
 Mts. on the N. Between Kashmir and E. T. the passes range 
 at alts, of 9000 to 18,500 ft.; S. of Lob-nor, in the Altyn-tagh, 
 at 12,000 to 17,000 ft.; and at 7000 to 15,000 ft. up into the 
 Pamir plateau. Besides Lob-nor, there are in E. T. the lakes 
 of Sary-kamish, Bagrach-kul (into which drains the Khaidu- 
 gol), Shar-nor, and Khua-khaisy. The climate is extremely cold 
 in winter (Jan. mean temp., 17.6° F.), and intensely hot (July 
 mean temp., 82.4° F.), accompanied by blinding dust-storms, in 
 summer. The whole of this region is almost rainless (8 in.), and 
 consequently all but a small pwrtion of the surface is a vast 
 desert, with only oases fed by river water at the base of the 
 mountains, these oases being larger and closer together in the 
 W. than in the E. , where they are generally separated from one 
 another by 15 or 20 m. of desert. Poplars, tamarinds, willows, 
 roses, and the mountain ash are the principal varieties of flora. 
 There are excellent pasture-grounds in the mountains, where 
 the people feed their sheep, yaks, buffaloes, camels, horses, and 
 asses. The fauna embraces the wild horse, ass, ox, camel, and 
 sheep, the tiger, panther, lynx, wolf, fox, wild boar, deer, ante- 
 lopes, hare, swans, and wild fowl. The oases are fertile, and 
 produce wheat, barley, maize, millet, rice, cotton, flax, hemp, 
 opium, fruits (including grapes, olives, figs), melons and pump- 
 kins, and silk. Jade and gold are the principal minerals — ^jade, 
 in the form of nephrite, occurring largely in the gorges of the 
 Yarkand valley in the Pamirs ; gold chiefly on the N. slopes 
 of the Kuenlun [Surgak]. Coal, copper, lead, alum, and salt 
 occur between Ak-su and Turfan in the N., the first and last 
 being extracted. Iron occurs in the Kuenlun Mts. One of 
 the two great historical routes between China and W. Asia 
 traverse E. T. , that namely on the S. side of the Tian Shan 
 Mts. (the Tian Shan-Nanlu route), entering Russian terr. by the 
 Terek-Da van Pass (12,500 ft.), W. of Kashgar. Other routes 
 cross the Kuenlun Mts. into Kashmir (passes already alluded 
 to). The manufacturing industry is confined to coarse cottons, 
 felts, carpets, bricks, and paper. The silk industry of Yarkand 
 is almost extinct. Trade is carried on principially with Russian 
 Fergana and with India. The population are (Persian) Tajiks 
 in the Pamir valleys, Mongols (Kalmucks) in the E., and Turks 
 in other parts ; but the Turks are far from being of pure blood. 
 Islam has been the predominant religion since the loth century, 
 when it supplanted Buddhism. Turkish is the prevailing lan- 
 guage. Chief towns, Tiu^an (cap.), Khami, Barkul, Pichan, 
 Urumtsi, Karashar, Kurla, Kucha, Ak-su, Kashgar, Yarkand, 
 Khotan, Cherchen, Sachou, and Ngansi-chou (An-si). E. T. is 
 the original home of the Turkish Hiung-nu or Huns. China 
 ruled the country from the 2nd century B.C. down to the 13th 
 century a.d. , when it was subdued by the Mongols. In 1757 
 the Chinese secured a fresh hold upon this region, and have main- 
 tained it down to the present time, though from 1864 to 1877 
 Yakub Beg ruled strongly at Kashgar. Total P. 6-900,000. 
 
 Turklstan, diovernor-CIeneralsblp of, terr. of the Russian 
 Empire, in central Asia, consists of the following subdivisions : — ' 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Semiryechensk 
 Syr-dariinsk 
 Samarkand 
 Fergana . 
 
 Area 
 E. sq. m. 
 
 152,280 
 
 194.853 
 26,627 
 
 35.654 
 
 Pop. (1890X 
 
 671,878 
 
 1,214,300 
 
 750,000 
 
 775.600 
 
 Total 
 
 409,414 3,411,778 
 
 Density 
 per sq. m. 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 28 
 
 8 
 
 See these provs. and Turklstan. 
 
 Turklstan, West. See Turklstan. 
 
 Turkmenchal, tn., Persia, prov. Azerbaijan, 67 m. SE. by 
 E. Tabriz. 
 
 Turkomans (Russian Trukbmentsy, or Truktamyane). 
 See Transcaspian Territory. 
 
TURK — TUS 
 
 Tilrko8, comm., Hungary, co. Brasso, dist. H^tfalus. P. 
 <4C)Oo. 
 
 Turks, a generic name applied to several tribes and races of 
 people in Asia and Europe, who all agree in speaking dialects 
 of the Turkish language, and are in great part members of the 
 Turkish division of the Ural-Altaic family. The principal 
 divisions or tribes included under the name are : the Yakuts, 
 in the extreme NE. of Siberia ; the Tatars, on the frontiers of E. 
 Siberia, W. Siberia, and Mongolia, in E. or Chinese Turkistan, 
 in E. and S. Russia, and in the Caucasus ; the Kirghiz and 
 Uzbegs, in central Asia ; the Bashkirs in E. Russia ; the Turco- 
 mans, in Russian Turkistan and Persia ; and the Osmanli Turks, 
 in Turkey in Europe and Asia Minor. The majority are 
 Mohammedans. See the several articles. 
 
 Turks Islands, the most SE. of the Bahamas, W. Indies, in 
 the Atlantic Ocean ; there are but two islands, Grand Turk (7 
 sq. m. , P. 2500) and Salt Cay (2^ sq. m. , P. 700) ; latitude of 
 lighthouse on Grand Turk I. 21° 31' N., long. 71° 8' W. 
 Chief products, salt, fish, and tortoises ; annexed to the colony 
 of Jamaica in 1874. There are no wharves or quays. Vessels, 
 which lie outside the reef, are loaded and discharged by lighters. 
 See Calcos Islands. 
 
 Tnr liangton, par., Eng. , Leicestershire, Harborough div. , 
 10 in. SE. Leicester, i^ m. NE. by E. Kibworth stn. , P.O. P. 
 <25o. See Church Langton. 
 
 Tnrlla, riv. , Austria and Russia. See Dniester. 
 
 Turlo, IMonnt, mt. , Italy, in the NW. , in the Pennine Alps, 
 45 m. NW. Novara. 
 
 Turlongh, electoral div.. Ire., co. Galway, dist. Lettermore. 
 
 Turlough, par,. Ire., W. co. Mayo, bar. Carra, 2 m. NE. 
 Castlebar, P.O.; 22,714 ac. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Turlonghmore, P.O., Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Clare, 9 
 m. S. Tuam, 6 m. from Athenry stn. 
 
 Tnrmero, tn. , Venezuela, state Guzman Blanco, 50 m. 
 WSW. Caracas, 9 m. from the E. shore of Lake Tacarigua or 
 Valencia. P. 6000. 
 
 Tiirniltz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on riv. Biela, 7I m. E. 
 Teplitz ; lignite mined. P. < 4000. 
 
 Turn, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Teplitz; coal mined. P. 
 5700. 
 
 Turuagain, or Teporoporo, cape, E. ct. , New Zealand, 
 North I., 108 m. NE. WelUngton. 
 
 Turnagaln, cape, Queensland. See Keer-Weer. 
 
 Turuagain Arm. See Cook's Inlet. 
 
 Turnastone, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., on the 
 Dore, II m. W. by S. Hereford, close to Vowchurch stn. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Turnau, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on the Iser, 14 m. SSE. 
 Reichenberg ; has manufactures of cotton goods, and polishing 
 of precious stones. P. 5900. 
 
 Turnbcrry Bay, Scot., on the W. ct. of Ayrshire, in 55° 19 
 N., just to the S. of T. Point, with T. Castle. Mean rfall. 
 {1866-85), yr. 39.4 in. 
 
 Tnrnbull, isl., Pacific, in the S. of the Tuamotu group, in 
 about 143° 30' W. , 19° 45' S. 
 
 Turnditch, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div., 7I m. NNW. 
 Derby, close to Shottle stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Turneffe, isl., Caribbean Sea, near the coast of Brit. Hon- 
 duras, to the Belize dist. of which it belongs, crossed in the 
 N. by 175° N. ; surrounded by coral reefs. Length about 
 31 m. 
 
 Turner, vil. , U.S., Illinois, Du Page co. , 30 m. W. Chicago 
 by rail. P. <2oc)o. 
 
 Turner, vil., U.S., Indiana, Clay co. , 13 m. E. Terre Haute ; 
 coal mined. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Turner, tn. , U.S., Maine, Androscoggin co., 6 m. E. Buck- 
 field, on Twenty Mile R. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Turner, co. , U.S., S. Dakota, between 43° and 44° N., 
 crossed in the E. by 97° W. 
 
 Turnersburg, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Iredell co. , 9 m. NE. 
 Statesville ; manufactures cotton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Turner's Falls, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co. , on 
 Connecticut R., 3 m. NE. Greenfield; manufactures cutlery, 
 turbine water-wheels, &c. P. (i895)<5ooo. 
 
 Turner's Hill, PMT.O., Eng., Sussex, East Grinstead 
 div., II m. E. by N. Horsham, i^ m. SE. Rowfant stn. 
 Turner's Peninsula, Sierra Leone. See Kittani. 
 Turners Puddle, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., on the 
 Trent or Puddle, 9 m. E. by N. Dorchester, 4J m. N. by W. 
 Wool stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. (T. P. wltli AflTpuddle) P. 
 <7SO- 
 Turnford, PM.O., Eng., i m. from Wormley, Hertfordshire. 
 Turnham Green, eccles. par., Eng., Middlesex, Ealing div., 
 7 m. W. by S. St. Paul's, London, on the Metropolitan Dist., 
 G. W., and L. & SW. Rlys. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Turnhout, tn. , Belgium, prov. and 25 m. E. by N. Antwerp, 
 arr. T. ; has manufactures of cloth, tick, cotton goods, playing 
 cards, and paper ; bleaching and dye works. Near T. the 
 Spaniards were defeated by Prince Maurice of Nassau, 1648. 
 P. (comm.) 18,600. 
 
 Tiirnich, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Cologne, circle 
 Bergheim. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Turnnk, riv., Afghanistan. See Tarnak. 
 
 Turnu-MAgurele, tn. , Roumania, prov. Teleorman, 4 m. 
 N. Nikopoli ; river-port, with trade in grain. P. 6000. 
 
 Turnu-Rossu, same as Roteturm Pass. See Carpatliians . 
 
 Turnu-Severinu, tn. , Roumania, prov. Mehedintl, on the 1. 
 bk. of the Danube, 12 m. SE. by E. Orsova ; river-port at the 
 lower end of the gorges of the Iron Gates. The tower from 
 which the town is named formed the head of Trajan's bridge, 
 built by that emperor in 103. The old town was destroyed in 
 the 15th century by Mahomet II.; the present town was founded 
 1835-41. P. 14,700. 
 
 Turnworth, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 13 m. SE. by 
 E. Sherborne, 44 m. W. by N. Blandford, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Tnr<k;z-Szent-Mtlrton, comm., Hungary, prov. Tur6cz, 90 
 m. N. by W. Waitzen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Turon, name of several gold-diggings on the Taron R. , New 
 Soutli Wales, Roxburgh co. , in 33° S., 149° 39' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Turones, tn. , France. See Tours. 
 
 Tnross, small riv., New South Wales, running into the 
 Pacific near 36° S. 
 
 Turovo, vil., Russia, govt, and 25 m. WSW. Voronezh. 
 P. 6900. 
 
 Turra, electoral div.. Ire., Queen's co., dist. Ballickmoyler 
 and Newtown. 
 
 Turriers, vil., France, dep. Basses-Alpes, 59 m. SSE. 
 Grenoble, arr. and 18 m. NE. Sisteron. P. <2ooo. 
 
 TurriflT, par. and tn. , Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on riv. 
 Deveron, 9 m. S. by E. Banff, on the G. N, of S. R. ; has remains 
 of an old church and a market cross. Agricultural centre, with 
 fortnightly cattle-markets. Par. 18,386 ac. , P. <:45oo; tn. P. 
 
 <2500. 
 
 Turroek, electoral div.. Ire., Roscommon, dist. Brideswell. 
 
 Tursac, vil., France, dep. Dordogne, arr. Sarlat, 22 m. SE. 
 P6rigueux ; \ m. NW. is the celebrated grotto of the Madeleine, 
 explored 1863-66, which has furnished a quantity of objects 
 for the study of prehistoric times. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Tursan, small dist., France, formerly in Gascony, now part 
 of deps. Landes and Gers. 
 
 Turshab, camping-place, SE. Persia, prov. and 216 m. E. 
 Kerman. 
 
 Tursliiz, tn. , Persia, Khorassan, 80 m. SE. by S. Sebzewar. 
 
 Turshiz, plain, Persia, prov. Khorassan, to the N. of 35° N., 
 crossed in the W. by 58° E. 
 
 Tnrsi, tn., Italy, Basilicata, prov. Potenza, 43 m. WSW. 
 Taranto. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Turski, Servian, 'Turkish.' 
 
 Turski-Trstenlk, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. Svistov, 13 m. E. by 
 N. Plevna. P. <;4000. 
 
 Tur-Terebes, comm. , Hungary, co. Ugocsa, dist. Tiszdn tiili. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Turtiptir, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Ballia, 20 m. 
 from Rasra ; manufactures brass-ware. P. (1881)6300. 
 
 Turtle Creek, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny co., 11 m. 
 SE. by E. Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Turtle Island, small isl., U.S., in the extreme S. of S. Caro- 
 lina, Beaufort co. , at the mouth of the Savannah. 
 
 Turtmann, or Tourtemagne, vil., Switzd. , cant. Valais, 3 
 m. ESE. Leuk, on the S. bank of the Rhone. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Turton, par. and tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, W. Houghton div. , 
 4J m. N. by E. Bolton, on the L. & Y. R. ; employed in cotton- 
 spinning, bleaching, and calico-printing. 4614 ac. P. 6400. 
 
 Turtukai, Bulgaria. See Tutrakan. 
 
 Turuga, riv., E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, r. bk. trib. of 
 Nizhnyaya Tunguska. Length about 500 m. 
 
 Turukhansk, dist. tn., Russia, E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, 
 5 m. from junction of Yenisei with Turukhan, 65° 55' N. , 87° 
 20' E. Mean temp., yr. 21° F. , Jan. -16°, July 59°. P. < 1000. 
 
 Turvey, par., Eng., on the W. border of Bedfordshire, 
 Biggleswade div., 7 m. WNW. Bedford, ij m. W. by N. of 
 its stn. on the M. R., PMT.O.; 4011 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Tnrvllle, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div., 14J 
 m. S. by W. Aylesbury, 5 m. WSW. of W. Wycombe stn. 
 P.<:500. 
 
 Turville, Eastleach, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Ciren- 
 cester div., 3^ m. N. by W. Lechlade, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Turville Heath, PT.O., Eng., near Henley-on-Thames, 
 Oxfordshire. 
 
 Turvfes'ton, par. , Eng. , on W. border of Buckinghamshire, 
 div. and 6^ m. WNW. Buckingham, i| m. NE. Brackley stn. , 
 P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Tury-.lssu, vil. , Brazil, Maranhao, on the Bay of T. , at the 
 mouth of the Rio T. , in 1° 40' S. , 45° 19' W. 
 
 Turzovka, comm., in the extreme N. of Hungary, prov. 
 Trencsin, 92 m. E. by N. Briinn. P. 7600. 
 
 Tus, or Tnz, site of ruins, Persia, 14 m. NNW. Meshed. It 
 was the cap. of Khorassan, and one of the most celebrated towns 
 in the East. Here Harun-al-Rashid died in 809, and Firdusi, 
 the Persian poet, was born (940) and died (1020). 
 
 1615 
 
T U S A — T U T N 
 
 Tusa, tn., Sicily, prov. Messina, 7 m. WNW. Mistretta. 
 P. 5400. 
 
 Tnsapnn, dist., Mexico, state Vera Cruz, 31 m. W. Papantla, 
 no m. NE. Mexico, with remains of native architecture. 
 
 Tnsann, vil., Switzd. See Thasls. 
 
 Tuscaloosa, city, U.S., Alabama, T. co. , on the 1. bk. of 
 the Black Warrior R., at the head of steamboat navigation, 50 
 m. WSW. of Birmingham. The cap. of Alabama from 1826 to 
 1847. Seat of university, established 1831. Alt. 181 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Tuscan Springs, springs, U.S., California, in a small valley 
 of the Sierra Nevada, Tehama co., 7 m. E. of Red Bluff; much 
 valued on account of their curative properties. 
 
 Tuscany, Italian Toscana, the ancient Etniria, a former 
 gd. -duchy of Italy, annexed in i860 to the kingdom of Sardinia, 
 and now forming a div. (compariimento territoriale) of the king- 
 dom of Italy. It is composed (i) of a terr. , W. of the main 
 ridge of the Apennines, 120 m. long N. to S., stretching from 
 about 44° o' N. (near the mouth of the Gulf of Spezia) to about 
 42° 20' N. (penin. of Monte Argentario), with a width of 70- 
 100 m., divided into the four maritime provs. of Lucca, Pisa, 
 Leghorn, and Grosseto, and the three inland provs. of Florence, 
 Arezzo, and Siena ; (2) a tongue projecting northwards to about 
 44^° N., between Liguria and the Apennines, till i860 a part 
 of "the duchy of Modena, now forming the prov. of Massa e 
 Carrara ; and (3) of the islands of Elba, Pianosa, Montecristo, 
 all belonging to prov. Leghorn, and Giglio belonging to prov. 
 Grosseto. The greater part of the surface is mountainous 
 [Apennines, B,], or at least hilly, the only considerable inland 
 plains being that stretching about 20 m. NW. from Florence to 
 Pistoja, and that of the Val di Chiana stretching about the same 
 distance S. from Arezzo to Lake Trasimeno ; the principal coast 
 plains that of Pisa, at the mouths of the Arno and Serchio, and 
 that of Grosseto, at the mouth of the Ombrone.' The principal 
 mountains detaciied from the main chain of the Apennines are 
 Mount Amiata (5655 ft.), a trachytic mass in the S. , on borders 
 of provs. Grosseto and Siena ; Le Cornate (3475 ft.), on borders 
 of provs. Grosseto and Pisa; and the Apuan Alps (6385 ft.), in 
 prov. Massa e Carrara, separated from the main chain of the 
 Apennines chiefly by the narrow valley of the upper Serchio. 
 The principal rivers are the Arno, Cecina, Ombrone, and Serchio, 
 the former receiving nearly all the streams from the S. slojje of 
 the Apennines, and flowing to the Mediterranean. The Tiber 
 rises in the E. of T. The canal of Chiana unites the riv. Tiber 
 with the Arno. T. has no lakes of any extent, but numerous 
 
 f)ools and extensive marshes. The climate is mild and salubrious 
 Florence, Leghorn, Siena], except in the Maremma, a marshy 
 dist. , extending along the S. ct. , and covering nearly one-sixth 
 part of its superficies, the malaria from which produces pesti- 
 lential fevers, on which account it is in places nearly deserted. 
 The area in which malaria is at its worst (in which the mortality 
 due to this cause exceeded on the average of the three years 
 1890-92, 8 per 1000) is a comparatively small dist. round Grosseto, 
 at the mouth of the Ombrone, and here important amelioration 
 works have been carried out under the direction of the state over 
 an area of 17,000 ac. , to embrace, when completed, an area of 
 about 25,000 ac. , and expected to benefit an area 20-30 times 
 as great. The once notoriously unhealthy area of the Val di 
 Chiana {q. v. ) has now been completely reclaimed. The principal 
 cereals are wheat and maize, the former occupying about three 
 times the area of the latter. The cultivation of the vine is 
 rapidly extending as in other parts of Italy, now occupying an 
 area nearly twice as great as that so occupied on the average of 
 the five years 1870-74. The wine produced is generally of in- 
 ferior quality, but the Chianti and Montepulciano wines have a 
 high reputation. The culture of oil is prosecuted with great 
 care, and Lucca and Florence oil are celebrated. Tobacco is 
 largely cultivated in provs. Arezzo and Siena (Val di Chiana), 
 and raw silk is produced in considerable quantity in those of 
 Lucca, Florence, Arezzo, and Siena. Mules and sheep are of 
 superior breeds, and herds of cattle are pastured in the drained 
 portions of the Maremma. Shipbuilding is carried on at Leg- 
 horn, the chief seaport. T. is celebrated for its mineral riches, 
 and the number of its mineral and thermal springs. The chief 
 mineral products are iron ore, mercury, boracic acid, copper, 
 and salt, besides the famous statuary marbles of the Apuan 
 Alps (Carrara and Massa). Iron ore is chiefly obtained from 
 the island of Elba, where nearly 200,000 tons of excellent hema- 
 tite are annually produced from mines dotted over the E, and 
 SE. ct. Mercury is produced in prov. Grosseto from Cretaceous 
 or Eocene deposits resting on the slopes of Mount Amiata. 
 Boracic acid is produced round Le Cornate in the comms. of 
 Castelnuovo, Val di Cecina, and Pomerance (prov. Pisa), and 
 Massa Marittima and Montieri (prov. Grosseto). Copper is 
 mainly mined in the same dists., and salt is largely extracted 
 from brine in the comm. of Volterra (prov. Pisa). Among other 
 minerals may be mentioned lignite, the chief deposits of which 
 are in prov. Arezzo (about midway between Florence and the 
 town of Arezzo), and in the NW. of prov. Grosseto. Alabaster 
 is produced near Volterra and elsewhere in prov. Pisa. There 
 1616 
 
 are frequented watering-places at Montecatini (near frontier of 
 prov. Lucca, E. of the town of Lucca), and at Lucca: itself. 
 The principal manufactures are silks, in which T. maintains 
 its celebrity. Florence is the principal seat of the silk manu- 
 factures. There are silk-works also at Siena, Pistoja, and Prato. 
 The making of straw hats has greatly declined, although still 
 important, especially in the vicinity of Florence, where great 
 numbers of the peasantry are employed in preparing the straw. 
 They have long formed an extensive article of export, especially 
 to England and the United States. Florence, Prato, Pistoja, 
 Pisa, and Leghorn are the principal centres of this manufacture. 
 The other branches of industry comprise the manufacture of 
 glass and crystal, articles in marble, alabaster, iron, brass, 
 porcelain, coral, and wax; of linen, cotton, and cutlery; print- 
 ing and tanning. It was in T. that the art of painting was 
 revived in the Middle Ages — artists then studied not in the 
 academy, but in the workshop ; the goldsmith's craft was the 
 chief school. Pisa, Siena, and Florence are the seats of uni- 
 versities. See Italy, table, &c. 
 
 Tuscarawas, co., U.S., Ohio, in the E., crossed by 4oi° N. 
 and 8iJ° W. 
 
 Tuscarawas, riv., U.S., Ohio, in the E., rises in the NE., 
 in Summit co., and flows S. then SW. and S. to Zanesville, 
 where it unites with the Licking to form the Muskingum R. 
 
 Tuscarora, tn., U.S., Nevada, Elko co., 125 m. WSW. of 
 the NE. corner of the state. P. <i500. 
 
 Tuscarora, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill 
 CO., 12 ni. NE. Pottsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tuscarora Mountains, range of mts., U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 in the, S., trending for about 50 m. from SW. to NE., between 
 Huntingdon and Juniata cos. on the W., and Frankhn and 
 Perry cos. on the E. 
 
 Tuscaroras, Indians, U.S., resided originally in N. Carolina, 
 now there are about 400 of them living on a reservation in 
 Lewiston, New York. 
 
 Tuscola, city, U.S., Illinois, Douglas co., 51 m. WNW. 
 Terre Haute (Ind.). P. <:20oo. 
 
 Tuscola, CO., U.S., Michigan, in the E., partly bounded on 
 the NW. by Saginaw Bay. 
 
 Tuscumbla, city, U.S., Alabama, Colbert co. , 96 m. NW. 
 by N. of Birmingham. Alt. 488 ft. (R.R.). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tushan-clion, tn., China, Kweichou, 70 m. NE. Kwei- 
 yang-fu. 
 
 Tnslietu Khan, or Khan I'la, one of the four adminis- 
 trative divs. of N. Mongolia, Chinese Empire ; the N. part, 
 mountainous and wooded, is watered by the Selenga and its 
 affluents, the rest of the country is a vast steppe. 
 
 Tushingham with Grintlley, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddis- 
 bury div., 10 m. WSW. Nantwich, on the EUesmere Canal, 2^ 
 m. SE. by E. Malpas stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tuskar Kock, islet. Ire. , off the SE. ct. of co. Wexford, 7 m. 
 E. by N. Carn.sore Point, with a lighthouse, in 52° 12' 9" N. , 
 6'^ 12' 3s" W. , visible 19 m. 
 
 Tuskegee, tn., U.S., Alabama, Macon co., 36 m. E. of 
 Montgomery ; its mild climate renders it a favourite winter 
 resort. P. <20oo. 
 
 Tusker Rock, small isl., Wales, off the S. ct. of Glamorgan- 
 shire, 21 m. W, Cardiff. 
 
 Tusket, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Yarmouth co., on the 
 E. side of a long inlet which receives the Tusket R., 131 m. 
 WSW. Halifax. P. < 1500. Tusket Island, small isl. , 18 m. S. 
 
 Tusmore, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, union and 5 m. N. 
 Bicester. P. <25o. See Hardwlck. 
 
 Tnsteren, isl., W. ct. of Norway, diocese Trondhjem, 4 m. 
 E. Christiansand. Length, 11 m.; breadth, 5 m. ; area, 34 sq. m. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Tutbury, par. and market-tn., Eng., Staffordshire, Burton 
 div., 4 m. NNW. Burton-upon-Trent, on the N. Staffordshire 
 Rly.; has table glass and plaster of Paris works. In the 
 castle, now in ruins, once a seat of the Mercian kings, and 
 afterwards of the earls and dukes of Lancaster, Mary Queen of 
 Scots was imprisoned in 1569-70 and from 1584 to 1586 ; the 
 church belonged to the priory, founded in 1080. PMT.O. 
 Market-day, S. 4145 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Tutda Lemovicum, tn. , France. See Tulle. 
 
 Tute, tn., French Sudan, Worodugu, in about 7° 52' N., 7° 20' 
 W. ; great market for kola-nuts. P. 1500-3000. 
 
 Tutic4irin, municip. , Brit. India, Madras, on the Gulf of 
 Manar, dist. and 35 m. E. by N. Tinnevelli ; formerly important, 
 stands second in Madras Presidency in value of its foreign trade. 
 ShAnk or conch shells are found along the coast ; the fishery is 
 under government management. The pearl fishery has been 
 abandoned. The harbour is well sheltered ; depth at entrance 
 to and in port at ordinary springs, high water 14 ft., low water 
 12 ft. P. 25.100; Hindus, 14,900; Christians, 7600. 
 
 Tutiula, isl. , S. Pacific, Samoan group, crossed by 170° 45' 
 W. , 14° 20' S. ; contains on its S. ct, the admirable harbour of 
 Pango-pango. 
 
 Tutnall and Cobley, par., Eng., Worcestershire, on border 
 of the Droitwich and E. divs., 2 m. E. Bromsgrove. P. <750. 
 
T U T O 
 
 T W E M 
 
 Tntoko, Monnt, New Zealand, South I., near Martin's Bay. 
 Alt. 8000 ft. 
 
 Tntotepec, maritime vil., Mexico, state of and 90 m. SW. 
 Oaxaca, near Lake Chacahua ; before the arrival of the Spaniards 
 a populous town, where a celebrated fair was held. 
 
 Tatoya, vil. and port, Brazil, Maranhao, near the coast, in 
 42° 17' W., 136 m. E. by S. Maranham. 
 
 Tntrakan, or Tnrtukal, fortified tn., Bulgaria, prov. Rust- 
 chuk, on the Danube, 32 m. W. by S. Silistria ; has fisheries 
 and trade in cereals. P. 7900. 
 
 Tutshlll, vil. , Eng., Gloucestershire, PMT.O. See Tldeii- 
 ham. 
 
 Tattlngton, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 9^ m. S. Crome, 
 2 m. W. by S. Felmingham stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Tuttllngen, tn., Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, Black Forest circle, 
 39 m. S. by W. Tubingen ; manufactures cutlery, shoe-makers' 
 tools, surgical instruments, &c. Alt. 2110 ft. P. (1818) 4300; 
 (1890) 9800. 
 
 Tntnlla, or Pago-pago, isl. , Pacific Ocean, in 14° 19' N. , 
 170° 37' W. ; surface mountainous. Matafoa is a peak with an 
 alt. of 2327 ft. The harbour Pago-pago nearly divides it into 
 two penins. Length, 11 m. ; area, 15 sq. m. 
 
 Tntuqaen, tn. , Chile, prov. Curic6. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ttktz, tn. , Prussia, in the SW. of prov. W. Prussia, circle 
 Deutsch Krone, 75 m. W. Bromberg. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Tntzlng, vil., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, on 
 the W. side of the Wiirra-See (lake), circle and 21 m. SW. 
 Munich. P. < 2000. 
 
 TaTntha, isl. , in Lau group, Fiji Is. , S. of Exploring Is. , in 
 17° 40' S., 178° 48' W. 
 
 Tuxford, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Nottinghamshire, 
 Bassetlaw div., 11 m. SE. by E. Worksop, on the G. N. R. ; 
 has a free grammar-school ; trade in hops grown in the neigh- 
 bourhood. PMT.O. Market-day, M. P. < 1000. 
 
 Tnxpan, vil. and port, Mexico, Vera Cruz, on the E. ct. , 155 
 m. NE. Mexico, in 18° 55' N. ; communicating with the sea by 
 the dangerous bar of Cabellos Blancos. It is proposed to connect 
 T. with Tampico by a navigation canal fed by Lake Tamiahua 
 and other coast marshes. Near T. are petroleum wells. Rfall. 
 (S yrs.). 57 in. P. (comm.) 6800. 
 
 Tnxtla, or Tnxtla Gutierrez, tn. , Mexico, Chiapas, 44 m. 
 WSW. San Cristobal. P. 7000. 
 
 Tnxtla San Andres, comm., Mexico, state of and 90 m. 
 SE. Vera Cruz. P. 13,000. 
 
 Tnxtla Santiago, comm., Mexico, a few miles NW. of 
 Tuxtla San Andres, Vera Cruz. P. 11,000. 
 
 Toy, tn. , Spain, prov. Pontevedra, cap. dist. T., on the 
 Mino, 14 m. S. by E. Vigo. Suffragan bishopric of Santiago ; 
 has a cathedral, and manufactures of celebrated preserves. 
 Climate delightful ; 6 m. above the town are mineral springs. 
 P. (comm.) 11,300, 
 
 Tnyenk-wan, tn. , Tongking, on r. bk. Tsino-ho, 70 m. NW. 
 Hanoi, cap. of prov. of same name. 
 
 Tnyttn-fn, tn., China, Kweichou, 50 m. ESE. Kwei- 
 yang-fu. 
 
 Tnz «51 (or ChoUtt), ' salt lake,' the ancient Palus Tattceus, 
 large salt lake, Asia Minor, pash. Karaman, its centre being in 
 38° 40' N. , 33° 30' E. It receives some small rivers, but even in 
 winter it is shallow, and in summer the water evaporates until 
 almost completely dried up. Its E. banks are inhabited by 
 settled Turkomans, its W. by predatory Kurds. Length, 45 
 m. ; breadth varies to 16 m. ; area about 695 sq. m. ; alt. 
 2525 ft- 
 
 Tnzla, tn., Cyprus. See Larnaca. 
 
 Tnzla, Dolnja, tn., Bosnia, cap. prov. D. T. (very moun- 
 tainous; area, 3470 sq. m.), 49 m. N. by E. Sarajevo. Alt. 
 909 ft. Mean temp., yr. 48.3° F., Jan. 28.1°, July 68.0°. P. 
 7200. Tnzla, Ciornje, vil. , 5 m. E. by N. 
 
 Tnzor (French spelling Tonzenr), the ancient Thusurus, tn. 
 and oasis, Tunis, near the N. shore of the Shot el Jerid, 160 m. 
 SW. Kairwan. 
 
 TfVdestrand, tn. , Norway, prov. Nedenas, on the S. ct. , 15 
 m. NE. Arndal. P. < 2000. 
 
 Tver, govt., central Russia, on the upper Volga, has Pskov 
 and Novgorod on W. and N., Yaroslavl and Vladimir on E., 
 Moscow and Smolensk on S. ; occupies the S. slope of the 
 Valdai Hills, which is a plateau 800-1000 ft. high, dotted with 
 lakes, much cut by ravines, and therefore of hilly aspect. The 
 Volga, W. Diina, and Msta take origin in its highest north- 
 western part. Rocks, Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous, 
 thickly covered with boulder-clay. Watered by upper Volga 
 and its several navigable tribs. , the Msta, which flows into Lake 
 Ilmen, and the upper course of W. Dvina, all connected 
 together by canals, along which an active navigation is carried 
 on. Climate wet and severe, the average temps, at Tver being, 
 yr. 41-5° F. , Jan. 11°, July 67°, Forests cover about 800,000 ac. 
 Population Great Russians, with some 110,000 Karelians. 
 Agriculture insufficient for population, rye being imported, 
 while barley and oats are exported. Manufactures rapidly 
 increasing— cotton, leather, spirits, and flour being their chief 
 1617 
 
 products, and Tver occupying the seventh rank among the 
 govts, of European Russia for its manufactures (;|r2,5oo,ooo). 
 Considerable development of village industries — boots, leather 
 goods, all sorts of wooden goods, boat-building, nails, locks, 
 various hardware, agricultural implements, felt goods, weaving, 
 lace making, &c. l3ivided into twelve dists. : Tver, Byezhetsk, 
 Kalyazin, Kashin, Korcheva, Ostashkov, Rzhev, Staritsa, 
 Torzhok, Vesiegonsk, Vyshniy Volochok, and Zubtsov. Area, 
 25,225 sq. m. P. (1872) 1,567,300; (1890) 1,791,000. 
 
 Tver, cap. of above govt. , is an old town situated 102 m. by 
 rail NW. of Moscow, on both banks of Volga (the two parts 
 connected by a floating bridge), at its junction with Tvertsa, 
 which enters into the Vyshnevolotsk system of canals. Old 
 imperial palace. Cotton-mills; nail-making and hosiery as 
 domestic trades; considerable traffic by rail and water, and 
 brisk commerce. P. (1872) 41,600; (1891)41,700. 
 
 TTing, vil., Sweden, prov. Blekinge, 11 m. NNW. Karls- 
 krona. The outer and inner harbours are both deep enough for 
 the largest vessels. P. (comm.) < 5000. 
 
 Twaft, P. O. , Scot. , Orkney Is. , 3 m. from Birsay. 
 
 Twal, principal port of Kei Is., Malay Archipelago, an 
 important commercial centre. 
 
 Twambrooks, vil., Cheshire. See Wltton with Twam- 
 brooks. 
 
 Twan-te, tn. , Lower Burma, dist. Hanthawadi, 13 m. WSW. 
 Rangoon, with which town it is connected by a canal ; noted 
 for earthenware jars. In the neighbourhood is Shwe San-daw 
 pagoda, greatly venerated by the Talaings. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Twat, group of oases, W. Sahara, S. of Algeria. The name 
 is sometimes applied collectively to the whole group of oases in 
 the Sahara S. ot prov. Oran, but more frequently in a more re- 
 stricted sense to those in the valley of the Wed Messaud or Wed 
 Saura, S. of those of Gurara, and W. of those of Tidikelt, in 
 about 26° 4o'-28° 30' N. and 0° 30' E. , in a depression or basin 
 extending N. to S. , enclosed by large dunes. There is abund- 
 ance of subterranean water, which filters through the earth on 
 the S. slope of the Atlas Mts. Country very fertile and rich in 
 productions, chiefly dates ; also barley, wheat, sorghum, cotton, 
 henna, tobacco, and hemp. T. comprises a number of separate 
 dists., each including several distinct towns or villages. The 
 most important centres are Adrar, Tamentit, Timadanin, &c. 
 
 Twatt, P.O., Scot., Orkney Is., Harray and Birsay par., 11 
 m. N. Stromness. 
 
 Twatntla, China, Formosa. See Tanisni, riv. 
 
 Twechar, vil., Scot., Dumbartonshire, on the Forth and 
 Clyde Canal, 2 m. SW. Kilsyth. P. < 1000. 
 
 Tweed, vil., Canada, Ontario, Hastings co., on the riv. Moira 
 and a railway, 46 m. WNW. Kingston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tweed, riv. of Scot, and Eng., which drains almost all the 
 E. portion of the Scottish Lowlands. It rises at Tweedshaws, 
 S. extremity of Peeblesshire, 1500 ft. above the sea, flows NE. 
 and E. through the cos. Peebles, Selkirk, and Roxburgh, then 
 between Berwickshire on the N. and the English co. North- 
 umberland on the S. , and finally enters the North Sea at Ber- 
 wick after a course of 96 m. , in which it traverses a basin 
 estimated at 1870 sq. m. , or larger than that of any other Scottish 
 river except the Tay. Principal affluents, the Yarrow, Ettrick, 
 Teviot, and Till from the S. ; Biggar, Eddleston, Gala, Leader, 
 and Adder from the N. Before reaching Peebles it has com- 
 pleted 1000 ft. of descent, and in the remaining part of its course 
 it has generally a very gentle current. It is tidal to Norham 
 Castle, 10 m. from thesea, but navigable only in its last 6 m. 
 for boats of 30 tons burden, and the traffic on its waters is mostly 
 confined to Berwick. The Tweed and Clyde take their origin 
 in the same mountain range. The Biggar, an affluent of the 
 Tweed, is separated from the Clyde by a level boggy tract only 
 6 m. across ; they could be easily connected by a canal. The 
 salmon fisheries of the Tweed were formerly of more value than 
 at present. 
 
 Tweeddale, old name of Peeblesshire, Scot. 
 
 Tweed Heads, tp. , New South Wales, Rous co. , on Tweed 
 R. , 427 m. N. Sydney by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tweedmontli, par., Eng., Northumberland, at the mouth of 
 the Tweed, div. and i m. S. Berwick-upon-Tweed, on the NE. 
 R., opposite Berwick, of which it forms a suburb connected by 
 a stone bridge ; has salmon fishery, and manufactures of steam- 
 engines, mill machinery, sailcloth, &c. P. < 5000. 
 
 Tweedsmulr, par. , Scot. , Peeblesshire, on the Tweed, 12 m. 
 N. Moffat, 7 m. S. Broughton stn.; 32,469 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Twelve Apostles, isls.. Pacific Ocean. See Evangelist 
 Islands. 
 
 Twelve Heads, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 2 m. from Chace- 
 water. 
 
 Twelve Mile, or McKinlay, reef diggings, W. Australia, N. 
 Terr. , Rosebery co. , 97 m. from Southport by road and rail ; 
 has a goldfield belonging to the Arnheim Gold-Mining Company, 
 not worked. P. < 1500. 
 
 Twelve Pins, mts. , Ire. See Bnnnebeola. 
 
 Twenilow, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Knutsford div. , 9 m. WSW. 
 Macclesfield, i m. NE. Holmes Chapel stn^ P. <25o. 
 
 SK 
 
TWEN — TYLD 
 
 Tfveuthe, or Twente, old dist. , Holland. See Overljssel. 
 
 Twenty, stn. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div. , on the 
 M. & G. N. Joint Rly. , 6 m. W. by S. Spalding. 
 
 Twenty-fonr Parganils, the dist. of Bengal, Brit. India, to 
 which Calcutta belongs. Administrative headquarters at Alipur, 
 a S. suburb of Calcutta. See Bengal, table. 
 
 Twenty-fonr Klrers, dist., Cape Colony, partly in divs. 
 Tulbagh and Piquetberg ; produces excellent wine, corn, and 
 tobacco. 
 
 Twenty Mile Creek, riv. , Canada, Ontario, Lincoln co. 
 
 Twerlnp, settlement, W. Australia, Eucla div., loo m. NE. 
 Albany. 
 
 Twerton, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., i^ m. WSW. 
 Bath, on the G. W. R. P. 7700. 
 
 Twickenham, par. and tn., Eng., Middlesex, Brentford div., 
 on the 1. bk. of the Thames, opposite Richmond, with which it 
 is connected by a stone bridge, 11 m. WSW. St. Paul's, London, 
 on the L. & SW. R. In the i8th century it was a place of 
 fashionable resort, and many distinguished men resided here. 
 T. Ait (or Eyot), or Eelpie I., in the Thames, is a favourite 
 resort of holiday visitors from London. P. 16,000; eccles. par. 
 (T., WMtton) P. <iooo. 
 
 Twiggs, CO., U.S., Georgia, S. of 33° N. , and between 83° 
 and 84° W. 
 
 Twlgmoor, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Lindsey div. , 6 m. W. 
 Brigg. P. <250. 
 
 Twlgworth, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div. , 
 zi m. NE. by 1^. Gloucester, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Twllllngate, or Toullngoet, port of Newfoundland, on two 
 islands of the same name, off N. ct. , in 54° 44' W. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Twin Butte, stn. , Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. 
 P. R. , about 118° 25' W., 1086 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, 396 m. 
 E. Vancouver. 
 
 Twlneham, par., Eng., Sussex, East Grinstead div., 8^ 
 m. SE. by S. Horsham, 4I m. W. Keymer Junction stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Twining, par., Eng. See Twynlng. 
 
 Twin Lakes, vil. , U.S., Colorado, Lake co. , much frequented 
 in summer. Alt. 9012 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Twin Lakes, a lake divided by a strait into two sections, U.S., 
 Maine, in the W. of Penobscot co. , in the course of the Penob- 
 scot R., 50 m. N. Bangor. 
 
 Twin Moautaln, summer resort, U.S., New Hampshire, 
 Coos CO., 29 m. N. Concord by rail. P. <isoo. 
 
 Twin Ponds, two small lakes, Newfoundland, in 49° 5' N., 
 one E. and one W. of the meridian of 56° W. 
 
 Twins, Tbe, peaks in Australian Alps, Victoria, in 37° 2' S. , 
 147° E. Alt. 5575 ft. 
 
 Twlnstead, par., Eng., Essex, Saffron Walden div., 10^ m. 
 NE. Braintree, 3 m. NW. Bures stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Twlss, CO., W. Australia, on the W. ct., to the S. of 
 31° s. 
 
 Twlston, par,, Eng., Lancashire, div. and 4^ m. E. Clitheroe. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Twltelien, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, S. Molton div. , 14^ m. E. 
 Barnstaple, 2^ m. N. Bishop's Nympton and Molland stn. P. < 
 250. See Molton, North. 
 
 TwlzeU, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 8 J m. SW. 
 by W. Berwick-upon-Tweed, with a stn. (Twlzel) on the NE. R. 
 The vanguard of the English army crossed the riv. Till at this 
 place on their march to Flodden Field (1518). P. <25o. 
 
 Twlzell, par., Eng., Northumberland, 6 ra. SW. Morpeth. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Twll-du ( ' the Devil's kitchen' ) , chasm , Wales , Carnarvonshire, 
 I m. SW. Llyn Idwal, only a few yards wide ; the perpendicular 
 Tocks are 200-300 ft. high. 
 
 Two Dales, PMT. O. , Eng. , Derbyshire, 3 m. from Matlock 
 Bridge stn. 
 
 Twofold Bay, good harbour. New South Wales, 240 m. S. 
 Sydney, 30 m. from Cape Howe, protected from all winds except 
 E. ; visited by steamers from Sydney and Hobart. 
 
 Two HUls Island, isl., New Hebrides, in 168° 25' E., 17° 
 17' S. 
 
 Two-mlle-borrls, par. , Ire. , E. co. Tipperary, bar. Eliogarty, 
 4^ m. E. Thurles, P.O.; 11,940 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Two Mile Hill, PM.O., Eng., Gloucestershire, in bor. of 
 Bristol. 
 
 Two Mountains, co., Canada, Quebec, bounded S. by T. 
 M. Lake, an expansion of the Ottawa at its confluence with the 
 St. Lawrence above Montreal I. 
 
 Two Rlyers, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Manitowoc co., 30 m. 
 SE. of the head of Green Bay ; manufactures wooden ware. P. 
 <30oo. 
 
 Two Rock Mountain, Ire., in the SE. of co. Dublin, 6 m. 
 WNW. Bray. Height, 1699 ft. 
 
 Two Wells, tp., S. Australia, Gawler co., 23 m. N. by W. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Twycross (' two crosses'), par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 
 4^ m. W, by N. Bosworth, 3 m. WSW. Shackerstone Junction, 
 PMT.O. P.<500. 
 1618 
 
 Twyford (' two fords'), eccles. par. and tn., Eng., Berkshire, 
 Wokingham div., 5 m. ENE. Reading, on G. W. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Twyford, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 4^ m. SSW. 
 Buckingham, 2 m. NE. by N. Marsh Gibbon and Poundon 
 stn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (T. with Charndon and 
 Ponnden) P. <75o. 
 
 Twyford, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., on the 
 Itchen, 3^ m. S. Winchester, with stn. (Shawford and T.) on 
 the L. & SW. R., PMT.O.; 4230 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Twyford, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 6 m. S. by 
 W. Melton Mowbray, i m. NW. John o' Gaunt stn., P.O. P. 
 <50o. See Hnngerton. 
 
 Twyford, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div,, 16^ m. NW. by W. 
 Norwich, ^ m. S. by W. Foulsham stn. P. <25o; eccles, par. 
 (T. with Gulst) P. <50o. 
 
 Twyford Abbey, par., Eng., Middlesex, Harrow div., 2 m. 
 W. Willesden Junction, 9 m. W. by N. St. Paul's, London. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Twyford and Stenson, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, S. div. , 6 m. 
 NE. by E. Burton, 2 m. E. Repton and Willington stn. P. < 
 250. See Barrow-npon-Trent. 
 
 T-wy ford-town, Eng., Devonshire. See Tlyerton. 
 Twynholm, par. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, 2^ m. NW. by 
 N. Kirkcudbright, and ij m. SW, Taff stn., PM.O. ; 10,484 ac. 
 P. <:75o. 
 
 Twynlng, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 2 m. N. 
 Tewkesbury, P.O. (T.Green). P. < 1000. 
 
 Twywell, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, ■j\ 
 m. NE. by N. Wellingborough, on the M. R., P.O. P. 
 <5oo. 
 Tyana, vil., Asia Minor. See Klz-Hlssar. 
 Tyaskln, vil., U.S., Maryland, Wicomico co. , 69 m. SE. by 
 E. Washington (D. C), on an inlet of Chesapeake Bay. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Tybakl, vil. , Turkey, on the E. side of Messara Bay, S. ct. 
 of Crete, 28 m. SW. Candia, in 22° 48' E. 
 
 Tybee Island, U.S., Georgia, at mouth of Savannah R. 
 Mean temp., yr. 65.7° F., Jan. 49.7°, July 80.2°. 
 
 Tybo, vil., U.S., Nevada, Nye co., 185 m. ESE. Carson 
 City; gold is here mined and smelted. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tybronghton, par., Wales, Flintshire, EUesmere union, 5J 
 m. NW. Whitchurch. P. <:25o. 
 
 Tyburn, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Castle Bromwich, near 
 Birmingham, Warwickshire. 
 
 Ty Croes, stn. , Wales, Anglesey, on the L, & NW. R. , 9^ 
 m. SE. Anglesey, PT.O. 
 
 Tycroes, P.O., Wales, i m. W. Pantyffynon Junction, Car- 
 marthenshire. 
 
 Tycrwyn, P.O., Wales, 3 m. from Llanfyllyn, near Oswestry, 
 Shropshire. 
 Tydarnet, P.O., Ire., co. Monaghan. See Tedavnet. 
 Tydd St. Giles, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Isle of Ely, 
 on the border of the div. and 5 m. NW. by N. Wisbech, 
 P. O. ; 4760 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Tydd St. Mary, par., Eng., on the SE. border of Lincoln- 
 shire, Holland div. , 13 m. E. by S. Spalding, with a stn. (Tydd) 
 on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly., PMT.O. (Tydd or Tld) ; 4954 
 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Tydu, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., on the G. W, R,, 
 3 m. W. by N. Newport. 
 
 Tydwelllog, par., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., i m. 
 from the W. ct., 20 m. W. Portmadoc, 8J m, W. Pwllheli stn,, 
 P.O. P.<500. 
 
 Tyerchora, comm. , Hungary, co. Trencs^n, dist. Zsolna. 
 P. <400o. 
 Tyerlmal, volcano, Java. See TJernial. 
 Tyfarnhani, par.. Ire., co. Westmeath, bar. Corkaree, on 
 riv. Gaine, 4 m. NE. Mullingar, P. <:25o. 
 
 Tygart's Valley Rlrer, riv., U.S., W. Virginia, a branch of 
 the W. Fork of the Monongahela R. , flows N. through Randolph 
 and part of Barbour co. Length about 135 ni. • 
 
 Tyglyn, part of eccles, par., Wales, Cardiganshire. See 
 Llanddewl Aberarth. 
 
 Tyh, mt. chain. See Jebel Tyh. 
 
 Tyln, lake, Norway, prov. and 74 m. WNW, Hamar, 25 m, 
 NE. Laerdalsoren. Alt. 3620 ft.; length, N, to S. , 9 m, ; 
 breadth, 2 m. ; area, 12 sq. m. 
 
 Tykocln, tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 37 m. E. Lomza, 
 P. 5300. 
 
 Tylden, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Cathcart, 58 m. N, 
 by W. King William's Town, on the Zwart Kei. 
 
 Tylden, post-tn., Victoria, Dalhousie co. , 37 m. NE, by E. 
 Ballarat. P. <:i50o. 
 
 Tylden Pass, pass. Cape Colony, across the W. of the Storm- 
 bergen, about 130 m. N. Grahamstown. 
 
 Tyldesley (t)ldz'll) with Sbakerley, par. and tn. , Eng., 
 Lancashire, Leigh div., 5 m. SSW. Bolton, with important stn, 
 (T.) on the L. & NW. R.; has cotton-spinning ; large collieries 
 in the neighbourhood. P, 12,900. 
 
TYLE — TYRO 
 
 Tyler, co., U.S., Texas, in the SE., crossed in the N. by 31° 
 N. , and in the extreme E. by 94° W. , bounded on the E. by 
 the Neches R. 
 
 Tyler, co., U.S., W. Virginia, on the Ohio, crossed in the 
 W. by 81° W. 
 
 Tyler Hill, P.O., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 2 J m. N. 
 by W. Canterbury. 
 
 Tyler, tn., U.S., Texas, Smith co., 93 m. W. Shreveport 
 (La.). P. 6900. 
 
 Tyler's Green, eccles. par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Penn 
 and Chipping Wycombe ancient pars. P. < 1000. 
 
 Tylor's Town with Ferndale, eccles. par., Wales, Gla- 
 morganshire, with a stn. (T. T.) on the Rhondda Fach branch 
 of the Taff Vale Rly., 7 m. SW. by S. Merthyr-Tydfil, PMT.O. 
 (Tylorstown). P. 15,200. 
 
 Tylwch, stn., Wales, Montgomeryshire, on the Cambrian 
 Rly., II m. SW. by W. Newtown, 3 m. SSE. Llanidloes. 
 
 TymplirCstos, or Velukhl, mt., Greece, in the E. of the 
 nomos of Acarnania and Aetolia. Alt. 7610 ft. 
 . Tynagli, par. and tn.. Ire., SE. co. Galway, bars. Leitrim 
 and Longford, 9 m. ESE. Loughrea, P.O. Par. 12,455 ^c., 
 p. <2ooo ; tn. P. <25o. 
 
 Tynan, par. and tn. , Ire., W. co. and 7 m. W. by S. Armagh, 
 bars. Armagh and Tiranny, with a stn. (T. and Caledon) on 
 the G. N. (Ire.) R., PMT.O. Par. 17,044 ac, P.<400o; tn. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Ty IVant, P.O., Wales, 6 m. from Corwen, Merionethshire. 
 Tyndall, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, 25 m. NE. by E. 
 Winnipeg. 
 
 Tyndall, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Bon Homme co. , 25 
 
 m. W. by N. Yankton. 
 
 Tyndall ^fountain, mt. , U.S., California, in the Sierra 
 
 Nevada, 36° 35' N. 
 
 Tyndrum (tain-drfim'), vil., Scot., on the W. border of W. 
 Perthshire, 9 m. N. of the head of Loch Lomond, on the C. R., 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Tyne, riv. , Eng.,co. Northumberland, the W. and S. parts 
 of which it drains, is formed by the junction of South and North 
 T. at Hexham, whence it flows K. to the North Sea. From 
 Wylam it forms the boundary between Northumberland and 
 Durham. The South Tyne springs from the slopes of Cross 
 Fell. It rises in the series of rocks denominated (by Phillips) 
 ' Yoredale' rocks, flows N. to the g^eat 90-fathom dyke, then 
 E. along the depression to the junction with the North T. The 
 stream is rich with border associations ; castles and peel-houses 
 (ancient fortified cattle retreats) crowd the landscape, and several 
 interesting villages are on the line of the water-course. Willi- 
 monstwick Castle is the birthplace of Ridley. Near Bardon 
 mill is Borcovicus , a splendid Roman station, and much of the 
 Roman wall. At Hexham are Roman, Saxon, and monastic re- 
 mains. The tribs. should be explored for the picturesque and rich 
 historical associations. The North Tyne is darker, swifter, bolder. 
 It rises on the border line a little beyond Keilder Castle, in the 
 Scar-limestone series of the Carboniferous formation ; it traverses 
 the coal-beds of the Plashetts dist. , crosses the great Whin Sill 
 below Wark, and then traverses a portion of Yoredale rocks to 
 the junction ; the valley is one of the most attractive spots in N. 
 of.England. Nearto KeilderthereddeerlastroamedwildinEng- 
 land. The trib. Reed rises from the flanks of Carter Fell, passes 
 two important Roman stations, the battlefield of Otterburn, and 
 is twice crossed by the Roman road, the Watling Street. Wark 
 is the centre of one of the greatest baronies in the kingdom. 
 ChoUerfod is a good centre for exploration. Great beauty here ; 
 the river also crosses the line of the Roman wall, and here is 
 a bridge hoary with seventeen centuries. On Warden Hill is an 
 ancient British fortification. After the junction the river passes 
 through the Millstone Grit series, till, at Stocksfield, it cuts 
 through the lower parts of the coal-measures, over which it flows 
 for 20 m. to Tynemouth, near the junction of the coal-measures 
 and the Permian rocks. The places of interest from Hexham to 
 Newcastle are — Dilston Hall and the Devil's Water ; Beaufront, 
 Sandhoe, and Aydon Castle, near Corbridge ; Prudhoe Castle, 
 and opposite Ovingham, a place of rare beauty ; Wylam, the 
 birthplace of George Stephenson ; Ryton and Blaydon, where 
 the navigation begins ; and hence furnaces, foundries, and 
 factories line both sides of the river to Tynemouth. At Scots- 
 wood are a railway and suspension bridges ; these are close to 
 Newcastle. Besides Newcastle and Gateshead, there are on the 
 T. the two important towns of North and South Shields, one at 
 each side of the mouth of the river. The so-called port of New- 
 castle extends from Sparhawke (a rock in the sea) 17 m. to 
 Heddon ; over this distance the tide flows. In 1850 the cor- 
 poration of Newcastle obtained an Act of Parliament to transfer 
 to commissioners the conservation and management of the 
 river and port. ' The Tyne Improvement Commissioners ' con- 
 sist of four for life, and fourteen elected annually — six by the 
 town council of Newcastle, two do. Gateshead,: three do. North 
 Shields, three do. South Shields. The four for life are ultimately 
 to be two, nominated by the Admiralty. (For the statistics of 
 shipping of the Tyne Ports, see Appendix, p. L3. ) Length of the 
 
 T. to Hexham 35 m., to head of North T. 80 m. Drains iioo 
 sq. m. The railway runs parallel to T. and South T. from the 
 mouth to Haltwhistle. Salmon fishery has decreased of late 
 years. The Derwent is a trib. of some magnitude, and joins 
 the T. just below Blaydon. See Shields, South. 
 Tyne, small riv. , Scot. See Haddingtonshire. 
 Tyne Dock, stn., Eng., Durham, on the NE. R., in the pari, 
 bor. of South Shields. 
 
 Tyneham, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., Isle of Purbeck, 
 loj m. SW. by W. Poole, 5 m. SSE. Poole stn., P.O. P.< 
 500. See Steeple. 
 
 Tynehead, P.O., Scot.', Midlothian, on Tyne Water, 6 m. 
 SE. Dalkeith, on the N. B. R. 
 
 Tynemouth (tln'mtith ; tine'mtith is an incorrect modem 
 pronunciation), pari, bor., mun. bor. (reincorporated 1849), 
 seapt. , and market-tn., Eng., Northuniberland, 8 m. ENE. 
 and in the diocese of Newcastle, on a promontory at the 
 mouth of the Tyne, 1. bk., with a stn. on a branch of the 
 NE. R. Many of the recent streets and terraces are well built ; 
 a pier half a mile in length protects the harboiu-. The sands 
 are about a mile long, and overlooked by picturesque cliffs. The 
 only antiquities are the gateway of a castle (nth century), and 
 the ruins of an ancient priory (7th century) and its church (iith- 
 14th century). The chief public buildings are the Assembly 
 Rooms and the Aquarium, the bor. municipal buildings being 
 in North Shields, which is one of the five townships composing 
 the mun. bor. CuUercoats is another, joined to T. by the 
 Grand Parade. A public park (at North Shields) was opened in 
 1865. Shipbuilding is carried on, and there are rope and sail 
 works, besides important fisheries, the town employing steam 
 and sailing boats. _^8i,ooo was recently spent in improving 
 the fish-quays. In Saxon times T. was a noted burial-place 
 for princes and bishops. In modern days it is the chief water- 
 ing-place of Northumberland. Market-day, S. Pari, and mun. 
 bor. P. (i8oi)<:400o; (1851) 29,200; (1871) 38,900; (1891) 
 46,600. 
 
 Tyneslde, pari, div., Eng., Northumberland. P. 69,300. 
 Tynewydd (Ogniore Vale), stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, 
 Mid div., on the G. W. R., 12 m. SW. Merthyr-Tydfil, PM.O. 
 Tyngshoro, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 8 m. 
 W. by N. Lowell. P. < 1500. 
 
 Tynice Labskd, tn., Austria. See Elbetelnitz. 
 Tynlon, P. O. , Wales, Anglesey, 2 m. from Llangwyllog. 
 Tyunlnghame (tin'ing-am), vil., Scot., Haddingtonshire, on 
 the Tyne, 4J m. W. Dunbar, i| m. NE. of East Linton stn., 
 P.O. See >Vhiteklrk and Tynnlnghame. 
 
 Tynong, stn., Victoria, Mornington co. P. < 1500. 
 Tynron, par. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, on the Shinnel Water, 
 10 m. S. by E. Sanquhar, 5^ m. WSW. Thornhill stn., PT.O.; 
 15,683 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Tynwald Hill, an artificial mound a few feet high. Isle of 
 Man, 3 m. SE. Peel ; there the laws passed by the estates are 
 made public every 5th July. 
 
 TynygongI, PMT.O., Wales, Anglesey, 4 m. from Pen- 
 traeth. 
 
 Tynygroes, P.O., Wales, Carnarvonshire, 4 m. S. Conway. 
 Tyrconnel, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Elgin co. , on Lake 
 Erie, 30 m. SSW. London, in 42° 36' N. P. <i5oo. 
 Tyrconnel, ancient terr. , NW. Ire. , now co. Donegal. 
 Tyre, modern Snr, ancient tn. , Syria, built partly on an island, 
 partly on the mainland, in 33° 15' N. It figured in history from 
 the 14th century B.C. down to the time of the Crusades (13th 
 century) as one of the chief cities of the East, and was particu- 
 larly famous as the principal seaport of the Phoenicians. 
 Tyree, isl. and par. , Scot. , Argyllshire. See Tiree. 
 Tyrella, par.. Ire., SE. co. Down, bar. Upper Lecale, 6 m. 
 S. by W. Downpatrick, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tyrellspass, tn. , Ire., S. co. Westmeath, bar. Fartullagh, 
 9I m. NE. by N. Tullamore, 5 m. from Castletown stn. ; the 
 scene of some bloody contests in the time of Queen Elizabeth. 
 PMT.O. P.<:soo. 
 
 Tyriaion, tn. , Asia Minor. See Ilgiin. 
 
 Tyrle, par., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on the Water of Tyrie, 
 or Rathven, 5 m, SW. by W. Fraserburgh, PT.O.; 11,182 ac. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tyrlljord, lake, Norway, diocese and 16 m. W. Christiania ; 
 on the N. it receives the Rands-elv, and on the S. it gives efllux 
 to the Drammen R. Length, 16 m. ; breadth, 7 m. 
 
 Tyringhani with Filgrave, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 
 Buckingham div. , on the Great Ouse, 12 m. W. Bedford, 2J m. 
 NW. by N. Newport Pagnell. P. <25o. 
 
 Tyrley, par., Eng., Staffordshire, on riv. Tern, union and 
 adjoining Market Drayton ; 6589 ac. P. <:7So. 
 
 Tyrnan (German, in Hungarian Nagy Szomhat), tn. with 
 magistracy, Hungary, prov. and 27 m. NE. by E. Pressburg. 
 P. 11,500. 
 
 TyrnaTos, tn., Greece, prov. and 11 m. NW. Larissa, on 
 riv. Xeragis. P. 5300. 
 
 Tyrol, Austria. See Tirol. 
 
 Tyrolese Alps, North. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. B. 4i 
 
 1619 
 
TYRO — U BAN 
 
 Tyrone, inland co. , Ire. , in the middle of prov. Ulster, divided 
 into eight baronies, as shown in the following table : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Acres. P. 1891. 
 
 Clogher 
 
 Dungannon, Lower . . . . 
 
 Dungannon, Middle 
 
 Dungannon, Upper .... 
 
 Omagh, East 
 
 Omagh, West 
 
 Strabane, Lower .... 
 Strabane, Upper .... 
 
 97.569 
 
 42.795 
 
 87.771 
 
 85.996 
 
 132.539 
 
 93.322 
 
 117,669 
 
 121,282 
 
 18,827 
 9,841 
 33.560 
 23,366 
 29,276 
 
 13.653 
 26,768 
 16,110 
 
 Total .... 
 
 778,943^ 
 
 171,401 
 
 1 Exclusive of 27,714 ac. under the larger rivers and lakes. 
 
 It is chiefly watered by the Mourne, which flows N. to join the 
 Foyle and its affluents, with a portion in the basin of the Black- 
 water, which flows E. to Lough Neagh, towards which it is flat, 
 though in other parts hilly, and often picturesque, rising to 
 mountainous ranges in N. and S. The Sperrin Mts., in NE. , 
 have Sawell (2240 ft.) and Meenard (2061 ft.). N. of Omagh 
 is a smaller range (1780 ft.), and S. of Clogher, on the Mona- 
 ghan border, a range rising to 1265 ft. The geological 
 formations are, in N., mica slate, with a mixture of primary 
 limestone ; in centre. Old Red Sandstone ; in N W. , yellow 
 sandstone, which is also found SW. on the Fermanagh border. 
 The coal-measures of this county, 6 m. long, between Lough 
 Neagh and Dungannon, show many faults in the strata ; chiefly 
 worked at Dungannon, Annagher, Coal Island, Derry. Fire- 
 clay is worked at Dungannon. The only tillage is in the lower 
 dists. ; but the hill farms are noted for pasturage. T. has a 
 larger percentage of area under cultivation than any other 
 Irish county, except only Down and Tipperary. The amount 
 of flax is important. See table of agricultural statistics. Ap- 
 pendix, pp. 10-12. Communications: G. N. R., Lough 
 Neagh and Ulster Canal ; both the Foyle and Blackwater are 
 navigable for boats. Manufactures linens and coarse woollens, 
 earthenware, soap, &c. ; some breweries and distilleries, flour and 
 oat-meal mills. The name of Tyrone is for Tyr Eogain (' the 
 Land of Owen'), Eogain being that son of Niel of the Nine 
 Hostages from whom were descended the O'Niels, one of whom 
 was created Earl of Tyrone by Henry VIII. This county at the 
 Revolution was held by the forces of James II. The antiquities 
 include three cromlechs, many raths, some ruined castles, &c. 
 Clogher gives name to a see both in the Protestant Episcopal 
 and Roman Catholic churches. The chief towns are Strabane, 
 Omagh (the county town), Dungannon, and Cookstown. The 
 coimty returns four members to Parliament. It is in the dio- 
 ceses of Armagh, Derry, and Clogher. Pari. divs. P., Nurtb T., 
 42,400 ; Mid T., 43,400 ; East T., 44,800 ; South T., 40,800. 
 
 iVrone, bor.,U.S., Pennsylvania, Blair co. , 76 m. WNW. 
 Harrisburg, and 14 m. NE. by N. Altoona ; shipping station for 
 produce of surrounding dist. P. < 5000. 
 
 Tyrrel, or Tyrrell, lake, Victoria, co. Karkarooc, receives 
 surplus waters of the Avoca, crossed by 35° 20' S. and 142° 50' 
 E. Area about 67 sq. m. 
 
 Tyrrell, co. , U.S., N. Carolina, bounded on the N. by Albe- 
 marle Sound and on the E. by Alligator R. , just W. of 76° W. 
 
 _ Tyrrhenian Sea, the ancient Tyrrhenum Mare, is a name 
 given by the ancients, and retained by modern geographers, 
 to that part of the Mediterranean Sea which extends between 
 
 the coast of Italy and the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, and 
 Sicily. 
 
 Tyr-y-Mynach, par. , Wales, Cardiganshire, union and 4 m. 
 N. Aberystwith. P. <5oo. 
 
 TySnilenlca (-tsa), tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 55 m. 
 SW. by S. Tarnopol. P. 7700. 
 
 Tysuaso, isL, Norway, diocese and 25 m. S. Bergen, at the 
 entrance of Hardanger Fjord. Length, 11 m. ; breadth, 7 m. 
 
 Tysoe, par., Eng. , Warwickshire, Rugby div. , 7J m. WNW. 
 Banbury, PMT.O. ; 4800 ac. P. < 1000; eccles. par. (T. with 
 Compton Wynlates) P. < 1000. 
 
 Tyssa, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Tetschen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tythby, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Newark div., 8 m. E. 
 by S. Nottingham, 1^ m. S. Bingham Road stn. P. <2So ; 
 eccles. par. (T. with i'ropwell Butler) P. <75o. 
 
 Tythegston, Higher and Lower, two adjoining pars. .Wales, 
 Glamorganshire, S. div., i m. from the S. ct. , 13I m. SE. by 
 S. Neath, 3^ m. W. by S. Bridgend stn. Higher T., P. < 1500 ; 
 Lower T., P. < 250. See Newcastle. 
 
 Tytherlngton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., i m, 
 NNW. Macclesfield. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tytherlngton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Thornbury div., 
 6 m. SW. by W. Wotton-under-Edge, on a branch of the M. R., 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Tytherlngton, vil., Eng. , Wiltshire, Westbury div., 11 J m. 
 SSE. Trowbridge, i m. W. Heytesbury stn. See Heytesbnry. 
 
 Tytherley, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Hampshire, Andover div. , the former 9 m. E. Salisbury. East 
 T., P.<:soo; WestT., PM.O.. P. <7So. 
 
 Tythertou Kelways, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham 
 div., 13^ m. WSW. Swindon, 4 m. NW. Calne, on the Wilts 
 and Berks Canal, P.O. (T. Kellaways). P. <:250. 
 
 Tytherton Lucas, eccles. par., i m. to the SW. P. <:2So. 
 
 Tyukallnsk (Tyukala), dist. tn. , Russia, W. Siberia, govt. 
 Tobolsk, 70 m. NW. Omsk, on Siberian highway. P. <sooo. 
 
 Tynmeii, dist. tn. , Russia, E. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, 202 m. 
 by rail ENE. Ekaterinburg, on both banks of Tura R. , 65 m. 
 above its junction with Tobol, terminus of N. Siberian and 
 Ural Rly. to Perm, and starting-point of regular steamer navi- 
 gation to Tomsk (down the Tura, Tobol, and Irtysh, and up the 
 Ob' and Tom'), as also to the Altais, up the Irtysh to Semi- 
 palatinsk, up the Ishim, and up the Tura and Nitsa almost to 
 Irbit, the seat of the great fair of Siberia. Has long been an 
 important entrepot for tea imported to Russia, and all goods 
 exported to Siberia, and its importance has increased still since 
 it has been connected by rail with the chief iron-works of the 
 middle Urals and Perm, and since the Siberian rivers are navi- 
 gated by steamers. Carpets fabricated as home industry. P. 
 (1870)14,410; (1891)36,760. 
 
 Tynleniy, isl., Sakhalin. See Patience Bay. 
 
 Tyuprla, or Tynprlya, phonetic spelling of ^uprlja. 
 
 Tywarjlreath (pronounced tai-war-dr6th', less commonly 
 -drith), par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 8 m. S. Bodmin, i m. 
 E. St. Blazey stn. ; has remains of a camp. PM.O. P. <2Soo ; 
 eccles. par. (T. with Tregamlnlon) P. -c 1500. 
 
 Tywlth, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, Mid div., on the 
 G. W. R., 7 m. ESE. Neath. 
 
 Tywyn, P.O., Wales, Carnarvonshire, i m. NE. Conway, 
 
 Tzade, lake, Sudan. See Chad. 
 
 Tzla, isl. See KeSs. 
 
 Tzlntznntzan, vil., Mexico, state Michoacan, 12 m. NE. 
 Patzcuaro, near E. shore of Lake Patzcuaro. T. , or Huitzezila, 
 the ' town of Colibri,' was the cap. of the country until 1520. 
 P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 TJ 
 
 IJagap, stn. , New Caledonia. See Hnagape. 
 Vahnga, or Washington Island, isl., Pacific, in the Mar- 
 quesas group, in about 139^° W., 9° 5' S. 
 
 Ilalan, Knsal, or Strong, isl.. Pacific, in the E, of the 
 
 Caroline group, in 5° 20' N., crossed in the W. by 163° E. 
 
 Ilanih Mhor, or IJanivar, large cavern, Scot., Perthshire, 
 5 m. NE. Callander ; formerly a haunt of robbers. 
 
 Vapoa (or Adam) Island, isl., Pacific, Marquesas group, in 
 about 9° 25' S., 140° 8' W. 
 
 Ilassa, or IJessa, riv., French Guiana, flows S. into the 
 estuary of the Vyapock on the r. bk. Length, 60-90 m. 
 
 Uatlo Passage, channel between coral isls., Pacific, New 
 Caledonia, in about 22° 45' S. , 166° 43' E. 
 
 Ilatom, isl. , S. Pacific Ocean. See Man. 
 
 IJba, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, Minas Geraes, 126 m. N. by E. 
 Rio de Janeiro. Alt. 970 ft. (D.L.). P. 4000. 
 
 Vba, riv., Russia, provs. Semipalatinsk and Tomsk, 1. bk. 
 trib. of Irtysh, formed in Altai Mts. from confluence of Black 
 1620 
 
 and White Uba, flows W. , SW. , and S. , and joins the Irtysh at 
 Lblnskaya vil. , 80 m. above Semipalatinsk ; 180 m. long. 
 Uba Mts., chain of the Altais, 40 m. long, southern border 
 ridge of Korgon plateau. 
 
 Ilbanggi (I'bangl, or Lbanghl), also known in parts of its 
 course as Mobanggl (near its mouth), Dna (between about 19° 
 and 20° E.), K.oyu (between about 21° and 22° E.), and in its 
 upper course as Makua and WeUe, one of the largest rivs. of 
 central Africa, a r. bk. trib. of the Congo. The part of it first 
 discovered was the Welle, by Schweinfurth in 1870. The 
 Makua, a lower portion of the river, was explored in parts about 
 ten or eleven years later by Junker, who ultimately reached 
 a point on it in about 23° 10' E., a little S. of 4° o' N. His 
 explorations served to identify the Welle and Makua. The 
 mouth was first seen in April 1884 by Captain Hanssens, and 
 in 1885-86 was explored by Grenfell for about 400 m. up, where 
 he was stopped by the Zongo rapids in about 4° 20' N. In 
 1888 Vang^le, having passed these rapids in a sternwheel steamer, 
 
UBAQ— UDDE 
 
 succeeded in reaching a point in about 4° 25' N. , 22° o' E. , or 
 little more than a degree from Junker's furthest point on the 
 Makua, thus rendering the identity of the two streams highly 
 probable, and two or three years later this interval also was 
 explored, and their identity definitely established. The river is 
 not yet explored to its source, but it may be taken as formed by 
 the union of several headstreams in about 3!° N. , 28° E. From 
 this point it pursues a more or less westerly and slightly northerly 
 course to about 5° 10' N. , 19° 40' E. , flowing generally through 
 a very populous country. It then turns somewhat abruptly 
 towards the S. , soon forming the difficult Zongo rapids, and, 
 after approaching to within a few miles of the Congo in about 
 0° 30' N. , finally enters that river in about 0° 30' S. , 17° 50' E. 
 From 22° 45' E. it forms the N. and NW, frontier of the Congo 
 Free State. 
 
 Ilbaqne, vil., Colombia, Cundinamarca, 12 m. SE. Bogotd. 
 
 IJbate, tn. , Colombia, dep. Cundinamarca, 56 m. NNE. 
 Bogotd, on the pilgrim route from Chiquinquira. P. (dist.) 
 7300. 
 
 IJbatnba, vil. and port, Brazil, on the coast of state Sao 
 Paulo, 95 m. E. Sao Paulo, in about 23° 28' S. P. (municip.) 
 8000. 
 
 Vbanro, tn. , Brit. India, Sind, dist. Shikarpur, 80 m. E. 
 Jacobibid. P. (i88i)<300o. 
 
 llbaye, riv., France. See Alpes, Basses. 
 
 Ubbergen, vil., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 2 m. E. Nij- 
 megen, on 1. bk. of the Waal. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Ilbbeston, par., Eng., Suffolk, 6 m. SW. Halesworth. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Ubeda, tn., Spain, prov. and 27 m. NE. by E. Jaen, cap. 
 dist. U. In the i6th century it was an industrial centre, noted 
 for its cloth, silk, and leather ; now a mart for wine, agricultural 
 produce, especially plums and pease. P. (comm. ) 18,700. 
 
 IJbeua, dist., Ger. E. Africa, between about 8°-9°S. , 34° 15'- 
 35" o' E. 
 
 Vberaba, tn., Brazil, in the SW. of the state Minas Geraes, 
 in 19° 40' S. , 4° 50' W. P. 12,000. 
 
 tlberlinseii, urban comm., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, on 
 the NE. shore of the Ueberlinger-See, circle and 7^^ m. N. by 
 W. Constance ; has cathedral of the 14th century, and towers 
 and gates of the old fortifications ; manufactures of organs, 
 fire-engines, and brewing-machinery ; has an iron spring and 
 bathing establishment. P. <;4ooo. 
 
 Ilberrahr, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle and 3 m. SE. 
 Essen; coal mined. P. (comm.) < 4000. 
 
 tberstorf, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 8| m. NE. by E. Freiburg. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 tlberwasser, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle and 
 near Miinster. P. < 3000. 
 
 rblnas, volcano, Peru, dep. and 59 m. NNW. Moquegua. 
 In 1600 the scene of a terrible eruption, which, besides destroying 
 several villages near, overthrew great part of Arequipa, 45 m. 
 distant. 
 
 rbley, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 8 m. N. by W. Wells, 
 P.O. P. 250. 
 
 rbrlqne, tn., Spain, prov. Cadiz, dist. Grazalema, 41 m. E. 
 Jerez. P. (comm. ) 6300. 
 
 IJbsa Nor, lake, NW. Mongolia, 140 m. NNE. Kobdo, N. 
 of 50° N., crossed by 92° E. The water is salt and bitter, con- 
 taining the sulphates of magnesia and soda as well as common 
 salt. Depth about 6 ft.; area about 1500 sq. m. 
 
 rbnjwe, dist., equatorial Africa, W. of Lake Tanganyika, 
 and N. of Lukuga. 
 
 rbivarl, penin. in Lake Tanganyika, central Africa, jutting 
 about 35 m. northwards from its W. side near the N. end. 
 
 Vcayall, riv. , Peru, one of the principal headstreams of the 
 Amazon. It originates on the E. side of the Andes, a little S. of 
 15° S. , and a little E. of 72° W. , and forms the Apnrlmac, which 
 flows NW. as far as lat. ii|° S. At that point, where it receives 
 from the left the important trib. of Mantaro, it rolls on with a 
 volume equal to 42,000 cubic ft. a second, and turns to the N. ; 
 the united currents take the name of Ene, and are joined on the 
 left by the Perene, important as being a prolongation of the 
 route from Lima to the plain, and thence to the Amazon. After 
 receiving the Perene, the Ene takes the name of Tambo, and 
 after a sharp turn to the E. receives the Quillabamba, a river 
 composed of two main streams, the Urubamba, which rises 
 nearly as far S. as the Apurimac and flows parallel with it, and 
 the Paucartambo. Thereafter the principal river is known as 
 the Ucayali. Below its confluence with Quillabamba, the river 
 pursues a winding course, flowing in an enormous bed ; in this 
 part the U. only receives one important affluent, the Pachitea. 
 Steamboats ascend without difficulty as high as Sarayacu, in 
 about 6^° S. The U. joins the Maranon below Nauta, in 4° 30' 
 S. Alt. 1230 ft. Total length probably exceeds 1200 m. See 
 A. Ross in Proc. R. G. S., 1892, p. 382, map, p. 432. 
 
 Cede, comm. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. and 3 m. S. by 
 W. Brussels. P. 13,400. 
 
 Uceda, vil., Spain, prov. Guadalajara, on the Jarama, 25 m. 
 N. by W. Alcala. P. <20oo. 
 
 Fcero, vil., Spain, prov. and 30 m. W. Soria, dist. Burgo de 
 Osma. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ucli, tn., Brit. Baluchistan, 28 m. NNE. Jacobabdd. 
 
 Ucb, penin., Russia, on W. ct. of Caspian Sea, opposite the 
 mouths of Sulak and Terek, Agrakhan Bay on its W.; has fish- 
 ing stations. 
 
 IJchaiul, vil., France, dep. Gard, arr. and 7 m. SW. Nlmes. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Uchaynclre, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, union and near 
 Aberystwith. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ilchli, ruined tn. , India, Bahdwalpiir, 68 m. S. by W. Mtil- 
 tdn ; identified by General Cunningham with the city built by 
 Alexander the Great near the meeting of the Punjab rivers. P. 
 6800 ; Moham. 5900. 
 
 llchlre, vil., Venezuela, Bermudez, on the N. ct. , in about 
 65° 24' W. 
 
 lichknlan, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Kubaii, dist. 
 Batalpashinsic, S. of Stavropol. P. 5900. 
 
 irchte, riv. , Prussia, in the N. of prov. Saxony, flows on the 
 whole N. , passes Stendal, and unites with the Biese to form the 
 Aland. 
 
 Ilchungn, dist., on SW. frontier of Ger, E. Africa, NW. of 
 Lake Nyassa. 
 
 Vchnr, riv., E. Siberia, govt. Yakutsk, r. bk. trib. of upper 
 Aldan, which it reaches after a course of about 350 m. from 
 the Stanovoi Mts. ; receives many large tribs, (Ginym, Konam) ; 
 bridle road from Yakutsk to Udskoi along it. Great U. fair 
 for natives at its junction with Selenda. 
 
 Uchygarreg, par., Wales, Montgomeryshire, union and 
 near Machynlleth ; 10,583 ac. P. <5oo. See Mactaynlletb. 
 
 tickeudorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, 
 circle Gelsenkirchen, 3 m. W. Bochum ; coal mined. P. 13,100. 
 
 tTckcr, or llker, small riv., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, flows 
 into the Little-haff at Uckermtinde, and gives name to the dist. 
 Ukermark. Length, 64 m.; navigable to Pasewalk, 22 m. 
 
 llckerath, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Sieg, 11^ m. E. 
 Bonn. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Ilckerby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 4^ m. 
 E. Richmond, J m. NW, Scorton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 t'Ckernittiide, or Vkernittiide, tn., Prussia, prov. Pome- 
 rania, cap. circle U., near the mouth of the Uker R. , 31 m. 
 NW. Stettin ; has steamer connection with Stettin ; formerly a 
 strong fortress, besieged 1469. P. 5800. 
 
 Uckfleld, par. and market-tn., Eng., Sussex, E. Grinstead 
 div., 8i m. NE. by N. Lewes, on the L. B. & S. C. R., with 
 a gi'ammar school and an agricultural school, and a technical 
 school for women, both of the E. Sussex County Council ; brew- 
 ing carried on. P. <25oo. 
 
 rckingtoii, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div. , 2 J 
 m. NW. Cheltenham, P. <2So. See Elmstone Hardnvlcke. 
 
 rcrla, tn. , Sicily, prov. Messina, 27 m. NW. Taormina. 
 P, (comm. )<: 4000. 
 
 1J«1', riv. , Russia, E. Siberia, Maritime Prov. , rises on E. slope 
 of Stanovoi Mts. , enters Ildskaya Bay, of Sea of Okhotsk, which 
 contains the Shantar Is. 
 
 Eda, riv., Russia, E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, rises on 
 Vitim plateau and flows in a broad valley, receiving the Ona 
 from the right ; navigable up to Verkhneudinsk. 
 
 ITda (Chnna), riv., Russia, E. Siberia, govts. Irkutsk and 
 Yeniseisk, rises in Ergik-targak-taiga Mts., flows NE. past 
 Nizhneudinsk, and assumes the name of Chuna ; after a course 
 of 470 m. receives the Biryusa and Ona, and takes the name of 
 Tasyeyeva ; joins Angara from left, 65 m. above junction of the 
 Angara with Yenisei ; navigable up to Nizhneudinsk. 
 
 IJdaghtr, vil., in oasis of Figig, in the Sahara of Morocco. 
 
 Ildalpnr, called also Mewar or Meywar, native state of 
 Rajputdna, India. See Kikjpntiina, table. 
 
 Ildalpnr, Odeypoor, or Oodeypore, tn., India, Rdjputana, 
 120 m. SSE. Jodhpui'. The royal palace is most imposing, 
 being built of granite and marble, on the crest of a ridge above 
 the lake. A chain of fortresses, now in a state of decay, com- 
 mand every road leading to the town. Overlooking the city 
 on the S. is the fortified hill of Eklingarh. Alt. 2064 ft. P. 
 (1891) 46,700. 
 
 Udalpur, tn., India, Rdjputdna, Shaikhawati, 55 m. NNW. 
 Jaipur. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ildalpnr, Old, the ancient cap. of Tipperah, Bengal, situated 
 a few miles higher up the river, now deserted and overgrown 
 with jungle. 
 
 IJdaly4rp&lalyani, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Trichino- 
 poli, 30 m. NNE. Tanjore. P. 7700; Hindus, 7200. 
 
 Udanialpet, IJdumalpet (census), tn., Brit. India, Madras, 
 dist. and 35 m. SE. by S. Coimbatore. P. 10,000; Hindus, 
 8800. 
 
 ITdilrband, vil., Brit. India, Assam, dist. Cachar, 62 m. E. 
 Sylhet, 9 m. NE. Silchar. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Udiiyaglrl, hill, India. See Khaiidglrl. 
 
 ITdby, vil., Denmark, in the W. of Fyen I., prov. and 21 m. 
 W. by N. Odense. P. < 2000. 
 
 VddeTaUa, tn. and port, Sweden, prov. Goteborg, on an 
 
 1621 
 
UDDI — UGLE 
 
 inlet on the W. ct., 48 m. N. Gothenburg. Chief exports, oats, 
 wood, paper, and matches ; imports, coal, machinery, salt, oil, 
 and cotton goods ; has porcelain manufactures and sugar refineries. 
 The public quay has a depth of 12 to 18 ft. P. 7600. 
 
 rddingston, tn., Scot., Mid Lanarkshire, 3J m. NW. by N. 
 Hamilton, with stns. on the C. R. and the N. B. R. , and 
 another stn. (r. West) on the N. B. R. ; favourite residence of 
 Glasgow merchants, &c. ; manufactures machinery and agricul- 
 tural implements ; coal-mines in neighbourhood. P. 5100. 
 
 Vddn, prov. , Uganda. Same as Bnddn. 
 
 tldem, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Diisseldorf, circle 
 and 9 m. SSE. Cleve. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Vden, vil., Holland, prov. N. Brabant, arr. and 13 m. E. 
 Bois-le-Duc ('sHertogenbosch). P. 5700. 
 
 Vdglr, tn., India, state of and 112 m. NW. Haidaribad. 
 
 Udlmore, par. , Eng. , Sussex, div, and 4 m. W. by S. Rye, 
 2 J m. WNW. Winchelsea stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Vdlne, tn. , Italy, Venetia, cap. prov. U., 20 m. WNW. 
 Gorz (Austria) ; has a castle on a hill in its centre ; fine 
 municipal palace, archbishop's palace, museum, and library. 
 Has machine shops, manufactures of oil, matches, silk, and 
 cotton goods ; tanneries. It was formerly cap. of Friuli, and 
 for a long time was governed by the patriarchs of Aquilea. In 
 1445 U. was under Venetian rule, and under Austria from 1797 
 to 1805 and from 1814 to 1866. Alt. 381 ft. Mean temp. , yr. 
 55.4° F., Jan. 37.6°, July 75.2°; rfall. (6 yrs.), 60.99 in. P. 
 (1871) 22,000; (1886) 31,800. 
 
 Vdlpl, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. S. Kdnara, 34 m. N. 
 by W. Mangalore ; considered sacred by Hindus. P. 7300 ; 
 Hindus, 5900. 
 
 Udny, par., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, 7 m. ENE. Inverurie, 
 2 m. NW. of its stn. on the G. N. of S. R., PM.O.; 11,548 ac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Vdo, tn. , Japan, on the W. ct. of Kiushiu, 50 m. E. Naga- 
 saki. P. < 5000. 
 
 Vdobnaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Kuban, 
 66 m. SW. Stavropol, on 1. bk. Urup. P. 6350. 
 
 rdong, tn. , Cambodia, 146 m. WNW. Saigon ; the residence 
 of the king of Cambodia in the 17th century, and again from 
 1740 to 1866. P. formerly 16,000, now probably much less. 
 
 Udskol Ostrog, dist. tn. , Russia, E. Siberia, Maritime Prov. , 
 on 1. bk. Ud' R. , 60 m. above its entrance into Udskaya Bay, of 
 Sea of Okhotsk, 54° 30' N., 134° o' E. Alt. 175 ft. Mean 
 temp. , yr. 23° F. , Jan. — 22°, July 60°. P. < 1000. 
 
 Vdston, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, Hamilton par. P. <5oo. 
 
 rdnmalpet, tn., Brit. India. See Ildamalpet. 
 
 Udrard, comm., Hungary, co. and 17 m. NE. Komorn 
 (Komdrom), cap. dist. U. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 rdvarl, comm., Hungary, co. Bihar, dist. Torda. P. <:4000. 
 
 Ue-. For German (including German Austrian.. and Swiss) 
 names beginning with this combination, see under U, 
 
 Tea, or Wallis, isls. , Pacific, in the N. of the Tonga group, 
 NE. of the Fiji Is., in about 13° 20' S., 176° W. 
 
 reda, tn. , Japan, Honshiu, 105 m. NW. by W. Tokyo. P. 
 16,100. 
 
 relzen, Prussia. See tllzen. 
 
 Teno, tn. , Japan, Honshiu, 30 m. ESE. Kyoto. P. 12,900. 
 
 Uessa, riv. , French Guiana. See IJassa. 
 
 Ufa, riv., E. Russia, govts. Ufa and Perm, r. bk. trib. of 
 Byelaya ; considerable shipping. Receives Ufalei and many 
 other tribs. Length about 430 m. 
 
 Ufa, govt., SE. Russia, on W. slope of Urals, has Vyatka 
 and Perm on N. , Orenburg on E. and S. , Samara and Kazaii 
 " on W. The series of parallel chains of S. Urals, 2500 to 5040 
 ft. high (Iremel peak), occupy its E. part, and the valleys 
 between them are the seat of mining and metallurgy. In the 
 S. it covers the Obshchiy Syrt plateau, which joins the S. Urals 
 by a range of elevated plains (Ufa plateau) 1000 to 1500 ft. high. 
 It gently slopes towards the Kama, and its very fertile broad 
 valleys are getting rapidly occupied by Russian settlers. Watered 
 by the navigable Byelaya, trib. of Kama, and its tribs. , Tanyp 
 and Ufa, also navigable. The Kama flows on its W. border. 
 Forests cover nearly one-half of the surface. Climate extreme, 
 the average temps, being : at Ufa, yr. 37°, Jan. 5.5°, July 68° ; 
 at Zlatoust observatory, yr. 32.2°, Jan. 2°, July 62° ; yearly rfall. 
 19 in. ; much smaller in the Steppes. Population consists of 
 Great Russians (33 per cent, in 1882), whose numbers are rapidly 
 increasing, Bashkirs (45 per cent.), Tatars (8 per cent.), Chere- 
 misses, Chuvashes, Mordves,andVotyaks. Over 100,000 Russians 
 were formerly mining serfs, and now live chiefly by mining, 
 which is progressing, Zlatoust being its chief centre (Satkinsk, 
 Yurezan, Katav-Ivanovsk iron-works). Flour-mills, distilleries, 
 tanneries ; exports of cereals, cattle, and animal produce ; 
 animated fairs. Divided into six dists.: Ufa, Belebei, Biisk, 
 Menzelinsk, Sterlitamsk, and Zlatoust. Cholny and Berezovka 
 are important loading places on Kama. Area, 47,112 sq. m. 
 P. (1865) 1,291,020; (1882) 1,793,260; (1890) 2,039,300. 
 
 UflB, cap. of above govt. , at the confluence of U. and Byelaya, 
 326 m. by rail ENE. Samara, on Siberian Rly. ; considerable 
 trade. P. (1884) 25,660; (1891) 34,000. 
 
 Ufblelskly, I'pper, iron-works and gold-diggings, Russia, 
 Perm, 73 m. SSW. Ekaterinburg, on Ufalei R. P. 7300. 
 Ufalelskly, Lower, 7 m. from above. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Ilfenan, or Uftian, small isl. , Svntzd., in Lake Ziirich, W. 
 of the bridge uniting Pfaffikon to Rapperschwyl, belonging to 
 Einsiedeln abbey. Ulrich von Hutten died here in 1523. 
 
 Ufer, German, 'a border' or 'shore.' See Ofer. 
 
 rffcnlme (lifkOm), formerly Vpcnlm, par. and market-tn., 
 Eng., Devonshire, div. and 7 m. E. Tiverton, on the G, W. R., 
 PMT.O. Market-day, W. 6158 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 IlflTenlielni, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle Franconia, 
 cap. circle U., 21 m. SE. by S. Wiirzburg. P. <3000. 
 
 Ilfflng, Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 34 m. SW. 
 by S. Munich, on the N. side of the Staffel-See (lake). P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 IJfllugton, par., Eng., Berkshire, Abingdon div., 9^ ra. 
 ENE. Swindon, 4 m. S. by E. Faringdon, on the G, W. R. 
 Here is the Vale of the White Horse, so called from a figure 
 cut on the face of a chalk down. PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 rfflngton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 2 m. 
 E. Stamford, with a stn. (U. and Barnack) on the M. R., 
 P.O.; 4165 ac. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Ilfflngton, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div. , on the Severn, 
 3 m. ENE. Shrewsbury, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 riTord, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Muskoka, 16 m. N. Brace- 
 bridge ; summer resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 UfTord, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 4^ m. 
 ESE. Stamford, in the administrative county of the Soke of 
 Peterborough, i m. NE. U. Bridge stn., on the G. N. R. 
 P. <25o ; eccles. par. (U. with Balnton) P. <5oo. 
 
 riTord, par., Eng., Suffolk, 2 m. NE. Woodbridge, P.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Uflpa, country of the Fipa, on E. side of Lake Tanganyika. 
 
 Ilfnan, isL, Switzd. See IJfenan. 
 
 Vfton, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 4J m. ESE. 
 Leamington, i| m. N. Southam Road stn.; has a parish cross, 
 erected about 1316. P. <:25o. 
 
 Efton Xervet, par., Eng., Berkshire, Newbury div., 6 m, 
 SW. by W. Reading, 2 m. E. Aldermaston stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 rgala, a country of equatorial Africa, on the E. ct. of Lake 
 Victoria Nyanza, from the mouth of the Igucha R. northwards 
 to the isl. Usuguru. 
 
 Tgala, IJgalla, ITgara, dist., equatorial Africa, E. of Lake 
 Tanganyika, crossed by 5^° S. , between 31° and 32° E. 
 
 Fganda, terr., central Africa, situated NW. and W. of the 
 Victoria Nyanza, between the upper Nile and the 30th 
 degree E. long. The Sese Is. of the Victoria Nyanza belong to 
 U. , and the surrounding countries (Usoga, Unyoro, Ankori, and 
 Karagwe) are tributary to U. The southern and western parts 
 are mountainous ; the northern form widely extending plains 
 (covered with forests), sloping gradually towards the Nile valley. 
 The majority of the inhabitants are an agricultural Bantu tribe, 
 the Waganda ; a Nuba tribe, the light - coloured Wahuma, 
 engaged in pastoral pursuits, are met with in the W. parts of the 
 country. U. is very fertile, bananas, maize, millet, and batatas 
 being the principal agricultural products. The Waganda are 
 very intelligent, and their native industries are highly developed. 
 Chief exports, ivory, gum, and hides. Iron ore occurs in 
 various parts of the country. Long-continued internal feuds 
 and wars have devastated the southern parts of U. Places of 
 importance, Rubaga and Mengo. U. belongs to British E. 
 Africa (^.i-.). Area estimated at 50,000 sq. m. P. estimated at 
 2,750,000 (Stanley). [H. «. 8.] 
 
 Vgarrowa, Arab station, Congo Free State, on Biyerer or 
 Aruwimi, in 1° 26' N., 27° 52' E. 
 
 Ugaya, the same as KaTirondo, central Africa. 
 
 irgborongh, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 13 m. E. 
 Plymouth, 2 m. SW. Kingsbridge Road stn., PM.O.; 8955 ac. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Vgborongh Beacon, hill, Eng., in the S. of Devonshire, 12 
 m. ENE. Plymouth. Alt. 1244 ft. 
 
 Ugento, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 23 m. SW. Otranto. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Vggesball, par., Eng., Suffolk, 4 m. NE. Halesworth, P.O. 
 P. <25o; eccles. par. (F. with Sotherton) P. <5oo. 
 
 Ugglebarnby, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 3 
 m. SSW. Whitby, i m. ESE. Sleights stn., P.O. See E§k. 
 daleslde. 
 
 IJgle, tp.. Cape Colony, dist. Maclear, 95 m. ESE. Aliwal 
 North. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vgle, riv., Scot., in NE. of Aberdeenshire, flows 21 m. ESE. 
 and E. , and enters the North Sea 2 m. N. Peterhead ; navi- 
 gable less than 2 m. 
 
 Uglnes, tn. , France, dep. Savoie, 29 m. ENE. Chamb^ry, 
 arr. and 6 m. NNE. Albertville. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Uglngo, isl., in the E. of Lake Victoria Nyanza, central 
 Africa, in 1° i3'-26' N. 
 
 Ugley, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 6 m. SSW. Saffron 
 Walden, 2 m. NW. by N. Elsenham stn., P.O. (Oakley, or 
 r.). P. <50o. 
 
U G L I — U K lA 
 
 Vgllano, vil. , Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on an island of 
 the same name, 6 m. W. by N. Zara. The island is 13 m. 
 long, by 1-2 m. broad. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ugllcli, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 67 m. WSW. Yaroslavl, 
 on r. bk. Volga ; very old town, where Prince Demetrius was 
 killed by Boris Godunov's men in 1591. Has a venerated cathe- 
 dral, dating from the 13th century, two monasteries, and the 
 palace of Demetrius. Paper-mills, flour-mills, manufacture of 
 tea-urns, and especially of bags for flour ; large export of 
 sausages and ham ; active trade, and navigation. P. 12,660. 
 
 Cgo, kuni or old prov. , Japan, now included in Yamagata 
 and Akita kens. 
 
 Vgogl, vil., Ger. E. Africa, Usagara, 190 m. W. Bagamoyo. 
 
 Tgogo, dist., Ger. E. Africa, about 170 m. W. of the coast, 
 opposite Zanzibar I. 
 
 Vgoma, dist. or region, central Africa, on the W. side of 
 Lake Tanganyika, crossed by 5° S. 
 
 Ilgombe, lake, Ger. Equatorial Africa, in central Usagara, 
 about 20 m. SSE. Mpwapwa, traversed by the upper affluents 
 of the Mukondokwa. 
 
 Ugowe Bay, large bay in the E. of Lake Victoria Nyanza, in 
 o'-o" 15' S. 
 
 IJgra, riv., middle Russia, flows 270 m. through govts. 
 Smolensk and Kaluga, past Kaluga town, joins Oka 10 m. below 
 this last town ; shipping of corn, spirits, and salt. 
 
 Tgryesliskly, monastery, Russia, govt, and 9 m. from Mos- 
 cow, on Moskva R. 
 
 llgthorpe, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 6^ m. 
 W. Whitby, 3 m. NNE. Glaisdale stn., P.O. P.<2So. 
 
 rgnhlia, region, central Africa, on the W. side of Lake 
 Tanganyika, crossed about the middle by 6° S. 
 
 Fgnuda, country of equatorial Africa, E. of Lake Tangan- 
 yika, between Unyanyembe on the N. and Ukonongo on the 
 S.; a wide alluvial plain, with jungle, marsh, and forest. Chief 
 villages Ugunda (in 5° 33' S.) and Kikoma (in 5° 48' S.). 
 
 Vgnrcln, tn., Bulgaria, prov. Lovec, 23 m. SSW. Plevna. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 IJIiehe, dist., Ger. E. Africa, between about 7° and 9° S., 
 and about 34°-37° E. 
 
 IJbha, region, central Africa, on the E. side of Lake Tangan- 
 yika, between about 4° and 5° S. 
 
 Vhlenltorst, Ger., a NE. suburb of Hamburg. P. 18,100. 
 
 Ulin6'vi', tn. , Austria, Galicia, dist. U. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Uhrlchsvllle, city, U.S., Ohio, Tuscarawas co. , 41 m. NW. 
 by W. Wheeling (W. Va. ). P. <:4000. 
 
 Ilhn-hslen, treaty port and industrial tn., China, prov. 
 Nganhwei, 24 m. SE. Taiping-fu ; manufactures red twine, 
 knives, and other steel goods. 
 
 Vhal, Uyanyembe. See Ilynl. 
 
 Ul, riv., SE. Russia, govt. Orenburg, rises in S. Urals, near 
 Ui-tash Mt. , flows E. past Troitsk, joins Tobol from left after 
 a course of 270 m. 
 
 Ele, eccles. par., Scot., Ross and Cromarty. See Knock. 
 
 rig, vil., Scot., Inverness-shire, isl. of Skye, on Uig Bay, E. 
 side of Lake Snizort, 14 m. NNW. Portree, PMT.O. 
 
 Ulg, par., Scot., Ross-shire, in the SW. of Lewis L, Outer 
 Hebrides, 34 m. W. Stornoway ; 122,795 ac. P. (including 
 Bernera, Oronsay, Pabay, and part of Lewis I.) < 4000. 
 
 lllgnr, Turkish tribe. See Tzbegs. 
 
 nil (Ulu-nll), riv., SE. Russia, prov. Uralsk, in the E. of 
 lower Volga, flows SW. , with great windings, through the Steppes 
 for 270 m. , and is lost in the desert before reaching the Caspian. 
 riLskoye, small fort on it, at junction of several Steppe roads. 
 
 IJluta, CO., U.S., Utah, in the NE. corner of the terr. , partly 
 bounded and traversed by Green R. 
 
 . Illnta, CO. , U.S. , Wyoming, forming the whole of the western 
 strip of the state outside the Yellowstone National Park. 
 . Illnta MonntAlns, range, U.S., Utah, running E. from the 
 Wahsatch Mts. for about 150 m. ; chief summits, Emmons Peak, 
 13,624 ft.; Gilbert Peak, 13,687 ft.; Wilson's Peak, 13,300 ft. 
 
 IJlsg, Loch, lake, Scot., Argyllshire, in the SE. of Mull I., 
 drained W. into Loch Buy ; 2 m. long, by ^5 m. wide. 
 
 Vlskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, govt. Orenburg, terr. of Oren- 
 burg Cossacks, 73 m. E. of Troitsk, on the Ui R. P. <sooo. 
 
 Vlst, North and Sonth, two isls. and pars, of the Outer 
 Hebrides, Scot., Inverness-shire. North U., 2J m. N. the isl. 
 Benbecula, and separated on the NE. from Harris by the Sound 
 of Harris, 8 m. across. Shape very irregular. Its E. part is a 
 dreary, marshy moorland, indented by Lochs Maddy and Eport, 
 and containing several inland lochs. Its W. part is hilly or 
 mountainous, comprising some tracts of fertile land. Greatest 
 alt. 1133 ft.; length, 17 m. ; breadth, 3-12 m. With Bale- 
 share and Illeray, Boveray, Grlnilsay (part), Helsker, Hut, 
 Klrklbost, Levera, Mhorgay, Moiiach, Ronay, and Vallay 
 it forms a par., having an area of 75,431 ac. , P. <45oo; isl. P. 
 3231. South U., the largest island of the Outer Hebrides, S. 
 of Harris, separated from Benbecula on the N. by a rocky strait 
 I m. across. Its E. ct. is indented by lochs ; it contains 
 several lochs, and a band of fertile country borders its W. ct. ; 
 elsewhere it is an alluvial peat plain interspersed with mountains. 
 
 amongst which Mount Hecla rises to 2500 or 3000 ft. above the 
 sea., and Ben More has an alt. of 2035 ft. Length, 22 m. ; 
 greatest breadth, 8 m. With the isls. Benbecula, Erlskay, 
 Fladda, Grlnilsay (part), Calvay, and Wlay it forms a par. 
 of 90,099 ac. , P. 5800 ; isl. P. 3708. Population of both islands 
 poor, and chiefly engaged in fishing, rural labour, and cattle- 
 rearing. 
 
 Ultenhage, tn. , Cape Colony, cap. dist. U., 20 m. NNW. 
 Port Elizabeth ; noted for its wool-washeries and fruit ; has 
 some large railway workshops. Mean rfall. (22 yrs.), 15.87 in. 
 P. 5300. 
 
 IJltgeest, vil., Holland, prov. N. Holland, 7 m. SSW. 
 Alkmaar. P. (comm. )<3ooo. 
 
 Illthooru, vil., Holland, prov. N. Holland, 9 m. S. Amster- 
 dam. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 mthnlzen, vil. , Holland, prov. and 15 m. NNE. Groningen. 
 P. < 2000. 
 IJitzenberg, mission station. Cape Colony, dist. Tulbagh. 
 UJ, Hungarian, 'new.' 
 
 njaln, tn. , Central India, Gwalior. See ITJJaln. 
 IJJ-Arad, comm., , Hungary, co. Temes, dist. U.-A., on 1. 
 bk. Maros, opposite O-Arad. P. 5600. 
 
 IJJb4nya, tn. , Hungary. See Kiinlgsberg. 
 nj-Bessenyo, comm., Hungary, co. Temes, dist. Kozpont. 
 P. <4C)oo. 
 
 UJ-Besztercze,comm., Hungary, co. Trencs6n,dist. Kiszucza- 
 Ujhely, P. <40oo. 
 
 UJda, tn. , in the NE. of Morocco, 36 m. WSW. Tlemsen, 
 Algeria. 
 
 VJ-Dombov&r, comm. , Hungary, co. Tolna, dist. Dom- 
 bovdr. P. <4ooo. 
 
 UJefl, or Ujef, oasis, Sahara, S. part of Adrar-land. 
 IJJe Slaldu'gnrl, tn. , central Africa, Bornu, 65 m. SSW. 
 Kuka. P. 15,000 (Rohlfs, 1866). 
 
 IJJest, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Gross-Strehlitz, 21 m. 
 N. by E. Ratibor. P. <300o. 
 
 UJ-Feh^rt*, comm., Hungary, co. Szabolcs, dist. Nagy 
 K4116. P. 7900. 
 
 VJ-Futtak, comm., Hungary, co. Bdcs-Bodrog, dist. 
 Ujvid^k. P. <4ooo. 
 
 UJhAnl, municip. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Buddun, 
 36 m. SW. Bareilly ; manufactures refined sugar and indigo. 
 P. 7400 ; Hindus, 4900 ; Moham. 2400. 
 
 rjljl, tribal tern, central Africa, on the E. side of Lake 
 Tanganyika, S. of Urundi, and W. of Uhha; also the chief 
 town of that terr., situated on the shore of the lake, in the 
 dists. of Kawele and Ugoy, in 4° 55' S. Long the chief seat 
 of Arab and Swahili slave and ivory traders in these regions. 
 Now in Ger. E. Africa. Seat of station of the Central African 
 mission. 
 
 ITJJaln, or Oojelii, tn. , Central India, Gwalior state, 32 m. 
 N. by W. Indore ; considerable commerce, and export of opium. 
 In ancient times U. was the famous cap. of Mdlwa, and marked 
 the first meridian of Hindu geographers. The astronomical 
 observatory was erected by Jai Singh, Mahdrdjdi, in the time of 
 Muhammad Shah. P. 34,700 ; Hindu, 23,300; Moham. 9500. 
 IJJ-K^cske, comm., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, 
 dist. Kiskun-als6. P. 6700. 
 
 VJ-Klgy6s, comm., Hungary, co. B6k6s, dist. B^k^s-Csaba. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 IlJ-Pest, Ger. Neapest, comm., Hungary, left or E. bank of 
 the Danube, a little above Budapest, of which it is a suburb. 
 P. 23,500; including RAkos-Palota, 30,000. 
 
 IJJsz&sz, comm., Hungary, co. Pest-PiHs-Solt-Kis-Kun, dist. 
 Kecskemet. P. <4000. 
 
 rj-Szent>Anna, comm., Hungary, co. Arad, dist. Vilagos. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 IJJ-Verbiisz, comm., Hungary, prov. Bdcs-Bodrog, on the 
 Franzens-Kanal, 25 m. NNW. Neusatz. P. 5900. 
 rjvldek, Hungary. See Nensatz. 
 
 Ilkala, tn., central Africa, Kavirondo, to the NE. of Lake 
 Victoria Nyanza, in 0° 20' N. , 34° 45' E. 
 
 Ekaniba, region, Brit. E. Africa, to the S. of the headwaters 
 of the Tana. 
 
 IJkanil, dist. , Ger. E. Africa, crossed by 7" S. and 38° E. 
 Vknra, or KUegl, isl., in S. of Victoria Nyanza, N. of 
 Ukerewe I., crossed by 1° 50' S., 33° 10' E. 
 Ilkarl, central Sudan. Same as Wnkarl. 
 Ilkassa, cataracts, upper Congo. See Msendna. 
 IlkaTvendl, region, central Africa, on the E. side of Lake 
 Tanganyika, crossed about the middle by 6° S. 
 tiker, riv. , Prussia. See t^cker. 
 
 Ukerejle, or Vkeredl, riv. , E. ct. Africa. See Lludl. 
 Ekerewe Lake. See Victoria Nyanza. 
 tikermiiude, Prussia. See tVkermtinde. 
 IJkholoTO, vil., Russia, govt, and 65 m. SSW. Ryazaii, 17 m. 
 from Ryazsk railway junction ; trade in grain. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Vklah, city, U.S', California, Mendocino co., iiom. NNW. 
 San Francisco ; with hot and cold medicinal springs, much 
 frequented. P. < 2000. 
 
 1623 
 
UKIA — ULM 
 
 U-klane, riv. , China. See Wn-klaiig. 
 
 IJkll, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 15 m. SE. by E. 
 Bijapur. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Ukralna, usually in English Ukraine ('border land'), 
 former name of the parts of Moscow Tsardom which lay on its 
 W. , S. , and E. boundaries; composed of the Polish Ukraina, 
 which included present Little Russia even as far as Kursk ; the 
 Southern Ukraina, beginning at Ryazaii ; and the Siberian 
 Ukraina. Now the name of Ukraina is reserved to the Little 
 Russian provs. , more especially on the 1. bk. of the Dnieper 
 (Hetmanshchina), but the name of Ukraliilaus is extended to 
 all the Little Russian speaking population of SW. Russia and 
 Poland, and partly also to the so-called ' Ruthenians ' in East 
 Galicia. 
 
 IJkataere, dist. , equatorial Africa. Same as Ukivere. 
 
 llkumbl, French mission station, central Africa, on the E. side 
 of Smyth Sound, Lake Victoria Nyanza, in about 2° 47' S. 
 
 Vkonougo, region, central Africa, crossed about the middle 
 by 7° S. , 32° E. 
 
 Ilkwere, dist. , Ger. E. Africa, crossed about the middle by 
 e^ss'S., and 38° 35' E. 
 
 Ukyr (Mongolian, ' cow '), lake and vil. , Russia, Transbaikalia, 
 on the W. slope of the Yablonovoi ridge, on highway to and 80 
 m. WNW. of Chita. P. <:20oo. 
 
 n, riv., India, Oudh, rises in 28° 21' N., 80° 27' E., flows S. 
 by E. into the Chauka, which it enters in SftApur dist. in 
 27° 42' N. , 81° 13' E. Length, no m. 
 
 Ulad, Arabic, 'tribe.' See Uled. 
 
 Oala, vil. , Russia, W. Siberia, govt. Tomsk, Altai region, 63 
 m. E. Biisk ; seat of Altaian mission. Alt. 1300 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 34.2° F. , Jan. 1.0°, July 68.6°. 
 
 Illani, goldfield, Queensland, about 29 m. from Rockhampton 
 by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 IJIanga, or Uranga, riv., Ger. E. Africa, one of the two 
 headstreams of the Rufiji explored by Count Pfeil in 1866, 
 rises in about 9° S. , E. of 35 E. , and flows on the whole E. , 
 describing, however, a great curve to the N. through a swampy 
 and extremely unhealthy rice-growing plain (almost entirely 
 inundated in the rainy season) between the Lipingo Mts. on 
 the S. and the Uhehe Mts. on the N., the numerous streams 
 from which on both sides keep the river well filled with water 
 even in the driest season. See Petermanti s Mitteil., 1886, pp. 
 357-60, and plate 18. 
 
 Vlankom, tn. , NW. Mongolia, SW. of Lake Ubsa Nor. 
 Alt. 3040 ft. 
 
 Vlanmuren, riv. , China. Same as Datnng-gol. 
 
 Vlau«iw, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, on riv. San, 53 m. 
 S. by W. Lublin (Poland). P. <4000. 
 
 Vlapes, settlement, Argentine Republic, Rioja, 120 m. W. 
 C6rdoba. 
 
 IJlarara, co., New South Wales, crossed by 30° S., and 
 bounded on the E. by Paroo R. 
 
 Oba, riv., Russia, W. Siberia, r. bk. trib. of the Irtysh, no 
 m. long ; rises in the Altais from the IJlblnsklye Byelkl, a 
 range of snow-clad mountains in the SW. Altais, rising to 6631 
 ft. in Mount Krestovaya. 
 
 ribo, vil. , Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on an island of the 
 same name, 28 m. NW. Zara. P. <20oo. 
 
 IJlbster, P.O., Scot., Caithness, on the E. ct., 6 m. SSW. 
 Wick. 
 
 IJlccby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div. , 11 m. 
 WNW. Grimsby, on the M. S. & L. R., PMT.O., and PM.O. 
 (V. VlUage). P. < 1000. 
 
 . Ulceby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 11 m. 
 SE. by S. Louth, 2I m. WNW. Willoughby stn. P.<25o; 
 eccles. par. (r. with Fordlngton) P. <25o. 
 
 Vlcombe, par. , Eng. , Kent, Medway div. , 7 m. SE. Maid- 
 stone, 2^ m. SW. Harrietsham stn., P.O. (lllcomb). P. <75o. 
 
 Vldale, par., Eng., Cumberland, Penrith div., on the Ellen, 
 8i m. N. by W. Keswick, P.O.; 5814 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 IJle&borg (Finnish Onln), govt, of Finland, including nearly 
 half of the grand-duchy, on the N. of Kuopio to near Varanger 
 Fjord. Consists of liaponla (16,000 sq. m.), covered with 
 plateaux 1000-1200 ft. high, and of N. portion of Osterbotten 
 — fertile lowlands on the Gulf of Bothnia, rising to 1500-1640 ft. 
 in the plateaux of Suomenselka and Kajana. Rivs. Kemi, Ulea, 
 and Tornei (on Swedish frontier) ; lakes : Ulei-trask, Kemi, 
 and Enare (550 sq. m. ). Area, 63,970 sq. m. P. (1892) 252,250. 
 Chief towns : Ule&borg, on Gulf of Bothnia, 498 m. by rail N. 
 Helsingfors, at the mouth of Ule^, R., P. 13,050 ; TorneA, 13 m. 
 from the mouth of Tornei R., P. <2ooo ; Brahestad, on Gulf of 
 Bothnia, P. <50oo ; and Kajana, on UleA-trask, where an active 
 trade, especially in timber, is carried on. Mean temp., yr. 35.3° 
 F., Feb. 13.8°, July 61.8°. P.<20oo. 
 
 Uled, Ulad, Arabic, 'tribe,' prefix to names of a large 
 number of tribes. 
 
 Vied Nail, large confederation of tribes, Algeria, prov. 
 Algiers, occupying the high plains, steppes, and valleys of a 
 great part of the prov. l^tween the Tell and Sahara; chief 
 centre, Jelfa. P. (comm. Jelfa) 150,000. 
 1624 
 
 Uled KafTa, oasis, Africa, western Sahara, to the NW. of 
 Tuat, in about 28° 45' N. , 0° 12' W. 
 
 Uled Raman, tn. , Algeria, 16 m. SSE. Constantine. P. <20oo. 
 
 Uley, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Stroud div., 3^ m. NE. 
 by N. Wotton-under-Edge, 2 m. ENE. Dursley, PM"T.0. P. 
 <iooo; eccles. par. (U. wltli Owlpen) P. < 1500. 
 
 Ulfer-chal, riv. , Asia Minor. See Abnllonla (lake). 
 
 Ulf Islands, two small islands off the E. ct. of Sweden, prov. 
 Vestemorrland, in about 63° N. ; areas, 5^ and 2^ sq. m. respec- 
 tively. 
 
 Ulfii, isl. , off" N. ct. of Norway. See Hadselo. 
 
 Ulghani, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., on 
 the Lyne, 4^ m. NNE. Morpeth, li m. SW. Widdrington stn., 
 P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Uliarus, isl. , Atlantic. See Ol^ron, lie d'. 
 
 Ullasutal, tn. , Mongolia, in 47° 44' N., 96° 54' E. , in a 
 large deep valley bordered E. and W. by the spurs of the 
 Khangai and traversed by the Dzagistai, on the r. bk. of which 
 stands the trading town of Maimachin (not to be confounded 
 with the other Maimachin opposite Kyakhta). Its fortress, 
 built 1765, forms an almost perfect square ; within the citadel 
 are the houses of the governor-general and lieutenants. P. 
 4000 (Ney Elias). 
 
 Old, tribe in Tripoli, N. Africa. 
 
 Ulle, isls. , Pacific. See Wolea. 
 
 Ullkare, vil., eastern Sudan, terr. of the Baris, 25 m. S. 
 Gondokoro. 
 
 Ulltbl, or Mackenzie Islands, Pacific Ocean, in the Caro- 
 line group, crossed by 10° N., 140° E. 
 
 Ullreto, vil., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 6 m. ESE. Pisa; 
 has mineral springs resembling those of Vichy, and much fre- 
 quented thermal establishment. P. <20oo. 
 
 Uljcln, Montenegro. See Dnlclgno. 
 
 Ulla, riv. , in the NW. of Spain, flowing W. , mainly on the 
 common frontier of provs. Corunna and Pontevedra, into the 
 Atlantic Ocean (the Ria de Arosa). 
 
 UUadnlla, seapt. tp., New South Wales, St. Vincent co. , 
 on the coast, 60 m. SE. Goulburn, in 35° 18' S. ; has good 
 harbour, and pier with iron lighthouse 54 ft. high. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ullanes, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Cork. 
 
 Ullapool, vil. , Scot. , Cromartyshire, in the SW. , on the E. 
 shore of Loch Broom, 6^ m. NNW. of the head of the loch ; 
 visited by tourists ; has a safe harbour. The inhabitants are 
 mostly employed in fishing. PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 UUard, par.. Ire., cos. Carlow and Kilkenny, bars. I drone 
 East, Lower St. MuUins, and Gowran, 14J m. ESE. Kilkenny, 
 on the r. bk. of the Barrow, 2 m, S. Borris stn., P.O.; 5847 ac. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 UUdecona, tn., Spain, prov. Tarragona, dist. and 18 m. S. 
 by W. Tortosa. P. (comm. ) 6600. 
 
 Ullenliall with Aspley, eccles. par,, Eng., Warwickshire, 
 Stratford-on-Avon div., 10^ m. W. by N. Warwick, 6 m. E. 
 Redditch, PM.O. (UUenhaU). P.<7So. 
 
 Ullensaker, vil. , Norway, prov. and 22 m. NE. Christiania. 
 P. (comm. ) 6300. 
 
 Ulleusvang, vil., Norway, prov. and 45 m. ESE. Bergen, 
 on Sor Fjord, a branch of Hardanger Fjord ; favourite summer 
 resort of the Norwegians. Rfall. (7 yrs.), 40.27 in. P. (comm.) 
 5400. 
 
 Ullersdorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Glatz, 54 m. S. 
 by W. Breslau. P. <3ooo. 
 
 UUeskeir, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., on the Wharfe, 8^ ni. SW. by S. York, on the NE. R., 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ullesthorpe, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 
 
 8 m. N. Rugby, on the M. R. (stn. for Lutterworth), PM.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Ulley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 4J m. 
 SE. Rotherham, 2J m. E. Treeton stn. P. <25o ; eccles. par. 
 (U. with Brampton) P. <5oo. 
 
 Ullld, par. , Ire. , SW. co. Kilkenny, bar. Iverk, 5^ m. NW. 
 Waterford. P. <:soo. 
 
 Ulllngswlck, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div., 
 
 9 m. NE. Hereford, 5 m. SW. by W. Bromyard stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo; eccles. par. (U. 'with Little Cowame) P. <5oo. 
 
 tlUo, comm., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, dist. 
 Pest-felso. P. <4ooo. 
 
 UUock, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., on the 
 Derwent, 5;^ m. SE. by E. Workington, on the L. & NW. and 
 Furness Rly., P.O. 
 
 Ullswater, lake, Eng. , between the cos. of Cumberland and 
 Westmorland, forming about 8§ m. of the N. boundary of 
 Westmorland, 5 m. SW. by S. Penrith. See English Lake 
 District. 
 
 Ulm, tn. and fortress of the first order, Ger., in the E. of 
 Wiirtemberg, 45 m. SE. by E. Stuttgart, circle and on the L bk, 
 of the Danube, which here receives the Blau and becomes 
 navigable ; has the largest Protestant church in Germany and, 
 after the cathedral of Cologne, the largest state church (begun 
 1377, finished 1890) ; length, 405 ft.; breadth, 180 ft.; the nave 
 
ULM — U ME A 
 
 is 136 ft. high, with a tower 528 ft. high. The town has a 
 library of 48,000 volumes. Manufactures of tobacco, cement, 
 machinery, linen and cotton goods, cloth, sewing machines, 
 pipe bowls, asphalt, optical and musical instruments, brass 
 plate, &c. ; active timber and grain trade ; large fruit market. 
 It is first mentioned in history in 854, and had the presidency in 
 the Swabian councils ; adopted the Reformation in 1531 ; passed 
 to Bavaria in 1802, and to Wiirtemberg in 1810. Here, Oct. 17, 
 1805, General Mack capitulated with 33,000 Austrians. The 
 old fortifications are demolished, and to the new ones, erected 
 1844-46, belong the works on the Eselsberg to the N. and the 
 Kuhberg to the SW.; the Bavarian town Neu-Ulm is included 
 within them. The citadel is called Wilhelmsburg. Alt. 1935 
 ft. P. (1818) 13,000; (1871) 26,200; tn. P. (1890) 36,000 ; comm. 
 P. 39,200. 
 
 Vim, settlement, U.S., Montana, Cascade co. , 103 m. NNE. 
 Butte City. 
 
 Ulnia, comm., Hungary, co. Temes, dist. Feh^rtemplom. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Vlniarra, post-tn., New South Wales, Clarence co., 5 m. E. 
 Grafton. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vines Walton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., 5I m. 
 S. by W. Preston, close to Midge Hall stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Vlo, isl. , N. ct. Norway, 42 m. ENE. Tromso, at the 
 entrance to Lyngen Fjord. Area, 28 sq. m. P. 225. 
 
 Vlonia, vil. , Russia, govt. Novgorod, dist. Cherepovets, on 
 the S. of Byelo-ozero, on Uloma R. and lake ; surrounded by 
 small villages, where over 20,000 smiths make nails and other 
 small iron goods. 
 
 Vlpha, par., Eng., Cumberland, on riv. Duddon, 4^ m. 
 NW. Broughton-in-Furness, P.O.; 13,092 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Vlplia, vil., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 8i m. SSW. 
 Kendal, on the E. side of the estuary of the Kent, 2^ m. NNW. 
 Arnside stn. See Meatliop. 
 
 Vlplia Fell, hill, Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 17 m. 
 S. by W. Keswick. Alt. 1336 ft. 
 
 . Vlrlcelianin, tn., Sweden, prov. Elfsborg, at N. end of Lake 
 Asunden, 29 m. W. Jonkoping. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vlrlclien, vil., Switzd., cant. Valais, on the r. bk. of the 
 Rhone, 14^ m. W. Airolo, 7^ m. SW. by W. of the Furka 
 Pass. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vlrlchsberg, vil.. Upper Austria, 32 m. NW. by N. Linz. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Vlrlch.steln, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle Schotten, 3 
 m. E. Giessen. 
 
 Vlrome, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 
 18^ m. N. by E. Hull, 5 m. ESE. Lowthorpe stn. P. <250. 
 . Vlrnni, tn. , Holland, prov. and 14 m. NW. Groningen. 
 P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Vista, hamlet, Scot., Shetland Is., SW. Yell I,, on U. Bay, 
 3 m. W. Hamnavoe, PT.O. 
 
 Vlster, CO., U.S., New York, bounded on the E. by the 
 Hudson R. , and crossed in the N. by 42° N. 
 
 Vlster, prov. of Ireland (f.v.). Name derived from an old 
 Irish personal name, Uladh (pronounced ulla), with termination 
 sier (see Mnnster). 
 
 Vlster Canal, Ire., extends from the riv. Blackwater at 
 Charlemont (co. Armagh) to upper Lough Erne (co. Fer- 
 managh). Length, 48 m. 
 
 Vlting, par., Eng., Essex, on the Chelmer, div. and 3J m. 
 NW. by W. Maldon, 2 m. SW. Wickham stn., P.O. P.<:2So. 
 
 Ulu, Malay, 'head of river.' 
 
 Vlu, mountainous dist. , Brit. E. Africa, N. of 2° S. , E. of 37° 
 E. ; fertile, well cultivated, and densely inhabited. 
 
 Vlnl)iirl4, small tn. , Brit. India, Bengal, dist. and 15 m. S. 
 Howrah, on the banks of the Hugll ; the starting-place of the 
 jMidnapur High Level Canal. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Vlnburln, tn. , Asia Minor, 107 m. W. by N. Konia. 
 
 Vlugan, Babla de, bay, W. ct. Palawan I. , Philippine Is. , 
 in 10° 2' -10' N. 
 
 Vlundl, vil., Zulu-land, about no m. NE. Pietermaritzburg ; 
 scene of the defeat of the Zulus. 
 
 Vlnngu, country, S. Africa. See Vrnngn. 
 
 Vlniigur, called Klzllbacb, lake, Chinese Empire, Dzun- 
 garia, near the Russian frontier, crossed by 87° E. , just N. of 
 47° N., fed by the Urungu R. (from SE.). Alt. 1560 ft.; cir- 
 cumference, 87 m. 
 
 Vln-nll, riv. , Russia. See Vil. 
 
 Viva, isl., Scot., Argyllshire, in 56° 28'-3o' N. , separated 
 from the W. ct. of Mull by the narrow Sound of Viva. 
 Surface mountainous and basaltic, rising in terraces to an alt. 
 of 1400 ft. Length, 5 m. ; breadth, 2 m. P.O. (V. Ferry). 
 P. 46. 
 
 Viva, isl., Scot., Argyllshire, N. Knapdale par. P. 20. 
 
 Vlventaout, vil., Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 3 m. SSE. 
 Breda. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vlverscroft, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 4J m. 
 SSW. Loughborough. P. <25o. 
 
 - Vlverston, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, N. Lons- 
 dale div., 8 m. NE. Barrow, on the Furness Rly. It has blast- 
 
 furnaces and boiler-works ; an active export trade in iron and 
 slates. The bar at Piel has a depth at high water ordinary 
 springs of 31 ft., ordinay neaps 28 ft.; good, well-sheltered 
 anchorage. Market-day, Th. P. 10,000 ; eccles. par, (V. ■with 
 Osniotlierley) P. 8300. 
 
 Vlverstone, important seapt. , Tasmania, Devon co. , on the 
 N. ct. , 55 m. WNW. Launceston, 13 m. ESE. Emu Bay, in 
 146° 10' E. ; terminus at present of the Launceston and U. line 
 Rly. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Vlverton, post- vil. , Canada, Quebec, co. Dnimmond, 6 m. 
 from Lisgar. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vlvlk, vil., Norway, prov. S. Bergenhus, at the head of one 
 of the branches of Hardanger Fjord, 55 m. E. by N. Bergen. 
 P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Vlwnr, tn. and native state, India. See Alwar and 
 Riijput^na. 
 
 Vlynngnr, lake, western Mongolia, crossed about the middle 
 by 47° 20' N. , 87° 10' E. ; receives the Urungu from the E. ; no 
 outlet. 
 
 Hlzen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, on the riv. Ilmenau, 45 
 m. SE. by S. Hamburg, cap. circle U. P. 7700. 
 
 Vmaft, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 115 m. SW. Kiev, on a 
 branch railway, 13 m. from Khristinovka junction (75 m. from 
 Vapnyarka stn. , on Odessa- Volochisk Rly. ). Large parks and 
 botanical garden of Count Potocki ; distilleries ; active trade in 
 corn, exported. P. 23,400. 
 
 Vni&nanda, small rocky isl. in the Brahmaputra R., Brit. 
 India, Assam, Kimrup dist., opposite Gauhati ; a place of 
 pilgrimage sacred to the god Siva. 
 
 Viuanskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Kubaii, 
 97 m. NE. Ekaterinodar, on Sasyk R. P. 8600. 
 
 Vniarla, vil., Central India, in the SW. of Rewd, 60 m. 
 ENE. Jabalpur ; centre of a coalfield. P. <50oo. 
 
 Vmarklter (Vmarklied, census), tn., Brit. India, Berar, dist. 
 Bdsim, 95 m. S. Amrdoti, in 19° 36' N., 77° 45' E. P. 6400; 
 Hindus, 4900 ; Moham. 1400. 
 
 Vmarkot, municip. , Brit. India, Sind, dist. Thar and Pdrkar, 
 85 m. E. Haidar4b4d. P. 3700 ; Hindus, 2500. 
 
 Vmarpnr Nlwtin, vil., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. and 
 4 m. W. Allahabad ; contains the cemetery for European troops. 
 P. (i88i)<:5ooo. 
 
 Vniat, vil. , Assam. See Lii-kti-doiig. 
 
 Vmatllla, vil., U.S., Oregon, U. co., at the confluence of 
 the U. and Columbia Rivs., 113 m. W. of the NE. corner of 
 the state. Alt. 340 ft. Mean temp., yr. 52.9° F., Jan. 32.3°, 
 July 74.0° ; rfall. (5 yrs.), 9.81 in. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Vniba, riv., in the N. of Ger. E. Africa, flows SE. into the 
 Indian Ocean, which it enters by two arms enclosing the sea- 
 port of Wanga, in 4° 38' S. 
 
 Vmbagog Lake, U.S. , partly in the NE. of New Hampshire, 
 and partly in the NW. of Maine, one of the Rangeley Lakes, 
 drained W. into the Androscoggin R. Length, 18 m. ; greatest 
 breadth, 10 m. 
 
 Vmballa, city, Brit. India, Punjab. See Amb&la. 
 
 Vmbargiion, tn. and port, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Thana, 
 on the W. ct. , 87 m. N. Bombay. P. < 5000. 
 
 Vnibelosl, riv., S. Africa, flows E. from Swazi-land into 
 Portuguese terr. , and enters the head of Delagoa Bay. 
 
 Vmberlelgb, stn., Eng., Devonshire, on the L. & SW. R., 
 7 m. SSE. Barnstaple, P.O. 
 
 Vnibertlde, tn. , Italy, Umbria, on the Tiber, prov. and 13 
 m. N. by W. Perugia. P. 3000. 
 
 Vntbol, Sir <iieorge Kook, or Kook, isl. , Bismarck Archi- 
 pelago, between the W. end of Neu-Pommern (New Britain) 
 and the mainland of New Guinea, crossed by 5f ° S. , 148° E. 
 
 Vnibrella Range, mts. , New Zealand, South I. , prov. Otago, 
 running 37 m. NNE. to SSW., separating Southland co. from 
 Tuapeka. 
 
 Vmbria, territorial div. of Italy, comprising part of the 
 former States of the Church, W. of the Apennines, lying E. of 
 Tuscany, forms now the prov. of Perugia. Surface mountainous, 
 the Apennines in the N. and E. , and the Sabine Mts. in the S. ; 
 but they enclose several fine valleys. The large Lake of 
 Trasimeno, in the W. of U. , is entirely drained by the Tiber, 
 which forms a great part of the SW. boundary. Climate 
 generally healthy, except around the Lake of Perugia. The 
 soil in the valley is well cultivated, yielding wheat, wine, and 
 olive-oil, besides maize, leguminous plants, mulberries, and 
 fruit. The mountain tracts are covered with rich pasture. 
 The only important mineral is lignite (two beds of about 2500 
 ac. in all), 4-5 m. W. Spoleto, worked since 1881. The chief 
 products of industrial activity are silks, wines, olive-oil, iron, and 
 paper. Area, 3658 sq. m. P. (1881) 572,000. See Italy, table. 
 
 Vnibagwe, dist. , Ger. E. Africa, crossed about the middle 
 by 4i°S., 35° E. 
 
 Vmeft, tn., Sweden, prov. Vesterbotten, near the mouth of 
 the U. Elf, 112 m. NE. Hernosand; depth at entrance to port, 
 23 ft.; alongside quays, 18-19 ft. ; good anchorage inside of 
 Bredskar. Mean temp., yr. 35.0° F., Feb. 15.8°, July 58.2°; 
 rfall. 22.67 in. P. < 4000. / 
 
U M E L — U N D E 
 
 Um-el-Ketef, gulf, W. ct. of Red Sea, between 23" 5i'-23° 
 59' N. , S. of Ras Benas, which is its E. horn. It is the port of 
 the ancient Berenice. 
 
 Vmerbla, or IJin-er-rbla, riv. , Morocco, flows W. then NW. , 
 
 and enters the Atlantic at Azemur, in 33° 18' N. ; not navigable. 
 
 rin«e8>Shell, valley, N. Africa, Tripoli, extending from 
 
 Jebel-es-Soda NNE. to the coast near the Gulf of Cabes. 
 
 Length, 310 m. 
 
 rmfall, riv. , Brit. S. Africa, flows NNW. from Mashona-land 
 and joins the Sanyati, The U. goldfield (centre Hartley Hill) 
 is on its headwaters. 
 
 mngenl, the dist. of Natal which contains Pietermaritzburg, 
 the capital. 
 
 Cmgenl, riv., S. Africa, Natal, flows SE. and enters the 
 Indian Ocean a little to the N. of Durban. 
 VnigeTenJa, riv. , Africa. See Crocodile. 
 IIiutalaiiKene. Same as Emlilangen, Matabili-land. 
 Umla, small coast riv. , Spain, Galicia, prov. Pontevedra, rises 
 20 m. SE. Santiago, and flows SW. past the thermal springs of 
 Caldas de Reyes, falling into the ria or estuary of Arosa 9 m. 
 WNW. Pontevedra. 
 
 Vnikoinanzl, riv., S. Africa, Natal, flows SE. into the 
 Indian Ocean, which it enters in about 30° 13' S. 
 Vrnknlnkavn, riv., Africa. See Mlkati. 
 Vmlatusl, riv., S. Africa, Zulu-land, flows ESE. into the 
 Indian Ocean in about 28° 55' S. 
 Vmlazl, vil. , Natal, on the Umlazi R. , 10 m. SW. Durban. 
 rmlazl, riv., S. Africa, Natal, flows ESE. into the Indian 
 Ocean a few miles to the S. of Durban. 
 
 Vmlazl, a maritime div. of Natal, containing Durban. 
 Umma, place named in O. T. See Alma, 
 rmona, electoral div.. Ire., co. Westmeath, dist. Moate. 
 Vnim Delmueh, site, Palestine, Madmannah in the O. T. , 
 31° 22' N., 34° 56' E., 15 m. SW. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 Unini Deliieli, site, Palestine, probably the (Waters of) Ditnon 
 of the O. T. , 31^° o' N. , 35° 50' E. , 21 m. S. the ancient Heshbon. 
 rmm Delueh, site, Palestine, Madmen in the O. T., 31" 36' 
 N. , 35° 56' E. , 15 m. SE. by S. ancient Heshbon. 
 
 Vmm el Jerdr, site, Palestine, Gerar in the O. T. , 31° 24' 
 N. , 34° 26' E. , t\ m. S. by W. Ghuzzeh (ancient Gaza). 
 
 Ilmm er Rnm&mtn, ruins, Palestine, En Rimmon in the 
 O. T. , 31° 22' N. , 34° 51' E. , lo m. NNE. Beersheba. 
 
 IJmm Jtna, site, Palestine, Engannim in the O. T., 34° 45' 
 N. , 34° 57' E. , 15 m.W. Jerusalem. 
 
 IJmm Td1>a, site, Palestine, Netofhah in the O. T. , 31° 44' N. , 
 35° 14' E. , 3 m. S. by E. Jerusalem. 
 
 rmpferstedt, vil., Ger. , gd. -duchy Saxe- Weimar, 3 m. E. 
 by S. Weimar. P. < 2000. 
 
 rmpqna (flmp'kwaw), riv., U.S., Oregon, in the SW., rises 
 in the S. of Douglas co., in the Cascade Mts. , flows N. then 
 WNW. to the Pacific, into which it empties itself, in 43° 40' N. 
 Length about 200 m. The rainfall at U. city, at its mouth, is 
 (6 yrs.) 67.4 in. 
 
 IJm'rbla, riv. , Morocco. See Ilmerbla. 
 Vmrer, municip. , Brit. India, Central Provs. , dist. and 25 
 m. SSE. Ndgpur ; manufactures fine cotton cloth. P. 15,200 ; 
 Hindus, 14,300. 
 
 Vmreth, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Kaira, in 22° 41' N. , 
 73° 11' E. P. 15,600; Hindus, 13,800. 
 
 Vmrl, tn. , Central India, Gwalior, 105 m. N. by W. Bhopdl. 
 Umsengalsi, riv. , S. Africa, flows N. from Mashona-land into 
 the Zambezi, which it joins in about 31° 15' E. 
 
 Vmta, tn., India, Bombay, Gujarat, Baroda state. P. (1881) 
 5800. 
 
 Vmtamvnna, riv., SE. Africa, flows SE. into the Indian 
 Ocean ; it marks the frontier between Natal and Pondo-land. 
 
 rmtasa'8 (Kraal), vil., Brit. E. Africa, near the E. frontier, a 
 few miles WNW. of Massikesse, in about 18° 45' S., 32° 37' E. ; 
 only important as mentioned under the name of Mutassa in the 
 Anglo- Portuguese convention of June 1891 as falling within the 
 British line. Alt. 4170 ft. (Swan, ab. ). 
 
 Vmtata, tn. , Cape Colony, dist. U., 110 m. NNE. East 
 London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vmtata, riv., SE. Africa, flows SE. into the Indian Ocean, 
 which it enters in 31° 55' S. , separating Pondo-land from Tembu- 
 land. 
 
 Vmt-vralnml, short riv. , Natal, entering the Atlantic in 30° 
 27' S. 
 
 Vmnr Faklh, vil., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. Sliven, 
 29 m. SW. Burgas. 
 
 Vmnryerl, small seapt., Asiatic Turkey, on the Bosporus, 
 opposite Boyukdere, 11 m. NNE. Constantinople. 
 
 Vmvolosl, riv. , S. Africa, Zulu-land, formed by the union of 
 the Black and White U., flows SE. into St. Lucia Bay. 
 
 Vmrotl, a div. on the NE. frontier of Natal, crossed in the 
 E. by 31° E., traversed by the Umvoti R., which flows ESE. 
 nto the Indian Ocean a little to the S. of the Tugela. 
 
 Vmzlmknln, riv. , SE. Africa, flows SE. from Bushmans Nek 
 in the Drakensbergen, on the frontier of Basuto-land, flows SE. 
 mainly on the frontier of Natal and Griqua-land East, and then 
 1626 
 
 through Natal, and enters the Indian Ocean at Port Shepstone, 
 in 30° 43' S. 
 
 Vmzlmvnbn, or St. John's River, riv. , SE. Africa, rises in 
 the Drakensbergen, near the source of the Umzimkulu, and flows 
 first S. through Griqua-land East, then SE. through Pondo- 
 land, and enters the Indian Ocean in 31° 37' S. 
 Vmzlnga, mt. , Natal, 75 m. N. Pietermaritzburg. 
 Vmzliiga, dist., on the E. frontier of Natal, in the angle 
 between the Buffalo and Tugela Rivs. 
 
 Vmzlnto, seat of administration of Alexandra co.. Natal, 
 near the coast, 37 m. SW. Durban. 
 
 Vmzlnyatl, or Baffalo River, SE. Africa, forms the NE, 
 boundary of the Brit. terr. of Natal, and joins the Tugela 50 m. 
 from its mouth in the Indian Ocean. 
 
 Vmznmbl, vil.. Natal, 60 m. SW. Durban. 
 Vna, vil., E. ct. Brazil, Bahia, in 15° 10' S. 
 Vna, vil., Brazil, state of and 35 m. W. by S. Sao Paulo. 
 Vna, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Hoshidrpur, 60 m. WNW. 
 Simla. P. < 5000. 
 
 Vna and Del'vr^ra, tn. , India, Kdthiawdr Penin. , 10 m. 
 NNE. Diu ; the ancient town of Una, in Sanskrit Unat Diirg, 
 was close to the present town, then known as DelwAra. Owing 
 to a slaughter of the Brdhmans, the population moved into 
 Delwdra, hereafter called Una. Afterwards, when U. had 
 fallen under Mohammedan rule, a new town was founded 
 about 3 m. S. , and to this the name of Delwira was given. Una, 
 P. (1881)6000; Delwdra, P. <4ooo. 
 
 Vnndllla, riv., U.S., New York, in the S., flows S. to the 
 Susquehanna, which it joins on the r. bk. about 75° 25' W. 
 
 Vnadllla, vil., U.S., New York, Otsego co., on Susquehanna 
 R., 55 m. S. by W. Utica. P. < 1500. 
 Vnal Pass, Afghanistan. See Pagbman Hills. 
 Vnaka Monntalns. See Appalachian Mountains, B. I. 
 Vnalaska, the most important of the Aleutian Is. , between 
 166° and 168° W. , just S. of 54° N. ; contains the volcanic mass 
 of Makushin (5960 ft.). The chief station U. or Iliuliuk is on 
 the N. shore. Has monthly communication with Sitka, 1250 
 m. distant. On its N. shore is IllnUnk (' the curving beach '), 
 a place with about 300 inhabitants, port of entry for all ships 
 passing in or out of Bering Sea. Mean temp. (9 yrs., 1827-34, 
 1867, 1871-73), yr. 38.5° F., Jan. 29.3°, Aug. 57.0°. 
 
 Vnanderra, postal-vil.. New South Wales, Camden co. , in 
 34° 17' S. , 150° 59' E. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Vnao, municip., Brit. India, Oudh, cap. dist. U., 10 m. NE. 
 Cawnpur. P. 12,800 ; Hindus, 8200 ; Moham. 4500. 
 
 Vnapool, inn, Scot., Sutherlandshire, at the mouth of Loch 
 Glencoul, loj m. WNW. of the head of Loch Shin. 
 
 Vnare, riv. , Venezuela, enters the Caribbean Sea 40 m. W. 
 Barcelona ; near its source is the village U. Length, 120 m. 
 
 Vnartok, or Rensselaer Bay, bay, W. ct. Greenland, in 
 extreme NE. of Smith Sound, and S. of Kane Basin. 
 
 Vnchehra, tn. , Central India, Nagode state. P. 5400; 
 Hindus, 4300 ; Moham. 900. 
 
 Vncompahgre, riv., U.S., Colorado, in the SW., trib. of the 
 Gunnison, which it joins on the 1. bk. at Delta, a little to the 
 W. of 108° W. 
 
 Vncompahgre Peak, mt., U.S., Colorado, Gunnison co., 
 at the E. end of the Uncompahgre Mts., 120 m. NE. of the 
 SW, corner of the state. Alt, 14,235 ft. (Hayden); 14,408 ft. 
 (Wheeler). 
 
 Vnde, vil., Portuguese E. Africa, upon the r. bk. of the 
 Rovuma, in 37° 10' E. 
 
 Vnden, lake, Sweden, prov. Skaraborg, occupying the middle 
 of the isthmus which separates Lakes Vener and Vetter, and 
 flowing into the latter through Lake Viken. Length, 10 m,; 
 breadth, 7 m. ; area, 39 sq. m. 
 
 Vndenaes, vil. , Sweden, prov. Skaraborg, 20 m. E. Mariestad, 
 near the E. ct. of Lake Vilken. P. (comm. ) 5500. 
 
 Vnderbarrovr and Bradley Field, par., Eng., Westmor- 
 land, div. and 3^ m. W. Kendal, PM.O. (V.) ; 5122 ac. P. <5oo, 
 VnderclUr, picturesque maritime tract. Isle of Wight, extend- 
 ing along its S. ct. from Niton, 5 m. E. to Bonchurch ; formed 
 by a landslip from chalk cliffs, which form an abrupt wall 90 
 to 120 ft. in height. Average width, J m. 
 
 Vnderdale, vil. , S. Australia, co. and 2J m. W. Adelaide by 
 road; in a wine-growing dist. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vnderhlll, Baptist mission station on the Congo, between 
 Boma and Vivi ; fever cases numerous and severe. 
 
 Vnderhlll, tn., U.S., Vermont, Chittenden co., 27 m. NW. 
 Montpelier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vndermllbeck, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, on E. side of Lake 
 Windermere, containing Bowness village ; 4183 ac. P. <25oo. 
 Vnderrlver, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Seal par., P.O. P. 
 <:25o. 
 
 Vndersklddaw, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Cockermouth union, 
 6 m. NW. Keswick; 6026 ac. P. <50o. 
 
 Vnderwood, part of par., Eng., Derbyshire, See OITcote 
 and Vnderwood. 
 
 Vnderwood, PM.O., Eng., co. and 9 m. NW. Nottingham- 
 I shire, 3 m. from Eastwood stn. 
 
UNDE — UNIT 
 
 v» OF THK ' r 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 lilfCALlFORHlL 
 
 rnderwood, post-tn., Tasmania, Dorset co. , ii m. NNE. 
 Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 IJndl, vil. , Portuguese E. Africa, on a small height 62 m. N. 
 of the Zambezi, in 14° 39' S. , 32° 7' E. 
 
 Undine, post-settlement, Canada, New Brunswick, Victoria 
 CO. , 80 m. SSW. of the W. end of Chaleur Bay. 
 
 Vndy, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 8 m. E. Newport, 
 \\ m. E. Manor stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Unexpected Island, another name of Gower Ii^Iand, Ger. 
 New Guinea. 
 
 Unga, small isl. with coal-mine and gold-mine, on the S. of 
 the Alaska Penin. , in 160° 40' W. 
 
 Ungama, or Formosa Bay, the large bay in Brit. E. Africa, 
 to the N. of 3° S. , which receives the Tana R. 
 
 Ungarisch-Altenbnrg. See Alteubnrg, Ungarlsch-. 
 
 Ungarlscb-Brod, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 43 m. SSE. Olmtitz, 
 and 5 m. WNW. Hluck. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ungarlscta-Hradiscta, tn., Austria, Moravia, 38 m, S. by E. 
 Olmiitz. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Ungarl9ch-08tra,tn. , Austria, Moravia, dist. U.-O. P. <400o. 
 
 Ungarn, German name for Hungary. 
 
 Ungenl, tn. , Russia, prov. Bessarabia, 218 m. by rail NW. 
 Odessa, on 1. bk. Pruth, near Roumanian frontier. 
 
 Unghenl, vil., Roumania, Moldavia, 9 m. ENE. Yassy, onr. 
 bk. of the Pruth ; summer resort for the inhabitants of Yassy. 
 
 UngTAr, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, cap. prov. Ung, 48 
 m. E. by S. Kaschau ; has mineral spring ; Greek Catholic 
 bishopric ; fine cathedral ; trade in wine, wood, and pottery. Alt. 
 463ft. Meantemp. ,yr. 48.6° F., Jan. 26.4°, July 69.0°. P. 11,800. 
 
 Unliaes da Sewa, vil. , Portugal, Beira, 31 m. NNW. Castelho 
 Branco, at S. base of the highest summit of the Serra da Estrella ; 
 has important sulphureous mineral springs. P. <:20c>o. 
 
 Unboscht, tn., Austria, Bohemia, xi\ m. W. Prague. P. < 
 300G. 
 
 Unlana, Pic d', isolated hill, Colombia, in plain of and on 
 1. bk. of the Orinoco, in the heights of Atures. Alt. 1910 ft. 
 
 Unlao, tn. , Brazil, state Ceard, on 1. bk. of the riv. Jaguaribe, 
 40 m. from the bar. 
 
 Unicoi, CO., U.S., Tennessee, on the E. frontier, crossed in 
 the S. by 36° N. 
 
 Unle, small isl. , Austria, Dalmatia, co. and 58 m. NW. Zara, at 
 E. entrance of the Quarnero ; has a lighthouse. Area, 6 sq. m. 
 
 tinleb, or Unla, maritime tn., Asia Minor, vilayet Trebizond, 
 on the N. ct. , 126 m. ESE. Sinope ; has considerable trade with 
 Constantinople and the Crimea. P. 10,000 ; Orthodox Greeks, 
 5000 ; Moham. 3000 ; Armenians, 2000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Unlniak, isl. , at the W. end of the Alaska Penin. , N. America ; 
 contains two volcanoes, Shishaldin (upwards of 8000 ft.) and 
 Pogromnaia (5500 ft. ). Shishaldin is first known to have been in 
 eruption in 1690; again in 1826 and 1827. U. Pass, at the W. 
 end of the island, is one of the more frequented channels into 
 the Bering Sea. 
 
 Unlmarca, Lake, S. basin of Lake Titicaca, belonging to 
 Peru and Bolivia. See Titicaca. 
 
 Union, isl. , Canada, Vancouver I. See Kynqnot Sound. 
 
 Union, tn., Chile, prov. and 37 m. SSE. Valdivia, cap. dep. 
 U. P. < 2000. 
 
 Union, vil. , Costa Rica, 7 m. E. by N. San Jos^. 
 
 Union, tn. , Cuba, 53 m. ESE. Havana. 
 
 Union, or Tolteia Islands, Pacific, 9° S., 171^° W. 
 
 Union, vil., Paraguay, 79 m. ENE. Asuncion. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Union, mining tp,, S. Australia, N. Terr., Rosebery co. , no 
 m. SSE. Palmerston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Union, co. , U.S., Arkansas, on the S. frontier, and bounded 
 on the NE. and E. by Ouachita R. 
 
 Union, vil., U.S., Connecticut, New Haven co. , 16 m. NNW. 
 New Haven. P. < 1500. 
 
 Union, co. , U. S. , Georgia, on N. frontier, and crossed by 84° W. 
 
 Union, co. , U.S., Illinois, on W. frontier, and between 37° 
 and 38° N. 
 
 Union, CO., U.S., Indiana, on E. frontier, and between 39° 
 and 40° N. 
 
 Union, city, U.S., Indiana, Randolph co. , on E. frontier of 
 state, 73 m. ENE. Indianapolis ; manufactures furniture, and 
 woodwork of various kinds. P. <3000. 
 
 Union, CO., U.S., Iowa, crossed by 41° N., and W. of 94° W. 
 
 Union, vil., U.S., Iowa, Hardin co. , 75 m. WNW. Cedar 
 Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Union, co., U.S., Kentucky, on the Ohio, which separates 
 it from Illinois and Indiana. 
 
 Union, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, on the N. frontier, W. 
 of the meridian 92°. 
 
 Union, tn., U.S., Maine, Knox co., 29 m. ESE. Augusta. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Union, vil., U.S., Michigan, Branch co., on St. Joseph R. , 
 106 m. W. by S. Detroit. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Union, CO., U.S., Mississippi, in the NE. , crossed by 34^° N. 
 and 89° W. 
 
 _ Union, co. , U.S. , New Jersey, in the NE. , between the Passaic 
 R. and Staten Island Sound, S. of 41° N. , and W. of 74° W. 
 
 Union, tn., U.S., New Jersey, Hudson co. , on Hudson R 
 opposite New York. P. (1880) 5800; (1890) 10,600. 
 
 Union, vil., U.S., New York, Broome co., on the r. bk. of 
 the Susquehanna, 64 m. S. Syracuse, 8 m. W. Binghamton. P. 
 <i50o. 
 
 Union, co., U.S., N. Carolina, in the SW., on the S. fron- 
 tier, E. of 81° W. 
 
 Union, CO. , U.S., Ohio, crossed by 40^° N. and 83^° W. 
 
 Union, vil., U.S., Ohio, Darke co. , 80 m. N. by W. Cin- 
 cinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Union, vil., U.S., Oregon, U. co., 70 m. SW. of the NE. 
 corner of the state. Alt. 2793 ft. ( R. R. ). • P-<i5oo. 
 
 Union, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Erie co., 20 m. SE. by S. 
 Erie. P. <30oo. 
 
 Union, co. , U.S., Pennsylvania, crossed by 41° N., 77° W. 
 
 Union, tn. , U.S., S. Carolina, cap. U. co. , 59 m. NW. by 
 N. Columbia. P. <20oo. 
 
 Union, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, in the SE. corner, bounded on 
 the E. by the Big Sioux R. 
 
 Union, CO., U.S., Tennessee, E. of 84° W., and N. of 36° N. 
 
 Union, tn., U.S., Tennessee, Obion co., 100 m. NE. by N. 
 Memphis. P. <4000. 
 
 Union, La, seapt. , Central America, Salvador, on the N W. 
 arm of the Gulf of Fonseca, 95 m. ESE. San Salvador ; its port is 
 the N W. tidal harbour in the Gulf of Fonseca ; has a fixed light. 
 
 Union, La,vil. , Mexico, state Guerrero, 6 m. ENE. Chilpan- 
 cingo. P. (comni. ) 7500. 
 
 Union, La, comm., Spain, prov. and 28 m. SSE. Murcia, 
 cap. dist. La U.; has iron-mines and lead-foundries. P. 21,000. 
 
 Union, West, city, U.S., Iowa, Fayette co. P. <20oo. 
 
 Union Bridge, tn., U.S., Maryland, Carroll co., 45 m. (by 
 rail) NW. Baltimore, with coal-trade. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Union Camp, gold-mining tp. , Queensland, Chelmsford co., 
 in 16° 38' S. , 144° 40' E. , on Hodgkinson goldfield. P. < 1000. 
 
 Union Canal, canal, Scot., cos. Edinburgh, Linlithgow, and 
 Stirling, extending W. from Edinburgh 32 m,, joining the Forth 
 and Clyde Canal at Port Downie, 2 m. SW. Falkirk. 
 
 Union City. For all places of this name in U.S. , see Union, 
 bor., city, town, village. 
 
 Uniondale, tn.. Cape Colony, U. dist. P. <isoo. 
 
 Union Forge, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lebanon co. , 23 m. 
 ENE. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Unionbali, seapt. tn.. Ire., SW. co. Cork, bar. W. Carbery, 
 E. div., on Glandore Harbour, 5^ m. E. by N. Skibbereen, 
 PMT.O. (Union Hall). P. <50o. 
 
 Union Island, Brit, isl., W. Indies, one of the Grenadines, 
 to the N. of Carriacou. 
 
 Union Mills, stn. , Eng. , Isle of Man, on the Isle of Man Rly. , 
 2 m. NW. Douglas, PMT.O. 
 
 Union Peak, mt., U.S., Wyoming, Fremont co. , 124 m. SE. 
 from the NW. corner of the state. Alt. 11,593 ft- (Hayden). 
 
 Union Point, vil., U.S., Georgia, Greene co., 72 m. W. by 
 N.Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Union Springs, tn. , U.S. , Alabama, Bullock co. , 37 m. ESE. 
 of Montgomery. P. <30oo. 
 
 Union Springs, vil., U.S., New York, Cayuga co., 32 m. 
 SW. by W. Syracuse, on Cayuga Lake, with gypsum and 
 limestone quarries. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Unlontown, vil., U.S., Alabama, Perry co., 70 m. W. by 
 N. Montgomery. P. < 1500. 
 
 Uniontown, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Union co., 130 m. W. by 
 S.Louisville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Unlontown, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Fayette co., 44 m. 
 SSE. Pittsburg. P. 6400. 
 
 Unionto-wn, tn. , U.S., Washington, Whitman co. , 70 m. 
 NE. by E. Wallawalla. P. < 1500. 
 
 UnionTllle, vil. , Canada, Ontario, York co., 14 m. NNE. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Unionvllle, vil., U.S., Iowa, Appanoose co., 118 m. SE. 
 Des Moines ; coal mined. P. < 1500. 
 
 Unionvllle, tn., U.S., Missouri, Putnam co., 112 m. NE. 
 by E. St. Joseph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Unionvllle, vil. , U.S., Nebraska, co. and 20 m. S. Hum- 
 boldt ; mining dist. P. < 1500. 
 
 United Kingdom, Tbe, is the official designation of the 
 British Isles, comprising the three kingdoms of England, Scot- 
 land, and Ireland, and the principahty of Wales, with the Isle 
 of Man and the Channel Is. as dependencies. By its position 
 and configuration, the U. K. is peculiarly well adapted to be a 
 great commercial centre. Amongst the many conditions which 
 contribute to its supremacy in this respect are its position nearly 
 in the centre of the land hemisphere, with free access by water 
 to the remotest parts of the earth ; the numerous indentations 
 in its coasts affording good harbours for the largest vessels ; the 
 facilities for communication presented by navigable rivers, canak, 
 and a vast network of railways ; and the rich stores of coal and 
 iron which exist in proximity to each other and also to the coast. 
 Other factors are its strong and free government, and the tem- 
 perate climate, which admits of labour being carried on at all 
 seasons. 
 
 1627 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 
 
 The following Table skows the Population in Thousands and one Decimal of a Thousand (oo omitted) of the Four Countries of the 
 U. K. at each successive Census, with the Mean Rate of Increase or Decrease per Cent, per Annum between the Censuses. 
 
 
 March 10, 
 
 May 27, 
 
 May 28, 
 
 May 29, 
 
 June 7, 
 
 March 31, 
 
 April 8, 
 
 April 3, 
 
 April 4, 
 
 April 6, 
 
 
 1801. 
 
 1811. 
 
 1821. 
 
 1831. 
 
 1841. 
 
 1851. 
 
 1861. 
 
 1871. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1891. 
 
 England, Population 
 
 8350-9 
 
 9SS3-0 
 
 11,281.8 
 
 13.090. 5 
 
 15,002.4 
 
 16,921.9 
 
 18,954.4 
 
 21 495.1 
 
 24,613.9 
 
 27.483-S 
 
 ,, Increase . 
 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.68 
 
 1.50 
 
 1-37 
 
 1.24 
 
 1. 14 
 
 1.27 
 
 1.37 
 
 I. II 
 
 Wales, Population . 
 
 541-7 
 
 611. 2 
 
 718.5 
 
 806.3 
 
 911.7 
 
 1005.7 
 
 IIII.8 
 
 I217.I 
 
 1360.5 
 
 1519-0 
 
 ,, Increase 
 
 
 1. 19 
 
 1.63 
 
 1. 16 
 
 1.24 
 
 0.99 
 
 1. 01 
 
 0.91 
 
 1. 12 
 
 I.ll 
 
 Scotland, Population 
 
 1608.4 
 
 1805.9 
 
 2091.5 
 
 2364.4 
 
 2620.2 
 
 2888.7 
 
 3062.3 
 
 3360.0 
 
 3735-6 
 
 4025.6 
 
 ,, Increase . 
 
 
 1. 14 
 
 1.48 
 
 1.23 
 
 1.03 
 
 0.98 
 
 0.60 
 
 0.93 
 
 1.07 
 
 0.75 
 
 Ireland, 1 Population 
 
 
 
 6801.8 
 
 7767.4 
 
 8199.9 
 
 6514- 5 
 
 5798.6 
 
 5412.4 
 
 5174.8 
 
 4704.8 
 
 Increase or 1 
 " Decrease j 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 1-34 
 
 0-54 
 
 -2.33 
 
 — 1.29 
 
 -0.69 
 
 -0.45 
 
 -1.06 
 
 United Kingdom 2 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 27.036.5 
 
 27,724.1 
 
 29,321.3 
 
 31.845.4 
 
 35.241.5 
 
 38.105.0 
 
 1 In the case of Ireland, the populations (1821-51) are inclusive of army, navy, and merchant seamen on shore and in port estimated to the 
 middle of each year ; those for i86i-gi are the census populations, exclusive of army and navy. 
 
 2 Inclusive of Isle of Man and Channel Is., and army, navy, and merchant seamen, natives of the U. K. abroad. 
 
 Climate. — Being under the influence of sea-currents from the 
 SW. (the Gulf Stream drift) and winds from the same direction, 
 whose temperatiu-e is to a large extent kept up by these currents, 
 the mean annual temperature of the British Isles is equal to that 
 of countries in much lower latitudes on the continent of Europe, 
 while the winter temperature is much higher. The mean annual 
 temperature of the central parts of the archipelago is about 49° 
 F., that of Unst, in Shetland, being 44.5°, and of Cornwall, in 
 the extreme S. , 51. 5°. The small difference between the mean 
 temperatures of the hottest and coldest months throughout the 
 islands is still more striking. At Thurso, on the Pentland Firth, 
 the mean Jan. temperature is 37.5°, July 56.3°; at Plymouth, 
 Jan. 42.4°, July 61.9°; at Valentia (Kerry) 45.3°, July 59.1°. 
 Prevailing winds for nine months of the year, SW., W, and 
 NW. From March to May, ENE. and N. winds prevail. 
 The average rainfall is about 34 in., but in this case there is 
 a wide diversity at different stations. Though variable, the 
 climate of Britain is found, from tables of longevity, to be 
 one of the most salubrious in the world ; while the very 
 general cultivation and drainage of the soil have removed those 
 maladies that originate in marsh effluvia. The indigenous flora 
 and fauna of the British Isles partake of the character of that of 
 the contiguous parts of Europe, and contain no species peculiar 
 to that archipelago, from which it is inferred that these islands 
 must have been connected by land with the mainland of Europe 
 at a period subsequent to the Ice Age, when the entire surface 
 
 two and a half times that in Ireland, and more than twice that 
 in Wales ; the area under green crops is more than twice that 
 in Scotland, three times that in Wales, and one-third more than 
 in Ireland. The proportionate area under artificial glasses ' for 
 hay ' is in England more than twice that in Scotland, but that ' not 
 for hay ' is little more than half, while the proportionate area 
 under permanent pasture is nearly six times that in Scotland, 
 five and a half that in Ireland, and slightly lower than in Wales. 
 Of the total area, England has 76 per cent, under cultivation, 
 Wales 60 per cent. , Scotland 25 per cent. , and Ireland 24 per 
 cent.; of the area under cultivation, 14.9 per cent, is in England 
 occupied by owners, 12.6 per cent, in Scotland, and 11. 7 per cent, 
 in Wales. The mineral productions of the U. K. are very 
 important, the principal being coal and iron. The total value of 
 the coal and metals produced in 1872 was stated to be ^^68.4,^ 
 and in 1882, ;^88.o; in 1882 it was estimated at only ;£^70.4, 
 an apparent decline, due not to lessened production, but to a 
 different method then adopted for ascertaining the value of 
 coal. In 1892 the value was ;^84.8, but in the following year it 
 fell to £73.0. During this period the total value was highest 
 (;^ioo.8) in 1890, lowest (;^55.8) in 1886. Of the total production 
 in 1892, the share of England was 71 per cent., of Wales 16 per 
 cent., of Scotland 12 per cent., of Ireland .5 per cent., and of the 
 Isle of Man . i per cent. Coal formed nearly 78 per cent. , and 
 pig iron 20 per cent. , leaving only 2 per cent, as the value of all 
 other metalliferous minerals ; of these the principal are tin, lead. 
 
 as far S. as the Thames valley was buried under a thick sheet | and zinc, but of none does the value reach ;^i.o. The value of 
 of ice, and the climate of the areas that remained ice-free must coal produced in England, Wales, and Scotland was, respec- 
 have been unfit to support the vegetable life regarded as in- tively, ;^46.4, ;^ii.8, and ;^7.8 ; the production of Ireland was 
 
 digenous. Of wild animals, the fox, badger, wild cat, stoat, 
 martin, otter, squirrel, hedgehog, dormouse, mole, mouse, 
 hare, and rabbit are the principal. The stag and fallow deer 
 are still abundant in several localities, where they are preserved; 
 bittern, eagle, and other birds of prey are becoming more rare. 
 An examination of the agricultural statistics given in the 
 Appendix (pp. 7-12) shows that the relative areas under the 
 various classes of crops varies greatly in the different divs. of 
 the U. K, The proportion per thousand acres of area under 
 corn crops in England is nearly three times that in Scotland, 
 
 insignificant. Of iron ore, England produces about 87 per cent. 
 Of non-metalliferous minerals, the principal are stone, slate, clays, 
 salt, and oil-shale. Stone, clays, and salt are obtained chiefly 
 in England, slate in Wales, and oil-shale in Scotland ; other 
 minerals are obtained in small quantities. See also table show- 
 ing the growth of the coal production of the U. K. and other 
 countries, Appendix, p. 14. 
 
 Manufactures. — From the table below it will be seen that 
 while the number of factories shows only a slight increase (about 
 1 Values in £ millions and one decimal (oo,cxxj omitted). 
 
 Table of Textile Factories in the U. K. for the years 1870 and 1890, with the number of Spindles, 
 Po%ver-Looms, and Persons employed. 
 
 
 Number of Factories. 
 
 Spindles. 1 
 
 Spine 
 
 iles.i 
 Doubling. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Spinning. 
 
 Doubling. 
 
 Spinning. 
 
 
 
 England and Wales 
 Scotland . 
 Ireland , 
 
 Total 
 
 1870 
 
 S.968 
 
 597 
 
 242 
 
 1890 
 6,180 
 
 747 
 263 
 
 1870 
 
 37.851 
 
 2,176 
 
 1,058 
 
 1870 
 
 4,124 
 
 320 
 
 24 
 
 1890 
 45.726 
 
 I.714 
 970 
 
 1890 
 4.485 
 700 
 46 
 
 1870 
 
 532,291 
 
 59.083 
 
 18,630 
 
 1890 
 722,406 
 
 71.471 
 28,612 
 
 1870 
 
 718,051 
 
 127,214 
 
 61,965 
 
 1890 
 858,252 
 
 154.591 
 71,788 
 
 6,807 
 
 7.190 
 
 41.085 
 
 4,468 
 
 48,410 
 
 5.231 
 
 610,004 
 
 822,489 
 
 907,230 J 1,084,631 
 
 Table showing the number of Factories, Sfc. , in Various Textile Industries, 
 
 Cotton Factories 
 
 Woollen ,, . 
 
 Worsted , , . 
 
 Shoddy ,, . 
 
 Flax „ . 
 
 Jute „ . 
 
 Silk „ . 
 
 Hosiery ,, . 
 
 Lace ,, . 
 
 Number of Factories. 
 
 1870 
 
 1890 
 
 2,483 
 
 2.538 
 
 1,829 
 
 1.793 
 
 630 
 
 753 
 
 120 
 
 125 
 
 500 
 
 357 
 
 63 
 
 116 
 
 696 
 
 623 
 
 129 
 
 257 
 
 224 
 
 403 
 
 Spindles. ' 
 
 Spinning. Doubling, 
 
 1870 
 
 33.995 
 
 2.532 
 
 1,821 
 
 133 
 
 1.483 
 
 109 
 
 940 
 
 1870 
 
 3.724 
 
 161 
 
 310 
 
 "66 
 
 6 
 
 190 
 
 Spindles. ' 
 
 Spinning. 
 
 Doubling. 
 1890 
 
 1890 
 
 40.512 
 
 3.993 
 
 3.107 
 2,603 
 
 300 
 669 
 
 94 
 
 1.135 
 
 268 
 
 ""62 
 12 
 
 847 
 
 183 
 
 Power-Looms. 
 
 Total Persons. 
 
 1870 
 
 1890 
 
 1870 
 
 1890 
 
 440,676 
 
 615.714 
 
 450.087 
 
 528,795 
 
 48, 140 
 
 61,831 
 
 125,130 
 
 148,729 
 
 64.654 
 
 67.391 
 
 109.557 
 
 148,324 
 
 2,690 
 
 2,284 
 
 3.8x6 
 
 4-503 
 
 35.301 
 
 48.714 
 
 124.772 
 
 107,583 
 
 4.330 
 
 14,107 
 
 17:570 
 
 44,810 
 
 12.378 
 
 11,464 
 
 48,124 
 
 41.277 
 
 
 
 9,692 
 
 24,838 
 
 
 
 8.370 
 
 16,930 
 
 1628 
 
 ' Thousands (ooo's) omitted. 
 
UNITED KINGDOM 
 
 6 per cent.) on 1870, there is very considerable advance in the 
 producing power, as shown by the increased number of spindles, 
 looms, and persons employed. Of the special factories, cotton 
 shows substantial progress ; the number of woollen factories has 
 decreased, but the capacity for production has increased ; flax- 
 mills show a decline in every part, with the exception of an in- 
 crease of power-looms; in silk factories the decline is very 
 decided ; while jute, hosiery, and lace factories all show consider- 
 able advance. Internal communication is provided for, in 
 addition to rivers and canals, by an extensive system of railways, 
 which in the more populous parts form a network of lines. There 
 are besides good roads. The remarkable expansion of British 
 commerce during the 19th century is seen at a glance from 
 the following table, which shows in j^ millions the value of the 
 import and export trade at various periods from 1802 to 1894 : — 
 Table showing the Total Value in £ millions of the Imports and 
 Exports ^ the U. K. in 1802, the Annual Average for the 
 Seven Quinquennial Periods 1856-60 to 1886-90, and in 1894. 
 
 1802 
 
 1856-60 
 
 1861-65 
 
 1866-70 
 
 1871-75 
 
 1876-80 
 
 1881-85 
 
 1886-90 
 
 1894 
 
 Imports. 
 Total Value 
 (in ;£ millions). 
 
 31-4 
 182.9 
 247.6 
 292.8 
 360.2 
 382.5 
 399-9 
 389.6 
 408.5 
 
 Exports, 
 
 British 
 
 Produce. 
 
 Total Value 
 
 (in £ millions). 
 
 27.0 
 124.2 
 
 144.4 
 187.8 
 
 239-5 
 201.4 
 232.3 
 
 236-3 
 216.2 
 
 Exports, 
 
 Foreign and 
 
 Colonial 
 
 Produce. 
 
 19.0 
 24.8 
 46.4 
 46.9 
 58.2 
 56.6 
 63.0 
 62.2 
 58.0 
 
 Total Value 
 of Exports. 
 
 148.0 
 190.8 
 
 234-7 
 297.7 
 258.0 
 
 295-3 
 298. s 
 274.0 
 
 During this period the total trade has increased nearly tenfold, 
 though, as will be seen, the advance since the period 1876-80 
 has been comparatively small. This, however, is true only of 
 values. When quantities are compared, the principal com- 
 modities still show a rapid growth. The nearly continuous in- 
 crease in the excess of the value of imports over exports is very 
 noticeable. As regards the countries with which trade is chiefly 
 carried on, we find that the twelve leading countries whence 
 imports were derived, in 1892, were U.S. (25 per cent.), France 
 (10.2), Australasia (7.2), Brit. India (7.2), Holland (6.8), Germany 
 (6.0), Belgium (4.0), Russia (3.5), N. American colonies (3.4), 
 Sweden and Norway (2.8), Spain (2.7), and Egypt (2.5), together 
 making up about 82 per cent.; of the imports, the respective 
 values ranging from ;^io8,ooo,ooo to ;^ii, 000,000. The twelve 
 leading countries to which were sent the exports, with their 
 respective shares, were U.S. (14.2), Germany (10.2), Brit. India 
 (9.9), Australasia (7.4), Holland (5.3), Belgium (4.4), Russia 
 (3.0), Cape of Good Hope (2.9), N. American colonies (2.9), 
 Brazil (2.8), Turkey (2.3), together making about 73 per cent, 
 of the exports. In 1802, six imports or groups of imports and 
 five exports had each a value exceeding ;Ji,ooo,ooo ; these were 
 in order, imports — sugar, coffee, linen, cotton, corn, and pro- 
 visions, ranging from ;^5,8oo,ooo to ;^i,ooo,ooo; exports — 
 cotton goods, woollens, iron, and refined sugar, values ranging 
 from ;^7, 100,000 to ^'1,500,000. In 1892, nine imports and five 
 exports each exceeded ^^10,000,000 ; imports — corn, cotton, 
 wool, sugar, wood, butter, silk manufactures, bacon and hams, 
 and tea, values ranging from ^^58, 700,000 to _^io,ooo,ooo ; 
 exports — cotton manufactures and yarn, woollen manufactures 
 and yarn, iron and steel, coals, and machinery, values ^^66, 000, 000 
 to ^13, 900,000. More than two-thirds of the cotton comes 
 from the U.S.; Egypt follows with about one-fifth that of the 
 U.S., then India and Brazil. The Australasian colonies furnish 
 more than two-thirds of the wool which we import, and a great 
 part of the remainder comes from Cape Colony. The trade 
 in grain, and above all in wheat, is of peculiar interest. During 
 the i8th century the British exports of wheat usually exceeded 
 the imports, as indicated in the following table : — 
 
 Table showing the Exports and Imports of Wheat and 
 Wheat- Flour in various Years, 1697-1800.1 
 
 Year. 
 
 Eng 
 
 and. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 Export. 
 
 Import. 
 
 Export. 
 
 Import. 
 
 
 Quarters. 
 
 Quarters. 
 
 
 Quarters. 
 
 Quarters. 
 
 1697 
 
 14.699 
 
 400 
 
 1755 
 
 237,466 
 
 
 1700 
 
 49,056 
 
 5 
 
 1761 
 
 441.956 
 
 ... 
 
 1706 
 
 188,332 
 
 
 1767 
 
 S.071 
 
 497.905 
 
 1710 
 
 13.924 
 
 
 1772 
 
 6,959 
 
 25.474 
 
 1720 
 
 83.084 
 
 
 1782 
 
 145.152 
 
 80,695 
 
 1728 
 
 3.817 
 
 74.574 
 
 1792 
 
 300,278 
 
 22,417 
 
 1738 
 
 580.596 
 
 ... 
 
 1800 
 
 22,013 
 
 1,264,520 
 
 1749 
 
 629,049 
 
 
 
 
 
 1750 
 
 947,602 
 
 279 
 
 
 
 
 During the 19th century the annual value of the corn and 
 flour imported increased more than fiftyfold. In 1802 it was 
 /i, 200, 000; in 1852, ;^ 14, 200, 000 ; in 1872, ;^5i, 700,000 ; in 
 1883, ;^67, 600,000 (the highest point reached) ; and in 1894, 
 ;^48, 200,000. The following table shows the imports of wheat 
 (including flour) and maize in 1872, 1882, 1892 : — 
 
 Year. 
 
 1872 
 1882 
 1892 
 
 Wheat andWheat-Flour i 
 (Millions). 
 
 30.2 
 
 44.9 
 
 37-1 
 
 25-9 
 
 Cwts.2 
 47.6 
 80.8 
 95-6 
 96.7 
 
 Year. 
 
 1872 
 1882 
 1892 
 1894 
 
 Maize 
 (Millions) , 
 
 8.7 
 
 6.5 
 9.4 
 8.0 
 
 Cwts. 
 
 24-5 
 18.3 
 
 35-4 
 35-4 
 
 1 Seventy-two of flour reckoned as equal to loo of wheat. 
 
 2 For comparison with the table given for the i8th century, one 
 quarter may be taken as equal to 4.3 cwts. 
 
 The value of the wheat imported during the above period 
 reached its maximum in 1882, and its minimum (;^27, 900,000) 
 in 1876, in which year the importation of maize reached its 
 highest value, ;^i2, 800,000, the lowest being ^^6, 500,000 in 1882. 
 The continuous increase in the quantity of the wheat and flour 
 imports is shown by the following annual averages for the eight 
 quinquennial periods after the middle of the 19th century : — 
 
 Million cwts. 
 
 Million cwts. 
 
 1851-55- 
 20. n 
 
 1871-75. 
 
 51-45 
 
 1856-60. 
 
 23-59 
 1876-80. 
 
 64.83 
 
 1861-65. 
 
 34-65 
 1881-85. 
 
 77.29 
 
 1866-70. 
 
 37.27 
 1886-90. 
 
 79.62 
 
 i Accounts and Papers, xii., 1814, vol. 169, p. 157, 
 
 The supplies of wheat and wheat-flour are derived chiefly 
 from the U.S. (about |), Russia, India, British N. America, 
 the Argentine Republic, Chile, and Australasia ; maize from 
 the U.S. (about ^), Roumania, Russia, and the Argentine 
 Republic. Turning now to the exports, we find that the 
 total value of the textiles shows a marked decline ; the value 
 of cotton manufactures exported in 1892 was nearly 12 per cent, 
 less than in 1872, and nearly 15 per cent, less than in 1881, when 
 the export reached its highest point, ^^65, 900,000. The woollen 
 manufactures show a still greater decline in value, the total fall 
 being from ;^32, 400,000 in 1872 to £\t,'^oo,oqo in 1892, and 
 only once (in 1889) since 1875 has the total value exceeded 
 j^2i,ooo,ooo ; the lowest, ;^i5,9oo,ooo, was touched in 1879. 
 Linen manufactures have hkewise declined from ^^8, 200,000 
 in 1872 to ;^5, 200,000 in 1892. The value of iron and steel 
 exported declined during the same period from ^^36,000, 000 to 
 ;^2i, 800,000. The value of machinery increased from ^^8, 200, 000 
 to ;^i3, 900,000, and that of coal exported from _i^io,4C)o,ooo to 
 ;^i4,400,ooo. The growth of British merchant glilpplng 
 during the 19th century has been very remarkable. In 1802 
 the total tonnage of vessels (British and foreign) cleared out- 
 wards from ports in the U.K. (exclusive of vessels trading 
 between Ireland and foreign ports) was 2,084,154 ; in 1830 the 
 total tonnage was 2,860,515 (of which British shipping formed 
 73 per cent.), an increase for the twenty-eight years of 37 per 
 cent. From this period, however, the advance was much more 
 rapid. In 1850 the total tonnage of vessels cleared had risen 
 to 7,404,588, an increase of 159 per cent. — more than four times 
 that during the longer period, 1802-30. The proportion of 
 British shipping to the total was now 64 per cent. , although the 
 actual increase was 125 per cent. In 1870 the total tonnage 
 cleared amounted to 18,526,818, an increase of 150 per cent., 
 greatest in British vessels, which now formed 68 per cent, of the 
 total. In 1892 the total tonnage had risen to 38,194,251, an 
 increase of 106 per cent., British vessels still taking the lead 
 with a share of 71.5 per cent, of the total tonnage. Thus the 
 total tonnage of vessels cleared outwards from U. K. ports was 
 in 1892 rather more than five times that of 1850, the tonnage 
 of British shipping alone being nearly six times that of 1850, 
 notwithstanding that alterations in registration and the system 
 of measurement have made the British tonnage since 1854 to 
 appear less as compared with previous years than otherwise it 
 would have done. During the period 1870 to 1892 the number 
 of vessels steadily employed declined, owing partly to the build- 
 ing of larger vessels, and partly to the more rapid voyages 
 accomplished by steam-vessels. Thus while in 1870 the number 
 of registered vessels employed in the home and foreign trade 
 was 22,180, with an average tonnage of 250, in 1892 the number 
 was 16,828, with an average tonnage of 496; in 1870 steamers 
 formed about 10 per cent, of the vessels, in 1892, 36 per cent. 
 The preponderating share of British shipping in the commerce 
 of the world is shown by the fact that, whereas in 1892 the total 
 tonnage for the British Empire was 10,268,198, and that for the 
 U.K. alone (included in the foregoing) 8,664,754, the total 
 tonnage of the merchant navies of the five European countries 
 next in maritime importance (German Empire, Norway, France, 
 Italy, and Sweden) and the United States (oversea vessels only) 
 amounted together to only 7,514,180, about seven-eighths that of 
 the U. K. alone, and little more than two-thirds that of the British 
 Empire (Pari. Report, 1894, Tables showing the Progress of Mer- 
 
 1629 
 
UNIT — UNIT 
 
 chant Shipping, 1893). The great importance which the coal- 
 trade has for centuries had with respect to the entire commerce, 
 first of England and now of Great Britain generally, has been strik- 
 ingly set forth by Jevons and Sir Rawson Rawson, and is indicated 
 for the second half of the 19th century in the following table : — 
 
 Tonnage Employed in Exporting Coal from the United Kingdom. 
 
 Average 
 of Years, 
 
 Coal Exported. 
 Millions of Tons. 
 
 Millions of Tons 
 
 cleared from British 
 
 Ports with Cargoes 
 
 (Foreign and Colonial 
 
 Trade). 
 
 Percentage 
 
 of Tonnage 
 
 required 
 
 for Coal. 
 
 i 
 
 Weight. 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 required 
 
 for Ship- 
 
 ment.1 
 
 Total. 
 
 Exclusive 
 ofCoaL 
 
 1854-60 
 1861-65 
 1866-70 
 
 1871-75 
 1876-80 
 1881-85 
 1886-90 
 1891-94 
 
 6.1 
 
 8.5 
 10.7 
 
 13-4 
 16.5 
 22.1 
 26.8 
 30-9 
 
 2.7 
 3.8 
 4-7 
 5-9 
 7.3 
 9.8 
 11.8 
 13-7 
 
 9.6 
 12.0 
 15-4 
 19-5 
 22.5 
 28.5 
 31.6 
 34-2 
 
 6.9 
 
 8.2 
 
 10.7 
 
 13.6 
 
 IS-2 
 
 18.7 
 19.8 
 20.6 
 
 28.0 
 
 31-4 
 30.8 1 
 
 30.3 
 32.3 
 34-2 
 
 37.3 ! 
 
 39-9 i 
 
 1 The proportion of tonnage weight to tonnage capacity taken, in 
 accordance with the practice of Sir Rawson Rawson, as = about 20 : 9. 
 
 As the coal trade favours in many cases the import trade of 
 the country by ensuring to ships a cargo outwards, so the vast 
 
 Edncation. — Table of Primary 
 
 import trade of the country favours the coal-trade by increasing 
 the chance of a cargo homewards. 
 
 The government of the U. K. is a constitutional monarchy, 
 the executive being vested in the Sovereign, who acts through 
 responsible ministers, collectively known as the Cabinet. The 
 legislative authority is vested in Parliament, which consists 
 of two Houses — the House of Lords and the House of Com- 
 mons ; the former (now numbering about 570) comprises Peers 
 sitting by hereditary right, other Peers created by the Sovereign, 
 16 representative Peers for Scotland, and 28 elective Peers for 
 Ireland, the two archbishops, and certain bishops. The House 
 of Commons comprises representatives from the counties (knights 
 of the shire) and from the cities and burghs, chosen by the 
 registered electors, the voting being by secret ballot. The 
 number of members is now 670, of whom 495 represent English, 
 72 Scotch, and 103 Irish constituencies. The normal duration 
 of Parliament is seven years, but political changes usually 
 necessitate an earlier dissolution. Finance. — The revenue is 
 derived mainly from customs and excise duties, stamps, income 
 and other property taxes, and the post-office. Military 
 serrlce is not compulsory ; the strength of the force (which 
 is recruited by enlistment) must be sanctioned by annual vote 
 of Parliament. Auxiliary forces are the Militia, Yeomanry 
 Cavalry, Volunteer Corps, and Army Reserve. The Navy is 
 a perpetual establishment under the control of the Board of 
 Admiralty. The established religion of England is Protestant 
 Episcopal, and that of Scotland Presbyterian, but there is 
 entire freedom for all forms of worship. There is no estab- 
 lished church in Ireland. Education. — The following table 
 gives statistics of the primary schools in the U. K. : — 
 
 Schools in the United Kingdom.. 
 
 England and Wales 1 
 Scotland 
 
 Total for Great Britain 
 
 Ireland 
 
 •T „i ^rc u. I Number of Pupils who can be Average Number of Pupils in t, ,• _ . . j _.», r- », 
 
 Number of Schools. acconmiodated. Attendance. Parl.amenUry and other Grants. 
 
 1870. 1882. 1893. 
 
 8,986; 18,289 19,577 
 I1963 3.073; 3,004 
 
 10,949 21,362 22,581 
 
 1870. 
 
 1,950,641 4,538,320 5,762,617 
 264,594' 619,086, 737,797 
 
 2,215,2355,157,4066,500,414 
 
 1870. 
 
 j893. 
 
 1,525,0833,015,15114,100,030 
 198,448' 421,265 542,851 
 
 1870. 
 
 i,453.53i!3.436.4i6 4,642,881 ;£840,336 ];£3,ioi,028 ;{|6,996,9ii 
 
 1 I (Number of Pupils on the RoUs.) 
 
 6,806 7,705! 8,459' 998,99911,083,29811,032,287: 359,199 469.192, 527.060 ;£399,475 ! ;£7o9>66i|;£t,io8,753 
 
 1 Including, in 1870, Isle of Man schools 
 Higher •'.ducation is provided for in England by the univer- 
 sities, of which there are five — Oxford, Cambridge, Durham, 
 the Victoria University, and London University, the last, how- 
 ever, only an examining body, and by several detached colleges. 
 Middle-class education is carried on mainly by private enter- 
 prise, but there are many endowed public and gframmar schools. 
 Historical Kotes. — Nothing is known historically of Britain 
 before the invasion of Cassar (B.C. 55, 54), except by a few obscure 
 allusions. It is conjectured to have been originally peopled from 
 the adjoining continent, first by the Celts from Gaul, and after- 
 wards by Teutonic tribes from Germany and Scandinavia. After 
 the invasion of Caesar, the Romans did not return to Britain for 
 about a centiuy ; under Agricola, Antoninus Pius, Severus, Cara- 
 calla, it was suVxlued and occupied till about A. D. 420, when it 
 was abandoned by the Romans. Agricola built forts between the 
 Firths of Forth and Clyde, in order to bound the empire and 
 defend it from the Caledonians ; Hadrian erected a mud wall 
 from the Solway Firth to the Tyne ; and Severus built a stone 
 wall in the same direction, portions of which still remain. In 
 the reign of Antoninus Pius, Roman dominion was again ex- 
 tended to the limit reached by Agricola, and the rampart 
 known as the wall of Antoninus was then erected. After the 
 termination of the Roman power, the greater part of Britain 
 was conquered by the Saxons, Jutes, and Angles, the latter 
 giving their name to England ; this conquest commenced in 
 449, and occupied about 130 years. In 1066 the Normans made 
 a descent on England, and possessed themselves of a great part 
 of the country. In 1172 Ireland was subdued, and came under 
 British government. In 1203 Wales was united to England. 
 In 1603 the accession of James VI. united the crown of Scotland 
 to that of England. A civil war in Britain terminated in the 
 execution of Charles I. in 1649, followed by a Commonwealth 
 that lasted eleven years, in which Oliver Cromwell assumed the 
 dictatorship. In 1660 monarchy was restored, when Charles II. 
 ascended the throne of his father. William III. was called to 
 the throne after the revolution of 1688. The legislative union 
 of Scotland and England took place in 1707. The legislative 
 union of Ireland with Britain took place in 1800, and was fol- 
 lowed next year by the first regular census of the British Isles. 
 See England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. 
 
 United ProTlnces, another name for the Netherlands or 
 Holland. 
 
 United States of America, a republic of North America 
 extending from Canada {q.v. ) to Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico, 
 and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The N. boundary 
 1690 
 
 and Roman Catholic schools in Scotland. 
 
 corresponds in lat. with Paris, the S. with the first cataract of 
 the Nile at Assuan ; but the isothermal lines of the states give a 
 climatic similarity with the region from southern Scandinavia 
 to the northern shores of Africa. The only outlying possession 
 is Alaska (q.v.). State, territory, and district are the names of 
 subdivisions, as determined by the form of local government. 
 The table on following page gives the names of the states and 
 territories, with their area and population at different dates. 
 
 The following table, in which the states, &c., are grouped 
 geographically, gives the areas with the population in thousands 
 in 1790, the first census year ; 1840, the last census preceding the 
 gjreat immigration periods ; i860, the census before the Civil 
 War ; and 1890, the last taken, the population p)er square 
 mile of land area in 1890, and the mean rate of increase per 
 cent, per annum for the periods for which the returns are set 
 down, as far as the populations for the different regions at 
 the beginning and end of these periods are fairly comparable 
 with one another : — 
 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Population 
 
 in Thousands. 
 
 Pop. 
 per 
 sq.nu 
 1890. 
 
 1790. 
 
 1840. 
 
 i860. 
 
 18901. 
 
 N. Atlantic Div.l 
 
 Increase . . 
 
 S. Atlantic Div.2 
 
 168,665 
 282,535 
 
 1,968 
 1,851 
 
 6.761 
 2.50 
 3,925 
 
 10,594 
 2.27 
 
 5.365 
 
 17,402 
 1.67 
 8,858 
 
 107 
 32 
 
 Increase . . 
 N. Central Div.S 
 
 764.455 
 
 
 1.52 
 3.352 
 
 1-57 
 9.097 
 
 1.69 
 32,362 
 
 29 
 
 Increase . . 
 S. Central Div.4 
 
 Increase . . 
 Western Div.5 . 
 
 588,690 
 1.187,535 
 
 109 
 
 3.025 
 
 5.769 
 619 
 
 3- 04 
 
 10,973 
 
 2.17 
 
 3,028 
 
 is 
 
 2-5 
 
 Increase . . 
 Totals. . 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-43 
 
 
 2,991,880 
 
 3.929 
 
 17,069 
 
 3».443 
 
 62,623 
 
 21 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 
 3.32 
 
 •• 
 
 1 Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
 Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. _ 
 
 2 Delaware, Maryland, Dist. of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, 
 North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida. 
 
 ' Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, 
 Missouri, North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas. 
 
 4 Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, 
 Oklahoma, Arkansas. 
 
 * Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, 
 Nevada, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, California. 
 
 8 Exclusive of Alaska and Indian I'erritory. 
 
UNITED STATES 
 
 Population in Thousands, and Average Increase (or Decrease) per Cent, per Annum. 
 
 States, &c. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 1850 
 
 i860. 
 
 I nor. 
 
 1870. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1880. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1890. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 Pop. per 
 
 sq. m., 
 
 1890. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 52,260 
 
 772 
 
 964 
 
 2.25 
 
 997 
 
 .34 
 
 1,263 
 
 2.39 
 
 1,613 
 
 1.82 
 
 29 
 
 Arizona 
 
 
 
 113,020 
 
 
 
 
 9^7 
 
 
 40.4 
 
 15-33 
 
 59-6 
 
 3-96 
 
 o.S 
 
 Arkansas . 
 
 
 
 63,860 
 
 210 
 
 436 
 
 7.'66 
 
 484 
 
 1.07 
 
 803 
 
 6.19 
 
 1,128 
 
 3.46 
 
 .21 
 
 California . 
 
 
 
 158,360 
 
 92.6 
 
 380 
 
 15.16 
 
 560 
 
 3-95 
 
 865 
 
 4-44 
 
 1,208 
 
 3-40 
 
 7-7 
 
 Carolina, Nortli 
 
 
 
 62,260 
 
 869 
 
 993 
 
 1.34 
 
 1,071 
 
 .76 
 
 1,400 
 
 2.72 
 
 1,618 
 
 1.46 
 
 33 
 
 Carolina, South . 
 
 
 
 30.570 1 
 
 669 
 
 704 
 
 •SI 
 
 706 
 
 •03 
 
 996 
 
 3^50 
 
 1. 151 
 
 1.46 
 
 38 
 
 Colorado 
 
 
 
 103,926 
 
 
 34.3 
 
 
 39.9 
 
 1.52 
 
 194 
 
 17.13 
 
 412 
 
 7.82 
 
 3.9 
 
 Columbia (Dist. o 
 
 • 
 
 
 70 
 
 5^-7 
 
 75-1 
 
 13.80 
 
 132 
 
 5.80 
 
 178 
 
 3^03 
 
 230 
 
 2.60 
 
 3.839 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 
 
 4,990 
 
 371 
 
 460 
 
 2.17 
 
 637 
 
 1.56 
 
 623 
 
 1.50 
 
 746 
 
 1.82 
 
 164 
 
 Dakota, North . 
 Dakota, South . 
 
 
 
 70,195 
 76,860 
 
 
 } 4.8 
 
 
 14.2 
 
 11.46 
 
 / 36-9 
 \ 98.3 
 
 } 25.29 
 
 / 183 
 t 329 
 
 17^37 
 12.84 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 Delaware 
 
 
 
 2,050 
 
 91-5 
 
 112 
 
 2.04 
 
 125 
 
 1. 10 
 
 147 
 
 1.63 
 
 168 
 
 ^•34 
 
 85 
 
 Florida 
 
 
 
 68,680 
 
 87.4 
 
 140 
 
 4.82 
 
 188 
 
 2.99 
 
 269 
 
 3.65 
 
 391 
 
 3.81 
 
 7 
 
 Georgia 
 
 
 
 59.475 
 
 906 
 
 1.057 
 
 1-55 
 
 1,184 
 
 1. 14 
 
 1.542 
 
 2.68 
 
 1,837 
 
 1.77 
 
 31 
 
 Idaho . 
 
 
 
 84,800 
 
 
 
 
 16.0 
 
 
 32.6 
 
 8.07 
 
 84.4 
 
 9.98 
 
 1.0 
 
 Illinois 
 
 
 
 56,650 
 
 851 
 
 1,712 
 
 7.24 
 
 2,540 
 
 4.02 
 
 3.078 
 
 1.94 
 
 3,826 
 
 2.20 
 
 68 
 
 Indiana 
 
 
 
 36,360 
 
 988 
 
 1,360 
 
 3.17 
 
 1,681 
 
 2.22 
 
 1,978 
 
 1.64 
 
 2,192 
 
 1.03 
 
 61 
 
 Iowa . 
 
 
 
 56.025 
 
 192 
 
 675 
 
 13.40 
 
 1,194 
 
 5-87 
 
 1,625 
 
 3 13 
 
 1,912 
 
 1.64 
 
 34 
 
 Kansas 
 
 
 
 82,080 
 
 
 107 
 
 
 364 
 
 13.02 
 
 996 
 
 10.59 
 
 1,427 
 
 3.66 
 
 17 
 
 Kentucky . 
 
 
 
 40,400 
 
 982 
 
 1. 156 
 
 1.64 
 
 1. 321 
 
 1-34 
 
 1,649 
 
 2.24 
 
 1.859 
 
 1.21 
 
 46 
 
 Louisiana . 
 
 
 
 48,770 
 
 618 
 
 708 
 
 3.17 
 
 727 
 
 .27 
 
 940 
 
 2.60 
 
 1,119 
 
 1.76 
 
 24 
 
 Maine . 
 
 
 
 33.040 
 
 583 
 
 628 
 
 •74 
 
 627 
 
 -0.02 
 
 649 
 
 •35 
 
 661 
 
 .18 
 
 22 
 
 Maryland . 
 
 
 
 12,210 
 
 583 
 
 687 
 
 1.65 
 
 781 
 
 1.29 
 
 936 
 
 1.82 
 
 1,042 
 
 1.09 
 
 106 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 
 
 8.315 
 
 995 
 
 1. 231 
 
 2.15 
 
 1.457 
 
 1.70 
 
 1.783 
 
 2.04 
 
 2,239 
 
 2.30 
 
 278 
 
 Michigan . 
 
 
 
 68,916 
 
 398 
 
 749 
 
 6.63 
 
 1,184 
 
 4.69 
 
 1,637 
 
 3.29 
 
 2,094 
 
 2.49 
 
 36 
 
 Minnesota . 
 
 
 
 83.365 
 
 6.1 
 
 172 
 
 181.97 
 
 440 
 
 9^85 
 
 781 
 
 5-91 
 
 1,302 
 
 5-24 
 
 16 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 
 
 46,810 
 
 607 
 
 791 
 
 2.68 
 
 828 
 
 .46 
 
 1,132 
 
 3.18 
 
 1,290 
 
 1.32 
 
 27 
 
 Missouri 
 
 
 
 69.415 
 
 682 
 
 1,182 
 
 5^65 
 
 1,721 
 
 3^83 
 
 2.168 
 
 2-34 
 
 2,679 
 
 2.14 
 
 38 
 
 Montana . 
 
 
 
 146,080 
 
 
 
 
 20.6 
 
 
 39.2 
 
 6.65 
 
 132 
 
 12.91 
 
 0.9 
 
 Nebraska . 
 
 
 
 77.510 
 
 
 "28.8 
 
 
 123 
 
 15.62 
 
 452 
 
 13.90 
 
 1.059 
 
 8.89 
 
 13 
 
 Nevada 
 
 
 
 110,700 
 
 
 6.9 
 
 
 42.5 
 
 19.94 
 
 62.3 
 
 3.90 
 
 45.8 
 
 -3.13 
 
 0.4 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 
 
 9.305 
 
 318 
 
 326 
 
 •25 
 
 318 
 
 — O.OI 
 
 347 
 
 •63 
 
 377 
 
 •83 
 
 41 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 
 
 7,816 
 
 490 
 
 672 
 
 3.21 
 
 906 
 
 3.03 
 
 1,131 
 
 2.24 
 
 1,446 
 
 2.48 
 
 193 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 
 
 122,580 
 
 61.5 
 
 93-5 
 
 4.28 
 
 91.9 
 
 -0.18 
 
 120 
 
 2.70 
 
 154 
 
 2-53 
 
 1.2 
 
 New York . 
 
 
 
 49,170 
 
 3,097 
 
 3,881 
 
 2.28 
 
 4,383 
 
 1.22 
 
 5,083 
 
 1.49 
 
 6,998 
 
 1.67 
 
 126 
 
 Ohio . 
 
 
 
 41,060 
 
 1,980 
 
 2.340 
 
 1.68 
 
 2.665 
 
 ^•3i 
 
 3.198 
 
 1.84 
 
 3.672 
 
 1-39 
 
 90 
 
 Oklahoma . 
 
 
 
 38,830 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 Oregon 
 
 
 
 96,030 
 
 13-3 
 
 52. 5 
 
 14.72 
 
 90.9 
 
 5-64 
 
 175 
 
 6.77 
 
 314 
 
 6.02 
 
 3-3 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 
 
 46,216 
 
 2,312 
 
 1 2,906 
 
 2.31 
 
 3,622 
 
 1.94 
 
 4,283 
 
 1.98 
 
 6,268 
 
 2.07 
 
 116 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 
 
 1.250 
 
 148 
 
 175 
 
 1.69 
 
 217 
 
 2.17 
 
 277 
 
 2.47 
 
 346 
 
 2.25 
 
 318 
 
 Tennessee . 
 
 
 
 42.060 
 
 1,003 
 
 1,110 
 
 1.02 
 
 1,269 
 
 1.27 
 
 1,642 
 
 2.06 
 
 1,768 
 
 1.38 
 
 42 
 
 Texas . 
 
 
 
 265,780 
 
 213 
 
 604 
 
 10.98 
 
 819 
 
 3^09 
 
 1.592 
 
 6.87 
 
 2,236 
 
 3-46 
 
 8 
 
 Utah . 
 
 
 
 84,970 
 
 11.4 
 
 40.3 
 
 13.46 
 
 86.8 
 
 7.97 
 
 144 
 
 6.19 
 
 208 
 
 3.76 
 
 2.6 
 
 Vermont 
 
 
 
 9.565 
 
 314 
 
 315 
 
 •03 
 
 331 
 
 •50 
 
 ! 332 
 
 •03 
 
 332 
 
 
 36 
 
 Virginia . 
 
 
 
 42,460 
 
 1,422 
 
 1,696 
 
 1.16 
 
 1,225 
 
 -2.68 
 
 1 1,513 
 
 2.13 
 
 1,666 
 
 .91 
 
 41 
 
 Virginia, West 
 
 
 
 24,780 
 
 
 
 
 442 
 
 
 618 
 
 3^41 
 
 763 
 
 2.13 
 
 30 
 
 Washington 
 
 
 
 69,180 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 76 
 
 12.11 
 
 349 
 
 16.62 
 
 6.2 
 
 Wisconsin . 
 
 
 
 56,040 
 
 305 
 
 776 
 
 9-79 
 
 1.055 
 
 3.12 
 
 1. 315 
 
 2.23 
 
 1,687 
 
 2.52 
 
 30 
 
 Wyoming . 
 
 
 
 97,890 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 21 
 
 8.69 
 
 61 
 
 11.31 
 
 0.6 
 
 Total 
 
 2,991,880 
 
 23,192 
 
 31,443 
 
 3.09 
 
 38,668 
 
 2.07 
 
 60,156 
 
 2.66 
 
 62,622 
 
 2.24 
 
 21 
 
 Alaska 
 
 
 557.390 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 .06 
 
 Indian Territory 
 
 
 31,000 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 180 
 
 
 6.8 
 
 Grand To 
 
 tal 
 
 3,580,270 
 
 23,192 
 
 31,443 
 
 3.09 
 
 38,658 
 
 2.07 
 
 50,156 
 
 2.66 
 
 62,834 
 
 1 
 
 The snrface of the United States is pretty evenly divided 
 between a highland area, the western half, and a lowland E. 
 Taking the contour of 2000 ft. as the line of division, we find W. 
 of the 98th meridian 1,313,000 sq. m. of plateau and moun- 
 tainous area, and only 142,000 sq. m. of lowland ; and to the E. 
 1,506,000 sq. m. of lowland, with only 20,000 sq. m. above 2000 
 ft. The high land is crossed from N. to S. near its middle by 
 the system of the Rocky Mountains, which form the water-shed 
 between Atlantic and Pacific river systems. It is all included in 
 the area of the western division of the states and territories, and 
 of these Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico are 
 styled the Rocky Mt. region. The separate articles on states 
 and mountains give details of surface. A second series of 
 extensive elevations lies parallel with the Pacific coast from 100 
 to 150 m. inland — the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Ranges (g.v.). 
 These ranges are in the Pacific coast states, Washington, 
 Oregon, and California, in which is also all the limited area of 
 lowland that the W. contains. Nearer the ocean is the low 
 Coast Range. It is broken by the depression of the Strait of Juan 
 de Fuca, communicating with Puget Sound in Washington ; the 
 Columbia R. cutting through both the Cascade and coast ranges 
 between Washington and Oregon ; and a third great depression 
 containing the Bay of San Francisco, the outlet of the Sacra- 
 mento and San Joaquin Rivs. in California. Between the Sierra- 
 Cascade and the Rocky Mt. Ranges is the Plateau Belt, from 
 2000 to 6000 ft. high, with Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona 
 occupying nearly all its area. Its northern third belongs to the 
 basin of the Columbia, and contains the Blue Mts. , a detached 
 
 mass in eastern Oregon. The central part, called the Great 
 Basin (q.v.), has no outlet to the ocean. The southern third 
 belongs to the basin of the Colorado, and is remarkable for the 
 extensive canons of that stream and some of its tribs. Death 
 Valley and Coahuila Valley, in the SE. of California, are below 
 sea-level. Amongother topographical features maybe mentioned 
 the great lava fields, extending from the Rockies in Wyoming 
 across the plateau to the W. of the Cascade Range in Washing- 
 ton and Oregon, and occurring also in Nevada, Utah, Arizona, 
 and New Mexico, deeply cut by the canons of the Shoshone 
 and Yellowstone; the tnesas or lava-topt tablelands, where 
 sedimentary rocks have remained under the protecting cap of 
 hard eruptive rock (Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona) ; the 
 geysers of the Yellowstone region {^.v.) ; the Bad Lands of SE. 
 Montana, and the adjacent parts of South Dakota and Wyoming, 
 a region of strangely-weathered sedimentary rocks, which has 
 its parallel in Colorado [Garden of the Gods] ; the ' Parks ' of 
 Colorado ; and the salt and alkaline desert-lands in Utah and 
 Nevada, remains of ancient lakes, and the many salt lakes and 
 ' sinks ' still existing. To the E. of the Rockies the plateau is 
 termed the Great Plains. It descends gradually, carrying 
 affluents of the Mississippi and rivers of the Gulf system, and 
 it is the characteristic feature of the surface of the western series 
 of the Central states. North and South Dakota, Nebraska, 
 Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. In the lowland eastern half of 
 the country there are two areas of high land that are important — 
 one, the Appalachian Mts. {g.v.), which form the eastern rim of 
 the basin of the Mississippi, and determine the flow of many 
 
 1631 
 
UNITED STATES 
 
 streams of the Atlantic seaboard. All the states of the N. Atlantic 
 and S. Atlantic divisions, except Rhode Island and Florida, 
 have their surface diversified by these ranges. The second is 
 the low plateau in the N. of Minnesota and Wisconsin, upon 
 which rise tribs. of the Mississippi, of Lake Superior, and of the 
 Red River of the North. The generally level character of the E. 
 is well illustrated by the continuous navigability of the rivers, 
 especially of those of the Mississippi system, and by the fact of 
 the four great lakes — Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Erie — 
 differing but 30 ft. in alt. between Duluth and Buffalo. Of 
 the details of topography, attention may be called to (i) the 
 multitude of small lakes (20,000 or more) of the granitic uplands 
 of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, and Maine ; 
 (2) of the series of ' finger ' lakes of western New York of glacial 
 origin ; (3) the deeply indented rock coast of Maine, with its 
 fringe of granitic islands so like the W. of Scotland ; (4) the 
 long sand coasts, islands, and lagoons that extend all the way 
 from Massachusetts along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico ; 
 (5) the belt of swamp)-lands from Virginia to Texas (Great 
 Dismal, Alligator, Okefinokee, the Everglades, and the whole 
 Gulf shore in Louisiana) ; (6) the ' bottom lands ' of the lower 
 Mississippi and many southern streams, the great fertility of 
 which attract cultivators despite the danger of floods ; (7) the 
 long escarpment of granitic rock that borders the foot-hills of 
 the Appalachians, S. and E. , causing falls in the streams as 
 they leave the upland for the alluvial tide-water country, and 
 hence giving rise to a series of towns with water-power and 
 navigation, from Montgomery (Ala.) to Trenton (N. J.) ; (8) the 
 prairies, a region of exceptionally rich soil, and treeless, occupied 
 by Illinois, Indiana, southern Michigan and Wisconsin, Iowa 
 and Missouri ; (9) the great longitudinal valley of the Appala- 
 chians, and the important cross valleys of the Mohawk, Delaware, 
 Potomac, and James Rivs. (see Appalachian Mts.). 
 
 Cieologlcally, also, there is a marked difference between the 
 eastern and the western sections. The W. has been the scene 
 of great disturbances, its newer Secondary and Tertiary strata 
 have been greatly faulted, eruptions of lava have penetrated 
 them and overflowed great areas, and erosion has taken place 
 on a gigantic scale. Extinct volcanoes exist in the chief 
 mountain ranges and on the plateau. Palasozoic rocks in places 
 lie above those of later date. The Archaean area is very limited, 
 mainly in the Big Horn, Wind R., Rattlesnake, Laramie, and 
 Front Ranges. In the E. the Archaean area extends in a broad 
 belt from Alabama to Pennsylvania, and occupies much of New 
 England and New York (the Adirondacks). It extends W. in 
 Canada, and portions are found both S. and W. of Lake 
 Superior. The narrow slope to the Atlantic is nearly all filled 
 by late formations. Eocene and Neocene ; while in the great basin 
 within the Archaean ridge lie mainly Palaeozoic formations, 
 Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous. Aqueous 
 Pleistocene deposits extend from the mouth of the Ohio to 
 the Gulf, and form its coast. Glacial deposits and the markings 
 of glaciers exist in the NE., in the New England states, and 
 throughout the basin of the St. Lawrence ; and similar isolated 
 areas exist in the Rocky, Cascade, and Sierra Ranges. The 
 climate of the United States, in the matter of rainfall, divides the 
 country into two halves, much as does the arrangement of the 
 surface. In the western half lack of rain is the characteristic ; 
 in the E. an abundance, for the line that marks the fall of 25 in. , 
 which is a sufficiency, nearly coincides with that marking the 
 contour of 2000 ft. in the middle of the country (near the 98th 
 meridian). In the low-lying eastern section there is a yearly 
 precipitation of from 25 to 62 in., heaviest along the Gulf of 
 Mexico and the Atlantic ; but on the plateau and mountains of 
 the W. , where W. winds come dry across the Cascade Range, 
 the Sierras, and cool coast waters, it descends from 25 to even 
 2 J in. per year. About one-third of Washington and Oregon and 
 northern California, lying W. of the mountains, and swept by 
 winds from the warm drift of the Japan current, receive from 25 
 to 68 in. The variation of temperature is least in the S. and in 
 the regions of heaviest rainfall ; an average difference between 
 July and January of less than 40° exists throughout the Pacific 
 coast belt, in the Gulf states, and along the Atlantic coast to 
 Philadelphia. In the interior and northern part the variation 
 increases, reaching 66° in N. Dakota. The following table shows 
 the rainfall and temperature of typical places : — 
 
 Astoria (Or.) . . . 
 San Francisco (Cal.) 
 Yuma (Arizona) . . 
 Denver (Colorado) . 
 New Orleans (La.) . 
 Chicago (111.) . . , 
 Duluth (Minn.) . . 
 New York (N. Y.) . 
 Key West (Fla.) . . 
 
 Average Temp. 
 Fahr. 
 
 Extremes of Temp. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 July. 
 
 86.3 
 22.8 
 
 2.9! 
 14.9 
 
 63.8 
 36.2 
 
 32-5 
 43-8 
 39-2 
 
 50.4 
 53-2° 
 27.8° 
 54-1° 
 
 2Sr5 
 
 1 1.9* 
 
 30-3 
 70.8° 
 
 58.5* 
 92.0° 
 73-2° 
 82.5° 
 72.9° 
 66.7" 
 73.6- 
 83-9 
 
 29.0 
 
 22.0' 
 
 - 29.0' 
 
 23.0' 
 
 -30.0' 
 
 -41.0' I 
 
 -6.0* I 
 
 41.0' j 
 
 118.0° I 
 105.0' 
 100.4' 
 106.0' 
 99.0' 
 100.2' 
 loo.o' 
 
 1632 
 
 The florai of the United States is distributed in three clearly 
 marked areas, whose boundaries are chiefly determined by the 
 rainfall. In western Washington, Oregon, and California is an 
 area chiefly occupied by conifers, in dense forests. The Douglas 
 fir {Pseudo-tsuga Douglasii), the yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa), 
 the sugar-pine {P. lambertiana), and many other pines. Here 
 are also the Sequoias, the redwood {S. seinpervireris), and the 
 Big Trees [S. gigantea), famous for size, and known only 
 in nine small groves in California. The Port Orford cedar 
 {Chamcecyparis lawsoniana) and the Californian laurel (Ufnbel- 
 lularia californica) are widely distributed. Several oaks have 
 limited range. E. of the Cascade-Sierra Ranges begins the 
 arid area, extending practically to the middle of the country, 
 one of its typical plants, the cactus, being found as far E. as 
 the 98th meridian. Of the Cactaceas, the prickly pear (Opun(ia) 
 has the widest range. Another notable genus is the Cereus, of 
 which the C. giganteus attains a height of 60 ft. Yuccas, mes- 
 quites, and the creosote bush are found in the hot SW.; through- 
 out the great plateau area are the sage brush {Artemisia triden- 
 tata). On the Rocky Mt. Ranges various limited forest areas exist, 
 including conifers, and also the aspen (Populus tremuloides), the 
 scrub oak, black oak, and white oak. The E. and well-watered 
 lowland half is still largely forested. The coniferous belt of 
 Canada merges with a deciduous forest that contains the pre- 
 dominate genera. Such are the sugar-maple, many species of 
 oak, the white oak (Q. alba), the red oak [Q. rubra), and the 
 live oak (Q. virens) — all valuable in manufactures — and the 
 chestnut oak (Q. prinus), of which the bark yields tannin. The 
 ashes {Fraxinus Americana, F. virida, F. pubescens), the chest- 
 nuts, the birch (B. lutea), the hickory, black walnut, all furnish 
 timber. Elms, beeches, lindens, locusts abound. In the warmer 
 parts the tulip tree, and farther S. the magnolia, the pal- 
 metto, and even mangroves are found. Conifers in the E. 
 include the valuable pines {P. strobus, P. palustris, P. mitis), 
 the cypress, the spruce, balsam, hemlock, larch, and cedar. 
 As to the fanna, see America, Nortb. 
 
 Agriculture is the most important occupation, both in respect 
 to gross value of the product and the proportion of the population 
 directly connected therewith. The total value of farm products 
 was in 1889, 2460 million dollars, an increase of 11. 11 per cent, 
 since 1880, when the farm population was about 44 per cent, of 
 the total. The low and moist eastern half of the country is espe- 
 cially adapted to farming, about 60 per cent, of the surface 
 of those states wholly E. of the 98th meridian being in farm 
 land. Particularly favoured is Illinois, the prairie state par 
 excellence, of which 90 per cent, is farmed ; least of all Florida, 
 with its extensive swamps, farms there occupying but 9 per 
 cent, of the surface. Taken as a whole, the eastern agricultural 
 region is the largest area in the world adapted to this pursuit. 
 Three great crop belts are prominent: in the N., where the 
 July temp, averages at least 68° F., wheat and oats predominate, 
 with barley, hops, and potatoes; in the S. , between the 
 July isotherms of 78° and 86°, cotton almost excludes every 
 other product, except rice in swamp>-lands, sweet potatoes, and a 
 little cane sugar. Between the wheat belt and the cotton belt, 
 and merging into each, is the region of maize and tobacco. 
 The gross amounts of farm produce have increased steadily 
 with the occupancy of new lands to the W. In 1849 the W. 
 boundary of wheat lands was at 81° W. long., in 1859 at 85° 24', 
 1869 at 88°, 1877 at 89° 6'. The area in farms amounted in 
 1890 to 623 million acres, of which three-fourths are owned by 
 the occupants. The yield per acre of grain has decreased, the 
 use of new land leading to carelessness in farming. The average 
 wheat crop is only between 12 and 13 bushels per acre ; though 
 in the eastern states, where more careful methods are practised, 
 35 bushels is not uncommon, and the same relation exists be- 
 tween the eastern and western yields in maize tobacco, and other 
 crops. In quality, the wheat of the Red River valley in North 
 Dakota holds highest rank. The maize crop rose from a yield of 
 1775 million bushels in 1880 to over 2000 million bushels in 1889 ; 
 of this crop but 3 per cent, is exported , the greater part being used 
 in the feeding of animals, especially swine. The cotton crop, 
 increasing 65 per cent, from 1861 to 1887, stood in 1890 at 3628 
 million lbs. According to E. W. Hilgard, this amount could 
 all be grown in the bottom-lands of the state of Mississippi alone 
 if the overflows of the river were prevented, and better methods 
 of cultivation used. The most valuable cotton land is the area 
 of the islands along the coast of South Carolina, especially Edisto 
 I., of which the long staple variety, in amount only about 
 5,000,000 lbs., is valued at twenty times the ordinary. Of the 
 minor crops, rice is grown on the coast lowlands in South Caro- 
 lina, Georgia, and Mississippi ; hops in New York and the three 
 Pacific states; flax, for the seed, in Minnesota, Kansas, Ne- 
 braska, Iowa, and Missouri. Sugar-cane is grown in Louisiana, 
 sugar-beet in Nebraska, Kansas, New Jersey, and Illinois, and 
 maple-sugar obtained in Vermont and New Hampshire. Oranges 
 and other sub-tropical fruits are receiving increasing attention in 
 Florida and California, and in the latter state the production of 
 wine and raisins is steadily increasing. For statistics of the dif- 
 ferent states, see Table, p. 1634. In the western half of the country 
 
UNITED S T A T'E S 
 
 grazing of sheep, cattle, and swine assumes greater importance 
 than agriculture, a large part even of the crops grown being for 
 fodder. Wild grasses of a hundred or more species, clovers, 
 partly wild and partly, the cultivated alfalfa, and shrubs, such as 
 sage {Eurotia lanatd) and mesquite {Prosopis juliflora), resem- 
 bling the carob of the Mediterranean region, furnish feeding. 
 The capacity, however, of the W. is measured roughly by its 
 proportion of the live stock of the country, which is about one 
 half the sheep, one-third the cattle, and one-sixth the swine. 
 (See Monograph on Meat Production in United States, by 
 Clarence Gordon, census of 1880.) 
 
 Agriculture in the arid lands, of which the area in 1890 was 
 stated to be 1,331,151 sq. m. , is largely dependent upon irriga- 
 tion, and its very limited scope is seen in the fact that only from 
 one-tenth to one-fourth of one per cent, of the area of Montana, 
 Wyoming, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and Idaho is 
 irrigated. At present irrigation is limited in its application and 
 usefulness by the ill-defined condition of water rights, careless- 
 ness in taking titles, the temporary character of dams and 
 ditches, largely constructed by individual farmers, and by the 
 need of a more comprehensive system and well-defined plan, 
 based upon a general survey of the region, and a determination 
 of proper sites for storage reservoirs. At the outside, it seems 
 that in any event only about 150,000 sq. m. of the arid lands 
 can be redeemed. The total area of the United States may be 
 apportioned as follows : farm lands in cultivation, 17. i per cent. ; 
 forests, 25 per cent.; unoccupied and waste land, waters, and 
 roads, 54.8 per cent. In Europe (for comparison) the percen- 
 tages are: farms, 35.95 per cent.; forests, 31.29 per cent.; un- 
 occupied, &c. , 32. 76 per cent. Forestry as a science is not prac- 
 tised, though several states have forestry commissions, and 
 g^eat waste and damage are common. 
 
 In minerals the United States is rich. Coal formations 
 measure 215,000 sq. m. in the region E. of the Rocky Mts. ; and 
 it is estimated that an equally large area exists in the states 
 of the Rockies and those of the Pacific coast. The most pro- 
 ductive field is the Appalachian, which extends from Pennsyl- 
 vania to Alabama inclusive ; Pittsburg (Penn.) is the chief centre 
 of production. The Central field is second ; it lies in Illinois, 
 Indiana, and Kentucky. Missouri and Iowa are the chiei 
 producers in the Western field. Anthracite comes mainly 
 from Pennsylvania, Colorado and New Mexico yielding small 
 amounts. Altogether, at least thirty-three states and terrs. con- 
 tain coal. (See Appendix, p. 14.) The chief supply of iron 
 ore of the United States is derived from the (largely magnetic) 
 beds of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, called the Lake 
 Superior region. These yielded in 1892 over half the total out- 
 put, which was shipped by the lakes chiefly to furnaces fed with 
 coal from the Appalachian and Central fields. Red hematite 
 is the chief ore of the second iron-field, hear Birmingham 
 (Alabama), and in close proximity to coal. The Pennsylvanian 
 field, long first, is now third. Other important fields are in 
 New York (around the Adirondacks), Virginia, Tennessee, 
 New Jersey ; and smaller amounts are mined in Missouri, 
 Colorado, Oregon, Massachusetts, and other states. In the 
 total amount of pig iron manufactured, the United States now 
 stands first, having in 1892 nearly tripled the output of 1880. 
 Gold is mined in California, Montana, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, 
 South Dakota, and in small amounts in Oregon, Washington, 
 New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah ; silver in Colorado, Montana, 
 Utah, Nevada, and other states adjoining ; quicksilver in Cali- 
 fornia ; copper chiefly in Montana (silver and copper together) 
 and Michigan, two of the richest copper regions in the world, 
 Arizona, and New Mexico ; lead, chiefly with silver, in Colorado 
 and other Rocky Mt. states, and in Missouri ; and zinc, nickel, 
 cobalt, and tinin small amounts. Petroleum, ofwhich the United 
 States is chief producer, is obtained from the W. border of 
 the Appalachians, from Lake Erie to Tennessee, chiefly from 
 Pennsylvania; small amounts from California and Colorado. 
 In the great petroleum field natural gas is common, and is 
 employed as fuel in industrial establishments, in houses, and 
 for lighting streets. Salt is obtained from wells in New York, 
 Ohio, West Virginia, and Michigan ; rock-salt from Virginia, 
 Louisiana, Texas, and all the states of the plateau W. of the 
 Rockies, where also occur soda and borax. Ohio yields bromine. 
 Rich fertilising materials are got from the phosphate beds of 
 South Carolina and Florida, and the marls of New Jersey. 
 Meerschaum and turquoises are obtained from New Mexico. 
 
 Maunfactures. — The two great sources of power, coal and 
 rivers, being both by far more abundant and accessible in the 
 eastern half, determine broadly the distribution of manufacturing. 
 Other causes working to the same end are the eastern location 
 of the great iron-beds and cotton-fields, of the hard-wood forests, 
 and much of the evergreen timber land, and also the g^eat 
 facilities for transportation, which favour the retention of the 
 manufacturing population in the seats of early settlement, and 
 the continuation of industries on their earliest foundations, as raw 
 materials were brought from remote fields. The early develop- 
 ment of manufacturing in New England was based on water- 
 power (which is still used almost equally with steam E. of the 
 1633 
 
 Appalachians). Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New 
 York, New Hampshire, and New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and 
 Delaware lead in manufactured product per capita. The cities 
 manufacturing the largest amounts are New York, Philadelphia, 
 Chicago, Brooklyn, St. Louis, Boston, Cincinnati, Baltimore, 
 San Francisco, Pittsburg, and Cleveland. In textiles the 
 United States ranks second to England in total output. The 
 chief seat of the cotton industry is in the New England states, 
 at Lowell, Fall River, Lawrence (Mass.), Providence and Paw- 
 tucket (Rhode Island), and Philadelphia. A gradual development 
 nearer the cotton-fields is noteworthy (from 1880 to 1890 nearly 
 150 per cent, increase in the Southern States), and it is deemed 
 probable that the advantage of cheaper labour may compensate 
 for skill, and enable the coarser grades to be made there success- 
 fully. About one-third of the American cotton crop is manufac- 
 tured in domestic establishments. Woollen goods are made chiefly 
 in the N. Atlantic states, carpets especially in Philadelphia (Penn. ) 
 and Lowell (Mass.). Silk, entirely of imported raw materials, is 
 manufactured in Paterson (New Jersey), New York, and Phila- 
 delphia. The manufacture of iron and steel is concentrated in 
 centres near the coal supply, chiefly in Pennsylvania (Pittsburg), 
 Illinois (Chicago), and Ohio (Cleveland). The closely allied 
 industry of machinery construction is of extensive development, 
 since the scarcity of labour and great undeveloped national 
 wealth gave stimulus to inventiveness. More than 2000 loco- 
 motives have been constructed in a single year, and a great 
 variety of agricultural machines, water-wheels, and steam- 
 engines. A large industry is connected with the change of 
 grain and live stock into forms of food — flour at Minneapolis 
 and St. Louis; dressed meats, lard, &c., at Chicago, St. Louis, 
 and Kansas City (Kan.). Timber is derived chiefly from the 
 coniferous forests of Washington, Minnesota, and Michigan. 
 Domestic commerce is greatly favoured by the extensive 
 mileage of navigable waters [Mississippi, Missouri, OIilo], 
 by the extensive coast-line on E. , S. , and W. , by the great 
 lakes and riv. St. Lawrence bordering on the N., and by 
 the very general level or gradually sloping character of the 
 surface, allowing cheap construction of railways. The chief 
 canals are the Erie, from Lake Erie to the Hudson R. , with 
 branches to Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain, carrying grain, 
 lumber, and coal chiefly ; the Delaware and Hudson, and the 
 Morris and Essex from Pennsylvanian coalfields to the Hudson 
 and New York Bay respectively ; the Chesapeake and Ohio, 
 carrying coal from Cumberland (Md.) to Georgetown (D. C). 
 The Delaware and Raritan, connecting New York and Phila- 
 delphia, the Chesapeake and Delaware, connecting the bays 
 so-named, the Albemarle and Chesapeake, from Chesapeake 
 Bay to Albemarle Sound, form a line of inland navigation 
 parallel to the coast. The Illinois and Michigan Canal, from 
 Chicago to the Illinois R. , may, if deepened, become an im- 
 portant water-way. The Saint Mary's ship-canal [Sanlt Ste.. 
 Marie] has long been of the greatest importance for the lake 
 navigation. Of the rivers of the United States, the Mississippi, 
 from St. Louis, the Hudson, and the St. Lavsrence are of most 
 importance in navigation, the great expansion of railways 
 having rendered minor streams unimportant. The following 
 table of the tonnage and freight upon the coast waters, lakes^ 
 and rivers shows the relative worth in 1889. 
 
 Atlantic coast 
 Gulf of Mexico 
 Pacific coast . 
 Great Lakes . 
 Mississippi Valley . 
 
 Registered 
 
 Freight moved 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 (Tons). 
 
 2,794,440 
 
 77.597.626 
 
 77.562 
 
 2,864,956 
 
 441.939 
 
 8,818,363 
 
 926,355 
 
 53,424,432 
 
 3.393.380 
 
 29,405,046 
 
 The railway mileage of the different states, &c. , is shown in the 
 other particulars in the table on the follonwig page. 
 
 The foreign commerce is carried on largely through six 
 cities — New York, with 51.14 per cent, (in 1890-91); Boston, 
 8.57 per cent.; Philadelphia, 5.38 per cent.; Baltimore, 4.91 
 per cent.; New Orleans, 7.48 per cent.; San Francisco, 5.27 
 per cent. (See also Appendix, pp. 3-5.) The chief exports 
 are of farm products (cotton, meats, grain and flour, cattle, 
 tobacco), petroleum, wood, iron, steel, copper, and leather, 
 and their manufactures. In percentages — agricultural products, 
 73 per cent.; manufactures, 19 per cent.; forest products, 3.2 
 per cent.; minerals, 2.5 per cent.; fish, 0.7 per cent. Of the 
 exports, over one-half went to Great Britain, chiefly cotton, 
 grain, and meats. One-tenth of similar products went to 
 Germany, and one-seventh to France. The leading imports 
 were textiles, from Great Britain, France, and Germany ; sugar, 
 from Cuba, Hawaii, and Brazil ; coffee, from Brazil, Mexico, 
 and Java ; chemicals, from Great Britain and Germany ; iron 
 and steel manufactures, from Great Britain, Germany, and 
 Belgium ; hides and leather, from Great Britain and Argentine ; 
 raw silk, from Japan, China, and France ; besides tea, tobacco, 
 indiarubber, fruits, jewellery, wines, and wood. Nearly all 
 
 5L 
 
U N-IT£ D S TAT ES 
 
 
 Debt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (State, ex- 
 
 ILLITERACY. 
 
 Rail- 
 
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 
 
 
 ■ MlNF^*T PHOliiTr^-TQ 
 
 
 
 clusive of 
 County). 
 
 JO Years of Age 
 and Upwards. 
 
 WAY.S. 
 
 Thousands and Decimals of a Thousand 
 Acres under 
 
 
 (000 
 
 iiitted th 
 
 roughout). 
 
 
 
 States, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Millions 
 
 Per Cent. Per Cent 
 
 ■ . . 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 Petro- 
 
 
 of £ and 
 Decimals. 
 
 unable unable 
 to Read, to Write. 
 
 Length in 
 Miles. 
 
 Maize. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Cotton. Tobacco. 
 
 .1 
 
 Coal. 
 Tons. 
 
 Iron Ore. 
 Tons. 
 
 Silver. 
 02s. 
 
 Gpld. 
 Ozs. 
 
 Copper. 
 Lbs. 
 
 leum. 
 Barrels. 
 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 1892. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1893- 
 
 1890. ! 1893. 
 
 1893- 
 
 1893- 
 
 1893- 
 
 1893. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1893- 
 
 Alabama . . . 
 
 .2.586 
 
 43-5 
 
 50.9 
 
 3.596 
 
 2.463-35 
 
 47.88 
 
 2,761.77 ' 
 
 5,137 
 
 1,742 
 
 
 
 
 
 Arizona .... 
 
 0157 
 
 16.7 
 
 17-7 
 
 1,162 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.936 
 
 57 
 
 43.903 
 
 
 Arkansas . . . 
 
 1.806 
 
 28.8 
 
 38.0 
 
 2,311 
 
 1,982.15 
 
 171. 21 
 
 1,700.61 1.93 
 
 575 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 California . . . 
 
 0.525 
 
 7-1 
 
 7.8 
 
 41624 
 
 71.78 
 
 2,620.49 
 
 
 73 
 
 
 470 
 
 584 
 
 240 
 
 470 
 
 Carolina, North . 
 
 1.605 
 
 38.3 
 
 48.3 
 
 3.230 
 
 2,435-31 
 
 724.11 
 
 1,147.21 : 88.21 
 
 17 
 
 TO 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Carolina, South . 
 
 1.449 
 
 48.2 
 
 55-4 
 
 2.545 
 
 1,623.51 
 
 
 1,987.65 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Colorado . . . 
 
 0.125 
 
 5-9 
 
 6.6 
 
 4.452 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,102 
 
 172 
 
 25,839 
 
 364 
 
 7,696 
 
 594 
 
 Columbia (Dist.of) 
 
 4. 121 
 
 15-7 
 
 18.8 
 
 21 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 
 '.'J 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 Connecticut . . 
 
 0.779 
 
 4.2 
 
 5-7 
 
 1,007 
 
 43-56 
 
 
 
 7.46 
 
 41 
 incl. 
 
 I" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (, 
 
 Mass. 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 Dakota, North . 
 Dakota, South 
 
 0.147 
 O.181 
 
 }3.. 
 
 ,..{ 
 
 2,315') 
 2,708/ 
 
 885.61 
 
 5,168.26 
 
 { :: 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 140 
 
 194 
 
 
 
 Delaware . . . 
 
 0.185 
 
 15-3 
 
 17-5 
 
 315 
 
 199.87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Florida .... 
 
 0.215 
 
 38.0 
 
 43-4 
 
 2.677 
 
 506.12 
 
 
 227.37 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Georgia .... 
 
 2.177 
 
 42.8 
 
 49-9 
 
 4,946 
 
 3,034.08 
 
 240.67 
 
 3.345-53 
 
 
 373 
 
 176 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Idaho .... 
 
 0.046 
 
 5-5 
 
 7-1 
 
 1.073 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 39' 
 
 3.911 
 
 80 
 
 "36 
 
 
 Illinois .... 
 
 0.247 
 
 4-3 
 
 6.4 
 
 10,350 
 
 6,247.1 
 
 1,348.46 
 
 
 3-'87 
 
 19.950 
 
 
 -- 
 
 
 
 
 Indiana .... 
 
 1.779 
 
 4.8 
 
 7-5 
 
 6,292 
 
 3.456.23 
 
 2,523-36 
 
 
 6-35 
 
 3.792 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.335 
 
 Iowa 
 
 0.051 
 
 2.4 
 
 3-9 
 
 8,506 
 
 7,428.68 
 
 586.89 
 
 
 3.972 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kansas .... 
 
 0.233 
 
 3-6 
 
 5-6 
 
 8,894 
 
 6,547.26 
 
 2,768.09 
 
 j .. 
 
 2,653 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Kentucky . . 
 
 0.348 
 
 22.2 
 
 29.9 
 
 2,997 
 
 2,893.96 
 
 936.68 
 
 1 307-70 
 
 3.007 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Louisiana . . . 
 
 3-335 
 
 45-8 
 
 49-1 
 
 1,967 
 
 1.071-57 
 
 
 1,270.89 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maine .... 
 
 0.723 
 
 3-5 
 
 4.3 
 
 1,402 
 
 13-55 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maryland . . . 
 
 1-757 
 
 16.0 
 
 19-3 
 
 1,289 
 
 623.07 
 
 497.90 
 
 1 15-23 
 
 3,716 
 
 • ,^-* 
 
 
 
 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 1-513 
 
 5-3 
 
 6.5 
 
 2,127 
 
 40.46 
 
 
 1 2.64 
 
 ( 
 
 incl. in 
 Conn. 
 
 }•• 
 
 
 
 
 Michigan . . . 
 
 1. 106 
 
 3-8 
 
 5-2 
 
 7.441 
 
 919.43 
 
 1.509-15 
 
 
 46 
 
 4,668 
 
 44 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Minnesota . . . 
 
 0.467 
 
 3-7 
 
 6.2 
 
 5.874 
 
 887.05 
 
 3,197-36 
 
 
 
 1,500 
 
 
 
 
 
 M ississippi . . . 
 
 0.730 
 
 41.9 
 
 49-5 
 
 2,448 
 
 1,970.78 
 
 
 2,882.50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Missouri . . . 
 
 2.450 
 
 8.9 
 
 13-4 
 
 6,361 
 
 5,670.17 
 
 1,609.22 
 
 1 10.94 
 
 2,'897 
 
 "78 
 
 
 
 
 
 Montana . . . 
 
 0.035 
 
 4.8 
 
 S-3 
 
 2,668 
 
 
 43-43 
 
 
 892 
 
 
 16,906 
 
 173 
 
 155,209 
 
 
 Nebraska . . . 
 
 0.053 
 
 2.5 
 
 3-6 
 
 S.524 
 
 6,241.23 
 
 1,228.49 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nevada .... 
 
 0.106 
 
 7-3 
 
 8.0 
 
 923 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,561 
 
 "46 
 
 20 
 
 
 New Hampshire . 
 
 0.561 
 
 4-2 
 
 5-0 
 
 1,161 
 
 25.07 
 
 
 .. 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Jersey . . 
 
 0.214 
 
 4-5 
 
 6.2 
 
 2, 202 
 
 277.18 
 
 
 1 • .. 
 
 
 356 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Mexico . . 
 
 0.181 
 
 60.2 
 
 65.0 
 
 1.430 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 665 
 
 
 458 
 
 44 
 
 '281 
 
 
 New York . . . 
 
 0.481 
 
 4-2 
 
 5.5 
 
 8,1 16 
 
 517- 14 
 
 472.14 
 
 -- i 8.13 
 
 
 534 
 
 
 
 
 1.031 
 
 Ohio 
 
 1.486 
 
 3.6 
 
 5-5 
 
 8,352 
 
 2,709-55 
 
 2,683.90 
 
 i 41.66 
 
 12,254 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 
 16,250 
 
 Oregon .... 
 
 
 4.1 
 
 5-7 
 
 1,522 
 
 " 
 
 616.62 
 
 
 f 
 
 42 
 44.071 2 
 
 ) 
 
 12 
 
 'So 
 
 
 
 Pennsylvania . . 
 
 0.848 
 
 4.6 
 
 7-^ 
 
 9.159 
 
 1.273-42 
 
 1,310.82 
 
 
 27.72 J. 
 
 bitumin- 
 
 \ 698 
 
 
 
 
 19,283 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 { 
 
 ous only 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rhode Island . . 
 
 0.115 
 
 7-9 
 
 II.2 
 
 223 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 Tennessee . . . 
 
 4.103 
 
 27.7 
 
 38.7 
 
 3.064 
 
 2,988.25 
 
 809.02 
 
 745-i8 i 48.52 
 
 1,902 
 
 373 
 
 
 
 
 
 Texas .... 
 
 0.900 
 
 24.1 
 
 29.7 
 
 9,041 
 
 3.475-62 
 
 431-73 
 
 3.497-57 1 •• 
 
 302 
 
 26 
 
 349 
 
 
 
 
 Utah 
 
 
 5-0 
 
 9.1 
 
 1.357 
 
 
 
 
 413 
 
 
 7,196 
 
 41 
 
 1.13s 
 
 
 Vermont . . . 
 
 0.031 
 
 4.9 
 
 6.0 
 
 995 
 
 44.09 
 
 
 1888. ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Virgjnia .... 
 
 7-130 
 
 34.0 
 
 40.6 
 
 3.577 
 
 1,652.60 
 
 77.S-10 
 
 42.35 103.00 
 
 820 
 
 } 617 
 
 {:: 
 
 
 
 
 Virginia, West . 
 
 0.039 
 
 12.1 
 
 19.9 
 
 1,806 
 
 649.27 
 
 398.06 
 
 4.50 
 
 10,709 
 
 
 
 8.445 
 
 Wisconsin . . . 
 
 0.478 
 
 4.0 
 
 5.8 
 
 5.928 
 
 971.69 
 
 651-47 
 
 25.09 
 
 
 439 
 
 
 
 
 
 Others . . . ■. 
 Total . . 
 
 
 
 
 ■■ 
 
 196.73 
 
 772.02 
 
 
 
 
 •■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 13.4 
 
 17.0 
 
 175.223 
 
 72,036.47 
 
 34,629.42 
 
 19,566.27 1 702.95 
 
 
 11,588 
 
 60,000 1,739 
 
 __ 
 
 48.413 
 
 ' Production of anthracite in 1893 in Pennsylvania, 53,968,000 tons. ^ Includes Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, and Utah. 
 
 these items show a steady increase in recent years. Money, 
 Welgbts, and Measures. — The standard coin of the United 
 States is the gold dollar of 25.8 grains, .900 fine. Other gold 
 coins are the eagle ($10), the half-eagle ($5), the quarter-eagle 
 ($2|). The dollar (=49.32d., $4.866=;^i) is divided into 100 
 cents, coined in bronzy. A silver dollar also is issued, weighing 
 
 412.5 grains, .900 fine; and a subsidiary silver coinage, half 
 dollars, quarter dollars, and dimes ( = ten cents) containing 
 
 345.6 grains per dollar. As the mints are not open to the 
 free coinage of silver, the currency of the country is on a gold 
 basis ; all customs and excise dues are payable in either metal, 
 in legal tender notes, or silver certificates. The weights and 
 measures are generally the same as the British, but the old 
 Winchester bushel (0.96944 of an imperial bushel) is still used 
 exclusively, and what is called a 'short ton ' of 2000 lbs. , as dis- 
 tinguished from the ' long ton ' of 2240 lbs. , is employed for many 
 purposes. The cwt. is 112 or 100 lbs. The mile and its sub- 
 divisions are by a very small fraction (.000023) longer than the 
 English measures. 
 
 The revenue is derived from duties on imports (about 44 per 
 cent. ) ; excise taxes on liquors, tobacco, &c. (about 34 per cent. ) ; 
 the postal service (15 per cent.) ; land sales, and minor sources. 
 The standing army is limited by statute to 25 ,000 men. Military 
 and naval service is voluntary. Each state has also a militia 
 organisation; total militia, about 115,000. The total number 
 of males of militia ages, 18 to 44, in 1890 was 13,230,168. 
 Absolute freedom of religious opinion is allowed, and there is 
 no state religion or any grant of public money for religious 
 purposes. An approximate classification gives to the member- 
 ship of the Roman Catholic church 10 per cent, of the popula- 
 tion, Methodist 8 per cent.. Baptist 7 per cent., Presbyterian 
 2 per cent., Lutheran 1.8 per cent., and to the Episcopalian, 
 1634 
 
 Congregational, Reformed Church, Friends, and Mormon from 
 one-sixth to five-sixths of i per cent. The number of Jews has 
 greatly increased of late by immigration from Russia. The 
 general government does not control education, except in 
 military and naval schools, and among some Indians. The 
 universities are based on grants from separate states, or on 
 private foundations, frequently denominational. The public 
 school systems are supported by the states and by local taxation. 
 Education has been aided by the general government through 
 large land grants from the public domain ; and there is a Com- 
 missioner of Education, who collates facts and publishes an 
 annual report and numerous bulletins. Private schools are 
 under no governmental control. Laws for compulsory atten- 
 dance exist in most states. 
 
 Government. — From July 4, 1776, to March 1781 there was 
 no written constitution, the government being carried on by the 
 Continental Congress, which had been summoned to remonstrate 
 with Great Britain ; it acted under ' implied war powers. ' On 
 March i, 1781, the Articles of Confederation established a 
 government without any express division of powers, all of which 
 were concentrated in a single organ, called the Congress of the 
 United States. The weakness of this government, which did 
 not have the right of taxing the states, proved the necessity for a 
 strong federal government. A constitution, drawn up by a con- 
 vention at Philadelphia in 1787, was ratified the following year. 
 On April 30, 1789, Washington was inaugurated as president. 
 Legislative power is vested in a Congress, consisting of a Senate 
 and a House of Representatives. Each state has two senators, 
 and representatives in proportion to population. Executive power 
 is vested in a President, chosen by an Electoral College, to hold 
 office for four years. Judicial power is vested in Districts Courts, 
 Circuit Courts, a Circuit Court of Appeals, and a Supreme Court. 
 
U N I V — UP A V 
 
 Historical ^'otes. — The United States came into existence on 
 July 4, 1776, when the Congress of the thirteen colonies of 
 Great Britain signed the Declaration of Independence, dis- 
 solving all political connection between them and the mother- 
 country. The War of Independence ended in 1783 with the 
 treaty of Paris, by which Great Britain surrendered her claim to 
 the terr. S. of the Great Lakes between the Atlantic and the 
 Mississippi. Disputes about boundaries and the impressment 
 of American seamen occasioned a second war for independence 
 in 1812 ; by the treaty of Ghent, 1814, a recognition of sovereignty 
 was secured. In 1803 Louisiana was purchased from France 
 for fifteen million dollars, an increase of 1,200,000 sq. m. W. 
 and N. of the Mississippi. In 1819 Florida was purchased from 
 Spain for five million dollars (59,268 sq. m.). In 1845 Texas, 
 having declared its independence of Mexico, was annexed by 
 Act of Congress, an addition of 262,290 sq. m. A consequence 
 of this annexation was a war with Mexico, 1846-48 ; by the treaty 
 of Guadalupe, Hidalgo, New Mexico, and Upper California 
 were ceded to the United States (522,568 sq. m.) for fifteen 
 million dollars. In 1853 a second Mexican purchase secured 
 47.330 sq. m. In 1846 the claim to 58,800 sq. m. N. of the 
 Columbia R. was acknowledged by England. In 1867 Alaska 
 was purchased from Russia for seven million dollars (577,390 
 sq. m.). The expansion of the national terr. involved the ex- 
 tension of slavery. This was opposed by the Northern States 
 and upheld by the Southern, whose industrial prosperity seemed 
 to depend on the system. In 1820 the Missouri Compromise 
 admitted Missouri to statehood with slavery, but prohibited it for 
 ever in all the remaining terr. of the United States N. of 36° 30' N. 
 lat. In i860 the election to the presidency of Abraham Lincoln, 
 the candidate of the Northern States, convinced the South of the 
 threatening supremacy of the anti-slavery policy of the North. 
 Eleven states — South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, 
 Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North 
 Carolina — seceded from the Union, and formed a new govern- 
 ment, under the name of the Confederate States of America, 
 with its cap. at Richmond (Va.). A war of four years resulted 
 in the restoration of the Union, and in the addition of the 
 thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments to the Con- 
 stitution, abolishing slavery, giving citizenship to the negroes, 
 and prohibiting refusal of the suffrage on account of race, 
 colour, or previous condition of servitude. [C. H. t.] 
 
 Uiilversales MoantAlns, name often applied to the moun- 
 tains in SW. of prov. Teruel, Spain, source of the Tagus, 
 Guadalaviar, and Jucar ; highest point, Muela de San Juan. 
 Alt. 5280 ft. 
 
 University Block, post-tn., S. Australia. See Cnston. 
 IJiiJa, tn. , India, Baroda, 52 m. N. by W. Ahmad^bAd ; 
 probably the original seat in Gujarat of the Kadwa Kunbi's, 
 who now constitute about a third of the population. P. (1881) 
 10,500. 
 
 Unkel, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on the r. bk. of the Rhine, 
 II m. SE. by S. Bonn. P. < 2000. 
 
 IJukeii, vil. , Austria, prov. and 13 m. SSW. Salzburg ; 
 climatic health-resort. Alt. 1810 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 I'liley, municip. , S. Australia, co. and 2 m. S. by E. Adelaide. 
 P. 11,400. 
 
 Unna, riv. , Croatia, flows N. to the Save, which it joins 65 
 m. SE. Agram. Chief affluents, the Unnatz and Senna, on the 
 former of which is the village of Unnatz. Length, no m. 
 
 Ilnna, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Hamm, 10 m. 
 E. by N. Dortmund. Near the town is a coal-mine and the 
 salt-works of Konigsborn with springs and bathing establish- 
 ment. P. 8200. 
 
 I'norqnln, vil. , Argentine Republic, Patagonia, govt. Neu- 
 quen, 50 m. SW. Cuarta Division, in about 37!° S. 
 
 rnsebnrg, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Magdeburg, 
 circle and 9 m. SSE. Wanzleben ; has lignite-mines. P. 
 (comm.)<30oo. 
 
 Fnst, the most northerly of the Shetland Is. , Scot. , 12J m. 
 long by 5 m. broad. Shores in the W. and N. steep, but else- 
 where are several low sandy bays ; surface generally level. 
 Some manufactures of Shetland wool are carried on ; but the 
 population are chiefly employed in fishing and agriculture. 
 Maximum alt. in the S. 703 ft. The par. includes the smaller 
 islands adjacent. 29,856 ac. P. (including Muckle Flugga 
 and Uyea l8.)<25oo; isl. P. 2269. 
 
 Unstone, par., Eng. , Derbyshire, NE. div., 3^ m. N. Ches- 
 terfield, with stn. (IJustou) on M. R.; coal mined. P.O. P. 
 <;20oo. 
 
 Ilnstrnt, riv., Ger. , mainly in the Prussian prov. of Saxony, 
 flows on the whole E. , but with many windings, passing Som- 
 merda and Artern, and enters the Saale near Naumburg ; 
 canahsed from Artern, 43 m. from its mouth, 155 m. from the 
 mouth of the Saale. 
 
 IJiiswortli, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Radcliffe div., 3 
 m. SSE. Bury, ij m. E. Radcliffe stn., P.O. P. <25oo. 
 Unter, German, 'low, lower.' 
 IJnter-Amniei^an. See Amniergan. 
 l'nteranjez<l, Bohemia. See Anjezd. 
 
 IJiiter-Baatzen, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 30 m. NE. Prague. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Ilnter-Dranbnrg, tn., Austria, Carinthia, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Drave, 33 m. E. Klagenfurt. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Unt«r-Foliring, vjl. , Ger., kgd. Bavarja, govt. Upper 
 Bavaria, on the r. bk. of the Isar, 5^ m. NE. Munich. P. <2ooo. 
 IJiiterkalien, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, Jagst circle, dist. 
 Aalen. P. (comm. )<300o. 
 
 Unterlalin, circle, Prussia, on both sides of the Lahn valley, 
 llnter-lMais, tn., Austria, Tirol, dist. Meran. P. <4ooo. 
 Ilnternilians, vil., Ger., princip. Reuss of the Younger Line, 
 dist. and i m. W. Gera. P. < 4000. 
 
 IIut«r Saclisen1>erg, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, 
 dist. Auerbach. P. <:3000. 
 
 Ilnterseen, tn. , Switzd. , cant. Bern, \\ m. NW. by W. 
 Interlaken. P. (comm. )<3000. 
 ■ Unter-Tanno'wltz, tn. , Moravia, dist. Nikolsburg. P. <3000. 
 Unter-Tliemeiiau, tn., Lower Austria, dist. Feldsberg. P. 
 <:3ooo. 
 
 Unter-TttrkUelm, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, Neckar 
 circle, dist. Cannstatt. P. <4000. 
 
 Ilnterivaldeii, cant. , Switzd. , having N. the Lake of Lucerne, 
 which separates it from cant. Schwiz, elsewhere bounded by 
 cants. Lucerne, Bern, and Uri. It is subdivided into Ob dem 
 Wald, coinciding approximately with the valley of the Aa of 
 Sarnen (area 183 sq. m., P. (1888) 15,000, cap. Sarnen), and 
 Nid dem Wald, coinciding with the valley of the Aa of Engel- 
 berg (area 112 sq. m., P. 12,500, cap. Stanz), nearly all Roman 
 Catholics in both dists. , and speaking the German language. 
 Highest points — Titlis, at SE. corner, 10,625 ft. ; Rothhorn, at 
 SW. corner, 7715 ft. ; Brisen, in E., 7895 ft. ; and Pilatus, in 
 N W. , 7000 ft. The celebrated Briinig Pass (3395 ft. ) connects 
 the valley of Sarnen with that of Lake Brienz in cant. Bern. 
 The climate is raw in the uplands, but mild and agreeable 
 towards Lake Lucerne. Forests cover 24 per cent, of the area. 
 Pasturage and dairy husbandry (especially cheese-making) are 
 the chief employments. U. formed, with Uri and Schwiz, 
 early in the 13th century, the nucleus of the Confederation. 
 See Switzerland, table. 
 
 IlnterM'ester'wald, circle, Prussia, on the Westerwald. 
 
 IJntliauk, par. , Eng., Northumberland, b\ m. NW, Roth- 
 bury. P. 8. 
 
 Unyamwezl ('country of the moon;' mwezi, 'moon,' 
 according to Krapf), country in central Africa, between the 
 Tanganyika and Victoria Lakes. It consists of widely extending 
 plateaux, sloping gradually towards the N. , which form the water- 
 parting between the Nile (Victoria Nyanza) and the Congo (see 
 Tanganyika, Lukuga). U. is one of the most fertile and 
 densely peopled countries of equatorial Africa. The Bantu 
 inhabitants of U., the Wanyamwezi, are engaged in agriculture 
 and commerce ; since the times of antiquity the Wanyamwezi 
 have always had trade connections (ivory) with the Zanzibar 
 coast. Tabora, where the trade routes from the Lake Victoria 
 and Lake Tanganyika terrs. unite, is the trading centre of 
 Eastern Central Africa. U. belongs to German E. Africa 
 {q.v.). [H. G.S.] 
 
 IJnyango, vil., Portuguese E. Africa, in 12° 50' S. , 35° 
 30' E. 
 
 Ilnyanyembe, dist. of Unyamwezi, Ger. E. Africa, S. of 5° 
 S. , between 32° and 33° E., covered with innumerable villages 
 surrounded by impenetrable hedges of euphorbia, with an 
 extremely acrid juice. Chief town. Tabor or Kaze. 
 
 IJnylka, a beautiful tableland in the S. of Ger. E. Africa, 
 between Lakes Nyassa and Rukwa, in about 9° S. , 33° E. 
 Proc. R. G. S., 1890, p. 729. 
 
 Uny Lelant, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Ives div., at the head 
 of St. Ives Bay, 3^ m. SE. by S. St. Ives, with a stn. (Lelant) 
 on the G. W. R., PMT.O. (Lelant). P. < 1500. See Lelant. 
 
 IJnyoro, terr. in central Africa, sitimted NW. of Uganda 
 ((/.v.), between the Albert and Ibrahim Lakes. The S. parts 
 are hilly, the N. level and covered with forests. The inhabit- 
 ants of U. , the agricultural Wanyoro, are, according to Emin 
 Pasha, the oldest Bantu tribe of the Lake dist., and their 
 language is not only spoken by the surrounding Bantu tribes, 
 but also by the Wahuma (see Uganda), belonging to the Nuba 
 race. U. forms part of British E. Africa. Area estimated at 
 32,000 sq. m. P. unknown. [H. CI. S.] 
 
 Unzha, rivs., Russia, govts. Vologda and Kostroma. 1. Rises 
 in Vologda, flows SW. , SE. , and SW. (365 m. ), joins Volga from 
 left at Yurievets ; receives Mezha (1. bk. ) and Neya (r. bk. ). 
 Important artery for navigation (from Kologrio). 2. Left bank 
 trib. of Oka (80 m.). 
 
 Uotsn, maritime tn., Japan, isl. of Honshiu, 47 m. ENE. 
 Kanazawa, 14 m. NE. Toyama, on E. side of Bay of Toyama ; 
 chief industries, weaving of cotton stuffs, and export of fish. 
 P. 11,500. 
 
 Upalls-tsikke, vil., Russia. See Uplls-tsikhe. 
 
 Upata, vil. , S. America, Venezuela, Bolivar, 170 m. SSW. of 
 the SW. point of the Isle of Trinidad. 
 
 Upavon, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., on the Avon, 
 
 1635 
 
UPB E 
 
 U PTO 
 
 i6 m. N. Salisbury, 3^ m. SSE. Woodborough stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Vpberry, £ng. , Kent. See Gllllnghaiu. 
 
 Up Cerne, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., on the Cerne, 
 8^ m. N. by W, Dorchester, 4J m. E. by S. Evershot stn. 
 P, <:25o. 
 
 Ilpchnrcli, par., Eng., Kent, Faversham div., 5J m. E. 
 Chatham, ij m. ENE. Rainham stn. ; has considerable Roman 
 remains. The spire of its church serves as a landmark. PMT. O. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Vpcnlm, par. , Eng. , Devonshire. See IFffcnliiie. 
 
 Up Dicker, PMT.O., Eng., near Hellingly, Sussex. 
 
 Up Down Hill, PM.O. , Eng. , Surrey, i m. from Windlesham. 
 
 IJpeniba, lake, Congo Free State, in the course of the Lua- 
 laba, to the N. of 9° S. 
 
 Ilpembe, Has, cape, E. Africa, at the S. end of Pemba I. 
 
 IJperiilvlk, or llperiiavlk, vil. , Greenland, on an islet off 
 W. ct. , in 72° 48' N. Mean temp. (11 yrs.), yr. 17.4° F. , Jan. 
 5.8°, July 40.5° ; rfall. (10 yrs.), 10.47 in- 
 
 Up Exe and Sllverton, stn., Eng., Devonshire, on the 
 G. W. R., 5 m. S. by W. Tiverton. 
 
 Vpliall, par., Scot., Linlithgowshire, on Brox Burn, i m. N. 
 of its stn. on the N. B. R. , 5 m. SE. Linlithgow ; has paraffin 
 works and coal-mines. PMT.O. 4541 ac. P. (including Brox- 
 burn town) 8700. 
 
 Upham, post-vil., Canada, New Brunswick, King's co., 26 
 m. NE. St. John. P. <isoo. 
 
 Up'Iiani, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Petersfield div. , 6J m. SE. 
 by S. Winchester, 2 m. N W. by N. Bishop's Waltham stn. ; has 
 relics of a Roman villa. Birthplace of Young, author of the 
 Night Thoughts. PM.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Up Hatherley, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 2 m. SW. 
 Cheltenham. P. <25o. 
 
 Uphill, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., on the coast, 2 m. 
 S. Weston-super-Mare, on the G. W. R. (Bleadon and U. 
 stn.). UpWllCave, in the neighbourhood, is a bone cave. P.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Upliolland, par. and tn. , Eng., Lancashire, Ormskirk div., 
 4 m. W. Wigan, with a stn. (Orrell and U.) on the L. & Y. 
 R. ; has coal-mines. The church formed part of a priory founded 
 in 1319. PMT.O. 4685 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Uplce, tn., Austria. See Elpel. 
 
 Upln, riv. , Colombia, trib. of the Meta, crossed by 5° N. and 
 73° W. 
 
 Uplngton, tn. , S. Africa, Bechuana-land, cap. dist. Gordonia, 
 near the r. bk. of the Orange, in about 21° 20' E. 
 
 Uplngtonla, ephemeral republic, S. Africa, N. of Damara- 
 land, founded in 1884 by a few Boer families, who were soon 
 after obliged to place themselves under German protection. 
 
 Upland, bor. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, Delaware co. , 10 m. WSW. 
 Philadelphia. P. < 3000. 
 
 Uplawmoor, PT.O. , Scot. See Onplaynioor. 
 
 Upleadou, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of Dean div., 
 5^ m. NW. Gloucester. P. <:25o. 
 
 Upleatham, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland 
 div., %\ m. E. by S. Middlesbrough, 1^ m. S. Marske stn., P.O. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Upleta, port, India, Kdthiawar Penin., 90m. NW. by N. Diu. 
 P. (1881) 6300. 
 
 Uplls-tslkhe (Upalls-tslktae), vil., Russia, Transcaucasia, 
 govt, and 43 m. NW. Tiflis, on 1. bk. Kura ; near it old town, 
 all cut in crags of soft sandstone, and having streets, shops, halls, 
 and a palace with many inscriptions. 
 
 Uplowman, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 4 m. ENE. 
 Tiverton, 3 m. NW. by N. Tiverton Junction. P. <:50o. 
 
 Uplyme, par., Eng., in the extreme SE. of Devonshire, 
 Honiton div., 3 m. SSE. Axminster, P.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Up Manleu, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Westbourne union, 7 m. SW. 
 Midhurst. P. <;5oo. See Compton. 
 
 Upmlnster, par., Eng., Essex, Chelmsford div., 3^ m. ESE. 
 Romford, on London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly., PMT.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Up Nately, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, union and 4 m. E. Basing- 
 stoke. P. <25o. See Basing. 
 
 Upnor, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Med way div., i^ m. NNE. 
 Rochester, PM.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Upoln, isl. , S. Pacific, one of the Samoan group, crossed in 
 the SE. by 14° S. , 172^° W. 
 
 Upornaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Kuban, 
 dist. and SSE. of Labinskaya. P. 7600. 
 
 Upoto, stn. , Congo Free State, on the r. bk. of the Congo, at 
 the foot of Mount U., in about 21° 55' E. 
 
 Up Ottery* par., Eng., Devonshire, 15^ m. E. by S. Tiverton, 
 div. and 5 m. NNE. Honiton, PM.O.; 5898 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Upper Alton, city, U.S., Illinois, Madison co. , 24 m. N. St. 
 Louis by rail ; has a college and park. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Upper Astoria, vil., U.S., Oregon, Clatsop co, P. < 1500. 
 
 Upper Bank, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. NE. Swan- 
 sea, on M. & Neath and Brecon Rly. 
 
 Upper Black Eddy, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Bucks co. , on 
 1636 
 
 Delaware R. , 20 m. N. Doylestown, opposite Milford, its railroad 
 depot. P. < 1500. 
 
 Upperl>y, eccles. par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Eskdale div. , 2 m. 
 SSE. Carlisle, P.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Uppercluirch, par.. Ire., W. co. Tipperary, bar. Upper 
 Kilnamanagh, 8 m. W. by N. Thurles, PM.O.; 12,903 ac. P. 
 
 <20C)0. 
 
 IFppercros.s, bar. , Ire. , in the S. of co. Dublin. 
 
 irpper Lake. See Klllarney, Lakes of. 
 
 Ifpperlands, stn. , Ire. , co. Londonderry, on the Belfast and 
 Northern Counties Rly., 3 m. NE. Maghera, P.O. 
 
 Upper Mill, tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, Colne Valley div. , on the 
 L. & NW. R., 4j m. E. Oldham, PMT.O. (Uppermlll). P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Upper Mills, isl. , Canada. See Second Falls. 
 
 Upper Palatinate, Ger. , in the E. of the kgd. Bavaria. 
 
 Uppertliird, bar. , Ire. , in the N. of co. Waterford. 
 
 Uppertliong, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, union and 
 6 m. SW. Huddersfield. P. <25oo. 
 
 Upper-woods, bar.. Ire., in the W. of Queen's co. 
 
 Uppingham, pan, Eng., Rutland, 6 m. S. Oakham, on a 
 branch of the L. & NW. R. It has a famous grammar-school, 
 founded 1584, reorganised 1875. Since 1864 over ^1^120, 000 has 
 been spent on school buildings. Jeremy Taylor (1613-67) was 
 rector of U. Market-days, W. and S. Alt. 500 ft. P. <3000. 
 
 Upplngton, par. , Eng. , Salop, Wellington div. , 7 m. E. by S. 
 Shrewsbury, 2 m. S. Walcot stn., PMT.O. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (U. with Aston) P. <25o. 
 
 Upplngton, par., Wales, on the E. border of Montgomery- 
 shire, s m. NE. by E. Welshpool, i^ m. SW. by W. Middle- 
 town stn. P. < 250. 
 
 Upsala, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 1080 
 m. W. Montreal. 
 
 Upsala, tn., Sweden, prov. U., 40 m. NNW. Stockholm. 
 U. is divided into two quarters by a little river, the old quarter 
 on the r. bk. , with undulating hills, and the new quarter on the 
 lower r. bk. Seat of an archbishop and the Royal Academy of 
 Science, founded 1710. The cathedral, built in the Gothic style, 
 between 1289 and 1435, is one of the most beautiful religious 
 monuments in Scandinavia ; it contains the tombs of King 
 Gustavus Vasa, the naturalist Linnaeus, and of several celebrated 
 Swedish families — Sture, Brahe, Oxenstjerna. W. of the cathe- 
 dral is the new University, built 1879 86, founded in 1477 by 
 Sten Sture ; it has more than fifty professors, and about 1700 
 students. The university has collections of zoological specimens, 
 medals, and Northern antiquities, an anatomical museum, and 
 observatory. S. of the university is the first library in Sweden, 
 which counts amongst its greatest treasures the Codex argenteus, 
 copy of the old Gothic translation of the four Gospels by Bishop 
 Ulfila, and 7000 MSS. The botanical garden, with the statue 
 of Linnaeus, is near. E. of this garden is the castle, begun in 
 1548 by Gustavus Vasa. In the cemetery is the grave of the 
 poet and historian Geijer (1783-1847). In former times U. was 
 the centre of paganism, and there are remains of tombs, stones, 
 and other primitive monuments of this epoch. The fire in 1702 
 almost entirely destroyed U. Until the i8th century the Swedish 
 kings were crowned here. Old U. is a neighbouring village, 3 
 m. N. ; it was the centre of worship of the Scandinavian gods, 
 and replaced Sigtuna [q.v.) as the residence of the pagan 
 kings. Near are three large barrows or burial mounds where, 
 according to tradition, Odin, Thor, and Freya are buried. 
 By the side of these Kungshogar (King's Mounds) is a smaller 
 one called Tingshog, or ' the Hill of the (great) Popular 
 Assembly.' Mean temp., yr. 40.3° F., Feb. 22.9°, July 61.5°; 
 rfall. 21.16 in. P. (1873) 12,100; (1890) 21,500. 
 
 Upsall, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, union and 3 m. 
 W. Guisbrough. P. <25o. 
 
 Upsall, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton 
 div., i3i m. NE. Ripon, 3^ m. NNE. Thirsk, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Upshur, CO., U.S., Texas, in the NE., S. of 33° N., and 
 crossed in the W. by 95° W. 
 
 Upshnr, co., U.S., W. Virginia, W. of 80° W. , and crossed 
 in the N. by 39° N. , traversed by the Monongahela R. 
 
 Upsland, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding. See Kirkllng- 
 ton with Upsland. 
 
 Upson, CO. , U.S. , Georgia, just to S. of 33° N. , W. of 84° W. 
 
 Upstart Bay, inlet, E. ct. Queensland, crossed by 19° 45' S. 
 Length about 7 m. ; width, 9 m. 
 
 Upstart Cape, cape, E. ct. Queensland, in 19° 43' S. 
 
 Up Street, PM.O., Eng., near Canterlniry, Kent, i m. from 
 Grove Ferry. 
 
 Upton, vil., Canada, Quebec, Bagot co., 44 m. E. by N. 
 Montreal, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Upton, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 7 m. S. by E. Abing- 
 don, on the G. W. R. P. <:25o; eccles. par. (U. with Aston 
 Upthorpe) P. <5oo. 
 
 Upton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , i^ m. N. by E. 
 Chester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Upton, par., Eng., Cheshire, union and i^ m. NW. Maccles- 
 field. P. <2SO. 
 
U P T O — U R A L 
 
 Upton, par., Eng. , Cheshire, Wirral div., 3 ra. W. by S. 
 Birkenhead, 2 m. SE. Moreton stn., PMT.O. P. <75o ; eccles. 
 par. (r. or Overcliurcli) P. <75o. 
 
 IJptoii, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire, Tormoham par., in 
 town of Torquay. P. < 5000. 
 
 llpton, P. O. , Eng. , Gloucester, in par. of Hawkesbury. 
 
 Cpton, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and 6 m. NW. 
 Huntingdon, P.O. P. <:25o. See CopplngfoPd. 
 
 llpton, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, div. and 35 m. SW. by W. 
 Bosworth, 2^ m. N W. by W. Stoke Golding stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Upton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 4 m. 
 ESE. Gainsborough, P.O. P. <:25o. See Heapltani. 
 
 Upton, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, on the 
 Nen, 2^ m. W. Northampton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Upton, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, in the Soke of Peter- 
 borough. P. <25o. 
 
 Upton, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 10^ m. E. 
 by S. Worksop, 3.^ m. SE. by E. Retford stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Upton, part of eccles. par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 
 4 m. W. Newark, i m. N. RoUeston Junction. See Headon. 
 
 Upton, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., loj m. N. by 
 E. Tiverton, 3J m. N. Morebath stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Upton, par.," Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 6 m. S. Pontefract, 
 with a stn. (U. and N. Elnisall) on the Hull, Barnsley, and 
 W. Riding Junction Rly. P. <25o. 
 
 I pton, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Drlnglioe. 
 
 Upton, place. Ire., S. co. Cork, bar. Kinalea, 4^ m. NE. by 
 N. Bandon, with a stn. (U. and Innlsliannon) on the Cork, 
 Bandon, and S. Coast Rly., P.O. 
 
 Upton, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Upton, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3 m. NE. Pembroke. 
 P. <25o. See Nasli. 
 
 Upton and Signet, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Witney union, 
 
 1 m. W. Burford. P. <5oo. 
 
 Upton Blsliop, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 4 m. 
 NE. by E. Ross. P. <75o. 
 
 Upton Cressett, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 15 m. NW. 
 Kidderminster, 4 m. W. Bridgnorth. P. < 250. 
 
 Upton Grey, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 4^ m. SE. by 
 E. Basingstoke, 3J m. SSW. Hook stn., PT.O. p!<soo. 
 
 I pton Heath, PT. O. , Eng. , near Chester. 
 
 I'pton Hellons, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Molton div. , 8 m. 
 NW. by N. Exeter, 3 m. N. Crediton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Upton Lovell, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 13 m. 
 SSE. Trowbridge, i m, W. by N. Codford stn., PM.O. (U. 
 liovel). P. <:25o. 
 
 Upton Magna, pan, Eng., Salop, Newport div., 4 m. E. 
 Shrewsbury, on the G. W. R. and L. & NW. R., PT.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Upton Noble, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 6^ m. SW. by 
 S. Frome, 3 m. NE. Bruton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Upton on Severn, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Worcestershire, 
 Evesham div., 6 m. NNW. Tewkesbury, on the M. R. ; has a 
 harbour for river barges ; trade in cider. PMT. O. Market- 
 day, Th. P. < 2500. 
 
 Upton Park, eccles. par., Eng., Essex, on the London, 
 Tilbury, and Southend Rlv. , between Plaistow and East Ham. 
 P. 13,800. 
 
 Upton Pyne, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tiverton div., 3 m. N. 
 Exeter, P.O. P. <:500. 
 
 Uptoit St. Iieona.rd, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkes- 
 bury div., 3 m. SE. Gloucester, P.O. (U. St. Leonards). 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Upton Scndaniore, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Westbury div. , 6 
 m. S. by E. Trowbridge, 2 m. NNW. Warminster stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Upton Snodsbnry, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley 
 div., 6 m. E. Worcester, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Upton Warren, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Droitwich div., 
 
 2 m. SW. by W. Bromsgrove, i m. NW. Stoke Works stn. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Upton yvUU Clialvey, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wy- 
 combe div., li m. NE. Windsor, close to Slough stn.; burial- 
 place of Herschel the astronomer (died 1822). P. 7700. 
 
 Upton with Flshley, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, E. div. , 9^ m. 
 WNW. Yarmouth, i^ m. N. Acle stn., P.O. (Upton). P. <;75o. 
 
 Up Walthani, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 6| m. 
 NW. Arundel, 4 m. E. Singleton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Upway, or Upwey, par. , Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., 3^ m. 
 SW. by S. Dorchester, a junction stn. (Upwey) on the 
 G. W. R., PMT.O. (Upwey). P. < 1000. 
 
 Upwell, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, on riv. Nen, Isle of 
 Ely, union and 6 m. SE. Wisbech, PMT.O. ; 7675 ac. 
 P. <i5oo. The eccles. par. is partly in Norfolk. 
 
 Upwell, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 13J m. SW. by S. 
 King's Lynn, 4 m. E. Coldham stn.; 9353 ac. P. <25oo. The 
 eccles. par. is partly in Cambridgeshire. 
 
 Upwey, stn. , Eng. , Dorset. See Upway. 
 
 Upwood, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 7 m. 
 N. by E. Huntingdon, 3 m. SW. Ramsey, P.O. P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (U. with <>>reat Raveley) P. <75o. 
 
 Uqaia, tn., Argentine Republic, prov. and 60 m. N. by W. 
 Jujuy, 245 m. N. Tucuman. 
 
 Uraba, <;ulf of. See l>nrlen. Gulf of. 
 
 Uratch, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, Black Forest circle, 
 cap. dist. U., 15^ m. E. by S. Tubingen ; has cotton and linen 
 (damask) weaving, and bleaching-works. Alt. 1515 ft. P. 
 <:5ooo. 
 
 Urachlche, tn. , Venezuela, Lara, 140 m. W. by S. Cardcas. 
 
 Uraflrth, hamlet, Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, North- 
 maven par., at head of Ura Firth, 11 m. SSW. of the N. end of 
 the Mainland. 
 
 Ural, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., cap. dist. Jalaun, 65 m. 
 SW. by W. Cawnpur ; chief industry, weaving. P. (1881) 7700. 
 
 Uraldla, post-tn., S. Australia, co. and 10 m. E. Adelaide 
 by rail and road. P. < 1500. 
 
 UralyAr, Brit. India. See Trlchliiopoll. 
 
 Urakawa, vil., Japan, on the S. ct. of Yezo, 95 m. ENE. 
 Hakodate. 
 
 Ural, formerly ¥alk, riv., SE. Russia, enters the Caspian 
 Sea, and makes, on a large part of its course, the boundary 
 between Europe and Asia (European Russia and Governor- 
 Generalship of the Steppes) ; rises in govt. Orenburg, in the 
 southern spurs of the Karatash Mts. (2082 ft.), flows S.; then, 
 on meeting the Kirghiz plateau, bends W. at Orsk, and S. 
 again at Uralsk ; enters Caspian by many'branches, forming a 
 large delta; receives Sakmara (r. bk.), Ilek (1. bk.), and many 
 large tribs. For the last 350 m. of its course considerable 
 fishing, the Ural being the only large river in the world given 
 up exclusively to fishing. Length, 1335 m. 
 
 Uralla, tp.. New South Wales, Sandon co., 45 m. NE. 
 Tamworth ; gold-diggings in dist. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ural Mountains, series of mts. , Russia, extending from the 
 Arctic Ocean nearly to the Caspian Sea, and generally con- 
 sidered as a boundary between Europe and Asia. The Urals 
 are not the chain of mountains, nearly 1200 m. long, which they 
 are often represented to be on maps, but consist of a succession 
 of separate upheavals, some having a north-western direction 
 and some a north-eastern, and reaching their maximum heights 
 in a zone which lies, roughly speaking, from N. to S. They 
 consist of the following parts : — 1. The Pal-khol (Samoyedic, 
 ' Stony ridge'), or Coast Ridge (Beregoyol Khrebet), running 
 NNW. and NW. along the shores of the Kara Sea, and con- 
 tinued in the isl. of Vaigach and the S. isl. of Novaya Zemlya. 
 It is separated from the Ural by a marshy tundra, 30 m. wide. 
 Its dome-shaped summits rise above the upper limit of tree 
 vegetation ; highest summit Vozai-pai, 1312 ft. 8. The Ob- 
 dorsk or N.Urals begin near Kara Bay (Konstantinov Kameii, 
 68° 30' N. , 1490 ft. ), and run SW. to 64 N. Stony and craggy, 
 steep eastwards, gently sloping W. Have parallel secondary 
 chains. Its summits reach 3600 ft. to 4370 ft., in 66" and 67° ; 
 Sablya (64° 47' N., 5407 ft.), and Teplos-iz (63° 55' N., 5540 ft.). 
 Covered with dense forests in S. ; inhabited by only a few 
 hunters. 3. The S. part of the Northern Urals, from 64° to 61° 
 N. , consists of broad plateaux {parmas) stretching N W. to SE. , 
 with broad flat valleys and dome-shaped flat summits, only 
 exceptionally higher than 3000 ft. (Yang-tump, 62° 43' N., 
 4166 ft.), densely clothed with forests, and uninhabited. 4. The 
 Middle Urals, 61° o' (Denezhkin Kameii, 4238 ft.) to 55° 33' 
 N. (Tara-tash, 2800 ft.), of a very complicated structure. The 
 BogoslOTSk Urals, in the N. portion of that division, seem to 
 consist of several parallel chains running NE. , and attain 3000 ft. 
 to 4000 ft. in their summits (Konjakov Kamen, 5135 ft.) ; while 
 in the S. of Kachkanar (58° N., 2890 ft.) the Urals have the 
 aspect of broad deeply cut swellings, with valleys running SE. , 
 and sloping westwards so gently that the water-parting between 
 the rivers flowing respectively to Russia and to Siberia is only 
 1 180 ft. on the Siberian highway, while Ekaterinburg stands 
 only 300 ft. lower. Dense forests of coniferous and deciduous 
 trees, fertile valleys (black-earth), well peopled, and containing 
 the iron, copper, and gold mines of the Bogoslovsk, Gorobla- 
 godat, and Ekaterinburg mining dists. 5. The Sonthern Urals, 
 55° 30' to 51° o' N. , consist of a series of parallel chains running 
 NE. to SW., with an aggregate width of 65 m. (Ural-tau, 
 Urenga, Iremel, Zigalga, Yaman-tau chains), which attain alts, 
 of from 3375 ft. in Yurma, to 3950 ft. in Tagarma, 5040 ft. in 
 Iremel, and 5400 ft. in Yaman-tau. Picturesque gorges across 
 the chains ; forests no longer continuous ; rich pasture grounds 
 in the valleys. Of these chains, the Ural-tau is continued 
 further SW. in the Obshchiy Syrt. 6. It appears also probable 
 that the Mngojar Hills (S. of the great bend of Ural R.) and 
 the Jaman-tau (50° N.) must be considered as a continuation 
 of the Ural upheavals, geology. — The main axis of the up- 
 heavals consists of a broad strip of granites, syenites, diorites, 
 and porphyries, with subordinate Laurentian and Huronian 
 gneisses and slates ; this axis is invariably in the E. part of the 
 mountain region, and is covered, on the Siberian slope, directly 
 , by Tertiary and Quaternary deposits ; and on the W. slope by 
 Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic rocks, 
 manifoldly folded. In climate and distribution of vegetation, the 
 Urals are'an important boundary. Mines and Metallurgy. — 
 
 1637 
 
URAL 
 
 U R G N 
 
 The Urals are very rich in all sorts of metals and minerals. 
 Gold is obtained both from veins (less than 3000 lb.) and 
 diggings (about 18,000 lb. ); platinum, about 7000 lb.; copper, 
 about 50,000 cwts. Iron ore is widely spread, and two-thirds of 
 all blasting furnaces of the Russian Empire are in the Urals, 
 yielding one-half of the iron (about 4,000,000 cwts.) obtained in 
 Russia. Coal-mining of recent origin ; nearly 10,000,000 cwt. 
 of salt are extracted. Agriculture and cattle-breeding are very 
 prosf)erous in Middle and S. Urals, the latter being rapidly 
 colonised by immigrants. Two railways cross the Urals, one 
 from Perm to Ekaterinburg and Tyumeii, and the other from 
 Samara to Ufa, Zlatoust, and Omsk. The chief cities in the 
 Urals are : Ekaterinburg, Nizhne-Taghilsk, Zlatoust, Neviyansk, 
 Neivinsk in Perm, Votkinsk and Izhevsk in Vyatka, all having 
 over 10,000 inhabitants. 
 
 IJralsk, prov. , SE. Russia, belonging to the Governor- 
 Generalship of the Steppes, in the N. of the Caspian Sea ; has 
 Astrakhaii on W. , Samara and Orenburg on N. , Turgai and 
 Lake Aral on E. , and Transcaspian Terr, on S. Fertile in N. , 
 where the slopes of Obshchiy Syrt descend to Ural R. , and on 
 the Mugojar Hills — the remainder being dry, sandy, and clayey 
 steppes and deserts, large portions of which are below the level 
 of the ocean. Numerous lakes and old lagoons of the Caspian. 
 Watered by Ural, the two Uzeiis, and the Emba. Climate 
 extreme, with cold winters and hot and dry summers, during 
 which the grass in the steppes is burned. Average temp, at 
 Uralsk, yr. 39.5° F., Jan. 3°, July 73° ; yearly rfall. only 7 in. 
 The population consists of (i) the Ural Cossacks (about 90,000, 
 Great Russians), who occupy a separate terr., form a distinct 
 voisko, and possess valuable fisheries at the mouth of the Ural, 
 which are allotted every year among the separate villages ; (2) 
 Russian immigrant peasants, whose numbers are rapidly increas- 
 ing (15,000 in 1883, now much more) ; and (3) Kirghizes, of 
 whom over 400,000 are nomads, and confine themselves to cattle- 
 breeding. Active trade in cattle and its produce, especially with 
 the Kirghizes. Exports of fish, corn, cattle, tallow, hides. 
 Divided into four dists. : Uralsk, Kalmykov, Guriev, and Em- 
 binsk (chief town, Temirsk, a small port on Caspian). Area, 
 139,168 sq. m. P. (1883) 525,330; (1889) 559.550- 
 
 Uralsk, cap. of above prov. , on Ural R. , where it bends to 
 the S., 210 m. WSW. Orenburg, 51° 12' N., 51° 22' E. ; is about 
 to be connected by railway with Saratov. Considerable trade 
 with Kirghiz Steppe in cattle, sheep, and animal produce, ex- 
 ported to Russia, and manufactured goods imported. Till the 
 Pugacheff rising the chief town of the region was Yailskly 
 Gorodok, situated 30 m. higher up the Ural R. Alt. 358 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 38.2° F. , Feb. 4.8°, July 69.6°. P. 20,030. 
 
 Uralskoye, tn. , Russian Central Asia, now Irglz (q.v.). 
 
 Vrama, dist. , Brit. New Guinea, at the mouth of the Fly R. 
 (S. ct.), about i42^°-i44° E. 
 
 Vraniar, or Oramar, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 85 m. 
 SSE. Van, sanjak Hekkiari. P. 3000 (Kurds). 
 
 Vranibo, vil. , central Africa, Unyamwezi, in 4° 40' S. , 32° 14' 
 E. , 125 m. E. Ujiji, station of the London Missionary Society. 
 Alt. 3775 ft. 
 
 Vran, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Thdna, on Karanja I., 
 9 m. SE. Bombay ; has large customs-house and spirit-stores at 
 Mora, the port 3 m. N., and numerous distilleries. P. 11,400; 
 Hindus, 9600. 
 
 IJrana, postal-stn.. New South Wales, U. co. , 57 m. NW. 
 by N. Albury ; an irrigation scheme is projected. P. <i5oo. 
 
 IJrantlangle, tp. , Queensland, Piturie co. , in 21° 35' S., 138° 
 24' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vranga, or Lnlaiiga, large vil. , central Africa, Congo Free 
 State, on 1. bk. Congo just below the confluence of the Lulongo, 
 in about 0° 38' N., 18° 22' E. ; station founded here in 1884. 
 P. 5000. 
 
 Uranga, riv. , Afi-ica. See Ulanga. 
 
 Vras, tn., Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 15 m. SSE. Oristano. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Ilra-tynbe (Ora-tepe), tn., Russian Turkistan, prov. Syr- 
 daria, 39° 55' N., 68° 59' E. , 63 m. SW. Khojend, on highway 
 from Fergana to Jizak ; a citadel on a hill close by. P. 11,600. 
 
 rravakonda, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Anantdpur, 32 
 m. ESE. Bellary. P. 8600 ; Hindus, 7100. 
 
 Uraveli, riv., Russia, Transcaucasia, govt. Tiflis, dist. Ak- 
 haltsykh, r. bk. trib. of Kura. Several Georgian and Kurd 
 villages in its gorge, as also the l>aveU mineral waters, 41° 
 33' N. , 43° 3' E. , similar to Schwalbach. 
 
 UrazoTa, tn., Russia, govt. Voronezh, 76 m. due E. Kharkov ; 
 large fair ; entrepot for and trade in corn. P. 5000. 
 
 IJrbalacone, vil., Corsica, arr. aAl 14 m. SE. Ajaccio ; has 
 sulphurous springs, recently discovered, with thermal establish- 
 ment I m. SE. Alt. 1260 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 IJrbana, city, U.S., Illinois, Champaign co.,6i m. NW. Terre 
 Haute (Ind.); seat of the Illinois industrial university. P. < 4000. 
 
 IJrba'na, city, U.S., Ohio, Champaign co., 42 m. W. by N. 
 Columbus, with Swedenborgian university ; manufactures of 
 rolling-stock, agricultural and other machinery, carriages and 
 waggons. P. 6500. 
 -1638 
 
 IJrbanla, tn. , Italy, The Marches, prov. Pesaro, on riv. 
 Metaiiro, 34 m. ENE. Arezzo ; has pottery manufactures. U., 
 which was called Castel Durante till 1624, was celebrated, 
 especially in the i6th century, for its pottery. Bramante, the 
 architect, was born in the neighbourhood in 1444. P. (comm.) 
 5300- 
 
 Urbels, vil., Ger., govt. Alsace-Lorraine, circle Rappolts- 
 weiler, 10 m. WNW. Kolmar ; has cotton and silk weaving. 
 P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 IJrblno, tn., Italy, The Marches, prov. Pesaro, 23 m. S. 
 by E. Rimini; has silk-mills, oil-presses, brick-kilns, and 
 manufactures of majolica. The ducal palace, chef-d'oeuvre of 
 the Renaissance, was begun in 1468 by Frederick Montefeltro. 
 The house in which Raphael was born (1483) has, since 1872, 
 become the property of the Raffaello Academy. U. was from 
 the 13th to the 17th century the seat of a duchy belonging to 
 the Montefeltro family, then to the Rovere family, and was 
 united to the states of the Church in 1631 ; since i860 it has 
 formed a part of the kingdom of Italy. Alt. 1480 ft. Rfall. 
 yr. 39.3 in.; in Oct.-Nov. 9.5 in. P. (comm.) 17,200. 
 
 Vrbioii, Pico de, mt. , Spain, on the border of provs. Logroiio 
 and Soria, 37 m. SW. Logroiio. 
 
 llrchfont, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 12 m. E. 
 Trowbridge, 4 m. SSE. Devizes stn., P.O.; 6285 ac. P. <iooo; 
 eccles. par. (IJ. Mith Stert) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Urchilla, isl., Caribbean Sea. See Orchllla. 
 IJrchub, tn. , Servia. See Proknplje. 
 
 Vrcos, vil., Peru, dep. and 31 m. SE. Cuzco, cap. prov. 
 Quispicanchi. P. (dist.)<5ooo. 
 
 Vrda, tn., Spain, NewCastille, prov. and 35 m. SSE. Toledo, 
 dist. Madridejos. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 i'nllngeii, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., on the 1. bk. of the 
 Rhine, circle and 4 m. E. by N. Krefeld. P. <5ooo. 
 
 lire, riv. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, rising in the extreme 
 W. of the Richmond div., and flowing W. and SW. through 
 the N. Riding, past Hawes, Askrigg, Masham, Ripon, and 
 Boroughbridge, until \ m. below Myton-on-Swale it unites with 
 the Swale to form the Ouse. 
 
 lire, short riv. , Scot. , Argyllshire, flows W. into the Creran 
 on the N. of Benderloch. 
 
 Vrega, Vregga, Bnlega, or IMalega, vast region in the E. 
 of the Congo Free State, between the equator and the lat. of the 
 N. end of Lake Tanganyika, bounded on the S. by Manyema. 
 
 IJregare, par.. Ire., co. Limerick, bars. Coshma and Small- 
 county, on riv. Morning Star, 2 m. SE. Bruff ; 4844 ac. P. 
 <iooo. 
 
 Vreiinl, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I., Clifton co. , 20 m. 
 ENE. New Plymouth. P. <i50o. 
 Ureparapara, isl., S. Pacific, N. of Vanua Lava, Banks I. 
 Ur^s, tn., Mexico, cap. state Sonora, on 1. bk. of the Rio 
 Sonora, in about 29° 20' N. P. 8000. 
 
 Vrfa, tn. , the ancient Rohas, the Edessa of the Crusaders, Turkey 
 in Asia, 75 m. SW. by W. Diarbekir, commanded by a fortress 
 or castle founded in the time of Justinian ; has flourishing groves 
 and fertile gardens ; at the foot of the castle is a copious spring, 
 the ancient Callirhoe. Has remains of buildings of the Middle 
 Ages, including ruins of the palace of the princes of Courtenay, 
 suzerains of Edessa in the time of the Crusades. Vilayet Aleppo, 
 cap. sanjak U. P. 55,000; Moham. 40,800; Christians, 13,800 
 (Cuinet). 
 
 Vrfahr, tn.. Upper Austria, on the 1. bk. of the Danube, 
 opfKjsite Linz. P. 6400. 
 
 ITrga (name of doubtful origin, according to some from 
 Mongol ugo, a palace ; according to others a corruption of the 
 Mongol name Harac (an enclosure or encampment), in full 
 Bogdo Lama en Hurac (enclosure or encampment of the 
 supreme lama), also called Bogdo Kltnre, or Bogdo Khnreii, 
 tn., N. Mongolia, in about 104° 40' N., 107° E., situated in a 
 basin surrounded by hills, on the N. side of the plains of Gobi ; 
 the sacred city of the Mongols, and an important centre of 
 trade, several routes across the Gobi converging to this point, 
 whence a different mode of carriage is adopted for convenience 
 across the hills and through the valleys to the N. The prin- 
 cipal trade route is that from Kalgan, N. China (about 600 
 m. SE.), to Maimachin and Kiakhta (about 200 m. N.). Alt. 
 4300 ft. Mean temp., yr. 29.0° F., Jan. 17.2°, July 64.5° P. 
 (Mongol town) about 6000-7000; Chinese town, same distance 
 to the E. , about 5000 (Gilmour). 
 
 IJrgel, fortified tn., Spain. See Seo de IJrgal. 
 Ilrgel, rianos, de, plain, Spain, prov. and stretching E. and 
 S. of Lerida. The Urgel Canal (1853-60) takes the water from 
 the Segre at a spot 2 m. below Pons, and carries it over 
 aqueducts and through tunnels, across the Llanos de U., 
 returning to the same river again below Lerida after a course 
 of 90 m. Its network of irrigation channels is more than 2000 
 m. in length. It also affords 10,000-12,000 horse-power for 
 industrial purposes. 
 Vrglln, par.. Ire., N. co., bar. and 3 m. E. Carlow. P. 
 
 <750- 
 irrgnano, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 7 ra. SSW. Ber- 
 
TJRGU — URua 
 
 gamo, in the plain between the Serio and the Adda ; has silk- 
 mills. P. (coram. )<sooo. 
 
 Urgnb, tn. , Asia Minor, vilayet Konia, 28 m. W. by S. 
 Kaisarieh and Constantinople, on a deeply eroded tuff plateau, 
 the valleys and gorges of which separate variously shaped hills 
 (many of them conical), the sides of which are pierced with 
 openings leading to artificial caves, formerly the dwellings or 
 sepulchral chambers of aboriginal inhabitants. 
 
 Vrgiit, fort, Russian Turkistan, dist. Zerafshan, 26 m. SE. 
 by E. Samarkand. Alt. 3710 ft. P. 6000. 
 
 Url, cant. Switzd., enclosed by cants. Unterwalden, .Schwiz, 
 Glarus, Grisons, Ticino, Valais. and Bern. It consists of the 
 valley of the Reuss and its affluents, sloping down from Mount 
 St. Gothard on its S. border. Other notable heights are Uri 
 Rothstock in the W. (9620 ft.), Galenstock (11,802 ft.), and 
 Dammastock (11,920 ft.) in the SW. , and Oberalpstock (10,926 
 ft.) in the E. The climate is raw in the upper valley of the 
 Reuss and in the side valleys, but mild towards Lake Lucerne. 
 More than one-half of the surface consists of barren rock, or is 
 covered with glaciers. Cattle-rearing is the principal branch 
 of industry, cheese-making and bee-keeping being subsidiary 
 branches. Chief town, Altdorf. U. united with Unterwalden 
 and Schwiz in the 13th century to form the Swiss Confedera- 
 tion. It was the theatre of war between the French and the 
 allied Austrians and Russians in 1799. Area, 415 sq. m. P. 
 (1888) 17,300, nearly all Roman Catholics, and speaking the 
 German language. See Switzerland, table. 
 
 Urlagc, tn. , France, dep. Isere, arr. and 6 m. ESE. Gren- 
 oble; has a hot sulphur spring, known to the Romans, now 
 greatly valued for children. Charming situation. Alt. 1630 ft. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Uriels, Sinus, gulf, Italy. See Maiifredonla. 
 
 Uriconium, ancient tn. , Eng. See Wroxeter. 
 
 llrle Ness, cape, Scot., Shetland Is., in the NW. of Fetlar I., 
 in 0° 55' W. 
 
 rrlgl, lake, central Africa, to the W. of Lake Victoria Nyanza, 
 crossed in the N. by 2° S. 
 
 lJ-rlt>taniig, vil.. Lower Burma, dist. Akyab, on the Kuladan 
 R.. 10 m. NE. by N. Akyab. 
 
 IJpk, isl., Holland, in the Zuider Zee, 24 m. E. Hoorn, in- 
 cluded in the prov. of N. Holland. P. 2600. 
 
 Ilrlaii, electoral div. , Ire., Clare, dist. Newmarket. 
 
 Ilrlatl (urlatsi), tn., Roumania, prov. Prahova, on the Cricova, 
 10 m. ENE. Ployeshti. P. <4000. 
 
 ITrlaup liOngh, lake, Ire., SE. co. Mayo, 22 m. E. Castlebar. 
 
 Urlee, electoral div, , Ire. , Kerry, dist. Ballylongford. 
 
 ITrllfliknppe, mt., Austria, Silesia, in the NW., 32 m. NW. 
 by W. Troppau. 
 
 Ilrllngford, par. and tn., Ire., NW. co. Kilkenny, bar. 
 Galmov, 10 m. ENE. Thurles, 8 m. from Horse and Jockey 
 stn., PMT.O. Par. P. < 1500; tn. P. <75o. 
 
 llplossen, comm. , Ger. , gd. -duchy Baden, circle and 8 m. 
 NE. Offenburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Ilrlnk, vil., E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, on Chikoi R., 40 
 m. E. Kyakhta. P. < 5000. 
 
 rrmar Tanda (rrmup T^nda, census), tn., Brit. India, 
 Punjab, dist. Hoshidrpur, 48 m. E. by N. Amritsar ; forms a 
 single municip. with the neighbouring town of Tanda and the 
 suburb of Ayahpur. P. 11,600; Hindus, 4500; Moham. 6800. 
 
 t'pni^ny, comm., Hungary, co. and dist. Nyitra. P. < 4000. 
 
 ITrmla, or IJrnnilyali, tn. and lake, Persia. See Urninla. 
 
 ITrmstoii, par., Eng., Lancashire, eccles. div., 4^ m. SW. by 
 W. Manchester, on the Cheshire Lines Rly. , PMT.O. P. <45oo. 
 
 Ifrnascli, vil., Switzd., cant. Appenzell, Outer Rhodes, 8 m. 
 SW. by S. St. Gall. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 IJrnerloch, Switzd. See Devil's Bridge. 
 
 IJniey, par., Ire., co. Cavan, bars. Lower and Upper Lough- 
 tee, containing the town of Cavan ; 7502 ac. P. <:45oo. 
 
 Ilrney, par. , Ire. , cos. Donegal and Tyrone, bars. S. Raphoe, 
 W. Omagh, and Lower Strabane, on rivs. Finn and Mourne, 
 containing Clady town, 2 m. from Castlefinn stn., PM.O. ; 
 22,062 ac. P. 7600. 
 
 rr of Moati, tn. , Syria. See Rabba. 
 
 Urola, small ct. riv. of the Guipiizcoa, Spain, Basque Provs. , 
 flows from the Cantabrian Pyrenees into the Bay of Biscay at 
 Zumaya ; has a bar at its mouth. Length, 37 m. ; area of basin, 
 127 sq. m. 
 
 IJpori, or I'sango, dist. , equatorial Africa, N. of Lake Nyassa. 
 
 IJppeth, par., Eng., Durham, Chest er-le-Street union, 8 m. 
 N. Durham. P. <25oo. 
 
 Vrqnhart, par., Scot., Elginshire, 4^ m. E. Elgin, with a 
 stn. on the G. N. ofS. R., P.O.; 13,066'ac. P. <20oc. 
 
 llrqnliari and dleninori-ston, par., Scot., Inverness-shire, 
 13^ m. SW. Inverness. The ruins of U. Castle, besieged by 
 Edward I., stand W. of Loch Ness. 122,705 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 ITrqnliart and Logle- Wester, par. , Scot. , Ross and Crom- 
 arty, and Nairnshire, on riv. Conon and Cromarty Firth, 8 m. 
 NE. Beauly ; 13,581 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 IJrqnlza, colony, Argentine Republic, Entre Rios, on the 
 1. bk. of the Rio Parana, 10 m. ENE. Parana. 
 
 ITpr, par., Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, on U. Water, containing 
 Dalbeattie town ; 15,426 ac. P. < 5000. 
 
 llrrall Fell, hill, Scot., Wigtownshire, in the NE., 8 m. W. 
 by N. Newton Stewart. Alt. 604 ft. 
 
 . Ilppay, par., Scot., Inverness-shire and Ross-shire, 4^ m. 
 SW. by S. Dingwall, 2 m. NW. Muir of Ord stn., P.O.; 72,640 
 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Upre Lafqnen (or Lauqnen), salt-lake, Argentine Republic, 
 govt, of the Pampa, crossed in S. by 38° S. and 65^° W.; re- 
 ceives the Rio Salado or Chadi-Lenbu ; no outlet. 
 
 Urrlsbeg, mt., Ire., NW. co. Galway, 32 m. SW. by S. 
 Westport. 
 
 Ifrr Water, riv. , Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, issues from Loch 
 Urr on the border of Dumfriesshire, and flows S. into the 
 Solway Firth. See Roagb Flrtb. 
 
 rrseren (or IJrsem) Thai, high valley, Switzd., composing 
 the S. part of cant. Uri, running E. from the Furka Pass to 
 the St. Gothard road ; contains the villages of Realp and 
 Andermatt. 
 
 rrslia, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 21 m. NE. by N. 
 Gallipoli. 
 
 Trshnlt, vil., Sweden, prov. Kronoberg, 24 m. S. Vexio ; has 
 salmon fisheries. P. (comm. ) 5700. 
 
 rrskog, vil., Norway, prov. and 25 m. E. Christiania. P. 
 (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Erswlck, par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div., 6 m, 
 NE. Barrow, 2^ m. W. by S. Conishead Priory stn., P.O. 
 (Great C) ; 4043 ac. P, <isoo. 
 
 Ertavar, tn. , Russia. See Ordnbat. 
 
 IJrilcn, Monte, mt., Sardinia, near the W. ct., 41 m. S. 
 Sassari. Alt. 3440 ft. 
 
 IJma, or Rua, country, central Africa, belonging to the 
 Congo Free State, and situated on both sides of the Upper 
 Congo, between the Lomami R. and Lake Tanganyika. The 
 source rivers of the Congo, the Lualaba and Luapula, unite in 
 this country, and the Lukuga R. traverses the E. parts of it. 
 The S. portion of U. belongs to the Kasongo terr. U. is in- 
 habited by Bantu tribes. [H. O. S.] 
 
 IJrnapan, vil., Mexico, state Michoacan, 62 m. WSW. 
 Morelia ; produces fine coffee. P. 8000; comm. P. 11,200. 
 
 Vrnbaniba, vil., Peru, dep. and 12 m. NE. Cuzco, cap. prov. 
 U. , on r. bk. of Rio U. Alt. 9565 ft. P. (dist.) 6900. 
 
 rrnbu, tn. , Brazil, state Bahia, 316 m. W. Sao Salvador, on 
 r. bk. of the Rio Sao Francisco, in 12° 37' S. P. 3000. 
 
 Ilrnbnpnnga, Salto do, a fall on the riv. Parana, Brazil, in 
 about 20° 30' S. 
 
 Vrnchlco, vil. , Costa Rica, 78 m. ESE. San Jos^. 
 
 Uragnay (the Banda Oriental, ' E. side or bank,' of riv. 
 Uruguay in relation to the Argentine), the smallest republic in 
 S. America (between 3o°-3S° S., S3°-59° W.), with a curved base 
 (Atlantic and Plata, 310 m.) about three-quarters of the size of 
 Great Britain ; divided into the departments named in the 
 following table : ' — 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Area in 
 sq. m. 
 
 Estimated 
 Pop. 1892. 
 
 Pop. per 
 sq. m. 
 
 Artigas 
 
 4.392 
 
 17,866 
 
 4.0 
 
 Canelones . 
 
 1.833 
 
 66,749 
 
 36-4 
 
 Cerro Largo 
 
 5.753 
 
 26,489 
 
 4.6 
 
 Colonia 
 
 2,192 
 
 37,162 
 
 16.9 
 
 Durazno 
 
 5.525 
 
 27,044 
 
 4-9 
 
 Flores .... 
 
 1.744 
 
 14,106 
 
 8.8 
 
 Florida 
 
 4.673 
 
 29.915 
 
 6.4 
 
 Maldonado . . . 
 
 1.584 
 
 20,034 
 
 12.6 
 
 Minas . . . 
 
 4.844 
 
 24,267 
 
 5-0 
 
 Montevideo . 
 
 256 
 
 238,080 
 
 934 
 
 Paysandii 
 
 5. 115 
 
 30.507 
 
 5-9 
 
 Rio Negro . 
 
 3.269 
 
 15.713 
 
 4-7 
 
 Rivera .... 
 
 3.790 
 
 17,087 
 
 4-5 
 
 Rocha .... 
 
 4,280 
 
 22,767 
 
 5-3 
 
 Salto .... 
 
 4.863 
 
 33.567 
 
 6.9 
 
 San Jose 
 
 2,687 
 
 30,214 
 
 II. 2 
 
 Soriano 
 
 2,192 
 
 37,162 
 
 16.9 
 
 Tacuarembo 
 
 8,074 
 
 25.838 
 
 3-2 
 
 Treinta y Tres 
 Total . 
 
 3.686 
 
 17.773 
 
 4-8 
 
 72,110 
 
 728,447- 
 
 10. 1 
 
 Orograpby and Hydrograpby. — U. is a country of imdula- 
 ting hills, representing the southernmost slopes of the Brazilian 
 plateaux, surrounded by the alluvial deposits of the estuary of 
 La Plata. The principal river is the Uruguay {q.v.), on the 
 W. frontier, and all the middle of the country is occupied 
 by the basin of the chief trib. of that river, the Rio Negro- 
 Tacuarembo-Yi, the W. and NW. limits of which are Sierras 
 
 1 From Statesman's Year- Book. 
 
 2 Estimate based on the census of 1891, which showed a population of 
 708,000, but which is believed to have been so defective as to yield a 
 total about 7 per cent, below the true number. See below. 
 
 1639 
 
URUG — URVO 
 
 Sant' Anna (1600 ft.) apd Haedo (1310 ft.); the-NE. Ac^gya 
 {the highest, 2036 ft.), E. and SE. , Cuchilla Grande (1470 ft.), 
 prolonged southwards by a spur which reaches 1500 ft. in 
 Minas ; all the other streams are small (arroyos, 'rivulets'). 
 Numerous lakes along the E. ct. (Merim, Mangueira, &c.), 
 and vast swampy regions {Banados de la India Muerta, &c.). 
 'Cieology. — The N. and central tracts are Archaean (granite and 
 gneiss, covered with eruptive rocks) and Palaeozoic (carboni- 
 ferous in some points). In the middle riv. Negro, along riv. 
 Uruguay, and to the E. slopes, Tertiary formations appear. 
 Blocks of syenite remain in situ, with a false appearance of 
 glacial remains in the middle of the deep sediments of sand 
 and Pampean clay which surround the older rocks, and in 
 which the great fossil mammifers (Megatherium) have been dis- 
 covered. The minerals include gold (at Cunapiru, Peru, San 
 Gregorio, Tomas Cuadra), lead (at Minas, Maldonado, Melo, 
 Arerungua, Sarandi, Yi, Corrales, Monte Averia), manganese 
 (on the Rio Batovi), copper (at Minas, Maldonado, Melo, Godoy, 
 Negro), tin (at Nico Perez), silver (at Yi, Molles), iron (at Peni- 
 tentes, Rocha), coal (at Las Canas, Yaguari, Melo), lignite, 
 peat [Banados], graphite (at Arerungua, Rosario), amethysts, 
 agates, opals (Piedras Chinas ; at Salta, Catalan Hills). Nume- 
 rous mineral waters (Piriapolis, &c. ). The climate of central 
 U. is very excessive, irregular, and dry. Mean temp, in- 
 creases one degree (from 62° to 67°) for each degree of lat. 
 between 35° and 30°. There are two distinct seasons, hot 
 (Nov.-April), with the SE. trade winds, cold (May-Oct. ). 
 Rains most abundant during the transition from one season 
 to the other. Storms in June with SW. winds [Pamperos), 
 or in November with SE. [Su-estada). Montevideo, 10 yrs. , 
 mean temp. 62° F., Jan. 73°, July 51.8°; max. 105°, min. 
 21°; rfall. 43 in. in 36 days; relative humidity, 77.3 per 
 cent. On the N. , down to the middle riv, Negro, the flora 
 is still Brazilian and tropical [Araucaria Brasiliana, Cocos 
 Yatai, Mati), with many medicinal, dye, gum, resinous plants. 
 On the S. it belongs to the Pampas region (from the lower 
 Rio Negro-Yi), with grasses of the genera Melica, Bouteloa, 
 Stipa, or merely the solitary Ombu [Ficus ombu). The algar- 
 robo [Prosopis), 30-50 ft. high, quebracho [Loxopteryginus), 
 Paulinia timbo, Celtis tala ; opuntia and agave are met 
 with everywhere. Poplars, pomegranates, olive trees, euca- 
 lyptus, all the fruits and vegetables of S. Europe have been 
 very successfully introduced. The fSnuua (Chilean sub-region 
 (?) of neo-tropical region) is Brazilian, N., and Argentine, S. 
 The American ostrich [Rhea Nandu) is now reared in large 
 numbers. The riv. Uruguay, the Plata, and Atlantic coast are 
 very rich in fishes (Maldonado fisheries). The seals [Otaria) are 
 diminishing (Lobos Is.). Ethnograpby. — Down to the i8th 
 century the Charruas (Guarani (?), allied to the Minuanes of 
 Parana, resisted the Spaniards, who had easily subjugated the 
 Yaros, Bohanos (riv. Negro mouth), and the Chanas (riv. U. 
 isls. ). The population has a good deal of native blood [chinos). 
 Some negroes since 1702, but in course of extinction. Slavery 
 abolished in 1830. Thirty p)er cent, of the actual population 
 are foreign immigrants (Basques, Italians, Brazilians, Argen- 
 tines, French, English, Germans). Agrlcnltnral Products. — 
 The principal centres of production are to the SW. of a line 
 from Paysandu to Durazno and Maldonado, and above all 
 around Montevideo, the cap. , but there are many new centres 
 [colonias) all over the country. The characteristic feature is 
 the vast pastures [estancias, chacras) ; the rearing of cattle (six 
 millions), horses (half a million), sheep (thirteen millions ; the 
 merino reared since 1832), and the industries (salt and dry 
 meat extract, dry blood, bones, hides, leather, wool, horse- 
 hair) dependent thereon, the important centres of which [sala- 
 deros) are on the littoral from Montevideo to riv. U. (Fray 
 Bentos, Liebig Extract of Meat Co.; English since 1864.) To- 
 bacco and wine are grown at Salto, Paysandu, Montevideo. 
 Means of Communication. — Railways (since 1869) radiate 
 now from two centres: (i) From [a) Montevideo (branch to 
 San Jos6) to Yi, Negro, Tacuarembo valleys, Rivera on the 
 Brazilian border, cross from S. to N. the whole republic ; [b) 
 Santa Lucia, upper Yi (Nico Perez) valleys, towards riv. Tacuari 
 (Melo) and the NE. border; (<:) by the littoral to Minas; (2) 
 From riv. U.; [a) Paysandu to Salto, branching [b) to Santa 
 Rosa ; and [c) Santo Eugenio (Brazilian border). The principal 
 ports are: (i) Montevideo, Colonia (on the La Plata); (2) [a) 
 Higueritas or Nueva Palmira, Carmelo, Independencia, Pay- 
 sandu, Salto ; [b) Constituition, Santa Rosa (all on the riv. U. ) ; 
 (3) Soriano, Mercedes (riv. Negro); (4) San Salvador; (5) 
 Paloma, Coronilla, Castillos Grandes, Bucco, Ensenada del 
 Ingles. Regular steamers to Brazil, N. America, Canary Is., 
 the Pacific, Africa, Europe. Commerce. — Exports, animal 
 products, piedras chinas (Germany). Imports, raw materials, 
 articles of dress, cereals, tobacco, spirits, machinery. Exports 
 and imports, 1862, $17,000,000; 1872, $34,000,000; 1882, 
 .'S!40, 000,000 ; 1892, $46,000,000. Trade principally with Great 
 Britain, then France, Brazil, Argentina, United States, Germany. 
 Public Institutions. — Constitution of 1830. President in- 
 directly elected for four years. One senator elected by each 
 1640 
 
 department for six years. One deputy (representing 3000 
 inhabitants) for three years. Army of 25,000 ; small navy. 
 Roman Catholic, state religion ; all others tolerated. Metric 
 system since 1862, but old Spanish measures still in use. Silver 
 peso, or dollar=ifi. 3d. History. — The first European explora- 
 tions and settlements belong to the period 1516-74. In 1680 
 Colonia de Sacramento was founded by the Portuguese. In 
 1724 Montevideo was founded by the Spaniards. In 1810-17 
 took place the war of independence against the Portuguese and 
 Spaniards. In 1824 U. was incorporated to Brazilian Empire 
 under the name of Cisplatina prov., but gained its independence 
 in the war of 1825-28. P. (1825) 80,000 ; (1883)520,000; (1891) 
 750,600 ; (1892) 800,000. [J. B. R.] 
 
 Uruguay, riv., S. America, rises in the coast chain Serra 
 Geral, in the Brazilian prov. of Rio Grande do Sul, less than 50 
 m. from the sea, its upper branches being the Rio das Pelotas, 
 das Canoas, and Marombas. The river flows WNW. , separat- 
 ing the Brazilian provs. of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catha- 
 rina ; at the confluence of the Peperi Guassu on the right, a little 
 E. of 54° W. , it turns to the SW. and forms the frontier between 
 the Argentine Republic and prov. Corrientes on the right side, 
 and the state of Rio Grande do Sul and the U. Republic on the 
 left. All the rivers of the W. half, as well as of the N. of state 
 Rio Grande do Sul, are tribs. of the U. , the more important 
 streams being the Ijuhy Guassu, the Piratinim, the Icabaqua, 
 and the Ibicuy-guassu. From U. itself the river receives the 
 Quaraim (N. frontier stream), Arapey, and Rio Negro. It joins 
 the Rio de la Plata in 34° 12' S. by a mouth 9 m. wide. The 
 largest ships ascend 373 m. from the sea. Navigable to Paysandu 
 for sea-going ships, and to Salto (31° 20' N. ) for coasting vessels. 
 A railway runs past the rapids from Salto to Santa Rosa, whence 
 river steamers can ascend to Uruguayana in Brazil. Total 
 length, 931 ni. 
 
 Uruguay, tn. , Argentine Republic. See Concepcion del U. 
 
 Uruguayana, tn. and important fortress, Brazil, state Rio 
 Grande do Sul ; celebrated for the battle in 1817 which decided 
 the independence of the Uruguay Republic against the Portu- 
 guese. Here, too, in 1865, the Paraguayan general, Estigarribia, 
 was obliged to surrender to Dom Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil. 
 P. 8000. 
 
 Urulii, riv., central Africa. See Ruki. 
 
 Urulga, vil. , Russia, E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, 83 m. 
 SW. Nerchinsk, on Ingoda R. P. <2C)00. 
 
 Urumea, small coast riv., Spain, Basque Provs., rising in the 
 mountains of Navarre, flows NNW. into the Bay of Biscay at 
 San Sebastian. Length, 37 m. 
 
 Urnmla, or Darla-Sbab ('royal lake'), lake, Persia, prov. 
 Azerbaijan, a landlocked basin, with waters of intense salinity. 
 It is shallow (greatest depth, 46 ft.) and studded with numerous 
 islands, particularly towards the S. The Aji Chai, Jaghatu, 
 Tatau, and Zula are its chief feeders ; it has no visible outlet. 
 At various places near the SE. shore so-called springs yield 
 coloured marbles (frequently known as Maraga marble, from a 
 town near the quarries), which are in great repute for ornamental 
 purposes. Alt. 4100 ft.; length, 80-90 m.; breadth, 20-30 m.; 
 area, 1600 sq. m. 
 
 Urnmla, Urumiyab, shortened by the Christians into 
 Urmia, or Urmi (Curzon), in Armenian Vormla, tn. , Persia, 
 prov. Azerbaijan, a few miles from the W. shore of Lake U., 
 65 m. SW. by W. Tabriz. 
 
 Urumtsl, the Tibwa-chou of the Chinese, tn., China, 320 
 m. ESE. Kulja, chiefly important for its strategic position, com- 
 manding the only practicable defile for troops with cannon from 
 Dzungaria into E. Turkistan ; it is the headquarters of the 
 Chinese government in Turkistan. The town is surrounded by 
 double walls ; it appears to consist of nine or ten distinct small 
 fortified towns. Also called Urumchl. P. 10-30,000. 
 
 Urundi, region, central Africa, at N. end of Lake Tanganyika. 
 
 Urungu, or Ulungu, the country round the S. end of Lake 
 Tanganyika, Brit. S. Africa. 
 
 Urungu, riv., central Asia, western Mongolia, flows WNW. 
 into Lake Ulyungur. 
 
 Urun-Islilmpnr, municip. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Sdtara, 
 93 m. W. by N. Bijapur. P. (1881) 8900. 
 
 Urup, one of the Kurile Is., in the N. Pacific Ocean, imme- 
 diately N. of Iturup, in 45° 39' N., 149° 34' E. ; mineral products 
 comprise copper, sulphur, and quartz. Off its N. side are four 
 small islands, producing a good supply of vegetables for ship- 
 ping. Length, NE. to SW., 50 m.; breadth, 12 m. 
 
 Urupskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Kuban, 
 dist. Labinskaya, 42 m. WSW. Stavropol, on lower course of 
 Urup K., a 1. bk. trib. of Kubaii, 10 m. above their junction. 
 P. 9665. 
 
 Umrl, tn. , Italy, Abruzzi, prov. and 20 m. NNE. Campobasso. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Ums-martan, vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Terek, dist. 
 Groznyi, in Chechnya. P. 9600. 
 
 Urnssauga, small riv., Brazil, Santa Catharina, entering the 
 Atlantic in 26° 50' S. 
 
 Urvolgy, vil. , Hungary. See Herrengrund. 
 
U R Y A — U S T I 
 
 Ilryaiikbes, Turkish tribe inhabiting NW. Mongolia, in the 
 upper course of the Yenisei (Bei-khem, Ulu-khem, and Bom- 
 kemchik), and nomads in W. Sayans, Russia. P. about 45,000. 
 
 Uryuplnskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, prov. of Don Cossacks, 
 chief town of dist. Khoperskiy, on 1. bk. of Khoper, 273 m. by 
 highway NE. of Novocherkask ; connected by branch railway 
 (22 m. ) with Alexikovo stn. on railway to Tsaritsyn. Great 
 fair for cattle, cottons and other textiles, hides, sheep-skins, and 
 metals (returns, ;^6c)0,ooo-;^i,ooo,ooo). Mean temp., yr. 42.8° 
 F. , Jan. 12.6°, July 71.6°. P. 9600. 
 
 Urzhiiin, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 127 m. S. Vyatka; 
 trade in linen exported. P. 6400. 
 
 Us, riv. , E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, Minusinsk region, r. bk. 
 trib. of Yenisei ; rises in Ergik-targak-taiga, as Amyl, from 
 Lake Chornoye. Length about 170 m. Soyot population on 
 its banks. 
 
 Ilsagara, mountainous and fertile country in Ger. E. Africa 
 (g.v.), W. of the Zanzibar coast. It is inhabited by an agri- 
 cultural Bantu tribe, the Wasagara. U. is well adapted for 
 agriculture (maize, millet, bananas) and cattle-rearing. Iron 
 ores occur at various places. [H. H, 8.] 
 
 IJsagre, tn. , Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 56 m. SE. Badajoz, 
 dist. Fuente de Cantos ; has mercury mines. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Usanibara, mountainous or hilly country in N. of Ger. E. 
 Africa, N. of the Pangani, and bounded on the SW. by the 
 Mkomasi, trib. Pangani, between 38° and 39° E. , crossed by 5° S. 
 
 Usaiublro, dist. , equatorial Africa, to the SW. of Lake Vic- 
 toria Nyanza ; station of Church Missionary Society. 
 
 Ilsaiigo, dist. , Africa. See IJrorl. 
 
 Usanngula, stn., Ger. E. Africa, Usaramo, 74 m. WSW. 
 Dar-es-Salaam. 
 
 IJscli, tn., Prussia, prov. and 44 m. N. by W. Posen, circle 
 Kolmar-in-Posen, on the riv. Netze, opposite the influx of the 
 Kiiddow. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 llscle Soliie, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, on riv. Raba, 12 
 m. NNE. Bochnia. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Usedoni, tn. , Ger., prov. Pomerania, isl. of U., 14 m. W. by 
 S. Swinemiinde. At the diet in 1128, Christianity was adopted 
 by the Pomeranians. P. <2ooo. 
 
 IJseguUa. See Uzegulia. 
 
 Useke, vil., Ger. E. Africa, Ugogo, in 6° 22' S., 34° 58' E. 
 
 Useless Bay, S. Chile, on W. side of Tierra del Fuego, crossed 
 by 53° 20' S. , 70° o' W. 
 
 Usenis, tn., Spain, Valencia, prov. and 14 m. NW. Castellon 
 de la Plana, dist. Lucena. P. (comm. )<4ooo. 
 
 Usliak, tn., Asia Minor, 55 m. NE. by E. Alashehr ; noted 
 for its manufacture of carpets, which are the finest sold in 
 Smyrna. P. 15,000. 
 
 Ilsha-Uiig, pass, China. See Wuso-llng. 
 
 Usitaiit (French Onessant), isl. , France, dep. Finistere, 27 m. 
 W. by N. Brest. At the NW. extremity is a lighthouse, in 48° 
 28' N., 5° 8' W., visible 21 J m. Steep coasts, but there is a 
 small fishing port, OuessaiU {g.v.). Area less than 20 sq. m. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 . Ushaw moor, stn., Eng. , Durham, on the NE. R., 4 m. W. 
 Durham, PM.O., and PMT.O. (Usliaw). 
 
 Usheutsli Lighthouse, headland, Scot., on E. ct. of S. Uist 
 I., Outer Hebrides, Inverness-shire. 
 
 Ushkiib, Turkey. See t^skiib. 
 
 Usiiiunghzal, pass, Brit. Afghanistan, 19 m. NE. by N^ 
 Quetta, now traversed by the railway through the Nari Pas's. 
 
 Ushnagh, Hill of. Ire. , in the SW. of co. Westmeath, 10 m, 
 WSW. Mullingar. 
 
 Ushnu, or Ushnuye, tn., Persia, Azerbaijan, about 23 m. W. 
 by S. of the SW. corner of Lake Urumia. Alt. 4500 ft. 
 
 Ushtaraiias, tribe in Brit. Baluchistan, dwelling in the Sulai- 
 man Mts. , about 31° i5'-3o' N. 
 
 Ushiiala, maritime vil., Patagonia, cap. Tierra del Fuego 
 terr. , in U. Bay, 54° 52' S. ; has good anchorage; abundant 
 water-supply ; land suitable for agriculture and pasturage ; culti- 
 vation of potatoes, turnips, and even strawberries. An English 
 Protestant mission has been established here since January 1869. 
 Mean temp, (yj yrs. , 1876-82), yr. 42.0° F. , Jan. 52.2°, July 30.8°. 
 
 Usla, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs., Ghazipur dist., in 25° 25' 
 N.,83°4S'E. P. (i88r) 5400. 
 
 Usliig-hu, lake, China, in the SW. angle of prov. Shansi, 
 where the Hwang-ho changes its direction from S. to E. , in the 
 midst of a desert plain covered with salt crystals. 
 
 Uslul, tn. , Sardinia, prov. and 5 m. S. Sassari. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Usk, contributory pari. bor. , par., and market-tn. , Eng., 
 Monmouthshire, on the riv. Usk, which is celebrated for its 
 salmon, 6J m. E. Pontypool, on the G. W. R. ; has ruins of an 
 old castle ; the church was originally attached to a Benedictine 
 nunnery founded in the 13th century. PMT.O. Market-day, 
 F. P. < 1 500. See IMoiimonth. 
 
 Usk, par., Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Narragh and Reban East, 6 
 m. S. Kilcullen. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Uska, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Basti, 120 m. N. 
 Benares ; centre of trade with Nepal. P. 6600 ; Hindus, 7500 ; 
 Moham. 900. 
 
 Uskaue, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Lower Ormond, 2 m. 
 NE. 'Borrisokane ; 7656 ac. P. <:750. 
 
 Uskavagli, Loch, inlet, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the E. of 
 Benbecula I. 
 
 tiSkiib, or Ushknb (Turkish), Servian Skoplje (Skoplye), 
 tn. , Turkey in Europe, cap. prov. tj., on the Vardar, 39 m. 
 ESE. Prizren, one of the most important centres of com- 
 munication in Turkey ; has a citadel, and Roman aqueduct. 
 U. was, under the Romans, the cap. of Dardania. Birthplace 
 of the Emperor Justinian. In 1180 the town was taken by 
 Stefan Nemanya, king of Servia, who lost it again. It was 
 reconquered in 1279 by king Stefan Dushan and made the cap. 
 Alt. 950 ft. P. 22,000; Servians about 11,000; Turks 6000 (G. ). 
 
 tiSkiib, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 9 m. E. Kirk- 
 Kilise, 53 m. S. Burgas. 
 
 Uskttdar, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Skutarl. 
 
 Uslar, tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle U., 15 m. NW. by 
 W. Gottingen. P. < 3000. 
 
 Uslon, Upper and Lower, two vils., Russia, govt, and 10 
 m. SW. Kazafi, on opposite bank of Volga. P. 1600 and 1625. 
 
 Usniaii, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 117 m. by rail SW. of 
 Tambov. P. 8200. 
 
 Usmaivo, dist., central Africa, on the S. of Lake Victoria 
 Nyanza, in about 33° s'-40° E. 
 
 Uso'ga, or Busoga, country, central Africa, in British sphere 
 of influence, on N. shore of Lake Victoria Nyanza, W. of 
 Kavirondo, and separated by the Nile from Uganda still further 
 W. On the lake low and swampy, inland broad open valleys 
 alternating with wooded gently sloping rising grounds. A 
 country of great beauty and fertility. Inhabited by people 
 (Wasoga) of a negroid type. 
 
 Usollye, vil., Russia, govt, and no m. N. Perm; important 
 river-port on Kama. P. 8000. 
 
 Usollye, salt-works, E. Siberia, govt, and 45 m. below Irkutsk, 
 on the Angara ; convict prison. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Usoitgora, country, central Africa, in British sphere of in- 
 fluence, between Mount Ruwenzori and the N. shore of Lake 
 Albert Edward. Inhabitants (Wasongora) of a rather light 
 colour, akin to the Wahuma. 
 
 Uspallata, vil. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 40 m. WNW. 
 Mendoza ; in the neighbourhood are copper-mines and old lead- 
 mines now abandoned. Alt. 6400 ft. Mean rfall. 7.4 in. 
 
 Uspallata Pass, pass across the Andes, in 32° 50' S. , taking 
 its name from the village of U.; alt. 12,330 ft. A metre-gauge 
 railway is now being made across the Andes at this place, and 
 is to cross the chain in a tunnel 3. 15 m. long. Alt. at Argen- 
 tine entrance, 10,425 ft.; at summit, 10,460 ft.; at Chilean 
 entrance, 7295 ft. 
 
 Uspenskaya, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. Kubafi, 
 68 m. NW. Stavropol, on Kulala R., and on old highway from 
 Rostov to Stavropol. P. 8140. 
 
 Usqnert, vil., Holland, prov. and 13 m. N. byE. Groningen. 
 P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Usqnll, vil., Peru, dep. Libertad, prov. and 9 m. NNE. 
 Otusco. P. (dist.) 8300. 
 
 Ussat-les-Baliis, vil. and thermal stn., France, dep. Arifege, 
 arr. Foix, 2 m. SSE. Tarascon, on r. bk. of the Ariege ; opposite 
 the village above the left shore of the Ariege is the grotto of 
 Lombrives or des Echelles, one of the most remarkable in Foix, 
 celebrated for the large quantity of human bones mixed with other 
 objects which have been obtained. Alt. 1605 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 UssegUo, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 25 m. NW. 
 Turin ; rich in iron, cobalt, and copper. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ussel, tn. , France, dep. Correze, 41 m. WSW. Clermont- 
 Ferrand, cap. of am; has iron ore and granite quarries; dis- 
 tillery. U. was the cap. of the duchy of Ventadour. Alt 
 2135 ft. P. < 4000. 
 
 Usselby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 15J m. 
 SW. Great Grimsby, on the M. S. & L. R. P. <;25o. 
 
 Ussle, Loch, lake, Scot. , Ross-shire, 3 m. WSW. Dingwall. 
 
 Ussle Valley, P.O., Ross and Cromarty, 3 m. NW. Conon 
 Bridge. 
 
 Ussoit, thermal establishment, France, dep. Ariege. See 
 Ronze. 
 
 Ussuu, name of a race of Turkish origin, still found in the 
 names of certain Kirghiz and Uzbeg tribes. 
 
 Usi, Russian. See Ustiye. 
 
 Ustarlts, tn., France, dep. Basses- Pyr^n^es, arr. and 7 m. 
 S. by E. Bayonne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ust-ltnkhtarnilnskaya, vil. , Russia, W. Siberia, 167 m. 
 ESE. Semipalatinsk, at junction of Bukhtarma with Irtysh. 
 
 Uster, tn. , Switzd., cant, and 8 m. E. by S. Zurich; has 
 cotton and silk mills, manufactures of electrical apparatus, and 
 iron foundries. P. (comm. ) 7000. 
 
 Ustica, isl., Mediterranean, belonging to Italy, off N. ct. of 
 Sicily, 40 m. NNW. Palermo. Soil volcanic and highly fertile, 
 producing corn, wine, and olives. Length, 4 m.; breadth, •2.\ 
 m. P. 2000. 
 
 Ust-ilga, vil., E. Siberia, govt, and 200 m. NNE. Irkutsk, 
 on 1. bk. Lena; boat-building. P. <:iooo. 
 
 1641 
 
ij^^'i ^ UT AK 
 
 • Ustiye, Russian, ' mouth' of a river. In its abbrevi^'ted form 
 of f/f/ appears in many names. 
 
 U§t-ltanieMogor8k, dist. tn. , Russia, prov. and 135 m. SE. 
 Semipalatinsk, on r. bk. Irtysh, on highway to Bukhtarma ; 
 formerly a fort ; trade in cattle. Alt. 1 140 ft. P. 6550. 
 ' Vst-Katarskly, iron-works, Russia, govt, and 125 m. (by 
 road) ENE. Upa, at junction of Katav and Yurezaii. P. <:50oo. 
 
 IIst-Kazanskaya, port of and 3 m. from Kazaii, at junction 
 of Kazanka with Volga. 
 
 rst-Knt, Crown salt-works, E. Siberia, govt. Irkutsk, at 
 junction of Kuta with Lena, 172 m. SW. Kirensk; convict 
 prison. P. <:2COO. 
 
 Ilst'Iiablnskoye, Cossack vil. , Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kuban, at junction of Laba with Kuban, 37 m. ENE. Ekateri- 
 nodar. P. 5430. 
 
 IIst-Labinskaya, peasant vil. close by. P. 1260. 
 
 1?8t-3Iai8kaya, vil. , E. Siberia, prov. and 207 m. SE. Yakutsk, 
 60° 25' N. , 134° 30' E., on the Aldan R., on bridle path to 
 Okhotsk. P. < 1000. 
 
 1J8t>9Ie«lTye<llt8kaya, Cossack vil., Russia, prov. of Don 
 Cossacks, chief town of Medvyeditskiy dist., 265 m. NNE. 
 Novocherkask, on r. bk. Don. P. 14,520. 
 
 Ust>Nltsa, or Fst-Nitslnskaya, vil., W. Siberia, govt. 
 Tobolsk, 40 m. NW. Tyumen, at the junction of Nitsa with 
 Tura; head of highway to Irbit. P. < 5000. 
 
 I78t-OIen§koye, vil., E. Siberia, govt. Yakutsk, Vilyuisk 
 region, 72° 57' E. , 122° 15' E. , at mouth of Olenek. 
 
 I'ston, vil., France, dep. Ariege, arr. and 14 m. SSE. St. 
 Girons ; to the S. are rich beds of lead, silver, copper, and 
 zinc, not worked on account of the difficulty of transport. 
 Below are two grottoes, in which bones and objects of the stone 
 age have been found; near one of these grottoes is a spring 
 said to be miraculous. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vstron, tn. , Austria, Silesia, on the Vistula, 43 m. ESE. 
 Troppau; health resort. P. < 5000. 
 
 Vst-Stryelka, Cossack vil., Russia, i m. from junction of 
 Shilka with Arguii, head of Amur, 53° 19' N., 121° 50' E. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 r8t>Sysol§k, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 580 m. NE. Vologda 
 (via Ustyug and Yarensk), on the 1. bk. Sysola, 2 m. above its 
 junction with Vychegda. Alt. 328 ft. Mean temp. (51 yrs. , 
 1817-67), yr. 32.5° F. , Jan. 4.6°, July 61.6°. P. <:sooo. 
 
 r8t*T§ylnia, vil., Russia, govt. Arkhangelsk, 460 m. ESE. 
 Mezeii, at junction of Tsylma with Pechora. P. <20oo. 
 
 Bst-IIda, vil. , E. Siberia, govt, and 132 m. N. Irkutsk, on 
 Uda R. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Ust'-IJrt, plateau, nearly 92,000 sq. m. in area, and 600 to 
 1000 ft. high, Russia, Transcaspian Terr., between the N. 
 Caspian and Lake Aral ; it falls by an abrupt slope (Chink) to 
 the deserts of the Transcaspian. See Transcaspian Territory. 
 
 Ust-Yansk, vil. , Russia, E. Siberia, govt. Yakutsk, dist. and 
 NNE. Verkhoyansk, at the entrance of the Yana into Arctic 
 Ocean, in 70° 55' N. , 136° 30' E. Average temp., yr. 0.5° F., 
 winter -35.5°, spring -0.2°, summer 46.5°, autumn 1.0°. P. < 
 1000. 
 
 lIst-lTes, Tatar vil. , E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, dist. and 126 
 m. SW. Minusinsk, at junction of Yes with Abakan. P. <:5000. 
 
 Ilstyng, vil., E. Siberia, govt. Yeniseisk, 27 m. from Kras- 
 noyarsk, on Ustyug R. P. <20oo. 
 
 IJstyng Velikiy, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 300 m. NE. 
 Vologda, on highway to Arkhangelsk, on Sukhona, 2^ m. above 
 its junction with the Yug; old colony of Novgorod; manufac- 
 ture of brushes, &c. ; and export of bristles, of boxes, hosiery. 
 Brisk trade in com, hemp, and flax, bristles, butter, &c. Mean 
 temp. (13 yrs., 1840-52), yr. 34.4° F., Jan. 4.7°, July 66.0°. P. 
 about 10,000. 
 
 Vstynzluia, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 257 m. E. Novgorod, 
 on Mologa R. ; building of barges. P. 7250. 
 
 Usn, or Cslilllng, pass, China, same as Wnsollng. 
 
 Vsnguru, isl., in the NE. of Lake Victoria Nyanza, central 
 Africa. 
 
 Usui, region, central Africa, to the W. of the SW. end of 
 Lake Victoria Nyanza. 
 
 llsukl, tn., Japan, E. ct. Kiushiu I., no m. E. by N. 
 Nagasaki. P. 11,400. , 
 
 rsnknma, region, central Africa, to the SE. of Lake Victoria 
 Nyanza, crossed about the middle by 3° S. , and 44° E. 
 
 rsnintan, tn., Central America, Salvador, 70 m. SE. by 
 E. San Salvador. 
 
 IJsnniaclnta, riv. , Central America, rises in Guatemala, near 
 the E. frontier, between 16° and 17° N., flows NW. through 
 the Mexican provs. of Cheapas and Tabasco, and by two arms 
 joins the Grijalva or Tabasco near its mouth. It is also con- 
 nected by a navigable channel with the Lake Terminos, 50 m. 
 further to the E. Length, 400 m. 
 
 Vsnr HoHnr(1J8Ar, census), tn. and fort, Brit. India, Madras, 
 dist. Salem, 22 m. SE. Bangalore ; the remount dep6t for the 
 Madras army is 4 m. from Usiir. Alt. 3120 ft. P. 5800; 
 Hindus, 5100. 
 
 rsnrl, vil., central Africa, Unyamwezi, in 4° 43' S., 33° 58' E, 
 1642 
 
 IFsurl, large riv., Russian Manchuria, r. bk. trib. of lower 
 Amur, is formed by the junction of Fu-dzi and Sando-ho, 
 in Sikhota-alin Mts. , to the NE. of Vladivostok ; flows NW. , 
 receiving from left the Daubi-ho, and after a course of 90 m. 
 the Sungacha, which flows from Lake Hangka (Khangka)" 
 through fertile prairies. From this spot the U. is regularly 
 navigated, and flows NE. , first through a hilly fertile region, 
 then through wide marshy tracts dotted with lakes, and again 
 through a chain of wooded mountains which run NE. from 
 Manchuria across the Usuri and along the lower Amur. It joins 
 the Amur in 48° 16' N. , 134° 53' E. , at the vil. of Kazakevicheva, 
 although its mouth is usually considered to be at Khabarovsk.- 
 It forms the boundary between Chinese Manchuria in W. and 
 Russia (Maritime Prov.) in E. , from its junction with Muren. 
 Receives several rivers, Im, Bikin, Khor (For, or Por), from 
 right, Sungacha and Mureii from left. A line of Cossack villages 
 has been established along the banks of the U. and up the 
 Sungacha to Lake Hangka ; but the inhabitants find great diffi- 
 culties in the thick forests of its lower course, and the marshes 
 of its middle course, especially during the torrential rains of 
 July and August, and the inundations which follow. Only the 
 upper course villages (Sungacha to Ima) are prosperous. A 
 railway from Vladivostok to Khabarovsk is being built along the 
 U.; in 1895 it had reached the mouth of Ima R. Total length 
 of U. and Daubi-ho, 478 m. 
 
 I'sarl Bay. See Peter the Great Gulf. 
 
 I'sntu, riv., S. Africa, flows E. from Swazi-land into Ama- 
 tonga-land, where it joins the Pongola to form the Maputa, in 
 about 26° 50' S. 
 
 llswortli, Great and Little, par., Eng., Durham, in the 
 NE. of the Chester-le-Street div. , 4^ m. SE. Newcastle, with 
 a stn. (r.) on the NE. R., P.O. (IJ.), and PM.O. (r. Colliery). 
 P. -cSooo. 
 
 llta, vil. , Sardinia, prov. and 9 m. WNW. Cagliari. P. < 2000. 
 
 Utah, one of the Rocky Mountain states of the American 
 Union, bounded E. by Colorado, S. by Arizona, W. by Nevada, 
 N. by Idaho. Wyoming cuts out the NE. corner from its 
 otherwise rectangular area, leaving it rather smaller than Great 
 Britain. Settled by the Mormons under Brigham Young a year 
 before the Mexican treaty of 1848 transferred it to U.S. Desire 
 to retain control over the predominantly Mormon population 
 delayed its admission as state till 1894. The surface has a 
 general elevation of some 6000 ft. The Wasatch Mts., forest- 
 clad to the snow-line, with several peaks exceeding 13,000 ft., 
 divide U. into a lesser W. and a larger E. part. In the E. the 
 Uintah Mts., forming the N. boundary from Wyoming, slope 
 S. in a series of elevated plateaux, broken, like the mountains, 
 by the remarkable river canons. Here are the Uintah and 
 Uncompahgre Indians' reservations, most of which are about 
 (1894) to be sold to settlers. Broken mountains occupy the S. 
 The W. is part of the Great Basin, and chiefly desert, but the strip 
 adjoining the mountains is fertile under irrigation, and chief 
 seat of population. The strip extends from N. border to S. of 
 the freshwater Utah Lake, rich in trout, whose waters run N. 
 by the Jordan River to the Great Salt Lake (q.v.). Near the 
 E. coast of this lake are Salt Lake City, the capital, and Ogden, 
 the only cities over 8000. Gentile majorities control these, but 
 the farmers are Mormon, both here and in the few other cultiv- 
 able valleys. Hay and wheat are the chief products, but 
 unimportant ; cattle-raising is possible on plains unfit for culti- 
 vation. Climate of different parts varies, rainfall slight, winters 
 usually moderate, but dry hot summers, with frequent cold 
 nights [Salt Lake CityJ. The death-rate from respiratory 
 diseases is high, but that from consumption very low. Rocks 
 of all ages occur, and minerals abound. The gold yield is con- 
 siderable ; the silver mined, 1890-93, averaged .$10,484,744 
 yearly, an amount only Colorado and Montana surpass. Dis- 
 tance of markets prevents the working of cheaper minerals. 
 Carboniferous strata yield no coal, but large areas of later rocks 
 in N. and SE. contain it. Iron and copper occur, the yield of 
 lead is large, and of asphalt important. Salt is obtained from 
 the Great Salt Lake borders and elsewhere. Area, 84,970 sq. 
 m. P. 207,900. See United States, table. [W. S.l 
 
 Utah, CO., U.S., Utah, crossed by 40° N. and 112° W., and 
 containing U. Lake, a body of fresh water lying S. of Great 
 Salt Lake, to which it is trib. by the river Jordan ; abounds in 
 fine trout ; 4500 ft. above Salt Lake. Length, 25 m. 
 
 1 talis, l^tes, or Yntes, tribe of the Shoshone Indians, occupy- 
 ing a large reservation in the SW. of Colorado ; they number 
 about 1900, and live chiefly by hunting and fishing. 
 
 Utala, more correctly El-l'tala, 'the little plain,' oasis, Algeria, 
 113 m. SW. Constantine. 
 
 IJtal-shan, China. Same as >Vntal-shan. 
 
 Iltakamand (Ootacaninnd, census), municip. , Brit. India, 
 Madras, cap. dist. Nflgiri Hills, 36 m. NNW. Coimbatore ; 
 situated on an extensive plateau in an amphitheatre encircled by 
 hills ; has an artificial lake. It is the chief sanitarium of the 
 Madras Presidency, and has become the summer headquarters 
 of the government of Madras. A large number of coffee-planters 
 live here. Has the Lawrence Asylum, botanical gardens, the 
 
U T A M — U Y E A 
 
 government cinchona plantations, the Hobart Park, and recrea- 
 tion grounds. Mean temp., yr. 55° F. , Jan. 48°, May 59°; rfall. 
 (11 yrs.), yr. 45.8 in., April-Oct. 39.4 in. Alt. 7228 in. P. 
 15,100; Hindus, 9100; Christians, 4200. 
 , Iltniiiboiii, riv. , W. Africa. See Muni. 
 
 lltan, port, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Thana, in 19° 18' N., 
 72° 49' E. P. <:500o. 
 
 IJtaradlt, tn. , Siam, 92 m. NE. by E. Rahang. 
 
 Utelle, tn. , France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, arr. and 15 m. N. 
 Nice, of which it is one of the outermost defences, commanding 
 the fortified gorges of the V^subie, 1. bk. trib. of the Var ; 
 noted for cheese. SW. on a peak, with an alt. of 3850 ft., is a 
 chapel, with venerated Madonna and an extensive panorama. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 l'teiul!^Ii, or Otninysli, Kumyk vil. , Russia, Caucasia, prov. 
 Daghestan, dist. Tabasaraii, 35 m. NW. Derbent. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Utengnln, vil. , Ger. E. Africa, 54 m. NNW. of the head of 
 Lake Nyassa, in 8° 45' S. , 33° 50' E. 
 
 rte Peaik, mt. , U.S., Colorado, Grand co., on the S. of 
 Middle Park, 50 m. W. Denver. Alt. 11,968 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 Ute Peak, mt. , U.S., Colorado, 25 m. NE. by N. of the 
 SW. corner of the state. Alt. 9884 ft. (Hayden). 
 
 l^ter»«eii, tn. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle Pin- 
 neberg, 17 m. NW. by W. Hamburg, on the Rinnau, which is 
 here navigable. P. 5300. 
 
 Utes, tribe. See lltalis. 
 
 Utica, ancient city, N. Africa. See Bn Skater. 
 
 IJtlcn, vil., U.S., Illinois, La Salle co., on Illinois R. , 94 m. 
 W. Chicago by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 IJtlca, Nortk, adjoining vil. P. < 1500. 
 
 IJtica, vil., U.S., Indiana, Clark co., on r. bk. of Ohio R., 
 7 m. NE. Louisville ; lime is extensively manufactured. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Utica, vil., U.S., Michigan, Macomb co. , 20 m. N. Detroit. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Vtlca, vil., U.S., Missouri, Livingston co. , 66 m. E. St. 
 Joseph. P. < 1500. 
 
 Utica, city, U.S., New York, Oneida co., on Mohawk R. and 
 the Erie Canal, 44 m. E. by N. Syracuse ; important railway 
 and canal centre. Extensive manufactures of engines and 
 boilers, machinery, iron and brass castings, stoneware, fire- 
 bricks, carpets, &c. The town is built on the site of old Fort 
 Schuyler. Alt. 428 ft. (Erie Canal). P. (1880) 33,900; (1890) 
 44,000. 
 
 Utica, vil., U.S., Ohio, Licking co., 35 m. NE. by E. 
 Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Utiel, tn. , Spain, prov. and 45 m. W. by N. Valencia, dist. 
 Requena. P. (comm. ) 10,600. 
 
 Utila, isl. , Honduras. See Bay Inlands. 
 
 Utlrik, or KutnsoflT, isls., Pacific, Marshall Archipelago, 
 Ratak or E. group. 
 
 Utkiiitoii, par., Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 9^ m. E. 
 by S. Chester, 3 m. N. Beeston and Tarporley stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Utll Berg, hill, Switzd. , cant, and 2 m. SW. Zurich. 
 
 Ut«, isl., Finland, in the Baltic, with a lighthouse, in 59^46' 
 N., 21° 22' E. 
 
 Uto, isl., Sweden, in the Baltic, prov. and 25 m. S. by E. 
 Stockholm ; with iron-mines. P. 505. 
 
 Utopia, vil., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., 52 m. NNW. 
 Toronto, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Utopia Lake, Canada, S. of New Brunswick, Charlotte co. , 
 near the Bay of Fundy, into which it is drained. 
 
 Utranla, municip. , Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Gonda, 94 m. 
 ENE. Lucknow ; has magnificent groves of mango-trees. 
 P. (1881) 5800. 
 
 Utrecht, tn. , Netherlands, cap. prov. U. , 35 m. E. The 
 Hague, at the place where the Kromme Rijn becomes the Old 
 Rhine, sending out in the N. a canalised arm, the Vecht, and 
 S. the Vaartsche Rijn Canal, which ends at Lek. Has manu- 
 factures of cloth, woollen goods, silk, velvet, carpets, pottery, 
 plate-glass, organs, fire-engines, chemical products, carriages, 
 needles, tobacco, salt, gin, and tiles. Seat of a Catholic arch- 
 bishopric ; also of the archbishopric of the Old Catholics. U. 
 is protected by powerful forts, and forms the strategic out- 
 post for Amsterdam on the land side. Its cathedral, built 
 1254-67, on the site of an old church, was partially destroyed 
 by a hurricane in 1674 I it contains the tombs of several bishops. 
 The fine tower, built 1321-82, is 340 ft. high, and has forty-two 
 bells ; on its summit is a meteorological observatory. Near the 
 cathedral is the university, founded 1633, with more than 500 
 students ; it has a natural history museum, physiological and 
 physical laboratories, and a rich library with 110,000 vols, and 
 1500 rare manuscripts. The Pope's House, occupied by the 
 administration, perpetuates the memory of Adrian VI., once 
 provost of U. , where he was born, 1459. Amongst the museums 
 of the archbishopric are those of the Society of Arts and Sciences, 
 with a collection of pictures of the U. school, and of antiquities. 
 U. was known to the Romans as Trajectus ad Rhenum, and 
 to the Frisians and Franks as Witteburg. At the end of the 
 7th century it became the residence of the powerful prince- 
 
 bishops. In 1559 the bishopric was made an archbishopric. 
 At U. the union of the seven Netherland provs. , which threw 
 off the Spanish yoke, was formed, Jan. 29, 1559 ; here, too, in 
 1713, the treaty of peace between France, Spain, England, and 
 Holland was concluded, which put an end to the War of the 
 Spanish Succession. U. was occupied by the French in 1672 
 and 1795. Mean temp., yr. 47.7° F., Jan. 34.3°, July 63.1°; 
 rfall. (7 yrs.), 30.4 in. P. (1889) 86,000. 
 
 Utreclit, tn. , S. African Republic, cap. of U. dist. , about 
 13s m. N. Pietermaritzburg (Natal). 
 
 Utrera, tn. , Spain, prov. and 20 m. SE. Seville, cap. dist. U. 
 The environs are rich in grain, olives, and fruits ; has salt 
 springs. P. (comm.) 15,000. 
 
 Utria, Puerto, small bay, Colombia. See Puerto Utrla. 
 
 Ut»tn-no-niiya, tn. , Japan, 73 m. N. by E. Tokyo. P. 30,800. 
 
 Uttak, Sierra, mt. chain, Argentine Republic, Patagonia, 
 govt. Rio Negro, about 50 m. from the W. ct. of the Gulf of 
 San Matias. Length, 93 m. 
 
 Uttaniapallaiyain, tn., Brit. India, Madras, Madura dist., 
 in 9° 49' N. , 77" 22' E. P. 8200 ; Hindus, 5600. 
 
 Uttarpiinl, municip., Brit India, Bengal, Hugh dist., on 
 Huglf R., immediately N. of Bali ; noted for its public library 
 collected by Jai Krishna Mukharji, rich in works on local topo- 
 graphy and books published in India. P. 6500 ; Hindus, 6300. 
 
 Utterby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 4 m. 
 NNW. Louth, i^ m. S. Ludborough stn., P.O. P. <;50o. 
 
 Utterstierg, vil. , Sweden, prov. Vestmanland, 32 m. WNW. 
 Vesterds. 
 
 Uttertioii, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Victoria, 24 m. 
 from Gravenhurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Uttigeii, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 4 m. NW. Thun, on the 
 1. bk. of the Aar. P. <20oo. 
 
 Uttoxeter, Saxon Uttocceaster, par., Eng., Staffordshire, 
 Burton div., 12 m. NE. by E. Stafford, on the N. Stafford and 
 G. N. Rlys. ; it has iron forges, hardware manufactures, tan- 
 ning, and rope-making. PMT.O. Market-day, W. 9209 ac. 
 P. 5500. 
 
 Uttwll, or Uttwyl, vil., Switzd., cant. Thurgau, 9J m. SE. 
 by E. Constance, on the S. shore of Lake Constance. P. <20oo. 
 
 Utyatskoye, vil., W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, on Tobol R., 
 140 m. S. Tyumefi. P. <20oo. 
 
 UtzeiiHtorf, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 6 m. S. by E. Solo- 
 thurn. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Uva, riv. , Colombia, flows some 190 m. E. to the Guaviare, 
 trib. of the Orinoco. 
 
 Uvac, riv. , forming a part of the SW. frontier between Servia 
 and Turkish dist. of Novibazar, flows NW. and enters the Lim 
 on the frontier of Bosnia. Length, 75 m. 
 
 Uvalde, tn., U.S., Texas, U. co., 80 m. W. by S, San 
 Antonio ; has medicinal mineral springs. P. < 1500. 
 
 Uvarovo, vil., Russia, govt. Tambov, 5 m. N. Borisoglyebsk 
 railway stn. , on Vorona R. P. 5600. 
 
 Urea, isl.. Pacific. See Loyalty Islands. 
 
 U'Ttnsa, region, central Africa, to the E. of Lake Tanganyika, 
 S. of 5° S. 
 
 UTunia, isl., in the N. of Lake Victoria Nyanza, central 
 Africa, in 33° 4o'-52' E. 
 
 Uwajinia, tn., Japan, on the W. ct. of Shikoku, 185 m. SW. 
 by W. Kobe. P. 11,700. 
 
 U'waskinia, islet of Nagasaki port, Japan, on N. point, in 32° 
 43' N. , 129° 56' E. ; has a lighthouse. 
 
 Uxbridge, vil. with rly. stn., Canada, Ontario prov. and co., 
 35 m. NNE. Toronto. P. <3000. 
 
 Uxbridge, par. and market-tn., Eng., in the W. of Middlesex, 
 U. div., on the Colne, 6i m. WSW. Harrow, on a branch of 
 the G. W. R. ; iron-founding, brick-making, brewing, market- 
 gardening, and fruit-growing carried on. Market-days, Th. and 
 S. Par. P. <35oo ; tn. P. 8200; pari. div. P. (1891) 67,800; 
 eccles. par. (IF. Moor), P.O., P. < 2000. 
 
 Uxbridge, post-tn., Tasmania, Buckingham co., 22 m. W, 
 by N. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 Uxbridge, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 16 m. SE. by 
 S. Worcester. P. <4000. 
 
 Uxbridge Koad (for Shepherd's Bush), stn., Eng., London, 
 on the outer circle of the Dist. Rly., G. W. R., L. & NW. 
 R. , and the Metropolitan and W. London Rlys. , 5 m. W. St. 
 Paul's. 
 
 Uxellodunum, tn. , France. See Issoudun. 
 
 Uxmal, site of ruins, Mexico, Yucatan, 30 m. SSW. Merida, 
 12 m. WNW. Ticul ; possesses some of the most remarkable 
 and best preserved structures of the ancient Mayas in Central 
 America, especially the Governor's House and the Nuns' House. 
 
 Uya, riv. , French Guiana. See Malinri. 
 
 Uyae, or Lydia, isls. , Marshall Archipelago, in N. Of Ralik 
 or W. g;roup. 
 
 Uyanskoye, vil. , E. Siberia, govt. Irkutsk, 140 m. SE. Nizhne- 
 udinsk, on Oka R. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Uyea, small island, Scot., Shetland Is., to the S. of Unst I., 
 from which it is separated by Uyea Sound on the NW., and 
 Skuda Sound on the N. P. 8. 
 
 1643 
 
U YEA — V AGU 
 
 Uycasonud, vil., Scot., Shetland Is., on the S. ct. of Unst, 
 PT.O. 
 
 Vyilong, or Providence, isl. , Pacific, Marshall Archipelago, 
 Ralik group, in about 9^° N. , 161° E. 
 
 ryai, or Utaul, English mission station, Ger. E. Africa, in 
 about 4° 53' S. , 33° 8' E. , 27 m. ENE. Tabora. 
 
 IJyan, El, vil. , Egypt, at N. end of Red Sea, 36 m. E. of 
 mouth of Gulf of Akaba, with port well sheltered, but difficult 
 of access. 
 
 Vynnl, busy vil., Bolivia, to the SW. of Potosi, on the railway 
 from Oruro to Antofagasta, near the silver-mines of Huanchaca. 
 
 ■Jzaramo, dist. , Ger. E. Africa, on the coast, stretching from 
 the Rufiji R. northwards to about 6J° S. It includes the sea- 
 ports of Bagamoyo and Dar-es-Salaam. 
 
 Ilzbegs, people of Turko-Tatar origin, who inhabit both W. 
 and E. Turkistan, and were the rulers of the former before the 
 Russian conquest ; speak a pure Jagatai dialect, but are mixed 
 to a great extent with Persians, Kirghiz, and even Mongols ; 
 are divided into clans, and live a semi-nomadic life. Those 
 of them who are settled in towns have a greater admixture of 
 Persian blood, and are known as Sarts. 
 
 IJzbol. See Trauscasplan Territory. 
 
 IJzdln, comm. , Hungary. See Ozora. 
 
 Tz^geols, country, France, formerly in Languedoc, now in 
 deps. Gard and Lozere. 
 
 Uzegniia, or IJzegua, dist., Ger. E. Africa, E. of the high- 
 lands, partly on the coast, extending from about 5° S. to 6|° S., 
 between the Pangani and the Kingani ; mainly a vast waterless 
 steppe. 
 
 rzel, tn. , France, dep. Cotes du Nord, arr. Loud6ac, 44 m. 
 NE. by N. Lorient, 17 m. SSW. St. Brieuc. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vzen, kuni or old prov. , Japan, now included in Yamagata ken. 
 
 Uzeft, rivs. , Russia, prov. Uralsk, govt. Samara. 1. Great If., 
 rises in Obshchiy Syrt, flows 200 m. SW. and SE. , nearly parallel 
 to Volga, and is lost in Kamysh-Samara lakes before reaching 
 the Caspian. 2. Uttle U., parallel to above. Length, 165 m. 
 
 IJzerche, tn., France, dep. Correze, on the Vezere, arr. Tulle, 
 
 31 m. SSE. Limoges ; has numerous hotels and turreted houses 
 of the 15th, i6th, and 17th centuries, and a curious church of 
 the nth and 12th centuries. Birthplace of the anti-pope 
 Gregory VI 1 1. , died 1 122. P. < 3000. 
 
 Uz^s, tn., France, dep. Gard, 12 m. N. by E. Nimes, cap. 
 arr. U.; has extraction of phosphate, manufactures of silk, lace, 
 and earthenware, trade in black truffles. In the town are an 
 old signorial palace of the 12th, 14th, and 15th centuries, a 
 chapel of the 13th century containing the tombs of several of the 
 dukes of U., and an old episcopal palace. At the beginning 
 of the loth century U. became the seat of a bishopric, sup- 
 pressed at the Revolution, and in the 14th century the cap. of 
 a viscounty, made a duchy in 1565. Birthplace of the Calvinist 
 Mathieu Merle, died 1590, and Admiral Brueys. P. <5ooo. 
 
 IJzeste, vil., France, dep. Gironde, 30 m. SSE. Bordeaux, 
 arr. and 6 m. W. by N. Bazas. P. <20oo. 
 
 IlSlce (uzhitse), tn. , Servia, cap. prov. U., 53 m. W. by S. 
 Kraguyevatz. P. 6600. 
 
 I'zkend, or llzgeft, tn., Russian Turkistan, prov. Fergana, 86 
 m. ENE. New Margelan. Alt. 3220 ft. P. 5000. 
 
 Uzmaston, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, i| m. E. by S. 
 Haverfordwest. P. <75o. 
 
 Uznacb, tn., Switzd., cant. St. Gall, 13 m. N. by W. Glarus, 
 2 m. E. of the E. end of Lake Ziirich ; has lignite-mines, 
 worked. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ilzoiigora, dist. , central Africa. See Usongora. 
 
 Uznn-ada, tn. and seapt. , Russia, Transcaspian Terr. , on E. 
 ct. of Caspian Sea, Darja Penin. , at Karakul-daria Bay ; head 
 of Transcaspian Rly. to Samarkand and Tashkent. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vzan-Koprn ('long bridge'), %il., Turkey in Europe, on the 
 Ergene, prov. and 29 m. S. by E. Adrianople. 
 
 ITzandza-Ova (uzunja ova; 'long field'), Bulgaria, Eastern 
 Roumelia, prov. Khas-Koi, 32 m. S. Stara Zagora. 
 
 I'zwll (or Uzwyl), Kieder, vil., Switzd., cant, and 11 m. W. 
 by N. St. Gall. 
 
 Vzwll, Ober, vil., ij m. to the SW. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Uzzen Sherah, place named in O. T. See Belt Sira. 
 
 V 
 
 Vaage, vil., Norway, prov. and loi m. NW. Hamar, at E. 
 extremity of the Vaage Vand, which discharges by the Otta 
 into the river of the Gudbrandslaagen. P. (comm.) 7100, 
 
 Vaagen, harb. , Norway. See Bergen. 
 
 Vaago, one of the Faroe Is. , i m. W. Stromo. 
 
 Vaago, or Vago. See Lofoten Islands. 
 
 Vaagsii, isl., Norway, prov. and 105 m. N. Bergen, S. of Cape 
 Statland, crossed by 62° N. Length, 9 m.; breadth, 2-4 m.; 
 area, 25 sq. m. P. 1230. 
 
 I'aal, Garlep, or Kal Garlb, riv., S. Africa, rises iii. Mount; 
 KHpstapel (alt. 5480 ft.), SE. of the Transvaal, flows W. and 
 SW. , separating the Orange Free State from the Transvaal (N. ), 
 and crossing Griqua-land West. It joins the Orange R, in 29° 
 io' S., 23° 50' E. Chief tribs., Klip, Wilge, Rhenoster, Valsch, 
 Vet, and Riet from the left, and the Waterfall, Zand, Mooi, 
 and Hart from the right. Length, 700 m. See South African 
 Bepnbllc. 
 
 ■ Yaaler, vil., Norway, prov. Hamar, 33 m. NNW. Kongs- 
 vinger, on the 1. bk. of the Glommen. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Vaals, vil., Netherlands, prov. Limburg, i6 m. ESE. Maas- 
 tricht, on the Prussian frontier, 4 m. W. Aix-la-Chaf)elle ; has 
 manufactures of cloth. It was formerly fortified. P. (comm. ) < 
 5000. 
 
 Vaartsche Kljn, canal, Netherlands, Utrecht, separating at 
 Utrecht from the Kromme Rijn, and proceeding S. to join the 
 r. bk. of the Lek, one of the arms of the lower Rhine, begun in 
 1 148 ; forms with the Vecht the chief means of transport between 
 Utrecht and Amsterdam. Length about 7^ m. 
 
 Vabre, tn. , France, dep. Tarn, on the Agout, arr. and 12 m. 
 NE. by E. Castres. P. <20oo. 
 
 ■ Vacas, Las, coast vil., Uruguay, dep. Colonia, on the Rio de 
 la Plata, 61 m. S. Fray Bentos. 
 
 Yacas Heladas, pass of the Andes, between provs. Coquimbo 
 (Chile) and San Juan (Argentine Republic), in 29° 45' S. Alt. 
 about 11,500 ft. 
 
 TacaTllle, vil., U.S., California, Solano co., 28 m. by rail 
 SW. Sacramento; summer resort, with a Baptist college. 
 Suffered considerably from an earthquake, April 19, 1592. P. 
 -ciSoo. 
 
 Yacca, Cape, Cape Colony, on the S. ct., in about 21° 52' E. 
 
 Vaccar*s (or Valcarfes), fitang de, lake, France, dep. 
 Bouches-du-Rh6ne, in the lie de la Camargue, 8 m. S. by 
 W. Aries. Length, 8 m.; width, 3-4 m. 
 
 Vaccarla, tn., Brazil, state Rio Grande do Sul, 44 m. NNE. 
 Porto Alegre. P. I3,6<x). 
 1644 
 
 Vacha, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy, Saxe- Weimar, on the Werra R,, 
 16 m. SW. Eisenach. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Vactae, La, isl., Haiti, on S. ct., 100 m. WSW. Port au 
 Prince ; it served as a place of exile for American negroes after 
 the Civil War of 1860-64. Length, 9 m. 
 
 YAcz, Hungary. See Waltzen. 
 
 Vada Marittlnia, maritime tn. and port, Italy, Tuscany, 
 prov. and 26 m. S. Pisa ; has a lighthouse. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vaddii, isl., Sweden, prov. and 51 m. NNE. Stockholm, on 
 Aland strait. P. (with the neighbouring islands) <4ooo. 
 
 Vader Snilt, volcano. See Soroniandl. 
 
 Vadkert, comm., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, dist. 
 Solt-als6. P. 5600. 
 
 Vado, vil. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the coast, 3J m. 
 SW. Savona. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Vadso, maritime tn. and port, Norway, prov. Tromso, 142 m. 
 ESE. Hammerfest; exports fish. The tidal harbour has a 
 depth at entrance at ordinary springs of 22 ft. high water, 16 ft. 
 low water, and is being deepened (1894). P. <20oo. 
 
 Vadstena, or Wadstena, tn., Sweden, prov. Ostergotland, 
 on E. shore of Lake Wetter, 47 m. WSW. Norrkoping ; has a 
 fine monastery church (1395-1424), and a fine i6th century 
 castle ; a centre of lace-making industry. P. < 3000. 
 
 Vierdal, vil., Norway, prov. Trondhjem, dist. N. Trondhjem, 
 9 m. ENE. Levanger. In 1893 a landslip blocked up the 
 Vaerelv valley, one of the most picturesque in Norway, and buried 
 forty farms. P. (comm. ) 6500. 
 
 VH>ro, or Varo. See Lofoten Islands. 
 
 YAg, riv. , Hungary. See M'aag. 
 Vaga, riv., Eng. See Med way. 
 
 Vaga, riv., N. Russia, govts. Vologda and Arkhangelsk, 1. bk. 
 trib. of N. Dvina, flows NNE. Length, 285 m. 
 
 Vagarsbapad, vil, Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and 12 m, 
 W. of Erivan, i m. N. Echmiadzin ; known to have existed in 
 1600 B.C.; cap. of Armenia from 184 to 344. P. 3420. 
 
 Vagb, riv. , Russia. See Vakb. 
 
 Vagll dl Sotto, vil., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Massa e Carrara, 
 14 m. ESE. Carrara ; has iron and copper mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vagllo dl Baslllcata, tn., Italy, prov. and 6 m. E. Potenza. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 ¥ago. See Lofoten Islands. 
 Vagos, tn., Portugal, dist. Aveiro. P. <5ooo. 
 Vag-IIJbely (German Waag-Xeustadtl), comm., NW. Hun- 
 gary, CO. Nyitra (Neutra), on the Vag (Waag), 54 m. WNW. 
 Scheranitz. P. 5100. 
 
VAHR — VALD 
 
 TalireuwAld, Vil. , Prussia, prov. and circle Hanover. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Tal, isl. See Wni. 
 
 Valco, Kasteru aiul Western, two rivs., Lower Cochin- 
 China, flow SSE. and SE. respectively, and enter by a common 
 mouth the W. side of the Kwa Soirap, the estuary which receives 
 also the Saigon R. ig.v.). 
 
 VaMeii, vil., U.S., Mississippi, Carroll co., 72 m. NNE. 
 J ackson. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Valgach(Samoyedicllayiidel-ya), isl., Russia, Arctic Ocean, 
 separated from mainland by Yugorskiy Shar, and from Novaya 
 Zemlya by Kara Strait, N. extremity in 70° 29' N., 59° 15' E. ; 
 hilly ; good hunting grounds. Length, 68 m.; width, 27 m. 
 
 Valgeii, in Dutch spelling Walgoe, group of isls., NW. 
 New Guinea, belonging to the sultan of Tidore. Highest point 
 of main island, Buffelspiek, in the W., 7875 ft. The coast is flat 
 almost all round, and in some places marshy. Length, 76 m. ; 
 width barely 20 m. Estimated area 1275 sq. m. P. 6000, of 
 the Papuan family. The principal remaining islands are Gagi, 
 W. of Vaigeu, with good anchorage in SE. ; Viang and Siang, on 
 NW. ct. of Vaigeu ; farther to the N. , Ayu, and Asia or Pani. 
 
 Valhingeii, vil., Ger., kgd. Wurtemberg, Neckar circle, 4im. 
 SW. Stuttgart P. <3000. 
 
 Vaihliigen, tn. , Ger., kgd. Wurtemberg, Neckar circle, 15 m. 
 NW. Stuttgart. P. <400o. 
 
 Valkoni, tn., India, Travancore, on an inlet on the W. ct., 
 18 m. SE. by S. Cochin. P. (1881) 13,100. 
 
 Yall, vil. , U.S. , Iowa, Crawford co. , 68 m. NE. by N. Omaha 
 (Neb.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Valla, small isl., Scot., Shetland Is., separated from the S. 
 ct. of the Mainland by Vnlla Sound, in 60° 12^' N. , i° 34-36' 
 W. P. 19. 
 
 Vallate, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Cremona, 17 m. ESE. 
 Milan. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Vallele Bay, on the N. ct. of Upolu I. , Samoan group, S. 
 Pacific, in about 171° 40' W. , 13° 52' S. 
 
 Valllianzy, vil. , France, dep. Aveyron, 2 m. E. St. Affrique ; 
 has plaster quarries and a mineral water establishment. Alt. 
 1265 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Vallliourles, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, 29 m. NNW. Albi, 
 arr. and 7 m. WSW. Villefranche de Rouerg^e. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vallly, tn., France, dep. Aisne, on the Aisne, arr. and 9 m. 
 E. by N. Soissons. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vallly-»iir-Siaiildre, tn., France, dep. Cher, arr. Sancerre, 
 on the Grande Sauldre, 29 m. NNE. Bourges. P. <20oo. 
 
 Valnia Mbalavn, the largest of the Exploring Is., in the 
 Lau or E. group of the Fiji Is., crossed in the N. by 17° 10' S. , 
 179° W. 
 
 Vainona, tn., Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Walufleet. 
 
 Valnor, par. See Vaynor. 
 
 ValrAg, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, in a detached part of dist. 
 and 30 m. N. SholApur, 132 m. ESE. Poona. P. 6500 ; 
 Hindus, 5300. 
 
 Valrano, tn. , Italy. See Pletravalrano. 
 
 Valrano Patenora, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. and 21 m. 
 NNW. Caserta. P. <3ooo. 
 
 ValroivAl, municip. , Brit. India, Punjab, dist. and 20 m. 
 SE. Amritsar. P. 5500; Hindus, 1400; Moham. 3600. 
 
 Valval, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 24 m. NE. 
 Adrianople. 
 
 Valsoii, tn. , France, dep. Vaucluse, arr. and 15 m. ENE. 
 Orange, 10 m. SSW. Nyons. P. < 2000. 
 
 Valtaranl, riv. , Brit. India, Thana dist., flows W. into the 
 Arabian Sea about 40 m. to the N. of Bombay. 
 
 Valtnpii, or Tracy, isl. , Pacific, Ellice group, in about 8J° 
 S., 179° E. 
 
 Valyanipatl, Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 32 m. SW. by 
 W. Trichinopoli. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Vajda Hiinyad, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, Transylvania, 
 81 m. E. Temesvar. P. <400o. 
 
 Vakauskl Vrli, mt., Austria, on the boundary between 
 Croatia and Dalmatia, in about 44° 22' N. , and 22 m. NE. Zara. 
 Alt. 5765 ft. 
 
 Vaikarel, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. and 22 m. SE. by E. Sofia. 
 Alt. 2445 ft- P- < 4000. 
 
 Vakil, or Vagli, riv. , Russia, W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, r. bk. 
 trib. of Ob, rises in Yeniseisk, flows W. about 600 m. under 
 6ist degree of lat. N. ; used for communication from Tobolsk 
 (Ob) to Turukhansk (Yenisei). 
 
 Vakllaltad, tn. , Persia, prov. Kerman, 80 m. NNE. Bender 
 Abbas. 
 
 VAl, comm., Hungary, co. Fejer, dist. V. P. < 4000. 
 
 Valaaiu, isl., Russia, Finland, in N. of Lake Ladoga. 
 Mean temp., yr. 38.2° F. , Feb. 16.0°, July 61.8°. 
 
 Valals (Ger. Wallls), cant., Switzd., in the S., consisting of 
 the upper valley of the Rhone, shut off by the Bernese Alps 
 from cants. Bern and Vaud in the N. , and by the Valais or 
 Pennine Alps from Piedmont in the S. ; having at its E. ex- 
 tremity cants. Ticino and Uri, and on its W. the French dep. 
 Haute-Savoie. It forms an immense trough, 80 m. in length. 
 
 and 2 m. wide at the bottom, the mountains on each side 
 being among the highest in Europe ; and it is exposed to 
 furious torrents and destructive avalanches. The lateral valleys, 
 the Zermatt and others, on the S. side of the Rhone, are re- 
 nowned for their beauty, and well cultivated. The climate 
 is rigorous in the higher parts, but mild and agreeable in 
 the lower valley. Cattle-rearing and agriculture are the chief 
 branches of industry. But there is some rearing of silkworms, 
 glass-making, sugar manufacture, and extraction of iron, lead, 
 zinc, and coal. Mineral springs and baths at Leuk, Saxon, 
 Morgias, &c. V. became a member of the Swiss Leagfue in the 
 end of the i8th century. Sion is the cap. Under Napoleon I. 
 V. formed the dep. Simplon. Area, 2026 sq. m. P. (1888) 
 101,900, nearly all Roman Catholics, two-thirds (in the W.) of 
 whom speak French. See Switzerland, table. 
 
 Valakonle, tn. , Servia, circle Crna Reka, 100 m. SE. Bel- 
 grade, 39 m. N. by E. Nish. P. <3000. 
 
 Val-.4ndr^, Le, vil. and bathing resort, France, dep. Cdtes 
 du Nord, arr. and 10 m. NE. St. Brieuc, on the English 
 Channel. P. < 2000. 
 
 Valanglniiln, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Tanjore, on the 
 E. ct. , 8 m. S. Negapatam. P. 7200 ; Hindus, 6800. 
 
 Valangln, or Valendls, vil., Switzd., cant, and 2J m. NW. 
 by N. Neuchatel. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Valaszka-Bella, comm. , Hungary, co. Nyitra, dist. Privigye. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 Valatle, vil., U.S., New York, Columbia co., 18 m. S. by E. 
 Albany. P. < 1500. 
 
 Valavantir, vil, French India, 6 m. SW. by W. Pondicherri. 
 
 Valbenott, former dist., France, in Upper Dauphin^, now in 
 dep. Drome. P. (1881) 7200. 
 
 Valbert, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Altena, 26 m. 
 ESE. Barmen. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Valbo, vil., Sweden, prov. Gefleborg, 3 m. WSW. Gefle. 
 P. (comm.) 6300. 
 
 Valtooni, tn., Portugal, dist. Oporto. P. <5000. 
 
 Valltonnals, tn., France, dep. Is^re, on the Bonne, arr. and 
 22 m. SSE. Grenoble. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Valbonne, plain, France, dep. Ain, on the r. bks. of the Ain 
 and Rhone ; barren and little inhabited. 
 
 Val (or Valle) Camonlca. See Canionlca. 
 
 Valcaris, lake, France. See Vaccar^s. 
 
 Valf^tler, post vil., Canada, Quebec, prov. and co., on the 
 riv. JaCTjiies Cartier, 17 m. NW. Quebec. P. <i500. 
 
 Valcheta, riv., Argentine Republic, govt. Rio Negro, dis- 
 appearing in the marshy depression W. of Gulf de San Matias, 
 in 40° 37' S., 66° 6' W. Length, 78 m. 
 
 Valcour Inland, U.S., New York, lies in Lake Champlain, 
 a few miles S. of Plattsburg. Length, 2^ m. ; width, \ m. 
 
 Valdagiio, tn., Italy, Venetia, on the Agno, prov. and 13 m. 
 NW. Vic^nza. P. < 3000. 
 
 Valdai, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 87 m. SE. Novgorod, on 
 Lake V. , 25 m. SW. Uglovka railway junction. P. < 5000. 
 
 Valdai Flateau (Valdalsklya «ory), NW. part of plateau 
 of central Russia, govt. Novgorod ; its highest points attain only 
 840 to 900 ft. Covered with forests, peat bogs, and boulders ; 
 dotted with lakes. 
 
 Val d'AJol, Le, tn., France, dep. Vosges, arr. Remiremont, 
 27 m. NW. Etelfort, 9 m. SW. by S. Remire. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Valdilllga, comm., Spain, Old Castille, prov. and 31 m. 
 WSW. Santander, dist. San Vicente de la Barquera. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Valdegovla, valley and comm., Spain, Basque Provs., Alava, 
 dist. Amurrio, 25 m. W. Vitoria. P. (comm. )<4000. 
 
 Valdelaninsa, important mining centre, Spain, prov. and 
 37 m. N. Huelva, dist. Valverde del Camino ; copper and iron 
 pyrites worked. 
 
 Val «lel Bne (or Bove). See Etna. 
 
 Valdemeca, Sierra de, mt. chain, Spain, prov. Cuenca, 
 uniting with the Universales Mts. 
 
 Val-de-Metz, dist. Lorraine, one of the former divisions of 
 Messin, on 1. bk. of the Moselle. 
 
 Valdemosa, vil., Balearic Is. See Valldemnsa. 
 
 Valdepenas, tn. , Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, cap. dist. V., 
 45 m. N. by E. Linares ; produces celebrated red wine ; has 
 much-frequented mineral waters. P. (comm.) 15,400. 
 
 Val de Penas de Jaen, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 14 
 m. SSW. Jaen, dist. Martos. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Valderaduey, riv., Spain, Leon, flows SSW. to the Douro, 
 which it joins above Zamora. 
 
 Valderas, tn., Spain, prov. and 37 m. SSE. Leon, dist. 
 Valencia de Don Juan. P. (comm.)<:400o. 
 
 Valderlts, tn., France, dep. Tarn, arr. and 9 m. NE. Albi. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 ValderredlWe, comm., Spain, Old Castille, prov. and 44 m. 
 SSW. Santander, dist. Reinosa. P. 7400. 
 
 Valderrobres, tn., Spain, Aragon, prov. and 75 m. NE. 
 Teruel, cap. dist. V. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Val de Ruz, valley, Switzd. , cant. Neuchitel, drained by the 
 riv. Seyon, which enters Lake Neuchitel a little S. of the town 
 of Neuchatel. 
 
 1645 
 
VALD — VALE 
 
 Valdes, large isl. , Canada, Brit. Columbia, in Gulf of Georgia, 
 E. of widest part of Vancouver I. (g.v.), S. end in 50° N. 
 
 Valdes, comm., Spain, Asturias, prov. and 36 m. WNW. 
 Oviedo, dist. Luarca. P. (i860) 22,100; {1887) 21,500. 
 
 Valdes, or San Jos^, penin., Argentine Republic, E. ct., 
 crossed by 42^° S. , connected with the mainland by a narrow 
 isthmus between the Bahia Nueva and the Bahia de San Jos6, 
 S. of Gulf of San Matias. 
 
 Valdestlllas, vil., Spain, prov. and 12 m. S. Valladolid, on 
 the Adaja, dist. Olmedo. P. < 2000. 
 
 ¥al des Yanx, beautiful valley, Jersey, Channel Is., ex- 
 tending 4 m. N. of St. Helier. 
 
 Val dc Travers, Switzd. See Travers. 
 
 I'al de Venues, mt. region, France, dep. Doubs, S. of 
 Pierrefontaine, forming a plateau. Alt. 2390-2950 ft. 
 
 Val de Verdeja, tn. , Spain, New Castille, prov. and 64 m. 
 W. Toledo, dist. Puente del Arzobispo. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Val<Ieada, vil., Africa, N. of Transvaal, dist. Zoutpansberg, 
 75 m. NNE. Pietersburg, Swiss Church mission. 
 
 Val«llerl, French Vaadler, vil., Italy, Piedmont, on the 
 Cesso, prov. and 11 m. SW. by S. Cuneo ; 4 m. WSW. are the 
 thermal baths of V. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Val d'llUez, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, 5^ m. W. by S. St. 
 Maurice. P. < 2000. 
 
 Valdivla, small port, Ecuador, 60 m. WNW. Guayaquil, on 
 the coast, in about 1° 55' S. 
 
 Valdivla, riv., Chile, prov. V., issues from Lake Rinihue 
 under the name of Rio Grande de San Pedro, takes that of 
 Calle-Calle on passing through the small lake of that name, 
 and that of V. on passing the town of V.; finally enters the 
 Pacific at the Puerto de Corral in 39° 55' S. Length, 84 m. ; 
 basin, 6000 sq. m.; discharge, 13,200 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Valdivla, maritime tn. and p)ort, Chile, cap. prov. and dep. 
 V. , 10 m. from the mouth of the Rio de V. , the principal port 
 of the German colony to which this part of Chile owes much of 
 its prosperity. Principal exports, leather, wood, cattle, and 
 German beer, which is brewed here. The city was founded in 
 Feb. 1552 by the first governor and second explorer of Chile, Don 
 Pedro de Valdivia. In 1837 it was destroyed by an earthquake. 
 Mean temp., yr. 52.9° F., Jan. 61.6°, July 45.0°; mean rfall. 
 (19 yrs.), yr. 115.49 in. P. 5700. 
 
 Valdobbladeiie, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and ao m. N W. 
 by N. Treviso ; resorted to for its waters and milk and grape 
 cures. P. (comm.) 5200. •• 
 
 Valdorf, or Valldorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. 
 Minden, circle and 8 m. E. Herford; coal mined. P. < 2000. 
 
 Valdosta, tn., U.S., Georgia, Lowndes co., 66 m. NE. by 
 E. Tallahassee (Flor.). P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Valdovlno, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 21 m. NE. 
 Corunna, dist. Ferrol. P. 5900. 
 
 Valdnggla, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 25 m. NNW. 
 Novara; birthplace of the painter Gaudenzio Ferrari (1481- 
 1549). P. <:400o. 
 
 Vale, par. , Eng. , Channel Is. , in the N. of Guernsey, 3i m. 
 N. St. Peter Port, PT.O. (The Vale). 
 
 Val^, vil., Algeria, prov. Constantine, arr. and 4 m. SE. 
 Philippeville, of which it is a residential suburb. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Valegglo sal Mlndo, tn., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 14 m. 
 WSW. Verona, on 1. bk. of the Mincio ; has an old fortified 
 castle of the Scaligers, and remains of an old wall. Close by, the 
 Mincio is crossed by the celebrated battlemented bridge, built 
 1393, now in ruins. P. <:300o. 
 
 Valenra, Brazil, maritime tn., state and 47 m. SW. Bahia; 
 has manufactures of cotton. It was founded by the Jesuits in 
 1560. Lighthouse. P. <3000. 
 
 Valenra, tn. and rly. stn., Brazil, state and 60 m. NW. by 
 N. Rio de Janeiro. P. 9000. 
 
 Valency, fortified tn. on the Minho, frontier of Portugal, prov. 
 Vianna do Castello, 14 m. S. by E. Vigo. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Vnlencay, tn., France, dep. Indre, arr. Ch^teauroux, 31 m. 
 SSE. Blois ; has hosiery manufactures. Fine castle of the Re- 
 naissance, constructed in the reign of Francis I., containing 
 collections of pictures, &c. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Valence, the ancient Ventia, later Valentia, tn. , France, cap. 
 dep. Drome, cap. arr. V., on 1. bk. of the Rhone, a few miles 
 S. of the mouth of the Isere, 58 m. S. Lyons ; has various manu- 
 factures. Seat of a bishopric ; the cathedral, a Romanesque 
 building, was consecrated by Urban II. in 1095; with magni- 
 ficent sepulchral chapel of the Renaissance erected in 1538. 
 Here, in 408, the usurper Constantine found refuge against the 
 troops of the Emperor Honorius. Louis XI. founded here a 
 university suppressed at the Revolution. Pope Pius VI. died 
 in exile at V. in 1799. P. (1872) 17,300; (1891) 20,000. 
 
 Valence, tn., France, dep. Gers, 25 m. SW. by S. Agen, 
 arr. and 6 m. S. Condom. P. <20oo. 
 
 Valence, tn., France, dep. Tarn, arr. and 15 m. ENE. Albi. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Valence d'Agenals, tn., France, dep. Tam-et-Garonne, on 
 the lateral canal of the Garonne, 15 m. ESE. Agen, arr. and 10 
 m. W. Moissac ; has tanning and feather-dressing. P. <:3ooo. 
 1646 
 
 Valencia, par. and isl.. Ire., offW. ct. co. Kerry, bar. Iveragh, 
 S. of Dingle Bay, separated from the mainland by a strait i)t m. 
 in breadth, with a stn. (Valentla Harbour) on the G. S. &W. 
 R. It forms the most western harbour in the Brit. Isles, in 
 5^° 5S' N., 10° 19' W. On it are slate quarries. Here is the 
 terminus of three submarine Atlantic cables belonging to the 
 Anglo-American Telegraph Co., the first two completed in 1866 
 (when the first, which broke in mid-Atlantic in 1865, was re- 
 paired and completed), the third laid in 1880; length to Heart's 
 Content, Newfoundland, the W. landing-place of all three, 
 1852 m. Difference in long. , 2 hours 51 minutes 56 seconds. On 
 Cromwell Point is a lighthouse. Length of isl., 7 m. ; breadth, 
 2 m. Mean temp. (20 yrs.), yr. 51.0° F. , Jan. 45.0°, Aug. 59.4° ; 
 rfall. (25 yrs.), yr. 56.6 in. PMT.O. 6371 ac. P. 2050. 
 
 Valencia, old Moorish kingdom between the Mediterranean 
 (164 m. of coast, 37° 52'-4o° 32' N.) and the E. slopes of the 
 lower terrace of the Castillian plateau from the riv. Cenia to the 
 Monte La Baro. V. retained the name of kingdom and her 
 special laws till 1807, and was divided into three provs. (V., 
 Alicante, Castellon). The inhabitants speak, like the Cata- 
 lonians, the old Limousin. The country is very mountainous 
 except in the littoral. The principal rivers (Guadalaviar-Turia, 
 Jucar-Cabriel) have very fertile valleys (Huertas de V., Dutilla, 
 Alcira, Ajamesi, Orihuela, La Plana de Castellon), irrigated by 
 the Moorish hydraulic works {cantias, acequias, azudas), and 
 producing all kinds of cereals and fruits (orange, olive, almond, 
 mulberry, fig, carob beans, pomegranates ; plain of Elche noted 
 for its date-palms) ; sugar-cane is cultivated ; much rice in the 
 swampy lands (very unhealthy) ; wines (Alicante, La Torre, 
 Vinaroz, Benicarl6) ; grapes and raisins (Denia, Javea, Gandia). 
 Important industrial centres at Alcoy (cloth, cigarette paper), 
 Novelda, Castellon, Benilovilla (silks, esparto rojjes and 
 tissues). The nnnerals include lead, copper (Alicante, Cas- 
 tellon), iron, silver, cobalt (Castellon), coal (Ahcante), mercury 
 (Sierra de Espadan, Jativa). Chief ports, Alicante, Valencia- 
 Grao, Benicarlo, Castellon, Nules, Torre Blanca, Vinaroz. 
 See Spain. [J. B. B.] 
 
 Valencia, the ancient Roman Valentia Edetanorum, tn., 
 on riv. Guadalaviar, 3 m. from the sea, in the centre of the 
 most famous htierta of Spain, very well irrigated and of inex- 
 haustible fertility, in 38° 29' N. , cap. of prov.; seat of military 
 captain-generalcy ; seat of archbishopric (Majorca and Minorca, 
 suffragans), of a university, and colleges of industry, medicine, 
 fine arts ; has two libraries (one, 50,000 vols. , gallery of paint- 
 ings) ; manufactures of silks and velvets. The harbour of El 
 Grao, at the mouth of the river (26 ft. deep at entrance), has 
 no bar. Vessels load and discharge by means of lighters. 
 Built by Decimus J. Brutus (136 B.C.), and anciently cap. of 
 the Edetani. Conquered by the Goths (413), by the Moors 
 (712). Cap. of independent kingdom (nth century). Con- 
 quered by Cid Rui Diaz (1095), by Aragon (1239). Mean temp. 
 (15 yrs.), yr. 62.9° F. , Jan. 50.8°, Aug. 78.1°; mean rfall., 17J 
 in. in 45 days. P. (i860) 107,700; (1887) 170,800. 
 
 Valencia, co. , U.S., New Mexico, crossed by 35° N. and in 
 the middle by 107° W. 
 
 Valencia, reference from Tacarigua Lake. 
 
 Valencia, tn. , Venezuela, Carabobo, 90 m. W. by S. Caracas. 
 Founded in the middle of the i6th century. V. has several 
 times disputed the rank of cap. with Caracas. A battle fought 
 in 1821 in the plain of Carabobo, SW. of the tn., decided the 
 independence of Venezuela. Half-way between V. and its port, 
 Puerto Cabello, are the thermal springs of Las Trincheras, 
 nearly 194° F. (Hesse- Wartegg). P. (1873) 28,600; (1881) 
 36,100. 
 
 Valencia de Alcantara, fort and tn., Spain, prov. Cdceres, 
 cap. dist. v., near the frontier of Portugal, 28 m. SW. Alcan- 
 tara, with old walls and a castle. Three or four miles NNW. 
 are some remarkable Roman ruins, remains of a temple of 
 Diana, an aqueduct, &c. P. (comm.) 8200. 
 
 Valencia de Don Juan, tn., Spain, prov, and 23 m. S. 
 Leon, cap. dist. V.; has ferruginous springs. P. (comm.)< 
 3000. 
 
 Valencia del Ventoso, tn. , Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 
 47 m. SE. Badajoz, dist. Fuente de Cantos. P. (comm.)< 
 5000. 
 
 Valencia de Mombney, tn., Spain, prov. Badajoz, dist. 
 Jerez de los Caballeros, on the frontier of Portugal, 48 m. ESE. 
 Evora. P. <20oo. 
 
 Valenclana, vil., Mexico, state and suburb of Guanajuato; 
 celebrated for its mines ; silver-mine 2040 ft. deep, but unfortu- 
 nately since the War of Independence filled with water. 
 
 Valenciennes, fortified tn., France, dep. Nord, cap. arr. V., 
 18 m. NE. Cambrai ; has various academies and museums of 
 antiquities, art, and natural history. The manufacture of lace, 
 to which V. has given its name, has for the last fifty years ceased 
 to be carried on in the town itself, which now produces lawn, 
 cambric, hosiery, metallic cables, &c. Other industries are 
 carried on in the suburbs. The church of Notre Dame is 
 resorted to by pilgrims. V. fell into the hands of the Spaniards 
 in the 16th century, was besieged by Turenne, and delivered by 
 
V A L E ^. V A I. L 
 
 Cond^ 1655, and in 1677 was seized by Louis XIV. Birthplace 
 of Baldwin, Count of Flanders, died 1206; the chronicler 
 Froissart, died 1410 ; the painter Watteau, died 1721. Comm. 
 P. (1872) 24,600; (1891)28,700. 
 
 I'alentlls, vil., Switzd. See Valangin. 
 
 VAlenI de Muiite, tn., Roumania, prov. Prahova, 18 m. N. 
 Ployeshti. P. < 4000. 
 
 Valensole, tn., France, dep. Basses- Alpes, arr. Digne, 35 m. 
 NE. Aix, 49 m. NE. Marseilles. P. < 2000. 
 
 Valentano, tn. , Italy, prov. Rome, 18 J m. NW. by W. 
 Viterbo. Alt. 1775 ft. P. <:3000. 
 
 Valencia, tn., France. See Valence. 
 
 Valentla, isl. , Ire. See Valencia. 
 
 yaUntia £detanorum, tn., Spain. See Valencia. 
 
 Valentlgney, tn. , France, dep. Doubs, arr. and 5 m. SE. 
 Montb^liard, on r. bk. of the Doubs ; manufactures iron- 
 mongery. P. < 3000. 
 
 Valentin, cape, Chile, Tierra del Fuego, at extreme N. of 
 Dawson I., between Useless Bay and Famine Reach of the 
 Strait of Magellan. 
 
 Valentine, settlement, U.S., Nebraska, Cherry co., 175 m. 
 E. of the N W. corner of the state, near the Niobrara R. 
 
 Valentine's Peak, mt. , Tasmania, on border of Russell and 
 Devon cos., in 41° 22' S. , 145° 46' E. Alt. 3637 ft. 
 
 Valentlnols, dist. , France, formerly in Lower Dauphin^, now 
 in deps. Drome and Isere. 
 
 Valenza, tn., Italy, Piedmont, on the r. bk. of the Po (alt. 
 275 ft.), prov. and 7I m. N. Alessandria; has manufactures of 
 jewellery, silk, &.c. Alt. 410 ft. P. 6600. 
 
 Valenzano, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 7 m. S. Bari. P. 
 (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Valenzuela, vil., Paraguay, 46 m. E. by S. Asuncion. 
 
 Vale of 8t. John, Eng. See St. John's Vale. 
 
 Valera, vil. , Venezuela, Los Andes, 270 m. WSW. Caracas. 
 P. 3000. 
 
 Valescnre, vil., France, dep. Var. See St. Baphael. 
 
 Valetta, maritime tn., port, and cap. of Malta, on NE. ct.; 
 has great transit trade and large depot of coal ; manufactures 
 silk ; headquarters of the British fleet in the Mediterranean. As 
 a port of call inferior to few in the world. The town is mainly 
 built on a rocky penin., projecting NE. between Great and 
 Quarantine Ports ; the ground is so uneven that the narrow 
 streets are often connected by stairs. Both the city and the two 
 harbours are defended by walls and forts, hewn in part out of 
 the solid rock. Has four dry docks, the largest of which has a 
 length of 558 ft. on bottom, and a depth on sill at entrance high 
 water ordinary springs of 35! ft. The powerful fortifications 
 were in great part constructed by the Knights of St. John after 
 they removed to Malta in 1530, though the city of V. was not 
 founded until 1566. It was occupied by the French in 1798, 
 and passed to England in 1801. P. 62,000. See Malta. 
 
 Val Fnrva, valley, Italy, Lombardy, prov. Sondrio, watered 
 by the Frodolfo, 1. bk. trib. of the Adda ; contains the much- 
 frequented waters of Santa Caterina. Alt. 5700 ft. 
 
 Valga, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 19 m. N. Ponte- 
 vedra, dist. Caldas. P. 5800. 
 
 Val Ctardelna, valley, Austria. See drmlner Thai. 
 
 Valgodeniar, valley, France. See Alpes, Hautes-. 
 
 Valgorge, vil., France, dep. Ardfeche, 54 m. N. by W. 
 Nimes, arr. and 9 m. WNW. Larg^ntiere. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Valguaruera Caropepe, tn., Sicily, prov. and 18 m. E. 
 Caltanissetta. P. 11,500. 
 
 Valhermosa Springs, watering-place, U.S., Alabama, 
 Morgan co. , 15 m, S. Huntsville ; has medicinal springs. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Vallente, Ca1>o, or Vallentes Peninsula, penin. , N W. ct. 
 of Panama Isthmus, enclosing Chiriqui Lake on the E. , about 25 
 m. in length and 2-3 m. in breadth, terminated NW. by Cape V. 
 
 Vallentes, isl., Caroline Is. See Ngatlk. 
 
 Valjevo, tn. , Servia, cap. prov. V., on the Gradac, 47 m. 
 SW. by S. Belgrade ; has a small college. V. is the centre of 
 the plum dist. P. 5600. 
 
 Valli&ny, comm., Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. Nagy-Szent- 
 Miklos. P. < 5000. 
 
 Valkenbnrg, vil., Holland, prov. Limburg, 7 m. NNW. 
 Aix-la-Chapelle (Prussia). P. <:20co. 
 
 VaUkenswaard, vil. , Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 21 m. SE. 
 Tilburg. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Valkl, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 34 m. SW. Kharkov. P. 
 8100. 
 
 Valladolld, former name of Morelia (g.v.), Mexico, state 
 Michoacan. 
 
 Valladolld, tn. , Mexico, Yucatan, 100 m. E. by S. M^rida. 
 Its fine cathedral and magnificent Franciscan convent were 
 pillaged by the Indians in 1848. P. 14,000. 
 
 Valladolld, a city of Spain, cap. prov. V., on 1. bk. of the 
 Pisuerga, at the influx of the Esgueva, 100 m. NW. by N. 
 Madrid ; has active and varied industries, including iron 
 foundry, wool weaving, manufactures of cloth, &c., and a great 
 trade in grain. V. was the cap. of Spain before Madrid ; the 
 
 old walls have been replaced by fine promenades. The cathe- 
 dral, begun in 1585, has not been finished. Other public build- 
 ings are the old Dominican convent, now a prison, and the 
 college of San Gregorio, the king's palaces, and the Museum, 
 with some of Rubens' pictures and statues of Berruguete and 
 Hernandez, the University (1346). The Grand Square (Plaza 
 Mayor), built under Philip II., was the scene of the memorable 
 auio da fi under Philip II. in 1559. V. was almost entirely 
 destroyed by fire in 1561, and rebuilt by order of Philip II. It 
 was sacked by the French in 1808. Here Columbus died in 
 1506. Birthplace of King Philip II., died 1598, and of the 
 poet Jos6 Zorilla, died 1893. Area of prov. 3043 sq. m. Mean 
 temp., yr. 53.3° F., Jan. 38.0°, Aug. 71.3° ; mean rfall. (14 yrs.), 
 yr. 11.85 ^"- ■^l^' -^27° f'- ^' (i860) 43,400; (1870) 242,384; 
 (1887) 62,000. 
 
 Vallage, dist., France, deps. Aube and Haute-Marne. 
 
 Vallam Vadilknsettl, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 6 
 m. SW. by S. Tanjore ; the quartz jjebbles found here are 
 made into spectacles. P. 8100 ; Hindus, 6300. 
 
 Vallata, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 11 m. SSE. 
 Ariano di Puglia. P. <400o. 
 
 Vallanrls, tn., France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, arr. Grasse, 
 4 m. W. Antibes, overlooking the Mediterranean ; sea-bathing 
 on the Golfe Jouan ; winter resort. P. <4000. 
 
 Vallay, isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, off the N. ct. of N. 
 Uist, in 7° 24' W. P. 34. 
 
 Valldemnsa, orVtildeiuo8a,vil. , Spain, Balearic Is., Majorca 
 I. , 9 m. NNW. Palma. In the vicinity is the Chartreuse, founded 
 1400, where Georges Sand (Mme. Dudevant) and Chopin resided 
 during the winter 1838-39. 
 
 Vail de Uxo, tn., Spain, Valencia, prov. and 14 m. SW. 
 Castellon de la Plana, dist. Nules. P. 8500. 
 
 Valldorf, vil. , Prussia. See Valdorf. 
 
 Valle, tn., Austria, crownland Istria, 8 m. ESE. Rovigno. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 VaUe, El. See El Valle. 
 
 Valle, Monnt. See Haiti. 
 
 Vallecas, tn., Spain, New Castille, prov. and 4 m. SE. 
 Madrid, dist. Alcala de Henares ; has bakeries. P. (comm.) 
 
 5500- 
 
 Valle Castellana, comm., Italy, prov. and 9 m. NNW. 
 Teramo. P. <4000. 
 
 Vallecorsa, tn. , Italy, prov. Rome, 14 m. SSE. Frosinone. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Valle de AlNlalagls, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 47 m. 
 NNW. Malaga, dist. Antequera. P. (comm.) < 4000. 
 
 Valle d'Alesanl, vil., Corsica, arr. Corte, 26 m. S. by W. 
 Bastia. Victory gained by Charles, son of Charlemagne, pver 
 the Saracens in 810. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Valle de Mena, comm., Spain, Old Castille, prov. and 47 
 m. N. Burgos, dist. Villarcayo. P. 6300. 
 
 Valle de Oro, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 34 m. N. 
 Lugo, dist. Mondonedo. P. <4000. 
 
 Valle de Prayeres, tn., Portugal, Beira, 21 m. N. Castello 
 Branco. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Valle de San Francisco, tn., Mexico. See Reyes. 
 
 Valle de Santiago, tn. , Mexico, state and 47 m. S. Guana- 
 juato. P. 10,500. 
 
 Valle de Toballna, comm., Spain, Old Castille, prov. and 
 48 m. N. Burgos, dist. Villarcayo. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Valle de llpar, or Valle Dnpar, tn. and agricultural centre, 
 Colombia, Magdalena, cap. prov. V. de U., 150 m. E. Carta- 
 gena. P. with dist. 6500. 
 
 Valle d'Olnio, tn. , Sicily, prov. Palermo, 22 m. N W. Cal- 
 tanissetta. P. 8900. 
 
 Valle d'Ombrone, vil. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Florence, 4 m. 
 NNW. Pistoja. P. <40oo. 
 
 Vallega, tn., Portugal, dist. Aveiro. P. < 5000. 
 
 Vallegrande, vil. , Austria, crownland Dalmatia, Curzoli I. , 
 at the head of a gulf at the W. end. P. <:300o. 
 
 Vallegrande, vil. , Bolivia, prov. and 80 m. SW. Santa Cruz. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Valle (Grande, vil., Argentine Rep., prov. Jujuy. P. < 2000. 
 
 Valle Hernioso ('beautiful valley'), tn., Canary Is., on N. 
 ct. Gomera, dist. Santa Cruz de Tenerife. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Valle Hernioso, Boqnete de. See Andes, East. 
 
 Vallejo, city and port, U.S., California, Solano co., on Napa 
 Creek, 24 m. N. by E. San Francisco, with safe and spacious 
 harbour. It has shipyards and iron-foundries, and on Mare I., 
 opposite V. , is the U. S. navy yard for the Pacific. P. 6300. 
 
 Valle LonielUna. See Lomelllna. 
 
 Vallelnnga, tn. , Italy, prov. Catanzaro, 9 m. ESE. Monte- 
 leone. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Vallelnnga Pratameno, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 18 m. N W. 
 Caltanissetta. P. 6100. 
 
 Vallenar, tn., Chile, prov. Atacama [q.v.), 85 m. SSW. 
 Copiapo ; cap. dep. V. P. 5100. 
 
 Vallendar, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., on the r. bk. of the 
 Rhine, circle and 3 m. N. by E. Koblenz; clay and pottery 
 exported. P. <40oo. 
 
 1647 
 
V A LL 
 
 V AL V 
 
 Yalleutnna, vil. , Sweden, prov. and 14 m. N. by E. Stock- 
 holm. P. <2000. 
 
 Talle Passes, tn., Portugal, Traz-os-Montes, 31 m. NE. 
 Villa Real. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Vallerangue, tn., France, dep. Gard, 35 m. NNW. Mont- 
 pellier, arr. and 7 m. NNE. Le Vigan. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Yalles, tn. and rly. stn., Mexico, state of and 120 m. E. San 
 Luis Potosi. 
 
 Vallesplr, S. part of former Roussillon, France, now in dep. 
 Pyr^n^s-Orientales, cap. Ceret 
 
 Vallet, tn. , France, dep. Loire-Inf6rieure, arr. and 14 m. 
 E. by S. Nantes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Valley, co. , U.S., Nebraska, S. of 42° N. , crossed by99°W. 
 
 Valley, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Barns co., 55 m. W. Fargo. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Valley, stn., Wales, Anglesey, on the W. ct., 3J m. SE. by 
 E. Holyhead, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 
 VaUey, Loch, lake, Scot., Kirkcudbrightshire, in the W. , 12 
 m. W. by N. New Galloway, drained SW. into Loch Trool. 
 
 Valley End, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, Chobham and 
 Windlesham pars. P. < 500. 
 
 Valley Falls, city, U.S., Kansas, Jefferson co., 25 m. SW. 
 by W. Atchison. P. <isoo. 
 
 Valley Falls, vil. , U.S., New York, Rensselaer co., on the 
 Hoosac R., 20 m. NE. Troy. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Valley Falls, vil., U.S., Rhode Island, co. and 6 m. N. by E. 
 Providence, on Blackstone R. ; has cotton manufactures. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Valleylleld, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Beauhamois co. , on the 
 r. bk. of the riv. St. Lawrence, at the upper end of the Beau- 
 hamois Canal, 36 m. SW. by W. Montreal. P. (i88i)<400o; 
 (1891) 5100. 
 
 Valley drove, settlement, U.S., Washington, co. and 6 m. 
 N. Walla Walla. 
 
 Valley CJrove, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Ohio co., 9 m. E. by 
 N. Wheeling. P. < 1500. 
 
 Valley Junction, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Lamoure 
 CO. , T] m. SW. by W. Fargo. 
 
 Valleynioant, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Blessington (co. Wick- 
 low). 
 
 Valley of the Mnd Lakes. See Black Rock Desert. 
 
 Valley Springs, vil., U.S. , S. Dakota, Minnehaha co. , 65 m. 
 NE. Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Valley Stream, vil., U.S., New York, Queen's co., 16 m. E. 
 Brooklyn by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Valllch, Loch, lake, Scot., Ross-shire, 8 m. W. of the head 
 of Loch Maree, drained N W. into the Gair Loch. Alt. 1000 ft. 
 
 Valllclta, gold-mining vil., U.S., California, Calaveras co. , 
 19 m. SE. San Andreas. P. <isoo. 
 
 Valll del Slgnorl, comm., Italy, Venice, prov. and 18 m. 
 NW. Vicenza. P. 5100. 
 
 Vallo della Lncanla, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. and 41 m. 
 SE. by S. Salerno ; seat of a bishopric. P. <3000. 
 
 Vallolre, dist. , France. See Drdme, dep. 
 
 Vallombrosa, celebrated convent, Italy, prov. and 16 m. 
 ESE. Florence; founded in the nth century by St. John 
 Gualbert, rebuilt 1635, and now occupied by the Italian Institute 
 of Forestry ; one of the most frequented summer resorts of 
 central Italy. 
 
 Vallon, tn., France, dep. Ard^che, arr. Larg^ntiere, on the 
 Ardeche, 28 m. NW. Orange. P. <200o. 
 
 Vallongo, tn., Portugal, dist. and 6 m. ENE. Oporto; has 
 copper mines and other mineral deposits ; its gold and silver 
 mines were worked by the Romans and the Moors. P. <4000. 
 
 Vallonla, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Crawford co., on French 
 Creek, 35 m. S. by W. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vallorbe, vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 13 m. WSW. Yverdon. 
 P. (comm.)<3000. 
 
 Vallorclne, vil., France, dep. Haute-Savoie, arr. Bonneville, 
 9 m. NNE. Chamonix; frequented by tourists. On Mont 
 Buet (alt. io,20o ft.) is an observatory. Alt. 3935 ft. P. < 
 200a 
 
 Vallonlse, valley, France. See Alpes, Hantes. 
 
 Vails, tn., Spain, prov. and 11 m. N Tarragona, cap. dist. 
 V. ; has various industries. Here the French defeated the 
 Spaniards, 1809. P. (comm.) 13,300. 
 
 ValltLr, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. Kistna, on the 1. bk. 
 of the riv. Kistna, 26 m. NW. by W. Masulipatam. P. <500o. 
 
 Valmaseda, tn. , Spain, prov. Vizcaya, cap. dist. V., 14 m. 
 WSW. Bilbao ; has forges. P. <3000. 
 
 Valmasqne, dist. , France, dep. Vaucluse, between the moun- 
 tains of Vaucluse on the N., and those of Lub^ron on the S. 
 
 Valmont, tn., France, dep. Seine- Inf^rieure, arr. Yvetot, 6 m. 
 E. by S. Fecamp. P. <:2000. 
 
 Valmontone, tn., Italy, prov. Rome, 14 m. SSE. Tivoli. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Valniy, or Le Flguler, vil., Algeria, prov. and 7 m. SSE. 
 Oran, E. of the large salt lake of Oran. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Valmy, vil., France, dep. Marne, arr. and 6 m. W. Ste. 
 Menehould. On a hill to the S. is a pyramid erected on the spot 
 1648 
 
 where the soldiers of the Revolution, under Kellermann and 
 Dumouriez, gained their first victory over the Prussian troops, 
 1792. P. < 2000. 
 
 Valognes, tn., France, dep. Manche, cap. arr. V. , 11 m. SE. 
 Cherbourg ; lime worked ; trade in beer. It was fortified under 
 the Dukes of Normandy. The remains of the ancient Alauna 
 are \ m. to the E. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Valols, former dist., France, now in deps. Oise and Aisne. 
 
 Valona, tn., Turkey in Europe. See Avloua. 
 
 Valorla la Bnena, tn., Spain, prov. Valladolid, cap. dist. 
 v., 15 m. S. Palencia. P. < 2000. 
 
 Valparaiso, chief seapt. of Chile, cap. prov. and dep. V., 62 
 m. WNW. Santiago, on the Pacific, in 33° i' S. It stands on 
 the (S. ) foreshore, runs up the hills behind, and extends NE. 
 towards the seaside resort of Vlfta del Mar {q.v.). There are 
 no buildings of note save the public offices. There are, however, 
 arsenals, shipbuilding yards, and a naval college. A statue to 
 Lord Cochrane adorns one of the squares. V. imports some 70 
 per cent, of the total impnarts of the country— cottons, woollens, 
 hardware, iron, coal, carpets, tea, boots, beer, and spirits, to 
 the value of ;^8, 500,000. The exports — nitrate, copper, silver, 
 skins, wheat, gold, &c. , amount to about one-fifth of the total 
 for all Chile. The bulk of the trade is done with England. V. 
 stands on an open bay and has no wet docks. During the pre- 
 valence of N. winds in winter the shipping in the bay (which on 
 other sides is well sheltered) is exposed to heavy seas. Large 
 vessels anchor in 15-30 fathoms. The Custom-House Mole has 
 a depth at high water of 36 ft. outside, 33 ft. inside ; at low 
 water outside 33 ft., inside 30 ft. V. was visited in 1835 by a 
 terrible earthquake. Founded by the Spaniard Saavedra, V. 
 was pillaged by Drake in 1578, and by Hawkins in 1594. In 
 1866 it was bombarded by the Spanish admiral Nuiiez, and in 
 1891 occupied by the Chilean insurgents. Mean temp. (10 yrs. , 
 1863-72), yr. 57.6°F. , Jan. 63.0°, July 52. 8°; mean rfall. (5 yrs.), 
 yr. 13.5 in. P. (1874)97,600; (1885) 105,000. 
 
 Valparaiso, vil., Mexico, state Zacatecas, 56 m. SW. Fres- 
 nillo. P. (comm.) 12,400. 
 
 Valparaiso, city, U.S., Indiana, Porter co., 36 m. SE. 
 Chicago (111.). P. 5100. 
 
 Valpelllne, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, 6 m. NNE. 
 Aosta ; has mines of copper and iron pyrites. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Valperga, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, 13 m. SW. 
 Ivrea, on r. bk. of the Oreo. About i m. W. is the Sanctuary 
 of Bemonte, much frequented by pilgrims and excursionists. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Valpovo, tn., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, 15 m. WNW. 
 Eszek; health resort. P. < 5000. 
 
 Valr^as, tn., France, in a detached part of dep. Vaucluse, 
 arr. and 20 m. NE. by N. Orange, 8 m. W. by N. Nyons. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Val Romey, valley, France. See Aln, dep. 
 
 Val'Salnt-Lanibert, vil., Belgium, prov. Lifege, 3 m. SW. 
 Seraing, on r. bk. of the Meuse ; has one of the largest European 
 cut-glass works. 
 
 Val Savaranche, picturesque valley, Italy, dist. Aosta, de- 
 scending 16 m. towards the r. bk. of the Doria Baltea. 
 
 Valseqnlllo, tn., Canary Is., 15 m. SSE. Las Palmas. 
 P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Val Sesia, valley, Italy, Piedmont, prov. Novara, watered by 
 the riv. Sesia, running in the main SE. from Monte Rosa. Length 
 about 36 m. The most important places are Varallo, Borgo 
 Sesia, important industrial centre, and Alagna, at the foot of 
 Monte Rosa, tourist resort. 
 
 VaIs>les.Balns, tn., France, dep. Ardeche, arr. Privas, 3 m. 
 NNW. Aubenas ; has silk-mills and mineral springs, the water 
 of which is largely exported in bottles. P. <3000. 
 
 Valtelllna, in German VeltUn, the part of ihe valley of the 
 Adda, Italy, stretching about 40 m. E. from the upper end of 
 Lake Como. 
 
 Valtos, lake, Greece, Acamania, divided into two parts, 
 Rivios on the S. , and Ambrakia on the N. , 3 m. S. of the Gulf 
 of Arta. Length, 7 m. 
 
 Valtos, vil. , Scot. , Ross-shire, Lewes I. , 34 m. W. Stornoway. 
 P. 500. 
 
 Val Toiimanche, one of the most important valleys of 
 Aosta, Italy, starting in the N. on the S. slope of Matterhorn, 
 SE. of which the pass of St. Th^odule (alt. 10,900 ft.) connects 
 this valley with that of ^rmatt. In this valley is the narrow 
 gorge of Busserailles, with several grottoes. 
 
 Val Trompla, valley, India. See Lombardy. 
 
 Valna, or Saddle Island, isl.. New Hebrides, N. of 
 Banks Is. 
 
 Valnikl, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 142 m. SSW. Voronezh, 
 near 1. bk. Oskol R. P. <5ooo. 
 
 ValTcrde, tn., Canary Is., in NE. of Ferro, dist. Sta. Craz 
 de Tenerife ; has sulphurous waters of Pozo de la Salud (' well of 
 health"), by the sea. In the neighbourhood are grottoes with 
 remains of the native race. P. (comm.) 5900. 
 
 Val Verde, co., U.S., Te.xas, in the SW., on the Rio Grande, 
 crossed by ioi° W. 
 
V A L V 
 
 V AN N 
 
 Valvewle del I'amiiio, tn., Spain, prov, and 24 m. NNE. 
 
 Huelva, cap. dist. V. P. (comm. ) 6000. 
 
 V^niborl, municip. , Brit. India, Bombay Presidency, dist. 
 Ahmadnagar. P. 5200 ; Hindus, 4300. 
 
 Yammer, isl., E. Indies, Arru Archipelago, SE. of Ceram ; 
 chief port Dobo, on N. ct. Area, 75 sq. m. P. estimated 
 at 2100. 
 
 Yanio, isl., W. of Viti Levu, Fiji Is., in 177° 15' E., 17° 30' S. 
 
 Yamsadhilril, riv., Brit. India, Central Provs., rises in 19° 
 55' N. , 83° 32' E. , flows SSE. into the Bay of Bengal at Kalin- 
 gapatam ; it irrigates a large tract of land ; navigable by country 
 boats for nearly half its length. Length, 170 m. 
 
 Yaii, walled tn. , Turkish Armenia, cap. vilayet and sanjak V. , 
 about 140 m. SE. Erzerum, and about i m. from the E. side of 
 Lake V. ; built on an open, level space, surmounted by a citadel 
 crowning a picturesque rock (nummulitic) which rises perpen- 
 dicularly to a height of about 300 ft. , and is pierced with holes 
 and caverns. The suburb of Baglar or Aykerdan ('the gardens ') 
 extends for a long distance over the fertile plain. V. has a large 
 Armenian normal school ; manufactures of cotton goods, moir6 
 antique for mantles, and soap. Its position is of considerable 
 strategic importance, at the junction of the two military routes 
 from Asia Minor and Mesopotamia ; commanding also the ap- 
 proaches from Persia. It abounds in antiquarian remains, with 
 cuneiform and other early inscriptions. Traces still remain of 
 its magnificent palaces attributed to the mythical Semiramis, 
 in spite of the attempts of the Mongols of Tamerlane to destroy 
 them. The dist. S. and E. of the lake was the seat of an Ar- 
 menian kingdom called Biaina, cap. Duspas, in and after 9th 
 century B.C. P. 30,000; Moham. 16,000; Christians, 13,500. 
 
 Van, the ancient Thospites or A rsissa, large lake without outlet, 
 Turkey in Asia, in W. of vilayet V., crossed by 38^° N., 43° E., 
 20-40 m. N. to S., 30-50 m. E. to W., longest axis SW. to the 
 head of a gulf in the NE. , 75 m.; enclosed by mts. , Sipan (or 
 Sipkhan) Dagh on N., Nimrud Dagh on W. , less important 
 heights on S and E. ; principal towns, V. on E., Akhlat, Eljivas, 
 and Erjish on N., Tadvan on SW. Water not salt in taste, but 
 containing considerable proportion of carbonate of potash, and 
 not drinkable. The level varies by 10-13 ft. according to the 
 abundance or deficiency of rain in {periods of years. Alt. 
 variously estimated at 5200, 5360, 5460 ft. Area, estimated at 
 1425 sq. m. 
 
 Van, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, Cardiff union, near Caer- 
 philly ; has lead-mines. P. <25o. See Llauldloes. 
 
 Van Alptaen, coast riv., S. Australia, N. Terr., debouching 
 on the SW. shore of the Gulf of Carpentaria, in about 137° E. ; 
 its course is unexplored. Length probably exceeds 100 m. 
 
 Vana*Vaua, or Barrow, isl., Pacific, in Tuamotu group, in 
 about 20^° S., 139° W. 
 
 Vanbn, vil. , Tongking, on the upper He-ho, in about 103° 
 20' E., with French post. 
 
 Van Bnren, co., U.S., Arkansas, between 92° and 93° W. , 
 and 35° and 36° N. 
 
 Van Bnren, city, U.S., Arkansas, Crawford co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Arkansas, about 5 m. from the W. frontier of the state. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Van Bnren, co. , U.S., Iowa, on S. frontier, and crossed by 
 92° W. , traversed by Des Moines R. 
 
 Van Bnren, tn,, U.S., Maine, Aroostook co., on St. John 
 R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Van Bnren, co. , U.S., Michigan, on Lake Michigan, N. of 
 42° N. 
 
 Van Bnren, co. , U.S., Tennessee, N. of the parallel of 35° 
 N. , and E. of the meridian of 86° W. 
 
 Van Buskirk, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Hudson co. , 5 m. S. 
 Jersey City by rail, on a penin. between New York and Newark 
 Bays. P. < 1500. 
 
 Van Camp, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Wetzel co. , on the Ohio, 
 33 m. S. by W. Wheeling. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Vance, co. , U.S., N. Carolina, on the N, frontier, E. of 
 79° W. 
 
 Vance bnrg, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Lewis co., on the 1. bk. of 
 the Ohio, 75 m. SE. by E. Cincinnati (Ohio) ; an important 
 shipping point. P. <i5oo. 
 
 VanconTcr, tn. and port, Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on a 
 slight eminence at mouth of Burrard Inlet (S. side), the western 
 terminus of the C. P. R., 1482 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, 2908 m. 
 from Montreal, 3595 m. from Halifax (N. S.), by the Short line, 
 3162 m. from New York, as against 3270 m. between San Fran- 
 cisco and New York, 4330 nautical miles from Yokohama, 5890 
 from Hong-kong. Until May 1886 its site was occupied by dense 
 forests, but it has grown with great rapidity in consequence of the 
 local advantages of its splendid harbour, as well as the natural 
 and political advantages of the trans-continental route of the 
 C. P. R. The distance in statute miles from Liverpool to Hong- 
 kong by Montreal and V. is 12,908 m. , by Halifax and V. 13,226 
 m., as against 13,407 m. by New York and Portland (Or.), and 
 13,740 m. by New York and San Francisco. Under an agree- 
 ment between the government of the United Kingdom and that 
 of the Canadian Dominion, a permanent line of first-class steam- 
 1649 
 
 ships, serving as mail-steamers, and suitable for service as armed 
 cruisers, now plies between V. and Hong-kong by Yokohama. 
 The first mails by this route were delivered in London on May 
 13, 1891. P. (1889) 11,000; (1891) 13,700. 
 
 Vaneonver, city, U.S., Washington, Clarke co. , 100 m. S. 
 by E. Olympia ; headquarters of Columbia military dist. ; acces- 
 sible to large craft. P. <4000. 
 
 Vancouver Imland, Canada, about half the size of Ireland, 
 between 48° 20' and 51° N., 123° and 128° 20' W. , forming part 
 of the prov. of British Columbia, from the mainland of which 
 it is separated by Queen Charlotte Sound and the Strait of 
 Georgia. Length from Cape Scott (NW. ) to Gonzalez Point 
 (SE.), 270 m. ; average breadth, 50 m. Coast deeply indented 
 by gulfs and bays. Climate moist, but healthy [Victoria, 
 EHqulmalt]. Mountains generally covered with pine, and rise 
 beyond the reach of vegetation ; several peaks above 6000 
 ft.. Mount Victoria in the N. half of the island estimated at 
 about 7500 ft. The arable land, producing grain and vege- 
 tables as well as fruit, is almost confined to a strip of lowlands, 
 2-10 m. in width, between the S, and SE. coasts and the moun- 
 tains, and the settled dists. do not at present extend beyond 
 49° 15' N. A few Scottish crofter families have been settled 
 at points favourable for fisheries on the W. coast. Minerals 
 are said to be plentiful, and the most important coal deposits 
 on the Pacific coast are worked at Nanaimo, on the Gulf of 
 Georgia, which is connected by a railway 80 m. long with 
 Victoria, the cap., at the SE. point of the island. Valuable 
 gold deposits are said to have been discovered at Albemi, on 
 the W. coast. V. I. is said to have been discovered in 1592 
 by Apostolos Valerianos, or Juan de Fuca, a Greek in the ser- 
 vice of Spain. In 1778 it was visited by Captain Cook ; in 1789 
 it was proved to be an island by Captain Kendric of Boston, 
 who sailed round it ; and it was again circumnavigated in 
 1792 by Galiano and Valdez, as well as Vancouver, who had 
 been sent over to receive possession of the island on the part 
 of the British from the Spanish. The Spanish governor at the 
 time was named Quadra, and the two agreed to call the island 
 Quadra and V. I. , but the Spanish part of the name was gradu- 
 ally dropped. In 1844 the island received the first settlement 
 of the Hudson Bay Company, to which the whole island was 
 assigned in 1849 ; in 1858 it was bought back by the crown, and 
 remained a separate colony till August 6, 1866, when it was by 
 Act of Parliament united with British Columbia. Area nearly 
 16,000 sq. m. P., exclusive of natives (1871) 6000; (1881) 
 17,300; (1891)36,800. See Qnadra Island. 
 
 Vandalla, city, U.S., Illinois, Fayette co., 63 m. ENE. St. 
 Louis (Mo.) ; situated in good fruit region. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Vandalla, vil., U.S., Missouri, Audrian co., 63 m. NE, by 
 N. Jefferson City. P. < 1500. 
 
 V^andalus, riv. , Poland. See Vlstnla. 
 
 Van der Capellen, strait, Japan, between the N, of Kiushiu 
 and the extreme SW. of Honshiu. 
 
 Vandersbnrg, co., U.S., Indiana, on S. frontier, and E, of 
 88° W. 
 
 Van Dlemen, strait, Japan, S. of Kiushiu I. , which it separates 
 from the isls. of Tanega Shima and Yaku Shima ; lighthouse. 
 Least width, 19 m. 
 
 Van Dlemen, or Maria, cape, New Zealand, North I., in 
 
 34° 12' S. 
 
 Van Dlemen, Cinlf, N. ct. of N. Australia, between Arnhem 
 Land and Coburg Penin. and Melville I. , crossed by 12° S. , 132° 
 E. Length, E. to W., 100 m.; breadth, 60 m. 
 
 Van Dlemen's Land. See Tasmania. 
 
 Van EttenvlUe, vil., U.S., New York, Chemung co., 62 ni. 
 SSW. Syracuse, and 17 m. S, Ithaca. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Vang, vil. , Norway, prov. and 3 ni. ENE. Hamar, on E. ct. 
 of Lake Mjosen. P. (comm.) 8400. 
 
 Vang, tn. , Siam, 90 m. WNW. Hue, about 17° 10' N. 
 
 Vangain«lrauo, tn. , Madagascar, near the E. ct. , in about 
 
 23° 15' s. 
 
 Vange, par., Eng. , Essex, Chelmsford div. , 11 m. W, by N. 
 Southend, 2 m. W. by S. Pitsea stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Vanguard, bank, S. China Sea, about midway between 
 Cochin-China and the NW. ct. of Borneo, in about 7° 30' N. 
 
 Vanl, promontory, NE. Melos I. , Greece ; has rich mines of 
 manganese and argentiferous barytes. 
 
 Vanl-koi, vil., Asia Minor, on the Bosporus, 5 m. NE. Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 Vanlkoro. See Manlkolo. 
 
 Vanlkoro, or la Peronse Island, isl. , Santa Cruz Is. , in 
 11° 40' S. , 166° 5o'-58' E. 
 
 Viinlyambiidl, municip. , Brit, India, Madras, dist. Salem, 
 on Palar R., 38 m. WSW. Vellore. P. 15,800; Hindus, 7200 ; 
 Moham. 8600. 
 
 Van Mines, P.O., Wales, 2 m. from Llandiloes, Montgomery- 
 shire. 
 
 Valutas, vil., Sweden, prov. Vesterbotten, 16 m. WNW. 
 Umei. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Vanne, or Vannes, riv. , France, rises 9 m. W. Troyes, dep. 
 Aube, flows W. and gains the r. bk. of the Yonne above Sens. 
 
 5M 
 
^■AN"N — 'yj^.R'E 
 
 The V. aqueduct is the chief channel conveying to Paris water 
 from Burgundy, dep. Yonne ; length, 68 ni. Length of river, 
 37 m.; area of basin, 365 sq. m. 
 
 Vauues, port and cap. dep. Morbihan, France, cap. arr. V., 
 21 m. NE. by E. Quiberon ; has a museum of prehistoric and 
 Celtic archaeology, a cathedral, and remains of ramparts of the 
 14th and 15th centuries; dockyards, and various manufactures. 
 Exports oysters, hemp, &c. V. is on the site of the Gaulish 
 town oi Dariorigum, or Darioritutn, cap. of the Veneti. The 
 town was one of the three where the States of Brittany alternately 
 assembled. P. (1872) 14,700; (1891)21,500. 
 
 Vaniiu, isl. , Norway, prov. and 34 m. NE. Tromso. Length, 
 20 m.; area, 90 sq. m. P. 455. ,, 
 
 Van Keeiieiis Pass* pass across the Quathlamba Mts., lead- 
 ing from Natal into. Orange Free State, in about 28° 10' S., on 
 the route of the. railway from Ladismith to Harrismith. 
 
 Van RhyiiMlorp^ vil. , Cape Colony, dist. Clanwilliara. P. 
 
 .<I500. 1..:' ; V .-; , 
 
 Vans, Les»:tn., France, dep. Ardtehe, arti. .Lal^entiere, 41 
 m. N. by W. Nimes. P. <2ooo. \t'. ■ ■ - .■ . 
 
 Van-»auK» tn., Tongking. See Muh-binh. • ' . 
 
 Vanse, yil. , Norway, prov. and 51 m. WSW, Christiansand, 
 on the North Sea.. P. (comm, ) 5500. 
 
 Vanslttart Bay, inlet, on! the N. ct. of the Kimberley div. 
 of W. Australia, in 126° 20' E. 
 
 Vanswah,.vil., W. Africa, Liberia, 12 ni. N. Monrovia, near 
 the N. shore of the mouth of St. Paul R.; commercial centre of 
 the Mandigos. 
 
 Vanua Lava, one of the Banks Is., S. Pacific, in 13° 45'-55' 
 S., just W. of 167° 30' E. 
 
 Vanna Levu, the second largest of the Fiji Is (q.v.), NE. of 
 Viti Levu. 
 
 Vanua .Masl, coral reef, in the E. or Lau group of the Fiji 
 Is., crossed by 18° o' S. , 178° 25' W. 
 
 Vanua Vatu, one of the Fiji Is., in the Goro Sea, in 18° 23' 
 S. , 179° 17' W. 
 
 Vanutha, isl. , group belonging to Ringgold Is. , E. of Vanua 
 Levu, Fiji Is., in 16° 30' S., 179° 40' W. 
 
 Vauves, tn. , France, dep. Seine, arr. and 3 m. N. Sceaux, 
 I m. from the fortifications of Paris. P. 6000. 
 
 Van Wert, city, U.S., Ohio, cap. V. W. co., on the W. 
 frontier, 78 m. SW. Toledo. P. 5500. 
 
 Van Zaudt, co. , U.S. , Te.xas, in the NE. , to the S. of 33° N. , 
 crossed in the W. by 96° W. 
 
 Vaour, vil., France, dep. Tarn, arr. Gaillac, 20 m. NW. by 
 W. Albi. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Vaprio d' Adda, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 17 m. ENE. 
 Milan, above the r. bk. of the Adda. P. <:400o. 
 
 Vaqueria, La, vil., Paraguay, 145 m. NE. by E. Asuncion. 
 
 Var, maritime dep.., SE. France, named from the Var R., 
 which previous to i860 formed its E. boundary ; formed in 1790 
 out of parts of Lower Provence ; di\'ided into three arrs. : 
 Draguignan (cap.), Brignoles, and Toulon. The coast has 
 numerous indentations — Gulf of Giens, Roads of Hyeres and 
 Bormes, Cavalaire Bay, and Gulfs of St. Tropez and Fr6jus. 
 Off the coast are the. Hyeres Is. Surface comprises two natural 
 divisions, the littoral and the interior ; to the former belong the 
 mountains of Maures and Est6rel. The Maures, an isolated 
 range (granitic, &c.) with magnificent forests, trends SW. and 
 NE., W. of the Angers ; highest points, Dame-des-Anges and La 
 Sauvette (each 2555 ft. ). Near Hyeres is the chain of the Petites 
 Maures (960 ft.) ; E. of the Argens is the Elst6rel (porphyritic, &c. ) 
 (2020 ft.). The mountains of the interior, connected directly 
 .with the Alpine system, are mainly cretaceous, with sterile 
 plateaux riddled by fissures ('embus' or ' embucs"), into which 
 .the. rain sinks to issue . in the valleys in abundant springs 
 ('foux'), of which the most noted is the Font I'Evfique ; culmi- 
 nating point, Pyramide de Lachens (5620 ft.), in the NE.; in 
 the N. the Marges or Mont d'Aguines (5175 ft.) rises above the 
 plain of Canjuers ; westward the mountains of V. are connected 
 with those of Bpuches-du- Rhone by the plateaux of Rians and 
 the chains of Etoile and St. Baume. About one-sixth of the 
 dep. is drained to the Rhone by the Durance, of which the 
 pnncipal trib. is the Verdon, on N. frontier; the rest of the 
 drainage goes directly to the Mediterranean by the Gapeau, 
 Mole, Argens, Siagne, and other streams. Forests considerable 
 .(St, Baume, Sici6, Mount Faron, Val, &c.). Climate very fine ; 
 mean temp, about the highest in France; winters very mild, 
 especially in the sheltered coast region, where are frequented 
 winter health resorts [Draguignan]. Rainfall below the mean 
 for France. The principal cereal is wheat ; the vine covers 7 
 per cent, of the surface (Mal^ue, Bandol, Brignoles, Lorgues, 
 &c.), production per acre about two-thirds of the average; 
 in the cultivation of olives the dep. ranks second. Sericulture 
 is important ; fruits (oranges, pomegranates, figs, &c. ) abundant. 
 Minerals include lignite (Nans, Toulon, Salernes, &c. ), a little 
 iron (Ampus, CoUobri^res, &c.), salt from marshes (near Hyeres, 
 and in isl. of Ambiers). Principal manufactures are connected 
 with naval arsenal of Toulon (q.v.), shipbuilding (La Seyne, St. 
 Tropez, Bandol). A special industry is the manufactiu-e of corks . 
 1650 
 
 from native- cork-wood (Collobrieres, Garde-Freinet). Area, 
 2234 sq. m. P. (1891) 288,300. See France, table. 
 
 Var, riv., France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, rises in the Alps, 
 flows E. and S. into the Mediterranean 4 m. W. by S. Nice ; 
 it formerly separated France from Italy. Length, 70 m. ; area 
 of basin, iioo sq. m. 
 
 Vara, small riv., Italy, in the E. of Lig^ia, flows SE. into 
 the Gulf of Genoa about 10 m. ESE. Spezia. 
 
 Vara yEstuarium, Scot. See Moray Firth. 
 • Varades, tn. , France, dep. Loire-Inf6rieure, near the r. bk. 
 of the Loire, 23 m. W. by S. Angers, arr. and 7 m. E. by N. 
 Ancenis ; small port on the Loire. P. <:20C)0. 
 
 Varadia, comm., Hungary, co. Temes, dist. Versecz. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Varals, or Warasqne^ former dist. , France, one of the five 
 divs. of Franche-Comt6, in modern dep. Doubs. 
 
 Varalta, riv., Italy, Piedmont, flows E. from the Cottian 
 Alps, then NE. to the Po, which it joins on the r. bk. 16 m. 
 SSW. Turin. 
 
 Varallo, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 31 m. NW. by N. 
 Novara; contains the celebrated sanctuary of Sacro-Monte. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Varalsii, isl., Norway, Hardanger Fjord, prov. and 27 m, 
 SE. Bergen. Length, 7 m. ; area, 17 sq. m. 
 
 Varanger Fjord, a deep, wide inlet of the Arctic Ocean, 
 between Russian Lapland and Norway (Finmark), in 69° 40' 
 N., 30° 11' E. Mean temp., yr. 28.9° F., Feb. 10.0°, July 52.4°; 
 rfall. (7 yrs.), 13.62 in. The dist. on the S. side of the fjord, 
 called Sydvaranger, is praised for its fine scenery. 
 
 Varang^.Tllle, tn. , France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, arr. and 
 7 m. SE. Nancy ; busy port on the Meurthe ; has mines of rock- 
 salt, manufactures of soda, &c. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Varano, lagoon, Italy, prov. Foggia, on the Adriatic shore, 
 on N. side of the penin. of Gargano. 
 
 Varapodlo, vil., Italy, prov. Reggie, 9 m. ESE. Palmi. 
 P. «i 3000. 
 
 Varas, Puerto, bay, Chile, prov. and on S. ct. of Lake 
 Llanquihue, in 41° 20' S. 
 
 Varasd, royal free tn. , Hungary, Croatia, cap. co. V. (in 
 extreme NW.), on the Drave, 36 m. NE. by N. Agram. P. 
 11,100. 
 
 VaraTille, vil., France, dep. Calvados, arr. and 11 m. NE. 
 Caen, 3 m. from the English Channel ; sea-bathing resort. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Varazze, tn. and port, Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the 
 coast, 6 m. NE. by E. Savona. P. 4000. 
 
 Varbada, River, riv., New Guinea, entering the Gulf of 
 Papua in about 145° 45' E. 
 
 Varberg, maritime tn. and port, Sweden, prov. Halland, on 
 the SW. ct., 43 m. S. by E. Gothenburg ; chief exports, butter, 
 granite, oats, wood, fish ; constructs steamboats ; bathing resort. 
 The public quay has a depth of 14! ft. ; the anchorage is open 
 to S. and SW. winds. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Varcar Vakuf, tn. , Bosnia, prov. Travnik, 67 m. SW. Brod, 
 25 m. S. by W. Banjaluka ; coal mined. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Vardal, vil., Norway, prov. and 19 m. W. Hamar. P. 
 (comm. )<4000. 
 
 Vardar, riv., Turkey in Europe, rises in the SW. of the 
 vilayet Kossovo, and flows NNE. and SE. past Ushkub and 
 Kopriilii into the Gulf of Salonica. 
 
 Vardari, tn., Turkey, prov. and 11 m. W. Salonica. 
 
 Varde, tn. , Denmark, in the SW. of Jutland, on the V. Aa, 
 prov. Ribe, 32 m. S. by E. Ringkjobing. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Vardo, maritime tn. and port, Norway, prov. Tromso, dist. 
 Finmiirken, 175 m. ESE. Hammerfest, on Vardo I.; no docks. 
 Exports salt and dried fish, whale and cod oil, guano, &c., to 
 the value of about ;^8o,ooo annually. To the W. is the fortress 
 of Vardohus, built 1310. Mean temp., yr. 32.7° F., Feb. 21.0°, 
 July 47. 1°. P. <3000. 
 
 Varel, urban comm. , Ger. , gd. -duchy and 17 m. N. Olden- 
 burg, cap. circle V. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Varela, cape, Annam, on the E. ct., about 12° 53' N. 
 
 Varennes, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Verch^res co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the St. Lawrence, 13 m. NNE. Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Varennes, tn. , France, dep. Indre, arr. Issoudun, on the 
 Cher, 29 m. SSE. Blois. P. <20oo. 
 
 Varennes, dist. , France. See Indre-et-Lolre. 
 
 Varennes-en-Argonne, tn., France, dep. Meuse, on the 
 Aire, arr. and 16 m. WNW. Verdun. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Varennes-sur-Alller, tn. , France, dep. Allier, arr. LaPahsse, 
 38 m. NW by W. Roanne, 18 m. S. by E. MouHns. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Varennes-sur-.4mance, tn., France, dep. Haute-Marne, 
 48 m. NW. by N. Dijon, arr. and 14 m. E. by N. Langres. 
 P. <;2000. 
 
 Varennes-sous-Montsoreau, tn. , France, on the E. border 
 of dep. Maine-et- Loire, on the r. bk. of the Loire, 32 m. WSW. 
 Tours, arr. and 7 m. E. by S. Saumur. P. <2boo. 
 
 VareS, vil., Bosnia, circle and 21 m. N. by W. Serajevo ; in 
 the neighbourhood is a chrome mine. P. <2ooo. 
 
 VAres, Cabo de, cape, Spain, 35 m. NE. by E. Ferrol. 
 
V ARE 
 
 V A T O 
 
 Varese, tn. , Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, on the Vara, 23 m. 
 NW. by N. Spezia. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Varese, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 13 m. W, Como. 
 Alt. 1255-1280 ft. P. 5500. 
 
 Varese Lake, Italy, prov. Como, 4 m. E. Lake Maggiore, 
 into which it pours its surplus waters. Length, 5 m. ; breadth, 
 2 m. ; alt. 785 ft. 
 
 Varlalu, isl. , E. Indies, Arru Archipelago ; low, marshy land 
 of coraline formation. Area, 145 sq. m. P. (1889) estimated 
 at 298. 
 
 Varlarl, isl. , E. Indies, Timor- Laut Archipelago, W. of the 
 chief island of Yamdena group. Area, 85 sq. m. 
 
 VarlUies, tn. , France, dep. Ariege, arr. Pamiers, on the 
 Ariege, 40 m. S. by E. Toulouse, 6^ m. N. by E. Foix. P. <20oo. 
 Varlz^, vil., France, dep. Eure-et-Loir, 24 m. S. Chartres, 
 arr. and 9 m. E. by N. Chateaudun. P. <20oo. 
 
 Varjag NJarg, penin. , NE. Norway, bathed N W. by the Tana 
 Fjord, NE. by the Atlantic, and E. and S. by Varanger Fjord. 
 Varjas, comm. , Hungary, co. Temes, dist. Vinga. P. 5000. 
 Varkeiiseilaiid, isl., E. Indies. See Slmaln. 
 Varley Point, cape, Eng. , on the NW. ct. of Cornwall, in 
 the S. of Port Isaac Bay, in 4° 50' W. 
 
 Varna, fortified tn. on the IBlack Sea, Bulgaria, cap. prov. V., 
 on a bay opening towards the E. , and offering no shelter to 
 ships against N. and NE. winds, at the entrance to the Dje- 
 vinski Liman (see Pravadla Dere), 53 m. NNE. Burgas ; the 
 port is the busiest in Bulgaria. Exports grain, meat, leather, &c. , 
 to the value of more than ^^500, 000 annually. V. is the ancient 
 Odessos, later Tiberiopolis, colony of the Milesians, founded in 
 the 6th century B.C. In 1854 it was chosen by France and 
 England as the depot for the allied armies fighting against 
 Russia at Sebastopol. Vessels anchor in 3-5 fathoms, and load 
 and discharge by means of lighters. P. (1881) 24,600; (1888) 
 25,300; Bulgarians, 8400; Moham. 7600; Greeks, 5400. 
 
 Varuavin, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 256 m. E. of Kostroma, 
 on r. bk. Vetluga. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Varne, The, shoal, Eng., 9 m. SE. Folkestone, in Strait of 
 Dover ; near W. end is V. light-vessel, with revolving light 
 (V. Shoal) seen 10 m. Length, NE. to SW. , 6 m. 
 
 Varney, post- vil. , Canada, Ontario, Grey CO., 40 m. SW. 
 Collingwood, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Varnnni, vil., Sweden, prov. and 21 m. ESE. Karlstad. 
 P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Varo, vil. , Sweden, prov. Halland, 45 m. NN W. Halmstad, 
 I m. from the Kattegat. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 Vdros, Hungarian, ' town. ' 
 Varoshla, tn. , Cyprus. See Faniagnsta. 
 Var ■ Paiota, comm. , Hungary, co. and dist. Veszpr^m. 
 P. 5200. 
 
 Varsovle, French name of Warsaiv. 
 
 Varsseveid, vil., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 22 m. E. 
 Arnhem. P. <20oo. 
 
 Varteg, stn. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, N. div. , on the L. & N W. 
 R. , 3i m. N. by W. Pontypool ; coal mined in vicinity. PM.O. 
 Vartliolomlou (vartholomi), Greece, prov. Elis and Achaia, 
 on the Gastouni, 40 m. SW. by W. Patras. 
 
 VartlrAylrappu, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Tinnevelli. 
 P. 7400; Hindus, 7300. 
 
 Vartry, riv. , Ire., in the NE. of co. Wicklow, flows S. then 
 E. into St. George's Channel. 
 
 Varzl, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Pavia, 28 m. ESE. 
 Alessandria. P. <20oo. 
 
 Varzlu, vil., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, . govt, and 26 m. E. 
 Koslin ; contains Prince Bismarck's castle. P. <20oo. 
 
 Varzy, tn. , France, dep. Nifevre, 27 m. NNE. Nevers, arr. 
 and 10 m. SW. Clamecy. P. <2oc)o. 
 
 Vas, CO. , Hungary. See Vasvar and Hungary, table. 
 Vasa, or Wasa, govt. , W. Finland, including the lake plateau 
 (500-780 ft.) and its slopes towards the Gulf of Bothnia (Oster- 
 botten) ; riv. Kyro and several smaller ones ; lakes Kejtela and 
 Pajane. Shipping along the coast ; timber saw-mills in interior. 
 Chief towns: Nikolaistad or V., Gamla Karleby, Jakobstad, 
 Kristinestad (all on Gulf of Bothnia), and Jyvaskylk (at N. end 
 of Lake Pajane ; large teachers' seminary). Area, 16,084 sq- m. 
 P. (1892) 421,520. 
 
 Vasa, or \lkulalstad, chief tn. of above govt. , on a bay of 
 the Gulf of Bothnia, 327 m. by rail NW. Helsingfors; has 
 steamer communication with Hernosand (Sweden). Depth of 
 water alongside quays, 9-14 ft. Vessels above that draught 
 load and discharge at anchor in the inner road, about i m. from 
 the towui P. (1892) 10,950. 
 
 VJisby, vil., Sweden, prov. Malmohus, -44 m. NNW. Malmo. 
 P. (comm.)<;400o. 
 
 Vascao, riv., Portugal, flows E. to the Guadiana, for the most 
 part forming the N. frontier of the Algarve (dist. Faro). 
 Vasconia, prov., France. See Ciascony. 
 Vase, vil., Sweden, prov. and 10 m. E. Karlstad, near the N. 
 shore of Lake Wener. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Vaslllca, vil., Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, circle Tatar- 
 Pazardzik. P. < 3000. 
 
 VaslUko, tn. , Turkey, on the N. ct., Crete, 11 m. WNW. 
 Candia, in 24° 58' E. 
 
 Vaslliko, coast vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. Kirk-Kilise, 
 on the Black Sea, 30 m. SE. by S. Burgas. 
 
 Vaslllkwn (vasiliko), tn. , Greece, on the W. ct. of Eubcea I., 
 5 m. SE. by E. Chalkis. 
 
 Vasllkov, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 23 m. by rail SW. Kiev ; 
 founded in loth century ; tobacco factories ; trade in cattle and 
 corn. P. 18,000. 
 
 Vasllsursk, or Vasll, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 107 m. E. 
 Nizhniy Novgorod, on high r. bk. of Volga and Sura. P. <5ooo. 
 Vaskdh, comm., Hungary, prov. Bihar, 46 m. SE. by S, 
 Grosswardein. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Vasknt, comm., Hungary, co. Bdcs-Bodrog, dist. Baja. 
 P. 5300. 
 
 Vaslultt, tn. , Roumania, cap. prov. V., 36 m. S. by E. Yassy. 
 P. 7500. 
 
 Vassalboro, tn. , U.S. , Maine, Kennebec co. , on Kennebec R. , 
 74 m. NE. Portland by rail. P. <3000. 
 
 Vassalboro, North, adjoining vil. P. <:i5oo. 
 Vassar, vil., U.S., Michigan, Tuscola co. , on Cass R. , 20 m. 
 SE. Bay City. P. -c 2000. 
 
 Vasse, post-tn. , W. Australia. See Biisselton. 
 Vasslr, isl., E. Indies, extreme N. of Arru Archipelago, in 
 about 5° 20' S. P. 89. 
 
 Vassonras, city, Brazil, state and 48 m. NW. Rio de Janeiro, 
 P. 9400. 
 
 Vassy, tn., France, dep. Calvados, arr. Vire, 7 m. NNE. 
 Tinchebrai. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vassy, or Wassy, tn., France, dep. Haute- Marlie, cap. arr. 
 W. , on the Blaise, 21 m. SSW. Bar-le-Duc ; has iron-mines, 
 and trade in wood. The massacre of the Protestant inhabitants 
 of V. , March i, 1562, was the beginning of the religious wars of 
 the 1 6th century. P. <400o. 
 
 Vastan, or Vostan, vil. , Turkish Armenia, at the SE. angle 
 of Lake Van, 140 m. N. by W. Mosul. P. 4200 ; Moham. 
 2100 ; Christians, 2100. 
 
 Vasto, tn. and port, near the E. ct. of Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, 
 prov. and 31 m. SE. by E. Chieti. P. 18,800. 
 
 VdsndevauallUr, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 40 m. 
 NNW. Tinnevelli. P. <5ooo. 
 
 VasvAr (Hungarian, in German Elsenhurg), coram., Hun- 
 gary, cap. CO. Vas (Eisenburg), 16 m. SSE. Steinamanger, 43 m. 
 S. by E. Odenburg. P. <4000. 
 
 Vas-yngan (Vat-yugan, 'narrow river'), riv., Russia, W. 
 Siberia, govt. Tomsk, 1. bk. trib. of Ob', which it joins 40 m. 
 below Narym after a course of 530 m. Also name of N. portion 
 of Baraba Steppe, 400 m. long and 130 m. wide, in Kainsk and 
 Narym dists. of Tomsk and Tara of Tobolsk. Covered with 
 countless lakes and wooded marshes, impassable in summer. 
 In spring and autumn an immense lake, 270 m. in circumference, 
 is formed. Inhabited by Ostyaks and Tunguses, and a few 
 Russian villages along some rivers. 
 
 Vatakrl, plain, in the SE. of Afghanistan, 4000 ft. above sea- 
 level, in the S. of the Suldiman Mts. Froc. li. G. S., 1879, map, 
 p. 80. 
 
 Vatan, tn. , France, dep. Indre, arr. Issoudun, 28 m. W. 
 Bourges. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vatanna Channel, N. of Ringgold Is., Fiji Is., in 16° o' S., 
 179° 20' W. , S. of the small Vatauna I. 
 
 Vate, Efate, or Sandwich, isl.. New Hebrides, crossed by 
 17° 40' S., 168° 20' E. On its NW. side is Havannah Harbour, 
 deep and capacious, sheltered from the ocean by Deception and 
 Protection Is. 
 Vatersay, isl., Scot. See Watersay. 
 
 Vathela, vil., Greece, on the W. ct. of Euboea I., on the N. 
 shore of the Straits of Euripos, 18 m. ESE. Chalkis. P. <20oo. 
 Vathen, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Stendal, 22 m. N. 
 by E. Magdeburg. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Vathi, Vathy, Fi2//4«a, in Greek names, 'deep.' 
 Vathl, tn. and port at the head of an inlet on the N. side of 
 the isl. of Samos. 
 
 Vatho Month, the principal mouth of the riv. Indus, India. 
 Vathy, popular name of the town of Ithaca {q.v.), Greece, 
 now officially disused. 
 
 Vathy, maritime vil., Greece, prov. Boeotia and Attica, at 
 the head of the Straits of Euripos, 5 m. S. by W. Chalkis, a 
 little to the S. of the ruins of ancient Aulis. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vathy, Point, cape, Greece, in the S., in 22° 30' E., i| m. 
 NE. of Cape Matapan. 
 Vatlcano, Capo, cape, Italy, in the SW. , in 38° 38' N. 
 Vatllak, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 14 m. NW. by 
 W. Salonica. 
 
 Vatna Joknll, or Klofa Jiiknll (historical Breidhatnerker 
 Kar), elevated snowfield, SE. Iceland, forming the starting- 
 point of most of the water-courses of the island. Alt. 5580-6235 
 ft. ; area, 3280 sq. m. * 
 
 Vatii, isl., prov., and 44 m. NNE. Stockholm, Sweden, in N. 
 part of Stockholm Archipelago. Length, 6 m. P. (with the 
 neighbouring islands) 2100. 
 
 1651 
 
VATO — VEDR 
 
 Vatoniandry, or Vatniuaiidrl, seapt., Madagascar, E. ct. , 
 in about 19° 15' S. 
 Yatra Doruel, comm. , Austria. See Dorna-lVatra. 
 
 Vatsklr, or Vatsker, vil., Scot., Ross-shire, Lewis I., on 
 Broad Bay, 7 m. NE. Stornoway. P. <5oo. 
 
 Tattlla-gundn, agricultural vil., Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 Madura, in io° 10' N., 77° 51' E. P. (1881) 11,500. 
 
 Vatubella, group of islands about 75 m. SE. Ceram, E. 
 Indies, 4° 20'-^ 50' S. , 131° 4o'-i32° o' E. ; the group consists 
 of nine islands, with an area of 17 sq. m. P. 2000. 
 
 Yatnlel, isl. , E. Indies, Arru Archipelago. Area, 20 sq. m. 
 P. 2760. 
 
 Vata LeUe, isl, S. of Viti Levu, in i8^° S., 177° 37' E. 
 
 Vatn Rhaudl, isl.. New Hebrides, Banks I., in 167° 37' E., 
 
 13° 15' s. 
 
 Tatn-Vara, or Hat Islaiul, isl., Fiji Is., Lau group, in Goro 
 Sea, in 17° 29' S., 179° 35' W. 
 
 Yat-yngan, riv. , Russia. See Vas-yngan. 
 
 Tanbeconrt, vil., France, dep. Meuse, on the Aisne, arr. 
 and 12 m. N. by W. Bar-le-Duc. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tancelles, S. suburb of Caen, France, dep. Calvados. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Yaaclln, maritime vil. , W. Indies, on E. ct. of Martinique I. 
 
 Vancluse, dep., SE. France, owes its name to the Fountain 
 of v.; formed in 1793 out of Venaissin, Orange, and a part 
 of Provence; divided into four arrs. : Avignon (cap.), Apt, 
 Carpentras, and Orange. Surface low in the W. , hilly or 
 mountainous throughout the greater part. The Plain of Comtat 
 or Avignon, divided into three sub-plains — Orange, Carpentras, 
 and Cavaillon — occupies about one-third of the dep., rising 
 from a little above the level of the Rhone in the W. to about 
 330 ft. in the E. The principal mountains are N. , the Ventoux, 
 an isolated range of cretaceous formation, bare and arid, con- 
 taining the highest point in the dep. (6270 ft. ) ; the mountains, 
 or rather plateau, of V. , S. of the former (highest point Sommet 
 de Pierre, 3745 ft.), also cretaceous and containing numerous 
 cylindrical depressions ('avens'), supposed to be connected 
 with subterranean water-courses, sometimes of great depth, as 
 the Jean Nouveau, a perpendicular shaft of 535 ft. ; still further 
 S. is the L^beron or Lub^ron, a well- wooded range, separated 
 from V. by the narrow valley of the Apt, mean alt. 2300-2600 
 ft., highest point the Lub^ron, 3690 ft. The dep. is drained 
 entirely to the Rhone (which forms its W. frontier) by the Lez, 
 Aygues or Eygues, Sorgue, Durance, &c. The Durance bounds 
 the dep. E. and S. for 60 m. Climate warm in sheltered plains 
 and valleys, but in higher parts cold and exposed to the mistral, 
 esp)ecially in the Ventoux. The principal cereal is wheat ; the 
 vine occupies about 4J per cent, of the surface (Chiteauneuf, 
 Sorgues, Basteau, Sarrians, &c.), production per acre slightly 
 below the average ; the olive is widely cultivated in sheltered 
 parts ; sericulture is important, and fruit is extensively grown. 
 Minerals include lignite (M^thamis and Piolenc), sulphur (Apt). 
 Manufactures (of little importance) chiefly woollen fabrics. Area, 
 1381 sq. m. P. (1891) 235,400. See France, table. 
 
 Vauclose, vil., France, dep. V., arr. Apt, 16 m. E. Avignon. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Vancluse, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, Aiken co., 15 m. NE. 
 Augusta (Ga. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Vancotte, vil. and bathing resort, France, dep. Seine- 
 Inf^rieure, arr. Le Havre, 4 m. WSW. Fecamp. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vancoulenrs, tn. , France, dep. Meuse, arr. Commercy, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Meuse, 12 m. WSW. Toul ; has forges and 
 blast-furnaces; manufactures hosiery and flannel. P. < 3000. 
 
 Vand, Ger. Waadt, cant. , Switzd. , lying principally N. and 
 E. of Lake Geneva, being bounded N. by cant. Neuchatel, E. 
 by cants. Bern and Freiburg, S. by cants. Valais and Geneva, 
 and S. and W. by France. Its highest elevations are in the 
 portion E. of Lake of Geneva, Mount Diablerets reaching 10,670 
 ft. , and the Grand Muveran 10,045 ^^- The cant, embraces the 
 greater part of the plain between the Jura and the Alps ; con- 
 sequently 85 per cent, of its area is cultivated, the vine especially 
 being grown to a great extent principally in the Rhone valley and 
 beside Lake of Geneva. Cattle-breeding is an active industry. 
 Manufacturing industry embraces tanning, preparation of con- 
 densed milk (Vevey and Lausanne), tobacco and cigars (Vevey 
 and Grandson), clock-making (Jura valleys), musical-boxes 
 (Ste. -Croix), agricultural implements, &c., at Vallorbe. Cap. 
 Lausanne. Ancient lake dwellings have been discovered in the 
 Lakes of Geneva and Neuchitel, pointing to very early settle- 
 ments in this region. V. was conquered by Bern in the i6th 
 century, and governed by Bern down to 1798. V. entered the 
 Swiss Confederation in 1803. Area, 1244 sq. m. P. (i888) 
 251,300, for the most part Protestants speaking French. See 
 Switzerland, table. 
 
 Tandler, vil. , Italy. See Valdlerl. 
 
 VaudolM. See Waldenses. 
 
 •Vandrenll. 1. Co., Canada, occupying the N. part of the 
 angle belonging to Quebec between the rivs. St. Lawrence and 
 Ottawa. 2. Cap. of that co., on the r. bk. of the riv. Ottawa, 
 25 m. W. by S, Montreal. P. < 1500. 
 1652 
 
 Vangliau, post-tn., Victoria, Talbot co., 27 m. S. by W. 
 Sandhurst ; in gold-digging dist. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vangneray, tn., France, dep. Rhone, arr. and 9 m. VV. by 
 S. Lyons. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vaulrnz, Ger. Thalbacli, vil., Switzd., cant, and 15 m. 
 SW. by S. Freiburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vanlx-lez-Tonrnal, vil., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 
 3 m. SE. Tournai, on r. bk. of the Scheldt. P. 2000. 
 
 Vanuage, dist. of Languedoc, France, now in dep. Gard 
 between Nimes and Sommieres. 
 
 Vanvert, tn., France, dep. Gard, arr. and 11 m. SSW. 
 Nimes ; has vineyards and trade in wine and grapes. P. <4ooo. 
 
 VauTlllers, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Saone, arr. Lure, 48 m. 
 N. Besan9on. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Vanxhall, suburb of London, Eng., Surrey, N. div. of 
 Lambeth bor. , on the r. bk. of the Thames, 2 m. SSW. St. 
 Paul's, London, on the L. & SW. R. 
 
 %'auxliall, St., PM.O. , Eng., near Plymouth, Devonshire. 
 
 Vanxliall and Duddeston, stn., Eng., Birmingham, on the 
 L. & NW. R., about 2 m. ENE. New Street stn. 
 
 Yaux-Praslln, castle, France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, 12 m. 
 N. Fontainebleau, 3 m. NE. Melun. 
 
 Vanx>8ons-CIi^vreniont, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. 
 Liege. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 VaTau, or Hafaln-hu, isl. and group, Pacific, the former 
 crossed by 18° 35' S. and 174° W. 
 
 VavaTato, huge granite mass, Madagascar, in the volcanic 
 area to the SW. of Antananarivo. 
 
 Vavlncourt, vil. , France, dep. Meuse, arr. and 5 m. NE. by 
 N. Bar-le-Duc. P. <20oo. 
 
 VaTonlyavllan Kulani, tn. , Ceylon, Northern prov., 56 m. 
 WNW. Trincomali. 
 
 Yaxtaolm, or Waxholm, vil. and isl., Sweden, prov. and 
 12 m. NE. Stockholm, for which it is a bathing and pleasure 
 resort. On adjacent islands are two strong fortresses, com- 
 manding the only channel by which large vessels can approach 
 the city. Has several piers, with a maximum depth of 11 ft. 10 
 in.; good anchorage. P. < 2000. 
 
 Y&yalp^d, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist, Cuddapah, 84 m. 
 NE. by E. Bangalore. P. <500o. 
 
 Vaynor, or Valuor, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, in the 
 extreme S. , 3 m. NNW. Merthyr- Tydfil ; 6550 ac. P. <35oo; 
 eccles. par. (V. -with Cefn Coed y C'ymnier) P. <35oo. 
 
 Vaynor (or Yaliior), Lower and ITpper, two adjoining pars. , 
 Wales, Cardiganshire, partly in bor. of Aberystwith. P. (of 
 each )< 500. 
 
 Vayrac, tn., France, on the N. border of dep. Lot, arr. 
 Gourdon, 46 m. ESE. P^rigueux. P. < 2000. 
 
 Yazlniba, commonly believed to be the aborigines of Mada- 
 gascar who dwelt in the island anterior to the Malay invasion, 
 though this is doubted by Elis^e Reclus, who is inclined to see 
 in them a Kaffir or Bantu tribe. 
 
 Vazitana Sarra, tn. , Tunis. See Zacar. 
 
 Yazon Bay, on W. ct. of Guernsey, Channel Is., 4 m. W. of 
 St. Peter Port ; site of a submerged forest. 
 
 Yeal Phok (' mud plain '), Cambodian name of the plain SE. 
 of Lake Tonle Sap. 
 
 Yectaenl, vil. , Turkey in Europe, Macedonia, prov. Monastir, 
 28 m. E. Koritsa. P. <400o. 
 
 YeclUgen, vil., Switzd., cant, and 5 m. E. Bern. P. (comm.) 
 <3000. 
 
 Yechlye, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 70 m. WNW. 
 Salonica. P. <3000. 
 
 Yecht, an arm of the Rhine, in the Netherlands, separates 
 from the Kromme Rijn at Utrecht, and after a N. and navigable 
 course enters the Zuider Zee at Muiden. Length, 20 m. 
 
 Yecht, riv., Prussian Westphalia, Hanover, and the Nether- 
 lands, rises near 52° N. , flows NW. and W. , and enters the E. 
 side of the Zuider Zee at Genemuiden, 8 m. N. by W. Zwolle. 
 Length, 90 m. 
 
 Yechta, tn. , Ger., gd. -duchy Oldenburg, cap. circle V., 29 
 m. S. by E. Oldenburg ; formerly a strong fortress. P. <300o. 
 
 Yecs^s, comm., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, dist. 
 Pest-felsb. P. <4000. 
 
 VecHs, ancient name of Isle of Wight (q.v.). 
 
 Yeda, gulf, E. Indies, between the S. and SE. penin. of Hal- 
 mahera I. Length, 93 m. ; breadth, 81 m. 
 
 Y^Aranyam, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Tanjore. P. 
 13,400; Hindus, 11,600. 
 
 YedAratl, riv., India. See Hagrl. 
 
 Yede, riv., Roumania, Walachia, rising at the foot of the 
 Transylvanian Alps, in N. of dep. Oltu, flows S. and SE. , 
 receiving from the left the Teleorman, and enters the Danube 
 16 m. below Svistov. Length, 118 m. 
 
 Yeddahs. See Ceylon. 
 
 Yeddel, Grosse and Klelne, Ger. , suburbs of Hamburg, on 
 the ]. bk. of the Norder Elbe. G. V. is included in the Frei- 
 hafengebiet. P. -c 4000. See Hamburg. 
 
 Yedra, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. and 34 m. S. Corunna, 
 dist. Santiago. P. 5700. 
 
VED R 
 
 V E LL 
 
 Vedraua, vil. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 12 ni. ENE. Bologna. 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Vedriii, comm., Belgium, prov., arr. , and 3 m. N. by W. 
 Namvir. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vednga, Loiver and Old, two vils., Russia, govt, and 32 m. 
 NW. Voronezh. P. 3000 and 5000. 
 
 Veedersbnrg, vil., U.S., Indiana, Fountain co. , 45 m. N. by 
 E. Terre Haute. P. < 1500. 
 
 Veeudam, comm., Holland, prov. and 16 m. SE. by E. 
 Groningen ; has manufactures of calico, and steamboat building. 
 P. 10,300. 
 
 Yeeiieudaal, vil., Holland, prov. Utrecht, 16 m. W. by N. 
 Arnhem ; has wool-carding. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Veenhnlzen, vil., Holland, prov. Drenthe, 14 m. SSW. 
 Groningen. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Veenwoaden, vil., Holland, prov. Friesland, 9 m. ENE. 
 Leeuwarden. P. < 2000. 
 
 Veere, tn. , Holland, on the NE. ct. of the isl. of Walcheren, 
 prov. Zeeland, 3^ m. NE. by N. Middelburg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vefseii, vil. and port, Norway, prov. Tromso, dist. Nordland, 
 104 m. SSW. Bodo, P. (comm.) 5200. 
 
 ^ega, Spanish, ' plain," or ' cultivated field.' 
 
 Vega. See €oncepcion de la Vega. 
 
 Vega, La, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 45 m. ESE. 
 Orense, dist. El Barco de Valdeorras. P. 6900. 
 
 Vega de Rlvaileo, tn. , Spain, Asturias, prov. and 60 m. 
 WNW. Oviedo, dist. Castropol. P. (comm.) 6600. 
 
 Vega de Valcarce, comm., Spain, prov. and 71 m. WNW. 
 Le6n, dist. Villafranca del Vierzo. P. <:400o. 
 
 Vega Keal. See Haiti (isl.) and Santo Domingo (republic). 
 
 Vegen, isl., Norway, W. ct., prov. Nordland, in 65° 45' N., 
 12° o' E. 
 
 Vegesack, tn. and harb. , Ger. , on the r. bk. of the Weser, 
 10 m. NW. Bremen, belonging to the terr. of Bremen ; the tidal 
 harbour has a depth of 20 ft. at high water, 13 ft. at low water. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Vegetable Creek, tn. , New South Wales. See Eniniavllle. 
 
 Vegliel, vil., Holland, prov. North Brabant, 11 m. ESE. 
 Bois-le-Duc. P. (comm.) 5900. 
 
 VegUa, tn., Austria, crownland Istria, isl. of Veglia, on a 
 bay on the S. ct. P. < 2000. 
 
 Veglle, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 22 m. S. Brindisi. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 V^g-Szent-MUiAly, comm., Hungary, co. Torontal, dist. 
 Alibunar. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Vehar, lake, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Thana, in Salsette I., 
 formed to provide the town with water i860, now superseded by 
 other works. See Bombay. 
 
 Vel, tribe, W. Africa, of Mandigo stock, settled NW. of 
 Liberia, on the borders of Sierra Leone, numbering about 50,000. 
 
 Velnge, vil., Sweden, prov. Halland, 11 m. SE. Halmstad. 
 P. (comm. )<4000. 
 
 VelutemlUa, point on the coast of Ecuador, in 2° 12' S. 
 
 Velnte y Clnco de Mayo, vil. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 
 112 m. WSW. Buenos Aires, on Lake Mulitas. P. 3000. 
 
 Velra, P.O., Scot., Orkney Is. See Vlera. 
 
 Velrler, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 3 m. SSE. Geneva. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vejj'r de la Frontera, tn. , Spain, prov. and 25 m. SE. 
 Cadiz, dist. Chiclana. P. (comm.) 11,000. 
 
 Vejle, maritime tn. , Denmark, on the SE. ct. of Jutland, 
 prov. v., at the head of V. Fjord, 16 m. SW. by W. Horsens. 
 Its port is open all the winter ; has hop-gardens and picturesque 
 surroundings. V. was taken by the Prussians in 1848, and by 
 the Austrians in 1864. Depth in harbour and at entrance, 13 ft. 
 Rfall. , yr. 29.76 in. P. 9000. 
 
 Vekal, small isl. group in the Lau or E. group of the Fiji 
 Is. , S. of Exploring Is. , in 17° 33' S. , 178° 36' W. 
 
 Vela, La, cape, Colombia, on NW. ct. of Goajira Penin., in 
 12° 13' N., 72° 10' W. 
 
 Vela, La, maritime tn. , Venezuela, Falcon, on the coast, in 
 about 69° 35' W. 
 
 Vela Lavella, isl. , Pacific. See Vella Lavella. 
 
 Velasco, port, U.S., Texas, co. Brazoria, 5 m. from mouth of 
 Brazos R. , 40 m. SW. Galveston. Water 20 ft. deep in river, 
 16 ft. on bar at mouth at ordinary high water, 14 ft. 6 in. at low 
 water ; dredging operations in progress. 
 
 Velasco, Sierra, mt. chain, Argentine Republic, prov. Rioja, 
 running N. to S. between 28° and 30° N. 
 
 Velaax, vil., France, dep. Bouches-du-Rhone, arr. and 11 m. 
 W. Aix. P. <20oo. 
 
 Velbert, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Mettmann, 8^ m. 
 NW. Barmen ; manufactures locks ; in the neighbourhood are 
 numerous iron ore mines. P. (i8i6)<5ooo; (1890) 5300. 
 Veld, Teutonic, ' a plain or field." See Feld. 
 
 Veld, name given in Cape Colony, S. Africa, to the barren 
 plains between the Great Karroo on the S. and the 1. bk. of the 
 Orange R. on the N.; this desert is divided by small mountain- 
 chains, and is covered with thin brushwood. In Natal and the 
 Transvaal, the name of Veldt is given to the high plateaux whose 
 rich pastures feed numerous flocks of sheep and herds of cattle. 
 
 Velden, health resort, Austria, Carinthia, 13 m. W, Klagen- 
 furt, at the W. end of the Worther-see. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Velilcn, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle Franconia, 22 
 m. E. Erlangen. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Veldenz, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt, and 19 m. NE. 
 Treves, circle Bernkastel ; has mines of coal, iron, and lead. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Veldes, tn. and summer resort, Austria, Carniola, 20 m. SW. 
 by S. Klagenfurt ; has a mineral spring. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vele, riv. , France. See Vesle. 
 
 Velen, tn. and rly. stn. , Mexico, state of and 32 m. NE. 
 Mexico. 
 
 Velen, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Borken, 30 m. 
 N. Essen. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Veles, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Kopriiltt. 
 
 Velestlnos, tn. , Greece, Thessaly, prov. Larissa, 11 m, 
 WSW. Volo ; on the site of the second PhercB. P. <3000 ; 
 Turks, 1500. 
 
 Velez, tn., Colombia, Santander, no m. N. by E. Bogotd; 
 noted for its preserves. The Peiia de V., in the E. Cordilleras 
 of the Colombian Andes, has an alt. of 8530 ft. The town was 
 founded in 1539. P. (dist.) 15,000. 
 
 Velez Blanfo, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 64 m. NNE. 
 Almeria, dist. Velez Rubio. P. (comm.) 6700. 
 
 Velez de Beuaudalla, tn. , Spain, prov. and 30 m. S. by E. 
 Granada, dist. Motril. In the Sierra de Lujar are lead-mines. 
 P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Velez Malaga, tn. , Spain, prov. and 16 m. E. by N. Malaga, 
 cap. dist. V. ; produces noted raisins and other fruits. Comm. 
 P. (1860)21,100; (1887)23,400. 
 
 Velez Planina, mt. range, Austria, Herzegovina, running 
 NNW. to SSE., about 8 m. E. Mostar. Alt. 6460 ft. 
 
 V^lez RAblo, tn. , Spain, prov. Almeria, 20 m. W. Lorca; 
 its wall has three gates. P. (comm.) 10,400. 
 
 Velbaco, promontory, E. ct. Africa, 16 m. NNE. Mozam- 
 bique, in about 14° 48' S. 
 
 Vellias, Klo das. See Ciualcntay. 
 
 Vellku Drenova, tn. , Servia, circle and 29 m. SSE. Krag- 
 ujevac. P. <3000. 
 
 Vellka Krsna, vil., Servia, circle Podunavlje, 25 m. SE. 
 Belgrade. P. <4000. 
 
 Vellka Plana, tn., Servia, circle Podunavlje, 45 m. SE. 
 Belgrade. P. < 4000. 
 
 Vellkaya, riv. , NW. Russia, rises in Vitebsk, flows N. 230 
 m. into Lake Pskov ; head of the old commercial channel of 
 the Northmen with Constantinople. 
 
 Veliki, Velikiy, Velk, &c. , in Slavonian languages, 'great." 
 
 Veliki Izvor, tn. , Servia, circle Crna-Rjeka, 4 m. ENE. 
 Zai&r. P. < 4000. 
 
 Vellklya Lukl, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 166 m. SE. Pskov, 
 on Lovat R.; very old town and fort of the Pskov Republic. 
 Alt. 358 ft. Mean temp., yr. 40.6° F. , Jan. 18.0°, July 65.6°. 
 P. 7600. 
 
 Vellko Gradlste, tn. , Servia, circle and 20 m. ENE. Poza- 
 revac, on the r. bk. of the Danube. P. <:4000. 
 
 Vellko Laole, tn. , Servia, circle Pozarevac, 5 m. S. Petro- 
 vac, near the 1. bk. of the Mlava. P. <3000. 
 
 Vellkoye, vil., Russia, govt, and 20 m. S. Yaroslavl; linen 
 mills. P. < 5000. 
 
 Velikiy, Ustyug, tn., Russia. See Ilstyug Velikiy. 
 
 Vellndre, vil., Wales, Brecknockshire, 10 m. NE. by E. 
 Brecknock, i^ m. SE. Three Cocks Junction. See Tregoyd. 
 
 Vellndre, PM.O., Wales, 4 m. from Newcastle Emlyn, 
 Cardiganshire. 
 
 Vellndre, P.O., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 7 m. SW. Cardigan, 
 3 m. E. Newport. 
 
 Valines, vil. , France, dep. Dordogne, arr. Bergerac, 33 m. 
 E. Bordeaux. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vellngwm, P.O., Wales, 3 m. from Nantgaredig, near 
 Carmarthen. 
 
 Vellno, riv., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise and Umbria, flows SW. 
 then NW. into the Nera, which it joins a few miles above 
 Terni. The celebrated Cascate delle Marmore, near the con- 
 fluence, are 550 ft. in height. Length, 54 m. 
 
 Vellno, Monte, a summit of the Apennines, Italy, Naples, 
 prov. Aquila, NW. Lake Fucino. Alt. 8155 ft. 
 
 Vellssa, tn., Turkey in Europe. See Kopriilii. 
 
 Vellstlnos, tn., Greece, Thessaly, prov. Larissa, 11 m. W. 
 Volo. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Vellzlt, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 53 m. NE. Vitebsk, on 1. bk. 
 W. Diina ; trade with Riga in corn and linseed. P. 17,800. 
 
 Velk, Slavonic, 'great.' See Veliki. 
 
 Vellach, vil. , Austria, Carinthia, 18 m. SE. Klagenfurt. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Vella (or Vela) Lavella, isl. of volcanic origin, S. Pacific, 
 in the Solomon group, crossed by 7° 40' S., 156^° o' E. Alt. 
 2950 ft. 
 
 Vellar, riv. , Brit. India, Madras, formed by the streams of 
 the Timinda and Kalrayan Hills, Salem dist., flows into the 
 sea at Porto Novo. Length about 135 m, 
 
 1653 
 
VELL — VENE 
 
 Vellas, tn. , Azores, St. George I., on the S. ct. P. < 3000. 
 Vellereille-lez-Broyeux, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 
 arr. Thuin, 11^ m. SSW. Seneffe. P. <20oo. 
 
 Velleron, vil., France, dep. Vaucluse, arr. and 7 m. S. 
 Carpentras, at the foot of the mountains of Vauclxise. Ah. 
 195 ft. P. <2000. 
 
 Velletrl, tn., Italy, prov. and 21 m. SE. Rome, at the foot 
 of the Monti Albani ; seat of a bishopric. In 1774 the 
 Neapolitans defeated the Austrians here, and in 1849 Garibaldi 
 routed the troops of the king of Naples. P. 13,600. 
 
 Vellore, municip. and military stn. , Brit. India, Madras, 
 dist. North Arcot, on Palar R., 63 m. WNW. Chengalpat, 80 m. 
 W. by S. Madras. Large quantities of flowers are cultivated 
 and sent to Madras. The fortress, built about 1274-83, is 
 associated with many historical events ; gallantly held by the 
 British against Haidar Ali in 1780-82. In i8oi5 the Sepoys 
 rose and massacred the European officers and residents. P. 
 44,900; Hindus, 31,200; Moham. 12,200. 
 
 Tellnlre, vil., France, dep. Vendue, on the Vendue, 21 m. 
 NE. by N. La Rochelle, arr. and6m, SW. Fontenay-le-Comte. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 VelpAr, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Godivari, 53 m. NE. 
 by E. Masulipatam. P. < 5000. 
 
 Velsen, vil. , Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, 6 m. N. Haar- 
 lem, I m. from the North Sea. P. (comm.) 6800. 
 
 Telsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 177 m. NE. Vologda, on 
 Vaga R. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Velten, vil. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Osthavelland, 
 15 m. NW. Berlin. P. 5700. 
 
 Velthem-Beysseni, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. 
 and 3 m. N W. by W. Louvain. P. < 2000. 
 TeltUn. See Taltelllna. 
 Telukbl, mt., Greece. See Tyniphrestos. 
 Velvendos, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Monastir, near the 
 Vistritsa or Inje Karasu, 48 m. SW. Salonica. P. 2000 (mostly 
 Greeks). 
 
 Velvet Hall, stn., Eng., Northumberland, on the NE. R. , 
 div. and 4 m. WSW. Berwick-upon-Tweed. 
 
 Vemeiitry, isl. , Scot. , Shetland Is. , Sandsting par. , adjacent 
 to the Mainland, in 60° i8j'-2oJ' N., 1° 26'-29j' W. 
 
 Yenimenhog, vil., Sweden, prov. Malmohus, 23 m. ESE. 
 Malmo. P. < 3000. 
 
 Vemp, vil. , Denmark, in the W. of Jutland, prov. and 18^ 
 m. N. by E. Ringkjobing. 
 
 Vempalll, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Cuddapah, 107 m. 
 W. Nellore. P. 5600 ; Hindus, 4500. 
 
 Venadlllo, vil., Mexico, Sinaloa, on the W. ct., 100 m. SW. 
 by W. Durango, in 23° 20' N. 
 
 Veuado, tn. and rly. stn., Mexico, state of and 55 m. NNW. 
 San Luis Potosi. P. (comm.) 11,500. 
 
 Venado Tnerto, vil., Argentine Republic, prov. Santa ¥6, 
 90 m. SW. Rosario. P. < 2000. 
 
 Venafro, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. Campobasso, 
 31 m. NE. by E. Gaeta. P. < 4000. 
 
 Venaissin, former dist., France, in the angle between the 
 Durance and the Rhone ; cap. Avignon. 
 
 Yenaiigo, co.,U.S., Pennsylvania, traversed by the Allegheny 
 R. , crossed by 41 J° N. 
 
 Tenarla Reale, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 5 m. NNW. 
 Turin. P. <50oo. 
 
 Tenasca, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, 7J m. SW. 
 Saluzzo. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Tenasqne, tn., Spain, Aragon, prov. and 58 m. NE. Huesca, 
 and 12 m. from the French frontier; centre of the most 
 picturesque region of the Spanish Pyrenees. Has trade with 
 Bagn^res-de-Luchon in mules, wool, and raisins. Sulphur 
 baths sh !"• to the N. Alt. 3650 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vence, the ancient Ventium, tn. , France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, 
 arr. Grasse, 9 m. W. by N. Nice ; has lignite and coal mines. 
 Its old cathedral, dating from the loth, 12th, and isth centuries, 
 contains a large number of works of art. Seat of a bishopric 
 from about 375 to 1790. P. <3000. 
 
 Vend^, riv., France, rises near the W. border of dep. Deux- 
 S^vres, flows SW. past Fontenay-le-Comte, and joins the S^vre 
 Niortaise above Marans and 10 m. from the sea. Navigable 
 for boats of 20 tons up to Fontenay. Length, 44 m. 
 
 Tend^, maritime dep. , W. France, traversed by the Vend^ 
 R. ; formed in 1790 out of parts of Haut Poitou, divided into 
 three arrs. : La Roche-sur-Yon (cap.), Fontenay-le-Comte, and 
 Les Sables d'Olonne. The dep. comprises three natural 'divs. : 
 the ' Bocage" (occupying the greater part), the Plain in the S., 
 and the Marsh in the W. The Bocage, composed of the older 
 rocks, rises from W. to E. in a succession of hills and wide 
 plateaux, watered by numerous streams; bushy hedges and lines 
 of trees everywhere bordering the roads anci fields give to it a 
 well-wooded aspect ; highest in E. near Pouzauges (945 ft.), in 
 the region known as the ' Vendean Alps ' ; near Herbiers is the 
 Mont des Alouettes (760 ft.), celebrated in the Vendue Wars. The 
 Plain, formed chiefly of oolitic limestone, is of very slight eleva- 
 tion, and with few water-courses. The Marsh, now in great 
 1654 
 
 part reclaimed, comprises two divs., the Breton, around the 
 Bay of Bourgneuf in the N., and the Poitevin, the larger, partly 
 in Charente, in the SE. ; indented along the coast by small 
 estuaries {t'fiers), and intersected in all directions by drainage 
 canals (charrauds), which also afford the principal means of 
 communication. The reclaimed parts are very productive, and 
 separated from the sea by salt marshes. In the Poitevin marsh 
 several calcareous hillocks, formerly islands, rise above the plain, 
 each crowned by a village. Off the coast are the islands of Noir- 
 moutier and Yeu. About one-sixth of the dep. in the N. and 
 NE. is drained to the Loire, chiefly by the Sevre Nantaise ; the 
 rest of the dep. by coast rivers, of which the principal are the 
 Vie and Lay, with its trib. Yon, and in the S. Autise and V., 
 tribs. of the Sevre Niortaise. Climate subject to extremes in 
 the Bocage ; hot in summer in the Plain ; humid in the Marsh, 
 where also intermittent fevers prevail. The principal cereal is 
 wheat, widely cultivated ; the vine covers 2^ per cent, of the 
 surface (Serign6, Mareuil, Talmont, &c.), but the production 
 per acre is little more than half the average ; other crops are 
 forage roots, a little hemp and flax (Doix and Vix), and colza. 
 Minerals, coal in small quantity (Faymoureau, &c.), and marsh- 
 salt (Noirmoutier,&c.). Principal manufactures, textiles; limited 
 production. Area, 2692 sq. m. P. (1891) 442,400. See France, 
 table. 
 
 Vendenvre-sur-Barse, tn., France, dep. Aube, arr. Bar- 
 sur-Aube, 19 m. E. by S. Troyes, 10 m. NE. by N. Bar-sur- 
 Seine. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Venddme, Latin Vindocinum, tn. , France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, 
 cap. arr. V. , on the Loir, 20 m. NW. Blois ; has manufactures 
 of cheese and gloves. Its church (12th to i6th centuries) con- 
 tains some old stained-glass windows ;■ there are remains of an 
 abbey, with steeple 260 ft. high, and also of the castle. V. was 
 in the nth century a monastic and feudal centre of great im- 
 portance. Mean temp., yr. 51.3° F., Jan. 37.6°, July 66.9°. 
 P. 6900. 
 
 Yenddmois, former dist. , France, in OrManais, now chiefly in 
 dep. Loir-et-Cher, cap. Vendome. 
 
 Vendrell, tn., Spain, prov. and 15 m. NE. by E. Tarragona, 
 cap. dist. V. P. 5000. 
 Yenedig, German name for Venice. 
 
 Venedlger, Gross, mt. See Alps, Subdivisions, m. A. 1. 
 Vener, lake, Sweden. See Wener. 
 
 Venern, more properly Veneren, that is, ' the Vener,' lake, 
 Sweden. See Wener. 
 
 Venersborg, tn. , Sweden, prov. Elfsborg, on the S. side of 
 Lake Wener, 52 m. NNE. Gothenburg. Rfall., yr. 29.32 in. 
 P. 5600. 
 
 Venetla (Italian Venezla), territorial division of Italy, situated 
 between 44° 46' and 46° 40' N., 10° 40' and 13° 40' E. From 
 1815 until 1866 it formed part of the Austrian Empire (see Loin- 
 l>ardo - Venetian Kingdom). Reunited to Italy in 1866, it 
 now forms the provs. of Belluno, Padua, Rovigo, Treviso, 
 Udine, Venice, Verona, and Vicenza. A ring of mountains, 
 divisions of the Alps (Cadoric, Carnic, Julian), separates the 
 terr. (from W. to E. by way of N. ) from Austria. The remain- 
 ing boundaries are the Adriatic Sea on the S. and E. , Emilia 
 on the S., and Lombardy on the W. Between this mountain 
 girdle and the head of the Adriatic stretches a large plain, 
 diversified by the foothills of the Alps and by the Euganean 
 (1920 ft.) and Berici (1310 ft.) ranges. The coast is fringed with 
 lagoons and low islands and peninsulas. The principal rivers are 
 the Po, which forms a great part of the S. boundary, Adige, 
 Brenta, Piave, and Tagliamento, all flowing to the Adriatic ; 
 and the Mincio, with Lake Garda separating V. from Lombardy. 
 Nearly all the rivers are navigable, and are connected by canals. 
 The valley of the Po is irrigated and intersected by lakes, rivers, 
 and water-courses, rendering the soil marshy and swampy. In 
 the provs. of Rovigo and Verona (basins of the Po and Adige) 
 extensive drainage works have been carried out by the state 
 under acts of 1882 and 1886. Climate, severe in the mountain 
 regions, temperate and healthy in the plains, except in the 
 vicinity of the lagoons, though often very cold in winter, the 
 lagoons of Venice being sometimes frozen over. The principal 
 cereals grown are maize, wheat, and rice, the last named chiefly 
 in the provs. of Verona and Rovigo. The vine is cultivated 
 largely in all provs. except Rovigo. Mulberry-trees, for silk- 
 worm-rearing, are general. The upland valleys make excellent 
 grazing - grounds. Chestnut forests prevail in prov. Udine. 
 Some tobacco is grown in provs. Belluno and Vicenza. The 
 only important minerals are copper at Rivamonte, near Agordo, 
 in the W. of prov. Belluno, and lignite in prov. Vicenza, chiefly 
 in comm. Valdagno. Peat is dug to a considerable extent at 
 Arcugnano, near Vicenza. As regards industries.Venice is famous 
 for her glass, lace, and art furniture and bronzes. Venice and 
 Vicenza are the most important industrial provs., producing 
 silks, hemp, chemicals, and machinery; at Venice, tobacco and 
 laces and iron-foundries ; and at Vicenza, woollens, paper, 
 pottery, and straw-plait. In prov. Padua, silks and chemicals 
 are manufactured ; cottons in provs. Verona, Venice, and Udine; 
 silks in Treviso and Verona ; and hemp in Treviso. There is a 
 
YENE — ¥ENE 
 
 university at Padua. The history of the terr. is practically co- 
 incident with that of the city of Venice {y.v.). Area, 9476 sq. 
 m. P. (1871) 2,739,900; (1881) 2,814,200. 
 
 Venev (Venyov), dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 32 m. NE. 
 Tula, near Oster R. P. < 5000. 
 
 Venezla, Italy. See Venice. ^ i : 
 
 Venezuela (' Little Venice,' from the aspect of some Indian 
 villages on the Maracaibo, first seen in 1499), a republic (six and 
 a half times as large as Great Britain), occupying (i°-i3'' N., 
 6o°-73^° W.) great part of the N. of South America, between 
 the Caribbean Sea (N.), Colombia (W. and S.), Brazil (S.), and 
 British Guiana (E. ). E. of 60° W. , V. lays claim to large terr. , 
 from the delta of riv. Orinoco to riv. Cuyuni-Essequibo (linlana, 
 British). The terr. in the actual occupation of V. is divided 
 into states, &c. , as shown in the following table : — 
 
 
 Area in 
 
 Pop. in 
 
 Pop. pier 
 
 States, &c. 
 
 Thousands, 
 
 sq. m.. 
 
 
 5C|. m. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Federal District 
 
 45 
 
 89 , 
 
 
 Miranda . . . . 
 
 33.969 
 
 485 
 
 ■„i4' 
 
 Carabobo 
 
 2,984 
 
 198 
 
 61 
 
 Bermudez , . 
 
 32,243 
 
 301 
 
 9 
 
 Zamora .... 
 
 25,212 
 
 247 
 
 10 
 
 Lara 
 
 9,296 
 
 247 
 
 27 
 
 Los Andes 
 
 14.719 
 
 336 
 
 23 
 
 Falcon and Zulia . 
 
 36,212 
 
 225 
 
 6 , ■ 
 
 Bolivar .... 
 
 88,701 
 
 SO 
 
 ,■•1 
 
 Territories 1 
 
 Total 
 
 350,562 
 
 146 (?) 
 
 
 593,943 
 
 2,324 
 
 4 
 
 1 Goajira, Alto Orinoco, Amazonas, Colon, Yuruari (reincorporated 
 with the state of Bolivar in 1891), Caura, Armisticio, and Delta. 
 
 Orography an«I Hydrography. — V. comprises the Orinoco 
 plains [llanos], in continuation of the Amazon valley around the 
 mountains of Guiana, and partly separated from the Carib- 
 bean Sea (N.) by the north-easternmost ranges of the Andes — 
 (i) From riv. Meta to the Atlantic the llanos may be divided 
 into three parts : (a) on the W. , a leaf-like terr. having rivs. 
 Guarico-Orituno, Orinoco-Meta, and Sierra de Merida marking 
 its outline, the riv. Apure (navigable to the foot of the Andes) 
 as its mid-rib, and numberless anastomosed rivers as its veins 
 and veinlets ; [b] in the centre, a vast expanse of flat and un- 
 dulating lands [bancos, mesas, barrancas), with the Orinoco at 
 its S. extremity, and parallel affluents running into it from the 
 N., or rivers running N. into the delta of the Unare ; (c) on the 
 E., the large delta of the Orinoco. (2) The rivs. Caroni (S. to 
 N.) and Ventuari (W. to E.) traverse almost entirely the Guiana 
 Mts. (Parima, 4000-6000 ft. ; Maravaca, 8200 ft. ; Duida, 8100 ft. ; 
 Roraima, 7500 ft.), draining them to the Orinoco. (3) The 
 Sierra Nevada de Merida divide the llanos from the basins of 
 Lake Maracaibo and the Tocuyo, and are continued by the Silla 
 (9100 ft.) and Cumana-Paria (6700 ft.) ridges. (4) In the high 
 valley of the Orinoco that river receives the Atabapo, which flows 
 at a short distance from the riv. Guainia-Negro, while the 
 Cassiquiare actually connects the Orinoco and .Amazon valleys. 
 From this region (San Fernando) the lower Orinoco, the heart 
 of Guiana, Colombia, and Brazil can be attained by water. The 
 Caroni is connected during the floods with riv. Essequibo, and, 
 through it, with the affluents (Rio Branco, Trombetas) of the 
 lower Amazon. Cieology. — The Guiana Mts. (SE.) and the 
 central parts of the Andesian ridges (N.) show Archaean gneiss, 
 schists, and Palaeozoic rocks (Carboniferous or Permian, 
 Cumana), on which lie two large strips of Mesozoic formations 
 (principally from the higher Cretaceous) along both sides of the 
 W. and N. cordilleras and of the Orinoco valley, which seems to 
 have been the bed of an old interior sea, now filled with modern 
 and ever-increasing alluvia. There are frequent and terrible 
 earthquakes; many signs of volcanic eruptions. Minerals. — 
 Gold was found at Nueva Providencia in 1840, and since 1885 has 
 been produced to the amount of about 900,000 oz. in the valley 
 of riv. Yurari-Cuyuni (Essequibo). Among other minerals 
 are silver (Bermudez, Lara, Andes), copper (Aroa), lead, tin, 
 iron, sulphur, coal (Naricual), petroleum (Merida), bitumen 
 [brea, alquitran, neme : in deltas of rivs. Orinoco, Unare, and 
 round Lake Maracaibo), mineral waters (some, Trincheras, 
 at i95°-207° F. ), salt, sodium carbonate {itrao, trona), used 
 in the preparation of tobacco, and phosphates. Climate. — 
 V. is under the thermic equator. The hottest terrs. are on 
 the llanos, on the N. ct. , near Sierra de Merida, and behind 
 the Guiana Mts. (mean temp. 84° ; La Guaira, 82° ; differ- 
 ence between day and night, 5°). A temperate zone towards 
 2000 ft. (mean temp, 'j-j", Caracas, annual, 72°, Jan. 68°, May 
 92^°), a cold one above 7000 ft. (mean temp. 59°; Merida, 61°), 
 and a very cold above 13,000 ft. (Sierra de Merida, mean temp. 
 37°) ; snow is constantly present above 15,000 ft. The trade 
 winds (NNE.), only blowing (Nov. -March) in day-time, are 
 called brisas ; S. or W. winds [varinas) blow in summer. There 
 
 Is no "wind in the forests or in the Orinoco valley behind the 
 mountains. Rains are abundant on the slopes under the trade- 
 winds. Alternate wet and dry seasons on the llanos. Floods 
 of the Orinoco occur April to Aug. and in Nov. (de los muerios). 
 Flora. — One half of V. is covered with equatorial forests (delta 
 of riv. Orinoco, basin of Lake Maracaibo, Guiana, and N. 
 mountains). The llanos \bajos) are covered with savannas (with 
 a very rich flora) intermingled with trees (palms, Copernicia, 
 chaparros, Curatella, Mimosae, Copaifera officinalis) , on the 
 slopes (up, to 300 ft., llanos altos, and ?Coo\e:, petriles, balcones) 
 forests become dense (Sarrapia, Tonga, Dipteris odorata), until 
 they cover the mountains (in Sierra de Merida up to 10,000 ft. ). 
 Some regions sheltered from the trade-winds are very dry. 
 During the dry seasons the llanos only show vegetation in the 
 esteros of rivers, where some' water remains. Cactacese and 
 Amaryllidacese {Agave, Fourcroya, Pita) predominate in many 
 parts of the littoral, arboreal ferns on the slopes facing the 
 Caribbean Sea. Cinchonas reach as far as Cardcas (El Papelon). 
 The high Orinoco regions belong to the Hylcea (see Brazil). 
 Two faunas meet in V. : that of the Colombian highlands 
 (from Merida to Paria), and that of the Amazon and Guianas. 
 There are many species of monkeys in the equatorial forests 
 (never above jo,ooo ft.) ; all the Felidee of S. America and the 
 spectacled bear (Tretnarctos) (up to 10,000 ft.), the ant-eater, 
 the eabiai, the cuchi-cuchi {Cercoleptes), the sloths, the sarigue, 
 fishing cheiropters, also occur. Enormous numbers of aquatic 
 birds frequent the llanos. The guac/iaro (Steatornis caripensis) 
 is hunted for oil, arid for the ingested seeds of mataca. Tor- 
 toises are plentiful (50,000,000 of eggs annually gathered for oil). 
 Manatees and porpoises ascend the Orinoco. Fishes are 
 extremely abundant in the rivers of the llanos {Lepidosiren 
 paradoxa, the gymnotus or electric eel) and around Margarita 
 I. [Perlifera mollusca). Ethnography. — Caribs, Giiaianos, 
 Vayamaras, Arecunas, Maimas, immigrants from the S., are 
 the dominant race in Guiana, and extend as far as the basin 
 of Maracaibo (Motilores). From the SW. have come the Nu- 
 Arawak (Maipure), who now occupy the S. banks of riv. 
 Orinoco. The Chibcha (Muyscas, Trinotes, Mucuchies, Cuica^) 
 have entered from the NW., and are now found along the 
 Merida terrs. .while from the S. the Amazon tribes (Miranhas, 
 &c. ) reach the Venezuelan affluents of the Rio Negro. Many 
 tribes (Otomacos : Apiu-e-Meta; Guaraunos ; Delta of Orinoco : 
 Guaicas, Maquiritares, Guahibos) are not yet definitively 
 classified. A race of pygmies (S. of Barquisimeto) has been 
 exterminated. Rock pictures, ceramic remains, and ruins 
 of buildings show the existence of an old. civilisation. The 
 permanent population is almost entirely concentrated in 
 the fertile valleys of the W. and N. Andesian Cordilleras 
 (Caracas, the. cap., alt. 2890-3500 ft., with its port. La 
 Guaira); Valencia, Argua valley, with Puerto Cabello; the 
 Tuy valley, Barquisimeto, Yaracui, Merida, Cumana (5500 ft.). 
 Ameraca, near Cumand, has been supposed by some to have 
 originated, in the 15th century,; the name of America. The 
 Spanish population is principally of Basque and Catalonian 
 descent. Negroes were very extensively introduced in the 
 time of the slave-trade, but are now almost all sambos (of 
 mixed race). There is some modern immigration {jorungos) 
 of Canarians, French, Italians, and Germans (some agricultural 
 colonies). The low marshy regions are very unhealthy. De- 
 vastating epidemics in the llanos, for both men and animals 
 [derrengaderas , deslomaderas). Proilncts. — Maize (four crops 
 annually) is the staple food. The principal products of culture 
 are coffee (since 1784), cacao (indigenous in Merida), sugar- 
 cane (in the low marshy dists. , Maracaibo), tobacco (Cuma- 
 nacoa, Varinas), cotton, tropical fruits. The principal inde- 
 genous products are tonka bean, rubber, copal, sarsaparilla, 
 cinchona (Merida), dividivi (the tannic Ccssalpinia coriaria) 
 timber, dye-woods. Great numbers of cattle inhabit the llanos, 
 but are sometimes killed in large numbers by the drought. 
 Some domestic industries (leather, cobijas) are pursued. About 
 135,000 sq. m. are agricultural lands. Means of Commnnlca- 
 tlou. — Railways are bringing into communication the principal 
 centres of population and production with the sea (Caracas 
 with La Guaira, Valencia with Puerto Cabello, Barquisimeto 
 with Tucaras, Trujillo with Ceiba, Merida with Santa Rosa, 
 Rio Chico with Higuerote, Barcelona with Guanta). A railway 
 from Barcelona to the llanos in Orinoco is projected, and one 
 is about to be constructed to connect the gold region of the 
 Yuruari (Guacipati) with the Orinoco (Guaiana Viega at 
 the apex of the delta). (See also Appendix, pp. 3-5.) Ini- 
 portant commercial relations with Colombia \a) by the Zulia 
 valley (Cucuta railway) ; [b) by the riv. Meta to Suma Paz ; 
 [c] the Maracaibo basin by Ocafia with the Magdalena valley. 
 There is an international cable from La Guaira to Curapao. 
 Commerce.— Principal exports : coffee, cacao, copper, timber, 
 dye-woods, phosphates, and cattle hides ; imports : flour, salt 
 meat, cottons, and machinery. Total value of exports and 
 imports, 1874, ;^5,40o,oco ; 1891, ^^7,000,000. Principal com- 
 mercial relations with Great Britain, then United States, 
 France, Germany, Colombia, and Spain. Pnbllc Instlta- 
 
 1655 
 
VENG — VENI 
 
 tlons. — V. is (since 1881) divided into eight states, one federal 
 dist., and (since 1891) seven terrs. A President (by indirect 
 election), and one Congress of two chambers {twenty-four 
 senators and one deputy for every 55,000 inhabitants). The 
 state religion is the Roman Catholic, but all others are tolerated. 
 One archbishop (Cardcas), two universities (Cardcas, Merida). 
 The army has 6000 to 20,000 (besides, in 1889, some 7000 
 generals). The metric system is the legal. The venezolano is 
 worth 3s. 4d. ; the bolivar, one franc. History. — V. was seen 
 and visited in the last years of the isth century (Columbus, 1498 ; 
 Ojeda, 1499). In 1520 the first town was built (Cumand). V. 
 at first formed part of the presidency (1564), then (i8th century) 
 of the viceroyalty. of Santa Fe^. In 1731 it became the 
 Capitania general of Caracas or V. In 1810 began the War of 
 Independence. In 1819 V. and Nueva Granada formed the 
 Republic of Colombia. V. became independent in 1830. P. 
 (1825)660,000; (1854)1,560,000; (1882) 2,200,000 (some 325,000 
 Indians included). [J. B. K.j 
 
 Yengurla, tn. and seapt. with fort, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. 
 Ratndgiri, on the W. ct., 33 m. NNW. Goa ; formerly a retreat 
 for pirates. In 1772 a small factory was established here by the 
 British. The lights from the lighthouses are visible 9 m. distant ; 
 the port is closed from mid-June to the end of August. 
 P. 10,100; Hindus, 9000. 
 
 Yengurla Kock Llghtbouse, Brit. India, Bombay, in 15° 
 27° N. , 53' 73' E. The Vengnrla Rocks, a group of rocky islets, 
 lie 9 m. WNW. of Vengurla. Visible 12 m. 
 
 Yeuhnlzen, vil. , Holland, prov. N. Holland, on the W. ct. 
 of the Zuider Zee, 20 m. E. Alkmaar, 8 m. E. by N. Hoorn. 
 P. -c 2000. 
 Venlaga, port, China. See Sliangchwan. 
 Venice, Italian Venezla, German Venedlg, Latin Venetla, 
 fortified city and seapt. of Italy, cap. prov. V. and cap. territorial 
 div. Venetia, stands on some 120 islands (separated by 150 canals 
 and connected by nearly 500 bridges) in the lagoon of V., a 
 vast shallow lake (25 m. long by 6 m. wide) which is separated 
 from the Adriatic by a chain of low, narrow islands, Pellestrina, 
 Malamocco, and Lido (7 m. long, 985 yds. across), Cavallino, 
 and Cortelazzo. A railway viaduct (2;^ m. long), continuing the 
 line from Padua (22 m. W.), connects the city with the main- 
 land. The whole is protected by a girdle of forts, partly situated 
 on' the islands and partly on the mainland. For years the cap. 
 of a powerful republic, the first maritime and commercial power 
 of the world, and one of the finest cities in Europe, V. is 
 peculiarly celebrated for its position and construction, its archi- 
 tectural monuments, its artistic treasures, historic fame, and the 
 gay temperament of its inhabitants. In addition to the main 
 island, or rather two main islands, which are parted by the 
 serpentine Grand Canal (2J m.), the principal thoroughfare of 
 the city, V. includes within her purview the islands of Murano 
 (centre of the glass manufacture), Torcello (with an ancient 
 cathedral and church), Burano (centre of lace-making), Giudecca 
 and San Giorgio Maggiore (immediately S. of the main islands), 
 and San Lazzaro (on which the Armenian Mechitarists have 
 their seminary and printing-press). The buildings that crowd 
 these islands rest on piles driven deep into the clay. Their 
 fa9ades generally front the canals. Communication is main- 
 tained by small steamboats and by the pointed, shallow boats 
 called gondolas, which have been in use on these waters for cen- 
 turies past. The Grand Canal is spanned by the superb bridge 
 of the Rialto, 1591 (in a single arch), the only bridge across 
 it down to the 19th century, and lined by magnificent palaces. 
 Two other (iron) bridges cross this canal. The streets or lanes 
 are for the most part narrow and intricate, and only suited 
 for foot-passengers. The centre of both the architectural glory 
 and the public life of V. is the Square of St. Mark (the patron 
 saint of the city), situated at the seaward end of the Grand 
 Canal. Upon it, and immediately adjacent to it, stand the 
 most important memorials of the constructional and decorative 
 skill of the Venetian artists in brick and stone and glass and 
 pigments of colour. Amongst the most nameworthy are the 
 cathedral of St. Mark, the building of which was begun in the 
 9th century, and has been going on, more or less, ever since. 
 The sacred edifice, planned in the form of a Greek cross, and 
 constructed in a modified Byzantine style, is one of the marvels 
 of the world, and has been described with surpassing eloquence 
 by Ruskin in his Stones of Venice. What gives it such a unique 
 position is the richness of its materials, the magnificence and 
 historic value of its decorations, both inside and outside, and 
 the wealth of art-treasures which have been lavished upon it. 
 The decorations consist chiefly of sculptures and mosaics, the 
 latter set generally in a groundwork of gold. The columns 
 (some of porphyry) as well as the walls are encased all over 
 with marble slabs of the richest colours ; the floor is a garden 
 of mosaics; and the roofs of the domes are resplendent with 
 mosaic pictures of the I2th-i5th centuries. The treasures con- 
 tained in this gorgeous church embrace a wonderful retable 
 [Pala (TOro), which is decorated with enamelled pictures set in 
 gold and thickly encrusted with valuable jewels, the whole a 
 work of the ioth-i4th centiu-y ; the treasury shelters one of the 
 1656 
 
 most valuable collections of church plate in existence. Beside 
 St. Mark's stands the ducal (Doge's) palace, of Gothic design, 
 built between 1300 and 1559 on the site of an older 9th century 
 edifice. Its W. fafade (west the square) and its S. fa9ade (next 
 the sea) are built each of two stories of open colonnades, deco- 
 rated with costly marbles and sculptures. A large interior court- 
 yard is surrounded by two stories of arcading, the upper of 
 which is reached by a grand Renaissance staircase of the i6th 
 century (the Giant's Staircase). The principal halls or rooms 
 of this palace are adorned with paintings by Tintoretto, Palma, 
 and other masters of the Venetian school, amongst them a series 
 illustrating the great naval victories of V. The palace contains 
 within its interior the precious library of St. Mark (250,000 vols. 
 and 10,000 MSS., some of priceless worth) and an archaeo- 
 logical museum (Ramusio's maps and Mauro's map of the 
 world, dated 1457). The other structures in or beside the Square 
 of St. Mark are the Old Palace of the Procurators (rulers) ofV., 
 built in the 15th century, and the New Palace of the Procurators 
 (1584), now the Royal (Italian) Palace. Under the same roof 
 with this last was the old library (the books were removed in 
 1812), erected in 1536, a chef-d'wuvre of Sansovino, and the 
 zecca or mint (now exchange), where, in the 13th century, the 
 celebrated ducat was struck, and from which the zecchino or 
 sequin, the ancient gold coin of the republic, derived its name. 
 In front of St. Mark are three bronze jsedestals, from which 
 formerly floated the gonfalons of silk and gold, emblematic of 
 the subject dominions of the republic, Crete, Cyprus, and the 
 Morea ; and near it are the beautiful square bell-tower, built of 
 brick in 900-1130 (323 ft. high) ; the clock tower (1496), which, 
 when it strikes two o'clock, assembles every day a vast flock of 
 pigeons, which are fed at the expense of the city of V.; and 
 two granite columns brought from the East in 1126 and set up 
 in their present positions in 1180, one surmounted by the bronze 
 lion of St. Mark, and the other by the statue of St. Theodore 
 (the former patron saint of the city). The little Palace Canal 
 at the side of the Doge's palace is crossed by the handsome 
 Ponta della Paglia {1360), and by the Bridge of Sighs, the 
 latter giving access to the former state prisons (1592-97), with 
 their insufferably hot cells under the leaden roofs (piombt), and 
 their shiveringly cold pits (pozzi) below the level of the water. 
 V. possesses a multitude of other churches in addition to St. 
 Mark's. Space will only permit of the most noteworthy being 
 mentioned, as St. Peter's, the cathedral church of the Venetian 
 patriarch from 1091 to 1807, rebuilt in the i6th century ; the 
 church of the Dominicans (St. John and St. Paul), of the 13th 
 century, the chief burial-place of the Doges ; the church of the 
 Franciscans, St. Mary the Glorious, also of the 13th century, 
 with remarkably fine tombs of Venetian generals and a grand 
 picture by Giovanni Bellini ; several grand specimens of the 
 Renaissance style, erected in the i6th century by Sansovino 
 and Palladio, notably St. George the Greater; St. Mary of 
 the Miracles (1481-89), lavishly decorated with sculptures and 
 marbles; St. Mary of Safety (1362); and St. James (13th 
 century). The grandest collection of paintings by the great 
 geniuses of the Venetian school — the Bellinis, Carpaccio, Gior- 
 gione, the Palmas, Veronese, Tintoretto, Titian, &c. — that the 
 world possesses is preserved in the Academy of Fine Arts. The 
 Correr Museum is also rich in pictures by artists of the native 
 school, and contains interesting collections of majolica, &c. 
 Besides these, there are highly valuable collections of pictures, 
 as well as individual canvasses, in the churches, ancient guild- 
 house, and private palaces, though several of the treasures of the 
 palaces have been dispersed by sale. A bronze equestrian statue 
 to a Venetian captain, Colleoni, modelled (1495) by Verrocchio 
 of Florence, and cast by Leopardi, is esteemed the grandest 
 piece of sculpture of modern times. V. is not only a city of 
 churches, she is also a city of palaces. Perhaps the most 
 beautiful is the Ca' d'Oro (Golden House), a rich and elegant 
 specimen of 14th century Gothic, presenting a fa9ade of tiers of 
 small arched arcades, the whole decorated with coloured marbles, 
 traceried windows, delicate carvings, &c. Of the other palatial 
 residences, the former abode of Venetian magnates and mer- 
 chant-princes, it must suffice to name as specimens of the Early 
 Renaissance of the 15th century the Guisetti, Corner-Spinelli, 
 Trevisan, and Dario ; as examples of Sammicheli's work in 
 the Later Renaissance, the Pesaro, Vendramini, Camerlenghi, 
 and Grimani; and the Loredano (municipal offices), Farsetti, 
 Da Mosto, and ih&fondaco (change-house or ' steelyard ') of the 
 Turks (now Correr Museum), as illustrating the Byzantine models 
 of the 12th century. One other celebrated structure, or rather 
 establishment, remains to be mentioned, namely, the arsenal, 
 founded in 1104, but frequently enlarged since 1300. During 
 the Middle Ages and the epoch of V.'s greatest splendour her 
 arsenal was the best equipped in Europe, strongly fortified, and 
 of vast extent. It is still in active operation, having shipbuild- 
 ing yards for ironclads, a cannon-foundry, a school of marine 
 mining, docks, &c. , and a very interesting naval museum, which 
 keeps, amongst other historic mementoes, the Bucentaur, the 
 state barge from which the Doge periodically performed the 
 ceremony which married him, the representative of the ' Queen 
 
VENI — VENU 
 
 of the Adriatic,' to that sea. V. was all through her golden 
 days, and is still, the seat of several famous industries, as glass 
 and mosaics, jewellery, and embroidery in gold and silver, silks 
 (damasks and brocades), lace, printing, artistic bronzes ; to these 
 have been added in modern times cottons, candles, tobacco, 
 flour, chemicals, a vast number of iron works and furnaces, 
 linens and hemp-cloth, rojjes, shipbuilding, tanning, gloves, salt, 
 sulphur, asphalt, &c. During the Middle Ages V. was the prin- 
 cipal commercial intermediary between W. Europe and the 
 countries of the East, and consequently took rank as one of the 
 greatest depots of the world ; in particular she carried on an 
 active trade northwards with the prosperous cities of the German 
 Empire, Flanders, and even Scandinavia. At the present day 
 she is outstripped by Trieste alone amongst the trade-centres 
 of the Adriatic ; but the commerce is mostly a transit-trade. 
 Cereals, textiles, raw cotton and silk, oils, wines and spirits, 
 with coals, groceries, fruit, hides, hemp, metals, fish, live 
 animals, cheese, timber, and hardware are the chief of the 
 imports (9-10 millions sterling annually), and likewise of the 
 exports (7-8 millions). The lagoon is entered from the sea by 
 three passes or straits, those of Chioggia, Malamocco, and Lido. 
 The second was used for the most part down to 1894, when the 
 Lido passage, which is protected by two breakwaters 9384 and 
 11,812 ft. long respectively, was made practicable for seagoing 
 vessels by deepening it to 29 ft. Both these passages are pro- 
 tected by jetties, and the channels are carefully managed. 
 Vessels drawing 24 ft. can enter and reach the quays at all tides ; 
 quayage about 2920 ft. On Giudecca I. there are some 5900 
 ft. of additional quayage. During the bathing season the beach 
 of Lido and Malamocco is thronged with visitors. Murano, 
 Burano, Torcello, and other islands in the lagoon are visited 
 by excursionists. Despite its marshy surroundings — for at 
 low tide large tracts in the lagoon are exposed as mud-flats — 
 V. is not altogether an unhealthy city. In this city were 
 born Marco Polo (i 254-1324), traveller, and Sebastian Cabot 
 (15th century), explorer; Aldo Manuzio and his sons, famous 
 printers of the 15th and i6th centuries ; Cardinal Bembo 
 (1470-1547) ; Fra Paolo (Sarpi), patriot (1552-1623) ; Gasparo 
 Gozzi, essayist (1713-1786), and his brother Carlo, dramatist 
 (1722 -1806); Goldoni, dramatist (1707- 1793); the painters, 
 Gentile Bellini {ca. 1424-1507), Giovanni Bellini {ca. 1428-1516), 
 Tintoretto (1518-1594), and the younger Palma (1544-1628); 
 the architect Pietro Lombardi (1438-1519), and other members 
 of the same family ; and several illustrious doges and captains. 
 The following artists, though not natives of V. , are intimately 
 associated with her, being usually accounted members of the 
 Venetian school of painting — Carpaccio, the elder Palma, 
 Pordenone, Giorgione, Titian, and Veronese ; as also the archi- 
 tects Palladio, Sansovino, and Sammicheli. Nor must the great 
 characters of Shakespeare be forgotten ; to wit, Shylock and 
 Othello ; nor the associations called up by the names of Shelley 
 and Byron. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 56.1° F., Jan. 37.4°, July 
 76.5°; mean rfall. (1836-91), yr. 30.1 in. P. (1881) 134,800; 
 (1893) estimated at 160,400. 
 
 When Attila the Hun ravaged Italy in the 5th century, the 
 inhabitants of the adjacent mainland ( Veneti) took refuge in the 
 marshy islands off the coast ; in the middle of the 7th century 
 these refugees were joined by others who fled before the invad- 
 ing hosts of the Longobardi (Lombards). In the year 810 they 
 founded the city of Venice, and at the same time laid the founda- 
 tion of St. Mark's. In the close of the loth century V. made 
 herself mistress of Istria and Dalmatia on the E. side of the 
 Adriatic. During the early crusades the Venetians rendered 
 excellent service, not without great profit to themselves, by con- 
 veying the Christian enthusiasts across the Mediterranean ; and 
 in 1204 assisted a Western host to capture Constantinople. In 
 the following year they annexed the isl. of Crete, and from this 
 period introduced into Europe the rich stuffs, as well as several 
 of the artistic and industrial processes, of Oriental peoples. The 
 13th and 14th centuries were signalised by a desperate maritime 
 struggle with the Genoese, in which V. was more than once 
 reduced to the greatest straits ; but eventually she emerged 
 triumphant. During the 15th century, when at the height of 
 her prosperity, V. was mistress of most of the neighbouring 
 cities and territories on the mainland of Italy ; ruled over the 
 Ionian Is. (conquered during the 15th century) and Cyprus 
 (1473), as well as Crete, Istria, Dalmatia, Epirus, and the 
 Morea (1460) ; in addition to this, she had trading stations on 
 the Caspian and Black Sea, in Syria, and on the N. ct. of Africa. 
 But her success brought a swarm of enemies about her. Not 
 only did the Turks, newly settled in Europe, prove formidable 
 enemies in the Levant, but a powerful league (the League of 
 Cambrai) was formed against her by the Pope, the Emperor 
 and the King of France, which cost her nearly all her posses- 
 sions on the mainland. About the same period a severe, and 
 indeed irretrievable, blow was struck at her commercial supre- 
 macy by the opening up of the sea-route to India round the Cape 
 of Good Hope. V. did indeed recover her mainland possessions 
 early in the i6th century, and waged long-continued war against 
 the Turks ; but she was all the time getting weaker, losing her 
 
 Levantine conquests one after the othier, and ceasing to be a 
 factor of influence amongst the states of Europe. In 1797 the 
 French put an end to the republic, and gave her territory to 
 Austria. In 1805 it was made over to Italy, and was held by 
 the French till 1815, when it reverted to Austria. In 1848 the 
 Venetians revolted, and held the city for several months. V. , 
 with her territory, was re-annexed to the new kingdom of Italy 
 in 1866. [.J. T. B.] 
 
 Venice, vil., U.S., Illinois, Madison co., 5 m. N. St. Louis. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Veulssleux, tn., France, on the E. border of dep. Rhdne, 
 arr. and 5 m. SE. by S. Lyons. P. <30oo. 
 
 Yenjan, lake, Sweden, prov. Kopparberg, 54 m. WNW. 
 Falun. Length, 9 m. 
 
 Veukataglri, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 44 m. SW. 
 Nellore. P. 9600 ; Hindus, 8200. 
 
 Veiilo, or Veuloo, fortified tn., Netherlands, prov. Limburg, 
 14 m. NE. Roermond, 17 m. W. Krefeld (Prussia), on r. bk. 
 of the Meuse. The town is old, with narrow winding streets ; 
 the fortifications, originally laid out in 1343, renewed in 1868, 
 consist chiefly of works on Weert I. V. was taken by the Im- 
 perialists in 1481, and by Charles V. in 1543. P. (comm. ) 11,300. 
 Veitiiachar, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Addington co., 65 
 m. NNW. Kingston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Yenuachar, Locli, Scot., Perthshire, 2 m. SW. Callander, 
 
 formed by the expansion of the S. head-stream of Teith R. 
 
 Length, 3I m. Alt. 275 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), yr. 58.3 in; 
 
 Venn Cross, stn. , Eng. , Devonshire, on the G. W. R. , 3 m. 
 
 E. Morebath. 
 
 Venn Ottery, par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., 10 m. 
 E. Exeter, i^ m. W. Tipton stn. P. <25o. See Harpford. 
 Vennyfach, par., Wales, co. and near Brecknock. P. <25o. 
 Veuo Bngt, bay, Denmark, in the W. of Jutland, an inlet of 
 Liim Fjord, in 8° 45' E. 
 
 Venosa, the ancient Venusium, tn., Italy, Basilicata, prov. 
 and 23 m. N. Potenza ; birthplace of the Roman poet Horace. 
 V. was sacked by the Saracens in the 9th century, by the Nor- 
 mans in the nth century, and suffered from an earthquake in 
 1851. P. 8000. 
 
 Venose, vil., France, dep. Isere, arr. and 24 m. SE. by E, 
 Grenoble; has anthracite-mines. P. < 2000. 
 Venosta, Val, Austria. See VlntscIiKaiu 
 Vent, vil., Austria, Tirol, 34 m. NW. Botzen. P. < 2000. 
 Venta Belgarum, Eng. See VFlnchester. 
 Venta del Moro, tn., Spain, prov. and 52 m. W. Valencia, 
 dist. Requeiia. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Venta Icenoncin, Eng. See Calstor, St. Ednmnd. 
 Ventana, Sierra de la, mt. chain, Argentine Republic, prov. 
 Buenos Aires, about 37 m. NNE. Bahia Blanca, stretching NW. 
 toSE. Highest point in 38° 11' S., 60° 45' W., 3350ft. (FitzRoy) ; 
 3800 ft. (Hauthal). 
 
 Ventersberg, vil.. Orange Free State, Winburg dist., on the 
 railway route to Pretoria, 105 m. NE. Bloemfontein. P. <20oo. 
 Ventersdorp, tn. , S. Africa, Transvaal, 31 m. NW. Potchef- 
 stroom, S. of Witwatersrand Mts. 
 
 Venterstad, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. Albert. P. < 1500. 
 Ventia, tn. , France. See Valence. 
 
 Ventlnilglla, seapt., Italy, Liguria, prov. Porto Maurizio, 9 
 m. W. by S. San Remo ; the cathedral, in the Gothic style, 
 stands on the site of a temple of Juno. By the sea are nine 
 grottoes, Balzi Rossi, 'red rocks,' with prehistoric human re- 
 mains. P. < 5000. 
 
 Ventlnilglla, tn. , Sicily, prov. Palermo, 8 m. WSW. Ter- 
 mini Imerese. P. 5200. 
 
 Ventium, tn., France. See Vence. 
 
 Ventnor, par. and tn., Eng., Isle of Wight, on the S. ct. , 10 
 m. SE. by S. Newport, on the Isle of Wight and Ryde Pier 
 Rly. ; it is situated on the Undercliff, and sheltered N. and NE. 
 by St. Boniface Down. It has risen, since 1830, from a mere 
 hamlet into a fashionable watering-place, and is much resorted 
 to by invalids on account of its genial climate. The National 
 Consumption Hospital is 2 m. W. of the town. Par. P. 6100 ; 
 tn. P. 5800. 
 
 Ventosa, bay, S. ct. Mexico, on Pacific Ocean, at the mouth 
 of riv. Tehuantepec, open to the S. and E. 
 
 Ventosa, tn., Portugal, Estremadura, 25 m. N. Lisbon, be- 
 tween the r. bk. of the Tagus and the Atlantic. P. <3000. 
 
 Ventotene, Isola, small isl., Italy, off the W. ct. , in 40° 47' 
 N., 13° 25' E. P. 1330. 
 
 Ventrok, lake, Turkey in Europe, prov. and 20 m. SW. 
 Monastir, separated from the SE. shore of Lake Prespa by an 
 isthmus i m. to 3 m. wide. Length, 11 m. ; breadth, 3-4 m. 
 
 Ventry, par. and tn.. Ire., W. co. Kerry, bar. Corkaguiny, 
 on V. Harbour, 28^ m. SW. by S. Tralee, PT.O. Par. 4439 
 ac. , P. < 1500; tn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Ventura, co. , U.S., Cahfornia, on the coast, extending from 
 about 34° to 34° 52' N. 
 
 Venus Bay, Victoria, in the NW, of Buln Buln co., crossed 
 by 1451° E. 
 
 Venusium, tn. , Italy. See Venosa. 
 
 1657 
 
V E N Y — y ER G 
 
 ¥enyov, tn. , Russia. See Vencv. 
 
 Veo, islet, Norway, prov. Trondhjem, dist. Romsdal, 32 m. 
 S. Christiansund, at the entrance to Lang Fjord, branch of the 
 Molde Fjord. P. 2570. 
 Tepery, suburb of Madras, Brit. India. 
 
 Ver, small riv., Eng., Hertfordshire, rises in the W. of the 
 county, in the St. Albans div. , flows SiE. and S. past St. Albans, 
 and joins the Colne on the r. bk. ih m. below Colney Street. 
 ■ Ver, v\\., France, dep. Calvados, arr. and 8 m. NE. Bayeux, 
 ^ m. from the sea ; sea-bathing resort. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Vera, bay, Argentine Republic, coast of Patagonia, govt. 
 Chubut, in 44° 30' S. 
 
 . Vera, tn,, Spain, prov. and 40 m. NE. by E. Almeria, cap. 
 dist. V. ; 4 or 5 m. from the town, by the sea, is a small port, 
 Puerto del Key. In the dist. are numerous mines of silver, 
 lead, coal, building stone, alabaster, marble, and gypsum. P. 
 (comm.) 8600. 
 
 Vera, tn., Spain, Navarra, prov., dist., and 31 m. NNW. 
 Pampeluna ; has mines of iron ore, copper, and argentiferous 
 lead; foundry. P. (comm.)<:30co. 
 
 Tera Cruz, principal seapt. tn. of Mexico, in state V. C. , on 
 the Gulf and 242 m. ESE. of Mexico. Lat. of lighthouse 19° 
 11' 57" N., long. 96° 8' o" W. The city was three times moved 
 or refounded before the present, the fourth city, was laid out in 
 1580, opposite the fortified islet of San Juan d'Ulloa. Even the 
 present city occupies a very unhealthy site in the midst of arid 
 fields or marshy ground. Shifting sand-dunes, 150 ft. in height, 
 occur directly outside the outer promenades. During the hot 
 weather yellow fever rages ; ' City of the Dead ' is one of the 
 names by which V. C. is known in Mexico. It possesses a 
 cathedral, and has wide, straight streets and picturesque houses. 
 Aqueducts carrj- water to the town from Jamapa R. , 6 m. S. of 
 V. C. The fortress, now a prison, is falling in ruins. Exports 
 coffee, ore, tobacco, esparto goods, leather, &c. , to the value of 
 about j^i,5oo,ooo, exclusive of precious metals, or, these in- 
 cluded, upwards of ^^3, 000,000. Its largest trade is with Eng- 
 land; then come the United States, Germany, and France. 
 The port is little protected from the prevalent violent tempests, 
 and when the N. wind blows ships are obliged to remain out at 
 sea ; however, on the SE. a little shelter is afforded near the 
 sandy islet of Sacrificios. The cable in the Gulf of Mexico con- 
 nects it by Galveston with the telegraphic system of the United 
 States, and by Salina Cruz with the ports of the S. Pacific. It 
 was at V. C. that Cortez landed in 1519. In 1838 the citadel 
 of San Juan d'Ulloa capitulated to the French; in 1847 to 
 the United States general, Scott ; in 1862 to the French. The 
 government wharf is 336 ft. long, the railway wharf 720 ft. 
 Mean temp. (3 yrs. , 1863-65), yr. 78.9° F., Jan. 70.4°, July 
 82.9°; mean rfall. (10 yrs.), 174.62 in. P. (1868) 10,000; (1889) 
 24,000. 
 
 Vera Cmz (name given by Cortez, or Vera Cruz Llare, from 
 the name of a Sp)anish general), one of the states of Mexico, 
 along the gulf (for 499 m.) from riv. Tampico to riv. Cupico, in 
 the depression of the isthmus ; the lands on the slopes of the 
 central highlands are very fertile. See Mexico, table. 
 Teragnas, tn. , Colombia. See Santiago. 
 Terainln, extensive city ruins, Persia, prov. Irak-Ajemi, 35 
 m. SE. Teheran. The only well-preserved building is a peculiarly 
 shaped tower covered with inscriptions. 
 
 Terapaz, Alta, dep.. Central America, Guatemala, crossed 
 in the N. by 16° N. and 90° W. ; cap. Coban. 
 
 Terapaz, Baja, dep. , Central America, Guatemala, just W. 
 of 90° W. , and crossed in the S. by 15° S.; cap. Salama. 
 
 Verapoll, tn. , India, Madras, Travancore state, in 10° 4' N., 
 
 76° 19' E. ; seat of a Carmelite mission and of the Vicar Apostolic. 
 
 VerAwal, seapt. , India, on the SW. ct. of Kithidwar Penin. , 
 
 40 m. WNW. Diu, terminus of a metre-gauge railway ; the port 
 
 has lately been much improved. P. (1881) 12,100. 
 
 Verbenlco, tn., Austria, crownland Istria, on the E. ct. of the 
 isl. of Veglia. P. < 2000. 
 
 Terlilcaro, tn., Italy, Calabria, prov. Cosenza, 62 m. S. 
 Potenza. P. 5100. 
 
 TerlMi, comm. , Hungary, co. Nyitra, dist. Vig-Ujhely. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Terbdcz, comm., Hungary, co. Nyitra, dist. Szenicz. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 TerboTsko, comm., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, 32 m. E. 
 by N. Fiume. P. < 3000. 
 
 Tercel, tn. , France, dep. Doubs, arr. Baume-les-Dames, 19 
 m. E. by S. Besanqon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 TercelU, tn., Italy, Piedmont, on the Sesia, prov. and 12 m. 
 SW. Novara ; much rice is produced in the vicinity. V. has 
 the beautiful basilica of St. Andrew in Romanesque-Lombard 
 style 13th and 14th centuries). In the cathedral library is a 
 celebrated 4th century MS. of the Gospels. In the neighbour- 
 hood Marius defeated the Cimbri, loi B.C. Alt. 460 ft. P. (1871) 
 20,600; (1881)20,200. 
 
 Verch^res. 1. Co., Canada, Quebec, on the r. bk. of the 
 riv. St. Lawrence. 9. Tn., cap. of that co., 20 m. NE. by N. 
 Montreal. P. < 3000. 
 1658 
 
 VerclioTlnla, dist. , inhabhed by Ruthenians, in N E. Hungary, 
 CO. Maramaros, about the source of the Theiss (Tisza). 
 
 VerclAt Point, N. extremity of St. Catherine's Bay, Jersey, 
 Channel Is. , 6 m. NE. St. Helier ; there is a lighthouse at the 
 outer end of V. Breakwater 30 ft. high. 
 
 Vercors, mountainous region, SE. France, formerly in 
 Dauphin^, now in deps. Drome and Isere. 
 
 Verde, Spanish and Portuguese, 'green.' 
 
 Verde, Cape, promontory, Senegal, the most W. point of the 
 African coast, in 17° 3' W. , 14° 43' N. ; it owes its name to the 
 vegetation which covers it during the winter season. 
 
 Verde, Cape, isls. See Cape Verde Islands. 
 
 Verde, Rio, or Rio dos Remedios, Brazil, flows NNE., then 
 WNW. , and enters the Sao Francisco in about 10° S. Length 
 about 240 m. 
 
 Verde, Rio, riv. , Brazil, flows SE. into the r. bk. of the Rio 
 Tun'o, r. bk. trib. of the Paranahiba. Length, 150 m. 
 
 Verdev Rio, riv. , Brazil, state Matto Grosso, flows SE. and 
 enters the Parand from the right after a course of 150 m. 
 
 Verde, Rio, riv., Brazil, state Minas Geraes, flows N., then 
 WNW., and joins the Sapucahy. Length, 170 m. 
 
 Verde Grande, riv., Brazil, state Minas Geraes, flows N. 
 and joins the Sao Francisco. 
 
 Verdelals, vil., France, dep. Gironde, arr. La Reole, on the 
 r. bk. of the Garonne, 24 m. SE. Bordeaux. P. <20oo. 
 
 Venlello, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 7 m. SSW. 
 Bergamo. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Verden, tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, cap. circle V., 20 m. 
 SE. by E. Bremen, on riv. Aller ; manufactures cigars and soap. 
 The scene of the execution of 4500 Saxons by Charlemagne. 
 P. (i82i)<:5ooo; (1890)8700. 
 
 Vewlerlo, comm., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Como, 13 m. SSE. 
 Lecco. In 1799 V. was the scene of a bloody encounter between 
 the French and Austrians. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Verdigris River, riv., U.S., Kansas and Indian Terr., rises 
 in SE. of Chase co. , flows SE. and S. into Arkansas R. , i or 
 2 m. above the mouth of Neosho R. Length, 280 m. 
 
 Verdon, riv., France. See .ilpes, Rasses. 
 
 Verdon, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Brown co. , 127 m. 
 NE. by E. Pierre. 
 
 Vertlon, Le, small port, France, dep. Gironde, arr. Lesparre, 
 at the entrance to the Gironde, S. side, 28 m. S. by W. Roche- 
 fort. P. < 2000. 
 
 Verdn, tn., Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 25 m. E. Lerida, 
 dist. Cervera; has large annual fair for mules. P. (comm.)< 
 3000. 
 
 Verdnn, or Verdnn-snr-Mense, the ancient Virodunum, 
 fortified tn. , France, dep. Meuse, cap. arr. V., 29 m. NNE. 
 Bar-le-Duc. On the 1. bk. of the Meuse is the original town, 
 commanded by the citadel ; on the r. bk. is the newer and more 
 cheerful part of the town ; the whole is defended by detached 
 forts. The cathedral dates from the 12th century. It was, in 
 the 3rd century, the seat of a bishopric ; in 843 the treaty which 
 definitely separated France from Germany was signed here. V. 
 was then adjudged to the Germanic Empire, but passed to France 
 in 1553. It was besieged in 1792 by the Prussians, and in 1870 
 by the Germans. Alt. 655 ft. Rfall. 29. 13 in. P. 12,600. 
 
 Veninn, tn. , France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, arr. Castelsar- 
 rasin, on the 1. bk. of the Garonne, 13 m. SSW. Montauban. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Verdnnois, former dist. , France, now in dep. Meuse. 
 
 Verdnn-snr-le-Donbs, tn., France, dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire, arr. 
 Chalon-sur-Saone, on the Doubs, 30 m. S. Dijon ; important 
 port on the Saone. Alt. 575 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Verea, comm. , Spain, Galicia, prov. and 19 m. SW. Orense, 
 dist. Bande. P. <:4000. 
 
 Verec7inda, ruins, Algeria. See Marrnna. 
 
 Veres«lale, post-tn. , Queensland, Ward co. , in 27° 55' S. , 
 153° o' E. ; centre of grazing and timber dist. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Verespatak, comm., Hungary, co. Als(5-Feh6r, dist. V. ; 
 gold-mining centre ; the mountain is perforated by galleries. 
 The greater part of the works date from the Roman period, and 
 numerous Roman antiquities have been discovered. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Vereya, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 78 m. SW. Moscow, on 
 1. bk. Protva ; old 13th century town ; trade in corn and 
 hempseed oil. P. 6050. 
 
 Verfell, vil., France, dep. Haute-Garonne, arr. and 12 m. 
 EN E. Toulouse. P. < 2000. 
 
 Verga, Cape, headland, W. Africa, Senegambia, in 10° 12' N. 
 
 Vergara, tn. and rly. stn. , Mexico, state of and 5 m. WNW. 
 Vera Cruz. 
 
 Vergara, tn., Spain, prov. Guipuzcoa, cap. dist. V.,27m. 
 SW. St. Sebastian ; had formerly celebrated manufactures of 
 arms. Here was signed the agreement which terminated the 
 Carlist war in 1839. Rfall. (6 yrs.), 52.32 in. P. (comm.) 6200. 
 
 Vergato, tn. , Italy, Emilia, on the Reno, pJrov. and 18 m. 
 SW. by S. Bologna. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vergennes, city, U.S., Vermont, Addison co., 21 m. by rail 
 S. Burlington ; large water-jx)\ver is afforded by the falls of 
 Otter Creek. Manufactures include builders' and other wood- 
 
VERG — VERN 
 
 work, furniture, nails, &c. Navigable communication with Lake 
 Champlain, 7 m. W. by Otter R. The excellent harbour has a 
 sufficient depth for the largest vessels. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Verg^ze, tn., France, dep. Gard, arr. and 70 m. SW. Nlmes. 
 
 P. <200P. 
 
 Verglne, BIont«. See Avelllno. 
 
 Vergt, tn., France, dep. Dordogne, arr. and 11 m. S, 
 P^rigueux. P. <:20oo. 
 Verlioye, tn. , Turkey. See Karaferln, 
 
 Verln, tn. , Spain, Galicia, prov. and 35 m. SE. Orense, cap. 
 dist. V. , 4 m. from the Portuguese frontier. P. (comm.)<sooo. 
 
 Verlsovlts, vil. and rly. stn. , Turkey, vilayet and^^i m. NNW. 
 Uskiib, sanjak and 20 m. S. by W. Prishtina. See Sledua. 
 
 Verkhiie-Akhtiibliiskoye, vil., Russia, govt. Astrakhafi, at 
 head of Akhtuba branch of Volga, 15 m. NE. Tsaritsyn. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Verklme-Chirskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, prov. of Don 
 Cossacks, on r. bk. Don, at its junction with Chirk, 65 m. SW. 
 Tsaritsyn. P. 10,100. 
 
 Verkluie«lnyeprov8k, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 43 m. 
 NW. Ekaterinoslav, near r. bk. Dnieper. P. 8200. 
 
 Verkhnekamchatsk, tn. , Russia, E. Siberia, Kamchatka 
 Penin., Maritime Prov., on upper Kamchatka R., 330 m. above 
 Nizhnekamchatsk. P. < 1000. 
 
 Verkluiekolynisk, tn., Russia, E. Siberia, govt. Yakutsk, 
 166 m. S. of Srednekolynisk, on upp>er Kolyma R. ; place of 
 exile for political suspects. P. < 1000. 
 
 VerklincmallliiNkoye, vil., Russia, govt, and 7 m. W. 
 Perm. P. 5000. 
 
 Verkhiiendlnsk, dist. tn. , Russia, E. Siberia, prov. Trans- 
 baikalia, 207 m. W. Chita, on Uda R., and on highway to 
 Amur ; steamers ply to Lake Baikal. Glass-works ; trade in 
 tea, and manufactured goods imported from Russia. Great 
 fair. P. 5230. 
 
 , Verkhnenralsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Orenburg, 205 m. 
 SE. Ufa, on 1. bk. upper Ural R. ; trade with Kirghizes. P. 
 io,ooc. 
 
 Verkhniy, Verkhnyaya, Verkhne, Russian, 'upper.' Also 
 Yerkho, chiefly for upper part of rivers. 
 
 Verkliiily lomov, tn. , Russia, govt, and 65 m. NW. Penza, 
 7 m. from Nizhniy Lomov. P. 7255. 
 
 VerklioleiiHk, dist. tn., Russia, E. Siberia, govt, and 183 m. 
 NNE. Irkutsk, on upper Lena ; head of regular navigation on 
 this river. Alt. 1550 ft. Mean temp., yr. 24.0° P., Jan. 19.3°, 
 July 64.4°. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Verkhotnrlye, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 440 m. NE. 
 Perm, 70 m. NE. Kushva railway station, on upper Tura R. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Terklioyansk, dist. tn., Russia, E. Siberia, govt. Yakutsk, 
 67° 34' N., 134° 20' E. , on upper Yana R. , on footpaths to Ust- 
 yansk and Srednekolymsk. Pole of cold of the Asiatic part of 
 N. hemisphere, to which every wind brings warmer weather. 
 Alt. 160 ft. Average temp., yr. 2° F. , Jan. —56°, July 60°, 
 the three winter months — 53°, March — 38°. Temperatures as 
 low as — 75° and - 85° F. have been observed. Place of exile 
 for political suspects. Alt. 460 ft. P. <5oo. 
 
 Verlateii, isl., E. Indies, in Sunda Straits, NW. Krakatao I. 
 By the eruption of Krakatao in 1884, the area of this island was 
 increased from i sq. m. to 4 sq. m. 
 
 Verniaiid, vil., France, dep. Aisne, arr. and 7 m. WNW. 
 St. Quentin. P. < 2000. 
 
 VerniaiMlols, former dist., France, now comprised in deps. 
 Aisne, Somme, Oise. 
 
 Yermdo, isl. , Sweden, the largest island of the archipelago 
 to the E. of Stockholm. 
 
 Vermejo, another spelling of Bermejo [q.v.), riv., Argentine 
 Republic. 
 
 Vernieiha, tn. , Brazil, state Rio Grande do Sul, 99 m, NNW. 
 Porto AUegre. P. 23,900. 
 
 Vernielho, Rio, riv., Brazil, state Goyaz, flows NW. into 
 the Rio Grande at Santa Leopoldina. Length, 150 m. 
 
 Vernieln, lake, Sweden, prov. Vermland, trib. and NW. of 
 Lake Wener. Length, N. to S. , 21 m. ; breadth, 3 m. 
 
 Veriiieiitoii, tn. , France, dep. Yonne, 47 m. SSW, Troyes, 
 arr. and 12 m. SE. Auxerre. P. <2ooo. 
 
 VeruitUoii, CO., U.S., Illinois, on E. frontier, crossed in S. 
 
 by 40° N. 
 
 Tcrniilloii, co. , 
 by 40° N. 
 
 Vermilion, co. 
 
 U.S., Indiana, on W. frontier, and crossed 
 U.S. 
 
 Louisiana, on the Gulf of Mexico, 
 crossed in the E. by 92° W. 
 
 Yernillloii, shipping port, U.S., Ohio, Erie co. , on Lake 
 Erie, 35 m. W. by S. Cleveland ; sandstone quarried. Alt. 
 596 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Vermilion, city, U.S., S. Dakota, Clay co., 23 m. E. by S. 
 Yankton, at confluence of Missouri and V. Rivs. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vermilion, Iiake, U.S., Minnesota, St. Louis co., 75 m. N. 
 by W. Duluth, just to the S. of 48° N., drained N. by the 
 Vermilion R. into Namekan R. 
 
 Vermilion Bay, U.S., Louisiana, in the SE. of Vermilion co. 
 
 Vermilion Bluffs, range of mts. , Colorado, in the extreme 
 WNW. of the state. 
 
 Vermilion Range, U.S., Minnesota; contains rich deposits 
 of iron, now worked on an extensive scale. 
 
 VernUlIlon, Canada, Athabasca. See Fort Vermillion. 
 
 Vermillion Bay, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 1236 m. by rail W. Montreal, 188 m. by rail E. Winnipeg. 
 
 VermlUlonTllle, vil., U.S. , Louisiana, cap. Lafayette par., 
 144 m. WSW. New Orleans, on Vermilion R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Vermols, former dist., France, now in dep. Meurthe-et- 
 Moselle, S. ofNancy, 
 
 Vermont, the only New England state of the American 
 Union without any sea-coast, admitted 1791 as first addition to 
 thirteen original states, previously formed part of New York, 
 bounded S. by Massachusetts, W. by New York, N. by Canada, 
 separated E. from New Hampshire by the Connecticut R. ; one- 
 third larger than Wales. The Green Mts. , whence Vermont's 
 name, traverse the state centrally S. to N. with increasing 
 elevation. Four points exceed 4000 ft. ; rounded grassy summits 
 are characteristic, but green forests also explain their name. 
 Abundant sugar maples rank V. first in maple sugar, while 
 valuable hard woods furnish material for an output of sawed 
 and planed lumber of ;£^i,20o,ooo yearly ; small relative to other 
 states, but Vermont's chief manufacture. The mountains act as 
 a watershed for rivers, which are not navigable, but furnish power 
 for lumber mills and the manufacture of woollen goods and flour, 
 Vermont's second and third products. The winters are long 
 and severe, the summers short, with hot spells [Burlington]. 
 Maine alone among the United States has a larger proportion of 
 deaths from consumption, and the death-rate from respiratory 
 diseases is high. The N. two-thirds of the New York boundary 
 is on Lake Champlain, with its fine scenery and summer resorts, 
 and 100 m. of water-front. Through water-routes to Montreal 
 and New York make the lake port Burlington the largest city. 
 Rutland, marble and slate centre, also exceeds 8000. Seven 
 others are larger than Montpelier, the capital. Slow natural 
 increase and the exodus to the W. has kept Vermont's popula- 
 tion practically stationary since 1850. Three-fifths of the state 
 is under cultivation ; hay, oats, potatoes, and corn are chief 
 crops, but fruit and dairy farming, especially of the Champlain 
 Valley, are more important. V. ranks fifth in value of cheese, 
 and tenth in butter. The mountains are chiefly gneiss, but 
 most of the rocks are Silurian and Cambrian. V. yields more 
 and finer marble than the remaining states put together, while 
 in slate it is surpassed by Pennsylvania alone, and granite is 
 extensively quarried. Area, 9565 sq. m. P. 332,400. See 
 rnlted .States table. [W. 8.] 
 
 Vermont, vil., U.S., Illinois, Fulton co. , 52 m. NW. Spring- 
 field. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vermont IlnlTersity, U.S. See Burlington. 
 
 Vermontville, vil, U.S., Michigan, Eaton co. , 88 m. SW. 
 Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vermulden Drain, one of the drainage canals of the Bed- 
 ford Level, in the cos. of Cambridge and Huntingdon, con- 
 necting the New Bedford R. with the Nen ; so called after 
 Vermuiden, a Dutch engineer. 
 
 Verna, convent, Italy. See La Vemla. 
 
 Vernamo, vil., Sweden, prov. and 40 m. S. Jonkoping, on 
 the Laga Elf. P. (comm.)<:400o. 
 
 VernarMe, La, tn. , France, dep. Gard, arr. Alais, 5 m. 
 SSE. Genolhac ; has important collieries. P. <3000. 
 
 Vernazza, maritime vil., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, 7 m. 
 WNW. Spezia, in the Riviera di Levante ; fishing port and good 
 roadstead sheltered from the E. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Verndale, vil, U.S., Minnesota, Wadena co., 130 m. NW. 
 Minneapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vernditch Chace, dist., Eng., in the S. of Wiltshire, to the 
 E. of Cranborne Chace. 
 
 Verne Fort, on Verne Hill, Eng., Dorsetshire, Portland I., 
 3 m. SE. Weymouth ; the hill commands a magnificent view. 
 
 Verner, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 397 
 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Vernersbrldge, stn.. Ire., NW. co. Armagh, bar. Oneilland 
 West, i\ m. ESE. Dungannon, on the G. N. (Ire.) R., P.O. 
 
 Vernet, Le, or Vernet-leH-Balns, vil. , France, dep. Pyr^n^s- 
 Orientales, arr. and 6 m. SSW. Prades, on NW. slope of Mount 
 Canigou ; has thermal waters, long known and lately much 
 frequented. It is also a tourist and mining centre (iron and 
 manganese). Alt. 2035 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vernenll, tn., France, on the S. ^border of dep. Eure, on the 
 Avre, arr. and 23 m. SW. by S. Evreux ; has manufactures of 
 machines ; churches with stained glass windows of the Renais- 
 sance, and remains of ramparts of the Middle Ages. The 
 French were twice beaten beneath its walls by the English in 
 1 173 and 1424. Three miles SE. of V. starts a new (1892) 
 aqueduct, 83 m. long, to carry the water of the Avre to Paris. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Vernex, vil., Switzd. See Montreux. 
 
 Verney Compton, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire. See Coinpton 
 Verney. 
 
 1659 
 
VERN — VERS 
 
 Verney Junction, stn. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 5^ 
 m. SE. by S. Buckingham, on the L. & NW. R. and Aylesbury 
 and Buckingham Rly. 
 
 I'ernhani Dean, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 10 
 m. SW. by W. Newbury, 6 m. E. Collingbourne stn., PM.O. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Veriila, La, Yema, or Alvernla, convent, Italy, Tuscany, 
 prov. ArezEO, 2 m. N. Chiusi ; founded in 1215, on a spur of the 
 Apennines. Near it are some grottoes inhabited by St. Francis 
 of Assisi. Meteorological observatory. Alt. 3645 ft. 
 
 Vernlo, comm. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 21 m. NNW. 
 Florence. P. < 5000. 
 
 Vernole, vil., Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 14 m. NW. Otranto. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 I'ernon, tn., France,, dep. Eure, on the 1. bk. of the Seine, 
 arr. and 15 m. ENE. Evreux ; has quarries of building stone, 
 and military and mechanical workshops. Its church contains 
 stained glass windows of the Renaissance. P. 6500. 
 
 Vernon, co., New South Wales, crossed by 31° S. and 
 152° E. 
 
 Vernon, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Tolland co., 4 m. by rail E. 
 Manchester. P. (1880) 6900; (1890) 8800. 
 
 Vernon, vil. , U.S., Indiana, Jennings co. , 58 m. SE. by S. 
 Indianapolis ; has trade in lime. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Vernon, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, W. frontier, S. of 32° N. 
 
 Vernon, vil., U.S., Michigan, Shiawassee co. , 45 m. S. by 
 W. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vernon, co., U.S., Missouri, on the W. frontier, crossed in 
 the N. by 38° N. 
 
 Vernon, tn., U.S., Texas, Wilbarger co. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Vernon, vil., U.S., in the SE. of Vermont, Windham co., on 
 the Connecticut R., 63 m. SSE. Rutland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vernon, co. , U.S. , Wisconsin, on the Mississippi, S. of 44° N. 
 
 Vernon, Mount, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire. See Mount 
 Vernon. 
 
 Vernon, Mount, mt. , U.S., Washington, Skagit co., 50 m. 
 E. Victoria (V. I.). 
 
 Vernon, North, city, U.S., Indiana, Jennings co. , 56 m. 
 SE. by S. Indianapolis. P. <:3000. 
 
 Vernon Isles, group of small isls. , S. Australia, N. Terr., 
 near 131° E., between Melville I. and N. ct. of Australia, at W. 
 entrance of Van Diemen's Gulf. 
 
 Vernou, tn., France, dep. Indre-et- Loire, on the Cisse, arr. 
 and 9 m. E. by N. Tours. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Vernoux, tn., France, dep. Ardeche, arr. Tournon, 54 m. N. 
 by W. Orange, 13 m. W. by S. Valence. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vernoye. See Vyernyl. 
 
 Verolanuova, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Brescia, 14 m. N. 
 by E. Cremona; has silk-spinning. P. -c 5000. 
 
 Verolengo, tn., Italy, Piedmont, pfov. and 19 m. ENE. 
 Turin, near the 1. bk. of the Po. P. <20oo. 
 
 Veroll, tn. , Italy, prov. Rome, 38 m. SE. by E. Tivoli ; seat 
 of a bishopric. P. <:400o. 
 
 V^ron, Le, dist. , France. See Indre-et-Lolre. 
 
 Verona, fortified tn., Italy, Venetia, cap. prov. V., on the 
 Adige, 22 m. NNE. Mantua. It is protected also by a line of 
 forts mostly on the W. side of the Adige. Amongst her many 
 interesting buildings are the cathedral, built in the end of the 
 I2th century, and containing the tomb of Pope Julius III., and 
 a very valuable chapter library ; the Church of San Zeno (con- 
 structed like the cathedral in the Lombard style, i.e., with 
 alternate bands of white stone and red brick), a fine edifice 
 rebuilt in the 12th century ; St. Anastasia, of the later 13th 
 century, adorned with sculptured tombs and paintings by Pisano 
 and others ; San Fermo Maggiore, of the 14th century ; and 
 many other churches. V. has preserved the aspect of a mediaeval 
 town, not only in her old houses, but also in her streets, her 
 bridges, and her gates. The ancient castle (14th century), in 
 which the Scaligers lived, is now converted into an arsenal, and 
 is connected by a picturesque bridge with the modern arsenal 
 on the other side of the river. The old castle of St. Peter, 
 founded by Theodoric the Goth, and rebuilt in the 14th century, 
 was dismantled by the French in 1801. Not least amongst the 
 architectural glories of V. are the magnificently sculptured 
 tombs of the Scaligers, standing in the open air. (See Ruskin, 
 Stones of Venice, vol. iii.) Many Renaissance palaces and 
 other structures attest the skill of two celebrated architects, 
 Sammicheli and Fra Giocondo, both of the 15th and i6th cen- 
 turies. The finest palaces in V. are that of the Scaligers (14th 
 century), with a lofty tower, of the Bevilacqua and Pompei 
 families, the last a picture-gallery and museum, and that of the 
 town-council, richly sculptured. The Roman remains embrace 
 a well-preserved amphitheatre, traces of baths, city walls, a 
 theatre, a triumphal arch, and fine mosaic pavements. The 
 town has manufactures of cottons and silks, candles, tanneries, 
 and railway workshops. It was the birthplace of Cornelius Nepos, 
 Catullus, and perhaps of both the Elder and Younger Pliny, 
 Paul Veronese, the poet Scipione, and the architects Vitruvius 
 and Sammicheli. V. became a Roman city in the ist century 
 A.D., and speedily rose to be a place of importance. It was 
 1660 
 
 besieged by the Emperor Constantine in 312, and here in 489 
 Odoacer was defeated by Theodoric the Goth (Dietrich of Bern 
 in the Charlemagne cycle), who frequently resided within its 
 walls. The Lombard kings, successors of Charlemagne, made 
 it one of their caps. From 1260 to 1375 it was in the hands of 
 the Scaligers (Delia Scala family), one of whom. Can Grande, 
 gave an asylum to Dante. In 1405 the city was conquered by 
 Venice, which kept possession down to 1797. In 1815 it became 
 a possession of Austria, who in 1848 strongly fortified it and 
 made it one of the pivots of the celebrated Quadrilateral [q. v. ). 
 It was under its walls, at Custozza, that Victor Emmanuel was 
 defeated by the Archduke Albert in 1866. In that same year V. 
 was incorporated in the kingdom of Italy. Alt. 180-205 ^^• 
 Prov. P. (1871) 367,674; dist. P. 121,294; comm. P. 67,080; 
 city P. 60,049; P- (1881) 60,800; comm. P. (1892) 69,500. 
 
 Verona, vil., U.S., Mississippi, Lee co., 103 m. SE. Memphis 
 (Tenn.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Verona, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Allegheny co. , on the 1, 
 bk. of the Allegheny, 8 m. ENE. Pittsburg; exports tools and 
 springs. P. < 1500. 
 
 Verona, Chlnsa dl, the gorge through which the Adige 
 jjasses from the Alps to the plains of Italy. 
 
 VerpeWt, comm., Hungary, co. Heves, dist. Eger. P. <:4oco. 
 
 Verpllll^re, La, tn. , France, dep. Isere, on the Bourbre, arr. 
 and 16 m. NE. by E. Vienne. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Verplanck, vil., U.S., New York, West Chester co., on the 
 1. bk. of the Hudson R. , 39 m. N. New York. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Verres, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, on the Dora Baltea, 
 18^ m. E. by S. Aosta. P. <20oo. 
 
 Verret, lake, U.S., Louisiana, Assumption par., N. of 
 Ralourde Lake. Length, 10 m. 
 
 Verrla, tn. , Turkey. See Karaferla. 
 
 Verrlde, tn. , Portugal, Beira, dist. Coimbra, on 1. bk. of the 
 Mondego. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Verrl^res, Les, vil., Switzd., cant. NeuchMel, lo m. NW, 
 Grandson. P. < 2000. 
 
 Verrua Savoja, comm., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 24 m. 
 ENE. Turin, above the r. bk. of the Po. P. <:4000. 
 
 Vers, vil., France, dep. Lot, on the Lot, 34 m. NNE. 
 Montauban, arr. and 7 m. ENE. Cahors. P. <20C)0. 
 
 Versailles, comm. and city, France, cap. dep. Seine-et-Oise, 
 cap. arr. V. , 10 m. WSW. Paris, with which it communicates 
 by two lines of rail, on a plateau, 5 m. from 1. bk. of the Seine. 
 It is divided into four quarters, starting in the shape of a fan 
 from the castle, which is separated from the town by the Place 
 d'Armes. It has many remarkable edifices, fine squares, public 
 fountains, and beautiful boulevards, the church of St. Louis, 
 the prefecture, and the chancery. The palace of Versailles, 
 one of the most beautiful in existence, is composed of three 
 main wings, two stretching right and left of a central square, 
 and the third backing the square and projecting into the gardens 
 behind. It was restored during the reign of the late Louis 
 Philippe, and is now used as an historical museum. The most 
 interesting apartments have been preserved or restored as they 
 were under Louis XIV. ; they embrace the Gallery of Mirrors, 
 the Bull's Eye Chamber, the bedroom of Louis XIV., and the 
 chapel. The immense galleries contain a series of paintings and 
 statues arranged in chronological order, the pictures being by 
 David, Horace, Vernet, Ary Scheffer, Delacroix, &c. Con- 
 nected with the palace are a decorated chapel and theatre, an 
 orangery, flower gardens, and a park, in which are statues and 
 fountains supplied with water by the machine of Marly, and at 
 the extremity of the park the two palaces called the Great and 
 Little Trianon, associated with Marie Antoinette. The gardens 
 of the Little Trianon are well known to botanists and horticul- 
 tural amateurs. Great Trianon, built 1670. The castle and 
 gardens were begun in 1661, by order of Louis XIV. The 
 architecture was entrusted to Levau and Mansart, and finished 
 in 1684 ; sculpture to Coysevox, Coustou, Girardon, LeMoyne, 
 Tuby, Tarsy, &c. Lebrun was the painter by appointment. 
 The gardens were designed by Le Notre. V. is a bishop's see 
 and Protestant consistory, created in 1802, and has a national 
 college, a normal school, shooting-school, hippodrome, school 
 of horticulture, and library of 75,000 volumes. Its industries are 
 unimportant ; the greater part of the inhabitants live by market- 
 gardening, small trade, and visitors and Parisians. The two 
 largest parish churches were built, one by Mansart, the other, 
 serving as cathedral, under Louis XV. In the city, statues have 
 been erected to Hoche, the Abb6 de I'Ep^e, and Houdon ; an 
 equestrian statue of Louis XIV. graces the great court of the 
 castle, where it is surrounded by statues of various national 
 celebrities ; and here, on June 20, 1789, the representatives of 
 the communes of France constituted the National Assembly, and 
 took the famous oath termed the ' Jeu de Paume !' From 1790 
 to 1837 V. was nearly deserted ; but after the opening of the 
 museum in the latter year, it regained some of its former 
 importance. During the siege of Paris, V. formed the head- 
 quarters of the German army, and here the King of Prussia 
 was proclaimed German Emperor, Jan. 18, 1871. At the out- 
 break of the revolt of the Commune, March 18, 1871, the 
 
VERS-^VESU 
 
 government went to V. , together with the National Assembly, 
 the latter remaining there, as well as the succeeding legislature, 
 the Senate and Chamber of Deputies, elected 1876. It is the 
 birthplace of Philip V. of Spain ; Louis XV. , XVI. . and XVIII. , 
 and Charles X. ; Count de Maurepas, minister of Louis XV. 
 and XVI. ; Prince Polignac, minister of Charles X. ; General 
 Lazare Hoche, died 1797 ; Marshal Berthier, Prince of Wag- 
 ram, died 1815 ; the Abb6 de I'Ejj^e, instructor of deaf mutes, 
 died 1789 ; Ferdinand de Lesseps, born 1805 ; and the sculptor 
 Houdon, died 1828. Before Louis XIII., V. was a simple 
 manor ; it was bought by the king in 1627, who built an ordi- 
 nary castle : this castle forms the nucleus of the present palace. 
 The new palace became after 1683 the official and generally the 
 actual residence of the French king. Here, in 1783, was signed 
 the treaty of peace by which the United States of America 
 became independent. Alt. 421 ft. Mean temp., yr. 50.7° F., 
 Jan. 37.2°, July 65.7°. City P, (1872) 61,670; (1891) 51,700. 
 
 Versailles, vil., U.S., Illinois, Brown co., 47 m. E. Quincy 
 by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Versailles, manufacturing tn. , U.S., Kentucky, Woodford 
 CO., 60 m. E. by S. Louisville; agricultural dist. P. < 1500. 
 
 Versailles, tn., U.S., Missouri, cap. Morgan co. , 38 m. 
 WSW. Jefferson City ; lead is mined and smelted in dist. 
 P. <:i50o. 
 
 Versailles, vil., U.S., Ohio, Dark co. , 78 m. N. Cincinnati. 
 Alt. 977 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Versecz (in German speUing Wersclietst) , municip., Hungary, 
 CO. Temes, 45 m. S. Temesvar ; produces noted red wine and 
 brandy. In the vicinity are Roman remains. The town is 
 overlooked by the Schlossberg, which crowns the ruins of the 
 old citadel. Here the Hungarians defeated the Servians, 1848. 
 The Austrians took the town, 1849. P. (1850) 17,200; (1869) 
 21,100; (1890)21,900. 
 
 Verslilre, vil., U.S., Vermont, Orange co. , 25 m. SE. by 
 S. Montpelier, with copper-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Versolx, riv. , France and Switzd. , rising from springs 4 m. 
 ENE. Gex, 4 m. from the W. shore of the Lake of Geneva, at 
 Divonne-les-Bains ; their temperature is always constant at 44° F. , 
 whatever the temperature of the air. The stream to which these 
 springs give rise enters the Lake of Geneva at V. , after a course 
 
 of 10 HI. 
 
 Versolx, vil., Switzd., cant, and 5 m. N. by E. Geneva, on 
 the W. side of the Lake of Geneva. P. <20oo. 
 
 Versova, vil., Greece, prov. Achaia and Elis, 17 m. ESE. 
 Vostitsa. This town, the ancient Aigira and the Hyperesia of 
 Homer, was one of the most active communities in Achaia, and 
 was in commercial relation with the Sidonians. The ruins of 
 the town are on a high spur, attached to Mount Eurystina by 
 an isthmus. P. (comni.)<3ooo. 
 
 Versoye, La, mineral baths, France. See Tliouoii-les-Baliis. 
 
 Vertalzoii, tn. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. and 10 m. 
 E. Clermont-Ferrand. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Verte, River, Canada, Quebec. See Rlvlfcre Verte. 
 
 Verielllac, tn. , France, dep. Dordogne, 20 m. NW. by W. 
 P6rigueux, arr. and 7 m. N. by E. Rib^rac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Verteiites, Espigao das ('ridge of the watershed'), circlet 
 of hills, elevations, and plateaux separating the waters of the 
 N. slope of Brazil from those of the E. slope towards the basin 
 of the Sao Francisco. Its sections bear different names. Its 
 highest summits have an altitude of not more than 550 ft. 
 
 Verllieull, vil. , France, dep. Gironde, arr. Lesparre, 6 m. 
 NW. Pauillac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Verton, tn. , France, dep. Loire-lnf^rieure, on the Sevre, arr. 
 and 5 m. SE. by E. Nantes. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vertryck, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Louvain, on 
 the Fleppe, 5 m. WNW. Tirlemont. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vertas, tn. , f ranee, dep. Marne, arr. Chalons-sur-Marne, 
 10 m. S. by E. Epernay ; produces noted wines. Birthplace of 
 the poet Deschamps, called Morel, died 1422. 
 
 Verulam, ancient tn., Eng. See St. Allmns. 
 
 Vernlani, tn., Natal, Inanda dist., 15 m. N. by E. Durban. 
 
 P, <2000. 
 
 Vervlcq, comm. , Belgium. See Werwlck. 
 
 Vervlers, comm., Belgium, on the Weser, prov. and 13 m. 
 E. by S. Liege, arr. V. Noted as far back as 1432 for its 
 woollens, now chiefly for its woollen yarn, more properly a 
 hybrid between woollen and worsted yarn, and its washed wool. 
 The water of the Gileppe, besides being used for wool-washing 
 (for which it is admirably adapted on account of its freedom 
 from lime), furnishes the motive-power for numerous works. 
 Important manufactures of woollen machinery. Birthplace of 
 the violinist Vieuxtemps, died 1880. P. 48,400. 
 
 Vervlns, tn., France, dep. Aisne, cap. arr. V., 24 m. NE. 
 by N. Laon. Here in 1598 a treaty was signed between Henry 
 IV. of France and Philip II. of Spain. P. <3000. 
 
 Verwlck, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, li m. N. Cardigan, 
 P.O. (Verwlg). P. <:soo. 
 
 Verwooil and Westmoors, eccles. par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, 
 E. div., 12^ m. NNE. Poole, with a stn. (V. for Craniborne) 
 on the L. & SW. R., PM.O. (Verwood). P. < 1500. 
 
 Vcryaii, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 7 m. SE. by 
 E. Truro, P.O.; 5716 ac. P, <ci5oo. 
 
 Veryan Bay, Eng., on the S. ct. of Cornwall, between 
 Dodman Point and Nare Head. 
 
 Verzliio, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, prov. and 31 m. NNE. Catan- 
 zaro. P. < 2000. 
 
 Verzy, tn., France, dep. Marne, arr. and 9 »n. SE. Reims. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Vesarkoprtt, tn. , Asia Minor, -64m. S. by E. Sinope. 
 
 Ves^iva, pprt, Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Thdna, 12 m. N. 
 Bombay. V. fort stands between the village and the fortified 
 isl. of Madh, which is close by. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Vescovato, tn. , Corsica, arr. and 14 m. S. Bastia. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vesfovato, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 7 m. ENE, Cre- 
 mona. P. < 3000. 
 
 Vesdre, Ger. Weeze and Weser, riv., Prussia and Belgium, 
 rising on N. edge of the Hohe Venn, flows W. and enters 
 Belgium, passing Verviers and P^pinster, and reaching the 
 Ourthe at Ch6n6e. Its valley is one of the most picturesque in 
 Lifege. Length, 44 m. 
 
 Vesheiiskaya (Vyoslienskaya), Cossack vil. , Russia, prov. of 
 Don Cossacks, chief town of Ust-Medvyeditsa dist., on Don, 
 217 m. NE. Novocherkask. P. 28,940. 
 
 Veslegonsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 210 m. N. by E. 
 Tver, on r. bk. Mologa, on highway from St. Petersburg to 
 Yaroslavl. P. < 5000. 
 
 V^sliiet, Le, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Versailles, 
 
 2 m. ESE. St. Germain, near the r. bk. of the Seine; has a 
 large race-course. P. <;400o. 
 
 Ve Skerries, group of rocky islands at entrance to St. Magnus 
 Bay, Shetland. 
 
 Vesle, or Vele, riv., France, dep. Marne, rises 11 m. ENE. 
 Chalons-sur-Marne, flows ENE. past Reims, and joins the 
 Aisne 7 m. E. Soissons. Length, 90 m. ; area of basin, 600 sq. m. 
 
 Vesontio, city, France. See Besaneou. 
 
 Vesoul, tn., France, dep. Haute-Sa6ne, cap. arr. V., 28 m. 
 N. by E. Besan9on ; has manufactures of files, tools, &c. Birth- 
 place of the painter G^rome, 1824. Alt. 770 ft. P. 8400. 
 
 Vespaslait's €anip, old camp, Eng. See Berwick St. 
 John. 
 
 Vespolate, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 6^ m. SSE. 
 Novara. P. <3ooo. 
 
 P'est, Vester, Vestra, Scandinavian, 'west,' 'western.' 
 
 Vesta, or Watt's Station, iron manufacturing vil., U.S., 
 Pennsylvania, co. and 13 m. W. Lancaster. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Vestaufors, vil., Sweden, prov. Vestmanland, 35 m, NW. 
 Vesteris. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Vestby,vil., Norway, prov. Christiania, 55 m. SSW. Eidsvold, 
 
 3 m. from Christiania Fjord. P. (comm.)<:4ooo. 
 Vestenanova, comm. , Italy, Venice, prov. Verona, 6 m. NE. 
 
 Tregnago. P. <;4000. 
 
 Vesteraalen, Norway. See Lofoten Islands. 
 
 Vester&s, tn. , Sweden, prov. Vestmanland, 22 m. S. by W. 
 Sala; has dockyards. The cathedral (nth century), in Gothic 
 style, contains the tombs of the statesman Svante Sture, died 
 1512, and King Eric XIV., died 1577. The episcopal library 
 of 12,000 volumes embraces the collection removed from the 
 library of Mayence during the Thirty Years' War. The castle 
 was built by Gustavus Vasa, and served as prison to Eric XIV., 
 1573-1574. Eleven diets were held atV.; the most celebrated 
 was Vesteris Recess, in 1527, which voted the abolition of 
 Catholicism in Sweden. P. 8100. 
 
 Vestero, isl., Norway, Hvaloer Archipelago, E. of the entrance 
 to Christiania Fjord, 7 m. S. Frederikshald. P. 349. 
 
 Vestervlk, maritime tn., Sweden, prov. Kalmar, on the E. 
 ct. , 60 m. S. by E. Norrkoping; has shipbuilding. V. is 
 united to Gamleby by a canal available for vessels drawing 15 ft. 
 The outer port has a depth at entrance of 21 ft. ; depth along- 
 side quays, 10-18 ft. ; good anchorage in 36-40 ft. Mean temp. , 
 yr. 45.80° F. , Feb. 31.6°, July 62.6°. P. 6900. 
 
 VestfJoMl, gulf or inlet, Norway, between the Lofoten Is. 
 and the coast of Norway, the centre of cod-fishing on the 
 Scandinavian coast ; its opening is^ 56 m. wide, and it reaches 
 inland 95 m. NE. from about 67° to 68|° N. 
 
 Vesting, Dutch, ' a fortress.' See Feste. 
 
 Vestniis, vil., Norway, prov. Trondhjem, dist, Romsdal, 41 
 m. SW. Christiansund, on S. shore of Molde Fjord. P. (comm.) 
 <4000. 
 
 Vestone, vil., Italy, Lombardy, on the Chiese, prov. and 15 
 m. NE. by N. Brescia. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vestra, Scandinavian, 'west.' See Vest. 
 
 Vestra Tors&s, vil., Sweden, prov, Kronoberg, 19 m. SSW. 
 Vexio. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Vesunna, tn., France. See P^rlgnenx. 
 
 Vesuvius, Slouut (Italian IMoute Vesuvlo), the most cele- 
 brated active volcano in Europe, Italy, on the E. side of the 
 bay, and 8 m. ESE. Naples. Lat. of crater 40° 49' N., long. 
 14 26' E. It rises, an isolated cone, out of the fertile plain of 
 Campania, the diameter of its base being about 10 m. The 
 actual eruptive cone (4260 ft. ) is surrounded by an outer ring or 
 
 1661 
 
■y KS z -^ y I B o 
 
 crest on N. and E. , called Monte di Somma (3730_ft.), the two 
 being separated by a valley known as Atrio di Cavallo, 550 yds. 
 across. The height of. the eruptive (inner) cone varies from 
 period to period, according to the accumulation of volcanic 
 matters which it ejects ; the range of alt. being from 3330 ft. 
 (1749) to 4270 ft. (1894). The mountain is almost wholly com- 
 posed of lava, scoriae, and tufa ; and the ejecta embrace nearly 
 half a hundred different kinds of minerals .(leucite, augite, 
 magnetic iron, &c. ). The vegetable products on its flanks 
 comprise euphorbias, and many other plants not found else- 
 where in Italy. The famous wine lachryma christi (red and 
 white) is grown on its sides. The first recorded eruption 
 occurred in A.D. 79, when the Elder Pliny perished, and the 
 cities. Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stabias were overwhelmed. 
 From that time onwards many eruptions are recorded, of which 
 the/nost celebrated occurred in 472, 512, 685, 982, 1036, 1139, 
 1631, 1638, 1660, 1680, 1794, 1804, 1810, 1822, 1828, 1831, 1834, 
 1839, 1850, 1855, 1858, 1868, 1872, 1878, 1879, 1891. On the 
 W. side of the mountain, on a projecting crag (2218 ft.) at the 
 foot of the cone of ashes, an observatory was built in 1844 ; and 
 in 1880 a wire-rope railway was constructed to within 150 yards 
 of the summit, from a point about 2600 ft. from the base. 
 
 Veszpr^m, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, cap. prov. V., 24 
 m. W. by S. Stuhlweissenburg ; has trade in grain and wine. 
 The upper town is perched on a rock, and contains the old 
 fortified castle and the episcopal palace. The Gothic cathedral 
 of the i6th century has been the nucleus of an episcopal see 
 since the year 1000. The town has changed hands many times, 
 remaining in the hands of the Turks from 1605 to 1683. Alt. 
 855 ft. P. 12,700. 
 
 Y^szto, comm., Hungary, co. B6k6s, dist. Gzeghalom. 
 P. 7600. 
 
 Veta Grande, tn. , Mexico, state of and 12 m. N. Zacatecas. 
 P. (conmi. ) 6600. 
 
 I'eta Pass, U.S. , Colorado, pass in the Rocky Mts. , traversed 
 by Denver and Rio Grande Rly. Alt. 9378 ft. 
 
 Y'etar, or Vetter, largest of the South West Is. , Dutch E. 
 Indies, opposite the N. ct. of Timor, crossed by 8° S. and 126° 
 E. Surface undulating ; numerous rivers, small lakes, and 
 marshes ; no forests. Rattans, iron-wood, wax, and honey are 
 exported. San-Ilmeti, or Ilvaki, the cap., is on the S. ct. V. 
 was discovered by the Dutch in 1674. Area, 1050 sq. m. P. 
 (1882) 7500 (Riedel). 
 
 Vetas ('lodes, veins'), vil. , Colombia, Santander ; has mines 
 of gold, silver, copper, and iron. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vetluga, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 175 m. E. Kostroma, 
 on r. bk. of Vetluga R. ; trade in wooden goods and bast-mats. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Vetluga, riv. , Russia, govts. Vyatka, Vologda, and Kostroma, 
 r. bk. trib. of the Volga, which it joins at Pokrovskoye, a few 
 miles above Kozmodemiyansk ; considerable shipping of timber 
 and wooden goods. Length, 400 m. 
 
 Vetrella, tn., Italy, prov. Rome, ^\ m. SSW. Viterbo. P. 
 <:40oo. 
 
 Vetrlna, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Salonica, 19 m. NW. 
 Seres. P. <:4000 (Servians). 
 
 V^troz, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, 3J m. W. Sion. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Tetschau, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Kalau, 9^ 
 m. W. Kottbus. P. <3000. 
 
 Vetter, isl. , Dutch E. Indies. See Vetar. 
 
 Vettern, lake, Sweden. See Wetter. 
 
 Vettore, Moute. See Apeuiilues, €. 
 
 Veules, vil., France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, arr. Yvetot, on the 
 NW. ct., 13 m. W. by S. Diepp)e. P. <:2000. 
 
 Veurdre, Le, tn., France, on the N. border of dep. Allier, 
 on the Allier, 35 m. NE. by N. Montlu9on, arr. and 19 m. NW. 
 Moulins. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Yeurey, vil., France, dep. Isere, arr. and 9 m. NW. Grenoble, 
 on 1. bk. of the Is^re. P. <20oo. 
 
 Venrne, Flemish name of Fumes {q.v.). 
 
 VeuTC Klver, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 408 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Veray (veve'), city, U.S., Indiana, Switzerland co., on r. 
 bk. of Ohio R., 52 m. NE. Louisville (Ken.); large quantities of 
 honey and agricultural produce are shipped. P. <2ooo. 
 
 VeTey, or Vlvis, tn., Switzd., cant. Vaud, on the N. side 
 of Lake of Geneva, 11 m. ESE. Lausanne ; has manufactures of 
 condensed milk and watch-making. The church of St. Martin 
 (15th century) contains the tomb of Ludlow the regicide (died 
 1693). Its magnificent situation, at the foot of the Jorat and 
 of the forest heights of the Alps, in sight of the mountains of 
 Vaud and Valais and the Lake of Geneva, annually attracts 
 many visitors. At V. the famous ' vine-dressers' fete ' is cele- 
 brated ; the last was in 1889. P. (comm. ) 8200. 
 
 Vexln, former dist., France, now in deps. Seine- Infdrieure, 
 Eure, Seine-et-Oise, and Oise. 
 
 Vexlo, tn. , Sweden, prov. Kronoberg, 63 m. WNW. Kalmar ; 
 it has been almost entirely rebuilt since the fire in 1843 ; seat of 
 a bishopric. The cathedral, built 1300, contains the tomb of St. 
 Siegfrid (died 1030). P. 6600. 
 1662 
 
 Veyasarpady, NW. suburb of Madras, Brit. India, 3^ m. N. 
 by W. of the Government House. 
 
 Veyatle, Loch, Scot. See Cam Loch. 
 
 I'eynes, tn. , France, dep. Hautes-Alpes, arr. Gap, 46 m. S. 
 Grenoble. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Veyre-Montou, tn. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. and 8 
 m. SE. by S. Clermont-Ferrand. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Veys, Les, bay, English Channel, between the French deps. 
 Calvados and Manche, a good deal obstructed by banks and 
 the Grand-Camp rocks. 
 
 Veytanx, vil. , Switzd. See Moutreux. 
 
 V^zelay, tn., France, dep. Yonne, on the Cure, 43 m. NE. 
 Nevers, arr. and 8 m. W. by S. Avallon. It is a decayed town, 
 having had more than 10,000 inhabitants in the Middle Ages. 
 Its church, a remarkable work of art in the history of French 
 architecture, is dedicated to St. Madeleine, whose shrine was 
 formerly visited by a vast number of pilgrims. Birthplace of 
 the theologian Theodore de Beza (died 1605). P. <2ooo. 
 
 V^zellse, tn., France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, arr. and 15 
 m. S. by W. Nancy. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Te2en, Mount. See Balkan Mountains. 
 
 V^z^nohres, vil., France, dep. Gard, 19 m. NW. by N. 
 Nimes, arr. and 6 m. SE. Alais. P. <2ooo. 
 
 T^z^re, riv., France, rises on Plateau de Millevache, in N. 
 dep. Correze, flows SW. , and joins the Dordogne 20 m. E. 
 Bergerac after a course of 120 m. Area of basin, 1450 sq. m. 
 
 Vezla, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Ticino, i^ m. N W. by N. Lugano. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Vezlns, tn., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. Millau, 47 m. NE. 
 by E. Albi. P. -<20oo. 
 
 Vezlr Kiiprtt, tn. , Turkey in Asia, vilayet Sivas, 65 m. 
 SSE. Sinope, with which it is connected by carriage-road. P. 
 8600 ; Moham. 7600 (Sunnites, 6000 ; Shiites, 1600^— Cuinet). 
 
 Yezonze, riv. , France, rises in the Vpsges Mts. , close to the 
 German frontier, flows W., and joins the Meurthe at Lun^ville. 
 Length, 53 m. ; area of basin, 330 sq. m. 
 
 Vezzaul, vil. , Corsica, arr. Corte, 32 m. NE. by E. Ajaccio. 
 P. <;20oo. 
 
 Vezzano, comm., Italy, Liguria, prov. Genoa, 4 m. NW. 
 Spezia. P. <40oo. 
 
 Vlacha, tn., Bolivia, dep. and 15 m. SW. by W. La Paz. 
 
 Vladana, tn., Italy, Lombardy, on the 1. bk. of the Po, prov. 
 Mantua, 13 m. NE. by N. Parma. P. 5700. 
 
 Vlad^ne, dist. , France. See Aveyron. 
 Viadus, or Viadrus, riv. , Ger. See Oder. 
 
 Vlagrande, tn., Sicily, prov. and 6 m. NNE. Catania, at the 
 foot of S. slope of Mount Etna. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Vlala, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. and 10 m. WSW. 
 Millau ; has copper, lead, and mercury mines. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vlalas, vil., France, dep. Loz^re, arr. Florae, 11 m. W. by 
 N. Besseges; has argentiferous lead-mine. P. < 2000. 
 
 Via Mala, remarkable gorge, Switzd. , cant. Grisons, through 
 which pass the Hinter-Rhein and the carriage-road over the 
 Spliigen. 
 
 Vlanifto, tn. , Brazil, state Rio Grande do Sul, close to Porto 
 Alegre. P. 9500. 
 
 Ylana, tn., Brazil, on the 1. bk. of the Rio Pindare, state of 
 and 60 m. SW. by S. Maranham. P. 11,000. 
 
 Vlana, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. Orense, dist. V. del 
 Bollo. P. 8300. 
 
 Vlana, tn., Spain, prov. Pamplona, dist. Estella, 8 m. NE. 
 Logroiio. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Vlanden, tn., gd. -duchy of Luxemburg, on the Our, 23 m. 
 N. by E. Luxemburg. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vlanen, tn. , Holland, prov. S. Holland, on the 1. bk. of ihe 
 Leek, 6 m. SSW. Utrecht. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Vlanna do €astello, tn. and port, Portugal, dist. V. do C. ; has 
 manufactures of lace, salt springs, and active fishery. P. 8800. 
 
 Vlanna do Castello, tn., on the W. ct. of Portugal, cap. 
 prov. V. do C. , at the mouth of the Limia, 40 m. NNW. 
 Oporto. The tidal basins are almost silted up, dry at low 
 water, and only fit for fishing and other small craft. P. 9300. 
 
 Vlar, riv., S. Spain, rises on N. slope of Sierra Morena, 
 passes to S. slope of the chain by three deep and wild gorges, 
 and flows into the Guadalquivir some distance above Seville. 
 The V. is mostly dry in summer. Length, 75 m. 
 
 Vlaregglo, tn. and port, Italy, Tuscany, prov. Massa, on the 
 coast, 12 m. W. by N. Lucca ; frequented sea-bathing resort ; 
 has remains of Roman baths, called ' Nero's baths.' P. 9600. 
 
 Vlas, tn. , France, dep. H6rault, arr. and 11 m. ESE. B^ziers, 
 2 m. from the sea, on the Canal du Midi. P. <3000. 
 
 Vlatka, Russia. See Vyatka. 
 
 Vlanr, riv., France, rises in E. of dep. Aveyron, flows SW., 
 and enters the Aveyron at the point where the deps. of Tarn, 
 Aveyron, and Tarn-et-Garonne all meet. Length, 95 m. 
 
 Vlbonatl, vil., on the W. ct. of Italy, Campania, prov. 
 Salerno, 38 m. S. by W. Potenza. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Vlhorg, fortified tn., Denmark, in the middle of Jutland, 
 prov. V. , 24 m. W. Randers ; has distilleries, iron-foundries, 
 and manufactures of cloth. One of the oldest towns in Den- 
 
V I B O — V I C T 
 
 mark ; has a museum of Northern antiquities ; its cathedral, 
 founded at the beginning of the nth century, rebuilt 1130-70 
 and 1864-73, contains the tomb of King Krik Clipping (died 
 1286). V. was originally the cap. and the chief pagan sanctuary 
 of the country, and the seat of the popular assemblies. It 
 became the residence of the archbishop in 1065. Mean temp., 
 yr. 38.0° F. , Jan. 17.8°, July 61.3°. P. 8400. 
 
 Vlborg, or Wlborg, govt, of SE. Finland, on Gulf of Finland 
 and Lake Ladoga. Occupies the lake plateau and its slopes, 
 and covers S. Karelia. Surface uneven ; many lakes (Saima) ; 
 marshes in E. ; soil unproductive. Fishing ; shipbuilding ; iron- 
 works ; quarries of granite for St. Petersburg. Chief towns : 
 Viborg, Kexholm (or Kakisolm), Vilmanstrand, and Sordavala. 
 Area, 13,530 sq. m. P. (1890) 351,600. 
 
 I'iborg, seapt. tn., cap. of above govt., situated at the head 
 of V. Bay, 85 m. by rail NW. St. Petersburg ; old town, having 
 many remains of the past in its castle ; surrounded by several 
 suburbs. Centre of industry and commercial activity of E. 
 Finland; chief port for exports. Mean rfall. (11 yrs.), yr. 25.3 
 in., May-Nov. 18.9 in. P. 21,900. 
 
 Vlbrnye, tn. , France, dep. Sarthe, on the Braye, 25 m. E. 
 by N. Le Mans, arr. and 10 m. N. St. Calais ; has iron-mines. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Vlby, vil.,. Sweden, prov. and 19 m. SW. Orebro. P. (comm.) 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Vic, tn., Ger. , govt, of Alsace-Lorraine, circle Ch&teau- 
 Salins, 17 m. ENE. Nancy (France). P. <3000. 
 
 Vlcard Point, W- extremity of Bouley Bay, Jersey, Channel 
 Is., 5 m. N. St. Helier. V. Harbour, a picturesque cove and 
 small fishing station, is to the W. 
 
 Vicarl, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 24 m. SSE. Palermo. P. 5000. 
 
 Vlcarstown, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 4 m. from St. Anne's Hill. 
 
 Vlcarstown (Dodd), tnld.. Ire., SE. Queen's co., bar. 
 Stradbally, 9 m. E. by N. Maryborough, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Vlcbilh, one of the divs. of B6arn, France, now in dep. 
 Basses- Pyr^n^es. 
 
 Vicdessos, vil., France, dep. Ari^ge, on the Vicdessos R., 58 
 m. S. Toulouse, arr. and 14 m. SSW. Foix. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vic-eu-Blgorre, tn. , France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n6es, arr. 
 Tarbes, on the Echez, 22 m. E. by N. Pau. P. <4000. 
 
 Vicente, or Vlcentl, vil. , Portuguese E. Africa, prov. Mozam- 
 bique, 3 m. W. Mopea, on 1. bk. of the ZambezL The African 
 Lakes Company has a port here. 
 
 Vlcenza, tn. , Italy, Venetia, cap. prov. V. , on the Bacchiglione, 
 20 m. NW. by W. Padua ; has silk spinning and wea%'ing, 
 spinning of flax, hemp, wool, and cotton ; the Bertoliana 
 Library, with more than 80,000 vols., and a museum (in the 
 Chieregati Palace), with paintings of the Venetian school. V. 
 was formerly fortified. One of the most remarkable buildings 
 is the Basilica or Palace of Justice, burnt down in 1389, and re- 
 built in the i6th century, after the design of Palladio. Other 
 works by the same architect are Villa Palladiana (i^ m. SE. 
 of city), the Barbaran Palace, and the Olympic Theatre. The 
 cathedral is an ancient Gothic structure, and there are other 
 Gothic churches, that of San Lorenzo dating from 1280. V. 
 was sacked in 401 by Alaric the. Goth, and almost destroyed by 
 Attila the Hun in 452. It was a member of the Lombard 
 League, but was taken by Frederick II. in 1236. It surrendered 
 voluntarily to Venice in 1404, and was governed by its podestas 
 till 1797. The Austrians took it in 1848. Birthplace of the 
 architect Palladio, died 1580, and the painter Montagna, died 
 1523. Mean temp., yr. 54.8° F. , Jan. 35.1°, July 75.4°; rfall. 
 (1858-91), yr. 46.1 in., Oct.-Nov. 10.2 in. P. (1881) 37,000. 
 
 Vlc-Fezensac, tn., France, dep. Gers, arr. Auch, on the 
 Losse, 34 m. SW. by S. Agen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Vlcli, tn. , Spain, prov. Barcelona, cap. dist. V., 28 m. W. 
 by S, Gerona ; an irregular town, with narrow winding street^ 
 going up or down. Has a cathedral, built 1803, on the site of 
 a basilica built about 1040 ; at the side is a fine cloister of the 
 14th century. P. (comm. ) 11,600. 
 
 Vlchada, riv. , Colombia, flows E. through the great N. plain 
 of S. America, and joins the Orinoco in 5° N. Length, 350 m. 
 
 Vlchambi, vil. , central Africa, on the S. side of Lake Albert 
 Edward, in 0° 44' S. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vlchnquen, lake, Chile, prov. Curic6, near the coast, in about 
 34° 45' S. , communicating directly with the roadstead of Llico 
 by a channel 4 m. in length and 330 ft. average breadth. It has 
 been proposed to convert this lake into a fine commercial and 
 military port. Length, 5 m. 
 
 Vlchnquen, vil., Chile, prov. and 45 m. WNW Curic6. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Vlcby, vil., France, dep. Allier, on the riv. Allier, arr. and 11 
 m. E. by N. Gannat, 28 m. NE. Clermont; one of the most 
 important thermal stations in France, visited annually by more 
 than 50,000 people ; in V. alone about thirty of the mineral 
 springs are used for baths and for drinking. The Romans knew 
 these waters, and called the place Aquce Calidce. Amongst the 
 old houses of the i6th and 17th centuries, one bears the name of 
 Madame de S^vign^, who lived here in 1676 and 1677. Rfall. 
 18.11 in. P. 10,400. 
 
 Vlcksbnr^> vil., U.S., Michigan, Kalamazoo co., 126 m. W. 
 by S. Detroit. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Vicksbnrg, city, U.S., Mississippi, Warren co., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Mississippi, 42 m. W. Jackson, the outlet for the Mississippi 
 delta and valleys of the Yazoo; has foundries, machine-shops, 
 and a stone quarry, and exports cotton (which is the staple 
 article of commerce) and cotton-seed oil. Has regular steam 
 communication .with New Orleans, 400 m. distant. In the 
 national cemetery, in the vicinity, are buried nearly 17,000 Union 
 soldiers. V. capitulated to the Federal army under General 
 Grant, July 4, 1863. Alt. (signal stn.) 244 ft. (U.S. Signal 
 Office). Mean temp., yr. 66.1° F. , Jan. 48.3°, July 82.2°; rfall. 
 (13 yrs.), 61.4 in. P. (1880) 11,800; (1890) 13,400. 
 
 Vlc-le-Comte, tn., France, dep. Puy-de-i36me, arr. and 12 
 m. SE. Clermont - Ferrand ; formerly cap. of the Counts of 
 Auvergne. P. <20oo. ^ 
 
 Vlco, tn., Corsica, arr. and 18 m. N. by E. Ajaccio. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Vlco, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 30 m. N. by E. Turin. 
 
 Vlco, lake, Italy, prov. Rome, 5 m. S. Viterbo. 
 
 Vlco del dargano, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 37 m. NE. 
 bv N. Foggia. P. 8400. 
 
 Vlco Equeuse, tn. , Italy, prov. Naples, 4 m. SW. Castellam- 
 mare di Stabia, on S. ct. of the Gulf of Naples. P. (comm.) 
 10,900. 
 
 Vlcoforte, vil.. Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 15J m. E. by S. 
 Cuneo, 2 m. E. Mondovi. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vlcolgne, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 6 m. NW. Valen- 
 ciennes ; has coal-mines and iron-foundries. P. <20oo, 
 
 Vlcols, tribe. See Blcols. 
 
 Vlcoplttano, vil., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 9 m. E. Pisa. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Vlcosoprauo, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 11 m. E. by N. 
 Chiavenna, in the Val Bregaglia. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vlcovara, tn. , Italy, prov. and 21 m. ENE. Rome. P. <3000. 
 
 Vlc-sur-Alsne, vil., France, dep. Aisne, arr. and 10 m. W. 
 by N. Soissons. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vlc-snr-Ccre, tn. , France, dep. Cantal, 60 m. SSW. Cler- 
 mont-Ferrand, arr. and 10 m. ENE. Aurillac; has mineral 
 waters, known to the Romans. Alt. 2315 ft. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vlc-8ur-Sellle, tn. , Alsace-Lorraine, circle and 3 m. SSE. 
 Chiteau-Salins, on the Seille ; has hop cultivation. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Victor, vil., U.S., Iowa, Iowa co. , 39 m. SW. by W. Cedar 
 Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vlct«r, settlement, U.S., Montana, Missoula co. , 82 m. 
 WNW. Butte City. 
 
 Victor, vil., U.S., New York, Ontario co., 17 m. SE, 
 Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Victor-Emmanuel, mt. chain, Ger. New Guinea, stretching 
 S. of Empress Augusta R. nearly to 5° S. Alt. 10-12,000 ft. 
 
 Victor Harbour, S. Australia. See Port Victor. 
 
 Victoria, colony, Australia, in SE., bounded N. by the 
 Murray R. , which separates it from New South Wales, and 
 W. by S. Australia ; area nearly equal to that of Great Britain ; 
 comprises several dists. : Western, in SW. ; Wimmera, NW, 
 (occupying nearly one-foiu^th of the colony); Loddon, N,; 
 Murray, NE. ; Gippsland, SE. The principal openings in the 
 coast (length about 600 m. ) are Corner Inlet, Waratah Bay, 
 Western Port, Port Phillip, and Portland Bay; Islands. — Snake, 
 French, and Phillip, with several smaller ones. A large part 
 of the surface is mountainous. The Australian Alps with their 
 spurs fill the greater part of the eastern half of the colony, and 
 contain the culminating point. Mount Bogong (6508 ft.). W. 
 of these mountains the Dividing Range sinks in elevation, 
 so that easy routes could be found for the railways laid N. of 
 Melbourne to the plains on the other side. Still farther W., 
 a range called the Pyrenees rises above the plains in the N. 
 of Ripon CO. , and turning to NW. leaves only a narrow notch 
 (now traversed by the railway between Melbourne and Ade- 
 laide), at the height of about 1000 ft. above the sea, between 
 itself and the Grampians, which stretch N. and S. , and con- 
 tain Mount William (3827 ft.), the highest summit in the 
 western half of V. S. of the Dividing Range the plains are 
 comparatively small in extent, but on the N. they widen west- 
 ward from the Ovens R., especially after the point at which 
 the Murray turns NW. The principal rivers S. of the Divid- 
 ing Range are Snowy R. , Tambo, Mitchell, and Latrobe, in 
 the E. (the last three terminating in the Gippsland Lakes), 
 Yarra, and Glenelg. Many other rivers in the W. empty them- 
 selves into salt lakes. The principal rivers N. of the Dividing 
 Range (all tribs. of the Murray) are Mitta-Mitta, Ovens, Goul- 
 burn, Campaspe, and Loddon ; these have smaller supphes 
 of water than those in the S. ; towards the W\ they decrease 
 in volume, while streams W. of the Loddon dry up before 
 reaching the Murray, as the Avoca, Avon, and Wimmera. 
 The region watered by the upper courses of these rivers was 
 named ' Australia Felix ' by the Surveyor-General of New South 
 Wales, who, in 1836, traversed it from the Murray to the 
 Glenelg. There are numerous lakes, both salt and fresh : 
 Corangamite, on the banks of which large quantities of salt 
 crystals are collected ; Colac, SE. of the preceding : Burrum- 
 
 1663 
 
VICT — VICT 
 
 beet, in Ripon co. ; Hindmarsh, Albacutya, Tyrrell, and Bolac, 
 all in the Wimmera dist. ; the Gippsland lakes — King, Victoria, 
 and Wellington, interconnected, and separated from the sea only 
 by a narrow belt of sand, usually traversed by a navigable chan- 
 nel. Some of the lakes in the W. dry up altogether in summer, 
 leaving nothing but salt. As regards geological structure, 
 the older Palaeozoic formations are the most widely distributed, 
 associated with extensive outcrops of granite and igneous rocks, 
 the plains being in many cases formed of basalt ; near the coast 
 the older rocks are overlaid by Mesozoic and Tertiary deposits. 
 Extensive tracts (originally about one-fourth of the area of the 
 colony), especially in the Wimmera dist. , are covered with mallee 
 scrub {Eucalyptus dumosa — a bush of remarkable vitality, 12-20 
 ft. high, growing in dense thickets, infested with rabbits), inter- 
 sected with forests of she-oak, box, stringy-bark, &c. Much of 
 the mallee scrub-land has, however, recently been taken up 
 for pastoral purposes, under specially advantageous conditions 
 offered by the government, and is rapidly being reclaimed. 
 The bush is felled with a heavy roller, then burnt, and the 
 ground is then ready for ploughing with a peculiar plough of 
 S. Australian invention, the share of which is so poised as to 
 jump over the stumps (or any other fixed obstruction) left in the 
 ground. Forests of gum, iron-bark, and other valuable trees 
 occur in Gippsland, the mountainous parts of Murray dist., 
 and elsewhere. The climate is, on the whole, temperate and 
 healthy ; in July and Aug. slight frosts occur, while in Jan, and 
 Feb. hot winds from the interior sometimes raise the temp, to 
 105° or even 110° F. ; but these extremes are of short duration, 
 and the mean for the colony approximates to 57° F. , higher to 
 the N. of the Dividing Range than to the S. , where the influence 
 of the sea-breezes is most felt [Sandhurst, Echuca, Ballarat, 
 Melbourne]. N. of the Dividing Range the rainfall is generally 
 scanty, but in the mallee scrub region is generally sufficient for 
 the cultivation of wheat, the crop to which the cleared land is 
 generally devoted. At Hopetoun, one of the principal centres 
 in this region, in 35° 43' S. , 142° 24' E. , the mean rainfall in 14 
 years was upwards of 15 in., of which 10^ in. fell in the season 
 of growing crops. Irrigation is, however, in many parts of 
 North V. absolutely essential to successful farming ; and pro- 
 bably no part of Australia offers greater facilities for irrigation. 
 It has been estimated that the water brought down by the 
 northern streams would be sufficient to irrigate an area nearly 
 three times as large as Bourke co. , so that this region might 
 become one of the most populous parts of Australia. Special 
 attention is given to the matter by the government, which ac- 
 quired extended powers for dealing with it by the Water Act 
 of 1890. Several important irrigation works are now in opera- 
 tion, as those of the Goulburn and Loddon dists. , W. Wimmera, 
 and the famous Mildura Irrigation Colony ; while under rural 
 water-trusts over 4,000,000 acres were supplied in 1893. Agri- 
 cultural products include cereals, of which the most impor- 
 tant is wheat, grown extensively in the Loddon and Murray 
 dists., tobacco, hemp and flax, and fruits of all kinds. The 
 cultivation of the vine, chiefly in the Murray dist., is rapidly 
 extending, yielding wines of good quality, the produce per 
 acre being about 250 to 300 gallons. Under the ' Settle- 
 ments on Lands Act, 1893,' many small holdings are being 
 allotted, by which it is hoped to promote the cultivation 
 of minor products, such as medicinal, dye, and perfume 
 plants, for which manual labour is best adapted. The prin- 
 cipal mineral is gold, said to occur over one-third of the 
 colony, and of which the total production from 1851 to 1893 
 exceeded ^^235,000,000 ; chief mining centres, Ballarat, Beech- 
 worth, Sandhurst, Maryborough, Castlemaine, Ararat, and the 
 Gippsland dist. Other minerals include coal (found near Cape 
 Paterson and Western Port, and elsewhere), lignite (valuable 
 deposits, covering at least 100 sq. m. , have been discovered in 
 Gippsland), silver (St. Arnaud and Bethanga), tin (Beechworth 
 and Omeo), iron (Lal-Lal), &c. Manufactures are being de- 
 veloped, but as yet the products are used chiefly in the colony, 
 though some are exported. The railway system of V. is ex- 
 tensive, and in the W. central part forms a complete network. 
 The principal exports are wool, wheat and flour, butter and 
 cheese, skins, tallow, gold, &c. ; principal Imports, woollen and 
 cotton goods, sugar and molasses, iron and steel and manufac- 
 tures thereof, apparel, &c. Elementary education is free, and 
 compulsory between the ages of six and thirteen ; technical 
 schools are established in various parts of the colony, and there 
 is one university (Melbourne). The military forces include a 
 small permanent staff, the militia, and the volunteers. As to 
 government, see Brltlsb Empire, The. For purposes of 
 local government, nearly the whole of V. is divided into 
 urban or rural municipalities, incorporated under the Local 
 Government Act, 1890 ; the former are cities, towns, or boroughs, 
 the latter shires ; any dist. containing ratable property to the 
 value of /io,ooo can be constituted a shire, and any group of 
 300 houses, a borough. The first permanent settlement on the 
 terr. was made at Portland in 1834 ; in 1835 another band of 
 settlers established themselves on the shores of Port Phillip Bay, 
 on the site now occupied by Melbourne. This settlement con- 
 1664 
 
 tinned to be subject to the governor of New South Wales till 
 1851, when it was erected into the independent colony of V. 
 Area, 87,884 sq. m. P. (1891) 1,140,400. See Australia, 
 Australasian Colonies, table, and British Empire, The. 
 [E. J. H.] 
 
 Victoria, tn. and seapt., Argentine Republic, Entre Rios, 34 
 m. ENE. Rosario ; an important centre of commerce. P. 6000. 
 
 Victoria, seapt., on the E. ct. of Brazil, Espirito Santo, in 
 20° 18' S. , 275 m. NE. by E. Rio de Janeiro. The roadstead, 
 at the entrance of the bay, is rendered dangerous by several islets 
 and reefs. Exports coffee, rice, sugar, and manioc. The old 
 Jesuit college (1551) now serves as a government palace. V. is 
 one of the oldest Portuguese establishments in Brazil. In 1535, 
 on the S. shore of the bay, Coutinho founded the town of 
 Espirito Santo, which was soon after transferred to the neigh- 
 bouring island. P. 20,000. 
 
 Victoria, vil. , Brazil, state and 40 m. W. Pernambuco, with 
 which it is connected by rail. Alt. 528 ft. Mean temp. (7 yrs.), 
 yr. 77.2° F., Feb. 80.1°, July 73.4° ; rfall. (7 yrs.), 41.36 in. 
 
 Victoria, or Mearim, vil., Brazil, at the mouth of the Rio 
 Pindare, state of and 44 m. S. by W. Maranham. 
 
 Victoria, small isl. , Brazil, off coast of state Sao Paulo, about 
 S m. E. of N. part of Sao Sebastiao I. 
 
 Victoria, settlement, Canada, dist. Alberta, on the N. Sas- 
 katchewan R. , 55 m. NE. by E. Edmonton. 
 
 Victoria, city, Canada, cap. Brit. Columbia, at the SE. end 
 of Vancouver I., in 48° 25' 20" N., 123° 22' 34" W. Its harbour 
 is 22^ ft. deep at high water, i.2\ ft. at low water. For larger 
 shipping its port is Esquimalt, with which it is connected by 
 an electric railway. Mean temp. (8 yrs., 1881-88), yr. 48.1° F. , 
 Jan. 36.4°, July 58.5°; rfall. (4 yrs., 1885-88), 28.76 in. ; snowfall, 
 14.07 in. P. (1881)5900; (1891) 16,800. 
 
 Victoria, CO. , Canada, in the W. of New Brunswick, partly 
 on the frontier, crossed in the middle by 47° N. 
 
 Victoria, post-vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, co. Carleton, 8 
 m. from Woodstock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Victoria, CO., Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I., occupy- 
 ing the E. half of the W. penins. 
 
 Victoria, CO., Canada, Ontario, crossed by 44^° N., and in 
 the W. by 79° W. 
 
 Victoria, stn. , Canada, Ontario, Welland co. , on the W. bank 
 of riv. Niagara, 5 m. NW. by N. Buffalo (New York). 
 
 Victoria, post-vil., Canada, Prince Edward I., co. Queen's, 
 20 m. from Crapaud. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Victoria, vil., Chile, prov. Malleco, 118 m. SE. Concepcion, 
 with which it is connected by rail. Alt. 1150 ft. P. < 3000. 
 
 Victoria, stn. for Roche, Eng. , Cornwall, St. Austell div. , on 
 the G. W. R., 8 m. SW. by W. Bodmin. 
 
 Victoria, three stns. , Eng., London, adjoining one another, 
 2^ m. SW\ by W. St. Paul's, two of them the West-end termini 
 of the L. B. & S. C. R. and the L. C. & D. R. respectively, 
 the third on the Metropolitan Rly. (Inner Circle). 
 
 Victoria, seat of iron- works, Eng., Monmouth, W. div., 8 m. 
 NW. by W. Pontypool, on the G. W. R. ; has coal-mines. 
 
 Victoria, chief tn. Hong-kong (q.v.). 
 
 Victoria, vil. and factory, W. Africa, French Guinea, 25 m. 
 W. Boke, on r. bk. of the Rio Nunez, at the beginning of its 
 estuary. 
 
 Victoria, maritime tn. and port in Kamerun terr. , Ger. W. 
 Africa, on the coast, in 4° 2' N. , 9° 13' E., on Ambas Bay, 25 m. 
 NE. of NW. point of Fernando Po I. ; has plantations of cacao 
 and coffee. Formerly an English mission station, and annexed 
 by Great Britain in 1884, but given up to Germany after the 
 completion of arrangements for the transfer of the mission to 
 the Basel Missionary Society. 
 
 Victoria, Matabili-land. See Fort Victoria. 
 . Victoria, tn. , Mexico, state Guanajuato, 19 m. ESE, San 
 Luis Potosi. P. (comm. ) 11,700. 
 
 Victoria, tn. , Mexico, cap. Tamaulipas, 140 m. NE, San 
 Luis Potosi. P. (comm.) 8000. 
 
 Victoria, tn., Natal, Victoria dist. , 22 m. NNE. Durban. 
 
 Victoria, CO. , S. Australia, S. of 33° S. , bounded on the W. 
 by Spencer's Gulf. 
 
 Victoria, or Huonvllle, tn., Tasmania, Buckingham co. , 
 15 m. SW. by W. Hobart ; fruit-growing dist.; coal is found in 
 neighbourhood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Victoria, mining vil., U.S., Tennessee, Marion co., 19 m. 
 NW. by W. Chattanooga. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Victoria, city, U.S., Texas, cap. V. co., on the Guadalupe 
 R., 113 m. SSE. Austin; centre of active agricultural trade. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Victoria, tn. , Venezuela, Miranda, 40 m. SW. byW. Caracas. 
 
 Victoria, CO., W. Australia, between 30° and 32° S., and 116° 
 and 181° E. 
 
 Victoria, dist. , W. Australia, bounded on the W. by Geelvink 
 Channel, and on the N. by Murchison R. 
 
 Victoria, Mount, New Guinea, highest peak in the Owen 
 Stanley Range, at SE. end of range. Alt. 13,121 ft. 
 
 Victoria, Blount, peak, Tasmania, in about 41° 20' S., 
 147° 45' E. , 25 m. from E. ct. Alt. 3964 ft. 
 
VICT 
 
 VI EN 
 
 victoria Bay. See Peter the Great Galf. 
 
 Victoria Bridge, stn. , Ire., NW. co. Tyrone, bar. Lower 
 Strabane, 4 m. S. Strabane, on riv. Foyle, on the G. N. (Ire.) 
 and Donegal Rlys. , P.O. 
 
 Victoria Corner, post-vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, co. 
 Carleton, 10 ni. from Woodstock. P. < 1500. 
 
 Victoria Desert, or Great Victoria Desert, the S. part of 
 the desert in E. half of W. Australia, comprising all the land 
 between the sea on the S. , and 26° S. on the N., and from 
 120° E. on the W. to the border of S. Australia, where it con- 
 tinues as No Man's Land. 
 
 Victoria Docks, docks, London, Eng., Kent, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Thames, 5-7 m. E. St. Paul's, with two stns. (Tidal 
 Basin and Custom Honse) on the G. E. R. , and 4 stns. 
 (Connauglit Road, Central, Manor Way, and Gulllons) on 
 the Royal Albert Dock Rly. 
 
 Victoria Docks, part of West Ham par., Eng., Essex, com- 
 prising two eccles. pars. Total P. 37,100. 
 
 Victoria Falls, or Mosl-oa-tun-ya, great falls upon the riv. 
 Zambezi, in 25° 51' E. 
 
 Victoria Fort, Isle of Wight, at Sconce Point, i m. W. 
 Yarmouth, on the coast, one of the defences of the Solent. 
 
 Victoria Harbonr, post vil. , Canada, Ontario, co. Simcoe, 
 on Matchedash Bay, 120 m. from Toronto. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Victoria Lake, Canada, Ontario. See Opeongo. 
 
 Victoria Lake, Newfoundland, in 48° 20' N., 57° 10'- 30' W., 
 drained NE. by the Victoria R. into Red Indian Lake. 
 
 Victoria Lake, or Zor-kul, sometimes Gaz-kul, on the 
 Great Pamir, central Asia, crossed by 37° 25' N. , 73° 50' E. , the 
 lake collecting the head-streams of the Pamir R. , one of the 
 rivers uniting to form the Ab-i-Panj, one of the two great head- 
 waters of the Amu or Oxus. Alt. about 14,000 ft. 
 
 Victoria Lake, brackish lake, Victoria, crossed by 38° S. , 
 connected by a navigable channel with Lakes Wellington and 
 King and the ocean ; navigable for small vessels. Length, 22 
 m. ; breadth, 2-3 m. 
 
 Victoria Nines. See Low Point Shore. 
 
 Victoria Land, Brit. N. America, in Arctic Regions, crossed 
 by 70^ N. and 105° W. 
 
 Victoria Land. See Antarctic Regions. 
 
 Victoria Nyanza, the largest of the lakes in central Africa, 
 in about 0° 25' N. to 3° S. , 31° 45' to 34° 45' E. In the SE. is the 
 large Speke Gulf, and in the S. the narrow inlet of Smith Sound. 
 Apart from these the coasts are pretty regular. The N. part, 
 N. of i'^ S. , belongs to the sphere of British influence, the S. 
 part, S. of this parallel, to the sphere of German influence. The 
 lake is bordered almost all along its coasts by a belt of islands, 
 especially near its W. and SW. coasts, the largest being Sesse 
 in NW. , Ukerewe and Ukara in SE. , and Ugingo towards NE. 
 On the W. , in Ger. terr. , the rocks of the high plateau descend 
 sheer into the lake, only leaving a narrow strip of sandy land 
 between them aad the shore. In Uganda, more to the N., the 
 coast is flatter and covered with forests. "The E. ct. of the lake 
 is sandy and barren. The principal tribs. are, in the SE. , the 
 Simiu and the Rubana ; in the W. , the Kagera and Katonga. 
 On the N. is the outlet of the lake to the Nile by Ripon Falls. 
 From February to May, and from September to November, there 
 are severe storms and large waterspouts on the lake. In the 
 neighbourhood, often in the evening a sea breeze is felt, and in 
 the morning a land breeze. There are fish in the lake, and it 
 abounds in molluscs. On the SW. are vast swamps covered 
 with papyrus. The dists. around the lake are amongst the 
 most populous in Africa. The V. N. was discovered by Speke 
 at its S. end in 1858, and its outlet to the N. by the same 
 explorer in 1861 ; in 1875 Stanley sailed all round it. Greatest 
 length, N. to S. , is about 180 m.; greatest width, E. to W. , 
 208 m. (118 m. in the S. ). Area, 32,167 sq. m. Alt. between 
 3300 ft. (Mackay) and 4240 ft. (Wilson and Felkin), more than 
 650 ft. above Lake Albert Edward Nyanza, and 1600 ft. above 
 Lake Albert. Depth, 1-2 m. from S. shore in Speke Gulf, 6 ft.; 
 along the W. shore, 50-80 ft. ; E. of Bumbire I. , 360 ft. ; S. of 
 Ukerewe I., 130 ft. ; N. of that island, 295 ft., and 620 ft. near 
 the E. shore. 
 
 Victoria Park, eccles. par. and stn., Eng., Middlesex, Tower 
 Hamlets div. , on the N. L. R., 4 m. NE. by E. St. Paul's, 
 London. P. 13,000. 
 
 Victoria Peak, summit in Brit. Honduras, Central America, 
 in Cockscomb Mts. , 53 m. SSW. Belize. Alt. 3700 ft. 
 
 Victoria Peak, mt. , Palawan I., Philippine Is., in 9° 25' N., 
 118° 17' E. Alt. 5675 ft. 
 
 Victoria Plains, post-tn. , W. Australia, Glenelg co. , 75 m. 
 NNE. Perth. In the neighbourhood is the Roman Catholic 
 missionary establishment of New Norcia. P. <isoo. 
 
 Victoria Ranges, Victoria, in co. Dundas, about 142° 20' E. , 
 run 30 m. from N. to S. , and comprise quarries of hard stone 
 (grindstones and mill-stones). They are thickly covered with 
 fine timber, chiefly stringy bark. 
 
 Victoria River, S. Australia, N. Terr. , rises in 18° 20' S. and 
 131° E. , flows N., W. , and NW. , and joins the Indian Ocean 
 by the wide estuary of Queen's Channel, in 14° 46' S. , 129° 
 1665 
 
 25' E. ; navigable for 46 m. by sea-going ships, and 100 m. 
 by small craft. 
 
 Victoria River, or Barcoo, riv., Queensland, discovered in 
 1846 by Sir T. Mitchell ; it flows W. , and in 1858 was traced 
 by Gregory into Cooper's Creek, lat. 25° 10' S. 
 
 Victoria Road, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Victoria, 79 
 m. N. of Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Victoria West, vil. , Cape Colony, cap. of dist. V. W. , 70 m. 
 NNE. Beaufort West. Alt. 4100 ft. Mean rfall. 12.4 in. P. 
 <:i5oo. 
 
 Victorlca, settlement, Argentine Republic, Pampa terr., 304 
 m. SE. Mendoza, 206 m. S. by E. San Luis. 
 
 Victory, islet, E. Indies, at almost equal distance between 
 Malay Pen in. and Borneo, in about 20° N. 
 
 Victory, maritime vil. , W. Africa, French Ivory Coast, 168 
 m. WSW. Great Bassam, in Kruland. 
 
 Victory Mills, vil., U.S., New York, Saratoga co. , 25 m. 
 N. by E. Troy, 8 m. E. Saratoga, on the Champlain Canal ; 
 has cotton manufactures. P. <i50o. 
 
 Vienna, Bay and Island, N. ct. of Vanua Levu, Fiji Is., in 
 16° 13' S. , 179° 50' E. 
 
 Vid, riv. , Bulgaria, rises in the Balkan Mts. , and flows N W. 
 and NNE. to the Danube, which it joins on the r. bk. about 9 
 m. above NikopoH. 
 
 Vldago, vil., Portugal, Traz-os-Montes, 25 m. NNE. Villa 
 Real ; has mineral waters much used. 
 
 Vldal, cape, S. Africa, Zulu-land, E. of the S. end of St. 
 Lucia, in about 28° 13' S. 
 
 Vldal, isl. of the ct. of Chile, crossed by 52° S., in NW. of 
 Queen Adelaide Archipelago. 
 
 Vldalla, vil., U.S., Louisiana, Concordia co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Mississippi, 64 m. SW. by S. Vicksburg (Miss.) ; im- 
 portant cotton mart. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Vidauban, tn., France, dep. Var, arr. Draguignan, 16 m. 
 W. Fr6jus ; has lead-mines and manufactures of corks. P. 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Viddin, or Vldin, the ancient Bononia, fortified tn. and riv. 
 port, in the NW. of Bulgaria, cap. prov. V., on the r. bk. 
 of the Danube, in the midst of a marshy plain, in 44° N. ; has 
 industry in gold and silver filigree work, jewellery, lace, &c. 
 V. is divided into three dists. ; the modern suburb, by the 
 Danube, the city surrounded by walls, and the citadel. V. was 
 conquered by the Turks in 1396, who kept it, except between 
 1689 and 1737, until 1878. P. (1881) 13,700; (1888) 14,800; 
 Bulgarians, 8000 ; Moham. 3500. 
 
 Videro, one of the Faroe Is. , 19 m. E. Stromo. 
 
 Vldigneira, tn., Portugal, dist. Beja. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Vldin, Bulgaria. See Viddin. 
 
 Vidlin, P.O., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Nesting par., 
 on V. Voe, 19 m. S. by E. of the N. end of the Mainland. 
 
 Vldourle, riv. , France, rises near the S. end of the Cevennes, 
 dep. Gard, flows S. by E. , and enters the lagoon of Repausset 
 13 m. E. Montpellier. Length, 60 m. ; area of basin, 500 
 sq. ni. 
 
 Vidrare, vil. , Bulgaria, prov. Lovec, 42 m. SW. Plevna. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Vldzy, PoUsh Widzy, tn., Russia, govt. Kovno, 42 m. S. 
 Dvinsk (Diinaburg). P. 5700. 
 
 Vie, riv., France, dep. Vendue, rises 5 m. N. La Roche-sur- 
 Yonne, and flows W. into the Atlantic, which it reaches at St. 
 Gilles. Length, 37 m. 
 
 Vlechtvrang, tn.. Upper Austria, 23 m. WSW. Steyr. P. 
 <:20oo. 
 
 Viedma, lake, Argentine Republic, Patagonia, govt. Santa 
 Cruz, in the Andes, in 49° 30' S.; it communicates with Lake 
 San Martin on the NW. , and witli Lake Argentino on the SE. 
 by the Rio Leona. Length, 53 m. ; breadth, 12 m. 
 
 Viedma, tn. , Argentine Republic, Patagonia, cap. govt. Rio 
 Negro, on r. bk. , and about 19 m. above the mouth of the Rio 
 Negro, opposite Carmen Patagones. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vl^ge, vil., Switzd. See Vlsp. 
 
 VIeille Montagne, mining vil. See Horesnet. 
 
 Vleira, tn., Portugal, dist. Leiria. P. < 4000. 
 
 Viejas, small isl. , in Independencia Bay, Peru, in 14° 20' S. 
 
 Vlejo, cape, Morocco. See Ras ed Deir. 
 
 Vielau, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle, dist. , and 3 m. SE. 
 Zwickau. P. <40oo. 
 
 Vlella, vil., Spain, in the Pyrenees. See Aran. 
 
 Vlelle .Anre, vil., France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n6es, arr. and 19 
 m. SE. bv S. Bagneres-de-Bigorre. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vlelninr, vil. , France, dep. Tarn, on the Agout, arr. and 8 
 m. W. by N. Castres. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vlelsalni,comm. , Belgium, prov. Luxembourg, arr. Bastogne, 
 16 m. S. Spa ; large slate quarries near. P. <4000. 
 
 Vlenenhnrg, vil. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Goslar, 15 
 m. S. Wolfenbuttel. P. < 3000. 
 
 Vienna, Ger. Wien (originally Vindobona, Vindobna, Vido- 
 bomina, name probably of Celtic origin, meaning ' white castle ; ' 
 vindos, 'white;' obna, 'castle'), cap. of the Austro-Hungarian 
 monarchy, situated on the r. bk. of the Danube, at its confluence 
 
 5N 
 
VIEN — VIER 
 
 with the little riv. Wien at the W. end of the level plain known 
 as the Marchfeld stretching along the left or N. bank of the 
 Danube to the riv. March and the base of the Little Carpathians. 
 V. New Observatory, 48° 13' 55" N., 16° 20' 23" E. The im- 
 portance of the geographical position of V. consists in the fact 
 that it lies on the spot where the last NE. offshoots of the Alps 
 (Wiener Wald) reach the Danube Plain. The chief divs. of 
 V. are : the Inner Town, Leopoldstadt, Landstrasse, Wieden, 
 Margarethen, Mariahilf, Neubau, Josephstadt, Alsergrund, 
 Favoriten. The principal suburbs are : Floridsdorf, Simmer- 
 ing, Gaudenzdorf, Obermeidling, Untermeidling, Sechshaus, 
 Fiinfhaus, Rudolfsheim. A little more distant are Schwechat, 
 Inzersdorf, Wahring, Hietzing, Nussdorf. In the suburb of Hiet- 
 zing is the royal palace of Schonbrunn, with beautiful grounds 
 open to the public. V. is the seat of the civil and military 
 government of Austria, and the see of an archbishop. The V. 
 University, founded in 1365, is one of the oldest, and, next 
 to Paris, the largest (350 teachers, 6000 students) of the world. 
 Its medical school is of great renown, and medical studies 
 are facilitated by a vast and well-equipped hospital. The 
 V. Academy of Science is also famous. The museums con- 
 tain valuable collections. The centre of the Inner Town is 
 occupied by the celebrated cathedral of St. Stephen, founded 
 in 1 144, one of the finest specimens of mediaeval architecture. 
 The Gothic 'Votiv Kirche' (built in 1853) forms one of the 
 principal ornaments of modern V. Among other buildings 
 must be mentioned the Imperial Castle (' Hofburg'), an assem- 
 blage of buildings, erected at different times ; the Town Hall ; 
 the new Parliament buildings ; and the Exchange. The old 
 fortifications have been converted into a street, called the Ring- 
 strasse, surrounding the whole of the Inner Town and forming 
 the principal street of V., with a length of more than three 
 miles. Outside of it are a number of parks, including the well- 
 known ' Prater.' V. is the industrial and commercial centre of 
 Austria. The chief manufactures are machinery, musical instru- 
 ments, iron-ware, jewellery, surgical and physical instruments, 
 beer, chemicals, and leather goods. Many railway lines con- 
 verge at V. , and the Danube navigation (see Daua1>e) is like- 
 wise of very great commercial importance. The traffic is in- 
 creasing from year to year, cereals, coal, and textiles forming 
 the principal commercial commodities. V. was founded by 
 Celtic tribes. Here the emperor Marcus Aurelius died in 180 
 A.D. But V. was long inferior in importance to the more 
 easterly Camuntunt, situated also on the r. bk. of the Danube, 
 but opposite a point near the E. end of the Marchfeld (exten- 
 sive ruins near the village of Petronell). This town having 
 been destroyed in the 4th century by the Germani, the Romans 
 then fortified V. and made it their headquarters in this region. 
 In the following century, however, it was destroyed by the 
 Rugii, and it was not before the middle of the 12th century 
 that V. again came into prominence, when it was refounded 
 by Henry Jasomirgott, the first duke of Austria. The emperor 
 Frederic II. made it a free imperial city in 1237, and in 1276 
 it became the residence of the Habsburgs. V. was besieged in 
 1529 and 1683 by the Turks. In 1805 and 1809 it was occupied 
 by French troops. In 1815 the famous V. Congress took place. 
 Alt. 560-655 ft. Mean temp., yr. 48.8° F., Jan. 29.6°, July 
 68.5°; rfall. (34 yrs.), 23.42 in. P. (1754) 175.400; (1820) 
 260,000; (1840)357,000; (1880)726,000; (1890)1,364,500. 
 
 Vienna, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Elgin co. , on Big Otter Creek, 
 and a railway, 31 m. SE. London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vienna, vil., Canada. See Rosedene. 
 
 Vienna, vil., U.S., Illinois, cap. Johnson co., 67 m. SW. 
 Carmi by rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Vlenne, dep. ,W. France, traversed S. to N. by the Vienne R., 
 formed in 1790 out of Poitou (about four-fifths), Tourraine, and 
 Berry; divided into four arrs. : Poitiers (cap.), Chdtellerault, 
 Civray, Loudon, and Montmorillon. The surface consists 
 chiefly of low plateaux and hills, intersected by winding valleys, 
 and presenting considerable diversity ; highest in S. , Coteau de 
 Prun (765 ft.), lowest (115 ft.) at confluence of the Creuse 
 with the V. The dep. belongs mainly to the basin of the Loire 
 by the V. and Dive Mirebalaise ; small areas in the W. and 
 SW. being drained resjaectively to the S^vre Niortaise and the 
 Charente. The principal affluents of the V. (which traverses 
 the dep. for 60 m. and drains more than four-fifths) are 1. bk. 
 Clain and r. bk. Creuse, with its 1. bk. affluent, Gartempe ; the 
 NW. is drained by the Dive Mirebalaise. As regards geological 
 formation, granitic rocks form a narrow zone in the SE. , suc- 
 ceeded northward by lias, Jurassic limestone, and chalk, together 
 occupying about six-sevenths of the dep., overlaid, however, 
 over extensive areas by Tertiary deposits. The soil varies much 
 in character, in some p)arts very poor, in others fertile ; the 
 ' warren lands ' (' terres de varenne ') of the valleys are especially 
 suited to cereals, root-crops, nuts, &c. Principal forests, 
 Mouli^re, Vouill6-St.-Hilaire, Ch^tellerault, &c. Climate vari- 
 able [Poitiers] ; rainfall greatest in autumn. Principal cereal, 
 wheat (which here covers the largest area of any dep. ), next oats ; 
 the vine occupies nearly 4 per cent, of the surface (Poitiers, 
 Montmorillon, Chitellerault, Loudon), but the production per 
 1666 
 
 hectare is less than half the average for France ; root-crops for 
 forage, a little hemp (Lencloltre) ; principal fruit trees, chestnut, 
 walnut, and almond. Manufactures very limited ; blast-fur- 
 naces (Montmorillon, &c.), cutlery (Chatellerault). Area, 2712 
 sq. m. P. (1891) 344,400. See France, table. 
 
 Vlenne, riv., France, rises in the plateau of Millevache, dep. 
 Correze, flows W. past Limoges, then N. and WNW. , and 
 enters the Loire 8 m. above Saumur. Its principal tribs. are 
 the Creuse (r. ) and the Clain (1. ). Length, 217 m. ; area of basin, 
 8287 sq. m. ; ordinary discharge, 2120 cubic ft. to 2470 cubic ft. 
 Navigable for 52 m. to 6 m. above Chatellerault. 
 
 Vlenne, suburb of Blois, France, dep. Loir-et-Cher, on 1. bk. 
 of the Loire. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Vlenne, tn. , France, dep. Is^re, cap. arr. V. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Rhone, 17 ni. S. Lyons ; has lead and copper mines, 
 foundries, mechanical factories and brass works ; manufactures 
 of haircloth, cloth, flannel, rope, twine, &c. Two interesting 
 memorials of Roman civilisation survive in a temple to Augustus 
 and Livia, and a circus pyramid. V. has three churches of the 
 nth and 13th centuries, including the Romanesque-Gothic cathe- 
 dral. Has remains of Roman walls and feudal buildings, sur- 
 mounted by a colossal statue of the Virgin (i860). V. is the 
 ancient Vienna, the cap. of the Allobroges. From 257 to 267 
 it was the cap. of the empire of Posthumus, but it was between 
 the reigns of Constantine and Theodosius that it became the 
 seat of a bishopric, and for some time the cap. of all the Gaulish 
 dominion, including Spain and Great Britain. The Emperor 
 Valentinian II. died here in 392. At a later date V. was 
 elevated to the rank of an archbishopric, which, however, was sup- 
 pressed at the Revolution. In 1311 and 1312 an CEcumenical 
 Council was held here to suppress the Templars. Alt. 590 ft. 
 P. (1872) 21,400; (1891) 24,800. 
 
 Vlenne, Hante, dep. W. France, traversed E. to W. by 
 Vienne R. , formed in 1790 out of Limousin (chiefly), La Marche, 
 Poitou, and Berry; divided into four arrs.: Limoges (cap.), 
 Bellac, Rochechouart, and St. Yrieix. Surface diversified, a 
 succession of mountains of moderate elevation, called the moun- 
 tains of Limousin, intersected by verdant valleys, in parts well 
 wooded, and with numerous small lakes (^tangs) ; highest point, 
 Colline de Souffrangeas (2550 ft.), in SE. on frontier of Correze, 
 with several neighbouring summits of nearly the same alt. ; 
 further N. the mountains of Ambazac rise to 2300 ft., and in 
 the W. the mountains of Blond to 1690 ft. The dep. belongs to 
 the basins of the Loire, Gironde, and Charente ; chiefly to the 
 first by the Vienne, of which the principal tribs. in the dep. are 
 r. bk. Maude, 1. bk. Briance, and Gartempe (the latter joining 
 beyond the frontier) ; the Gironde drains a small dist. about St. 
 Yrieix, and the Charente has its source in the SW. The geo- 
 logical formations belong almost entirely to the Primary rocks, 
 with only small patches of Tertiary (Eocene). Forests few 
 (Chiteauneuf, &c.). Climate similar to that of the central 
 plateau [Limoges], coldest in SE. ; rainfall bdow the average. 
 Agriculture is carried on chiefly in the valleys ; principal cereal 
 rye, then wheat and buckwheat ; a little hemp and colza are 
 grown. The chestnut is the characteristic fruit of the dep. , and 
 forms a principal article of food for the peasantry. Non-metal- 
 liferous minerals are important, including fine-grained granite 
 and mica, serpentine, beautiful quartz crystals and precious 
 stones (garnets and emeralds), and valuable deposits of kaolin 
 (St. Yrieix, Coussac-Bonneval), which supply the porcelain 
 manufactures of Sevres and Limoges. Manufactures limited ; 
 forges (Cham pagnac, Marval, &c.); special industries are por- 
 celain (Limoges), gloves, sabots. Area, 2120 sq. m. P. (1891) 
 372,900. See France, table. 
 
 VIennols, dist., France, formerly in Dauphin^, now in deps. 
 Isere and Drome. 
 
 Vlen-tlan, tn., French Cochin-China. See WIeng Chan. 
 
 Vientos, Paso de los, channel, W. Indies. See Windward 
 Cbniinel. 
 
 Vieques, Isia de, Spanish isl., W. Indies, off the E. ct. of 
 Porto Rico, in 65° 15-35' W. 
 
 Vlera, or Wire, isl., Scot., Orkney Is., Rousay and Egilshay 
 par., separated from SE. side of Rousay I. by V. Sound, P.O. 
 (Velra). Length, 2 m. ; breadth, i m. P. 67. 
 
 Vlerlande, lowlands, Prussia, Hamburg, E. of the Elbe, on 
 the Dove- Elbe and Gose-Elbe ; it is rendered extremely fertile 
 through the rich mud of the winter floods. 
 
 Vlerntaelm, market-tn. , Ger. , gd. -duchy Hesse, prov. Starken- 
 burg, circle and 7 m. SSW. Heppenheim. P. 5700. 
 
 Vlcrsen, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Gladbach, 18 m. 
 W. by N. Diisseldorf, 10 m. SW. by W. Krefeld ; manufactures 
 velvet, plush, and silk goods; has flax and cotton spinning. 
 The town formerly belonged to the duchy of Gelders. P. 13,500 ; 
 comm. P. (1871) 18,600; (1890)22,200. 
 
 Vlerset, vil., Belgium, prov. Liege, arr. and 4 m. SE. Huy ; 
 has iron ore mine, and quarries of granite and marble. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Vlerwaldstjittersee, lake, Switzd. See Lucerne, Lake of. 
 
 Vlerzlghuben, tn. , Austria, Moravia, dist. Zwittau. P. <: 
 3000. 
 
VI E R — VIL K 
 
 Vierzon, or Vlerzon-Vllle, tn., France, dep. Cher, on the 
 Cher, arr. and 19 m. NW. by W. Bourges ; has manufactures 
 of earthenware, glass, and agricultural implements, mechanical 
 factories, and steamboat building. P. 10,400. 
 
 Vlerzy, vil. , France, dep. Aisne, arr. and 7 m. S. by W. 
 Soissons. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vlesca, vil. , Mexico, state Coahuila, 130 m. WSW. Saltillo. 
 P. (comm. ) 6800. 
 
 Vlescb, or Fiesch, vil., Switzd. , cant. Valais, 9 m. NE. 
 Brieg, on the r. bk. of the Rhone. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Viescherburuer, Mount. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. 
 B. 1. 
 
 Viesly, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and ii m. E. by S. 
 Cambrai. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Vleste, seapt. , on the E. ct. of Italy, Apuha, prov. and 43 m. 
 NE. Foggia, with a lighthouse ; has olive-oil mills. P. 7100. 
 
 Yletrl dl Poteuza, tn., Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 16 m. W. 
 by S. Potenza. P. (comm. )<40oo. 
 
 Vletrl sal Mare, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. and 2 m. W. 
 Salerno, on N. ct. of Salerno Gulf; has pptteries, brick-kilns, 
 &c. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Tietz, market-tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Lands- 
 berg, 13 m. ENE. Kiistrin. P. <4000. 
 
 Ylenssaii, vil., France, dep. H6rault, arr. St. Pons, 18 m. 
 NW. B^ziers, on the Orb; has mines of argentiferous copper 
 and manganese. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vieux, French, ' old.' 
 
 Vlenx Coud^, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. Valenciennes, 
 2 m. NW. Cond6-sur-Escaut ; has dockyards and hardware 
 factories; coal exists. P. < 4000. 
 
 Vlenx Fort, Poliite de, the southernmost point of the isl. of 
 Guadeloupe, W. Indies. 
 
 Vleux Sallns, Les, vil., France. See Sallns d'Hyires. 
 
 Vlenx- Vy, vil., France, dep. lUe-et-Vilaine, arr. Rennes, 7 m. 
 NE. St. Aubin-d'Aubign6, on the Couesnon ; has iron ore mines. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Vlfcvre, dist., France, formerly in Normandy, now in dep. 
 Eure. 
 
 Vleze, small stream, Switzd., in W. of cant. Valais, flows 
 NE. into the Rhone through the Val d'lUiez, W. of the Dent 
 du Midi. 
 
 Vlf, tn., France, dep. Is^re, on the Bonne, arr. and 10 m. 
 SSW. Grenoble. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vig, Gaelic, 'a nook." See Ecke. 
 
 Vlga, canal uniting Mexico with Xochimilco Lake, ' garden 
 of flowers,' 9 m. S. 
 
 Vlgan, tn. , Luzon I., Philippine Is., cap. prov. Ilocos Sur, 
 208 m. NNW. Manila ; seat of a bishopric. P. (comm. ) 13,900. 
 
 Vlgan, Le, tn., France, dep. Gard, cap. arr. Le V., 29 m. 
 NW. by N. Montpellier; has coal-bed, quarries of lithographic 
 stone, silk spinning, and glove making. It is one of the most 
 agreeable resorts in the S. of France ; in the neighbourhood is 
 the thermal establishment of Cauvalat. Alt. 855 ft. P. < 5000. 
 
 Vlgaranu Mnlnanza, tn. , Italy, Emilia, prov. and 6 m. W. 
 Ferrara. P. < 5000. 
 
 Vlgas, Las, vil. , Mexico, Vera Cruz, 80 m. NE. by E. Puebla, 
 12 ni. NW. by W. Jalapa. P. (comm.)<:30oo. 
 
 Vlgatto, comm., Italy, Emilia, prov. and 5 m. S. Parma. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Vigenna, riv. , France. See Vlenne. 
 
 Vlgeuls, tn., France, dep. Corrfeze, arr. Brive, on the Vezere, 
 34 m. SSE. Limoges. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vlgcro, isl. , Norway, on the W. ct. , prov. Romsdal, in 62^° 
 N. , just to the E. of 6° E. P. 318. 
 
 Vlgevano, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 17 m. NW. by 
 W. Pavia ; has silk-mills, manufactures of boots and shoes, 
 furniture, and maccaroni. P. 15,500. 
 
 Vlgglano, tn. , Italy, Basilicata, prov. and 21 m. S. by E. 
 Potenza. P. 5500. 
 
 Vlggln, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. Como, 6 m. NE. Varese; 
 has quarries of limestone and marble ; sulphureous spring. P. 
 (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Vlgla, tn. , Brazil, state Para, 47 m. NNE. Belem, on r. bk. 
 of the Tocantin R. , 12 m. from its mouth ; exports coffee and 
 cacao. The shore is bordered by a thick submerged forest. 
 
 Vlgllaiids River, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Fraserburg, 
 80 m. NW. Beaufort West. 
 
 Vlgnaconrt, tn., France, dep. Somme, arr. and 10 m. 
 XNW. Amiens. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Vlguanello, tn., Italy, prov. Rome, 9 m. ESE. Viterbo. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Vlgneniale, mt. , France, dep. Hautes-Pyr6n6es, 8 m. S. 
 Cauterets, the highest of the French Pyrenees, in 42° 46' N., 
 0° 9' W. Alt. 10,820 ft. 
 
 Vlgneulles-l^s-Hattoncli&tel, vil. , France, dep. Meuse, arr. 
 Commercy, 19 m. SE. Verdun. P. <;2ocio. 
 
 Vlgnola, tn. , Italy, Emilia, prov. Modena, on the Panaro, 15 
 m. W. Bologna. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Vlgnole, vil., Italy, Tuscany, prov. Florence^ 6 m. SE. 
 Pistoja. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Vlgnory, vil., France, dep. Haute- Marne, arr. Chaumont, 
 34 m. S. Bar-le-Duc. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vigo, seapt. and fortified tn. , on the W. ct. of Spain, on the 
 inlet called the Ria de V. , prov. Pontevedra, cap. dist. and 
 46 m. S. by W. Santiago ; built like an amphitheatre to the 
 top of a high hill, crowned by a strong fort. Annual value of 
 exports and imports, each nearly ^200,000. V. is celebrated 
 for the naval battle, 1702, when the Anglo-Dutch fleet sank the 
 French and Spanish ships and the Spanish treasure fleet from 
 America. Many emigrants to La Plata and Brazil embark here. 
 V. Bay, one of the safest and most beautiful in Europe, is 
 sheltered at its entrance by Cies and Bayona Is. ; it penetrates 
 inland for more than 19 m. ; average breadth, 4 m. P. (comm.) 
 15,000. 
 
 Vigo, CO., U.S., Indiana, on W. frontier, and traversed by 
 Wabash R.; cap. Terre Haute. 
 
 Vlgodarzere, vil., Italy, Venice, prov. and 3 m. N. Padua. 
 P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Vlgone, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 18 m. SW. by S, 
 Turin. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Vlgonza, comm. , Italy, Venice, prov. and 6 m. ENE. Padua. 
 P. 5400. 
 
 Vlgsii Bngt, bay, Denmark, on the N. ct. of Jutland, between 
 8° 40' and 9° E. 
 
 Vlgten Islands, group of isls., Norway, W. ct. , prov. N. 
 Trondhjem, in 65° N., 11° E. 
 
 Vlgnzzolo, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 15 m. E. Ales- 
 sandria. P. <30oo. 
 
 Vllilers, tn., France, dep. Maine-et- Loire, arr, Saumur, on 
 the Lys, 23 m. S. Angers. P. <2oco. 
 
 Vljdpnr, tn. , India, Bombay, Gujardt, Baroda state, in 23° 
 34' N., 72° 48' E. P. (1881) 10,100. 
 
 Vljayanagar, vil., Brit. India, the same as Hampi {q.v.). 
 
 Vlk, vil., Norway, prov. and 60 m. NE. Bergen, in a pretty 
 little bay on S. shore of Sogne Fjord. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Vlkeu, lake, Sweden, prov. Skaraborg, 15 m. ESE. Marie- 
 stad, between Lakes Wener and Wetter, stretching in its bent 
 form 7 m. NNE., then 12 m. SSE. Area, 22 sq. m. (Strel- 
 bitsky). 
 
 Vllaboa, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov., dist., and 6 m. SSW. 
 Pontevedra. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 VUagos, tn. , Hungary, co. and 17 m. ENE. Arad, cap. dist. 
 V. In the neighbourhood the Hungarian general Gorgei capitu- 
 lated in 1849 to the Russians. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 VUalne, riv. , France, rises in W. of dep. Mayenne, flows W. 
 past Vitr6 to Rennes, where it receives the llle from the N., and 
 thence has a SSW. and SW. course past Redon to the Atlantic, 
 which it enters in about 47^° N. The tide rises in it as high as 
 Redon, where it receives the Oust. At Redon it is crossed by 
 the canal from Nantes to Brest. Length, 140 m.; navigable 
 from just above Rennes 90 m. ; by vessels of 60 tons for 54 m. 
 Area of basin, 4200 sq. m. 
 
 Vllaller, vil., Spain, prov. L6rida, 64 m. ENE. Huesca. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 VUanes, race, Mindanao I., PhiUppine Is. 
 
 Vilas, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Miner co. , 78 m. N. by 
 W. Yankton. 
 
 Vllasar de Mar, maritime tn., Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 
 14 m. NE. Barcelona, dist. Mataro ; has active fisheries. The 
 castle is one of the oldest and best preserved fortresses in 
 Catalonia. 
 
 Vllaseca, tn. , Spain, Catalonia, prov. , dist. , and 4 m. NW. 
 Tarragona, in the Campo de Tarragona. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Vilayet, Eyalet, or Pashalic, the name given to the largest 
 administrative divs. of Turkey. 
 
 Vllbel, tn. , Ger. , gd. -duchy Hesse, circle Friedberg, 7 m. 
 SE. by E. Homburg. P. <:4000. 
 
 Vllcaeonga, 81erra de, mts. , Peru, dep. Cuzco, overlooking 
 the Apurimac valley on the E. , and on the W. the Rio Uru- 
 bamba. Alt. of highest summit, 13,650 ft. 
 
 Vllcanota (' house of the sun '), mt. peak of the Andes, Perv^, 
 connecting the E. and W. Cordilleras of the Andes, near 14° 32' 
 S. , dep. and 112 m. SE. Cuzco, on which perennial snow lies at 
 the elevation of 17,590 ft. 
 
 VUches, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 31 m. NNE. Jaen, 
 dist. Carolina ; in the neighbourhood iron ore and copper are 
 found. P. (comm.)<;4ooo. 
 
 Vllelka, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 68 m. SE. of Vilna, on 
 Viliya R., 12 m. from railway Vilna-Minsk. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Vllge, riv.. Orange Free State, flows N. into the Vaal in 
 about 28^ E. 
 
 Vllhelnilna, vil., Sweden, prov. Vesterbotten, 120m. WNW. 
 Umei, at the junction of the two branches of the Angerman 
 Elf. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 VlUcli, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., on the r. bk. of the Rhine, 
 circle and 2 m. NNE. Bonn. P. (comm.) 9000. 
 
 Villa Alegre, vil., Chile, prov. Lindres. P. <20oo. 
 
 Villa Alta, tn. , Mexico, Oaxaca, 115 m. S. Vera Cruz. 
 
 Vllkoniir, Polish >Vllkonilerz, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 
 4 m. NE. Kovno ; trade in flax. P. 16,515. 
 
 1667 
 
VILL— VILL 
 
 YlUa Argentina, tn., Argentine Republic. See Chllecito 
 and Rloja, prov. 
 
 YlUabate, tn. , Sicily, prov. and 4 m. ESE. Palermo, i m. 
 from S. shore of Palermo Gulf. P. <:4000. 
 
 Villa Bella, vil., Bolivia, dap. El Beni, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Mamore, 450 m. NNE. La Paz. 
 
 Villa Bella, tn. , or rather large vil., Brazil, state Amazonas, 
 225 m. ENE. Manaos, on r. bk. of the Amazon. 
 
 Yllla Bella, maritime tn. , Brazil, state and 82 m. ESE. Sao 
 Paulo, in N W. of Sao Sebastiao I. , on W. ct. P. 16,000. 
 
 Yllla Bella «lo Matto Grosso, tn., Brazil. See Matto 
 Grosso. 
 
 VlUacaftas, tn., Spain, New CastilJe, prov. and 40 m. SSE. 
 Toledo, dist. Lillo. P. (comm.) 5500. 
 
 Vlllacarrledo, tn., Spain, Old Castille, prov. and 16 m. S. 
 Santander, cap. dist. V.; at several places in the vicinity are 
 frequented mineral waters. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 VlUacarrillo, tn. , Spain, prov. Jaen, cap. dist. V. , 30 m. E. 
 Lindres. P. (comm.) 9800. 
 
 VlUacastln, tn. , Spain, prov. and 17 m. SW. by W. Segovia, 
 dist. Santa-Maria de N'ieva. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ylllach, or Belak, tn. , Austria, Carinthia, 22 m. W. 
 Klagenfurt, on the r. bk. of the Drave, near the confluence of 
 the Gail ; has glass polishing, manufactures of lead, colours, 
 cement, chemical products, and wood and metal articles ; has 
 mineral spring with much-frequented bath establishment at 
 Annentreim. Under the rule of the bishops of Bamberg (1007- 
 1759) it was the principal commercial centre in Carinthia, and 
 the great nucleus of communication between Germany and 
 Venice. Victory of the Germans over the Turks, 1492. V. has 
 a certain strategic importance as a frontier town. Alt. 1665 ft. 
 P. 6800. Vlllacher Alps (Dobrac), on the SW. Alt. 7110 ft. 
 
 Vlllacldro, tn. , Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 15 m. NE. Iglesias. 
 P. 5400. 
 
 Villa Concepclon, tn. , Paraguay, on the 1. bk. of the Para- 
 guay, about 2 m. N. of the Tropic of Capricorn. P. 10,000. 
 
 Villa da Barra, maritime tn. , Brazil, state Espirito Santo, 
 12 m. ENE. Sao Mattheus, at the mouth of the Sao Mattheus 
 in the Atlantic. 
 
 Vllladeatl, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, 21 m. 
 SW. by S. Vercelli. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Villa de Cos, vil., Mexico, state Zacatecas, 28 m. NE. Fres- 
 nillo ; has mines of mercury. P. (comm. ) 10,000. 
 
 Villa del Blerzo, tn. , Spain, prov. and 65 m. W, Le6n, cap. 
 dist. V. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 VlUa del Pilar, Paraguay. See Pilar, Villa del. 
 
 Villa del Rio, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 27 m. ENE. 
 C6rdoba, dist. Montoro ; manufactures cloth. P. (comm. ) 
 <:5000. 
 
 Villa del Valle de Bravo, vil. , Mexico, state Mexico, 31 m. 
 WSW. Toluca. P. (comm.) 14,100. 
 
 Villa de Rel, tn. , Portugal, dist. Castello Branco. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Vlllad^s, or VlUadelx, dist., France, formerly in P^rigord, 
 now in dep. Dordogne. 
 
 Villa «lo Conde e Fomiarlz, tn. and port, Portugal, dist. 
 Oporto ; the Franciscan convent of Santa Clara, founded 1317, 
 resembles a large castle or palace. P. < 5000. 
 
 Vllladose, comm., Italy, Venice, 5 m. E. Rovigo. P. <4000. 
 
 Villa Encarnaclon, or Itapua, tn. and river-port, Paraguay, 
 180 m. SE. Asuncion, on the Parana, in 55° 53' W.; terminus of 
 a proposed continuation of the railway from Asuncion to Villa 
 Rica ; founded by the Jesuits in 1614, and one of their most 
 flourishing settlements until sacked by Francia. P. 10,000. 
 
 Vlllarames, tn. , Spain, Valencia, prov. and 9 m. N. Cas- 
 tellon de la Plana ; has an old fortified castle and walls. P. 
 (comm.) 5800. 
 
 Vlllaflor, tn. , Portugal, Traz-os-Montes, dist. and 40 m. 
 SSW^ Braganza. P. <3ooo. 
 
 VlllafalleUo, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cuneo, 8 m. SSE. 
 Saluzzo. P. < 3000. 
 
 Villa Fontana, vil., Italy, Emiha, prov. Bologna, 11 m. 
 NNW. Imola. P. <4000. 
 
 Villa Formosa, Argentine Republic. See Formosa. 
 
 Villa Formosa, tn. , Brazil, state and 202 m. ENE. Goyaz, 
 in a valley of the chain Dos Pyreneos. P. 3000. 
 
 Villa Franca, or Franca, tn., Brazil, state Para, 22 m. 
 WNW. Santarem, on N. bank of the expansion of the Tapajoz 
 before joining the r. bk. of the Amazon. 
 
 Villa Franca, tn., Italy, Piedmont, on the Po, prov. and 
 21 m. SSW. Turin ; has silk-mills. P. < 5000. 
 
 Villa Franca, vil., Paraguay, on the Paraguay, 76 m. SSW. 
 Asuncion, in 26° 21' S. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vlllafranca, tn. , Spain, Navarre, 37 m. S. Pamplona, dist. 
 Tudela ; has excellent wines. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Vlllafranca de Cordoba, tn. , Spain, prov. and 12 m. ENE. 
 C6rdoba, dist. Montoro ; has iron ore mines. P. (comm. )<4ooo. 
 Vlllafranca de los Barros, tn., Spain, prov. and 38 m. SE. 
 by E. Badajoz, dist. Almendralejo. P. (comm.) 9600. 
 
 Vlllafranca del Panades, tn. , Spain, prov. and 25 m. W. 
 Barcelona, cap. dist. V.; has ferruginous spring, and old 
 1668 
 
 palace of the Marquis of Villafranca, 'fortress gunner.' P. 
 (comm.) 8300. 
 
 Villa Franca de Xlra, tn. and port, Portugal, dist. Lisbon; 
 has cloth manufactures. In the neighbourhood are important 
 salt springs. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Vlllafranca ill Verona, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 10 m. 
 SW. Verona; here in 1859 Napoleon III. and the Emperor 
 Francis Joseph of Austria signed the peace preliminaries, after 
 the battle of Solferino. P. <4000. 
 
 Villa Franca do Campo, maritime tn. and port, Azores, 
 Sao Miguel I., on S. ct. ; has sulphureous springs and bath 
 establishment. It was cap. of the island in 1522, when an erup- 
 tion of mud swallowed up the town. P. 8200. 
 
 Villnfraiioa y los Palaclos, tn. , Spain. See Palaclos y 
 Vlllafraiiea. 
 
 Vlllafratl, tn., Sicily, prov. and 17 m. SSE. Palermo. P. 
 -<4C)oo. 
 
 Vlllagarcla, comm., Spain, prov. Pontevedra, dist. Gam- 
 bados. P. 6300. 
 
 Villa (iarcla, vil., Mexico, SE. of Zacatecas state, dist. 
 Pinos. P. (comm.) 10,000. 
 
 Villa donvela, tn. , Portuguese E. Africa. See douTela. 
 
 Vlllagran, vil., Mexico, Tamaulipas, no m. SE. by S. 
 Monterey. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Villagraude, tn., Italy, Venice, prov. and 31 m. NNE. 
 Belluno. P. <3000. 
 
 Vlllagrande, vil., Italy, prov. and 12 m. E. Chieti, on a 
 small trib. of the Adriatic. P. <:3000. 
 
 Vlllagnay, tn., Argentine Republic, Entre Rios, 90 m. E. 
 Parana. P. <4000. 
 
 VlUaharta, vil., Spain, prov. and 21 m. NNW. C6rdoba. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Villa Hayes, formerly Villa Occidental, tn. , Paraguay, on r. 
 bk. of Paraguay R., 21 m. above Asuncion. It is the principal 
 place in the terr. between the Paraguay and Pilcomayo Rivs. 
 awarded by the U.S. President Hayes to Paraguay from Argen- 
 tina, after whom it has been renamed. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vlllabermosa,. tn. , Spain, New Castille, prov. and 62 m. 
 ESE. Ciudad Real, dist. Infantes. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Vlllabermosa, tn., Spain, Valencia, prov. and 25 m. NW. 
 Castellon, dist. Lucena; has copper and silver works. P. 
 (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Villa Hernandarlas. See Hernandarlas. 
 
 Villa Ignap^, tn. , Brazil. See Ignap^, Villa. 
 
 VUlalnes-sons-Mallcorne, vil., France, dep. Sarthe, 22 m. 
 SW. Le Mans, arr. and 5 m. NNW. La Fleche. P. <:20co. 
 
 VlUalnes-la-Jabel, tn., France, dep. and arr. Mayenne, 18 
 m. WSW. Alen9on. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vlllajoyosa, maritime tn., Spain, Valencia, prov. and 18 m. 
 NE. Alicante, cap. dist. V. ; small fishing and coasting port ; 
 has steamboat building, remains of the Roman period, aqueduct, 
 inscriptions, &c. P. 8800. 
 
 Vlllajaan, comm. , Spain, prov. Pontevedra, dist. Cambados. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Vlllalba, tn., Sicily, prov. and 17 m. NW. Caltanissetta. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Vlllalba, comm., Spain, prov. and 20 m. NNW. Lugo. P. 
 12,000. 
 
 Vlllalba del Alcor, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 28 m. 
 ENE. Huelva, dist. La Palma. P. (comm.)<:400o. 
 
 Vlllalon de Campos, tn., Spain, Le6n, prov. and 33 m. 
 NNW. ValladoUd, cap. dist. V. de C. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Vlllalpando, tn., Spain, Le6n, prov. and 29 m. NNE. 
 Zamora. P. (comm. ) <4000. 
 
 VlUamagns, vil, Italy, prov. and 6 m. ESE. Chieti. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Vlllamagna, vil., Italy, Tuscany, prov. and 4 m. ESE. 
 Florence. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Villa Maria, tn., Argentine Republic, Cdrdoba, on riv. 
 Tercero, 87 m. SE. by S. C6rdoba. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Villa Maria, tn. , Brazil, state Matto Grosso, 112 m. WSW. 
 Cuyaba, on 1. bk. and at the head of steamboat navigation 
 on the Paraguay, in 16° 4' S.; ipecacuanha and vanilla are 
 abundant. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vlllamarln, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov., dist., and 9 m. 
 N. Orense. P. < 5000. 
 
 Vlllamartln, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 44 m. NE. 
 Cadiz, dist. Arcos de la Frontera. P. 6200. 
 
 Vlllamartln, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 42 m. ENE. 
 Orense, dist. Valdeorras. P. < 5000. 
 
 VlUamassargla, vil, Sardinia, prov. Cagliari, 10 m. ESE. 
 Iglesias. P. <3000. 
 
 Vlllamayor de Santiago, tn., Spain, New Castille, prov. 
 and 53 m. SW. Cuenca, dist. Tarancon. P. (comm.)<:40oo. 
 
 Vlllamblard, tn., France, dep. Dordogne, arr. Bergerac, 
 14 m. SW. by S. P^rigueux. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Villa Mercedes, tn., Argentine Republic, San Luis, on Rio 
 Quinto, 175 m. SW. by S. C6rdoba; an important railway 
 centre and central halting-place between the Parand. and the 
 Andes. P. 7000. 
 
V I LL — V I LL 
 
 Tlllandraiit, tn., France, dep. Gironde, on the Ciron, 28 m. 
 SSE. Bordeaux, arr. and 9 m. WNW. Bazas. P. <20oo. 
 
 TlUandry, vil., France, dep. Indre-et- Loire, on the Cher, 
 arr. and 9 m. WSW. Tours. P. <20oo. 
 
 Yllla Nogueira d'Azeltfto, tn., Portugal, Estremadura, 
 prov. and 16 m. SE. Lisbon. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Tllla Nova, tn., Brazil, state Santa Catharina, 47 m. SSW. 
 Desterro, at NE. extremity of Villa Nova lake, about 5 m. 
 WSW. Imbituba(^.w.). 
 
 Yllla Nova, tn. and small river-port, Brazil, state Sergijje, 65 
 m. NNE. Aracaju, on r. bk. of the Sao Francisco, about 30 m. 
 from its mouth, opposite Penedo. 
 
 VlllanoTa, vil., Italy, Emilia, prov. Ravenna, 8 m. ENE. 
 Lugo. P. <3000. 
 
 Ylllaiiova, tn. , Spain. See Tlllanaeva>y-Geltr(k. 
 
 Yllla Nova de Alniekla, tn. , Brazil. See Almeida. 
 
 Villa Nova «le Fozcoa, tn. , Portugal, Beira, dist. and 39 m. 
 NNE. Guarda. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Tlllanova «lel Battlsta, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Avel- 
 lino, s m. SE. Ariano di Puglia. P. <3000. 
 
 Yllla Nova de Gala, tn. , Portugal, prov. Porto, on the 1. 
 bk. of the Douro, dist. and opposite Oporto. P. 8700. 
 
 Villa Nova de PortiniSlo, tn. and port, Portugal, dist. Faro ; 
 manufactures cork articles ; has salt springs. P. 6300. 
 
 Villa Nova de Tazeni, tn. , Portugal, Beira, dist. and about 
 II m. NE. Guarda. P. (comm.)<30C)o. 
 
 Vlllaiiova Monferrato, vil. , Italy, prov. Alessandria, 3 m. 
 NNE. Casale, on 1. bk. of the Po. P. <4000. 
 
 Vlllaiiova Monteleone, tn. , Sardinia, prov. Sassari, 8 m. 
 SSE. Alghero. P. <5ooo. 
 
 VUlauova-Solare, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Cimeo, on the 
 Varaita, 24 m. S. by W. Turin. P. <20oo. 
 
 VUlauterlo, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 11 m. ENE. 
 Pa via. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Villa Nneva, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 92 m. SE. 
 by S. C6rdoba. P. 4000. 
 
 Vlllanneva, vil., Colombia, Magdalena, 165 m. E. Carta- 
 gena. 
 
 Villa Nneva, tn. , Mexico, state of and 47 m. SW. Zacatecas. 
 P. (comm.) 16,600. 
 
 Vlllanneva tie Algaldas, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 
 28 m. N. Malaga, dist. Archidona. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Vlllanneva de Arosa, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 12 
 m. NW. Pontevedra, dist. Cambados. P. 6800. 
 
 Vlllanneva de €6rdoba, tn., Spain, prov. and 34 m. N. by 
 E. C6rdoba, dist. Pozoblanco. P. (comm.) 7000. 
 
 Vlllanneva «le Gallego, tn., Spain, Aragon, prov., dist., 
 and 8 m. N. Saragossa, on the Gallego, 1. bk. trib. of the Ebro ; 
 has sulphureous springs and coal-mines. Birthplace of Michael 
 Servetus, burnt alive at Geneva, 1553. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vlllanneva de la Jara, tn. , Spain, prov. Cuenca, dist. 
 Motilla del Palancar, 85 m. W. Valencia. P.<yxx). 
 
 Vlllanneva de la Relna, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 
 19 m. NNW. Jaen, dist. Andujar ; the church was a fortified 
 castle in the time of the Moors. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Vlllanneva del Arzoblspo, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. 
 and 48 m. NE. Jaen, dist. Villacarrillo. P. (comm.) 5200. 
 
 Vlllanneva de la Serena, tn. , Spain, prov. Badajoz, cap. 
 dist. V. , 28 m. E. by N. M^rida ; has noted fruit, especially 
 melons. P. (comm.) 12,000. 
 
 Vlllanneva del Fresno, tn. , Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 
 35 m. SSW. Badajoz, dist. Olivenza. P. (comm. )<5ooo. 
 
 Vlllanneva del drao, more frequently El Grao (' passage '), 
 maritime tn. , Spain, prov., dist, and 3 m. ESE. Valencia; the 
 port of Valentia. Beyond the Grao extends a fine sea-bathing 
 beach, with two villages, Cabanal and Canamelar ; much fre- 
 quented in summer. P. (comm.) 5600. 
 
 Vlllanneva de los Infantes, comm. , Spain. See Infantes. 
 
 Vlllanneva del Bey, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 29 m. 
 NW. C6rdoba, dist. Fuente Ovejuna ; has ferruginous springs. 
 P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Vlllanneva del Rio, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 21 m. 
 NE. Seville, dist. Loradel Rio; coal mined. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Vlllanneva de San Juan, tn. , Spain, Andalusia, prov. and 
 47 m. SE. Seville, dist. Osuna ; has sulphureous mineral springs. 
 P. (comm. )<3000. 
 
 Vlllanneva-y-Geltm, or Vlllanova, seapt. tn. , E. ct. Spain, 
 prov. and 25 m. WSW. Barcelona, dist. V.-y-G. ; manufactures 
 paper, lace, and soap. The port is at Geltrii. P. (comm.) 
 13,800. 
 
 Vlllannova, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, 15 m. 
 SE. Turin. P. <2ooo. 
 
 V1114ny, vil., Hungary, prov. Baranya, 20 m. SE. by S. 
 Fiinfkirchen. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 VlUa Occidental. See Villa Hayes. 
 
 Vlllaodrld, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 28 m. NE. 
 Lugo, dist. Ribadeo. P. < 5000. 
 
 Villa Ollva, vil., Paraguay, on the Paraguay, 50 m. S. by 
 W. Asuncion, in 26° 4' S. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Villa Ortega, tn. , Mexico. See Klo Grande. 
 
 Villa Pasqnall, vil. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 10 m. SW. 
 Mantua. P. <2°°°- 
 
 Vlllaplcelotl, or Alezlo, tn. , Italy, Apulia, prov. Lecce, 4 
 m. E. Gallipoli. P. <4ooo. 
 
 VUla Poty, tn. , Brazil, state Piauhy, 5 m. N W. Theresina, 
 opposite Serra de Valentim. 
 
 Vlllapntzn, tn. , Sardinia, on riv. Flumendosa, prov. and 29 
 m. NE. by E. Cagliari. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Vlllar da Velga, vil. , Portugal, Entre Douro e Minho, dist. 
 and 19 m. NE. Braga ; has thermal springs at Caldas do Gerez. 
 
 P. <20OO. 
 
 Vlllard-Bonuot, tn., France, dep. Isere, on the Is^re, arr. 
 and 9 m. ENE. Grenoble. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Vlllard>de-Lans, Le, tn., France, dep. Isere, arr. and 12 ni. 
 SW. Grenoble. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vlllar fie Barrio, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 19 m. 
 SE. Orense, dist. AUariz. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Villar de Bos, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 40 m. SE. 
 Orense, dist. Verin. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Vlllar del Arzoblspo, tn., Spain, prov. and 30 m. NW. by 
 W. Valencia, cap. dist. V. P. (comm. )<4ooo. 
 
 Vlllar «lo Plnhelro, maritime vil. and fishing port, Portugal, 
 Entre Douro e Minho, dist. and 8 m. NNW. Oporto, on the 
 Atlantic ; sea-bathing resort. P. <20oo. 
 
 Villa Real, tn. , Portugal, cap. prov. V. R., 45 m. E. by N. 
 Oporto. P. 5300. 
 
 VlUareal, or Vlllarreal, vil. , Spain, Basque Provs. , Alava, 
 dist. and 6 m. N. Vitoria ; in the neighbourhood are rich beds 
 of iron and copper, and quarries of black marble, sulphureous 
 springs, &c. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Villa Real de Santo Antonio, tn. and port, Portugal, dist. 
 Faro. The copper-mines at Sao Domingo (^.v.) have given it 
 a certain importance. P. < 5000. 
 
 Vlllarejo de Salvanes, tn. , Spain, New Castille, prov. and 
 26 m. SE. Madrid, dist. Chinchon. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Vlllares, Los, tn., Spain, Andalusia, prov., dist., and 11 m. 
 SSW. Jaen; has coal-mines. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Villa Rica, tn., Brazil. See Onro Preto. 
 
 Villa Rica, lake, Chile. See Mallalanqnen. 
 
 Villa Rica, vil., U.S., Georgia, Carroll co. , 15 m. NE. Car- 
 rollton ; in the vicinity are gold-mines. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Vlllarlca, or Villa Rica, tn. , Paraguay, 84 m. ESE. 
 Asuncion, in a region noted for tobacco. V. was founded by 
 the Jesuits. P. 7500-14,800. 
 
 VlUarlcca, vil., Italy, Campania, prov, and 10 m. N. Naples. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Vlllarlnho, vil. , Brazil, Para, on r. bk. Xingu, at confluence 
 with Amazon. 
 
 VlUaro, vil. , Spain, Basque Provs. , prov. Biscay, dist. 
 Durango, 14 m. SE. Bilbao ; has sulphureous lime springs. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 VlUarosa, tn., Sicily, prov. and 9 m. NE. by N. Caltanis- 
 setta ; has sulphur beds. P. 9700. 
 
 Vlllarramlel, tn. , Spain, Ledn, prov. and 19 m. W. Palencia, 
 dist. Frechilla. P. (comm.) < 4000. 
 
 Vlllarreal, vil., Spain. See VlUareal. 
 
 Vlllarreal, tn. , Spain, prov. and 6 m. SW. Castellon de la 
 Plana, 35 m. NNE. Valencia. P. (comm.) 13,800. 
 
 Vlllarreal de San €arlos, vil., Spain, prov. Caceres, on the 
 r. bk. of the Tagus, at the confluence of the Tietar, 47 m. E. by 
 N. Aldintara. 
 
 Vlllarrobledo, tn. , Spain, prov. and 42 m. NW. by W. 
 Albacete, dist. I>a Roda. P. (comm.) 9300. 
 
 VlUarroya de la Sierra, tn., Spain, prov. Saragossa, dist. 
 Ateca, 41 m. ESE. Soria. P. <3000. 
 
 VlUarrnbla de los Ojos, tn. , Spain, New Castille, prov. and 
 23 m. NE. Ciudad Real, dist. Daimiel. P. (comm.) 5900. 
 
 VlUars, tn. , France, dep. Ain, arr. Tr6voux, 20 m. NE. by 
 N. Lyons. P. < 2000. 
 
 , Vlllars, tn. , France, dep. Loire, arr. and 2 m. NW. St. 
 Etienne ; has rich collieries. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Vlllars, vil., France, dep. Alpes- Maritimes, arr. Puget- 
 Th^niers, on the Var, 19 m. NW. by N. Nice. P. <20C)0. 
 
 VlUarnbla de Santiago, tn., Spain, New Castille, prov. and 
 34 m. ENE. Toledo, dist. Ocana. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Villa San Giovanni, tn. , Italy, Calabrie, on the Straits of 
 Messina, prov. and 8 m. N. Reggio ; with a lighthouse. P. < 3000. 
 
 Villa San Giovanni, vil., Italy, Campania, prov. and 3 m. 
 SE. Naples, on NE. ct. of the Gulf of Naples. P. < 3000. 
 
 Villa Santa Maria, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov, and 
 30 m. SSE. Chieti. P. <:300o. 
 
 Vlllaslmlus, vil. , Sardinia, prov. and 22 m. E. by S. Cagliari. 
 
 VlUasor, tn., Sardinia, prov. and 14 m. NW. Cagliari. P, 
 <3O0o. 
 
 Villa Stellone, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 11 m. SSE. 
 Turin. P. 2000. 
 
 Vlllata, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 11 m. WSW. Novara. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Vlllatobas, tn. , Spain, prov. Toledo, dist. Lillo, 18 m. SE, 
 by E. Aranjuez. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 1669 
 
VILL — VILL 
 
 Tlllatoro, vil., Spain, prov. Avila, dist. Piedrahita, 41 m. 
 SE. Salamanca. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Villa Velha de Kodao ('old town'), tn., Portugal, prov. 
 Beira, on the r. bk. of the Tagus, 43 m. W. Alcantara. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Villa Vlcenclo, settlement, Argentine Republic, Mendoza, 
 30 m. NNW. Mendoza ; has thermal sulphureous spring, much 
 frequented for its waters. 
 
 Vlllavlclosa, vil., Spain, Andalusia, prov., dist., and 12^ m. 
 NW. C6rdoba. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Vlllavlclosa, tn., at the head of an inlet on the N. ct. of 
 Spain, prov. Oviedo, cap. dist. V., 13 m. E. by S. Gijon. P. 
 (comm.) 21,000. 
 
 Villa Vlcosa, tn. , Portugal, dist. Evora ; has excellent red 
 wine ; royal castle ; marble quarries in vicinity. At Montes 
 Claros, in the neighbourhood, the Portuguese gained a victory 
 over the Spaniards in 1665, which definitely wrested Portugal 
 from Spain. P. <4000. 
 
 Vlllaivleja, vil., Colombia, Tolima, 115 m. SW. Bogotd. 
 Vlllavleja, tn. , Spain, Valencia, prov. and ii m. SSW. 
 Castellon de la Plana, dist. Nules ; Fuente Calda ; has chaly- 
 beate and other waters employed in the bath establishment ; 
 hot salt baths used in many small establishments. P. (comm. ) 
 <300o. 
 Villa Ygatlml, vil., Paraguay, 143 m. NE. by E. Asuncion. 
 Vlllayou, comm., Spain, Asturias, prov. and 45 m. WNW. 
 Oviedo, dist. Luarca. P. <400o. 
 
 Vlllebols, vil., France, dep. Ain, arr. Belley, 50 m. E. by N. 
 Lyons, at the foot of the hills overlooking the r. bk. of the Rhone; 
 iron- mines and lithographic stones. P. <:20oo. 
 
 VlUebols-la-Valette, vil., France, dep. Charente, arr. and 
 13 m. SSE. Angouleme. P. <20oo, 
 
 VlUeltonrbon, suburb of Montauban, France, dep. Tarn-et- 
 Garonne, on 1. bk. of the Tarn and a branch of the Canal du 
 Midi. P, 2000. 
 
 Vlllebourg, vil., Algeria, prov. and arr. Algiers, 20 m. W. 
 Cherchell, near the Mediterranean, at N. base of Zatima Mts. ; 
 rich in iron and copper. The village was almost totally destroyed 
 in 189 1 by an earthquake. 
 
 VlUebramler, vil. , France, on the S. border of dep. Tarn-et- 
 Garonne, on the Tarn, arr. and 9 m. SE. Montauban. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Vllle-d'Avray, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Versailles, 
 I m. W. Sevres, on 1. bk. of the Seine ; the church contains 
 works of painters and modern sculptors. Here were the residences 
 of Balzac, Pradier, Corot, and Garabetta, the last of whom died 
 here in 1882. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vllledlen, La, tn., France, dep. Sa6ne-et-Loire, arr. Autun, 
 I m. WSW. Creusot ; coal mined. P. <3000. 
 
 Vllledlen, La, vil., France, dep. Tarn-et-Garonne, arr. 
 Castelsarrasin, 7 m. W. by N. Montauban. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vllle Dlen, La, vil. , France, dep. Vienne, arr. and 9 m. S. 
 by E. Poitiers. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vllledlen-les-Poeles, tn., France, dep. Mance, arr. Av- 
 ranches, on the Sienne, 18 m. E. Granville ; has manufactures 
 of brass and kitchen utensils, bells, zinc, hair-cloth, chemical 
 manure, and copper foundries. P. <4000, 
 
 Vllle-eu-Tardenol8, vil. , France, dep. Marne, arr. and 12 
 m. WSW. Reims. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vlllefaguan, tn. , France, dep. Charente, 25 m. N. by W. 
 Angouleme, arr. and 6 m. W. by S. Ruffec. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vlllefort, tn. , France, dep. Loz^re, arr. Mende, 46 m. NNW. 
 Nimes ; has mines of lead and silver, and a magnificent viaduct 
 235 ft. high over the Altier. P. < 2000. 
 
 VlUefl*anclie, maritime and fortified tn. and trading port, 
 France, dep. Alpes-Maritimes, on the S. ct., arr. and 2 m. E. 
 Nice ; at the head of a splendid roadstead enclosed on the E. 
 by the penin. of St. Jean ; the'roadstead is deep and safe, and 
 is the station for the French squadron in the Mediterranean 
 during part of the winter. Has marble quarries. Pleasure 
 resort for the inhabitants of Nice. The penin. of St. Jean is one 
 of the most charming places. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vllleft-anclie, tn. , France, dep. Rhone, cap. arr. V. , on the 
 r. bk. of the Sa6ne, 17 m. NNW. Lyons ; has manufactures of 
 cloth (Beaujolais cloth), cotton-spinning, hosiery, bedding, iron 
 cables for mines, mechanical factories ; great trade in Beaujolais 
 wine, cloth, and cattle. Alt. 595 ft. P. 11,600. 
 
 Vlllefranclie-de-Belv68, tn., France, dep. Dordogne, arr. 
 Sarlat, 38 m. NE. by N. Agen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vlllefrauctae - <le • Lanragnals, tn., France, dep. Haute- 
 Garonne, cap. arr. V., 19 m. SE. Toulouse. P. < 3000. 
 
 Vllleh-anche-de-Loncliapt, vil., France, dep. Dordogne, 
 arr. Bergerac, 31 m. E. by N. Bordeaux. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vlllen-anclie-de-Bonergne, tn. , France, dep. Aveyron, cap. 
 arr. V.,ontheAveyron,3om. N.byW. Albi; has the ecclesiastical 
 institution of Graves. To the N. are lime sulphur springs ; to 
 the SE. argentiferous lead-mines ; to the NE. tin-mines and 
 phosphate quarries. Manufactures of hemp. The church, 14th 
 and 15th centuries, is crowned by an imposing tower, under which 
 the chief street of the town passes ; some of the houses date 
 1670 
 
 from the 13th century. On the 1. bk. of the Aveyron stands the 
 Chartreuse just as it was in the isth century. Alt. 875 ft. 
 P. 6700. 
 
 VUlegaguou, or Vlllegalgiion, islet, in bay of Rio de Janeiro, 
 Brazil ; contains Fort Coligny. V. protected Admiral Coligny, 
 who came here with some Calvinists to found a colony, 1555 ; 
 overwhelmed by the Portuguese, 1567. Fort Coligny, in 22° 
 5S' S. , 42° 10' W. , is the prime meridian for the E. ct. of S. 
 America. 
 
 Vlllejulf, tn. , France, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, 4J m. S. by 
 E. Notre Dame, Paris, 2 m. from the city wall, with a fort to 
 theW. P. < 4000. 
 
 VlUel, tn., Spain, prov. and dist. Teruel, 70 m. NW. by N. 
 Valencia, on r. bk. of the Guadalaviar ; has mineral springs and 
 baths. P. < 2000. 
 
 VUlenienx, tn. , France, dep. Eure-et-Loir, arr. Dreux, on 
 the Eure, 16 ni. N. Chartres. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vlllenioiuble, tn. , France, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, 7^ m. E. 
 by N. Notre Dame, Paris ; has gypsum quarries. P. <4000. 
 
 Vllleninr, tn. , France, dep. Haute-Garonne, arr. Toulouse, 
 on the Tarn, 13 m. SE. Montauban. P. <3ooo. 
 
 VlUena, tn. , Spain, prov. and 26 m. NW. Alicante, cap. dist. 
 v.; has manufactures of soap, and salt springs. P. (comm.) 
 14,500. 
 
 Vlllenanxe, tn., France, on the N. border of dep. Aube, 32 
 m. NW. Troyes, arr. and 8 m. NNE. Nogent-sur-Seine ; has 
 manufactures of terra-cotta. P. <3000. 
 
 Vllleneuve, tn. , France, dep. Aveyron, 36 m. N. by W. 
 Albi, arr. and 6 m. N. Villefranche de Rouergue. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vllleneuve, German Neustadt, vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 
 3 m. SSE. Montreux, at the upper end of the Lake of Geneva ; 
 its white wine is celebrated in Switzerland. The famous castle 
 of Chillon, on the shore of the lake, belongs to this comm. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Vllleneuve d'Agen, or Vllleneuve-snr-Lot, tn. , France, 
 dep. Lot-et-Garonne, cap. arr. Villeneuve-sur-Lot, on the Lot, 
 15 m. N. by E. Agen ; has a statue erected in 1891 to Palissy 
 the potter, born in the neighbourhood. P. 8500. 
 
 Vllleneuve-de-Berg, tn. , France, dep. Ardeche, arr. Privas, 
 34 m. NNW. Orange, 11 m. E. by N. Largentifere. P. <2ooo. 
 
 VllIeneuve-de-Marsan, tn., France, dep. Landes, on the 
 Midouze, 37 m. NE. Orthez, arr. and 10 m. E. Mont-de-Marsan ; 
 has thermal establishment at Broust6, where ferruginous and 
 sulphureous springs are used. P. <20co. 
 
 Vllleneuve-la-diuyard, tn. , France, dep. Yonne, arr. Sens, 
 17 m. ESE. Fontainebleau. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vllleneuve FArcliev^ue, tn. , France, dep. Yonne, arr. 
 Sens, on the Vanne, 25 m. W. by S. Troyes. P. <2oco. 
 
 Vllleneuve-le-Comte, vil. , France, dep. Seine-et- Marne, arr. 
 Coulommiers, 11 m. S. by W. Meaux, 23 m. E. by S. Paris. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Vlllenenve*l^s- Avignon, tn., France, dep. Gard, arr. Uzes, 
 on the r. bk. of the Rhone, 2 m. N. by W. Avignon ; has silk 
 and wool spinning, manufactures of lace and olive-oil. The 
 castle was built by Du GuescHn in 1366 ; imposing ruins still 
 remain. P. < 3000. 
 
 Vllleneuve-l^.s-B^zler8, tn. , France, dep. H^rault, arr. 
 B^ziers, on the S. ct., 6 m. S. Montpellier. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vllleneuve St. Georges, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. 
 Corbeil, on the Seine, 9^ m. SSE. Notre Dame, Paris, with a 
 fort. P. < 5000. 
 
 VlUeneuve-8ur- Yonne, tn. , France, dep. Yonne, arr. Joigny, 
 36 m. SE. Fontainebleau, 8 m. S. Sens. P. <40oo. 
 
 Vllleparlsls, vil. , France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, arr. Meaux, 
 13J ni. ENE. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vllleqaler, tn. and river-port, France, dep. Seine-Inf6rieure, 
 arr. Yvetot, 3 m. WSW. Caudebec, on. r. bk. of the Seine ; has 
 dockyards. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vlller^al, tn., France, dep. Lot-et-Garonne, arr. Villeneuve- 
 sur-Lot, on the Dropt, 36 m. NNE. Agen. P. <:20oo. 
 
 VUleret, Switzd. See St. Imler. 
 
 VlUers, dependency of comm. Tilly, prov. Brabant, Belgium ; 
 has ruins of a celebrated and powerful abbey founded in the 12th 
 century, the purest example of primary Gothic in Belgium. 
 
 Vlllers-Bocage, tn., France, dep. Calvados, arr. Caen, 15 
 m. S. Bayeux. P. <20c>o. 
 
 Vlllers-Bocage, tn., France, dep. Somme, arr. and 8 m. N. 
 Amiens. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vlllers-Bretonneux, tn., France, dep. Somme, arr. Amiens, 
 3 ni. S. Corbie ; has manufactures of hosiery, knitting machines, 
 and packing paper, wool spinning. Battle between French and 
 Germans, 1870. P. 5500. 
 
 Vlllers-Cotter^ts, tn., France, dep. Aisne, arr. and 13 in. 
 SW. by W. Soissons ; has mechanical saw-mills, manufactures 
 of saddle-bows and brushes. The asylum for the dep. was 
 formerly a royal castle, begun in 1532 by Francis I. Birthplace 
 of Alexander Dumas, pere. P. < 4000. 
 
 VlUersexel, tn., France, dep. Haute-Sa6ne, arr. Lure, on 
 the Oignon, 30 m. NE. Besanfon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vlllers-sur-Mer, vil., France, dep. Calvados, arr. Pont 
 
V I L L 
 
 V I N C 
 
 I'Eveque, i8 m. NE. Caen, on the English Channel ; has castle 
 of the time of Louis XIII.; much frequented bathing resort, 
 with casino. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vlllers-Fartay, vil., France, dep. Jura, arr. Poligny, 21 m. 
 SW. Besan9on. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vlllers-Oatr^anx, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 11 m. 
 S. by E. Cambrai. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Vlllerupt, tn., France, dep. Meurthe-et-Moselle, arr. Briey, 
 8 m. ESE. Longwy ; has blast-furnaces. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vlllervllle, vil. and small fishing port, France, dep. Calvados, 
 arr. Pont-l'Eveque, on the S. shore of the estuary of the Seine, 
 5 m. WSW. Honfleur; frequented sea-bathing resort. P. <20oo. 
 
 VlUe-sar-Tonrbe, vil., France, dep. Marne, 25 m. NE. 
 Chalons-sur-Marne, arr. and 9 ni. NW. Ste. Menehould. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Villeta, tn., Colombia, dep. Cundinamarca, 40 m. NW. 
 Bogota ; has mineral springs, copper and iron ore mines. P. 
 (dist. ) 5900. 
 
 Vilieta, vil., Paraguay, on the 1. bk. of the Paraguay, 15 m. 
 SSE. Asuncion, in 25" 32' S. ; exports oranges. To the S. is the 
 famous narrow of Angostura, where the inhabitants tried to stop 
 the allied armies of Brazil and Argentine Republic. P. 2000. 
 
 Vllletaneuse, vil., France, dep. Seine, arr. St. Denis, 7^ m. 
 N. Notre Dame, Paris. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vlllette, post-settlement, Canada, Quebec, Compton co. , 9 
 . m. from Coaticook. 
 
 Vlllearbanue, tn., France, dep. Rh6ne, arr. and 3 m. E. 
 Lyons ; has manufactures of church bronzes, liqueurs, and 
 chemical products, &c. P. 16,100. 
 
 Vllleveyrac, tn. , France, dep. H^rault, arr. Montpellier, 9 
 m. NW. by N. Cette ; has mines of bauxite used in the manu- 
 facture of alum and sulphate of alumina. Three miles WSW. is 
 the old abbey of Valmagne, centre of an excellent vineyard. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 VUliers, CO., Victoria, on the S. ct. , and crossed in the W. 
 by 142° E. 
 
 Villiersdorp, vil., Cape Colony, dist. Caledon, 50 m. E. 
 Cape Town. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vllllers-le-Bel, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Pontoise, 
 II ni. N. by E. Notre Dame, Paris. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vllliers St. Cieorges, vil., France, dep. Seine-et-Marne, 33 
 m. SE. Meaux, arr. and 9 m. NE. Provins. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vllliers-snr-lllarne, tn., France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, arr. 
 Corbeil, 9 m. E. by S. Notre Dame, Paris. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vllllersto-wn, tn., Ire., SW. co. Waterford, bar. Decies 
 within Drum, 5 m. SE. by S. Lismore, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Blackwater, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 VllUngen, urban comm. , Ger. , gd. -duchy of Baden, cap. 
 circle V. , 28 ni. E. by N. Freiburg ; manufactures clocks and 
 pottery; has ribbon weaving. Alt. 2315 ft. P. (i852)<4ooo; 
 
 (1890) 6400. 
 
 Vllllsca, tn., U.S., Iowa, Montgomery co. , on Nodaway R. , 
 55 m. ESE. Omaha (Neb.). P. <2oc)o. 
 
 Ylllmar, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Oberlahn, 
 on riv. Lahn, 22 m. N. by W. Wiesbaden ; has marble works. 
 P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Villnparam (Vllnpparani, census), tn. , Brit. India, Madras, 
 dist. S. Arcot, 25 m. NW. Cuddalore. P. 8000 ; Hindus, 6100. 
 
 Vllinan.stra]id, or Wllniaustrand, tn. , Finland, govt. 
 Viborg, on S. shore of Lappvesi. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Vllmiiiore, vil., Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 28 m. NE. 
 Bergamo. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vllua, or Wllno, Lithuanian govt., W. Russia, has the 
 Polish govt. Suwalki on W. , Kovno and Vitebsk on N. and E., 
 Minsk and Grodno on E. and S. Lies on the E. continuation 
 of the broad marshy swelling, dotted with lakes (1000 ft. in its 
 highest parts), which separates Poland from E. Prussia. The 
 Niemen borders the govt, along its S. and W. boundaries, re- 
 ceiving the (navigable) Viliya (200 m.) and the Berezina. The 
 W. Diina on N. border. Soil mostly poor ; many small lakes, 
 and marshes covered with thick forests. Climate, see Vllna, 
 tn. Population chiefly Lithuanian in W. and N. (35 per cent.), 
 White Russian in S. and E. (45 per cent.), Jews (12 per cent.), 
 and Poles (7 per cent.). Cereals and potatoes grown for home 
 use and distilleries ; timber exported ; manufactures only begin 
 to develop. Divided into seven dists. : Vilna, Disna, Lidy, 
 Oshmiany, Swienciany, Troki, and Vileika. Area, 16,421 sq. 
 m. P. (1883) 1,223,260; (1890) 1,367,100. 
 
 Vllna, or WUiio, cap. of above govt., 436 m. by rail SW. 
 St. Petersburg, on Viliya R. , near junction of Libau-Don, 
 St. Peters burg- Warsaw, and Libau- Odessa Rlys. Old cap. of 
 Lithuania, and rich in historical associations ; was taken by 
 Russia in 1655, and finally annexed in 1795. Has an Imperial 
 palace, an old Catholic and Greek Orthodox cathedrals, and a 
 valuable museum of antiquities. The university was closed in 
 1832, but the astronomical observatory and medical academy 
 remain. Several scientific societies of renown. Alt. 387 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 43.5^ F., Jan. 22.0°, July 64.5°; mean rfall. 
 (ii yrs.), yr. 22.2 in., May-Nov. 15.6 in. P. (1883) 94,000; 
 
 (1891) 109,000. 
 
 VUos, Paerto de los, maritime vil., Chile, prov. Aconcagua, 
 terminus of the railway from lUapel and Salamanca, in 31 55' 
 
 S. P. <2000. 
 
 Vllostasl, Cape, Greece, the S. point of Syros I. 
 
 Vlls, riv. , Bavaria, flows S. into the Naab at Kallmutz ; not 
 navigable. 
 
 Vlli^, riv. , in the SE. of Bavaria, flows E. into the Danube at 
 Vilshofen, 14 m. above Passau ; not navigable. 
 
 Vllsblbarg, market-tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower 
 Bavaria, cap. circle V., 10^ m. SE. by E. Landshut. P. <;3000. 
 
 Vllseck, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, 
 circle Amberg, 25 m. SSE. Bayreuth. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vilshofen, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower Bavaria, 
 cap. circle V. , on the r. bk. of the Danube, 13 m. WNW. Passau, 
 at the confluence of the Vils and Danube ; has manufactures of 
 leather and machinery. Alt. 985 ft. P. <40oo. 
 
 VUnppuram, tn., India. See VUlapuram. 
 
 Vllvoorden, French Vllvorde, comm., Belgium, prov. Bra- 
 bant, on the Senne, arr. and 6 m. NE. by N. Brussels; has 
 manufactures of starch and lace ; distilleries, tanneries, soap- 
 works, and national horticultural school. Its fortified castle 
 was a redoubtable state prison for four centuries. P. 11,100. 
 
 VUynl, large riv., Russia, E. Siberia, govt. Yakutsk, 1. bk. 
 trib. of Lena ; rises in 65° 30' N. , 107° E. , in the Tungusskiy 
 and Vllynl ridges, from Lake Chignin-akhu ; flows chiefly E. , 
 1300 m., watering elevated plains, past Suntar and Vilyuisk ; 
 joins Lena at Ust- Vilyuisk ; receives many tribs. , of which Chona 
 is the largest. Steamers can ply up to Suntar. 
 
 VUyalsk, dist. tn. , Russia, E. Siberia, 63° 45' N., govt, and 
 300 m. WNW. Yakutsk, on r. bk. Vilyui R. P. <iooo. 
 
 Vlmbodl, tn. , Spain, Catalonia, prov. and 22 m. NW. 
 Tarragona, dist. Montblanch ; has copf)er, lead, and other 
 mines. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vlmelro, or Vlnilelro, vil. , Portugal, Estremadura, dist. and 
 31 m. NNW. Lisbon, 3 m. from the Atlantic. The French, 
 commanded by Junot, were defeated here by Wellington in 
 1808. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Vlmercate, tn., Italy, Lombardy, prov. Milan, 5 m. ENE. 
 Monza. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Vlniereux, vil., France. See Wlmerenx. 
 
 Vlnien, or Vlmenx, dist., France, formerly in Picardy, now 
 in dep. Somme. 
 
 Vlmlanzo, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 36 m, SW. 
 Corunna, dist. Corcubion, on E. slope of Faro. P. 7800. 
 
 Vlnilelro, tn., Portugal, prov. Alemtejo, dist. and 20 m. N. 
 by E. Evora ; has mineral springs. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Vlmmerby, vil., Sweden, prov. Kalmar, 63 m. E. by S. 
 Jonkoping. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Vlmont, vil., France, dep. Calvados, arr. and 8 m. SE. 
 Caen. Decisive victory of Val-es-Dunes gained here, in 1047, 
 by William the Conqueror over the barons. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Vlmontlers, tn., France, dep. Orne, arr. Argentan, on the 
 Vie, 16 m. S. Lisieux ; has mechanical factories, manufactures 
 of cloth, and trade in fruit and Camembert cheese. P. <3000. 
 
 Vlniy, tn., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. and 5 m. NNE. 
 Arras. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vina del Mar, tn., Chile, prov. and 3 m. NE. Valparaiso, 
 near the sea, a town of hotels, bathing establishments, and 
 country seats. Here the dictator Balmaceda was defeated in 
 1891. P. < 5000. 
 
 Vlnadlo, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. Turin, 20 m. WSW. 
 Cuneo ; has mineral spring, and argentiferous lead mine. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Vlnalapo, riv., in the SE. of Spain, prov. Alicante, flows 
 SW. then SSE. past Elche into the Mediterranean. See lElche. 
 
 Vlnales, tn., Cuba, 90 m. WSW. Havana. P. 11,600. 
 
 Vlnal Hayen, tn., U.S., Maine, Knox co. , includes the Fox 
 Is. at the mouth of Penobscot Bay. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Vluaroz, maritime tn., E. ct. Spain, prov. Castellon de la 
 Plana, cap. dist. V. , 25 m. S. by W. Tortosa ; has dockyards ; 
 trade in salt, brandy, wine, and oil. P. (comm.) 9900. 
 
 Vlnay, tn., France, dep. Isere, arr. St. Marcellin, 17 m. W. 
 by N. Grenoble, in the Isere valley. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vlnca, tn., France, dep. Pyr^n^es-Orientales, arr. Prades, 19 
 m. W. by S. Perpignan , on r. bk. of the Tet ; | m. WNW. is 
 the bath establishment of V. or Nossa. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vlncennes, tn., France, dep. Seine, 5^ m. E. Notre Dame, 
 Paris, 2^ m. from the city wall, with a fort ; has manufactures 
 of chemical products, cartridges, metal plates, pianos, and 
 organs. It has a castle, built by Philip of Valois, John, and 
 Charles V., on the site of a feudal fortress founded 1164 by 
 Louis VII., and enlarged by St. Loui^, in the midst of a 
 forest, which was used as a royal residence till the time of Louis 
 XV. Henry V. of England died here in 1422, also Charles IX. 
 of France, 1574, and Mazarin, 1661. Louis XI. made a state 
 prison of the keep, where many persons were confined, amongst 
 them Henry of Navarre, the great Cond6, Duke de Longue- 
 ville. Cardinal de Retz, Fouquet, Diderot, Mirabeau, and several 
 of Charles X.'s ministers, and outside of which the Duke 
 d'Enghien was shot by order of Napoleon I., March 21, 1804. 
 
 1671 
 
VI NC — V I RG 
 
 It contains military schools, a fine armoury, dep6t of artillery, 
 and the tomb of the Duke d'Enghien. Birthplace of Charles 
 v., died 1380; Elizabeth of France, Duchess of Milan, died 
 1372; and Madame de Longueville, died 1679. The town owes 
 its prosperity to the forest called Bois de V. , which covers about 
 17 ac. between the fortifications of Paris, and r. bk. of the 
 Marne. P. (1872) 17,064; {1891) 20,400. 
 
 Vlncennes, isl. , Pacific. See Kawahl. 
 
 Vlncennes, city, U.S., Indiana, Knox co., on 1. bk. of 
 Wabash R. , 49 m. S. by W. Terre Haute, on a fine prairie ; has 
 Roman Catholic cathedral and the V. University, chartered 
 1807. The dist. supplies timber and coal. V. has flouring- 
 mills, starch factory, iron-foundries, and extensive railway 
 machine shops. On high ground near are three ancient artificial 
 earth-mounds. V. is the oldest town of the state, and stands 
 on the site of the military station founded by Vincennes in 1702. 
 P. (1880) 7700 ; (1890) 8900. 
 
 Tinceiuies, vil, U.S., Iowa, Lee co., on 1. bk. of Des 
 Moines R., 10 m. NW. by W. Keokuk. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vincent, co., New Zealand, South I., to the W. of 170° E., 
 crossed by 44° and 45° S. 
 
 Vlncentown, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Burlington co., 24 m. 
 E. Philadelphia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vlnces, vil, Ecuador, prov. Los Rios, 50 m. NNE. Guaya- 
 quil, on 1. bk. of Rio de V., or Palenque. 
 
 Vlnces, Klo de, riv. , Ecuador, rises in the Andes, and flows 
 SSW. into the Rio de Bodegas, before entering which, however, 
 it breaks up into several arms, none of which is navigable in the 
 dry season, though steamers can ascend to Palenque (52 m. 
 NNE. Guayaquil) in the rains. 
 
 Vlnchlatnro, tn., Italy, Abruzzi e Molise, prov. and 7 m. 
 SW. Campobasso, 48 m. W. Foggia ; has manufactures of 
 Maccaroni. P. < 5000. 
 
 Vlnclilna, vil., Argentine Republic, prov. and 102 m. NW. 
 Rioja, on r. bk. of the Rio V.; the starting-point for Mount 
 Copiapo. 
 
 Vlncocaya, vil., Peru, dep. Arequipa, no m. NE. by N. 
 Mollendo, on the railway to Puno. Alt. 14,635 ft. 
 
 Vlndhya, series of mt. ranges, India, forming the great N. 
 wall of a triangle whose E. and W. sides are the Ghits. The 
 V. Hills run E. from Gujardt across Mdlwa to the valley of the 
 Ganges at Rdjmahal. They have given their name to a recog- 
 nised geological formation. Diamonds are found in these hills. 
 Alt. 1500-4500 ft. , nowhere exceeding 5000 ft. 
 
 Vindobona. See Vienna. 
 
 Vindocinum, tn., France. See Venddme. 
 
 Vinegar Hill, mt. , Ire. , in the E. of co. Wexford, 5 m. ENE. 
 Enniscorthy. Irish rebels defeated here by General Lake in 
 1798. 
 
 Vlneland, bor. , U.S., New Jersey, Cumberland co., 30 
 m. S. by E. Philadelphia (Penn.) ; a very attractive town, with 
 private residences generally surrounded by gardens and vine- 
 yards. A home for feeble-minded women and children was 
 founded in 1888. Immense quantities of fruit are exported. 
 Principal manufacture is that of shoes. P. < 4000. Vlneland, 
 Sontb, adjoining vil. , P. < 1500. 
 
 Vlnemont, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Berks co., 10 m. W. 
 Reading. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vineyard, The, par., Eng., Herefordshire, in bor. of Here- 
 ford. P. 8. 
 
 Vineyard Haven, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Dukes co. , 27 
 m. SE. New Bedford ; has an excellent harbour, and is engaged 
 in fisheries. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Vineyard Sound, channel, U.S., Massachusetts, on the 
 NW. of Marthas Vineyard I. 
 
 Vlney Hill, eccles. par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, E. and W. 
 Dean and Awre pars. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vlnga, or ThereslopoUs, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, co. 
 Temes, cap. dist. V., 17 m. N. Temesvdr. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Vlngearme, riv., France, rises about 3 m. from the source 
 of the Aube in Langres plateau, dep. Haute-Marne, flows SSE., 
 and joins the Saone 10 m. SSW. Gray ; not navigable for 
 timber or ships, but its valley is followed almost throughout by 
 the canal from the Marne to the Sa6ne. Length, 54 m. ; area 
 of basin, 273 sq. m. 
 
 Vlngst, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt, and circle Cologne, 
 3 m. E. Deutz. P. <30oo. 
 
 Vlnbaes, vil., Brazil, state MaranhSo, in Sio Luiz de 
 Maranhao I. ; formerly a Jesuit mission station. 
 
 Vlnlt-long, tn. , Lower Cochin-China, on the r. bk. of the 
 Konghan mouth {kwa) of the Mekong, 60 m. WSW. Mekong. 
 
 Vlnlta, vil., U.S., Indian Terr., 74 m. W. by S. Pierce City; 
 business centre of the Cherokees. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Vlnje, vil. , Norway, prov. S. Trondhjem, on the W. ct. , 41 
 m. E. Christiansund. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Vlnkeveen, vil., Holland, prov. Utrecht, 11 m. S. Amster- 
 dam. P. (comm. )<4000. 
 
 VlnkoTce, tn., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, 20 m. S. by E. 
 Eszek. P. 5900. 
 
 Vinnitsa, dist. tn. , Russia, govt. Podolia, 90 m. NE. Kame- 
 1672 
 
 nets Podolsk, on both banks of the Bug, 29 m. from Zhmerinka 
 junction of Volochisk-Odessa Rly. , onjits branch to Kiev. ^'Sur- 
 roimded by populous suburbs. P. 25,000. 
 
 VlnoTO, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 9 m. S. Turin; 
 terminus of a steam-tram from Turin. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Vinton, city, U.S., Iowa, Benton co. , on Wapsipinicon R. , 
 23 m. NW. by W. Cedar Rapids ; has the state college for the 
 blind. P. <3000. 
 
 Vinton, CO., U.S., Ohio, in the SE., to the N. of 39° N., E. 
 of 83° W. 
 
 Vinton, tn. , U.S., Virginia, Roanoke co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Vintschgan, Italian Val Venosta, valley, S. Tirol, circle 
 Botzen, stretching NW. to E. from Reschen Pass (alt. 4900 ft.), 
 which forms the step between the basins of the Danube and the 
 Adige, and which separates the Rngadine from the upper valley 
 of the Inn to Toll Pass (alt. 1635 ft.) ; it is about 40 m. long 
 and divides into two. The inhabitants speak German, but are 
 of Rhaeto- Roman descent. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vlnnkonda, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Kistna, 15 m. 
 NNW. Masulipatam. P. 6900 ; Hindus, 5200. 
 
 Vlnya Xyara, group of vils. , Congo Free State, on the 1. bk. 
 of the upper Congo, in 2° 15' S. 
 
 Viol, vil., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle Husum, 
 16 m. W. by N. Schleswig. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vlolalnes, tn. , France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. and 6 m. E. 
 by N. B6thune ; has coal-mines and phosphate beds. P. < 2000. 
 
 Violet Town, postal-tp. , Victoria, Delatite co., 57 m. WSW. 
 Beech worth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vlonnaz, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Valais, 8 m. N W. St. Maurice. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Vlossa, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Voyntsa. 
 
 Vlpos, vil., Argentine Republic, prov. and 29 m. by rail 
 NW. Tucuman ; cap. dep. Trancas. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vlramgi^m, municip. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 37 m. 
 W. Ahmadabad. P. 23,200 ; Hindus, 15,600. 
 
 Vlra«nijendra-pet (Viriijendrapet, census), tn. , India, 
 Coorg, 59 m. W. by S. Mysore. P. 4400 ; Hindus, 2300 ; 
 Moham. 1600. 
 
 VlraTanalllkr, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 12 m. W. 
 by S. Tinnevelli. P. 14,000 ; Hindus, 12,900. 
 
 VlraTilsarani, tn., Brit. India, Madras, Godavari dist., 40 
 m. NE. by E. Masulipatam. P. 5700; Hindus, 5600. 
 
 Vlrden, stn. , Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the C. P. R. , 180 
 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Vlrden, city, U.S., Illinois, Macoupin co. , 22 m. S. by W. 
 Springfield ; coal mined ; centre of active trade ; important 
 grain mart. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vlre, tn. , France, dep. Calvados, cap. arr. V., 9 m. NW. by 
 W. Tinchebrai ; has quarries of granite suitable for works of 
 art ; manufactures of hosiery, cloth, and woollens ; exports 
 butter. Its church dates from the 13th, 14th, and i6th centuries ; 
 gateway fortified in the 13th century. V. owes its importance 
 to its castle, built by Henry I. of England at the beginning of 
 the i2th century. P. 6400. 
 
 Vlre, riv. , France, rises in SW. corner Calvados, and, after a 
 N. course, enters the (Bay de Veys) English Channel, 15 m. N. 
 St. L6. Length, 73 m. ; area of basin, 1200 sq. m. Navigable 
 up to Pontfarey, 44 m. 
 
 Vlrestad, vil., Sweden, prov. Kronoberg, 23 m. SW. Vexio. 
 P. (comm.) 5400. 
 
 VIrgen, La, port, Nicaragua, on the W. shore of Lake 
 Nicaragua, 65 m. SE. by S. Managua, 5 m. from Rivas ; safe 
 anchorage. 
 
 Vlrgenes, Cabo de las, cape, in the extreme SE. of the 
 mainland of Argentine Republic, in 52° 20' S. 
 
 Vlrglllo, the ancient Pietole, vil., Italy, Lombardy, prov. 
 and 3 m. S. Mantua. Birthplace of the Latin poet Virgil. P, 
 (comm. )<:4000. 
 
 Virgin Ciorda, small British isl., W. Indies, one of the 
 Virgin Is. , in 18° 28' N. , 64° i7'-25' W. 
 
 Virginia, vil., W. Africa, Liberia, 12 m. N. Monrovia, on 
 r. bk. of St. Paul R. 
 
 Virginia, tn. , Ire., SE. co. Cavan, bar. Castlerahan, 16 m. 
 SE. Cavan, 3 m. from Virginia Road stn. P. <:75o. 
 
 Virginia, post-tn. , S. Australia, co. and 18 m. N. by W. 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Virginia, one of the thirteen original states of the American 
 Union, the severest sufferer during the Civil War, of which it 
 was largely the seat. The resulting separation of W. Virginia 
 to the NW. in 1863 gave V. its roughly triangular shape, and 
 present area one-sixth less than England. Bounded S. by N. 
 Carohna, E. by the Atlantic, separated from Maryland to NE. 
 by Potomac R. The surface divides easily into six regions, 
 with varying climate and products. Low-lying Tidewater V. 
 to the E. produces much vegetables and fruit, particularly pea- 
 nuts. The 1500 m. of tidal shore on the Atlantic, Chesa- 
 peake Bay, and the entering rivers have important fisheries, 
 especially of oysters, in gathering which only Maryland, with 
 the N. portion of the bay, surpasses V. The chief ports are 
 on Hampton Roads, formed by the estuary of the James R. , 
 
V I RG — V I SO 
 
 fierhaps the finest American Atlantic harbourage. On this river 
 are Richmond (P. 81,000), the largest city and capital, and five 
 of the other eight cities exceeding 8000. Inland is the great 
 triangular plain of Middle V., much divided by its many rivers, 
 and with valuable soil somewhat injured by continuous tobacco 
 planting. Corn, growing well throughout the state, is the chief 
 crop ; then come hay, wheat (enabling flour to be the second 
 Virginian product), and tobacco (five states threaten V. 's rank 
 of second to Kentucky; V.'s chief manufacture). Finally 
 stretching from NE. to SW. are the more elevated Piedmont 
 strip and the Bine and Honntnln Ridges, with the Talley 
 region between, watered by six rivers. The E. is mild in 
 winter, but malarial in summer. In the Valley are Roanoke 
 and other health resorts ; its elevation makes it cool in summer, 
 and the mountains keep off winter winds [Cape Henry, 
 Iiynchbnrgli, Norfolk, Wythvllle]. The remaining oak and 
 pine forests and their rapid growth make lumber still fourth 
 product. Carboniferous rocks in the SW. yield yearly 700,000 
 tons of bituminous coal, while the Devonian and Silurian strata 
 of the mountain region are rich in minerals. V. ranks fifth 
 both in the quantity of pig iron produced and of iron ore, 
 chiefly brown hematite, mined. Area, 42,450 sq. m. P. 
 1,656,000. See United States, table. [W. 8.] 
 
 Virginia, vil. , U.S., California, Placer co. , 10 m. N. Auburn. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Virginia, city, U.S., Illinois, Cass co., 32 m. W. by N. 
 Springfield. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Virginia, city, U.S., Montana, Madison co., 56 m. SE. by 
 S. Butte City, with rich placer and quartz mines in vicinity. 
 Settled in 1863, on the discovery of gold. Alt. 5480 ft. Mean 
 temp. (9 yrs., 1872-80), yr. 40.2° F., Jan. 18.5°, July 64.4°. P. 
 <i50o. 
 
 Virginia, city, U.S., Nevada, Storey co., 12 m. NE. Carson 
 City, built at the foot of Mount Davidson, which rises 1622 ft. 
 above the main street, and 7827 ft. above the sea, and directly 
 over the famous Comstock Lode. Several other mines near, 
 most of them, however, now nearly exhausted. The greatest 
 depth yet reached is about 2250 ft. Alt. 6205 ft. (R. R.). P. 
 (1870) 7000; (1880) 10,900; (1890) 8500. 
 
 Virginia, West, one of the United States, separated from 
 Virginia after the passage of the Secession ordinance in 1861, 
 admitted June 19, 1863, irregular in shape, half the area of 
 England, bounded W. by Kentucky, S. and E. by Virginia, 
 and N. by Pennsylvania. The Potomac separates it NE. from 
 Maryland, and the Ohio R. divides it from Ohio to NW. ; 
 between Ohio and Pennsylvania it sends N. the narrow projec- 
 tion known as the Panhandle. The Alleghany Mts. (2500 ft. 
 high) form most of the eastern frontier, and are followed by a 
 parallel ridge, 20 -40 m. distant, bearing various names. Thence 
 the country, though a mass of great hills, has a general slope down 
 to the Ohio, which forms a thoroughly navigable NW. boundary 
 for about 300 m. The climate is agreeable and healthy, without 
 great extremes [Morganstown]. Many Ohio tribs., more or 
 less navigable , water the state and furnish power for flour-milling, 
 the second industry in importance. The chief product, iron and 
 steel, exceeds ;i/^2, 000, 000 yearly, though the ore is brought from 
 other states, the local yield being insignificant. Forests cover 
 two-thirds of the state, and the lumber product is third in 
 importance. Most of the population are still engaged in agri- 
 culture. The soils of the valleys and hillsides are fertile ; corn, 
 hay, wheat, oats, and potatoes are chief products. Few cities 
 of any size. WheeUng (P. 34,500), with manufactures of iron, 
 steel, and glass, in the Panhandle, perhaps the most fertile area 
 in the Union, Huntington and Parkersburg with petroleum re- 
 fineries, all three on the Ohio, are all that exceed 8000. Martins- 
 burg, in the extreme E. , is also larger than Charleston, the 
 capital. This latter city is situated on the chief Ohio trib. , the 
 Great Kanawha, whose valley is noted for its salt. Carboni- 
 ferous rocks cover most of the state, and yield coal extensively 
 over large areas (most largely in the dist. round Charleston), and 
 (chiefly in the W.) petroleum, in the production of which West 
 V. is third. The coal product increased eightfold, and West 
 V. now ranks fourth, with every prospect of surpassing Ohio 
 (third) before 1898. Area, 24,780 sq. m. P. 762,800. See 
 United States, table. [W. S.] 
 
 Virginia Road, stn.. Ire., NW. co. Meath, bar. Fore, 16 m. 
 NW. by W. Navan, on the G. N. (Ire.) R., P.O. 
 
 Virginia Water, eccles. par. , Eng. , Surrey, Egham par. , on 
 the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Virgin Islands, a group of small islands in the W. Indies, 
 between Porto Rico and the Lesser Antilles. They belong to 
 England (Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada), Denmark (Santa 
 Cruz, St. Thomas, St. John), and Porto Rico (Vieques, Culebra). 
 
 Virgin River, riv. , U.S., Utah and Nevada, rises in Kane 
 CO. , flows SW. into Colorado R. in Lincoln co. Length about 
 200 m. 
 
 Vlrglnstow, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 6 m. 
 NNE. Launceston. P. <25o. 
 
 Vlrleu, vil., France, dep. Ishre, 22 m. W. by S, Chamb^ry, 
 arr. and 6 m. S. by E. La Tour du Pin. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vlrlen-Ie-Grand, tn., France, dep. Ain, 24 m. NW. by N. 
 Chamb^ry, arr. and 7 m. NNW. Belley. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vlrlka, name given by the natives on S. shore of Lake 
 Albert, central Africa, to the mountains of which Ruwenzori 
 {y.v.) is the highest point. 
 
 Vlrje, comm. , Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Bjelovar- 
 Krizevci, dist. Gjurgevac. P. 7600. 
 
 Vlrkle, P.O., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Dunrossness 
 par., on the Pool of Vlrkle, 2^ m. NNW. Sumburgh Head. 
 
 Vlrley, par., Eng., Essex, Colchester div., 7^ m. NE. by E. 
 Maldon. P. <25o. See Salcott. 
 
 J^irodumctn, tn., France. See Verdun. 
 
 Vlroflay, tn. , France, dep. Seine-et-Oise, 9 m. WSW. Notre 
 Dame, Paris, arr. and 2J m. E. Versailles. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Vlroln, or Vlronlne, riv. , Belgium and France, formed by the 
 union of the Eau-Noire, length 22 m. , with the Eau-Blanche, 
 length 2 m.; joins the Meuse, on 1. bk., at Vireux. Total 
 length, 35 m. 
 
 Vlronlne, riv. , Belgium and France. See Vlroln. 
 
 Vlroqua, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Vernon co. , 76 m. N. 
 Dubuque (Iowa). P. < 1500. 
 
 Vlrovltlca, comm., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. and dist. 
 V. P. 6600. 
 
 Vlrpazar, vil., Montenegro, at the NW. end of Lake Scutari, 
 II m. SE. Cetinje. 
 
 Vlrpnr, tn., India, Kdthi4war Penin., 82 m. N. by W. Diu. 
 P. (i88i)<2ooo. 
 
 Virion, comm., Belgium, prov. and 27 m. W. by S. Luxem- 
 bourg, cap. arr. V. P. <3ooo. 
 
 VlraddliAclialani (VrlddhActaalam, census), tn., Brit. 
 India, Madras, dist. South Arcot, 32 m. WSW. Cuddalore ; 
 has a large fortified temple. P. 7900 ; Hindus, 7300. 
 
 Vlrndnpatl (Vlrndnpattl, census), tn., Brit. India, Madras, 
 dist. Tinnevelli, 27 m. SW. by S. Madura. P. 14,100; Hindus, 
 12,800. 
 
 Vlrnnyo, or Vlrungo-Vlagongo, volcano, reported to be 
 still active, central Africa, about 47 m. S. of S. shore of Lake 
 Albert Edward. Alt. estimated at about 10-13,000 ft. 
 
 Vis, riv., France, deps. Gard and H^rault, r. bk. trib., or 
 rather source of the H^rault. The upper Vis or Virenque, 22 
 m. long, shortly after leaving its source is buried in a cleft of 
 the Larzac amongst the Causses [q.v.) of the Cevennes. The 
 cafion of the V., with on the whole an E. course, 19 m. long, 
 beginning at an alt. of 1455 ft., is 985 ft. deep, and only 2625- 
 3935 ft- broad, and extremely sinuous and broken. At Madi^res 
 its valley becomes much broader. It meets the H^rault at an 
 alt. of 490 ft. , 3935 ft. above Ganges. 
 
 Vlsalla, city, U.S., California, Tulare co., 205 m. SE. by 
 E. San Francisco ; surrounded by oak groves. Alt. 348 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 62.1° F. , Jan. 45.8°, July 81.1°; rfall. , yr. 
 8.84 in., May-Sept. 0.42 in. P. < 3000. 
 
 Vlsaya, or Blsaya, one of the chief tribes in the Philippine 
 Is., living to the S. and SE. of Luzon, in a vast number of 
 islands called after the tribe the Visayas or Bisayas Is. On the 
 coast these people are all Christians and partly civilised, but 
 in the interior of the islands they are pagans, and half wild. 
 P. reckoned at about 2,000,000. 
 
 Vlsby, tn. , Sweden. See Wlsby. 
 
 Vls^, Wejset, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. Liege, on the 
 Meuse, 9 m. S. Maastricht. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Vlsegrad (vishegrad), tn. , Bosnia, on the Drina, prov. and 
 43 m. E. by S. Sarajevo. P. (comm.)<;300o. 
 
 Vlshera, rivs. , Russia. I. Govt. Perm, 1. bk. trib. of Kama; 
 length, 280 m. 2. Govt. Novgorod, r. bk. trib. of Volkhov, 
 connected by V. Canal with Msta, around Lake Ilmen. 
 
 Vi>«lgnnno, vil., Austria, Istria, 25 m. S. Trieste. P. <20oo. 
 
 Visiiiada, vil., Austria, Istria, 22 m. S. Trieste. P. < 2000. 
 
 VlHlngso, isl. , Sweden, in the S. of Lake Wetter. 
 
 Vlsk, comm., Hungary, co. Mdramaros, on the Theiss, 90 
 m. ENE. Debreczen. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Vlslauda, vil., Sweden, prov. Kronoberg, 52 m. N. by E. 
 Christianstad. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Vlsnagar, tn. , India, Bombay, Gujarat, state Baroda. P. 
 (1881) 19,600; (1891) 21,400. 
 
 Vlsnnm, vil. , Sweden, prov. Vermland, 29 m. SE. Karlstad. 
 P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Vlso, El, tn., Spain, prov. and 44 m. N. C6rdoba, dist. 
 Hinojosa del Duque. P. (comm.) < 4000. 
 
 Vls6, Felso-, comm. , Hungary, co. Mdramaros, cap. dist. V. , 
 28 ni. SE. Sziget ; has bath establisliment. P. 6400. 
 
 Vlso, Monte. See Alps, Subdivisions, I. A. 2. 
 
 Vlso del Alcor, tn., Spain, prov. and 14 m. E. Seville, dist. 
 Carmona ; has mineral spring, called Fuente Lanuda. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Vlso del Marqa^s, tn. , Spain, prov. Ciudad Real, dist. 
 Valdepenas, 30 m. N. by E. Lindres; has beds of lead, copper, 
 antimony, and white marble quarry. Palace of the Marquis of 
 Santa Cruz, with paintings, &c. P. <40oo. 
 
 Vlsoko, tn. , Bosnia, on riv. Bosna, prov. and 15^ m. NW. 
 by W. Sarajevo ; manufactures carpets. In the neighbourhood 
 are beds of coal and iron. P. <5ooo. 
 
 1673 
 
V I S P — V I T R 
 
 Vlsp, or Vl^ge, vil., Switzd., cant. Valais, 6 m. WSW. Brieg, 
 on the Vispe-bach, 2 m. S. of the Rhone. P. <20oo. 
 
 VlsselQerda, comm. , Sweden, prov. Kronoberg, 33 m.WSW. 
 Kalmar. P. 6600. 
 
 Yisseubjerg, vil., Denmark, Fyen I., 10 m. W. Odense. P. 
 {comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Ylsso, vil., Italy, The Marches, prov. Macerata, 38 m. SE. by 
 E. Perugia. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Tlsta, maritime vil. , W. Africa, Congo Free State, in Ka- 
 kongo, 9 m. NW. Banana, on the Atlantic ; has plantations of 
 mango trees. 
 
 VIstre, small riv., France, dep. Gard, rises about 7 m. NNE. 
 Nimes, passing that town 2 m. from its r. bk., and flowing into 
 Radelle Canal, which carries its waters to the 1. bk. of the 
 Vidourle, i m. NW. Aigues-Mortes. Length, 40 m.; area of 
 basin, 139 sq. m. 
 
 Vlstrltoa, Slavonic ; Turkish Iiij6-knra-sa, the ancient 
 Erigon, riv., Turkey, Macedonia, rises to the SE. of Lake 
 Prespa, flows SE. then NE. and enters the Gulf of Salonica 
 a few miles W. of the Vardar. There are no important towns 
 on its banks, but on the hills adjoining it are Kesrie, Siatista, 
 Serfije, and Karaferia. 
 
 Vlstrorlo, vil. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 27 m. N. by E. 
 Turin. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vistula, Ger. Welchsel, Polish 'Wlsla, the Vandalus, Visula, 
 and Ishtula of antiquity, one of the largest rivs. of Europe, rises 
 on the N. side of the Beskid Mts. at an alt. of 3675 ft., on 
 the frontier between Austrian Silesia and Galicia, in about 49° 
 35' N., 18° 40' E., flows N. with a W. inclination as far as the 
 frontier of Prussian Silesia, then turns E. and NE. , and separates 
 Prussian Silesia from the two Austrian provs. already mentioned. 
 Immediately N. of Ausschwitz (Oswiecym) the river bends E. 
 again, and so continues until it has passed Cracow some 15 m. 
 or so. It then wheels NNE., and forms the boundary between 
 Poland and Austrian Galicia, as far as 21° 50' E. , some 10 m. 
 NNE. of Sandomierz. During its course through Austrian terr. 
 it receives from the left the Przemsza and Nida, and from the 
 right the Raba, Dunajec, Wisioka, and San. Immediately E. 
 of Sandomierz the V. turns N., and shortly afterwards enters 
 Poland, its bed lying in a deep narrow valley as far as the con- 
 fluence of the Pilica (left) in 21° 20' E. At Ivangorod, about 
 half-way between Sandomierz and Warsaw, the river is joined 
 by the Wieprz from the right, and higher up by the Kamienka 
 from the left. At Ivangorod the river changes its direction to 
 NNE. and flows past Warsaw. Some 20 m. beyond that city 
 it is joined by the Narew (or Bug) from the right, and curves 
 W. and WNW. until it has crossed the Prussian frontier (in 
 about 18° 30' E. ). On the way it receives the Bzura from the 
 left, and passes Novogeorgievsk (Modlin), Wyszgorod, and 
 Piock. The first important town it touches in Prussia is Thorn, 
 20 m. beyond which the river makes a sharp, almost rectangular, 
 bend to the right, then flows NNE. as far as Graudenz, and 
 thence assumes a more N. direction to its mouth, in the Bay of 
 Dantzig, an indentation of the Baltic Sea. The principal 
 tribs. in Prussia are, on the right, the Drewenz, Ossa, and 
 Liebe, and on the left the Netze, Schwarzwasser, Ferse, and 
 Radaune. In about 53° 55' N. the delta begins, the right- 
 hand boundary stream being the Nogat (35 m.), which enters 
 the Frisches Haff 8 m. N. Elbing, and the left-hand the V. 
 itself. The delta, called the Werder, is about 35 m. across at 
 the seaward front. Five miles from the sea, the river suddenly 
 turns to the NW., and carries the greater portion of its water 
 out at a new mouth, which it made in 1840. Its former chief 
 exit lies still further NW., beyond Danzig itself. The Vistula- 
 Haff Canal {^\ m.), the Elbing Vistula, and other channels con- 
 nect the Danzig Vistula with the Frisches Haff' to the E. 
 Although the river suddenly shifts its bed with great fre- 
 quency, and in spite of its being in part choked with movable 
 sandbanks, the V. is an important highway for the trans- 
 mission of merchandise ; indeed it is the principal waterway of 
 Poland. The Austrian government have within recent years 
 strengthened and regulated the banks between Cracow and the 
 Polish frontier (60-70 m.). In Prussia, too, a great deal has 
 been done since 1832 to deepen and regjulate the channel and 
 intersect the delta with canals. The surface of the stream is 
 subject to considerable irregularities of level, and floods are 
 usual two or three times a year in the middle of Poland, 
 especially about the confluence of the Narew. At Warsaw the 
 river is on an average frozen for 70-80 days in the year. Navi- 
 gable for small boats up to the junction of the Przemsza (622 
 m.), and for larger boats to the confluence of the San (505 m.). 
 Total length 652 m., of which 156 ni. in Prussia; area of 
 basin, 73,900 sq. m. ; average mean discharge, 47,000 cubic ft., 
 but the discharge is subject to great variation, ranging between 
 the extremes of 19,400 cubic ft. and 291,400 cubic ft. 
 
 Tl8zoka-91ak«, comm., Hungary, co. Trencs6n, dist. Bittse. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Vita, tn., Sicily, prov. Trapani, 11 m. SW. Alcamo. P. 
 5200. 
 Vltakri, tn. , Brit. Baluchistan, 134 m. WSW. Multdn. 
 1674 
 
 Vltalba, Monte, mt., Italy, Tuscany, in the W. , 15 m. SE. 
 Leghorn. Alt. 2210 ft. 
 Vite, Capo della, cape, Italy, in the NE. of the isl. of Elba. 
 Vitebsk, govt. ,W. Russia, has Livonia and Pskov on N., 
 Smolensk on E. , Moghilev, Minsk, and Vilna on S. , Courland 
 on W. Surface flat ; low hills, cut by ravines, in SE. and N. 
 borders. Watered by Duna, which is connected by Berezina 
 Canal with the Dnieper and its tribs., Mezha and Kasplya. 
 Climate relatively mild ; average temp, being at Vitebsk, yr. 
 40° F. , Jan. 16°, July 64°. Population chiefly White Russian (61 
 per cent.), Lettish (21 per cent.), Jewish (10 per cent.), and 
 Polish (3 per cent.), some 10,000 Germans. Agriculture in- 
 sufficient for population ; flax grown. Manufactures in infancy. 
 Peasant population very poor. Exports, flax, linseed, and tim- 
 ber. Active navigation on Diina. Divided into twelve dists. : 
 Vitebsk, Drissa, Dunaburg (now Dvinsk), Gorodok, Lepel, 
 Lutsin, Nevel, Polotsk, Ryezhitsa, Sebezh, Surazh, and Velizh. 
 Area, 17,440 sq. m. P. (1884) 1,204,950; (1890) 1,341,100. 
 
 Vitebsk, cap. of above govt. , on both banks of Diina, 345 
 m. by rail W. Moscow ; old town, with a poor population, half 
 Jewish ; trade with Riga in corn, flax, hemp, tobacco, sugar, 
 and timber. Annexed to Russia in 1772. P. 58,180. 
 
 Vlterbo, city, Italy, at the foot of Monte Cimino, in the 
 Campagna, and 40 m. NNW. Rome. It is enclosed by walls, and 
 in general well built of lava. The cathedral contains the tombs 
 of several popes, and was the scene (in 1271) of the murder of 
 Prince Henry of England, son of Richard of Cornwall, by Guy 
 of Montfort. The bishop's palace and city hall are fine build- 
 ings ; the latter contains various Etruscan antiquities. V. is 
 celebrated for its fountains. Alum, vitriol, and sulphur abound 
 in its vicinity. This city was one of the principal in the Etruscan 
 League ; in the Middle Ages it was the cap. of the patrimony of 
 St. Peter, bestowed in the 12th century upon the Papal see. In 
 the vicinity are the sulphur springs (with spa) of Bulicame, the 
 pilgrimage church of Madonna della Querela (designed by Bra- 
 mante, and ornamented by Luca della Robbia), and several 
 Etruscan cemeteries. P. (1881) 16,300; comm. P. 19,700. 
 Vltl LeTu, isl. See FIJI Is. 
 
 Vltl Levn Bay, on NE. ct. of Viti Levu I., in 178° 18' E. 
 Vltlm, large riv., Russia, E. Siberia, prov. Transbaikalia, 
 r. bk. trib. of Lena ; rises in a longitudinal valley of Barguzin 
 Mts., flows first NE., then suddenly turns SW., and describing 
 a large curve to the S. turns N. and NW., enters the Lena 
 under 59° 30' N. , ii2°45'E. ; receives many large tribs. — Zaza, 
 Karenga, Kalar, and Lake Oron, r. bk. ; Tsipa, Muya, and 
 Mama, 1. bk. Rich gold diggings in its basin. Navigable up 
 to Delyun-uran rapids, in 57° 40' N. Length, iioo m. Vltlm 
 Plateau is the name given to the part of the higher terrace of 
 the High Plateau of E. Asia which is watered by the V. 
 
 Vltlmskoye, vil. , E. Siberia, govt. Yakutsk, on 1. bk. Lena, 
 at its junction with Vitim ; river-port. P. <iooo. 
 
 Vltlsmann, settlement, Argentine Repubhc, Catamarca, 125 
 m. S. by W. Tucuman, 25 m. SE. by E. Catamarca. 
 VltkOT, tn. , Austria. See Wlgstadtl. 
 
 Vltor, riv. , Peru, rises in the Andes, flows W. and enters the 
 Pacific Ocean in about 16° 40' S. 
 
 Vltorla, tn. , Spain, cap. prov. Alava and of V. dist., 31 m. 
 SSE. Bilbao ; has manufactures of linen drapery, pottery, and 
 cutlery. V. is composed of three towns : the upper town, en- 
 closed by half-decayed walls ; the old town, surrounded by walls 
 and communicating by three gateways with the modern town. 
 It is one of the most prosperous cities in Spain ; has an institute 
 of science, drawing academy, Jesuit schools, Basque society, 
 provincial hall of assembly, and historical houses, notably that 
 where Francis I. of France resided. In the neighbourhood is a 
 mineral spring. Here the English, Spanish, and Portuguese 
 troops, commanded by Wellington, totally defeated the French, 
 1813. P. (comm. ) 27,700. 
 
 Vltosa (vitosha), improperly Vltosta, mt., SW. Bulgaria, 9 
 m. SSW. Sofia, almost circular. Alt. 7645 ft. 
 
 Vltr^, tn., France, dep. Ille-et-Vilaine, cap. arr. V., 21 m. 
 W. by N. Laval ; has quarries of black-stone, iron-foundries, 
 mechanical factories, &c. V. has retained its Breton characteristics 
 and its aspect of the Middle Ages ; still in great part surrounded 
 by ramparts of the i6th century. The old feudal castle, rebuilt 
 in the 14th century, is one of the most remarkable in Brittany. 
 Birthplace of Pierre Landais, minister of Duke Francis II. 
 P. 10,600. 
 
 Vltrey, vil. , France, dep. Haute-Saone, arr. Vesoul, 42 m. 
 NNW. Besan^on. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vltrezals, dist., France, formerly in Bordelais, now in dep. 
 Gironde, on the border of dep. Charente-Inf^rieure. 
 
 Vltrlnltsa, tn., Greece, prov. Phthiotis and Phocis, on the 
 N. shore of the Gulf of Lepanto, 22 m. E. by S. Lepanto 
 P. <400o. 
 
 Vltry-en-Artols, tn. , France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. Arras, 
 5 m. SW. Douai ; has refineries of salt, potash, and sugar. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 VHry-le.FraH€ol8, tn., France, dep. Marne, cap. arr. V.-le- 
 F., on the Marne, 19 ni. SE. by S. Chalons-sur-Marne ; has 
 
VITR — VLAD 
 
 manufactures of cement, foundries, great trade in wine, grain, 
 iron, and wood. V. was built in 1545 by Francis I. Birth- 
 place of the mathematician Demoivre, died 1754. P. 7300. 
 
 Vltry-sur-Seliie, tn. , France, dep. Seine, arr. Sceaux, 4^ m. 
 SSE. Notre Dame, Paris, 2 m. from the city wall ; has nurseries 
 of ornamental and fruit trees. P. 6800. 
 
 Yltea, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Kirk-Kilise, 65 m. S. 
 by E. Burgas. 
 
 Vitse, vil. , Asia Minor, on the SE. shore of the Black Sea, 
 
 33 m. SW. by W. Batum. 
 
 Vitteanx, tn., France, dep. Cote d'Or, arr. Semur, on the 
 Brenne, 24 m. W. by N. Dijon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vittel, tn. , France, dep. Vosges, 31 m. SSW. Nancy, arr. 
 and II m. SW. by W. Mirecourt ; has important thermal estab- 
 lishment where four springs are used similar to those at Con- 
 tr^x^ville, known to the Romans ; a hfth spring is used in a 
 small establishment. Has breweries, manufactures of lace and 
 fine embroideries. Alt. iioo ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vlttorla, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Norfolk, on Young's 
 Creek, 7 m. S. Simcoe. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Tittoria, tn., Sicily, prov. and 42 m. W. by S. Syracuse; 
 trade in ashes, soda, and wine. P. (1871) 17,900 ; (1881) 23,900. 
 
 Vlttorlo, tn. , Italy, Venetia, prov. and 21 m. N. by E. 
 Treviso ; seat of the bishopric of Ceneda ; has silk-mills, lime- 
 kilns, manufacture of cement. V. was formed in 1866 by the 
 union of two neighbouring towns, Ceneda and Serravalle, for 
 a long time rivals. P. 10,600. 
 
 Vltn, dist. , E. Africa. See Wltn. 
 
 Vltalano, tn., Italy, Campania, prov. and 8 m. WNW. 
 Benevento. P. < 2000. 
 
 VMi, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 19 m. NW. by W, 
 Turin. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Viva, Klo, estuary, Colombia, Isthmus of Panama, prov, 
 Chiriqui, on the Pacific ; navigable for small vessels to Port 
 Guavala, 12 m. 
 
 Vlvarais, old prov. , France. See Ardi'che. 
 
 Vlv^r, tn., Spain, prov. Castellon de la Plana, cap. dist. V., 
 
 34 m. NNW. Valencia. P. (comm.)<:3ooo. 
 
 Vlvero, or Biicas, isl., Philippine Is., NE. ct. of Mindanao; 
 mountainous. Area, including the adjoining islets, 88 sq. m. 
 
 Vlrero, maritime tn. and port, Spain, Galicia, prov. and 44 
 m. N. Lugo, cap. dist. V. ; has flax-weaving trade. No docks 
 or quays. P. (comm.) 13,400. 
 
 Vlverols,, vil. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Ambert, 25 
 m. W. St. Etienne. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vlvl, stn., Africa, Gabun, 37 m. E. Boma, 112 m. from the 
 Atlantic. Founded by Stanley in 1879, V. was cap. of the state 
 till 1882, when it was superseded by Boma. American Evan- 
 gelical Alliance. Alt. 374 ft. Mean temp, (r^ yrs. , 1882-83), 
 yr. 76.4° F., Feb. 79. 5^ Aug. 70.5°. 
 
 Vivian, vil., Canada, Ontario, York co. , 29 m. N. by E. 
 Toronto, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vlvler-an-Court, tn. , France, dep. Ardennes, arr. and 6 m. 
 ESE. M6zieres ; has foundries and iron- works. P. <30oo. 
 
 Vlvlers, tn., France, dep. Ardeche, arr. Privas, beautifully 
 situated on the slope and summit of a hill at the confluence of 
 the Rhone and the Escoutay, 25 m. N. by W. Orange, 6 m. S. 
 by W. Mont^limar ; seat of a bishopric ; has manufactures of 
 hydraulic lime, silk-mills, and mechanical factories. Its impos- 
 ing cathedral, 12th and 14th centuries, contains valuable Gobelin 
 tapestry. Episcopal palace of 17th century. P. <2ooo. 
 
 VlTlez, vil., France, dep. Aveyron, arr. and 15 m. NNE. 
 Villefranche ; has beds of zinc ; manufactures zinc covers. P. 
 
 <20C0. 
 
 Vlvls, tn. , Switzd. See Vevey. 
 
 Vlvonne, tn., France, dep. Vienne, on the Clain, arr. and 
 12 m. SSW. Poitiers. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Vlwa, isl. , N W. of Viti Levu, Fiji Is. , in 17° 10' S. , 176° 55' E. 
 
 Vlza, tn. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet and 62 m. E. by S. 
 Adrianople ; seat of a metropolitan Greek church. P. 5000. 
 
 Vlzagapatam, municip. and seapt., Brit. India, Madras, 
 cap. dist. v., on the E. ct., 178 m. NE. by E. Masulipatam, 
 in a small bay bounded S. by the Dolphin's Nose, and N. by 
 the suburb of Waltair, the residence of all the European officers. 
 The town, or fort, is separated from the Dolphin's Nose by a 
 small river, which forms a bar passable during spring-tides for 
 vessels of 300 tons. The municipality has effected great im prove- 
 ments. There is a second-class college and a hospital endowed 
 by the Mahdrdja of Vizianagram. It has a gradually increasing 
 trade. Chief exports, grain and sugar ; special industries, the 
 manufacture of native cloth and ornamental articles of horn, 
 ivory, and porcupine quills. About the middle of the 17th 
 century the East India Company established a factory here. 
 Only an open roadstead, but the construction of a harbour has 
 been sanctioned. Vessels load and discharge by means of 
 lighters. P. 34,500; Hindus, 31,000. 
 
 Vlzakna, Hungarian ; Ger. Salzburg, tn. with magistracy, 
 Hungary, 6 m. NW. by W. Hermannstadt ; has much fre- 
 quented salt-baths. P. <:4000. 
 
 Vlzcaya, or Blscaya, the north-western of the three Basque 
 
 Provs. (g.v.), N. ct. Spain, on the Bay of Biscay, cap. Bilbao, 
 rich in valuable iron ore. See Spain, table, &c. 
 
 Vlzela, or Vlzella, vil. , Portugal , prov. Entre Douro e Minho, 
 on the Vizela R. , 21 m. NE. Oporto, with sulphur baths and 
 remains of ancient Roman baths. 
 
 Vlzen, tn. , Brazil, state Para, 149 m. ENE. Belem or Para, 
 on 1. bk. of the Gurupy, not far from its mouth in the Atlantic. 
 
 Vlz^n, tn., Portugal, cap. prov. V., 50 m. ESE. Oporto. 
 In the neighbourhood is the Campo de Viriato, Roman camp, 
 connected with Viriatheus, Lusitanian chief, who was a formid- 
 able enemy to Rome. Near V. the first orange-trees in Europe 
 were planted. Not far from the town are tin-beds and sulphureous 
 springs. It is a quiet city, owing all its importance to its ad- 
 ministrative and episcopal rank, and its fair, held in September, 
 the most important in Portugal. P. 7000. 
 
 VlzladrAg, tn. and port, on W. ct. of Brit. India, Bombay, 
 dist. Ratnagiri, 78 m. NNW. Goa ; manufactures ornaments 
 from bison-horn. On S. side of the harbour stands one of the 
 strongest Mohammedan fortresses in the Konkan. P. <:sooo. 
 
 Vizianagram (Vlzlanagaram, census), municip. and fort, 
 Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 30 m. N. by E. Vizagapatam. 
 A well-built town, with a fine market-place (commemorating the 
 visit of the Prince of Wales) ; is a military cantonment and the 
 residence of the MaharAja, who maintains a first-class college 
 in the town. P. 30,900 ; Hindus, 28,700. 
 
 VlzlauArilyanani, tn. , Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 22 m. 
 SSE. Tinnevelli. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Vlzllle, tn. , France, dep. Isere, on the Romanche, arr. and 
 9 m. S. by E. Grenoble; has iron, copjjer, and lead mines, 
 quarries of slate, chalk, and gypsum, and silk manufactures. 
 Its castle, built in 17th century, is of imposing appearance, and 
 has some very remarkable sculptures. This castle is regarded 
 as the real cradle of the French Revolution ; here, July 21, 
 1788, was held an assembly of the deputies of all the com- 
 munities of Dauphin^ to protest against the new taxes and the 
 loss of the privileges accorded by Louis XVI. A splendid 
 commemorative monument was erected in the castle place, 
 1888. P. <4000. 
 
 Vlzzlnl, tn. , Sicily, prov. Catania, 31 m. W. by N. Syracuse ; 
 its cathedral has some fine paintings. Alt. 2025 ft. P. 14,200. 
 
 VJetovo, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. and 18 m. SE. by E. Rustchuk. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 VJetren, tn. , Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, prov. Tatar- 
 Pazardzik, 37 m. W. by N. Philippopolis. P. <4000. 
 
 Vlaartllngen, Celebes. See Macassar. 
 
 Vlaardlngen, tn. and port, Holland, prov. S. Holland, on 
 the r. bk. of the Nieuwe Maas, 7 m. W. Rotterdam ; has im- 
 portant herring-fisheries. P. (comm.) 12,600. 
 
 Vla«llkaTkaz, tn., Russia, N. Caucasia, cap. prov. Terek, 
 picturesquely and tidily built on an elevated plain (2340 ft.) at 
 the N. foot of main Caucasus range, where the Terek emerges 
 from the mountains, i.e., at the head of the Darial gorge lead- 
 ing to Tiflis, the only highroad to Transcaucasia across the 
 main range, 432 m. by rail SE. Rostov-on-Don, connected by 
 railway with Port Petrovsk, on Caspian Sea (166 m.). Was but 
 a small fort in 1784, but has grown rapidly of late. Alt. 2244 ft. 
 Mean temp., yr. 47.6° F. , Jan. 24.4°, July 68.3"; mean rfall. 
 (11 yrs.), yr. 34.2 in., April-Sept. 25.8 in. P. (1891) 53,720. 
 
 Vladimir, govt, of central Russia, has Moscow and Tver on 
 W. , Yaroslavl and Kostroma on N., Nizhniy Novgorod on E. , 
 Ryazaii and Tambov on S. Surface a deeply trenched plateau, 
 800-900 ft. high, with river-valleys sunk 300-450 ft. below the 
 general level. Depressions of middle Volga and Oka in E. 
 Rocks, Upper Carboniferous and Permian, covered by much de- 
 nuded Jurassic clays and patches of Cretaceous in S. All covered 
 with boulder-clay and lacustrine period deposits. Soil mostly 
 unfertile. Iron ore, china-clay. Climate similar to that of Mos- 
 cow ; average temp, at V. being, yr. 38°, Jan. 16°, July 67°. 
 Watered by Oka and its trib. Klyazma (navigable to Kovrov, 
 and occasionally to V.). Lake Pereyaslavl and many small 
 ones. Population thoroughly Great Russian. Agriculture in- 
 sufficient for the population, who chiefly resort to industrial 
 pursuits, or go in artels to seek for work as carpenters, masons, 
 iron-roof makers, or as pedlars {ofeni) all over Russia. All sorts 
 of domestic industries in villages ; painting of sacred ikons, fabri- 
 cation of sickles and all sorts of hardware, wooden vessels, boxes, 
 bast-shoes, hosiery, gloves, toys, felt goods, earthenware, and 
 so on. The yearly products of these petty trades are valued at 
 over j^7,ooo,ooo. V. is also a great centre of manufacture, for 
 which it occupies the third rank (after the two caps. ) in European 
 Russia (yearly products ;^io, 500,000, exclusive of the minor 
 manufactures). Over 150,000 persons find employment in the 
 cotton and linen factories, glass, chemical, and iron works, flour- 
 mills, tanneries, and distilleries. Divided into thirteen dists. : 
 Vladimir, Alexandrov, Ivanovo- Voznesensk, Kovrov, Melenki, 
 Murom, Pereyaslavl-Zalyesskiy, Pokrov, Shuya, Sudogda, Suz- 
 dal, Vyazniki, and Yuriev-Polskiy. Ivanovo, Gusevsk, Kholui, 
 and many others are important industrial towns. Area, 18,864 
 sq. m. P. (1883) 1,359.330; (1890) 1,456,600. 
 
 Vladimir, cap. of above govt. , is known in history as Vladi- 
 
 1675 
 
VI. AD — VOLC 
 
 mir-on-Klyazma, to distinguish it from Vladimir in Volhynia ; 
 situated on Klyazma and Lybed Rivs. , 114 m. by rail E. of 
 Moscow. Has a kreml on a hill containing the very old cathe- 
 drals Uspenskiy (1150) and Dmitrievskiy. Several churches 
 from the 12th century, including the ' golden gate ' surmounted 
 by a church, built by Andrei Bogolubskiy in 1158. P. (1859) 
 13,865; (1891)21,640. 
 
 Vladimir, bay, Russian Manchuria, Sea of Japan, 43° 55' N. , 
 135° 8' E.; freezes for two months. 
 
 YladlmlroTka, tn. , Russia, govt. Astrakhan, on Akhtuba 
 branch of Volga, 80 ra. SE. Tsaritsyn ; railway to Baskunchak 
 salt lakes. P. 6000. 
 
 Vladimir Voltaynskly, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Volhynia, 17 
 m. NE. of the spot where the frontiers of Poland, Russia, and 
 Galicia meet together. Very old, 9th century town ; chief town 
 of Vladimir Principality in Volhynia. Rich monastery. Trade 
 in corn and cattle. P. 8300. 
 
 VladlTOStok, chief naval station, Russia, on the Pacific, dist. 
 tn. of Maritime Prov. , 43° 7' N., 131° 55' E. , on the Gulf of 
 Peter the Great, of the Sea of Japan. Founded in 1861, on the 
 NW. ct. of Muravieff Penin., on the ' Golden Horn ' Bay, 5-13 
 fathoms deep, of the ' Eastern Bosporus ' (13-20 fathoms). 
 The gulf is covered in winter by an ice-crust, which could only 
 be broken by ice-breaking steamers. A railway to the Usuri 
 has lately been completed, and is pushed down the r. bk. shore 
 of this river to Khabarovsk. V. has naval workshops and 
 a pro-gymnasium. Visited every year by foreign ships, the 
 yearly imports attaining about ;^300,ooo. Some 3000 Koreans 
 gather in the gulf the edible seaweed Laminaria saccharina, of 
 which about 70,000 cwts. (;^45,ooo) are sent to China every 
 year. Gold diggings, of little value, on Askold I. Mean temp. 
 (10 yrs. , 1875-85), yr. 40.2° F. , Jan. 7.4°, Aug. 70.0° ; mean rfall. 
 (gyrs. ), yr. 13.2 in., April-Oct. 12.0 in. P. (1886) 12,500; (1891) 
 14,450, chiefly military. 
 
 Vlakhokllsnra, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. Koritsa, 35 m. 
 S. by E. Monastir. 
 
 VlakhollTadon, tn., Turkey in Europe, vilayet Bitolia or 
 Monastir, dist. (sanjak) Servije, 35 m. NNW. Larissa (Greece). 
 P. 6400 (Zinzars). 
 
 Vlamertlnghe, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. 
 Ypres. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Tlasenlca, tn. , Bosnia, prov. Dolnja-Tuzla, 34 m. NE. 
 Sarajevo. P. <2000. 
 
 TlaSka, tn. , Servia, circle Podunavlje, 17 m. SW. Semendria. 
 P. <:30oo. 
 
 Vlaskl Dol, or VlaSkl Do, vil., Servia, circle and 6 m. S. by 
 E. Pozarevac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Vlasotlnce, tn. , Servia, circle and 25 m. SSE. Nish. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Vlasnlja, mt., Montenegro, on the NW. frontier, 68 m. N. 
 Cetinje. Alt. 7670 ft. 
 
 Tlcedrama, tn., Bulgaria, prov. Lom-Palanka, 35 m. SE. 
 by E. Viddin. P. <4000. 
 
 Vley, generic name in S. Africa for the brackish waters in 
 the Karroo and Kalahari desert. 
 
 Vllegen, isl. , Oceania. See Kanglroa. 
 
 Vlleland, isl., Holland, prov. N. Holland, at N. end of 
 Zuider Zee, in 5° E. ; ii^ m. long, by 1-2^ m. broad. P. 700. 
 
 Vile Strom, channel, Holland, between the isl. of Terschell- 
 ing and Vlieland, one of the entrances to the Zuider Zee. 
 
 Vliet, Dutch, 'channel.' See Fleet. 
 
 Vllsslngcn, tn., Netherlands. See Flashing. 
 
 Vlotho, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Herford, 9 m. 
 SSW. Minden ; has sugar refineries and noted manufactures of 
 cigars and tobacco. P. <4000. 
 
 Vo, vil., Italy, Venetia, prov. and 14 m. WSW. Padua. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Vobster, eccles. par., Eng. , Somerset, div. and 4J m. W. by 
 N. Frome. P. <5oo. 
 
 VAchaa, a name applied to the Akka by some of the tribes 
 among whom they live. 
 
 Viickla, riv. , Upper Austria, flows E. into the Traun. 
 
 Vocklabrnck, tn.. Upper Austria, 32 m. ENE. Salzburg. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Vocklamarkt, tn., Upper Austria, 24 m. NE. by E. Salz- 
 burg. P. <2000. 
 
 Vodena, the ancient Edessa (cap. of Macedonia), tn. , Turkey 
 in Europe, prov. Salonica, 40 ni. ESE. Monastir ; has manufac- 
 tures of tobacco, cotton and wool weaving. P. nearly 14,000, 
 of whom 11,000 Servians, 2500 Osmanli and Albanians (G. ). 
 
 Toe, hamlet, Scot. , Shetland Is. , Mainland, Delting par. , at 
 the head of Ulna Firth, 20 m. S. of the N. end of the Main- 
 land, PMT.O. 
 
 Vogel, cape, in the E. of New Guinea, in 9° 42' S. , 152° 3' E. 
 
 Vogelenzang, vil., Holland, prov. N. Holland, 4 m. SW. 
 Haarlem. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vogelhelm, vil, Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Diisseldorf, 
 circle and 3 m. NW. Essen ; coal mined. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Vogelsgeblrge, or Vogelsberg, plateau, central Germany, 
 chiefly in gd.-duchy Hesse and prov. Hesse-Nassau (Prussia), 
 bounded E. by the Fulda, separating it from the Rhongebirge, 
 1676 
 
 SE. and S. by the Kinzig, separating it from the Spessart, W. 
 by the plain of Wetterau, dividing it from the Taunus and 
 Westerwald. Its central part is called Oberwald. It is covered 
 with forests and pastures, and sends out rivers to all points of 
 the horizon ; highest point Taufstein, alt. 2535 ft. It is about 
 40 m. N. to S. , and 34 m. E. to W. 
 
 Vogel- Vley, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. and 46 m. N. by 
 E. Calvinia. 
 
 Vogesen, mts. See Vosges. 
 
 Voghera, tn. , Italy, Lombardy, prov. and 16 m. SSW. Pavia ; 
 has silk-worm cultivation. Its cathedral dates from the 17th 
 century. Alt. 300-315 ft. P. 11,700. 
 
 Vogtlau<l, name of a former prov. , an immediate possession 
 of the emperor, which was governed in the Middle Ages by 
 Vogts, comprising the SW. of the present kgd. of Saxony (dists. 
 Plauen and Olsnitz), and the adjoining parts of Bavaria and of 
 the Thuringian states (Reuss and part of the Prussian circle 
 Ziegenriick). 
 
 Vognles, a Finnish stem of the Ugrian group, Russia, on 
 both slopes of the Urals, in govts. Perm and Tobolsk. P. about 
 7000. 
 
 Vobemar, tn. , Madagascar, on the NE. ct. , in about 13° 25' S. 
 
 Vohlbarlky, tn. , Madagascar, on the E. ct., in about 24° 
 20' S. 
 
 Vohlbe, maritime vil., E. ct. Madagascar, 193 m. NNE. 
 Tamatave, in 15° 30' S. 
 
 Voblmarlua, fort and Hova post, Madagascar, in 17° 40' S. , 
 49° 30' E. 
 
 Vohltsomby, tn., Madagascar, about 9 m. N. Fianarantsoa, 
 in 21° 19' S. , 47° 7' E. 
 
 Viilirenbacb, tn. , Ger. , gd.-duchy of Baden, circle Villingen, 
 22 m. E. by N. Freiburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vobtvlnkel, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Diisseldorf, 
 circle and 4 m. ESE. Mettmann. P. <i^ooo. 
 
 Volclntsl, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 35 m. NNW. 
 Salonica, on 1. bk. of the Vardar. P. <3ooo (Servians). 
 
 Void, tn. , France, dep. Meuse, arr. Commercy, 13 m. W. 
 
 Toul. P. <2000. 
 
 Volde, dist., France, formerly in Lorraine, now in dep. 
 Meuse. 
 
 Volgtsberg, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. and 
 3 m. E. Olsnitz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Voll, Loch, lake, Scot., Perthshire, 3J m. WSW. Lochearn- 
 head, stretches for 3J m. along the S. base of the Braes of Bal- 
 quhidder ; communicates by a narrow strait at its upper end 
 with Loch Doine (i m. long) ; drained E. then S. by the Balvag 
 through Strathyre into Loch Lubnaig. Contains salmon and 
 trout. 
 
 Voile Nolr, La, cape, in the E. of Algeria, 8 m. NW. Bona. 
 
 Voiron, tn., France, dep. Isere, arr. and 14 m. NNW. Gre- 
 noble ; noted since the middle of the i8th century for its cloth ; 
 other manufactures, table-cloths of Java ramie, silk, paper, 
 straw-hats, manure, liquors, tools, chemical products, &c. ; 
 has foundries, mechanical factories, and hemjj-combing. To 
 the N. is a tower of the old castle of the counts of Savoie ; i\ m. 
 W. is the modern castle of Le May. P. 8000. 
 
 Voirons, Les, mt., France, dep. Haute-Savoie, 9 m. E. 
 Geneva ; its wooded sides make fine promenades for the inhabi- 
 tants of Geneva. From the summit, called Calvary (4875 ft.), 
 is a fine view of the lake and the Jura Mts. on the N. and the 
 Alps on the S. 
 
 Voltenr, tn., France, dep. Jura, 36 m. E. Chalon-sur-Saone, 
 arr. and 6 m. NNE. Lons-le-Saulnier. P. < 2000. 
 
 Voltsbers, tn. , Austria, Styria, 15 m. W. Graz. P. < 4000. 
 
 Vojka, comm., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Sriem, dist. 
 Stara Pazova. P. <4000. 
 
 Vojnzza, seapt., Turkey. See Voyntsa. 
 
 Vokam, largest isl. of Arru Archipelago, E. Indies, SE. of 
 Ceram ; it is low, of coral formation, and covered with rich vege- 
 tation. Area, 637 sq. m. P. estimated at 2856. 
 
 Vokbna, tn. , Russia. See Pavlovskiy. 
 
 Volano, vil., Austria, Tirol, 11 m. S. by W. Trent, 2 m. NE. 
 Rovereto. P. < 2000. 
 
 Volano, vil. and small port, Italy, prov. and 30 m. E. Fer- 
 rara, on 1. bk. of the Podi Volano. 
 
 VolaterrcB, tn. , Italy. See Volterra. 
 
 Volcan, Sierra del, chain of heights, Argentine Republic, 
 prov. and 217 m. S. Buenos Aires, forming the SE. continuation 
 of the Sierra del Tandil ; the highest point, in 87° 50' S. , 58° 10' 
 W. , is only 900 ft. 
 
 Volcan Grande, volcano, Mexico. See Popocatepetl. 
 
 Volcano, isl.. Pacific, in about 23° N., 160° E. 
 
 Volcano, or Dlonlslo Island.s, group. Pacific, SW. of the 
 Bonin Is. , N. of the Tropic of Cancer, and E. of 141° E. 
 
 Volcano, gold-mining vil. , U.S., California, Amador co. , 10 
 m. NE. Jackson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Volcano, vil. , U.S., W. Virginia, Wood co. , 64 m. NNE. 
 Charleston; produces oil. P. < 1500. 
 
 Volcano Island. See Hangchoiv Bay. 
 
 Volcano Island, Ger. New Guinea. See Man^-Mndtlr. 
 
VOLC — VOLT 
 
 Volcano Islaitd. See Tliiacula. 
 
 Volcbaiisk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 53 m. NE. Kharkov. 
 P. 7000. 
 
 Tolden, vil. , Norway, prov. Trondhjem, dist. Romsdal, 51 
 m. SW. Molde. P. (comm.) 5600. 
 
 Volga, chief riv. of European Russia, and by far the largest 
 riv. of Europe, rises on tlie Valdai plateau of Tver, and after a 
 course of 2325 m.^enters the Caspian at Astrakhan. Its drainage 
 basin covers 563,300 sq. m., thus exceeding the aggfregate areas 
 of Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, and has a 
 population of over 45,000,000. It receives over 100 tribs. , 
 which are navigable for an aggregate length of 14,600 m., and 
 most of the populous cities of Russia are in its basin. Owing 
 to three systems of rivers and canals (Mariinsk, Vyshnevolotsk, 
 and Tikhvinsk), which connect its upper tribs. with affluents of 
 Lakes Ladoga and Onega, the commercial mouth of the V. 
 has been transferred, so to say, to St. Petersburg. Other less 
 important canals connect it with the Diina (Riga) and the 
 White Sea (Archangel) ; while advantage has been taken of the 
 V. closely approaching the Don at Tsaritsyn to connect its 
 lower course by a railway (40 m.) with the Don and the Sea of 
 Azov. Three main trunks of railways bring its lower parts in 
 connection with the Baltic. Nearly 1000 steamers, 20,000 barges 
 and large boats, and 50,000 rafts are used for the traffic on the V. 
 and its tribs. to carry every year upwards of 4,000,000 tons of 
 various goods, valued at more than ^^50, 000,000. About 50,000 
 rafts of timber must be added to the above, the total weight of 
 goods carried and floated in the basin of the V. exceeding the 
 transport on all Russian railways. The bulk of the traffic of the 
 V. and its connections is directed upwards, the tonnage of goods 
 reaching St. Petersburg by this route being about 15 times as 
 great as that reaching Astrakhaii. The V. rises in marshes, in 
 57° 10' N., 665 ft. above the sea. Owing to special reservoirs, 
 it is navigated from its sixty-fifth mile onwards. It descends 
 rapidly from the Valdai plateau to Tver (420 ft.), where it is 
 300 yards wide, and has a volume of 4000 cubic ft. per 
 second. At Tver regular steam navigation begins. It flows NE. 
 to join the Mologa (head of the Tikhvinsk system) and the 
 Sheksna (Mariinsk system), then SE. past Yaroslavl and 
 Kostroma, receiving the Unzha from N., and (at Nizhniy 
 Novgorod) the Oka from the S., after it has traversed the chief 
 provs. of middle Russia. Both in its length (920 m. ) and in its 
 drainage area (89,500 sq. m.) the Oka is superior to the upper 
 V. The V. then enters a broad lacustrine depression (alt. 190 
 ft.), and attains a width of 350-1750 yards. It is joined next 
 (r. bk. ) by the Sura and (1. bk. ) the Vetluga, which comes from 
 the forest tracts of Yaroslavl. The river then turns SE. and 
 enters another lacustrine depression (no ft.), where it is joined 
 by the Kama. For the next 738 m. of its course to Tsaritsyn, 
 the V. (580-2600 yards wide) flows SSW. , making a great bend 
 at Samara, and is accompanied on the right by cliff's, reaching 
 1000 ft. above the V. , whose alt. is only 54 ft. near Saratov. Its 
 volume there is 384,000 cubic ft. per second (1,427,000 in floods). 
 At Tsaritsyn its level sinks 58 ft. below the ocean. The V. bends 
 sharply SE. , sending off a large branch, Akhtuba, which flows 
 parallel to the main river, rejoining it by many branches. The 
 delta proper begins 40 m. above Astrakhaii, the Volga entering 
 the sea by 200 separate mouths. Below Astrakhaii navigation 
 becomes difficult. Immense fisheries give occupation to nearly 
 15,000 men on the lower Volga, and to 50,000 men in N. 
 Caspian. The ice-covering on the Volga and its tribs. lasts from 
 90 to 160 days. The average dates of the break-up are : April 
 II at Tver, April 25 at Kostroma, April 6 at Kazaii, April 7 at 
 Tsaritsyn, and March 17 at Astrakhan. The respective dates of 
 freezing-up for the same places are : Nov. 23, Nov. 20, Dec. 7, 
 Dec. 20, and Dec. 17. 
 
 Volga, vil. , U.S., S. Dakota, Brookings co., 102 m. N. by E. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Volgaro, tn. , Turkey in Eiu-ope, on the NW. ct. of Thasos 
 I., II m. SW. of the mouth of the Kara-su. 
 
 Volhynla, govt, of SW. Russia, having the Polish govts. 
 Lublin and Siedlce in W. , Grodno and Minsk on N. , Kiev on 
 E. , and Podolia and Austrian GaHcia on S. Spurs of the 
 Carpathians (Avratynsk plateau, 1200 ft. in its highest parts) in 
 S. ; hills 700-900 ft. high in W. ; flat elsewhere, sloping to the 
 Polyesiye marshes of Pinsk. Watered by Pripet, Styr, Goryii, 
 Sluch, and other minor rivers. Western Bug flows along its 
 boundary with Poland. One-third of area under forests. 
 Population chiefly Little Russian (80 per cent.) and partly White 
 Russian (about 30,000), Jewish (12 per cent.), and Polish (7 per 
 cent.), Germans (about 30,000). Surplus of cereals grown and 
 exported, as also wool. Large culture of beet for sugar-works, 
 and tobacco. Manufactures of sugar, woollen cloth, spirits, paper, 
 china, and metal wares. Active trade. Divided into twelve dists. : 
 Zhitomir (cap. of the govt.), Dubno, Kovel, Kremenets, Lutsk, 
 Novograd-Volhynskiy, Ostrog, Ovruch, Radzivilov, Rovno, 
 Staro-Konstantinov, and Zaslavl. Area, 27,743 sq. m. P. 
 (1884) 2,096,500 ; (1890) 2,407,800. 
 
 Volkermarkt, tn. , Austria, Carinthia, 16 m. E. by N. 
 Klagenfurt. P. < 2000. 
 
 Volkhov, riv., NW. Russia, issues from Lake Ilmeii, 3 m. 
 above Novgorod, flows NNE. 133 m., enters Lake Ladoga at 
 Novaya Ladoga ; has many rapids. Its upper part is connected 
 by means of Vishera and Siewers canals and upper Msta with 
 the Volga basin. 
 
 Volklliigen, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 36 m. S. by E. Treves, 
 circle and 6^ m. WNW. Saarbriick. P. 7000. 
 
 Volkmarsen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, govt. Kassel, 
 circle and 6 m. N. Wolfhagen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Volkonsky, isl. , Tuamotu group. See Takurea. 
 Volkovysk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 50 m. S. Grodno, 60 
 m. by rail E. Byelostok. P. 8100. 
 
 Volksrust, tp. , S. African Republic, close to the extreme N. 
 frontier of Natal, on the railway to Johannesburg. 
 
 VoUdorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 11 m. SSW. Min- 
 den. P. <2ooo. 
 
 VoUenliove, tn. , Holland, prov. Overijssel, on the E. ct. of 
 the Zuider Zee, 13 m. NW. by N. ZwoUe. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Volnay, vil., France, dep. Cote d' Or, 23 m. E. Autun, arr. 
 and 4 m. SW. by W. Beaune. P. <20oo. 
 
 Voloclilsk, tn. , Russia, govt. Volhynia, on Odessa-Lwow 
 Rly. ; custom-house on Austrian frontier. P. < 5000. 
 
 Volodarka, tn. , Russia, govt, and 68 m. SW. Kiev, on Ros 
 R. ; woollen cloth mills, distilleries. P. < 5000. 
 
 Vologda, govt. , NE. Russia, has Arkhangelsk and Yaroslavl 
 on N. , Tobolsk on E., Perm, Vyatka, and Kostroma on S., 
 Novgorod and Olonets on W. It occupies a wide area, stretch- 
 ing for 800 m. from Novgorod to the Urals, and covers the 
 broad depression through which the Sukhona flows from S W. , 
 and the Vychegda from the NE. , to make the N. Dvina ; while 
 a flat, marshy, and wooded swelling separates the above from the 
 drainage area of the Volga. In NE. covers the Urals (Hoste- 
 piar, 4955 ft. ; Tell-pos, 5540 ft. ) up to the main water-parting, 
 including wide marshy plateaux (partnas). The Timanskiy 
 Mts. rise in N. Watered by Vychegda, Sukhona, N. Dvina, 
 and their numerous large tribs. The Pechora flows in the E. , 
 and the Pinega, Mezefi, and Vaga rise in V. Climate severe, 
 average temps, being : at Vologda, yr. 36°, Jan. 11°, July 63.5° ; 
 at Ust-Sysolsk, yr. 32°, Jan. 5°, July 62°. Large forests. 
 Population consists of Great Russians (88 per cent.) and Zyryans 
 (12 per cent.). Cereals are cultivated everywhere. Felling of 
 timber, preparation of tar, pitch, and potash ; manufactures of 
 all sort of wooden ware carried on, also spinning and weaving as 
 domestic industries. A few iron-works. Salt raised. Export of 
 flax, linen, linseed, tar, pitch, timber, butter, and furs. Divided 
 into ten dists. : Vologda, Gryazovets, Kadnikov, Nikolsk, 
 Solvychegodsk, Totma, Ustyug Velikiy, Ust-Sysolsk, Velsk, 
 and Yarensk, all small towns. Verkhovazhsk is a centre for 
 trade. Area, 155,498 sq. m. P. (1861)960,850; (1890) 1,272,100. 
 Vologda, cap. of above govt. , in its SW. corner, 302 m. by 
 rail NE. Moscow via Yaroslavl, at the head of Sukhona ; old 
 colony of Novgorod, founded in the 12th century ; well provided 
 with educational institutions. Centre for trade in flax, linseed, 
 oats, hemp, butter, and eggs. Alt. 374 ft. Mean temp., yr. 
 38.0° F., Jan. 10.7°, July 66.6°. P. (1891) 17,800. 
 
 Volokolamsk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 72 m. WNW. 
 Moscow ; many cotton-mills in its district. P. <20oo. 
 
 Voloniie, vil., France, dep. Basses-Alpes, on the Durance, 
 50 m. NE. by N. Aix, arr. and 8 m. SE. by S. Sisteron. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Volos (volo), seapt. tn. , Greece, prov. Larissa, at the head of 
 the Gulf of Volos, 33 m. SE. by E. Larissa. Safe anchorage ; 
 vessels load and discharge by means of lighters ; 23-25 ft. of 
 water in port. P. (comm.) 11,000. 
 
 Volosca, tn. , Austria, Istria, 8 m. W. Flume, on the Gulf of 
 Fiume. P. < 2000. 
 
 Volovlca, Punta, cape, Montenegro, in the SW. , in 42° 5' 
 N. , at the mouth of the Bay of Antivari. 
 
 Volpedo, vil., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 18 m. E. Alessan- 
 dria. P. <2000. 
 
 Volpersdorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. Breslau, circle 
 and 3 m. E. Neurode. P. (comm.)<30oo. 
 
 Volplaiio, tn., Italy, Piedmont, prov. and 10 m. NNE, 
 Turin. P. < 5000. 
 
 Volsinii, city, Italy. See Orvleto. 
 
 Volsk, or Volzlisk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 90 m. NE, 
 Saratov, on r. bk. of the Volga ; rapidly grown of late. Flour- 
 mills, gardening for export. P. (i860) 23,500; (1891) 40,000. 
 
 Volta, Aswada, or Adlrrl, riv. , Africa, Guinea, rises in the 
 Kong Mts. , flows SE. and S. , separates Ashantee from Dahomey, 
 and enters the ocean at Adda, in 5° 45' N., 0° 40' E. Estimated 
 length, 360 m. 
 
 Voltagglo, tn. , Italy, Piedmont, prov. Alessandria, 10 m. 
 SSE. Novi Ligure ; has medicinal spring. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Volta Mantovana, vil. , Italy, Lombardy, prov, Mantua, 8 
 m. S. by W. Peschiera. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Volterra (Volaterres), tn. , Italy, Tuscany, prov. Pisa, 24 m. 
 WNW. Siena, cap. circle. It stands on a lofty rock 1630-1785 
 ft. above the sea, is enclosed by ancient Etruscan walls, and 
 has two ancient gates. Principal buildings, a citadel, divided 
 
 1677 
 
VOLT 
 
 V O SG 
 
 into two portions, one used as a prison, a cathedral, a Piarist 
 college, Camaldolese monastery, classical seminary, public 
 library, hospital, and orphan asylum. V. was one of the chief 
 cities of the Etruscans, and has valuable memorials of t'nat 
 people in its public museum. The alabaster manufactures em- 
 ploy many of the population. From its strong jxssition it was a 
 place of importance in the Middle Ages. Five miles S. Volterra 
 are the salt-works of Leopoldo, and brine springs, which furnish 
 the greater part of the salt used in Tuscany. Birthplace of the 
 Roman satirist Persius (34-62 A.D. ). P. 5400. 
 
 Yoltrl, maritime tn., Italy, Liguria, prov. and 8 m. W. by N. 
 Genoa. P. 6000. 
 
 Volturara Appnla, tn., Italy, Apulia, prov. and 25 m. W. 
 Foggia. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Voltnrara Irplna, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, 16 
 m. NE. by N. Salerno. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 VoltarJno, tn., Italy, prov. and 21 m. W. Foggia. P. 
 <:4000. 
 
 Voltarlno, Monte, mt., Italy, Basilicata, 16 m. S. Potenza. 
 Alt. 6020 ft. 
 
 Voltnrno, riv., Italy, in the W. , rises in the Apennines, 
 on the Monte Petroso, and flows SSE. then W. past Capua 
 into the Tyrrhenian Sea, which it enters just to the N. of 41° N. 
 L-ength, 115 m. ; area of basin, 2192 sq. m. ; mean discharge 
 2500 cubic ft. per second, highest 70,600 cubic ft. per second, 
 lowest HOC cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Volubilis, tn. , Africa. See Mnlai-edrls. 
 
 Tolaiitu'vrn, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, New London co. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Volasia, CO. , U.S. , Florida, in the E. , on the Atlantic, crossed 
 in the S. by 29° N. 
 
 Volvic, tn. , France, dep. Puy-de-D6me, arr. Riom, 7 m. 
 NNW. Clermont-Ferrand. P. < 3000. 
 
 Volzlisk, tn. , Russia. See Volsk. 
 
 Yomauo, riv., Italy, in the N. of Abruzzi e Molise, flows 
 from the N. side of the Gran Sasso d' Italia eastwards into the 
 Adriatic. 
 
 Vona, or CIiam-Barnu, cape, S. shore Black Sea, in 37° 
 50' E. , loi m. W. by N. Trebizond ; on the E. is the best 
 anchorage of the shore after Sinope. 
 
 Yondellng, vil., Cape Colony, dist. Clanwilliam, 55 m. 
 WSW. Calvinia. 
 
 Von^lie, vil., Belgium, prov. Namur, arr. Dinant, 25 m. 
 N. Sedan. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vonitsa, maritime tn. , Greece, prov. Acarnania and Aetolia, 
 in comni. Anaktorion, on the S. shore of the Gulf of Arta, 48 
 m. NW. by N. Mesolonggi. P. <:30oo; (comm. A.) 8800. 
 
 Voorburg, vil., Holland, prov. S. Holland, 3 m. ESE. The 
 Hague. P. <20oo. 
 
 Voord, Dutch, ' a shallow passage over a river.' See Ford. 
 
 Voorne, dist. , Holland, prov. S. Holland, between the Har- 
 ingvliet and the Maas, separated from Putten by the V. (ship) 
 Canal. See Mense. 
 
 Yoorsclioten, vil., Holland, prov. S, Holland, 3 m. SW. 
 Leiden. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Vopna FJorjlr, bay, NE. ct. Iceland, in 65° 45'-66° N. 
 
 Vorarlberg, county [grafschaft] in N W. of Tirol {q.v. ). 
 
 Vorbrnck, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, govt. Lower Alsace, 
 circle Molsheim. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Vorctodorf, tn. , Upper Austria, 22 m. W. Steyr. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vordate, the northernmost isL of the Timor-Laut group, in 
 the Malay Archipelago. 
 
 Viirde, viL, Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Schwelm, 8^ m. 
 EN E. Barmen ; manufactures iron and steel goods, wood 
 screws, vices, scythes, tools, &c. P. (comm.) 5700. 
 
 Vorden, vil., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 6 m. SE. by E. 
 Zutphen. P. (comm.)<3O0o. 
 
 Vowlernberg, tn. , Austria, Styria, 10 m. NW. by N. Leoben, 
 on the S. side of the Erzberg [Eisenerz] ; important blast- 
 furnaces. P. <4000. 
 
 Vorder-Owenete, suburb of Prague. See Owenetz, Vorder-. 
 
 Vordlngborg, tn. , Denmark, on the S. ct. of Seeland, prov. 
 Prasto, S3 m. SW. by S. Copenhagen. V. Bngt, a bay between 
 the islands of Seeland, Falster, and Laaland. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Vorey, ti). , France, dep. Haute-Loire, on the Loire, 29 m. SW. 
 by W. St. Etienne, arr. and 10 m. N. by E. Le Puy. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vorhalle, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, 
 circle and 4 m. NW. Hagen. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Yoringfos, cascade, S. Norway, formed by the Maabodalelv, 
 58 m. E. Bergen ; falls 470 ft. 
 
 Vorlan, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 11 m. NE. Haverford- 
 west. P. <250. 
 
 Yoroblerka, tn., Russia, govt. Voronezh, 50 m. SW. 
 Borisoglyebsk railway stn. P. 6000. 
 
 Yorona, riv. , Russia, govts. Penza and Tambov, r. bk. trib. 
 of Khoper. Length, 280 m. 
 
 Voronezh, govt. , S. Russia, has Tambov on N. , Saratov and 
 
 Don Cossacks on E. , Kharkov on S. , Kursk and Orel on W. ; 
 
 occupies S. slop)e of middle Russian plateau, 450-700 ft. high, 
 
 much trenched, in the border land between middle Russia and 
 
 1678 
 
 the steppe region. Soil very fertile ; forests scarce. Watered by 
 Don and its tribs. , Vorona and Voronezh (navigable). Population 
 on increase ; Little Russian in SW. , and Great Russian elsewhere ; 
 a few German colonies. Cereals grown extensively, and exported ; 
 beet, tobacco, and sunflower largely cultivated. Good breeds 
 of horses and cattle ; bee-keeping ; market-gardening. Manu- 
 factures on increase : woollen cloth, oil, sugar, spirits, tobacco. 
 Divided into twelve dists. : Voronezh, Biryuch, Bobrov, Bogu- 
 chary, Korotoyak, Nizhnedyevitsk, Novokhopersk, Ostrogozhsk, 
 Pavlovsk,Valuiki, Zadonsk, Zemlyansk. Buturlinovka(P.2i,70o), 
 Kalach (P. 13,000), and Vorontsovka are large villages. Area, 
 25.443 sq. m. P. (i860) 1,974,400; (1890) 2,755,400. 
 
 Voronezh, cap. of above govt. , on Voronezh R. , 365 m. by 
 rail S. of Moscow ; has a military school for cadets. Entrep>6t for 
 corn, flax, tallow, hides, sugar, and wood, and for coal from the 
 Don. Considerable railway traffic. Alt. 573 ft. Mean temp., 
 yr. 42.3° F. , Jan. 14.5°, July 69.0°; mean rfall. (21 yrs.), yr. 22 
 in. P. 56,400. 
 
 Voronok, tn. , Russia, govt, and 85 m. NE. Chernigov. P. 5700. 
 
 Vorontsovka, vil. , Russia, Transcaucasia, govt, and W. of 
 Tiflis, dist. Borzhom. P. < 5000. 
 
 Vorontsovka, vil., Russia, govt, and 90 m. SE. Voronezh, 
 NE. Pavlovsk ; tanneries; important fairs. P. 11,650. 
 
 Voros, Hungarian, 'red.' 
 
 ViirosvAr, comm., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, 
 dist. Pilis-felso. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Vorskla, riv., Russia, govts. Kursk, Kharkov, and Poltava, 
 1. bk. trib. of Dnieper, flows SSW. past Poltava, joins Dnieper 
 60 m. NW. Ekaterinoslav. Length, 270 m. 
 
 Vorsma, vil., Russia, govt, and 45 m. SW. Nizhniy Nov- 
 gorod; centre of manufacture of small steel goods. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Vorst, Teutonic, ' a wood.' See Forst. 
 
 Vorst, market-tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Kemp)en, 6i 
 m. WSW. Krefeld. P. < 5000. 
 
 Vortlgern's Valley (Nant Gwrtheyrn), deep, gloomy valley, 
 Wales, Carnarvonshire, between ' The Rivals ' and the sea. 
 
 Vosendorf, tn.. Lower Austria, dist. Modling. P. < 3000. 
 
 Vosges, dep., E. France, on frontier of Alsace-Lorraine, from 
 which it is separated by the V. Mts. ; formed in 1790, chiefly out 
 of the old prov. of Lorraine, with smaller parts ,of Franche- 
 Comt6 and Champagne; divided into five arrs. : Epinal (cap.), 
 Mirecourt, Neufchateau, Remiremont, and St. Di6. The dep. 
 comprises two distinct regions, the Mountain in the E. and the 
 Plain in the W. ; the former includes the western slopes of the 
 V. Mts. (q.v.), highest point in dep. Hohneck (1200 ft.) in SE. , 
 N. of which is the pass of Schlucht (3775 ft.), traversed by the 
 road from Epinal to Kolmar ; other passes are Bonhomme (31 15 
 ft.), on the route from St. Di^ to Kolmar, and Saales (1830 ft.), 
 on that to Strassburg. Of many secondary chains, one of the 
 principal is the Faucilles, which from the SE. trend NW. to the 
 pass of Girancourt (traversed by the Canal de I'Est), and then 
 SW. , the former section being known as the Great and the 
 latter as the Little Faucilles, highest points respectively 2640 ft. 
 and 1645 ft. The Plain includes, besides level tracts, a number 
 of low hills, including the Little Faucilles. Lowest point at 
 exit of Saone, 765 ft. The dep. is drained to the North Sea by 
 the Moselle and the Meuse, to the Mediterranean by the Saone, 
 and to the English Channel ; the Moselle traverses the dep. S. 
 to N. , draining nearly two-thirds ; principal tribs. , r. bk. , Mose- 
 lotte, Vologne, and (outside) Meurthe, with its affluent Mortagne, 
 and 1. bk. , Madon ; in the upjaer valley of the Moselle is the 
 reservoir of Bouzey ; the Meuse drains the W. , and the Saone, 
 with its trib.. Coney, the SW. As regards geological structure, 
 the older rocks predominate in the V. Mts. ; in the centre is 
 Trias, and in the W. Jurassic limestone. Forests cover more 
 than one-third of the surface. Climate subject to great ex- 
 tremes. Rainfall abundant ; greatest in the mountains. The 
 principal cereal is oats, then wheat ; the vine covers less than 
 I per cent, of the surface (Charmes, Gircourt, &c. ), but the 
 production per acre is considerably above the average ; plums 
 are extensively grown ; the wild cherry is abundant, and used 
 for the distillation of kirschwasser (Bains, Clerjus) ; cheese 
 made in considerable quantity (G^rardmer). Lignite (Gemme- 
 laincourt, St. Menge, &c.) and peat are the principal minerals ; 
 mineral springs are numerous (Plombieres, Vittel, Bains, Ike). 
 Textile manufactures are the most important — cotton (Remire- 
 mont, Fraize, Senones), bleaching and dyeing (Thaon). A 
 special and vefy important manufacture is that of embroidery 
 (Plombieres, Epinal, Bains, &c. ), lace (Mirecourt), linen (La 
 Bresse, &c. ). Saw-mills are numerous, and wooden articles are 
 largely produced. Metallurgical industries include forges and 
 bell-founding (Robicourt, Urville, &c.). Area, 2305 sq. m. P. 
 (1891) 410,200. See France, table. 
 
 Vosges, German Vogesen, Wasgau, or M'asgen, range of 
 mts. to the W. of the valley of the middle Rhine, stretching 
 (with its continuation the Haardt, the portion N. of the Queich 
 valley, and the line of valleys followed by the railway from 
 Landau to Zweibriicken ; highest summit, Kalmit, 2240 ft.) 145 
 m. from SSW. to NNE. , the valley of the Pfrimm, which 
 separates it from the Donnersberg, marking its northern ter- 
 
VOSK — VULC 
 
 mination ; the S. and higher part on the Franco-German frontier, 
 the northern part wholly in Germany ; geologically composed in 
 its higher portion largely of plutonic rocks, further N. of Permian 
 rocks, flanked on the W. by Triassic, on the R. by Jurassic 
 deposits. The eastern slopes are the steeper, in some places 
 abrupt. The summits have in many cases a rounded form, to 
 which the term da//on is applied in French, belchen in German 
 (Sulzer Belchen, 4670 ft., to the W. of Gebweiler ; Elsasser 
 Belchen, or Ballon d'Alsace, 4085 ft., at the SW. angle of the 
 Franco-German frontier). Pass roads, even across the higher 
 part of the chain, are numerous (Col du Bonhomme, 3565 ft., 
 connecting the valleys of the Weissbach and Meurthe on the 
 road from St. Di6 to Kolmar, &c. ) ; but there is no railway 
 across the mountains for a length of 75 ra. from the line of 
 valleys in the N. followed by the railway from Strassburg by 
 way of Zabern (Saverne) and the Marne and Rhine Canal to 
 the line of valleys in the extreme S., followed by the railway 
 from Miilhausen to Belfort and Vesoul. There are, however, 
 several railways ascending the valleys both on the French and 
 German side, one up the Breusch valley from Strassburg almost 
 reaching the frontier. There are several small lakes in these 
 mountains at high elevations, three between 3300 and 3500 ft. 
 above sea-level ; the largest, the Weisser See (white lake), about 
 44 acres. Minerals of economic value are rare, but there is a 
 small detached coalfield at St. Pilt, in Alsace. Forests, mainly 
 of conifers, cover the greater part of the mountains, but in the N. 
 of Alsace are confined to the W. slopes. 
 
 Voskresensk, tn. , Russia, govt, and 35 m. WNW. Moscow. 
 Novyl lerusallni, monastery founded by Patriarch Nikon, 
 close by. P. <;sooc. 
 
 Yuslan, tn. , Lower Austria, 12 m. N. by W. Wiener Neustadt, 
 3^ m. SSW. Baden ; health resort. P. <4000. 
 
 Yoss, or Vo88evaiigen, tn., Norway, diocese (stiff) and 41 
 m. ENE. Bergen, prov. (amt) Sondre-Bergenhuus ; terminus of 
 railway to Bergen. Tourist centre. P. (comm. ) 7400. 
 Vostau, tn., Turkish Armenia. See Vastaii. 
 Vostlzza (Vostltsa), Greece. See Aiglon. 
 Vostochiiyl (Eastern), cape, Russia, land of Chukchis, the 
 most eastern extremity of the continent of Asia, in Bering Strait, 
 66° 3' N. , 190° 34' E. 
 
 Votklnskly, or Kamsko-Votkinskly, crown iron- works, 
 Russia, govt, and 200 m. SE. Vyatka, 8 m. from Kama to the 
 N. of Sarapul. P. 21,000. 
 
 Votos, or Poas, volcano. Central America, Costa Rica, near 
 the middle of the isthmus. Alt. 8670 ft. 
 Yottem, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. I.i^ge. P. <4000. 
 Votyaks, Finnish stem of the Permian group, Russia, abori- 
 gines of Vyatka region, now on upper Kama and Vyatka. 
 P. about 220,000. 
 
 Tonga, riv., Portugal, Beira, flows W., and after traversing 
 the Aveiro lagoon enters the Atlantic in 40° 40' N. ; navigable 
 26 m. from its mouth. 
 
 Vongeot, vil., France, dep. Cote d'Or, arr. Beaune, 11 m. 
 SSW. Dijon. P. <2ooo. 
 
 VonlU^, tn., France, dep. Vienne, arr. and 13 m. WNW. 
 Poitiers. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Vonlte - snr - Rli6ne, la, tn., France, dep. Ardeche, arr. 
 Privas, on the r. bk. of the Rhone, 47 m. N. Orange, 12 m. 
 SW. by S. Valence. P. <3000. 
 
 Vonnenll-snr-Yleiine, tn., France, dep. Vienne, arr. Chatel- 
 lerault, on the Vienne, 13 m. NE. Poitiers. P. <2ooo. 
 
 YoAte-Chilliac, La, vil, France, dep. Haute -Loire, arr. 
 Brioude, on the AUier, 47 m. SSE. Clermont-Ferrand. P. <:20oo. 
 Yontr^, tn., France, dep. Mayenne, on the Erve, arr. and 
 23 m. E. by N. Laval. P. < 2000. 
 
 Vonvray, tn., France, dep. Indre-et- Loire, on the r. bk. of 
 the Loire, arr. and 6 m. E. by N. Tours. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Vonvry, vil, Switzd., cant. Valais, 7 m. S. Montreux, on the 
 1. bk. of the Rhone. P. < 2000. 
 
 Yonziers, tn., France, dep. Ardennes, cap. arr. V., on the 
 Aisne, 24 m. SW. by S. Sedan. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Voves, tn., France, dep. Eure-et-Loir, arr. and 14 m. SSE. 
 Chartres. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Vow, The, electoral div. , Ire., co. Antrim, dist. Dirraw. 
 Vowclinrch, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., on the 
 Dore, 10 m. W. by S. Hereford, on the Golden Valley Rly., 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Voyntsa, Vlossa, or Viosa, riv. , Turkey in Europe, in S. of 
 Albania (vilayet Yanina), flows NW. through a narrow valley 
 bordered everywhere by mountains, and enters the Adriatic at 
 the mouth of the Bay of Avlona. A little N. of its mouth is the 
 small port of Scala di Vojuzza (Italian spelling). 
 
 Voznesensk, gold-diggings, Russia, E. Siberia, prov. Yakutsk, 
 in the system of the Great Patom, r. bk. trib. of the Lena, 58° 
 45' N., 115° 20' E. , on S. slope of Kropotkin's Range, alt. 
 2600 ft. Meteorological station, where the moderating effects 
 of a warm W. current of air in upper strata is felt. Average 
 temp., yr. 22.0° F., Jan. -12.5°, July 62.0°. 
 
 Yoznesensk, tn. , Russia, govt, and 210 m. NW. Kherson, 
 on 1. bk. Bug ; well built ; large public gardens. P. 12,020. 
 
 Yoznesensk, tn. , Russia, govt, and 63 m. NNE. Vladimir, 
 on Uvod R. , near to Ivanovo railway station; cotton-mills, 
 chemical and dyeing works. P. 6000. 
 
 Voznesenskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, prov. 
 Kubaii, 60 m. SW. Stavropol. P. 11,000. 
 
 Voznesenskaya, Cossack vil. , Russian Governor-Generalship 
 of the Steppes, prov. AkmoUnsk, 166 m. SW. Omsk, 27 m. 
 SW. Petropavlovsk. P. < 5000. 
 
 Voznesenskoye, vil., Russia, govt. Olonets, at the issue of 
 the Svir from Lake Onega ; important river-port. 
 
 Vraca, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. V., 37 m. NNE. Sofia. P. 11,300. 
 Vracene, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. St. 
 Nicolas. P. < 5000. 
 VraoeS, tn. , Bulgaria, circle Vraca, 25 m. NE. Sofia. P. <3ooo. 
 Vrakhorl, tn. , Greece. See Agrlnlon. 
 Vraktaorl, Lake, Greece. See Trikhouls, Lake. 
 Vranja, tn. , in the S. of Servia, cap. prov. V. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Morava, 37 m. E. by S. Prishtina. Alt. 1503 ft. P. 9500. 
 Vrafogrnac, tn. , Servia, circle Crna-Rjeka, 27 m. W. Vidin 
 (Bulgaria). P. <3ooo. 
 
 Vrbas, riv., Bosnia, rising in a deep valley between Mounts 
 Radus and Zee, flows N. , with a slight curve W. , past Banjaluka, 
 and joins the Save at Svingar, in about 17^° E. Its bed is ob- 
 structed with rocks, and its course is impetuous ; not navigable. 
 Length, 106 m.; area of basin, 2187 sq. m. 
 
 Vrblca, tn. , Bulgaria, prov. and 23 m. SW. by S. Shumla 
 (Sumen). P. < 3000. 
 Yrcliiabi, tn. , Austria. See Holienelbe. 
 Vrcln, tn., NE. Servia, circle Danube or Podunavlje. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Vrede, tn. , Orange Free State, cap. div. V. , on N. frontier, 
 crossed by 29° E. , 220 m. by road N. Bloemfontein. P. <2ooo. 
 Vredefort, tn. , in NW. of Orange Free State, dist. Kroonstad, 
 20 m. from Heibron Road stn. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vredcnbnrg, vil. , Cape Colony, dist. Malmesbury. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Vredenburg ('peace town'), vil., on the coast of Dutch 
 Guiana, in 54° 30' W., 45 m. E. by N. Paramaribo. 
 
 Vreeswljk, vil., Holland, prov. Utrecht, on r. bk. of the Lek, 
 5 m. S. by W. Utrecht, at S. end of Merwede Canal. P. <20oo. 
 Vrf Pletrosa. See Pletrosa. 
 i^rh, Servian, 'mountain-peak.' 
 
 Vrhldhiiclialam, tn., India. See Vlrnddliilclialain. 
 Vries Island. See O'slilnia. 
 
 Vrtezenvcen, vil., Holland, prov. Overijssel, 18 m. NW, 
 Enschede. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vrlgne-anx-Bols, tn., France, dep. Ardennes, arr. and 5 m. 
 NW. Sedan ; has manufactures of ironmongery. P. <:3oco. 
 Vrijheld, tn. , South African Republic. Same as Vryheld. 
 Vron, PM.O. , Wales, Denbighshire, 2 m. from Rhosymedre. 
 Vrooinanton, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Ontario, 3 m. 
 from Sunderland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vrska ^nka (vrshka chuka), coal-mining vil., Servia, prov. 
 Crna-Rjeka, between the Timok and E. frontier, 28 m. WSW. 
 Vidin ( Bulgaria), connected by narrow-gauge railway, 53 m. long, 
 with the Danubian port of Radujevac ; coal of good quality, 
 anthracitic, containing very little sulphur; ash, 2.5 per cent.; 
 not far below the surface, one seam 50 ft. thick. 
 
 Vrtolom, vil., Turkey in Europe, prov. and 23 m. SSE. 
 Monastir. 
 
 Yrnln, Loch a, or Loch a Bhraoin, lake, Scot., Ross-shire, 
 9 m. NE. of head of Loch Maree, drained N. into Loch Broom. 
 Vrybnrg (vri'burg, 'free town'), tn., Africa, Brit. Bechuana- 
 land, cap. dist. V. , 124 N. Kimberley. Founded in 1882 by 
 Boers from the Transvaal. Wesleyan Missionary Society station. 
 Four forts, on neighbouring hills, protect its approaches. Since 
 i8gi, V. has been connected by rail with Kimberley. 
 
 Vryheld (vrai'haid, Dutch 'freedom'), tn., South African 
 Republic, cap. of V. dist. (in the SE. angle of the republic), about 
 130 m. NNE. Pietermaritzburg (Natal). P. < 2000. 
 Vsek, Ossetian, ' pass.' 
 
 Vuardeus, meteorological station, Switzd., Freiburg, near 
 Gruyere, in 46° 37' N. , 70° i' E. Alt. 2707 ft. Rfall. (17 yrs.), 
 51.10 in. 
 
 Vuchltrn, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. (sanjak) and 16 m. 
 NW. Prishtina. Alt. 1765 ft. 
 
 Vnchnlk, vil. , Turkey in Europe, prov. (sanjak) and 10 m. 
 WNW. Novibazar. 
 
 Ynelta de Arriba (' upper dist.'), Vnelta de Abajo (' lower 
 dist.'), two dists. in W. of Cuba {q.v.). 
 
 Vnght, vil. , Holland, prov. N. Brabant, on the Dommel, 2 m. 
 S. by W. Bois-le-Duc. P. (comm. ) 6000. 
 
 Tulteboenf, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Vaud, 4 m. W. Grandson. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Vnkovikr, tn., Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, on the Danube, 20 
 m. SE. Eszek. P. 9500. 
 
 Vulcanice Insula. See Llparl Islands. 
 Vnlcano, one of the Lipari Is. , Italy, separated from Lipari 
 I. on the N. by the narrow strait called Bocche dl Vulcano. 
 The last eruption took place in August 1888. Alt. 1635 ft. 
 
 3679 
 
VULK — WACH 
 
 Vnlkau Pass, pass across the Transylvanian Alps, on the 
 borders of Hungary and Rouniania, in 23° 15' E. Alt. 5325 ft. 
 
 Vnltare, Monte, e.xtinct volcano, in the N. of the Basili- 
 cata, S. Italy, whose dark cone, rising above the towns of Melfi 
 and Rionero, is conspicuous for a great distance round, Alt. 
 4630 ft. 
 
 Vain, vil. , E. Africa, in about 9° 48' N. , 39° 3' E. 
 
 Vnng-shwa, Ynng-ki«-la, or Bnng-kwla, cape, N. of 
 Annam, in 17° 55' N. 
 
 Vuon, or Vuodna, Lapp word meaning 'fjord.' 
 
 Vurkarla, marshy lake, Greece, Acarnania, about 5 m. S. of 
 the mouth of the Gulf of Arta ; flows W. by a channel into 
 Leucas Strait. 
 
 Vnrla, tn., Asia Minor, vilayet, sanjak, and 21 m. WSW. 
 Smyrna, 3 m. S. of its roadstead on the Gulf of Smyrna, on the 
 edge of a hilly plateau, now a vineyard. P. 4500 ; Moham. 
 3200 ; Orthodox Greeks, 1000. 
 
 Vyatka, govt., NE. Russia, has Vologda in N. , Perm in E. , 
 Ufa and Kazan in S., Nizhniy Novgorod and Kostroma in W. 
 Surface an undulating plateau, with low hills, the highest of 
 which attain 1400 ft. , in dist. Nolinsk. Watered by Vyatka R., 
 r. bk. trib. of Kama, and its tribs. , Cheptsa, Maloma, Kilmes, 
 and several others, navigable; the upper Kama in NE., and 
 lower Kama on SE. border. A considerable traffic is carried on 
 on both. Soil very fertile in parts. Iron ore found. Forests 
 cover three-fourths of area. Population Great Russians, Votyaks 
 (about 220,000), Cheremisses (about 120,000), Tatars (about 
 100,000), and some Bashkirs and Permians. Cereals, chiefly 
 rye and oats, exported ; culture of flax. Good breeds of ponies ; 
 extensive cattle-breeding ; ponies exported ; bee culture. Popu- 
 lation largely occupied in felling timber and fabricating all sorts 
 of wooden goods for exportation. Weaving of linen widely 
 spread as home industries. Mining (Votkinsk, Izhevsk iron- 
 works) and industries on increase ; flour-mills, cotton and paper 
 mills, chemical works. Education well attended to. Con- 
 siderable trade in rye, flax, linseed, hides, tallow, honey, linen, 
 exported. Divided into eleven dists. : Vyatka, Elabuga, Glazov, 
 Kotelnich, Malmyzh, Nolinsk, Orlov, Sarapul, Slobodsk, 
 Urzhum, and Yaransk. Area, 59,117 sq. m. P. (i860) 2,170,220 ; 
 (1890) 3,020,700. 
 
 Vyatka, cap. of above govt., 653 m. NE. of Moscow, on 
 high 1. bk. of Vyatka R. ; old colony of Novgorod (Khlynov), 
 founded in 12th century ; tanneries, distilleries, candle-works ; 
 considerable trade in corn, linen, and animal produce, exported 
 to Archangel and Moscow. Alt. 580 ft. Mean temp., yr. 
 34.4° F. , Jan. 5.3°, July 65.0°. P. 26,000. 
 
 Vyazma, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 89 m. by rail ENE. 
 Smolensk, 152 m. from Moscow, on Vyazma R., junction of 
 railways to Moscow, Ostashkov (on Moscow and St. Petersburg 
 Rly.), and Tula; entrepot for grain, linseed, hempseed, hides, 
 &c. , sent to Riga and St. Petersburg. P. 16,700. 
 
 Vyaznlkl, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and jj m. by rail ENE. 
 Vladimir, on Klyazma R. ; linen mills, dyeing works; gardening; 
 trade in linen, linseed, hempseed, and corn. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Vychegda, riv. , N. Russia, govt. Vologda, r. bk. trib. of N. 
 
 Dvina, rises on boundary of Perm, flows NW. and SW. 640 
 m. , joins Dvina 60 m. below the junction of Sukhona and Yug. 
 
 Vyernyl (formerly Alniaty, and when vil. Vernoye), tn., 
 Russian Turkistan, cap. of prov. Semiryechensk, 46 m. S. of 
 Hi R. , at the N. foot of Trans-Ili Alatau, at the issue of 
 Almaty R. from the mountains, 43° 16' N. , 78° 59' E. , 673 m. 
 SW. Semipalatinsk ; founded in 1855 amidst a very fertile 
 region ; often suffers from earthquakes. Alt. 2440 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 46.6° F. , Jan. 13.4°, July 75.6°. P. (1890) 22,300. 
 
 Vyetka, tn., Russia, govt, and 100 m. SSE. Moghilev, on 
 1. bk. Sozh ; seat of Nonconformists in 17th century ; all sent 
 to Siberia in 1764, but still a Nonconformist centre. P. 6000. 
 
 Vyg, lake, N. Russia, govt. Olonets, 410 sq. m., receives the 
 Upper Vyg R., has its outflow to White Sea by Lower Vyg. 
 
 Vyksnuskly, Upper, Middle, and Lower, three iron-works, 
 Russia, govt, and 95 m. SW. Nizhniy Novgorod. Aggregate 
 P. 6000. 
 
 Vylla, vil, Greece, prov. Boeotia and Attica, 25 m. NW. by 
 W. Athens. P. <20oo. 
 
 Vyoslienskaya, vil. , Russia See Veshen.skaya. 
 
 Vypin, isl., India, Madras, Cochin state, in 9° 59' N. , 76° 18' 
 E. , formed by deposits of silt ; in the N. is the fort of Ayakotta. 
 The S. extremity belongs to the British. 
 
 Vyrnwy, riv. , Wales, rises in the NW. of Montgomeryshire, 
 flows SE. then NE. through that county, and joins the Severn 
 on^ the W. border of Shropshire. The artificial Lake Vyrnwy, 
 the chief reservoir of the new Liverpool water- works, is near its 
 source, 8 m. W. Llanfyllin. See Liverpool, Hlrnant, and 
 Llanwddyn. 
 
 Vyrnwy Lake, or Llanwddyu, P.O., Wales, 12 m. from 
 Llanfyllin, Montgomeryshire. 
 
 Vyshgoroil, vil., Russia, govt, and 9 m. N. Kiev, on high 
 r. bk. of Dnieper ; very old town, which seems to have existed 
 in sth century. 
 
 Vyshnevolotskaya Slstema, one of the three systems of 
 rivers and canals connecting Volga with Neva ; begins with 
 Tvertsa R. , which joins Volga near Tver, and is connected by 
 Vyshnevolotskiy Canal with Tsna, trib. of Msta ; this last is 
 connected by Visherskiy and Siewers canals with Volkhov to 
 avoid Lake Ilmen, and the Volkhov is connected by canals with 
 Neva to avoid Lake Ladoga. Total length of the system, 
 534 ra. Immense traffic along it, considerable amounts of 
 grain, flour, linseed, hemp, spirits, and metallic goods being 
 added to the goods sent from the Volga to St. Petersburg. 
 
 Vyshnly Volochok, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 81 m. NW. 
 Tver, near to Vyshniy Volochok railway station of Moscow-St. 
 Petersburg Rly. , on Vyshniy canal ; cotton and flour mills, iron- 
 works ; considerable trade. P. 16,050. 
 
 Vyskov, tn. , Austria. See Wlschan. 
 
 Vysoke, tn. , Bohemia. See Hoflistadt. 
 
 Vytegra, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Olonets, 257 m. SE. Petro- 
 zavodsk, on Vytegra R., a trib. of Lake Onega, which enters 
 into the Mariinsk system of canals and rivers ; trade in corn, 
 timber, and fuel-wood. Mean temp., yr. 36.5° F. , Jan. 12.0°, 
 July 62. 8°. P. < 5000. 
 
 ^W 
 
 Wa-, Bantu prefix, ' people. ' In many central African names of 
 dists. beginning with U the U is replaced by Wa- in the names 
 of the people of the dist., as in Wanyoro, Waganda, Wasoga. 
 
 Wai, or >Va-8han, remarkable mt. , China, Siichwan, N. of 
 the Tatu-ho or Tung-ho, about 50 m. W. by S. Kiating-fu, in 
 29° 22' N., 103° 14' E. ; in horizontal section it is almost a 
 square, and all four sides are very slightly out of the perpen- 
 dicular for a height of about 2500 ft. , and it is surmounted by a 
 series of twelve or fourteen quadrangular precipitous blocks set 
 one on the top of the other, each about 200 ft. high. See the 
 description in R. G. S. Supp. Papers, vol. i. , part i, p. 38. 
 
 Wa, vil., W. Africa, to the E. of the Black or West Volta, in 
 about 9° 38' N. , 2° 6' W. 
 
 Waadt, German name for Swiss cant. Vand (q.v.), 
 
 Waag, in Hungarian spelling V<lg, riv. , in NW. of Hungary, 
 rises by two headwaters near the sources of the Poprdd, and 
 flows first W. through the broad valley between the Tatra 
 and the Nifna Tatra ranges, then W. through defiles across the 
 parallel Fatra ranges, finally SW. and S. between the Car- 
 pathians proper and the Beskids and Little Carpathians, joining 
 the Danube at Komorn. 
 
 Waag-Xenstadtl, comm., Hungary. See VAg-UJhely. 
 
 Waal, riv. , Netherlands. See Rhine. 
 
 WaalwIJk, vil., Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant, 10 m. W. 
 Bois-le-Duc. P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Waarde, comm. , Holland, S. Beveland, on the W. Scheldt, 
 prov. Zeeland, 18 m. NW. Antwerp. P. <20oo. 
 1680 
 
 Watmsh, co., U.S., Illinois, on E. fi-ontier, between 38° and 
 39° N. 
 
 Wabash, city, U.S., Indiana, cap. Wabash co. , on r. bk. of 
 Wabash R., 72 m. N. by E. Indianapolis ; building-stone found 
 near. P. 5100. 
 
 Wabash, riv., U.S., Ohio, principal trib. from the N. of the 
 Ohio R. , navigable for steamers to Lafayette, near which the canal 
 commences connecting it with Lake Erie. Length about 600 m. 
 
 Wabasha, city, U.S., Minnesota, cap. Wabash co., on the 
 r. bk. of the Mississippi, 60 m. SE. St. Paul. P. <3000. 
 
 Wabannsee, co. , U.S., Kansas, partly bounded on the N. 
 by the Kansas R., and on the E. by 96° W. 
 
 Wal>erthwalte, par., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., on 
 the left siiore of the estuary of the Esk, 17 m. SE. by S. White- 
 haven, I m. NE. Eskmeals stn. , P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Wablgoon, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 1 196 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Wabonl, tribe, E. Africa, scattered about in the dist. traversed 
 by the lower course of the Tana, now living amongst the Massai, 
 Wakwafi, Somali, and Galla tribes. 
 
 Waccama'w, riv., U.S., N. and S. Carolina, joins the estuary 
 of the Great Pedee, opposite Georgetown, 10 m. from the 
 Atlantic after a S. course of 100 m. 
 
 Waccassassee Bay, U.S., Florida, on Gulf of Mexico, just 
 N. of 29° N. 
 
 Wachenhelm, tn. , Ger. , Rhine Palatinate, circle Neustadt, 
 13 m. WSW. Mannheim. P. <3000. 
 
WACH — WAGR 
 
 , WacUtebekc, comm. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. i 
 Ghent. P. 5000. 
 
 Wacliteiulonk, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Geldern, 10 
 m. WNW. Krefeld. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Wiii-hterstoach, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle 
 Gelnhausen, on the Kinzig, 29 m. ENE. Frankfurt. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wachtl, tn. , Austria, Mora%'ia, dist. Konitz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Wackerfleld, par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 6 
 m. SW. Bishop Auckland, 2 m. S. Evenwood stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Waco, city, U.S., Texas, McLennan co. , on the r. bk. of the 
 Brazos R. , 96 m. NNE. Austin, with university. Prosperous 
 manufactures ; the commercial centre of a rich country. P. 
 (1880) 7300; {1890) 14,400. 
 
 Wactoii, par., Eng.,. Herefordshire, div. and 8 m. E. by 
 S. Leominster, 3 m. WNW. Bromyard stn. P. <25o. See 
 Ki^denbnry. 
 
 Wacton, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 11 J m. SSW. Norwich, 
 
 I m. S. Forncett stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wadal, Moham. state, central Sudan, E. of Lake Chad, 
 between 8° 2o'-i8° 20' N. and i6°-22° E., bounded W. by 
 Bagirmi, Lake Chad, and Kanem, touching Darfur on the E. ; 
 fairly fertile ; many parts badly supplied with water, especially 
 in the N. Proportionally Arabs are more numerous here than 
 in other parts of the Sudan outside the Nile basin, but the 
 dominant race is a Negro tribe known as the Mabas. Cap. 
 Abeshr, or Abeshe ; former cap. , now in ruins, Wara. 
 
 Wadali, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, Gujarat, 12 m. N. Idar. 
 P. (1881) 5500. 
 
 Wadan, oasis, W. Sahara, on the E. frontier of Adrar. 
 
 Wadaiionilsakl, cape, Japan, S. ct. of Honshiu L, in the 
 Inner Sea, on W. ct. of Ozaka Bay ; has a lighthouse. 
 
 Wadblster, vil., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, Tingwall 
 par., on W. Voe, 5^ m. NNW. Lerwick. 
 
 Wadborongh, stn. , Eng. , Worcestershire, on the M. R. , 4^ 
 m. SE. Worcester. 
 
 Wa«Idegdon, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 5^ m. 
 WNW. Aylesbury, i m. SE. of its stn. on the Oxford and 
 Aylesbury Rly. , PMT.O. ; 5003 ac. P. < 2000; eccles. par. 
 (Wad«Iesdoii -with Westcott) P. <20oo. 
 
 Waddliigham, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 
 
 II m. ENE. Gainsborough, 4 m. SE. by E. Kirton Lindsey 
 stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Waddington, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 
 4^ m. S. Lincoln, i m. SE. of its stn. on the G. N. R., P.O. 
 Pt<7So. 
 
 Waddlngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton 
 div. , in Ribblesdale, 10 m. N W. Burnley, i^ m. NW. Clitheroe 
 stn., PMT.O. P.<750. 
 
 Waddlugtoii, vil., U.S,, New York, St. Lawrence co. , on the 
 St. Lawrence R. , 100 m. WNW. Burlington (Vt.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Waddingwortlt, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 
 13J m. SW. Louth, 5 m. W. by N. Horncastle, 4 m. NE. 
 Southrey stn. P. < 250. See Gaatby. 
 
 Wafldoii, suburb of Croydon, Eng,, Surrey, in the W. of the 
 pari, bor., on the L. B. & S. C. R. 
 
 Waddy Rocks, rocks on the E. ct. of Berwickshire, Scot. , in 
 55° 54§' N- 
 
 Wade, tp. , New Zealand, North I., Waitemata co. , i8 m. N. 
 Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wade, vil., U.S., Ohio, Washington co., on r. bk. of the 
 Ohio, 50 m. SW. by S. Wheeling. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wadebrldge, seapt. vil., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., 
 at the head of the estuary of the riv. Camel, here crossed by a 
 bridge of seventeen arches, originally built in 1485, 5^ m. NW. 
 Bodmin, on a branch of the G. W. R. In the vicinity is a 
 group of nine ancient stones called ' The Sisters.' PMT.O. 
 
 Wadeford, P.O., Eng. See Wadford. 
 
 Wadeg&oii, tn. , Brit. India. See Waulgsiou. 
 
 Wadelal, vil. , eastern Sudan, on 1. bk. of the upper Nile, 
 about 45 m. below its issue from Lake Albert Nyanza. Here 
 Emin Pasha maintained himself, and administered the equa- 
 torial prov. of the former Egyptian Sudan terrs. from the out- 
 break of the Mahdist rebellion till his relief by Stanley in 1889. 
 
 Wadeua, vil., U.S., Minnesota, cap. Wadena co. , 136 m. 
 NW. Minneapolis, and 48 m. E. by N. Fergus Falls. Alt. 1351 
 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Wadenlioe, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, on the 
 Nen, 13 m. NE. Wellingborough, 3^ m. SW. by S. Oundle, li 
 m. NNW. Thorpe stn., PMT.O. P.<2So. 
 
 Wadeiiswil, vil., Switzd. , cant. Zurich, 8 m. NE. by E. 
 Zug, on the S. side of the Lake of Zurich. P. (comm.) 6400. 
 
 Wadersloh, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Beckum, 
 37 m. ENE. Dortmund, 6 m. NW. by N. Lippstadt. P. 
 (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Wadesboro, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, Anson co. , 95 m. SW. 
 by W. Raleigh. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wade's Mill, P.O., Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and 3^ m. NE. 
 by N. Hertford, on the Rib, 2 m. N. Ware. 
 
 Wadford, hamlet, Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 10 m. 
 SSE. Taunton, 2 m. NW. Chard stn., P.O. (Wadeford). 
 1681 
 
 Wadgiioii, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 23 m. NW. 
 Poona ; scene of the convention of Wadgaon, 1778-79. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Wadgiion (Wadegiion, census), tn., Brit. India, Berar, dist. 
 and II m. SW. Akola. P. 5900; Hindus, 5400. 
 
 Wadliam Islands, a group of small isls., Newfoundland, off 
 the N. ct. , just to the E. of 54° W. 
 
 Wadhnrst, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 5^ m. SE. by S. 
 Tunbridge Wells, on the SE. R. (mainline), PMT.O. Market- 
 day, Tu. 10,21330.. P. <35oo. 
 
 Wadhwiln, fdhified tn. , India, Gujardt, 60 m. WSW. 
 .Ahmadabad ; noted for saddles and horse-furniture, and manu- 
 factures of soap. P. (1881) 16,900; (1891)24,600. 
 
 VVadi, Arabic, riv. , frequently a watercourse that is periodi- 
 cally dry. 
 
 Wadl, tn., India, Haidardbad, 77 m. E. by N. Bijdpur, at 
 the junction of the Nizam's Rly. with the SE. line of the Great 
 Indian Penin. Rly. 
 
 Wadl-el-Hesl, watercourse, Palestine, the Zared or Zered 
 valley of the O. T. , having its mouth at the S. end of the Dead 
 Sea, in 31° 5' N., 35° 28' E. 
 
 Wadi-el-Kus, riv., Morocco. See Lnkkos. 
 Wadl-eii-Nar, the Brook Kidron of the O. T. , Cedron of the 
 N. T. , watercourse, Palestine, having its mouth on the Dead 
 Sea, in 31° 42' N., 35° 26^' E. The upper part of its valley 
 forms a narrow dell between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives 
 (Jebel-et-Tor). 
 
 Wadi-es-8nnt, the valley of Elah of the O. T., Palestine, 
 31° 42' N., 34° 55' E. , 16 m. WSW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Wadl Haifa (' valley or wadi of grass'), tn., Upper Egypt, 
 on r. bk. of the Nile, i m. below the second cataract, in 21" 
 54' N. , now the S. limit of Egypt. 
 
 Wadi Musa, the ancient Petra {q.v.), Arabia. 
 Wadnagar, tn. , India, Gujardt, 50 m, N. Ahmadabad. P. 
 (1881) 15,400. 
 
 Wadoe, dist. , Ger. E. Africa, on the coast opposite Zanzibar. 
 Wadowice, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 24 m. WSW. 
 Cracow. P. 5400. 
 
 Wadsley with Wadsley Bridge, eccles. par. , Eng. , York- 
 shire, W. Riding, Hallamshire div. , 3^ m. NW. by W. Sheffield, 
 I m. WSW. Wadsley Bridge stn. (M. S. & L. R.) ; has steel- 
 rolling, and manufactures of cutlery and tools. P.O., and 
 PM.O. (Wadsley Bridge). P. 10,400. 
 Wadsteiia, tn. , Sweden. See Yadstena. 
 Wadswortli, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, partly in 
 Hebden Bridgetown, PM.O.; 11,22430. P. 5300. 
 
 Wadsivortli, vil., U.S., Nevada, Washoe co., 40 m. NE. 
 Carson City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wadswortli, vil., U.S., Ohio, Medina co., 34 m. S. Cleve- 
 land; has a Mennonite college. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wailworth, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 4 
 m. S. Doncaster, 3 m. W. by S. Rossington stn., P.O. P. <:750. 
 Waeii Atou, stn., Eng., Monmouthshire, W. div., on the 
 L. & N W. and Rhymney Rly. , 6^ m. NW. by N, Pontypool. 
 
 Waeii-fawr, vil., Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion div., on the 
 N. Wales Narrow Gauge Rly., 4 m. SE. Carnarvon, PMT.O. 
 See Bettws Garniou. 
 
 Waereglieni, comm., Belgium, prov, W. Flanders, arr. and 
 8 m. NE. by E. Courtrai. P. 7600. 
 
 Waerschoot, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. and 8 
 m. NW. Ghent. P. 5200. 
 
 Waesmniister, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr, and 
 6 m. N. Dendermonde. P. 5600. 
 
 Wagadugn, tn. , W. Sudan, cap. of Mossi or Mushi, in 
 about 11° 10' N., 2° 40' W. 
 
 Waga'waga, native name of Discovery Bay, Brit. New Guinea. 
 
 Wa-gay-ma, vil., Brit. India, Lower Burma, dist. Thon-gwa, 
 
 on Wa-gay-ma R. P. < 5000. ' 
 
 Wagenfeld, vil., Prussia, prov, Hanover, circle Diepholz, 23 
 m. NW. by N. Minden. P. <4000. 
 
 Wagenliigeii, tn. , Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the lower 
 Rhine, 11 m. W. Arnhem. P. (comm.) 7700. 
 
 Wagga Wagga, tn.. New South Wales, Wynyard co. , on the 
 1. bk. of the Murrumbidgee, 70 m. NNE. Albany ; important 
 centre ; has an agricultural show-ground and a racecourse. 
 The railway crosses the low-lying lands near the Murrumbidgee 
 by embankments and viaducts ; the main stream is spanned 
 by a bridge of 636 ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Waghadngn, vil., W. Africa, in the Mossi country, in about 
 12° 15' N., 1° 7' W. Alt. 760 ft. (Binger). 
 
 Wagner, co. , U.S., S. Dakota, on the N. frontier, bounded 
 on the E. by 102° W. 
 
 Wagonga, post-tn. , New South Wales, Dampier co., 105 m. 
 S. by E. Goulburn, on a bay at mouth of Wagonga R. , in 
 gold-mining and dairying dist. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wagon Wheel Gap, vil., U.S., Colorado, Rio Grande co. ; 
 has hot and cold sulphur springs. P. < 1500. 
 
 WAgra, vil., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 15 m. NW. 
 Broach. P. -tsooo. ■ 
 Wagrani, comm., Lower Austria, dist. Kornneuburg, 10 m. 
 
 50" 
 
W A H A — W A I P 
 
 NE. Vienna ; famous victory of Napoleon over the Austrians, 
 5th and 6th July 1809. 
 
 Waha'bls, or ^Valiabltes, powerful Mohammedan sect, still 
 ruling part of central Arabia (Nejd). Their doctrine is a 
 return to primitive traditions and the re-establishment of theo- 
 cratic authority ; in Africa there is a formidable extension under 
 the form of Senussism. In Persia a similar movement was the 
 cause of the religious revolution of Bab in the middle of the 19th 
 century. 
 
 Wahgnnyab, tp., Victoria, Bogong co. , on MuiTay R. , 30 
 m. W. by N. Albury ; terminus of the line from Springs. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Walildls, tribe, in the S. of Arabia, extending from the coast 
 to about 15° N. , between about 47° and 48° E. {Jour. R. G. S., 
 1871, p. 229). 
 
 Wahklakam, co. , U.S. , Washington, between 123° and 124° 
 W. , bounded on the S. by Columbia R. 
 
 Walilen, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 11 J m. NNE. 
 Zwickau, on the Zwickauer Mulde. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Wahlen, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., govt. Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 circle and 4 m. SSE. Schleiden. P. (comm.)<3C)Oo. 
 
 WalilersUanseu, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, govt., 
 circle, and 3 m. W. Kassel. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wahlscheid, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Sieg, 13 m. E. 
 by S. Cologne. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Wahlstatt, vil., Prussia, circle and dist. Liegnitz ; has a 
 military school in the former Benedictine monastery founded by 
 Duchess Hedwig in honour of her husband Henry the Pious 
 (H.), who was killed here in a battle with the Mongols, April 9, 
 1241. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Wahn, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Mtilheim, 7 m. SE. 
 Cologne. P. (comm. ) < 5000. 
 
 Watanapltae, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 431 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Wah6ko, small tribe, central Africa, to the W. of the Sem- 
 iiki, and S. of Lake Albert Nyanza. 
 
 Wahoo, vil., U.S., Nebraska, cap. Saunders co. , 39 m. NE. 
 Lincoln by rail. P. <300o. 
 
 >Vahpetoii, city, U.S., N. Dakota, Richland co., 43 m. S. 
 by E. Fargo. P. < 2000. 
 
 fViilirlug, a suburb of Vienna (^.v.). 
 
 lYalirlitg, post-tn. , Victoria, Moira co. , in 36° 2' S. , 146° 26' 
 E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wahsatch, U.S. See Wasatch. 
 
 Wahu'nia, central African tribe, with physical characteristics 
 similar to those of the Somalis and Gallas : high foreheads, 
 sharp-cut features, often large and aquiline noses, light-coloured 
 skins, soft wavy hair, and very sinewy frames. They are said 
 to have immigrated from the N. into Unyoro and Uganda, in 
 both of which the reigning families are largely of Wahuma 
 stock, while considerable numbers of the tribe are scattered 
 through the country. 
 
 WAl, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. S4tara, 39 m. S. Poona ; 
 a commercial centre and one of the most sacred places on the 
 Kistna R. P. 12,400 ; Hindus, 11,400. 
 
 Wal, or Val, isl. , off N. extremity of Sumatra, separated by 
 Malacca Passage. 
 
 Wala Island, isl., S. of Yasawa group, Fiji Is., in 17° 18' S., 
 177° 8' E. 
 
 Waianlwa, post-tn., New Zealand, South I., Southland co., 
 12 m. from Invercargill by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Walapu, CO., New Zealand, E. ct. of North I., crossed 
 by 38° S. 
 
 Wal-Apn, New Zealand. See East Cape. 
 Walau, riv.. New Zealand, South I., prov. Otago, flowing 
 from the S. of Lake Te Anau into Lake Manipuri, receives the 
 Mararoa, flows SSW. into Tewaewae Bay to the W. of Foveaux 
 •Strait. Length, 134 m. 
 
 Walatfi, postal-tp. , New Zealand, South I. , Amuri co. , 60 m. 
 NNE. Christchurch. P. -cisoo. 
 
 Wal1>en, native name of Thursday 1. , Queensland. 
 Walbllngen, tn. , Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, Neckar circle, 
 7 m. NE. by E. Stuttgart ; has manufactures of silk goods, 
 embroidery, and pottery; and brick-kilns. The adherents of 
 the Hohenstaufen emperors received from this town the name 
 Waiblinger (Ghibbelines). P. < 5000. 
 
 Walbstadt, urban comm., Ger., Baden, circle and 12 m. SE. 
 by E. Heidelberg. P. <:3000. 
 Wal-clion, isl. See Wel-chou. 
 
 Waldhofeu an der Ttaaya, tn., Lower Austria, 58 m. NE. 
 by E. Linz. P. <300o. 
 
 >Valdhofen an der Ybbs, tn. and summer resort. Lower 
 Austria, 16 m. ESE. Steyr, with important iron industries. 
 P. <4000. 
 Walganune, isl. , Melanesia. See Misool. 
 Walgoe, isls. See Valgen. 
 
 Walltekl, isl., New Zealand, crossed by 175° 10' E., in 
 Hauraki Gulf. 
 
 Waihemo, co., New Zealand, South I., E. ct. , crossed by 
 45° 20' S. 
 
 1682 
 
 , Wallil, post-tn., New Zealand, South I., Geraldine co., 28 m. 
 N. by W. Timaru. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Waihl, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., Piako co. , 32 m. 
 from Thames ; with very productive gold-mine. P. <i5oo. 
 Walbo, riv. , New Zealand. See Thames Kiver. 
 Walhola, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Bruce co., 20 m. 
 SW. by W. Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 >Vaihn, isl. See Easter Island. 
 Walkala, New Zealand. See Swltzers. 
 Walkarl, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Ashley co., 40 m. 
 N. Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Walkato, principal riv. , New Zealand, North I. , rises S. of 
 and drains Lake Taupo, flows N. by W. and W. to the Pacific 
 ocean at Waikato Harbour on the W. ct. , in about 37° 45' S. 
 Length, 140 m. 
 
 Walkato, CO., New Zealand, North I., crossed by 37° 30' S. , 
 175° 20' E. 
 Walkato, post-tn. , New Zealand. See Port Walkato. 
 Waiklug-fn, tn. , China. See H^alklng-f a. 
 Walkolkol, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Clutha co., 
 96 m. from Dunedin by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Walkoualtl, seapt.. New Zealand, South I., Waikouaiti co. , 
 on the E. ct. , 15 m. NNE. Dunedin, on S. of Waikouaiti Har- 
 bour, which is available only for small craft ; anchorage in bay 
 for larger vessels. Lighthouse. It forms a borough, the official 
 name of which is Hawkesbury. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Wallangllala, isl. and reef, Fiji Is. , in 16° 42'-48' S. , 179° 8' W. 
 
 Walla, stn. , New Caledonia. See Ilnallu. 
 
 Walniakarlrl, riv.. New Zealand, South I., formed of two 
 
 branches — the right, the longest (the Courtenay), the other (the 
 
 Esk) — turns S. then SE. and enters the Pacific about 12 m. N. 
 
 Lyttelton, after a course of more than no m. Navigable for 
 
 small vessels only to Kaiapoi, a short distance above its mouth. 
 
 Walmangaroa, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., BuUer co. , 
 
 II m. from Westport by road and rail. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Walmauolo, western headland of the bight of Honolulu, 
 Oahu, Sandwich Is. 
 
 Walmate, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Waimate co. , 
 20 m. N. by E. Oamaru. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Walniea, co. , New Zealand, South 1., bounded on the N. 
 by Tasman Bay, and crossed by 173° E. 
 
 WalnM, or Wynaad, a tableland of the Western Ghdts, 
 Brit. India, Madras Presidency, Malabar and Nflgiris dists. , 
 about 60 m. by 30 m. , crossed by 11 1° N., 76° E. ; noted for its 
 gold-mines and coffee plantations. 
 
 WalnHeet, stn. , Canada, Ontario, Welland co. , 29 m. W. 
 by N. Buffalo. 
 
 Walnfleet, probably the ancient Vainona, market-tn., Eng. , 
 Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 15 m. NE. by E. Boston, on 
 the riv. Steeping (Tennyson's 'Brook'), about 4 m. from its 
 entrance into the Wash, and on the G. N. R. Once a seaport 
 of some importance ; has a grammar-school, founded in 1484 
 by ' William of Waynflete. ' PMT.O. Market-day, S. Pars., 
 Walnfleet All Saints, P. < 1500; Walnfleet St. Mary, 6179 
 ac, P. <75o; eccles. par. (Walnfleet St. Thomas, or Nor- 
 tholme) P. <25o. 
 
 Walngangil, riv., Brit. India, Central Provs. , rises in Seoni 
 dist., flows NW. then E. and S. past Bhandari, when it is 
 joined by the Kanhdn, its main trib. ; 30 m. SE. Chanda it 
 unites with the Wardhd to form the Pranhfta, which falls into 
 the Godavari. Navigable during the rains for about loo m. 
 above the Kanhan. Elevation of source, 3600 ft. ; length, 405 m. 
 Walnhonse Corner, P.O., Eng. See St. Geunls. 
 Walnl, or (inalma, riv., NW. of Brit. Guiana, flows first 
 NE. then NW. nearly parallel to the coast, and enters the 
 Atlantic in about 59° 40' W. ; navigable about 80 m. up for 
 vessels of 15 ft. or 16 ft. draught. See Baramanul and Mora- 
 whanna. Proc. R. G. S., 1892, p. 668. 
 Walnlsk, riv. , Canada. See Weenlsk. 
 Walulode CllfT, on the banks of the Severn, Eng. , between 
 Tewkesbury and Gloucester, with an exposure of Rhaetic and 
 Liassic rocks. At Walnlode Shoal the Severn [q.v.) passes 
 over a rocky barrier where the depth was formerly only 3-4 ft. 
 
 Walnstalls, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. from 
 Luddenden. 
 
 Walorongomal, post-tn.. New Zealand, Piako co. , 38 m. 
 from Thames by road and rail ; has gold-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Walpa, CO., New Zealand, North I., crossed by 38° S., and 
 bounded on the NE. by Waikato R. 
 
 Walpahl, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Clutha co. , 65 
 m. W. by S. Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Walpara, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Ashley co., 32 
 m. N. Christchurch. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Walpaiva, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Waipawa co., 
 30 m. SSW. Napier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Walplro, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I, , Waiapu co. , 70 
 m. from Gisborne by road and rail. P. <i50o. 
 
 Walpu, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Whangarei co., 
 60 m. N. by W. Auckland. In the neighbourhood are some 
 remarkable limestone caves. P. ■<i5oo. 
 
W A.I P — WALB 
 
 WalpnKorau, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., Waipawa 
 CO., 36 m. SW. by S. Napier. P. <i500. 
 
 Walrakel, tp. , New Zealand, North I., E. Taupo co. , on 
 ■N. shore of Lake Taupo, 80 m. NW. Napier ; health resort. 
 It contains many .natural curiosities, including geysers and the 
 beautiful Huka Falls and medicinal springs. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Walrarapa, KortJi and Sontli, adjoining cos. , New Zealand, 
 in the extreme SE. of North I.; the former crossed by 176° E. 
 
 Wairau, riv. , New Zealand, South I., enters Cloudy Bay, 
 and is navigable to some distance above its mouth. 
 
 Walroa, small Maori vil. , New Zealand, North I., Rotorua 
 CO., 95 m. NNW. Napier, at foot of Lake Tarawera ; it was 
 almost destroyed by the eruption of Mount Tarawera in 1886. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Walroa, or Clyde, post-tn. , New Zealand, North L , Wairoa 
 CO., 45 m. NE. Napier, and at mouth of Wairoa R. , which 
 cannot be entered by vessels drawing more than 7 ft. P. < 150c. 
 
 Walroa, North, riv., New Zealand, North I., flowing SW. 
 and SE. into the ocean on W. ct. at Kaipara Harbour. 
 
 Walroa, Soiitli, post-tn., New Zealand, North L, Manukau 
 CO., 19 m. SE. by E. Auckland. The waterfall of the Wairoa 
 R. in the locality is 90 ft. high. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wals, tn. , Persia, prov. Khuzistan, on the Karun, 30 m. S. 
 by E. Shuster. 
 
 Waltahiina, or Havelock, gold-mining and agricultural tp. , 
 New Zealand, South I., Tuapeka co. , 38 m. W. by S. Dunedin. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Waltakl, CO., New Zealand, South I., crossed by 44° and 45° 
 S. , and bounded on the E. by Waitaki R. 
 
 Waltakl, or Waltaiigl, riv., New Zealand, South L, formed 
 by the union of the Ahuriri and Ohau in about 45° S. , dividing 
 the provs. of Otago and Canterbury, and falling into the ocean 
 on the E. ct. Lakes Ohau, Pakaki, and Tekapo belong to its 
 basin. 
 
 Waitaki, post-tn., New Zealand, South L, Waimate co., 
 at the mouth of the Waitaki R., 68 m. NNE. Dunedin. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 Waltara, post-tn.. New Zealand, North L, Taranaki co., 10 
 m. NE. by E. New Plymouth, on the coast. The port has a 
 depth at quay-side of 10 ft. high water ordinary springs, and a 
 bar at entrance with 12 ft. of water at high water ordinary 
 springs, and 9 ft. at neap tides. There is also an open road- 
 stead. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Waltatl, New Zealand, native name of Blneskln ('J'. v.). 
 
 Waltby, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 8^ m. SSE, 
 Appleby, i^ m. NW. Kirkby Stephen stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Waltekanrl, post-tn,. New Zealand, North L, 31 m, from 
 Thames by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Walteiuata, co.. New Zealand, North L, crossed by 36° 30' 
 S., 174° 30' E. 
 
 Waltlie, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 6 m. S. 
 Grimsby, i m. SW. Holton-le-Clay stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Waltotara, CO., New Zealand, North L, crossed by 175° E. 
 and 39^° S. 
 
 Waltotara, post-tn.. New Zealand, North L, Patea co. , 62 
 m. SE. by E. New Plymouth, 20 m. WNW. Wanganui. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Waltslbiirg', vil., U.S., Washington, co. and 17 m. NE. by 
 N. Walla walla ; summer resort. P. < 150c. 
 
 Waltzeii (German, in Hungarian VAcz), tn. with magistracy, 
 Hungary, on the 1. bk. of the Danube, where it turns to the 
 S., 20 m. N. by E. Budapest. Seat of a bishopric, to which 
 belongs a cathedral built 1761-77 ; in the episcopal palace are 
 numerous antiquities of the Roman and Middle Ages. Here is a 
 state prison. Alt. 365 ft. P. 14,500. 
 
 Walnkn, post-tn.. New Zealand, North L, Manukau co., 
 25 m. S. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Walwera, coast tp.. New Zealand, North L, Rodney co., 23 
 m. N. by W. Auckland. Much resorted to for its hot springs ; 
 efficacious in rheumatic, spinal, and cutaneous diseases. The 
 water is similar to that at Vichy and Fachingen. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wajaiiga, Sahara. See Wanyaiiga. 
 
 Wakaniatsn, tn. , Japan, Honshiu, 58 m. SE. by E. Niigata. 
 Its castle was obstinately defended against the Mikado during 
 the Satsuma rebellion of 1868. In the neighbourhood are china 
 factories and a salt spring. P. 20,500. 
 
 Wakasa, kuni or old prov. , Japan, now included in Fukui ken. 
 
 Wakasa, bay, on the N. ct. of Honshiu, Japan, in 135° 20'- 
 136° E. 
 
 Wakatlpu, lake, New Zealand, South I., crossed by45° S.; 
 the scenery at upper part is extremely grand. Length, 52 m. ; 
 breadth, 1-3 m.; depth, 1400 ft.; area, 113 sq. m.; alt. 1050 ft. 
 
 Wakatsn, tn. , Japan, Kiushiu, 42 m. NE. by N. Nagasaki. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Wakaya, isl. , Fiji Is. , E. of Viti Levu and Ovalau Is. , crossed 
 by 17° 35' S., 179° E. Rfall. (4 yrs.), 117.95 i"- 
 
 Wakayania, maritime tn., Japan, Honshiu I., prov. Kii, 35 
 m. SW. Osaka ; an important centre of the cotton trade. Mean 
 temp. (6 yrs., 1881-86), yr. 58.8° F., Feb. 39.4°, Aug. 80.1°; 
 rfall. (4 yrs.), 55.85 in. P. 56,000. 
 
 Wake, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, E. of 79° W., crossed in the 
 N. by 36° N. 
 
 Wa Keeney, vil, U.S., Kansas, Trego co., 225 m. W. 
 Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 . Wakefield, episcopal city, pari, bor., and (since Charles I,) 
 mun. bor., and market-tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, gin. 
 S. Leeds, in the diocese of Wakefield, on the Calder, with stns. 
 on G. N. R. and L. & Y. R. Objects of interest are : the cathe- 
 dral, an enlargement of the Perpendicular parish church, the 
 grammar-school (dating from 1591), the town hall, fine-art insti- 
 tute, and an interesting chapel on the eight-arch bridge, &c. 
 Scene of Yorkist defeat, 1460. Manufactures still important, 
 although the clothrtrade has declined. Made a pari. bor. in 
 1832, with boundaries extended in 1895. In 1888 Wakefield 
 was created a city, on being made the seat of a new diocese. 
 The bishopric includes parts of the old dioceses of Ripon and 
 York, P. (1891)719,700; revenue, ;^3ooo. Market-days, W., 
 F. , and S. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 8100; (1851) 22,100; (1871) 
 28,100; (1891)33,100; pari. bor. P. (1891)37,300. 
 
 Wakefield, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Vincent co., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Clutha, 84 m. W. by N. Oamaru. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wakefield, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Waimea co., 
 17 m. SW. Nelson. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wakefield, riv., S. Australia, flows W. into the Gulf of St. 
 Vincent near its head, in about 34° 10' S. 
 
 WakeHeld, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 10 m. 
 N. Boston. P. 7000. 
 
 Wakefield, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Carroll co., 36 m. 
 NE. Concord. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wakefield, vil., U.S., Rhode Island, Washington co. , 10 m. 
 WSW. New Port. P. <i500. 
 
 Wake Forest College, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Wake co. , 7 
 m. NE. Neuse ; has a Baptist college, founded 1838. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wake Island, isl., Pacific, in the S. of Anson Archipelago, 
 crossed by 170° W. and 20° N. 
 
 Wakenian, vil., U.S., Ohio, Huron co., 40 m. WSW. 
 Cleveland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wakeiiaam, isl., Brit. Guiana, in the mouth of the Esse- 
 quibo. 
 
 Wakerlng, direat and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Essex, SE. div. Great Wakering, 4 m. E. by N. Southend, 
 2 m, N. by E. Shoeburyness stn., PMT.O., P. < 2000; Little 
 Wakering, P. <5oo. 
 
 Wakerley, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, N. div., on the 
 Welland, 7^ m. SW. Stamford, with a stn. (Wakerley and 
 Barrowden) on the G. N. and L. & NW. Rlys. P. <25o. 
 
 Wakes Colne, par. , Eng. , Essex, Maldon div. , on the Colne, 
 7| m. WNW. Colchester, i m. W. by N. Chappel stn., PT.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Wakhan, khanate, in the S. of the Pamirs (^.v.), immediately 
 N. of the Hindu Kush, comprising the upper part of the valley 
 of the Ab-i-Panj headwater of the Amu and that of its trib. , the 
 Wakhan-su ; chief fort, Kala-i-Panj. 
 
 Wakkerstroom, or Wesselstroom, tn. , South African Re- 
 public, cap. of W. dist. , about 155 m. N. Pietermaritzburg. 
 
 Wakolo, lake, Dutch E. Indies. See Burn. 
 
 Wakonda, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Clay co., 17 m. NE. 
 Yankton. 
 
 Wakoiijo, tribe, central Africa, to the W. and N. of Lake 
 Albert Edward, belonging to the Wanyoro group. 
 
 Wakool, CO., New South Wales, bounded on the S. by the 
 Murray R. , and crossed by 144° E. 
 
 Waksli, or Vaksh, riv. See Snrkb-ab. 
 
 Wakulla, CO., U.S., Florida, on the Gulf of Mexico, W. of 
 84° W. 
 
 Wala, tn., India, Kdthiawdr Penin., 54 m. SW. by W. 
 Cambay. P. (i88i)<5ooo. 
 
 Walaclila. See Itonmanla. 
 
 W&MJ^pet (Wall&Jah, census), municip., Brit. India, Mad- 
 ras, dist. N. Arcot, 19 m. E. Vellore ; has weaving in silk and 
 cotton and carpet-making. P. 10,500; Hindus, 9600. 
 
 WAlaui, tn. , India, Gujardt, Baroda state, dist. Kadi. P. 
 (1881) 6000. 
 
 Walata, or Blru, oasis, W. Africa, Sahara, to the N. of EI 
 Hodh, about 285 m. W. by N. Timbuktu; with very mixed 
 population (blacks and whites, Arabs, Berlaers, &c. ) ; active 
 barter trade. 
 
 Walbeek, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Geldern, 17 m. 
 NW. Krefeld. P. (comm.)<:3ooo. 
 
 WallJcrswlck, ct. par., Eng., Suffolk, Blything union, at 
 mouth of riv. Blythe, i J m. SW. of and port for Southwold, on 
 the Southwold Rly. ; it was an important fishing town in the 
 Middle Ages. P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Walberton, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 3 m. W. by 
 S. Arundel, i| m. NE. Barnham Junction, PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Walbundrle, tp.. New South Wales, Hume co., 25 m. 
 NNW. Albury. P. < 1500. 
 
 Walbnrn, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 4J m. 
 SW. Richmond. P. <25o. 
 
 Waltoury, hill, Eng., on the N, border of the Andover div. 
 
 1683 
 
W ALB — WALE 
 
 of Hampshire and at SW. corner of Berkshire, 7J m, WSW. 
 Newbury. Height, 872 ft. 
 
 . Walbnry €anip, ancient earthwork, Eng., Essex, Epping 
 div. , on the Lee, 9 m. E. Ware, 2 m. S. Bishop's Stortford stn. 
 
 Walclia, post-tn. , New South Wales, Vernon co., on riv. 
 Apsley, 32 m. S. by W. Armidale. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waleheu, Lake, Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 37 m. S. by W. Munich. 
 
 Walcheren, isL^ in the SW. of Holland, Zeeland, between 
 the mouths of th^^. and W, Scheldt ; notable for the disastjpus 
 English expedition of 1809. On it are the towns of Middelburg 
 and Vlissingen (Flushing). 
 
 Waleli-wil, vil., Switzd., cant, and 5 m. S. Zug, on the E. 
 side of the Lake of Zug. P. <20oo. 
 
 , Walckenaer Btvy, an open bay on the N. ct. of Dutch New 
 Guinea, crossed in the E. by 140° E. 
 
 Walcot, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 9 m. 
 E. Grantham, 3J m. W. by N. Billingborough stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Walcot, stn., Eng., Salop, on the G. W. R., 6 m. E. Shrews- 
 bury. 
 
 Waleot, par., Eng., Somerset, included in bor. of Bath. P. 
 24,900. 
 
 Walcote, vil., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 6^ m. 
 NE. Rugby, 3^ m. W. Kilworth stn., P.O. See Mlsterton. 
 
 Walcott, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div. ,14 m. 
 SE. Lincoln, 2J m. ESE. Scopwick and Timberland stn., P.O. 
 P. <7So. See BlUlngtaay. 
 
 Walcott, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., i m. from the NE. 
 ct., II m. SK Cromer, 3 m. ENE. Honing stn., P.O. (Walcot). 
 P, <25o. See Happlsburgb. 
 
 Walcourt, comm., Belgium, prov. Namur, arr. Philippe- 
 ville, on the Heure, 12 m. S. Charleroi. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wal<l, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Solingen, 7 m. SW, 
 Elberfeld ; has manufactures of iron and steel goods, scissors, 
 locks, steel hoops, &c. P. (i8i6)<40oo; (i89o)<5ooo. 
 
 Wald, comm., Switzd., cant. Zurich, dist. and 4 m. SE. 
 Hinwil. P. 6400. 
 
 Waltlau, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Bunzlau, 14 m. 
 ENE. Gorlitz. P. <3000. 
 
 WaWbrol, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., cap. circle Waldbrol, 
 29 m. E. by S. Cologne. P. (comm.) 5200. 
 
 Waldeck, stn., Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R. , 
 497 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Waldeck, princip. , Ger. , and a state of the empire, formed of 
 two dists. , viz. (i) Waldeck, lying between 51° and 51° 30' N. , 8° 
 30' and 9° 15' E. , enclosed by the Prussian provs. of Westphalia 
 and Hesse-Nassau, and (2) Pyrmont, 30 m. northward, sur- 
 rounded by Hanover, Lippe-Detmold, and Brunswick. It is 
 divided into four circles, viz., Twiste, Eisenberg, Eder, and 
 Pyrmont. Surface hilly, often very rugged, reaching a height 
 of 2750 ft. in the SW. Both portions of terr. are situated in 
 the basin of theWeser, and are watered by its tribs., the Eder, 
 Diemel, and Emmer. Chief products, rye, oats, potatoes, 
 forage crops, beet -root for sugar, and fruit. Cattle-rearing is 
 of some importance. More than one-third of the surface is 
 forest. Mineral products comprise iron, gypsum, and slates. 
 The waters of Pyrmont, one of the chief spas of Germany, and 
 of Wildungen, are exported in large quantities. There is but 
 little manufacturing industry. Government a limited monarchy, 
 with a diet of twelve representatives for Waldeck and three for 
 Pyrmont. Chief towns, Arolsen, the cap., in Waldeck, and 
 Pyrmont. Total area, 439 sq. m. Total P. 57,300, all Lutherans, 
 except about 2400 Roman Catholics and Jews. 
 
 IfValdegrave, co., Queensland, crossed by 27° S. and 147° E. 
 
 Waldegrave Island, small isl., S. Australia, W. ct. of 
 Flinders Penin., in Southern Ocean, 134° 46' E. 
 
 Walden, par., Eng., Hertfordshire. See King's Walden 
 and St. Paul's Walden. 
 
 Walden, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire. See Burton with Walden. 
 
 Walden, vil., U.S., New York, Orange co. , on Wallkill R., 
 20 m. SW. Poughkeepsie. P. <:3000. 
 
 Walden Beck, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, rising in 
 Buckden Out Moor, on the S. border of the Richmond div. , and 
 flowing NE. to the Ure, which it joins on the r. bk., i^ m. 
 below Aysgarth. 
 
 Waldeuburg, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. 
 and s m. NE. Glauchau ; has princely castle with fine gardens, 
 ruins of an imperial residence ; manufactures of hosiery, gloves, 
 &c. Alt. 845 ft. P. < 3000. 
 
 Waldenbnrg, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, Jagst circle, 43 
 m. SSW. Wiirzburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Waldenbnrg, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. circle Walden- 
 burg, 42 m. SW. by W. Breslau, in the Waldenburg coal-fields ; 
 has manufactures of porcelain, stoves, cement, and carriages. 
 Alt. 1425 ft. P. (i8i6)<20oo; (1890)13,600. 
 
 Waldenratli, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Heinsberg, 
 16 m. N. Aix-la-Chapelle. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 . Waldenses, in French Vandols, a religious sect, aiming to' 
 practise the precepts of primitive Christianity, who arose in the 
 I2th century in Lyons. Subjected to much persecution because 
 1684 
 
 of their unwearied proselytism, they took refuge in the valleys 
 of the Cottian Alps (Piedmont, Provence, and Dauphin6), where 
 they have maintained themselves down to the present time. 
 
 Waltlen's Kidge, range of mts., U.S., in the SE. of Ten- 
 nessee, trending NNE. and SSW. to the W. of the Tennessee 
 River. 
 
 Walden Stnbbs, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgold- 
 cross div. , on the Went, 8^ m. N. Doncaster, i m. N. Norton 
 stn. P. < 250. 
 
 Waldersbare, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 4^ m. 
 N. Dover, 2 m. E. Shepherd's Well stn. P. <:25o; eccles. 
 par. (Waldershare >« 1th Whitfield and West Langdon) 
 P. <:750. 
 
 Waldershof, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, 
 circle Tirschenreuth, 21 m. E. by N. Bayreuth. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Walderton, vil., Eng., Sussex, 7 m. NW. Chichester, 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Waldrencht, vil. , Prussia, on the W. frontier of the Rhine 
 Prov., circle Heinsberg, 20 m. N. by W. Aix-la-Chapelle. P. 
 (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Waldhelni, tn. , Ger., kgd. Sa.xony, circle Leipzig, on riv. 
 Zschopau, 17^ m. NW. Freiberg, beautifully situated ; manu- 
 factures cigars, furniture, and cloth ; has magnificently built 
 Hne of railway along the Zschopau. P. (i834)<4000 ; (1890) 
 9200. 
 
 Waldhof, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle, dist., and 3 m. 
 N. Mannheim. P. <30oo. 
 
 Waldingfield, Cireat and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Suffolk. Great Walding^eld, Sudbury div., 13^ m. S. by E. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, P.O., P. <75o; Little Waldingfield, P.O., 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Waldltch, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , 9 m. E. Lyme 
 Regis, I m. E. Bridport. P. <250. 
 
 Waldkappel, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse- Nassau, circle Esch- 
 wege 20 m. SE. by E. Kassel. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Waldkireh, urban comm., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, circle 
 and 8 m. NE. by N. Freiburg, in a broad valley of the Black 
 Forest ; has cotton spinning and weaving, &c. Alt. 905 ft. P. 
 <5ooo. 
 
 Waldkiwh, vil. , Switzd., cant. St. Gall, dist. and 4 m. N. 
 Gossau. P. <:3000. 
 
 Waldmiinchen, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Pala- 
 tinate, cap. circle Waldmiinchen, 37 m. NE. Regensburg. P. 
 <3000. 
 
 Waldniel, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 23 m. W. Diisseldorf. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Waldo, CO., U.S., Maine, bounded on the E. by the Penob- 
 scot R. and Bay. 
 
 Waldoboro, tn. and port of entry, U.S., Maine, Lincoln co., 
 26 m. SE. Augusta ; has shipbuilding. P. <4000. 
 
 Waldon, riv. , Eng. , in the N W. of Devonshire, trib. of the 
 Torridge, which it joins on the r. bk. 
 
 Waidport, \'il., U.S., Oregon, Benton co., od the coast, 100 
 ni. SW. Portland, in 44° 25' N. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waldridge, par., Eng., Durham, Chester-le-Street div., 
 4i m. N. Durham, i m. SW. Chester-le-Street stn,, PM.O. 
 (Waldridge C'oillery). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Waldringfleld, par., Eng., Suffolk, on riv. Deben, div. and 
 3 J m. S. Woodbridge. P.O. P. <:500. 
 
 Waldron, par., Eng., Sussex, Eastbourne div., 10 m. NE. 
 by E. Lewes, 2^ m. W. by N. Horeham Road and Waldron 
 stn., on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O.; 6243 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Waldsassen, market-tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Palatinate, circle Tirschenreuth, 32 m. E. by N. Bayreuth ; has 
 manufactures of porcelain, pottery and glass ; iron - mining, 
 iron-foundry, mineral springs and bath. P. <3C)oo. 
 
 Waldsee, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle of the Danube, 
 34 m. SSW. Ulm. P. <:3000. 
 
 Waldshnt, urban comm., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, cap. 
 circle Waldshut, on r. bk. of the Rhine R., 30 m. E. by N. 
 Basel ; has cotton-spinning, silk and linen weaving, &c. Alt. 
 1020 ft. P. <3000. 
 
 Waldstatt, %'il. , Switzd. , cant. Appenzell, Ausser Rhoden, 6 
 m. SW. St. Gall. P. (comm.)<2ooo. 
 
 Walen-see, or Lake of Walenstadt, Switzd. , cant. St. Gall, 
 9 m. SE. Lake Ziirich, with which it is connected by the Linth 
 Canal ; abounds in fish. Shores mountainous and grand, the 
 precipices along its N. side varying from 2000 to 3000 ft. in 
 height. Never known to have been frozen. It receives the 
 rivs. Linth and Seez. Alt. 1395 ft. ; length, 11 m.; breadth, 
 2 m.; greatest depth, 495 ft. ; area, 9 sq. m. 
 
 Walenstadt, tn., Switzd., cant. St. Gall, 13 m. ENE. Glarus; 
 has weaving and machine-made embroidery. Alt. (church) 1415 
 ft. P. (comm.)<3ooo. 
 
 Wales, Principality of, the smallest div. of the United 
 Kingdom, comprising the W. peninsular part of Great Britain ; 
 divided into twelve counties, six in N. and six in S. Wales. 
 The following table shows the area of the different counties,^ 
 with their population at decennial periods during the . 19th 
 century, and the increase per cent. 
 
•WALES 
 
 Population in 
 
 Thousands, with Increase ( + ) or Decrease (- 
 
 -) PER Cent, since the previous Census 
 
 
 
 Area 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pop. 
 
 County. 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 1801. 
 
 181 1. 
 
 Incr. i8zi. 
 
 Incr. 1831. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 I«4I. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1851. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1861. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1871. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1881. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Incr. 
 
 per. 
 
 sq. ni. 
 
 Anglesey . . . 
 
 275 
 
 34 
 
 37 
 
 9-6 1 45 
 
 21.6 48 
 
 7.2 
 
 51 
 
 5-3 
 
 57 
 
 12.7 
 
 55 
 
 -4 7 
 
 51 
 
 -6.,S 
 
 51 
 
 0.7 
 
 5° 
 
 -2.6 
 
 182 
 
 Brecknock . . 
 
 743 
 
 32 ! 38 
 
 16.7 44 
 
 16.1 48 
 
 9.0 
 
 56 
 
 16.4 
 
 61 
 
 10.6 
 
 62 
 
 0.3 
 
 60 
 
 -28 
 
 58 
 
 -3.6 
 
 57 
 
 -1-3 
 
 77 
 
 , Cardigan , . . 
 
 688 
 
 43 ! 50 
 
 17.0 : 58 
 
 15.0 6s 
 
 12.1 
 
 bg 
 
 6.2 
 
 71 
 
 .3-0 
 
 72 
 
 2.1 
 
 73 
 
 1-7 
 
 70 
 
 -4-3 
 
 63 
 
 -10.9 
 
 92 
 
 Carmarthen . . 
 
 918 
 
 67 1 77 
 
 14.7 , 90 
 
 16.9 lOI 
 
 11.6 
 
 106 
 
 .5-6 
 
 iir 
 
 4-1 
 
 112 
 
 I.I 
 
 116 
 
 3 5 
 
 125 
 
 7-S^ 131 
 
 4.6 
 
 143 
 
 Carnarvon . . 
 
 ^64 
 
 42 50 
 
 19.6 1 58 
 
 17.0 67 
 
 15.0 
 
 81 
 
 21.4 
 
 m 
 
 8.4 
 
 96 
 
 8.0 
 
 106 
 
 10.9 
 
 119 
 
 12.3 
 
 118 
 
 -I.O 
 
 209 
 
 Denbigh . . . 
 
 662 
 
 60 1 64 
 
 6.6 ! 76 
 
 19.0 83 
 
 8.2 
 
 88 
 
 7.0 
 
 93 
 
 4.6 
 
 lOI 
 
 8.9 
 
 105 
 
 4-3 
 
 112 
 
 6.7 
 
 118 
 
 5-3 
 
 178 
 
 Flint .... 
 
 256 
 
 39 46 
 
 16.4 54 
 
 17.3 60 
 
 II. 8 
 
 67 
 
 II. I 
 
 68 
 
 1.9 
 
 70 
 
 2-3 
 
 7b 
 
 9.4 
 
 80 
 
 5-4 
 
 77 
 
 .-3-9 
 
 30J 
 
 Glamorgan . . 
 
 808 
 
 71 85 
 
 20.0 102 
 
 20.0 127 
 
 24.0 
 
 17' 
 
 35-2 
 
 232 
 
 35-4 
 
 3i» 
 
 37-1 
 
 39« 
 
 25.2 
 
 5" 
 
 28.5 
 
 687 
 
 34-4 
 
 850 
 
 Merioneth . . 
 
 668 
 
 30 31 
 
 4-6 : 34 
 
 "•4 35 
 
 2-7 
 
 ,39 
 
 II. 4 
 
 39 
 
 -1.2 
 
 39 
 
 0.3 
 
 47 
 
 19.6 
 
 52 
 
 II-5 
 
 49 
 
 -5-3 
 
 73 
 
 Montgomery . 
 
 797 
 
 48 ! 52 
 
 8 3 1 60 
 
 15-5 67 
 
 no 
 
 70 
 
 41 
 
 67 
 
 -3-3 
 
 67 
 
 -0.6 
 
 68 
 
 I.I 
 
 66 
 
 -2.8 
 
 58 
 
 -11.7 
 
 73 
 
 Pembroke . . 
 
 bi7 
 
 56 1 61 
 
 7-7 ' 74 
 
 21.7 1 81 
 
 10.4 
 
 88 
 
 8.1 
 
 94 
 
 b.9 
 
 9b 
 
 2.3 
 
 92 
 
 -4 5 
 
 92 
 
 -0.2 
 
 89 
 
 -2.9 
 
 144 
 
 Radnor . . . 
 
 471 
 
 19 ! 20 
 
 6.7 23 
 
 10.4 25 
 
 9.8 
 
 25 
 
 2.9 
 
 25 
 
 -2.9 
 
 25 
 
 2.7 
 
 25 
 
 0.2 
 
 24 
 
 -7-5 
 
 22 
 
 -7-4 
 
 47 
 
 Total . . 
 
 7,467 
 
 542 611 
 
 12.8 {718 
 
 17.5 1806 
 
 12.2 1912 
 
 '3-1 
 
 1,006 
 
 10.3 
 
 1,112 
 
 10.6 
 
 1,217 
 
 9-5 
 
 1,360 
 
 II 8 
 
 1. 519 
 
 11.7 
 
 204 
 
 Surface. — With the exception of the island of Anglesey, where 
 it is level or undulating, the surface is generally mountainous, 
 especially in the N. , which has in Snowdon 3590 ft. , the culmi- 
 nating point of Britain S. of the Tweed. The mountains, for 
 the most part, do not form well-defined ranges, but present a 
 confused mass of short ranges (in many instances trending N. 
 and S. or NE. and SW.) and small groups, separated by narrow 
 valleys. Besides Snowdon, several other summits in Carnarvon- 
 shire rise to over 3000 ft. (Carnedd Llewellyn, 3482 ft.; Carnedd 
 Pavydd, 3430 ft., &c.) ; in Denbighshire are the Mynydd Hirae- 
 thog (E. and W.), and in Flintshire the Halkin Mts. (NW. and 
 SE.) ; in Merioneth, Aran Mawddwy rises to 2970 ft., and the 
 better-known Cader Idris to 2929 ft., with several other summits 
 of over 2000 ft. , and the Berwyn range (2716 ft. NE. and SW. ), 
 on the E. border ; in Montgomeryshire, the Mynydd Drum 
 stretch NE. and SW. through the centre, the Long Mt. borders 
 on Salop, and Kerry Hill on Radnor ; in the latter county is the 
 Radnor Forest group, 2163 ft. Plinlimmon rises in the NE. of 
 Cardigan to 2463 ft. , and trending parallel to the coast in the 
 same county is the Mynydd Bach range, and in Pembrokeshire 
 the Mynydd Perceley, 1754 ft. The Black Mts., or Forest 
 Fawr, in SE. Carmarthenshire and SW. Brecon, rise to 2596 ft. 
 in Talsarn, Brecon Van to 2631 ft., and Pen-y-fan, the highest 
 of the Brecon Beacons, to 2910 ft. ; the Black Forest group, in 
 E. of Brecknockshire, contains Pencaderfawr, 2630 ft. , and other 
 summits in the county rise to over 2000 ft. ; but southward the 
 elevation declines, and the S. part of Glamorgan is comparatively 
 low. As regards geological structare, the characteristic forma- 
 tions are the Silurians, a group of strata named, on account of 
 its great development in Wales, from the Silures, a British tribe 
 formerly inhabiting the region. The Lower Silurian beds 
 occupy nearly the whole of the W. portion of the country ; the 
 Upper Silurians, of less extent, mainly the cos. of Denbigh, 
 Montgomery, and Radnor, with a SW. extension through 
 Brecon. Small areas of Cambrian formation occur in Merioneth, 
 N. of Barmouth, and in Carnarvonshire along the Menai Strait. 
 Carboniferous beds appear in the NE. , in Flintshire and Denbigh- 
 shire ; in the S. they cover a wide area (the true coal-measures 
 largely predominating), including the greater part of Glamorgan, 
 with parts of Brecon, Carmarthen, and Pembroke. Devonian 
 strata form a wide wedge-shaped mass between the Upper 
 Silurian in the N. and the Carboniferous formations in the S. , 
 the apex stretching westward to Milford Haven. Trappean 
 rocks break through the Silurian over considerable areas in 
 Anglesey and in the Braich-y-Pwll Penin. ; in other parts they crop 
 out in ridges, generally NE.-SW. The principal rivers are, N. , 
 the Dee, Clwyd, and Conway ; W. , the Mawddach, Dovey, Rhei- 
 dol, Aeron, and Teifi ; S. , the Cleddan, Taf, Towy, Neath, and 
 Taff, and the Usk, of which the lower course is in Monmouth. 
 The rivers are, however, short, and where navigable, only so by 
 small boats or barges. In Wales are many tarns ; the largest 
 lake, Bala, in Merioneth, is less than 4 m. in length. As regards 
 climate, see under Unltefl Kingdom. An examination of the 
 tables of agricultural statistics in the Appendix (pp. 7-9) shows 
 that the total area under corn crops decreased between 1869 
 and 1893 by one-fourth, the decrease being greatest in wheat 
 and least in oats ; the actual decrease in wheat (from 81 to 
 20 ac. per 1000) was greatest in Flint, Denbigh, Montgomery, 
 and Glamorgan, though the first still takes the lead ; propor- 
 tionate decrease was greatest in Anglesey and Carnarvon, in 
 each of which the area under wheat was only about one-sixth of 
 that in 1869, but at both periods these counties were amongst 
 the smallest wheat-producers. The area under barley declined 
 in every county, the decline being greatest in Pembroke, least 
 in Merioneth, while yet these are respectively the greatest and 
 least producers of this crop. The area under oats has, on the 
 whole, declined but little, and three counties (Flint, Mont- 
 gomery, and Radnor) show a slight increase. The total area 
 under green crops (about 29 per cent, of the corn crops) was 
 slightly lower in 1893, the decrease being greatest in potatoes, 
 while mangold had increased. On the other hand, the total 
 
 area under artificial grasses increased by about one-fifth, and 
 that under permanent pasture by nearly one-third, the actual 
 increase being respectively 11 and 99lper 1000 ac. ; actual in- 
 crease in the former was greatest in Pembroke (37 per 1000), 
 and in the latter in Carmarthen (145 per 1000). The last-named 
 county had at both periods the greatest proportionate area 
 under permanent pasture, and Merioneth the least, though 
 there was an actual increase in Merioneth of 96 per 1000. The 
 total area under artificial grasses (for hay and not for hay) was 
 rather more than one-half that of the combined corn and green 
 crops, while the area under permanent pasture was 2^ times 
 that of all the others, whereas in 1869 it was only i|. The 
 area under orchards (chiefly in Brecon and Radnor), small-fruit, 
 and market gardens is everywhere small. The number of 
 horses increased during the period under consideration by 3 
 par 1000 ac. , cattle by 32 (ranging from 82 per 1000 in Angle- 
 sey to 5 in Merioneth) ; sheep by 80 (increase ranging from 
 198 per 1000 in Denbigh to 10 in Glamorgan, while Radnor 
 showed a decrease of 48 per 1000 ac. ) ; pigs by 6 (greatest, 29 in 
 Flint, three counties showing a decrease, of which the greatest, 
 9 per 1000 ac. , was in Radnor). The counties having respec- 
 tively the greatest and least proportion to area of the animals 
 above named were, horses, Anglesey and Merioneth ; cattle, 
 Anglesey and Brecon ; sheep, Brecon and Pembroke ; pigs, 
 Flint and Radnor. Of the mineral productions of Wales 
 coal is by far the most important, amounting to about 85 per 
 cent, in value of all the minerals of Wales and about one-fifth 
 of the total coal-supply of the United Kingdom. There are 
 two coalfields, the N. and the S. The importance of the N. 
 Wales coalfield (cos. Denbigh and Flint) as early as the i6th 
 century is attested by a reference to it in Camden's Britannia 
 (Gough's edition, 1789, p. 592), where it is said, ' The collieries of 
 Mostyn and Bychton have been worked for a very considerable 
 space, and in the last century supplied Dublin and the eastern 
 coast of Ireland. ' The S. Wales coalfield extends from Abersy- 
 chan on the E. to St. Bride's Bay on the W. , a distance of 89 
 m. ; greatest breadth (in Glamorgan) 21 m., total area about 
 1000 sq. m. The total thickness of the coal-measures is roughly 
 estimated at about 7000 ft. Portions of the coalfield lie beneath 
 the sea in Carmarthen Bay, Burry Inlet, and Swansea Bay. 
 Of the five counties into which the coalfield extends, Glamorgan 
 has about 52 per cent. , Carmarthen nearly 30 per cent. , Mon- 
 mouth 10 per cent. , and Pembroke and Brecon each about ^\ 
 per cent. When this coalfield was first worked is not certainly 
 known, but its real development dates from about the middle 
 of the i8th century, when coal came to be substituted for 
 charcoal in the smelting of iron. Some idea of the growth 
 of the coal industry may be gathered from the following 
 figures taken from a paper by Mr. T. Forster Brown (see 
 below) : — In 1745, 1857 tons of coal were sent to London ; 
 in 1765, 4000 tons ; total shipments of coal from S. Wales 
 coalfield, 1816-18, amounted to 890,000 tons, while the 
 annual average for the ten years 1831-40 was 881,000 
 tons; in 1852 it had risen to 2,110,000 tons, and in 1893 to 
 3,454,000 tons. In i860 the total production of coal was 10.2 
 (million tons); in 1872, 15.0; in 1893, 22.8 (exclusive of Mon- 
 mouth, 7.3). Of the last total (22.8) nearly \\\.\i's, was obtained in 
 Glamorganshire. The production in the N. coalfield during the 
 same year amounted to 2.2 (million tons), of which Denbigh- 
 shire supplied rather more than three-fifths. Both bituminous 
 and anthracite coals are obtained in the S. coalfield, the latter 
 mainly in the much folded and compressed seams W. of Car- 
 marthen Bay and the Vale of Neath. The steam-coal, for 
 which S. Wales (above all the port of Cardiff) is famous all the 
 world over, is derived mainly from the Merthyr, Taff, Aberdare, 
 and Rhondda valleys, while the N. outcrop of this portion of 
 the S. Wales coalfield, from Hirwain on the W. to Blaenavon 
 on the E. , furnishes the bulk of the coal used in the iron industry. 
 Next in value to coal are slate (Carnarvon and Merioneth), about 
 two-thirds being obtained from quarries, and the rest from mines ; 
 stone (Brecon and Glamorgan), and clays (Glamorgan. Denbigh, 
 
 1685 
 
W ALE.W.W ALK 
 
 and Flint, in the two last chiefly from open- works. Five- 
 eighths of the zinc and nearly one-fifth of the lead produced 
 in the United Kingdom are obtained in Wales, both in Flint, 
 Denbigh,«Cardigan, and Anglesey, and lead also in Carmarthen ; 
 other minerals are obtained in sniall quantity, gold (Merioneth), 
 iron (Glamorgan), copper (Anglesey), ochre and umber (Angle- 
 sey), manganese, &c. The abundance of argillaceous ironstone 
 found associated with the steam-coal beds of S. Wales was once 
 largely worked, and its occurrence here along with the coal may 
 be said to have given rise to the S. Wales iron industry, but the 
 refractory nature of the ore has latterly caused it to be almost 
 entirely displaced by the more valuable ores of Spain. The 
 iiiaunfacturliig industries of Wales are mainly metallurgical, 
 and connected with the S. Wales coalfield. Iron-making was 
 carried on by means of charcoal as early as the 15th century, 
 and the extensive use of wood for this purpose is said to have 
 resulted in the almost complete deforesting of the country by 
 the middle of the i8th century. In 1755 a Mr. Bacon obtained 
 a lease of mineral property in the neighbourhood of Merthyr- 
 Tydfil, and here grew up later the g^eat iron-works for which 
 the dist. is famous. According to the report of the Royal 
 Commission, quoted by Mr. Forster Brown, there were in 1788 
 seven charcoal furnaces, producing 4300 tons of pig iron, and 
 six coke furnaces, producing 6600 tons. In 1827 there were ninety 
 furnaces in S. Wales and Monmouthshire, producing 272,000 tons 
 of iron ; in 1867 the number of furnaces had risen to 115, and 
 the output to 886,000 tons ; and in 1872, with the same number 
 of furnaces, to over 1,000,000 tons. This activity has not, 
 however, been uniformly maintained ; and in 1893 the number 
 of furnaces in blast was only about 25, with an output of nearly 
 711,000 tons, less than one-eighth of the total for the United 
 Kingdom. To supply its smelting-furnaces S. Wales imports 
 large quantities of ore, including nearly one-fourth of the total 
 iron ore imported into the United Kingdom, chiefly by Cardiff", 
 Newport, and Swansea, and, to a less extent, Llanelly. Copper- 
 smelting has its chief seat in the neighbourhood of Swansea, 
 which imports from all parts of the world more than half the 
 copper brought into the United Kingdom. The manufacture 
 of tin-plate from tin chiefly supplied by Cornwall, as well as the 
 working of other metals, is carried on in connection with the 
 S. Wales coalfield. The tin-plate industry, which is now pur- 
 sued more extensively in S. Wales than anywhere else in the 
 world, was introduced here in the 17th century from Saxony. 
 Textile industries are very limited — chiefly flannels (Welsh- 
 pool, Newtown, Montgomery). Coiinnnnlcatloii between 
 the ports and mining and industrial centres inland is main- 
 tained by an extensive system of railways and canals, which have 
 their greatest development in the S. , where valleys, running 
 generally N. and S. , afford natural openings into the interior. 
 As to local government, elementary education, &c., see 
 under England. Higher education is provided for by the 
 University of Wales (established 1893), comprising the three 
 university colleges of Bangor, Aberystwith, and Cardiff. His- 
 torical note.s. — Wales was in early times peopled by various 
 tribes, some Celtic, some, as is supposed, non-Aryan. Under 
 Roman rule Wales formed chiefly the div. Britannia Secunda. 
 Later, when the Saxons established themselves in Britain, they 
 drove the ancient inhabitants westward, designating them the 
 wealas, or ' foreigners,' and hence that part of the country in 
 which they were most numerous was called ' Wealas,' or Wales. 
 The Celtic language gradually acquired predominance, and by 
 the beginning of the 7th century it had replaced the other 
 dialects and was spoken throughout nearly the whole of Wales. 
 The census of 1891 includes a record of the Welsh and English 
 speaking inhabitants of the registration counties of Wales, as 
 well as Monmouthshire (q.v.). The census thus applies not 
 merely to the principality within its present limits, but includes 
 also portions of adjoining English counties, while, on the other 
 hand, it excludes parts of Flintshire. The result, as given in 
 the table below, shows that nearly one-third of the population 
 of registration "Wales still speak Welsh only : — 
 
 
 Total above 
 
 2 Years of 
 
 Age. 
 
 32,460 
 
 50.013 
 
 82,714 
 
 112,033 
 
 119,714 
 
 110,535 
 40.225 
 
 646,553 
 61,500 
 '64,030 
 76,436 
 16,269 
 
 Welsh 
 only. 
 
 23,20c 
 
 5,228 
 61,624 
 
 63,345 
 78,780 
 
 37,195 
 10,484 
 142,346 
 45.856 
 16,414 
 
 13.673 
 75 
 
 Bilingual 
 
 7.201 
 
 13.699 
 17,111 
 
 36.937 
 28,330 
 
 35.030 
 16,879 
 177,726 
 12,023 
 15,846 
 10,804 
 924 
 
 English 
 only. 
 
 Anglesey . 
 Brecknockshire . 
 Cardiganshire . 
 Carmarthenshire 
 Carnarvonshire . 
 Denbighshire . 
 Flintshire . 
 Glamorganshire 
 Merionethshire . 
 Montgomeryshire 
 Pembrokeshire . 
 Radnorshire 
 
 Total . 
 
 2.059 
 31,086 1 
 
 3.979 
 ",751 1 
 12,604 
 38,310 
 12,862 
 326,481 
 3.621 j 
 31.770 i 
 51.959 1 
 15.270 
 
 1,412,482 j 498,220 
 
 372.510 
 
 541.752 
 
 i 
 
 1686 
 
 
 
 
 
 The history of the country till its final conquest by England is 
 mainly a record of internecine feuds, and of the brave, though 
 unsuccessful, struggle for independence. The legislative union 
 with England was not accomplished till 1536. See British 
 Isles, England, United Kingdom. (See a paper on the 
 South Wales Coalfield, by T. Forster Brown, in Trans, of 
 South Wales Inst, oj Engineers, vol. ix. , 1874.) [E. J. H.] 
 
 "Wales, par., Eng. , "Yorkshire, W. Riding, Doncaster div., 
 7 m. SSE. Rotherham, 2 m. "W". by N. Kiveton Park stn., 
 PM.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Wales, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampden co., 18 m. E. 
 by S. Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wales, Xortli, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Montgomery co. , 
 22 m. N. by W. Philadelphia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Walesby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindseydiv. , 13 m. 
 WNW. Louth, 3 m. NE. by N. Market Rasen, 2 m. ESE. 
 Usselby stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Walesby, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 8 m. 
 SE. Worksop, 42 m. W. Tuxford stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Walfenllngen, vil., gd. -duchy of Luxemburg, on the Alzet, 
 3 m. N. Luxemburg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Walfish Bay, harb., S. Africa, extending along its W. ct. 
 for 20 m. , terminated southward by Pelican Poirit, in 22° 54' S., 
 14° 27' E. , and frequented by whaling-vessels (whence its name). 
 Mean temp. (2 yrs. , 1885-87), yr. 62.0° F., Feb. 65.7°, Aug. 
 56.4°. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Walford, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the Sault St. Mary 
 line of the C. P. R., 509 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Walfowl, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 2^ m. SSW, 
 Ross, on the 1. bk. of the Wye, i m. N. Kerne Bridge stn. 
 Walford Court was for some time the residence of Oliver Crom- 
 well. PM.O. 4340 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Walford, Letton, and Xewton, par., Eng. , Herefordshire, 
 div. and 11 m. NW. by N. Leominster, 2J m. ESE. Bucknell 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Walgett, rising tn. , New South Wales, Baradine co. , on 
 the 1. bk. of the Namoi, here crossed by a bridge, 135 m. E. 
 Bourke ; business centre for outlying N. and NW. dists. ; in 
 an important pastoral dist. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Walglierton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 4 m. 
 SE. by E. Nantwich, 2 m. SW. by W. Betley Road stn. P. < 
 250. 
 
 "Walgrave, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 6 m. 
 NW. by W. Wellingborough, 3I m. SE. Lamport stn., PM.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 "Walhalla, vil., U.S., S. Carolina, Oconee co. , 112 m. NW. 
 by N. Augusta (Ga.), 40 m. W. by S. Greenville. Alt. 985 ft. 
 (U. S. C. &G. S.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Walhalla, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, co. and 30 m. W. by S. 
 Pembina. P. < 1500. 
 
 Walhalla, mining tp. , Victoria, Tanjil co. , 30 m. WNW. 
 Sale; in a rich gold-mining dist.; in the neighbourhood are 
 several quartz reefs, including Cohen's, said to be one of the 
 best in the colony. P. <20oo. 
 
 Walliam <;reen, suburb of London, Eng., Middlesex, Ful- 
 ham bor., 5 m. WSW. St. Paul's, London, on the Dist. Rly. 
 
 "Walhelm, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 6^ m. SE. by 
 S. Aix-la-Chapelle. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Walldpnr, tn., Brit. India, NW. Provs., dist. Azamgarh, 
 55 m. NNE. Benares. P. 5500; Moham. 3000; Hindus, 2500. 
 
 Wallncourt, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 9 m. SSE. 
 Cambrai. P. <3000. 
 
 "*Valjeers, co. , New South Wales, bounded on the S. by the 
 Lachlan R. , and touching 145° E. in the E. 
 
 Walk, tn. , Russia, govt. Livonia, 106 m. by rail NE. Riga, 
 on St. Petersburg-Riga Rly. , junction of a branch to Taps on 
 St. Petersburg-Reval Rly.; trade in flax, hemp, and linseed. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 "Walkalt, prov. , Abyssinia. See Wolkalt. 
 
 Walkden .Moor, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, with stn. 
 (Walk<len) on the L. & NW. and L. & Y. Rlys., 6im. WNW. 
 Manchester; manufactures cotton. PMT.O. (Walkden). P. 
 6600. 
 
 "^Valker, bay. Cape Colony, on the S. ct. , in about 19° 15' E. 
 
 "*Valker, eccles. par. and tn., Eng, Northumberland, Tyne- 
 side div. , on the N. shore of the estuary of the Tyne, 2 m. E. 
 Newcastle, on the NE. R. ; has blast-furnaces, iron shipbuild- 
 ing, engineering, and chemical-works. P. 11,300. 
 
 Walker, or Low Woody Island, isls. , Pacific, in about 4° N., 
 149^° W. 
 
 Walker, co. , U.S., Alabama, bounded on the N. by 34° N., 
 and touching 87° W. on the E. 
 
 Walker, co., U.S., Georgia, the second county from the 
 extreme NW. 
 
 Walker, co., U.S., Texas, in the E., north of 30° N., east of 
 96° W. , partly bounded on the N. by the Trinity R. 
 
 Walker Barn, P. O. , Eng. , 3 m. from Langley , near Maccles- 
 field, Cheshire. 
 
 Walker Bay, bay, on S. ct. of Cape Colony, in 19° i3'-22' E. 
 
 Walkerbnru, vil., Scot., Peeblesshire, on the 1. bk. of the 
 
WALK 
 
 WALL 
 
 Tweed, 7 m. E. by ,S- Peebles, on the N. B. R. ; has woollen 
 manufactures. PMT.O. P. <isoo. 
 
 Walker date, stn., Eng. , Northumberland, on the NE. R., 
 2^ m. from Newcastle, PM.O. 
 
 Walkerliisliani, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw 
 div. , 3I m. NW. Gainsborough, on the G. E. & G. N. Joint 
 Rly., P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 ITalkerltli (wawl'krith), par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. 
 Lindsey div. , on the r. bk. of the Trent, 3 m. NW. by N. 
 Gainsborough, i m. NE. Walkeringham stn. P. <25o. See 
 Stockwlth, East. 
 
 Walkeni, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., on the 
 Beane, 9 m. N. by W. Hertford, 3^ m. E. Stevenage stn., 
 PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Walker Point, cape, on S. ct. of Cape Colony, in 23° 2' E. 
 
 Walker's Lake, lake, U.S., Nevada, Esmeralda co. , in the 
 N., 55 m. ESE. Carson City, between lofty snow-capped moun- 
 tain ranges ; it is fed by Walker's R. , and has no outlet. 
 Length, 30 ni.; breadth, 5-15 m. ; alt. 4147 ft. (R. R.). 
 
 Walkers Mills, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Alle- 
 gheny CO., II m. SW. Pittsburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Walkerstoii, post-tn. , Queensland, Carlisle co. , 5 m. SW. 
 Mackay, on the railway from Mackay ; has several sugar-mills 
 and distilleries ; bricks and tiles made. P. <:i500. 
 
 Walkerton, tn. , Canada, Ontario, Bruce co. , on Saugeen 
 R. and ;i railway, 54 m. WSW. Collingwood. P. <400o. 
 
 Walkerton, vil., Scot., Fifeshire, Leslie and Kinglassie pars. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 , Walkerton, vil., U.S., Indiana, St. Joseph co., 62 m. ESE. 
 Chicago (111. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Walkervllle, a NE. suburb of Adelaide, S. Australia. P. 
 
 .<2500. 
 
 Walkervllle, silver-mining tn. , U.S., Montana, Silver Bow 
 CO., 3 m. N. Butte City. P. <20oo. 
 
 Walkhampton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 10 
 m. NNE. Plymouth, close to Marsh Mills stn., P.O. ; 10,011 ac. 
 P. <750. 
 
 Walkingliain Hill yvUlt Oekany, par., Eng., Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding, 4 m. NW. Knaresborough. P. <25o. 
 
 Walklngstead, vil., Eng., Surrey. See Godstone. 
 
 Walklngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., 8i m. NW. Hull, 2^ m. NNE. Little Weighton stn., P.O. 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Walklcy, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, Sheffield par. 
 P. 9800. 
 
 Walk Mill, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. from Burnley. 
 
 Walkiuill, par., Eng., Northumberland, 7m. SE. Alnwick; 
 has coal-mines. P. 8. 
 
 Walkringen, vil., Switzd., cant, and 8 m. E. Bern. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Wall, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 3I m. NNW. 
 Hexham, | m. N. of its stn. on the N. B. R., P.O." P. <5oo. 
 
 Wall, vil. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , 13 m. S. Shrewsbury, 
 I m. NW. Rushbury stn. Wall, East, 2 m. to the NE., i m. 
 W. Longville stn. Gives name to a registration sub-dist. 
 
 Wall, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 2J m. SW. by S. 
 Lichfield. P. <25o. 
 
 Wallaam, monastery, Russia, Finland, on an isl. in NW. 
 part of Lake Ladoga ; steamers to St. Petersburg. 
 
 Wallabatlah, post-tn. , New South Wales, Buckland co. , 35 
 m. S. Tamworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wallabont Bay, U.S., New York. See Brooklyn. 
 
 Wallace, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, 115 m. NE. 
 by E. Regina. 
 
 Wallace, seapt. tn., Canada, Nova Scotia, Cumberland co. , 
 38 m. W. by N. Pictou, on an inlet of Northumberland Strait, 
 which receives from the S. the Wallace Klver. P. <i5oo, 
 
 Wallace, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Perth co. , 57 m. NNE. 
 London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wallace, co. , New South Wales, crossed by 36° S. , 149° E. 
 
 Wallace, co. , New Zealand, South I. , crossed by 45° and 46° 
 S., and 168° E. 
 
 Wallace, co., U.S., N. Dakota, crossed by 48° N. and 105° 
 W. , bounded on N. by Missouri R. 
 
 . Wallace, co. , U.S., Kansas, on the W. frontier, crossed 
 by 39° N. 
 
 Wallace, stn., Victoria, Grant co. , 12 m. E. Ballarat. 
 .P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wallaceburg, vil. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Kent 
 CO., on the riv. Sydenham, 63 m. WSW. London. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Wallace's Corners, vil. , Canada. See Shanly. 
 
 Wallacetown and Standrigg, vil., Scot., Stirlingshire, 
 Muiravonside and Polmont pars., i^ m. SW. Polmont Junction 
 stn. P. <:750. 
 
 Wallacetown, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Elgin, 18 m. SW. 
 St. Thomas. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wallacetown, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Southland 
 CO., 7 m. from Invercargill by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wallacetoiim, eccles. par. and suburb of Ayr, Scot. , included 
 in the pari. bor. of Ayr. P. 6300. 
 
 Wallacetown, eccles. par., Scot., Forfarshire, in Dundee 
 par. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Wallacliiscli Klobonk, tn. See Klobonk, Walaclilan. 
 
 Wallacliiscli Meserltsch. See Meseritsch, Wallactaisch. 
 
 WallAJah, Brit. India. See WdlAJApet. 
 
 Wallangarra, stn. , Queensland, Bentinck co. , 120 m. SW. 
 by S. Brisbane ; is the S. terminus of the Queensland Rlys. and 
 N. terminus of the G. N. R. {New South Wales). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wallan Wallan, post-tn., Victoria, Bourke co. , 28 m. N. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wallaroo, seapt. tn., S. Australia, Daly co.^ 88 m. NW. 
 Adelaide ; centre of the Wallaroo copper-mining dist. The 
 Wallaroo copper-mines were discovered in i860. There are large 
 smelting-works at Wallaroo Bay, and vessels take ore to Hunter 
 R. (New South Wales), where the company has other smelting 
 establishments, and bring back coal. The tidal harbour has a 
 depth ordinary springs high water at entrance 33 ft., alongside 
 28 ft.; low water at entrance 26 ft., alongside 23 ft. Rfall. (19 
 yrs.), .13.40 in. P, <20oo. 
 
 Wallasea (or Wallisea) Island, isl. , Eng., SE. div. of Essex, 
 in the estuary of the Crouch, to the W. and NW. of Foulness I. 
 
 Wallasey, par. and tn. , Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 3 m. 
 NW. Birkenhead, 2 m. NNW. Bidston stn. on the Wirral Rly. 
 The Wallasey Embankment was constructed to prevent the 
 encroachment of the sea on the Wirral Penin. Submerged 
 remains of a forest exist. Par. P. <2Soo ; tn. P. (1871) 14,800 ; 
 (1891) 33,200. 
 
 Wallawalla, city, U.S., Washington, Wallawalla co. , 118 
 m. SSW. Spokane Falls, in rich wheat region ; the first 
 settlement in SE. Washington. Alt. 908 ft. (R.R.). Rfall. 
 (14 yrs.), 16.77 in. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Wallbottle, par., Eng., Northumberland, Tyneside div., 5^ 
 m. WNW. Newcastle, i^ m. NE. by E. Ryton stn.; has 
 collieries. P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wallbrldge, settlement, U.S., Ohio, Wood co., 5 m. SSE. 
 Toledo. 
 
 Wallcomb, riv., Eng., in the SW. of Devonshire, trib. of 
 the riv. Tavy, which it joins on the 1. bk. 3 m. S. Tavistock. 
 
 Walldorf, comm., Ger. ,• gd. -duchy of Baden, circle and 8 
 m. S. by W. Heidelberg. P. <40oo. 
 
 . Walldilm, urban comm., Ger., Baden, circle Mosbach, 27 
 m. SW. by W. Wiirzburg (Bavaria). P. <:4000. 
 
 Walle, comm., Ger., 2^ m. NW. by N. Bremen, in the terr. 
 of Bremen. P. 6800. 
 
 Wallendbeen, stn., New South Wales, Harden co. , 118 m. 
 SW. Bathurst. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wallen-see, lake, Switzd. See Walen-see. 
 
 Waller, co. , U.S., Texas, crossed by 30° N. and by 96° W. , 
 bounded on the W. by Brazos R. 
 
 Waller, Monnt, mt. , Nyassa-land, S. Africa, on the W. side 
 of Lake Nyassa, in 10° 40' S. 
 
 Wallerawang, post-tn.. New South Wales, Cook co. , 30 m. 
 E. Bathurst ; coal is abundant, and iron ore and other minerals 
 are found in small quantities. Alt; 2928 ft. P. <: 1500. 
 . Wallerfangen, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Treves, 
 circle and 3 m. NW. Saarlouis. P. <:3000. 
 
 Wallern, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 27 m. W. by S. Budweis. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Wallers, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 6 m. W. Valen- 
 ciennes. P. <4000. 
 
 Wall Grange (for Cheddleton), stn., Eng., Staffordshire, 
 on the N. Staffordshire Rly. , between Leek and Endon. 
 
 Wall Heath, PM.O., Eng., Staffordshire, i m. from King- 
 swinford. 
 
 Wallingfen, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howden 
 union, near Eastrington. P. < 1000; tn. (iSouth Cave and 
 Wallingfen) P. <20oo. 
 
 Walllngford, mun. bor. (since Henry I.) and market-tn., 
 Eng., EJerkshire, Abingdon div., i2| m. NW. Reading, in the 
 diocese of Oxford, on the r. bk. of the Thames, with stn. on 
 G. W. R. Grammar-schools for boys and girls. There is 
 trade in malting and agricultural produce. The name is from 
 a vallum (rampart) erected here to defend the ford ; and Roman 
 earthworks still remain. In Camden's time it was double- 
 walled, with a tower in the centre. From Saxon times it was 
 a pari. bor. returning two members till 1832, then one till 1885, 
 when it was disfranchised. Market-day, F. In July a great 
 wool sale. Mean rfall. (the Castle, alt. 175 ft., 1866-80), yr. 
 26 in. Mun. bor. P. < 3000. 
 
 Walllngford, postal-centre. New Zealand, North I., Patan- 
 gata CO., 50 m. SSW. Napier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Walllngford, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, co. and 12 m. NE. by 
 N. New Haven ; has important manufactures. The Walllng- 
 ford Community is here. P. 6600. 
 
 . Walllngford, tn. , U.S., Vermont, co. and 10 m. S. Rutland, 
 on Otter Creek, with marble quarries. P. <2ooo. Walllng- 
 ford, East, 5 m. to the ESE. 
 
 Walllngton, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire, Hitchin div. , 13^ m. 
 N. Hertford, 3 m. E. Baldock stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Walllngton, par., Eng., Surrey, Wimbledon div., 2 m. W. 
 
 1687 
 
W A L L — W A L S 
 
 Croydon, on the L. B. & S. C. R,; has extensive cultivation of 
 lavender and other flowers for the distillation of scents. Roman 
 relics have been found. PMT.O. P. <:4000. 
 
 Walllngton Demesne, par., Eng. , Northumberland, Wans- 
 beck div., loj m. W. Morpeth, i| m. SSW. Scots Gap stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Walllngton with Tborpland, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. 
 div., 8 m. S. King's Lynn, i^ m. ENE. Stow stn. P. <25o. 
 See Rancton, Worth and ^ath. 
 
 Walllngwells, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, and partly in 
 Yorkshire, W. Riding, Bassetlaw div. , 3 J m. NNW. Worksop. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Wallls, another name of Lombom I. , Ger. New Guinea. 
 >f'allis, isls. , Pacific. See Ilea. 
 Walll.s, German name for Swiss cant. Valais {^.v.). 
 Wallis, Lake, New South Wales, Gloucester co., inlet of 
 the Pacific, near Cape Hawke, crossed by 32° 15' S. Length, 
 10 m.; breadth, 5 m. 
 
 Wauiscbblrken, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 25 m. WNW. Bud- 
 weis. P. <3ooo. 
 
 WalUs Down, PM.O., Eng., Hampshire, 3 m. from Bourne- 
 mouth. 
 
 Walllsea Island, Eng., Essex. See >Vallasea. 
 Wallisvllle, vil., U.S., Texas, Chambers co., on Galveston 
 Bay, at the mouth of Trinity R. , 40 m. E. Houston. P. <:isoo. 
 Wallklll River, large mill-stream, U.S., New Jersey and 
 New York, rises in Sussex co., flows N. into the Rondout ; the 
 Wallkill Valley is a famous dairy region. Length, 115 m. 
 lYalloons, the French-speaking population of Belgium (q.v.). 
 Walloostook, riv., U.S., Maine. See St. John, riv. 
 ^Viillop, Middle, PMT.O., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 
 loj m. ENE. Salisbury. 
 
 Wallop, Xether and Over, two adjoining pars., J m. S. 
 Middle Wallop, P.O. (Lower Wallop). Nether Wallop, 7391 
 ac. , P. < 1000 ; Over Wallop, 2 m. SE. by S. Grateley stn. , 
 4672 ac. , P. <750. 
 
 Wallowa, CO., U.S., in NE. angle of Oregon. 
 Walls, par., Scot., Shetland Is., in the W. of the Mainland, 
 the church and hamlet 15 m. W, by N. Lerwick, PMT.O.; 
 24,498 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Walls and Flotta, par., Scot., Orkney Is. ; 24,327 ac. P. 
 (including Hoy and Pharay Islands) < 2000. 
 
 Wallsee, Nleder, vil.. Lower Austria, on the r. bk. of the 
 Danube, 18 m. NE. by E. Steyr. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wallsend, par. and tn., Eng., Northumberland, Tyneside 
 div. , on the N. shore of the estuary of the Tyne, 2^ m. E. New- 
 castle, on the NE. R. ; aluminium is manufactured here ; formerly 
 noted for coal-mines. The town takes its name from its position 
 at the E. end of the Roman wall. P. 20,100; tn. P. 11,300. 
 
 Wallsend, colliery tp.. New South Wales, Northumberland 
 CO., 13 m. W. Newcastle; manufactures coke. P. < 4000. 
 Wallsend, part of bor. of Brunner, New Zealand. 
 Wallstovrn, par. , Ire. , co. Cork, bar. Fermoy, on riv. Awbeg, 
 7 m. NE. Mallow. P. <soo, . 
 
 Wall Town, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 16J m. 
 W. by N. Hexham, ij m. NE. Greenhead stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wallnf, Nleder, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle 
 Rheingau, on the r. bk. of the Rhine, 4J m. WSW. Wiesbaden. 
 P. -caopo. Walluf, Oher, i m. to the NW. , P. <20oo. 
 
 Wall nnder Hey wood, P.O., Eng., Shropshire, 4 J m. SE. 
 Church Stretton. 
 
 Wallyford, vil., Scot., Midlothian, par. Inveresk, i^ m. E. 
 by S. Musselburgh. P. <50o. 
 
 Waln»er, vil. , Capje Colony, dist. Port Elizabeth. P. < 1500. 
 Walnier, par. and tn., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., on 
 the E. ct. , 2 m. S. Deal, on the SE. R. and L. C. & D. R. It 
 is part of the bor. of Sandwich, one of the Cinque Ports, and 
 is a. military station. Walmer Castle, built by Henry VIII., is 
 the official residence of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. 
 In 1852 the Duke of Wellington (then Lord Warden) died 
 here. Vils. Upper and Lower Walmer ; the latter is resorted 
 to for sea-bathing. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Walnier Bridge, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, i m. from Long- 
 ton, near Preston. 
 
 Walmersley and Shattleworth, par., Eng., Lancashire, 
 Heywood div., i^ m. N. and partly in bor. of Bury^ i m. SSE. 
 Summerseat stn., PMT.O. (Walmersley); has coal-mines. 
 5053 ac. P. 5800. 
 
 Walmley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Sutton Coldfield 
 par. , P. O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Walmsgate, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 6 m. 
 S. by E. Louth, 3^ m. W. by S. Aby stn. P. <25o. See 
 Mackton. 
 
 Walmsley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, W. Houghton div. , 
 3^ m. N. Bolton, i m. WNW. Bromley Cross stn. P. <45oo. 
 
 Walney, Isle of, isl. and eccles. par., Eng., off the NW. 
 ct. of Lancashire, between Morecambe Bay and the estuary of 
 the Duddon, an island at high water, 9 m. long by ^-i m. wide, 
 opposite and included in the pari. bor. of Barrow, P. O. (Walney). 
 P. 484- 
 
 1688 
 
 Walnut, vil., U.S., Illinois, Bureau co., on Green R., 39 m. 
 SE. East Clinton by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Walnut, vil., U.S., Iowa, Pottawattamie co., 40 m. ENE. 
 Omaha (Neb.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Walnut, vil, U.S., Kansas, Crawford co., 106 m. S. by W. 
 Kansas City. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Walnut Creek, vil., U.S., California, Contra Costa co., 10 
 m. SSE. Martinez ; in the vicinity are sulphur springs. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Walnut Creek, riv., U.S., Kansas, rises in W. of Ness co. , 
 flows E. into Arkansas R., in Barton co. Length, 125 m. 
 
 Walnut Grove, vil., U.S., Arkansas, Independence co., 90 
 m. NW. by W. Memphis (Tenn. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Walnut Port, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lehigh co., on the 
 1. bk. of Lehigh R., 33 m. NE. by N. Reading. P. < 1500. 
 
 Walnut Tree Bridge, stn. , Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div. , 
 on the Taff Vale Rly. , 6 m. N W. by N. Cardiff. 
 
 Wnlo, dist. , W. Africa, comprising the 1. bk. of the mouth of 
 the Senegal. 
 
 Walpole, par. , Eng., Suffolk, div. and 2J m. SW. Halesworth, 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Walpole, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co., 17^ m. SW. 
 by S. Boston. P. < 3000. 
 
 Walpole, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Cheshire co., 4 m. S. 
 Bellows Falls, on Connecticut R.; a favourite summer resort. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Walpole Island, Canada, Ontario, Kent co., on the E. side 
 of Lake St. Clair, formed by branches of the riv. St. Clair. 
 
 Walpole St. Andrew and St. Peter, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., the former jh m. W. by S. King's 
 Lynn, li m. SW. of its stn. (Walpole) on the M. & G. N. 
 Joint Rly. Walpole St. Andrew, PM.O., P. <7So; Walpole 
 St. Peter, P.O., 7252 ac, P. < 1500. 
 
 Walsall, pari, and (by prescription) mun. bor., and co. bor. 
 (since 1888), par. and market-tn., Eng., Staffordshire, 8 m. 
 NNW. Birmingham, in the diocese of Lichfield, on an eminence 
 near the Tame, with stns. (Walsall) on the L. & NW. and 
 (Walsall and North Walsall) M. Rlys. Important manu- 
 factures in hardware, harness, and saddlery ; foundries and 
 tanneries ; coal-mines and limestone-quarries. Mentioned as 
 Walleshall by Leland (first half of i6th century), who speaks 
 even then of its ' sea-coal,' ' lime-pits,' and iron ore. The public 
 library (founded 1859) contains 16,000 vols. ; Science and Art 
 Institute ; four public parks, &c. Walsall has since 1832 re- 
 turned one meml)er to Parliament. Market-days, Tu. and S. 
 Par. 8182 ac. Pari., co., and mun. bor. P. (1801) 5200; (1851) 
 25,700; (1871)46,400; (1891)71,800. 
 
 Walsall Foreign, par., Eng., Staffordshire, partly in the co. 
 bor. of Walsall; 8219 ac. P. 64,100. 
 
 Walsall Wood, eccles. par., Eng., Staffordshire, Hands- 
 worth div., 4 m. NE. Walsall, on the M. R., PMT.O. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Walsden, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Middleton div. , on 
 the L. & Y. R., i\ m. S. Todmorden, 5 m. NE. Rochdale, 
 PMT.O. P. < 4500. 
 
 WaLsden, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding. See 
 Todiaordeii and Walsden. 
 
 Walsenbnrg, vil., U.S., Colorado, Huerfano co., 155 m. W. 
 by N. of the SE. corner of the state. P. <rsoo. 
 
 Walsgrave on Sowe, vil. , Eng. , Warwickshire. See Sowe. 
 Walsh, stn., Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R., 628 
 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Walsh, CO. , U.S. , N. Dakota, between 48° and 49° N. , crossed 
 by 98° W. , bounded on E. by Red R. 
 
 Walsham (wSl'sam by the uneducated, w6rsham by the 
 educated), North, par. and market-tn., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 
 8 m. SSE. Cromer, near the Ant R. , which is navigable to this 
 point, stn. (for Mundesley) on the G. E. R. , and (North Wal- 
 sham Town) on M. & G. N. Joint Rlys. It has a grammar- 
 school ; an elegant cross (Edward VI.) in the market-place. 
 Near the town is a stone cross to commemorate a victory over 
 a band of rebels, 1381. Market-day, Th. 4256 ac. P. <'4ooo ; 
 eccles. par. (North Walsham with Antingham) P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Walsham, South, St. Mary, and Walsham, South, St. 
 Lawrence, two adjoining pars., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 
 the former 9 m. ENE. Norwich, 2^ m. NNE. Lingwood stn., 
 PM.O. P. (of each) < 500. 
 
 Walsham-le- Willows, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 8| m. 
 NW. Stowmarket, PMT.O. P.<:iSoo. 
 
 Walshaw, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Bury par. P. 
 <:2oco. 
 
 Walshford, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., on 
 the Nidd, 4^ m. SE. by E. Knaresborough, 2 m. S. Allerton stn. 
 See Klbstoii, Great. 
 
 Walsiugham, vil. , Canada. See St. Williams. 
 Walslngham, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Norfolk. Little Walsingham, N. div., 25 m. NW. Norwich, 
 4^ m. S. Wells, with a stn. (Walslngham) on the G. E. R. 
 In the Middle Ages a chapel with a shrine of the Virgin Mary 
 was the most noted place of pilgrimage in England, after the 
 
W ALS — WALT 
 
 shrine of Thomas of Canterbury, of repute on the Continent 
 even as late as the time of Erasmus. The image was destroyed 
 at the time of the dissolution of the monasteries. The village of 
 Little Walsingham (now the more populous) is the later of the 
 two, having grown up round an Augustinian priory founded in 
 the middle of the 12th century, and of which extensive ruins 
 still survive. There are also remains of a Franciscan convent 
 founded about 1350. PMT.O. (Walslngliam), and PM.O. 
 (Old Wnlsiughani). P. < 1000. Great Walsingham, P. <5oo ; 
 eccles. par. (Little Walsliighaiiii wltli Houglituu lu the Dale) 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Wal'sokeu, par, and tn., Eng., on the W. border of Norfolk, 
 NW. div., II m. SW. by W. King's Lynn, suburb and i^ m. E. 
 Wisbech stn., P.O. (Old Wnlsokeu) ; 4867 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 fVHlsrmle, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Fallingbostel, 
 35 m. ESE. Bremen ; has large leather factories and manufactures 
 of tin boxes. P. < 3000. 
 
 Ralston, par. , Scot. , S. Lanarkshire, 12 m. W. by N. Peebles, 
 2 m. SW. by S. Dunsyre stn.; 4361 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 >Valttilr, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 4 m. NNE. 
 Vizagapatam, the European suburb of that town, on the E. ct. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Walterl»oro, tn. , U.S., S. Carolina, C^olleton co. , 42 m. W. 
 by N. Charleston; winter resort for invalids. P. < 1500. 
 
 WaltCFMlorf, tn. , Austria, Moravia, dist. Liebau. P. <30oo. 
 
 Walt«rt4liau)«cii, tn., Ger. , duchy Saxe-Koburg-Gotha, circle 
 Waltershausen , 7^ m. WSW. Gotha ; has important manu- 
 facture of papier-mach6 goods. Alt. 1055 ft. P. (i8i6)<3000; 
 P. (1890) 5200. 
 
 Waltcrstoiie, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 13 m. 
 NW. by W. Monmouth, i^ m. Pandy stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Walterstowii, par.. Ire., co. and 3 m. SW. Kildare, bar. 
 W. Offaly. P. <25o. 
 
 'Waltliain, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 6 m. SSW. 
 Canterbury, 3^ m. SSE. Chilham stn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. 
 par. (Waltliaiii 'with Petliaiii) P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Waltiiam, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, 4J m. S. by W. Grimsby, 
 included in the pari. bor. of Grimsby, 2 m. WSW. of its stn. on 
 the G. N. R.. PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. P. < 1000. 
 
 Waltliani, city, U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 9 m. 
 W. by N. Boston. It has several cotton-mills, one of which is 
 the first large cotton-mill erected (1814) in America; also the 
 celebrated Waltham watch-factory, perhaps the largest in the 
 world, capable of turning out 2000 watches daily. P. (1880) 
 11,700; (1890)18,700. 
 
 Waltliani, Groat and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Essex, on the Chelmer. Great Waltham div., 4^ m. N. by W. 
 Chelmsford, PMT.O., 7451 ac. , P. <:250o; Little Waltham, 
 PM.O., P. <:75o; eccles. pars. (<;rcat Waltham with Black 
 Chapel) P. <i5oo ; (Great >%'altliani, Ford End) P. <75o. 
 
 Waltham, North, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 6 m. 
 SW. by W. Basingstoke, 3 m. S. Oakley stn., PM.O, P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 Waltham, IJp, Eng. , Sussex, See I'pivaltham. 
 
 M'althani, White, par., Eng., Berkshire, 2 m. NE. Waltham 
 St. Lawrence. P. < 1000. See Shottesbrook. 
 
 Waltham Abhey, par., Eng., Essex, i m. E. Waltham 
 Cross. The Lee is here diverted into several channels, turning 
 four gunpowder mills belonging to the government. At Enfield 
 Lock, i| m. S. , the government has an extensive small-arms 
 factory ; and at Qnliiton Hill, just outside the town, large 
 cordite factories. The nave and lady chapel of the parish 
 church are portions of the famous old abbey, of which the 
 church was founded in the time of Canute ; relics also survive of 
 the abbey gates, Harold's bridge, &c. 11,017 ac. P. 6100; tn. 
 (Waltham Holy Cross) P. 6100. 
 
 Waltham Cross, eccles. par. and market-tn. , Eng., Hert- 
 fordshire, div. and 7 m. SSE. Hertford, on the Lea, with a stn. 
 (Waltham Cross aiul Abbey) on a branch of the G. E. R. 
 It derives its name from a cross erected here at one of the halting- 
 places of the funeral procession of Eleanor, Queen of Edward I. , 
 on its way to London. Market-day, Tu. P. <45oo. 
 
 Waltliam-oii-the- Wolds, par. and market-tn., Eng., Lei- 
 cestershire, Melton div., 5 m. NE. Melton Mowbray, with a 
 stn. (Waltham) on a branch of the G. N. R., PMT.O. (Wal- 
 tham). Market-day, Tu. P. <75o. 
 
 Waltham St. Lawrence, par., Eng., Berkshire, Woking- 
 ham div., 9 m. W. Windsor, 2 m. E, by N. Twyford stn. 
 P, <iooo. 
 
 Walthanistow, par. and tn. , Eng., Essex, Walthamstow 
 div., 9 m. W. Romford, with three stns. (St. James's Street, 
 Hoe Street, and Wood Street) on the G. E. R. ; 4355 ac. 
 P. 46,300; pari. div. P. (1891) 101,200. 
 
 Walton, seapt. tn. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Hants, 18 m. 
 N, Newport, on Minas Basin. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Walton, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div, and adjoining 
 , Aylesbury on the S. P. <:25o. 
 
 Walton, eccles. par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 12 
 m. E. by N. Buckingham, 4J m. S. Newport Pagnell, i§ m. N. 
 by E. Fenny Stratford stn. P, <2Soo. 
 
 Walton, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div,, 9 m. NE, 
 by E. Carlisle, 3 m. NW. Brampton stn., P.O. P. <500, 
 
 Walton, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, 3 m. SW. Chesterfield ; 
 coal-mining. P.O. P. < 1500. See Brampton. 
 
 Walton, NE. div. of the pari. bor. of Liverpool, with stn. on the 
 Edge Hill and Bootle branch of the L. & NW. R. P. 66,500. 
 
 Walton, vil., Eng,, Leicestershire, Harborough div., 10 m, 
 NE. by N. Rugby, 3 m. NW, by N. Kilworth stn., in the par, 
 of Walton In Knaptoft, P.O. Par. P. <2So. See also 
 Waltou>on-the- Wolds. 
 
 Walton, par., Eng., N, div. of Northamptonshire, 2^ m. 
 NNW, and in the Soke of Peterborough, on the M. R. , P.O. 
 P. <50o. See Paston. 
 
 Walton, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div,, 3 m. SW, Glaston- 
 bury, P.O. P.<:7So. 
 
 Walton, P.O. , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , 3 m. SE. Stafford, 
 I m. WSW. Milford and Brocton stn. 
 
 Walton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 3J m, NE. 
 Harwich, PMT.O, P, <;20oo; eccles. par, and tn. (Walton 
 with Felixstowe) P. <4ooo. 
 
 Walton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W, Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div. , 8 m. SE. Knaresborough, 1 m. N. by E. Thorp 
 Arch stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Walton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Normanton div. , 
 2J m. SSE. Wakefield, with a stn. (Sandal and Walt4>n) on 
 the M. R., P.O. P,<75o. 
 
 Walton, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Taieraco. , 114 m, 
 from Auckland by road, and rail, P. <i500. 
 
 Walton, CO., U.S., Florida, in the NW., on the N. frontier, 
 crossed in the E, by 86° W, 
 
 Walton, CO,, U,S. , Georgia, touching in extreme N. 34° N., 
 E. of 84° W, 
 
 Walton, agricultural vil,, U,S,, New York, Delaware co,, 78 
 m. SE. by S, Syracuse, on the W, Branch of the Delaware, 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Walton, Fast, par. , Eng., Norfolk, NW, div., 8 m, ESE. 
 King's Lynn, i| m. N. Narborough stn. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (East Walton with Gayton Thorpe) P. <5oo. 
 
 Walton, East, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 7 m, NE. by N, 
 Haverfordwest. P. < 250. 
 
 Walton, Higher, eccles. par,, Eng., Lancashire, Blackburn 
 par. , PM.O. P. <30oo. 
 
 Walton, Inferior and Superior, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Cheshire, Knutsford div., 2 m. S. by W. Warrington, PT.O. 
 (Higher Walton). Walton Inferior, P,<: 500; Walton Superior, 
 P. <;25o. 
 
 Walton, Lower and Upper, Cheshire. See Walton, In- 
 ferior and Superior. 
 
 Walton, West, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 10 m. WSW, 
 King's Lynn, 2| m. N. by W, Emneth stn., P.O. P. < 1000, 
 Walton Highway, i| m. to the SE., P.O. ; 5512 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Walton, West, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 5 m. NW. by 
 N. Milford. P. <50o; eccles. par, (W. Walton with Tal- 
 benny) P. <75o. 
 
 Walton and Womaston, par. , Wales, Radnorshire, 3 m, E. 
 New Radnor, 2 m. NE. Dolyhirstn., P.O. (Walton). P. <25o. 
 
 Walton Cardiff, par., Eng,, Gloucestershire, div. and i m. 
 SE. Tewkesbury. P. <:25o. 
 
 Walton «l*Elvlle, eccles, par, , Eng, , Warwickshire, Welles- 
 bourne par, P. <250. 
 
 Walton In Gordano, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., i m. 
 from the N. ct. , 9^ m. NE. Weston-super-Mare, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Walton In Knaptoft, Eng. , Leicestershire. See Walton. 
 
 Walton-le-Dale, par. and tn. , Eng., Lancashire, included 
 in the pari. bor. and 2 m, SE. by E. Preston, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Ribble ; 4683 ac, P. 10,600, 
 
 Walton-le-Soken, par. and tn. , Eng. , Essex, Colchester div. , 
 on the E, ct. , 6^ m. S. Harwich, with a stn. (Walton-on-the- 
 Jfa?e) on the G. E. R, ; the village is resorted to as a watering- 
 place ; the beach is firm and sandy, affording excellent bathing. 
 The ancient church and the greater part of the old village have 
 been submerged by the sea. PMT.O, (Walton-on-the-Naze). 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Walton on Thames, par., Eng., Surrey, Epsom div,, 5 m. 
 W. by S. Kingston, with a stn. (Walton and Hersham) on the 
 L. & SW. R. ; residential dist. , and resort of anglers and tourists. 
 6860 ac. P. 8000. 
 
 Walton on the Hill, par, and tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, Bootle 
 div., 3 m. NNE. Liverpool, on Southport and Cheshire Lines 
 Extension Rly. , and with a junction stn. (Walton) on the L. & 
 Y. R, Par. P. 40,900 ; tn. P. 40,300, 
 
 Walton on the Hill, par, , Eng. , Surrey, div, and 4 m. S. 
 by E. Epsom, 2^ m. S. Epsom Downs stn. , PMT.O. P. <7So, 
 
 Walton on tlie Wolds, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, div. and 
 4 m. E. Loughborough, 2^ m. NE. Barrow stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Walton-upon-Trent, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, S. div. , on the 
 Tame, 3i m. SW. by S. Burton, with a stn. (Barton and 
 Walton)"'on the M. R., PM.O. P. <500. 
 
 Waltrop, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Reckling- 
 hausen, 20 m. NE. by E. Essen. P, (comm,)<4ooo. 
 
 1689 
 
W AL W— W ANN 
 
 Walworth, par. , Eng., Durham, SE. div. , 5 m. NW. by W. 
 Darlington, aj m. NE. Piercebridge stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Walvrortli, suburb of London, Eng., Surrey, which gives 
 name to the eastern div. of Newington bor. , li m. S. St. Paul's, 
 London, with a stn. (ITitliTorth Koad) on the L. C. & D. R. 
 Pari. div. P. 59,200. 
 
 Walworth, co., U.S., S. Dakota, between 45° and 46° N., 
 bounded on the W. by the Missouri R. 
 
 Walworth, co. , U.S., Wisconsin, in the SE., on the S. 
 frontier, W. of 88° W. 
 
 Walwyns Castle, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 4 m. NW. 
 by N. Milford. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Walwyns Castle with 
 West Kobeston) P. 500. 
 
 Walzenhansen, vil., Switzd. , canton Appenzell, Outer 
 Rhodes, 2 m. E. Heiden. Alt. 2210 ft. P. <30oo. ■ 
 
 Wama, tn. , Austria, crownland Bukovina, 50 m. S. by W. 
 Czemowitz. P. <40oo. 
 
 Waniachonde, tribe, Africa. See MagMangwara. 
 Waniherg, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 21 m. ESE. Koniggratz. 
 P. < 3000. 
 Waniberta, prov., Abyssinia. See Womberta. 
 Wambool, riv. , New South Wales. See .Macqnarle. 
 Wanibrechles, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 3 m. N. 
 Lille. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wanibrook, par., Eng., Dorset, W. div., 10 m. NNW. 
 Lyme Regis, zh m. SW. by W. Chard stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Wame'go, city, U.S., Kansas, Pottawattomie co. , on the 
 1. bk. of the Kansas R. , 40 m, WNW. Topeka. Alt. rooo ft. 
 (K.P.R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Wanil, riv. , E. Africa. See Mukondokwa. 
 Wammerawa, vil.. New South Wales, Clyde co., in 30° 28' 
 S. , 147° 40' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waniphray, par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 6i m. SE, by S. 
 Moffat, ih m. NE. by E. Wamphray stn. on the C. R., P.O.; 
 13,133 ac." P. <5oo. 
 
 Wampool, riv., Eng., Cumberland, flowing NW. through 
 the divs. of Penrith and Eskdale into the Solway Firth at 
 Longcroft. Length, 16 m. 
 
 Wampani, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lawrence co., on 
 Beaver R., 31 m. NW. by N. Allegheny. P. < 1500. 
 Wan, Japanese, 'bay.' 
 
 Wanaariug, post-tn. , New South Wales, Ularara co., in 
 29° 50' S. , 144° 10' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wanaka, lake, New Zealand, South I., prov. Otago, co. 
 Vincent, with its W. shore bordering Lake co., S. end less 
 than 2 m. from Hawea Lake, which is parallel with it, and 
 drained S. by the Clutha R. ; it contains three beautiful islands. 
 Length, 29 m. ; breadth, 1-3 m.; depth, 600-1085 ft., the greater 
 portion more than 800 ft. deep ; area, 75 sq. m. ; alt. 970 ft. 
 
 Wananile, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co. , 
 10 m. S. Wilkesbarre. P. <;i50o. 
 
 WAubhachraii, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Bannu, 112 ra. 
 S. Peshdwar. P. < 5000. 
 
 Wanborough, par., Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div., 4 m. W. 
 Guildford, 2^ m. ESE. Ashgreen stn. on L. & SW. R., P.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Wanborough, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade div., 4 m. E. 
 Swindon, PM.O.; 4514 ac. P. <;iooo. 
 Wandala, prov. , Bornu. See Mandara. 
 Wandandlan, hamlet. New South Wales, St. Vincent co. , 
 50 m. SSW. WoUongong, on Wandandian Creek, connected 
 with the sea through St. George's Basin by the Berrewerree 
 Channel. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Waudarama, tn., western Sudan, in the Kong country, in 
 about 8.^" N., 4° W. Alt. 1930 ft. (Binger). 
 
 Wandearah, \'il. , S. Australia, Victoria co. , 58 m. S. by E. 
 Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wandell and Lamlngton, par.. Scut., Lanarkshire, on the 
 Clyde, 6 m. SW. Biggar, with a stn. (Lanilngton) on the C. R., 
 PM.O. (Lanilngton) ; 12,820 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wandlllgong, post-tn., Victoria, Delatite co., 52 m. S. 
 Albury; has quartz-mining. P. -<i5oo. 
 
 Wandln I'allock, par., Victoria, Evelyn co., in 37° 50' S., 
 145° 31' E. , 30 ni. SE. Melbourne. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Wandlwash, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. N. Arcot, on a 
 trib. of Palar R., 30 m. WSW. Chengalpat ; scene of an impor- 
 tant victory by Coote over the French, 1760. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Wandle, small stream, Eng., Surrey, rises near Croydon, and 
 joins the Thames at Wandsworth. 
 
 Wandre, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. Liege. P. < 5000. 
 Wandsbeck, or Wandsbek, tn. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig- 
 Holstein, cap. circle Stormarn, 2>h ™- ENE. Hamburg; manu- 
 factures of tobacco, brandy, oleographs, «S:c. P. (1855) 5000 ; 
 (1871)10,900; (1890)20,600. 
 
 Wandsworth (Wandle's worth. See Worth). I. Suburb of 
 London, Eng., Surrey, on the r. bk. of the Thames, at the 
 mouth of the Wandle, 6 m. SW. St. Paul's, on the L. & SW. R. 
 2. Pari. bor. in the SW. of London, stretching from Barnes to 
 Streatham Common. P. 113,200. 
 
 Wandsworth Common, stn., Eng., on the L. B. & S. C. 
 1690 
 
 R., si m. SW. by S. St. Paul's, adjoining the common of that 
 name. See Batt'ersea. 
 
 Wandsworth Road, stn., Eng., on the L. C. & D. R. 
 (Metropolitan Extension), 3^ m. SW. by S. St. Paul's. 
 
 Wanereiiooka, post-stn., W. Australia, Victoria dist., 260 
 m. NNW. Perth ; has a copper-mine which is not now worked. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Wanetse, riv., Brit. S. Africa. See Knanetse. 
 
 Wanferc^e-Banlet, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. 
 and 7 m. NE. Charleroi. P. 5000. 
 
 Wanflrled, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle Eschwege, 
 32 m. ESE. Kassel. P. < 3000. 
 
 Wnnga, seapt. on the coast of E. Africa, in the extreme N. 
 of the sphere of German influence, in 4° 39' S. 
 
 Wangannl, co.. New Zealand, North I., crossed by 39^° S., 
 and bounded on the W. by Wanganui R. 
 
 Wangannl, ct. tn. and port. New Zealand, North I.,Waito- 
 tara co. , 79 m. SE. New Plymouth, on Wanganui R. , crossed 
 by an iron bridge 600 ft. long ; the bar, with a depth of water of 
 9-14 ft. , is now being deepened. It is the principal port onW. ct. ; 
 has saw-mills, woodenware factories, foundries, flour-mills, and 
 fellmongeries. Near the town is the Maori college for the 
 education of native youth. Mean temp., yr. 55.8^ F. , Feb. 
 64.0°, July 47.2°. Bor. P. 5000. 
 
 Wangannl, riv.. New Zealand, North I., rises in central 
 mountains, and flows through the Maori King Country into 
 the S. Taranaki Bight near 40° S. 
 
 Wangaira, race, Africa. See Mandlngo. 
 
 Waiigaratta, post-tn. , Victoria, Bogong co. , 20 m. W. Beech- 
 worth, in an agricultural and fruit-growing dist.; has fine agri- 
 cultural show-yard, flour-mills, and coach factories. P. <25oo. 
 
 Wangarel, post-tn., New Zealand. See Whangarei. 
 
 Wangava, isl. , in Lau or E. group, Fiji Is., in i8°53'S. , 
 
 178' 53' w. 
 
 Waugen, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Neckar, on the 
 1. bk. of the Neckar, 3 m. E. by S. Stuttgart. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wangen, tn. , Ger. , on the S. frontier of Wiirtemberg, circle 
 of the Danube, 48 m. S. Ulm ; has strong walls, with gates and 
 towers ; cotton-spinning and weaving. P. <c3ooo. 
 
 Wangen, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, on the Aar, 6 m. ENE. 
 Solothurn. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Wangen, Gross, vil., Switzd., cant, and 13 m. WNW. 
 Lucerne. P. (comm.)<30oo. 
 
 Wangenles, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. Charleroi, 
 i^ m. W. Fleurus. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wangerln, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Regenwalde, 
 42 m. E. by N. Stettin. P. <:3000. 
 
 Wangeroog, isl., Ger., in the NW. of the gd. -duchy of 
 Oldenburg ; has sea-bathing ; lifeboat station. The island was 
 much damaged by storms in 1854 and 1855. Length, 6 m. ; 
 breadth, i m. 
 
 Wnngewannshoh, station of Berlin Missionary Society, Ger. 
 E. Africa, about 22 m. N. of NW. point of Lake Nyassa. Alt. 
 2600 ft. 
 
 Wangford, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 11 m. SW. Lowes- 
 toft, 3^ m. NW. Southwold, PMT.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. 
 (Wangford with Henham and Reydon) P. < 1500. 
 
 Wangford, par., Eng., in NW. of Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 
 3 m. SW. Brandon (q.v.). P. <25o. 
 
 Wang (Wan, or Wen) ^klang, different names for the Nln- 
 klang, riv. , China, Siichwan. 
 
 Wan-li.slen, tn., China, in E. of Siichwan, on 1. bk. Yangtse- 
 kiang, about the point where its course changes from NE. to E. , 
 153 m. NE. by E. Chungking; seat since 1887 of a station of 
 the China Inland Mission. 
 
 Wilnkiiner, tn., India, Gujarat, 105 m. W. by N. Cam bay ; 
 manufactures cotton cloth, locks, and shoes. P. (1881) 5500. 
 
 Wankle's (^patanl's), vil., S. Africa, Makalaka-land, on the 
 1. bk. of the Zambezi, in 27° 20' E., 165 m. NNW. Buluwayo. 
 
 Wankore, race, Africa. See Mandlngo. 
 
 Wanks, riv. , Nicaragua. See Coco. 
 
 Wanllp, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 4 m. N. 
 Leicester, on the 1. bk. of the Soar, ik m. SW. Syston Junction. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Waulorkhead, mining vil. , Scot. , in the N W. of Dumfries- 
 shire, 6 m. ENE. Sanquhar, at the height of 1350 ft., in a bleak 
 region, separated by the water-parting of the basins of the Nith 
 and Clyde from Leadhills in Lanarkshire. Gold-mine was 
 worked here in 1512, and silver-lead has been mined almost 
 continuously since about 1680. Here Symington built the 
 engines for the boat which Miller sailed on Dalswinton Loch 
 (q.v.). PMT.O. P.<750- 
 
 Wanna Wanna, two of the Brit. Solomon Is., Pacific, W. 
 of New Georgia (Kausagi), in 8° 15' S., 157° 5' E. 
 
 Wanne, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. .Arnsberg, 
 circle and 4 m. NW. Bochum. P. <3000. 
 
 Wanneroo, post-tn. , W. Australia, Perth co. , 20 m. N. Perth. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Waunon, post-tn., Victoria, Dundas co., in 37°4S'S., 141° 
 30' E. P. <i5oo. 
 
.w: A 'N N 
 
 WARD 
 
 Waliiion River, Victoria, rises in the Sierra Range near 
 Mount Abrupt, and joins the Glenelg near 37° 40' S. Length, 
 150 m. 
 
 Wniisberk, riv. , Eng. , Northumberland, flawing through the 
 Wansbeck div. and the pari. bor. of Morpeth, which it partly 
 bounds on the N., into the North Sea at Camboise. 
 
 Wansbeck, pari, div., Eng., in the SE. of the county of 
 Northumberland. P. 59,600. 
 
 Wniisdyke, ancient British road, Eng. , running from Andover 
 in Hampshire, W. through Wiltshire, to Portishead in Somerset; 
 originally called Wodensdic. Made their N. boundary by the 
 Belgse. Length, 80 m. 
 
 Wansen, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Ohlau, 23 m. SSE. 
 Breslau. P. <:3000. 
 
 Wan.sfell Pike, mt. ridge, Eng. , Westmorland, at head of 
 Windermere. Alt. 1581 ft. 
 
 Waiisfowl, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, in the 
 Soke of Peterborough, on the Nen, 6 m. SSE. Stamford, with 
 two stns. (Wansford and Wansford Road) on the L. & NW. 
 and G. N. Rlys., PMT.O. P. <25o. See Thornliangh. 
 
 VFauiitrord, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 on the Driffield Canal, 17^ m. N. Hull, i^ m. S. by E. Nafferton 
 stn. , P.O. P. <25o. See Nafferton. 
 
 Wanstead, par. and tn., Eng., Essex, on the Roothing, 
 div. and 6| ni. W. Romford, close to Snaresbrook stn. Par. 
 P. 26,300; tn. P. 7100; eccles. pars. (Wanstead Harrow 
 dreen) P. 29,600 ; (Wanstead Hermon Hill) P. <4ooo. 
 
 Wanstead Park, stn., Eng., near East Ham, Essex, on 
 London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly. 
 
 Wanstrow, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 5 m. SW. Frome, 
 on the G. W. R., PT.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Wantage, par. and tn. , Eng. , Berkshire, div. and 8 m. SW. 
 Abingdon, 2^ m. S. of its stn. (Wantage Road) on the G. W. R. 
 Birthplace of Alfred the Great, 849, and of Bishop Butler, 1692. 
 P. <4ooo ; eccles. par. (Wantage with Charlton) P. <:45oo. 
 
 Wanthall, or Banthly, tn., India, Kithiawdr Penin., 70 m. 
 NW. by N. Diu ; famous for its coppersmiths' and ironsmiths' 
 work. P. (1881) 6500. 
 
 Wantlsden, par., Eng., Suffolk, Plomesgate union, 3 m. SE. 
 Wickham Market. P. < 250. 
 
 Wanton Walls and New €ralgliall, vil. , Scot. , Midlothian, 
 i| m. WSW. Musselburgh. P. <20oo; Wanton Walls (alone) 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Wanyanga, Wanya, or Onya, improperly Wajanga, oasis, 
 central Sahara, E. of Tibesti and Borku, crossed by i8^° N., 
 21° E. ; chief centre, Yoa. 
 
 Wanzenau, vil., Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, circle and 7 m. NE. 
 by N. Strassburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wanalge, hot springs, Abyssinia, about 19 m. SW. Samara 
 (Debra Tabor). 
 
 Wanxlelten, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, cap. circle Wanzleben, 
 10 m. WSW. Magdeburg ; has manufactures of sugar and agri- 
 cultural implements. P. <4000. 
 
 Waotn, post-tn., New Zealand, North L, 131 m. from 
 Auckland by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wapakoneta, vil., U.S., Ohio, Auglaise co., 85 m. SSW. 
 Toledo ; site of an ancient Indian capital. P. <4000. 
 
 Wapella, stn., Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R., 
 325 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Wapello, CO., U.S., Iowa, crossed by 41° N., and between 
 92° and 93° W. , traversed by Des Moines R. 
 
 Wapello, tn., U.S., Iowa, cap. Louisa co. , on r. bk. of Iowa 
 R. , 26 m. N. by W. Burlington. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wapley and Codrington, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, 
 Thornbury div., 9 m. ENE. Bristol, 2 m. SE. Yate Junction. 
 
 P.-C250. ' 
 
 Wapley Hill, ancient camp with five lines of defence, Eng., 
 on border of Herefordshire and Radnorshire, 3 m. SE. Pres- 
 teigne ; commands splendid view. Alt. 1 100 ft. 
 
 WapUngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, union and 
 3 m. SW. Pocklington. P. <25o. 
 
 Wappenbury, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Rugby div. , 4J^ m. 
 NE. by E. Leamington, 2^ m. WNW. Marton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wappenhani, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 9 m. 
 NW. by N. Buckingham, on the Northampton & Banbury 
 June. Rly., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Wapplug, par., Eng., co. of London, in bor. of Tower 
 Hamlets, on E. London Rly., at the N. end of the Thames 
 Tunnel. P. <25oo. 
 
 Wapplnger Falls, vil., U.S., New York, Dutchess co. , 2 m. 
 N. Hughsonville ; has a fine park ; tourist resort. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Wapslplulcoit River, riv. , U.S. , Iowa, rises by two branches, 
 flows SE. into the Mississippi 10 m. below Clinton. Length, 
 225 m. 
 
 Wara, ruined tn. , former cap. of Wadai, central Sudan, 25 
 m. N. Abeshe. 
 
 Warabot, vil, E. Africa, Somali-land, 8 m. S. by W. Zeila. 
 
 Waradgery, co. , New South Wales, bounded on the N. by 
 the Lachlan R., and crossed by 145° E. 
 
 WArjihl, tn., India, 90 m. NW. by W. Ahmadabad. 
 
 Warangal, ancient tn., India, state and 87 m. ENE. Haida- 
 rdbad. In ancient times Karimabdd, i m. W. , and Matwara, 
 I m. NW. , formed suburbs of W. P. (i88i)<4ooo. 
 
 Warangiion, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khandesh, 118 
 m. W. Amraoti. P. (1891) 5800; Hindus, 4800. 
 
 Warangerfjord. See Varanger Fjord. 
 
 Warasdln, Ger. spelling of Varasd (Croatia). 
 . Warasqiie, former dist. , France. See Varals. 
 
 Waratali', post-tn.. New South Wales, Gloucester co., in 32° 
 56' S. , 151° 45 E. ; has coal and copper mines, copper and tin 
 smelting works, stone quarries, pottery, and brick-making. Large 
 quantities of fruit are exported. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Waratali', post-tn., Tasmania. See Monut Blschoff. 
 
 Waratah, Sonth, tp. , New South Wales. See Charle.stown. 
 
 Waranltee Island, isl. , S. Australia, in Spencer Gulf, in 
 about 34° 30' S. 
 
 Warberg, tn. and sea-bathing place, Sweden, prov. Halland, 
 on W. ct. , 42 m. S. by E. Gothenburg. P. < 5000. 
 ■ Warbleton, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 12 m. N. East- 
 bourne, PMT.O. , and P.O. (Rnshlake Green) ; 6226 ac. P. < 
 1500; eccles. par. (Warbleton St. Mary) P.<i5oo. 
 
 Warbllngton, par., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., on 
 the coast, 7 m. ENE. Portsmouth, i m. SE. Havant stn.; 
 includes Emsworth (g.v.), i m. E., with stn. on L. B. & S. C. R. 
 Warblington Castle, now a ruin, was built before Henry III., 
 but rebuilt in the reign of Henry VII. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Warborongh, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 9^ m. 
 SE. by S. Oxford, i m. N. of the Thames, 3 m. N. Walling- 
 ford, PMT.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Warboys, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 6^ m. 
 NE. Huntingdon, on the G. E. R., PMT.O ; 8435 ac. P.<: 
 2000. 
 
 Warbreck, vil., Eng., Lancashire, div. and i^ m. N. Black- 
 pool. See Layton. 
 
 Warbstow, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 8J m. WNW. 
 Launceston ; 4151 ac. P. <500. See Treneglos. 
 
 Warburg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, cap. circle War- 
 burg, 20 m. NW. Kassel ; here the Duke of Brunswick gained 
 a victory, July 31, 1760. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Warbnrton, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Altrincham div. , 6 m. E. 
 by N. Warrington, on the Mersey, with a stn. (Heatley and 
 Warbnrton) on the L. & NW. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Warburton, riv. , S. Australia, flows SW. into the N. end of 
 Lake Eyre. See Dlamantlna. 
 
 Warbnrton, postai-dist. , Victoria, Evelyn co. , in 37° 48' S. , 
 145° 41' E. ; a summer resort, surrounded by beautiful scenery. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 WArcha, vil., India, Punjab, Shdhpur dist., 105 m. SW. by 
 S. Rawal Pindi, at the base of the Salt Range, with salt-mines. 
 
 Warcop, par., Eng., Westmorland, on the Eden, div. and 5 
 m. SE. Appleby, on the NE. R. , PMT.O. ; 11,494 ac P. <7So. 
 
 Ward, par.. Ire., co. and 7 m. NW. Dublin, bar. Castle- 
 knock, P.O. (The Ward). P.<250. 
 
 Wanl, CO., Queensland, on the E, ct., in the extreme SE., 
 crossed by 28° S. 
 
 Ward, mining vil., U.S., Nevada, White Pine co., 75 m. SE. 
 Eureka, at foot of Harnet Peak. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Want, CO., U.S., N. Dakota, N. of 48° N. , crossed in the 
 E. by ici° W. 
 
 Waril District, gold and silver mining vil., U.S., Colorado, 
 CO. and 20 W. Boulder. P. -c 1500. 
 
 Warden, tp. , New South Wales, Rous co, 55 m. NNE. 
 Grafton, on Richmond R. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wartlen, par., Eng., Kent, on the E. ct. of the Isle of 
 Sheppey, 6^ m. E. by S. Sheerness. P. <25o. 
 
 War«len, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 2 m. W. by 
 N. Hexham, at the confluence of the N. and S. Tyne, i m. S. 
 by W. Wall stn. P. <iooo; eccles. par. (Warden with Neiv- 
 brongh) P. < 2000. 
 
 Wartlen, Ohl, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 
 6i m. SE. by E. Bedford, i m. NE. by N. Southill stn., PM.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Ward End, eccles. par., Eng., Warwickshire, Aston par., 
 P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wanlen Law, par., Eng., Durham, union and zh m. E. 
 Houghton-le-Spring. P. <25o. 
 
 WardliA, riv., Brit. India, Central Provs. , rises in the Satpura 
 Hills and flows from the NW. in the same general direction 
 as the lower Godavari. In the monsoon it becomes a furious 
 torrent ; in the hot months it is nearly everywhere fordable. The 
 valley of the Wardhd is famous for its cotton. Length, 254 m. 
 
 WardhA, tn.. Central India, Wardhi dist., 46 m. SW. 
 Ndgpur ; an active centre of the cotton trade, founded on the 
 site of an old village only in 1866, but very prosperous through 
 being the place of junction of the railway down the Wardha 
 valley with the main line from Bombay to Ndgpur. P. (1891) 
 8300 ; Hindus, 660Q. 
 
 Wardhonse, stn., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 7 m. SSE. 
 Huiitly, on the G. N. of S. R. 
 
 War«l Hnnt Strait, Brit. New Guinea, separating Cape 
 
 1691 
 
WARD — W A R L 
 
 Vogel Penin. from the W. end of the D'Entrecasteaux group, 
 crossed by 9^° S. , 150° E. 
 
 Wardle, vil, Scot., Midlothian, included in Granton (g.v.) 
 village. 
 
 Wardln, comm. , Belgium, prov. Luxembourg, arr. Bastogne, 
 29 m. NW. by N. Luxembourg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wardlngton, par., Eng., on the NE. border of Oxfordshire, 
 div, and 4^ m. NE. Banbury, 2^ m. E. Cropredy stn., PMT.O, 
 P.<750. 
 
 Wawl iM-w, mt., Scot., Selkirkshire, par. and 1 m. N. 
 Ettrick church. Alt. 1951 ft. 
 
 Wardle, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 3 J m. NW. 
 by N. Nantwich, on the Ellesmere Canal, 2 m. SE. Calveley 
 stn. P. <250. 
 
 Wardle, viL, Eng., Lancashire; has coal-mines. PM.O. 
 See Wnerdle and Wardle. 
 
 Wardleworth, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, included in co. bor. 
 of Rochdale, on L. & Y. R. P. 19,200. 
 
 Wardley, stn., Eng., Lancashire. See Hoorslde and 
 Wardley. 
 
 Wardley, par., Eng., Rutland, 6 m. SSW. Oakham, 3 m. 
 E. by S. East Norton stn. P. <;250 ; eccles. par. (Wanlley 
 with Belton) P. <soo. 
 
 Wardley Colliery, P.O. , Eng. , Durham, 4 m. SE. Gateshead. 
 Wanllow, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 8 m. E. by N. 
 Buxton, ij m. N. Monsal Dale stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Wardlow Hay Cop, a hill to the S. Alt. 1227 ft. 
 Ward ofCrnden, vil. , Scot. , Aberdeenshire. See Port Errol. 
 Wardonr, par., Eng., Wiltshire, union and 2 m. SW. 
 Tisbury. P. < 1000. 
 
 Ward's Island, U.S. See Xew York, city. 
 Ward's Springs, vil., U.S., Virginia, Pittsylvania co. , 2 m. 
 N. Elba; has sulphur spring. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wardsvllle, vil., Canada, Ontario, Middlesex co., 35 m. 
 SW. London, on the riv. Thames. P. <i5oo. 
 
 WardwAn, long narrow valley, N. India, E. of Kashmir 
 valley, bounded by mountains covered with perpetual snow ; a 
 noted haunt of the ibex. Length, 40 m.; average breadth, ^ m. 
 Ware, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and 
 2^ m. NE. by E. Hertford, on the Lea, on a branch of the 
 G". E. R. The town, on 1. bk. of the Lea, has a church, and 
 an active trade in malt, grain, and coal. The ' great bed of 
 Ware,' 12 ft. square, and of uncertain origin and use, men- 
 tioned by Shakespeare, is now at Rye House, about 4 m. from 
 the town. The town was founded by Edward the Elder, at the 
 place of a wear or dock, previously formed by the invading 
 Danes, and here are some remains of an ancient priory, and the 
 head springs of the New R. , by which water is conveyed for the 
 supply of the N. part of London. Market-day, Tu. 4705 ac. 
 Mean rfall. (Much Hadham, alt. 222 ft., 1866-80), yr. 26.7 in. 
 Par. P. 5700 ; tn. P. 5300. 
 Ware, co., U.S., Georgia, on S. frontier, W. of 82° W. 
 Ware, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire co. , on Ware R., 
 18 m. E. by N. Holyoke ; has cotton and woollen manufac- 
 tures. P. 7300. 
 
 Waregga, central African Bantu tribe of the Congo Free 
 State, inhabiting the primeval forests E. of the Upper Congo, 
 and NE. of Nyangwe. They are intelligent, and some of their 
 native industries, e.g., forging, are highly developed. Iron 
 ores of good quality are found in their country. According to 
 Stanley and Huxley the Wareggas are addicted to cannibalism. 
 See Stanley, Through the Dark Continent, 1878, ii. , ch. v. 
 [H. «. S.] 
 
 Waretaam, mun. bor. (since 1703), Eng., Dorsetshire, E. 
 div., 15 m. E. Dorchester, in the diocese of Salisbury, between 
 the Trent and Frome, with stn. on the L. & SW. R. The 
 chief trade now is from clay-works, but anciently it was an im- 
 portant market-town and seaport. The Romans had a station 
 here, and traces of their vallum (rampart) still remain. As the 
 sea receded Wareham declined as a port, while the neighbouring 
 town of Poole rose in importance. Market-day, Tu. Mun. bor, 
 P. (i89i)<25oo; eccles. par. (Wareham wltli Arne) P. < 3500. 
 Waretaam, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Plymouth co., on 
 Wareham R. , 14 m. NE. New Bedford. P. < 4000. 
 
 Waretaorne, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 6 m. S. by W. Ash- 
 ford, I m. SW. Ham Street stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Warehouse Point, vil., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 11 m. 
 N. by E. Hartford, on the 1. bk. of the Connecticut. P. <i?oo. 
 Waremme, comm., Belgium, prov. and 13 m. WNW. Liege, 
 arr. Waremme. P. <4000. 
 
 Waren, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle Waren, be- 
 tween the N. shore of Miiritz-see and the Tiefwaren-see, 20 m. 
 NW. by W. Neustrelitz. P. 6800. 
 
 Warendorf, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, cap. circle 
 Warendorf, 23 m. S. Osnabriick. P. 5600. 
 
 Warenfifrd, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., \o\ m. NNW. Alnwick, \\ m. SW. Lucker stn., 
 P.O. P.<:2So. 
 
 Warenton, par., Eng., Northumberland, 2 m. SE. Belford. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 1692 
 
 Waresboro, vil., U.S., Georgia, Ware co. , 104 m. E. Albany 
 by rail, in the midst of pine forests. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Wareslde, eccles. par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Ware and 
 Thundridge pars., P.O. P. <750. 
 
 Waresley, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and 11 m. S. 
 Huntingdon, 2 m. N. by E. Gamlingay stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Warfleld, par., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., 6 m. 
 SW. by W. Windsor, 2 m. NNE. Bracknell stn., P.O. (War- 
 fleld Street). P. <250o. 
 
 Warford, Great, par., Eng., Cheshire, 5 m. E. Knutsford, 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Wargla, or Wargala (French spelling, Onai^la), oasis, 
 Algeria, 315 m. S. by W. Constantine ; has numerous date- 
 palms. Continuation of railway from Biskra (present terminus 
 of Philippeville, Constantine, and S. line) by Tuggurt to Wargla 
 projected. Malarial fever very prevalent, especially in spring 
 and autumn. 
 
 Wargrave, par., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., on the 
 r. bk. of the Thames, at the confluence of the Loddon, 5I m. 
 NE. by E. Reading, close to Shiplake stn., PMT.O.; 4462 ac. 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 Wargrave, PMT.O., Eng., Lancashire, Newton div., 4^ m. 
 E. by S. St. Helens, \ m. SE. Earlestown Junction. 
 
 Warham, All Saints and St. Mary, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Norfolk, N. div. Warham All Saints, 17J m. W. Cromer, 
 \\ m. SE. Wells stn., P.O., P.<5oo; Warham St. Mary, P.< 
 250. 
 
 War HIU, mt.. Ire., in the NE. of co. Wicklow, 8 m. SW. 
 by W. Bray. Alt. 2250 ft. 
 
 WArl, also known as SAivantwArl, and SandarM'Arl 
 ('beautiful garden"), tn. and ruined fort, India, cap. native 
 State Sawantwari, 30 m. N. by W. Goa; on the rocky border 
 of a lake, surrounded by palm-groves. P. (1881) 86co. 
 
 Warlalda, tp.. New South Wales, Burnett co., no m. N. by 
 W. Tam worth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Warl Creek, arm of the Niger delta, flowing W. , in about 
 5° 40' N. , s° 20-50' E. 
 
 Warln, tn. , Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle Giistrow, 13 
 m. SE. by E. Wismar. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Warlngsford, P. O. , Ire., NW. co. Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, 
 Lower Half, 9 J m. S. by W. Lisburn, 4 m. from Dromore stn. 
 
 Warlngstown, tn. , Ire., NW. co. Down, bar. Lower Iveagh, 
 Upper Half, 2 m. SSE. Lurgan ; has linen manufactures, in- 
 troduced into the dist. about 1667. Alt. 191 ft. Mean rfall. 
 (1866-80), 33.2 in. PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Warh, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, div. and 9^ m. NW. by 
 N. Hexham, \ m. W. of its stn. on the N. B. R.; has coal- 
 mines. PMT.O. 23,535 ac. P. <:750. 
 
 Wark, hamlet, Eng., Northumberland, on Tweed R., 2 m. 
 from Coldstream ; has some remains of Wark Castle, noted in 
 border warfare. PM.O. 
 
 Wark Barn, riv., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham div., 
 trib. of the N. Tyne, which it joins on the r. bk. at Wark. 
 
 Warkleigh, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 7^ m. 
 SE. by S. Barnstaple, 2^ m. ESE. Umberleigh stn., P.O 
 P. <:25o; eccles. par. (Warkleigh Mlth Satterleigh) P. <;500. 
 
 Warkton, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 7^ m. 
 N. Wellingborough. 2 m. NE. Kettering. P. <25o. 
 
 Warkworth, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Northumberland, 
 15 m. N. Colborne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Warkworth, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., at the mouth of the Coquet, on Warkworth Har- 
 bonr, 6 m. SE. by S. Alnwick, i m. E. its stn. on the NE. R. ; 
 the harbour has a depth on bar at high water ordinary springs, 
 18 ft.; ordinary neaps, 14^^ ft. The ancient hermitage of Bishop 
 Percy's ballad is partly built of masonry, partly scooped out of 
 the rock. Among other remains of antiquity is a 14th century 
 bridge over the Dee, with a defensive tower at one end. Has 
 salt manufactures and brick-making. PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Warkworth, par., Eng., Northamptonshire and Oxfordshire, 
 2 m. E. Banbury. P. <:35oo. See Marston St. Lawrence. 
 
 Warkworth, post-tn.. New South Wales, Northumberland 
 CO. , 45 m. N W. by W. Newcastle. P. < 1500. 
 
 Warkworth, post-tn.. New Zealand, Rodney co., 32 m. N. 
 Auckland, on the coast ; hydraulic and common lime and brick 
 clay are formed in the dist. P. <i50o. 
 
 Warlaby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the SE. of 
 the Richmond div., 12^ m. N. by E. Ripon, \\ m. ESE. Ainderby 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Warleggon, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 5 m. E. by N. 
 Bodmin, 3^ m. NW. Doublebois stn. P. <250. 
 
 Warley^ par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, N. div. , 5 m. SE. by 
 E. Dudley. P. <2500. 
 
 Warley, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Sowerby 
 div. , ■2\ m. W. Halifax, i m. N. Sowerby Bridge stn. Par. 4025 
 ac. , P. 9200 ; tn. P. 2900. 
 
 Warley, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng., Essex, 
 Chelmsford div., 5 m. E. Romford, 2 m. EXE. Upminster stn., 
 with a stn. (Brentwood and Warley) on the.G. E. R. At 
 Warley Common are training barracks for recruits. PMT.O. 
 
W ARL -^ WAR R 
 
 (dreat Warley), and PMT.O. (Warley Common). Great 
 Warley, P. < 2000; Little Warley, P. < 1500. 
 
 Warllneliam, par., Eng., Surrey, Wimbledon div. , 5 m. 
 SSE. Croydon, with stns. on the SE. R. (Upper n'arlliigliam 
 and Whytelcafe), and L. B. & S. C. R. (Upper Warllng- 
 bam), PMT.O. P. <isoo; eccles. par. (Warlliigliani wltli 
 Chel»«liam) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wariuba«l, mission stn., S. Africa, Great Namaqua-land, 
 about 135 ni. E. of the mouth of and 23 m. N. of the Orange R. 
 
 Wariiibad, hot spring, S. African Republic, between Pretoria 
 and Nylstroom. 
 
 >Varmbruiin, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Hirschberg, 
 36 m. SE. by E. Gorlitz ; has manufactures of toys, glass and 
 stone polishing works, and ivory-cutting. The baths of Warm- 
 brunn, with sulphureous alkaline-saline hot springs (nearly 100° 
 F.), are the most frequented in Silesia. Alt. 1150 ft. P. <40oo. 
 
 Warmensteluacb, vil., Bavaria, circle Upper Franconia, 
 dist. and 9 m. NE. Bayreuth ; has mineral springs. P. (comm.) 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Warmerlvllle, tn., France, dep. Marne, arr. Reims, 7 m. E. 
 Bourgoyne ; has wool spinning and weaving. P. <3000. 
 
 Warmfleia with Heatb, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Normanton div. , 2^ m. E. Wakefield, i^ m, SSW. Normanton 
 stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Warmliigham, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 3 m. 
 N. by E. Crew, 2 m. ESE. MinshuU Vernon stn.; has foundries, 
 brickworks, and tile yards. P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Warmliighnrst, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 9 m. 
 NE. Arundel, 5 m. ESE. Pulborough stn. P.<25o. 
 
 Wariiiliigton, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 9 m. 
 SW. by W. Peterborough, 2 m. S. Elton stn., P.O.; 4013 ac, 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Warmiiigton, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Rugby div. , 5 m. 
 NW. by N. Banbury, 3 m. S. by W, Fenny Compton stn., 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Wannlnster, par. and tn., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 
 8 m. S. by E. Trowbridge, on the G. W. R.; has an ancient 
 chapel and an endowed grammar-school, and many Roman 
 antiquities near ; malting and corn trade. Market-day, S. 
 6564 ac, P. 5600. 
 
 Warmley, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, on the M. R., 
 7 m. NW. by N. Bath, PMT.O., and P.O. (Warmley Tower). 
 P. <25oo. 
 
 Warmond, comm., Holland, prov. S. Holland, 3 m. N, 
 Leiden. P. < 2000. 
 
 Warm i^prliigs, vil., U.S., Georgia, Meriwether co. , 20 m. 
 SE. La Grange ; its mineral springs are much resorted to. P, 
 <i500. 
 
 Warm Spriugs, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Madison co., 40 m. 
 NW. Asherville by rail, in a romantic locahty, Swananoa 
 Gap, in Blue Ridge Mts. ; noted for a century for its mineral 
 waters. Five miles below are the Painted Rocks, 200 ft. high, 
 marked with red paint, supposed to be Indian pictures. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Warm Springs, noted for its curative mineral springs, U.S., 
 Pennsylvania, Perry co. , 10 m. N. of Carlisle. 
 
 WarmsTvortli, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 
 2 J m. SW. Doncaster, P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Warms- 
 worth with Edllugton) P. <75o. 
 
 Warmwell, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, S. div. , 4^ m. SE. by 
 E. Dorchester, 3 m. SW. Moreton stn., P.O. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (Warmwell with Pox well) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Wariiborough, North, vil. , Eng. , Hampshire, div, and 6 m, 
 E. Basingstoke, li m. SE. by S. Hook stn., P.O. Warn- 
 bor4».ngli, South, par., 2^ m. S. by W. North Warnborough, 
 P.O. (Southwariiboro). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Wariidon, par., Eng.* Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 3 m. 
 EN E. Worcester. P. <25o. See Spetchley. 
 
 Warnemttiule, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
 circle and 6 m. NNW. Rostock; has sea-bathing ; communica- 
 tion with Rostock by steamboat. Depth at entrance to harbour 
 and at quayside, 15^ ft. P. <3000. 
 
 Warner, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Merrimack co. , on 
 Warner R., 36 m. E. by S. Claremont. P. < 1500. 
 
 Warner, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Brown co., 112 m. 
 NE. by E. Pierre. 
 
 Warner Light Vessel, Spithead, S. ct. , Eng, in 1° 3' 55" W. , 
 visible 10 m. 
 
 Warners Lake, U.S., Oregon, Lake co., 42 m. long from 
 N. to S. , drained W. into Goose Lake, Alt. of Warners Lake 
 Flat, 4554 ft. (Wheeler). 
 
 Warners Range, range of mts., U.S., California, Madoc 
 CO., trending N. and S. in the extreme NE. of the state. 
 
 Warnertown, post-tn., S. Australia, Victoria co., 55 m. 
 SSE. Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wariieton, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, on the 1. 
 bk. of the Lys, arr, and 7 m. SSE. Ypres. P. <4000. 
 
 Warneton, post-tn.. New South Wales, Dudley co., on the 
 coast, in 31° 2' S. , 152° 59' E. P. < 1500. 
 Warnford, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., on the 
 
 Titchfield, 10 m. ESE. Winchester, 6 m. NE. by E. Bishop's 
 Waltham stn., P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 Warnham, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 2 m. NNW. Hors- 
 ham, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O.; 4960 ac. P.<:i500. 
 
 Warnlngcamp, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., i^ m. E, 
 Arundel. P. ^250. 
 
 Warnlnglld, hamlet, Eng., Sussex, 4 m. W. Cuckfield, 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Warnow, riv. , Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, flows NE. into 
 the Baltic at Warnemiinde ; navigable for vessels of 40 tons 
 from Butzow, for sea-going ships from Rostock. Total length, 
 80 m. 
 
 Wamsdorf, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on the border of Saxony, 
 21 m. WNW. Reichenberg ; with important cotton industries. 
 Alt. 1095 ft. P. 18,300. 
 
 Warooka, post-tn., S. Australia, Fergusson co., 68 m. W, 
 Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 WarorA, municip. , Brit. India, Central Provs., dist. Chandd, 
 65 m. S. by W. Nagpur, with coal-mines ; at present the terminus 
 of the railway. P. 10,000 ; Hindus, 8100. 
 
 Warpsgrove, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, 5^ m. SW. Thame. 
 P. -C250. 
 
 Warracknabeal, or Werrackuabeal, tp. , Victoria, Borung 
 CO., 75 m. NNW. Ararat, with implement and carriage factories, 
 and iron and brass foundries. P. <isoo. 
 
 Warragul, post-tn., Victoria, Buln Buln co., 58 m. ESE. 
 Melbourne. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Warrandyte, or Anderson's Creek, postal-tp., Victoria, 
 Evelyn co., 15 m. ENE. Melbourne. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Warrego, riv. , Queensland and New South Wales, formed 
 
 by the union of several headstreams about 26° 40' S. , 146° E. , 
 
 flows S. to the W. of 146° E. , and joins the Darling in 30° 20' S. 
 
 Warren, stn., Eng., Cheshire, on the Wirral Rly., 3 m. NW. 
 
 Birkenhead. 
 
 Warren, post-tn., New South Wales, Oxley co., 155 m. SE. 
 Bourke, on 1. bk. of Macquarie R. P. < 1500. 
 Warren, co., U.S., Georgia, N. of 33" N. , and E. of 83° W. 
 Warren, settlement, U.S., Idaho, Idaho co., 100 m. SE. 
 Leweston. 
 
 Warren, vil., U.S., Illinois, Jo Daviess co., 11 m. NW. 
 Lena ; manufactures carpets from wood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Warren, co., U.S., Illinois, crossed in N. by 41° N. , and E. 
 of 91° W. 
 
 Warren, CO. , U.S., Indiana, on W. frontier, and bounded 
 on SE. by Wabash R. 
 
 Warren, tn. , U.S., Indiana, Huntington co. , 70 m. NE. by 
 N. Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Warren, co., U.S., Iowa, N. of 41° N., and between 93° 
 and 94° W. 
 
 Warren, co. , U . S. , Kentucky, W. of 86° W. , crossed by 37° N. 
 Warren, tn., U.S. Maine, Knox co., 27 m. SE. Augusta, on 
 St. George R. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Warren, vil., U.S., Maryland, co. and 15 m. N. Baltimore. 
 Warren, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., 20 m. E. 
 Holyoke. P. <sooo. 
 
 Warren, vil, U.S., Minnesota, Marshall co., 124 m. S. by 
 E.Winnipeg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Warren, co., U.S., Mississippi, bounded on the W. by the 
 Mississippi, N. of 32° N. 
 
 Warren, co. , U.S., Missouri, bounded on the S. by the 
 Missouri R. , and crossed in the E. by 91° W. 
 
 Warren, settlement, U.S., Nebraska, Harlan co., on the 
 1. bk. of the Republican R. , 80 m. SE. of the confluence of N. 
 and S. Platte. 
 
 Warren, co., U.S., New Jersey, on the Delaware, crossed in 
 the N. by 41° N. 
 
 Warren, co., U.S., New York, in the NE., W. of Lake 
 George, traversed by the Hudson. 
 
 Warren, co., U.S., N. Carolina, on the N. frontier, crossed 
 in the NE. by 78° W, 
 
 Warren, co., U.S., Ohio, in the SW., crossed by 39^° N., 
 and in the extreme E. by 84° W. 
 
 Warren, city, U.S., Ohio, Trumbull co., on Mahoning R., 
 49 m. ESE. Cleveland. Alt. 875 ft. (R.R.). P. 6000. 
 
 Warren, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Warren co., on Alle- 
 gheny R. , 49 m. ESE. Erie. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Warren, tn., U.S., Rhode Island, Bristol co., 6^ m. WNW. 
 Fall R. (Mass.). P. < 5000. 
 
 Warren, co., U.S., Tennessee, N. of parallel 35°, and E. of 
 meridian 86° W. 
 
 Warren, co., U.S., Virginia, in the NW., crossed in the N. 
 by 39° N., and in the NE. by 78° W.; traversed by the S. Fork 
 of the Shenandoah R. 
 
 Warren, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 4^ m. SW. Pembroke. 
 P. <:25o; eccles. par. (Warren St. Mary with St. Twlnell) 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Warren, The, sandy promontory or spit, Eng., on coast of 
 Devon ; 2 m. in length. 
 
 Warren, The, sandy tract, E. co. Dublin, Ire., between 
 Malahide and Portmarnock Point. 
 
 1693 
 
W A R R — W A R T 
 
 Warren Hastings, isl. , Pacific. See Merir. 
 
 Warrenlieip, post-tn. , Victoria, Grant co. , 8 m. ESE. Balla- 
 rat. Alt. 1725 ft. P. <i500. 
 
 Warren House, par., Eng., Suffolk, included in bor. of 
 Ipswich. P. <:250. 
 
 Warren Lake, name proposed for a vast lake which, as 
 evidenced by old shore lines at high levels above the great 
 lakes of the St. Lawrence basin, N. America, seems at one 
 time to have embraced all these lakes. See Amer. Jour, of 
 Science, 1891, pp. 201-11. 
 
 Warrenpoint, par., municip., and tn.. Ire., SW. co. Down, 
 bar. Upper Iveagh, Upper Half (2), 6 m. SE. by S. Newry, at 
 the head of Carlingford Lough, on the G. N. (Ire.) R.; much 
 frequented for sea-bathing. Has 300 ft. of quayage at the pier 
 head, and two tidal docks, the larger one with a depth of water 
 at ordinary spring tides of 15-17 ft. , neap tides 10-12 ft. PMT.O. 
 Par. P. < 2500; tn. P. < 2000. 
 
 Warrensburg, vil., U.S., Illinois, Macon co., 33 m. E. by 
 N.Springfield. P. < 1500. 
 
 Warrensburg, city, U.S., Missouri, Johnson co., 51 m. 
 ESE. Kansas City. P. < 5000. 
 
 Warrensburg, U.S., New York, Warren co., at the S. end 
 of Lake George, 48 m. N. by W. Troy. P. < 1500. 
 
 Warrenscourt, electoral div.. Ire., Cork, dist. Cannaway. 
 
 Warrenstown, P.O., Ire., 3 m. NW. Drumree (co. Meath). 
 
 Warrenstown, bar.. Ire., in the NE. of King's co. 
 
 Warrenton, vil.. Cape Colony, on the Vaal R. , dist. and 
 45 m. N. by E. Kimberley, on the railway to Mafeking. P. 
 <:i5oo. 
 
 Warrenton, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Warren co., 53 m. 
 NE. by N. Raleigh. P. <:i500. 
 
 Warrenton, tn. , U.S., Virginia, Fauquier co., 41 m. WSW. 
 Washington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Warrick, co. , U.S., Indiana, on S. frontier, and W. of 
 87° W. 
 
 Warrington, par., Eng., in the N. of Buckinghamshire, 
 Buckingham div., 10 m. WNW. Bedford, i^ m. NNE. Olney 
 stn. P. <25o. See Olney. 
 
 Warrington, pari, and (since 1847) mun. bor., and market- 
 tn. , Eng., Lancashire, Newton div., equidistant (16 m.) from 
 Liverpool and Manchester, in the diocese of Liverpool, on the 
 Mersey (at the head of navigation), and the Manchester Ship 
 Canal (here crossed by five bridges), a little below the Latchford 
 locks, with stns. on the L. & NW. R. and Cheshire Lines Rly. 
 Its growth is due to the manufactures, but anciently it was of 
 note. It is mentioned as W^a/?«^?/«e in Domesday, and is spoken 
 of by Leland (1549) as a better market than Manchester ; has 
 important iron manufactures of various kinds (including wire and 
 tools), pins (an industry at least 100 years old), glass, leather 
 (especially heavy leather goods), chemicals, soap, beer, &c. 
 Among its public buildings are a gymnasium, museum, school 
 of art, and infirmary. Market-days, W. and S. Mun. bor. P. 
 (1801) 10,600; (1851) 22,900; (1871) 32,144; (1891)52,700; pari, 
 bor. P. (1891) 55.300- 
 
 Warrington, tn., U.S., Florida, Escambia co. , on the coast, 
 5 m. SW. Pensacola. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Warrior Keefs, large coral reef in Torres Strait, between 
 Australia and New Guinea, in about 9° is'-i43° 50' S., I43°-I5' 
 E. ; divided into two by Moon Pass. 
 
 Warrnanib«»ol, seapt. municip. , Victoria, Villiers co. , 50 m. 
 E. Portland, on Lady Bay. Warrnambool does considerable 
 trade, and has several factories. Its public buildings include an 
 art gallery and museum, and well-appointed salt-water baths, 
 erected by the Corporation. There are botanical gardens, and 
 the Albert Park (area, 144 ac). The port has a breakwater 
 pier 900 ft. in length, and on the N. shore of the bay is a light- 
 house, visible 14 m. P. 6600. 
 
 Warsasli, vil., Eng., Hampshire, PMT.O. See Hook. 
 
 Warsaw, govt, of Russian Poland, occupies a narrow strip 
 of land on the 1. bk. of the Vistula and the lower Bug to the 
 Prussian frontier; has Piock and Lomza on N., Siedlce on E., 
 Radom, Piotrk6w, and Kalisz on S. Surface low and fiat (plains 
 of central Poland and Mazovia). Terrible inundations at the 
 junction of Vistula with Narew and Bug. Soil not very fertile 
 but well cultivated. Pop., Poles and Mazurs (76 per cent.), 
 Jews (15 per cent.), and Germans (9 percent.), who have rapidly 
 colonised the country by peasants, aided by the German govern- 
 ment. Manufactures rapidly developing, especially in and 
 round the capital, the government of Warsaw, with its yearly 
 production valued at ;^s,ooo,ooo, ranking fourth in the Russian 
 Empire after Moscow, St. Petersburg, Vladimir, and Piotrk6w. 
 Sugar-works, plated silver, carpets, woollen cloth, machinery, 
 boots and shoes, and ready-made clothing being the chief 
 items. Divided into thirteen dists. : Warsaw, Bionie, G6ra, 
 Kalwarya, Gostynin, Gr6jec, Kutno, Lowicz, Nowo-Minsk, 
 Radziejewo, Radzymin, Skiernewice, Sochaczew, and Wioc- 
 tawek. Area, 5623 sq. m. P. (1885) 971,730 ; (1890) 1,465,130, 
 of whom 490,420 in the capital. 
 
 Warsaw, Polish Warszawa, cap. of Poland, and chief 
 town of the above government, by its population the third city 
 1694 
 
 of the Russian Empire, only second to the two Russian capitals ;' 
 beautifully situated on 1. bk. of Vistula, 700 m. by rail SW. of 
 St. Petersburg, and 395 m. E. of Berlin. Stands on a terrace 
 100 ft. high, having the suburb of Praga on the r. bk. of the Vis- 
 tula, 450-880 yards wide, and spanned by two bridges. Owing 
 to its most advantageous position amidst a fertile plain, on a 
 great navigable river, near to its junction with the Pilica, the 
 Wieprz and the Narew, as well as on the terr. of Mazovia, it 
 became cap. of the united kingdom of Poland and Lithuania. 
 It has suffered much from wars in the 17th and i8th centuries, 
 and especially in 1794, during the Napoleonic wars, and after 
 the risings of 1831 and 1863. But it is still one of the chief 
 cities of Europe, rapidly increasing in population, well built and 
 a centre of science, art, industry, and commerce. It is the seat 
 of the governor-general and lieutenant of Poland, and the see 
 of the Roman Catholic and Greek archbishops. It has a uni- 
 versity which has lost much lately since teaching is being made 
 in Russian by Russian professors, and the library of the university, 
 having been confiscated in 1794, was taken to St. Petersburg 
 to form the nucleus of the imperial public library. The medical 
 school of Warsaw enjoys universal renown, so also the school of 
 art (fine museum), the academy of agriculture and forestry, the 
 conservatory, of music, and several scientific societies. The 
 theatre for Polish drama and ballet is a fine building. The 
 ■Lazienki public gardens and theatre, the Saxon gardens, and the 
 Krasinski gardens are favourite places of resort. An old-type 
 citadel, erected in 1832-35, stands in the N. and protects the 
 railway bridge, which has, moreover, a tete de pont on the r. bk. 
 of the Vistula. The suburb of Praga has a historical renovm 
 for the bloody assaults of Suvoroff in 1794, and Paskevich in 
 1831. The industries of Warsaw occupy over 20,000 persons, 
 and represent a yearly return of over ^^4, 000, 000. Plated silver, 
 machinery and engines, chemicals, musical instruments, espe- 
 cially pianos, carpets, boots and shoes, carriages, leather goods, 
 and sugar are among the most important items, as well as 
 spirits and beer. The distinctive feature of Warsaw's working- 
 men population is the number of skilled artisans. The trade 
 is very considerable. The suburbs of Warsaw are surrounded 
 by villas and palaces. The battlefields of Grochowo (1831), 
 Raszyn (1809), and Maciejowice (50 m. up the Vistula), where 
 Kosciuszko was wounded and taken by the Russians in 1794, 
 are round it. The fortress of Modlin is 20 m. down the river. 
 Alt. 392 ft. Mean temp., yr. 45.3° F. , Jan. 26.0°, July 66.7°; 
 mean rfall. (73 yrs. ), 3rr. 22.4 in., April-Dec. 17.3 in. P. (i860) 
 161,000; (1872) 276,000; (1890) 490,417 (523,133 including 
 military). 
 
 Warsaw, tn., U.S., Illinois, Hancock co., on 1. bk. of Missis- 
 sippi R., 98 m. WNW. Springfield. P. < 3000. 
 
 Warsaw, city, U.S., Indiana, Kosciusko co. , 96 m. ESE. 
 Chicago (111.). P. <40oo. 
 
 Warsaw, vil., U.S., Kentucky, Gallatin co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of the Ohio, 36 m. SW. by S. Cincinnati (Ohio). P. < 1500. 
 
 Warsaw, vil., U.S., Missouri, Benton co. , on the Osage R. , 
 70 m. WSW. Jefferson City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Warsaw, vil., U.S., New York, Wyoming co. , on Odika 
 Creek, 38 m. ESE. Buffalo. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Warsaw Island, isl. , U.S. , Georgia, forming part of Chatham 
 CO. , 13 m. SE. Savannah. 
 
 Warsaw Sound, bay, U.S., Georgia, Chatham co., 6 m. 
 S. of estuary of Savannah R. 
 
 Warshekh, coast vil., E. Africa, Somali-land, 40 m. NE. 
 Mogdishu. 
 
 Warslil, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Pateley Bridge 
 union, 5 m. NW. Ripley. P. <:25o. 
 
 Warslow and Elkstone, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, div. and 
 6 m. E. by N. Leek, P.O. (Warslow). P.<750. 
 
 Warsop, par. and tn., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw 
 div., on riv. Meden, 5^ m. NNE. Mansfield, 2J m. E. Shire- 
 brook stn. ; has cattle and horse fairs. PMT.O. 6183 ac. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Warsteln, market-tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Arns- 
 berg, 38 m. E. by S. Dortmund. P. <:300o. 
 
 Warta, riv., Poland. See Warthe. 
 
 Wartau, comm., Switzd., cant. St. Gall, 6 m. N. Ragatz. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Wartburg, Ger. See Eisenach. 
 
 Wartenberg, Gross. See dross Wartenberg. 
 
 Wartenberg, Polnlsch, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, cap. 
 circle Wartenberg, 32 m. ENE. Breslau. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wartenburg, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Allen- 
 stein, 62 m. S. by E. Konigsberg. P. <Sooo. 
 
 Wartensee, vil, Switzd., cant, and 7 m. NW. by W. 
 Lucerne. P. <20oo. 
 
 Warter, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire div. , 
 17 m. E. York, 3^ m. NE. Nunburnholme stn., PM.O.; 7880 
 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Wartha, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and 6 m. SSE. 
 Frankenstein. On the Kapellenberg is a chapel much visited by 
 pilgrims. P. oooo. 
 
 Warthe, or (Polish spelling) Warta, riv. , Poland and Prussia, 
 
WART— VV A S H 
 
 rises in SW. of Poland (govt. Piotrkdw), f^ows N. with many 
 windings, turns W. at Kolo (govt. Kalisz), flows thence W. 
 into the Prussian prov. of Posen, N. past the town of Posen, 
 and again W. into the Oder at Kustrin ; navigable from Kolo, 
 273 m., below which its average fall is only i in 5000. Large 
 parts of its course are through marshy ground, particularly the 
 tract from Warta in Poland to the place where the river turns N. 
 in Posen and in the lower part of its course (the Warthebruch). 
 
 Warthlll, P.O., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 3 m. from Wartle. 
 
 Warthill t'opyhold and Warthlll Freehold, two adjoin- 
 ing pars., Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton div. , 
 5J m. NE. by E. York, i m. SSE. of Warthlll stn., on the 
 NE. R. P. (of each)<25o. 
 
 Wartle, stn. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, on the G. N. of S. R. , 
 6 m. NW. by N. Inverurie. 
 
 Wartllng, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 7^ m. NNE. East- 
 bourne, 3i m. NNE. Pevensey stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Wartiiaby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 4 m. 
 NW. Melton Mowbray, ij m. SE. Old Dalby stn. P. <25o. 
 See Grlmston. 
 
 Warton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Blackpool div., 7^ m. W. 
 Preston, 3 m. SSW. Kirkham stn.; manufactures cotton and 
 sail-cloth. P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wartou, par., Eng., Northumberland, 3 m. W. Rothbury. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Warton, eccles. par., Eng., Warwickshire, Polesworth par., 
 P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Warton -with Undeth, par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lons- 
 dale div., 7i m. N. by E. Lancaster, i^ m. N. Carnforth stn., 
 PM.O. (Warton). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Warud, tn. , India. See Barnr. 
 
 Warwick, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Lambton co. , 34 m. 
 W.London. P. < 1500. 
 
 Warwick, vil. , Canada, Quebec, Arthabaska co., 70 m. SW. 
 by S. Quebec, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Warwick, par., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on the 
 1. bk. of the Eden, 4 m. E. Carlisle, li m. N. Wetheral stn., 
 PMT.O. (Warwick Bridge). P. <5oo'. See Wetheral. 
 
 Warwick, pari, and (since Henry III.) mun. bor. and 
 market-tn. , Eng., Warwickshire, 20 m. SE. Birmingham, in 
 the diocese of Worcester, on the Avon, with stn. on the G. W. 
 R. During William I. it was a borough with 261 houses, and 
 a jurisdiction of its own. It suffered much from the wars of 
 the barons, but still retains some mediaeval dignity from its 
 remaining gates with chapels over the arches, its cruciform 
 church, the beautiful Beauchamp Chapel (1464), and especially 
 its noble castle on a rocky height overhanging the river. Erected 
 on the site of a Saxon fortress, with the huge ' Caesar's Tower,' 
 147 ft. high, and Guy's Tower, built 1394, it is the grandest 
 feudal mansion now remaining, and contains relics of Warwick, 
 the King-Maker, noted paintings, and the Warwick Vase from 
 Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli. Market-day, S. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 
 5800; (1851) 11,000; (1871) 11,000; (1891) 11,900; pari. bor. 
 (including Leamington) P. (1891) 39,100. 
 
 WarM'lck, mun. tn. , Queensland, Merivale co., 80 m. SW. 
 Brisbane ; well-built in the heart of the best agricultural dist. of 
 Queensland ; noted for its fine wheat and excellent grapes for 
 wine. Building-stone, marble, and fireclay are abundant in the 
 neighbourhood ; coal is found in many parts of the dist. , and there 
 are gold-bearing reefs. Alt. 1520 ft. Mean temp. j yr. 62.2° P., 
 Jan. 72.7°, July 48.0° ; rfall. (12 yrs.), 32.13 in. P. <4000. 
 
 Warwick, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co., 35 m. 
 NNE. Holyoke. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Warwick, vil., U.S., New York, Orange co. , 43 m. NNW. 
 New York. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Warwick, tn., U.S., Rhode Island, Kent co., 8^ m. SSW. 
 Providence. P. (1880) 12,200; (1890) 17,800. 
 
 Warwick, co. , U.S., Virginia, in the SE., crossed in the 
 S. by 37° N., and E. of 77° W. , bounded on the SW. by the 
 estuary of the James R. 
 
 Warwick Neck, P. O. , U . S. , Rhode I . , for Rocky Point (g.v.). 
 
 Warwickshire, inland co. , Eng. , in the very heart of the 
 midlands, with drainage W. , E. , N. , and S. , to the four great 
 basins of the Severn, Wash, Trent (or Humber), and the 
 Thames. It contains four pari. divs. , as in the following table : — 
 
 Parliamentary Divs. and Bors. 
 
 N. or Tarn worth 
 NE. or Nuneaton 
 SW. or Stratford-on-Avon 
 SE. or Rugby . 
 
 Bors. .... 
 
 105,599 
 
 95.589 
 
 176,920 
 
 171.320 
 
 28,034 
 
 54.137 
 52,644 
 46,463 
 49.737 
 602,091 
 
 Ancient co 577,462 805,072 
 
 The administrative co. includes part of the co. bor. of Birmingham, 
 and excludes parts of the urban sanitary dists. of Hinckley, in the 
 administrative co. of Leicester, Redditch, in the administrative co. of 
 Worcester, and Tamworth, in the administrative co. of Stafford. Area, 
 578,595 ac. P. 838,030. . . 
 
 The county is mostly a plateau, without mountains, the only 
 heights reaching to 800 ft. being the Edge Hills on S. border, 
 traversed from NE. to SW. by the riv. Avon, with its many 
 tribs. Camden describes the two parts separated by the river 
 as ^ Feldon and Woodland, i.e., a plain champaign, and a 
 woody country '—the latter being the ' Forest of Arden ' of 
 Shakespeare, m N. The geological floor is mainly (N.) Red 
 Sandstone, with the Lias formation in S. near Edge Hill. The 
 Upper Lias crosses by Henley-in- Arden, Stratford, and Rugby. 
 There is a small but productive coalfield from Tamworth to 
 near Wyken, of about 30 sq. m. area. Coal centres are Ather- 
 stone, Bedworth, Tamworth, Nuneaton, Coventry, Polesworth, 
 Wyken ; stone, hydraulic limestone at New Bilton and New- 
 bold-on-Avon ; fireclay at Glascote. Limestone is quarried at 
 Bearley, Stretton, Southam, &c. ; freestone, Warwick, Leaming- 
 ton, and Coventry; ironstone at Redworth, Oldbury, &c. The 
 soil is generally good ; rich in pasture-land, with fine orchards, 
 and sorne admirable woodland scenery. For the proportion 
 of permanent pasture and agricultural statistics, see Appendix, 
 pp. 7-9. Oxfordshire is connected by canals with the Trent, 
 Mersey, Thames, and Severn ; and is traversed in various direc- 
 tions by the L. & NW. R., G.W. R., and M. R., with branches. 
 Manufactures, extiemely important (see Blriulnshani and 
 Coventry). This county was part of the Flavia Ccesariensis 
 of the Romans, who have left many traces of their rule : the 
 three great routes (Watling Street, Fosse and Icknield Way) 
 crossed here, and many camps are shown. Becoming part of 
 the Saxon kingdom of Mercia, the dist. saw much warfare from 
 the 6th to the loth century. There were no Danish settlements 
 here. During the Cromwellian struggle occurred the battle 
 of Edgehill, sack of Birmingham by Prince Rupert, siege of 
 Coventry, &c. Antiquities — several fine Norman churches, the 
 famous Warwick Castle, and ruins of Kenilworth ; other castles 
 and abbeys, &c. This county returns four members to Parlia- 
 ment ; it contains four pari, bors., returning ten members, viz., 
 Birmingham, seven; Aston Manor, Coventry, and Warwick with 
 Leamington, each one member. There are six mun. bors. 
 (two of which, Coventry and Birmingham, are cities), and ten 
 market-tns. See England, table. 
 
 Wasa, Finland. See Vasa. 
 
 Wasatch, co. , U.S., Utah, crossed by 40° N., and bounded 
 on the E. by 110° W. 
 
 Wasatch Mountains, U.S., Utah, form the E. wall of the 
 Great Basin, and rise to about 12,000 ft.; one of the chief sum- 
 mits is Mount Nebo, 11.680 ft, 
 
 Wasco, CO., U.S., Oregon, on the Columbia, crossed by 
 121° W. 
 
 Wascrow Beck, riv., Eng., Durham, flowing E. and S. 
 through the NW. and Barnard Castle divs., trib. of the Wear, 
 which it joins on the 1. bk. at Wolsingham. 
 
 Wasdale, part of par., Eng., Cumberland, composed of the 
 vale of Wastwater. See Eskdale and Wasdale. 
 
 Wasdale, Nether, par., Eng., Cumberland, Whitehaven 
 union, 6 m. NE. Ravenglass, P.O. (Wastdale) ; 8574 ac. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Wasdale Head, eccles. par., Eng., Cumberland, 10 m. NE, 
 Ravenglass. P. < 250. 
 
 Wasdale Pike, hill, Eng,, Westmorland, div. and 10^ m, 
 SW. by W. Appleby. Alt. 1853 ft. 
 
 Waseca, city, U.S., Minnesota, cap. Waseca co. , 60 m. S. 
 by W. St. Paul. P. <:3000. 
 
 Wasen, morass, Hungary. See Hansdg. 
 
 Wasen, or Wasseu, vil., Switzd., cant. Uri, 12 m. S. by W. 
 Altdorf. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wasgaii, Wasgen, mts. See Vosges. 
 
 Wash, riv. , Eng. See Gnash. 
 
 Wash, estuary of the E. ct. , Eng. , between cos. Norfolk and 
 Lincoln, receiving the rivs. Witham, Welland, Ouse, Nene, 
 and Nar. Its shores are everywhere low and marshy, and it 
 contains many shoals, which are left dry at low water. The 
 greater part of its extent is under 5 fathoms in depth, and there 
 are only two navigable channels for sea-going vessels, one the 
 Lynn Deeps {q.v.) in the middle, forming the approach to 
 Lynn and Wisbech (mouths of the Ouse and Nene), and the 
 other the Boston Deeps towards the W. , leading to the mouths 
 of the Witham and Welland. Length, 22 m.; breadth, 15 m, 
 
 Washabaiigh, co. , U.S., S. Dakota, between 44° and 54° N, , 
 and 101° and 102° W. 
 
 Washadenioak River, riv., Canada, in the SE. of New 
 Brunswick, rises in Kent co. , and flows SW. into the riv. St 
 John. 
 
 Washsgo, post-vil., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co., at the foot 
 of Lake Simcoe, 48 m. E. by N. CoUingwood. P. <25o. 
 
 WashamekM'ln, or Trinity River, riv,, Canada, Quebec, 
 Saguenay co. , flows S. then E. into the St. Lawrence, in 67° 
 17' W. 
 
 Wa-shan, mt. , China. See Wa. 
 
 Washaw, large bay on the W, side of Lake Winnipeg, 
 Canada, crossed by 51° 20' N. 
 
 Washaway, P.O., Eng., Cornwall, 3 m. from Bodmin. 
 
 1695 
 
WASH — WASH 
 
 Washbonrne, CIreat and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Gloucestershire, the former div. and 5^ m. E. by N. Tewkes- 
 bury, close to Beckford stn. P. (of each)<25o. See Over- 
 bnry. 
 
 Washbrook, par., Eng., Sufifolk, Woodbridge div., 4 m. 
 W, by S. Ipswich, 2 J m. NNE. Capel stn. P. <soo. See 
 Copdock. 
 
 Washburn, riv. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley div., 
 joining the Wharfe on the 1. bk. i m. below Otley. 
 
 Wasbburn, tn. , U.S., Maine, Aroostook co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wa'shburii, co. , U.S., Wisconsin, in the NW. , crossed in 
 the N. by 46° N., and in the W. by 92° W. The village of 
 Washburn, in this county, was totally destroyed by a forest fire 
 in September 1894. 
 
 Wastabnru, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Bayfield co., 58 m. E. by 
 S. Duluth (Minn.). P. <4ooo. 
 
 Wasbburne, Monnt, U.S., Wyoming, Uintah co. , 18 m. 
 N, by W. from the outlet of Yellowstone Lake. Alt. 10,346 
 ft., 10,105 ft. (Jones), Yellowstone National Park. 
 
 Wasbbnm Observatory, U.S. See Madison (Wisconsin). 
 
 Washdyke, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Geraldine co., 
 50 m. NNE. Oamaru. P. < 1500. 
 
 >Va8bfleld, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 2| m. NW. 
 Tiverton, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 H^astaford, vil. , Eng. , Somerset, Wellington div. , 2 m. from 
 the N. ct., IS m. NW. Taunton, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Wasliford Pyne, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 
 9J m. W. Tiverton. P. <25o. 
 
 Washlugborougta, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven 
 div., on the Witham, 3 m. E. by S. Lincoln, on the G. N. R. , 
 P.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. (Wasbingborongb with llelgb> 
 Ington) P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Wastaliigley, par., Eng., co. and 12 m. NW. by N. Hunt- 
 ingdon, Ramsey div., 4 m. W. by N. Holme stn. P. <:25o. 
 See Lntton. 
 
 Wastaliigtoii, par., Eng., Durham, Chester-le-Street div., 
 5^ m. W. Sunderland, i m. N. by W. of its stn. on the NE. 
 R. ; has coal-mines. PMT.O. (New Wasblugton), and PM.O. 
 (Washington Village). P. <3Soo. 
 
 Washington, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 7^ m. 
 ENE. Arundel, 4 m. WNW, Steyning stn., P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 >Va<>liiugton, isl. , Pacific. See IJahnga. 
 
 Washington, or Xew York, isl.. Pacific, in about 4^° N., 
 128° W. 
 
 Washington, a Pacific State of the American Union, ad- 
 mitted 1889, more than twice the size of Ireland, bounded E. by 
 Idaho, separated N. by the 49th parallel from British Columbia, 
 while the Columbia R., after running S. through eastern 
 Washington, turns W. to the Pacific, and forms the chief 
 separation from Oregon to the S. The Cascade Mts. cross the 
 state N. to S. almost centrally, with hardly extinct volcanic 
 peaks and some eight glaciers traversing the dense forests of 
 their plateaux and slopes. E. lie the valleys of the Snake and 
 upp)er Columbia Rivs. and the Great Plain, furnishing abundant 
 pasture, and now extensively cultivated. Puget Sound converts 
 much of western Washington into a penin., with wooded 
 mountains reaching 8000 ft. S. of the Sound is a well-watered, 
 low-lying region admirably fitted for agriculture. Puget Sound 
 abounds in islands, some of great size, and partly cultivated. 
 It affords many fine harbours. Here are Seattle (P. 43,000), with 
 a large export trade in lumber, wheat, coal, &c. , Tacoma, hardly 
 smaller, and little Olympia, the capital. Thick forests of 
 splendid timber encircle the Sound, making the lumbering 
 industry of first importance. The value of the mill products 
 increased from about .1^350,000 in 1880 to about _^2, 800,000 in 
 1890, a sum exceeded by only six states. The 180 m. of Pacific 
 coast offer few harbours, but the enormous coast-line of Puget 
 Sound and its islands is largely available, while the various 
 obstacles to free navigation on the 663 m. of the Columbia R. 
 and 150 m. of the Snake are being gradually removed. The 
 Pacific gives western Washington an equable and moist climate, 
 with a heavy winter rainfall [Tatoosh, Olympia]. The E. rain- 
 fall is light, with hot, dry summers, necessitating irrigation in 
 places, and short cold winters, giving a high death-rate from re- 
 spiratory diseases. The proportion of deaths due to diarrhceal 
 diseases is the lowest in any state. Most of the surface rocks are 
 of recent volcanic origin, but aqueous rocks of Miocene age are 
 found around Puget Sound, and yield an important lignitic 
 coal supply near Seattle and at Bellingham Bay, and some bitu- 
 minous coal elsewhere. The state contains two large Indian reser- 
 vations, one called the Colville Reservation in the NE. , between 
 the Columbia and Okanagan Rivs. and the Canadian frontier, 
 the other, the Yakima Reservation, in the S., between Mount 
 Adams and the Yakima R. Area, 69,180 sq. m. P. (1880) 
 75,100; (1890) 349,500. See United States, table. [W. S.] 
 
 Washington, cap. city of the United States of America, in 
 the Federal dist. of Columbia, on the Potomac, at the influx of the 
 Anacostia, each here crossed by a bridge, 34 m. SW. Baltimore, 
 226 m. SW. New York. The site was suggested by General 
 Washington. The city is planned on a grand scale, occupying 
 1696 
 
 over 8 sq. m., and is noted for its 'magnificent distances.' 
 The avenues and principal streets are 130-160 ft. wide. Public 
 edifices are amongst the most splendid in the Union. The 
 Capitol, on Capitol Hill, 90 ft. above the Potomac, has portico 
 with Corinthian columns ; its frontage is now 751 ft. It contains 
 the Senate Chamber and Hall of Representatives, the latter a 
 magnificent chamber 139 ft. in length, the Congress Library, 
 of nearly 700,000 volumes, and Supreme Court of the United 
 States, with law library of 30,000 volumes. The buildings, 
 covering more than 3^ ac, are surrounded by grounds of 50 
 ac. The Smithsonian Institute, with nine towers 75-150 ft. 
 high, contains a laboratory, library, five museums of natural 
 history and ethnology, and picture gallery. It was founded 
 from funds bequeathed in 1826 by an Englishman, James 
 Smithson, and has been invested with the control of several 
 government establishments, including the National Museum, 
 Zoological Park, and Bureau of Ethnology. Here are the 
 ' White House,' the official residence of the President of the 
 United States, and near it the buildings of the navy and war 
 offices, state, and treasury departments ; the General Post-office, 
 of white marble; the National Observatory, on the Potomac 
 (38° 53' 8" N., ^^° 3' 1.8" W. Greenwich), 'founded 1842 ; the 
 Patent Office, of marble, its model-room occupying four large 
 halls, total length more than \ m. ; the bureau of engraving 
 and printing for U.S. paper money and bonds, and the govern- 
 ment printing works, from which have issued 1,500,000 volumes 
 in one year; the navy yard (27 ac. ), arsenal (45 ac. ); port 
 Orchard, government wooden dock, 605 ft. long, now being 
 constructed, not likely to be finished before 1896 ; the 
 Columbian University, Gonzaga Roman Catholic College, and 
 Howard (coloured) University ; the Signal Office, headquarters 
 of the Weather Bureau ; Army Medical Museum ; Corcoran 
 Gallery of Art ; and many charitable institutions. The mag- 
 nificent monument to General Washington, with a temple at 
 the base, and a shaft 555 ft. high, stands in the centre of a 
 park of 45 ac. The water supply comes from the falls of the 
 Potomac through an aqueduct 12 m. long. The distributing 
 reservoir has a capacity of 300,000,000 gallons. Washington 
 became the seat of the Federal government in 1800. Ceme- 
 teries are Oak-hill, National, and Congressional. Mean temp., 
 yr. 55.3° F., Jan. 33.8°, July 78.9°; rfall. (37 yrs.), 38.05 in. 
 P. (1800) 3200; (1820) 13,200; (1840) 23,400; (1870) 109,200; 
 (1890) 230,400. See tieorgetown and Columbia. 
 
 Washington, vil., Scot., on the E. border of E. Perthshire, 
 3 m. ENE. Coupar Angus, close to Ardler stn. 
 
 Washington, co. , U.S., Alabama, on W, frontier, N. of 
 31° N. 
 
 Washington, co. , U.S., Arkansas, on W. frontier, crossed in 
 the middle by 36° N. 
 
 Washington, tn. , U.S., Arkansas, Hempstead co. , 108 m. 
 SW. Little Rock. P.<i5oo. 
 
 Washington, tp. , U.S., California, Calaveras co, P. <i5oo. 
 
 Washington, co. , U.S. , in the NE. of Colorado, bounded on 
 S. by 40° N., crossed by 103° W. ; cap. Akron. 
 
 Washington, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co. , 47 m. 
 WSW. Hartford. P. < 2000. 
 
 Washington, co. , U.S., Florida, in the NW., on the Gulf of 
 Mexico, crossed in the W. by 86° W. 
 
 Washington, CO., U.S., Georgia, intersected by 33° N. and 
 in extreme W. by 83° W. 
 
 Washington, vil., U.S., Georgia, Wilkes co., 54 m. WNW. 
 Augusta. P. <:3000. 
 
 Washington, co. , U.S. , Illinois, between 38° and 39° N. , and 
 W. of 89° W. 
 
 Washington, city, U.S., Illinois, Tazewell co. , 11 m. E. by 
 N.Peoria. P. < 1500. 
 
 Washington, co. , U.S., Indiana, between 38° and 39° N., 
 and crossed by 86° W. 
 
 Washington, city, U.S., Indiana, Daviess co., 52 m. S, by 
 E. Terre Haute. P. 6100. 
 
 Washington, city, U.S., Iowa, Washington co., 46 m. NW. 
 Burlington. P. <:4000. 
 
 Washington, city, U.S., Kansas, Washington co. , 95 m. 
 NW. by W. Topeka. P. <20oo. 
 
 Washington, co. , U.S., Kentucky, W. of the meridian 85°, 
 and S. of 38° N. 
 
 Washington, tn. , U.S., Louisiana, St. Landry par., on the 
 r. bk. of the Bayou Boeuf, 125 m. WNW. New Orleans. Alt. 
 42 ft. (R.R.). P.<:i5oo. 
 
 Washington, par. (co.), U.S;, Lonisiana, bounded on the N. 
 and E. by the state of Mississippi. 
 
 Washington, co., U.S., Maine, in the extreme SE, 
 
 Washington, tn., U.S., Maine, Knox co., 31 m. E. Augusta. 
 P. <i500. 
 
 Washington, co. , U.S., Maryland, between the N. frontier 
 and the Potomac, crossed by 78° W. 
 
 Washington, co., U.S., Minnesota, on the St. Croix R. (E. 
 frontier), and bounded on the S. by the Mississippi. 
 
 Washington, co., U.S., Mississippi, on the Mississippi, N. 
 of 33° N. 
 
WASH — WATE 
 
 Washington, co., U.S., Missouri, in the E., crossed by 38° 
 
 N., and in the W. by 91° W. 
 
 Washington, tn. , U.S., Missouri, Franklin co., on 1. bk. of 
 the Missouri, 42 m. W. St. Louis. P. <30oo. 
 
 Washington, co., U.S., Nebraska, on tlie Missouri, crossed 
 by 44° N. 
 
 Washington, mt. , U.S., New Hampshire, in the S. of Coos 
 CO., in the White {g.v.) Mts. , 72 m. S. by W. of the NE. corner 
 of the state ; ascended by a railway which rises 3625 ft. in 3 m. 
 Alt. 6288 ft. (Guyot), 6285 ft. (Appalachian Club), signal station, 
 6286 ft. (U.S. Signal Office). Mean temp. (3 yrs., 1872-84), yr. 
 25.9° F. , Jan. 5.4°, July 47.8° ; rfall. (12 yrs.), 83.86 in. 
 ' Washington, bor. , U.S., New Jersey, Warren co., 43 m. W. 
 Newark. P. <30oo. 
 
 Washington, co., U.S., New York, on the E. frontier, 
 crossed in the S. by 43° N. , partly bounded on the W. by the 
 Hudson. 
 
 Washington, tn., U.S., New York, Dutchess co., 12 m. 
 ENE. Poughkeepsie. P. < 3000. 
 
 Washington, co. , U.S., N. Carolina, in the NE., bounded 
 on the N. by Albemarle Sound, crossed by 76|° W. 
 
 Washington, tn. , U.S., N. Carolina, Beaufort co. , 93 m. 
 E. by S. Raleigh, at the head of the Pamlico R. , with active 
 shipping trade, ship-yards, and fisheries. P. <4000. 
 
 Washington, co. , U.S., Ohio, on the SE. frontier, bounded 
 on the S. by the Ohio. 
 
 Washington, city, U.S., Ohio, Fayette co. , 40 m. SW. by S. 
 Columbus. P. 5700. 
 
 Waishlngton, vil. , U.S., Ohio, Guernsey co. , 40 m. W. 
 Wheeling. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Washington, co. , U.S., Oregon, in the NW., N. of 45° N., 
 crossed by 123° W. 
 
 Washington, bor. , U.S. , Pennsylvania, Lancaster co. , on the 
 1. bk. of Susquehanna R., 29 m. SE. Harrisburg. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Washington, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Washington co., 
 25 rn. SW. by S. Pittsburg ; seat of Washington and Jefferson 
 College (founded in 1787). Coal is mined near, and the town 
 has carbon works and other manufactures. P. 7100. 
 
 Washington, co., U.S., Rhode Island, in the SW. 
 
 Washington, CO., U.S., S. Dakota, between 43° and 44° N. 
 and 102^ and 103° W. , bounded on the N W. by the S. Fork of 
 the Cheyenne R. 
 
 Washington, co., U.S., Tennessee, in the NE., to the N. of 
 36° N. , and E. of 83° W. 
 
 Washington, co., U.S., Texas, in the SE., N. of 30° N., 
 W. of 96° W. , bounded on the E. by the Brazos R. 
 
 Washington, co., U.S., Utah, in the SW. comer of the terr. 
 
 Washington, co., U.S., Vermont, N. of 44° N., crossed by 
 
 Washington, co., U.S., Virginia, in the SW. , on the S. 
 frontier, crossed by 82° W. 
 
 Washington, co., U.S., Wisconsin, in the SE., to the N. 
 of 43° N. , and W. of 88° W. 
 
 Washington, New, vil., U.S., Ohio, Crawford co., 70 m. 
 N. by E. Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Washington Heights, vil. , U.S. , Illinois, Cook co. P. <3000. 
 
 Washingtonyllle, U.S., Ohio, Mahoning co., 65 m. SE. 
 Cleveland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Washita, riv., U.S. See Ouachita. 
 
 Washoe, settlement, U.S., Nevada, Washoe co. , 15 m. N. 
 by W. Carson City. 
 
 Washt, vil. , Persia, Mekran, 295 m. SE. by E. Kerman. 
 
 Washtenaw, co. , U.S., Michigan, in the SE., to the N. of 
 42° N. , crossed in the W. by 84° W. 
 
 Waslng, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 7 m. ESE. New- 
 bury, i^ m. S. Midgham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wasitcriey, P.O., Eng., co. and 14 m. W. by N. Durham, 
 NW. div., I m. NW. Burn Hill Junction. 
 
 Waskoutz, tn. , Austria, Bukowina, dist. Wiznitz. P. <5000. 
 
 Wasleys, postal -vil., S. Australia, Gawler co. , 30 m. N. 
 Adelaide, i8 m. SW. by W. Kapunda. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wasntes, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 6 m. 
 WSW. Mons. P. 13,000. 
 
 Waso, tn., India, Gujarat, 24 m. NNE. Cambay ; cotton- 
 cloth weaving and printing. P. (1881) 7000. 
 
 Waspepton, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon 
 div., on the 1. bk. of the Avon, 4J m. SSW. Warwick, P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Wasqnehal, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. Lille, 2 m. SE. 
 Roulaix ; has cotton and wool spinning. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wass, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton 
 div., 164 m. ENE. Ripon, 2 m. NE. Coxwold stn., P.O. 
 See Byland. 
 
 Wassand, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div. , 
 12 m. NNE. Hull, i m. NW. Sigglesthorne stn. See Seaton. 
 
 WassaM', region, W. Africa, between 5° 10' and 5° 40' N., 
 and 1° 25'-2° 20' W. ; with gold-fields, /our. R. G. S., 1878, 
 pp. 274-283. 
 
 Wasselnhelm, French Wasselonne, tn., Ger., Alsace- 
 Lorraine, circle Molsheim, 14 m. W. by N. Strassburg; has 
 1697 
 
 coal, silk spinning, and manufactures of cotton goods and 
 hosiery, &c. Taken by the French under Turenne in 1674. 
 Wasselnheim was incorporated with France in 1680. P. <4000. 
 Wassen, vil., Switzd. See Wasen, 
 
 Wassenaar, vil., Holland, prov. S. Holland, 4 m. W. 
 Leiden. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wasseralflngen, vil., Ger., kgd. Wurtemberg, circle Jagst, 
 41 m. E. by N. Stuttgart, 2 m. N. Aalen. P. <:3000. 
 
 Wasserburg, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 circle Wasserburg, on the 1. bk. of the Inn, 31 m. S. Landshut ; 
 has hop-growing. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Wasslgny, vil., France, dep. Aisne, arr. Vervins, 19 m. NE. 
 St. Quentin. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wass Islanil, Great, U.S., Maine, off the S. ct. of Washing- 
 ton CO. , in 6-j^ 35' W. 
 
 Wassy, tn. , France. See Vassy. 
 Wasta, El, Upper Egypt. See El Wasta. 
 Wastdale, vale, Eng. See Wasdale. 
 
 Wastdale, P. O. , Eng. , Cumberland. See Wasdale, Nether. 
 Wast Water, lake, Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 11^ 
 m. SW. by S. Keswick, in Wasdale, drained by the In into the 
 Irish Sea. Height, 204 ft. See English Lake District. 
 
 Wasnlii, or Wassnln, vast kgd. in the western Sudan, fre- 
 quently known as Samory's Empire (or Samadu's Empire), after 
 its founder. It lies mainly to the S. of the upper Niger and the 
 kingdom of Segu, its N. limit being in about 12° 40 N.; but it 
 embraces also the tract S. of the Tankisso, which enters the 
 Niger at Sigri (Sigiri or Siguiri) in about 11° 20' N., and ex- 
 tends on the W. to Sierra Leone, on the S. to the undefined 
 limits of Liberia and the Gold Coast Colony. It is inhabited 
 chiefly by Mandingoes, mixed with important groups of Fellata 
 and considerable numbers of Soningkes, especially m the towns. 
 Religion is Mohammedanism. Cap. Bissandugu. Since 1887 a 
 French protectorate. 
 
 Wasangen, tn., Ger., duchy Saxe-Meiningen, on the r. bk. 
 of the Werra R. , circle and 7^ ra. N. by W. Meiningen. P. <; 
 3000. 
 
 Wat, vil., Egypt, prov. Menufiye. P. 5100. 
 Wataga, vil., U.S., lUinois, Knox co. , 89 m. NNW. Spring- 
 field. P. < 1500. 
 
 Watauga, co. , U.S., N. Carolina, on the NW. frontier, N. 
 of 36° N. 
 
 Watawa, or Thirty IMile, settlement, Queensland, Cook co. , 
 60 m. NW. by N. Maryborough. 
 
 Watcheni, stn., Victoria, Borung co., no m. W. Echuca. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Watchet, Saxon Wecedport, seapt. vil., Eng., Somerset, 
 Wellington div., on the N. ct. , 15 m. NW. Taunton, on the 
 G. W. R. ; exports alabaster, which is obtained from neighbour- 
 ing cliffs (at Blue Anchor), and is ground down for cement and 
 for use in a local paper-mill. It has a tidal harbovu" of 9 ac. , 23 ft. 
 deep at high water, dry at low water. PMT.O. Market-day, S. 
 Watchfleld, par., Eng., Berkshire, Abingdon div., 6^ m. 
 NE. by E. Swindon, a,\ m. SW. by W. Faringdon, 2 m. N. 
 Shrivenham stn. P. <50o. See Shrlvenham. 
 
 Watchgate, P.O., Eng., Westmorland, 5 m. from Kendal. 
 Watch Hill Point, cape, U.S., Rhode Island, in the extreme 
 SW. CO., in 71° 51' W. 
 
 Watch House, tn.. Ire., NW. co. Wexford, bar. Scarawalsh, 
 
 13 m. N. by W. Enniscorthy, 10 m. from Ferns stn. P. <2SO. 
 
 Watchman, cape, Argentine Republic, in 48° 21' 30" S. 
 
 Watendlath, upland, Eng., Cumberland, the vale, 700 to 
 
 800 ft., is traversed by Lodore stream, and contains Watendlath 
 
 Lake. 
 
 Waterbeach, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div., 
 5 m. NE. by N. Cambridge, on the G. E. R., PMT.O.; 5750 
 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waterbeck, vil., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 7^ m. NNE. Annan, 
 3 m. NNE. Kirtle Bridge stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Waterbcrg, div., S. African Republic, on the NW. frontier. 
 Waterboro, tn., U.S., Maine, York co., 25 m. N. New 
 York. P. < 1500. 
 
 Water Bridge, North, stn., Scot., near Montrose, Forfar- 
 shire, on N. B. R., PT.O. 
 
 Waterbupy, city, U.S., Connecticut, co. and 18 m. NNW. 
 New Haven , on the Naugatuck R. The river affords water-power 
 for extensive manufactures, which include rolled and sheet brass, 
 silver-plated ware, clocks, and almost every kind of article made 
 from metals. The free library contains 18,000 volumes. Water- 
 bury was settled under the name of Mattatuck. P. (1870) 13,100; 
 (1880) 17,800; (1890) 28,600. 
 
 Waterbury, tn., U.S., Vermont, Washington co., on 
 Winooski R., 11 m. WNW. Montpelier. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Waterconibe, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., 6 m. SE. 
 Dorchester. P. <25o. 
 
 Water Crag, barren mt., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in 
 54° 26' N. , 2° 7' W. ; used as a trigonometrical station by the 
 Ordnance Survey. Alt. 2192 ft. 
 
 Watercrooh, site of Roman station, Eng., Westmorland, 2 
 m. S. Kendal ; numerous remains have been found. 
 
 5P 
 
 ^ OF THB '^V 
 
 ^ 01 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
WATE — WATE 
 
 Wnterden, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., 20 m. NE. by 
 E. King's Lynn, 3 m. W. by S. Walsingham stn. P. <25o. 
 See Holkham. 
 
 Waterdown, vil, Canada, Ontario, Wentworth co., 4 m. 
 NNE. Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Water Eaton, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, on the Ousel, 
 div. and 11^ m. E. Buckingham, 1 m. SSW. Fenny Stratford 
 stn. P. <250. See Bletchley. 
 
 Water Eaton, par. , Eng. , O.xfordshire, Woodstock div. , 3^ 
 ra. N. Oxford. P. <250. See Kldllngton. 
 
 Wateree, riv., U.S. See iiantee. 
 
 Water End, PT.O., Eng., Hertfordshire, 2 m. NW. Hemel 
 Hempstead. 
 
 Waterfall, stn., Eng., Isle of Man, on the Manx Northern 
 Rly. , 34 m. SE. Peel. 
 
 Waterfiill, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 7 m. SE. by 
 E. Leek. P. <: 500. 
 
 Waterfall, stn., Ire., S. co. and bar. Cork, 11 m. W. Queens- 
 town, on the Cork and Bandon Rly., P.O. 
 
 Waterfoll, P.O., Ire., co. Cork, 4 m. from Castletown Bere- 
 haven. 
 
 Waterfall Island, small isl. off the N. ct. of Trinidad, W. 
 Indies, in 61° 32' W. 
 
 Waterfoot, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, Rossendale div., 
 with a stn. Waterfoot (for Newchurch) on the L. & Y. R. , 2 
 m. WSW. Bacup ; cotton, woollen, and slipjjer manufactures ; 
 flags and slate quarried. PMT.O. P. <300o. 
 
 Waterfoot, harb. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, at mouth of Annan 
 R., 2 m. S. Annan. 
 
 Waterfortl, post-vil., Canada, New Brunswick, co. Kings. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Waterford, maritime co., in the S. of Ire., prov. Munster, 
 between the Atlantic and the riv. Suir, with coast indented by 
 Waterford Harbour, Tramore Bay, with caves and picturesque 
 cliffs, Dungarvan Harbour, a place of refuge, and Youghal 
 Harbour. It is divided into nine baronies, as shown in the 
 following table : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 Coshmore and Coshbride . 
 
 88,253 
 
 13.945 ' 
 
 Decies within Drum 
 
 57.326 
 
 9,612 1 
 
 Decies without Drum . 
 
 131. 193 
 
 21.493 1 
 
 Gaultiere .... 
 
 29.450 
 
 8,913 ' 
 
 Glenahiry .... 
 
 38.850 
 
 5.019 
 
 KilcuUiheen 
 
 2,138 
 
 915 
 
 Middlethird. 
 
 44,610 
 
 9.919 i 
 
 Upper third .... 
 
 63.846 
 
 7.583 
 
 Waterford City . 
 Total . 
 
 533 
 
 20,852 
 
 456,1981 
 
 98,251 
 
 1 Exclusive of 5354 ac. under the larger rivers and tideways. 
 The surface is generally mountainous, rising in the Old Red 
 Sandstone ranges of W. and NW. to over 2000 ft. Knock- 
 meal-Down, on the N. border, is 2609 ft. high ; the mountain 
 ranges between Clonmel and Dungarvan reach 2478 ft. in 
 Knockanarian. In SE. the county is more level, with clay 
 slate strata interrupted by limestone and basalt, and sometimes 
 shows a rocky coast of lofty cliffs. Iron, lead, and copper all 
 occur, but are not worked ; slate has been quarried in several 
 places ; there are also sandstone and marbles. Waterford 
 Harbour is the joint estuary of the Barrow and Suir, but the 
 Blackwater and Suir are the only rivers properly belonging to 
 this county, the former in the W. , the latter along its N. border. 
 The Blackwater is navigable to Cappoquin for vessels of 100 
 tons, and the Suir for 2000 tons to Waterford, and for boats of 
 50 tons to Clonmel. Four lines of railway pass from Water- 
 ford to Kilkenny, to Limerick by Carrick-on-Suir and Clonmel, 
 to Tramore, and to Lismore by Dungarvan. With much 
 excellent soil in SE. , this county is otherwise better suited for 
 pasturage than tillage. There were more than 10 pigs to every 
 loo ac. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. 
 There are important salmon fisheries. There are two members 
 of Parliament for the county (one for E. and one for W. Water- 
 ford), and one for the county town. Chief towns — Water- 
 ford, Dungarvan, Tramore, Portlaw, and Lismore. The Danes 
 settled here from 9th century, and previously the dist. seems to 
 have been held by a colony of Belgas ; there are many pre- 
 historic remains; round tower at Ardmore, 97 ft., with large 
 rath and ruins of cathedral. John Talbot (1447) was the first 
 Earl of Waterford. The castle of Lismore (founded 1185) is 
 famous, and the ruins of Ardmore cathedral. See abolished 
 in the 12th century. Pari, divs., E. Waterford, P. 33,300 ; W. 
 Waterford, P. 37,200. See Ireland, table. 
 
 Waterford, pari. bor. (i member), city, andseapt.. Ire., NE. 
 CO. Waterford, bar. Middlethird, 12 m. SW. by S. New Ross, 
 on riv. Suir, on the G. S. & W. , Waterford and Limerick, and 
 Waterford, Dungarvan, and Lismore Rlys. A wooden bridge 
 of 39 arches, 832 ft. long, connects the city with its suburb, 
 1698 
 
 Ferrybank, on opposite side of river. Has Protestant and 
 Roman Catholic cathedrals, and various public buildings. The 
 Protestant see is united to Cashel, Emly, and Lismore, the 
 Roman Catholic to Lismore. Ring, or Regmald's, Tower, rebuilt 
 in 1819, was first erected in 1008, when it formed part of the city 
 fortifications, and is of extreme archasological interest. Vessels 
 of 2000 tons can discharge at the quays. There are 7000 ft. of 
 quayage, and a depth at pontoons, low water ordinary springs, of 
 14-22 ft. It is the entrepot for a large extent of country ; has con- 
 siderable exports, chiefly of live stock and agricultural produce, 
 and it has regular steam communication with various ports in the 
 United Kingdom. Waterford was founded by the Danes about 
 the middle of the 9th century. Here Strongbow landed in 1170, 
 and Henry II. in 1171. It was taken by Ireton in 1650, and by 
 William III. in 1690. Market-days, M., W., Th., and S. Tn. 
 P. (1841)23,200; (1851)25,300; (1871) 23,300; (1891) 20,900; 
 pari. bor. P. (1891) 27,700. 
 
 Waterford, tp. , Queensland, Ward co. , 22 m. by rail S. 
 Brisbane; has sugar-mills. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waterford, tn., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 2 m. WSW. 
 New London. P. < 3000. 
 
 Waterford, tn., U.S., Maine, Oxford co., 47m. W. Augusta. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Waterford, tn., U.S., New York, Saratoga co., on the 1. bk. 
 of Hudson R. , and on the Champlain Canal, 5 m. N. Troy. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Waterford, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and 14 m. SSE. 
 Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waterford, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Caledonia co., on the 
 Connecticut, 36 m, E. by N. Montpelier, with slate quarries. 
 P. <:i50o. 
 
 Waterford Harbour, an inlet, Ire. , between co. Waterford 
 and CO. Wexford, is formed by the Suir from Waterford to its 
 confluence with the Barrow, 6 m. ; thence the joint estuary to the 
 sea, 15 m.; width at entrance, 2 J m. 
 
 Waiter Fryston, vil. , Eng. , in par. of Ferry Fryston. 
 Water Fnlford, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, just SE. 
 of the city of York. P. <250. 
 
 Watergall, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., on the 
 
 Itchen, 9^ m. SE. Leamington, 3 m. N. by W. Fenny Compton 
 
 stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Waiter Cap, U.S., Pennsylvania. See Delaware Waitergap. 
 
 Watergate Bay, Eng., on the NW. ct. of Cornwall, in 50° 
 
 27' N. 
 
 Watergrasshlll, tn. , Ire., co. and 9J m. NE. Cork, bar. 
 Barrymore, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Waterbeaid, par., Eng., Cumberland, union and 6 m. NE. 
 Brampton; 4617 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Waterhea<l, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, in the NE. of 
 bor. of Oldham, Prestwich par., PMT.O. P. 6300. 
 
 Waterhen Lake, Canada, Manitoba, receives at its SE. end 
 
 the Waterhen R. from Lake Manitoba, and drained from its 
 
 SW'. end by the same river southwards into Lake Winnipegosis. 
 
 Waterlionse, isl., Tasmania, in Bass's Strait, in 147° 41' E. 
 
 Waterhonses, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, Mid div., on the 
 
 NE. R., sh ™- W. by S. Durham, PM.O. P.<3000. 
 
 W'ater Hon^^es, PM.O., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 7 m. 
 SE. by E. Leek. 
 
 Waterlngbury, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 5 m. W. 
 by S. Maidstone, on the SE. R.; surrounded by hop and fruit 
 plantations; PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waterlngnej«, name given in Flanders to the channels for 
 draining the polders, extending in Belgium and Zeeland along 
 the basin of the Scheldt and its tribs., the Lys, Dendre, and 
 Rupel, and in France in the dep. of Nord. The name is 
 applied sometimes to lands thus drained or irrigated. 
 Waterlan«It, isl. , Pacific. See Nanlili. 
 Water Lane, PM.O., Eng., i m. from Radcliffe, Lancashire. 
 Waterloo, comm. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Nivelles, 10 
 m. S. by E. Brussels ; famous for the battle of i8th June 1815, 
 in which the English and Prussians defeated the French under 
 Napoleon. P. <40oo. 
 
 Waterloo, tn., Canada, Ontario, Waterloo co., 48 m. NE. 
 London. P. <:3000. 
 
 Waterloo, tn. , Canada, Quebec, Shefford co., 53 m. E. by 
 S. Montreal, a railway junction. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waterloo, par., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., 6J m. NE. 
 by N. Portsmouth, 3 m. NE. by N. Cosham stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Waterloo, place, Eng., SW. ct. of Lancashire, Southport 
 div., on the L. & NW. and L. & Y. Rlys., 5 m. NNW. Liver- 
 pool, of which it is a residential suburb ; frequented for sea- 
 bathing. Eccles. pars., Waterloo Christt-Iiurch, P. <300o ; 
 Waterloo St. Jobn, P. <35oo ; Waterloo Park, P. <25oo. 
 Waterloo with Seafortb, urban sanitary dist., P. 17,200. 
 
 Waterloo, stn., Eng., London, i m. SW. St. Paul's, the 
 terminus of the L. & SW. R. Waterloo Jnuctlon, stn. ad- 
 joining, establishing communication between the L. & SW. R. 
 and the SE. R. 
 
 Waterloo, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cavan, bar. Upper Lough- 
 tee, loj m. ESE. Cavan. 
 
W AT E 
 
 WATS 
 
 Waterloo, municip., New South Wales, suburb of Sydney. 
 P. 8600. 
 
 Waterloo, vil. , Scot., Mid Lanarkshire, i m. SE. Wishaw, 
 close to Overtown stn. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Waterloo, vil., Scot., on the W. border of E. Perthshire, 4^ 
 m. SE. by S. Dunkeld. 
 
 Waterloo, postal-tp., S. Australia, Light co., 65 m. N. by 
 E.Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waterloo, city, U.S., Illinois, Monroe co., 22 m. S. St. Louis 
 (Mo.). P. < 2000. 
 
 Waterloo, tn. , U.S., Indiana, Dekalb co. , 124 m. NNE. 
 Indianapolis, 24 m. SSW. of NE. corner of state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waterloo, city, U.S., Iowa, Blackhawk co. , on Cedar R. , 52 
 m. NW. Cedar Rapids. P. 6700. 
 
 Waterloo, vil., U.S., New York, Seneca co., on Seneca R. , 
 38 m. W. by S. Syracuse ; manufactures yeast and malt. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Waterloo, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, JefTerson co. , 55 m. W. by 
 N. Milwaukee, and 20 m. ENE. Madison. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Waterloo, post-tn. , Victoria. See Yarragou. 
 
 WaterloovlUe, eccles. par., Eng. , Hampshire, Waterloo 
 par., PMT.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Watermael-Boitsfort, comm. , Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. 
 Brussels. P. 5100. 
 
 Waterman, vil., U.S., Indiana, Parke co. , 19 m. NW. 
 Rockville ; has an artesian well of mineral water, 1350 ft. deep. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Watermarske, part of par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding. 
 See Swiiiton with Watermarske. 
 
 Watermlllork, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, 7 m. SW. Penrith, 
 PM.O. ; 9798 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Water Xewton, par. , Eng. , Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div. , 
 on the Nen, 5 m. W. by S. Peterborough, ^ m. SW. Castor stn., 
 P.O. P. <:250. 
 
 Wateriilsh, PMT.O., Scot. See Halln In Waternlsh. 
 
 Water Orton, eccles. par., Eng., Warwickshire, Tamworth 
 div., on the Tame, 7 m. ENE. Birmingham, on the M. R., 
 PMT.O. P.<7So. 
 
 Waterperry, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., on the 
 Thame, 7 m. E. Oxford, 2 m. NW. Tiddington stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Watersay, or Vatersay, isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, Outer 
 Hebrides, 11 m. N. by W. Barra Head. P. 32. Watersay 
 Bay, on E. side of isl. Sound of Watersay, a channel on 
 the N. 
 
 Watersheddlngs, P.O., Eng., Lancashire, on E. side of 
 Oldham. 
 
 Waterside, P. O. , Eng. , Essex, 4 m. from Tillingham. 
 
 Waterside, electoral div., Ire., NW. co. Londonderry, bar. 
 Tirkeeran ; a suburb of Londonderry, on the E. side of the Foyle. 
 
 Waterside, vil., Scot, Ayrshire, on the riv. Doon, 8^ m. E. 
 Maybole, on the G. & SW. R., P.O. P. (including Triiinilll) 
 <iSOO. 
 
 Waterside, vil., Scot., Dumbartonshire, on Luggie Water, 
 7 m. NW. Airdrie, ij m. ESE. Kirkintilloch stn. P. <soo. 
 lVa(ers of Merom, lake, Palestine. See Hnleh, Bahelret-el. 
 
 Water Sound, between Burray and S. Ronaldshay Is., 
 Orkney Is. , Scotland. 
 
 Waters toek, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div,, on the 
 Thame, 8 m. E. Oxford, i m. N. Tiddington stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Waterstone, P.O., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3 m. from Mil- 
 ford Haven. 
 
 Water Stratford, par. , Eng. , co. , div. , and 3 m. W. by N. 
 Buckingham, on the Great Ouse, close to Fulwell and Westbury 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Waters Upton, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 10 m. 
 ENE. Shrewsbury, i^ m. N. Crudgington stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Watertown, tn. and summer resort, U.S. , Connecticut, Litch- 
 field CO., 25 m. W. Hartford. P. < 3000. 
 
 Waterto'wn, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , on 
 Charles R. , 5^ m. W. by N. Boston; here is a U.S. arsenal. 
 P. 7100, 
 
 Watertown, city, U.S., New York, Jefferson co. , on Black R. , 
 47 m. NE. by E. Oswego ; limestone and iron abound in the 
 vicinity. Watertown manufactures paper, engines, machinery, 
 and farming implements. P. (1880) 10,700; (1890) 14,700. 
 
 Watertown, city, U.S., S. Dakota, Codington co. , 140 m. 
 N. by E. Yankton, on Big Sioux R. ; has several factories, and 
 is the distributing point for a wide dist. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Watertown, city, U.S., Wisconsin, in Dodge and Jefferson 
 COS., 44 m. W. by N. Milwaukee, on both sides of Rock R.; 
 with the North-Western University (Lutheran). P. (1880) 7900 ; 
 (1890) 8800. 
 
 Watertown Junction, U.S., S. Dakota, Brookings co. , 103 
 m. N. by E. Yankton. 
 
 WaterTale, tp. , S. Australia, Stanley co., 67 m. N. Adelaide. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Water Valley, tn. , U.S., Mississippi, Yalabusha co. , 72 m. 
 SSE. Memphis (Tenn.). P. < 3000. 
 
 Watervllle, post-vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, co. Carleton, 
 9 m. from Woodstock. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Watervllle, post-vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. Kings, 9 m. 
 from Kentville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waterrllle, vil., Canada, Quebec, Compton co., 87 m. E. 
 by S. Montreal. P. <20oo. 
 
 Watervllle, tnld., Ire., S. co. Kerry, bar. Iveragh, 25 m. 
 W. by S. Kenmare, PM.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Watervllle, vil., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 20 m. NNW. 
 New Haven. P. < 1500. 
 
 Watervllle, vil., U.S., Kansas, Marshall co., on Blue R., 
 77 m. NW. by W. Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Watervllle, city, U.S., Maine, Kennebec co. , 17 m. NNE. 
 Augusta, on the r. bk. of the Kennebec ; the Ticonic Falls 
 afford abundant water-power. Has manufactures of cotton and 
 paper, and railway machine shops ; seat of Colby University, 
 with a library of 30,000 volumes. P. 7100. 
 
 Watervllle, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Le Sueur co. , 55 m. 
 SSW. St. Paul. P. < 1500. 
 
 Watervllle, vil., U.S., New York, Oneida co., 32 m. NE. 
 Norwich by rail. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Watervllle, vil., U.S., Washington, Douglas co., 125 m. 
 W. Spokane Falls. P. < 1500. 
 
 Watervllet, U.S. arsenal, covering over 100 ac. , and the 
 great national gun-factory. New York, Albany co. 
 
 Watford, vil., Canada, Ontario, Lambton co. , 32 m. W. by 
 S. London, on a railway. P. <:i500. 
 
 Watford, par. and market-tn., Eng., Hertfordshire, Watford 
 div., on the Coin, 6^ m. SW. by S. St. Albans, on the L. 
 & NW. R.; industries include pajier-making, wood-turning, 
 malting, brewing, and watercress cultivation. The London 
 Orphan Asylum is here. Has public library, and school of 
 science and art. Market-day, Tu. 10,780 ac. P. 20,300 ; 
 urban sanitary dist. P. 16,800; pari. div. P. 63,900. 
 
 Watford, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 8 m. 
 SE. by E. Rugby, i m. NE. Welton stn., P.O. P. -csoo. 
 
 Watta, P.O., Eng., Cumberland, i m. from Cleator Moor. 
 
 Wath, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and Malton 
 div., 3^ m. N. Ripon, close to Melmerby stn., P.O. P. <:25o; 
 eccles. par. (Wath by Rlpon) P. <75o. 
 
 Wath, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Malton union. P. 
 
 <250. 
 
 Wathcna, vil. , U.S. , Kansas, Doniphan co. , near the Missouri, 
 15 m. NE. Atchison, 4 m. W. St. Joseph. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Wath*upou-Dearne, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 Hallamshire div., 6 m. N. Rotherham, on the M. S. & L. R. , 
 and with a stn. (Wath and Bolton) on the M. R.; has 
 coal-mines, oil and soap works, brewery, and glass bottle 
 manufactory. PMT.O. P. <;40oo ; urban sanitary dist. P. 
 7000 ; eccles. par. (Wath-upon-Dearne with Adwick-upon- 
 l>earne) P. <45oo. 
 
 Watklns, settlement, U.S., Colorado, Arapahoe co. , 19 m. 
 E. Denver. 
 
 Watklns, vil. , U. S. , New York, Schuyler co. , at head of Lake 
 Seneca, 60 m. SW. Syracuse, and 18 m. W. by S. Ithaca. Noted 
 for Watkins Glen, visited by tourists, a vertical rift in a rocky bluff 
 700-800 ft. high, with several beautiful cascades. P. <3000. 
 
 Wat-Iani, tn., China, prov. Kwangsi, 95 m. NE. Pakhoi. 
 
 WatUng, isl. , Bahamas. See Guauahanl. 
 
 Watling Street, famous Roman highway, extending across 
 S. Britain, in a direction from SE. to NW. Commencing at 
 Dover, it goes past Canterbury, Rochester, and Dartford to the 
 city of London, thence through cos. Middlesex, Herts, Bucks, 
 Northampton, Warwick, Stafford, to Chester, by St. Albans, 
 Dunstable, and Towcester, and W. through N. Wales to Caer- 
 Seiont (ancient Segontium), in Carnarvonshire. From Wroxeter 
 a branch proceeds N. to Manchester, Lancaster, Kendal, and 
 Cockermouth, and thence into Scotland. It is in parts still an 
 important highway. 
 
 Watllngton, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, SW. div. , 6 m. S. by W. 
 King's Lynn, near Magdalen Road stn., PT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Watllngton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 13J m. 
 SE. by E. Oxford, on a branch of the G. W. R. ; chief industry, 
 lace-making. PMT.O. Market-day, S. P. < 2000. 
 
 Watling Town, Eng. , Salop. See Wellington. 
 
 Watmore, settlement, U.S., Kansas, Nemaha co., 40 m. W. 
 by N. Atchison. 
 
 Watnall, stn., Eng., Nottinghamshire, on the M. R. , 6 m. 
 NW. Nottingham, P.O. 
 
 Watonwan, co., U.S., Minnesota, drained by Watonwan R., 
 flowing E. to the Blue Earth. 
 
 Watou, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. and 12 
 m. W. Ypres. P. <4000. 
 
 Watrap, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Tinnevelli, in 9° 38 
 N. , 77° 41' E. ; formerly smelted iron. P. (1881) 6100. 
 
 Watseka, city, U.S., Illinois, Iroquois co., 75 m. S. by W. 
 Chicago. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wat^esslng, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Essex co., 3 m. from 
 Newark. P. < 1500. 
 
 Watson Island, small isl., S. Pacific, to the NW. of New 
 Georgia, between Mono and Stirling Is., with British coaling 
 station in 7" 24' S. , 155° 34' E. 
 
 ^ ' ^= "^ 1699 
 
WATS — WAVR 
 
 Wateou's Bay, favourite holiday resort, New South Wales, 
 on an indentation of Port Jackson, 7 m. (by road) from Sydney ; 
 with fortified cliff and a lighthouse visible 14 m. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Watsontowu, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Northumberland 
 CO.. 58 m. N. Harrisburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 WatsonvlUe, tin-mining locality, Queensland, Chelmsford 
 CO. , 130 m. S. Cooktown, in a rich tin and copper mining dist. 
 at the foot of Great Western Hill. Alt. 3500 ft. P. <i5oo. 
 
 WatsonvHle, city, U.S., California, Santa Cruz co., 71 m. 
 SE. by S. San Francisco ; manufactures beet-sugar from beet 
 grown in the neighbourhood. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Watten, vil., France, dep. Nord, arr. Dunkerque, on the 
 Aa, 6 m. NNW. St. Omer. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Watten, or Wattennieer, the shallows stretching between 
 the Ger. W. ct. (Schleswig, Holstein, Hanover, Oldenburg, E. 
 Friesland) and the N. ct. of Holland on the one side, and the 
 Frisian Is. (Fano, Romo, Sylt, Fohr, Pellworm, Wangeroog, 
 Langeoog, Nordeney, Juist, Borkum, Schiermonnikoog, Ame- 
 land, Terschelling, Vlieland, and Texel) on the other. In 
 parts these shallows become exposed as dry sand-banks at low 
 water. They are crossed by the existing and ancient beds, or 
 rather estuaries, of the Eider, Elbe, Weser, and Ems. 
 
 Watten, par. , Scot. , Caithness, 8 m. WN W. Wick, and i m. S. 
 by W. Watten stn. , on the H. R. , PM. O. ; 30,579 ac. P. < 1500. 
 Watten, Loch, lake, Scot., Caithness, 2^ m. long, drained 
 E. into Wick Water R. Alt. 55 ft. 
 
 Watteusclieid, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Gelsen- 
 kirchen, 5 m. ENE. Essen; has important coal-mining, and 
 manufactures of iron goods. P. 13,400. 
 
 Wattenit'll, comm. , Switzd. , cant, and 13 m. S. by E. Bern. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Wattlgnles, vil., France, dep. Nord, 19 m. S. by E. Mons, 
 arr. and 7 m. NE. by N. Avesnes. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Wattlsfleld, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stow union, 6 m. NW. 
 Finningham, P.O. P. <500. 
 
 Wattlsbani, par., Eng., Suffolk, 5^ m. SW. Needham 
 Market. P. < 250. 
 
 Watt Jnnctlon, stn., Canada, New Brunswick, Charlotte 
 CO. , 47 m. SW. by S. Fredericton. 
 
 Wattle Flat, postal-tp., New South Wales, Roxburgh co., 
 20 m. NE. Bathurst, in mining dist. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wattwn, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., on the 
 Beane, 4^ m. NNW. Hertford, 3J ra. E. Knebworth stn., 
 PMT.O. 'P. < 1000. 
 
 Watton, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 21 m. W. by S. 
 Norwich, on the G. E. and Colne Valley Rlys. ; trade in farm 
 produce. Near it is Wayland (or Wailing) Forest, the reputed 
 scene of the ballad of the ' Babes in the Wood.' PMT.O. 
 Market-day, W. P. < 1500. 
 
 Watton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 14J m. NNW. Hull, i^ m. SW. Hutton Cranswick stn. Watton 
 Abbey, now an Elizabethan farm-house, originally a nunnery 
 of the i2th century. 4738 ac. P. <soo; eccles. par. (Watton 
 "With Beswlck) P. <75o. 
 
 Wattrelos, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. Lille, on the frontier 
 of Belgium, 2 m. ENE. Roubaix. P. 5900; comm. P. 19,800. 
 Watt's Station, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania. See Vesta. 
 Wattston, vil. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, 3 m. NE. Airdrie. P. < 500. 
 Wattstown, PM.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, i m. from 
 Ynishir. 
 
 Wattwll, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 16 m. SW. St. Gall ; machine 
 embroidery, cotton-weaving, &c. Alt. 2015 ft. P. (comm.) 
 
 5300- 
 
 Watnpha, or Watuppa, short riv. , U.S., Massachusetts, 
 draining Watnpha Lake W. into the Taunton, and having on 
 its banks the city of Fall R, , at the falls to which that city owes 
 its origin and name. 
 
 Watwa, tribe, Africa. See Mtwa. 
 
 Wau, oasis, Tripoli, Fezzan, 200 m. E. by S. Murzuk. Alt. 
 2940 ft. 
 
 Wanb^, riv. , .Africa. See Koniatlugn. 
 
 Wanbra, vil., Victoria, Talbot co., 95 m. by rail NW. Mel- 
 bourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wangoshanee Point, cape, U.S., Michigan, in the e.x- 
 treme NW. , in 80° 5' W. 
 
 Wankarlnga, post-tn., S. Australia, Lytton co., 85 m. E. 
 Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wankaw, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Winnebago co. , 80 m. NW. 
 by N. Milwaukee, 14 m. WSW. Oshkosh. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wankegan (waw-'kigan), city, U.S., Illinois, Lake co., on 
 W. shore of Lake Michigan (on a bluff 80 ft. above and over- 
 looking the lake), 36 m. N. by W. Chicago, with wide beach. 
 A favourite place of residence for Chicago business men, and 
 pleasure resort, with valuable mineral springs. Manufacture of 
 iron and steel goods, barbed wire, &c. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Waukesha, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Waukesha co., 18 m. W. 
 Milwaukee ; the principal watering-place in the state, called the 
 ' Saratoga ' of the W. , lying in a valley. It has extensive lime 
 quarries and the celebrated Bethesda medicinal springs, the 
 water of which is largely exported in bottles. P. 6300. 
 1700 
 
 Waukon, tn., U.S., Iowa, Allamakee co. , 20 m. SW. by S. 
 of NE. corner of state. P. <20c>o. 
 
 Wauldby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Sculcoates union, 
 3 m. SE. South Cave. P. <:2so. 
 
 Waunarlwydtl, PM.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, 2 m. from 
 Gowerton ; has coal-mines. 
 
 Wannll^vydd, PM.O., Eng., Monmouthshire, 2 m. from 
 Ebbw Vale. 
 
 Waupaca, city, U.S., Wisconsin, cap. Waupaca co. , 56 m. 
 W. by S. of the head of Green Bay. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wnnpun, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Fond du Lac co. , 60 m. 
 NW. Milwaukee ; has a state prison, and agricultural implement 
 factories. P. <3000. 
 
 Wanraltee, post-tn. , S. Australia, Fergusson co. , on the W. 
 ct. , 70 m. WN W. Adelaide, 7 m. from Port Victoria, in a wheat- 
 growing dist. P. <i500. 
 
 Wanrn Ponds, tp. , Victoria, co. Grant, 51 m. by rail and 
 road SW. Melbourne ; with quarries of finest limestone. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Wansan, city, U.S. , Wisconsin, Marathon co. , on both banks 
 of the Wisconsin, 100 m. W. of Lake Michigan, and 157 m. 
 NW. of Milwaukee ; an important lumbering and general 
 manufacturing centre. P. (1880) 4300 ; (1890)9300. 
 
 Wauseon, vil. , U.S. , Ohio, Fulton co. , 32 m. W. by S. Toledo. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Waushara, co. , U.S. , Wisconsin, crossed in the S. by 44° N. , 
 and in the E. by 89° W. 
 
 WauM'll, comm., Switzd., cant. Lucerne, 14 m. S. Aarau. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 WavelJind, vil., U.S., Indiana, Montgomery co. , 46 m. W. 
 by N. Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wavendon, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, Buckingham div. , 
 nj m. SW. Bedford, 4^ m. SSE. Newport Pagnell, i m. NW. 
 Woburn Sands stn., P.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Waveney, riv., Eng., on the borders of Norfolk and Suffolk. 
 It passes Diss, Bungay (to which place it is navigable for barges), 
 and Beccles, and joins the r. bk. of the Yare 4 m. in a direct 
 line W. of Yarmouth. Its headwaters are connected with those 
 of the Little Ouse, and its lower waters with the sea by Oulton 
 Broad and Lake Lothlng, the upper part of Lowestoft Harbour. 
 See Lothlng. 
 
 Waver, riv., Eng., Cumberland, flowing NW. through the 
 divs. of Penrith and Eskdale into the Solway Firth at the S. 
 end of the shallow bay that receives the Wampool. 
 
 Waveren, tn. , Belgium. See Wavre. 
 
 Watver Holme, East, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Wigton union ; 
 5531 ac. P. <Soo. 
 
 Waverley, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. and 16 m. N. 
 Halifax. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waverley, par. , Eng. , Surrey, union and 2 m. SE. Farnham ; 
 has remains of Waverley Abbey (1128), the first Cistercian house 
 in England. P. <25o. 
 
 Waverley, an E. suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, con- 
 taining the beautiful cemetery for the eastern suburbs. P. 8800. 
 
 Waverley, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Patea co., 55 m. 
 SE. by E. New Plymouth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waverly, city, U.S. , Illinois, Morgan co. , 22 m. SW. Spring- 
 field. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waverly, city, U.S., Iowa, Bremer co. , 67 m. NW. Cedar 
 Rapids. P. <3000. 
 
 Waverly, vil., U.S., Maryland, co. and 3 m. NNE. Balti- 
 more. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waverly, vil., U.S., Missoiu-i, Lafayette co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Missouri, 58 m. E. by N. Kansas City. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Waverly, vil., U.S., New York, Chemung co., 75 m. SSW. 
 Syracuse, and 15 m. ESE. Elmira. P. <5000. 
 
 Waverly, vil., U.S., Ohio, Pike co., 80 m. E. Cincinnati. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Waverly, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lackawanna co., 9 m. 
 NNW. Scranton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waverly, vil. and shipping point, U.S. , Tennessee, Humphrey 
 CO., 58 m. W. Nashville. P. < 1500. « 
 
 Waverly, South, bor., U.S. , Pennsylvania, Bradford co. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Waverly Station, vil., U.S., Virginia, Sussex co., 40 m. SE. 
 by S. Richmond. P, <:isoo. 
 
 Waverton, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 4^ m. SE. 
 East Chester, on the Ellesmere Canal and the L. & NW. and G. 
 W. Rlys., P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Waverton, par., Eng., Cumberland, in the NW. of the 
 Penrith div. , on the Waver, 12 m. WSW. Carlisle, ij m. N. 
 High Blaiihwaite stn., P.O.; 4169 ac. P. <5oo. See Wigton. 
 
 Wavertree, Brit. E. Africa. See Fort Wavertrce. 
 
 Wavertree, par., Eng., Lancashire, W. Derby union, 3 m. 
 SE. Liverpool, on the L. & NW. R. P. (par. and urban sani- 
 tary dist.) 13,800. 
 
 Wa'vlra, tribe, central Africa, to the W. of Lake Albert 
 Nyanza. 
 
 Wavre, or Waveren, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. 
 Nivelles, on the Dyle, 13 m. SE. Brussels ; active industries ; 
 
WAVR — WEAT 
 
 manufactures chocolate, paper, lace, &c. , and prepares chicory. 
 Scene of a desperate battle on the same day as Waterloo be- 
 tween the Prussians and the French corps of Grouchy. P. 7500. 
 Wavre-Notre-Dame, comm. , Belgium, prov. Antwerp, arr. 
 Malines. P. <4000. 
 
 WaTre-.Saiiite-Cathi'rlne, comm., Belgium, prov. Antwerp, 
 arr. Malines. P. < 5000. 
 
 Wavrlii, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. and 8 m. SW. Lille. 
 P. <30oo. 
 
 Wawa, riv. and coast-lake (traversed by the river), in the N. 
 of. the former Mosquito terr. , now the dist. of Zelaya, in Nica- 
 ragua, E. slope, just S. of 14° N. Alluvial gold near the source 
 of river, which enters the Caribbean Sea. 
 
 Wa^vamba, tribe, central Africa, to the E. of the Semliki, 
 speaking a Wanyoro language. 
 
 Wawanalssa, or Wawanesa, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, 
 118 m. W. by S. Winnipeg. 
 
 WawAiiya, port, India, Bombay, Morvi state, in 23° N., 
 70° 43' E. 
 
 Wawltao, isl. , Pacific. See K«M'aln'al. 
 Wawne, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div. , 
 on the Hull, 5J m. N. Hull, 3^ m. SE. by E. Beverley stn., 
 PM.O. P.<:50o. 
 
 Waxaliaclile, tn., U.S., Texas, Ellis co. , 30 m. S. Dallas ; 
 has a Methodist college. P. <4000. 
 
 ^axbani, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., on the E. ct., 13 m. 
 NNW. Yarmouth, 4^ m. E. Stalham stn. P. <25o ; eccles. 
 par. (Waxliani witb Palling) P. <750. 
 
 Waxholm, vil. and isl. , Sweden. See Vaxtaolm. 
 Waxholnie, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., on the coast, 14J m. E. Hull, i^ m. NNW. Withernsea 
 stn.; coastguard station. P. <25o. 
 Way, isl. , off Sumatra. See Wal. 
 
 Way, CO. , S. Australia, on the coast of the Great Australia 
 Bight, near Streaky Bay. 
 
 Wayagamack Lake, lake, Canada, Quebec, Portneuf co. , 
 78 m. NW. by W. Quebec, drained W. into the riv. St. Maurice. 
 Wayao, tribe, Africa. See Yao. 
 
 Waycross, tn. , U. S. , Georgia, Ware co. , 97 m. SW. Savannah. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Wayford, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 11^ m. SW. by W. 
 Yeovil, 3 m. WSW. Crewkerne stn. P. <5oo." 
 
 Wayland, rural sanitary dist. , Eng. , Norfolk. P. 10,500. 
 WaylaiMl, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 15 m. 
 W. Boston. P. < 3000. 
 
 Wayland, vil., U.S., Michigan, Allegan co., no m. SW. by 
 W. Bay City. Alt. 747 ft. (R.R.). P.<i5oo. 
 
 Wayland, tn., U.S., New York, Steuben co. P. <300o. 
 Wayland Depot, vil, U.S., New York, Steuben co. , 46 m. 
 NW. Corning. P. < 1500. 
 Wayland ( or WaUlng ) Forest, Eng. , Norfolk. See Watton . 
 Wayland Smlth'N Cave. See Ashbnry, Berks. 
 Wayland Springs, summer resort, U.S., Tennessee, Law- 
 rence CO., 14 m. SE. Lawrenceburg ; has a mineral spring. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Waymart, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Wayne co., 18 m. NE. 
 Scranton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wayne, co. , U.S., Georgia, crossed in W. by 82° W., and 
 bounded on NE. by Altamaha R. 
 
 Wayne, co., U.S., Illinois, between 38° and 39° N., and 88° 
 and 89° W. 
 
 Wayne, co., U.S., Indiana, just to S. of 40° N., and on E. 
 frontier. 
 
 Wayne, co., U.S., Iowa, on S. frontier, W. of 93° W. 
 Wayne, co., U.S., Kentucky, on the S. frontier, E. of the 
 meridian 85° W. 
 
 Wayne, vil., U.S., Michigan, Wayne co., 18 m. WSW. 
 Detroit. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wayne, co., U.S., Mississippi, in the SE., on the E. frontier, 
 S. of 32° N. 
 
 Wayne, co. , U.S. , Missouri, in the SE. , crossed in the S. by 
 37°N.,W. of90° W. 
 
 Wayne, tn., U.S., Nebraska, Wayne co., which is in the 
 NE. , N. of 42° N. , crossed in the E. by 97° W. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wayne, co. , U.S., New York, on Lake Ontario, crossed by 
 77° W. 
 
 Wayne, co. , U. S. , N. Carolina, S. of 36° N. , crossed by 78° W. 
 Wayne, co. , U.S., Ohio, bounded on the N. by 41° N., 
 crossed in the W. by 82° W. 
 
 Wayne, CO. , U.S., Pennsylvania, on the N. and E. frontiers. 
 Wayne, co. , U.S., Tennessee, on the S. frontier, E. of 
 meridian 88° W. 
 
 Wayne, co. , U.S., W. Virginia, in the extreme W. 
 Wayne, 8outb, tn. , U.S., Indiana, Allen co. P. < 1500. 
 Waynes, vil., New Zealand, South I., Waihemo co. , 30 m. 
 N. by E. Dunedin. Pj<i500. 
 
 Waynesboro, vil. , U. S. , Georgia, Burke co. , 24 m. S. Augusta. 
 P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Waynesboro, vil., U.S., Mississippi, Wayne co., 76 m. 
 NNW. Mobile (Ala. ). P. < 1500. 
 
 Waynesboro, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Franklin co., 52 m. 
 SW. Harrisburg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Waynesboro, vil. , U.S., Virginia, Augusta co. , 86 m. WN W. 
 Richmond. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waynesbnrg, vil., U.S., Ohio, Stark co. , on Big Sandy 
 Creek, 53 m. NW. by N. WheeUng (W. Va.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Waynesbnrg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Greene co. ,43 m. 
 S. by W. Pittsburg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Waynesvllle, vil., U.S., Georgia, Wayne co., 73 m. SW. 
 by S. Savannah. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waynesvllle, vil., U.S., Ohio, Warren co., 38 m. NE. by 
 N. Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Waynetown, vil., U.S., Indiana, Montgomery co., in 87° 
 W., 51 m. WNW. Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Way Stone Edge, upland tract, Eng., on the borders of the 
 Colne Valley and Sowerby divs. of the W. Riding of Yorkshire, 
 about 8 m. SW. Halifax. 
 
 Way the, eccles. par., Eng., Lincolnshire. See Waltbe. 
 
 Wazan, or Wezzan, sacred tn. , Morocco, 60 m. NW. by N. 
 Fez, on N. slop)e of Sebu valley, residence of the Grand Sherif, 
 who has the right of investing the sultans of Morocco with their 
 dignity, and is at the head of the powerful and numerous fraternity 
 of Mulai-Taieb. Alt. 1320 ft. P. 10,000. 
 
 Wazlers, tn., France, dep. Nord. arr. and 2 m. NE. Douai ; 
 coal worked. P. < 2000. 
 
 WazfriibAd, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Gujranwila, 60 
 m. N. by W. Lahore ; houses chiefly of brick ; manufacture of 
 small articles of steel and iron. The Chenab R. , i m. distant, 
 is spanned opposite Wazfrdbdd by the Alexandra railway bridge, 
 one of the finest in India, opened in 1876 by the Prince of 
 Wales. P. 15,800; Hindus, 4100; Moham. 11,000. 
 
 Wazirlstan, region of E. Afghanistan, comprising the portion 
 of the Sulaiman Mts. and the country immediately to the W. 
 from the Kuram valley S. to the Zhob valley. 
 
 Weakley, co. , U.S., Tennessee, on the N. frontier, E. of 
 89° W. 
 
 Weald. The Weald of Kent, Sussex, and Surrey comprises 
 the area formerly occupied by the Saxon Andreadswald, long a 
 dense forest, between the N. and S. Downs, from near Farnham 
 and Petersfield (Hants) eastward to the sea at Hythe, Rye, and 
 Eastbourne. It is still in part wooded. A highly fertile agri- 
 cultural region, with only a few small towns. 
 
 Weald, PMT.O. , Eng., Kent, near Sevenoaks. 
 
 Weald, South, par., Eng., Essex, i^ m. W. Brentwood, 
 PMT.O. (Sonthweald) ; 4629 ac. P. 5000. 
 
 Weald Bassett, North, par., Eng., Essex, 3 m. NE. Epping, 
 with a stn. (N. Weald) on the G. E. & N. London Rly. P. < 1500. 
 
 Weald Gullet, P. O. , Eng. , 3 m. from Epping, Essex. 
 
 Wealdstoue, eccles. par., Eng., Middlesex, Harrow on the 
 Hill and Pinner pars., PMT.O. P. <3000. 
 
 Wear, riv., Eng., rises in the W. of co. Durham, the centre 
 of which it traverses, flows ESE. to Bishop Auckland, and 
 thence NE. past Durham and Chester-Ie-Street to the North 
 Sea at Wearmouth ; receives on the left the Wascrow and 
 Browney, on the right the BoUihope, Bed, and Gaunless. 
 Lead extensively mined in the upper part of the valley (Wear- 
 dale). Length, 67 m. ; area of basin, 458 sq. m. 
 
 Weardale, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, Stanhope ancient 
 par. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Weanlley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 7 m. E. Otley. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Weare, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., on the Axe, 8| ni. 
 SE. Weston-super-Mare, 2 m. SW. Axbridge stn., P.O. P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 Weare, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Hillsboro co., 12 m. 
 SW. Concord. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wear Glfford, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, S. Molton div. , 3 m. 
 SSE. Bideford, i| m. N. Torrington stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wearhead, P.O., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., on 
 the Wear, 16 m. SSW. Hexham, 9 m. W. by N. Stanhope stn. 
 
 Wear Valley Junction, stn., Eng., Durham, SE. div., on 
 the NE. R., 3 m. WNW. Bishop Auckland. 
 
 Weasenham St. Peter and Weasenham All Saints, two 
 adjoining pars., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., the former 16 m. E. 
 King's L)mn, 3 m. SSE. East Rudham stn., P.O. P. (of each) 
 <5oo. 
 
 Weaste (wist), eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, in the W. div. 
 of Salford, on the L. & NW. R. P. 6100. 
 
 Weatherbury, hill, Eng., Dorsetshire, 8J m. ENE. Dor- 
 chester. 
 
 Weathercote Cave, cave, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in 
 Ingleborough Mt. , 4 m. NE. Ingleton ; has a fine cascade, 70 
 ft. Length, 60 yards; width, 30 yards. 
 
 Weatherford, agricultural city, U. S. , Texas, Parker co. , 60 
 m. W. Dallas. Alt. 864 ft. (R.R.). P. < 4000. 
 
 Weather Hill, mt., Eng., Westmorland, Appleby div., 
 between Hawes Water and Ullswater, 9I m. SSW. Penrith. 
 Height, 2174 ft. 
 
 Weatherly, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Carbon co. , 32 m. S. 
 by W. Scranton, and 22 m. S. by E. Wilkesbarre. P. <:30oo. 
 
 1701 
 
WE AT 
 
 W EET 
 
 Weathersfield, tn., U.S., Vermont, Windsor co. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Wearer, riv. , Eng. , rises in the SW. of Cheshire, flows SE. 
 to near the S. frontier of the county, then N. through the middle 
 of the county past Nantwich, Winsford, and Northwich, and 
 finally NW. into the Mersey. It passes through the most im- 
 portant salt district of England, and has been made navigable 
 to Winsford. 
 
 Wearertaam, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, div. and 3 m. W. North- 
 wich, i^ m. E. Acton Bridge stn.; has brick and tile making. 
 PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Weaver Hills, Eng., Staffordshire, in the NK, 9 m. SE. 
 Leek. Alt. 1205 ft. 
 
 Weaver's Point, cape, Scot., Inverness-shire, on the E. ct. 
 of N. Uist, in 57° 36^' N. 
 
 WeaTertiiorpe, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., ii| m. SSW. Scarborough, 4 J m. S. by E. of its stn. on 
 the NE. R., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Weaverrllle, vil. , U.S., California, Trinity co., 60 m. E. 
 Eureka ; centre of mining and agricultural dist. P. < 1500. 
 
 Webb, or Webbrllle, city, U.S., Missouri, Jasper co. , 46 m. 
 N. by E. of the SW. corner of the state ; lead smelted. P. 5000. 
 
 Webb, CO., U.S., Texas, in the SE., on the Rio Grande (SW. 
 frontier), crossed in the N. by 28° N. 
 
 Webber, East and West, two small streams, Eng., Devon- 
 shire, which flow S. from Dartmoor, and after uniting fall into 
 the Dart. 
 
 Webberrllle, vil., U.S., Michigan, Ingham co., 19 m. SE. 
 Lansing by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Webbe Shebelll ('Leopard River'), riv., E. Africa, flows 
 with a more or less S. course through the Somali country. After 
 rains it becomes a deep and rapid river, with a width in places of 
 about 50 yards, but it dries up a few miles from the coast, within 
 half a degree of the equator. 
 
 Webbw©«Ml, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the Sault St. 
 Mary line of the C. P. R. , 491 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Weber, co., U.S., Utah, between 41° and 42° S. ; bounded 
 on the W. by Great Salt Lake. 
 
 Weber, riv., U.S., Utah, flows W. into Great Salt Lake 
 through canons remarkable for scenery ; important as affording 
 a route for the Union Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Weber Hafeu, or Lain Bay, harb. , in the N. of the Gazelle 
 Penin., Neu-Pommern, Bismarck Archipelago, crossed by 152° 
 E.,4°is'S. 
 
 Weberschan, vil., Austria, Bohemia, 38 m. NW. Prague, 
 9 m. ENE. Saaz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Webbeatb, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Droitwich div. , 5 m. 
 SE. by E. Bromsgrove, ij m. W. Redditch. P. < 1500. See 
 TardeblKg. 
 
 Webl Cinnnna, stream, Africa. See Jnb. 
 
 Webster, cu. , U.S., Georgia, crossed in S. by 32° N., and 
 midway between 84° and 85° W. 
 
 Webster, co. , U.S., Iowa, N. of 42° N., crossed in the E. by 
 94° W. , traversed by the Des Moines R. 
 
 Webster, city, U.S., Iowa, Hamilton co. , 62 m. N. by W. 
 Des Moines ; coal, limestone, and brick clay are found in the 
 vicinity. P. < 3000. 
 
 Webster, co., U.S., Kentucky, in the SW., crossed by 37^° 
 N. and 87^° W. 
 
 Webster, par. (co.), U.S., Louisiana, on the N. frontier, E. 
 of 93i° W. 
 
 Webster, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 16 m. S. by W. 
 Worcester, on French R. ; has iron and brass foundries ; ter- 
 minus of the Norwich line of steamers to New York. P. 7000. 
 
 Webster, co. , U.S., Missouri, N. of 37° N., and crossed in 
 the W'. by 93° W. 
 
 Webster, co. , U.S., Nebraska, on the S. frontier, W. of 98° W. 
 
 Webster, vil., U.S., New York, Monroe co., 9 m. ENE. 
 Rochester. P. < 1500. 
 
 Webster, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Westmore- 
 land CO., 18 m. SW. Greensbury. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Webster, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Day co. , 150 m. ENE. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Webster, co., U.S., W. Virginia, N. of 38° N., and W. of 
 80° W. 
 
 Webster CiroTes, vil., U.S., Missouri, co. and 8 m. SW. St. 
 Louis by rail. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wecedport, vil., Eng., Somerset. See Watchet. 
 
 Wecker, vil., gd. -duchy of Luxemburg, on the Sir, 13 m. 
 ENE. Luxemburg. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wed, El. See El Wed. 
 
 Wedan, oasis, Sahara. See Hoden, El. 
 
 Wedaro Falls. See Sallma. 
 
 Wed-Besbes, Algeria. See Bandon. 
 
 Wedderbnrn, gold-mining tp. , Victoria, Gladstone co. , 45 
 m. NW. by W. Sandhurst ; centre of Mount Korong quartz- 
 reefs, in a farming and vine-growing dist. P. < 1500. 
 
 Weddlker, par., Eng., Cumberland, union and 2^ m. E. 
 Whitehaven. P. <25o. 
 
 Weddlngton, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and i m. N. 
 Nuneaton, on the Anker, ^ ra. N. by E. Coventry. P. <25o. 
 1702 
 
 Wedge Island, S. .Australia, at the entrance to Spencer Gulf, 
 in about 136° 30' E. 
 
 Wed Marsa, French spelling Oned Marsa, vil. , on the coast 
 of Algeria, arr. and 5 m. S. Bougie. 
 
 Wedmore, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 7 m. WNW. 
 Wells, 3 m. SW. Draycott stn. ; noted for the treaty here con- 
 cluded between King Alfred and Guthrum the Dane, 878. 
 PMT.O. 10,280 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Wednesbnry, pari, and (since 1886) mun. bor. and raarket- 
 tn., Eng., Staffordshire, 7J m. NW. Birmingham, in the diocese 
 of Lichfield, near the source of the Tame, with stns. on the S. 
 Staffordshire and G. W. R. Being in a dist. crowded with coal- 
 pits, iron-works, railways, and canals, Wednesbury is one of tl)e 
 centres of industry in the Black Country, producing boiler-plates, 
 bar-iron, steel, axle-trees, &c. ; wrought iron in every form. It 
 took its name from the Saxon god Woden; and the present 
 Gothic parish church occupies the site of the ancient temple. 
 Camden says ' a village in Leland's time,' and quotes from him 
 'se coles there' (i.e., sea-coals), 'which Dr. Plot says are the 
 best in England.' Market-days, F. and S. Mun. bor. P. (1801) < 
 4500; (1871)25,000; (1891)25,300; pari. bor. P. {1891)69,100. 
 
 Wednesday Island, small isl. , in Torres Strait, between 
 Australia and New Guinea, 5 m. NE. of Thursday I., and 8 m. 
 NE. of the N. end of Prince of Wales I. 
 
 Wednestleld, par. and suburb of Wolverhampton, Eng., 
 Staffordshire, in the E. div. of the pari, bor., on the M. R.; has 
 extensive manufacture of steel traps, locks and keys; coal mined. 
 P. 12,000; urban sanitary dist. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Wednesfleld Heath, tn. , Eng., Staffordshire. See Heath 
 Town. 
 
 Wed 8nf, or Wed Izuf, oasis, Sahara. See Snf. 
 
 Weeah, co. , Victoria, W. frontier, between 35° and 36° S. 
 
 Weedon, post-vil. , Canada, Quebec, Wolfe co. , 80 m. S. by 
 W. Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Weedon, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 3 m. N. 
 Aylesbury, P.O. P. <5oo. See Hani ivlcke. 
 
 Wee«Ion Beck, or Weedon-on>the>Street, on the ancient 
 Watling Street, par. , Eng. , S. div. of Northamptonshire, on the 
 Nen, 8f m. W. Northampton, with a stn. (Weedon) on the 
 L. & NW. R. and Grand Junction Canal ; has blast-furnaces, 
 and depot for military arms and stores, with spacious barracks. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Weedon Loys (or Lois), par., Eng., S. div. of Northampton- 
 shire, 10 m. NW. by N. Buckingham, 2 m. WNW. Wappenham 
 stn. P. <50o. 
 
 Weedsport, vil., U.S., New York, Cayuga co. , 22 m. W. 
 Syracuse, nn the Erie Canal ; coal shipped. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Weefood, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Lichfield div. , 3^ m. W. 
 Tamworth. P. <25o. 
 
 Weehawken, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Hudson co. , on the 
 Hudson R. , 2 m. NNE. Hoboken. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Week (or Wyke) Champflower, part of eccles. par., Eng., 
 Somerset. See Pltconibe. 
 
 Weeke, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., i m. NW. 
 Winchester. P. < 3000; eccles. par. (W, or Wyke) P. < 3000. 
 
 Weekley, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 8 m. N. 
 Wellingborough, 2 m. NNE. Kettering, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Week St. Hary, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 9^ m. NW. 
 by N. Launceston, P.O.; 6123 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Weeks Beef, Pacific, in about 3^° N., 15° W. , E. of 
 Fanning I. 
 
 Weel, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness div. , on the 
 riv. Hull, 7I m. N. by W. Hull, ijm. E. Beverley stn. P. <250. 
 
 Weeley, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 9J m. ESE. Colchester, 
 on the G. E. R., PMT.O., and P.O. (Weeley Heath). P. <:75o. 
 
 Weelsby, vil. , Eng. , Lincolnshire. See Clee with Weelsby. 
 
 Weem, pir. , Scot. , W. Perthshire, i m. NW. by W. Aber- 
 feldy ; 41,887 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Weenen, vil. , Natal, 55 m. NNW. Pietermaritzburg. 
 
 Weener, niarket-tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Ems, circle Weener, 16 m. SSE. Emden. Weener is the 
 cap. of the old Rheiderland, with wide tracts of marsh about the 
 Ems and the DoUart. P. <4000. 
 
 Weenlsk, riv., Canada, Keewatin, formed by the union of 
 two branches about 54° 14' N. , flows NE. and enters Hudson 
 Bay in about 87° W. Navigable a short distance up. Also 
 spelt Wainlsk. 
 
 Weeping Water, city, U.S., Nebraska, Cass co. , 30 m. 
 SSW. Omaha. P. < 1500. 
 
 Weerseio, comm., Holland, prov. Overijssel, 7^ m. ESE. 
 Almelo. P. < 5000. 
 
 Weert, comm., Holland, prov. Limburg, 11 m. WNW. 
 Roermond. P. 8000. 
 
 Weert-Saint-Cleorges, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, on 
 the Dyle, arr. and 6 m. SSW. Louvain. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Weesp, comm., Holland, prov. N. Holland, on the Vecht, 
 6^ m. SE. by E. Amsterdam. P. 5200. 
 
 Weethley, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon div. , 
 8 m. N. by E. Evesham, 2^ m. W. Alcester stn. P. <25o. See 
 Alcester. 
 
WEET — WEIN 
 
 Weetlng, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., i6 m. ENE. Ely, 
 I in. N. Brandon stn. ; has some ruins of a castle built by 
 Warrenne, son-in-law of William I. P.O. 6234 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Weeton, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 5 m. E. by S. 
 Blackpool, 2 m. SSE. Singleton stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Weeton, vil. , Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, in the extreme 
 SE. of the Holderness div., 17 m. ESE. Hull, 3J m. SE. by E. 
 Patrington stn. 
 
 Weeton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Ripon div., 5 m. 
 Si by W. Harrogate, with a stn., Weeton (for Almscliffe Crags), 
 on the NE. R., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Weetze, German name of the Vesdre (g.v.). 
 
 Wee Waa, postal-tp. , New South Wales, White co., 115 m. 
 NW. by W. Tamworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wee Wee Rnp, or Gunbower, tn. , Victoria, Gunbower co. , 
 24 m. NW. Echuca. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Weeze, riv. , Prussia. See Vesdre. 
 
 Weeze, vil., Prussia, in the NW. of the Rhine Prov., circle 
 Geldern, 11 m. S. by E. Cleve. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Weferllngen, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, on riv. Aller, circle 
 Gardelegen, 23 m. E. Brunswick. P. <300o. 
 
 Wegberg, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Erkelenz, 24 m. 
 W. by S. Diisseldorf P. (coram.) < 5000. 
 
 Wegeleben, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle and 11 m. S. 
 Oschersleben. P. <4000. 
 
 Weggls, comm. , Switzd. , cant, and 6 m. E. by S. Lucerne, 
 on the N. shore of the Lake of Lucerne. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wegrdw, or Wengr6w, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 
 22 m. NW. Siedlce, on Liwiec R. P. 8600. 
 
 Wegstiidtl, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on the r. bk. of the Elbe, 
 27 m. N. Prague, and 5 m. ENE. Raudnitz. P. <20oo. 
 
 Welilan, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Wehlau, at the 
 confluence of the Pregel and Alle, 42 m. SW. Tilsit ; has an 
 agricultural winter school, an iron foundry, and manufactures 
 of machinery. Here was made the treaty of Sept. 29, 1657, 
 recognising the independence of Prussia through Poland. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 WelUheldeu, vil. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, circle and i 
 m. W. Kassel. P. 6000. 
 
 Wehr, comm., Ger. , gd. -duchy Baden, circle Lorrach, dist. 
 and 2 m. ESE. Schopfheim. P. <4000. 
 
 Welinlen, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 7 m. WNW. 
 Saarbriicken. P. < 3000. 
 
 Welirsdorf, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 9 m. S. Bautzen. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 IVel, Chinese, ' a large fortress. ' 
 
 Wel-chon, Wai-cbon, or Wel-clioiitann, isl. , Gulf of Tong- 
 king, N. of Hainan I., 32 m. S. Pakhoi, 31 m. W. of the coast 
 of Kwangtung, S. China ; formerly the refuge of the pirates in 
 the Gulf of Tongking. In the NE. of the island is a colony of 
 Hakkas, refugees from Kwangtung after the war of 1868, estab- 
 lished here. Christianised and civilised through the efforts of 
 the Rev. P. Joly of the Canton mission. 
 
 Welchsel, riv. See Vistula. 
 
 Welchsel, vil. , Austria, Silesia, on the Vistula, 47 m. SE. by 
 E. Troppau, 12 m. SE. Teschen. P. < 500c. 
 
 Welchselmiinde, vil. and fortress, Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, 
 on the S. shore of Danzig Bay, 3 m. NNE. Danzig, opposite 
 Neufahrwasser. See Danzig. 
 
 Welda, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Saxe- Weimar, on the Weida R. , 
 circle Neustadt, 18 m. W. by N. Zwickau (kgd. Saxony) ; has 
 woollen manufactures. P. 5600. 
 
 Welden, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Palatinate, 
 dist. Neustadt, 31 m. SE. by E. Bayreuth ; has an agricultural 
 winter school ; manufactures porcelain and machinery. P. 5800. 
 
 Welden, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 4J m. NW. 
 Aix-la-Chapelle. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Weldeiiau, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Siegen, 42 
 m. E. Cologne. P. 6000. 
 
 Welerslielm, or Weyershelni, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, 
 circle and 10 m. N. by E. Strassburg. P. <30oo. 
 
 Weigelsdorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Reichenbach, 
 38 m. SSW. Breslau. P. (comm.)<:300o. 
 
 Welghton, Little', vil., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howden- 
 shire div. , 7J m. WNW^ Hull, on the Hull and Barnsley Rly. 
 
 Wellial, another name for Kiao-chou Harbour, China. 
 
 Wellialwel, Chinese naval station, N. ct. Shantung, about 
 40 m. E. Chifu, and 30 m. W. the NE. point of the penin. , on a 
 bay sheltered on the E. by a small island ; taken by the Japanese 
 after the destruction of the Chinese fleet in the harbour, Feb. 2, 
 
 1895- 
 
 Wel-bo, or HMrel-lio, riv. , China, rises in SE. of prov. Shansi, 
 flows E. through the N. of Honan, then NE. through Pechili 
 (crossing the NW. of Shantung), and finally joins the Pei-ho at 
 Tientsin ; canalised from Linthsing, in 116° E. , from which point 
 it forms a portion of the Grand or Imperial Canal. 
 
 Wel-ho, riv. , China, flows E. through a rich valley in S. of 
 prov. Shensi, bounded on the S. by the Tsinling-shan Range, 
 and joins the Hwang-ho just above Tungkwan, at the point 
 where the latter river makes an abrupt change in its course from 
 
 S. to E. Chief trib. the King-ho, which joins it from the 
 NW. near Singan-fu. See Clilna, Surface (near top of p. 327, 
 column i). 
 
 Wel-lisleu, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, 47 m. WSW. Lai- 
 chou-fu ; the most important city in Shantung, in the midst of 
 a plain separating the two mountain systems of the prov., on 
 both banks of the Peilang-ho. 
 
 Welliwel, tn., China, prov. and 115 m. ENE. Honan, 305 
 m. SW. by S. Tientsin, on the Hwei-ho. 
 
 Welkendorf, vil., Lower Austria, 20 m. NE. by E. Vienna. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Welkersdorf, comm., Lower Austria, 5 m. W. by N. Wiener 
 Neustadt. P. < 5000. 
 
 Welkersdorf, Ciross-, vil. , Lower Austria, 25 m. N W. Vienna. 
 P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Welkerslielni, tn. , Ger. , in the N. of Wiirtemberg, 21 m. S. 
 Wiirzburg ; grows superior wine. P. < 2000. 
 
 Well, Wellerstadt, or Wellderstadt, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiir- 
 temberg, dist. Leonberg, circle Neckar ; is still surrounded with 
 wall and moat ; has a monument to Kepler the astronomer (1571- 
 1630), who was born at Magstadt, in the neighbourhood, and is 
 buried here. 
 
 Wellbarg, vil., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, on the Lahn. 
 circle Oberlahn, 21 m. WSW. Giessen. P. (1825) 2000; (1890) 
 <4000. 
 
 Weller, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, on the Thur R., circle 
 Thann, 14 m. NW. by W. Miilhausen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Weller bel Bine, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle and 9 m. 
 N. Kreuznach. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Welliielni, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 
 circle Weilheim, 29 m. SW. Munich. Alt. 1850 ft. P. <40oo. 
 
 Welliielni, tn., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle of the Danube, 
 dist. Kirchheim, 20 m. SE. by E. Stuttgart. P. <400o. 
 
 Weimar, tn., Ger., cap. of the gd. -duchy of Saxe- Weimar, 
 occupies a very agreeable situation on the Ilm, 50 m. WSW. 
 Leipzig, and 13 m. E. Erfurt. It owes its fame to the enlighten- 
 ment of Duke Karl August, who in the end of the i8th century 
 gathered round him here the greatest literary geniuses of Ger- 
 many, and further made Goethe his minister and friend. The 
 most notable edifice is the ducal palace, built, after a fire in 1774, 
 under the supervision of Goethe, between the years 1790 and 1803. 
 Other buildings are Goethe's Garden House, the Red Palace 
 (1574), Yellow Palace, Green Palace (containing the library of 
 180,000 vols.), the Princes House, theatre (restored 1825, and 
 again 1868), &c. ; the dwelling-houses of Goethe (since 1886 the 
 Goethe-Schiller Museum), Schiller, Wieland, Herder, and Lucas 
 Cranach (painter) ; monuments to Duke Karl August (1S25 and 
 1875), Goethe and Schiller (1857), Wieland, and Herder ; the 
 parish church, containing the tombs of Duke Bernhard of Saxe- 
 Weimar, the Elector John the Magnanimous, and an altar-piece 
 by Cranach ; tombs of Cranach the Elder, Musaeus, the dukes of 
 Saxe- Weimar, Goethe and and Schiller. Between the years 1848 
 and 1866 the celebrated musician, Abb6 Liszt, frequently resided 
 at Weimar, and in some sort revived something of the departed 
 glories of the cultured little capital. Weimar is the seat of various 
 industries in iron, straw, and wood ; of a geographical institute, 
 large orphanages, and some technical schools ; and has an 
 active trade in live stock, wool, and onions. The town dates 
 from the 9th century, and belonged down to the 15th to different 
 noble houses ; in the end of that century it fell to the Ernestine 
 line of the ducal house of Saxony. Alt. 696 ft. P. (1782) 7000 ; 
 (1834) 10,600; (1890) 24,500. 
 
 Weimar, tn. , U.S. , Texas, Colorado co. , 102 m. W. Houston 
 by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Welna, small riv. , Prussia, provs. Posen and Silesia, winds 
 on the whole westwards through several lakes, and enters the 
 Warthe 24 m. below Posen ; not navigable. 
 
 Welnljerg, mt., .•\ustria, Bohemia, in the W., 15 m. NW. 
 by W. Pilsen. 
 
 Welnberge, tn. , Austria. See Prague. 
 
 Welnfelden, tn. , Switzd., Thurgau, 7 m. SSW. Constance 
 (Baden). P. (comm. )<:4ooo. 
 
 Welngarten, comm. , Ger. , gd. -duchy of Baden, circle Karls- 
 ruhe, 5 m. NNE. Durlach. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Welngarten, tn. , Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, 43 m. SSW. 
 Ulm, circle of the Danube, dist. and 2 m. NE. Ravensburg. 
 The abbey church (built 1724) contains a great organ, and is the 
 scene of an annual ceremony connected with religious relics. Alt. 
 1590 ft. P. 5600. 
 
 Weliilielm, urban comm., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, circle 
 and 10^ m. ENE. Mannheim ; has tanneries, and manufacture 
 of patent leather, gun-stocks, chairs, &c. ; was taken by the 
 Spaniards in 1621 , and destroyed by the French in 1688. P. 8200. 
 
 Weliiliig-clion, tn., China, in the W. of Kweichou, 125 m. 
 W. by N. Kweiyang-fii. 
 
 Welnltz, vil. , Austria, Carniola, 40 m. E. by N. Fiume. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Welnsberg, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Neckar, dist. 
 Weinsberg, 26 m. N. by E. Stuttgart, 3 m. ENE. Heilbronn. 
 Above the town are the ruins of the Castle Weibertreu (women's 
 
 1703 
 
WE I P 
 
 WELL 
 
 fidelity), famous in tradition, and taken by the peasants in 1525. 
 Birthplace of the reformer Oecolampadius (1482). Has a mag- 
 netic medical establishment. P. < 3000. 
 
 Welpersdorf, vil., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Landskron. Alt. 
 1950 ft. P. < 3000. 
 
 Weipert, tn.', Austria, Bohemia, 37 m. W. by S. Teplitz, 
 and 5 m. WNW. Pressnitz. P. 8200. 
 
 Weir, city, U.S., Kansas, Cherokee co. , 23 m. NNW. of the 
 SE. corner of the state ; coal mined. P. < 3000. 
 
 Weir's Bridge, favourite summer resort, U.S., New Hamp- 
 shire, Belknap co. , 6 m. N. Laconia by rail, on Winnepiseogee 
 Lake. P. < 1500. 
 
 Welsdale, PT.O., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, 10 m. NW. 
 Lerwick. 
 
 Welsdale Voe, inlet, Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, in the 
 W. , stretches 4 m. NNE. from its mouth, in 60° 12' N., 1° 
 i8'-2o' W. 
 
 Welsenau, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Rhine, circle and 2 m. SE. Mainz. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Welser, tn., U.S., Idaho, Washington co., 57 m. NW. by 
 N. Boise City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wel8k Irchll tz, vil., Austria, Bohemia, dist. and 2 m. N. 
 Teplitz. P. < 2000. 
 Welssbrnnn, German name of Teszprem, Hungary. 
 Welssenlierg, tn. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 10^ m. E. 
 by N. Bautzen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Welssenbnrg, French Wlsseiubourg, tn. , Ger., Alsace- 
 Lorraine, on the Lauter R. , circle Weissenburg, 21 m. W. 
 Karlsruhe (Baden). Seat of a famous monastic school in the 
 Middle Ages, and scene of the first German victory over the 
 French in 1870. P. 5400. 
 
 Weissenburg, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle Fran- 
 conia, circle Weissenburg, 11 m. E. by N. Nordlingen ; has 
 a mineral spring and bathing establishment. In the neighbour- 
 hood traces of the Fossa Carolina, and above the town, on a 
 cliff (alt. 2060 ft.), the ancient fortress of Wiilzburg (1537). Alt. 
 1420 ft. P. 5900. 
 
 Welssenfels, vil., Austria, in the NW. of Carniola, 33 m. 
 W. by S. Klagenfurt. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Welssenfels, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, on the r. bk. of the 
 Saale, 20 m. S. Halle, circle Weissenfels ; coal-mines ; manu- 
 facture of shoes, organs, and various other commodities. P. 
 23,700. 
 
 Welssenlielm, vil., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, circle and 12J m. 
 NNE. Neustadt. P. < 3000. 
 
 Welssenhorii, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Schwaben, 10 
 m. SE. Ulni, circle Neu-Ulm. P. <3000. 
 
 Wels.senklrchen, vil., Lower Austria, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Danube, 43 m. W. by N. Vienna. P. <20oo. 
 
 Welssensee, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Weissensee, 
 16 m. N. by E. Erfurt. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Weissen-see, lake, Austria-Hungary, W. Carinthia, drained 
 E. by the Weissenbach into the Drave. Length, E. to W. , 
 about 7 m, 
 
 Welssenstadt, tn., Ger., kgd, Bavaria, govt. Upper Fran- 
 conia, circle Wunsiedel, 17 m. NE. Bayreuth. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Welssensteln, dist. tn. , Russia, govt. Esthonia, 62 m. SE. 
 Reval ; founded in 1270. Mean rfall. (11 yrs. ), yr. 22.0 in., 
 May-Dec. 17. i in. P. <sooo. 
 
 Welssensteln, mt. group, Switzd., cant, and connected by 
 carriage road with the town of Solothurn ; much frequented 
 during the season. 
 
 Welsseuthurm, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 7 m. NW. Kob- 
 lenz, on the L bk. of the Rhine opposite Neuwied. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Welsshorn, mt. , Switzd., cant. Grisons, N. of the Hiiela 
 Pass, 46° 46' N. , 9° 58' E. Alt. 10,130 ft. 
 
 Welssborn, mt. , Switzd., cant. Valais, between Nicklaus- 
 thal and Val d'Anniviers. Alt. 14,800 ft. 
 
 Welssklrchen, vil., Austria, Bohemia, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Elbe, 20 m. N. Prague. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Welssklrchen, tn. , Austria, Moravia, on riv. Beczwa, 22 m. 
 E. by S. Olmiitz ; manufactures of cloth, &c. P. 8100. 
 
 Welssklrchen, German ; in Hungarian Feh^rtemplom, tn. 
 with magistracy, Hungary, prov. Temes, 47 m. E. by N. Bel- 
 grade, with silk industries. P. 9000. 
 
 Welssport, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Carron co. , on the 1. bk. 
 of Lehigh R. , 39 m. S. Scranton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Welsssteln, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 43 m. SW. by W. 
 Breslau, circle and i^ m. W. Waldenburg. P. 5600. 
 Weissthor, pass. See Alps, Passes and Railways, m. (2). 
 Welsswasser, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 22 m. SW. by S. 
 Reichenberg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Weltmar, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Bochum, 
 7^ m. E. by S. Essen. P. (comm. ) 7800. 
 "Weltra, tn. , Lower Austria, 39 m. NE. Linz. P. <:3ooo. 
 Weltsang, name sometimes given by the Chinese to Tibet. 
 Weltnhl, isl.. Pacific, in the N. of the Tuamotu group, in 
 about 14° S., 141° W. 
 
 Welxelbnrg, vil., Austria, Carniola, 15 m. ESE. Laibach. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 1704 
 
 Welzenklrchen, vil. , Upper Austria, 33 m. NW. Steyr, 
 20 m. W. Linz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 WeJ, E1-, maritime vil., NW. Arabia, 82 m. SE. Selma; 
 towards the SE. are remains of an old town called by the Arabs 
 Feirabat. 
 
 Welbeck, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 3^ m, 
 SSW. Worksop, 2| m. E. Elmton and Gresswell stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Welborne, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 11 m. W. by N. 
 Norwich, 5 m. ESE. East Dereham, 3 m. NE. Thuxton stn. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Welbourn, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., loj 
 m. E. Newark, 2 m. NNE. Leadenham stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Welbnry, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the NE. of 
 ihe Richmond div., 10 m. SE. Darlington, on the NE. R., 
 PMT.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Welbnrn, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 12^ m. NE. by N. York, i^ m. NW. Castle 
 Howard stn. , PM.O. P. <500. See Bnlmer. 
 
 Welbnrn, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div. , 
 on Hodge Beck, 21 m. N. by E. York, i^ m. E. by S. Nawton 
 stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Welby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div.. 2 m. NW. 
 Melton Mowbray (y.z/.). P. <25o. 
 
 Welby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 4 m. 
 ENE. Grantham, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Welches Dam, par., Eng., Cambridge, Isle of Ely, 6 m. 
 NW. Ely, 3I m. W. by N. Black Bank stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Welch n*ankton, P.O., Eng., Shropshire, i m. from 
 Frankton. 
 
 Welchtown, P.O., Ire., co. Donegal, 6 m. from Ballybofey, 
 5 m. from Stanorlar stn. 
 
 Welch Whittle, par., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., 5^ m. 
 NNW. Wigan, i m. W. Coppull stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Welcombe, par., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., 15 m. 
 WSW. Bideford, J m. from the coast. P. <25o. 
 
 Weld, CO., U.S., Colorado, on the N. frontier, crossed in 
 E. by 104° W. ; cap. Greeley ; abounds in coal. 
 
 Weldborongh, post-tn., Tasmania. See Thomas' Plains. 
 
 Weldon, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, HaUfax co., at head of 
 navigation on Roanoke R. , 75 m. NE. by E. Raleigh. P. < 1500. 
 
 Weldon, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , N. div. 
 of Northamptonshire, 13^ m. SW. by S. Stamford, 2J m. E. of 
 its stn. (Weldon and Corby) on the M. R. , PMT.O. (Weldon). 
 There are traces of an ancient town. P. (of each) < 500. 
 
 Weldon Bridge, P.O., Eng., Northumberland, 3 m. N. 
 Long Horsley. 
 
 Weleje, EI. See El Weleje. 
 
 Welford, post-vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Kent co., 80 
 m. NE. by E. Fredericton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Welford, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, Newbury div. , on the Lam- 
 bourn, 5 m. NW. Newbury, 4 m. NNE. Kintbury stn. ; 5228 ac. 
 P. < 1000 ; eccles. par. (Welford with Wlckham) P. < 1000. 
 
 Welford, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire and Warwickshire, 3^ 
 m. WSW. Stratford-on-Avon, i m. SE. Binton stn., PT.O. 
 (Welford-on-Avon). P. <75o. 
 
 Welford, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 9^ m. 
 ENE. Rugby, 2 m. S. by E. of its stn. (Welford and KU- 
 worth) on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Welham, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 13 m. 
 SE. by E. Leicester, 4 m. NE. Market Harborough. P. <25o. 
 
 Welkenraedt, comm., Belgium, prov. Liege, arr. and 6 m. 
 N E. Verviers. P. < 2000. 
 
 Well, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., ii^ m. SE. 
 by S. Louth, ij m. NW. Willoughby stn. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (Well with Claxby) P. <25o. 
 
 Well, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, in the SE. of the 
 Richmond div., 7^ m. NNW. Ripon, 2 m. E. by N. Masham 
 stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wella Lawella, isl. , Solomon group. See New Cieorgla. 
 
 Welland, tn., Canada, Ontario, Welland co., on the riv. 
 Welland, 24 m. WNW. Buffalo. P. <30oo. 
 
 Welland, riv., Eng., rises near Market Harborough, on the 
 boundary between Northamptonshire and Leicestershire, flows 
 NE., separating the former county from the latter, and from 
 Rutlandshire and Lincolnshire ; but a few miles before reaching 
 Crowland it turns nearly N. , and crosses the Lincolnshire fens to 
 its mouth in the Wash, 9 m. below Spalding. Formerly navigable, 
 with the help of a now disused canal, for barges to Stamford ; 
 now for barges and small vessels only to Spalding. Length 
 about 70 m. 
 
 Welland, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Evesham div. , 7 m. 
 NW. Tewkesbury, 2 m. W. byS. Upton-on-Sevem stn., PM.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Welland Canal, ship-canal, Canada, Ontario, between Lakes 
 Ontario (Port Dalhousie) and Erie (Port Colbourne), parallel 
 to the Niagara R. Length by the new and enlarged route com- 
 pleted in 1888, 26| m. ; number of locks, 26 ; total rise, 326I ft. ; 
 depth, 14 ft. 
 
 Welland Port, post-vil. , Canada, Ontario, Lincoln co. , on 
 the riv. Welland, 27 m. SE. by E. Hamilton. P. <:i50o. 
 
WELL — WELL 
 
 WellaiKl Klver, riv., Canada, Ontario, rises in Lincoln co., 
 and flows E. into the riv. Niagara below Grand I. 
 
 Wellbank, P.O. , Scot. , Forfarshire, 6 m. X. Broughty Ferry. 
 
 Welle, or Welle-Makna, riv. , Africa. See Ubanggl. 
 
 Well End, P.O., Eng. , near Maidenhead, Berkshire, i m. 
 from Bourne End. 
 
 Welle rsburg, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Somerset co.; has 
 immense beds of fireclay and coal. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wellesbonnie Hastings, par., Eng., Warwickshire, on the 
 Dene, div. and 5 m. E. Stratford-on-Avon, 3 m. N. Ettington 
 stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Wellesbourne Monntford, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, union 
 and 5 m. E. Stratford-on-Avon, PMT.O. (Wellesbourne). 
 P-<75o. 
 
 Welleschln, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, 11 m. S. Budweis. 
 
 P. <200C. 
 
 Wellesley, co. , New South Wales, on the S. frontier, crossed 
 by 149° E. 
 
 Wellesley, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co. , 13 m. 
 WSW. Boston. P. <4ooc. 
 
 Wellesley Islands, group, Queensland, in the Gulf of 
 Carpentaria, crossed by 139!° E. 
 
 Wellesley Province, Malay Penin. See Province Wel- 
 lesley. 
 
 Wellfleld, stn., Eng., Durham, on the NE. R., 8i m. ESE. 
 Durham. 
 
 Wellfleet, fishing tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Barnstable co., 
 on Wellfleet Bay, 50 m. ENE. New Bedford. P. <i50o. 
 
 Wellfleet Bay, U.S., Massachusetts, Barnstable co. , in the 
 E. of Cape Cod Bay, in about 41° 52' N. 
 
 Wellhaugh, par., Eng., Northumberland, union and 12 m. 
 W. Bellingham. P. 250. 
 
 Wellborn, mt. , Switzd. , adjoining the Wetterhorn, Bernese 
 Oberland, near Grindelwald. Alt. 9260 ft. 
 
 Welling, vil. , Eng., Kent, Dartford div., 3 m. SE. Wool- 
 wich, 2 m. S. by W. Abbey Wood stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Welllngborongta, par. and tn. , Eng., E. div. of Nor- 
 thamptonshire, 10 m. NE. by E. Northampton, on the M. R. 
 and L. & NW. R. ; has manufactures of boots and shoes. Iron 
 ore is mined, and there are several blast-furnaces. Chalybeate 
 springs in the neighbourhood. Market-day, W. Mean rfall. 
 (1866-80), yr. 25.8 in. 4265 ac. P. 15,100. 
 
 Wellingliani, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 16 m. E. King's 
 Lynn, 3 m. SSE. Rudham stn. P. <25o. See Tittleshall. 
 
 Welling Islands, another name of the Palowi Is. , Ger. New 
 Guinea. 
 
 Welllngore, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 9 
 m. S. Lincoln, i m. SSE. Navenby stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Welllngrove, tp.. New South Wales, Gough co., 80 m. W. 
 Grafton ; copper and tin are found in the neighbourhood. 
 P. <i50o. 
 
 Wellington, military cantonment, Brit. India, Madras, dist. 
 Nilgiri, 31 m. NNW. Coimbatore, 5 m. SE. Utakamand; 
 principal military sanitarium of Madras, with healthy in\igorat- 
 mg climate. Fruit grown abundantly. Alt. 6200 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 61° F., Jan. 55°, May 66°; rfall., yr. 48 in., Oct.- 
 Nov. 18.3 in. 
 
 Wellington, co. , Canada, Ontario, S. of 44° N. , between 80° 
 and 81° W. 
 
 Wellington, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Prince Edward co. , on 
 Lake Ontario, 46 m. WSW. Kingston. P. <i50o. 
 
 Wellington, municip. , Cape Colony, dist. Paarl, 40 m. NE. 
 by E. Cape Town. Alt. 430 ft. .Mean tem^. , yr. 62.8° F., 
 Jan. 73.0°, July 52.4°. P. <3000. 
 
 Wellington, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Ross div. , 5J m. N. 
 by W. Hereford, i^ m. NW. Moreton stn., PM.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Wellington, originally called Watllng Toivn, par. and 
 market-tn. , Eng. , Salop, Wellington div. , 10 m. E. Shrewsbury, 
 near the ancient Watling Street, on the G. W. R. and L. & N W. 
 R. It has coal-mines, limestone quarries, and manufactures 
 of farm implements, furniture, and iron goods. Market-days, 
 Th. and S. Par. 8731 ac, P. 12,300; tn. P. 5900; pari. div. 
 P. 46,200; eccles. par. (Wellington -with Eyton on the 
 Weald Moors) P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Wellington, par. and market-tn., Eng., Somerset, Welling- 
 ton div., at foot of Blackdown Hills, 6 m. WSW. Taunton, on 
 the G. W. R. ; manufactures blankets, serges, flannel, bricks, 
 and pottery. Market-day, Th. 5195 ac. P. 6800 ; pari. div. 
 P. 48,100; eccles. par. (Wellington with West Buckland) 
 P. 6100. 
 
 Wellington, eccles. par. , Eng. , Staffordshire. See Hanley. 
 
 Wellington, tn. , New South Wales, Wellington co. , 63 m. 
 NW. by N. Bathurst, on riv. Macquarie, in an agricultural, 
 pastoral, and mining dist.; has copper and gold mines. The 
 Wellington caves, containing a large number of interesting 
 fossils (including the bones of a marsupial lion), are near the 
 town. Alt. 1000 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wellington, cap. city of New Zealand, North I. , Hutt co. , 
 158 m. S. by E. New Plymouth, on Port Nicholson, a fine 
 landlocked harbour (area 20,000 ac. , depth 6-14 fathoms, rise 
 
 and fall of tides 3-4 ft.) on the N. of Cook's Strait. The 
 approaches are protected by batteries. The current in the 
 entrance never exceeds 2 knots. Besides government buildings 
 (an immense wooden structure), has a colonial museum and two 
 colleges. Botanical gardens (100 ac). Extensive meat-pre- 
 serving works, candle and soap works, tanneries, &c. See of a 
 Protestant bishop and of a Roman Catholic archbishop. Has 
 been the cap. of New Zealand since 1864, when the seat of 
 government was removed from Auckland. Subject to earth- 
 quakes. Mean temp., yr. 55.3° F. , Jan. 62.5°, July 47.4° ; rfall. 
 (4 yrs.), 52.44 in. P. 31,000. 
 
 Wellington, prov. , occupying the southern part of the North 
 I., New Zealand, bounded on the E. by the Ruahine, and 
 bisected by the Tararua range ; hilly, and well timbered. 
 
 Wellington, co. , Queensland, on the S. frontier, crossed by 
 144" and 146° E. 
 
 Wellington, tp., S. Australia, Sturt co., on the r. bk. of the 
 Murray R. , 53 m. SE. by E. Adelaide. P. <i5oo. 
 Wellington, co., Tasmania, in the NW. corner. 
 Wellington, city, U.S., Kansas, Sumner co. , 155 m. SW. 
 by S. Topeka, 28 m. S. by W. Wichita. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Wellington, vil., U.S., Missouri, Lafayette co. , on Missouri 
 R. , 6 m. above Lexington ; has river trade. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wellington, vil., U.S., Ohio, Lorain co., 35 m. SW. Cleve- 
 land. P. < 3000. 
 
 WelllngUtn, mt. , Tasmania, near Hobart, in 42° 54' S. , 147° 
 15' E. , offering a magnificent view, which includes Tasman's 
 and Forestier's Penins. Alt. 4166 ft. 
 
 Wellington, mt. , Victoria, co. Tanjil, in 37° 31' S., 146° 46' 
 E. Alt. 5363 ft. 
 Wellington, co. , W. Australia, on W. ct. , crossed by 116° E. 
 Wellington Bridge, PMT.O., Ire., SW. co. Wexford, bar. 
 Bargfy, 12 m. SE. New Ross. 
 
 Wellington Channel, North America, Arctic Regions, in 
 75° 37' N. , 92° 22' W. , connecting on the S. with Barrow Strait, 
 and on the N. , through Penny Strait and Arthur Strait, with 
 the Arctic Ocean. Mean temp, (i yr., 1852-53), yr. 5.5° F. , 
 Jan. - 17.6°, July 38.1°. 
 
 Wellington College, stn., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham 
 div., on the SE. R., 10 m. SE. Reading, PMT.O. 
 
 Wellington Heath, eccles. par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross 
 div., 13 m. E. Hereford, 2 m. N. Ledbury stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 Wellington Island, the largest isl. of the terr. of Magal- 
 lanes, Chile, no m. long by 40 m. broad, crossed near the S. 
 end by 50° S. , separated from the mainland by Wide Channel, 
 the English Narrows, and Messier Channel. 
 
 Wellington Lake, Victoria, crossed by 38° 5' S., 147° 15' E. ; 
 navigable, and connected by a navigable channel with Lake 
 Victoria and the Pacific. 
 
 Well Light- Vessel. See Lynn Deeps. 
 WelloTV, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassellaw div. , 9 m. 
 ENE. Mansfield, 5^ m. NE. Farnsfield Stn., P.O. P.<:5oo. 
 
 Wei low, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., 4 m. S. by W. 
 Bath, on the M. R. and L. & SW. R. , P.O. ; 5387 ac. P. < 1500. 
 Wellow, East, par. , Eng. , on the W. border of Hampshire, 
 New Forest div., 9J m. NW. by W. Southampton, 3J m. W. 
 by S. Romsey stn. P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (East Wellow with 
 West Wellow), is partly in Wiltshire, P. <:iooc. 
 
 WelloTV, West, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 11 m. 
 SE. Salisbury, 5 m. W. by S. Romsey, PM.O. P. <75o. See 
 Wellow, East. 
 Wells, Eng. , Norfolk. See Wells-next-the-Sea. 
 Wells, episcopal city, mun. bor. (since 1200), and market- 
 tn., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 19 m. SW. Bath, and 21 m. by 
 road from Bristol, in the diocese of Bath and Wells, at the foot 
 of the Mendip Hills, with junction stn. on the G. W. R. and the 
 joint line of the M. & G. W. Rlys. It took its name from some 
 holy springs, where King Ina, in 704, built a monastery. Trade 
 is agricultural, excepting some brush manufacture. Wells and 
 Bath together form one diocese (see Bath), and the city grew 
 round the cathedral here, which is greatly admired (Early Eng- 
 lish style). The bishop's palace is castellated, with wall and 
 moat. Market-days, W. and S. Mun. bor. P. (i89i)<50oo ; the 
 par. of Wells St. Cuthbert In forms the greater part of the 
 bor. P. < 4500; the adjoining par. of Wells St. Cuthbert Out 
 has an area of 14,890 ac. , P. < 3500 ; pari. div. P. 55,600. 
 
 Wells, par.. Ire., cos. Carlow and Kilkenny, bars. Idrone 
 West and Gowran, on riv. Barrow, contains part of Leighlin- 
 bridge town. P. <75o. 
 
 Wells, P.O., Ire., co. Wexford, 10 m. NE. Enniscorthy, 8 
 m. from Gorey stn. 
 Wells, CO., U.S., Indiana, S. of 41° N., and W. of 85° W. 
 Wells, tn., U.S., Maine, York co., 14 m. SW. Biddeford. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Wells, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Faribault co., 40 m. SE. 
 Mankato. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wells, vil., U.S., Nevada, Elko co. , on the Central Pacific 
 Railroad, 80 m. SW. of the NE. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 Wells, CO., U.S., N. Dakota, between 48° and 47° N. , 
 crossed on the W. by 100' W. 
 
 1705 
 
WELL - WEND 
 
 Wells, vil., U.S., Vermont, Rutland co., 17 m. SW. Rut- 
 land, with slate quarries. P. <:i5cx>. 
 
 Wells, stn. , Wales, Radnorshire. See LlauelM'ertd. 
 
 Wellsboro, bor.,U.S., Pennsylvania,Tiogaco.,9om.WNW. 
 Scranton ; agricultural centre. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Wellsbnrg, vil, U.S., New York, Chemung co., on Che- 
 mung R., 75 m. SSW. Syracuse, and 5 m. SE. Elmira. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Wellsbnrg, city, U.S., W. Virginia, Brooke co., on the 
 Ohio, 15 m. N. by E. Wheeling. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Wellsfortl, post-tn.. New Zealand, North I., Rodney co., 39 
 m. NNW. Auckland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wellsliotthlll, part of tn. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, included in 
 Cambuslang. P. 1000. 
 
 Wells-uext-the-Sea, par. , Eng. , near the middle of the N. 
 ct.- of Norfolk, N. div., 24 m. NE. King's Lynn, with a stn. 
 (Wells) on the G. E. R. It has an endowed grammar-school, 
 and a church dating from the isth century, burnt 1879. Trade 
 in corn, malt, and oysters ; vessels of 150 tons reach the town. 
 PMT.O. (Wells). P.<3ooo; tn. (Wells) P. < 3000. 
 
 Wells River, vil., U.S., Vermont, Orange co., on the Con- 
 necticut, 27 m. ESE. Montpelier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wells' Tannery, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Fulton co. ; coal 
 mined. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wellston, city, U.S., Ohio, Jackson co., 63 m. SSE. Colum- 
 bus ; has iron manufactures. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Wellsvllle, vil., U.S., Missouri, Montgomery co., 47 m. NE. 
 Jefferson City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wellsvllle, vil., U.S., New York, Allegany co., on the 
 Genesee R. , 74 m. S. by W. Rochester. P. <4000. 
 
 Wellsvllle, city, U.S., Ohio, Columbiana co., on r. bk. of 
 the Ohio, 39 m. N. Wheeling (W. Va. ) ; manufactures steel, 
 iron, and terra-cotta. P. 5200. 
 
 Wellsvllle, vil., U.S., Utah, Cache co., near E. base of 
 Wasatch Mt. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wellwood, vil. , Scot. , Fifeshire, Dunfermline par. P. <750. 
 
 Welnetliam, <;reat and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Suffolk, Stowmarket div., the former 3^ m. SSE. Bury St. 
 Edmunds, with a stn. (Weluetham) on the G. E. R. Great 
 Welnetham, P. <5oo; Little Welnetham, P. <2So. 
 
 Welney, par., Eng., Cambridge, on the Old Bedford R. , 6^ 
 m. ESE. March, 3^ m. ENE. Manea stn. ; here are decoys 
 for wild fowl ; a nursery of fen skaters. PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Welney, par., Eng., Norfolk, Downham union. P. <:75o. 
 
 Welper, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Hattingen, 
 4 m. S. Bochum. P. (comm.)<30oo. 
 
 Wels, tn. , Upper Austria, on the Traun, 17 m. SW. Linz ; 
 manufactures of paper, copper, brass, and oil. The Emperor 
 Maximilian died in the castle here (1519). P. 10,100. 
 
 Welsford, post-vil. , Canada, New Brunswick, Queens co. , 
 20 m. NW. St. John. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Welshanipton, stn. See Welsh Hampton. 
 
 Welsh BIcknor, par., Eng., in the S. of Herefordshire, on 
 the r. bk. of the Wye, div. and 4^ m. S. by W. Ross, ij m. SE. 
 Kerne Bridge stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Welsh Frankton, eccles. par., Eng., Shropshire, Ellesmere 
 and Whittington pars. , P. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Welsh Hampton, par., Eng., Salop, div. and 10 m. ENE. 
 Oswestry, with a stn. (Welshanipton) on the Cambrian Rly., 
 PM.O. (Welshampton). P. <:750. 
 
 Welsh Harp, stn., Eng., Middlesex, Harrow div., on the 
 M. R., 7 m. NW. by W. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Welsh Newton, par., Eng., on the S. border of Hereford- 
 shire, Ross div., 4 m. N. by W. Monmouth. P. <25o. 
 
 Welshpool, mun. bor. (since 1615) and par., Wales, Mont- 
 gomeryshire, a pari. bor. in the Montgomery dist., 18^ m. WSW. 
 Shrewsbury, in the diocese of St. Asaph, near the Severn, 
 on the Cambrian Rly. and L. & NW. and G. W. Joint Line. 
 Formerly Welshpool was centre of flannel trade, but the industry 
 has been almost entirely transferred to Newtown. The name 
 was given to distinguish it from Poole in Dorset. Near is 
 Powis Castle (12th century), with beautiful grounds. Market- 
 days, M. and S. Mun. bor. P. (1891) 6500. 
 
 Welsh St. Donats, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 
 10 m. W. Cardiff, i^ m. SE. Ystradowen stn. P. <25o. See 
 Llanblethlan. 
 
 Welton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 6 m. 
 
 NNE. Lincoln, 3^ m. NNW. Langworth stn., PT.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Welton, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 7^ m. SE. 
 
 Rugbv, with a stn. (Welton for Guilsborough) on the L. & NW. 
 
 R., P^O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Welton, par., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 8 m. E. by 
 N. Hexham, 3 m. N. by W. Mickley stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Welton, vil., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 7* m. SW. Bath, on 
 the G. W. R. (stn. for Midsomer Norton) ; coal is mined in 
 the vicinity. 
 
 Welton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 9 m. W. Hull, if m. E. by N. Brough stn., PM.O. P. < 
 750 ; eccles. par. (Welton with Melton) P. < 1000. 
 
 Welton In the Marsh, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey 
 1706 
 
 div., 15 m. SE. by S. Louth, i^ m. N. by W. Burgh stn., P.O. 
 (Welton). P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Welton In the Marsh with 
 Clnuby) P. <5oo. 
 
 Welton-le-Wold, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 
 4 m. W. Louth, 2^ m. NW. Hallington stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Welwarn, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 17 m. NW. by N. Prague, 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Welwick, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, in the extreme 
 SE. of the Holderness div., 15^ m. ESE. Hull, 2^ m. SE. by S. 
 Patringion stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Welwyn, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., on the 
 Maran, 6 m. WNW. Hertford, with a stn. on the G. N. R.; has 
 shoe making and wool stapling. PMT.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wielzhelm, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Jagst, dist. 
 Welzheim, 21 m. ENE. Stuttgart. P. (comm. )<3000. 
 
 Weni, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Salop, Newport div., 11 
 m. N. Shrewsbury, on the L. & NW. R. ; has manufactures of 
 leather, and malting trade. Birthplace of the dramatist William 
 Wycherley, 1640-1715. Market-day, Th. 13,898 ac. P. <4000. 
 
 Wemba, country, Africa. See Lobemba. 
 
 WenitNlon, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and i| m. N. Bridg- 
 water, PM.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wembere, vast steppe, equatorial Africa, SSE. of Lake 
 Victoria Nyanza. 
 
 Wembley, eccles. par. , Eng. , Middlesex, Harrow div. , 9 m. 
 WNW. St. Paul's, London, with a stn. (Sudbury and Wem- 
 bley) on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. < 3000. Wembley 
 Park, where there is a stn. on the Metropolitan Rly., is a 
 recreation ground in which is an uncompleted imitation of the 
 Eiffel tower, Paris. See Sudbury. 
 
 Wembury, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 5 m. SE. 
 by S. Plymouth. P. <7So. 
 
 Wembworthy, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 16 
 m. SSE. Barnstaple, 2 m. SW. Eggesford stn. , PM.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Wemdlng, tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, circle 
 Donauworth, 11 m. E. by N. Nordlingen. P. <3000. 
 
 Weme, or Opara, riv. , W. Africa, Dahome, flows S. , and 
 enters the lagoon of Kotonu W. of Porto Novo. 
 
 Wemmetsweller, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 4J 
 m. WSW. Ottweiler. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Wemyss (wimz), par., Scot., Fifeshire, containing Buck- 
 haven, East Wemyss, and West Wemyss towns, with a stn. 
 (Wemyss Castle) on the N. B. R.; coal is mined here. 
 4732 ac. P. 10,000. East Wemyss has linen manufactures, 
 PMT.O., P. < 1500. West Wemyss has good harbour, and 
 traffic in coal, which is mined in the vicinity, on N. B. R. , 
 PMT.O., P. < 1500. 
 
 Wemyss Bay, watering-place, Scot., W. ct. Renfrewshire, 
 7 m. SW. Greenock, on the C. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Wenchan-hslen, tn., China, prov. Kwangtung, near NE. 
 ct. of Hainan I. 
 
 Wenchow-fta, treaty-port, China, prov. Chekiang, at the 
 mouth of the Takai, 153 m. NE. by N. Fuchou ; the ruins of 
 a palace, carved gateways, and triumphal arches denote its 
 decay. P. 80,000. 
 
 Wenchu, Korea. See Wiinju. 
 
 Wendats, tribe. See Hurons. 
 
 Wendell, vil, U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co., 26 m. 
 N N E. H olyoke. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Wenden, vil, Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Olpe, 40 m. 
 E. Cologne. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Wenden, Esthonian Wenno-lln, dist. tn., Russia, govt. 
 Livonia, 55 m. 1^ rail NE. Riga, on 1. bk. Livonian Aa, in a 
 picturesque country known as 'Wenden Switzerland.' Old 
 castle, founded in 13th century, well preserved till now. P. < 
 5000. 
 
 Wenden Lofts, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 5 m. W. by N. 
 Saffron Walden, 3I m. WNW. Audley End stn. P. <25o ; 
 eccles. par. (Wenden Lofts with Elmdon) P. <75o. 
 
 Wendens Ambo, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 2J m. SW. by 
 W. Saffron Walden, close to Audley End stn., P.O. (Wenden). 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Wendland, dist. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, in the E. , between 
 the Elbe and prov. Saxony. 
 
 Wendlebury, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 7 m. E. by 
 N. Woodstock, 2 m. SW. Bicester. P. <25o. 
 
 Wendling, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 19 m. W. by N. 
 Norwich, 3^ m. W. East Dereham, on the G. E. R., P.O. P. 
 <:5oo. See Longham. 
 
 Wendover, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 5 m. SE. 
 Aylesbury, partly surrounded by the Chiliern Hills, on the 
 Metropolitan Rly. , terminus of a branch of the Grand Junction 
 Canal. Hampden, in five successive parliaments, represented 
 the bor., which was disfranchised by the Reform Act of 1832. 
 PMT.O. 5788 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Wendron, par., Eng., Cornwall, Truro div., on the riv. Hel, 
 8 m. W. by S. Falmouth, 2| m. NNE. Helston ; it has tin- 
 mines. 13,259 ac. P. <;4500. 
 
 Wends, Slav race, formerly spread over most of the terr. 
 lying between the Elbe and the Oder, from Bo^iemia northwards 
 
WEND 
 
 WERM 
 
 to Mecklenburg. They are now greatly dwindled in numbers 
 (167,000), and chiefly confined to Lusatia, a dist. between 
 Brandenburg, Saxony, and Silesia, or rather these people are 
 (Slavic) Sorbs and Liutizes, who have adopted the Wendish 
 language, and to some extent Wendish customs and costumes. 
 In the stricter sense the Wends are identified with the Veneti of 
 the Latin writers ; in the wider, the name comprehends all the 
 N. Slav tribes. See also Kassases. 
 
 WeiMlnyiie, comm. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, on the 
 coast, arr. and 9 m. NW. Bruges. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wendy, par., Eng. , Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div. , io| m. 
 SW. by W. Cambridge, 3^ m. WNW. Meldreth and Melbourn 
 stn. , P.O. P. <25o; eccles. par. (W. with Sliiiigay) P. <25o. 
 
 Wener, Swedish Veiierii, lake, Sweden, in 59° N., 13° E. , 
 enclosed by the provs. Elfsborg, Skaraborg, and Wermland. 
 Length, 90 m. ; breadth, 15 to 48 m. near its centre, where two 
 penins. extend into it from N. and S. , and, with a group of 
 islands, nearly separate it into Wener Lake, NE. , and Dalbo 
 Lake, SW. Area, 2144 sq. m. ; alt. 143 ft.; depth, 292 ft. 
 Shores greatly indented ; it receives numerous rivers, the 
 principal of which is the Klar from the N., and it discharges 
 its surplus waters by the Gota (SW. ) into the Kattegat. It is 
 in some parts too shallow for navigation, and is connected by 
 a canal with Lake Wetter on the E. , by which, and the Gota 
 Canal, Lake Roxen, &c. , a continuous line of inland communi- 
 cation extends between the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea. 
 
 Weiiiersborg, tn. , Sweden. See Veiiersborg. 
 
 Wengern, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle and 10 m. 
 WNW. Hagen. P. (comni.)<3ooo. 
 
 Weiigernalp, alp or mountain pasture, Switzd., Bern, in 
 Lauterbrunnen comm., between the valleys of Lauterbrunnen 
 and Grindelwald, which have been connected since 1892 by a 
 mountain rack railway. Alt. 6185 ft. 
 
 Weuliani, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Essex co. , 5 m. N. 
 Salem. Wenham Lake is celebrated for the great purity of its 
 ice, which is largely shipped ; it is about i m. sq. , and 200 ft. 
 deep. P. < 1500. 
 
 Weuliaiu, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Suffolk, Woodbridge div., the former 7 m. SW. by W. Ipswich, 
 2 m. W. by S. Capel stn., P.O. (Great Wenham). P. (of 
 each) < 250. See €apel. 
 
 Wenhaston, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 2^ m. SE. Hales- 
 worth, on the South wold Rly., P.O. P. < 1000; eccles. par. 
 (Wenhaston with Mells) P. < 1000. 
 
 Weiihiang, tn., China, prov. Honan, on the r. bk. of the 
 Hwang-ho, 280 m. N. by W. Ichang, 103 m. W. Honan. 
 
 Wen-ho, or Ynntlug, another name of Hun-ho R. , N. China. 
 
 WenigenJena-Cani.sdorf, vil. , (jer. , gd. -duchy Saxe- Weimar, 
 circle and 9^ m. ESE. Weimar. P. <300o. 
 
 Wen j u, tn., Korea. See Wonju. 
 
 Wen-klang, riv. , China. See Wang-kiaug. 
 
 Wenlock, mun. bor. (since Edward IV.), Eng., Shropshire, 
 Mid and S. divs. (comprising three market-tns. , Much Wenlock, 
 
 12 m. SE. Shrewsbury, Madeley, and Ironbridge, also Broseley, 
 Coalport, and Coalbrookdale), in the diocese of Hereford, with 
 stns. on the G. W. and L. & NW. Rlys. Important agri- 
 cultural dist. ; extensive limestone quarries ; bricks and tiles 
 made at Broseley ; large iron- works at Madeley [q.v. ) and Coal- 
 brookdale. Till 1885 Wenlock returned two members to Parlia- 
 ment. Market-day, M. P. (1891) 15,700 ; par. Much Wen- 
 lock, 8761 ac. , P. <:25oo. 
 
 Wenlock, Little, par. , Eng. , Salop, Wellington div. , loj m. 
 ESE. Shrewsbury, 2 m. N. Buildwas stn. P. <5oo. 
 Wenlock Edge, range of hills, Eng. , in the S. of Shropshire, 
 
 13 m. long, trending SW. and NE. , and terminating in the NE. 
 above Much Wenlock. 
 
 Wennian, isl. , Pacific, in about 1° 20' N. , 92° o' W. 
 
 Wcnning, riv. , Eng. , rising in the W. of the Skipton div. of 
 the W. Riding of Yorkshire, and flowing W. and SW. till it 
 joins the Lune on the 1. bk. , in Lancashire, about 6 m. SSE. of 
 Burton in Kendal. 
 
 Wennlngton, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 5^ m. SSE. 
 Romford, \\ m. ESE. Rainham stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Wennlngton, par., Eng., Lancashire, on riv. Wenning, div. 
 and 10 m. NE. by E. Lancaster, on the M. R. , P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Weiioiia, city. See Bay City. 
 
 Wenona, city, U.S., Illinois, on borders of Marshall and 
 La Salle cos., 39 m. NE. Peoria; an important fair held here. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wensan, port, Korea. See Wonsan. 
 
 Wensley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 8^ m. 
 SW. by S. Richmond, on the Ure, i m. SE. of its stn. on the 
 NE. R., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (W. with Leyburn) 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Wensley and Snltterton, par., Eng., DerDyshire, W. div., 
 2| m. WNW. Matlock, PM.O. (Wensley). P.<iooo. 
 
 Wensleydale, the part of the valley of the Ure, Eng. , York- 
 shire, stretching from its head to Jervaulx valley, E. to W. , above 
 Wensley, traversed by a branch of the NE. R. , which is joined 
 at Hawes by one from the M. R. 
 
 Wensleydale, or Wordieboliic, post-tn. , Victoria, Polwarth 
 CO., 25 m. SW. Geelong. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wensnni, riv., Eng., Norfolk, rises 3-4 m. S. Fakenham, 
 describes a sharp W. curve, and then flows SE. to Norwich, 
 where it enters (1. bk. ) the Yare {q.vj). Navigable for barges 
 only within the city of Norwich. 
 
 Went, riv. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, rising in the extreme 
 W. of the Osgoldcross div. and flowing E. 
 
 Wentbrldge, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., on the Went, 10 m. E. by S. Wakefield, 2^ m. E. by S. 
 Ackworth stn. See Darrlngton. 
 
 Weutlooge, St. Brl«le, par. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , 
 on N. bank Severn, 3^ m. SW. Newport, i^ m. E. Marchfield 
 stn., P.O. (St. Brides). P. <25o; eccles. par. (W. wlthCoed- 
 kernew) P. <:soo. 
 
 Wentnor, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 13^ m. SE. Welsh- 
 pool, 5 m. W. by S. Church Stretton, P.O.; 6303 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Wentworth, post- vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Cumberland 
 CO., 46 m. W. by S. Pictou. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wentworth, co. , Canada, Ontario, at the W. end of Lake 
 Ontario, in 43° N. 
 
 Wentworth, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Isle of Ely, 4 m. 
 W. by S. Ely, 2 m. E. by N. Sutton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wentworth, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Hallamshire 
 div., 4 m. NW. by N. Rotherham, 2 m. ENE. Chapeltown 
 Thorncliff"e stn. , PMT. O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wentworth, municip. tn.. New South Wales, Wentworth 
 CO., 170 m. W. by N. Hay. Owing to its particularly ad- 
 vantageous site, it has been mentioned as the possible cap. 
 of Federal Australia. It has considerable river traffic, and is 
 the depot for supplying the interior when the river is unnavi- 
 gable. An irrigation settlement has been laid out. Mean temp., 
 yr. 64.5° F., Jan. 78.8°, July 50.5°. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wentworth, vil. , U.S., S, Dakota, Lake co. , 80 m. N. by 
 E. Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wentworth Falls, dist.. New South Wales, Cook co. , on 
 Jamieson Creek, 62 m. W. Sydney by road and rail. P. <isoo. 
 
 Went/vllle, vil., U.S., Missouri, St. Charles co. , 37 m. 
 WNW. St. Louis. P. < 1500. 
 
 WenToe, post-tn., Tasmania, Devon co. , in 41° 9' S. , 146° 
 22' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 WenYoe, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 4J m. WSW, 
 Cardiff, o^ m. N. Cadoxton stn., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Weobly (wgb'll), par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 8 m. 
 SW. by W. Leominster, 3 m. N. by E. Moorhampton stn. 
 A mound marks the site of a castle famous in the wars of 
 Stephen and the Empress Matilda. Weobly formerly returned 
 two members to Parliament. PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Weplou, vil., Belgium, prov. and 2^ m. S. Namur, on the 
 Sambre. P. <20oo. 
 
 Weppener, tn. , Orange Free State, cap. of Weppener dist. , 
 about 70 m. N. by E. Aliwal North. 
 
 Weppes, small dist., formerly in Flanders, now in dep. Nord, 
 France, between the canalised Defile and the Lys. 
 
 Wer, tn. , India, Rajputdna, 27 m. SW. by W. Bhartpur. 
 P. (1881) 7200. 
 
 Werliellln-see, lake, Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt. Pots- 
 dam, II m. WSW. Angermiinde; length 7 m. NE. to SW., 
 by \ m. broad. The canal of Werbellin, which issues from the 
 extreme SE. end, flows 6 m. SW. and connects the Oder with 
 the Elbe by the Spree and Havel. 
 
 Wewlau, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle, dist. , and 4 m. W. 
 by N. Zwickau ; important manufactures of woollens, including 
 woollen and worsted yarn, also vicuna yarn, &c. P. (i834)< 
 5000; (1890) 16,300. 
 
 Werden, or Werden an der Kubr, tn., Prussia, Rhine 
 Prov. , on riv. Ruhr, circle and 5 m. S. Essen ; important manu- 
 factures of cloth, felt, &c. ; has coal-mines in the vicinity. P. 8800. 
 
 Wewlenberg, vil., Switzd., cant. St. Gall, 12 m. N. by W. 
 Ragatz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Werder, in German place-names. See Worth. 
 
 Werder, or Werder an der Havel, tn. , Prussia, prov, 
 Brandenburg, circle Zauch-Belzig, on the Havel, 4 m. WSW. 
 Potsdam. P. 5800. 
 
 Werdohl, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Altena, 25 m. 
 E. Barmen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Werehani, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 12 m. S. by E. 
 King's Lynn, 2 m. NW. Stoke Ferry stn., P.O. P. <75o ; 
 eccles. par. (Wereham with Wretton) P. < 1000. 
 
 Werenczanka, tn. , Austria, Bukowina, dist. Zastawna, 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Wergama, or llrganima, Berber tribe of S. Tunis, on S. 
 shore of Gulf of Gabes. P. 31,000. 
 
 Wergs, The, P.O., Eng., Staffordshire, 3 m. NW. Wolver- 
 hampton. 
 
 Werl, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Soest, 31 m. SSE. 
 Miinster, and 20 m. E. by N. Dortmund. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Wermelsklrchen, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle Lennep, 
 8i m. SSE. Elberfeld ; manufactures of cotton, silk ribbons, 
 and many other articles. P. (comm.) 11,800. 
 
 1707 
 
W E RN 
 
 WEST 
 
 Wem, riv. , Ger. , in the N. of Bavaria, flows S. then W. into 
 the Main, which it enters i8 m. NW. by N. Wiirzburg; not 
 navigable. 
 
 Werue, par. and tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, on riv. 
 Lippe, circle Liidinghausen, 20 m. S. Miinster. P. <:300o. 
 
 Weriie, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Bochum. P. 
 (comm.) 7000. 
 
 Weriierlicide, colony, Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle 
 Bochum, near Werne. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wernetli, par., Eng., Cheshire, union and 4 m. NE. Stock- 
 port, on the L. & Y. R. ; manufactures of cotton and hat-making. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Wernetli, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & Y. R. 
 P. 11,500. See Oldham. 
 
 fVeriieacheu, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Ober- 
 Barnim, 5 m. ENE. Berlin. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Weriilgerode, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 12^ m. WSW. 
 Halberstadt, cap. circle Wernigerode ; manufactures agricultural 
 machinery, and has iron-founding. P. (i8i6)<400o; (1890) 
 10,000. 
 
 Wernstadt, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 21 m. E. Teplitz ; manu- 
 factures cottons and laces. P. < 3000. 
 
 Werra, riv. , Ger. , one of the headwaters of the Weser, rises 
 in the SW. of the Thuringian Forest, and flows on the whole 
 NW. , passing Meiningen to Miinden, where it unites with the 
 Fulda ; navigable from Wanfried, 42 m. 
 
 Werracknabeal, Victoria. See Warrackiiabeal. 
 Werrageblrge, a mt. complex on the borders of the Prussian 
 provs. of Hesse-Nassau, Hanover, and Saxony, on both sides 
 of the riv. Werra. Highest points, Meissner (2460 ft.), Bilstein 
 (2100 ft.), Koburg (1757 ft.), and Boyneburg (1680 ft.). 
 
 Wenre, riv., Ger., a 1. bk. trib. of the Weser, rises in the 
 Teutoburger Wald, and falls into the Weser near Rehme. 
 Length, 61 m. 
 
 Werrlbee, or Wyndhani, vil., Victoria, Grant co. , 23 m. 
 NE. Geelong. P. < 1500. 
 
 Werriiigton, par., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., 2 m. 
 N. Launceston ; 5305 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Werrlugtou, par. , Eng. , N. div. of Northamptonshire, 3 m. 
 NNW. and in the Soke of Peterborough, i m. N. Walton stn. , 
 P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Werriugtoii, P.O., Eng., Staffordshire, 3 m. from Bucknall. 
 Werrlugton River, small riv., Eng., Cornwall, flows ESE. 
 to the Tamar, for the greater part of its course on the border of 
 Cornwall and Devon. 
 
 Werrls Creek, vil. New South Wales, Buckland co. , 84 m. 
 SW. Armidale. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Werro, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Livonia, 122 m. NE. Riga, 
 39 m. S. by E. of Dorpat, on Woo R.; ruins of old castle 
 Kirumpah close by. P. < 5000. 
 
 Werschetz, German spelling of Versecz, Hungary, having 
 the same pronunciation. 
 
 Wertach, riv., Ger. , in SW. of Bavaria, flows NNE. into the 
 Lech just below Augsburg ; not navigable, but used for floating 
 timber from Pforzen, 40 m. 
 
 Werth, in German place-names. See Worth. 
 Werthelm, urban comm., Ger., Baden, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Main, 17 m. W. by S. Wiirzburg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Weranda, co.. New South Wales, bounded on the NW. by 
 the Darling R. , and crossed in the S. by 32° S. 
 
 Wervln, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 3 m. NNE. 
 Chester, on the EUesmere Canal. P. <250. 
 
 Werwlck, or Vervlcq, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Lys, arr. and 9 m. SE. by E. Ypres ; has 
 various manufactures. P. 7400. 
 
 Wesel, fortified tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Rees, on the 
 r. bk. of the Rhine, at the confluence of the Lippe, 22 m. NW. 
 Essen ; manufactures pianos, cards, art fabrics, soap, money- 
 chests, sheet-lead, and leaden piping, &c. The fortifications of 
 the town were demolished in 1890, but there still remain a 
 citadel and four forts, one of which. Fort Blucher, is on the 
 1. bk. of the Rhine. Wesel existed in the time of Charles 
 Martel, and belonged to the duchy of Kleve ; it was often be- 
 sieged during the i6th and 17th centuries. P. (1816) 11,000; 
 (1890) 17,900 ; comm. P. 20,700. 
 
 Wesell, vil. , Austria, Bohemia, on riv. Luznitz, 18 m. NE. 
 by N. Budweis. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Weseii, tn., Switzd., cant. St. Gall, at the foot of Lake 
 Walenstadt, 7 m. N. by E. Glarus. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Wesenlterg, ancient Rakobor, dist. tn. , Russia, govt. Esthonia, 
 68 m. SE. Reval ; founded by Danes in 1224 ; ruined by wars. 
 Mean rfall. (10 yrs.), yr. 20.3 in., May-Oct. 14.2 in. P. <5ooo. 
 Weser, riv., Prussia, is formed by the confluence of the 
 Werra {q.v.) and the Fulda {q.v.) at Miinden, 10 m. NE. 
 Kassel, at an alt. of 395 ft. Its general course is N. , inclining to 
 W. It separates Hesse-Nassau and Westphalia from Hanover 
 and Brunswick, crosses outlying portions of these several provs.. 
 traverses Hanover and Bremen, and finally separates Hanover 
 from Oldenburg. Above Minden (NE. corner Westphalia) after 
 flowing W. by N. in a valley to the S. of the Weser-gebirge, 
 1708 
 
 it turns N. and quits the hilly country by the Westphalian 
 Gate {q.v.) and enters the great plain of N. Germany. A few 
 miles below Bremen (160 ft.) the river widens greatly, and 
 eventually reaches the sea by two mouths at Bremerhaven, a 
 noble stream 7 m. wide. The portion from Bremen to Bremer- 
 haven (70 m.) is of the greatest importance from the commercial 
 point of view. Since 1886 the town of Bremen has deepened 
 the channel to xb\ f'- > ^'^^ otherwise improved it. The river 
 is navigable up to Rotenburg (just S. of 51° N.) on the Fulda, 
 and to Wannfried (51° 11' N.) on the Werra; but from Bremen 
 up to Hameln (where there is a lock) the minimum depth is 
 only 3^ ft. , and in summer boats (200 tons) can scarcely get 
 beyond Hameln. Length 280 m., or including the course of 
 the Werra 450 m.; area of basin, 1850 sq. m. Principal tribs. , 
 the Aller (right) and the navigable Hunte (left). Canals con- 
 nect the Weser with the Elbe and the Ems. 
 
 Weser, riv., Prussia. See Vesdre. 
 
 Weser-gcblrge, hill-ridge, Ger. See Westpliallau Gate. 
 
 Wesliaiii, vil., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 7I m. E. by S. 
 Blackpool, \ m. N. Kirkham stn., PMT.O. See Medlar. 
 Wesliam Row, i m. W. 
 
 Wesley, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Oxford co. , 4 m. from Thames- 
 ford. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wesley Vale, post-in., Tasmania, Devon co., 80 m. W. 
 Launceston by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wessel, small group of isls., Australia, NE. ct. of Northern 
 Terr. , off" Arnhem Land ; consists of Wessel I. , which is moun- 
 tainous (31 m. long, and 9^ m. broad), a second mountainous 
 island (18^ m. long, and 7J m. broad), and five smaller ones. 
 
 Wesselburen, par. and vil. , Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 
 circle Norderdithmarschen, 33 m. SW. Schleswig, 3 m. from 
 the W. ct. Par. P. 6400; vil. P. < 3000. 
 
 Wesselstrooni, S. African Republic. See Wakkerstroom. 
 
 Wessely an der March, tn. , Austria, Moravia, on riv. 
 March, 45 m. S. by E. Olmutz. P. <:4000. 
 
 Wessex (i.e., West Saxon), an ancient Saxon kingdom of 
 England, extending from the English Channel to the Thames, 
 and from Kent on the E. to Devon on the W. The name 
 has acquired literary distinction in the 19th century from the 
 novels of Thomas Hardy, describing the life and manners of that 
 part of England. 
 
 Wesslngton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Belper union, 3J m. 
 NW. Alfreton, P.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Wesslngtou, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Beadle co. , 80 m. E. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wesslngton Springs, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Jerauld 
 CO. , 90 m. E. by S. Pierre. 
 
 Wesson, tn. , U.S., Mississippi, Copiah co. , 45 m. S. by W. 
 Jackson ; manufactures cottons and woollens. P. <4000. 
 
 West, eccles. par., Scot., co. and par. of Perth. P. < 4000. 
 
 Westacre, par., Eng., Norfolk, Freebridge Lynn union. P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 West Alexandria, vil., U.S., Ohio, Preble co., on Elk 
 Creek, 46 m. N. Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Westbarns, vil., Scot., Haddingtonshire, par. and 2 m. W. 
 Dunbar, PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 West Bay, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton 
 I. , Inverness co. , on Lake Bras d'Or, 54 m. WSW. Sydney. 
 
 West Bay (Brldport), stn. , Eng. , Dorset, on a branch of the 
 G. W. R., 2 m. SW. Bridport, PT.O. 
 
 West Bend, city, U.S., Wisconsin, cap. Washington co. , 31 
 m. NNW. Milwaukee. P. <isoo. 
 
 Westbere, par. , Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div. , on the Stour, 
 3^ m. NE. by E. Canterbury, i m. ENE. Sturry stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Westboro, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 10 m. E. by N. 
 Worcester. P. 5200. 
 
 Westborough, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 6J 
 m. NW. by N. Grantham, 3 m. W. Hougham stn. P. <25o; 
 eccles. par. (Westborough with Dry Doddlngton) P. <:soo. 
 
 West Botany, suburb of and 17 m. from Sydney, New South 
 Wales, contains Lady Robinson's Beach, Scarborough Park 
 (100 ac), and the watering-places of Sandringham and Sans 
 Souci. P. 2000. 
 
 Westbonrne, vil. , Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the Manitoba 
 and NW. Rly. , 17 m. W. Portage-la- Prairie. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Westbonrne, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 6J m. WNW. 
 Chichester, i^ m. NE. Emsworth stn., PMT.O. ;''4S20 ac. P. 
 
 <2500. 
 
 Westbonrne Park, two stns., Eng., London, one upon the 
 G. W. R. , the other on the G. W. R. and the Metropolitan Rly. 
 (Outer Circle), 4^ m. W. by N. St. Paul's. Eccles. pars. (West- 
 bourne Park and Upper Westbonrne Park), total P. 15,900. 
 
 West Branch, vil., U.S., Iowa, Cedar co., 70 m. by rail 
 NW. Buriington. P. < 1500. 
 
 West Branch, vil., U.S., Michigan, Ogemaw co., 53 m. 
 NNW. Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 West Branch River John, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, co. 
 and 24 m. from Pictou. P. <i5oo. 
 
 West Bridgewater, bor. , U.S. , Pennsylvania. See Bridge* 
 water. 
 
WEST — WEST 
 
 West Itroiiiwlcta, pari, and (since 1882) mun. bor., co. bor. 
 (since 1888), par., and market-tn., Eng. , Staffordshire, 4 m. 
 WNW. Birmingham, in the diocese of Lichfield, with stns. on 
 G. W. R. and L. & NW. R. In the i8th century there was only 
 a village here on a barren heath. This town is centre of an 
 extensive mining and manufacturing district, turning out large 
 quantities of metal goods of almost every possible kind. It also 
 has blast-furnaces, slitting-mills, brass-foundries, &c. Has a 
 handsome park and a recreation-ground. There are several 
 fine public buildings, including town hall with lofty tower, a 
 library, an institute, &c. Pari, and mun. bor. and par., 5851 
 ac, P. (1871) 47,900 ; (1891) 59,500. 
 
 Westbrook, stn. , Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div. , 14^ 
 m. W. by N. Hereford, on the Golden Valley Rly. 
 
 Westbrook, vil. , U.S., Connecticut, Middlesex co. , 18 m. 
 W. by S. New London. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Westbrook, tn. , U.S., Maine, Cumberland co. , 5 m. E. 
 Gorham. P. 6600. 
 
 Westbum, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire, Cambuslang par. P. 
 -ciooo. 
 
 Westbury, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 5 m. 
 WNW. Buckingham, 2 m. NW. by W. of its stn. (Fiilwell 
 and Westbnry) on the L. & NW. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Westbury, par. , Eng. , Salop, Oswestry div. , 8 m. E. by N. 
 Welshpool, 4 m. SE. of its stn. on the G. W. and L. & NW. 
 Rlys. , PM.O. ; 8800 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Westbury, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 3^ m. NW. by W. 
 Wells, close to Lodge Hill stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Westbury, par. and market and agricultural tn., Eng., 
 Wiltshire, Westbury div. , 5 m. S. by E. Trowbridge, a junction 
 stn. on the G. W. R. ; has woollen-mills, and malting, iron- 
 smelting, iron-mines, and blast-furnaces. Westbury is an ancient 
 town, said to have been chartered by Edward I. ; disfranchised 
 in 1885. PMT.O., and PM.O. (Westbury Leigh). 12,083 ac. 
 P. 5600 ; pari. div. P. (1891) 52,700 ; eccles. par. (Westbury 
 with Dlltoii) P. <3Soo. 
 
 Westbury, tn. , Tasmania, Westmoreland co., 17 m. WSW. 
 Launceston ; copper ore, tin, and iron have been found in the 
 neighbourhood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Westbury on Severn, par. and tn. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, 
 Forest of Dean div., on the r. bk. of the Severn, 7A m. WSW. 
 Gloucester, 2 m. NE. Newnham stn. , PM. O. ; 8264 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Westbury on Tryni, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury 
 div., 3 m. N. by W. and partly in bor. of Bristol, 2 m. WSW. 
 Filton stn., PMT.O. P. 19,800; eccles. par. (Westbury on 
 Trym with Kedland) P. 5500. 
 
 Westby, vil., Eng., Lincolnshire. See Basslngthorpe. 
 
 Westby with Plunipton, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 
 si m. SE. by E. Blackpool, i m. SW. Wrea Green stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Westcnlder, stn. , Scot. See Calder, West. 
 
 West Chester, vil., U.S., New York, West Chester co. , 13 
 m. NE. by N. New York ; is a country residence for New York 
 business men. P. 6800. 
 
 Westchester, vil., U.S., Ohio, Butler co., 20 m. N. by E. 
 Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Westchester, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, cap. Chester co. , 
 22 m. W. by N. Philadelphia, in a rich agricultural country ; 
 has several nurseries. P. (i88o) 7000 ; (1890) 8000. 
 
 West Coast Sounds, a series of thirteen beautiful fiords. New 
 Zealand, on the SW. ct. of South I., chiefly between 46° and 44° 
 30' S. , from Preservation Inlet to Milford Sound. The best 
 months for visiting the Sounds are from March to July, and 
 often August and September. 
 
 Westconibe Park, stn. , Eng. , Kent. See (Greenwich. 
 
 West Cornforth, mining vil., Eng., Durham, Bishops 
 Middleham par., near Ferryhill Junction. 
 
 Westcote, par. , -Eng. , Gloucestershire, Cirencester div. , 13^ m. 
 N. Lechlade, 2^ m. WSW. Chipping Norton June. P. <25o. 
 
 Westcott, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 7 m. WNW. 
 Aylesbury, on the Oxford and Aylesbury Rly., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 See Waddesdon. 
 
 Westeott, eccles. par., Eng., Surrev, Reigate div., i^ m. W. 
 by S. Dorking, PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Westcott Barton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Banbury div., on 
 the Dome, 6 m. W. Woodstock, 3 m. W. by N. Heyford stn. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Westcraigs, stn., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, on the N. B. R. , 
 8 m. S. Falkirk. 
 
 West Creek, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Ocean co. , 46 ni. SE. 
 by S. Trenton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Westcross, place, Wales, Glamorganshire, Gower div., on 
 Swansea Bay, 3 m. SW. by W. Swansea, on the Swansea and 
 Mumbles Rly., PMT.O. 
 
 West Damsel, vil. , Eng. , Cornwall ; fluor-spar is obtained here. 
 
 West Dongeradeel, comm. , Netherlands. See Dongeradeel. 
 
 West End, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., 3 
 m. NE. Southampton, i| m. SE. by E. Swathling stn., PM.O. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 West End, suburb of London, Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge 
 div., 4 m. SW. Harrow, on the City and Suburban Line, M. R. 
 
 West End, P.O., Eng., Surrey, 3 m. from Chobham. 
 
 West End, P.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 4 m. NE. 
 Otley. 
 
 West End, city, U.S., Georgia, Fulton co. P. <:i50o. 
 
 West End, seaside summer resort, U.S., New Jersey, Mon- 
 mouth CO., 2 m. S. Long Branch. P. < 1500. 
 
 West End Lane, stn. , Eng. , W. Hampstead, London. 
 
 Westenfeldntnrk, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle and 
 near Hamm. P. 6600. 
 
 Westenhanger, stn., Eng., Kent, on the SE. R. , 7 m. W. 
 Folkestone. 
 
 Wester, Loch of, lake, Scot., Caithness, in the NE., drained 
 SE. into Sinclair's Bay by the Wester Water. 
 
 Wester&s, tn., Sweden. See Vester&s. 
 
 Westerbauer, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Hagen. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 We.sterburg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, cap. circle 
 Westerburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wester«lale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland 
 div. , on the Esk, 14^ m. W. by S. Whitby, 2^ m. SW. Castle- 
 ton stn.; 9881 ac. P. <25o. Westerdale Moor, an upland 
 tract about 2 m. to the S. 
 
 Westerdale, hamlet, Scot., Caithness, 10 m. S. Thurso, and 
 3 m. SE. by S. Scotscalder stn., P.O. 
 
 Westeregeln, vil. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Magdeburg, 
 circle Wanzleben. P. <3000. 
 
 Westerfield, par., Eng., Suff"olk, 2 m. N. by E. and included 
 in the co. bor. of Ipswich, on the G. E. R. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Westerhani, par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., loj m. NW. 
 by W. Tunbridge, on the SE. R. ; has a monument to General 
 Wolfe, who was born here in 1727, and killed at the capture 
 of Quebec in 1759. PMT.O., and P.O. (Westerhnm Hill). 
 Market-day, W. 5804 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Westerhnnsen, or Westerhauseu am Harz, vil. , Prussia, 
 prov. Saxony, circle Aschersleben , 6 m. S. Halberstadt. P. 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Westerhttsen, or Westerhiksen an der Elbe, vil. , Prussia, 
 prov. Saxony, circle Wanzleben, on the 1. bk. of the Elbe, 4 ni. 
 S. Magdeburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Westerkappeln, comm., Prussia, prov, Westphalia, govt. 
 Miinster, circle Tecklenburg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Westerkirk, par., Scot., Dumfriesshire, on riv. Esk, 6 m. 
 NW. Langholm; 26,992 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Westerlelgli, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Thornbury div., 
 8 m. NE. by E. Bristol, 2 m. S. Yate Junction, P.O.; 4466 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Westerloo, comm., Belgium, prov. Antwerp, arr. Turnhout ; 
 iron-mining and tanning. P. <40oo. 
 
 Westerly, seapt. tn., U.S., Rhode Island, Washington co. , 
 on Pawcatuck R. , 27 m. WSW. Newport ; has granite quarries. 
 P. 6800. 
 
 Western, dreat, postal-vil. , Victoria, Borung co. , 10 m. N. 
 by W. Ararat. P. < 1500. 
 
 Western Australia, colony, Australia, occuping all the 
 country W. of 129° E., divided into six dists. : South- West, 
 Gascoyne, North- West, Kimberley, Eucla, and Eastern, with a 
 total area about twelve times that of Great Britain. Coast-line 
 about 3500 m. , with several large bays but few good harbours, 
 the principal being King George's Sound, Shark's Bay, King 
 Sound, and Cambridge Gulf. Off the coast are numerous small 
 islands (chief. Dirk Hartog and Rottnest) and extensive coral 
 reefs. A marked difference is observed in the rise and fall of 
 the tides on different parts of the coast ; S. of Shark's Bay it is 
 unimportant, while in the NW. it rises to over 30 ft., and in 
 King Sound to 46 ft. The surface, so far as known, consists 
 mainly of a vast plateau (1000-2000 ft.), from which rise, near 
 the W. ct. , mountain or hill ranges with a generally N. and S. 
 (or SE. ) trend. In the interior the country is nearly level or 
 traversed by low ridges and with vast sandy deserts. The 
 principal ranges are the Darling (elevation about 1500 ft.), in 
 SW. , running N. and S. for about 300 m. ; Stirling, near 
 S. ct., with Mount Kyenrup (3500 ft.), the highest point in the 
 settled part of the colony ; Roe, with Mount William (3000 ft.); 
 Blackwood (2000 ft.), &c. ; in the NW. is the Hammersley and 
 in the N. the King Leopold Range. It is believed that higher 
 summits than the above exist in the northern interior. Prin- 
 cipal rivers, N., Ord ; NW., Fitzroy, De Grey, Fortescue, and 
 Ashburton; W., Gascoyne, Murchison, Swan, Murray, and 
 Blackwood. The Fitzroy is the most important river in the 
 country, navigable for 200 m. during part of the year ; the other 
 rivers are mainly storm-water channels, unnavigable except (in 
 some cases) for a few miles at the mouth. W. of the Darling 
 Range are several shallow lakes, and on the plateau are many 
 large depressions, or salt-clay flats, in which the rain is col- 
 lected, biit much of this is evaporated. As regards geological 
 structure, sandstone covers the greater part, broken through 
 by belts of granite and schistose rocks, on which lie th^ prin- 
 cipal gold-fields; in the SW. Mesozoic rocks crop out, 
 and in the S. they form the cliffs of the Great Australian 
 Bight. Tertiary deposits occur around Shark's Bay, and Car- 
 
 1709 
 
WEST 
 
 WEST 
 
 boniferous formations in the Collie and Irwin Rivs., N. of the 
 latter to the Fortescue R., and in Kimberley dist. Forests 
 cover immense areas. According to Von Mueller, the extra 
 tropical forests alone are equal in area to Great Britain. 
 Eucalypts predominate, as in other parts of Australia, and 
 many of the trees are of great size. Amongst the more im- 
 portant are the karri and jarrah, the latter specially valuable on 
 account of its power of resisting the teredo and the white ant ; 
 others are the tuart or white gum, sandal- wood, &c. Large 
 areas suitable for pasture have been discovered, as the rich grass 
 plains along the Fitzroy, tracts of grass and salt-bush E. of the 
 head of the Gascoyne, and others in the S. and SW. The 
 presence of poisonous plants in many pastoral dists. has in 
 several instances proved very injurious to cattle, but these plants 
 are now being destroyed. Climate tropical in N. and NW. 
 [Derby, Cossack]. More moderate in the SW. , where the 
 mean annual temp, decreases very gradually from 65.5° F. near 
 28° S. to 58.6° F. in about 35° S. [Cleraldton, Perth, Fre- 
 niantle, Bnubnry, Albany]. In the N. and NW. , which 
 lies within the monsoon region, heavy rains occur in summer, 
 and in the NW. occasionally severe hurricanes ; in the SW. the 
 rain is brought by the NW. winds in winter (May-Oct. ), and the 
 rest of the year is dry. Along the coast S. of Fremantle the rain- 
 fall is about 40 in. , but it decreases rapidly inland, being barely 
 20 in. on the plateau 50 m. from the coast, while in the interior 
 it is quite uncertain. Wool is the most important product. The 
 area under the plough is very limited ; the principal cereal is 
 wheat. Fruits of various kinds grow luxuriantly, and the cultiva- 
 tion of the vine is extending. The pearl-flslieries of Shark's 
 Bay and the NW. ct. are important ; considerable deposits of 
 guano occur on Houtman's and the Lacapede Is., and tortoise- 
 shell is obtained from a species of turtle on the islands. Until 
 within the last eight or ten years. Western Australia was supposed 
 to be very poor as to minerals, but the gold and other dis- 
 coveries since made point to the existence of considerable 
 mineral wealth. The principal goldfields are Coolgardie, 
 Yilgarn, Murchison, Pilbarra, Kimberley, and Dundas ; iron, 
 both magnetite and hematite, is so abundant, that it is said 
 seriously to affect the use of the compass ; tin (stream) is found 
 in the Blackwood R. and in Roebourne dist. ; copper and galena 
 also occur in the latter dist. and in other parts ; coal is found 
 in the Irwin and Collie valleys and near Wyndham, &c. , but 
 little has been done in working it. Want of water has proved a 
 serious hindrance to the development of the goldfields, but the 
 matter has been taken up by government, and measures for 
 the supply of Coolgardie dist. are projected. Railways are at 
 present limited to the SW. settled part of the colony ; a line 
 from York to the S. Australian frontier at Eucla is proposed. 
 The principal exports are gold and wool ; others are pearl 
 and pearl-shell, timber and sandal-wood, &c. There is a small 
 military volunteer force. Education is provided for in ele- 
 mentary and assisted schools, under the supervision of a Central 
 Board, the elementary schools being immediately controlled by 
 local Boards. As to government, see British Empire, The. 
 The first occupation of terr. belonging to the colony took place 
 in 1826, when Major Lockyer with a party of convicts formed a 
 settlement at Albany, on King George's Sound ; further settle- 
 ments were made soon after, but for a long time little progress 
 was made, and the need for labour was so much felt that the 
 colonists applied for convicts, several thousands of whom were 
 sent out between 1850 and 1868. The mineral and other dis- 
 coveries of recent years have given a great impetus to the growth 
 of the colony, which was granted responsible government in 1890. 
 Area, 1,060,000 sq. m. P. (1891) 49,800. See Australia, Aus- 
 tralian Colonies, and British Empire, The. [E. J. H.] 
 
 VFestern Islands. See Hebrides. 
 
 Western Port, vil. , U.S., Maryland, Allegany co. , 27 m. 
 SE. by E. of the NW. corner of the stale ; rich coal-mines in 
 the vicinity. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Western Port Bay, Victoria, crossed by 145° 11' E. , contains 
 Phillip, French, and other islands ; discovered by Bass in 1798. 
 
 Western Springs, vil., U.S., Illinois, Cook co. , i m. by rail 
 E. Hinsdale, and 16 m. W. of Chicago ; a settlement of the 
 Society of Friends ; has a mineral spring. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Westerton, par., Eng. , Durham, div. and 2 m. ENE. 
 Bishop Auckland, ^ m. NE. Goundou stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Westervlh, tn., Sweden, prov. and 75 m. N. Kalmar. P. 
 6900. 
 
 Westervllle, vil., U.S., Ohio, Franklin co., 12 m. N. by E. 
 Columbus. Westerville is the seat of the Otterbein University. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Westervoort, vil., Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the IJssel, 
 3 m. SE. by E. Arnhem. P. <20oo. 
 
 Westerwald, section of the Schlefergeblrge {q.v.) of 
 Prussia, almost entirely in the prov. Hesse-Nassau, and sur- 
 rounded by the Rhine (SW. ) and its tribs. , the Sieg and the 
 Lahn. General alt. 2000 ft.; highest peaks, Saalberg, Fuchs- 
 kanten, and Stegskopf (2145-2155 ft.). The dist. slopes 
 gradually S. , where it terminates in the Slebengeblrge {^.v.), 
 but has steep descents in the N. and E. Iron, anthracite, and 
 1710 
 
 manganese underneath, and forests and pasturage above ground, 
 with fruit and wine in the valleys, constitute the principal pro- 
 ducts of the region. 
 
 Westfalen, prov. , Prussia. See Westphalia. 
 
 Westfiillsche Pforte, gap in a ridge of hills, Prussia. See 
 Westplialian Gate. 
 
 West Ferry, stn., Scot., Forfarshire, on the C. R. and 
 N. B. R., and on the Dundee and Arbroath Joint (C. & N. B.) 
 Rly. , adjoining Broughty Ferry on W. 
 
 Westfleld, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Kings co. , 13 m. 
 NW. by W. St. John, on the r. bk. of the riv. St. John. P. 
 <i5oo.' 
 
 Westfleld, stn. , Eng. , Gloucestershire. See Notgrove. 
 
 Westfleld, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 15 m. W. Norwich, 
 3 m. S. East Dereham, i m. W. by S. Yaxham stn. P. <25o. 
 See Wlilnbergh. 
 
 Westflehl, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 3 m. NNW. 
 Hastings, PM.O.; 4314 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Westfleld, vil. , Scot. , Linlithgowshire, on Barbauchlaw Burn, 
 5 m. SW. Linlithgow, on the N. B. R., P.O. 
 
 Westfleld, vil., Scot., Perthshire, 2 m. N. Blairgowrie, P.O. 
 
 Westfleld, vil, U.S., Illinois, Clark co., 31 m. W. Terre 
 Haute (Ind.). P.<i5oo. 
 
 Westfleld, riv., U.S., Massachusetts, rises in the NW. of the 
 state, in the Hoosac Mts., and flows SE. , S., then ESE. to the 
 Connecticut, which it joins on the r. bk. opposite Springfield. 
 
 Westfleld, riv., U.S., Massachusetts, in the W. , trib. of the 
 Connecticut, which it joins on the r. bk. at Springfield. 
 
 Westfleld, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Hampden co. , on 
 Westfield R. , 8 m. W. by N. Springfield. Among its special 
 industries are the manufactures of whips and cigars. P. (1880) 
 7600 ; (1890) 9800. 
 
 Westfleld, vil. , U.S. , New York, Chautauqua co. , 54 m. SW. 
 Buffalo. P. < 2000. 
 
 Westfleld, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Tioga co., on Cowan- 
 esque R. P. < 1500. 
 
 Westford, tn. , U.S. , Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , 7 m. SW. 
 by W. Lowell. P. <:3000. 
 
 Westfor*!, tn., U.S., Vermont, Chittenden co. , 5 m. SE. 
 Milton stn. P. <i5oo. 
 
 West Gat, channel, Holland, prov. N. Holland, between the 
 isl. of Onrust and the mainland (Helder). 
 
 Westgate, ecclos. par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 
 on the Wear, 16 m. S. Hexham, 6 m. W. Stanhope stn., PM.O. 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Westgate on Sea, St. James and St. Saviour, two eccles. 
 pars, and watering-place, Eng. , Kent, Isle of Thanet div. , on 
 the N. ct. , 2 m. W. by S. Margate, of which it is practically a 
 suburb, with a stn. (Westgate on Sea) on the L. C. & D. R. , 
 PMT.O. P. (of each) < 1500. 
 
 West Green, P.O., Eng., Hampshire, 2 m. N. Winchfield. 
 
 West Green, stn., Eng., Middlesex, Tottenham div., 5 m. 
 N. St. Paul's, London, on the G. E. R. 
 
 West Green, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , Sussex. See Ifleld. 
 
 West Hall, P.O., Eng., Cumberland, 6 m. NE. Brampton. 
 
 Westhall, par. , Eng., Suffolk, div. and 3 m. NE. Halesworth. 
 P. <:Soo. 
 
 Westham, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 4 m. NE. by N. 
 Eastbourne, with a stn. (Pevensey and Westham) on the L. 
 B. & S. C. R., P.O.; 5024 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Westhampnett, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and ij m. ENE, 
 Chichester. P. <750. 
 
 Westhamptou, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire co. , 
 II m. NW. by W. Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 
 West Harbour, bor., New Zealand, South I., Waikouaiti 
 CO. , near Dunedin. P. < 1500. 
 
 Westhansen, vil. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, on the Scheer R. , 
 15 ni. SSW. Strassburg. P. <:20oo. 
 
 West Havelland. See Havelland. 
 
 West Haven, bor., U.S., Connecticut, on New Haven Bay, 
 CO. and 3 m. SSW. New Haven. P. < 1500. 
 
 Westhead, P.O., Eng., 2 m. SE. Ormskirk, Lancashire. 
 
 West Heath, P.O., Eng., Worcestershire, E. div., 6 m. NE. 
 Bromsgrove, 2 m. SW. King's Norton. 
 
 West-Herbede, vil. , Ger. , prov. Westphalia, govt. Arnsberg, 
 circle Hattingen. P. <:3000. 
 
 Westhlde, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 6 m. NE. 
 by E. Hereford, 2 m. NE. Withington stn. P. <250. See 
 Stoke Edith. 
 
 West Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire, Ottery St. Mary 
 par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Westhorpe, P.O., Eng., i m. from Southwell, Nottingham. 
 
 Wcsthoi>e, vil., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 17 m. S. by W. 
 Shrewsbury, 2J m. ENE. Stretford Bridge Junction, P.O. See 
 Dlddlebury. 
 
 Westhorpe, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 12 m. E. by N. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Westhoughton (westhaw'ton), par. and tn., Eng., Lanca- 
 shire, Westhoughton div., 5 m. SW. Bolton, with manufactures 
 of cotton, silk, and nails ; large collieries in the neighbourhood. 
 
WEST — WEST 
 
 on the L. & Y. R. PMT.O. Market-day, S. Par. 4341 ac, 
 P. 11,100; pari. div. P. (1891) 83,100. 
 
 We^ttaonse, High, P. O. , Eng. , 2 m. from Ingleton, Yorkshire, 
 W. Riding. 
 
 Westhonses and Blackwell, stn. , Eng. , Derbyshire, on the 
 M. R., 2^ m. NE. Alfreton. 
 
 West India Docks, stn., Eng., London, on the G. E. R. , 
 3 m. E. St. Paul's. Soutb West India Docks, on G. E. R. 
 
 West Indies [Antillia, or Antilles], archipelago of islands 
 which extend from the Gulf of Florida to the Gulf of Paria, 
 between 10° and 27° N. , 60^ and 85° W. , bounded on N. and E. 
 by the Atlantic, and on the S. by the Caribbean Sea, which 
 separates them from the N. ct. of S. America. The group 
 of larger islands on the W. , comprising Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, 
 and Porto Rico, is called the Greater Antilles, those on the N. , 
 stretching towards Florida, the Bahamas, and all the islands to 
 the E. and S. of Porto Rico, comprising the Leeward and 
 Windward Is. (officially so called, see Leeward Islaitds) with 
 their sub-groups, together with Trinidad and other islands off 
 the coast of Venezuela, are comprehended under the name of 
 the Lesser Antilles. The Bermudas are not properly West India 
 islands, although they were officially considered as such till 1834. 
 The following table shows by whom the islands were first occu- 
 pied, the date of occupation, and the countries to which they 
 now belong : — 
 
 Belong to 
 
 Islands. 
 
 Great 
 Britain 
 
 Spain. 
 France 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Netherlands 
 
 Sweden 
 Venezuela . 
 Independent 
 
 /Jamaica 
 
 Caymans 
 
 Bahamas 
 
 Virgin Islands 
 
 Trinidad 
 
 Tobago 
 
 Grenada 
 
 Grenadines . 
 
 St. Vincent . 
 
 Barbados 
 
 St. Lucia 
 
 Dominica 
 
 Antigua 
 
 Montserrat . 
 
 Barbuda 
 
 Nevis and Redonda 
 
 St. Christopher 
 VAnguilla . , 
 ( Cuba and Isle of Pines 
 \ Porto Rico . 
 I Martinique . 
 I Guadeloupe . 
 < Desirade 
 j Marie Galante 
 \ Les Saintes . 
 (St. Thomas . 
 I St. John 
 \ Santa Cruz . 
 /St. Martin . 
 
 St. Eustatius 
 
 Saba 
 
 Cura9ao 
 
 Oruba . 
 
 ^ Buen Ayre 
 
 St. Bartholomew 
 
 ( Margarita, Tortuga, 
 
 { Los Siete Hermanos 
 
 Haiti 
 
 First occu- 
 pied by 
 
 Spaniards in 
 
 English in . 
 Dutch in . 
 Spaniards in 
 Dutch in . 
 French in . 
 
 English in . 
 English in . 
 France 
 French in . 
 English in . 
 
 Spaniards in 
 French in . 
 
 Year. 
 
 1509 
 
 1629 
 1648 
 
 1532 
 1632 
 1650 
 
 1722 
 1624 
 
 1653 
 1610 
 1632 
 1632 
 1632 
 1628 
 1625 
 1640 
 
 15" 
 1510 
 
 1635 
 163s 
 163s 
 
 ,. 
 
 1635 
 
 Dutch in 
 
 1657 
 
 Dutch in . 
 Spaniards in 
 
 1717 
 1643 
 1643 
 1643 
 1643 
 1643 
 
 French in . 
 
 1648 
 
 >i 
 
 1635 
 
 Spaniards in 
 
 1493 
 
 national wars. [Particular descriptions are given under the 
 heads of the various islands.] Slavery was abolished in the 
 Dutch West Indies, July i, 1863. Total area of the archipelago, 
 94,822 sq. m. P. 4,194,700. 
 
 West Iiake, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Prince Edward co. , 9^ m. 
 from Pictou. P. < 1500. 
 
 Westland, co., New Zealand, South I., on the NW. ct. , 
 crossed by 43° and 44° S. 
 
 Westland, prov. , New Zealand, in the W. of South I. 
 
 Westland Kotv, stn.. Ire., co. and city of Dublin, on the 
 Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Rly. 
 
 Westlelgli, par., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple union, on the 
 Torridge, 2 m. NE. Bideford, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Westlelgli, PM. O. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Lelgli, West. 
 
 Westlelgh, P.O., Eng., Somerset, i m. from Burlescombe. 
 
 Westleton, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 23 m. NE. Ipswich, 
 2 J m. E. Darsham stn., PM.O. ; 6122 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Westley, P. O. , Eng. , 4 m. from Six Mile Bottom (Cambridge- 
 shire). 
 
 Westley, par., Eng., Suffolk, Stowmarket div., 2 m. W. Bury 
 St. Edmunds. P. <25o. See Fornliani. 
 
 Westley Waterless, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, div. and 5 
 m. SSW. Newmarket, i^ m. S. Dullingham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 West Lotlilan, Scot. See Llulltligowslilre. 
 
 Westmarsb, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 
 3^ m. NW. by W. Sandwich, 3 m. SW. by W. Minster Junc- 
 tion, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Westnieatta, inland co. , Ire., prov. Leinster, mainly in the 
 Shannon basin, except towards the E. border, which is drained 
 by streams flowing to the riv. Boyne and the Irish Sea, divided 
 into twelve bars., as shown in the following table : — 
 
 Many of the islands are of volcanic origin. Climate of the 
 whole tropical, but modified by the surrounding ocean and the 
 elevated surface of many of the islands. The more important 
 industries are the production of sugar, molasses, and rum, the 
 cultivation of coffee, cacao, the lime, bananas, pine-apples, 
 oranges, yams, sweet potatoes, arrow-root, cassava, ground-nuts, 
 tobacco, spices (nutmegs, ginger, black pepper, mace, cloves, 
 cinnamon, vanilla, &c. ) ; while efforts are being made to extend 
 th% cultivation of henequen. Subsidiary industries are fishing, 
 and the rearing of ponies, cattle, small stock, and poultry. 
 Columbus landed on Watling I., Bahama group, in October 
 1492 ; and the archipelago, under the erroneous impression 
 at the time of discovery that it formed part of Asia, was 
 called the West Indies. The history of the West India 
 islands ' from the period of their discovery in 1492 till 1816, 
 presents little more than a melancholy series of calamities and 
 crimes. The islands have been laid waste by hurricanes, and 
 visited by pestilence ; but the sufferings which have arisen from 
 natural causes are few and trifling in comparison with those 
 which moral and political circumstances have produced. ' Among 
 these may be classed the annihilation of the Indians, the intro- 
 duction of slavery, the atrocities of the buccaneers, and inter- 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Acres. 1 Pop. 1891. 
 
 Brawny ..... 
 Clonlonan .... 
 Corkaree .... 
 
 Delvin 
 
 Farbill 
 
 Fartullagh .... 
 Fore ..... 
 Kilkenny, West 
 Moyashel and Magheradernon 
 Moycashel .... 
 Moygoish .... 
 Rathconrath . 
 
 Total, Westmeath 
 
 10,099 
 
 4927 
 
 32,099 
 
 5571 
 
 23,870 
 
 3"4 
 
 39,062 
 
 4381 
 
 35.447 
 
 4926 
 
 37,552 
 
 4003 
 
 49,082 
 
 6757 
 
 31.173 
 
 4602 
 
 40,604 
 
 10,114 
 
 47,067 
 
 6573 
 
 39.599 
 
 4816 
 
 48,363 
 
 5325 
 
 434.017^ 
 
 65,109 
 
 ^ Exclusive of 19,436 ac. under the larger rivers and lakes. 
 Geologically the county is part of the central limestone plain, 
 with some sandstone heights cropping up near Ballymahon 
 and at Moat-a-Genogue. It is nowhere mountainous, but is 
 so varied with heights and valleys as to offer much agreeable 
 scenery. Nearly one-seventh of the area is bog. There are 
 some good limestone quarries, and small quantities of marble, 
 copper, and lead have been found. The large lakes, Derra- 
 varagh, Owel, Ennel, Lene, &c. , with parts of Lough Sheelin 
 in the NE. and Lough Ree in the SW. , occupy altogether 
 17,000 ac. Lough Lene is notable from supplying the riv. 
 Inny with an affluent, which therefore flows towards Lough 
 Ree in the W. , while supplying another river, the Dale, which 
 flows to the Boyne and the Irish Sea. The Royal Canal 
 traverses this county. It is also served by the M. & G. W. R. 
 system. The staple occupations are tillage and pasturage. 
 For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. Manu- 
 factures flour and meal ; some frieze, flannel, and linen. As 
 part of the kingdom of Meath, this dist. suffered much from the 
 Danes, loth and nth centuries. On the English taking posses- 
 sion of Leinster, Hugh de Lacy obtained 800,000 ac. The 
 name of the county dates from Henry VIII. The county con- 
 tains several important raths and ruins of an abbey (1236), 
 with tower 93 ft. high. Chief towns, Athlone (one half being in 
 county Roscommon) and Mullingar, an important railway junc- 
 tion, with Roman Catholic cathedral. The county returns two 
 members to the House of Commons. See Ireland, table. 
 
 Westmeath, South, vil. , Canada. See Beaclibarg. 
 
 Westmeerbeek, comm. , Belgium, prov. Antwerp, arr. Turn- 
 hout, 16 m. E. Malines. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Westmeston, pan, Eng., Sussex, div. and s.| m. WNW. 
 Lewes, 2^ m. SW. Plumpton stn. P. <5oo; eccles. par. 
 (Westmeston with East Chlltlngton) P. <7So. 
 
 West Middlesex, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Mercer co. , on 
 Beaver R. , 50 m. NN W. Allegheny ; has iron and coal mines. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 WestmlU, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., on the 
 Rib, 10 m. NNE. Hertford, on a branch of the G. E. R., P.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Westminster, vil., Canada, Ontario, Middlesex co., 5^ m. 
 S. by E. London, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 T711 
 
WEST — WEST 
 
 Westminister, pari, bor., Eng., in theW. of London, on the 
 1. bk. of the Thames, with a detached portion to the NW. 
 separated from the former by the bor. of St. George's, Hanover 
 Square. P. 55,800 ; pars. , Westminster St. James, P. 25,000 ; 
 Westminster St. Margaret and St. .lohu, P. 55,500; West- 
 minster St. Peter, P. <25o. 
 
 Westminster, tn., U.S., Maryland, cap. Carroll co., 27 m. 
 NW. Baltimore. Westminster is a summer resort, and the seat 
 of the Western Maryland College. P. < 3000. 
 
 Westminster, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, co. and 20 m. N. 
 by W. Worcester. P. < 2000. 
 
 Westminster, tn., U.S., Vermont, Windham co., on Con- 
 necticut R. , 4 m. by rail S. Bellows Falls. P. < 1000. 
 Westminster, Xew, tn. , Canada. See Xew Westminster. 
 Westminster Bridge, stn., Eng., London, on the Metro- 
 politan Rly., li m. SW. by W. St. Paul's. 
 
 Westminster Junction, stn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, 
 on the C. P. R., 1464 m. by rail W. Winnipeg, 18 m. E. Van- 
 couver. 
 
 West Moor Colliery, Eng., Northumberland, Tyneside 
 div. , 4i m. N. by E. Newcastle, close to Killingworth stn., 
 P.O. 
 
 Westmoors, stn., Eng., Dorset, on the L. & SW. R., 5 m. 
 NE. Wimborne. See Verwood and Westmoors. 
 
 Westmoreland, co. , New South Wales, crossed by 34° S. 
 and 150° E. 
 
 Westmoreland, co. , Tasmania, crossed by 42° S. and 147° E. 
 Westmoreland, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, Cheshire co., 
 16 m. N. of the SW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Westmoreland, vil., U.S., New York, Oneida co., 8 m. by 
 rails. Rome; manufactures iron. P. < 1500. 
 
 Westmoreland, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, to the N. of 40° 
 N., and bounded in the extreme NW. by French Creek. 
 
 Westmoreland, co. , U.S., Virginia, on the Potomac, E. of 
 7f W. 
 
 Westmorland, co. , Canada, in the extreme SE. of New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 Westmorland, co. , in the NW. of Eng., entirely inland 
 except at the mouth of the Kent, in Morecambe Bay. It lies 
 nearly all to W. of the Pennine Range, the chief part, in N. , 
 being drained by the Eden and its tribs. , flowing to the Solway 
 Firth ; and a smaller part, in S. , by the Kent, flowing to More- 
 cambe Bay, and by the Lune and the Leven. Part of the 
 upper Tees valley belongs to NE. The county is named 
 from the moors on -west of Durham and Yorkshire, a wild 
 dist. where rise Dufton Fell (2591 ft.). Dun Fell (2780 ft.), 
 Mickle Fell (2591 ft.), and others all over 2000 ft. Another 
 area belongs to the 'Lake District," with its many 'fells,' 
 Helvellyn (3118 ft.). Bow Fell (2959 ft.), &c. Most of the 
 Vale of Eden is above the 500 ft. level, while the Kendal 
 area of undulating lowlands is mainly below that limit. 
 This, the most mountainous county of Eng., consists largely 
 of Carboniferous strata on the Yorkshire border, Silurian 
 as far as Ambleside, and towards Cumberland of mica and 
 chlorite rocks, with some whinstone and granite. There are 
 many ' faults ' traversing the dist. Coal occurs in the Carboni- 
 ferous rocks, and is mined to a small extent at Brough, but is 
 of inferior quality. There are excellent fireclays at Argill, but 
 not yet worked. Barytes is mined at Appleby and Barras, iron 
 ore at Brough, lead ore at Appleby and Patterdale, and green 
 slate is quarried at Elterwater, Troutbeck, and Ambleside. 
 Gypsum is worked at Kirkby and Sowerby. Much of this 
 county was formerly held by 'statesmen,' small farmers owning 
 the land they occupied. For agricultural statistics, see Ap- 
 pendix, pp. 7-9. Manufactures of woollen goods, gun- 
 powder, paper, and boots in and about Kendal. The county 
 is traversed from S. to N. by the main lines of the L. & NW. R. 
 (ascending the valley of the Kent and crossing Shap Fell) and 
 the M. R. (descending the valley of the Eden), and is entered 
 from the E. by a branch of the NE. R., which forks at Kirkby 
 Stephen and joins the L. & NW. R. at Tebay and Clifton. 
 Antiquities : circular earthworks, barrows, stone circles ; also 
 Roman remains; some of the churches and castles show Norman 
 architecture. The county contains 109 pars., and is in the 
 diocese of Carlisle ; chief towns, Kendal, Appleby, Ambleside, 
 Windermere, Kirkby Lonsdale, Bowness. N. or Appleby 
 div. 352,008 ac, P. (1891) 31,176; S. or Kendal div. 148,898 
 ac. , P. (1891) 34,922 ; total (ancient and administrative county) 
 500,906 ac. , P. 66,098. See England, table. 
 
 Westneivton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., on the Glen, io\ m. E. by S. Kelso, 2 m. W. 
 Kirknewton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Westoe, par., Eng., Durham, in bor. of South Shields. 
 P. 72,400; eccles. pars. (Westoe) P. 7600; (Sontli Westoe) 
 P. 10,900. 
 
 Weston, vil., Canada, Ontario, York co., 7 m. NW. Toronto, 
 on a railway. P. 1500. 
 
 Weston, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, div. and 3 m. SE. by S. Crewe, 
 \\ m. NNE. Betley Road stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Weston, par., Eng., Cheshire, Northwich div., on riv. 
 1712 
 
 Mersey, 8 m. SW. Warrington, and li m. SSW. Runcorn, 
 PM.O. P. <25oo. 
 Weston, P.O., Eng., Dorsetshire, 5^ m. S. Weymouth. 
 Weston, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and 4 m. E. Hitchin 
 stn., 12 m. NN W.Hertford, PMT.O.; 4540 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Weston, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland div., 3^ m. 
 ENE. Spalding, on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly., \\ m. NW. 
 Moulton stn. ; 5566 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Weston, or Weston Longville, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. 
 div., 9 m. NW. by W. Norwich, i m. WSW. Attlebridge stn., 
 P.O. (Weston). P. <soo. 
 
 Weston, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, div. and 9 m. N. by 
 W. Newark, close to Crow Park stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Weston, an eastern suburb of Southampton, Eng., included 
 in the pari. bor. of Southampton, to the S. of Woolston stn. 
 P. (eccles. par. )< 500. 
 
 Weston, par., Eng., Somerset, Frome div., \\ m. NW. 
 Bath, of which it is a suburb, on the M. R. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Weston, vil. , Eng. , Somerset. See Curry Rlvell. 
 
 Weston, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 9 m. WSW. Lowes- 
 toft, 2 m. S. Beccles. P. <5oo. 
 
 Weston, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Otley div., on 
 the Wharfe, 8^ m. N. by E. Bradford, i m. NE. Burley stn. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Weston, vil.. Natal, on the Mooi R., 35 m. NW. by N. 
 Pietermaritzburg. 
 
 Weston, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Waitaki co. , 4 m. 
 from Oamaru by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Weston, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , 12 J m. W. 
 Boston. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Weston, tn. , U.S., Missouri, Platte co., on the 1. bk. of the 
 Missouri, 28 m. NW. by N. Kansas City. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Weston, vil., U.S., Ohio, Wood co., 25 m. SW. by S. 
 Toledo. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Weston, vil., U.S., Vermont, Windsor co., 24 m. SSE. 
 Rutland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Weston, tn. , U.S., W. Virginia, cap. Lewis co. , on the W. 
 Fork of the Monongahela R. , 53 m. W. by S. of the SW. corner 
 of Maryland. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Weston, Old, par. , Eng. , Huntingdonshire, div. and 9^ m. 
 WNW. Huntingdon, 4 m. N. by E. Kimbolton stn., P.O." P. 
 <25o. See Brlngton. 
 
 Weston, South, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div. , 13 m. 
 SE. by E. Oxford, 2 m. W. Aston Rowantstn. P. <25o. See 
 Adwell. 
 
 Weston and Wlxhlll nnder Kedcastle, par., Eng., Salop, 
 Newport div., iii m. NNE. Shrewsbury, 3 m. E. Wem stn., 
 P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Weston Bampfylde, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 6\ m. 
 NE. by N. Yeovil, i m. S. Sparkford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Weston Beggard, par. , Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div. , 5 m. 
 E. by N. Hereford, i| m. SE. Withington stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Weston Blrt, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 
 6J m. ESE. Wotton-under-Edge, iM m. W. by N. Malmesbury 
 stn., P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Weston Blrt with Las- 
 borough) P. <5oo. 
 
 Weston by Wetland, par. , Eng., Mid div. of Northampton- 
 shire, on the Welland, 16 m. NNW. Wellingborough, i m. W. 
 by N. of its stn. (Ashley and Weston) on the L. & NW. R., 
 P.O. (Weston). P. <25o; eccles. par. (Weston by Welland 
 wltli Sutton Bassctt) P. < 500. 
 
 Weston Colville, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, div. and 7 m. 
 SSW. Newmarket, 3 m. S. by W. Dullingham stn., PM.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Weston Corbett, par., Eng., Hampshire, union and 4 m. 
 SE. Basingstoke. P. < 250. 
 
 Weston Favell, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 
 ■2\ m. ENE. Northampton, 2 m. NW. Billing stn., P.O. 
 (Weston Favel). P. <75o. 
 
 We.ston dreen, PM.O., Eng., Surrey, Epsom div., 14 m. 
 SW. St. Paul's, London, between Esher and Thames Ditton stns. 
 
 Weston Hills, P.O., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland div., 3 m. 
 from Moulton. 
 
 Westonlng, par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire, div. and 8 m. NNW. 
 Luton, I m. N. by W. Harlington stn., P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Weston in Ctordano, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., i m. 
 from the coast, 9 m. W. Bristol, 2^ m. SW. Portishead s|y. , 
 P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Weston Jones, par., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 10 ni. 
 W. Stafford, and 4 m. NNE. Newport stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Weston Longville, par. , Eng. , Norfolk. See Weston. 
 
 Weston Lullingtleld, eccles. par., Eng., Salop, div. and 8^ 
 m. ESE. Oswestry, i^ m. N. Baschurch stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Weston-on-Avon, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire and Warwick- 
 shire, Cirencester div. ,3 m. SW. by W. Stratford-on-Avon, i m. 
 W. Milcote stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Weston on the tireen, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 5^ 
 m. E. by N. Woodstock, 2^ m. N. by E. Islip stn. , P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Weston on Trent, par., Eng,, Derbyshire, S. div., 6 m. SSE. 
 Derby, on the M. R. P. <5oo. 
 
WEST 
 
 WEST 
 
 Weston Patrick, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 4^ m. 
 SE. Basingstoke. P. <25o. 
 
 Weston Point, vil. , Eng. , Cheshire, Northwich div. , at the 
 point of land between the mouth of the Weaver and the upper 
 Mersey, 2 m. SW. Runcorn, with which it is connected by a 
 branch canal ; has a harbour and wet docks. The Delamere 
 Dock has 18 ft. of water at ordinary spring tides, 13 ft. at neap 
 tides. Brine is led hither in pipes from Marston, near North- 
 wich, for the extraction of salt. PMT.O. 
 
 Weston Kliyn, vil. , Eng. , Salop, div. and 4 m. N. by W. 
 Oswestry, 2 m. NW. Gobowen stn. , PMT.O. 
 
 Weston's Mills, vil., U.S., New York, Cattaraugus co. , on 
 Alleghany R. , 3 m. by rail SE. Olean. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Weston-Subedge, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester 
 div., 6 m. ESE. Evesham, 3 m. WNW. Campden stn., PT.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Weston-super-Mare, coast par. and tn. , Eng., Somerset, 
 Wells div., 16 m. N. by E. Bridgwater, on the G. W. R. 
 Weston-super-Mare is a favourite watering-place, with good 
 sands, bathing establishments, and healthy bracing climate. 
 Par. P. 15,500; tn. P. 15,900. 
 
 Weston TurvlUe, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 3 m. 
 
 SE. by E.Aylesbury; manufactures straw-plait. P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Weston nnder Lizanl, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 
 
 II m. SW. Stafford, 5 m. ENE. Shifnal stn., PMT.O. Mean 
 
 rfall. (1866-80), yr. 29.9 in. P. <5oo. 
 
 Weston under Penyard, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. 
 and 2 m. E. by S. Ross, PM.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Weston nniler Redcastle, vil. , Eng. , Salop. See Hodnet. 
 Weston nnder Wetheriey, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Rugby 
 div., 4 m. NE. by E. Leamington, P.O. (Weston). P. 250. 
 
 Weston Underwood, par. , Eng. , in the N. of Buckingham- 
 shire, Buckingham div., 11^ m. W. Bedford, 4J m. N. by W. 
 Newport Pagnell, 2 m. SWt by W. Olney stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 Weston under Wood, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div., 5^ m. 
 N W. by W. Derby, 2 m. SW. by W, Hazelwood stn. P. <5oo. 
 Weston-upon-Trent, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., on 
 riv. Trent, 4 m. NE. by E. Stafford, with a stn. (Weston for 
 Ingestre) on the N. Staffordshire Rly., close to Ingestre for 
 Weston stn. on the G. N. R., PM.O. (Weston). P.<5oo. 
 
 Weston Zoyland, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 4 m. ESE. 
 Bridgwater, PM.O. P. <:75o. 
 
 Westow, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 on the Derwent, 13 m. NE. York, i m. E. by N. Kirkham 
 Abbey stn. , P. O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Westpalstown, par. , Ire. , CO. Dublin, bar. Balrothery W. , 
 6 m. W. Lusk. P. <2So. 
 
 Westpans, tn., Scot., Midlothian, on the N. ct., i m. E. by 
 N. and included in the pari, burgh of Musselburgh. P. <5oo. 
 
 Westphalia (German Westfalen), prov. , Prussia, lying 
 between Hanover and Lippe (N.), Brunswick, Waldeck, and 
 the prov. Hesse-Nassau (E.), Rhenish Prussia and the Nether- 
 lands (W. ), with an area of 7799 sq. m., nearly the same surface 
 area as Yorkshire and Lancashire together. The S. half of the 
 prov. is mountainous, being diversified by the Schiefergebirge 
 and the hills of Sauerland (Kahler Astenberg in the Rothhaar- 
 gebirge, 2720 ft.). Farther N. the prov. includes part of the 
 Ruhrkohlengebirge (mountains of the Ruhr coalfield), and in 
 the NE. the Eggegebirge (1520 ft.), Teutoburger Wald, and 
 Weser- and Wiehen-gebirge. On each side of the Teutoburger 
 Wald (1500- 1750 ft.) lie portions of the great plain of N. 
 Germany ; on the S W. the wide ' bay ' of Miinster, which 
 penetrates SE. to the sources of the Ems and Lippe ; on the 
 NE. the valleys of the Weser and the Werre. Considerable 
 portions of the Miinster ' bay ' consist of dry sand and marsh- 
 land of no fertility. In addition to the rivers named, Westphalia 
 contains the upper courses of the Diemel (to Weser) and Werse 
 (to Ems) ; of the Lippe, Ruhr (with the Lenne), Lahn, and Sieg 
 (all four to the Rhine) ; of the Vechte, with the Dinkel (to the 
 Zuider Zee), and of the Berkel (to the IJssel). Climate temperate, 
 but severe in the S. uplands ; yearly mean, in the lowlands 
 (Miinster), 48.8° F. ; in Sauerland, 41°; rfall., 25 in. in the 
 lowlands, 39 in. in the mountainous dists. of the S. About 
 425 per cent, of the prov. is under cultivation, 25 per cent, 
 covered with meadows and grass, and 28 per cent, with forests 
 (notably in the Schiefergebirge). Peasant proprietors own, in 
 farms between 15 and 150 ac. , some 57 per cent, of the land in 
 private possession. Flax and hemp are grown in addition to 
 the usual cereals. But the principal wealth of the prov. consists 
 in her minerals, especially coal and iron ; the former in the Ruhr 
 coalfield and around Ibbenbiiren in the N. , the latter in the 
 Schiefergebirge and the Ruhr coalfield. Besides these, zinc, 
 copper, lead, quicksilver, sulphuric acid, salt, &c. , are all ex- 
 tracted. There are mineral springs at Schwelm, Lippspringe, 
 Oeynhausen, and Driburg. Various metal industries (iron and 
 steel, brass and bronze, tin and britannia metal, needles and 
 wire) are carried on on a very extensive scale in the W. ; e.g. , 
 in Dortmund, Hagen, Bochum, Iserlohn, Altena, and Liiden- 
 scheid. Towards the NE. , around Bielefeld, Herford, Wasen- 
 dorf, &c. , is one of the principal linen manufacturing dists. of 
 1713 
 
 Germany ; and in the same region extensive bleaching-g^ounds. 
 Cotton and pottery are manufactured in the W. , coarse papers 
 in Sauerland, glass in the E. and in the Ruhr coalfield dists., 
 and leather in the S. around Siegen. Bielefeld, Dortmund, and 
 Iserlohn are the chief trading centres. The Weser, Ems, Ruhr, 
 and Lippe are all navigable, and the prov. is well equipped with 
 good roads and railways. The people are of Saxon {i.e., Low 
 German) race, and speak Low German (Piatt Deutsch). There 
 is an academy at Miinster with two faculties. Westphalia is 
 divided into three administrative divs. : Miinster, Minden, and 
 Arnsberg ; has Miinster for its cap. ; and sends seventeen 
 members to the Reichstag, and thirty-one to the Prussian 
 House of Representatives. This prov. was formed in 1815 out 
 of the ancient duchy of Westphalia (itself separated out from 
 the still more ancient dukedom of Saxony in the end of the 12th 
 century), the bishoprics of Miinster, Paderborn, and Minden, the 
 abbacies of Herford and Corvey (near Hoxter), the principality 
 of Siegen, and various countships. P. (1871) 1,775,000; (1890) 
 2,205,000, of whom 1,036,000 are Protestants, 1,146,000 Roman 
 Catholics, and 19,000 Jews. 
 
 Westpliallan <>ate (Westfalische Pforte), the gap or notch 3 
 m. S. Minden, Prussia, by which the Weser breaks through the 
 well-marked ridge forming the N. limit of the hilly country 
 which separates the plains of Westphalia and Hanover, and is 
 limited S. by the Teutoburg Forest ridge. W. of the gap the 
 ridge is known as the Wiehen-gebirge, at the E. end of which 
 the Wittekindsberg (930 ft.), on which the prov. of Westphalia 
 is now erecting a monument to the Emperor William I. , over- 
 looks the 1. bk. of the river. E. of the gap the ridge is known 
 as the Weser-gebirge, at the W. end of which is the Jakobs- 
 berg(595ft.). 
 
 West Point, cape, Canada, the most westerly pomt of Prmce 
 Edward Island. 
 
 West Point, gold-mining vil., U.S., California, Calaveras 
 CO., 18 m. N. by E. San Andreas. P. < 1500. 
 
 West Point, city, U.S., Georgia, Troup co., on the 1. bk. of 
 the Chattahoochee R. , 76 m. SW. by S. Atlanta. P. < 1500. 
 
 West Point, vil, U.S., Iowa, Lee co., 20 m. WSW. Bur- 
 lington. P. < 1 500. 
 
 West Point, tn. , U.S., Mississippi, cap. Clay co. , 133 m. 
 SE. Memphis (Tenn.). P. <30oo. 
 
 West Point, tn. , U.S., Nebraska, cap. Cuming co., 55 m. 
 NW. Omaha. P. <2ooo. 
 
 West Point, vil., U.S., New York, Orange co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Hudson R. , 24 m. S. by W. Poughkeepsie. The U.S. 
 military academy, occupying an area of 3^ sq. m. , was established 
 here in 1802, with barracks for cadets, buildings for military 
 exercises, museums, an observatory, chapel, and hospital. 
 Every Congressional dist. is entitled to send one student. 
 West P. was the site of one of the most important fortresses 
 during the revolutionary war ; ruins of Fort Putnam still exist. 
 Alt. 188 ft. P. < 1500. 
 
 West Point, tn., U.S., Virginia, King William co., at the 
 head of York R. , 36 m. E. Richmond ; has a brisk river trade. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 West Point Pleasant, fishing vil., U.S., New Jersey, Ocean 
 CO., 12 m. NE. Tom's R., and i m. from the Atlantic beach. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Westport, vil., Canada, Ontario, Leeds co., on Lake Rideau, 
 32 m. N. by E. Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Westport, civic and market tn., Ire., W. co. Mayo, bar. 
 Murrisk, on Westport Bay, in the SE. of Clew Bay, 10 m. 
 WSW. Castlebar, on the M. G. W. R. , and junction for the 
 tourist resort of Achill Is. ; is a bathing resort. Westport 
 Quay, its port, is i m. to the W., at the SE. point of Clew Bay, 
 on the M. G. W. R. The quay is 2365^ ft. long, and is 
 accessible at high water in ordinary spring tides by vessels 
 drawing 14 ft. ; larger vessels anchor at Inishlyre, and load and 
 discharge by lighters. Market-day, Th. P. <45oo. 
 
 Westport, bor. , port, and post-tn., New Zealand, South I., 
 cap. Buller co. , 57 m. NE. by N. Greymouth. Westport is the 
 centre of an extensive coal and gold mining dist. A line of 
 railway connects the port with the Mount Rochfort coalfield in 
 the N., where are the mines at an alt. of 2000 ft.; vessels of 
 2000 tons can enter the port, which has an excellent system for 
 loading. Extensive harbour works are in progress. P. < 3000. 
 
 Westport, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co., on Saugatuck 
 R. , II m. by rail W. Bridgeport. P. < 4000. 
 
 Westport, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Bristol co., 8 m. SE. 
 Fall R. P. <3000. 
 
 Westport, city, U.S., Missouri, Jackson co., 4 m. S. by E. 
 Kansas Citv. P. <i500. 
 
 Westport, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Brown co., 123 m. NE. 
 Pierre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Westport St. Mary, par., Eng., Wiltshire, on W. side of 
 Malmesbury. P. <20oo. 
 
 West Prlgnltz, circle, Prussia, in the extreme NW. of the 
 prov. Brandenburg. 
 
 West Quarter, vil. , Scot. , Lanarkshire, Glassford par. , 2 m. 
 NE. Strathaven, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 5Q 
 
WEST — W EVE 
 
 Westra, or Westray, isl. , Scot. , one of the Orkney Is. , 9^ m. 
 NNE. Pomona, from which it is separated by Westra Firth. 
 Length 10 m. , by ^-6^ m. broad. 
 
 Westray ami Papa Westray, par., Scot., Orkney Is., 
 PMT.O. (Westray); 13,585 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Westrhau«lerfelui ('fen colony'), vil., Prussia, prov. Han- 
 over, circle Leer, 23 m. SE. Emden, connected by canal with 
 the Leda ; founded 1769. Large moors to the S. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Westrlcli, dist. , formerly in Lorraine, now in Alsace-Lorraine, 
 circle Saarburg. 
 
 Westrlll and Stannore, par., Eng., Leicestershire, union 
 and near Rugby. P. <25o. 
 
 West River, Canada, Nova Scotia. See Plcton Harltour. 
 
 West River, China. See Sl-klang. 
 
 West Rucks, dangerous rocky shoal, Eng., off NE. Essex, 
 
 WestRovr^ P.O., Eng., 3 m. NW. Mildenhall, Suffolk. 
 
 Westrnther, par. , Scot. , Berwickshire, 6^ m. E. by N. Lauder, 
 ' 4 m. N. by W. Gordon stn. , P.O.; 14,630^0. P. <75o. 
 
 West's Corners, vil. , Canada. See Mllverton. 
 
 Weststelliitgwerf, vil., Netherlands, prov. Friesland, 6 m. 
 SSE. Heerenveen. P. (comm.) 15,500. 
 
 West Sternberg, circle, Prussia, in the E. of the prov. 
 Brandenburg, crossed in the middle by 52^° N. , and in the E. 
 by 15° E. 
 
 West Tanpo, co.. New Zealand, North I., crossed in the S. 
 by 39° S. , partly bounded on the E. by Taupo Lake. 
 
 West Town, PM.O., Eng., i m. from Havant, Hayling I. 
 
 West Union, city, U.S., Iowa, cap. Fayette co., 49 m. SW. 
 by S. of NE. corner of state. P. <20oo. 
 
 West Union, vil., U.S., Ohio, cap. Adams co., 55 m, ESE. 
 Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 West Union, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, cap. Doddridge co. , 
 70 m. W. of the SW. corner of Maryland. P. <i500. 
 
 West Unity, vil. , U.S. , Ohio, Williams co. , 47 m. W. Toledo. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 West Vale, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, Elland div. , on the 
 L. & Y. R., 3 m. S. Halifax. P.<35oo. 
 
 WestvlUe, vil. , Canada, Nova Scotia, Pictou co. , 3 m. N. 
 Stellarton. P. <4000. 
 
 WestvlUe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Lindseydiv., 7 m. NW. 
 Boston. P. <25o. 
 
 WestvlUe, vil., U.S., Indiana, La Porte co., 40 m. ESE. 
 Chicago (111.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Westivard, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, union and 3J m. SE. 
 Wigton ; 13,230 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Westward Ho, a watering-place of recent origin, Eng., 
 Devonshire, Barnstaple div., on Barnstaple Bay, 2J m. NW. 
 Bideford, 1 j m. W. Northam ; named after Charles Kingsley's 
 novel. A remarkable pebble ridge, composed of boulders of 
 Carboniferous grit of J in. to 3 ft. in diameter, running in a 
 straight line for about 2 m. parallel to the shore, here protects 
 the sandy, grassy alluvial flats known as Northam Burrows 
 against inundation. Has excellent golf links. Seat of United 
 Service College (for boys). PMT.O. 
 
 WestvreU, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 3J m. NNW. Ashford, 
 I m. NE. by N. Hothfield stn., P.O. ; 5223 ac. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Westwell, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 14^ m. W. by 
 S. Woodstock, 5 m. NW. by N. Alvescot stn. P. <250. 
 
 West Wemyss, stn. , Scot. See Wemyss, West. 
 
 Westwlck, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div., 5 
 m. NW. Cambridge. P. <25o. 
 
 Westwlck, par., Eng., Durham, div. and 2 m. below Barnard 
 Castle, on the L bk. of the Tees, 13 m. SW. Bishop Auckland. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Westwlck, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 11 m. SSE. Cromer, 
 2j m. S. North Walsham, i m. NW. Worstead stn., P.O. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Westwlck, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3 J m. W. 
 Boroughbridge. P. <25o. 
 
 West Wlnsted, vil., U.S., Connecticut. See Wlnsted. 
 
 West Wltton, par. , Eng. See Wltton, West. 
 
 Westwood, tn. , Canada. See Asphodel. 
 
 Westwood, vil. , Eng. , Devonshire. See Broad Clyst. 
 
 Westwood, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Ebchester, Durham. 
 
 Westwood, vil. , Eng. , Kent, Dartford div. , 4 m. SW. by W. 
 Gravesend, i m. N. Fawkham stn. 
 
 Westwood, eccles. par., Eng., Warwdckshire, Stoneleigh 
 ancient par., P.O. (Westwood Heath). P. <75o. 
 
 Westwooid, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., i^ m. SW. 
 Bradford. P. <75o ; eccles. par. (Westwood with Iford) 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Westwood, stn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Ridmg, on the M. S. 
 & L. R., 9i m. N. Sheffield. 
 
 Westwood, post-tn., Queensland, Packington co., 28 m. 
 SW. by W. Rockhampton ; gold and copper have been found 
 here. P. < 1500. 
 
 Westwood, vil., U.S., Ohio, Hamilton co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Westwood Park, par., Eng., Worcestershire, 3 m. NW. 
 Droitwich. P. <25o. 
 1714 
 
 Westwoodslde, P.O. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, 3 m. SW. Epworth. 
 
 M'etasklnlwlc, stn., Canada, Alberta, on the Calgary and 
 Edmonton Rly. , about 30 m. S. Edmonton. 
 
 Wetheral, par. , Eng. , Cumberland, Eskdale div. , on 1. bk. of 
 the Eden, 4 m. E. by S. Carlisle, on the NE. R. ; here are the 
 ruins of a Benedictine priory founded 1088. PMT.O. 11,489 ac. 
 P. < 3500; eccles. par. (Wetheral with Warwick) P. < 1500. 
 
 Wetherby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston 
 Ash div., on the Wharfe, 6^ m. SE. by S. Knaresborough, on 
 the NE. R. ; has brewing, and manufacture of agricultural 
 implements. Mean rfall. (Ribston, alt. 130 ft., 1866-80), 29.3 
 in. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wetherden, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 4 m. NW. Stow- 
 market, 9 m. E. by S. Bury St. Edmunds, close to Elmswell 
 stn., P.O. P. <:5oo'. 
 
 Wetherlngsett with Brockford, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. 
 and 5 m. S. by W. Eye, P.O. (Wetherlngsett). P. < 1000. 
 
 Wetherlani, mt. , Eng., Lancashire, 2^ m. W. Coniston. 
 Alt. 2502 ft. 
 
 WethersHeld, par., Eng., Essex, Maldon div., 6 m. NNW. 
 Braintree, 5 m. WSW. Hedingham stn., PMT.O. ; 4223 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Wethersfleld, tn., U.S., Connecticut, on Connecticut R., 
 CO. and 4 m. by rail S. Hartford ; contains the Connecticut 
 state prison. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wetley Rocks, eccles. par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Leek div. , 
 6 m. E. Burslem, 2 m. SW. Cheddleton stn., P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Wetmoor, vil. , Eng. , Staffordshire. See Stretton. 
 
 Wettenhall, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 6 m. NW. 
 by W. Crewe, zh m. NE. by E. Calveley stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Wetter, ri v., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, prov. Upper Hesse, a 
 r. bk. trib. of the Nidda ; gives its name to the fertile valley near 
 Friedberg called the Wetteran. 
 
 Wetter, or Wetter an der Rnlir, vil., Prussia, prov. 
 Westphalia, on riv. Ruhr, circle Hagen, 9 m. SSW. Dortmund. 
 P. (comm.) 5400. 
 
 Wetter, Lake, Swedish Vettern, lake, Sweden, in 58° 30' N, , 
 14° 30' E. , 23 m. SE. Lake Wener, and enclosed by the provs. 
 Skaraborg, Jonkoping, Ostergotland, and Orebro. It is often 
 agfitated by storms and sudden variations in its level, but it is of 
 great importance for internal traffic, being connected by a canal 
 with Lake Wener, by which and the Motala R. — serving as an 
 outlet for its surplus waters on the E. — it completes the inland 
 navigation between the Baltic Sea and the Kattegat. Length, 
 80 m. ; breadth, 10 m.; area, 716 sq. m.; alt. 295 ft. 
 
 Wetteren, tn., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. Termonde 
 (Dendermonde), on the Scheldt, 8 m. ESE. Ghent ; manu- 
 factures Siam cottons, tulle, and lace, and has bleach-works, 
 &c. • P. (comm.) 12,000. 
 
 Wetterhorn, or Hasle, mt. , in the Bernese Oberland, 
 Switzd., E. of the Grindelwald, about 12 m. ESE. Interlaken. 
 Alt. 12,150 ft. 
 
 Wetterstelngeblrge, the most important chain of the 
 Bavarian Alps, lie between Bavaria and Tirol, W. from the 
 upper Isar, 15 m. NW. Innsbruck. Highest points — Wetter- 
 stein (8145 ft.), Dreithorspitze (8640 ft.), and Zugspitze (9725 
 ft.), this last being the highest peak in all the German Empire. 
 
 Wettln, tn., Prussia, prov. Sa.xony, circle and on riv. Saale, 
 9 m. NW. Halle. P. <3000. 
 
 Wettlngen, vil., Switzd., cant. Aargau, i m. SE. Baden. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Wetton, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 8 m. E. Leek. 
 PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wettrlngen, vil., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Steinfurt, 
 21 m. NW. Miinster. P. (comm.)<:300o. 
 
 Wetnmpka, vil., U.S., Alabama, cap. Elmore co., on both 
 banks of the Coosa R., navigable to this point, and here crossed 
 by an iron bridge, 13 m. N. by E. of Montgomery. Wetumpka 
 is the shipping point for a cotton region, and contains the state 
 prison. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wetwang, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 I9i m. SSW. Scarborough, on the NE. R., P.O. P. <75o; 
 eccles. par. (Wetwang with Flniber) P. <750. 
 
 Wetwood, P.O., Eng., Staffordshire, 4 m. NW. Eccleshall. 
 
 Wetzel, CO., U.S., W. Virginia, bounded by the Ohio, S. of 
 40° N. 
 
 Wetzlkon, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 12^ m. E. by S. Zurich ; 
 has cotton and silk mills. On the borders of the lake numerous 
 remains of lake-dwellings have been found, especially tombs of 
 the Romans and Alemanni. P. (comm. ) 5400. 
 
 Wetzlar, tn., Prussia, in a detached part of the Rhine Prov., 
 circle Wetzlar, on riv. Lahn, 8 m. WSW. Giessen. In the 
 neighbourhood are large mines of iron and manganese ores and 
 phosphorus. Was formerly an imperial free city, and from 
 1691 to 1806 the seat of the Imperial Chamber. Residence of 
 Goethe during the summer of 1772, when the incidents occurred 
 that gave rise to the production of the Sorrows of Werther. 
 P. 7800. 
 
 Wevelgheni, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. 
 Courtrai. P. 5900. 
 
WE VE 
 
 \V HAL 
 
 Wevelliigliaveii, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , on riv. Erft, 
 circle Grevenbroicli, lo m. SSW. Diisseldorf. P. <;30oo. 
 
 We-wo-ka, vil. , U.S., Indian Terr., Seminole nation, cap. 
 of the Seminole country, about 65 m. NW. Perryville. P. 
 <;i5oo. 
 
 Wexford, vil. , Canada, Ontario, York co. , 9 m. from Toronto. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Wexford, maritime co. , in the SE. corner of Ire., prov. 
 Leinster, on the St. George's Channel, containing ten bars., 
 as in the following table : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Ballaghkeen, North 
 Ballaghkeen, South 
 Bantry 
 Bargy . 
 Forth . 
 Gorey . 
 Scarawalsh . 
 Shelburne . 
 Shelmaliere, East 
 Shelmaliere, West 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1891. 
 
 45.413 
 40,987 
 ioi,S99 
 40,002 
 38,849 
 
 81,932 
 106,651 
 SI. 103 
 16,364 
 50.300 
 
 Total 
 
 S73,2ooi 
 
 6,710 
 
 8,910 
 
 19.065 
 
 7.713 
 19,203 
 
 11.479 
 
 18,071 
 
 10,009 
 
 3.053 
 
 7,565 
 
 111,778 
 
 1 Exclusive of 3388 ac. under the larger rivers and tideways. 
 
 The coast is noted for dangerous sandbanks. Chief inlet, 
 Wexford Harbour, inaccessible at low tide to large vessels. 
 The geological basis is clay-slate, with patches of quartz, a pro- 
 trusion of greenstone trap near Gorey, and in NW. , on the 
 Wicklow and co. Car low borders, a granitic range, with 
 Blackstairs Mt. reaching a height of 2409 ft. The general 
 interior is chiefly a succession of green heights. S. of Wexford 
 Harbour is found Carboniferous limestone. The chief rivers are 
 the Slaney, from NW. to Wexford Harbour on SE. , receiving 
 the Bann ; and the Barrow, forming the W. boundary of the 
 county, and navigable for large vessels to New Ross. The Slaney 
 is navigable for barges to Enniscorthy. The railway service is 
 by the Dublin, Wicklow, and W. R. , with a branch from G. S. & 
 W. R. Much land towards the coast is a fertile alluvial soil, 
 but in W. are large tracts of peat-moss. For agricultural 
 statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. Factories for agricultural 
 implements and soda water, and distillery. There are valuable 
 fisheries at the county town, &c. The N. part of the county 
 belonged to the MacMurroughs, overlords of Leinster. One 
 of that race, Dermod, being deposed, asked for the help of 
 Henry II., and caused the Norman invasion of 1169, and sove- 
 reignty of England. This district had an active share in the 
 rising of 1641, and in 1649 the town was carried by storm during 
 Cromwell's campaign. In 1798 several serious conflicts occurred 
 here with the insurgent peasantry. There are many monastic 
 ruins in this county, and several fine old castles, &c. The 
 county returns two members to Parliament, one for the N. and 
 one for the S. div. Chief towns are Wexford, New Ross, 
 Enniscorthy, and Gorey. Pari. divs. , North Wexford, P. 
 55,400 ; South Wexfo»*d, P. 56,400. 
 
 Wexford, seapt. tn. , Ire. , cap. co. Wexford, on the Dublin, 
 Wicklow, and Wexford and the Fishguard and Rosslare Rlys. , 
 on r. bk. of riv. Slaney, where it expands into Wexford Harbour, 
 64 m. S. Dublin. The tidal harbour is 13 ft. deep at extrance 
 at ordinary spring tides at high water, 9 ft. deep at low water. 
 The harbour entrance is impeded by a shifting bar about 4 m. 
 from the quay, admitting vessels of not more than 10 ft. 
 draught ; larger vessels anchor at Rosslare Harbour, nearly 
 9 m. distant, but connected with Wexford by a branch line. 
 There is a shipbuilding yard, manufacture of implements and 
 cement ; and the town has fisheries, and trade in cattle and 
 agricultural produce. Wexford was founded by the Danes in 
 the 9th century, and remained in their possession until 1169, 
 when it was taken by Fitzstephen MacMurrough, king of 
 Leinster. There are some remains of ancient walls, and ruins 
 of Selskar Priory (12th century). Market-days, W. and S. Tn. 
 P. (1841) 11,300; (1851) 12,500; (1871) 12,100; (1891) 11,500. 
 
 Wexford, co., U.S., Michigan, in the W., N. of 44° N. , 
 E. of 86° W. 
 
 Wexford, Sonth, stn. , Ire., on the Fishguard and Ross- 
 lare Rly. 
 
 Wexham, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div., 3 
 m. NE. by N. Windsor, ij m. ENE. Slough stn., PMT.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Wexlo, tn. , Sweden. See Vexlo. 
 
 Wey and Arnn Canal, Eng. , extending from the Wey, near 
 Godalming, Surrey, to the Arun, near Stopham, Sussex. 
 
 Weyanwega, vil., U.S. , Wisconsin, 27 m. by rail W. Menasha 
 CO. , and 7 m. SE. Waupaca. P. < 1500. 
 
 Weyhourne, maritime par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., ^ m. 
 from the N. ct. , 7 m. W. by N. Cromer, 2 m. WN W. Sherring- 
 ham stn.; terminus of a submarine cable from Borkum, in 
 Hanover. PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Weybrea«l, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, near the N. border of the 
 Eye div., 23 m. NNE. Ipswich, 2| m. S. by W. Harleston stn., 
 P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Weybrldgc, par. , Eng. , Surrey, Chertsey div. , 7J m. W. by 
 S. Kingston, i m. NNW. of its stn. on the L. & SW. R.; the 
 residence of many London merchants. Has some remains of a 
 palace built by Henry VIII. PMT.O. Mean rfall. (Weybridge 
 Heath, alt. 150 ft., 1866-80), yr. 26.6 in. P. <:4ooo. 
 Weydale, P. O. , Scot. , Caithness, 4 m. SE. Thurso. 
 Weyer, vil.. Upper Austria, on the r. bk. of the Enns, 17 m. 
 SE. Steyr. P. <20oo. 
 
 Weyershelm, Alsace-Lorraine. See Welershelni. 
 Weyhlll, vil., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 3 m. W. by N. 
 Andover, 14^ m. NW. Winchester, on the M. & SW. Joint 
 Rly. ; a great agricultural fair is held here annually in October. 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Weymouth, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, Digby co., 
 
 on St. Mary's Bay, 123 m. W. Halifax. 
 
 Weymouth, par. See Weymouth and Mllcombe Regis. 
 
 Weymouth, tn. , U . S. , Massachusetts, Norfolk co. , 1 1 m. SSE. 
 
 Boston. Weymouth is the second oldest settlement in the state, 
 
 founded 1626. P. (1880) 10,600; (1890) 10,900. 
 
 Weymouth and Melcombe-Kegis, mun. bor. , seapt., and 
 market-tn. , Eng., Dorset, S. div., 8 m. S. Dorchester, in the 
 diocese of Salisbury, on the bay of the same name at the mouth 
 of a small stream, the Wey, on the L. & SW. R. and the G. 
 W. R. The tidal ' Backwater,' formed by the Wey, separates 
 Weymouth proper on the S. from the modern Melcombe-Regis 
 on the N.; they are connected by a bridge over the harbour. 
 Both were pari. bors. till 1832, returning two members each, 
 then two as one bor. till 1885, representation being now merged 
 in the county. There are two slips, 134 and 180 ft. long ; the 
 tidal harbour has a quayage of 2200 ft. , with depths of 12 to 19 ft. , 
 and (1893) has been deepened. Melcombe has beautiful sands, 
 an esplanade over a mile long, and a pier 1050 ft. long, and first 
 became a seaside resort under George III. Remains of a castle 
 noted in the Cromwellian war. Market-days, Tu. and F. Mun. 
 bor. P. (i8oi)<i5oo; (1851)9500; (1871)13,300; (1891)13,900; 
 par. (Weymouth) P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Weymouth Bay, bay, Queensland, on Pacific coast of Cape 
 York Penin. , in about 12° 30' S. 
 
 Wezzan, tn. , Morocco. See Wazan. 
 
 Whaddon, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 7 m. E. 
 Buckingham, 3 m. N. by E. Swanbourne stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Whaddon, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div., 10 
 m. SW. Cambridge, i|^ m. WNW. Meldreth and Melbourne 
 stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Whaddon, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div. , 3 
 m. S. by E. Gloucester. P. < 250. See Brookthorpe. 
 
 Whaddon, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Westbury div. ,3 m. NE. by 
 N. Trowbridge, i m. SE. Holt stn. P. <25o. See Hllportwn. 
 Whalngarra, bay, New Zealand, off the W. ct. of North I., 
 between 37° and 38° S. , is about 5 m. long, and extends 7 m. 
 farther in the NE. ; width across mouth ^ m. and 3 J m. , in- 
 cluding one of the five small gulfs which it has at both sides. 
 
 Whakamarama, mt. chain. New Zealand, South I., prov. 
 Nelson, stretches 47 m. along the W. ct. from Cape Farewell 
 in the NE. to the r. bk. of the riv. Heaphy, which separates it 
 from the Tasman plateaux ; gold, silver, copper, tin, zinc, iron, 
 galena, plumbago, molybdena, iridium, platinum, and coal are 
 found on its slopes. Greatest alt. 3985 ft. 
 
 Whakarl, isl. , New Zealand. See White Island. 
 Whakatane, co. , New Zealand, North I., on the NE. ct., 
 crossed by 177° E. 
 
 Whakatane, tn. , New Zealand, North I., Whakatane co. , 
 137 m. SE. by E. Auckland, on the coast ; there is a uni- 
 versity reserve of 10,000 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Whale, hamlet, Eng., Westmorland, Appleby div., on the 
 Lowther, 5J m. S. Penrith, 2J m. SW. by S. Clifton and 
 Lowther stn. 
 
 Whale Chine, small, deep, and narrow valley, Eng., in the 
 Isle of Wight, 2^ m. NW. St. Catherine's Point. 
 
 Whale Flrth^ inlet, Scot., Shetland Is., in the W. of Yell I., 
 stretching 4 m. SSE. from the mouth, in 60° 39' N. 
 
 Whale River, Great and Little, two rivs. , Canada, flowing 
 
 W. into Hudson Bay, the former entering in 55° 18', the latter 
 
 in 55° 55' N. ; Hudson Bay Company's stn. at the mouth of each. 
 
 Whale's Back, small isl, U.S., New Hampshire, at E. of 
 
 entrance to Portsmouth Harbour, in 43° 3' N. , 70° 41' W. 
 
 Whaley, tn., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 7 m. NE. 
 Macclesfield, with a stn. (Whaley Bridge) on the L. & NW. 
 R. ; has coal-mines in the neighbourhood. Alt. 602 ft. Mean 
 rfall. (1866-80), yr. 44.8 in. PMT.O. (Whaleytorldge). See 
 Yeardsley. 
 
 Whalley (hwaw'U), par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 3^ m. 
 S. by W. Clitheroe, on the L. & Y. R. ; has ruins of a splendid 
 Cistercian abbey, founded 1296. The church, rebuilt iioo, was 
 originally founded 628. The parish is one of the largest in 
 England, and is about 13 m. in length and breadth. PMT.O. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 1715 
 
WHAL — WHEE 
 
 Wlialley Range, at, Edmund and St. Margaret, two 
 
 eccles. pars. , Eng. , Lancashire, Manchester par. Whalley St. 
 Edmund, P. 5900 ; Whalley St. Margaret, P. 6600. 
 
 Wlialsay ('whale island'), isl., Scot., Shetland Is., about 2 
 ni. off the E. ct. of the Mainland, in 60° ig^'-z^' N. Length, 
 5| m. ; breadth, 2^ m. PMT.O. P. 927 ; eccles. par. (Whalsay 
 and Skerries) P"<i5oo. 
 
 Wlialton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 5 m. 
 WSW. Morpeth, i m. SSE. Meldon stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wlianipoa, or lI>vanipoa, tn. and seapt., China, prov. 
 Kwangtung, 27 m. S. by E. Canton, on an island forming part 
 of the delta of the Si-kiang ; an outport of Canton ; has two 
 government dry docks not open to merchant vessels. 
 
 Whangapoua, post-tn., New Zealand, North I., Coromandel 
 CO., 50 m. from Auckland by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wliangarel, cc. New Zealand, North I., on the NE. ct., to 
 the E. of 174° E. , and crossed in the S. by 36° S. 
 
 Wbangarel, or Wangarel, post-tn.. New Zealand, North L, 
 Whangarei co. , 80 m. NNW. Auckland ; coal and iron are 
 worked, and there are medicinal springs. Limestone caves are 
 among the natural curiosities of the neighbourhood. P. < 1500. 
 
 Whangarei Heads, post-tn., New 2fealand, North L, Whan- 
 garei CO. , 70 m. N. by W. Auckland ; has an excellent harbour. 
 The fantastic peaks near the entrance are, according to Maori 
 tradition, the chief Manaia, his wife, and two children. P. < 1500. 
 
 Whangaroa, post-tn. and harboiu-. New Zealand, North I., 
 Whangaroa co., 136 m. NNW. Auckland. Whangaroa has a 
 magnificent harbour, 5 m. in length, and amidst beautiful 
 scenery. Scene of the massacre of Boyd's crew and sixty-four 
 passengers, 1809. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wbaplode, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland div., 5 m. E. 
 by N. Spalding, on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly., P.O.; 10,688 ac. 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 liVIiaplode Drove, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, Holland 
 div., 8 m. SE. by S. Spalding, 2 m. ENE. Postland stn., PM.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Wharf Bank, \orth, shoal, Eng., at the mouth of the Wyre 
 R. , N. Lancashire, near Fleetwood. 
 
 Wharfe, riv., Eng., rises 4 m. N. of Pen-y-gent, in the NW. 
 of the W. Riding of Yorkshire, flows SE. to Ilkley, then E. to 
 Wetherby, and finally ESE. past Tadcaster, and enters the 
 Ouse from the right 8 m. below York. 
 
 Wtaarles, vil., Eng., Lancashire, Blackpool div., 6J m. NW. 
 by W. Preston, 4J m. W. by N. Barton and Broughton stn. 
 
 WhamcUfTe, PM.O., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 6 m. 
 NW. SheflSeld. In the vicinity are WhamclllTe Crags, on the 
 E. bank of the Don, whence magnificent views are obtained. 
 WharncUffe Lodge (built in 1510) was for some time the resi- 
 dence of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. 
 
 Whamley, vil. , Eng. , Northumberland, div. and 4 m. N W. 
 by W. Hexham, on the r. bk. of the S. Tyne, i m. SW. Four- 
 stones stn. 
 
 Wliarrani-le-Street, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buck- 
 rose div., i7i m. SW. Scarborough, close to Wharrani stn. 
 (NE. R.), P.O. (Wtaarram>le>Street Station). P.<2So. 
 
 Wharrani Percy, par., li m. S. by W. P. <25o. 
 
 Wharton, par., Eng., Cheshire, div. and 5 m. S. Northwich, 
 with a stn. (Over and Wharton) on a branch of the L. & NW. 
 R. ; has salt-works and boat-building. P. <4000. 
 
 Wharton, vil. , Eng. , Lancashire, 7 m. N. Lancaster ; coal 
 mined. 
 
 Wharton, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, 2 m. S. Kirkby Stephen. 
 P.<:25o. 
 
 Wharton, tn., U.S., Texas, cap. Wharton co., on 1. bk. of 
 the Colorado, 60 m. SW. by W. Houston. P. < 1500, Whar- 
 ton County is traversed by the Colorado. 
 
 Whashton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 3 m. 
 NNW. Richmond. P.<25o. 
 
 Whatawhata, post-tn. , New Zealand, North I. , Waipa co. , 
 65 m. S. by E. Auckland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Whatborongh, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 11 m. 
 E. by N. Leicester. P. <2So. 
 
 What Cheer, coal-mining city, U.S., Iowa, Keokuk co., 12 
 m. NW. Sigourney, 76 m. W. Muscatine. P. <4000. 
 
 Whatcom, city, U.S., Washington, cap. Whatcom co., 40 
 m. SE. by S. New Westminster, British Columbia. P. <:sooo. 
 
 Whatcote, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 9^ m. SE. 
 Stratford-on-Avon, 4 m. S. Ettington stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Whatcroft, par., Eng., Cheshire, 3 m. NW. Middlewich. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Whately, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Franklin co., 16J m. N. 
 by W. Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Whatfleld, par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., 9 m. W. by 
 N. Ipswich, 2^ m. N. Hadleigh. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Whatley, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 2J m. W. Frome, 
 P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Whatllngton, par., Eng., Sussex, Rye div., 6J m. NW, by 
 N. Hastings, 2 m. N. Battle stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Whatstand-well Bridge, stn. , Eng. , Derbyshire, Mid div. , 
 1716 
 
 on the M. R., in the Derwent valley, 11 m. SSW. Chesterfield, 
 PM.O. 
 
 Whatton, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Newark div. , loj m. 
 E. Nottingham, close to Aslockton stn. Birthplace of Arch- 
 bishop Cranmer, 1489. P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Whatton, Long, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 4 m. 
 NW. Loughborough, 2i m. WNW. Hathern stn., P.O. P. < 
 750- 
 
 WhauphUI ('curlew hill'), stn., Scot., Wigtownshire, on the 
 Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Joint Rly., 4 m. SSW. Wigtown, 
 PT.O. 
 
 Whaw, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Arkengarth Dale 
 par., 8^ m. N. Askrigg; coal is mined in the neighlx>urhood. 
 
 Wheatacre, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 9^ m. SW. by S. 
 Yarmouth, 2 ra. SW. Somerleyton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wheatdale, settlement, U.S., Washington, Lincoln co. , 35 
 m. W. Spokane Falls. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wheatenhnrst, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury 
 div., 7 m. SW. by S. Gloucester, 3^ m. W. by S. Haresfield 
 stn. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Wheatenhnrst or Whltmlnster) 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Wheatfield, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 12 m. 
 ESE. Oxford, 3 m. WNW. Aston Rowant stn. P. <:2So. 
 
 Wheatfield, vil.. Ire., NE. co. Londonderry, bar. Keenaght, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Roe, 12 m. WSW. Coleraine. 
 
 Wheathampsteail, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and 4J 
 m. NNE. St. Albans, on the Lee, on a branch of the G. N. R." 
 PMT.O. ; 5187 ac. P.<25oo. 
 
 WheathlU, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 14 m. W. by N. 
 Kidderminster, 6i m. NW. Cleobury Mortimer stn. P. <2So. 
 
 WheathlU, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 7^ m. SE. Glas- 
 tonbury, 3 m. SW. Castle Cary stn. P. <250. 
 
 WheathlU, P.O., Ire., co. Fermanagh, 3 m. from Florence- 
 court stn. 
 
 Wheatland, or Wlckham, vil., Canada, Quebec, Drum- 
 mond CO., 14^ m. from Melbourne. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wheatland, vil., U.S., California, Yuba co. , 32 m. N. by E. 
 Sacramento. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wheatland, vil., U.S., Iowa, Clinton co., 43 m. E. by S. 
 Cedar Rapids. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wheatland, vil., U.S., Missouri, Hickory co., 4 m. W. 
 Hermitage ; lead is found near. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wheatland, vil., U.S., N. Dakota, Cass co., 27 m. W. 
 Fargo. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Wheatland, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Mercer co., on 
 Beaver R. , 53 m. NNW. Allegheny. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wheatley, vil., Eng., Lancashire, Clitheroe div. , 3^ m. N. 
 Burnley, 2 m. W. Nelson stn. See Thomley. 
 
 Wheatley, par. and tn. , Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 
 5 m. E. Oxford, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Wheatley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 2 m. NE. 
 Doncaster. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wheatley, North and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div., 4 m. SW. by W. Gains- 
 borough, ij m. W. Sturton stn. North Wlieatley, P. <5oo; 
 South Wheatley, P. <:25o; eccles. par. (Xorth and South 
 Wheatley and West Burton) P. <5oo. 
 
 Wheatley Booth, vil. , Eng. , Lancashire. See Barley>M'lth« 
 Wheatley-Booth. 
 
 Wheatley Carr Booth, par., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. SW. 
 Colne. P. <250. 
 
 Wheatley HUl, PM.O. , Eng. , Durham, 2 m. from Thornley. 
 
 Wheatly, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Essex co., 37 m. from Chat- 
 ham. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wheatly River, vil. , Canada, Prince Edward Island, Queen's 
 CO., 30 m. from Charlottetown. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wheaton, vil., U.S., Illinois, cap. Du Page co. , 25 m. by 
 rail W. Chicago ; seat of Wheaton College. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Wheaton Aston, vil., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 8J m. 
 SW. by S. Stafford, on the Liverpool and Birmingham Canal, 
 5 m. W. by S. Penkridge stn., P.O. See Lapley. 
 
 Wheatsheaf, PM.O., Wales, Denbighshire, 3 m. from 
 Wrexham. 
 
 Wheddon Cross, P. O. , Eng. , 6 m. from Dunster (Somerset). 
 
 Wheeldale QUI, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, rising in 
 Egton High Moor, and flowing E. and N. through the Whitby 
 div. to the Esk, which it joins on the r. bk. at Grosmont, 6 m. 
 SW. Whitby. 
 
 Wheeler, vil., U.S., Colorado, Summit co., 65 m. W. by S. 
 Denver, and 18 m. NNW. Leadville. P. <iSoo. 
 
 Wheeler, co., U.S., Nebraska, W. of 98° W., crossed in the 
 N. by 42° N. 
 
 Wheeler, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Charles Mix co., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Missouri R., 74 m. W. by N. Yankton. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wheeler, co., U.S., Texas, on the E. frontier of the NW, 
 section of the state, N. of 35° N. 
 
 Wheelersburg, vil., U.S., Ohio, Scioto co., on the Ohio, 90 
 ra. ESE. Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wheeler's Peak, mt., U.S., Nevada, White Pine co., 200 
 m. S. of the NE. corner of the state. Alt. 13,036 ft. (Wheeler). 
 
W H E E — W H I r 
 
 Wbeelliig, city, U.S., W. Virginia, Ohio co. , on the Ohio, 
 26 m. NNW. of the SW. corner of Pennsylvania. The city, 
 which is the most important commercial and manufacturing 
 place in the state, is backed by hills extending along alluvial 
 ground for about 5 m.; has nail factories, blast-furnaces, exten- 
 sive breweries, and tobacco works, and manufactures rail bar, 
 sheet-iron, tin-plate, fine pottery, glass, and machinery, and 
 has considerable river and railway trade. It has also building 
 of steamers. The surrounding country contains enormous 
 deposits of bituminous coal. Zane's I., in the Ohio, is con- 
 nected with the city by a fine suspension and a steel bridge ; 
 two other steel bridges connect with Bridgeport and Martin's 
 Ferry. Wheeling was settled 1774. Alt. 637 ft. (R. R.). P. 
 (1870) 19,300; (1880) 30,700; (1890) 34,500. 
 
 Wlieelock, par., Eng. , Cheshire, div. and 3 m. NE. by E. 
 Crewe, 2 m. SSE. Sandbach stn., PM.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 H'lieelock, riv. , Eng., in the SE. of Cheshire, trib. of riv. 
 Dane, which it joins on the 1. bk. below Middlewich. 
 
 Wheeltoii, par., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. NE. Chorley, 
 PM.O. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wlieeo, post-tn. , New South Wales, King co. , 125 m. SW. 
 by W. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 "Wlieery, or KlUasally, par.. Ire., King's co. , bar. Garry- 
 castle, on the Grand Canal and riv. Brosna, contains Ferbane 
 town; 17,557 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wheldrake, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 6i m. SE. York, 4^ m. ENE. Escrick stn., P.O. ; 4511 
 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Whelforrt, vil., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., on 
 the riv. Coin, 2^ m. W. by S. Lechlade. See Kenip^ford. 
 
 Wlielpiiigtoii, West, par., Eng., Northumberland, 9 m. E. 
 Bellingham ; 4002 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Whenby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 11^ m. N. by E. York, 4^ m. S. by E. Gilling stn. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Whepstead, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Sudbury div. , 4 m. SSW. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Whernslde (anciently Quernside, referring to the querns 
 made from the millstone grit on its sides), mt. , Eng., York- 
 shire, in the extreme W. of the W. Riding, Skipton div., 16 m. 
 ESE. Kendal. Alt. 2414 ft. 
 
 Whernside, dreat, mt., Eng., Yorkshire, in the N. of the 
 W. Riding, on the borders of the Skipton and Ripon divs. , 20 
 m. W. Ripon. Alt. 2310 ft. 
 
 Whernslde, Uttle, hill, about 3 m. ENE. Great Whernside, 
 in the Ripon div. Alt. 1954 ft. 
 
 Wherstead, par., Eng., Suffolk, Samford union, on the 
 Orwell, 2| m. S. Ipswich. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wherwell, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., on the 
 Test, 9i m. NW. by N. Winchester, on the L. & SW. R., 
 PMT.O". P.<7So. 
 
 Wliessoe, par., Eng., Durham, 2 m. NW. Darlington. P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 Wlieston, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 5 m. ENE. 
 Buxton, 2 m. N. by W. Millersdale stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Whetstone, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 5 
 m. SSW. Leicester, i m. WSW. Blaby stn. ; has framework- 
 knitting. P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Whetstone, vil., Eng., Middlesex, Enfield div., on the 
 border of Herts, 2 m. S. by E. Barnet, with a stn. (Totterldge 
 and Whetstone) on the G. N. R. See Flitchley. 
 
 Whetstone €reek, riv., U.S., Ohio; has two branches, 
 which rise in Morrow co. , and join in the N. of Delaware co. , 
 after which the river flows S. to the Scioto, which it joins on the 
 1. bk. at Columbus. 
 
 Whlchford, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon 
 div. , 10 m. WSW. Banbury, 2i m. WNW. Hook Norton. P. 
 500 ; eccles. par. (Whlchford >vlth Stonrton) P. <:7So. 
 
 Whlckham, par. and tn., Eng., Durham, Chester-le-Street 
 div., 3 m. WSW. Newcastle, i m. S. Swalwell stn.; has saw- 
 mills, and chemical and iron works, &c. PMT.O. 5925 ac. 
 P. 9200. 
 
 Whldby, isl. , U.S., Washington, near the mouth of Puget 
 Sound. 
 
 Whldhy Islands, group of small isls. , S. Australia, off 
 Whidhy Point, on SW. ct. of Eyre's Penin. , in 135° 2' E. 
 
 Whltldy Island, Ire. , at the head of Bantry Bay, co. Cork ; 
 has two forts. 
 
 Wlilfllet, suburb of Coatbridge, Scot., NW. Lanarkshire, 
 with stns. (Central and Low Level) on the C. R. and the 
 N. B. R. 
 
 While, vil. , Eng. , Herefordshire. See Pndtllestone. 
 
 Whilton, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 8^ m. 
 WNW. Northampton, 2 m. S. by E. Long Buckby stn., P.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Whlniple, par. , Eng., Devonshire, Honitondiv. , 8 m. ENE. 
 E.xeter, on the L. & SW. R., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Whinbergh (spelt Whinborongh on the map in Gough's 
 edition of Camden (1789), and now often written Whiubnrgh), 
 par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 14 m. W. Norwich, 3 m. S. by 
 
 E. East Dereham, i m. S. by E. Yaxham stn. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (Whinbergh witli Westtteid) P. <soo. 
 
 Whinfell, par., Eng., Cumberland, 3 J m. S. by E. Cocker- 
 mouth (^.i/.). P. <25o. 
 
 Whinfell, par., Eng., Westmorland, 7 m. NE. Kendal; 
 4346 ac. P. < 250. 
 
 Whinlatter, crag and pass, Eng., Cumberland, 5 m. NW. 
 Keswick. Alt. of crag, 1696 ft. 
 
 Wliinyeoii, Loch, small lake, Scot. , Kirkcudbrightshire, in 
 the SW., about 4 m. NNE. of Fleet Bay, 7 m. NW. by N. 
 Kirkcudbright, drained E. into Tarff Water. 
 
 Whlpling, small riv., Eng., Leicestershire (NE. ) and Not- 
 tinghamshire (SE.), affluent of the riv. Smite, which it joins on 
 the r. bk. 
 
 Whippany, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Morris co., 3J m. E. 
 Morristown. P. < 1500. 
 
 Whippinghani, par., Eng., Isle of Wight, I5 m. S. by E. 
 of E. Cowes, 1^ m. NNW. of its stn. on the Isle of Wight 
 Central Rly. (stn. for Osborne), P.O.; 4638 ac. P. 5200. 
 
 Whipple, lake, U.S., Minnesota, Pope co. , drained SE. by 
 the Chippewa R. Length about 3 m. , by 3 m. broad. 
 
 Whipsnade, par., Eng., Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, 
 div. and 5^ m. WSW. Luton, 3 m. S. Dunstable stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Whiptou, P.O., Eng., Devonshire, 2 m. from Pinhoe. 
 
 Whisby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven div., 5 m. 
 WSW. Lincoln, i m. N. Thorpe-on-the-Hill stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wliissendine, par., Eng., Rutland, 4 m. N. by W. Oakham, 
 ij m. S. by W. of its stn. on the M. R., PMT.O.; 4033 ac. P. 
 <75o. 
 
 Wliissonsett, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 19 m. E, 
 King's Lynn, 3J m. SW. Ryburgh stn., PM.O. P. <7So; 
 eccles. par. (Wliissonsett ivith Hornlngtoft) P. < 1000. 
 
 Wlilstler, vil., U.S., Alabama, co. and 7 m. NW. of Mobile. 
 P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Wliistley, par., Eng., Berkshire, union and 3 m. NW. 
 Wokingham. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wliiston, par., Eng., Lancashire, Widnes div., 4^ m. SW. 
 byS. St. Helens, j.\ m. E. Huyton Green stn., PM^T.O. P. 
 <35oo. 
 
 Whist^n, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 5^ m. 
 SSW. Wellingborough, 2^ m. SW. Castle Ashby and Earls 
 Barton. P. < 250. 
 
 Wlilstou, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 2J m. 
 SE. Rotherham, P.O. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Whistones, par., Eng., Worcestershire, included in bor. of 
 Worcester. P. < 3000. 
 
 WhiUicre, Xether, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 7 m. 
 S. by E. Tamworth, \\ m. NE. Whltacre Junction, on the 
 M. R. , P.O. (Whltacre Heath). P. <75o. 
 
 Whitacre, Over, par. , 2 m. SE. P. < 500. 
 
 Wliitbeck, par., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., ii| m. 
 NNW. Barrow, 2 m. N. by W. Silecroft stn.; has druidical 
 remains. 4482 ac. P. <:25o. 
 
 Whltbonrne, par., Eng., on the E. border of Herefordshire, 
 div. and 15 m. E. Leominster, 2 m. NW. Knightwick stn., 
 PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Whitburn, par., Eng., Durham, Jarrow div., on the coast, 
 2| m. N. Sunderland, 2 m. E. Cleadon Lane stn. Whitburn 
 is resorted to for sea-bathing, and has chalybeate springs. 
 PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Whitburn, par., Scot., Linlithgowshire, i m. W. of its stn. 
 on the N. B. R. , 8 m. SSW. Linlithgow; coal is mined here. 
 PMT.O. 9775 ac. P. 5800. 
 
 Wliitby, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, prov. and 
 cap. CO. Ontario, on Lake Ontario, 27 m. NE. by E. Toronto; 
 has a fine harbour. Manufactures include mill machinery, iron- 
 castings, agricultural implements, &c. P. <300o. 
 
 Wliltby, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 6 m. N. Chester, 
 close to Ellesmere Port stn., P.O. P. 5100. 
 
 Wliitby, par. and tn. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, in W. 
 div., on the coast, on both sides of the Esk, 50 m. NE. York, 
 and 16^ m. NW. by N. Scarborough, on the NE. R. The 
 river is crossed by a swing iron bridge ; there is ample accom- 
 modation for vessels, and slips for shipbuilding. The tidal 
 harbour is 58 ac. in area ; depth available at high water 
 ordinary spring tides 15 ft. , ordinary neap tides 12 ft. Owing 
 to the beauty of the town and its surroundings, and its bracing 
 moors, Whitby has become a watering-place of resort, and a 
 new town has been built on the West Cliff. The noble ruins 
 of St. Hilda's Abbey, founded in 566, but rebuilt in the nth 
 century, mark the place where lived and died (about 880) the 
 poet Cagdmon. The jet found in the dist. is famed over the 
 world, and the manufacture of ornaments from it is a special 
 industry. Whitby has shipbuilding, and manufactures of sail- 
 cloth and cordage. On Ling Hill, about 2 m. SE., is a light- 
 house, with light 240 ft. above high water, visible 22 m. 
 Market-day, S. Alt. 184 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), yr. 26.9 in. 
 Tn. P. 13,100; par. P. 7500; pari. div. P. 54,800. 
 
 Whltchester, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 
 10 m. WNW. Newcastle, 25 m. NNW. Wylam stn. P. <25o. 
 
 1717 
 
WHIT 
 
 WHIT 
 
 Whltchnrclt, par., Eng., Berkshire, Oxfordshire, on 1. bk. 
 Thames, 6 m. WNW. Reading, opposite Pangbourn stn., 
 PM.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Wliltclinrcli, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. and 4^ m. 
 N. byW. Aylesbury, PMT.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. (Wlilt' 
 fhnrcli wltii Creslow) P. <75o. 
 
 Wtaltcbnrcb, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and i m. SE. 
 Tavistock stn., 12 m. N. by E. Plymouth, P.O.; 6206 ac. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 WliltchnrcU, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., ii| m. 
 W. by S. Basingstoke, on the L. & SW. R. and G. W. R.; 
 has silk and woollen mills. PMT.O. 6367 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Whltctanrch, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., on the 
 r. bk. of the Wye, 4^ m. NE. by N. Monmouth, 2 m. N. 
 Symond's Yat stn., PM.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Whlt«hurcb, par. and market-tn., Eng., Salop, Newport 
 div., 10 m. SW. Nantwich, on the L. & NW. and G. W. and 
 Cambrian Rlys. Market-day, F. Par. 14,870 ac, P. 6600; tn. 
 (Whltrhnrcli and Dodlugton) P. <45oo ; eccles. par. (Wlilt- 
 cbaroh Mltli Uodlugtoii), partly in Cheshire, P. 5600. 
 
 Whitcliiireli, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 3 m. SSE. 
 Bristol, P.O. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Wliltchnrcli or Felton) 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 WIilt€liurch, par., Eng., in a detached part of Warwick- 
 shire, div. and 4^ m. S. by E. Stratford-on-Avon. P. <25o. 
 
 Whitchurch, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 4 m. 
 NW. by N. Cardiff, i m. N. Radyr stn., PMT.O. P. < 3500. 
 
 Whitchurch, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 7 m. S. by W. 
 Cardigan, 3 m. NW. by W. Crymmych Arms stn. P. <:soo. 
 
 Whitchurch, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, i m. N. of St. 
 Bride Bay, 12 m. NW. by W. Haverfordwest. P. < 1000; 
 eccles. par. (Whitchnrcli ■H'ltii St. Elvis) P. < 1000. 
 
 Wliitchurch Canonicornni, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. 
 div., on the Char, 4 m. NE. by E. Lyme Regis, P.O.; 4253 ac. 
 P. < 1000; eccles. par. (Wliitchurch Canouicorum with 
 Stantou St. Gabriel and Marshwood) P. < 1500. 
 
 WhitcIifTe ivith Tliorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 
 ij m. S. Ripon. P. <:2So. 
 
 Whitcoinl>e, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., 2J m. SE. 
 Dorchester. P. <2So. 
 
 Whitcoiube, Great, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkes- 
 bury div., 5^ m. SW. by S. Cheltenham, P.O. (Witcombe). 
 P.<25o. 
 
 Wliite, CO., New South Wales, between 149° and 150° E. , 
 bounded on the N. by the Namoi or Peel R. 
 
 White, CO., U.S., Arkansas, crossed in W. by 92° W., and 
 N. of 35° N. , bounded on E. by White R. 
 
 White, CO., U.S., Georgia, S. of 35° N., and E. of 84° W. 
 
 Wliite, CO., U.S., Illinois, on E. frontier, crossed in S. by 
 38° N. 
 
 White, CO., U.S., Indiana, S. of 41° N., and crossed in W. 
 by 87° W. 
 
 White, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Brookings co., 116 m. 
 NNE. Yankton. 
 
 White, CO. , U. S. , Tennessee, E. of 86° W. , crossed in the N. 
 by 36° N. 
 
 White Abbey, tn. , Ire., SE. ct. co. Antrim, bar. Lower 
 Belfast, on Belfast Lough, 4 m. SW. Carrickfergus, on the 
 Belfast and Northern Counties Rly. ; has flax-mills and bleach- 
 works. PMT. O. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Whiteadder, small riv., Scot., rises in the S. of Haddington- 
 shire, and winds on the whole south-eastwards to the Tweed, 
 which it joins between 2 and 3 m. above Berwick. 
 
 White Ball Head, cape. Ire. , SW. ct. co. Cork, N. Bantry 
 Bay. 
 
 White Bay. I. Large bay, Newfoundland, on the SE. of the 
 NW. penin. 2. A dist. occupying the greater part of that 
 penin. 
 
 White Bear (for Adlington), stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the 
 L. & NW. R., 4 m. N. by E. Wigan. 
 
 White Bear, vil. , U.S., Minnesota, Ramsey co. P. <isoo. 
 
 White Bear Lake, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Ramsey co., 10 m. 
 NE. by N. St. Paul ; favourite summer resort for St. Paul 
 merchants. P. < 1500. 
 
 White Bear's Arm, riv., Newfoundland, flows S. into the 
 Atlantic Ocean, in 57° 22' W. 
 
 White Bluff, summer resort, U.S., Georgia, Chatham co., 
 at mouth of Vernon R., 8^ m. S. Savannah. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wliiteboro' (for Hucknall under Huthwaite), stn., Eng., 
 Derbyshire, on the M. R., 4 m. from Alfreton. 
 
 Whiteborough, hill, Eng., in the S. of Devonshire, 14 m. 
 NE. by E. Plymouth. Alt., 1564 ft. 
 
 Whitebridge, PT.O., Scot., Inverness-shire, on riv. Foyers, 
 10 m. NE. Fort Augustus. 
 
 Whitebrook, P.O., Eng., Monmouthshire, on riv. Wye, 4 
 m. SE. Monmouth. 
 
 Whitecaims, P.O., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 3 m. SE. New 
 Machar stn. 
 
 White Cap, mt., U.S., Maine, Piscataquis co., 57 m. NW. 
 by N. Bangor, 15 m. E. Moosehead Lake. 
 1718 
 
 Whltecastle, electoral div. , Ire., Donegal, dist. Moville. 
 
 Whitechapel, eccles. par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Kirkham par. 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Whitechapel, part of London, Eng., partly in the city, with 
 a stn. on the East London Rly., and another (Whitechapel 
 Mile End) on the Dist. Rly. It gives name to one of the divs. 
 of Tower Hamlets bor. (f.v.). Pari. div. P. 74,400. 
 
 Whitecliurch, vil., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 11 m. NE. 
 by E. Dorchester, 5 m. SW. Blandford, PMT.O. 
 
 Whitechnrch, par.. Ire., co. and 6J m. N. by W. Cork, 
 4 m. from Rathdutf stn. , bars. Barretts, Barrymore, and Cork, 
 P.O.; 10,514 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Whitecliurch, par.. Ire., co. Dublin, bar. Rathdown, 2 m. 
 S. Rathfarnhani, 6 m. from Dublin stn., P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Whitechnrch, par.. Ire., co. Kildare, bar. Naas N., on the 
 Grand Canal and riv. Liffey, 4 m. SW. Celbridge. P. <25o. 
 
 Whitechnrch, par.. Ire., SW. co. Kilkenny, bar. Iverk, 2^ 
 m. NNE. Carrick-on-Suir. P. <5oo. 
 
 Whitecliurch, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Iffa and Offa 
 West, 4 m. SW. Caher. P. <5oo. 
 
 Whitechurch, par.. Ire., W. co. Waterford, bar. Decies 
 without Drum, 5^ ra. WNW. Dungarvan ; 9952 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Whitechurch, par.. Ire., co. Wexford, bars. Bantry and 
 Shelburne, on riv. Barrow, 5 m. SW. New Ross ; 5342 ac. 
 P. <750. 
 
 Whitechurch, electoral div.. Ire., SW. co. Wexford, bar. 
 Shelburne, 5 m. S. New Ross, i| m. from the 1. bk. of the 
 Barrow. 
 
 Whitechurchglynn, par.. Ire., co. and 7 m. NW. Wexford, 
 bars. Bantry and Shelmaliere W. ; 7188 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 White Cliffs, an opal field in the Wilcannia dist., New 
 South Wales. 
 
 White Cliffs, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Selwyn co., 
 36 m. W. by N. Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wliite Cliff Springs, summer health resort, U.S., in SE. of 
 Tennessee, Monroe co. , on Chilhowee Mt. ; noted for its valuable 
 mineral springs. Alt. 1200 ft. The population is fluctuating. 
 
 White Cloud, tn., U.S., Kansas, Doniphan co., on Missouri 
 R., 19 m. by rail SE. Falls City. P. < 1500. 
 
 White Cloud, vil., U.S., Michigan, Newaygo co., 95 m. W. 
 Bay City. P. < 1500. 
 
 White Colne, par., Eng., Essex, union and 4J m. SE. 
 Halstead, P.O. P. <:soo. 
 
 White Coomb, mt., Scot., Dumfriesshire, 7^ m. NE. Moffat. 
 Alt. 2695 ft. 
 
 Whltecroft, vil., Eng., Gloucestershire, 2.^ m. N. Lydney, 
 on the Severn and Wye, and Severn Bridge and Monmouth Rly. ; 
 coal mined in the vicinity. PM.O. 
 
 Whitecross, P.O., Ire., 5 m. S. Markethill, co. Armagh. 
 
 Whitedale, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., on the NE. R., 9 m. NE. by N. Hull. 
 
 White Earth Indian Reservation, U.S., Minnesota, part 
 in Polk CO. and part in Norman co. , N. of 47° N. , and crossed 
 by 96° W. 
 
 Whitefarland Bay, Scot., Argyllshire, Jura, on the Sound 
 of Islay, in 55° 52' N. 
 
 Whitefarland Point, cape, Scot., isl. of Arran, W. ct., 10 
 m. WNW. Brodick. 
 
 Whitefleld, vil., Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co. , 17 m. from 
 Orangeville, and 60 m. from Toronto. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Whitefleld, urban sanitary dist., Eng., Lancashire, Radcliffe 
 div., 4 m. S. by E. Bury, on the L. & Y. R.; manufacttires 
 cotton. PMT.O. P. 10,800. 
 
 Whitefleld, PMT.O., Eng., Northumberland. See Whlt- 
 fleld. 
 
 Whitefleld, tn. , U.S., Maine, Lincoln co., on Sheepscot R., 
 10 m. SE. Gardiner stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Whitefleld, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Coos co. , 70 m. 
 SSW. of the NE. corner of the state. P. <30oo. 
 
 White Fish, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the Sault St. 
 Mary line of the C. P. R., 461 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Whiteflsh Point, fishing stn., U.S., Michigan, Chippewa 
 CO. , on Whitefish Cape, on Lake Sup)erior, marks the entrance 
 of Whitefish Bay. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wliltefoord, post-tn., Tasmania, Monmouth co., 65 m. NW. 
 Hobart by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Whitefoord Hills, post-tn., Tasmania, Devon co., 33 m. W. 
 Launceston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Whlteford Point, cape, Wales, in the W. of Glamorganshire, 
 on Burry Inlet, 5 m. SW. Llanelly. 
 
 Whitegate, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, div. and 4 m. SSW. 
 Northwich, 2^ m. SE. Cuddington stn., on the Cheshire Lines 
 & M. S. & L." Joint Rly., P.O. P. <20oo. 
 
 Whitegate, fishing tn.. Ire., SE. co. Cork, bar. Imokilly, 3^ 
 m. SE. by E. Queenstown, on the E. of Cork Harbour, PMT.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Whitegate, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Galway, bar. Leitrim, 10 m. 
 NW. by W. Nenagh (Tipperary), PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Whitehall, or Pauistown, Ire., E. co. and 10 m. E. by N. 
 Kilkenny, bar. Gowran, 4 m. from Bagnalstown stn., PM.O. 
 
WHIT 
 
 WHIT 
 
 >VliitebalI, P.O., Ire., co. Roscommon, 8 m. W. Longford. 
 
 White Hall, city, U.S., Illinois, Greene co., 57 m. N. by W. 
 St. Louis (Mo.). P. < 2000. 
 
 Whltetaall, vil., U.S., Michigan, on E. shore of White 
 Lake, 5 m. from Lake Michigan, co. and 16 m. N. Muskegon. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Wliltehnll, vil, U.S., New York, Washington co., 58 m. 
 N. by E. Troy, with which it is connected by the Champlain 
 Canal. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Wlilte Hall, vil., U.S., S. Carolina, Colleton co. , 44 m. W. 
 Charleston. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Wlilte Hart Lane (for Tottenham), stn., Eng. , Middlesex, 
 on the G. E. R., 6^ m. N. by E. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 White Haven, seapt., Canada, Nova Scotia, Guysborough 
 CO., on the E. ct. , 84 m. ESE. Pictou. P. < 1500. 
 
 Whitehaven, pari, bor., par., seapt., and market-tn., Eng., 
 Cumberland, 6^ m. S. by W. Workington, on a creek of the 
 Irish Sea, near the entrance of Solway Firth, with stations 
 on the L. & NW., Furness, Cockermouth, Keswick, and 
 Penrith, M., NE., Maryport & Carlisle, L. & Y., and C. 
 Rlys. , 3 m. NE. St. Bees Head. An outer and inner harbour, 
 besides the Queen's Dock. The outer harbour, 25 ac. , is 21-26 
 ft. deep at high water ordinary spring tides, 15-21 ft. at high 
 water ordinary neap tides. From it are exported great quan- 
 tities of coal from mines which extend a long way under the 
 town and beneath the sea. It has also iron-smelting works, 
 iron and brass foundries and blast-furnaces, and manufactures of 
 sail-cloth, cordage, &c. Market-days, Tu., Th. , and S. Tn. 
 P. 18,000 ; par. P. 12,200 ; pari. bor. P. 19,200. 
 
 White Haven, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Carbon co., on 
 Lehigh R., 21 m. S. by W. Scranton, and 12 m. SE. by S. 
 Wilkesbarre. Alt. 1143 ft. (R.R.). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Whitehead, seapt., Canada, Nova Scotia, co. and 31 m. 
 from Guysborough. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wliltehead, tnld.. Ire., co. Antrim, bar. Lower Belfast, on 
 N. side of Belfast Lough, 5 m. NE. Carrickfergus, on the 
 Belfast and Northern Counties Rly. , P. O. (Whitehead Railway 
 station). P. <25o. 
 
 White Head, cape. Ire. , on the E. ct. of co. Antrim, in 54° 
 46' N. , with a coastguard station. 
 
 White Hill, Eng., Devonshire, on Dartmoor, 13 m. E. 
 Launceston. 
 
 Whltehill, PMT.O., Eng., near West Liss, Hampshire. 
 
 White Hill, hill, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Sowerby div., 
 8 m. NW. by W. Halifax. 
 
 Whltehllls, fishing vil., Scot., Banffshire, on the N. ct. , 
 2i m. WNW. Banft", i m. N. Ladysbridge stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <isoo. 
 
 White Hills, post-tn. , Tasmania, Cornwall co. , 9 m. from 
 Launceston by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 White Hills, U.S., Texas, about head-stream of Red R.; 
 contain immense deposits of the purest gypsum. 
 
 White Hills, hamlet, Victoria, Bendigo co. , 3 m. NE. 
 Sandhurst ; in a fruit-growing dist. There are quartz reefs and 
 potters' clay in the neighbourhood. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wlilte Horse, fishing stn.. Ire., co. Cork, on Bantry Bay, 4 
 m. SW. Bantry. 
 
 White Horse Common, P.O., Eng., Norfolk, 2 m. from 
 North Walsham. 
 
 White Horse Vale, valley of riv. Ock, Eng. , Berkshire ; 
 takes its name from the figure of a horse dug on the NW. 
 flank of a chalk hill. 
 
 Wliltehonse, stn., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, 10 m. WSW. 
 Inverurie, on the G. N. of S. R., PM.O. 
 
 Wliitehouse, P. O. , Scot. , Argyllshire, 15^ m. S. Ardrishaig, 
 on W. Loch Tarbert. 
 
 Wliltehonse, vil., U.S., Ohio, Lucas co., 16 m. by rail W. 
 Toledo. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Whltehonse, Lower and Upper, two adjoining tns.. Ire., 
 SE. CO. Antrim, bar. Lower Belfast, 4 m. N. Belfast, with a 
 stn. (Whltehonse) on the Belfast and Northern Counties Rly., 
 PMT.O. (Whltehonse). LowerWhitehouse, P. <5oo; Upper 
 Whitehouse, P. <75o. 
 
 Whltehurst, vil., Canada, Ontario, Leeds co. , 47 m. S. by 
 W. Ottawa, on a railway. P. <isoo. 
 
 Whltelnch, eccles. par., Scot., Lanarkshire, in city of 
 Glasgow, Govan par. P. 6500. 
 
 White Island, Eng. , one of the Scilly Is. , 2| m. W. St. Mary's. 
 
 White Island, or Whakarl, isl., New Zealand, North I., in 
 Bay of Plenty, in 37° 30' N., 177° 10' E.; has an active volcano, 
 3 m. in circuit, alt. 870 ft., from which sulphur (green and 
 yellow) is extracted. 
 
 Wlilteklrk and Tynnlngliame, coast par. , Scot. , Hadding- 
 tonshire, 3^ m. SE. North Berwick, 2^ m. N. of East Linton 
 stn.; 6288 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 White Lackliigton, vil. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , on the 
 Puddle, 5 m. N. by E. Dorchester. 
 
 White Lacklngton, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 11 m. W. 
 Yeovil, 2 m. E. Ilminster stn. P. <25o. 
 
 White Ladles Aston, par., Eng. , Worcestershire, Bewdley 
 
 div., 5 m. E. by S. Worcester, 3J m. E. by N. Norton Junction. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 White Lake, Canada, Ontario, Lanark and Renfrew cos., 
 its lower end 38 m. W. by S. Ottawa, drained NE. into the 
 riv. Madawaska. 
 
 White Lake, post-vil., at the head of that lake, Renfrew co., 
 46 m. WSW. Ottawa. 
 
 White Lake, Canada, Ontario, Peterborough co., 83 m. 
 WNW. Kingston, drained S. into Stony Lake. 
 
 White Lake, U.S., Louisiana, Vermilion par., 140 m. W. by 
 S. New Orleans. 
 
 White Lake, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Aurora co., 88 m. NW. 
 Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 White Loeh, small lake, Scot. , Wigtownshire, in the W. , 
 about 2 m. E. of the head of Loch Ryan, drained NE. into 
 Loch Ryan. 
 
 White Loon Lake, Canada, Saskatchewan, to the N. of the 
 Saskatchewan R. , crossed by 104° W. 
 
 White Longh, lake. Ire., in the E. of co. Monaghan, 9 m. S. 
 Monaghan, drained SW. to Lough Oughter. 
 
 White Mill, P.O., Wales, 2 m. from Abergwilli, Carmarthen- 
 shire. 
 
 Whltemlre, P.O., Scot., Elginshire, 6 m. SE. Forres. 
 
 Whltemoor, electoral div. , Ire. , co. Wexford, dist. Old Ross. 
 
 White Mountain, Ire. , co. Londonderry, one of the Sperrin 
 Mts. Alt. 1774 ft. 
 
 White Mountain, Ire., in the W. of co. Wexford, 9 m. NE. 
 by N. New Ross. Alt. 1259 ft. 
 
 White Mountains, Afghanistan. See Safed Koh. 
 
 White Mountains, mts., U.S., California, Monoinyo co., 
 10 m. W. of 180° W. , and trending from E. frontier of state 
 southwards. 
 
 White Mountains, U.S., New Hampshire, a detached 
 portion of the Appalachian system, in the NE. of the state, about 
 30 m. in length, on a plateau 1600-1800 ft. high, and 45 m. 
 broad, from which rise more than 200 peaks. There are two 
 groups, the Eastern or White Mts., and the Franconia, sepa- 
 rated by a tableland 10-15 ^- wide. These mountains have 
 many noteworthy waterfalls, among which are Artist's Silver 
 Cascade and Ripley's. The White Mts. are a favourite summer 
 resort, remarkable for wild scenery. Principal peaks. Mount 
 Washington {^.v.), Mount Adams, and Mount Jefferson, and 
 in the Franconia group Mount Lafayette. 
 
 Whltemouth, stn., Canada, prov. Manitoba, on theC. P. R., 
 1363 m. by rail W. Montreal, 61 m. E. Winnipeg. 
 
 Whiteness, ancient par., Scot., Shetland Is., Mainland, now 
 in Tingwall par. , on the SW. shore of Strom Loch, 6| m. NW. 
 by W. Lerwick, P.O. 
 
 Whiteness Head, sandbank, Scot., Inverness-shire, in the 
 NE. , in the S. of Moray Firth, in 4° W. 
 
 Whiteness Voe, inlet, Scot. , Shetland Is. , Mainland, in the W. ; 
 it stretches 3 m. N. from its mouth, about 60° 10' N., 1° 18' W. 
 
 Whiten Head, or Kennageall, cape, Scot., on the N. ct. of 
 Sutherland, in 4" 35' W. 
 
 White Xotley, Eng. , Essex. See Motley. 
 
 Whiteparlsh, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Wilton div. , 7J m. SE. 
 by E. Salisbury, 3^ m. ENE. Downton stn., PM.O. ; 6321 ac. 
 P. <;i5cio. 
 
 White Park Bay, Ire. , on the N. ct. of co. Antrim, in 6° 24' W. 
 
 White Pigeon, vil., U.S., Michigan, St. Joseph co., on 
 Pigeon R. , 138 m. WSW. Detroit, and 38 m. S. Kalamazoo. 
 Alt. 824 ft. (R.R.). P. <i50o. 
 
 White Pine, co., U.S., Nevada, on E. frontier, crossed in 
 the N. by 40° N. 
 
 White Plains, vil., U.S., New York, one of the caps, of 
 West Chester co. , 25 m. NNE. New York. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Whlterashes, P.O., Scot., Aberdeenshire, 4 m. NW. New 
 Machar. 
 
 Whlterlgg, vil., Scot., NE. Lanarkshire, 2 m. NE. by N. 
 Airdrie, on the N. B. R., P.O. P. <750. 
 
 ■^Vhlte Klver, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, in 46° N., 91° 
 W., on the C. P. R., 747 m. by rail W. Montreal. Mean 
 temp. (2J yrs., 1886-89), y- 28.0° F., Feb. 6.9°, July 60.8°. 
 
 White River, Ire., in the NW. of co. Limerick, trib. of riv. 
 Shannon, which it joins at Loghill. 
 
 White River, U.S., Arkansas, Washington and Madison 
 COS., flows to the Mississippi, 15 m. above the mouth of the 
 Arkansas R. ; navigable by large steamboats to Batesville, 
 380 m. Length, 900 m. 
 
 White River, U.S., Indiana, rises by two forks, and flows 
 into the Wabash, opposite Mount Carmell (III). The E. fork 
 is navigable to Rockford, the W. fork at highwater to Martins- 
 ville. 
 
 While River, U.S., rises in the NW. of Nebraska, passes 
 into South Dakota, and flows NE. and E. to the Missouri, 
 which it joins in about 43° 40' N. Length, 325 m. 
 
 White River, U.S., Vermont, in the E., rises in the Green 
 Mts., and flows S. then ENE. and SE. to the Connecticut, 
 which it joins at White River Junction, about 43° 38' N., 
 30 m. E. Rutland. 
 
 1719 
 
W H I T — W H I T 
 
 >Vhlto Kork, §ilver-mining A'il. , U.S., Nevada, co. and about 
 60 m. X. by \V. Elko. P. < 1500. 
 
 White kock, vil, U.S., Rhode Island, Washington co., on 
 Pawcatuck R., 28 m. WSW. Newport. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wklte RodliiK (or Koothlufc), par., Eng., Essex, Epping 
 div. , 10 ni. NW. by W. Chehiisford, 4J m. E. by S. Sawbridge- 
 worth stn. , PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Vllilterose,stn. , Wales. See New Treilegar and WUUerose. 
 l^hltesand Bay, Eng., on the S. cl. of Cornwall, lo the 
 NW. of Ran.e Head. 
 
 'WhiteMind Bay, Eng., in the extreme SW. of Com>fvall, to 
 the N. of Land's End. 
 
 Whllosand Bay, small bay, Wales, on the W. ct. of 
 Pembrokeshire, to the S. of St. David Head. 
 Whltcsboro, vil. , U.S. , New York. See Wkltestoivn. 
 IVhltMboro, tn., U.S., Te.xas, Grayson co., 15 m. W. 
 Sherman. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wkltcalinm, vil., U.S., Tennessee, Hamblen co., 8 m. NE. 
 Morristown ; in vicinity are valuable marble quarries. P. < 1500. 
 White's rrwss. P.O., Ire., co. and 3 m. from Cork. 
 White !!»ea. Russian Byeloye .Hore, wide gulf of the Arctic 
 Ocean, in N. Russia, the entrance of which is formed by Cape 
 Svvatoi Nos, in 68° 10' N. , 39° 47' E, , and Kanin Nos, in 68° 
 39' N. , 43' 3a' E. It extends 380 m. S. and SW. , reaching 63° 
 47' N. in S., and covers 36,600 sq. m. Consists of two parts, 
 outer and inner, connected by a relatively narrow passage 
 (©orlo), 115 m. in its narrowest part. It forms four large bays : 
 (i) Kandalakskiy, or Kandalaksha, to the NW., between the 
 mainland and the Kola Penin. , of which the S. ct. is known as 
 Terskiy Beres. It receives the Niwa, outflow of Lake Imandra, 
 is surrounded by high craggjy mountains, and attains loo fathoms 
 at entrance. (2) The Mezeii Bay, on E. ct., in S. of Kanin 
 Penin. , receives Mezei\ R. , and attains 50 fathoms at entrance. 
 (3) Dvina or Archangel Bay, also on E. ct. , receiving the 
 N. Dvina (port of .Archangel), depth 45 fathoms at entrance, 
 but large sandbanks at the mouth of the Dvina; the S. ct. 
 of this bay is named Lyetnly Bereg. (4) Onega Bay, in 
 SE. , receiving Onega R. (town Onega), also 45 fathoms at 
 entrance. The entrance to White Sea is occupied by shallows 
 separated by water 20-25 fathoms deep, increasing to 50 fathoms 
 in the narrow strait. The Itolovetskiye Is. lay in the midst of 
 Onega Bay at its entrance. Large portions of the White Sea 
 are frozen from October to May. Considerable fishing, yielding 
 every year about 200,000 cwt. of fish (150,000,000 herrings). 
 Opened to foreign trade by Chancellor in 1553. Chief port. 
 Archangel. 
 
 Whiteahlll, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Stroud par., 
 P.O. P. < 2000. 
 Wlilteside, co., U.S., Illinois, on W. frontier, S. of 42° N. 
 Whlte-slde's Corner, P.O., Ire., 5 m. from Randalstown. co. 
 Antrim. 
 
 White SprliiKi*, mineral spring, U.S., Florida, Hamilton co., 
 15 m. E. Live Oak. 
 
 Whltestakes, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Lostock Hall, near 
 Preston, Lancashire. 
 
 White Staunton, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Bridgwater div. , 10 m. 
 SSE. Taunton, 3i m. W. by N. Chard stn. P. <25o. 
 Whitestone, PM.O., Eng., Cornwall. See W1Ut8tone. 
 Whltestone, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tiverton div. , 3^ m. W. 
 by N. Exeter, P.O. ; 4935 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Whltestone, vil., U.S., New York, Queens co.. Long I., on 
 the East R., 11 m. NE. Brooklyn ; manufactures tinwares, and 
 has an excellent harbour. In the vicinity are the fortifications 
 commanding the E, entrance to New York Harbour. P. <30oo. 
 Whltestown, tn.. Ire., NE. ct. co. Louth, bar. Lower 
 Dundalk, 11 m. E. Dundalk. P. <25o. 
 
 Whltestown, vil., U.S., Indiana, Boone co., 7 m. by rail 
 SE. Lebanon. P. < 1500. 
 
 Whitestown, or Whltesboro, vil., U.S., New York, Oneida 
 CO. , on Mohawk R. and the Erie Canal, 41 m. E. by N. Syracuse, 
 and 3 m. NW. Utica. P. <2ooo. 
 
 White Sulphnr Springs, vil, U.S., Georgia, Meriwether 
 CO. . 20 m. SE. La Grange ; is much resorted to for its \-aluable 
 mineral waters. P. < 1500. 
 
 White Sulphur Sprinter, vil. , U.S. , Montana, cap. Meagher 
 CO.. 85 m. ENE. Butte. P. < 1500. 
 
 White Sulphur Springs, watering-place, U.S., Texas, Cass 
 CO., 15 m. SW. Linden. P. < 1500. 
 
 White Sulphur Springs, vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Green- 
 brier CO., 75 m. SE. by E. Charleston. The saline chalybeate 
 springs, temp. 60° F. , are annually resorted to by thousands of 
 %nsitors, and have been employed medicinally since 1778. Alt. 
 1922 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1 500. 
 
 White Swan Lake, Canada, Saskatchewan, just E. of 104° 
 W., about 20 m. N. of the Saskatchewan R. 
 
 Whitevale, vil., Canada, prov. and co. Ontario, 18 m. NE. 
 by N. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Whitevale, W. suburb of Glasgow, Scot., Lanarkshire. 
 White Walthani, par., Eng., Berkshire, Cookham union, 3 
 m. SW. Maidenhead, PMT.O. P. <iooa See Shottesbrook. 
 1720 
 
 WliitoMnter, stn., Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of the 
 C. P. R. , on the S. shore of Whitewater Lake, 150 m. WSW. 
 Winnipeg. 
 
 While water, city, U.S., Wisconsin, Walworth co., 44 m. 
 WSW. Milwaukee ; manufactures waggons and reapers, and h;\s 
 numerous cheese factories. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Whitewater, riv., U.S., Indiana and Ohio, is formed by 
 two forks, which unite at Brookville. After entering Ohio, the 
 river joins the Great Miami 6 m. from its mouth. Length, 
 100 m. 
 
 Whitewater, riv., U.S., Missouri and Arkansas, rises in 
 Cape Girardeau co., Missouri, flows S., discharging for the 
 most part into the St. Francis R. Length about 250 m. 
 
 Whitewater Creek, riv., U.S., Kansas, rises m the N. of 
 Butler CO. , and flows S. into the Arkansas R. 10 m. S. Winfield. 
 Length about 120 m. 
 
 Whltewell, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire and Yorkshire, 
 Whalley ancient fxu". P. <5oo. 
 
 Whltewell, P.O., Ire., co. Antrim, 5 ra. N. Belfast, 2J m. 
 from Greencastle stn. 
 
 Whltewell, eccles. par., Wales, Flintshire, Malpas ancient 
 par. P. <5oo. 
 
 Whltewell Bottom, PMT.O., Eng., near Manchester, 
 Lancashire. 
 
 Wliltewoo«l, stn. , Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R. , 
 249 m. l)V i;iil W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Wliitew»od, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Lawrence co., 
 loi m. N. by E. from the SW. corner of the state. 
 
 Whltewood Lough, small lake. Ire., in the NW. of co. 
 Meath, 13 m. NNW. Navan, drained E. into Dundalk Bay. 
 
 Whitflpll, hill, Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 16 m. N. 
 by W. R\rrow. 
 
 Whltlleld, eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire. High Peak div., 
 I m. S. tilossop. P. 9000. 
 
 Whitfield, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 3 m. 
 NN\\'. Dover, 2 m. NE. by E. Kearsney stn., P.O. P.<5oo. 
 See Waldershare. 
 
 Whltlleld, par., Eng., on the S. border of the S. div. of 
 Northamptonshire, 7 m. NW. by W. Buckingham, 2J m. NE. 
 Brackley stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Whltneld, par., Eng., Northumberland, in W. Allendale, 
 div. and 11 m. WSW. Hexham, 3^ m. W. Catton Road stn. , 
 PMT.O. (Whltefleld) ; 12,479 ac. P. <soo. 
 
 Whltneld, CO., U.S., Georgia, on N. frontier, crossed by 
 85° w. 
 
 Whitfield .Hoor, an upland tract, Eng., Northumberland, 
 about 2^ m. NW. by W. Whitfield div., and about 13 m. W. 
 by S. Hexham. Height, 1491 ft. 
 
 Whitford, P.O., Eng., in the SE. of Devonshire, Honiton 
 div. , 3 m. S W. by W. Axminster, close to Colyton stn. 
 
 WhitfonI, par. , Wales, Flintshire, 3 m. ^fW. by W. Holy- 
 well, PM.O.; 8247 ac. P. < 3500. 
 
 Whitgin, par., Eng., Yorkshire. W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., on the Ouse, 4m. E. by S. Goole, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Whltgreave, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, W. div. , 3 m. N W. 
 by N. Staftbrd, i m. ENE. Great Bridgeford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 ' Whithorn, par. and royal burgh and ancient tn. , Scot., 
 Wigtownshire, 9J m. S. by E. Wigtown, with a stn. on the 
 Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Joint Rly. Whithorn has the 
 ruins of a cathedral on the site of a church founded by St. 
 Ninian in the 4th century. The shrine was long a famous 
 resort of pilgrims. PMT.O. Par. 11,891 ac, P. <30oo; burgh 
 (alt. 220 ft.), P. <i5oo. 
 
 Whithorn, Isle of, seapt. \-il., Scot., 3J m. SE. by E. Whit- 
 horn stn., connected \vith the mainland by a causeway. P. 316. 
 Whiting, tn., U.S., Indiana, Lake co., on Lake Michigan, 
 14 m. SE. by S. Chicago (111.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Whiting Bay, Ire., co. Waterford, 2 m. E. Youghal Har- 
 bour ; width at entrance, 2 m. 
 
 Whiting Bay, Scot., on the E. of the isl. of Arran, 55° 
 29'-3o' N., PMT.O. 
 Whitlnghani, tn. , U.S. , Vermont, Windham co. P. < 1500. 
 Whillnsvllle, \-il., U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., 3 
 m. NW. U nbridge stn. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Whltklrk, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Bark- 
 ston Ash div., 4 m. E. Leeds, close to Crossgates stn. P. 
 
 <2500. 
 
 Whltland, PMT.O., Wales, Carmarthenshire. W. div., 12^ 
 m. W. by S. Carmarthen, on the G. W. R. and Pembroke and 
 Tenbv Rlvs. 
 
 Whitletts, vil., Scot.. S. Ayrshire, ij m. ENE. Ayr. P.O. 
 
 P. <750- 
 
 Whitley, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., on 
 the coast, 2^ m. N. North Shields, on the NE. R., PMT.O. P. 
 <25oo; tn. (Whitley and MonkHeaton) P.<3SOo (chiefly 
 employed in mining). See Cullercoates. 
 
 Whitley, eccles. par., Eng., Northumberland, par. and 5 m. 
 S. Hexham. P. <75o. 
 
 Whitley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgoldcross 
 div., 12 m. W. Goole, with a stn. (Whitley Bridge) on the 
 
W H I T — W H I T 
 
 L. & Y. R., P.O., and PMT.O. (Whitley Brklge). P.<5oo. 
 See Kellliigtoii. 
 
 Whitley, CO., U.S., Indianapolis, crossed in extreme S. by 
 41° N. , and between 85° and 86° W. 
 
 Whitley, CO., U.S., Kentucky, S. frontier, W. of 84° W. 
 
 Whitley, Higher and Lower, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Cheshire, Knutsford div. , 5 m. S. by E. Warrington, 3J m. 
 ESE. Preston Brook stn. Higher Whitley, P.O., P. <:soo; 
 Lower Whitley, P. <25o. 
 
 Whltle.v, Lower and Upper, two adjoining pars, and tn. 
 (Upper Whitley), Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, the former on 
 the border of the Morley div. , 5 m. E. by N, Huddersfield, near 
 Mirfield Junction. P. (of each) < 1000. 
 
 Whltlinghaiii, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 3 m. E. Nor- 
 wich, with stns. (WhltUiighani and Whltlliigham Junction) 
 on the G. E. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Whitman, tn. , U.S. , Massachusetts, Plymouth co. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Whitman, co. , U.S., Washington, on the E. frontier, crossed 
 by 47° N. 
 
 Whitman, settlement, U.S., Washington, co. and 5 m. W. 
 Wallawalla. 
 
 Whltmlnster, eccles. par. with PMT.O., Eng., Gloucester- 
 shire. See Wheatenhnrst. 
 
 Wliltniore, par., Eng., Staffordshire, NW. div., 4 m. SW. 
 by S. Newcastle-under-Lyme, on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Whltnash, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Rugby div., 2 m. S. 
 Leamington, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Whitney, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div., on the 
 Wye, 16 m. WNW. Hereford, with a stn. (Wliltny on the 
 Wye) on the M. & Neath and Brecon Rly. , P.O. P. 250. 
 
 Whitney, vil., U.S., Texas, Hill co., 64 m. SW. by S. 
 Dallas. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Whitney, Mount, mt., U.S., California {^.v.), in the Sierra 
 Nevada, in 36° 30' N., 113° 17' W. Alt. 14,898 ft. (Whitney, ^.). 
 
 Whitney's Point, vil., U.S., New York, Broome co. , on 
 Tioughnioga R. , 50 m. S. by E. Syracuse. P. < 1500. 
 
 Whitney vllle, vil., U.S., Maine, Washington co., on the 
 Machias, 60 m. E. by S. Bangor. P. < 1500, 
 
 Whltny on the Wye, stn., Eng., Herefordshire. See 
 Whitney. 
 
 Whltrldge, par., Eng., Northumberland, union and 7 m. 
 W. Morpeth. P. 4. 
 
 Whitrigg, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Eskdale div., on the 
 C. R. , II m. W. Carlisle. 
 
 Whitrigg, part of par., Eng., Cumberland, in the W. of the 
 Penrith div., 11 m. E. Maryport, 2^ m. S. Mealsgate stn. See 
 Torpenho'w. 
 
 Whltsbury, par. , Eng. , on the S. border of Wiltshire, Wilton 
 div. , 7 m. S. by W. Salisbury, 2^ m. W. Breamore stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Whltsome, par., Scot., Berwickshire, 5^ m. ESE. Duns, 3 
 m. SE. by S. Edrom stn., P.O.; 4896 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Wliltson, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., on the Severn, 
 S m. ESE. Newport, 2^ m. SSE. Llanwern stn. P.<2So. 
 
 Whltstable, par. and maritime tn., Eng., Kent, St. Augus- 
 tine div. , at the entrance of the Swale into the estuary of the 
 Thames, opposite the Isle of Sheppey, and 5^ m. NNW. Canter- 
 bury, of which it is the port, with stns. on the L. C. & D. R. 
 (Whltstable-on-Sea) and SE. R. (Whltstable). The tidal 
 harbour is i3i ft. deep at entrance at ordinary spring tides at 
 high water, and dry at low water. The SE. R. runs along 
 quays. Good anchorage in riv. Swale. It is protected by em- 
 bankments from floods. It has extensive oyster-grounds, famous 
 from the days of the Romans. PMT.O. Par. P. <5ooo; urban 
 dist. (Wlilt!4table-oii-Sea, formed since the census) P. 6000. 
 
 Whitstone, par., Eng., Cornwall, div. and g^ m. NNW. 
 Launceston, 6i m. SW. by W. Holsworthy stn., PM.O. 
 (Whitestone). ' P. <soo. 
 
 Wliitsunday Island, Pacific. See Nukutaplpl. 
 
 Wliitsiinday Passage, strait, Queensland, between Whit- 
 sunday I. and the mainland. 
 
 Whitsuntide Island, New Hebrides. See Pentecost. 
 
 Whlttinghani, par., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. NE. Preston, 
 PMT.O. P. <3ooo. See Cioosnargh. 
 
 Wliittlngham, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div. , on the Aln, 8 m. W. Alnwick, i^ m. W. of its stn. 
 on the NE. R., PM.O.; 6216 ac. P.<5oo. 
 
 Whlttinghanie (hwit"n-jam), par., Scot., Haddingtonshire, 
 5 m. SW. by W. Dunbar, 2 m. SE. by S. of East Linton stn. , 
 P.O.; 15,595 ac. P.<75o. 
 
 Whlttington, par. and tn. , Eng., Derbyshire, NE. div., 2| 
 m. N. bv E. Chesterfield, on the M. R. ; coal mined. PM.O. 
 (Old Whlttington), and PMT.O. (Whlttington Moor). P. 
 8800 ; eccles. par. (Whlttington with 81ieepbridge and 
 New Whlttington, PMT.O.) P. 6400. 
 
 Wliittington, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 4 
 m. E. by S. Cheltenham, i m. NW. Andoversford stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Wliittington, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 12 m. NE. 
 by N. Lancaster, 2 J m. SW. Kirkby Lonsdale stn., P.O.; 
 4416 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Whlttington, eccles. par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 15 m. 
 SSE. King's Lynn, i m. SW. Stoke Ferry stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Whlttington, par., Eng., Salop, div. and 3 m. ENE. 
 Oswestry, on the Cambrian and G. W. Rlys. , PMT.O. ; 8666 ac. 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 Whlttington, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, div. and 3 m. ESE. 
 Lichfield, on the Birmingham Canal, PMT.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Whlttington, par. , Eng. , Worcestershire, Bewdley div. , 3 ra. 
 SE. by E. Worcester, i m. N. Norton Junction, PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Whlttington, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Northumberland, div. and 6 m. NE. Hexham, 5 m. NNE. 
 Corbridge stn. , P.O. (Whlttington). P. (of each)<250. 
 
 Whlttington Range, chain of hills, S. Australia, Northern 
 Terr., between 18° and 19° S. , crossed by 134° E. , runs 30 m. 
 N. and S. and then curves E. 
 
 Whittle, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 5 m. S. Alnwick. P. 9. 
 
 Whittle, par., Eng., Northumberland, Hexham union, 11 
 m. W. Newcastle-on-Tyne. P. <25o. 
 
 Whlttlebury, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 6J 
 m. N. Buckingham, 4 m. S. Towcester stn., PT.O. P. <50o; 
 eccles. par. (Wlilttlebury with Sllverstone) P. < 2000. 
 
 Whlttle»le- Woods, par., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., 6 
 m. SSE. Preston, on the Lancaster Canal, 2 m. E. Euxton 
 Junction ; its medicinal springs, formerly much frequented, 
 have not been publicly used for nearly half a century. PMT.O. 
 P. < 2500. 
 
 Whlttlesea, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. Queenstown, 60 m. 
 NW. by N. King William's Town. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Whlttlesea, post-tn., Victoria, Bourke co., 22 m. NNE. 
 Melbourne. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Whittlesey (or Whlttlesea, ancient Witesie) St. Mary and 
 St. Andrew, par. and tn., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Isle of Ely, 
 5 m. ESE. Peterborough, with a stn. (Whlttlesea) on the G. 
 E. R. Whittlesey Mere was drained in 1850, but of late years 
 has been gradually re-forming, in consequence of which a new 
 outfall is now (1895) being made. PMT.O. (Whlttlesea). 
 Market-day, F. 26,206 ac. Par. P. 6300; tn. P. <:400o. 
 
 Whittlesford, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Newmarket div., 
 on the Cam, 6^ m. S. by E. Cambridge, on the G. E. R., PM.O. 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Whittle wood Forest, on the border of the S. div. of North- 
 amptonshire. 
 
 Whltton, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 4J m. NW. by W. 
 Stockton, I m. W. Carlton stn. P. <i<po. 
 
 Whltton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., on S. 
 bank of the riv. Humber, 10 m. E. Goole, 2^ m. WSW. Brough 
 stn., PT.O. P. <5oo. See Alklwrough." 
 
 Whltton, eccles. par., Eng., Middlesex, Brentford div., i m. 
 WNW. Twickenham stn., 12 m. WSW. St. Paul's, London, 
 with a stn. (Hounslow and Whltton) on the L. & SW. R. 
 P. <iooo. 
 
 Whltton, par., Eng., Northumberland, on S. side of Roth- 
 bury. P. <25o. 
 
 Whltton, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 16 m. W. by S. 
 Kidderminster, 4 m. ESE. Ludlow. P. <2So. See Burford. 
 
 Whltton, post-tn., New South Wales, Cooper co., 375 m. 
 SW. Sydney by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Whltton, par. , Wales, Radnorshire, 5^ m. NE. New Radnor, 
 3^ m. WNW. Presteigne stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 "^ Whlttonstall, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, div. and 9^ m. 
 SE. by E. Hexham, 2^ m. NW. by W. Ebchester stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Whltton with Thnrlston, par., Eng., Suffolk, 2J m. NW. 
 by N. and partly in bor. of Ipswich, i m. NE. Bramford stn. , 
 P.O. (Whltton). P. <75o. 
 
 Wliltwell, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, NE. div. , 4J m. W. by 
 S. Worksop, on the M. R. and M. S. & L. R. ; coal is mined 
 here. PMT.O. 5231 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wliltwell, vil., Eng., Hertfordshire, 5 m. SW. Stevenage, 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Whltwell, par., Eng., Isle of Wight, 2.\ m. W. Ventnor, 
 PM.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Whltwell, par., Eng., Norfolk. N. div., 12 m. NW. Nor- 
 wich, with a stn. (Whltwell and Reepham) on the M. & G. 
 N. Joint Rly., PMT.O. P.<5oo. See Hackford. 
 
 Wiiitweil, par., Eng., Rutland, 4 m. E. Oakham. P. <25o. 
 
 Wliltwell, vil., Eng., Westmorland. See Selsiile and 
 Whltwell. 
 
 Wliltwell, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 7J m. 
 E. by S. Richmond, 2J m. SE. by E. Scorton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Whltwell House, par., Eng., co. and 3 m. SE. Durham. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Whltwell on the Hill, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Thirsk and Malton div., on the Derwent, ii^ m. NE. York, i 
 m. WSW. Castle Howard stn., P.O. (Whltwell). P. <25o. 
 
 Whltwick, par. and ancient tn., Eng., Leicestershire, 
 Loughborough div., 8 m. N. by E. Bosworth, on the L. & 
 N W. R. ; has remains of a castle of the Earls of Lancaster. 
 Manufacture of hosiery and boots; coal-mines. PMT.O. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 1721 
 
WHIT 
 
 WICK 
 
 Wliltwood, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W, Riding, 
 Normanton div. , 4^ m. NE. by E. Wakefield, and i m. E. 
 of the stn. (Altofls and VKhltwood) on the M. R.; coal- 
 mines; manufactures earthenware, glass bottles, &c. P.O. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Whltwowl Mere, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, Feather- 
 stone ancient par. P. <4ooo. 
 
 WlUtworth, par., Eng., Durham, div. and s^m. NE. by N. 
 Bishop Auckland, i m. NE. Byers Green stn. P. 6300. 
 
 WltltM'orth, eccles. par. and tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, Middle- 
 ton div. , 2 m. N. by W. Rochdale, on the L. & Y. R. ; has 
 coal-mines, and quarries of flags and slate. PMT.O. Tn. P. 
 9800 ; eccles. par. P. < 5000. 
 
 Whlxall, eccles. par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 14 m. SW. 
 by S. Nantwich, i^ m. W. Prees stn., P.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Whlxley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in the E. of 
 the Ripon div., 5J m. E. Knaresborough, i| m. N. Cattalstn., 
 P.O. P. <:5oo; eccles. par. (WMxley witli ftreen Ham- 
 merton) P. < 1000. 
 
 Whlxoe, eccles. par. , Eng. , Suffolk. See Wlxoe. 
 Wltorlton, par., Eng., Durham, on the 1. bk. of the Tees, 
 11^ m. SW. by S. Bishop Auckland, div. and 4 m. E. Barnard 
 Castle, 3 m. SW. Winston stn., PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Whorlton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 
 115 m. S. Middlesbrough, ^ m. SSE. Potto stn. ; 6776 ac. 
 P. <:5oo; eccles. par. (Wliorlton In Cleveland) P. <75o. 
 Wliorlton Moor, an upland tract about 3 m. to the SW. 
 
 VTborlton, East and West, par., Eng., Northumberland, 
 Tyneside div. , 4J m. N W. by W. Newcastle, 3 m. N. by W. 
 Scotswood stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Whroo, tn. , Victoria, Rodney co., 45 m. E. by N. Sandhurst ; 
 gold and antimony are found here. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wtaycocomagh, vil., Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton I., 
 Inverness co. , on an arm of the Bras d'Or, 46 m. W. by S. 
 Sydney. P. < 1 500. 
 
 "Wliydali (hwaida), or Gle-Ciine, seapt., W. Africa, Slave 
 Coast, on the Bight of Benin, in 2° 4' E., in the kgd. of 
 Dahome, in 6° 18' N., 2° 5' E. ; African mission. The town is 
 separated from the shore by a lagoon and marshes, and is 
 surrotmded by an earthen wall. P. 20-25,000. 
 
 Whyteleaf, stn., Eng., Surrey, i m. NW. Warlingham stn., 
 PMT. O. See Upper >VarllngIiain and Whyteleaf. 
 
 W iarton, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Bruce co. , on Colpoys Bay 
 and a railway, 49 m. WNW. CoUingwood. P. (1880) < 1500; 
 (i890)<20C)0. 
 
 Wlawoso, tn., W. Africa, in NW. of Gold Coast colony, 
 about 100 m. N. Cape Three Points. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Wlay, isl. , Scot. , Inverness-shire, Skye, in Loch Bracadale. 
 Wlay, isl., Scot., Inverness-shire, S. Uist par., off SE. ct. of 
 Benbecula. P. 10. 
 
 Wiborg, Finland. See Ylboi%. 
 
 Wlbsey, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Shipley 
 div., 2^ m. S. Bradford, ^ m. NW. Low Moor stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <: 5000. 
 
 Wlbtoft, par., Eng., on the NE. border of Warwickshire, 
 div. and 8 m. N. by W. Rugby, 2 m. W. Ullesthorpe stn., 
 P.O. P. <25o. See Clay brooke. 
 
 Wlch, High, eccles. par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire. See Wych, 
 High. 
 
 >Vlchbold. See Wychbold. 
 Wlch Chapel. See Wych Chapel. 
 Wlch Cross. See Wych Cross. 
 
 Wlchelen, vil., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. Termonde 
 (Dendermonde), 7^ m. NNW. Alost, on r. bk. of the Scheldt. 
 P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Wlchenford, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdleydiv., 5-i 
 m. NW. Worcester, PT.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Wichita, CO., U.S., Kansas, in the W., N. of 38° N. 
 Wichita, city, U.S., Kansas, cap. Sedgwick co., on thel. bk. 
 of the Arkansas R., 132 m. SW. Topeka. Alt. 1291 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. (i88o)<sooo; (1890)23,900. 
 
 Wichita, small tribe of Indians, U.S., Oklahoma, between 
 the Canadian and Ouachita (Washita) Rivs. ; agriculturalists. 
 
 Wichita, CO., U.S., Texas, on the Red R. (N. frontier), W. 
 of 98° W. 
 
 Wichita, or Big Wichita, riv., U.S., Texas, rises in the 
 Llano Estacado, flows E. to the Red R. in Clay co. Length 
 about 230 m. 
 
 Wichita Falls, tn., U.S., Texas, co. and on Wichita R., 
 125 m. NW. by W. Dallas. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wlchnor, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Burton div., 5^ m. NE. 
 Lichfield, i^ m. N. Alrewas stn. P. <:2So. 
 Wlchongh. See Wychongh. 
 Wlchn, tn., Korea. See Wljn. 
 Wlch wood. See Wychwood. 
 
 Wick, vil., Canada, Ontario prov. and co., 45 m. NNE. 
 Toronto, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wick, PM.O., Eng., Wiltshire, Chippenham div., 13J m. 
 NNE. Bath, 7^ m. WSW. Malmesbury stn. 
 Wick, par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 5 m. W. by N. 
 1722 
 
 Evesham, 2 m. S. Pershore stn., P.O. (lower Wick). P. < 
 500. See Pershore. 
 
 Wick, royal and pari, burgh, par., and market and seapt. 
 tn., Scot., E. ct. of Caithness, on Wick Bay, i8i m. SE. by E. 
 Thurso, on the H. R. Wick pari, burgh inclucles Wick with 
 Lonlsburgh on the N. and Pnlteneytown on the S. The 
 last is chiefly occupied by the fisher population. There are two 
 harbours and an extensive breakwater in the bay, erected at a 
 cost of about ;^i2o,ooo ; it was almost destroyed in 1872. In re- 
 cent years great harbour improvements have been effected. It 
 has barrel, boat, sail, and rope making, and other industries. For 
 upwards of half a century Wick has been the headquarters of 
 the herring-fishery in Scotland. The burgh unites with Dingwall, 
 Tain, Cromarty, Kirkwall, and Dornoch, forming the Wick 
 dist. of burghs, in sending one member to Parliament. Market- 
 day, F. Mean temp. (19 yrs. ), yr. 45.4° F. , Jan. 37.9°, July 
 55.3°; rfall. (25 yrs.), yr. 27.7 in. Par. 47,264 ac. , P. 13,100; 
 tn. and pari, burgh (including Lonlsburgh and PnlteneytO'wn) 
 P. 8500; royal burgh P. <30oo; pari. dist. P. 18,100. 
 
 Wick, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., i m. from the 
 S. ct., 17 m. W. by S. Cardiff, 5 m. WSW. Cowbridge stn., 
 PM.O. P. <5oo. See St. Bride's Major. 
 
 Wick and Abson, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Thornbury 
 div., 5 m. NNW. Bath, 2 m. E. Warmley stn., P.O. (Wick). 
 
 P. <IOOO. 
 
 Wlckede, or Wlckede Asseln, vil., Prussia, prov. West- 
 phalia, circle and 6 m. E. by N. Dortmund. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Wlcken, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Newmarket div., 6 m. 
 S. by E. Ely, 2 m. SW. Soham stn., P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Wlcken, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, S. div., 5 m. NE. 
 by N. Buckingham, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wlcken Bonhnnt, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 4 m. SW. 
 Saffron Walden, i^ m. W. Newport stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlckenbnrg, gold-mining vil. , U. S. , Arizona, Maricopa co. , 
 on Hassayampa R. , about 60 m. NW. Phoenix. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlckenby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 10 m. 
 NE. Lincoln, on the M. S. & L. R., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Wicker, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, Sheffield par. P. 
 13,100. 
 
 Wlckersley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 3^ 
 m. ESE. Rotherham, 8 m. E. Sheffield ; grindstone quarries 
 supply the greater part of Sheffield grindstones. P.O. P. <750. 
 
 WIckes, silver-mining vil., U.S., Montana, Jefferson co. , 20 
 m. S. Helena. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlckford, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 8| m. S. by E. 
 Chelmsford, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. P. <:7So. 
 
 Wlckford, vil., U.S., Rhode Island, Washington co., on 
 Narragansett Bay, 9 m. NW. New Port. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlckham, vil. , Canada. See Wheatland. 
 
 Wlckham, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Queen's co. , on 
 the r. bk. of the St. John R. , 26 m. N. by W. St. John. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Wlckham, vil., Eng., Berkshire, P.O., and P.O. (Wlckham 
 Heath). See Welfor«l. 
 
 Wlckham, par., Eng., Cumberland, Bootle union, includes 
 Silecroft village ; 4883 ac. P. <Soo. 
 
 Wlckham, stn. , Eng. , Essex. See Wlckham Bishops. 
 
 Wlckham, par., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., on the 
 Titchfield, 8 m. NNW. Portsmouth, 3 m. N. Fareham Junction. 
 Wickham was the birthplace of William of Wykeham (1324). 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500; eccles. par. (Wlckham, or Wykeham) 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Wlckham, P.O., Eng., Kent. See Wlckhambreux. 
 
 Wlckham, hamlet, Eng., Oxfordshire, par. and 2 m. SW. 
 Banbury; has a common of 25 ac, dedicated as public park 
 November 1892. 
 
 Wlckham, suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales, on riv. 
 Hunter, including the villages Linwood, Port Waratah, Smed- 
 more, Islington, and Tighe's Hill ; has coal-mines and copper- 
 works. P. 6600. 
 
 Wlckam, East, par., Eng., Kent, Dartford div., 2J m. SE. 
 by E. Woolwich, i^ m. SSW. Abbey Wood stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlckham, West, par. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire, div. and 9 m. 
 S. by W. Newmarket, 3 m. NNE. Bartlow stn. , P.O. P. <5oo. 
 Wlckham, West, par., Eng., Kent, Sevenoaks div., 10 m. 
 SSE. St. Paul's, London, on the SE. R., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlckham Bishops, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 3 m. NW. 
 by N. Maldon, on the Blackwater, close to Wickham stn. 
 (G. E. R.), PT.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Wlckhambreux (-bru), par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustme 
 div., on the Little Stour, 4^ m. E. Canterbury, 3 m. ESE. 
 Sturry stn., P.O. (Wlckham). P.<soo. 
 
 Wlckhambrook, par., Eng., Suff"olk, Sudbury div., 8^ m. 
 
 SW. by W. Bury St. Edmunds, PMT.O.; 4337 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 WIckhamford, par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 2J m. 
 
 SE. by E. Evesham, on the Avon ; has monuments and brasses 
 
 of the Washington family. P. < 250. 
 
 Wlckham Market, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 5 m. NNE. 
 Woodbridge, 11 m. NE. Ipswich, i^ m. W. by N. of its stn. 
 on the G. E. R.; has engineering works. P. <2000. 
 
W I C K — W I E L 
 
 >Vlckliaiupton, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div. , 7 m. W. by S. 
 Yarmouth, 3 m. W. Berney Arms stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlckhani, riv. , New Guinea. See Alele. 
 
 Wlckhaiii St. Paul, par., Eng., Essex, Saffron Walden div., 
 10 m. NE. bv N. Braintree, 3 m. NE. by E. Hedingham stn., 
 P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Wlckham Skeltb, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 4I m. SW. 
 Eye, P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Wlcklewood, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 11 m. WSW. 
 Norwich, i m. S. Kimberley stn. , P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 WlckllfTe, vil., U.S., Ohio, Lake co., 15 m. NE. by E. 
 Cleveland. P. < 1500. 
 
 WlckllfTe, tp. , Victoria, Ripon co., 30 m. SSW. Ararat. 
 Wlfkcllffe Road, near, has two salt-factories on a chain of 
 salt lakes. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlcklo'w, vil., Canada, Ontario, Northumberland co. , 2.^ m. 
 from Grafton, which is 77 m. E. Toronto. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wlcklo'W', maritime co.. Ire, prov. Leinster, on St. George's 
 Channel, divided into eight bars., as in the following table : — 
 
 Baronies. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Pop. 1 891. ! 
 
 Arklow 
 
 Ballinacor, North .... 
 Ballinacor, South .... 
 
 Newcastle 
 
 Rathdown 
 
 Shillelagh 
 
 Talbotstown, Lower .... 
 Talbotstown, Upper .... 
 
 Total 
 
 67,266 
 74. "4 
 78,277 
 52,042 
 32,866 
 44.392 
 88,355 
 62,511 
 
 13,432 
 
 4.775 
 6,117 
 
 7.5SO 
 9.893 
 6,076 
 7,108 
 7.185 
 
 499,822! 
 
 62,136 
 
 1 Exclusive of 259 ac. under the larger lakes and tideways. 
 The coast consists of precipitous rocks, with dangerous sand- 
 banks, and the only harbours are that of Wicklow (lately im- 
 proved) and the small one of Arklow. Along the shore, from 
 Wicklow to near Greystones, is a tract of boggy marsh protected 
 by the Mnrrongli, a shingly bank, along which now runs the 
 Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Rly. A range of granite moun- 
 tains occupies the middle of the county, passing from NE. to 
 SW., with a succession of moors, above which rise Lugnaquilla 
 (3039 ft.), Kippure (2473 ft.). Duff Hill (2369 ft.), and Donee 
 Hill (2384 ft.). This range contains many Silurian strata. The 
 valleys show ancient river-terraces along the sides (e.g. , Glenda- 
 lough), and the famous scenery of the district is due to the deep 
 glens and rugged rocks combining with the luxuriant foliage of the 
 beautiful woods along the sides, and enhanced by the small but 
 romantic loughs. Chief rivers, the Liffey, in NW.; Vartry ; the 
 Avonmore and Avonbeg, which meet to form the Avoca, famed 
 in song; the Slaney, in W. , passing into Carlow. The Dublin, 
 Wicklow, and Wexford Rly. passes along the coast, bending 
 W. to Rathdrum, with a branch to Shillelagh. Lead and 
 copper occur in the mountains, but the amount of ore extracted 
 is quite insignificant. In the lower grounds the soil is fertile, 
 and much good pasturage for sheep is found in the higher 
 districts. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. 
 Cordite manufacture at Arklow, where there are also oyster- 
 beds. Under James I., Wicklow was made a separate county, 
 having been previously (from the time of King John) included 
 in CO. Dublin. The most remarkable antiquities are those of 
 the Vale of Glendalough (g.v.). It returns two members to 
 Parliament, one for the E. and one for the W. div. Chief towns, 
 Wicklow, Bray, Arklow, and Baltinglass. See Ireland, table. 
 
 Wicklow, seapt. , civic and market tn., Ire., cap. co. Wick- 
 low, bars. Arklow and Newcastle, 28 m. S. Dublin, on the 
 Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford Rly., at mouth of the Vartry, 
 here crossed by a bridge of eight arches. The harbour admits 
 vessels drawing 13 ft. water at high tide. The town is resorted 
 to for sea-bathing. Lead ores, ochre, manure, timber, corn, 
 potatoes, turnips, and cordite, gun-cotton and nitro-glycerine 
 (works at Arklow) are exported. Some remains of Black 
 Castle, a 14th century edifice, stand on a neighbouring headland. 
 Market-day, W. P. < 3500; pari, divs., East Wicklow, P. 
 31,400; West Wicklow, P. 30,800. 
 
 Wicklow, 'CO., Queensland, crossed by 25° S., and in the 
 SE. by 151° E. 
 
 Wicklow, CO., W. Australia, crossed in the N. by 33° S., 
 and in the middle by 117° E. 
 
 Wicklow Gap, a defile. Ire., in the NW. of co. Wicklow, 
 16 m. W. by N. Wicklow, P.O. 
 
 Wicklow Head, cape, Ire. , co. Wicklow, in 52° 58' N. 
 
 Wlckniere, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 6^ m. SW. by S. 
 Cromer, 6 m. W. Gunton stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. (Wlck- 
 mere with Wolterton) P. < 500. 
 
 Wlckratli, market-tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Greven- 
 broich, 18 m. WSW. Diisseldorf. P. (comm.) 5500. 
 
 Wick Rlsslngtoii, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester 
 div., 14J m. N. Lechlade, 2 m. E. by N. Bourton on the Water 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wicks, Eng. , Essex. See Wlx. 
 
 Wick St. Lawrence, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., i 
 m. from the coast, 4 m. NE. Weston-super-Mare. P. <25o. See 
 Congreshnry. 
 
 Wlckwar, par. and market-tn. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thorn- 
 bury div., 13 m. NE. Bristol, on the M. R. ; has brewing and 
 malting. PMT.O. Market-day, M. P. < 1000. 
 
 Wicomico, CO., U.S., Maryland, in the SE. , on the frontier. 
 
 Wicomico, riv., U.S., Maryland, rises by several head- 
 streams in Sussex co. , Delaware, flows SW. into Maryland, into 
 Ellis and Monie Bays, arms of Chesajieake Bay. 
 
 Wlconlsco, coal-mining vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Dauphin 
 CO., 48 m. NE. Harrisburg. P. <isoo. 
 
 Wlconlsco Creek, small riv., U.S., Pennsylvania, trib. of the 
 Susquehanna, which it joins on the 1. bk. at Millersburg. 
 
 Wldcombe, vil., Eng., Somerset. See Lyncombe and 
 Wldcombe. 
 
 Wltlcombe, North, par., Eng., Somerset, Glutton union, 
 8 m. NE. Wells. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlddale Beck, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, in W. of Richmond 
 div., N. Riding, trib. of the Ure, which it joins on the r. bk. at 
 Appersett, about 2 m. above Hawes. 
 
 Wlddale Fell, upland tract, Eng., W. of Richmond div., N. 
 Riding of Yorkshire, 20 m. SSE. Appleby. 
 
 Wlddlngton, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 4J m. S. Saffron 
 Walden, li m. SE. by S. Newport stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Widdlngton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 8 m. NW. 
 York. P. <25o. 
 
 Whldrlngton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 
 8 m. NE. by N. Morpeth, i m. NE. of its stn. on the NE. R., 
 PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Wide Bay, Queensland, on the E. ct. , opposite and S. of 
 the strait which separates Frazer or Sandy I. from the mainland. 
 Length, 12^ m. ; breadth, 3 m. 
 
 Wide Channel, strait, Chile, between the mainland and the 
 S. end of Wellington I. , crossed in the S. by 50° S. 
 
 Wldecombe In the Moor, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 
 5^ m. NNW. Ashburton stn., 16 m. SW. by W. Exeter, P.O. ; 
 10,786 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Wldemonth Bay, Eng. , on the NW. ct. of Cornwall, in 50° 
 47' N. 
 
 Wldford, par., Eng., Essex, div. and ij m. SW. Chelmsford, 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Wldford, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and 6^ m. E. by N. 
 Hertford, on a branch of the G. E. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wldford, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, on the Windrush, div. 
 and 11^ m. W. by S. Woodstock, 5 m. SSW. Ascott-under- 
 Wychwood stn. , P.O. P. <25o; eccles. par. (Wldford with 
 Swinhrook) P. <200. 
 
 Wldley, par., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., 4J m. NNE. 
 Portsmouth, i^ m. N. Cosharn stn. P. < 1500; eccles. par. 
 (Wldley wlth'Wymerlng) P. < 2500. 
 
 Wldmerpool, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div., 
 8 m. SSE. Nottingham, on the M. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Wldnes, mun. bor. (since 1892) and market-tn., Eng., 
 Lancashire, W. div., in the par. of Prescot and diocese of 
 Liverpool, at the head of the estuary of the Mersey (r. bk.), 13 
 m. SE. Liverpool, with stns. on L. & NW. R., M. S. & L. R., 
 and M. R. lines, connected with Runcorn on the other side of 
 the river by a handsome bridge. The Sankey Canal connects 
 it with the St. Helen's coalfield. Since 1856 Widnes has 
 gained the position of cap. of the chemical industry in England, 
 there being now over fifteen large chemical- works ; also copper 
 and soap works, and other manufactures. Market-day, S. 
 Mun. bor. P. (1851) about 2000; (1871) 14,400; (1891) 30,000; 
 pari. div. P. (1891) 64,500. 
 
 Wldworthy, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 3 m. E. by S. 
 Honiton, 18 m. SE. by E. Tiverton. P. <25o, 
 
 Wl«lzy, tn. , Russia. See Vldzy. 
 
 Wlebelsklrchen, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Ottweiler, 
 36 m. SE. by S. Treves. P. 5000. 
 
 Wlebllngen, or Wlehllngen In Baden, comm. , Ger. , gd. 
 duchy Baden, on the Neckar, circle Heidelberg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Wled, riv. , Prussia, in the S. of the Rhine Prov. , rises in the 
 Westerwald, flows W. then S., entering the Rhine at Neuwied ; 
 not navigable. 
 
 Wledenhrlick, tn., Prussia, prov. Westphalia, 33 m. SSE. 
 Osnabriick, cap. circle Wiedenbriick. P. <3000. 
 
 Wledlkon, vil., Switzd., cant, and i m. W. Zurich; since 
 1890 it has been united to Zurich. P. (comm. )<5ooo. 
 
 Wledllsbach, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 6 m. NE. by E. 
 Solothurn. P. <2C)oo. 
 Wlehen-gebli^e, hill-ridge, Ger. See Westphallan Gate. 
 Wlehl, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Gummersbach, 26 
 m. E. Cologne. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Wield, par., Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 7J m. S. 
 Basingstoke, 3^ m. NW. Medstead stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Wlellczka, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, 7^ m. SE. 
 Cracow ; has the most important rock-salt mines of Austria. 
 These mines form a large subterranean town, about 2J m. from 
 
 1723 
 
VV I E L — W I G M 
 
 E. to W. and 3940 ft. from N. to S. , 920 ft. below the surface 
 of the ground. Here are several subterranean ponds, which 
 can be traversed by canoes ; some of the halls are of vast size, 
 reaching 100 ft. in height. There are also two chapels with 
 various ornamentations. Alt. 835 ft. P. 6000. 
 
 Wielka, Wielki, and other derivatives from the root wiel, 
 Polish, 'large.' 
 
 M^lelnu, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 45 m. SSE. 
 Kalisz ; trade in grain and wool. P. 5700. 
 
 Wlenielhausen, vil. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, govt. Arns- 
 berg, circle Bochum. P. (comm.) 6600. 
 Wlen, German name of Vienna. 
 
 Wiener Nenstadt, tn. , Lower Austria, 30 m. S. by W. 
 Vienna ; manufactures machinery, iron goods, pottery, flour, 
 and brass wares. Among the buildings of the town are the old 
 castle, built in the 12th century and restored in the 15th and 
 i8th centuries, now containing the military academy, founded 
 by Maria Theresia, with the Gothic chapel (with fine stained- 
 glass windows) and the tomb of Maximilian I. (born here in 
 1459, died 1519) ; the Neukloster, founded in 1444, having a 
 church with a monument to Eleanora of Portugal (died 1467), 
 wife of Frederick III. The Turks unsuccessfully besieged the 
 town in 1529, an earthquake partly destroyed it in 1768, and 
 it was almost entirely burnt down in 1834. P. 25,000. 
 
 Wiener- Wald, See Austria, Arclidncliy of, and Her- 
 mannskogel. 
 
 Wleng Chan, or Vlen-tlau, tn,, French Indo-China, 1. bk. 
 Mekong, 130 m. S. by E. Luang Prabang. Alt. 646 ft. 
 
 Wlerden, vil. , Holland, prov. Overijssel, 17 m. NW. by W. 
 Enschede. P. (comm.) 6100. 
 
 Wlerlngen, isl., Holland, in the Zuider Zee, prov. N. 
 Holland, crossed by 5° E. P. 2650. 
 
 Wlerlngerwaawl, vil., Holland, prov. N. Holland, 9 m. SE. 
 by S. Helder. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Wlers, comm., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 9 m. SE. 
 Tournai. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Wlerston, dist., Scot., Wigtownshire, 4 m. NW. by W. 
 Stranraer. 
 
 Wlerum, vil., Holland, prov. Friesland, on the N. ct. , 16 m. 
 NE. by N. Leeuwarden. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wlcraszoiv, tn. and custom-house, Russian Poland, govt, 
 and 32 m. S. Kalisz, on Prussian frontier, 8 m. by rail E. 
 Wartenberg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Wlerzbolo-w, German Wlerballen, tn., Russian Poland, 
 govt. Suwaiki, on Prussian frontier, on railway St. Petersburg- 
 Berlin, 52 m. by rail W. Kovno, with Eydkunen close by, one 
 of the chief custom-houses of Russia. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Wlesa, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, dist. Anna- 
 berg, 16 m. S. by E. Chemnitz. P. <3C)oo. 
 
 Wlenbaden, tn. , Prussia, cap. administrative div. W. of prov. 
 Hesse-Nassau, at the foot (S. ) of the Taunus Range, 2J m. N. of 
 the r. bk. of the Rhine ; the most frequented watering-place in 
 the German Empire, a distinction it owes partly to its hot saline 
 springs, partly to its genial climate. In great part a compara- 
 tively modern town, Wiesbaden possesses numerous handsome 
 buildings, amongst them museums of pictures, antiquities, and 
 natural history ; the library of 100,000 volumes ; the Pauline 
 Palace (1842), an imitation of the Alhambra; the magnificent 
 bath-house (Kurhaus), 400 ft. long. The hot springs of Wies- 
 baden were known to the Romans under the names of Pontes 
 Mattiaci and Aquce Mattiacce. Wiesbaden has been steadily 
 growing in repute since the i6th century, especially since it came 
 into favour as a winter resort. There are about two dozen springs 
 in all, with temp. io4°-i56J° F. , wonderfully copious in supply, 
 and deemed efficacious in cases of severe dyspepsia, gout, rheu- 
 matism, skin and nervous diseases. The most celebrated are the 
 Koch-brunnen (Boiling Spring), the Adler (in the 'Eagle' Hotel 
 garden), and the Schiitzenhof (Riflemen's Court). The number 
 of visitors annually falls little, if anything, short of 100,000. 
 From 1815 to 1866 Wiesbaden was the winter residence of the 
 Duke of Nassau. Alt. 384 ft. P. (1816) 5000; (1871)35,450; 
 (1890) 64,700. 
 
 Wlesdorf, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , govt. Dusseldorf, circle 
 Solingen. P. (comm.) < 3000. 
 
 Wlese, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Neustadt. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Wleseck, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, prov. Upper Hesse, 
 circle Giessen. P. <3000. 
 
 Wleselburg, tn. and co., Hungary. See Moson (tn.) and 
 IMosony (co. ). 
 
 Wleselsteln, mt., Austria, Bohemia, in the Erzgebirge, 8 m. 
 W. by N. Teplitz. Alt. 3135 ft. 
 
 Wle8enl>erg, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 29 m. N. by W. Olmiitz ; 
 iron mined. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wlesentlial, comm., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle Karls- 
 ruhe. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Wlesentlial, Boliniisch, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 14 m. NNE. 
 Karlsbad. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Wlesentlial, Ober and IJnter, two adjoining tns.. Saxony, 
 circle Zwickau, 18 m. S. Annaberg, in the Erzgebirge. Ober 
 1724 
 
 Wiesenthal, alt. 3041 ft.; rfall. (18 yrs. ), 38.43 in. Ober 
 Wiesenthal, P. <20oo; Unter Wiesenthal, P. <;iooo. 
 
 Wlcslocli, tn. , Ger., Baden, circle and 8 m. S. Heidelberg. 
 P. <4ooo. 
 
 Wletlngs Moor, moorland tract, Prussia, prov. Hanover, 
 about 25-38 m. S. Bremen. 
 
 Wlfllsbnrg, Switzd. See Avenclies. 
 
 Wlgan, pari, and (by prescription) mun. bor. , co. bor. (since 
 1888), par., and market-tn., Eng. , Lancashire, SW. div., 15^ 
 m. S. Preston, in the diocese of Liverpool, on the Douglas and 
 on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, with stns. on the L. & 
 NW. R., L. & Y. R., M. S. & L. R., &c. Wigan is men- 
 tioned in Camden's Britannia as lVig,^in, 'which some say,' 
 he adds, ' was anciently Wihiggin,' and in Gough's edition of 
 Camden (1789) its manufactures of brass, pewter, and checks 
 are mentioned, and so also is the ' candle or canal coal ' of 
 Wigan and the neighbouring village of Haigh (q.v.), but only 
 as being made into ornaments and used by the poor as candles, 
 though Leland (1549) speaks of the coal of Hawe (Haigh), 
 'much like sea-coal,' as very profitable to burn. Large local 
 trade, due to its very extensive coal-mines, its important iron- 
 works, and its cotton industry ; manufactures calicoes, ging- 
 hams, fustians, &c. There are also manufactures of machinery. 
 There are a public park of 27 ac. and free library, both opened 
 in 1878 ; also a mining and technical school. Wigan, as pari, 
 bor., had two members of Parliament till 1885, now only one. 
 Mean rfall. (Wigan water-works, alt. 225 ft., 1866-80), yr. 39.8 
 in. Market-days, F. and S. Pari, and mun. bor. P. (1801) 
 11,000; (1851)31,900; (1871)39,100; (1891)55,000. 
 
 Wlgantliorpe, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 13I ni. NNE. York, 2i m. SSW. Hovingham stn. 
 See Terrlngton. 
 
 Wlgborongh, Cireat and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Essex, div. and 6| m. SSW. Colchester. Great Wigborough, 
 P. <:5oo ; Little Wigborough, P. <;25o. 
 
 Wlggenliall St. Germans, Wlggenliall St. Mary .Magde- 
 len, Wlggenliall St. Mary the Virgin, and Wlggenliall 
 St. Peter, four adjoining pars., Eng., Norfolk, NW\ div., the 
 former 4^ m. SW. by S. King's Lynn, 2 m. NNW. Magdalen 
 Road stn. Wiggenhall St. Germans, P. <75o; Wiggenhall St. 
 Mary Magdalen, 4252 ac. , P. <75o; Wiggenhall St. Mary the 
 Virgin, P. <5oo; Wiggenhall St. Peter, P. <25o. 
 
 Wlgglnton, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Watford div., 7^ m. 
 ESE. Aylesbury, ih m. S. Tring stn., P.O. P. <7S°- 
 
 Wlgglnton, parf, Eng., Oxfordshire, on the Swere, div. and 
 6^ m. SW. Banbury, 2J m. E. Hook Norton stn., P.O.; has 
 Roman remains. P. <;25o. 
 
 Wlgglnton, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Lichfield div., 2 m. 
 NE. by N. Tamworth, P.O. (Wlgglngton). P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlgglnton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div. , 4I m. N. York, J m. W. by N. Haxby stn. P. < 500. 
 
 Wlgglesworth, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton 
 div., IS m. N. Burnley, 4^ m. SSW. Settle, i^, m. WSW. 
 Long Preston stn.; 4288 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlggonholt, par., Eng., Sussex, Horsham div., 6^ m. NE. 
 by N. Arundel, i^ m. SE. Pulborough stn. P. <2So; eccles. 
 par. (Wlggonholt with <;reatham) P. <:2So. 
 
 Wlghlll, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 8 m. WSW. York, 2 m. NE. Newton Kyme stn., 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Wight, Isle of, the ancient Vectis, isl, in the English 
 Channel, off the S. ct. of England, separated by the Solent and 
 Spithead from the mainland of Hampshire, in which county it is 
 included. Length, E. to W., 22^ m.; greatest breadth, at its 
 centre, 13J m. It presents almost every variety of landscape 
 in miniature. Surface on the N. ct. undulating, and in many 
 parts well wooded ; it rises towards the centre, where a range 
 of chalk-hills traverses it from E. to W. , 669 ft. at the highest 
 part, and in the S. St. Catherine Hill rises to 775 ft. , and Boni- 
 face Down 784 ft. , the highest point in the island ; along the S. 
 ct. is the Undercliff (^.w.), including Culver Cliff, Dunnose Point, 
 Shanklin, Lucconibe, and Blackgang Chines, &c. Off its W. 
 extremity are the Needle Rocks. The Medina R., flowing S. 
 to N., separates it into two nearly equal portions, the E. of 
 which is the more fertile. In the W. are some wide sheep 
 downs. Principal towns, Newport (the cap.), Yarmouth, 
 Cowes, Ryde, and Ventnor; the three last are greatly fre- 
 quented in summer as bathing-places, and near Cowes is 
 Osborne House, a favourite residence of Queen Victoria. The 
 island has constant communication by steamboats with Ports- 
 mouth and Southampton, and is a great resort of invalids and a 
 favourite place of residence. The principal antiquities are Caris- 
 brooke Castle and the remains of Quarr Abbey. Mean rfall. 
 (1866-80), Osborne, alt. 172 ft., yr. 29.9 in.; St. Lawrence, alt. 
 75 ft., 31.2 in. Pari. div. P. (1891) 78,700. 
 
 Wlghton, par. , Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 18 m. W. Cromer, 
 2 m. N. by E. Walsingham stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wlgland, par., Eng., Cheshire, 2 m. SE. Malpas. P. <2So. 
 Wlgmore, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 8 m. NW. by 
 N. Leominster, P.O. P. <500. 
 
W I G N 
 
 WILD 
 
 H'lgiieliles, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. Avesnes, 30 m. SE. 
 Valenciennes, 2 m. W. Fourmies ; has woollen-mills, and manu- 
 factures hosiery. P. 5600. 
 
 Wlgsley, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Newark div. , 7 m. W. 
 Lincoln, 4 m. SSW. Saxilby stn. P. <250. See Thoniey. 
 
 Wlggtndtl, Slavonic Vltkov, tn. , Austria, Silesia, 13 m. 
 SSW. Troppau. P. <40oo. 
 
 Wlgsthorpc, vil. , Eng., Northamptonshire. See liilford 
 ifltli WiKstliorpe. 
 
 Wig.stoii, Great (or Magna), par., Eng., Leicestershire, 
 Harborough div., 4 m. SSE. Leicester, with stns. (Wigstou 
 and l^oufh Wlgrtton) on the M. R., and another stn. (^Vlgstoii 
 Ctleii Parva) on the L. & NW. R. Manufacture of hosiery. 
 Near by the M. R. repairing works. P. 7000. 
 
 Wlgstoii, Little (or Parva), par., Eng., Leicestershire, Har- 
 borough div., 9^ m. N. by W. Rugby, 3 m. VVNW. UUesthorpe 
 stn. P. <250. See Claybrooke. 
 
 Wlgstoii, South, stn., Eng., Leicestershire, on the M. R., 
 3^ m. S. Leicester, PMT.O. 
 
 Wlgtoft, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland div., 6 m. SW. 
 Boston, 2 m. NW. Algarkirk and Sutterton stn., P.O. P. < 
 
 750- 
 
 Wigton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, 5J m. N. Leeds. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 WIgtoii "witli Woodslde, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Cum- 
 berland, Penrith div., 2 m. S. of the Wampool, io| m. WSW. 
 Carlisle, on the Maryport and Carlisle Rly. ; manufacture of 
 fine cottons, and tanning. Large deposits of barytes in the 
 vicinity, but not worked. Market-day, Tu. 4974 ac. Par. P. 
 <4Soo; tn. P. < 4000; eccles. par. (>Vlgton ivltli Woo4lsl«Ie, 
 Wavertwn, aiiid Oultuii) P. 5100. 
 
 Wigtown, CO. tn., royal burgh, par., and market-vil. , Scot., 
 Wigtownshire, on the W. shore of Wigtown Bay, 6^ m. SSE. 
 Newton Stewart, on the Portpatrick & Wigtownshire Joint 
 Rly. The harbour belongs to the port of Ayr ; vessels of 300 
 tons can berth at its quays. Formerly a constituent of pari, 
 burghs, Wigtown was merged in the county in 1885. PMT.O. 
 Market-day, F. Par. 7508 ac. , P. <20oo ; royal burgh, P. <:20oo; 
 pari. dist. of county, P. 36,000. 
 
 Wigtown Bay, inlet of the Irish Sea, Scot. , between Wigtown- 
 shire and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright ; is 15 m, long, and 
 12 m. wide at entrance. 
 
 Wigtown (or WIgtou) sliire, maritime co. , Scot. , washed by 
 the Irish Sea and North Channel, with a coast-line of 120 m. It 
 is deeply indented on the S. by Luce Bay, and Loch Ryan on 
 N. , thus forming a double-headed penin. , the ' Rinns ; ' and 
 between Luce Bay and Wigtown Bay on E. is formed the 
 promontory called the ' Machers. ' Loch Ryan is an excellent 
 harbour ; but generally the coast of Wigtown is precipitous, and 
 its inlets rocky and dangerous. There are two lines of railway, 
 one from Newton Stewart by Wigtown to Whithorn, and the 
 other from Newton Stewart by Glenluce and Stranraer to Port- 
 patrick, with a branch to pass N. by New Luce. Geologically 
 the county is mainly composed of Silurian rocks (Lower in the 
 NW^, Upper in the SE.). W. of Loch Ryan is a strip of 
 Permian sandstone. The Mull of Galloway, the most S. point 
 in Scotland, rises 228 ft. above the sea. Galena, copper pyrites, 
 and barytes occur in small quantities, but are not mined. There 
 are slate and flag shales at Cairn Ryan, and sandstone quarries. 
 Rivers unimportant ; the Cree, on the E. boundary, passing 
 Newton Stewart to expand into Wigtown Bay ; the Bladnoch, 
 in a parallel valley, also falls into that bay, with the county 
 town at its mouth ; the Luce, forming another parallel valley, 
 flows to the head of Luce Bay. There are many lochs, but 
 mostly small. This county consists chiefly of stony moors, 
 rising in the N. into rocky hills reaching an alt. of about 1000 ft. , 
 but has good arable land in the Rinns and the Machers. For 
 agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 10-12. Manufactures 
 and fisheries unimportant. There is a woollen-factory at 
 Kirkcowan, and engineering works at Stranraer. At Newton 
 Stewart an important weekly auction market. Antiquities : 
 Whithorn (Candida Casa) was an important Roman station, 
 and having been afterwards the scene of the mission work of 
 St. Ninian (close of the 4th century), was made a bishop's see 
 in 727 ; the ' Devil's Dyke ' is a survival of the Roman occupa- 
 tion ; many traces of the prehistoric natives, ' crannogs ' and 
 cairns, &c. ; ruins of several ancient strongholds ; picturesque 
 remains of the Whithorn cathedral ; and the standing stones of 
 Torhouse. Wigtownshire returns one member to Parliament. 
 The chief towns are Stranraer, Wigtown, Newton Stewart, 
 Whithorn, Glenluce. Area, 327,906 ac. P. (1891) 36,000. See 
 Scotland, table. 
 
 Wllierles, vil., Belgium, prov. Hainaut, arr. and 14 m. SW. 
 Mons. P. < 3000. 
 
 Wijchen, vil., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 14 m. SW. by S. 
 Arnhem. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Wljlie, vil., Holland, prov. Overijssel, on the IJssel, 8 m. N. 
 by W. Deventer. P. (comm.)<5oc)o. 
 
 Wljk, part of Maastricht, Holland, prov. Limburg, on the 
 r. bk. of the Maas, opposite the main portion of Maastricht. 
 
 Wljk, De, vil., Holland, prov. Drenthe, 13 m. NE. by N. 
 Zwolle. P. (comm.)<30oo. 
 
 Wljk-ann-Zee, vil., Holland, prov. N. Holland, on the W. 
 ct., 7 m. NNW. Haarlem; frequented for sea-bathing. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Wljk 1>1J Dunrstede, vil., Holland, prov. and 11 m. SE. by 
 E. Utrecht, where the lower Rhine divides to form the Kromme 
 Rijn (Crooked Rhine) and the Leek ; with ancient seat of the 
 bishops of Utrecht. P. (comm.)<40oo. 
 
 Wljnberg, vil., Cape Colony. See Wynbnrg. 
 
 Wljn, or Wiclin, tn. , Korea, near the estuary of the Am-nok 
 (NW. frontier), in 39° 48' N.; great depot of overland trade 
 with China. P. about 30,000. 
 
 Wlke, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash div., 
 6 m. NNE. Leeds, 2 m. W. by S. Bardsey stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlke, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 4 m. S. Bradford, 
 with a stn. (Wyke) on the L. & Y. R., PMT.O. (Wyke). P. 
 5900. 
 
 Wlke Head, hill, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Ridmg, on the S. 
 border of the Holmfirth div., 9 m. S. Huddersfield. Alt. 
 1565 ft. 
 
 Wll, or Wyl, tn., Switzd., cant, and 15 m. W. by N. St. 
 Gall ; manufactures cottons and brass-wares, and has print- 
 ing. P. (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Wlla, Portuguese W. Africa. See Hnllla. 
 
 Wilawcze, tn., Austria, Bukowina, dist. Wiznitz. P. <40oo. 
 
 Wilbarger, co., U.S., Texas, on the Red R. (N. frontier), 
 E. of 100° W. 
 
 Wilbarston, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 13^ 
 m. NNW. Wellingborough, 4^ m. NW. Geddington stn., PM.Ot 
 P. <:7So. See Stoke Albany. 
 
 Wllber, vil., U.S., Nebraska, cap. Saline co. , 75 m. SW. 
 Omaha, and 24 m. SSW. Lincoln. P. <isoo. 
 
 WUberforce, postal-vil. , New South Wales, Cook co. , 30 m. 
 NW. by N. Sydney. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wllberfoss, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 8 m. E. York, 2 m. SW. by S. Fangfoss stn., PM.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Wllbraliani, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampden co. , 7^ m. 
 E. by N. Springfield. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wllbraham, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Cambridgeshire. Great Wilbraham, Newmarket div., 6 m. E. 
 by S. Cambridge, i^ m. E. by N. Fulbourn stn., PMT.O., P. 
 <7So; Little Wilbraham, P.O., P. <500. 
 
 Wllbnr, settlement, U.S., Washington, Lincoln co., 54 m. 
 W. by N. Spokane Falls. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wllbartlia, U.S., New Jersey, Mercer co., on the Delaware 
 R., 34 m. NW. Trenton. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Wllburton, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Isle of Ely, 5 m. 
 SW. bv S. Ely, on the G. E. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wllby» par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 18 m. SW. Norwich, 
 I m. E. Eccles Road. P. <25o ; eccles. par, (Wllby with 
 Harghani) P. <25o. 
 
 Wllby, par., Eng., E. div, of Northamptonshire, 2 m. SW. 
 Wellingborough. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wllby, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 6 m. E. by S. Eye stn. , 
 17J m. NNE. Ipswich. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wllby, post-tn., Victoria, Moira co., in 37° 50' S., 146° E. 
 P. <;i5oo, 
 
 Wllcannla, pastoral and mining tn., New South Wales, 
 Young CO., 200 m. NNE. Wentworth. Wilcannia is a river- 
 port on the Darling, and has considerable trade. Excellent 
 opals have been found, and gold and various minerals in the 
 surrounding country. Mean annual rfall. (13 yrs.), 10.83 i'^- 
 P. <25oo. 
 
 Wllchlngen, vil, Switzd., cant, and 8 m. W. by S. Schaff- 
 hausen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wllcot, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Devizes div. , 15 m. S. Swindon, 
 i^ m. W. Pewsey stn., P.O. P. <750 ; eccles. par. (Wllcote 
 wltli Oare) P. < 500. 
 
 Wllcote, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 5 m. W. Wood- 
 stock, 3^ m. N. by E. Witney. P. <25o. 
 
 Wilcox, CO., U.S., Alabama, intersected by 32° N., and 
 traversed by Alabama R. 
 
 Wilcox, CO., U.S., Georgia, crossed by 32° N., and W. of 
 83° W., bounded in E. by Ockmulgee R. 
 
 Wilcox, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Elk co., on Clarion R., 14 
 m. N. Ridgway. P. < 1500. 
 
 WUcrlck, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 6 m. E. New- 
 port, li m. NW. Magor stn. P. <25o. See Llanmartln. 
 
 Wllczek, isl., Arctic Ocean, one of the Franz Joseph Land 
 Archipelago. 
 
 Wllda, vil., Prussia, prov. and govt. Posen, circle E. Posen. 
 P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Wlldbad, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, Black Forest circle, 
 28 m. W. Stuttgart ; in a romantic valley of the Schwarzwald, 
 amid fir woods. Resorted to for its baths, which have many 
 thermal springs, 93°-97° F. ; in the grounds is a summer theatre. 
 Alt. 1496 ft. P. <30oo. 
 
 Wlldbad tia.steln. See Gasteln. 
 
 1725 
 
WILD 
 
 WILL 
 
 Wild Bellows Rock, islet, Ire. , off SW. ct. co. Galway. 
 
 Wildberg, or Wildberg lii Wttrtemberg, tn., Ger., kgd. 
 Wiirtemberg, circle Black Forest, 22 m. SW. by W. Stuttgart. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Wildboarclougli, or WiUlboar Clongb (kltif), par., Eng., 
 Cheshire, div. and 6 m. SE. Macclesfield, in a picturesque posi- 
 tion, with Derbyshire and Staffordshire moorlands on E. and S. 
 respectively. Here is Shutlings Low (1800 ft.), the highest eleva- 
 tion in Cheshire. 5066 ac. P. <25o. See Macclcslleld Forest. 
 
 Wlldenianu, tn., Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Zellerfeld, 
 25 m. NE. by N. Gottingen. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Wilden, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 4^ m. 
 NE. Bedford, P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Wlldeuf'els, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 6 m. SE. by 
 E. Zwickau ; has marble and limestone quarries, and coal-mines. 
 Alt. 1184 ft. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Wlldenscliwert, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, on riv. Stille Adler, 
 30 m. SE. by E. Koniggratz ; has fulling-mills. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Wilder Pfaff, mt. , Austria, Tirol, one of the Oetzthal Alps, 
 f m. N. of Sonklar Spitze. Alt. 11,370 ft. 
 
 Wlldervank, vil. , Holland, prov. and 16 m. SE. by E. 
 Groningen. P. (comm. ) 8900. 
 
 Wildhaas, vil., Switzd., cant. St. Gall, 5| m. SE. Krum- 
 menau; birthplace of the reformer Zwingli (born 1481, died 
 1532). P. (comm.)<20oo. 
 
 Wlldhorn Peak. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. B. 1. 
 
 Wlldmore, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsay div., 3 m. 
 SE. Tattershall ; 4307 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 WUdon, vil. , Eng. , Worcestershire. See Mltton, Lower. 
 
 WUdon Grauge, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 5 J m. 
 N. Easingwold. P. <25o. 
 
 Wild Klce, riv., U.S., Minnesota, issues from Rice Lake, 
 Beltranie co. , flows W. to the Red River of the North. Length 
 about no m. 
 
 Wll«l Ulce, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Cass co., 9 m. S. by 
 W. Fargo. 
 
 Wild River, Queensland, a principal trib. of the riv. Herbert, 
 in Cardwell co. 
 
 WUdspltze Peak. See Alps, Subdivisions, II. A. 4. 
 
 WUdstelu, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Wildstein ; ^various 
 manufactures. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wlldstelle Holte, mt. , Austria, in W. of Styria, in the 
 Niedere 'I'auern Range. Alt. 9005 ft. 
 
 WUdstrnbel Peak. See Alps, SuBDl-tWff^NS, II. B. 1. 
 
 Wlldsworth, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div. , on 
 the r. bk. of the Trent, 5 m. N. Gainsborough, 2^ m. E. Haxey 
 stn. P. <25o. See Langhton by Clainsborongh. 
 
 Wllford, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div., ij 
 m. SSW. and partly in bor. of Nottingham, on the r. bk. of 
 the Trent, P.O. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wllge, riv.. South African Republic, one of the headwaters 
 of the Rhenoster (upper Olifants), flows N. on frontier between 
 Pretoria and Middelburg divs. ; outcrops of coal in its bed. 
 
 Wllgefonteln, vil., S. Africa, Natal, near Pietermaritzburg. 
 P. <:20oo. 
 
 Wllbelmluciibiitte, mining vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, govt. 
 Oppeln, circle Kattowitz. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wllbelnisbriick, stn., Prussia, in the SE. of prov. Posen, 
 on the Prosna, 48 m. ENE. Breslau. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wllhelmsburg, isl., Ger., between the N. and S. Elbe, 
 between Harburg and Hamburg, mainly belonging to Prussia, 
 prov. Hanover, but partly to the terr. of Hamburg ; manufac- 
 tures chemicals. P. (vil. ) 8800. 
 
 Wilbelmshaven, military port, Prussia, prov. Hanover, 
 on the W. side of the Jade Busen, 18 m. W. Bremerhaven, 
 circle Wittmund ; has a good harbour, used solely for war- 
 vessels ; is the station for the German North Sea fleet. The 
 terr., 5 sq. m., was acquired from Oldenburg, 1853. Near the 
 military port, opened 1869, are many docks ; there are also 
 slips for trading-vessels. P. 14,900 ; comm. P. 15,500. 
 
 Wlltaelmshobe, castle, Prussia. See Kassel. 
 
 Wlllmow, vil., Austria, Bohemia, 29 m. N. Iglau. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wllkaa, or Wllkan In Sachsen, vil, Ger., kgd. Saxony, 
 circle and dist. Zwickau. P. 6800. 
 
 Wilkes, CO., U.S., Georgia, S. of 34° N.. and E. of 83° W. 
 
 Wilkes, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, in the NW., N. of 36° N., 
 crossed in the E. by 81° W. 
 
 Wllkesbarre (wilks'bar-e ; locally spelt Wilkes Barre, 
 though the U.S. Board on Geographic Names has decided in 
 favour of the spelling in one word), city, U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 cap. Luzerne co. , on the N. Branch of the Susquehanna, 16 m. 
 SW. Scranton, in the midst of productive coal-mines; extensive 
 manufactures of lace, axles, and wire rope, as well as breweries, 
 foundries, &c. Wilkesbarre is surrounded by fine scenery, and 
 is a popular summer resort. Alt. 549 ft. (R.R.). P. (1870) 
 17,300; (1880)23,300; (1890)37,700. 
 
 Wllkesley, vil. , Eng. , Cheshire. See Dodcott wltb Wllkcs- 
 ley. 
 
 Wllkeson, vil., U.S., Washington, Pierce co., 42 m, E. by 
 N. Olympia. P. < 1500. 
 1726 
 
 WUkesport, vil., Canada, Ontario, Lambton co. , on the riv. 
 Sydenham, 59 m. W. by S. London. P. <i5oo. 
 
 WUklestoii, P.O., Scot., Midlothian, 3 m. E. Mid Calder. 
 
 WUklii, CO., U.S., Minnesota, in the W., N. of 46° N., 
 traversed from E. to W. and partly bounded on the W. by the 
 Red River of the North. 
 
 Wllklnsbnrg, coal-mining bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Alle- 
 gheny CO., 7 m. E. Pittsburg. P. < 5000. 
 
 WUkiiison, CO., U.S., Georgia, touching in extreme N. 33° 
 N., and crossed in E. by 83° W. 
 
 Wilkinson, co. , U.S., Mississippi, in the extreme SW. 
 
 Wllklnstown, stn.. Ire., co. Meath, on the M. G. W. R. , 
 7 m. N. Navan. 
 
 Wllklnstown, tnld. , Ire., N. co. Meath, bar. Morgallion, 
 6 m. N. by W. Navan, on the M. G. W. R., P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Wllklscheii, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Mies; coal mined. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wllkonilerz, Russia. See Vllkomlr. 
 
 Wilkowli^zk, Russian Volkovysbkl, tn. , Russian Poland, 
 govt. Suwaiki, 39 m. WSW. Kovno, on highway to Konigsberg. 
 P. 9100. 
 
 WUksby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 12^ m. 
 N. by W. Boston, 5 m. S. by E. Horncastle, s| m. E. Kirkstead 
 stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. (WUksby wltb Claxby Pluckacre) 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Win, CO., U.S., Illinois, on E. frontier, and N. of 41° N. 
 
 Willamette (wilam'et), riv., U.S., Oregon, formed near 
 Eugene, just N. of 44° N. , by the union of the Coast Fork 
 (rising in! the Calapooia Mts. ) and the Middle Fork (rising in 
 the Cascade Range), and joined a few miles further N. by 
 McKenzie's Fork (also from the Cascade Range), flows N. 
 through the most fertile valley in the W. of the state past 
 Eugene, Corvallis, Albany, Salem, Oregon City, and Portland, 
 and joins the Columbia R. a few miles below Portland ; navi- 
 gable for large ships to Portland ; 25 m. from the mouth are 
 Willamette Falls, at Oregon City, 40 ft. high, around which a 
 canal has been constructed. Navigable for small steamboats for 
 two-thirds of the year to Eugene, 149 m. Length, 250 m. 
 
 Willamette Forks, vil., U.S., Oregon, Lane co. , on Willa- 
 mette R., 96 m. S. by W. Portland. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Willamette University, U.S., Oregon. See 8alem. 
 
 Wllland, par., Eng., Devonshire, div. and 5 m. E. by S. 
 Tiverton, close to Tiverton Junction, PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Wlllapa, settlement, U.S., Washington, Pacific co. , 46 m. 
 SW. by W. Olympia. 
 
 WlUard, coal-mining vil., U.S., Kentucky, Carter co. , 11 
 m. by rail S. Grayson. P. <i500. 
 
 Wlllaston, par., Eng., Cheshire, Crewe div., on the L. & 
 NW. & G. W. Joint Rly., 2 m. E. by N. Nantwich, PMT.O. 
 P. <:25oo. 
 
 Wlllaston, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirral div., 7J m. S. by E. 
 Birkenhead, close to Hadlow Road stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Wlllaston, postal-tp. , S. Australia, Gawler co. , 24 m. N. by 
 E. Adelaide, on the Great Northern Line, 20 m. SW. by S. 
 Kapun da. P. < 1 500. 
 
 ■• 'WlUbrook, stn.. Ire., on the W. Clare Rly., 12 m. from 
 Ennis, co. Clare. 
 
 Wlllbrook, tn., Ire., co. and 3^ m. S. Dublin, bar. Rath- 
 down. P. <250. 
 
 Wlllebroeck, comm., Belgium, prov. and 10 m. S. Antwerp, 
 arr. Malines ; various manufactures. P. 7400. 
 
 Wlllems, tn., France, dep. Nord, arr. Lille, 2J m. SSE. 
 Lannoy ; cultivates hops. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wlllem Schouten's EUanden, New Guinea. See Sctaouten. 
 
 Wlllemstad, fortified tn., Holland, prov. N. Brabant, on 
 the Hollandsch Diep, 13 m. SW. by W. Dordrecht. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wlllemstad, seapt. tn., Dutch West Indies, Cura9ao I., on 
 the S. ct., 125 m. NNW. Puerto Cabello, with a natural harbour 
 whose entrance is defended by two forts ; trade in sugar, tobacco, 
 phosphate of lime, grain, dividivi, and salt. P. 10,000. 
 
 WlUen, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Buckingham div., 12 
 m. WSW. Bedford, ij m. S. Newport Pagnell. P. <:2So. 
 
 WlUenabrlna, post-tn. , Victoria, Borung co. , 78 m. NNW. 
 Stawell. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wllleuberg, or WUlenberg In Ost^Preussen, tn., Prussia, 
 prov. E. Prussia, circle Ortelsburg, 94 m. S. by E. Konigsberg. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Wlllentaall, par. and manufacturing tn. , Eng. , S. Stafford- 
 shire, 3 m. E. Wolverhampton, and included in that pari. bor. , 
 with stns. on the M. R. and L. & NW. R. ; manufactures locks 
 and latches, curry-combs and bolts, and does a large trade in 
 castings (for bicycles, &c.). There are coal-mines. PMT.O. 
 Par. P. 19,400; tn. P. 16,900. 
 
 WlUenball, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., on 
 the Sow, 3 m. SE. Coventry. P. <:2So. 
 
 WlUerby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div., 
 6 m. SSW, Scarborough, 2 m. E. Ganton stn. ; 4570 ac. P. 
 <i;oo. 
 
 Wlllerby, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., s m. WNW. Hull, with a stn. (Wlllerby and Kirk Ella) 
 
W I L L — W I L L 
 
 on the Hull and Barnsley and W. Riding Junction Rly. , P. O. 
 P.<75o. 
 
 Wlllersey, par., Eng. , Gloucestershire, Cirencester div. , 
 5 m. SE. by E. Evesham, 4 m. W. Campden stn., P.O. P. < 
 500. 
 
 Willersley, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div., 13I 
 m. WNW. Hereford, i m. S. Eardisley stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Wlllesborongh, par., Eng., Kent, div. and li m. ESE. 
 Ashford, PMT.O. P. < 3500. 
 
 Wlllesdeii (wllz'den), par. and tn. , Eng., Middlesex, Harrow 
 div., 7 m. WNW. St. Paul's, London, i m. N. Willesden Junc- 
 tion, an important stn. on the L. & NW. R. , connecting that 
 railway with several other great railway systems. 4383 ac. P. 
 61,300; eccles. par. (Willesden Broiidesbiiry) P. 5600. 
 
 Willesden Cireeu, adjoining on the E., with two stns. 
 (Willesden Green and Willestlen Green and C'ricklewood) 
 on the Metropolitan Rly. 
 
 Willesley, par. , Eng. , in a detached part of Derbyshire, S. 
 div., 7I m. SE. Burton, i m. S. Ashby stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Wiliey, par., Eng., Herefordshire, 3 m. N. Presteigne. P. 
 < 250. 
 
 Wiliey, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 14^ m. SE. by E. 
 Shrewsbury, 4I m. NNW. Bridgnorth, ij m. W. Linley stn. 
 P. <25o; eccles. par. (Wiliey witU Barrow) P. <5oo. 
 
 Wiliey, par., Eng., on the E. border of Warwickshire, div. 
 and 7 m. N. Rugby, 2^ m. SSW. Ullesthorpe stn., P.O. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Willliayse, Hlgli, mt., Eng., in the W. of Devonshire, 16 m. 
 E. by N. Launceston. Alt. 2040 ft. 
 
 Willlani, Mount, Tasmania, in 40° 54' S. , 148° 11' E. Alt. 
 4360 ft. 
 
 William, :iIount, W. Australia, is the highest peak of the 
 Roe Range, near the coast. Alt. 3600 ft. 
 
 William Penn, or Spring Mill, vil. , U.S., Pennsylvania, 
 Montgomery co. , 5 m. SW. Norristown. P. < 1500. 
 
 William Pitt Bay, near the extreme N. of Madagascar, W. 
 ct. , in about 12^° S. 
 
 Williams, settlement, U.S., Arizona, Yavapai co. , 164 m. 
 SE. from the NW. corner of the terr. 
 
 Williams, vil., U.S., California, Colusa co. , 65 m. NW. 
 Sacramento. P. < 1500. 
 
 Williams, CO., U.S., N. Dakota, partly bounded on the S. 
 by 47° N., crossed in the E. by 102° W., bounded on N. byriv. 
 Missouri. 
 
 Williams, CO., U.S., Ohio, in the extreme NW. 
 
 Willlamsboro, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Vance co., 4 m. S. 
 Townesville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wllliamsbriflge, vil., U.S., New York, Westchester co. P. 
 <:20oo. 
 
 Williamsburg, vil., U.S., Colorado, Fremont co., 94 m. S. 
 Denver. P. < 1000. 
 
 Williamsburg, vil., Kansas, Franklin co. , 28 m. NE. 
 Burlington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Williamsburg, tn., U.S., Kentucky, Whitley co., 35 m. 
 WNW. of the SE. corner of the state. P. <isoo. 
 
 Williamsburg, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire co., 
 15 m. NNW. Holyoke. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Williamsburg, vil., U.S., Ohio, Clermont co., 25 m. E. 
 Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Williamsburg, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Blair co., 74 m. 
 W. by N. Harrisburg, and 10 m. ESE. Altoona. P. < 1500. 
 
 Williamsburg, co. , U.S., S. Carolina, in the E. , bounded 
 on the S. by Santee R., crossed in the SW. by 80° W. 
 
 Williamsburg, ancient city, U.S., Virginia, James City co. , 
 45 m. ESE. Richmond. Williamsburg is the seat of William 
 and Mary College, incorporated 1693, the oldest educational 
 institute, except Harvard University, in the U.S. The town 
 was first settled in 1662, and was the seat of government of 
 Virginia from 1705 till 1779. Previous to 1693 it was called 
 ' Middle Plantation.' P. <2ooo. 
 
 Williamsburg, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, co. and suburb of 
 Milwaukee. P. <:4000. 
 
 Willlamsburgli, suburb of Paisley, Scot., Renfrewshire. 
 
 Willlamscott, locality, Eng. , in the N. of Oxfordshire, div. 
 and 2,2 I"- NE^- ^y •'^- Banbury, i^ m. SE. Cropredy stn. 
 
 Wiiliamsford, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Grey co. , 30 m. W. by 
 S. Collingwood. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Williams Island, S. Australia, S. of Cape Catastrophe, at 
 W. entrance of Spencer Gulf, near 136° E. 
 
 Williamson, co. , U.S., Illinois, in the S., drained by Big 
 Muddy R. 
 
 Williamson, co. , U.S., Tennessee, crossed in the extreme N. 
 by 36° N. , and in the W. by 87° W. 
 
 WiUiamson, co., U.S., Texas, S. of 31° N., E. of 98° W. 
 Williamson, Mount, mt., U.S., California, in the Sierra 
 Nevada, 190 m. N. Los Angeles. 
 
 Williamsport, city, U.S., Indiana, cap. Warren co., on 
 r. bk. of Wabash R., 68 m. NW. by W. Indianapolis. P. 
 <:iSoo. 
 Williamsport, tn., U.S., Maryland, co. and 60 m. NW. 
 
 by N. Washington (D. C. ), on the Potomac; has trade in coal 
 and grain. P. <; 1500. 
 
 Williamsport, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Emmons co. , 
 33 m. SE. Bismarck. 
 
 Williamsport, city, U.S., Pennsylvania, Lycoming co., on 
 the W. Branch of Susquehanna R. , 93 m. N. of Harrisburg ; 
 one of the most extensive lumbering cities in the state, a boom 
 being here placed across the river to catch all logs floated down. 
 Various manufactures. P. (1880) 18,900 ; (1890)27,200. South 
 Williamsport, adjoining bor., P. <3ooo. 
 
 Williams River, postal-centre, W. Australia,Wicklowco. , on 
 the 1. bk. of the Murray R., 100 m. SE. by S. Perth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wllliamstun, vil., U.S., Michigan, Ingham co., 64 m. 
 SSW. Bay City, and 18 m. E. by S. Lansing. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Willlamston, East, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 3^ m. 
 NW. Tenby, i^ m. WNW. Saundersfoot stn. P. <5oo.. See 
 Begelly. 
 
 Willlamstowii, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Glengarry co. , 4 m. 
 W. Lancaster. P. < 1500. 
 
 WilllamstoM'ii, tnld. , Ire. , co. Carlow, bar. and par. Rath- 
 villy. P. <:25o. 
 
 WiUlamstOM'n, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Ballymoe, 
 iS§ m. WNW. Roscommon, 5 m. from Ballinlough stn. , PM.O. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Willlamstown, tn. , S. Australia, co. and 25 m. NE. Ade- 
 laide ; gold and copper are worked here. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Williamstovi'n, vil., U.S., Kentucky, cap. Grant co. , 32 m. 
 S. Cincinnati (Ohio). P. < 1500. 
 
 Wllliamstoivn, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co., on 
 Hoosac R., 45 m. SE. by E. of the NW. corner of the state ; 
 manufactures woollens, and is a tourist resort. Seat of Williams 
 College, founded 1793. P. < 5000. 
 
 WilllamstOTvn, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Gloucester co. , 12 m. 
 SE. Woodbury; manufactures glass-ware. P. < 1500. 
 
 Williamstown, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Dauphin co., on 
 Wiconizco Creek, 25 m. NE. by N. Harrisburg, and 20 m. NW. 
 by N. Lebanon ; has large coal-mines. P. <3000. 
 
 Williamstown, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Orange co., 10 m. S. 
 Montpelier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Williamstown, municip. and port, Victoria, Bourke co. , 
 on the N. side of Port Phillip Bay, 5 m. SW. Melbourne. 
 Williamstown has three large piers, at which the largest 
 steamers are berthed. The Alfred graving dock, 450 ft. long, 
 has 24^ ft. water at low, and 27 ft. at high water on sill ; there 
 are patent slips, and building and repairing yards. Near the 
 town are large quarries. P. 16,000. 
 
 Wllllamsto"»vn, PM.O., Wales, Glamorganshire, i m. from 
 Pen-y-graig. 
 
 Williamsville, vil., U.S., New York, Erie co., 8 m. NE. 
 Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Williamtown, post-tn.. New South Wales, Gloucester co. , 
 10 m. NNE. Newcastle. P. <isoo. 
 
 Wllllan, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and 3 m. ENE. 
 Hitchin, loj m. NE. by E. Luton, PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Willicb, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle and 4J m. S. 
 Krefeld. P. <3000. 
 
 Willie Mount, W. Australia, in the Sterling Range, N. of 
 Albany. Alt. 3000 ft. 
 
 Willlgen, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 15 m. E. Interlaken, in 
 the Hasli-thal. 
 
 Willimantic, city, U.S., Connecticut, Windham co. , on the 
 1. bk. of Shetucket R. , 25 m. N. by W. New London; manu- 
 factures silk, cotton, thread, and prints. P. (1880) 6600 ; (1890) 
 8600. 
 
 Willlngale Spain and Wllllngale Doe, two adjoining pars. , 
 Eng., Essex, Eppingdiv. , Willingale Doe, 7m. W. Chelmsford, 
 
 4 m. NE. by E. Ongar stn., P.O. (Willlngale). Willingale 
 Spain, P. <25o ; Willingale Doe, P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (Willin- 
 gale Doe with Shellow^-Bowells) P. <;5oo. 
 
 Willlngdon, par., Eng., Sussex, div. and 2^ m. NW. by W. 
 Eastbourne, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O. ; 4321 ac. P. 
 < 2000. 
 
 Willingham, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div., 8 
 m. NNW. Cambridge, i| m. NNE. Long Stanton stn. , PMT.O. ; 
 4659 ac. P. ■C2000. See also Carlton with Wllllugham. 
 
 Willingham, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 
 
 5 m. SE. Gainsborough, and 2 m. SE. Lea stn., PM.O. P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 Willingham, par., Eng. Suffolk, Lowestoft div., 3 m. SE. 
 Beccles. P. <:25o; eccles. par. (Willingham with Sotterley) 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Willingham, North, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey 
 div., II m. W. by N. Louth, 3J m. E. Market Rasen, P.O. 
 P. <;25o. 
 
 Willingham, South, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey 
 div., 8i^ m. W. by S. Louth, with a stn. (South Willingham 
 and Halnton) on the G. N. R., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wlllington, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 4 
 m. E. Bedford, 2 m. NE. Cardington stn., 2 m. W. by S. 
 Blunham stn. , P.O. P. <:2So. 
 
 1727 
 
WILL 
 
 W I L N 
 
 M^llUiigtoii, par., Eng., Cheshire, 3 m. NW. Tarporley. 
 P.<:25o. 
 
 WllUiigton, par., Eng., Derbyshire, S. div. , 4^ m. NE. 
 Burton, on the 1. bk. of the Trent, with a stn. (Repton and 
 ^llUngton) on the M. R. and L. & NW. R., PMT.O. P. 
 
 <7So- 
 
 WllUiigtou, par. and tn., Eng., Durham, Mid div., on 1. bk. 
 Wear, 3^ m. N. Bishop Auckland, on the NE. R. ; has large 
 collieries and whinstone quarries. PMT.O. Par. P. 5100 ; tn. 
 P. 7800. 
 
 Wlllliigton, eccles. par., Eng., Northumberland, Tyneside 
 div., 4^ m. ENE. Newcastle. P. < 2500. 
 
 Wlllington, tn. , U.S. , Connecticut, Tolland co. , 20 m. ENE. 
 Hartford. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Wllliugtoii, city, U.S., Delaware. See >VUinlugton. 
 
 WllUngtou, par., Wales, Flintshire, 5 m. NE. Ellesmere. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Wlllington Quay, tn., Eng., Northumberland, on the Tyne, 
 2 m. SW. North Shields, on the NE. R. ; has shipbuilding yards, 
 firebrick and rope-making, and other industries. Birthplace of 
 Robert Stephenson, civil engineer, 1803. PMT.O. P. 6400. 
 
 Wlllliilc, vil., U.S., New York, Erie co., near E. Aurora. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Willis, French spelling OullUs, vil. , Algeria, near the N W. 
 ct., 55 m. NE. by E. Oran. 
 
 Willis, vil., U.S., Texas, Montgomery co., 45 m. N. by W. 
 Houstan. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wllllsliaui, pan, Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 7 m. NW. 
 by W. Ipswich, 3 m. SW. by S. Needham stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Wllllstou, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Buford co., 64 m. 
 SSE. from the NW. corner of the state. 
 
 WllUston, tn., U.S., Vermont, Chittenden co., 2 m. SW. 
 North Williston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlllltoft, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., 7j m. N. Goole, ij m. SE. by E. Highfield stn. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Wlllltou, vil., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., i^ m. from 
 the N. ct., 14 m. NW. Taunton, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Wlllmar, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Kandiyohi co., 90 m. W. by 
 N. Minneapolis. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wlllmar, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Renville co. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlllocbra, post-tn., S. Australia, Newcastle co., 29 m. NE. 
 Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlllochra Creek, riv. , S. Australia, flows N. then W. into 
 the S. end of Lake Torrens. 
 
 WlUoniltz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 20 m. E. by N. Karlsbad. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Wlllonghby, settlement, Canada, dist. Saskatchewan, 19 m. 
 SW. by S. Prince Albert. 
 
 WlUongbby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 13^ 
 m. SE. Louth, on the G. N. R. , P.O. ; 5146 ac. P. <75o ; eccles. 
 par. (Wlllongliby with Sloothby) P. <:7so. 
 
 Wlllonghby, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 5 m. S. by 
 E. Rugby, P.O. P.<:soo. 
 
 Wlllonghby, cape, the E. end of Kangaroo I. , S. Australia. 
 
 Wlllonghby, vil., U.S., Ohio, Lake co., 19 m. NE. by E. 
 Cleveland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlllonghby, ^'orth, postal suburb of Sydney, New South 
 Wales. ' Large quantities of fruit of all descriptions are produced 
 and sent to the Sydney market.' P. <4oco. 
 
 Wlllonghby Lake, vil., U.S., NE. Vermont, Orleans co., on 
 a lake of the same name, 42 m. NE. Montpelier ; picturesque 
 summer resort. WlUonghby Monutalu, a neighbouring peak, 
 is much visited by botanists for rare plants. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlllonghby on the Wolds, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, 
 Rushcliffe div., 8 m. ENE. Loughborough, 2 m. W. Upper 
 Broughton stn. ; many Roman antiquities have been found here. 
 P.O. P. <5oo ; eccles. par. (Wlllonghby on the Wolds with 
 Wysall) P. <7So. 
 
 Wlllonghby Wateriess, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Har- 
 borough div., 8 m. S. by W. Leicester, 2 m. E. Broughton 
 Astley stn. P. <5oo; eccles. par. (Wlllonghby Waterless 
 with Peatllng Magna) P. <5oo. 
 
 WUloughton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div. , 7^ 
 m. ENE. Gainsborough, 2^ m. SE. Northorpe stn., PM.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Willow, or WUlows, tn., U.S., California, Colusa co., 80 
 m. N. Sacramento. P. < 1500. 
 
 Willow Bnnch, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, 85 m. 
 SW. by S. Regina. 
 
 Willow Lake, vil., U.S., S. Dakota, Clark co., 122 m, N. by 
 W. Yankton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlllowmore, tn. , Cape Colony, cap. of dist. Willowmore, 
 82 m. SE. Beaufort West ; sulphur springs. Alt. 2500 ft. Mean 
 annual rfall. (6 yrs.), 7.40 in. P. < 1500. 
 
 WlUows, tn., U.S., California. See Willow. 
 
 WlUow Springs, city, U.S., Missouri, Howell co. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wills, CO., Queensland, crossed by 22° S. and 140° E. 
 
 Wills, Monnt, mt. , Victoria, in the Australian Alps, near the 
 Mitta Mitta R., in 138° 11' E. Alt. i;7t:8 ft. 
 1728 
 
 Wlllsbrldge, P.O., Eng., Gloucestershire, 7 m. SE. Bristol. 
 
 Wlllseyvllle, vil., U.S., New York, Tioga co. , 52 m. S. by 
 W. Syracuse, and 11 m. SSE. Ithaca. P. < 1500. 
 
 WUlshlre, vil., U.S., Ohio, close to the W. frontier. Van 
 Wert CO., on St. Mary's R., 93 m. SW. Toledo. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wills Neck, Eng. See Qnautock Hills. 
 
 Wills Pastures, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, union and 3J m. 
 S. Southam. P. 7. 
 
 Wills Point, tn., U.S., Texas, Van Zandt co., 48 m. E. 
 Dallas. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlllnnga, postal-tp. , S. Australia, co. and 24 m. S. Adelaide ; 
 large quantities of fine slate from the southern quarries are 
 shipped here. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Wllmaustrand, tn. , Finland. See Yllniaiistraiid. 
 
 Wllmcote, eccles. par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 3^ m. 
 NW. Stratford-on-Avon, on the G. W. R. ; contains the cottage 
 of Mary Arden, the mother of Shakespeare. P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Wllniersdorf, Dentsch-, vil. , Prussia. See Dentsch-Wll- 
 mersdorf. 
 
 WUniette, vil., U.S., Illinois, Cook co., on Lake Michigan, 
 14 m. by rail N. Chicago. P. <isoo. 
 
 Wilmington, P. O. , Eng. , Devonshire, 4 m. SE. Honiton. 
 
 Wilmington, par., Eng., Kent, 7^ m. W. Gravesend, div. 
 and i^ m. SW. by S. Dartford stn., PM.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wilmington, vil., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 6 m. SE. 
 Welshpool. 
 
 Wilmington, par. , Eng. , Sussex, div. and 5 J m. N W. East- 
 bourne, 2 m. W. Polegate stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wilmington, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, on the NE. 
 R., 24 m. NE. Hull. 
 
 Wilmington, tn., S. Australia. See Beantlfnl Valley. 
 
 Wilmington, vil., U.S., California, Los Angeles co., 21 m. 
 S. Los Angeles. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wilmington, formerly Wllllugton, city and port of entry, 
 U.S., Delaware, Newcastle co. , on the Christiana Creek, about 
 2 m. above its confluence with the Delaware, in 39° 44' N. , at a 
 point accessible to vessels drawing 14 ft. of water. "The falls of 
 the Brandywine afford valuable water-power, which is applied 
 to flour, paper, saw, and other mills. Steam-power is also em- 
 ployed in numerous industries, among the most important of 
 which are the making of passenger carriages, the manufacture 
 of cottons, leather, &c. The iron and steel industry is likewise 
 largely developed in all its branches, including bridge-building 
 and the making of steam-engines and boilers. Iron shipbuild- 
 ing, still a leading industry, was first carried on here in the U.S. 
 The gunpowder works (Du Pont mills) are among the largest in 
 the U.S. Wilmington was the first permanent settlement in the 
 Delaware valley. P. (1870) 30,800 ; (1880) 42,500 ; (1890) 61,400. 
 
 Wilmington, isl. , U.S., Georgia, at mouth of the Savannah 
 R. Length 5 m., by 3^ m. wide. 
 
 Wilmington, city, U.S., Illinois, Will co., 46 m. SW. by S. 
 Chicago. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Wllmliigtoji, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , 15 m. 
 NNW. Boston. P. <isoo. 
 
 Wilmington, city and port of entry, U.S., N. Carolina, New 
 Hanover co., on the' Cape Fear R., 115 m. SSE. Raleigh. Wil- 
 mington is the largest city in the state ; has several turpentine dis- 
 tilleries, a large rice-mill, and other industries, and an extensive 
 trade, both coasting and foreign. Formerly a leading market 
 for naval stores ; its staples are now cotton and lumber. Good 
 anchorage. Depth of water on bar, available for vessels enter- 
 ing port, at spring tides 20^ ft., atneap tides 19J ft.; at quay- 
 side (principal wharves), high water 20 ft., low water 18 ft. 
 Improvements are now in progress. On two islands opposite 
 the city are fine rice-fields. The climate is healthy. Mean 
 temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 63.3° F., Jan. 47.7°, July 80.3°; mean 
 annual rfall. (14 yrs.), 57.79 in. P. (1870) 13,400; (1880) 
 17,400; (1890)20,000. 
 
 Wilmington, city, U.S., Ohio, Clinton co., 45 m. NE. Cin- 
 cinnati ; has a Friends' college. P. <:4000. 
 
 Wilmington, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lawrence co., 45 m. 
 NNW. Allegheny. P. <ci5oo. 
 
 Wilmington, tn., U.S., Vermont, Windham co., on Deer- 
 field R., 5 m. SW. Dover. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wilmington, New, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Lawrence co., 
 2 m. NW. Neshannock Falls. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wilmot, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Roberts co., 175 m. 
 N. by E. Yankton. 
 
 Wllmslow (wlmz'lo), manufacturing tn., Eng., Cheshire, 
 Knutsford div., 7 m. SSW. Stockport, on riv. BoUin, here 
 crossed by a railway viaduct, and on the L. & NW. R., PMT.O. 
 Tn. P. 6300 ; eccles. par. (Wllmslow with Stynl) P. 6700. 
 
 Wilmnr, vil., Canada, Ontario, Frontenac co., 2 m. from 
 Harrowsmith, 21 m. from Kingston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wilne, eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire, Ilkeston div., 6J m. 
 ESE. Derby, i m. S. Draycott stn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wllnecote, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 2^ m. SE. by 
 S. Tarn worth, with a stn. (Wllnecote and Fazeley) on the 
 M. R., PM.O. P.<25oo. 
 
 Wilno, tn. , Russia. See Vilna. 
 
WILP — WILT 
 
 WUpeiia Creek, or Pas.smore, riv., S. Australia, flows E. 
 then NE. towards Lake Frome, but dries up before reaching 
 the lake. 
 
 Wllpslilre, par., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. N. Blackburn, on 
 the L. & Y. R. (stn. for Ribchester, q.v.), PMT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Wllryck, comm., Belgium, prov. and arr. Antwerp. P. 5500. 
 
 Wllsdeii, par. and tn. , Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Keighley 
 div. , 5^ m. WNW. Bradford, li m. NE. of its stn. on the 
 G. N. 'K., PMT.O. P. <3ooo; "eccles. par. (WiLstleu wltli 
 Allertou) P. < 3000. 
 
 WllsdrnlT, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle and 9 m. W. Dres- 
 den, dist. Meissen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wllsford, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Kesteven, 7 m. NE. 
 by E. Grantham, i\ m. SE. Ancaster stn. , P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 lyilsford, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 15^ m. E. 
 Trowbridge, 2^ m. SSW. Woodborough stn., P.O. P. <:25o; 
 eccles. par. (Wllsford wltli Manuliigford Bolinit) P. <5oo. 
 
 Wllsford, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 6^ m. N. by 
 W. Salisbury, 4^ m. NW. by W. Porton stn. P. <;25o; eccles. 
 par. (Wllsford Willi Woodford wltli Lake) P. <7So. 
 
 Wllsliaiustend, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 
 4 m. S. by E. Bedford, 2| m. SW. by S. Cardington stn., P.O. 
 (Wllshamsted). P. < 1000. 
 
 WUsliaw, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, Almondbury ancient 
 par. P. <5oo. 
 
 WUsiiatck, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 46 m. NW. by N. Bran- 
 denburg, circle Westprignitz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wilson, post-tn., S. Australia, Newcastle co. , on the Great 
 Northern Line, 52 m. NE. Port Augusta. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wllsoit, CO., U.S., Kansas, in the SE., bounded on the W. 
 by 96° W. , crossed by 37^° N. 
 
 Wilson, vil., U.S., Kansas, Ellsworth co., on Smoky Hill R., 
 153 m. W. by S. Topeka. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wilson, shipping-port, U.S., New York, Niagara co., on 
 Lake Ontario, 14 m. by rail E. Lewiston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wilson, tn., U.S., N. Carolina, cap. Wilson co., 45 m. E. 
 Raleigh. P. < 3000. 
 
 Wilson, CO., U.S., Tennessee, in the N., E. of 87° W., 
 partly bounded on the N. by the Cumberland R. 
 
 Wilson, CO., U.S., Texas, in the SE. , crossed by 29° N. and 
 by 98° W. 
 
 Wllsonbnrg, coal-mining vil., U.S., W. Virginia, Harrison 
 CO., 78 m. by rail E. Parkersburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wilson Islan«ls, Pacific. See DnlT and Ifaluk. 
 
 Wilson's Beaeli, vil., Canada, New Brunswick, Charlotte 
 CO., on Campobello L P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Wilson's Promontory, the southernmost point of Victoria 
 and of Australia, in 39° 8' S. and 146° 25' E., is a mass of 
 granite rock, connected with the mainland by a sandy isthmus, 
 and containing several mountains, the highest. Mount Latrobe 
 being 2590 ft. high. Length 24 m., by 9 m. in width. Alt. 
 300 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs. ), yr. 56.4" P., Feb. 63.2°, July 
 49.9°. 
 
 WUsontown, vil., Scot., S. Lanarkshire, on Mouse Water, 
 8 m. NE. by N. Lanark, on the C. R. P. (including Root- 
 park) < 750. 
 
 Wllster, tn., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, circle Stein- 
 burg, 34 m. NW. Altona, 4 m. from the r. bk. of the Elbe. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Eng., Derbyshire. See Sawley and 
 
 vil. 
 
 , Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 5^ 
 m. E. by S. Braceborough Spa stn. P. < 
 
 Wllsthorpe, 
 Wllsthorpe. 
 
 Wllsthorpe, par 
 
 m. NE. Stamford, i 
 250. See <i<reatford. 
 
 Wllsthorpe, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose div. , 
 17 m. SE. by S. Scarborough, on bay and 2 m. S. Bridlington, 
 i^ m. ESE. Carnaby stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wllstone, vil. , Eng. , in the NW. of Hertfordshire, Watford 
 div., 5I m. E. Aylesbury, 2^ m. SE. Marston Gate stn., P.O. 
 See Trlng. 
 
 Wllstorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Hanover, 7 m. S. Hamburg, 
 immediately to the S. of Harburg. P. <30oo. 
 
 WUstrop, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div. , 83 m. E. by S. Knaresborough, with a stn. (WUs- 
 trop Siding) on the NE. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Wllten, tn. , Austria, Tirol, dist. Innsbruck. P. 6500. 
 
 Wlltlien, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle, dist. , and 5 m. S. by 
 W. Bautzen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wilton, P.O., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., on the r. bk. 
 of the Wye, opposite Ross. 
 
 Wilton, Eng., Norfolk. See Hockwold with Wilton. 
 
 Wilton, par., Eng., Somerset, partly included in borough 
 of Taunton. P. < 1000. 
 
 Wilton, mun. bor. , par., and market-tn. , Eng., Wiltshire, 
 Wilton div. , 3^ m. WNW. , and in diocese of Salisbury, on the 
 rivs. Wily (Wylye) and Nadder, with stns. on the L. & SW. 
 R. and G. W. R. It gave name to the county in which it lies, 
 and was anciently the seat of a bishopric. It is mentioned as a 
 borough in Domesday, but its first known charter was granted 
 by Henry I., and its present charter dates only from 1885. 
 1729 
 
 It is said to have been the place where carpets were first manu- 
 factured in England, and this industry is still carried on, both 
 Wilton and Axminster carpets being made. Wilton House, 
 the seat of the Earl of Pembroke, a building erected after the 
 designs of Holbein and Inigo Jones, is noted in literary history 
 as the place where Sir Philip Sidney wrote his Arcadia. P. < 
 2500 ; pari. div. P. 42,900. 
 
 Wilton, par.. Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 12 
 m. W. by S. Scarborough, on the NE. R. P. <25o. See 
 EUerbnrnc. 
 
 Wilton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Cleveland div., 
 5^ m. E. by S. Middlesbrough, 2^ m. SSE. Eston Grange stn. , 
 includes the vils. of Lackenby and Lazenby ; 4050 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wilton, par., Scot., Roxburghshire, a suburb of Hawick, on 
 the 1. bk. of the Teviot, included in the pari. bor. of Hawick ; 
 8760 ac. P. 6400. 
 
 Wilton, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, Fairfield co., 11 m. W. 
 Bridgeport. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wilton, tn., U.S., Iowa, Muscatine co., 54 m. N. Burling- 
 ton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wilton, tn. , U.S., Maine, Franklin co. , 4 m. N. North Jay. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Wilton, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Hillsboro co. , on Sou- 
 hegan R. , 5 m. by rail W. Milford ; is a summer resort. P. 
 
 <2000. 
 
 Wilton Junction, vil., U.S., Iowa, co. and 13 m. N. Mus- 
 catine. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wilts and Berks Canal, Eng., extends from Senningham, 
 Wiltshire, to the Thames at Abingdon. Length, 52 m. It has 
 41 locks. 
 
 Wilts Canal, North, canal, Eng., in the NE. of Wiltshire, 
 extends from near Swindon, 8 m. NW. to the Thames, near 
 Cricklade. 
 
 Wiltshire, or Wilts, inland co. , in the S. of Eng. , traversed 
 in the extreme N. by the upper part of the Thames ; divided 
 into the pari. divs. named in the following table : — 
 
 
 Acres. 
 
 P. 189 1. 
 
 N. , or Cricklade .... 
 
 NW. , or Chippenham 
 
 W. , or Westbury 
 
 E. , or Devizes .... 
 
 S. , or Wilton .... 
 
 Pari. bor. of Salisbury, S. div. . 
 
 Total 
 
 102,822 
 154,620 
 128,387 
 236,287 
 257,224 
 908 
 
 59.414 
 44.358 
 52,670 
 48,297 
 42,896 
 17,362 
 
 880,248 1 
 
 264,997 
 
 ^ The administrative county is coextensive with the ancient county. 
 
 It consists mainly of a high plateau or chalk upland, with three 
 main slopes draining S. , W. , and NE. , the corresponding 
 rivers being the Salisbury Avon, flowing to the English Channel, 
 the Bristol Avon flowing to the Severn estuary, and the Kennet 
 flowing E. into Berks to join the Thames at Reading. The 
 geological basis is chalk except to NW. (including part of the 
 White Horse Vale), which shows oolite limestones and clays, 
 with greensand beneath. The chalk region includes Salisbury 
 Plain, the wooded tract of Cranbourne Chase, and the hilly 
 Marlborough Downs, much of the upland being over 600 ft. high, 
 the summits reaching over 900 ft., especially Inkpen Beacon, 
 loii ft., at the junction of Wilts, Hants, and Berks. On the 
 Somerset side is Alfred's Tower, 800 ft. In some parts the 
 chalk rises steeply, in others forms deep valleys, the scenery 
 in NW. showing much beautiful variety. Many of the woods 
 and forests are as they were ages ago. Dairy-farming is the 
 chief occupation in NW. dist. of Wilts. The chalk dists. are 
 mainly devoted to sheep pasturage. In 1893 over 47 per cent, 
 of the total area was permanent pasture. For agricultural 
 statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. Among the peculiar in- 
 dustries of the county may be mentioned truffle-hunting, dogs 
 being still trained for the purpose. Iron ore is worked at West- 
 bury and freestone at Box, Corsham, Monkton, Farleigh, Brad- 
 ford-on-Avon, Limpley Stoke, Kingsdown. The important 
 broadcloth manufacture is centred at Bradford and Trowbridge ; 
 carpets are manufactured at Wilton. Culne is the centre of the 
 Wilts bacon trade. Near Dov/nton is a noted agricultural 
 college, and another has been opened at W. Lavington. The 
 railways are G. W. R. and L. & SW. R. (the former having 
 extensive works at Swindon). The county is also traversed by 
 the Kennet and Avon Canal. There are many traces of the 
 Roman occupation — roads, works, and camps: 'the Wans 
 Dyke,' which crossed the county W. of Marlborough, is British, 
 and the megalithic circles of Stonehenge and Amesbury are two 
 of the most famous existing ' rude stone monuments ' of an un- 
 known period. Wilton and Ethandum are noted in the history 
 of Egbert and Alfred (823-880). Canute died at Old Sarum 
 (see Salisbury). There are many interesting churches and 
 castles. Till 1832, Wilts returned 34 members to Parliament, 
 and many of the boroughs being disfranchised or reduced, it 
 returned 18 till 1867 ; now since 1885 there are six, one being for 
 
 5R 
 
W I L Y — W I N C 
 
 the borough of Salisbury. There are seven mun. bors., viz., 
 Culne, Chippenham, Devizes, Malmesbury, Marlborough, Salis- 
 bury, and Wilton. See England, table. 
 
 Wily, or Wylye, small riv., Eng., Wiltshire, flows N. to 
 Warminster, then SE. and S. till it joins the Nadder at 
 Wilton. The united waters of the two streams then flow E. 
 to the Avon. 
 
 Wllz, tn., gd. -duchy Luxemburg, 26 m. N. by W. Luxem- 
 burg; manufactures cloths. P. < 4000. 
 
 Wlmblsb, par., Eng., Essex, div. and 3J m. ESE. Saffron 
 Walden, PM.O. ; 4920 ac. P. <75o; eccles. par. (Wlmblsb 
 with Tbnnderley) P. <75o. 
 
 Wlmblebury, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Hednesford, near 
 Stafford. 
 
 Wimbledon, par. and tn. , Eng. , Surrey, Wimbledon div. , 
 4i m. SE. by E. Richmond, on the L. & SW. R. , the L. B. & 
 S. C. R., and the Metropolitan Dist. Rly., at NE. extremity 
 of Wimbledon Common ; is a favourite residential suburb of 
 London. Alt. 170 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), yr. 25.1 in. 
 P. 25,800; eccles. par. (Sontb Wimbledon) P. 15,400; pari, 
 div. P. 69,200. 
 
 Wimbledon Park, eccles. par., Eng., co. of London, 
 Wandsworth par., on the L. & SW. and Metropolitan District 
 Rlys. , near Wimbledon Common. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wlmbllngton, par. , Eng. , Cambridge, Isle of Ely, 3 m. S. 
 by W. March, on the G. E. R. (stn. for Doddlngton), PM.O.; 
 7762 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Wlmboldsley, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, Eddisbury div. , 5 m. 
 N. by W. Crewe, 2 m. SW. Middlewich stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wimbolds Trafford, par., Eng., Cheshire, union and 4 m. 
 NE. Chester. P. <;25o. 
 
 Wlmbome Minster, par. and market-tn., Eng., Dorset- 
 shire, E. div., at the confluence of the Allen and Stour, 6 m. N. 
 Poole, with a stn. (Wlmbome) on the L. & SW. R. and M. & 
 L. & SW. Joint Rly. Wimborne has a minster or collegiate 
 church, and a grammar-school, founded by Margaret, Countess 
 of Richmond, and re-established by Queen Elizabeth. Mean 
 rfall. (Chalbury, alt. 338 ft., 1866-80), yr. 33.4 in. Par. 13,393 
 ac. , P. 6200; tn. P. < 4000. 
 
 Wimborne St. Giles, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., 13 
 m. N. Poole, 3 m. WNW. Verwood stn. ; 5947 ac. P. <750. 
 
 Wlmbotebam (wim'bot-sam), par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 
 9^ m. S. King's Lynn, i^ m. NE. Downham stn., P.O. 
 P. <:75o. See Stoiv Bardolph. 
 
 Wimereux, or Vlmerenx, vil, France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, 
 2 m. NNW. Boulogne, on the English Channel ; frequented 
 for sea-bathing. Its port was founded by Naf>oleon I. in 1804. 
 Maritime zoological station. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wlmeswonld, par., Eng., Leicestershire. See Wymes- 
 wold. 
 
 Wlmllle, tn., France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. and 3 m. 
 NE. by N. Boulogne. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wlmmelborg, vil, Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Mansfeld- 
 lake. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wlmmera, riv., Australia, rises in the Pyrenees and 
 Grampians, and flows into Lake Hindmarsh, from which in 
 wet seasons it overflows into Lake Albacutya. 
 
 Wlmmera, dist. in the NW. of the colony of Victoria (q.v. ). 
 
 Wlmmerby, tn., Sweden, prov. and 72 m. NNW. Kalmar. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Wlmmls, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Bern, 6 m. S. Thun. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wimpfen, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, dist. Starkenburg, 
 circle Heppenheim ; has saline baths (Ludwigshall) and sulphur 
 baths. Made a free city, 1803 ; site of Tilly's victory, 6th May 
 1622. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wlmpole, par. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire, Chesterton div. , 8^ m. 
 SW. by W. Cambridge, 2J m. SE. by S. Old North Road stn. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Wlna, bay, W. Africa. See Hfeano. 
 
 Wlnamac, tn., U.S.. Indiana, cap. Pulaski co. , on Tippe- 
 canoe R., 73 m. SE. Chicago (111.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlnandermere, lake, Eng. See Windermere. 
 
 Wln-badaw, vil.. Lower Burma, dist. Shwegyin, 36 m. 
 ESE. Pegu ; does considerable trade in grain. See Slttaang. 
 
 Wlnburg, tn. , Orange Free Stale, cap. of W. dist. , on the 
 railway route to Pretoria, 65 m. NE. Bloemfontein. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Wlncanton (Saxon Wyndcaleton), par., Eng., Somerset, E. 
 div. , 12 m. NE. by E. Yeovil, on the M. & L. & SW. R. 
 Wincanton is a market for cheese and agricultural produce. 
 PMT.O. Market-day, W. P.<:25oo. 
 
 Wlnceby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 12 m. 
 S. Louth, 4 m. E. by S. Horncastle. P. <250. 
 
 Winch, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., Norfolk, 
 NW. div. , the latter 2 m. S. by E. King's Lynn, the former 
 i m. SW. of its stn. on the G. E. R., PMT.O. (East Winch), 
 and PM.O. (West Winch). P. (of each )< 500. 
 
 Wlncham, par., Eng., Cheshire, 2 m. NE. Northwich, on 
 the Trent and Mersey Canal P. < 1500. 
 
 Winch Bridge, suspension bridge, Eng., Yorkshire, N. 
 Riding, across the Tees, 4 m. NW. Middleton in Teesdale. 
 1730 
 
 Wlnchbnrgh, vil, Scot., Linlithgowshire, 5^ m. E. by S. 
 Linlithgow, on the N. B. R. and C. R.; coal is mined here. 
 PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wluchcomb, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div., 
 6 m. NE. by E. Cheltenham ; it has silk and paper mills, and 
 tanning. PMT.O. (Wlnchcombe). 6720 ac. P. <:300o; 
 eccles. par. (Wlnchcomb with Gretton) P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wlnchelsea (Gwent-ceoseley, ' the sand-bank on the fair 
 plain'), par., Eng., Sussex, div. and zh m. SW. by S. Rye, i 
 m. from the coast, i m. S. of its stn. on the SE. R. Old Wln- 
 chelsea in the Roman and Saxon times stood at the mouth of 
 the Rother, 2 m. distant, but was destroyed by inundations of 
 the sea in 1250 and 1287, after which the present town was 
 founded by Edward I. It has been ruined by the sea having 
 gradually receded i^ m. since the i6th century, leaving around 
 it a salt marsh, now well drained and converted into good 
 pasturage. PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlnchelsea, another name of Buka I., Ger. Solomon Is. 
 
 Wlnchelsea, post-tn. , Victoria, Polwarth co., 23 m. W. by S. 
 Geelong ; has bluestonequarries in the neighbourhood. P. <: 1500. 
 
 Wlnchendon, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Worcester co., 43 
 m. NE. Holyoke. P. < 5000. 
 
 Wlnchendon, Nether and Upper, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Buckinghamshire. Nether Winchendon, on the Thame, div. 
 and 5^ m. W. by S. Aylesbury, P. <5oo; Upper Winchendon, 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Winchester, episcopal city, pari and mun. (since 11S4) bor. , 
 Eng., Hampshire, on the riv. Itchen, r. bk., in the diocese of 
 Winchester, 66 m. (by rail) SW. London. The British Caer 
 Gwent (i.e. , ' White City," from the chalk of the neighbourhood) 
 was named l^en/a Belgarujn by the Romans, and \ Vi?i-ceaster 
 by the early English when they made it cap. of the kingdom of 
 Wessex. After Egbert united the kingdoms the witan was still 
 held at this cap. , there being six mints here for three in London. 
 Many of the Norman coronations and parliaments were at 
 Winchester, and Henry II. increased the palace, his hall being 
 still visible. Charles II. began a new palace on the site of the 
 dismantled Winchester castle, ' a stately fabric,' according to 
 Evelyn. St. Swithun was bishop here (852-862), enlarging the 
 Saxon cathedral, but the present structure (558 ft. long) dates 
 from 1070, the Norman transepts and central tower being as at 
 first ; the nave, which is much admired, was rebuilt by William 
 of Wykeham. A splendid feature of the building is the reredos, 
 with tiers of canopied niches, adorned with statues. Winchester 
 College, the second prominent building, was built by William 
 of Wykeham (1387-93), the chapel, hall, cloisters, &c. , being 
 still well preserved. To these two institutions and the presence 
 of the barracks (holding about 2000 men) the prosperity of the 
 town is due. The last, on the site of Wren's unfinished palace, 
 and retaining part of its walls, was burned down in 1894. 
 Formerly Winchester was an important seat of the woollen 
 trade ; it had suffered by the removal of the court to London, 
 and also by the dissolution of the monasteries. The diocese 
 embraces Hampshire, with most of Surrey, and the Channel 
 Islands. Revenue, ^^6500. Winchester, as pari bor. , returned 
 two members to Parliament from Edward I. till 1885, and now 
 has one member. Free library established 1877. Market-day, 
 S. Alt. 155 ft. P. (1801) 5800; (1851) 13,700; (1871) 16,400; 
 (1891) 19,100. 
 
 Winchester, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I. , Geraldine co. , 
 80 m. SW. Christ church. P. < 1500. 
 
 Winchester, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co. P. 6200. 
 
 Winchester, city, U.S., Illinois, cap. Scott co., on Sandy R., 
 15 m. by rail N. Whitehall P. <2ooo. 
 
 Winchester, tn. , U.S., Indiana, cap. Randolph co., on 
 White R., 75 m. NE. Indianapolis. P. <4000. 
 
 Winchester, vil, U.S., Kansas, Jefferson co., 20 m. W. by 
 N. Leavensworth. Alt. 1164 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Winchester, tn., U.S., Kentucky, cap. Clark co., 80 m. S. 
 by E. Cincinnati (Ohio). Alt. 964 ft. (R.R.). P.<50oo. 
 
 Winchester, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co., 8 m. 
 NW. Boston. P. < 5000. 
 
 Winchester, tn., U.S., New Hampshire, Cheshire co., 7 m. 
 NE. by E. of the SW. corner of the state. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Winchester, vil, U.S., Ohio, Adams co., 50 m. E. by S. 
 Cincinnati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Winchester, vil, U.S., Ohio, Franklin co., 12 m. SE. 
 Columbus. P. < 1500. 
 
 Winchester, vil, U.S., Ohio, Preble co., 5 m. N. West 
 Elkton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Winchester, tn., U.S., Tennessee, cap. Franklin co., on a 
 fork of Elk R., 85 m. by rail SE. Nashville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Winchester, city, U. S. , Virginia, Frederick co. , 62 m. WNW. 
 Washington (D. C). A place of strategic importance ; several 
 times taken and retaken during the civil war. Alt. 717 ft. 
 (R.R.). P. 5200. 
 
 Winchester, West, or Chestervllle, vil , Canada, Ontario, 
 Dundas co., 27 m. SE. by S. Ottawa. P. < 1500. 
 
 Winchester Hill, Old, hill, Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield 
 div., 12 m. E^E. Winchester. 
 
WI N C 
 
 WIND 
 
 ^inchfield, par., Eng., Hampshire, Basingstoke div., 6Jin. 
 W. by N. Aldershot, on the L. & SW. R. (stn. for Oldham 
 and Hartley Row). P. <:5oo. 
 
 Wiuchmore Hill, eccles. par., Eng., Middlesex, Enfield 
 div., 2 m. ESE. Barnet, on the G. N. R. P. < 3500. 
 
 Wiiicle, par., Eng., Cheshire, div. and 5 J m. SSE. Maccles- 
 field, on the Dane, 4 m. E. by S. North Rode Junction. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wtncobank, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 5I 
 m. S. Sheffield, on the M. R. On Wlucobank Hill is an 
 ancient camp, from which traces of an artificial ridge extend 8 
 m. to Mexborough. PMT.O. P. < 4500. 
 
 VFlndaboat, lake, S. Australia, i5i m. W. Lake Torrens ; 
 is 22 m. from NE. to SW., by about 4^ m. in width. 
 
 Wliidan, Russian VLudava, dist. tn. and seapt. , Russia, 
 govt. Courland, 116 m. NW. Mitau, on 1. bk. of Windau R. 
 at its entrance into Baltic Sea ; surrounded by sand downs. 
 Roadstead deep, but not well-protected from W. winds ; exports 
 timber. Mean temp. , yr. 42.3° F. , Feb. 25.3°, July 62.3° ; mean 
 rfaU. (14 yrs. ), yr. 20.5 in., July-Dec. 12.7 in. P. 7000. 
 
 Wlndcllff, Tlie, or Wynd Cliff*, wooded precipice, Eng., 
 Monmouthshire, on the Wye, 2J m. N. Chepstow ; affords a 
 magnificent and extensive view. Alt. 970 ft. 
 
 Wlndeckeii, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 13 m. NE. 
 Frankfurt. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Winder, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 4^ m. E. 
 by S. Whitehaven, on the L. & NW. & Furness Rly. ; iron is 
 mined near. P.O. 
 
 Winder, Lo'w, par., Eng., Westmorland, West Ward, 4 m. 
 SW. Penrith. P. <2So. 
 
 Windermere, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 644 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Windermere, or Wlnauderntere, the largest and one of the 
 most beautiful of the English lakes, in Lancashire, bordering 
 in the N. on Westmorland. The Brathay and Troutbeck are 
 feeders on the N. , and it is drained by the Leven into More- 
 cambe Bay. See Engllt^li Lake District. 
 
 Windermere, tn. , two adjoining eccles. pars. (Windermere 
 St. John and Windermere St. Martin), Eng., Westmorland, 
 Appleby div. , i m. from the E. shore of the lake of the same 
 name, 7^ m. WNW. Kendal, on the L. & NW. R. , and another 
 stn. (Lake Side) on the Furness Rly. Mean rfall. (the Wood, 
 alt. 322 ft., 1866-80), yr. 68.4 in. Tn. P. < 1500; Windermere 
 St. John, P. <75o; Windermere St. Martin, P. <20oo. 
 
 Wlnderton, vil. , Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon 
 div., 8 m. W. Banbury, 4^ m. N. by W. Hook Norton. See 
 Bralles. 
 
 Winileyer, co.. New South Wales, on the W. frontier, 
 crossed by 33° S. 
 
 Windeyer, mining tn. , New South Wales, Wellington co. , 
 48 m. N. by E. Bathurst ; has gold-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Windfall, vil. , U.S., Indiana, Tipton co. , 40 m. N. by E. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wind Felstrltz, tn. , Austria, Styria, 47 m. S. by E. Graz. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Wind Fell, mt. , Scot. , Dumfriesshire, 7 m. E. Moffat. Alt. 
 2180 ft. 
 
 Wlndgap, tn. , Ire., SW. co. Kilkenny, bar. Kells, 7^ m. N. 
 Carrick-on-Suir, PM.O. P. <25o. 
 
 WliMl (jates Pass, Eng., Derbyshire. See Wlnnats Pass. 
 
 Windham, co. , U.S., Connecticut, in the extreme NE. 
 
 Windham, tn. , U.S., Maine, Cumberland co. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Windham, vil. , U.S., New York, Greene co. , 25 m. NW. 
 Catskill; tourist resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Windham, co. , U.S., Vermont, in the extreme SE. 
 
 Windham, North, vil., U.S., Connecticut, Windham co., 
 27 m. E. Hartford. 
 
 Windham Depot, vil., U.S., New Hampshire, Rockingham 
 CO., 10^ m. ENE. Nashua. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Windhlll, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Calver- 
 lev par., 3 m. NE. Bradford, with a stn. (Shipley and Wlnd- 
 liill [Bridge Street]) on the G. N. R. Market-day, F. P. 7300. 
 
 Windhoek, settlement, Cape Colony, Little Namaqua-land, 
 10 m. N. Ookiep, on the Ookiep-Port Nolloth Rly. 
 
 Wlndlschgarsten, tn. , Upper Austria, dist. and 16 m. SE. 
 Kirchdorf ; sulphur springs and summer resort. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wlndlschgraz, tn., Austria, Styria, dist. Windischgraz, 41 
 m. SSW. Graz, at foot of Ursula Berg (alt. 5565 ft.) ; has the 
 castle of the princes and counts of Windischgratz, and a church 
 resorted to by pilgrims and affording a fine view. Alt. 1340 ft. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Wlndle, par., Eng., Lancashire, Newton div., i^ m. WNW. 
 and partly in bor. of St. Helens. P. 23,600. 
 
 Wlndlesham, par., Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div., 9^ m. 
 NNW. Guildford, i m. E. Bagshot stn., with a stn. (Snnn- 
 Ingdale and Wlndlesham) on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O.; 
 5692 ac. P. <;3ooo. 
 
 Wlndlestone, par., Eng., Durham, 3J m. SE. Bishop Auck- 
 land. P. < 250. 
 
 Wlndlestraiv Imw, mt. , Scot., Peeblesshire, Innerleithen 
 par., 8 m. NE. Peebles. Alt. 2161 ft. 
 
 Wlndley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div., 6^ m. NNW. 
 Derby, i m. W. Hazelwood stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Windmill Cross, electoral div. , Ire. , Kildare, dist. Carbury. 
 
 WlndmUl End, stn. , Eng. , Worcestershire, on the G. W. R. 
 and L. & NW. R. , li m. SSE. Dudley. 
 
 Wind Mill Hill, stn., Eng., Northumberland, on the NE. R., 
 div. and 5 m. SE. by S. Berwick-upon-Tweed. 
 
 Windmill Point, cape, U.S., Virginia, on the W. side of 
 Chesapeake Bay, in 37° 37' N. 
 
 Windom, vil., U.S., Minnesota, cap. Cottonwood co. , on 
 Des Moines R., 120 m. SW. by W. MinneapoUs. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Wlndorah, postal-tp. , Queensland. See Stoney Point. 
 
 Wind Klver, U.S. See Big Horn River. 
 
 Wind Klver Mountains, U.S. See Wyoming. 
 
 Windrnsh, riv., Eng., rises in the E. of Gloucestershire, 
 enters Oxfordshire, and flows E. and SE. past Witney to the 
 Thames, which it joins on the 1. bk. about 3^ m. below Shifford. 
 
 Windrnsh, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 
 8i m. N. Lechdale, 7 m. SW. by W. Shipton stn., P.O. P. < 
 250. See Sherborne. 
 
 Winds, Valley of the, valley, Tibet, with a width of from 
 12 to 24 m. , stretching from W. to E. for upwards of 120 m., in 
 about lat. 38° N. , from 87^° to 90° E. Near its head a transverse 
 valley, separating the Columbus chain from the Toguz-daban 
 Mts. , opens into it from the S. Native name Saisan-Saitu. 
 
 Windshelm, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle Franconia, 
 circle Uffenheim, 28 m. SE. Wiirzburg. Alt. 1073 ft. P. <4O0o. 
 
 Windsor, seapt. tn. and port of entry, Canada, Nova Scotia, 
 cap. Hants co. , on Minas Basin, 39 m. N W. Halifax ; limestone 
 and gypsum quarries near. Mean temp. , yr. 42.7° F. , Jan. 21.3°, 
 July 65.0°. P. <3000. 
 
 Windsor, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Essex co., 
 on the riv. Detroit, opposite Detroit, U.S.; manufactures cigars, 
 leather, &c. Rich beds of very pure rock-salt 23-40 ft. thick 
 worked. Alt. 604 ft. Mean temp., yr. 48.1° F. , Jan. 23.4°, 
 July 72.6°; mean rfall. (18 yrs., 1869-87), 23.55 '"•; snowfall, 
 51.92 in. P. (1881)6600; (1891) 10,300. 
 
 Windsor, bor.. New South Wales, Cumberland co., 25 m. 
 NW. Sydney ; surrounded by low lands liable to destructive 
 floods from the Hawkesbury. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 64.0° 
 F., Jan. 75.3°, July 51.1° ; mean annual rfall. (23 yrs.), 32.80 in. 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Windsor, tn., U.S., Connecticut, on Connecticut R. , co. and 
 6 m. N. Hartford. P. <30oo. Sontli Windsor, adjoining tn., 
 P. < 2000. East Windsor, adjoining tn., P. <;30oo. 
 
 Windsor, vil, U.S., Illinois, Shelby co., 63 m. W. Terre 
 Haute (Ind.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Windsor, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, Berkshire co., 19 m. SE. 
 by S. of the NW. corner of the state. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Windsor, suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. 
 
 Windsor, city, U.S., Missouri, Henry co., 73 m. W. Jefferson 
 City. P. < 1500. 
 
 Windsor, vil. , U.S. , New York, Broome co. , on Susquehanna 
 R. , 4 m. S. Nineveh. P. < 1500. 
 
 Windsor, tn. , U.S., Vermont, Windsor co., on the Connec- 
 ticut R., 29 m. ESE. Rutland ; has the state prison. P. <20oo. 
 
 Windsor, "Seyv, pari, and (since Edward I.) mun. bor., par., 
 and market-tn., Eng., Berkshire (the pari. bor. being partly in 
 Buckinghamshire), 23 m. W. London, in the diocese of Oxford, 
 on the Thames, on branches from G. W. R. and L. & SW. R. 
 Windsor Castle, the principal residence of the sovereigns 
 of Great Britain, is situated immediately E. of New Windsor. 
 This magnificent structure was originally built by William the 
 Conqueror, and has been embellished by most of the succeeding 
 sovereigns. It covers 12 ac. , and is rich in its historical and 
 architectural features. The collection of paintings, drawings, 
 and articles of vertu are most valuable. The circular tower is 
 295 ft. above the level of the park. The Great Park of Windsor 
 comprises about 1500 ac, well stocked with deer, and W. of it 
 is Windsor Forest, formerly 56 m. in circumference, but now 
 almost entirely disforested. The Home Park, an ancient and 
 beautiful domain, surrounds the castle on two sides, and con- 
 tains 500 ac. Mun. bor. (1801) P. <5ooo; (1851)9600; (1871) 
 11,800; (1891) 12,300; pari. bor. P. (1891) 18,900. 
 
 Windsor, Old, par., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., on 
 the r. bk. of the Thames, 2 m. SE. Windsor, i m. W. Wrays- 
 bury stn. , PMT.O. ; 5530 ac. P. <:300o. 
 
 Windsor Junction, stn., Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax co., 
 12 m. N. by W. Halifax. 
 
 Windsor Locks, tn., U.S., Connecticut, on r. bk. of the 
 Connecticut, co. and 11 m. N. Hartford. P. < 3000. 
 
 Windsor Mills, vil., Canada, Quebec, Richmond co., on 
 riv. St. Francis, 87 m. SE. Montreal. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Windsor Station, vil., U.S., Virginia, Isle of Wight co., 
 64 m. SE. by S. Richmond. P. < 1500. 
 
 Windsor Terrace, vil., U.S., New York. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Windwartl Channel, in Spanish Paso de los Vientos, the 
 channel between the isls. of Cuba and Haiti, W. Indies. 
 
 Windward Islands, an administrative term applied to those 
 of the W. Indies which lie S. of Martinique to Trinidad. 
 
 1731 
 
WIND — WINN 
 
 Wludygates and Cameron Bridge, vil., Scot., Fifeshire, 3^ 
 m. NE. Thornton June. stn. , with a stn. (Cameron Bridge) on 
 the N. B. R. ; coal mined. PMT.O. (Wlndygates). P. <750. 
 
 Windy Gyle, hill, Eng. , Northumberland, Hexham div. , 14 
 m. E. by S. Jedburgh (Scotland). Alt. 1963 ft. 
 
 Windy Harbour, tn. , Ire., S. co. and 3 m. S. Dublin, bar. 
 Rathdown, i m. W. Dundrum stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Windy Nook, P.O., Eng., Durham, on SE. side of Gates- 
 head. 
 
 Wlnestead, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., 13 m. E. by S. Hull, on the NE. R., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlnetown, electoral div., Ire., Westmeath, dist. Ballymore. 
 
 Wlnfarthlng, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, S. div. , i6| m. SW. by 
 S. Norwich, 3J m. WSW. Tivetshall stn., P.O. P.<750. 
 Wlnfarthlng Little Green, i m. to the W. 
 
 Wlnfleld, city, U.S., Kansas, cap. Cowley co., on White 
 Water Creek, 13 m. N. Arkansas City. P. 5200. 
 
 Wlnford, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 5 m. SW. by S. 
 Bristol, P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Wlnforton, par. , Eng. , Herefordshire, Leominster div. ,14 m. 
 WNW. Hereford, 4 m. SW. Eardisley stn., P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Wlnfred, vii., U.S., S. Dakota, Lakeco., 78 m. N. Yankton. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wlnftrltli Newburgb, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., 8 m. 
 ESE. Dorchester, 3 m. SSE. Moreton stn., PMT.O. (Wlnfrlth) ; 
 5015 ac. P. < 1000; eccles. par. (Wlnfk'ltta North with 
 Burton) P. < 1000. 
 
 Wing, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, div. and 7 m. NE. by 
 N. Aylesbury, 2J m. SW. by W. Leighton Junction, PMT.O.; 
 5703 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wing, par., Eng., Rutland, 4 m. SSE. Oakham, i m. SSE. 
 Manton stn. , PM. O. P. <soo. 
 
 Wlngate, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 7^ m. ESE. 
 Durham, i j m. NW. its stn. on the G. E. R. ; coal is mined 
 here. PMT.O. 4176 ac. P. <45oo; eccles. par. (Wlngate 
 Grange) P. 5300. 
 
 Wlngate, settlement, U.S., New Mexico, Bernalillo co., 107 
 m. SSE. from the NW. corner of the terr. 
 
 Wlngates, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and | m. N. 
 West Houghton stn., 4 m. E. by N. Wigan, P.O. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Wlngates, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 9 
 m. NW. Morpeth, 3 m. S. by E. Brinkburn stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Wlngen, post-tn.. New South Wales, Brisbane co. , 55 m. S. 
 Tamworth ; coal and kerosene shale are abundant in the neigh- 
 bourhood. Two miles from the village is the burning mountain 
 Wingen, alt. 1820 ft. The phenomenon is supposed to be 
 caused by the combustion of a coal-seam in the interior. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Wlngerworth, par., Eng., Derbyshire, div. and 2J m. S. 
 Chesterfield, P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Wingfleld, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 21 m. N. by E. 
 Ipswich, 4^ m. SSW. Harleston stn.; has remains of a castle of 
 the De la Poles. PM.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Wingfleld, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Trowbridge (Wilts). 
 
 Wingfleld, electoral div., Ire., Wexford, dist. Coolgreany. 
 
 Wingfleld, North, par., Eng., Derbyshire, div. and 5 m. 
 SSE. Chesterfield, close to Clay Cross sin., PM.O. P. <25oo. 
 
 Wingfleld, South, par., Eng., Derbyshire, Mid div., 5^ m. 
 SE. by E. Matlock, with a stn. (Wingfleld) on the M. R.; 
 cotton-spinning is carried on. Has ruins of Wingfield Manor, 
 in which Mary Queen of Scots was imprisoned. PM.O. P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Wingfleld Point, cape, Canada, Ontario, Bruce co. , on the 
 W. side of Georgian Bay, in 45° 15' N. 
 
 Wlngham, vil., Canada, Ontario, Huron co., 62 m. N. 
 London, on a railway. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wlngham, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div. , 5^ m. W. 
 Sandwich, 2 m. NNE. Adisham stn., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlngham, tp., New South Wales, Macquarie co., 80 m. 
 NNE. Newcastle, at head of navigation of the Manning R. 
 Wingham is the outlet for a considerable area. P. <:isoo. 
 
 Wlngland, Central, par., Eng., Norfolk and Lincolnshire 
 (Parts of Holland), Holbeach union. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlngle, vil., Canada, Ontario, Renfrew co., 80 m. NW. by 
 N. Kingston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlngles, tn. , France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. and 12 m. E. 
 by S. B6thune; coal mined. P. <:3000. 
 
 Wlngrave with Rowsham, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 
 div. and 5 m. NE. Aylesbury, 2 m. NW. by N. Marston Gate 
 stn., PM.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Win Hill, eminence, Eng., Derbyshire, 3 m. NE. Castleton. 
 Alt. 1532 ft. 
 
 Wlnlary, vil., Prussia, prov. and govt. Posen, circle E. 
 Posen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wliilgen, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Berne, 3J m. NNE. Burgdorf. 
 P. (conim.)<30oo. 
 
 Wlnkbonrn, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 6 m. 
 NW. by W. Newark, 3^ m. ENE. Kirklington and Edingley 
 stn. P. <250. 
 
 Wlnkel, or Wlnkel Im Khelngan, vil., Prussia, prov. 
 1782 
 
 Hesse-Nassau, circle Rheingau, on the r. bk. of the Rhine, 5^ 
 m. ENE. Bingen ; manufactures chemicals and tartaric acid ; 
 has excellent vineyards. P. <3000. 
 
 Wlnkelbury, old camp, Eng. See Berwick St. John. 
 
 Wlnkfleld, par., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., 5 m. 
 SW. by W. Windsor, 3 m. NNW. Ascot and Sunninghill stn., 
 PMT.O., and PMT.O. (Wlnkfleld Row); 10,278 ac. P. < 
 4500. 
 
 Wlnkfleld with Rowley, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury 
 div., 2 J m. W. Trowbridge. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Winkle, P.O., Eng., 7 m. from Macclesfield, Cheshire. 
 
 Wlnklelgh, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., z6h m. 
 SE. Bideford, 4^ m. SW. by W. Eggesford stn., PMT.O.; 
 9218 ac. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Wlnklelgh, post-tn., Tasmania, Devon co. , 23 m. from 
 Launceston by road and rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlnksley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding div., on the 
 Laver, 3^ m. W. Ripon. P. <;2So; eccles. par. (Wlnksley 
 'With Grantley) P. <5oo. 
 
 Wlnkton, P.O., Eng., Hampshire, on the Avon, 2 m. N. 
 Christchurch, included in the pari. bor. of Christchurch. 
 
 Wlnlaton, par., Eng., Durham, Chester-le-Street div., 4^ m. 
 W. by S. Newcastle, i m. SW. Blaydon stn. ; has coal-mines 
 and manufactures chains and iron implements, &c. PMT.O. 
 5217 ac. P. 10,400. 
 
 Wlnlaw, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, 168 m. SE. by 
 E. Regina. 
 
 Wlnmarlelgh, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, union and 3 m. N W. 
 Garstang, on the Garstang and Knot End Rly. P. <5oo. 
 
 Winn, par. (co. ), U.S., Louisiana, crossed by 32° N. and 
 92^° W. 
 
 Winn, vil., U.S., Maine, co. and on the Penobscot R., 49 m. 
 NNE. Bangor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlnnall, par., Eng., Hampshire, partly in city of Winchester. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Wlnnats (or Wind Gates) Pass, The, steep rocky ravine, 
 Eng., Derbyshire, W. Castleton, and between it and Chapel-en- 
 le-Frith ; is i m. long. . 
 
 Winnebago, vil., U.S., Illinois, Winnebago co., 81 m. E. by 
 S. Dubuque (Iowa). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Winnebago, co., U.S., Iowa, on N. frontier, E. of 94° W. 
 
 Winnebago, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Faribault co., on Blue 
 Earth R., 94 m. SW. by S. Minneapolis. Alt. 1096 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Winnebago, Lake, U.S., Wisconsin, 30 m. by 10 m., 
 between Calumet co. on the E. , and Winnebago co. on the W. , 
 its head being in Fond du Lac co. It receives the Fox R. on 
 the W. , and is drained from its N. end by that river into the 
 head of Green Bay. Alt. 744 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 Wlnnebagoes, tribe of Dakota Indians, U.S., called by 
 themselves Hochungara, but by the Algonkin tribes Wenni- 
 bigouk, meaning men from the foetid or salt waters, French 
 Puants. They occupy a reservation of 128,000 ac. in Nebraska, 
 near the Omahas. 
 
 Wlnnebah, or Slmpa, seapt. tn. and fort, W. Africa, Upper 
 Guinea, Gold Coast, 34 m. WSW. Accra (Akra). P. 3000. 
 
 Wlnneconne, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Winnebago co., on Fox 
 R., 21 m. N. Ripon. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlnnecook, settlement, U.S., Montana, Meagher co., 137 
 m. E. by N. Butte City. 
 
 Wlnnemucca, tn., U.S., Nevada, cap. Humboldt co., on 
 Humboldt R. and the Central Pacific Rly., 160 m. NE. Carson 
 Cit v ; has extensive workshops of the Central Pacific Rly. Silver- 
 mines in the vicinitv. Alt. 4332 ft. (R. R. ). Mean temp. (18 yrs. ), 
 yr. 51.6° F., Jan. 28.8°, July 78.8° ; rfall., yr. 8.31 in. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wlnnemucca Lake, U.S., Nevada, in the NW., 58 m. 
 NNE. Carson Citv, 27 m. long, N. to S., by 5 m.; receives, 
 along with Pyramid Lake in the W., part of the surplus 
 waters of Lake Tahoe, but has no visible outlet. Treeless hills 
 on both sides. Locally called Mud Lake. Alt. 3875 ft. 
 
 Wlnnenden, tn. , Ger. , kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle Neckar, dist. 
 Waiblingen, 12 m. ENE. Stuttgart. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Wlnnersh, par., Eng., Berkshire, union and 3^ m. N. 
 Wokingham. P. <75o. 
 
 Winneshiek, co., U.S., Iowa, on N. frontier, and crossed in 
 W. by 92° W. 
 
 Wlnnetka, vil., U.S., Illinois, Cook co., on the W. shore of 
 Lake Michigan, 18 m. N. by W. Chicago. P. <:i500. 
 
 Wlnnezeele, vil., France, dep. Nord, 16 m. SE. by S. 
 Dunkirk, arr. Hazebrouck. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wlnnlblgoshl.^h Lake, U.S., Minnesota, in the N., 108 m. 
 WNW. Duluth, traversed by the Mississippi. Alt. 1290 ft. 
 (U.S. Engineer Corps). The lake gives name to an Indian 
 reservation on the N. .... 
 
 Wlnnlkl, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Wmniki ; 
 manufactures tobacco. P. <4000. 
 
 Wlnningen, vil, Prussia, Rhine Prov., on the Nahe, 5 m. 
 SW. by W. Koblenz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wlnnlngton, par. , Eng. , Cheshire, on the Weaver, partly m 
 town of Northwich. P. <25oo. 
 
WINN 
 
 WI N T 
 
 Winnipeg, lake, Canada, Manitoba and Keewatin, nearly 
 260 m. long ; extreme breadth about 60 m. , but about 100 m. 
 N. of its S. end only about 2J m. across ; fed at its S. end by 
 the Winnipeg R. , and drained from its N. end by the Nelson. 
 Area, 9400 sq. m.; alt. 710 ft. 
 
 Winnipeg, city, Canada, cap. prov. Manitoba, at the con- 
 fluence of the Red R. of the North and the Assiniboine (both 
 navigable to beyond the frontiers of the prov. ), and on the C. P. 
 R., 1424 m. W. Montreal, 38 m. SSW. Lake Winnipeg; the most 
 important railway centre of Canada W. of the great lakes. The 
 city has sprung up since 1870, till which date it was only a 
 trading station of the Hudson Bay Company known as Fort 
 Garry, and it owes its rapid rise to the cultivation of the great 
 wheat growing valley of Manitoba, of which it is the commercial 
 and nearly the actual centre ; seat of Manitoba university. Alt. 
 740 ft. Mean temp. (14 yrs. , 1871-84), yr. , 32.7° F. , Jan. -5.2°, 
 July 66.1°; mean rfall. (16 yrs., 1872-88), 15.21 in. ; snowfall 
 (17 yrs., 1871-88), 49.16 in. P. (1871) 240 ; (1881) 8000 ; (1885) 
 20,200; (1891)25,600. 
 
 Winnipeg, riv. , Canada, Ontario and Manitoba, issues from 
 the northernmost arm of the Lake of the Woods and flows W. 
 into Lake Winnipeg at Fort Alexander ; navigation interrupted 
 by rapids and falls a short distance above its mouth. 
 
 Wlnnlplseogee, Lake, an irregularly shaped lake, U.S., 
 New Hampshire, between Carroll co. and Belknap co. , 23 m. 
 NE. Concord, drained SW. by the Wlnnlplseogee R., which 
 unites with the Pemigewasset to form the Merrimack ; studded 
 with islands, and much visited on account of its fine scenery. 
 Alt. 500 ft. (R.R.). 
 
 Wlnnsboro, vil. , U.S., Louisiana, cap. Franklin par. (co. ), 20 
 m. S. Raysville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlnnsboro, city, U.S., S. Carolina, cap. Fairfield co., 25 m. 
 N. Columbia. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Wlno'na, vil., Canada, Ontario, Wentworth co. , 11 m. ESE. 
 Hamilton, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Winona, settlement, U.S., N. Dakota, Emmons co., on the 
 1. bk. of the Missouri R. , 50 m. S. by E. Bismarck. 
 
 Winona, city, U.S. , Minnesota, cap. Winona co. , on the r. bk. 
 of the Mississippi, 95 m. SE. St. Paul. Winona is one of the most 
 important grain-shipping and lumber points on the Mississippi 
 Manufactures flour, carriages, and waggons. Alt. 662 ft. (R.R.). 
 P. (1880) 10,200; (1890) 18,200. 
 
 Winona, tn. , U.S., Mississippi, Montgomery co., 83 m. 
 NNE. Jackson. P. <20oo. 
 
 Winona Junction, settlement, U.S., Washington, Whitman 
 CO. , 54 m. SSW. Spokane Falls. 
 
 Wluooskl, vil., U.S., Vermont, Chittenden co., on the E. 
 side of Lake Champlain, near the mouth of the Winooski R. , 
 3 m. by rail NE. Burlington, with which and with Essex Junction 
 it is also connected by an electric railway ; has extensive woollen- 
 mills and other industries, and manufactures the finest broad- 
 cloths and a variety of woollen goods. P. 4000. 
 
 Winooski, riv., U.S., Vermont, flows first W. past Mont- 
 pelier, then NW. and enters Lake Champlain in 44° 33' N. , 4 
 m. NW. Burlington ; it has channels through solid rocks from 
 30 to 100 ft. deep, and in many places natural bridges and 
 curious caverns. Length about 70 m. 
 
 Wlnseales, par., Eng. , Cumberland, Cockermouth union, 2J 
 m. SE. Workington. P. <25o. 
 
 WliLsclioteu, tn. , Holland, prov. and 20 m. E. by S. Gron- 
 ingen ; has tanyards and brick-kilns. Scene of the victory of 
 the Prince of Orange over the Spanish. P. (comm. ) 7800. 
 
 Wlnscombe, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Wells div. , 6^ m. ESE. 
 Weston-super-Mare, with a stn. on the G. W. R. ; 4158 ac. P. 
 <i5oo; eccles. par. (Wlnscombe wltli Sandford) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wlnsen, or Wlnseit an der Lnlie, tn., Prussia, prov. 
 Hanover, circle Winsen, 15 m. SE. by S. Hamburg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Wlnsford, urban sanitary dist. including Over and Wbarton, 
 and par. , Eng. , Cheshire, div. and 5^ m. S. Northwich, with a stn. 
 (Over and Wliarton) on the L. & NW. R. , and another ( W. 
 and Over) on a branch of the Cheshire Lines Rly. , and M. S. & L. 
 R. ; has important salt-works, salt from brine springs being ob- 
 tained in large quantities. Has public baths, free library, and 
 technical schools. Market-day, S. P. 10,400. 
 
 Wlnsford, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., on the 
 Exe, 14 m. N. by W. Tiverton, PM.O. ; 8740 ac. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wlnshani, par., Eng., Somerset, S. div., 13 m. WSW. 
 Yeovil, 2h m. ENE. Chard Road stn., PM.O. P. < 1000; 
 eccles. par. (Wlnsham -with Cricket) P. < 1000. 
 
 WlnHhlll, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire (S. div. ) and Staffordshire, 
 i| m. E. by N. Burton. P. <:4000. 
 
 WlnsklU, vil., Eng., Cumberland, div. and 5 m. NE. by E. 
 Penrith. See Hnusonby. 
 
 Wluslade, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 3 m. SSE. 
 Basingstoke. P. <:25o. 
 
 Wlnsley, vil., Eng., Yorkshire. See Hartwlth -with 
 Wlnsley. 
 
 Wlnsley with Llmpley Stoke, eccles. par., Eng., Wilt- 
 shire, Westbury div., 4 m. SE. Bath, 2 m. W. Bradford, P.O. 
 (Wlnsley). P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlnslow, par., Eng., Herefordshire, 2^ m. SW. Bromyard. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Wlnslow, tn. , U.S., Maine, co. and on riv. Kennebec, i m. 
 SE. Waterville. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wlnslow, settlement, U.S., Montana, Jefferson co., 38 m. 
 NE. Butte City. 
 
 Wlnslow, vil., U.S., New Jersey, cb. and 25 m. SE. Cam- 
 den ; has an extensive glass factory. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wlnslow, post-tn., Victoria, Villiers co., 10 m. NNW. 
 Warrnambool. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlnslow Koad, stn. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, on the Metro- 
 politan Rly. , 10 m. N W. Aylesbury. 
 
 Wlnslow with Shlptou, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, div. 
 and 6 m. SE. Buckingham, with a stn. (Wlnslow) on the 
 L. & NW. R. Winslow is an agricultural centre. Market-day, 
 W. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wlnson, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 6 m. NE. 
 Cirencester. P. <25o. See Blbnry. 
 
 Wlnson dreen, western suburb of Birmingham, Eng., with 
 a stn. on the L. & NW. R., and another (Soho and Wlnson 
 Green) on the G. W. R. and L. & NW. R. 
 
 Wlnsor, Broad, Eng. , Dorset. See Broadwinsor. 
 Wlnstanley, par., Eng., Lancashire, union and 3 m. SW. 
 Wigan. P. <;75o. 
 
 Wlnstanley Outfalls, one of the mouths of the Niger, 
 entering the Gulf of Guinea in about 4° 23' N., 5° 52' E. 
 
 Wlnsted, bor., U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co., 22 m. 
 WNW. Hartford ; consists of two villages, Wlnsted and West 
 Wlnsted. Manufactures clocks, scythes, book leather, springs, 
 small hardware, hosiery, silk twist, &c. Alt. 720 ft. (R. R. ). 
 P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Wlnster, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., 4 m. W. by N. 
 Matlock; manganese mined. PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Wlnster, eccles. par. , Eng. , Westmorland, on the Winster, div. 
 and 6^ m. W. Kendal, 3 m. S. by E. Windermere stn. P. <25o. 
 Wlnster, riv., Eng., Westmorland, rising in the SW. of the 
 Appleby div., and flowing S. through the Kendal div. into 
 Morecambe Bay ; it forms about 10 m. of the W. frontier of 
 Westmorland. 
 
 Winston, par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., on the 
 1. bk. of the Tees, 10 m. SW. by S. Bishop Auckland, i m. S. 
 of its stn. on the NE. R. ; coal mined. PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Winston, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 11 m. N. by E. 
 Ipswich, 6^ m. W. Framlingham stn. P. <;5oo. 
 
 Winston, CO., U.S., Alabama, W. of 87° W. , and bounded 
 on S. by 34° N. 
 
 Winston, CO., U.S., Mississippi, crossed by 89° W., and in 
 the S. by 33° N. 
 
 Winston, city, U.S., N. Carolina, cap. Forsyth co., 93 m. 
 W. by N. Raleigh ; manufactures tobacco, and has a large 
 trade in fruit. P. (i88o)<:300o ; (1890) 8000. 
 
 Wlnstone, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 6 m. NW. 
 by N. Cirencester. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlnswell, P.O., Eng., 5 m. from Torrington, Devonshire. 
 Wlnterberg, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 33 m. W. by N. Bud- 
 weis ; manufactures glass, and articles in ivory, bronze, and 
 bone. Castle of the princes of Schwarzenberg. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Wlnterberg, Groote (Great), mt., Cape Colony, 65 m. NW. 
 King William's Town. Alt. 7800 ft. There is another Winter- 
 berg further W. , to the N. of Beaufort West. 
 
 Wlnterborne Abbas, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 4J 
 m. W. Dorchester, 3 m. SW. Grimstone and Frampton stn., 
 PM.O. ( Wlnterbonrne Abbas) P. <25o ; eccles. par. (Winter- 
 borne Abbas with Wlnterborne Steepleton) P. <:5oo. 
 
 Wlnt«rborne Anderson, eccles. par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, S. 
 div., 9 m. NW. by W. Poole. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlnterborne Came, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., ij m. 
 SE. Dorchester. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (Wlnterborne Came 
 with Wlnterborne Farrlngdou) P. <25o. 
 Wlnterborne Cleuston. See Clenston Wlnterborne. 
 Wlnterborne Farrlngdon, vil., Eng., Dorsetshire. See 
 Wlnterborne Came. 
 
 Wlnterborne Herringstone, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, ad- 
 joining Winterborne Came. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlnterborne Honghton. See Houghton Wlnterborne. 
 Wlnterborne Kingston, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, i m. W. 
 Winterborne Anderson, P.O. (Wluterbourne Kingston). P. 
 500. 
 
 Wlnterborne Monkton, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, S. div. , 2 
 m. SW. by S. Dorchester. P. <2So. 
 
 Wlnterborne St. Martin, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, S. div. , 
 including Martin's Town, 3 m. WSW. Dorchester. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Wlnterborne Steepleton, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 
 adjoining Winterborne St. Martin on the W. P. <25o. See 
 Wlnterborne Abbas. 
 
 Wlnterborne Stlckland, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, N. div. , 
 5 m. NNW. Winterborne Anderson, 3 m. WSW. Blandford. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Wlnterborne Thompson, par. , Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div., 
 adjoining Winterborne Anderson on SE. P. <25o. 
 
 1733 
 
W I NT — WISE 
 
 Wlnterboriie Whitchurch, par., Eng. , Dorsetshire, N. 
 div., 3 m. NW. Winterborne Anderson. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Wliiterborne Zelstone, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 
 8i m. NW. by W. Poole, 4 m. SW. by W. Bailey Gate stn. 
 
 PT<2S0. 
 
 Wlnterbonnie, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 3J m. NNW. 
 Newbury. P. < 500. See Chleveley. 
 Wluterbonrue, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , 
 
 6 m. NE. by N. Bristol, 2 m. E. Patchway and Stoke Giftbrd 
 stn., PM.O. P. <:35oo; eccles. par. (Wlntertoounie Do-wn) 
 P. < 1000. 
 
 Wtttterhonrne Abbas, PM.O., Eng. See Wluterbome 
 Abbas. 
 Wlnterboome Bassett, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Devizes div. , 
 
 7 m. SW. by S. Swindon, 5 m. S. by E. Wootton Bassett stn. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Wlnterbourne Danntsey, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton 
 div., on the Bourne, 4 m. NE. by N. Salisbury, i m. SW. 
 Porton stn. P. < 250. 
 
 Wlntcrbonrne Earls, par., adjoining on the S. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlmterbonrne dunner, par., adjoining Winterbourne 
 Dauntsey on the N., PMT.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Winterbourne Kingston, P.O., Eng. See Winterborne 
 Kingston. 
 
 Winterbourne Monkton, par., Eng., Wiltshire, 2| m. S. 
 Winterbourne Bassett, 5^ m. E. Calne. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (Winterbourne Klonkton -with Berwick Bassett) P. <;5oo. 
 
 Winterbourne Stoke, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Wilton div., 
 
 8 m. NW. by N. Salisbury, 4 m. N. by E. Wishford stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Wlnterbum, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skipton div. , 
 17J m. NNE. Burnley, 4 m. ENE. Bell Busk stn. See Flasby. 
 Winter Harbour, fishing hamlet, U.S., Maine, Hancock 
 CO., 45 m. SE. Bangor. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlnterhoek, Ciroote, mt. , Cape Colony, the highest point 
 of the coast range W. of the Olifant, 68 m. NNE. Cape Town. 
 Alt. 6840 ft. 
 
 Wlnterhoek, Groote and Kleene, two small chains of the 
 S. ct. range. Cape Colony. Groote Wlnterhoek is near the Bay 
 of Algoa ; Kleene Wlnterhoek is a little further N. 
 
 Wlnterhude, N. suburb of Hamburg, Ger. P. 7400. 
 
 Wlnterlitghani, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 
 on the S. bank of the riv. Humber, 12 m. E. Goole, 6| m. W. 
 Barton-upon-Humber, 2^ m. S. by W. Brough stn., PM.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Wluterllngen, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, Black Forest 
 circle, 24 m. S. by E. Tubingen. P. <30oo. 
 
 Wlnterport, tn., U.S., Maine, Waldo co., on Penobscot R., 
 18 m. NE. Belfast. P. < 2000. 
 
 Winters, vil., U.S., California, Yolo co., 57 m. NNE. San 
 Francisco. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlnterset, city, U.S., Iowa, cap. Madison co., 29 m. SW. 
 by W. Des Moines. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wlntersett, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barnsley 
 div., 4^ m. SE. Wakefield, i m. WSW. Nostell stn. P.<:25o. 
 
 Wlnterslow, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 6 m. ENE. 
 Salisbury, 3 J m. SE. Porton stn., PM.O.; 5236 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Wlnterswljk, vil, Holland, prov. Gelderland, 18 m. SSW. 
 Enschede. P. <30oo. 
 
 Wlnterthnr, tn., Switzd., cant. Ziirich, 9 m. WSW. Frauen- 
 feld (Thurgau) ; manufactures cottons, machinery. A good 
 wine is produced in the neighbourhood. P. (comm.) 16,000. 
 
 Wlnterthur, Ober, vil., i m. to the NE., on the site of the 
 Roman station Vitodurum ; has silk-mills and machine shops. 
 P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Wlnterton, PMT.O., Eng., near Ferry Hill, Durham. 
 
 Wlnterton, par. and tn. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div. , 
 12 m. E. by S. Goole, 4 m. NNW. Appleby stn.; manufactures 
 machinery and agricultural implements. Wlnterton is supposed 
 to occupy the site of a Roman settlement. PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlnterton, coast par., Eng., Norfolk, 8 m. N. Yarmouth, 
 PM.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. (Wlnterton with East Somer- 
 ton) P. < 1000. 
 
 Wlnterton Ness, cape, Eng., Norfolk, 10 m. N. by W. 
 Yarmouth. 
 
 Wlnthorpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., \ m. 
 from the E. ct. , 20 m. SE. Louth, 2 m. N. Skegness stn. P. 
 <5oo. See Bnrgh-le-Harsh. 
 
 Wlnthorpe, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, div. and 2 m. 
 NE. by N. Newark, P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Wlnthrop, tn., U.S., Maine, Kennebec co., 7 m. WSW. 
 Augusta. P. <30oo. 
 
 Wlnthrop, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Suffolk co., on the 
 coast, 5 m. ENE. Boston. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wlnthrop, vil., U.S., Missouri, Buchanan co., on Missouri 
 R., 20 m. SW. St. Joseph. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wlnton, locality, Eng., Hampshire, included in the pari, 
 bor. ofChristchurch, i m. N. Bournemouth (West) stn., PMT.O. , 
 and PM.O. (New Wlnton). 
 
 Wlnton, par., Eng., Westmorland, in the E. of the div. and 
 1734 
 
 %\ m. SE. Appleby, 7.\ m. SSE. Musgrave stn., P.O.; 4518 ac. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Wlnton, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Richmond div., 
 13 J m. SE. by S. Darlington, 2 m. E. Brompton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlnton, post-tn., New Zealand, South I., Southland co., 
 20 m. N. Invercargill. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlnton, post-tn., Queensland, Ayrshire co., 320 m. SW. 
 Townsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlnton, stn., Scot., Haddingtonshire, on a branch of the 
 N. B. R. , sj m. W. by S. Haddington. 
 
 Wlnton, coal-mining bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. and on 
 Lackawanna R., 8 m. NE. Scranton. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wlnton, post-tn. , Victoria, Delatite co. , 35 m. WSW. Beech- 
 worth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlntrlngham, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., 13J m. SW. Scarborough, 2 m. S. Knapton stn.; 5342 ac. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Wlnwlck, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire and Northampton- 
 shire, div. and 10 m. NW. by W. Huntingdon, 4^ m. SE. 
 Barnwell stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wlnwlck, par., Eng., Lancashire, Newton div., 3 m. N. 
 Warrington, i^ m. SSE. Newton-le- Willows stn., PT.O. P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 Wlnwlck, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 8 m. 
 E. Rugby, 3I m. ENE. Kilsby and Crick stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlnyau Bay, U.S., S. Carolina, Georgetown co. 
 
 Wlnzenhelm, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle and 3 m. 
 W. Kolmar, at entrance to the Miinsterthal ; cotton spinning 
 and weaving are carried on at Logelbach. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wlnzlg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Wohlau, 26 m. SE. 
 by E. Glogau. P. <300o. 
 
 Wlpklugen, vil., Switzd., cant, and 2 m. NW. Zurich, on 
 the Limmat. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Wlpp, riv., Ger., in the E. of Pomerania, flows NW. then 
 W. into the Baltic at the Riigenwalder-Miinde, 34 m. ENE. 
 Kolberg ; used for floating timber from Techlip, 56 m. 
 
 Wlppach, tn. , Austria, Carniola, 18 m. ESE.Gorz. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wlpperfttrth, circle, Prussia, Rhine Prov. The administra- 
 tion belongs to Alsbach. 
 
 Wlpperfttrth, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 23 m. NE. by E. 
 Cologne, cap. circle Wipperfiirth ; manufactures nets and cloth, 
 P. <300o. 
 
 Wlppthal, valley, Tirol, opening into the Inn valley at Inns- 
 bruck, ascended by the railway leading to the Brenner tunnel. 
 
 Wlrdnm, vil., Holland, prov. Frieskmd, 3 m. S. Leeuwarden. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Wire, isl. , Scot., Orkney Is. See Vlera. 
 
 Wlrksworth, par. and market- tn., Eng., Derbyshire, W. 
 div., 4 m. S. by W. Matlock, on a branch of the M. R. ; manu- 
 factures cotton goods, hosiery, &c. Limestone quarries and 
 tape mills in the vicinity. There is a fine ancient church. PMT.O. 
 Market-day, Tu. P. <4000. 
 
 Wlrrabarra, post-tn. , S. Australia, Frome co. , 47 m. SE. 
 Port Augusta ; in a timber dist. Supplies railway sleepers. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlrral, penin., Eng., Cheshire, between the rivs. Mersey and 
 Dee ; is a low-lying stretch of land, protected by an embank- 
 ment. Length 12 m., by 7 m. broad. 
 
 Wlrral, pari, div., Eng., in the NW. of Cheshire. P. 73,100. 
 
 Wlrsltz, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, Posen, cap. circle 
 Wirsitz. P. <200o. 
 
 Wlrswall, par. , Eng. , on the S. border of Cheshire, Eddis- 
 bury div. , 8| m. SW. by W. Nantwich, 2 m. N. Whitchurch 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wirt, CO., U.S., W. Virginia, crossed by 39° N. , W. of 81° W., 
 traversed by the Little Kanawha R. 
 
 Wlrz-jarvl, lake, Russia, govt. Livonia ; its outlet, the Em- 
 bach, flows into Lake Peipus, past Dorpat. Alt. 115 ft.; 
 area, 106 sq. m. 
 
 Wisbech, mun. bor. (since 1374), par., and river-port, Eng., 
 Cambridgeshire, Wisbech div., 22 m. NE. Peterborough, in 
 the diocese and Isle of Ely, on the Nene, with stns. on G. E. R. , 
 and G. N. & M. Joint Rly. Length of the quay on each side 
 of the river i m. , with depth alongside of 15 to 25 ft. high water, 
 and 8 to 13 low water ; each quay accessible by vessels drawing 
 13 to 17 ft. Steamers 200 ft. long now frequent the port (see 
 Appendix, p. 13). Name was probably Ouse-beck, the Ouse 
 Stream. The town has a fine memorial to Thomas Clarkson 
 the philanthropist (born at Wisbech in 1760), a museum rich in 
 local antiquities, and a public park of 18 ac. Market-days, Th. 
 and S. Mean rfall. (Wisbech Observatory, alt. 10 ft., 1866-80), 
 yr. 26.7 in. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 5500; (1851) 10,600; (1891) 
 9400; pari. div. P. (1891)49,600. 
 
 Wlsborongh Green, par. , Eng. , Sussex, div. and 8^ m. W. 
 by S. Horsham, 3 m. W. by N. Bilhngshurst stn.. PMT.O.; 
 8862 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wlsby, or Vlsby, seapt. tn., Sweden, Gotland I., on the W. 
 ct. The anchorage in the roads is in about 140 ft. of water, and 
 is only sheltered from E. winds. During the nth and 12th 
 centuries the principal centre of commerce in the Baltic, and 
 
wise — WITC 
 
 later a prominent member of the Hanseatic League ; was 
 captured and plundered by Waldemar III. of Denmark in 1361. 
 Mean temp., yr. 43.2° F. , Feb. 29.3°, July 61.5°. P. 7100. 
 
 Wlscasset, tn. and port of entry, U.S., Maine, cap. Lincoln 
 CO. , on W. bank of Sheepscot R. , 22 m. SSE. Augusta. Its 
 harbour admits vessels of the largest class. Favourite watering- 
 place. P. <2000. 
 
 Wlsch, vil,, Netherlands, prov. Gelderland, 17 m. SSE. 
 Zutphen, near the Prussian frontier. P. (comm.) 6400. 
 
 Wlscban, Slavonic VyskoT, tn. , Austria, Moravia, on riv. 
 Hanna, 18 m. ENE. Briinn ; manufactures cloth, woollen and 
 cotton goods and pottery ; trade in flax, linen, and cattle. 
 Castle of the prince-archbishop of Olmiitz. P. <56co. 
 
 Wlscon'sln, one of the United States, admitted 1848, 
 rather smaller than England and Wales, bounded N. for 
 120 m. by Lake Superior, NE. by upper penin. of Michigan, 
 E. for 200 m. by Lake Michigan, S. by Illinois, separated 
 W. by Mississippi and St. Croix Rivs. from Iowa and 
 Minnesota. Surface, an elevated rolling plain, forest to N., 
 prairie to S. Highest ground runs E. and W. in the N. , reach- 
 ing 1800 ft., a steep slope thence N. to Lake Superior, and a 
 gentle slope southwards. The central N. to S. watershed is 
 so little marked that some affluents of the Mississippi and Lake 
 Michigan almost intermingle. The other affluents are less 
 valuable for navigation than as power for flour-milling, the chief 
 industry. The winters are long and severe, especially N. , with 
 short, hot, dry summers [Lncros.se, UlUwankee]. Although 
 the death-rate from respiratory diseases is high along the Missis- 
 sippi R., no state has a lower proportion of such deaths. Wis- 
 consin is remarkable for its numerous lakes, and is chief source 
 of U.S. mineral waters. In 1880 one-third of the population 
 was foreign-born. No state has a larger proportion of Germans ; 
 these live chiefly in Milwaukee {g.v.), the largest city. Racine 
 and Sheboygan, also Lake Michigan ports. Lacrosse (Mississippi 
 port), Oshkosh and Eau Claire in interior, are all larger than 
 Madison, the capital ; ten others exceed 8000. Forests still 
 cover nearly half the state, and their pines, aided by demand 
 of sparsely wooded states SW., make sawed lumber second 
 product, surpassed by two states only. Excluding forests and 
 northern high ground, most of the soil is fairly fertile. Hay, 
 oats, corn, and barley are the chief products. The state ranks 
 third in oats and rye. second in hops, and first in barley. The 
 last two furnish material for malt liquor, the fifth manufacture, 
 brewed chiefly in Milwaukee. The chief live stock are horses, 
 milch cows (only five states have more ; yielding dairy products, 
 third state for cheese), and oxen (material for Milwaukee meat- 
 packing, fourth industry). Important lead ores, accompanied 
 by zinc, are mined in SW. , and the N. elevation is a continua- 
 tion of the rich mineral ranges of Michigan. In iron ore produc- 
 tion, red hematite chiefly, Wisconsin was fifth in 1890, seventh 
 in 1893. It is seventh also in iron and steel, third manufacture. 
 Area, 56,040 sq. m. P. 1,686,900. See United States, table. 
 [W. S.]. 
 
 Wisconsin, riv., U.S., Wisconsin. It issues from Vieux 
 Desert Lake on the Michigan frontier, and flows on the whole 
 S. past Merrill Wausaw, Stevens Point, and Portage, and then 
 WSW. to the Mississippi, which it joins about 3 m. S. of 
 Prairie du Chien, just to the S. of 43° N. Navigable by small 
 steamers to Portage, 200 m. By a canal in connection with the 
 Fox R., it allows of steamboat navigation to Lake Michigan. 
 There are several cataracts, including the famous Dalles, about 
 20 m. above its change of direction, where it flows for about 6 m. 
 between sheer walls of curiously cut sandstone. 
 
 Wise, CO. U.S., Texas, in the N., N. of 33° N., to the E, of 
 98° W. 
 
 Wise, CO., U.S., Virginia, in the SW., on the W. frontier, 
 crossed by 37° N. 
 
 Wiseman's Ferry, postal-stn. , New South Wales, Cumber- 
 land CO. , on Hawkesbury R. , in 33° 17' S. , 151° 2' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wlseton, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Bassetlaw div. , 6 m. 
 W.Gainsborough. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlsbart, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, 75 m. NNE. 
 Regina, at the foot of the Big Touchwood Hills. 
 
 Wisliart, Bismarck Archipelago. See Fischer Island. 
 
 Wlsliaw, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 6 m. SSW. 
 Tamworth, 3^ m. E. Sutton Coldfield, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlslia'w, market-tn. , Scot., Mid Lanarkshire, 3 m. ESE. 
 Motherwell, with two stns. (South and Central) on the C. R. ; 
 has large collieries, blast-furnaces ; large iron and steel works. 
 Market-day, Th. P. (including Cambnsnethan and Cralg- 
 nenk) 15,300. 
 
 Wlshford, Great, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Wilton div. , on the 
 Wily, 5^ m. NW. by W. Salisbury, with a stn. (Wlshford) on 
 the G. W. R., PM.O. (Wlshford). P. 500. 
 
 Wlske, riv., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, rising in the SW. 
 of the Cleveland div., and flowing W. and S. through the 
 divs. of Richmond and Thirsk and Malton, to the Swale, which 
 it joins on the 1. bk. i m. above Holme. 
 
 Wisla, Polish name of the riv. Vistula. 
 
 Wlsley, par., Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div., 6^ m. NE. by N. 
 
 Guildford, 3 m. SSW. Weybridge stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (Wlsley with Pyrford) P. <:75o. 
 
 Wlsloch, riv., Austria, Galicia, rises on the N. slope of the 
 Eastern Beskides, flows NW. and NE., passing Rzeszou, and 
 enters the San (trib. of the Vistula) 15 m. NW. Jaroslaw. 
 Length, 93 m. ; area of basin, 2854 sq. m. 
 
 Wlsloka, riv., Austria, Galicia, rises on the N. slope of the 
 Eastern Beskides, flows N., and joins the Vistula in about 21° 
 25' E. Length, 84 m. 
 
 Wlsmar, tn., Ger. , Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle Wismar, 
 on the coast, 18 m. N. Schwerin. Depth at entrance to har- 
 bour, and at quayside, 16^ ft. Manufactures copper and brass 
 wares, fire-engines, &c. , and has iron and bell- foundries. The 
 town has beautiful grounds on the site of former fortifications. 
 The church of St. Mary, dating from 1339, has a tower 280 ft. 
 high. Wismar was made a town in 1229, and later became an 
 important Hanse town. From 1648 to 1803 it belonged to 
 Sweden. P. (1890) 6000; (1870) 16,800. 
 
 Wlsnlcz-Bfowy, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Wis- 
 nicz. P. < 4000. 
 
 Wlsowltz, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 38 m. SE. Olmiitz ; manu- 
 factures paper and cloths. P. <30oo. 
 
 Wlsper, small riv., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, flows SW. 
 into the Rhine below Riidesheim ; not navigable. 
 
 Wisp Hill, mt., Scot., Dumfriesshire, on E. border, 8 m. 
 N. Langholm. Alt. 1950 ft. 
 
 Wlsplngton, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div. , 13 
 m. SW. by S. Louth, 4 m. WNW. Horncastle. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlssaut, tn. , France, dep. Pas-de-Calais, arr. and 11 m. N. 
 by E. Boulogne, on the North Sea ; a small fishing port and 
 sea-bathing resort. In the Middle Ages Wissant was a very 
 active port ; here the English armies frequently landed during 
 the Hundred Years' War. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wlssek, tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, 37 m. W. Bromberg. 
 P. -< 2000. 
 
 Wlssenibonrg, tn. , Ger. See Welssenbnrg. 
 
 Wlssen, or Wlssen rechts an der Sleg, tn. , Prussia, Rhine 
 Prov., circle Altenkirchen, 29 m. E. Bonn. P. (comm. )<3000. 
 
 Wlssen links an der Sieg, vil. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wlssett, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 2 m. NW. Hales- 
 worth, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wlssey, or Stoke, riv., Eng., Norfolk, trib. of the Ouse, 
 which it joins on the r. bk. 3 m. S. Downham Market. 
 
 Wlsslngton, vil. , Eng. , Suffolk. See Xayland with Wls- 
 slngton. 
 
 Wlssntann Falls. See Kassal, and Petermann's Mitteil., 
 1888, pi. 12. 
 
 Wlstanstow, par., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 20 m. E. by S. 
 Newtown, i m. N. Stretford Bridge June, P.O.; 5231 ac. P. < 
 1000 ; eccles. par. (Wlstanstow with Cwni Head) P. < 1000. 
 
 Wlstanswlck, P.O., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 15 m. NE. 
 Shrewsbury, 4 m. S. by W. Market Drayton. 
 
 Wlstaston, par., Eng., Cheshire, Crewe div., 2J m. NE. by 
 E. Nantwich, i m. N. Willaston stn. P. <750. 
 
 Wlston, eccles. par., Eng., Suffolk, Sudbury div., on the 
 Stour, 15 m. WSW. Ipswich, 3 m. E. by S. Bures. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlston, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., g\ m. E. by N. 
 Arundel, 2 m. NW. Steyning stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wlston, originally dwyston, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 
 4i m. ENE. Haverfordwest, PM.O.; 7186 ac. P. <7Co. See 
 Pembroke. 
 
 Wlston and Roberton, par. , Scot. , S. Lanarkshire, 7^ m. 
 E. by N. Douglas, i m. NW. by W. Lamington stn., P.O. 
 (Wlston); 13,140 ac. P. ■<:5oo. 
 
 Wlstow, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 6^ m. 
 NNE. Huntingdon, 2J m. W. by N. Warboys stn., P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Wlstow, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Harborough div., 6J m. 
 SE. by S. Leicester, i m. SW. Glen stn. P. <25o. See 
 Kllby. 
 
 Wlstow, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Barkston Ash 
 div., 10 m. S. York, 2 m. WSW. Riccall stn., P.O.; 4316 ac. 
 P. <750. 
 
 Wlstow, postal-vil. , S. Australia, Hindmarsh co. , 22 m. SE. 
 Adelaide, on the railway to Port Elliot. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wlswell, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and aj m. S. by E. 
 Clitheroe, i^ m. NE. Whalley stn. P. <75o. 
 
 Wltcham, par. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire, Isle of Ely, 5 m. W. 
 Ely, I J m. NE. by N. Sutton stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wltchampton, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, E. div. , on the Allen, 
 10 m. N. Poole, 5^ m. NE. by E. Spettisbury stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Wltchford, par., Eng., Cambridgeshire, Isle of Ely, 2* m. 
 WSW. Ely, PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wltchlngham, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , 
 Norfolk, N. div., the former 11 m. NW. Norwich, i m. N. 
 Lenwade stn. Great Witchingham, PM.O., P. <75o ; Little 
 Witchingham, P. <25o. 
 
 Wltchllng, par., Eng., Kent, Med way div., 7 m. WSW. 
 Faversham, 3 m. NNE. Lenham stn. P. <25o. 
 
 1735 
 
W I T C 
 
 WITT 
 
 Wlteomb, locality, Eng. , Somerset, S. div. , 6 m. NW. by 
 W. Yeovil, ij m. NE. Martock stn. 
 
 Witcomtte, P.O., Eng., Gloucestershire. See Whltcomb, 
 Great. 
 
 Witesie, tn. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire. See Whittlesey. 
 Wltball, eccles. par. , Eng. , Warwickshire. See Wythall. 
 Wltham, riv., Eng., rises in the N. of Rutland, flows N. 
 through Lincolnshire, passing Grantham and Lincoln, then 
 turns to the SE. and falls into the Wash about 5 m. below 
 Boston ; navigable for small vessels to Lincoln, and for larger 
 craft to Tattershall. 
 
 Wltbam, supposed site of the Roman Canonium, par. and 
 tn., Eng., Essex, div. and 5 m. NNW. Maldon, on the Black- 
 water, with a junction stn. on the G. E. R. , PMT.O. Market- 
 day, Tu. P. <:35oo. 
 
 Wltham, North and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., on the Witham, 4 m. WSW. 
 Corby stn., the former 9 m. S. Grantham, with a stn. (South 
 Wltham) on the M. & G. N. Joint Rly. North Witham, P. < 
 250; South Witham, P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Witham Friary, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 4 m. SW. 
 by S. Frome, on the G. W. R. (Witham stn.), P.O.; 5456 ac. 
 P.<:5oo. 
 
 Witham ou the Hill, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven 
 div. , 6 m. N. by E. Stamford, 2 m. E. by S. Little Bytham stn. , 
 P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Wlthcall, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 4 m. 
 SW. by W. Louth, on the G. N. R. P. 250. 
 
 Wlthcote, par. , Eng. , Leicestershire, Melton div. , 4 m. WSW. 
 Oakham, 2 m. E. Tilton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wltherldge, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, S. Molten div. , 10 m. 
 W. by N. Tiverton, PMT.O.; 7001 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Wltherley, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 6 m. SW. by 
 W. Bosworth, close to Atherstone stn., P.O. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Wlthernsea, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., on the coast, 15^ m. E. Hull, on the NE. R. ; is a sea- 
 bathing resort. The sea is encroaching at the rate of 6 ft. 
 annually. PMT.O. P. < 1000. See HoUyu. 
 
 Wlthemwlek, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holderness 
 div., 9j m. NE. Hull, ij m. ESE. Whitedale stn., P.O. P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 Wlthern with Stain, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey 
 div., 7jm. SE. by E. Louth, 2 m. ENE. Authorpe stn., P.O. 
 (Wlthern). P. <5oo. 
 Wlthersdale, vil. , Eng. , Suffolk. See Fresslngfleld. 
 Wlthersfleld, par., Eng., in SW. of Suffolk, Sudbury div., 
 17 m. SW. Bury St. Edmunds, 2 m. NW. Haverhill, P.O. P. 
 <75o. 
 
 Wlthersfleld, stn. , Queensland, Plantagenet co. , 190 m. SW. 
 by S. Mackay, on the railway from Rockhampton ; has sapphires 
 near. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wltherslaek, par., Eng., Westmorland, div. and 7 m. SW. 
 Kendal, 5^ m. NW. by W. Milnthorpe stn., P.O.; 4604 ac. 
 P.<Soo. 
 
 Wltherstone, eccles. par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, Poorstock par. 
 P. < 250. 
 • Wlthlel, par., Eng., Cornwall, St. Austell div., 5 m. W. by 
 S. Bodmin, P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Wlthlel Florey, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 13 
 m. N. by E. Tiverton. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlthlngton, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 4* m. 
 NE. by E. Hereford, on the G. W. R., P.O. P.<75o. 
 
 Wlthlngton, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Cirencester div., 
 on the riv. Coin, 6\ m. SE. Cheltenham, on the M. R. and 
 L. & SW. Joint Rly., P.O.; 6105 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Wlthlngton, par. and tn. , Eng. , Lancashire, Stretford div. , 
 3 m. SSE. and partly in bor. of Manchester, with a stn. (Wlth- 
 lngton and Albert Park) on the M. R., PMT.O. Par. P. 
 14,200 ; tn. P. 25,700. 
 
 Wlthlngton, par. , Eng. , Salop, Newport div. , 5 m. E. by 
 N. Shrewsbury, 2 m. NE. Upton Magna stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Wlthlngton, Lower, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 
 7\ m. WSW. Macclesfield, 3 m. ENE. Holmes Chapel stn. 
 P.<7So. 
 
 Wlthlngton, Old, par., 2 m. N. by E.; 2 m. SE, Chelford 
 stn. P. <;25o. See Chelford. 
 
 Wlthlacoochee, riv., U.S., Florida, in the W., rises in the 
 N. of Polk CO. , flows on the whole N W. into the Gulf of Mexico, 
 which it enters about 29° N. 
 
 Wlthlelgh, eccles. par. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tiverton par. P. 
 <7So. 
 
 WlthneU, par., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., 5 m. SW. 
 by S. Blackburn, on the L. & Y. R. and L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wlthybrook, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., 7 
 m. ENE. Coventry, 2 m. E. Shilton stn., P.O. P. <2So. See 
 Monks Klrby. 
 
 Wlthycombe, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., li m. 
 from the N. ct., 18 m. N. by E. Tiverton, if m. SW. Blue 
 Anchor stn. P. <5oo. 
 1736 
 
 Wlthycombe Raleigh, par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton 
 div., 2 m. NE. Exmouth, P.O. P. < 4000. 
 
 Wlthyham, par., Eng., Sussex, E. Grinstead div., 6i m. 
 WSW. Tunbridge Wells, on the L. B. & S. C. R., PMT.O.; 
 8126 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Wlthypoole, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., on the 
 Barle, 16 m. NNW. Tiverton, P.O. (Wlthypool). P. <:25o; 
 eccles. par. (Wlthypoole with Hawkrldge) P. <5oo. 
 
 Wltkowltz, tn. , Austria, Moravia, 18 m. ESE. Troppau, on 
 the frontier of Eastern Silesia; has important coal-mines, large 
 iron and steel works, and an astronomical observatory. P. 
 10,300. 
 
 Wltley, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 8 m. SSW. Guildford, 
 1^ m. N. of its stn. (Wltley and Chlddlngfold) on the L. 
 & SW. R. It includes Wltley Common. PMT.O. 6326 ac. 
 
 P. <2500. 
 
 Wltley, Great, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Bewdley div., 8 
 m. SW. by S. Kidderminster, PMT.O. P. <:soo ; eccles. par. 
 (Great Wltley with HUlhamptou) P. <7So. 
 
 Wltley, Little, par., 2 m. to the SE. P. <:25o. See Holt. 
 
 Wltuesham, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., 4 m. 
 N. by E. Ipswich, 2J m. N. by E. ^X'esterfield stn., P.O. P. 
 
 <5oo- 
 
 Witney, par. and market-tn., Eng., Oxfordshire, on the 
 Windrush, div. and 7 m. SW. by W. Woodstock, on a branch 
 of the G. W. R. ; manufactures gloves and blankets. The cele- 
 brity of Witney for the latter is in part due to the detersive 
 quality of the waters of the Windrush. Market-day, Th. P. 
 <:350o; eccles. par. (Witney with Curbrldge) P. < 5000. 
 
 Wltson, P.O., Eng., Monmouthshire, 6 m. from Maindee. 
 
 Wlttebergen (Dutch, 'White Mountains'), range of mts. , 
 trending E. and W. , in the E. of Cape Colony, partly on the S. 
 frontier of Basuto-land. 
 
 Wlttekliids-berg, hill, Ger. See Westphallau Gate. 
 
 Wlttem, vil., Holland, prov. Limburg, 7 m. WNW. Aix-la- 
 Chapelle. P. (comm. )<4000. 
 
 Wltten, tn. , Prussia, prov. Westphalia, circle Bochum, 7I 
 m. SW. Dortmund ; manufactures cast-iron, firearms, machi- 
 nery, iron and steel plates, and has railway workshops and iron- 
 founding. P. (i843)<400o; (1890)25,900; (comm.) 26,300. 
 
 Wittenberg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, on the r. bk. of the 
 Elbe, 17^ m. E. by N. Dessau, cap. circle Wittenberg. The 
 cradle of the Reformation (1517), Wittenberg contains several 
 memorials of that period and of Luther — the castle church with 
 the 95 theses engraven on its bronze doors, and the tombs of 
 Luther, Melancthon, Frederick the Wise, and John the Stead- 
 fast (Electors of Saxony and protectors of Luther) ; the houses 
 of Luther, Melancthon, and the painter, Lucas Cranach (pic- 
 tures by whom adorn the parish church and the town-hall) ; the 
 Augfustinian monastery with Luther's cell, the oak (outside the 
 Elster gate) under which the Papal bull of 1520 was burned, 
 and monuments to Luther (by Schadow, 1822) and Melancthon 
 (by Drake, 1866). The university, founded 1502, was united 
 to that of Halle, 1817. The only remains of the fortifications 
 are the heads of a bridge and the bridge over the Elbe. The 
 town was stormed by Tauenzien, January 13, 1814. In the 
 time of the Reformation Wittenberg was the cap. of the electors 
 of the Ernestine line. P. 9500. 
 
 Wlttenberge, tn., Prussia, in the NW. of prov. Branden- 
 burg, on riv. Elbe, circle Westprignitz, 54 m. NW. Branden- 
 burg; has railway workshops. P. (i8i6)<iooo; (1890) 12,400. 
 
 Wlttenbui^;, tn., Ger., Mecklenburg-Schwerin, circle Hage- 
 now, 15I m. SW. by W. Schwerin. P. <40oo. 
 
 Wlttenham, Little, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 5 m. 
 SE. by E. Abingdon on the Thames. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlttenham, Long, par., on the Thames, ij m. W. Little 
 Wittenham, ij m. SE. Culham stn., P.O. Alt. 170 ft. Mean 
 rfall. (1866-80), yr. 28.3 in. P. <5O0. 
 
 Wittering, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, in 
 the Soke of Peterborough, ^h n^- SSE. Stamford, 2^ m. WSW. 
 Ufford Bridge stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wittering, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Sussex, on the S. ct. East Wittering, div. and 6 m. SW. 
 Chichester, P. <:25o; West Wittering, PM.O., P. <75o. 
 
 Wlttersham, par., Eng., Kent, Ashford div., 4 m. NNW. 
 Rye, PMT.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Wlttgensdorf, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Zwickau, 4 m. 
 NW. by N. Chemnitz. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Wittgenstein, circle, Prussia, Westphalia, in a generally 
 rugged mountainous dist. , on the Lahn and Eder. 
 
 Wittgenstein, isls.. Pacific. See Fakarafa. 
 
 Wittichenau, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Hoyerswerda, 
 30 m. NE. Dresden. P. < 3000. 
 
 Wlttlngan, or Trebon, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 14 m. E. by 
 N. Budweis ; has a castle belonging to the princely family of 
 Schwarzenberg, and containing rich archives. P. 5400. 
 
 Wlttllch, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., 20 m. NE. by N. Treves, 
 cap. circle Wittlich. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Wittmnnd, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, 16 m. WNW. 
 Wilhelmshaven, cap. circle. P. <:20oo. 
 
W I T T — W O K I 
 
 >Vlttoii, par., Eng., Lancashire, partly included in the pari, 
 bor. of and i m. SW. Blackburn. P. 5200. 
 
 Wlttoii, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div. , 5 m. E. Norwich, 2^ m. 
 ENE. Brundallstn., P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Wltton, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 2| m. from the NE. 
 ct., 10 m. SE. Cromer, 2^ m. NNE. Honing" stn., P.O. (Wltton 
 Bridge). P. <25o; eccles. par. (Wltton -with Brundall) P. 
 
 Wltton, eccles. par., Eng., Northumberland, Netherwitton 
 par. P. < 500. 
 
 Wltton, par. , Eng. See Netlierwltton. 
 
 Wltton, East, Within and Without, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and g^ m. S. by W. Richmond, 
 2^ m. S. Spennithorne stn., P.O. East Witton Within, P. < 
 500 ; East Witton Without, P. < 250. 
 
 Wltton, West, par. , 5^ m. WNW. East Witton ; has quarries 
 of slate and flags. P. O. P. < 500. 
 
 Wltton, Long, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, 9^ m. S. Roth- 
 bury, with a stn. (Longwltton) on the Morpeth branch of the 
 N. B. R. P. <25o. 
 
 Wltton Bridge, P.O., Eng., Norfolk. See Wltton. 
 
 Wltton (for Aston Lower Grounds), stn., Eng., on the L. & 
 NW. R. , on the border of Warwickshire and Staffordshire, i m. 
 NNW. Aston stn., PMT.O. 
 
 Wltton-Gllbert, par., Eng., co. and 3I m. NW, Durham, 
 Mid div., on the NE. R., PM.O. P. <45oo; eccles. par. 
 (Wltton-Gllbert with Klmblesworth) P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wltton-le-Wear, par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 
 on the 1. bk. of the Wear, 4J m. W. by N. Bishop Auckland, 
 on the NE. R. ; coal mined. PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Wltton Park, eccles. par., Eng., Durham, Auckland ancient 
 par., PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Wltton Shlel<l8, par., Eng., Northumberland, 7 m. NW. 
 Morpeth, P.O. 
 
 Wltton with Twanibrooks, par., Eng., Cheshire, in town 
 of North wich. P. 7600. 
 
 Wlttow, penin., at the N. end of Riigen L, Prussia; has a 
 deeply indented bay on the SW., and a lighthouse at Arkona 
 Point, on the NE. ct. ; is very fertile. Length, NE. to SW., 
 13 m. 
 
 Wlttown, tp. , Queensland. See Islsford. 
 
 Wlttsburg, vil. , U.S., Arkansas, cap. Cross co., 40 m. W. 
 by N. Memphis Town (Tenn.). P. <:isoo. 
 
 Wlttstock, tn., Prussia, prov. and 54 m. N. Brandenburg, 
 circle Ostprignitz ; manufactures woollen goods and cloth. Was 
 incorporated 1248, and later was the residence of the Bishop of 
 Havelberg. P. (i8i6)<:5ooo ; (1890)6700. 
 
 Wltn, dist. , central Africa, on the W. of Lake Albert Edward 
 Nyanza. 
 
 Wltu, tn. and sultanate, Brit. E. Africa, the latter, an un- 
 dulating, fertile coast-land in about 2° 30' S. , yielding tobacco, 
 cotton, indiarubber, ivory, gum, copal, &c. Copious rainfall. 
 The dist. (550 sq. m.) is traversed by the riv. Tana; has 
 Witu, 15 m. from the coast, for its cap.; and possesses a good 
 harbour in Manda Bay, sheltered by the isl. Lamu. P. about 
 10,000, mostly Swahili. From 1885 to 1890 it belonged to 
 Germany. 
 
 Wltwat«r, vil. , Cape Colony, dist. Hay, 105 m, W. by S. 
 Kimberley. 
 
 Wltwatersrand. See Sonth African Republic. 
 
 Wltzenliansen, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, on riv. 
 Werra, 15 m. E. Kassel, cap. circle Witzenhausen. P. <:40oo. 
 
 Wlt/helden, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Solingen, 10 m. 
 S. by W. Elberfeld. P. (comm.)<30oo. 
 
 Wlvellscombe (waivelis'kum, popularly wul'skam), par. and 
 tn. , Eng. , Somerset, Wellington div. , gj m. W. by N. Taunton, 
 on the G. W. R. ; brewing carried on. Market-days, Tu. and S. 
 PMT.O. 6105 ac. Par. P. < 2500; tn. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Wlvelsfleld, par., Eng., Sussex, E. Grinstead div., 8J m. 
 NW. by N. Lewes, i^ m. ENE. Keymer Junction, PMT.O. 
 (Wlvelsfleld ftreen), and P.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wlvenhoe, par., Eng., Essex, at the head of the estuary of 
 the Colne, div. and 3 m. SE. Colchester, of which it is the port, 
 with a stn. (Wyvenhoe) on the G. E. R. ; oysters are shipped 
 here for the London markets. Centre of an earthquake shock 
 that disturbed a considerable part of the SE. of England on 
 22nd April 1884. PMT.O. P. <2Soo. Wlvenhoe Cross, | m. 
 N. Wivenhoe. 
 
 Wlverton Hall, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, union and 
 near Bingham. P. <25o. 
 
 Wlveton, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 2 m. from the N. ct., 
 iij m. W. Cromer, 4 m. NNW. Holt stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Wlwon, or Wlwen, tn., Korea, 140 m. NW. Wonsan, a 
 few miles from the Amnok, in 40° 50' N. 
 
 Wlx, or Wicks, pan, Eng., Essex, Colchester div., 6i m. 
 WSW. Harwich, 2 m. SE. Bradfield stn., P.O. P.<7So."' 
 
 Wlxford, par., Eng., Warwickshire, div. and 7^ m. W. 
 Stratford-on-Avon, on the M. R. P. <25o. See Exhall. 
 
 Wlxhlll under Redcastle, vil., Eng., Shropshire. See 
 Weston and WlxMll under Redcastle. 
 
 Wlxoe, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Risbridge union, 3^ m. SW. Clare. 
 P. <25o; eccles. par. (Wlxoe, or Whlxoe) P. <25o. 
 
 Wlznltz, tn. , Austria, crownland Bukovina, on the Czeremosz 
 (W. frontier), 34 m. W. Czernowitz. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 W-*adlstawow, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt. Suwai^ki, 42 
 m. WSW. Kovno, on Szczeszupa R. , and on frontier of E. 
 Prussia, 12 m. NE. of Eydkunen. P. 6255. 
 
 Wtaschlm, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 23 m. NE. by N. Tabor. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 W*octawek, Russian Vlotslavsk, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, 
 govt, and 87 m. NW. Warsaw, on 1. bk. Vistula, on railway to 
 and 35 m. SE. of Thorn. P. 20,500. 
 
 Wiodawa, dist. tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 60 m. SE. 
 Siedlce, on 1. bk. Bug, on frontier of Volhynia. P. 8800. 
 
 Wioszczowa, dist. tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 27 m. W. 
 Kielce. P. < 5000. 
 
 Wo, lagoon, W. Africa, Slave Coast, between the terr. of 
 Togo and the ancient kingdom of Popo or Povo. Length 
 II m., by 5 m. broad. 
 
 Woburn, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Luton div., 12^ m. SW. 
 by S. Bedford, 2)^ m. SE. Woburn Sand stn. Grew up around 
 an abbey (now the seat of the Duke of Bedford) founded in the 
 i2th century. Has an experimental farm of Royal Agricultural 
 Society, and near it are an agricultural school of the Bedford- 
 shire County Council and a fruit farm (both maintained at the 
 expense of the Duke of Bedford). Market-day, F. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woburn, city, U.S., Massachusetts, Middlesex co. , 10 m. 
 NW. by N. Boston. At the foot of Horn Pond Mt. is a pretty 
 lake or reservoir which supplies water to the city. P. (1880) 
 10,900; (1890) 13,499; (1895) 14,500. 
 
 Woburn Sands, eccles. par. , Eng. , Bedfordshire and Buck- 
 inghamshire, Buckingham div., on the L. & NW. R. (stn. for 
 Woburn and Aspley Guise), 11 m. SW. Bedford; fullers' earth 
 is obtained in the dist. PMT.O. Market-day, F. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wodehouse, dist., in the E. of Cape Colony, to the S. of 31° 
 S. , crossed by 27° E. , traversed by the Stormbergen ; it contains 
 the Indwe coalfield. 
 
 Wodehouse, co. , Queensland, crossed by 22° S. and 149° E. 
 
 Wod-Medlue, or Wold-Medlne, tn. , eastern Sudan, 125 m. 
 SE. Khartum, onl. bk. of the Bahr-el-Azrek, or Blue Nile, above 
 the confluence of the Rahad ; was for a short time cap. of the 
 Egyptian provs., and an important commercial centre. Its 
 commercial importance now transferred to Abu Haras. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Wodnan, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 18 m. NW. Budweis. P. 
 <40oo. 
 
 Wodonga, post-tn. , Victoria, Bogong co. , 4 m. SW. by W. 
 Albury, terminus of the NE. R. Wodonga is an important 
 stock and horse market, and has large sale-yards. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Woensdrecht, vil. , Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 15 m. NNW. 
 Antwerp. P. (comm.)<3oco. 
 
 Woerdeu, tn., Holland, prov. S. Holland, on the Old Rhine, 
 10 m. W. Utrecht ; has salt-refining and tanyards. Was 
 pillaged by Marshal Luxemburg, 1672. P. (comm.)<5ooo. 
 
 Woevre, region, France, in the NE. , formerly in Lorraine, now 
 in deps. Meuse and Meurthe-et-Moselle. 
 
 Wogeleben, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 5 m. E. Halber- 
 stadt. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Wogera, or Woggara, prov., Abyssinia, Amhara, in 12° 
 3o'-4o' N., and about 37^° E. 
 
 Wogerat, prov. , Abyssinia. See Wojerat. 
 
 Wolilau, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, 23 m. NW. Breslau, cap. 
 circle Wohlau. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wohlen, vil., Switzd., cant. Aargau, 10 m. E. by S. Aarau; 
 manufactures articles in straw ; has a mineral spring. P. (coram. ) 
 <;300o. 
 
 Wohlen, vil., Switzd., cant, and 4J m. WNW. Bern, near 
 r. bk. ofthe Aar. P. (comm.)<4ooo. 
 
 Wolppy, vil., Ger., Alsace-Lorraine, circle and 2J m. NNW, 
 Metz. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wojerat, or Wogerat, prov. , Abyssinia, in the extreme SE. 
 of Tigre, crossed by 13° N. 
 
 Wokan, isl. , off S. ct. of Dutch New Guinea, crossed by 134^° 
 E. , and in the S. by 6° S. 
 
 Wokefleld, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, Newbury div. , 5 J m. SW. 
 by S. Reading, i^ m. NW. Mortimer stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Woking, par., Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div., now embracing 
 a town 6 m. N. by E. Guildford, on the L. & SW. R. and the 
 Basingstoke Canal, as well as an old village (Old Woking or 
 Woking Village) on the Wey, about 2 m. SE. Woking con- 
 tains an invalid prison, and about 2 m. off is the London 
 Necropolis cemetery and barracks (formerly a female convict 
 prison). 8889 ac. P. 9800. 
 
 Wokingham, ancient name Oaklngham, mun. bor. (since 
 Queen Elizabeth), par., and market-tn. , Eng., Berkshire, 
 Wokingham div., 7 m. SE. Reading, in Windsor Forest, the 
 diocese of Oxford, on branches of the SW. R. and SE. R. ; 
 trade mainly agricultural. It received a new charter in 1885. 
 Market-day, Tu. Mun. bor. P. (i89i)<3Soo; pari. div. P. 
 (1891) 60,200. 
 
 1737 
 
WOLA — WOLO 
 
 Wolanpi, the local name of the southernmost point of the 
 island of Formosa, called in the charts Nan-slia ; red and white 
 light visible 20 m. 
 
 Wolborongh, or Woolborongh, par. and tn. , Eng. , Devon- 
 shire, Ash burton div. , 6 m. N W. Torquay, i^ m. S. by W. 
 Newton Abbot stn. P. 8500 ; eccles. par. (Wolborongh with 
 Kewton Abbot) P. 8500. 
 
 Wolcott, vil., U.S., New York, Wayne co., 26 m. by rail 
 SW. Oswego. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wolcott, tn., U.S., Vermont, Lamoille Co., 23 m. N. Mont- 
 pelier. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wolcottsvllle, vil., U.S., New York, Niagara co. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wold, par., Eng., Northamptonshire. See Old. 
 
 Woldeba, prov., Abyssinia, Amhara, crossed by 13^° N. 
 
 Woldegfc, or Woldegk In Mecklenburg, tn. , Ger. , Meck- 
 lenburg-Strelitz, circle Neubrandenburg, 23 m. ENE. Neu- 
 Strelitz. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Woldenberg, tn. , Prussia, in the NE. of prov. Brandenburg, 
 circle Friedeberg, 55 m. NE. by E. Kiistrin. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Wold Fell, an upland tract, Eng., in the N. of the Skipton 
 div. of the W. Riding of Yorkshire, N. of Ingleton Fells, about 
 16 m. ESE. Kendal. 
 
 Woldlngiiam, par., Eng., Surrey, div. and 8 m. ENE. 
 Reigate, on the SE. R. and L. B. & S. C. R., i m. SE. Marden 
 Park stn. P. <:2So. 
 
 Wold-Medine, tn. , eastern Sudan. See Wod-Medlne. 
 
 Wold Newton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div., 
 near Grimsby, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Wold Ne^wton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., on Gipsey Race, 9J m. S. Scarborough, 4 m. SW. by W. 
 Hunmanby stn., P.O. P. <50o. 
 
 Wolds, The, chalk-hill tracts in NE. of Eng. See Lincoln- 
 shire and Yorkshire. 
 
 Wolea, or Ulle, isls., Pacific, Caroline group, in about 7° 
 N. , 144° E. 
 
 Wolf, riv., U.S., Wisconsin, rises in Oconto co., flows S. 
 through Poygan Lake into Fox R. ; an important logging 
 stream ; navigable for small steamers 150 m. above Oshkosh. 
 Length about 210 m. 
 
 Wolfach, tn. , Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, circle Offenberg, 
 28 m. SE. by E. Strassburg (Alsace-Lorraine). P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Wolf boro, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Carroll co., on the 
 E. shore of Winnipiseogee Lake, 32 m. NE. by N. Concord ; 
 is a summer resort. P. <4000. 
 
 Wolf boro Junction, hamlet, U.S., New Hampshire, Carroll 
 CO., 35 m. NE. by E. Concord. Alt. 574 ft. (R.R.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wolf Creek, or Pine Grove, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, co. 
 and 9 m. SE. Mercer. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Wolfe, CO., Canada, Quebec, between 71° and 72° W., 
 crossed in the N. by 46° N. 
 
 Wolfe, isl. , Canada. See Magdalen Islands. 
 
 Wolfe, CO., U.S., Kentucky, in the E., S. of 38° N., crossed 
 by 83^ W. 
 
 Wolfegg, vil., Ger., kgd. Wiirtemberg, circle of the Danube, 
 40 m. S. by W. Ulm, 13 m. NE. by E. Friedrichshafen. P. 
 (comm. )<3000. 
 
 Wolfe Island, isL , Canada, Ontario, Frontenac co. , in the 
 riv. St. Lawrence, at its issue from Lake Ontario, at the upper 
 end of the Lake of the Thousand Islands. P. (1871) 2787; 
 (1881)2383; (1891)2003. 
 
 Wolfenbtittel, tn., Ger., duchy and 7 m. S. Brunswick, 
 cap. circle Wolfenbiittel ; has an old castle and a library of 
 300,000 vols.; 800 are Bibles and 10,000 MSS. In 1645 it 
 received the library of Hitzacker. Lessing was librarian here 
 from 1770 to 1781. During the Thirty Years' War Wolfenbiittel 
 was the headquarters of the imperial troops in N. Germany. 
 P. (1834) 8300; (1890) 14,500. 
 
 Wolferlow, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and iii m. E. 
 
 by N. Leominster, 5 m. S. by E. Newnham Bridge stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wolferton, par., Eng., Norfolk, NW. div., i m. from the 
 
 W. ct., 6 m. NE. by N. King's Lynn, on the G. E. R., P.O. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Wolfhagen, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, 15 m. W. 
 Kassel, cap. circle Wolfhagen. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Wolfhanipcote, par., Eng., on the E. border of Warwick- 
 shire, div. and 7 ra. S. by E. Rugby, 4 m. W. by S. Welton 
 stn. P. < 500. 
 
 Wolfhlll, tnld., Ire., SE. Queen's co., bar. Ballyadams, g 
 m. SW. Athy, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Wolfhlll, vil., Scot., E. Perthshire, 4J m. SW. Coupar 
 Angus, 2^ m. S. by W. Cargill stn. 
 
 Wolf Lake, Canada, Ontario, Frontenac co., 30 m. N. 
 Kingston, drained NE. into Lake Rideau. 
 
 Wolford, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Warwickshire. Great Wolford, Stratford-on-Avon div., 13^ m. 
 WSW. Banbury, 3 m. ENE. Moreton-in-the-Marsh stn. P. 
 (of each) < 250; eccles. par. (Great Wolford with Bnrmlng- 
 ton) P. <7So. 
 
 Wolf Klver, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 
 946 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 1738 
 
 . Wolf Kock, Eng., Cornwall 10 m. SSW. of Land's End, 
 with a lighthouse in 49° 56' 43" N. , 5° 48' 27" W. 
 
 Wolfsberg, tii. , Austria, Carinthia, 29 m. NE. by E. Klagen- 
 furt ; has bleach and sugar works ; trade in timber and fruits. 
 Has a school for teaching wood-carving, &c. ; castle of the 
 Count of Donnersmark, in the Tudor style. P. <3000. 
 
 Wolfs Castle, P.O., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 7 m. N. Haver- 
 fordwest. 
 
 Wolfsdale, hamlet, Wales, Pembrokeshire, 4^ m. NNW. 
 Haverfordwest. 
 
 Wolfsegg, tn. , Upper Austria, 36 m. NE. by E. Salzburg, 
 31 m. WSW. Linz. P. < 2000. 
 
 WolfSteln, tn. , Ger., Bavarian Palatinate, on the Lauter R., 
 circle Palatinate of the Rhine, 34 m. W. Worms, ii| m. NW. 
 by N. Kaiserslautern. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wolfttown, vil., Canada, Quebec, Wolfe co., 60 m. S. by 
 W.Quebec. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wolfrllle, seapt. tn., Canada. Same as Cornwallls {q.v.). 
 
 Wolgast, tn. , Prussia, Pomerania, govt. Stralsund, circle 
 Greifswald ; manufactures tobacco, cigars, chemicals, and 
 cement. Wolgast was formerly a fortress ; burnt by the 
 Russians, 1713. P. (i8i6)<sooo; (1890)7900. 
 
 Wolhnsen, comm., Switzd. , cant, and loj m. W. Lucerne. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Wolln, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 30 m. NW. by W. Budweis. 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Wolkalt, or Walkalt, prov. Abyssinia, the most N. prov. 
 of Amhara. 
 
 Wolkensteln, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, on riv. Pressnitz, 
 circle Zwickau, dist. Marienberg, 13 m. SE. by S. Chemnitz ; 
 has important manufacture of shoes ; also manufactures cotton 
 goods and dolls. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Wollau, vil., Austria, Styria, loi m. SSE. Windishgraz, on 
 the San ; coal and iron mined. P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Wollaston, par., Eng., E. div. of Northamptonshire, 3^ m. 
 S. by E. Wellingborough, 2^ m. SW. Irchester stn., PMT.O. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Wollaston, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 7^ m. NE. by 
 E. Welshpool, i\ m. WNW. Westbury stn. P. <5oo. The 
 eccles. par. (Great Wollaston) is partly in Montgomeryshire, 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Wollaston, par., Eng., Worcestershire, i^ m. NW. Stour- 
 bridge. P. < 2500. 
 
 Wollastone, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, on the Severn, 
 union and 5 m. NE. Chepstow, vdth a stn. (Woolaston) on the 
 G. W. R. P. < 1000 ; eccles. par. (Wollastone with Alvlng- 
 ton and Lancant) P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wollaston Islands, in the extreme S. of Chile, Tierra del 
 Fuego Archipelago, crossed by 54° 40' S. , 67° 30' W. ; station 
 of the S. American Missionary Society. 
 
 Wollaton, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div. , 3^ 
 m. W. Nottingham, i^ m. W. Radford stn., P.O. P. <7So; 
 eccles. par. (Wollaton with Cossall) P. < 1500. 
 
 WoUeran, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Schwiz, on the S. side of Lake 
 Zurich, 10 m. ENE. Zug. P. <2ooo. 
 
 WoUescote, par., Eng., Worcestershire, union and 2 m. W. 
 Stourbridge. P. <35oo. 
 
 Wollln, tn. , Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Usedom- 
 Wollin, isl. of Wollin, on the Dievenow, 15 m. ESE. Swine- 
 miinde. Wollin is a steamboat station between Stettin and 
 Rammin ; it has shipbuilding and fisheries. In the loth 
 century it was called Julin, and was an important trading-place. 
 It was destroyed by the Danes in 1043 and 1183. P. (i8i6)< 
 3000; ( 1890) < 5000. 
 
 WolUshofen, vil., Switzd., cant, and 2 m. S. Ziirich, on the 
 W. shore of the Lake of Zurich. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wollo, the N. portion of Shoa, E. Africa, is an elevated 
 plateau of volcanic rock, inhabited by Wollos (Gallas). 
 
 WoUonibl, postal-tp. , New South Wales, Northumberland 
 CO., 35 m. W. Newcastle. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wollongong, seapt. tn.. New South Wales, Camden co., on 
 the coast, 40 m. SSW. Sydney, in 34° 20' S., at the foot of 
 Mount Keira, alt. 1540 ft.; the port ranks third in the colony. 
 The present harbour, the Belmore basin, has a depth of 14-18 ft. , 
 and 17,000 ft. wharfage ; but extensive improvements are in pro- 
 gress which will provide accommodation for the largest ships. 
 Coal and large quantities of dairy-produce are shipped here. 
 Mean annual rfall. (15 yrs.), 38.79 in. P. <3Soo. 
 
 Wollsteln, or Wollsteln In Posen, tn., E. Pnissia, prov. 
 Posen, circle Bomst. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wolmar, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Livonia, 70 m. NE. Riga, 
 on highway to St. Petersburg, on r. bk. Aa R. P. < 5000. 
 
 Wolmlrsleben, vil., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Wanz- 
 leben. P. <:3000. 
 
 Wolmlrstedt, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, govt. Magdeburg, 
 cap. circle Wolmirstedt. P. <4000. 
 
 Wolnzach, market-tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper 
 Bavaria, circle Pfaffenhofen, 36 m. SW. by S. Regensburg. P. 
 <:3000. 
 
 Wolofb, or Yolofb, Negro people, extremely dark in colour, 
 
WOLO — WOOD 
 
 inhabiting French W. Africa, between the Senegal and Gambia 
 as far E. as the Faleme (about 12° E. ), but more particularly 
 the maritime tracts E. and NE. of Cape Verde (Baol, Cayor, 
 Walo, and Jolof). 
 
 Woloka, tn., Austria, Bukowina, dist. Czernowitz. P. <4000. 
 
 Wolselcy, stn., Canada, dist. Assiniboia, on the C. P. R., 
 295 m. by rail W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Wolselcy, vil.. Cape Colony, dist. Tulbagh. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wolseley, co. , Queensland, S. of 24° S. , crossed in the E. by 
 144° E. , bounded on the E. and partly on the S. by the Barcoo. 
 
 Wolseley, post-tn. , S. Australia, Buckingham co. , 165 m. 
 SE. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wolseley Brhlge, PT.O., Eng., Staffordshire, on the Trent, 
 2J m. NW. Rugely. 
 
 Wolsey, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Beadle co., 92 m. E. 
 Pierre. 
 
 Wolsliigtaani, par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div. , at 
 the confluence of Wascrow Beck and the Wear, 9J m. NW. by 
 W. Bishop Auckland, on the NE. R. ; manufactures woollens 
 and hardware, and has an active trade with the surrounding 
 mining dist. ; marble quarried. Wolsingham has an endowed 
 grammar-school. PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. 24,378 ac. P. 
 7500. Wolsingham Park Moor, an upland tract NW. of 
 Wolsingham. Wolsingham 8onth Moor, an upland tract on 
 the S. of the Wear, S. of Wolsingham. 
 
 Wolsonbury Beacon, hill. , Eng. , Sussex, 6^ m. N. by W. 
 Brighton. 
 
 Wolstanton, par., Eng., Staffordshire, included in the pari, 
 bor. of Newcastle-under-Lyme, i^ m. NNE. Newcastle, between 
 Etruria and Longport stns. A short distance away the Grand 
 Trunk Canal passes through a tunnel i^ m. in length. PMT.O. 
 10,816 ac. P. 50,900. 
 
 Wolstenholm i^onnd, NW. Greenland, S. of 77° N. , and E. 
 of7o° W. Mean temp, (i yr. , 1849-50), yr. 5.6° F., Jan. — 22.3°, 
 July 39.8°. 
 
 Wolstoii, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 6 m. W. Rugby, 
 with a stn. (Brandon and Wolston) on the L. & NW. R. ; coal 
 is mined in the vicinity. PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Wolterton, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 7^ m. SW. by S. 
 Cromer, 4 m. ENE. Corpusty and Saxthorpe stn. P. <25o. 
 See Wlckmere. 
 
 Woltmershansen, comm. , Ger. See Bremen, Woltmers- 
 hansen. 
 
 Wolnmla, tn. , New South Wales, Auckland co. , 45 m. N. 
 Cape Howe. P. <i5c>o. 
 
 Wolvega, vil., Holland, prov. Friesland, 23 m. SSE. Leeu- 
 warden. 
 
 Wolvercot*, P.O., Eng., Oxford. See Woolvercot. 
 
 Wolverhampton, pari, and (since 1848) mun. bor., co. bor. 
 (since 1888), par., and market -tn., Eng., Staffordshire, 12 m. 
 NW. Birmingham, in the diocese of Lichfield, with stns. on the 
 L. & NW. R., G. W. R., and M. R. Being situated in the S. 
 Staffordshire coal and iron mining dist. , the town and suburbs 
 are crowded with collieries, ironstone mines, forges, blast- 
 furnaces, foundries, rolling-mills, &c. ; producing hardware of 
 every description. To N. and W. , however, is a pleasant 
 country with green fields. The name is from Wulfrun, the 
 foundress of a monastery here in the loth century, the town 
 being originally called Hamtun simply. Enfranchised in 1832 
 to return two members to Parliament, since 1885 it returns three 
 members (for the E., W., and S. divs. respectively). It has 
 several well-appointed educational institutions and many fine 
 public buildings. Market-days, W. and S. Mean rfall. (Wrot- 
 tesley, alt. 500 ft., 1866-80), yr. 29.0 in. Pari. bor. P. (1891) 
 174,400; mun. bor. P. (1801) 12,600; (1851) 50,000; (1871) 
 68,300; (1891)82,700. 
 
 Wolverley, par., Eng., Worcestershire, Droitwich div., on 
 the r. bk. of the Stour, 2^ m. N. Kidderminster, PMT.O. ; 
 5543 ac. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wolverthem, comm., Belgium, prov. Brabant, arr. Brussels. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Wolverton, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Oxford co. , 78 m. by rail 
 SW. Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wolverton, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Buckinghamshire, on 
 the Great Ouse, div. and 9 m. NE. by E. Buckingham, with 
 stns. (Wolverton and Wolverton for Stony Stratford) on the 
 L. & NW. R. Here is the central depot and carriage manu- 
 factory and general workshops of the L. & NW. R., employing 
 over 3000 persons. PMT.O. Market-day, F. P. < 4500. 
 
 Wolverton, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, Andover div. , 7 m. N W. 
 Basingstoke, 5 m. N. Oakley stn., P.O. P. <:25o; eccles. par. 
 (Wolverton with Ewhnrst) P. <25o. 
 
 Wolverton, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Strat ford-on- A von 
 div. , 5 m. W. by S. Warwick, 2 m. NE. by E. Bearley stn. 
 P. <;2So. 
 
 Wolves, The, isl., Wales, Glamorganshire, at the mouth of 
 the Severn, 6 m. S. by E. Cardiff. 
 
 Wolves Xewton, par., Eng., Monmouthshire, S. div., 6^ m. 
 NW. Chepstow. P. <25o; eccles. par. (Wolves Newt«n with 
 Kllgwrrwg) P. 250. 
 
 Wolvey, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Nuneaton div., 8^ m. 
 NE. Coventry, 3 m. E. by N. BuUington stn., P.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Wolvlston, par., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 3^ m. N. Stockton, 
 i^ m. N. Billingham stn., PM.O. P. <:750. 
 
 Woman River, stn. , Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R. , 
 564 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Womaston, vil., Wales, Radnorshire, 3J m. E. New Radnor. 
 See Walton. 
 
 Wombat, postal- vil. , New South Wales, Harden co. , 87 m. 
 W. by N. Goulburn. P. <:i50o. 
 
 Womberta, or Wamberta, prov., Abyssinia, in E. of Tigre, 
 crossed by 13^° N. 
 
 Wombleton, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div. , 
 21 m. N. by E. York, i m. SE. Nawton stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Wombonrn, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Kingswinford div., 
 4i m. WNW. Dudley, PMT.O. ; 4360 ac. P. <;20oo. 
 
 Wombrldge, par., Eng., Salop, Welhngton div., 13 m. E. 
 Shrewsbury, 4 m. NW. Shiffnal, i m. E. Oakengates stn. P. 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Wombwell, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. 
 and 4 m. SE. by E. Barnsley, on the M. S. & L. R., PMT.O. 
 P. 10,900. 
 
 Womelsdorf, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Berks co. , 15 m. W. 
 Reading, and 13 m. E. Lebanon. P. < 1500. 
 
 Womens'wonld (wTm'enzwold), par., Eng., Kent, St. 
 Augustine div., 6^ m. SE. Canterbury, ij m. E. by N. 
 Barham stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Womersley, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, union and 5 
 m. SE. Pontefract, on the G. N. R. and L. & Y. R., PM.O. ; 
 4087 ac. P. <: 500. 
 
 Wonastow, par., Eng., Monmouth, S. div., 2 m. SW. by 
 W. Monmouth, 2 m. ENE. Dingestow stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wonchn, tn., Korea. See Wonjn. 
 
 Wonersh, par. , Eng. , Surrey, div. and 3 m. SSE. Guildford, 
 with a stn. (Bramley and Wonersh) on the L. B. & S. C. R.; 
 manufactures coco-nut matting. PMT.O. 4423 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Wonewoc, vil., U.S., Wisconsin, Juneau co. , 85 m. N. by 
 E. Dubuque (Iowa). P. < 1500. 
 
 Wonford, East, vil. , Eng. , Devonshire, Tiverton div. , 2 m. 
 E. by S. Exeter ; gives name to a petty sessional div. 
 
 Wongrowltas, tn., Prussia, prov. and 30 m. NNE. Posen, 
 cap. circle Wongrowitz. P. <5ooo. 
 
 WJinJn, or Wenju (Wonchn, Wenchn), tn., Korea, 43 m. 
 ESE. Soul. 
 
 Wonnangatta, co., Victoria, S. of 37° S., crossed by 146° 
 and 147" E. 
 
 Wonneram, or Sankt Johann, isls., S. Pacific, in German 
 sphere of influence, to the E. of the Bismarck Archipelago, in 
 about 4° 5' S., 153° 45' E. 
 
 Wonsan, Wensan, Gensan, or Ynen-san, treaty-port, 
 Korea, 115 m. N. by E. Soul, on Broughton Bay, E. ct. , in 39° 
 10' N. Mean temp. (2 yrs., 1884-87), yr. 50.2° F., Jan. 28.3°, 
 Aug. 73.5°. Native tn. P. 15,000 ; foreign settlement about 1000. 
 
 Wonseradeel, comm., Netherlands, prov. Friesland, 11 m. 
 WNW. Sneek. P. 13,000. 
 
 Wouston, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 6 m. N. 
 Winchester, close to Sutton Scotney stn. ; 5493 ac. P. <7SO. 
 
 Wonwondnh, vil. , Victoria, Borung co. , in 37° S. , 142° E. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Woobnrn, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe div., 7J 
 m. NNW. Windsor ; has several paper and millboard mills. 
 PMT.O. P. < 3000. 
 
 Woobnrn Green, stn., J m. N. Wooburn, on the G. W. R., 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Wood, CO., U.S., Ohio, in the NW., E. of 84° W., bounded 
 on the NW. by the Maumee R. 
 
 Wood, CO., U.S., Texas, in the NE., to the S. of 33° N., and 
 W. of 95° W. 
 
 Wood, CO., U.S., W. Virginia, on the Ohio, N. of 39° N. 
 
 Wood, CO., U.S., Wisconsin, N. of 44° N., and crossed by 
 90° W. , traversed by the Wisconsin R. 
 
 Woodnll, vil., Eng., Yorkshire. See Brackenholm. 
 
 Woodbank, par., Eng., Cheshire, union and 5^ m. NW. 
 Chester. P. <25o. 
 
 Woodbastwick, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 8 m. NE. by 
 E. Norwich, 2^ m. E. by N. Salhouse stn., PT.O. P. <soo; 
 eccles. par. (Woodbastwlck with Panxworth) P. <5oo. 
 
 Wood Bay, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on a branch of 
 the C. P. R. , 85 m. SW. by W. Winnipeg. 
 
 Woodbine, vil., U.S., Iowa, Harrison co., 37 m. NNE. 
 Omaha (Neb.). P.<:i5oo. 
 
 Woodborongh, par. , Eng. , Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div. , 
 6J m. NE. by N. Nottingham, 3 m. WNW. Lowdham stn.; 
 has brick-making and framework-knitting. P.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Wooilborongh, PM.O., Eng., Somerset, i m. from Wins- 
 combe. 
 
 Woodborongh, par., Eng. , Wiltshire, Devizes div., 15J m. 
 S. by W. Swindon, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Woodbrldge, or Barwlck, vil., Canada, Ontario, York co., 
 on riv. Humber and a railway, 15 m. NW. Toronto. P. <i5oo. 
 
 1739 
 
WOOD — WOOD 
 
 Woo«lbridge, par. and market-tn. , Eng., Suffolk, Wood- 
 bridge div., on riv. Deben, 8 m. NE. Ipswich, of which it is a 
 sub-port, on the G. E. R. The river is navigable up to the 
 town for vessels of 120 tons, but is obstructed by a shifting bar. 
 Market-day, Th. P. 4500; pari. div. P. 56,500. 
 
 Woodbrldge, post-tn. , Tasmania, Buckingham co. , 20 m. 
 S. by W. Hobart. P. < 1500. 
 
 'Woodbrldge, vil. , U.S., New Jersey, Middlesex co., on 
 Staten I. Sound, 18 m. SW. New York ; has a large shipping 
 trade in fireclay, which is obtained here, and extensive manu- 
 factures of fire-bricks, drain-pipes, and fire-proof building 
 materials. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woodbnru, P.O., Ire., E. ct. co. Antrim, bar. and a suburb 
 of Carrickfergus, on Belfast Lough. 
 
 Woodbarii, tn., New South Wales, co. and on the r. bk. of 
 the Richmond, 45 m. NE. by N. Grafton ; manufactures sugar 
 from cane grown in the surrounding country. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Woodbnrn, hamlet, U.S., Oregon, Marion co., 26 m. SSW. 
 Portland. P. <: 1 500. 
 
 >1^oodbaru, West, vil., Eng., Northumberland, div. and 
 14J m. N. by W. Hexham, on the Rede, J m. NW. of its stn. 
 (Woodbnrn) on the Morpeth branch of the N. B. R., PM.O. 
 
 Woodbury, par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., 6^ m. SE. 
 by E. Exeter, 2 m. ESE. Topsham stn. , with a stn. (Woodbury 
 Road) on the L. & SW. R. Woodbury Commou is adjacent. 
 PMT.O. 6720 ac. P. < 2000. 
 
 Woodbury, port, Ger. New Guinea. See Dallniaun. 
 
 Woodbury, tn., U.S., Connecticut, Litchfield co., on 
 Pomeraug R. , 7 m. W. Roxbury stn. P. <20oo. 
 
 Woodbury, co. , U.S., Iowa, on W. frontier, and S. of43°N. 
 
 Woodbury, city, U.S., New Jersey, Gloucester co. , 5 m. S. 
 Philadelphia (Penn.) ; manufactures glass, pianos, casters, and 
 patent medicines. P. <4000. 
 
 Woodbury Salterton, eccles. par., Eng., Devonshire, 
 Woodbury and Colaton Raleigh pars., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Woodbush, English name of Houtboscbdorp {g.v.), South 
 African Republic. 
 
 Woodchestcr, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, union and 2^ m. 
 SW. Stroud, on the M. R. ; manufactures broadcloth. PMT.O., 
 and P.O. (North Woodcbester). P. < 1000. 
 
 Woodchester, post-tn., S. Australia, Hindiuarsh co. , 28 m. 
 SE. Adelaide. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woodchurch, par., Eng., Cheshire, Wirraldiv., 3 m. SW. 
 by W. Birkenhead, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Woodchurch, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 6^ m. SW. Ash- 
 ford, 3i m. W. by N. Ham Street stn., PMT.O. ; 7002 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Woodcock Hill, Eng., in the W. of Devonshire, 13 m. E. 
 by N. Launceston. 
 
 Woodcot, P.O., Eng., Oxfordshire, Henley div., 7 m. NW. 
 Reading. 
 
 Woodcote, par., Eng., Salop, 17^ m. E. by N. Shrewsbury, 
 div. and 2^ m. SE. by S. Newport. P. <2So. See Sheriff 
 Hales. 
 
 Woodcote, vil., Eng., Oxfordshire. See Stoke, South. 
 
 Woodcott, par., Eng., Cheshire, union and 4 m. SW. 
 Nantwich. P. <;25o. 
 
 Woodcott, par., Eng., Hampshire, Andover div., 8^ m. 
 SSW. Newbury, 2 m. NW. by W. Litchfield stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Woodcroft, P.O., Eng., i m. from Tutshill, Gloucestershire. 
 
 Woodcntts, P. O. , Eng. , in the N. of Dorsetshire, E. div. , 
 13^ m. SW. by W. Salisbury. 
 
 Wood Dalling, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 121^ m. SW. 
 Cromer, 2^ m. E. by N. Guestwick stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wood Ditton, par. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire and Suffolk, div. 
 and 3^ m. S. by E. Newmarket, 2^ m. E. by N. DuUingham 
 stn., P.O. (Wooddltton) ; 5071 ac. P. < 2500; eccles. par. 
 (Wood Ditton with Saxon Street) P. < 1500. 
 
 Wood Eaton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., 4 m. 
 NNE. Oxford, 2 m. SSE. Islip stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wooden Bridge, junction stn.. Ire., SE. co. Wicklow, bar. 
 and 4 m. NW. Arklow, on the Dublin, Wicklow, and Wexford 
 Rly., P.O. 
 
 Woodend, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Egremont div., 18 m. 
 SSW. Keswick, 3 m. SSE. Eskdale Green stn., on the L. & 
 NW. & Furness Rly. ; has iron-mines. 
 
 Woodend, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 11 m. 
 NNW. Buckingham, close to Blakesley stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Woo4lend, stn. , New Zealand, 6 m. from Invercargill. 
 
 Woodend, post-tn., New Zealand, South I., Ashley co., 14 
 m. N. Christchurch. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woodend, vil., Scot., W. Aberdeenshire, on the r. bk. of 
 the Don, 4^ m. NW. Aberdeen, i m. NNW. Buxburn stn. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Woodend, vil., Scot., Linlithgow, Torphichen par., 1 m. 
 NW. Armadale. P. <500. 
 
 Woodend, post-tn. , Victoria, Dalhousie co. , 40 m. NW. by 
 N. Melbourne. Woodend is a favourite summer resort. The 
 celebrated ' Hanging Rock ' and Mount Macedon are in the 
 neighbourhood. Alt. 1840 ft. P. < 1500. 
 1740 
 
 Wood Enderby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div. , 
 13^ m. N. by W. Boston, 4 m. S. by E. Horncastle. P. <250. 
 See Moorby. 
 
 Woodford, par., Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., 5 J m. 
 NNW. Macclesfield, 2 m. W. by S. Poynton stn. (L. & NW. 
 R.). P.<5oo. 
 
 Woodford, vil., Eng., Cornwall, Launceston div., i m. from 
 the NW. ct., i6i m. WSW. Bideford. 
 
 Woodford, urban sanitary dist., Eng., Essex, Walthamstow 
 div., 8 m. NE. St. Paul's, London, nearly identical with the civil 
 par. of Woodford St. Mary, with a stn. (Woodford for €hlg- 
 well, Chlgwell Row, auid Lambonrne) on the G. E. R., 
 PMT.O. (Womlfordftreen), and PMT.O. (Woodford Bridge). 
 P. 11,000; eccles. pars. (Woodford Bridge) P. <;20oo; (Wood- 
 ford St. Mary) P. <:4ooo ; (Woodford WeUs) P. <3Soo. 
 
 Woodford, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, on the 
 Nen, 6 m. NE. WeUingborough, i m. SE. Twywell stn. ; manu- 
 factures shoes. PM.O. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Woodford, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Wilton div. , on the Avon, 
 4§ m. NNW. Salisbury, P.O. (Upper Woodford). P. <5oo; 
 eccles. par. (Woodford with Lake) P. <75o. See Wllsford. 
 Woodford, Lower, i m. to the S. , 3 m. NE. Wilton stn. 
 
 Woodford, tn.. Ire., SE. co. Galway, bar. Leitrim, 12 m. 
 SE. by E. Loughrea, PM.O. P.<:soo. 
 
 Woodford, riv. , Ire. , forms part of the boundary between co. 
 Cavan and co. Fermanagh, flows NE. into Upp)er Lough Erne. 
 
 Woodford, CO., U.S., Illinois, S. of 41° N., and crossed in 
 E. by 89° W. 
 
 Woodford, co., U.S., Kentucky, crossed in the S. by 38° N., 
 E. of 85° W. 
 
 Woo<lford, postal-tp. , Victoria, Villiers co. , 50 m. E. Port- 
 land. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Woodfowl, Upper, P.O., Eng., 5 m. from Salisbury (Wilts.). 
 
 Wooilford Bridge, eccles. pars., Eng., Essex. See Wood- 
 ford. 
 
 Woodford cum Menibrls, par. , Eng. , co. and 14^ m. W. 
 by S. Northampton, S. div., on the Cherwell, 2 m. E. Byfield 
 stn., P.O. (Woodford Halse). P. <75o; eccles. par. (Wood- 
 ford Halse with Hlnton and Woodfonl Farndou) P. <75o. 
 
 Woodford Green, PMT.O., Eng., Essex. See Woodford. 
 
 M'oodforrt Halse, Eng. See Woodford cum Menibrls. 
 
 Woodford St. Mary, par. , Eng. , Essex. See Wootlford. 
 
 Woodford Wells, eccles. par. , Eng. , Essex. See Woodford. 
 
 Woodfort, electoral div.. Ire., co. Cork, dist. Skibbereen. 
 
 M'oodgate, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Halesowen, Worcester- 
 shire. 
 
 Woodgrange Park, stn., Eng., near East Ham, Essex, on 
 London, Tilbury, and Southend Rly. 
 
 Woodgreen, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, New Forest div. , 8 m. 
 S. by E. Salisbury, i m. E. by S. Breamore stn. P. <;soo. 
 
 Woodgreen, tn. and eccles. par., Eng., Middlesex, Totten- 
 ham div., 6J m. N. St. Paul's, London, with a stn. (Woodgreen 
 for Alexandra Park) on the G. N. R. Tn. P. 25,800; eccles. 
 par. P. 15,500. See also Palace Gates. 
 
 Wood Green (Old Bescot), stn., Eng., S. Staffordshire, on 
 the L. & NW. R., 2^ m. ESE. Willenhall. 
 
 Woodhall, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 15 m. 
 E. by S. Lincoln, 3 m. WSW. Horncastle. P. < 1000. 
 
 Woodhall, locality, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding. See Hart- 
 hill. 
 
 Woodhall, lake, Scot. See Grenoch. 
 
 Woodhall Spa, vil. and stn., Eng., Lincolnshire, on the G. 
 N. R. , div. and 3 m. SW. Horncastle ; has a medicinal spring. 
 PMT.O. 
 
 Woodham, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 8 m. NW. Ayles- 
 bury. P. <250. 
 
 Woodbam, par., Eng., Durham, E. div., on the Skerne, 5 m. 
 ESE. Bishop Auckland, 2J m. WSW. Bradbury stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Woodliam, vil., Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div., 8^ m. N. by E. 
 Guildford, with a stn. (Byfleet and Woodham) on the L. & 
 SW. R. 
 
 Woodham Ferris, par., Eng., Essex, on the E. border of 
 the Chelmsford div., 5i^ m. SW. Maldon, i m. N. by W. of its 
 stn. on the G. E. R., P.O.; 4482 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Woodham Mortimer, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 2^ m. 
 WSW. Maldon, P.O. P.<:50o. 
 
 Woodham Walter, par., Eng., Essex, SE. div., 3 m. W. 
 Maldon, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Woodhatch, P.O., Eng., Surrey, 2 m. from Reigate. 
 
 Woodhaven, vil., U.S., New York, Queens co., 7 m. SE. 
 New York. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woodhay, East, par., Eng., on the N. border of Hampshire, 
 Andover div. , 5^ m. SW. Newbury, 2 m. WSW. of its stn. 
 (Woodhay) on the G. W. R. and L. & SW. R.; 5080 ac. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Woodhay, West, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and6 m. WSW. 
 Newbury, 3^ m. W. Woodhay stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Woodlieaia, eccles. par., Eng., Cheshire, Hyde div., 7 m. E. 
 by N. Stalybridge, on the M. S. & L. R. , at the W. end of a 
 tunnel 3 m. 17 yards long, by which the line from Glossop to 
 
WOOD — WOOD 
 
 Penistone pierces the Pennine Chain. Mean rfall. (Woodhead 
 Reservoir, old Manchester water-works, alt. 680 ft., 1866-80), 
 yr. 52.5 in. P. <25o. 
 
 Woodhead, vil., Eng. , Yorkshire. See Menstoii. 
 Woodliend, P.O., Scot., E. Aberdeenshire, on the Ythan, 
 loj m. N. Inverurie, 2 m. E. by S. Fyvie stn. 
 
 Woodliorii, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., 
 
 6| m. E. by N. Morpeth, i m. WNW. Newbiggin stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <;25o ; eccles. par. (Woodltorn >vlth Bfewblgglii ) P. <4000. 
 
 Woodliorn Demesne, par., Eng., Northumberland, 8 m. E. 
 
 by N. Morpeth. P. <2So. 
 
 Woo<llioH.se, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and 2^ m. S. by 
 E. Loughborough; 4542 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woodlionse, par., Eng., Northumberland, union and 5 m. 
 SE. Alnwick. P. <:25o. 
 
 Woo«lliouse, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, in 
 the extreme SE. of the Hallamshire div., 4 m. ESE. Sheffield, 
 on the M. S. & L. R. , li m. WSW. of Woodhonse Mill stn. 
 on the M. R., PMT.O. ' P. 5800. 
 
 WoodUonse, a suburb of Leeds, Eng., in the N. div. P. 
 (eccles. par. ) 6400. 
 
 Woodiioui^e Eaves, eccles. par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. 
 and 3 m. S. Loughborough, PMT.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Woodiiouse Hall, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, 4 m. SW. 
 Worksop. P. <:25o. 
 
 Woodhonse Mill, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, on the M. R. , 5 m. 
 ESE. Sheffield, PM.O. See Aston with Anghton. 
 
 Woodlionse Moor, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding. See 
 Newland with Woodhonse Moor. 
 
 Woodhonses, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Failsworth, Lancashire. 
 Woodliou.ses, part of par. , Eng. , Staffordshire. See Bnrnt- 
 wood E4llal. 
 
 Woodhonslee, post-tn., New South Wales, Argyle co., 15 m. 
 NW. by N. Goulburn. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woodhull, vil., U.S., Illinois, Henry co., 14 m. by rail W. 
 Galva. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woodhurst, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 5^ 
 m. ENE. Huntingdon, 3 m. N. St. Ives stn., P.O. P. <soo. 
 See St. Ives. 
 
 Woodlnvllle, vil., U.S., Washington, King co. , 60 m. NE. 
 by N. Olympia. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wood Island, U.S., Maine, off the entrance to Saco and 
 Winter Harbours. 
 
 Woodklrk, stn. , Eng. See Ardsley, West. 
 Woodland, par., Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div., 9 m. 
 WNW. Torquay, 2^ m. E. Ashburton stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Woodlan<l, par., Eng., Durham, Barnard Castle div., 8J m. 
 W. by S. Bishop Auckland, 2§ m. WNW. Cockfield stn., 
 PM.O. P.<750. 
 
 Woodland, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale div. , 
 on the Furness Rly., 12J m. N. by E. Barrow. P. <Soo. 
 
 Woodland, electoral div., Ire., Westmeath, dist. Multy- 
 farnham. 
 
 Woodland, commercial city, U.S., California, Yolo co., 18 
 m. NW. Sacramento. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Woo«llands, eccles. par., Eng., Berkshire, 4 m. N. Hunger- 
 ford. P. < 500. 
 
 Woodlands, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, 4J m. NW. Ringwood. 
 P. < 500. See Horton. 
 
 Woodlands, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, Kingsclere 
 ancient par. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woodlands, eccles. par., Eng., Kent, Wrotham and Shore- 
 ham ancient pars. P. <25o. 
 
 Woodlands, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., Southland co., 
 22 m. NE. by E. Invercargill ; has meat-preserving works. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Woodlands, vil., Scot., Lanarkshire. See Braehead and 
 Woodlands. 
 
 Woodlands, Eyam, par., Eng., Derbyshire. See Eyam 
 .Woodlands. 
 
 Womllantls with Oakenshaw, eccles. par., Yorkshire, W. 
 Riding, in ancient pars, of Birstal and Bradford. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Woodlark, Mnyna, or Mnrua, isl. , S. Pacific, in British 
 sphere of influence, crossed by 9° 15' S. , and in the E. by 153° o' 
 E. , loj m. long. 
 
 Woodlaw^n, tnld.. Ire., NE. co. Galway, bar. Kilconnell, 19 
 m. SE. Tuam, a stn. on the M. G. W. R., PMT.O. P. <25o. 
 Woodlawn, tn. , U.S., Alabama, Dallas co. P. < 2000.; 
 Woodle, isl. , Pacific. See Knrla. 
 
 Woodlelgh, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 9 m. W. 
 by S. Dartmouth. P. <25o. 
 
 Woodlesford, vil. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Normanton 
 div. , 4i m. SE. by E. Leeds, on the M. R. and L. & Y. R. , 
 PMT.O. See Oulton. 
 
 Woodley, eccles. par., Eng., Berkshire, Wokingham div., 3^ 
 m. E. Reading, close to Earley stn., P.O. P. <7So. See Sand- 
 ford. 
 
 Woodley, vil., Eng., Cheshire, Hyde div., 3 m. NE. Stock- 
 port, the junction stn. on the Cheshire Lines Rly. and the M. S. 
 & L. R., PMT.O. 
 
 Woodmancote, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury 
 div., 3 m. NE. by N. Cheltenham. P. <:soo. See Dnrsley. 
 
 Woodniant'Ote, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 8 m. SW. 
 Basingstoke, 3 m. E. Micheldever stn. P. <25o; eccles. par. 
 (Woodmancote with Popham) P. <:25o. 
 
 Woodmancote, par., Eng., Sussex, Lewes div., 8 m. NW. 
 by N. Brighton, i^ m. SE. Henfield stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Woo«lmansey with Beverley Parks, par., Eng., York- 
 shire, E. Riding, Holderness div., 6| m. NNW. Hull, ij m. 
 SE. Beverley stn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Woodmansterne, par., Eng., Surrey, Wimbledon div., 4 m. 
 SW. Croydon, 2 m. E. by S. Banstead stn. P. <Soo. 
 
 Wood Mountain Post, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, 112 m. 
 SW. by W. Regina. 
 
 Woodnesborongh, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., i^ 
 m. SW. by W. Sandwich, P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Wood Xewton, par., Eng., N. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 8 m. S. Stamford, 2| m. W. Elton stn. P. <:5oo. See 
 Apethorpe. 
 
 Wood Xorton, par., Eng., Norfolk, N. div., 16 m. SW. by 
 W. Cromer, zh m. NNW. Foulsham stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Woo4lplumpton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Blackpool div., 4 
 m. NW. by N. Preston, i^ m. W. Barton and Broughton stn., 
 P.O.; 4982 ac. P. < 1500.' 
 
 Woodrldlngs, vil. , Eng. , Middlesex. See Pinner. 
 Woo«l Rising, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 16 m. W. by 
 S. Norwich, 3 m. ENE. Watton stn., P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Wood Klver Junction, rly. junc, U.S., Rhode Island, 
 Washington co., 19 m. W. by S. Newport. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woodrnfl*, co. , U. S. , Arkansas, bounded on W. by White R. , 
 crossed in the S. by 35° N. , in E. by 91° W. 
 
 Woods, Lake of the, lake in the W. of Ontario, Canada, 
 and the N. of Minnesota, U.S., a small part also in the SE. 
 of the Canadian prov. of Manitoba, very irregular in outline, 
 with numerous penins. and innumerable islands ; 90 m. long N. 
 to S. , 60 m. wide E. to W. , measured to the end of its longest 
 bays or gulfs ; fed in the S. by Rainy Lake R. , drained from its 
 N. end by the Winnipeg R. into Lake Winnipeg ; crossed in 
 the N. by the C. P. R. Alt. 1060 ft. 
 
 Woo<lsbnrg, vil, U.S., New York, Queens co., 18 m. E. 
 Brooklyn; summer resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woodsdale, post-tn., Tasmania, Monmouth co., 71 m. from 
 
 Hobart by road and rail. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Woodsettou, P.O., Eng., Staffordshire, 3 m. NW. Dudley. 
 
 Woodsetts, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 4 m. NW. 
 
 Worksop (Notts.). P. <soo. The eccles. par. is partly in 
 
 Nottinghamshire. 
 
 Woodsfield, vil., U.S., Ohio, Monroe co., 30 m. SW. 
 Wheeling. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woodsford, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, S. div. , on the Frome, 
 4^ m. E. Dorchester, 1% m. WNW. Moreton stn. P. <2So; 
 eccles. par. (Woodsford with Tlucleton) P. <soo. 
 
 Woodsglft, P.O., Ire., co. Kilkenny, 3 m. from Johnstown. 
 Woods Hill, vil., U.S., Massachusetts, on Buzzard's Bay, in 
 the extreme SW. of Barnstable co. (Cape Cod Penin.); has a 
 good harbour, is a frequented watering-place, and the chief 
 station of the U.S. Fisheries Commission; has extensive bio- 
 logical laboratories, hatcheries, and aquariums. Mean temp. 
 (15 yrs.), yr. 49.1° F., Jan. 30.9°, July 69.1°. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Woodslde, stn. , Canada, prov. Manitoba, on the Manitoba 
 and N W. Rly. , 27 m. W. Portage-la- Prairie. 
 
 Woodslde, stn., Eng., Cheshire, on the Birkenhead Rly., in 
 Birkenhead. 
 
 Woodslde, eccles. pars., Eng., Cumberland. See Wlgton 
 with Woodslde and Rosley with Woodslde. 
 
 Woodslde, eccles. par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Forest of 
 Dean div., near Monmouth. P. < 4500. 
 
 Womlslde, par., Eng., Northumberland, Rothbury union, 
 gh m. NE. Bellingham ; 6640 ac. P. <25o. 
 
 "woodslde, stn., Eng., Surrey, Croydon bor., 8 m. S. St. 
 Paul's, London, on the SE. R. 
 
 Woodslde, eccles. par., Eng., Yorkshire, Adel, Guisley, and 
 Leeds ancient pars. P. < 4000. 
 
 Woodslde, locality. New South Wales, Macquarie co., 80 m. 
 NNE. Sydney. P.<:isoo. 
 
 Woodslde, tn. , Scot. , W. Aberdeenshire, on the r. bk. of the 
 Don, 2 m. NW. by N. and included in town of Aberdeen, on 
 the G. N. of S. R., PMT.O. P. 5400. 
 
 Woodslde, vil., Scot., E. Perthshire, on the C. R. See 
 Bnrreltown and Woodslde. 
 
 Woodslde, tn. , S. Australia, co. and 14 m. ESE. Adelaide, 
 in an agricultural and gold-mining dist. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Woodslde, vil., U.S., Delaware, Kent co., 47 m. S. Wil- 
 mington, and 7 m. SSW. Dover. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Woodslde, vil. , U.S., New York, Queens co., 6 m. by rail 
 SE. Long Island City. P. <isoo. 
 
 Woodslde, settlement, U.S., Utah, Emery co., 132 m. SE. 
 Salt Lake Citv. 
 
 Woodslde,' Harts Hill and, stn. , Eng. , Worcestershire, near 
 Dudley, on G. W. R. 
 
 1741 
 
WOOD — WOOL 
 
 Woodside Park, stn., Eng. , Middlesex, Hornsey div., on 
 the G. N. R., 8 m. NNW. St. Paul's, London. 
 
 Wood Siding, stn. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, on the Wotton 
 Rly. , 8h m. W. by N. Aylesbury. 
 
 Wood's Lake, Tasmania, in Cumberland and Westmoreland 
 COS. , between Lake Sorrell and the Great Lake. 
 
 Woodson, CO., U.S., Kansas, in the SE. , bounded on the W. 
 by 96° W., crossed in the N. by 38° N. 
 
 Wood's Point, mun. gold-mining tp., Victoria, Wonnagatta 
 CO., 56 m. NW. Sale. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Woodstock, tn. and port of entry, Canada, New Brunswick, 
 cap. Carleton cc, on the riv. St. John, 46 m. WNW. Frederic- 
 ton, terminus of branch line of C. P. R. ; has foundries and 
 various factories ; large deposits of iron ore are found in the 
 vicinity. P. <4000. 
 
 Woodstock, tn. and port of entry, Canada, Ontario, Oxford 
 CO., on a trib. of the riv. Thames, 26 m. ENE. London, an im- 
 portant railway centre ; contains a Baptist seminary. Alt. 980 
 ft. Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 43.2° F., Jan. 19.0°, July 67.2° ; 
 mean annual rfall. (10 yrs., 1879-88), 26.31 in. ; snowfall, 71.81 
 in. P. (1881) 5400; (1891) 8600. 
 
 Woodstock, municip.. Cape Colony, Cape dist. P. < 5000. 
 
 Woodstock, mun. bor. (since Henry VL) and market-tn., 
 Eng., Oxfordshire, Mid div., 8 m. NNW. and in the diocese of 
 Oxford, on the Glyme, with stn. on G. W. R. The trade is 
 agricultural ; but some glove-making is also carried on. The 
 place, originally a royal manor, was granted to the great Duke 
 of Marlborough, and became famous from the residence, 
 Blenheim Palace, built for him by the nation. It returned two 
 members to Parhament till 1832, then one till 1885, when it was 
 merged in the div. Market-day, Tu. Mun. bor. P. <:20oo ; 
 pari. div. P. (1891) 50,100. 
 
 Woodstock, post-tn. , New South Wales, Bathurst co. , 207 
 m. W. Sydney by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Woodstock, tn. , U.S., Connecticut, Windham co. , 2 J m. 
 W. by N. Putnam stn. P. <:3000. 
 
 Woodstock, city, U.S., Illinois, cap. McHenry co. , 52 m. 
 NW. by W. Chicago. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Woodstock, \'il. , U.S., Maryland, Howard co., 25 m. by 
 rail NW. Baltimore. Seat of Woodstock Jesuit College. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Woodstock, vil. , U.S., Maine, Oxford co., 43 m. W. 
 Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woodstock, tn. , U.S., New Hampshire, Grafton co. , on the 
 Pemigewassett R. , 56 m. N. by W. Concord. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Woodstock, vil., U.S., New York, Ulster co. P. <isoo. 
 
 Woodstock, tn. , U.S., Virginia, cap. Shenandoah co. , 76 m. 
 W. Washington (D. C. ). Alt. 820 ft. (R.R.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Woodstock, tn., U.S., Vermont, Windsor co. , on Otta- 
 guechee R. , 22 m. E. Rutland. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Woodstock, locality, Wales, Pembrokeshire, 8 m. NE. by 
 N. Haverfordwest. 
 
 Woodstock and Kinin, post-tn.. New Zealand, South I., 
 Westland co. , 27 m. SSW. Greymouth, on 1. bk. of riv. 
 Hohitika. Gold is obtained here by sluicing, but work is re- 
 tarded owing to the deficient water-supply. P. <isoo. 
 
 Woodstone, par. , Eng. , Huntingdonshire and Northampton- 
 shire, partly in Soke of Peterborough, PMT.O. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Woodsto-wn, electoral div., Ire., SE. co. and 6 m. SE. 
 Waterford, bar. Gaultiere, i m. W. of Waterford Harbour. 
 
 Woodsto'wn, bor. , U. S. , New Jersey, Salem co. , on Salem R. , 
 25 m. SW. Camden ; is an agricultural centre. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wood Street (for Waltlianistow), stn., Eng., Essex, on 
 the G. E. R., 6i m. NE. St. Paul's. 
 
 Wood Street, P.O., Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div., 3 m. W. 
 by N. Guildford. 
 
 Woodthorpe, par., Eng., Derbyshire, NE. div., 5J m. ENE. 
 Chesterfield, i m. N. Netherthorpe stn. P. < 1000. 
 
 Woodtliorpe, par., Eng., Leicestershire, div. and ij m. 
 SSE. Loughborough. P. <25o. 
 
 Woodton, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 9 J m. SSE. Norwich, 
 4 m. NW. Bungay stn., PM.O. Woodton Street, J m. to the 
 SE. P.<5oo. 
 
 Woodtown, P.O., Ire., co. Louth, 5 m. from Nobber. 
 
 Woodvlew, P.O., Ire., co. Armagh, 3 m. from Richhill stn. 
 
 Woodville, vil., Canada, Ontario, Victoria co., 56 m. NNE. 
 Toronto. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woodville, eccles. par., Eng., Derbyshire (S. div.) and 
 Leicestershire, on the M. R., 5 m. SE. by E. Burton; fire, 
 potters', and pijDe clays are obtained here, used in the manu- 
 factures of earthenware, fire-bricks, and drain pipes. PMT.O. 
 
 P. <2SOO. 
 
 Woodville, mun. bor.. New Zealand, North I., Waipawa 
 CO., 79 m. SW. by S. Napier, in a timber dist. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Woodville, suburban tn. , S. Australia, Adelaide co. , in 34° 
 55' S., 138° 34' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woodville, viL, U.S., Mississippi, cap. Wilkinson co. , 33 m. 
 S. by E. Natchez. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woodville, settlement, U.S., Montana, Jefferson co., 6 m. 
 NE. Butte City. 
 1742 
 
 Woodville, hamlet, U.S., Rhode Island, Washington co., 
 on Wood R. , 21 m. W. New Port. P. < 1500. 
 
 WoodviUe, vil., U.S., Texas, cap. Tyler co., 89 m. NE. 
 Houston. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woodville and Alnsdale, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the 
 Southport and Cheshire Lines Extension Rly. , 5 m. from South- 
 port. 
 
 Wood Walton, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div., 
 6 m. N. by W. Huntingdon, 2 m. N. by W. Abbotts Ripton 
 stn. P. -csoo. 
 
 Woodyates, East and West, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , on 
 the N. border of Dorsetshire, E. div., 10 m. SW. Salisbury. 
 East Woodyates, uninhabited; West W'oodyates, P. <25o. 
 
 Woofferton, vil., Eng., Salop, Ludlow div., 6J m. N. by 
 E. Leominster, with a stn. (Woofferton Junction) on the 
 G. W. R. and L. & NW. R. 
 
 Wookey, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and i| m. W. Wells, 
 on the G. W. R.; contains the villages of Wookey (P.O.) and 
 Wookey Hole (P.O.), 2 m. from the latter of which is a noted 
 cavern of the same name. P. (par. )< 1000. 
 
 Wool, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., on the Frome, 10 m. 
 E. by S. Dorchester, with a stn. (Wool for Lnlwortli Cove) 
 on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. P. <75o. 
 
 Woolaconibe, or WooUacombe, watering-place, Eng., 
 Devonshire, on Morte Bay, div. and 9 m. NW. Barnstaple ; 
 noted for its fine sandy beach, and the neighbouring shell- 
 beach of Barricane (to the N. ). PMT.O. 
 
 Woolaston, stn., Eng., Gloucestershire. See Wollastone. 
 
 Woolavington, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 4I m. NE. 
 Bridgwater, 3 m. W. Edington stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Woolavington, vil. , Eng. , Sussex, Horsham div. , jh m. N W. 
 by N. Arundel, 2| m. SW. Petworth stn. See draffliam. 
 
 Woolbedtng, par. , Eng. , Sussex, Horsham div. , on the Rother , 
 iij m. N. Chichester, i| m. N. by W. Midhurst stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Wooll>oroagb, Eng., Devonshire. See Wolborougli. 
 
 Wooldale, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Huddersfield 
 union ; manufactures woollen goods. P. 5700. 
 
 Woolengrange, par.. Ire., co. Kilkenny, bar. Gowran, on 
 riv. Nore, 3 m. NW. Thomastown. P.<2So. 
 
 Wooler, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., I J m. S. of the Till, 15 m. S. Berwick, on the NE. R. The 
 town is situated on the declivity of the Cheviot Hills, and is 
 much frequented in summer as a health resort. In the vicinity 
 are the remains of ancient fortifications, and a stone pillar com- 
 memorative of Earl Percy's victory in the reign of Henry IV. 
 PMT.O. , and P.O. (Wooler Hangh Head). Market-day, Th. 
 Mean rfall. (Milfield, alt. 200 ft., 1866-80), yr. 29.8 in. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wooley Terrace, PM.O., Eng., 3 m. from Crook, Durham. 
 
 Woolfardlswortliy, locally pronounced and sometimes spelt 
 Woolsery (wul'zeri), par., Eng., Devonshire, Barnstaple div., 
 9 m. WSW. Bideford, P.O. (Woolsery); 6119 ac. P. <75o ; 
 eccles. par. (West Woolfardlsworthy) P. <75o. 
 
 Woolfardlswortliy, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 
 9 m. WSW. Tiverton, 6 m. E. Lapford stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Woolfold, stn., Eng., Lancashire, Heywood div., on the 
 L. & Y. R., I J m. NW. Bury, PMT.O. 
 
 Woolgar, goldfield, Queensland, Yappar co. , 310 m. NW. 
 Rockhampton, in about 19° 50' S. , 143^° E. , 125 m. SSE. of 
 Croydon railway stn. 
 
 Woolhainpton, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 6J m. E. 
 Newbury, close to Midgham stn., PMT.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Woolhope, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 7 m. ESE. 
 Hereford, 3I m. E. Holme Lacey stn., P.O. ; 4414 ac. P. 
 <7So- 
 
 WooUacombe, Devon. See Woolaconibe. 
 
 Woollabra, fashionable residential mun. suburb of Sydney, 
 New South Wales. P. 10,000. 
 
 Woolland, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., io| m. SE. by 
 E. Sherborne, 4 m. SW. Shillingstone stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 WooUey, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and 6 m. 
 WNW. Huntingdon, 3 m. N. by W. Grafham stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 WooUey, par. , Eng. , Somerset, Frome div. , i| m. N. Bath. 
 P. <25o. See BathM'lck. 
 
 WooUey, pan, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 5 m. 
 NNW. Barnsley, 2 m. WNW. Notton stn., P.O. P. < 1000. ■ ; 
 WooUooniooloo, suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. 
 WooUoongabba, suburb of S. Brisbane, Queensland. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Woolmer Forest, dist., Eng., m the E. of the Petersfield 
 div. of Hampshire, about 12 m. SW. by S. Aldershot. 
 
 Woolpit, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 5 m. WNW. Stow- 
 market, 7 m. ESE. Bury St. Edmunds, i m. SW. Elmswell stn., 
 PxMT.O. P. < 1 500. 
 Woolridge, vil., Cape Colony, dist. Peddie. P. < 1500. 
 Woolsery, P.O., Eng., Devonshire. See Woolfardls- 
 worthy. 
 
 Woolsey, vil., U.S., Florida, Escambia co., on Gulf of 
 Mexico, near Warrington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woolsington, par. , Eng. , Northumberland, Tyneside div. , 5^ 
 m. NW. by N. Newcastle, 4 m. W. Killingworth stn. P. <;25o. 
 
WOOL 
 
 W O R C 
 
 Woolstanwood, par., Eng., Cheshire, 3 m. NE. Nantwich. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Woolstastou, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div., 9^ m. SSW. 
 Shrewsbury, 2 m. W. Leebotwood stn. P. <2So. 
 
 Woolstborpe, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. Kesteven div., 5 
 m. W. by S. Grantham, 3^ m. S. by W. Sedgebrook stn., P.O. 
 P. <7So.' 
 
 'Woolstborpe, or Spring Creek, post-tn. , Victoria, Villiers 
 CO., 47 m. E. by N. Portland. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woolstou, vil. , Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 12 m. SW. 
 by W. Dartmouth. 
 
 ^oolston, an eastern suburb and eccles. par. of Southamp- 
 ton, Eng., on the E. side of the Itchen, and on the L. & SW. 
 R. ; included in the pari. bor. of Southampton. PMT.O. P. 
 <:40oo. 
 
 Woolstone, par. , Eng. , Berkshire, Abingdon div. ,9 m. E. 
 by N. Swindon, 5 m. S. Faringdon, 2 m. S. by W. Uffington 
 stn. P. <;25o. See Balking. 
 
 Woolstone, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, div. and 4J m. 
 ESE. Tewkesbury, 2^ m. SE. Ashchurch stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Woolstone, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Buckinghamshire, on the Ousel, div. and 11^ m. E. by N. 
 Buckingham, 3 m. SSE. Great Linford stn. P. (of each)<2oo. 
 Woolston ivltli martlnseroft, par., Eng., Lancashire, 
 Newton div. , on the Mersey, 2^ m. E. by N. Warrington, i m. 
 SE. Padgate stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Woolton BUll, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire, E. Woodhay 
 par. , PMT.O. P. <;iooo. 
 
 Woolton, Much, par. and tn., Eng., Lancashire, Widnes 
 div., 5 J m. SE. by E. Liverpool, i m. N. Hunts Cross stn.; 
 contains the residences of many Liverpool merchants. PMT.O. 
 (Woolton). P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Woolton, Little, par. and tn., 2 m. ENE. , ij m. E. Gate- 
 acre stn. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Woolvercot, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, Woodstock div., on 
 the 1. bk. of the Thames, 2^ m. NW. by N. Oxford, P.O. 
 (Wolvercote). P. < 1000. 
 
 Woolverstone, par., Eng., Suffolk, Woodbridge div., on 
 SW. bk. of Orwell, 4 m. SE. by S. Ipswich, P.O. P.<500. 
 See Erwarton. 
 
 Woolverton, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 4 m. N. by E. 
 Frome. P. <25o. See Road. 
 
 Woolwich, par. and garrison tn. , and formerly a naval port, 
 Eng. , Kent, on the Thames, comprised within the limits of 
 the CO. of London, 8 m. ESE. St. Paul's, with two stns. (Wool- 
 wich Arsenal and Woolwich Dockyard) on the SE. R. and 
 G. N. & SE. R. The town, about i m. in length, is on an 
 elevated site, separated from the Thames by the dockyard and 
 arsenal. The dockyard, now closed, is the most ancient in the 
 kingdom, and is upwards of i m. in length. Ships were first 
 built here in Henry VII. 's reign. Woolwich has the largest 
 arsenal in Britain, transferred from Moorfields, 1716, covering 
 more than 350 ac. , and containing carriage, gun and torpedo 
 factory, laboratory, saddlery, and ordnance departments, besides 
 an immense supply of war-like stores. I%is the headquarters of 
 the royal horse and foot artillery, for whom there are extensive 
 barracks ; the royal engineers and other corps are also located 
 here. It is the seat of a royal military academy, and has a 
 military museum, the Rotunda. Woolwich returns one member 
 to Parliament. Woolwich Common serves as a review ground. 
 The free ferry established by the London County Council com- 
 municates with N. Woolwich, .situated in Essex. Par. P. 
 40,800; pari, bor., embracing Woolwich, Plumstead, Eltham, 
 &c. , P. 99,000. 
 
 Wool^wlch, tn. , U.S., Maine, Sagadahoc co. , on Kennebec 
 R. , 49 m. by rail SW. Rockland ; ice extensively shipp)ed here. 
 P. <isoo. 
 
 Woolwich Green, vil. , Eng. , Kent, St. Augustine div. , 7 m. 
 NW. Dover, ij m. NW. by W. Shepherd's Well stn. 
 
 Woolwich, North, eccles. par., Eng., Essex and London, 
 part of East Ham par., on the G. E. R. and L. & 1. D. R. ; 
 has extensive manufactures of telegraph cables. P. 7100. 
 
 Woomargama, postal-tp. , New South Wales, Goulburn co., 
 25 m. NE. Albury. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woonasqnatucket Itlver, U.S., Rhode Island, flows on the 
 whole SE. into Providence Harbour. 
 
 Woongarra, vil., Queensland, Cook co., 6 m. from Bunda- 
 berg by road and rail ; in a sugar-grovdng dist. ; coffee is also 
 cultivated. The Sloping Hummock Mt. is in the neighbourhood. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Woonona, settlement, Canada, Manitoba, on the S. side of 
 Shoal Lake, 34 m. NW. Winnipeg. 
 
 Woonoona, postal-vil. New South Wales, Camden co. , on 
 the coast, 33 m. SSW. Sydney; coal is mined at BuUi, i m. 
 distant. P. < 1500. 
 
 Woonsocket, city, U.S., Rhode Island, Providence co. , on 
 Blackstone R. , 14 m. NNW. Providence. Woonsocket is noted 
 as the centre of a group of manufacturing villages ; the chief 
 industry is the manufacture of cotton, woollen, and indiarubber 
 goods. Alt. 159 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 16,100; (1890)20,830. 
 
 Woonsocket, settlement, U.S., S. Dakota, Jerauld co. , 105 
 m. ESE. Pierre. 
 
 Woonton, P.O., Eng., Herefordshire, 4 m. SE. Kington. 
 
 Wooperton, par., Eng., Northumberland, Berwick-upon- 
 Tweed div., on the NE. R., 10 m. WNW. Alnwick, P.O. 
 (Wooperton Station). P. <25o. 
 
 Woore, par., Eng., Salop, Newport div., 8 m. SE. Nantwich, 
 i^ m. NW. Pipe Gate stn., PMT.O.; 4457 ac. P. <:iooo ; the 
 eccles. par. is partly in Staffordshire. 
 
 Woore, CO., New South Wales, crossed by 32° S. and 144°- 
 145° E. 
 
 Woorndoo, postal-tp., Victoria, Hampden co., 40 m. NNE. 
 Warrnambool. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wooster, city, U.S., Ohio, Wayne co., on Killbuck Creek, 
 51 m. S. by W. Cleveland; manufactures agricultural machinery 
 and various other articles. P. 5900. 
 
 Woosnng, riv., China. See Wnsnng. 
 
 Wootton, par., Eng., Bedfordshire, Biggleswade div., 4 m. 
 SW. Bedford, 3 m. N. Millbrook stn., P.O. P. <isoo. 
 
 Wootton, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 3 m. NNW, Abing- 
 don stn., 4 ra. SW. by S. Oxford, P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wootton, vil., Eng., Hampshire, 6 m. NW. Lymington, P.O. 
 See IMllton. 
 
 Wootton, par. , Eng. , Isle of Wight, on Wootton Creek and Isle 
 of Wight Central Rly. , PMT.O. (Wootton Bridge). P. <25o. 
 
 Wootton, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., 6 m. N. 
 Folkestone, 2^ m. SW. by W. Shepherd's Well stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <2SO. 
 
 Wootton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, N. Lindsev div., 12 m. 
 WNW. Grimsby, 2 m. SW. Thornton Abbey stn., P.O. P. 
 <75o. 
 
 Wootton, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 3 m. 
 S.i Northampton, P.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Wootton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, on the Glyme, div. and 
 24 m. N. by W. Woodstock, 3 m. WNW. Kirtlington stn., 
 PM.O.; 4274 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wootton, par., Eng., Staffordshire, div. and 10 m. SE. Leek, 
 2| m. NE. Alton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Wootton, North, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, N. div., 2 m. SE. 
 by S. Sherborne. P. <25o. 
 
 Wootton, North, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 2^ m. SSE. 
 Wells, P.O. P.<:soo. 
 
 Wootton, North and South, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Norfolk, NW. div., the former 2^ m. NE. King's Lynn, on the 
 G. E. R. P. <:Soo; South Wootton, P.O., P. <25o. 
 
 Wootton Bassett, former bor., par., and market-tn. , Eng., 
 Wiltshire, div. and now included in bor. of Cricklade, 6 m. 
 W. Swindon, on the G. W. R., PMT.O. Market-day, Tu. 
 5126 ac. P. <25oo. 
 
 Wootton Bridge, PMT.O., Eng., Isle of Wight. See 
 Wootton. 
 
 Wootton Courtney, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellington div., 
 19 m. N. Tiverton, 3 m. SW. Minehead stn., P.O. (Wootton 
 Courtenay). P. <soo. 
 
 Wootton Fltzpalne, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 3 m. 
 NE. Lyme Regis, 5 m. E. by S. Axminster stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wootton Glanvllle, par., Eng. See Glanvllle Wootton. 
 
 Wootton Hill, hill, Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., i m. N. 
 Wootton Fitzpaine, 3^ m. NE. by N. Lyme Regis. 
 
 Wootton Klvers, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Devizes div., 13 m. 
 S. by E. Swindon, 4 m. S. Marlborough, 2^ m. W. Savernake 
 stn.; manufactures agricultural implements. P.O. P. <soo. 
 
 Wootton St. Mary Within and Without, two adjoining 
 pars., Eng., Gloucestershire, partly in bor. of Gloucester. 
 Wootton St. Mary Within, P. <:40oo ; Wootton St. Mary 
 Without, P. <75o. 
 
 Wootton St. Lawrence, par. , Eng. , Hampshire, div. and 
 3I m. W. by N. Basingstoke, 2 m. NE. Oakley stn., PM.O.; 
 4406 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Wootton Wawen, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, div. and 6^ m. 
 NW. by N. Stratford-on-Avon, on the Alne, 2^m. NW. Bearley 
 stn., PM.O.; 8568 ac. P. < 2500. 
 
 Worb, vil. , Switzd. , cant, and 5 m. E. by S. Bern ; manufac- 
 tures tobacco, and has cotton-spinning and linen-bleaching. P. 
 (comm.)<400o. 
 
 Worbarrow Bay, bay, Eng., Dorsetshire, in 2° 11' W. 
 
 Worbls, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, 20 m. W. by S. Nord- 
 hausen, cap. circle Worbis. P. < 2000. 
 
 Worcester, tn., Cape Colony, cap. dist. Worcester, 60 m. 
 ENE. Cape Town, on the railway to Kimberley. Near it are 
 the remarkable thermal springs of Brandvlei (' fire lake'), where 
 the water wells out from the ground over an acre measuring 300 
 by 10 yards at a temperature of 145° F. Alt. 780 ft. Mean 
 temp, (isyrs. ), yr. 62.7° F., Jan. 72.0°, July 52.8°; mean annual 
 rfall. (i7yrs. ), 13.62 in. P. 5400. 
 
 Worcester, episcopal city, pari, and mun. bor. (since 1189), 
 CO. bor., and market-tn., Eng., Worcestershire, on the Severn, 
 1. bk., 112 m. NW. London (120 m. by rail), on the M. R. and 
 G. W. R. The principal object and ornament of the city is the 
 cathedral (see established in a.d. 780), finished 1216, cruciform, 
 
 1743 
 
W O R C 
 
 WORM 
 
 with tower 162 ft. high. Other buildings are the grammar- 
 school (founded 1541) ; the Guildhall, a handsome Italian struc- 
 ture ; the Shire Hall, Ionic with pillared portico. The Severn 
 is crossed by a bridge of five arches. There was a British 
 town here, and remains of the Saxon and Norman periods 
 still exist. The name is mostly Saxon, a corruption of Hwic- 
 wara-ceaster, ' the castle of the men of Hwic,' so called from 
 the Huiccii, the early Celtic inhabitants. At Worcester, 
 alternately with Hereford and Gloucester, occurs every three 
 years the musical festival of the ' Three Choirs. ' There are 
 several distinguished schools. The Natural History Museum 
 is important from size and completeness. The see of Wor- 
 cester includes the cos. Worcester and Warwick, with por- 
 tions of others ; revenue, ^^5000. The leading industries of the 
 town are the manufacture of porcelain (the Royal Works occupy- 
 ing 5 ac), gloves (Worcester being the chief seat of that manu- 
 facture), railway signals, 'Worcester sauce,' vinegar, and chemi- 
 cals. P. (1801) 11,400; (1851) 27,500; (1871) 33,300; (1891) 
 42,900. 
 
 Worcester, city, U.S. , Massachusetts, Worcester co. , situated 
 in the valley of the Blackstone R., and on the enclosing hills, 
 36 m. SW. Lowell, and 44 m. W. Boston. The town is noted 
 for its schools and manufactures. Chief industries, manufacture 
 of machines and machinery, metals and metallic goods, boots 
 and shoes, food preparations, woollen and worsted goods (in- 
 cluding carpets), and musical instruments. There are eleven 
 parks, in one of which stands the soldiers' monument. Seat of 
 Clerk University. Among the public buildings are those of 
 the American Antiquarian Society and the Free Public Library 
 (each with 100,000 vols.). Worcester was permanently settled 
 1713. P. (i8oo)<;30oo; (i860) 25,000; (1870) 41,100; (1880) 
 58,300; (1890)84,655. 
 
 Worcester, co., U.S., Maryland, in the extreme SE. , on the 
 coast. 
 
 Worcester, co., U.S., Massachusetts, crossed by 72° W. 
 
 Worcester, vil. , U.S., New York, Otsego co. , 52 m. W. 
 Albany. P. < 1500. 
 
 WorcesterPark, residential suburb of London, Eng. , Surrey, 
 Epsom div., 11 m. SW. by S. St. Paul's, London, adjoining 
 Wimbledon, on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. See Maiden. 
 
 Worcestershire, inland co. , Eng., in the basin of the Severn, 
 which traverses it from N. to S. , with 5 pari. divs. , as in the 
 following table : — 
 
 Acres. 
 
 P. i8 
 
 Western, or Bewdley . 
 
 Southern, or Evesham . 
 
 Mid, or Droitwich 
 
 Northern 
 
 Eastern 
 
 Pari, bors.i . 
 
 Total - 
 
 154.15s 
 
 52,012 
 
 165,074 
 
 49.538 
 
 80,517 
 
 48.745 
 
 20,725 
 
 58,439 
 
 50.568 
 
 59.356 
 
 9.521 
 
 145.670 
 
 480,560 
 
 413,760 
 
 1 Which include Kidderminster and Worcester, and parts of Birming- 
 ham and Dudley. 
 
 2 The administrative county, which excludes the part of Birmingham 
 within the limits of the ancient county, and includes part of the urban 
 sanitary dist. of Redditch, has an area (including co. bors.) of 480,342 
 acres, and a population of 385,309. 
 
 Besides the Severn, the county is traversed by the Stour, Teme, 
 and Warwickshire Avon ; and local divs. of the county are the 
 Vale of Worcester, along the Severn, and the Vale of Evesham, 
 along the Avon. In NE. a small strip belongs to the Trent 
 basin. Chief heights are the Malvern Hills, in SW. (highest 
 point, Worcestershire Beacon, 1440 ft.) ; the Clent Hills, in E.; 
 and in the S. the Bredon Hills, part of the Cotswold range. 
 The geological strata are mostly Triassic, with black shales 
 over sandstone, and Silurian to W. of the Malverns. The 
 Cambrian system appears in the W., and the Carboniferous 
 system with the coal-measures in the NW., near Forest of 
 Wyse. Red marls and Triassic sandstones distinguish some 
 three-fourths of the area of the county. This county is noted 
 for its fruit, vegetables, and hops ; the orchards occupied 
 4 per cent, of total area in 1893, a much larger propor- 
 tion than in any other county; and market-gardens form a 
 pleasing feature. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, 
 pp. 7-9. There is great mineral wealth in coal, iron, and salt ; 
 large quarries of limestone and freestone ; hardware works at 
 Halesowen; needles at Redditch, &c.; aluminium works at 
 Oldbury, Birmingham. The county town is noted for por- 
 celain, Kidderminster for carpets. Droitwich has produced 
 salt from the Roman period till now. Salt is also extracted at 
 Bromsgrove. Dudley is a town of coal-mines and iron-works 
 in a detached part of the county amidst the Black Country of 
 S. Staffordshire, a region which extends into Worcestershire 
 proper, coal being mined also at Stourport, Oldbury, Netherton, 
 Bewdley, Lye, Cradley, Stourbridge, Halesowen. This country 
 was but forest and jungle in the Roman period, but in 7th 
 1744 ^ ' 
 
 century the English added it to Mercia, and soon the see 
 of Worcester was created and the first bishop appointed to 
 bear rule in civil as well as ecclesiastical matters. In 1265 Earl 
 Simon de Montfort was defeated at Evesham. In 1471 the 
 Lancastrians were defeated at Tewkesbury. During the Civil 
 War this county suffered greatly owing to its royalist bias, and 
 here in 165 1 the troops of Charles II. received their complete 
 and final defeat from Cromwell. Instead of twelve this county 
 since 1885 returns eight members to Parliament, including one 
 from each of the boroughs of Worcester, Dudley, and Kidder- 
 minster ; other mun. bors. are Bewdley, Droitwich, and Eves- 
 ham. The county is in the diocese of Worcester and Hereford. 
 See England, table. 
 
 Worcestershire Beacon, hill, Eng., Worcestershire, over- 
 looking Great Malvern on the W. Alt. 1395 ft. 
 
 Wordesley, vil., Eng., Staffordshire, Kingswinford div., 4 m. 
 SW. by W. Dudley, i m. W. Brettle Lane stn. 
 
 Wordlebolnc, tn., Victoria. See Wensleydale. 
 
 Wordwell, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 5 m. NNW. Bury 
 St. Edmunds, 2 m. WNW. Ingham stn. P. <25o. See Stow, 
 West. 
 
 Worf, small riv. , Eng. , in the E. of Salop, trib. of the Severn, 
 which it joins on the r. bk. a mile or two above Bridgnorth. 
 
 Worfleld, par. , Eng. , Salop, Ludlow div. , on the Worf, 13J 
 m. NNW. Kidderminster, 3 m. NE. byE. Bridgnorth, PMT.O.; 
 10,370 ac. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Worlshofen, vil., Ger., SW. Bavaria, govt. Swabia, near 1. 
 bk. Wertach, 28 m. SW. by S. Augsburg; at present noted for 
 the cold-water and ' faith ' cures of Pastor Kneipp. P. <20oo. 
 
 Workington, mun. bor. (since 1888), par., seapt. , and mar- 
 ket-tn. , Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., at the mouth of 
 the Derwent, in the diocese of Carlisle, 7 m. N. Whitehaven, 
 with stns. on the L. & NW. R. and the Cleator and Workington 
 Rlys. As a seaport it has long been of importance. In the i6th 
 century it was the chief port on this coast. Its harbour, sheltered 
 by a breakwater, is partly tidal, with depth of 12 to 18 ft. at 
 high water ordinary spring tides, and 2800 ft. of quayage. 
 Lonsdale Dock, 4J ac. in extent, has a depth on sill of 10 ft. 
 at high water lowest neap, and 19J ft. highest spring tides. 
 The town has extensive coal-mines, important iron and steel 
 works, and other industries. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 5700; (1871) 
 9980; (1891) 23,500. 
 
 Worksop, par. and market- tn., Eng., Nottinghamshire, 
 Bassetlaw div., 12 m. N. by E. Mansfield, on the Chesterfield 
 Canal and the M. R. and M. S. & L. R.; manufactures agri- 
 cultural implements, railway sleepers, &c. Alt. 127 ft. Market- 
 day, W. Mean rfall. (1866-80), yr. 25.6 in. 17,935 ac. P. 
 12,700. 
 
 Worknm, tn. and fishing port, Holland, prov. Friesland, on 
 the W. ct. , 21 m. S W. Leeuwarden. P. (comm. ) < 5000. 
 
 Worlaby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div. , 16^ m. 
 W. by N. Grimsby, 2^ m. N. by W. Elsham stn., PM.O. 
 P.<750. 
 
 Worlaby, par., Ei^., Lincolnshire, S. Lindsey div., 6 m. S. 
 Louth, 4J m. WSW^by stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Worldhani, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Hampshire. East Worldham, Petersfield div., 11 J m. SW. 
 Aldershot, 2 m. SE. by E. Alton stn., P.O., P. 250; West 
 Worldham, P. <25o. 
 
 Worle, par., Eng., Somerset, Wells div., ij m. from the 
 coast, 2J m. ENE. Weston-super-Mare, on the G. W. R. , 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Worleston, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury div., 2J m. N. 
 by E. Nantwich, on the L. & NW. R., PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Worllngliam, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and 7 m. WSW. 
 Lowestoft, \\ m. SE. Beccles, P.O. P. <200. 
 
 Worllngton, par., Eng., Suffolk, on riv. Lark, Stowmarket 
 div., II m. NW. by W. Bury St. Edmunds, i m. SW. Milden- 
 hall, P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Worllngton, East and West, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Devonshire. East Worllngton, S. Molton div., 6 m. NNW. 
 Exeter, P.O., 5348 ac, P. <50o; West Worllngton, P. <25o. 
 
 WorUngworth, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 15J m. NNE. 
 Ipswich, PM.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. (Worllngworth with 
 iioutholt) P. <75o. 
 
 Worlltz, tn., Ger., duchy Anhalt, circle and 8 m. E. Dessau, 
 near the 1. bk. of the Elbe, on a lake ; has a celebrated park. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Wormald Cireen, stn., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, div. and 
 4 m. S. Ripon, on the NE. R. 
 
 Wormbrldge, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 8 m. 
 SW. Hereford, close to St. Devereux stn., P.O. P. <25o. See 
 St. Devereux. 
 
 Wornidltt, tn. , Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Braunsberg, 
 30 m. E. Elbing. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Wormegay, par., Eng., Norfolk, SW. div., 5 ni. SE. by S. 
 King's Lynn, 3^ m. E. by N. Magdalen Road stn., P.O. P. < 
 500 ; eccles. par. (Wormegay with Tottenhlll) P. <iooo. 
 
 Wornieldingen, or Wornieldauge, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy 
 and 13 m. E. Luxemburg, on 1. bk. of the Moselle. P. <30oo. 
 
WORM — WORT 
 
 Wornielow, PT.O. , Eng. , Herefordshire, 7 m. SW. Hereford. 
 
 Wornierveer, comm. , Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, 10 m. 
 NNE. Haarlem, NW. of Zaadan ; important manufactures of 
 paper. P. 5000. 
 
 VTorniblll, par. , Eng. , Derbyshire, High Peak div. , 4^ m. E. 
 by N. Buxton, i m. W. by N. Millersdale stn., P.O.; 4654 ac. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Worniliole, electoral div. , Ire., co. Galway, dist. Oughterard. 
 
 Woruiliondt, tn. , France, dep. Nord, arr. and 12 m. SSE. 
 Dunkirk. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 WoniiliigfoiHl, par. , Eng. , Essex, on the Stour, div. and 6^ 
 m. NW. Colchester, 2^ m. SE. by E. Bures stn., P.O. P. <Soo. 
 
 Wornilnglinll, par. , Eng. , on the S. border of Buckingham- 
 shire, Buckingham div., ii| m. W. by S. Aylesbury, 2 m. N. 
 Tiddington stn., PM.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 VTormlugtoii, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Tewkesbury div. , 
 4^ m. S. Evesham, 3 m. SSE. Hinton stn. P. <2SO. 
 
 >yormlt, stn., Scot., Fifeshire, on the N. B. R., near W. 
 Newport stn. 
 
 Wormlelglitoii, par. , Eng. , on the E. border of Warwick- 
 shire, Rugby div., 8^ m. N. Banbury, 2 m. N. Fenny Compton 
 stn., P.O. P. 250; the eccles. par. is partly in Northampton- 
 shire. 
 
 Wormley, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, div. and 5 J m. SSE. 
 Hertford, on the Lee, PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Woriuley, P.O., Eng., i m. from Witley, Surrey. 
 
 fVornis, tn. , Ger. , Hesse, cap. circle Worms, prov. Rhenish 
 Hesse, on 1. bk. of Rhine, 20 m. SW. Darmstadt. Its most 
 notable building is the (restored) Romanesque cathedral, 
 dating from the 12th century. Other structures of moment are 
 the Romanesque church of St. Paul (12th century), with an 
 antiquarian museum ; the church of Our Lady (Liebfrau), 
 finished in 1467, outside the walls (which in part still stand) — 
 around it is grown the Rhenish wine known as Liebfrauentnilch ; 
 the Luther monument (1868), designed by Rietschel ; the hospital ; 
 and the town-hall. The old episcopal palace, in which the 
 German diets met, and in which Luther defended himself in 
 1521, is now the lower storey of a private house. The Jewish 
 burial-place possesses some remarkable ancient inscriptions. The 
 manufactures embrace patent leather goods, artificial wool, 
 machinery ; and the town is a busy river-port. It is one of the 
 oldest cities in the empire. In the time of Ariovistus it was a 
 German chiefs residence ; and was fortified by the Roman 
 general Drusus in 14 B.C. In the sth century it was wrested 
 from the Romans by the Burgundians and made their cap. 
 The Frank sovereigns also [e.g., Charlemagne) made it one 
 of their residential cities. Early in the nth century it fell 
 under the rule of the bishop ; but in 1074 was privileged 
 to account itself a free imperial city, and as such it remained 
 down to 1801. Here in 1122 was signed the agreement 
 [concordat) between Pope Calixtus II. and the Emperor 
 Henry V. which put an end to the investiture dispute ; and 
 here, at a diet held in 1495, the 'Perpetual Peace' was pro- 
 claimed by Maximilian I. , with the intent to put a stop to the 
 incessant feuds of the feudal nobility; and here, at another 
 diet held in 1521, Luther made his celebrated defence before 
 the assembled magnates of the empire. Worms was taken 
 during the Thirty Years' War by the Swedes, the Imperialists, 
 and the French, and was burned to the ground by the last 
 named in 1689. Between 1801 and 1814 the city was in the 
 hands of the French, who had once more seized it in 1792. 
 Worms is the scene of stirring events related in the great epic. 
 Das Nibelungenlied, and figures also as the scene of more than 
 one of the mediseval legends of chivalry [e.g., Eginhard and 
 Emma, daughter of Charlemagne). P. (1815) 6250; (1871) 
 14,500 ; (1890) 25,500. 
 
 Worms Head, cape, Wales, in the W. of Glamorganshire, 
 at the end of a small island 18 m. W. by S. Swansea. 
 
 WormsIilU, par., Eng., Kent, Medway div., 7 m. E. Maid- 
 stone, 3 m. NE. by E. Hollingbourne stn., P.O. P. <2So. 
 
 Wormsley, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div., 7J 
 m. NW. Hereford, 3 m. E. Moorhampton stn. P. <:25o. 
 
 Wormwood Scrnbbs, stn. , Eng. , Middlesex, Hammersmith 
 bor., 5i m. W. St. Paul's, London, on the West London Rly. 
 See St. Qnintiu Park. 
 
 Worodngn, country, W. Africa, French Sudan, in about 
 io°-ii° N., 5°-6° 20' W.; forms part of the territories of Samori. 
 See Wasnln. 
 
 Worplesdon, p>ar. , Eng., Surrey, Chertsey div., 3 m. NW. 
 by N. Guildford, i m. W. of its stn. on the L. & SW. R., 
 PMT.O.; 5289 ac. P. <2ooo ; eccles. par. (Worplesdon with 
 Bnrpliam) P. <:20oo. 
 
 Worrlngen, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov., on the 1. bk. of the 
 Rhine, circle and 10 m. NNW. Cologne. P. <30oo. 
 
 Wiirrstadt, market-tn. , Ger., gd. -duchy Hesse, circle Oppen- 
 heim, 13 m. SW. by S. Mainz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Worsall, High and Low, two adjoining pars., Eng., York- 
 shire, N. Riding, High Worsall, Cleveland div., on the r. bk. 
 of the Tees, 7 m. SE. by E. Darlington, 2J m. NW. by W. 
 Picton stn. P. (of each) < 250. 
 1745 
 
 Worshorongh, par. and urban sanitary dist., Eng., York- 
 shire, W. Riding, Holmfirth div., 2 m. S. Barnsley ; has extensive 
 manufactures. P.O. P. 9900; eccles. par. (Worsborough 
 Dale, PMT.O., with Worsborough Common and Wors- 
 borough Bridge, PM.O.) P. 6000. 
 
 Worsley, par., Eng., Lancashire, Eccles div., 5 m. WNW. 
 Manchester, on the L. & NW. R. and the Bridgwater Canal ; 
 manufactures cotton ; coal mined. PMT.O. 6928 ac. P. 
 26,300 ; eccles. par. (Worsley with Ellenbrook) P. <5ooo. 
 
 Worstead, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., 11 J m. SSE. Cromer, 
 I m. NE. of its stn. on the G. E. R. Worstead was settled by 
 Flemish weavers in the 12th century, and is believed to have 
 given name to the yarn and fabric so called which were pro- 
 bably first manufactured in England by these settlers. The 
 church is a fine building, dating from the 14th century. PMT.O. 
 (Worsted). P. <:iooo. 
 
 Worsthorn with Hnrstwood, par., Eng., Lancashire, 
 Clitheroe div., 2 m. E. by S. Burnley, PM.O. (Worsthorn). 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Worston, par., Eng., Lancashire, div. and 2 m. ENE. 
 Clitheroe, close to Chatburn stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Worston, par., Eng., Staffordshire, 4 m. NW. Stafford. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Wortendyke, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Bergen co., 7 m. N. 
 Paterson. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Worth, Ger. luerder, in place-names worth, werth, a termi- 
 nation denoting rising ground beside a river or lake, or an island 
 in a river or lake ; e.g. , Wandsworth, Donauworth, Kaiserwerth. 
 
 Worth, vil., Eng., Cheshire. See Poynton with Worth. 
 
 Worth, par., Eng., Kent, St. Augustine div., \\ m. S. by E. 
 Sandwich, P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Worth, par., Eng., in the N. of Sussex, E. Grinstead div., 
 9 m. ENE. Horsham, \\ m. W. Rowfant stn.; has an ancient 
 church on a Saxon ground-plan. P.O. 13,331 ac. P. <45oo. 
 
 Worth, tn. , Ger. , Alsace-Lorraine, on the Sauer R. , circle 
 and II m. SW. by W. Weissenburg. P. <20oo. 
 
 Worth, CO., U.S., Georgia, S. of 32° N., and crossed in ex- 
 treme NW. by 84° W. 
 
 Worth, CO., U.S., Iowa, on N. frontier, W. of 93° W. 
 
 Worth, CO., U.S., Missouri, in the NW., on the N. frontier, 
 W. of 94° W. 
 
 Wortham, par., Eng., Suffolk, 17 m. NE. by E. Bury St. 
 Edmunds, div. and i,\ m. NW. by W. Eye, P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Wortham, Little, i m. to the S. 
 
 Worthen, par., Eng., Salop, Oswestry div;, 7 m. E. by S. 
 Welshpool, 3 m. W. Minsterley stn. A line of stones here is 
 supposed to have marked the old boundary between England 
 and Wales. Has lead and zinc mines. PM.O. 13,911 ac. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Worthenbnry, par., Wales, in a detached part of Flint, 6 
 m. ESE. Wre.xham, P.O. P.<500. 
 
 Worther-see, lake, Austria, Carinthia ; a canal connects it 
 with Klagenfurt. Its banks, which are well wooded and beau- 
 tiful, are much frequented, especially by the Viennese. Alt. 
 1440 ft.; length, 8 J m. ; breadth, 4920 ft. 
 
 Worthing, tn., SW. ct. of Barbados, about 3 m. from 
 Bridgetown. 
 
 Worthing, par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 16 m. WNW. 
 Norwich, 4 m. N. by E. East Dereham, \ m. SE, North Elm- 
 ham stn. P. <:25o. See Swanton Morley. 
 
 Worthing, mun. bor. (since 1890) and fashionable watering- 
 place, Eng., Sussex, 10 m. W. Brighton, at the foot of the S. 
 Downs, with two stns.. Worthing and W. Worthing (for 
 West Tarring), on the L. B. & S. C. R. It is mentioned as a 
 manor in Domesday Book, but has no history. It was formerly 
 a small fishing village. There is a fine esplanade along the 
 shore, excellent sands, a pier 1000 ft. long, and a park of 18 ac. 
 From its sheltered position it has become a winter resort and 
 a place for growing early fruits. Mun. bor. P. (1871) 7400 ; 
 (1891) 16,600, 
 
 Worthlngton, par., Eng., Lancashire, Chorley div., 4 m. 
 N. by W. Wigan, 2 m. SE. Coppull stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Worthlngton, tn. , U.S., Indiana, Greene co. , 31 m. SE. 
 Terre Haute. P. <isoo. 
 
 Worthlngton, hamlet, U.S., Massachusetts, Hampshire co., 
 22 m. NW. Holyoke. P. < 1500. 
 
 Worthlngton, vil., U.S., Minnesota, cap. Nobles co., 45 m. 
 E. by N. of the SW. corner of the state. P. < 1500. 
 
 Worthlngton, vil., U.S., Ohio, Frankhn co., 8 m. by rail N. 
 Columbus ; seat of the Ohio Central normal school. P. < 1500. 
 
 Worthlngton and Newbold, par., Eng., Leicestershire, 
 Bosworth div., 8 m. W. by N. Loughborough, with a stn. 
 (Worthlngton) on the M. R., P.O. (Worthlngton). P. <iooo. 
 
 Worth Matravers, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, E. div.. Isle of 
 Purbeck, 8| m. SSW. Poole, 3 m. S. Corfe Castle stn., P.O. 
 
 P. <2S0. 
 
 Wortlng, par., Eng., Hampshire, div. and 3^ m. W. Basing- 
 stoke, 2 m. E. by N. Oakley stn., P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Wortley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Hallamshire 
 div., \\ m. SW. by S. Barnsley, on the M. S. & L. R., G. N. R. 
 
 5S 
 
WORT — W RET 
 
 (Armley and Wortley), the L. & NW. R. (Fnrnley and 
 
 Wortley), PMT.O. ; 5616 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wortley, par., Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, included in the 
 bor. of Leeds; manufactures woollens. PMT.O. P. 26,900. 
 
 Worton, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, div. and 3i m. SW. Devizes, 
 7^ m. E. Trowbridge, P.O. P.<soo. 
 
 Worton, Aether and Over, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Oxfordshire, div. and 6^ m. SSW. Banbury, 3^ m. S. Bloxham 
 stn. P. (of each) < 250. 
 
 Wortwell, par., Eng., Norfolk, Depwade union, 2 m. NE. 
 Harleston, P.O. P. <:soo. See Redenhall with Harleston. 
 
 Wostook, small isl. , Polynesia, Manahiki group, in 10° 52' S. , 
 154° 42' W. 
 
 Wotchish, range of low hills forming the N. water-parting 
 of the St. Lawrence basin and the N. boundary of prov. Quebec 
 between I^ake Mistassini and the Labrador Penin. 
 
 Wothersoine, par., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 3^ m. S. 
 Wetherby. P. <:25o. 
 
 Wothorpe, par., Eng., Northamptonshire, in the Soke of 
 Peterborough. P. <:25o. 
 
 Wothscbwlen-see, lake, Prussia, Pomerania, 20 m. NE. 
 Stargard. Length 6 m. , by i m. broad. 
 
 Wotltz, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 16 m. N. Tabor. P, <:300o. 
 
 Wotje, isl. , Pacific. See Otdla. 
 
 Wotttao, or Schantz Islands, isls. , Pacific, Marshall Archi- 
 pelago (Ralik group), 10° N. 
 
 Wotton, stn. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, Aylesbury div. , on the 
 Oxford and Aylesbury Rly., 7 m. W. by N. Aylesbury. 
 
 >Vott«n, par., Eng., Surrey, Reigate div., 2J m. W. by S. 
 Dorking. P. <750. 
 
 Wotton-under-Edge, par., Eng., Gloucestershire, Stroud 
 div., 17 m. NE. Bristol, 2^ m. E. Charfield stn. ; the manu- 
 facture of woollens was formerly of some importance. Chief 
 manufactures now are pins, elastic, and silk. Wotton-under- 
 Edge claims to be a prescriptive incorporation under charter 
 of Henry IIL ; has an endowed grammar-school. The name 
 refers to its position at the base of the ' edge ' or escarpment 
 of the oolitic plateau which traverses this part of the county. 
 4950 ac. P. < 3500. 
 
 Wotton Vnderwood, par. , Eng. , Buckinghamshire, Bucking- 
 ham div. , 8^ m. W. by N. Aylesbury, i m. W. by S. of its stn. 
 {H'otton) on the Wotton Rly., P.O. P.<25o. 
 
 Wondenberg, vil., Holland, prov. and 12 m. E. Utrecht. 
 P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Wondrictaeni, vil., Holland, prov. N. Brabant, at the con- 
 fluence of the Waal and the Maas (1. bk.), 13 m. E. Dordrecht. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Wonghton on the Green, par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, on 
 the Ousel, div. and 11^ m. E. by N. Buckingham, 4 m. S. 
 Newport Pagnell, 2 m. N. by W. Fenny Stratford stn., P.O. 
 (>Vonghton). P. <25o. 
 
 Wonldham, par., Eng., Kent, on the Medway, div. and 3J 
 m. SSW. Rochester, i m. E. Hailing stn., PMT.O. P. <isoo. 
 
 Woamen, comm. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. Dix- 
 mude. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Wouw, vil., Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 16 m. W. by S. 
 Breda. P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Wrahness, par., Eng., Essex, Colchester div., on the S. 
 shore of the estuary of the Stour, 5^ m. W. Harwich, on the 
 G. E. R. P.<soo. 
 
 Wraflon, stn. , Eng. , Devonshire, on the L. & SW. R. , div. 
 and 3^ m. W. by N. Barnstaple, P.O. 
 
 Wragby, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 11 m. 
 ENE. Lincoln, on the G. N. R. Market-day, Th. P. <75o. 
 See Panton. 
 
 Wragby, eccles. par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, W. Riding, Osgold- 
 cross div. , 5 m. ESE. Wakefield, close to Nostell stn. P. <:iooo. 
 
 Wrampllngham, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, Mid div. , on the Yare, 
 7^ m. W. by S. Norwich, 3 m. NE. by E. Kimberley stn. P. 
 <25o. 
 
 Wrangell, isl., Alaska, with Fort Wrangell at its N. end, in 
 56° 26' N., 132° 22' W. 
 
 Wrangell, Mount, active volcano, U.S., Alaska, in forks of 
 Copper R. Estimated alt. 17,400 ft. 
 
 Wrangell (or Wrangel) Land, or Long's Island, isl. , Arctic 
 Ocean, off coast of NE. Siberia, separated by Long's Strait, 140 
 m. wide, from mainland ; its W. extremity. Mount Long, under 
 180° E. Discovered by Long. Length, 68 m. ; breadth, 25 m. 
 
 Wrangell Strait, or Narrows, strait, 19 m. long, in places 
 not more than 100 yards wide, between Kupreanof and Mitkof 
 Is., Alaska, in 56° 3o'-5o' N., 132° 55' W. ; noted for its pictur- 
 esque scenery. 
 
 Wrangle, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland div., ij m. from 
 the coast, 8 m. NE. by E. Boston, P.O. ; 6295 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wrnntage, P.O., Eng., Somerset, Bridgwater div., 5 m. 
 ESE. Taunton, ij m. NNE. Hatch stn. , 
 
 Wrath, Cape, Scot. , on the extreme NW. ct. of Sutherland, 
 in 5° W.; composed of gneiss rock rising pyramidally sheer 
 from the water's edge to the height of 300 ft. 
 
 Wrattlng, Great and Little, two adjoining pars. , Eng. , in 
 1746 
 
 theSW. of Suflfolk, Sudbury div., 15 m. SW. Bury St. Edmunds, 
 2 m. NE. Haverhill. Great Wratting, P.O., P. <soo; Little 
 Wratting, P. <25o. 
 
 Wrattlng, West, par. , Eng. , Cambridgeshire, div. and yh m. 
 SSW. Newmarket, 3^ m. SSE. Six Mile Bottom stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Wratzow, tn., Austria, Moravia, 30 m. SE. by E. Briinn, and 
 2i m. E. Risenz. P. < 4000. 
 
 Wrawby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, N. Lindsey div, , 16 m. 
 W. Grimsby, li m. NE. Brigg, i m. S. Elsham stn., PM.O. 
 P.<7So. 
 
 Wraxall, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 9J m. NW. 
 Dorchester, 2 m. NW. Maiden Newton stn. P. <2So; eccles. 
 par. (Wraxhall with Raniplslinni) P. <5oo. 
 
 Wraxnll, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 6 m. W. by S. 
 Bristol, 2 m. NW. Bourton stn., P.O.; 4125 ac. P. <iooo. 
 
 Wraxhall, North, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Chippenham div. , 
 7^ m. NE. by N. Bath, 4 m. N. Box stn., PT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wraxhall, South, vil., Eng., Wiltshire, Westbury div., 5 
 m. E. Bath, 2 m. S. Box stn., P.O. (South Wraxall). See 
 Atworth. 
 
 Wray, eccles. par., Eng., Lancashire, 3 m. NE. Hawks- 
 head, PM.O. (High Wray). P.<:250. 
 
 Wray, vil., U.S., Colorado, Weld co., on the N. Fork of the 
 Republican R., 63 m. S. by W. of the NE. corner of the state. 
 Alt. 3519 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Wraysbnry, PMT.O. and stn., Eng., Buckinghamshire. 
 See Wyrardlsbury. 
 
 Wray ton, vil. , Eng., Lancashire, div. and 11 m. NE. Lan- 
 caster, li m. E. Arkholme stn. See MelUng with Wrayton. 
 Wray w^ith Bolton, par., Eng., Lancashire, on riv. Hind- 
 burn, div. and 9 m. NE. by E. Lancaster, i m. E. Hornby stn., 
 PM.O. (Wray) ; 6526 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Wrea, \-il. , Eng., Lancashire, div. and 6i m. ESE. Black- 
 pool, with a stn. (Wrea Green) on the L. Sc Y. & L. & NW. 
 Joint Rly., P.O. (Wrea Green). See Klbby. 
 
 Wreak, riv., Eng., Leicestershire, flows WSW. past Melton 
 Mowbray to the Soar, which it joins on the r. bk. 
 
 Wreay, par., Eng., Cumberland, on the S. border of the 
 Eskdale div., 4^ m. SSE. Carlisle, on the L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Wrecelesham, eccles. par. , Eng. , Surrey, Guildford div. , i^ 
 m. S. by W. Farnham ; hops are largely grown here. P.O. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Wreck Bay, or Ponto Chlco, port of Chatham L, Gala- 
 pagos Is. , Ecuador, in 0° 54' S. , 89° 37' W. 
 
 Wreck Cove, settlement, Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton 
 I., Victoria co., on the E. ct., 33 m. NNW. Sydney. 
 
 Wreckenton, PM.O., Eng., Durham, on the border of the 
 pari. bor. of Gateshead, 3J m. SSE. Newcastle, 2 m. SE. Low 
 Fell stn. 
 
 Wreck Point, cape, on the W. ct. of Cape Colony, in 28° 
 54' S. 
 
 Wreck Port, small bay, Ire., SE. ct. of co. Down, bar. 
 Mourne, i8i m. ESE. Newry, with a coastguard station. 
 
 Wrekln," The, detached hill, Eng., Salop, 8 m. ESE. 
 Shrewsbury ; mainly composed of Pre-Cambrian bedded fel- 
 spathic lavas and tuff. Alt. 1342 ft. 
 
 Wrelton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Whitby div., 
 ijh m. W. Scarborough, i^ m. E. by N. Sinnington stn., P.O. 
 
 P.<250. 
 
 Wrenbury with Frith, par., Eng., Cheshire, Eddisbury 
 div., 4i m. SW. Nantwich, on the Ellesmere Canal and the 
 L. & NW. R., with a stn. (Wrenbury) on the L. & NW. & 
 G. W. Joint Rly., P.O. (Wrenbury). P. <5oo; eccles. par. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Wrenlnghani, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 8^ m. SW. by 
 S. Norwich, 2J m. WNW. Flordon stn., PM.O. P.<5oo. 
 See Ashwellthorpe. 
 
 Wrenthani, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, div. and 8 m. SSW. Lowes- 
 toft, PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wrenthnni, tn., U.S., Massachusetts, Norfolk co. , 17 m. 
 NW. Taunton. P. <;3000. 
 
 Wrenthorpe, vil., Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, P.O. See 
 Stanley with Wrenthorpe. 
 
 Wreschen, tn., Prussia, prov. and 27^ m. E. by S. Posen, 
 cap. circle Wreschen. P. (i8i6)<:300o; (1890) 5200. 
 
 Wressell, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div. , on the Derwent, 5I m. NNW. Goole, with a stn. ( Wressle) 
 on the N E. R. In the vicinity are ruins of Wressell Castle, 
 belonging to the Percies, built in the time of Richard II. P. 
 <5oo. 
 
 WrestUngworth, par. , Eng. , in the extreme E. of Bedford- 
 shire, 13 m. E. by S. Bedford, div. and 4^ m. E. by N. Biggles- 
 wade, 3 m. SE. by E. Potton stn., P.O. P. <750- 
 
 Wretham (rgt'am), East and West, two adjoining pars., 
 Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., the former 25 m. E. by N. Ely, 
 5 m. NE. Thetford, i m. ESE. of its stn. (Wretham and 
 nockhani) on the G. E. & Colne Valley Rly., PMT.O. 
 (Wretham). P. (of each) < 250. 
 
W R E T 
 
 W U RN 
 
 Wrettoii, par., Eng. , Norfolk, SW. div. , 13^ m. S. by E. 
 King's Lynn, i m. W. Stoke Ferry stn. P. <5oo. See Were- 
 Iiam. 
 
 >VrexIiam, mun. bor. (since 1857), contributory pari. bor. 
 [Deubigh], and market-tn., Wales, Denbighshire, in the diocese 
 of St. Asaph, on a trib. of the Dee, 12 m. SSW. Chester, 201 m. 
 NNW. London, with a stn. on branches of the G. W. R. and 
 L. & NW. R. Its parish church (tower of 135 ft., completed 
 after 1500) is called ' one of the seven wonders of Wales ; ' and 
 the town claims to be the ' Metropolis of N. Wales. ' Coal and 
 lead are mined in the neighbourhood, and the town has iron 
 and steel works, &c. Market-day, Th. P. (i8oi)<300o; (1891) 
 12,600. 
 
 Wrlbbeiiliall, eccles. par., Eng., Worcestershire, Kidder- 
 minster ancient par., PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wrlesten, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, govt. Potsdam, 
 circle Ober-Barnim. P. (i8i6)<5ooo; (1890)7100. 
 
 Wright, CO., U.S., Iowa, S. of 43° N., and E. of 94° W. 
 
 Wright, CO., U.S., Minnesota, crossed by 94° W., and 
 bounded on the NE. by the Mississippi. 
 
 Wright, CO., U.S., Missouri, in the S., N. of 37° N.,and to 
 the E. of 93° W. 
 
 Wright Green, stn., Eng., Cumberland, Cockermouth div., 
 6 m. SE. Workington, on the L. & NW. and Furness Rlys. 
 
 Wrlghtiugtoii, par. , Eng. , Lancashire, Chorley div. , 6 m. 
 NW. Wigan, 2 m. ENE. Parbold stn., P.O. P.<;2ooo. 
 
 Wright's Lake, Canada, Ontario, Leeds and Frontenac cos., 
 20 m. NNE. Kingston, part of the navigation system of the 
 Rideau Canal. 
 
 Wright Siouiid, channel in the W. of Brit. Columbia, in 53° 
 20' N. , connecting Eraser Reach with Grenville Channel. 
 
 Wrlghtsvllle, vil. , U.S., Georgia, cap. Johnson co., 67 m. 
 SW. Augusta. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Wrlghtsvllle, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, New Hanover co., on 
 the NE'. Cape Fear R., 3 m. N. by E. Wilmington. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Wrlghtsvllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, York co. , on the r. 
 bk. of Susquehanna R. , 25 m. SE. Harrisburg ; iron ore found 
 in the neighbourhood. P. <20oo. 
 
 Wrinehlll, vil., Eng., Cheshire. See Checkley with 
 Wrluehlll. 
 
 Wrliigtoii, par., Eng., Somerset, Wellsdiv. , 9 m. E. Weston- 
 super-Mare, 2^ m. E. Congresbury stn. ; birthplace of the philo- 
 sopher Locke, 1632. PMT.O. 5913 ac. P. < 1500; eccles. par. 
 ^Wriiigtou with Redhlll) P. < 1500. 
 
 Wrlthlliigton, par., Eng., Somerset, div. and 6| m. NW. 
 Frome, i m. E. Radstock stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wrlttle, par., Eng., Essex, div. and ij m. W. Chelmsford, 
 PMT.O."; 8624 ac. P. < 2500. See Highwood. 
 
 Wrockwardlne and Wrockwardliie Wood, two adjoin- 
 ing pars., Eng., Salop, Wellington div., the former 3^ m. E. 
 Shrewsbury, i^ m. E. Walcot stn. Wrockwardine, P. O. , 4583 
 ac, P. <:i5oo; Wrockwardine Wood, PM.O., P. <5ooo. 
 
 Wronke, tn. , Prussia, prov. and 30 m. NW, Posen, circle 
 . Samter, on riv. Warthe. P. <:3000. 
 
 Wroot, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, W. Lindsey div., 11 m. 
 NW. by N. Gainsborough, 3 m. NE. Finningley stn., P.O. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 Wrotham (ru'tam), ancient par. and tn., Eng., Kent, Med- 
 way div., 7^ m. N. by E. Tunbridge, i m. N. by E. of its stn. 
 (Wrotham and Borough Green) on L. C. & D. R. ; had 
 formerly a palace of the archbishops of Canterbury. PMT.O., 
 and P.O. (Wrotham Heath). Market-day, M. 8883 ac. P. 
 
 Wroughtou, par., Eng., Wiltshire, Cricklade div., 2 m. 
 SSW. Swindon, PMT.O. ; 7307 ac. P. <300o. 
 
 Wroxall, vil., Eng., Isle of Wight, i^ m. NW. by N. Vent- 
 nor, with a stn. (Wroxall for Appuldercombe and Gttdshlll) 
 on the Isle of Wight Rly. , PMT.O. See Newchnrch. 
 
 Wroxall, par., Eng., Warwickshire, Stratford-on-Avon div., 
 5^ m. NW. Warwick, 3J m. N. Hatton stn. P. <25o; eccles. 
 par. (Wroxall Abbey) P. <25o. 
 
 Wroxeter, vil., Canada, Ontario, Huron co. , 62 m. N. 
 London, on a railway. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Wroxeter, par., Eng., Salop, Wellington div., on the 1. bk. 
 of the Severn, 5^ m. SE. by E. Shrewsbury, 2^ m. SSE. Upton 
 Magna stn. Extensive remains of the ancient Uriconium were 
 discovered near this, 1859. P.O. 5953 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Wroxham, par., Eng., Norfolk, E. div., on the Bure, •j\ m. 
 NE. Norwich, on the G. E. R., PMT.O., and P.O. (Lower 
 Wroxham). P. <soo; eccles. par. (Wroxham with Sal- 
 house) P. < 1500. See Broads, The. 
 
 Wroxton, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 2J m. WNW. 
 Banbury, PMT.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. (Wroxton with 
 Balscote) P. <75o. 
 
 Wrschowltz, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, dist. Koniglichen Wein- 
 berge. P. 8600. 
 
 Wryde, stn., Eng., Cambridgeshire, on the M. & G. N. Joint 
 Rly. , 4^ m. W. Murrow stn. , P.O. (Wryde Croft) 2 m. from W. 
 
 Wrynose Gap, inland pass, Eng., on borders of Cumberland, 
 Westmorland, and Lancashire, at sources of riv. Duddon. 
 
 Wrythe, The, PM.O., Eng., i m. from Carshalton (Surrey). 
 
 Wsetln, tn. , Austria, Moravia, on riv. Ober Beczwa, 38 m. SE. 
 by E. Olmiitz ; manufactures furniture, cloth, and sugar. P. 6100. 
 
 Wubushl, inlet, E. Africa. See Port Durnford. 
 
 Wuchang, tn. , China, prov. Hupe,> on the r. bk. of the 
 Yangtse-kiang, opposite Hankow and the confluence of the 
 Han-kiang ; seat of the viceroy of the provs. of Hupe and 
 Hunan, who has erected here large cotton-mills, lit with electric 
 light, a laboratory, and a college. P. 4-500,000. 
 
 Wuchou, tn., China, the commercial cap. of prov. Kwangsi, 
 on the 1. bk. of the Si-kiang, two or three miles below the 
 confluence of the Tan-kiang. 
 
 Wuerdle and Wardle, tn. and par., Eng., Lancashire, 
 Middleton div. , 2J m. NNE. Rochdale, close to Littleborough 
 stn. Tn. P. <4ooo ; par. P. 10,500. 
 
 Wuhu, treaty-port (since 1876), China, prov. Nganhwei, 55 
 m. SSE. Nanking, on an affluent of the Yangtse-kiang, about 4 
 m. from the r. bk. of the main stream ; important manufac- 
 turing town ; noted throughout China for its red cord ; also for 
 cutlery and other articles in steel. Foreign trade (exports rice, 
 &c. ; chief import, opium) has g^own considerably since the 
 opening of the port, especially since 1881. The town suffered 
 terribly during the Taiping rebellion. Mean temp. (3 yrs. , 
 1878-79 and 1881), yr. 61.3° F., Jan. 39.0°, Aug. 82.8°. P. 
 100,000. 
 
 Wnkarl, tn., W. Africa, Sokoto, 28 m. from the 1. bk. of 
 the Benue, 220 m. E. of its confluence with the Niger. 
 
 Wn>klang, riv., western China, rises in the W. of Kweichou, 
 and flows E. then N. through the S. of Siichwan, and enters the 
 Yangtse-kiang in about 107° 43' E. ; called in its upper coiu-se 
 the Kian-kiang. 
 
 Wnkung, riv., Manchuria, flows WNW. and joins the 
 Sungari in about 47° 23' N. , a short distance below the conflu- 
 ence of the Hurka and Sungari. 
 
 Wttlfl-ath, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Mettmann, 7 m. 
 W. by N. Barmen ; manufactures iron and steel wares, keys, 
 and has lead-mines. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Wnlsdorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Hanover, govt. Stade, circle 
 Geestemiinde. P. «c30oo. 
 
 WuKkr, lake, India, Kashmir, crossed in the centre by 34° 
 20' N. , 74° 37' E. ; enclosed on E. and N. by very lofty moun- 
 tains, and celebrated for its picturesqueness. On the small 
 island of Lanka are the ruins of a Buddhist temple. Breadth, 
 10 m. ; length, 12 m. 
 
 Wttmme, riv., Prussia, prov. Hanover, flows W. then NW. 
 partly along the frontier of the terr. of Bremen into the Weser 
 at Vegesack ; navigable below the confluence of the Hamme. 
 
 Wtin, tn. , India, Berar, in 20° 3' N. , 79° E. ; chief town of 
 Wiindist. P. (i88i)<5ooo. 
 
 Wun, oasis, central Sudan, to the N. of Wadai, in about 
 
 ^7° 45' N. „ , . o 
 
 Wnngluiu, post-tn., Victoria, Moira co. , m 36 10 S. , 145 
 27' E. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Wung>knm, isl. , China. See 9Iontauha. 
 
 Wungn, dist., Ger. E. Africa. See IMlwungu. 
 
 Wttnnenwll, vil., Switzd., cant, and 7 m. NE. Freiburg. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Wilnschelburg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Neurode, 
 50 m. SW. by S. Breslau, 22 m. E. by S. Trautenau (Bohemia). 
 P. <;30oo. 
 
 Wunsledel, tn. , Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Franconia, 
 circle Wunsiedel, 20 m. ENE. Bayreuth, in the Fichtelgebirge ; 
 manufactures hosiery, agricultural and electrical dynamo 
 machinery, mineral dyes, &c. In the vicinity are quarries of 
 granite, sienite, limestone, marble, and soap-stone. Wunsiedel 
 is the birthplace of Richter (Jean Paul), 1763. Alt. 1742 ft. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Wnustorf, tn., Ger., prov. and 13 m. W. by N. Hanover, 
 circle Neustadt. P. <4000. 
 
 Wuutho, Shan chiefship in Upper Burma, NE. of Mandalay, 
 brought under British administration in 1891 ; rich auriferous 
 quartz reported. 
 
 Wnnyamyanga, country on the N. frontier of Brit. S. 
 Africa, between Lakes Tanganyika and Nyassa, between about 
 32 1° and 33° E. 
 
 Wupper, riv. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , winds N W. then SW. 
 past Barmen and Elberfeld, and enters the Rhine a few miles 
 below Cologne ; not navigable. 
 
 Wnpperthal, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. and 22 m, 
 ESE. Clanwilliam, 64 m. SW. by S. Calvinia. 
 
 Wiirbenthal, tn., Austria, Silesia, on riv. Oppa, 23 m. 
 WNW. Troppau ; manufactures linens and iron wire ; has an 
 acidulated mineral spring. In the vicinity are iron-mines and 
 an astronomical observatory. P. < 3000. 
 
 Wttrm, Lake, Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, govt. Upper Bavaria, 13 
 m. SW. Munich ; 13 m. long, by 1-2^ m. broad. 
 
 Wurnu, tn., central Sudan, kgd. and 15J m. NE. Sokoto, 
 of which it is the present cap.; occupies a fine position on an 
 isolated rock 130 ft. high. To the N. is the riv. Gulbi-n-Rima 
 or Gulbi-n-Sokoto. P. <2000. 
 
 1747 
 
W U R S — VV U T I 
 
 ^'urselen, vil., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle and 4 m. NNp. 
 Aix-la-Chapelle. P. (comm.) 8400. 
 
 Warsten, dist., Prussia, prov. Hanover, stretching about 15 
 m. N. from the mouth of the Weser. 
 
 Wttrtemberg, kgd., Ger., lying between Bavaria (E.) and 
 Baden (S., W., and NW.), and touching the Lake of Constance 
 in the S.; divided into the four circles Neckar, Schwarzwald 
 (Black Forest), Jagst, and Donau (Danube). The separate 
 principality of Hohenzollern, an oblong strip of terr. , penetrates 
 towards the middle of Wiirtemberg from the S. 
 
 In extent, Wiirtemberg is the third largest of the states com- 
 prised within the German Empire, though somewhat less than the 
 combined area of Yorkshire and Lancashire. Fifty miles of the 
 W. frontier fall within the limits of the Black Forest (loftiest alt., 
 part of Homisgrinde, 3820 ft. ). From the SW. corner of the 
 country stretches in a NE. direction the chain of the Rauhe 
 Alb or Swabian Jura (highest point, 3327 ft.). S. of this last 
 range and parallel to it flows the Danube, and between the 
 Danube and the Lake of Constance is a plateau region (1900 ft. 
 to 2450 ft.), bounded E. by the Iller, which runs up to the Ade- 
 legg (3668 ft.), an outlier of the Alps, in the extreme SE., and 
 falls away northwards to the Danube (1522 ft. at Ulm). On the 
 N. side of the Alb, Wiirtemberg is a region of fertile plateaux 
 (1000 ft. to 2400 ft.) and valleys, watered by the Neckar and its 
 tribs. (the Filz, Rems, Murr, Kocher, Jagst, Eschach, Nagold, 
 Enz, Zaber), and by the Tauber (NE.), an affluent of the Main, 
 and sinking as a whole in altitude towards the NW. (500 ft.). 
 Wiirtemberg enjoys a temperate climate, the yearly mean in 
 the valley of the Neckar being 4S°-5o°, and in the mountainous 
 parts about 40° F. Nearly one-half of the surface is devoted to 
 agriculture (vine, fruit, rye, maize, pease, lentils, spelt, oats, 
 wheat, barley, potatoes, beetroot, chickory, flax, hops, tobacco, 
 turnips, vetch, |cabbage, &c. ) ; aboutjone-fifth consists of meadows 
 and grass ; and nearly one-third is covered with forests (princi- 
 pally Conifercs and beech). The wine, fruits, and spelt of 
 Wiirtemberg are especially celebrated. The keeping of cattle, 
 sheep, horses, and swine constitutes an important branch of 
 industry. Salt and iron are the only minerals of importance, 
 the former extracted at Heilbronn, Hall, Friedrichshall , Wil- 
 helmshall, and Sulz. Turf is pretty widely distributed. The 
 manufactures embrace gold and silver work, cast-iron goods, 
 cutlery, arms, ironmongery, machinery (Esslingen), bell-cast- 
 ing, mathematical instruments, musical instruments (including 
 organs, pianos, and musical boxes), roofing-tiles, cement, glass, 
 chemicals, wood-carving and allied trades, toys, paper, printing 
 (Stuttgart), cottons, silks, woollens, linens, embroidery, beer, 
 flour, confectionery, &c. Stuttgart is the principal centre of 
 publishing in S. Germany. Nearly one-half of the population 
 are engaged in these and other industrial pursuits all over the 
 country, though the principal seats are Stuttgart, Esslingen, 
 Heilbronn, Gmiind, Reutlingen, Kanstatt, Ulm, Tuttlingen, 
 Ludwigsburg, Blaubeuren, Schramberg, Heidenheim, Goppin- 
 gen, and Ebingen. An active trade is carried on, even with 
 distant parts of the world ; the most important trading-centres are 
 Heilbronn, Friedrichshafen (on Lake of Constance), and Ulm on 
 the borders, and Stuttgart in the centre. In addition to the navi- 
 gable Neckar and Lake of Constance, the country is served by 
 looo to 1500 m. of railways and by excellent roads, most of the 
 railways being state property. The government rests in the hands 
 of a hereditary constitutional monarch, assisted by a ministry of 
 six members and a privy council, and by two legislative chambers 
 — that of the Magnates, partly hereditary, partly nominated by 
 the sovereign, and that of the People's Representatives (70), with 
 certain ex-officio and class delegates. Wiirtemberg sends seven- 
 teen members to the German Reichstag (diet), and has four 
 votes in the Federal Council. The people are mostly descendants 
 of the ancient Alemanni and Suevi (Swabians). The educational 
 status of Wiirtemberg stands praiseworthily high, attendance at 
 school being compulsory upon all children between seven and 
 fourteen years of age. There is a university at Tiibingen, an 
 excellent polytechnic at Stuttgart, an agricultural college at 
 Hohenheim, a conservatory of music at Stuttgart, and numerous 
 good technical and special colleges. Stuttgart, the cap., has a 
 population approaching 150,000 ; and there are ten other towns 
 with populations between 10,000 and 50,000. The second towH 
 of the kingdom in point of size is Ulm (36,000). The earliest 
 historical inhabitants of Wiirtemberg were the Suevi, who were 
 subdued by the Romans in the ist century. In the 3rd century 
 the country was conquered by the Alemanni, in the end of the 
 5th by the Franks, and in the 9th it was incorporated in the 
 duchy of Swabia, one of the great divisions of the empire. The 
 countly house of Wiirtemberg was foimded in the 12th century, 
 and in the end of the 15th advanced to the ducal dignity. Duke 
 Ulrich, the most striking personality amongst the dukes, pro- 
 voked the hostility of his peasantry as well as of the neighbouring 
 princes, but lived to introduce the Reformation into his state. 
 Wiirtemberg suffered severely during the Thirty Years' War. In 
 1802 the duke threw in his lot with the French, and was rewarded 
 by a large accession of territory, and the title of Elector, ex- 
 changed in 1806 for the higher title of King. In 1866 Wiirtem- 
 1748 
 
 berg sided with Austria against Prussia, but five years later 
 joined the German Empire. See German Empire, table. 
 [J. T. B.] 
 
 Wiirteiul>erg Bay, Ger. New Guinea, in the \N^. of Huon 
 Bay, in about 7° 24' S. , 147° o' E. 
 
 Wttrten»l>erg Canal. See Alexander Wttrtemberg. 
 
 Wiirtsboro, vil., U.S., New York, Sullivan co. , 32 m. WSW. 
 Poughkeepsie, on the Delaware and Hudson Canal. P. < 1500. 
 
 WurKbacli, market-tn. , Ger., princip. Reuss Younger Line, 
 circle Schleiz. P. < 2000. 
 
 Wttrzburg, tn. , Bavaria, cap. of administrative division of 
 Lower Franconia, on the riv. Main, 60 m. E. by S. Frankfort- 
 on-Main. Its memorable buildings include the cathedral, founded 
 842, rebuilt 1042 ; the handsome Mary chapel (14th to 15th cen- 
 turies), in the Gothic style ; the Romanesque church of St. 
 Burkard (nth century) ; the Haug church, in the Italian Re- 
 naissance style (1670-91); the New Minster church, which 
 contains the grave and a monument to the mediaeval poet 
 Walter von der Vogelweide (died 1230) ; the royal castle (1720- 
 1744), formerly residence of the prince-bishops of Wiirzburg, an 
 imitation of the Versailles Palace ; and the university, founded 
 originally in 1403, but refounded in 1582, with a celebrated 
 medical school, the excellently equipped Julius Hospital (1576), 
 an observatory, and library of 200,000 vols. The town is over- 
 looked by the fortress of Marienburg, built on the site of a 
 Roman fort and fortified in 1203 ; it was the residence of the 
 bishops down to 1720. In the vicinity of the town is a pilgrimage 
 church on the summit ( 1 162 ft. ) of the Nickolausberg. Wiirzburg 
 is a busy manufacturing centre ; the principal objects of industry 
 are tobacco and cigars, mathematical and musical instruments, 
 wine, printing-presses, machinery, playing-cards, gold braid, 
 railway carriages, and various others. There is an active trade 
 in wine, fruit, coal, and timber ; considerable quantities of both 
 wine and fruit being grown in the neighbourhood. Wiirzburg 
 dates from the 7th century. The bishopric was founded in 741 
 by St. Boniface. In the loth century the town was surrounded 
 by walls ; it was further fortified in 1650, and remained a 
 fortress until 1866. Several imperial diets were held here during 
 the Middle Ages. In 1525 Wiirzburg fell into the hands of the 
 revolted peasants, and in 1631 was occupied by Gustavus Adol- 
 phus of Sweden. Marshal Jourdan, in command of the French 
 Republicans, suffered a defeat under its walls in 1796 at the 
 hands of the Archduke Charles of Austria. Wiirzburg passed 
 to Bavaria in 1803, and was bombarded and occupied by the 
 Prussians in 1866. Alt. 594 ft. P. (1871)40,000; (1890) 61,000, 
 of whom 47,500 are Roman Catholics. 
 
 Wnrzen, or Wnrzen in Sachsen, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, 
 circle and 15^ m. E. by N. Leipzig, dist. Grimma. P. (i834)' 
 <400o; (1890)14,600. 
 
 Wnsban-taslen (or lilen), tn., China, in the E. of Suchwan, 
 on the 1. bk. of and at the most northerly part of the curve of 
 the Yangtse-kiang between Ichang and Chungking, in 110° 13' 
 E. ; gives name to the Wushan gorge, 20 m. long, the longest 
 on the navigable part of the river. 
 
 Wusbek, tn. , central Sudan, in the N. of Munio, a vassal 
 state of Bornu, in about 14° N. , 10° E. 
 
 Wuso-ling, or Tsba-llng, pass, China, Kansu, over a spur 
 of the Nan-shan range, to the S. of Liangchou. Alt. 9900 ft. 
 (10,080 ft., Michaelis). See Proc. R. G. S., 1890, p. 71. 
 
 Wnsterbausen, or Wusterhansen an der Dosse, tn. ,. 
 Prussia, prov. and 34 m. N. Brandenburg, circle Ruppin. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 Wttsteivaltersdorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Walden- 
 burg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Wnstro-w, or Wnstrow In Mecklenburg, vil., Ger., 
 Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the coast, 20 m. NNE. Rostock. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Wnsnng, riv., China, in S. of prov. Kiangsu, issues as the 
 Futhang-ho from Lake Sitai, flows E., takes the name of 
 Hwangphu, and finally flows N. past Shangh^.i (^.v.) and enters 
 the Yangtse-kiang just below the town of Wusung. 
 
 Wnsung, tn., China, prov. Kiangsu, on the 1. bk. of the 
 mouth of the Wusung R., 11 m. N. Shanghai. 
 
 Wutacli, riv., Ger., gd.-duchy of Baden, a r. bk. trib. of the 
 Rhine, rises on the SE. slope of the Feldberg (4900 ft.), in the 
 Black Forest, and flows SSW. between the Swabian Jura and 
 the Black Forest, and joins the Rhine SE. of Waldshut, above 
 the confluence of the Aar, after a course of 70 m. 
 
 >Vatai-8han (improperly irtni-shan), mt. range, China, in 
 E. of prov. Shansi, trending SW. to NE., crossed in the S. by 
 39° N. ; in a more special sense an intricate assemblage of ridges 
 separated by narrow valleys and wild gorges in the S. part 
 of the range, celebrated throughout Mongolia on account of 
 its Buddhist temples and monasteries, and the sanctity of the 
 site generally, this being the most sacred spot and the most 
 frequented place of pilgrimage for all Mongolian Buddhists. 
 
 Wutlng, tn., China, prov. Shantung, no m. S. by E. 
 Tientsin. 
 
 Wutlng-cbon, tn., China, Yiinnan, 40 m. NW. by N.. 
 Yiinnan-fu. 
 
W U VV E 
 
 W Y M E 
 
 Wawel, tn., China, prov. Nganhwei, 38 m. W. Wuhu, 
 IVy, Cymro-Celtic, 'water.' See Gwji. 
 
 IVyaudot, co. , U.S., Ohio, in the NW., bounded on the N. 
 by 41° N. , W. of 83° W. 
 
 Wyaiidots, tribe. See Hnrous. 
 
 Wyandotte, co., U.S., Kansas, in the part of the state 
 adjoining Kansas City, Missouri; formerly also the name of a 
 city which is practically a suburb of Kansas City in the state 
 of Kansas, and is now called Kansas City (Kas. ). 
 
 Wyandotte, city, U.S., Michigan, Wayne co., on the r. bk. 
 of the Detroit, 12 m. SW. by S. Detroit, with which it is con- 
 nected by an electrical tramway ; has iron shipbuilding, boat- 
 building, lumbering, and other industries. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Wyandotte Care, a remarkable cavern, U.S., near the 
 middle of the S. border of Indiana. It excels the Mammoth 
 Cave in its stalagmites and stalactites ; one of its chambers is 
 350 ft. long, and 245 ft. high ; and its branches have been ex- 
 plored for over 20 m. 
 
 "Wyanet, vil., U.S., Illinois, Bureau co. , 109 m. WSW. 
 Chicago. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wyiiston, P.O., Eng. , 2 m. from Osmaston, Derbyshire. 
 
 Wyberton ((wl'ber-ton), par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Holland 
 div., 14 m. S. Boston, P.O. P. <7So. 
 
 Wybons, post-tn. , New South Wales, Brisbane co. , 70 m. 
 SSW. Tamworth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wyboston, P.O., Eng., Bedfordshire, 3 m. SW. St. Neots. 
 
 Wybnnbury, par., Eng., Cheshire, Crewe div., 3^ m. 
 ESE. Nantwich, 4 m. WSW. Betley Road stn., PMT.O. 
 P. <7So. 
 
 Wycli, Higli, eccles. par., Eng., co. , div., and 9 m. E. 
 Hertford, P.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Wychlwld, eccles. par., Eng., Worcestershire, div. and 2 m. 
 NE. Droitwich, P.O. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wych Chapel, vil. , Eng. , Herefordshire. See Col wall. 
 
 Wyeli Cross, P.O., Eng., 5 m. SE. East Grinstead, Sussex. 
 
 Wyclie, liOwer, PM.O., Eng., 2 m. from Malvern, Worcester- 
 shire. 
 
 Wyche, Upper, P.O., Eng., 2 m. from Malvern, Worcester- 
 shire. 
 
 Wyckeproof, post-tn. , Victoria, Kara Kara co. , at the foot 
 of Slount Wyclieproof, 90 m. W. Echuca. P. <i5oo. 
 
 WycUough, par., Eng., Cheshire, Whitchurch union. P. 
 
 <2SO. 
 
 Wycltwood, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, Woodstock div. , 4 m. 
 NW. Witney. P. <:25o. See Leafleld. 
 
 Wycliwood Forest, an upland tract, Eng. , on the borders of 
 the Banbury and Woodstock div. of Oxfordshire, about 7^ ni. 
 W. Woodstock. 
 
 Wyck, locality, Eng., Hampshire, Petersfield div., 10^ m. 
 SW. Aldershot, 2 m. E. Alton stn. 
 
 WyclilTe wltli Thorpe, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 on the r. bk. of the Tees, div. and 9 m. NNW. Richmond, 
 3 m. SW. Winston stn, P. <25o. 
 
 Wycoller, vil., Eng., Lancashire, Clitheroe div., 7 m. NE. 
 by E. Burnley, 4 m. E. by S. Colne stn. 
 
 Wyeomb, vil., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 4 m. 
 NNE. Melton Mowbray, 2 m. E. by N. Scalford stn. See 
 Chadwell. 
 
 Wycombe (wik'am), par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, Wycombe 
 div., iii^ m. NW. by N. Windsor. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Wycombe, Chipping (or High), civic par., mun. bor., and 
 eccles. par., Eng., Bucks, adjoining the parish of Wycombe 
 (the whole of which is included in the mun. bor.), with stns. 
 (High Wycombe and West Wycombe) on the G. W. R., 29 
 m. by rail from London, near the base of the Chiltern Hills. 
 It is an old town. In 1774 a tesselated pavement was found 
 near, along with a large number of Roman coins, some of 
 Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. It was governed by a 
 mayor as early as the time of Henry III., though it did not 
 receive its charter of incorporation till the reign of Henry VI. 
 Till 1867 it sent two members, and till 1885 one member, to 
 Parliament. It has a free 1 grammar-school and almshouses, 
 originally founded out of funds belonging to the Hospital of St. 
 John, in the town, but confiscated by the crown at the dissolution 
 of the monasteries, now under the management of the corporate 
 charity trustees. It has barracks, and in the i8th century had 
 a branch of the Royal Military College, afterwards removed to 
 Sandhurst. Formerly it carried on lace-making and straw-plait- 
 ing, but now the making of chairs is the staple industry. Alt. 
 225 ft. Mean rfall. (1866-80), yr. 26.7 in. Market-day, F. Par. 
 6266 ac, P. 11,400; mun. bor. 687 ac, P. (1801) 2350; (1851) 
 4200; (1891) 13,400; eccles. par. (High Wycombe) P. (1891) 
 14,400; pari. div. (Wycombe or South Division) P. (1891) 
 66,900. 
 
 Wycombe, West, par., zh m. WNW. Chipping Wycombe, 
 PT.O. ; 6533 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Wycombe Marsh, P.O., 2 m. from High Wycombe, Buck- 
 inghamshire, Eng. 
 
 Wyddlal, par., Eng., Hertfordshire, Hitchin div., 123 m. 
 N. by E. Hertford, i| m. N. Buntingford stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wye, riv., Eng., in the NW. of Derbyshire, flows SE. past 
 Bakewell to the riv. Derwent, which it joins on the 1. bk. at 
 Great Rowsley. 
 
 Wye, par., Eng., Kent, div. and 4 m. NE. by E. Ashford, on 
 the Stour, on the SE. R. , with a bridge over the Stour. The 
 church was rebuilt by Archbishop Kempe, and dates from the time 
 of Henry VI. The college, founded in 1431, but suppressed in 
 1534, was in 1893 appropriated for the South-Eastern Agricul- 
 tural College, endowed by the county councils of Kent and 
 Surrey. PMT.O. 7349 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wye, riv., Eng. and Wales, rises on the S. side of Plin- 
 limmon, co. Montgomery, near the source of the Severn, flows 
 mostly SE. through a part of Radnorshire, and between the 
 cos. Radnor and Brecon, intersects the co. Hereford near its 
 centre, below Hereford turns S. , and after separating the cos. 
 Gloucester and Monmouth enters the estuary of the Severn 
 2 m. S. Chepstow, which town with Hereford, Monmouth, 
 Ross, Hay, Builth, and Rhayader are on its banks. Principal 
 affluents, 1. bk. the Luff and Ithon, r. bk. Caerwen and Irfron. 
 Total course, 130 m. ; navigable for large vessels to Chepstow, 
 for vessels of 40 tons burden to Hereford (70 m. ), and to Hay 
 (100 m. ) for small craft ; but its navigation is often interrupted 
 by its shallowness or rapidity. Its course in Herefordshire is 
 renowned for beauty. It is connected with the Severn by a 
 canal from Hereford to Gloucester, and has a valuable salmon 
 fishery. The rise of the tide at the mouth of this river, amount- 
 ing at Chepstow to 46 ft. at the highest spring tides, is believed 
 to be greater than anywhere else except Fundy Bay. 
 
 Wye, riv., U.S., Maryland, an arm of Chesapeake Bay, 
 extending for some distance between Talbot and Queen Anne 
 counties. 
 
 Wyersdale, Xether and Over, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Lancashire, on the riv. Wyre, div. and 6-7 m. SE. Lancaster. 
 Nether Wyersdale, 4229 ac. , P. < 1000 ; Over Wyersdale, 17,319 
 ac. , P. <75o. 
 
 Wycvale, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Simcoe co. , 20 m. E. by N. 
 Collingwood, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wyfordby, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 2 m. E. 
 Melton Mowbray, P.O. P. <:25o. 
 
 Wygnanka, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, dist. Czortk6w. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Wyham with Cadeby, par. , Eng. , Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey 
 div., 6 m. NW. by N. Louth, 2 m. W. by S. Ludborough stn. 
 P. <:2So. 
 
 Wyhlen, vil., Ger. , gd. -duchy of Baden, 4^ m. E. by S. Basel 
 (Switzd. ). P. < 2000. 
 
 Wyfe, seapt. vil., Prussia, prov. Schleswig-Holstein, 21 m. 
 SSW. Tondern, at SE. extremity of Fohr I. ; is a trading port, 
 and has sea-bathing. The harbour, i ac. in area, with about 
 500 ft. of quayage, has a depth alongside at ordinary springs 
 of 8 ft. at high water, and nil at low water. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wyke, eccles. par. , Eng. , Hampshire. See Weehe. 
 
 Wyke, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, Ash and Worplesdon 
 ancient pars. P. <750. 
 
 Wyke, stn. and PMT.O., Eng., Yorkshire. See Wlke. 
 
 Wyke, or Week Champflower, part of eccles. par. , Eng. , 
 Somerset. See Pltcombe. 
 
 Wyheham, eccles. par., Eng., Hampshire. See Wlckham. 
 
 Wykciiam, vil. , Eng., Leicestershire. See Rothley. 
 
 Wykeham, par., Eng., Yorkshire, Whitby div., 5 m. WSW. 
 Scarborough, on the NE. R., P.O.; 8200 ac. P. <:5oo. 
 
 Wykeham, East, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, Lindsey div., 
 7 m. W. Louth. P. <25o. 
 
 Wyken, par. , Eng. , Warwickshire, Nuneaton div. , on the 
 Sow, 2^ m. ENE. Coventry; coal mined. P. <25o. 
 
 Wykie Regis, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, S. div., ih m. WSW. 
 Weymouth, PMT.O. P. <4Soo. 
 
 Wyl, tn., Switzd. See WU. 
 
 Wylani, par., Eng., Northumberland, Wansbeck div., on 
 the Tyne, 8^ m. W. Newcastle, on the NE. R. and N. B. R. 
 Birthplace of George Stephenson, the engineer, 1781. Coal 
 mined. PMT.O., and P.O. (West Wylam Colliery). P. < 
 1500. 
 
 Wylam, .\orth, stn., Eng., Northumberland, on the New- 
 castle, Newburn, and North Wylani branch of the NE. R. 
 
 Wyld Crag, mt. , Tasmania, Franklin co. , in 42° 28' S. , 146° 
 25' E. Alt. 4399 ft. 
 
 Wylde Green, stn., Eng., Warwickshire, Tamworth div., 
 on the L. & NW. R., 5^ m. NNE. Birmingham, PMT.O. 
 
 Wylhof, castle, Switzd. See Hofwyl. 
 
 Wylle, stn., Canada, prov. Ontario, on the C. P. R., 251 
 m. by rail W. Montreal. 
 
 Wylye (wai'll), or Wily, par., Eng., Wiltshire, on riv. 
 Wylye, Wilton div., 10 m. NW. by W., on the G. W. R., 
 PMT.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Wymerlng, par., Eng., Hampshire, Fareham div., on 
 Portsmouth Harbour, 3^ m. NNE. Portsmouth, i m. NW. 
 Cosham stn. P. < 1500. See Wldley. 
 
 Wymeswold, or Wlmeswould, par., Eng., Leicestershire, 
 div. and s ni. NE. by E. Loughborough, PM.O. P. <:iooo. 
 
 1749 
 
W Y M I 
 
 W Y V I 
 
 'Wynilngtou, par., Eng. , on the N. border of Bedfordshire, 
 Biggleswade div. , ii m. NW. by N. Bedford, 2 m. SE. by E. 
 Irchester stn. P. <:5oo. 
 
 liVyniondliaiu, par., Eng., Leicestershire, Melton div., 6 
 m. E. Melton Mowbray, with a stn. (Ednioiidtliorpe and 
 Wymoiidhani) on the M. R., 2 m. NE. Whissendine stn., 
 PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Wymoudtaam (wind'am), par., Eng., Norfolk, Mid div., 9 
 m. WSW. Norwich, an important junction on the G. E. R. ; 
 manufactures brushes and boots. The church comprises part 
 of a Benedictine priory founded 1107. The old wooden market 
 cross dates from 1616; it was repaired in 1863, and now serves 
 as a reading-room. There is an Edward VI. grammar-school. 
 PMT.O. 10,950 ac. P. <sooo. 
 
 Wyniondley, Great and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Hertfordshire, div. and 2 m. SSE. Hitchin stn., 9 m. NE. by 
 E. Luton, P.O. (little Wyniondley), and P.O. (Mnch 
 Wyniondley). P. (of each) < 500; eccles. par. (Great 
 Wyniondley with Ippollltt.s) P. < 1500. 
 
 Wyniore, vil. , U.S., Nebraska, Gage co. P. <30oo. 
 
 Wynaad, sub-dist., India. See Walnikd. 
 
 Wynberg, tn.. Cape Colony, Cape dist., 7 m. SSE. Cape 
 Town, on the railway to Kimberley. Mean temp. (i5yrs. ), 
 yr. 62.5° P., Jan. 69.6°, July 55.3° ; mean annual rfall. (17 yrs.), 
 42.72 in. P. < 5000. 
 
 Wynbnrg, tn., S. Africa, Orange Free State, cap. dist., 68 
 m. NE. Bloemfontein. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Wyndcaleton, par., Eng., Somerset. See Wlncanton. 
 
 Wynd Cllir, cliff, Eng. , Monmouthshire. See WlndcUlT. 
 
 Wyudliani, mining tp., New South Wales, 358 m. S. 
 Sydney by road and rail. P. <i500. 
 
 Wyndliani, post-tn. , New Zealand, South I., Southland co. , 
 on the 1. bk. of the Mataura, 24 m. E. by N. Invercargill. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Wyndliani, vil. , Victoria. See Werrlbee. 
 
 Wyndliani, tn. and harb., W. Australia, Plantagenet co., 
 7 m. NE. Albany ; port and nearest starting-point for the 
 Kimberley goldfield, from which it is 300 miles distant. 
 P. < 1 500. 
 
 Wynford Eagle, par., Eng., Dorsetshire, W. div., 7^ m. 
 WNW. Dorchester, i^ m. SW. Maiden Newton stn. P. <25o. 
 See Toller Fratrnm. 
 
 Wyngliene, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. 
 Thielt, II m. S. by E. Bruges. P. 7800. 
 
 Wynward, vil., Eng., Durham, SE. div., 5 m. NNW. 
 Stockton, with a stn. (Wynyard) on the NE. R. See 
 Grlndoii. 
 
 Wynyard, co. , New South Wales, bounded on the N. 
 by the Murrumbidgee R., and crossed in the middle by 
 148° E. 
 
 Wynyard, tn. and port of entry, Tasmania, Wellington co. , 
 on the coast, 33 m. NNE. Waratah. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wynyard River, post-tn., Tasmania, Dorset co., in a 
 tin-mining district, 80 m. E. Launceston by road and rail. 
 P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wyoming, vil. , Canada, Ontario, Lambton co. , 44 m. W. 
 London, on a railway. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Wyo'mlng, one of the United States, admitted 1890, a rectan- 
 gular portion of the Rocky Mts. , whence a small rectangle in 
 the NW. has been set apart by the Federal Government as the 
 Yellowstone National Park [q.v.), leaving Wyoming a little 
 larger than Great Britain, bounded W. by Idaho, N. by 
 Montana, E. by S. Dakota and Nebraska, S. by Colorado, 
 SW. by Utah. Only Arizona and Nevada have a smaller 
 population. Cheyenne (P. 11,700), the cap., in the SE., the 
 most populous region, is the only city exceeding 8000. Since 
 1870 women have possessed equal right with men to vote and 
 take office. The surface is a plateau, with an average elevation 
 exceeding 6000 ft. From this level the higher portions of the 
 mountains rise in ridges and hill groups. S. are the Laramie 
 Hills, connected by Seminole and Green Mts. , running W. , with 
 loftier Wind R. and Shoshone Mts. (Fremont's Peak, 13,570 
 ft.), running NNW. to the Yellowstone region. The Big Horn 
 Mts. are N., and the Black Hills NE. Between these high 
 grounds are rivers of corresponding names running to the 
 Pacific, Atlantic, and Great Salt Lake. The rivers are not 
 navigable, but furnish power and water for irrigation. The 
 rainfall is slight ; the air dry, clear, and rare ; the summer short 
 and cool ; the winter long and severe [Cheyenne]. Pine forests 
 clothe the higher ground to 10,000 ft. with fine timber, Uttle used. 
 Perhaps one-sixth of the soil is capable of cultivation under irriga- 
 tion. Farm products are unimportant, but there is much natural 
 grazing. The raising of cattle, sheep, and horses is the chief 
 occupation. Wyoming has a very varied geology ; minerals 
 abound, but are little worked. Iron, gold, tin, soda, and salt 
 are possibly capable of development. Petroleum is known to be 
 abundant, but the distance of markets prevents working, and 
 the bores made have been phigged. Coal exists over an area 
 of 4000 sq. m. , and is worked extensively along the line of the 
 Union Pacific RR. The yield increases steadily, doubling from 
 1750 
 
 1887 to 1891, in which year but seven states surpassed Wyoming 
 in value of coal mined. Area, 97,890 sq. m. P. 60,700. See 
 United States, table. [W. 8.] 
 
 Wyoming, tn., U.S., lUinois, Stark co., 125 m. SW. by W. 
 Chicago, 27 m. NNW. Peoria. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wyoming, vil., U.S., Iowa, Jones co., 36 m. SW. by S. 
 Dubuque. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wyoming, CO., U.S., New York, in the W., partly bounded 
 on the E. by 78° W. , S. of 43° N. 
 
 Wyoming, vil., U.S., Ohio, Hamilton co., 10 m. N. Cincin- 
 nati. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wyoming, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co., on the 
 N. Branch of the Susquehanna, 11 m. SW. by W. Scranton. 
 Alt. (station) 588 ft. (R.R.). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Wyoming, co., U.S., Pennsylvania, N. of 41° N., and 
 traversed by the N. Branch of the Susquehanna R. 
 
 Wyoming, co., U.S., W. Virginia, on the SW. frontier, 
 crossed in the W. by 82° W. 
 
 Wyoming Peak, mt., U.S., Wyoming, Uintah co., 115 m. 
 N. by E. from the SW. comer of the state. Alt. 11,490 ft. 
 (Hayden). 
 
 Wyoming Valley, valley, 20 m. long, with an average breadth 
 of 3 m., U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co. , traversed by the N. 
 Branch of the Susquehanna R., and enclosed by mountains of 
 about 1000 ft. high. The river enters through the Lackawan- 
 nock Gap, and passes out through the Nanticoke Gap. Near 
 the centre are Wyoming Falls. The massacre of Wyoming, 
 the subject of Campbell's poem, took place here, July 3, 1778. 
 
 Wyrardlsbnry (rez'beri), par., Eng., Buckinghamshire, 
 Wycombe div., near the Thames, 3J m. SE. by E. Windsor, 
 with a stn. (Wrayshnry) on the L. & SW. R., PMT.O. 
 (Wrayshnry). P. <75o. 
 
 Wyre, riv., Eng., Lancashire, rises in the W. of Bowland 
 Forest, and flows SW. , W., and NW., entering Morecambe 
 Bay by an estuary, at the mouth of which stands Fleetwood. 
 
 Wyre Dock, stn., Eng., Lancashire, on the L. & Y. & 
 L. & N W. Joint Rly. , at Fleetwood. 
 
 Wyre Forest, stn., Eng., Salop, on the G. W. R., 5 m. W. 
 Bewdley. 
 
 Wyre Pldille, pan, Eng., Worcestershire, on the Avon, div. 
 and 6 m. WNW. Evesham, close to Pershore stn., P.O. P. < 
 250. See Fladhury. 
 
 Wyresdale, the upper part of the Wyre valley, Eng. , Lanca- 
 shire. See Wyersdale, Nether and Over. 
 
 Wyrley, Great, par., Eng., Staffordshire, Lichfield div., 6 
 m. N. by W. Walsall, \ m. E. Wyrley and Clinreh Brhlge 
 stn. on the L. & NW. R.; coal mined. P.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wysall, par., Eng., Nottinghamshire, Rushcliffe div., 7 m. 
 NE. Loughborough, 3 m. W. by S. Windmerpool stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. See Wlllonghhy on the Wolds. 
 
 Wysofan, tn., Austria, Bohemia, dist. Karolminthal. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 Wysztyter See, lake, in the extreme S. of E. Prussia, 25 m. 
 SE. Gumbinnen, drained N. by the Pissa, a left branch of the 
 Pregel. Length 6 m., by 7.\ m. in its widest part ; area, 7 sq. m. 
 
 Wytehcross, P.O., Eng., Sussex. See Wycli Cross. 
 
 Wythall, or Wlthall, eccles. par., Eng., Warwickshire, E, 
 div., 7 m. S. Birmingham, PM.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wythani, par., Eng., Berkshire, Abingdon div., 3 m. NW. 
 by W. Oxford, P.O. P. <25o. 
 
 Wythbnrn (waith'bem), eccles. par., Eng., Cumberland, 
 Penrith div., at the foot of Helvellyn, i m. from the S. shore 
 of Thirlmere, (>\ m. SE. by S. Keswick, P.O. P. <75o. See 
 Castlerlgg St. .John's. 
 
 Wythe, CO., U.S., Virginia, in the SW. , crossed in the N. 
 by 37° N., and in the E. by 81° W., with mines of lead and 
 manganese. 
 
 WythevlUe, tn., U.S., Virginia, cap. Wythe co., 205 m. 
 W. by S. Richmond, 113 m. W by S. Lynchburg, with man- 
 ganese mines; favourite tourist resort. Alt. 2242 ft. (R.R.). 
 Mean temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 53.5° F., Jan. 35.0°, July 71.8°. 
 P. < 3000. 
 
 Wythop, par., Eng., Cumberland, union and 5 m. SE. 
 Cockermouth. P. <25o. 
 
 Wyton, vil., Canada, Ontario, Middlesex co. , ■j\ m. NE. by 
 N. London, on a railway. P. < 1500. 
 
 Wyton, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and i m. E. 
 Huntingdon. P. <25o. 
 
 Wyton, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Holdemess div., 
 6 m. NE. by E. Hull, 2^ m. SE. by E. Swine stn. P. 
 <25o. 
 
 Wytschaete, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. 
 Ypres. P. <40oo. 
 
 Wyvenhoe, stn., Eng., Essex. See Wlvenhoe. 
 
 Wyverstone, par., Eng., Suffolk, Eye div., 11 m. E. by 
 N. Bury St. Edmunds, i m. W. Finningham stn., P.O. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 WyvlUe -with Hnngerton, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, S. 
 Kesteven div., 5 m. SSW. Grantham, 3^ m. W. by S. Great 
 Ponton stn. P. <25o. 
 
X AI N — Y AGU 
 
 X 
 
 Xaliitois, dist. , France, dep. Vosges. 
 
 Xaliitrle, dist., France, formerly in Bas-Limousin, now in 
 dep. Correze ; is a plateau, 1640-2460 ft. high, between the 
 1. bk. of the Dordogne and its trib. the Cere. 
 
 Xala, municip. , Mexico, Hidalgo, 100 m. NE. by E. Mexico. 
 
 Xalauga, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Tembu-land, 80 m. 
 SE. Aliwal North. 
 
 Xaltocaii, lake, Mexico, in the ' valley,' 15I m. NNE. 
 Mexico, N. of Lakes Texcuco and San Cristobal. In times of 
 inundation the waters of this lake, prior to the construction of a 
 recent drainage tunnel, used to be a menace to the city ; it is 
 almost always dry, being in reality only a large pond without 
 depth ; its area varies according to the year and seasons. 
 
 Xalncliigo, vil. , Mexico, Vera Cruz, 125 m. NE. Puebla. 
 
 Xaiiteii, tn. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , 33 m. NNW. Diisseldorf, 
 circle Mors. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Xaiitlil, Turkey in Europe. See Esklje. 
 
 Xaiitlioj^, site of ruins, Asia Minor, N. of Giinek, on 1. bk. of 
 the Eschen-Cai, about 8 m. above its mouth, in about 36° 20' N. 
 
 Xaragna, another name for Enriquillo, lake, Haiti. 
 
 Xarayes, region, Brazil, on 1. bk. of riv. Paragfuay, between 
 i6^° and 17^° N. ; is subject to frequent inundations. 
 
 Xanltegua, large gulf, S. Chile, running E. from the W. end 
 of the Strait of Magellan, in 53° S. 
 
 Xavler, isl. , off the coast of Chile, just S. of 47° S. 
 
 Xenahu, or Xelaluh, tn., Guatemala. See Qnezaltenango. 
 
 Xeiiln, vil., U.S., Illinois, Clay co., 85 m. E. St. Louis (Mo.). 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Xeiila, vil., U.S., Indiana, Miami co. , 55 m. N. by E. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Xeiiia, city, U.S., Ohio, cap. Greene co., 55 m. WSW. 
 Columbus ; seat of the Wilberforce Universitv. Alt. 928 ft. 
 (R.R.). P. 7300. 
 
 Xenll, riv., Spain. See Jenll. 
 
 Xerez «le la Frontera, comm., Spain. See Jerez de la 
 Frontera. 
 
 Xerokhorloii (ksirokhori), tn., Greece, in the N. of Euboea 
 I., 33 m. SSE. Volo. P. <4ooo; comm. (Histiaia) P. 6700. 
 
 Xeros, Gulf of. See Saros. 
 
 Xertlgny, vil. , France, ripp. Vosges, 36 m. NW. by N. Bel- 
 fort, arr. and 10 m. SSW. Epinal. P. <2000. 
 
 Xieng, or Xiang, Portuguese spelling; in English spelling 
 Chieng ; in Chinese Siang, ox Kiang ; Laotian 'capital.' For 
 all such places, see under Chieng. 
 
 Xlnieuez, tn. , Mexico. See Jimenez. 
 
 Xlngn, riv., central Brazil, formed by streams rising S. of the 
 14th S. parallel, in N. of the Matto Grosso plateau, and uniting 
 a little N. of the 12th parallel. Below its confluence with the 
 Ronuro and Kuluene it has a deep, rapid current, and a 
 breadth of iioo ft., and flows N. , and in 10° S. leaping a rocky 
 barrier at the cataract of Martius it becomes an impetuous 
 torrent with foaming rapids and cascades, its width at places 
 6560 ft., again contracting suddenly to less than 655 ft., and 
 bordered by hills of 985-1310 ft. About 3° 20' S. the X. 
 makes a sharp and sudden curve E. (the Volta). Here it re- 
 ceives on the r. bk. three tribs. of some length— still unexplored 
 — the Yema, Ilabagua, and Bacaja. On leaving the Volta the 
 X. becomes navigable when it enters the Amazon plain (75 
 m. from its mouth). Running amongst numerous islands it 
 spreads over a great width, and finally joins the Amazon in 1° 
 45' S. , forming a vast lake, in which the. ocean tide is perceptible. 
 Its blue waters appear black in contrast with the milky yellow 
 of the Amazon water. Total length, 1300 m. It discharges 
 into the Amazon 140,000 cubic ft. per second, its basin having 
 an area of 152,000 sq. m. 
 
 Xlrokliorl, tn. , Greece. See Xerokliorlon. 
 
 Xoelilcaleo, ruined Aztec fortress, S. Mexico, Morelos, about 
 140 m. S. Mexico, built on an isolated hill (385 ft. high) of 
 blocks of basaltic porphyry, ornamented with hieroglyphics and 
 figures in relief. The name means ' the castle of flowers. ' 
 
 Xochlnillco, tn., central Mexico, 12\ m. SSE. Mexico, on 
 the SW. shore of Lake Xochimilco. P. (comm.) 12,700. 
 
 Xolotlan, lake, ancient native name of Lake Nicaragua. 
 
 Xonngs, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. Hopetown, 100 m. 
 SSW. Kuruman. 
 
 Xnandal, bay, Annam. See Shaandal. 
 
 Xucar, riv. , Spain. See Jncar. 
 
 Xul, vil., Mexico, Yucatan, 53 m. SSE. M^rida. P. 7000. 
 
 Xylokastrou, maritime vil., Greece, prov. (nomos) Sihaia and 
 Elis, 32 m. ESE. Vostitsa (Aigion). 
 
 Xyll, bay, Greece, on the E. shore of the Gulf of Laconia, in 
 36° 40' N. , partly sheltered on NW. by Cape Xyli. 
 
 Y, inlet, Holland. See I J. 
 
 Yaantba, tp. , Queensland, Livingstone co., 20 m. NNW. 
 Rockhampton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yaba, coast tn. , W. Africa, Congo Free State, in 5° 45' S. 
 
 Yabebyrl, vil., in the S. of Paraguay, near the Parana, in 
 57° 20' W. 
 
 Yablonovol Klirebet, mts. See Stanovol Klirebet. 
 
 Yabrnd, or Yebriid, vil. , Asiatic Turkey, prov. and 38 m. 
 NNE. Damascus, 4 m. WSW. Nebk, on the road to Homs, 
 between two calcareous ranges, with innumerable caves which 
 serve equally as tombs or dwellings ; seat of a bishop of the 
 Greek United Church. 
 
 Yabncoa, vil, isl. of Porto Rico, SE. ct. , 39 m. SE. by S. 
 San Juan, in 65° 47' W. P. 12,900. 
 
 Yarait Gnazn. See Capilla Borja. 
 
 Yacarana, riv. , S. America. See Yavarl. 
 
 Yacht (in Marco Polo). See ¥ttunan-fu. 
 
 Yaclil, or Yatsl, tn. , Japan. See Tauichl. 
 
 Yaclion-fii, tn. , China, Suchwan, on the Ya-ho, 67 m. SW. 
 Chengtu-fu, the centre of the brick-tea manufacture and of the 
 tea-trade with Tibet. Alt. about 2600 ft. Proc. H. G. S., 1886, 
 p. 372; Jour. R. G. S., 1878, p. 85; Siipp. Papers H. G. S., 
 i. p. 193. 
 
 Yaclreta, isl. , Paraguay. See Jacyreta. 
 
 Yarka, post-tn. , S. Australia, Stanley co. , 84 m. SE. by S. 
 Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yackandnndah, post-tn., Victoria, Bogong co. , 9 m. ENE. 
 Beechworth ; has gold-mines. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yacnbla, or Yagubla, terr., Algeria, part of prov. and 100 
 m. SE. Oran, on the S. slope of the Tell ; is an elevated region 
 3000-3700 ft. alt. , with peaks 5300 ft. high. P. (comm. ) 17,000. 
 
 Yaennia, riv. , Bolivia, a 1. bk. trib. of the Mamore, which it 
 enters in about 13° 15' S.; navigable to within about 20 m. of 
 Reyes. Proc. R. G. S., 1881, p. 406. 
 
 Yadaglri, tn., India, Haidardbdd, on a trib. of riv. Bhima, 
 86 m. E. Bijapur. 
 
 YAdlkl, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist, Anantapur, in 15° 3' 
 N., 77° 55' E. P. (1881) 6400. 
 
 Yadklu, CO., U.S., N. Carolina, N, of 36° N., and E. of 81° 
 W. , bounded on N. and E. by Yadkin R. 
 
 Yadklu College, vil., U.S., N. Carolina, Davidson co., 6 m. 
 NW. Lexington. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yadrlu, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 155 m. W. Kazaii, on r. 
 bk. Sura. P. < 5000. 
 
 Yafa, seapt. , Palestine. See Jaffa. 
 
 YAfa, vil., Palestine, Japhia in the O. T., 32° 41' N., 35° 16' 
 E., i^ m. SW. Nazareth. 
 
 Yafforth, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, div. and 11 J 
 m. ESE. Richmond, \\ m. WNW. Northallerton stn. P. <25o. 
 See Dauby >Vlske. 
 
 Yaga, dist., western Sudan; well wooded; grows cotton, 
 indigo, and millet. The population are negro Gurmas, the 
 chief living at Sebba, about 125 m. WNW. Say. 
 
 Yaganil, seapt. tn. , Japan, Kiushiu, 5 m. ENE. Nagasaki. 
 P. 5300. 
 
 Yaglilstau, region of NW. India and NE. Afghanistan, 
 consists of the principality of Yasln in the N. , and in the S. of 
 the republics of the Dards (^•■^^•). and forms part of the Indus 
 basin, between the riv. Kabul (SW.) and the Karakorum Mts. 
 (NE.). Length, N. to S., 145 m.; greatest breadth, 105 m. 
 P. probably about 300,000. 
 
 Yagnaclil, riv. , Ecuador, flows first S. under the name of the 
 Chimbo [Andes, B.], then W. and NW. , and enters the Rio 
 Guayas ; navigable by steamers all the year round to Yaguachi, 
 about 7 m. from its mouth, in the rains to the confluence of the 
 riv. Milagro. 
 
 Yaguachi, vil., Ecuador, 29 m. E. by N. Guayaquil. 
 
 Yaguajay, comm., Cuba, prov. Santa Clara. P. 6300. 
 
 1751 
 
YAGU — YAMB 
 
 Yagnaramas, tn., Cuba, 120 m. SE. by E. Havana. 
 
 Ya$;naron, riv. , on the N E. frontier of Uruguay, flows SE. 
 into Lake Mirim. 
 
 Yagnas, Indian tribe, on the frontiers of Brazil, Colombia, and 
 Peru, between the Amazon and the riv. Ipa. 
 
 Yasuas, seapt. , Cuba, S. ct. , 20 m. ESE. Santiago de Cuba, 
 
 in 75° 35' W. 
 Yagnbla, Algeria. See Yacnbla. 
 
 Yalil, post-tn., S. Australia, Grey co., 4 m. SSE. Mount 
 Gambier . P. < 1 500. 
 
 Ya-ho, riv. , China. Suchwan, flows SE. and unites with the 
 Tung-ho, just above Kiating-fu, in 29° 33' N., 103° 57' E.; navi- 
 gation dangerous, so that few junks are to be seen upon the 
 river ; goods sent down on long narrow bamboo rafts. 
 
 Yalk. See Vral. 
 
 Yatla, mts. , Russia, on S. ct. Crimea, beginning at Cape 
 Kkersones and ending in Mount Babugan-yaila (5094 ft.) and 
 Chatyr-dagh. S. slope covered with vineyards, summer-houses, 
 and the town Yalta. 
 
 Yaltskly Oormlok. See i:ralsk. 
 
 t'akima, riv., U.S., Washington, rises in the Cascade Mts., 
 and flows SE. into the Columbia, which it joins about 20 m. 
 above the place where the river turns W. Its valley is irrigated, 
 and is one of the most fertile in the state. The Y. traverses a 
 region with important coal-mines. Length about 175 m. 
 
 Yakima, North, city, U.S., Washington, Y. co., no m. 
 WNW. Wallawalla. P.<2ooo. 
 
 Yakla, pass leading across the Chola Range of the Hinid- 
 layas, on the E. frontier of Sikkim, in 27° 22' N., to the N. of 
 Yakla Lake, in Chambi. Alt. of pass about 15,000 ft. Proc. 
 R. G. S., 1881, pp. 332-33- 
 
 Yakoba, tn., Africa. See Yakubn. 
 
 Yakoblye, tn., Asiatic Turkey, on the Diala, 40 m. NNE. 
 Bagdad, on the road to Kirmanshah (Persia). 
 
 Yakobshtat (Jakobstadt, Lettish leliakaba Meests), tn., 
 Russia, Courland, 96 m. E. Mitau, on 1. bk. W. Drina ; ferry to 
 the Jewish town Kreuzburg, on opposite bank. P. 7000. 
 
 Yakoma, stn. , Congo Free State, in 4° 6' N. , 22° 40' E. , on 
 1. bk. Ubangi, opposite mouth of Mbomu. 
 
 Yakubn, or Yakoba, tn., central Africa, Sokoto, 140 m. 
 SE. Kano, in about 10° 20' N. , 9^° E. ; superbly situated on a 
 high and healthy plateau, in the midst of high wooded moun- 
 tains, and divided into several quarters by fields, gardens, and 
 small ponds. Alt. 2480 ft. P. 50,000. 
 
 YakAk, ruins, Palestine, Hukkok in the O. T., 32° 53' N., 
 35° 28' E., 8 m. NNW. Tiberias. 
 
 Yaknno-sliliua, or Yakn-shima, isl., Japan, S. of Kiushiu, 
 from which it is separated by the Strait of Van Diemen. 
 
 Yakntat Bay, large bay in Alaska, its mouth in 59° 3o'-4o' 
 N., crossed by 140° W.; navigation at all times difficult and 
 dangerous, owing to its being directly exposed to the waves of 
 the Pacific. 
 
 Yakutsk, prov., Russia, E. Siberia, including nearly the 
 whole of the basin of the Lena, i.e., nearly one-fifth of the 
 Russian Empire, has the Arctic Ocean on N., Yeniseisk on 
 W. , Irkutsk, Transbaikalia, and Amur on S. , and is separated 
 from the Pacific (Sea of Okhotsk) only by the narrow Maritime 
 Prov. Has in the SE. the Vitim plateau, 2500-3500 ft., with a 
 border ridge 5000-6500 ft. high, fringed on NW. by a girdle 
 of alpine tracts. Elevated plains 1000-1500 ft. in the NW. of 
 both, a line drawn from the mouth of Vitim to the mouth of 
 Aldan marking the approximate boundary between the two, 
 and tundras in the N. The Arctic coast is indented by the bays 
 of Borkhaya, Yana, Omulyakh, Kolyma, and Chaunskaya. 
 Lyakhovskiye, Anjou, New Siberia, and De Long Is., and 
 Wrangel's Land off the coast. Medvyezhiye Is. off the mouth 
 of Kolyma. Watered by the Lena and its large tribs. , Vitim, 
 Olekma, and Aldan from right, and Vilyui from left. The 
 Olenek enters the Arctic Ocean in the W. of the Lena, and 
 the Yana, Indigirka, and Kolyma in the E. Climate extremely 
 cold, the pole of cold of the Asiatic part of the N. hemisphere 
 being at Verkhoyansk. At Yakutsk the average temperature of 
 the three winter months is -40° F. , and the soil is frozen for a depth 
 of several hundred feet. Notwithstanding this severe climate, 
 some barley, summer rye, and wheat and oats are reaped in the 
 prov. Horses, cattle, and reindeer are kept, as well as several 
 thousands of dogs for dragging sledges. Population chiefly 
 Yakuts, with a few Tunguses (about 10,000), Yakagirs, Lamuts, 
 and Chukchis. Russian settlers along the Lena and at the 
 gold-diggings. The Yakuts (who call themselves Sokhalar) 
 belong to the Turkish stem, and speak a Turkish dialect with 
 an admixture of Mongolian words. The chief channel of com- 
 munication is the Lena, upon which grain and all sorts of 
 grocery and manufactured goods are shipped. The remainder 
 are mere footpaths available as bridle-paths only during the 
 summer. Divided into five dists. : Yakutsk, Olekminsk, Sredne- 
 Kolymsk, Verkhoyansk, and Vilyuisk. There are no towns 
 except Yakutsk. Area, 1,533,397 sq. m. P. (1892) 280,200. 
 
 Yakutsk, cap. of above prov. , 62° 2' N. , 129° 44' E. , 1800 
 m. NE. of Irkutsk, on a 1. bk. branch of the Lena, Khatystakh : 
 1752 
 
 great fair in July. Alt. 334 ft. Mean temp. (35 yrs., 1829-54, 
 1862-73), yr. 11.9° F., Jan. 45.0°, July 65.8°; mean rfall. (9 yrs.), 
 yr. 13.7 in., June-Oct. 8.9 in. P. (1891) 6570. 
 
 Yala, tn. and mining dist., Malay Penin. See Jala. 
 
 Yaldlng, par., Eng. , Kent, Tunbridge div. , on the Medway, 
 5^ m. SW. Maidstone, i m. E. by S. of its stn. on the 
 SE. R., PMT.O.; 6358 ac. P. < 3000. 
 
 Yale, tn., Canada, prov. Brit. Columbia, on the C. P. R., 
 about 121° 30' W., 1379 m. by rail from Winnipeg, 103 m. from 
 Vancouver; silver mined. P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Yale, Mount, U.S., Colorado, 93 m. SW. by W. Denver, 
 25 m. S. Leadville. Alt. 14,187 ft. (Hayden) ; 14,263 ft. (Whit- 
 ney) ; 14,121 ft. (Wheeler). 
 
 Yalesvllle, vil., U.S., Connecticut, co. and 14 m. NNE. 
 New Haven. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yale I'nlTerslty, U.S., Connecticut. See XeM' Haveu. 
 
 Yall, small Turkish I. , on the SW. of Asia Minor, 5 m. S. of 
 Kosl. 
 
 Yalkhar, Kuli-1-, mt. group, NE. Persia, Khorassan, near 
 the frontier of Afghanistan ; highest point, 4735 ft. 
 
 Yalmal, large penin., Russia, Arctic Ocean, protruding from 
 68° to 72° 54' N. , between Kara Bay and Kara Sea on W. , and 
 Ob Bay on E. 
 
 Y&lo, vil., Palestine, Ajalon in the O. T., 31° 51' N., 35° 1' 
 E. , 13 m. WNW. Jerusalem. 
 
 Yalobusha, co., U.S., Mississippi, crossed bv 34° N. , and to 
 the E. of 90° W. 
 
 Yalova, seapt. tn. , Asia Minor, on the Sea of Marmora, 29 
 m. SE. by S. Constantinople. 
 
 YalowaJ, or YalovaJ, tn. , Asia Minor, E. of the N. end of 
 Lake Egerdir, 75 m. WNW. Konia (Konieh). Near it on the 
 NE. are the ruins of Antioch of Pisidia. 
 
 Yalta, dist. tn. , Russia, govt. Taurida, 57 m. S. Simpheropol, 
 on S. ct. of Crimea and S. slope of Yaila Mts. , 44° 30' N. , 34" 
 11' N.; roadstead op)en to winds. Galita, or Jalita, of Arab 
 geographers (12th century). Late autumn resort; surrounded 
 by vineyards; enjoying a very temperate climate: yr. 62.5° F. , 
 Jan. 38°, Aug. 86.5°; mean rfall. (12 yrs.), yr. 19.4 in., Sept.- 
 Feb. 12.3 in. Permanent P. 6000. 
 
 Yalu, or Amnok, riv. , eastern Asia, flows W. then SW. on 
 the N. frontier of Korea into Korea Bay; navigable, though 
 not without interruptions, to about the place where it turns to 
 the SW. ; much used for floating timber. In rainy periods its 
 waters rise 40 ft. Chinese fleet defeated by the Japanese on 
 17th September 1894. Proc, R. G. S., 1886, pp. 292, 301 ; 1892, 
 pp. 152, 156. 
 
 Yalnug-klang, riv., China, flows S. from Tibet mto the 
 prov. Suchwan, and enters the Yangtse-kiang in about 102° E.; 
 not navigable. Proc: R. G. S. , 1886, p. 374. 
 
 Yalntorovsk, dist. tn., Russia, W. Siberia, govt. Tobolsk, 
 58 m. SE. Tyumen, i m. from 1. bk. Tobol, amidst a fertile 
 prairie. P. < 5000. 
 
 Yalwal, mining-tp., New South Wales, St. Vincent CO., 149 
 m. S. Sydney by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Yam, old Russian for station or relay of horses ; root of many 
 names. 
 
 Yama, peak, Japan. See Xorikura Lake. 
 
 Yania, riv., Russia, E. Siberia, chief affluent of Sea ot 
 Okhotsk. Length about 400 m. 
 
 Yamaehlclie, vil., Canada, Quebec, St. Maurice co., on a 
 railway, 15 m. W. by S. Three Rivers. P. (of sub. -dist.) < 3000. 
 
 Yaniada, coast vil., Japan, E. ct. Honshiu, Swate ken, at 
 the head of Nambu Bay. The harbour is excellent, permitting 
 the manoeuvres of the largest warships, and sheltered from the 
 typhoons; has no landward approach, being hemmed in by 
 mountains. P. <:400o. 
 
 Yaniada, tn. , Japan, Ise ken, 60 m. SE. by E. Kyoto. P. 
 21,200. 
 
 Yamagata, tn., Japan, 75 m. ENE. Niigata. P. 27,300. 
 
 Yaiuagawa, coast tn., Japan, isl. of Kiushiu, ken and 28 m. 
 SSE. Kagoshima, on the W. ct. of the beautiful Kagoshima 
 Bay. P. 6300. 
 
 Yamaguchl, tn., Japan, in the SW. of Honshiu, 135 m. 
 NE. Nagasaki; seat of a higher middle school. P. 12,600. 
 
 Yaniaka, tn. , Japan, Kiushiu I., Kuamoto ken. P. 5500. 
 
 Yamanaka, an elevated health resort, Japan, about 3 m. 
 SW. Hakone(^.-j.). 
 
 Yamanashi, a ken or prefecture, Japan, cap. Kofu. 
 
 Yamashlro, a kuni or old prov., Japan, now included in 
 Kyoto-fu. 
 
 Yamaska. 1. Co. , Canada, Quebec, on the S. side of Lake 
 St. Peter (riv. St. Lawrence). 18. Vil., Y. co., 30 m. SW. Three 
 Rivers, on the 1. bk. of the Yamaska R., 3 m. above its mouth. 
 P. < 1500. 3. Yamaska, or Klrl^re des ^avannes, riv., 
 Quebec, rises in Brome co., and flows W. then N. into the 
 upper end of Lake St. Peter, 90 m. long. 
 
 Yamato, kuni or old prov. , Japan, now included in Nara ken. 
 
 Yamba, post-tn. , New South Wales. See Clarence River 
 Heads. 
 
 Yambara, tribe, Sudan. See Nlambara. 
 
YAMB — YANG 
 
 I'anibiga, stn., Congo Free State, on r. bk. Congo, in 2° 5' 
 N. , 23° E. 
 Yambo, seapt. , Arabia. Same as Yaiiba-el-Balir. 
 Yamboll, Eastern Roumelia. See Janibol. 
 
 Yanibuk, tp. , Victoria, Villiers co. , 25 m. E. by N. Portland. 
 P. <:i500. 
 
 Yainburg, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 81 m. by rail SW. 
 St. Petersburg. P. < 5000. 
 
 Yanibaya, vil., Congo Free State, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Aruwimi, just below its lowest rapid, in about 1° 17' N. , 25° 10' E. 
 
 Yam Creek, mining dist. , S. Australia, N. Terr. , Rosebery 
 CO. , 40 m. SSE. Palmerston ; locality where the first gold was 
 discovered ; the station is now abandoned. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yamdena, the largest isl. of the Timor-Laut group. Area 
 about 1 100 sq. m. 
 
 Yanidwk-clio, lake, Tibet. See Paltl. 
 
 Yam Hill, co., U.S., Oregon, in the NW., to the N. of 45° 
 N. , bounded on the E. by the Willamette R. 
 
 Y'amlna, tn. , French Sudan. See Nyamliia. 
 
 Yamitbiii, or Yametlilii, tn.. Upper Burma, 90 m. ESE. 
 Pagan, 274 m. N. Rangoon stn. P. 6600; Buddhists, 4600. 
 
 Yamkanmardl, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. and 21 m. 
 N. Belgaum, 58 m. NNW. Dhirwdr. P. (1872) 5300. 
 
 Yampa, or Yampali, riv., U.S., Colorado, flows W. and 
 enters Green R. near NW. border of the state. 
 
 Yanipol, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Podolia, 122 m. SE. 
 Kamenets Podolsk, on 1. bk. Dniester, at head of Y. Rapids. 
 P- 5950. 
 
 Yamskaya, vils., Russia. 1. Two suburbs of Kursk. P. 
 6000 and 2500. 2. SE. suburb of Ryazan. 3. Name of several 
 suburbs. 
 
 Yaninuda, riv., Brazil, flows E. on N. front of Amazonas, 
 forming a series of rapids, traverses Lake Faro (37 m. long), 
 and enters the Amazon, 1. bk., in 2° 14' S., 54^° W. Length, 
 240 m. 
 
 Yaiia, or Yau, riv. , Russia, E. Siberia, rises in Verkhoyansk 
 Mts. , under 64" 26' N., 132° 32' E., flows, generally speaking, 
 N. Enters Arctic Ocean by seven large and many small mouths, 
 under 71° 24' N. , 136° 17' E. , on to W. of Ust'-Yansk, which 
 stands near head of its delta. Length, 750 m. 
 
 Yanagawa, tn., Japan, Kiushiu, 40 m. NE. Nagasaki. P. 
 18,900. 
 
 Yanalzn, or Yaualtsu, tn., Japan, 165 m. NE. by E. 
 Nagasaki, Nagato ken, in the SW. of Honshiu (SE. ct.). P. < 
 500C. 
 
 Yanaii-fn, tn. , China. See Yan-ngaii-fa. 
 
 Yausioii, tn. and tern, French India, on the 1. bk. of the riv. 
 Godavari, near its mouth, 83 m. ENE. Masulipatam. Area 
 of French terr. about 3^ sq. m. P. (1891) 5300. 
 
 Yanba-el-Babr, or Yambo, seapt., Arabia, on the Red Sea, 
 in Hejaz, about 125 m. W. by S. Medina. 
 
 Yancey, co., U.S., N. Carolina, on the NW. frontier, crossed 
 by 82|° W. 
 
 Yanchon-fn, or Yencbou>fa, tn., China, prov. Chekiang, 
 47 m. SW. Hangchow. 
 
 Yanchon-ni, tn. , China, Shantung. See Yeitchou-fn. 
 
 Y'aucowiiiiia, co.. New South Wales, on the W. frontier, 
 crossed by 32° S. 
 
 Yanda, co. , New South Wales, bounded on the N. by the 
 Darling R. , and crossed in the W. by 145° E. 
 
 Yaudabu, tn. , Upper Burma, on r. bk. of the Irawadi, in 
 21° 38' N., 95° 4' E., about 40 m. W. Mandalay. Here the 
 treaty of peace concluding the first Anglo-Burmese war was 
 signed, February 26, 1826. 
 
 Yande, small isl. , Pacific, off the N W. end of New Caledonia, 
 in about 20° 5' S. , 163° 48' E. 
 
 Yaiidlatuba, riv., Brazil, flows NE. into the Amazon (r. bk. ), 
 confluence a little above Sao Paulo d'Olivenza, about 3° 26' S. , 
 69° 10' W. Length probably 270 m. 
 
 Y'andllla, settlement, Queensland, Derby co., 90 m. W. by 
 S. Brisbane. 
 
 Yaudolt, postal-tp. , Victoria, Talbot co. , in 37° 14' S. , 144° 
 6' E. Gold-bearing reefs, and an extensive bed of pottery clay 
 occur ; has a mineral spring ; wine is made in large quantities. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Yandiia, isl., offW. ct. of Vanua Levu, Fiji Is., in 16° 47' S. , 
 178^ 17' E. 
 
 Y'andnu, tn. , Burma. See Xyanngdnu. 
 
 Yangasa Islands, group of islets and reefs, in the Lau, or 
 E. , group of the Fiji Is., in 178^° W., just N. of 19° S. 
 
 Yangcblug, popular name of Canton, China. 
 
 Yangcbon, tn. , China, S. Kiangsu, on Grand Canal, 35 m. 
 NE. by E. Nanking, called by Marco Polo Yanju. Head- 
 quarters of salt manufacture ; has also manufactures of sweet- 
 meats. Early in the 14th century Friar Odoric formed here a 
 Franciscan house and three Nestorian churches ; suffered greatly 
 in the Taiping rebellion. 
 
 Yaugchn, tn. , Korea. See Yaugjn. 
 
 Yangchniig, tn. , China, prov. Kwangtung, 125 m. SW. 
 Canton. 
 
 Yaiigery, postal-centre, Victoria, Villiers co., in 39° 18' S. , 
 142° 33' E. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yaiigfaiig, Yaitkiafang, or Hauklafaiig, coal-mining vil., 
 China, Pechili, 19 m. NW. Peking. The coal deposits consist 
 of four or five seams of anthracite 10-13 f'- thick. 
 
 Yaiig-tao, or Jnplra, the northern headwater of the Hun-ho, 
 China. 
 
 Yaugbwa, tn., Korea, on E. side of island at mouth of Han, 
 25 m. NNW. Chemulpho. 
 
 Yangl-dabau (•dayan, or -dawan), pass across the Kuen- 
 lun Mts., Eastern Turkistan, in 36° N., 79^° E. , on the route 
 from Leh (SW. ) to Khotan (NNE. ) and Yarkand. Alt. 
 18,500 ft. 
 
 Yaiigl-talssar, tn.. Eastern Turkistan, 44 m. SSE. Kashgar, 
 not far from the 1. bk. of the Kara-tash. Alt. 4300 ft. P. 
 10,000. 
 
 Yangi-sbabr (or -shehr), fortress. Eastern Turkistan, 5 m. 
 SSE. Kashgar. The name means 'new town,' and is applied 
 to numerous forts in the neighbourhood of towns in Eastern 
 Turkistan. See Yarkand. 
 
 Yangju, or Y'angchu, tn., Korea, 12 m. NE. Soul. 
 
 Yangliu, tn., China, Yunnan, 22 m. ENE. Yiinnan-fu, on 
 the SW. side of Sung-ming Lake, at the S. end of a large 
 beautifully irrigated plain. Jour, R. G. S., 1876, p. 192. 
 
 Yanglutungtse, tn., central China, Hupe, 83 m. SW. 
 Hankow ; is one of the most noted tea dists. of China. 
 
 Yaiigtse-klaiig, one of the greatest rivers of the world, the 
 principal commercial highway of China, called by the Chinese 
 Ta-klaug (Great River) and C'hang-klang (Long River), rises, 
 so far as is at present known, on the plateau of Tibet, some 
 270 m. N. Lhasa, amongst the N. spurs of the Tangla Mts., 
 and in all probability at an altitude of about 16,500 ft., and in 
 33° 45' N-> 90° 45' E. (Rockhill). This is on the assumption 
 that the upper course of the Y. is identical with the Dichu 
 (or Kinsha) of Tibet. This river, rising as indicated, flows 
 apparently (for its course is but imperfectly known) E. and SE. 
 The course of the Y. begins to be known at Batang (30° N., 
 99^° E.; alt. 8530 ft.). At this point the river, known as the 
 Kinsha-kiang, is 130 yards wide at low water, and is crossed 
 by a bridge 1240 ft. above the stream. Its direction is SSE. 
 down to about 25!° N., iooJ° E. It then turns E., describing 
 three or four deep, sharp curves in its efforts to break through 
 the lofty ranges that radiate SE. from the Tibetan plateau. 
 A\. the (N. ) apex of one of these curves it receives (1. bk. ) the 
 large riv. Yalung, or Tachung, which likewise descends from 
 Tibet, rising probably on the S. slopes of the Baianshara-ula 
 Mts. (about 34° N., 97° E.), and flowing nearly parallel to 
 the Y. Finally, on reaching 103° E. , the great river assumes 
 the direction, namely, NE. and E., which it maintains right 
 through the heart of China to its entrance into the China Sea. 
 Shortly after quitting the prov. of Yunnan it leaves behind it 
 the rapids of the mountainous region, and at Pingshan, 1800 
 m. from its mouth, becomes navigable for small junks. Native 
 boats are sometimes able to surmount the rapids and ascend 
 nearly 200 m. further up. The city of Chungking, at the con- 
 fluence of the Kialing and the Y. [SttchM-au], is the highest 
 point to which large junks penetrate, the river Y. being there 
 760 yards broad. Nevertheless, between Chungking and Ichang, 
 in prov. Hupe (1100 m. from the sea), the river plunges through 
 deep, sunless gorges, with a depth of more than 100 ft. deep at 
 low water, and nearly 200 ft. in times of flood, when it races along 
 in places at a speed of 10-12 m. an hour. Ichang, where the 
 river is 880 yards wide, and has a nominal depth of 19^ ft., is the 
 present terminus of steamboat navigation. From this point the 
 banks decrease in height and the dangers of flooding begin, though 
 the Chinese endeavour to prevent the dreaded inundations of the 
 stream by riverine embankments and overflow lakes and marshes. 
 The largest of these lakes is Tungting-hu (prov. Hunan), through 
 which flow the rivs. Yiian-kiang and Heng-kiang ; both enter 
 the Y. from the right at Yuchou, on the S. frontier of prov. 
 Hupe. Another large lake, Poyang-hu (in prov. Kiangsi), is 
 traversed by the Kia-kiang, which joins the Y. in the extreme 
 N. of prov. Kiangsi. Before leaving prov. Hupe, however, the 
 Y. is increased by its most important trib. the Han-kiang (g.v.), 
 which enters it from the left at Hankow. Ocean-going vessels, 
 drawing 16^ ft. of water, are able during the flood season (April- 
 October) to ascend the river as far as this point, 680 m. from 
 the sea. At Hankow the Y. is a stately stream of i^ m. wide, 
 flowing J to i m. an hour. It then crosses the fertile alluvial 
 plain of the prov. Nganhwei, passing Nanking, and crossing 
 the Imperial Canal, by which it communicates with the Hwang- 
 ho and the N. of China. About 50 m. below Nanking it widens 
 out into its estuary, which has a general depth of 130 ft., in 
 some places 330 ft., and a width at its seaward entrance of 
 60 m. The entrance is, however, narrowed and impeded by 
 sandbanks and low islands, leaving but two passages for vessels, 
 theConfucius Channel, accessible at high tideonly, andthe Hervey 
 Point Channel, which can be entered at all times by the largest 
 vessels. Fogs, too, frequent the estuary, and add to the dangers 
 of navigation. The tides ascend the Y. to a distance of 220 m. 
 
 1753 
 
YANG — YARD 
 
 The Wusung, or river of Shanghai, enters the estuary of the Y. 
 from the right. The islands and sandbanks at the mouth are 
 formed by the river itself, which brings down with it detritus 
 calculated to equal a deposit of 200 cubic ft. in the second. 
 The total lengfth is estimated at 3000 to 3500 m. ; the area of its 
 basin at 700,000 to 750,000 sq. m. ; its mean discharge at 770,000 
 cubic ft. per second, and the amount of sediment that it carries 
 down annually at 6429 millions of cubic ft. 
 
 Yangyang, tn. , Korea, 85 m. E. by N. Soul, near the E. ct. , 
 in 37° 5s' N. 
 
 Y'an-ho, riv., China, a branch of the Huto-ho (y.v.), leaving 
 the main stream in about 38° 15' N. , and joining the Hun-ho 
 a little above its confluence with the Huto-ho. 
 
 Vantn, site, Palestine, Neiei in the O. T. , 32° 54' N., 35° 12' 
 E. , 7^ m. E. by S. Acre. 
 
 Yanina, Yaiila, Janla, Jaiilna, or Joannlna, tn. , Turkey 
 in Europe, cap. vilayet Y. , forming the S. half of Albania, on 
 the chief plain of that region, W. side of Lake Y. , 80 m. W. 
 Larissa, 50 m. E. Corfu ; surrounded by walls ; seat of a Greek 
 archbishop. Its trade has considerably declined since the cession 
 of Thessaly and the northern half of Acarnania and Aetolia to 
 Greece. The lake is a shallow sheet of water, 5J m. by 2 m. , 
 drained N. into the small Lake Labshistas or Lapshistas, and 
 then W. through the Kalamas into the channel of Corfu. Alt. 
 1580 ft. Mean temp. (6 yrs., 1866-72), yr. 58.2° F. , Jan. 41.5°, 
 July 74.9°; rfall. (4 yrs.), 49.56 in. P. 20,000 (Philippson). 
 Yanltsa, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See YeulJe-1- Vardar. 
 Yanju (in Marco Polo). See Yangohon. 
 Yaiikalllla, postal-tp. and river-port, S. Australia, Hind- 
 marsh CO., 40 m. SSW. Adelaide, 15 m. WNW. Port Victor, 
 on the Bungala. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yajikee Hill, gold-mining vil., U.S., California, Butte co., 
 20 m. N. Oroville. P. <i5oo. 
 Yaiiklafaiig. See Yaiigfaiig. 
 
 Yanklii, vil. , Upper Burma, 8 m. E. by N. Mandalay. 
 Yaiikpl-klaiig, riv., China, trib. of Lantsan-kiang, or 
 Mekong, 1. bk. , rises 12 m. W. Likiang-fu, in about 26^ 49' 
 N., 100^ 8' E. , flows S. inclining to E. , and joins the Mekong 
 a little to the N. of Chuning-fu. Total length nearly 200 m. 
 
 Yankton, city, U.S., S. Dakota, Y. co., 180 m. SE. by E. 
 Pierre, r. bk. of Missouri, 980 m. above its junction with the 
 Mississippi ; communication by steamers. It is the for\vard- 
 ing point of supplies for military posts and the Black Hills, &c. 
 Alt., Agency (Smithsonian Inst.), 1900 ft.; signal station (U.S. 
 Signal Office), 1228 ft. Mean temp., yr. 45.9° F. , Jan. 15.1°, 
 July 73.9'; rfall. (10 yrs.), 28.82 in. P. (1870) 737; (i88o)< 
 4000; (1890) < 4000. 
 
 Yan-ngan-fn, or Yanan>fta, tn., N. China, Shensi, 170 m. 
 N. Si-ngan-fu, on the Nganshwi, 1. bk. trib. Hwang-ho, in 36° 
 40' N. , 109° 35' E. 
 
 Yano, tn., Japan, in SW. of Honshiu, Hiroshima ken. P. 
 6000. 
 
 Y'anplng-fta, tn., China, prov. Fokien, 80 m. WNW. Foo- 
 chow. P. 200,000. 
 
 Yanshan, tn., China, prov. Pechili, 72 m. S. Tientsin. 
 Yantara, co. , New South Wales, crossed by 30° S. , and 
 in the extreme E. by 143° E. 
 Yauteles, mt. , Chile. See Andes, F. 
 Yantlc, riv. , U.S. See Thames. 
 
 Yantlo, settlement, U.S., Montana, Choteau co., 225 m. 
 NE. by N. Butte City. 
 
 Y'antlet Island, Eng., in Thames R., off Hoo Allhallows, 
 Kent, near the London Stone. 
 
 Yanfth, site, Palestine, Janoah in the O. T. , 31° 16' N. , 35° 
 18' E. , 30 m. E. Beersheba. 
 
 Yanftn, site, Palestine, Janohah in the O. T., 32° 10' N., 35° 
 21' E., 6 m. SE. by E. Nablus. 
 
 Yanntlia, isL, S. of Viti Levu I., Fiji Is., crossed by 180° 20' 
 S., 178° W. 
 
 Yan-watii and Eaniont Bridge, par. , Eng. , Westmorland, 
 Appleby div., on the r. bk. of the Eamont, li m. S. Penrith, 
 P.O. P.<5oo. 
 
 Yanworth, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, div. and 8 m. NNE. 
 Cirencester, P.O. P. <25o. See Hazleton. 
 
 Yany-darla, or Jany-darla, riv. , Russian Central Asia, a 
 branch of lower Syr, which originates 8 m. below Fort Perovsk 
 and flows SW. Said by the Kirghizes to have originated 
 between 1760 and 1770, and to have flowed to the S. entrance 
 of Lake Aral. Existed in 1816, but was desiccated four years 
 later ; it began to flow again in 1848, but is now lost in sands 
 about Yan-kala. 
 
 Yan Yean, post-tn., Victoria, Bourke co., 18 m. N. by E. 
 Melbourne. The principal reservoir for the water-supply of 
 Melbourne, formed by the valley, with an embankment 3159 ft. 
 across ; into this basin the riv. Plenty was diverted, thus forming 
 a lake 1330 ac. in area. An additional supply has been obtained 
 from Wallaly Creek ; Watts R. also being brought into the Y. , 
 the capacity of that reservoir will be largely increased. P. < 
 1500. 
 Yao, or Wa*yao (more frequently pronounced Wa-hyao), 
 1754 
 
 called by the Manganja AJatva, and locally Naclilnga, pre- 
 datory and slave-raiding African tribe or nation, originally settled 
 and still mainly found in the region traversed by the upper 
 Rovuma and upper Lujende, E. of the S. half of Lake Nyassa, 
 from which they were separated by the mountains overlooking 
 the E. shore of that lake, now found partly on the shores of that 
 lake and in the Shire highlands in British Nyassa-land. 
 Yao, native tribe, Trinidad, W. Indies. 
 
 Y'ao, Yaiv, or Yan, people. Upper Burma, between 20° and 
 24° N. , and the Arakan-yoma Mts. and the Pagan dist. 
 
 Yao, Yin, or Yao-mlng, tribe, in the SW. of prov. Kwang- 
 tung, S. China, not far from the frontier of Tongking. 
 
 Yao-ctaon, tn., China, prov. Kiangsi, 190 m. SE. by E. 
 Hankow. 
 Yao-cbon, tn. , China, Yunnan, 74 m. E. by S. Tali-fu. 
 Yap, or Eap, one of the principal of the Caroline Is., N. 
 Pacific, in the W. of the group, in 9° 25' N. , 139° o' E. , about 850 
 m. E. of the N. end of Mindanao ; surrounded by smaller 
 islands and fringing coral reefs. Natives uncivilised, but intelli- 
 gent and courteous. P. 8-10,000. 
 
 Yap-lianimani, vil. with hot medicinal springs, Asia Minor, 
 37 m. SW. Angora. 
 
 Yaphaui with Meltonby, par. , Eng. , Yorkshire, E. Riding, 
 Howdenshire div., 12 m. E. York, 2J m. N. by W. Pocklington 
 stn. P. <25o. See Pocklington. 
 
 Yapper, co. , Queensland, crossed by 20° S. and 142° E. 
 
 Yapton, par., Eng., Sussex, Chichester div., 3^ m. SW. 
 Arundel, i^ m. SE. Barnham Junction, on the Arundel and 
 Portsmouth Canal, PM.O. P. <75o. See Ford. 
 
 Yapiira, or Japnra, called by the Colombians Caqneta, riv. , 
 S. America, a principal trib. of the Amazon (1. bk.), two-thirds 
 of the course being in Colombia, and the lower third in Brazil, 
 flows ESE. across the plateau of Caqueta, with some cataracts. 
 In about 65^° W. it turns sharply SE. , and reaches the Amazon 
 by several arms between 64^° and 65° W. During the rains it 
 is connected by a branch with an affluent of the Uaupes, one of 
 the headstreams of the Rio Negro. Length 1750 m., of which 
 970 m. are navigable by steamers, 1550 m. by small boats ; area 
 of basin, 120,000 sq. m. 
 
 Yaqal and Yaqul t'hlco, rivers. See Haiti, isl. 
 
 Yaqnl, Hlaqnl, or Hnaqnl, riv., NW. Mexico, Sonora, 
 rises in the S. of Arizona (U.S.), if we take its longest head- 
 stream as the source, but in about 29° N. receives on the left 
 from Chihuahua a trib. also called the Y. After traversing the 
 Sierra Madre in a series of valleys and tortuous gorges it flows 
 SW. and enters the S. end of the bay of the Gulf of California, 
 on which Guaymas (30 m. N.) stands. Its valley yields coal. 
 
 Yaqnlnio, isl. of Haiti. See Aqiiln. 
 
 Yaqnlna Bay, inlet, U.S., Oregon, in 44° 37' N. ; summer 
 resort. 
 
 Yar, two small streams, Eng., Isle of Wight, one flowing N. 
 then ENE. into the head of Brading Harbour, the other in the 
 W. of the island flowing N. into the Solent at Yarmouth. 
 
 Yara, vil., W. Indies, Cuba, prov. and about 60 m. WNW. 
 Santiago de Cuba, with large tobacco plantations ; scene of the 
 outbreak of the insurrectioti of 1868. 
 
 Yaracuy, riv. , in W. of Venezuela, on borders of states of 
 Lara (W.) and Carabobo (E.), flows NNE. into the Caribbean 
 Sea between Tucucas and Puerto Cabello ; canalisation projected. 
 
 YaramhoU, vil., Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 60 m. NNE. 
 Aleppo, on r. bk. Euphrates, 4 m. above the confluence of the 
 Sajur ; site of the ancient Hierapolis. 
 
 Yarandale, tn. , S. Australia. See Llpson. 
 
 Yaransk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 148 m. SW. Vyatka; 
 trade in corn, hides, bristles, flax, linen cloth, &c. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Yarborongh, par., Eng., Lincolnshire, E. Lindsey div., 4 
 m. N. by E. Louth, P.O. P.<:250. 
 
 Yarbutendl, vil. , W. Africa, the limit of British terr. on the 
 Gambia. 
 
 Yarcontbe, par., Eng., Devonshire, Honiton div., 18^ m. E. 
 by S. Tiverton, 7 m. NE. by E. Honiton stn., PMT.O.; 5238 ac. 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Yarcoivle, post-tn. , S. Australia, Victoria co. , 82 m. SE. by 
 E. Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Y'ardley, par. , Eng. , Hertfordshire. See Awleley. 
 
 Yardley, par., Eng., E. div. of Worcestershire, 4 m. E. 
 Birmingham, i m. S. by E. Stechford stn., with stn. (Acorks 
 ereen and Sonth Y.) on G. W. R., PM.O., and PMT.O. 
 (South Y.) ; 7590 ac. P. 17,100; eccles. par. (Y. Wowl) P. 
 <iooo. 
 
 Yardley Goblon, par., Eng., S. div. of Northamptonshire, 
 8 m. NE. by N. Buckingham, 2 m. W. by N. Castle Thorpe 
 stn., P.O. P. <75o. See Potterspary. 
 
 Yardley Hastings, par., Eng., Mid div. of Northampton- 
 shire, 7^ m. ESE. Northampton, 3 m. E. Piddington and 
 Horton stn., PM.O.; 4190 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Yardleyrllle, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Bucks co., on the 
 Delaware R., 30 m. NE. by N. Philadelphia. P. < 1500. 
 
 YardvlUe, vil., U.S., New Jersey, Mercer co., 5 m. E. by 
 S.Trenton. Alt. 53 ft. (R.R.). P. < 1500. 
 
YARE — YARU 
 
 Yare, riv. , Eng. , Norfolk; rises about 6 m. SSW. of East 
 Dereham, flows E. past Norwich (of which it forms the S. 
 boundary), and is navigable thence to Yarmouth, where, after 
 expanding into Breydon Water, it falls into the German Ocean. 
 At Norwich it receives the Wensum (g.v.) on the left, and at 
 the head of Breydon Water it receives on the right the Waveney, 
 with which it is also connected by a canal (the New Cut) running 
 SE. from Reedham. 
 
 Yarengonie, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Yerangome. 
 
 Yarensk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 475 m. NE. Vologda, 
 on the r. bk. of the Vychegda. P. <20oo. 
 
 Yarltagua, tn., Venezuela, Lara, 65 m. WSW. Valencia, 
 20 m. E. by N. Barquisimeto. 
 
 Yarkaiul, city, Chinese Turkistan, 102 m. SE. Kashgar, on 
 Yarkand R. , with earth rampart entered by five gateways ; 
 residence of a Chinese governor ; an important commercial 
 centre ; important horse-market ; large flocks of broad-tailed 
 sheep and Kashmir goats fed in the vicinity. To the W. is 
 one of the fortresses known as Yangi-shahr {f.v.), called by the 
 Chinese Mangshln, which is entered from the E. by a double 
 gate over a drawbridge spanning a ditch 30 ft. wide and 30 ft. 
 deep. Alt. 3923 ft. P. 35,000-40,000 ; according to others, 
 60,000. 
 
 Yarkand Klver, or Kaskani (Raskeni) Darla, riv., central 
 Asia, issues from a small lake on the N. slope of the Karakorum 
 Range in about 35° 40' N., 77° 45' E. , and winds NW. and 
 again N. through the mountains of Raskam, emerges on the 
 plains in about 38° N., and then pursues a N. or NE. course 
 till it joins the Khotan (Tarim) in about 40^° N. , 81° 40' E. ; 
 important deposits of nephrite (jade) among the mountains on 
 its banks to the SW. of the city of Yarkand. 
 
 Yarker, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Addington, 14 m. by rail 
 from Napanee. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yarklilll, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Ross div., 7 m. E. by 
 N. Hereford, i m. N. Stoke Edith stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Yarklinu River, riv., Kafiristan, issues from Lake Karam- 
 bar-Sar in about 36° 52' N., 74° E. , and flows W. then SW. 
 past Mastuj and Chitral. 
 
 Yarlett, par., Eng., Staffordshire, W. div., 3^ m. N. by W. 
 Stafford, 2 m. W. Sandon stn., P.O. (Yarlet). P. <25o. 
 
 Yarlliigton, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., loj m, NE. 
 Yeovil, 3 m. W. Wincanton stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Yarni, par. and market-tn., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, 
 Cleveland div., on the r. bk. of the Tees, 7 m. SW. Middles- 
 brough, on the NE. R.; it exports salmon to London. Mean 
 rfall. (Egglescliffe, alt. 80 ft., 1866-80), yr. 26.7 in. PMT.O. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Yarmontli, seapt. tn. and port of entry, Canada, Nova 
 Scotia, Y. CO., on the SW. ct. , 140 m. WSW. Halifax. Depth 
 of 27 ft. in port and alongside one wharf at high water ordinary 
 springs, 14 ft. at low water. Mean temp., yr. 43.3° F., Jan. 
 26.0°, Aug. 60.5° ; mean rfall. (9 yrs., 1880-88), 39.71 in.; snow- 
 fall, 94.4 in. P. (1881) 3500; (1891) 6100. 
 
 Yarmontli, the ancient Ere?nut/i, par. and seapt., Eng., 
 Isle of Wight, on the Solent, 9 m. W. Newport, on the Isle of 
 Wight Central Rly. ; exports fine sand for glass-making. On 
 several occasions it suffered severely from the French ; it has a 
 small battery. PMT.O. P. < 1000. 
 
 Yarmontli, tn., U.S., Maine, Cumberland co. , on Casco 
 Bay, 8 m. NNE. Portland ; has ship-yards. P. <:300o. 
 
 Yarmonth, tn. , U.S., Massachusetts, Barnstable co. , 36 m. 
 E. New Bedford. P. < 2000. 
 
 Yarmontli, dreat, pari, and (since King John) mun. bor. , 
 CO. bor. (1888), par., seapt., and watering-place, Eng., Norfolk, 
 20 m. E. Norwich, with terminal stns. (SontlitoM'n and Yanx- 
 hall) on the G. E. R. and (Yarmontli Beach) on the M. 
 & G. N. Joint Rly., at the mouth of the Yare, chiefly on the 
 left or E. bank between the river and the sea, but including 
 the par. of Gorleston, with the hamlet of Southtown, on the 
 opposite bank, formerly in the ancient co. of Suffolk. The 
 estuary of the Yare, bordered on both sides by quays with a 
 total length of nearly 4 m. , forms the harbour. Depth avail- 
 able at entrance to harbour at high water ordinary springs 16 
 ft. , low water 10 ft. ; increased during the prevalence of strong 
 N W. winds. Four dry docks, the longest 230 ft. long at bottom. 
 There is an iron drawbridge over the Yare 2 m. from the mouth. 
 The herring-fisheries give employment to thousands, Y. being 
 the chief seat in England of the herring-trade ; there is also 
 considerable deep-sea fishing and a little shipping. Y. is also 
 one of the most frequented watering-places in the kingdom, 
 having an excellent sandy beach and a handsome parade along 
 the shore. The spacious market-place is 3 ac. in area, A 
 peculiar feature of Y. is the long narrow streets called ' rows. ' 
 On 'the Denes' Nelson's column (Doric), 144 ft. high. The 
 Roads, protected by sandbanks, afford excellent anchorage, 
 and are often crowded during S. or W. gales ; vessels pass 
 them through one of three gatways or deep entrance channels, 
 marked by buoys and light-ships. Mean temp. (19 yrs.), yr. 
 48.0° F., Jan. 37.7°, July 60.8° ; rfall. (25 yrs.), 27.6 in. P. (1801) 
 14,800; (1871)41,800; (1891)49,300. 
 
 Yarmnk, the Slierlat-el-Maudhnr (or el-Menadlre) of 
 
 the Arabs, the Hieromax of the ancient Greeks, riv., Syria, 
 chief trib. of the Jordan (1. bk.^, formed by the union of three 
 head-streams, one from the N. (descending from an E. spur of 
 Mount Hermon), and two from the E. , from the volcanic plateau 
 of Hauran ; enters the Jordan 4 m. below the Lake of Tiberias. 
 Length, 115 m. 
 
 Yariiflehl, P.O., Eng., 3 m. from Stone, Staffordshire. 
 
 Yarnscomhe, par. , Eng. , Devonshire, S. Molton div. , 7 m. 
 E. by S. Bideford, 3 m. W. Urrtberleigh stn. P. <soo. 
 
 Yanitoii, par., Eng., Oxfordshire, div. and 4 m. SE. by S. 
 Woodstock, on the G. W. R. P. <5oo. 
 
 Yaroslavl, govt, of central Russia, has Tver and Novgorod 
 on W. , Vologda on N. , Kostroma on E. , Vladimir and Tver 
 on S. ; occupies a broad depression elongated W. to E., 
 traversed by Volga, with trite, in N. Marshy and flooded 
 between the Mologa and Sheksna, as well as above Rostov. 
 Soil of moderate fertility. Watered by Volga, which receives 
 the Sheksna and Mologa (Mariinsk and Tikhvinsk systems of 
 canals), Kotorost and Kostroma. Forests cover one-third of 
 area. Climate like that of Moscow, average temps, at Yaro- 
 slavl being, yr. 37°, Jan. 6°, July 61°. Rivers are frozen for 118 
 to 183 days every year. Population thoroughly Great Russian. 
 Agriculture carried on even in the manufacturing dists., and 
 surplus of com in good years. Large market-gardening, 
 cheese-making. The govt, of Y. , with its annual produce of 
 ;^2, 100,000, stands among the chief manufacturing provs. of 
 Russia. Cotton and linen mills (_|^i,ooo,ooo), flour-mills, 
 distilleries, tobacco works, chemical and machinery works. 
 Great development of domestic trades in all villages : linen, 
 boots, gloves, sheep-skins, knitted goods, felts, wooden goods, 
 pottery, and various metallic goods. Considerable trade, 
 favoured by the Volga. Divided into ten dists. : Yaroslavl, 
 Danilov, Lyubim, Mologa, Myshkin, Poshekhoniye, Romanov- 
 Borisoglyebsk, Rostov, Rybinsk, Uglich. Area, 13,751 sq. m. 
 P. (1884) 1,118,130; (1891) 1,126,890. 
 
 Yaroslavl, cap. of above govt. , on r. bk. of Volga, 173 m. 
 by rail NE. Moscow ; suburbs on 1. bk. Old town containing 
 many relics of the past, especially in Uspenskiy cathedral, 
 begun in 1215. Has a high school with a faculty of law, and 
 more than the usual educational institutions. Manufactures 
 grow in importance, especially the cotton-mills ; considerable 
 trade. P. (1884) 48,310; (1891)80,340. 
 
 Yaroslavskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, prov. Kuban, dist. 
 Maikop. P. 6000. 
 
 Yarpole, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and \\ m. NW. by 
 N. Leominster, 2 J m. ENE. Berrington and Eye stn., P.O. 
 P. <75o. See €rofl. 
 
 Yarpnz, Yarpnt, or larpns, Turkey in Asia, vilayet and 13 
 m. E. Adana ; cap. sanjak Jebel-i-Bereket. Alt. 3340 ft. 
 
 Yarra Cileii, post-tn. , Victoria, Evelyn co. , 31 m. NE. 
 Melbourne by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Yarragon (formerly Waterloo), post-tn., Victoria, Buln 
 Buln CO., 57 m. W. by S. Sale. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Yarram Yarram, post-tn. , Victoria, Buln Buln co. , in 38° 
 34' S., 146° 40' E.; brown coal found in neighbourhood. P. 
 <i5oo. 
 
 Yarravllle, SW. suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Bourke co. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Yarra'wonga, post-tn., Victoria, Moira co. , 46 m. NW. by 
 W. Beechworth, on riv. Murray. It has three parks, fine 
 agricultural show ground, manufactures of brick and terra- 
 cotta, and other industries. An irrigation system has been 
 started for the dist. with excellent results. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Yarra Yarra, riv. , Victoria, winds through a densely timbered 
 mountain range, starting S. of the Dividing Range in the E. of 
 Evelyn co. , flows W. through the cos. Evelyn and Bourke, and 
 immediately after passing Melbourne [q-v.) turns sharply S. 
 and falls into Port Phillip Bay at Hobson's Bay. Particulars as 
 to navigability, depth, and so forth are given under Melbourne. 
 Length nearly 90 m.; area drained, 1500 sq. m. 
 
 Yarrlba, country, W. Africa. See Y'ornba. 
 
 Yarrow, vil, Eng., Somerset, Wells div., 8 m. NE. Bridg- 
 water, 2 m. E. by N. Bason Bridge stn. 
 
 YarroM', par. ', Scot. , Peeblesshire and Selkirkshire, 7 m. W. 
 Selkirk, 5^ m. S. Walkerburn stn., PMT.O.; 41,046 ac. P. 
 <75o. 
 
 Yarroweyah, post-tn., Victoria, Moira co., 150 m. N. Mel- 
 bourne by road and rail. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Yarrowford, PT.O., Scot., Selkirkshire, on Yarrow Water, 
 5 m. NW. Selkirk. 
 
 Yarrow Water, rivulet, Scot., Selkirkshire, issues from St. 
 Mary's Loch, and flows NE. into the Ettrick Water about 2 m. 
 above Selkirk. 
 
 Yarsnat, or Mnhajlrln, Turkey in Asia, vilayet, sanjak, 
 and 33 m. E. by N. Adana, between Shamiran-kale and Ilan- 
 kale. P. 5000. 
 
 YarAn, vil. , Palestine, Iron in the O. T. , 33° 5' N. , 33° 25' 
 E. , 19 m. SE. Tyre. 
 
 Yamonl, vil. , Ecuador, ENE. Quito, in the plain of which 
 
 1755 
 
YARU — YEAL 
 
 La Condamine and his associates of the French Academy 
 determined the length of a degree of the meridian in 1735-45, 
 measuring a base from Caraburo, in the S. , to Oyambaro, in 
 the N. 
 
 YarD*Sanpo, riv. See Sanpo and Brahninpatra. 
 
 Yarwell, par., Eng. , N. div. of Northamptonshire, on the 
 Nen, 6i m. SSE. Stamford, i m. Nassington stn., P.O. P. < 
 500. See Xassington. 
 
 I'ary, riv., Guiana, S. America, flowing SE. from the Tumac- 
 Humac Mts. , in about 55° W. , through an almost uninhabited 
 region to join the Amazon (1. bk.), with several cataracts and 
 falls. Length over 400 m. 
 
 Yasaiasa, roadstead, Brit. New Guinea, in 150° 2' E. , 9° 40' S. 
 
 I'asaiva, string of isls. off the N W. ct. of Viti Levu, Fiji Is. ; 
 also the name of the northernmost of the group. 
 
 Yasltil>knl, lake, central Asia, in the Pamir Plateau, in 37° 
 45' N., just W. of 73° E., drained W. by the Gund, Ghund, or 
 Hunt, into the Ab-i-Panj. Alt. 12,870 ft. 
 
 Yasln, or Yassln, tn., among the mountains on the NW. of 
 India, E. of the range separating the Chitral (Yarkhun) valley 
 from the basin of the Indus, 60 m. NW. by W. Gilghit. Alt. 
 7800 ft. For the principality of Yasln, see Yaghlstan. 
 
 Yasin, or Yassln, dist. of the Senegal region, French West 
 Africa, on r. bk. Kazamanza ; inhabited by Mandingoes. 
 
 Yass, important tn. , New South Wales, Harden co. , 50 m. 
 W. by S. Goulburn, on riv. Yass, in which gold has been found ; 
 copper, silver, and lead e.\ist, but are not yet developed. The 
 town includes North Y., on the opposite side of the river, and 
 O'Couuell toivn. P. < 2000. 
 
 Yassy, Roumanian lasl (yashi), or Jassy, tn. , Roumania, 
 cap. prov. Y. , in a fertile region, on riv. Bahluiu, 115 m. SE. 
 Czernowitz. Former cap. of Moldavia ; seat of a Greek arch- 
 bishop (metropolitan of Moldavia and Suciava), and of a Roman 
 Catholic bishop ; in ancient times cap. of the Dacian tribe of 
 lassii. Sacked in 1686 by Sobieski, king of Poland, in his 
 wars with the Turks. Alt. 490 ft. P. 72,900. 
 
 YAs^kf, site, Palestine, probably the En Tappuah of the O. T., 
 32° 7' N., 35° 14' E. , 7 m. S. by W. Nablus. 
 
 Yaswautgarb, port, Brit. India. See Redi. 
 
 Yat, oasis, central Sahara, on the route from Tripoli to Bornu, 
 in 20° 34' N. , 13° 40' E. Alt. 1650 ft. 
 
 YAtaltl, viL, Paraguay, 76 m. E. by S. Asuncion, 10 m. N. 
 Villa Rica. 
 
 Yatala, tp. , Queensland, Ward co., in 27° 45' S., 153° 10' E. ; 
 has sugar-mills. P. < 1500. 
 
 Vate, par. , Eng. , Gloucestershire, Thornbury div. , 7^ m. SW. 
 by S. Wotton-under-Edge, with a junction stn. on the M. R. ; 
 has coal-mines. P.O. 4081 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yate and Pickup Bank, par., Eng., Lancashire, 4 m. SE. 
 Blackburn. P. <:75o. 
 
 Yatetaonse, vil. , Eng., Cheshire, Knutsford div., a,\ m. SE. 
 by S. Northwich, i\ m. N. Middlewich stn. See Byley Mitli Y'. 
 
 Yateley, par., Eng., Hampshire, Basingstoke div., 6i m. 
 NNW. Aldershot, 2 m. S. by W. Wellington College "stn. , 
 PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yatenga, dist. of French Sudan, between Massina and Mossi, 
 N. Africa, in the loop of the Niger. 
 
 Ydter, vil. , Palestine, Edrei in the O. T. , 33° 9' N. , 35° 20' 
 E., 11^ m. SE. Tyre. 
 
 Yates, settlement, U.S., Illinois, McLean co. 
 
 Yates, CO., U.S., New York, S. of 43° N., and bounded on 
 the E. by Seneca Lake. 
 
 Yates, coal-mining bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Luzerne co. , 
 I m. from Pottston. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Yatesbnry, par. , Eng. , Wiltshire, Chippenham div. , 10 m. 
 SW. by S. Swindon, 4 m. E. by N. Calne. P. <25o. 
 
 Yates Center, city, U.S., Kansas, cap. Woodson co., 80 m. 
 S. Topeka, P. < 1500. 
 
 Yates City, vil., U.S., Illinois, Knox co., 2 m. W. Elmwood 
 by rail. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yatesneld HUl, hill, Northumberland, Hexham div., E. of 
 the Rede, 20 m. SE. Jedburgh. 
 
 YatesvUle, coal-mining bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill 
 CO., 46 m. SW. by S. Scranton, ii m. N. Pottsville. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yatliata, or Cap Island, Lau group, Fiji Is. , in Goro Sea, 
 in 17° 15' S., 179° 30' W. 
 
 Ya-theh-Myo, ruins, Lower Burma, marking the site of the 
 ancient cap. of the kgd. of Prome, about 6 m. W. of Prome town. 
 
 Yatlna, post-tn., S. Australia, Dalhousie co., 60 m. SE. by 
 E. Port Augusta. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yatong, frontier tn., Tibet. Same as Yatang. 
 
 Yatsauk, vil. , Upper Burma, 72 m. SE. Mandalay ; cap. 
 Shan state. 
 
 Yatsl, Japan. See Tanlclil. 
 
 Yatsno, tn., Japan, ken of Toyama, central Honshiu. P. 
 6300. 
 
 Yatsnshlro, tn., Japan, Kiushiu, 45 m. ESE. Nagasaki, on 
 the opposite side of the bay of Nagasaki. P. 10,000. 
 
 Yattendon, par., Eng., Berkshire, div. and 6^ m. NE. 
 Newbury, 2 m. ESE. Hampstead Norris stn., P.O. P. <t;oo. 
 1756 
 
 Yatton, par., Eng., Herefordshire, div. and 5 m. NNE. Ross. 
 P. < 250. See Marcle, Mnch. 
 
 Yatton, par., Eng., Somerset, N. div., 7J m. ENE. Weston- 
 super-Mare, on the G. W\ R., PMT.O.; 5602 ac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Yatton KeyneU, par., Eng., Wiltshire, div. and 4^ m. 
 WNW. Chippenham stn., 10 m. NE. Bath, PMT.O. P. <750. 
 
 Yatung, tn., Tibet, on the Sikkim frontier, about 80 m. S. 
 Shigatse ; the first town opened to foreign commerce by the 
 Tibetan government (May i, 1894). 
 
 Yan, people. Upper Burma. See Yao. 
 
 Yanrl, country, central Sudan, on 1. bk. Niger, S. of Gandu, 
 of which it is a dependency. 
 
 Yaurlsque, vil. , Peru, dep. and 30 m. S. Cuzco ; much fre- 
 quented for its thermal springs. 
 
 Yaus, people. Upper Burma. See Yao. 
 
 Yantepec, tn., Mexico, Morelos, 42 m. S. by E. Mexico. 
 Alt. 4100 ft. P. 6000. 
 
 Yantepec, tn., Mexico, Oaxaca, 187 m. S. Vera Cruz, 50 m. 
 WNW. Tehuantepec. 
 
 Yanyos, vil. , Peru, dep. and 90 m. ESE. Lima, cap. prov. Y. 
 
 Yavapai, co. , U.S., Arizona, on the N. frontier, crossed in 
 the middle by 112° W. , and traversed by the Colorado R. 
 
 Yayarl, Hyabary, Yacarana, or Yaqnlrauo, riv., S. 
 America, forming a part of the boundary between Brazil and 
 Peru, rises in about 11° S., 71° W., and after a N. course of 
 about 450 m. joins the Amazon at Tabatinga ; it is navigable 
 for 200 m. Total length about 600 m. 
 
 Yaverland, par., Eng., Isle of Wight, on the E. ct., 5 m. S. 
 by E. Ryde, i m. SSE. Brading Junction. P. <:250. 
 
 Yavl, vil., Argentine Republic, Jujuy, 322 m. N. Tucuman. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Yavlsa, vil., Colombia, dep. and 137 m. ESE. Panama. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Yavlsh, tn. , Abyssinia, Gojam, 115 m. S. by W. Debra Tabor. 
 
 Yaw, people. Upper Burma. See Yao. 
 
 Yawa, tn., central Africa, in the W. of Wadai, about 12° 40' 
 N., 18° o' E., to the E. of Lake Fittri. 
 
 YilM-al, tn. , Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Khandesh, 108 m. S. 
 by W. Indore. P. 10,800; Hindus, 8700. 
 
 Yawata-bania, tn., Japan, on the W. ct. of Shikoku, 185 m. 
 SW. by W. Kobe. 
 
 Yawrl, bay, W. Africa, to the S. of Sierra Leone Penin., 
 crossed by 8° N. 
 
 Yaxhani, par. , Eng. , Norfolk, Mid div. , 14! m. W. by N. 
 Norwich, 2 m. SSE. East Dereham, on the G. E. R., PMT.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Yaxley, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, Ramsey div. , 5 m. S, 
 by W. Peterborough, i m. SW. of its stn. on the G. N. R., 
 PMT.O. ; 4298 ac. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yaxley, par., Eng., Suffolk, div. and \\ m. W. Eye, 18 m. 
 ENE. Bury St. Edmunds, P.O. P.-C500. 
 
 YazlU-Kaya (' written rock'), a name applied to various in- 
 scribed rocks in Asia Minor, especially one in a valley of Upper 
 Sakaria, and another near Boghaz-koi. 
 
 Yazoo, riv., U.S., Mississippi, in the W. , formed by the con- 
 fluence of the Tallahatchee and Coldwater, flows S. then SSW. 
 past Y. City to the Mississippi, which it joins on the 1. bk. about 
 5 m. W. by N. Vicksburg ; navigable for 29c m. 
 
 Yazoo, city, U.S., Mississippi, Y. co., on Yazoo R., 38 m. 
 NNW. Jackson. P. <4000. 
 
 Yazor, par., Eng., Herefordshire, Leominster div., 8 m. 
 NW. by W. Hereford, i m. N. Moorhampton stn. P. <25o ; 
 eccles. par. (Yazor M'lth Mausell Lacy) P. <5oo. 
 
 Ybbs, tn.. Lower Austria, 35 m. ENE. Steyr. P. <20oo. 
 
 Ybera, or Ibera, lake. See Corrlentes. 
 
 Yblcny, Brazil. See Iblcuy-Clnassu. 
 
 Yctaon, tns. , China, provs. Pechili and Shantung. See Icbon. 
 
 Ydby, or Odby, vil., Denmark, in W. of Jutland, on Liim 
 Fjord, prov. Thisted, 38 m. NNE. Ringkjobing. 
 
 Ye, tn.. Lower Burma, Amherst dist., Tenasserim div., on 
 r. bk. of Ye R., near its mouth. P. (1876-77) <: 3000. 
 
 Yea, post-tn., Victoria, Anglesey co. , 49 m. NE. by N. 
 Melbourne ; some mining is carried on. P. <i500. 
 
 Yeadlug Green, locality, Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge div., 
 4^ m. SW. Harrow, i^ m. NW. Southall stn. 
 
 Yeadon, par. and tn., Eng., Yorkshire, W\ Riding, Otley 
 div., 6^ m. NNE. Bradford ; woollen manufactures. P. 7400. 
 
 Yeagertown, vil., U.S., Pennsylvania, Mifflin co. , 45 m. 
 NW. by W. Harrisburg. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yealand (yei'and) Conyers, par., Eng., Lancashire, N. 
 Lonsdale div., 8^ m. N. by E. Lancaster, 2 m. E. by S. Silver- 
 dale stn., PMT.O. P.-C500. 
 
 Yealand Redniayne, par., Eng., Lancashire, N. Lonsdale 
 div., 9 m. N. by E. Lancaster, 2 m. SW. Burton and Holme 
 stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Yealni (yam), small riv., Eng., in the S. of Devonshire, flows 
 into the English Charmel, forming a branched estuary known 
 as Yealni Month. 
 
 Yealniptou, par., Eng., Devonshire, Totnes div., 6 m. ESE. 
 Plymouth, on the Yealm, just above the head of Yealm mouth. 
 
YEAN 
 
 Y E L V 
 
 A quarter of a mile SW. is a cave in which were found the 
 bones of the elephant and other animals. Marble quarries in 
 the neighbourhood. PMT.O. P. <iooo. 
 
 Yeaustoii, vil., Eng. , Somerset, E. div. , loj m. E. by N. 
 Yeovil, I m. SE. Templecombe stn. 
 
 Yeardsley -^^Itli >Vhaley, par. and tn., Eng., Cheshire, 
 Knutsford div., yj^ m. NE. by N. Macclesfield, close to Furness 
 Vale stn. P. <i500. 
 
 Yearsley, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 14J m. N. York, i^ m. S. by E. Ampleforth stn. 
 P. <25o. See toxwold. 
 
 Yeathonse (yat'us), stn., Eng., Cumberland, on the L. & 
 NW. R. , 4 m. E. by S. Whitehaven. 
 
 Yeaveley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, W. div., loj m. W. by N. 
 Derby, 4^ m. E. by S. Norbury stn. P. <25o. 
 
 Yeaveflng, par., Eng., Northumberland, 4 m. WNW. 
 Wooler. Yeaverliig Bell (alt. 2000 ft. ) has druidical remains. 
 P. <:25o. 
 
 Yebenes, Los, comm., Spain, prov. and 22 m. SSE. Toledo, 
 dist. Orgaz, in the mountains of Toledo. P. 5000. 
 Yebl!«u, or Yebisu-DIluato. See Ebisn-Mlnato. 
 Yebla, site, Palestine, Ibleam in the O. T. , 32° 43' N., 35° 
 28' E. , 14 m. SE. Nazareth. 
 
 Yebiiali, vil., Palestine, Jabneel in the O. T., 31° 51' N., 
 34° 44' E., 13 m. S. Jaffa (ancient Joppa). 
 Yebrnd, vil. , Asiatic Turkey. See Yabrnd. 
 Yebn, country, W. Africa, Upper Guinea, with cap. Ode, 
 37 m. NNE. Lagos ; under English protection since 1892. P. 
 400,000. 
 
 Yecla, comm., Spain, prov. Murcia, 36 m. NW. by W. 
 Alicante ; at some distance relics of an unknown ancient town. 
 P. 17,700. 
 
 Yeddliigtaaiu, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Buckrose 
 div., on the Derwent, io| m. WSW. Scarborough, i^ m. 
 NNW. Hesterton stn. P. <25o. 
 Yedi, tn. , central Africa, Bornu, at SW. angle of Lake Chad. 
 Yedl-burnn ('the seven capes'), promontory of the Lycian 
 Taurus, Asia Minor, abutting on the Mediterranean, a little E. 
 of 29° E. , over against Rhodes. 
 
 Yediy<kr, vil., India, Mysore state, dist. Tumktir, in 12° 59' 
 N. , 76° Ss' E. ; annual religious festival attended by 10,000 people. 
 Yedo, Japan. See Tokyo. 
 
 Yegge, vil. , Upper Guinea, on 1. bk. and at head of navigation 
 in the Volta, 250 m. from the sea, 18 m. S. Salaga, of which it 
 is the port. 
 
 Yegorlyk, or Yagorlyk, two rivs. , Caucasia, govt. Stavropol, 
 r. bk. tribs. of Manych ; many populous Cossack villages on 
 their banks. Length of Great Y. 200 m. 
 
 Ye-gyl-Paii-daw, tn.. Lower Burma, dist. and 44 m. NNE. 
 Bassein. 
 
 Yelia, vil. , Abyssinia, Tigre, 10 m. NE. Adua, with monastery 
 
 in a former Himyaritic temple, and remains ^ Sabaean civilisation. 
 
 Yelitaii, rapid on Yangtse-kiang, China, about midway 
 
 between Ichang and Wushan-hsien ; said to be the worst in 
 
 winter. 
 
 Yelindtyeh, El. See El Yelindtyeli. 
 
 Yelsk, dist. tn. and port, Russia, Caucasia, govt. Kuban, on 
 Yelsk Bay, on the SE. ct. of Sea of Azov, 46° 48' N. lat. , 38° 
 12' E. long.; roadstead protected by a sandbank, but very 
 shallow; exports chiefly corn. P. 35,840. 
 Yeju (or -chn), tn. , Korea. See Yliju. 
 Ye-kln, or Ke-keng, tn., Lower Burma, dist. Tharawadi, on 
 the E. bank of the Irawadi. P. (i88i)<20oo. 
 
 Yeldeii, par., Eng., in the extreme N. of Bedfordshire, 
 Biggleswade div., 11^ m. N. by W. Bedford, 4 m. SE. by E. 
 Higham Ferrers stn. " P. <25o. 
 Yeldersley, par., Eng., Derbyshire, 3 m. SE. Ashbourne. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Yeldliani, 4;reat and Little, two adjoining pars., Eng., 
 Essex, Saffron Walden div., the former on the Colne, 9^ m. N. 
 Braintree, on the G. E. R., with a stn. (Yeldbam) on the 
 G. E. & Colne Valley Rly. Great Y., PMT.O., P.<75o; 
 Little Y., P. <:soo. 
 
 Yelford, par. , Eng. , Oxfordshire, div. and 9^ m. SW. Wood- 
 stock, 3J ni. S. Witney. P. <:25o. 
 
 Yelgandal, tn. , India, Haidarabad, on Maner R., cap. Y. 
 dist., 83 m. NE. by N. Haidarabad. 
 
 Yell, CO., U.S., Arkansas, crossed in the E. by 93° W., and 
 bounded on NE. by Arkansas R. 
 
 Yell, isl., Scot., second in size of the Shetland group, sepa- 
 rated from Mainland by the Y. Sound. E. ct. generally low, 
 but rocky on W, Fishing is the chief industry. Surface hilly 
 (highest point, 672 ft.) and bleak. The N. part of the island 
 forms part of the par. of Fetlar and North Y. , the remainder 
 forming the par. of Mid and South Y. PMT.O. , (Mid Y.), P.O. 
 (East i'.). 35,375 ac. P. isl. 2561 ; par. Mid and South Y. 
 (including the now uninhabited Hasenssay Island) P. < 2000. 
 
 Yellaiid, vil., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 7 m. SE. by 
 S. Bideford, on the r. bk. of the Torridge, 3 m. SE. Torring- 
 ton stn. 
 
 Yellata Falls, the last falls on the Congo, 25 m. above Vivi. 
 Yelling, par., Eng., Huntingdonshire, div. and 6 m. S. 
 Huntingdon, 4 m. ENE. St. Neots stn., P.O. P. <5oo. 
 
 Yellow Craig, rocky cliff, Scot. , on the E. ct. of Berwick- 
 shire, in 55° 53V N., 2 m. S. by E. St. Abb's Head. 
 
 Yellow Furze, tn.. Ire., NE. co. Meath, bar. Lower Duleek, 
 5 m. ENE. Navan. P. <25o. 
 
 Yelloiv Head Pass, pass across the Rocky Mts. , on the borders 
 of Alberta and Brit. Columbia, in 52° 53' N.; one of the passes 
 originally proposed for the passage of the C. P. R. 
 
 Yellow Medicine, co., U.S., Minnesota, on the W. frontier, 
 S. of 45° N., bounded on the NE. by Minnesota R. 
 YellovK River, China. See H'wang-ho. 
 Yellow River, Ire., in the NE. of King's co., 1. bk. trib. of 
 riv. Boyne. 
 
 Yellow River, or Yellow Water River, U.S., Alabama 
 and Florida, flows 95 m. SSW. into the Gulf of Pensacola. 
 
 Yellow River, U.S., Wisconsin, flows SSE. into riv. Wis- 
 consin. Length, 80 m. 
 
 Yellow Sea, a translation of the Chinese Hwang-lial, an 
 inlet of the Pacific Ocean, in E. Asia, between 33° and, includ- 
 ing its N. extension, the Bay of Korea, 40° N., 120° and 127° 
 E. , having W. the Chinese provs. Kiangsu and Shantung, N. 
 Liautung, and E. Korea. It opens north-westward into the 
 Gulfs of Pechili and Liautung, from which last it is separated 
 by the long promontory termed the ' Regent's Sword.' It 
 receives the Hwang-ho, and owes its name to the yellow sedi- 
 ment which that river carries down ; numerous groups of islets 
 border its E. and N. coasts. Average depth scarcely 100 ft. 
 Regularly frozen round the shores. 
 
 Yellow Springs, vil., U.S., Ohio, Greene co. , 50 m. W. by 
 S. Columbus ; the seat of Antioch College ; has a mineral spring. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Yellowstone, co., U.S., Montana, crossed by 46° N. and 
 108° and 109° W. 
 
 YelloM'stone, riv., U.S., one of the principal affluents or 
 head-streams of the Missouri * rises immediately E. the Rocky 
 Mts., in the southern part of Yellowstone National Park [q.v.), 
 flows NE. through Montana, and joins the Missouri after a 
 serpentine course of 600 m. on the border of Montana and N. 
 Dakota. Principal tribs., Clark Fork, the Big .Horn, Tongue, 
 and Powder Rivs. , all from the S. If is navigable to near the 
 confluence of the Big Horn, about 300 m. above its mouth. 
 
 Yellowstone National Park, U.S., a rectangular area of 
 3348 sq. m. in the NW. of Wyoming, containing a marvellous 
 collection of volcanic phenomena, by Act of Congress (1871-72) 
 constituted a National Park. The region consists chiefly of a 
 plateau broken by groups of mountains, and bordered on the 
 E. by the Yellowstone Range ; mean elevation 8000 ft. , the 
 highest mountains rising to 11,000-12,000 ft. Large tracts are 
 covered with dense forest. In recent geologic times the region 
 has been one of remarkable volcanic activity. It is almost 
 entirely covered by lava, through which, in all directions, rise 
 hot springs, calcareous, siliceous, sulphureous, and iron. The 
 localities in which they gjoup in largest numbers are White Mt., 
 or Mammoth (near the N. boundary). Hot Springs, Gibbon, 
 Lower and Upper Geyser basins, Shoshone basin. Heart Lake, 
 and Mud geysers. The Upper and Lower Geyser basins, on 
 the Firehole, contain thousands of hot springs, including one 
 known as ' Old Faithful ' (from the regularity with which its 
 nearly hourly eruptions occur), which throws water to a height 
 of 150 ft., while others throw it still higher. Yellowstone 
 Lake, nearly in the centre of the Park, very irregular in shape, 
 with long arms (alt. 7738 ft. ; length, 20 m. ; breadth, 15 m.), 
 receives the upper Yellowstone R. , and from its N. end issues 
 Yellowstone R. The Snake, Gallatin, and Madison also 
 take their rise in this region. Other beautiful lakes are Sho- 
 shone, Lewis, and Heart Lakes. Within the Park are the 
 Great Falls, and the Grand Canon of the Yellowstone. In the 
 Falls the river precipitates itself over a cliff 112 ft. in height, 
 and about 2 ni. lower down it makes a second plunge of 300 ft. 
 into a chasm, at some parts 1000 ft. deep, through which it flows 
 for 12-15 m. ; this is the Grand Cafion. The great continental 
 ' divide ' crosses the southern part of the Yellowstone Park. The 
 Park is a refuge for the larger game — buffalo, elk, antelope, and 
 bear — which, but for the protection here afforded, would soon 
 be exterminated. On the S. and E. sides is a ' timber preserve,' 
 containing about 1935 sq. m., practically an extension of the 
 Park, making the total area about 5283 sq. m. 
 
 Yellow Snlpbur Springs, vil. , U.S., Virginia, Montgomery 
 CO. ; its medicinal springs draw many visitors. P. < 1500. 
 Yelmo, mt. , Spain. See Segnra, Sierras de. 
 Yelvertoft, par. , Eng. , Mid div. of Northamptonshire, 6 m. 
 E. Rugby, 2 m. S. of its stn. (Y. and Stanford Park), P.O. 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Yelverton, stn. , Eng. , Devonshire, on the G. W. R. , 5 m. 
 SSE. Tavistock, PMT.O. 
 
 Yelverton, par., Eng., Norfolk, S. div., 5^ m. SE. by S. 
 Norwich, 4^ m. E. by N. Swainsthorpe stn. P. <25o ; eccles. 
 par. (Y. with Alpington) P. <25o. 
 
 1757 
 
YEMA — YENI 
 
 Temaua, or Temante, dist., central Arabia, S. of Nejd, and 
 W. of El Haza ; cap. Salemiye. 
 
 Veniba, lake, Africa. See Tanganyika. 
 
 Yemen, Turkish vilayet in the SW. of Arabia, bordering the 
 Red Sea from about 17^° N. to the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, 
 and lying to the N. of the chieftaincies dependent on Aden ; 
 cap. Sana. It is the Arabia Felix of the ancients, or rather 
 the southern and most favoured part of it, that name having 
 been applied to all that part of tropical Arabia enjoying the 
 benefit of monsoon rains, coupled in the mountains with a mild 
 climate. Like most of the other maritime parts of Arabia, it 
 has on the side next the sea a series of nearly level plains, known 
 collectively as the Tehama. In Y. these form a series of 
 terraces, each nearly level, rising one above the other to the 
 base of the mountains, which lie at a distance of about 35-50 m. 
 These plains are arid and nearly desert, covered at most with a 
 scanty and coarse shrubby vegetation. Beyond the Tehama, 
 however, a range of mountains, here collectively known by the 
 name of Serat, gradually rises to the height of about 10,000 ft., 
 and on their outer slopes they enfold a large number of the 
 most fertile valleys in the world, producing a great variety of 
 tropical and sub-tropical produce — coffee, bananas, date, dum 
 and other palms, figs and other southern fruits, durrah, dukhn 
 {Holcus Dochna or Pennisetum typkoideutn), maize and other 
 grains, cotton, kat (Catha or Celastrus edulis), sesame, &c., &c. 
 For coffee, the most important object of culture, at least in the 
 western valleys behind Mokha and Hodaida, the climate is 
 described by Glaser as almost ideal. Winter and summer alike 
 a thick mist rises from the Tehama to the slopes on which the 
 coffee is grown. About mid-day the plantations themselves 
 become enveloped in mist, and thus protected against the 
 glare of the sun, which the coffee-tree cannot stand very 
 well. This shade continues until after the greatest heat of 
 the day is usually experienced elsewhere, and then disappears. 
 So regular is this occurrence that in certain places there are 
 scarcely twenty days in the year on which the mist fails to rise. 
 By night, on the other hand, the air ascending from the Tehama 
 helps to prevent an excessive lowering of the temperature, so 
 that there is here, as it were, hothouse culture regulated by 
 nature. To take advantage of this admirable climate an enor- 
 mous amount of labour has been spent in terracing the steep hill- 
 slopes. On the road from Hodaida to Sana endless flights of 
 terrace walls meet the eye on every side. Usually the walls are 
 from s to 8 ft. high, and towards the top of the mountain much 
 higher, sometimes 15 or 18 ft., each wall retaining on an average 
 a terrace not more than twice its own height in width. On the 
 top of the mountains beyond these valleys central Y. is a plateau 
 of about 8000 ft. in average altitude, broken only by ' hideous 
 ledges of black volcanic rock. ' Farther E. , Y. embraces the dist. 
 known as the Jauf, or Jof (different from that so called in N. 
 Arabia), containing many interesting remains of antiquity 
 [Slarib]. Transport is effected by means of camel caravans, 
 camels travelling with ease over rough moimtain roads that seem 
 to strangers almost impassable for a mule. The only port of 
 any consequence now is Hodaida, the former ports of Mokha 
 and Lohaia having both declined, and Ghalefka become silted 
 up. Area about 77,000 sq. m. P. about 750,000. 
 
 Tenien-k>van, pass, N. China, in N. of prov. Shansi, across 
 the Mantu-shan, 12 m. NW. Tai-chou, in 39 15' N., 112° 50' E., 
 on one of the principal caravan routes from Peking to Mongolia. 
 Alt. 6150 ft. 
 
 ¥enilgan<kr, tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. and 59 ra. NE. 
 Bellary ; once noted for its weaving. P. 9700 ; Hinjius, 7500. 
 
 Yen, riv., Upper Burma, formed by the union of two head- 
 streams which unite a little to the N. of 20° N., after which the 
 river winds W. into the Irdwadi, which it joins below Magwe. 
 
 Yena, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Kirk-Kilise, 47 m. E. 
 Adrianople. 
 
 Yenang-yonng, tn.. Upper Burma, on the L bk. of the 
 Irdwadi, 50 m. S. Pagan ; petroleum in the neighbourhood. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Yenbai, vil. and fort, Tongking, at the head of regular navi- 
 gation on the Songkoi (Red R.), midway between Hanoi and 
 Laokai (about 100 m. by river from either) ; valuable coal 
 strata in the neighbourhood. 
 
 YencUng, or Yeuklng, China. See Peking. 
 
 Yenchlng, or Yuencblng, tn. , China. See Lungtsun-chou. 
 
 Yenchon-fn, or Yanctaon-fti, tn., China, prov. Shantung, 
 240 m. S. Tientsin, 60 m. S. by E. Tsinan. P. 60,000. See 
 also Yanchon-fti. 
 
 Yenehaan, or Jenchnau, port, Korea. See Chemulpo. 
 
 Yendl, tn. , western Sudan, N. of the Gold Coast, in 9° 45' 
 N., 0° 20' W. Alt. 700 ft. 
 
 Yengarie, tp. , Queensland, March co., 135 m. N. by W. 
 Brisbane, on riv. Mary. The large Y. sugar refinery is supplied 
 with cane juice from neighbouring plantations by underground 
 •pipes, and from others by floating tanks. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yeng-cben, tn., Korea. See Yongchtaiin. 
 
 Yeng-bal, tn. , Korea. See Yong-bal. 
 
 Yeughenng, populous tn. , Korea. See Yongbenng. 
 1758 ^ 
 
 Yenglaba4l, tn., Persia, prov, Ardilan, 10 m. NW. Hamadan. 
 
 Yeni' , Turkish, 'new.' 
 
 Yenlje Focba. See Focba. 
 
 Y'enlJe-1-Vardar, Turkish, Slavonic Janica (Yaultsa), tn., 
 Turkey in Europe, prov. and 29 m. WNW. Salonica. P. nearly 
 9000; Christians, 3500; Moham. 2000 (G.). 
 
 Yenl-kban, tn. , Asia Minor, vilayet and 25 m. WNW. Sivas, 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Yenl-kiil (Turkish, 'new village'), vil., Asia Minor, in the 
 ancient Troad, 60 m. WSW. Biga. 
 
 Yenl-kol, vil., Asia Minor, prov. and 37 m. WNW. Brussa, 
 on S. shore of Strait of Marmora ; summer resort. 
 
 Yenl-kiil, vil., Turkey in Europe, on the Black Sea, prov. 
 Chatalja, 24 m. NW. by N. Constantinople. 
 
 Yenl-kol, vil., Turkey in Europe, on the Bosporus, 8J m. 
 NE. by N. Constantinople. 
 
 Yenlpaztir, tn. , Turkey in Europe. See Xovlbazar. 
 
 Yenl-Pazar, tn. , Bulgaria. See Xovl-Pazar. 
 
 Yenl Sagbra, Bulgaria. See \ova Zagora. 
 
 Y'enlsel, large riv. of NW. Mongolia and E. Siberia, govt. 
 Yeniseisk, rises, from the junction of Bei-khem and Khua- 
 khem, in the NW. Mongolia part of the High Plateau of E. 
 Asia, in the S. of the Ergik-targak-taiga. They flow in open 
 valleys at altitudes of 3000-3500 ft., and make by their junction 
 the Ulu-khem, which pierces the Sayan border-ridge on the 
 Russian frontier, where it assumes the name of Y. , as well as a 
 series of parallel chains fringing the border-ridge ; it issues from 
 the highlands under 53° 10' N. at Sayanskoye. Flows next 
 through the elevated plains of Minusinsk, receiving Abakan 
 (1. bk.) and Tuba (r. bk.). In 55° N. bends NE. at the base of 
 a range of a lower plateau, on the N. slope of which flows the 
 Chulym, trib. of Ob', within 6 m. distance from Y. , 440 ft. above 
 this latter. Joined by Kan below Krasnoyarsk, and next by 
 Angara or upper Tunguska, which is now being rendered 
 navigable by clearing its rapids as far as Irkutsk, and possibly 
 as far as Lake Baikal. Approached on the left by several tribs. 
 of the Ob', one of which, the Ket, has lately been connected 
 with the Y. by a canal with locks, which now only has to be 
 enlarged. In 62° N. it receives from right the Podkamennaya 
 Tunguska and, further on, the Nizhnyaya Tunguska, near 
 Turukhansk (65° 40' N.), and the Kureika and Denezhkina 
 from the left. Attains the width of 6 m., and at Dudino begins 
 to form an estuary, which is in places 40 m. wide, and contains 
 numerous islands. Navigated by steamers between Krasno- 
 yarsk and Minusinsk, and again below Yeniseisk town, which 
 has been reached by Nordenskjold on board a ship coming from 
 Norway. The Y. Bay is now regularly visited by steamers from 
 Europe {via Kara Sea) ; a regular navigation will be established 
 when the surveys of the bay are completed, and a river-port is 
 established in the estuary for unloading the vessels. Total 
 length, 2500 m. (taking the Angara for its source) ; area of 
 basin, 792,300 sq. m, 
 
 Yeniseisk, prov., Russia, E. Siberia, has Arctic Ocean 
 on N., NW. Mongolia on S., Tomsk on W., Yakutsk and 
 Irkutsk on E. Covers one-ninth part of the Russian Empire. 
 Includes in S. the W. Sayans, 7000-8000 ft., bordering the 
 plateau of NW. Mongolia, and the belt of alpine tracts which 
 fringe the plateau on NW. and N., consisting of shorter chains, 
 running mostly SW. to NE., intersected by deep valleys (named 
 S. Yeniseisk Taiga in SE. of Krasnoyarsk) ; a terrace of 
 elevated plateaux, 1500-2000 ft. high, lies at the NW. of the 
 above. Another system of mountains, the N. Yeniseisk Taiga, 
 rises on the outer border of this last terrace, and consists of short 
 chains, 2500-3000 ft. high, running NE. , and containing rich 
 gold-diggings' in their valleys. Beyond the N. Yeniseisk Mts. 
 begin the lowlands, 300-500 ft. high, gently sloping towards the 
 Arctic Ocean, and further on, N. of 70 N., spread treeless 
 tundras, protruding in Cape Chelyuskin to 7-]° 38' N. The 
 Tunguskiy Range and the Byrranga Mts. diversify their mono- 
 tonous surface. Two great bays of the Arctic Ocean , Tazovskaya 
 and Yenisei, 300 m. long, penetrate deeply into the mainland. 
 Gyda, Taimyr, Thaddeus, and Khatanga Bays are also large 
 inlets. The alpine regions of Y. consist of granites and 
 syenites, as well as of a variety of gneisses, diorite and clay slates, 
 talc and mica schists, intersected by dykes of protogene, diorites 
 porphyry, marble, and quartz. Silurian, Devonian, Carboni- 
 ferous, and Triassic deposits are spread in the plains, and 
 covered in places by fresh-water and coal-bearing Jurassic 
 deposits. Chalk and Eocene deposits are found further N. 
 Traces of glaciation are met with in the hilly tracts, while a 
 wide series of Post-Pliocene deposits are spread over the low- 
 lands, and contain corpses and skeletons of mammoths and 
 rhinoceroses. The S. and N. Yeniseisk Taigas, as also the 
 spurs of the Kuznetskiy Alatau in the SW. , are rich in auriferous 
 deposits, and about 8500 lbs. of gold are extracted every year ; 
 iron ore widely spread (one small iron-work only, at Abakan) ; 
 salt lakes in S. Well watered by Yenisei and its numerous 
 affluents. Climate dry and relatively mild on the prairies 
 (Steppes) of Minusinsk. Very cold and dry (want of snow) at 
 Krasnoyarsk. Very cold and wet in the tundras (Taimyr, aver- 
 
Y E N I - 
 
 age summer temp. 45°) ; the average temps, at Yeniseisk are : yr. 
 28° F., Jan. - 12°, July 66°. Population mostly Russian. Sur- 
 vivals of a variety of Turkish and Samoyedic stems in the spurs 
 and at the foot of the Sayans (Koibals, Kacha Tatars, Sagais, 
 &c. ; Karagasses, Kotts, Arintsi disappearing). About 2000 
 Tunguses and a few Yakuts, Ostyaks, and Yuraks. Chief 
 occupations of Russians and Tatars, agriculture and cattle- 
 breeding, the Minusinsk prairies being the granary of the prov. 
 No manufactures vt^orthy of mention. Hunting and fishing. 
 Divided into five dists.: Krasnoyarsk (the cap. of the prov., 
 now on the point of being connected by rail with Omsk, and 
 later on will be connected with Irkutsk), Achinsk, Kansk, 
 Minusinsk, and Yeniseisk ; Turukhansk, chief town of a wide 
 region [Turukhariskiy Krai). Area, 987,186 sq. m. P, (i860) 
 313,350; (1890)458,570. 
 
 Yeulselsk, dist. tn. of prov. of same name, on r. bk. of 
 Yenisei, 200 m. N. by W. Krasnoyarsk, 58° 27' N., 102° 6' E. ; 
 entrepot for gold-mines of its wide district ; public library ; good 
 natural history museum. Mean rfall. (12 yrs.), yr. 15.5 in., 
 May-Nov. 12.0 in. P. 6650. 
 
 Yenishehr, or Yenlsliehcr ('new town'), coast tn., Turkey 
 in Asia, 25 m. ENE. Brusa, about 2 m. S. of the entrance to 
 the Dardanelles. 
 
 Yeuking, tn., China, prov. Pechili, 50 m. NW. by N. Peking. 
 
 Yenkliig, China. See Peklitg. 
 
 Yenne, tn., France, on the W. border of dep. Savoie, on the 
 1. bk. of the Rhone, arr. and 12 m. NW. by N. Chamb^ry, 6 m. 
 SE. Belley. P. < 2000. 
 
 Yeiiitgaii-fn. See Yanngau-fn. 
 
 Yeo, riv. , Eng. , in the SE. of Somerset, one of the headwaters 
 of the Parret. 
 
 Yeoford Jauctlon, stn. , Eng. , Devonshire, S. Molton div. , 
 on the G. W. R. , 14 m. WN W. Exeter. 
 
 Yeola, tn., Brit. India, Bombay, dist. Nasik, 58 m. W. by 
 N. Aurangabdd ; important trade in gold twist, and silk and 
 cotton goods woven here ; manufactures of gold and silver 
 wire and thread ; the silk trade employs about 7000 persons. 
 P. 18,900; Hindus, 12,800; Moham. 5800. 
 
 Yeolni bridge, P.O., Eng., Devonshire, Tavistock div., on 
 the Tamar, 2 m. NNW. Launceston. 
 
 Yeo 9IU1, P. O. , Eng. , Devonshire, 61 m. W. Dulverton. 
 
 Yeotnial WAn, dist., India, Haidarabad, 46 m. SE. by E. 
 Amraoti. P. 6500 ; Hindus, 5100. 
 
 Yeovil, mun. bor. (by prescription) and market-tn., Eng., 
 Somerset, S. div., in the diocese of Bath and Wells, on a hill- 
 side sloping to the Yeo (whence the name), 40 m. S. Bristol, 
 a railway junction connected with the G. W. R. and L. & SW. 
 R. ; it is mainly an agricultural centre, its only manufacturing 
 industry glove-making, which is largely carried on both in the 
 town and neighbourhood. Market-days, F. and S. Mun. 
 bor. P. (i8oi)<300o; (1851)7700; (1891)9600; par. 4219 ac, 
 P. (1891) 10,900; eccles. par. (Y. with Preston Pluckuett) 
 P. 6600. 
 
 Yeovil Junction, stn. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, on the L. & SW. 
 R. , I m. S. Yeovil. 
 
 Yeovil Harsh, eccles. par., Eng., Somerset, Yeovil union. 
 P. <:5oo. 
 
 Yeovliton, par., Eng., Somerset, E. div., 4 m. N. by W. 
 Yeovil. P. <2So. 
 
 Yeraugonie, or Yareiigonie, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet 
 and 120 m. SE. by E. Smyrna, sanjak Denizlii. P. 9800 ; 
 Moham. 9400. 
 
 Yerbeston, par., Wales, Pembrokeshire, 7 m. NE. by E. 
 Pembroke. P. <25o ; eccles. par. (Y. with Loveston) P. <25o. 
 
 Yeres, riv., France, r. bk. trib. of the Seine, which it joins at 
 Villeneuve St. Georges ; winds W. through the plateau La Brie. 
 Length, 55 m. 
 
 Yerini, tn. , S. Arabia, Yemen, 68 m. SSE. Sana, with im- 
 portant market. Alt. 9265 ft. 
 
 Yerka, vil., Palestine, Helkath in the O. T. , 32° 57' N., 35° 
 12' E., 8| m. E. by N. Acre. 
 
 YerkAd, sanitarium and tn., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Salem, 
 in 11° 52' N., 78° 13' E.; the oldest station in the Shevaroy 
 Hills, with flourishing coffee-gardens. Alt. 4828 ft. 
 
 Yerkalo, tn., China, prov. Suchwan, on the 1. bk. of the 
 upper Mekong, in about 29° N., 98° 45' E.; thermal springs 
 near. Alt. 8530 ft. 
 
 Yerniakovo, vil. , Russia. See Ermak. 
 
 YeriM^k, or El Yermftk, ruins, Palestine, Jannuth in the 
 O. T. (Josh. X. 3, 5, &c.), 31° 43' N., 34° 58' E., 15 m. WSW. 
 Jerusalem. 
 
 Yernaglkdeni, vil., Brit. India, Madras, dist. Godavari, 62 
 m. NNE. Masulipatam. P. (i88i)<30oo. 
 
 YerrepA, tn. , Ger. W. Africa, Togo-land, in 8° 48' N. , 0° 18' 
 E. Alt. 650 ft. 
 
 Yerrl, comm. , Spain, prov. Navarre, dist. Estella, 19 m. 
 WSW. Pamplona. P. < 5000. 
 
 Yerseke, or IJerseke, vil., Netherlands, prov. Zeeland, 7 m. 
 ESE. Goes, in S. Beveland, on the so-called Eastern Scheldt ; 
 important oyster-beds. P. (comm.)<4000. 
 
 YEZO 
 
 ■"CALIFOR^ 
 
 Yerville, vil., France, dep. Seine- iSMTeiue.Tgm. NW. by 
 N. Rouen, arr. and 8 m. ENE. Yvetot. P. <2000. 
 
 Yeshhnm, or Yshibam, tn., S. Arabia, Hadramut, 163 m. 
 NE. Aden. P. 10,000 (Wrede). 
 
 Yeso, isl. , Japan. See Yezo. 
 
 Yeste, comm., Spain, prov. and 50 m. SW. by S. Albacete. 
 P. 6600. 
 
 Yester, par. , Scot. , Haddingtonshire, 4 m, SE. Haddington ; 
 8848 ac. P. <75o. 
 
 Yes Tor, hill, Eng., in the W. of Devonshire, 16 m. E. by N. 
 Launceston. Alt. 2077 ft. 
 
 Yetan, rapid on Yangtse-kiang. See Yehtan. 
 
 Yetholm (ySt'am) and Kirk Yetholni, vil. , Scot. , Roxburgh- 
 shire, on Bowmont Water, 7J m. SE. Kelso, PM T.O. Town 
 Yetholm is that part of the village which stands on the 1. bk. 
 of the Bowmont Water, Kirk Yetholm being on the opposite 
 bank. P. <75o; par. (Yetholm) 5960 ac, P. < 1000. 
 
 Yetllugton, vil. , Eng. , Northumberland, Berwick-upon-Tweed 
 div., II m. W. by S. Alnwick, 5 m. WSW. Whittingham stn. 
 See I'allaley. 
 
 Yetman, post-tn., Ne»v South Wales, Arrawatta co., 140 m. 
 WNW. Grafton, on riv. Mclntyre. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yetminster, par. , Eng. , Dorsetshire, W. div. , 4^ m. S W. by 
 S. Sherborne, on the G. W. R., PM.O. P. <75o; eccles. par. 
 (Y. with t'hetnole) P. <iooo. 
 
 Ye-u, tn.. Upper Burma, cap. of Y. dist., in the NW. ad- 
 joining Manipur. P. <4000. 
 
 Yeu, riv., another name of the Komadugu {q.v.). 
 
 Yen, lie d', isl., in the Atlantic Ocean, 15 m. from the W. ct. 
 of France, in 46^ 41' N. 
 
 Yeulba, post-tn. , Queensland. See Ynelba. 
 
 Yeundo, tribe, W. Africa. See Kaiuerun. 
 
 Yenyaug-ehou, tn., China. See Ynyaug-chou. 
 
 Yevre, riv., France, dep. Cher, and r. bk. trib. of Cher (Loire 
 basin), flowing from 17 m. E. Bourges to Vierzon ; the Canal 
 de Berry runs parallel for some distance. Length, 42 m. ; area 
 of basin, 1245 sq. m. 
 
 Yewbarrow, mt., Eng., Cumberland, N. side of Wast Water. 
 Alt. 2058 ft. 
 
 Yeya (Eya), riv., Russia, rises in govt. Stavropol, enters Sea 
 of Azov ; many populous villages on its banks ; fisheries. 
 Length, 150 m. 
 
 Yezd, tn. , Persia, prov. Kerman, 165 m. ESE. Ispahan, situated 
 in an oasis of mulberries in a sandy plain, between two ranges 
 of heights (containing lead, marble, and rock-salt). The fer- 
 tility of the oasis depends on the snows and rains which fall 
 on the neighbouring hills, the water from which is carefully 
 collected in underground reservoirs. Centre of the silk industry 
 of Persia (now partly decayed). This town and the dist. round 
 contain the bulk of the 9000 or so adherents of Zoroastrianism, 
 the ancient religion of Persia. P. 70-100,000. 
 
 Yezdlkhast, vil., Persia, 80 m. SSE. Ispahan, curiously 
 perched on a hump of rock rising out of the middle of a broad 
 trench (upwards of 250 yards wide) which forms a gash in the 
 face of a wide plain. 
 
 Yezidi, religious sect in Turkish and Persian Kurdistan and 
 upper Armenia, about 50,000 in number ; the name means ' star 
 worshippers. ' 
 
 Yezo, or Hokkaido, the northernmost of the isls. of Japan, 
 is separated on the S. from Honshiu by the deep strait of 
 Sangar or Tsugaru (10-12 m. wide), and on the N. from 
 Sakhalin Is. by the Strait of La Perouse. Its outline is very 
 irregular; but the coasts are tolerably regular and unbroken, 
 in part low and swampy, as on the NE. and SE. , in part faced 
 with high cliffs (up to 500-1000 ft. high) in the E., W., and S. 
 The interior of the island is a plateau rising up to 4000 ft. , with 
 elevated ridges, studded with volcanic peaks (Nutapkanshipe, 
 7500 ft.), radiating E., S. , and N. A secondary backbone ex- 
 tends right down the W. ct. , and is overtopped by several 
 volcanic mountains, e.g. , Makkarinobori (6440 ft. ). Hot springs 
 are used for medicinal purposes near Mororan and N. of 
 Hakodate, on the shores of Volcano Bay. Lakes (Eniwa and 
 Tayako) exist in the W. and (Kucharo) in the E. On the 
 NE. ct. there are large lagoons (Saruma, Notoro, and Abashiri), 
 and near Akkeshi Bay in the SE. Three considerable rivers 
 (100-200 m. long), the Ishikari (going SW.), the Teshio (NW. ), 
 and the Tokachi (SE. ), drain the plateau, which is covered with 
 primeval forest. In several respects the animal life differs from 
 that in Japan, the Strait of Tsugaru (Blakiston's line) forming 
 a sharp boundary between them. The winter, which lasts six 
 months, is very severe, especially along the NE. ct. , which is 
 usually blocked with drift ice. On the other hand, the summer 
 is very hot, breeding swarms of mosquitoes and different kinds 
 of flies. Fogs prevail during the summer off the SE. ct. For 
 temperature and rainfall, see Hakodate, Nemuro, and Sap- 
 poro. Y. possesses considerable mineral wealth, especially in 
 coal and sulphur. Gold, iron, lead, lignite, and petroleum also 
 exist. Coal is mined in the basin of the Ishikari (at Poronai 
 and elsewhere) ; other beds exist on the NE. side of Volcano 
 Bay and in the SE., particularly near Kushiro. Sulphur is 
 
 1759 
 
YFAN — YONK 
 
 extracted on Mount Iwo-san {^.v.) or Yuzan and in the SW. 
 penin. The Japanese government have been endeavouring to 
 colonise the island with farmers from Japan, though with com- 
 paratively little success. Less than one-quarter of the entire 
 area is cultivated, a large portion of the soil being poor in 
 quality, and nearly three-fourths covered with forest ; rice, 
 rye, barley, wheat, and sugar are the crops principally grown. 
 The chief occupations of the people are catching herring, 
 salmon, sardines, oysters (in Akkeshi Bay and Saruma Lagoon), 
 collecting edible seaweed (on SE. ct. ), and preparing fish 
 manure. Silkworms' eggs are reared in the SW. There are 
 few roads as yet, though the government are making them by 
 means of convict labour. Two lines of railway have, however, 
 been built — one nearly 60 m. long from Otaru (W. ct. ) up the 
 valley of the Ishikari to the cap., Sapporo, and the coalfields 
 (Poronai, Otaussi-noi, «S:c.); the other from the sulphur-mines 
 of Iwo-san to the port of Kushiro. A third is being built 
 from the Ishikari R. SW. to Mororan, on Volcano Bay. What 
 Httle industry exists is confined to the production of silk, flour, 
 sugar, and spirits. The principal ports are Hakodate and 
 Mororan (SW.), Kushiro and Nemuro (SE.), and Otaru (W.). 
 The present cap. is Sapporo ; but the government have planned 
 a new cap., Hokyo, 140 m. up the Ishikari R., in the dist. of 
 Kamikawa. Other important towns are Esashi and Fukuyama. 
 Both these, as well as Sapporo and Otaru, have each more than 
 10,000 inhabitants ; Hakodate has nearly 60,000. Y. was 
 conquered by a Japanese noble before the 17th century, and 
 ruled by his descendants down to 1868. Since that date it has 
 formed an integral part of the Japanese Empire. Area, 36,000- 
 37,000 sq. m., a little larger than Ireland. P. (1876) 150,000; 
 (1891) 314,000. In addition, there are probably 10,000-20,000 
 Ainu (g.v.), the aboriginal inhabitants of the island. 
 
 ¥fau Brectaelnlog, mt. , Wales, Brecknockshire, 13^ m. 
 WSW. Brecknock. Alt. 2631 ft. 
 
 Yfan-nedd, hill, Wales, Brecknockshire, 12 m. NW. by W. 
 Merthyr-Tydfil. 
 
 Y Foel Fras ('humpy mountain '), Wales, Carnarvonshire, 4 
 m. SE. Aber. Alt. 3091 ft. 
 
 Y Cinrn, mt., Wales, Carnarvonshire, 3 m. E. Llanberis stn. 
 Alt. 3107 ft. 
 
 Y daruedd-Gocta, mt., Wales, Carnarvonshire, 5 m. W. 
 Beddgelert. Alt. 2315 ft. 
 
 Ygnassn, tn. and riv. , Brazil. See Ignacu. 
 
 Fj, Chinese, 'courier station.' 
 
 Yl, Bio, riv., Uruguay, principal 1. bk. trib. of the Rio Negro, 
 which it enters in about 57° 17' W. ; for the greater part of its 
 length it forms the S. boundary of the dep. Durazno. 
 
 Ylclion, tn. , China. See Ichon. 
 
 Yleldsbields and Roadnieetlngs, vil. , Scot. , S. Lanarkshire, 
 4^ m. N. by W. Lanark, 2 m. E. by N. Carluke stn. P. <5oo. 
 
 Ylewsley, eccles. par., Eng., Middlesex, Uxbridge union, 
 PMT.O. P. <3000. 
 
 YUgarn Cioldfleld, W. Australia, of which Southern Cross 
 {g'.v.), in 31" 14' S. , 119'' 19' E. , is the centre. 
 
 Ylugclion>ni, or Yiigchou-fti, tn., China, prov. Nganhwei, 
 on riv. Sha-ho, 190 m. NE. by N. Hankow. 
 
 Ylugtse, Ylngtsn, or Mnkonyiitg, tn., Manchuria, prov. 
 Liautungi at the mouth of the Liau-ho, 18 m. S. by E. New- 
 chwang, and known to Europeans as Newchwang (^.v.), being 
 the present port and seat of the foreign consuls. 
 
 YliigM-n-kwan (' eagle's nest barrier'), pass, China, Yunnan, 
 on the road from Yunnan-fu to Tali-fu, about one-third of the 
 distance from the latter. Alt. above 8000 ft. 
 
 Ylulng, tn., China. See Xing. 
 
 Ylnkiang-tasleu, tn., China, Kweichou, 150 m. SE. Chung- 
 king. 
 
 Yin, tribe, China, Kwangtung. See Yao. 
 
 Yllescas, vil., Uruguay, dep. Florida, 107 m. NNE. Monte- 
 video. 
 
 Ylo, tn. , Peru. See Ilo. 
 
 Ymnlden, seapt. , Holland. See I Jninlden. 
 
 Y M-wd, mound, Wales, Carnarvonshire, Aber ; here is said 
 to have stood the castle in which Edward I. demanded of 
 Llewelyn the surrender of Wales, and where, later, he put his 
 captive to death. 
 
 Yngar, lake, Sweden, 10 m. WNW. Nykoping. Area, 
 38 sq. m. 
 
 Yugchon-fn, tn. , China. See Ylngchon-fn. 
 
 Ynlrlda, riv. , Colombia. See lulrlda. 
 
 Ynlscedwyn, stn. and colliery, Wales, in the extreme SW. 
 of Radnorshire, on the M. R., 16 m. W. Merthyr-Tydfil. 
 
 Ynlsher, eccles. par., Wales, Glamorganshire, with a stn. 
 (Ynyslilr) on the Rhondda-fach branch of the Taff Vale Rly., 
 8 m. SSW. Merthyr-Tydfil, PMT.O. (Ynyshlr). P. 5100. 
 
 Vniswitfyn , Kng. See Glastonbury. 
 
 Ynlsymond, par. , Wales, Glamorganshire, Pontardawe union, 
 near Neath. P. <soo. 
 
 Vftys, Cymric, ' an island.' See Innis. 
 
 Ynys, stn., Wales, Carnarvonshire, on the L. & NW. R., 
 3 m. SW. Brynkir stn. 
 1760 
 
 Ynysawdre, par. , Wales, Glamorganshire, 3 m. S. Bridgend. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Ynyscynliaiarn, par. and tn. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, Eifion 
 div., i^ m. from the S. ct., 3 m. W. Portmadoc ; 5543 ac. 
 P. 5200; eccles. par. (Y, with Portmadoc and Tremadoc) 
 P. 5200. 
 
 Ynysddn, stn. , Eng. , Monmouthshire, S. div. , on the L. & 
 NW. «& Rhymney Rly., 9 m. WNW. Newport. 
 
 Ynyslas, vil., Wales, Cardiganshire, on the coast, 7^ m. N. by 
 E. Aberystwith, on the Cambrian Rly. 
 
 Ynysmndiv, P.O. , Wales, 2 m. from Pontardawe, Glamorgan- 
 shire. 
 
 Ynysyljwl, stn., Wales, Glamorganshire, E. div., on the Taff 
 Vale Rly., 6^ m. S. Merthyr-Tydfil; coal mined. PMT.O. 
 
 Yoaknni, co., U.S., Texas, in the NW., on the W. frontier, 
 crossed by 33° N. 
 
 Yobnko, small seapt., Japan, Kiushiu, ken and 53 m. N. 
 Nagasaki. 
 
 Yoclion, tn. , NE. China, prov. Pechili, 62 m. SSW. Siwan- 
 hwa-fu, near the frontier of Shansi, in 39° 51' N., 114° 36' E.; 
 gold and silver mined near. 
 
 Yoclion-fn, tn., China, Hunan. See Yncbon-fU. 
 
 Yockenthwalte, hamlet, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, Skip- 
 ton div. , on the Wharfe, 26 m. ESE. Kendal. 
 
 Yockleton, eccles. par. , Eng. , Salop, Oswestry div. , 6 m. W. 
 by S. Shrewsbury, on the G. W. R. and L. & NW. R., P.O. 
 P.<5oo. 
 
 Yodo, tn. , Japan, Honshiu, 10 m. S. Kyoto. P. 6000. 
 
 Yodo-gawa, riv., Japan, Honshiu, issues from S. end of Lake 
 Biwa, flows SW. and enters Ozaka Bay at Ozaka ; receives on 
 the 1. the Ka'mogawa. See Blwa. 
 
 Yoiclil, tn., Japan, on the coast of Yezo, 85 m. N. Hakodate. 
 
 Yiijn, Yejn (or -ctan), tn., Korea, 35 m. SE. by E. Soul. 
 
 Yoketleet, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. Riding, Howdenshire 
 div., on the Ouse, 4 m. E. Goole, 2 m. SE. Saltmarshe stn. 
 
 P. <250. 
 
 Yoker, W. suburb of Glasgow, Scot. , W. Renfrewshire, i m. 
 N. Renfrew, with a stn. on the N. B. R.; has shipbuilding yard 
 and distillery. PMT.O. 
 
 Yokkalrlil, tn. , Japan, 50 m. E. Kyoto. P. 12,800. 
 
 Yokohama, 'open' seapt., Japan, isl. of Honshiu, cap. ken 
 Kanagawa, 16 m. S. by W. "Tokyo, of which city it is the port, 
 and with which it is connected by railway, the first line con- 
 structed in Japan. Y. in 1859 took the place of Kanagawa, 
 which was first appointed as the treaty-port on the W. side of 
 Tokyo Bay, the change being made partly for political reasons, 
 partly because of the better anchorage at Y. The harbour is 
 sheltered by a breakwater, within which there is i sq. m. of 
 anchorage, with a depth of 24-30 ft. at low water spring-tides, 
 26 ft. alongside of the pier. There are four government dry 
 docks (including the Tokyo Dock), the longest 502.4 ft. long 
 at the bottom, with a depth over sill of 28.4 ft. Cottons and 
 woollens, metals, sugar, petroleum, and other commodities are 
 imported to the value of nearly five millions sterling ; and silk, 
 tea, copper, coal, Sic, exported to the value of more than seven 
 millions sterling. In addition to the Japanese town (P. 152,200), 
 there are a Chinese town (P. 3300) and a foreign (European) 
 quarter (P. 1600, more than one-half English). 
 
 Yokoska, tn., Japan, Honshiu, prov. (ken) and 32 m. SW. 
 Shizuoka. P. 5500. 
 
 Yokosnka, or Yokoska, tn., Japan, 15 m. S. by W. Yoko- 
 hama. P. 23,000. 
 
 Yola, tn., W. Africa, Adamawa, on the 1. bk. of the Benue, 
 in about 12° 32' E. , in a well-watered district of remarkable 
 beauty and fertility. See Xlger Territories. 
 
 Yolo, CO., U.S., California, S. of 39° N., crossed by 122° W. 
 
 Yolof^, W. Africa. See Wolofs. 
 
 Yoma (or Boma) Hills, two mt. ranges, Burma. The 
 Arakan Yomas commence at Blue Mt. (alt. 7100 ft.), in 22° 37' 
 N., 93° 10' E. , run S. for more than 700 m., dividing Arakan 
 from Upper Burma and Pegu, and, gradually diminishing, 
 terminate in Cape Negrais. The chief pass is the An or Aeng 
 Pass. The Pegu Yomas separate the valleys of the Sit-taung 
 and Salwin, starting from Yekme-thin, in Upper Burma, and 
 ending near the head of the Irdwadi delta. 
 
 Yonago, tn., Japan, 115 m. WNW. Kobe, N. ct. of Honshiu, 
 at the E. end of a bay or lagoon. P. 12,500. 
 
 Yonezawa, tn., Japan, Honshiu, 63 m. E. by N. Niigata. 
 P. 28,700. 
 
 Yongala, post-tn., S. Australia, Dalhousie co., 70 m. SE. by 
 E. Port Augusta. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Yongchhon, or Yengchen, tn., in NW. of Korea, about 15 
 m. E. of the mouth of the Yalu. 
 
 Yong-hal, or Yeng-hal, tn., Korea, 100 m. N. by E. Fusan, 
 near the E. ct. , in 36° 35' N. 
 
 Yong-henng, or Yeng-henng, populous tn., Korea, 15 
 m. NW. by N. Wonsan, in 39° 20' N.; gold and graphite 
 obtained in the dist. 
 
 Yong-sau, river-port, Korea, adjoining Mapu. See Han. 
 
 Yonkers, city, U.S., New York, West Chester co., 19 m. N. 
 
YO N N 
 
 YORK 
 
 by E. New York, picturesquely situated opposite the Palisades, 
 with the residences of many New York merchants. The manor 
 house, built partly in 1682, is used as a city hall ; manufactures 
 of felt hats, cloths, sewing silk, carpets, lead-pencils, &c. P. 
 (1880) 18,900; (1890) 32,000. 
 
 ¥ouiie, dep., NE. central France, traversed ESE. to NNW. 
 by Yonne R. , formed in 1790 out of the provs. of Burgundy 
 (Burgundy proper, Auxerre, and , Avallonnais), Champagne 
 (Champagne proper, S^nonais, and Tonnerrois), Orl6anais 
 (Gatinais Orleanais), and lie de France (small part of G^tinais 
 Fran9ais), comprises five arrs. : Auxerre (cap.), Avallon, Joigny, 
 Sens, and Tonnerre. Highest in Avallon in SE. , Mount 
 Lapeirouse (2000 ft.), with numerous hills of 1300-1650 ft., this 
 dist. forming part of the Morvan. To the E. , between the Cousin 
 and Serein, is the plain, monotonous but highly fertile. West- 
 ward are low plateaux, in the SW. , forming a distinct region, the 
 Puisaye ; this is the wildest region in Y. , with marshes, pools, 
 and forests. In the N. is the great forest of Othe. The dep. 
 belongs to two basins, those of the Seine and the Loire, chiefly 
 the former. The Loire drains only a small dist. in the SW. ; the 
 Seine receives the drainage by the Yonne and the Soing. The 
 Y. traverses the dep. for 106 m. , receiving on r. bk. the Cure 
 with its affluent Cousin, Serein, Armancon (accompanied by the 
 Canal de Bourgogne), and Vanne; the Loing, with its trib. 
 Ouanne, drains the W. The Y. is navigable, and the Cure and 
 Arman9on are used for floating timber. Granitic rocks pre- 
 dominate in the Avallonnais, and calcareous formations through- 
 out the rest of the dep. Climate similar to the Parisian ; 
 rainfall greatest in the W. Of cereals, cultivated chiefly in the 
 arr. of Sens and the valleys of the Y. , Tholon, and Arman9on, 
 wheat is the most important, then oats ; the vine covers about 
 S per cent, of the surface ( Armanyon valley, Auxerre, Chablis, &c. ), 
 production per acre about two-thirds of the average. No manu- 
 factures of importance. Area, 2894 sq. m. P. (1891)344,700. 
 Yuiiite, the ancient Icanna, riv. , France, deps. Ni^vre, Yonne, 
 and Seine-et-Marne, rises in the mountains of Morvan, about 
 15 m. W. Autun, and flows on the whole NW. past Clamecy, 
 Auxerre, Joigny-le-Roi, Sens, &c. , to join the Seine (1. bk. ) at 
 Montereau, 12 m. E. Fontainebleau. About 25 m. from its 
 source it strikes the Canal of Nivernais, which accompanies it 
 to Auxerre, where the river itself begins to be navigable for 
 boats drawing 4I ft. Some 15 m. below this it is joined by the 
 Burgundy Canal. Length, 120 m. ; basin, 4160 sq. m. Ordi- 
 nary discharge about 2650 cubic ft. per second. 
 
 Yons Nub, cape, Eng. , Yorkshire, N. Riding, 4 m. SSE. 
 Scarborough. 
 
 Yora, riv. , Transcaucasia. See Alazaii. 
 Yordas Cave, Eng., Yorkshire, W. Riding, 4 m. N. Ingleton, 
 lofty chamber 180 ft. long and 60 ft. high, with stalactites and 
 stalagmites. 
 
 Yoi^an-Ladlk, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, vilayet and 22 m. NNW. 
 Konia ; manufactures of carpets ; ruins of Laodicea Katake- 
 kaumeiie in the neighbourhood. 
 
 York, CO. , Canada, New Brunswick, bounded SW. by Maine, 
 U.S., crossed in the middle by 46° N. and 67° W. 
 
 York, CO., Canada, Ontario, stretching from Lake Ontario 
 to Lake Simcoe, crossed by 79^° W. 
 
 York, riv., Canada, Quebec, flows E. into head of Gaspe 
 Bay, Gaspe Penin. 
 
 York (Latin, Eboracum; Anglo-Saxon itz/^rz^ye or YvoT-wye, 
 both from ancient British (Caer) Efroc, probably connected with 
 Celtic eur, ebr, ' water' ; eabar, ' marshy soil' ; hence ' the town in 
 the marsh' — Egli), episcopal city, pari, and (since Henry I.)mun. 
 bor. and co. in itself, Eng., Yorkshire, at the junction of the 
 rivs. Ouse and Foss, in the diocese of York, 188 m. N. London 
 (almost equi-distant from the English and Scottish capitals). 
 The surrounding country, ' the Plain of York,' is of remarkable 
 fertility. The city, with its narrow antique streets and its 
 preserved wa,lls, still forming a promenade, has a mediaeval 
 and dignified character, the crowning feature being the cathe- 
 dral. The Ouse is crossed by three bridges, and its trib., the 
 Foss, by five. Four great gates still pierce the walls, viz., 
 ' Micklegate Bar ' on S. , ' Bootham Bar 'on N. , ' Monk 
 Bar ' on the Scarborough road, the most imposing, and ' Walm- 
 gate Bar,' retaining its ancient barbican. Y. cathedral is, in 
 several respects, the finest and most remarkable of all English 
 churches. It measures 524I ft. by 250 ft., with central tower 
 216 ft. high, and the western towers each 202 ft. On the 
 site of King Edwin's wooden church ' a more noble basilica ' 
 (according to Bede) was soon built, to be replaced by another 
 in the nth century, which was afterwards repeatedly rebuilt 
 or enlarged. A striking and beautiful feature now is the W. 
 front with the great window above the door, which, accord- 
 ing to Mr. Britton, ' is an unrivalled specimen of leafy tracery.' 
 Not till 1472 was York Minster completed as it now stands. 
 There are many other beautiful churches. Amongst public 
 buildings are the Guild hall, the Mansion House, the Assembly 
 Rooms, theatre, &c. There is a public library of over 20,000 
 volumes, two museums, &c. , and several endowed schools. The 
 castle (dating from Edward I.) is an interesting object near 
 17G1 
 
 the river, with Clifford's Tower. The railway station, into 
 which through trains run from the G. N. , G. E. , M. , L. & Y. , 
 L. & NW., and NE. Rlys. , is one of the most imposing in the 
 kingdom. Under the Romans, Y. was the military capital of 
 Britannia. Hadrian resided here in A.d. 120, and Severus 
 died here 211 ; here, too, the great Constantine assumed the 
 purple, 306. In 627 King Edwin constituted the bishopric 
 of York, a see which from its dignity afterwards became an 
 archbishopric, embracing the six northern dioceses of England, 
 and originally a large part of Scotland. The actual see in- 
 cludes the E. Riding and parts of the N. and W. Ridings ; 
 revenue, _;^io,ooo. Y. stood a six months' siege by the first 
 Norman king, and in 1644 had to surrender to the Parlia- 
 mentary troops after a siege of thirteen weeks. Y. , as pari. bor. , 
 returns two M.P.'s, having done so since Henry III. Market- 
 day, S. Mean temp. (20 yrs. ), 47.9° F. , Jan. 37.6°, July 60.3° ; 
 mean rfall. (25 yrs.), yr. 26.1 in. Area (1891) of both mun. and 
 pari, bor., 3591 ac. Mun. bor. P. (1801) 16,100; (1851) 36,300; 
 (1871)43,800; (1891)67,000. 
 
 York, tn. , U.S., Alabama, Sumter co. , no m. SW. of 
 Birmingham. Alt. 159 ft. (R.R.). P. <:i5oo. 
 
 York, tn., U.S., Maine, Y. co. , 4Sm. SW. Portland ; favourite 
 summer resort ; has a fair harbour, but its entrance is difficult. 
 P. <;3ooo. 
 
 York, city, U.S., Nebraska, Y. co., on the Salt Creek, 91 m. 
 WSW. Omaha. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Y'ork, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, cap. Y. co. , which occupies 
 the angle between the Susquehanna R. on the NE. and the S. 
 frontier, 23 m. SSE. Harrisburg; extensive manufactures of 
 agricultural implements, cars, engines, boilers, mill machinery, 
 &c. P. (1880) 13,900; (1890) 20,800. 
 
 York, CO., U.S., S. Carolina, on the N. frontier, crossed in 
 the E. by 81° W. , bounded on the E. by the Santee R. 
 
 York, CO., U.S., Virginia, in the SE. , bounded on the NE. 
 by York R. , Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 York, mun. tn., W. Australia, Y. co., 55 m. E. by N. Perth. 
 The dist. is the principal source of sandal- wood supply. Alt. 580 ft. 
 Mean temp. (6yrs.), yr. 63.2°F. , Jan. 76.4°, July 51.6°. P. < 1500. 
 
 York, Duke of, isls. , Pacific. See Oatafii. 
 
 York, New, PMT.O. , Eng., near Lincoln. 
 
 Yorke's Peninsula, boot-shaped tract of land, S. Australia, 
 between Spencer's Gulf and the Gulf of St. Vincent, crossed by 
 35° S. , 137° 30' E. The dist. is not fertile, but contains rich 
 copper deposits. 
 
 Yorke Town, postal-stn. , S. Australia, Fergusson co. , 58 m. 
 W. Adelaide ; manufacture of salt from lakes in the neighbour- 
 hood. P. < 1500. 
 
 York Factory, formerly Fort York, settlement, Canada, 
 Keewatin, on Hudson Bay, at mouth of Nelson R. Mean 
 temp. (10 yrs., 1875-84), yr. 19.7° F., Jan. 22.0°, July 61.3°; 
 mean rfall. (7 yrs.), 27.86 in. 
 
 Yorkhlll, stn., Scot., Lanarkshire, in the pari, burgh of 
 Glasgow, on the N. B. R. , 2 m. WNW. Glasgow Bridge (stn. 
 
 for Govan Ferry) 
 
 Yorkley, P.O., Eng 
 m. from Whitecroft. 
 
 York Monnt, peak 
 
 Gloucestershire, 4 m. NW. Lydney, 2 
 
 New South Wales, in the Blue Mts., 
 about 70 m. by rail and road W. Sydney. Alt. 3292 ft. 
 
 York Penlnsnla, Queensland, separating the Gulf of Car- 
 pentaria from the Pacific, between 10° 11' and i8°S. , with apex 
 projecting into Torres Strait, and terminating in Cape York. 
 
 York River, Canada, Quebec, Gasp6 co. , flows E. into 
 Gasp6 Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 York River, the estuary of the Matapony and Pamunky 
 Rivs., U.S., Virginia. It opens into Chesapeake Bay, about 
 37° 12' N. , forming a wide and deep natural harbour, which 
 large vessels can ascend for 20 m. 
 
 York Road, vil., U.S., Maryland, Carroll co., on Monocacy 
 R. , 37 m. NW. by W. Baltimore. P. <isoo. 
 
 Yorkshire, maritime co. , Eng., on the German Ocean, the 
 largest in the country, more than twice the area of Lincolnshire, 
 the next in size, more than three-fourths of the size of Wales, 
 containing 26 pari. divs. , as shown in the following table : — 
 
 Parliamentary Divisions (anct. co.).l 
 
 Area in Acres. 
 
 P. 1891. ' 
 
 I. Thirsk and Malton 
 
 339.096 
 
 57,183 
 
 2. Richmond .... 
 
 544,806 
 
 54.439 
 
 3. Cleveland .... 
 
 147.352 
 
 55.882 f 
 
 4. Whitby . . , . 
 
 372.832 
 
 54.776 1 
 
 5. Holderness .... 
 
 197,726 
 
 41,298 
 
 6. Buckrose .... 
 
 268,218 
 
 50,877 1 
 
 7. Howdenshire 
 
 27S.343 
 
 49.327 i 
 
 8. Skipton .... 
 
 435.285 
 
 58,209 ■• 
 
 9. Keighley .... 
 
 36.324 
 
 63,272 
 
 10. Shipley . . . 
 
 10,173 
 
 62,166 i 
 
 II. Sowerby .... 
 
 57.432 
 
 63,202 
 
 12. EUand . . . . . 
 
 21,405 
 
 64,652 
 
 1 Nos. 1-4 belong to the ancient N. Riding, N06. 5-7 to the ancient 
 E. Riding, and the remainder to the ancient W. Riding. 
 
 5T 
 
YORK — YORU 
 
 Parliamentary Divisions (anct. co.). 
 
 Area in Acres. 
 
 P. 1891. 
 
 13. Morley 
 
 14. Normanton . 
 
 15. Colne Valley 
 
 16. Holmfirth . 
 
 17. Barnsley 
 
 18. Hallamshire 
 
 19. Rotherham . 
 
 20. Doncaster . 
 
 21. Ripon . 
 
 22. Otley . 
 
 23. Barkston Ash 
 
 24. Osgoldcross . 
 
 25. Pudsey 
 
 26. Spen Valley . 
 Pari. bors. . 
 
 
 22,938 
 44.726 
 45.122 
 75.894 
 41.075 
 70,394 
 35.931 
 155.136 
 202,578 
 
 86,544 
 
 151.735 
 
 "5.3" 
 
 16,343 
 
 ".873 
 
 101,256 
 
 65,216 
 72,012 
 59.344 
 65.159 
 78,844 
 
 73.249 
 78,597 
 73.032 
 54.923 
 61,746 
 48,470 
 66,794 
 49.252 
 57.402 
 1,629,525 
 
 Total . 
 
 • 
 
 3,882,848 1 3,208,828 
 
 Administrative Counties. 
 
 E. Riding' 
 
 N. Riding - 
 
 W. Ridings 
 
 City of York, co. bor. 
 
 Administrative cos. of E. , N. 
 and W. Ridings and co. bors 
 
 :} 
 
 Area in Acres. 
 
 750.053 
 
 1,360,925 
 
 1.773.782 
 
 3.591 
 
 Pop. 1 89 1. 
 
 341.560 
 
 360,369 
 
 2,444,931 
 
 67,004 
 
 3.888,351 
 
 3,213,864 
 
 1 Including the co. bor. of Kingston-upon-Hull. The ancient E. 
 Riding excludes part of the urban sanitary dist. of Filey. Area, 749,513 
 ac. P. 341,546 
 
 2 Including the co. bor. of Middlesbrough. The ancient N. Riding 
 includes part of the urban sanitary dist. of Filey. Area, 1,361,465 ac- 
 P. 360,383. 
 
 3 Including the co. bors. of Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield, Leeds, 
 and Sheffield. The ancient W. Riding excludes part of the urban sani- 
 tary dist. of Todmorden, in the ancient co. of Lancaster, and includes 
 parts of the urban sanitary dists. of Crowle and Mossley, in the ancient 
 CO. of Lincoln. Area, 1,768,279 ac. P. 2,439,895. 
 
 From its size Yorkshire has from early English times been sub- 
 divided into three 'Ridings' {i.e., Tkrid-ings or Third-ings), 
 each being now, with slight modifications, regarded for adminis- 
 trative purposes as a separate county, having its own lord- 
 lieutenant, &c. The area and population of these counties, 
 with their relation to the ancient Ridings, are shown above in 
 the second table. The county is mainly composed of the basin 
 of the Ouse, which is flanked W. by the Pennine Range, E. by the 
 Cleveland Hills and the Wolds, and stretches SE. to the Humber. 
 Outside that basin the county includes a portion of the Ribble 
 basin, a strip along its N. border watered by the Tees, and 
 another along the coast. The NE. ct. is bold and rocky, 
 but from Flamborough Head to Spurn Head it is low. 
 Geologically the great feature of the Pennine Chain on the 
 Yorkshire slope, all over the NW. of the county, is the Lower 
 Carboniferous or Mountain Limestone. The limestones crop 
 out on the hill-tops and sides in grey perpendicular-fronted 
 terraces, and form an unmistakable feature throughout the 
 district. To this region belong the highest peaks of the county 
 (Mickle Fell, 2591 ft., in the NW. corner; Whernside, 2414 ft.; 
 Ingleborough, 2373 ft. ; Penygent, 2273 ft.). The Yoredale 
 series, chiefly shales, flagstones, and limestone, is succeeded by 
 the Millstone Grit. SE. of the Pennine dist. begin the Coal- 
 Measures. All these members of the Carboniferous system 
 succeed one another from N. to S. (the older in the N.), 
 and are followed on E. by Permian strata overlaid by 
 New Red Sandstone, which forms the low level Vale of 
 York. Further E. occurs Lias in a narrow strip, bounding the 
 great central basin from Redcar on the Tees to the Humber, 
 and succeeded eastwards in the N. by the Oolitic heights form- 
 ing the ' E. Moorlands ' or Y. Moors, near Scarborough and 
 Whitby, which rise to 1489 ft. at Burton Head, and, S. of the 
 upper valley of the Derwent by the chalk tableland known as 
 the Y. Wolds, the highest elevations of the county occur. Y. is 
 noted for the scenery of its river valleys, the chief being the 
 Ouse, formed by the Swale and Ure, receiving (r. bk.)the Nidd, 
 Aire, Don, and (1. bk.) the Derwent, and finally forming with 
 the Trent, the Humber, a broad, tidal estuary. Diu-ing the 
 Roman period this district was in some respects the most im- 
 portant in the island — Eboracum being the cap. of Britannia, 
 as well as of the prov. Maxima CcBsariensis (see York, city). 
 In Saxon times it was a chief part of the kingdom of North- 
 umbria. Under the Norman rule it was often overrun by the 
 Scots, King David in 1138 laying waste the land up to the gates 
 of York, but defeated soon after at Northallerton. Two battles 
 of the isth century are famous — Wakefield in 1460, and the 
 slaughter at Towton Heath, 1461. Marston Moor, scene of the 
 Cromwellian victory of 1644, is but a few miles W. of the county 
 1762 
 
 town. Y. surpasses every county in ecclesiastical buildings — for 
 some of these, and for castles, antiquities, &c., see below, under 
 the respective Ridings. There are many noted mineral wells ; 
 e.g., Harrowgate, Scarborough, Guisbrough, Boston-Spa, &c. 
 There is abundant railway communication by the NE. R. and 
 M. R., both meeting at Hawes, by G. N. R., the M. S. & L. R., 
 the L. & Y. R., &c. Y. is in the dioceses of York, Durham, 
 Lincoln, Ripon, Manchester, Southwell, and Wakefield. It 
 returns fifty-two members to Parliament, including the borough 
 members. See England, table. 
 
 I. East RMlug, E. of the county town, extending from the 
 Humber to Filey Bay. The W. dist., in the Ouse valley (called 
 the ' Carrs,' or Howdenshire), has much rich soil, with stiff, clayey 
 moorland in the uplands. The lower Wolds are fertile, while 
 Holderness is mainly red clay and sandy loam. The E. Riding 
 has over 14 per cent, of its area under oats, Chester (the second 
 English county for oats) having only 9 per cent. See table (as 
 above). For other agricultural statistics, see Appendix, pp. 7-9. 
 There are valuable stone-quarries. White bricks made at 
 Howden, and various manufactures are carried on at Hull. 
 This Riding has some interesting churches; amongst the an- 
 tiquities are two priories and remains of ancient Celtic settle- 
 ments in the Wolds. It returns six members to Parliament, 
 including the borough members. There are three mun. bors. — 
 Hull, Beverley, and Hedon. 
 
 II. North Riding extends from the Pennine Range to the 
 coast to N. of the riv. Ure and the E. Riding, containing four 
 pari. divs. (see table). The surface consists of three parts : 
 the W. moorlands, mostly in pasture ; the rich district of the 
 Vale of York ; and the E. moorlands, with Cleveland, crossed 
 by its beautiful valleys of the Esk and the Leven, and the fertile 
 vale of the Rye. For agricultural statistics, see Appendix, 
 pp. 7-9. Cleveland is of very great importance from its coal 
 and ironstone (see Middlesbrough, Stockton, Cinlshrough). 
 Salt is extracted from brine at Middlesbrough and Cargo Fleet ; 
 lead ore is mined in Arkengarthdale and Swaledale ; barytes at 
 Mickleton and in Wensleydale ; jet is obtained at several places 
 near Whitby. Flagstones and slates are quarried in many parts 
 of the county, and gannister has been obtained near Hawes. 
 Besides the antiquities in and near the city of York, this Riding 
 is noted for the abbeys Rievaulx, Jervaulx, and others, the 
 castles of Helmsley, Richmond, Scarborough, &c. It returns 
 eight members to Parliament, including the bor. members. 
 There are four mun. bors.— York, Middlesbrough, Scarborough, 
 and Richmond. 
 
 III. West Biding, separated from Lancashire by the Pennine 
 Range, contains, between the Aire and the Don, a great coal- 
 field of 45 m. by 20 m. in area, and is therefore one of the 
 greatest and wealthiest seats of British manufacture : especially 
 woollens at Leeds, Bradford, Halifax, Dewsbury, and Hudders- 
 field ; linen at Leeds and Barnsley ; hardware, cutlery, &c. , at 
 Sheffield. The W. Riding contains three pari. divs. (see table). 
 The chief centres of the coal -working are Bradford, Leeds, 
 Rotherham, Sheffield, Dewsbury, Wakefield, &c. There are 
 blast-furnaces at Leeds and Ardsley Junction. Lead ore is mined 
 at Skipton and Pateley Bridge ; barytes at Lothersdale. Stone 
 quarries are numerous; among them may be mentioned the 
 grindstone quarries at Wickersley, near Sheffield. The W. 
 Riding returns 22 members to Parliament, including the bor. 
 members. There are 14 mun. bors.— Leeds, Sheffield, Brad- 
 ford, Halifax, Dewsbury, Huddersfield, Pontefract, Wakefield, 
 Barnsley, Batley, Doncaster, Morley, Ripon, and Rotherham. 
 
 ¥ork Sound, an inlet on the NW. of the Kimberley div. of 
 W. Australia, crossed by 15" S. 
 
 York Sulphur Sprbigs, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Adams 
 CO.; pleasant summer resort. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yorkton, settlement, Canada, dist. Assiniboia, 105 m. ENE. 
 Regina. 
 
 Yorkto^vn, coal-mining tn., U.S., Pennsylvania, Carbon co., 
 contiguous to Audenried. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yorktown, vil., U.S., Virginia, York co., on York R., 56 m. 
 SE. Richmond. Here the revolutionary war was terminated, 
 1781, by the surrender of Lord Cornwallis to Washington. P. 
 <iSoo. 
 
 York Town with Camberley, eccles. par., Eng., Surrey, 
 Chertsey div., lo^ m. NW. Guildford, on the borders of Hamp- 
 shire and Berkshire, i m. ENE. Blackwater stn., with a stn. 
 (Camberley and Y. T.) on the L. & SW. R. P. <3Soo. 
 
 YorkvUle, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. York, 2 m. N. Toronto, 
 with which it was incorporated in 1883. P. (i88i)<5ooo. 
 
 Yorkvllle, bor., U.S., Pennsylvania, Schuylkill co., near 
 Pottsville. P. < 1500. , ^. ^ ,,, 
 
 Yorkvllle, tn., U.S., S. Carolina, York co., 68 m. N. by W. 
 Columbia ; has a military school. P. < 2000. 
 
 Yoro, tn. .Central America, Honduras, 98 in. N L. Tegucigalpa. 
 
 Yoro, riv., Nicaragua. See Coco. 
 
 Yorton, stn., Eng., Shropshire, on the L. & NW. & G. W. 
 Joint Rly., 7 m. N. Shrewsbury. 
 
 Yoruba, or Yarrlba, country in W. Africa, W. of the lower 
 Niger. It is a fertile and densely peopled country belonging to 
 
YOSE — YSTR 
 
 the British sphere of influence (see Niger Territories). Agri- 
 culture, commerce, and cattle-rearing form the chief occupations 
 of the inhabitants, and native industries (leather goods) are 
 highly developed. Traversed by rivs. Oni, Ogun, and Oshun. 
 Principal town, Ibadan. Area estimated at 18,500 sq. m. P. 
 estimated at 3,000,000. [H. €1. S.] 
 
 Yosemlte (yo-sgm'i-te) Valley, U.S., California, on the W. 
 slope of the Sierra Nevada. The valley is nearly level, about 6 
 m. long, from | m. to i m. wide, almost a mile below the general 
 level of the surrounding region, and enclosed within almost 
 perpendicular granite walls, 3000-6000 ft. in height. The valley 
 is covered with a great variety of beautiful flowering plants and 
 lofty trees. It was discovered in 1851 by Captain Boling 
 when pursuing a band of Indians. An Act of Congress in 1864 
 granted the Yosemite Valley to the state of California for public 
 use and recreation for all time. On the N. of the valley the 
 Yosemite Creek makes a vertical fall of 1500 ft., then a series 
 of cascades, and a final leap of 400 ft. Elevation of the valley 
 about 4000 ft. 
 
 Yosgad, improper spelling of Yozgad, Asia Minor. 
 
 Yoshlda, tn. , Japan, near middle of SW. ct. of Shikoku I. 
 (Ehime ken). P. 5900. 
 
 Yougltal(yu'awl), mun. bor. , market-tn., andseapt. , Ire., co. 
 and 27 m. E. Cork, bar. Imokilly, on W. of the Blackwater 
 estuary, sub-port to Cork, on G. S. & W. R. Formerly enclosed 
 by walls, of which parts remain. St. Mary's Church was rebuilt 
 in the 15th century, and restored in the 17th'; the site was 
 occupied by an earlier church, existing before the Norman 
 invasion. The house of Sir Walter Raleigh still exists nearly 
 unaltered. The harbour is safe, but the bar prevents the 
 entrance of vessels drawing more than 20 ft. Exports, corn and 
 hve stock, &c. Imports, coal, timber, colonial produce, &c. 
 Salmon fishery is important here. Market-day, S. Par. 4831 
 ac, P. (1871)7500; (1891)6300; tn. P.<4Soo. 
 
 Yonglialarrn, par.. Ire., co. Tipperary, bar. Owney and 
 Arra, 5 m. NW. Nenagh ; 7796 ac. P. < 1000. 
 
 Yoiighloglieiiy (yo-ho-ge'ni), riv. , U.S., Maryland, in the 
 extreme NW. , trib. of the Castlemans, which it joins on the 1. 
 bk. ; navigable to the beautiful waterfall 30 m. from the mouth. 
 
 Yonlgreave, par., Eng. , Derbyshire, W. div., 6 m. NW. by 
 W. Matlock, 3 m. W. by S. Rowsley stn. Church with ancient 
 font 700 years old. Calcspar and gravel are quarried here. 
 PMT.O. (Youlgrave). P. < 1500. 
 
 Youltliorpe with Gowtliorp, par., Eng., Yorkshire, E. 
 Riding, Howdenshire div., 11 m. E. by N. York, 2 m. NE. by 
 N. Fangfoss stn. P. <;25o. 
 
 Yonltoii, par., Eng., Yorkshire, N. Riding, Thirsk and 
 Malton div., 10 m. NW. York, i^ m. WSW. Tollerton stn. 
 P. <25o. 
 
 Yoiiudegln, postal-stn. , W. Australia, Howick co., 90 m. 
 E. by N. Perth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Young, cape, Korea. See Fusau. 
 
 Yoniig, CO., New South Wales, bounded on the SE. by the 
 Darling R. , and crossed in the S. by 32° S. 
 
 Young, tp. , New South Wales, Monteagle co. , 90 m. WNW. 
 Goulburn. Here are the Burrangong goldfields, principally 
 alluvial. P. <30oo. 
 
 Youug, CO. , S. Australia, bounded on the S. by the Murray, 
 crossed in the middle by 140" E. 
 
 Yonug, CO., U.S., Texas, in the N., crossed in the S. by 33° 
 N., W. of 98° W., traversed by the Brazos R. 
 
 Yonugstowu, vil, U.S., New York, Niagara co., on Niagara 
 R., 28 m. NNW. Buffalo. P. < 1500. 
 
 Youugstown, city, U.S., Ohio, Mahoning co. , on Mahoning 
 R. , 63 m. ESE. Cleveland, with extensive coal and iron in- 
 dustries, blast-furnaces, and foundries ; has excellent railway 
 communications. Alt. 863 ft. (R.R.). P. (1880) 15,400; (1890) 
 33,200. 
 
 Youngsvllle, bor. , U.S., Pennsylvania, Warren co., 41 m. 
 SE. by E. Erie. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yonug Town, post-tn., Tasmania, Cornwall co., 3 m. S. 
 Launceston. P. < 1 500. 
 
 Yoxall, par. , Eng. , Staffordshire, Burton div. , 7 m. WSW. 
 Burton-upon-Trent, 4 m. W. by N. Barton and Walton stn., 
 PM.O. ; 5103 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Yoxford, par. , Eng. , Suffolk, Eye div. , 19 m. SW. Lowestoft, 
 I m. SW. Darsham stn., PMT.O. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yozgad, or Yttzgat, tn., Asia Minor, vilayet Angora, 83 m. 
 NNW. Kaiserieh. P. about 15,000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Ypacaray, lake, Paraguay, 19 m. E. Asuncion, 12-15 "i- 
 long, drained NW. into the Paraguay. 
 
 Ypaue, and Ypaiienia, rivs. See Ipane, Ipauenia. 
 
 Yport, tn. , France, dep. Seine-Inf6rieure, arr. Havre ; pleasant 
 beach. P. <;2ooo. 
 
 Ypres, French; Flemish Yperen, fortified tn., Belgium, 
 prov. W. Flanders, 15 m. NW. by W. Tourcoing (France). 
 The town, celebrated since the Middle Ages, has many relics of 
 that period; among these the markets ('Les Halles'), an im- 
 mense edifice in the Pointed style, begun by Baldwin, Count of 
 Flanders, in 1201, completed in 1342 ; fa9ade recently restored ; 
 
 the church of St. Martin, formerly a cathedral, dating mainly 
 from the 13th century, containing the tomb of Bishop Jansen 
 (died 1638) ; the houses of the Templars. In the 14th century 
 it was noted for its manufacture of woollen cloth, and is said by 
 some to have had a population of 200,000 ; but in the following 
 century gradually declined, and never recovered. It now has 
 textile and other manufactures on a small scale. Seat of a 
 bishop from 1509 to 1801. Frequently taken and retaken by the 
 French. P. 16,500. 
 
 Ypsllantl, city, U.S., Michigan, Washtenaw co. , on Huron 
 R. , 30 m. W. Detroit. P. 6100. 
 
 Ypnn, or Narborongli, isl. , off the coast of Chile, in the W. 
 of the Chonos Archipelago, crossed by 44'' 40' S. 
 
 Y4iulto»», tn., Peru. See Iqnltos. 
 
 Yr-Aran. See Snowdon. 
 
 Yr Arryg, mt. , Wales, Carnarvonshire, 6 m. SE. Aber. Alt. 
 2950 ft. 
 
 Yp Elffl, mt., Wales. See Rivals, The. 
 
 Yreka, city, U.S., California, Siskiyou co. , 88 m. E. by S. 
 of NW. corner of state, with rich placer and quartz gold- 
 mining. Is the point of supply for the N. part of the state. 
 Alt. 2731 ft. (Williamson, 6.). P. < 1500. 
 
 Yrfoii, riv. , Wales, Brecknockshire, in the N W. , trib. of the 
 Wye, which it joins on the r. bk. at Builth. 
 
 Ysabel, one of the Solomon Is. See Isabel. 
 
 Ysabela, tn., isl. of Haiti, republic and 11 m. WNW. Santo 
 Domingo. 
 
 Yscelllog, par. , Wales, Flintshire, 3^ m. SW. by S. Holy- 
 well, i^ m. N. Nannerch stn., P.O. ; 6077 ac. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Yst'ly«lach, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, on riv. Usk, 8 m. 
 W. Brecknock. P. <25o. 
 
 Yser, riv., France and Belgium, rises in dep. Nord, and enters 
 North Sea, i^ m. below Nieupoort, W. Flanders. Length, 55 m. 
 
 Ysgwd-yr-Elra, fall, Wales. See Hep.ste. 
 
 Yshfbum, Arabia. See Yeshlbuni. 
 
 Ysleta, tn., U.S., Texas, El Paso co., 36 m. SE. by S. of 
 the W. corner of the state. P. < 2000. 
 
 Yspytty, Welsh, ' a hospital,' ' an inn.' 
 
 Yspytty, P.O. See Yspytty Ivan. 
 
 Yspytty Cyniyn, eccles. par., Wales, Cardiganshire, Aberyst- 
 with union. P. < 1000. 
 
 Yspytty Ivan (or Evan), eccles. par., Wales, on border of 
 cos. Carnarvon and Denbigh, 18 m. ENE. Portmadoc, 6 m. 
 SE. Bettws-y-Coed, P.O. (Yspytty). P. < 1000. 
 
 Yspytty Ystradnieurlg, par. , Wales, Cardiganshire, 5I m. 
 N. by E. Tregaron, close to Strata Florida stn., P.O. (Ystrad- 
 nieurlg). P. <25o. See Yspytty Ystwyth. 
 
 Yspytty Ystwyth, par., Wales, Cardiganshire, 8 m. NNE. 
 Tregaron, 3 m. NNE. Strata Florida stn.; 12,929 ac. P. <75o ; 
 eccles. par. (Y. Y. with Y. Ystradnieurlg) P. <750. 
 
 Yssel, rivs., Holland. See IJssel. 
 
 Ys,slngeaux, tn., France, dep. Haute-Loire, 24 m. SW. by S. 
 St. Etienne, cap. of am; sulphate of lead mined ; manufactures 
 of ribbons, lace, &c. Alt. 2820 ft. P. <4000. 
 
 Ystad, seapt. , Sweden, prov. Malmohus, on the S. ct. , 34 
 m. ESE. Malmo ; for centuries in close communication with 
 the seaports of Germany. Has fisheries, and a large trade in 
 grain. Its port is the most free from ice of all those in the 
 Baltic. P. 8200. 
 
 Ystalyfera, vil., Wales, Glamorganshire, 11 m. NE. Swan- 
 sea, on the M. & Neath and Brecon Rly. ; coal mined. PMT. O. 
 See Llangnlck. 
 
 Ystrad, Welsh ; Gaelic Strath, ' a vale.' 
 
 Ystrad, vil., Wales, Cardiganshire. See Garth and Ystrad. 
 
 Ystrad, stn. , Wales, Glamorganshire. See Ystrad-y-fodwg. 
 
 Ystradgynlals, Higher and Lower, two adjoining pars., 
 Wales, Brecknockshire, 16 m. W. Merthyr-Tydfil, on the M. 
 & Neath and Brecon Rly., PMT.O. (Y.) ; has coal-mines. 
 Higher Y., 9016 ac, P. <75o; Lower Y., 13,183 ac, P. < 4000. 
 
 Ystradnieurlg, P.O. , Wales, Cardiganshire ; has lead-mines. 
 See Yspytty YstrjMlnieiirlg. 
 
 Ystrml Mynach, eccles. par., Wales, Glamorganshire, on 
 the L, & N W. & Rhymney, and G. W. & Rhymney Joint Rlys. , 
 II m. N. Cardiff; has coal-mining. P.O. (Ystradymynach). 
 P. <75o. 
 
 Ystradowen, par., Wales, Glamorganshire, S. div., 11 J m. 
 W. by N. Cardiff, on the Cowbridge branch of the Taff Vale 
 Rly. P. <25o. 
 
 Ystrad-Khondda, PMT. O. , Wales, near Pentre, Glamorgan- 
 shire ; coal mined. 
 
 Ystradvelltey, par., Wales, Brecknockshire, 8 J m. NW. by. 
 W. Merthyr-Tydfil, 5 m. NNW. Hirwain stn. , on the Mellte, 
 which about a mile below rtins for 250 yards through the cavern 
 of Cwm Forth; 19,355 ac. P-<7So. 
 
 Ystrad-y-fodwg, par. and tn., Wales, Glamorganshire, 
 Rhondda div., on the Rhondda, 9 m. SW. by S. Merthyr- 
 Tydfil, with a stn. (Ystrad) on the Taff" Vale Rly.; coal-mines. 
 19,441 ac. P. 68,700 ; urban sanitary dist. P. 88,400. The 
 boundaries of the par. were made coincident with those of the 
 urban sanitary dists. in 1894. 
 
 1763 
 
YSTR — YUNG 
 
 Ystradymynacli, P.O., Wales. See Y'strad Mynacli. 
 
 Tstwlth, riv. , Wales, rises in the SW. of Montgomeryshire, 
 flows W. and NW. through Cardiganshire into Cardigan Bay 
 at Aberystwith. 
 
 Ytatlba, vil. , Brazil. See Itatlba. 
 
 Ythau (ai'than), small riv. , Scot., Aberdeenshire, flowing SE. 
 past Ellon, and entering the German Ocean 12 m. N. Aberdeen. 
 
 Ytliaubank, P.O., Scot., 5 m. from Ellon, Aberdeenshire. 
 
 Ythau Wells, eccles. par. , Scot. , Aberdeenshire, Auchterless 
 and Forgue pars. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Ytiion, riv. , Wales. See Itlioii. 
 
 Y Tryfan, remarkable pyramid of rock, Wales, Carnarvon- 
 shire, 5 m. SE. Bethesda, rising 2000 ft. above the Llugwy 
 valley. Alt. 3009 ft. 
 
 Yttero, isl. , Norway, W. ct. , in the middle of the Trondhjem 
 Fjord, 29 m. NE. Trondhjem, 8^ m. long, in places only about 
 ^ m. wide. Area, 14 sq. m. 
 
 Yiiauclioii-fii, tn. , China, Hunan, 230 m. WSW. Changsha- 
 fu (in middle of prov. ), in 27° 24' N., iog° 25' E. 
 
 Yttancbon-fU, or Ytteucbon-fa, tn., China, prov. Kiangsi, 
 190 m. S. Hankow. 
 
 Ynau-klaug, riv., China, Kweichou and Hunan, flows NE. 
 into Tungting Lu ; navigable to Chenyuen-fu, within 130 m. of 
 Kweiyang-fu, but with a series of dangerous rapids in about 
 28° 35' N., iiof° E. Jour. R. G. S., 1876, pp. 177-7^. 
 
 Ynauklaiig-chon, tn. , China. See Yaeuklang>cbon. 
 
 Ynauklo>ta.sieu, Yneiika-bsieu, or Yueukbio-bsieu, tn., 
 N. China, Shansi, 50 m. SE. Kiang-chou, on 1. bk. Hwang-ho, 
 in 35° 5' N., 111° 4' E. ; mines of copper and lead. 
 
 Yuasa, or Yuvrasa, maritime vil., Japan, Honshiu, ken and 
 15 m. S. Wakayama, on a bay of the Kii Strait. P. 9300. 
 
 Yuba, CO., U.S., California, crossed by 39° N. , and W. of 
 121° W. , traversed by Feather R. , which here receives the Yuba 
 R., a little NE. of Yuba City. 
 
 Yuba City, vil., U.S., California, Sutter co. , on the Feather 
 R. , 40 m. N. by W. Sacramento. P. < 1500. 
 
 Yucatan (long called by the Spaniards the ' Island ' of Santa 
 Maria de los Remedies), one of the states of Mexico, formed by 
 the large peninsula to the N. of Guatemala, on the E. side of 
 the Gulf of Campeche (Cam peachy), the town of this name 
 being the centre of the commerce in log-wood {Hcematoxylon 
 campechianum) of the littoral forests. See Mexico, table. 
 
 Yncatau, Cbauuel of, separating the penin. of Yucatan from 
 the isl. of Cuba, 120 m. in breadth, 500-1000 fathoms deep in 
 the middle, but having in the W. , N. of the Yucatan Penin. , a 
 vast submarine bank covered by less than 100 fathoms of water. 
 
 Yncbiug-bsieu, tn., China, Kweichou, 74 m. NE. by E. 
 Kweiyang-fu. 
 
 Yit-cbou, tn. , China, prov. and 90 m. SSE. Honan, 205 m. 
 NNE. Ichang, 60 m. SW. Kaifong-fu. 
 
 Yii-cbou, tn., China, prov. and 80 m. SE. by E. Honan, 33 
 m. NE. Nanyang-fu, 270m. NNE. Ichang; tin-mines. 
 
 Yncbou- (or Yocbon-) fta, tn., China, prov. Hunan, 140 m. 
 SE. Ichang, at the E. end of Lake Tungting. 
 
 Yndaiiamntana, copper-mining locality, S. Australia, in 30° 
 6' S. , 139° 44' E. P. <;i5oo. 
 
 Yuflinskoye, vil., Russia, prov. Akmolinsk, 115 m. ESE. 
 Omsk; fair. P. <20oo. 
 
 Yudoma, riv., Russia, E. Siberia, govt. Yakutsk, r. bk. trib. 
 of Maya (affluent of Aldan). Village Yudoiuo-Krestovskoye 
 on it. Length about 400 m. 
 
 Yuelibsitiitg, tn. , China, Siichwan, in Kienchang dist., 170 
 m. SW. by S. Chengtu-fu. 
 
 Yuelba, Yuleba, or Yulebab, post-tn., Queensland, Walde- 
 grave co. , 220 m. W. by N. Brisbane ; depot for stock in transit. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Ynencbing, tn. , China. See Lnugtsuu-cbou. 
 
 Yuencbou-fu, tn. , China, Kiangsi. See Yttancbou-fta. 
 
 Yuenka-bsien. See Yuaukio-bsieu. 
 
 Yueukiang-cbon, tn. , China, in the S. of Yunnan, 108 m. 
 SSW. Yiinnan-fu. 
 
 Ynensan, Korea. See H'ousan. 
 
 Yuensliing, tn., China, prov. Shansi, 310 m. N. Ichang, 80 
 m. WNW. Honan. 
 
 Yug, riv., N. Russia, unites with the Sukhona to form the 
 N. Dvina ; rises and flows in govt. Vologda, with a rapid fall, 
 mostly W. ; joins Sukhona at Ustyug. Considerable amounts 
 of corn, linseed, and flax floated from Nikolskoye downwards, 
 lo be shipped to Archangel. Length, 330 m. 
 
 Yugan, electoral div., Ire., Leitrim, dist. Drumshanbo. 
 Yugorskiy Sbar, strait. See Valgacb. 
 Yugovskiy, copper-works, Russia, govt, and 50 m. due S. 
 Perm, on Yug R. P. 10,800. 
 
 Yukagirs, tribe of the now disappeared Omoks, Russia, 
 prov. Yakutsk, nomadic on banks of both Anyui Rivs. 
 
 Ynkliuov, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 169 m. E. Smolensk, 
 on Ugra R., on highway from Moscow to Warsaw; trade in 
 corn, linseed, and hemp. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Ynktu, ruins, Palestine, Cain in O. T. , 31° 30' N., 35° 9' E. , 
 2,\ m. SE. El KhuUl (ancient Hebron). 
 1764 
 
 Yukon, large riv. in the NW. of N. America, formed at the 
 old Fort Selkirk, in about 62° 40' N. , 137" 20' W. , by the union 
 of two headstreams, the Lewes from the S. and the Pelly from 
 the SE. Of these the Lewes, which has its source in the Hoti- 
 linku spring, in 59" \d N. , 132° 40' W. , is best entitled to be 
 regarded as the true headstream, being larger than the Pelly 
 (about 295 m. , as against 275 m. in a direct line from the 
 respective sources), and discharging at the confluence a greater 
 volume of water (37,700 cubic ft. per second as against 29,300). 
 From the confluence the Y. flows first NW. , entering Alaska, 
 then SW. , and finally enters Norton Sound S. of Bering Strait 
 by a large delta between 61° and 63° N. It is navigable for 
 small steamers from its mouth to the head of Bennett Lake, in 
 about 59° 50' N. , with the exception of a small stretch of about 
 3 m. above Miles Caiion, in 60° 41' N. It is already navigated 
 by small steamers to Forty Mile Creek, in about 64° 4' N. Total 
 length, 2050 m. ; area of basin, 205,600 sq. m. 
 
 Yulduz, or Klialdn-gol, riv., Eastern Turkistan, flows first 
 W. through the Baga (little) Y. valley (about 43° N., 84°-86° E.), 
 then E. through the Chom (great) Y. vaUey (between 42° and 43° 
 N. ).into Lake Bagrach, passing Karashar a little above its mouth. 
 
 Yule, mt. , Brit. New Guinea. See Kovlo. 
 
 Yule, isl. , off the S. ct. of New Guinea, in about 146^° E. 
 
 Yule, riv., in the NW. of W. Australia, flows NNW into the 
 Indian Ocean, which it enters in about 20° 25' S. 
 
 Yuleba and Yulebab, Queensland. See Yuelba. 
 
 Yule Entrance, a channel leading through the Great Barrier 
 Reef, E. of Torres Strait, in 10° 22' S. , 143" 55' E. 
 
 Yiilin-ctaou, tn. , China, prov. Kwangsi, 180 m. S. Kweilin- 
 fu, near the frontier of Kwangtung, on the route from Pakhoi 
 to the valley of the Si-kiang. 
 
 Yiilin-fu, tn., China, on the N. frontier, prov. Shensi, 400 
 m. W. by S. Peking. 
 
 Yuma, one of the Bahama Is. See Long Island. 
 
 Yuma, CO., U.S., Arizona, in the SW. comer of the terr. , 
 bounded on the W. by Colorado R. 
 
 Yuma, mining city, U.S., Arizona, Y. co. , on the 1. bk. of the 
 Gila, 20 m. NNE. from the SW. corner of the terr.; has con- 
 siderable trade with the interior. Alt. signal station, 141 ft. 
 (U.S. Signal Office). Mean temp. (i4yrs.), 72.2° F., Jan. 53.5°, 
 July 91.8°; rfall. , yr. 3.06 in. P. < 2000. 
 
 Yuma, CO., U.S., in NE. Colorado, on E. frontier, bounded 
 on S. by 40° N. ; cap. Yuma. 
 
 Ynniacbi, tn., Japan, Kiushiu, in a very fertile valley, ken 
 and 16 m. N. Kumamoto. P. <zpoo. 
 
 Yumas, or Cucbans, Indian tribe, U.S., on both sides of the 
 Colorado. P. now scarcely 900, as they have rapidly been 
 decreasing. 
 
 Yumbel, tn. , Chile, prov. and 58 m. by rail SE. Concepcion, 
 dep. Rere. P. <40oo. 
 
 Yiimon, or Yumen, also called Klayu-kM'au, both meaning 
 ' jade-gate,' the westernmost gate in the great wall of China, 
 immediately NW. of Suchou, Kansu, at the N. base of the Nan- 
 shan Range, so called because it is the gate by which the jade 
 of Eastern Turkistan [Yarkand-daria] is introduced into China. 
 
 Yumurtalik, vil., Asia Minor, vilayet and 32 m. ESE. 
 Adana, with excellent harbour on Y. Bay, on W. side of the 
 Gulf of Alexandretta. 
 
 Yuua, riv. See Haiti. 
 
 Yunakovka, vil. , Russia, govt, and 95 m. NW. Kharkov, 
 23 m. NE. Sumy. P. 5000. 
 
 Yuncas, a general name for the native tribes of the coast of 
 Peru, who have now become merged in the general population. 
 
 Ynucbang (or Yungcbang) -bsieu, tn. , NW. China, in 
 NW. of prov. Kansu, at the base of the Nanshan Mts. , in 38° 
 6' N. , 102° 3' E. ; coal mined near. 
 
 Yttncbing, tn. , China, in the W. of prov. Shantung, 240 m. 
 S. by W. Tientsin. 
 
 Yttncbou, tn., China, Yiinnan, 83 m. S. Tali-fu. 
 
 Yunda, isl. See Moskonisi. 
 
 Yunga, riv. , Santo Domingo, W. Indies, flows E. through 
 the Vega Real into the head of Samana Bay. 
 
 Yuugai, tn., Chile, prov. Nuble, cap. dep. Y., 50 m. S. 
 Chilian. P. <3000. 
 
 Yungay, Yungai, or officially Ancacbs, tn., S. America, 
 Peru, dep. Ancachs, 32 m. NNW. Huaraz. P. <sooo. 
 
 Yungcbang, tn., China, SW. Yunnan, 65 m. SW. Tali-fu, 
 in a flat rice-plain 5 or 6 m. wide. Alt. 5645 ft. (Capt. Gill). 
 
 Yungcliing, tn. , China, prov. Shantung, on Yungching Bay, 
 63 m. E. by S; Chifu (Chefoo). 
 
 Ynng>clion, tn., China, prov. Hunan, 235 m. NNW. Canton. 
 
 Yungcliuan-bslen, to., China, Siichwan, 39 m. WSW. 
 Chungking. 
 
 Ynng-fu-kiang, riv., China, trib. Liu-kiang. See Hunsbul. 
 
 Yungkt, tn., China, prov. Kwangtung, 24 m. S. Canton. 
 Ynug>kiang, riv., China, formed of two branches which 
 unite at Ningpo'to form an estuary, whose waters enter the sea 
 12 m. lower down, opposite the isl. of Chusan. 
 
 Yungning, tn. , China, in the W. of prov. Shansi, 340 m. 
 SW. by W. Peking, 90 m. W. by S. Taiyuen. 
 
YUNG 
 
 YZER 
 
 YniigiiliiK-hslen, tn., China, in the S. of the prov. of 
 Siichwan, 132 m. SW. by S. Chungking. 
 
 Ynugiiulgra, co., New South Wales, crossed by 31° S. and 
 143° E. 
 
 Tniigpeltliig, tn. , China, Yunnan, 88 m. NE. by N. Tah-fu ; 
 the terminus in a northern direction of the Burmese trade with 
 YiJnnan, by way of Bhamo and Tali-fu. Proc. R. G. 5., 1886, 
 p. 382. 
 
 Yniigplng, tn., China, prov. Pechili, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Lan-ho, 105 m. NE. by E. Tientsin. 
 
 Yniigshau-hsien, tn. , China, in the NE. of Yunnan, 205 m. 
 N. by E. Yiinnan-fu. 
 
 Yungtltleii, tn. , Manchuria, 2^ m. from a narrow fiord-like 
 inlet called Port Adam, on Society Bay, in 39° 28' N., 122° o' E. 
 
 Ynngtslng, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, 43 m. S. Peking. 
 
 Yungtsiiiig-hsleii, tn. , China, in the SE. of Kweichou, 150 m. 
 
 E. by S. Kweiyang-fu. 
 
 Yniignyo, vil., Peru, dep. Puno, on an isthmus on the SW. 
 of Lake Titicaca. A sacred spot ; scene of a great annual fair. 
 P. 7700. 
 
 Ynnlio, Chinese name of the Great and Imperial Canal. See 
 China, Means of Communication. 
 
 Ynu-ho, or Ynnliang-bo, riv. , China, Nganhwei, discharging 
 into the Yangtse-kiang (1. bk.) the waters of Lake Chao-hu. 
 
 Yniiliig, tn., China, Honan, on Shet-ho, 170 m. N. Hankow. 
 
 Yuuliiiig-clioa, tn., China, Yunnan, 56 m. WNW. Tali-fu. 
 
 Yiiiinaii, prov., China, in the extreme SW. , lying N. of 
 Tongking, and E. of Upper Burma. In the NW. of the prov. 
 three large rivers, the Yangtse-kiang, the Mekong, and the 
 Salwin, enter close together, hemmed in between lofty mountain 
 chains (15,000-8000 ft.), all alike, rivers equally as mountains, 
 running from N. to S. But the Yangtse-kiang eventually turns 
 NE. and penetrates to the middle of China ; the other two streams 
 continue their S. direction. The mountains spread out fan-like 
 over the prov., and proceed down the penins. of Siam and 
 Annam. The SE. of the prov. is further diversified by other 
 mountain ranges (8500-7500 ft.), and by the Songkoi (Red 
 River) and other rivers of Tongking. The centre of the prov. 
 is a broken plicated plateau (6500-5000 ft.), inclining from NW. 
 to SE. and E., and studded with lakes (Tienchih, Tali, &c.). 
 Y. is one of the richest in minerals of the provs. of China. 
 Copper, iron, and tin are extensively mined. Several of the 
 streams contain gold-sand. Argentiferous galena is plentiful ; 
 and cinnabar, zinc, coal, and rock-salt exist. The prov. is 
 equally rich in precious stones, as jade, emeralds, rubies, 
 sapphires, topazes. It produces also a highly valued decorative 
 marble. The climate varies between temperately mild and 
 severe, according to altitude; whilst at Mengtse (in S. ) the 
 winter resembles that of Nice. On the mountains of the N. 
 snow lies all the year round. Although the prov. is in general 
 healthy, yet the plague is endemic. The mountains are in 
 great part covered with forest. The chief natural products 
 embrace rice, opium, wheat, maize, tobacco, aniseed, orchard 
 fruits, mulberry-trees (for silkworm breeding). Furnaces for 
 smelting iron, tin, silver, &c. , the manufacture of steel, of metal 
 utensils, silks, cotton and woollen stuffs, and the cutting of 
 precious stones, are the principal industries. An active trade 
 in cottons and similar textiles, salt, tobacco (imports), and in 
 opium (70 per cent.), minerals, drugs, and tea (exports), is 
 carried on with Burma, Siam, Tongking, and with Pakhoi, 
 Canton, and Hong-kong. Mengtse is the only town op>en to 
 foreign trade. The bulk of the people are Mohammedans; 
 and probably one-half are Shans, Lolos, and Miautse, i.e., not 
 Chinese. Chief towns, Yiiijnan-fu (cap.), Choutung-fu, Puerh- 
 fu, Tali-fu, Momein, Lin-ngan-fu, and Mengtse. Area, 140,000 
 to 150,000 sq. rn. P. (1890) estimated at 12,000,000. See 
 
 F. S. A. Bourne, Journey in S W. China (1888). 
 Yttnnau-fn (the Yachi of Marco Polo), walled city, over 
 
 3 m. in circuit, China, cap. prov. Yiinnan, in about 25° 3' N., 
 102° 42' E. , a short distance from the NE. of shore of Tienchih 
 Lake, with which it was formerly connected by canal. It 
 suffered greatly in the Mohammedan rebellion, but the old and 
 extensive suburbs are gradually being rebuilt. It is the great 
 copper - market of China, and has large metal -works and a 
 mint ; an arsenal, with cannon and gunpowder factory ; also 
 manufactures of carpets, felts, &c. , and is a great commercial 
 centre. Inhabitants chiefly Lolos. Alt. 6420 ft. (Hosie). 
 
 Yttniian-lislen, tn. , China, Yiinnan, 30 m. SE. by E. Tali-fu. 
 
 Ynnqne, El. See El Yunqne. 
 
 Ynnqnera, comm., Spain, prov. and 31 m. W. Malaga, 
 Ronda dist. P. < 5000. 
 
 Yiiiitlug, riv. , China. See Wen-ho. 
 
 Yiiuyaug, tn. , China, prov. Hupe, on the 1. bk. of the Han- 
 kiang, 155 m. N. by W. Ichang. 
 
 Ynra, vil., Peru, dep. and 16 m. NW. Arequipa ; the railway 
 here passes the Andes at the height of 9415 ft. Frequented 
 warm springs near. P. < 2000. 
 
 Ynrlinrg, Polish Jarbnrg, tn., Russia, govt, and 50 m. 
 WNW. Kovno, on Niemen R. , and highway from Kovno to 
 Taurogen, on Polish and 6 m. from Prussian frontier ; very 
 
 old Lithuanian settlement (nth century) ; custom-house; river- 
 port of importance. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Yarezaii, iron-works, Russia, govt, and 100 m. E. by N. 
 Ufa, on Yurezaii R. , 1. bk. affluent of Ufa. P. 5000. 
 
 Yurlev. See Dorpat. 
 
 Ynrlev (Polskly), dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 57 m. NW. 
 Vladimir ; very old town ; big cotton and flax-combing mills 
 (3600 workers). P. 5300. 
 
 Ynrlevets Povolskly (Povolzhskly), dist. tn., Russia, govt, 
 and 93 m. ESE. Kostroma, on r.bk. Volga; cotton and flax mills, 
 as also a great variety of domestic trades in its dist. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Ynrlevo, New and Old, two vils. , Russia, govt, and 50 m. 
 NW. Tambov. P. (aggregate) 6850. 
 
 Yarlniagiias, or Ynrlmahuas, small vil. , Peru, dep. Loreto, 
 present limit of steam navigation in the Huallaga, in 5° 52' S. 
 
 Ynrirlapnndaro, tn. , Mexico, state of and 55 m. S. Guana- 
 juato. P. 6500. 
 
 Ynrtovsklye Tatars, Tatar stem, Russia, living in a village 
 close by Astrakhaii [Tsarevo], and twelve other villages around 
 it. P. about 7000. 
 
 Ynrt Trolti4kly, vil., Russia, govt. Voronezh, dist. Novokho- 
 persk, 25 m. W. Borisoglyebsk railway stn. P. 5780. 
 
 Ynrua, riv. , Brazil. See Jiirua. 
 
 Yuruarl, riv., in the E. of Venezuela, rises to the E. of the 
 valley of the Caroni, between 6J° and 7° N. , and flows on the 
 whole E. till it joins the Cuyuni in about 6i^° W. Its valley 
 contains the El Callao and other gold-mines. 
 
 Yiirilk, Turkish tribe, to which the Seljuks belonged, long 
 nomadic, and still partly so in Asia Minor, though in recent 
 years the government has endeavoured to bind them to a settled 
 life by distributing lands among them, with the obligation of 
 cultivating them. See Proc. R. G. S. , 1890, pp. 453-58. 
 
 Ynrniia, Tupi tribe, Brazil, on the middle Xingu, 1. bk. , 
 about 5°-8° S. 
 
 Ynste, frequently called St. Jnst, vil., Spain, Estremadura, 
 prov. Caceres, 28 m. E. Plasencia, situated in the midst of woods 
 on the slopes of the Sierra de Vera ; has ruins of a famous 
 Hieronymite monastery, where Charles V. spent the last eighteen 
 months of his life and died (Sept. 21, 1558). 
 
 Yntes, Indian tribe. See 11 talis. 
 
 Yntlila, Siam. -See Aynthla. . 
 
 Yntlen, tn. , China, prov. Pechili, 65 m. E. Peking. 
 
 Yutleu, tn. , Eastern Turkistan. See Khotan. 
 
 Ynttali, vil., Palestine, Juttah in the O. T. , 31° 2/ N., 35° 5' 
 E., 5i m. S. by W. E! Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Ynty, vil., Paraguay, 123 m. SE. Asuncion. 
 
 Yu'wasa, vil., Japan. See Ynasn. 
 
 Ynyang-clion, tn., China, Siichwan, 142 m. ESE. Chung- 
 king ; gold-mines and deposits of salt near. 
 
 Yuzau, mt. , Japan. See I'wo>.san. 
 
 Yiizgat, tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Yozgad. 
 
 Ynzltakova, Clreat, New, and Old, three vils., Russia, 
 govt. Perm, 55 and 57 m. NNW. Ekaterinburg. Murzinsk 
 quarries of semi-precious stones and lithium-mica near. P. 
 (aggregate) < 5000. 
 
 Ynzovka, or Hngtaesovka, vil. , Russia, on N. shore of Sea 
 of Azov, between Mariupol and Taganrog ; iron-works, collieries, 
 and rolling-mills. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Yverdon, French ; German Ifferteu, comm. , Switzd. , cant. 
 Vaud, at the SW. end of Lake Neuchatel ; has a castle of the 
 13th century, occupied from 1805 to 1825 by Pestalozzi, the 
 famous educational reformer. Near it a frequented sulphureous 
 spring. Hasthe works of the Jura-Simplon Railway Co. P. 6400. 
 
 YTes-Gomez^e, vil., Belgium, prov. Namur, 12 m. S. 
 Charleroi ; iron ore mined and smelted. P. <20oo. 
 
 Yvetot, tn., France, dep. Seine-Inf^rieure, 20 m. NW. by W. 
 Rouen, cap. arr. ; manufactures silk, wool, and cotton goods. 
 Anciently the lord of the manor was called ' roi de Yvetot.' P. 
 6500. 
 
 Yvoire, vil. , France, on the N. border of dep. Haute-Savoie, 
 on the S. shore of the Lake of Geneva, arr. Thonon-les-Bains, 
 15 m. NE. by N. Geneva. P. <20oo. 
 
 YTonaud, vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, on the E. side of Lake 
 Neuchitel, 5 m. E. by N. Yverdon. P. <20oo. 
 
 YTome, vil., Switzd., cant. Vaud, 'j\ m. SSE. Montreux. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Yvoy-le-Pr^, vil. , France, dep. Cher, arr. Sancerre, 19 m. N. by 
 E. Bourges, with iron-mines and important iron-works. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Ywa-tauiig, tn. , now a suburb of Allan-Myo, Lower Burma, 
 Pegu div. , dist. Thayet-Myo, in 19° 19' N. , 95° 19' E. , on 1. bk. of 
 the Irawadi ; has extensive cotton factories. P. (i88i)<3O0o. 
 
 Ywe, one of the mouths of the Irdwadi R. , Burma, in about 
 16° 33' N. , 95° 8' E. ; navigable by river steamers. Length 
 about 60 m. 
 
 Y Wyddfa, Wales, Carnarvonshire. See Snowdon. 
 
 Yytradffyn, eccles. par. , Wales, Carmarthenshire, 2 m. N. 
 Llandovery. P. <75o. 
 
 Yzabal, lake, tn., and dep., Guatemala. See Izabal. 
 
 Yzerberg (' iron mt.'), a hill of nearly pure iron, near Eerste- 
 ling. South African Republic. 
 
 1765 
 
Z A — Z A I S 
 
 Z 
 
 Za, riv., Morocco, flowing first NE. under the name of the 
 Sharef, then NW. into the Muluya. Length about 150 m. 
 
 Zaacha, oasis, Algeria, prov. Constantine, 22 m. SW. Biskra. 
 
 Zaal, Teutonic, 'a stone dwelling," 'hall,' 'house.' See 
 Sail. 
 
 Zaanaim, place named in O. T. See BessAni. 
 
 Zaandani, vil., Holland, prov. N. Holland, 6 m. NW. 
 Amsterdam, on the short rlv. Zaan, by means of which 
 (canalised) it communicates with the North Sea Canal ; has 
 paper-works, tobacco factories, &c. Near the port a small hut 
 is shown, said to have been occupied by Peter the Great in 
 1697 when he came here to learn shipbuilding. P. (comm.) 
 15,500. 
 
 ZaandUk, vil., Holland, prov. N. Holland, 8 m. NW. by N. 
 Amsterdam. P. (comm.)<300o. 
 
 Zab, Great (or Upper), Turkish Boyiik-ZaI>, called by the 
 Kurds Zerb, the Lykos of the ancient Greeks, and Lycus or 
 Zabatus of the Romans, riv., Turkey in Asia, rises 50 m. NW. 
 Lake Urmia, and flows S W. , SE. , and again SW. , and enters 
 the Tigris, 1. bk. , 23 m. below Mosul. During two-thirds of the 
 year its current is fierce and rapid. Length about 260 m. 
 
 Zab, Little (or Lower), Turkish Kiiclitlk-Zab, known in 
 Persia as the Kalvl, the Kapros of the ancient Greeks, riv. , 
 rises in the Persian prov. of Azerbaijan, 40 m. S. Lake Urmia, 
 and flows SE. , W. , and SW., and joins the Tigris about 65 m. 
 SSE. of the mouth of the Great Z. , which it nearly equals in 
 length, and quite equals in volume. 
 
 Zabalkalskaya Oblast, prov. , Russia. See Transbaikalia. 
 
 Zaberii, French Saverne, tn., Ger. , govt. Alsace-Lorraine, 
 circle Z. , 20 m. NW. by W. Strassburg, finely situated on the 
 2k)m and on the Marne and Rhine Canal. The castle now used 
 as barracks ; manufactures of agricultural instruments, grind- 
 stones, spectacle-glasses, &c. As Tavema, a place of impor- 
 tance in the time of the Romans. P. (1861) 5300; (1890) 6900. 
 
 Zabfotdw, tn. , Austria, Galicia, dist. §niatyn. P. < 5000. 
 
 Zabola, vil., Hungary, S. Transylvania, co. Haromszek, 33 
 m. NE. Kronstadt ; mines of rock-salt. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Zaborowo, vil., Prussia, prov. Posen, circle Grzybno, 25 m. 
 ENE. Glogau. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Zaborze, vil. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Zabrze, 29 m. ENE. 
 Ratibor, 6 m. W. Konigshiitte. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Zab]Fech, comm. , Austria, Moravia, 17 m. SE. Troppau. P. 
 <:400o. 
 
 Z&breh, tn. , Austria. See Hohenstadt. 
 
 Zabre2, river-port, Servia, prov. Sabac, on the Save, 14 m. 
 SW. Belgrade, q.\ m. NNE. Obrenovac. P. <20oo. 
 
 Zabrze, Alt- and Klelu-, two vils. , Prussia, prov. Silesia, 
 circle Z. The former, 45 m. SE. Oppeln, has coke-kilns, manu- 
 factures of boilers, mines of iron ore, and blast-furnaces. P. 
 Alt-Z. (i852)<20oo; (1890)9400; Klein-Z. (1890) 5700. 
 
 Zacapa, vil.. Central America, republic of and 65 m. ENE. 
 Guatemala, cap. dep. Z. ; an ancient city, formerly an important 
 commercial centre. Alt. 540 ft. P. (with dist.) 10,900. 
 
 Zacar, ruins of the ancient Vazitana Sarra, Tunis, 65 m. 
 SSW. Tunis. 
 
 Zacasplyskaya Oblast, terr., Russia. See Transcasplan 
 Territory. 
 
 Zacate (or Vacate) Grande, the northernmost of the three 
 larger islands in the Gulf of Fonseca, republic of Honduras, 
 Pacific side. 
 
 Zacatecas, one of the central states of Mexico, on the plateau, 
 and as far as the N. Bolsones ; very important silver-mines (San 
 Bemabi, Sombrerete). 
 
 Zacatecas, tn., Mexico, cap. state of Z., 120 m. NNE. 
 Guadalajara ; situated on the slopes of a number of deep 
 and winding gorges, commanded in the NE. by an escarpment 
 of porphyritic rock, crowned by a fortress. Rich in silver-mines, 
 which have been worked from its foundation (by Nuiio de Guz- 
 man in 1540). Numerous hot springs near. P. 60,000. 
 
 Zaeatecolnca, tn. , Central America, Salvador, 27 m. SE. by 
 E. San Salvador. P. 5800. 
 
 Zacatlan, tn. , Mexico, Puebla, 61 m. N. by E. Puebla. P. 
 13,400. 
 
 Zacatnla, tn., Mexico, Guerrero, 220 m. S. by E. Guada- 
 lajara. 
 
 Zacear, mt. ranges, Algeria. See Zakkar, 
 
 Zacnaltlpan, vil., Mexico, Hidalgo, 90 m. NNE. Mexico; 
 coal mined. P. (comm.) 7400. 
 
 Zadonsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 56 m. NNW. Voronezh, 
 on r. bk. Don, and on highway Moscow- Voronezh. P. 6910. 
 
 Zadorra, riv. , Spain, prov. Alava, flows W. across the plain of 
 Vitoria, reaching the Ebro (1. bk. ) above Miranda. Length, 50 m. 
 1766 
 
 Zafarauboll, or Zaft-auboli, tn. , Asia Minor, vilayet and 55 
 m. W. Kastamuni, 90 m. N. Angora, named from the saffron 
 gfrown here. P. 25,000. 
 
 Zafarraya, comm., Spain, prov. and 30 m. SW. Granada, 
 dist. Loja. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Zafarw^l, tn., Brit. India, Pimjab, dist. Sidlkot, 55 m. N. 
 by W. Amritsar. P. 5500 ; Hindus, 2900 ; Moham. 2600. 
 
 ZafTarauo, Capo, cape, on the N. ct. of Sicily, 8 m. E. 
 Palermo, with a lighthouse. 
 
 ZaflTarlnes, group of three islets, Morocco, in the Mediter- 
 ranean, in 2° 26' W. , 7 m. N W. of the mouth of the Muluya ; 
 known from ancient times as a protection to ships. They belong 
 to Spain, which has fortified them as outworks for Melilla. 
 
 Zan^, the anpient Julia Restituta, comm., Spain, Estrema- 
 dura, prov. and 42 m. SE. Badajoz. P. 6100. 
 
 Zafran, or Marsa-Zaft-an, small seapt., Tripoli, N. Africa, 
 in 16° 36' E. , 230 m. SE. of the town of Tripoli. 
 
 Zaft'anboll, tn., Asia Minor. See Zafarauboll. 
 
 Zaga, comm., Austria, Gorz and Gradisca, 26 m. NNW. 
 Gorz. P. <20oo. 
 
 Zagarolo, tn., Italy, 16 m. ESE. Rome, on site of ancient 
 Bola. P. 5500. 
 
 Zagazlg, tn. , Egypt, 34 m. ESE. Tanta, 40 m. NNE. Cairo. 
 P. 19,800. 
 
 Zaglie.s, salt-lakes, Algeria. See Zahres. 
 
 Zagbwan, tn., Tunis, on the Miliane, 27 m. S. by W. Tunis, 
 at the foot of Jebel Zaghwan (4400 ft.) on the N., the springs on 
 which fed the ancient aqueduct of Carthage, now restored for 
 the supply of the city of Tunis ; has ruins of the NymphcBum, 
 one of the most beautiful of the surviving Roman temples in 
 N. Africa. P. 2000. 
 
 Zaglava, small isl., Austria, crownland Istria, in the Gulf of 
 Quarnero, 22 m. E. by N. Pola, with a lighthouse. 
 
 Zagon, comm., SE. Hungary, Transylvania, co. Harom- 
 szek, 27 m. NE. Kronstadt. Alt. 1920 ft. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Zagora, tn. , Greece, prov. Larissa, on the E. ct., 9 m. NE. 
 by N. Vol OS. P. <40oo. 
 
 Zagora, Stara and Nova. See Stara Zagora and Nova 
 Zagora. 
 
 Zagorlclt, or Zagorlty (three syllables), tn., Turkey in 
 Europe, prov. Koritsa, 33 m. S. Monastir. P. 4000. 
 
 Zagdrzany, vil. , Austria, Galicia, 24 m. SE. Tarnow ; petro- 
 leum wells. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Zagreb. See Agram. 
 
 Zagros, general name for the mountain systems of West 
 Persia (q.v.). 
 
 Zagros, Gates of. See Akabab-1-Holwan. 
 
 Zagublca (zhagubitsa), vil., Servia, prov. Pozarevac, on the 
 Mlava, 46 m. ENE. Kragiijevac. P. <C3000. 
 
 Zagyva-R«ina, comm., Hungary, co. Ndgrad, dist. Fiilek. 
 Alt. 1 1 80 ft. P. < 4000. 
 
 Zaliara, tn. , Spain, prov. and 63 m. NE. Cadiz. P. <3000. 
 
 Zable, tn., Syria, vilayet Jebel Libnan, 33° 52' N., 35° 55' 
 E., 24 m. E. by S. Beirut. 
 
 Zahnn, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle and 7 m. ENE. 
 Wittenberg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Zahres, or Zaghes, two shallow salt lakes, Algeria, prov. 
 Algiers, the Eastern Z., or Z. Sbergl (22 m. by 3J-9 m. ; area, 
 190 sq. m. ; alt. 2750 ft.), about no m. S. by E. Algiers; the 
 Western Z., or Z. Gbarbl (18 m. by 2J-7J m.; alt. 2810 ft.), 
 125 m. S. by W. Algiers. 
 
 Zalan, Berber tribe, Morocco, between the coast and the 
 Atlas Mts. They are rich in goats, sheep, camels, and o.xen. 
 Dist. of 13,000 sq. m. 
 
 Zalchar, Servia. See Zajerar. 
 
 Zaldam, a German spelling of Tsaldam. See Cbaldam. 
 
 ZtUdpnr, tn., Brit. India, Oudh, dist. Bara Banki, 26 m. 
 E. by S. Lucknow ; manufacture of country cloth. P. 9600 ; 
 Moham. 6200; Hindus, 3400. 
 
 Zale, riv. , Congo Free State. See Inzla. 
 
 Zalechar, tn. , Servia. See Zajernr. 
 
 Zainde-rnd ('river of life'), Zayende-rud, or less properly 
 Zende-rad, riv. , central Persia , rises on the slopes of the Kuh- 
 i-Rang, in the Bakhtiari country, near the source of the Karun, 
 winds E. through the mountains, and finally dries up after irri- 
 gating the plain of Ispahan. At high water (winter) it reaches 
 the salt-marsh of Gavkhane, about 50-60 m. beyond Ispahan. 
 
 Zalr, Berber tribe, Morocco, to the SE. of Rabat. 
 
 Zaire, former name of the lower Congo [q.v.). 
 
 Zalsan, lake, Russian Central Asia, prov. Semipalatinsk, near 
 frontier of China (prov. Chuguchak), alt. 1200 ft.; receives the 
 upper or Black Irtysh from the E., the Kokpekty from W., 
 
Z AIS 
 
 Z AN T 
 
 and many short streams, and gives origin to the Irtysh ; 80 m. 
 long, 10-20 m. wide, depth about 24 ft. Productive fisheries. 
 
 Zaisauskly Post, dist. tn. and small fort, Russian Central 
 Asia, prov. Semipalatinsk, 29 m. SE. of S. entrance of Lake 
 Zaisan. Alt. 2180 ft. P. <Sooo. 
 
 Zalzelles, vil. , Belgium, prov. Hainaut, 3 m. NW. Charleroi. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Zajecar, Zalecliar,orZal<*liar,tn., Servia, prov. Crna-Rjeka, 
 on the Veliki Timok, 29 m. WSW. Viddin ; connected by rail 
 with the river-port of Radujevac ; coal mined to the SE. Burnt 
 by the Turks in 1876. P. 5900. 
 
 Zakarfala, vil. , Hungary, co. Szepes, 2 m. NN W. Gollniez ; 
 iron is wrought here. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Zakataly, fort and dist. tn. , Russia, 116 m. E. of Tiflis, on 
 the slopes of the main Caucasus range (alt. 1800 ft.), under 
 the fortress, and surrounded also by a wall ; chief town of a 
 separate military district or governorship (1541 sq. m. ), which 
 includes the peaks of Sary-dagh (12,008 ft.), and several other 
 high peaks and fertile valleys watered by the Alazafi, and peopled 
 chiefly with Lezghians. P. (of dist. ) 74,490 ; tn. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Zaktao, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet, sanjak, and 60 m. NW. 
 by N. Mosul. P. 2500; Jews, 1500; Moham. 900. 
 
 Zakkar, or Zakkar Gliarbl, two cretaceous mt. ranges 
 Algeria, the Western Z. (5180 ft.) overlooking the town of 
 Miliana ; the Eastern Z., or Z. Shei^l (5035 ft. ), separated from 
 the former by the Riras Pass, traversed lay the road from Miliana 
 to Shershel. 
 
 Zakopane, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 52 m. S. Cracow. 
 Alt. 2745 ft. P. < 3000. 
 
 Zakroczlni, tn., Russian Poland, 40 m. ESE. Plock, on 
 Vistula. P. 5500. 
 
 Zakynthos, isl. , Greece. See Zante. 
 
 Zala, riv. , SW. Hungary, flows on the whole NE., with a 
 great bend to the N., and enters SW. end of Lake Balaton. 
 Gives name to a county, the cap. of which is Zala Egerszeg. 
 
 Zala Egerszeg, tn. , Hungary, cap. co. Zala, -j"] m. WSW. 
 Stuhlweissenburg. P. 7800; comm. P. 20,60c. 
 
 Zalaje, vil., Bosnia, prov. Bihac, govt. Priedor; iron mined. 
 P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Zalamea de la Serena, comm. , Spain, prov. and 72 m. ESE. 
 Badajoz ; lead and iron mined. P. 5300. 
 
 Zalamea la Real, comm., Spain, prov. and 35 m. NNE. 
 Huelva ; terminus of a railway which conveys the produce of the 
 neighbouring (Rio Tinto) copper-mines to Huelva on the coast. 
 P. 6200. 
 
 Zalarln, vil., Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on an island of 
 the same name, 32 m. WNW. Spalato, at the mouth of the 
 small bay on which Sebenico stands. 
 
 Zalarinskaya, vil., Russia, E. Siberia, govt, and 40 m. NW. 
 Irkutsk, on Zalara R. , and on highway. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Zalatna, comm., Hungary, co. Als6-Feh6r (Unter-Weissen- 
 burg), 50 m. SSW. Klausenburg. P. <4000. 
 
 ZaledyeeTa, vil., Russia, E. Siberia, prov. Yeniseisk, 19 m. 
 NW. Krasnoyarsk. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Zalenze, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Kattowitz, 35 m. 
 ENE. Ratibor, and 2J m. SE. by S. Konigshiitte. P. <40oo. 
 
 Zaleskl, vil., U.S., Ohio, Vinton co., 56 m. SE. by S. 
 Columbus. Alt. 721 ft. (R.R.). P. <i5oo. 
 
 Zaleszczykl, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, on the 1. bk. of 
 the Dniester, 26 m. NNW. Czemowitz. P. 5800. 
 
 Zalfar, or Sulfa, tn., central Arabia, at the entrance of a 
 valley leading SE. to Riad ; of great importance both as a 
 military post and a commercial centre. 
 
 ZallT Terpyenlya, bay. See Sakhalin. 
 
 Zaltnon, mt. mentioned in O. T. See Jebel Eslamlyeb. 
 
 Zaiozce, Zaiosze, or ZaTtisce, tn. , Austria, crownland Galicia, 
 20 m. NW. by N. Tamopol. Alt. 1075 ft. P. 6900. 
 
 2Calt-Boniniel, tn. , Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the 1. bk. 
 of the Waal, 8 m. N. by W. Bois-le-Duc. Formerly fortified 
 (since 1229), vainly besieged by the Spaniards in 1599, taken by 
 Turenne after a long siege in 1672. P. (comm.) 4000. See 
 BommelerM'aard. 
 
 Zalnblncze, vil., Austria, prov. Gahcia. P. (with comm.) 
 3000. 
 
 Za-lnn, tn. , Burma, dist. Henzada, on the r. bk. of the Ira- 
 wadi (which is rapidly encroaching on the town), 60 m. NW. 
 by N. Rangoon. P. 6000; Buddhists, 5800. 
 
 Zaluze, vil. , Austria. See Roliatyn. 
 
 Zanidnlali, tn. , Brit. India, NW. Provs. , dist. Ghazfpur, in 
 25° 25' N., 83° 34' E., on the r. bk. of the Ganges. P. (1881) 
 5100. 
 
 Zamantl-chal, riv., Asia Minor. See Selhnn. 
 
 Zaniarstyndw, tn. , Austria, Galicia, dist. Lemberg, of which 
 it is a N. suburb. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Zamba, isl., Colombia, 25 m. NNE. Cartagena ; before 1840 
 it was a peninsula. 
 
 Zamba, vil., Portuguese W. Africa, near the r. bk. of the 
 Kwango, in 8° 33' S. , 17° 50' E. 
 
 Zambales, tribe, Philippine Is., on the W. ct. of Luzon. 
 
 Zambezi, Zembere, Ambezl, Lnambezl (native names, all 
 
 meaning 'large river'), the largest river of E. Africa. Its 
 general direction is first S. and afterwards E. It takes its 
 rise on the highlands S. of the Congo basin, in the Dilolo 
 swamps (alt. 4750 ft.), where it probably forms a bifurcation 
 with the Kasai. Thence it flows southward, as Liba or Liam- 
 bai, through the Barotse valley (q.v.), turning E. near the 
 Gonye Falls. Shortly below Sesheke (the place so well known 
 through Livingstone's explorations) the Z. forms the grand 
 Victoria Falls, or Mosi-oa-tunya (alt. above the falls 2600 ft., 
 below the falls 2200 ft.). Flowing afterwards NE., E., and 
 SE., the Z. reaches the Indian Ocean between 18° and 19° S. 
 lat. , forming a large delta, the principal arms of which are those 
 of W. Luabo, Inyamisongo, Koama, Melambe, and Chinde 
 (q.v.). Owing to the great number of cataracts and rapids in its 
 upper and middle course (cataracts of Gonye, Katima Mololo, 
 Victoria Falls, Kebrabasa Rapids) the greater part of the Z. 
 is totally unfit for navigation. The Z. has numerous large 
 tribs., Kapombo, Lungo-en-bungo, Kwando, Sanyati, Kafue, 
 Loangwa, Hanyani, Mazoe-Ruenya, and Shire. The Z. belongs 
 to the British and Portuguese spheres of influence, the British 
 sphere separating Angola from Mozambique. Length of the Z. 
 estimated at 1600 m. ; area of basin at 550,000 sq. m. See also 
 Klllmane. [H. «. S.] 
 
 Zambezia, a name applied roughly to the Brit. terr. in the 
 basin of the Zambezi. See MatablU-land and Nyassa-land. 
 Zamboanga, or Samboanga, tn. , S. ct. Mindanao, Philip- 
 pine Is., in 122° 3' E. , cap. prov. Z. , which embraces the two 
 penins. in the SW. of the island and part of the third, the town 
 lying near the S. end of the first. P. 5400. 
 
 Zamfara, or Samfara, one of the states of Sokoto, western 
 Sudan, E. of Gandu. 
 
 Zamlran, vil., Baluchistan, 127 m. NE. of the SW. comer 
 of the country. 
 
 Zamora, tn., Mexico, state Michoacan, 81 m. WNW. 
 Morelia, 200 m. WNW. city of Mexico ; seat of a bishop. P. 
 12,000. 
 
 Zamora, tn., Spain, cap. prov. Z., on the r. bk. of the Douro, 
 57 m. W. by S. Valladolid. P. (comm.) 15,200. 
 
 Zamora, state, Venezuela, crossed by 8° N. and 68° and 70° 
 W. ; cap. Guanare. 
 
 Zamo^r, Russian Zamostlye, dist. tn. and fortress, Russian 
 Poland, govt, and 50 m. SE. Lublin. P. 10,200. 
 
 Zamurl, or Zaniorl, vil., Algeria, on the coast, 30 m. E. 
 Algiers. P. 2500. 
 Zannga, tribes, Algeria. See Santaaja. 
 ZHncara, riv. , Spain. See Cuadlana. 
 
 ZandToort, vil., Holland, prov. N. Holland, on the W. ct., 
 4 m. W. by S. Haarlem ; now a frequented sea-bathing place. 
 P. (comm. )<3ooo. 
 
 Zan-el-Hager, tn., Egypt, 32 m. WSW. Port Said, close to 
 ruins of ancient Tunis or Zoan. 
 
 ZanesTlUe, city, U.S., Ohio, Muskingum co. , 70 m. W. by 
 S. Wheeling, on Muskingum R. , here navigable for steamboats. 
 Extensive facilities for manufacturing purposes are afforded by 
 abundant water-power and deposits of bituminous coal in the 
 surrounding hills. Z. has furnaces, rolling-mills, and manu- 
 factures of engines, castings, and other iron goods, tiles, glass, 
 &c. P. (1870) 10,000; (1880) 18,100; (1890) 21,000. 
 Zangnebar, a former spelling of Zanzibar. 
 Zankle, city, Sicily. See Messina. 
 
 Zankn, or Zanka, riv. and mt. pass, Russian Turkistan, 
 The river rises in an altitude of 11,130 ft. in the Kirghiznyn- 
 Alatau, and flows into SE. part of Lake Issyk-kul. Best pass 
 across the Tian Shan, leads to the upper Narym, and thence 
 both to Kashgar and Aksu. 
 
 Zannone, isl., Italy, off the W. ct. , one of the Isole Pontine, 
 in 40° 58' N. 
 
 Zanoah, places named in O. T. See ZanAd and Zantkta. 
 Zanow, vil., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Schlawe, 30 m. 
 E. Kolberg. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Zante, or SEakynthos, isl., Greece, one of the Ionian Isles, 
 15 m. W. of the prov. Elis and Achaia, 8 m. S. of Cephalonia, 
 ill 37° 38'-55' N. Entirely mountainous or hilly in the W. half 
 or two-thirds (highest point, Vrakhionas, 2485 ft.), with a stretch 
 of fertile plains extending from the small bay on the NE. ct. to 
 the large bay on the S. ct. ; hilly also in places on the E. ct. , as 
 in the SE. penin. and immediately N. of the town of Zante. 
 The W. ct. is extremely steep and rocky, and is accessible only in 
 summer weather. The southern bay is exposed to the frequently 
 stormy S. and SE. winds ; and hence the town of Z. , on the E. 
 ct., is the only good harbour. The plains are almost entirely 
 occupied by the vine (introduced since the middle of the 15th 
 century) and the currant vine (introduced before the middle of 
 the i6th century), the cultivation of which has led to the gradual 
 extinction of the swamps that formerly covered large tracts of 
 the island. Oil and fruit-trees and cereals are grown on the 
 foot-hills, and the villages are mostly so placed along the base 
 of the hills so as to be able to share in vine-land, fruit and oil- 
 lands, and the sheep and goat pastures of the hills. The island 
 is one of the parts of Greece most subject to earthquakes (violent 
 
 1767 
 
ZA NT — ZEAL 
 
 Area, 165 sq. m. (Wisotzki). 
 
 Oct. 30, 1840 ; early in 1893, &c. ). 
 See Greece, table. 
 
 Zaute, tn. and seapt. , Greece, on E. ct. of isl. of Zante, in 37° 
 47' N. Vessels at present load and discharge by lighters, but a 
 pier 1600 yards long, expected to be completed in 1895, is to give 
 a depth of 32 ft. at the harbour entrance. P. 16,600. 
 
 ZanAa, ruins, Palestine, Zanoah in the O. T. , 31° 43' N., 35° 
 E. , i4i m. NNW. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 ZanAta, ruins, Palestine, Zanoah in the O. T. , 31° 22' N. , 
 34° 59' E. , 12^ m. SW. by S. El Khulil (ancient Hebron). 
 
 Zanzibar, an Arab sultanate, E. Africa, since 4th Nov. 1890 
 under British protection, and now practically confined to the 
 islands of Z. (20 m. from the E. ct. of Ger. E. Africa, crossed 
 n the N. by 6° S. ; 614 sq. m. ) and Pemba (crossed in the N. 
 by 5° S. ; 372 sq. m. ). Formerly the Sultan claimed authority 
 over a vast but undefined extent of the opposite mainland, 
 where a strip of ten miles in width, stretching along the coast 
 from the mouth of the Tana to that of the Rovuma (about 2^° to 
 io^° S. ) still nominally belongs to the sultanate, though actually 
 under British or German administration. The isl. of Mafia, 
 which formerly belonged to the sultanate, was ceded to Germany 
 Jan I, 1891. Z. is by far the most populous of the islands 
 (about 325 to the sq. m. ). Its most valuable product is cloves. 
 The town of Z., about the middle of the W. ct. of the island, 
 has long been the chief centre of trade in this region — a trade 
 largely in the hands of Indian Baniyas (Banyans). The harbour 
 is an open roadstead ; vessels loaded and discharged by lighters. 
 Mean temp. (11 yrs., 1874-84), yr. 79.8° F., Feb. 82.2 , July 
 77°; mean rfall. (9 yrs.), 56.2 in. Isl. of Z., P. about 200,000; 
 isl. of Pemba, P. about 10,000. 
 
 Zapara, isl., Venezuela, separating the Gulf of Venezuela 
 from the lagoon of Maracaibo. 
 
 Zapardlel, riv., Spain, flows N. past Medina del Campo, 
 and joins the Douro (1. bk.) near Tordesillas. Length, 80 m. 
 
 Zapata, penin., S. ct. of Cuba, between 81° 10' and 82° 10' 
 W. , E. of the Gulf of 'Matamano, separated from the mainland 
 by a marshy tract or lagoon traversed by the Atiguanico. 
 
 Zapata, co., U.S., Texas, in the SE., crossed by 27° N., 
 bounded on the SW. by the Rio Grande. 
 
 Zapatera, isl. , Central America, in the Lake of Nicaragua. 
 Zapatoca, tn. , S. America, Colombia, Santander, 160 m. 
 NNE. Bogoti; lead-mines; cultivation of tobacco and indigo ; 
 manufacture of hats. P. (of dist. ) 8000. 
 
 Zaphon {Amathi), place named in O. T. See El Hammeb. 
 Zapotal, tn., Ecuador, Esmeraldas, 103 m. WNW. Quito. 
 Zapotecs, tribes, Mexico, on the Pacific slope, states of 
 Oajaca, Puebla, and Guerrero. P. 677,100. 
 
 Zapotltlan, cape, Mexico, Vera Cruz, on the N. ct. , in about 
 94° 50' W. 
 
 Zapotlan el Grande, tn., Mexico, Jalisco state, 90 m. S. by 
 W. Guadalajara. P. 18,000. 
 
 Zara, tn., Asia Minor, vilayet and 40 m. ENE. Sivas, on the 
 Kizil-Irmak. P. <20oo. 
 
 Zara, seapt., Austria, crownland Dalmatia, 73 m. NW. by 
 W. Spalato ; a flourishing city till it was destroyed by the 
 Venetians, 1127. Held by the Venetians from 1409 to I797> 
 except for a brief space when it was in the hands of the Sultan 
 Bayazid II. Under the Venetians the small penin. on which it 
 stands was fortified and separated from the mainland by an 
 artificial channel of the sea, but the fortifications have been 
 partly removed to make way for quays. It has a cathedral of 
 the 13th century, and a fine old gateway on the side of the 
 mainland. It is still the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishop 
 and a Greek bishop, and has manufactures of woollens, silks, 
 and maraschino. P. 11,500. 
 
 ZAra, hot springs, Palestine, perhaps the Zareth Shahar of 
 the O. T., 31° 36' N., 35° 35' E. , 23 m. SE. by E. Jerusalem, on 
 the E. shore of the Dead Sea. 
 
 Zaragoza, tn., Colombia, Antioquia, 100 m. NNE. Medellin. 
 Zaragoza, tn., Philippine Is., Luzon I., prov. Nueva Ecija. 
 P. 6000. 
 Zaragoza, Spain. See Saragossa. 
 
 Zaralsk, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 40 m. NW. Ryazaii, on 
 r. bk. Osetr. P. 6200. 
 
 Zarand, vil., Persia, prov. and 45 m. NW. Kerman, in the 
 middle of the plain of Z. 
 
 Zaranda, tn. , central Sudan. See Saranda. 
 Zarat, oasis, Tunis, 22 m. SE. Cabes. 
 
 Z<lrate, tn. , Argentine Republic, prov. and 52 m. NW. 
 Buenos Aires, on railway to Rosario ; flourishing export trade in 
 frozen meat, &c. P. <3000. 
 
 Zaranz, watering-place, N. Spain, prov. Guipuzc6a, 10^ m. 
 WSW. San Sebastian. 
 
 Zara Veccbla (Italian, ' Old Zara'), vil., Austria, crownland 
 Dalmatia, on the W. ct., 16 m. SE. Zara. P. <2ooo. 
 Zard Knta, mts. , Persia. See Sard Knb. 
 Zared, valley mentioned in O. T. See WAdl-el-Hesl. 
 Zarephath, place named in O. T. See Snrafend. 
 Zareth Shahar, place named in O. T. See Zftra. 
 Zarbnn, tn. , Morocco, 9^ m. N. Mekines ; formerly one of 
 1768 
 
 the centres of culture for the whole of Barbary. Near it is the 
 tomb of Mulai-eiris. P. 6000. See Fez. 
 
 Zarlya, tn. , Africa, central Sudan, cap. prov. Wurnu, about 
 95 m. SW. Kano, in about 11° 5' N., 7° 20' E., on an affluent of 
 a 1. bk. trib. of the Niger. Alt. 2030 ft. 
 
 Zarkl, tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 60 m. SSW. Piotrk6w, 
 3 m. from Warsaw- Vienna Rly. P. 5000. 
 
 Zaniowltzer-!^ee, lake, Prussia, in tiie extreme NW. of 
 prov. W. Prussia, receiving at its head the Piasnitz, which like- 
 wise drains it N. into the Baltic, this lower part of its course 
 forming the frontier of W. Prussia and Pomerania. Length, 5 
 m.; breadth, \\ m. 
 
 Zarpaua, vil. , Asia Minor, N. ct. , 80 m. W. Sinope. 
 Zarren, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. Dixmude, 
 12 m. N. by E. Ypres. P. <3C>oo. 
 
 Zarnma, vil., Ecuador, about 100 m. S. Guayaquil, prov. El 
 Oro, founded in 1549, and for half a century after that centre of 
 a very productive gold-mining dist. (quartz) ; now decayed, but 
 works on a great scale for the re-establishment of the industry 
 projected. P. about 1000. 
 
 Zaran, Arab tribe, Morocco, to the NE. of Mekinez, and W. 
 of Fez. 
 
 Zarza Junto Alanje, comm., Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 
 37 m. SE. Badajoz, dist. M6rida. P. <4000. 
 
 Zarza la Mayor, comm., Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 39 
 m. NW. Caceres, dist. Alcantara. P. <4000. 
 
 Zarzls, vil., Tunis, E. ct., 63 m. ESE. Cabes; has a small 
 badly sheltered roadstead ; sponge-fisheries. Good salt obtained 
 from the Sebkha-el-Mela adjoining on the SW. 
 
 Zarzycz, tn., Austria, Silesia, dist. and 11 ni. NW. Bielitz. 
 P. <3ooo. 
 
 Zas, comm., Spain, Galicia, prov. and 31 m. SW. Corunna, 
 dist. Corcubion. P. 5500. 
 
 Zaslavl, dist. tn., Russia, govt. Volhynia, 155 m. W. by S. 
 Zhitomir, 11 m. from Shekepetovka railway stn.; sugar-works, 
 woollen cloth and paper mills near to it. P. 11,030. 
 
 Zasmnk, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 28 m. ESE. Prague. Alt. 
 
 II20ft. P. <3000. 
 
 Zai^tawna, tn. , Austria, Bukowina, dist. Kotzman. P. <4ooo. 
 Zatas, small riv., Portugal, flows W. then SW. into the 
 expansion of the Tagus above Lisbon. Also called Sorrala. 
 Zatec, tn., Austria. See Saaz. 
 
 Zaacb-Belzlg, circle, Prussia, in the W. of prov. Branden- 
 burg, mostly S. of the Havel, N. of 52° N., crossed in the E. 
 by i^° E. 
 
 Zavalla, co., U.S., Texas, in the S., S. of 29° N., crossed in 
 the N. , by 29° N. , and in the W. by 100° W. 
 
 Zaverda, vil., Greece, prov. Acarnania and Aetolia, W. ct. , 
 41 ni. NW. Mesolonggi. P. < 2000. 
 
 ZaTjet, vil., Bulgaria, prov. and 18 m. NNE. Razgrad. P. 
 <3000. 
 Zavod, Russian, 'mining or metallurgical works.' 
 Zawadzle, vil. colony, Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and dist. 
 Kattowitz. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Zawlercle, industrial vil, Russian Poland, govt, and 70 m. 
 SSW. Piotrk6w, 10 m. N. B^dzin. P. 10,000. 
 Zawlya, tn. , Morocco. See Tallent. 
 
 Zawoja, comm., Austria, Gahcia, at the foot of the Beskid 
 Mts. , 33 m. SSW. Cracow. Alt. 1740 ft. P. 5100. 
 
 Zayal-cbn, riv., in the NW. of Indo-China, at one time 
 believed by some to be part of the headwater of the Iriwadi, 
 but now known to be the upper course of the Lohit. See 
 Brabmapntra ; also Proc. R. G. S. , 1885. 
 Zayende>rad, riv. , Persia. See Zainde-rad. 
 Zazovo, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 15 m. NE. by E. 
 Salonica. 
 
 Zbarai, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, 12 m. NE. Tarnopol. 
 Alt. 1040 ft. P. 8800. 
 
 Zbesctaan, vil. , Austria, Moravia, 12 m. WSW. Briinn ; coal 
 mined. P. < 2000. 
 
 Zblro-w, tn., Austria, Bohemia, 20 m. ENE. Pilsen ; iron 
 mines and foundries ; fine castle. P. < 2000. 
 
 Zbordw, tn., Austria, Galicia, dist. Zlocz6w, 22 m. NW. 
 Tarnopol. Alt. 1 175 ft. P. < 5000. 
 
 Zdltz, vil, Austria, Bohemia, 23 m. SW. by W. Prague. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Zdndskawola, tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 40 m. ESE. 
 Kalisz. P. 9400. 
 
 Zdnny, tn., Prussia, on the S. frontier, prov. Posen, 41 m. 
 NNE. Breslau, circle Krotoschin. P. <4000. 
 Zea, isl. , Greece. See Keds. 
 
 Zeal, South, vil, Eng., Devonshire, Ashburton div. , 17 m. 
 W. Exeter, 4 m. E. Okehampton stn. , P. O. See Tawton, Sonlb. 
 Zealand, isl. , Denmark. See Seeland. 
 Zealla, Eng. , Cornwall. See Zelab. 
 
 Zeal IMonacbomm, par., Eng., Devonshire, S. Molton div., 
 IS m. WNW. Exeter, 2^ m. SW. by W. Morchard Road stn. 
 P. < 500. 
 
 ZealH Green, eccles. par. , Eng. , in SW. of Wiltshire, Wilton 
 div., 23 m. W. Salisbury, P.O. (Zeals). P.<5oo. 
 
ZEB A 
 
 Z E R B 
 
 Zebak, vil. , Afghanistan, 60 m. SE. by . /^lizabad, 
 
 Zebbc, vil., W. Africa, Guinea, cap. ot German colony 
 of Togo-land, just N. of Little Pop'o. 
 
 Zebedanl, Syria. See Ez Zebedanl. 
 
 Zebld, tn. , Arabia, in Yemen, 19 m. from the coast, 56 m. N. 
 Mokha. It is enclosed by high walls, flanked with numerous 
 towers ; founded by Ibn Ziad about 825 A.D. Formerly cap. 
 of the Tehama. 1 
 
 Zebid, Kas el, cape, Tunis, in the N., in 10° 5' E., 11 m. E. 
 by S. Bizerta. 
 
 iebpAk, comm. , Austria, Bohemia, 25 m. ENE. Pilsen, and 
 2^ m. N. Horowitz. P. < 2000. 
 
 Zebu, isl. and tn., Philippine Is. See Cebn. 
 
 Zebnl, chain of mts. , E. Abyssinia, 130 m. long, with Mount 
 Zebul (alt. 6540 ft.), in 12° 12'' N. , 39° 40' E. 
 
 Zebulun, place named in O. T. See Xeby SebelAn. 
 
 Zedad, vil. , Syria. See Sndnd. 
 
 Zeddam, vil., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 16 m. ESE. .\m- 
 hem. P. < 2000. 
 
 Zedelghem, comm. , Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. Bruges. 
 P. < 4000. 
 
 Zee, Dutch, 'a lake," or ' sea.' See See. 
 
 Zeebau, post-tn., Tasmania, Montagu co. , 33 m. SSW. 
 Waratah ; is the chief centre of the silver-mining dist. P. < 
 20C0. 
 
 Zeeland ('sea-land'), province in the SW. of Holland, com- 
 prising the islands (Schouwen, Sint Philipsland, Tholen, N. Beve- 
 land) S. of the Brouwerhavensche Gat and Grevelingen Channel, 
 the penin. (formerly two islands) of Walcheren and S. Beveland, 
 and the maritime portion of Flanders (Zeemosch-Vlanderen) S. 
 of the so-called W. Scheldt ; cap. Middelburg, on Walcheren. 
 The prov. is almost entirely composed of riv. alluvium, more 
 than 10 ft. below sea-level ; divided into about 600 polders. 
 
 Zeelaud, vil., U.S., Michigan, Ottawa co., 120 m. WSW. 
 Bay City, 19 m. SE. by S. Grand Haven. P. < 1500. 
 
 Zeemst, tn.. South African Republic, Maricodist. , 125 m. W. 
 Pretoria, with gold to the NW. P. <:20oo. 
 
 ZelTaii, seapt. , Algeria, 36 m. W. by N. Bougie. 
 
 Zefre, or Zeflreh, vil., Asia Minor, on the N. ct., 55 m. W. 
 Trebizond. 
 
 Zegartha, vil. , Syria, 5 m. ESE. Tripoli. P. 2000 (Maronites). 
 
 Zegdu, tribes, E. Morocco, S. of the Atlas Range, occupying 
 plateaux of more than 600 ft. high. 
 
 Zehden, tn. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Konigsberg, 
 25 m. N\V. by N. Kiistrin, in a high position on the Oder. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 SEehdenlck, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Templin, 
 32 m. N. Berlin. P. <;40oo. 
 
 Zehlendorf, vil. , Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle and x m. 
 N. Teltow. P. <4000. 
 
 Zell, tn., Ger. , kgd. Bavaria, Lower Franconia, circle and 
 4 m. ESE. Hassfurt ; noted stone-quarries. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Zella, or Zeyla, coast tn., E. Africa, Gulf of Aden, on a 
 small penin., 145 m. SW. Aden, on the British part of the coast 
 of Somali-land. Vessels are obliged to lie 3-4 m. off shore in 
 a badly sheltered anchorage ; nevertheless, being the starting- 
 point of one of the principal caravan-routes to Harrar, it is a 
 place of growing commercial importance, exporting coffee, hides 
 and skins, gum, resins, &c. The town is without water, which 
 is brought on camel-back from the Wadi Takosha. Near the 
 town a large salt-pan. P. 6000. 
 
 Zelma, oasis, Arabia, about 28 m. NE. by E. Mecca. 
 
 Zeist, vil., Holland, prov. and 4 m. E. Utrecht. P. <4000. 
 
 Zeltonul, tn. , Greece. See Lamia. 
 
 Zeltnii, tn., Turkey in Asia, vilayet Aleppo, sanjak and 20 
 m. N. Marash; iron-mines worked. P. 5000; Christians, 4000; 
 Moham. 1000. 
 
 Zeltaii-Burnii, cape, Bulgaria, Eastern Roumelia, in 42° 
 18J' N. 
 
 Zeltniila, vil. , in the W. of Asia Minor, near the head of the 
 Gulf of Adramyti, 84 m. N. by W. Smyrna. 
 
 Zeltz, tn., Prussia, in theS. of prov. Saxony, cap. circle Z., 14 
 m. S. Liitzen, 23 m. SW. by S. Leipzig; carries on iron-smelting, 
 manufacture of machinery, wool and cotton weaving (including 
 dye-works and calico-printing), ribbon and silk weaving, manu- 
 facture of sugar, confectionery, &c. Z. is of Slavonic origin. 
 P. 21,600. 
 
 Zela, ancient tn. , Asia Minor. See Zlle. 
 
 Zelata, or Zealla, vil., Eng., Cornwall, div. and 4 m. N. 
 Truro, P.O. 
 
 Zelaova, vil. , Turkey. See ZelyahoTO. 
 
 Zelaya, tn. , Mexico. See Celaya. 
 
 Zelaya, prov., Nicaragua, the former Mosquitia (q.v.) or 
 Mosquito Terr. 
 
 Zele, comm., Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. and 4 m. NW. 
 Dendermonde (Termonde). P. 12,200. 
 
 Zelechdw, tn., Russian Poland, govt, and 30 m. SW. Siedlce, 
 near Ivangorod-tukow Rly. P. 6060. 
 
 Zeleiil, tn. , Turkey in Europe, prov. and 29 m. SSE. Monas- 
 tir. P. 3500. 
 
 Zelhem, vil., Holland, prov. Gelderland, 18 m. E. Amhem. 
 P. (comm. )< 4000. 
 
 Zell, an abbreviation of Zelle, or Celle, from Latin cella, in 
 Ger. place-names ' a cell,' ' convent,' or 'abbey.' 
 
 Zell, or Zell-am-See, watering-place, Austria, crownland and 
 35 m. SSW. Salzburg, on W. shore of Zeller-see (4 m. long N. 
 to S. , by about | m. wide). Alt. 2475 ft. P. <20oo. 
 
 Zell, or Zell-am-Zlller, vil., Austria, Tirol, in valley of lower 
 Inn, u m. SE. Schwaz. 
 
 2Eell, or Zell-am-llarmersbach, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy of 
 Baden, circle Offenburg, 21 m. SE. Strassburg (Alsace-Lor- 
 raine) ; noted earthenware manufactures ; mineral spring ( Klee- 
 bad). P. <2ooo. 
 
 Zell, or Zell Im Wlesenthal, tn., Ger., gd. -duchy of Baden, 
 circle Lorrach, 20 m. S. Freiburg, on the Wiese, in a valley of 
 the Black Forest ; has a cellulose factory, cotton spinning and 
 weaving, &c. Alt. 1460 ft. P. <30oo. 
 
 JKell, in French La Baroche, vil., Ger., Upper Alsace, circle 
 Rappoltsweiler, 7 m. WNW. Kolmar. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Zell, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., on the r. bk. of the Moselle, 
 cap. circle Z., 30 m. SW. by S. Koblenz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Zell, vil. , Switzd. , cant. Zurich, 5 J m. SE. by E. Winterthur. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 Zella, tn., Ger., duchy Saxe-Koburg-Gotha, circle Ohrdruf, 
 20 m. S. Gotha ; noted manufacture of arms. P. <4C)00. 
 
 Zella, oasis, Tripoli. See Sella. 
 
 Zelle, Prussia, Hanover. See Celle. 
 
 Zellerfeld, tn. , Prussia, prov. Hanover, cap. circle Z., 26 m. 
 NE. Gottingen, adjoining Klausthal on the N. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Zeller-see, lake, Austria. See Zell. 
 
 Zeltlngcu-Kachtlg, vil., Ger., Prussia, Rhine Prov., on the 
 r. bk. of the Moselle, circle Bemkastel, 22 m. NE. Treves. P. 
 (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 ZeltM'eg, vil., Austria, Styria, 20 m. SW. by W. Leoben, on 
 the Mur, a 1. bk. trib. of the Drave. Alt. 2220 ft. P. <3000. 
 
 Zelyataovo, or Zelaova, tn. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet 
 Salonica, sanjak and 15 m. E. by S. Seres. P. <3000 (G. ). 
 
 Zemlyansk, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 28 m. N W. Voro- 
 nezh. P. < 5000. 
 
 Zempelbnrg, tn., Ger., prov. W. Prussia, circle Flatow, 29 
 m. NW. Bromberg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Zemplen, in German spelling ZempUn, co. , Hungary, on N. 
 frontier, crossed by 22° E. , partly bounded SE. by the Theiss ; 
 cap. Satoralja-Ujhely. See Hungary, table. 
 
 Zempoala Bank, shoal, in the Gulf of Mexico, a few miles 
 from the coast, 25 m. NNW. Vera Cruz. 
 
 Zempoaltepec, the highest peak of the mts. in the E. of the 
 state of Oajaca, Mexico, 135 m. S. Vera Cruz. Alt. 13,100 ft. 
 
 Zemun, tn. , Hungary. See Semlln. 
 
 Zenaga, tribes, Algeria. See Sanliaja. 
 
 Z,en, Japanese, 'front.' 
 
 Zenatl, riv., Algeria, prov. Constantine, the left branch of 
 the Seybus (q.v.). 
 
 Zende-rnd, riv., Persia. See ZaVude-rad. 
 
 Zengan, or Zenjan, Persia. See Zinjan. 
 
 Zeugg, tn. and seapt. , Hungary, Croatia-Slavonia, co. Lika- 
 Krbava, on the Canal della Morlacca, 31 m. SE. by S. Fiume ; in 
 the i6th century a resort of terrible pirates, not dispersed till 1617. 
 Mean temp., yr. 58.0° F., Jan. 41.7°, July 76.6°. P. <3000. 
 
 Zenlca (-tsa), tn., Bosnia, prov. Travnik, on the 1. bk. of riv. 
 Bosnia, 34 m. NW. Sarajevo ; coal mined near. Alt. 1015 ft. 
 P. <4000. 
 
 Zennor, par., Eng., Cornwall, on the W. ct., div. and 4 m. 
 WSW. St. Ives; noted for a large cromlech, 18 ft. by 9J ft., 
 formerly supported by seven stones ; one end now rests on the 
 ground. P.O. 4360 ac. P. <5C)o. 
 
 Zenobia, ruins. See Halebl. 
 
 Zenobla Peak, mt., U.S., Colorado, Routt co. , in the 
 Escalante Hills, 30 m. S. by E. of the NW comer of the state. 
 Alt. 9297 ft. (King). 
 
 ZeuorsvlUe, vil. , U.S., Iowa, Boone co., with coal-mining. 
 P. <:i5oo. 
 
 Zenta, tn. , Hungary, co. BAcs-Bodrog, 24 m. SE. by E. 
 Maria Theresiopel, on the r. bk. of the Theiss ; scene of a 
 victory of Prince Eugene over the Turks, Sept. 11, 1697. P. 
 (1850) 14,800; (1869)19,900; (1890)25,700. 
 
 Zephirium, ancient tn. , Turkey in Asia. See Merslna. 
 
 Zephyrla, ruins, Greece, in the eastern penin. of the isl. of 
 Melos, formerly a town of 40,000 inhabitants, decayed to 5000 
 in the 17th century, and now showing only ruined houses. 
 
 Zerala, vil. , Algeria, prov. and 26 m. WNW. Constantine. 
 P. <400o. 
 
 Zerawltz, comm., Austria, Moravia, 30 m. ESE. Briinn, 
 and 51 m. E. Gaya. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Zerb, Kurdish name for the Zab [q.v.), riv. 
 
 Zerbst, tn. , Ger., duchy Anhalt, cap. circle Z. , 12 m. NW. 
 by N. Dessau ; has a building-school, iron-smelting, manu- 
 facture of machinery, silver and gold lace, and gloves, important 
 brewery, and is a great horse and cattle market. P. (1849) 
 9400 ; (1890) 16,200. 
 
 1769 
 
Z E R E 
 
 Z I E E 
 
 Zered, valley mentioned in O. T. See Wadl-el-Hesi. 
 
 Zereda, place named in O. T. See Snrdali. 
 
 Zergln, tn. , Africa, Algeria, on the high plateaux 4^ m. from 
 the 1. bk. of the Shelif, 45 m. SSE. Boghar ; hot spring to the S. 
 
 Zergnn, riv. , Algeria, prov. Oran, rises in the S. slopes of the 
 Saharian Atlas, 50 m. W. Laghuat, and flows 200 m. SSE. 
 
 Zerlba, tn., Tunis, 48 m. SSE. of town Tunis ; warm baths, 
 dating from the Roman period. 
 
 Zer'ln, vil., Palestine, Jezreelin O. T., 32° 33' N., 35° 19' E., 
 II m. S. by E. Nazareth. 
 
 Zerka BTaf n, Wadl, the Nehaliel of the O. T. , riv. , Pales- 
 tine, flows W. and enters the Dead Sea from the E. in about 
 31° 3/ N. It is shut in by cliffs 2500 ft. high, and has hot 
 sulphur springs. 
 
 Zennatt, French Praborgne, vil., Switzd., cant. Valais, 
 23 m. SW. by S. Brieg, near the head of the Niklaus-thal ; 
 great tourist resort and centre of Alpinists ; starting-point for the 
 ascent of the Matterhorn. The railway from Visp to Zermatt, 
 opened in 1891, combines adhesive (max. gradient 45 : 1000) and 
 rack and pinion (125 : 1000) systems. Alt. 5315 ft. P. <:2ooo. 
 
 Zemest, comm., Hungary, co. Fogaras, dist. Torcsvar, 15 m. 
 SW. Kronstadt. Alt. 2345 ft. P. <40oo. 
 
 Zemez, or Zemetz, vil., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 18 m. NE. 
 St. Moritz, on the r. bk. of the Inn, in the Upper Engadine. 
 Alt. 4910 ft. P. <:20oo. 
 
 ZemoTa, or Zlrnovo, tn., Turkey in Europe, prov. Seres, 70 
 m. SW. by S. Philippopolis. P. 4000. 
 
 Zeta, riv., Montenegro, flows SE. to the Moraca, which it 
 joins on the r. bk. above Podgorica. 
 
 Zetelaka, comm., Hungary, co. and dist. Udvarhely, 7 m. 
 NNE. Szekely- Udvarhely. P. <4000. 
 
 Zetland Islands. See Shetland Islands. 
 
 Zeulenroda, tn. , Ger. , princip. of Reuss, Elder Line, circle Z. , 
 50 m. SSW. Leipzig, 9 m. W. Greiz ; lies high in a woody dist. ; 
 important hosiery manufacture. P. 8800. 
 
 Zeven, vil., Prussia, prov. Hanover, circle Stade, 24 m. NE. 
 Bremen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Zerenaar, vil. , Holland, prov. Gelderland, 7 m. ESE. Amhem. 
 P. (comm. )< 5000. 
 
 Zerenbergen, comm. and small port, Holland, prov. N. 
 Brabant, 7 m. NW. by W. Breda. P. 6600. 
 
 ZeTio, tn. , Italy, Venetia, on the Adige, prov. and 8 m. SE. 
 by E. Verona. P. < 3000. 
 
 Zeya, riv. , Russia, E. Siberia, prov. and 1. bk. trib. of Amur, 
 rises in the Jugjur (Stanovoi) Mts., in the NW. of Udskoi, flows 
 SW. and W. on the plateau, and, after receiving the Ur, bends 
 sharply SE. to pierce the SE. border-ridge. It maintains this 
 course, parallel to the Amur, piercing several mountains, till it 
 meets on the elevated plains the Selenja (Silimja) from NE. , 
 whereupon it turns SSW. to join the Amur 20 m. below Bla- 
 govyeshchensk, after having watered in its lower course very 
 fertile plains. Length, 720 m. ; area of basin, 860,000 sq. m. 
 
 Zeyla, tn. , E. Africa. See Zella. 
 
 Zezere, riv., Portugal, flows SW. along the base of the Serra 
 da Estrelha, then S. into the Tag^s, which it enters a few miles 
 below Abrantes. 
 
 Zezras, comm., Switzd. See Zlzers. 
 
 l^Xvri, tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 32 m. NW. Piotrk6w, 
 10 m. from L6dz railway terminus ; centre of cotton-mills. P. 
 
 14.550- 
 
 Zbarlng-Nor, lake, central Asia, at the source of the 
 H wang-ho, in 34° 40' N. , 97° 10' E. Alt. 14,000 ft. ( Przhevalsky). 
 
 ZhegnleTsklya Moniitalns, range of hills accompanying 
 the 1. bk. of Volga, govt. Simbirsk, compelling it to make the 
 great bend of Samara ; rise 300 to 800 ft. above the level of the 
 Volga. 
 
 Zhelyeznovodsk, Cossack vil., Russia, N. Caucasia, govt. 
 Stavropol, 130 m. NW. Vladikavkaz, 11 m. NNW. Pyatigorsk, 
 and near to Mineralnyia Vody junction of Vladikavkaz Rly.; 
 mineral waters, 62° to 111° F., visited by several thousands of 
 patients. Permanent P. < 1000. 
 
 Zhlbn, Sblbn, or Siiebn, tp., W. Sudan, Sokoto, on the S. 
 bank of the Benue, in about 10° E. 
 
 Zhlgalova, vil. , E. Siberia, on upper Lena, govt, and 180 m. 
 NNE. Irkutsk ; river-port, from which all goods required for 
 Olekma and Vitim gold-mines and lower Lena are shipped ; 
 boat-building. P. < 1000, considerably increased in spring. 
 
 Zhlgansk, vil. , E. Siberia, prov. Yakutsk, on 1. bk. Lena, 
 66° 40' N. P. < 1000. 
 
 Zbltonilr, tn., SW. Russia, cap. of g:ovt. Volhynia, 85 m. 
 W. by S. Kiev, on Teterev and on highway from Kiev to 
 Warsaw ; steam flour-mills ; chief printing offices for Jewish 
 books ; manufactures of ready-made cloth and shoes as domestic 
 industries ; considerable trade in com, hides, salt, timber, and 
 wooden goods. P. (1861) 40,460; (1891) 58,400. 
 
 Zhlzdra, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 97 m. SW. Kaluga, 
 near railway to Maltsov's works (Lyudinovo), on Zhizdra R. , r. 
 bk. trib. of Oka. P. 11,800. 
 
 Ztamertnka, important rly. junction of SW. Russia, govt. 
 Podolia, 166 m. SW. Kiev, where the railways Kiev-Novoselitsy 
 1770 
 
 (on Roumanian frontier) and Odessa-Volochisk-Lwow meet 
 together. 
 
 Zhob, riv., Brit. Baluchistan, flows SE. and NE. , and joins 
 the Gumal a little N. of 32° N. Its valley, which begins 60 m. 
 NE. of Quetta, was placed under the protectorate of British 
 India in 1889. 
 
 Zhnya, riv., E. Siberia, govt. Yakutsk, rises in the Olekma 
 and Vitim highlands, Kropotkin's ridge, flows E. and NE., 
 receiving Chara from right ; many rich gold-washings on its 
 banks. 
 
 Zlaeddln, tn. , Bukhara, 70 m. WNW. Samarkand, near 
 junction of Ak-daria and Kara-daria. 
 
 Zlagdln, tn. , Bukhara, 78 m. ENE. of it, on 1. bk. Zerafshan. 
 P. < 5000. 
 
 Zlania, tn. , Algeria, on the coast, 20 m. E. by S. Bougie. 
 
 Zlarat, tn., N. Persia, \\\ m. S. Astrabad ; mineral springs ; 
 much frequented on account of the delicious climate. P. <2ooo, 
 
 Zlbar Mountains, range of mts. , on the frontier of Asiatic 
 Turkey and the Persian prov. of Azerbaijan, to the SW. of 
 Lake Urmia. 
 
 SEibello, tn. , Italy, Emilia, on the r. bk. of riv. Po, prov. 
 and 18 m. NNW. Parma. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Zlbevcbe, tn. , Turkey in Europe, vilayet Kossovo, sanjak 
 Ushkub, on the r. bk. of the Morava, 8 m. SW. Vranja. 
 
 Zlcavo, tn. , Corsica, arr. and 20 m. E. Ajaccio. P. < 2000. 
 
 Zlchlfalra, comm., Hungary, co. Torontdl, dist. Bdnlak, 
 II m. NW. Versecz. P. < 4000. 
 
 Ziddim, place named in O. T. See Hatttn. 
 
 Zldlocbovlce, comm. , Austria. See fiross-Seelowltz. 
 
 Zldnr, Plain of, Algeria. See Aln Temuslient. 
 
 Ziebach, co. , U.S., S. Dakota, crossed by 44° N., bounded 
 on the E. by 102° W. , bounded on the W. by the S. Fork of 
 the Cheyenne R. 
 
 Zleblngen, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, 15 m. SE. 
 Frankfurt on the Oder. P. <3000. 
 
 Zlegelhansen, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy Baden, circle and 4 m. 
 E. Heidelberg. P. <30oo. 
 
 Zlegenhaln, tn., Prussia, prov. Hesse-Nassau, cap. circle 
 Z., 30 m. SSW. Kassel; formerly a strong fortress, but razed 
 in 1807. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Zlegenhals, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Neisse, 40 m. 
 WNW. Ratibor, 8^ m. W. Neustadt ; manufacture of woollen 
 goods, twine, cellulose, &c. In Z. and neighbourhood linen 
 and damask weaving, and large bleaching-works. P. (i8i6)< 
 2000 ; (1890) 6200. 
 
 Zlegenort, Gross-, vil. , Prussia, Pomerania, govt, and 16 m. 
 N. Stettin, on the W. of the Oder estuary at its entrance into 
 the Grosses Haff. P. <20oo. 
 
 Zielenzlg, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Oststern- 
 berg, 22 m. ESE. Kiistrin ; wool-spinning and manufacture of 
 cloth, &c. P. (i8i6)<:300o; (1890) 5800. 
 
 Zlelona, vil., Austria, Galicia, circle and 31 m. SW. Stanis- 
 lawow. P. <:30oo. 
 
 Zlerlkzee, tn., Holland, dist. of Schouwen, prov. Zeeland, 
 16 m. NE. by E. Middelburg ; has woollen manufactures, salt 
 refineries, boat-building,' and oyster-culture. P. (comm.) 7100. 
 
 Zlesar, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Jerichow I., 16 m. 
 SW. Brandenburg. P. < 3000. 
 
 Zlfte, Slfte, or Slffta, tn. , Egypt, on the 1. bk. of the Dami- 
 etta arm of the Nile, 16 m. ESE. Tanta. P. 11,100. 
 
 Zig, termination of place-names. See Ski. 
 
 Zlgana, pass, Asia Minor, a few miles to the SW. of 
 Trebizond, on the road to Erzerum. Alt. 6630 ft. 
 
 Zlge, penin., on S. shore of Lake Tsana (Tana), Abyssinia ; 
 noted for its coffee. 
 
 Zlgl, riv., Ger. E. Africa, flowing E. into the Indian Ocean, 
 in 5° 3' S., just N. of Tanga. 
 
 Zlglnshor, vil., Africa, Senegal, on the Kazamanza (1. bk.), 
 25 m. WSW. Sedhiu. 
 
 Zlgon, vil, Burma, dist. Thardwadi, 36 m. SE. Prome, 115 
 m. by rail from Rangoon. 
 
 Zlkarl, mt., Caucasus, main range, govt. Tiflis, 42° 34' N., 
 43° 57' ^- Alt. 12,562 ft. 
 
 Zlkawel, or i^lkawl, vil., China, prov. Kiangsu, 5 m. SW. 
 Shanghai, with an orphanage occupying a former Jesuit^college, 
 founded in the 17th century, and an observatory in 31° 12' 30" 
 N., 121° 36' E. Mean temp. (12 yrs., 1873-84), yr. 59.4° F., 
 Jan. 36.9°, July 81.1°; rfall. (8 yrs.), 42.44 in. 
 
 Ziklag, place named in O. T. See AslnJ. 
 
 Zlkwala, mt. , Abyssinia, See Zakwala. 
 
 Zllah, tn., Hungary, co. Szildgy, 38 m. NW. Klausenburg. 
 P. 6500. 
 
 Zllan-Deressl, valley 15 m. long, Turkish Armenia, prov. 
 Van, and opening on the NE. of Lake Van; noted for its 
 thermal springs. 
 
 Zlle, tn., Asia Minor, vilayet and 68 m. NW. by W. Sivas, 
 25 ni. S. by E. Amasia. The ancient Zela, on the acropolis of 
 which was built a castle, the ruins of which still dominate the 
 town of Z. and surrounding valley, is said by Strabo to have 
 been built by Semiramis. Alt. 2560 ft. P. 20,000; Sunnite 
 
Z I LG — ZO AR 
 
 Moham. 10,500; Shiite Moham. 5200; Gregorian Armenians, 
 4000 (Cuinet). 
 
 Zllga-kliokh, peak, Caucasus, main range, 42° 37' N., 44° 
 13' E. Alt. 12,645 ft- 
 
 Zillerthal, valley, Austria, Tirol, descending 28 m. N. from 
 the Brenner to the valley of the Inn, and forming one of the 
 most attractive parts of N. Tirol, traversed by a carriage-road. 
 The Z. Alps are the W. portion of the Hohe Tauem. 
 
 ZlIUs, vil., Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 15 m. S. by W. Chur, in 
 the Schamsthal, at the head of the Via Mala. P. <20oo. 
 
 Zil'wniikce, vil., U.S., Michigan, Saginaw co. , on the 
 Saginaw R., 5 m. SSW. Bay City; lumber and salt trade; 
 landing-place for steamers. P. <i5oo. 
 
 Zlinapaii, tn., Mexico, Hidalgo, 90 m. N. by W. Mexico; 
 lead mined. P. (comm.) 15,000. 
 
 ZlmbabTfc, or ZInibabye, remarkable ruins, Brit. S. Africa, 
 to the SE. of Fort Victoria, in 20° 16' 30" S. , 31° 7' 30" E. Alt. 
 3340 ft. (Swan, ad.). 
 
 Zlniinskuye, vil., E. Siberia, govt, and 170 m. NW. Irkutsk, 
 on great highway to Irkutsk, on Oka R. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Zinime, tn. , Siam. See C'hlengmal. 
 
 Ziiiiineriiian, vil., Canada, Ontario, Halton co. , 12 m. N. 
 by E. Hamilton. P. < 1500. 
 
 Ziniiniirl, a Berber tribe, Morocco, to the W. of Mekinez. 
 
 Zlmiily Beros. See White Sea. 
 
 Ziniiilfa, or Zlninlcea, tn., Roumania, prov. Teleorman, 
 32 m. WSW. Rustchuk, 2| m. NE. by N. Svistov (Shishtova). 
 P. <5oo. 
 
 Zlinony, Croatia-Slavonia. See Semlln. 
 
 Zlnaiitepcc, vil. , Mexico, state of Mexico, 6 m. W. Toluca. 
 P. (comm.) 11,000. 
 
 Zliulajaii, tn., NW, Afghanistan, 18 m. W. Herat. P. 
 10-12,000. 
 
 Ziiidor, vil., western Sudan. See Gam and Sinder. 
 
 Zliiisero, country, Africa. See Zlnjero. 
 
 Ziiisst, isl. and vil. in the NW. of the Prussian prov. of 
 Pomerania, 10 m. NW. Stralsund, to the N. of the Barther- 
 Bodden and the Grabow, separated from the Darss Penin. on 
 the W. by the Prerow, a narrow outlet leading from the Barther- 
 Bodden. P. (isl.) 1776. 
 
 Zlnjaii, Zengan, or Zenjan, tn., Persia, on the Zugane, 75 
 m. WSW. Resht; an ancient city and decayed fortress, destroyed 
 first by the Mongols, and almost entirely burnt down in the 
 middle of the 19th century, in consequence of its having taken 
 part in the Bab insurrection. 
 
 Zlnjero, or Zlngero, country, Africa, Abyssinia, SW. of 
 Shoa. 
 
 Zlnna, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Jiiterbog- 
 Luckenwalde, 27 m. S. Potsdam, 2 m. NNE. Jiiterbog. P. < 
 2000. 
 
 Zlnnowltz, vil., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, on the coast, 28 
 ra. NW. Swinemiinde ; greatly frequented for sea-bathing. 
 
 Zlntan, tn., N. Africa, Tripoli, 95 m. SSW. of the town of 
 Tripoli. The inhabitants dwell in caves in the rocks. P. 6000. 
 
 Zlnten, tn., Prussia, prov. E. Prussia, circle Heiligenbeil, 
 20 m. SSW. Konigsberg. P. <40cio. 
 
 Zlnn, riv. , Colombia. See Sinn. 
 
 Ziiizars, a pastoral people of Walachian origin dwelling in 
 Macedonia. 
 
 ZlonsTlIlc, vil., U.S., Indiana, Boone co., 13 m. NNW. 
 Indianapolis. P. < 1500. 
 
 Zior, place named in O. T. See Si'atr. 
 
 Zlpaqnlra, tn., S. America, Colombia, dep. Cundinamarca, 
 30 m. N. Bogotd ; has a rich mine of rock-salt ; lead, iron, 
 copper, and sulphur are also worked. P. (including dist. ) 8300. 
 
 Zlpen, or Zlppaug, Chinese pronunciation of Nippon, the 
 name which gave rise to the forms Zipango, Cipango, or Zim- 
 pango, applied in the Middle Ages to a country in eastern Asia. 
 
 Zipk, place named in O. T. See Tell-ez-Zff. 
 
 Zlplana, Greece. See Tslplana. 
 
 Zlppuow, vil. , Ger. , Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle Deutsch 
 Krone, 62 m. WNW. Bromberg, 9 m. WNW. Jastrow. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 Zips, CO., Hungary. See Szepes. 
 
 Xir&, tn., Brit. India, Punjab, dist. Firozpur, 40 m. S. by E. 
 Amritsar. P. (i88i)<:4000. 
 
 Zlrardowo, manufacturing vil., Russian Poland, govt, and 28 
 m. by rail SW. Warsaw ; cotton, flax, and woollen mills, show- 
 ing annual returns of ^^900,000. P. 15,000. 
 
 ZlrUe, vil. , Austria. See Znrl. 
 
 Zlrke, tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, circle Birnbaum. P. < 3000. 
 
 Zirkel, mt. , U.S., Colorado, Larimer co., in the Park Range, 
 112 m. NW. Denver. Alt. 12,126 ft. (King). 
 
 Zirknltz, comm., Austria, Carniola, 31 m. ENE. Trieste. 
 Alt. 1890 ft. P. 5300. The take of Zirknltz (alt. 1805 ft. ) 
 is i\ m. S. of the town, and 22 m. SW. Laibach ; at certain 
 times the water completely disappears, sometimes for months, 
 being connected underground with the riv. Laibach, and the 
 caves of Adelsberg {q.v.). 
 
 Zlrl, vil., Austria, Tirol, 7 m. W. Innsbruck. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Zlrlan, vil., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle and 6 m. WNW. 
 Schweidnitz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Zlrndorf, market-tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Middle 
 Franconia, circle Fiirth, 5^ m. W. by S. Nuremberg. P. <4ooo. 
 
 ZirnoTo, tn. , Turkey. See Zernova. 
 
 Zlrona, or Drvenlk, vil., Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on 
 an island of the same name, 15 m. W. by S. Spalato. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Zlrreb, swamp. See God>l-Zlrreta. 
 
 Zlsters<lorf, tn., Lower Austria, 28 m. NE. Vienna. P. 
 <3oc)o. 
 
 Zltacnaro, tn., Mexico, Michoacan, 70 m. W. Mexico. 
 P. 11,000. 
 
 Zlttan, tn. , Ger. , in the SE. of the kgd. of Saxony, circle Z. , 
 19 m. SSW. Gorlitz, near the 1. bk. of the Neisse. Stands on a 
 vast lignite deposit (20 sq. m.). Has important manufactures 
 of machinery, damask, and linen and cotton goods, dye and 
 bleaching works, iron-smelting, and Imperial Institute for glass- 
 painting ; mineral springs. Was raised to the rank of town by 
 Ottokar II. in 1255 ; in 1757 burnt to the ground in the Austrian 
 bombardment. Alt. 875 ft. P. (1834)8500; (1890)25,400. 
 
 Zltnnl, tn. , Greece. See Lamia. 
 
 Zltzlknmma, vil. with Moravian mission station. Cape 
 Colony, Humansdorp dist., 82 m. E. by N. Mossel Bay. P. < 
 3000. 
 
 Zltzlkamma Forest, a tract facing the S. ct. of Cape Colony, 
 Knysna dist. , between about 23° 20' and 24° o' E. 
 
 Zln Zln, or Zlwc Zlwe, river-arm, S. Africa, by which the 
 riv. Zambezi, below Sena, communicates with the lower Shire, 
 thus bounding on the NW. the triangular isl. of Inyangonia ; 
 navigable in height of rainy season for boats drawing 2 ft. 
 
 Zlwambo, lake, Congo Free State, in the course of the 
 Lualaba, to the N. of 6^° S. 
 
 Zlwe Zlwe, navigable channel, E. Africa. See Zln Zln. 
 
 Zlz, cliff mentioned in the O. T. See Has&sah Wadl. 
 
 Zlzers, or Zezras, comm., Switzd., cant. Grisons, 6 m. SE. 
 by^S. Ragatz, on the E. side of the Rhine. P. < 2000. 
 
 Zlzkoi¥, comm., Bohemia, a suburb of Prague. P. 41,200. 
 
 Zlablngs, tn., Austria, Moravia, 30 m. SSW. Iglau. Alt. 
 1695 ft. P. <30oo. 
 
 Zlas, tribe, Africa, Tunis, round Kairwan, in an extensive 
 country which is partly mountainous and partly composed of 
 plains resembling 'steppes.' 
 
 Zlatarlca, vil., Bulgaria, prov. and 12 m. E. by S. Tirnovo. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Zlatlbor, beautiful alpine region, in the W. of Servia, between 
 Uzice (Uzhitse) and the frontier. 
 
 Zlatlca, vil., Bulgaria, prov. and 41 m. E. Sofia. P. <2000. 
 
 Zlatopol, tn., Russia, govt, and 123 m. SSE. Kiev, on frontier 
 of Ekaterinoslav. P. 10,000. 
 
 Zlatonst, mining tn. , Russia, Urals, govt, and 268 m. ENE. 
 Ufa; first-class meteorological observatory, 55° 10' N., 59° 40' 
 E. Chief town of a mining dist. Iron-works, gun factory of the 
 crown, and fabrication of smaller arms. Alt. 1343 ft. Mean 
 temp., yr. 33.0° F., Jan. 2.3°, July 61.5°; mean rfall. (46 yrs.), 
 yr. 18.5 in., May-Oct. 14. i in. P. 21,100. 
 
 Zlln, tn., Austria, Moravia, 32 m. SE. by S. Olmiitz. P. 
 <3ooo. 
 
 Zllten, vil. , Tripolis. See Sllten. 
 
 Zi«cz6>v, tn. , Austria, Galicia, 22 m. SW. by S. Brody. P. 
 10,100. 
 
 Zlonttz, comm., Austria, Bohemia, 20 m. NW. Prague. 
 P. < 2000. 
 
 ZIot, vil., Servia, prov. Cma-Rjeka, 43 m. W. Viddin. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 Zmelnogorsk, or Znieyev, tn. , Russia, W. Siberia, govt. 
 Tomsk, Altai region, 170 m. SSW. Barnaul, in a hilly tract; 
 well built ; silver and copper mine. Alt. 1320 ft. P. 6100. 
 
 Zmlev, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 25 m. S. by E. Kharkov, 
 on N. Donets. P. 6200. 
 
 Zmlgrod, vil., Austria, Galicia, on a r. bk. affluent of the 
 Vistula, 10 m. SSE. Jaslo. P. <300o. 
 
 Znalm, tn. , Austria, Moravia, on the Thaya, 35 m. SW. 
 Briinn ; has tanneries, manufactures of tools, &c. ; remains of an 
 old castle of the Margraves of Moravia. Centre of excursions 
 in the beautiful valley of the Thaya. Alt. 950 ft. P. 14,500. 
 
 Znanienka, rly. junc. , SW. Russia, govt. Kherson, 60 m. SW. 
 Kremenchug, where the railway Kiev to Nikolaiev and Ekate- 
 rinoslav meets with railway Kharkov- Kremenchug- Birzula, 
 whence it divides to Odessa and the Austrian frontier. 
 
 Znamenskoye (Chadaerka), vil., Russia, govt, and 50 m. 
 SW. Saratov ; distilleries. P. 5700. Many other villages 
 having also other names. 
 
 Znln, tn. , Prussia, prov. Posen, 21 m. SW. by S. Bromberg. 
 P. (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Zoa Falls, fall on the Ruo R. , Nyassa-land, about 25 m. 
 from its mouth, 200 ft. high. Proc. R. G. S., 1891, p. 268. 
 
 Zoan, or Tanis, ruined city, Egypt. See Zan-el-Hager. 
 
 Zoar, place named in the O. T. See Tell-esh-Sbagnr. 
 
 Zoar, settlement. Cape Colony, dist. and n m. E. Lady- 
 smith, 70 m. NE. by E. Swellendam. 
 
 1771 
 
ZOAR — ZUID 
 
 Zoar, Moravian mission station, E. ct. Labrador, in 56° 7' N. 
 Mean temp. (3^ yrs.), yr. 22.0° F., Jan. 13.0°, July 50.0 . 
 
 Zoar, vil. , U.S. , Ohio, Tuscarawas co. , 53 m. NW. Wheeling. 
 P. < 1500. 
 
 Zoara, or Znara, vil. and seapt. , N. Africa, Tripoli, 66 m. 
 W. Tripoli ; salt beds here, used by the Venetians in the 13th 
 century. 
 
 Zobelr, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, 9 m. SW. Busra, on the site of 
 ancient Busra. 
 
 Ziiblltz, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Marienberg, 18 m. SE. 
 by E. Chemnitz. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Zobteu, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Schweidnitz, 20 m. 
 SW. byS. Breslau, at the NE. foot of the Zobten (alt. 2355 ft.). 
 P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Zoflugen, comm., Switzd. , cant. Aargau, 5 m. SSE. Olten. 
 P. <5ooo. 
 
 Zojl-La, Himalayan pass. See Kashmir. 
 
 Zola Predosa, comm., Italy, Emilia, 6 m. W. Bologna, on 
 the Lavino. P. 5200. 
 
 Z.dld, Hungarian, 'green.' 
 
 Zdl-klew, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, 15 m. N. Lemberg; 
 has an old castle, once the residence of John Sobieski, king of 
 Poland, and a Gothic church with tombs of the Sobieski family. 
 
 Zolllkofen, comm. , Switzd. , cant, and 3 m. N. Bern. P. 
 <2ooo. 
 
 Zolllkon, comm., Switzd., cant, and 3 m. SSE. Ziirich, on 
 the E. side of the Lake of Zurich. P. <20oo. 
 
 Zolotonosha, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and no m. W. Poltava. 
 P. 5800. 
 
 ^haiire, tn. , Austria, Galicia, 14 m. NE. Lemberg. P. < 
 4000. 
 
 Zoiyula, tn., Austria, Galicia, dist. and 6 m. NNE. tancut. 
 P. <40oo. 
 
 Zi^lyom, Ger. Soltl, comitat in the mountains of N. Hungary, 
 S. of 49° N. , crossed in the extreme W. by 19° E. , traversed 
 by the upper Gran ; cap. Besztercze-bdnya (Neusohl). See 
 Hungary, table. 
 
 Zdlyom, German Altsohl, tn. with magistracy, Hungary, 
 CO. Z. (Sohl), on the Gran, at the confluence of the Slatina, 75 
 m. N. Budapest. Alt. 960 ft. P. 5100. 
 
 Zdlyom, rj, Hungarian name of Nensohl. 
 
 Zomba, mt., Nyassa-Iand, 10 m. from the W. shore of Lake 
 Shirsva, in 15° 20' S. On its S. slope are the headquarters of 
 the Commissioner for British Central Africa and plantations of 
 British settlers. Now being connected by telegraph with Fort 
 Salisbury and Cape Town. Alt. highest peak (Nyenyesi) about 
 6900 ft 
 
 Zonibor, tn., Hungary, cap. co. Bacs-Bodrog, 35 m. SW. 
 -Maria Theresiopel. This large commercial centre is one of the 
 most characteristic of Hungarian towns ; important trade in 
 cereals and cattle. P. (1850) 21,600; (1869) 24,300; (1890) 
 26,400. 
 
 Zoiigo, stn. of the Congo Free State, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Ubanggi, just below the first rapids of that river, in 4° 20' N., 
 19° E. 
 
 ZoiilioTen, comm., Belgium, prov. Limbourg, arr. Hasselt, 
 17 m. NW. by W. Maastricht. P. <:3000. 
 
 Zonuebeke, comm., Belgium, prov. W. Flanders, arr. 
 Ypres. P. <4000. 
 
 Zophim (Field of), place named in O. T. See Tal'at es Safa. 
 
 Zoppot Bad, seaside vil., Prussia, prov. W. Prussia, circle 
 Neustadt, 7 m. NNW. Danzig. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Zor, dist., Asiatic Turkey, on both sides of the middle 
 Euphrates, S. Aleppo and E. of Damascus ; chief town, Deir. 
 
 Zorah, place named in O. T. See Snr'ata. 
 
 Zorbatle, tn. , Asiatic Turkey, 95 m. ESE. Bagdad ; it is one 
 of the holy places of the Persian Shiites. 
 
 Ziirblg, tn. , Prussia, prov. Saxony, circle Bitterfeld. P. 
 <4000. 
 
 Zorlta, comm., Spain, Estremadura, prov. and 37 m. SE. 
 Cdceres, dist. Logi'osan. P. <4ooo. 
 
 Zor-knl, or Sor-knl, lake, Pamirs. See Tlctorla Lake. 
 
 Zomdorf, vil., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle Konigs- 
 berg, 5 m. NNE. Kiistrin ; here Frederick the Great defeated 
 the Russians in 1758. P. <20oo. 
 
 Zose Point, cape, Eng. , S. ct. Cornwall. 
 
 Zosseii, tn., Prussia, prov. Brandenburg, circle and 15 m. 
 SSE. Teltow. P. <4000. 
 
 Zoug, cant. , Switzd. See Zng. 
 
 Zontkamp, fishing vil., Holland, prov. and 12 m. NW. 
 Groningen, on the Lauwers Zee. P. <20oo. 
 
 Zoutleenw, Flemish; French L^an, vil., Belgium, prov. 
 Brabant, on the Little Geete, 8 m. E. by N. Tirlemont. P. 
 (comm. )< 3000. 
 
 Zontpansberg (Dutch, ' salt-pan mountains'), range of mts. 
 in the N. of the South African Republic, Z. dist., trending E. 
 and W. between about 30° and 31 E. Gold occurs along its 
 southern slopes. Gives name to a dist. 
 
 Zsablya, comm., Hungary, co. Bdcs-Bodrog, 54 m. ESE. 
 Zombor. P. 6700. 
 1772 
 
 Zsadany, vil. , Hungary, co. Temes, 10 m. NNW. Temesvar. 
 P. <: 5000. 
 
 ZsHmb^k, comm., Hungary, co. Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kis-Kun, 
 15 m. W. by N. Budapest. P. <;5ooo. 
 
 Zschopaa, riv., Ger., kgd. of Saxony, flows N. past Zschopau 
 and Mittweida into the Freiberger Mulde ; not navigable. 
 
 Zschopau, tn. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, on riv. Pressnitz, circle 
 Floha, 8 m. SE. Chemnitz ; has weaving school, worsted-carding 
 and cotton -spinning, weaving, and hosiery manufacture, &c. 
 Alt. 1115 ft. P. (1834) 5600; (1890) 7400. 
 
 Zschorlan, vil., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Schwarzenberg. 
 P. < 3000. ■ 
 
 Zsebely, comm. , Hungary, co. Temes, dist. Csakovar, 13 m. 
 S. Temesvar, near 1. bk. Temes. P. <:4ooo. 
 
 Zsombolya, comm. , Hungary. See Hatzfeld. 
 
 Zsolna, tn. , Hungary. See Slllelu. 
 
 Zuano, or Alos (Haglos) Iannis, cape, Turkey, in the N. of 
 the isl. of Crete, in 25° 48' E. 
 
 Zuara, vil. , Tripoli. See Zoara. 
 
 Zubakl, vil., British East Africa, near the r. bk. of the Tana, 
 175 m. N. by E. Mombasa, in 1° 32' S., 39° 57' E. 
 
 Zuberoa, former dist., France. See ^ule. 
 
 Znbia, comm., Spain, prov., dist., and 3 m. SSE. Granada. 
 P. <:4000. 
 
 Zubfl, tn., Austria, Moravia, 10 m. S. by E. Neu-Titschen. 
 P. <3000. 
 
 ZnbtsoT, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 76 m. SW. Tver, on r. bk. 
 Volga. P. 5000. 
 
 Znckmautel, tn. , Austria, Silesia, 31 m. NW. Troppau, and 
 6 m. W. by N. Hennersdorf ; has cotton, linen, and sewing- 
 thread manufactures ; gold and silver mines near. Alt. 1365 ft. 
 P. <5000. 
 
 Znera, comm., Spain, on the Gallego, prov. and 15 m. N. by 
 E. Saragossa. P. <:3ooo. 
 
 Znffenhausen, tn. , Ger. , Wiirtemberg, circle Ludwigsburg, 
 3^ m. N. Stuttgart. P. < 5000. 
 
 Zng, French Zoug, the ancient Tvgium, tn. , Switzd., cant. 
 Z. , on the E. side of the Lake of Z. , 13 ni. NE. Lucerne; has 
 manufactures of enamel and articles in metal, cotton yarn, 
 tobacco and cigars, &c. In 1887 a portion of the town was 
 submerged in the lake by a landslip. P. 5200. 
 
 Zug, central cant. , Switzd. , surrounded by the cants. Schwiz, 
 Lucerne, Aargau, and Ziirich. Length, 12 m. ; greatest breadth, 
 9 m. Surface mountainous in the S. and SE.; highest point 
 the Kaiserstock, 8258 ft. above the sea. The principal portion 
 lies in the basin of the Reuss, and is watered by the Reuss, 
 which forms its W. boundary, and the Sihl its NE. The 
 greater part of the Lake of Zug, and the whole of Lake Egeri, 
 is within the cant. See Switzerland, table. 
 
 Zug, Lake of (Zugersee), in the SW. of the cant. Z. , Switzd. , 
 and bounded E. and S. by the Zugerberg and Righi Mts. , which 
 separate it from the cants. Schwiz and Lucerne, is 9 m. long, 
 from 2 m. to 3 m. broad, and 1361 ft. above the sea. Area, 14^ 
 sq. m. ; depth, 650 ft. Chief affluent, the Lorze, from the Lake 
 of Egeri, which enters it on the N. 
 
 Zuga, or Botletle, riv. , S. Africa, the outlet of Lake Ngami, 
 flows first E., receiving from the N. the Tamalakan, and after- 
 wards SE. , till it terminates in Lake Komadau (about 21 J° S. , 
 24° 40' E. ). An old bed of the river can be traced thence north- 
 eastwards towards the Makarikari salt-pans, but is only partly 
 filled in seasons of exceptional high water. The river is re- 
 markable for its regular annual inundations, apparently due to 
 underground jjercolation, probably from the region of the head- 
 waters of the Chobe and the Okavango, either directly into the 
 upper reaches of the Z. itself or (chiefly) into the Tamalakan. 
 The rise of the water begins in April, after the rains are over, 
 and goes on slowly till late in August or early in September, 
 and at the height of the flood the water in the Z. runs both 
 ways, W. towards Lake Ngami, above the mouth of the Tama- 
 akan, and E. below that confluence. 
 
 Zugspltze, mt. See Alps, Subdivisions, U. B. 4. 
 
 Z.uid, suyd, Dutch, 'south.' 
 
 Znlder Zee [i. e. , South Sea or Lake) , a g^lf or deep inlet of the 
 North Sea, in the Netherlands, between the provs. Overijssel 
 and Friesland in the E. , Utrecht and Gelderland in the S., 
 and N. Holland in the W. On the N. it is nearly enclosed by 
 the isls. Texel, Vlieland, Terschelling, and Ameland. Lengfth 
 (measuring from Terschelling), N. to S., 85 m.; greatest breadth, 
 45 m. ; area about 2000 sq. m. It communicates with the North 
 Sea by the Marsdiep (2^ m. wide), between the N. extremity of 
 prov. N. Holland and Texel, by the Eijerland Gat (ij m. wide| 
 between Texel and Vlieland, and by the Vlie Strom (6 m. wide) 
 between Vlieland and Terschelling. The E. side approaches 
 to these exits are thickly beset with sandbanks ; the northern- 
 most sea passes between Terschelling and Ameland, and between 
 Ameland and the isl. of Schiermonnikoog, are practically blocked 
 by them. (See Watten.) The riv. Vecht (from Hanover), tlie 
 IJssel (an arm of the Rhine), another Vecht (also a branch of 
 the Rhine delta), and the IJ are the principal streams which flow 
 into the Z. Z. This inland gulf or sea is everywhere shallow 
 
Z U I D 
 
 ZU T P 
 
 (average depth, lo to i6 ft.), except in the Marsdiep and the 
 Vlie Strom, consequently the tides are but Httle felt. On the 
 other hand, the winds heap up the waters sometimes against one 
 shore, sometimes against another, to the height of 8| ft., so 
 that to safeguard themselves against inundations the Dutch 
 have surrounded the Z. Z. with a ring of dykes, extending to a 
 length of 170 m. in all. In Roman times there was here but a 
 small lake ; successive irruptions of the sea, especially in the 
 years ii'^o, 1237, 1250, 1287, and 1395, engulfed portion after 
 portion of the diluvial mainland, and so created the existing Z. 
 Z. Since the middle of the 19th century various projects have 
 been proposed for draining and reclaiming this large bay, and 
 in 1894 the expenditure of ^^26, 250,000 sterling was advised by 
 a Royal Commission appointed by the Dutch government upon 
 a scheme for the reclamation of all that portion of the basin which 
 lies S. of a line drawn from Eukhuizen E. to the isl. of Urk, 
 and thence SE. to the Kamper Sands, an area of nearly half a 
 million acres of land. 
 
 Zuidlioru, vil., Holland, prov. and 6 m. WNW. Groningen. 
 
 P. <2000. 
 
 Znidlaiul, vil., Holland, dist. Putten, prov. S. Holland, 12 
 m. SW. by W. Rotterdam. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Zulla, tn. , N. Africa, Tripoli, Fezzan, 95 m. ESE. Murzuk. 
 
 Znjar, or Sujar, riv. , Spain, Andalusia and Estremadura, 
 rising 50 m. NW. Cdrdoba; it flows NNE. then W. by N., and 
 enters the Guadiana in 39° 3' N. , 5° 50' W. 
 
 Zujar, comm. , Spain, prov. and 48 m. ENE. Granada, dist. 
 Baza. P. < 5000. 
 
 Zukvialn, or Zilcwala, mt., in the S. of Shoa, Abyssinia, 
 regarded as sacred both by the Christians of Shoa and the 
 pagan Gallas. Alt. 9980 ft. 
 
 Znla, vil., on the W. shore of the Red Sea, in the Italian 
 terr. of Eritrea, on the W. side of Annesley Ray, 30 m. SSE. 
 Massaua, on the site of the ancient Adulis. In the Abys- 
 sinian war of 1868 the English made this the base of their 
 operations. 
 
 Zulflkar, vil. and pass, in the extreme NW. of Afghanistan, 
 on the r. bk. of the Heri-Rud, in 35° 36' N. 
 
 Zulla, riv., S. America, Colombia and Venezuela, flows N., 
 becomes navigable at Cachos, 45 m. above the frontier of Vene- 
 zuela, turns NE. and E. , and enters Z. Bay in SW. corner of 
 the Gulf of Maracaibo. Length, 200 m. 
 
 ^ulijana, vil., Austria. See tiluljaua. 
 
 ZilUchotv, vil., Prussia, prov. Pomerania, circle Randow. 
 P. 6700. 
 
 Ziillicliau, tn., Prussia, in the SE. of prov. Brandenburg, 50 
 m. ESE. Frankfurt, circle Ziillichau-Schweibus, 4 m. from the 
 r. bk. of the Oder; manufactures of cloth and linen, and fustian- 
 weaving, &c. Founded in 1258 as a German town. P. (1816) 
 5900 ; (1890) 6800. 
 
 Zttlplch, tn., Prussia, Rhine Prov., circle Euskirchen, 20 m. 
 W. by S. Bonn. P. < 2000. 
 
 ZnlO'laud, Brit, protectorate in SE. Africa, administered by 
 the governor of Natal. It is situated NE. of Natal, and E. of 
 the South African Republic. It is a hilly country, with numerous 
 small rivers flowing to the Indian Ocean (Tugela, Umlatusi, 
 Umvalosi). The St. Lucia Bay and the St. Lucia Lagoon are 
 of importance on and near the coast. The coast-belt is hot 
 and unhealthy, but the dists. in the interior are less dangerous. 
 Cattle-rearing, sheep-breeding, and agriculture (maize, millet, 
 beans) are the principal occupations of the inhabitants. The 
 country is inhabited by the Zulu, a warlike Kafir tribe. A tele- 
 graph line connects Eshowe and Natal. In 1895 a terr. on the 
 N. , including Tonga-land and the tract lying to the W. of 
 Tonga-land along the Pongola R. and extending N. to the 
 Maputa, was annexed to Z. by proclamation of the governor. 
 Area estimated at about 12,000 sq. m. P. (1892) 160,700. 
 [H. G. S.] 
 
 Ziilz, tn., Prussia, prov. Silesia, circle Neustadt, 33 m. NW. 
 Ratibor. P. < 3000. 
 
 Znmaya, tn., Spain, Guipuzcoa, 14 m. W. San Sebastian; 
 fishing port ; good sea-bathing. P. 2000. 
 
 ZumtM), tn., Portuguese East Africa, on the 1. bk. of the 
 Zambezi, at the confluence of the Loangwa, in 30° 21' E. , 160 
 m. N. by W. Fort Salisbury. 
 
 Zumbrota, vil., U.S., Minnesota, Goodhue co. , 48 m. SSE. 
 St. Paul. P. < 1500. 
 
 Zninpauso, lake, Mexico, the highest and furthest N. of 
 the six lakes of the valley of Mexico, 22 m. N. of the city. 
 Znmsteln-spltze, Alpine peak. See Rosa, Dloute. 
 Znugoll, tn. , Italy, Campania, prov. Avellino, circle and 6 m. 
 SSE. Ariano di Puglia. P. 2300. 
 
 Znnl, settlement, U.S., New Mexico,-Donna Ana co. , iii m. 
 NE. from the SW. corner of the terr. Alt. 6355 ft. (Toner), 
 Zuni Pass (R.R. Surveys). 
 
 Zunl, mt. range, U.S., in the W. of New Mexico, N. of 35° 
 N., extending 45 m. from NW. to SE. , and rising to 6500 ft. 
 The range is of special interest to geologists. Gives rise to the 
 Ziiiil, a small river. 
 
 Ziioz, comm., Switzd. See Znz. 
 
 Znrl, or ZlrlJ«> vil. , Austria, crownland Dalmatia, on a small 
 island of the same name, 37^ m. SE. by S. Zara. P. <20oo. 
 
 Zurlcli, vil., Canada, Ontario, co. Huron, 18 m. SE. Sea- 
 forth. P. < 1500. 
 
 Zurich, vil. , Holland, prov. Friesland, on the W. ct. , 17 m. 
 WSW. Leeuwarden, 4 m. S. Harlingen. P. <20oo. 
 
 Zurich, cant. , Switzd. , bounded E. by cants. Thurgau and 
 St. Gall, S. by Schwiz and Zug, W. by Aargau, N. by Schaff- 
 hausen and the gd. -duchy of Baden. Surface undulating (2250- 
 3700 ft.), mountainous in the SE. , where the Schnebelhorn 
 reaches an alt. of 4250 ft. The cant, belongs entirely to the 
 basin of the Rhine, towards which it on the whole slopes gently 
 dovra. The only stream of any moment within its confines is 
 the Limmat, which emerges from the Lake of Z. , and which has 
 one trib., the Sihl. Besides the Lake of Z. it has Lakes Greifen, 
 Pfaffikon, and several smaller ones. Climate mild in the valleys 
 and beside Lake Z. , severer in the uplands. The soil is in 
 general fertile, and produces good pasturage and fruit, besides 
 crops of cereals, and hemp and wine. Cattle-keeping is an im- 
 portant occupation ; but the most important are the spinning 
 and weaving of cottons and the weaving of silk, supplemented 
 by manufactures of machinery (Z. and Winterthur), bell, type, 
 and other castings, chemical products, paper, &c. The town of 
 Z. is the centre of the textile industries, though both branches 
 are carried on all over the cant. There is a little iron and 
 gypsum, and some mineral springs (at Girenbad and Nidelbad). 
 Education is of a high character, and is compulsory. There are 
 a university and a polytechnic in the cant., both at Z. The 
 people elect directly both their executive (council of government 
 of seven members) and their legislative (one member for every 
 1500 inhabitants), and every act of this last is controllable by the 
 referendum. Chief towns, Z., Winterthur, Uster, Wadenswil, 
 Wald, Horgen, and Wetzikon. Area, 666 sq. m. P. (1870) 
 284,800 ; (1888) 339,000, nearly all Protestants, and speaking the 
 German language. See Switzerland, table. 
 
 Zttrlcta, tn. , Switzd. , cap. cant. Z. , stands on both sides of the 
 Limmat, at the point where it quits the Lake of Z. , 25 m. NNE. 
 Lucerne. The older and larger town, with steep, narrow streets, 
 is on the r. bk. of the river ; the newer town, on the 1. bk. Prin- 
 cipal buildings, the Romanesque cathedral (iith-i3th centuries), 
 where Zwingli officiated; the Gothic church of Our Lady (13th 
 century) ; the church of St. Peter, containing the tomb of 
 Lavater, formerly its pastor; the town-hall (1699); the town 
 library (120,000 vols, and 3000 MSS. ) and antiquarian museum ; 
 the university (1832) and the polytechnic (1861), both frequented 
 by several foreigners ; the national museum of Switzd. (1892-94) ; 
 and a great number of schools. In the suburb of Aussersihl 
 there is an arsenal which contains a collection of old weapons 
 and armour. Z. is not only an important educational centre, it 
 is also the largest manufacturing town, and one of the principal 
 commercial towns in Switzd. The spinning and weaving of silks 
 and cottons are the chief industries ; but there are also manufac- 
 tures of machinery, paper, soap, candles, &c. The natural 
 beauties of Z., including the views from the Ziirichberg (2228 ft.) 
 and the Uetliberg (2864 ft.), attract numerous summer visitors. 
 This city was the birthplace of Lavater the physiognomist (1741- 
 1801), Solomon Gessner the poet (1730-1788), Gottfried Keller 
 the novelist (1819-1890), Pestalozzi the educationist (1746-1827), 
 OrelH the philologist (1787-1849), Gesner the physician and 
 philologist (1516-1565), and Bluntschli the jurist (1808-1881). 
 The Roman TuHcum, Z. was greatly favoured by the Frankish 
 emperors ; asserted its independence in the middle of the 14th 
 century ; was beaten in war by the Swiss Confederates in 1443, 
 but shortly afterwards joined their league. Here in 1519 Zwingli 
 began his reformation. In 1799 Mass^na, commanding the 
 French, was defeated by the Archduke Charles of Austria, but 
 shortly after Mass^na defeated the allied Austrians and Russians ; 
 and here, in 1859, peace was signed between Austria, Sardinia, 
 and France. Alt. 1506 ft. Temp. (15 yrs.), yr. 47.5° F., Jan. 
 30.2°, July 65.7°; rfall. (20 yrs.), 47.01 in. P. 28,200; including 
 its suburbs (Unterstrass, Oberstrass, Fluntern, Hirslanden, 
 Hottingen, Riesbach, Enge, Wiedikon, and Aussersihl) P. (1888) 
 91,200; (1894) 122,500. 
 
 Zurich, lake, central Switzd., cants. Z. , Schwiz, and St. Gall, 
 25 m. long E. to N W. , with a curve towards the SW. , i\-2^ m. 
 broad, now divided into two separate portions by a railway em- 
 bankment crossing the lake, partly by the penin. of Hurden, 
 from Pfaffikon to Rapperswil ; the E. (smaller) portion known 
 as the Obersee (Upper Lake). Fed at the E. end by the Linth 
 Canal, conveying to it the surplus waters of Lake Walenstadt, 
 drained from the NW. by the Limmat into the Aar. Area, 33.2 
 sq. m. ; depth, 470 ft. 
 
 Znrzach, comm., Switzd., cant. Aargau, on the Rhine, 18 m. 
 NE. Aarau. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Zutphen, or Zntfen, tn. , Holland, prov. Gelderland, on the 
 r. bk. of the IJssel, 8 m. S. by E. Deventer ; has tanneries, 
 paper-mills, oil-works, &c. Taken by the Duke of Alba in 1572 ; 
 by Maurice, Prince of Orange, in 1591 ; by the French in 1672. 
 Under its walls Sir Philip Sidney w as killed in 1586. P. (comm. ) 
 17,000. 
 
 1773 
 
ZUUR — ZYRY 
 
 Znurberg, mt. , Cape Colony, 45 m. N. Port Elizabeth. 
 
 Znur1>ra»k, viL, Cape Colony, dist. and 17 m. WNW. 
 Swellendam. P. < 1500. 
 
 Znz, or Znoz, comm. , Switzd. , cant. Grisons, 9 m. NE. by 
 N. St. Moritz, in the Upper Engadine. P. <2ooo. 
 
 Zyeitlgorod, dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 33 m. W. Moscow, 
 10 m. N. of Smolensk Rly. , on high 1. bk. of Moskva ; founded 
 inii52. P. < 5000. 
 
 Zvenlgorodka, dist. tn., Russia, govt, and 125 m. S. Kiev, 
 22 m. WNW. Shpola railway junction. Fabrication of tobacco ; 
 trade especially in cattle. P. 12,335. 
 
 Zvornlk, tn., surrounded by forts, Bosnia, prov. Dolnja 
 Tuzla, on the Drina, 50 m. NE. Sarajevo. Occupied by the 
 Austrians in 1688 ; retaken in 1689 by the Turks, who here in- 
 flicted a disastrous defeat on the Austrians in 1717. P. <40oo. 
 
 ZvyerlnogoloTskaya, Cossack vil., Russia, govt. Orenburg, 
 terr. of Orenburg Cossacks, on 1. bk. Tobol, near where the 
 boundary of Orenburg, Uralsk, and Akmolinsk meet, on high- 
 road Troitsk-Omsk ; head of levelling across Siberia. P. <50oo. 
 
 Zwalnwe, coram., Holland, prov. N. Brabant, 7 m, N. by 
 W. Breda. P. <5ooo. 
 
 Zwanimerdam, vil., Holland, prov. S. Holland, on the Old 
 Rhine, 10 m. ESE. Leiden. P. <2000. 
 
 Zwartberg Pass, a pass across the Goote Zwarteberg Mts. , 
 Cape Colony, about 57 m. N. Mossel Bay. 
 
 Zwartkops, settlement, Cape Colony, dist. Uitenhage, 7J m. 
 N. Port Elizabeth. 
 
 Zwartslnls, vil., Holland, prov. Overijssel, on the Vecht, 8 
 m. N. by W. ZwoUe, on the Meppeler Diep. P. (comm. ) 4000. 
 
 Zwelbriicken, French Denx Fonts, tn., Gen, Bavarian 
 Palatinate, at confluence of the Hornbach and Schwarzbach, 
 circle Z., 50 m. W. Spires, 23 m. SW, by W. Kaiserslautern ; 
 manufactures machinery, leather, cotton goods, silk-plush, &c. 
 Z. belonged from the end of the 14th century to the Rhine 
 Palatinate, in 1654 became Swedish, in 1718 fell to a Roman 
 Catholic collateral line, in 1801 to France, in 1816 to Bavaria. 
 Alt. 725 ft. P. (1840) 7600; (1890) 11,000. 
 
 Zweihoniiscliafteii, vil. , Prussia, Rhine Prov. , circle and 4 
 m. SSW. Essen, on the Ruhr. P., including the peasant viL 
 (bauerschaft) of Bredeney (comm. )<4ooo. 
 
 Zwel Liitschlnen, vil., Switzd., cant. Bern, 4 m. SSE. 
 Interlaken, at the confluence of the Weisse and Schwarze 
 Liitschine. P. <:20oo. 
 
 Zweisiiiinieu, comm., Switzd., cant. Bern, at the confluence 
 of two headwaters of the Simme, 19 m. SW. Thun. Alt. 3160 
 ft. P. < 2000. 
 
 ZM'cIIeiulani, tn.. Cape Colony. See Swellendam. 
 
 Z»elleiulaiu Point, cape, Cape Colony, S. ct. , in 23° 47' E. 
 
 Zweukan, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle and 8 m. S. by W. 
 Leipzig. P. <4000. 
 
 Zwettl, tn. , Lower Austria, 46 m. ENE. Linz. P. <40oo. 
 
 Zwlckaa, tn. , Austria, Bohemia, 18 m. W. Reichenberg, at 
 the foot of the Lausitzer Gebirge ; cloth manufacture ; cotton 
 spinning. Alt. 1180 ft. P. 5600. 
 
 Zwickau, tn., Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Z., on the Mulde, 
 
 20 m. WSW, Chemnitz. Connected by electric tramway with 
 Kainsdorf and Wilkau. Important industries ; iron-smelting 
 and manufactures of machinery, chemicals, woollen goods, 
 hosiery, mirrors, paper, &c. Has the Ernst Julius Richter 
 Institute (mineral collection). Birthplace of Robert Schumann, 
 the composer (1810-56). Alt. 875 ft. P. (1834) 6700; (1890) 
 44,200. 
 
 Zwlesel, market-tn., Ger., kgd. Bavaria, govt. Lower 
 Bavaria, circle Regen, 32 m. NNW. Passau. P. <4od8. 
 
 Zwljudrei-lit, vil. , Holland, prov. S. Holland, on the Old 
 Maas, 2 m. WNW. Dordrecht. P. (comm.) 5100. 
 
 Zwliig rrt, ruins of the traditional castle of Gessler, Switzd. , 
 cant. Uri, 7 m. S. by E. Altdorf. 
 
 Zwlsclienalin, vil., Ger., gd. -duchy and 9 m. NW. Olden- 
 burg; health resort. P. < 2000. 
 
 Zwlttaii, tn., Austria, in the W. of Moravia, 37 m. WNW. 
 Olmiitz ; has important cotton as well as linen manufactures. 
 Alt. 1425 ft. P. 7800. 
 
 Zwolen, tn. , Russian Poland, govt, and 21 m. E. by S. 
 Radom. P. 5500. 
 
 Zwolle, tn., Holland, prov. Overijssel, 17 m. N. De venter, 2 
 m. from the r. bk. of the IJssel ; has cotton and other manu- 
 factures. The church of St. Michael is noted for its large organ. 
 The town was fortified in 1223, but its fortifications razed in 
 1674. Thomas-^-Kempis died here in 1471. P. (comm.) 
 26,400. 
 
 Zwollen, or Stvoluy, comm., Austria, Bohemia, 21 m. SE. 
 Karlsbad. P. < 2000. 
 
 Zwiinltz, tn. , Ger., kgd. Saxony, circle Chemnitz, 16 m. 
 ESE. Zwickau. Alt. 1735 ft. P. <3000. 
 
 Zwota, vil. , Ger. , kgd. Saxony, circle Auerbach, 26 m. S. by 
 W. Zwickau, and 4 m. NE. Markneukirchen. P. <3ooo. 
 
 Zwotzen, vil. , Ger. , princip. Reuss, Younger Line, circle Gera. 
 P. <:3000. 
 
 Zivyndreclit, comm. , Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, arr. St. 
 Nicholas, nearl. bk. Scheldt, just above Antwerp, but on opposite 
 barik. P. <:5ooo. 
 
 Zy«lacz6w, tn., Austria, crownland Galicia, 28 m. E. 
 Drohobycz. P. < 3000. 
 
 Zydowo, vil., Prussia, prov. Posen, circle Posen West, 28 m. 
 E. Posen. P. < 2000. 
 
 Zyeftkov (Zeilkov), dist. tn. , Russia, govt, and 50 m. N. by 
 W. Poltava ; tanneries ; trade in cattle and animal produce. 
 P. 14,700. 
 
 Zygos, or Lakmon, pass across N. end of Pindos chain, in 
 39° 47' N., leading from the NW. of Thessaly, Greece, into 
 southern Albania (Metsovo and Yanina). Alt. 4900 ft. 
 
 Zyrml, or Syrml, tn., Africa, central Sudan, kingdom of and 
 no m. E. Sokoto, in about 13° N. , 6° 45' E., on a 1. bk. affluent 
 of the Niger. P. 12,000 (Barth). 
 
 Zyryanovskly, silver-mine, Russia, govt. Tomsk, Altai 
 region, 250 m. SE. Semipalatinsk, and 46 m. ENE. Bukh- 
 tarma. Alt. 1590 ft. P. 5000. 
 
 Zyryans, Finnish stem of the Permian group, Russia, govt. 
 Vologda and Archangel. P. about 120,000. 
 
 1774 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 Table showing the Principal Countries and Geographical Divisions of the World, 
 with their respective Areas, Populations, and Densities per Square Mile.^ 
 
 Countries, &c. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles. 
 
 EUROPE 
 
 Andorra . 
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 1 Belgium . 
 
 i Sosnia-Herzegovina 
 
 I5ritish Isles . 
 
 Bulgaria 
 
 1 )enmark 
 
 I'rance . 
 
 I ierman Empire 
 
 I "libraltar and Malta 
 
 ( ireece . 
 
 Italy 
 
 1 Liechtenstein . 
 
 Luxemburg . 
 
 Monaco . 
 
 Montenegro . 
 
 Xetherlands . 
 
 Xorway . 
 
 Portugal - 
 
 Roumania 
 
 Russia in Europe •> 
 
 San Marino . 
 
 Servia 
 
 Spain * . 
 
 Sweden . 
 
 Switzerland . 
 
 Turkey in Europe* 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Afghanistan 
 
 Arabia 6 . 
 
 Baluchistan 
 
 Bukhara 
 
 Ceylon . 
 
 Chinese Empire^ 
 
 Cyprus . 
 
 East India Archipelago 
 
 French Indo-China 
 
 175 
 241,466 
 
 11.373 
 
 19.73s 
 
 121,742 
 
 37.323 
 
 15.294 
 
 207,206 
 
 208,660 
 
 121 
 
 25.353 
 
 111,406 
 
 61 
 
 999 
 
 8 
 
 3.500 
 
 12,741 
 
 125.593 
 
 34.508 
 
 50.588 
 
 2,095,504 
 
 23 
 
 18,762 
 
 194,849 
 
 173,968 
 
 15.976 
 
 65,000 
 
 260,000 
 
 1,164,000 
 
 130,000 
 
 92,000 
 
 25.365 
 4,277,000 
 
 3.584 
 556.700 
 210,000 
 
 Pop. ill 
 Thousands. 
 
 6 
 
 41.358 
 6,069 
 1.336 
 
 38.105 
 
 3.154 
 2,185 
 
 38.343 
 
 49,428 
 
 203 
 
 2,217 
 
 30,221 
 
 13 
 220 
 
 4.549 
 2,000 
 
 4.692 
 6,000 
 
 99,806 
 
 8 
 
 2,162 
 
 17.257 
 4.785 
 2,933 
 4.500 
 
 4,000 
 
 3.300 
 
 500 
 
 2,500 
 
 3,008 
 
 359.000 
 
 209 
 
 34.650 
 
 16,000 
 
 Density. 
 
 34 
 171 
 
 535 
 68 
 
 313 
 
 85 
 
 143 
 
 185 
 
 237 
 
 1.678 
 
 88 
 
 271 
 
 164 
 
 211 
 
 1,622 
 
 63 
 357 
 
 16 
 136 
 119 
 
 47 
 348 
 "5 
 
 88 
 
 27 
 
 183 
 
 69 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 118 
 
 84 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 76 
 
 Countries, &c. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles. 
 
 ASIA — Continued. 
 
 India 9 .... 
 Himalayan Independent 
 
 States!" . 
 Japan 11 . 
 
 Kafiristan, Chitral, &c. . 
 Khiva .... 
 Korea .... 
 Malay Peninsula i-'. 
 Persia .... 
 Phihppine and Sulu Islands 
 Russian Caucasia . 
 Russian Central Asia 1* . 
 Siam .... 
 Siberia .... 
 Sinai Peninsula 
 Turkey in Asia '•* . 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Abyssinia 15 . 
 
 Algeria .... 
 
 Basuto-land . 
 
 British East Africa 
 
 British South Central Africa 
 
 Cape Colony . 
 
 Congo Free State . 
 
 Egypt 16. . 
 
 Eritrea .... 
 
 French Congo Territory 
 
 German East Africa 
 
 German West Africa i^ . 
 
 Madagascar . 
 
 Mascarenes and other Islands 
 
 in Indian Ocean 
 Morocco 
 
 Natal .... 
 Niger Territories 18 
 Orange Free State . 
 Portuguese East Africa . 
 
 1,561,800 
 
 72,600 
 
 161,980 
 
 27,400 
 
 22,000 
 
 90,000 
 
 34,800 
 
 628,000 
 
 115.950 
 
 180,843 
 
 1.548,825 
 
 240,000 
 
 4.833.496 
 
 23,000 
 
 552,000 
 
 193,000 
 184,474 
 
 10,293 
 790,000 
 960,000 
 221,311 
 925,000 
 394.240 
 260,000 
 
 95.500 
 369,000 
 512,000 
 228,340 
 
 4.300 
 
 220,000 
 20,460 
 
 500,000 
 48,300 
 
 261,000 
 
 Pop. ill 
 Thousands. 
 
 Density. 
 
 288,000 
 
 184 
 
 3,456 
 
 38 
 
 43.719 
 
 276 
 
 600 
 
 22 
 
 700 
 
 32 j 
 
 10,500 
 
 "7 1 
 
 1,100 
 
 31 
 
 8,500 
 
 14 
 
 7,100 
 
 61 
 
 8,200 
 
 45 
 
 5,860 
 
 4 
 
 9,000 
 
 38 
 
 4.539 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 • 2 
 
 14,500 
 
 26 
 
 4.500 
 
 23 
 
 4.125 
 
 22 
 
 219 
 
 21 
 
 3.500 
 
 4 
 
 1.527 
 
 7 
 
 20,000 
 
 22 
 
 6,817 
 
 17 
 
 6,500 
 
 25 
 
 450 
 
 5 
 
 2,900 
 
 7 
 
 .3.130 
 
 6 
 
 3.500 
 
 II 
 
 609 
 
 142 
 
 4,000 
 
 18 
 
 555 
 
 22 ! 
 
 30,000 
 
 60 
 
 208 
 
 4 
 
 1,500 
 
 6 
 
 1 The details are taken from the several articles of the Gazetteer wherever available. Behm and Wagner's Bei>elkerung der Erde is drawn 
 upon for supplementary details. For the grand totals, see the article Continents. In some cases these grand totals do not agree with the sum of 
 the entries in these tables, the discrepancies being due to overlapping claims and estimates of different countries. 
 
 - Exclusive of the Azores and Madeiras. 
 
 * Exclusive of the Canary Islands. 
 
 6 Exclusive of Aden and the Sinai Peninsula, but inclusive of Oman 
 
 8 Exclusive of New Guinea and the Philippine and Sulu Islands. 
 ![• Nepal, Bhutan, and Sikkim. 
 12 Inclusive of Straits Settlements. 
 !■• Exclusive of Turkish Arabia. 
 1* Exclusive of Sinai Peninsula 
 
 3 Inclusive of Finland and Poland. 
 
 5 Exclusive of Bulgaria and Bosnia-Herzegovina. 
 
 7 Inclusive of Hong-kong and Macao. 
 
 9 Inclusive of Upper and Lower Burma, and French and Portuguese India. 
 11 Inclusive of Formosa and Riukiu Islands. _ 
 
 13 Inclusive of Russian Turkistan, but exclusive of Bukhara and Khiva. 
 15 Inclusive of Shoa, but exclusive of Eritrea. 
 17 Inclusive of Kamerun and Togo-land. 
 1* Exclusive of Niger Coast Pro tectorate (see next page, note 3). 
 
 1775 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 Table showing the Principal Countries and Geographical Divisions of the Worid, 
 with their respective Areas, 8i.c.—Cotitmued. 
 
 Countries, &c. 
 
 1 Area in 
 Sq. Miles. 
 
 Pop. in 
 Thousands. 
 
 Density. 
 
 Countries, &c. 
 
 Area in 
 Sq. Miles. 
 
 Pop. in 
 Thousands. 
 
 r 
 
 Density. 
 
 ATRICA— Continued. 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 Portuguese West Africa . 
 
 517,160 
 
 1 
 
 I 2,400 
 
 ' 5 
 
 AUSTRALASIA. 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 Sahara' 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 
 1 
 
 Australian Colonies >" . 
 
 3,031,169 
 
 3.036 
 i 674 
 
 1 147 
 
 I 
 
 South African Republic . 
 
 "9.139 
 
 490 
 
 4 
 
 New Zealand 11... 
 
 105.477 
 26,215 
 
 6 
 
 Somali-land and Gallas-land . 
 
 720,000 
 
 12,500 
 
 17 
 
 Tasmania .... 
 
 5 
 
 Sudan, Eastern - . 
 
 760,000 
 
 11,000 
 
 14 
 
 
 Sudan, Wn. , & Upper Guinea 3 
 
 834,000 
 
 33,000 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 
 
 Swazi-land .... 
 
 8,000 
 
 60 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tonga-land . 
 
 
 j 5.000 
 
 80 
 
 16 
 
 ATLANTIC ISLANDS. 
 
 
 
 
 Tripoli . 
 Tunis 
 Zanzibar * 
 Zulu-land 
 
 
 350,000 
 
 44,920 
 
 986 
 
 12,000 
 
 700 
 
 1.500 
 
 210 
 
 161 
 
 2 
 
 33 
 
 213 
 
 13 
 
 Azores, Canary, Madeira, "j 
 Cape Verde, Bermudas, ( 
 Falkland, and other S. ( 
 Atlantic Islands . . ) 
 
 12,260 
 
 803 
 
 7 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Argentine Republic 
 Bolivia . 
 
 
 1,117,486 
 
 j 567.240 
 
 3.203 
 
 1.435 
 
 3 
 2 
 
 PACIFIC ISLANDS. 
 
 
 
 
 Brazil 
 Canada . 
 
 
 
 3,124,000 
 3,162,256 
 
 14.483 
 4,829 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 Melanesia .... 
 
 56.314 
 
 642 
 
 II 
 
 Central America ' 
 
 
 
 181,118 
 
 3.169 
 2,527 
 
 17 
 
 Micronesia .... 
 
 1.366 
 
 94 
 
 69 
 
 Chile . 
 
 
 
 290,827 
 
 8 
 
 New Guinea group 
 
 311,870 
 
 837 
 
 3 
 
 Colombia 
 Ecuador 
 
 
 
 517,000 
 116,000 
 
 3.879 
 1,270 
 
 7 
 II 
 
 Polynesia .... 
 
 Sandwich Islands . 
 
 Others 
 
 6,730 
 6,600 
 
 ii6 
 90 
 
 17 
 13 
 
 Guiana ^ 
 
 
 
 185,460 
 
 364 
 
 2 
 
 1,970 
 
 I 
 
 o-S 
 
 Mexico . 
 
 
 
 767,005 
 
 12,056 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 Newfoundland ' 
 
 
 
 160,200 
 
 202 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 Paraguay 
 
 
 
 89,000 
 
 330 
 
 4 
 
 POLAR REGIONS. 
 
 
 
 
 Peru 
 
 
 
 463.747 
 
 2,622 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 United States 8 
 
 
 
 3.580,270 
 
 62,834 
 
 18 
 
 Arctic Regions 
 
 675,000 
 
 I 
 
 O.OOI 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 
 
 72,110 
 
 750 
 
 10 
 
 Greenland ... 
 
 700,000 
 
 II 
 
 O.OI 
 
 Venezuela » . 
 
 
 
 593.943 
 
 2.324 
 
 4 
 
 Iceland 
 
 34.850 
 
 69 
 
 2 
 
 West Indies (all) . 
 
 94,822 
 
 4.19s j 
 
 44 
 
 Antarctic Regions . 
 
 252,000 j 
 
 
 
 1 Exclusive of Sudan and Saharan portions of Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli. 2 Corresponding broadly to the former Egyptian provinces. 
 
 8 Inclusive of Niger Coast Protectorate, French Senegambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, &c. 
 
 * Inclusive of Pemba. 5 Inclusive of British Honduras. 
 
 6 Exclusive of Brazilian Guiana. 7 Inclusive of Labrador. 
 
 8 Inclusive of Alaska. i» Exclusive of the territory disputed with England. 
 
 10 For the separate colonies, see the table at the article Australasian Colonies. 
 
 11 Inclusive of the Auckland, Campbell, Chatham, Kermadec, and other insular dependencies. 
 
 Mean Annual Rate of Increase per looo of the Population in the Principal 
 
 Countries of Europe. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Austro- Hungarian Monarchy 
 
 W. Austria 
 
 Galicia and Bukovina 
 
 Hungarian Crownlands 
 Belgium . 
 Denmark 
 France- . 
 
 German Empire » . 
 Greece 
 Italy 
 
 Netherlands . 
 Norway . 
 Russia (excluding Poland and 
 
 Finland 
 Servia 
 Spain 
 Sweden . 
 Switzerland 
 United Kingdom: — 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Finland) 
 
 1840-50.' 
 
 5-5 
 0.8 
 
 7-3 
 
 9.6 
 
 4-4 
 7-7 
 
 6.6 
 11.6 
 
 12.4 
 
 10.4 
 
 11.7-' 
 
 •23-3^ 
 
 1850-60.' 
 
 6.9 
 7.2 
 
 6.2 
 
 12.7 
 
 2.4 
 
 6.5 
 
 7-1 
 14.0 
 
 6.'5 
 
 10.4 
 
 10.6' 
 ■ 12.9' 
 
 1860-70.' 
 
 5-6 
 10.8 
 
 7-4 
 
 10. 1 
 
 2.8 
 
 8.1 
 
 9-3* 
 6.7' 
 8.4 
 7.8 
 
 11.4^ 
 I.I 
 
 19.98 
 
 3-5 
 7.6 
 
 II. 9'" 
 -6.9i» 
 
 1870-80.' 
 
 7.0) 
 
 7.8 r 
 0.7 
 
 9-3 
 9.8 
 2.0 
 
 10. 1 
 15-5 
 5-6'' 
 11.7 
 10. o 
 14. 1 
 
 7.8 1-- 
 
 9.1 
 6.5 
 
 13.0 IS 
 -4-S" 
 
 1880-90, 
 
 or nearest 
 
 Census Dates 
 
 7.6 
 10.4 
 
 9-5 
 
 9-9 
 
 1.8 !•» 
 
 8.9" 
 11.4 '« 
 
 12.6 1" 
 6.618 
 
 21.8"' 
 S-5-'' 
 4-7 
 3-7*' 
 
 II. 2 
 
 14 
 
 -10.6" 
 
 I These columns mainly from Statistik des deutschen Reicks, Neiie Folge, Band 44, p. 2.* 
 ^ Exclusive of Alsace-Lorraine, even before 1871 ; 1841-60 exclusive, 1861-80 inclusive of Savoy and Nice. 
 3 Inclusive of Alsace-Lorraine even before 1871. * 1841-51. * 1851-61. * 1863-70. 
 
 9 1861-70. 1" i86i-7r. 11 1871-80. 12 1870-79. " 1871-81. " 1881-91. 
 
 1^ 1879-89. 18 1876-91. '9 1879-gt (see note below table in article Servia). ^ 1877-87. 
 
 1776 
 
 7 1862-71. 
 
 16 1880-90. 
 21 1880-88. 
 
 8 1866-7C. 
 1« .1879-89. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 3 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES 
 
 OF THE WORLD. 
 
 In the compilation of this Table, the following works have been generally used : — The last Statistical Abstracts for the United Kingdom, the 
 Colonies, and for Foreign Countries ; the different Statistical Year-Books of the principal Foreign Countries, the Victorian Year-Book. the 
 Statesman's Year-Book, Whitaker's Almanack, the Almanack de Gotka, Juraschek's Geographisch-Statistische Tahellen alUr Lander der Erde, 
 and the Annuaire de I'Economie Politique. Cols. 9 and 11, Imports and Exports.— These are, where obtainable, the 'Special' Imports and 
 Exports, and include Gold and Silver Bullion and Specie. Cols. 13, Wheat ; 14, Maize ; 16, Cotton ; 17, Wool. — These figures are taken from the 
 United States Department of Agriculture Reports No. 5, Miscell. Series, 1893, and Nos. 113 and 115, New Series, 1894. The Wheat and Maize are 
 given in Imperial bushels, which are larger than Winchester bushels by one 32nd part. Cotton is given in bales of 400 lbs. weight. It should also 
 be stated that the figures given are averages mostly for the ten years 1881-90. Cols. 22-28, Mineral Production. — The figures are given in metric 
 tons (2205 lbs.) for Foreign Countries, and long tons (2240 lbs.) for the United Kingdom and Colonies. They are taken from the Mineral Statistics 
 for the United Kingdom and Colonies, the Parliamentary Paper ' Coal Tables ' (No. 317X 1894, and from The Mineral Industry, Vol. II., by R. P. 
 Rothwell. Coal, except in the case of the United States, does not include Lignite or Brown Coal. As to Coal, see also table on p. 14 of Appendix. 
 
 
 
 
 Ratio 
 
 to 
 Great 
 Brit. 
 
 
 
 Revenue. 
 
 Debt. 
 
 Imports (special). 
 
 Exports (special). 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Country. 
 
 Area, 
 sq. m. 
 (ooo's 
 omit.). 
 
 Popula- 
 tion (in 
 mills.). 
 
 Density 
 (No. 
 per 
 
 sq. m.). 
 
 Total 
 
 value, 
 
 millions 
 
 of^ 
 
 Value 
 
 per 
 
 head, 
 
 I. 
 
 Total, 
 
 millions 
 
 0f;£. 
 
 Per 
 
 head. 
 
 Total, 
 millions 
 
 Per 
 head. 
 
 Total, 
 
 millions 
 
 0f;£. 
 
 Per 
 head. 
 
 No. 
 
 1 I 
 
 Algeria . . . . 
 
 , 184 
 
 2 + 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 1.96 
 
 0.48 
 
 
 
 9.70 
 
 2.35 
 
 9.44 
 
 ^.■2.1^ 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 Argentine Republic 
 
 
 1,117 
 
 12+ 
 
 3.2 
 
 2.8 
 
 6.60 
 
 1.53 
 
 44^20 
 
 16.40 
 
 19.24 
 
 4.62 
 
 18.91 
 
 4.44 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Australasian CoLOh 
 
 lES — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Victoria . 
 
 
 88 
 
 1 
 
 1.1 
 
 13 
 
 6.96 
 
 6.76 
 
 46.97 
 
 38.00 
 
 13.28 
 
 10.97 
 
 13.31 
 
 11.00 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 New South Wales 
 
 
 3" 
 
 Si- 
 
 I.Z 
 
 3.6 
 
 9-50 
 
 7.48 
 
 59-33 46.71 
 
 18. II 
 
 14.26 
 
 22.92 
 
 18.04 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Queensland 
 
 
 668 
 
 7|- 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 3.34 
 
 7.42 
 
 30.64 68.09 
 
 4.36 
 
 9.66 
 
 9.63 
 
 21.4 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 South Australia 
 
 
 904 
 
 10 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.4 
 
 2.74 
 
 8.30 
 
 22.36 67.76 
 
 8.05 
 
 24.39 
 
 8.64 
 
 26.18 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Western Australia 
 
 
 1,060 
 
 12- 
 
 0.06 
 
 0.06 
 
 0.57 
 
 9.60 
 
 2.87 47.83 
 
 1.49 
 
 24.83 
 
 0.92 
 
 15.33 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Tasmania . 
 
 
 26 
 
 ? + 
 
 0.1 
 
 5-6 
 
 0.71 
 
 4-73 
 
 7.65 51.00 
 
 1.06 
 
 7.06 
 
 1-35 
 
 9.00 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 New Zeala.nd . 
 
 
 104 
 
 1*- 
 
 0.6 
 
 6.4 
 
 4.41 
 
 6.68 
 
 38.87 58.02 
 
 6.91 
 
 10.31 
 
 8.99 
 
 13.41 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 Austria-Hungary . 
 
 
 241 
 
 2f + 
 
 41.4 
 
 171 
 
 89.31 
 
 2.10 
 
 504.00 11.87 
 
 69.51 
 
 1.63 
 
 68.27 
 
 1.60 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 Belgium 
 
 
 11 
 
 ^ 
 
 6.1 
 
 634 
 
 16.08 
 
 2.62 
 
 92.60 14.82 
 
 62.66 
 
 10.00 
 
 66.66 
 
 8.89 1 12 
 
 13 
 
 Bolivia. 
 
 
 567 
 
 6 
 
 1.4 
 
 3 
 
 0.75 
 
 0-37 
 
 2.40 1. 18 
 
 1-33 
 
 0.65 
 
 2.59 
 
 1.28 i 13 
 
 14 
 
 Brazil . 
 
 
 3,124 
 
 36- 
 
 14.6 
 
 4.6 
 
 28.53 
 
 2.03 
 
 112.76 8.05 
 
 24.26 
 
 1.73 
 
 28.96 
 
 2.06 ; 14 
 
 15 
 
 Canadian Dominion 
 
 
 3.070 
 
 39- 
 
 4.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 7.84 
 
 1-59 
 
 61.66 12.48 
 
 26.52 
 
 5.36 
 
 24.36 
 
 4.93 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 Cape Colony- 
 
 
 221 
 
 2| 
 
 1.6 
 
 6.9 
 
 4.97 
 
 3.00 
 
 26.80 16.14 
 
 11.64 
 
 6.96 
 
 13.16 
 
 7.92 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Ceylon . 
 
 
 25 
 
 f 
 
 3-0 
 
 119 
 
 1.03 
 
 0.34 
 
 2.72 0.89 
 
 4.14 
 
 1-35 
 
 3-95 
 
 1.29 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 Chile . 
 
 
 291 
 
 2i- 
 
 2.6 
 
 8.7 
 
 9.60 
 
 3.26 
 
 18.30 6.27 
 
 10.91 
 
 3.74 
 
 11.66 
 
 3.96 1 18 
 
 19 
 
 China Proper 
 
 
 I.54S 
 
 17+ 
 
 3500 
 
 227 
 
 25.84 
 
 
 12.51 1 ... 
 
 36.33 
 
 
 27.99 
 
 ... 19 
 
 20 
 
 Colombia . 
 
 
 614 
 
 1 
 
 3.8 
 
 7.6 
 
 4.98 
 
 1.30 
 
 3.11 0.80 
 
 2.39 
 
 6.62 
 
 3.17 
 
 0.82 20 
 
 21 
 
 Costa Rica . . 
 
 
 23 
 
 0.3 
 
 II 
 
 0.54 
 
 2.22 
 
 2.00 
 
 8.23 
 
 1. 17 
 
 4.81 
 
 1.92 
 
 8.00 21 
 
 22 
 
 Cuba . 
 
 
 43 
 
 1 
 
 1.6 
 
 37 
 
 4.96 
 
 2.91 
 
 32.00 
 
 18.82 
 
 7.20 
 
 4.23 
 
 14.47 
 
 8.51 22 
 
 23 
 
 Denmark 
 
 
 15 
 
 4^ 
 
 2.2 
 
 147 
 
 309 
 
 1.38 
 
 10. II 
 
 4.51 
 
 15.83 
 
 7.23 
 
 11.57 
 
 5.28 23 
 
 24 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 
 116 
 
 1.2 
 
 22 
 
 0.62 
 
 0.41 
 
 1.02 
 
 0.80 
 
 1.32 
 
 1.04 
 
 1.81 
 
 1.42 24 
 
 25 
 
 Egypt . 
 
 
 13' 
 
 f 
 
 6.8 
 
 505^^ 
 
 10.75 
 
 1.58 
 
 109.6 
 
 16.10 
 
 12.15 
 
 1.78 
 
 16.99 
 
 2.49 1 25 
 
 26 
 
 Fiji Islands. 
 
 
 8 
 
 jV- 
 
 0.1 
 
 16.4 
 
 0.08 
 
 0.67 
 
 0.24 
 
 2.00 
 
 0.28 
 
 2.27 
 
 0.36 
 
 2.92 \ 26 
 
 27 
 
 France . 
 
 
 207 
 
 2*— 
 
 38.3 
 
 158 
 
 130.07 
 
 3-39 
 
 1040.68 
 
 27.03 
 
 176. 1 
 
 4-57 
 
 138.14 
 
 3.58 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 Germany . 
 
 
 209 
 
 2|- 
 
 49.4 
 
 237 
 
 70.70 
 
 1.42 
 
 91.11 
 
 1.79 
 
 206.70 
 
 4.07 
 
 162.23 
 
 3.19 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 Greece . 
 
 
 25 
 
 Ij 
 
 2.2 
 
 88 
 
 3-55 
 
 1.62 
 
 32-34 
 
 14.78 
 
 4-77 
 
 2.18 
 
 3.29 
 
 1.50 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 Guatemala . 
 
 
 47 
 
 \ ■ — 
 
 1.6 
 
 32 
 
 1.75 
 
 1.16 
 
 2.78 
 
 1.86 
 
 1.28 
 
 0.83 
 
 3.82 
 
 2.48 30 
 
 31 
 
 Guiana, British . 
 
 
 109 
 
 i|+ 
 
 0-3 
 
 2-5 
 
 0.60 
 
 2.14 
 
 0.88 
 
 3.14 
 
 1.92 
 
 6.86 
 
 2.36 
 
 8.43 31 
 
 32 
 
 Hawaiian Islands 
 
 
 7 
 
 tV 
 
 0.09 
 
 13.6 
 
 0.78 
 
 8.66 
 
 0.68 
 
 7.56 
 
 1.07 
 
 11.89 
 
 2.16 
 
 24.00 32 
 
 33 
 
 Holland 
 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 4-5 
 
 357 
 
 10.56 
 
 2.23 
 
 92.47 
 
 19.5s 
 
 117.4 
 
 24.82 
 
 93-05 
 
 19.67 33 
 
 34 
 
 Honduras . 
 
 
 46 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 0.4 
 
 8.7 
 
 0.52 
 
 1.31 
 
 6.21 
 
 15.68 
 
 0.27 
 
 0.68 
 
 0.26 
 
 0.65 34 
 
 35 
 
 India, British 
 
 
 965 
 
 9i+ 
 
 221.2 
 
 229 
 
 90.17 
 
 0.41 
 
 222.76 
 
 1. 01 
 
 95.49 
 
 0.43 
 
 110.62 
 
 0.50 35 
 
 36 
 
 Italy . 
 
 
 111 
 
 ll 
 
 30 
 
 271 
 
 69.37 
 
 2.27 
 
 633.77 
 
 17.45 
 
 49.37 
 
 1.61 
 
 42.34 
 
 1.38 , 36 
 
 37 
 
 Jamaica 
 
 
 4 
 
 % 
 
 0.6 
 
 138.5 
 
 0.86 
 
 1.32 
 
 1.67 
 
 2.57 
 
 2.16 
 
 332 
 
 2.08 
 
 3.20 i 37 
 
 38 
 
 Japan . 
 
 
 148 
 
 if 
 
 40.7 
 
 276 
 
 12.53 
 
 0.30 
 
 40.42 
 
 0.98 
 
 14.09 
 
 0.34 
 
 14.98 
 
 0.36 1 38 
 
 39 
 
 Java and Madtira 
 
 
 51 
 
 
 23 
 
 451 
 
 "•33 
 
 0.46 
 
 
 
 14.25 
 
 0.59 
 
 18.00 
 
 0.74 39 
 
 40 
 
 Liberia 
 
 
 14 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 71.4 
 
 0.04 
 
 0.03 
 
 0.19 
 
 6.18 
 
 0.16 
 
 0.16 
 
 0.11 
 
 0.10 40 
 
 41 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 
 I 
 
 TTT 
 
 0.4 
 
 523 
 
 0.81 
 
 2.17 
 
 1.37 
 
 3.68 
 
 3.40 
 
 9.14 
 
 2.82 
 
 7.58 41 
 
 42 
 
 Mexico 
 
 
 767 
 
 i 
 
 12 
 
 16.6 
 
 8.28 
 
 0.69 
 
 16.70 
 
 1.38 
 
 10.00 
 
 0.83 
 
 17.60 
 
 1.45 42 
 
 43 
 
 Morocco . . 
 
 
 219 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.01 
 
 
 1.56 
 
 - i 43 
 
 44 
 
 Natal . 
 
 
 20 
 
 :- 
 
 0.6 
 
 27 
 
 1.07 
 
 l!84 
 
 7.17 
 
 12.38 
 
 2.48 
 
 i'27 
 
 1.34 
 
 2.31 44 
 
 45 
 
 Newfoundland . 
 
 
 42 
 
 ; — 
 
 0.2 
 
 4-7 
 
 0.37 
 
 1.85 
 
 1.72 
 
 8.6 
 
 I- 58 
 
 7.9 
 
 1.31 
 
 6.55 ' 45 
 
 46 
 
 Nicaragua . 
 
 
 48 
 
 r 
 
 0.3 
 
 7 
 
 0.32 
 
 1.13 
 
 0.68 
 
 2.06 
 
 0.66 
 
 2.00 
 
 0.70 
 
 2.47 46 
 
 47 
 
 Norway . . 
 
 
 126 
 
 n 
 
 2.0 
 
 16 
 
 2.84 
 
 1.42 
 
 6.98 
 
 3-49 
 
 11.36 
 
 5.68 
 
 7.56 
 
 3.78 47 
 
 48 
 
 Paraguay . 
 
 
 89 
 
 1 
 
 0.3 
 
 37 
 
 0.48 
 
 1.00 
 
 6.52 
 
 11.60 
 
 0.45 
 
 0.93 
 
 0.46 
 
 0.96 ; 48 
 
 49 
 
 Persia . 
 
 
 628 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 12.8 
 
 1.62 
 
 
 None. 
 
 
 2-95 
 
 
 1.98 
 
 ... 49 
 
 60 
 
 Peru 
 
 
 463 
 
 tl- 
 
 2.6 
 
 6.7 
 
 1.79 
 
 o!68 
 
 8.00 
 
 3.06 
 
 2.99 
 
 1.14 
 
 2.61 
 
 1.00 60 
 
 51 
 
 Philippine Islands 
 
 
 114 
 
 7 
 
 60 
 
 2.60 
 
 0-37 
 
 
 
 4-8 
 
 0.70 
 
 6.1 
 
 0.87 i 51 
 
 62 
 
 Portugal . 
 
 
 36 
 
 1- 
 
 6 
 
 142 
 
 9.16 
 
 1.96 
 
 163.27 
 
 32.68 
 
 9.96 
 
 2.12 
 
 7.32 
 
 1.66 1 62 
 
 53 
 
 Puerto Rico. 
 
 
 4 
 
 ^ 
 
 0.8 
 
 225 
 
 0.79 
 
 0.98 
 
 
 
 6.85 
 
 8.49 
 
 4.00 
 
 4.95 ' 53 
 
 64 
 
 Roumania . 
 
 
 61 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 118 
 
 7.40 
 
 L28 
 
 47.69 
 
 8.26 
 
 17.22 
 
 2.97 
 
 14.83 
 
 2.65 54 
 
 55 
 
 Russia . 
 
 
 2,096 
 
 23 
 
 99.8 
 
 47 
 
 118.03 
 
 i.ii 
 
 539-35 5-07 
 
 49.48 
 
 0.46 
 
 62.10 
 
 0.58 55 
 
 66 
 
 Salvador , 
 
 
 8 
 
 tV 
 
 0.8 
 
 100 
 
 1.06 
 
 1.36 
 
 1.02 1.30 
 
 0.37 
 
 0.47 
 
 1.49 
 
 1.91 1 66 
 
 57 
 
 Servia . 
 
 
 19 
 
 t + 
 
 2.2 
 
 "5 
 
 2.55 
 
 1. 14 
 
 14.37 6.33 
 
 1.64 
 
 0.73 
 
 1.96 
 
 0.87 57 
 
 68 
 
 Sierra Leone 
 
 
 16 
 
 \ 
 
 0.2 
 
 12 
 
 0.09 
 
 0.71 
 
 0.06 0.40 
 
 0.42 
 
 3.30 
 
 0.40 
 
 3.16 1 68 
 
 59 
 
 Spain . 
 
 
 196 
 
 2i 
 
 17-5 
 
 89 
 
 30-77 
 
 1.67 
 
 73.48 ' 4.00 
 
 27.40 
 
 1-5 
 
 25.06 
 
 1.37 1 59 
 
 60 
 
 Straits Settlements 
 
 
 1 
 
 3^ 
 
 0.6 
 
 332 
 
 0.47 
 
 0.89 
 
 
 20.24 
 
 38.19 
 
 18.30 
 
 34.53 1 60 
 
 61 
 
 Sweden 
 
 
 174 
 
 2 — 
 
 4.8 
 
 28 
 
 6,48 
 
 1-34 
 
 15.22 3.15 
 
 18. 5 
 
 3.84 
 
 18.25 
 
 3-79 • 61 
 
 62 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 
 16 
 
 J^ 
 
 8 
 
 183 
 
 3.04 
 
 1.02 
 
 2.31 
 
 0.77 
 
 34.9 
 
 11.68 
 
 27.8 
 
 9.31 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 Tongking . 
 
 
 45 
 
 tV 
 
 7 
 
 iSS 
 
 0.70 
 
 0.08 
 
 
 
 1.49 
 
 0.16 
 
 0.91 
 
 O.IO 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 Tunis . 
 
 
 46 
 
 £ 
 
 1.6 
 
 33.4 
 
 1.00 
 
 0.66 
 
 6.66 
 
 3.77 
 
 1.63 
 
 1.02 
 
 1.18 
 
 0.78 
 
 64 
 
 ^5 
 
 Turkey in Europe 
 
 
 65 
 
 1 
 
 5-6 
 
 86.5 
 
 16.84 
 
 3-52 
 
 180.00 
 
 37.65 
 
 22.10 
 
 4.62 
 
 13.83 
 
 2.89 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 Bulgaria . 
 
 
 37 
 
 4 
 
 3.1 
 
 86 
 
 3.67 
 
 1.08 
 
 4.12 
 
 1.24 
 
 3.09 
 
 0.93 
 
 2.99 
 
 0.90 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 United Kingdom. 
 
 
 121 
 
 I^ 
 
 38.1 
 
 313 
 
 91-13 
 
 2-39 
 
 669.1 
 
 17.56 
 
 441.44 
 
 11.58 
 
 251.19 
 
 6.58 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 United States . 
 
 
 3,680 
 
 40 
 
 62.8 
 
 18 
 
 162.68 
 
 2.28 
 
 174.79 1 2.61 
 
 148.15 
 
 2.21 
 
 199.32 
 
 2.98 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 
 72 
 
 \ 
 
 0.7 
 
 10 
 
 2.77 
 
 3.80 
 
 22.89 i 31.44 
 
 3.93 
 
 5.40 
 
 5.54 
 
 7.61 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 Venezuela . 
 
 
 694 
 
 7 
 
 2.3 
 
 4 
 
 1.46 
 
 0.61 
 
 6.33 1 2.26 
 
 3.39 
 
 1.44 
 
 4.09 
 
 1.74 
 
 70 
 
 1777 
 
 1 Excluding Desert. 
 
 2 Nomads left out of the calculation. 
 
 5u 
 
4 APPENDIX 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS— (continued). 
 
 In the compilation of this Table, the following works have been generally used : — The last Statistical Abstracts for the United Kingdom, the 
 Colonies, and for Foreign Countries ; the difTerent Statistical Year-Books of the principal Foreign Countries, the Victorian Year-Book, the 
 Statesman's Year-Kook, Wliitaker's Almanack, the Almanack de Goiha, Juraschek's Geographisch-Statistische Tabellen aller LUnder der Erde, 
 and the Annuaire de I Economie Politique. Cols. 9 and 11, Imports and Exports. — These are, uhere obtainable, the 'Special' Imports and 
 Exports, and include Gold and Silver Bullion and Specie. Cols. 13, Wheat ; 14, Maize ; 15, Cotton ; 16, Wool. — These figures are taken from the 
 United States Department of Agriculture Reports No. 5, Miscell. Series, 1893, and Nos. 113 and 115, New Series, 1894. The Wheat and Maize are 
 given in Imperial bushels, which are larger than Winciiester bushels by one 32nd part. Cotton is given in bales of 400 lbs. weight. It should also 
 be stated that the figures given are averages mostly for the ten years 1881-90. Cols. 22-28, Mineral Production. — The figures aie given in metric 
 tons (2205 lbs.) for Foreign Countries, and long tons (2240 lbs.) for the United Kingdom and Colonies. They are taken from the Mineral Statistics 
 for the United Kingdom and Colonies, the Parliamentary Paper ' Coal Tables ' (No. 317), 1894, and from The Mineral Industry, Vol. II., by R. P. 
 Rothwell. Coal, except in the case of the United States, does not include Lignite or Brown Coal. As to Coal, see also table on p. 14 of Appendix. 
 
 
 
 Agricultural Produce. 
 
 Forests 
 
 Mineral Products. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Country. 
 
 Wheat 
 
 mill, 
 bushels 
 
 Maize, 
 
 mill, 
 bushels 
 
 Cotton 
 thous. 
 ofbales 
 
 Wool, 
 million 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Tea, 
 
 mill, 
 lbs. 
 
 Coffee, 
 
 million 
 lbs. 
 
 per 
 cent, of 
 surface 
 
 Coal, 
 million 
 tons. 
 
 Iron 
 Ore, 
 milL 
 tons. 
 
 Tin 
 Ore, 
 thous. 
 tons. 
 
 Lead 
 Ore, 
 
 thous. 
 tons. 
 
 Copper 
 Ore, 
 
 thous. 
 tons. 
 
 Gold, 
 
 thous. 
 
 oz. 
 
 Silver, 
 
 thous. 
 
 oz. 
 
 No. 
 
 I 
 
 Algeria . . . . 
 
 19.00 
 
 0.28 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-5 
 
 
 0-.35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 Argentine Republic . 
 
 
 66.75 
 
 
 
 376.'70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "4 
 
 480 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Australasian Colon 
 
 IBS— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3i 
 
 4 
 
 Victoria . 
 
 
 11.46 
 
 0.26 
 
 
 80.51 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 0.02 
 
 
 
 
 
 664 
 
 36 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 New South Wales 
 
 
 4.24 
 
 4-56 
 
 
 329.03 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 3-78 
 
 
 2 
 
 130 
 
 
 157 
 
 351 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Queensland . 
 
 
 0.11 
 
 1.74 
 
 
 81.12 
 
 
 
 
 0.27 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 616 
 
 226 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 South Australia 
 
 
 "•39 
 
 
 
 43.60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Western Australia . 
 
 
 0.34 
 
 
 
 8.78 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Tasmania . 
 
 
 0.76 
 
 
 
 7-75 
 
 
 
 
 0.04 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,1 
 
 10 
 
 New Zealand . 
 
 
 8.01 
 
 0.24 
 
 
 109.1 
 
 
 
 
 0.67 
 
 6.69 
 
 
 
 
 238 
 
 "22 
 
 10 t 
 
 II 
 
 Austria-Hungary . 
 
 
 160.53 
 
 109.51 
 
 
 54-29 
 
 
 
 30.6 
 
 10.29 
 
 1.90 
 
 
 100 
 
 10 
 
 68 
 
 1,672 
 
 "1 
 
 12 
 
 Belgium 
 
 
 17.93 
 
 
 
 4.41 
 
 
 
 19.6 
 
 19.68 
 
 0.21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 Bolivia. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "3 
 
 11,981 
 
 J3 
 
 14 
 
 Brazil .... 
 
 
 
 
 366 
 
 i.88 
 
 
 1,800 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 Canadian Dominion . 
 
 
 39-90 
 
 6.41 
 
 
 12.00 
 
 
 
 
 330 
 
 0.13 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 45 
 
 315 
 
 Jl 
 
 16 
 
 Cape Colony 
 
 
 3.86 
 
 
 
 62.69 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 0.06 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Cevlon .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 82I 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 Chile .... 
 
 
 16.17 
 
 0.'86 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 lb" 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 "70 
 
 2i276 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 China Proper 
 
 
 
 
 1.425 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-35 
 
 
 
 
 
 309 
 
 
 i2 
 
 20 
 
 Colombia . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2401 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 168 
 
 1,004 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 Costa Rica . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 Cuba .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 Denmark . . . 
 
 
 4.84 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ••• 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 Egypt .... 
 
 
 10.38 
 
 13-34 
 
 947 
 
 2.80 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 Fiji Islands . 
 
 
 
 0.02 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 France. . . . 
 
 
 309-43 
 
 26.56 
 
 
 104. 17 
 
 
 
 17.7 
 
 25.70 
 
 3-71 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 6 
 
 2,286 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 Germany . , 
 
 
 92.86 
 
 
 
 64.89 
 
 
 
 26.7 
 
 73.86 
 
 11.64 
 
 
 160 
 
 670 
 
 
 6,128 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 Greece .... 
 
 
 6-97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13- 1 
 
 
 0.07 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 Guatemala . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 Guiana, British . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 "87 
 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 Hawaiian Islands 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 Holland 
 
 
 5- 75 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7.0 
 
 0.096 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 Honduras . 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 About 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 India, British 
 
 
 254-93 
 
 
 3.005 
 
 72.00 
 
 120I 
 
 33-5^ 
 
 10. 
 
 2.65 
 
 0.04 
 
 
 
 
 148 
 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 Italy .... 
 
 
 122.28 
 
 80.72 
 
 
 26.39 
 
 
 
 12.3 
 
 0.30 
 
 0.21 
 
 
 160 
 
 160 
 
 6 
 
 M7 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 Jamaica . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 Japan .... 
 
 
 13.86 
 
 0.'68 
 
 132 
 
 
 66.77 
 
 
 49.4 
 
 3.18 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 "26 
 
 1^392 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 Java and Madura 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10.00 
 
 ^7S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 Liberia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ».. 
 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 Mexico 
 
 
 10.00 
 
 74.'99 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 23.34 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 16 
 
 66 
 
 45,641 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 Morocco 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 Natal . 
 
 
 0.01 
 
 2.78 
 
 
 20.'89 
 
 0.680 
 
 
 
 0.130 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 Newfoundland . , 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 Nicaragua . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 Norway 
 
 
 0.36 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 24.5 
 
 
 0.001 
 
 
 ... 
 
 20 
 
 
 182 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 Paraguay . 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 60 
 
 Persia . 
 
 
 19.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 Peru . 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.'70 
 
 
 >■• 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 "'4 
 
 2;407 
 
 60 
 
 51 
 
 Philippine Islands 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 0.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lo 
 
 62 
 
 Portugal . 
 
 
 7.78 
 
 14.46 
 
 
 10.36 
 
 
 
 6.'3 
 
 0.01810.011 
 
 
 ... 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 S3 
 64 
 
 Puerto Rico . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 53 
 
 Roiimania . 
 
 
 49.64 
 
 61.00 
 
 
 16.77 
 
 
 
 16^2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 55 
 
 Russia . 
 
 
 242.27 
 
 19-57 
 
 
 291-5 
 
 ••• 
 
 
 369 
 
 6.23 
 
 0.32 
 
 0.009 
 
 
 5 
 
 1.139 
 
 425 
 
 55 
 
 66 
 
 Salvador . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 57 
 
 Servia . 
 
 
 8.07 
 
 10.78 
 
 
 
 
 
 19.9 
 
 ai 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 68 
 
 Sierra Leone 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 
 Spain . 
 
 
 73-25 
 
 22.13 
 
 
 66.14 
 
 
 
 17.0 
 
 1-53 
 
 5- 50 
 
 
 370 
 
 2,200 
 
 
 1,656 
 
 ^1 
 
 60 
 
 Straits Settlements 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.016 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 61 
 
 Sweden 
 
 
 3-67 
 
 
 
 3-31 
 
 
 
 39-7 
 
 0.20 
 
 1.29 
 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 118 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 
 2.62 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 18.9 
 
 0.003 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 Tongking 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 Tunis . . 
 
 
 4.'26 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 Turkey in Europe 
 
 
 38.11 
 
 
 
 
 .:.. 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 Bulgaria . 
 
 
 26.94 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 United Kingdom . 
 
 
 77-68 
 
 
 
 147-48 
 
 
 
 3.'6 
 
 164. 33' II. 20 
 
 14 
 
 40 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 198 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 United States . 
 
 
 439.77 
 
 1,680 7 
 
 10,790 
 
 280.7 
 
 ... 
 
 
 23.7 
 
 163.66,11.69 
 
 0.074 
 
 213 
 
 161 
 
 1,696 
 
 68,011 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 Uruguay 
 
 
 5-69 
 
 3-18 . ... 
 
 42.00 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 Venezuela . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 3 
 
 48 
 
 
 70 
 
 1 
 
 1778 
 
 ^ Ezporu. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS— (continued). 
 
 In the compilation of this Table, the following works have been generally used : — The last Stajistical Abstracts for the United Kingdom, the 
 Colonies, and for Foreign Countries ; the different Statistical Year-Books of the principal Foreign Countries, the Victorian Year-Book, the 
 Statesman's Year-Book, Whitaker's Almanack, the Almanack de Gotha, Juraschek's Geographisch-Statistische Tabellen aller Lander der Erde, 
 and the Annuaire de f Economic Politique. Cols. 9 and 11, Imporis and Exports. — These are, where obtainable, the 'Special' Imports and 
 Exports, and include Gold and Silver Bullion and Specie. Cols. 13, Wheat ; 14, Maize ; 15, Cotton ; 16, Wool. — These figures are taken from the 
 United States Department of Agriculture Reports No. 5, Miscell. Series, 1893, and Nos. 113 and 115, New Series, 1894. The Wheat and Maize are 
 given in Imperial bushels, which are larger than Winchester bushels by one 32nd part. Cotton is given in bales of 400 lbs. weight. It should also 
 be stated that the figures given are averages mostly for the ten years 1881-90. Cols. 22-28, Mineral Production. — i'he figures are given in metric 
 tons (2205 lbs.) for Foreign Countries, and long tons (2240 lbs.) for the United Kingdom and Colonies. They are taken from ihe Mineral Statistics 
 for the United Kingdom and Colonies, the Parliamentary Paper ' Coal Tables ' (No. 317), 1894, and from The Mineral Industry, Vol. II., by R. P. 
 Rothwell. Coal, except in the case of the United States, does not include Lignite or Brown Coal. As to Coal, see also table on p. 14 of Appendix. 
 
 
 
 Merchant 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Country. 
 
 Navies 
 fmills. and 
 decimals of 
 mill. tons). 
 
 Fisheries. 
 
 Rail- 
 ways. 
 
 Length 
 
 per 
 
 1000 
 
 sq. m. 
 
 of sur- 
 face. 
 
 Tele- 
 graphs. 
 Length 
 per 
 1000 
 sq. m. 
 of sur- 
 face. 
 
 Army. 
 
 
 Navy. 
 
 n 
 
 CUD 3 
 
 ■e.2 
 
 u 
 
 Educa- 
 tion. 
 No. per 
 
 cent. 
 
 unable to 
 
 read and 
 
 write. 
 
 No. 
 
 Wood 
 and 
 Com- 
 posite. 
 
 Iron 
 and 
 
 Steel. 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 (T)or 
 mimber of 
 Vessels (V.). 
 
 It- 
 
 
 8^3 
 
 °1 
 
 
 No. Armour 
 
 plated 
 vessels over 
 4000 tons. 
 
 I 1 Algeria .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 220 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 Argentine Republic . 
 
 o!b2 
 
 b.'()4 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 "66 
 
 12 
 
 65 
 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 '49 
 
 84 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Australasian Colonies — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Victoria .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 S4 
 
 80 
 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 
 69 
 
 63 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 New youth Wales . 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 40 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 S3 
 
 62 
 
 ~ 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Queensland 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 
 4 
 
 '2 
 
 "1 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 South Australia 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Western Australia . 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.6 
 
 8 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Tasmania. 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 70 
 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 New Zealand . 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 63 
 
 ... 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 Austria-Hungary . 
 
 0.08 
 
 0.2 
 
 3,000 V. 
 
 13 
 
 75 
 
 137 
 
 1,872 
 
 354 
 
 123 
 
 113 
 
 13 
 
 74 
 
 
 46 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 Belgium . , . . 
 
 
 0.12 
 
 11,000 T. 
 
 2 
 
 260 
 
 410 
 
 139 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 '22 
 
 27 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 6 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 Brazil 
 
 o!b4 
 
 o.'ii 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 
 32 
 
 3 
 
 
 "i 
 
 18 
 
 84 
 
 84 
 
 14 
 
 IS 
 
 Canadian Dominion . 
 
 
 
 32,000 V. 
 
 64 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 29 
 
 IS 
 
 16 
 
 Cape Colony 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 "s 
 
 16 
 
 67 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Cevlon .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 38 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 100 
 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 Chile 
 
 oide 
 
 6.05 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 60 
 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 29 
 
 "2 
 
 
 
 76 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 China Proper 
 
 
 0.04 
 
 
 
 I.O 
 
 2 
 
 1,000 
 
 300 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 Colombia .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.6 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 Costa Rica .... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 Cuba 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 62 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 Denmark . . , . 
 
 0.09 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 200 
 
 44 14 
 
 6i) 
 
 41 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 Ecuador . . . , 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 96 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 Egypt 
 
 
 0.02 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 150 
 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 Fiji Islands. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "i 
 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 France ..... 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.98 
 
 193,000 T. 
 
 143 
 
 120 
 
 290 
 
 3.254 
 
 595 444 
 
 608 
 
 49 
 
 6 
 
 
 7-4* 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 Germany .... 
 
 0.22 
 
 1.57 
 
 17.000 V. 
 
 2 
 
 134 
 
 370 
 
 2,650 
 
 512 
 
 873 
 
 256 
 
 16 
 
 84 
 
 
 0.44 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 Greece 
 
 0.21 
 
 0.14 
 
 
 
 230 
 
 191 
 
 66 
 
 25 
 
 41 
 
 33 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 304 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 Guatemala .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 60 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 Guiana, British . 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 Hawaiian Islands 
 
 
 6.02 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 Holland . . . . 
 
 0.08 
 
 0.36 
 
 173,000 T. 
 
 17 
 
 140 
 
 266 
 
 "69 
 
 22 
 
 99 
 
 82 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 
 5-4* 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 Honduras .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 India, British 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 42 
 
 
 220 
 
 '16 
 
 20 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 Italy 
 
 o!42 
 
 0.35 
 
 56,66o T. 
 
 '66 
 
 80 
 
 210 
 
 1,494 
 
 282 
 
 288 
 
 331 
 
 19 
 
 247 
 
 
 4b< 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 Jamaica .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 308 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 14 
 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 Japan 
 
 0.06 
 
 6.14 
 
 377,660 V. 
 
 886 
 
 13 
 
 60 
 
 
 270 
 
 58 
 
 64 
 
 "b 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 Java and Madura 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 80 
 
 
 35 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 Liberia .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 Mauritius . . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 104 
 
 122 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 Mexico .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 60 
 
 165 
 
 37 
 
 "b 
 
 "2 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 Morocco .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 Natal 
 
 
 
 
 
 '20 
 
 34 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 Newfoundland . , 
 
 
 
 
 SS 
 
 6 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 Nicaragua .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 
 ■4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 Norway .... 
 
 1.23 
 
 0.44 
 
 17,000 V. 
 
 74 
 
 8 
 
 48 
 
 "38 
 
 20 
 
 49 
 
 15 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 Paraguay .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 "i 
 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 Persia 
 
 
 
 
 
 .02 
 
 6.5 
 
 54 
 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 Peru 
 
 o!bi 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 89 
 
 is 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 51 
 
 Philippine Islands 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.6 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 Portugal .... 
 
 o!b4 
 
 6!67 
 
 4,66b V. 
 
 
 40 
 
 111 
 
 164 
 
 '34 
 
 47 
 
 "28 
 
 
 29 
 
 16 
 
 82 
 
 62 
 
 53 
 
 Puerto Rico .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 120 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 54 
 
 Roumania .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 71 
 
 
 49 
 
 23 
 
 "3 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 Russia 
 
 0.25 
 
 0.23 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 37 
 
 1,663 
 
 714 
 
 254 
 
 338 
 
 2S 
 
 ■ •■ 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 66 
 
 Salvador .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 23 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 57 
 
 Servia 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 lOI 
 
 337 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 57 
 
 58 
 
 Sierra Leone 
 
 
 
 • .. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 59 
 
 Spain 
 
 O.II 
 
 0.44 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 125 
 
 1,084 
 
 116 95 
 
 93 
 
 "s 
 
 (56 
 
 '58 
 
 68 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 
 Straits Settlements . 
 
 
 
 •■• 
 
 
 78 
 
 265 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 232 
 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 Sweden . . . . 
 
 0.29 
 
 0.21 
 
 
 29 
 
 32 
 
 45 
 
 273 
 
 39 
 
 57 
 
 32 
 
 
 46 
 
 7 
 
 "i^ 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 
 
 
 
 133 
 
 284 
 
 488 
 
 216 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 3^ 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 Tongking . . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 !..' 
 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 Tunis 
 
 
 
 
 
 "e 
 
 '33 
 
 
 11 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 Turkey in Europe 
 
 0.2I 
 
 0.07' 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 310 
 
 800 
 
 180 103 
 
 III 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 Bulgaria .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 80 
 
 136 
 
 38 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 66 
 
 67 
 
 United Kingdom . 
 
 0-3 
 
 "•5 
 
 27,000 V. 
 
 120 
 
 165 
 
 273 
 
 
 15s 1 558 
 
 1,121 
 
 78 
 
 227 
 
 141 
 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 United States 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.75 
 
 7.000 V. 2 
 
 131 
 
 57 
 
 68 
 
 
 271 71 
 
 206 
 
 19 
 
 
 311 
 
 13 
 
 68 
 
 69 
 
 Uruguay . . . . 
 
 
 0.02 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 43 
 
 
 3I 4 
 
 I 
 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 Venezuela . . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 
 71 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 90 
 
 70 
 
 1 Including Asiatic Turkey. 
 
 ^ Tonnage, 208,000. 
 
 3 Excluding torpedo boats. 
 
 < Recruits 
 1779 
 
6 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Estimated Population, at the dates indicated, of various Countries, on the assumption that 
 the same mean rate of Annual Increase as was found between the last two Censuses 
 is continued down to 1901. 
 
 
 
 Date of 
 
 preced- 
 
 Date of last 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 Country. 
 
 ing Census and 
 Population 
 
 Census and 
 Population 
 
 1891. 
 
 1892. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1894. 
 
 1895. 
 
 1896. 
 
 1897. 
 
 1898. 
 
 1899. 
 
 190a 
 
 igoi. 
 
 No. 
 
 I 
 
 
 (Thousands). 
 
 (Thousands). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Algeria 
 
 (i88t) 
 
 3.310 
 
 (1891) 4,125 
 
 
 4-23 
 
 4.31 
 
 4.41 
 
 4- SI 
 
 4.61 
 
 4.71 
 
 4.81 
 
 4.92 
 
 S.03 
 
 5-14 
 
 2 
 
 Argentine Republic . 
 
 (1869) 
 
 1,830 
 
 (1887) estimate 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Australasian Col. — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 Victoria . 
 
 (1881) 
 
 862 
 
 (1891) 1,140 
 
 
 1.17 
 
 1.21 
 
 1.24 
 
 1.27 
 
 1.31 
 
 1.36 
 
 1.39 
 
 1.43 
 
 1.47 
 
 1.51 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 New South Wales . 
 
 (1881) 
 
 75^ 
 
 (1891) 1,165 
 
 
 1.22 
 
 1.27 
 
 1-33 
 
 1-39 
 
 1-45 
 
 I- 52 
 
 1.58 1.66 
 
 1-73 
 
 1.81 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Queensland 
 
 (1881) 
 
 214 
 
 (1891) 394 
 
 
 0.42 
 
 0.45 
 
 0.47 
 
 0.60 
 
 0.53 
 
 0.67 
 
 0.60 0.64 
 
 0.68 
 
 0.73 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 South Australia (ex- 1 
 cludingAborgines) ) 
 
 (1881) 
 
 280 
 
 (1891) 320 
 
 
 0.32 
 
 0.33 
 
 0.33 
 
 0-34 
 
 0-34 
 
 0.35 
 
 0.3s 
 
 0.36 
 
 0.36 
 
 0.37 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Western Australia . 
 
 (1881) 
 
 30 
 
 (1891) 60 
 
 
 0.06 
 
 0.06 
 
 0.06 
 
 0.06 
 
 0.06 
 
 0.07 
 
 0.07 
 
 0.08 
 
 0.08 
 
 0.08 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Tasmania . 
 
 (1881) 
 
 116 
 
 (1891) 147 
 
 
 0.15 
 
 0.15 
 
 0.16 
 
 0.16 
 
 0.17 
 
 0.17 
 
 0.17 
 
 0.18 
 
 0.18 
 
 0.19 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 New Zealand (ex- \ 
 eluding Maori) ) 
 
 (1881) 
 
 490 
 
 (1891) 634 
 
 
 0.65 
 
 0.67 
 
 0.68 
 
 0.70 
 
 0.72 
 
 0.74 
 
 0.76 
 
 0.78 
 
 0.80 
 
 0.82 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 Austria- Hungary . 
 
 (1880) 
 
 37.884 
 
 (1890) 41,359 
 
 41.72 
 
 42.09 
 
 42.46 
 
 42.84 
 
 43-21 
 
 43.60 
 
 43.98 
 
 44-37 
 
 44.76 
 
 45.15 
 
 45-55 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 Barbados . 
 
 (1881) 
 
 172 
 
 (1891) 182 
 
 
 0.18 
 
 0.18 
 
 0.19 
 
 0.19 
 
 0.19 
 
 0.19 
 
 0.19 0.19 
 
 0.19 
 
 0.19 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 Belgium 
 
 (1880 
 
 S.S20 
 
 (1890) 6,069 
 
 6:13 
 
 6.19 
 
 6.24 
 
 6.30 
 
 6.36 
 
 6.42 
 
 6.49 
 
 6. 55 
 
 6.61 
 
 6.67 
 
 6.74 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 Brasril .... 
 
 (1872) 
 
 9,930 
 
 1888) estimate 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 Canada 
 
 (1881 
 
 4.32s 
 
 1891) 4,833 
 
 
 4.89 
 
 4.94 
 
 5- 00 
 
 S-os 
 
 S-" 
 
 5-^7 
 
 5.22 
 
 S.28 
 
 5-34 
 
 5.40 
 
 IS 
 
 16 
 
 Cape Colony 
 
 {1875) 
 
 721 
 
 1891) 1,6:^7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Ceylon 
 
 (1881) 
 
 2,764 
 
 (1891) 3,008 
 
 
 3-03 
 
 3.06 
 
 3-09 
 
 3-II 
 
 3-14 
 
 3.16 
 
 3-19 3-22 
 
 3.25 
 
 3-27 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 Chile .... 
 
 (1875) 
 
 2,076 
 
 (1885) 2,627 
 
 2.84 
 
 2.90 
 
 2.96 
 
 3.02 
 
 3.08 
 
 3.14 
 
 3.20 
 
 3.26^ 3.33 
 
 3.39 
 
 3.46 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 Cuba .... 
 
 (1877) 
 
 I,S22 
 
 (1887) 1,632 
 
 1.68 
 
 1.69 
 
 1.70 
 
 1. 71 
 
 1.73 
 
 1.74 
 
 1-75 
 
 1.76 
 
 1.78 
 
 1.79 
 
 X.80 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 Denmark (excluding \ 
 Faroe Is.and Iceland) , ' 
 
 (1880) 
 
 1,969 
 
 (1890) 2,172 1 2.19 
 
 2.22 
 
 2.24 
 
 2.26 
 
 2.28 
 
 2.80 
 
 2.33 
 
 2.36 
 
 2.37 
 
 2.40 
 
 2.42 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 Egypt .... 
 
 (1872) estimate 
 
 (1882) 6,806 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 France 
 
 (1881) 
 
 37,672 
 
 (1891) 38,343 
 
 38.42 
 
 38.50 
 
 38.'67 
 
 38.'65 
 
 38.73 
 
 38.'81 
 
 38.88 
 
 38.96 
 
 39.04 
 
 39.12 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 Germany 
 
 (1880) 
 
 45.234 
 
 (1890 49,428 49.87 
 
 50.31 
 
 50.76 
 
 51.21 
 
 51-67 
 
 52.13 
 
 52.59 
 
 53- 06 
 
 53-53 
 
 54.00 
 
 54-49 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 Greece. 
 
 (1879) 
 
 1,979 
 
 1889 2,217! 2.27 
 
 2.29 
 
 2.32 
 
 2.35 
 
 2.37 
 
 2.40 
 
 2.43 
 
 2.46 
 
 2.48 
 
 2.61 
 
 2.54 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 Guatemala . 
 
 (i88o) 
 
 1,225 
 
 (1890) 1,460 1.49 
 
 1.51 
 
 1-54 
 
 1. 57 
 
 1-59 
 
 1.62 
 
 1.65 
 
 1.68 
 
 1.71 
 
 1.74 
 
 17.7 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 Guia,Tia,, British (ex- ) 
 eluding Aborgines) f 
 
 (1881) 
 
 246 
 
 (1891) 271 
 
 
 0.27 
 
 0.28 
 
 0.28 
 
 0.28 
 
 0.29 
 
 0.29 
 
 0.29 
 
 0.29 
 
 0.30 
 
 0.30 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 Holland 
 
 (1879) 
 
 4.013 
 
 (1889) 4,511 
 
 4.62 
 
 4.67 
 
 4-73 
 
 4.78 
 
 4.84 
 
 4-90 
 
 4-95 
 
 S-oi 
 
 5.07 
 
 5.13 
 
 5-19 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 Hong-kong . 
 
 (1881) 
 
 160 
 
 (1891 221 
 
 
 0.23 
 
 0.24 
 
 0.24 
 
 0.26 
 
 0.26 
 
 0.27 
 
 0.28 
 
 0.29 
 
 0.30 
 
 0.31 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 India, British Provinces 
 
 (1881) 198,791 
 
 1891)221,173 
 
 
 223.54 
 
 225-95 
 
 228.37 
 
 230. 82 
 
 233-29 
 
 235.79 
 
 238.32 
 
 240.88 
 
 243-46 
 
 246.07 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 Native States . 
 India, Total . 
 
 
 66,192 
 
 66,060 
 
 
 67.25 
 290.78 
 
 68.47 
 294.41 
 
 69.71 
 298.08 
 
 70.97 
 301.79 
 
 72.26 
 306.66 
 
 73.67 
 309.36 
 
 74.90 
 313.22 
 
 76.26 
 317.14 
 
 77.76 
 321.21 
 
 79.04 
 325.11 
 
 30 
 
 263,983 
 
 287,223 
 
 31 
 
 Italy .... 
 
 {1871) 
 
 26,801 
 
 (1881) 28,460 
 
 30.22 
 
 30.40 
 
 30.59 
 
 30-77 
 
 30.96 
 
 31.14 
 
 31.33 
 
 31-52 
 
 31.71 
 
 31.90 
 
 32-09 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 Jamaica 
 
 (1881) 
 
 681 
 
 (1891I 639 
 
 
 0.65 
 
 0.65 
 
 0.66 
 
 0.66 
 
 0.67 
 
 0.68 
 
 0.68 
 
 0.69 
 
 0.70 
 
 0.70 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 Japan .... 
 
 (1881) 
 
 36,700 
 
 (189 1 1 40,719 
 
 
 41-15 
 
 41-57 
 
 42.01 
 
 42-45 
 
 42.89 
 
 43.34 
 
 43-79 
 
 44.25 
 
 44.71 
 
 45-18 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 Malta (excl. military) . 
 
 (1881) 
 
 160 
 
 (1891) 166 
 
 
 0.17 
 
 0.17 
 
 0.17 
 
 0.17 
 
 0.17 
 
 0.17 
 
 0.18 
 
 0.18 
 
 0.18 
 
 0.18 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 Mauritius 
 
 (1881) 
 
 360 
 
 (1891) 371 
 
 
 3.72 
 
 3-73 
 
 3-74 
 
 3-76 
 
 3-77 
 
 3.78 
 
 3-79 
 
 3.80 
 
 3.81 
 
 3.82 
 
 35 
 
 36 1 Mexico 
 
 (1879) 
 
 9,908 
 
 (1891) estimate 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 37 j Natal . . . . 
 
 (1881) 
 
 403 
 
 (1891) 544 
 
 
 0.56 
 
 0.58 
 
 0.60 
 
 o.Gi 
 
 0.63 
 
 0.65 
 
 0.67 
 
 0.69 
 
 0.71 
 
 0.73 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 Newfoundland (ex- ) 
 eluding Labrador) ) 
 
 (1881) 
 
 180 
 
 (1891) 198 
 
 
 0.20 
 
 0.20 
 
 0.20 
 
 0.21 
 
 0.21 
 
 0.21 
 
 0.21 
 
 0.21 
 
 0.22 
 
 0.22 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 Norway 
 
 (187s) 
 
 1,819 
 
 (1891) 2,001 
 
 
 2.01 
 
 2.03 
 
 2.04 
 
 2.05 
 
 2.06 
 
 2.07 
 
 2.09 
 
 2.10 
 
 2. II 
 
 2.12 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 Portugal (excluding ) 
 Azores and Madeira) f 
 
 (1878) 
 
 4,349 
 
 (1890) 4,692 
 
 4.72 
 
 4.75 
 
 4.78 
 
 4.81 
 
 4.84 
 
 4.87 
 
 4.90 
 
 4.94 
 
 4.97 
 
 6.00 
 
 6.03 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 Roumania . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 42 Bussia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 43 Servia .... 
 
 (1883)' 
 (1877) 
 
 "1,866 
 
 (1893) 2,227 
 
 
 
 
 2.27 
 
 2.31 
 
 2-35 
 
 2-39 
 
 2-43 
 
 2.48 
 
 2.52 
 
 2.57 
 
 43 
 
 44 Spain .... 
 
 16,432 
 
 1887 17,646 
 
 18.01 
 
 18.13 
 
 18.'26 
 
 18.37 
 
 18.49 
 
 18.61 
 
 18.73 
 
 18.87 
 
 19.00 
 
 19.12 
 
 19.25 
 
 44 
 
 45 I Straits Settlements 
 
 (1881) 
 
 423 
 
 1891 513 
 
 
 0.52 
 
 0.53 
 
 0.54 
 
 0.55 
 
 0.56 
 
 0.58 
 
 0.59 
 
 0.60 
 
 0.61 
 
 0.62 
 
 45 
 
 46 Sweden 
 
 (1880) 
 
 4,666 
 
 1890 4,786 i 4.81 
 
 4.83 
 
 4.86 
 
 4.88 
 
 4.90 
 
 4.93 
 
 4.94 
 
 4.97 
 
 4.99 
 
 6.01 
 
 6.04 
 
 46 
 
 47 i Switzerland . 
 
 (1880 
 
 2,846 
 
 1888) 2,933 2.97 
 
 2.98 
 
 2.99 
 
 300 
 
 3.01 
 
 3.02 
 
 3.03 
 
 3.05 
 
 3-06 
 
 307 
 
 3.08 
 
 47 
 
 48 ; Trinidad 
 
 (1881) 
 
 163 
 
 (1891) 200; ... 
 
 0.21 
 
 0.21 
 
 0.22 
 
 0.22 
 
 0.23 
 
 0.23 
 
 0.24 
 
 0.25 
 
 0.25 
 
 0.26 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 Bulgaria (including E. ) 
 Roumelia) . J 
 
 (1888) 
 
 3. 154 
 
 (1893) 3.305 1 ••• 
 
 
 
 3-34 
 
 3-37 
 
 340 
 
 3-43 
 
 3-46 
 
 3-50 
 
 3.53 
 
 3-56 
 
 49 
 
 60 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 (1881) 
 
 34,886 
 
 (1891) 37,733! ... 
 
 38.04 
 
 38.36 
 
 38.67 
 
 38.99 
 
 39.31 
 
 39.64 
 
 39.97 
 
 40.31 
 
 40.66 
 
 41.0 
 
 50 
 
 SI 
 
 England . 
 
 (1881) 
 
 24,614 
 
 (1891) 27,483 27.48 
 
 27.79 
 
 28.10 
 
 28.41 
 
 28.72 
 
 29.04 
 
 29.36 
 
 29.70 
 
 30.02 
 
 30-35 
 
 30.69 
 
 51 
 
 62 
 
 Wales 
 
 fi88i) 
 
 1,361 
 
 1891) 1,619 1.62 
 
 1.64 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.67 
 
 1.69 
 
 1.61 
 
 1.62 
 
 1.64 
 
 1.66 
 
 1.68 
 
 1.70 
 
 62 
 
 S3 
 
 Scotland . 
 
 (1881) 
 
 3.736 
 
 1891) 4,026 4.026 
 
 4.06 
 
 4.09 
 
 4.12 
 
 4-iS 
 
 4.18 
 
 4.21 
 
 4-24 
 
 4.27 
 
 4-31 
 
 4.34 
 
 53 
 
 64 
 
 Ireland 
 
 (1881) 
 
 6.176 
 
 (1891I 4,706 4.706 
 
 4.66 
 
 4.62 
 
 4.67 
 
 4.63 
 
 4.49 
 
 4.44 
 
 4.40 
 
 4.36 
 
 4.32 
 
 4.28 
 
 64 
 
 55 
 
 United States 
 
 1880) 
 
 50.156 
 
 (1890) 62,622 64.03 
 
 65-47 
 
 66.93 
 
 68.44 
 
 69-97 
 
 71-54 
 
 73-15 
 
 74-79 
 
 76.47 
 
 78.19 
 
 79 94 
 
 5S 
 
 66 
 
 Venezuela . 
 
 (1881) 
 
 2,076 
 
 (1891) 2,324 ... 
 
 2.36 
 
 2.38 
 
 2.40 
 
 2.43 
 
 2.46 
 
 2.49 
 
 2.62 
 
 2.64 
 
 2.67 
 
 2.60 
 
 66 
 
 
 1780 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF THE BRITISH ISLES. 
 
 The years selected for comparison are those in which the area under wheat was largest and smallest 
 during the period for which statistical information is obtainable. 
 
 
 
 
 Number of Acres per Thousand Acres of Area. 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 
 Area 1 (in 
 thousands 
 of Acres). 
 
 Wheat. 1 
 
 Barley. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Corn 
 Crops. 
 
 Potatoes. 
 
 Turnips. 
 
 Mangold. 
 
 Green 
 Crops. 
 
 No. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893 
 
 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Bedford . 
 
 298 
 
 178 
 
 120 
 
 96 
 
 82 
 
 34 
 
 66 
 
 405 
 
 316 
 
 14 
 
 31 
 
 45 
 
 37 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 no 
 
 108 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 Berks 
 
 
 
 462 
 
 140 
 
 83 
 
 83 
 
 68 
 
 67 
 
 74 
 
 330 
 
 250 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 87 
 
 61 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 128 
 
 106 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Buckingham 
 
 
 
 476 
 
 128 
 
 75 
 
 60 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 65 
 
 300 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 47 
 
 35 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 77 
 
 61 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Cambridge 
 
 
 
 650 
 
 238 
 
 179 
 
 100 
 
 108 
 
 68 
 
 86 
 
 484 
 
 416 
 
 18 
 
 32 
 
 37 
 
 36 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 136 
 
 138 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 Chester 
 
 
 
 655 
 
 63 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 70 
 
 93 
 
 150 
 
 119 
 
 39 
 
 36 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 57 
 
 59 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Cornwall . 
 
 
 
 868 
 
 64 
 
 31 
 
 59 
 
 42 
 
 51 
 
 72 
 
 174 
 
 146 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 36 
 
 29 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 64 
 
 67 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 
 
 970 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 II 
 
 3 
 
 73 
 
 81 
 
 "5 
 
 89 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 36 
 
 35 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 S3 
 
 47 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Derby 
 
 
 
 658 
 
 64 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 47 
 
 43 
 
 130 
 
 77 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 35 
 
 31 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Devon 
 
 
 
 1,667 
 
 77 
 
 37 
 
 49 
 
 32 
 
 53 
 
 70 
 
 181 
 
 140 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 SI 
 
 42 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 86 
 
 77 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Dorset 
 
 
 
 632 
 
 75 
 
 36 
 
 62 
 
 47 
 
 32 
 
 46 
 
 182 
 
 137 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 94 
 
 83 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 Durham 
 
 
 
 647 
 
 74 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 27 
 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 167 
 
 108 
 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 36 
 
 35 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 55 
 
 51 
 
 II 
 
 12 Essex 
 
 
 
 986 
 
 195 
 
 120 
 
 106 
 
 105 
 
 48 
 
 62 
 
 434 
 
 336 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 26 
 
 106 
 
 98 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 Gloucester . 
 
 
 
 797 
 
 121 
 
 63 
 
 52 
 
 38 
 
 21 
 
 43 
 
 233 
 
 161 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 54 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 82 
 
 66 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 Hants 
 
 
 
 1,038 
 
 112 
 
 64 
 
 63 
 
 45 
 
 63 
 
 73 
 
 257 
 
 194 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 90 
 
 70 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 132 
 
 113 
 
 14 
 
 IS 
 
 Hereford . 
 
 
 
 537 
 
 "3 
 
 53 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 
 22 
 
 43 
 
 205 
 
 149 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 50 
 
 41 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 68 
 
 54 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 Hertford , 
 
 
 
 407 
 
 153 
 
 120 
 
 113 
 
 84 
 
 68 
 
 91 
 
 385 
 
 314 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 69 
 
 48 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 113 
 
 91 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Huntingdon 
 
 
 
 234 
 
 205 
 
 130 
 
 87 
 
 92 
 
 49 
 
 58 
 
 441 
 
 324 
 
 15 
 
 31 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 86 
 
 84 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 Kent . 
 
 
 
 976 
 
 114 
 
 64 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 66 
 
 64 
 
 260 
 
 179 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 33 
 
 27 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 80 
 
 77 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 Lancaster . 
 
 
 
 1,203 
 
 34 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 44 
 
 65 
 
 89 
 
 87 
 
 34 
 
 31 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 I 
 
 Fr. 
 
 47 
 
 45 
 
 19 
 
 20 Leicester . 
 
 
 
 629 
 
 93 
 
 43 
 
 58 
 
 33 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 227 
 
 131 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 62 
 
 41 
 
 20 
 
 21 Lincoln 
 
 
 
 1.695 
 
 183 
 
 107 
 
 85 
 
 122 
 
 64 
 
 74 
 
 371 
 
 327 
 
 25 
 
 28 
 
 80 
 
 82 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 13s 
 
 142 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 London 
 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 38 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 Middlesex . 
 
 
 
 149 
 
 '62 
 
 26 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 38 
 
 23 
 
 137 
 
 73 
 
 19 
 
 24 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 ID 
 
 72 
 
 85 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 Monmouth 
 
 
 
 347 
 
 63 
 
 22 
 
 36 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 127 
 
 69 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 28 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 43 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 Norfolk . 
 
 
 
 1.312 
 
 I5S 
 
 109 
 
 148 
 
 150 
 
 28 
 
 39 
 
 370 
 
 315 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 109 
 
 100 
 
 29 
 
 36 
 
 156 
 
 149 
 
 25 
 
 26 Northampton 
 
 
 
 640 
 
 129 
 
 69 
 
 82 
 
 76 
 
 29 
 
 41 
 
 298 
 
 209 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 42 
 
 38 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 66 
 
 69 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 Northumberland 
 
 
 
 1,290 
 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 28 
 
 51 
 
 40 
 
 118 
 
 75 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 40 
 
 33 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 49 
 
 38 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 Notts. 
 
 
 
 540 
 
 138 
 
 73 
 
 87 
 
 71 
 
 39 
 
 64 
 
 313 
 
 228 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 68 
 
 66 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 100 
 
 93 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 Oxford 
 
 
 
 48s 
 
 130 
 
 74 
 
 106 
 
 96 
 
 50 
 
 71 
 
 347 
 
 269 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 85 
 
 66 
 
 9 
 
 II 
 
 116 
 
 100 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 Rutland . 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 109 
 
 53 
 
 106 
 
 105 
 
 39 
 
 44 
 
 288 
 
 214 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 66 
 
 62 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 80 
 
 76 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 Salop . 
 
 
 
 860 
 
 105 
 
 44 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 30 
 
 49 
 
 214 
 
 158 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 61 
 
 S3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 77 
 
 66 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 Somerset . 
 
 
 
 1,042 
 
 75 
 
 31 
 
 34 
 
 28 
 
 22 
 
 29 
 
 151 
 
 97 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 34 
 
 29 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 63 
 
 51 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 Stafford . 
 
 
 
 750 
 
 80 
 
 29 
 
 41 
 
 25 
 
 41 
 
 56 
 
 178 
 
 "5 
 
 13 
 
 II 
 
 37 
 
 34 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 61 
 
 55 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 Suffolk . 
 
 
 
 951 
 
 163 
 
 117 
 
 144 
 
 148 
 
 19 
 
 36 
 
 417 
 
 362 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 66 
 
 62 
 
 39 
 
 35 
 
 133 
 
 106 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 Surrey 
 
 
 
 461 
 
 99 
 
 50 
 
 38 
 
 22 
 
 57 
 
 55 
 
 219 
 
 140 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 43 
 
 29 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 89 
 
 83 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 Sussex 
 
 
 
 933 
 
 112 
 
 64 
 
 25 
 
 15 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 233 
 
 164 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 37 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 78 
 
 70 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 Warwick . 
 
 
 
 579 
 
 138 
 
 61 
 
 46 
 
 31 
 
 25 
 
 51 
 
 274 
 
 167 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 34 
 
 30 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 56 
 
 54 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 Westmorland 
 
 
 
 501 
 
 6 
 
 Fr. 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 46 
 
 37 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 Wilts . 
 
 
 
 880 
 
 117 
 
 67 
 
 74 
 
 54 
 
 37 
 
 54 
 
 256 
 
 188 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 78 
 
 58 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 121 
 
 101 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 Worcester . 
 
 
 
 480 
 
 150 
 
 71 
 
 39 
 
 25 
 
 14 
 
 36 
 
 271 
 
 170 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 33 
 
 28 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 York, East Riding 2 . 
 
 
 754 
 
 173 
 
 76 
 
 64 
 
 93 
 
 104 
 
 141 
 
 383 
 
 325 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 lOI 
 
 100 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 145 
 
 144 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 ,, North Riding 
 
 
 1,361 
 
 64 
 
 17 
 
 40 
 
 56 
 
 51 
 
 61 
 
 169 
 
 138 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 43 
 
 43 
 
 Fr. 
 
 2 
 
 58 
 
 57 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 ,, West Riding 
 
 
 1.774 
 
 64 
 
 25 
 
 37 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 49 
 
 151 
 
 III 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 59 
 86 
 
 55 
 
 43 
 
 England, Total . 
 
 WALES. 
 
 32,644 
 
 105 
 
 56 
 
 57 
 
 54 
 
 46 
 
 69 
 
 239 
 
 183 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 50 
 
 44 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Anglesey .... 
 
 176 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 36 
 
 12 
 
 136 
 
 130 
 
 187 
 
 144 
 
 29 
 
 17 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 62 
 
 S3 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 Brecon 
 
 
 
 470 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 34 
 
 30 
 
 77 
 
 51 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Cardigan . 
 
 
 
 443 
 
 21 
 
 14 
 
 53 
 
 37 
 
 71 
 
 70 
 
 147 
 
 122 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Carmarthen 
 
 
 
 588 
 
 23 
 
 15 
 
 35 
 
 23 
 
 72 
 
 60 
 
 130 
 
 100 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 Carnarvon . 
 
 
 
 360 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 37 
 
 33 
 
 69 
 
 53 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Denbigh . 
 
 
 
 424 
 
 48 
 
 14 
 
 46 
 
 37 
 
 66 
 
 63 
 
 165 ! 116 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 33 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Fhnt . 
 
 
 
 164 
 
 108 
 
 27 
 
 43 
 
 37 
 
 70 
 
 79 
 
 238 
 
 149 
 
 22 
 
 16 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 58 
 
 49 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Glamorgan 
 
 
 
 517 
 
 31 
 
 11 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 82 
 
 53 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 30 
 
 27 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Merioneth . 
 
 
 
 428 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 ID 
 
 27 
 
 24 
 
 44 
 
 36 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 
 
 610 
 
 46 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 44 
 
 46 
 
 116 
 
 87 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 25 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 Pembroke . 
 
 
 
 393 
 
 24 
 
 8 
 
 70 
 
 50 
 
 70 
 
 69 
 
 165 
 
 127 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 31 
 
 33 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 Radnor .... 
 Wales, Total . 
 
 Isle of Man 
 
 301 
 
 27 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 86 
 
 67 
 
 6 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 22 
 14 
 
 19 
 16 
 
 Fr. 
 
 1 
 
 Fr. 
 2 
 
 28 
 27 
 
 23 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 4,774 
 
 28 
 
 11 
 
 33 
 
 23 
 
 63 
 
 50 
 
 116 
 
 86 
 
 14s 
 
 60 
 
 6 
 
 53 
 
 7 
 
 82 
 
 103 
 
 197 
 
 157 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 52 
 
 57 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 86 
 
 78 
 
 
 Jersey . . . . 
 
 29 
 
 96 
 
 53 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 118 
 
 68 
 
 94 
 
 262 
 
 61 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 201 
 
 284 
 
 
 
 Guernsey, &c. . 
 
 20 
 
 48 
 
 17 
 
 28 
 
 14 
 
 22 
 
 34 
 
 los 
 
 69 
 
 58 
 
 40 
 
 6 
 
 S 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 186 
 
 132 
 
 
 ^ See note on p. 9. 
 
 - Including the city of York. 
 
 1781 
 
g 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF THE BRITISH ISLES 
 
 {Continued^ 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 Number of Acres per Thousand Acres of Area. 
 
 
 
 
 Artificial 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Woods 
 
 No. 
 
 
 Area 1 (in 
 thousands 
 of Acres) 
 
 Artificial 
 
 Grasses for 
 
 Hay. 
 
 Grasses 
 not for 
 Hay. 
 
 1893. 
 
 Permanent 
 Pasture. 
 
 Flax. 
 
 Hops. 
 
 Small 
 Fruit. 
 
 Orchards. 
 
 Market 
 Gardens. 
 
 and 
 Planta- 
 tions. 
 
 No. 
 
 1869.3 
 
 1893- 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1893- 
 
 1893. 
 
 1893. 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Bedford 
 
 298 
 
 37 
 
 43 
 
 25 
 
 251 
 
 326 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 41 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 Berks . 
 
 462 
 
 72 
 
 62 
 
 19 
 
 248 
 
 345 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fir. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 78 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Buckingham 
 
 476 
 
 41 
 
 44 
 
 II 
 
 394 
 
 491 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr, 
 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 65 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Cambridge 
 
 550 
 
 69 
 
 48 
 
 41 
 
 139 
 
 201 
 
 1 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 s 
 
 Chester 
 
 655 
 
 61 
 
 78 
 
 12 
 
 495 
 
 553 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 38 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Cornwall 
 
 
 868 
 
 122 
 
 43 
 
 169 
 
 166 
 
 280 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 36 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Cumberlanc 
 
 ! 
 
 970 
 
 91 
 
 43 
 
 77 
 
 265 
 
 341 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 34 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Derby 
 
 
 668 
 
 39 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 513 
 
 626 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 39 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Devon 
 
 
 1.667 
 
 69 
 
 40 
 
 85 
 
 239 
 
 379 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 I 
 
 16 
 
 I 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Dorset 
 
 
 632 
 
 67 
 
 42 
 
 37 
 
 351 
 
 470 
 
 1 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 7 
 
 Ft. 
 
 60 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 Durham 
 
 
 647 
 
 52 
 
 59 
 
 22 
 
 309 
 
 421 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Fr. 
 
 I 
 
 45 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 Essex . 
 
 
 986 
 
 63 
 
 55 
 
 33 
 
 172 
 
 255 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 29 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 Gloucester 
 
 
 ' 797 
 
 90 
 
 57 
 
 48 
 
 377 
 
 481 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 
 72 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 Hants 
 
 
 1,038 
 
 99 
 
 70 
 
 31 
 
 149 
 
 255 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 118 
 
 14 
 
 IS 
 
 Hereford 
 
 
 537 
 
 60 
 
 44 
 
 30 
 
 420 
 
 530 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 II 
 
 13 
 
 I 
 
 49 
 
 Fr. 
 
 74 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 Hertford 
 
 
 407 
 
 66 
 
 70 
 
 26 
 
 221 
 
 286 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 57 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Huntingdon 
 
 
 234 
 
 38 
 
 50 
 
 35 
 
 252 
 
 349 
 
 2 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 Kent . 
 
 
 976 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 11 
 
 306 
 
 384 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 40 
 
 36 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 99 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 
 1,203 
 
 46 
 
 S3 
 
 7 
 
 415 
 
 490 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 36 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 Leicester 
 
 
 529 
 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 13 
 
 536 
 
 662 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 
 1.695 
 
 77 
 
 SO 
 
 62 
 
 247 
 
 294 
 
 I 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 London 
 
 
 75 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 136 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 Middlesex 
 
 
 149 
 
 16 
 
 II 
 
 3 
 
 515 
 
 525 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 26 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 Monmouth 
 
 
 347 
 
 42 
 
 32 
 
 9 
 
 404 
 
 560 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 96 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 
 1. 312 
 
 100 
 
 98 
 
 27 
 
 170 
 
 221 
 
 I 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 40 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 Northampton . 
 
 640 
 
 31 
 
 37 
 
 17 
 
 420 
 
 530 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 Northumberland. 
 
 1,290 
 
 60 
 
 35 
 
 32 
 
 273 
 
 366 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 I 
 
 36 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 Notts . 
 
 540 
 
 75 
 
 49 
 
 64 
 
 288 
 
 385 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Tt. 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 52 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 Oxford 
 
 485 
 
 71 
 
 64 
 
 31 
 
 284 
 
 377 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 50 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 Rutland . 
 
 97 
 
 41 
 
 28 
 
 37 
 
 379 
 
 53 
 
 1 
 
 Ft. 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 1 
 
 Fr. 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 Salop . 
 
 860 
 
 70 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 405 
 
 526 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 5 
 
 Fr. 
 
 57 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 Somerset . 
 
 1,042 
 
 41 
 
 25 
 
 23 
 
 497 j 625 
 
 1 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 Stafford 
 
 750 
 
 50 
 
 41 
 
 20 
 
 464 1 568 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 51 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 Suffolk 
 
 951 
 
 61 
 
 60 
 
 38 
 
 155 
 
 193 
 
 2 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 Surrey- 
 
 461 
 
 48 
 
 41 
 
 9 
 
 225 
 
 322 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 1X2 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 Sussex 
 
 933 
 
 57 
 
 47 
 
 18 
 
 275 
 
 400 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 131 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 Warwick . 
 
 579 
 
 47 
 
 42 
 
 17 
 
 415 
 
 560 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 Westmorland . 
 
 501 
 
 32 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 341 
 
 410 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 1 
 
 Ft. 
 
 34 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 Wilts . 
 
 880 
 
 76 
 
 59 
 
 28 
 
 350 
 
 472 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 4 
 
 Fr. 
 
 56 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 Worcester . 
 
 480 
 
 48 
 
 36 
 
 22 
 
 381 
 
 515 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 6 
 
 7' 
 
 6 
 
 40 
 
 11 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 York, E.Riding 2. 
 
 754 
 
 103 
 
 26 
 
 99 
 
 221 
 
 270 
 
 4 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 22 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 „ N. Riding. 
 
 1,361 
 
 42 
 
 25 
 
 28 
 
 292 
 
 373 
 
 1 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 1 
 
 Fr. 
 
 37 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 „ W. Riding. 
 
 England, Total 
 
 WALES. 
 
 1.774 
 
 33 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 386 
 
 465 
 
 2 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 38 
 
 43 
 
 32,644 
 
 62 
 
 46 
 
 36 
 
 310 
 
 403 
 
 1 
 
 Ft. 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Anglesey . 
 
 176 
 
 140 
 
 93 
 
 71 
 
 373 
 
 492 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 Brecon 
 
 470 
 
 35 
 
 16 
 
 25 
 
 259 
 
 321 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 3 
 
 Fr. 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Cardigan . 
 
 443 
 
 69 
 
 41 
 
 SI 
 
 324 
 
 368 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 36 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Carmarthen 
 
 688 
 
 68 
 
 28 
 
 21 
 
 440 
 
 585 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 38 
 
 4 
 
 S 
 
 Carnarvon . 
 
 360 
 
 73 
 
 43 
 
 25 
 
 305 
 
 393 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 32 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Denbigh 
 
 424 
 
 71 
 
 60 
 
 43 
 
 276 
 
 397 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 42 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Flint . 
 
 164 
 
 79 
 
 72 
 
 30 
 
 334 
 
 467 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Fr. 
 
 48 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Glamorgan 
 
 .517 
 
 36 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 333 
 
 422 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Merioneth . 
 
 428 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 187 
 
 283 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 32 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 610 
 
 42 
 
 31 
 
 26 
 
 275 
 
 374 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 1 
 
 Fr. 
 
 47 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 Pembroke . 
 
 393 
 
 69 
 
 43 
 
 63 
 
 418 
 
 536 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 25 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 Radnor 
 
 Wales, Total 
 
 Isle of Man . 
 
 301 
 
 28 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 331 
 
 443 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Fr. 
 
 35 
 
 12 
 
 4,774 
 
 56 
 
 35 
 
 31 
 
 320 
 
 419 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 1 
 
 Fr. 
 
 37 
 
 145 
 
 181 
 
 64 
 
 210 
 
 116 
 
 158 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ID 
 
 
 Jersey 
 
 29 
 
 140 
 
 90 
 
 88 
 
 179 
 
 142 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 37 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Guernsey, &c. 
 
 20 
 
 35 
 
 45 
 
 36 
 
 323 
 
 250 
 
 Fr. 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 1 See note on p. 9. ' Including the city of York. 
 
 3 In 1869 the artificial grasses for hay and not for hay were not distinguished ; the figures given below are, therefore, the 
 acreage under artificial grasses per 1000 acres of total area. 
 1782 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 
 
 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF THE BRITISH ISLES 
 
 ( Continued). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 No. of Acres per 1000 
 
 
 No. 
 
 
 Total 
 Area 1 (in 
 thousands 
 of Acres). 
 
 Number per 1000 Acres of Area. 
 
 Area under 
 Cultivation 
 (thousands 
 of Acres), 
 
 under Cultivation, 
 occupied by 
 
 No. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 Cattle. 1 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 Pigs. 
 
 Tenants. 
 
 Owners. 
 
 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893- 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893- 
 
 1893. 
 
 1888. 
 
 »893. 
 
 1888. 1893. 
 
 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 2 
 
 Bedford . 
 Berks 
 
 
 
 298 
 462 
 
 40 
 39 
 
 41 
 34 
 
 88 
 68 
 
 119 
 96 
 
 642 
 748 
 
 401 
 462 
 
 74 
 67 
 
 80 
 61 
 
 257 
 372 
 
 824 
 681 
 
 846 
 691 
 
 176 
 319 
 
 154 
 309 
 
 I 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 Buckingham . 
 Cambridge 
 
 
 
 476 
 650 
 
 40 
 46 
 
 38 
 57 
 
 124 
 69 
 
 156 
 101 
 
 70s 
 582 
 
 461 
 434 
 
 67 
 67 
 
 55 
 73 
 
 402 
 490 
 
 857 
 812 
 
 859 
 828 
 
 143 
 188 
 
 141 
 172 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 Chester , 
 Cornwall 
 
 
 
 6SS 
 868 
 
 35 
 36 
 
 38 
 38 
 
 208 
 167 
 
 271 
 232 
 
 200 
 479 
 
 149 
 514 
 
 78 
 59 
 
 94 
 85 
 
 540 
 602 
 
 920 
 892 
 
 920 
 901 
 
 80 
 108 
 
 80 
 99 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 Cumberland . 
 Derby- 
 
 
 
 970 
 658 
 
 22 
 33 
 
 22 
 39 
 
 121 
 186 
 
 144 
 228 
 
 493 
 390 
 
 526 
 319 
 
 25 
 51 
 
 20 
 46 
 
 581 
 509 
 
 855 
 903 
 
 864 
 911 
 
 145 
 97 
 
 136 
 89 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 Devon 
 Dorset . 
 
 
 
 1,667 
 632 
 
 31 
 27 
 
 35 
 26 
 
 122 
 105 
 
 164 
 132 
 
 575 
 868 
 
 551 
 649 
 
 49 
 54 
 
 53 
 74 
 
 1.215 
 490 
 
 862 
 893 
 
 873 
 904 
 
 138 
 107 
 
 127 
 96 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 Durham . 
 Essex 
 
 
 
 647 
 986 
 
 28 
 46 
 
 31 
 42 
 
 89 
 66 
 
 112 
 88 
 
 314 
 464 
 
 352 
 336 
 
 IS 
 75 
 
 li 
 
 438 
 828 
 
 902 
 781 
 
 910 
 779 
 
 98 
 219 
 
 90 
 221 
 
 II 
 12 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 Gloucester 
 Hants 
 
 
 
 797 
 1,038 
 
 36 
 31 
 
 36 
 28 
 
 132 
 51 
 
 153 
 78 
 
 617 
 627 
 
 477 
 380 
 
 65 
 58 
 
 74 
 
 60 
 
 656 
 711 
 
 809 
 701 
 
 828 
 696 
 
 191 
 299 
 
 172 
 305 
 
 13 
 14 
 
 IS 
 16 
 
 Hereford . 
 Hertford . 
 
 
 
 537 
 407 
 
 40 
 39 
 
 44 
 37 
 
 133 
 64 
 
 176 
 91 
 
 686 
 611 
 
 630 
 351 
 
 43 
 63 
 
 42 
 60 
 
 446 
 338 
 
 872 
 804 
 
 875 
 795 
 
 128 
 196 
 
 125 
 205 
 
 \l 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 Huntingdon 
 Kent 
 
 
 
 234 
 976 
 
 42 
 33 
 
 52 
 29 
 
 99 
 66 
 
 142 
 79 
 
 690 
 1,050 
 
 480 
 1,000 
 
 78 
 47 
 
 77 
 66 
 
 211 
 750 
 
 772 
 792 
 
 855 
 780 
 
 228 
 208 
 
 145 
 220 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 19 
 20 
 
 Lancaster 
 Leicester 
 
 
 
 1,203 
 629 
 
 32 
 39 
 
 35 
 38 
 
 170 
 219 
 
 197 
 263 
 
 245 
 870 
 
 263 
 647 
 
 28 
 46 
 
 37 
 37 
 
 825 
 473 
 
 914 
 846 
 
 916 
 864 
 
 86 
 154 
 
 84 
 136 
 
 19 
 20 
 
 21 
 22 
 
 Lincoln . 
 London . 
 
 
 
 1.695 
 75 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 13 
 
 III 
 
 II9 
 102 
 
 960 
 
 752 
 73 
 
 48 
 
 5° 
 43 
 
 1. 519 
 16 
 
 827 
 
 867 
 756 
 
 173 
 
 133 
 244 
 
 21 
 22 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 Middlesex 
 Monmouth 
 
 
 
 149 
 347 
 
 47 
 33 
 
 45 
 39 
 
 143 
 112 
 
 125 
 142 
 
 '288 
 682 
 
 165 
 613 
 
 86 
 41 
 
 82 
 38 
 
 109 
 246 
 
 812 
 892 
 
 808 
 896 
 
 188 
 108 
 
 192 
 11,4 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 25 
 26 
 
 Norfolk . 
 Northampton . 
 
 
 
 1. 312 
 640 
 
 46 
 37 
 
 53 
 36 
 
 71 
 156 
 
 96 
 192 
 
 616 
 885 
 
 450 
 690 
 
 52 
 44 
 
 64 
 38 
 
 1,081 
 659 
 
 807 
 807 
 
 818 
 835 
 
 193 
 193 
 
 182 
 165 
 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 Northumberland 
 Notts 
 
 
 
 1,290 
 540 
 
 16 
 41 
 
 14 
 42 
 
 67 
 131 
 
 85 
 171 
 
 692 
 687 
 
 787 
 446 
 
 9 
 43 
 
 8 
 46 
 
 712 
 460 
 
 902 
 825 
 
 896 
 859 
 
 98 
 175 
 
 104 
 141 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 29 
 30 
 
 Oxford . 
 Rutland . 
 
 
 
 48s 
 97 
 
 40 
 37 
 
 37 
 33 
 
 95 
 151 
 
 126 
 190 
 
 804 
 1,163 
 
 561 
 921 
 
 68 
 29 
 
 61 
 20 
 
 417 
 87 
 
 811 
 870 
 
 809 
 855 
 
 189 
 130 
 
 191 
 145 
 
 29 
 30 
 
 31 
 32 
 
 Salop 
 Somerset 
 
 
 
 860 
 1,042 
 
 37 
 33 
 
 42 
 36 
 
 141 
 176 
 
 199 
 214 
 
 568 
 725 
 
 576 
 539 
 
 59 
 74 
 
 6S 
 100 
 
 719 
 862 
 
 907 
 880 
 
 911 
 896 
 
 93 
 120 
 
 89 
 104 
 
 31 
 32 
 
 33 
 34 
 
 Stafford . 
 Suffolk . 
 
 
 
 750 
 951 
 
 34 
 47 
 
 36 
 46 
 
 163 
 57 
 
 213 
 74 
 
 430 
 550 
 
 378 
 476 
 
 61 
 89 
 
 61 
 
 129 
 
 603 
 770 
 
 878 
 771 
 
 891 
 763 
 
 122 
 229 
 
 109 
 237 
 
 33 
 34 
 
 35 
 36 
 
 Surrey 
 Sussex . 
 
 
 
 461 
 933 
 
 38 
 30 
 
 27 
 27 
 
 84 
 94 
 
 lOI 
 
 120 
 
 254 
 632 
 
 176 
 536 
 
 60 
 39 
 
 46 
 39 
 
 288 
 683 
 
 647 
 752 
 
 628 
 755 
 
 353 
 ^48 
 
 372 
 245 
 
 35 
 36 
 
 37 
 38 
 
 Warwick . 
 Westmorland . 
 
 
 
 579 
 601 
 
 37 
 16 
 
 39 
 18 
 
 138 
 111 
 
 185 
 128 
 
 690 
 656 
 
 534 
 713 
 
 62 
 8 
 
 55 
 7 
 
 495 
 249 
 
 824 
 898 
 
 850 
 889 
 
 176 
 102 
 
 150 
 111 
 
 37 
 38 
 
 39 
 40 
 
 Wilts 
 Worcester 
 
 
 
 880 
 480 
 
 29 
 41 
 
 27 
 44 
 
 90 
 102 
 
 121 
 142 
 
 920 
 534 
 
 667 
 399 
 
 64 
 71 
 
 64 
 67 
 
 758 
 404 
 
 845 
 826 
 
 840 
 868 
 
 15s 
 174 
 
 160 
 142 
 
 39 
 lO 
 
 41 
 42 
 
 York, East Riding 2 
 ,, North Riding 
 
 
 754 
 1,361 
 
 54 
 31 
 
 60 
 33 
 
 102 
 107 
 
 121 
 128 
 
 716 
 513 
 
 609 
 617 
 
 53 
 34 
 
 68 
 33 
 
 668 
 865 
 
 880 
 913 
 
 894 
 920 
 
 120 
 87 
 
 106 
 80 
 
 41 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 ,, West Riding . 
 
 
 1.774 
 
 34 
 
 33 
 
 126 
 
 156 
 
 415 
 
 401 
 
 29 
 
 41 
 
 1,204 
 
 892 
 
 896 
 
 108 
 
 104 
 
 43 
 
 England, Total . 
 
 WALES. 
 
 32,544 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 114 
 
 146 
 
 609 
 
 516 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 24,898 
 
 841 
 
 851 
 
 159 
 
 149 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 2 
 
 Anglesey . 
 Brecon . 
 
 
 
 176 
 470 
 
 41 
 23 
 
 42 
 25 
 
 210 
 73 
 
 292 
 89 
 
 274 
 879 
 
 347 
 962 
 
 64 
 20 
 
 85 
 16 
 
 150 
 202 
 
 930 
 898 
 
 855 
 902 
 
 70 
 102 
 
 145 
 98 
 
 I 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 Cardigan 
 Carmarthen . 
 
 
 
 443 
 588 
 
 29 
 31 
 
 35 
 35 
 
 119 
 163 
 
 158 
 202 
 
 441 
 357 
 
 538 
 414 
 
 40 
 40 
 
 44 
 60 
 
 272 
 441 
 
 813 
 870 
 
 791 
 864 
 
 187 
 130 
 
 209 
 136 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 Carnarvon » . 
 Denbigh . 
 
 
 
 360 
 424 
 
 22 
 29 
 
 23 
 33 
 
 124 
 124 
 
 154 
 163 
 
 556 
 537 
 
 666 
 735 
 
 44 
 43 
 
 58 
 56 
 
 194 
 272 
 
 938 
 890 
 
 910 
 901 
 
 62 
 110 
 
 90 
 99 
 
 S 
 6 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 Flint 
 Glamorgan 
 
 
 
 164 
 617 
 
 38 
 31 
 
 40 
 32 
 
 150 
 92 
 
 214 
 107 
 
 295 
 658 
 
 435 
 668 
 
 66 
 27 
 
 95 
 26 
 
 127 
 282 
 
 907 
 912 
 
 916 
 921 
 
 93 
 88 
 
 84 
 79 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 Merioneth 
 Montgomery . 
 
 
 
 428 
 510 
 
 12 
 27 
 
 12 
 31 
 
 88 
 121 
 
 93 
 144 
 
 865 
 631 
 
 946 
 767 
 
 17 
 37 
 
 18 
 38 
 
 154 
 276 
 
 923 
 927 
 
 930 
 917 
 
 77 
 73 
 
 70 
 83 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 II 
 12 
 
 Pembroke 
 Radnor . 
 
 
 
 393 
 301 
 
 37 
 26 
 
 40 
 33 
 
 185 
 95 
 
 242 
 112 
 
 279 
 954 
 
 324 
 906 
 
 48 
 23 
 
 62 
 14 
 
 316 
 169 
 
 863 
 860 
 
 851 
 897 
 
 137 
 140 
 
 149 
 103 
 
 II 
 12 
 
 Wales, Total . 
 
 Isle of Man .... 
 Jersey 
 
 4,774 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 123 
 
 155 
 
 570 
 
 660 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 2,856 
 
 889 
 
 883 
 
 111 
 
 117 
 
 14s 
 29 
 
 38 
 84 
 
 40 
 83 
 
 125 
 405 
 
 150 
 436 
 
 429 
 21 
 
 497 
 12 
 
 32 
 247 
 
 19 
 193 
 
 97 
 20 
 
 642 
 658 
 
 655 
 686 
 
 358 
 442 
 
 345 
 
 4l4 
 
 
 Guernsey, &c 
 
 20 
 
 96 
 
 81 
 
 355 
 
 422 
 
 59 
 
 26 
 
 315 187 
 
 II 
 
 379 
 
 
 621 
 
 
 
 1 The areas are those of the administrative counties, includins; county boroughs as adjusted under the Act of 1888, and as entered in the 
 Agricultural Returns for 1893. They take into account the corrections made in 1892 with the assistance of the Director-General of the Ordnance 
 Survey of the figures previously published based on less exact measurements of the county areas, and it is these corrections (which do not affect 
 the trustworthiness of the figures returned for the several crops) that chiefly account for the discrepancies between the figures for 1869 in these 
 tables and those in similar tables in a paper contributed by the late Mr. William Topley to the Journal of the Agricultural Society, Second Series, 
 vol. vii., 1871. In the tables here given the proportions are calculated on the total areas of 1893 both for 18-9 and 1893, though in the former case 
 the returns are for the ancient counties ; but as the difTerencc^ between the ancient county and the administrative county, includmg county boroughs, 
 are slight, except in the counties affected by the creation of the administrative county of London, and, moreover, are mainly due to the transference 
 from one county to another of portions of county boroughs and urban sanitary districts in which little or no agriculture is pursued, these differences 
 do not appreciably affect the value of the figures in the table-* for comparison. The administrative county of London is composed of 31,484 acres 
 taken from the ancient county of Middlesex, 23,898 acres from Surrey, and 20,060 acres from Kent. 2 Including the city pf York. 
 
 1783 
 
10 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF THE BRITISH ISLES 
 
 {Continued). 
 
 
 
 
 Number of Acres per Thousand Acres of Area. 
 
 
 
 
 TotaJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 
 Area (in 
 
 thousands 
 of Acres). 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Barley. 
 
 Oats. 
 
 Corn 
 Crops. 
 
 Potatoes. 
 
 Turnips. 
 
 Mangold. 
 
 Green 
 Crops. 
 
 No. 
 
 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893- 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Aberdeen .... 
 
 1,268 
 
 I 
 
 Fr. 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 151 
 
 153 
 
 167 170 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 74 
 
 72 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 82 
 
 80 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 ArgyU 
 
 
 
 2,025 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 12 10 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ■St. 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Ayr . 
 
 
 
 731 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 72 
 
 8 
 
 85 72 
 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 13 
 
 II 
 
 Fr, 
 
 I 
 
 29 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Banff. 
 
 
 
 405 
 
 2 
 
 Ft. 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 134 
 
 123 
 
 162 142 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 61 
 
 66 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 70 
 
 64 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 Berwick 
 
 
 
 294 
 
 26 
 
 7 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 116 
 
 122 
 
 213 197 
 
 II 
 
 8 
 
 100 
 
 95 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 116 
 
 108 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Bute . 
 
 
 
 140 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 31 
 
 37 
 
 39 i 39 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Caithness 
 
 
 
 446 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 73 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 29 
 
 31 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 35 
 
 37 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Clackmannan . 
 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 6 
 
 31 
 
 13 
 
 79 
 
 101 
 
 172 
 
 138 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 23 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 49 
 
 36 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Dumbarton 
 
 
 171 
 
 9 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 47 
 
 43 
 
 61 
 
 SO 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 II 
 
 9 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Dumfries . 
 
 
 688 
 
 2 
 
 Fr. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 72 
 
 68 
 
 77 
 
 69 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 39 
 
 36 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 Edinburgh . 
 
 
 236 
 
 31 
 
 IS 
 
 49 
 
 18 
 
 93 
 
 109 
 
 176 
 
 144 
 
 32 
 
 21 
 
 59 
 
 53 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 97 
 
 80 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 Elgin or Moray. 
 
 
 308 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 39 
 
 44 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 134 
 
 121 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 61 
 
 62 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 64 
 
 60 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 Fife , 
 
 
 324 
 
 66 
 
 29 
 
 80 
 
 70 
 
 121 
 
 126 
 
 278 
 
 233 
 
 57 
 
 47 
 
 88 
 
 81 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 148 
 
 132 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 Forfar 
 
 
 562 
 
 26 
 
 12 
 
 46 
 
 60 
 
 91 
 
 94 
 
 164 
 
 168 
 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 57 
 
 62 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 88 
 
 88 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 Haddington 
 
 
 171 
 
 75 
 
 35 
 
 81 
 
 80 
 
 94 
 
 no 
 
 260 
 
 229 
 
 S3 
 
 45 
 
 92 
 
 95 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 151 
 
 146 
 
 IS 
 
 16 
 
 Inverness . 
 
 
 2,785 
 
 1 
 
 Fr. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Kincardine 
 
 
 246 
 
 S 
 
 I 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 133 
 
 126 
 
 184 
 
 174 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 77 
 
 73 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 92 
 
 87 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 Kinross . 
 
 
 56 
 
 10 
 
 Fr. 
 
 33 
 
 7 
 
 125 
 
 111 
 
 168 
 
 120 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 63 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 61 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 Kirkcudbright . 
 
 
 583 
 
 2 
 
 Fr. 
 
 I 
 
 Fr. 
 
 57 
 
 5° 
 
 61 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 23 
 
 Fn 
 
 Fr. 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 Lanark 
 
 
 665 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 85 
 
 72 
 
 101 
 
 77 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 36 
 
 28 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 Linlithgow. 
 
 
 77 
 
 36 
 
 16 
 
 56 
 
 39 
 
 136 
 
 136 
 
 240 
 
 196 
 
 32 
 
 22 
 
 62 
 
 55 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 98 
 
 82 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 Nairn 
 
 
 104 
 
 4 
 
 Fr. 
 
 21 
 
 30 
 
 57 
 
 65 
 
 86 
 
 88 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 38 
 
 41 
 
 Ft. 
 
 
 46 
 
 45 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 Orkney 
 
 
 250 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 27 
 
 21 
 
 106 
 
 132 
 
 135 
 
 153 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 39 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 70 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 Peebles 
 
 
 223 
 
 Fr. 
 
 FT. 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 40 
 
 37 
 
 48 
 
 39 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 
 Hi. 
 
 28 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 Perth . 
 
 
 1.633 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 41 
 
 41 
 
 66 
 
 55 
 
 II 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 31 
 
 28 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 Renfrew . 
 
 
 158 
 
 24 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 89 
 
 82 
 
 118 
 
 94 
 
 35 
 
 21 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 55 
 
 39 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 Ross and Cromarty 
 
 
 2,049 
 
 4 
 
 Fr. 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 23 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 Roxburgh . 
 
 
 429 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 29 
 
 76 
 
 71 
 
 117 
 
 101 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 59 
 
 53 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 65 
 
 69 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 Selkirk 
 
 
 172 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 IS 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 Shetland . 
 
 
 363 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 32 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 Stirling 
 
 
 297 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 67 
 
 65 
 
 109 
 
 93 
 
 17 
 
 II 
 
 17 
 
 IS 
 
 Fn 
 
 Fr. 
 
 35 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 Sutherland 
 
 
 1,345 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 Wigtown . 
 
 
 314 
 
 13 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 11 
 
 106 
 62 
 
 no 
 52 
 
 124 
 73 
 
 115 
 67 
 
 10 
 9 
 
 5 
 7 
 
 SO 
 26 
 
 51 
 25 
 
 Fr. 
 Fr. 
 
 Fn 
 Fr. 
 
 62 
 36 
 
 58 
 33 
 
 33 
 
 Scotland, Total . 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 19,454 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Connaught 
 
 4<234 
 
 5 
 
 / 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 54 
 
 33 
 
 (>3 
 
 J6 
 
 50 
 
 33 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 Fr. 
 
 I 
 
 62 
 
 43 
 
 
 I 
 
 Galway 
 
 
 I|502 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 43 
 
 28 
 
 57 
 
 34 
 
 39 
 
 26 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 Fr. 
 
 2 
 
 53 
 
 39 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 Leitrim 
 
 
 377 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 49 
 
 29 
 
 49 
 
 31 
 
 64 
 
 41 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Fr. 
 
 1 
 
 71 
 
 49 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Mayo . 
 
 
 1,318 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 Fr. 
 
 58 
 
 35 
 
 64 
 
 38 
 
 SO 
 
 33 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 Fr. 
 
 I 
 
 62 
 
 43 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Roscommon 
 
 
 585 
 
 7 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 1 
 
 63 
 
 34 
 
 72 
 
 37 
 
 69 
 
 37 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 Fr. 
 
 2 
 
 71 
 
 49 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 Sligo .... 
 
 
 452 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 77 
 
 40 
 
 81 
 
 43 
 
 61 
 
 38 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 Fr. 
 
 I 
 
 74 
 
 S? 
 
 5 
 
 
 Leinster , . 
 
 
 4,842 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 32 
 
 24 
 
 ss 
 
 59 
 
 139 
 
 87 
 
 43 
 
 29 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 71 
 
 J6. 
 
 
 6 
 
 Carlow 
 
 
 221 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 21 
 
 109 
 
 93 
 
 156 
 
 118 
 
 58 
 
 40 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 87 
 
 72 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Dublin 
 
 
 227 
 
 SO 
 
 13 
 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 85 
 
 54 
 
 146 
 
 77 
 
 53 
 
 31 
 
 13 
 
 II 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 81 
 
 58 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Kildare . 
 
 
 418 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 40 
 
 31 
 
 80 
 
 52 
 
 137 
 
 87 
 
 27 
 
 19 
 
 32 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 65 
 
 51 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Kilkenny . 
 
 
 507 
 
 48 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 34 
 
 82 
 
 67 
 
 157 
 
 105 
 
 50 
 
 31 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 78 
 
 60 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 King's County . 
 
 
 493 
 
 12 
 
 Fr. 
 
 31 
 
 34 
 
 52 
 
 42 
 
 96 
 
 77 
 
 37 
 
 28 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 64 
 
 56 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 Longford . 
 
 
 258 
 
 6 
 
 I 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 99 
 
 51 
 
 106 
 
 53 
 
 62 
 
 41 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 Fr. 
 
 2 
 
 79 
 
 57 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 Louth 
 
 
 202 
 
 38 
 
 3 
 
 102 
 
 72 
 
 151 
 
 126 
 
 292 
 
 200 
 
 71 
 
 60 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 125 
 
 103 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 Meath 
 
 
 578 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 89 
 
 44 
 
 "3 
 
 48 
 
 30 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 34 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 Queen's County 
 
 
 425 
 
 7 
 
 Fr. 
 
 74 
 
 51 
 
 63 
 
 51 
 
 134 
 
 102 
 
 48 
 
 34 
 
 33 
 
 30 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 88 
 
 71 
 
 14 
 
 IS 
 
 Westmeath 
 
 
 434 
 
 S 
 
 Fr. 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 85 
 
 37 
 
 92 
 
 39 
 
 35 
 
 21 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 55 
 
 38 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 Wexford , 
 
 
 579 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 80 
 
 47 
 
 118 
 
 92 
 
 231 
 
 148 
 
 50 
 
 37 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 90 
 
 78 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Wicklow 
 
 
 
 500 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 
 61 
 
 48 
 
 78 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 34 
 
 17 
 
 
 Munster 
 
 
 
 5<9S5 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 J6 
 
 39 
 
 80 
 
 50 
 
 44 
 
 27 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 (>5 
 
 47 
 
 
 18 
 
 Clare. 
 
 
 
 768 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 17 
 
 44 
 
 21 
 
 44 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 Fr. 
 
 3 
 
 185 
 
 39 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 Cork . 
 
 
 
 1.839 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 79 
 
 56 
 
 105 
 
 69 
 
 49 
 
 30 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 78 
 
 58 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 Kerry 
 
 
 
 1,159 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 30 
 
 26 
 
 30 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 39 
 
 33 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 Limerick 
 
 
 
 663 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 47 
 
 26 
 
 77 
 
 32 
 
 50 
 
 26 
 
 II 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 66 
 
 40 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 Tipperary 
 
 
 
 1,049 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 70 
 
 42 
 
 104 
 
 66 
 
 47 
 
 27 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 74 
 
 64 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 Waterford 
 
 
 
 456 
 
 34 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 72 
 
 65 
 
 112 
 
 70 
 
 46 
 
 28 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 72 
 
 ^"^ 
 
 23 
 
 
 Ulster 
 
 
 
 5>322 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 / 
 
 134 
 
 III 
 
 150 
 
 116 
 
 68 
 
 54 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 Fr. 
 
 I 
 
 87 
 
 78 
 
 
 24 
 
 Antrim 
 
 
 
 711 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 117 
 
 98 
 
 135 
 
 102 
 
 76 
 
 68 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 Fr. 
 
 1 
 
 89 
 
 76 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 Armagh 
 
 
 
 313 
 
 41 
 
 5 
 
 I 
 
 Fr. 
 
 202 
 
 170 
 
 244 
 
 176 
 
 107 
 
 79 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 Fr. 
 
 2 
 
 132 
 
 112 
 
 25 
 
 26 1 Cavan 
 
 
 
 467 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 122 
 
 79 
 
 123 
 
 80 
 
 70 
 
 66 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 Fr. 
 
 1 
 
 80 
 
 69 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 Donegal 
 
 
 
 1,190 
 
 I 
 
 Fr. 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 80 
 
 77 
 
 84 
 
 79 
 
 42 
 
 35 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 57 
 
 55 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 Down 
 
 
 
 612 
 
 62 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 198 
 
 172 
 
 262 
 
 188 
 
 96 
 
 77 
 
 25 
 
 32 
 
 Fr. 
 
 1 
 
 127 
 
 116 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 Fermanagh 
 
 
 418 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 Fr. 
 
 69 
 
 46 
 
 72 
 
 49 
 
 45 
 
 36 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 58 
 
 46 
 
 29. 
 
 30 
 
 Londonderry . 
 
 
 513 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 164 
 
 141 
 
 167 
 
 146 
 
 72 
 
 60 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 99 
 
 93 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 Monaghan . 
 
 
 319 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 200 
 
 143 
 
 215 
 
 148 
 
 85 
 
 67 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 Fr. 
 
 3 
 
 109 
 
 97 
 
 \l 
 
 32 
 
 Tyrone 
 
 
 779 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 167 
 
 125 
 
 164 
 
 128 
 
 63 
 
 52 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 Fr. 
 
 1 
 
 216 
 
 78 
 
 32 
 
 Ii 
 
 eland. To 
 
 tal . 
 
 20,333 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 83 
 
 61 
 
 109 
 
 73 
 
 61 
 
 36 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 72 
 
 67 
 
 1784 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 11 
 
 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF THE BRITISH ISLES 
 
 ( Continued). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of Acres per Thousand Acres of Area. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Xotal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Area(in 
 
 
 .. 1 
 
 Artificial 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Woods 
 
 
 No. 
 
 
 tliou- 
 
 sands 
 
 of 
 
 Artificial 
 
 Grasses for 
 
 Hay. 
 
 Grasses 
 not for 
 Hay. 
 
 Permanent 
 Pasture. 
 
 Flax. 
 
 Hops. 
 
 Small 
 Fruit. 
 
 Orchards. 
 
 Market 
 Gardens. 
 
 and 
 Planta- 
 tions. 
 
 No. 
 
 
 
 Acres). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1869(a) 
 
 1893- 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893- 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893- 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 1 
 
 369. 
 
 1893- 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Aberdeen 
 
 1,268 
 
 181 
 
 36 
 
 {6) 
 
 182 
 
 22 
 
 28 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 (i) 
 
 Fr. 
 
 {b) 
 
 Fr. 
 
 (b) 
 
 Fr. 
 
 [b) 
 
 86 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 Argyll. 
 
 2,025 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 33 
 
 37 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Ft. 
 
 
 32 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Ayr 
 
 731 
 
 92 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 192 
 
 207 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 36 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Banff . 
 
 406 
 
 146 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 137 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 Ft. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 76 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 Berwick 
 
 294 
 
 182 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 178 
 
 113 
 
 144 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 SI 
 
 S 
 
 6 
 
 Bute . 
 
 140 
 
 32 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 69 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 
 
 ,, 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Caithness 
 
 446 
 
 58 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 50 
 
 S8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Clackmannan 
 
 35 
 
 58 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 128 
 
 178 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 83 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Dumbarton . 
 
 171 
 
 S3 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 98 
 
 134 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Dtimfrles . 
 
 688 
 
 70 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 123 
 
 163 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Ft. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 46 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 Edinburgh . 
 
 236 
 
 107 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 102 
 
 161 
 
 205 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 4 
 
 ,, 
 
 47 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 Elgin or Moray . 
 
 308 
 
 111 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 101 
 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Ft. 
 
 ,, 
 
 165 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 Fife . 
 
 324 
 
 159 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 "5 
 
 118 
 
 232 
 
 I 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 65 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 Forfar . 
 
 662 
 
 128 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 38 
 
 57 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ Ft. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 62 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 Haddington 
 
 171 
 
 139 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 74 
 
 106 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 2 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 4 
 
 ,, 
 
 60 
 
 IS 
 
 16 
 
 Inverness . 
 
 2,786 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ft. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 61 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Kincardine . 
 
 246 
 
 160 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 132 
 
 36 
 
 SO 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 104 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 Kinross 
 
 56 
 
 192 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 152 
 
 153 
 
 269 
 
 
 ..• 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 49 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 Kirkcudbright 
 
 583 
 
 70 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 118 
 
 145 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 34 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 Lanark 
 
 565 
 
 88 
 
 63 
 
 
 
 117 
 
 176 
 
 175 
 
 Tr. 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 ,, 
 
 3 
 
 ,, 
 
 36 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 Linlithgow . 
 
 77 
 
 136 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 215 
 
 289 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 68 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 Nairn . 
 
 104 
 
 88 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 69 
 
 16 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 129 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 Orkney 
 
 250 
 
 90 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 94 
 
 54 
 
 70 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 Peebles 
 
 223 
 
 47 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 41 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 43 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 Perth . 
 
 1.633 
 
 51 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 55 
 
 62 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 57 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 Eenfre-w 
 
 158 
 
 113 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 283 
 
 322 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ft. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 1 
 
 ,, 
 
 38 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 Ross and Cromarty 
 
 2,049 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 30 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 Roxburgh. . 
 
 429 
 
 113 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 108 
 
 126 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 35 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 Selkirk. 
 
 172 
 
 33 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 38 
 
 67 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 Shet>1a,nd 
 
 363 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 96 
 
 107 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 Stirling 
 
 297 
 
 60 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 139 
 
 153 
 
 I 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 49 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 Sutherland . 
 
 1,345 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,, 
 
 14 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 Wigtown 
 
 Scotr1a,iid, Total . 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 314 
 
 136 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 203 
 
 lOI 
 
 97 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ■• 
 
 Fr. 
 
 .. 
 
 24 
 
 33 
 
 19,454 
 
 61 
 
 20 
 
 .. 
 
 61 
 
 57 
 
 70 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 „ 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ., 
 
 Fr. 
 
 ,. 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Connaught 
 
 4,2J4 
 
 kb) 
 
 S 
 
 w 
 
 (*) 
 
 (i) 
 
 65 
 
 2 
 
 Fr. 
 
 (b) 
 
 (i) 
 
 (i) 
 
 (i) 
 
 [b) 
 
 [b) 
 
 (b) 
 
 {b) 
 
 {b) 
 
 12 
 
 
 I 
 
 Galway 
 
 1,502 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 I 
 
 Fr 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 17 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 Leitrim 
 
 377 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 135 
 
 6 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jl 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 J, 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Mayo . 
 
 1,318 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 2 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j^ 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Roscomnion 
 
 585 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 4 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j^ 
 
 ,1 
 
 
 
 
 jj 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 Sligo . 
 Leinster . 
 
 452 
 4,842 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 71 
 
 2 
 
 Fr. 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 >• 
 
 16 
 20 
 
 S 
 
 6 
 
 Carlow 
 
 221 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 
 
 1, 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Dublin . 
 
 227 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 
 
 143 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Kildare 
 
 418 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 jj 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Kilkenny 
 
 507 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 King's County 
 
 493 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 1 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 Longford 
 
 258 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 135 
 
 7 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 15 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 Louth . 
 
 202 
 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jj 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 21 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 Meath . 
 
 578 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 "5 
 
 I 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 Queen's Comity . 
 
 425 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 26 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 Westmeath . 
 
 434 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 lOI 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jj 
 
 ^j 
 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 18 
 
 IS 
 
 16 
 
 Wexford 
 
 579 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 1, 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Wicklow 
 Munster . 
 
 500 
 
 5,935 
 
 
 
 30 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 Fr. 
 jr 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 •• 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 36 
 
 ^7 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 Clare . 
 
 768 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 119 
 
 1 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 Cork . 
 
 1.839 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 67 
 
 I 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jj 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 Kerry . 
 
 1,159 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J, 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 Limerick 
 
 663 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 168 
 
 Fr. 
 
 Fr. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 1, 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 Tipperary . 
 
 1,049 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 Ft. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 Waterford . 
 Ulster 
 
 456 
 
 5^22 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 56 
 
 Fr. 
 40 
 
 ^S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 45 
 II 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 Antrim 
 
 711 
 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 28 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 Armagh 
 
 313 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 73 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 II 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 Cavan . 
 
 467 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 
 
 117 
 
 32 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 13 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 Donegal 
 
 1,190 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 ,1 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 Down . 
 
 612 
 
 
 
 107 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 61 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 jj 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 22 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 Fermanagh . 
 
 418 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 141 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 13 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 Londonderry 
 
 513 
 
 
 
 67 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 47 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 Monaghan . 
 
 319 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 
 S3 
 
 70 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,, 
 
 ,, 
 
 
 
 
 „ 
 
 13 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 Tyrone 
 Ireland, Total . 
 
 779 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 44 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 12 
 
 32 
 
 20,333 
 
 •• 
 
 31 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 '• 
 
 76 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 •• 
 
 •• 
 
 " 
 
 ' 
 
 
 „ 
 
 16 
 
 (a) In 1869 the artificial grasses for hay and not for hay were not distinguished ; the figures given below are, therefore, the 
 numbers of acres under artificial grasses per 1000 of total area. (^) These figtires are not given for the years indicated, 
 
 1785 
 
12 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF THE BRITISH ISLES 
 
 ( Continued). 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No.of Acres per Thou 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number per Thousand Acres of Area. 
 
 Area under 
 
 sand under Cultiva- 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cultivation 
 
 tion, occupied by 
 
 
 No. 
 
 
 Area (in 
 thousands 
 of Acres) 
 
 
 
 
 
 (thousands 
 
 of Acres) in 
 
 1893. 
 
 
 No. 
 
 
 
 Horses. 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 Pigs. 
 
 Poultry. 
 
 Tenants. 
 
 Owners. 
 
 
 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893- 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893- 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893- 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893- 
 
 1869. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1888. 
 
 1893 
 
 1888. 
 
 1893. 
 
 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Aberdeen 
 
 1,268 
 
 19 
 
 24 
 
 121 
 
 142 
 
 125 
 
 169 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 629 
 
 937 
 
 934 
 
 63 
 
 66 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 Argyll . 
 
 2,025 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 31 
 
 486 
 
 619 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 133 
 
 802 
 
 822 
 
 198 
 
 178 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Ayr . . . 
 
 731 
 
 II 
 
 13 
 
 106 
 
 133 
 
 459 
 
 490 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 323 
 
 921 
 
 915 
 
 79 
 
 85 
 
 • 3 
 
 4 
 
 Banff 
 
 406 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 101 
 
 111 
 
 137 
 
 180 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 160 
 
 944 
 
 940 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 Berwick . 
 
 294 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 906 
 
 1,022 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 ... 
 
 193 
 
 858 
 
 855 
 
 142 
 
 145 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 Bute 
 
 140 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 53 
 
 70 
 
 276 
 
 370 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 982 
 
 949 
 
 18 
 
 51 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Caithness 
 
 446 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 45 
 
 52 
 
 208 
 
 255 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 no 
 
 939 
 
 901 
 
 61 
 
 99 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Clacknia.TiTia.Ti 
 
 35 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 93 
 
 120 
 
 319 
 
 377 
 
 33 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 816 
 
 808 
 
 184 
 
 192 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Dumbarton . 
 
 171 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 69 
 
 87 
 
 424 
 
 439 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 866 
 
 901 
 
 134 
 
 99 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Dumfries 
 
 688 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 67 
 
 85 
 
 720 
 
 738 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 260 
 
 867 
 
 874 
 
 133 
 
 126 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 Edinburgh 
 
 236 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 67 
 
 86 
 
 666 
 
 780 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 138 
 
 870 
 
 854 
 
 130 
 
 146 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 Elgin or Moray 
 
 308 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 224 
 
 207 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 102 
 
 923 
 
 895 
 
 77 
 
 105 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 Fife 
 
 324 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 114 
 
 158 
 
 189 
 
 304 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 
 ... 
 
 257 
 
 745 
 
 776 
 
 255 
 
 224 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 Forfar . 
 
 562 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 80 
 
 93 
 
 230 
 
 280 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 253 
 
 862 
 
 867 
 
 138 
 
 133 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 Haddington . 
 
 171 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 47 
 
 54 
 
 570 
 
 760 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 112 
 
 810 
 
 808 
 
 190 
 
 192 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 Inverness 
 
 2,785 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 274 
 
 241 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 150 
 
 880 
 
 872 
 
 120 
 
 128 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Kincardine 
 
 246 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 108 
 
 112 
 
 167 
 
 153 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 121 
 
 873 i 895 
 
 127 
 
 105 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 Kinross . 
 
 66 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 116 
 
 126 
 
 498 
 
 646 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 
 ... 
 
 36 
 
 707 
 
 701 
 
 293 
 
 299 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 Kirkcudbright 
 
 583 
 
 9 
 
 ID 
 
 62 
 
 85 
 
 630 
 
 647 
 
 12 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 191 
 
 864 
 
 886 
 
 136 
 
 114 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 Lanark . 
 
 566 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 100 
 
 128 
 
 375 
 
 417 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 267 
 
 879 
 
 887 
 
 121 
 
 113 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 Linlithgow 
 
 77 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 132 
 
 151 
 
 219 
 
 361 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 840 
 
 871 
 
 160 
 
 129 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 Nairn . 
 
 104 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 53 
 
 69 
 
 436 
 
 182 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 912 
 
 915 
 
 88 
 
 85 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 Orkney . 
 
 250 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 89 
 
 no 
 
 114 
 
 135 
 
 IS 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 106 
 
 849 
 
 844 
 
 151 
 
 156 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 Peebles . 
 
 223 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 31 
 
 826 
 
 837 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 826 
 
 843 
 
 174 
 
 157 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 Penh . 
 
 1.633 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 
 420 
 
 451 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 337 
 
 823 
 
 827 
 
 177 
 
 173 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 Renfrew 
 
 158 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 144 
 
 164 
 
 214 
 
 235 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 94 
 
 880 ; 896 
 
 120 
 
 104 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 Ross and Cromarty 
 
 2,049 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 191 
 
 163 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 138 
 
 872 1 863 
 
 128 
 
 137 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 Roxburgh . 
 
 429 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 37 
 
 42 
 
 1,120 
 
 1,183 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 182 
 
 839 
 
 860 
 
 161 
 
 160 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 Selkirk . 
 
 172 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 956 
 
 1,030 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 869 
 
 841 
 
 131 
 
 159 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 Shetland 
 
 363 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 57 
 
 62 
 
 230 
 
 273 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 814 
 
 805 
 
 186 
 
 196 
 
 30 
 
 §i^ 
 
 Stirling . 
 
 297 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 84 
 
 109 
 
 385 
 
 434 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 118 
 
 799 
 
 807 
 
 201 
 
 193 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 Sutherland . 
 
 1,346 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 172 
 
 156 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 ... 
 
 32 
 
 881 
 
 921 
 
 119 
 
 79 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 Wigtown 
 
 Scotland, Total . 
 IRELAND. 
 
 314 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 112 
 
 154 
 
 396 
 
 400 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 153 
 
 965 
 
 950 
 
 35 
 129 
 
 50 
 126 
 
 33 
 
 19,464 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 52 
 
 63 
 
 360 
 
 379 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 4,890 
 
 871 
 
 874 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "■^ 
 
 
 Connaught . 
 
 4,234 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 132 
 
 163 
 
 317 
 
 301 
 
 35 
 
 43 
 
 457 
 
 677 
 
 644 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 Galway . 
 
 If 502 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 91 
 
 133 
 
 465 
 
 428 
 
 32 
 
 39 
 
 380 
 
 569 
 
 202 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 Leitrim . 
 
 377 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 248 
 
 241 
 
 62 
 
 57 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 637 
 
 966 
 
 82 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Mayo 
 
 i>3i8 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 "3 
 
 141 
 
 270 
 
 259 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 397 
 
 566 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Roscommon . 
 
 586 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 159 
 
 202 
 
 337 
 
 322 
 
 42 
 
 64 
 
 699 
 
 908 
 
 121 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 S 
 
 Sligo . 
 
 452 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 188 
 
 216 
 
 147 
 
 176 
 
 33 
 
 47 
 
 555 
 
 819 
 
 79 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 Leinster 
 
 4,842 
 
 34 
 
 41 
 
 176 
 
 236 
 
 319 
 
 304 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 b02 
 
 818 
 
 IJ20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Carlow . 
 
 221 
 
 31 
 
 41 
 
 210 
 
 221 
 
 341 
 
 461 
 
 103 
 
 96 
 
 690 
 
 996 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 Dublin . 
 
 227 
 
 91 
 
 103 
 
 210 
 
 300 
 
 311 
 
 283 
 
 82 
 
 47 
 
 883 
 
 1,210 
 
 76 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Kildare , 
 
 418 
 
 32 
 
 37 
 
 195 
 
 240 
 
 379 
 
 363 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 466 
 
 659 
 
 115 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Kilkenny 
 
 507 
 
 32 
 
 41 
 
 213 
 
 260 
 
 241 
 
 224 
 
 92 
 
 71 
 
 676 
 
 894 
 
 150 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 King's County 
 
 493 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 133 
 
 164 
 
 320 
 
 227 
 
 43 
 
 60 
 
 496 
 
 633 
 
 116 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 Longford 
 
 258 
 
 24 
 
 33 
 
 208 
 
 235 
 
 139 
 
 124 
 
 57 
 
 70 
 
 724 
 
 1,050 
 
 68 
 
 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 12 
 
 Louth . 
 
 202 
 
 57 
 
 54 
 
 174 
 
 232 
 
 269 
 
 235 
 
 58 
 
 81 
 
 878 
 
 1,355 
 
 88 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 Meath . 
 
 578 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 265 
 
 337 
 
 384 
 
 334 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 489 
 
 671 
 
 129 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 Queen's County 
 
 426 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 179 
 
 200 
 
 264 
 
 199 
 
 63 
 
 73 
 
 566 
 
 720 
 
 132 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 IS 
 
 Westmeath . 
 
 434 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 204 
 
 246 
 
 371 
 
 327 
 
 39 
 
 38 
 
 569 
 
 700 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 Wexford 
 
 679 
 
 44 
 
 66 
 
 203 
 
 233 
 
 282 
 
 364 
 
 102 
 
 118 
 
 799 
 
 1,166 
 
 190 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Wicklow 
 
 500 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 155 
 
 165 
 
 428 
 
 442 
 
 42 
 
 41 
 
 367 
 
 500 
 
 ■98 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 Munster 
 
 5,935 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 igb 
 
 243 
 
 200 
 
 n4 
 
 70 
 
 62 
 
 458 
 
 621 
 
 1,227 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 Clare . 
 
 768 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 198 
 
 225 
 
 238 
 
 174 
 
 63 
 
 60 
 
 451 
 
 571 
 
 143 
 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 Cork , 
 
 1.839 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 178 
 
 231 
 
 217 
 
 199 
 
 73 
 
 71 
 
 457 
 
 661 
 
 416 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 Kerry . 
 
 1.159 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 181 
 
 201 
 
 126 
 
 114 
 
 44 
 
 40 
 
 319 
 
 478 
 
 165 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 Limerick 
 
 663 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 266 
 
 3-II 
 
 128 
 
 100 
 
 89 
 
 70 
 
 549 
 
 704 
 
 168 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 Tipperary . 
 
 1,049 
 
 25 
 
 32 
 
 201 
 
 261 
 
 291 
 
 246 
 
 78 
 
 69 
 
 563 
 
 680 
 
 265 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 Waterford 
 
 456 
 
 28 
 
 35 
 
 190 
 
 245 
 
 ISO 
 
 171 
 
 104 
 
 74 
 
 449 
 
 648 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 
 Ulster. 
 
 5,322 
 
 31 
 
 35 
 
 799 
 
 224 
 
 108 
 
 120 
 
 43 
 
 59 
 
 608 
 
 1,030 
 
 1,687 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 Antrim . , 
 
 711 
 
 39 
 
 46 
 
 196 
 
 224 
 
 120 
 
 153 
 
 62 
 
 79 
 
 433 
 
 811 
 
 236 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 Armagh . 
 
 313 
 
 41 
 
 46 
 
 237 
 
 200 
 
 49 
 
 70 
 
 49 
 
 82 
 
 900 
 
 1,720 
 
 146 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 Cavan . 
 
 467 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 245 256 
 
 66 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 90 
 
 806 
 
 1,331 
 
 143 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 Donegal . 
 
 1,190 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 142 158 
 
 191 
 
 176 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 375 
 
 600 
 
 229 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 Down . 
 
 612 
 
 62 
 
 66 
 
 215 
 
 265 
 
 112 
 
 167 
 
 52 
 
 69 
 
 760 
 
 1,298 
 
 276 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 Fermanagh . 
 
 418 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 236 
 
 236 
 
 46 
 
 43 
 
 41 
 
 45 
 
 658 
 
 1,028 
 
 107 
 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 Londonderry. 
 
 613 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 
 196 
 
 225 
 
 89 
 
 119 
 
 60 
 
 71 
 
 612 
 
 964 
 
 180 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 Monaghan 
 
 319 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 237 
 
 277 
 
 58 
 
 57 
 
 45 
 
 88 
 
 971 
 
 1.724 
 
 121 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 i. 
 
 Tyrone . 
 
 Ireland, Total . 
 
 779 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 203 
 
 223 
 
 86 
 
 99 
 
 34 
 
 48 
 
 666 
 
 1,110 
 
 249 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 20,383 
 
 26 
 
 80 
 
 184 
 
 220 
 
 229 
 
 217 
 
 63 
 
 67 
 
 631 
 
 792 
 
 4,878 
 
 
 
 
 
 1786 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 13 
 
 Tonnage of British and Foreign Vessels (Sailing and Steam), with Cargoes and in 
 Ballast, entered at the Ports of the United Kingdom in the Foreign, Colonial, 
 and Coasting Trade. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Value in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Value in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thou- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Thou- 
 
 
 Thousands and Decimals of a 
 
 sands of 
 .£; Ex- 
 ports of 
 British 
 
 
 Thousands and Decimals of a 
 
 sands of 
 £.; Ex- 
 ports of 
 
 
 
 Thousand Tons. 
 
 
 
 
 Thousand Tons. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 British 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Produce. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Produce. 
 1894. 
 
 1873. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1894. 
 
 1894. 
 
 1875. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1894- 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ENGLAND— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aberystwith 
 
 26.1 
 
 30.9 
 
 19.7 
 
 22.7 
 
 
 continued. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barnstaple . . 
 
 96.4 
 
 101.5 
 
 176.7 
 
 237.6 
 
 
 Southampton . 
 
 1,108.4 
 
 1,416.0 
 
 1,668.9 
 
 2,241-5 
 
 7,818 
 
 Barrow . 
 
 
 3iS'4 
 
 5.^3.6 
 
 506.6 
 
 418.6 
 
 '^ 
 
 Stockton . . 
 
 95.8 
 
 155-6 
 
 196.6 
 
 257.4 
 
 125 
 
 Beaumaris 
 
 
 939-3 
 
 1,108.1 
 
 1,216.3 
 
 1,249.4 
 
 13 
 
 Sunderland 
 
 2,150.1 
 
 2,509.0 
 
 2,398.7 
 
 2,814.9 
 
 927 
 
 Berwick , 
 
 
 44-9 
 
 52.4 
 
 35.4 
 
 37-6 
 
 19 
 
 Swansea . . 
 
 1,018.4 
 
 1,215.0 
 
 1,423-8 
 
 1,413.3 
 
 3.714 
 
 Bideford . 
 
 
 42.8 
 
 44.3 
 
 
 
 290 
 
 Teignmouth . 
 
 70.5 
 
 73-1 
 
 1 12. 5 
 
 129.3 
 
 II 
 
 Boston . 
 
 
 38.2 
 
 35.7 
 
 107.3 
 
 122.8 
 
 4 
 
 Tyne Ports 
 
 S.010.3 
 
 5.967.0 
 
 7,697.7 
 
 8,744.8 
 
 5.977 
 
 Bridgwater 
 
 
 219.7 
 
 240.5 
 
 195-3 
 
 180.4 
 
 1.055 
 
 Weymouth 
 
 62.2 
 
 162.4 
 
 158.2 
 
 208.1 
 
 3^1 
 
 Bridport . 
 
 
 8.2 
 
 7.1 
 
 
 
 
 Whitby . . , 
 
 112. 1 
 
 127.1 
 
 82.2 
 
 109.0 
 
 
 Bristol . 
 
 
 1,066.4 
 
 1,229.0 
 
 1,231.0 
 
 1.530.7 
 
 6,964 
 
 Whitehaven 
 
 211. 1 
 
 239.5 
 
 220.3 
 
 297.5 
 
 70 
 
 Cardiff . 
 
 
 1,748.0 
 
 3.940.2 
 
 6.375.5 
 
 8,050.7 
 
 
 Wisbech . . 
 
 55-6 
 
 65.2 
 
 47-4 
 
 44.1 
 
 4 
 
 Cardigan 
 
 
 25-7 
 
 28.9 
 
 20.9 
 
 22.2 
 
 
 Yarmouth . . 
 
 166.5 
 
 158.7 
 
 164.9 
 
 197. S 
 
 11 
 
 Carlisle . 
 
 
 130.0 
 
 118.2 
 
 104.3 
 
 140.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Carnarvon 
 Chepstow 
 
 
 175-1 
 26.7 
 
 161.5 
 254 
 
 129.0 
 
 157-5 
 
 205 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chester . 
 
 
 163.6 
 
 179.1 
 
 190.4 
 
 133.5 
 
 4 
 
 Aberdeen . . 
 
 441-3 
 
 534.0 
 
 7273 
 
 853-1 
 
 130 
 
 Colchester 
 
 
 SO. 4 
 
 55-7 
 
 147. 1 
 
 120.2 
 
 2 
 
 Alloa . . . . 
 
 126.6 
 
 140.7 
 
 181.3 
 
 149.9 
 
 74 
 
 Cowes 
 
 
 958.5 
 
 1.093-7 
 
 1.735.2 
 
 1.753-5 
 
 2 
 
 Arbroath . . 
 
 36.7 
 
 38.4 
 
 27.2 
 
 27.2 
 
 2 
 
 Dartmouth 
 
 
 68.4 
 
 81.4 
 
 121. 4 
 
 141.6 
 
 2 
 
 Ardrossan . , 
 
 304-6 
 
 360.3 
 
 357-9 
 
 536.4 
 
 70 
 
 Deal . . 
 
 
 13.2 
 
 9-9 
 
 
 
 
 Ayr ... . 
 
 199.6 
 
 224.3 
 
 334.9 
 
 287.9 
 
 11 
 
 Dover 
 
 
 532-3 
 
 559.2 
 
 898.0 
 
 936.2 
 
 935 
 
 Banff. . . . 
 
 39-2 
 
 32.9 
 
 34.4 
 
 38.9 
 
 35 
 
 Exeter . 
 
 
 53-9 
 
 55-0 
 
 62.6 
 
 82.2 
 
 I 
 
 Bo'ness . . . 
 
 265- 5 
 
 272.2 
 
 284.7 
 
 246.7 
 
 192 
 
 Falmouth 
 
 
 151-3 
 
 167.9 
 
 214.2 
 
 314.1 
 
 12 
 
 Campbeltown . 
 
 63-8 
 
 86.4 
 
 89.3 
 
 98.9 
 
 
 Faversham 
 
 
 275.0 
 
 323.9 
 
 421.5 
 
 436.5 
 
 10 
 
 Dumfries . . 
 
 28.1 
 
 30.2 
 
 25.0 
 
 24.9 
 
 
 Fleetwood 
 
 
 226.3 
 
 388.0 
 
 507.1 
 
 508.0 
 
 62 
 
 Dundee . . . 
 
 404.5 
 
 459.7 
 
 556-1 
 
 601.5 
 
 897 
 
 Folkestone 
 
 
 186.6 
 
 205.8 
 
 259.9 
 
 291.1 
 
 1,291 
 
 Glasgow . . 
 
 1,536.6 
 
 2,273.9 
 
 2,874.6 
 
 2,985.0 
 
 11,871 
 
 Fowey . 
 
 
 138.7 
 
 179.1 
 
 237. 5 
 
 225.1 
 
 156 
 
 Grangemouth . 
 
 369.3 
 
 417.7 
 
 722.3 
 
 869.0 
 
 1.385 
 
 Gloucester 
 
 
 412.5 
 
 427.8 
 
 502.3 
 
 506.3 
 
 120 
 
 Granton . . 
 
 281.2 
 
 197.2 
 
 234-3 
 
 222.9 
 
 169 
 
 Goole . 
 
 
 279- S 
 
 403.8 
 
 543.3 
 
 816.6 
 
 5.164 
 
 Greenock . . 
 
 1,286.1 
 
 1,467.6 
 
 1,509.6 
 
 1,566.6 
 
 223 
 
 Grimsby . 
 
 
 567.0 
 
 631.7 
 
 767.7 
 
 929.4 
 
 8,542 
 
 Inverness . . 
 
 266.0 
 
 298.9 
 
 401.6 
 
 395.8 
 
 18 
 
 Hartlepool 
 
 
 1,032.9 
 
 916.2 
 
 833.7 
 
 1,022.6 
 
 737 
 
 Kirkcaldy . . 
 
 271.5 
 
 409.2 
 
 750.4 
 
 572.6 
 
 441 
 
 Harwich 
 
 
 251-7 
 
 363.8 
 
 766.1 
 
 859.1 
 
 3.846 
 
 Kirkwall . . 
 
 106.0 
 
 194.7 
 
 299.1 
 
 222.3 
 
 47 
 
 Hull . . 
 
 
 1,671.2 
 
 1,842.0 
 
 2.530.4 
 
 2,712.6 
 
 14.548 
 
 Leith . . . 
 
 908.0 
 
 952.6 
 
 1.150.3 
 
 1,414.8 
 
 3.513 
 
 Ipswich . 
 
 
 201.7 
 
 245.0 
 
 277.9 
 
 307.0 
 
 41 
 
 Lerwick . . . 
 
 43.4 
 
 48.0 
 
 107.8 
 
 138.2 
 
 185 
 
 Lancaster 
 
 
 .SI- 1 
 
 99.1 
 
 138.5 
 
 119.0 
 
 
 Montrose . . 
 
 87.2 
 
 97.2 
 
 85-4 
 
 95-7 
 
 29 
 
 Littlehampt 
 
 on 
 
 8I.S 
 
 85.7 
 
 28.6 
 
 36.4 
 
 
 Perth . . . 
 
 8.2 
 
 11.4 
 
 7.9 
 
 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 
 6,430.0 
 
 7,2450 
 
 8,408.4 
 
 8,266.6 
 
 78,198 
 
 Peterhead . . 
 
 79-5 
 
 91.7 
 
 85.5 
 
 132.6 
 
 465 
 
 Llanelly 
 
 
 158.9 
 
 170.3 
 
 175.7 
 
 187.4 
 
 102 
 
 Stomoway . . 
 
 82.4 
 
 91.7 
 
 199.0 
 
 278.9 
 
 75 
 
 London . 
 
 
 8,804.0 
 
 10,454.0 
 
 13.141.5 
 
 14,802.8 
 
 41,576 
 
 Stranraer . , 
 
 112.9 
 
 120.0 
 
 145-4 
 
 176.7 
 
 
 Lowestoft 
 
 
 98.1 
 
 88.4 
 
 102.7 
 
 95-7 
 
 10 
 
 Troon . . . 
 
 402.1 
 
 289.7 
 
 259.2 
 
 227.8 
 
 37 
 
 Lynn . . 
 
 
 129.8 
 
 193.2 
 
 168. s 
 
 200.0 
 
 81 
 
 Wick . . . 
 
 90.8 
 
 149.5 
 
 177.0 
 
 105.6 
 
 71 
 
 Manchester, ex- 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wigtown . . 
 
 46.1 
 
 39.7 
 
 23-7 
 
 18.5 
 
 
 clusive of Run- 
 
 } ... 
 
 
 
 408.6 
 
 3.995 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 corn .... 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maryport . , 
 
 J 
 
 172.8 
 
 243.7 
 
 318.5 
 
 398.7 
 
 389 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Middlesbrough 
 
 561.8 
 
 1,062.8 
 
 1,472.0 
 
 1,799.1 
 
 2,665 
 
 Belfast . . . 
 
 1,611.6 
 
 1.859.3 
 
 1,939-9 
 
 2,314.1 
 
 87 
 
 Milford . . . 
 
 280.8 
 
 407.5 
 
 350.5 
 
 339.3 
 
 2 
 
 Coleraine 
 
 
 52.7 
 
 54.1 
 
 540 
 
 62.9 
 
 
 Newcastle. See 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cork . . 
 
 
 698.1 
 
 728.6 
 
 674-0 
 
 718.4 
 
 23 
 
 Tyne Ports. 
 
 XT L 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Drogheda 
 
 
 136.6 
 
 155-0 
 
 124.5 
 
 143-7 
 
 
 Newhaven 
 
 
 165.3 
 
 201.9 
 
 349-7 
 
 465.8 
 
 1,954 
 
 Dublin . 
 
 
 2,065.7 
 
 2,278.0 
 
 2,054.1 
 
 2,333-8 
 
 117 
 
 Newport . 
 
 
 756.8 
 
 1.582.0 
 
 2,024.3 
 
 2,291.6 
 
 1.753 
 
 Dundalk 
 
 
 152.9 
 
 157.0 
 
 122.8 
 
 136.5 
 
 
 Padstow 
 
 
 40.5 
 
 35.6 
 
 35-1 
 
 32.5 
 
 
 Galway . 
 
 
 36.6 
 
 51.0 
 
 40.8 
 
 50.1 
 
 
 Penzance 
 
 
 67.8 
 
 65.7 
 
 242.9 
 
 264.0 
 
 "26 
 
 Limerick 
 
 
 138.9 
 
 176.3 
 
 178.9 
 
 183.9 
 
 4 
 
 Plymouth 
 Poole . 
 
 
 673.8 
 
 726.9 
 
 814.0 
 
 876.3 
 
 313 
 
 Londonderr 
 
 f - 
 
 275-1 
 
 335-5 
 
 363-7 
 
 331-2 
 
 I ' 
 
 
 73-4 
 
 76.0 
 
 150.0 
 
 187.6 
 
 11 
 
 Newry . 
 
 
 316.9 
 
 312.5 
 
 259.2 
 
 284.3 
 
 3 
 
 Portsmouth 
 Preston . 
 
 
 194.4 
 
 201. 1 
 
 1,418.0 
 
 1.552-7 
 
 13 
 
 Skibbereen 
 
 
 21.0 
 
 323 
 
 46.1 
 
 47-7 
 
 
 
 26.3 
 
 17.3 
 
 22.7 
 
 106.0 
 
 2 
 
 Sligo . . 
 
 
 81.5 
 
 105.6 
 
 99-5 
 
 101.7 
 
 
 Ramsgate 
 
 
 66.8 
 
 112. 2 
 
 168.3 
 
 339-1 
 
 
 Tralee . 
 
 
 36-3 
 
 50-4 
 
 69-9 
 
 67.8 
 
 
 Rochester 
 Runcorn 
 
 
 542.9 
 
 772.2 
 
 686.1 
 
 684.3 
 
 43 
 
 Waterford 
 
 
 531-5 
 
 633-3 
 
 563-6 
 
 528.3 
 
 91 
 
 
 199.0 
 
 237.1 
 
 349.0 
 
 311.8 
 
 24 
 
 Westport 
 
 
 14-5 
 
 23.1 
 
 38.0 
 
 38.7 
 
 
 Scarborough . 
 
 Scilly . . . 
 
 27.9 
 
 25.7 
 
 44-3 
 
 56.8 
 
 
 Wexford 
 
 
 67.7 
 
 74.1 
 
 76.1 
 
 81.7 
 
 
 14.6 
 
 14.4 
 
 17.4 
 
 19.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Shields N.andS. 
 See Tyne Ports. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Man .... 
 
 300.4 
 
 458.0 
 
 642.8 
 
 702.6 
 
 
 Shoreham . . 
 
 89.9 
 
 90.7 
 
 90.8 
 
 109. 1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 Channel Isla 
 
 nds 
 
 96.3 
 
 339-6 
 
 111.4 
 
 102.8 
 
 
 1787 
 
14 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 
 Principal Ports of the World. 
 
 
 
 
 Tonnage of Sailing and 
 
 
 
 
 
 Steam Vessels, including 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 
 
 Coasting Trade. 
 
 or 
 
 Value of 
 
 
 
 Mill. Tons 
 
 
 Decrease 
 
 Imports 
 
 Date. 
 
 Port. 
 
 
 
 ^;;> 
 
 and 
 Exports 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Entered. 
 Cargoes 
 
 and 
 
 Cleared. 
 
 Cargoes 
 
 and 
 
 Total. 
 
 in 
 last Ten 
 Years. 
 
 mill. £. 
 
 
 
 Ballast. 
 
 Ballast. 
 
 
 
 
 1893 
 
 London . . 
 
 13-95 
 
 7.84 
 
 21.79 
 
 17 
 
 218.23 
 
 1893 
 
 Tyne Ports . 
 
 8.19 
 
 8.32 
 
 16.51 
 
 22 
 
 13.84 
 
 1893 
 
 Liverpool . 
 
 7.89 
 
 7.90 
 
 15-79 
 
 3 
 
 193.06 
 
 1893 
 
 Cardiff . . 
 
 7.12 
 
 7-13 
 
 14.25 
 
 39 
 
 8.36 
 
 1893-4 
 
 New York . 
 
 7.12 
 
 6.97 
 
 14.09 
 
 27 
 
 157- 
 
 1893 
 
 Rotterdam . 
 
 9.12 
 
 4.62 
 
 13-74 
 
 49 
 
 
 1892 
 
 Hamburg . 
 
 S-5^ 
 
 5.58 
 
 II. 10 
 
 68 
 
 134-35 ' 
 
 1893 
 
 Bilbao . . 
 
 7.22 
 
 2.10 
 
 9-32 
 
 142 
 
 4-13 
 
 1893 
 
 Antwerp . . 
 
 4-65 
 
 4.60 
 
 9-25 
 
 36 
 
 60.16 
 
 1893 
 
 Marseilles . 
 
 3-38 
 
 3-64 
 
 7.02 
 
 -7 
 
 70.65 
 
 1893 
 
 Shanghai 
 
 3-27 
 
 3.26 
 
 6.53 
 
 62 
 
 35-40 
 
 1892 
 
 Genoa . . 
 
 3-03 
 
 2.01 
 
 5-04 
 
 3 
 
 
 1893 
 
 Buenos Aires 
 
 2.52 
 
 1.92 
 
 4-44 
 
 57 
 
 26.65 
 
 1893 
 
 Havre . . 
 
 2.12 
 
 2. II 
 
 4-23 
 
 -7 
 
 65.85 
 
 1893-4 
 
 Boston . . 
 
 1.70 
 
 1-43 
 
 3-13 
 
 47 
 
 26.80 
 
 1891 
 
 Trieste . . 
 
 1.48 
 
 1.48 
 
 2.96 
 
 26 
 
 28.00 
 
 Average Value of Bar Silver and certain Silver- 
 standard Coins since 1873. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 1876 
 1877 
 1878 
 1879 
 1880 
 1881 
 1882 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 1891 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 1894 
 
 Annual 
 Aver. Price 
 of Bar Silver 
 in London, 
 
 Aver. Value A^"";. Value 
 
 Pence. 
 
 Annual 
 
 Annual 
 
 of 
 the Rupee. 
 
 of the 
 
 Shanghai 
 
 Tael. 
 
 Pence. 
 •22.3s 
 22.16 
 21.63 
 20.51 
 20.79 
 19.79 
 19.96 
 19.96 
 19.90 
 19-53 
 19.54 
 19-31 
 18.25 
 
 17-44 
 16.90 
 16.38 
 
 16.57 
 18.09 
 16.73 
 14.98 
 14.5s 
 
 Annual 
 Aver. Value 
 of the Mexi 
 can Dollar. 
 
 2 5i 
 
 Annual 
 
 Aver. Value 
 
 of the 
 
 Japanese 
 
 Yen. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 1 From Messrs. Pixley & Abell's Annual Circular for 1894. 2 For the year ending March 3i.st in the year named. 
 
 » These figures are the average of the highest and lowest price of Mexican Dollar as quoted, in Messrs. Page & Gwyther's Annual Circular. 
 
 Production of Coal in Thousands of Tons in the principal Coal-Producing Countries of the World. 
 
 Years. 
 
 i860 
 1861 
 1862 
 1863 
 1864 
 1865 
 1866 
 1867 
 1868 
 1869 
 1870 
 1871 
 1872 
 1873 
 1874 
 1875 
 1876 
 1877 
 1878 
 1879 
 1880 
 1881 
 1882 
 1883 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 1891 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 
 Australasia. j 
 
 NewS. 
 
 1 
 New 
 
 Wales. 
 
 Zealand. 
 
 369 
 
 
 342 
 
 
 477 
 
 
 434 
 
 
 549 
 
 
 586 
 
 
 774 
 
 
 770 
 
 
 954 
 
 
 920 
 
 
 869 
 
 
 899 
 
 
 1,012 
 
 
 1. 193 
 
 
 1.305 
 
 
 1.330 
 
 
 1,320 
 
 
 1.444 
 
 
 I.. 576 
 
 162 
 
 1.583 
 
 231 
 
 1,446 
 
 300 
 
 1.775 
 
 337 
 
 2,109 
 
 378 
 
 2,522 
 
 422 
 
 2,749 
 
 481 
 
 2,879 
 
 5" 
 
 2,830 
 
 534 
 
 2,923 
 
 559 
 
 3.203 
 
 614 
 
 3,656 
 
 586 
 
 3,061 
 
 637 
 
 4.038 
 
 669 
 
 3.781 
 
 673 
 
 3.278 
 
 692 
 
 Austria- 
 Hungary' 
 Metric 
 Tons. 
 
 1,948 
 2,268 
 2,523 
 3.970 
 4.069 
 1.309 
 4.194 
 S.362 
 6,092 
 3.476 
 3.759 
 4.353 
 4.147 
 4.487 
 4.471 
 5.185 
 
 5.595 
 5.568 
 S.765 
 6,053 
 
 6.695 
 7,192 
 
 7.358 
 8,087 
 8,131 
 
 8.335 
 8,281 
 
 8.583 
 9.125 
 9.530 
 9,926 
 10,212 
 10,293 
 
 Belgium. 
 Metric 
 Tons. 
 
 9,611 
 
 0.350 
 0,500 
 
 1,841 
 
 2,774 
 2,755 
 2,298 
 
 2,943 
 3.697 
 3.733 
 S.658 
 5.778 
 4.669 
 5.011 
 4.329 
 3.938 
 4.399 
 5.447 
 6,866 
 
 6.873 
 7.590 
 8,177 
 8,051 
 
 7,437 
 7.285 
 
 8.375 
 9.185 
 9.810 
 20,566 
 9.865 
 9.583 
 9.410 
 
 Canada. 
 
 557 
 614 
 656 
 718 
 
 927 
 1,099 
 
 954 
 891 
 849 
 912 
 
 991 
 1.029 
 1. 301 
 
 1.352 
 1,648 
 1,636 
 1.783 
 1.763 
 1,868 
 
 2.159 
 2,373 
 2,428 
 3,118 
 
 3.087 
 1 
 
 3.720 
 
 France. 
 Metric 
 Tons. 
 
 8,304 
 
 9.423 
 
 10,290 
 
 10,710 
 
 11.243 
 11,600 
 12,260 
 12,739 
 13.254 
 13.464 
 13.330 
 13.259 
 15.803 
 17.479 
 16,908 
 i6,9S7 
 17,101 
 16,805 
 16,961 
 17,111 
 19,362 
 19,776 
 20,604 
 
 21,334 
 20,024 
 
 19.5" 
 19.910 
 21,288 
 22,603 
 
 24.589 
 26,083 
 26,200 
 
 25.697 
 25,250 
 
 Ger- 
 many.', 2 
 Metric 
 Tons. 
 
 12,348 
 14.133 
 15,576 
 16,907 
 19.409 
 21,795 
 21,630 
 23,808 
 25.705 
 26,774 
 26,398 
 
 29.373 
 33.306 
 36,392 
 35,919 
 37,436 
 38,454 
 37,530 
 39.590 
 42,026 
 
 46.974 
 48,688 
 
 52.119 
 55.943 
 57.234 
 58.320 
 58.057 
 60,334 
 65,122 
 
 67,341 
 
 64,374 
 
 67,528 
 
 i 71,372 
 
 : 73.852 
 
 India 
 
 370 
 
 497 
 
 322 
 
 1,015 
 
 925 
 1,020 
 
 998 
 1,130 
 1,316 
 1.398 
 1,294 
 1.388 
 1,560 
 1,709 
 1,946 
 2,169 
 2,329 
 2,538 
 2,530 
 
 Japan. 
 
 496 
 676 
 856 
 876 
 
 919 
 926 
 
 998 
 1. 134 
 1.237 
 1.305 
 1,492 
 2,078 
 
 2,624 
 3,200 
 3.177 
 
 Russia. 
 
 390 
 
 437 
 
 500 
 
 610 
 
 760 
 
 829 
 
 1,097 
 
 1,170 
 
 1.369 
 
 1.709 
 
 2,050 
 
 2,360 
 
 2,500 
 
 2,846 
 
 3,188 
 
 3,437 
 
 3,773 
 
 3,800 
 
 3.950 
 4,202 
 4.580 
 4.448 
 5.179 
 6,208 
 
 5.998 
 6,018 
 6,225 
 
 United 
 King- 
 dom. 2, 3 
 
 82,043 
 
 85.635 
 83,638 
 88,292 
 92,788 
 
 98,151 
 101,631 
 104,500 
 103,141 
 107,428 
 110,431 
 117,352 
 123,497 
 127,017 
 125,068 
 131,867 
 
 133,345 
 134,611 
 132,608 
 134,008 
 146,819 
 
 154.184 
 156,500 
 163,737 
 160,758 
 
 I59..3S1 
 157.518 
 162,120 
 
 169.935 
 176,917 
 181,614 
 185.479 
 185.479 
 164,326 
 188,278 
 
 United 
 States.* 
 
 15.173 
 
 32,864 
 
 70,481 
 
 76,862 
 
 92,219 
 
 102,868 
 
 106,906 
 
 99,069 
 
 100,664 
 
 116,050 
 
 132,732 
 
 125,299 
 
 140,022 
 
 150,506 
 
 160,115 
 
 162,815 
 
 1 Exclusive of lignite, the amount of which produced in Austria-Hungary is fully 50 per cent, more than the amount of the coal production ; 
 in Germany, about one-fourth of the coal production. 
 
 2 The mean rate of increase per cent, per annum in the production of coal in the three principal coal-producing countries, in the periods noted 
 (i860, &c.), representing the mean of the three years including that before and that after the year mentioned, except in the case of Germany for 
 i860, and the United States for i860, 1870, and 1880:- ^gg^^ ^8^^^_ ^88^^^ 
 
 Germany 8.34 5.25 3.76 
 
 United Kingdom . . . 3.33 2.64 2.26 
 
 United States .... 8.04 7.93 7.00 
 
 • The production of coal in the United Kingdom has been estimated at 2,148,000 tons in 1660, 2,612,000 tons in 1700, 4,774,000 tons in 1750, 
 6,889,000 tons in 1785, 10,080,000 tons in 1800. The first official returns of the coal produced in the United Kingdom are for 1854, when the 
 amount was returned as 64,661,000 tons; but a mistake was afterwards discovered n the mode of making the estimate, from which it appears 
 probable that the official returns are less than the truth by about 2,000,000 tons. * Returns incomplete. 
 
 1788 
 
 ^ 
 
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